raajyam anusarichu vadhasiksha

vadhasiksha ennum ariyappedunna vadhasiksha, oru kuttakrithyathinulla shikshayaayi oru vyakthiye kollunna sarkkar amgeekritha sanbradaayamaanu. charitraparamaayi lokathinte mikkavarum ellah bhagangalilum ithu upayogichittundu. 2010 aayappozhekkum bhooribhaagam raajyangalum eee sambradaayam nirthalaakkukayo nirthalaakkukayo cheythu.
ikyaraashtrasabhayile 193 amgaraajyangaleyum rund nireekshaka rajyangaleyum avar vadhasiksha nadappaakkunnathinte adisthaanathil saadhaaranayaayi naalu vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. :
1990 muthal kuranjathu 11 raajyangalenkilum (chaina, congo, iraan, naijeeriya, paakistaan, vadakkan korea, soudi arebia, dakshina sudan, sudan, america, yeman) kuttakrithyam nadakkumbol 18 allengil 21 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttavaalikale vadhichittund. amerikkayil ithu avasaanichathu supreme kodathi kesaaya "ropper vii. 2005-leeii simmons. kuttikalude avakaashangalekkurichulla kanvenshan amgeekaricha raajyangale sambandhichidatholam atharam vadhasiksha kanvenshante lamghanamaanu.
yemanil pothu vadhasiksha nadappaakki.
aagola avalokanam.
aphrica.
aafrikkayil pala raajyangalilum ippozhum vadhashikshayund. ennirunnaalum, aljiriya, cameroon, erithriya, eswatini, ghaana, kenia, liberia, maalii, mourittaaniya, moroco, niger, tanzania, tunisia ennivaykku oru pathittaandilereyaayi moratorium nilavilundu, ithu raajyathe nirmmaarjjanavaadiyaaknu, pakshe niyamathil vadhasiksha nilanirthunnu. nigeriayile vadhasiksha chila samsthaanangalil "yadhaarthathil" nirmmaarjjanavaadavum chila samsthaanangalil nilanirthalvaadavumaanu. 2018-ll, burkina faso sivilian kuttakrithyangalkkulla maranam raddaakkukayum nirmmaarjjanathilekkula aadyapadiyaayi gambia moratorium prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. 2020ll chaad, 2021ll siyara liyon, 2022ll central aafrikkan republic, ekvattoriyal ginia, sambia ennivar vadhasiksha nirthalaakki.
america.
america 1969lum yathaakramam nirthalaakkiya dominican republicilum haitiyilum ozhike caribean rajyangalil vadhasiksha kuranjathu "dii juur" aayi nilanilkkunnu. grenada praayogikamaayi unmoolanam cheyyal virudhamaanu, athinte avasana vadhasiksha 1978-layirunnu. caribean, americaykku purathulla amerikkayil avasaanatheth, 2008-ll sent kitsilum nevisilum aayirunnu. madhya, thekke amerikkayil, beleesilum gayanayilum vadhasiksha nilavilundu, ennirunnaalum ithu 1985-lum 1997-lum upayogichittilla. brazeel, chili, ell salvador, gwatimala, peru ennividangalil, vadhasiksha yudhakkuttangal polulla prathyeka saahacharyangalil maathrame niyamavidheyamaakoo, sivil kuttakrithyangalkku nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. pala caribean raajyangalilum sarkkarukal vadhashikshayilekku madangivarumenna vikaaram uyarnnathayi abhipraaya sarvekal parayunnu, athu nilanirthaan raashtreeyakkaarkk mail sammarddam kooduthalaanu. 
eshya.
lokathile ettavum sajeevamaaya vadhasiksha nalkunna rajyamaanu chaina; aamnasti internaashanal parayunnathanusarichu, oro varshavum lokathinte mattu bhagangalekkaal kooduthal aalukale chaina vadhashikshaykk vidheyamaakkunnu. 2015 desemberil mangolia ellah kuttakrithyangalkkumulla vadhasiksha raddaakkukayum 2022 juunil kazakhstan athu poornnamaayum nirthalaakkukayum cheythu.
india apoorvvamaayi maathrame kuttavaalikale vadhikkunnulloo. 1991 muthal indiayil 30 vadhasikshakal nadannittundu. ettavum puthiya vadhasiksha 2020 march 20 nuu oru koottabalaatkaara, kolapaathakakkesile naalu kuttavaalikalude vadhashikshayaayirunnu.
2017ll manmer deseeya manushyavakaasha kammeeshan nalkia report prakaram raajyathudaneelamulla 26 jayilukalilayi 709 thadavukaarkku vadhasiksha jeevaparyanthamaayi kurachu.
covid-19 mahamari kaaranam rund varshathe morattoriyathinu sesham singapur 2022 march muthal vadhasiksha punaraarambhichu. 2022 epril epril thookkilettappetta nagendran dharmalingam, 2023 epril epril thookkilettappetta tankaraju supia ennivayulppede niravadhi unnatha kesukalil mayakkumarunnu kadathukaare vadhichathin sameepa varshangalil singapur parishodhanaykk vidheyamaayi.
europe.
europian union vadhashikshaykkethire sakthamaaya nilapad sweekarikkunnu; yooniyante manushyavakaasha nayatthinte pradhana lakshyamaanu athu nirthalaakkunnathu. europian unionilekku praveshikkunnathinulla oru munvyavastha koodiyaanu nirmmarjanam. europil bellarus maathramaan vadhasiksha sajeevamaayi upayogikkunnathu.
bellarus russia ozhikeyulla ellah europian raajyangalilum vadhasiksha poornnamaayum nirthalaakkiyittundu, athil randaamathethu morattoriyavum 1996 muthal vadhasiksha nadappakkiyittilla. vadhashikshaykkulla samboornna nirodhanam europian yooniyante (iyu) moulikaavakaashangalude charterilum europe kaunsilinte manushyaavakaashangalekkuri europian kanvenshante rund protocolukalilum ulppeduthiyittundu, athinaal ithu oru kendra moolyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ellah aadhunika europian raajyangalilum, saan marino, porchugal, netherlands ennividangalilaanu vadhasiksha aadyam nirthalaakkiyathu, ippol bellarus maathramaan ippozhum vadhasiksha upayogikkunnathu. 2012ll yudhasamayathu vadhasiksha nirthalaakkunna avasana europian union amgaraajyamaayi laatviya maari.
soviyatt-sheshamulla samsthaanangal.
russia vadhasiksha niyamathil nilanirthunnundengilum 1996 muthal moratorium nilanilkkunnu, ithu athine "yadhaartha" nirmaarjanavaadiyaakkunnu. russian pradeshathu avasaanamaayi vadhasiksha nadappaakkiyathu 1999ll chechniyayilaayirunnu. mattu muun soviyatt republicukalil bellarus tajikistan maathramaan vadhasiksha aupachaarikamaayi nirthalaakkiyittillaatha, bellarus maathramaan ithu praayogikamaayi upayogikkunnathu.
ooshyaaniya.
1824ll tahiti raajyathaan (dweep swathanthramaayirunnappol) lokathil aadyamaayi oru niyamasabha vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiyathu. tahiti vadhasiksha naadukadatthalaakki. eee mekhalayile mikkavarum ellah raajyangalum vadhasiksha oru tharatthilulla shikshayaayi nirthalaakkiyittundu, ippozhum niyamathil ulla avasana raajyam (tonga) niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi ithu upayogichittilla, ithu yadhaartha nirmaarjanavaadiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee mekhalayil avasaanamaayi ariyappedunna vadhasiksha 1982ll tongayilaanu nadannathu.
maanava vikasana soochika.
2021/2022 maanava vikasana report anusarichu valare uyarnna maanava vikasanamulla 65 paramadhikaara raajyangalund, avayil
vadhasiksha upayogikkunna ellah raajyangalilum ettavum uyarnna maanava vikasana soochika singapoorilaanu, athesamayam jappanilaanu ettavum uyarnna asamathvam-krameekaricha echdiyum ettavum uyarnna graha sammarddam-krameekaricha echdiyum.
2021ll nadappilaakkiya samkhyakal.
kuranjathu 18 rajyangal thaazhepparayunna rajyangalil vadhasiksha nadappaakki
pala raajyangalilum krithyamaaya samkhyakal labhyamallathathinaal motham vadhashikshakalude ennam anjjaathamaanu. libia polulla mattu rajyangal niyamavirudhamaaya vadhasiksha nadappaakkiyittund.
bhookhandangal anusarichu vadhasiksha.
aphrica.
aafrikkayil ikyaraashtrasabhayil 54 amgaraajyangalundu, avayil
pala aafrikkan raajyangalum 10 varshathilereyaayi vadhasiksha nadappaakkiyittillengile avarkk oru nirmarjana nayamo sthaapithamaaya sambradaayamo illennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
shariat niyamam upayogikkunna vadakkan samsthaanangalilum imo polulla chila thekkan samsthaanangalilum naijeeriya nilanirthalvaadiyaanu. 2004 muthal nilavilundaayirunna moratorium kaaranam pala thekkan samsthaanangalum nirmaarjanavaadikalaanu.
sambia (2022), ekvattoriyal ginia (2022), central aafrikkan republic (2022), siyara liyon (2021), chaad (2020) ennivayaanu ettavum aduthide vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiya aafrikkan rajyangal.
2019ll aafrikkayile vadhasiksha botswana (1), eejipt (29 +), somalia (13 +), southu sudan (7 +).
america.
amerikkayil ikyaraashtrasabhayil 35 amgaraajyangalundu, avayil
pala caribean raajyangalum 10 varshathilereyaayi vadhasiksha nadappaakkiyittillengile avarkk oru nirmarjana nayamo sthaapithamaaya sambradaayamo illennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
nilavil (2022), sivil aavasyangalkkaayi vadhasiksha nadappaakkunna amerikkayile eaka rajyamaanu america. ennirunnaalum federal thalatthil vadhasiksha raajyavyaapakamaayi baadhakamaanengilum, chila samsthaanangalkku maathrame saadhaarana kuttakrithyangalkku nilanirthalkkaaraayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyoo, kaaranam federal vadhasiksha asaadhaaranamaaya saahacharyangalil cheiyunna kuttakrithyangalkku maathrame baadhakamaakoo. 50 samsthaanangalilum oru federal jillayilum 23 samsthaanangal saadhaarana kuttakrithyangalkku unmoolanam cheiyunnavarum 2 samsthaanangal saadhaarana kuttakrithyangalkku unmoolanam cheiyunnavarumaanu. koodaathe 5 samsthaanangal aupachaarika moratorium earppeduthukayum oru samsthaanam anoupachaarika moratorium earppeduthukayum cheythittundu, ennaal moratorium oru pathittaandil thaazhe kaalamaayi nilavilirikkunnathinaal saadhaarana kuttakrithyangalkku nirmaarjanavaadiyaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla. eee mekhalayile mattidangalil avasaanamaayi vadhasiksha nadappaakkiyathu 2008ll sent kitsilum nevisilumaanu.
surinamil (2015), arjanteenayil (2009), boleeviyayil (2009) ennivayaanu ettavum aduthide vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiya american rajyangal. 2017ll gwatimala sivil kesukalkkulla vadhasiksha nirthalaakki.
2019ll amerikkayil vadhasiksha yunaittad stetts (22).
eshya.
eshyayil ikyaraashtrasabhayil 42 amgaraajyangalum oru nireekshaka raajyavumund.
mukalil paranja vivarangalil yuu. enn amgamallaatha taiwan ulppedunnilla. 2016, 2018, 2020 varshangalil oro thavana veetham vadhasiksha nadappaakkiya taiwan vediveppiloode vadhasiksha nadappaakkunnu.
hongong mccavuvum chuvade pattikappedutthiyittundu (chainaykku kaimarunnathinu munbu avar vadhasiksha nirthalaakki), ennaal avarkk chainayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya amgathvam illaathathinaal mukalilulla kanakkukalil avaa ulppeduthiyitla. ithu chaina pradhana bhoopradeshathu maathram nilanirthunnu.
2022 juulai 25 nuu, raajyathinte mikka pradeshangalum bharikkunna sainika bharanakoodavum athu attimaricha sivilian sarkkarum thammilulla miyaanmarinte aabhyantharayudham kaaranam, bharanakoodatthinte vadhasiksha nadappaakki, ithu 1988 nuu sheshamulla aadyathe vadhasikshakalaakki, ithu raajyathe taatmaadaavinte niyanthranatthilulla pradeshangalil nilanirthalaakki. sivilian gavanmentinu keezhilum (anthaaraashtrathalathilum aikyaraashtrasabhayude abhipraayathilum niyamaparamaaya gavanmentaayi thudarunnavar) athinte niyanthranatthilulla pradeshangalil raajyam praayogikamaayi nirmaarjanavaadiyaayi thudarunnu.
2007 muthal nilavilundaayirunna moratorium kaaranam iraakhi kurdistan saadhaarana kuttakrithyangalkku "yadhaartha" nirmaarjanavaadiyaayathinaal iraakhil praadeshika vaividhyamaarnna nilanirtthal, nirmaarjanavaadavum undu. iraakhinte backie bhagangal (raajyathinte bhooribhaagavum) poornnamaayum nilanirthalvaadikalaanu.
indoneshyaykku anoupachaarika morattoriyavum maleshyaykku aupachaarika morattoriyavum undu, ennaal randum 2018 muthal maathramaan nilavilullathu. 2018 meyy muthal 2019 march vare, purogamana sakhyathinte neethrthwathilulla malaysian sarkkar vadhasiksha nirthalaakkunnathinekku aalochichenkilum pothujana sammarddathil pinmari. 2023 eprilil malaysiayil nirbandhitha vadhasiksha nirthalaakkunna niyamanirmmanam pasaki.
2019ll chaina, iraan, vadakkan korea, soudi arebia, vietnaam ennee anchu pramukha vadhasiksha nadappaakkunna rajyangalaanu eshyayilundaayirunnathu. 2019ll eshyayile vadhasiksha bahrain (3), bangladesh (2), chaina (1000 +), iraan (256 +), jappan (3), vadakkan korea (anjjaatha), paakistaan (20 +), soudi arebia (184 +), singapur (4), syria (anjjaatha), vietnaam (anjjaatha), yeman (7 +).
europe.
europil ikyaraashtrasabhayil 48 amgaraajyangalum oru nireekshaka raajyavumund.
vadhasiksha nirthalaakkunnathu europian unionilekku praveshikkunnathinulla oru munvyavasthayaanu, ithu vadhashikshaye "krooravum manushyathvarahithavumaaya" sambradaayamaayi kanakkakkunnu, koodaathe "kuttakrithyangal thadayunnathinaayi oru tharatthilum pravartthikkunnillenna" kaanikkunnu.
1999 muthal vadhasiksha nadappaakkunna europile eaka amgeekritha rajyamaanu bellarus. 2009, 2015, 2020 ennee varshangalaan europe vadhasikshayil ninnu poornnamaayum mukthamaaya charithratthile aadyathe moonnu varshangal.
bosnia aandu hersegovina (2019), laatviya (2012), albania (2007) ennivayaanu ettavum aduthide vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiya europile rajyangal.
2019ll europile vadhasiksha bellarus (2 +).
ooshyaaniya.
ikyaraashtrasabhayil 14 amgaraajyangal ooshyaaniyayilundu, avayil
1982 muthal vadhasiksha nadappaakkaathenkilum tonga maathramaan vadhasiksha aupachaarikamaayi nirthalaakkiyittilla.
pappuva nyoo ginia (2022), nauru (2016), fiji (2015) ennivayaanu ettavum aduthide vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiya ooshyaaniyayile rajyangal.
nirmmarjana kaalaganana.
vadhasiksha poornnamaayum nirthalaakkiya 111 swatantra samsthaanangale kaalakramatthil chuvadeyulla pattika pattikappedutthunnu, avaa onnukil amgangalo allengil nireekshaka padavi illaathatho aanu. 1863ll veneswella vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiyathinusheshamulla nooru varshangalil, 11 rajyangal maathrame thudarnnundaayulloo, pinneedu raddakia thaalkkaalika nirthalaakkalukal kanakkakkiyilla. kanakkakkiyilla muthal nirmmarjanam kooduthal janapriyamaayi. 4 rajyangal rajyangal vadhasiksha nirthalaakki (eathu dashakathilum athuvare record), record) 11 ennavum ennavum 10 ennavum. sheethayudham avasaanichathinusesham, niravadhi rajyangal pinthudarnnu. pinthudarnnu maathram 9 ennavum ennavum 23 ennavum ennavum 11 ennavum ennavum ithuvare 7 ennavum ulppede 36 rajyangal vadhasiksha nirthalaakki. 1985 muthal oru raajyavum vadhasiksha nirthalaakkaattha anchu varshangal maathrame undaayittulloo 2001,2003,2011,2013,2018.
kurippu oru raajyam nirthalaakkukayum punasthaapikkukayum veendum nirthalaakkukayum cheythuvenkil (udha.jii. phillippeans, swittsarland, porchugal, itali) pilkkala nirmmarjana theeyathi maathrame ulppeduthiyittulloo. nirthalaakkukayum athinusesham punasthaapikkukayum cheytha rajyangal (udha.jii. liberia, malawi) enniva ulppeduthiyitla. swathanthramallaatha pradeshangal avarude maathrraajyathinte adikaaraparidhiyilaanu kanakkaakkappedunnath-ithu apratheekshithamaayi nirthalaakkal theeyathikalilekku nayikkunnu, avide jezhsi (yuke), paachakakkaaran (ens), netherlands aantiles enniva vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiya aaa samsthaanangalude avasana pradeshangalaayirunnu, avayellaam athath pradhana raajyangalile kooduthal ariyappedunna nirthalaakkalukalekkaal vaikiyathaayirunnu. paraamarshangal mukalilulla bhookhanda pattikakalilaanu, avaa ivide aavarthikkunnilla.

