farreday paradox

maikkal faaradeyude vaidyuthakaanthika induction niyamam thettaaya phalam pravachikkunna eathoru pareekshanavum farreday paradox allengil faaradeyude paradox aanu. vairudhyangal rund vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappedunnu
aadyathe vaidyuthakaanthika janarettar allengil dynamo kandupidichathin sesham 1831-ll farreday thante induction niyamam oohichuvenkilum vairudhyathekkurichu swantham vishadeekaranathil orikkalum samthrupthanaayirunnilla.
maxwell-farreday samavakyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol faaradeyude niyamam.
faaradeyude niyamam ("farreday-lense niyamam" ennum ariyappedunnu) parayunnath, samayam "tii" yumayi bandhappett kaanthikapravaahatthinte motham derivative aanu vaidyutha prerakashakthi (iii. emm. eph) nalkunnathu ennaanu
ivide soothravaakyam _ 2 ennathu iii. emm. eph aanu, koodaathe φ "b" ennathu oru vayar lupiloodeyulla kanthika pravaahamaan. lensinte niyamaprakaaramaan vaidyutha prerakashakthiyude disha nalkunnathu. palappozhum avaganikkappedunna oru vastutha, faaradeyude niyamam kaanthikapravaahatthinte bhagika derivativalla, motham derivateevaanu adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu ennathaanu. ithinartham uparithalathiloodeyulla motham ozhukk sthiramaanenkilum oru iii. emm. eph srishtikkappedaam ennaanu. eee prashnam marikadakkaan prathyeka saankethikavidyakal upayogikkaam. faaradeyude niyamathodoppam prathyeka saankethikavidyakalude upayogathekkurichulla vibhagathinaayi chuvade kaanuka.
ennirunnaalum, faaradeyude niyamatthinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya vyaakhyaanam ithaanu
clossed surcuted ananthamaaya nerttha vayarinte oru lupe aayirikkukayum mattu saahacharyangalil asaadhuvaakukayum cheyyumbol maathrame faaradeyude niyamatthinte eee pathipp karsanamaayi nilanilkkoo. magnetic flexinte bhaagikamallaatha motham derivateevaanu faaradeyude niyamathe nirvachikkunnathenna vasthuthayum iii. emm. eph oru adacha pathayil parimithappedutthanamennil ennathum thaazhe charcha cheythathupole radial gadakangalum undakam enna vasthuthayum ithu avaganikkunnu. mattoru pathippaya maiks well-farreday samavaakyam (chuvade charcha cheythirikkunnu) ellah saahacharyangalilum saadhuthayullathaanu, laurents fozhsu niyamavumaayi samyojippichu upayogikkumbol athu faaradeyude niyamatthinte sariyaaya prayogavumaayi poruthappedunnu.
ivide "t" 0 ennathu eathenkilum nischitha samayamaan. valathuvashathulla aadya padam transformer iii. emm. efumaayi poruthappedunnuvennum randaamathethu motional iii. emm. efumaayi yojikkunnuvennum nammal kanikkum. valathuvashathulla aadya padam maiks well-farreday samavaakyathinte avibhaajya roopam upayogichu mattiyezhuthaam
aduthathaayi, valathuvashathulla randaamathe padam njangal vishakalanam cheiyunnu
thelivukalude ettavum budhimuttulla bhaagamaanith; kooduthal vishadaamshangalum ithara sameepanangalum referenceukalil kaanam. lupe neengukayum/allengil roopabhedam varuthukayum cheyyumbol, athu oru uparithalathe thudachuneekkunnu (valathuvashathulla chithram kaanuka). eee swep-outtu uparithalathiloodeyulla kanthika ozhukk looppilekk praveshikkunnatho purathukadakkunnatho aaya kaanthikapravaahavumaayi poruthappedunnu, athinaal ithu samaya-derivativinu kaaranamakunna kaanthikapravaahamaanu. (eee ghattam kaanthikathaykkaayi gass niyamam parokshamaayi upayogikkunnu fluxes lineukalkku thudakkamo avasaanamo illaathathinaal, vayar murichu maathrame avaykku looppilekk praveshikkaan kazhiyoo.) lupe formulayude oru cheria bhagam enna nilayil _ 5 oru hraswakaala formulakku vegatha v upayogichu neengunnu, ithu oru vekttar eriya vekttar formula _ 7 puranthallunnu. athinaal, ivide looppiloode kaanthikapravaahathile maattam ithaanu
athinaal
ivide v ennathu lupe formula _ 10 leeii oru pooyintinte vegathayaanu.
ivayellaam orumichu cherthu,
athesamayam, vayar looppinu chuttum orikkal sanjarikkunna oru yoonit chaarjil labhyamaya oorjjamaayaanu iii. emm. eph nirvachichirikkunnathu. athinaal, laurents fozhsu niyamaprakaaram,
iva samyojippichu,
soothravaakyam _ 13
maiks well-farreday samavaakyam ennathu faaradeyude niyamatthinte oru saamaanyavalkkaranamaanu, athu oru samaya-vyathyasa kaanthikakshethram ellaayppozhum oru speshyal-veriyant, noonn-kansarvetteevu electric feeld, thirichum undennu prasthaavikkunnu. maiks well-farreday samavaakyam ithaanu
 {\parial t} </kanakk>
(sii yoonittukalil) formula _ 14 paarshyal derivative oopparettaraayirikke, formula _ 15 ennathu kell oopparettarum veendum e (r, t) ennathu vaidyutha mandalavum b (r, t) ennathu kaanthikakshethravumaanu. eee feeldukal saadhaaranayaayi r, samayam "t" ennivayude functionukalaakaam.
maxwellinte naalu samavakyangalil onnaanu maxwell-farreday samavaakyam, athinaal classical vaidyuthakaanthikathayude sidhaanthathil ithu oru adisthaana punk vahikkunnu. kelvin-stooks sidhaantham vazhi ithu avibhaajya roopathilum ezhuthaam.
faaradeyude induction niyamam poojya iii. emm. eph pravachikkunnathayi thonnunnu, ennaal yadhaarthathil poojyamallaatha iii. emm. eph pravachikkunnu.
faaradeyude niyamathil vishadeekarichirikkunnathu oru sarkyoottile maarunna fluxes vazhiyo allengil kaanthikakshethrathile oru kandakdarinte chalanatthiloodeyo oru iii. emm. eph srishtikkappedaamenna vasthuthayaan eee vairudhyangal saadhaaranayaayi pariharikkappedunnathu. thaazhe soochippichirikkunnathu ithu fainman vishadeekarikkunnu. eiii yum kaanuka. somerfeld, vaalyam III "electrodynamics" academic pras, peju 362.
upakaranangal.
pareekshanatthinu kurachu lalithamaaya gadakangal aavasyamaanu (chithram 1 kaanuka): oru silindar kantham, oru contecting riim ulla oru contecting disk, oru contecting aaksilinte, kurachu vayaringinte, oru galvanometerinte. disk kaanthavum achuthandil kurachu akale gadippichirikkunnu, athil avaykku swantham samamithiyude achuthandukalil karangaan swaathanthryamundu. sliding kondaakttukale bandhippichaanu oru electrical surcuted roopappedunnatha onnu diskinte achuthandilekkum mattonn athinte arikilekkum. vaidyuthadhaara alakkaan sarcutil oru galvanometer cherkkaan kazhiyum.
nadapadikramam.
pareekshanam moonnu ghattangalilayi thudarunnu 
enthukondaanu ithu vairudhyam?
enthaanu karangunnath ennathu pariganikkathe diskiloodeyulla ozhukk onnuthanneyaanennu thonnunnathinaal, aadya kaazhchayil thanne faaradeyude vaidyuthakaanthika induction niyamam lamghikkunnathaayi thonnunnathinaal eee pareekshanatthe chilar oru "vairudhyam" ennu visheshippikkunnu. athinaal, bhramanathinte moonnu kesukalilum iii. emm. eph poojyamaayirikkumennu pravachikkappedunnu. chuvadeyulla charcha kaanikkunnath eee kaazhchappaad fluxes kanakkakkaan uparithalathinte thettaaya thiranjeduppil ninnaan.
eee vairudhyam fluxes kaazhchappaadinte varikalil ninnu alppam vyathyasthamayi kaanapedunnu faaradeyude vaidyuthakaanthika induction maathrkayil, irumbu fillingukal kadalaasil thalikkukayum kaanthikathinu sameepam pidikkukayum cheyyumbol drishyamaakunna varikalkk samanamaaya kaanthikapravaahatthinte saankalppikarekhakal adangiya oru kaanthikakshethram. iii. emm. eph flexinte cutting lainukalude nirakkin aanupaathikamaayirikkaanu nirddeshikkappedunnathu. flexinte varikal kaanthatthil ninnu uthbhavikkunnathayi sangalppikkukayaanenkil, avaa kaanthatthinte chattakkoodil nischalamaayirikkum, kaanthavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol disk karakkunnath, kantham allengil disk karakkunnathiloode, oru iii. emm. eph undaakkanam, pakshe randum orumichu karakkan paadilla.
faaradeyude vishadeekaranam.
faaradeyude vaidyuthakaanthika induction maathrkayil, kaanthikapravaahatthinte varikal murikkumbol oru sarkyoottin oru induced karant labhichu. eee maathruka anusarichu, disco kaanthamo karakkumbol farreday disk pravarthikkendathaayirunnu, pakshe randum allah. kaanthikakshethram, athinte fluxes lineukal kondu poornnamaayi, kantham karangumbol nischalamaayi thudarnnuvennu anumaanichukondu nireekshanavumaayulla viyojip vishadeekarikkaan farreday shramichu (poornnamaayum krithyamaaya chithram, pakshe lines-oof-fluxes modalil avabodhajanyamallaayirikkam). mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, flexinte varikalkk avarudethaaya reference frame undu. adutha vibhaagathil nammal kaanunnathupole, aadhunika bhauthikashaasthrathinu (electroninte kandethal kaaranam) line oof fluxes chithram aavasyamilla, ithu vairudhyathe illaathaakkunnu.
aadhunika vishadeekaranangal.
oru surcuted oru lupe aayirikkanamennilla.
ghattam 1 ll, vairudhyam eluppathil pariharikkan kazhiyum faaradeyude induction niyamam anumaanikkunnathupole surcuted oru lalithamaaya vayar lupe allah; ithu rund looppukalude samyojanamaanu, kaaranam riminte rund pakuthikaliloode vaidyuthadhaara ozhukaan kazhiyum (chithram 2 kaanuka). maruvashathu, radius junction muthal brush vare oraal riminte oru bhagam maathrame sookshikkunnulloovenkil, muzhuvan surcute ippol oru yadhaartha looppaan, athinte aakruthi samayathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu; appol faaradeyude niyamam baadhakamaavukayum sariyaaya phalangalilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
madakka paatha kanakkiledukkuka.
randaam ghattathil, vaidyuthadhaara nireekshikkappedaathinal, kaanthikakshethram karangunna kaanthatthinoppam karangunnillennu oraalkk nigamanam cheyyaam. (athu phalapradamo allathatho thaarathamyena, laborattari frameumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol v poojyamaayathinaal laurence balam poojyamaanu. athinaal laborattari framil ninnu karant alakkal illa.) eee vairudhyam vishadeekarikkaan lorenz samavaakyam upayogikkunnathu oru kaanthikakshethram kaanthikatthil karangunnundo illayo ennathinekkurichu saahithyathil oru charchaykku kaaranamaayi. laurents samavaakyam prakadippikkunna chaarjukalude melulla balam kaanthikakshethrathinte aapekshika chalanathe aashrayichirikkunnathil (i.iii. laborattari frame) iii. emm. eph sthithicheyyunna kandakdarilekku kantham diskinoppam karangukayum ennaal oru volteju vikasikkukayum cheyyumbol kaanthikakshethram (i.iii. athinaal laborattari frame) kanthika padaartham upayogichu karangaruthu (theerchayaayum ithu laborattari frame aayathinal), athesamayam kaanthikakshethra framinte phalapradamaaya nirvachanam allengil "feeldinte phalapradamaaya/aapekshika bhramanam" chaalaka discumaayi bandhappett aapekshika chalanamillathe maarunnu.
kaanthikakshethram kaanthikatthil karangunnundennu karuthukayum kantham disk upayogichu karangukayum cheythaal, oru vaidyuthadhaara ippozhum diskill iii. emm. eph. vazhiyalla (disk kaanthavum thammil aapekshika chalanamilla) marichu brashukale bandhippikkunna baahya sarcutil ulpaadippikkanamennu shradhaapoorvvam chinthichu, ithu vaasthavathil karangunna kaanthavumaayi bandhappett aapekshika chalanathilaanu. (brushukal laborattari framilaanu.)
madakka pathakal ulppedunna nireekshanangalumaayi eee samvidaanam yojikkunnu kaanthatthinte bhramanam pariganikkathe thanne, madakka paathayumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol disk neengumbozhellaam oru iii. emm. eph srishtikkappedunnu. vaasthavathil, diskinteyum kaanthatthinteyum chalanatthil ninnu induced iii. emm. eph. kall alakkaan oru karant lupe upayogikkunnidatholam kaalam kaanthikakshethram kaanthikavumaayi karangunnundo illayo ennu parayaan kazhiyillennu kaanichu. (ithu nirvachanathe aasrayichirikkunnu, oru feeldinte chalanam phalapradamaayi/thaarathamyena maathrame nirvachikkaan kazhiyoo. feeld fluxes oru bhauthika asthithvamaanenna kaazhchappaad ningalkkundenkil, athu karangukayo allengil athu engane srishtikkappedunnu ennathine aasrayichirikkunnu. ennaal ithu laurents formula upayogikkunnathil maattam varuthunnilla, prathyekichu alakkal nadakkunna frameumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol charge kaariyarinte vegathayaaya vii, feeld shakti eathu space time pooyintileyum aapekshikatha anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu.)
prashnam pariharikkunnathin sthiramaaya electro alavukaloo electron beemukalo upayogichu niravadhi pareekshanangal nirddeshichittunde innuvare onnum vijayakaramaayi nadathiyittilla.
laurence balam upayogikkuka.
oru baahya vaidyutha mandalam e, kaanthikakshethram b enniva kaaranam thalkshanavegam v ulla vaidyutha charge "q" enna kanikayil pravartthikkunna balam f, laurents fozhsu nalkunnu
ivide x ennathu vekttar cross prodakt aanu. ellah boldface alavukalum vektarukalaanu. oru pooyint chaarjinte "aapekshikamayi-sariyaaya" vaidyutha mandalam vegatha anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu
ivide soothravaakyam _ 17 ennathu kanikayude vaidyuthadhaara (retaired cheyyaatha) sthaanathu ninnu feeld alakkunna binduvilekku viral choondunna yoonit vektaraanu, koodaathe θ ennathu soothravaakyam _ 18 num soothravaakyam _ 19 num edayilulla konaanu. oru chaarjinte kaanthikakshethram b:
ettavum adisthaanaparamaaya thalatthil, motham laurence balam ennathu matellaa chaarjukalilum pravartthikkunna oro chaarjinteyum vaidyutha mandalangalaya e, kaanthikakshethrangal b ennivayude sanjitha falamaanu.
kantham karangumbol, pakshe fluxes lineukal nischalavum conductor nischalavumaanu.
silindar contecting disk nischalavum ennaal silindar magnetic disk karangunnathumaya prathyeka cases pariganikkuka. atharamoru saahacharyathil, contecting diskile chaarjukalude sharashari vegatha v thudakkathil poojyamaanu, athinaal kaanthikashakthi 0 aanu, ivide alavukal edukkunna frameumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol sarkyoottinte charge "q" nte sharashari vegathayaanu v, koodaathe "q" ennathu oru electronile chaarjaan.
kaanthavum fluxes lainukalum nischalamaayirikkukayum conductor karangukayum cheyyumbol.
electroninteyum athine badhikkunna shakthikaludeyum kandethalinushesham, vairudhyathinte oru microscopic resolution saadhyamaayi. chithram 1 kaanuka. upakaranathinte loha bhagangal sanjarikkunnu, electronic chalanam moolamulla oru vaidyuthadhaaraye lohathinte athirthikkullil parimithappedutthunnu. oru kaanthikakshethrathil neengunna ellah electronukalum oru laurents balam anubavikkunnu, ivide alavukal edukkunna frameumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol electronukalude vegathayaanu v, koodaathe oru electronile chaarjaan "q". oorkkuka, "vaidyuthakaanthikakshethrathu chattakkood" enna tharatthilulla chattakodukalonnumilla. oru frame oru nirddishta bahirakasha samaya poyintilaanu sajjeekarichirikkunnath, allathe oru ganithashaasthra vasthuvayi oru extending feeldo fluxes lino allah. ningal flexine oru bhauthika asthithvamaayi kanakkaakkukayo (magnetic fluxes kwaandam kaanuka) allengil oru feeldinte chalanam/bhramanam ennivayude phalapradamaaya/aapekshika nirvachanam pariganikkukayo cheythaal athu mattoru prasnamaanu (chuvade kaanuka). eee kuripp vairudhyam pariharikkan sahayikkunnu.
lorenz balam diskinte thalatthilulla electronukalude vegathaykkum diskinte saadhaarana (uparithala saadhaarana) kaanthikakshethrathinum lambamaan. diskinte framil vishramikkunna oru electron bii-feeldumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol diskinoppam vrithaakruthiyil neengunnu (i.iii. bhramana achuthandu allengil laborattari frame, mukalilulla kuripp oorkkuka), athinaal oru radial laurence fozhsu anubhavappedunnu. chithram 1 ll eee balam (oru "positteev" chaarjil, oru electronilalla) valathuvashathe niyamamanusarichu remelake puratthekku aanu.
theerchayaayum, vaidyuthadhaarayude kaaranamaaya eee radial fozhsu, electron vegathayude oru radial ghadakam srishtikkunnu, electronukalude vrithaakrithiyilulla chalanathe ethirkkunna swantham laurents fozhsu ghadakam srishtikkunnu, ithu diskinte bhramanathe mandagathiyilaakkunnu, ennaal electronukal vrithaakrithiyilulla chalanatthinte oru ghadakam nilanirthunnu, athu radial laurents fozhsiloode vaidyuthadhaaraye nayikkunnath thudarunnu.
faaradeyude niyamathodoppam prathyeka saankethikavidyakalude upayogam.
rimile brushil ninnu, outtdoor looppiloodeyum aaksililoodeyum diskinte madhyabhaagathekkulla paathayude bhaagathiloodeyulla ozhukk ellaayppozhum poojyamaanu, kaaranam kaanthikakshethram eee paathayude thalathilaanu (athinu lambamalla), enthuthanne karangunnundengilum, athinaal paathayude eee bhaagathinu chuttumulla samyojitha iii. emm. eph ellaayppozhum poojyamaanu. athinaal, diskinu kurukeyulla axilil ninnu arikilulla brush vareyulla paathayude bhagathaanu shradha kendreekarikkunnathu.
faaradeyude induction niyamam vaakkukalil ingane prasthaavikkam 
 ganithashaasthraparamaayi, niyamam prasthaavikkappedunnu
ivide φb ennathu fluxes aanu, "d" a ennathu chalikkunna uparithalathinte vistheernnathinte oru vekttar gadakamaanu σ ("t"), ithu iii. emm. eph kandethenda looppukond chuttappettirikkunnu.
fluxes linkej bii-feeld diskinte vistheernnam kondu gunikkunnathayi thonnunna farreday disk janarettarumaayi eee niyamam engane bandhippikkaan kazhiyum?
oru sameepanam, brushil ninnu aaksililekk diskinu kuruke oru saangalppika rekha varachu oro yoonit samayathum eee variye marikadannu ethra fluxes linkej ozhukunnuvennu chodichukondu "fluxes linkejinte maattatthinte nirakk" enna ashayam nirvachikkuka ennathaanu. chithram 2 kaanuka. diskinu oru aaram "r" ennu karuthuka, kendra konulla "θ" diskinte oru sectorinu oru vistheernnamund
athinaal saangalppika rekha marikadannu ozhukunna nirakk
ω" = "dθ"/"dt" enna bhramanathinte koneeya nirakk. lensinte niyamathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu adayaalam thiranjedukkunnathu chalanam moolamundaakunna feeld bhramanam moolamundaakunna flexile maattathe ethirkkanam. udaaharanathinu, chithram 2-leeii radial segmentulla surcuted, valathuvashathe niyamam anusarichu prayogicha bii-feeldilekku "cherkkunnu", ithu fluxes linkej vardhippikkunnu. ithu soochippikkunnathu bhramanam kaaranam eee paathayiloodeyulla ozhukk kurayunnathinaal "dθ"/"dt" negatteevu aanu.
iii. emm. ephinte eee fluxes-cutting phalam oru yoonit chaarjil cheytha jolie kanakkaakkunnathumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaam, ithu "r" enna vyaasathilulla laurents fozhsu/yoonit charge upayogichu oru ananthamaaya testt charge saangalppika rekhayiloode kadannupokunnu, athaayath = "bv" = "brω":
athe phalam.
surcuted vazhi fluxes katt kandethunnathinulla melpparanja reethishaasthram bounding uparithalathinte samaya derivative shariyaayi pariganichukondu fluxes niyamathil aupachaarikamaakkiyittundu. theerchayaayum, samayathe aashrayichirikkunna paridhikalulla oru integralinte samaya derivative integraantinte maathram samaya derivative allah, palappozhum marannupokunna oru pooyint; lebnis integral niyamavum laurents fozhsum kaanuka.
uparithalam σ ("t") thiranjedukkumbol, niyanthranangal enthennaal (i) athu iii. emm. eph kandethenda oru adacha vakrathaal chuttappettirikkanam, (ii) sarkyoottinte ellah chalikkunna bhaagangaludeyum aapekshika chalanam athu pidichedukkanam. athirthi vakram vaidyuthadhaarayude bhouthikamaaya oru pravaaharekhayumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu urappichu parayendathilla. maruvashathu, induction ennathu aapekshika chalanathekkurichaanu, koodaathe paatha eathenkilum aapekshika chalanam urappichu pidichedukkanam. chithram 1 polulla oru saahacharyathil, nilavile paathayude oru bhagam bahiraakaashathe oru pradeshathu vitharanam cheiyunnuvenkil, vaidyuthadhaaraye nayikkunna iii. emm. eph vividha pathakal upayogichu kandethanakum. chithram 2 rund saadhyathakal kaanikkunnu. ellah paathakalilum vyakthamaaya ritten lupe ulppedunnu, ennaal diskill rund pathakal kaanichirikkunnu onnu jyamitheeyamaayi lalithamaaya pathayum mattonn thirakkeriyathum. namukk ishtamulla eathu pathayum thiranjedukkaan namukk swaathanthryamundu, ennaal sveekaaryamaaya eathu paathayudeyum oru bhagam "diskill thanne urappichirikkunnu", diskinoppam thiriyunnu. muzhuvan pathayum, ritten lupe "plus" disk segmentum athinte maattatthinte nirakkum kandethiyaal fluxes kanakkakkunnu.
eee udaaharanathil, eee paathakalellaam flexinte maattatthinte athe nirakkilekku nayikkunnu, athinaal ore iii. emm. eph. eee paathayude swaathanthryathekkurichu kurachu avabodham nalkunnathinu, chithram 3 ll farreday disk oru strippil pothinjirikkunnu, ithu sliding deerghachathura prashnavumaayi saamyamullathaakkunnu. sliding deerghachathurathinte kaaryatthil, deerghachathurathinullile vaidyuthadhaarayude paatten samaya-swathanthramaanennum athinaal sarkyoottine bandhippikkunna flexinte maattatthinte nirakkumayi aprasakthamaanennum vyakthamaan. vaidyuthadhaara deerghachathurathiloode (allengil disk) engane kadannupokunnuvennu krithyamaayi pariganikkendathilla. deerghachathurathinte mukalilum thaazheyum (diskill aaksilumaayi brush) bandhippikkukayum deerghachathuravumaayi neengukayum cheiyunna eathoru pathayum (diskill karangukayum) flexinte athe maattatthinte nirakk illaathaakkukayum athe iii. emm. eph pravachikkukayum cheiyunnu. diskine sambandhichidatholam, fluxes esttimettinte eee maattatthinte nirakk brushine aaksilumaayi bandhippikkunna oru variye marikadannu disk karakkunnathine adisthaanamaakki mukalil cheythathinu thulyamaanu.
oru madakka paathayodukoodiya krameekaranam.
madakka pathayil prerepikkappetta fluxes kaaranam kantham "neengunnundo" ennathu eee vishakalanathil aprasakthamaan. nirnaayaka aapekshika chalanam disk madakka paathayumaanu, disk kaanthavum allah. ritten paathu oru vayar allah, marichu mattoru disk aaya oru parishkaricha farreday disk upayogikkukayaanenkil ithu kooduthal vyakthamaakum. athaayath, ore axilil parasparam aduthulla rund contecting discukal moundu cheyyuka, avaykku madhyathilum chuttalavilum sliding electrical kondaakt undakatte. vaidyuthadhaara rund discukaludeyum aapekshika bhramanathinu aanupaathikavum kaanthatthinte eathu bhramanathil ninnum swathanthravumaayirikkum.
madakka paathayillathe krameekaranam.
oru farrade disk galvanometero madakka paathayo upayogichu pravarthippikkaanum kazhiyilla. disk karangumbol, electronukal arikiloode shekharikkukayum achuthandinu sameepam oru kuravu avasheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu (allengil maruvashathu). chaarjinte vitharanam alakkunnathu thathwathil saadhyamaan, udaaharanathinu, rimin axilinum idayil srishtikkappedunna vaidyutha preraka shakthiyiloode (eluppamallengilum). eee charge verthirikkal disk kaanthavum thammilulla aapekshika bhramana vegathaykku aanupaathikamaayirikkum.
faaradeyude induction niyamam poojyamallaatha iii. emm. eph pravachikkunnathayi thonnunnu, ennaal yadhaarthathil poojya iii. emm. eph pravachikkunnu.
sarkyoottinte prathyaksha chalanam yadhaarthathil sarkyoottinte nirmmanamallennum thudarnnu mattoru pathayil sarkyoottinte punarnirmmaanamaanennum nirnnayikkunnathiloodeya eee vairudhyangal saadhaaranayaayi pariharikkappedunnathu.
oru adhika niyamam.
disk maathram karangumbol sarkyoottiloode ozhukkil mattamilla, ennirunnaalum, faaradeyude niyamathinu virudhamaayi oru electromotive fozhsu indues cheyyappedunnu. flexil maattam undaakumbol, pakshe induced volteju illaathirikkumbol namukk oru udaaharanam kaanikkam. chithram 5 (valathuvashath) tilly pareekshanatthil upayogicha sajjeekaranam kaanikkunnu. rund looppukalo meshukalo ulla oru sarkyoottaan ithu. valathuvashathe looppil oru galvanometer, idathu-kaii looppinte madhyathil oru kantham, idathu-kaii looppil oru switch, lupukalkkidayil oru switch ennivayundu. idathu vashathulla switch ooppan aayum valath vashathulla switch closs cheythum nammal aarambikkunnu. idathuvashathulla switch adaykkukayum valathuvashathulla switch thurakkukayum cheyyumbol kaanthikakshethrathil mattamilla, pakshe galvanometer sarkyoottinte vistheernnathil maattamund. ithinartham flexil oru maattamund ennaanu. ennirunnaalum galvanometer vyatichalichilla, athaayath induced volteju illa, eee saahacharyathil faaradeyude niyamam pravarthikkunnilla. eiii prakaram. jii. kellie ithu soochippikkunnathu faaradeyude pareekshanatthile oru induced volteju fluxes lineukal sarkyoottinte "cutting" moolamaanennu, allathe "fluxes linking" allengil flexile yadhaartha maattam moolamalla. ithu tilly pareekshanatthil ninnu pinthudarunnu, kaaranam sarkyoottiludaneelam balarekhakalude chalanamilla, athinaal sarkyoottiloode flexil maattam undengilum vaidyuthadhaara indues cheyyappedunnilla. faaradeyude niyamam saadhuthayullathaanenkil, flexil maattam srishtikkunnathil pravartthikkanam ennu nasbam nirddeshikkunnu.
eee ashayam manasilakkaan, nasbom nalkia vaadathiloode nammal chuvaduvekkum. vaidyuthadhaara vahikkunna rund vayarukalkkidayilulla balam kanakkakkiyaanu nammal aarambhikkunnath. vayar 2 kaaranam vayar 1-leeii balam nalkunnathu
randaamathe vayaril ninnulla kaanthikakshethram thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
athinaal namukk vayar 1 leeii balam ingane mattiyezhuthaam
ippol oru sthiramaaya kaanthikakshethrathil oru conductor sthaanabhramsham varuthiya formula _ 29-nte segment formula _ 28 pariganikkuka. cheytha jolie thaazhepparayunna sthalangalil ninnaan kandethunnathu
formula _ 31-naayi munbu kandethiyava plug inn cheythaal namukk labikkum
kandakdarinte sthaanachalanathaal moodappettirikkunna pradesham ithaanu
athinaal
charge formula _ 35, pottensial deference formula _ 36 ennivayude kaaryatthilum deferential varkk nalkaam
deferential varkkinu rund samavaakyangalum parasparam thulyamaayi sajjeekarikkunnathiloode nammal faaradeyude niyamathil athunnu.
koodaathe, formula _ 39 aprathyakshamaakaathathaane maathrame ithu shariyaavoo ennu nammal ippol kaanunnu. athaayath, flexil maattam varuthunnathinulla pravartthanangal nadatthiyaal maathrame faaradeyude niyamam saadhuthayulloo.
itharathilulla saahacharyangalil faaradeyude niyamam saadookarikkunnathinulla oru ganitha maarggam faaradeyude induction niyamatthinte thelivaayi iii. emm. ephinte nirvachanam saamaanyavalkkarikkuka ennathaanu
galvanometer saadhaaranayaayi sarkyoottile vaidyuthadhaaraye sambhavana cheiyunna iii. emm. ephile aadya padam maathrame alakkunnulloo, ennirunnaalum chilappol ithinu randaamathe padam ulppeduthunnathu alakkaan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu randaamathe padam vaidyuthadhaarayude oru bhagam sambhavana cheyyumbol galvanometer chalana iii. emm. eph aayi alakkunnu.jii. faaradeyude disk pareekshanatthil. mukalilulla saahacharyathil, aadya padam poojyamaanu, aadya padam maathrame galvanometer alakkunna vaidyuthadhaaraye nayikkunnulloo, athinaal induced volteju illa. ennirunnaalum, iii. emm. ephinte melpparanja saamaanyavalkkaranathil kaanthikapravaahatthinte vyakthamaaya maattam randaam padatthilekku pookunnathinaal faaradeyude niyamam ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. ennaal ithu galvanometer upayogichu alakkunnilla. formula _ 41 ennathu sarkyoottile oru pooyintinte praadeshika vegathayaanennu oorkkuka, allathe charge carrieralla. ellaathinumupari, eee saahacharyangalellam dravyathinte aapekshikathayudeyum sookshumaghadanayudeyum aashankayumaayi allengil maiks well samavaakyathinteyum laurents soothravaakyathinteyum poornnathayo allengil avayude samyojanamo aaya hamiltonian mechanicsumaayi poruthappedunnu.

