
bhakshya shakthippeduthal

bhakshanathil sookshuma poshakangal (avashya gadakangalum vitaaminukalum) cherkkunna prakriyayaan bhakshya shakthippeduthal allengil sambushteekaranam. oru janasamkhyaykkullil bhakshanakkuravullavarude ennam kuraykkaan lakshyamidunna pothujanaarogya nayamaayi bhakshya nirmmathaakkalkko sarkkaarukalkko ithu nadappilaakkaam. praadeshika mannu moolamo pradhana bhakshanathinullile antharleenamaaya kurravukal moolamo oru pradeshathe pradhana bhakshanakramathil prathyeka poshakangalude abhavam undakam; pradhana bhakshanangalilekkum sugandhavyanjanangalilekkum sookshuma poshakangal cherkkunnath eee sandarbhangalil valia thothilulla aparyapthatha rogangal thadayaan kazhiyum.
lokaarogya samghadanayum (huu) aikyaraashtrasabhayude bhakshya-kaarshika samghadanayum (eph. eiii. oo) nirvachichathupole, kottakal nirvachikkunnath "oru avashya micro nyootriyantinte ulladakkam manappoorvvam vardhippikkunna reethiye soochippikkunnu, athaayath.iii. bhakshanathile vitaaminukalum dhaathukkalum (trace gadakangal ulppede), bhakshya vitharanathinte poshaka gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathinum aarogyathinu kuranja apakadasaadyathayulla pothujanaarogya aanukoolyam nalkunnathinum, athesamayam sambushteekaranathe "fortificationte paryaayamaayi nirvachikkukayum prosessing samayat nashtappedunna bhakshanathilekku micro neutriyantukal cherkkunnathine soochippikkukayum cheiyunnu".
aagola thalatthil poshakakkuravukalude sambhavangal kuraykkaan thudangunna naaluperudeyum randaamathe thantramaayaanu bhakshya shakthippeduthal ennu thiricharinjathu. eph. eiii. oo. vivarichathupole, daanyangalum dhaanya adhishtitha uthppannangalum; paalum paalulppannangalum; kozhuppukalum ennakalum; anubandha bhakshyavasthukkal; chayayum mattu paaneeyangalum; shisu soothravaakyangalaanu ettavum saadhaaranayaayi shakthippeduthiya bhakshanagal. poshakaahaarakkuravum poshakakkuravum aagolathalathil prathivarsham 3 muthal 5 dasalaksham vare aalukalude maranathinu kaaranamaakumenn kanakkaakkappedunnu.
tharangal.
saadhaarana bhakshyavasthukkalil rund vyathyastha reethikalil kottakal undu kootticherkkalum kootticherkkalum. daanyangal samskarikkunna reethi kaaranam maavin poshaka moolyam nashtappedunnu; sambushtamaaya maavil irumbu, phoolik assid, niasin, riboflavin, tayamin enniva veendum cherkkunnu. neremarichu, mattu fortified bhakshanangalil aaa padaarthangalil swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkatha micro neutriyantukal cherkkunnu. ithinu oru udaaharanamaanu ooranchu jyoos, ithu palappozhum kaalsyam cherthu vilkkunnu.
bhakshya kottakal kootticherkkunna ghattam anusarichu tharamthirikkaam
yukthisahamaya.
shareerathinte vikasanathilum valarchayilum sookshuma poshakangal oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. eee sookshuma poshakangalude kuravu anuchithamaya vikasanathino rogathino polum kaaranamakum.
desheeyathalathil amgeekarikkappetta mattu niravadhi samghadanakalkkidayil, lokamembaadum 2 bilyaniladhikam aalukalkk vividatharam micro nyootriyant kurravukal undennu avar thiricharinju. 1992ll, iodine, vitaamin eiii, irumbinte kuravu ullavarude ennam kuraykkendathinte praadhaanyam eduthukaanikkunna, sookshuma poshakakkuravukal neridunna eee prashnangale neridaan sahaayikkunnathin 159 rajyangal poshakaahaarathekkurichulla anthaaraashtra sammelanathil prathijnjayedutthu. lokamembaadumulla moonnil oraalkk iodine, vitaamin eiii, allengil irumbinte kuravu enniva undakanulla saadhyathayundenna kandethalaan eee shramangalilekku nayicha oru pradhana sthithivivarakkanakku. bhakshya shakthippeduthal maathram eee kuravine cherukkillennu amgeekarikkappettittundum, eee kuravukaludeyum avayumaayi bandhapetta aarogyaprashnangaludeyum vyaapanam kuraykkunnathinulla oru chuvaduveppaanithu.
kaanadayil, bhakshya, mayakkumarunnu niyanthranangal bhakshya shakthippeduthaline nyaayeekarikkunna prathyeka maanadandangal rooppeduthiyittundu
mattu reethikalkku vipareethamaayi bhakshya shakthippeduthaliloode janangalkkidayil poshakakkuravu kaivarikkunnathinu niravadhi gunangalundu. ivayil ulppedaam, ennaal ivayil maathram parimithappedunnilla prathyeka bhakshana edapedalukalillaathe oru janataye chikilsikkunnathu, athinaal bhakshanareethikalil maattam aavasyamilla, poshakangalude thudarchayaaya vitharanam, vyakthigatha paalikkal aavasyamilla, pathivayi kazhikkukayaanengil poshaka storukal kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayi nilanirthaanulla kazhivu.
lokamembaadum.
chuvadeyulla upavibhagangal lokamembaadumulla chila adhikaaraparidhiyilulla kottakale vivarikkunnu. oonlain "aagola fortification daatta exchange" kooduthal samagramaya kaazhchappaad nalkunnu."lokamembaadumulla 197 rajyangalil eathaanu avarude daattasettukalilum raajya profileukalilum nirbandhithavum swamedhayaa ullathumaaya bhakshya shakthippeduthal ullathennu ithu soochippikkunnu. phudu fortification initiative", gaine, iodine global network, "micro nyootriyant phooram" ennivayaanu websait paripaalikkunnath.
arjanteena.
arjanteenayil gothamb maav niyamaprakaaram (2002 leeii "liie <aii. dii. 1>") irumbu, tayamin (vitaamin bii 1), riboflavin (bii 2), niasin (bii 3), phoolik assid (bii 9) enniva upayogichu shakthippeduthanam.
columbia.
kolambiyayil vilkkunna gothamb maavil vitaamin bii1, vitaamin bii2, niasin (bii3), phoolik assid (bii9), irumbu (1996leeii "dekretto 1944") enniva upayogichu niyamaparamaayi shakthippeduthanam.
ell salvador, gwatimala, honduras, nikkargwa.
sii-4 ennum vilikkappedunna naalu raajyangalilum gothamb maavil vitaamin bii1, bii2, bii3, bii9, irumbu enniva nalkanamennu niyamaparamaayi aavasyamundu.
phillippeans.
bhakshya kottakal nirmmikkunna philippain niyamathinu rund gadakangalunda nirbandham (thiranjeduttha pradhaanavasthukkal ulkkollunnu), swamedhayaa ("sangcap pinoy" prograaminu keezhil). skoolukalil wilkan praapthamaakkunnathin kuranja poshakamoolyamulla bhakshanangalaya junk phudu maathram ulppeduthiyathinu randaamathethu vimarshikkappettittundu.
yunaittad kingdom.
yuke niyamam (bread aandu maav regulations 1998) ellah maavum (muzhuvan bhakshanavum svayam valarthunna kurachu maavukalum ozhike) kaalsyam upayogichu shakthippeduthanamennu aavashyappedunnu. gothamb maavil irumbu, tayamin (vitaamin bii 1), vitaamin bii 3 ennivayum cherkkanam.
america.
1920kalil, janasamkhyayude bhakshanathile sookshuma poshakangalude abhavam pariharikkunnathinum thadayunnathinumulla oru thanthramaayi bhakshya shakthippeduthal amerikkayil uyarnnuvannu.  prathyekichum, 1930kalilum 1940kalilum micro neutriyant kuravu palappozhum prathyeka rogangalumaayum syndromsumaayum bandhappettirikkunnave kandethi. thathfalamaayi, bhakshanavum poshakaahaaravum sambandhicha samiti maavil sookshuma poshakangal cherkkanamennu nirddeshichu. 1980ll bhakshya-aushadha bharanakoodam aarr adisthaana niyamangal ulppedunna bhakshya shakthippeduthal nayam nadappaakki. bhakshya shakthippeduthalinte suraksha maargganirddeshangal sthaapikkunnathinu purame, anubandha micro neutriyantinu deseeya kuravundaakumbol maathram bhakshya shakthippeduthal urappakkaanum aaa poshakam nalkaan thiranjeduttha bhakshanam janasamkhyayude mathiyaya aalukal upabhogam cheiyunnuvennu urappakkaanum eee nayam lakshyamittu. bhakshana vivarangale maathram aasrayikkunna muun nayangalil ninnulla mattamaaya klinikkal daattayude praadhaanyavum eee nayam oonnipparanju. 2002leeii kaarshika bill (pii.ell. 107-171, second. 3013) krishi sekrattariyumaayi koodiyaalochichu, micro nyootriyant fortification prograamukal sthaapikkaan uside administrette aavashyappedunnu.ell. 480 bhakshya sahayangal. 1996leeii kaarshika billil (pii.ell. 104-127, second. 415). paripaadikalude keezhil, pankaalithatthinaayi thiranjeduttha raajyangalkk labhyamakkiya daanyangalum mattu charakkukalum sookshuma poshakangal upayogichu shakthippeduthum (udha.jii., irumbu, vitaamin eiii, iodine, phoolik assid).
vimarsanam.
sarkkar nirbandhithamaaya kotta nirmmaanatthe vimarshikkunnathinu purame, vipanana aavasyangalkkaayi bhakshya kambanikal vivechanarahithamayi sambushteekarichathinu vimarshikkappettittundu. bhakshyasuraksha sambandhicha aashankakal 2004ll denmarkil adhika vitaaminukalo dhaathukkalo upayogichu shakthippeduthiya bhakshanagal niyanthrikkunna niyamanirmmaanathilekku nayichu. nirodhicha uthppannangalil arrie krispikal, shreddikal, horlikkukal, ovaltin, maarmait enniva ulppedunnu.
parimithamaaya agiranam.
bhakshya shakthippeduthalinte gunangale parimithappedutthunna oru ghadakam, samskaricha bhakshanathilekku veendum cherkkunna otappetta poshakangal, athinte pala poshakangalum neekkam cheythathinaal, adhika poshakangal ellaayppozhum yadhaartha, muzhuvan bhakshanathilennapole jaiva labhyathaykk kaaranamakunnilla ennathaanu. kozhuppu neekkam cheythathum pinneedu vitaamin eiii, vitaamin dii enniva cherthathumaaya paal oru udaaharanamaanu. vitaaminukal eiii, dii enniva kozhuppil layikkunnathum vellathil layikkaathathumaan, athinaal kozhuppillathe paal kazhikkunna oru vyakthikk eee vitaaminukalil bhooribhaagavum agiranam cheyyaan kazhinjekkilla, kaaranam muzhuvan paalum kudikkunnathiloode oraalkk agiranam cheyyaan kazhiyum. maruvashathu, folate upabhogam vardhippikkaan upayogikkunna phoolik aasidinte kaaryatthilum, oru fortifiyantaayi cherkkunna poshakatthinu bhakshanathekkaal uyarnna jaiva labhyatha undayirikkaam.
daanyangalile phaittik assid polulla phytochemicalukal poshakangalude agiranam baadikkukayum aantharikavum adikavumaaya poshakangalude jaiva labhyatha parimithappedutthukayum fortification prograamukalude falaprapti kuraykkukayum cheyyum.
micro nyootriyantukalude vividha roopangal.
vividha roopangal thammil verthirichariyaatha vidhathil sookshuma poshakangale niyamaparamaayi nirvachikkunnuvennum fortified bhakshanangalkk palappozhum swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkatha poshakangal santhulithamaayi undennumulla aashankayundu. udaaharanathinu, yuu.ezz.folettinte swaabhaavika roopangalil onnaaya phoolik assid upayogichu bhakshanam shakthippeduthunnu, ithu prakrithidatha bhakshanangalil sambhavikkunna folateukalkku cheria alavil maathrame sambhavana cheiyunnulloo. folate polulla pala kesukalilum, eee roopathil phoolik assid kazhikkunnath enthengilum gunangalo apakadasaadhyathakalo undo illayo enna thuranna chodyamaanu.
pala kesukalilum, fortificationil bhakshanangalil cherkkunna micro neutriyantukal synthetic aanu.
chila tharatthilulla sookshuma poshakangal vendathra uyarnna alavil sajeevamaayi vishaamsham undaakkum, mattu roopangal athe alavil allengil valare uyarnna alavil surakshithamaanenkilum. synthetic, swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna vitaaminukalil atharam vishaamshathinte udaaharanangalund. vitaamin eyude sajeeva roopamaaya rettinol beetaa carotin polulla mattu roopangale apekshichu valare kuranja alavil vishaamshamullathaan. vitaamin keey yude ghattam ghattamaayulla synthetic roopamaaya menadiyon vishaamshamullathaayi ariyappedunnu.
bhakshanathile shakthippeduthalinte udaaharanagal.
uthppanna nirmmaathaakkalude swamedhayaa ulla nadapadiyaayaalum niyamaprakaaramaayaalum lokamembaadumulla niravadhi bhakshanangalum paaneeyangalum shakthippeduthiyittundu. chilar eee kootticherkkalukale thangalude uthppannam vilkkunnathinulla thanthraparamaaya vipanana padhathikalaayi kanakkaakkaamenkilum, oru uthppannam shakthippeduthunnathin munbu dhaaraalam jolikal cheyyendathundu. oru uthppannathe shakthippeduthunnathin, eee vitaamin allengil dhaatu cherkkunnath aarogyathinum surakshithavum phalapradavumaaya delivari reethikk gunam cheiyunnuvennu aadyam theliyikkanam. kootticherkkal ellah bhakshana, labeling chattangalum palikkukayum poshakaparamaaya yukthiye pinthunaykkukayum venam. oru bhakshya nirmmaathaavinte kazhchappadil, eee puthiya ulppannavumaayi bandhapetta chelavukalum maattathe pinthunaykkaan oru vipani undaakumo ennathum avar pariganikkendathundu.
bhakshya kottakal sthaapikkunna samrambham kottakal nirmmikkunna paripaadikal nadathunna lokathile ellah rajyangaleyum oro raajyathinakathum eathu bhakshanangalil eathokke poshakangal cherkkunnu, aaa paripaadikal swamedhayaa ullathaano nirbandhamaano ennathinekkurichum pattikappedutthunnu. folate, niasin, riboflavin, tayamin, vitaamin eiii, vitaamin bii 6, vitaamin bii 12, vitaamin dii, vitaamin iii ennivaykkaayi onno athiladhikamo rajyangalil vitaamin fortification prograamukal nilavilundu. kaalsyam, fluoride, iodine, irumbu, selenium, sink enniva dhaatu shakthippeduthal paripaadikalil ulppedunnu. 2018 desember 21 vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram 81 raajyangalkk onno athiladhikamo vitaaminukal adangiya bhakshya shakthippeduthal aavasyamaanu. 62 rajyangalil upayogikkunnathupole ettavum saadhaaranayaayi folittedu vitaamin folate aanu; ettavum saadhaaranayaayi folittedu bhakshanam gothamb maavaan (sambushtamaaya maavu). shakthippeduthiya bhakshanangaludeyum paaneeyangaludeyum udaaharanangal
iodiced uppu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu muthal amerikkayil iodiced uppu upayogikkunnundu. iodiced lavanangal upayogichu goyittarukale chikilsikkaan kazhiyumennu 1821 ll kandethi. ennirunnaalum, 1916 vare iodiced lavanangalude upayogam goittarukalkkethiraaya prathirodha nadapadiyaayi oru gaveshana pareekshanatthil pareekshikkaan kazhinjilla. 1924 aayappozhekkum ithu amerikkayil eluppathil labhyamaayi. nilavil canadayilum amerikkayilum ayodinte aarr. dii. eiii. kuttikalkk prathidinam 90 microgram (4 muthal 8 vayass vare) vareyum mulayoottunna ammamaarkk prathidinam 290 microgram vareyum aanu.
ayodinte kuravumaayi bandhapetta rogangalil iva ulppedunnu boudhika vaikalyangal, hypothyroidism, goyittar. mattu pala valarchaykkum vikasanaparamaya asaadhaaranathakalkkum saadhyathayund.
folate.
rakthathile homosisteen alavu kuraykkunnathinum chuvanna rakthaanukkal roopappeduthunnathinum koshangalude sariyaaya valarchaykkum vibhajanathin neural tube vaikalyangal (enn. tii. dii. ezz) thadayunnathinum folate (phoolik assid enna fortification gadakamaayi) pravartthikkunnu. pala vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta raajyangalilum, maavil phoolik assid cherkkunnath sisukkalil ganyamaaya ennam enn. tii. dikal thadayunnu. rund saadhaarana tharam enn. tii. dii. kall, spina biphida, anancephali enniva amerikkayil prathivarsham janikkunna ekadesham aii. dii. 1 shishukkale badhikkunnu. garbhinikalaya ammamaarkk phoolik assid nalkikkond enn. tii. dii. yude vyaapanam 72 sathamaanam kuraykkaanulla kazhivu gaveshana pareekshanangal theliyichittundu.
niasin.
pellagrayude saannidhyam ganyamaayi kuracha oru paripaadiyaaya niasin (vitaamin bii 3 yude oru roopam) 1938 muthal (swamedhayaa kootticherkkal aarambhichappol) amerikkayil appatthil cherkkunnu. daanyam avarude pradhana bhakshanamaayi upayogicha pavapetta kudumbangalkkidayil pellagra kaanapettu. cholil thanne niasin adangiyittundengilum, nixtamalisation (thaddesheeya american samskaarangalile parambaraagathamaaya kshaarathodulla chikitsa) vidheyamaakaathe ithu oru jaiva labhyamaya roopamalla, athinaal niasin mothatthilulla upabhogathinu sambhavana cheiyunnilla.
niyaasinte kuravumaayi bandhapetta rogangalil pellagra ulppedunnu, athil three dii-dermatitis, demensia, vayarilakkam ennee adayaalangalum lakshanangalum ulppedunnu."mattullavayil rakthakuzhal allengil dahananaala rogangal ulppedaam. madyapaanam, anorexia nervosa, echuaivi anubadha, gastroctomy, malabsorptive disordezhs, chila arbudangal, avayumaayi bandhapetta chikilsakal enniva niyaasinte kuravu uyarnna thothil kaanikkunna saadhaarana rogangalaanu.
vitaamin dii.
vitaamin dii kozhuppil layikkunna vitaamin aayathinal ithu vaividhyamaarnna bhakshanangalil cherkkaan kazhiyilla. margarin, sasya ennakal, paalulppannangal ennivayaanu ithu saadhaaranayaayi cherkkunna bhakshanagal. 1800 kalude avasaanathil, scurvy, berryberry ennivayude rogashanti avasthakal kandethiyathinushesham, pinneedu rickets ennariyappettirunna eee rogathe bhakshanathiloode sukhappeduthaanaakumo ennu parisodhikkaan gaveshakar lakshyamitirunnu. sooryaprakaasham ealkkunnathum coode liver ooyilum aayirunnu prathividhi ennu avarude phalangal kaanichu. 1930 vare vitaamin dii yadhaarthathil rikkattukale sukhappeduthunnathumaayi bandhappettirunnilla. eee kandethal paal, margarin, prabhaathabhakshana daanyangal thudangiya saadhaarana bhakshanangalude shakthippeduthalilekku nayichu. vitaamin diyude kuravu moolam vyathyastha alavilulla asthi vaikalyangal kaanikkunna ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> kuttikalude athisayakaramaaya sthithivivarakkanakkukal ithu valare apoorvamaaya avasthayaayi maatti.
vitaamin diyude kuravumaayi bandhapetta rogangalil rickets, austioporosis, chila tharam cancerukal (stanam, prostettu, vankudal, andashayam) enniva ulppedunnu. odivukal, hrudrogam, type 2 prameham, svayam rogaprathirodha, pakarchavyaadhikal, aasthma, mattu shwaasathadassam, myocardial infarction, hypertension, conjesteevu hart faily, peripheral vascular disease ennivaykkulla apakadasaadhyathakalumaayum ithu bandhappettirikkunnu.
fluoride.
fluoride oru avashya dhaatu aayi kanakkaakkappedunnille, pallu kozhichil thadayunnathinum mathiyaya pallukalude aarogyam nilanirthunnathinum ithu upayogapradamaanu. jalavitharanathil uyarnna alavil fluoride ulla pattanangalil pallukalkk thavitt niratthilulla paadukalum pallu kshayam undaakunnathin vichitramaaya prathirodhavum undakaan kaaranamaakunnuvenn 1900 kalude madhyathil kandethi. ithu pallu kshayam prathirodhikkunna gunangal nilanirthunnathinum ennaal fluorosis (amithamaya fluoride upabhogam moolamundaakunna avastha) moolamundaakunna qara ozhivaakkunnathinum surakshithamaaya alavil fluoride upayogichu jalavitharanam shakthippeduthunnathilka (allengil swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunna alavu kuraykkunnathilekku) nayichu. fluoridenaayi sajjeekarichirikkunna sahikkavunna uyarnna upabhoga nila (ull) 0 muthal 6 maasam vare praayamulla sisukkalkku 0.7 milligram/divasavum 19 vayassinu mukalilulla muthirnnavarkk 10 milligram/divasavum vareyaanu.

