
ottaka kuthirappada

ottaka kuthirappada, allengil ottakappalam (,), ottakangale gathagatha maargamaayi upayogikkunna sayudha senayude pothuvaaya padamaanu. chilappol itharathilulla yodhaakkalo sainikarum ottakathinte purakil ninnu kunthangal, villukal allengil raifilukal enniva upayogichu pooraadunnu.
ottaka kuthirappada middle eesttile charithrathiludaneelam marubhoomi yudhathil oru saadhaarana gadakamaayirunnu, kaaranam mrugathinte uyarnna thalatthilulla poruthappedutthal. parambaraagatha kuthirappadayude kuthirakale apekshichu varandathum vellamillathathumaaya anthareekshathil jolie cheyyaanum athijeevikkaanum anuyojyamaaya oru chalanathmaka ghadakam avar nalki. herodotasinte abhipraayathil ottakathinte manam, bhayankaravum dishaahaaraakkappettathumaaya kuthirakale, thaimpra yudhathil achemenid pershyakkaar upayogikkumbol ottakangale phalapradamaaya kuthirappada virudha aayudhamaakki maattunnu.
aadyakaala charithram.
bisi 853-ll kharkhar yudhathil 1000 ottakangale upayogichathayi avakaashappedunna arab rajaavaaya gindibu aanu ottakathe sainika mrugamaayi aadyamaayi upayogichathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. bii. sii. 547-ll pershyayile mahanaaya sairas lydiayile crosses thammil nadanna timbra yudhathil oru pilkkala udaaharanam sambhavichu. senophone parayunnathanusarichu, sirasinte kuthirappadayude ennam aarr muthal onnu vare aayirunnu. lydian kuthirakal ottakangalil ninnu akannupookunnu enna thante oru generalil ninnulla vivarathinte adisthaanathil, sairas thante bagej trainil ninnu ottakangal oru adhock ottaka korppaayi roopappeduthi, pothikalkk pakaram sayudha rydermar. saankethikamaayi kuthirappadayayi upayogikkappedunnille, ottakangalude gandhavum roopavum lydian kuthirappadayude parvathangale paribhraantharaakkunnathilum yudhathe sirasinu anukoolamaakkunnathilum nirnaayakamaayirunnu.
arupath varshathinusesham, pershyan rajaavaaya serxus onnaaman greasil nadanna randaamathe pershyan adhiniveshathil dhaaraalam arab koolippadayaalikale thante vann sainyathilekku niyamichu, avarellam villukalum ottakangalilum kayarivarikayaayirunnu. libian rathaarohakarude oru valia sainyam ulppede arab ottakathinte aake ennam irupathinaayiramaanennu herodotus abhiprayappettu. arabiyileyum syriayileyum naadodi gothrangalkkethire jolie cheythirunna ottakam pershyan sevanathil koolippadayaalikale kayatti, chilappol rund ottakangalkk nere sawari cheythukondu, villalikalaayi poraadi.
herodian parayunnathanusarichu, paarthiyan rajaavaaya artabanus naalaaman kunthangal (contos) sajjeekarichathum ottakangalil sawari cheiyunnathumaaya kanatha aayudhadhaarikalaaya sainikar adangunna oru yoonittine niyamichu.
randaam noottaandil roman saamrajyam arabiyude athirthiyil praadeshikamaayi pattikappedutthiya ottaka savaarikale upayogichirunnu. ivayil aadyathethu palmyrayil ninnu trajan chakravartthiyude keezhil recruit cheytha "alaa iii alpiya dromoidarioram palmyrinorum" aayirunnu. roman saamraajyathinte avasaanakaalathu arab ottakasainyangal allengil dromedari enniva escort, desert policing, scouting dutykal ennivaykkaayi upayogichirunnu. pershyan shailiyilulla neelamulla vaalukal, villukal, kataarakal enniva saadhaarana aayudangalil ulppedunnu.
islaaminu munbulla kaalaghattavum islaamika vijayangalum.
arabian upadveepile islaaminu munbulla naagarikathakal ottakathe oru sainika parvathamaayi upayogichirunnu. onnaam noottaandil thanne nabattiyan, palmyrine sainyangal ottakathil kayarunna kaalalppadayeyum arabiyil ninnulla naadodi gothrangalil ninnu recruit cheytha villaalikaleyum niyamichirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi atharam nikuthi chumathunnavar ottakathinte purakil ninnu erangunnathinekkaal kaalnadayaayi erangukayum pooraadukayum cheyyum. muhammadinteyum anuyaayikaludeyum prarambha pracharanangalil ottakangalude vipulamaaya upayogam nadannirunnu. thudarnnu, arabikal ottakathil kayarunna kaalalppadaye upayogichu musleem adhiniveshasamayathu avarude sassanid, baisaantain shathrukkale marikadannu.
aadhunika yugam.
eejiptilum syriayilum franch prachaaranatthinaayi nepolian oru ottaka senaye niyamichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagathum britiish, franch, jarmman, spanish, itaaliyan colonial sainyangalil marubhoomi policinginum patrolling jolikalkkum ottakasenaye upayogichirunnu. 
atharam yoonittukalude pingaamikal ippozhum aadhunika morocan, eejipshyan sainyangaludeyum ardhasainika vibhagamaaya indian athirthi suraksha senayudeyum bhagamaanu (chuvade kaanuka).
1898leeii oomdurmaan yudhathil britiish-officer eejipshyan ottaka corps oru pradhana punk vahichu; eee kaalayalavil eee klaas kuthirasavaari sainikar oru settu-pease yudhathil ganyamaaya thothil pankeduttha churukkam chila sandarbhangalil onnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum sheshavum ottaka kambanikale yamen, hejaz corpsinte bhaagamaayi ottakasena nilanirtthi.
itaaliyakkaar avarude somalia italiyaanayil pradhaanamaayum 1920kalilum 1930kalilum athirthi patrollinginaayi dubay ottaka sainikare upayogichu. randaam itaalo-ethiopian yudhathil 1935-1936 ll itaaliyan ethiopian ogaden keezhadakkunnathil eee dabattukal pankedutthu.
spanish morocoyile colonial adhikaarikal avarude vadakkan morocoyil praadeshikamaayi recruit cheytha ottaka sainikare upayogichu, pradhaanamaayum 1930 muthal 1956 vare athirthi patrolling jolikalkkaayi. tropas naadodikal dell sahaarayude bhaagamaayi, eee ottakathil kayarunna unitukalkku spanish aabhyanthara yudhathil parimithamaaya praadeshika punk undaayirunnu.
jordanian marubhoomi patrolling ippozhum ottakangal upayogikkunnu. 
aadhunika raajasthaanile bicanar natturajyam lokamahaayudhathil poraadiya bicanar ottaka corps enna yoonit nilanirtthi, jaisalmeerile sahaaya prathirodha senakal oru ottakathil gadippicha prathirodha bataaliyan sthaapichu, ithu intho-paakistaan yudhathil gathagatha aavasyangalkkaayi upayogichirunnu, 1951 ll praadeshika rajasthaani sainyathe granadiyarukalumaayi layippicha samayat ottaka unitukal indian sainyathinte grenadier rejimentinu kaimarukayum athinte 13-aamm bataaliyan 1951.they 1965 leeii intho-paakistaan yudhathil grenadiermaar gathaagathathinum pooraattatthinum upayogichirunnathinaal rejimentil ulppeduthukayum cheythu.1965leeii yudhathinushesham athirthi suraksha seena (bii. ezz. eph) roopeekarichathinushesham niravadhi indian armi ottakangalum athirthi suraksha senaykk (bii. ezz. eph) nalki.1966ll grenadiermaar lefttanant kenal keey. ezz. harihar singhinte neethrthwathilulla 17-aamm bataaliyan enna mattoru ottaka bataaliyan koodi chertthu.1967ll 185 ottakangalude koottamaaya ottaka peeranki rejimentum roopeekarichu.mejar general jeey. yude nirbandhaprakaaram 185 ottakangal 1971ll athirthi suraksha senaykk kaimari. eph. aarr. sainyathinte kizhakkan kamaandinte annathe commander mobail yudhathinte pradhana vakthavumaaya jacob ottakangal aadhunika sainika upayogathinu valare pazhayathaanennu kandethukayum avaykku pakaram thokku valikkunna vahanangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.ennirunnaalum 13,17 grenadier battaaliyanukalum athirthi suraksha seena ottakangalum ippozhum kaalaalppada aavasyangalkkaayi ottakangale upayogichirunnu. 1971leeii intho-paakistaan yudhathil ottakangal veendum grenadiermaarum kizhakkan <aii. dii. 1> sainyathodoppam poraadiya bii. ezz. eph ottakangalum upayogichu, yudhathile ettavum pradhanappetta yudhangalilonnaaya longewala yudhathil ottakangal kollappettu. thudarnnu 13-aamm grenadier battaliyaneyum 24-aamm rajput battaliyaneyum ottakathil kayarunna unitukalaayi mattaanulla sramam nirasikkapettu.
raajasthaanile india-paakistaan athirthiyil sthithi cheiyunna thaar marubhoomiyude vidoora pradeshangalil patrolling nadatthaan athirthi suraksha seena ippozhum ottakangal upayogikkunnu.5 num 6 num idayil praayamulla ottakangal vaangukayum jodhpoorile bsf athirthi aasthaanathulla ottaka pariseelana kendratthil pariseelanam nedukayum cheiyunnu.avar <aii. dii. 1> varsham sevanamanushtikkukayum 21-aamm vayassil sevanathil ninnu viramikkukayum cheiyunnu. bsf upayogikkunna ottakangal 3 vyathyastha enangalil ninnullavayaan.jaisalmerikalum bikanerikalum athirthi patrollingin nachnakal aachaaraparamaaya chumatalakalkkum upayogikkunnu.1986 muthal inspector general enna nilayil sevanamanushticha varshangalil baandinte kazhivukal vardhippichathinte bahumati labhichathinaal indian republic dinathodanubandhichu dalhi paredil ottaka samghathinte varshathe pankaalitthatthinum bsf ariyappedunnu, ottaka samghathinu 2 grouppukalundu, athil ottakamulla oru groupil athirthi gaardukal sawari cheiyunnu, mattonn athirthi suraksha seena ottaka samghamaanu, athil ottakangal kaalnadayaayi march cheiyunna samgeethajnjarkkoppam nadakkunnu.ottaka samghathinte maarchil eee rund gadakangalum prakadanam nadathunnu.samghathil saadhaaranayaayi 90 ottakangal adangiyirikkunnu.

