
yeshuvinte kaalakramam

nazareenaaya yeshuvinte jeevithathile sambhavangalkk oru kaalakramam sthaapikkaan yeshuvinte kaalaganana lakshyamidunnu. yeshuvinte jeevithathile pradhana sambhavangalude theeyathikal kanakkakkunnathinaayi pandithanmaar jootha, greco-roman rekhakaleyum jyotishaasthra kalandarukaleyum puthiya niyama vivaranangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
yeshuvinte janana varsham nirnnayikkaan rund pradhana sameepanagal upayogichittundu onnu rajaavaaya naayakante bharanathe paraamarshichu addehathinte janana suvisheshangalile vivaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum mattonn addeham prasamgikkaan thudangiyappol "ekadesham 30 vayass" ennu paranja praayam kurachukondu. bii. sii. 4-ll naayakan njaan marichuvennu mikkavarum ellah pandithanmaarum sammathichittundengilum chila pandithanmaar parayunnath naayakan addehathinte makante regencyude aadya varshangalil jeevichirippundaayirim, naayakante maranam eiii. dii. 1 vare vaiki.
mikka pandithanmaarum bii. sii. 6 num 4 num edayilulla jananatheeyathi anumaanikkunnu.
ezhuthukaaranaaya maikkal molnaarinte "bethlaheminte nakshatram-maajiyude paarambaryam" enna grandham anusarichu yeshu janichathu epril 17 shaniyazhcha/shabbathil bisi 6/17.4.748 auku/29 nizan 3755 echsi. addeham oru "erees dhii raam/lamb" aayirunnu.
yeshu prasamgikkaan thudangiya varsham kanakkakkaan moonnu vishadaamshangal upayogichittundu tiberius seaserinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varshathil addehathinte "ekadesham 30 vayass" enna paramarsham, jerusalemile kshethram nirmmicha theeyathiyumaayi bandhapetta mattonn, snaapanametta yohannaante maranathekkurichulla mattonn. athinaal, pandithanmaar kanakkaakkunnath yeshu AD 25-29 nuu chuttum prasamgikkaanum anuyaayikale shekharikkaanum aarambhichuvennaan. moonnu synoptic suvisheshangal anusarichu yeshu kuranjathu oru varshamenkilum prasamgikkunnathu thudarnnu, suvisheshakanaaya joonn parayunnathanusarichu moonnu varshamenkilum.
yeshuvine krooshikkunna theeyathi kanakkakkaan anchu reethikal upayogichittundu. josephus, taasittas thudangiya kristhyan ithara srothassukal upayogikkunnu. poulinte mathaparivarthana theeyathi kanakkakkunnathinaayi AD 51/52 ll korinthile roman prokansal gallio apposthalan poulinte charitraparamaayi susthaapithamaaya vichaaranayil ninnu mattoru kruthi pinnott pookunnu. rund reethikalum kroosheekaranathinu mukalile bandhamaayi AD 36 nuu kaaranamaakunnu. angane, kristhuvinu kristhuvinu munpu 30num 36num idayil krooshikkappettuvennu pandithanmaar pothuve sammathikkunnu. isak nyoottante jyotishaasthra reethi naalu suvisheshangalum vyakthamaakkiyathupole velliyaazhchaykk munbulla purathana pesahar (ellaayppozhum poornnachandran nirvachichirikkunnu) kanakkakkunnu; ithu krooshikkaan saadhyathayulla rund theeyathikal avasheshikkunnu, epril 7, eiii. dii 30,3 epril 33. chandragrahana reethiyil, krooshikkumbol chandran rakthathilekku maariyenna apposthalan peettarude prasthavana () epril 3, eiii. dii 33 leeii chandragrahanathe soochippikkunnathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu; jyothishaasthranjar chandragrahanam jerusalem vare padinjaaru vare drishyamaayirunno ennu charcha cheiyunnu. sameepakaala jyotishaasthra gaveshanam oru vashath yeshuvinte avasana pesaha theeyathiyum maruvashathu joninte thudarnnulla "jootha pesaha" theeyathiyum thammilulla vyathyasam upayogikkunnu, yeshuvinte avasana athaazham eiii. dii. 33 budhanazhchayum eiii. dii. 33 epril 3 velliyaazhcha crusical moonnaam divasam punarutthaanavum nirddeshikkunnu. oru bhookambapatanam yeshuvinte kroosheekaranathinum thudarnnulla punaruthaanatthinum eiii. dii. 33 epril 3 enna parambaraagatha theeyathikku kooduthal praadhaanyam nalkiyittundu.
sandarbhavum avalokanavum.
yeshuvinte jeevithathile sambhavangalude samagramaya pattika nalkunnuvennu kristheeya suvisheshangal avakaashappedunnilla. charitraparamaaya charithrarekhakalekkaal aadyakaala kristhumathatthinte pashchaathalatthil daivashaasthraparamaaya rekhakalaayi avaa ezhuthappettu, avarude rachayithakkal yeshuvinte samboornna kaalagananayilo addehathinte jeevithathinte episodukale aaa kaalaghattatthinte mathethara charitravumaayi samanvayippikkunnathilo thaalparyam kaanichilla. suvisheshangal charitraparamaaya dinavrithaanthangalekkaal daivashaasthraparamaaya rekhakalaanennathinte oru soochana, avar avarude paatatthinte moonnilonnu bhagam verum ezhu divasathekku, athaayath kristhuvinte abhinivesham ennum ariyappedunna jarusalemile yeshuvinte jeevithathinte avasana aazhchaykkaayi neekkivaykkunnu ennathaanu.
ennirunnaalum, suvisheshangal vyakthamaayi theeyathi nischayikkaan kazhiyunna sambhavangalekkurichulla chila vishadaamshangal nalkunnu, athinaal swatantra srothassukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol yeshuvinte jeevithathile pradhana sambhavangalekkurichulla theeyathi paridhi sthaapikkaan kazhiyum. jootha, greco-roman srothassukal polulla niravadhi charitraparamaaya kraisthavethara rekhakal yeshuvinte kaalagananayude charitraparamaaya vishakalanagalil upayogichittundu. yeshu nilavilundaayirunnuvennu mikkavarum ellah aadhunika charitrakaaranmaarum sammathikkunnu, addehathinte snaapanatheyum kroosheekaranatheyum charitra sambhavangalayi kanakkaakkukayum eee sambhavangalude ekadesha paridhi kanakkakkaan kazhiyumennu anumaanikkukayum cheiyunnu.
eee reethikal upayogichu, mikka pandithanmaarum bisi 6 num 4 num edayilulla jananatheeyathi anumaanikkunnu, koodaathe yeshuvinte prasamgangal edii 27-29 ll aarambhich onnu muthal moonnu varsham vare neenduninnu. eiii. dii 30num 36num idayil nadannathaayi avar yeshuvinte maranam kanakkakkunnu.
yeshuvinte janana varsham.
naasaratthile yeshuvinte jananatheeyathi suvisheshangalilo eathenkilum mathethara grandhatthilo prasthaavichittillengile mikka pandithanmaarum bisi 6 num bisi 4 num edayilulla jananatheeyathi anumaanikkunnu. yeshuvinte janana varsham kanakkakkaan rund pradhana reethikal upayogichittundu onnu rajakkan naayakante bharanathe paraamarshichu suvisheshangalile addehathinte jananathekkurichulla vivaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum mattonn addeham prasamgikkaan thudangiya samayam muthal () tiberius seaserinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varshathil () addehathinte prakhyapitha praayam "ekadesham 30 varsham" kuraykkunnathil adhishtithavumaanu. rund reethikalum bii. sii. 4-ll herodinte maranathinu munbulla janana theeyathiyum bii. sii. 2-ll janana theeyathiyum yathaakramam soochippikkunnu.
rajaavaaya naayakante bharanathekkurichulla baibil paraamarshangal.
mathaayiyude suvisheshathilum lookkinte suvisheshathilum yesuvinekkurichulla rund janana vivaranagal parasparam ganyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, avaa swathanthramaayi ezhuthappettathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, sthirathayulla chila gadakangal oru pothu aadyakaala paarambaryatthil ninnu uruthirinjathaanennu vyakthamaan
angane luke maatheyum yeshuvinte jananathe mahanaaya naayakante bharanavumaayi swathanthramaayi bandhappeduthunnu. koodaathe, niraparaadhikale koottakkola cheyyaan, athaayath bethlahemile ellah aankuttikaleyum rund vayass vare kollan, naayakan utharavittappol yesuvinu rund vayass vare praayamundaayirunnuvennu mathiyo soochippikkunnu.
herodinte marana theeyathiyekkurichulla mikka skolarshippukalum 1896-ll prasidheekaricha emil shyoorarinte kanakkukoottalukale pinthudarunnu, athu bisi 1 muthal bisi 4 vare parambaraagatha marana theeyathi parishkarichu. naayakante rund puthranmaraaya archalose philipp dhii tetrarch bii. sii. 4 muthal avarude bharanakaalathe kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum naayakante jeevithakaalathu archalosinu rajakeeya adikaaram undaayirunnu. parambaraagathamaayi amgeekarikkappetta tiberiyasinte 20-aamm varshathil (eiii. dii. 34) addehathinte maranam vare philippinte bharanam 37 varsham neenduninnu, ithu bii. sii. 4-ll addehathinte sthaanaarohanathe soochippikkunnu.
1998-ll, josephasinte "puraavasthukkalude" ettavum pazhaya kayyezhuthuprathikalil tiberiyasinte maranamalla, marichu 22-aamm varshamaan philippinte maranamennu bair prasidheekarichu. britiish libraryil, 1544 edic munbu philippinte maranathinu parambaraagathamaayi amgeekaricha tiberiyasinte 20-aamm varshamulla oru kaiyezhuthuprathiyum illa. eee thelivukal naayakante maranathinu bii. sii. 1-leeii pilkkala theeyathiyile pradhana thadassam neekkamcheyyunnu. ettavum pazhakkam chenna kayyezhuthuprathikalude oru pattika piyil kaanapedunnu. 91 "joseph veendum parishodhichu", dii. bear. mattu chila pandithanmaarum naayakante maranatthinte parambaraagatha theeyathi bii. sii. 1 aanennu pinthunaykkunnu. udaaharanathinu, bii. sii. 1-ll heero marichuvennum addehathinte anantharaavakaashikal avarude bharanakalam bii. sii. 4 allengil 3-lake pinvalichuvennum heeroyude bharanavumaayi overlapping urappikkunnathinum swantham niyamasadhutha shakthippeduthunnathinum filmer steyinmaanum nirddeshikkunnu.
josephasinte vivaranathil, heeroyude maranathinu munbu chandragrahanam, thudarnnu pesaha enniva undaayirunnu. bii. sii. 4-ll pesaha aaghoshathinu 29 divasam munbu march 13-nuu oru grahanam nadannu, eee grahanathe josephus paraamarshichathaayi soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee kaalayalavil mattu grahanangalum undaayirunnu, bisi 5 nte vakthaakkalum bisi 1 leeii rund grahanangalum januvari 10, desember 29 theeyathikalil sambhavikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mikka pandithanmaarum bii. sii. 6 num 4 num idayil yeshuvinte janana varsham venamennu anukoolikkunnu.
prasamgikkumbol yeshuvinte "ekadesham 30 vayass" kuraykkuka.
yeshuvinte jananavarsham kanakkakkunnathinulla mattoru sameepanam, shushroosha aarambhikkumbol addehathinu "ekadesham 30 vayass" praayamundaayirunnu enna prasthavanaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. snaapanametta yohannan snaapanamettathinusesham yeshu prasamgikkaan thudangi, lookkinte suvisheshathinte adisthaanathil joonn aalukale snaapanamelppikkaan thudangiyathu "tiberius seaserinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varshathil" () aanu, ithu AD 28-29 ll aayirunnuvennu pandithanmaar kanakkakkunnu. 30 varsham kurachukondu, yeshu janichathu bii. sii. 1-2 laanennu thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, "ekadesham 30" enna padaprayogam 32 vayass pazhakkamullathayi vyaakhyaanikkukayaanenkil, bii. sii. 4-ll maricha veeranaayakante bharanakaalathinullil ithu oru jananatheeyathikk anuyojyamaakum.
yeshu thante shushroosha aarambhichappol pesaha samayat kshethram nirmmaanatthinte 46-aamm varshathilaayirunnuvennu parayappedunna johninte prasthavana (), panditharude kanakkukal prakaram, aadu (aii. dii. 1)-yumayi samaanamaayi yojikkunna, aadu (AD)-nte maanadanda theeyathi swathanthramaayi sthireekarikkunnu.
mattu sameepanagal.
prasamgikkumbol yeshuvinte praayatthinte uyarnna paridhi 50 aayi marikadakkunnathil paraamarsikkunna suvishesham "athinaal yahoodanmaar avanodu chodichu ninakk ithuvare ambathu vayass thikanjittilla, nee abrahamine kandoo?"ambathu varshangal ennathu abrahaminu munbu, athaayath aayirathiladikam varshangalayi thaan nilaninnirunnuvennu yeshu avakaashappettathumaayi poruthakkedu oonnipparayunna oru raundu nambaraanu.
chila niroopakar bethlahem nakshathrathe ariyappedunna chila jyothishaasthraparamo jyothishaasthraparamo aaya prathibhasangalumaayi thiricharinju jananatheeyathi sthaapikkaan sramichittundu. udaaharanathinu, jyothishaasthranjanaaya maikkal molnar bii. sii. epril 17 nuu jananatheeyathi nirddeshichu, kaaranam aaa theeyathi jupittarinte heeliyaakal rising, chandra nigoodatha ennivayumaayi poruthappedunnu, athesamayam ithu erees nakshathrasamoohathil thalkshanam nischalamaayirunnu. molnaarinte abhipraayathil, akkaalathe arivulla jyothishikale sambandhichidatholam, eee asaadhaaranamaaya sambhavangalude samyojanam soochippikkunnathu oru rajakudumbangam judiyayil janikkumenno (allengil janichirunnirunnennu). bii. sii. 5 maarchil aakaashathile kaaprikkon mekhalayil 70 divasam neenduninna oru vaalnakshatram chainees jyothishaasthranjar paraamarshichathaayi paraamarsikkunna 1991 leeii royal aastronamikkal sosaittiyil ninnulla oru reportilekku mattu gaveshanangal viral choondunnu. ezhuthukaar dugard ooo 'raily eee sambhavathe bethlaheminte nakshathramaayi kanakkakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, saadhyamaaya niravadhi prathibhaasangalund, onnum suvishesha vivaranavumayi krithyamaayi poruthappedunnillenna thonnunnu.
maruvashathu, purathana charitrakaaranmaar ellaavarum yeshu janichathu bii. sii. 2 laanennu sammathikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. tertulian, irenius, orijan, klement, juuliyas africanus, hippolytus, eusebius, epiphanius, apolynaris, orosius ennivayude kanakkukoottalukalaan eee theeyathiye pinthunaykkunnathu.
prasamgatthinte varshangal.
tiberiyasinte bharanavum lookkinte suvisheshavum.
yeshuvinte shushrooshayude arambha theeyathi kanakkakkunnathinulla oru reethi yeshuvinte shushrooshaykku munbulla snaapanametta yohannaante shushrooshayekkurichulla lookkinte prathyeka prasthaavanayude suvisheshathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu
ippol tiberius seaserinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varshathil, yoodayayude govarnor galeeliyude chathurbhujanayakanumaaya pontius pilatte, ittooriya, traconitis mekhalayile addehathinte sahodaran philipp tetrarch, abileenile lysonias tetrarch, annasinteyum kayaafasinteyum mahaapurohithathvathil, marubhoomiyile sakhaariyayude makan joninu daivathinte vachanam labhichu.
edii 14 septambaril thante mungamiyaaya augustasinte maranathode tiberiyasinte bharanam aarambhichu, ithu snaapanametta joninte shushroosha edii 28 avasaanathilo 29 nte thudakkathilo aarambhichuvenn soochippikkunnu. eaka bharanaadhikaariyaakunnathin munbu tiberius rund varsham augustasinoppam bharichathinaal edii 26 allengil 27 ll baptist joonn thante shushroosha aarambhichathaanu raisnarude badal nirddesham. anganeyaanengil, tiberiusinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varsham edii 12 muthal kanakkakkum. ennirunnaalum, raisnarude nirddeshathinu saadhyatha kuravaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam tiberiusinte bharana varshangal kanakkaakkunna ellah pradhana roman charitrakaaranmaarum-athaayath taasittas, suetonius, cassius dioo-edii 14 muthal-augustsinte marana varsham. koodaathe, edii 14-ll tiberius bharikkan thudangiyennu nanaya thelivukal kaanikkunnu.
puthiya niyamaprakaaram snaapanametta yohannan yeshuvinte mungamiyaayum yeshuvinte snaapanathe yeshuvinte shushrooshayude thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthunnu. noottaandukaaranaaya corneliusinte bhavanathil nalkia thante prabhaashanatthil, aposthalanaaya peettar "galeeli muthal, yohannan prasamgicha snaapanathinusesham" yoodayayiludaneelam enthaanu sambhavichathennum yeshu "nanma" cheythuvennum paraamarsikkunnu. yeshuvinte snapana vivaranathe thudarnnu addehathinte 40 divasathe upavaasavum kadinamaaya anubhavavum nerittu varunnu.
jarusalemile shethravum joninte suvisheshavum.
synoptic suvisheshangale aashrayikkaathe yeshuvinte shushrooshayude thudakkam kanakkakkunnathinulla mattoru reethi, yerooshalemile herodinte kshethrathilekkulla yeshuvinte sandarshanathekkurichulla joninte suvisheshathile vivaranathe kshethrathinte nirmmaanathekkurichulla charitraparamaaya vivarangalumayi bandhappedutthuka ennathaanu.
 thante shushrooshayude thudakkathil yeshu jarusalemile kshethrathil pooyi, yeshuvil ingane parayappedunnu "eee kshethram naalppathiyaaru varshamaayi nirmmaanathilaanennum ningal moonnu divasathinullil athu paniyum?".
jerusalemile herodinte kshethram kshethraparvathathil vipulavum deerghakaalavumaaya nirmmaanamaayirunnu, eiii. dii 70-ll romakkar nashippicha samayatholavum athu poornnamaayum poorthiyaayittilla. siseriya maaritima polulla muzhuvan nagarangalum nirmmicha heero, kshethrathinte nirmmaanam oru pradhana, valia smaarakamaayi kandu. aagasttas syria sandarshichathinu thottupinnaale 17 allengil 18 maasathe nirmmaana kaalayalavinethudarnnaanu prarambha kshethrathinte (chilappol aantharika kshethram ennu vilikkappedunnu) samarppanam.
thante bharanathinte pathinettaam varshathil veeranaayaanu kshethrathinte punarnirmmaanam aarambhichathenn josephus () parayunnu. ennaal josephus theeyathikale engane paraamarsikkukayum kanakkukoottukayum cheythu, eathu sambhavamaan naayakante bharanathinte thudakkam adayaalappeduthiyathu, prarambha theeyathi aantharika shethratheyo thudarnnulla nirmmaanatheyo paraamarshikkanamo ennathinekkurichu chila anishchithathvangalundu. athinaal vividha pandithanmaar kshetra nirmmaanam aarambhicha krithyamaaya theeyathikku alpam vyathyastha theeyathikalil athunnu, kshetra sandarshana theeyathiyekkurichulla anthima kanakkukoottalil kurachu varshangal vyathyaasappedunnu. nirmmaanathinu 46 varshameduthathinaal, yeshu prasamgicha samayathekkurichulla ettavum mikacha pandithochithamaaya kanakk AD 26-27 varshamaan.
snaapanametta joninekkurichulla josephinte paramarsham.
suvisheshangalum onnaam noottaandile charitrakaaranaaya flavius josephus, "joothanmaarude puravasthukkal" enna thante kruthiyil, joonn snaapakane kolappeduthiya veeranaaya aantipaasinekkurichum, joseph baibil episodukalum thammilulla rund pradhana bandhangal sthaapicha veeranaayiyudeyum herodiayudeyum vivahathekkurichum paraamarsikkunnu. joonn dhaa baapttistine herode antipas thadavilaakkukayum vadikkukayum cheythathinekkurichum jootha niyamathe dhikkarichukondu herodias thante bharthaavine nayakanaaya aantipaasine vivaham kazhikkaan vittupoyathinekkurichum josephus paraamarsikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, vishadaamshangalilum uddeshyangalilum joseph suvisheshangalum vyathyasthamaan.jii. vadhasiksha nayakanaaya aantipaasinteyum herodiasinteyum vivaahathinte anantharafalamaayirunno (soochippichathupole,), allengil joninte paraamarshangale adisthaanamaakki oru kalapam adichamarthaan vivaahathin munbu nadanna naayakante munkoor nadapadiyaayirunno, josephus nirddeshikkunnu.
nayakanaaya aantipaasinteyum naayakanteyum vivaahathinte krithyamaaya varsham pandithanmarkkidayil charchaavishayamaanu. chila pandithanmaar vivaha varsham AD 27-31 shreniyil sthaapikkumbol, mattullavar AD 35 vare oru theeyathi kanakkakkunnu, ennirunnaalum atharam vaikia theeyathikku valare kurachu pinthuna maathrameyulloo. herodinte jeevithathekkurichulla thante vishakalanathil, joonn dhaa baapttistinte thadavu orupakshe AD 30-31 nuu chuttum sambhavichathaakaamenn harrold hohner kanakkakkunnu. "anthaaraashtra nilavaaramulla baibil vijnjaanakoshathinte" kanakk prakaram snaapanakkaarante maranam AD 31-32 ll sambhavichathayirikkum.
nabaadiyayile artas naalamanumaayulla samgharshangalil edii 36ll herode antipaasinte parajayam akkaalathe juthanmaar parakke nirbhagyavashaal joonn snaapakane anyaayamaayi vadhichu ennu josephus prasthaavichu. joonn snaapanakkaaran herode etattaasinte paraajayathinu munbu vadhikkappettuvennum, herode aantipaasinteyum herodiasinteyum vivaahathinte ekadesha theeyathiyile pandithochithamaaya kanakkukal adisthaanamaakkiyullathum, snaapanakkaaranaaya joonn johninte shushrooshayude avasana bhaagavum yeshuvinte shushrooshayude chila bhaagangalum AD 28-35 enna charitraparamaaya kaalayalavinullil varunnathinaal, 35-aamm varsham pandithanmaarude pinthuna ettavum kuravaayirunnu.
kroosheekarana theeyathi.
pontius pailettinte prefecture.
roman yoodayayude roman gavarnaraayirunna pontius pailettu prefecturilvechaanu yeshu krooshikkappettathennu naalu canonical suvisheshangalum prasthaavikkunnu.
joothanmaarude puravasthukkal" (eiii. dii. 93-ll ezhuthappetta) enna grandhatthil, peelaatthinte utharavanusarichu yeshu krooshikkappettathaayi josephus parayunnu. eee paraamarshatthil pilkkaalatthe chila kristheeya vyaakhyaanangal ulppedunnundengilum, pailattinte keezhil yeshuvine vadhichathinekkurichulla oru paramarsham ithil ulppeduthiyittunde mikka pandithanmaarum sammathikkunnu.
randaam noottaandil roman charitrakaaranaaya taasittas "dhii annels" (c."edii 116), neero kristhyaanikale peedippichathinekkurichu vivarikkukayum tiberiusinte bharanakaalathu (edii 18 septambar edii 14-16 march 37 muthal chakravarty) pailettinte utharavanusarichu yeshuvine vadhichu ennu prasthavikkukayum cheythu.
flavius josephasinte abhipraayathil, edii 26 muthal edii 36-lum edii 37-lum marcellus addehathe maattisthaapikkunnathuvar pontius pailettu joodiyayude gavarnaraayirunnu, edii 26 num edii 37 num idayil yeshuvinte marana theeyathi sthaapichu.
veeranaaya aantipaasukalude bharanam.
lookkinte suvisheshathil, yeshu pilaattinte kottaarathilaayirikkumbol, yeshu oru galeeliyanaanennum athinaal nayakanaaya aantipaasinte adikaaraparidhiyil aanennum pilaat manassilakkunnu. aaa samayat naayakan jarusalemilayirunnathinaal, vichaarana cheyyappedunnathinaayi yeshuvine naayakanayi ayaykkaan pilaat theerumaanichu.
eee episode lookkinte suvisheshathil () maathrame vivarichittulloo. chila pandithanmaar eee episodinte aadhikaarikathaye chodyam cheythittundenkilum, ithu lookkinte suvisheshathinu savisheshamaayathinaal, anthaaraashtra nilavaaramulla baibil encyclopedia ithu suvisheshathinte prameyavumaayi nannayi yojikkunnuvennu prasthaavikkunnu.
mahanaaya naayakante makanaaya naayakan antipas bii. sii. 20nuu munbu janikkukayum kaligula pithaavinte kochumakanaaya agrippa onnamanum ulppetta oru neenda goodaalochanayethudarnnu eiii. dii. 39 venalkkaalath gaulilekku naadukadatthappedukayum cheythu. eiii. dii 39nuu munbaanu yeshuvinte maranam nadannathennu eee episode soochippikkunnu.
polinte parivartthanam.
yeshuvinte maranavarshathile uyarnna paridhi kanakkakkunnathinulla mattoru sameepanam poulos apposthalante mathaparivarthana theeyathiyude kanakkanu, ithu puthiya niyamathile vivaranagal yeshuvinte maranathinu kurachu samayathinu sesham sthaapikkunnu. poulosinte mathaparivarthanam poulosinte kathukalilum apposthalanmaarude pravrithikalilum charcha cheyyappettittund.
korinthyarkkulla () aadya kathile poulos thante mathaparivarthanathe paraamarsikkunnu. apposthalanmaarude pravrithikalil addehathinte mathaparivarthanaanubhavathikkurulleku moonnu vyathyastha paraamarshangal ulppedunnu, inn, aandu.
polinte mathaparivarthana varsham kanakkaakkunnath, 1905-ll delphi likhithangalude bhaagamaayi delphyil, corian gulfinu kuruke delphyil delphi kandethiyathil ninnum prasidheekarichathil ninnum uruthirinja theeyathiyaaya AD 51-52 nuu chuttumulla greasile achiyayile juuniyas gaaliyoyude munbilulla addehathinte vichaaranayude pinnott pravartthikkunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu. januvari 51num august 52num edayilulla klodiyasinte 26-aamm prashamsaasoochanayile galioyekkurichulla claudiasil ninnulla oru kathu likhithathil sookshichittundu.
eee adisthaanathil, mikka charitrakaaranmaarum kanakkaakkunnath eiii. dii 51 leeii vasanthakaalathinum eiii. dii 52 leeii venalkkaalathinum idayil gallio (ilaya senekayude sahodaran) prokkonsal aayitheernnuvennum addehathinte sthaanam eiii. dii 53 nuu thottupinnaaleyalla avasaanichathennum. polinte vichaarana saadhaaranayaayi gaaliyoyude bharanakaalatthinte aadya bhaagathaanennu anumaanikkappedunnu, priscillayumaayum akvilayumaayum korinthil nadanna koodikkaazhchayekkurichu paraamarshatthinte adisthaanathil, claudius chakravarty romil ninnu joothanmaare puratthaakkiyathinte adisthaanathil aduthide romil ninnu purathaakkappettu, ithu eiii. dii. 1 lake theeyathi nischayichirikkunnu.
puthiya niyamamanusarichu, pooll mathaparivarthanam nadatthi ekadesham pathinezh varshathinu sesham pathinettu maasam korinthilaanu chelavazhichathu. mathaparivarthanathinu pathinaalu varshathinusesham pooll jarusalemilekku madangiyethiyathaayum (chilappol barnabasumoth) pravartthanapusthakatthil ulppeduthunnathum prathyakshappedunnathum polulla vividha dauthyangal nadathiyathaayum parayunnu. poulosinte mathaparivarthana theeyathiyekkurichulla pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappetta pandithochithamaaya kanakk AD 33-36 aanu, ithu yeshuvinte maranathe eee theeyathikku munbaayi sthaapikkunnu.
jyotishaasthra vishakalanam.
nyoottante reethi.
pesaha samayat kroosheekaranam nadannuvennu naalu suvisheshangalum ekadesham oru divasathinullil sammathikkunnu, koodaathe jootha sabat aarambhikkunnathin eathaanum manikkoorukalkk munbu yeshu marichuvennu naalu suvisheshangalum sammathikkunnu.iii. oru velliyaazhcha ratri veezhunnathinu munbu addeham marichu (;;;). kshethrathile purohithanmaar upayogikkunnathupole, yoodayayude audyogika utsava kalandaril pesaha samayam krithyamaayi vyakthamaakkiyirunnu. jootha masamaaya nizan maasatthile 14-aamm divasam (march/epril maasavumaayi bandhapetta) vaikunneram 3 munny muthal vaikunneram 5 munny vareyaanu pesaha aaghoshathinaayi aattinkuttikale arukkunnath. annu vaikunneram chandrodayatthil (poornnachandran) pesaha bhakshanam aarambhichu.iii., 15 nizan (vaikunneram muthal vaikunneram vare neelunna jootha dinam) (;). kroosheekaranathekkurichu suvishesha vivaranagalil ganyamaaya charchakalkku vidheyamaaya oru divasathe vyakthamaaya poruthakkedundu. yohannaante suvisheshathil, yeshuvinte vichaaranayudeyum vadhathinteyum divasam pesaha (aandu) nuu munbulla divasamaayirunnuvennu prasthaavikkappettittu, athinaal joonn 14 nizan enna divasam krooshikkunnu. athupole, aposthalanaaya poulos korinthyarkkulla thante aadya kathile paraamarshatthil, yeshu 14 nisaanil ("pesaha aattukottanaayi baliyarppikkapettu") marichuvennum aadyaphalangalude jootha utsavathil uyirthezhunnettuvennum soochippikkunnu.iii. 16 nizan (). sinoptiksinte sariyaaya vyaakhyaanam vyakthamalla. athinaal chila pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnathu 4 suvisheshangalum 14 nizan velliyazhchayaanu kroosheekaranam nadathunnathennu, mattullavar vishwasikkunnathu synoptics anusarichu ithu 15 nizan velliyazhchayaanu sambhavichathenn. appol pariharikkappedenda prashnam pontius pailettinte (AD 26-36) bharanakaalathe eathu varshathilaan 14,15 nizan velliyaazhcha ennu nirnnayikkuka ennathaanu.
1733-ll marananantharamaayi prasidheekaricha oru prabandhatthil, isak nyoottan rench aadu 31-36 maathram pariganikkukayum velliyaazhchayude aavasyakatha epril 3 eiii. dii 33 velliyazhchayum epril 23 eiii. dii 34 velliyazhchayum maathrame niravettunnulloo ennu kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. aaa varsham asaadhaaranamaaya oru adhivarsha maasam avatharippichirunnenkil maathrame avasana theeyathi velliyazhchayil varukayulloo, pakshe ithu nyoottan anukoolamaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandil, saadhaarana kazhcha jeey aayi maari. keey. 1910ll eiii. dii. 33 epril 3nuu chandragrahanathodulla yaadrishchikathayude adisthaanathil fotheringham nirddeshichu. 1933-ll, samanamaaya oru reethi pinthudarnnu antonio cabraira, 1990-kalil bradley iii cheythathupole athe theeyathiyil ethi. shafer jeey. pii. praatt. humphries, waddington enniva prakaram, chandra hebru kalandar yeshuvinte maranathinaayi pontius pailettinte bharanakaalathinullil rund vishwasaneeyamaaya theeyathikal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo, iva randum joninte suvisheshathil vyakthamaakkiyathupole 14 nizan akumaayirunnu epril 7 velliyaazhcha, epril 3 velliyaazhcha.
randaayiram varshangalkk munbu oru prathyeka divasam chandrante ghattam sthaapikkaan kazhiyumenna vimarshanathethudarnnu, hebru kalandar jyotishaasthra kanakkukoottaline adisthaanamaakkiyullathalle chandra ghattangalude nireekshanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanum kooduthal parishkrithamaaya kanakkukoottal kanakkiledukkunnu, pakshe athu meghangalo moodalmanjo maranjirunno ennathalla. chandrane moodalmanju moodunna oru saadhyatha ulppede, chandramaasangal 29 allengil 30 divasam maathrame dairkhyamulloo ennu jootha adhikaarikalkk ariyaamenn karuthuka (oru amavaasyayil ninnu aduthathilekkulla samayam 29.53 divasamaanu), appol shudheekaricha kanakkukoottal parayunnath velliyaazhchayude aavasyakathayum niravettappettirikkaam, pontius pailettinte bharanakaalathu, epril 11 nuu 27. jootha adhikaarikal kalavastha kaalathamasam varuthiya vilaveduppu season nikathaan kramarahithamaya oru chandra adhivarsha maasam cherthaal mattoru theeyathi uyarnnuvarunnu ithu pailettinte samayat oru adhika saadhyatha nalkum, ithu nyoottante priyappetta theeyathiyaaya epril 23 edii 34 aanu. collin humphries kanakkukoottunnu, ennaal eee parasyam 27,34 theeyathikal nirasikkunnu, aadyathethu valare neratthe anuyojyamaayirikkumennathe adisthaanathil, 34 epril 34 nuu cruison velliyaazhchayude avasana theeyathi, orupakshe epril 23 epril 34 nuu cruison timeline sthireekarikkunnu.
grahana reethi.
bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya collin humphrays jyothishaasthranjanaaya graim waddington choondikkaanichathupole oru chandragrahanam ("karthaavinte divasam varunnathinu munbu suuryan iruttaayum chandran rakthamayum maarum") soochippikkaan saadhyathayund. vaasthavathil eiii. dii 33 epril 3 nuu oru chandragrahanam undaayirunnu, ithu nyoottante jyothishaasthraparamaayi saadhyamaaya kroosheekarana theeyathikalilonninodu poruthappedunnu (mukalil kaanuka). purathana jarusalemil eee grahanam vaikunneram 6.20 nuu chandrodaya samayat 20 sathamaanam bhagika grahanamaayi (chandrante diskinte mukalil idathuvashathu chuvanna "kadi" kaanaatha oru poornna chandran) drishyamaakumennu humphries waddington kanakkaakkiyittund. jootha janasamkhyayude valiyoru bhagam eee grahanathinu saakshyam vahichittundaakumennu avar nirddeshikkunnu, kaaranam avar padinjaaru sooryaasthamayathinaayi kaathirikkukayum thottupinnaale avarude gaarhika pesaha bhakshanam aarambikkunnathinulla nirddishta soochanayaayi kizhakk prathekshikkunna poornnachandran udayikkukayum cheyyum. athinaal, eiii. dii. 33 epril 3 nuu vaikunneram 3 manikk yeshuvine krooshikkukayum marikkukayum cheytha oru saahacharyathe humphries waddington soochippikkunnu, thudarnnu chandrodaya samayat chuvanna bhagika chandragrahanam <aii. dii. 1> ll jootha janatha nireekshikkukayum, peettar juthanmaarkku () punarutthaana prasamgikkumbol eee sambhavam oormmikkukayum cheiyunnu. jyothishaasthranjanaaya bradley shaffer grahana theeyathiyumaayi yojikkunnundenkilum jarusalemil chandran udikkumbozhekkum grahana chandran drishyamaakumaayirunnuvennu tharkkikkunnu.
kroosheekarana divasam muzhuvan rajyath moonnu manikkoor neenduninna iruttinekkurichulla paramarsham synoptic suvisheshangalil ulppedunnu (luke 23:45 τοτοιλίοί εκλιποντος-suuryan irundupoyirunnu). chila pandithanmaar ithine oru yadhaartha sambhavathekkurichulla vivaranathekkaal purathana ezhuthukaarkkidayil pothuvaaya oru saahitya upakaranamaayi kaanunnundengilum, mattu ezhuthukaar oru kalavastha sambhavamo ithu paraamarsikkaavunna oru kaalaanusrithamaaya jyotishaasthra prathibhaasamo thirichariyaan sramichittundu. pesaha velayile poornnachandranil ithu sambhavikkathathinaal athu oru sooryagrahanam aakaan kazhiyilla, enthuthanneyaayaalum sooryagrahanam manikkoorukalalla minittukalaan edukkunnathu. 1983-ll jyothishaasthranjaraaya humphries waddington lookkinte chila pathippukalil sooryagrahanam sambandhicha paramarsham kaanaanillenn abhipraayappedukayum sooryagrahanam yadhaarthathil eiii. dii 33-leeii "chandragrahanam" ennathinte pilkkaalatthe thettaaya likhitha bhedagathiyaanennu vaadikkukayum cheythu. ithu charitrakaaranaaya david henige "prathirodhikkappedaathum" "nyaayeekarikkaanaavaathum" ennu visheshippikkunna oru avakaashavaadamaanu. sooryante irundupokunnathu oru "khaamsin" moolamaanennu humphries niravadhi pandithanmaarum marimari vaadichittundu.iii. march madhyathinum meyy maasathinum idayil middle eesttil sambhavikkaavunna oru manal kodunkaattu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi niravadhi manikorukal neendunilkkum.
humphreasinte pusthakatthinte avalokanathil, daivashaasthranjanaaya vilyam aarr telford, thante chandragrahana vaadathinte jyothishaasthraparamaaya bhagangal puthiya niyamathil vivarichirikkunna kaalaganana charitraparavum driksaakshikalude saakshyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaane anumaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanum, "jonile moonnu vyathyastha passoverukal", onpathaam manikkooril yeshu marichuvenna maathyoovinte prasthavana thudangiya vimarshanaathmakamallaatha prasthavanakal sweekarikkunnathaayum choondikkaanikkunnu. tiberiusinu pailettu ezhuthiya kathum anchaam noottaandile bishop siril oof alexandriayude rachanakalum, ennaal oru paarambaryatthe soochippikkunna vyaajarekhayaayo samakaalika vyaakhyaanamaayo humphries tharamthirichirikkunnathil, valare samshayaaspadamaaya rund srothassukal humphries upayogikkunnundennum addeham aaropikkunnu.
eratta pesaha reethi.
kroosheekarana vivaranathil, yeshu thante kroosheekaranathinu munbu oru pesaha bhakshanam (adayaalappeduthuka 14:12 ff; luke 22:15) aakhoshichathaayi synoptic suvisheshangal oonnipparayunnu, ithu joninte swatantra suvisheshavumaayi theerthum vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ithu audyogika "jootha" pesaha (joonn 11:55) "yeshuvinte maranathinu sesham" raathriyil aarambhichuvenn vyakthamaakkunnu. 2011-leeii thante pusthakatthil, collin humphries eee prakadamaaya poruthakkedinulla oru pariharam nirddeshikkunnu, kaaranam yeshuvinte "synoptic" pesaha bhakshanam yadhaarthathil joninte "jootha" pesasovinu rund divasam munbu nadannathaanennu abhipraayappedunnu, kaaranam aadyathethu kanakkaakkunnath yadhaartha jootha chandra kalandaraanu (bisi pathimoonnaam noottaandil moses israelyarkku avatharippicha eejipshyan aradhana chandra kalandarine adisthaanamaakkiyullathum innum samarittanmaar upayogikkunnathumaanu). bii. sii. aaram noottaandil babylonian pravaasakaalathu parishkaricha oru hebru kalandar kanakkiloodeyaanu audyogika "jootha" pesaha nirnnayichathu. eee parishkaricha hebru kalandar innu mikka joothanmaarkkum idayil upayogathilundu. oru adisthaana vyathyasam puthumaasatthile aadya divasathe nirnnayathilaanu samarittanmaar kanakkakkiya (nirvachanam anusarichu adrishyamaayathinaal) amavaasya upayogikkumbol, mukhyadharaa juthanmaar waxing chandrante nerttha chandranekkurichulla aadya nireekshanam upayogikkunnu, athu sharashari 30 manikkoor kazhinju. mattoru adisthaana vyathyasam samarittan kalandar sooryodaya muthal sooryodaya divasam vare upayogikkunnu enna vasthuthayilaan, athesamayam audyogika hebru kalandar sooryaasthamayam muthal sooryaasthamayam vareyulla divasam upayogikkunnu. eee vyathyaasangal kaaranam, samarittan pesaha saadhaaranayaayi jootha pesahaanekkaal oru divasam munbaanu (chila varshangalil rando athiladhikamo divasangal munbaanu). jyothishaasthraparamaayi saadhyamaaya eiii. dii 30,33 ennee rund varshangalil avasana athaazhathinum kroosheekaranathinum idayil eathu samaya edavelayundenna chodyam chodichukondu yeshuvinte kroosheekarana varsham kanakkakkaam, ithu yeshuvinte avasana 6 divasathe suvishesha samayakramavumayi poruthappedunnu. jyotishaasthra kanakkukoottalukal kaanikkunnath oru saangalppika vijnjaapanam 30 theeyathikku poruthappedaattha thinkalaazhcha avasana athaazham aavasyamaanennu, athesamayam AD 33 budhanaazhcha, epril 1, AD 33 nuu anuyojyamaaya avasana athaazham vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, thudarnnu epril 3, epril 33 velliyaazhcha anuyojyamaaya kroosheekaranam nadathunnu.
eee anumanangal kanakkileduthu, avasana athaazhathinulla eiii. dii. 33 epril 1 budhanaazhcha kanakkakkiya theeyathi naalu suvishesha vivaranangalum jyothishaasthraparamaayi sariyaanennu addeham vaadikkunnu, yadhaartha mosaik kalandar anusarichu yeshu maranathinu rund divasam munbu pesaha aaghoshikkukayum krameekaricha babylonian kalandar upayogichu kroosheekaranathinu thottupinnaale jootha adhikaarikal pesaha aaghoshikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, moundi vyaazhazhcha avasana athaazham aaghoshikkunna kristhyan sabhayude paarambaryam oru kaalaharanappedal aayirikkum. eiii. dii. 33 epril 3 nuu pesaha aattinkuttikale konna athe manikkooril (velliyaazhcha 3 munny) yeshu marichuvenna joninteyum polinteyum vivaranangale kanakkukoottappetta kaalaganana aakasmikamaayi pinthunaykkunnu.
maranatthinte manikkoor, divasam, varsham ennivayekkurichulla pandithochithamaaya samvaadam.
puthiya niyama vivaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla yeshuvinte maranasamayathekkurichulla kanakk noottaandukalaayi pandithanmarkkidayil charchaavishayamaanu. charchaye thaazhepparayunna reethiyil sangrahikkaam. synoptic vivaranathil, avasana athaazham pesaha uthsavathinte aadya raathriyil nadakkunnu, nizan 14 nuu sandhyaasamayathum adutha divasam 15 nizan krooshikkappedunnathaayum thorayil nirvachichirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, yohannaante suvisheshathil yeshuvinte vichaarana pesaha bhakshanathinu munbum shikshavidhi orukkunna divasam, pesahack munbum nadakkunnu. reymond iii aanenkilum chila pandithanmaar vivaranagal samanvayippikkaan vaadangal avatharippichittundu. braun, iva avalokanam cheythukondu, avaa eluppathil anurajanam cheyyaan kazhiyillennu nigamanam cheythu. yesuvinum shishyanmarkkum pesaha vyaazhazhcha pularche aarambhikkaamaayirunnu, ennaal parambaraagatha juthanmaarkku athu athe divasam sandhya vare aarambhikkumayirunnilla enna nirddesham ithil ulppedunnu. jootharude kanakkukoottalinekkal ardharaathriyil aarambikkunna puthiya divasam kanakkaakkunna roman sambradaayam joonn pinthudarnnu ennathaanu mattonn. ennirunnaalum, eee roman sambradaayam dating kararukalkkum pattangalkkum maathrame upayogichirunnulloo. dii. eiii. pesaha thayyaareduppu' ennaal pesaha aazhchayile eathu divasavum ennu ardhamaakkaamennu kaarsan vaadikkunnu. samayakramathinte maanadandavalkkaranamo manikkoorukaludeyum minittukaludeyum krithyamaaya recordingo labhyamallaatha oru samayat ezhuthiya suvishesha vivaranagalil pakal samayam adayaalappeduthunnathinu aadhunika krithyatha vaayikkaruthenn chilar vaadichu. onnaam noottaandil samayam palappozhum ettavum adutha moonnu manikkoor maarkk aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, koodaathe maarkk gospelinte rachayithaavinte uddeshyam moonnu manikkoor iruttinulla krameekaranam nalkunnathaayirunnuvennum joninte suvishesham nadapadikramangalude dairkhyam oonnipparayaan shramikkumbol, 'athiraavile' aarambikkunna abhiniveshathinte niravadhi sambhavangal ardharaathri muthal raavile 9 munny vareyulla kaalayalavil nadakkaan saadhyathayillenn chila pandithanmaar vaadichu. joonn gospellile yeshuvinte maranathe thithreekarikkunnathu oru saahitya nirmmithiyaanennu vilyam barclay vaadichu, kroosheekaranam pesaha dinathil bully kunjaadine kollunna samayat nadakkunnathaayi avatharippikkukayum angane yeshuvine daivathinte kunjaadaayi chithreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee dhaarana pazhaya niyamaprakaravumaayi poruthappedunnu, athil yeshu 10-aamm theeyathi pascal attinkutty kurishilettukayum 14-aamm theeyathi uchathirinju 3 manikk marikkukayum cheythu, athe samayam mahapurohitan pascal attinkutty baliyarppikkukayum 16-aamm theeyathi raavile ezhunnelkkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu, aadya phalangalude oru tharam vazhipaadaayi.
2011ll prasidheekarikkukayum mukalil vivarikkukayum cheytha collin humphreesinte vyaapakamaayi pracharippikkapetta "eratta pesaha" jyotishaasthra vishakalanam, eiii. dii 33 epril 3 nuu vaikunneram 3 manikk yeshuvinte marana samayam sthaapikkukayum kroosheekaranathilekku nayikkunna "aarr divasa" thinulla suvishesha vivaranagal samanvayippikkumennu avakaashappedukayum cheiyunnu. synoptic suvisheshangalum joninte suvisheshavum rund vyathyastha kalandarukal upayogikkunnu ennathaanu addehathinte pariharam (audyogika jootha chandra colunder innu samarittan chandra colunder, randaamathethu yeshuvinte naalilum kumranteyum theekshnarudeyum sathakalum upayogikkunnu). 1957ll kumran "solar" kalandar anusarichu pesaha samayat yeshu thante avasana athaazham kazhikkanamennu nirddeshicha aanii jobertinte kruthiyaanu humphreyude nirddeshathinu munbu vannath. naalu suvisheshangalkkum virudhamaayi, kumran soura kanakkukoottal ellaayppozhum "jootha pesaha" thinushesham yeshuvinte avasana athaazham sthaapikkumennu theliyichukondu humphrays joubertinte nigamanathe nirasikkunnu. pakaram, kumranile essen samooham eejipshyan aradhana chandra kalandarine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru chandra colunder upayogichathayi humphries choondikkaanikkunnu. (eiii) eejipthile aradhana chandra kalandarinte nilanilppinekkurichulla vyapakamaaya pandithochithamaaya anjjatha (ariyappedunna eejipthile bharanaparamaya soura kalandarinoppam upayogikkunnu, orupakshe bisi pathimoonnaam noottaandile jootha chandra kalandarinte adisthaanamaayirikkaam), (bii) 1960 vare nilanilkkunna aadhunika samarittanmaarude cheria samooham avarude chandra kalandarinu adisthaanamaaya kanakkukoottalukal (eejipthile kanakkukoottal samrakshikkunnu) purathuninnullavarkku velippeduthiyittilla ennathaanu addehathinte rund kalandar pariharam neratthe kandethaathathinte kaaranamenn humphries abhipraayappedunnu.
humphreesinte pusthakatthinte avalokanathil, daivashaasthranjanaaya vilyam aarr telford thante vaadathinte jyothishaasthraparamaaya bhagangal puthiya niyamathil vivarichirikkunna kaalaganana charitraparavum driksaakshikalude saakshyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaane anumaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane choondikkaanikkunnu. angane cheyyumbol, "vasthuthayudeyum kathayudeyum, paarambaryatthinteyum, punarnirmmaanatthinteyum, charithrathinteyum, puraanatthinteyum, avayude sammisranam jyothishaasthrathinte shaasthreeya upakaranathinte karkkashamaaya prayogatthe avarude anumanaparamaaya vivarangalilekku oru thettaaya samrambhamakki mattunna baibil grandhangalude swabhaavathinu akramam srishtikkunna" oru vaadaprathivaadam humpries kettippaduthathaayi telford parayunnu."telford 1980-ll thante swantham pusthakatthil choondikkaanichathupole," [maarkk 11] ll kandethiya prarambha moonnu divasathe gadanaykku kaaranam kshethrapaarambaryangalude vijayakaramaya praveshanavum shudheekaranavumaayi puram atthi maratthinte kathayude poornnamaayum punarnirmmaana bandhamaan, mathramalla ithu charitraparamaaya punarnirmmaanangale adisthaanamaakkaan kazhiyunna oru kalagananayalla."
moonnaam divasam" enna punarjanmam.
suvisheshangal punarutthaanatthe vivarikkunnilla, ennaal yeshuvinte shoonyamaaya shavakudeeram "aazhchayude aadya divasam thanne" kandethiyathayum (maarkk 16:2) thudarnnulla yeshuvinte prathyakshathakal report cheiyunnu. punarutthaanatthe "moonnaam divasam" sambhavikkunnathayi paraamarsikkunnu enna vasthuthayil kalanukrama vairudhyam undakam (udha.jii. maatt <aii. dii. 1>)) mattidangalil maatt (maatt <aii. dii. 2>) parayunnath yeshuvine "moonnu pakalum moonnu rathriyum" samskarikkumennu. poojyamenna aadhunika ashayam eiii. dii anchaam noottaandil maathramaan indian pandithanmaar avatharippichathu, udaaharanathinu, nilavil upayogikkunna grigorian kalandarinu "varsham 0" illa, pakaram bii. sii. 1 nuu thottumumbulla varsham eiii. dii 1 ll aarambikkunnu. divasangalude kanakkukoottalin, oru divasam "poojyam" ennathinte abhaavathil, athaayath ulkkollunna ennathinte upayogam upayogichu, niravadhi aadhunika bhashakal (udha.jii. greak, itaaliyan, spanish, franch, porchugees, velsh) randaazhchaye "pathinanju divasam" ennu paraamarshikkunnath thudarunnu, athesamayam engleeshil poojyathe nireekshikkukayum angane exclusive counting upayogikkukayum cheiyunna eee samayathe randaazhcha ennu vilikkunnu. akkaalathe pothuvaaya sanbradaayathe pinthudarnnu, suvisheshangal emm. tii. <aii. dii. 1> ll hailait cheythirikkunna ulkkollunna ennamaanu upayogikkunnathu 
ivide maathyoo "moonnu divasathinu sesham", "moonnaam divasam vare" enniva parasparam maattivaykkunnu.
purathana kanakkukal.
yeshuvinte kaalagananayekkurichulla mattu kanakkukal noottaandukalaayi nirddeshikkappettittund. eiii. dii. 200-ll hippolitus, seaser augustasinte 42-aamm varshathil januvari (desember 25) leeii kaalandukalude ettaam divasamaaya budhanazhchayaanu thante jananam. ithu bii. sii 2,3,4 ennivaye soochippikkaam. (akkaalat hippolytesinu kalandarinekkurichu ethratholam arivundaayirunnuvennu urappilla, athu aswasthathayundaakki.) kayyezhuthuprathikal thammil chila abhipraayavyathyaasangalum, enthaayaalum, avatharam march 25-num onpathu maasathinu sheshavum janichathaayi addeham vishwasichathaayi thonnunnu. tiberiyasinte pathinettaam varshathile march 25 velliyaazhcha kristhuvinte jeevithathinte 33-aamm varshathilekkaanu addeham krooshikkappettathu. tiberiyasinte bharanam eiii. dii 14-ll aarambhichuvenkilum march 25 orikkalum eiii. dii 30 num eiii. dii 34 num idayil oru velliyazhchayil ulppettilla.
eiii. dii. 313-ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha thante kruthiyaaya historiya ecclessiayil eusebius, "aagasttasinte bharanathinte naalppathirandaam varshathilum eejipthinte keezhppeduthalinum aantoni & cleopatrayude maranathinum sheshamulla irupathiyettaamatheyum" yeshuvinte jananam, athaayath, sthaapichu.iii. bii. sii. 3ll. moonnaam/naalam noottaandile roman charitrakaaranaaya lactantius parayunnath eiii. dii. 29 march 23-nuu yeshu krooshikkappettuvenna. maximus dhii kanferarum casiodorus yeshuvinte maranam eiii. dii. 31-laanu sambhavichathenn vaadichu.
eiii. dii 525-ll, juuliyan kalandar varshangal ippozhum thirichariyunna samayat juuliyan kalandar varshangal kanakkakkaan dionysius exigues oru eesttar table aavishkarichu, aaa varsham chumathalayetta konsalmaarude perukal-dionysius thanne prasthaavichathu "varthamaana varsham" "probus jooniyarinte consulship" aayirunnu, ithu nammude karthaavaaya yeshukristhuvinte avatharam muthal 525 varshamaayirunnu ". 525 varshangalkk munbaanu yeshuvinte avatharam sambhavichathenn dionysius soochippichu. 
boony jeey. blackbane, leophrank holford-strevens ennivar bisi 2, bisi 1, edii 1 ennivaykku janmathino avathaarathino vendi uddeshicha varshamaaya dionysius enna vaadangal hrasvamaayi avatharippikkunnu. aashayakkuzhappathinte uravidangalil iva ulppedunnu
yeshuvinte janana varsham dionysius engane sthaapichuvennu ariyilla. rund pradhana sidhaanthangal, dianysius lookkinte suvisheshathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thante kanakkukoottalaan, athu "tiberius seaserinte bharanathinte pathinanjaam varshathinu" thottupinnaale yesuvinu "ekadesham muppath vayass" aayirunnuvennu prasthaavikkunnu, athinaal aaa theeyathi muthal muppath varsham kuraykkunnu, allengil dianysius thante puthiya pattikayude aadya varshathil ninnu 532 varsham pinnilekku kanakkakkunnu.
dionysiasinte kruthikalekkurichu parichithanaaya anglo-saaksan charitrakaaranaaya aadaraneeyanaaya bede, edii 731-ll poortthiyaakkiya thante "engleesh janathayude sabhaacharithrathil" "anoe dominy" dating upayogichu. deonysius bede "anoe dominy" yeei yeshuvinte avathaarathil ninnaan aarambhichathenn kanakkakki, ennaal "avathaaravum jananavum thammilulla vyathyasam onpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare varachilla, chila sthalangalil avathaarathe kristhuvinte garbhadhaaranavumaayi thiricharinju, athaayath.iii.march 25-nuu prakhyapanam ". ettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil engleesh purohitan pandithanumaaya alkuin carolingian navothaanatthinte thiranjedukkunnathinulla kalandar samvidaanamaayi europe bhookhandathil "anoe dominy" avatharippichu. karolingyan saamraajyathiludaneelam eee kalandarine janapriyamaakkunna chakravarthiyaaya chalmaine chakravarty addehathinte pingaamikalum nalkunna amgeekaaram aathyanthikamayi innathe kalandarinte aagola vyaapanathinte kaathalaan.

