
rithi

47, 700 janasamkhyayulla maddhya italiyile lassioyile oru pattanavum commune aanu riyetti (reeyati). ithu riyetti pravishyayude bharankendravum riyetti roopathayude aasthaanavum athupole thanne sabeena mekhalayude aadhunika thalasthaanavumaanu.
taunn sentar oru cheria kunnin mukalil nilakollunnu, thekke attathu ninnu vishalamaaya riyetti thaazhvara, sabine kunnukalude adiyil, moundu terminillo ulppedeyulla monty reyttiniyude. purathana romakkar ozhukunna oru valia thadaakamaayirunnu eee samathalavum ippol velino nadiyude phalabhooyishtamaaya thadaakavumaan. cheria repasotyl, lungo thadakangal maathramaan valia yadhaartha thadaakangalil avasheshikkunnath.
charithram.
charitraatheethakaalam.
aithihyamanusarichu, reett sthaapichathu riyaa enna oru daivathvamaanu (athu pattanatthinte perinte uthbhavamayirikkum). irumbukaalathinte thudakkathilaanu (bii. sii. onpathaam-ettaam noottaand) ithu sthaapithamaayathu.
orupakshe munkaalangalil reathic chuttumulla pradeshangalil ambri pinneedu aadivaasikalum pinneedu tevere nadiyude sameepathulla bhoomiyil ethiya saabinukalum adhivasichirunnu.
purathana kaalam.
roome sthaapikkunnathinu valare munbuthanne riyettu yadhaarthathil sabin raashtrathinte oru pradhana sthalamaayirunnu. aithihyamanusarichu, romulus roome sthaapichappol, romakkar pattanatthil janasamkhya vardhippikkunnathinaayi (sabeen sthreekale balaalsangam cheiyunnathu) sabeen sthreekale thattikkondupoyi, ithu romakkarum sabin thammilulla yudhathilekku nayichu. sthreekal sainyangalkkidayil svayam erinjukondu, appozhekkum avarude bandhukkalaayirunna purushanmarodu yuddham nirthaan abhyarthichappol maathramaan lacus curtius yuddham avasaanichathu. romulus taittas tassius pinthiriyukayum iruvarum thammilulla sahakaranm aarambikkukayum cheythu. charithrathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru vivaranam anusarichu, mechilppurangalude thudarchayaaya aavasyam kaaranam saabinukal vichitramaaya sthalangalil sthirathaamasamaakki.
bisi moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil (bisi 290) manius curious dentaattas nadatthiya avasana roman adhiniveshathinushesham, aadyakaala itaaliyan rooad shringalayile oru thantrapradhaana kendramaayi eee graamam maari, appenines vazhi romine adriatic kadalumaayi bandhippikkunna "salt" trackle (salaria vazhi) aadhipathyam pulartthi. reett, amittarnam ennivayude niravadhi bhoomi pidichedukkukayum romacarc anuvadikkukayum cheythu. thudakkam muthal, sabainukalkk roman pourathvam vaagdaanam cheyyappettu, pakshe vottavakaashamillathe, bii. sii. 268-ll avarkk poornna pourathvam labikkukayum rund puthiya gothrangalil (velina, kwirna) ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
curious dentaattas velino nadiye nerayilekku vazhithirichuvidunnathiloo thadaakatthinte valiyoru bhagam vattikkukayum (angane marmore vellachaattathin janmam nalkukayum cheiyunnu). orikkal thadaakam kaivashappedutthiya vishalamaaya pradesham phalabhooyishtamaaya samathalamayi (riyetti thaazhvara) maari. roman aachaarangalkkanusrithamaayi, bhoomi savisheshamaaya chathurakkangalakki vibhajichu. saadhaarana roman nagara maanadandangalkkanusrithayi punasamghadippichukondu (udha.jii.rund cross cheytha roadukal settilmentinte nattellaan), sakthamaaya mathilukal kondu kottakettiyirunnu. velino nadikku kuruke oru kallu paalam sthaapikkukayum salaria vazhi reeyathiyude thekkan kavaadathilekku nerittu charakkukal konduvarunnathinaayi oru valia vioduct nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
roman reatinu laattin saahithyathil niravadhi paraamarshangal labhikkunnu, athinte abhivridhi praapikkunna mannu, athinte moolyavathaaya swathukkal, chuttupaadukalude chila prathyekathakal (alanjuthiriyunna dveepukalum pollayaya uparithala vayalukalum polullava) ennivaykku nandi. udaaharanathinu, thadaakatthile drainage kazhinjaal reettum intermaamnayum (terney) thammilulla pirimurukkangalekkurichu sisero vivarikkukayum thante suhruthu kyoo enna naadan bhavanathe (villa) paraamarsikkukayum cheiyunnu. samathalathil aaksiyasinte udamasthathayilaayirunnu.
romile ettavum pradhanappetta sabin kudumbangalilonnu jenz flavia aayirunnu, athil ninnu chakravarty taittas flavius wespassianus (aamphithetram flavium ennum ariyappedunna kolosiyathinte nirmmaanam aarambichavar) erangi.
riyaattin kaviyum ezhuthukaaranumaaya marcus terrentius varoo bisi 116-ll janichu, addehathe saadhaaranayaayi roman paandithyatthinte pithaav ennu vilikkunnu.
madhyakaalakhattam.
padinjaaran roman saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham riyetti anaachaarikalude nasham anubhavichuvenkilum duchy oof spolettoyude bhaagamaayi lombard aadhipathyakaalath oru pradhana gasteldate aayirunnilla. fraankukalude keezhil, ithu kaundi thalasthaanamaayirunnu. onpathaam noottaandilum patthaam noottaandilum sarazens 1149 ll sisiliyile norman rajaavaaya rogger randaman ithu kollayadichu.
roman kammyooninte sahaayathode nagaram punarnirmikkappettu, 1198 muthal svanthamaayi oru podestayulla oru swatantra kammyoon, gwelf ooriyanteshan koodiyaayirunnu.
maarppaappayude priyappetta peedamenna nilayil, pradhanappetta charitra sambhavangalude sthalamaayirunnu riyetti proxy chakravarthiyaaya henry VI (1185) ivide vivaham kazhicha koonstans oof houtville. 1289ll nicolaus naalaaman marpappa anjouvile chaals onnaamane apooliya, sisili, jarusalem ennividangalile rajaavaayi kireedamaniyikkukayum gregory onpathaam marpappa vishudhanaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. reeyathiyil aadhipathyam (1234).
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanavum aadhunikakaalavum.
maarppaappayude sthaanam avignonilekku maattiya sesham, naples rajaavu reeyathiye keezhadakki, athesamayam guelfukalum gibellainukalum thammilulla aantharika poraattangal pottipurappettu. 1354-ll ithu kardinal albornose thirichupidichu, pinneedu ithu maarppaappayude samsthaanangalile alfani kudumbatthinte oru fudal signariyaayi maari. adutha noottaandil chuttumulla samathalathinte kooduthal bhagam vattiyengilum ithu ayal terniyumaayulla ettumuttalilekku nayichu.
1816 muthal 1860 vare marpappa samsthaanangalude pravishya thalasthaanamaayirunnu riyetti. 1821-ll austriyan sainyavum thekkan itaaliyan vimatharum thammilulla riyetti yuddham nagarathinu thottupurathu antrodocoyil nadannu. italiyude ekeekaranathinushesham, ithu thudakkathil ambriyayude bhaagamaayirunnu, 1923 ll lasioyumaayi kootticherkkappettu. 1927 januvari 2 nuu ithu pravishya thalasthaanamaayi maari.
kaalavastha.
reattiyil choodulla-venalkkaala medittareniyan kaalaavasthayundu (copen kalavastha vargeekaranam csb), ithu mikka varanda-venalkkaala italikalilum ninnu vyathyasthamaan, ithu kooduthalum choodulla-venalkkaala medittareniyan kaalavasthayaanu (copen kalavastha vargeekaranam csa).
pradhana kazhchakal.
purathana sabeen, roman nagarangal kulimuri ("therma") ulppedeyulla kettidangalaal niranjirunnu. 19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum nadanna khananangalil apoorvamaaya avashishtangal maathrame kandethiyulloo oru valia kshethrathinte adithara, pradhana chathuratthinte (phooram) kallu, swakaarya veedukalil ninnulla mathilukal, konkreett nilavarakal, prathimakal, manpathrangal enniva. ettavum sradheyamaaya avashishtangal velino nadikkum vayadaktinum kurukeyulla kallu paalamaan.
piassa saan rufo parambaraagathamaayi italiyude (laattin "ambilicus itaaliya") krithyamaaya kendramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
mattu kazhchakal ivayaanu
lungo thadaakatthile kaazhchakalum repasotyl prakrithi samrakshanavum moundu terminilloyum rasakaramaan.
gathagatham.
italiyile autostrade rodukalonnum reeyathiye kadakkunnilla; mattu nagarangalumayi reattiye bandhippikkunna ellah roadukalum samsthaana haivekal ("strad staadaali") aanu, mikka kesukalilum single kyarej way rodukalaanu.
ettavum pradhanappetta rooad link salairia vazhiyulla strada staattal 4 aanu, ithu reatiye thekk romumaayum vadakku ascoli pikenoyumaayum adriatic kadalumaayum bandhippikkunnu, purathana salairia roman rooad pole. mattu pradhana roadukalil reatiye terneyumaayum autostrada eiii1-nte oortte gettumaayum bandhippikkunna strada stattaale 79 ternana ulppedunnu; antrodocoyile strada stattaale 4-ll ninnu shaakhakalulla strada stattaale 17, reatiye ell 'akvilayumaayi bandhippikkunnu; strada stattaale 578 salto sikolana, reatiye avesaanoyumaayum eiii24, eiii25 autostraadaasukalude "salto vaali" gettumaayum bandhippikkunnu.
praadeshika, kuranja gathaagathamulla terney-sulmona reyilveyilaanu reeyathiyude railway steshan sthithicheyyunnathu, terney, ell 'akvila ennividangalilekkulla trainukal undu. reattiyum romum thammil nerittu railway kanakshan illa, kaaranam atharam reyilveyude nirmmaanam deerghakaala charchaykku vidheyamaayenkilum orikkalum nadannilla; romilek nerittu trainukal kandethaan kazhiyunna buzz vazhiyo terney steshanilekku oru train pidikkunnathiloodeyo romiletham.
riyetti vimaanathaavalam pradhaanamaayum cheria swakaarya vimanangalkkum glidingin upayogikkunnu.

