
thrayamveer monetalis

triumvir monetalis ("tresviri" allengil "triumviry monetalus", churukkatthil aivir eiii ennum ariyappedunnu. eiii. eiii. eph. eph.) roman republicinteyum saamraajyathinteyum kaalath nanayangal achadikkunnathinu melnottam vahichirunna oru panakkaranaayirunnu. aaa rolil, republican kaalaghattatthile "saadhaarana naanayangalude" utharavaaditham addehathinaanu (saadhaaranayaayi mattu majistrettukal achadikkunna asaadhaarana nanayangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, "thaathkaalika" adisthaanathil). roman panakkar mikkavarum ellaayppozhum moonnu peradangunna oru bordai orumichu pravarthichu, athinaal avarude peru "thrayamveer" ennaanu.
bii. sii. 139 muthal republicinte avasaanathil, panakkar avarude vamshaavalikaleyum poorvvikarudeyum mattu nethaakkaludeyum nettangale parasyappedutthunna kooduthal vyakthigatha nanayangal achadikkaan thudangi. ennirunnaalum, seaserinte svechaadhipathyam muthal, saamraajyathinte aavirbhaavathin munbu, chakravarty saamraajyakudumbatheyum chithreekarikkunna nanayangal maathram achadikkunnathumaayi poruthappedunnathinu munbu, angane cheyyaanulla avarude swaathanthryam kuranju.
saamraajyathvakaalam vare oru bharanaparamaya thasthikayaayi eee oafees thudarnnu.
chumathalakalum thiranjeduppum.
republicinte kaalath, rashtreeya jeevitam aarambikkunna senattettar kudumbangalil ninnulla yuvaakkalaan eee sthaanam kooduthalum vahichirunnathu. moovarum oru varsham sevanamanushtikkukayum 26 minor majistrettumaarude samghamaaya "vijinthiseksviri" yude bhagamaavukayum cheythu.
thudakkam muthal eee sthaanam vaarshikamaayirunnu, ennaal avar thiranjedukkappettavaraana niyamikkappettavaraano enna kaaryatthil pandithanmarkkidayil abhipraayavyathyaasamund. eee majistrettu avarkk senattil praveshanam nalkiyillengilum roman pouranmaaraanu panakkaare thiranjedutthathennu maikkal crofford karuthunnu. athe varsham thanne panakkarum konsalmaarum thammilulla ganyamaaya kudumbabandhangal sradhichathinaal avare konsalmaranu niyamichathennu andrew burnet nirddeshikkunnu.
ellah varshavum, senattinu niravadhi nanayangal nirmmikkendivannu, thudarnnu kvesttarmaar (pradhana saambathika majistrettukal) nanayangal nirmmikkaan aavashyamaaya vilayeriya lohathinte alavu panakkaarkk kaimari. mikkappozhum, panakkar maari maari mintilekku maarukayum oru samayat oraal maathrame sajeevamaayirunnullu, athaayath chila panakkar orikkalum nanayangal adichirunnilla, kaaranam avarude sahapravarthakar ithinakam aavashyamaaya ennam nanayangal nirmmichirunnu. aadyathe panakkaaran mikka naanayangalum adikkunna athe varshathe panakkaarude ulppaadana alavu thammilulla valia vyathyaasangalum ithu vishadeekarikkunnu. panakkar thammilulla kramam avarude saamoohika nilaye aashrayichirikkaam; senattettar kudumbangalil ninnulla purushanmaaraan aadyam panimudakkiyathu. prabhukkanmaarkk purame, eshyayil sajeevamaaya bisinasukaarude oru kudumbatthile amgamaaya lucius minusius, bii. sii. 70kalil banker ennariyappettirunna lucius axius nasso thudangiya banking, vyapaaram ennivayile vaidagdhyathinu dhaaraalam panakkaare thiranjedutthu.
charithram.
ekadesham bii. sii. 211ll denariusine adisthaanamaakkiyulla dhanavyavasthayude srishtiyilo athinusheshamo aayirikkam "triumviry monetalukal" sthaapikkappettathu. aaa theeyathikku munbu censorukal naanayangalude melnottam vahichirunnuvenkilum kwaadragathiyude avasana lakkangalude gunanilavaaram kuranjathinaal avarkk eee kazhivu nashtappettirikkaam.
romacar thudakkathil deerghakaalathekku samaanamaayi thudarunna nanaya tharangal nirmmichu; greak nagara-samsthaanangalude reethiyil (etheniyan naanayangalude moongayeppole) pothu tharangal puratthirakkuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam. aadyathe roman nanayangalil saadhaaranayaayi oro moolyathinum oru prathyeka daivamullah daivangal, romayude vyakthithvam, dayoskuri enniva ulppedunnu. randaam punic yudhasamayathu (bisi 218-202), "imperium" ulla niravadhi majistrettukal prachaarana velayil nanayangal adichu, avar avarude pero sthalamo enna churukkezhuthu upayogichu oppittu; eee sambradaayam taamasiyaathe panam vaangunavar sweekarichu, avar romilaanu (romile aadya lakkangal ithuvare anjjaathamaayirunnu) achadichathu. oro naanayathinum utharavaadiyaaya majistrettine thirichariyuka ennathaayirunnu eee nadapadiyude uddeshyam, oru staanderd gunanilavaaram urappaakkunnathin. panakkaarude oppukal onnukil monograamukalo avarude perilekku soochana nalkunna chihnamo allengil randinteyum samyojanamo aayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, bii. sii. 208-ll, gnius cornelius dolabella, sii. enn. doow enna aksharathodoppam laattin bhaashayile cognominte ("dolabella") ardhamaaya oru picax enna aksharathil oppittu. nanayangal oppidunna eee reethi kramena nanayangal mudrakalilethupole roome nagarathekkaal avarude vyakthiparamaaya uthppaadanamaayi kanakkakkaan panakkaare prerippichu.
bii. sii. 139 muthal.
majistrettumaarude thiranjeduppinu rahasya balattukal nalkia "lexes gabinia" yude votteduppinushesham bii. sii. 139-ll roman republicinte nanayangal naadakeeyamaayi maari. prabhukkanmaarkk janakkoottathe swaadheenikkunnathinulla avarude parambaraagatha marggangal upayogikkaan kazhinjilla, abhilaashamulla vyakthikal svayam parasyathinaayi nanayangal upayogikkaan thudangi. appozhekkum panakkar parambaraagatha tharam romayude thalayil ninnu munvashathekkum dayoskuri allengil oru devan purakil oru ratham oodikkunnathil ninnum vazhithirichuvittu. pakaram avar vijayavumaayi (puraskaarangal, trophikal allengil victoria devathayumaayi) bandhapetta vishayangalo (dhaanyathinteyum pothu geyimukaludeyum vitharanam) eedilinte chumathalakalo thiranjedutthu. bii. sii. 123 muthal, pazhaya tharangal ekadesham patthu varshathekku thirichetthi, orupakshe 124-ll pasakia amithamaya abhilaashathinethiraaya niyamanirmmanam kaaranam, ennaal bii. sii. 115-ll vyakthigatha tharangal nanmaykkaayi punaraarambhichu.
eee varshangal muthal, panakkar palappozhum avarude poorvvikarude nettangalumayi bandhapetta chithrangalaaya vijayangalo yudhathile dheerathayo upayogichu. bii. sii. 97-ll lutius pomponius moloyude denariyepolulla oru puraana vamshaparambarayodulla avakaashavaadavum avar thalli, addeham thante makan pompoyiloode romile randaamathe rajaavaaya numayil ninnu pingaamiyaanennu avakashappettu.
bii. sii. 101ll, gayus funtanius thante dinaarathil maariyasinte vijaythe chithreekarichu, aadyamaayi oru jeevichirikkunna vyakthi oru roman naanayathil prathyakshappettu. maariyasinte aadhipathya kaalaghattatthile mikka panakkarum thangalude neethaavumaayi bandhapetta vishayangalulla nanayangal achadichu. bii. sii. 80kalile saamoohika yudhavum aabhyanthara yudhangalum kaaranam eee kaalayalavil valia alavil dinari uthppaadippikkappettu. orupakshe swaathanthryavumaayulla addehathinte bandham kaaranam, eee dashakathile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya vishayamaayirunnu apollo.
80kalude avasaanathil, republicinethiraaya thante kalaapathin dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi svanthamaayi nanayangal adikkunna aadya roman generalum ooriyasine aadyam adichayaalum sullayayirunnu. vijayathinushesham, sukranil ninnu uthbhavichuvennu avakaashappedunna nanayangal sullah adichu, ennaal maariyasil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, addeham kooduthalum panakkaare avarude swantham prameyangal pradarshippikkaan anuvadichu. bii. sii. 54ll thante muthachante thalayaya sullayudeyum rufasinteyum thala thiranjeduttha kvintas pompeus rufasinte denariusil oru puthiya naveekaranam sambhavichu, thudarnnu mattu niravadhi panakkar vannu.
vyakthigatha naanayangalude vila kurayunnu.
bii. sii. 49-ll juuliyas seaserinte romile varavinushesham, panakkaarkk thudakkathil vyakthiparamaaya tharangal undakkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, ennaal 46 muthal avarude uthppaadanam eathaandu poornnamaayum seaserinte prachaaranatthinaayi neekkivachirunnu, veenas (seaserinte tutalar devata), victoria, fortuna allengil addehathinu labhicha bahumathikal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta tharangal. bii. sii. 44ll juuliyas seaser thaalkkaalikamaayi panakkaarude ennam naalayi uyarthi-athinaal "kwadrumviri" aayi maari-rashtreeya kaaranangalal avar seaserinte thala upayogichu dinari achadichu, aadyamaayi jeevichirikkunna oru roman oru naanayathil thante chhaayaachitram oru hellenistic raajaavinte reethiyil dharichu. seaser vadhathethudarnnulla varshangalile panakkar kooduthalum vyakthiparamaaya tharangale aakramichu, ennaal avarude nirmmaanatthe kramena randaamathe thrayamvaitattile amgangal (okdaaviyan, maarkk aantoni, lepidus) paarshwavalkkarichu, avarude chhaayaachitrangalumaayi avarudethaaya rajavamsha nanayangal undaayirunnu. bii. sii. 41-lum 39-lum panakkaarude avasaanathe poornna koleju nanayangal achadichu; poornnamaayum aprathyakshamaakunnathin munbu oru "monetalis" nuu maathrame yadhaarthathil swantham nanayangal puratthirakkaan kazhinjulloo.
bii. sii. 30-leeii aaktiyam yudhathil okdaaviyan antaniye paraajayappedutthiya sesham addeham republicinte roopam punasthaapikkukayum panam sambaadikkunnavarkku kurachu varshathekku swantham nanayangal veendum adikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. ennaal athinusesham, saamraajyathva naanayashekharangalil ninnulla nanayangalil chakravarty kudumbatheyum maathrame paraamarshikkunnullu. saamraajyakaalathe niravadhi likhithangal soochippikkunnathu oafees nanaya nirmmaanam thudarnnuvennu.
peru.
juno monetta ("juno dhaa advisor" allengil "warner") kshethrathile roman mintinte sthaanathu ninnaan triumviry monettalukal avarude padavi uruthirinjathu. kaalakramena, mint deviyude visheshanathinu "panavumaayi bandhapetta" enna adhika ardham nalki, athu engleesh padatthinte uravidamaayi maari.
paraamarshangal.
avalambangal
srothassukal