
kozhikalekkurichulla saamskaarika paraamarshangal

puraanagalilum naadodikkadhakalilum mathathilum bhashayilum saahithyathilum kozhikalekkurichu niravadhi saamskaarika paraamarsangalundu.
purathana kaalangalil.
greak puranangalil, hephestasinte bharyayaaya aphroditinoppam urangumbol aarenkilum aduthu vannal aras thante vaathil kaaval nirthukayum alert cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, electriyon urangukayum sooryanaaya helios rund pranayikaleyum kaanukayum hephestasine ariyikkukayum cheythu. electriyoninte kazhivillaaymayecholli deshyappetta eris, avante anusaranakkedinu electrionine oru kozhiyayi (suuryan udikkumbol karayunna oru pakshi) maatti. ithu ennekkumaayi earasinodulla addehathinte vaagdaanam niravetti. heeliyosinte vishudha mrugangalilonnaanu kozhi.
purathana greasil, kozhikale saadhaaranayaayi yagangalkkaayi upayogichirunnilla, orupakshe avaa ippozhum videsha mrugangalaayi kanakkaakkappettathukondaa. athinte dheerata kaaranam, kozhi eris, heracles, eathena ennivayude oru savisheshathayaayi kaanapedunnu. hemlock vishabaadhaye thudarnnu marichuvennu parayappedunna sokratteesinte avasana vaakkukal plaatto vivarichathupole, "kritto, njaan aslepiasinu oru kozhi kadappettirikkunnu; kadam adaykkaan ningal oorkkumo?", maranam jeevithathile rogathinulla oru marunnaanennu soochippikkunnu.
pershyakkarkkidayil addehathinte valia praadhaanyavum mathaparamaya upayogavum kaaranam" pershyan sanbarkkathinu sesham greekkukaar kozhiye "pershyan pakshi" enna padam nalkiyathaayi thonnunnu.
simhangalkk polum kozhikale pediyaanennu greekkukaar vishwasichirunnu. eesoppinte niravadhi kettukadhakal eee vishwaasathe paraamarsikkunnu.
kavi cratinus (bii. sii. anchaam noottaandinte madhyathil, pilkkala greak ezhuthukaaranaaya ethiniyasinte abhipraayathil) kozhiye "pershyan alaram" ennu vilikkunnu. aristophenisinte komadi "pakshikal" (bisi 414) ll oru kozhiye "median pakshi" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu kizhakk ninnulla oru aamukhathilekku viral choondunnu. greak chuvanna roopathilum karutha roopathilulla manpathrangalilum kozhikalude chithrangal kaanapedunnu.
purathana greasil kozhikal ippozhum apoorvamaayirunnu, avaa simposiyayude oru abhimaanakaramaaya bhakshanamaayirunnu. delos kozhi prajananatthinte kendramaayirunnuvennu thonnunnu (kolumella, "dii reey rustikka" 8.3.4). "bii. sii. 3200 oolam kozhikal sindh mekhalayil saadhaaranamaayirunnu. aria janathayude aakramanathinu sesham eee pakshikal sindh muthal baalakh, iraan ennividangalilekku vyaapichu. iraaniyakkaarum greekkukaarum thammilulla akramanangalilum yudhangalilum, hellanic inathile kozhikal iraanilekku varikayum bisi 1000 oolam hellanic kozhikal medan vazhi sindhilekku varikayum cheythu.
oru kozhiyude mukalbhaagathulla uragatheppolulla oru jeeviyaayi puraana basilisk allengil cocatris chithreekarichirikkunnu. nosttisatthile oru vyakthiyaya abraxas samanamaaya reethiyil chithreekarichirikkunnu.
romakkar parakkumbozhum ("ex evibas", agari) bhakshanam nalkumbozhum ("esposisium ex tripudies", "electriomency") ooraakkilukalkkaayi kozhikale upayogichirunnu. idathuninnu prathyakshappedumbol kozhi ("galina") anukoolamaaya oru shakunam ("eksishyam raattam") nalki (sisi., dii div. ii.26), kakka moongayeyum pole.
sisero (sisi) anusarichu orakkil "ex tripudiyis". dhii div. ii.34), eathu paksiyeyum aashrayamaayi upayogikkaam, oru ghattathil eathu pakshikkum "tripudium" nadatthaan kazhiyumennu kaanikkunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi kozhikale ("puli") maathrame upadesichirunnulloo. kozhikale paripaalikkunna pularius avarude koondu thurannu avarkk payarvarggangalo allengil oru prathyeka tharam sophtt kekko nalki. kozhikal avarude koottil thaamasikkukayum shabdamundaakkukayum chirakukal adikkukayo parannupokukayo cheythaal shakunam moshamaayirunnu; avar athyaagrahathode kazhichaal shakunam nallathaanu.
bii. sii. 249ll, roman general publius claudius pulcher thante "vishudha kozhikale" drepana yudhathinu munbu bhakshanam nalkaan visammathichappol, "avar bhakshanam kazhikkunnillenkil, orupakshe avar kudikkum" ennu paranju kappalilekku erinju."kaarthaginiyarmaarkkethiraaya yudhathil addeham pettennu paraajayappedukayum 93 roman kappalukal mungukayum cheythu. romil vachu, ashudhiyude peril addeham vichaarana cheyyappedukayum kanatha pizha chumathappedukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. 162ll, daanyangalude aavasyam kuraykkunnathinaayi nadappaakkiya oru nadapadiyaaya dhaanyathil kozhuppu koottaan kozhikale "lexes fauniya" nirodhichu. ithine marikadakkaan, romakkar kozhikale (kaapon) kashtichu, ithu kozhupulla kozhikalude upabhogam nirodhichukondu romile niyamam paasaakkiyenkilum valippam erattiyaakkaan kaaranamaayi. ithu niravadhi thavana puthukkippanithu, pakshe vijayichathayi thonnunnilla. paalil kuthirtha appam upayogichu kozhikale kozhuppullathaakkunnath prathyekichum ruchikaramaaya phalangal nalkumennu karuthappettirunnu. roman gaurmettu apicius kozhikkayi 17 paachakakkurippukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, pradhaanamaayum oru sosinoppam vevicha chikkan. mrugathinte ellah bhaagangalum upayogikkunnu paachakakkurippukalil vayar, karal, vrishanangal, pygostyle (wall thoovalukal gadippikkunna kozhiyude kozhupulla "wall") enniva ulppedunnu.
roman ezhuthukaaranaaya kolumella thante grandhamaaya "dii reey rustikka" (krishiyekkurichulla) enna ettaamathe pusthakatthil kozhi prajananathekkurichu upadesham nalkunnu. aakarshakamaaya roopavum kalaha swabhaavavumullathum greekkukaar kozhippanikkayi upayogichathumaaya (dii reey rustikka 8.3.4) tanagrian, rodic, chokkidik, median (saadhaaranayaayi melian ennu thettayi thirichariyappedunnu) enangale addeham thiricharinju. krishikkaayi, thaddesheeya (roman) kozhikalkku munganana nalkanam, allengil thaddesheeya kozhikalum greak kozhikalum thammilulla cross ("dii reey rustikka" 8.2.13). kullan kozhikal avayude valippam kaaranam kaanaan nallathaanu, pakshe avaykku mattu gunangalonnumilla.
kolumella ("dii reey rustikka" 8.2.7) anusarichu, anuyojyamaaya aattinkoottathil 200 pakshikal adangiyirikkunnu, aarenkilum vazhithetticha mrugangale nireekshikkukayaanenkil oraalkk melnottam vahikkaan kazhiyum. velutha kozhikal valare phalabhooyishtamallaathathum kazhukanmaaro goshokkukalo eluppathil pidikkunnavayumayathinaal avaa ozhivaakkanam. anchu kozhikalkku oru kozhi sookshikkanam. valare bharamullathum athinaal laingikathayodu adhikam chaayvillaathathumaaya rodian, median kozhikalude kaaryatthil, oru kozhikuttikku moonnu kozhikal maathrame sookshikkunnulloo. bharameriya kozhikalude kozhikal valaraan adhikam chaayvullavayalla; athinaal avayude muttakal saadhaarana kozhikalaanu viriyikkunnath. oru kozhiykk varshathile samayathe aashrayich <aii. dii. 1> muttakal viriyaan kazhiyilla, koodaathe 30 kunjungale melnottam vahikkukayum cheiyunnu. neelamullathum chulivullathumaaya muttakal kooduthal aankunjungal nalkunnu, vrithaakrithiyilulla muttakal pradhaanamaayum penkunjukalaanu ("dii reey rustikka" 8.5.11).
puka mrugangalkku gunakaramayathinaal chikkan kooppukal thekkukizhakkott abhimukeekarikkanamennum adukkalayodu chernnu kidakkanamennum kolumella parayunnu, "kozhi orikkalum choodilum pukayum pole nannayi valarunnilla" ("dii ree rustikka" 8.3.1). koppukal moonnu murikalum oru aduppum ullathayirikkanam. podipadalangalkku unangiya podiyum chaaravum nalkanam.
kolumella ("dii ree rustikka" 8.4.1) anusarichu, kozhikalkku barley grott, cheria kadala, millatt, gothamb thavitt enniva vilakuranjathaanenkil avaa nalkanam. gothamb pakshikalkk doshakaramaayathinaal athu thanne ozhivaakkanam. vevicha raigras ("loliyam" ezz. pii.) koodaathe alfalfayude elakalum vithukalum ("medicago saattiva" l.) athum upayogikkaam. munthiri maarkk upayogikkaam, pakshe kozhikal muttayidunnathu nirtthumbol, athaayath november pakuthiyode; allengil, muttakal cheruthum kuravumaanu. munthiri maarkk kazhikkumbol, athinu kurachu thavidu koodi nalkanam. sheetakaala ayanaanthathinushesham, januvari onninu chuttum choodulla sthalangalilum februvari pakuthiyode thanuppulla pradeshangalilum kozhikal muttayidunnu. vevicha barley avayude phalabhooyishtatha vardhippikkunnu; ithu alfalfa elakalum vithukalum allengil alfalfa illengil vechukalumaayo millattumaayo kalarthanam. swathanthramaayi valarunna kozhikalkku divasavum rund kapp barley labhikkanam.
moonnu varshathil kooduthal pazhakkamulla kozhikaleyum uthppaadanakshamathayillaath muttakal paripaalikkaathatho aaya kozhikaleyum prathyekichu swantham kozhikaludeyum mattu kozhikaludeyum muttakal kazhikkunnavareyum arukkaan kolumella karshakare upadeshikkunnu.
aldrovandi parayunnathanusarichu, "malavisarjjanathinte pinbhagam, allengil arayo sperso" choodulla irumbu upayogichu kathichaanu kappanukal uthpaadippikkunnathu. kulavante chokku upayogichaanu murivu chikilsichathu.
mathathilum puraanatthilum.
purathana kaalam muthal kozhikal chila samskaarangalil oru vishudha mrugamaayirunnu, ippozhum vishwaasa sanbradaayangalilum matha aaraadhanayilum aazhathil ulchernnirikkunnu.
puthiya niyamathil, peettar kaanicha vanjanayekkurichu yeshu pravachichu "yeshu marupadi paranju 'peettar, innu kozhi karayunnathin munbu, ningal enne ariyunnuvennu ningal moonnu thavana nishedhikkumennu njaan ningalodu parayunnu.'athu sambhavichu, peettar karanju.
neratthe, jarusaleminekkurichu samsaarikkumbol yeshu svayam oru amma kozhiyumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu "jarusalem, jarusalem, pravaachakanmaare kollukayum ningalude aduthekku ayachavare kalleriyukayum cheiyunnavare, oru kozhi thante kunjungale chirakukalkk keezhil shekharikkunnathupole ningalude kuttikale orumichu shekharikkaan njaan ethra thavana aagrahichu, pakshe ningal thayyarayilla."
aaram noottaandil grigory onnaaman marpappa kozhiye kristhumathatthinte chihnamaayi prakhyapikkukayum onpathaam noottaandile mattoru maarppaappayaaya nikkola onnaaman marpappa oro palliyilum kozhiyude prathima sthaapikkaan utharavidukayum cheythu.
pala madhya europian naadodi kathakalilum, oru kozhiyude aadya koovalil pishach oodippokumennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
kozhiyil ninnu "inayodu maryaadayode perumaaruka" enna paatam padikkunnathinekkurichaanu talmood samsaarikkunnath. oru kozhi kazhikkaan nalla enthengilum kandethumbol, avan aadyam thante kozhikale bhakshanam kazhikkaan vilikkunnu enna vasthuthaye ithu soochippichekkaam. oru kozhi akramikkappettaal avale sahayikkaan oru kozhiyum vannekkaam. thora namukk nalkiyirunnillenkil, poochakalil ninnu namratha, urumbukalil ninnu sathyasandhamaya advaanam, praavukalil ninnu pavithratha, kozhikalil ninnu dheerata enniva padikkumaayirunnu" enna prasthavana talmood namukk nalkunnu, ithu maikkal vii paraamarshichirikkunnathu pazhanchollukalude pusthakatthil "" addehathinte munnettatthil maanyamaayi "" "maanyamaayi chalikkuka" "enna" arayil oru gurt "(yuvaavinte aksharaarthatthilulla vivarthanam) enna mathaparamaya instilling paathratthinte pashchaathalatthil edukkunna kozhikalude dheerathayekkurichu kooduthal manassilakkaam. aii. dii. 2" (duvaay-reims baibil) enna pazhanchollile "arayil valanja oru kozhi" ennathinte krithyamaaya swabhaavathe "avarude perumaattatthinteyum vijayathinteyum sathyasandhatha" ennu soochippikkunna thante "pazhanchollukal" <aii. dii. 1> ll sadia benn yosef gaavon (sadia gaavon) kurukkane thirichariyunnu, aaa mathaparamaya uddeshyathinteyum upayogathinteyum skeemaykkullil oru mathapaathrathinte athmeeya uddeshyam thirichariyunnu.
kozhikalum kokkaralukalum.
purathana kaalam muthal, kozhi chila samskaarangalil oru vishudha mrugamaanu, vividha mathavishwaasa sanbradaayangalilum matha aaraadhanayilum aazhathil ulchernnirikkunnu. pershyakkarkkidayil valia praadhaanyavum mathaparamaya upayogavum kaaranam" "pershyan sanbarkkathinu sesham greekkukaar kozhikk" pershyan pakshi "enna padam nalkiyathaayi thonnumenkilum athinumumbuthanne iraanil, ekadesham 2000 bii. sii muthal 700 bii. sii vare, kianian kaalaghattatthil" kozhi ettavum pavithramaayirunnu ".
anaemism, shamanism, gothramathangal.
thekkukizhakkan eshyayil, aathmaakkaleyum devanmareyum aaraadhikkunnathinekkuri thaddesheeya vishwaasangalekkurichulla dharana vyaakhyaanangalum shakthamayi thudarunnu, kristhyaanikale parisheelikkunna palarkkum vadakkan philippeensilennapole parambaraagatha aathmaakkale (antio) aaraadhikkunnath ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. mikkavarum ellah thekkukizhakkan eshyakkaarkkidayilum prathyulpaadana aaraadhanayude oru janapriya roopamaaya" "kozhi, kozhi poraattam ennivayilekku jeevaathmavishwaasangal vyaapikkunnu, judo-kristhyan daarmikathayil chilar ithu baal allengil baalim ennivayude oru roopamaayi kanakkakkunnu. indoneshyayile mathatthinte bhaagamaayi, thoraja samoohathilum thaana thoraajayile janangalilum, agama hindu dharmmathinte oru vibhagamaaya aalukk allengil aalukk, oru vishudha kozhippani mathaparamaya chadangukalude avibhaajya gadakavum aaa athmeeya mekhalaykkullil pavithramaayi kanakkakkappedunnathumaaya shavasamskara chadangu polulla mathaparamaya achaarangal sweekarikkunnu. 
niravadhi puranangalil marichavare punarujjeevippikkunnathi oru aagraham saakshaathkarikkunnathino ulla shakti kozhikkutty, ithu thorajan cosmologyil nannayi ariyappedunnu. indoneshyan sarkkar hindu mathatthinte oru roopamaayi amgeekaricha dayak janathayude iban shaakhayude oru jeevatma naadodi mathamaaya kaharinganil, oru paramonnatha daivathinte vishwaasavum athupole thanne aathmeeyavum mathaparavumaya kozhiyumaayi chernnulla kozhiyum kozhippanthiyum ulppedunnu, chilar manushyar daivathinte poraalikalaaya kozhikalaakunnu enna vishwaasathode, iban kozhiyum kozhippanthiyum daivathaal parichayappeduthappettanne vishwasikkunnu. dayakkanmaarude utsavamaaya gavaay dayaakkil kozhipporaattavum, kozhiye baliyarppikkunnathinop maarganirdeshavum anugrahavum chodichukondu oru kozhiye yaagangalkk nere kaineettunnathum, athmeeya yaagathil ulppeduthiyittulla rakthavum ulppedunnu, athesamayam "thiva" utsavathil kozhiyulppede niravadhi mrugangalude yaagam ulppedunnu. thekkukizhakkan nigeriayile igbo janathayude oru aloosiyaaya ekenkaykku mathaparamaya upayogathinu munbu aathmaavinaayi kozhiyudeyo aattukottante rakthathinteyo yaagam ulppedunna vazhipaadukalode prathishta aavasyamaanu.
miyavo (aii.iii. thavoism, budhamatham, kristhumatham enniva vyathyastha alavukalil vishwaasangale badhikkunna jeevavaadikalum shamaanistukalum poorvvika aaraadhakaraanu mong). miyavo puthuvarshatthil valarthumrigangalude yaagam undakam, kozhi poraattangal undakam. thekkukizhakkan guizoyile mong kozhiye oru chuvanna thuni kondu moodukayum thudarnnu athu pidichu swarggathinum bhoomikkum vendi aaraadhikkukayum yaagam nadathukayum cheyyum. mong samskaarathile shamanisathil, oru shammon mathaparamaya chadangukalil oru kozhiye upayogichekkaam, kaaranam dushtaathmaakkal kozhiyude aathmaavine maathram kaanunnathinal chechiye adrishyanaakki "dushtaathmaakkalil" ninnu samrakshikkunnuvennu parayappedunnu. 2010ll kozhippani nadathiyathinu kuttaaropithanaaya oru sheboigan visconsin monginte vichaaranayilaan kozhikale "bhakshanathinum mathaparamaya aavasyangalkkum vendi sookshichirunnathaayi" prasthaavichathu, athinte falamaayi kuttavimukthanaakkappedu. viyatnaamil kozhikalodu pooraadunna kozhikaleyo kozhikalodu pooraadunna kozhikaleyo pothubhaashakalil "vishudha kozhikal" ennu vilikkunnu.
thaddesheeya caribean samskaaram, catholica matham, padinjaaran aafrikkayile yoruba matham ennivayil ninnu cubayil uthbhavicha santeeriya "aachaaraparamaayi kozhikale bully nalkunnu". manushyan pakaramaayi kozhiye baliyarppikkunnathayi khaasi aalukal vishwasikkunnu, bully nalkumbol kozhi "manushyante papangal vahikkunnu" ennu karuthappedunnu (joothamathathile kapporttinte samanathayum kaanuka) yorubayude vaakkalulla charithram daivam oduduvaye aakaashat ninnu thazheyirakkiyathaayi parayunnu, ellah aalukaludeyum poorvvikan, oru kozhiyum kurachu azhukkum eentappanayum konduvarunnu. azhukk vellathil eriyukayum kozhi athine porukayum bhoomi roopappedukayum vithu pathinaar kaikaalukalulla oru maramaayi valarukayum cheythu, yadhaartha pathinaar rajyangal. "oru kozhi yagavum aachaaraparamaaya kozhi poraattavum paan-celtic devathayaaya brigidinte bahumaanaartham impolk uthsavangalude bhaagamaayirunnu". irupathaam noottaandil, niyopaganisatthil, prathyekichu vikka, neo-drudry, celtic punarnirmmaanatthil, oru mathaparamaya uthsavamaayi impolk punaruthaanam cheyyappettu.
jyothisshaasthra-puraanashaasthram.
jyothishathinte vishwaasa sanbradaayathinullile raashichakrathinte nakshathrasamoohangalaaya "nakshathrangalude matham" purathana babylonian raajyathaan (aadhunika iraakh ulppede) uthbhavichathenn manassilaakkappedunnu. anuu (sipa) yude yadhaartha idayante sidhaantham.sii.enn.naa-ooriyoonum addehathodoppamulla mruga chinnamaaya kozhiyum, randum daivangalude ghoshakane prathinidheekarikkunnathil, daivangalude sandeshangal ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinulla avarude daivikamaaya chumathalayaan. "swargeeya idayan" allengil "anuyude yadhaartha idayan"-anuu swargeeya raajyangalude pradhana daivamaanu. nakshatra bhoopadatthil, kozhiyude roopam yadhaartha idayante roopathinu thaazheyum pinnilum, daivangalude ghoshakane prathinidheekarikkunna, yathaakramam pakshiyilum manushyaroopathilum kaanichittundu. assyriakkaar, babyloniakkaar, feenishyanmaar, pershyakkaar ennivarude vigrahamaanu nergal, avarude perinte ardham "oru dunghill kozhi" ennaanu. (dictionary oof fraize fabil, brewer, 1900) aseeriyakkaarudeyum babyloniyakkaarudeyum jyotisha puranangal prakaram eee vigraham "nergal chovva grahathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, athu ellaayppozhum rakthachorichil pratheekamaayirunnu". chainees raashichakrathile panthrand mruga chinnangalil pathaamathethaanu kozhi. norse janatha playdukale frigg allengil freyyayude kozhikal ennu vilikkunnuvennu abhipraayappedunnu. ooriyoon belttile moonnu nakshathrangale friginte distaaf ennu vilichathu samshayaaspadamaanennu thonnunnu. pravachanatthile kukkudashaasthravum kaanuka.
norse puraanam.
norse puraanatthil, vaagnaarokkinte pravachikkapetta sambhavangalude thudakkathil moonnu prathyeka kozhikalude kooval sambhavikkunnu. kaavyathmaka edda" kavithayaya "volaspa" yill, raagnaarokkinekkurichu paraamarshangal 40 muthal 58 vareyulla charanangalil aarambikkunnu, backie kavita anantharafalangal vivarikkunnu. kavithayil, oru "volva"-oru norr darshakal-njaanam thedunna daivamaaya oodine vivarangal chollunnu. 41-aamm vaakyathil volva parayunnu
volva moonnu kozhikalude kuranginekkurichu vivarikkunnu 42-aamm vaakyathil, jottan heardsman egthar oru kunnin mukalil irunnu santhoshathode thante veena vaayikkunnu, athesamayam chuvanna kozhiyaaya fjalar (pazhaya norse "hyder, vanchakan") kaattile galgvidaril kakkakal. swarnna kozhi gullinkambi valhalla aseerilekku koovunnu, moonnaamathe, perillaattha kanjiyulla chuvanna kozhi 43-aamm khandikayile hell enna adholoka lokkeshante haalukalil koovunnu. "fjoleswinsmall" enna kavithayil viyopnir enna perilulla oru kozhiyekkurichum paraamarsikkunnu. kavita anusarichu, kozhikal mimameyir enna maratthinu mukalilaanu irikkunnathu, ithu orupakshe kendra cosmological trea yagdraasil enna vrukshathinte mattoru peraanu.
budhamatham.
 hindu prapanchashaasthrathinte gadakangal ulkkollunna oru purathana budhakshethramaanu bion kshethram, athil kshethrathinte chuvarukalkkullil "kozhi pooraattatthinte chithreekaranam" ulppedunnu. aduthulla oru paayathonsu malancherivil boudhakshethramaaya vaatt suvaankhiriyude koorkkamvaliyulla kozhikalumaayi "mathaparamaya pavithratha" yekkurichulla charchaykkullil innu thudarunna eprilil, moonnu pagoda paas kozhi poraattangalode sangkran uthsavathinte oru sthalamaayi maarunnu. thaaylandile vividha shethrangalil srishtikkukayum anugrahikkukayum cheiyunna aaa mathaparamaya skeemaykkullil nirmmicha vishudha buddha thabalakalil palathum budhane yudhathil kozhikalode chithreekarikkunnu, aaa mathathinullil pavitramaanu. athyaagrahathe pratheekappeduthunna paksiye chilappol oru kozhi ennu parayum.
pravachanam.
pala mathangaludeyum oru bhagamaaya pravachanam, laattin "daivanirvachanam" ennathil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, athu oru daivathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkollunnu, koodaathe pravachanatthinte bhaagamaayi varunnath vaidyuthavidhyayaanu, athaayath yathaakramam kozhi, pravachanam, daivavum manushyan thammilulla aashayavinimayathinte uddeshyathode, athil daivanirmmathavu oru kozhi nireekshikkunnu, daanyam kuthikkondirikkunnu, yahoodamatham hebru bybilile pravachana pravartthanangal nirodhikkunnu. oru vishudha kozhiye baliyarppikkunnathum, aaa mathaparamaya swabhaavathil kooduthal manassilakkappettathum athupole thanne daivangalum manushyarum thammilulla ashayavinimayam enna uddeshyathode kozhi poraattam allengil kozhi poraattam allengil kozhi poraattam ennu nirvachikkappedunnathumaaya vaidyashaasthrathiloode vishudha kozhiye upayogikkunnathu, vaidyashaasthraparamaaya kozhiye baliyarppikkunnathum vaidyashaasthraparamaaya swabhaavamaanu. indiayile aandhraapradeshile theeradesha jillakalil saadhaaranayaayi vishwasikkappedunna kozhiyude pooraattatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru pravachana roopamaanu kukkuda shaasthram (kozhi jyotisham). samsthaanathu, prathyekichu krishna, gundur, kizhakkan godawari, padinjaaran godawari jillakalilum samkranti utsavathilum ithu prachaaratthilundu.
hindumathathinte.
hindu yudhadevanaaya karthikeyante pathaakayil oru kozhiyundu. oru rakshasanaaya surapadmaane randaayi vibhajikkukayum athinte pakuthikal mayil (parvvatham) aayum addehathinte pathaakayile kozhiyaayum maarukayum cheythu. mattoru kozhikkethire poraadaan kozhiye upayogikkunna mathaparamaya kozhi poraattamaaya tabuh raayude mathavishwaasam balinese hindumathathil ulppedunnu. durmanthrangale samaadhaanippikkunnathinaayi raktham choriyunnath aavashyamaaya oru poratta kozhiyumaayi balipeetavum devathayaaya ida raathu songum kaanam. aachaaraparamaaya poraattangal saadhaaranayaayi shethrathinu purathu nadakkunnu, vishudha londar kayyezhuthuprathikalil paranjirikkunnathupole puraathanavum sankeernavumaaya oru aacharam pinthudarunnu. athupole indiayile keralatthile vadakkan malabaarile oru janapriya hindu aachaaraparamaaya aaraadhanayaanu theyam devanmarkkulla rakthadaanam. satwik hindu matham, jainamatham, budhamatham ennivayude veda thathwachinthayil nirodhichirikkunnuve, theyam devathakale kozhi yaagathiloode thripthippeduthunnu, avide mathaparamaya kozhipporaattam theyam devanmarkku raktham arppikkunnathinulla oru mathaparamaya vyaayaamamaanu. ponkal allengil makarasamkraanthi oru hindu vilaveduppu utsavamaanu. thekkan samsthaanamaaya thamizhnaattilum padinjaaran samsthaanamaaya gujaraathilum, sewal sandaay allengil koolii kettu ennum ariyappedunna kozhisangharsham aakhoshangalude oru paripaadiyaanu. thulunaduvilum ithu abhyasikkappedunnu. mathaparamaya paripaadikalude bhaagamaayi samghadippikkunna koolii kettukal anuvadaneeyamaanu.
kozhiyudeyum kozhippanthiyudeyum mathaparamaya praadhaanyavum vashangalum undu, ithu mathaparavum aathmeeyavumaaya kozhippanthaya tabuh raahinte mathavishwaasam parishodhikkunnu, avide oru kozhi mattoru kozhikkethire poraadaan anuvadichu mathaparamaya aachaarathil upayogikkunnu balinese hindu mathatthile mattoru kozhippanthaya mrgabaliyude oru roopamaaya tabuh raahinte athmeeya prenippikkal vyayaamam, aachaaraparamaaya poraattangal saadhaaranayaayi shethrathinu purathu nadakkukayum vishudha londar kayyezhuthuprathikalil paranjirikkunnathupole puraathanavum sankeernavumaaya aacharam pinthudarukayum cheiyunnu. athupole, mathaparavum aathmeeyavumaaya oru pashchaathalatthil kristhumathatthinteyum kozhippanthayatthinteyum mathaparamaya skeemaykkullil, kozhiyeyo kozhiyeyo kozhippanthayatheyum aadyakaalakhattathil thanne shavakudeerangalil kaanapedunna oru mathapaathramaayi niravadhi praathinidyangalum athupole thanne vivian bybilil ninnu edutha poratta nilapaadil kozhikalude samanamaaya chithreekaranangalum undu.
samaarittanism.
oru kaalath vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedukayum shakthamaavukayum cheytha oru neenda charithramulla oru vamseeya vibhagamaanu samarittans allengil 'kudians'. assyriayil ninnu avar india, chaina, arebia petria, abyssinia ennividangalilekku vyaapichu. kootta naadukadatthal nayathil assyrian saamrajyam avare samaaryayilekku konduvannu. jarusalemile shethrathinu athirvashathulla gerisim parvathatthil avarkk avarude samarittan kshethram undaayirunnu, avar mesopotamian devanaaya nergaline aaraadhichu addehathinte chihnam oru "kozhi" (kozhi) aayirunnu.
joothamatham.
sohar (III. 22bii, 23eiii, 49bii), onnaam noottaandile thanka muni rabbi shimon baar yochaay (rashby) ezhuthiya thorayekkurichulla jootha nigoodathayudeyum rachanakaludeyum samahaaram, kozhikalude koovalinu kaaranamakunna oru aakasha prakadanathekkurichu parayunnu; talmoodil ariyappedunna, "kozhikk buddhi nalkiyavan anugrahikkappette", (berr. 60 bii). koodaathe duy-reims bybilile jolie 38:36. rabbinik saahithyathil, kozhippavu samayathinte pothuvaaya adayaalamaayi upayogikkunnu" ennu mathramalla, chila munimar "kozhippavi" ennu vyaakhyaanichath ellah purohithanmareyum lavier israelyareyum avarude chumathalakalilekku vilichuvaruthiya kshetra udyogasthante shabdathe ardhamaakkukayum hebru giver "manushyan, sakthanaaya manushyan" enna ardhathinu purame "kozhi" ennum ardhamaakkunnathinaal upayogikkukayum cheythu. 
talmood athupole prasthaavikkunnu "njangalkk thora nalkiyirunnillenkil, njangal poochakalil ninnu elimayum urumbukalil ninnu sathyasandhamaya advaanavum praavukalil ninnu pavithrathayum kozhikalil ninnu dheerathayum padikkumaayirunnu"-(jonathan benn naapaha. talmuda erubin 100bii), "arakkettile oru gurt" (yuvaavinte aksharaarthatthilulla vivarthanam) enna mathaparamaya instilling paathratthinte pashchaathalatthil kozhikalude dheerathayekkurichu kooduthal manassilakkaam, athu "addehathinte munnettatthil maanyamaayi", "maanyamaayi chalikkunnu" enna pazhanchollukalude pusthakathinullil 30:29-31. sadia benn yosef gaavon (sadia gaavon) pazhanchollukal 30:31 (duvaay-reims baibil) "araykkaduthu kettiyitta oru kozhi" ennathinte krithyamaaya swabhaavam "avarude perumaattatthinteyum vijayathinteyum sathyasandhatha" ennu thirichariyunnu, aaa mathaparavum aathmeeyavumaaya uddeshyathinulla oru paathratthinte athmeeya uddeshyam thirichariyunnu, judeo-kristhyan paarambaryangalkkullil upayogikkuka. hebru padam sarsir, aksharaarthatthil "gurt" ennaanu ardham; "arayil gurt" (bii. dii. bii 267 ezz.vii.) taargathilum kaldaik, syriac, arabic, elxx, vulgate ennivayilum amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu, ellaam poratta kozhiyeyo poratta kozhiyeyo mathaparamaya kappalayi paraamarsikkunnu. 
purathana hebru pathippukal heebruvine "arakkettukalilonnu" enna pazhanjollaayi thiricharinju, "ithu mikka pazhaya vivarthanangalum rabbikalum oru poratta kozhiyaanennu manassilakki", arabic sarzar allengil sirsir oru onomattopoyittikkon allengil oonomaattoopooyiya (alektar) enna pazhanjollaaya "aidi 1" enna pazhanchollile hebru sarsir "." kozhi (gallus domestus) asthikal aadyakaala irumbu II-leeii latchish dettingil thiricharinjirunnu ", ennaal munbum thallikkalayanavilla, ithu" paalasteene sambandhichidatholam, aadyakaala kozhikalude asthikal irumbu yugathil latchish bhashayil undu, avayellaam latchish bhashayil undu ennu parayunnu. koodaathe, hebru bhashayil david allengil magan davidinte paricha ennum jootha swathwavum yoodaayisavum amgeekarikkappettathum david nakshathrathinullil sthaapichirikkunna kozhiye naam kaanunnu. bii ezhaam noottaandil jarusaleminaduthulla gibeonile khananangalil.sii., kuttichedikal vettiyathum avayil chilath magan davidinte aarr pooyint nakshathrathinullil sthaapichathum kandethi. mispayile baibil yoodiraashtrathinte avashishtangalil ninnu "raajaavinte daasanaaya jaasaaniyayudethaan" enna likhithamulla oru kozhiyude mudra jassaniayude mudrayil undu.palastheenil kozhiyude aadyathe praathinidhyam, II rajaakkanmaaril ninnu 25:23, mispayile gedaalishinte keezhil oru udyogasthanaayirunna jassania enna maskathittinekkurichu namukkariyam. 
carria nivaasikal avarude eettayude attathu kozhiyude chihnam vahichirunnuvennum bii 401-ll kunaxa yudhathil ilaya carrian sairasine vadhichathayi parayappedunna oru carrian puraskaarathinu arthexerxus nalkiyathaanennu plutarch paranju.sii "ellah paryaveshanagalilum sainyathinte aadya raankukalkku munnil kuntham chumannu oru swarnna kozhi vahikkaanulla padavi", koodaathe carrianmar herodotasinte samayat crested helmettum dharichirunnu, athinaalaan "pershyakkaar kaariyanmarkk cocks enna peru nalkiyathu". 2 rajaakkanmaar 11-leeii kaaraittukaleyaan athalyayil ninnu kristhuvinte poorvvikanaaya daaveedinte vamshathile ahasyaavinte makan yovashine samrakshikkaan yehoyada upayogichathu. jootha mathaparamaya caparosil, oru mathapaathramaayi oru kozhiye thalaykku chuttum oori, praayashchittham cheiyunna divasamaaya yoom kippoorinu munbu uchathirinju arukkunnu. thudarnnu paavappettavarkk avarude prabhaathabhakshanathinaayi maamsam vitharanam cheiyunnu. manushyante paapangalkk praayashchittham nalkuka ennathaanu aachaarathinte uddeshyam, kaaranam mrugathinu manushyante ellah paapangalum pratheekaathmakamaayi labhikkunnu, ithu isaiah 1:18-nte anuranjanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. 853 sii. yill babyloniayile suura academyile gaavan nathronai benn hilaay aadyamaayi eee mathaparamaya aachaarathe paraamarsikkunnu.iii.babylonian joothanmaarude oru aachaaramaayi ithine visheshippikkukayum onpathaam noottaandil jootha pandithanmaar ithine kooduthal vishadeekarikkukayum cheytha addeham, hebru padamaaya gebar (giver) enna vaakkinte ardham "manushyan", "kozhi" enniva aayathinal, kozhikkutty oru mathaparamaya paathramaayi pravartthikkukayo varthikkukayo cheyyaam.
kristhumatham.
kizhakkan thimoril, thekkukizhakkan eshyayile rund pradhaanamaayum kristhyan rajyangalil onnu (phillippines mattonnaan), chilare sambandhichidatholam, veedinte melkoora poorvvikarude daivangalkkum aathmaakkalkkumaayi neekkivachirikkunnu, thaazhathe bhagam prakrithi aathmaavinaayi avasheshikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi mrugangal ulkkollunnu, kozhiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oru manushyante dhairyathode, dhairyavum sthirothsaahavum kaaranam kozhi prashamsikkappedunnu, kozhi poraattam pathivayi nadakkunnu, "pala taay designukalilum kozhi ulppedunnu". aadaraneeyanaaya doow. kosuke koyamayude chinthakalum vaakkukalum kristheeya suvishesham pracharippikkumbol, innu raavile njaan ennodu thanne parayunnu, "kozhipporaattatthiloode kristhuvinte suvishesham konduvaraan njaan sramikkum!"indoneshyayile palarudeyum athmeeya dhaaranayiloode mathramalla, aadyakaalakhattathil shavakudeerangalil kandethiya oru mathaparamaya paathramaayi kozhiyeyo kozhiyeyo kurichu kooduthal manassilakkaan kazhiyum, athil sent. 1754-leeii jiovanni geyttaano bottariyude foliyoyil punarnirmmicha prissilla (purathana aradhana srothassukalil paraamarshikkappedukayum purathana kaalath "shavakudeerangalude raajnji" ennariyappedukayum cheythu), avide nalla idayan valathuvasathum idathukaiyilum oru kurangan kozhi vechukondu kunjaadukalkku bhakshanam nalkunnathaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. 
athupole thanne hebron nagaratthil ninnu 13 mile vadakkupadinjaarum israel raajyathinte bhagavumaaya oru palasteen arab gramamaaya bait jibrinile kristhyan "kozhikalude shavakudeerathil", "kamaanatthinte madhyabhaagathu oru kurisumaayi spaandralukalil chuvappil varacha rund utsahamullah kozhikale njangal kaanunnu". athupole, kristhumathatthil punaruthaanatthinum nithyajeevan vendi parishramikkunnathinekkurathu daaranayulla kozhiyodum vishudha kozhippanikkoppavum niravadhi shavakudeerangal kaanapedunnu. eee vishudha vishayam aadyakaala kristhyan shavakudeerangalil kothiyeduthittundu, avide kallara kothupanikalkku oru pradhana uddeshyamundu, "amarthyathaykkulla vishwasthamaaya aagraham, kozhi vijayavum avante pinthuna prathibhayum punarutthaanatthinte pratheekshaykk samaanamaan, maranathinu melulla aathmaavinte vijayam". 
faitting staantile kozhikalude samanamaaya chithreekaranangal vivian bybililum sent basilikkayile faitting kookk capitalukalilum kaanapedunnu. souliyuvileyum cathedral seyint-lazare dii aouttoonileyum andoche kozhiyudeyum mathaparavum aathmeeyavumaaya kozhippanikkum "ithara rekhakal" nalkunnu. avasana athaazhasamayatho athinusheshamo peettarinte nishedhathekkurichu (vishudha peettar) yeshu pravachichathaayum kozhi kaakkaykk munbu moonnu thavana kristhuvine nishedhikkumennum naalu canonical suvisheshangalum prasthaavikkunnu. catholica sanyasiyum sabhayile pramukha doktarumaaya hippoyude aagasttin, stend vivarichathupole kozhiyude "adrishyamaaya oru yaadhaarthyathinte drishyamaaya adayaalam" ulppeduthikkondu manassilakki. yukthiyillaatha eee mrugangalude oro chalanathilum aneethamaaya onnum undaayirunnilla, kaaranam theerchayaayum, mattoru uyarnna kaaranam avar cheythathellaam nayikkuka ennathaayirunnu". aaram noottaandil, gregori onnaaman marpappa kozhiye kristhumathatthinte chihnamaayi prakhyaapichathaayi ariyappedunnu, kozhiye "kristhumathatthinte ettavum anuyojyamaaya chihnamaayi", "sent peettarinte chihnamaayi". ithinte falamaayaanu kozhi palli steppilukalil oru kalavastha paaliyaayi upayogikkaan thudangiyathennum onpathaam noottaandile chila maarppaappayude niyamanirmmanam oro palli steppililum kozhi prathima sthaapikkaan utharavittathaayum chilar parayunnu. 
lioo naalaaman marpappa pazhaya sttil kolinte prathima sthaapichirunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. peettezhs basilica allengil pazhaya konstaantineeyan basilica, oru mathaparamaya chihnamaayum annumuthal peettar kristhuvine nishedhikkunnathine oormmippikkunnathaayum pravarthichittundu, chila pallikalil innum steppilil kozhi undu. palliyile steppilukalil vetharkokkukalude uthbhavathekkurichulla badal sidhaanthangal, ithu aalukale praarthanayilekku vilikkunna purohithanmaarude jaagrathayude pratheekamaayirunnu, ithu gothukalil ninnu uruthirinjathaanennum orupakshe oru kristhyan chihnamaayirikkaamennum athu sooryante pratheekamaanennum aanu. vaattikkan pershyan kozhi, pazhanchollukal 30:31, hebru sarsir, arabic sarzar, greak alektar, franch qoq, pershyan pakshi, pershyan kozhi allengil hebru thorayil ninnulla amgeekritha kozhi, kristhyan pazhaya udambadi, jobinte vishudha grandhangal, isaiah, apposthalanmaraaya joonn, luke, maathu, maarkk ennivayil ninnu amgeekarikkappetta oru vishudhavum mathaparavumaya paathratthe soochippikkunnu. 
yeshukristhuvinte suvisheshathe "baibilinte oru nighandu" vazhi kooduthal nokkaam, athu "pinder" (sii. eiii.) ennu nammodu parayunnu. 522-443 bc), kozhiye paraamarsikkunnu, hommer (ca. 800-750 bisi) oru manushyane "giver" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu oru kozhi, aristophens (sii. eiii.) ennivaykkulla padamaanu. bii. sii. 446-sii. eiii. bii. sii. 386) ithine pershyan pakshi ennu vilikkunnu."1070kalile biakes cathedralil, yadhaarthathil biakes cathedralil ninnullathum ippol normandiyile bayeksile" "musey dii laa tapishery dii bayeksil" "pradarshippichirikkunnathu biakes tapestriyil, westminstar abbeyil oru kozhi sthaapikkunna oru manushyante chithreekaranam undu". oru kallu aditharayude nirmmaanatthile aadyathe kallaanu moolakkallu, kaalakramena ithu oru aachaaraparamaaya kallayi maari, kallu sthaapikkunnathu vishudha vaasthuvidyayil roopakamaayi pothuve pradhaanamaan. fraser (2006: p. 106) "swarnna kombu" nammodu parayunnu, "aadhunika greasil, oru puthiya kettidatthinte aditharayidumbol, oru kozhiyeyo aattukottaneyo aattukottaneyo kollunnathum athinte raktham aditharayil ozhukaan anuvadikkunnathum aachaaramaan".
islam.
islaaminullile kozhiyude divya athmeeya daanathekkurichulla dhaarana, aaa abrahamic mathatthile muhammadinte vaakkukalil ninnu thelinjekkaam, sunni islaaminte aarr canonical hadees shekharangalilonnil, "ningal kozhikalude nilavili kelkkumbol, allahuvinte anugraham theduka, kaaranam avar oru maalaakhaye kandu".
shinto.
shinto shethrangalkku chuttum niravadhi kozhikale kaanapedunnu, kozhiye sooryadeviyaaya amatherasuvumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
thavoism.
thaavoyisathil, thee upayogikkaathirikkukayum pinneedu veendum kathikkukayum cheytha vasanthakala hanshi uthsavamaayirunnu hanshi. sooryante pratheekavum yang chinnavumaaya kozhi pole thee thaalkkaalikamaayi anakkukayum pinneedu veendum kathikkukayum cheythu. oru thavo mathaparamaya vashath, oru kozhi mattoru kozhiyodu yuddham cheyyuka ennathu thee-naveekarana aachaarathin thulyamaayirunnu, avide kozhiyum kozhi poraattavum anivaryamaaya oru vasanthakala aachaaramaayi athinte sthaanam ettedukkunnu, koodaathe "eee roopathil athine kriyaathmakamaayi vilayiruthiya thavoism, athinte thudarchayaaya nilanilpp urappunalkiyennu karuthaam". hanshi utsavam oduvil quingming uthsavathodoppamo allengil kozhiyum kozhippanthayavum ulppedunna shudhamaaya thelicha uthsavathodoppamo aayi maari.
sorostrian matham.
velippetta lokamathangalil ettavum pazhakkam chennath" ennu avakaashappedukayum soraastar (allengil sarathusthra) pravaachakan sthaapikkukayum cheytha soraastriyan matham mrugabalikale ethirkkukayum ennaal kozhiye "prakaashatthinte pratheekamaayi" kanakkaakkukayum kozhikk "thinmaykkethiraaya nanma" ennu bandhappeduthukayum cheythu. ekadesham bii 2000 muthal iraanil kianian kaalaghattatthil.sii. ekadesham 700 bii.sii.valarthumrigangalil, "kozhi ettavum pavithramaayirunnu", aaa mathathinullil, bhaktharkk "avane samrakshikkanum dushtaathmaakkale akattinirthaanum oru kozhi undaayirunnu".
kozhi poraattam.
vishwal artsil.
jeane-liyon jerominte paintingaaya "jeeyoons grex phaisant batre dess cox" (1846); alexander faalgiyerinte venkala prathimayaya "verter ooo combatt dii cox" (1864); emil klosinte "hannengevech inn vlanderen" (1882); robin philipsoninte chila kruthikal enniva kozhippanikku vendiyulla drishya chithreekaranangalil ulppedunnu.
saahithyathil.
ebraham valdelomerinte 1918 leeii kathayaaya ell caballero carmelo nayakan carmelo enna kozhiyum addehathinte ethiraaliyaaya ajiseko thammilulla kozhippani oru kuttiyude veekshanakonil ninnu chithreekarikkunnu, avar eee paksiye thante kudumbatthile oru veerochitha amgamaayi kanakkakki. nathanel vesttinte 1939 leeii noval "vettukkiliyude divasam" enna novalilum alex hallie noval "" "" pole vishadamaayathum graphik kozhimuttunna rangavum athine adisthaanamaakkiyulla miniseries ulppedunnu. 1967 leeii gabriel garzia maarkvesinte nobel sammana jethaavaaya "nooru varshathe eakaanthatha" enna novalil, buvendia kudumbatthinte pathriarchese thante kozhi poratta ethiraaliye kollukayum aaa manushyante prethatthaal vettayaadappedukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu mccondo pattanatthil kozhi poraattam nirodhichirikkunnu. garzia maarkvesinte 1965 leeii novalaaya aarum kenalinu kathezhuthaathathinte kendramaanu kozhippani, athil perillaattha naayakan thante ellah vasthukkalum vitt kollapetta makante kalippaattathinu bhakshanam nalkunnu. chaals willeford 1962 ll "cockfiter" enna peril oru noval ezhuthi, athu oru 'cocker' enna nilayil naayakante jeevithathekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkunnu. athirthi pattanatthile kozhi poratta uthsavathinte vivaranam "athirthiyil amerikkayude thekkupadinjaaran athirthiyude chhaayaachithrangal" ennathil kaanam. lassana emm. secoyude 1997 leeii noval "braderhood oof dhaa spurse", jaims mishenarude cherukathaa samahaarathinte sheershaka katha, 1960 kalile oru kozhipporaattam, 1648 ll kareebiyanil franchukaarum dachukaarum vibhajicha sent martinile (dweep) janangale onnippikkunnathil kendramaanu.
chinnangal.
juuliyas seaserinte adhinivesha samayat golil ithinakam pratheekathmaka praadhaanyamulla eee cockerell lugus devathayumaayi bandhappettirunnu. innu gallic roosttar fraansinte oru chihnamaanu. valloniayudeyum turkish nagaramaya denisleyudeyum chihnam koodiyaanu kozhi. roman devathakalil, priyaapasine chilappol oru kozhiyaayum kokku oru pallah vattilukal vrishanangalaayum prathinidheekarichirunnu. kozhi allengil kozhi attributeukalulla oru manushyane samanamaaya oru kaamachihnamaayi upayogichirunnu, skotlandile kokkben vamshamaaya "priyapas galinesius" kozhi avarude badjai upayogikkunnu. avarude canting kottu oof ams "arjant three cocks gulls" aanu, avarude mudraavaakyam ascendit kaantu (laattin addeham namme paatt kondu unarthunnu) aanu. oru panthil oru faitting cockerell tottenham hotspur football klabinte pratheekamaanu. klabbinte vilipperine paraamarsikkunna oru jodi sparukal cockerell dharikkunnu. 1901 muthal ithu avarude mukalbhaagathum parichayilum undu. 
koodaathe, 1966 ll sthaapithamaaya turkish sports club denislisporinte chihnamaanu cockerell. koodaathe, klabbine pinthunaykkunnavare cockerell ennu vilikkunnu. brazeelil ninnulla club atlettikko miniroyaanu kozhiye chihnamaayi upayogikkunna mattoru football club. klabbine pinthunaykkunnavarum mattu brazilian klabbukale pinthunaykkunnavarum porchugees bhashayil kozhi ennartham varunna 'gallo' ennaanu palappozhum miniro vilikkunnathu. club atlettikko miniroyude pratheekamaaya "bhraanthan kozhi". austreliyayil deseeya rugby leagil kalikkunna sidani kozhikal cockerell athinte chihnamaayi sweekarichu. sidani ooppara housine prathinidheekarikkunna reethiyil cheepp roopappeduthiya oru kozhiyaanu kozhikalude chihnam. kembridge sarvakalaashaalayile yeshu collegil athinte ankil kozhikal undu, ithu koleju sthaapakanaaya joonn aalkokkinte perilulla oru vaakyamaan. southu carolina sarvakalashaalayil ellah athlattik prograamukaludeyum chihnamaayi oru gamecock allengil faitting cockerell avatharippikkunnu. keniyayude kottil kodali pidikkunna oru kozhi undu. chianti classicoyude chihnam oru karutha kozhiyaanu. aadhunika kaalam vare "sadgunathinteyo thinmayudeyo pratheekamaayi" upayogichirunna kozhiyodoppam karutha poochaykkoppam manthravaadatthinte pratheekamaayi oru karutha cockerel madhyakaalakhattathil vishwasichirunnu.
oru kozhi itta muttayil ninnu oru kakka janichathaayum oru kozhi vilichathukondu konnathayum parayappedunnu.

