
<aii. dii. 1> collara mahamari

pathonpathaam noottaandil pottippurapetta anchaamathe pradhana anthaaraashtra collara pakarchavyaadhiyaanu anchaam collara mahamari (1881-1896). ithu eshyayilum aafrikkayilum udaneelam vyaapikkukayum france, jarmmani, russia, thekke america ennivayude chila bhaagangalil athukayum cheythu. 1893num 1894num idayil russiayil 200,000 perum 1887num 1889num idayil jappanil 90,000 perum kollappettu. 1892ll germmaniyile hambergill pottippurappettathaan ettavum valia europian pottippurappedal; aaa nagaratthil ekadesham 8,600 perr marichu. pakarchavyaadhiyude vaikaarikathaykk (1893-ll collara kalaapathilekku nayicha) nagara sarkkaaraan utharavaadiyennu pala thaamasakkaarum abhipraayappettenkilum, athu valia thothil maattamillathe thudarnnu. eee noottaandile avasaanathe gurutharamaaya europian collara pottippurapetta sambhavamaayirunnu ithu.
aduthulla roman ayalpakkangalile durithabaadhitharaaya thaamasakkaarkkaayi vaattikkaanil oru hospis nirmmikkaan lioo pathinaraman marpappa amgeekaaram nalki. domas saankte maarthayude nirmmaanathinu vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi 1996 ll aaa kettidam polichumaatti.
1855ll bolognayil collara pakarchavyaadhiye chuttipattiyulla sambhavangal 1857ll prasidheekaricha nagaratthile shuchithva vakuppo prathinidhi samghamo vivarichu. nagaratthe badhikkunna munkaala mahamarikaleyum eee prabandham vivarikkunnu.
shaasthreeyamaaya charchakal.
pakarchavyaadhi samayat, roobert coach "vibrio collara" yeei verthirichedukkukayum bakteeriyakal engane rogathinu kaaranamaayuvenn vishadeekarikkaan nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. rogathinte anukkal sidhaantham sthaapikkaan addehathinte pravartthanangal sahayichu.
eee samayathinu munbu, pala doctormaarum eee rogam malinavum shayavum uthppannangalumayi nerittu sanbarkkam pularthunnathaanu ennu vishwasichirunnu. rogam kooduthal vyakthamaayi pakarunnathaanennum malinamaaya jalavitharanam ulppede rogabadhithanaaya oru vyakthiyude malam sanbarkkam pularthunnathiloodeyaanu pakarunnathennum sthaapikkaan coach sahayichu.
maarkk twayne.
american ezhuthukaaranum sanjaariyumaaya maarkk twayne collara pottippurapetta samayat hamberg sandarshikkukayum "1891-1892" enna hraswavum shekharikkappedaathathumaaya oru kashanathil thante anubhavam vivarikkukayum cheythu. athil, collara sambhavathekkurichu, prathyekichu maranasamkhyayekkurichu hamberg pathrangalil vivarangalude abhavam addeham aashankaajanakamaayi rekhappeduthunnu. paavappettavarod perumaarunnathine addeham vimarshikkunnu, palarum parayunnath pole, "avarude veedukalil ninnu keedashaalakalilekk thattikkondupokappedunnu", avide "avaril palarum"... anjjaathanaayi marikkukayum angane samskarikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. lokamembaadum, prathyekichu amerikkayil avabodhathinte abhaavathil vilapikkunnathiloode twayne upasamharikkunnu.