
veneeshyan dalmasia

pradhaanamaayum pathinanjaam noottaand muthal pathinettaam noottaand vareyulla republic oof venees bharanathin keezhilulla dalmatiayude bhaagangale veneeshyan dalmasia () soochippikkunnu. 1409ll dalmattiya aadyamaayi venissinu vittu, ennaal 1420 muthal veneeshyan dalmattiya poornnamaayum ekeekarikkappettilla. 1797ll republic oof venees nepolian bonapartinteyum habsburg austriyayudeyum sainyathin keezhadangunnathuvare ithu neenduninnu.
bhoomishaasthram.
adriatic kadalile veneeshyan albania, padinjaaran greasile veneeshyan ionian dveepukal ennivayulppede baalkanukalilum kizhakkan medittareniyan kadalilum republic oof venees swanthamaakki. dalmeshyayile athinte swathukkal isthriya upadveep muthal innathe theeradesha montenegro vare vyaapichu avayil ellah dalmeshyan dveepukalum madhya velebit parvathanirakal muthal republic oof raagoosayude vadakkan athirthikal vareyulla pradhana bhoopradeshangalum ulppedunnu. 1718 leeii paasarovits udambadiyiloode venis dalmatiayile swathukkal ettavum valia paridhivare vipuleekarichu dalmatian ulnaadukalile signa, imotsky, vargorak ennee pradeshangal pidichadakki chila cheria munnettangal nadatthi.
charithram.
madhyakaalakhattam.
eiii. dii. 991 muthal venis bharichirunna doge pietro randaaman orsiyoloyil ninnu aarambhich, pradhana bhoopradeshamaaya venettoyilekkulla veneeshyan shradha theerchayaayum adriatic kadalinte niyanthranathilekkulla sakthamaaya neekkathaal maranju. aantharika kalahangal shaanthamaavukayum tulsi randaaman chakravarthiyumaayulla anukoola udambadi ("grisobolus" allengil swarnna kaala) baisaantain saamraajyavumaayulla vyapaaram vardhippikkukayum cheythu. saamraajyathva utharavu veneeshyan vyaapaarikalkk mattu videshikalum baisaantainmaarum thanne nalkunna komerkkiyon nikuthiyil ninnu swaathanthryam nalki. eiii. dii. 1000ll theeradesha istriyayileyum dalmatiayileyum veneeshyan kappalukalude oru paryaveshanam eee pradeshathu veneeshyan aadhipathyam urappakkukayum narantain kadalkkollakkaare sthiramaayi adichamarthukayum cheythu. eee avasarathil doge orsiyolo venisinte colonial saamraajyathin thudakkamittukond "dalmatiayude rajakumaran" ennu svayam namakaranam cheythu. prashasthamaaya "kadalinte vivaham" chadangu sthaapikkunnathinum addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu. eee samayat 1017-ll pietroyude makan oottooninte paryaveshanatthiloode sakthippetta adriatic kadalil venesinu uracha niyanthranamundaayirunnu.
venisinte videsha saamraajyathinte srishti dalmasia keezhadakkiyathodeyaanu aarambhikkunnath, 1204-leeii naalam kurishuyudhathinte avasaanathode baisantain saamraajyathinte moonnu ashtakangal etteduthathaayi prakhyaapichathode athinte ettavum naamamaathramaaya vyapthiyilethi.
1409-ll sigismund rajaavum anjouvile neopolitan bhavanavum thammilulla 20 varshathe hangarian aabhyanthara yudhathil, parajayappetta malsaraarthiyaaya ladyslos oof napples, dalmatiayile thante "avakashangal" 100,000 dukkaattukalkk veneeshyan republicinu vittu. sigismund pradesham veendedukkaan shramichenkilum venis thante sainyathe motta yudhathil paraajayappeduthi.
kooduthal kendreekrithamaaya vyapara republic 1420 oode (ragusa republic ozhike) theeradesha nagarangalude niyanthranam etteduthu; avar 377 varshathekku (1420-1797) veneeshyan bharanathin keezhil thudarendathaayirunnu. dalmatiayude thekke attathulla pradeshathe (ippol theeradesha montenegroyude bhagam) akkaalat veneeshyan albania ennu vilichirunnu.
automan-veneeshyan yudhangal.
automan-veneeshyan yudhathinte (1499-1503) thudakkathinum automan-veneeshyan yudhathinte (1537-40) avasaanathinum edayilulla kaalaghattatthil, automan saamrajyam dalmatian ulnaadukalil ganyamaaya munnettangal nadatthi-athu veneeshyan nagarangal kaivashappeduthiyilla, pakshe scradinum kaarinum edayilulla croatian swathukkal pidichedutthu, avaa automan, veneeshyan pradeshangalkkidayilulla oru buffer sonaayi illaathaakki. muun yudhathil ulnaadan pradeshangal turkey adhinivesham saaramaayi baadhicha dalmatiayile veneeshyan nagarangalude sambadvyavastha eee yudhathiludaneelam veendedukkukayum susthiramaayi thudarukayum cheythu.
cretton yuddham.
yudhathinte aadyaghattathil ulppettirunna oru prathyeka ooppareshan theateraayirunnu dalmatian frond. avidatthe saahacharyangal kreettile avasthakalkku eathaandu vipareethamaayirunnu ottomanmaare sambandhichidatholam, athu valare akaleyum thaarathamyena apradhaanavumaayirunnu, athesamayam veneshyakkaar avarude swantham vitharana kendrangalkku sameepam pravartthikkukayum kadalil tharkkamillaatha niyanthranam pulartthukayum cheythu, angane avarude theeradesha shakthikendrangale eluppathil shakthippeduthaan kazhinju. 1646ll automans valia thothilulla akramanam nadathukayum cruck, pegue, cress dveepukal pidichedukkunnathum ettavum pradhanamaayi, rund divasathe bombaakramanathinu sesham juulai 4nuu keezhadangiya abhedyamennu karuthappedunna novigrad kotta ulppede chila supradhana nettangal nedukayum cheythu. venesiayile rund pradhana shakthikendrangalaaya dalmattiya, sadar, pilarpp ennivaykku bheeshaniyaayi nilakollaan thurkkukalkk ippol kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, adutha varsham, veliyettam maari, veneeshyan commander leonardo foscolo niravadhi kottakal pidichedukkukayum novigrad veendedukkukayum thaalkkaalikamaayi kalmut kotta pidichedukkukayum cliss pidichedukkukayum cheythu, athesamayam august, septambar maasangalil automanmaar sibanik kottayude oru maasam neenda uparodham parajayappettu. adutha kurachu varshangalil, saadaril veneshyakkaarkkidayil shaamavum playg pottippurappettathil sainika pravartthanangal nilachu, athesamayam irupakshavum thangalude vibhavangal ejiyan pradeshathu kendreekarichu. mattu munnanikal automanmaarkku munganana nalkiyathinaal, dalmatian thiyettaril thudarnnulla pravarthanangalonnum nadannilla. 1669-ll samaadhaanathode republic oof venis dalmatiayil ganyamaaya nettamundaakki, athinte pradesham moonnirattiyaayi vardhippikkukayum angane adriatic pradeshatthinte niyanthranam surakshithamaakkukayum cheythu.
kooduthal yuddham.
1683 octoberil veneeshyan dalmatiayile janasamkhya, pradhaanamaayum ravni kottaariyile yooskokkukal, aayudangal edukkukayum ottomaan athirthi pradeshangalile raaya (thaazhnna varggam) yumayi chernnu scraddin, currin, vrana, bencovac, obrovac enniva edukkukayum cheythu.
moranian yudhathil, 1684 octoberil republic oof venis sinch uparodhikkukayum pinneedu 1685 eprililum maarchilum veendum uparodhikkukayum cheythenkilum rund thavanayum vijayichilla. 1685leeii shramathil, veneeshyan sainyathe republic oof poljikayile praadeshika milishya sahayichu, athuvazhi 1513 muthal nilaninnirunna avarude naamamaathramaaya automan aadhipathyathinethire kalapam nadatthi. poljikayodu prathikarikkanulla shramathil, 1685 juunil automanmaar sadwarje aakramichu, 1686 joolaiyil dolakkineyum sreejan aakramichu, pakshe avare pinthirippikkukayum valia naashanashtangal anubhavikkukayum cheythu. poljikayile praadeshika janangaludeyum morlakkukaludeyum sahaayathode, 1686 septambar 30 nuu sinch kotta oduvil veneeshyan sainyathin keezhilaayi. 1687 septambar 1 nuu herseg novi uparodham aarambikkukayum septambar 30 nuu veneeshyan vijayathode avasaanikkukayum cheythu. 1688 septambar 11 nuu panthrand divasathe uparodhathin sesham kalmut pidichedutthu. kalmut kotta pidichadakkiyathu ulnaadan dalmatiayil thangalude pradesham vipuleekarikkunathinulla vijayakaramaya veneeshyan prachaaranatthinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi, koodaathe dalmasia bosnia hersegovina thammilulla avasana athirthiyude bhooribhaagavum ithu nirnnayichu. randaam morren yudhathil automans veendum sinch uparodhikkumenkilum avare pinthirippikkum.
1690 november 26nuu venis vargorak pidichedutthu, athu emotskyilekkum mostaarilekkum vazhi thurannu. 1694ll avarkk ragusa republicinte vadakkulla pradesangalaaya sitlukku, gabela, sasablaje, trebinje, popovo, clobook, metkovik enniva pidichedukkaan kazhinju. anthima samadhana udambadiyil, venis popovo polje, cleck, sutorina ennee pradeshangal upekshichu, raagoosaykku sameepam munbundaayirunna athirthi nilanirthunnathinaayi.
1718-ll venesile avasaanathe prashastha naayakalilonnaya sebastiyaano mosenigoyude perilaanu "linea mosenigo" ennu dalmasiaykku peru nalkiyathu. vaasthavathil, dalmeshyayil-paasarovits udambadikku sesham-addeham ulnaadan pradeshangalile sinch, imotsky pradeshangal pidichadakki, venesinaayi chila cheria munnettangal nedi. 1797-ll nepolian adhinivesham vare veneeshyan dalmatiayude (prakaashatthinte samayat venis anubhavicha "prabudhathayude yugam" bhaagikamaayi aasvadicha) avasaanathe vipuleekaranamaayirunnu athu. ennirunnaalum, eee udambadi anusarichu veneeshyakkaarkk sitlukkum gabela automanmaarkku nashtappettu.
kazhinja pathittaandukal.
1797-ll nepolian yudhangalil republic oof venis pirichuvittu. 1805 muthal 1809 vare italiyile nepolian raajyathilum (1808 ll ragusa republic ulppeduthi) pinneedu 1809 muthal illrian pravishyakalilum veneeshyan dalmasia ulppeduthi. neppoliyante avasana paraajayathinu sesham 1815-ll vienna kongras muzhuvan pradeshavum austriyan saamraajyathin nalki.
janasamkhyaaparamaaya charithram.
veneeshyan dalmatiayil svayambharanaadhikaaramulla pranayam samsaarikkunna aalukalum slavik samsaarikkunna aalukalum (edii 640 nuu sesham dalmatiayil ethiyavar) adhivasichirunnu. pranaya janatha dalmatian bhashayum veneeshyan bhashayum itaaliyan bhashayum laattin bhashayum samsaarichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, slaav charithrakaaranmaarude abhipraayathil, vamsheeyamaayi, veneshyakkaar slavik janathayude munkaala varavaayirunnu, venetti enna perinu "slaav" ennathinte jarmman padamaaya "wend" ennathumaayi uthbhavaparamaaya bandhamund, koodaathe addehathinte kaalaghattatthile (eiii. dii. 1st sii.) "adriatic venetti" ennu taasittas namme ariyikkunnu.) polandile visttula nadiyude theerathulla proto-slavic maathrraajyathinu sameepam thaamasichirunna jarmman vamshajanaaya visttula venettiyumaayi bandhappettirunnu. 1980kalilum 1990kalilum chila sloveen ezhuthukaar oru sidhaantham nirddeshichu, athinanusarichu "venetti" kall amber paathayiludaneelamulla lusasian samskaarathinte aadya-adimakalum vahikkunnavarumaan, avar baltic kadalinum adriatic kadalinumidayilulla pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkukayum adriatic venetti ulppeduthukayum cheythu, avarude "venetti-europian samoohathinte aadya nirmmathaakkal" enna pusthakatthil avatharippichathupole. eee sidhaantham venettiye europile pree-celtic, pree-laattin, pree-germanic janasamkhyayaayi sthaapikkum. eee sidhaantham mukhyadharaa charitrakaaranmaarum bhaashaashaasthranjarum nirasikkunnu.
slavonic crott janasamkhya innu kroshyan ennu vilikkappedunna slavonic bhaashayude shtokavian bhasha samsaarichirunnu. 
eiii. dii. 1000nuu sesham madhyakaalakhattathil svayambharanaadhikaaramulla pranaya janasamkhya ithinakam nyoonapakshamaayi mariyirunnu, kooduthalum theerapradeshangalilum ulnaadan pradeshangalil cheria pradeshangalilum thaamasichirunnu. venesil ninnulla vyaapaarikalum sainikarum adutha noottaandukalil dalmatian nagarangalil thamasamaakki, ithinakam nilavilulla pranaya janasamkhyayumaayi koodichernnu. ulnaadukalile automan bharanakaalathu, yaadhaasthithika janatha, kooduthalum serbukal, ulnaadukalude vadakkan bhagangalilum, athupole thanne romans samsaarikkunna vlaachukalilum, avaril chilar yaadhaasthithikarum katholikkarumaayirunnu, koodaathe valia turkish yudhathil veneeshyan ulnaadukalude bhooribhaagavum pidichedutthathinushesham ulnaadukalile crott janasamkhyaye ottoman bosniyayil ninnu palayanam cheytha puthiya crott kudiyettakkaar valareyadhikam shakthippeduthi. kaalakramena krottukal catholica vlaakkukale swaamsheekarichu, serbukal yaadhaasthithikare swaamsheekarichu. theerapradeshangalile pranayam samsarikkunnavar swaamsheekaranathinu kooduthal prathirodhasheshiyullavaraayinu (bhooribhaagavum avarude anthass kaaranam) republicinte pathanathinushesham, pathonpathaam noottaandile deseeya prasthaanangalil, kooduthalum oru itaaliyan deseeya swathuam sweekarichu.
samudramekhalakalilum theerapradeshangalilum ulnaadan pradeshangalilum dalmatian janatha roman katholikkamatham pinthudarnnappol serbukalum yaadhaasthithika vlaachukalum pathinaram noottaand muthal eee pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkiyathinaal ulnaadan pradeshangalude vadakkan bhaagath kizhakkan yaadhaasthithikatha prabalamaayirunnu.
bharanam.
oro moonnu varshathilum maarunna oru govarnorude (proveditor general) neethrthwathilulla kurachu veneeshyan udyogastharude kaikalilaayirunnu dalmatian bharanam. veneeshyan prabhukkanmaar eee sevanathinaayi malsarichu, kaaranam ithu maanyavum laabhakaravumaayirunnu. sadaril oru rajasabhayum, gambheeramaaya amgarakshakanum, doginu samanamaaya oru suit ulla oru swatantra bharanaadhikaariyeppole proveditor general bharichu. provedittorinte adikaaram paridhiyillaathathaayirunnu, koodaathe kodathi, dhanakaryam, sainyam, sabhaykku polum addeham avasaanathe udaaharanamaayirunnu. veneeshyan dalmasia proveditor niyamicha oru rajakumaran (sandarbhangal) nayikkunna jillakalaayi (distretto) vibhajichu. rajakumaran chuttum judicial kaaryangalude chansalar (chansalier), saambathika kaaryangalude cameralingo ennee rund udyogastharundu. cheria ennam veneeshyan udyogastharkku mosham shambalamundaayirunnathil veneeshyan republicinu dosham varuthunna vidhathil shekharicha nikuthikalil ninnum mattu pothu chumathalakalil ninnum edukkaan avar nirbandhitharaayi. ennirunnaalum, nikuthikal valare uyarnnathaayirunnilla, kaaranam republic kadinaadhvaanam cheyth nediya dalmatiayil athrupthi paratthaan aagrahichu. prabhukkanmareyum pouranmaareyum ellah nikuthikalil ninnum mathramalla, ellah chumathalakalil ninnum ozhivaakkiyathinaal avarkk karshakar maathramaan shambalam nalkiyathu. oro nagara munisippaalittikkum athintethaaya niyamamundayirunnu, athinaal dalmatiayil savisheshathayilla. athupole, thookkavum alavukalum oro sthalathum vyathyasthamaayirunnu. munisippal karyangal charcha cheyyappedunna niyamasabhakalkkayi othukoodiya prabhukkanmaarum pouranmaarum munisippal bharanam pankittu. chila munisippaalittikalil prabhukkanmaar maathramaan niyamasabhakalkkayi yogam chernnathu, chilathil pouranmaarkku avarudethaaya niyamasabhakalum undaayirunnu. sivil, criminal karyangal kaikaaryam cheythath sitti (munisippal) rajakumaran police karyangal kaikaaryam cheythath grand, cheria jadjimaarum aayirunnu. karshakar koottangalil sahodarathvathode othucherukayum avide avarude aavasyangal charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. allengil, ellah gramangalilum sivil, sainika kaaryangalude chumatala vahikkunna harambasa enna oru nethaavu undaayirunnu. samaadhaanakaalath karshakar chila kambanikal roopeekarikkukayum avare poleesukaar ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. athirthiyile bosnian thurkkikalude sanjaaram nireekshikkukayum veettile suraksha nireekshikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu avarude kadama. akkaalat, oro jillaykkum athintethaaya kenal undaayirunnu, serdaarukalum serdaarukalum lover offeesarmaaraayirunnu. dveepukaar veneeshyan navikasenayil maathramaan sevanamanushtichathu. itaaliyan bhasha pradhaanamaayum nagarangalil samsaarikkappettappol mattu pradeshangalil croatian bhasha upayogichirunnu.
paarambaryamaayi.
dalmatiayile venisinte paarambaryam valare valuthum pradhaanavumaanu, pradhaanamaayum saamskaarikavum kalaparavumaaya mekhalayil. itaaliyan navothaanatthinte kendrangalilonnaanu venis, veneeshyan dalmasia eee vasthuthayude nettangal aasvadichu. georgio oorsini muthal aadyakaala samakaalika croatian saahithyathile swaadheenam vare, venis athinte dalmasia baalkkanukalile ettavum paashchaathya kendreekrithamaaya parishkritha pradeshamaakki, kooduthalum nagarangalil.
dalmeshyayude aaa kaalaghattatthile chila vasthuvidyaa kruthikal europian praadhaanyamullavayaanu, avaa navothaanatthinte kooduthal vikasanathinu sambhavana cheyyum sibenikile sent jayimsinte cathedral trogirile blessed joninte chappal.
vaasthavathil, veneeshyan, itaaliyan saahityangalaal shakthamayi swaadheenikkappetta croatian navothaanam croatiayude theerapradeshangalil samagramaayi vikasichu. croatian pathinaram noottaandile aksharaarthatthilulla pravartthanatthinte thudakkam oru dalmatian maanavikavaadiyaaya marco marulo addehathinte itihaasa pusthakamaaya "juditta" yum adayaalappeduthi, ithu classical bybilil ninnulla vichitramaaya uddeshyangalum sambhavangalum ulppeduthi europile samakaalika saahityavumaayi poruthappedutthi.
1997ll charitraparamaaya trogger dweep (laattin bhashayil "tragurium" ennum dalmatian nagara-samsthaanangalilonnaayappol "travu" ennum veneeshyan bhashayil "tragu" ennum vilikkappedunnu) yuneskoyude loka paithruka pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu. "eee dveepinte oorthoganal street plan...niravadhi mikacha pothu, gaarhika kettidangalum kottakalum upayogichu thudarchayaaya bharanadhikaarikal alankarichu. athinte manoharamaaya romanesk pallikal veneeshyan kaalaghattatthile mikacha navothaana, barok kettidangalaal poorttheekarikkappettirukku, "unesco report parayunnu. adriattikkil mathramalla, maddhya europil udaneelam ettavum nannayi samrakshikkappedunna romanesk-gothik samuchayamaan trogger. mathilukalaal chuttapetta trogirinte madhyakala coor, veneeshyan nannayi samrakshikkappetta kotta gopuravum (kamerlengo kotta), romanesk, gothik, navothaanam, barok kaalaghattangalil ninnulla vaasasthalangalum kottaarangalum ulkkollunnu. troggerinte ettavum valia kettidam sent charchu aanu. radovante oru maastarpees aaya laurence, croatiayile romanesk-gothik shailiyile ettavum pradhanappetta kruthiyaanu.
encyclopedia britanikkayude pathinonnam pathipp 774-aamm pejil "puravasthukkal" ingane parayunnu
"... italiyil ninnu (venis) romanesk vannu. ezz. yude belfree. 1105ll nirmmicha saarayile maria, romanesk kettidangalude neenda pattikayil onnaamathaan. arbeyil panthrandaam noottaandilppetta manoharamaaya oru romanesk campanyl undu; ennaal eee shailiyile ettavum mikacha udaaharanam troyude cathedralaanu. 14-aamm noottaandile dominican, fraansiskan konventukalum sradheyamaanu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte aadya varshangalil veneeshyan gothik sthaanabhrashtamaakkunnathuve romanesk dalmatiayil nilaninnu. venisinte swaadheenam appol athinte unnathiyilaayirunnu. thaarathamyena shathruthaaparamaaya republic oof raagoosayil polum ishtaanusritha-bhavanathinteyum rectormaarudeyum kottaaratthinte romanesk veneeshyan gothik shailiyumaayi samyojippichirikkunnu, athesamayam prijekkiyude manoharamaaya baalkkanikalum ooji janalukalum avarude veneeshyan modalukale aduthu pinthudarunnu. 1441-ll sebenico cathedral roopakalppana cheyyaan venesil ninnu vilichuvaruthiya saarayile georgio oorsini itaaliyan navothaanatthinte swaadheenam konduvannu. addeham avatharippicha puthiya roopangal mattu aarkkitektukal aakaamkshayode anukarikkukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythu, 17-aamm noottaandinte avasana pakuthiyil dalmatian kalayude charithram phalatthil avasaanippikkunna kshayakaalakhattam vare. pala pallikalilum sookshichirikkunna kothiyeduttha thadippani, embroidery, plate ennivayekkurichu prathyeka paramarsham nadatthanam. velli prathimayum sent. ragusayile biaggio sent silver arcum. saarayile simiyoon, 11-aamm noottaand muthal 12-aamm noottaand vareyulla itaaliyan aabharanathozhilaalikalude srishtikalude mikacha maathrkakalaanu...".
pathonpathaam noottaandil, itaaliyan bartolomio benincasa 1806 eiii. dii. yill sthaapikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha aadyathe dalmatian pathratthinte saarayil itaaliyan, croatian bhaashakalil "ill regio daalmatta-kraglesky daalmattin" editting aarambhichathaanu venesil ninnum itaaliyan upadveepil ninnumulla saamskaarika swaadheenam. koodaathe, eee "kragalsky daalmattin" antonio luigi battarayude typography mudrakuthukayum croatian bhashayil poornnamaayum cheytha aadyathethum aayirunnu.
govarnarmaar.
dalmatiayude melnottam vahikkunna veneeshyan samsthaana udyogastharude audyogika naamamayirunnu "proveditor general" (govarnor general). dalmatiayile govarnarmaar saara aasthaanamaakki pravartthikkumbol, avar corfu aasthaanamaayullathum venisinte signoria nerittu niyanthrikkunnathumaaya "proveditor general daa maar" yude nerittulla melnottathilaayirunnu.
dalmatiayile pradhanavum ettavum prashasthavumaya veneeshyan "proveditori generally" (govarnor general):

