
gothambinte fuserium kireedam azhukunnu

fuserium seudograminiorm enna fungus rogakaariyaan gothambinte kireeda azhukk undaakkunnath. "eph. fungus failam ascomycottayile amgamaaya seudograminiorm gibberella coronicola (teleomorph) ennum ariyappedunnu. ithu oru monosius fungus aanu, athaayath athinte jeevitachakram poortthiyaakkaan gothamb ozhikeyulla mattoru hoost aavasyamilla. ennirunnaalum "eph. seudograminiyarathinu "anamorphic, teleomorphic avasthakal srishtikkaan kazhiyum, gothambinte kireeda azhukalinu teleomorph saadhaaranayaayi undaakilla. eee "fuserium" inam adutha kaalam vare samanamaaya niravadhi savisheshathakal kaaranam "fuserium graminiyaram" (gothambinte thalavedana) ennariyappedunna inathinu thulyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. rund speesheesukalum thammilulla oreyoru vyathyasam "eph" aanu. seudograminiyarathinu gothamb hosttil laingika gattamilla.
anubaadhayude kaaryatthil oru pradhana savisheshatha, athu "eph" verthirikkunnu. f" ll ninnu "sudegraminiorm". graminiyaram "athaayath" f. seudograminiorm "gothamb chediyude thalaye apoorvvamaayi maathrame baadhikkunnulloo, kireedam maathram, athesamayam" eph. graaminiyarathinu "muzhuvan gothamb hosttineyum badhikkaan kazhiyum. eee vyathyaasangal koodaathe, rund fungus rogakaarikaludeyum adayaalangalum lakshanangalum valare saamyamullavayaan, ithu kaandatthinte aditharayudeyum kireedatthinteyum necrosis kaanikkunnu. "eph. gothambinte kolanivalkkaranam poornnamaayum sthaapithamaayikkazhinjal seudograminiorm mycotoxinukalum uthpaadippikkunnu, ithu ulppaadippikkunna bhooribhaagam lakshanangalkkum kaaranamaakunnu. gothambinte kireeda azhukk oru pradhana sasyarogamaanu, gothambinte muzhuvan vayalukalilum athu undaakkunna doshakaramaaya phalangal kaaranam athu nannayi kaikaaryam cheyyendathundu. eph" enna anubadha. vayalukalile sammarddakaramaaya jalakshaamathil seudograminiorm vikasikkukayum mattu gothamb chedikalilekku vegathil vyaapikkukayum cheyyum, athinte lakshanagal aathyanthikamayi chedikalude maranathilekku nayikkum.
aathidheyar, lakshanagal.
"fuserium seudograminiorm" enna hosttinte paridhi parimithamaanu, gothambinteyum barleyudeyum enangale maathrame ithu baadhikkukayulloo. "eph. seudograminiorm thaikale baadhikkumenkilum pakwathayulla gothamb aathidheyarude kireedangaleyum badhikkum. gothambinte kireeda azhukk konidiyosporukal ennariyappedunna alaingika gadanakal srishtikkunnu, avaa rogabadhitha hosttinte kaandatthinullile sporodochium gadanakalil ulpaadippikkappedunnu. konidiyosporukal mulaykkukayum thandinte sailam, pitth enniva akramikkukayum cheyyumbol, thandinteyum kireedatthinteyum chuvapp-thavitt allengil velutha niravyathyasam vikasikkunnu. hosttinte sailiminte praadhamika anubadha oru vithum mycelial incoculavum adangiyirikkunna vaikkol moolamulla thandinte kireedatthiloo thaazhathe aavaranathilo sambhavikkumennu karuthappedunnu. sailiminte anubadha tissue vellathil kuthirkkukayum pink allengil saalman niratthil vidukayum cheiyunnu. anubadha vardhikkumbol kireedam panchiyaayi maarukayum aathyanthikamayi pravarthanarahithamaavukayum cheiyunnu.
aathidheyarkkidayiludaneelam valia anubadha kaaranam, chediyude valarcha mandagathiyilaakukayum apoornnamaaya daanyangal nirayukayum cheyyum. koodaathe aathidheyarude sailam, pitth ennivaye badhikkunnu, "eph. seudograminiorm "poornnamaayum sthaapikkappettukazhinjal micotoxinukal uthpaadippikkunnu. mrugangalkkum manushyarkkum hanikaramaaya fungus ulppaadippikkunna vishavasthukkalaan micotoxinukal. "eph. seudograminiorm "trichothesine micotoxin deoxinivalnol allengil doonn ulppaadippikkunnu, ithu chediyude thandiludaneelam vyaapikkukayum tissuevil kettippadukkukayum cheiyunnu. doninte uthppaadanam whiteheadukalude roopeekaranam undaakkum, avaa akaalathil maricha daanyangalude thalakalaanu. ariyappedunnathupole "eph. seudograminiorm gothambinte thalaye baadikkunnilla, pakshe whiteheadukalude roopeekaranam micotoxin doonn roopappedunnathinte dvitheeya lakshanamaan. sailimil sambhavikkunna gathagatha pravarthanamillaaymayum doonn nirmmikkunnathum aathyanthikamayi rogabadhithamaaya gothamb chedikalude maranathilekku nayikkum.
rogachakram.
eph" enna rogachakram. seudograaminiyarathil laingikavum alaingikavumaaya gattangal ulppedunnu, ennirunnaalum laingika ghattam rogam sthaapikkunnathil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnillennu nireekshikkappettundu. chlamydosporeukal ennariyappedunna athijeevana gadanakalude roopeekaranam kaaranam eee fuserium inathinu vila avashishtangal, vithukal allengil mannil amita shaithyakaalam eluppathil poortthiyaakkaam. vasanthakaalam varumbol chlamydosporeukal mulaykkunnathayi soochana nalkukayum conidia ennariyappedunna alaingika gadanakal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. munbu soochippichathupole, laingika gadanakalude roopeekaranam vayalil apoorvamaanu, ennaal rogakaariyude teleomorph peritheshya enna gadanakal srishtikkum. peritheshya roopappedumbol avaa ullil ascosporeukal adangiyirikkunna aski uthppaadippikkum. peritheshya nirbandhithamaayi ascosporukale puranthallukayum thudarnnu aaa vaayuviloodeyulla beejaanukkal kaatt, mazha allengil mrugangal ennivayiloode pracharippikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee laingika beejaanukkal pinneedu oru pakwathayulla gothamb hosttil erangukayum venalkkaalam vardhikkumbol thandinteyum kireedatthinu chuttumulla pradeshathinteyum kolanivalkkaranam aarambikkukayum cheyyum. ennirunnaalum, "f"-nte alaingika ghattam. gothambinu ettavum kooduthal kedupaadukal varuthunna valare lalithamaaya oru chakramaanu seudograminiorm.
mannil chlamydosporukalil ninnu uthppaadippikkappedunna kaattil ninnu padarunnatho aaya konidiyaykku swaabhaavika thurassukaliloode gothambine badhikkaanum aathidheyarude sailam, pitth enniva kolanivalkkarikkaanum kazhiyum. sporodochia ennariyappedunna alaingika gadanakalude roopeekaranam kooduthal conidia undaakkum, ithu aavarthichulla anubadha ghattamayi pravartthikkunnu. taamasiyaathe gothamb chedikku onniladhikam anubadha kendrangal undaakum, avayil bhooribhaagavum kireedatthinaduthaayirikkum. venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil vilaveduppu season adukkumbol varanda choodulla anthareeksham "eph" anuvadichu. seudograminiorm "chediye kolanivalkkarikkunnathinum gothambinte daanyangalil dvitheeya lakshanagal srishtikkunna doshakaramaaya micotoxinukal utppaadippikkaan thudangunnathinum. gothamb kazhikkunna mrugangalkkum manushyarkkum doshakaramaanu micotoxin doonn, ithu vilaye bhakshyayogyamallathaakkumkum athinaal oru chelaveria prasnavumaanu (mydanner thudangiyavar. 2008).
paristhithi.
fuserium" moolamundaakunna gothambinte kireeda azhukk oru vyapakamaaya rogamaanu. kireeda azhukk athinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanathil parimithamaanennu munbu vishwasichirunnu. amerikkayil, pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayile ettavum varandathum choodullathumaaya pradesangalilaanu eee rogam ettavum kooduthal kaanappedunnath. ennirunnaalum, lokathile mikka dhaanya ulppaadana pradeshangalilum eee rogam kaanapedunnuvennu sameepakaala gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu.
praadeshika paristhithi saahacharyangal "eph" yude vyaapanathil valia punk vahikkunnu. seudograminiorm ". vilakal paakamaakumbol seasoninte avasaanathil ithu prathyekichum vyakthamaan. mazhayum thapanilayum pradhaanamaanengilum, durbalamaaya thaapanila-roga parasparabandham nilanilkkunnundenkil, kireeda azhukkinte vyaapanathilum theevrathayilum mazha valare valia punk vahikkunnuvennu padanangal theliyichittundu. australiyayile gothamb vilakalude feeld sarveyil, "f" ulla pradeshangalile paramavadhi venalkkaala thaapanila. seudograminiorm "31 digri selshyas vare uyarnnathayi kandethi. choodullathum varandathumaaya kaalavastha prabalamaaya varalchaa saahacharyangalil, kireeda azhukkinte lakshanagal rookshamaakunnu. eee saahacharyangalil athijeevikkaanum abhivridhippedaanumulla rogakaariyude kazhivaanu ithinu pradhaanamaayum kaaranam. laborattari padanangal soochippikkunnathu "eph. sudograminiyaram "varanda (<-1mpa) avasthakalil ettavum nannayi valarunnu. 5 digri selshyas muthal 30 digri selshyas vareyulla thapanilayil rogakaarikal nannayi valarnnuvenkilum 5 digri selshyasilo 35 digri selshyasilo athu nannayi valarunnillennu avar kaanichu.
maanejment.
gothambinte fuserium kireeda azhukk niyanthrikkunnathinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya maanejment reethi prathirodhasheshiyulla enangal upayogikkuka ennathaanu. poornnamaayum prathirodhasheshiyulla enangalonnum nilavilillengilum, rogathodulla sahishnuthayude roopathil prathirodham upayogikkaam. prathirodhasheshiyulla gothamb enangalil chilath 2-49, sanko, kukri, brandej, jeane, wetherford, maadson, temple, tabbukal ennivayaanu. sahishnutha ippozhum aathidheyane rogakaarikalaal rogabaadhithanaakaan anuvadikkunnu, pakshe ithu aathidheyanu anubaadhaye neridaanum sveekaaryamaaya vilavu nalkaanumulla kazhivu nalkunnu.
gothambil fuserium kireedam cheenjupokunnathinte theevratha kuraykkaan kaarshika reethikal upayogikkaam, pakshe avaykku rogathe illaathaakkaan kazhiyilla. rogasadhyatha kuraykkaan sahayikkunna reethikal ivayaanu gothamb oats upayogichu karakkathirikkuka, vilaveduppinushesham vayalukalil krishi cheyyuka, jalathinte nuzhanjukayattam mechappeduthuka, vasanthakaalath podiyum vaikkol malchum sthaapikkuka, vayalukalil sariyaaya alavil naitrajan prayogikkuka, idatharam nadeel theeyathiyil gothamb naduka enniva valia chedikale santhulithamaakkukayum neratheyulla nadunnathinulla kooduthal sammarddavum pinneedu nadunnathinte kuranja vilavum. rogakaarikalkk prathikoolamaaya anthareeksham srishtikkukayo aathidheyane durbalaraakkukayo cheythukondu eee reethikal rogam kuraykkaan pravartthikkunnu. eee reethikal mungananayulla kaarshika, saambathika parigananakalumayi poruthappedunnilla ennathinaal, prathirodhasheshiyullatho sahishnuthayullatho aaya enangalude upayogam sveekaaryamaaya maanejment parisheelanamaayi maarukayaan.
praadhaanyam.
"gothambine badhikkunna ettavum pradhanappetta rogangalilonnaan fuserium kireeda azhukk. aagola bhakshanakramathil gothambinte pradhana punk kaaranam, kireedakshayam oru pradhana saambathika aashankayaan. kireeda azhukk kadinamaanennu mathramalla, ithu vyaapakavumaanu. amerikkayiludaneelam, padinjaaran pasafikkinte valia pradeshangalil kireeda azhukkumoolam shaityakaala gothambinte sharashari nashtam 9.5 sathamaanam vare uyarnnathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. amerikkayile mattu padinjaaran samsthaanangalilum samanamaaya nashtam kaanapedunnu.
vadakke americaykku appurathu, austreliyayil kraun rott prathyekichum aashankappeduthunna oru rogamaanu. kazhinja moonnu pathittaandukalaayi australiyayile vadakkan dhaanya ulppaadana pradeshangalil ettavum valia aapekshika praadhaanyamulla rogamaayi kireeda azhukk maari. mothatthil, gothambinte saambathika swaadheenathinte kaaryatthil ithu septoriya blochinu sesham randaamathethaanu. daanyangal aduthulla bramanangalil valarunnathinteyum vaikkol nilanirtthal reethikal kooduthal prachaaratthilaayathinteyum falamaayi austreliyayil aduthide kireeda azhukkan vyaapanathil vardhanayundaayathaayi vidagdhar vishwasikkunnu. koodaathe, paristhithi saahacharyangal anuvadikkunna seasonukalil, kireeda azhukk austreliyayil gothamb vilavu aii. dii. 1 vareyum vadakke amerikkayil 65 sathamaanam vareyum kuraykkum.
rogathinte falamaayi vilakalkku undaakunna nashtam koodaathe, rogabadhitha gothambinte vishaamsham kaaranam kireeda azhukkum pradhaanamaan. mukalil soochippichathupole, doonn nirmmikkunnath "eph" aanu. rogathinte vikaasathinte samayat seudograminiorm. rogabadhithamaaya vila kuthivachathinushesham doonn manushyarkkum mrugangalkkum vishamaanenn theliyikkappettittund. chila europian rajyangalil, doninte motham dainamdina upabhogam 1 microgram/kilograamil kavian paadillennu sarkkar nirddeshikkunna niyanthrana maargganirddeshangal purappeduvichittundu. athinaal, vilavu nashtappedunnathum rogakaramaaya vila vishaamshavum chernnu kireeda azhukkine aagola bhakshya vitharanathinu valare pradhanappetta rogamaakkunnu.

