
joonn rail (nirmmaathaav)

yunaittad stetts pattunool vyavasaayathinte pithaav" enna nilayil ariyappedunna oru engleesh vamshajanaaya pattunool nirmmaathaavaayirunnu joonn rail (october 22,1817-november 6,1887). 1869 muthal 1870 vare nyoojezhsiyile paattezhsan meyaraayirunnu addeham.
englandile cheshayarile bollington, mcclesfieldil janicha rail thante anchaam vayassil janmanaadile silk millukalil jolie cheyyaan thudangi, avide addeham oru "bobin aankutti" aanu. addehathinte kudumbam thalamurakalayi pattunool vyavasaayathil earppettirunnu, addehathinte rund mootha sahodaranmaraaya ruban vilyam rylum englandile ettavum valia pattunool nirmmaathaakkalaayirunnu. 
aadyakaala jeevitam.
peettar, saaraa (brund) rail ennivarude pathinezh makkalil oraalaayirunnu joonn rail. anchu kuttikal maathramaan pakwata vare jeevichathu ruban, vilyam, saara, joonn, juuniyar peettar.
1820ll joninu moonnu vayassullappol joonn railinte pithaav marichu, naalu varshathinu sesham ammayude maranathode adhehavum sahodarangalum anaatharaayi. praayamaakunnathuvare addeham mcclesfieldilum parisarathumulla vividha pattunool millukalil jolie cheythu. 1839 march 1 nuu thante rund sahodaranmaarkkaayi bisinesses nadatthaanum amerikkayil pattunool vyavasaayam engane purogamikkukayaanennum kaanaanumaayi rail livarpoolil ninnu amerikkayilekku kappal kayari. thudakkathil rajyath thudaraan addeham uddeshichirunnilla. 
1839ll rail athiyappol amerikkayil putt oru paridhivare nirmmichirunnilla. multicoulis panii appol athinte unnathiyilaayirunnu, america lokathile pattunool uthppaadippikkunna raajyamaakumenn vaagdaanam cheythu. masaachyusetsile northaampttanile saamuval vaitmaarsh aayirunnu eee multicoulis oohaapohangalil ettavum kooduthal thaalpparyamulla oraal. eee maanyan oru cheria pattunool millundaayirunnu, rail avide pooyi jolie nedi. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte jolie ivide hraswakaalamaayirunnu, kaaranam athe varsham thanne multicoulis oohaapohangal thakarnnu, addehathinte thozhiludama misttar. thudarnnundaaya apakadatthil vaitmaarsh nashichu.
joonn rail pinneedu newyorkkilekku madangukayum kurachu samayathekku englandile thante sahodaranmaarude tharikalude uthppannangal irakkumathi cheyyukayum kanni paathayudeyum vilyam theruvukaludeyum moolayil cheria reethiyil irakkumathi cheyyukayum vilkkukayum cheiyunna bisinesses nadathukayum cheythu.
paattezhsanile pattunool nirmmaanam.
amerikkayile aadya varshathil, jorjju dablyu. jorjine rail kandumutty. akkaalat pattunool nirmmaana bisinessil pravartthikkaan aagrahichirunna murre.
mureyum rylum connectikkattile hartfordilulla christopher coltinte aduthekku pooyi, avarkk pattunool yanthrangalude oru cheria plaant undaayirunnu, koodaathe paattezhsanile pazhaya thokku millu ennariyappettirunnathil nirmmikkanulla sramam parajayappettu. 1840-ll murey eee plaant vaangukayum moonnu varshathinu sesham pankaalithatthilekku praveshippikkappetta joonn railinte chumatala ettedukkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu murre & rail enna peril bisinesses nadatthi. 1846-ll, mcclesfieldil thudarnna thante rund sahodaranmaarude sahaayathode, rail, mureyude thalpparyam vaangukayum bisinesses maathram thudarukayum cheythu. adutha varsham addeham thante yanthrangal nilkkunna kettidam vaangukayum thante soukaryangal vardhippikkunnathu thudarukayum cheythu. 1850-ll, ivide thante bisinesses poornnamaayum sthaapikkukayum mattevideyengilum ulppaadana reethikalekkurichulla arivu vardhippikkaan aagrahikkukayum cheytha addeham europilekku pookukayum france, itali, swittsarland ennividangalile pradhana nirmmaanashaalakal sandarshikkukayum cheythu. 1855ll newyork sittiyil nadanna loka melayil kristtal kottaarathinu mukalil oru valia pathaaka uyarthiyathaayirunnu railinte sthaapanathinte nyayamaaya maathruka. aaa samayat, addeham romaantik thaazhvarayum pasaik vellachaattathin chuttumulla uyarangalum vaangi, adutha varsham avarude ithinakam thanne manoharamaaya soundaryam vardhippikkunnathinu valia thuka chelavazhichu. akkaalat paattezhsanin pothu paarkk illaayirunnathinaal rail oru grand paarkk vaangi paattezhsanile janangalkkayi thurannu.
eee samayat paattezhsan nagarathinu jalasevanamillaayirunnu, athinaal passic vaattar kambanikku anuvadicha oru chaarttariloode aavashyamaaya niyamanirmmaana adikaaram nediya sesham joonn rail ippol lover reservoir ennariyappedunna jalasambharani falls paarkk groundil nirmmichu. nagaratthile pradhana theruvukaliloode aavashyamaaya maine sthaapikkaan addeham thudarnnu. eee maine vitharanam cheiyunna reservoirinulla vellam pazhaya thokku millinu pinnilulla pasaik nadiyil ninnu eduthu oru pazhaya pluncher pump vazhi reservoirilekku pump cheythu. pasaik vaattar kambaniyude sthaapakanum aadya prasidantumaayirunnu rail.
1855-ll rail thante anantharavanaaya englandile vilyam railinoppam oru pankaalittham roopeekarichu. ekadesham rund varshathinu sesham, addehathinte anantharavan pinmaarukayum joonn rail niravadhi varshathekku ottaykku bisinesses thudarukayum cheythu. 1866ll joonn rail & qoo., roopeekarichu-joonn sii. englandile sahodaran roobante makanaaya rail oru pankaliyaayi, 1869 vare avar maray millil valuthum vijayakaravumaya oru bisinesses nadatthi.
paattezhsan mayer.
appozhekkum joonn rail nagaratthiludaneelam valia janapreeti nediyirunnu. oru pothupadaviyilekkum sthaanaarthiyaayi svayam nirthaan addeham munbu orikkalum anuvadichittillenkilum, suhruthukkalude nirddeshangalkku addeham vazhangukayum 1869 leeii vasanthakaalath nyoojezhsiyile pettezhsan meyarude sthaanaarthiyaakaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. athuvare eathoru sthaanaarthikkum labhichathil vachu ettavum valia bhooripakshathilaanu addeham thiranjedukkappettathu.
joonn rail paattezhsan meyaraayi sevanamanushtikkumbol, oru cheruppakkaaran mulberry mulpadarppu nattupidippikkunna chithramulla nagaratthinaayulla kottu oof ams addeham roopakalppana cheythu. janapriya aithihyamanusarichu, pattunoolppuzhukkal mulberry chedikale eshtappedunnu, pattunool vyavasayavumaayulla railinte bandham kanakkiledukkumbol, eee chithram sweekarikkappedukayum innum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
murre millile theepiduttham.
1869 meyy 10nuu, valia alavil vilakoodiya pattum mechappetta yanthrangalude oru poornna plaantum ulppede, maray millu eathaanum manikkoorukalkullil katthi nashichu. eee theepidutthatthil nasippikkappetta swathinu 600 dollar vilamathikkunnathayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, athil oru dollar insurance undaayirunnilla.
joonn railinte thalasthaanam eee theepiduttham moolam valare durbalamaayathinaal saambathika sahayamillaathe punaraarambhikkunnath asaadhyamaanennu addeham kandethi. addehathinte suhruthukkal addehathe sahayikkaan ethi, rail silk kambani samghadippikkukayum mill punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu.
puthiya maray mill 1870-ll poortthiyaayi, mukalil ninnu prakashippikkunna oru nila millinu prakaashatthinte kaaryatthil mikacha gunangalundaakumennu rail sidhaantham cheythu. eee sidhaantham sariyaanennu theliyikkukayum paattezhsanile ettavum mikacha laitt millayi murey milline amgeekarikkukayum cheythu, vadakku ninnu maathram prakasham varunnathinaal, nerittu sooryakiranangal pravartthakarkku asoukaryamundaakkunnilla.
theepiduttham nadanna pittennu joonn rail avashishtangal nokkumbol antharicha jorjju jaaksan addehathinte aduthekku nadannu paranju, "sharee, joonn, ningalkk kanatha praharamettu. ningalkk kurachu sahayam aavasyamaanennu njaan karuthunnu, "pokkattil kaivechu jaaksan oru valia nottukal purathedutthu joonn railinte kaiyil erinju," athu alppam sahayikkum, ningalkk kazhiyumbol enikku thirike nalkaam."rail panam bankilekku kondupoyappol, thuka 30,000 dollaranennu kandethi. pinneedu, jorjju jaaksan prashnathilaayappol, rail avane budhimuttil ninnu rakshikkaan aavunnathellam cheythu.
1870ll rail silk nirmmaana kambani nirmmaana pravartthanangal aarambhichuvenkilum eathaanum varshangalkkullil joonn rail stokkinte eaka udamayaayi maari.
1877-ll addeham oru pioneer silk kambani samghadippichu, athinte stokku thante bisinasine prathinidheekarikkukayum thante kudumbatthinte kaivasavum kaivasham vaykkukayum cheythu. annumuthal eee peril bisinesses thudarnnu.
1885 leeii vasanthakaalath, anukoolamaaya nibandhanakalil oru millu nirmmicha pensylvaniayile alandaunile chila muthalaalikalumaayi rail charchakal aarambhichu. pioneer silk kambaniyude throw department pinneedu avidekku maatti. neythum alandaun plaantil chertthu.
1885ll newyorkkile exhibition kettidatthinaayi addeham neytha pattunool pathaakaykk railinu oru medel labhichu.
american vyavasaayathin samrakshanam urappakkaanulla sramangalil oru pioneeraayirunnu rail, innatheppole lobying urachunilkkunnathin valare munbuthanne addehathinte mukhavum roopavum kongras haalukalil parichithamaayirunnu. 
thaan jolie cheythirunna vayalil ninnu mattullavar swarnna vilaveduppu nadathiyappol, joonn rail avarude vijayangalkk vazhiyorukkiyennum mattethoru manushyanekkaalum amerikkayile pattunool vyavasaayathil pioneer aayathinte bahumathikk arhathayundennum avakashappettu.
vivaahavum kudumbavum.
1841-ll, englandile lancashireile vilyaminteyum hannah morphittinteyum makalaaya saaraa morphittine (1825-1867) rail vivaham kazhichu. joninteyum saaraa railinteyum onpathu kuttikal janichu, athaayath, ruban rail (1842-1916), vilyam rail (1845-1906), saaraa rail (1847-1851), peettar rail (1851-1893), aanii rail (1853-1857), jemimah rail (1858-1899), joonn rail juuniyar. (1860-1886), thomas emm. rail (1863-1922), 1866-ll shaishavathil maricha chaals stors rail.
mootha makanaaya ruban rail, rail kudumbatthile silk kambanikalude cheef operating offeesaraayirunnu. 1886ll pensylvaniayile alandaunil pioneer silk kambaniyude oru shaakha thurannappol, ruban rail kambani kaikaaryam cheyyaan aaa nagaratthilekku pooyi. 1916ll addeham alandaunil vachu marichu.
vilyam railinu pattunool nirmmaanathekkaal bankinglaanu kooduthal thaalparyam. kalayude shekharanakkaaranaayirunna addeham kaaliforniyayil ninnulla prashastha landscape aartist juuliyan riksinte kariyarinu dhanasahayam nalki. silk sitti baankinte presidentaayi viramichathinu thottupinnaale 1906-ll braits rogam baadhichu vilyam rail marichu.
peettar rail pattunool nirmmaanatthilum bankingle thante thalpparyangal pracharippichuvenkilum oru korppareshan attorniyayi maarukayum yujeen steevansanumaayi chernnu paattezhsanil oru niyama practies aarambikkukayum cheythu. peettar rail pinneedu paattezhsante yadhaartha pathrangalilonnaya paattezhsan morning kooll swanthamaakki. 1893ll 42-aamm vayassil addeham typhoid baadhichu marichu.
jemimah rail vijayakaramaya pukayila nirmmathaavaaya augustus robertsine vivaham kazhichu. avarude vivaahathin thottupinnaale 1899-ll 41-aamm vayassil avar marichu.
joonn rail juuniyar. kudumba bisinesses nadathunnathil sahodaran rubane sahayikkaan alandaunilekku ayaykkunnathinu munbu pattunool vyavasaayathil kudumbathodoppam hrasvamaayi jolie cheythu. avide ethi aarumaasathinusesham 1886ll typhoid panii baadhichu 26-aamm vayassil addeham marichu.
thomas emm. joninteyum saaraa railinteyum avasheshikkunna avasaanathe kuttiyaya rail, pattunool vyavasaayathil hrasvamaayi jolie cheyyukayum pioneer pattunool kambani kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythuvenkilum pinneedu baankingilekkum riyal estettilekkum kooduthal shradha thirikkukayum cheythu. innathe nyoojezhsiyile wood land parkkil addeham oru bhoomi vaangi, avide addeham rail paarkk enna oru estettu nirmmichu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathode rail paarkk pinneedu oru janapriya vinoda mekhalayaayi maari. anaarogyam cherupraayatthil thanne viramikkaan nirbandhithanaakunnathinu munbu addeham oru passic kaundi freeholder sevanamanushtichu. yadhaartha pattunool kudumbatthile avasaanathe railas, thomas emm. 1922ll 59-aamm vayassil rail antharichu.
pinneedulla jeevithavum maranavum.
1887-ll joonn rail englandile cheshayarile mcclesfieldilekku thante eaka makal jemeemayumaayi madangi. cheruppam muthal kandittillaatha sthalangal maasangalolam veendum sandarshicha sesham thaan thaamasichirunna hotelil vachu addehathinu asukham pidipettu. jaladoshathil ninnu sukham praapicha sesham, 1887 november 6 nuu, njaayaraazhchathe palli shushrooshaykku vasthram dharikkumbol joonn railinu strock sambhavikkukayum makalude karangalil vachu marikkukayum cheythu. addehathinu 70 vayassayirunnu. kudumbatthinte abhyarthana maanich joonn railinte mrithadeham datheduttha paattezhsan veettilekku thirike nalkukayum avide amerikkayile ettavum manoharamaaya victorian smashaanangalilonnaaya nyoojezhsiyile paattezhsanile devadaaru pultthakidi semitheriyil samskarikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu kunnin mukalil addehathinte shavakudeerathinu mukalil oru valia stambham sthaapikkukayum smaarakathil oru venkala prathima gadippichu paattezhsan nagaratthinte dishayil sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
joonn railinte makkal pinneedu paattezhsan nagaratthile addehathinte vipulamaaya riyal estettu holdingukalude chumatala ettedukkukayum kudumbatthinte aasthikalkkulla oru holding kambaniyaayi pravartthikkunna joonn rail riyal estettu association roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1940kalil kambani audyogikamaayi pirichuvittuvenkilum pinneedu punarnirmmikkappedukayum joonn railinte pingaamikalude udamasthathayilullathum pravarthippikkunnathi kambani ippozhum nilanilkkunnu.