
chiliyude athbhutham

1980kalil chilian sambadvyavasthayude punarnirmmaanatheyum, friedman padippicha chikkago sarvakalashaalayil padicha chikkago boys ennu koottaayi ariyapetta oru valia koottam chilian saambathika vidagdhar prayogicha saambathika nayangalude falangaleyum vivarikkan saambathika shaasthranjanaaya milttan friedman upayogicha padamaanu "chili athbhutham". chilian sambadvyavastha valare nannayi pravarthichuvenkilum athilum pradhanamaayi, oduvil kendra sarkkar, sainika bharanakoodatthe oru janaadhipathya samooham maatti. athinaal chilian bisinasinte yadhaartha pradhana kaaryam oru swatantra samooham konduvarunnathil swatantra vipanikal avarude vazhikk pravarthichu ennathaanu."friedman paraamarsikkunna bharanakoodatthinte bharanakalam 1973leeii attimariyiloode adhikaarathil vanna oru sainika sarkkaraayirunnu, 1988leeii janadhipathyaparamaaya oru pothupariganana augusto pinoshettine presidencyil ninnu neekkam cheythathinetthudarnnu 1990ll athu avasaanichu.
chikkago booy nadappilaakkiya saambathika parishkaarangalkk moonnu pradhana lakshyangalundaayirunnu saambathika udaaravalkkaranam, sarkkar udamasthathayilulla kambanikalude svakaaryavalkkaranam, panapperuppam sthirappeduthal. aadyathe parishkaarangal moonnu ghattangalayi nadappaakki-1985,1990 ennee moonnu ghattangalilayi. 1990 nuu sesham patricio aylvinte kristhyan demokraattukalude kendra sarkkar parishkaarangal thudarukayum shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, edwardo free roose-taglinte madhya-idathu sarkkarum daaridrya laghookaranathinu prathijnjaabadhatha prakadippichu. 1988ll 48 sathamaanam chiliyakkaarum daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyaan jeevichirunnathu. 2000 aayappozhekkum ithu 20 shathamaanamaayi kuranju. 1990leeii chiliyude daaridrya laghookaranathinte 60 sathamaanavum saambathika valarchaykku kaaranamaanennu 2004leeii locabank report avakaashappedukayum backie daaridryanirmmaarjjanam lakshyamitulla sarkkar padhathikalkku kaaranamaayi parayukayum cheythu.
1985num 1989num idayil pinoshettinte keezhil dhanakaaryamanthriyaayirunna hernan buchi thante bharanakaalathe saambathika parishkaarangalude nadappaakkal prakriyayekkurichu vishadeekarikkunna oru pusthakam ezhuthi. thudarnnulla sarkkarukal eee nayangal thudarnnu. 2002ll chili europian unionumaayi (swatantra vyapaaravum raashtreeyavum saamskaarikavumaaya karaarukal ulkkollunna), 2003ll americayumaayi vipulamaaya swatantra vyapara karar, 2004ll dakshina koriyayumaayi praadeshika uthppannangalude irakkumathiyilum kayattumathiyilum kuthichuchaattam pratheekshikkukayum oru praadeshika vyapara kendramaayi maarukayum cheythu. sakhyathinte swatantra vyapara thanthram thudarnnukondu, 2006 augustil, president baachalett peeples republic oof chainayumaayi (ricardo lagosinte muun bharanathin keezhil oppuvacha) oru swatantra vyapara karar prakhyaapichu, ithu oru laattin american rajyavumaayulla aadyathe chainees swatantra vyapara karaaraan; jappanumaayum indiayumaayum samanamaaya karaarukal 2007 augustil prakhyaapichu. 2010 ll, lokathile ettavum sambannamaaya rajyangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku saambathika sahakaranathinteyum vikasanathinteyum samghadanayil amgathvam nediya thekke amerikkayile aadyathe rajyamaayirunnu chili.
chila saambathika vidagdhar (nobal sammana jethaav amartya seen polullavar) eee kaalaghattatthile chiliyude anubhavam 1975 muthal 1982 vare ("shudhamaaya dhanasambaadana pareekshanam" ennu vilikkappedunna samayat) motham saambathika valarcha kuravaanennu avakaashappedunna friedmaneppolulla chinthakar munnottuvacha saambathika udaaravaadathinte "paraajayatthe" soochippikkunnuvennu vaadichu. 1982leeii vinashakaramaaya banking prathisandhikkusesham, muun soshyalist bharanathinte kaalathekkaal sambadvyavasthayude kooduthal bhagam samsthaanam niyanthrichu, thudarnnulla saambathika parishkaarangal sambadvyavasthaye svakaaryavalkkarichathinum maathramaan susthira saambathika valarchayundaayathu, athesamayam saamoohika soochakangal moshamaayi thudarnnu. pinocheyude svechaadhipathyam janapreethiyillaatha saambathika punarnirmmaanam saadhyamaakkiyath athinulla ethirppu adichamarthunnathiloodeya. ooppareshan kondarinu keezhil samghadippikkappetta kolapathakangal, koottamaayi chittappedutthiya peedanam, naadukadatthal, vimathare anthaaraashtra thalatthil vettayaadal enniva eee adichamarthalil ulppedunnu. 3, 065 perr kollappettathulppede 40,018 perr kollappettathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. swathanthravipaniyude vijayathinupakaram, saambathika shaasthranjanaaya javier santiso eee punarnirmmaanatthe "navaa-liberal thunnalukalum edapedal rogashaanthikalum samyojippikkal" ennaanu visheshippichathu.
pashchaathalam.
1972ll chiliyude panapperuppam 150% aayirunnu. hernan buchiyude abhipraayathil, pidichedukkal, vila niyanthranam, samrakshanavaadam thudangiya niravadhi gadakangal eee saambathika prashnangalkk kaaranamaayi. athesamayam, panapperuppa prathisandhi aazhathilaakkaan america oru pracharanam nadatthi. vardhichuvarunna kammi nikathunnathinaayi central baank pana vitharanam vardhippichu. eee vardhanavaanu panapperuppatthinu pradhana kaaranamenn buchi parayunnu.
eee samayat "uyarnna thalangalil prakadippikkappetta" alande gavanmentinodulla virudhamaaya videsanayamaanu yunaittad stetts gavanmentinte rekhakal report cheiyunnathu. salvador alande presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettathin thottupinnaale, ennaal addeham chumathalayelkkunnathinu munbu, annathe siya director richard helms president richard nixonumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum chiliyile sthithigathikal charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. 1970 septambar 15leeii addehathinte yogathile helminte kurippukalil eee soochanayunda "sambadvyavasthaye nilavilikkaan prerippikkuka."oraazhchaykk sesham sthaanamozhiyunna chilian president edwardo free mondelvayodu thante prathirodha mantri vazhi" "alandeyude keezhil oru nattu allengil bolt chiliyil ethaan anuvadikkillennu" "ambasseder edward koorii report cheythu"."1972 avasaanathode, chillian sambadvyavastha mantraalayam kanakkaakkiyath chukvikamaatta chembu khaniyile deesal trekkukalil ekadesham moonnilonnu, swakaarya udamasthathayilulla sitti basukalil 30 sathamaanam, ellah taxikalilum 21 sathamaanam, chiliyile sarkkar udamasthathayilulla basukalil 33 sathamaanam ennivaykku spare paartsukaludeyo tyreukaludeyo abhavam kaaranam pravartthikkaan kazhinjilla ennaanu. mothatthil paranjaal, yunaittad stetts meshinarikaludeyum gathagatha upakaranangaludeyum moolyam chiliyilekku kayattumathi cheiyunnu.ezz. 1970ll 153 dasalaksham dolaraayirunna sthaapanangal 1971ll 110 dasalaksham dollarayi kuranju.
1973leeii chilian attimariyethudarnnu, "ell ladrillo" (aksharaarthatthil, "ishtika") ennariyappedunna oru rahasya saambathika padhathiyekkurichu augusto pinoshettine bodhavaanmaraakki, kaaranam report "ishtika pole kattiyullathaanu". pradhaanamaayum chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile poorvva vidyaarthikalaayathinaal, oru koottam saambathika vidagtharude sahaayathode maadyamangal chikkago booy ennu vilikkunnathinaal, 1973 meyy maasathil salvador alandeyude sarkkaarine ethirtha saambathika vidagdhar nishabdamaayi padhathi thayyarakkiyirunnu. pinneedu chilian saambathika nayamaayi maariyathinte nattellu eee rekhayil adangiyirunnu. 1975leeii yunaittad stetts senatt intelligence kammitti anweshanathinte report anusarichu, sii. aii. ayumaayi sahakarichaan chilian saambathika padhathi thayyarakkiyathu.
niyanthranam neekkunnathum svakaaryavalkkarikkunnathum ulppedunna oru koottam saambathika parishkaarangal padhathi shupaarsha cheythu. mattu parishkarangalkkoppam, avar central baankine swathanthramaakki, thaarifukal vettikkurachu, sarkkar niyantritha pension samvidaanam, samsthaana vyavasaayangal, baankukal enniva svakaaryavalkkarichu, nikuthikal kurachu. chiliye thozhilaalivarggakkaarude rajyamaakki maattukayalla, marichu samrambhakarude rajyamaakki maattuka ennathaayirunnu pinoshettinte prakhyapitha lakshyam.
parishkaarangal.
aadyathe parishkaarangal moonnu ghattangalayi nadappaakki 1974-1983,1985,1990.
sarkkar videsha nikshepathe swaagatham cheyyukayum samrakshanavaada vyapara thadassangal illaathaakkukayum cheythu, ithu chilian bisinasukale irakkumathiyumaayi thulya thalatthil malsarikkaan nirbandhitharaakki, allengil bisinessil ninnu purathupokaan nirbandhitharaakki. pradhana chembu kambaniyaaya codalco, salvador alende poortthiyaakkiya chembinte desasaalkkaranam kaaranam sarkkaarinte kaikalilaanu, ennirunnaalum, swakaarya kambanikale puthiya khanikal paryavekshanam cheyyaanum vikasippikkaanum anuvadichu.
chilliyude vanthothilulla panapperuppam thaazhekku konduvarunnathinte nyaayeekaranathinu keezhil, freedmaante swatantra floating exchange nirakkukalude pinthunayil ninnu vyathichalicha dhanakaarya mantri sergio dii kaastro 1979 juunil dollarinu 39 pesokal enna vinimaya nirakk theerumaanichu. ennirunnaalum, athinte phalam, vyaapaarathinte santhulithaavasthayil gurutharamaaya oru prashnam uyarnnuvannathaan, ithu milttan friedmane thante ormmakkurippukalil ("chaapttar 24: chili", 1998) dii kaastroyeyum nischitha vinimaya nirakkineyum vimarsikkaan prerippichu. chilian pesso panapperuppam yuu. yeei marikadakkunnathu thudarnnu.ezz. dollar panapperuppam, oro varshavum videsha charakkukalude chilian vaangal shakti vardhichu. 1982 avasaanathode kumila pottitherichappol chili rund varshathilere neenduninna kadutha maandyathilekku vazhuthiveenu.
aii. dii. 1-nte eee aazhathilulla saambathika maandyam ettu varshathinide chiliyude randaamathe saambathika maandyamaayirunnu. (1975ll jii. dii. pii 13 sathamaanam kuranjappol vyaavasaayika uthppaadanam 27 sathamaanavum thozhilillaayma 20 shathamaanavumaayi uyarnnu). koodaathe, 1974ll panapperuppam 375 shathamaanathilethi-lokathile ettavum uyarnna nirakkum alandiyude keezhilulla ettavum uyarnna nirakkinte ekadesham eratti. saambathika maandyakaalathu, yadhaartha saambathika uthppaadanam 19 sathamaanam kuranju, pinochettu adhikaarathil ninnu pinmaariyathin sheshamulla veendedukkalum thudarnnulla valarchayum, vipani adhishtitha saambathika nayangal kooduthal shakthippeduthiyappol.
1985ll hernan buchi dhanamantriyaayathode saambathika nayangalude shradha saambathika laabhathilekkum saambathika valarchayilekkum maari. kayattumathi athivegam valarukayum thozhilillaayma kurayukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum 1987ll chiliyile janasamkhyayude 45 sathamaanam daaridryarekhaykku thazheyaayirikke daaridryam ippozhum oru pradhana prashnathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. buchi thante "laa transformatian economica dii chili ell modalo dell prograsso" enna pusthakatthil eee kaalayalavile thante anubhavathekkurichu ezhuthi. 1990-ll puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta patricio ayalvin sarkkar thudarchayaaya saambathika udaaravalkkaranathinum daaridrya laghookaranathinum oonnal nalkikkond "thulyathayodukoodiya valarcha" enna oru paripadi etteduthu. 1990num 2000num idayil janasamkhyayude 40 sathamaanathil ninnu 20 shathamaanamaayi daaridryam kuranju. eee kuravinte 60 sathamaanavum jii. dii. pii valarchayum backie 40 sathamaanam saamoohika nayangalum kaaranamaayekkam.
swatantra vyapara karaarukal.
thudarchayaaya chilian sarkkarukal vyapara-udaaravalkkarana karaarukal sajeevamaayi pinthudarnnu. 1970kalil pinoshe irakkumathi theeruva 10 shathamaanamaayi kurachappozhaanu eee prakriya aarambhichath. athinumumbu, 1975 leeii kaatto instittyoottinteyum fraser instittyoottinteyum vaarshika reportil 72 ll 71-aamm sthaanathulla chili lokathile ettavum samrakshanavaada sambadvyavasthakalilonnaanu. 1990kalil chili canada, meksikoo, central america ennivayumaayi swatantra vyapara karaarukalil (eph. tii. eiii) oppuvachu. veneswella, columbia, ecovador ennivayumaayi chili munganana vyapara karaarukalum undaakki. mercosur-arjanteena, brazeel, parague, urugue ennivayumaayulla oru association karar 1996 octoberil praabalyatthil vannu. kayattumathi adhishtitha vikasana thanthram thudarunna chili 2002 ll europian unionumaayum dakshina koriyayumaayum supradhana swatantra vyapara karaarukal poortthiyaakki. eshya-pasaphik saambathika sahakarana (eiii. pii. iii. sii) samghadanayile amgamenna nilayil eshyan vipanikalumayulla vaanijyabandham vardhippikkaan chili shramikkunnu. athinaayi, sameepa varshangalil nyoosiland, singapur, brunai, india, chaina, aduthide jappan ennivayumaayi vyapara karaarukalil oppuvachu. 2007ll chili austreliya, thayland, maleshya, chaina ennivayumaayi vyapara charchakal nadatthi. 2008ll australiyayumaayi oru eph. tii. eiii. avasaanippikkaanum chainayumaayi (sevana vyapaaravum nikshepavum ulkkollunna) oru vipuleekritha kararinu anthimaroopam nalkaanum chili prathekshikkunnu. nilavilulla pii4 karaaril oru dhanakaarya, nikshepa adhyayam cherkkunnathiloode pii4 (chili, singapur, nyoosiland, brunai) bandham vipuleekarikkaan padhathiyidunnu. maleshya, thayland ennivayumaayulla chiliyude vyapara charchakalum 2008ll thudarumennu nischayichittundu.
saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya soochakangalile prakadanam.
amartya seen thante 'vishappum pothupravartthanavum' enna pusthakatthil vividha saambathika saamoohika soochakangalil chiliyude prakadanam parishodhikkunnu. eee mekhalayile saahithyathekkurichulla oru sarveyil ninnu addeham kandethunnu
shambalam 8 sathamaanam kuranju. 1989ll 1970ll undaayirunnathinekkaal 28 sathamaanam kudumba alavansukalum vidyaabhyaasam, aarogyam, paarppidam ennivayude bajatt sharashari 20 sathamaanathiladhikam kuranju.
nobal sammana jethaavum saambathika shaasthranjanumaaya gaari becker prasthaavikkunnath "1985 muthal 1996 vareyulla kaalayalavil chiliyude prathiseersha yadhaartha varumaanathil vaarshika valarcha laattin amerikkayude mattu bhaagangale apekshichu 5 sathamaanam kooduthalaanu."athinusesham sambadvyavastha sharashari 3 sathamaanam vaarshika valarcha gdpyil kaivarichu. 1997ll chili "muzhuvan avikasita lokathinum oru saambathika maathrkayaayi" maariyennum becker paranju. pinochattinte bharanam chiliye "araajakathvaparamaaya koottukettukalil ninnu laattin amerikkayude maathrukaa sambadvyavasthayaakki" maattiyenn maargarat thaachar prakhyaapichu, athesamayam jorjju echu. dablyu. chiliyude saambathika nettatthinte record laattin americaykku swathanthravipaniyude shakthiyekkurichulla oru paatamaanennu bush paranju. eee bhookhandathile rajyangalil oridathum chiliyekkaal vegathil swatantra vipani parishkaranatthinte vegatha munnott poyittilla ".
sisumarananirakkum aayurdairkhyavum sambandhicha sambhavavikasangal valare anukoolamaayirunnu-sisumarananirakku valareyadhikam kuranjathinaal 1980kalil chili laattin amerikkayil shishumarananirakkinte ettavum thaazhnna nila kaivarichu. 1970 muthal 1985 vare chiliyile sisumarananirakku 1000ll 76.1 ll ninnu 1000ll 22.6 aayi kuranju. 1988ll sainika sarkkar ellah garbhachhidrangalum niyamavirudhamaakkunna niyamam pasaki. 2017 juulai 19 vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram parimithamaaya saahacharyangalil garbhachhidram anuvadikkunna niyamanirmmanam (garbham sthreeyude jeevan apakadathilaakkukayaanenkil, garbhapindam praayogikamallenkil, allengil balaalsangatthinte falamaayundaaya garbham) pasaki.
ennirunnaalum, eee mechappeduthal "swatantra vipani" nayangal moolamallennum marichu sajeevamaaya pothu, samsthaana edapedal moolamaanennum seen avakaashappedunnu. shisu samrakshanathinte mechappeduthalinaayi pothuvaaya pravartthanatthinte valare neenda paarambaryamaayirunnu chiliyilundaayirunnath, avaa pradhaanamaayum pinoshe attimarikk sesham nilanirthappettu
ennirunnaalum, libertarian ezhuthukaaranaaya axel kaisarinte abhipraayathil
mattu chilian presidensikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol saambathika soochakangalile prakadanam 
milttan friedman.
milttan friedman chili sarvakalashaalayil swatantra vipani saambathika nayangal vaadikkunna chila prabhashanangal nadatthi. 1975ll, attimarikk rund varshathinu sesham, addeham 45 minitt pinoshettumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi, avide general "thante swantham allengil sarkkaarinte vikaarathekkurich valare kurachu maathrame soochippichulloo", chiliyude saambathika nayangal enthaayirikkanamennu thaan karuthunnuvennu vyakthamaakkunna oru kathu ezhuthaan president friedmanode aavasyappettu, athu adhehavum cheythu. panapperuppam thadayunnathinaayi, kazhinja varshangalil vardhicha sarkkar kammi kuraykkaanum aarr maasathinu sesham panam srishtikkunnathiloode sarkkar chelavukalkku dhanasahayam nalkillennu sarkkar urappu nalkaanum friedman nirddeshichu. daridra vibhaagangalkkidayile yadhaartha budhimuttukalkkulla kesukalkku aashvaasam nalkanamennu addeham nirddeshichu. 1975 octoberil newyork times colomist aanthani levis "chilian bharanakoodatthinte saambathika nayam milttan friedmante aashayangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu" ennu prakhyaapichu...oppam addehathinte chikkago school.
chiliyil prabhashanam nalkiyathinu chilar thanne aakramikkunnath enthukondaanennu friedman athbhuthappettu "oru communist rajyamaaya yugoslaviayil njaan samayam chelavazhichathinaal ithu oru erattathaappinte athbhuthakaramaaya udaaharanamaanennu njaan parayendathundu. pinneedu njaan chainayil niravadhi prabhashanangal nadatthi. communist chainayil ninnu madangiyethiyappol njaan stanford dinapathrathinu oru kathu ezhuthi, athil njaan paranju, 'ithu kauthukakaramaanu. chiliyil njaan nalkia athe prabhashanangal thanneyaanu chainayilum njaan nadathiyathu. chiliyil njaan paranjathinu vendi enikkethire niravadhi prathishedhangal undaayittund. chainayil njaan paranja kaaryangalil aarum ethirppu prakadippichitilla. engane varum?'thante sandarshanam bharanakoodatthinte rashtreeya vashavumayi bandhamillaathathaanennum chili sandarshana velayil thante saambathika udaaravalkkarana upadesham pinthudarunnathu rashtreeya swaathanthryavum bharanakoodatthinte pathanavum konduvaraan sahaayikkumenn addeham prasthaavichu.
janadhipathyam.
athbhuthathe" kurichulla thante prasthaavanayekkurichu abhiprayappetta friedman parayunnu, "swathanthravipanikal rashtreeya kendreekaranatheyum rashtreeya niyanthranatheyum durbalappeduthumennathu aaa prasamgatthinte oonnal."chiliyile yadhaartha athbhutham aaa saambathika parishkaarangal athra nannayi pravarthichilla ennathalla, marichu avar cheiyumennu aadam smith paranjathukondaanu" ennu friedman prasthaavichu. innathe laattin amerikkayile ettavum mikacha saambathika vijayagaadhayaanu chili. oru sainika bharanakoodamaanu avare athu cheyyaan anuvadikkaan thayyarayathu ennathaanu yadhaartha athbhutham."chilian sambadvyavastha valare nannayi pravarthichuvenkilum athilum pradhanamaayi, oduvil kendra sarkkaraaya sainika bharanakoodatthe oru janaadhipathya samooham maatti. athinaal chilian bisinasinte yadhaartha pradhana kaaryam oru swatantra samooham konduvarunnathil swatantra vipanikal avarude vazhikk pravarthichu ennathaanu."
nilavile chilian sambadvyavastha.
2015leeii saambathika swaathanthrya soochika prakaram (heritteju foundeshan, fraser instittyoott, dablyuesje ennivayude), chiliyude sambadvyavastha ezhaamathe swatantra sambadvyavasthayaanu. amerikkayile 29 rajyangalil onnaam sthaanathulla chili oru pathittaandilereyaayi oru praadeshika nethaavaanu. 2008ll 3.2 shathamaanamaayirunna chiliyude vaarshika jii. dii. pii valarcha 2004 muthal 2008 vare sharashari 4.8 shathamaanamaayirunnu.
2006ll ettavum sambannaraaya 20 sathamaanam chilian janasamkhya nediya motham varumaanathinte sathamaanam aii. dii. 2 aayirunnu, athesamayam ettavum daridraraaya 20 sathamaanam chilian janasamkhya nediya motham varumaanathinte sathamaanam 4.1 shathamaanamaayirunnu, janasamkhyayude madhyathilulla 60 sathamaanam motham varumaanathinte aii. dii. 1 nedi. chiliyude jini soochika (varumaana vitharanathinte alavu) 2006ll 52 aayirunnu, denmaarkkinte 24.7 sathamaanavum (ettavum thulyamaayi vitharanam cheyyappettathu) nameebiyayude 74.3 umm (ettavum asamamaayi vitharanam cheyyappettathu). oo. keey. dii. yill eathoru raajyathekkaalum vishalamaaya asamathva vidavu chiliyilaanu.