brazeelile colonial vaasthuvidya

porchugeesukaar ethiya varshamaaya 1500 muthal 1822ll swaathanthryam labhikkunnathuvare nilavile brazilian pradeshathu nadanna vaasthuvidyayaanu brazeelile colonial vaasthuvidya nirvachichirikkunnathu.
colonial kaalaghattatthil, kolanikkaar europian shailiyilulla pravaahangal colonic irakkumathi cheyyukayum avaa praadeshika bhouthikavum saamoohika saambathikavumaaya saahacharyangalumayi poruthappedukayum cheythu. navothaanam, reethi, barok, rococo, neoclassical vasthuvidyaa savisheshathakalulla colonial kettidangal brazeelil kaanapedunnu, ennaal noottaandukalaayi shailikal thammilulla parivartthanam kramena nadannu, colonial braseelinte kaalaghattangaludeyum kalaa shailikaludeyum vargeekaranam vidagtharkkidayil charchaavishayamaanu.
brazeelile colonial vasthuvidyaa, kalaparamaaya paarambaryatthinte praadhaanyam unesco loka paithruka kendrangalaayi prakhyaapicha eee uthbhavathinte samghangalum smaarakangalum saakshyappeduthunnu. ooroo preeto, olinda, salvador, saavo luis doow maranho, diamenteena, gois velho ennivayude charitra kendrangal, saavo migual daas misosile gwarani jesuit douthyangalude avashishtangal, kongonhaasile boom jeesas dii matosinhos sanketham, saavo christovayile saavo francisco square ennivayaanu iva. loka paithruka kendrangalaayi amgeekarikkappettillettilm, aaa kaalaghattatthile pradhana smarakangalaaya resife, rioo dii janeero, mariana ennivayum charitra kendrangalundu. prathyekichu reseafinte kaaryatthil, mikka charitraparamaaya kettidangaludeyum polichuneekkalum roopabhedavum colonial nagara leauttum amgeekaaramillaathathil nirnnayakamaayirunnu.
colonial vaasasthalangalum nagaravaadavum.
visentum brazeelinte captansikalude (1534) srishtiyum 1535ll duverte coelho sthaapicha igarasu, olinda thudangiya aadya graamangalude aditharayum 1532ll martim afonso dii susa sthaapicha saavo visentum visentum colonial brazeelile vasthuvidyaa pravartthanangal aarambikkukayum pinneedu 1549ll toom dii soosayaanu salvador nagaram pothu-sarkkaarinte aasthaanamaayi sthaapikkukayum cheythath. toom dii susa konduvanna vaasthushilpi, lui dias, kolaniyude thalasthaanam roopakalppana cheiyunnu, govarnorude kottaram, pallikal, aadyathe theruvukal, chathurangal, veedukal enniva ulppede, vaasasthalathinu chuttumulla anivaryamaaya kottaykku purame.
govarnorude kottaram, thaamasasthalangal, mikka pallikalum konventukalum polulla takarnna mannu kettidangal ulppedunna salvador nagaratthinte ettavum mikacha bhagam beach thalatthil ninnu 70 meter uyarathil uyarnna nilathaanu nirmmichathu; athesamayam, ulkkadal theerathu vaanijya pravarthanangalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna adisthaana soukaryangal nirmmichu. pathinaram noottaandil sthaapithamaaya mattu nagarangalaya olinda (1535), rioo dii janeero (1565) enniva kadalinu sameepam ennaal karayile uyarathil sthaapikkappettathum eee vaasasthalathe uyarnna pattanamayum thaazhnna pattanamayum vibhajichathumaan. pothuvaayi, mukalile pattanatthil paarppida, bharana mekhalakalum thaazhathe bhaagath vaanijya, thuramukha pradeshangalum undaayirunnu, purathana, madhyakaalakhattangalil lisbone, porto, coimbra thudangiya pradhana porchugees nagarangalude samghadanayodu saamyamullathaan. aadyakaalangalil colonial vaasasthalangal thaddesheeyaril ninnum mattu rajyangalil ninnulla yooropyanmaaril ninnum aakramanangalkk nirantharam apakadasaadhyathayullathinaal eee krameekaranam prathirodha parigananakal anusarichu. vaasthavathil, porchugeesukaar sthaapicha mikkavarum ellah aadya vaasasthalangalilum mathilukal, paalisedukal, kothalangal, akathalathilekkulla praveshanam niyanthrikkunna kavaadangal ennivayundaayirunnu.
brazeelile colonial nagaravalkkaranatthinte savisheshatha palappozhum theruvukaludeyum chathurangaludeyum mathilukaludeyum leauttu bhoopradeshathinte aashwaasathinum konventukaludeyum pallikaludeyum polulla pradhana kettidangalude sthaanathinum anuyojyamaakkunnu. puthiya lokathile spanish aditharakalude karkkashamaaya checkerboard paatten avar pinthudarnnillenkilum, olinda, salvador ennividangalil ninnu aarambhich pala colonial nagarangalum ippol avarude theruvukal thaarathamyena kramamaayi sthaapichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. iberian union (1580-1640) kaalaghattatthil, brazeelil sthaapithamaaya nagarangalkk 1585 ll sthaapithamaaya felipia daa paraba (ippol jovo pesova), francisco friaz dii meskvitta 1615 ll sthaapicha saavo luis doow maranho ennivayude kaaryatthilennapole kooduthal kramamundaayirunnu, pathinezhaam noottaandiludaneelam nagara kendra leauttukalude kramatthilekkulla pravanatha vardhichu. paalangal, kanaalukal, kottakal ennivayude nirmmanavum karayum upayogichu pazhaya thuramukhamaaya olindaye oru nagaramakki maattiya nassaavile kaundu joonn mourisinte (1637-1643) sarkkaarinte kaalath resifil nadatthiya mahathaaya nagaratwa pravartthanangalum sradheyamaanu.
pallikaludeyum konventukaludeyum sthaapanamaayirunnu colonial nagarathvathinte nirnnayaka vasham. palappozhum mathaparamaya kettidangalude nirmmaanathodoppam oru pallithottamo kettidatthinaduthulla oru chathuramo srishtikkukayum nagara idam samghadippikkunna praveshana theruvukalude shringalayum undaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, salvadoril, pathinaram noottaandil nagara mathilukalkk purathu jesuit kolejinte nirmmaanam terriro dii jeesas squarinu kaaranamaakukayum eee pradeshathe nagaratthinte vipuleekaranathinte oru dhruvamakki maattukayum cheythu. colonial nagarapradeshatthinte mattoru sradheyamaaya udaaharanam paattiyo dii saavo pedroyanu, ithu receifile saavo pedro doses clerigos qoo-cathedralinte nirmmaanatthil ninnaan (1728 nuu sesham) uthbhavichath. rioo dii janeeroyil, pradhana colonial theruvaaya diritta street (nilavil primiro dii marco street), nagaram sthaapithamaaya mooroo doow casteloyum athe perilulla kunnin mukalil sthithi cheiyunna saavo bento ashramavum thammilulla bandhamaayi uyarnnuvannu. mattoru pradhana vasham uyarnna sthalangalil matha smarakangal sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu, chilappol padikalkku munbu, ithu sakthamaaya barok swabhaavamulla prakrithidrishyangal srishtichu. udaaharanathinu, reoyil, niravadhi ashramangalum pallikalum kunnukalil nirmikkappettu, avayude munvashangal kadalinu abhimukhamaayi, gwanabara ulkkadalilekku praveshikkunna yaathrakkaarkk manoharamaaya oru krameekaranam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. bhooprakrithiyum pallikalum thammilulla savisheshamaaya bandham minas gerais nagarangalilum, prathyekichu ooroo pretoyilum kongonhaas sankethathilum sradheyamaanu. randaamathethil, theerthaadana palli oru kunnin mukalil sthithicheyyunnu, athinumumbu oru koottam chaappalukalum paas thrayum pravaachakarude prathimakalaal alankaricha oru padiyum undu.
pathinettaam noottaandil, spanish amerikkayumaayulla paridhikal kaivashappeduthendathinte aavasyakathayumaayi bhaagikamaayi bandhapetta pombal markvis sarkkar nadatthiya parishkaarangal kolaniyil sainika enchineeyarmaarude kooduthal saannidhyathilekkum niravadhi aasootritha vilakalude aditharayilekkum nayichu, athil bharanaparamaya kettidangal, pallikal, pothushakthiyude chinnangal enniva aasoothranam cheythu. angane, pathinettaam noottaandil, rioo grande doow sul, maatto grosso, goyas, roraima, amasonas thudangiya nilavile samsthaanangalil aasootritha nagaravalkkaranathode niravadhi gramangal srishtikkappettu. koodaathe, pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil thaazhnna nagaramaya salvadoril nireekshichathupole, chila sthalangalil kettidangalude pothu mukhavaranangal oru yojicha nagarasamooham srishtikkuka enna lakshyathode sweekarichu. aasoothranamillaathe malayora bhoopradeshangalile graamangalude druthagathiyilulla valarchaykku swarnna tirakk anukoolamaaya minas geraayukalil chila pradhana nagaravaada edapedalukalum undaayirunnu. thaarathamyena paranna bhoopradeshathu sthithi cheiyunna mariana nagaratthinte leauttu 1745-ll jose fernandez pintoo alpoi niyamithamaayi naveekarichu. athesamayam, sitti kaunsil hausum govarnorude kottaravum nirmmicha tyradentus square ennariyappedunna oru smaaraka chathuram srishtikkunnathinaayi dauntaun ooroo prettoyil niravadhi veedukal polichumaatti. kolanivalkkaranam purogamikkumbol nagaraparamaaya mechappeduthalukal kooduthalaayirunnu. salvadoril, pathinettaam noottaandile pradhana landfillukal munbu idungiya bhoopradeshathil parimithappedutthiyirunna thaazhnna nagaratthinte vikasanam anuvadichu. rioo dii janeeroyil, nagaratthinte vipuleekaranam anuvadikkunnathinum aarogyasthithi mechappeduthunnathinuma thadaakangalum chathuppukalum nirachu.
reoyil orupakshe colonial brazeelile ettavum valia adisthaana soukarya nirmmaana pravartthanamaayirunnu 1750 ll theerchayaayum udghaadanam cheytha carioca akwadakt. eee akwadakt athe perilulla nadiyil ninnu nagara madhyathilekku vellam konduvannu, niravadhi neeruravakalkku bhakshanam nalki, avayil chilath ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. avayilonnu paco squarilaanu (ippol november 15 chathurashra) sthithicheyyunnathu, 1740 kalude thudakkathil lisboninte rebaira squarinte chithratthil jose fernandez pintoo alpoim nagaravalkkarichu. squarinte piyerinu pinneedu mestre vaalenttam roopakalppana cheyth 1789 ll poortthiyaakkiya oru smaaraka jaladhara labhichu.
1767 muthal kolaniyude thalasthaanamaaya rioo dii janeero 18-aamm noottaandinum 19-aamm noottaandinum edayilulla nagara edapedalukalude pradhana kendramaayirunnu. kendramaayirunnu 1789num idayil passio publikoyude nirmmaanamaayirunnu ettavum pradhanam. mestre valentim oru padhathi prakaram nadappilaakkiya paarkkinte roopakalppanayil jyaamitheeya marangal kondu varacha boulevaardukal, neeruravakal, prathimakal enniva ulppedunnu. paarkk nirmmikkunnathin oru kunnum kulatthinte karayum nasippichukondu oru valia nagara edapedal aavasyamaanu. pinneedu, 1808-ll porchugees raajakudumbathinte varavode, colonial brazeelile aadya botanical garden rioo nedi.
aarkkitektukal.
chila valia konventukaludeyum pallikaludeyum kaaryatthilum polum kolaniyude vasthuvidyaa roopakalppanakalkk ("riscokal") utharavaadikal valiyathothil anjjaatharaayi thudarnnu. ariyappedunna ezhuthukaaril mathaparavum niravadhi sainika enchineeyarmaarundu, randaamathethu vaasthuvidyayekkurichu sakthamaaya saidhaanthika arivullavaraanu. maasttar buildermar, maasttar kallukattakkar, marappanikkar thudangiyavarkku kooduthal praayogika parijnjaanamundaayirunnu.
brazeelil aadyamaayi sthirathaamasamaakkiyavaril jesuitukal, benedikttinukal, fraansiskanmaar, carmeliteukal thudangiya mathavibhagangalkk sradheyamaaya vaasthushilpikalum nirmmaathaakkalum undaayirunnu, avarodoppam kooduthal sambannavum gambheeravumaaya mathaparamaya kettidangalude oru valia paarambaryam aarambhichu. udaaharanathinu, lisbanile jesuit palliyude nirmmaanathinaayi pravarthicha jesuit aarkkitekt francisco dias 1577-ll brazililethi. olindayile graca palliyil addeham pravarthichu (addehathinte eaka design ippozhum nilakollunnu), rioo dii janeero, santos, mattullavayil jesuit collegeukal nirmmichu. mattoru pradhana matha vaasthushilpi friar macario dii saavo jovo aayirunnu, saavo bento aashramathile pallikaludeyum salvadorile missicordiayudeyum pathinezhaam noottaandile roopakalppanakalkk addeham kaaranamaayi.
sainika enchineeyarmaar kooduthalum porchugeesukaaraayirunnu, mattu chila deseeyathakal, prathyekichu itaaliyakkaar porchugal sevanathilaayirunnu. eee enchineeyarmaar kottakal nirmmikkuka mathramalla, vaasasthalangal chithreekarikkunnathinum bharanaparamaya kettidangal roopakalppana cheiyunnathinum mathaparamaya nirmmanangalkkum polum utharavaadikalaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandile oru pradhana udaaharanam 1603 num 1635 num idayil braseelilundaayirunna francisco friaz dii meskvitta, niravadhi kottakal nirmmikkukayum saavo luis doow maranho nagaratthe (1615 nuu sesham) chithreekarikkukayum rioo dii janeeroyile saavo bento aashramathinte (1617) palli roopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaandiludaneelam porchugees sainika enchineeyarmaar colonial vaasthuvidyayude ettavum pradhanappetta chila srishtikal roopakalppana cheythu. udaaharanathinu, santa terreza konventaaya rioo dii janeeroyil roopakalppana cheytha jose fernandez pintoo alpoyimil paco square nagaravalkarikkukayum carioca akvaadakttinte pravartthanangal poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu. minas geraayisile ooroo preettoyile govarnorude kottaram addeham roopakalppana cheyyukayum mariana nagaratthe chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. reoyile candelaria palli roopakalppana cheythath mattoru porchugees sainika enchineeyaraaya francisco jovo rossioyaanu. ooroo prettoyil, pedro gomas chavez nosa senhora doow pilar parish palli roopakalppana cheythu, bahiyayil maanuval cardoso dii saldanha sradheyamaaya nosa senhora daa kansiyo daa priya basilica roopakalppana cheythu, oru noothana padhathiyum mukhachaayayum. theerchayaayum, porchugees sainika enchineeyarmaarum kottakal nirmmichu. udaaharanathinu, thekk, santa kaattarina dveepine samrakshikkunnathinaayi jose daa silva pies oru vipulamaaya kottakalude samvidaanam nirmmichu.
kolanikalil vidagdha professionalukalude vardhichuvarunna aavasyam colonial sarkkaarine brazeelile vaasthuvidya padippikkunnathinu samarppichirikkunna aadyathe skoolukale prathinidheekarikkunna sainika kotta vasthuvidyaa klaasukalum ("aulaas dii fortificaso iii aarkvittettura milittar") srishtikkaan nayichu. aadyathethu 1699-ll salvadoril ore samayam resifil ullathinoppam srishtichu. 1735-ll rioo dii janeeroyil oru klaas srishtichu, athil melpparanja pintoo alpoyimaanu aadyathe adhyaapakan. eee klaasukalil ninnu brazeelil birudam nediya aadyathe sainika enchineeyarmaar uyarnnuvaraan thudangi. bahiyayil janicha jose antonio caldas (1725-1767) salvador classile maanuval cardoso dii saldanhayude vidyaarthiyaayirunnu. salvador cathedralinte (ithinakam polichumaattiyathu) naveekaranangal ulppede vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile niravadhi enchiniyaring, vasthuvidyaa padhathikalil addeham pravarthichu. enchiniyaring jolikal cheyyanaayi addehathe aafrikkayude padinjaaran theerathekku ayachu. 1761 muthal addeham birudam nediya salvador classil professoraayirunnu.
mattu pradhana grouppukal maasttar buildermar maasttar stonmesanukalumaayirunnu, avar thathwathil pravrithikalude nirvvahanathinu utharavaadikalaayirunnu, palappozhum vasthuvidyaa padhathikalum roopakalppana cheythu. eee professionalukalkku vaasthuvidyayil saidhaanthika pariseelanamonnum undaayirunnillengilum nirmmaana sthalangalil ninnu nediya dhaaraalam praayogika parijnjaanamundaayirunnu. sradheyamaaya vasthuvidyaa roopakalppanakal srishticha eee professionalukalil saavo pedro doses clerigos qoo-cathedralinte rachayithavaaya maasttar stonmesan maanuval ferreira jaavum ulppedunnu. minas geraayisile eee gurukkanmaarude saannidhyam valare shradheyamaayirunnu, koodaathe saavo joou dell-reyile aseesi palliyile vishudha fraansisinte utharavaadithamulla jose perera doses santos, jose perera aroka, francisco dii lima serkware thudangiya perukalum ulppedunnu.
nirmmaathaakkalallaatha designermaarum undaayirunnu. oru pradhana udaaharanam niyamavidagdhanaayirunna antonio perera dii susa calheros aayirunnu, ennaal ooroo pretoyileyum mariyanayileyum japamala pallikal roopakalppana cheythu. colonial gavarnaraaya luis daa kunha menezes, smarakamaaya sitti kaunsil hausum ooroo pretto jailum roopakalppana cheythu. praadhamikamaayi oru shilpiyum pradhana vasthuvidyaa padhathikalude rachayithaavumaaya aliadinho, antonio francisco lizbova paraamarsikkendathum pradhaanamaan.
saankethikavidyakalum vasthukkalum.
mathilukal.
thudakkathil, colonial vaasthuvidya rammed erthu, vaattil, daab ennivayude saankethikavidyakal upayogichu, drutha nirmmanavum kolaniyil dhaaraalam vasthukkal upayogichu kalimannum maravum. taamasiyaathe mathilukal uyarthaan kallukallu allengil adob ishtikakal sweekarikkukayum ithu valia gadanakalude nirmmaanathinum nilakalkkum melkkooraykkum marappani ulppeduthunnathinum anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
colonial kaalaghattatthil ettavum kooduthal upayogichirunna nirmmaana samvidaanangalilonnaanu "typa dii sebe", "typa dii maavo", "typa dii sopapo" allengil "baaro armado" ennum ariyappettirunna vaattil aandu daub. ithinu aavashyamaaya ellah vasthukkalum swaabhaavikavum nalla prathirodhavum eedu koodiyathumaanu ennathinaal ithinu kuranja chelavaanu kaaranam. thaddesheeyarkkum aafrikkan janathaykkum ithu nannayi ariyappettirunnu, nilavile vadakkukizhakkan, thekkukizhakkan pradesangalumaayi poruthappedunna pradeshangalilaayirunnu ithinte ettavum valia sambhavam. athinte ettavum shudhamaaya pathippil mukalile thirashcheena kashanagal ("fretchais"), thaazhathe thirashcheena kashanagal ("baldreyimukal"), lamba kashanagal ("estiyos") enniva chernna thadi kashanagal pradhana gadanayaanu. putt, linan, chanam allengil buritti charadukal kondu kettiya oru vepht roopeekarikkaan kashanagal bandhippikkunnu. oduvil kalimannu mukalil eriyunnu.
thekke mekhalayil saadhaaranamaayi kaanapedunna thadi chattakkoodaanu vaattil, daab ennivaykku samanamaaya oru samvidaanam, ennirunnaalum, velikk kallu upayogikkunnu.
bordukalaal moodappettirikkunna thadi kiranangalude ghadana ulkkollunna "tabic" aanu, prathyekichu aantharika paarteeshanukalkkaayi vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna mattoru samvidaanam. ithu nadappaakkunnathil valare eluppavum laalithyavumulla oru samvidaanamaanu. eee samvidaanangalkku, akkaalat ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunna marangal aroira, brauna, aipe, peroba, jattoba ennivayaayirunnu.
brazeelil rammed erthinte upayogavum janapriyamaayi, kaaranam athu akkaalathe velluvilikalodu kriyaathmakamaayi prathikarichathinaal, nannayi upayogikkumbol ulppaadana prakriyayil oorjja upabhogam kuravaayirunnu. rammed erthu blokkukalude uthppaadanathinu upayogikkunna asamskritha vasthukkal eluppathil axus cheyyaavunnathum mikka samayathum gathagatham aavasyamillaathathumaanu. eee savisheshathaykk purame, takarnna bhoomiykku valia taapa jadathvamundu, ithu brazilian theerathe kaalaavasthaykku anuyojyamaanu, koodaathe baahya paristhithiyumaayi eerppam kaimaattam cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu.
ettavum mikacha kettidangalil, saadhaaranayaayi valia kettidangalude konukalilum ("kunhaise") portalukaludeyum janalukaludeyum lintalukalilum shakthippeduthunnathinaayi kallukal upayogichirunnu. valare kurachu kettidangal maathrame kallukal kondu nirmmichulloo, 1600 kalude thudakkathil nirmmicha baahiyayile garzia dii avila tower house oru samrakshitha udaaharanamaanu. thudarnnulla noottaandukalil polum kallukondulla munvashangalulla pallikal kuravaayirunnu.
thudakkathil, naattalile purathana raise magos kotta pole nirantharamaaya thaddesheeya aakramanangale cherukkunnathinaayi kettidangalkk kooduthal urachunilppu nalkunnathinaayi, varanda kallukalil, samathulithamaakkathe kottakal nirmmikkaan kallukallu pradhaanamaayum upayogichirunnu. brazeelile jesuit kambaniyude varavode, porchugees vaasthuvidyayude reethiyil, kallum chunnaambum gadippicha kallu-manal kothupani-oru nirmmaana reethiyaayi prothsaahippikkappettu.
theerathe puthiya jesuit smaarakangalude nirmmaanatthil, porchugees kappalukalil baalastaayi konduvannathum nosa senhora daa kansiyo daa laapa konventil poornnamaayum upayogichirunnathumaaya portugalil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha orutharam ardha-marble leos upayogikkunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu. theeradesha nagarangalum colonic ettavum praadhaanyamullathumaaya rioo dii janeero, salvador, resif enniva eee aadambaram aasvadichu, athesamayam kooduthal ulnaadan pradeshangalil praadeshika samriddhiyude asamskritha vasthukkal chooshanam cheyyendathu aavashyamaayirunnu, athinaal manalkkall kaliman mortar upayogichu kothiyadiyil vyaapakamaayi prayogikkunnathu kaanapedunnu, pothu allengil mathaparamaya kettidangalil mathramalla, bhavanangalilum.
melkkoorakal.
aadyakaalangalil, veedukalude melkkoorakal thaddesheeya kudilukal ("okaas") allengil aafrikkan swaadheenamulla chila veedukal pole vaikkol ("sappe") upayogichaanu nirmmichirunnathu, innum graamapradesangalil nilanilkkunnu. kalimannu (seramic) melkoora tyle janapriyamaakunnathin munbu sambannamaaya kettidangalil upayogichirunnu.
eee kaalayalavil upayogichirunna tailukalude tharangal ivayaanu
maram kondu nirmmicha vividha tharam melkoora trasukal undaayirunnu, chilappol raaftarukal chertthirunnu. mazhavellathil ninnu cheli mathilukale samrakshikkunna eevs aayirunnu melkkoorakalude oru pradhana ghadakam. eevsinu keezhilulla raaftarukal alankaaramaayi kothiyedukkunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu, avaye modilyans ennu vilikkunnu. pradhana melkkoorakalude poorttheekaranamo vipuleekaranamo aayi pravartthikkunna gadakangalum undaayirunnu baalkkanikalum porchukalum. oduvil, sealing liningukal pothuve parannathaayirunnu.
frameukal.
vaathilukalum janalukalum (elakal) samakaalika vaathilukalkk samaanamaayi maram kondaanu nirmmichathu. bharanadhikaarikal (neraaya lintalukal), methakal, lattisukal (urupemakal), thadi laze, vikkattukal muthalaayava kondu nirmmicha elakal undaayirunnu. aduthide, pine elakal (glass edangalulla) prathyakshappettu, ithu andhamaya elakale maatti.
elakalkku niravadhi pravartthana reethikalundaayirunnu
kattiyulla mathilukalude kaaryatthil, janalaykku chuttumulla mathil murichumaattunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu. valia thurakkal sthalam muriyude thilakkam vardhippikkukayum irippidathinu (sambhaashana kaserakal) upayogikkukayum cheythu. adhika gadakangalil parapettukal, baalkkanikal, "muxarabis", ambukal kathikkal, vaathil muttal muthalaayava ulppedunnu.
nilakal.
aantharika nilakal azhukk nilakal, kaliman tyle nilakal, plank nilakal (floorboardukal, prathyekichu uyarnna nilakalil), allengil slab nilakal (maarbilinte, mahathaaya kettidangalude kaaryatthil) aakam.
bahyamaayavayil iva ulppedunnu
mattullavar.
chuvarukalile paintingukal saadhaaranayaayi vellathil kazhukukayum shelfish, kallu allengil "tabattinga" (oru velutha kalimannu) ennivayil ninnu labhikkuna chunnaambu upayogichaanu nirmmikkukayum cheythirunnathu. maruvashathu, thadi pasha, tempera allengil enna enniva upayogichu varachirunnu. neela (neela), dragons blud, yoorukkam (chuvapp), kunkumappoo (manja), brauna (karupp), aipe, kochiniyal (pink) ennivayaanu upayogicha chayangalil ulppettathu.
aditharakal saadhaaranayaayi nerittulla (aazham kuranja) kallukallu kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, vaattil, daab, thadi framing kettidangalil, 2 muthal 4 meter vare aazhathil thee samskaricha thadi strattukal kuzhichittirunnu.
mathaparamaya vaasthuvidya sailiyum porchugees playin sailiyum (XVI-XVII noottaandukal).
porchugees playin stail ennariyappedunna porchugees navothaanatthinte avasaanathe shailio allengil reethiyo pinthudarnnaanu brazeelil nirmmicha aadyathe mathakshethrangal. adisthaana jyaamitheeya roopangal, thrikonaakrithiyilulla pedimentukal, chathuratthinaduthulla janalakal, kallum vella thammilulla vyathyasam adayaalappeduthiya mathilukal, dvimaana vashangal enniva chernna munvashangal eee soundaryathinte savisheshathayaanu. alankaarangal viralavum saadhaaranayaayi portalukalil maathram parimithappettathumaan, ennirunnaalum akathalangal balipeetangal, paintingukal, tailukal ennivayaal sambannamaanu.
athinaal, aadyathe brazilian pallikalil chathuraakrithiyilulla aakruthiyilulla naavum chansal, onno moonno naavukalum, lalithamaaya janalukalum thrikonaakrithiyilulla pediment ulla chathuraakrithiyilulla mukhavum undu. avaykku onno rando vasha gopurangalum undayirikkaam. pathinezhaam noottaandiludaneelam, perumatta swabhaavamulla shabdangalaal alankaricha munnanikal prathyakshappedunnu. eee aadya ghattathil colonial pallikalude pradhana maathrkakal saavo roock pally lisbanile saavo visent dii phora aashramavumaayirunnu.
innu brazeelil pathinaram noottaandile vaasthuvidyayude chila udaaharanagal avasheshikkunnu, kaaranam pazhaya kettidangalil bhooribhaagavum onnukil nasippikkappedukayo valareyadhikam maattam varuthukayo cheythittundu. 16-aamm noottaandile matha vaasthuvidyayude apoorva udaaharanagal igaaraassuvile saavo kosme eiii saavo damio mother charchu (1535-ll aarambhich pinneedu naveekaricha), 16-aamm noottaandinte avasana paadatthil nirmmicha olindayile graca charchu, lisbonile saavo roock palliyil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda oru reethiprasangamulla mukham. randaamathethinte silpiyaaya sahodaran francisco dias lisbon palliyude nirmmaanathinaayi pravartthikkukayum samanamaaya vaasthuvidyayulla brazeelile mattu jesuit pallikal roopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythirunnu.
pathinaram noottaand muthal, thaddesheeyare kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathine prolsaahippikkunnathi jesuitukal otappetta pradeshangalil pallikalum kolejukalum nirmmichu. kolanivalkkaranatthinte aadyakaalangalil ninnulla jesuit pallikalude chila pradhana udaaharanagal saavo pedro dii aldia (arje), nova almeda (ezz), embu (ezz pii), saavo migual polistayile (ezz pii) saavo migual chaappal ennivayaanu, ivayellaam pathinezhaam noottaandilo pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathilo ullavayaan. oru jesuit graamathinu chuttum uyarnnuvanna saavo poulo metropolisil, 16-aamm noottaandile muun jesuit palliyudeyum kolejinteyum (paattiyo doow kolajiyo ennariyappedunnu) mukham purathana prathimakale adisthaanamaakki vishwasthathayode punarnirmmichu. thrikonaakrithiyilulla oru pediment ulppede aadyakaala thara shailiyude 16-aamm noottaandile adayaalangal munbhagam kaanikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, rioo dii janeeroyil, 1567-ll sthaapithamaaya mooroo doow kaastelooyile pradhana jesuit palli 1922-ll athu sthithicheyyunna pradeshatthinte punarvikasanatthil polichumaatti. pathonpathaam noottaandil thakarkkappettathum ennaal padhathikalil ninnum chithrangalil ninnum nannayi ariyappedunnathumaaya saantosile jesuit pally college saavo pouloyileyum reoyileyum pallikalkk samanamaayirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandil ninnulla niravadhi pallikal brazeelil ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. 1617 muthal roopakalppana cheythathine adisthaanamaakki 1633 num 1677 num idayil nirmmicha rioo dii janeeroyile saavo bento aashramathinte palliyaan oru udaaharanam. munbhagam jyaamitheeya aakruthiyil, thrikonaakrithiyilulla pedimentum, rund gopurangalaal chuttappettathum, lisbonile saavo visent dii forayude aashramathin samaanamaayi moonnu portalukalulla oru gally ulkkollunnu. pilkkala udaaharanam muun jesuit palliyaan, ippol salvadorile cathedral basilica, 1652-1672 theeyathi, oru perumatta mukhavum rund gopurangalum ullathum, koyambrayile jesuit palliykk (ippol seey nova dii coyambra cathedral) samaanamaan. side chaappalukalum aazham kuranja traanseptum chansal ulla orotta naav ulla interior lisbanile saavo roock palliye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. salvadorile jesuit palli eee mekhalayile mattullavarkk prachodanamaakum, udaaharanathinu saavo francisco palliyude palli, salvador konvent.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode puthiya pallikal prathyakshappettu, avaykku valanja barok plaanukal illengilum, avaa muun karkkashamaaya roopangalil ninnu rakshappedunna drishyaparamaaya pradhana munvashangal avatharippikkunnu. 1654ll bahiyayil nirmmicha saanto antonio konventum kairu pally oru pradhana udaaharanamaanu. palliyude praveshana kavaadathinu munbu anchu kamanangalaal roopappetta oru galeeli undu, rund nilakalulla mukalile nilakal vaalyoottukalaal chuttappettirikkunnu. moonnaam nilayile palliyude pedimentil sent. aanthaniyum palliyude eaka gopuravum munvashath ninnu thirichirikkunnu. 18-aamm noottaandil sambannamaaya alankaricha mukhachaayayode nirmmicha fraansiskan konventukalaaya paraguvachu (bahiya), olinda, igarasu (pernambuco), jovo pesova (parabaiba) ennivayude pallikalkk thudakkamittukond, ipojukkayile fraansiskan palliyayirikkavunna eee mukhachaaya padhathi vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayil upayogichu. vadakkukizhakkan fraansiskan konventukal samghadippichathu porchugees tailukal kondu alankaricha tuscan kramatthilulla oru manyamaaya rund nila klosttarine (ithinakam pathinettaam noottaandil ninnullath) chuttippattiyaan. konventukalkku munnil, kurisulla vishalamaaya oru palli muttam samghathinte gambheeravum nagarathwaparavumaaya praadhaanyam vardhippichu. pothuvaaya vividha savisheshathakal chila ezhuthukaare vadakkukizhakkan fraansiskan konventukale oru vasthuvidyaa "school" roopeekarikkaan pariganikkaan prerippichu, vadakkukizhakkan fraansiskan school (escola franciscana doow nordeste) ennu vilikkappedunnu.
salvadoril, pathinezhaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil, chila gambheeramaaya konvenchwal pallikal nirmikkappettu, avayude roopakalppana frar macario dii saavo jovo saavo bento monastry santa terreza konventum aanennu aaropikkappedunnu, randaamathethu porchugalile ivorayile remedios konventinodu valare saamyamullathaan. colonial brazeelil adhikam upayogikkaatha oru vasthuvidyaa maathrkayaaya traansepttin mukalil thazhikakkudamulla orotta guhayaan eee pallikalkkullath.
mathaparamaya vaasthuvidya barok rococo (XVII noottaand).
vaasthuvidyayil, barok classical vaasthuvidyayil ninnu uruthirinja roopangal upayogikkunnu, pakshe avaye chalanathmakamaaya reethiyil samyojippikkukayum munvashangalilum akathalangalilum midhyaabodhavum drishyaparavumaaya phalangal srishtikkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. europil, prathyekichu italiyilum jarmman raajyangalilum, barok kettidangalude savisheshatha valanjathum uyarnnathum aaya munvashangalum sasyangalum aanu. colonial brazeelil, vasthuvidyaa barok vaikiyaan athiyathu, ithu metropolisil thanne eee shaili vaikia sweekaranathe prathifalippikkunnu. munvashangalilum thara plaanukalilum valayangalo uyarchayo apoorvamaayirunnu.
kothupanikaludeyum paintinginteyum praadhaanyam.
colonial pallikalude ulvasham vaasthuvidyayil mathramalla, alankaara padangalilum kaanam, kaaranam porchugees kalayude savisheshamaaya swarnna kothupanikal, painting, "asulejos" ennivayude yojicha parasparabandhamaanu aantharika paristhithiye palappozhum nirvachichathu.
vaasthuvidya swaadheenikkunnathinu munbu, pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil porchugees deseeya shaili ennu vilikkappedunna swarnna kothupanikalulla balipeedangalude roopathil colonial brazililekku barok shaili ethi. idathoornna shilpa bharamullah eakaagratha kamanangal, sasya roopangal, maalaakhamaar ennivayaal roopappetta balipeetangal, palappozhum solomonic nirakalaal pinthunaykkunna eee shailiyude savisheshathayaanu. kothupanikal balipeedangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyittille palappozhum pallikaludeyum chaappalukaludeyum ellah prathalangalum moodukayum paintingukalum tailukalum upayogichu sambannamaakkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasana dashakangalil ninnu barok kothupanikalaal poornnamaayum moodappettirunna rioo dii janeeroyile saavo bento aashramathile reethishaasthraparamaaya palliyaan oru pradhana udaaharanam.
ithinakam pathinettaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil, sent moonnaam kramatthile swarnna chaappal. resifeyile francis poortthiyaakkukayum salvadorile saavo francisco palliyude alankaarathinte bhooribhaagavum nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. randilum kothupanikal, paintingukal, tailukal enniva chernnukidakkunnu. 1720-kalil porchugees deseeya shailiyilulla kothupaniyude pingamiyaayi roman barok shakthamayi swaadheenicha jonain sailiyaanu vannath, brazeelile (1726-1740) pioneering udaaharanam rioo dii janeeroyile saavo francisco daa penittenshya palliyude moonnaam kramatthinte ulvasham samagramaayi ulkkollunnu. minas geraayisile aadyakaala udaaharanam auro preettoyile thoon mother charchinte ouvar lady aanu, 1730-50 kaalaghattatthile naabhiyilum chansalilum manoharamaaya johnin kothupanikalundu.
noottaandinte madhyathil kothupanikal rococo roopangalaayi parinamichu, athil aabharanangal kooduthal athilolamaanu, inteeriyarinte labhyamaya uparithalam muzhuvan ulkkollunnilla. eee ghattathil, antonio francisco lisbova (alijadinho), vaalenttam daa phonseka iii silva (mestre vaalenttam) thudangiya shilpikalum mattu niravadhi shilpikalum thilangi. colonial kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode kothupanikal ithinakam neoclassical roopangal sweekarikkaan thudangiyittundu.
painting, prathyekichu mithyan prakrithiyude kazhchappadulla painting, interior dekkareshanil, prathyekichu guhakalude thadi melkkoorayil oru pradhana punk vahichu. reoyile saavo francisco daa penittenshya palliyude (seetaano daa koosta colho, 1736-1743) ithinakam paraamarshicha moonnaamathe oordar aayirunnu brazeelile aadyathethu. salvadorile (1772 nuu sesham jose jovakvim daa rocha) nosa senhora daa kanseeso daa priya basilikkayude liningukalileyum mestre attaade (1801-1812) ezhuthiya ooroo preettoyile saavo francisco dii assis palliyileyum paintingukalaanu pilkkaalatthe mattu prashastha udaaharanagal.
portugalil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha "asulejos" vadakkukizhakkan pallikaludeyum rioo dii janeeroyudeyum interior alankaarathilum pradhana punk vahichu. durbalata shippinginte uyarnna chelavum kaaranam minas geraayikalilalla.
kadaltheerathu mathaparamaya barok.
pathinettaam noottaandiludaneelam, brazilileyum porchugalileyum bahubhooripaksham matha kettidangalum, chathuraakrithiyilullatho chathuraakrithiyilullatho aaya chathuppukalum guhakalum ulla, vakramo bahubhujaakrithiyilullatho aaya oru chalanavumillathe, saadhaarana shailiyumaayi bandhapetta karkkashamaaya thara padhathikal upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu. colonial braseeliludaneelam, parambaraagatha samathala shailiyil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya barok floor plaanukalulla pallikalude ennam irupathilum kuravaanu. eee pallikal chila sthalangalilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu oronninum oronnumaayi receif salvador, baakkiyullavaykoppam minas geraayisile rioo dii janeeroy chila vilakalum.
pathinettaam noottaandile mattu pallikalil, braseeliludaneelam niravadhi udaaharanangalulla barok shaili munvashangaludeyum akathalangaludeyum alankaara roopangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. ivayil, hyspanic american pallikalude churrigueresk barok shailiyil poornnamaayum kothiyeduttha mukhabhaavathode 1703 ll nirmmicha salvadorile saavo francisco palliyude moonnaam kramamaanu asaadhaaranamaaya oru udaaharanam. ennirunnaalum, eee mukhachaayayude shaili mattu kettidangalil thudarnnilla.
colonial brazeelile barok swaadheenamulla aadyathe pallikalilonnaanu rioo dii janeeroyile gloria palli, ithu orupakshe 1730-kalil nirmmichathum vaakkalulla paarambaryatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla sainika enchineeyar jose cardoso ramalhoyudethaanennu aaropikkappedunnathumaanu. neelameriyathum chernnathumaaya rund ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla prisangalude roopamaanu palliyilullathu, munnil orotta gopuram sthithicheyyunnu. gopuratthinte adithattil pradhana kavaadam sthithicheyyunna aarkkedukalulla oru cheria porttikkoyund. brazilinum porchugalinum thikachum yadhaarthamaaya eee padhathi luzo-brazilian vaasthuvidyayile oru yadhaartha naazhikakkallaan. nirbhagyavashaal irupathaam noottaandil thakarkkapetta rioo dii janeeroyile mattoru pradhana palli, 1733-1738 theeyathiyilulla saavo pedro doses clerigos palliyaayirunnu. eee palliykk valanja eapsukalaal chuttapetta oru deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla palliyundaayirunnu. valanja mukhabhaagam rund vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangalaal chuttappettathaayirunnu. reoyile saavo pedro doses clerigos brazeelil nirmmicha eee savisheshathakalulla aadyathethaayirunnu, orupakshe pinneedu nirmmicha minas geraayisukalil ninnulla chila pallikalude deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla padhathikale swaadheenichu. rioo dii janeeroyil, kanseeso eiii bowa morte (1758-ll poortthiyaayi), nosa senhora meeii doses homens (1752-ll aarambhichu), laapa doses mercadorus (1747-ll nirmmichathu) ennee pallikalkkum deerghavrithaakrithiyilullatho bahubhujaakrithiyilullatho aaya vibhagangal ulkkollunna padhathikalundu.
padhathikalundu 1728num idayil maanuval ferreira jaam roopakalppana cheytha resifeyile saavo pedro doses clerigos qoo-cathedralaanu eee kaalaghattatthile mattoru sradheyamaaya smaarakam. palliyude akathalathinu reoyile gloria pole ashtabhujaakrithiyundengilum purambhaagam chathuraakrithiyilullathaanu, ithu akathalaghadanaye maraykkunnu. 1739ll salvadoril porchugalile sainika enchineeyar maanuval cardoso dii saldanha roopakalppana cheytha gambheeramaaya nosa senhora daa kanseeso daa priya palliyude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. lisbanile (1711) menino dues palli polulla porchugees pallikalkk samanamaaya oru bahubhuja aakruthi nalkunna naavinte konukal champher cheythirikkunnu. munvashathe rund gopurangalum naavinte aakruthi anusarichu thirascheenamaayi krameekarichirikkunnu. pallikkulla kallukal portugalil murichu nirmmaana chumatala vahikkunna yajamananumaayi salvaderilekku ayachu.
ayachu valia lisbon bhookambathinushesham, pombalinte markvis samghadippicha lisbaninte punarnirmmaanatthinu innu pombaline shaili ennariyappedunna oru avasaanathe barok classic sailiyaanu nayichathu. jovo vii (<aii. dii. 1>) raajaavinte bharanakalam muthal lisbon rajasabha anukoolamaaya roman barok eee sailiye shakthamayi swaadheenichu. brazeelile metropolisumaayi nirantharam sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunna pradhana bharana nagarangalaya bellem doow paaraa, rioo dii janeero ennividangalil pombaline shaili prathiphalichu. belemil, itaaliyan aarkkitekt giuseppe antonio landiyude srishtikalil pombalin swaadheenam velippedunnu, udaaharanathinu paarayude thalasthaanamaaya saavo jovoileyum santhanayileyum pallikalil. rioo dii janeeroyil, 1755 num 1770 num idayil nirmmicha carmo palliyude moonnaamathe kramamaanu ettavum pazhaya udaaharanam. kallu panikal, papakaramaaya pediment, lisbonil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha janaalakalum portalukalum eee sailiye soochippikkunnu. pompaline shailiyil swaadheenikkappetta mattu carioca pallikal saavo francisco dii poola, candelaria ennivayaanu.
minas geraayisile mathaparamaya barok.
minas geraayisile swarnna tirakk pathinettaam noottaandiludaneelam nirmmaana pravarthanangalkku anukoolamaayirunnu, ithu ettavum rasakaramaaya chila brazilian colonial vasthuvidyaa smaarakangalkk kaaranamaayi. mattu pradeshangalilennapole, 18-aamm noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil nirmmicha mariana cathedral polulla lalithamaaya reethikal pinthudarnnaanu mikkavarum ellah pallikalum nirmmichathu, chathuraakrithiyilulla padhathikku purame thrikonaakrithiyilulla mukhabhaagavum muun noottaandile jesuit kshethrangale anusmarippikkunnathaanu.
sainika enchineeyar pedro gomas chaavsine sambandhichidatholam 1733ll poortthiyaakkiya auro preettoyile thoon mother charchinte lady valare noothanamaanu. palliyude ulvasham antonio francisco pombalinte ullasakaramaaya swarnna kothupanikal nalkunna oru dashabhujaakrithiyilulla aakruthiyilaanu, ithu eee palliye dheeramaaya oru aantharika samghadana nalkunnu. dashabhujaakrithiyilulla aakruthi interior kothupaniyaanu nalkiyirikkunnath purambhaagathu palli oru chathuraakrithiyilulla aakruthi avatharippikkunnu.
pinneedu, ooroo preettoyile nosa senhora doow rosario doses pretos charchu (1757 ll aarambhichu), mariyaanayile saavo pedro doses clerigos charchu enniva polulla dheeramaaya pallikal polum prathyakshappettu, iva randum antonio perera dii sousa calheros roopakalppana cheythu. akkaalathe porchugees vaasthuvidyayumaayi krithyamaaya samaanathakalillathe, eee pallikalude padhathikal roopappedunnathu auro preeto palliyude kaaryatthil vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangalaal chuttapetta moonnu deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla deerghavrithangalaanu. moonnu kamaanangalulla oru valanja gaaliyaan praveshana kavaadam nirmmichirikkunnathu. rund pathittaandukalkk munbu aarambhicha rioo dii janeeroyile saavo pedro doses clerigos palliyude swaadheenathilaanu palli padhathi vibhavanam cheythathennu karuthappedunnu. pathinettaam noottaandil minas geraayisukalil pracharicha vasthuvidyaa grandhangalude kothupanikaliloodeyum madhya europian kettidangalude swaadheenam saadhyamaan.
kadaltheerathu rococo.
pala ezhuthukaarum barokkinte avasana ghattamayi kanakkaakkunna rococo, pathinettaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthi muthal europiludaneelam vyaapicha franch uthbhavathinte alankaara sailiyaanu. palappozhum asamamaya prathyeka alankaara roopangalude upayogamaanu ithinte savisheshatha, athil "rocklehasukal", amoortha shell aakruthiyilulla roopangal verittunilkkunnu. swarnna kothupaniyil, rococo kanatha barok kothupanikalekkaal kooduthal chaaruthayum bharam kaanikkunnu barokkil "horror vaakvui" enna pravanathayundaayirunnpol, rococoyil alankaara roopangal uparithalangalil chitharikkidakkunnu.
colonial brazilian vaasthuvidyayil, rococo pathinettaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthiyileyum adutha noottaandinte thudakkathileyum kalaye swaadheenikkunnu. brazeelile rococo swaadheenamulla chila pallikalil, prathyekichu minas geraayisukalil, gopurangalude kurayunnathum karangunnathumaya sthaanavum uparithalangalude tharamgangalum srishticha trimana phalangal munvashangalkk undu. ennirunnaalum, mikka kesukalilum, rococo munvashangalude alankaara roopangalil, prathyekichu gopurangalude pedimentukal, cornisukal, bulbus thazhikakkudangal ennivayude roopakalppanayil parimithappedutthiyirunnu.
1767ll aarambhicha nosa senhora doow carmo basilica, konvent, saanto antonio mother charchu, mattullava, valanja cornisukalum ullasakaramaaya pedimentukalum polulla rococo swaadheenathinte oru pradhana munvashangal resifil undu. bahiyayil rococo vishadaamshangalulla niravadhi munvashangalund, athaayath pathinettaam noottaandinte avasana paadatthil nirmmicha nosso senhore doow bonfim palliyude pediment. maruvashathu, rioo dii janeeroyil, santa ritta palliyilum pazhaya cathedralilum ullathupole, rococo shaili akathalangalude alankaarathil parimithappedutthiyirunnu.
minas jeraayisile rococo.
minus geraayisile mathaparamaya vaasthuvidya barok-rococo kaalaghattatthil vyathyastha paathakalaanu pinthudarnnathu. brazeelile mattu pradeshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chila pallikalude munvashangal trimana vyathiyanangal ulppeduthi, oru puthiya aavishkaaram srishtichu. koodaathe, kothupani cheyyaan eluppamulla vasthukkalaaya soppstoninte (steettaitt) labhyatha, ettavum valia colonial silpiyaaya antonio francisco lisbova, aliyaadinjoyude manoharavum yadhaarthavumaaya portalukalude vikasanathinu anuvadichu.
1733ll aarambhichathum maanuval francisco lisbova roopakalppana cheythathumaaya ooroo preettoyile santa ephaginia palliyil, gopurangalude neriya vrithaakrithiykku purame, munvashavumaayi bandhappett gopurangalude cheruthaayi akapetta sthaanam nireekshikkunnu, ithu minas geraayisile bhaaviyile munvashangalude munnodiyaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. kongonhaas sankethathinte (1757-ll aarambhicha) munvashath 1765-num 1769-num idayil jeronimo felix texeira ezhuthiya sopp stonil manoharamaaya oru kothiya portal ulkkollunnu. minas gerais mekhalayile rococo shailiyilulla kothiyeduttha kavaadangalude neenda parambarayil aadyathethaanu eee kavaadatthinte praadhaanyam.
1766ll aarambhicha ooroo preettoyile nosa senhora doow carmo palli minas geraayisinte rococo shailiyude oru naazhikakkallaan. munbhagam alasamayathinaal ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla oru cornis undu, ithu rococoyude saadhaarana trilobed loob ulkkollunnu. munvashath ninnu thirinjunilkkunna gopurangal ardhavrithaakruthiyilaanu. maanuval francisco lisbovayanu aadyam palli roopakalppana cheythathenkilum 1770 oode francisco dii lima serquaira aliadinjoyum ulppetta oru samghamaanu munbhagam naveekarichathu. randaamathethu kavaadatthinte kaarttouch srishtichu, athil kaarmelaittukalude paricha kallukalaal chuttappettirikkunnu, rund chirakukalulla maalaakhamaar pidichittundu. kurachu munbu sabarayile carmo palliyude kavaadatthil alijadinho avatharippicha cheria maalaakhamaarudeyum "rocklehasukaludeyum" prameyam kalaakaaran roopakalppana cheytha portalukalil sthiramaayirikkum.
orupakshe eee ghattatthile minas geraay pallikalil ettavum pradhaanappettath 1765 ll aarambhicha luzo-brazilian vaasthuvidyayude oru naazhikakkallaya ooroo preettoyile saavo francisco palliyude moonnaam kramamaanu. eee palliyude asaadhaaranamaaya munvashath vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal ulkkollunnu, ithu munvashathe oru konilum bulbus thazhikakkudangalaal kireedamaniyunnu. munvashathinteyum akathulla gopurangaludeyum madhyabhagam oru konkevu segment upayogichu verthirikkukayum manoharamaaya trimana prabhavam srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. mukhabhaagathinte madhyabhagam karangunna chalanathodoppam pediment shakalangale pinthunaykkunna rund nirakalaal verthirikkappedunnu. pothuve, munvashathinte ghadana rococoyekkaal avasaanathe barokkilaan, orupakshe madhya europian kothupanikalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda vyakthamaaya porchugees pashchaathalangalonnumilla. munvashathinte roopakalppana parambaraagathamaayi aleejaadinjo aanennu aaropikkappedunnunde ithu oru rekhayum sthireekarikkunnilla. 1774ll nirmmichathum settu poortthiyaakkunnathumaaya sopp stonile kavaadamaan yadhaarthathil alijaadinjoyude rachayithrithvam. kavaadatthil, shilpi kristhuvinte murivukalulla moonnu falakangal, porchugalinte kaikal, mukalile nilayil, kanyaka meriyude roopam, ellaam fraansiskan roopangal, maalaakhamaarude thalakal, asamamaya churulukal, likhithangalulla ribanukal ennivayil izhukichernnirikkunnu. lintalinte iruvashathum rund maalaakhamaarundu oraal oru card matoraal oru kurish kaivasham vaykkunnu. chithram poortthiyaakkaan, munvashathinte mukalilulla janala oru valia uyarnna aashvaasam kaanikkunnu. murivukal sweekarikkaan francis muttukutthi. eee palliyude ulvasham poornnamaayum alijaadinjoyude kothupanikalaal alankarichirunnu, naavinte melkkoorayil mestre attaade varacha oru maayaajaalachitram.
1774-ll, saavo jovo dell-reyile saavo francisco dii assis palliyude moonnaam kramatthinu oru munbhagam alijadinho avatharippichu, athinte varaykkal ooroo preettoyile inconfidentia myoosiyathil samrakshichirikkunnu. eee chithratthil, kalaakaaran engane sakthamaaya rococo swabhaavasavisheshathakalulla oru mukham srishtichuvennu kaanaan kazhiyum, ooroo pretoyile carmo charchu pole alpam paapaathmakavum, valia rokkalkalaal verthirikkapettathum uyarnna stend refile ullathumaaya oru pedimentum. madhyabhaagathu muttukutthi francis. gopurangal ardhavrithaakrithiyilumlathum gummadaakrithiyilullathum madhyathil alankaricha oru kavaadam undaayirikkum. francisco dii lima serkware padhathi poornnamaayum parishkarichu, addeham mattoru pediment srishtikkukayum karangunna chalanatthinte vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal cherkkukayum oru baalkaniyode sambannamaakkukayum ooroo prikkoyile saavo francisco palliyude samanamaaya mattoru portal aleejaadinjoyumaayi karar oppidukayum cheythu. koodaathe, akkaalat colonial vaasthuvidyayil kettittillaatha oru deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla aakruthi nalkikkond, lima serkware papamulla mathilukalulla oru nabhiyum roopakalppana cheythu.
mukhabhagavumaayi bandhappett vrithaakruthiyilullatho ardhavrithaakrithiyilullatho aaya gopurangal (chilappol bahubhujaakrithiyilullatho) minas geraayisile parambaraagathamaayirunnu, udaaharanathinu baravo dii cocais mother charchilum (1785 nuu munbu) saavo joou dell-reyiyilum (1787 nuu sesham) mariyanayilum (1783 nuu sesham) carmo pallikalude moonnaam kramatthilum ithu kaanapedunnu. reoyile thakarkkapetta saavo pedro doses clerigos ozhike brazilian theeratthinteyum metropolisinteyum vaasthuvidyayil vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal illa.
vadakkan porchugalile bragayil sthithi cheiyunna boom jeesas doow monde sankethathinte praadeshika pathippaya congonhas doow campoyile boom jeesas dii matosinhos sankethamaanu akkaalathe minas geraayisile mattoru savisheshamaaya kruthi. 1757ll aarambhicha eee samuchayathil oru kunnin mukalil sthithicheyyunna oru palliyund, kristhuvinte abhiniveshathinte praathinidhyathode niravadhi chaappalukaliloode vishwaasikal athu athicherunnu. avasana vibhaagathil palliyude muttathekku nayikkunna oru valanja padikal palliyude munnilundu. pallikkullil praveshichukazhinjaal, porchugalile athe perilulla nagaratthil aaraadhikkappedunna prathimaye adisthaanamaakki boom jeesas dii maattosinhosinte chithram kaanam. kaanam 1777num idayil konkevu-kanveks segmentukal, barok, rococo alankaara roopangalude nagaravalkkaranam ennivayaal roopeekaricha palliyude muttavum palliyude munnilulla padikalum valare rasakaramaan. 1800 num 1805 num idayil pazhaya niyamapravaachakanmaarude 12 valia sopp stoon prathimakal aliadinjoyum addehathinte udyogastharum chernnaanu eee padikal alankarichathu. sankethathinte aadyabhaagathu chathuraakrithiyilulla 6 chaappalukalum alijaadinjo shilpa settukal kondu alankarichirunnu. pravaachakanmaarum chaappalukalum ulla palli, palli, kolaniyil samaanathakalillaatha valia prakadanasheshiyullathaanu.
sainika vaasthuvidya.
kolanivalkkaranatthinte aadya varshangalil porchugees metropolisinte ettavum valia aashankakalilonnu eee pradeshatthinte kaivashappedutthal surakshithamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu, aadyathe vaasasthalangal ellaayppozhum paliced mathilukalum kottakalum kondu shakthippeduthiyirunnu. brazeelil ippozhum nilakollunna ettavum pazhaya kotta 1532 muthal bertyogayile saavo tiago kottayaan (saavo jovo daa bertioga kotta enna peril ippozhum nilanilkkunnu). ithu aadyam oru thadi palisade aayirunnu, pinneedu athinte nilavile krameekaranam nedikkondu kallukondu punarnirmmichu.
pinneedu theerathum graamapradesangalilum chila sthalangalil mattu kottakalude oru parambara sthaapikkappettu, avaa adisthaanaparamaayi noottaandukalaayi valia vyathyaasangalonnumillathe nilaninna athe maathruka pinthudarnnu, chathuramo bahubhujaakrithiyo ullathum chilappol adisthaana bhooprakrithiyumaayi poruthappedunnathinu roopabhedam varuthiyathumaanu. avarkk nagnamaaya kallil oru chembu aditharayum mukalil vellanirathilulla kallu mathilukalum kaavalsaalakal chitharikkidakkunnathum akathu palappozhum chila chappalo cheria kshethramo ulla oru koottam murivukalulla veedukalum undaayirunnu. 16-aamm noottaandilum 17-aamm noottaandilum prabalamaayirunna navothaanatthinte avasaanathe allengil reethiprakaaram kottakalude praveshana kavaadatthil idaykkide kooduthalo kuravo vipulamaaya portalukal sthaapikkappettu. 1650-kalil salvadorile oru dveepil nirmmichathum brazeelile eaka vrithaakruthiyilullathumaaya saavo marcello kottayaan oru yadhaartha udaaharanam.
sivil vaasthuvidya.
typology.
volumetric typology kaaryatthil, sivilian colonial kettidangalude pradhana vibhagangal shhed-roof (ranchukal, adukkalakal), gable-roof (nagarangalil valare saadhaaranamaanu), hip-roof (pavaliyanukal, tounhouseukal, pothu soukaryangal polulla valia kettidangal), klosttarukal (dittoo) ennivayaanu. avasaanathe rund vibhagangal thammilulla oru idatharam pariharam "ell-aakruthiyilulla" planukalaayirunnu.
lalithamaaya grameena nirmmaanangalumaayi bandhappett ("sertanejo" allengil "caboclo" veedukal, "mokambos", "palhocas" muthalaayava ennu namakaranam cheyyappedunnu.), swathanthraraaya purushanmaare sambandhichidatholam, avarkk saadhaaranayaayi vaikkol, vaattil, dobb ennivayude mathilukal enniva undaayirunnu. avarkk orotta muriyum munvashathe varanthayum undaayirunnu.
ettavum valia grameena swathukkalaaya thottangalil moonnu pradhana gadakangalundaayirunnu "senzala", mill, valia veedu. sensalakal" kku ishtika kallu allengil vaattil, daab enniva upayogichu nirmmicha niravadhi cellukalum sasyangal niranjatho tyle cheythatho aaya melkkoora ulla oru neenda floor plan undaayirunnu. ishtika pilesttarukal chernna melkoora ulkkollunna eee milline millum boiler enningane rund bhagangalaayi vibhajichirunnu. oduvil, krishiyidangalude aasthaanamaaya valia veedinu valare vaividhyamaarnna roopamundaayirunnu, athu sambharanasaalakalkkum sevana udyogastharkkum orotta, uyarnna bhawana nilayum mattonn thaazhnna nilayum avatharippikkunnu. saavo pouloyude kaaryatthil, oru prathyeka tharam grameena nirmmanamund, "baandairista" veedu, athinte roopakalppana palladiyoyude padhathikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha.
nagara parithasthithiyil, veedukal munvashath vinyasikkukayum iruvashathum terresukal sthaapikkukayum cheythirunna eee sthalam ellaayppozhum idungiyathum aazhameriyathumaayirunnu, ithu mazhavellathil ninnu mathilukale samrakshikkunnathinulla oru margamaayirunnu. thudakkathil sobrados (rando athiladhikamo nilakalulla veedukal) oru nilayilulla veedukalum thammil adisthaanaparamaaya oru vyathyasam undaayirunnu, ithu sambannarum daridrarum thammilulla vibhajanam sthaapichu. thaazhathe nilayile veedukalkku kattiyulla nilakalum sobradosinu mukalilathe nilakalil thadi nilakalum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, sobrado aadya nilakal adimakaleyum mrugangaleyum ulkkollunnathino kadakalaayo upayogikkunna adima nilakalaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil maathrame oru intermediat tharam uyarnna basement house uyarnnuvarikayulloo."
niyamaparamaayi, veedukalum kettidangalum thammil kooduthal vyathyasam varuthi aadyathethu naadan, apakadakaravum nirddeshangalkko avakashangalkko vidheyamallaathathumaayirunnu, athesamayam sthiravum dridavumaaya swabhaavamulla kettidangal chila aanukoolyangal urappunalkukayum niyamangalal niyanthrikkappedukayum cheythu.
nagarabhoomiyude veethi pothuve 4.4 meterinum 11 meterinum idayil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, 2.2 meterinu aanupaathikamaaya valippam, athaayath oru phaathominte neelam, oru modalaayi upayogichirunna "taipal" alakkunnathinu thulyamaanu. moonnu "thaippalukalude" veethiye hole ennu vilichirunnu. veethiyanusarichu moonnu pradhana tharam vaasasthalangal undaayirunnu "vaathilum janalukalum", "pakuthi vaasasthalam", "muzhuvan vaasasthalam". thudakkathil raajyathinte vadakku, prathyekichu maranhoyil thiricharinjirunnuvena, eee moonnu adisthaana tharangal athe kaalayalavil mattu brazilian nagarangalile veedukalkku baadhakamaan.
charithram.
athinte aadyakaalangalil, sivil vaasthuvidya-thaamasasthalangal, millukal, colonial sarkkar kottarangal-palappozhum vaikkol melkoora upayogichu rammed erthu teknikkukal upayogichaanu nirmmichathu. kolanivalkkaranam purogamikkukayum oru adisthaana nagara ghadana sthaapikkukayum cheythathode, adob, kallu kallukal, shakthippeduthiya thadippanikalum tyle cheytha melkkoorakalum upayogikkaan thudangi.
brazeelile aadyathe valia thothilulla kettidam 1640 num 1642 num idayil kaundu joonn mouris resifil nirmmicha audyogika vasathiyaya freeberg kottaramaayirunnu, pinneedu nyoo holland kolaniyude aasthaanamaayirunnu ithu. anchu nilakalulla rund uyaramulla chathura gopurangal, oru moodappetta nadappathayaal bandhippichirikkunnu, ithu oru palliyude roopam nalkunnu. kottaaratthe alankarikkunnathinupurame, ezhu myliladhikam akale ninnu kaanaan kazhiyunna naavikark gopurangal oru naazhikakkallayi pravarthichu. avayilonnu laitt housaayum mattonn jyotishaasthra nireekshanaalayamaayum upayogichirunnu, aadyathethu thekkan ardhagolathil sthaapikkappettu. sainika veekshanakonil ninnu peerankikalaal samrakshikkappetta ithinu oru valia kuzhiyum ernesto kotta undaayirunnu. undaayirunnu 1774num idayil, muun noottaandil dachukaarethiraaya poraattangal kaaranam thikachum nasippikkappetta ithu annathe govarnor jose sezar dii menesasinte utharavanusarichu polichuneekki.
ippol thakarnnukidakkunna baahiyayile garzia dii avila gopuramaanu sivil vaasthuvidyayude ettavum pazhaya samrakshitha udaaharanangalilonnu. 1550-kalil nirmmicha kottakettya gopuratthil ninnaan veedinte thudakkam, 17,18 noottaandukalil porchugees kallukadayude shailiyil ithu vipuleekarichu. pathinaram noottaandile shadbhujaakrithiyilulla oru kauthukakaramaaya chappal eee veettilundu.
salvadoril, 16-aamm noottaandil pradhana squareil nirmmicha idinja mannile bharana kettidangal pinneedu kallu paniyil mattullavayal maattisthaapichu. govarnorude kottaravum (ippol nashtamaaya) taunn haalum pathinezhaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil punarnirmikkappettu. punarnirmikkappettu tounhaal naveekarikkukayum pathinaram noottaandile yadhaartha samathala roopathilekku madangukayum cheythu. onnaam nilayile porticode gallery colonial bahiyayil nirmmicha mattu arakale swaadheenikkunna uyaramulla central gopuravum ithinte savisheshathayaanu.
koolani ulpradeshangalil panchasaara millukalum phaam houseukalum vardhichu. saavo pouloykku chuttum 16,18 noottaandukalile grameena veedukalude niravadhi udaaharanagal ippozhum undu, chilath saavo poulo megalopolisinullil thanne, pathinezhaam noottaandil ninnulla sertaanista house ennum pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil byoottaantayude house ennum vilikkappedunnu.
pothuvaayi sivil vaasthuvidya mathaparamaya vaasthuvidyayekkaal valare kuranja valippamulla kettidangal nirmmikkunnundengilum, muun noottaandukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, pathinettaam noottaandil sivil kettidangalude alavum gunanilavaaravum vardhichu.
gramangalilum nagarangalilum mikka thaamasthalangalkkum oru nila maathrame undaayirunnulloo, athesamayam ettavum maanyamaayavaykk randaamathe nila-sobrados ennu vilikkappedaam-allengil athilum kooduthal, resife, salvador, saavo luis thudangiya chila pradhana kendrangalil naalu nilakalilekku ethaam. brazeelile veedukal saadhaaranayaayi kallu kallukaloo typa dii pilavoyo upayogichullathum partition mathilukalullathumaaya paav eiii pick aayirunnu, pernambooko ozhike, avide ishtikayude upayogam kooduthalaayirunnu. kallukallu nilavilundaayirunnappol veedinte konukalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. onnaam nilayil azhukk nilayum mattu nilakalil thadi kondulla plank nilakalum undaayirunnu. onnaam nila vaanijya pravartthanangal, sambharanam, stable, slave kwartezhs ennivaykkaayi upayogichirunnu, pinn muttathekku nayikkunna oru idanaazhiyum mukalilathe nilayilekku nayikkunna oru padiyum undaayirunnu. randaam nila-kuleenamaaya nila-bhavanathinaayi samarppichirikkunnu. theruvinu abhimukhamaayi oru valia haal samghadippicha ithil ninnu oro vashathum puratthekku thurakkaatha cheria murikalulla oru idanaazhi uyarnnuvannu (aalkovukal). janaalakalude rooparekha chathuraakrithiyilullatho kamaanamullatho maramkondo allengil valare apoorvvamaayi kallukondo nirmmichatho aayirunnu. nalla nilakalil irumbu railingukalulla baalkkanikal undayirikkaam. mukalile janalakal "mashrabia" allengil thadi lattisukal kondu moodaamaayirunnu, athesamayam glass janalakal pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil maathramaan saadhaaranamaayath. melkkoorakal gable allengil eevs kondu kuthiyirunnu, chilappol melkkoorayude konukalil soumyamaaya vakrathayum pooyint tailukalum polulla chila vivekapoornamaaya alankaarangal undaayirunnu.
udaaharanathinu, pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum nirmmicha valia prabhukkanmaarude nagara bhavanangal salvadoril saadhaaranamaanu, udaaharanathinu, settu candiros house, ferravo kottaram, saldanha kottaram, konde doses arcos kottaram, 1707 num 1715 num idayil nirmmicha nagaratthile gambheeramaaya arsebispos house. bahiyayil nagara kottaarangalude savisheshatha leos kallilo praadeshika kallilo ulla vaathilukal, kothupanikal, kottukal, voluetukal enniva kondu alankarichirikkunnu. coffer melkkoora porchugees tailukalum upayogichu akathalangal alankarikkaam. rioo dii janeeroyil, 1738 num 1743 num idayil nirmmicha gavarnarmaarude kottaramaanu (ippol saamraajyathva kottaram) oru pradhana udaaharanam. leos shattarukalaal alankaricha eee kottaram, valanja upper lintal ulla janalakal avatharippikkunna brazeelile aadya kottaramaanu, ithu taamasiyaathe kolaniyiludaneelam valare saadhaaranamaakum.
ulnaadan krishiyidangalilum rasakaramaaya chila kottarangal nilanilkkunnu. recanovio beyano mekhalayile freguesia millile valia veedu polulla chila valia manangal, athinte vaasthuvidya pothuve valare lalithamaanengilum, udamayude thaamasathinu oru pradhana kettidavum "senzala" ykkulla mattu anubandhangalum, upakaranagalkkum bhakshanathinum nikshepangal, mrugangalkkulla abhayakendrangal, karshakarkkulla cheria veedukal ennivayundu. 270 meter neelavum 17 meter uyaravumulla rioo dii janeeroyil 17-aamm noottaandinum 18-aamm noottaandinum idayil nirmmicha vellam kondupokunnathinulla oru valia sivil varkkaya carioca akwadakt mattoru vibhaagathile savisheshamaaya oru udaaharanamaanu.
audyogika kettidangalil chilath maattangalillathe nilanilkkunnu. ettavum pradhanappetta onnaanu ooroo preettoyile muun sitti kaunsilum jayil hausum, innu incofidentia museum, nirakalulla oru portico, praveshana staircase, oru gopuram, alankaara prathimakal, kallu nirmmaana ghadana ennivayulla sambannamaaya munvashamund. raajakudumbathinte muun vasathiyaya reoyile saamraajyathva kottaravum pradhaanamaan.
colonial brazeelile sivil vaasthuvidyayekkurichulla ettavum aakarshakavum anukambayillaathathumaaya vivaranangalilonn akkaalat moonnu pradhana brazilian saambathika kendrangalil (resife, salvador, rioo dii janeero) undaayirunna engleesh ezhuthukaariyaaya maria graham aanu. diarrheo dii uma vayajem aavo brassil eiii dii uma estaada nesse pices durante parte doses anos dii 1821,1822 iii 1823" enna avarude kruthiyil, colonial kaalaghattatthil ninnulla resife, salvador, rioo dii janeero enniva sandarshikkumbol avarude bhaavangal undu. akkaalathe moonnu pradhana brazilian saambathika kendrangalude (receif, salvador, rioo dii janeero) vaasthuvidyayekkurichum avar ezhuthi.
brazeelile maria graham sandarshicha aadyathe nagaramaya resifil, uyaramulla colonial sobrados avalude shradha aakarshichu "theruvukal bhaagikamaayi kadaltheerathu ninnulla neela kallukal kondum bhaagikamaayi chuvapp allengil chaaraniratthilulla graanait kondum nirmmichittundu. moonno naalo nilakal (naalo ancho nilakal) uyaramulla veedukal ilam kallukondu nirmmichavayaanu, ellaam vellayozhukki, vaathilukalum janala frameukalum braun kallaanu. onnaam nilayil karuthavargakkaarkko stablesino ulla kadakalo thaamasasthalangalo adangiyirikkunnu, mukalilathe nila saadhaaranayaayi offeesukalkkum warehouseukalkkum anuyojyamaanu. thaamasathinulla appaartmentukal mukalilaanu, adukkala saadhaaranayaayi mukalilaanu. ithuvazhi veedinte thaazhathe bhagam thanuthathaayi thudarunnu. bhoomadhyarekhayodu valare aduthaayathinaal choodinte nasham anubhavikkathe veettil ninnu purathukadakkaan ethratholam kazhiyumennu kandu njaan athbhuthappettu, ennaal ivide divasavum raavile 10 manikk anubhavappedunna sthiramaaya kadalkkaatt ellaayppozhum vyayaamam cheyyaan kazhiyunna thaapanila nilanirthunnu. (...) paalatthinte iruvashathum kaanaan kazhiyunna vishalamaaya nadhi, vishalamaaya pacha panorama, treasuryudeyum mintinteyum velutha kettidangal, konventukal, swakaarya veedukal ennivayekkaal manoharamaaya mattonnum eee vibhaagathil undaakilla, avayil mikkavaykkum poonthottangalundu."
salvadoril, ellah vishudharudeyum ulkkadalilum mukalile nagaratthil ninnulla ulkkadalilum ninnulla nagaratthinte kaazhchayil aval santhushtayaayirunnuvenkum, sivil vaasthuvidyayekkurichu avalkk chilappol apoornnamaaya oru vivaranamundaayirunnu "aayudhappurayude kavaadatthiloode nammal praveshikkunna theruvu ivide thaazhathe nagaramaya baahiyayude veethiyundu, oru apavaadavumillaathe njaan pooyittullathil vachu ettavum malinamaaya sthalamaanithu. (...) eee theruvil videshikaludeyum thaddesheeyarudeyum vyaapaarikalude warehouseukalum offeesukalum sthithicheyyunnu. kettidangal uyaramullavayaan, pakshe pernambucoyileppole manoharamo vaayusanchaaramullatho allah. (...) miss pennaline avarude porchugees suhruthukkalumaayi niravadhi thavana sandarshikkaan njaan avarodoppam pooyi. (...) onnamathaayi, veedukal, mikkavarum, veruppulavaakkunna vrithikettathaanu. onnaam nilayil saadhaaranayaayi adimakalkkulla cellukal, stable muthalaayava adangiyirikkunnu.padikal idungiyathum irundathumaanu, onniladhikam veedukalil njangal oru pathayil kaathirikkukayum, jolikkar droying roomukalude vaathilukalum janalukalum thurakkaanum avarude murikalil avarude veedinte vasthram aaswadikkunna yajamaanathimaare vilikkaanum oodukayum cheythu. (...) athinte uyaravum mikka theruvukaludeyum kuthaneyullathum kaaranam, [mukalile pattanam] thuramukhathekkaal thaarathamyena vrithiyullathaanu. sent. kottaram, jayil, mattu pothu kettidangal enniva sthithicheyyunna chathuratthinte oru vashath sthithi cheiyunna manoharamaaya oru kettidamaanu rakshakan."
oduvil, porchugees rajasabha brazililekku maattiyathiloode undaaya parivartthanangal anubavikkunna rioo dii janeeroyekkurich avar paranju "njaan ayalpakkangalil sandarshanangal nadathukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. thekkan europile veedukal pole thanneyaanu eee veedukalum nirmmichirikkunnathu. saadhaaranayaayi oru muttam undu, athinte oru vashath thaamasthalamundu. mattu vashangal roopappedunnathu sarveesukalum poonthottavumaanu. chilappol poonthottam veedinu thottaduthaayirikkum. praanthapradeshangalil ithu saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnu. nagaratthil valare kurachu veedukalkku poonthottatthinte aadambaram polum undu (...) bahiya allengil pernambukkoyekkaal kooduthal europian nagaramaan rioo. moonno naalo nilakalulla veedukalkku melkkoora sahikkavunna vidhathil manoharavumaanu. theruvukal idungiyathum romile corsoyekkaal akalamillaathathumaanu, onno rando samaanathakalulla vaayuvund, prathyekichu virunnu divasangalil, janalukalum baalkkanikalum chuvapp, manja, pacha damask bedd spredukal kondu alankarichirikkumbol. kottaarathinu purame valare manoharamaaya rund chathurangalundu. onnu, orikkal rossa (rossio), ippol konstittiyoo, thiyettar valare manyamaaya roopam nalkunnu, chila manoharamaaya baarakkukalum manoharamaaya veedukalum, iruvashathum kunnukalum parvathangalum aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. mattonn, campo dii santana, valare vipulamaanu, pakshe poortthiyaakaathathaanu."
neoclassical vaasthuvidya 18,19 noottaandukal.
purathana greco-roman vaasthuvidyayude kuleenathwathinum yukthibodhathinumulla thirachilaanu neoclassical vaasthuvidyayude savisheshatha. classical roopangal upayogichaanu aikyam thedunnatha colland porticos, greak oordarukalude upayogam, rachanayile samamiti, thurassukalile kramam, thrikonaakrithiyilulla pedimentukal. alankaaram niyanthrithamaan, barok, rococo "athishayokthikalil" ninnu valare akaleyaan.
colonial brazeelil, oru prathyeka neoclassical swabhaavamulla kettidangal kuranjathu pathinettaam noottaand muthal nilavilundu. ithinakam soochippichathupole, brazeelile prathifalanangalulla kadinamaaya roman barok classicism jonain, pombaline barok ennivare valareyadhikam swaadheenichu.
resifil, kudiyettatthinte aadyakaalangalil uthbhavicha corpo saanto palli, pathinettaam noottaandil vipuleekarichu, neoclassical shailiyil manoharamaaya leos kallu mukham nedi.
rioo dii janeeroyil, jose custodio dii zaa eiii faariyayude oru padhathi prakaram 1780-ll nirmmicha santa cruze doses milittezhs pally 1775-ll francisco jovo rosco nirmmicha candelaria palliyude munvashavum sakthamaaya classical pombaline swaadheenamulla colonial kettidangalude udaaharanangalaan, ithu munvashangalude anupaathathilum vasthuvidyaa kramangalude upayogathilum drishyamaanu.
santana palli (1760-1782), saavo jovo baattista chaappal (1769-1772), grow-paaraa general gavarnarmaarude kottaram (1768-1772) thudangiya adayaalappeduthiya classical swabhaavamulla kettidangalum antonio jose landy roopakalppana cheythu. colonial brazeelile oru apoorva party kettidamaanu santana palli, prathyekichu, thazhikakkudamulla oru greak cross plan.
1808ll porchugees raajakudumbathinte brazeelile varavode praadeshika vaasthuvidya naveekarichu. 1792ll koosta eiii silva thanne nirmmicha lisbanile saavo carlos naashanal thiyettarinte neoclassical roopakalppanayil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond portugalil ninnulla royal aarkkitekt jose daa koosta eiii silva, orupakshe rioo dii janeeroyile saavo jovo royal thiyettaril nirmmichathaakaam. salvadoril enchineeyar kosme damio daa kunha phidi 1813 ll roopakalppana cheytha nagaratthile commercio square, engleesh neo-palladian shailiyil ninnu shakthamayi prachodanam ulkkonda oru kettidam, luzo-brazilian sparsanangal.
porchugees raajakudumbathinte varavinushesham reoyude nagarapadhathi punasamghadippikkendathindi aavasyakatha prothsaahippichukondu 1816-ll franch aartistik missionte brazeelile varavu thalasthaanathu ninnulla neoclassical aadarshangalude vyaapanathile nirnaayaka ghattamaayirunnu. eee dauthyavumaayi vanna vaasthusilpiyaaya grandjeen dii montigni 1816-ll joonn naalaaman rajaavu sthaapicha royal school oof sciences, arts aandu kraafttil vaasthuvidyayude professoraayi. colonial kaalaghattatthil, 1819 num 1820 num idayil nirmmicha reoyile commercio square grandjeen roopakalppana cheythu, ithu oru mahathaaya thaazhikakkuda kendreekritha padhathiyulla oru kettidamaanu. 1826ll maathram udghaadanam cheytha skoolinte pradhana kettidavum addeham roopakalppana cheythu, athinte roopakalppanayil franch neoclassisathinte shudhamaaya aavishkaaramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, samamithamaaya munbhaagavum ionic kramatthil oru valia kendreekritha portalum undu, innuvare nilanilkkunna oreyoru ghadakam rioo dii janeeroyile botanical gaardanil sthaapichu. addeham roopakalppana cheythathil ninnu valare kurachu maathrame addeham nirmmichulloovenkilum, grandjeeninte vasthuvidyaa klaasukal saamrajya kaalaghattatthiludaneelam neoclassical shaili sthireekarikkunnathil pradhana punk vahicha niravadhi aarkkidekttukale parisheelippichu.
colonial brazeelile furnitureukal.
brazeel oru porchugees kolaniyaayirunnathinaal, marappani (furniture kashanangalil prathyeka shradhayode) parambaraagatha porchugees furnitureukalude oru shaakhayaanu. upayogicha vasthukkal niyamaanusrithamaayi brazilian aanenkilum, kashanangalkk utharavaadikalaaya aalukal ellaayppozhum porchugeesukaaraayirunnu, allengil porchugeesukaarano allengil sammishra vamshajanaano brazeelil janichappol. brazeelil vikasippicha porchugees furnitureukal lalithavum anukambayillaathathumaayinu, athaayath vasthuvinte pravartthanam nirvahikkunnathinulla avasyavasthukkal (udaaharanathina cheria prabhaashanashaalakal, kidakkakal, kaserakal, meshakal, pedakangal). kudiyettakkaarude aadya bhaagangalude laalithyam aaa kaalaghattam muthal brazilian bhavanathinte savisheshathakalilonnaanu.
ennaal, eee furnitureukal lalithavum anukambayillaathathumaayinu, avaa nannayi nirmmichavayaayirunnu, vyaapaarathinte paarambaryam eee vichitramaaya reethiyil avaa vikasippikkuka ennathukondumaathramalla, marappani udyogastharum sahaayikalum palappozhum veettil ninnullavaraayathukondum (chilar kazhivukal kandethiya adimakalaayirunnu), thidukkamillathe jolie cheyyukayum labham lakshyamidaathirikkukayum cheythavar, "athu nannayi cheiyunnathinte santhosham" maathram. brazilian furnitureukal, athaayath brazeelil nirmmicha porchugees furnitureukal, ellah europian rajyangalileyum furnitureukalude parinaamatthe pinthudarnnu. faashanukal" ellaam irakkumathi cheyyukayum aadyam sambannaraaya vibhaagangalilekku athukayum pinneedu "saadhaarana" allengil saadhaarana tharatthilulla athe furniture modalukal nirmmichukondu ashleelavalkkarikkappedum cheythu. colonial kaalaghattatthil adisthaanaparamaayi moonnu tharam furnitureukal undaayirunnu "aadambaram" (udaathamaaya kaatvaram kondu nirmmicha); "saadhaarana" (kattuvriksham kondu nirmmichathum ennaal lalithavum); oduvil "parukkan" (janapriya upayogathino gaarhika sevanangalkko vendi saadhaarana maram upayogichu nirmmichathum). brazeelile furnitureukale moonnu pradhana kaalaghattangalaayi tharamthirikkaam
eee kaalaghattangalkku sesham, kramena oonnipparanja vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinte swaadheenathil ninnaan faashanukal maathram uthbhavichath.

