vinsttan charchilinte "marubhoomi" varshangal, 1929-1939

1929 leeii pothutheranjeduppil eppinginte amgamaayi vinsttan charchil thante yuke paarlamentari seett nilanirtthi, ennaal yaadhaasthithika party paraajayappedukayum ramse mcdonald thante randaamathe thozhil sarkkar roopeekarichathode, charchil adhikaarathil ninnu puratthaavukayum 1939 septambaril randaam lokamahaayudhathinte arambham vare angane thanne thudarukayum cheythu. addehathinte jeevithathinte eee kaalaghattatthe "marubhoomi varshangal" ennu vilikkunnu, ennaal vardhichuvarunna jarmman, itaaliyan, japanese sainikathayude pashchaathalatthil sarkkaarinte prenippikkal nayatthinte pradhana ethiraaliyaayi addeham raashtreeyamaayi angeyattam sajeevamaayirunnu.
"marlbero", india chodyam 1929-1932.
1929-1932 pothutheranjeduppil charchil thante epping seett nilanirtthiyenkilum yaadhaasthithikar paraajayappedukayum mcdonald thante randaamathe laber sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. adhikaarathilirikke, charchil thante poorvvikanaaya marlberoyude onnaam duke joonn charchil ezhuthiya naalu vaalyangalulla jeevacharithrathinte punny aarambhichu. laber gavanmentine purathaakkaan kazhiyumenna pratheekshayil, pala liberalukalum mounam paalikkunnundenkilum oru yaadhaasthithika-liberal sakhyam sthaapikkunnathinaayi pravartthikkaan addeham baldwinte amgeekaaram nedi. augustil addeham thante sahodaran makanumoppam kaanadayilekk yaatra cheyyukayum amerikkayiloode yaatra cheiyunnathinu munbu ottaavayilum torrentoyilum prasamgangal nadathukayum cheythu. saan fraansiskoyil addeham vilyam randolf haarstine kandumutty, addeham charchiline thante pathrangalkk ezhuthaan prerippichu; hollywoodil addeham chalachitrathaaram charley chaaplinodoppam bhakshanam kazhichu. avide ninnu addeham mojavu marubhoomiyiloode grand kaanyanilekkum thudarnnu chikkagoyilekkum oduvil newyork nagaratthilekkum yaatra cheythu.
landanilvechu, yaadhaasthithika nizhal manthrisabhayude pinthunayulla-indiaykku dominian padavi nalkaanulla laber gavanmentinte theerumaanatthil charchil roshakulanaayi. indiaykku mechappetta aabhyantharabharanam nalkunnathu britiish saamraajyathil ninnu poornna swaathanthryathinulla aahvaanangale vegathilaakkumennu addeham vaadichu. 1930 desemberil dominian padavi nalkunnathine ethirkkaan roopeekaricha indian empire sosaittiyude aadya pothuyogatthil addeham pradhana prabhashakanaayirunnu. addehathinte kazhchappadil, india aabhyanthara bharanathinu thayyarayirunnilla. hindu braahmana jaathi niyanthranam nedumennum thottukoodaathavareyum mathanyoonapakshangaleyum kooduthal adichamarthumennum addeham vishwasichu. 1931 maarchil kaanpooril hindukkalum musleengalum thammil kalapam pottippurappettappol addeham thante vaadathe pinthunachukondu athu udharichu.
niyamaviruddha pravarthanangalil earppedunna eathoru indian swaathanthrya samara pravartthakarkkumethire vegathil nadapadiyedukkanamennu charchil aavasyappettu. indian naashanal kongras party pirichuvidanamennum athinte nethaakkale naadukadatthanamennum addeham aagrahichu. 1930ll addeham prasthaavichathu "gaandhivaadavum athu nilakollunna ellah kaaryangalum neridukayum thakarkkukayum venam" ennaanu. charchil "oru rajyadrohiyaaya madhyakshethra abhibhashakanaayi kanakkaakkukayum ippol oru fakeeraayi veshamidukayum cheiyunna" swaathanthrya samarapravarthakanaaya mohandas gandhiye kaanaan indiayude viceroi sammathichathu "aashankaajanakavum ookkaanam undaakkunnathumaan" ennu addeham karuthi. eee kaazhchappaadukal thozhilaallikaleyum udaaramathavaadikaleyum prakopippichuvenkilum adithattilulla niravadhi yaadhaasthithikar avaye pinthunachu. baldwin parishkaranatthe pinthunaykkunnuvennathil prakopithanaaya charchil nizhal manthrisabhayil ninnu raajivachu.
1930 octoberil charchil thante aathmakadhayaaya "mye earli life" prasidheekarichu, athu nannayi vilkkukayum onniladhikam bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. 1931 oktobarile pothutheranjeduppu yaadhaasthithika sabhayude vann vijayamayirunnu, pakshe addehathinu oru mantri sthaanam nalkapettilla. adutha maasam "loka prathisandhiyude" avasana vaalyamaaya "kizhakkan munnira" prasidheekarichu. desember 3 nuu koomans indiayude dominian padavi charcha cheyyukayum sabha vibhajikkaan charchil nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. 43 empimar maathram addehathe pinthunachathinaal ithu thirichadiyaayi, 369 empimar sarkkaarin vottu cheythu. britiish rahasya sevanathinte charithram anusarichu, "thante marubhoomiyile varshangalil rahasyaanveshana samoohavumaayi bandhappett charchilinte bharanaghadanaaparamaaya sthaanam thikachum shradheyamaayirunnu. 1929ll adhikaarathil ninnu viramichathinusesham budhiyude abhavam sahikkaan kazhiyaatha charchil athu [desmond] mortonil ninnu thedi, mattullavaril ninnu athil samshayamilla. aadyathe deseeya gavanmentinte jeevithathinte thudakkathil, morttan ramse mcdonaldumaayi koodiyaalochichu. 'addehathinu ariyendathenthum parayuka, addehathe ariyikkuka', pradhaanamantri marupadi nalki. addeham aaa anumathi rekhaamoolam nalkukayum addehathinte pingamikalaaya baldwin, nevil chamberline ennivar athu amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. athisayakaramennu parayatte, moonnu pradhaanamanthrimaarude nirddeshaprakaaram charchilinu rahasya rahasyaanveshana vivarangal nalki, athu avarude prathirodha nayangalkkum swantham punaraayudheekarana prachaaranatthinum nereyulla pothu aakramanangalude adisthaanamaayi addeham upayogikkendathaayirunnu." 
ennirunnaalum, eee samayat, walstreet apakadatthil undaaya saambathika nashtam veendedukkunnathilaayirunu charchilinte pradhana thalpparyam, koodaathe clementinum dianaykkumoppam vadakke amerikkayil labhakaramaaya oru prabhaashana paryadanam aarambhichu. desember desember avar newyork nagaratthil ethi, pittennu ratri masaachyusetsile vorsestaril charchil thante aadya prabhashanam nadatthi. desember desember addeham newyorkkilekku madangukayum thante suhruthu bernard baroochine kaanaan taxiyil yaatra cheyyukayum cheythu. cabil ninnu erangiya addeham anchaam avanyoo kadakkumbol vegatha paridhi kaviyunna kaar idichu. addehathinu thalaykku murivu, rund vaariyellukal pottal, neuritis baadhicha pothuvaaya murivu enniva undaayirunnu. ettu divasam ashupathriyil praveshippikkappetta addeham puthuvalsaradinam vare hotelil sukham praapichu. avide aayirikkumbol addeham thante anubhavathekkurichu oru lekhanam "dainamdina meyilil" ayaykkukayum pinneedu abhyudayakaamkshikalil ninnu aayirakkanakkin kathukalum telegraamukalum labikkukayum cheythu. sukham praapikkunnathinaayi adhehavum clementeenum moonnaazhchathekku nassaavuvilekku kappal kondupoyenkilum charchilinu avide vishaadam anubhavapettu, apakadathekkurichu mathramalla, thante saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya nashtangalekkurichum. athesamayam, prabhaashana agencic addehathinte pala paripaadikalum punakrameekarikkan kazhinju, januvari avasaanathode amerikkayilekku madangiyethiyappol, march 11 vare avayil pathonpathu niravettaan addehathinu kazhinju, ennirunnaalum addeham kooduthalum vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayilaanu thaamasichathu, chikkagoyekkaal kooduthal padinjarottu poyilla. march march addeham veettilekku madangi.
1932-ll "marlbero" yill jolie cheythirunna charchil august avasaanathode beljiyam, netherlants, jarmmani ennividangalile "joonn duke" (charchil addehathinte priyappetta peru) yudhakkalangal sandarshikkaan theerumaanichu. addeham lindemanodoppam yaatra cheythu. myoonikkil vachu addeham hitlarude suhruthaaya ernst hanfsteigaline kandumutty, addeham appol prashasthiyil valarukayaayirunnu. hanfsteigilumaayi samsaaricha charchil hitlarude yahoodavirudhathayekkurichu aashanka unnayichu, orupakshe athaayirikkam kaaranam, thante bhaavi shathruvine kaananulla avasaram nashtappettu. charchil myoonikkil ninnu blenhamylake pooyi. taamasiyaathe, addehathinu paratyphoid panii pidipettu. athirthi kadannu austriyayilekku kondupookukayum sallsburghile oru aarogyakendrathil randaazhcha chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. septambar septambar addeham chartwelilekku madangi, ippozhum "marlbero" yill pravartthikkunnu. rund divasathinu sesham, alsarinu rakthasraavathinu kaaranamaaya paratyphoid aavarthichathinethudarnna maitanath nadakkumbol addeham kuzhanjuveenu. landanile oru nazhsing homilake kondupoya addehathe october avasaanam vare avide thaamasikkukayum kansarvetteevu party konfarans kaanathirikkukayum cheythu.
charchil salsburgill aayirunnappol, mattu paashchaathyashakthikal germmaniyude veendum aayudhamedukkaanulla avakasham amgeekarikkanamennu jarmman chansalar france voonn paappan abhyarthichu, vezhsaay udambadi prakaram avarkk ithu cheiyunnathil ninnu vilakkappettirunnu. videshakaarya sekrattari joonn saiman eee abhyarthana nirasikkukayum jarmmani ippozhum udambadiyude niraayudheekarana vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaanennu sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. muun samgharshathil nashtappetta pradeshangal veendum keezhadakkaan oru punar sayudha jarmmani udan thanne munnott pookumennu vishwasichathinaal charchil pinneedu saimane pinthunachu.
jarmaniyeyum sthaanathyaagam prathisandhiyeyum kurichulla munnariyippukal 1933-1936.
1933 januvari januvari hitlar adhikaarathil vannathinushesham, atharamoru bharanakoodatthinte naagarikathaykkulla bheeshani charchil pettennu thiricharinju. aaa varsham epril 13-nuu thanne addeham eee vishayathil pothusamoohatthe abhisambodhana cheyyukayum "germmaniyile veruppulavaakkunna saahacharyangale"kkurichum "joothanmaarude mattoru peedanavum vamshahatyayum" polandu ulppedeyulla mattu raajyangalilekku vyaapippikkumenna bheeshaniyekkurichum samsaarikkukayum cheythu. sainikathayude vishayathil, britiish sarkkar vyomasenayude chelavu kurachathaayi charchil aashanka prakadippikkukayum vyomasenayude ulppaadanathil jarmmani udan thanne brittane marikadakkumennu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu.
1933 octoberinum 1938 septambarinum idayil charchilinte "marlbero hiss life aandu times" enna pusthakatthinte naalu vaalyangal prasidheekarichu. 1934 novemberil addeham oru radio prakshepanam nalkukayum athil naasi uddeshyangalekkurichu munnariyipp nalkukayum samgharshathinu svayam thayyaaraakanamenn brittaninode aavasyappedukayum cheythu. ithaadyamaayaanu jarmman sainikathayekkurichulla addehathinte aashankakal ithrayum valia prekshakar kelkkunnathu. desemberil indian bill paarlamentil praveshikkukayum 1935 februvariyil pasakkukayum cheythu. charchilum mattu 83 yaadhaasthithika emm. pii. maarum ithine ethirthu vottu cheythu. addeham samshayangal prakadippikkunnathu thudarnnu, pakshe gaandhikk sandesham nalkki "ningalkk ippol kaaryam labhichu; athu vijayakaramaakkuka, ningal angane cheythaal ningalkk kooduthal labhikkumenn njaan vaadikkum". 1935 juunil mcdonald raajivaykkukayum baldwin pradhaanamanthriyaayi sthaanamelkkukayum cheythu. cheythu pothutheranjeduppil baldwin yaadhaasthithikare vijayathilekku nayichu; charchil vardhicha bhooripakshathode thante seett nilanirtthiyenkilum veendum sarkkaaril ninnu ozhivaakkappettu.
rund muthirnna sivil sarveesukaaraaya desmond morttan, ralph vigram ennivar rahasyamaayi nalkia audyogika daatta upayogichu germmaniyil enthaanu sambhavikkunnathenn, prathyekichu luftwafinte vikasanathekkurichu adhikaarikalumaayi samsarikkaan charchilinu kazhinju. rashtreeya veekshanathil praadhamikamaayi idathupakshavaadiyaayirunnidum addeham naasi virudha kaunsilil earppedukayum sainikarudeyum vyomasenakkaarudeyum mechappetta pariseelanam aavasyappedukayum cheythu. yudhakaala uthppaadanathinu vyavasaayam thayyarakanamennum addeham munnariyipp nalki.
1936 januvariyil edward VIII thante pithaav jorjju anchaamante pingamiyaayi rajaavaayi. charchil edwardine eshtappettuvenkilum vivaahamochanam nediya amerikkakkaranaaya valis simpsone vivaham kazhikkaanulla thante aagrahathe amgeekarichilla. simpsone vivaham kazhikkunnath edwardinte sthaanathyaagam aavasyappedukayum oru bharanaghadanaa prathisandhi vikasippikkukayum cheyyum. charchil sthaanathyaagam cheiyunnathine ethirkkukayum house oof komansil adhehavum baldwin eee vishayathil ettumuttukayum cheythu. athinusesham, jorjju aramanode vishwasthatha udan thanne charchil vaagdaanam cheythenkilum, sthaanathyaagam "akaalavum orupakshe thikachum anaavashyavumaanennu" addeham ezhuthi.
preenanam virudham 1937-1939.
1937 meyy maasathil baldwin raajivaykkukayum nevil chamberline pradhaanamanthriyaayi adhikaaramelkkukayum cheythu. aadyam, chamberline niyamanathe charchil swaagatham cheythenkilum, 1938 februvariyil, chamberline musolini preenippichathinetthudar videshakaarya sekrattari aanthani eedan raajivachathinethudarnnu karyangal thalakeezhaayi.
athesamayam, charchil "sayahna nilavaarathinaayi" randaazhchathe lekhanangal ezhuthunnathu thudarnnu, iva emery rivasinte paarees aasthaanamaayulla pathrasevanatthinte shramangaliloode europiludaneelamulla vividha pathrangalil veendum achadichu. 1937 septambaril, charchil oru "sayahna staanderd" kashanam ezhuthi, athil addeham hitlarodu nerittu abhyarthichu, joothanmaarodum mathasamghadanakalodum ulla peedanam avasaanippikkaan aavasyappettu. adutha maasam, addehathinte thiranjeduttha lekhanangal "grettu kandamparettezhs" enna shekhara vaalyathil prasidheekarichu.
1938ll charchil preenippikkunnathire sarkkaarin munnariyipp nalkukayum jarmman akramanam thadayaan koottaaya nadapadiyedukkaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. maarchil, "sayahna staanderd" addehathinte randaazhchathe lekhanangalude prasidheekaranam nirtthiyenkilum pakaram "dainamdina telegraph" avaa prasidheekarichu. jarmman austriya pidichadakkiyathinethudnar, charchil house oof komansil samsaarikkukayum "sambhavangalude gauravam [...]..] athishayokthi parayaan kazhiyilla ". hitlare thadayunnathinulla eaka maargam ithaanu ennu vaadichukondu jarmman vipuleekaranavaadam bheeshanippeduthunna europian raajyangalkkidayil paraspara prathirodha kararinu addeham ahvaanam cheyyaan thudangi. septambaril checoslovakiayile sudettanlaand akramikkaan jarmmani aninirannathinaal ithu prayojanapettilla. charchil downing streettile chamberline sandarshikkukayum jarmmankaar checoslovac pradesham aakramichaal brittan yuddham prakhyaapikkumenn germmaniyodu parayaan addehathodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu; chamberline ithu cheyyaan thayyarayirunnilla. septambar 30 nuu, jarmman adhinivesham sudettanlaand anuvadikkaan sammathichukondu chamberline munichu karaaril oppuvachu. october 5 nuu house oof komansil samsaaricha charchil karaarine "samboornnavum aniyantrithavumaaya parajayam" ennu vilichu.

