
bioethics

biology, medisin, teknolajikal ennivayile purogathikalil ninnu uyarnnuvarunnava ulppede aarogyavumayi bandhapetta dhaarmika prasnangalil (praadhamikamaayi manushyanil shradha kendreekarikkukayum mrugangalude daarmikathayum ulppeduthukayum cheiyunnu) thaalpparyamulla padanathinteyum professional parisheelanathinteyum oru mekhalayaanu bioethics. samoohathile dhaarmika vivechanam (eathu theerumaanangalaanu "nallath" allengil "cheetha", enthukondu), ithu palappozhum medical nayavumaayum prayogavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu, mathramalla paristhithi, kshemam, pothujanaarogyam thudangiya vishalamaaya chodyangalumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. jeevashaasthrangal, biotechnology, medisin, raashtreeyam, niyamam, daivashaasthram, thathwachintha enniva thammilulla bandhangalil uyarnnuvarunna dhaarmika chodyangalumaayi bandhappettathaan bioethics. praadhamika paricharanam, vaidyashaasthrathinte mattu shaakhakal ("saadhaaranakkaarude dhaarmikatha"), shaasthram, mrugangal, paaristhithika dhaarmikatha, pothujanaarogyam ennivayumaayi bandhapetta moolyangalekkurichulla patanam ithil ulppedunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
1927ll fritts jaahar shaasthra gaveshanathil mrugangaludeyum sasyangaludeyum upayogathekkurichulla oru "bioethical imperittiye" kurichulla oru lekhanathil "bioethics" (greak, "jeevitam";, "dhaarmika swabhaavam, perumaattam") enna padam upayogichu. 1970-ll american biochemistum oongolajistumaaya vaan renselaire potter eee padam biosphere vardhichuvarunna manushya janasamkhyayum thammilulla bandhathe vivarikkan upayogichu. jeevashasthram, paristhithishaasthram, vaidyashaasthram, maanushika moolyangal enniva thammilulla bandhathe kendreekarichulla oru vishayamaaya aagola dhaarmmikathaykk kummaayante pravartthanangal aditharayittu. 1970ll merilaandile bethesdayile thante veedinte sweekaranamuriyil "bioethics" enna padam thaan kandupidichathayi unis kennady sreevarinte bharyayaaya saarjant shreevar avakashappettu. annu vaikunneram jortaun sarvakalashaalayil nadanna oru charchayil ninnu madangiyethiya sesham thaan eee vaakk chinthichathaayi addeham paranju, avide addeham mattullavarumayi "vaidyashaasthraparamaaya prasnangalil dhaarmika thathwachinthayude prayogam" kendreekarichulla oru sthaapanathinte kennady famili sponsorship charcha cheythu.
lakshyavum vyapthiyum.
jeevithashailiyude athirthikalekkurichulla samvaadangal muthal (udha.jii. garbhachhidram, dayaavadham), vaadaka garbhadharanam, viralamaaya aarogya parirakshaa vibhavangal (udha.jii. avayavadaanam, aarogya parirakshaa rationing), mathaparamo saamskaarikamo aaya kaaranangalal vaidyasahaayam nirasikkanulla avakasham. bioethysistukal saadhaaranayaayi avarude achadakkathinte krithyamaaya paridhikalekkurichu parasparam yojikkunnathil paraajayappedunnu, jeevashasthravum vaidyashaasthravum ulppedunna ellah chodyangaludeyum dhaarmika moolyanirnayavumaayi eee mekhala svayam bandhappettirikkanamo atho eee chodyangalude oru upavibhagam maathramaano ennu charcha cheiyunnu. chila jaivaneethinjar dhaarmika vilayiruthal medical chikilsakaludeyo saankethika kandupidithangaludeyo dhaarmikathayilekkum manushyarude medical chikilsayude samayathilekkum maathram parimithappedutthum. mattullavar bhayam anubavikkunnathil vijayikkunna jeevikale sahaayikkukayo nasippikkukayo cheiyunna ellah neekkangaludeyum dhaarmikatha ulkkollunnathinayi dhaarmika vilayiruthalinte vyaapthi vardhippikkum.
bioethicsinte vyaapthi bayodeknolajiyilkkoodathe vikasichu, cloning, jeane therapy, life ekstenshan, human janithaka enchiniyaring thudangiya vishayangal ulppeduthumbol, ithil jyothishaasthravum bahiraakaashathe jeevithavum ulppedaam, koodaathe adisthaana jeevashaasthrathinte krithrimathvavum maattam varuthiya dna, exna, proteinukal ennivayiloode ulppedaam. eee (mattu) sambhavavikasangal bhaaviyile parinaamatthe baadikkukayum jeevithathe athinte adisthaana jaiva prakriyakalilum gadanakalilum vilamathikkukayum avayude pracharanam thedukayum cheiyunna biotic dhaarmikatha polulla jeevithathe athinte kaathal abhisambodhana cheiyunna puthiya thathwangal aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. jaivashaasthrathinappuram, pothujanaarogyathil uyarnnuvarunna prathirodha kuthivayppum vibhava vihitavum polulla vishayangal atharam velluvilikale abhimukeekarikkunnathinu puthiya dhaarmika chattakkoodukalude vikasanathe prothsaahippichu. ettu pradhana bioethics jenalukalil ninnulla poornna prabandhangalude corpusine adisthaanamaakki 2022 ll prasidheekaricha oru patanam kazhinja aranoottaandinide eee jenalukalil charcha cheytha 91 vishayangal verthiricharinju.
thathwangal.
aadhunika jaivaneethinjar abhisambodhana cheytha aadya mekhalakalilonnu manushya pareekshanamaayirunnu. manushya vishayangal ulppedunna biomedical, behavioural gaveshanathinte nadathippinu adivarayidunna adisthaana dhaarmika thathwangal thirichariyunnathinaayi 1974laanu biomedical, behavioural gaveshanathinte manushya vishayangalude samrakshanathinaayulla deseeya kammeeshan aadyam sthaapithamaayathu. ennirunnaalum, belmond reportil (1979) prakhyaapicha adisthaana thathwangal-athaayath, vyakthikalodulla bahumanam, prayojanam, neethi-vaividhyamaarnna prashnangaliludaneelam jaivaneethivaadikalude chinthaye swaadheenichittundu. mattullavar eee karkasha moolyangalude pattikayil apakeerthippeduthaathir, maanushika anthass, jeevithathinte pavithratha enniva chertthu. 
mothatthil, belmond report saadhyathayulla vishayangale prathirodhikkunnathilum gaveshakan vishayavum thammilulla suthaaryathaykk oonnal nalkunnathilum kendreekarichulla oru kozhsil nottam nayikkunnu. kazhinja 40 varshathinullil gaveshanam abhivridhi praapikkukayum saankethikavidyayile purogathi kaaranam, manushya vishayangal belmond reportine marikadannu, punaravalokanatthinte aavasyakatha aavasyamaanennum karuthappedunnu.
jaivaneethishaasthrathinte mattoru pradhana kalppana sambhashanathinum avatharanathinum chelavu nischayikkuka ennathaanu. atharam lakshyangal krithyamaayi nedunnathinaayi amerikkayiludaneelamulla sarvakalaashaalakalil niravadhi sambhaashana adhishtitha samboornna jaivaneeti korppareshanukal nilavilundu. ohiyo stettu bioethics sosaittiyum cornellinte bioethics sosaittiyum udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. eee samghadanakalude professional thalatthilulla pathippukalum nilavilundu.
pala jaivaneethinjarum, prathyekichu shaasthrapandithanmaar, svayambharanathinu ettavum eluppamulla munganana nalkunnu. oro badhita vyakthiyum avarude vishwaasangalkku anusrithamaayi eathu dishayilaanu ettavum kooduthal chinthikkunnathennu theerumaanikkanamennu avar vishwasikkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, rogikk ellaayppozhum swantham chikitsa thiranjedukkaanulla swaathanthryam undaayirikkanam.
medical dhaarmikatha.
klinikkal medisin marunninteyum anubandha shaasthreeya gaveshanathinteyum prayogam vishakalanam cheiyunna dhaarmmikathayude oru upayogichittulla vakuppaan medical ethics. eathenkilum aashayakkuzhappamo samgharshamo undaayal gurukkanmaarkk paraamarsikkaan kazhiyunna oru koottam moolyangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu medical dhaarmikatha. svayambharanaadhikaaram, prayojanam, neethi ennivaykkulla vilamathipp eee moolyangalil ulppedunnu.
aarogya parirakshaa daathaakkalum rogikalum edukkunna medical theerumaanangale dhaarmikatha badhikkunnu. vaidyashaasthrathil baadakamaakunna dhaarmika moolyangaleyum vidhikaleyum kurichulla padanamaanu medical dhaarmikatha. svayambharanaadhikaarathodulla bahumanam, prayojanam, apakeerthippeduthal, neethi ennivayaanu naalu pradhana dhaarmika prathibaddhathakal. eee naalu thathwangal upayogikkunnathum avarude parisheelanatthinte vyaapthiyekkurich doctormaarude prathyeka aashanka enthaanennathinekkurichu chinthikkunnathum doctormaare dhaarmika theerumaanangal edukkaan sahayikkum. oru pandithochithamaaya vibhaagam enna nilayil, medical dhaarmikatha klinikkal krameekaranangalil athinte praayogika prayogavum athinte charithram, thathwachintha, daivashaasthram, saamoohikashaasthram ennivayekkurichulla pravartthanavum ulkkollunnu.
vaidyashaasthra daarmmikathaye praayogika professional dhaarmikatha ennu churukkipparayan saadhyathayund; athesamayam bioethicsinu kooduthal vipulamaaya prayogamundu, ithu shaasthrathinte thathwashaasthratheyum biotechnology prasnangaleyum sparsikkunnu. rund mekhalakalum palappozhum ovarlaappu cheiyunnu, vyathyasam professional samavaayathekkaal shailiyude kaaryamaan. nazhsing dhaarmikatha polulla aarogyasamrakshana dhaarmmikathayude mattu shaakhakalumaayi medical dhaarmikatha niravadhi thathwangal pankidunnu. jeevithatheyum maranatheyum kurichulla nammude daaranayumaayi bandhapetta dhaarmika prasnangal parisodhikkunnathinum vaidyashaasthrathileyum shaasthrathileyum dhaarmika vairudhyangal pariharikkunnathinum oru jaiva neethishaasthranjan aarogya samrakshana, gaveshana samoohathe sahayikkunnu. vaidyashaasthrathile samathvam, saamskaarika reethikalum vaidyaparicharanavum thammilulla vibhajanam, pakarchavyaadhikalile aarogyasamrakshana vibhavangalude dhaarmika vitharanam, jaiva bheekaravaadam thudangiya vishayangal ithinu udaaharanangalaayirikkum.
vaidyashaasthraparamaaya dhaarmika aashankakal palappozhum jeevithathinteyum maranathinteyum kaaryangale sparsikkunnu. rogiyude avakashangal, arivulla sammatham, rahasyathmakatha, kazhivu, munkoor nirddeshangal, ashradha, mattu niravadhi vishayangal enniva gurutharamaaya aarogyaprasnangalaayi eduthukaanikkunnu.
ellah saahacharyangaludeyum velichathil sariyaaya nadapadikal sweekarikkuka ennathaanu dhaarmikatha. oru prathyeka nimishathil shariyum thettum thammilulla vyathyasavum oru prathyeka samoohavum ithu charcha cheiyunnu. doctormark ashupathrikalkkum mattu aarogya parirakshaa daathaakkalkkum rogikalkkum samoohathinum mattu aarogya professionalukalkkum ulla kadamakalumaayi bandhappettathaan medical dhaarmikatha.
aarogya pravartthakarudeyum medical soukaryangaludeyum vividha samghadanakalkku prasakthamaaya oru koottam dhaarmika maanadandangal aarogyamekhalayilundu. dhaarmikatha orikkalum nischalavum ellaayppozhum prasakthavumaan. ippol sveekaaryamaaya daarmmikathayaayi kaanunnath nooru varshangalkk munbu anganeyayirikkilla. ashupatri administrettarkk avarude dhaarmikavum niyamaparavumaaya kadamakalekkurichu samagramaya avabodham undaayirikkanam.
medical soshyolaji.
klinikkal keyarile bioethicsinte prayogam medical soshyolaji padichittundu. 1970kalil vaidyasahaayathil utharavaadithathinte abhavam anubhavappettathinodu prathikarichaanu jaivaneeti uyarnnuvannathennu pala pandithanmaarum karuthunnu. vaidyaparipaalanathile dhaarmmikathayude klinikkal practies padichukondu, doctormaare theerumaanangal edukkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi dhaarmika chodyangal palappozhum klinikkal vidhikalayi punarnirmmichathaayi kandethi. dhaarmmikathanjar palappozhum pradhana theerumaanangal rogikalekkaal doctormaarude kaikalilaanu edukkunnathu.
dhaarmika vidagdhar nirddeshikkunna ashayavinimaya thanthrangal rogiyude svayambharanaavakaasham kuraykkunnathinu pravartthikkunnu. udaaharanangalil, klinikkanmaarkkidayil anishchithathvam marachuvechukondu, oru yunaittad frond limittad peshyant svayambharanaadhikaaram avatharippikkunnathinaayi rogikalumaayo avarude kudumbavumaayo samsaarikkunnathin munbu klinikkanmaar parasparam chikitsa oopshanukal charcha cheiyunnu. chikilsayude vyapakamaaya lakshyangalekkurichulla theerumaanangal rogikalum avarude kudumbangalum ozhikeyulla saankethika kaaryangalayi punarnirmmichu. kuranja aakramanathmakamaaya end-oof-live chikilsayilekku rogikale nayikkaan palliative cair vidagthare idanilakkaaraayi upayogichu. avarude padanatthil, 76 sathamaanam dhaarmika kansalttantukalum klinishyanmaaraayi pariseelanam nediyavaraanennu husschild vrees kandethi.
arivulla sammathathe kurichu padichukondu, chila saamoohika prakriyakal rogiyude thiranjeduppinu parimithikal srishtichuvennum ennaal chila samayangalil rogikalkku medical pareekshanagalkkulla sammatham sambandhicha chodyangal bharamullathaayi kandethaamennum corrigan kandethi.
saamoohika sthareekaranam (lingabhedam, vargam, vamseeyatha, praayam ennivaye adisthaanamaakki) aarogyam, rogam, rogasadhyatha, vaikalyam, aarogya parirakshayumaayi bandhapetta mattu phalangal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta perumatta reethikale engane badhikkunnu ennathaanu ettavum prachaarathilulla vishayam. aarogya samrakshana samghadanakalude vikasichukondirikkunna samghadanaa gadanakalum aarogya-aarogya samrakshanathinte saamoohika manashaasthravum ulkkollunna aarogya samrakshana samghadanayudeyum vyavasthayudeyum padanamaanu mattoru pradhana sameepanam. doctormaarum rogikalum thammilulla bandham, prathirodha samvidaanangal, saamoohika pinthuna ennivayulppedeyulla vishayangal eee randaamathe gaveshanangalil ulppedunnu. irupathiyonnaam noottaandil sidhaanthavum gaveshanavum engane maariyenn medical soshyolaji padanatthinte mattu pradhana mekhalakalude vivaranam oonnipparayunnu.
kaazhchappaadukalum reethishaasthravum.
jaivaneethinjar vaividhyamaarnna pashchaathalangalil ninnullavarum vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalil pariseelanam nedunnavarumaanu. 
rais yooniversittiyile barooch brody, newvile arther caplan, prinsettan yooniversittiyile peettar gaayakan, hashings sentarile daniel kallahan, harward yooniversittiyile daniel brock thudangiya thathwachinthayil pariseelanam nediya vyakthikal eee feeldil ulppedunnu; chikkago yooniversittiyile maarkk seagler, cornell yooniversittiyile joseph phins thudangiya vaidyashaasthra pariseelanam labhicha clinisian dhaarmmikathanjar; albert ainsteen koleju oof medisininte nancy doubler allengil federal offeesile jerry menicoff polulla abhibhaashakar; francis fukuyaamayeppolulla rashtreeya shaasthranjar; jaims childress ulppedeyulla mathapadana pandithanmaar; lisa soul kahillum staanli hawarwas polulla daivashaasthranjar. munbu aupachaarikamaayi pariseelanam labhicha thathwachinthakarude aadipathyamulla eee mekhala kooduthal kooduthal interdisiplinary aayi mariyirikkunnu, chila vimarshakar vishakalana thathwachinthayude reethikal eee mekhalayude vikasanathe doshakaramaayi baadhichuvennu avakaashappedunnu. jenal oof medisin aandu philosophy", "hastings sentar report", "american jenal oof bioethics", "jenal oof medical ethics", "bioethics", "kennidi instittyoott oof ethics jenal", "health cair ethiksinte traimasa" enniva eee mekhalayile pramukha jenalukalil ulppedunnu. alfred north whitehead vikasippichedutha prakriya thathwashaasthrathil ninnum jaivaneethikk prayojanam labhichittund.
bioethics charcha cheiyunna mattoru vibhaagam feminism mekhalayaanu; bioethicsile feminist pravartthanangal samghadippikkunnathilum niyamaanusrithamaakkunnathilum "bioethixinodulla feminist sameepanangalude anthaaraashtra jenal" oru pradhana punk vahichittundu.
pala mathasamoohangalkkum jaivaneeti vishayangalekkurich avarude anweshana charithrangalund, athath vishwaasangalude veekshanakonil ninnu eee prashnangale engane kaikaaryam cheyyaamennathinekkurichu niyamangalum maarganirddeshangalum vikasippicheduthittundu. jootha, kristhyan, muslim vishwaasangal oronnum eee kaaryangalil ganyamaaya saahityam vikasippichittund. pala paashchaathya ithara samskaarangaludeyum kaaryatthil, thathwashaasthrathil ninnu mathathe karsanamaayi verthirikkunnathu nilavililla. udaaharanathinu, pala eshyan samskaarangalilum jaivaneeti vishayangalil sajeevamaaya charcha nadakkunnundu. budhamatha jaivaneethishaasthrathinte savisheshatha pothuve yuktisahavum praayogikavumaaya sameepanathilekku nayikkunna oru prakrithidatha veekshanam aanu. budhamatha jaivaneethivaadikalil damian kiyoon ulppedunnu. indiayil hindu paarambaryatthil ninnu samsaarikkunna oru pramukha jaivaneethishaasthranjanu bandana shivan.
aafrikkayilum bhaagikamaayi laattin amerikkayilum jaivaneethishaasthrathekkurathu charcha palappozhum vikasanakkuravinteyum bhoumaraashtreeya adhikara bandhangaludeyum pashchaathalatthil athinte praayogika prasakthiyil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. aafrikkayil, pala aafrikkan raajyangaludeyum kolanivalkkaranam kaaranam avarude jaivaneeti sameepanam paashchaathya jaivaneethishaasthrathe swaadheenikkukayum athinu samanamaavukayum cheiyunnu. chila aafrikkan jaivaneethinjar paashchaathya thathwachinthayekkaal thaddesheeya aafrikkan thathwachinthaye upayogikkunna jaivaneethishaasthrathil maattam varuthanamennu aavashyappedunnu. chila aafrikkan bioethysistukal vishwasikkunnathu aafrikkakkaar avarude swantham samskaarathil adhishtithamaaya oru bioethical sameepanam sweekarikkaanum aafrikkan janataye shaaktheekarikkaanum kooduthal saadhyathayundennaanu.
jappanil 1970 kalude thudakkathil vaikalya pravartthakarum feministukalum aadyamaayi bioethics prasthaanam aarambhichathaayum 1980 kalude madhyathil academic bioethics aarambhichathaayum masahiro moreoca vaadikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil, mastishka maranatheyum vaikalyatheyum kurichulla savisheshamaaya daarshanika charchakal academyilum pathrapravartthanatthilum prathyakshappettu. chainees samskaarathilum jaivaneethishaasthrathilum, paashchaathya jaivaneethishaasthrathil svayambharanathinu nalkunna kanatha oonnalinu vipareethamaayi svayambharanathinu vendathra oonnal nalkunnilla. community, saamoohika moolyangal, kudumbam ennivayellaam chainees samskaarathil valareyadhikam vilamathikkappedunnu, koodaathe chainees jaivaneethishaasthrathil svayambharanathinu oonnal nalkaathathinu kaaranamaakunnu. kudumbam, samooham, vyakthi ennivayellaam parasparam aashrayikkunnavayaanenna chainakkar vishwasikkunnu, athinaal oru vyakthi svayam oru swatantra theerumaanam edukkunnathinupakaram, priyappetta oraalude aarogya samrakshanavum vaidyashaasthra theerumaanangalum sambandhichu kudumba yoonit koottaayi theerumaanangal edukkunnathu saadhaaranamaanu.
aathmeeyathayum athmeeya jeevikalum dhaarmika ejantumaarumaayi parasparam manassilakkunnathum jaivaneethishaasthrathinte oru pradhana vashamaanennum aathmeeyathayum jaivaneethishaasthravum parasparam valareyadhikam bandhappettirikkunnavum chilar vaadikkunnu. oru aarogya parirakshaa datavenna nilayil, vyathyastha loka kaazhchappaadukalum mathavishwaasangalum ariyukayum manassilakkukayum cheyyendathu pradhaanamaan. eee arivum dharana ullathinaal aarogya parirakshaa daathaakkale avarude rogikale mikacha reethiyil chikilsikkaanum sevikkanumulla kazhivu nalkaan kazhiyum. oru rogiyude dhaarmika ejantinekkurichulla bandhavum dharana vikasippikkunnath rogikk nalkunna paricharanam vardhippikkaan sahayikkunnu. eee bandhamo dharanayo illaathe, rogikalkku "mukhamillaatha joliyude unitukalaayi" maranum avar nilavaaramullathum aathmeeyavumaaya jeevikalkk vipareethamaayi "medical avasthakalude oru koottamaayi" kaanapedanum saadhyathayund.
islaamika bioethics.
islam mekhalayile jaivaneeti paashchaathya jaivaneethishaasthrathil ninnu vyathyasthamaanenkilum avaa samanamaaya chila kaazhchappaadukalum pankidunnu. paashchaathya jaivaneethishaasthrathil avakashangalil, prathyekichu vyakthigatha avakashangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. islaamika jaivaneethishaasthram chikitsa thedunnathum jeevan samrakshikkunnathum polulla mathaparamaya kadamakalilum kadamakalilum kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkunnu. islaamika jaivaneethishaasthrathe valareyadhikam swaadheenikkukayum khuraante padippikkalukalumaayum pravaachakan muhammadinte padippikkalukalumaayum bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee swaadheenangal adisthaanaparamaayi athine shariat allengil islaamika niyamatthinte vipuleekaranamaakki maattunnu. islaamika jaivaneethishaasthrathil, khuraanil ninnulla bhagangal palappozhum vividha medical reethikal saadhookarikkaan upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, khuraanil ninnulla oru bhagam parayunnu "aarenkilum oru manushyane kollunnuvenkil... avan manushyavarggathe muzhuvan konnathupole aayirikkum, oraalude jeevan rakshikkunnavarellam manushyavarggathinte jeevan rakshichathupole aayirikkum."jeevan rakshikkaan marunnukalum vaidyashaasthra reethikalum upayogikkunnathu prolsaahippikkaan eee bhagam upayogikkaam, ennaal dayaavadhathinum sahaayathodeyulla aathmahathyaykkum ethiraaya prathishedhamaayum ithine kaanam. islaamil manushyajeevithathinu uyarnna moolyavum moolyavum nalkappedunnu, athaakatte, islaamika jaivaneethishaasthrathinte parisheelanatthilum manushyajeevan aazhathil vilamathikkappedunnu. ellah manushyajeevithathinum, mosham nilavaaramulla oru jeevithathinu polum, vilamathipp nalkendathundennum athu paripalikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheyyanamennum muslimkal vishwasikkunnu.
saadhaarana jeevithashailiyilum manushya jeevithashailiyilum nilanilppumaayi bandhapetta vivekapoornamaaya prashnangalekkurichulla islaamika vidyaabhyaasam islaamika jaivaneethishaasthrathil thedaam. pinneedu nammal kaanunnathupole, islaamika niyanthranathinteyum islaamika daarmmikathayudeyum parasparabandham kaaranam, islaamika jaiva dhaarmikatha dhaarmika parigananakk purame islaamika niyanthranatthinte (shariat) aavashyakathakalekkurichum chinthikkendathundu.
puthiya saankethika, medical purogathikalodu prathikarikkunnathin, vivaramulla islaamika niyamanjar pathivayi puthiya jaiva naithika prasnangal charcha cheiyunnathinum islaamika veekshanakonil ninnu eee vishayathil avar evideyaanu nilkkunnathenn oru dhaaranayilethunnathinum konfaransukal nadatthum. vaidyashaasthrathile puthiya munnettangalodu mriduvaayathum prathikarikkunnathumaayir ithu islaamika jaivaneethishaasthrathe anuvadikkunnu. jaivaneeti vishayangalil islaamika niyamanjar sweekarikkunna kaazhchappaadukal ellaayppozhum ekakandamaaya theerumaanangalalla, chila samayangalil vyathyasthamaayirikkam. muslimkalkkidayil raajyathinanusarichu vaividhyamund, avar shariat palikkunna vyathyastha alavukalum undu. islaaminte rund pradhana shaakhakalaaya sunni, shiah enniva thammilulla niyamashaasthram, daivashaasthram, dhaarmikatha ennivayumaayi bandhapetta vyathyaasangalum abhipraayavyathyaasangalum islaamika lokamembaadum islaamika jaivaneeti aacharikkunna reethikalilum reethikalilum vyathyaasangalilekku nayikkunnu. samavayakkuravulla oru mekhala mastishka maranamaanu. islaamik konfaransukalude samghadanayaaya islaamik fikh akkadami (aiosi-ifa) mastishka maranam cardiopulmonary maranathinu thulyamaanennu abhipraayappedunnu, koodaathe oru vyakthiyude mastishka maranam marichathaayi amgeekarikkunnu. neremarichu, islaamik oorganaiseshan oof medical sciences (ioms) parayunnath mastishka maranam "jeevithathinum maranathinum edayilulla oru idatharam avasthayaanu" ennum masthishkamaranamulla oru vyakthiye marichathaayi amgeekarikkunnilla.
islaamika jaivaneethivaadikal punarulppaadanatheyum garbhachhidratheyum kurichulla avarude kazhchappadinekkurichu khuraanilekkum mathanethaakkalilekkum nokkunnu. oru manushyakunjinte prathyulppaadanam vivaahathiloode maathrame sariyaayathum niyamaanusrithavumaayirikkoo ennu urachu vishwasikkappedunnu. vivahita dambathikal thammilulla laingikabandhathiloode maathrame oru kutty punarnirmikkaan kazhiyoo ennalla ithinartham, marichu oru kutty nedaanulla sariyaayathum niyamaanusrithavumaaya eaka maargam athu bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaar thammilulla oru pravrithiyaayirikkumbo. oru vivahita dambathikalkku laingikabandhathinu pakaram aadhunika biotechnology upayogikkunna saankethikavidyakalil ninnu krithrimamaayi oru kutty janikkunnath nallathaanu, ennaal vivaahathinte pashchaathalatthil ithu cheiyunnathu adhaarmikamaayi kanakkakkum.
islaamika bioethics garbhachhidrathe shakthamayi ethirkkukayum athu karsanamaayi nirodhikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru sthreeyude shareerathinullil oru saigot vasikkunna nimisham muthal, athu ekakandamaayi amgeekarikkappetta bahumanam arhikkunnu" ennu ioms prasthaavikkunnu."garbhachhidram" "kurachumaathram thinma" "aayi kanakkaakkappedunna savisheshamaaya saahacharyangalil maathrame anuvadikkoo".
pothuvaaya jeevithavumaayi bandhapetta praayogika kaaryangalil upadesham kandethaan islaamika jaivaneethishaasthram upayogikkaam, prathyekichu manushyajeevithavumaayi. pinneedu nammal kaanunnathupole, islaamika niyamathinteyum islaamika daarmmikathayudeyum paraspara aashrithathvam kaaranam islaamika bioethics dhaarmika aashankakalum islaamika niyamatthinte (shariat) aavashyakathakalum kanakkiledukkanam. thettu cheiyunnathu ozhivakkaan, aadyam dhaarmika maanadandangalkkum pinneedu niyamaparamaayavaykkum ethire ellaam samagramaayi parisodhikkanam. islaamika jaivaneethishaasthrathekkurathu pala ezhuthukaarum iva randum thammil verthirichariyaan parajayappettathaayi thonnunnu.
islaamika niyamavum daarmikathayum parasparam poornnamaayum yojikkunnundenkilum, avayude vaividhyamaarnna lakshyangalum lakshyangalum kaaranam avaykku vyathyasthamaaya nirddeshangal undayirikkaam. udaaharanathinu, oru vyathyasam, islaamika dhaarmikatha uyarnna aagrahangalullavare engane kooduthal paripoornnarum daivathodu kooduthal adukkunnavarumaakaamenna padippikkaan shramikkunnu ennathaanu, ennaal islaamika niyamam sharashari allengil saraashariyekkaal kurravulla rund mekhalakalilum poornathaykko anandathino ulla maanadandangal kuraykkaan shramikkunnu.
athinaal islaamika niyamam anivaaryamo aavasyamullatho aayi kanakkakkunnathenthum islaamika dhaarmikatha athe reethiyil kaanunnu ennathil samshayamilla. ennirunnaalum, islaamika niyamathinu virudhamallaathathum ennirunnaalum islaamika daarmmikathayaal apalapikkappedunnathumaaya saahacharyangal undakam. allengil islaamika niyamaprakaaram aavashyamillaatha saahacharyangal dhaarmika veekshanakonil ninnu anivaaryamaayirikkaam. udaaharanathinu, nishkriyamaaya sambhashanam islaamika niyamam karsanamaayi nirodhichittillenkilum, athu samayam paazhaakkukayum oraalude athmeeya valarchaykku hanikaramavukayum cheiyunnathinaal athu dhaarmmikamaayi asweekaaryamaanu. ratri praarthanakal mattoru udaaharanamaanu (ithu ardharaathrikkusheshavum prabhaathatthinu munbum nadatthanam).
islaaminte aadya swaadheenangal islaaminte bioethics khuraan, sunnath, kaaranam (alle-akl) ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, islaaminekkurichulla mattethoru anweshanatheyum pole. sunni muslimkalkku yuktikku pakaram (saamyam) ijma (samavayam), kias thudangiya padangal upayogikkaam. swantham nilayil mathiyaya thelivukalillaathathinaal ijma kiyakaleyum shiah amgeekarikkunnilla.
kristhyan bioethics.
kristheeya jaivaneethishaasthrathil baibil, prathyekichu puthiya udambadi, vishwaasathiloode rogashanti nalkunnathinekkurichu padippikkunnuvennu shradhikkappedunnu. bybilile rogashanti palappozhum eliah, yeshu, poulos ennivarulppedeyulla prathyeka vyakthikalude shushrooshayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. puthiya niyamathil paraamarshichirikkunna ettavum valia athbhuthangalude koottatthil rogashaanthikal ulppedunnu, suvisheshangal oro episodinum vyathyastha alavilulla vishadaamshangal nalkunnu, chilappol yeshu kurachu vaakkukal paranjukondu rogashanti nalkunnu, mattu samayangalil, addeham thuppal, cheli thudangiya vasthukkal upayogikkunnu.
kristhyan doctor reginald bii. swaabhaavikavum amanushikavumaayava daivam sukhappeduthunnathinaayi upayogikkunna rogashaanthiyude oru paathayaayi vishwaasa rogashanthiye cherry kaanunnu. kurishile kristhuvinte veendedukkal sweekarikkaanulla padaviyaanu sukhappedunnathennu visheshippikkappettindu. penthakosth ezhuthukaaranaaya wilfred graves juuniyar. shareerathinte rogashanti rakshayude bhauthika prakadanamaayi kaanunnu. sooryaasthamayasamayathu yeshu bhoothochaadanamcheyyukinnathum thante aduthekku konduvanna rogikale ellaavareyum sukhappeduthunnathinekkum vivaricha sesham, eee athbhuthangal pravachanatthinte poortheekaranamaayi udharikkunnu "addeham nammude balaheenatakal ettedukkukayum nammude rogangal vahikkukayum cheythu".
[parikketta oru manushyante] murivukal kettiyitt ennayum veenjum ozhikkuka" (34-aamm vaakyam) enna nalla samarittante (luke <aii. dii. 1>) upama paranjappol akkaalathe vaidyasahaayam (ennayudeyum veenjinteyum marunnukal) upayogikkunnathine yeshu amgeekarichu. appol yeshu niyamathe samshayikkunna guruvinodu (thante svayam nyaayeekarikkunna chodyathiloode eee upama eduthuparanjavan) paranju, "aaraan ente ayalkkaaran?"29-aamm vaakyathil) thaan orikkalum saadhaaranamaayi bandhappedaattha mattullavare snehikkunnathil" "pooyi athupole cheyyuka" "(37-aamm vaakyam)".
manushyajeevithatthinte vishudhiyude thathwam catholica jaivaneethishaasthrathinte adisthaanathilaanu. udaaharanathinu, garbhachhidram enna vishayathil catholicar yaadhaasthithikarum valare samanamaaya nilavaarathilaanu. catholica jaivaneethishaasthram eee ashayathe oru apavaadavumillaathe oonnipparayunnu, athesamayam engleeshukaarkkum valdensiakkaarkkum lutheranmaarkkum mathethararumaayi adutha sthaanangalundu, udaaharanathinu jeevithaavasaanavumaayi bandhappett.
purathana kaalath vyaapakamaayirunna "divyamanushyan" (greeka theos aanar) enna roopathil puthiya niyamathil yeshu shailiyilaakkappettathaayi 1936-ll ludwig bealer vaadichu. akkaalathe prashastha bharanadhikaarikalilum mooppanmaarilum palarkkum divya rogashanti shakthikalundaayirunnuvennu parayappedunnu.
garbhachhidram, parimithamaaya vibhavangalude vitharanam, uchithamaaya ashupatri chapliancyude swabhaavam, garbhapinda pareekshanam, chikilsayil garbhapindatthinte tissue upayogam, janithaka enchiniyaring, critical cair yoonittukalude upayogam, saadhaaranayum asaadhaaranavumaaya chikitsa thammilulla vyathyasam, dayaavadham, soujanyavum arivullathumaya sammatham, yogyatha nirnnayangal, jeevithathinte ardham ennivayulppedeyulla samakaalika jaiva naithika, aarogya parirakshaa naya prasnangal parambaraagatha kristhyan dhaarmika prathibaddhathakalude chattakkoodinullil parisodhikkum.
feminist bioethics.
sthreekaludeyum mattu paarshwalkkarikkappetta vibhaagangaludeyum kaazhchappaadukal ulppeduthaathathinu feminist bioethics bioethics, medisin ennee mekhalakale vimarshikkunnu. sthreekalil ninnulla eee kaazhchappaadinte abhavam purushanmaare anukoolikkunna adhikara asanthulithaavastha srishtikkumennu karuthappedunnu. vaidyashaasthrathinte androcentrical swabhaavathil ninnaan eee shakti asanthulithaavasthakal srishtikkappedunnathu ennu sidhaantham. hormon ettakkurachilukalum bhaaviyile janana vaikalyangalum kaaranam sthreekale ozhivaakkunna klinikkal marunnu pareekshanangalaan sthreekale pariganikkaatthathinte oru udaaharanam. ithu farmaceuticals sthreekale engane badhikkum ennathinekkurichulla gaveshanathil vidavu varuthaan kaaranamaayi. bioethicsilum vaidyashaasthrathilum vaividhyamaarnna kaazhchappaadukalude abhavam ithinakam durbalaraaya grouppukalkku thadayaan kazhiyunna dosham varuthunnathinaal bioethicsinode feminist sameepanangalude aavasyakathayekkurichu feminist bioethichistukal aavashyappedunnu.
eee patanam aadyamaayi prathyulpaadana vaidyashaasthra mekhalayil vyaapakamaavukayum ithu oru "sthree prashnam" aayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. athinusesham, maanasikarogyam, vaikalyangalkkulla vaadangal, aarogya parirakshayude labhyatha, farmaceuticals ennivayil bioedical vishayangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi bioethixinodulla feminist sameepanagal vipuleekarichu. aarogyasamrakshana samghadanaa dhaarmikatha, janithakashasthram, stem sell gaveshanam ennivayum athilereyum ulppeduthunnathinaayi bioethixinodulla feminist sameepanangalude bhaavi ajanda kooduthal vipuleekarikkendathinte aavasyakatha lindeman rekhappeduthunnu.
feminist bioethicsile sradheyamaaya vyakthikalil karol gilligan, susanne shervin, "bioethixinodulla feminist sameepanangalude anthaaraashtra jenalinte" srashtaakkal merii sii. ennivar ulppedunnu. rollinson aan donchin. shervinte 'noow muur peshyanta feminist ethics inn health cair' (1992) enna pusthakam feminist bioethics enna vishayathil prasidheekaricha aadyathe poornna dairkhyamulla pusthakangalilonnayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe annathe nilavile bioethical sidhaanthangalile poraaymakal choondikkaanikkunnu. sthreekal, varnnavargakkar, kudiyettakkaar, bhinnasheshikkaar ennivare kooduthal paarshwavalkkarikkaan uddeshikkunna aarogyasamrakshanathinulli adichamarthalinte maathrkakal shervinte kaazhchappaad ulkkollunnu. 1992ll roopeekarichathinushesham, "bioethixinodulla feminist sameepanangalude anthaaraashtra jenal" bioethicsile feminist pravartthanatheyum sidhaanthatheyum niyamavidheyamaakkaan valareyadhikam pravarthichittundu.
pothuvaaya manushya vishayathinte purusha adayaalavum paarambaryatthil sthreekalude avakaashangale manushyaavakaashangalaayi kanunnilla enna vasthuthayum choondikkaanichukondu, feminist bioethics bioethicsine velluvilikkunnu. saarvathrikamaaya eee adrishyamaaya lingabhedathinte falamaayi mattu lingangal engane nishabdavum adrishyavumaayi maarunnuvenn eee lekhanam paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. manushyan" enna manushyathvarahithatha saamoohikavum vyakthiparavumaaya thalatthil rogathinte moolakaaranam enganeyaanennu ithu kaanikkunnu. avasaanamaayi, sthreekalude anubhavangaludeyum samghadanakaludeyum praathinidhyam adisthaana dhaarmika thathwangal kriyaathmakamaayi punaparisodhikkaan engane sahaayikkumennathin ithu niravadhi shupaarshakal nalkunnu.
paristhithi jaivaneeti.
pothuve jeevashaasthrathinte daarmmikathayaaya jaivaneeti, vaidyashaasthrathile vidagtharum saadhaaranakkaarum thammilulla ettumuttalil ninnu samghadanaaparavum saamoohikavumaaya dhaarmikatha, paaristhithika dhaarmikatha enniva ulppeduthunnathilekku vikasichu. 2019 vare harita jaivaneethishaasthrathinte paatapusthakangal nilavilundaayirunnu.
jeane therapy dhaarmika prasnangal.
manushyashareeratthinte nirmmaana blokkukalaaya jeenukalil shaasthranjar mattangal varuthunnathinaalaan jeane therappiyil dhaarmikatha ulppedunnathu. nilavil, shareerathinte prathyeka bhaagangalile koshangal edittu cheythukondu nirddishta janithaka vaikalyangal chikilsikkaan chikitsa jeane therapy labhyamaan. udaaharanathinu, jeane therapic hematopoitic rogathe chikilsikkaan kazhiyum. jermline jeane therapy" enna peril oru vivaadamaaya jeane therapy undu, athil oru beejathileyo muttayileyo jeenukal varumdivasathile janithaka thakaraarukal thadayunnathinaayi edittu cheyyaan kazhiyum. itharathilulla jeane therapy deerghakaala manushya vikasanathe engane baadhikkunnuvenn ariyilla. amerikkayil, jermline jeane therapy gaveshanam cheyyaan federal fund upayogikkaan kazhiyilla.
professional practies.
pathonpathaam enpathukalilum pathonpathaam thonnoorukalilum vadakke amerikkayil klinikkal/medical dhaarmikatha, gaveshana dhaarmikatha ennee mekhalakalil vidagdha parisheelanatthinte oru vishayamaayi (ippol oru aupachaarika thozhilaayittillenkilum) bioethics vikasichu. aarogya samvidaanangalile samghadanaa dhaarmikatha, pothujanaarogya dhaarmikatha, aduthide krithrimabudhiyude dhaarmikatha thudangiya mattu savisheshathakal ulppeduthunnathinaayi 2000 muthal professional bioethics vikasippicheduthittundu. professional dhaarmmikathanjare kansalttantukal, dhaarmmikathanjar, cordinatormaar allengil vishakalana vidagdhar ennu polum vilikkam; avar aarogyasamrakshana samghadanakal, sarkkar ejansikal, pothu, swakaarya mekhalakal ennivayil pravarthichekkaam. avar muzhuvan samaya jeevanakkarum pakshapaathamillaattha kansalttantumaarum aayirikkam, allengil lookup sentarukal allengil sarvakalashaalakal polulla vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalumaayi cross-appoyintmentukalum.
padicha samoohangalum professional associationukalum.
american sosaitti phoor bioethics aandu humanities, canadian bioethics sosaitti, canadian association oof research ethics boardukal, association oof bioethics prograam directormaar, bangladesh bioethics sosaitti, internaashanal association oof bioethics thudangiya deseeya, anthardesheeya shaasthra samoohangalum professional associationukalum bioethics mekhala vikasippichittund.
vidyaabhyaasam.
philosophy, medisin, loow, soshyal sayans thudangiya vividha academic vishayangalilo prograamukalilo biruda, biruda thalangalile kozhsukalil bioethics padippikkunnu. pala aarogya professional prograamukalilum (medisin, nazhsing, punaradhivasam) professional accreditation, daarmikathayil nirbandhitha pariseelanam (udha.jii.professional dhaarmikatha, medical dhaarmikatha, klinikkal dhaarmikatha, nazhsing dhaarmikatha). eee mekhalayileyum professional avasarangalileyum thaalparyam pradhaanamaayum america, canada (canadian bioethics prograamukalude pattika), europe ennividangalil bioethicsil kendreekrithamaaya samarppita prograamukalude vikasanathilekku nayichu, biruda mejarmar/minermar, biruda certificattukal, birudaananthara birudangal, doctoral birudangal enniva vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
nazhsing, medisin allengil punaradhivasam thudangiya mekhalakalile aarogya professionalukalude pradhana yogyathaa aavashyakathakalude bhagamaanu bioethicsile (saadhaaranayaayi klinikkal, medical allengil professional dhaarmikatha) pariseelanam. udaaharanathinu, kaanadayile oro medical school bioethics padippikkunnu, athuvazhi vidyaarthikalkku biomedical dhaarmikathayekkurichu manassilakkaanum avarude bhaavi kariyaril nediya arivu upayogichu mikacha rogi paricharanam nalkaanum kazhiyum. kaanadayile koleju oof famili physiciansinteyum kaanadayile royal koleju oof physiciansinteyum sarjansinteyum aavasyamaayathinaal bioethics padippikkunnathinu canaden residency pariseelana paripaadikal aavasyamaanu.
vimarsanam.
patana mekhala enna nilayil bioethics vimarsanangalkk vidheyamaayittundu. udaaharanathinu, vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta raajyangalile rogikalkku "valareyadhikam paricharanam" nalkunnathil ninnu undaakunna prasnangalil bioethics shradha kendreekarikkukayum athesamayam pavappettavare valare kurachu paricharikkunna dhaarmika prashnathilekku valare kurachu shradha nalkukayo sradhikkaathirikkukayo cheiyunnuvennu pooll karshakan abhiprayappettu. dhaarmmikamaayi budhimuttulla klinikkal saahacharyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla jaivaneethishaasthrathe, saadhaaranayaayi vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta raajyangalile aashupathrikalil, "ashayakkuzhappamulla dhaarmikatha" ennu karshakar visheshippikkunnu. ashayakkuzhappamulla daarmikathayum klinikkal bioethics apradhaanamaanennu addeham kanakkakkunnilla; marichu, bioethics santhulithamaayirikkanamennum daridrarkku arhamaaya praadhaanyam nalkanamennum addeham vaadikkunnu.
koodaathe, chinthayile vaividhyathinte abhaavathinu, prathyekichu vamshathe sambandhicha vaividhyam kaaranam jaivaneeti apalapikkappettittund. pothujanabhipraayam, nayaroopeekaranam, vaidyashaasthraparamaaya theerumaanamedukkal ennee mekhalakal ulppeduthikkondu eee mekhala valarnnuvenkilum, vamsham thammilulla vibhajanathekkurichu, prathyekichu aaa nirmmaanatthilum jaivaneeti saahithyathilum ulchernna saamskaarika moolyangalekkurichu academic rachanakal ezhuthiyittilla. saamoohikavum charitraparavumaaya prasakthamaaya prayogangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi bioethysistukal avarude prabhashanam vipuleekarikkunnathin parambaraagathamaayi prathirodham cheluthunnuvennu 2016 leeii oru vimarshanathil joonn hoberman ithu vyakthamaakkunnu. ithinte kendrabindu vaitt normattivitti enna aashayamaanu, ithu bioedical academyil vaitt hegemonic gadanakalude aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum nilavilulla pakshapaathangale shakthippeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
eee pooyintukalum vimarsanangalum bioethixinullile sthreekalude kaazhchappaadukale avaganikkunnathinoppam feminist bioethical pandithanmarkkidayil charcha cheyyappettittund.
ennirunnaalum, jaivaneethishaasthrathinte vaividhyamaarnna chinthayudeyum saamoohika ulcherkkalinteyum abhaavathekkurichulla vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukalum purogamichittundu. udaaharanathinu, oru charithrakaaran vaadichathu, chinthayude vaividhyavum saamoohika ulcherkalum jaivaneethishaasthrathinte rund pradhana moolakkallukalaanennu, avaa poornnamaayum saakshaathkarikkappettileddim.
nirnaayaka jaivaneethishaasthram parisheelikkunnathin, jaivaneethinjar avarude anweshanangal anubhavaparamaya gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakkanam, aashayangale vasthuthakalumayi nirasikkanam, svayam prathiphalanatthil earppedanam, mattu jaivaneethinjarum shaasthranjarum doctormaarum nadatthiya avakaashavaadangalekkurichu samshayikkanam. yadhaartha dhaarmika anubhavathekkurichulla samagramaya maanadandapatanamaanu uddeshikkunnathu.
prasnangal.
bioethicsile gaveshanam nadathunnathu vishalavum antharvishayavumaaya panditharude samoohamaanu, mathramalla svayam "bioethysistukal" ennu nirvachikkunna gaveshakarkk maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyittil ithil humanities, soshyal sayans, health sayans, health professionukal, niyamam, adisthaana shaasthrangal muthalaayavayil ninnulla gaveshakar ulppedunnu. eee gaveshakar prathyeka bioethics kendrangalilum yooniversitti bioethics pariseelana paripaadikalumaayi bandhapetta sthaapanangalilum pravarthikkunnundaam; ennaal avar oru prathyeka bioethics focus illaathe achadakka vakuppukalilum adhishtithamaayirikkaam. gaveshana kendrangalude sradheyamaaya udaaharanangalil, mattu udaaharanangalil, hashings sentar, kenneddy instittyoott oof ethics, yaale inter disciplinary sentar phoor bioethics, sentar phoor human bioethics enniva ulppedunnu.
prasidheekaricha, piyar-reviewed bioedical vishakalana vishayamaaya bioethics gaveshanathinte mekhalakalil iva ulppedunnu

