
pazhaya saxony

madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil saaksanukalude janmanadaayirunnu pazhaya saxony. vadakkupadinjaaran germmaniyil sthithicheyyunna aadhunika jarmman samsthaanangalaaya lover saxony, aadhunika vadakkan raine-westfaaliya samsthaanathinte kizhakkan bhagam (westfaaliya), nordalbingia (holstein, schleswig-holsteente thekkan bhagam), padinjaaran saxony-unhault (eestphaaliya) ennivayumaayi ithu ekadesham yojikkunnu. nordalbingia, eestphaaliya, westfaaliya, angria (allengil ankaria) enningane naalu pravishyakal undaayirunnu, eee pravishyakale cheria pradesangalaayi vibhajichu, avaa germmaniyile aadhunika jillakalkku ("crease") thulyamaaya gau, engleesh shearsinu (aadhunika kaundikal) thulyamaayirunnu.
check republicinte vadakkupadinjaaran athirthiyumaayi chernnulla kizhakkan germmaniyile aadhunika jarmman samsthaanamaaya saxonyumaayi ithine thettidharikkaruthu.
uthbhavavum charithravum.
randaam noottaandil ezhuthiya tolamiyude "bhoomishaasthra" thil saaksanukalude aadya paramarsham adangiyirikkunnathaayi chilappol kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee grandhatthinte chila pakarppukal "sax" allengil kallu katthi enna vakkil ninnu uruthirinjathaayi karuthappedunna elbe nadiyude thaazhathe bhaagathulla pradeshathu "saxons" enna gothrathe paraamarsikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, mattu pakarppukal athe gothrathe "axonukal" ennu vilikkunnu, koodaathe addehathinte "germania" yile taasittas "eviyonukal" ennu vilikkunnathu gothratthinte thettaaya aksharavinyaasamaayirikkaam. ariyappedunna eee aadyakaala gotravarga saxonukal elbe nadiyude mukhatthinte vadakkan theerathu ippol padinjaaran holstein ennariyappedunna pradeshamaaya "vadakkan albingia" yill vasichirunnu. bhoomi kshayichathode, saaksan janasamkhya thekkott vikasikkaan thudangi, avide cherusi, chamavi, chatti thudangiya thaddesheeya janasamkhyayum langobardy (lombards) subiyudeyum sheshikkunna bhaagangalum ulkkollunnu. eee vishalamaaya domainine "ooldu saxony" ennu vilikkunnu. taasittas parayunnathanusarichu, chausi pinneedu "ooldu saxony" ennariyappettirunna pothu pradeshathum thaamasichirunnu, jarmman gothrangalkkidayil avar valareyadhikam bahumanikkappettu. avar samadhaanaparavum shaanthavum samanilayullavarumaanennu addeham visheshippikkunnu. chila ghattangalil avaa saaksanukalumayi layippichirikkaam allengil orupakshe avayude paryayamaayirikkaam.
3, 4 noottaandukalil brittanile kizhakkan kadaltheerathu saxonukal raid cheiyukayaayirunnu (kizhakkan brittanil saaksan theeram ennu vilikkunna samudra prathirodhatthinte nirmmaanathinu ithu kaaranamaayi), 407 ll kaandaamrigathinmelulla roman prathirodhatthinte thakarchayethudarnnu kizhakkulla janasamkhyaa chalanangalil ninnulla sammarddam saxonukaleyum avarude ayal gothrangaleyum kadaliloode padinjarottu kudiyeraanum brittanile phalabhooyishtamaaya thaazhnna pradeshangal akramikkaanum konukalum chanangalum nirbandhithamaakkiyathaayi karuthappedunnu. eee adhiniveshathinte parambaraagatha theeyathi 449 aanu, ithu advenches saxonum ennariyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla deerghakaala samgharshathinu puraavastu thelivukal valare kuravaanu, koodaathe brittanilekkulla valia thothilulla jarmman kudiyettatthinulla thelivukalum thulyamaayi kuravaanu. kudiyettatthinte thoth thaarathamyena kuravaayirikkaanum brittanile romanandara janasamkhyayude vamseeya ghadana valia thothil maattamillathe thudaraanum saadhyathayund. ennirunnaalum, saamskaarikavum bhashaaparavumaaya mattangal kadinamaayirunnu, koodaathe dakshina saxonukal (sussex), vestt saxonukal (vessex), eest saxonukal (essex) ennivayulppede englandil vividha saaksan raajyangalude srishtiyilekku nayichu, koodaathe konukalum jyoottukalum sthaapikkukayum aadhunika engleesh raashtrathinte aditharayum.
anchaam noottaandil padinjaaran roman saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham "germania" yill avasheshicha pazhaya saxonukal merovingian rajyamaaya fraankukalumaayi ayanja bandhamullavayaayirunnuve praayogikamaayi swathanthramaayi thudarukayum avarude pazhaya purajaatheeya matham nilanirthukayum cheythu (ithinekkurichu kooduthal kaanuka jarmman purajatheeyatha). saaksan purajatheeyamatham irminsal allengil "valia thoon" enna aaradhanayil shradha kendreekarichittunde thonnunnu; swarggatheyum bhoomiyeyum bandhippikkunna oru divya vruksham aadhunika obermaarsbarginaduthulla oru sthalathu nilaninnirunnathayi karuthappedunnu.
mikkavarum, saaksan pradeshangal thekk ozhike vishalamaaya samathalamaayirunnu, avide avaa kunnukalilekkum thaazhnna parvathapradeshamaaya haars, hess ennividangalilekkum uyarnnu. eee thaazhnna vibhajanamaan saaksanukalude raajyathe avarude purathana shathrukkalil ninnum aathyanthika vijayikalaaya fraankukalil ninnum verthirichathu. eee athirthiyil vyakthamaaya bhauthika nirvachanatthinte abhavam, anaadikaalam muthal, avar thammilulla nirantharamaaya gotra samgharshathinu kaaranamaayirunnu. 555ll frankish rajaavaaya theudebald marikkukayum saxonukal eee avasaram yudhathinu upayogikkukayum cheythappol innathe vadakkan germmaniyile nivasikalaayi saaksanukale paraamarsikkunnu. theudebaldinte pingamiyaaya clother onnaaman saaksanukale paraajayappeduthi. avarude chila thuranna pingaamikal saaksanukalkkethire poraadi, mattullavar avarumaayi sakhyamundaakki; clother randaaman saaksanukalkkethire nirnaayaka vijayam nedi.
690-ll, rund purohithanmaar eevaaldine black ennum eevaaldine north ambriyayil ninnu pazhaya saaksanukale kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathinaayi purappettu. eee samayat pazhaya saxony mansttar, oosnaabrakku, paderbone ennivayude purathana roopathakalaayi vibhajichathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, 695 aayappozhekkum purajaatheeya saxonukal thangalude edayilulla kristhyan purohithanmaarodum missionarymaarodum angeyattam sathrutha pulartthukayum thangalude adhipane parivartthanam cheyyukayum avarude shethrangalum mathavum nasippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu thangalude lakshyamenn manassilakkaan thudangukayum cheythu. meela udan kollappettu, pakshe karuthavargakkaare avar peedippichu, avante avayavangal keerippoyi. pinneedu rund mrithadehangalum kaandaamrigathilekku erinju. 695 october 3nuu dortmandinaduthulla applerbeck enna sthalathu oru chaappal ippozhum nilkkunna sthalathaanu ithu sambhavichathenn manassilaakkappedunnu. rund eevaaldukalum ippol westfaaliyayil vishudharaayi aaghoshikkappedunnu.
puthiya kristhyan matham sweekarikkaanulla avarude vimukhathayum avarude ayalkkarkkethire vinashakaramaaya akramanangal nadathaanulla pravanathayum oduvil fraankukalude sakthanaaya rajaavum pinneedu chakravarthiyumaaya chaalmeynumaayi nerittu ettumuttalilekku avare nayikkum. vidhavakalude neethrthwathilulla pazhaya saxonukal thammilulla raktharookshithavum angeyattam karkkashavumaaya muppath varshathe prachaaranatthinu sesham oduvil chalmaine avare keezhadakkukayum aathyanthikamayi kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu.
saksanukalkkidayil bandhukkaludeyum vamshangaludeyum bandhangal prathyekichum shakthamaayirunnu, niravadhi vibhajanagal undaayirunnittum saxonukal ettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode jeevichirunna asaadhaaranamaaya oru ekeekritha rajyamaayirunnu, "germania" yill taasittas vivaricha aadyakaala jarmmankaar jeevichirunnu. fraankukalumaayulla neenda yuddham ganyamaayi kuranjuvenkilum avarude vyathirikthamaya saamskaarika swathuathe poornnamaayum illaathaakkiyilla.
pathinonnam noottaandil ezhuthiya bremente aadam, pazhaya saxonyude aakruthiye oru trikonavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum, konil ninnu konil dooram ettu divasathe yaathrayaanennu kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. jarmman gotra dachikalil ettavum valuth pazhaya saaksaniyaayirunnu. lover elbe, saale nadikalkkum ekadesham raine vare ulla muzhuvan pradeshavum ithil ulppedunnu. elbinteyum vesarinteyum mukhangalkkidayil athu vadakkan kadalinte athirthiyilaanu. holstein, ditmaarsh kaundikal maathramaan elbic kuruke sthithicheyyunna pradeshatthinte eaka bhagangal. gothrapradeshangale ekadesham naalu bandhukkalayi thirichirunnu vesarinte valath theerathulla "angriyanmaar"; iii. emm. esinum lippinumukalilulla "westfaaliyanmaar"; vesarinte idathu theerathulla "eastfaaliyanmaar"; aadhunika holstainile "nordalbingianmar". ennaal eee naalu gothravibhaagangalkkidayil gothravibhajanathinte kaalavadhi athiyilla. saxonine sambandhichidatholam "raajyam" sarikkum kindred stokkinte vamshangalude oru ayanja shekharamaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, nordalbingyans maathram cheria grouppukalaayi vibhajikkappettu "holstainarmaar", "sturmaari", "bardy", "ditmaarsh" purushanmaar.
brittanile mikka reydukalum pinneedu kolanivalkkaranangalum nadanna sthalamaanu pazhaya saxony. brittanilekkulla anglo-saaksan kudiyettakkaarude pilkkala pingaamikal eee pradeshathe "pazhaya saxony" ennu vilichirunnu, vesexileyum mattidangalileyum avarude puthiya kolanikal "puthiya saxony" allengil "seeksna" aayirunnu. germmaniyil, saaksan pradeshangal "saxony" (aadhunika jarmman "saxen") ennariyappedukayum pinneedu "lover saxony" ennu vilikkappedukayum cheythu, yadhaartha saaksan gothrapradeshangale saxony raajyathil ninnu verthirichariyaan allengil yadhaartha saaksan maathrraajyathinte thekk-kizhakk pradeshangalile "upper saxony". anglo-saaksan ezhuthukaaranaaya bede thante 'historiya ecclesiastica gentis aamgloram' (731) enna kruthiyil aadhunika germmaniyude vadakkum vadakkum padinjaarum bhaagathulla elb, vesar, eedar ennivaykkidayilulla pradesamaanu pazhaya saxony ennum roman saamraajyathinte athirthikkappuramulla oru pradeshamaanennum avakashappettu.
purathana paarambaryavum vamshavum ekeekarikkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheytha swathanthrare nayikkunna, vishishtathayum prashasthiyumulla oru swatantra yodhaakkalude vibhagamaaya prabhukkanmaarude oru prabhukkanmaar chernnathaanu pazhaya saxonukal ennu avakaashappedunnu.
 "saamoohika vyathyaasangal saamoohika kurippadi kondu asooyayode samrakshikkappettu. thante sthaanathinu mukalil vivaham kazhicha eathoru purushan vadhasiksha vidhichu; thante sthaanathinu thaazheyulla oraalude vivaham karsanamaayi apalapikkapettu; thendikkaarane sahichilla; saaksanukalum mattu jarmmankaarum thammilulla vivaahathe veruthirunnu; aparichithare veruthirunnu. saxonukal avarude purathana parambaraagatha niyamathil urachuninnathinaal eee saamoohika athijeevanathinte vyakthamaaya adayaalangal madhyakaalakhattathil saxonyil nilaninnirunnu."