alle-rahaba

alle-rahba (/ala-lc: "alle-rahba", chilappol "rahaba" ennu ucharikkappedunnu), khalathu alle-rahba ennum ariyappedunnu, ithu "alle-rahbayude kotta" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu, ithu syriayile mayadin nagarathodu chernnu euphrates nadiyude padinjaaran theerathulla oru madhyakala arab kottayaan. oru kunnin mukalil sthithi cheiyunna alle-rahaba syrian marubhoomi pulmedukalude melnottam vahikkunnu. oru kottaykkullile oru kotta" ennu ithine visheshippichittundu; oru akathe keep alakkunnu, oru enclosure alakkunnathiloode samrakshikkappedunnu. kaattinte mannolippinte falamaayi alle-rahba innu erekkure takarnna nilayilaanu.
abbazid naamatthinteyum sthaapakanteyum peril "rahbat malik ibn thaku" ennariyappettirunna yadhaartha sthalam euphrateesinaduthaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. iraakhil ninnulla siriyayude thacolanennum chilappol thirichum musleem sainyangalum kaaravaanukalum yaathrakkaarum ithine kandu. beduin gothrakkar palappozhum ithu niyanthrikkukayum vadakkan syriayile aakramanangalude oru vikshepana kendramaayi ithu upayogikkukayum cheythu. thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthaanam kaaranam, praadeshika prabhukkanmaar, hamdaanidukal, ukaylidukal, mirdaasidukal, seljukkukal ennivarulppedeyulla musleem sakthikal alle-rahabaykkethire pathivayi yuddham cheythirunnu. 1157-leeii oru bhookambathil rahbat malik ibn thaavk nasippikkappettu.
eathaanum varshangalkk sesham, nilavile kotta marubhoomiyude arikinaduthaayi sengid-ayyubid prabhuvaya shirkuh nirmmichu. 1264 vare saladin anuvadicha paarambarya swathaayi alle-rahaba pingaamikal nilanirtthi. avaril oralaaya shirkuh randaaman 1207-ll moonnaamathe valia punarnirmmaanatthinu melnottam vahichu. aadyakaala mamluk kaalaghattatthil (13-14 noottaandukalude avasaanam), iraakhile ilkhaanidu mangoliyar pathivayi uparodham nadathiyathinte falamaayi kotta thudarchayaayi punasthaapikkappedukayum shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. sulthaanettinte tapal paathayile terminal stoppum bharana kendravumaaya euphrateesinaduthulla ettavum pradhanappetta mamluk kottayaayirunnu alle-rahba. ottomaan bharanakaalathu (1517-1918) ithu upayogashoonyamaayi, athinusesham irupathaam noottaandinte arambham vare, kotta praadhamikamaayi praadeshika edayanmaarkkum avarude aattinkoottangalkkum oru abhayakendramaayi pravarthichu. varachu 1976num idayil eee sthalathu khananagal nadannu.
sthaanavum padavyuthpathiyum.
pathinalam noottaandile sanjaariyaaya ibnu bathoothayude vaakkukalil, islaamika charithrathiludaneelam, alle-rahaba "iraakhinte avasaanavum alle-shaaminte [siriyayude] thudakkavum" aayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. euphrates nadiyude thekkupadinjaaraayum aadhunika syrian nagaramaya maayaadinte thekkupadinjaaraayum alle-rahbayude bhagamaaya dair azz-saavar govarnarettinte thalasthaanamaaya dair azz-saavarinte thekkukizhakkaayum eee kotta sthithicheyyunnu. 13-aamm noottaandile bhoomishaasthranjanaaya yakut alle-hamaviyude abhipraayathil, saittinte peru, "alle-rahba", arabiyil ninnu "vellam shekharikkunna oru vaadiyude paranna bhagam" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu; alle-rahbayude yadhaartha sthaanam euphratesinte padinjaaran theerathaayirunnu. padinjaaru syrian marubhoomiyude peedabhoomiyil ninnu verthirichedutha oru krithrima kunnin mukalilaanu nilavile kotta sthithi cheiyunnathu. samudranirappil ninnu uyarathilaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathu.
charithram.
rahbat malik ibn thaavk.
sthaapichu.
charitrakaaranaaya thiyari biyaankvisinte abhipraayathil, "musleem kaalaghattatthinu munbulla pattanatthinte (alle-rahba) charithrathekkurichu krithyamaaya onnum ariyilla."madhyakala talmudic, syrian ezhuthukaar (maikkal dhii syrian, baar hebrius polullavar) ithine baibil pattanamaya rehoboat hahn-nahar (" "nadiyude [euphrates] rehoboat" ") ennu thiricharinju". alle-tabari ulppedeyulla chila madhyakala muslim charitrakaaranmaar, "dair nuu 'aam" ennu vilikkappedunna oru aashramathinte perilulla "furda" allengil "furdat nuu' aam" enna sthalamaanithennu ezhuthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, onpathaam noottaandile pershyan charitrakaaranaaya alle-baladhuri "arr-rahbayude oru soochanayum illa" ennu vaadikkunnu... oru pazhaya nagaramaayirunnu ", khaleefa alle-mamun (813-833 CE) nte bharanakaalathaanu abbazid general malik ibn thaavk ithu aadyamaayi sthaapichathu. athinaal, musleem charitrakaaranmaar kotta pattanatthe palappozhum "rahbat malik ibn thaavk" ennu vilichirunnu. syrian charitrakaaranaaya suhail sakkaarinte abhipraayathil, alle-rahabayk "syriayudeyum chilappol iraakhinteyum thacol" aayathinal kaaryamaaya thanthraparamaaya moolyamundaayirunnu, koodaathe iraakhil ninnu varunna syrian kappalukalkkulla aadya stoppaayirunnu ithu. alle-rahabayil ninnu, yaathrakkaarkkum kaaravanukalkkum sainyathinum euphrates paathayiloode vadakkupadinjaaran dishayilekku alappoyilekko marubhoomi paathayiloode damaskasilekko pookaam. athinte thanthraparamaaya moolyam kaaranam, athiraalikalaaya musleem sakthikal ithine nirantharam ethirthu. vadakkan syriayile aakramanangalude pradhana vikshepana kendramaayum surakshithamaaya oru abhayasthaanamaayum vipaniayum beduin gothrangal prathyekichum alle-rahaba upayogichu. malik ibn thaavk athinte aadya prabhuvayi sevanamanushtikkukayum 873-ll addehathinte maranashesham addehathinte makan ahamed addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum cheythu. 883ll alle-anbaarile abbazid prabhuvaya mohammed ibnu abil-saaj alle-rahaba pidikoodiya sesham randaamathethu purathaakkappettu. patthaam noottaandode alle-rahaba oru valia pattanamayi maari.
903ll karmathian nethaavu alle-hussain ibn sikrave raakhayile khaleefa alle-musthakfiyude kastadiyilekku maattunnathin munbu alle-rahabayil thadavilaakki. akkaalat, euphrates pravishyayude kendravum govarnor ibnu simayude aasthaanavumaayirunnu alle-rahaba. alle-hussain vadikkappettu, 904-nte thudakkathil baanu ules gothrathil ninnulla addehathinte pakshapaathikale alle-raabayile ibnu simaykku keezhadangan prerippichu. ennirunnaalum, taamasiyaathe, avar ibnu simaykkethire thirinju, avarude sainyam augustil alle-rahbayude chuttupaadukalil oru pathiyirippil avare paraajayappeduthi. kooduthal yudhangalethudarnnu, ibnu simaykku karmathian thalavanmaarum "days" (ismaili mathanethaakkal) yum mattoru thavana keezhadangi. 928 maarchil abu tahir alle-jannabiyude keezhil karmaathiyakkaar alle-rahaba keezhadakkukayum iraakh adhinivesha velayil avidatthe niravadhi nivaasikale koottakkola cheyyukayum cheythu. chuttumulla pradeshathe aabhyanthara kalahangal kaaranam ividathe nivaasikal niravadhi varshangalolam budhimuttukal nerittu. baghdad aasthaanamaayulla khaleefayude sakthanaaya bajkam ayacha adl enna abbazid commanderude varavode 942-ll samadhaanam sthaapikkappettu. pinneedu euphrates, khabur thaazhvara pradeshangalude govarnoraayi.
hamdanid kaalaghattam.
kurachu varshangalkk sesham alle-rahba hamdanid bharanathin keezhil varikayum mosool aasthaanamaayulla emirettinte euphrates jillayude ("taarikh alle-furat") bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu. akkaalat, pershyan bhoomishaasthranjanaaya alle-isthaakhri eee pattanatthe euphratesinte athirvashathulla purathana sirsesiyathekkaal valuthaanennu visheshippichirunnu. alle-rahabayude naathanaaya jamaan mosoolile hamdanid ameeraaya nasser alle-daulaykkethire kalapam nadatthi. jamaan pattanatthil ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum euphratesil mungimarikkukayum cheythu, pakshe kalaapathinte adichamarthalil alle-rahabayk saaramaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnathin munballa. nasser alle-daula thante priyappetta makan abul-musafar hamdan, alle-rahba, athinte diyar mudar jilla, jillayude varumanam ennivayude niyanthranam nalki.
969ll pithaavinte mozhiyeduthathinetthudarnnu nasser alle-daulayude puthranmaar alle-rahbayude niyanthranatthil malsarichu. aathyanthikamayi athu addehathinte makan abu taglibinu kaimari, addehathinte sahodaran keezhudhyogasthanumaaya hibat-allah athu apratheekshitha aakramanathil hamdaanil ninnu pidichedutthu. abu taglib alle-rahabayude mathilukal punarnirmmichu. abu taglibine durbalappeduthunnathinaayi hamdaanumaayi sakhyamundaakki, thante shatru iss alle-daula alle-bakhthiyaarinte saadhyatha ozhivakkaan addeham alle-rahba hamdaanil punasthaapichu. 978ll hamdaanidukalkku alle-rahbayude niyanthranam nashtappedukayum athinusesham athu bayeed ameer 'addud alle-daula () pidichedukkukayum cheythu. 991ll alle-rahabayile nivaasikal 'addinte makan ameer bahaa' alle-daula (ع) niyogicha oru govarnore abhyarthikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. patthaam noottaandinte avasaanathil jerusalem bhoomishaasthranjanaaya alle-mukhaddaasi eee pattanatthe marubhoomiyude attathu sthithicheyyunna euphrates jillayude kendramaayi visheshippichu, ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla leauttum sakthamaaya kottayal samrakshikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. samriddhamaaya eentappanayum karuvaappattathoppukalum ulla, valare jalasechanavum uthppaadanakshamathayumulla bhoomiyaanu vishalamaaya parisaratthe savisheshathayennum addeham abhiprayappettu.
ukaylid, mirdasid kaalaghattangal.
pathinonnam noottaandinte thudakkathil, alle-rahbayude niyanthranam mosoolile ukeylidukalum eejipthile faathimidukalum thammil tharkkatthilaayirunnu. eee samgharshathinu munbu, fathemid khaleefa alle-hackim alle-khafaja gothratthile oru amgamaaya abu alii ibn thimmaline alle-rahbayude prabhuvayi niyamichu. isaa ibnu khalaathinte neethrthwathilulla thante ukaylid athiraalikalumaayulla yudhathil abu alii kollappettu. randaamathethu mattoru ukaylid ameeraaya badran ibnu alle-mukkalladinu alle-rahaba nashtappedutthi. damascasile fathemid ameeraaya luu 'luu taamasiyaathe alle-rahaba vadakkupadinjaarulla kottakettya nagaramaya raakhayum pidichedutthathinaal randaamathethinte vijayam hraswakaalamaayirunnu. addeham alle-rahabayk oru govarnore niyamikkukayum damascasilekku madangukayum cheythu.
alle-rahabayile sambannanaaya ibnu mahkan faathimidukalkkethire kalapam nadathukayum luu 'luu poyathinushesham udan thanne pattanatthinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum cheythu. fathemed govarnore purathaakkaan kazhinjenkilum, nagaratthe mohicha niravadhi praadeshika shakthikalude kavalaykkidayilanu alle-rahaba sthithicheyyunnathinaal purathuninnulla pinthunayillaathe nagaram pidikkaan ibnu mahkanu kazhinjilla. angane, baanu kilab gothratthile mirdasid ameeraaya salih ibn mirdaasinte pinthuna addeham nedi. ibnu mahkan saliyum thammilulla samgharsham udichu, ithu alle-rahaba uparodhikkaan kaaranamaayi. iruvarum anurajanam nadathukayum thudarnnu ibnu mahkan addehathinte aalukalum anbaarile kottakettya anah pattanam pidichedukkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, anaayile oru kalapam adichamarthaan ibnu mahkan saliyude pinthuna thediyappol, randaamathethu ibnu mahkane kollan avasaram upayogichu.
ibnu mahkane unmoolanam cheytha sesham, salih alle-rahabayude prabhuvayi maarukayum faathimidukalodu kooru pulartthukayum cheythu. alippoyilum vadakkan siriyayude bhooribhaagathum addeham sthaapikkunna emirettinte touchston aaya alle-rahba aayirunnu saalihinte aadyathe pradhana pradesham. addehathinte makan thimmal pinneedu aleppoyude ameeraayi adhikaaramettu, alle-rahaba addehathinte pradhana adhikara aditharayaayi maari, athil ninnaan addehathinte niravadhi vaseerukal (upadeshtaakkalo mantrimaro) uthbhavichath. pinneedu thante seljuk yajamananmaarkkum abbazid khilaafathinum ethire kalapam nadatthiya turkish generalaya arslan alle-basasiriye avarude sakhyakakshiyaya alle-rahabayk kaimaran faathimikal addehathe nirbandhithanaakki. alle-rahaba alle-basasiriykk vittukodukkunnathu timmalinu mirdasid emirate nashtappedunnathinulla aadyapadiyaayirunnu. raakha nashtappedunnathinoppam, athu baanu kilaabinullil abhipraayavyathyaasathinu kaaranamaayi, thimmalinte sahodaran athiya mirdasid emirate punasthaapikkaan theerumaanichu. alle-basasiriyude kalapam aathyanthikamayi paraajayappedukayum 1059-ll addeham kollappedukayum cheythu, ithu 1060 eprilil alle-rahba pidichedukkaan athiaye prerippichu. pinneedu, 1061 augustil, athiya alle-rahba numayirid munnettangalil ninnu vijayakaramaayi prathirodhichu.
1067ll abbazid-anubandha seljukkukalude saamanthanaaya ukailid ameer sharaf adhu-daulayodu mirdaasidukalkku alle-rahba nashtappettu. munbu, athiayum sainyathinte oru bhaagavum homesil undaayirunnu, ithu alle-rahabayude baanu kilab prathirodhakare paraajayappeduthaan sharaf adhu-daulaye avasaram nalki. pinneedu, alle-rahbayude vishwasthatha maattatthinte aupachaarika amgeekaaramaaya faathimidukalkku pakaram abbazid khaleefayude peru pattanatthile "khutba" (velliyaazhcha praarthanaa prabhashanangal) vaayichu. 1086ll seljuk sultan malik-shhaa alle-rahbaik athinte uyarnna mesopotamian aashrithathvangalaaya harran, raakha, saruj, khabur enniva sharaf adhu-daulayude makan mohammed nabiykk nalki.
seljuk kaalaghattam.
chila ghattangalil seljukkukalkko avarude arab sakhyakakshikalkko alle-rahba nashtappettu, ennaal 1093-ll damascasile seljuk bharanadhikaariyaaya tutush mattu niravadhi uyarnna mesopotamian pattanangalkoppam ithu pidichedutthu. addehathinte maranathethudarnnu alle-rahbayude kaivashamulla pradesham ukayilidukalkku thirike nalkiyengilum 1096ll alle-hillayile karbukha nagaram pidichedukkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu. 1102ll seljuk sultan alp arslaante muun "mamluk" (adima sainikan) kheymaas athinte niyanthranam ettedukkunnathuvare addeham athu nilanirtthi. thuthushinte makan dukhaakkum deputy tugtakkinum nagaram uparodhichenkilum athu pidichedukkaan kazhinjilla. 1102 desemberil kheymaas marikkukayum alle-rahaba thante turkish "maamlukkukalil" oralaaya hasson kaimarukayum cheythu, addeham kheymaasinte niravadhi udyogasthare pirichuvidukayum alle-rahabayude niravadhi pramukhare thanikkethiraaya attimari samshayathethudarnnu arast cheyyukayum cheythu. dukhaakku uparodham puthukki, ennaal ithavana alle-rahabayude pattanavaasikal swaagatham cheyyukayum hasane kottayilekku pinwangan nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu. dukhaakkil ninnum syriayile mattidangalil ninnum surakshithamaaya yaathrayude urappukalum oru "iktha" (fiff) yum labhichathinu sesham hassan keezhadangi. panthrandaam noottaandile charitrakaaranaaya ibnu alle-aathir parayunnathanusarichu, alle-rahbayile nivaasikalodu dukhaakh nannayi perumaariyirunnu, avar pattanatthinte bharanam punasamghadippikkukayum avide oru kaaval seena sthaapikkukayum baanu shaiban gothrathil ninnulla oru govarnore niyamikkukayum cheythu, mohammed ibnu subbuck.
seljuk sultan mohammed onnaamante generalaya jawali 1107 meyy maasathil oru maasathe uparodhathin sesham ibnu sabbakkil ninnu alle-rahba keezhadakki. uparodha samayat alle-rahabayude nivaasikal valareyadhikam kashtappettuvennum surakshayude vaagdaanangalkku pakaramaayi chila pattanavaasikal kottayude prathirodhatthile oru durbalaavasthayekkurichu jawali ariyichathaayum ibnu alle-aathir rekhappeduthiyittundu. jawali pattanatthil praveshichu athu kollayadichappol ibnu sabbak keezhadangukayum jawaliyude sevanathil cherukayum cheythu.
1127-ll mosoolile seljuk prabhuvaya isd-dhiin masood ibnu alle-bursukhi syrian adhiniveshathinte bhaagamaayi alle-rahaba uparodhikkukayum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. ennaal, addeham rogabadhithanaakukayum taamasiyaathe avide vachu marikkukayum cheythu. mosoolile addehathinte aadhipathyam imad adhu-dhiin sengi etteduthu, athesamayam alle-rahaba alle-bursukhiyude "mamluk" alle-jawaliyude niyanthranathilaakki, addeham sengiyude keezhaalaayi athu bharichu. sengiyude makan qutub adhu-dhiin kurachu varshangalkk sesham alle-rahaba pidichedutthu. 1149ll, sengid prabhukkanmaar thammilulla seljuk sponsor cheytha charchakalil khutbu adhu-dinte sahodaran noor adhu-dhinu alle-rahba labhichu.
alle-rahba alle-jadeeda.
ayyubid kaalaghattam.
1157-ll oru bhookambathil alle-rahaba nasippikkappettu. naalu varshathinu sesham, noor adhu-dhiin alle-rahabayudeyum homsinteyum pradeshangal shirkuhinu oru kottayaayi nalki, addehathinu vendi oru yousuf ibnu mallah athu bharichu. pathinalam noottaandile ayyubid charitrakaaranaaya abul-fidayude abhipraayathil shirkuh alle-rahaba punarnirmmichu. abul-fidayude avakaashavaadam thettayirikkaam allengil noottaandinte avasaanathinu munbu shirku nirmmicha kotta oru ghattathil nashicha avasthayilekku veenathaayirikkaam. enthaayaalum, "alle-rahaba alle-jadeeda" ennariyappettirunna puthiya kotta, euphratesinte padinjaaran theerathu ninnu anchu kilometer padinjaraayi maatti, avide yadhaartha saittaya "rahbat malik ibn thaavk" sthithi cheythirunnu. shirkuh marichappol addehathinte pradeshangal noor adhu-dinninu thirichukitti. ennirunnaalum, shirkuhinte anantharavan ayyubid sulthaanettinte sthaapakanumaaya saladin 1182 oode noor adhu-dinte aadhipathyam keezhadakkukayum shirkuhinte makan nasser adhu-dhiin mohammedinu vamshaparambarayaayi homes alle-rahaba nalkukayum cheythu.
ayyubid kaalaghattatthile charitrakaaranum orikkal alle-rahabayile thaamasakkaaranumaaya ibnu naseef parayunnathanusarichu, 1207-ll shirkhuhinte kochumakanaaya alle-mujahid shirkuh randaaman () alle-rahaba kotta veendum punarnirmmichu. sharkuh randaamante hoams aasthaanamaayulla emirettinte kizhakke attathulla kottayaayirunnu alle-rahaba, emirettinte naalu pradhana kendrangalil onnaayirunnu, mattu moonnu hoams, salamiya, palmyra ennivayaanu. alle-rahabayude avashishtangal polikkunnathinum puthiya kottayude nirmmaanathinum addeham vyakthiparamayi melnottam vahichu. 1260ll mamluk sulthaanettu ayyubid syria pidichadakkiyathinusesham eathaanum varshangal vare alle-rahaba shirkkuhinte pingaamikalude kaikalilaayirunnu.
mamluk kaalaghattam.
1264-ll, alle-rahabayile ayyubid govarnore maatti eejiptil ninnulla addehathinte "mamluk" udyogastharil oraale mamluk sultan baibars () niyamichu. alle-rahabayude kaaval sena athinte commander mamluk sainika shreniyil uyarnna sthaanam vahichirunnu. kotta vadakku alle-bira siriyayude kizhakkan athirthiyile mangolian adhiniveshangalkkethiraaya pradhana mamluk balwarkayi uyarnnuvannu. patthaam noottaand muthal euphrates thaazhvarayile parambaraagatha musleem kendramaayirunna raakhaykk pakaram euphrateesinaduthulla maamlukkukalude ettavum pradhanappetta kottayaayirunnu ithu. mangoliyar bharikkunna pradeshangalil ninnulla abhayaarthikalude oru valia janasamkhya alle-rahabayil sthirathaamasamaakki, athupole thanne aduthulla, kottayillaattha pattanamaya mashad alle-rahabayil ninnulla niravadhi aalukalum (rahbat malik ibn tavik, aadhunika mayadin). mamluk "barrid" (tapal root)-nte terminal stoppum oru bharankendravum koodiyaayirunnu ithu.
ayyubid, mamluk kaalaghattangaliludaneelam alle-rahba alle fadalinte gotra pradeshathinaduthaayirunnu sthithicheythirunnathu. alle-rahabayilethiyappol baghdad mangoliyaril ninnu thirichupidikkaan bebaarukal ayacha eejipt aasthaanamaayulla abbazid khaleefayaaya khaleefa alle-musthansirinte cheria sainyathil naanoorolam alle-fadl gothrakkar chernnu. randaamathethu damascasil ninnu purappettathinusesham alle-musthaansirinte aadya stoppaayirunnu, pakshe addehathinte pracharanam aathyanthikamayi paraajayappedukayum alle-anbarile oru mangol pathiyirunnu addeham kollappedukayum cheythu. ilkhaanid iraakhile mangoliyar maamlukkukalumaayulla yudhangalil alle-rahabayk kaaryamaaya naashanashtangal varuthi. addehathinte bharanathinte avasaanathode oru ghattathil bebaarukal kotta punasthaapichu. 1279ll, syriayile mamluk viceroi sunkhur alle-ashkhar sultan kalaavooninethire kalapam nadathukayum alle-rahbayil alle fadl thalavan isaa ibn muhannayude abhayam thedukayum avide mangol bharanadhikaari abaakha khaante edapedal abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. mongolearch addehathe sahayikkaan kazhiyaathappol, soonkhur varunna mamluk sainyathil ninnu rakshapettu, athesamayam isa kottayil svayam barricade cheythu. 1312/13 ll ilkhaanidu bharanadhikaari ooljaithinte neethrthwathil oru maasam neenduninna uparodhathin sesham alle-rahba pidichedukkunnathil mangoliyarude parajayam mamluk syria akramikkunnathinulla ilkhaanettinte avasana shramathe adayaalappeduthi. isayude makan muhanna 1320-ll sultan anaan-nasser muhammadinethire kalapam nadathukayum alle-rahaba vare mamluk sainyam pinthudarukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla ettumuttalil kotta nasippikkappettirikkam.
automan yugam.
pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil syria iraakhum keezhadakkiya ottomanmaarude keezhil alle-rahabayude sainika upayogam kuranjathaayi kaanapedunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil, paalmiraykkum alle-rahabaykum edayilulla rooad ettavum pradhanappetta syrian marubhoomi paathayaayirunnu, ennaal automan bharanakaalathu athinte praadhaanyam kuranju. annumuthal, alle-rahaba kooduthalum aduthulla gramangalil ninnulla edayanmaarudeyum avarude aattinkoottangaludeyum abhayakendramaayi upayogichirunnu. 1588-ll, veneeshyan sanjaariyaaya gasparo balby ithu sandarshichu, addeham oru jeernnamaaya kotta athinu thaazhe thamasikkunna "raahi" ennariyappedunna nivaasikalum shradhichu. franch sanjaariyaaya jeane-baptist tavernier ekadesham 1632-ll kottayude thekkupadinjaarulla mashad rahbayekkurichu paraamarshichu. deer-rahbeyile ottomaan "sancac" (pravishya) yude kendramaayi eee pattanam pravarthichu, athu deer ees-sorine ulkkollunnu. pathinaram noottaand muthal pathinettaam noottaand vare, alle fadl ameerukalude pingamikalaaya alle abu rishayude amirmar ithu kaivashappeduthiyirunnu, avare ottomaan gavarnarmarayum "Çöl Bei" s (marubhoomi amirmar) aayum niyamichu. 1797-ll franch sanjaariyaaya gillom-antoin oliviyar alle-rahabayiloode kadannupoyi, ithu oru kotta nashicha sthalavumaanennu paraamarshichu.
khananagal.
mannolippinte falamaayi kotta ganyamaayi vashalayi. varachu 1976num idayil syriayile puraavasthukkaludeyum myoosiyangaludeyum general dayaraktarettu, frankays dii 'etudes arabs dii damas, liyon II sarvakalashaala ennivayude aabhimukhyathil euphrates theerathulla rahbat malik ibn tavik ulppedeyulla sthalangal ulppede alle-rahabayil khananagal nadatthi. pilkkala varshangalil, saittineyum chuttumulla marubhumiyeyum euphrates, khabur thaazhvarakaleyum kurichulla sarvekal syrian, american, europian puraavastu gaveshakarude multy-disciplinary teamukal nadatthi. franch sarvekkaaril oralaaya jeey. ell. 1983-leeii addehathinte prabandhamaaya "leeii chaatto dii rahba, ettud dii architecture militayar islaamik mediwale" yill vishadamaakkiyirikkunna kottayude padhathikalum uyarangalum pailett varachu.
varachu 1976num idayil kottayude thaazhvarayil nadatthiya khananangalil oru chatushkona chuttalavinullile oru madhyakala vaasasthalam kandethi, athil chilath neelavum uyaravumulla mathilukalaayirunnu. chumarukalkk saadhaaranayaayi kanam undu. kandethiya gadanakalil oru "khaan" (caravancerai), oru cheria prabhashanaalayamulla oru sabhaa palli, oru kuthirappadayude baarakkukal ennivayude avashishtangal ulppedunnu. shudhajalam konduvarikayum malinajalam shoonyamaakkukayum cheiyunna kanaalukalude oru samvidaanavum undaayirunnu. kottayilum athinu thaazheyulla muun vaasasthalathum kandethiya karakaushala vasthukkalil manpaathra sherdukalum naanayangalum (kooduthalum mamlukkum kurachu ayyubid) mangolian uparodhakkar avasheshikkunna ambukalil ninnulla niravadhi thoovalukalum ulppedunnu. nadannukondirikkunna syrian aabhyantharayudhakaalathu, purathana vasthukkalkkaayi kollayadikkalum niyamavirudhamaaya khananavum alle-raabayil nadannittundu. kottayude sambharana murikalum muttangalum athinte adivaarathilulla madhyakala vaasasthalavum badhita pradeshangalil ulppedunnu.
vaasthuvidya.
savisheshathakalum gadakangalum.
alle-rahba kottaye charitrakaaranaaya jaanas bailinsky "oru kottaykkullile oru kotta" ennaanu visheshippikkunnathu. ithinte kaambil ekadesham alakkunna naalu nilakalulla, panchabhujaakrithiyilulla oru keep adangiyirikkunnu. ekadesham alakkunna panchabhujaakrithiyilulla mathilaanu keeppinu chuttum. puram mathilinte aakruthiye pailett oru trikonamaayi visheshippichu, athinte rund samanthara konukal champher cheyyukayum pakaram cheria curton mathilukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kotta irikkunna krithrima kunnin mukalil aazhavum veethiyumulla oru kuzhiyundu. palmyrayudeyum shumaimisinteyum ayyubid kaalaghattatthile marubhoomi kottakalekkaal aazhameriyathaanu alle-rahabayude kuzhikal. oru valia kulamaanu keeppinte ettavum thaazhathe nila.
kottayude baahyamathilukalil niravadhi kottakal nirmikkappettu. padinjaaran, thekkukizhakkan vashangalil alle-rahabayude naalu valia kottakalundaayirunnu, avayil ettavum valuthum cheruthum alakkunnathumaanu. eee kottakal kanatha prathirodha peerankikale pinthunachirunnu. bailinsky parayunnathanusarichu, otappetta kunnukalile kottakalude sthaanangalkku "athyaadhunika prathirodha peerankikal" aavasyamillaathathinaal avayude uyaram palmyra, shumaimis gopurangale marikadannu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, alle-rahabayil, shatru uparodha enchinukal aduthulla peedabhoomikalil sthaapikkaan kazhiyum, avaa kottaykku eathaandu thulyamaayirunnu. alle-rahabayude ettavum cheria kotta athinte vadakku, durbalamallatha mathililum alavukalilumaanu.
baahya mathilukalilum keeppinu chuttumullavayil merlonukalum paarapettukalum gadippichirunnu, keeppinte parapettukal baahya mathilile athiraalikalekkaal 6.5 meter uyarathilaanu sthaapichirunnathu. baahya mathilukal lamghicha aakramanakaarikalkk nere ambukal eriyunnathinu kettidatthinte prathirodhakkaare praptharaakkunna oru dvitheeya prathirodha line sthaapikkunnathinaanu ithu cheythath. coor kettidam edanaazhikalum arakalum vazhi baahya kottakalumaayi bandhippichirunnu.
nirmmaana gattangal.
kettidatthinte valia bhagangal thakarnnadinjuvenkilum, aadyakaala ayyubid kaalaghattatthil ninnu aarambhicha alle-rahaba kuranjathu ettu theeyathiyillaatha nirmmaana ghattangaliloodeyenkilum kadannupoyathaayi khananagal nirnnayichu. mikkappozhum, oro ghattavum vyathyastha vasthuvidyaa saankethikavidyakalum kotta nirmmaana ashayangalum upayogichu, oru ghattavum ore samayam kettidatthinte muzhuvan vyapthiyeyum baadhichilla. marubhoomi peedabhoomiye abhimukeekarikkukayum kottayude ettavum thuranna pradesangalaavukayum cheytha alle-rahabayude padinjaaran, thekkukizhakkan vashangalude punasthaapanamo shakthippeduthalo aayirunnu ghattangalude oru pothu vishayam. ithinu vipareethamaayi, janasamkhyaa kendrangal abhimukeekarikkunna vadakkan bhagam valia thothil maattamillathe thudarnnu.
euphrates-eriya gadanakalude valare saadhaaranamaaya savisheshathayaaya cheli ishtika upayogichu nirmmicha mathilukal aadya ghattathil kandu. prarambha ghattathinu sheshamulla kettidatthinte aakruthi nirnnayikkaan kazhiyunnillengilum, athinte valippam nilavile kettidavumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu pailett anumaanikkunnu. vadakkan mathilil ninnu puratthekku varunna cheria pradhana kotta aadya ghattathilaanu.
randaam ghatta nirmmaanatthil moonnu pradhana kottakal koottichertthu, avaa oronninum vadakkan kottayude erattiyiladhikam valippamundaayirunnu. padinjaaru marubhumiye abhimukeekarikkunna alle-rahbayude kottayude bhagathaanu puthiya kottakal sthaapichathu. randaam ghattatthile nirmmathaakkal alle-rahabayude mathilukal uyarnna nilavaaramulla mortar upayogichu ekadesham muricha samyojitha blokkukal upayogichu shakthippeduthi. moonnaam ghattathil, uyarnna nilavaaramulla cheli ishtika upayogichu, padinjaaran thirasseela mathil uyarthi, thekkupadinjaaran thirasseela mathil maattisthaapichu arabic likhithangalude baandukal kondu alankarichu. koodaathe, vadakkupadinjaaran kottayude thaazhathe nilayilulla araykku mukalil oru valia ishtika thaazhikakkudam nirmmichu. moonnaam ghattathil kottayude baahya mathilukal anthima roopathilethiyenkilum pinneedulla pathittaandukalil kooduthal punarudhaaranangal undaakum.
naalam ghattathil, alle-rahabayude prathirodhakkaarkk upayogikkaan oru adhika vedhi nalkunnathinaayi padinjaaran, thekkupadinjaaran thirasseelakalil thaazhnna pradeshangalile kesmettukal chertthu. mathilukal, prathyekichu kizhakk bhaagath, anchaam ghattathil shakthippeduthi, ithu syriayile kottakale shakthippeduthaanulla shirkuh randaamanteyum addehathinte ayyubid samakaalikarudeyum shramangale soochippikkunnu. eee ghattathil upayogicha nirmmaana saankethikavidyaykku ganyamaaya panam, upakaranangal, saankethika vaidagdhyam enniva aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. thekkukizhakkan gopuram punarnirmmikkukayum vadakkukizhakkan gopuram oru adhika mathilum oru nilavarayum upayogichu shakthippeduthukayum cheythathulppede niravadhi mattangal varuthi. koodaathe, valia kootta blokkukalil ninnu nirmmicha himanikal upayogichu puram mathilinte vadakkan charivu kooduthal shakthippeduthi. eee ghattathil alle-rahbayude madhyabhaagathu oru kettidam nirmikkappettu, orupakshe oru pazhaya gadanaykko muttatthino pakaram.
avasaanathe pradhana nirmmaana ghattam aaraamathethaan, mangolian uparodhakkar kanatha naashanashtamundaakkiyathinu sesham kizhakkan, padinjaaran baahya mathilukal punasthaapichu. kizhakkan, padinjaaran kottakalekkaal valare cheruthaanu vadakkukizhakkan pradhana kotta nirmmichathu. anchaam ghattatthile kallukal puthiya jipsum, chunnaambukallu, mattu vasthukkal ennivaykkoppam punarnirmmaanatthinaayi veendum upayogichu. ezhaamatheyum ettaamatheyum ghattangalil alle-rahabayude padinjaaran baahya mathilukal uyarthappettu.

