
aadam kell

aadam karl ennariyappedunna chaals thomas vilyam karl (4 juulai 1916-28 septambar 2006), saamoohika manahshaasthram, adhyaapanashaasthram, vikasana padanangal, samadhana padanangal ennivayile pravarthanangalkku peruketta oru britiish academic aayirunnu. ooksfoord sarvakalashaala, eksattar sarvakalashaala, ghaana sarvakalashaala, harward sarvakalashaala ennividangalil tasthikakal vahicha sesham 1973-ll addeham bradford sarvakalashaalayil samadhana patana vibhaagam sthaapithamaayathinethudarnna samadhana padanatthinte udghaadana professoraayi. samoohangalude vikasanathinayulla vidyaabhyaasa thanthram" (1963) ulppede vidyaabhyaasathekkurichu niravadhi pusthakangalum "samadhaanam srishtikkal" (1971) ulppede samadhaanatheyum samadhaanatheyum kurichulla niravadhi pusthakangalum karlinte kruthikalil ulppedunnu. 1978ll viramichathinusheshavum thante kariyariludaneelam samadhana nirmmaanatthilum madhyasthathayilum sajeevamaayirunna addeham, nigerian aabhyantharayudhathil oru kwakar samghathinte bhaagamaayi niravadhi thavana nigeria beafra sandarshichu.
aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum.
1916 juulai 4 nuu fraansile wall-dii 'oysile aisle-aadamil soomi yuddham aduthirikke chaals thomas vilyam karl janichu. addehathinte pithaav britiish ezhuthukaaranum niroopakanum pathrapravartthakanumaaya richard karl aayirunnu. addehathinte amma cordelia karl ("nee" fisher) aayirunnu, avarude sahodarangalil charitrakaaranaaya echu. eiii. ell. fisher, krikkatt thaaravum academic vidagthanumaaya chaals dennis fisher, naavika udyogasthanaaya vilyam wordsworth fisher, banker edwin fisher, samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya ralph vaan vilyamsinte bhaarya adilyn vaan vilyams ennivar. charitrakaaranaaya frederic vilyam maitlaand, photographer juuliya maargarat kaamaron, ezhuthukaariyaaya virgenia woolf, chithrakaariyaaya vanesa bell ennivaraanu avarude mattu bandhukkal. ammayude moonnu sahodaranmaarude perilaanu addeham ariyappedunnathu, 1919ll francilake madangiyethiya sesham addehathinte janmasthalathinte peril aadam enna peru sweekarichu.
ooksfordshayarile gothamb vayalilaanu addeham valarnnathu, avide mrugangalodu snehavum prakrithidrishyangalodu samvedanakshamathayum valarthiyeduthu. makante kuttikkaalathu richard kell pathivayi undaayirunnilla; moonnu vayass vare aadam pithaavine andumuttiyilla. ennirunnaalum, "oru manushyan-oru-manushyan adisthaanathil", "enganeyo achhan-makan ghattam nashtappettu", richaardinte pilkkala jeevithathil avar engane kooduthal adukkunnuvennu kell pinneedu vivarichu. yudhathil thante moonnu sahodaranmaare nashtappedukayum makanil yudhathodulla vidvesham janippikkukayum cheytha ammayude swaadheenamaanu thante samaadhaanavaadathinu kaaranamenn kell paranju. thante jeevithathile nirnaayaka vazhithirivukalil paarambaryethara neekkangalude oru parambara nadatthaan pinneedu addehathe praapthanakkiya aathmavishwaasathinu" kaaranakkaaran kelyude ammayaanennum woodhouse vaadichu. ennirunnaalum, "kanvenshaninethire chavittanulla addehathinte chaayvu" richard karlinode kooduthal aduthathaayi wood house thiricharinju.
thaan asanthushtanaayirunna charterhouse schoolil kell padichu, pinneedu "bhayanakamaaya parambaraagatha school vidyaabhyaasathe athijeevichathaayi" oormmippichu... pullaankuzhal vaayikkuka (pradhaanamaayum baachu), kavithakal ezhuthuka, nigoodathakal vaayikkuka ". 1935 muthal addeham ooksfoordile puthiya collegil chernnu, aadyam oru sivil sarvees udyogasthanaakuka enna uddeshyathode charithram padikkukayum pinneedu naravamshashaasthrathilekku maarukayum cheythu. ooksfoordile eksattar collegilum ooksfoord instittyoott oof soshyal anthropology patanam thudarnna addeham 1938ll feeld trippukalil saapimiyilekkum sahara marubhoomiyilekkum yaatra cheythu.
currier.
brittan paakistaanum.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu aarr varsham britiish sainyathil sevanamanushticha kell mejar rankilekku uyarukayum sivil resettilment yoonittukalil (cruze) oru research offeesaraayi maarukayum cheythu. kaunsiling, naipunya pariseelanam, medical, vinoda soukaryangal, saamoohika sanbarkkathinulla avasarangal enniva nalkunna oru residential punaradhivasa paripadi vikasippikkunnathil addeham earppettirunnu, koodaathe kroosinte pravartthanatthinte falaprapti vilayiruthaanulla chumatala addehathinundaayirunnu. eee kaalayalavil addeham manahshaasthrathil thaalparyam valarthiyeduthu, prathyekichu samoohathodulla manashaasthraparavum naravamshashaasthraparavumaaya sameepanangalude samyojanavum aaghaathakaramaaya anubhavangalude manashaasthraparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalum. thante kruthikalile kurishuyudhaanubhavangal ulkkollichukond 1947ll naravamshashaasthrathil birudaananthara birudam nedi. aaa anubhavangale varachukondulla jenal lekhanangalude oru parambarayiloode addeham thante academic jeevitam aarambhichu, athil aadyathethu yudhathadavukaarude avarude communitykalilekku madangivarunnathinulla anubhavangaleyum vyakthiyum samoohavum thammilulla bandhatheyum kurichulla "human relations" enna prabandhamaayirunnu.
1947ll karl tavistokku instittyoott oof human relationsil oru sthaanam etteduthu, avide addeham thekkupadinjaaran englandile grameena kshayam gaveshanam cheythu. eee pravartthanam 1950-ll ooksfoord sarvakalashaalayil saamoohika manahshaasthrathil lactureraayi niyamikkappedaan kaaranamaayi. 1950kalude thudakkathil ooksfoordil aayirikkumbol saamoohika manashaasthravum vidyaabhyaasa nayavum thammilulla bandhatthil addeham thaalparyam valarthiyeduthu. tavistokku instittyoott oonnipparanja saamoohika saikyatri sameepanathil addehathinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnum, vyakthikalude maanasika sthirathaykkum mattullavarumayulla nalla bandhatthinum vidyaabhyaasathinte aavasyakathayil addeham vishwasikkukayum vidyaabhyaasa nayathekkurichu niravadhi lekhanangal prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. ooksfoordile addehathinte pravartthanam 1952-ll eksattar sarvakalaashaalayile vidyaabhyaasa, manahshaasthra adhyakshanaayi niyamikkappedaan kaaranamaayi, avide addeham 1956 vare thudarnnu.
purathekkulla yaathrayil addeham europile vikasanathil shradha kendreekaricha oru padhathiyil earppedukayum addehathinte pravartthanangal oru anthaaraashtra maanam sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 1956ll harward sarvakalashaala vazhi paakkisthaanile vidyaabhyaasa nayathekkurichu upadesikkaan addehathe kshanichu. thudakkathil oru varsham paakisthaanil thamasikkaan padhathiyittirunna addeham pinneedu rund varsham koodi thudaraan theerumaanikkukayum angane cheiyunnathinaayi eksittar sthaanathu ninnu raajivaykkukayum cheythu. 1956 muthal 1959 vare addeham paakistaan aasoothrana bordinte upadeshtaavaayirunnu, aaa padaviyil addeham hindu kush ulppede paakisthaanil (innathe bangladesh ulppede) sanjarichu. vidyaabhyaasa nayathinu purame, aarogya samrakshanam, paarppidam, thozhil bandhangal, kshemam, pashthoonukalkkum khoo janangalkkumidayil addeham pravarthicha federal bharanathilulla gothramekhalakal ennivayumaayi bandhappettaayirunnu paakkisthaanile addehathinte pravartthanangal. pinneedu addeham thante prabhashanangalilum pusthakangalilum paakisthaanile thante anubavangal pathivayi paraamarshikkaarundu.
ghanayum harward.
1959ll ghaana sarvakalashaalayil vidyaabhyaasa professoraayi karl niyamithanaayi. ghaanayil aayirikkumbol addeham oru bhookambakkaaranaayi maari, athu thante samaadhaanavaadatheppole thante ammayude swaadheenathinu kaaranamaayi. eee kaalayalavil addeham aafrikkayil vyaapakamaayi sanjarikkukayum vidyaabhyaasathilum vikasanathilum ghaaniyan gavanmentine upadeshikkukayum cheythu. vikaswara samoohangalile vidyaabhyaasathinte punk" enna thalakkettil 1961ll addehathinte udghaadana prabhashanam prasidheekarikkappettu. aafrikkan desheeyathayude valarcha adayaalappeduthiya rashtreeya pashchaathalatthil, annu pradhaanamaayum vellakkaaraayirunna sthaapanam "sthalathinu puratthaayirunnu" enna nigamanatthiletthiya addeham 1961ll sarvakalashaalayil ninnu raajivachu. aaa varsham addeham karutha aafrikkakkaarkkaayi oru koleju sthaapikkuka enna uddeshyathode dakshinaafrikkayilekku yaatra cheythenkilum arast cheyyappettu.
1961ll harward sarvakalaashaalayude sentar phoor stadees inn ejyukkeshan aandu developmentinte director niyamithanaaya addeham 1971 vare eee sthaanam vahichirunnu. harwardil aayirikkumbol addeham barbados, central america, naijeeriya, tunisia ennividangalile feeld projaktukalil pankedukkukayum 1963lum 1964lum vidyaabhyaasa upadeshtaavaayi paakisthaanilekku madangukayum cheythu, ithu paakkisthaante moonnaamathe panchavatsara padhathikku sambhavana nalki. harwardil addeham nadatthiya feeld varkkukal samadhaanam kaivarikkunnathinum nilanirthunnathinum vidyaabhyaasa nayam supradhaanamaanennu kaanaan addehathe prerippichu. 1964ll addeham aikyaraashtrasabhayude kizhakkan palestine abhayaardhikalkkaayulla durithaashwaasa, pravartthana ejansiyude upadeshtaavaayi.
intho-paakistaan yuddham.
1965leeii intho-paakistaan yuddham avasaanippicha 1966 januvariyil thaashkant prakhyaapanatthinte pashchaathalatthil oru bhookamba samghathinte bhaagamaayi karl indiayum paakistaanum sandarshichu. vivarangal shekharikkuka, indiayum paakistaanum thammilulla ashayavinimayam sugamamaakkuka, sthithigathikal vilayiruthuka, samadhaanam kaivarikkunnathinulla saadhyamaaya nadapadikal nirddeshikkuka enniva teaminte chumathalakalil ulppedunnu. paakisthaanekkurichulla arivum anubhavaparichayavum kaaranamaan kell eee rollylake thiranjedukkappettathu. samgharshathil earppettirikkunna cheruppakkaarkkum samaadhaanathinulla saadhyathakalekkurich samshayamullavarkkum munnil anuranjanathinaayi cases avatharippikkunnathaayirunnu addehathinte punk. indiayilum paakkisthaanilum samadhaanam nilanirthunnathil bhookambakkaar cheria punk maathrame vahichittulloo, mathramalla bandhangalil oru munnettam sugamamaakkiyilla, marichu vikasicha pirimurukkamillaatha bandhangal nilanirthaan sahayichu. avarude report eee mekhalayile bhookamba pravartthanatthinte charithram vivarikkukayum indian, paakistaan kaazhchappaadukal roopappeduthukayum avarude swantham pravartthanangal vivarikkukayum paakisthaanethire anuranjana nadapadikal kaikkollenda utharavaaditham indiaykkaanennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
nigerian aabhyantharayudham.
pedagogi, development stadees mekhalakalile pravarthanangalkku eee samayat ariyappettirunna kell sarkkaarukalum chaarittikalum koodiyaalochikkukayum joonn wolkmar, walter martin ennivarkkoppam moonnu kwaakkarmaarude oru grouppinte bhaagamaayi nigerian aabhyanthara yudhathil madhyasthatha vahikkukayum cheythu. nigeriayil oru madhyasthanaakunnathinu munbu nigeriayile ayattoroyil oru model school sthaapikkunnathil kell ulppettirunnu. 1967leeii avarude aadya yaathrayil, samgharshathilaaya kakshikale shradhikkukayum anuranjanathiloodeyo aashwaasathiloodeyo avare sahayikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu avarude uddeshyam. yuddham aarambhikkunnathin munbu ethiya kell, martin, wolkmar ennivar sii. yeei kandumutty. odumegwu ojukvu, hamsat ahmedu, okoyi arikpo ennivar samadhaanam nilanirthaan kazhiyumennu pratheekshayode thudarnnu; team pooyi orazhcha kazhinjappol, ojukvu republic oof biafrayude verpiriyal prakhyaapichu. 1968-nte thudakkathil karlum wolkmar prarambha anoupachaarika charchakalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkukayum yakubu goanumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum cheythu.
1967 maarchil kell, martin ennivar biafra sandarshikkukayum avide avar luis embanefo veendum oojukvuvineyum govon kandumuttukayum cheythu. meyy maasathil ugaandayile kambaalayil pothuprasamgangal nadatthaan komanvelthu secretariyatt krameekarichappol, karlineyum bhaarya anneyum oru kwekar prathinidhi samghamaayi thiranjedukkappettu. komanvelthu sekrattari general arnold smith beafrance thammil madhyasthatha vahikkukayum saadhyamaaya othutheerppu nibandhanakal nirddeshikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu kambaala charchakalil karlsinte punk. samadhaanam sthaapikkuka" ennathil aadam thanteyum aaneyudeyum punk "anunayippikkal, vyakthatha, sandesham vahikkal, kelkkal, nirveeryamaakkal, sathyasandhamaya madhyasthatha, prothsaahanam, komanvelthu sekratteriyattumaayulla bandham" enniva ulppedunnathaanennu visheshippichu. pinneedu churulukal naijeeriyayilekk madangukayum avide aadam veendum govone kandumuttukayum cheythu. 1967 augustil karlum wolkmar ethiopiayile addis ababayil nadanna thudar charchakalil pankedutthu. biyaafraykkethire govon oru "anthima munnettam" prakhyaapichappol, bhookambakkaar durithaashwaasa pravarthanangalilekku shradha thirikkukayum cheythu.
1968 septambarilum octoberilum kurle, wolkmar, martin ennivar mattoru yathrakal aarambhichu. thudarchayaaya prathisandhi ghattathil, niger president hamani deori oru kwaker sponsor cheytha yogathinaayi munnottuvacha nirddesham pariganichu. oojukvuvinte prathinidhikal deoriyude nirddeshathil thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum kurl smithumaayum britiish sarkkaarinte prathinidhiyumaayum eee nirddesham charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1969 vare thudarnna eee stambhanam, bhoochalanakkaare aashvaasam nalkunnathilekku veendum shradha tirikkaan prerippichu. 1969 octoberil wolkmar, call vilyams ennivarkkoppam karl veendum goanumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. landanilvechu, komanvelthu secretariyatt veendum charchakalil earppedaanulla saadhyatha ulppedeyulla vishayangal charcha cheyyaan karlum viliams smithumaayum beafran prathinidhiyumaayum koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. ennirunnaalum, 1970 januvariyil beafraansinte keezhadangalode yuddham avasaanichu. yudhaananthara kaalavastha nireekshikkunnathinum anurajanam vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinumaayi keezhadangalinu divasangalkku sesham kell, wolkmar ennivar vilyamsumaayi veendum chernnu.
sii. echu. kwekar anuranjana sramangalekkurichulla thante padanatthil mike yaaro vaadikkunnathu, nigerian, beafran nethaakkalumaayi bandham sthaapikkunnathil kwekar samghathinte vyakthiparamaaya gunangalum vyakthithvangalum avarude vijayathil pradhana punk vahichuvennu, ennirunnaalum 1968 madhyam muthal kwekar samghadanayum athu srishticha vishwaasavum samanamaaya punk vahichuvennu yaaro vaadikkunnu. avarude shravana prakriya vijayakaramaanennu yaaro vaadikkumbol, kakshikalude parasparam ulla kaazhchappaadukal kooduthal avyakthamaaya reethiyil maattunnathil avarude falaprapti addeham vivarikkunnu. samaapanathil, bhookambakkaar aavasyappetta charcha cheytha samadhaanam nediyedukkaan kazhinjillennu yaaro vaadichu, "sainika parihaarathinu sheshamulla samadhana nibandhanakal anuranjanathinte manobhaavathaal ulkkollichathaanennu yaaro vaadikkunnu."
intho-paakistaan, nigerian samgharshangalekkurichulla karleyude anubavangal yudhakaaranangalilulla addehathinte thaalpparyathinu kaaranamavukayum akramam, saamoohika parivartthanam, vikasanathinte lakshyangal enniva thammilulla bandhathekkurichulla addehathinte gaveshanathe ariyikkukayum cheythu. 1968leeii vidyaarthi prathishedhathodum puthiya idathupakshathinte aavirbhaavathodum harwardil addeham prathikarichukondu masaachyusetsile kembridjile oru thozhilaallivarga ayalpakkathulla school kuttikale charithram padippichu, avide "avikasita lokavumaayulla" samanathakal addehathe aakarshichu.
samaadhaanapatana professor.
1973ll bradford sarvakalashaalayil samaadhaanapadanathinte yunaittad kingdatthile aadyathe professoraayi karl maari. roobert eiii. puthiya samadhana padanavibhaagatthinte udghaadana professore thiranjedukkunnathil earppettirunna mckinley, oru saha kwekar kell sthaanathinte pravarthanakshamathaye illaathaakkumennu nirddeshichathinethudarnna kell bandhappettath anusmarichu, athinusesham kell thasthikayil thaalparyam prakadippichu. samaadhaanapatana professor enna nilayil vakuppinte bharananirvahanathinum academic vikasanathinum addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu. bradfordile addehathinte aadya varsham jeevanakkaare recruit cheiyunnathilum prathyekichu samadhana nirmmaanatthil parichayamullavare thedunnathilum birudaananthara birudam vikasippikkunnathilum chelavazhichu. addeham niyamichavaril pinneedu bradfordinte school oof sayans aandu sosaittiyude thalavanaaya toom stoniyar; abhibhashakanum soviyatt vimathanumaya alaksandras shtromaas; vadakkan ireland sarkkaarile community relations manthriyaayirunna david bleakly; cypressile aikyaraashtrasabhayude samadhana senayude muun cheef oof staaf maikkal harbottle; middle eesttile joothanmaarkkum arabikalkkumidayil samaadhaanamundaakkunnathil earppettirunna yoori davis; indiayil jolie cheythirunna gandhiyaan vithal rajan; munbu birmingham sarvakalashaala aasthaanamaayulla rashtreeya shaasthranjanaaya naigal yang; kelsinte gaveshana sahayiyaaya toom woodhouse ennivarum ulppedunnu.
bradfordil aayirikkumbol, samaadhaanapadanangalude vikasanathinu kell sambhavana nalkukayum madhyasthathayude swantham anubavangal ulkkollukayum cheythu. 1975-leeii samaadhaanapadanangalude vyapthiyum vairudhyangalum enna thalakkettilulla udghaadana prabhaashanatthil, vyakthigatha samgharshangal pariharikkendathinte aavasyakathaye mathramalla, aneeti, asamathvam enningane addeham visheshippicha yudhathinte adisthaana kaaranangale abhisambodhana cheyyendathinte aavashyakathayekkurichum addeham vaadichu. samaadhaanapadanavibhaagangal aathyanthikamayi yudhathilekku nayikkunna vidvesham valarthaatha neethiyukthavum neethiyukthavum thurannathumaaya samoohangal srishtikkaan sramikkanamennu addeham vaadichu. athanusarichu, addeham thante vakupp janadhipathyaparavum pankaalitthaparavum kramarahithavumaaya reethiyil pravarthippikkaan sramikkukayum oru nethaavennathilupari oru ekopanakkaaran enna nilayil swantham punk kaanukayum cheythu.
viramikkal.
bradfordile thante bharanakaalatthinte avasaanathode, anthaaraashtra anuranjanathil kooduthal nerittulla pankaalithatthilekku madangendathinte aavasyakatha kelkku anubhavappedaan thudangi, angane anchu varshathinu sesham 1978-ll sarvakalashaala vittu. viramichathinusesham, karl samadhana nirmmanavum rund nayathanthrangalum pinthudarukayum paakistaan, simbabwe, vadakkan ireland, srilanka, balcons, mattu sthalangal ennividangalil oru madhyasthanaayi samadhaanavum sevanavum nilanirthukayum cheythu. 1983ll skoolukalile samgharsha parihaaratthinte adhyaapanathe vilayiruthunnathinayi karlum mattullavarum roopeekaricha oru nirddesham europe kaunsilinte paarlamentari assembly nirbandhitha vidyaabhyaasam ahimsaathmaka perumaattatthil shradha kendreekarikkunnuvennu urappakkaanulla padhathiyude bhaagamaayi etteduthu.
karlum bhaarya anneyum muun yugoslavia niravadhi thavana sandarshichirunnu. 1992ll karl croatiayile osijekkil samadhaanam, manushyavakaasham, ahimsa ennivaykkulla kendram sthaapichu. vidyaabhyaasathiloode ahimsayude samskaaram valarthiyedukkaan samghadana sramikkukayum pouraavakaasha vidyaabhyaasam, saamoohika madhyasthatha, maathaapithaakkalkkulla grouppukal, niyamaparavum praayogikavumaaya pinthuna, samadhana vidyaabhyaasa paripaadikal, svayam sahaaya grouppukal, gaarhika peedanatthe athijeevichavarkkulla paripaadikal enniva nalkukayum cheythu. samanamaaya samgharshavum kaivashappeduthalum kandirunna croatiayile jupanchayil, yudhathinte anantharafalangalumaayi poruthappedunnathinum samadhaanam kettippadukkunnathinum praadeshika samoohathe sahayikkaan shramicha "mirr aii dobro" (samadhaanavum nanmayum) kurl sthaapichu. croatiayile thante kruthiyil, sahaaya thozhilaallikal samoohangalude aavasyangalodu prathikarikkendathinte aavasyakathayekkurichu karl oonnipparayukayum aaa aavasyangal enthaanennu thirichariyaan sambhaashanathe prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. eee oonnalinte bhaagamaayi, 1996-ll addeham jupanchayude kuttikalkk melulla yudhathinte prathyaaghaathangal laghookarikkunnathinulla vazhikal paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinaayi oru shilpashala vilichu. 1997-ll oru workshop ahimsayude samskaaram vikasippikkunnathinum abhayaarthikal avarude veedukalilekku madangiyethumbol punarekeekaranatthinu soukaryamorukkunnathinumalu vazhikal paryavekshanam cheyyaan shramichu. eee varkshoppukal samadhana nirmmaanatthe kaunsilinginte vashangalumayi samyojippichathayi barbera michels vaadichu. 2000-kalil kurl jupancha sandarshikkunnathu thudarnnu.
thante pilkkala varshangalil tibattan budhamathavum pathinaalaamatthe dalaay lama addehathe swaadheenichu. 1990kalilum 2000kalilum ooksfoord research groupinoppam upadesakanaayum rakshaadhikaariyaayum addeham pravarthichu. thante kariyaril pinneedu addeham yudhathadavukaarumaayulla thante munkaala pravartthanangal punaparisodhikkukayum yudhathinte maanasika murivukal sukhappeduthunnathinulla sramangal samagramaya edapedalukalude bhagamaakanamenna thante vaadam aavarthikkukayum cheythu. 2000ll addehathinu gaandhi anthaaraashtra samadhana puraskaaram labhichu.
aalochichu.
avalokanam.
1960kalil saambathika aadunikavalkkaranavum saamoohika purogathiyum thammilulla bandhathekkurichulla parambaraagatha kaazhchappaadukal prathifalippikkunna vidyaabhyaasatheyum vikasanatheyum kurichulla karl prasidheekarichu. ennirunnaalum, eee kruthiyil addeham vikasanathe oru saambathika prathibhasamaayi maathram thirichariyunnathinuparam saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya pankinum prathyekichu vikasanathil manushyante saadhyathakalekkurichulla ashayathinum oonnal nalki. eee kaalayalavil saamoohika manahshaasthrathe aspadamaakki puthiya adhyapana reethikal vikasippikkaanum addeham shramichu. 1960 kalude avasaanam muthal addeham vikasanathe "svayam" chodyam cheyyaan vannu, intho-paakistaan yudhatheyum nigerian aabhyanthara yudhatheyum kurichulla anubavangal vazhi ariyikkapetta akramavum samgharshavum sambandhicha chodyangal addehathinte pravarthanangalil valia punk vahichu. eee samayathaan vietnaam yudhathinum 1960-kalile ethirsamskaarathinum ethiraaya prasthaanam addehathe vivaramariyichathu, vikasita rajyangalil nilaninnirunna samgharshangalude verukalum addeham parishodhichu. samaadhaanapadanangalilekkulla kelte thiriv eee anubhavangalude phalamaayirunnu, ithu samgharshathinte kaaranagal manasilakkaanulla aagraham janippichu.
samaadhaanapatanam.
samaadhaanapadanathile thante pravartthanatthil, akramam thadayunnathumaayi bandhapetta prathikoola maanangalum manushya aavashyangalude poorttheekaranavum manushya sheshiyude vimochanavumaayi bandhapetta gunaparamaaya maanangalum samaadhaanathin ulla oru sameepanam kell vikasippichu. samadhaanam nadappaakkunna samghadanakaludeyo niyamangaludeyo kaaryatthilalla, marichu manushyavikasanatthinte kaaryathilaanu karl samaadhaanathe kandathu. samgharsham" enna vaakk valare avyakthamaanenn kandethiya kurl "samadhaanaparavum" "samaadhaanamillaathathumaaya" bandhangalekkurichu samsarikkaan eshtappettu, aadyathethu "vividha kakshikal parasparam dosham cheiyunnathinekkaal nanma cheytha" bandhangalayum randaamathethu "nanmayekkaal kooduthal dosham cheiyunna" bandhangalayum nirvachichu. samgharsham niyanthrikkunnathinupar samadhaanaparamaaya bandhangalude vikasanamaayirunnu samaadhaanathekkurichulla kell aashayathinte kaathal. mattu samadhana gaveshakar saamoohika, rashtreeya, sainika samvidaanangal vishakalanam cheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkumbol, aaa samvidaanangalile vyakthikalude moolyangalilum manobhaavangalilum shradha kendreekarichulla karlinte pravartthanangal. anthaaraashtra bandhangalil ninnu oru prathyeka mekhalayaayi samaadhaanapadanangalude aavirbhaavathilum manahshaasthrathil ninnulla ulkkazhchakal, prathyekichu maanavika manahshaasthram eee mekhalayilekku ulppeduthunnathilum kell oru pradhana punk vahichu. samaadhaanapadanapandithanmaarkkkumaam pariseelakarkkum idayil thozhilparamaaya thalarchayum nissamgathayum polulla prashnangalum karlinte kruthikal abhisambodhana cheythu.
samaadhaanapadanathe vividha pashchaathalangalil ninnum kazhivukalil ninnum prayojanam nedunna oru inter disciplinary sramamaayi karl kandu. 1960 kalude avasaanam muthal johann gaaldanginteyum kennathu boldinginteyum pravarthanangalekkurichu addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu, avarude pravartthanangal avarumaayi oru pothu lakshyam pankidunnathaayi addeham kandu. samaadhaanapadanathile kelyude pravartthanatthe russian nigoodashaasthranjanaaya pii. dii. oospenskyum russian thathwachinthakanaaya jorjju gurdjeef; budhamatham (prathyekichu tibattan budhamatham), soofisavum bhookambakkaarumaayulla addehathinte pankaalitthavum; harwardile addehathinte sahapravarthakanaayirunna brazilian adhyapakanaaya poulo frair. kwekar chinthaykku anusrithamaayi, oro manushyanileyum aantharika prakaashatthe oru saarvathrika manassinu samanamaaya oru shakthiyaayi kell kandu. budhamatha thathwachinthaye adisthaanamaakki, moonnu vishangal (anjjatha, athyagraham, vidvesham) saamoohika anyavalkkaranathinu kaaranamaakukayum mikka akramangaludeyum adisthaanam roopappedukayum cheythuvennu addeham vaadichu. vajrayanatheyum kwaakarisatheyum adisthaanamaakki addeham ellah jeevajaalangaleyum parasparam bandhappettathayi kaanukayum manushyante oro pravrithiyum manushyante paristhithiye baadhikkunnuvenn vishwasikkukayum cheythu. samadhana nirmmaanathinteyum eee vishayathil ezhuthunnathinteyum kalaparavum srishtiparavumaaya vashangalkk addeham oonnal nalki.
madhyasthathayum anuranjanavum.
madhyasthatha, kelnte kazhchappadil, samadhana nirmmaanatthinte pradhana upakaranamaayirunnu. samgharshathilaaya kakshikal thammilulla thettidhaaranakal illaathaakkukayum akramasakthamaaya vikarangal laghookarikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu karlinte vivaranathil athinte uddeshyam. karlinte nirddishta madhyastha prakriyaykku naalu bhaagangalunda onnamathaayi, madhyasthar ashayavinimayangal vikasippikkukayum mechappeduthukayum cheiyunnu; randaamathaayi, avar kakshikalkkum avarkkumidayil vivarangal nalkunnu; moonnaamathaayi, avar kakshikalumayi "sauhrudam" pulartthunnu; naalaamathaayi, avar charchakalil earppedaanulla sannadhatha prothsaahippikkunnu. madhyasthathayude "topp daun" roopangal phalapradamallennu vimarshicha kell, madhyasthathayodoppam manobhaavangaludeyum saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya avasthakaludeyum parivartthanavum undaakanamenn vaadichu. rajyangal thammilulla yudhangal muthal kudumbangalkkullile tharkkangal vareyulla ellah thalangalilumulla samgharshangalkkum eee tharatthilulla madhyasthatha baadhakamaanennu addeham kandu. addehathinte madhyasthathayude sidhaantham kwekar sanbradaayangal, maanavika manahshaasthram, eee mekhalayile swantham anubavangal ennivaye aakarshikkunnu. samgharsha parihaarathodulla joonn barttante sameepanathil ninnu ithu vyathyasthamaan, pakshe niravadhi prathibaddhathakal barttanumaayi pankidunnu charchakal roopappeduthunnathilum vivarangal nalkunnathilum madhyasthante punk iruvarum kandu, chinthaasanghadanayil samshayaaspadamaaya samgharsham paryavekshanam cheyyukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, thettidhaaranakalkkum thettidhaaranakalkkumethir laghookarikkaan maanasika thathwangal upayogikkunnu, nayatthinte vikasanathinu kaaranamakunna puthiya daaranakal iruvarum vibhavanam cheythu.
1990kalilum 2000kalilum prasidheekaricha thante pilkkala kruthikalil, karl thante anuranjana sidhaanthavum samaadhaananirmmaanathil athinte pankum parishkarikkunnath thudarnnu. osijekk sentar phoor peessinoppamulla addehathinte pravartthanangal addeham "madhyathil" (1986) munnott neekkiya nishpaksha kakshikalude samadhana nirmmaana maathruka yugoslav yudhangal pariharikkunnathin aparyaapthamaanennum badhikkappetta samoohangal thanne eee prakriyayil valia punk vahikanamennum thirichariyaan kaaranamaayi. purathuninnullavarude edapedal praadeshika samadhana nirmmaathaakkale pariseelippikkunnathilum pinthunaykkunnathilum shradha kendreekarikkunna oru tharatthilulla samgharsha parihaarathe addeham anukoolichu, phalapradamaaya samadhana nirmmaana prakriyakal varenyavargakkaarude samadhana udambadikal pracharippikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkendathilnum marichu yuddham baadhicha samoohangale shaaktheekarikkanamennum addeham vaadichu.
jolie cheiyunnu.
"samoohangalude vikasanathinayulla vidyaabhyaasa thanthram" (1963).
saambathika valarchayilum saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya parivartthanatthilum vidyaabhyaasathinte pankinekkurichulla avalokanamaanu karlinte "samoohangalude vikasanathinayulla vidyaabhyaasa thanthram" (1963).
"paakkisthaanile vidyaabhyaasathinaayulla aasoothranam" (1966).
"paakkisthaanile vidyaabhyaasathinaayulla aasoothranam oru vyakthigatha cases stadi" (1966) 1963lum 1964lum paakkisthaanile aasoothrana kammeeshante upadeshtaavenna nilayil karlinte anubhavangalude oru vivaranamaan. athil addeham paakkisthaanile vidyaabhyaasavumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal vilayiruthukayum sarkkaarukalkk videsha upadeshtaakkalude punk charcha cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. aasoothrana kammeeshanumaayum vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalumaayum ulla thante anubavangal adisthaanamaakki, vidyaabhyaasathilum saaksharathayilum kizhakkan paakistaanum padinjaaran paakistaanum thammilulla kaaryamaaya vyathyaasangal kell kaanikkunnu. vidyaabhyaasa aasoothranathil earppettirikkunnavere vasthunishtamaaya vasthuthakalude madhyastharil ninnu akannupokunnathinekkaal sankeernavum vairudhyamullathumaaya vyakthikalayi kell avatharippikkunnu.
richard ezz. dhii jenal oof eshyan stadees" enna pusthakatthil avalokanam cheytha wheeler, paakisthaante vidyaabhyaasa prashnangalekkurichulla kell vilayiruthaline "aadhikaarikam" ennum videsha upadeshtaakkalude pankinekkurichu nalkia ulkkaazhchaye "prathiphaladaayakam" ennum visheshippichu. jeey. eiii. keatsum daffney emm. australian jenal oof ejyukkeshanil" keats eee pusthakatthe "puthuthayi vikaswara raajyathile vidyaabhyaasa aasoothranathinte prashnangale gauravamaayi parishodhikkunnathinulla asaadhaaranavum chila vidhangalil dheeravumaaya sameepanam" ennu visheshippichuvenkilum kelyude aathmanishta sameepanam poornnamaayum vijayichillennu vaadichu. vyakthikalum pravartthanavum thammilulla edapedal kaanikkunnathil kell vijayichuvenkilum, oru vasthunishtathayude chelavil addeham ithu nediyennum athu kooduthal moolyavathaaya oru prakadanatthilekku nayichekkaamennum keettukalum keettukalum nigamanam cheythu."
"vikaswara samoohangalude vidyaabhyaasa prasnangal" (1969).
"vikaswara samoohangalude vidyaabhyaasa prasnangal ghaana, paakistaan, naijeeriya ennivayude cases stadikal" 1969-ll aadyamaayi prasidheekarikkukayum pinneedu 1973-ll parishkarikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha pathippil vividha vishayangalekkurichulla 12 lekhanangal ulkkollunna eee pusthakam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. vikaswara samoohangal abhimukeekarikkunna vidyaabhyaasa prasnangal avatharippichathinushesham, eee samoohangalile pashchaathala saahacharyangalum paakkisthaanile vidyaabhyaasa vikasanathile gadakangalum kell vivarikkunnu. samoohangalude vikasanathinayulla vidyaabhyaasa thanthram" ennathupole, ivide valarchaye saamoohika manashaasthraparamaaya padangalil manassilakkunnu. paakisthaanile thante anubavangal adisthaanamaakki, vikasanathinu vazhakkavum saamskaarika vyathyaasangale vilamatikkalum aavasyamaanennum vikasanathodulla saambathika sameepanagal maathram samgharshathinu kaaranamakumennum addeham vaadikkunnu.
samadhana gaveshanathinte prathyeka mekhalayilekkulla kell boudhika vikasanathinte purogathiyude" ettavum mikacha thithreekaranamaayi wood house eee pusthakatthe visheshippikkunnu. internaashanal jenal oof comparative soshyolaji" yill thante avalokanathil philipp phosttar, eee mekhalayile vishalamaaya samvaadangalekkurichulla parimithamaaya avabodham maathrame upanyasangal kaanikkunnulloovennum chila lekhanangalil kelre reethishaasthrathe chodyam cheythuvennum vaadichu, ennaal "nallath thripthikaramallaathathinekkal kuravaanennu nigamanam cheythu."athesamayam," "saamoohika sakthikal" "ennathil pusthakam avalokanam cheythukondu, vikaswara samoohangalude vidyaabhyaasa prashnangalekkurichulla" "manassilaakkunnathin puthiya sambhavana nalkunnilla" "ennu joseph kivlin vaadichu, koodaathe athinte niravadhi adhyayangal vidyaabhyaasa vishayavumaayi maathram bandhappettirikkunnave abhiprayappettu".
"samadhaanam undaakkuka" (1971).
karlinte 'samadhana patanam' (1971) samaadhaanapadanangalil ninnulla ashayangal swantham anubhavangalilekku prayogikkukayum samaadhaananirmmaanathinte nirvachanam paryavekshanam cheyyukayum samadhaanaparavum samaadhaanaparamallaathathumaaya bandhangal enthaanennum avaykku kaaranamaakunnath enthaanennum pariganikkukayum cheiyunnu.
"vimochanathinulla vidyaabhyaasam" (1973).
1973ll karlinte "vimochanathinaayulla vidyaabhyaasam" prasidheekarikkappettu. addehathinte vyakthiparamaaya anubhavangale adisthaanamaakki 1970kalile vidyaabhyaasa anthareekshathodu prathikarikkukayum "samadhaanam sthaapikkuka" ennathinu samanamaaya vishayangal kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythukondu samadhaanavum saamoohika maattavum kaivarikkunnathinu vidyaabhyaasathinu engane sambhavana nalkaamennu curley pariganikkunnu. thante muun kruthikale apekshichu, svechaadhipathyam, saamoohika shreni, saambathika bhauthikavaadam ennivaykku sambhavana nalkunna nilavilulla vidyaabhyaasa reethikale kell vimarshikkunnu. sambanna raajyangalude malsaraparavum bhouthikavumaaya prathyayashaasthrangalumaayi vidyaabhyaasam poruthappedunna vikaswara rajyangalil ithu prathyekichum prashnakaramaanennu addeham thirichariyunnu. poulo frairinte chinthakalaal shakthamayi swaadheenikkappetta eee pusthakatthil biyude kaazhchappaadukalumaayi kelsinte kaazhchappaadukalkk virudhamaaya oru anubandham adangiyirikkunnu. eph. skinner.
britiish jenal oof ejyukkeshanal stadeesil" pusthakam avalokanam cheytha richard dii 'eathu, kell vishakalanathe "maanushikavum ooshmalavumaaya vyakthiparavum" ennum pusthakam "niraashaavaadam undaayirunnittum padikkaan santhoshakaravumaanennu" visheshippichu. britiish jenal oof educational saikolajiyil" thante avalokanathil kenn pease pusthakathodulla utsaaham prakadippichuvenkilum avabodham enna ashayam upayogikkunnathu "oru vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathinte moolakkallu" roopappeduthunnathinu valare aprasakthamaanennu vaadichu.
"snehathinte durbalamaaya shabdam" (2006).
kurlinte avasana pusthakamaaya "snehathinte durbalamaaya shabdam" (2006) addeham marikkunnathin thottumunbu prasidheekarikkappettu. oormmakkurippinteyum yaathraavivaranathinteyum vashangal ulkkollunna eee pusthakam 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathile manushyaavasthayeyum manushya nirashayeyum kurichulla vyakthiparamaaya vivaranam nalkunnu. anyavalkkaranam, athyagraham, vaanijyavaadam ennivaye samgharshathinte kaaranangalayi vimarsikkukayum bhauthika sambathu santhoshathinu kaaranamaakunnu enna ashayam polulla doshakaramaaya chila midhyaadhaaranakale cherukkunnathinulla vazhikal nirddeshikkukayum cheiyunnu. sathyathinte aathyanthika shoonyathayekkurichulla budhante ulkkaazhchakale adisthaanamaakki, athu addeham kashtappaadukalude kaaranamaayi thirichariyunna nishedham, aadyam sadgunangal valarthiyedukkukayum prayogikkukayum cheiyunnathiloodeyum randaamathu njaanam nedunnathiloodeyum kashtappaadukale marikadakkaan kazhiyumennu kell nirddeshikkunnu. adhikaarathinum laabhathinumulla aagrahathaal nayikkappedunna aagolavalkkaranathekkurichu charcha cheythukondu kell avasaanippikkunnu. pease aandu kanflikt" enna pusthakatthil vilyam echu. hridayathil ninnu nerittu" ennu pusthakatthe deerghakaalamaayi visheshippicha addeham "ningalude muthachante upadesham pole, kurachu sradhikkunnathaanu nallath" ennu nirddeshichu."
mattu jolikal.
"mistiks aandu etlisteesa avabodham, swathuam, saamoohika pravartthanam ennivayekkurichulla oru patanam" (1972) "samadhaanam srishtikkunnathinulla" samanamaaya vishayangal kaikaaryam cheyyukayum samadhana nirmmaathaakkalude vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasangal, gunangal, kazhivukal enniva parisodhikkukayum cheiyunnu. saamoohika pravartthanatthinte manashaasthraparamaaya vashangal, saamoohika avabodhavum swathwavum, samaadhaananirmmaanathinte aantharikavum bahyavumaaya allengil svakaaryavum pothuvumaaya vashangalum ithu pariganikkunnu. avabodhavum swathwavum enna aashayangalodulla kelyude thaalparyam samgharsha saahacharyangalile alukalekkurichulla nireekshanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. samadhaanam sthaapikkuka" pole, "nigoodarum theevravaadikalum" samadhana gaveshana mekhalayile swaadheenamulla oru vyakthiyenna nilayil kelyude prashasthikk sambhavana nalki. rund pusthakangalum samaadhaanapadanangalude aavirbhaavathin sambhavana nalki.
"samadhana nirmmaanam pothuvum svakaaryavum" (1978) "" nigoodathakalilum theevravaadikalilum "" aadyamaayi ettedutha samadhana nirmmaanatthinte aantharikavum bahyavumaaya vashangalekurichulla chodyam paryavekshanam cheiyunnathu thudarnnu ".
"yadhaartha neethi" (1981) kwekar daivashaasthratheyum samadhana nirmmaathaav enna nilayil kelnte swantham anubhavangaleyum aakarshikkukayum gadanaaparamaaya parihaarangalekkaal vyakthiparamaaya pariharangalil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. mathavumaayi bandhappett manushyaprakrithiyekkurichu chodyam paryavekshanam cheiyunna ithu samadhana nirmmaanatthinte pothu, swakaarya thalangal pariganikkunnath thudarunnu. vidvesham, kopam, asooya thudangiya vikarangal eathoru vyakthiyudeyum maattamillaatha savisheshathakalallennum marichu avarude swantham kazhivukal manasilaakkunnathilum vikasippikkunnathilum paraajayappettathinte falamaanennum kell ivide vaadikkunnu. maikkal haar duke, "puthiya anthaaraashtravaada" thinaayulla thante avalokanathil, kell shradha kendreekarikkunna paraspara prathibhaasangalude praadhaanyam amgeekarichu, ennaal "loka vibhavangalude vitharanathil eathenkilum neethikku pinnile saambathika yaadhaarthyangalekkurichu vyakthamaaya amgeekaaram eee pusthakathinu illennu vaadichu."
"inn dhaa middle" (1986) samadhana gaveshanathilum samadhana nirmmaana parisheelanatthilum madhyasthathayudeyum anuranjanathinteyum praadhaanyathekkurichu vaadikkunnu. athil, madhyasthathayekkurichulla thante vivaranam naalu bhaagangalulla oru prakriyayayi avatharippikkukayum samadhana nirmmaanatthinte kendramaayi moonnu tharatthilulla pravartthanangale thirichariyukayum cheiyunnu sahakarana saambathika saamoohika samvidaanangalude vikasanam, akramasakthavum adichamarthunnathumaaya bharanakoodangalodulla ahimsaathmaka ethirppu, madhyasthathayiloode ulppede vairudhyamulla kakshikal thammilulla anuranjanathinte nettam. upasamhaaramaayi, gaveshanam nadathukayum madhyasthatha, pariseelanam, vibhavangal enniva nalkukayum cheiyunna madhyasthathaykkaayi ikyaraashtrasabhaykkullil oru anthaaraashtra samghadana roopeekarikkanamennu karl nirddeshikkunnu.
"samaadhaanamundaakkuka", "nigoodarum theevravaadikalum" polulla "parivarthanatthinulla upakaranangal" (1990), vyakthikalilum saamoohika gadanakalilum mattangal varuthaan kazhivulla oru chalanathmaka shakthiyaayi samgharshathe roopappeduthunnu. yudhangal avasanippikkunnathino thadayunnathino appuramulla samgharshathekkurichulla samagramaya vivaranam nalkikkond eee veekshanam samadhana padanangalude vikasanathe swaadheenichuvennu barbera michels toom woodhouse vaadikkunnu. tuu tame dhii hydra" (1999) enna pusthakatthil, oro thavanayum oraale murichumaattumbol oru puthiya thala valarthiya hydra enna puraana rakshasanu samaanamaayi, akramam vijayakaramaayi adichamarthappedukayum udan thanne mattevideyengilum jwalikkukayum cheiyunna oru aagola saahacharyathe kell vivarikkunnu. panatthinteyum adhikaarathinteyum anweshanathaal eee akramangalkk aakkam koottiyathaayi kell kaanukayum samadhana nirmmaana saankethikavidyakalude thudarchayaaya aavasyakathayekkurichu vaadikkukayum cheythu.
kavithakalum kathakalum kell rachichittundu. 1987ll prasidheekaricha addehathinte 'recognission aandu reality reflections aandu gadyakavithakal' enna samahaaram norbert copensteiner eee vaalyathe 'oru kaavyathmakamaaya yukthivaadam' ennu visheshippichu."budhamatha thathwachinthayil upayogicha roopakathinte peril ariyappedunna addehathinte kavita" "indrayude vala" "(1999), samaadhaanathekkurichulla addehathinte kruthiyude bhagamaaya manushya paraspara bandhatthinte aashayangale prathifalippikkunnu".
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
1939ll pamela hobsane vivaham kazhicha avarkk rund penmakkalundaayirunnu, karlinte sainika sevanam avasaanichathinu sesham avar vivaahamochanam nedi. 1958-ll addeham thante yaathrakalil daakayil kandumuttya aan eediye vivaham kazhichu. avarkk oru makalundaayirunnu. pinneedulla jeevithathil addeham aannodoppam landanil thaamasichu.
maranavum paarambaryavum.
2006 septambar 28nuu landanile wimbledonil vachu theevramaaya raktarbudam baadhichu kell marichu.
barbera michelsinte kell padanamaaya "apakadatthilulla sneham" 2006-ll prasidheekarikkappettu. thudarnnu 2016-ll toom woodhouse joonn pooll lederach edittu cheytha kell rachanakalude samahaaramaaya "aadam kell radical pease maker" prasidheekarichu.
2003-leeii oru lekhanathil michels kell "samaadhaanathekkurichulla academic padanatthinte thudakkakkaaril oraal" ennu visheshippichu. dhaa guardian" enna thante anushochanakkurippil toom woodhouse "samaadhaanapadanangalude niyamasadhuthayum valarchayum" kelsinte "ettavum valuthum nilanilkkunnathumaaya paarambaryam" aayirikkumenn ezhuthi. lokamembaadumulla sarvakalaashaalakalil samadhana padanangalude niyamasadhutha sthaapikkunnathilum samadhana gaveshanathinte pandithochithamaaya ajanda munnott kondupokunnathilum karlinte kruthikal pradhana pankuvahichuvennu michels woodhouse vaadikkunnu."lederac kell thante swantham srishtiyude" "ooriyanteshante oru deepasthambham" "ennum samadhana padanangalile" "nammude samakaalika samvaadangalil palathinum prasakthamaaya ettavum pradhanappetta swaadheenangalilonnu" "ennum visheshippichu".