
roobert boyil

roobert boyil (; 25 januvari 1627-31 desember 1691) oru anglo-airish prakrithi thathwachinthakanum rasathanthranjanum bhauthikashaasthranjanum alchemistum kandupiduthakkaaranumaayinu. aadhunika rasathanthrathinte sthaapakariloraalaayum aadhunika pareekshanathmaka shaasthreeya reethiyude thudakkakkaaril oralaayum innu boyil pradhaanamaayum kanakkaakkappedunnu. oru adacha samvidaanathinullil thaapanila sthiramaayi nilanirthukayaanenkil, oru vaathakathinte kevala mardhavum voliyavum thammilulla vipareeta aanupathika bandhathe vivarikkunna boyil niyamathinu addeham kooduthal ariyappedunnu. addehathinte kruthikalil, "samshayaathmaka kaimist" rasatantra mekhalayile oru moolakkallaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. addeham bhaktan bhakthanumaaya oru engleeshukaaranaayirunnu, daivashaasthrathile rachanakalkk addeham prashasthanaan.
jeevacharitram.
aadyakaala varshangal.
irelandile kaundi waterfordile lismore kottayil korkkile ('dhii grettu erl oof cork') onnaam earlinteyum catherine fentaninteyum ezhaamathe makan pathinaalaamatthe kuttiyumayi boyil janichu. 1588ll irelandile tudor thottangalilvechu englandil ninnu dablinilethiya loard cork, annu richard boyil ennariyappettirunnu. roobert janichappozhekkum addeham valareyadhikam sambathum bhoovudamakalum sambaadichirunnu, 1620 octoberil korkkinte erl aayi roopeekarikkappettu. 1539ll dablinil janicha irelandinte muun stettu sekrattari sarr jiophree fentaninteyum 1541ll lismoril janicha roobert vesttaninte makal alis westoninteyum makalaayirunnu korkkinte kaundas catherine phentan.
kuttikkaalathu, boyaline valarthiyathu addehathinte mootha sahodaranmaareppole oru nananja nazhsaanu. boyil laattin, greak, franch bhashakalil swakaarya tution nedukayum ettu vayassullappol, ammayude maranathethudarnnu adhehatheyum sahodaran fraansisineyum englandile eettan kolejilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. pithaavinte suhruthaaya sarr henry vottan annu kolejinte provostaayirunnu.
eee samayat, pithaav airish bhasha ariyunna roobert kaarevine oru swakaarya adthyaapakanaayi niyamichu, addeham eettanile thante makkalkk swakaarya adthyaapakanaayi pravarthichu. ennirunnaalum, "misttar. roobert chilappol athu [airish] aagrahikkukayum athil alppam praveshikkukayum cheiyunnu, "ennaal athilekku shradha tirikkaan careve nalkia" niravadhi kaaranagal "undaayirunnittum, avar franch, laattin bhashakal pariseelikkunnu, pakshe avaa airishine baadikkunnilla". moonnu varshathilere eettanil chelavazhicha sesham roobert oru franch adthyaapakanodoppam videshathekku pooyi. 1641ll avar itali sandarshikkukayum aaa varshathe shaithyakaalath florencil thaamasikkukayum "mahanaaya nakshatra-gazarinte vairudhyangal", prayamaaya gelilio galeeli padikkukayum cheythu.
madhyavarshangal.
1644 madhyathil shaasthra gaveshanathil atheeva thaalpparyathode kondinental europil ninnu roobert englandilekku madangi. addehathinte pithaav loard cork kazhinja varsham marikkukayum dorsettile staalbridjinte kottaravum addeham svanthamaakkiya irelandile kaundi limericile ganyamaaya estettukalum addehathinu vittukoduthu. 1644num 1652num idayil roobert stalbridge hausil thamasam sthaapikkukayum avide niravadhi pareekshanangal nadathunna oru laborattari sthaapikkukayum cheythu. annumuthal, roobert thante jeevitam shaasthreeya gaveshanathinaayi samarppikkukayum taamasiyaathe "puthiya thathwachintha" yude krishikkaayi svayam samarppicha "adrishya koleju" ennariyappedunna anweshana samghathil oru pradhana sthaanam nedukayum cheythu. avar landanil idaykkide kandumutty, palappozhum gresham collegilum chila amgangalkku oaksfordilum metingukal undaayirunnu.
1647 muthal thante airish estettukalil niravadhi sandarshanangal nadatthiya roobert 1652ll irelandilekku thamasam maariyengilum thante rasapravarthanangalil purogathi kaivarikkanulla kazhivillaaymayil niraashanaayi. oru kathil addeham irelandine "raasashakthikale thettidharikkukayum raasa upakaranangal chikilsikkaan kazhiyaathavidham bhedamaakkaanaavaathathum athil oru hermetic chinthayum undakaathathumaaya oru krooratha niranja rajyamaayi" visheshippichu."
ooksfoord sarvakalashaala, boyil kudumbatthinte suhruthukkal christopher renn roopakalppana cheytha oru sooryakaanthikku sameepam, shopeshire kunnin kudumbatthinte kaikalkk athirvashathulla valia chathushkonatthinte kothalatthil boyil kudumbatthinte kaikal kaanikkunnu.
1654-ll boyil thante jolie kooduthal vijayakaramaayi thudaraan ireland vittu oxfordilekku pooyi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham vare cross haal nilakondirunna sthalathe adayaalappeduthunna ooksfoordile hye streettile (ippol shelly memoriyalinte sthaanam) ooksfoordile yooniversitti kolejinte chumaril oru likhitham kaanam. ivideyaanu haalinte udamasthathayilulla sambannanaaya aushadhashaalayil ninnu boyil murikal vaadakaykku eduthathu.
1657ll oottoo voonn gyoorikkinte eyar pump vaayicha addeham roobert hukkinte sahaayathode athinte nirmmaanatthil mechappeduthalukal konduvaraan svayam sajjanayi. gyoorikkinte eyar pump valuthaayirunnu, "vividha manikkoorukalolam rund shaktharaaya aalukalude nirantharamaaya advaanam" aavashyamaayirunnu, koodaathe oru desktoppil soukaryapradamaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyunna onnu boyil nirmmichu. athinte falamaayi, 1659-ll poortthiyaaya "mesheena boiliana" allengil "numatical enchin", vaayuvinte gunangalekkurichu niravadhi pareekshanangal aarambikkukayum vasthuthaparamaaya vaayukkal enna padam srishtikkukayum cheythu. eyar pump upayogichulla boylinte pravarthanathekkurichu oru vivaranam 1660-ll "puthiya pareekshanangal physico-mechanical, sparsikkunna vaayu neeruravayum athinte phalangalum" enna peril prasidheekarichu.
eee pusthakatthil munnottuvacha kaazhchappaadukalude vimarshakaril oru jesuit, francis line (1595-1675) undaayirunnu, thante ethirppukalkku utharam nalkumbozhaanu oru vaathakathinte alavu vaathakathinte marddathinu vipareethamaayi vyathyaasappedunnuvennu boyil aadyamaayi paraamarshichathu, engleesh samsaarikkunna aalukalkkidayil ithu saadhaaranayaayi boyil niyamam ennu vilikkappedunnu. 1661ll henry power ennayaalaanu eee sidhaantham aadyam roopappeduthiya vyakthi. 1662ll boyil adhikaarathaal ezhuthappetta oru prabandhathekkurichulla oru paramarsham ulppeduthiyirunnuve athu richard touneliye thettayi kuttappedutthi. kondinental europil eee sidhaantham chilappol edmay mariottiyodu aaropikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum addeham athu 1676 vare prasidheekarichirunnil, akkaalat boylinte pravarthanangalekkurichu addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu.
1663-ll adrishyamaaya koleju prakrithi vijnjaanam mechappeduthunnathinaayi landanile royal sosaitiyaayi maari, englandile chaals randaaman boyil kaunsilil amgamaayi nalkia charter oof incorporation. 1680ll addeham sosaittiyude presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettuve sathyaprathinjakalekkurachu oru vivaadathil ninnu addeham aaa bahumati nirasichu.
ayuss deerghippikkuka", "parakkunna kala", "shaashvathamaaya prakasham", "kavacham laghuvaayathum angeyattam kadinavumaakkuka", "ellah kaattilum sanjarikkaanulla oru kappal, mungaathirikkaanulla oru kappal", "praayogikavum rekhamshangal kandethunnathinulla chila maarggavum", "bhavana maattunnathino uyarthunnathino ulla sakthamaaya marunnukal, unarthal, oormma, mattu pravartthanangal, vedana shaanthamaakkuka, niraparaadhikalaaya urakkam, nirupadravakaramaaya swapnangal muthalaayava neduka enniva ulppedunna 24 saadhyamaaya kandupiduthangalude" aagraha pattika "addeham undaakki.". 24ll chilath ozhike ellaam yaadhaarthyamaayi.
1668ll addeham ooksfoord vittu landanilekku pooyi, avide paal maalile thante mootha sahodari catherine johns, lady raanelaaginte veettil thaamasichu. avalude veettil undaayirunna laboratariyil addeham pareekshanangal nadathukayum shaasthrathil thaalpparyamulla budhijeevikalude saloonil pankedukkukayum cheythu. sahodarangalum sahodarikalum vaidyachikithsakal pankidukayum parasparam shaasthreeya ashayangal pracharippikkukayum parasparam kayyezhuthuprathikal edittu cheyyukayum cheiyunna oru aajeevanantha boudhika pankaalittham sahodarangal nilanirtthi."addehathinte samakaalikar addehathinte kruthikalil kaatharinte swaadheenam vyaapakamaayi amgeekarichuvenkilum pinneedu charitrakaaranmaar avarude charitrangalil ninnu avarude nettangalekkurichum sahodaranumaayulla bandhathekkurichum charcha upekshichu.
pinneedulla varshangal.
1669-ll orikkalum athra shakthiyillaatha addehathinte aarogyam gurutharamaayi kshayichuthudangukayum addeham kramena thante pothuparipaadikalil ninnu pinmaarukayum raajasamoohavumaayulla ashayavinimayam avasanippikkukayum chovvazhchayum velliyazhchayum uchakazhinju, budhanazhchayum shaniyazhchayum uchakazhinju "valare asaadhaaranamaaya avasarangalilozhike" athidhikale sweekarikkunnathil ninnu ozhivakkaanulla aagraham parasyappedutthukayum cheythu. angane labhicha ozhivusamayangalil addeham "thante aathmaakkale recruit cheyyaanum thante prabandhangal krameekarikkaanum" chila pradhana raasaanveshanangal thayyarakkanum aagrahichu, athu "aaa kalayude padicha shishyanmaarkk orutharam hermetic paarambaryamaayi" upekshikkaan addeham nirddeshichu, pakshe avayekkurichu addeham prakrithiye ariyichirunnilla. 1691ll addehathinte aarogyam kooduthal vashalaavukayum, irupathu varshathilereyaayi addeham shaasthraparamaaya karyangal pankuvachirunna thante sahodariyaaya kaatharinte veettilvechu marichu orazhcha kazhinjappol, aaa varsham desember 31nuu addeham marikkukayum cheythu. boyil pakshaaghaatham moolam marichu. sent martin-inn-dhii-feeldile pallithottatthil addehathe samskarichu, addehathinte shavasamskara prabhashanam addehathinte suhruthu bishop gilbert burnet prasamgichu. thante ishtaprakaaram, boyil prabhashanangal ennariyappettirunna niravadhi prabhashanangal boyil nalki.
shaasthreeya anweshakan.
oru shaasthreeya anweshakanenna nilayil boylinte valia yogyatha francis bekkan "novam oorgaanathil" amgeekaricha thathwangal addeham nadappilaakki ennathaanu. ennittum addeham bakeninteyo mattethenkilum guruvinteyo anuyaayiyaanennu svayam prakhyapikkilla.
thante vidhinirnayam aadhunika thathwachinthayude eathenkilum sidhaanthangal pole munkootty thayyaaraakkaathathayi nilanirthaan, avayekkurichu theerumaanikkaan sahaayikkunnathin "pareekshanangal nalkunnathuvare" addeham niravadhi avasarangalil paraamarsikkunnu. aattomikkal, cartician samvidaanangalekkurichum novam oorgaanathekkurichum polum oru padanavum addeham ozhivaakkiyenkilum, kurachu vishadaamshangalekkurichu avarodu "kshanikamaayi koodiyaalochichathaayi" addeham sammathikkunnu. sidhaanthangalude chalanathekkaal anyamaayi mattonnum addehathinte maanasika swabhaavathinu anyamaayirunnilla. vijnjaanam nedunnathu oru lakshyamaayi addeham kanakkakki, athinte falamaayi noottaandukalaayi thante mungaamikal aaswadichathinekkaal shaasthreeya anweshanathinte lakshyangalil addeham vishalamaaya veekshanam nedi. ennirunnaalum, shaasthrathinte praayogika prayogatthil addeham shradha cheluthukayo upayogikkunna arivine addeham verukkukayo cheythilla ennalla ithinartham.
roobert boyil oru aalkkemistaayirunnu; lohangalude parivartthanam oru saadhyathayaanennu vishwasichu, athu nedaamenna pratheekshayil addeham pareekshanangal nadatthi; 1689 ll, svarnnavum velliyum gunikkunnathinethire henry IV-nte niyamam raddaakkunnathil addeham pradhana pankuvahichu. bhauthikashaasthrathil addeham poortthiyaakkiya ellah pradhana pravarthanangaliloodeyum-boyil niyamatthinte uchaaranam, shabdathinte vyaapanathil vaayu vahikkunna punk kandethal, thanuthurayunna jalathinte vipulamaaya shakthiyekkurichulla anweshanangal, nirddishta guruthwaakarshanangalum apavarthana shakthikalum, paralukal, vaidyuthi, niram, hydrostatics muthalaayava. rasathanthram addehathinte savisheshavum priyappettathumaya padanamaayirunnu. eee vishayathekkurichulla addehathinte aadya pusthakam 1661-ll prasidheekaricha "dhii septikkal kaimist" aayirunnu, athil "ashleela spaagiristukal avarude uppu, sulfur, merkuri enniva kaaryangalude yadhaartha thathwangalaayi kandethaan shramikkaatha pareekshanangale addeham vimarshichu."addehathe sambandhichidatholam rasathanthram aalkkemistukaludeyo vaidyanteyo kalakalumayi maathram chernnalla, padaarthangalude gadanayude shaasthramaayirunnu.
bhouthikavasthukkalude apaghaditha gadakangalaayi moolakangalekkurichulla kaazhchappaadine addeham amgeekarikkukayum mishrithangalum samyukthangalum thammilulla vyathyasam vyakthamaakkukayum cheythu. avayude cheruvakal kandethunnathinulla saankethikavidyayil addeham ganyamaaya purogathi kaivarichu, eee prakriya addeham "vishakalanam" enna padam upayogichu nirvachichu. moolakangal aathyanthikamayi vividha tharatthilumulla valippathilulla kanikakalaal nirmmithamaanennum avaa ariyappedunna reethiyil pariharikkendathillennum addeham anumaanichu. addeham jwalanathinteyum shwasanathinteyum rasathanthram padikkukayum shareerashaasthrathil pareekshanangal nadathukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum, shareeraghadanayude vichedanam, prathyekichu vaivisekshanukal ennivayil ninnu addehathe thadanja "thante swabhaavathinte aardrata" addehathe thadassappeduthi, ennirunnaalum avaa "ettavum nirddeshadaayakam" aanennu addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu.
daivashaasthraparamaaya thalpparyangal.
thathwachinthaykku purame, praayogika vashathekku valare nischayadaarthyathode chaayvum vivaadaparamaaya tharkkangalodulla nissamgathayum kaanichu boyil daivashaasthrathinaayi dhaaraalam samayam neekkivachu. 1660-ll raajaavinte punasthaapana samayat, addehathe kodathiyil anukoolamaayi sweekarichu, vishudha utharavukal sweekarikkaan addeham sammathichirunnenkil 1665-ll eettan kolejinte provostship labhikkumaayirunnu, ennaal mathaparamaya vishayangalekkurichulla addehathinte rachanakalkk sabhayile shambalamulla manthriyekkaal oru saadhaaranakkaaril ninnu kooduthal praadhaanyam labhikkumennathinte adisthaanathil ithu cheyyaan addeham visammathichu.
koodaathe, prakrithi thathwachinthaykku daivathinte nilanilppin sakthamaaya thelivukal nalkaan kazhiyumennu vishwasichukondu boyil thante shaasthreeya thalpparyangal thante daivashaasthrathil ulppeduthi. udaaharanathinu, "prakrithi vasthukkalude anthima kaaranangalekkurichulla anweshanam" (1688) polulla kruthikalil, prakrithiyekkurichulla padanatthinu daivathekkurichu kooduthal velippeduthaan kazhiyumennu nishedhicha rene descartasineppolu samakaalika thathwachinthakare addeham vimarshichu. pakaram, prakrithiyude chila bhaagangalil pradharshippichirikkunna roopakalppana upayogichu lokavumaayulla daivathinte edapedal prakadippikkaan prakrithi thathwachinthakarkku kazhiyumennu boyil vaadichu. thante shaasthreeya reethikalilninnu uruthirinja reethikal upayogichu sankeernamaaya daivashaasthraparamaaya chodyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanum addeham shramichu. punarutthaanatthinte saadhyathayekkurichulla chila bhauthika-daivashaasthraparamaaya parigananakalil" (1675), shareerathinte punarutthaanatthinte bhauthika saadhyatha prakadippikkaanulla shramathinte bhaagamaayi addeham "praacheenaavasthayilekkulla kuravu" ennariyappedunna oru raasapareekshanam upayogichu. thante kariyariludaneelam shaasthrathin kristhumathatthinu pinthuna nalkaan kazhiyumennu kaanikkan boyil shramichu.
eest india kambaniyude director enna nilayil addeham kizhakk kristhumathatthinte vyaapanam prolsaahippikkunnathum missionary samoohangalkku udaaramaayi sambhavana cheiyunnathinum baibilo athinte bhaagangalo vividha bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnathinulla chelavukalkkum valia thuka chelavazhichu. baibil janangalude praadeshika bhashayil labhyamaakanamenna nayathe boyil pinthunachu. puthiya niyamatthinte oru airish bhasha pathipp 1602-ll prasidheekarichuvenkilum boylinte muthirnna jeevithathil ithu apoorvamaayirunnu. airish bhashayil pazhayathum puthiyathumaaya niyamangalude baibil achadikku boyil vyakthiparamayi dhanasahayam nalki. eee kaaryatthil, airish bhaashayodulla boylinte manobhaavam akkaalathe irelandile protestant adhinivesha vibhaagathil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu, athu pothuve bhashayodu sathrutha pulartthukayum airish bhaashayude upayogathe (mathaparamaya aaraadhanayude bhashayaayi mathramalla) pradhaanamaayum ethirkkukayum cheythu.
vamsha uthbhavathekkurich boylinu ekathvavaada veekshanam undaayirunnu. vamshangale padikkunna oru pioneeraayirunnu addeham, ellah manushyarum, avarude shaareerika vyathyaasangal ethra vaividhyapoornamaanenkilum, ore uravidathil ninnaan varunnathennu addeham vishwasichu aadam, eevu. maathaapithaakkal vyathyastha niramulla albinosinu janmam nalkiyathinte report cheytha kathakal addeham padichu, athinaal aadaam eevum yadhaarthathil vellayaanennum kokkeshyakkaarkk vyathyastha varnna vamshangalkk janmam nalkaamennum addeham nigamanam cheythu. opttikkal projection (bhauthikashaasthrathil) vazhi niratheyum prakaashatheyum kurichulla roobert hukkinteyum isak nyoottaninteyum sidhaanthangal polygenisisinte prabhaashanangalilekku boyil vyapippichu, orupakshe eee vyathyaasangal "seminal impressionukal" aayirikkaamenn oohichu. ithu kanakkiledukkumbol, thante kaalath charmmatthinte niram yadhaarthathil veeryathil adangiyirikkunna jeenukaliloodeyaanu neekkam cheiyunnathennu ippol namukkariyavunnathinaal, niratthinu oru nalla vishadeekaranam addeham vibhavanam cheythathayi kanakkakkaam. europian annukale" sambandhichidatholam, addehathinte kaalath, soundaryathe alakkunnathu charmmatthinte niratthilalla, marichu "uyaram, shareerabhaagangalude manoharamaaya samamiti, mukhathe nalla savisheshathakal" ennivayilaanennu boylinte rachanakal paraamarsikkunnu. shaasthra samoohathile vividha amgangal addehathinte kaazhchappaadukal nirasikkukayum avaye "aswasthappeduthunna" allengil "rasakaramaaya" ennu visheshippikkukayum cheythu.
kristhyaanikal thammilulla vivaadangal paraamarsikkaruthenna vyavasthayode, "kuprasiddha vishwaasikalaaya nireeshwaravaadikal, daivavishwaasikal, purajaatheeyar, juthanmaar, muslimkal" ennu thaan kanakkakkunnavarkkethire kristhyan mathathe prathirodhikkunnathinaayi boyil thante ichhaashakthiyil niravadhi prabhaashanangalkk panam nalki (boyil prabhashanangal kaanuka).
avaardukalum bahumathikalum.
royal sosaittiyude sthaapakan enna nilayil, 1663-ll addeham royal sosaittiyude (efrs) fello aayi thiranjedukkappettu. addehathinte bahumaanaartham boyil niyamathinu peru nalkiyittundu. royal sosaitti oof kemistry vishakalana shaasthrathin addehathinte bahumaanaartham oru roobert boyil sammanam nalkunnu. 1899ll udghaadanam cheytha irelandile shaasthra mikavinulla boyil medel royal doublin sosaittiyum airish kaalavum samyukthamaayaan nalkunnathu. 2012 ll aarambhicha roobert boyle summer school, waterford instittyoott oof teknolaji lismore kottayude pinthunayode samghadippikkunnu, ithu roobert boylinte paithrukathe aadarikkunnathinaayi varsham thorum nadathappedunnu.
pradhanappetta jolikal.
addehathinte ettavum pradhanappetta kruthikalil chilath thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
addehathinte mathaparavum daarshanikavumaaya rachanakalil iva ulppedunnu

