
vinnebago yuddham

1827ll american aikyanaadukalile upper mississippi nadeethadatthil, pradhaanamaayum ippol visconsin samsthaanamaaya pradeshathu nadanna oru hraswa samghattanamaanu vinnebago kalapam ennum ariyappedunna vinnebago yuddham. oru yudhamallaathathinaal, vinnebago (allengil hoow-chunk) thaddesheeya american gothratthinte oru bhagam american siviliyanmarkkethiraaya eathaanum akramanangalil maathramaayi sathrutha parimithappedutthiyirunnu. thangalude bhoomiyil leed khanithozhilaalikal athikramichu kadakkunnathinodu prathikarikkukayum america rund hoow-chunk thadavukaare vadhashikshaykaayi oru ethiraaliyaaya gothrathilekku ayachuvenna vyaja kimvadanthikalodu prathikarikkukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu hoow-chankkukal.
eee mekhalayile mikka thaddesheeya amerikkakkarum prakshobhatthil cheraruthennu theerumaanikkukayum angane yuu. esinethudarnnu samgharsham avasaanikkukayum cheythu.ezz. sainika shakti pradarshippichukondu udyogasthar prathikarichu. akramatthil pankeduttha ettu pere hoow-chunk medhaavikal keezhadakki, athil american udyogasthar ring leader ennu vishwasicha chuvanna pakshiyum ulppedunnu. 1828-ll vichaarana kaathirikkave redu bared jayilil vachu marichu; kolapaathakathinu sikshikkappetta mattu rund perkku president joonn kwinsey adams mapp nalki vittayachu.
yudhathinte falamaayi, hoow-chunk gothram pradhana khanana mekhala americaykku vittukodukkaan nirbandhithamaayi. amerikkakkar athirthiyil thangalude sainika saannidhyam vardhippikkukayum vinnebago kotta nirmmikkukayum upekshikkappetta mattu rund kottakal veendum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. amerikkakkaarkkum indiakkaarkkum orumichu samaadhaanaparamaayi jeevikkaan kazhiyillennum indian neekkam cheyyal ennariyappedunna nayamaaya padinjarottu neengaan thaddeshavaasikal nirbandhitharaakanamennum samgharsham chila udyogasthare bodhyappedutthi. 1832-leeii valia black hoock yudhathinu munbulla vinnebago yuddham, athe aalukalil palarum ulppedukayum samanamaaya prashnangalekkurichu aashankappedukayum cheythu.
pashchaathalam.
1812leeii yudhathethudarnnu, mississippi nadeethadatthile thaddesheeya amerikkakkar thammilulla yudhangal thadayaan america oru nayam pinthudarnnu. ithu karsanamaayi maanushika kaaranangalal aayirunnilla gothrangalkkidayilulla yuddham americaykku indian bhoomi ettedukkunnathum gothrangale padinjarottu mattunnathum kooduthal budhimuttaakki, ithu indian neekkam cheyyal ennariyappedunna oru nayamaayirunnu, ithu 1820 kalude avasaanathode praadhamika lakshyamaayi maari. 1825 august 19 nuu yuu.ezz. mekhalayile gothrangalude athirthikal nirvachikkunna oru multy-tribal udambadikku udyogasthar prairi duu chiyenil anthimaroopam nalki.
ennirunnaalum, appozhekkum, amerikkakkar valia thothil hoow-chunk (allengil vinnebago) bhoomiyil athikramichu kadakkaan thudangi, panii (pinneedu galena) nadiyil eluppathil ledu khananam nadathaamenna vaagdaanam. thaddesheeya amerikkakkar aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi eee pradesham khananam cheythirunnu, seesam kayattumathi cheiyunnathu hoow-chunk sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana bhaagamaayi maari. hoow-shankukal athikramichukayariyavare oodikkaan shramichuvenkilum aakramanakaarikalaaya khanithozhilaalikalude kaikalil ninnu avar palappozhum durupayogam cheyyappettu. chilar yuu.ezz. khanana mekhalayude anivaryamaaya american kaivashamaayi avar kanda hoow-chunk khananam kaalathamasam varumennu aashankappetta udyogasthar, "indiakkaare avarude khanana padhathikalil ninnu pinthirippikkaan" pravarthichu.
kudumba kolapaathakangalkk vazhithelichu.
1826 maarchil, methode enna franch-canadian manushyan addehathinte janmanaadaaya american bharya avarude kuttikalum prairi duu chiyeninu vadakku panthrand mile akaleyulla innathe ayovayil maple syrup shekharikkumbol, avare oru hoow-chunk raid party kolappedutthi. avasarangalude lakshyamaya erakalodu kolayaalikalkk prathyeka paraathikalonnum undaayirunnilla. rund hoow-chunk prathikale prairy duu chian milishyamen arast cheyyukayum fort crofordilake kondupookukayum cheythu. avar rakshappettathinusesham, yuu.ezz. armi lefttanant kenal villoby morgan rund hoow-chunk bandikale pidikoodukayum hoow-chunk gothram kolayaalikale thirichayakkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
1826 juulai 4 nuu hoow-shankukal aarr pere fort crofordile morganu kaimari. hoow-chunk aachaaramanusarich, charitrakaaranaaya martin sanger ezhuthunnu, aarr perum kolapathakangalil ulppettitilla; american kopam shamippikkunnathinum shikshaye gothrathil ninnu mothatthil vyathichalippikkunnathinu avar keezhadangi. ennirunnaalum, kolapaathakangalkk vyakthiparamayi utharavaadikalaayavare shikshikkaan amerikkakkar aagrahichu. aaraan kuttakkaaranenn nirnnayikkaan kenal morganu kazhinjilla, athinaal addeham aarupereyum kastadiyiledukkukayum hoow-chunk medhaavikal kolayaalikale thirichariyanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. hoow-shankukal thadavukaare mochippikkaan shramikkumenna abhyoohangalkkidayil anchaam kaalaalppada rejimentinte kamaandaraaya kenal josia snelling kottaye shakthippeduthi. oduvil, vau-kuu-kau (allengil voukookka), munn-neey-thaa-peh-keh (allengil mahnatapaaka) ennee rund hoow-chankukal amerikkakkaarkk kaimarukayum kolapaathakangalkk kuttaropitharaakukayum cheythu.
ozhippikkalum kimvadanthikalum.
fort crofordinu nereyulla kimvadanti niranja hoow-chunk akramanam orikkalum vannilla, athinaal 1826 octoberil kenal snelling gaarsane fort snellingilekk maatti, avide dakkottakalum (seox) oojibvakalum (chippevas) thammilulla sathrutha kuraykkumennu addeham pratheekshichu. rund hoow-chunk thadavukaareyum kottayile gandhatthilekku maatti. 1827 meyy maasathil, kottayude gandhathinaduthulla oru oojibve party dakkottakal aakramichathinethudarnna, kenal gandham kelkkunnathinaal naalu dakkottakale arast cheyyukayum avare oojibvekalkku kaimarukayum cheythu, avar avare konnu. ithu chila dakkottakale prakopippikkukayum hoow-chunk thadavukaare vadhashikshaykaayi oojibvekalkku kaimariyathaayi thettayi parayukayum amerikkakkaare akramikkaan sahayikkaan hoow-chankukale prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu.
hoow-chunk thadavukaare vadhichu enna thettaaya kathayum thudarchayaaya american athikramavum chila hoow-chankkukale amerikkaykkethire aayudangal edukkaan prerippichu. fort crofordinte ozhippikkal american balaheenathayude adayaalamaayi thonniyathinaal samayam shariyenn thonni. mississippi nadiyil chila hoow-chunk sthreekale american reverboat jeevanakkar laingikamaayi peedippichuvenna vaarthayaayirunnu mattoru parati, ennirunnaalum vadashikshayekkurichulla vaartha pole eee varthayum vyaja kimvadanthiyaayirikkaam. oru nischitha udambadi konfaransinu hajaraakathe amerikkayumaayulla nayatantra bandham vichedikkukayum yudhathinu thayyarakukayum cheythu.
sathrutha.
1827 juun avasaanathode, chuvanna pakshi (allengil vaa-nii-gaa, suuryan), chikkonsik (allengil chick-hong-siik, cheria pothu) ennivarodoppam hoow-chunk thadavukaarude vadhashikshakalaanennu avar vishwasichathinodu prathikaram cheyyaan chuvanna pakshi enna hoow-chunk nethaavu prairy duu chiyan pooyi. thangalude iraye kandethaan kazhiyaathe vanna avar pakaram bahumanappetta aafrikkan-american nazhsinteyum aanti merii aan enna midwifinteyum makanaaya rajistrar gagniyarinte cabin lakshyamakki. gagnier moonnu hoow-kashanangale bhakshanathinaayi thante veettilekku swaagatham cheythu. akathu enthaanu sambhavichathenn srothassukal anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. oru vivaranam anusarichu, chuvanna pakshi gagniyare vedivachu konnu, athesamayam chikkonsik vaadakakkaarano kudumbatthile suhrutho aaya solomon lip cap vedivachu konnu. vekau gagniyarinte bharya vedivaykkaan shramichuvenkilum aval thante ilaya makanoppam rakshappedunnathinu munbu avante thokku thattiyedutthu. aakramanathe athijeevicha gagniyarinte sisuvaaya makale kuthiyathinum scalp cheythathinum vekauykku sammathikkendi vannu. chuvanna pakshi maathramaan kolapathakangal nadathiyathennu mattoru vivaranam parayunnu. chuvanna pakshiyum koottaalikalum moonnu skaalpukalumaayi oru aakhosham nadanna prairy laa crossil avarude graamathilekku madangi. 
1827 juun 30nuu prairy laa cross hoow-chunks veendum adichu. kurachu dakota sakhyakakshikalumayi chernnu 150 oolam hoow-shankukal, mosham kodali nadiyude mukhathinu sameepam mississippiyil rund american keelbottukale aakramichu. ettumuttalil rund amerikkakkar kollappedukayum naalu perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu; aakramanathil allengil pinneedu avarude murivukal moolam ezhu hoow-chankkukal marichu. charitrakaaranaaya patrick janginte abhipraayathil, "akramanam thaarathamyena cheruthaayirunnenkilum, 1812 leeii yudhathinu sesham eee mekhalayile indiakkaar amerikkaykkethire nadatthiya aadya yudhapravarthanamaayathinaal ithu praadhaanyamarhikkunnu"."
amerikkakkaarkkethiraaya avarude puthiya yudhathil, prairi laa cross hoow-chunks daakottakal, potaavattomikal, mattu hoow-chunk baandukal ennivayil ninnu sakhyakakshikale niyamikkaan shramichu. eee gothrangalile mikka nethaakkalum hoow-chunk paraathikalodu anubhavam prakadippichenkilum nishpakshatha abhyarthichu. chila potaavattomikal chila american kannukaalikale konnu pankedutthu, ennaal pottaavattomi nethaakkalaaya billie caldwell, alexander robinson, shoubena ennivar pottaavattomi vaasasthalangalkkidayil sawari cheyyukayum yudhathil ninnu vittunilkkan aalukalodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu; anchu varshathinu sesham black hoock yudhathil avar athu thanne cheyyum. niravadhi hoow-chankukal chuvanna pakshiyudeyum prairy laa cross hoow-chankukaludeyum pravarthanangalil ninnu svayam akannu. sakhyakakshikalillaathe, oru vyapakamaaya yuddham kathikkaanulla sramam parajayappettu. juulai pakuthiyode, charitrakaaranaaya martin sanger ezhuthunnu, "ellah praayogika aavasyangalkkum 'chuvanna pakshikalude prakshobham' avasaanichu".
american prathikaranam.
akramanangal pradeshathe american janathayil paribhranthi srishtichu. vishalamaaya oru indian yuddham pottippurappedumennu bhayann kudiyettakkaar galena, chikkago thudangiya pattanangalilekku palayanam cheiyukayo upekshikkappetta fort crofordil sanketham thedukayo cheythu.
mishigan pradeshathe gavarnaraaya luis kaas, indian kaaryangalude suuprand thomas mckenne ennivar green bake sameepam oru udambadi sammelanam samghadippikkumbozhaanu akramanangalekkurichu arinjathu. kalaapathinte vyaapanam niruthsaahappeduthunnathi, sammaanangalum bhakshanavum sweekarikkaan udambadi groundilekku varaan kaasile thaddesheeya amerikkakkaare kshanichu; oduvil 2,000-thiladhikam aalukal ethi. thangalude maathrraajyathe american sainika adhinivesham ozhivakkaanulla eaka maargam aakramanathinu utharavaadikalaayavare keezhadakkuka ennathaanu ennu mckenny pankeduttha hoow-chunk medhaavikalkk munnariyipp nalki. mattu american udyogasthar keokuk, wabokeesheek ennivarulppedeyulla mattu thaddesheeya nethaakkalumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum yudhathil ninnu vittunilkkan avarodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu.
athesamayam, american udyogasthar sainyathe aninirathaan thuzhanju. kaas prairy duu chiyan enna sthalathekku thidukkathil pooyi, avide addeham praadeshika milissia samghadippichu. juulai 10 nuu kenal snelling prairy duu chiyanil ethi, fort snellingle ninnu fort crofford veendum pidichedukkunnathilke 200 oolam saadhaaranakkaare konduvannu. juulai 29nuu brigadier general henry atkinsan addehathodoppam chernnu, addeham jefezhsan baarakkukalil ninnu 500 pere steembottil konduvannu. niravadhi divasangalkku sesham, henry dodge 130 kuthirasavaari sainikarumaayi, kooduthalum khanithozhilaalikalumaayi fort crofordil ethi. illinoyisile govarnor niniyan edwards 600 kuthirasavaari sainikare vadakku viskonsinilekku ayachu.
kizhakk, mckenny mejar vilyam wisler mattoru senaye samghadippichu. fort howardil ninnulla 100 oolam sthiram udyogastharum green beyil ninnulla 50 mettis milishyakkaarum 60 newyork indiakkaarum 120 menominikalum vislarinundaayirunnu. august 29 nuu, atkinsante sainyam visconsin nadiyilekku pookaan thudangi, avide shathruthaaparamaaya hoow-kashanagal kendreekarichirunnu, athesamayam vislarude sainyam vadakku ninnu athe sthalathu othuchernnu.
1827 septambar 1nuu mckenniyudeyum vislarinteyum sainyam thuramukhathu ethi. septambar 3 nuu, rund hoow-chunk nethaakkalaaya vaukkon deckera kaarimouniyum chuvanna pakshiyum vekkaavuvum amerikkakkaarkk keezhadakki. chuvanna pakshikalilum vekauvilum irumbu idaruthennu kaarimani amerikkakkarodu aavasyappettu; eee abhyarthana amgeekarikkappettu. thadavukaare maattisthaapikkunnathina amerikkakkaarkk irupathu kuthirakal nalkaamennu addeham vaagdaanam cheythenkilum athu nirasikkapettu. thudarnnulla aazhchakalil kalaapathil ulppetta naalu perr koodi hoow-shankukalaayi maari.
anantharafalangal.
yudhathinte avasaanathil hoow-shankukalumaayulla nayatantra charchakalil, general atkinsan yuu vaagdaanam cheythu.ezz. pradhana khanana mekhalayile avarude paraathikal sarkkar parisodhikkum. hoow-chunk bhoomiyil athikramichu kadakkunna american khanithozhilaalikale ozhippikkaan thomas mckenny sainika sahayam abhyarthichu, ennaal yudhaanantharam, kudiyettakkaar abhoothapoorvamaaya ennathil eee pradeshathekku ozhuki.ezz. veliyettam thadayaan udyogastharkku kazhiyaathe varikayo thayyaravaathirikkukayo cheythu. 1828 januvariyode, yudhathinushesham oru khanana camp sthaapikkukayum yuu. ezz ennu abhimaanikkukayum cheytha milishya general henry dodge ulppede 10,000 anadhikritha kudiyettakkaar hoow-chunk bhoomiyil undaayirunnu.ezz. sainyathin addehathe vittayakkaan kazhinjilla. mattu maargangalonnumillaathil, 1828 august 25 nuu, khanithozhilaalikal kaivashappedutthiya bhoomi pinneedu nadakkaanirikkunna kooduthal aupachaarika udambadiyil wilkan sammathichukondu hoow-shunks americayumaayi oru thaalkkaalika udambadiyil oppuvachu.
ettu hoow-shankukale yuu. ezz. arast cheythu.ezz. yudhaanantharam vichaaranakkaayi fort crofordile sarkkar. american udyogasthar ettavum kooduthal aagrahichathu chuvanna paksiye shikshikkaanaan, addeham kalaapathinte nethaavaanennu vishwasichu. charitrakaaranaaya martin saangarinte abhipraayathil, hoow-chunk samoohathinte vikendreekritha swabhaavam manasilakkunnathil american paraajayatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee vishwaasam. "chuvanna pakshi velutha athirthikalkku nannayi ariyappettirunnathinal, avar thante athrupthi addehathil kendreekarikkukayum addeham arhikkaatha oru neethrthwaparamaaya punk thettayi addehathodu aaropikkukayum cheythu", sanger ezhuthunnu."chuvanna paksiye orikkalum vichaarana cheythilla; addehathinu vayarilakkam sambhavikkukayum vichaarana nadakkunnathinu munbu 1828 februvari 16 nuu jayilil vachu marikkukayum cheythu.
sakshikal, prosecutermaar, prathibhagam abhibhaashakar, vyaakhyaathaavu ennivare orumichu konduvarunnathil budhimuttukal kaaranam vichaarana vaiki. oduvil 1828 augustil jadji jaims duwain dotiyude adhyakshathayil nadapadikal aarambhichu. 1826ll methode kudumbatthe kolappeduthiyathinu thadavilakkappetta rund yodhaakkalaaya vau-kuu-kau, maan-neey-thaa-peh-keh ennivare saakshikalude abhaavathil vittayachu, athupole thanne keelbottukalkkethiraya aakramanathinu moonnu hoow-shankukalum. vekau, chickhonsic ennee rund pere maathrame vichaarana cheythittulloo. charitrakaaranaaya patrick jung parayunnathanusarichu, gagnier cabinilaanu chuvanna pakshi kolapathakangal nadathiyathennum vekauvineyum chickhonsikkineyum shikshikkaan mathiyaya thelivukalillennum vichaaranaykkide vyakthamaayi. ennittum, vaitt aandu mettis juurii avare kuttakkaaraanennu kandethi. niyamaprakaaram cheyyendathupole jadji dotty avare thookkilettaan vidhichu. juurii thelivukal avaganichuvennum athinaal dotty vadhasiksha nirtthivachuvennum vaadichu avarude abhibhaashakan oru puthiya vichaaranaykkaayi oru prameyam phayal cheythu.
1828 november 3 nuu, vadhasiksha mattoru kalaapathin kaaranamaakumenn president joonn kwinsey adams paranjathode, bhoomi vittukodukkunnathinu pakaramaayi thadavukaarkku mapp nalki. 1829 joolaiyilum augustilum prairi duu cheyanil oppuvacha udambadiyil, three fires konfedarasiyum hoow-chunks leed mining mekhala yathaakramam 16,000 dollarinum 18,000 dollarinum americaykku audyogikamaayi kaimari.
kooduthal prakshobhangal thadayaamenna pratheekshayil, vinnebago yudhathinu sesham eee mekhalayil sainika saannidhyam shakthippeduthaan america theerumaanichu. 1823ll upekshikkappetta chikkagoyile priyappetta kotta pole thanne crofford kotta veendum adhinivesham cheyyappettu. 1828 octoberil kurukkanum visconsin nadikalum thammilulla thuramukhathu fort vinnebago enna puthiya outpost nirmikkappettu.
yuu-yill maattam prolsaahippikkaanum eee samgharsham sahayichu.ezz. thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarekkurichu nayam. indiakkaar "samskaaramullavaraya" varikkanamennum velutha american samoohavumaayi swaamsheekarikkappedanamennum munbu pala amerikkakkarum vaadichirunnu. ennaal chilare sambandhichidatholam, indiakkaarkkum amerikkakkaarkkum samaadhaanaparamaayi orumichu jeevikkaan kazhiyumenna ashayathe vinnebago yuddham apakeerthippeduthi. 1828 desember 2-leeii thante stettu oof dhaa union prasamgatthil, sthaanamozhiyunna president aadams "nagarikatha" nayam parajayappettuvennum gothrangale padinjarottu neekkunna indian neekkam bhaaviyude nayamaanennum prakhyaapichu. aaa nayam sweekarikkunnathu aadamsinte pingamiyaaya andrew jaaksan aayirikkum.

