
thaarim nadhi

samskrithathil seetha ennariyappedunna tharim nadhi (;) chainayile sinjiyaangilulla oru endorheak nadiyaanu. tian shahn, kunlun parvathanirakalkkidayilulla madhyeshyayile marubhoomi pradeshamaaya tharim thadatthile pradhana nadiyaanith. charitraparamaayi loopu nooril avasaanicha eee nadhi innu unangunnathinumumbu thaithema thadaakathinappuram athunnilla.
chainayile ettavum neelam koodiya ulnaadan nadiyaanith. karakkoram parvathanirakalil ninnu uthbhavich thaklimaakkan marubhoomiyude vadakkan attathu loopu noorilekk ozhukunna nadiyaanu thaarim. motham 2,327 kilometer neelavum 1 kodi 22 laksham chathurashra kilometer jalanirggamana pradeshavumund. hottan nadhi, axu nadhi, kashgarh nadhi ennivayaanu ithinte pradhana poshakanadikal. charithratthil tharim nadiyude gathi vadakku ninnu thekkott neengunnu, athinte kudiyettam anishchithathvathilaanu. 1921ll pradhana aruvi kizhakode thirichuvidukayum konk nadiyiloode loopu noorilekk ozhukukayum cheythappozhaanu avasaanathe pradhana nadee maattam sambhavichathu. 1952ll yuli kaundikku sameepam konk nadiyil ninnu verthirichu oru anakkett nirmmikkukayum pazhaya rodaaya tigenlikkiloode nadiyile vellam taitma thadaakathilekkum loopu noorilekkum madangukayum cheythu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
randaam noottaandil greak bhoomishaasthranjanaaya tolami thante 'bhoomishaasthram' enna pusthakatthil thaari nadikku 'oychaards nadhi' ennu perittu. "shuy jing shuu" enna nadiye thekkan nadhi ennu vilikkunnu. vadakkan rajavamshangalilum sui, tang rajavamshangalilum thaari nadiye jii-stail vaattar, jii-shhoo vaattar, jii-shhow vaattar ennu vilichirunnu. mangolian bhashayil ozhukunna vellam ennartham varunna "erse goal" ennaanu kwing raajavamshathinte "padinjaaran pradeshangalude bhoopadam" ithine vilichirunnathu. draaft oof kwing histtari" anusarichu, thaarim nadiyude perinte ardham "niyanthranangalillaatha kuthira" ennaanu, ithu nadiyude pathiv vazhithirichuvidaline vivarikkunnu. kwing raajavamshathile (1819) jiacking chakravartthiyude bharanathinte 24-aamm varshathil, "padinjaaran pradeshangalile jalapaathakalude rekha" yill suu soong ezhuthi "huy bhasha (uyigur bhasha) thaarim enna 'krishi cheyyaavunna bhoomi' yeei soochippikkunnu, koodaathe nadiyude theerathu thamasikkunna aalukal avarude bisinassinaayi krishi cheiyunnuvennu parayappedunnu."
bhoomishaasthravum kaalaavasthayum.
yarcond-thaarim nadeevyavasthayude motham neelam, ennirunnaalum, thaarim idaykkide athinte chaanal mattunnathinaal, varshangalanusarichu neelam vyathyaasappedunnu. 
aazham kuranjathum naavigeshan anuyojyamallaathathum kanatha cheli kaaranam athinte terminasinu sameepam oru neytha aruvi roopappedunnu. tarim nadeethadatthinte vistheernnam ekadesham. nadeetheerangal vyakthamaayi nirvachikkappedaathathinaal thaariminte gathiyile ganyamaaya bhagam roopappedaathathaanu. vipulamaaya baashpeekaranathinteyum jalavikshepana padhathikaludeyum falamaayi nadiyude thaazhnna gathiyile jalathinte alavu kurayunnu.
thaarim nadeethadatthinu chuttumulla parvathangalile ulnaadan nadikalil ninnu uthbhavich thadatthilekku ozhuki oru kendra jalasamvidhanam roopappeduthunna ulnaadan nadeethadatthil pedunnathaanu thaarim nadeethadam. tienshan parvathangal, pamir peedabhoomi, karakoram parvathangal, kunloon parvathangal, thaarim thadatthinu chuttumulla altun parvathangal ennivayil ninnu uthbhavikkunna 144 nadikal chernnathaanu thaarim nadeethadatthinte nadeethada samvidaanam. nadee samvidaanam, weigen nadee samvidaanam, axu nadee samvidaanam, kashgarh nadee samvidaanam, yarcond nadee samvidaanam, hottan nadee samvidaanam, keriya nadee samvidaanam, cheerchen nadee samvidaanam.
thaari nadiyude jalasrothass poornnamaayum chuttumulla parvathapradeshangalil ninnu uthbhavikkunna poshakanadikalil ninnaan varunnath, koodaathe avashishtangalude alavu valare kooduthalaanu. moonnu pradhana srothassukalude samgamasthaanathulla tharim nadiyude sharashari vaarshika jalathinte alavu 4.299 bilyan cubic meteraanu, athil axu nadhi 3.358 bilyan cubic meterum yerkiang nadhi 23 dasalaksham cubic meterum hottan nadhi 918 dasalaksham cubic meterumaanu. thaazhekku, 212 dasalaksham cubic meter kongk nadiyil ninnu avatharippikkunnu, pradhana aruviyude motham jalathinte alavu 4.511 bilyan cubic meteraanu. athesamayam, seasonal vyathyaasangal kaaranam jalathinte alavil valareyadhikam vyathyaasamund. venalkkaalath manjum himanikalum uruki, ithu jalathinte alavu vardhippikkukayum shaithyakaalath kurayukayum cheiyunnu. charithratthile swaabhaavikamaayi illaathaakunna nadiyaanu tharim nadhi, sharashari vaarshika jala upabhogam mukalile pradeshangalil 1.669 bilyan cubic meterum madhyabhaagathu 2.296 bilyan cubic meterum thaazhekku 633 dasalaksham cubic meter vellam maathrame praveshikkunnulloo. varsham muzhuvanum himaanikalude ozhukk asamamaan. juun muthal septambar vareyulla jalathinte ozhukk vaarshika ozhukkile aii. dii. 1 aanu, avayil bhooribhaagavum vellappokkamaan; march muthal septambar vareyulla jalasechana season vaarshika ozhukkinte 10 sathamaanam maathrame aakunnulloo. vasanthakaalathe varalchaykku kaaranamakum.
thaarim thadatthil mazha valare kuravaanu, chila varshangalil athu nilavililla. taklamakan marubhoomiyilum loopu noor thadatthilum sharashari vaarshika mazha ekadesham aanu. thaazhvarakalilum nadeethadatthinte mattu niravadhi pradeshangalilum oru varsham muthal mazha labhikkunnu. tian shahn mekhalayil ithu valare eerppamullathum palappozhum mazha kooduthalullathumaanu. thaarim thadatthile paramavadhi thaapanila ekadesham 40 digri selshyas (104 digri fahrenheit) aanu. ellah varshavum desember muthal march vare tharim nadhi maravikkunnu.
theerchayaayum.
thaarim nadhiyum athinte poshakanadikalum mikathum karakkoram, kunlun parvathanirakalil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. vadakku ninnu ozhukunna axu nadhiyum padinjaaran sinjiyaangile aral nagarathinu sameepam thekkupadinjaaru ninnu varunna yarcond nadhiyum koodichernnu roopappetta nadikku tharim enna peru baadhakamaan. moonnaamathe nadiyaaya khottaan nadhi thekk ninnu athe junction pradeshathekku varunnundenkilum taklamakan marubhoomi kadannu ivide athumbol ithu saadhaaranayaayi eee sthalathu varandathaanu. padinjaaran sinjiyaangile mattoru nadiyaanu kashgarh nadhi, ithu mazhakkaalathu yaarkandinte axu nadiyumaayulla samgamasthaanathu ninnu mukalilekku yarcond nadiyilekku ozhukunnu. 
karakkoram parvathanirakalile telim canley kodumudiyude thekkukizhakkan paadatthil ninnu uthbhavikkunna yarcond nadiyaanu pradhana uravidam. eee uravidathe yerkiang nadhi, axu nadhi, kashgarh nadhi, hottan nadhi enningane naalu shaakhakalaayi thirichirikkunnu. avathi kaundiyile seojiyaykku sameepam naalu nadikalum koodicherunnu. kwing raajavamshathile "haiwan jiloo" yill, "eee sangamasthalam naalu nadikalaal bandhippichirikkunnu" ennu rekhappeduthiyittundu. oru bulpen poleyaanu aakruthi."siavo jackettine inii muthal tharim nadhi ennu vilikkunnu. pradhana uravidamaaya yerkiang nadiyude kanakkukoottal prakaram motham neelam 2327 kilometres. pradhana aruvi 41 digri vadakku akshaamshathil thaarim thadatthinte vadakkan attathu padinjaaru ninnu kizhakode kaatt veeshukayum 87 digri kizhakk rekhaamshathil kizhakode thiriyukayum thaklimaakkan marubhoomiyude kizhakkan bhaagatthiloode kadannupokukayum oduvil loopu noorilekk kuthivaykkukayum cheiyunnu. chathurashra kilometer. thaarim nadiyude pradhana aruviye mukalilum madhyathilum thazheyumaayi thirichirikkunnu yangji basack mukalilulla mukal bhagam mukalilaanu, avide nadeethadam vibhajikkappedunnilla, vashathe mannolipp shakthamaan, valanjozhukunna ozhukk vikasikkunnu, nadeethadam asthiramaanu; yangji basaa muthal kunke vareyulla madhyabhagam, ivide niravadhi forkkukalum thadaakangalum chathuppukalum undu. vellapokka kaalayalavil, jalapravaham karakavinjozhukukayum chitharikkidakkukayum cheiyunnu, pradhana ozhukk palappozhum vazhithirichuvidunnu; kunkeykku thaazheyulla thaazhathe bhagam, nadee chaanal punasthaapikkukayum ekeekrithamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. tigenlicinu idayilaanu daxihaisi reservoir nirmmichathu, athinaal cheria alavil nadeejalam maathrame yingsuvilekk ozhukaan kazhiyoo, vellapokka kaalayalavil maathrame thaithma thadaakathilekku vellam chornnolikkukayulloo.
taklamakan marubhoomiyude vadakkan attathu kizhakode thaari nadhi ozhukunnu. vadakku ninnu musat nadiyaaya mattoru poshakanadiyaanu ithinu labhikkunnath; ennirunnaalum, eee naalu nadikalil (axu, yarcond, khottaan, musart), axu maathramaan varsham muzhuvanum thaarimilekk ozhukunnathu-ithu thaariminte ettavum pradhanappetta poshakanadiyaanu, ithu athinte jalathinte alavinte 1% nalkunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil jalasambharanikalum jalasechana pravartthanangalum poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu, thaariminte jalam oduvil loopu nooril (ippol uppu niranja thadaakatthinte adithara) ethi. dhii 
loopu noorinu thekkupadinjaraayi sthithi cheiyunna thaithema thadaakathilekku nadiyile vellam ippol idaykkide ozhukunnu.
sasyajanthujaalangalum.
thaarim thadatthile sasyajaalangal pradhaanamaayum nadiyudeyum athinte shaakhakaludeyum theerathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. avide, manalinte attathu, sasyangal polulla kuttichedikalum valarcha kuranja marangalum, prathyekichu puzhukkal kaanapedunnu. thaari nadhi thaazhvarayil tuge poppler vanam valarunnu. villos, zee bakkthon, indian chanatthinteyum yooral lycorisinteyum idathoornna valarcha enniva underbrushil adangiyirikkunnu.eee nadhi malsyathaal sambannamaanu, nadiyileyum chuttumulla marubhoomiyileyum mrgajeevikal vaividyamaarnnathaanu. 1899ll swen hedin sandarshichappol, kaduvakale vettayaadukayum pradeshathe nadikalkkarikilum loopu noorinadutthum kudungikkidakkukayum cheythirunnu. thaariminte thaazhvarayum thadaakangalum niravadhi deshaadana pakshikalude oru stoppaanu.
thaari nadhi idaykkide vazhithirichuvidukayum nadiyil valia avashishtangal adangukayum mannolipum nikshepavum idaykkide maarukayum cheiyunnu. lokathile ettavum valia aadima janavaasamulla euphratica vanathinte idanaazhi poleyulla vitharanamaanu tharim nadeethadam. haaloxilon, lycorise, tamarisk, ottakathoonukal thudangi niravadhi manalchedikal vanathilundu. thaarim chuvanna maan, kaattupoocha ottakangal, vavvalukal, vavvalukal, egrattukal thudangiya noorukanakkinu vanyamrugangale valarthunnu. nilavil, thaari nadhi vichedikkappedukayum jalathinte alavu kurayukayum cheythathinaal thaazhnna pradeshangalile populus euphratica vanamekhala thudarchayaayi aprathyakshamaayikkayondir. thaari nadhi muzhuvan marubhoomi pradeshathiloode ozhukunnu, nadeethadam saadhaaranayaayi cheliyum manal kalarnna kalimannum aanu, ithu eluppathil ozhukippokunnu. nadeetheeratthinte mukalilum madhyabhaagathum saadhaaranayaayi oru kilometeriladhikam veethiyum ettavum veethiyullathu ekadesham 4 kilometerum thaazhekkulla nadeetheerathinu saadhaaranayaayi <aii. dii. 1> meter veethiyumundu. nadiyude theerathu kurachu daikkukalulla oru aadima nadiyaanu tharim nadhi, vellapokka kaalayalavil ithu pongikkidakkaan anuvadikkunnu. pradhaanamaayum populus euphratica, chuvanna villo, vividha mechilppurangal ennivayulppede vellapokka samathala pradeshathu vanya sasyangal idathoornnu valarunnu. nadiyude madhyabhaagathu, bhoopradesam soumyavum niravadhi thaazhnna pradeshangalumund, jalapravaham chitharikkidakkunnu, parasparam chitharikkidakkunnu, jala shringhala kramarahithamanu, valanjukidakkunna pradeshangal vikasippikkunnu, vellavum pultthakidiyum bandhippichirikkunnu.
manushya upayogam.
thaarim nadiyude naalu pradhana srothassukalude puranthallal parvatha churatthile jalathinte gunanilavaaram 1-2 grade aanu, ithu jeevita, kaarshika jalasechanam, malsyabandhanam ennivayude aavasyangal niravettaan kazhiyum. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paristhithi gadakangaludeyum krishibhoomiyile drainaginteyum swaadheenam kaaranam, vellappokkamallatha kaalaavasthakalil pradhana aruviyude jalathinte gunanilavaaram moshamaan, nadiyile jalathinte lavanathvam lavana-alkali pradeshangalude nilavaaratthe marikadannu, jalathinte gunanilavaaram 5 lake thaazhnnathaanu. venalkkaalath vellapokkam saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnu, uyarnna parvathanirakalil meyy muthal septambar vareyulla kaalayalav himanikalilum uyarnna parvathangalilum manju urukunna kaalaghattamaanu. pradhaanamaayum himanikal, manjupaalikal enniva upayogichu recharge cheyyappedunna thaarim nadeethadatthinte vaarshika sharashari prakrithidatha ozhukk 39.83 bilyan cubic meteraanu, athulyamaaya bhoogarbha jalavibhavangal 3.7 bilyan cubic meterum nadeethadatthile motham jalavibhavangal 42.9 bilyan cubic meterumaanu. 1950kall muthal, naalu pradhana srothassukaludeyum puranthallappedunna parvatha churangaludeyum swaabhaavika ozhukk vardhichuvarunna pravanatha kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, jalasechana mekhalayilum uravida pradeshathinu munnilulla jala upabhogathilum undaaya vardhanavu kaaranam, 1950-kalil 6 bilyan cubic meettaril ninnu 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil thaarim nadiyude pradhana aruviyilekku vitharanam cheytha jalathinte alavu 4,4 bilyan cubic meteraayi kuranju. 1980kall muthal 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkam vare, tharim nadiyilekku praveshikkunna jalathinte alavu niravadhi varshangalayi saraashariyekkaal kuravaanu.
1950kall muthal, oro poshakanadiyileyum jalathinte swaabhaavika ozhukk vardhichuvenkilum, uravida pradeshathum pradhana aruviyude mukalilum madhyabhaagathum jala upabhogam thudarchayaayi vardhichathinaal, tharim nadiyude mukalbhaagathulla oro poshakanadiyudeyum jalasrothass anudinam kurayukayum 1950kalude avasaanathil kashgarh nadiyude ozhukk nirthukayum cheythu; 1960kalil baachu siavoisi reservoir nirmmichathinushesham, yarcond nadiyude ozhukk kuthane kuranju; vellapokka kaalayalavil hettiyan nadhi ozhukiyathozhike, mattu kaalaghattangalil vellam ozhukiyittilla. thaazhnna pradeshangalude mukalbhagangalil, uthppaadanathinteyum nirmmaana corpsinteyum randaam kaarshika vibhaagathile anchu faamukal ellah vellavum samathalangalilekkum jalasambharanikalilekum konduvarunnathinu nadiye thadayunna sloosukale aasrayikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, thaazhnna pradeshangalude thaazhnna pradeshangal oru marubhoomiyaayi maari. thaithma thadaakam kaalaanusrithamaayi varandathum loopu noor poornnamaayum varandathumaanu. 2001 muthal, thaazhekkulla sasyajaalangalum paaristhithika paristhithiyum bhaagikamaayi punasthaapikkunnathinum paripalikkunnathinumaayi "paaristhithika jalavitharanam" pathivayi thaazhekku nadappaakkunnu.
charithram.
chila chainakkar yadhaarthathil manja nadiyude mukalile gathiyayi tharim kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum muun hahn raajavamshathinte (bisi 125-23 ce) kaalamayappozhekkum ithu uppu thadaakangalude oru parambarayaaya loopu noorilekk ozhukunnathaayi ariyappettirunnu.

