
vaidyuthi uthppaadanam

praadhamika oorjja srothassukalil ninnu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna prakriyayaan vaidyuthi uthppaadanam. vaidyutha oorjja vyavasaayathile yoottilittikalkkaayi, ithu athinte vitharanathinu (transmission, vitharanam muthalaayava) munbulla gattamaanu.) anthima upayokthaakkalkko athinte sambharanathino (udaaharanathinu, pump cheytha sambharana reethi upayogichu).
upayogayogyamaaya vaidyuthi prakrithiyil soujanyamaayi labhyamallathathinaal athu "uthppaadippikkappedam" (athaayath, mattu oorjja roopangale vaidyuthiyilekku parivartthanam cheyyuka). vaidyuthi nilayangalilaanu ("power plaantukal" ennum vilikkunnu) uthppaadanam nadathunnathu. vaidyuthiyude uthpaadanam mikkappozhum oru vaidyutha nilayathil electromechanical janarettarukaliloodeyaanu nadathunnathu, praadhamikamaayi jwalanamo nuclear fissiono upayogichu indhanakshamamaakkunna taapa enchinukal, marichu ozhukunna vellathinteyum kaattinteyum gathikorjjam polulla mattu maargangaliloodeyum. solar photovoltaic, jeothermal power ennivayaanu mattu oorjja srothassukal. fusion prathikaranam vazhi srishtikkappedunna athivegam neengunna charjju cheytha kanikakal srishtikkunna theevramaaya kaanthikakshethrangalil ninnu oorjjam nerittu verthirichedukkaan lakshyamidunna nirddishta fusion reactor designukal polulla oorjjam veendedukkunnathinulla videshavum oohaathmakavumaaya reethikalum undu (magnetohydrodinamics kaanuka). 
kalkari vaidyutha nilayangalum oduvil vaathakathil ninnulla vaidyutha nilayangalum ghattamghattamaayi nirthalaakkukayo praayogikamaanenkil avayude harithagriha vathaka udvamanam pidichedukkukayo cheiyunnathu kalavastha vyathiyaanam parimithappeduthunnathinna aavashyamaaya oorjja parivartthanatthinte oru pradhana bhagamaanu. gathagatham, veedukal, vyavasaayam ennivayude vaidyutheekaranathode vaidyuthiyude aavasyam shakthamayi vardhikkunnathinaal kooduthal sourorjjavum kaattil ninnulla oorjjavum aavasyamaanennu pravachikkappedunnu.
charithram.
1820kalilum 1830 kalude thudakkathilum britiish shaasthranjanaaya maikkal faaradeyaanu vaidyuthi ulppaadanathinte adisthaana thathwangal kandethiyathu. oru kaanthatthinte dhruvangalkkidayil oru kambiyude lupe allengil farreday disk chalippikkunnathiloode vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkukayaanu innum upayogikkunna addehathinte reethi. uyarnna voltejilum kuranja nashtatthilum vaidyuthi kaimaran power transformerukal upayogichu alternating karant (essy) power transmission vikasippichathode kendra power steshanukal saambathikamaayi praayogikamaayi.
dynamoye hydrolic turbineumayi bandhippichaanu vaanijya vaidyuthi uthppaadanam aarambhichath. vaidyuthiyude yaanthrika uthppaadanam randaam vyaavasaayika viplavathinu thudakkamidukayum vaidyuthi upayogichu niravadhi kandupiduthangal saadhyamaakkukayum cheythu, pradhana sambhavanakal thomas alwa edison nikkola teslayumaanu. munbu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkaanulla eaka maargam raasapravarthanangaliloode baattari cellukaliloodeyo aayirunnu, vaidyuthiyude eaka praayogika upayogam telegraphinaayirunnu.
1882ll newyorkkile pell street steshanil oru dynamo oodikkunna oru neeravi enchin oru dissy karant nirmmikkukayum athu newyorkkile pell streettil pothu velicham nalkukayum cheythathodeyaanu central power steshanukalile vaidyuthi uthppaadanam aarambhichath. puthiya saankethikavidya lokamembaadumulla pala nagarangalum vegathil sweekarichu, avaa avarude gyaas indhanamulla theruvu vilakkukale vaidyuthiyumaayi poruthappedutthi. taamasiyaathe pothu kettidangalilum bisinassukalilum traamukalum trainukalum polulla pothugathaagathatthinu vaidyuthi nalkunnathinum vaidyutha laittukal upayogikkum.
aadyathe vaidyutha nilayangal jalavaidyuthiyo kalkariyo upayogichirunnu. innu kalkari, aanava, prakrithivaathakam, jalavaidyuthi, kaatt, enna, sourorjjam, veliyetta oorjjam, bhootaapa srothassukal thudangi vividha oorjja srothassukal upayogikkunnu.
1880kalil incandesent laitt bulb avatharippichathode vaidyuthiyude janapreeti vanthothil vardhichu. joseph swan, thomas edison ennivarkku munbu laitt bulbinte 22 amgeekritha kandupiduthakkar undaayirunnuvenkilum edisoninteyum swanteyum kandupidutham ettavum vijaykaravum janapriyavumaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya varshangalil vaidyuthashaasthrathil vann kuthichuchaattam undaayi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode electrical saankethikavidyayudeyum enchineeyaringinteyum purogathi vaidyuthi dainamdina jeevithathinte bhagamaakaan kaaranamaayi. niravadhi vaidyutha kandupiduthangal avatharippikkukayum avaa dainamdina jeevithathil nadappaakkukayum cheythathode veedukalkkullile vaidyuthiyude aavasyam ganyamaayi vardhichu. demandile eee vardhanayode, laabhathinulla saadhyatha pala samrambhakarum kandu, avar vaidyutha samvidaanangalil nikshepam nadatthi oduvil aadyathe vaidyuthi pothu yoottilittikal srishtikkaan thudangi. charithratthile eee prakriya palappozhum vaidyutheekaranam ennu visheshippikkunnu.
parasparam swathanthramaayi pravartthikkunna kambanikalil ninnaan aadyakaala vaidyuthi vitharanam nadannathu. oru upabhokthaav oru uthppaadakanil ninnu vaidyuthi vaangukayum uthppaadakan athu swantham power grid vazhi vitharanam cheyyukayum cheyyum. saankethikavidya mechappettathode athinte uthppaadanakshamathayum kaaryakshamathayum mechappettu. neeravi turbine polulla kandupiduthangal vaidyutha ulppaadanathinte karyakshamathayil mathramalla ulppaadanathinte saambathikashaasthrathilum valia swaadheenam chelutthi. thaaporjjathe mechanical joliyaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathu neeravi enchinukalkku samanamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum ganyamaayi valia thothilum kooduthal uthppaadanakshamamaayum. innu naam upayogikkunna muzhuvan oorjja samvidaanathinum avaa nirnaayakamaayitheerunnathil eee valia thothilulla ulppaadana plaantukalude mechappeduthalukal kendreekritha ulppaadana prakriyaykku nirnaayakamaayirunnu. 
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathiludaneelam saambathikavum kaaryakshamathayumulla nettangal kaaranam niravadhi yoottilittikal avarude vitharana shringalakale layippikkaan thudangi. deerghadoora vaidyuthi kaimaattatthinte kandupiduthathodoppam, vaidyuthi nilayangalude ekopanam roopappedaan thudangi. sthirathayum vishwaasyathayum urappakkunnathinaayi eee samvidaanam pinneedu regional sisttam oopparettarmaar surakshithamaakki. 1920kalil vadakkan europilum vadakke amerikkayilum valia nagarangalilum nagarapradeshangalilum veedukalude vaidyutheekaranam aarambhichu. 1930 vare graamapradesangalil valia thothilulla vaidyutheekaranam nadannirunnilla.
thalamurayude reethikal.
mattu oorjja roopangale vaidyuthorjjamaakki maattaan niravadhi adisthaana reethikal nilavilundu. vaidyutha janarettarukal karakkunnathiloodeyo photovoltaic samvidaanangaliloodeyo yoottility skeyil uthppaadanam kaivarikkunnu. yoottilittikal vitharanam cheiyunna vaidyuthiyude oru cheria anupatham baattarikalaan nalkunnathu. tribo electric ephakt, peeso electric ephakt, thermo electric ephakt, beettavoltteykk ennivayaanu nikhe aaplikkeshanukalil upayogikkunna mattu vaidyuthi ulppaadana roopangal.
janarettarukal.
vaidyutha janarettarukal chalanathmaka oorjjathe vaidyuthiyaakkunnu. faaradeyude niyamathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathin ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna roopamaanithu. contecting metteeriyalinte adacha looppukalkullil oru kantham karakkunnathiloode ithu pareekshanaathmakamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum (udha.jii. chembu vayar). mikkavarum ellah vaanijya vaidyutha ulppaadanavum vaidyuthakaanthika induction upayogichaanu cheiyunnathu, athil mechanical oorjjam oru janarettarine karakkan nirbandhikkunnu.
electrochemistry.
baattariyilennapole raasa oorjjathe vaidyuthiyilekku nerittu parivartthanam cheiyunna reethiyaanu electrochemistry. portable, mobail aaplikkeshanukalil electrochemical vaidyuthi uthppaadanam pradhaanamaan. nilavil, mikka electrochemical power baattarikalil ninnaan varunnath. saadhaarana sink-kaarban baattarikal polulla praadhamika cellukal nerittu oorjja srothassukalaayi pravartthikkunnu, ennaal dvitheeya cellukal (i.iii. recharge cheyyaavunna baattarikal) praadhamika thalamura samvidaanangalekkaal sambharana samvidaanangalkkaanu upayogikkunnathu. indhana cellukal ennariyappedunna ooppan electrochemical sisttangal prakrithi indhanangalil ninno samyojitha indhanangalil ninno vaidyuthi verthirichedukkaan upayogikkaam. uppum shudhajalavum layikkunna sthalangalil ausmotic power oru saadhyathayaanu.
photovoltaic prabhavam.
sourorjjakoshangalilenna prakaashatthe vaidyuthorjjamaakki maattunnathaan photovoltaic prabhavam. photovoltaic paanalukal sooryaprakaashathe nerittu dissy vaidyuthiyilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnu. power inverterukalkku aavashyamenkil athu essy electricaayi parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. sooryaprakaasham soujanyavum samrudhavumaanenkilum, paanalukalude vila kaaranam valia thothilulla yaanthrikamaayi uthppaadippikkunna vaidyuthiyekkaal sourorjja vaidyuthi ippozhum ulppaadippikkaan kooduthal chelaveriyathaanu. kuranja kaaryakshamathayulla silikkan solar cellukalude vila kurayukayum 30 shathamaanatholam parivartthana kaaryakshamathayulla multijungtion cellukal ippol vaanijyaparamaayi labhyamavukayum cheiyunnu. pareekshana samvidaanangalil 40 sathamaanathiladhikam karyakshamatha prakadamaakkiyittundu. adutha kaalam vare, vaanijya power gridilekku praveshanamillaatha vidoora saittukalilo vyakthigatha veedukalkkum bisinasukalkkum anubandha vaidyuthi srothassaayo photovolteykkukal saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnu. ulppaadana kaaryakshamathayilum photovoltaic saankethikavidyayilum aduthide undaaya purogathiyum paaristhithika aashankakal nayikkunna subsidy solar paanalukalude vinyaasam naadakeeyamaayi thwarithappeduthi. jarmmani, jappan, america, chaina, india ennividangalile vardhanavu moolam sthaapitha sheshi prathivarsham ekadesham 20 sathamaanam vardhichukondirikkanu.
saambathikashaasthram.
vaidyuthi ulppaadana reethikalude thiranjeduppum avayude saambathika pravarthanakshamathayum aavasyathinum pradeshathinum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. lokamembaadum saambathikashaasthram ganyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ithu vyapakamaaya paarppida vilppana vilaykk kaaranamaakunnu. jalavaidyutha nilayangal, aanavorja nilayangal, thaapavaidyutha nilayangal, punarupayogikkaavunna srothassukal ennivaykku avarudethaaya gunadoshangalundu, praadeshika oorjja aavasyakathayeyum aavashyathile ettakkurachilukaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyaanu thiranjeduppu. ellah power gridukalilum vyathyastha lodukal undengilum dainamdina ettavum kuranjathu bays lodaanu, palappozhum thudarchayaayi pravartthikkunna plaantukal vitharanam cheiyunnu. aanava, kalkari, enna, vaathakam, chila jalavaidyutha nilayangal ennivaykku adisthaana looad nalkaan kazhiyum. kinarinte nirmmaanachelavu oru megawatinu 10 dollaril thaazheyaanenkil, prakrithivaathakathil ninnu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathu kalkari kathichu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathine vilakuranjathaanu.
aanavorja nilayangalkk orotta yoonittil ninnu valia alavil vaidyuthi ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, aanava duranthangal aanavorjjathinte surakshayekkurich aashanka uyarthiyittundu, aanava nilayangalude mooladhana chelavu valare uyarnnathaan.
vellam veezhunnathil ninnulla oorjjam turbineukal neekkunnathinum vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathinum upayogikkaan kazhiyunna pradesangalilaanu jalavaidyutha nilayangal sthithi cheiyunnathu. jalathinte ozhukk sambharikkanulla kazhivu parimithavum vaarshika ulppaadana chakratthil looad valareyadhikam vyathyaasappedunnathumaaya saambathikamaayi labhakaramaaya orotta ulppaadana srothassayirikkilla ithu.
upakaranangal nirmmikkunnu.
1830-kalil vaidyuthakaanthika induction kandethiyathil ninnu electric janarettarukal lalithamaaya roopangalil ariyapettu. pothuve, mukalil vivaricha enchin allengil turbineukal polulla chila tharatthilulla prime moverukal, oru karangunna kaanthikakshethram vayarinte nischalamaaya koyilukalkku mukaliloode nayikkukayum athuvazhi mechanical oorjjathe vaidyuthiyaakkukayum cheiyunnu. janarettar upayogikkaatha eaka vaanijyathala vaidyuthi uthppaadanam solar pivi aanu.
turbineukal.
bhoomiyile mikkavarum ellah vaanijya vaidyuthiyum kaatt, vellam, neeravi allengil kathunna vaathakam enniva upayogichu pravartthikkunna oru turbine upayogichaanu uthppaadippikkunnathu. turbine oru janarettarine nayikkunnu, angane vaidyuthakaanthika induction vazhi athinte mechanical oorjjathe vaidyuthorjjamaakki maattunnu. taapa enchinukal, jalavaidyuthi, kaatt, veliyettashakthi ennivayulppede mechanical oorjjam vikasippikkunnathin niravadhi vyathyastha reethikalundu. mikka vaidyutha ulppaadanavum oorjja enchinukalaanu nadathunnathu. phoosil indhanangalude jwalanathiloode eee enchinukalkku oorjjathinte bhooribhaagavum nalkunnu, ithil nuclear fissionil ninnum chilath punarupayogikkaavunna srothassukalil ninnum ganyamaaya alavil oorjjam labhikkunnu. aadhunika steem turbine (1884-ll sarr chaals paarsans kandupidichathu) nilavil lokathile vaidyuthiyude 80 sathamaanavum vividha taapa srothassukal upayogichu uthppaadippikkunnu. turbine tharangalil iva ulppedunnu
turbineukalkk neeravikku pakaram mattu taapa kaimatta draavakangalum upayogikkaam. vegathayeriya taapa kaimaattam, uyarnna oorjja saandrata, lalithamaaya power saikkil infrastructure enniva kaaranam suuppar critical kaarban dye ooksaid adhishtitha saikkilukalkk uyarnna parivartthana karyakshamatha nalkaan kazhiyum. nilavil vikasichukondirikkunna suuppar critical kaarban dye ooksaid mishrithangalkk athinte nirnaayaka mardhavum thaapanila pooyintukalum opttimais cheiyunnathiloode karyakshamatha kooduthal vardhippikkaan kazhiyum.
vaanijya oorjja ulppaadanathil turbineukal ettavum saadhaaranamaanenkilum, cheria janarettarukalkk petrol allengil deesal enchinukal upayogichu pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum. iva backup ulppaadanathino otappetta gramangalil oru pradhana oorjja srothassaayo upayogikkaam.
uthppaadanam.
2016ll lokamembaadumulla motham vaidyuthi uthppaadanam 25,082 erattiyaanu. kalkari, peett, prakrithivaathakam, jalavaidyuthi, aanavorjam, enna, 3.7 sathamaanam, sourorjjam, kaatt, bhoothaapam, veliyettam, mattu 5.6 sathamaanam, jaivavasthukkal, maalinyangal ennivayaayirunnu vaidyuthiyude srothassukal.
2021ll kaattum sourorjjavum uthppaadippikkunna vaidyuthi aagolathalathil uthppaadippikkunna vaidyuthiyude 10 shathamaanathilethi. shudhamaaya srothassukal (sourorjjavum kaattum mattu) lokathile vaidyuthiyude 38 sathamaanavum uthppaadippikkunnu.
raajyam anusarichu uthppaadanam.
2005ll kuranjathu 25 shathamaanamenkilum aagola vihitamullah amerikkayaan deerghakaalamaayi ettavum kooduthal vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkukayum upabhokthavaayi maarukayum cheythirikkunnathu, thudarnnu chaina, jappan, russia, india ennee rajyangalaanu. 2011ll chaina americaye marikadannu ettavum kooduthal vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna rajyamaayi. 
paaristhithika aashankakal.
vaidyuthorjjam uthppaadippikkunna rajyangal thammilulla vyathyaasangal paristhithiyekkurichulla aashankakale badhikkunnu. fraansil 10 sathamaanam vaidyuthi maathramaan phoosil indhanangalil ninnu uthppaadippikkunnathu, amerikkayil 70 sathamaanavum chainayil 80 sathamaanavum kooduthalaanu. vaidyuthiyude shuchithvam athinte uravidathe aasrayichirikkunnu. meedhane chorchayum (prakrithivaathakam muthal indhana vaathakathil ninnulla vaidyuthi nilayangal vare) phoosil indhanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vaidyuthi ulppaadanathil ninnulla kaarban dye ooksaid puranthallalum loka harithagriha vathaka udvamanathinte ganyamaaya bhagamaanu. amerikkayil, vaidyuthorja ulppaadanathinaayulla phoosil indhana jwalanamaanu assid mazhayude pradhana gadakamaaya sulfur dye ooksaidinte 65 sathamaanam puranthallalinu kaaranamaakunnath. amerikkayile nox, kaarban monoxide, kanika dravyam ennivayude naalaamathe uyarnna samyuktha srothassaanu vaidyuthi uthppaadanam.
anthaaraashtra oorjja ejansi (aii. iii. eiii) yude kanakkanusarichu, kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte ettavum mosham prathyaaghaathangal ozhivakkaan 2040 oode aagola vaidyutha ulppaadanathinte 85 sathamaanavum kaarban kuranja vaidyuthi ulppaadanam aayirikkanam. energy impact sentar (iii. aii. sii), yunaittad nations economic kammeeshan phoor europe (yuu. enn. sii. iii) ennivayulppedeyulla mattu samghadanakaleppole, aaa lakshyam niravettunnathinaayi aanavorjavum punarupayoga oorjjavum vipuleekarikkanamennu aii. iii. eiii. aavasyappettu. anthareekshathil ninnu nilavilulla kaarban udvamanam neekkam cheiyunna nerittulla vaayu pidichedukkalinum ithinu kazhiyumennathinaal vaidyuthi ulppaadanathe decarbonise cheiyunnathinulla praadhamika reethiyaanu aanavorjjamenn aii. aii. sii sthaapakan brettu kugelmasineppole chilar vishwasikkunnu. kaarban udvamanam parimithappedutthukayum vipuleekaricha vaidyutha ulppaadanathinte aavasyakatha parimithappedutthukayum cheiyunna jilla choodaakkal, desalination padhathikal srishtikkaanum aanavorja nilayangalkk kazhiyum.
kendreekritha uthppaadanavum innu upayogikkunna nilavile vaidyutha ulppaadana reethikalum sambandhicha oru adisthaana prashnam pala ulppaadana prakriyakalkkum undaakunna kaaryamaaya prathikoola paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangalaanu. kalkari, vaathakam thudangiya prakriyakal kathikkumbol kaarban dye ooksaid purathuviduka mathramalla, avaa bhoomiyil ninnu verthirichedukkunnathum paristhithiye badhikkunnu. thuranna kuzhikal kalkari khanikal kalkari verthirichedukkunnathum khananathinu sesham uthppaadanakshamamaaya bhoomi upayogathinulla saadhyatha parimithappeduthunnathinum valia bhoomi upayogikkunnu. prakruthivaathakathinte verthirichedukkal bhoomiyil ninnu verthirichedukkumbol valia alavil meedhane anthareekshathilekku purathuvidunnathu aagola harithagriha vaathakangale valareyadhikam vardhippikkunnu. aanavorja nilayangal vaidyuthi ulppaadanathiloode kaarban dye ooksaid purathuvidunnillenkum aanava maalinyangalumaayi bandhapetta apakadasaadhyathakalum aanava srothassukalude upayogavumaayi bandhapetta suraksha aashankakalum undu. 
oru yoonit vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna kalkari, vaathakathil ninnulla oorjjam ennivayude jeevithachakra harithagriha vathaka udvamanam mikkavarum ellaayppozhum mattu ulppaadana reethikalekkaal patthu madangu kooduthalaanu.
kendreekrithavum vitharanam cheyyappettathumaaya uthpaadanam.
transmission lainukaliloode upabhokthaakkalkk ayaykkunna valia thothilulla kendreekritha soukaryangaliloode vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathaanu kendreekritha uthppaadanam. eee soukaryangal saadhaaranayaayi upabhokthaakkalil ninnu valare akaleyaan sthithicheyyunnathu, uyarnna volteju transmission lainukaliloode vaidyuthi oru substationilekku vitharanam cheiyunnu, avide athu upabhokthaakkalkk vitharanam cheiyunnu; multy-megawatt allengil jigawat skeyil valia steshanukal dhaaraalam aalukalkk vaidyuthi srishtikkunnu ennathaanu adisthaana ashayam. upayogikkunna vaidyuthiyude bhooribhaagavum kendreekritha uthppaadanathil ninnaan srishtikkappedunnathu. aanavo valia jalavaidyutha nilayangalo saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnundengil, kalkari allengil prakrithivaathakam polulla phoosil indhanangal nadathunna valia oorjja nilayangalil ninnaan mikka kendreekritha oorjja ulppaadanavum varunnath. 
kendreekritha uthppaadanam adisthaanaparamaayi vitharanam cheytha uthppaadanathinu vipareethamaanu. vitharana uthppaadanam ennathu cheria upabhokthaakkalude grouppukalkku cheria thothilulla vaidyuthi uthppaadanamaanu. sourorjjam allengil kaattil ninnu swathanthramaayi vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathum ithil ulppedaam. melkoora sourorjjam polulla punarupayoga oorjja ulppaadana reethikal upayogikkaanulla pravanatha kaaranam sameepa varshangalil vitharanam cheytha uthppaadanam janapreeti vardhippichu.
saankethikavidyakal.
kendreekritha oorjja srothassukal valia alavilulla vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna valia oorjja nilayangalaanu. kendreekritha uthppaadanathil upayogikkunna mikka oorjja nilayangalum thaapavaidyutha nilayangalaanu, athaayath avaa neeravi choodaakkaan oru indhanam upayogichu oru marddita vaathakam uthppaadippikkunnu, athu oru turbine karakkukayum vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. oorjjam uthppaadippikkunnathinu parambaraagatha maarggamaanith. eee prakriya vyapakamaaya vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathin niravadhi saankethikavidyakale aasrayikkunnu, avaa prakrithidatha kalkari, vaathakam, taapa ulppaadanathinte aanava roopangal ennivayaanu. aduthide sourorjjavum kaattum valia thothil mariyirikkunnu.
prakrithivaathakam.
vaidyuthi ulppaadippikkaan turbineukal karakkan upayogikkunna sammarda vaathakam srishtikkaan prakrithivaathakam kathikkunnu. prakrithivaathaka plaantukal oru gyaas turbine upayogikkunnu, avide ooksijanoppam prakrithivaathakam cherkkunnu, athu turbinil kathikkukayum vikasikkukayum oru janarettarine karakkan nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
prakrithivaathaka oorjja nilayangal kalkari oorjja ulppaadanathekkaal kaaryakshamamaan, ennirunnaalum avaa kalavastha vyathiyaanathin sambhavana cheiyunnu, pakshe kalkari ulppaadanam pole uyarnnathalla. prakruthivaathakathinte jwalanathil ninnu avaa kaarban dye ooksaid ulppaadippikkuka mathramalla, khananam cheyyumbol vaathakam verthirichedukkukayum anthareekshathilekku ganyamaaya alavil meedhane purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu.
aanava.
aanavorja nilayangal neeravi turbineukaliloode vaidyuthi srishtikkunnu, avide taapa inputt aanava vighadana prakriyayil ninnaan. nilavil lokathile motham vaidyuthiyude 11 sathamaanavum aanavorjjamaan uthppaadippikkunnathu. mikka aanava reactorukalum euranium indhana srotassaayi upayogikkunnu. nuclear fission enna prakriyayil, nuclear attangal vibhajikkumbol thaapatthinte roopathil oorjjam purathuvarunnu. oru nuclear reactor upayogichaanu vaidyuthi srishtikkunnathu, avide nuclear fission vazhi ulppaadippikkunna thapam neeravi ulppaadippikkaan upayogikkunnu, athu turbineukale karakkukayum janarettarukalkk shakti nalkukayum cheiyunnu. pala tharatthilulla aanava reactors undengilum, avayellaam adisthaanaparamaayi eee prakriya upayogikkunnu.
aanavorja nilayangal moolamundaakunna saadhaarana udvamanam praadhamikamaayi pazhaakkunna thapavum radio active indhanavumaanu. oru reactor apakadatthil, ganyamaaya alavil radioisodoppukal paristhithiyilekku purathuvidukayum jeevanu deerghakaala apakadamundaakkukayum cheiyunnu. eee apakadasaadhyatha paristhithi pravartthakarude nirantharamaaya aashankayaan. moonnu mile dairkhyamulla dweep apakadam, chernobyl durantham, fukushima aanava durantham thudangiya apakadangal eee prashnathe vyakthamaakkunnu. 
raajyam anusarichu vaidyuthi ulppaadana sheshi.
motham vaidyuthi sheshiyulla 45 raajyangale pattika pattikappedutthunnu. 2022 muthalullathaanu kanakkukal.
energy information administration parayunnathanusarichu, 2022-leeii motham aagola vaidyuthi sheshi ekadesham 8.9 terrawat (2) aayirunnu, ithu 1981-leeii motham aagola vaidyuthi sheshiyude naalirattiyaan. 2022-ll aagola sharashari prathiseersha vaidyuthi sheshi ekadesham 1,120 vaatt aayirunnu, 1981-leeii aagola sharashari prathiseersha vaidyuthi sheshiyude ekadesham randara madangu. lokathile ettavum uyarnna prathiseersha sthaapitha sheshi ekadesham 8,990 vaatt aanu. ellah vikasita raajyangalilum aagola sharashari prathiseersha vaidyuthi sheshiyekkaal sharashari prathiseersha vaidyuthi sheshiyund, mattu ellah vikasita raajyangale apekshichu ettavum kuranja prathiseersha vaidyuthi sheshiyulla rajyamaanu yunaittad kingdom.

