
wang seen (kandupiduthakkaaran)

oru chainees mechanical enchineeyar, kaarshikashaasthranjan, kandupiduthakkaaran, ezhuthukaaran, yuwan raajavamshathile (1271-1368) raashtreeyakkaaran ennee nilakalil prashasthanaayirunnu wang seen. thadi chalikkunna tharatthilulla achadi saankethikavidyayude aadyakaala naveenashayakkaaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. 13-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 14-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum labhyamaya vishalamaaya upakaranangalum saankethikavidyakalum ulkkollunna addehathinte sachitra kaarshika grandham akkaalathe ettavum noothanamaaya onnaanu.
jeevithavum joliyum.
shandong pravisyayil janicha wang shhein anhui, jiangsi pravishyakalude udyogasthanaayi niravadhi varshangal chelavazhichu. 1290 muthal 1301 vare addeham anhui pravishyayile jingdeyude majistrettaayirunnu, avide addeham maram kondu chalikkavunna tharatthilulla achadi upayogathinte thudakkakkaaranaayirunnu. nong shhoo" () allengil "kaarshika pusthakam" ennariyappedunna 1313 leeii wang shhein prasidheekaricha thadi chalikkunna tharatthe vivarichittundu. kruthiyude pradhana shradhaakendrathe eee thalakkett vivarikkunnundenkilum, krishiyude paridhiyil maathram parimithappedaattha vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalekkurichulla kooduthal vivarangal ithil ulppeduthiyittundu. 1313-leeii vaanginte "nong shuu" vividha chainees shaasthrangal, saankethikavidyakal, kaarshika reethikal ennivayude prayogavum upayogavum roopappeduthunna valare pradhanappetta oru madhyakala grandhamaayirunnu. jalathil pravartthikkunna bellos muthal chalikkavunna tharam printing vare, samakaalika madhyakala chainees saankethikavidyayekkurikulla vivaranathmaka maastarpees aayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
niravadhi praayogika kaaranangalal wang "nong shuu" enna maastarpees ezhuthi, ennaal yuwan kaalaghattatthile daaridryavum adichamarthalum neridumbol avarude saambathika upajeevanamaargam mechappeduthunnathinulla marggangal thedunna chainayile niralambaraaya grameena karshakare sahayikkunnathinum pinthunaykkunnathinumalla oru margamaayum. muun gaanavargam uyarnna chainees samskaarathinteyum aapekshika saambathika, kaarshika sthirathayudeyum kaalaghattamaayirunnuvenkilum, yuwan rajavamsham gaana-yuwan parivartthana samayat chainayude saambathika, kaarshika aditharaye poornnamaayum nashippichu. athinaal, "nong shuu" polulla oru pusthakam grameena karshakare vilavu uthppaadippikkunnathin karyakshamatha vardhippikkaanum avarude dainamdina jeevithathe sahayikkaan vividha kaarshika upakaranangal engane upayogikkaamenn padikkaanum sahayikkum. ennirunnaalum, ithu vaayikkaan uddeshichirunnilla (pradhaanamaayum nirakshararaayirunna grameena karshakar), marichu karshakarkk ariyaathavidham nilavil labhyamaya ettavum mikacha kaarshika reethikal gaveshanam cheyyaan aagrahicha praadeshika udyogasthar.
110, 000-thiladhikam chainees aksharangal ezhuthiya "nong shuu" athintethaaya kaalathum avishwasaneeyamaamvidham dairkhyameriya oru pusthakamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 535-ll jiah sixia ezhuthiya aadyakaala madhyakala chainees kaarshika grandhamaaya "chii miin yaavo shuu"-nekkaal alpam valuthaayirunnu ithu, athil 100,000-ladhikam chainees aksharangal undaayirunnu.
saankethika kandupidithangal.
jalathil pravartthikkunna shabdangal.
hahn raajavamshathinte kaalath (bii. sii. 202-eiii. dii. 220) chainakkaraanu aadyamaayi hydrolic power prayogichathu.iii. oru waterweel) kaast irumbu srishtikkunnathil spotana choolayude vaayusanjaaramulla bello pravarthippikkunnathil. eiii. dii. 31ll nanyaamginte prefectaaya enchineeyar duu shiyude oru naveekaranathilaanu ithu rekhappeduthiyittullathu. duu shikkusesham, thudarnnulla rajavamsha kaalaghattangalil chainakkar spotana choolayude bello pravarthippikkaan jalashakthiyude upayogam thudarnnu. chainees irumbu vyavasaayathinte urukal, casting prakriyakale sahayikkunna jalachakrangalkk oorjjam nalkuka enna eaka uddeshyathinaayi yuwan-jiya bharanakaalathu (424-429) aasoothrithavum krithrimavumaaya oru thadaakam nirmmichathaayi anchaam noottaandile "vuu chaang jii" yude grandhatthil athinte rachayithavaaya pii ling ezhuthi. anchaam noottaandile "shuy jing suu" enna grandhatthil, 814-ll ezhuthiya "yuwan-heey juun sian thuu chii" enna thaang raajavamshathinte bhoomishaasthra paatam pole, jalachakrangalkk oorjjam nalkaan ozhukunna nadeejalam upayogikkunnathinekkur paraamarsikkunnu.
lohashaasthrathile shabdangalil jalashakti aadyamaayi prayogichathu duu shianengilum, jalashakthiyupayogichu athinte pravarthanathekkurichu aadyathe varachathum achadichathumaaya chithreekaranam 1313 ll wang senninte "nong shuu" yumayi vannu. munkaalangalilum pathinalam noottaandile thante kaalaghattatthilum jalathil pravartthikkunna spotana choolaykku upayogichirunna reethikal wang vishadeekarichu
vaanginte chalikkavunna tharatthilulla achadi.
chalikkavunna tharatthilulla printing mechappeduthunnathil, muzhuvan blokkukalum nirmmikkunnathinayi manpaathrangalude frame upayogichu porsaline printing tharam bake cheiyunnathinu oru badal reethi wang paraamarshichu. 1290 muthal 1301 vare anhui pravishyayile jingdeyude majistrettaayirunnappol thadi chalikkunna tharatthilulla upayogathinu wang prashasthanaan. lalithamaaya mechanical upakaranangal upayogichu type settinginte vegatha mechappeduthukayum thadi chalikkunna tharangalude sankeernavum chittappeduthiyathumaaya krameekaranathodoppam addehathinte pradhana sambhavana aayirunnu. chuvadeyulla bhaagathil vivarichirikkunnathu maram chalikkavunna tharam nirmmikkunna prakriya wang sangrahichu
pathinonnam noottaandil bii sheng thadi chalikkunna tharam upayogikkukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythirunnuvenkilum thadi upayogikkaan anuyojyamallaatha oru vasthuvayi vilayiruthappettathinal athu upekshikkappettu. nirddishta tharam cutting, finishing reethikal cherthu wang munbathe pareekshana prakriya mechappeduthi, type kesum revolving table prakriya kooduthal kaaryakshamamakki. vaanginte sanbradaayathil, ellah chainees ezhuthu pratheekangalum anchu vyathyastha svarangalaal krameekarichirikkunnu, koodaathe chainees praasangalude oru staanderd audyogika pusthakam upayogichu praasam anusarichu. eee prakriyayil yadhaarthathil rund karangunna meshakal upayogichu; oru meshayil kavithakalude pusthakatthil ninnu audyogika tharangalundaayirunnu, mattonnil pettennulla thiranjeduppinaayi ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna chainees ezhuthu pratheekangal adangiyirunnu. muzhuvan prakriya kooduthal kaaryakshamamaakkunnathin, oro chainees aksharathinum vyathyastha nambar nalki, angane oru nambar vilikkumbol, aaa ezhuthu pratheekatthe thiranjedukkum. oru samkhya nirddeshikkappedaatha apoorvavum asaadhaaranavumaaya aksharangal aavashyamullappol thadi murikkunnavar akkaalat thanne nirmmichirunnu.
puthiya pusthakangal achadikkumbol, achadikku upayogikkunna naaluvashathulla thadi blokkinte sariyaaya valuppam nirnnayikkunnathin oro pusthakathinteyum chathuraakrithiyilulla alavukal nirnnayikkendathundena wang vivarichu. aavashyamaaya mashi jolie nirakalil lambamaayi neekkiya brush upayogichaanu cheythath, athesamayam kadalaasile mudra mukalil ninnu thaazhekku brush upayogichu theikkendathundu.
1490ll chainayil huwa sui venkala tharam achadikku thudakkamidunnathinu rund noottaandukalkku munbu, casting samayat kuranja dravanaankathinu anukoolamaaya lohamaaya tinn upayogichu achadikkaan wang pareekshanam nadathiyirunnu. nong shuu" enna kruthiyil wang ezhuthi
athinaal, 13-aamm noottaandile chainees loha tharam tinn upayogikkunnathu parajayappettu, kaaranam ithu mashi prakriyayumaayi poruthappedunnilla. vaanginte kaalath paraajayappettenkilum pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil chainayil pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare noottaandukalolam venkala lohamaaya huwa sui upayogichirunnu.
wood block printing upayogichaanu vaanginte "nong shuu" kooduthalum achadichathenkilum, thadi chalikkavunna tharatthilulla addehathinte naveekaranam taamasiyaathe anhui mekhalayil janapriyamaayi. revolving tableukalil krameekarichirikkunna 60,000 ezhuthu pratheekangalude upayogam ulppeduthiya jingde nagaratthile praadeshika gasatteer paper achadikkaan vaanginte thadi chalikkunna tharam upayogichu. 1298-ll, ithinte ekadesham nooru koppikal oru maasathinullil maram kondu chalikkavunna reethiyil achadichirunnu. 1322-ll maa chengde ennu peritta sejiang pravishyayile fengwayile majistrettu, vaanginte paatha pinthudarnnu, aavashyamaaya karangunna meshakalil 100,000 ezhuthappetta aksharangal chalikkavunna tharatthilulla kanfyooshyan klaasikkukal achadichu. 13-aamm noottaandode joson koriyayil loha chalikkunna tharatthilulla prakriya vikasippicheduthappol, ming rajavamsham (1368-1644) printar huwa sui 1490-ll venkala chalikkunna tharam upayogikkunnathuvare chainayil loha chalikkunna tharam thudakkamittilla. ming kaalaghattatthil chainayil loha chalikkunna tharam labhyamaayengilum, 19-aamm noottaand vare thadi chalikkunna tharam saadhaarana upayogathil thudarnnu. athinusesham, pathinanjaam noottaandil johannes gutenberg aadyamaayi thudakkamitta europian printing pras mesheen chainayilum digital printinginteyum aadhunika computer printarinteyum varavu vare aagola samoohathilum pradhana aditharayum nilavaravumaayi maari.
ennirunnaalum, 14 muthal 16 vare noottaandukalile ming raajavamshathinte kaalath chalikkavunna tharatthilulla achadiyundaayirunna ithu praadeshika akkaadamikal, praadeshika sarkkar offeesukal, achadiyude sambannaraaya praadeshika rakshaadhikaarikal, nanjing, sooshou, chaangshou, haangshou, venshou, fushou ennee nagarangalil sthithicheyyunna valia chainees vaanijya printarukal enniva upayogichirunnathaayi ariyappettirunnu. ming kaalaghattatthil novalukal, kala, shaasthra saankethikavidya, kudumba rajisttarukal, praadeshika gasattukal ennivayulppede thadi chalikkunna tharatthilulla vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalil ninnulla niravadhi pusthakangal prasidheekarichirunnu. 1541-ll, rund vyathyastha raajakumaaranmaarude sponsarshippil maram kondu chalikkavunna tharam upayogichu rund vyathyastha supradhana prasidheekaranangal nirmikkappettu; shuu prins print cheytha muun gaana raajavamshathile kavi suu cheyude valia saahitya shekharam achadikkukayum, yuwan rajavamsha kaalaghattatthile ezhuthukaaran ezhuthiya andhavishwaasangalkkethire nishedhichukondu ezhuthiya oru pusthakam print cheyyukayum cheythu.
kwing raajavamshathinte kaalath (1644-1911), muun ming kaalaghattathekkaal valare vishalamaaya thothil maram kondulla chalikkavunna tharam upayogichirunnu. baijingile saamraajyathva kodathiyaanu ithu audyogikamaayi sponsor cheythathenkilum swakaarya achadi kambanikalkkidayil ithu vyaapakamaayi pracharichirunnu. kwing kaalaghattatthil saadhaaranayaayi panayappedutthukayo vilkkukayo sammaanangalaayi nalkukayo cheythirunnathinaal chalikkunna tharatthilulla ezhuthu fondukalude srishti nikshepathinte oru budhiparamaaya samrambhamaayi maari. saamraajyathva kottaaratthinte mekhalayil, audyogika jiinn jian (maama. 1794) 1733ll yongsheng chakravarthikku nirmmicha 253,000 thadi chalikkunna tharatthilulla aksharangal undaayirunna wuing kottaaratthil achadi chumatala ealppichu. eee padhathiyude chumatalayilulla udyogasthanaaya jiinn jian thante "vuu ying tian juu seen baann cheng shhii" (chalikkunna tharatthilulla imperial printing oafees maanuval) yill achadi prakriyayekkurichu vishadamaaya vishadaamshangal nalki. pathonpathu vyathyastha vibhagangalil addeham vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkki
vaanginte chalikkavunna tharam prakriya jiinn jiyaaninte prakriya thammil sradheyamaaya vyathyaasangalund. wang thadi blokkukalil ezhuthiya aksharangal kothiyedutthu, thudarnnu avaye verthirichu, athesamayam jiinn kathaapaathrangale vyakthigathamayi tharangalayi murikkunnathin munbu tharam bodikal thayyaaraakkikkond prakriya aarambhichu. tharam krameekarikkunnathin, thozhilaallikalkk aaa tharam varunna karangunna meshakalude oru reethi wang upayogichu, athesamayam thozhilaallikal samghaditha tharatthilekku pookunna oru samvidaanam jiinn vikasippichu. type ithinakam sajjeekarichathin sesham vaanginte frame chertthu, athesamayam jiinn ruul sheettukalum vaachakavum ore pepparil vevvere achadichu.
krishi.
wang ezhuthiya "nong shuu" (<unk>) nte pradhana shradha chainees kaarshika mekhalayaayirunnu. addehathinte pusthakam munkaalangalilum swantham kaalathum upayogichirunna kaarshika upakaranangaludeyum upakaranangaludeyum oru valia pattika pattikappedutthukayum vivarikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, vivarichirikkunna oro kaarshika upakaranathinoppavum chithreekaricha chithrangalude chittayaya upayogam wang thante pusthakatthil ulppeduthi. swargeeya thandukal, bhoumika shaakhakal, naalu rithukkal, panthrand maasam, irupathinaalu sourapadangal, ezhupathirandu anchu divasathe kaalayalavukal, oro kaarshika pravartthanangalum avayude aavasyakatha, nakshatra krameekaranangal, phenology, kaarshika ulppaadanathinte kramam ennivaykku soochana nalkunna prakrithi prathibhaasangalum ulppedunna oru kaarshika kalandar rekhaachithravum wang srishtichu.
nong shuvil paraamarshichirikkunna vividha samakaalika kaarshika reethikalil, uzhuthumari, vithaykkal, jalasechanam, mulberry krishi muthalaayavayude upayogam wang pattikappedutthukayum vivarikkukayum cheythu. chainayile pala pradeshangalileyum vividha bhakshyavasthukkalum uthppannangalum ithu pattikappedutthukayum vivarikkukayum cheythu. kaarshika upakaranangal mathramalla, bhakshya samskaranam, jalasechana upakaranangal, vividha tharam vayalukal, aachaaraparamaaya pathrangal, vividha tharam dhaanya sambharanam, vandikal, bottukal, mechanical upakaranangal, niravadhi prayogangalil upayogikkunna thunitharangal ennivayude upayogam pusthakam vishadeekarichu. udaaharanathinu, varaykkalil vivarikkukayum chithreekarikkukayum cheytha niravadhi upakaranangalilonn kaalakalude prerakashakthi upayogichu pravartthikkunna oru valia mechanical milling plaantaanu, athinu chuttumulla ettu vyathyastha millukalude pallulla gearukalil valia karangunna gear wheel edapazhakunnu. sinologist charitrakaaranmaarkku valia thaalpparyamulla wang, vadakkan chainayile kaarshika saankethikavidyayum thekkan chainayude kaarshika saankethikavidyayum thammilulla vyathyasavum vishadeekarichu. vadakku kaarshika saankethikavidyayude pradhana savisheshatha pradhaanamaayum varanda bhoopradesha krishiykku anuyojyamaaya saankethika prayogangalaayirunnu, athesamayam theevramaaya jalasechana krishi thekkan chainaykku kooduthal anuyojyamaayirunnu. koodaathe, thekk kalayadikkaayi upayogikkunna thekkan kaii-ambu pole, thekk kalayadikkaayi upayogikkunna thekk-vadakku bhaagathu phalatthil anjjaathamaayirunnenkilum, mattullavarkk prayojanam cheyyaavunna thekk allengil vadakku bhaagathu maathram kaanapedunna chila kaarshika reethikale pinthunaykkunnathinulla arivu pracharippikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi wang thante grandham upayogichu.
"nong shuu" adhyayangal.
adthyaayangal 1-6
adhyayangal 7-10
adhyayangal 11-22