
melmandalam

dvisabha niyamanirmmaanasabhayude rund arakalil onnaanu uparisabha, mattoru chamber adhosabhayaan. uparisabha ennu aupachaarikamaayi nischayichirikkunna bhavanam saadhaaranayaayi cheruthaanu, palappozhum adhosabhayekkaal niyantrithamaaya adhikaaramund. oru sabha maathram ulkkollunna niyamanirmmaanasabhaye (athinaal uparisabhayo adhosabhayo illaatha) ekasabhayaayi visheshippikkunnu.
krithyamaaya prathyekathakal.
oru uparisabha saadhaaranayaayi thaazhepparayunna kaaryangalil onnengilum thaazhathe sabhayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan (avaa adhikaraparidhi anusarichu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu):
adikaarangal
nilah
adikaarangal.
paarlamentari samvidaanangal.
paarlamentari samvidaanangalil uparisabhaye palappozhum oru upadeshaka allengil "house oof review" chamberaayi kaanunnu; ekkaaranathaal, athinte nerittulla pravarthanatthinulla adikaarangal palappozhum eathenkilum vidhathil kurayunnu. thaazhepparayunna chila allengil ellah niyanthranangalum palappozhum meladhikaarikalil earppeduthiyittundu
paarlamentari janaadhipathyangalilum europian meladhikara sabhakalilum itaaliyan senatt eee pothu niyamangalkk sradheyamaaya oru apavaadamaanu, athil athinu athinte thaazhnna kakshiyude athe adhikaarangalund eathu niyamavum irusabhakalilum aarambhikkam, ore roopathil amgeekarikkanam. koodaathe, oru sarkkaarin padaviyil thudaraan iruvarudeyum sammatham undaayirikkanam, ithu "thikanja dvisabha" allengil "thulya dvisabha" ennu ariyappedunna oru sthaanamaanu."
oru punaravalokanasabhayude punk adhosabhayil amithamaayi thayyarakkiya niyamanirmmanam sookshumaparishodhana nadathukayum adhosabha aagrahikkunnuvenkil nirasikkaavunna bhedagathikal nirddeshikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. oru udaaharanam britiish house oof loards aanu. paarlament act 1911,1949 enniva prakaram, mikka billukalum pasakkunnathu thadayaan house oof lordsinu kazhiyilla, pakshe avaa charcha cheyyaanum bhedagathikal nirddeshikkaanum avasaram nalkanam, athuvazhi athu viyojikkunna oru bill pasakkunnathu vaikippikkaan kazhiyum. saambathika billukal oru maasam maathrame vaikippikkaan kazhiyoovenkilum paarlament niyamam upayogikkunnathinu munbu billukal oru varsham vare maathrame vaikippikkaan kazhiyoo. yunaittad kingdatthinte krodeekarikkappedaatha bharanaghadanayum thettaaya reethiyil kanakkaakkappedunna maattatthil ninnu pradhana pouraswaathanthryangalum samrakshikkunnathil ithinu chilappol prathyeka pankundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. niyamanirmmanam thadayunnathinum athu nirasikkunnathinum britiish house oof lordsinu niravadhi maargangalund; ennirunnaalum, house oof komansinu oduvil paarlament niyamam upayogichu enthengilum nirbandhikkaan kazhiyum. karthakkanmaar pasakia bhedagathikal pothunapakshangal palappozhum sweekarikkum; ennirunnaalum, irusabhakalum chilappol bharanaghadanaaparamaaya samgharshathilaanu athichernnirikkunnathu. udaaharanathinu, 1999leeii thozhil sarkkar paarambaryamaayi vanna ellah samaprayakkaareyum prabhukkanmaril ninnu purathaakkaan shramichappol, sarkkaarinte muzhuvan niyamanirmmaana ajanda nasippikkumennum chamberilekku ayacha ellah billukalum thadayumennum prabhukkanmaar bheeshanippedutthi. eee samgharsham annathe house oof loards act 1999 leeii kalavastha bhedagathiyude falamaayi annathe house oof loards leaderaayirunna wiscond cranbone laber gavanmentum thammilulla charchakalilekku nayichu, ithu house oof loards act 1999 leeii kalavastha bhedagathiyilekku nayichu, ithu house oof loards act 1999 leeii 92 paarambarya samapraayakkaare samrakshichu. irusabhakalum thammilulla vittuveezhchayum charchakalum paarlament niyamathe valare apoorvamaayi upayogikkunna oru backup planayi maattunnu.
veetto illengilum oru uparisabha niyamanirmmaanathe paraajayappedutthiyekkaam. athinte ethirppu oru vivaadaparamaaya nadapadi punaparisodhikkaano upekshikkaano polum thaazhathe sabhaykku avasaram nalkiyekkaam. niyamanirmmaana shedyulinu anusrithamaayi oru bill varunnathuvare allengil oru pothutheranjeduppu billumayi munnott pookaan aagrahikkaatha oru puthiya adhosabha srishtikkunnathuvare athu kaalathamasam varuthaam.
ennirunnaalum, chila samsthaanangal deerghakaalamaayi sakthamaaya meladhikaarikale nilanirthiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, niyamanirmmaanathinu uparisabhayude sammatham aavashyamaayi vannekkaam (mukalil soochippichathupole, ithu bajatt nadapadikalilekku apoorvvamaayi maathrame vyaapikkunnulloo). sakthamaaya meladikaaramulla samsthaanangalude bharanaghadanaa krameekaranangalil saadhaaranayaayi rund sabhakalum parasparam vairudhyamulla saahacharyangal pariharikkunnathinulla oru maarggam ulppedunnu.
sameepakaalath, paarlamentari samvidaanangal avayude thaazhnna kakshikalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol melmandalangalude adhikaarangale durbalappeduthunnu. chila meladhikaarikal poornnamaayum nirthalaakkappettu; mattullavaykku bharanaghadanaa allengil niyamanirmmaana bhedagathikalaal avarude adikaarangal kurachittundu. koodaathe, nissaaramo pakshapaathaparamo aaya kaaranangalal uparisabha sarkkaarinte pravartthanatthe thadassappedutharuthennu palappozhum kanvenshanukal nilavilundu. kaalakramena eee kanvenshanukal kadinamaakaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu.
presidential samvidaanangal.
presidential samvidaanangalil, uparisabhaykku athinte niyanthranangalkk nashtapariharam nalkaan mattu adikaarangal palappozhum nalkappedunnu
sthaapanaparamaaya ghadana.
oru uparisabhayile amgangal othucherunnathinu vividha maargangalund neritto allaatheyo thiranjeduppu, niyamanam allengil ivayude misritham. jarmman samsthaanangalude manthrisabhayile amgangal, mikka kesukalilum samsthaana pradhaanamantriyum niravadhi manthrimaarum ulppedunnathaanu jarmman bundestraatt; avare niyogikkukayum eppol venamenkilum thirichuvilikkukayum cheyyaam. valare samanamaaya reethiyil, europian union kaunsil deseeya mantrimar ulkkollunnu.
pala uparisabhakalum nerittu thiranjedukkappedaathe niyamikkappedunnu onnukil raashtrathalavano sarkkar medhaviyo allengil mattethenkilum vidhathil. ithu saadhaaranayaayi oru thiranjeduppil thirichethanamennilla ennu mathramalla vidagtharudeyo vishishta pouranmaarudeyo oru sabhaye srishtikkaan uddeshichullathaanu. udaaharanathinu, canada senattile amgangale pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram govarnor generalaanu niyamikkunnath.
munkaalangalil, 1999 vare britiish house oof lordsilum 1947ll nirthalaakkunnathuvare japanese house oof peezhsilum poornnamaayum paarambaryamaaya seettukal undaayirunnu.
samsthaana sarkkaarukalo praadeshika udyogastharo thiranjedukkunna prathinidhikal uparisabhayil ulppedunnathum saadhaaranamaanu. indiayile raajyasabhayile amgangale vividha samsthaanangalum kendrabharana pradeshangalum naamanirddesham cheyyumbol avaril 12 pere rashtrapathy naamanirddesham cheiyunnu. athupole, samsthaana thalatthil, samsthaana niyamanirmmaana samithiyile (vidhan parishathu) amgangalil moonnilonnu pere praadeshika sarkkaarukalum moonnilonnu sitting niyamasabhaamgangalum baakkiyullavare thiranjedukkunna votermaaraanu naamanirddesham cheiyunnathu. 1913-ll pathinezhaam bhedagathi pasakkunnathuvare samsthaana niyamasabhakalaan yunaittad stetts senattine thiranjedutthathu.
uparisabha nerittu thiranjedukkappettekkam, pakshe thaazhathe sabhayude vyathyastha anupaathathil-udaaharanathinu, austreliya, brazeel, american aikyanaadukalile senattukalkku janasamkhya pariganikkathe oro samsthaanathuninnum thiranjedukkappetta amgangalude oru nischitha ennam undu.
nirmmarjanam.
pala adhikaaraparidhikalum orikkal meladhikaarangal kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve croatia, denmark, estoniya, hungery, island, iraan, mourittaaniya, nyoosiland, peru, sweeden, turkey, veneswella, niravadhi indian samsthaanangal, brazilian samsthaanangal, canaden pravishyakal, queensland polulla upadeseeya sthaapanangal, mattu chila adhikaaraparidhikal ennivayulppede ekasabha samvidaanangal sweekarikkunnathinaayi avaa nirthalaakki. kaanadayil cherunnathinu munbu newfoundlaandinu oru niyamanirmmaana samiti undaayirunnu, athupole thanne 1791 muthal (lover kaanadayayi) 1968 vare ontaariyoyum cubec aayirunnu.
1934ll adhosabha nirthalaakkiya ekasabha niyamanirmmanasabhayulla amerikkayile eaka samsthaanamaanu nebrasca, athesamayam 1934nuu munbulla uparisabhayaya nebrasca senatt niyamasabhayude roopeekaranam thudarunnu.
1922ll australian samsthaanamaaya queensland nirthalaakkunnathinu munbu orikkal oru niyukta niyamanirmmaana sabha undaayirunnu. matellaa australian samsthaanangalkkum dvisabha samvidaanangal thudarunnu (rund pradeshangalum ellaayppozhum ekasabhakalaayirunnu).
queensland pole jarmman samsthaanamaaya baveriyaykkum 1946 muthal 1999 vare bavaria senatt enna peril oru niyukta uparisabha undaayirunnu.
philippeensile senatt rund thavana nirthalaakkukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheythu 1935 muthal 1945 vare oru ekasabha deseeya assembly vilichappol, 1972 muthal 1987 vare kongras adachupoottukayum pinneedu oru ekasabha paarlament sthaapikkunna oru puthiya bharanaghadana amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1941-leeii bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyiloodeyum 1987-ll oru puthiya bharanaghadana amgeekarichathiloodeyum oru dvisabha kongras punasthaapikkunnathiloode senatt punasthaapikkappettu.
irelandile oru muun sarkkar (31-aamm dayle) 24-aamath seenad sessionil athinte uparisabhayaya seenad airan nirthalaakkunnathinekku oru deseeya hitaparisodhana vaagdaanam cheythu. oru cheria vyathyaasathil, airish pothujanangal athu nilanirthaan vottu cheythu. yaadhaasthithika chaayvulla phine gelum idathu chaayvulla siin fain nirmmaarjjanathe pinthunachappol, seenad nilanirthunnathine pinthunaykkunnathil pradhana paarttikalil madhyavarggakkaranaaya fianna failum mathramaayirunnu.

