
shhoo makerinu sameepam

graha shaasthranjanaaya yujeen shoomekarude bahumaanaartham 1996 ll vikshepichathinte peril punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta bhoomiyodu chernnulla chhinnagraham-schumaker (schemakerinu sameepam), oru varshakkalam adutha bhramanapathathil ninnu bhoomiyodu chernnulla chinnagrahamaaya erosinecurichu padikkaan naasaykkaayi johns hopkins yooniversitti bhauthikashaasthra laborattari roopakalppana cheytha oru robotic bahirakasha probe aayirunnu. oru chhinnagrahathe parikramanam cheyth athil vijayakaramaayi irakkiya aadya bahirakasha pedakamaayirunnu ithu. 2000 februvariyil, chhinnagrahavumayi aduthu kadakkunnathil dauthyam vijayikkukayum pinneedu athine niravadhi thavana parikramanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 2001 februvari 12nuu chhinnagrahathil sparsikkunnathil dauthyam vijayichu. randaazhchaykku sesham athu avasaanippichu.
niyar" ennathinte praadhamika shaasthreeya lakshyam bulk propertykal, ghadana, dhaathushaasthram, roopashaasthram, aantharika pinda vitharanam, erosinte kaanthikakshethram ennivayekkurichulla vivarangal thirike nalkuka ennathaayirunnu. regolith gunangalekkurichulla padanangal, souravaathavumaayulla edapedalukal, podi allengil vaathakam soochippikkunnathupole saadhyamaaya vaidyutha pravaaha pravartthanam, chhinnagraha chuzhalikkaatt avastha enniva dvitheeya lakshyangalil ulppedunnu. chhinnagrahangalude savisheshathakal, ulkkakalum dhoomakethukkalumaayulla avayude bandham, aadyakaala sourayoodhathile avasthakal enniva manasilakkaan eee daatta upayogikkum. eee lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathinu, bahirakasha pedakatthil oru ex-reey/gamma-reey spectrometer, oru niyar-infrared imaging spectrograph, oru ccd imaging dittaktar gadippicha oru multy-spectral camera, oru lazer rench finder, oru magnettometer enniva sajjeekarichirikkunnu. chhinnagrahathinte guruthwaakarshana mandalam kanakkakkaan "niyar" tracking sisttam upayogichu oru radio sayans pareekshanavum nadatthi. upakaranangalude motham pindam 80 vaatt vaidyuthi aavashyamaayirunnu.
vikasanam.
johns hopkins sarvakalaashaalayude uplied physics laborattari (eiii. pii. ell) nirmmicha aadyathe robotic bahirakasha probe aayirunnu aduthathu. 4660 neriyasilekku pooyi 2019 vaan albadayude flyby nadatthuka ennathaayirunnu douthyathinte muun padhathi. 2000 januvariyil ithu neriyasumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathumenkilum avide thaamasikkunnathinupakaram onniladhikam chhinnagrahangalum dhoomakethukkalum sandarshikkum. 2pii/enkk, 433 eros (ithu douthyathinte praadhamika lakshyamaayi maari), 1036 ganymed, 4 vestta, 4015 vilson-haaringtan ennivayaayirunnu charcha cheytha chila choisukal.
oru pathittaandinide bahirakasha pedakathodoppam rund chhinnagrahangalum rund vaalnakshathrangalum sandarshikkaanulla padhathiyaanu cheria shareera grand touur.
mission profile.
sangraham.
bhoomiyodu chernnulla chinnagrahamaaya 433 erosine bhramanapathathil ninnu ekadesham oru varshathekku padikkuka ennathaayirunnu douthyathinte praadhamika lakshyam. ekadesham 13x13x33 kilometer valippamulla ezz-type chhinnagrahamaan eros, ithu bhoomiyodu chernnulla randaamathe valia chhinnagrahamaan. thudakkathil, bhramanapatham 200 kilometer vyaasamulla vrithaakruthiyilaayirunnu. 2000 epril 30 nuu bhramanapathatthinte aaram ghattamghattamaayi 50x50 kilometer bhramanapathathilekku konduvarikayum 2000 juulai 14 nuu 35x35 kilometeraayi kurayukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla maasangalil bhramanapatham 200x200 kilometer bhramanapathathilekku uyarthukayum pinneedu pathukke kurayukayum 2000 desember 13 nuu 35x35 kilometer pinnoca bhramanapathathilekku maattukayum cheythu. 2001 februvari 12 nuu erosinte "saddle" mekhalayil oru touchdownode dauthyam avasaanichu.
bhoomiyil ninnu kandedutha ulkkakalumaayi chinnagrahamaaya erosine bandhippikkuka ennathaayirunnu douthyathinte aathyanthika lakshyamenn chila shaasthranjar avakaashappedunnu. raasaghadanayekkurichulla mathiyaya vivarangal upayogichu, eros mattu ezz-type chhinnagrahangalum thammil oru kaaryakaarana bandham sthaapikkaan kazhiyum, aaa ulkkakal ezz-type chhinnagrahangalude kashanangalaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu (orupakshe eros thanne). eee bandham sthaapichukazhinjaal, valuthum sankeernavum vikasichukondirikkunathu upakaranangal upayogichu ulkka vasthukkale padikkaanum phalangal bahiraakaashathulla shareerangalilekku extrapolate cheyyaanum kazhiyum. "niyar" shaasthranjarude samthrupthikkaayi eee bandham theliyikkukayo thettayi theliyikkukayo cheythilla.
1999 desemberinum 2001 februveric idayil, interplaanattari netvarkkinte bhaagamaayi gamma-reey pottitherikal kandethaan "niyar" athinte gamma-reey spectrometer upayogichu.
mathildeyilekkulla yaatra.
1996 februvari 17 nuu deltta <aii. dii. 1> (onpathu strap-oonn soolid-rokkatt boosttarukalum oru staar 48 (pyaam-dii) moonnaam gattavumulla oru deltta II vikshepana vahanam) vikshepicha sesham, bhoomiyude bhramanapathathil ninnu purathukadannu, "niyar" athinte cruis ghattatthinte aadya bhaagathekku praveshichu. "61 kilometer vyaasamulla chinnagrahamaaya 253 mathilde parakkunnathin kurachu divasangalkku munbu avasaanicha hibernation avasthayil cruis ghattatthinte bhooribhaagavum chelavazhichu.
1997 juun 27 nuu, secondil 9.93 kilometer vegathayil 12:56 UT-ll 1200 kilometerinullil mathilde vazhi "niyar" parannu, imajing mattu upakarana daattayum thirike nalki. eee flyby 500-ladhikam chithrangal nirmmichu, ithu mathildeyude uparithalathinte 60 sathamaanavum ulkkollunnu, athupole thanne mathildeyude alavukalum pindove kanakkakkaan anuvadikkunna guruthwaakarshana daattayum.
erosilekkulla yaatra.
1997 juulai 3 nuu, pradhana 450 enn thrasttarinte rund bhaagangalulla kathikkal enna aadyathe pradhana aazhathilulla bahirakasha thanthram "niyar" nadappilaakki. ithu vegatha 279 meter/seey kuraykkukayum periheeliyon 0.99 aouyil ninnu 0.95 aou aayi kuraykkukayum cheythu. 1998 januvari 23nuu 7.23 yuu. tii. yilaanu bhouma guruthwaakarshana sahaaya swing bye sambhavichathu. ettavum aduthulla sameepanam 540 kilometeraayirunnu, ithu bhramanapatha chaayvine 0.0 ll ninnu 10.2 digriyaayi maattukayum affilion dooram 2.17 ll ninnu 1.77 auvaayi maattukayum cheythu, ithu erosinte dooravumaayi ekadesham poruthappedunnu. eee samayat upakaranangal sajeevamaayirunnu.
bhramanapathathil ulppeduthaanulla aadya shramathinte parajayam.
1998 desember 20nuu 22:00 UT-ll nischayicha naalu kandumuttal kathikkalukalil aadyathethu shramichu. pollal kramam aarambhichenkilum udan thanne athu nirthalaakki. pinneedu bahirakasha pedakam saphe modil praveshichu thaazhekku pathikkaan thudangi. bahirakasha pedakatthinte thrasttarukal aswaabhaavikathayil aayirakkanakkin thavana vedivachu, ithu 29 kilogram propellant chelavazhichu, ithu prograaminte propellant marjin poojyamaayi kurachu. eee vairudhyam sourorjja dishayude abhavavum thudarnnulla baattari draine kaaranam bahirakasha pedakatthinte nashtatthinu kaaranamaayi. bahirakasha pedakavum dauthya niyanthranavum thammilulla bandham 24 manikkooriladikam sthaapikkaan kazhinjilla. eee sambhavathinte moolakaaranam nirnnayikkappettillettim software pravartthana pishakukalum apaakathayude theevrathaykku kaaranamaayi.
1999 januvari 10nuu naalu pollalukalkk sesham bhramanapathathil oru insersion bayne nadathanamennu yadhaartha dauthya padhathi aavasyappettirunnuvenkum aadyathe pollalum ashayavinimaya nashtavum ithu asaadhyamaakki. 1998 desember 23nuu 965 meter/second vegathayilum, pindatthinte kendratthil ninnu 3827 kilometer doorathilum "niyar" enna peril oru puthiya padhathi praabalyatthil vannu. camera erosinte chithrangal eduthu, daatta shekharichathu aduthulla ir spectrograph aanu, flyby samayat radio tracking nadatthi. 1999 januvari 3 nuu oru kandumuttal thanthram avatharippichu, athil oru thrasttar bayne ulppedunnu, ithu bhramanapathathile vegathaye erosinte vegathayumaayi poruthappeduthunnu. paathaye mikacha reethiyil krameekarikkunnathinaayi januvari 20 nuu oru hydrassin thrasttar kathichu. august 12nuu rund minitt neenda oru thrasttar kathichathu erosumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol bahirakasha pedakatthinte vegatha manikkooril 300 kilometeraayi kurachu.
bhramanapathathil ulppeduthal.
2000 februvari 14 nuu, "niyar" enna peril 13 maasathe suryakendra bhramanapatham poortthiyaakkiya sesham, erosinu chuttumulla bhramanapatham, "aii. dii. 1> yuu. tii. (aii. dii. 2> ezz. tii.) yill, sambhavichu. februvari 3 nuu 17:00 UT-ll oru kandumuttal thanthram poortthiyaakki, bahirakasha pedakatthe 19.3 ll ninnu 8.1 meter/secondaayi mandagathiyilaakki. februvari 8nuu mattoru thanthram nadannu, aapekshika vegatha 9.9 meter/secondaayi cheruthaayi vardhippichu. januvari 28num februvari 4num 9num erosinte upagrahangalkkayulla thirachilukal nadannu; onnum kandethanaayilla. shaasthreeya aavasyangalkkum upagrahavumayulla koottiyidi laghookarikkunnathinumaayirunu scanukal. "februvari 14nuu 321x366 kilometer deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla bhramanapathathilekku neengi. juulai 14 aayappozhekkum bhramanapatham pathukke 35 kilometer vrithaakrithiyilulla dhruva bhramanapathamaayi kuranju. aduthu patthu divasam eee bhramanapathathil thudarnnu, pinneedu 2000 septambar 5 aayappozhekkum 100 kilometer vrithaakrithiyilulla bhramanapathathilekku ghattamghattamaayi pinvalikkapettu. october pakuthiyile thanthrangal october 26nuu uparithalathil ninnu 5.3 kilometerinullil 07:00 UT-ll erosinte parakkal nayikkunnu.
bhramanapathangalum landing.
flyby pinthudarnnu, "niyar" 200 kilometer vrithaakrithiyilulla bhramanapathathilekku neengukayum bhramanapatham polaarinu sameepamulla prograadil ninnu bhoomadhyarekhaykku sameepamulla oru pinnoca bhramanapathathilekku maattukayum cheythu. 2000 desember 13 aayappozhekkum bhramanapatham 35 kilometer thaazhnna bhramanapathathilekku thirichupoyi. 2001 januvari 24nuu aarambhicha bahirakasha pedakam uparithalathilekku aduthulla kadannupokalukalude oru parambara (5 muthal 6 kilometer vare) aarambikkukayum januvari 28nuu chhinnagrahathil ninnu 2 muthal 3 kilometer vare kadannupokukayum cheythu. bahirakasha pedakam pinneedu erosinte uparithalathilekku pathukke niyantrithamaayi erangukayum 2001 februvari 12 nuu ekadesham 20:01 UT (3:01 p.emm. ezz.). landingin sesham secondil 1.5 muthal 1.8 meter vare vegathayil bahirakasha pedakam kedupaadukal sambhavikkathe pravarthanakshamamaayirunnu (angane oru chhinnagrahathil sophtt land cheiyunna aadya bahirakasha pedakamaayi ithu maari). aazhathilulla bahirakasha shringalayil aantina samayam vipuleekarichathinu sesham, bahirakasha pedakatthinte gamma-reey spectrometer bhramanapathathil upayogichirunnathinekkaal pathiratti sensitiivu ayirunna uparithalathil ninnu oru anukoola pooyintil ninnu erosinte gadanayekkurichulla daatta shekharikkunnathinaayi punarkrameekarichu. probe thanne srishtikkunna shabdavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol erosil ninnulla signalinte vardhicha anupatham moolamaanu eee samvedanakshamatha vardhichathu. censoril cosmic kiranangalude swaadheenavum ekadesham 50 sathamaanam kuranju.
ratri 7 manikk.emm. 2001 februvari 28 nuu shhoo nirmmathaavil ninnu avasana dattaa signalukal athu adachupoottunnathinu munbu labhichu. 2002 desember 10nuu bahirakasha pedakavumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathaanulla avasana sramam parajayappettu. erosil aayirikkumbol probe anubhavicha angeyattatthe −279°eph (−173°sii, 100keey) avasthakal aayirikkam ithinu kaaranam.
bahirakasha pedakavum upavyavasthakalum.
bahirakasha pedakam.
bahirakasha pedakatthinu oru vashath ekadesham 1.7 meter neelamulla ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla prism aakruthiyundu, oru kaattaadiyanthra krameekaranatthil naalu sthira gallium arsenide solar paanalukal, aantina feedil gadippicha maagnettomettarulla 1.5 meter x-baand hye-gaine radio aantina, oru attathu (forwade deck) oru ex-reey solar monittar, mattu upakaranangal ethir attathu (aphtt deck) gadippichirikkunnu. mikka electronicsukalum dekkukalude akathaanu gadippichirunnathu. propulsion module akathalathil adangiyirunnu. boams upayogikkunnathinu pakaram bahirakasha pedakatthinte shareerathil upakaranangal gadippikkaanulla theerumaanam gamma-reey spectrometerine kraaft srishtikkunna shabdathil ninnu samrakshikkendathundu. ithu mithamaaya reethiyil maathrame phalapradamaakoovenkilum oru bismat jarmman sheeled upayogichirunnu.
thri-achuthandu sthirappeduthukayum 450 nyoottan (enn) pradhana thrasttarum 1450 meter/second motham deltta-vii pottanshyalinaayi naalu 21enn, ezhu 3.5enn hydrassin thrasttarukalum upayogikkukayum cheythu. hydrassin thrasttarukalum naalu prathikarana chakrangalum upayogichaanu manobhaava niyanthranam kaivarichathu. propulsion sisttam rund ooksidaisarukalilum moonnu indhana taankukalilum 209 kilogram hydrassine 109 kilogram enn. tii. oo ooksidaisarum vahichirunnu.
sooryanil ninnu paramavadhi akalatthil 400 whats oru aouttil 1800 vaatt (150,000,000 km) umm utppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna naalu 1.8 bye 1.2 meter gallium arsenide solar paanalukalaanu vaidyuthi nalkiyathu. onpathu ampere manikkoor, 22 sell recharge cheyyaavunna suuppar nikkal-cadmium baattariyilaan vaidyuthi sambharichirunnathu.
anchu digital solar aattityood dittaktarukal, oru inertial mesherment yoonit (iii. emm. yuu), upakaranathinte dishaykku ethirvashathu choondikkaanikkunna oru staar tracker camera ennivayude sensor suit upayogichaanu bahirakasha pedaka maargganirddesham nediyathu. immuvil ardhagola resonatorukal gyroscopeukalum accelerometerukalum undaayirunnu. naalu prathikarana chakrangal (eathenkilum moonninum poornnamaaya moonnu-achuthandi niyanthranam nalkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil krameekarichirikkunnu) saadhaarana manobhaava niyanthranathinaayi upayogichu. prathikarana chakrangalil ninnu koneeya aavegam thallunnathinum athupole thanne druthagathiyilulla slool, propulsive maanuvarukalkkum thrasttarukal upayogichu. manobhaava niyanthranam 0.1 digri aayirunnu, line-oof-saitt pooyinting sthiratha oru secondil 50 microradianmaarkkullaanu, koodaathe poost-prosessing manobhaava parijnjaanam 50 microradianmaarkkaanu.
command, daatta handling subsistom ennivayil rund redendant command, telemetry prosessorukalum soolid stettu recorderukalum, oru power switching yoonittum mattu subsistangalumaayulla aashayavinimayathinayi rund redendant 1553 staanderd daatta basukalilekkulla interface ulppedunnu.
"ganyamaaya ennam plaastik encapsulated micro sarcuteukal (pems) upayogicha aadyathe eiii. pii. ell bahirakasha pedakavum maas storejinaayi soolid-stettu dattaa recorderukal upayogicha aadya bahirakasha pedakavum "niyar" aayirunnu-muun eiii. pii. ell bahirakasha pedakam magnetic tape recorderukaloo magnetic korukalo upayogichirunnu.
16 emm. bii. tii aii. bii. emm. luna-sii draamukalil ninnaan soolid-stettu recorderukal nirmmichirikkunnathu. oru recorderil 1.1 jigabite storejum mattonnil 0.7 jigabite storejum undu.
150 dasalaksham dollaril thaazhe chelavil moonnu varshathinullil vikasanathil ninnu parakkunnathilekku neengaan roopakalppana cheytha cherukida bahirakasha pedakangalude oru parambarayaaya naasayude kandethal paripaadiyude aadya vikshepanamaayirunnu "niyar" dauthyam. eee douthyathinte nirmmaanam, vikshepanam, 30 divasathe chelavu enniva 122 dasalaksham dollaranennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. bahirakasha pedaka vikasanathinu $1 dasalaksham, vikshepana pinthunaykkum trackingin $44.6 dasalaksham, dauthya pravarthanangalkkum daatta vishakalanathinum $54.6 dasalaksham enniva ulppedunna 224 dasalaksham dolaraayirunnu avasana dauthya chelavu.
shaasthreeya payload pareekshanangalum.
shaasthra pelodil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu