
ruthenium

ruu chihnavum aattomik nambar 44 umm ulla oru raasa moolakamaan ruthenium. ithu aavarthanappattikayile plaattinam groupil ulppedunna oru apoorva parivartthana lohamaanu. plaattinam groupile mattu lohangaleppole, rutheniyavum mattu raasavasthukkalkk nishkriyamaanu. russiayil janicha baltic-jerman vamshajaraaya shaasthranjanaaya kaal ernst closs 1844 ll cassan stettu yooniversittiyil eee moolakam kandethukayum russiayude bahumaanaartham ruthenium ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. plaattinam ayirukalude oru cheria gadakamaayi ruthenium saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu; vaarshika uthppaadanam 2009 ll ekadesham 19 tunnil ninnu 2017 ll ekadesham 35.5 tannayi uyarnnu. uthppaadippikkunna mikka rutheeniyavum ware-resistant electrical kondaakttukalilum kattiyulla philim resistarukalilum upayogikkunnu. rutheniyathinaayulla oru cheria prayogam plaattinam aloykalilum oru rasatantra kaattalistilum aanu. theevramaaya ultraviolet photomaaskkukalkkulla capping lairayittaanu rutheniyathinte oru puthiya prayogam. ruthenium saadhaaranayaayi yooral parvathanirakalilum vadakkum thekkum amerikkayilum mattu plaattinam group lohangalodoppam ayirukalil kaanapedunnu. ontaariyoyile sudburyil ninnu verthirichedutha pentlaanditilum dakshinaafrikkayile pyroxenite nikshepathilum cheruthenkilum vaanijyaparamaayi pradhanappetta alavil kaanapedunnu.
savisheshathakal.
bhauthika gunangal.
polivalant haard vaitt metalaaya ruthenium plaattinam groupile amgavum aavarthanappattikayile group 8-lullathumaann
matellaa group 8 moolakangalkkum ettavum puram shellil rund electronukal undengilum, rutheniyathil, ettavum puram shellinu oru electron maathrameyulloo (avasana electron thaazhathe shellilaanu). ayal lohangalaaya neobium (41), molybdinum (42), rhodium (45) ennivayil eee aswaabhaavikatha kaanapedunnu.
raasa gunangal.
rutheeniyathinu naalu kristtal parishkkaranangalund, ithu anthareeksha saahacharyangalil kalankappeduthunnil; choodaakkumbol ithu ooksidais cheiyunnu. ruthenium fuse cheytha shaarangalil layikkukayum ruthenettukal () nalkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu aasidukalaal (akwa reejiya polum) akramikkappedunnilla, pakshe uyarnna thapanilayil haalojanukalal aakramikkappedunnu. vaasthavathil, rutheniyathe ettavum eluppathil aakramikkunnath ooksidaising ejantumaaraanu. cheria alavil ruthenium plaattinam, paladium ennivayude kaadinyam vardhippikkum. cheria alavil ruthenium cherkkunnathiloode taittaaniyathinte nashana prathirodham ganyamaayi vardhikkunnu. electroplatingiloodum taapa vighadanathiloodeyum lohathe pooshaam. 10. 6 kiloyil thaazheyulla thapanilayil oru ruthenium-molybdinum aloy superconductive aanennu ariyappedunnu. group ooksideshan avastha + 8 oohikkaan kazhiyunna oreyoru 4 dii transition lohamaanu ruthenium, ennittum athu kanatha konjanar oosmiyathekkaal sthirathayilla randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum nira transition lohangal raasa swabhaavathil sradheyamaaya vyathyaasangal kaanikkunna tableinte idathuvashathu ninnulla aadya grooppaanithu. irumbu pole, pakshe oosmiyathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, rutheeniyathinu + 2, + 3 ennee kuranja ooksideshan avasthakalil jaleeya katteshanukal roopappeduthaan kazhiyum.
molybdinathil kaanapedunna paramavadhi 4 dii subshell pakuthiyiladhikam niranjirikkukayum electronukal loha bandhathinu kuravu sambhavana cheyyukayum cheiyunnathinaal 4 dii transition lohangalile dravanaankangalilum thilakkathilum aattamaiseshan enthalpiyilum thaazhekkulla pravanathayil aadyathethaanu ruthenium. (techniciathinu, munbathe moolakathinu, asaadhaaranamaamvidham kuranja moolyamundu, athu pakuthi niracha [kr] 4d55s2 konfigareshan kaaranam trendle ninnu akaleyaan, ennirunnaalum ithu 3d transition seereesile manganese pole 4d seereesile trendle ninnu valare akaleyalla.) bharam kuranja konjanar irumbil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ruthenium ooshmaavil paragnetic aanu, kaaranam irumbum athinte curie pooyintinu mukalilaanu.
chila saadhaarana ruthenium ayonukalude acidic jaleeya laayaniyile kuravu saadhyathakal chuvade kaanichirikkunnu
isotopukal.
swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna ruthenium ezhu sthirathayulla isodoppukalaal nirmmithamaan. koodaathe, 34 radio active isotopukal kandethiyittundu. eee radioisodoppukalil ettavum sthirathayullava 373.59 divasangalude ardhaayussinulla 106ru, 39.26 divasangalude ardhaayussinulla 103ru, 2.9 divasathe ardhaayussinulla 97ru ennivayaanu.
mattu pathinanju radioisotoppukalkku 89.93 u (90ru) muthal 114.928 u (115ru) vareyulla aattomik bhaarangalund. 95ruu (ardhaayussa 1.643 manikorukal), 105ruu (ardhaayussa 4.44 manikorukal) enniva ozhike ivayil mikkavaykkum anchu minittil thaazheyulla ardhaayuss undu.
ettavum samriddhamaaya isotopinu munbulla praadhamika kshaya reethi, 102ru, electron capture aanu, athinusheshamulla praadhamika reethi beetta emissionaanu. 102Ru nuu munbulla praadhamika kshayam uthppannam techniciavum athinusheshamulla praadhamika kshayam uthppannam rodiyavumaanu.
euranium allengil plutoniyatthinte nucleusinte vighadanathinte ulppannamaanu 106ru. kandethiya anthareeksha 106RU-yude uyarnna saandrata 2017-ll russiayil aprakhyapitha aanava apakadavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
sambhavam.
bhoomiyude puramthodil ettavum samriddhamaaya 78-aamathe moolakamenna nilayil, ruthenium thaarathamyena apoorvamaanu, ithu oru trillionil ekadesham 100 bhagangalaayi kaanapedunnu. eee moolakam saadhaaranayaayi yooral parvathanirakalilum vadakkum thekke amerikkayilum mattu plaattinam group lohangalodoppam ayirukalilum kaanapedunnu. sudbury, ontaariyo, canada ennividangalil ninnu verthirichedutha pentlaanditilum dakshinaafrikkayile pyroxenite nikshepangalilum cheruthenkilum vaanijyaparamaayi pradhanappetta alavil kaanapedunnu. rutheniyathinte thaddesheeya roopam valare apoorvamaaya oru daathuvaanu (athinte ghadanayil ruyude oru bhaagathe irr maattisthaapikkunnu). aanava vighadanathil thaarathamyena uyarnna vighadana uthppanna vilavu ulla rutheniyathinu athinte ettavum deerghakaala radioisotopinu ekadesham oru varsham "maathram" enna ardhaayuss ullathinaal, chelavazhicha indhanathil ninnu oru puthiya tharam nuclear reprosessingil ruthenium veendedukkaanulla nirddeshangal palappozhum undu. ekadesham rund bilyan varshangalkk munbu gabonile ooklooyil sajeevamaayirunna prakrithidatha nuclear fission reactorilum asaadhaaranamaaya oru ruthenium nikshepam kandethaam. vaasthavathil, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya bhoothakaalathil aaa sthalathu oru nuclear fission cheyin prathikaranam yadhaarthathil sambhavichuvennu sthireekarikkaan niravadhi maargangalilonn upayogichathayi rutheniyathinte isotope anupatham kandethi. euranium ippol ooklooyil khananam cheyyappedunnilla, avide nilavilulla plaattinam group lohangalonnum veendedukkaan gauravamaaya sramangal undayittilla.
uthppaadanam.
oro varshavum ekadesham 30 tonn ruthenium khananam cheyyappedunnu, loka shekharam 5,000 tonn aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. khananam cheytha plaattinam group mettal (pii. jii. emm) mishrithangalude ghadana jio kemikkal roopeekaranathe aashrayich vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, dakshinaafrikkayil khananam cheiyunna pii. jii. emmukalil sharashari 11 sathamaanam ruthenium adangiyittundu, athesamayam muun yuu. ezz. ezz. aaril khananam cheytha pii. jii. emmukalil 2 sathamaanam (1992) maathrame adangiyittulloo. ruthenium, oosmiyam, iridium enniva cheria plaattinam group lohangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
mattu plaattinam group lohangaleppole, nikkal, chembu, plaattinam lohangal ennivayude ayiru samskaranathil ninnu oru upolppannamaayi vaanijyaparamaayi ruthenium labikkum. chembinteyum nikkalinteyum vaidyutha shudheekarana samayat, velli, svarnnam, plaattinam group lohangal thudangiya udata lohangal verthirichedukkunnathinu feedstokkaaya "anode munn" aayi veezhunnu. feedstokkinte ghadanaye aashrayich lohangal niravadhi reethikalil eathenkilum oru reethiyil ionized solyoottukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnu. soodiyam peroxidemaayi samyojippikkukayum thudarnnu akwa reejiyayil layikkukayum hydrochloric aasidumaayi chlorin mishrithathil layippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu oru praathinidhya reethi. oosmiyam, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium enniva akwa reejiyayil layikkathathum mattu lohangale laayaniyil avasheshippikkunna vidhathil eluppathil veezhunnathumaan. urukia soodiyam baisalfettu upayogichu samskarichukondu rhodium avashishtangalil ninnu verthirikkunnu. ruu, oesu, ir enniva adangiya layikkaatha avashishtathe soodiyam ooksaid upayogichu samskarikkunnu, athil ir layikkathathinaal alinja ruu, oesu lavanangal uthpaadippikkunnu. asthira ooksaidukalilekkulla ookseekaranathinu sesham, amonium chloride upayogichu (enh4) 3rucl6 mazhayo allengil asthiramaaya oosmiyam tetroxidinte jaiva layakangal upayogichu vaattiyedukkukayo verthirichedukkukayo cheiyunnathiloode verthirikkappedunnu. amonium ruthenium chloride kuraykkaan hydrajan upayogikkunnu, ithu oru podi uthpaadippikkunnu. hydrajan upayogichu uthppannam kuraykkunnu, podiyaayi allengil sponch lohamaayi lohathe nalkunnu, athu podi lohashaasthra saankethikavidyakal allengil aargon-arck welding upayogichu chikilsikkaam.
nerittulla vighadana uthppannamaayum deerghakaalathe vighadana uthppannathiloode nyootron agiranam cheiyunnathinte uthppannamaayum chelavazhicha nuclear indhanathil ruthenium adangiyirikkunnu. rutheniyathinte asthiramaaya isotopukal kshayikkaan anuvadichathinushesham, raasa verthirichedukkal ellah prayogangalilum upayogikkunnathino vilkkunnathino ruthenium nalkum.
manappoorvvam aanava parivartthanatthiloodeyum ruthenium ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. thaarathamyena deerghamaaya ardhaayuss, uyarnna vighadana uthppanna vilavu, paristhithiyile uyarnna raasa chalanathmakatha enniva kanakkiledukkumbol, vaanijyaparamaaya nuclear traansmuleshanaayi ettavum kooduthal nirddeshikkappedunna noonn-aaktinaidukalil onnaanu ithu. thaarathamyena valia nyootron cross sekshanulla techniciathinu sthirathayulla isotopukal illaathathinaal, oru sample sthirathayulla isodoppukalude nyootron sajeevamaakkunna prashnathilekku kadakkilla. nuclear fission, nuclear medisin ennivayaal ganyamaaya alavil uthppaadippikkappedunnu, ithu dhaaraalam upayogikkunnu, ithu anuvichedanathinu kaaranamaakunnu. mathiyaya sakthamaaya nyootron vikiranathinu lakshyam thurannukaattunnath oduvil raasaparamaayi verthirikkaanum upabhogam cheyyumbol vilkkanum kazhiyunna ganyamaaya alavil ruthenium nalkum.
raasa samyukthangal.
rutheniyathinte ooksideshan avasthakal 0 muthal + 8 vareyum rutheniyathinteyum oosmiyam samyukthangaludeyum gunangal −2 vareyum aayirikkum. + 2, + 3, + 4 ennee avasthakalaanu ettavum saadhaaranam. ettavum prachaarathilulla mungamiyaanu ruthinam trichloride, ithu raasaparamaayi moshamaayi nirvachikkappettathum ennaal synthetic aayi vaividyamaarnnathumaaya oru chuvanna kharapadaarthamaanu.
ooksaidukalum chaalkojenaidukalum.
rutheniyathe ruthenium (iv) ooksaid (ruyo 2, ooksideshan avastha + 4) aayi ooksidais cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu soodiyam mettaaperiyodett upayogichu asthiramaaya manja tetrahedral ruthenium tetroxide, ruoo 4 aayi ooksidais cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu oosmiyam tetroxidine samanamaaya ghadanayum gunangalumulla aakramanathmakavum sakthamaaya ooksidaising ejantaanu. ayirukalil ninnum radiovaastukalil ninnum ruthenium shudheekarikkunnathil oru intermediattaayi ruyo 4 kooduthalum upayogikkunnu.
dipotasium ruthanettu (k2ruo4, + 6), pottasyam perutthanettu (kruo4, + 7) ennivayum ariyappedunnu. oosmiyam tetroxidil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ruthenium tetroxide sthiratha kuravaanu, oru ooksidaising ejantaayi ooshmaavil nerppicha hydrochloric assid ethanol polulla jaiva laayakangalum ooksidais cheyyaan paryaapthamaan, koodaathe jaleeya kshara laayanikalil ruthenettu () aayi eluppathil kurayunnu; ithu 100 digri selshyasinu mukalilulla dye ooksaid roopappeduthunnu. irumbil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oosmiyam pole, ruthenium athinte thaazhnna + 2, + 3 ooksideshan avasthakalil ooksaidukal roopappeduthunnilla. pairait ghadanayil christalise cheiyunna diamagnetic ardhachaalakangalaaya dicalcogenideukal roopappeduthunnathu rutheniyamaanu. lorait dhaatu enna nilayil swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna onnaanu ruthenium sulfide (ruz2).
irumbineppole, ruthenium oksoniyanukal eluppathil roopappeduthunnilla, pakaram hydroxide ayonukalumaayi uyarnna ekopana samkhyakal nedaan eshtappedunnu. ruthenium tetroxide thanutha nerppicha pottasyam hydroxide upayogichu kuraykkunnu, ithu + 7 ooksideshan avasthayil rutheniyathodoppam black pottasyam perutthanettu, kroo 4 roopappedunnu. chlorin vaathakam upayogichu pottasyam ruthanettu, keey2ruoo4 enniva ookseekarikkunnathiloodeyum pottasyam peruthanettu ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. perutthanettu ayoon asthiramaanu, ithu vellam kurachukondu ooranchu ruthanettu roopappedunnu. urukia pottasyam hydroxide pottasyam nitrateum upayogichu ruthenium lohathe prathipravarthippichundu pottasyam ruthenettu samanvayippikkaam.
miruyivo 3, naa3ruvo 4, naruvo, malnruvo thudangiya chila mixed ooksaidukalum ariyappedunnu.
haalaidukalum ooksihalaidukalum.
ariyappedunnathil vachu ettavum uyarnna ruthenium halide 54 digri selshyasil urukunna irunda thavitt niratthilulla kharapadaarthamaaya hexafluoride. ithu vellavumayi sanbarkkam pulartthumbol akramaasakthamaayi jalavishleshanam cheyyukayum eluppathil aanupaathikamallaatha reethiyil kuranja ruthenium fluorideukalude misritham roopappedukayum fluorin vaathakam purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. 86. 5 digri selshyasil eluppathil jalavishleshanam cheyyappedukayum urukukayum cheiyunna oru tetrameric irunda pacha kharapadaarthamaanu ruthenium pentafluoride. manja ruthaneeyam tetrafluoride orupakshe polymeric aayirikkam, iodine upayogichu pentafluoride kuraykkunnathiloode ithu roopappedaam. rutheniyathinte bainari samyukthangalil, eee uyarnna ooksideshan avasthakal ooksaidukalilum fluorideukalilum maathrame ariyoo.
karutha α-roopathilum irunda thavitt β-roopathilum nilanilkkunna ariyappedunna samyukthamaanu ruthenium trichlorida trihydrate chuvappaan. ariyappedunna trihalideukalil, trifluoride irunda thavitt niravum 650 digri selshyasinu mukalil vighadikkukayum cheiyunnu, tribromide irunda thavitt niravum 400 digri selshyasinu mukalil vighadippikkukayum cheiyunnu, triodide karuppaanu. dihalideukalil defluoride ariyilla, dichloride thavitt, dibromide karupp, diodide neela ennivayaanu. ariyappedunna oreyoru oxyhalide ilam pacha niratthilulla ruthenium (vi) ooksiflooraidu, ruoof 4 aanu.
ekopanavum orgaanomettaalik complexukalum.
ruthenium vividha ekopana samuchayangal roopappeduthunnu. ruu (ii), ruu (iii) ennivaykku palappozhum nilanilkkunna niravadhi pentaamain derivateevukal [ruu (enh3) 5ell] enn + aanu udaaharanagal. bipyridine, terpiridine ennivayude derivateevukal niravadhiyaan, luminescent triss (bipyridine) ruthenium (ii) chloride aanu ettavum ariyappedunnathu.
kaarban-ruthenium bondukalulla vishalamaaya samyukthangalaanu ruthenium roopappedunnathu. alkeen metatheesisinu grabsinte kaattalist upayogikkunnu. gadanaaparamaayi ferrozene samaanamaan ruthenosene, pakshe ithu vyathirikthamaya redox gunangal prakadippikkunnu. varnnarahita draavakamaaya ruthenium pentacarbonyl qoo marddatthinte abhaavathil irunda chuvanna kharamaaya triruthenium dodecacarbonylaki parivartthanam cheiyunnu. ruthenium trichloride kaarban monoxidemaayi prathipravartthichu ruhkl (qoo) (pii. eph. 3) 3, ruu (qoo) 2 (pii. eph. 3) 3 (ropparinte complexes) ennivayulppede niravadhi derivateevukal nalkunnu. triphenalphosphine upayogichu alcoholukalile ruthenium trichloridinte choodaakkal laayanikal tries (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium dichloride (rukl2 (pii. eph. 3) 3) nalkunnu, ithu hydride complexes chlorohydridotris (triphenylphosphine) ruthenium (ii) (rukl (pii. eph. 3) 3) aayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu.
charithram.
aarr plaattinam-group lohangalum adangiya swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna plaattinam aloykal valarekkaalamaayi columbian amerikkakkar upayogichirunnuvenkilum pathinaram noottaandinte madhyam muthal europian rasathanthranjarkku oru metteeriyal ennu ariyappettirunnu, pathinettaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare plaattinam oru shudha moolakamaayi thiricharinjirunnilla. pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya dashakathil paladium, rhodium, oosmiyam, iridium enniva adangiya prakrithidatha plaattinam kandethi. russian nadikalile mettal manalukalile plaattinam, 1828 muthal plettukalilum medalukalilum upayogikkunnathinum ruble nanayangal achadikkunnathinum asamskritha vasthukkalkk praveshanam nalki. naanayangalkkayi plaattinam ulppaadanathil ninnulla avashishtangal russian saamraajyathil labhyamaayirunnu, athinaal avayekkurichulla gaveshanathinte bhooribhaagavum kizhakkan europilaanu nadannathu.
poolish rasathanthranjanaaya jedrej shniyadekki 1807-ll thekke american plaattinam ayirukalil ninnu 44-aamm moolakathe (kurachukaalam munbu kandethiya chinnagrahamaaya vesttayude peril addeham ithine "vesttiyam" ennu vilichirunnu) verthiricheduthekkaam. 1808-ll addeham thante kandethalinekkurichulla oru prakhyapanam prasidheekarichu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte srishtikal orikkalum sthireekarikkappettil, pinneedu addeham kandethanulla avakaashavaadam pinvalichu.
1827ll johns bersilius gottfried oosaanum ruthenium eathaandu kandethi. akwa reejiyayile yooral parvathanirakalil ninnu crude plaattinam alinjuchertha sesham avasheshikkunna avashishtangal avar parishodhichu. bersilius asaadhaarana lohangalonnum kandethiyillengilum pleuranium, ruthenium, polynium enningane moonnu puthiya lohangal kandethiyathayi osaan karuthi. eee poruthakkedukal avashishtangalude gadanayekkurichu bersilius oosaanum thammil deerghakaalamaayi nilaninnirunna vivaadathinu kaaranamaayi. rutheniyathinte ottappedal aavarthikkaan oasaanu kazhiyaathathinal addeham oduvil thante avakaashavaadangal upekshichu. russiayile yooral parvathanirakalil ninnaan vishakalanam cheytha saambilukal uruthirinjathinaal osaan "ruthenium" enna peru thiranjedutthu. ruthenia" enna laattin padatthil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathu; eee vaakk akkaalat russiayude laattin naamamaayi upayogichirunnu.
1844-ll, baltic jarmman vamshajayaaya russian shaasthranjanaaya kaal ernst closs, gottfried osaan thayyarakkiya samyukthangalil athe varsham closs kandethiya cheria alavil ruthenium adangiyittundennu kaanichu. kasaanile cassan sarvakalashaalayil jolie cheyyumbol ruble ulppaadanathinte plaattinam avashishtangalil ninnu rutheniyathe closs verthirichu, naalu pathittaandukalkk munbu athinte bharameriya konjanar oosmiyam kandethiyathupole. ruthenium ooksaidil oru puthiya loham adangiyittundennum akwa reejiyayil layikkaatha crude plaattinatthinte bhaagath ninnu 6 gram ruthenium labhichuvennum closs kaanichu. puthiya moolakathinu peru thiranjedutthu closs prasthaavichu "ente maathrraajyathinte bahumaanaartham njaan puthiya sareerathinu ruthenium ennu perittu. eee peril vilikkaan enikku ellah avakaashavumundaayirunnu kaaranam shree. osaan thante ruthenium upekshichu, eee vaakk rasathanthrathil ithuvare nilavililla."angane cheiyunnathiloode, closs oru pravanatha aarambhichu, athu innum thudarunnu-oru gadakathinu oru raajyathinte peru nalkuka.
aaplikkeshanukal.
2016ll ekadesham 30.9 tonn ruthenium upayogichu, athil 13.8 electrical aaplikkeshanukalilum 7.7 kaattalisilum 4.6 electrochemistry upayogichu.
plaattinam, paladium aloykal kadinamakkunnathinaal, electrical kondaakttukalil ruthenium upayogikkunnu, avide aavasyamulla eedu nedaan oru nerttha philim mathiyakum. rodiyathinu samanamaaya gunangalum rodiyathekkaal kuranja chelavum ullathinaal, electric kondaakttukal rutheniyathinte pradhana upayogamaanu. vaidyutha sanbarkkathilum electrode bays mettalilum electroplating allengil sputtering vazhi ruthenium plate prayogikkunnu.
kattiyulla chipp resistarukalil ledu, bismat ruthenettukal ennivayulla ruthenium dye ooksaid upayogikkunnu. eee rund electronic aaplikkeshanukalum ruthenium upabhogathinte 50 sathamaanavum vahikkunnu.
plaattinam groupinu purathulla lohangalumaayi ruthenium apoorvvamaayi maathrame aloy cheyyappedunnulloo, avide cheria alavu chila gunangal mechappeduthunnu. titanium aloykalil cherttha nashana prathirodham 0.01% rutheniyamulla oru prathyeka aloy vikasippikkunnathilekku nayichu. jettu enchinukalile turbineukal ulppedunna aaplikkeshanukalulla chila noothana uyarnna thapanilayulla single-kristtal suuppar aloyikalilum ruthenium upayogikkunnu. epm-102 (3 sathamaanam ruu), tms-162 (6 sathamaanam ruu), tms-138, tms-174 enningane nikkal adisthaanamaakkiyulla niravadhi suuppar aloy rachanakal vivarichittundu, randaamathethil 6 sathamaanam renium adangiyirikkunnu. jaladhara penn nibukal palappozhum ruthenium aloy upayogichu thunnicherkkunnu. 1944 muthal, parker 51 foundan penayil "ruu" nib, 14 kaaratt swarnna nib, rutheniyavum 3.8 sathamaanam iridiyavum gadippichirunnu.
bhoogarbha, vellathinadiyilulla gadanakalude cathodic samrakshanathinum uppuvellathil ninnu chlorin uthppaadippikkunnathu prakriyakalkkulla electrolytic sellukalkkum upayogikkunna mixed-mettal ooksaid (emmo) aanodukalude oru gadakamaanu ruthenium. chila ruthenium complexukalude fluorescence ooksijan upayogichu shamippikkunnu, ithu ooksijanekkulla opttodu censorukalil upayogikkunnu. ruthenium redu, [(enh3) 5ruu-oo-ruu (enh3) 4-oo-ruu (enh3) 5] 6 +, prakasha microscopy, electron microscopy ennivaykkaayi pekttin, nucleic aasidukal polulla polyanionic thanmaathrakale karaykkaan upayogikkunna oru jaiva karayaanu. rudheeniyathinte beetaa-shayikkunna isotope 106 netra tumourukalude radio therappiyil upayogikkunnu, pradhaanamaayum yuviyayude marakamaaya melanomakal. saadhyamaaya cancer virudha gunangalkkayi ruthenium kendreekritha samuchayangal gaveshanam cheyyappedunnu. plaattinam komplexukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, ruthaneeyam jalavishleshanathodu kooduthal prathirodhavum tumourukalil kooduthal selective pravartthanavum kaanikkunnu.
phaatti ooyilukalumaayo kozhuppukalumaayo sebatius malineekaranavasthukkalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthumbol prathikarikkukayum thavitt/karutha ruthenium dye ooksaid pigment uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode ruthenium tetroxide olinjirikkunna viraladayaalangal thurannukaattunnu.
electronics.
electronics aanu rutheniyathinte ettavum valia upayogam. ruu mettal prathyekichum asthiramallaathathaanu, ithu micro electronic upakaranagalil prayojanakaramaanu. ruu, athinte pradhana ooksaid ruoo2 ennivaykku thaarathamyappeduthaavunna vaidyutha prathirodhasheshiyund. chembu nerittu rutheeniyathilekku electroplate cheyyaan kazhiyum, prathyeka prayogangalil barrier paalikal, traansisttar gettukal, intarkanakttukal enniva ulppedunnu. ruthenium tetroxide, oorgaanoroothinam samyuktham (cyclohexadian) ruu (qoo) 3 thudangiya asthiramaaya samuchayangal upayogichu raasa neeravi nikshepathiloode ruu philimukal nikshepikkaan kazhiyum.
catalis.
ruthenium adangiya pala samyukthangalum upayogapradamaaya kaattalatik gunangal prakadippikkunnu. kaattalisttukale soukaryapradamaayi prathikarana maadhyamathil layikkunnava, ekeekritha kaattalistukal, illaathava enningane vibhajichirikkunnu, avaye vaividhyamaarnna kaattalistukal ennu vilikkunnu.
ekathaanamaaya catalis.
ruthenium trichloride adangiya laayanikal olephin metatheesisinu valare sajeevamaan. udaaharanathinu, polynorbornin uthppaadanathinaayi atharam kaattalistukal vaanijyaparamaayi upayogikkunnu. nannayi nirvachikkapetta ruthenium carbean, alkylideen complexukal enniva samanamaaya prathipravartthanam kaanikkunnundengilum avaa cheria thothilullavayil maathrame upayogikkunnulloo. udaaharanathinu, marunnukaludeyum noothana vasthukkaludeyum nirmmaanatthil grabbukalude uthejakangal upayogichittundu.
transfer hydrajaneshanukalkkulla (chilappol "hydrajan kadamedukkal" prathikaranangal ennu vilikkunnu) valare sajeevamaaya uthejakangalaanu ruthenium complexukal. ryoji noyori avatharippicha chiral ruthenium complexukal kettonukal, aldehydeukal, aiminukal ennivayude anantioselective hydrajaneshanaayi upayogikkunnu. oru saadhaarana kaattalist (saimeen) ruu (ezz, ezz-tsdpen) aannu
asamamaya hydrajaneshan mekhalaykku nalkia sambhaavanakalkk 2001ll rasathanthrathinulla nobal sammanam ryoji noyorikk nalki.
vaividhyamaarnna catalis.
fisher-tropsh sinthasisilaanu ruthenium prothsaahippikkunna cobalt kaattalistukal upayogikkunnathu.
uyarnnuvarunna aaplikkeshanukal.
chila ruthenium samuchayangal drishyamaaya spektrathiludaneelam prakasham agiranam cheyyukayum sourorjja saankethikavidyakalkkaayi sajeevamaayi gaveshanam nadathukayum cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, kuranja chelavil pravartthikkunna oru puthiya sourorjja sell samvidaanamaaya dye sensittaisd solar cellukalil prakasham agiranam cheiyunnathinu ruthenium adisthaanamaakkiyulla samyukthangal upayogichittundu.
kwaandam critical pooyint swabhaavam, exotic soopparkandaktivitti (stronshyam ruthanettu roopathil), uyarnna thaapanilayilulla ferromagnettism thudangiya valare asaadhaaranamaaya gunangal pala ruthenium adhishtitha ooksaidukalum kaanikkunnu.
aarogyaparamaya prathyaaghaathangal.
rutheniyathinte aarogyaparamaya prathyaaghaathangalekkurich valarekkurache ariyoo, aalukalkk ruthenium samyukthangal neridunnathu thaarathamyena apoorvamaanu. lohamaaya ruthenium nishkriyamaanu (raasaparamaayi prathipravarthanakshamalla). ruthenium ooksaid (ruyo 4) polulla chila samyukthangal valare vishaamshamullathum asthiravumaanu.