kibla

mccayile vishudha palliyile kabayilekkulla dishayaanu kibla (), ithu musleengal vividha mathaparamaya sandarbhangalil, prathyekichu namaskaarathinulla praarthanayude dishayilaanu upayogikkunnathu. islaamil, pravaachakanmaraaya ibrahim ismaayilum nirmmicha oru punyasthalamaanu kaba ennum randaam hijri varshathil mohammed nabiyod velippeduthiya khuraanile niravadhi vaakyangalil allahu khiblayayi upayogichuvennum vishwasikkappedunnu. eee velippeduthalinu munbu, mohammed madeenayile anuyaayikalum praarthanaykkaayi jarusalemine abhimukheekarichu. mikka pallikalilum kiblayude disha soochippikkunna oru "mihrab" (oru mathilinte sthaanam) adangiyirikkunnu.
ihraamil" (hajj theerthaadanatthinulla vishudha samsthaanam) praveshikkunnathinulla dishayum kiblayanu; "dhabiha" (islaamika aravu) samayat mrugangale eathu dishayilekku thirikkunnu; "duaa" (praarthanakal) nadathaanulla shupaarsha cheyyappetta nirddesham; svayam aashwasippikkumbozho thuppumbozho ozhivakkaanulla nirddesham; samskarikkumbol marichayaal eathu dishayilekku adukkunnu ennathum. kabaye krithyamaayi abhimukeekarikkukayo ("ainn alle-qaa 'baa") allengil pothuvaaya dishayil abhimukeekarikkukayo cheiyunnathu ("jihat alle-qaa' baa") kibla nireekshikkaam. kooduthal krithyamaaya "ainn alle-qaa 'baa" kandethaan kazhiyunnillengil "jihat alle-qaa' baa" sveekaaryamaanennu mikka islaamika pandithanmaarum karuthunnu.
oru sthalathinaayi musleem jyothishaasthranjar upayogikkunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya saankethika nirvachanam bhoomiyude golatthile valia vrithathile dishayaanu-sthaanathiloodeyum kabayiloodeyum kadannupokunnu. oru sthalathu ninnu kaabayilekkulla saadhyamaaya ettavum cheria paathayude dishayaanithu, koodaathe oru sthaanathinteyum kaabayudeyum kordinettukal inputtukalaayi edukkunna oru golaakrithiyilulla trikonamitha soothravaakyam upayogichu kiblayude krithyamaaya kanakkukoottal ("hizab") anuvadikkunnu (chuvadeyulla soothravaakyam kaanuka). musleengalkkaayi mobail aaplikkeshanukalum websaittukalum vikasippikkunnathinum kibla compass polulla upakaranagalil upayogikkunna kibla tableukal samaharikkunnathinum eee reethi prayogikkunnu. meyy 27,28 theeyathikalil soudi arebia staanderd samayamaya (12:18 soudi arebia staanderd samayam) (09:18 UTC), juulai 15,16 theeyathikalil 12:27 saast (09:27 UTC) ennee divasangalil mccayil suuryan nerittu mukalilaayi nilkkumbol varshathil randuthavana oru lamba vadikku nizhal nireekshikkunnathiloodey oru sthalathu kibla nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum.
islaamika lokath jyothishaasthram vikasikkunnathin munbu, musleengal kibla nirnnayikkaan parambaraagatha reethikal upayogichirunnu. eee reethikalil muhammadinte koottaalikal ore sthalathu aayirikkumbol upayogicha dishaye abhimukeekarikkuka; aakasha vasthukkalude krameekaranavum uyarunna pooyintukalum upayogikkuka; kaattinte disha upayogikkuka; allengil madeenayile muhammadinte kiblaiah dakshinam upayogikkuka enniva ulppedunnu. aadyakaala islaamika jyothishaasthram athinte indian, greak athiraalikalil, prathyekichu tolamiyude kruthikalil nirmikkappettu, taamasiyaathe musleem jyothishaasthranjar onpathaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal kiblayude ekadesha dishakal kanakkakkunnathinulla reethikal vikasippichu. onpathaam noottaandinteyum patthaam noottaandinteyum avasaanathil muslim jyothishaasthranjar aadhunika soothravaakyathinu thulyamaaya kiblayude krithyamaaya disha kandethunnathinulla reethikal vikasippichu. thudakkathil, eee "jyothishaasthranjarude kibla" parambaraagathamaayi nirnnayikkappetta vividha kiblakalkkoppam upayogichirunnu, ithu madhyakala muslim nagarangalil valareyadhikam vaividhyathin kaaranamaayi. koodaathe, jyotishaasthra reethikalkku krithyamaaya phalam nalkunnathinu aavashyamaaya krithyamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vivarangal 18,19 noottaandukalkku munbu labhyamayirunnilla, ithu kiblayude kooduthal vaividhyathin kaaranamaayi. vyathyasthamaaya khiblakalulla charitraparamaaya pallikal innum islaamika lokamembaadum nilakollunnu. 2007ll bhakthanaya oru muslim sheikh mussaffar shukor anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayathilekku (aii. ezz. iii. ezz) bahiraakaashathekku parannath thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil ninnu kibla dishayumaayi bandhappett oru charchaykku kaaranamaayi, ithu addehathinte swantham rajyamaaya malaysiayile islaamika adhikaarathe bahiraakaashayaathrikan "saadhyamaayathinte adisthaanathil" kibla nirnnayikkaan shupaarsha cheyyaan prerippichu.
sthalam.
soudi arabiayile hejaz mekhalayile mccayile vishudha palliyude (alle-masjid alle-harram) madhyabhaagathulla cube polulla kettidamaaya kabayude dishayaanu kibla. khibla enna punk koodaathe, daivathinte bhavanam ("baith allahu") ennum ariyappedunna musleengalude ettavum vishudhamaaya sthalam koodiyaanithu, koodaathe hajj, umra theerthaadana velakalil (pradakshinam) nadathunnu. naalu moolakalum naalu pradhana dishakalilekku viral choondunna ekadesham chathuraakrithiyilulla graundu plaanaan kaabaykkullath. khuraan anusarichu, islaamile pravaachakanmaraaya abraham ismaeelum chernnaanu ithu nirmmichathu. islaaminte uyarchaykku munbulla kabayude charithram vishadeekarikkunna chila charithrarekhakal avasheshikkunnundenkil mohammedinu munbulla thalamurakalil, islaaminu munbulla arabi mathatthinte aaraadhanaalayamaayi caba upayogichirunnu.
khuraanile alle-bakhra adhyaayathile 144,149,150 vaakyangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu caba (allengil athu sthithicheyyunna vishudha palli) yude kibla padavi, avayil oronnilum "ningalude mukham vishudha palliyilekku thirikkanulla" ("favalli vajaka shatru alle-masjid ill-harram") kalppana adangiyirikkunnu. islaamika paarambaryamanusarichu, randaam hijri varshathil (sii. iii. 623) allengil mohammed madeenayilekkulla kudiyettatthinu 15 allengil 16 maasangalkk sesham rajab allengil shaban maasathilaanu eee vaakyangal velippeduthiyathu. eee velippeduthalukalkk munbu, madeenayile juthanmaar upayogikkunna praarthanayude dishayaaya misrayude athe dishayaaya kibla pole mohammed madeenayile musleengalum jarusalemilekku praarthichirunnu. oru praarthanaa sabhaykkidayilaanu eee vaakyangal velippettathennu islaamika paarambaryam parayunnu; praarthanaa chadangukalkkidayil mohammed anuyaayikalum udan thanne jarusalemil ninnu makkayilekku avarude disha maatti. eee sambhavathinte sthaanam masjid alle-khiblaatheyn ("rund khiblakalude palli") aayi maari.
mohammed makkayilaayirunnappol (madeenayilekkulla kudiyettatthinu munbu) kibla dishayekkurichu vyathyastha reportukalundu. charitrakaaranaaya alle-tabari eksejettum (paata vyaakhyaathaavu) alle-baidavi udharicha oru report anusarichu, mohammed kabayodu praarthichu. mccayil aayirunnappol mohammed jarusalemilekku praarthichathaayi alle-baladhuri alle-tabari udharicha mattoru report parayunnu. ibnu hishaaminte muhammadinte jeevacharithrathil paraamarshichirikkunna mattoru reportil, caba, jarusalem ennivaye oresamayam abhimukeekarikkunna vidhathil mohammed praarthichathaayi parayunnu. innu sunnyum shia ulppede ellah shaakhakalileyum musleengal ellaavarum kabayilekk praarthikkunnu. charitraparamaayi, oru pradhana apavaadam, ippol pravarthanarahithamaaya oru samanvaya shiah vibhagamaaya karmathian aayirunnu, avar kabaye kiblai nirasichu; 930-ll avar mcca kollayadikkukayum islaamile oru puthiya yugam aarambikkuka enna uddeshyathode alle-ahsayile thangalude adhikara kendrathilekku kaabayude karutha kallu kurachu samayathekku kondupookukayum cheythu.
mathaparamaya praadhaanyam.
uthbhavashaasthraparamaayi, arabi padamaaya "kibla" () ennaal "disha" ennaanu ardham. islaamika achaarangalilum niyamathilum, praarthanakalilum mattu mathaparamaya sandarbhangalilum muslimkal abhimukeekarikkunna oru prathyeka dishayeyaanu ithu soochippikkunnathu. saadhaarana saahacharyangalil salaahinte saadhuthaykk-islaamika aachaaraparamaaya praarthanaykku-kibla abhimukeekarikkendathu oru avashya vyavasthayaanennu islaamika mathapandithanmaar sammathikkunnu; bhayathinteyo yudhathinteyo avasthayil praarthanakalum yaathraykkide nirbandhithamallaatha praarthanakalum ithil ulppedunnu. theerthaadana samayat madhyathil (kalleriyal aacharam) praveshikkumbol musleengal "ihraamil" (hajj cheyyaanulla vishudha samsthaanam) praveshikkumbol kibla abhimukeekarikkanamennum (muhammadinte paarambaryam) nirddeshikkunnu. oru mrugathe arukkumbol athinte thalayum samskarikkumbol marichavarude mukhavum kiblayilekk tirikkaan islaamika maryaadakal ("adab") musleengalodu aavashyappedunnu. oru praarthana nadathumbol kiblayanu munganana nalkunnathu, koodaathe malavisarjanam, moothramozhikkal, thuppal enniva ozhivaakkanam.
oru pallikkullil, kibla saadhaaranayaayi athinte kibla abhimukeekarikkunna mathilile oru "mihrab" soochippikkunnu. oru sabhaa praarthanayil, imam athil allengil athinaduthaayi, sabhayude backie bhaagangalkk munnil nilkkunnu. umayyad kaalaghattatthil "mihrab" palliyude bhaagamaayi maarukayum abbazid kaalaghattatthil athinte roopam staanderdais cheyyukayum cheythu; athinumumbu, oru palliyude kibla athinte oru mathilinte ooriyanteshanil ninnu ariyappettirunnu, athine kibla mathil ennu vilikkunnu. khuraanil oru thavana maathrame mihrab enna padam saakshyappeduthiyitlum athu oru palliyude bhagamalla, marichu israayelyarude praarthanaa sthalatheyaanu soochippikkunnathu. eejipthile fusthaathile ettavum pazhaya pallikalilonnaaya aamar ibnu alle-asinte palli yadhaarthathil "mihrab" illaathe nirmmichathaanennu ariyappedunnu, ennirunnaalum orennam pinneedu chertthu.
"ainn alle-kabah", "jiat alle-kabah".
"ainn alle-kabah" ("kabaye abhimukeekarikkaan nilkkunnath") ennathu kibla abhimukeekarikkunna oru sthaanamaanu, angane vyakthiyude kaazhcharekhayil ninnu neelunna oru saangalppika rekha kaabayiloode kadannupokum. mccayile valia palliyilum parisaratthum eee reethiyil kibla aacharikkunnath eluppamaanu, ennaal caba veethiyil kuravaayathinaal vidoora sthalangalil ninnu ithu phalatthil asaadyamaanu. udaaharanathinu, madeenayil ninnu, kabayil ninnu nerrekha akalatthil, krithyamaaya saangalppika rekhayil ninnu oru digri vyathiyaanam-oraalude praarthana paaya sajjeekarikkumbozho oraalude bhavam anumaanikkumbozho shradhikkappedaatha oru pishak-kaabayude sthalathu ninnu maarunnathin kaaranamaakunnu. makkayekkaal kooduthal akaleyaayirikkumbol eee prabhavam vardhikkunnu jakkaarthayil ninnu, indoneshyayil ninnu-chilath akale, oru digri vyathiyaanam oru shifttinekkaal kooduthal kaaranamaakunnu, oru arck sekkandinte vyathiyaanam polum-- kaabayude sthaanathu ninnu maarunnathinekkaal kooduthal kaaranamaakunnu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, oru palliyude nirmmaana prakriyaykku kanakkakkiya kiblayil ninnu anchu digri vare pishak eluppathil avatharippikkan kazhiyum, koodaathe aaraadhanakkaarude soochakangalaayi pallikkullil praarthanaa raggukal sthaapikkunnathu palliyude ooriyanteshanil ninnu anchu digri vyathiyaanam koodi cherkkum.
islaamika mathapandithanmaarude oru nyoonapaksham-udaaharanathinu ibnu arabi (maama. 1240)-aachaaraparamaaya praarthanaykkide "ainn alle-qaa 'baa" nirbandhamaanennu karuthuka, mattullavar oraalkk kazhiyumbol maathrame ithu nirbandhamaayi kanakkaakkoo. makkayekkaal akaleyulla sthalangalil abu hanifa (maama. 699), alle-khurtubi (dii. 1214) caba enna pothu disha maathram abhimukheekarichu "jihat alle-qaa 'baa" ennu anumanikkaan anuvaadamundennu vaadikkunnu. kabayilekkulla saangalppika rekha oraalude kaazhchappaadinullilaayir kibla abhimukeekarikkunnathinulla aachaaraparamaaya vyavastha ithinakam niravettappettuvennu mattullavar vaadikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, alle-aandalasile (islaamik iberian upadveep) thekkukizhakkan kwaadrantineyum madhya eshyayile thekkupadinjaaran kwaadrantineyum saadhuvaaya kiblai amgeekarikkunna niyamaparamaaya abhipraayangalundu. jiat alle-qaa 'baaba" yude saadhuthayekkurichulla vaadangalil khuraaninte vaakkukal ulppedunnu, athu musleengalodu valia palliyilekku "[oraalude] mukham tirikkaan" maathram utharavidukayum "ainn alle-qaa' baaba" ellah sthalangalilum nirbandhamaanengil niravettaan kazhiyaatha vyavasthakal adichelppikkunnathu ozhivaakkukayum cheiyunnu. abu ishaq alle-shirasiyude pathinonnam noottaandile "kitab alle-tanbih phil-fikh" ll krodeekarichirikkunnathu, oraal mccuik sameepamallathappozho palliyude sameepamallathappozho praadeshika palli soochippikkunna kibla pinthudarnnu vishwaasayogyanaaya oru vyakthiyodu chodikkanamennu shafi 'aii school oof islaamik loow vaadikkunnu. ithu saadhyamallaathappol, oraalkk svanthamaayi theerumaanamedukkuka-oraalkk labhyamaya maargangaliloode "ijtihad" prayogikkuka ennathaanu.
nischayadaartyam.
saidhaanthika adisthaanam mahathaaya vritham.
golatthinte madhyabhaagathinu samanamaaya oru golatthile eathoru vrithatheyum orthodrome ennum vilikkunna oru valia vritham. udaaharanathinu, rekhaamshathinte ellah rekhakalum bhoomiyude valia vrithangalaanu, athesamayam bhoomadhyarekha maathramaan akshaamshatthinte eaka rekha, athu oru valia vritham koodiyaanu (akshaamshatthinte mattu varikal bhoomiyude madhyabhaagathinte vadakotto thekotto kendreekarichirikkunnu). oru pradeshathu ninnu kiblayude disha ganithashaasthraparamaayi nirnnayikkaan sramikkunna mikka modalukalileyum saidhaanthika adisthaanamaanu grettu sarkkil. atharam maathrkakalil, pradeshathiloodeyum kaabaayiloodeyum kadannupokunna valia vrithathinte dishayaayaanu kibla nirvachichirikkunnathu. oru valia vrithathinte savisheshathakalilonn vrithathile eathenkilum jody pooyintukale bandhippikkunna ettavum cheria paathaye soochippikkunnu ennathaanu-ithaanu kibla nirnnayikkaan athinte upayogathinte adisthaanam. rund sthalangaleyum bandhippikkunna ettavum cheria parakkal paatha kandethaan grettu sarkkil samaanamaayi upayogikkunnu-athinaal grettu sarkkil reethi upayogichu kanakkaakkunna kibla saadhaaranayaayi makkayilekkulla pradeshatthinte dishaykku aduthaanu. deerghavritham oru thikanja golathekkaal bhoomiyude kooduthal krithyamaaya roopamaayathinaal, aadhunika gaveshakar kibla kanakkakkaan deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla maathrkakal upayogikkunnathinekkur parishodhichu, valia vrithathe oru deerghavrithathile geodesics upayogichu maattisthaapichu. ithu kooduthal sankeernamaaya kanakkukoottalukalkk kaaranamaakunnu, athesamayam krithyathayile mechappeduthal oru palliyude krameekaranatthinteyo paaya sthaapinteyo saadhaarana krithyathaykkullil varunnu. udaaharanathinu, graa 80 deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla model upayogikkunna kanakkukoottalukal saan fraansiskoyile oru sthalathinu 18°47′06′ enna kibla nalkunnu, athesamayam grettu sarkkil reethi 18°51′05′ nalkunnu.
golaakrithiyilulla trikonamithiyulla kanakkukoottalukal.
oru golatthinte moonnu valia vrithangalaal roopappedunna trikonangalude vashangalum konukalum thammilulla ganitha bandhangalumayi bandhapetta jyaamithiyude oru shaakhayaaya gola trikonamithi upayogichu (dvimaana trikonavumaayi bandhapetta parambaraagatha trikonamithiyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi) kibla kanakkakkaan grettu sarkkil model prayogikkunnu. anugamikkunna chithratthil ("kibla kanakkukoottal" enna thalakkettil), oru lokkeshan formula _ 1, caba formula _ 2, utharadhruva formula _ 3 enniva bhoomiyude golatthil oru trikonathe roopappeduthunnu. soothravaakyam 1, soothravaakyam 2 ennivayiloode kadannupokunna valia vrithathinte dishayaaya formula 4 aanu kibla soochippikkunnathu. kibla vadakkott kiblayude oru konaayi, formula 7 (allengil formula 8) aayi prakadippikkaanum kazhiyum, ithine "inhiraf alle-kibla" ennum vilikkunnu. eee koonn praadeshika akshamsha soothravaakyam _ 9, caba soothravaakyam _ 10 nte akshaamsham, pradeshavum caba soothravaakyam _ 11 umm thammilulla rekhamsha vyathyasam ennivayude ganithashaasthra pravartthanamaayi kanakkakkaam. konukalude soothravaakyam _ 12, soothravaakyam _ 13, soothravaakyam _ 14, vashangalude soothravaakyam _ 15, soothravaakyam _ 16, soothravaakyam _ 17 ennivayulla eathu golaakrithiyilulla trikonathinum baadhakamaaya kottaanjant niyamathil ninnaan eee function uruthirinjathu
soothravaakyam _ 18
eee soothravaakyam golaakrithiyilulla trikona soothravaakyam _ 19 (formula _ 20 pakaram vaykkunnathu) prayogikkukayum trikonamithika identittikal prayogikkukayum cheythaal labikkum
formula _ 21, allengil
soothravaakyam _ 22
udaaharanathinu, indoneshyayile yogyakaartha nagaratthil ninnulla kibla thaazhepparayunna reethiyil kanakkakkaam. nagaratthinte kordinettukal, formula _ 9,7.801389 °s, 110.364444 °e aanu, athesamayam caba kordinettukal, formula _ 10,21.422478 °n, 39.825183 °e aanu. rekhamsha vyathyasa soothravaakyam _ 11 aanu (110.364444 mainus 39.825183) 70.539261. moolyangal formulayilekk maattisthaapikkunnath nedunnu
formula _ 26. ithu nalkunnu
soothravaakyam _ 27. yogakartha nagaratthinte kanakkukoottappetta kibla 295° allengil padinjaarinu 25° vadakkaanu.
eee soothravaakyam aadhunika pandithanmaar uruthirinjathaanenkilum onpathaam noottaand muthal (moonnaam noottaand) musleem jyothishaasthranjarkku samanamaaya reethikal ariyamaayirunnu, habash alle-hasib (damascasilum baghdadilum sajeevamaan), alle-nairisi (baghdad), ibnu younus (patthaam noottaand-pathinonnam noottaand), ibnu alle-haytam (pathinonnam noottaand), alle-biruni (pathinonnam noottaand) ennivarulppede vividha pandithanmaar ithu vikasippicheduthittundu. innu golaakrithiyilulla trikonamithiyum kibla kanakkaakkunna mikkavarum ellah prayogangalkkum websiteukalkkum adivarayidunnu.
vadakkottulla khibla koonn, formula _ 8, ariyappedumbol, prayogatthil khibla kandethunnathinu yadhaartha vadakku ariyendathundu. suuryan krithyamaayi praadeshika meridian kadakkumbol sooryante parakodiyile nizhal nireekshikkunnathu ithu kandethunnathinulla saadhaarana praayogika reethikalil ulppedunnu. eee ghattathil, eathu lamba vasthuvum vadakku-thekk dishayilekku oru nizhal idum. eee nireekshanatthinte phalam valare krithyamaanu, ennaal ithinu paraakaashtayude praadeshika samayam krithyamaayi nirnnayikkukayum athe samayam krithyamaaya nireekshanam nadathukayum venam. mattoru saadhaarana reethi compass upayogikkunnu, ithu kooduthal praayogikamaanu, kaaranam ithu eppol venamenkilum cheyyaan kazhiyum; oru kanthika compass soochippikkunna vadakku yadhaartha vadakkil ninnu vyathyasthamaan ennathaanu poraayma. eee kaanthikamaaya idivu 20° vare alakkaan kazhiyum, ithu bhoomiyile vividha sthalangalil vyathyaasappedaam, kaalakramena maarum.
nizhal nireekshanam.
bhoomiyil ninnu nireekshichathupole, suuryan vadakkan, thekkan ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalkkidayil kaalaanusrithamaayi "maarunnathayi" kaanapedunnu; koodaathe, bhoomiyude bhramanathinte falamaayi athu divasena kizhakk ninnu padinjarottu neengunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. eee rund prathyaksha chalanangalude samyojanam ardhamaakkunnathu ellah divasavum suuryan meridian orikkal kadakkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi krithyamaayi mukalilalla, marichu nireekshakante vadakotto thekotto. rund ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalkkidayilulla sthalangalil-23.5° vadakotto thekotto ulla akshamshangalil-varshathile chila nimishangalil (saadhaaranayaayi varshathil randuthavana) suuryan eathaandu nerittu mukaliloode kadannupokunnu. suuryan ore samayam praadeshika akshaamshathil aayirikkumbol meridian kadakkumbozhaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath.
21°25′n-ll sthithicheyyunnathinaal ithu sambhavikkunna sthalangalil onnaanu mcca nagaram. ithu varshathil randuthavana sambhavikkunnu, aadyam 27/28 ll ekadesham 12:18 soudi arebia staanderd samayam (saast) allengil 09:18 yuu. tii. sii., randaamathu 15/16 juulai 12:27 saast (09:27 yuu. tii. sii). suuryan caba ennathinte unnathiyilethumbol, sooryaprakaasham labhikkuna bhoomiyile eathu lamba vasthuvum kibla soochippikkunna oru nizhal idunnu ("chithram kaanuka"). kibla kandethunnathinulla eee reethiye "rasd alle-kiblat" ("kibla nireekshikkuka") ennu vilikkunnu. kaabayude ethir ardhagolathil ratri veezhunnathinaal, bhoomiyile pakuthiyolam sthalangalkkum (austreliyayum americayudeyum pasaphik samudrathinteyum bhooribhaagavum ulppede) ithu nerittu nireekshikkaan kazhiyilla. pakaram, suuryan kabayude antipodal pooyintinu mukaliloode kadannupokumbol (mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, suuryan kabaykk nerittu thaazhekku kadannupokunnu) atharam sthalangal vipareeta prathibhasam nireekshikkunnu, ithu "rasd alle-khiblaath" samayat nireekshichathil ninnu vipareeta dishayilekku nizhalukal srishtikkunnu. ithu varshathil randuthavana sambhavikkunnu, januvari 14 nuu 00:30 saast (21:30 kazhinja divasam yuu. tii. sii), november 29 nuu 00:09 saast (21:09 kazhinja divasam yuu. tii. sii). rasd alle-khiblaath" nimishangal allengil athinte antipodal athiraalikalkku anchu minittinullil allengil oro sambavathinum rund divasam munbo sheshamo ore divasam nadatthiya nireekshanangal ippozhum valare kuranja vyathyaasathode krithyamaaya dishakal kaanikkunnu.
loka bhoopadatthil.
oru paranna loka bhoopadatthil sangalppikkumbol soochippicha disha vipareethamaayi thonniyekkaamenkilum golaakrithiyilulla trikonamithiyaanu bhoomiyile eathu binduvil ninnum kaabayilekkulla ettavum cheria paatha nalkunnathu. udaaharanathinu, golaakrithiyilulla trikonamithiyiloode labhikkuna alaskayil ninnulla kibla eathaandu vadakkottaanu. loka bhoopadangal upayogikkunna pravachanangal moolamaanu eee prathyakshamaaya ethir-avabodham undaakunnath, avaa bhoomiyude uparithalathe valachodikkunnu. merkkettar projection upayogikkumbol loka bhoopadam kaanikkunna oru nerrekhaye rumb line allengil loxodrome ennu vilikkunnu, ithu nyoonapaksha musleengal kibla soochippikkaan upayogikkunnu. ithu chila sthalangalil naadakeeyamaaya vyathyaasathin kaaranamakum; udaaharanathinu, vadakke amerikkayude chila bhaagangalil paranna bhoopadam thekkukizhakk mcca kaanikkumbol grettu sarkkil kanakkukoottal vadakkukizhakku kaanikkunnu. jappanil bhoopadam ithu thekkupadinjaraayi kaanikkumbol grettu sarkkil vadakkupadinjaraayi kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhooribhaagam musleengalum grettu sarkkil reethi pinthudarunnu.
maappinte eathu pooyintil ninnum maappinte kendramaayi thiranjeduttha oru poyintilekku valia vrithapaathayude koneeya disha (asimat) samrakshikkunna eathoru mapp projection retroasimuthal projection aanu. kabaye kendrabinduvaayi thiranjedutthu kibla kandethaan sahayikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte vikasanathinte prarambha lakshyam. pathinettaam noottaandil iraanil srishticha rund austrolabe aakruthiyilulla pichala upakaranangalaan eee projection upayogichulla ettavum aadyakaala srishtikal. avayil spain chainaykkum edayilulla sthalangal ulkkollunna gridukal adangiyirikkunnu, pradhana nagarangalude sthalangal avayude perukalkkoppam label cheiyunnu, pakshe theerapradeshangalonnum kanikkunnilla. randil aadyathethu 1989 ll kandethi; athinte vyaasam, upakaranathinte chuttalavile adayaalangalil ninnu makkayude disha vaayikkaan kazhiyunna oru bharanaadhikaariyund, koodaathe bharanaadhikaariyude adayaalangalil ninnu makkayilekkulla dooravum. randaamathethil maathramaan athinte srashtaavaaya mohammed hussain oppittathu. paashchaathya saahithyathile oru retroasimuthal projakshante aadyathe aupachaarika roopakalppana 1910 ll eejipthile sarway vibhaagathil jolie cheythirunna scotish ganithashaasthranjanaaya jaims ireland craig srishticha craig projection allengil mcca projakshanaanu. addehathinte bhoopadam mccayil kendreekarichirikkunnu, athinte paridhi pradhaanamaayum musleem bhoomiye kaanikkunnathil parimithamaanu. kendratthil ninnu 90° rekhaamshathil kooduthal bhoopadam neettunnathu tirakkum ovarlaappukalum undaakkum.
parambaraagatha reethikal.
charithrathiludaneelam ganithashaasthra jyothishaasthrathe adisthaanamaakkiyallaathu paarambaryatheyo "naadodi shaasthratheyo" adisthaanamaakkiyulla lalithamaaya reethikalaanu kibla nirnnayichathennu charithrarekhakalum nilanilkkunna pazhaya pallikalum kaanikkunnu. madeenayil aayirikkumbol thekkott abhimukeekarikkaanulla muhammadinte nirddesham aksharaarthatthil pinthudarnnu chila aadyakaala muslimkal thekk ellaayidathum kiblai upayogichirunnu (mcca madeenaykku thekk aanu). mcca aaa dishayilekku oridathum illengilum padinjaaru alle-andalus vare akaleyulla chila pallikalum kizhakk madhya eshyayum thekkott abhimukeekarikkunnu. vividha sthalangalil, pravaachakante koottaalikal avide upayogichirunna "koottaalikalkku vendiyulla khiblakal" ("khiblaath alle-sahaba") undu-islaamil maathrkakalaayi kanakkaakkappedunna aadya thalamurayile musleengal. musleem jyothishaasthranjar makkayilekkulla kooduthal krithyamaaya dishakal kandethaan kanakkukoottalukal upayogichathinusheshavum, thudarnnulla noottaandukalil chila muslimkal mattu dishakalodoppam atharam dishakal upayogichu. sahapaadikalkku kiblakal ennu visheshippikkappedunna dishakalil thekk syriayilum palasteenilum, eejipthile shaityakaala sooryodayathinte disha, iraakhile shaityakaala sooryaasthamayathinte disha enniva ulppedunnu. shaityakaala sooryodayathinteyum sooryaasthamayathinteyum dishayum parambaraagathamaayi eshtappedunnu, kaaranam avaa caba mathilukalkk samaantharamaanu.
reethikalude vikasanam.
pree-aastronami.
charithrathiludaneelam musleem samudaayangalkku kiblayude nirnayam oru pradhana prasnamaanu. muslimkal avarude dainamdina praarthanakal nadatthaan kibla ariyendathundu, koodaathe pallikalude disha nirnnayikkendathum aavasyamaanu. mohammed madeenayil (mccayepole, hejaz mekhalayilum) musleengalkkidayil thaamasichappol, makkayude ariyappedunna dishayanusarichu addeham thekkott praarthichu. 632ll muhammadinte maranashesham eathaanum thalamurakalkkullil, musleengal mccayil ninnu valare akaleyulla sthalangalil ethi, puthiya sthalangalil kibla nirnnayikkunna prashnam avatharippichu. jyothishaasthrathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla ganithashaasthra reethikal ettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilo onpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilo maathrame vikasikkukayulloo, appozhum avaa thudakkathil janapriyamayirunnilla. athinaal, aadyakaala muslimkal jyothishaasthraparamallaath reethikale aashrayichu.
aadyakaala islaamika kaalaghattatthil kibla nirnnayikkunnathil vaividhyamaarnna parambaraagatha reethikal undaayirunnu, athinte falamaayi ore sthalathu ninnu polum vyathyastha dishakal undaayirunnu. thekk, koottaalikalude khiblakal ennivaykku purame, arabikalkku "naadodi" jyothishaasthrathinte oru roopavum ariyamaayirunnu-jyotishaasthra charitrakaaranaaya david eiii. islaaminu munbulla paarambaryangalil ninnu uthbhavicha krithyamaaya shaasthramaaya parambaraagatha jyothishaasthrathil ninnu ithine verthirichariyaan rajaavu. ganithashaasthrathil oru adisthaanavumillaathe suuryan, chandran, nakshathrangal, kaatt ennivayekkurichulla nireekshanam ulppedeyulla prakrithi prathibhasangal ithu upayogichu. eee reethikal oro pradeshathum prathyeka dishakal nalkunnu, palappozhum oru prathyeka nakshathratthinte nischitha krameekaranavum uyarunna pooyintukalum, vishuvathilo venalkkaalatho shaityakaala ayanaanthathilo sooryodayamo sooryaasthamayamo upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, charitra srothassukal atharam niravadhi kiblakal rekhappeduthunnu magrebile vishuvarshathil (kizhakk) sooryodayavum, indiayile vishuvarshathil (padinjaaru) sooryaasthamayavum, vadakkan kaattinte uthbhavamo yemanile vadakkan nakshathratthinte nischitha sthaanamo, syriayile "suhayil" (canopus) nakshathratthinte uyarchayude sthaanam, iraakhile shaithyakaalathinte madhya sooryaasthamayam. atharam nirddeshangal fikh (islaamika niyamashaasthram) grandhangalilum naadodi jyotishaasthra grandhangalilum kaanapedunnu. jyothishaasthranjar (naadodi jyothishaasthranjar ozhike) saadhaaranayaayi eee reethikalekkurichu abhiprayam parayunnillengilum islaamika niyamapandithanmaar avaye athirthilla. kibla kooduthal krithyamaayi kanakkakkunnathinulla reethikal vikasippicheduthappol parambaraagatha dishakal ippozhum upayogathilundaayirunnu, avaa innum nilanilkkunna chila madhyakala pallikalil kaanapedunnu.
jyothishaasthrathodoppam.
islaamika boudhika paarambaryatthil "ilm alle-falak" (илм л-falak) ennariyappedunna jyotishaasthra patanam ettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil abbazid khilaafathinte pradhana nagaramaya baghdadine kendreekarichulla islaamika lokath prathyakshappedaan thudangi. thudakkathil, indian ezhuthukaarude kruthikaliloodeyaanu shaasthram avatharippikkappettath, ennaal onpathaam noottaandinu sesham tolamiyeppolulla greak jyothishaasthranjarude kruthikal arabiyilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum eee mekhalayile pradhana paraamarsangalaayi maarukayum cheythu. islaamika jyothishaasthranjar greak jyothishaasthrathin munganana nalki, kaaranam saidhaanthika vishadeekaranangalaal ithu mikacha reethiyil pinthunaykkunnathaayi avar kanakkaakkukayum athinaal ithu oru krithyamaaya shaasthramaayi vikasippikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum, indian jyothishaasthrathinte swaadheenam jyotishaasthra pattikakalude samahaarathil nilanilkkunnu. tolamiyude "bhoomishaasthrathil" ninnu edutha akshaamshavum rekhaamshavum enna ashayavum muslim pandithanmaar vikasippichedutha trikonamitheeya soothravaakyangalum upayogichu kibla nirnnayikkunnathinulla puthiya reethikal vikasippikkunnathinaan eee puthiya shaasthram prayogichathu. madhyakala islaamika lokath ezhuthiya jyothishaasthrathinte mikka paatapusthakangalilum khiblayude nirnnayathekkurichulla oru adhyayam adangiyirikkunnu, ithu jyothishaasthrathe islaamika niyamavumaayi ("shariat") bandhippikkunna niravadhi kaaryangalil onnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. david eiii. rajaakkanmaare, kibla nirnnayikkunnathinulla vividha madhyakala pariharangal "3-9 muthal 8-14 noottaandukal vareyulla ganithashaasthra reethikalude vikasanathinum eee pandithanmaar nediya trikonamithiyileyum computational saankethikavidyakalileyum sankeernathayude thalatthinum saakshyam vahikkunnu".
onpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vikasippichedutha aadyathe ganithashaasthra reethikal ganithashaasthra prashnathinulla ekadesha pariharangalaayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi oru paranna bhoopadam allengil dvimaana jyamiti upayogikkunnu. yadhaarthathil bhoomi golaakrithiyilullathinaal, kandethiya dishakal krithyathayillaathavayaayirum mccayode thaarathamyena aduthulla sthalangalkku (eejipt iraanum ulppede) avaa mathiyakum, kaaranam pishakukal 2° ll kuravaayirunnu.
trimana jyamithiyeyum golaakrithiyilulla trikonamithiyeyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla krithyamaaya pariharangal onpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil prathyakshappedaan thudangi. habash alle-haseeb oru orthographic projection upayogichu oru aadyakaala udaaharanam ezhuthi. mattoru koottam pariharangal trikonamitheeya soothravaakyangal upayogikkunnu, udaaharanathinu alle-nairisiyude menilosinte sidhaanthathinte naalu ghatta prayogam. ibnu younus, abu alle-wafa, ibnu alle-haitam, alle-biruni ennivarulppedeyulla thudarnnulla pandithanmaar aadhunika jyothishaasthrathinte veekshanakonil ninnu krithyamaanennu sthireekarikkunna mattu reethikal nirddeshichu.
musleem jyothishaasthranjar pinneedu eee reethikal upayogichu mccayil ninnulla akshaamshavum rekhamsha vyathyaasangalum anusarichu tharamthirickunna sthalangalude pattikayil ninnu kibla kaanikkunna pattikakal samaaharichu. baghdadil ninnulla ettavum pazhaya udaaharanathil 20 digri vareyulla oro degrick arck minittinum entrikal undaayirunnu. pathinalam noottaandil, damaaskasile umayyad palliyil "muvaakhithu" (time keeper) aayi sevanamanushticha jyothishaasthranjanaaya shams alle-dhiin alle-khalili, mccayil ninnu 60 digri vare rekhamsha vyathyasamullathum 10 digri muthal 50 digri vare akshaamshamullathumaaya 2,880 kordinettukalkkaayi oru kibla table samaaharichu. madhyakala kibla meshakalil, alle-khaliliyude srishtikal "athinte vyaapthiyudeyum krithyathayudeyum veekshanathil ettavum aakarshakamaan" ennu rajaavu abhipraayappedunnu.
yadhaartha sthalangalil eee reethikal prayogikkunnathinulla krithyatha athinte inputt paaraamettarukalude krithyathaye aasrayichirikkunnu-praadeshika akshaamshavum makkayude akshaamshavum rekhamsha vyathyasavum. eee reethikal vikasippikkumbol, oru sthalathinte akshaamsham niravadhi arck minittukalude krithyathayode nirnnayikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe oru sthalathinte rekhamsham nirnnayikkaan krithyamaaya maarggam undaayirunnilla. rekhamsha vyathyasam kanakkakkaan upayogikkunna saadhaarana reethikalil chandragrahanatthinte praadeshika samayavum mccayile samayavum thaarathamyam cheiyukayo caravan paathakalude dooram alakkukayo cheyyuka ulppedunnu; madhya eshyan pandithanaaya alle-biruni vividha ekadesha reethikal sharashari cheythukondu thante kanakk nadatthi. rekhamsha krithyathayillaayma kaaranam, madhyakala kibla kanakkukoottalukal (ganithashaasthraparamaayi krithyamaaya reethikal upayogikkunnava ulppede) aadhunika moolyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. udaaharanathinu, keyroyile alle-azhar palli "jyothishaasthranjarude kibla" upayogichaanu nirmmichathenkilum, upayogicha rekhamsha vyathyasam moonnu digri kuravaayathinaal palliyude kibla (127°) aadhunika kanakkukoottalukalude phalangalil ninnu (135°) kurachu vyathyasthamaan.
18, 19 noottaandukalil cartographic sarvekal prayogichathinushesham maathramaan islaamika lokath krithyamaaya rekhamsha moolyangal labhyamaayath. aadhunika kordinettukalkkoppam gps upagrahangal, electronic upakaranangal thudangiya puthiya saankethikavidyakalum kibla kanakkakkunnathinulla praayogika upakaranangalude vikasanathinu kaaranamaayi. aadhunika upakaranangal upayogikkunnathaayi kandethiya kibla pallikalude dishayil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirikkam, kaaranam aadhunika daattayude varavinu munbu oru palli nirmmichirikkaam, koodaathe aadhunika pallikalude nirmmaana prakriyayil ooriyanteshan thettukal avatharippikkappettirim. ithu ariyumbol, chilappol palliyude "mihraabinte" disha ippozhum nireekshikkappedunnu, chilappol "mihrabinu" pakaram pinthudaraan kazhiyunna oru adayaalam (palliyil varacha varikal polullava) cherkkunnu.
upakaranangal.
oru palliyude sameepamallaathappol khibla disha kandethaan muslimkal vividha upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. pradhana settilmentukalil ninnulla oru tabilo kibla konukalude pattikayo ulppedunna oru kanthika dishayaanu kibla compass. chila electronic pathippukal khibla svayameva kanakkakkaanum soochippikkaanum upagraha kordinettukal upayogikkunnu. ekadesham 1300 muthal kibla kompasukal nilavilundu, koodaathe upakaranagalil thanne palappozhum ezhuthappedunna kibla konukalude patikayum ithinu anubandhamaanu. musleem athidhikal ulla hotel murikalkku melkkoorayil kibla kaanikkunna stikkaro droyero upayogikkaam. computinginte varavode, vividha mobail aaplikkeshanukalum websaittukalum avarude upayokthakkalkkaayi kibla kanakkakkaan soothravaakyangal upayogikkunnu.
vaividhyam.
aadyakaala islaamika lokam.
kibla nirnnayikkaan vyathyastha reethikal upayogichathinaal, charithrathiludaneelam vividha dishakalilaanu pallikal nirmmikkappettath, avayil chilath innum nilanilkkunnu. jyothishaasthratheyum ganithashaasthratheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla reethikal ellaayppozhum upayogichirunnilla, daattayudeyum kanakkukoottalukaludeyum krithyathayile vyathyaasangal kaaranam ore nirnaya reethikk vyathyastha kiblakal nalkaan kazhiyum. eejipshyan charitrakaaranaaya alle-makrisi (maama. 1442) akkaalat keyroyil upayogichirunna vividha kibla konukal rekhappeduthiyittundu 90° (kizhakk), 117° (shaityakaala sooryodaya, "saahaabayude kibla"), 127° (ibnu yoonusineppolulla jyothishaasthranjar kanakkakkunnu), 141° (ibnu thulooninte palli), 156° (suhayil/kanoppasinte uyarchayude sthaanam), 180° (thekk, madeenayile muhammadinte kibla anukarikkunnu), 204° (kanoppasinte krameekarana sthaanam). keyroyude aadhunika kibla 135° aanu, athu akkaalat ariyapettirunnilla. eee vaividhyam keyroyile jillakalil ekeekrithamallaatha leauttinum kaaranamaakunnu, kaaranam theruvukal palappozhum pallikalude vyathyastha ooriyanteshanu anusrithamaayittaanu. cordoba (113°, 120°, 135°, 150°, 180° enniva panthrandaam noottaandil rekhappeduthiyittundu), samarkand (180°, 225°, 230°, 240°, 270° enniva pathinonnam noottaandil rekhappeduthiyittundu) ennivayulppede mattu pradhana nagarangalile kiblakalude vaividhyavum charithrarekhakal soochippikkunnu. jihat alle-qaa 'baa" enna sidhaanthamanusarichu, khiblakalude vaividhyamaarnna dishakal ore vishalamaaya dishayilaayirikkunnidath kaalam ippozhum saadhuthayullathaanu. mccayil thanne, caback nere abhimukeekarikkaatha niravadhi aadyakaala pallikal nirmikkappettu.
1990ll bhoomishaasthra pandithanaaya maikkal iii. innathe morocoyile ellah pradhana nagarangalileyum pradhana pallikalekkurichu bonin oru sarway nadatthi-idrisid kaalaghattam (ettaam-patthaam noottaand) muthal alauyitt kaalaghattam (pathinezhaam noottaand muthal innuvare) vare nirmmichathaanu. aadhunika kanakkukoottalukal maraakeshile 91° (eathaandu kizhakk) num tanjiyaril 97° num idayil kiblakal nalkunnundengilum, alauyitt kaalaghattatthil nirmmicha pallikal maathrame eee shreniyodu thaarathamyena aduthulla kiblakal upayogichu nirmmichittulloo. pazhaya pallikalude kibla ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu, 155°-160° (thekk ninnu alpam kizhakk) 120°-130° (ekadesham thekkukizhakk) ennivaykkidayilaanu saandrata. 2008ll, tunisiayile pradhana nagara pallikalekkurichulla oru survey bonin prasidheekarichu, athil mikathum 147° nuu aduthaayi vinyasichirikkunnathayi addeham kandethi. yadhaarthathil 670-ll nirmmichathum 862-ll aghlaabidukal avasaanamaayi punarnirmmichathumaaya kairovan palliyude dishayaanithu, ithu mattu pallikal upayogikkunna maathrkayaayi palappozhum kanakkaakkappedunnu. sarveyil pankeduttha pallikalil, 163° nuu kooduthal thekkott abhimukhamaayi ganyamaaya vyathyasamulla oreyoru valia palliyaayirunnu soose. grettu sarkkil reethi upayogichu kanakkaakkunnathupole makkayilekkulla yadhaartha disha raajyathudaneelam 110° muthal 113° vareyaanu.
indoneshya.
lokathile ettavum valia musleem janasamkhyayulla rajyamaaya indoneshyayilum kiblayude vyathiyanangal kaanapedunnu. dveepasamoohathile krithyamaaya sthaanathe aashrayich jyothishaasthraparamaayi kanakkakkiya kibla 291°-295° (21°-25° padinjaaru) vareyaanu. ennirunnaalum, parambaraagathamaayi "padinjaaru" ennaanu kibla ariyappedunnathu, athinte falamaayi padinjaaro sooryaasthamaya dishayilo nirmmicha pallikal-varsham muzhuvanum alpam vyathyaasappedunnu. indoneshyan islaamika jyothishaasthranjarkkil vyathyastha abhipraayangalund tono saxono thudangiyava."praarthanakalil kibla abhimukeekarikkunnathu krithyamaaya shaareerikathekkaal oru" "athmeeya munvyavastha" "aanennum aayirakkanakkin kilometer akale ninnu kaabaayilekkulla krithyamaaya dishaykku oru palli nirmmikkumbozho praarthanaykkaayi nilkkumbozho asaadhyamaaya angeyattatthe krithyatha aavasyamaanennum 2018 ll vaadikkunnu". maruvashathu, 2014-ll mohammed hadhi bashori abhipraayappedunnathu "kibla shariyaakkunnath theerchayaayum valare adiyanthiramaaya kaaryamaan", nizhal nireekshikkunnathu polulla lalithamaaya reethikalaal nayikkappedaam ennaanu.
eee pradeshatthinte charithratthil charithratthil annathe dutch eest indeesilum kiblayekkurichulla tharkkangal undaayittund. indoneshyan pandithanum muhammadiyayude bhaavi sthaapakanumaaya ahamed dahlan mccayile islaamika, jyotishaasthra padanangalil ninnu madangiyethiyappol, yogyakarthayude rajakeeya thalasthaanathulla pallikalil padinjarottu abhimukeekarikkunna kaumaan mahathaaya palli ulppede krithyathayillaatha kiblakal undennu addeham kandethi. kibla krameekarikkanulla addehathinte shramangale yogakartha sulthaanettile parambaraagatha "ulamakal" ethirkkukayum thante kanakkukoottalukal upayogichu dahlan nirmmicha oru puthiya palli oru janakkoottam polichuneekkukayum cheythu. cheythu dahlan thante palli punarnirmmikkukayum pinneedu khagolashaasthraparamaayi kanakkakkiya kibla upayogichu kaumaan mahavishkavum punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu.
vadakke america.
deerghakaalamaayi musleem janasamkhya adhivasichirunna sthalangal kaalakramena kiblayude dishayekkurichulla chodyam pariharichirikkunnu. america, canada thudangiya mattu rajyangalil kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi maathramaan valia musleem samudaayangal nilaninnittullath, koodaathe kiblayude nirnayam charchaavishayamaakaam. islaamik sentar oof washington, dii.sii. 1953ll kizhakk alppam vadakkott abhimukhamaayi nirmmicha ithu thudakkathil musleengal ulppedeyulla chila nireekshakare aashayakkuzhappathilaakki, kaaranam washington, dii.sii.'mccuik vadakku 17°30 'aanu akshaamsham. loka bhoopadangalil varachirikkunna oru rekha-merkkettar projection upayogikkunnava polullava-makkayilekku thekkukizhakkan disha soochippikkumenkilum, grettu sarkkil reethi upayogikkunna jyotishaasthra kanakkukoottal vadakku-kizhakk disha (56°33′) nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, american aikyanaadukalile mikka aadyakaala pallikalum loka bhoopadangalile vyakthamaaya disha pinthudarnnu kizhakotto thekkukizhakotto abhimukeekarikkunnu. 1978ll oru american muslim shaasthranjan, muslim samooham valarukayum pallikalude ennam vardhikkukayum cheythu. makkayilekkulla ettavum cheria paatha thirichariyunna grettu sarkkil reethi kanakkaakkunnathupole vadakke amerikkayil ninnulla sariyaaya kibla vadakko vadakkukizhakko aanennu vaadikkunna oru pusthakam kamal abdali ezhuthi. abdaaliyude nigamanam vyaapakamaayi pracharippikkukayum pinneedu musleem samooham amgeekarikkukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi pallikal punarnirmikkappettu. 1993ll rund mathapandithanmaraaya riyad nachef sameer kaadiyum thekkukizhakkan kiblaik vendi vaadikkunna oru pusthakam prasidheekarichu, vadakku/vadakkukizhakkan kibla asaadhuvaayathum mathaparamaya arivinte abhavam moolamaanennum ezhuthi. prathikaranamaayi, 1997-ll "sariyaaya kibla" enna thalakkettil oru lekhanathil avarude vaadangalkkum vimarsanangalkkumulla prathikaranam abdali prasidheekarichu. eee rund abhipraayangalum sariyaaya kiblayekkurichulla charchayude kaalaghattatthinu kaaranamaayi. oduvil mikka vadakke american musleengalum kizhakk/thekkukizhakkan kibla pinthudarunna nyoonapakshathode vadakku/vadakkukizhakkan kibla sweekarichu.
bahiraakaashath.
anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayam (aii. ezz. iii. ezz) bhoomiye athivegathil parikramanam cheiyunnu-athil ninnu makkayilekkulla disha eathaanum sekkantukalkkullil ganyamaayi maarunnu. issilekku parakkunnathin munbu, sheikh mussaffar shukor abhyarthikkukayum malaysian deseeya fatwa kaunsil onniladhikam bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheytha maargganirddeshangal nalkukayum cheythu. saadhyamaayathine adisthaanamaakkiyukallathaayi" ennu kaunsil ezhuthukayum saadhyamenkil aadya oopshanilekku praarthikkanamennum illengil pinneedullavayil thudarchayaayi pinnott pokanamennum paranju naalu oopshanukal shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu.
fatwa kaunsilinu anusrithamaayi, mattu musleem pandithanmaar vazhakkathinte praadhaanyathekkurichum oru bahiraakaashayaathrikan niravettaan kazhiyunnathinu anusrithamaayi kiblayude aavashyakathayekkurichum vaadikkunnu. saan diego stettu yooniversittiyile khaleel mohammed abhipraayappettath "daivam oru vyakthiye ayaalude/avalude kazhivinappuramullathin utharavaadiyaakkunnilla."oru praarthanaykkidayillu eakaagratha krithyamaaya ooriyanteshanekkaal pradhaanamaanennu kamal abdali vaadichu, koodaathe" "sthaanathile saadhyamaaya mattangalekkurichu vishamikkunnathinupakaram" "oru praarthanayude thudakkathil kibla disha nilanirthanamennu addeham nirddeshichu". sheikh mussaafarinte dauthyathinu munbu, kuranjathu ettu musleengalenkilum bahiraakaashathekku parannittundengilum avaril aarum bahiraakaashathe aaraadhanayumaayi bandhapetta vishayangal parasyamaayi charcha cheythilla.

