
benchamin robins curtis

benchamin robins kurtis (november 4,1809-septambar 15,1874) oru american abhibhashakanum jadjiyumaayirunnu. 1851 muthal 1857 vare yunaittad stetts supreme kodathiyude associate justisaayi sevanamanushticha kurtis supreme kodathiyile aadyathethum ekavumaaya wig justisaayirunnu, koodaathe aupachaarika niyama birudam nediya aadyathe supreme kodathi justice koodiyaayirunnu. dred scott vii enna chithratthile rund viyojippukaaril oralaayi addeham palappozhum oormmikkappedunnu. sandford (1857).
masaachyusetsile bosttanile swakaarya niyamaparipaalanathilekku madangunnathinaayi 1857-ll kurtis supreme kodathiyil ninnu raajivachu. 1868-ll jonsante impeachment vichaaranaykkide president andrew jonsante prathibhagam abhibhaashakanaayirunnu kurtis.
aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum.
1809 november 4 nuu masaachyusetsile vaattartaunil lois robinsinteyum oru vyaapaarakkappalinte captanaaya benchamin kurtisinteyum makanayi kurtis janichu. yuva kurtis nyoottanile kooman schoolil chernnu, 1825-ll harward collegil thudangi, avide addeham thante juuniyar varshathil oru upanyasa rachana malsarathil vijayichu. harwardil addeham porsal clubble amgamaayi. 1829ll birudam nediya addeham phai beetta kappayile amgamaayirunnu. 1832ll harward loow schoolil ninnu birudam nedi.
aadyathe swakaarya practies.
aaa varsham thanne masaachyusets baaril praveshippikkappetta kurtis thante niyamajeevitam aarambhichu. 1834ll addeham bostanilekku thamasam maarukayum chaals pii. yude niyama sthaapanathil cherukayum cheythu. kurtis, avide addeham admiraltti niyamathil vaidagdhyam vikasippikkukayum pettant niyamavumaayi parichayamullathukond ariyappedukayum cheythu.
1836-ll kurtis masaachyusets "komanvelthu vii. yude" freedam suitil "pankedutthu. adimathvamulla oru pithaavine paraajayappettukond vaadicha abhibhashakariloraalaayi avez. nyoo oorliyans swadeshiyaaya merii slettar thante pithavaaya thomas avasine sandarshikkaan bostanilekku poyappol, medu enna aarr vayassulla oru adima penkuttiye aval thante koode konduvannu. bosttanil slettar rogabadhithayaayappol, aval (slettar) sukham praapikkunnathuvare medu paripalikkaan aval pithaavinodu aavasyappettu. boosttan vanita adimatha virudha samoohavum mattullavarum avarkkethire "habeas corpus" ritt thedi, medu thante yajamaanathiyude 'masaachyusetsilekku swamedhayaa konduvannathinaal' swathanthrayaayennu vaadichu. medu thante makalude adimayaanennum addeham medine makalude ejantaayi nilanirthunnundennum marupadi nalki avez retinode prathikarichu.
masaachyusetsile supreme judicial kodathi, athinte cheef justice lemuval shhaa vazhi, medu swathanthrayaanennu vidhikkukayum avale kodathiyude oru wardai maattukayum cheythu. masaachyusets theerumaanam akkaalat viplavakaramaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. mattidangalil muun theerumaanangal adimakal swamedhayaa oru swatantra raajyathekku konduvarikayum avide varshangalolam thaamasikkukayum cheythavar swathanthraraakukayum cheythuvennu vidhichirunnu, "komanvelthu vii. oru swathanthraraajyathekku swamedhayaa konduvanna oru adima avar ethiya nimisham thanne swathanthranaayitheerumenna vidhicha aadya theerumaanamaayirunnu avez. eee swaathanthrya harjiyile theerumaanam adimathvamulla thekkan samsthaanangalil prathyekichum vivaadamaayi. masaachyusetsil ninnu birudam nediya thante sahapouran, harward birudadhaarikal ennivareppole, avez kudumbatthinte prathirodha abhibhashakanaayi pravarthikkaanulla curtisinte sannadhatha addehathinte vyakthiparamo niyamaparamo aaya kaazhchappaadukale prathifalippikkanamennil (sii. eph."1857leeii addehathinte viyojip scott theerumaanathe, 21 varshathinusesham, supreme kodathi associate justice enna nilayilulla addehathinte kaalavadhi avasaanichu 6 varshathinusesham, thakarthu. )
1846 februvariyil harward sarvakalaashaalayude rund bharanasamithikalilonnaya harward korppareshanil kurtis amgamaayi. 1849 ll addeham masaachyusets house oof representativesilekku thiranjedukkappettu. samsthaana judicial nadapadikramangal parishkarikkunnathinulla oru kammittiyude chairmaanaayi niyamithanaaya avar 1851 leeii masaachyusets practies act avatharippichu. "ithu judicial parishkaranatthinte oru maathrkayaayi kanakkakkappedukayum bhedagathiyillaathe niyamanirmmanasabha amgeekarikkukayum cheythu."
akkaalat, rufus choyettinte ethiraaliyaayi kurtis kanakkakkappedukayum nyoo englandu baarinte pramukha nethaavaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu. rashtreeya bandhamullah oru kudumbatthil ninnulla kurtis harward loow schoolil joseph storiyudeyum joonn hooker ashmunteyum keezhil padichirunnu. addehathinte niyamaparamaaya vaadangal yuktisahavum bodhyappeduthunnathumaaya karuthappettu. kurtis avarude raashtreeyavumaayi poruthappedunna oru wig aayirunnu, wiggs adhikaarathilundaayirunnu. oru yuva niyamanakkaaranenna nilayil, deerghavum uthppaadanakshamavumaaya judicial kariyarinte vithayi addeham kanakkakkappettu. senatt amgeekaricha addehathe rashtrapathy niyamichu, supreme kodathi benchilekk uyarthappettu, pakshe aarr varshathinullil addeham pooyi.
supreme kodathi sevanam.
1851 septambar 22 nuu levi woodburyude maranam moolamundaaya ozhivukal nikathunnathinaayi president millard fillmore yunaittad stetts supreme kodathiyilekku kurtisinu oru avadhikkala niyamanam nalki. masaachyusets senattar daniel webstar supreme kodathiyilekku kurtisine naamanirddesham cheyyaan filmorine prerippikkukayum addehathinte praadhamika sponsaraavukayum cheythu. 1851 desember 11 nuu audyogikamaayi naamanirddesham cheyyappetta kurtis 1851 desember 20 nuu yunaittad stetts senatt sthireekarikkukayum athe divasam thanne addehathinte kammeeshan sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 1854ll american akkadami oof arts aandu sayansasinte fellow aayi addeham thiranjedukkappettu.
oru niyama schoolil ninnu niyama birudam nediya aadyathe supreme kodathi jadjiyaayirunnu addeham. addehathinte mungaamikal onnukil "niyamam vaayichu" (oru practies sthaapanathile apprenteeshipp) allengil birudam nedaathe oru niyama schoolil chernnu.
cooley vii. yill addehathinte abhiprayam. board oof wardens '53 yuu.ezz. 299 (1852) vaanijya khandathil nalkiyittulla vaanijya adikaaram yuu.ezz. konsttant., kala. i, §8, cl. 3, pailattumaayi bandhapetta niyamangalilekku vyaapikkunnu. kongras eee vishayathil nishabdatha paalikkunnidatholam kaalam vaanijya adhikaarangalumaayi bandhapetta samsthaana niyamangal saadhuthayullathaayirikkum. athu federal antharsamsthaana vaanijya adhikaarangalekkurichulla charitraparamaaya vivaadam pariharichu. innuvare, vaanijya kesukalil ithu oru pradhana maathrkayaanu. vaanijyathinte vashangal niyantrikkaan samsthaanangalkku kazhiyumo atho aaa adikaaram kongrasinu maathramaano ennathaayirunnu prashnam. deseeya ekathvam aavashyamullappol maathrame vaanijyathe niyantrikkaan federal gavanmentinu prathyeka adhikaaramulloo ennu kurtis nigamanam cheythu. allengil, samsthaanangalkku vyapaaram niyantrikkaam.
dred scott" kesil rund viyojippukaaril oraalaayirunnu kurtis, athil addeham kodathiyude ellah nilapaadukalodum viyojichu. adima dred scott vimochanathinulla sramam bhooripaksham nirasichathine addeham ethirthu. federal bharanaghadanayude karadu thayyarakkunna samayat thekkan, vadakkan samsthaanangalil karutha pouranmaar undayirunnathinaal, karuthavarggakkaar avide pariganikkunna "yunaittad stetsile janangal" idayil vyakthamaanennu kurtis prasthaavichu. scottle nilanilpilla ennu bhooripaksham aalukal kandethiyathinal skottinte kesinte gunanilavaarathil kodathikku kooduthal munnott pookaan kazhiyillennum kurtis abhiprayappettu.
eee cases srishticha kodathiyile niranja anthareekshathil prakopithanayathinaal 1857 septambar 30 nuu kurtis kodathiyil ninnu raajivachu. oru srothass parayunnathupole, "rogger taaniyude kadutha viyojipum nirbandhavum 1857-ll benchamin kurttisinte kodathiyil ninnu purathupokaan kaaranamaayi". ennirunnaalum, addehathinte rajikk kaaranam maanasikavum saambathikavumaaya kaaranamaanennu mattullavar karuthunnu. supreme kodathi jadjimar cheyyendiyirunnathupole "sarcutil sawari cheiyunnathu" addeham eshtappettilla. addeham kodathiyil ninnu swabhaavaparamaayi akannupoyirunnu, mattullavarumayi pravartthikkaan addeham chaayvullavanaayirunnilla. dred scott theerumaanathekkurichulla vidvesham paraspara avishwaasamaayi valarnnu. swakaarya praakteesile varumaanathekkaal valare kuravaaya prathivarsham 6,500 dollaril jeevikkaan addeham aagrahichilla.
swakaarya practies enna thaalilekku madanguka.
raajikkupinnaale, kurtis thante boosttan niyama parisheelanathilekku madangiyethi raajyathe oru "pramukha abhibhaashakan" aayi. thudarnnulla onnara pathittaandinide addeham supreme kodathiyil niravadhi kesukal vaadichu. kurtis thudakkathil ebraham linkanine presidentaayi pinthunachirunnuvenkum 1863 aayappozhekkum addeham linkante "samboornna kazhivillaayma" yeei vimarsikkukayum vimochana prakhyapanam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu parasyamaayi vaadikkukayum cheythu. 1864 octoberil maricha cheef justice rogger taaniyude pingami linkon thiranjedukkendivannappal ithu curtisine malsararangathu ninnu ozhivaakki. aaa varshathe presidential prachaaranatthil curtis demokraat jorj bii. yeei pinthunachu. linkaninethire mcclellan.
1868-ll jonsante impeachment vichaaranaykkide president andrew jonsante prathirodha upadeshtaavaayi kurtis pravarthichu. impeachment lekhanangalude utharam addeham vaayichu, athu "pradhaanamaayum addehathinte kruthiyaayirunnu". addehathinte prarambha prasthavana rund divasam neenduninnu, niyamaparamaaya mungananaykkum vyakthathaykkum addeham prashamsikkapettu. impeachment oru rashtreeya niyamamalla, marichu oru judicial niyamamaanennu addeham senattine vijayakaramaayi bodhyappedutthi, athinaal athinu thelivukalude poornnamaaya vaadam aavasyamaanu. eee maathruka "thudarnnulla ellah impeachmentukaleyum swaadheenichu".
impeachment vichaaranaykk sesham, yuu enna sthaanathekkurichulla president andrew jonsante vaagdaanam kurtis nirasichu.ezz. attorni general. saalman pii. yude maranashesham cheef justice sthaanathekku valare shupaarsha cheyyappetta sthaanaarthi. 1873ll president ulysus ezz. kurtisine keezhadakki. graant. addeham ningalude parajayappetta janaadhipathya sthaanaarthiyaayirunnu.ezz. 1874-ll masaachyusetsil ninnulla senattar. 1857-ll judicial viramikkal muthal 1874-ll maranam vare addehathinte motham professional varumanam ekadesham 650,000 dolaraayirunnu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
kurtisinu 12 kuttikalundaayirunnu, moonnu thavana vivaahithanaayirunnu.
maranavum paarambaryavum.
1874 septambar 15 nuu rooad dveepile newportil vachu kurtis antharichu. masaachyusetsile kembridjile 580 moundu abarn streettile moundu abarn semitheriyil addehathe samskarichu. 1874 october 23 nuu attorni general jorjju henry vilyams kurttisinte maranathekkurichu baar samarppicha prameyangal supreme kodathiyil avatharippikkukayum jadji kurtis president andrew johnsonine prathirodhikkunnathinekkur nireekshanangal addehathinethiraaya impeachment lekhanangalil pankidukayum cheythu.
kurttisinte makal aanii voro schole kurtis (1880 desember 9nuu) bhaaviyile columbia sarvakalashaala presidentum newyork meyarumaaya seth loye vivaham kazhichu. avarkk kuttikalundaayirunnil.