
vadakke american dettam

vadakke amerikkayile geodetic shringalaye nirvachikkaan ippol upayogikkunna thirashcheena daattamaan vadakke american daattam (naad). coordinate systethinu oru "aankar" pooyintinoppam bhoomiyude aakruthiyekkurichulla aupachaarika vivaranamaan dettam. surveying, cartography, land-yoos planning ennivayil, rund vadakke american dattangal laattaral allengil "horizondal" alavukal nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnu 1927 leeii north american daattam (enn. eiii. dii 27), 1983 leeii north american daattam (enn. eiii. dii 83). alpam vyathyasthamaaya anumanangaleyum alavukaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla geodetic reference samvidaanangalaanu iva randum.
sharashari uyarnna jalathinu (emm. echu. dablyu) mukaliloo thaazheyo ulla doorangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla lamba alavukal 1988 leeii vadakke american lamba daattam (enn. eiii. vii. dii 88) upayogichaanu kanakkaakkunnath.
enn. eiii. dii. 83, enn. eiii. vii. dii 88 ennivaykku pakaram 2022ll oru puthiya gps, gravimetric geoid model adisthaanamaakkiyulla jyaamitheeya reference frame, jiopottanshyal daattam enniva sthaapikkum.
1901leeii aadyathe vadakke american dettam.
1901-ll yunaittad stetts koost aandu geodetic sarway 1866-leeii clark ellipsoidine adisthaanamaakki yunaittad stetts staanderd daattam enna deseeya thirashcheena daattam sweekarichu. praadeshika daattangalkkayi munbu shekharicha daattaykk ithu gadippichirunnu, appozhekkum athu ovarlaappu cheyyaan thudangiyirunnu. 1913-ll canada meksikoyum aaa daattam sweekarichu, athinaal ithine vadakke american daattam ennum punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
1927 leeii vadakke american dettam.
kooduthal daatta shekharichathode, poruthakkedukal prathyakshappettu, athinaal 1927-ll daattam athinte mungamiyude athe golavum uthbhavavum upayogichu veendum kanakkakki.
1901ll thiranjeduttha oru pothu reference pooyintil ninnulla muzhuvan bhookhandatheyum kurichulla sarvekale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu 1927leeii vadakke american daattam (27), kaaranam ithu kanakkakkaan kazhiyunnathra aduthulla yunaittad stetsinte kendrathinaduthaayirunnu ithu 39-aamath samanthara vadakku 1899 leeii bhookhandaanthara thrikonaakrithiyilulla aarkkinte jangshanile oru thrikonaakrithiyilulla steshanum 98-aamath meridian padinjaaru thrikonaakrithiyilulla arcum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
 kansaasile oosboon kaundiyile meeds ranch trikona steshan 39°13′ 26.686 'vadakkan akshaamsham, 98°32′ 30.506' padinjaaran rekhamsham aanennu daattam prakhyaapikkunnu. meeds ranch muthal valdo steshan vare (russell kaundiyile valdo vadakkupadinjaarulla oosboon kaundiyilum) vadakku ninnu 255°28′ 14.52′ aayi asimuth prakhyaapichukondu naad 27 ooriyantad aanu. vadakke amerikkayile matellaa pooyintukaludeyum akshaamshavum rekhaamshavum meeds ranchil ninnulla dooratheyum dishayeyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu 1866 leeii clark ellipsoidil alakkunna meeds ranchil ninnu x meter x meter y digri aanenkil, aaa ellipsoidile athinte akshaamshavum rekhaamshavum nirvachikkukayum kanakkaakkukayum cheythu.
ivayaanu naad 27-nte nirvachikkunna alavukal, ennaal clark yadhaarthathil thante 1866 spheroidine "a" = 20,926,062 britiish paadangal ", b" = 20,855,121 britiish paadangal ennu nirvachichu. meterukalilekkulla parivartthanam klaarkkinte 1865 inch-meter anupatham 39.370432 upayogikkunnu. akkaalat oru adii allengil meettarinte neelam ekadesham 0.02 millimeteril kooduthal mikachathaanennu kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla.
mikka yuu. ezz. jii. ezz. topographic maappukalum 27-ll prasidheekarikkukayum yunaittad stetts armi corps oof enchineeyarmaarudeyum mattu ejansikaludeyum niravadhi pradhana padhathikal 27-ll nirvachikkappedukayum cheythu, athinaal kooduthal shudheekaricha dattangal labhyamaanengilum daattam pradhanamaayi thudarunnu.
1983leeii vadakke american dettam.
bhoomi oru thikanja deerghavrithathil ninnu ganyamaayi vyathichalikkunnathinal, athinte aakruthi ettavum nannayi kanakkaakkunna deerghavritham lokamembaadumulla pradeshangal anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. 1866 leeii clark 1927 leeii vadakke american dettavum vadakke americaykku mothatthil anuyojyamaanennu sarway cheythu. athupole, charitraparamaayi, lokathile mikka pradeshangalum athath pradeshangalile bhoomiyude aakruthiyude vyathiyaanangalkk ettavum anuyojyamaayi praadeshikamaayi alakkunna deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla deerghavrithangal upayogichirunnu. praadeshikamaayi ettavum krithyatha urappaakkumbol, eee sambradaayam pradeshangaliludaneelam vivarangal samyojippikkukayum pracharippikkukayum cheiyunnathu prashnakaramaakkunnu.
saattalait jiodesiyum remot sensing saankethikavidyayum uyarnna krithyatha kaivarikkukayum sivilian aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi labhyamakkukayum cheythathode, orotta aagola deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla vivarangal nedunnathu saadhyamaayi. upagrahangal swaabhaavikamaayum bhoomiye oru ekashilaasamithiyaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam. athinaal, bhoomiye mothatthil ettavum nannayi ekadeshamaayi kanakkakkunnathinaayi jii. aarr. ezz 80 deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla vikasippichedukkuyum 1983leeii vadakke american daattatthinte aditharayaayi ithu maarukayum cheythu. jii. aarr. ezz 80 umm athinte adutha bandhuvaya dablyu. jii. ezz 84 umm pothuve eathenkilum oru pradeshathinu ettavum anuyojyamallengilum, oru aagola sarway computerukal, daattabesukal, praadeshika saahacharyangalkk pariharam kaanaan kazhiyunna software ennivayumaayi samyojippikkumbol ettavum aduthulla fittinte aavasyakatha pradhaanamaayum baashpeekarikkappedunnu.
enn. dii. 27 neey enn. dii. 83 maayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.
27-ll thannirikkunna akshaamshavum rekhaamshavum ulla oru pooyint mattoru pooyintil ninnu pathinaayirakkanakkin meter kramatthil sthaanabhrashtamaakkappedaam, athinaal 83-ll samanamaaya akshaamshavum rekhaamshavum ullathinaal kordinettukalkkoppam daattavum vyakthamaakkendathu pradhaanamaan. 1927 leeii vadakke american daattam nirvachikkunnath oru prarambha binduvinte akshaamshavum rekhaamshavum (kansaasile meeds ranch trikona nilayam), eee binduvinum oru nirddishta randaamathe binduvinum edayilulla oru rekhayude disha, golaakrithiye nirvachikkunna rund alavukal ennivayaanu. 1983 leeii vadakke american daattam oru puthiya nirvachikkapetta golaakrithiye (jii. aarr. ezz 80) adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu; ithu prarambha poyinto prarambha dishayo illaatha oru bhouma kendreekritha (allengil "geosentric") daattamaan.
rund systengalkkidayil oru kanverttar nalkunnathaanu noa. praayogikamaaya phalam, siyattilinaduthulla 27 kordinettukalilekku (toppo maappil ninnu) naavigettu cheyyaan ningal oru aadhunika gps upakaranam upayogikkukayaanenkil (dablyuji 84 allengil enad 83), ningal ekadesham 95 meter (vendathra padinjaaru allah) akaleyayirikkum, koodaathe ningal miamic sameepam 47 meter akaleyayirikkum (vadakku-vadakkukizhakku), athesamayam ningal chikkaagoykkaduthulla poyintukalkku valare aduthaayirikkum.
enn. eiii. dii 83 neey dablyu. jii. ezz 84 maayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.
naad 83 (1986) ennathinte nirvachanam jii. aarr. ezz 80 spheroidine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, dablyu. jii. ezz 84 pole, pazhaya pala prasidheekaranangalum oru vyathyasavum soochippikkunnilla. dablyujies 84 pinneedu alpam kuranja paranna golamaayi maari. parannupokunnathile eee maattam ekadesham 0.1 millimeteraanu, ithu valare cheria vyathyaasamaan, athinaal computational prograamukal palappozhum rund deerghavrithaakrithiyilullava verthirichariyunilla. ennirunnaalum, reference deerghavrithaakrithiyilullava engane kendreekarichirikkunnu ennathile vyathyaasangal kaaranam, rund daattamukalileyum kordinettukal american aikyanaadukalude bhooribhaagathilum oru meettarinte kramatthil parasparam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. oro daattavum kooduthal krithyavum pinneedullathumaaya alavukalode parishkkaranangalkk vidheyamaayittundu. ariyappedunna oru vyathyasam bhoomiyude madhyabhaagathinte sthaanamaanu, rund samvidaanangalum ekadesham vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
koodaathe, vadakke american plettile poyintukalkku kaalakramena sthiramaayi thudaraan naad 83 nirvachikkappedunnu, athesamayam lokamembaadumulla steshanukalude sharaashariyumaayi bandhappett dablyujies 84 nirvachikkappedunnu. athinaal rund samvidaanangalum kaalakramena swaabhaavikamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. american aikyanaadukalil bhooribhaagathum aapekshika nirakk prathivarsham 1 muthal 2 centimeter vareyaanu. hawai saan andreus faltinu padinjaaru madhya, thekkan kaaliforniyayude theerapradeshangalum vadakke american plettil illaathathinaal avayude vyathichalana nirakk vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
enn. eiii. dii 83-nte nilavile nadappaakkal.
yunaittad stetts naashanal speshyal reference sisttam naad 83 (2011/maa11/paa11) epoc 2010.00, thudarchayaayi pravartthikkunna reference steshanukalil (korukal) valare krithyamaaya gps reseaverukalude shringalayil ninnulla daatta upayogichu naad 83 daattatthinte oru parishkkaranamaan. naad 83 (2011) pradhana vadakke american plettine vivarikkunnu, athesamayam emm. eiii. 11, pii. eiii. 11 pariharangal yathaakramam mariana plettinum pasaphik plettinum vendiyullathaanu.
2022leeii puthiya theeyathi.
deseeya speshyal reference sisttam enn. eiii. dii 83 mechappeduthunnathinaayi, 1988 leeii vadakke american lamba daattathinoppam (enn. eiii. vii. dii 88), 2022 ll oru puthiya jii. enn. ezz.-, gravimetric geoid model adisthaanamaakkiyulla jyaamitheeya reference frame, jiopottanshyal daattam enniva upayogichu maattisthaapikkaan sajjamaanu.
puthiya reference frameukal praadhamikamaayi global positioning sisttam (gps) polulla aagola naavigeshan saattalait sistangaleyum (gns) athupole thanne american vertical daattam (graav-dii) padhathiyude punarnirvachanatthinaayi guruthwaakarshanathil ninnulla oru gravimetric geoid modalineyum ashrayikkum.
kaalakramena vashalaakunna physical sarway maarkkukale aasrayikkunna enn. eiii. dii 83, enn. eiii. vii. dii 88 ennivayekkaal eluppathil axus cheyyaanum paripalikkaanum uddeshichullathaanu eee puthiya reference frameukal.

