
gayanayile jalavitharanavum shuchithvavum

niravadhi jalangalude naadu" ennartham varunna gayana jalavibhavangalal sambannamaanu. janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum samudranirappinu thaazheyullathum niravadhi samudra mathilukalaal samrakshikkappedunnathumaya theeradesha samathalathilaan kendreekarichirikkunnathu. jalasamrakshanangal" ennu vilikkappedunna theeradesha samathalathinte ulnaadan aazhamillaatha jalasambharanikalude oru parambara, uparithala jalam praadhamikamaayi jalasechana aavasyangalkkaayi sambharikkunnu. sevanathinte gunanilavaaram moshamayathum kuranja chelavil veendedukkal, kuranja alavil labhyatha ennivayaanu gayanayile jala, shuchithva mekhalayile pradhana prasnangal.
praveshanam.
avalokanam.
cuving ulppedeyulla oru raundu trippin shekharana samayam 30 minittil koodaatheyaanengil mechappetta uravidathil ninnulla kudivellam ennaanu oru adisthaana jalasrothassine nirvachikkunnath. manushya sanbarkkathil ninnu visarjjyathe shuchithvaparamaayi verthirikkaan roopakalppana cheythittullathum mattu kudumbangalkkidayil pankidaatthathumaaya soukaryangalaanu adisthaana shuchithvamennu jeey. emm. pii kanakkukal nirvachikkunnu.
sthaapana thalatthil jalathinteyum shuchithvathinteyum vyaapthiyude sathamaanam
jalavitharanam.
mazhavella sambharanam, pothu vitharanam, kuppivellam thudangi vividha srothassukalude labhyathayum gunanilavaaravum santhulithamaakkunna niravadhi jalasrothassukalilekku pala kudumbangalkkum praveshanamundu. mothatthil, janasamkhyayude 94 sathamaanam perkku mechappetta jalasrothassukal labhyamaan, ennirunnaalum 9-aamm mekhala valare moshamaan; eee mekhalayile 42 sathamaanam perkku maathrame mechappetta srothassil ninnu kudivellam labhikkunnulloo. mechappetta srothassukal upayogikkunna pradeshangal 1,7,8 ennivayil thaarathamyena kuranja sathamaanamundu, mekhala 1 nuu 81 sathamaanavum 7,8 mekhalakalkku 65 sathamaanavum.
2002num 2012num idayil pipe vellamulla veedukalude ennam vardhichu, ennaal akkaalat praadhamika kudivellam enna nilayil kuppivellam 7.9 sathamaanathil ninnu 33 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu. pipe vazhi ozhukunna vellathinte gunanilavaarathekkurichu chila samshayangal ithu soochippikkunnu.
kudivella vitharanam
shuchithvam.
thalasthaanamaaya jorstownil maathramaan azhukkuchaalukal nilavilullathu.
veettil adisthaana kaii kazhukal soukaryangalulla janasamkhyayude anupatham 77 sathamaanam (2017).
sevanathinte gunanilavaaram.
mikka sevana mekhalakalilum kuranja jalasammardham, ellah sevana mekhalakalilum edaykkideyulla vitharanam, pothu vitharanathil pakuthiyolam anuvimukthamaakkal labhikkathathinaal bacteria malineekaranathinulla uyarnna apakadasaadhyatha enniva ulppede pothu samvidaanavumaayi bandhippichirikkunna upabhokthakkalkkulla sevana nilavaaram moshamaan.
raajyathinte theerapradeshangaliludaneelam kudivellatthinte bhooribhaagavum vitharanam cheiyunna jalasambharaniyil uyarnna alavil irumbu adangiyittundu, ithu vellathe chuvappuniramaakkunnu. prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi irumbu neekkam cheiyunnathinulla plaantukal nirmmikkunnu.
jalavibhavangal.
moonnu vyathyastha jalasambharanikal ulkkollunna bhoogarbhajalam raajyathinte aabhyanthara jalathinte 90 sathamaanavum nalkunnu. bhugarbhajala samvidaanathil moonnu jalasambharanikal adangiyirikkunnu
1913 muthal 1993 vare "manal" jalasambharaniyile thala 20 meter kuranju. 1998ll yuu. ezz. armi corps oof enchineeyarmaar nadatthiya oru padanamanusarichu, vardhicha pinvalikkal nilanirthunnathinulla jalasambharaniyude sheshi nirnnayikkaan deerghakaala padanangal aavasyamaanu. raajyathudaneelam jalashasthraparamaaya vivarangalude abhaavamund, prathyekichu 1960kalude avasaanam muthal vivarashekharanam ganyamaayi kuranju.
charithravum sameepakaala sambhavangalum.
2002ll gayana vaattar incorporation enna otta yoottilittiyilekk layippicha gs & dablyusi, gaiva ennee rund vyathyastha yoottilittikalil ninnaan sthaapanaparamaayi eee mekhala vikasichathu. (jii. vii. aii). 2003ll oru panchavatsara maanejment karar oppuvaykkukayum athu 2007ll sarkkar raddaakkukayum cheythu. yoottility ippol oru parivartthana padhathikku keezhil svayam ekeekarikkaan sramikkukayaanu.
jorttoun malinajala, jala kammeeshanarmaar (jii. ezz & dablyu. sii).
central jorttounile malinajala, jalanirmmaana pravartthanangal pravarthippikkunnathinum paripalikkunnathinumaayi britiish colonial bharanathin keezhil 1929laanu "jorttoun malinajala, jala kammeeshanarmaar" sthaapithamaayathu.
1966ll gayana swaathanthryam nediyathinushesham pothumaraamathu manthraalayathinte shudhajalavitharanavibhaagam jalamekhalayile nayanirmmaanathinum jiyorttauninu purathulla jalavitharanathinum utharavaadiyaayirunnu. malinajala, shuchithva pravartthanangalude utharavaaditham aarogya manthraalayathinu undaayirunnu.
gayana vaattar authority (gaiva).
jorttouninu purathu cheria pattanangal, graamapradeshangal, ulnaadan pradeshangal ennividangalilekku jalavitharana samvidaanangal nirmmikkunnathinum pravarthippikkunnathinum paripalikkunnathinum 1972 ll "gayana vaattar authority" (gaiva) sthaapikkappettu, eee pradeshangalile jala sevana vyavastha pothumaraamathu manthraalayathil ninnu etteduthu. pothumaraamathu, vaarthavinimayam, praadeshika vikasana manthraalayathinte nayaparamaaya nirddeshathinu keezhilaayirunnu gaiva. 1984ll gaivayumaayi chernnu pravartthikkunna raajyathe 10 pradeshangalil oronninum oronnaayi jalasevanangal nalkunnathinulla utharavaaditham praadeshika janaadhipathya kaunsilukalude kaikalilum ealppichu.
1994ll jiyorttaun malinajala, jala bhedagathi niyamam nambar 4 vazhi jii. ezz & dablyu. sii. yeei works aandu communications manthriyude niyanthranatthilulla oru svayambharana pothumekhalaa sthaapanamaakki.
punasamghadana, jii. vii. aii. yum svakaaryamekhalayude pankaalitthavum srishtikkal.
2000ll yuu. esinte neethrthwathilulla daathaakkalude samoohathinte sahaayathode.keey. department phoor internaashanal developmentum (dfid) lokabank, gayana sarkkarum surakshithavum thaangaavunnathumaaya vellathilekkulla praveshanam vardhippikkuka enna lakshyathode jalamekhalayude punasamghadana aarambhichu. (i) aadunikavum kaaryakshamavum upabhokthru adhishtithavumaaya oru yoottility; (ii) deerghakaala saambathika susthiratha; (iii) swatantra niyanthrana pravartthanangalum utharavaadithangalude vyakthamaaya vibhajanavum savisheshathayulla oru sthaapana chattakkood enniva neduka ennathaanu ithu prathyekamaayi lakshyamidunnathu. caribean development baank, europian union, europian investment baank ennivayum saambathika prathibaddhathayode parishkaarangale pinthunachu.
2002ll vaattar aandu syurej act pasaki, ithu jorttoun syurej aandu vaattar kammeeshanarmaareyum (gs & dablyusi) gayana vaattar authorityeyum (gaiva) layippichu gayana vaattar ink roopeekarichu. (jii. vii. aii). 2003 januvariyil sevarn trant vaattar internaashanal (ezz. tii. vii. aii) enna anthaaraashtra swakaarya oopparettarkku prakadanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla anchu varshathe maanejment karar nalki. britiish gavanmentil ninnulla graantiloodeyaanu kararinu poornnamaayum dhanasahayam nalkiyathu. koodaathe, jalavila avalokanam cheiyunnathinaayi nilavilulla public yoottility kammeeshante (pii. yuu. sii) utharavu neetti. patthu varshathe nikshepa paripadi vipuleekarikkukayum kudivella maanadandangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
maanejment karar avasanippikkalum parivartthana padhathiyum.
karaarile ezhu lakshyangalil anjennam niravettunnathil kambani paraajayappettuvenn aaropich 2007 februvariyil sarkkar maanejment karar avasaanippichu. consulting sthaapanamaaya halcro nadatthiya stviyude prakadanathekkurichulla oodittinte falamaanu theerumaanathe swaadheenichathennu bhawana, jala mantri haari naren navbatt paranju.
mantri parayunnathanusarichu, nashtappetta anchu lakshyangalil naalennam ivayaayirunnu
ennirunnaalum, gayanayil pravarthicha naalu varshathe niravadhi nettangal stvi choondikkaatti "jalathinte gunanilavaarathil kaaryamaaya mechappeduthalukal"; varumaanamillaatha vellam 61 sathamaanathil ninnu 44 shathamaanamaayi kurachathaayi aaropikkappedunnu (oodittinte falamaanennu sarkkar parayunnathinu virudhamaaya oru kanakk); jalavitharana samayavum sisttam sammarddavum 80 sathamaanathiladhikam vardhichathaayi aaropikkappedunnu; 2002 ll 900 milyan dollaril ninnu 2006 ll jii $aidi 1 aayi varumanam vardhichathaayi aaropikkappedunnu; upabhokthru vivarangalum billing samvidaanavum avatharippichu; 2005 leeii vellappokkathil adiyanthara vitharanangalum. karar lakshyangal kaivarikkunnath budhimuttaakkiya niravadhi gadakangalum stvi choondikkaatti 2005 leeii vinashakaramaaya vellapokkam; oorjja chelavu 40 sathamaanathiladhikam vardhikkunnu; yogyathayulla gayanese jeevanakkaare niyamikkunnathinum nilanirthunnathinumulla budhimuttu; nikshepa paripaadikalkkum pradhana gayanese jeevanakkaarude niyamanathinum samayabandhithamaya sarkkar amgeekaarathinte abhavam.
2007 desemberil sarkkar jii. vii. aii. yude oru parivartthana padhathikku amgeekaaram nalki, varumaanamillaatha vellam kuraykkunnathilum yoottility saambathikamaayi ekeekarikkunnathilum shradha kendreekarichu.
jalathinteyum shuchithvathinteyum utharavaaditham.
eee mekhalayude nayatthinte utharavaaditham bhawana, jala manthraalayathil nikshipthamaanu. multy-sectoral regulatory bodiyaaya public utilities commission (piyusi) jalathinteyum malinajalathinteyum thaarifukal avalokanam cheyyaanulla chumatalayund. ennirunnaalum, kareebiyanile mattu yoottility regulatormaare apekshichu puck sarkkaaril ninnu svayambharanaadhikaaram kuravaanennu thonnunnu. eee mekhalayil thaddeshabharana sthaapanangalkku oru pankumilla.
vaanijya pothu samrambhamaya gayana vaattar incorporated (jii. vii. aii) yude utharavaadithamaanu jala, malinajala sevana vyavastha. padinjaaru muthal kizhakk vare 1 muthal 5 vareyulla ennamulla gwi sarvees eriyaye theerathu anchu divisionukalaayi thirichirikkunnu. raajyathinte aaa bhaagath sevanangal nalkunna community adhishtitha samghadanakalkku pinthuna nalkunna jii. vii. aiykkullil oru prathyeka yoonit ulnaadan pradeshangalkk sevanam nalkunnu.
karyakshamatha.
2007ll 25 sathamaanam upabhokthakkal maathramaan meter cheythirunnathenkilum varumaanamillaatha jalathinte kanakk budhimuttaanu. ennirunnaalum, 70 sathamaanathiladhikam varumaanamillaatha jalamaanennu jii. vii. aii thaalkkaalikamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
2007ll 1,000 kanakshanukalil 3 jeevanakkaarude anupaathamulla jii. vii. aii. yile thozhil uthppaadanakshamatha thaarathamyena uyarnnathaan. chorcha attakuttappanikal polulla sevanangalil ninnulla karar ithinu bhaagikamaayi kaaranamaan.
saambathika vashangal.
deseeya jalasechanam valare sankeernamaaya tarif samvidaanamaanu upayogikkunnathu. ithu pravartthana, paripalana chelavukal veendedukkunnilla, koodaathe sarkkaaril ninnu pravartthana subsidikal sweekarikkunnu. sarkkaaril ninnulla baahya sahaayathiloodeyum nikshepa subsidiyiloodeyum nikshepangalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnu.
thaarifukal.
2007ll 27 vyathyastha jala thaarifukalum 4 malinajala thaarifukalum ulppedunna jii. vii. aii upayogikkunna tarif samvidaanam valare sankeernamaanu. meter, meter illaatha upabhokthakkal; aabhyanthara, vaanijya, sthaapana, vyaavasaayika upabhokthakkal; upabhokthakkal gaivayude (thalasthaanathinu purathu) muun upabhokthaakkalaano allengil jii. ezz & dablyu. sii (jiyortaunil); aabhyanthara upabhokthaakkalude kaaryatthil swathukkalude vilamathikkaavunna moolyam enniva thammil jala thaarifukal verthirikkunnu.
2007ll mikka aabhyanthara upabhokthaakkaleyum ettavum kuranja nirakkilulla swath moolya vibhaagathil tharamthirikkukayum avar alakkappedaathavaraayi maarukayum cheythu. jorttouninu purathu eee upabhokthaakkalil ninnu prathivarsham 8,899 gayanese dollar (us $47) enna phlait nirakk eedaakkiyirunnu, ithu prathimasam us $3.90 nuu thulyamaanu. jorstownil avarkk prathimasam 11,799 gayanese dollar (us $62) enna phlait nirakk eedaakki, ithu prathimasam 5.18 dollarinu thulyamaanu. uyarnna nirakkilulla swathukkalile aabhyanthara upabhokthakkal 80 sathamaanam kooduthal panam nalki.
ettavum kuranja nirakkulla swath moolyamulla aabhyanthara upabhokthakkalkkulla meter thaarifukal jiyorttauninu purathu oru cubic meterinu 61 gayanese dollar (us $0.32/m3) jiyorttaunil oru cubic meterinu 63 gayanese dollar (us $0.33/m3) aayi nischayichittundu. prathimasam 20 cubic meter (anchanga kudumbatthinu 133 littar/divasam) upabhogathil aaa tarif jiyorttauninu purathulla upabhokthaakkalkk 64 sathamaanavum jiyorttaunile upabhokthaakkalkk 28 sathamaanavum jala billinte vardhanavinu thulyamayirikkum.
meter cheyyaatha aabhyanthara upabhokthakkalkkulla malinajala tarif prathivarsham 4,999 gayanese dollar (us $26) allengil vaattar billinte 42 sathamaanam allengil jiyorttaunile kuranja nirakkulla aabhyanthara upabhokthaav aayi nischayichittundu.
jii. vii. aii athinte tarif samvidaanam yukthisahamakkaan padhathiyidunnu. thaarifukalile eathenkilum parishkkaranatthinu public utilities kammeeshan amgeekaaram nalkendathundu. koodaathe, jalavilayude rashtreeya samvedanakshamatha kaaranam, eathenkilum yadhaartha parishkkaranatthinu manthrisabhayude amgeekaaravum aavasyamaanu.
billing chelavu veendedukkalum.
meter cheyyaatha upabhokthakkalkkulla billing saikkil vaarshikamaanu, vaattar meterukalullavar ulppede mikka upayokthakkalkkum ithuvare oru phlait nirakk maathrame nalkiyittulloo. meter vaayikkunna meter upabhokthakkalkkulla billukal traimasa adisthaanathil ayaykkunnu. chelavu veendedukkalinte thoth kuravaanu. jii. vii. aiyude tentaundu plan anusarichu, <aii. dii. 1> kaalayalavil yoottilittiyude sharashari billing karyakshamatha 68 sathamaanam mathramaayirunnu, athaayath 32 sathamaanam upabhokthakkal avarude billukal adachittilla. 2006ll jii. vii. aii 12 bilyan dollar maathramaan varumanam nediyathu, athesamayam pravartthanatthinum paripaalanathinumulla chelavu 3.5 bilyan dolaraayirunnu, ithil 60 sathamaanathiladhikam vaidyuthi, pradhaanamaayum pambinginaayi nalki. 1.4 bilyan dollar sarkkar subsidy bhaagikamaayi nikathappetta eee vyathyasam bhaagikamaayi jii. vii. aiyude vitharanakkaarkk adaykkaatha billukalkkum attakuttappanikal maattivaykkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
nikshepavum dhanasahayavum.
munkaala nikshepa nilavaaram kuravaayirunnu, nikshepangalkku pradhaanamaayum dhanasahayam nalkiyathu baahya daathaakkalaayirunnu. eee kaalayalavil 21.2 dasalaksham dollar nikshepam vardhippikkaan yoottility ippol uddeshikkunnu, ithu prathivarsham 7 dasalaksham dollarinu thulyamaanu allengil prathivarsham aaloharikk 9 dollar. varumaanamillaatha vellam kuraykkunnathinum jiyorttaunile malinajala samvidaanam punaradhivasippikkunnathum praadhamikamaayi nikshepangal upayogikkaan uddeshichullathaanu. nikshepa padhathiyude yuu. ezz. dollar 64 laksham (30 sathamaanam) moonnu daathaakkalil (loka baank, aii. dii. bii, dii. eph. aii. dii) ninnulla nilavilulla prathibaddhathakalil ninnaan dhanasahayam nalkunnathu. baakkiyullavaykk nilavilulla sarkkar prathibaddhathakal avarude swantham vibhavangalil ninnum athupole sarkkaaril ninnum daathaakkalil ninnum prathekshikkunna adhika prathibadhathakaliloodeyum dhanasahayam nalkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
baahya sahakaranm.
nilavil eee mekhalayude pradhana baahya pankaalikal inter-american development baank, yukeyil ninnulla dfid, loka baank ennivayaanu. europian union, caribean development baank, jappan sarkkar enniva jikayiloode. munkaalangalil gayanayile, prathyekichu jorstouninu purathulla theerapradeshathe jalavitharanathe pinthunaykkunnathilum used earppettirunnu.
inter-american development baank.
1999ll amgeekaricha 30 milyan us dollarinte oru padhathiyaanu jiyorttaun II jalavitharana, malinajala samvidaana paripadi, ithu "jiyorttaunile shuchithva saahacharyangal mechappeduthunnathinum jalavitharanathinteyum malinajala sevanangaludeyum gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathiloodu nilavile paaristhithika thakarcha kuraykkunnathinum" lakshyamitirunnu. padhathiyude moonnu gadakangal ivayaayirunnu (eiii) kudivellatthinte labhyathayum gunanilavaaravum vitharana samvidaanathinte vishwaasyathayum kooduthal mechappeduthuka; (bii) malinajala samvidaanam mechappeduthuka; (sii) padhathiyude amgeekaara samayat jiyortauninte sevana daathaavaayirunna jiyortaun malinajala, jala kammeeshanarmaare (jii. ezz & dablyu. sii) shakthippeduthuka, koodaathe jiyortauninte rund mungaamikalil oralum. gayaanaykkulla kadam parihara paakkejinte bhaagamaayi fundinginte oru bhagam raddakia sesham padhathiyude valuppam 16.4 dasalaksham dollarayi kuranju. 2010ll padhathi avasaanippichathu athinte chila lakshyangal maathram nediyathinushesham jalasammardham chathurashra injinu 2 poundil ninnu (psi) 6 psi aayi uyarnnu, 10 psi enna lakshyathekkaal kuravaayirunnu; 2010ll rund jalasamskarana plaantukal kammeeshan cheythathinushesham kudivellatthinte irumbinte alavu kuranju; varumaanamillaatha vellam prathyakshatthil kuranju, krithyamaaya ennam labhyamallengilum; malinajala pambukal nirmmichu, pakshe avaa shariyaayi pravarthippikkukayum paripalikkukayum cheyyumo ennu nirnnayikkaan valare neratheyaanu; oru septik tank dispaul soukaryam nirmmichu, pakshe pravarthanakshamamaayirunnilla; jeor tounile vaattar metering 50 shathamaanamaayi uyarthi, 80 sathamaanam enna lakshyathil ninnu kuravaayirunnu; shekharana kaaryakshamathayilum chelavu veendedukkalilum kaaryamaaya mechappeduthalukalonnum undaayilla. gayanayil rund puthiya jala, shuchithva padhathikal, 10 dasalaksham us dollar jorttoun shuchithva mechappeduthal padhathi, gayanayile randaamathe valia pattanamaya lindante jalasamvidhanam punaradhivasippikkunnathinu 12 dasalaksham us dollar + padhathi enniva aii. dii. bii thayyarakkunnu.
yunaittad kingdom (dfid).
surakshithavum thaangaavunnathumaaya vellathilekku susthiramaaya saarvathrika praveshanam nalkuka, perry-arban, grameena pradeshangal, dvitheeya pattanangal, gayana ulnaadan pradeshangal ennivayil shradha kendreekarikkuka" enna lakshyathode 2000 ll yuke 13 dasalaksham poundu sterling jalamekhala padhathikku amgeekaaram nalki."prakadanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maanejment karaariloode svakaaryamekhalayude pankaalittham avatharippikkunnath" "prakriyayude oru pradhana savisheshathayaayum" "mothatthilulla padhathi lakshyam kaivarikkunnathinulla nirnaayaka vijaya gadakamaayum kanakkakkappettu". jii. vii. aii enna orotta sevana daathaavine srishtikkaanum padhathi lakshyamittu. 2009ll padhathi avasaanichenkilum jii. vii. aii. yude nirmmaanam poortthiyaayi, ennaal maanejment karar parajayappettu. 2011 meyy vare dii. eph. aii. diyude websaittil padhathi poorttheekarana report labhyamalla.
locabank.
gayanayile janangalkk, prathyekichu paavappettavarkk surakshithavum thaangaanaavunnathumaaya jalathilekku susthiramaaya saarvathrika praveshanam kaivarikkunnathine pinthunaykkaan lakshyamitulla 2005 ll amgeekaricha oru yuu. ezz. dollar padhathiyaanu jalamekhala ekeekarana padhathi."padhathiyude pradhana ghadakam jalasamskarana plaantukaludeyum metering ulppedeyulla anubandha transmission, vitharana adisthaana soukaryangaludeyum nirmmaanam moonnu samvidaanangalil munkootty kaanunnu jii. vii. aiyude division 1 leeii anna rejeena eriya jalavitharana samvidaanam; division 2 leeii paarika eriya jalavitharana samvidaanam; division 4 leeii rosignol eriya jalavitharana samvidaanam. eee nikshepangal kuranja marddathil uyarnna irumbu ulladakkamulla edaykkideyulla jalavitharanathil ulppedunna nilavile vitharanathinu vipareethamaayi nalla marddathil irumbillaatha jalathinte thudarchayaaya vitharanam nalkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
europian union.
internaashanal federation oof redu krosinteyum redu krasant sosaittikaludeyum pinthunayode gayana redu cross sosaitti nadappilaakkiya ulnaadan samoohangalkaayulla jala, shuchithva, shuchithva paripaadikku europian union dhanasahayam nalkunnu. 1, 9 mekhalakalilaanu moonnu varshathe padhathi nadappaakkunnathu.
caribean vikasana baank.
caribean vikasana baank adisthaana aavashyangalude trastt fandiloode cherukida jala adisthaana soukaryangalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnu.
jappan.
surinaaminte athirthikkaduthulla theerathe koriverttan pradeshathu rund jalasamskarana plaantukaludeyum anubandha paippukaludeyum nirmmaanathinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathinu jappan sarkkar, jappan internaashanal qoo-ooppareshan ejansi (jika) vazhi 12 milyan dollar graant nalki. 23 gramangalilaayi 33,000 perkku vellam nalkukayaanu padhathi lakshyamidunnathu. 2008 maarchil rund plaantukalilum aadyathethu udghaadanam cheythu.

