
negatteevu prathirodham

electronicsil, chila electrical sarkyoottukaludeyum upakaranangaludeyum oru savisheshathayaanu negatteevu resistans (enr), athil upakaranathinte terminalukaliludaneelam volteju vardhikkunnathu athiloode vaidyuthadhaara kurayunnu.
ithu oru saadhaarana resistaril ninnu vyathyasthamaan, athil prayogicha voltejinte vardhanavu oom niyamam kaaranam vaidyuthadhaarayil aanupathika vardhanavinu kaaranamaakukayum positteev resistansinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. oru positteev resistans athiloode kadannupokunna vaidyuthadhaarayil ninnu vaidyuthi upayogikkumbol, oru negatteevu resistans vaidyuthi ulppaadippikkunnu. chila saahacharyangalil ithinu oru electrical signalinte shakti vardhippikkaanum athu vardhippikkaanum kazhiyum.
chila nonleeniyar electronic gadakangalil sambhavikkunna oru asaadhaarana savisheshathayaanu negatteevu resistans. oru nonleeniyar upakaranathil, rund tharam prathirodhatthe nirvachikkaam 'staatik' allengil 'kevala prathirodham', vaidyuthadhaarayude formula _ 1-lekkulla voltejinte anupatham, 'deferential prathirodham', vaidyuthadhaarayude formula _ 2-leeii maattavumaayi voltejile maattatthinte anupatham. negatteevu prathirodham enna padam negatteevu deferential prathirodham (ndr), formula _ 3 ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. pothuve, negatteevu deferential prathirodham ennathu rund terminal gadakamaanu, athu vardhippikkaan kazhiyum, athe terminalukalil prayogikkunna essy outtputtu pavarilekku athinte terminalukalil prayogikkunna dissy power parivartthanam cheiyunnu. electronic oosilettarukalilum amplifierukalilum, prathyekichu microwave freekwansikalilum avaa upayogikkunnu. mikka microwave oorjjavum negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranangal upayogichaanu uthppaadippikkunnathu. avaykku histerisis undakam, avaa baistabil aakam, athinaal switchingilum memory sarkyoottukalilum iva upayogikkunnu. tunnel diodeukal, gann diodeukal, niyon laambukal polulla gyaas discharge tubeukal, fluorescent laittukal ennivayaanu negatteevu deferential resistans ulla upakaranangalude udaaharanagal. koodaathe, traansistarukal, positteev feedback ulla oopu aampukal thudangiya amplifying upakaranangal adangiya sarkyoottukalkk negatteevu deferential resistans undaayirikkum. oosilettarukalilum active filterukalilum iva upayogikkunnu.
nonleeniyar aayathinal, negatteevu resistans upakaranagalkk saadhaaranayaayi electric sarcuteukalil abhimukeekarikkunna positteev "omik" resistansukalekkaal sankeernamaaya swabhaavamundu. mikka positteev resistansukalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, upakaranathil prayogikkunna voltejineyo vaidyuthadhaarayeyo aashrayich negatteevu resistans vyathyaasappedunnu, koodaathe negatteevu resistans upakaranagalkk avayude voltejinteyo vaidyuthadhaarayudeyo parimithamaaya bhaagath maathrame negatteevu resistans undaakoo. athinaal, oru positteev resistarinu samanamaaya yadhaartha "negatteevu resisttar" illa, ithu ekapaksheeyamaayi vishalamaaya vaidyuthadhaarayil sthiramaaya negatteevu resistans undu.
nirvachanangal.
oru vaidyutha upakaranathinteyo sarkyoottinteyo rund terminalukal thammilulla prathirodham nirnnayikkunnath athinte karant-volteju ("i-v") vakram (swabhaava vakram) aanu, athiloode athiludaneelamulla eathenkilum volteju soothravaakyam _ 5 nuu karant formula _ 4 nalkunnu. electrical sarcuteukalil abhimukeekarikkunna saadhaarana (positteev) prathirodhangal ulppede mikka vasthukkalum oom niyamam anusarikkunnu; avayiloodeyulla vaidyuthadhaara vishalamaaya shreniyile voltejinu aanupaathikamaanu. athinaal oru oomiku resistansinte "aii-vii" vakram positteev slopulla uthbhavasthaanathiloode oru nerrekhayaanu. prathirodham ennathu voltejinteyum vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum anupaathamaan, variyude vipareeta charivu (volteju formula _ 5 swatantra variable "i-v" graafukalil) sthiramaanu.
chila nonleeniyar (nonmik) upakaranagalil negatteevu resistans sambhavikkunnu. oru nonleeniyar gadakathil "i-v" vakrarekha oru nerrekhayalla, athinaal athu oom niyamam anusarikkunilla. prathirodham ippozhum nirvachikkaan kazhiyum, pakshe prathirodham sthiramalla; upakaranathiloodeyulla voltageno vaidyuthadhaaraykko anusarichu ithu vyathyaasappedunnu. atharam oru nonleeniyar upakaranathinte prathirodham rund tharatthil nirvachikkaam, avaa oomiku prathirodhatthinu thulyamaanu
positteev resistans pole negatteevu resistansum oomsil alakkunnu.
conductance ennathu prathirodhatthinte parasparamaanu. oru oom prathirodhamulla oru resistarinte chaalakathayaaya seamensilaanu (munbu "moow") ithu alakkunnathu. mukalil nirvachichirikkunna oro tharatthilulla prathirodhatthinum anubandha chaalakathayund.
kandakdansinu athinte anubandha resistansinte athe adayaalam undennu kaanaan kazhiyum oru negatteevu resistansinu negatteevu conductance undaayirikkum, athesamayam oru positteev resistansinu positteev conductance undaakum.
ooppareshan.
vividha tharatthilulla prathirodhatthe verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna oru maarggam oru surcute electronic gadakavum thammilulla vaidyuthiyum vaidyuthiyum aanu. oru sarcutil gadippichirikkunna gadakathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru deerghachathuramulla chuvadeyulla chithreekaranangal, vividha tharangal engane pravarthikkunnuvennu samgrahikkunnu
tharangalum padangalum.
oru electronic upakaranathil, deferential resistans formula _ 14, staatik resistans formula _ 15, allengil randum negatteevu aakam, athinaal moonnu vibhaagathilulla upakaranangalund "(figure. mukalil 2-4 umm mukalil patikayum) ithine "negatteevu resistansukal" ennu vilikkam.
negatteevu resistans" enna padam mikkavarum ellaayppozhum negatteevu "deferential" resistans negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranagalkk savisheshamaaya kazhivukalunda avaykku "vann-portt amplifierukalaayi" pravartthikkaan kazhiyum, avayude porttil (terminalukal) prayogikkunna samaya-vyathyasa signalinte shakti vardhippikkunnu, allengil oru oosilettar nirmmikkaan tyoon cheytha sarkyoottile aandolanangal uthejippikkunnu. avarkk histerisis undakam. oru oorjja srothassillaathe oru upakaranathinu negatteevu deferential resistans saadhyamalla, eee upakaranangale avayude oorjjam oru aantharika srothassil ninno porttil ninno labhikkunnundo ennathine aashrayich rund vibhagangalaayi tirikkaam
idaykkide saadhaarana oorjja srothassukale "negatteevu resistansukal" ennu vilikkunnu (figue. mukalil 3). sajeeva upakaranangalude (oorjja srothassukal) "staatik" allengil "kevala" prathirodha soothravaakyam _ 15 negatteevu aayi kanakkaakkaamenkilum (chuvadeyulla negatteevu staatik resistans vibhaagam kaanuka) baattarikal, janarettarukal, (positteev allatha feedback) amplifierukal enniva polulla mikka saadhaarana oorjja srothassukalkkum (essy allengil dissy) positteev "deferential" prathirodhamund (avayude uravida prathirodham). athinaal, eee upakaranagalkk vann-portt amplifierukalaayi pravartthikkaano negatteevu deferential resistansukalude mattu kazhivukal undaakaano kazhiyilla.
negatteevu resistans upakaranangalude pattika.
negatteevu deferential resistansulla electronic gadakangalil eee upakaranangal ulppedunnu
vaathakangaliloodeyulla vaidyuthavitharanam eee upakaranangal ulppede negatteevu deferential resistans prakadippikkunnu.
koodaathe, negatteevu deferential resistansulla active sarcuteukal traansistarukal, oopu aampukal thudangiya amplify cheiyunna upakaranangal upayogichu feedback upayogichu nirmmikkanum kazhiyum. sameepa varshangalil niravadhi puthiya pareekshanathmaka negatteevu deferential resistans metteeriyalukalum upakaranangalum kandethiyittundu. negatteevu prathirodhatthinu kaaranamakunna bhauthika prakriyakal vaividyamaarnnathaanu, koodaathe oro tharatthilulla upakaranathinum athintethaaya negatteevu prathirodha savisheshathakalundu, athu athinte karant-volteju vakram vyakthamaakkunnu.
negatteevu staatik allengil "kevala" prathirodham.
saadhaarana prathirodham ("staatik" allengil "kevala" prathirodham, formula _ 17) negatteevu aano ennathaanu chila aashayakkuzhappangalude oru pooyint. electronicsil, "resistans" enna padam saadhaaranayaayi nishkriya vasthukkalkkum gadakangalkkum-vayarukal, resistarukal, diodeukal ennivaykku maathrame prayogikkukayulloo. joolinte niyamam kaanikkunnathupole ivaykku formula _ 18 undaayirikkaan kazhiyilla, oru nishkriya upakaranam vaidyuthorjjam upayogikkunnu, athinaal nishkriya chihna kanvenshan formula _ 19 ll ninnu. athinaal, joolinte niyamathil ninnu mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, poojya prathirodhamulla oru "thikanja" kandakdarinekkaal mikacha vaidyutha pravaham nadatthaan oru meteeriyalinum kazhiyilla. oru nishkriya upakaranathinu formula _ 20 undengil athu oorjja samrakshanatheyo thermodynamicsinte randaamathe niyamatheyo lamghikkum, "(rekhaachithram). athinaal, staatik resistans orikkalum negatteevu aakaan kazhiyillennu chila rachayithakkal parayunnu.
ennirunnaalum eathenkilum oorjja srothassinte (essy allengil dissy) terminalukalile voltageinteyum vaidyuthadhaarayude anupaathavum negatteevu aanennu eluppathil kaanikkunnu. oru upakaranathil ninnu vaidyuthorjjam (pottensial energy) sarkyoottilekk ozhukunnathinu, charge upakaranathiloode pottensial energy vardhippikkunna dishayilekku ozhukanam, parambaraagatha vaidyuthadhaara (positteev charge) negatteevu terminalil ninnu positteev terminalilekku neenganam. athinaal thalkshana vaidyuthadhaarayude disha positteev terminalil ninnu "outtu" aanu. ithu nishkriya chihna kanvenshan nirvachicha oru nishkriya upakaranathile vaidyuthadhaarayude dishaykku vipareethamaanu, athinaal vaidyuthadhaaraykkum voltejinum vipareeta chinnangalundu, avayude anupatham negatteevu aanu.
soothravaakyam _ 21
joolinte niyamathil ninnum ithu theliyikkaam.
soothravaakyam _ 22
formula _ 18 aanenkil maathrame oru upakaranathil ninnu sarkyoottilekk vaidyuthi ozhukaan kazhiyoo ennu ithu kaanikkunnu. negatteevu oru kanvenshan kaaryamaakumbol eee alavine "resistans" ennu vilikkunnundo illayo ennu. oorjja srothassukalude samboornna prathirodham negatteevu aanu, ennaal ithu positteev prathirodhangalude athe ardhathil "prathirodham" aayi kanakkaakkaruth. oru oorjja srothassinte negatteevu staatik resistans valare amoorthavum valare upayogapradavumaaya alavaanu, kaaranam athu looad anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. oorjja samrakshanam kaaranam ithu ellaayppozhum attaachucheytha sarkyoottinte staatik resistansinte negatteevu "(valath)" nuu thulyamaanu.
vaidyutha mandalathinethire positteev terminalilekku neengaan upakaranathile chila oorjja srothassukal chaarjukalil pravartthikkanam, athinaal oorjja samrakshanathinu negatteevu staatik resistansukalkku oru oorjja srothass aavasyamaanu. baattariyilo janarettarilo ullathupole mattethenkilum tharatthilulla oorjjathe vaidyuthiyilekku parivartthanam cheiyunna oru aantharika srothassil ninno allengil traansisttar, vaakvam tube allengil opu aambu polulla amplifying upakaranathilennapole oru baahya vaidyuthi vitharana sarkyoottilekkulla prathyeka kanakshanil ninno vaidyuthi vannekkaam.
aathyanthikamayi nishkriyathvam.
oru sarkyoottin ananthamaaya voltageilo karant paridhiyilo negatteevu staatik resistans (sajeevamayirikkuka) undaayirikkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam athinu ananthamaaya power ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyanam. parimithamaaya oorjja srothassulla eathenkilum sajeeva sarcuto upakaranamo "oduvil nishkriyamaanu". eee savisheshatha ardhamaakkunnathu mathiyaya valia baahya voltejo allengil dhruveeyathayude vaidyuthadhaarayo athil prayogikkukayaanenkil, athinte staatik resistans positteev aakukayum athu vaidyuthi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu ennaanu.
formula _ 24
ivide formula _ 25 ennathu upakaranathinu ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna paramavadhi sakthiyaanu.
athinaal, "i-v" vakrathinte attangal oduvil thiriyukayum onnum moonnum kwaadrantukalilekku praveshikkukayum cheyyum. athinaal negatteevu staatik resistans ulla vakrathinte paridhi parimithamaanu, uthbhavathin chuttumulla oru pradeshathu parimithappedutthiyirikku. udaaharanathinu, oru janarettarilo baattariyilo "(mukalil graph)" athinte ooppan surcuted voltejinekkaal kooduthal "oru volteju prayogikkunnathu vaidyuthadhaarayude ozhukkine vipareethamaakkukayum athinte staatik resistans positteev aakkukayum angane athu vaidyuthi upayogikkukayum cheyyum. athupole, vaidyuthi vitharana volteju "v" kalekkaal thaazheyulla negatteevu impedence kanverttaril oru volteju prayogikkunnathu amplifier poorithamaakaan kaaranamaakukayum athinte prathirodham positteev aakkukayum cheyyum.
negatteevu deferential resistans.
negatteevu deferential resistans (ndr) ulla oru upakaranathilo sarcutilo, "aii-vii" vakrathinte chila bhaagangalil volteju vardhikkumbol vaidyuthadhaara kurayunnu
soothravaakyam _ 26
aii-vii" vakram nonmonotonic aanu (kodumudikalum trafukalum ulla) negatteevu charivinte pradeshangal negatteevu deferential resistansine prathinidheekarikkunnu.
nishkriya negatteevu deferential resistansukalkku positteev "staatik" resistans undu; avaa motham vaidyuthi upayogikkunnu. athinaal, "aii-vii" vakram graafinte onnum moonnum kwaadrantukalil parimithappedutthukayum uthbhavathiloode kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu. eee aavasyakatha ardhamaakkunnathu (chila asymptotic kesukal ozhike) negatteevu resistansinte pradesham (kall) parimithavum positteev resistansinte pradeshangalaal chuttappettathum aayirikkanam, koodaathe uthbhavam ulppeduthaan kazhiyilla.
tharangal.
negatteevu deferential resistansukale rund tharangalayi tharamthirikkaam
mikka upakaranagalkkum orotta negatteevu resistans mekhalayundu. ennirunnaalum onniladhikam vyathyastha negatteevu resistans mekhalakalulla upakaranangalum kettichamaykkaam. ivaykku randil kooduthal sthirathayulla avasthakal undakam, koodaathe multy valued lojik nadappilaakkunnathinu digital sarcuteukalil upayogikkaan thaalpparyamund.
vividha upakaranangale thaarathamyam cheyyaan upayogikkunna oru aantharika paaraameettar "peak-tuu-vaali karant anupatham" (pvr) aanu, ithu negatteevu resistans mekhalayude mukalilulla vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum thaazheyulla vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum anupaathamaan "(mukalil graafukal kaanuka):
soothravaakyam _ 27
ithu ethra valuthaano athra valia dissy bayas karantinu ulla pottensial essy outtputtu, athinaal kaaryakshamathayum koodunnu.
vardhanavu.
signal athinte "i-v" vakrathinte negatteevu resistans mekhalaykkullil nilkkunnathin dissy voltejumaayo vaidyuthadhaarayumaayo pakshapathaparamaayi aanenkil oru negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranathinu athil prayogikkunna essy signal vardhippikkaan kazhiyum.
tunnel diode surcuted "(rekhaachithram kaanuka)" oru udaaharanamaanu. tunnel diode "tidi" kku volteju niyantritha negatteevu deferential resistans undu. baattari formula _ 28 diodyludaneelam oru sthiramaaya volteju (bayas) cherkkunnu, athinaal ithu athinte negatteevu resistans shreniyil pravartthikkukayum signal vardhippikkaanulla shakti nalkukayum cheiyunnu. bayas pooyintile negatteevu resistans formula _ 29 aanennu karuthuka. sthiratha formulakku _ 30 formula _ 31 nekkaal kuravaayirikkanam. oru volteju deviderinulla formula upayogichu, essy outtputtu volteju
formula _ 32 athinaal volteju nettam formula _ 33 aanu
oru saadhaarana volteju devideril, oro shaakhayudeyum prathirodham muzhuvan prathirodhathekkaalum kuravaanu, athinaal outtputtu volteju inputtinekkaal kuravaanu. ivide, negatteevu resistans kaaranam, motham essy resistans formula _ 34 diodinte maathram resistansinekkaal kuravaanu, athinaal essy outtputtu volteju formula _ 36 inputt formula _ 37 nekkaal valuthaanu. volteju geyin formula _ 38 onninekkaal valuthaanu, formula _ 30 formula _ 31-neey sameepikkumbol paridhiyillathe vardhikkunnu.
adhikara nettatthinte vishadeekaranam.
rund terminalukal maathrame ulloovenkilum oru pakshapathaparamaaya negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranathinu athil prayogikkunna oru signalinte shakti vardhippikkaanum athu vardhippikkaanum engane kazhiyumennu rekhaachitrangal vyakthamaakkunnu. superposition thathwam kaaranam upakaranathinte terminalukalile voltage vaidyuthadhaarayum oru dissy bayas gadakamaayum essy gadakamaayum thirikkam.
soothravaakyam _ 41
soothravaakyam _ 42
volteju formula positteev maattam _ 43 karant formula oru "negatteevu" maattathinu kaaranamakunnathinaal, upakaranathile essy karantum voltage 180 digri outtu oof phase aanu. ithinartham essy ekvivaalant sarcutil "(valath)," thalkshana essy karant δ "i" oru janarettarilennapole "vardhichuvarunna" essy pottensial δ "v" enna dishayilekku upakaranathiloode ozhukunnu. athinaal, essy power decypation "negatteevu" aanu; essy power upakaranam ulppaadippikkukayum baahya sarkyoottilekk ozhukukayum cheiyunnu.
formula _ 45
sariyaaya baahya surcuted upayogichu, upakaranathinu oru lodilekku vitharanam cheiyunna essy signal power vardhippikkaanum amplifieraayi pravartthikkaanum allengil oru oosilettar nirmmikkunnathin oru resonant sarcutil aandolanangal uthejippikkaanum kazhiyum. traansisttar allengil opu aambu polulla rund portt amplifying upakaranathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, amplified signal inputt signal praveshikkunna athe rund terminalukaliloode (portt) upakaranathe vidunnu.
oru nishkriya upakaranathil, uthppaadippikkunna essy power inputt dissy bayas karantil ninnaan varunnath, upakaranam dissy power agiranam cheiyunnu, avayil chilath upakaranathinte nonleeniyaritti vazhi essy pavarakki parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum prayogicha signal vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, outtputtu power bayas power kondu parimithappedutthiyirikku.
formula _ 46
negatteevu deferential resistans mekhalayil uthbhavam ulppeduthaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam ithinu appol prayogicha dissy bayas karant illaathe oru signal vardhippikkaan kazhiyum, ithu power inputt illaathe essy power ulppaadippikkunnu. dissy power essy power aouttum thammilulla vyathyaasathin thulyamaaya thaapamaayi upakaranam kurachu power illaathaakkunnu.
upakaranathinu reactance undakam, athinaal vaidyuthadhaarayum voltage thammilulla ghatta vyathyasam 180° ll ninnu vyathyaasappedaam, athu aavruthi anusarichu vyathyaasappedaam. impedansinte yadhaartha ghadakam negatteevu (90° num 270° num edayilulla ghattam angle) aayirikkunnidatholam kaalam, upakaranathinu negatteevu prathirodham undaayirikkum, koodaathe vardhippikkaanum kazhiyum.
negatteevu resistans mekhalayude valippam anusarichu paramavadhi essy outtputtu power parimithappedutthiyirikku (mukalilulla graafukalil formula _ 47)
soothravaakyam _ 48
prathiphalana gunakam.
inputt signal praveshikkunna athe porttiloode outtputtu signalinu oru negatteevu resistans nalkaan kazhiyumennathinte kaaranam, transmission line sidhaanthathil ninnu, oru gadakathinte terminalukalile essy voltejine allengil vaidyuthadhaaraye rund ethirvashathu neengunna tharamgangalaayi thirikkam, upakaranathilekku sanjarikkunna "insidant wave" formula 49, upakaranathil ninnu akale sanjarikkunna "reflected wave" formula 50. prathifalitha tharamgatthinteyum sambhava tharamgatthinteyum anupatham, athinte prathiphalana gunakam soothravaakyathinte vyaapthi _ 51, onnil kooduthalaanengil oru sarkyoottile negatteevu deferential resistansinu vardhippikkaan kazhiyum.
formula _ 52 evide formula _ 53
reflected" (outtputtu) signalinu sambhavathekkaal valia amplitude undu; upakaranathinu "reflecton geyin" undu. negatteevu resistans upakaranathinte essy impedence, formula 54, athumaayi gadippichirikkunna sarkyoottinte impedence, formula 55 ennivayaanu reflection coffificient nirnnayikkunnath. formula 56 umm formula 57 umm aanenkil formula 58 umm upakaranam amplify cheyyum. uyarnna freekwansi sarkyoottukalude roopakalppanayil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna graaphikkal asisttaaya smith chartle, negatteevu deferential resistans yoonit sarkkil formula _ 59 nuu purathulla pooyintukalumaayi poruthappedunnu, ithu parambaraagatha chaarttinte athirthiyaanu, athinaal prathyeka "vipuleekaricha" charttukal upayogikkanam.
sthirathayude avasthakal.
nonleeniyar aayathinal, negatteevu deferential resistansulla oru sarkyoottin "i-v" vakrathil sthithicheyyunna onniladhikam santulita pooyintukal (saadhyamaaya dissy operating pooyintukal) undayirikkaam. oru santulita binduvu sthiramaayirikkum, athinaal athinte dhruvangal s thalam (elechpi) yude idathu pakuthiyilaanenkil, oru pooyint asthiramaanengil, surcuted athinte dhruvangal yathaakramam "jeo" achuthandilo valath pakuthi thalatthilo (arhp) aanenkil, surcuted aandolanathino allengil "latch upp" (mattoru binduvilekku othucheral) cheyyaan kaaranamaakunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, oru leanier sarkyoottin sthirathayullatho asthiramo aaya orotta santulita binduvundu. santulita pooyintukal nirnnayikkunnath dissy bayas sarkyoottaan, avayude sthiratha nirnnayikkunnath baahya sarkyoottinte essy impedence formula _ 60 aanu.
ennirunnaalum, vakrangalude vyathyastha roopangal kaaranam, vii. sii. enn. aarr, sii. sii. enn. aarr tharam negatteevu resistansinu sthirathaykkulla vyavastha vyathyasthamaan
reactansulla general negatteevu resistans sarkyoottukalkk, naikvist stebility maanadandam polulla staanderd testtukal vazhi sthiratha nirnnayikkanam. pakaramaayi, uyarnna freekwansi surcuted roopakalppanayil, surcuted sthirathayulla formula _ 60-nte moolyangal nirnnayikkunnath oru smith chartile "stebility sarkkilukal" upayogichu oru graaphikkal saankethikavidyayaanu.
pravartthana mekhalakalum aaplikkeshanukalum.
formula _ 69, formula _ 70 ennivayulla lalithamaaya noonn reactive negatteevu resistans upakaranagalkk upakaranathinte vyathyastha pravartthana mekhalakal "i-v" karvile looad lineukal upayogichu chithreekarikkaan kazhiyum (graafukal kaanuka).
dissy looad line (dcl) ennathu dissy bayas surcuted nirnnayikkunna oru nerrekhayaanu, samavaakyam soothravaakyam _ 71 ulla ivide soothravaakyam _ 72 ennathu dissy bayas supply voltage r ennathu supplieyude resistansumaanu. dissy looad line "aii-vii" vakrathe murichukadakkunnidathaan saadhyamaaya dissy operating pooyint (kall) (kyu pooyintukal) sambhavikkunnath. sthirathaykkaayi
upakaranathe abhimukeekarikkunna deferential (essy) resistans formula _ 73 aaya kyu poyintiloodeyulla oru nerrekhayaanu essy looad line ("l" 1 − "l" 3). vardhikkunna formula _ 73 looad lainine ethir gadikaaradishayil thirikkunnu. soothravaakyam _ 73 anusarichu surcuted pravartthikkunnathu saadhyamaaya moonnu pradeshangalil onnil aanu (rekhaachitrangal kaanuka).
sajeeva resistarukal-feedbaakkil ninnulla negatteevu resistans.
mukalil intrinsic negatteevu deferential resistans ulla nishkriya upakaranagalkk purame, traansistarukal allengil opu amps polulla amplify cheiyunna upakaranangalulla sarkyoottukalkk avayude porttukalil negatteevu resistans undaayirikkum. aavasyathinu positteev feedback prayogikkunna oru amplifierinte inputt allengil outtputtu impedence negatteevu aakam. formula _ 82 ennathu feedback illaatha amplifierinte inputt resistans aanenkil, formula _ 83 ennathu amplifier geyin aanenkil, formula _ 84 ennathu feedback paathayude transfer functionaanu, positteev shund feedbakkulla inputt resistans
soothravaakyam _ 85
athinaal lupe geyin formula _ 86 onninekkaal valuthaanenkil, formula _ 87 negatteevu aayirikkum. surcuted oru parimitha paridhiyil oru "negatteevu leanier resisttar" pole pravartthikkunnu, "aii-vii" vakrathinu negatteevu slopulla uthbhavathiloode oru nerrekha segment undu "(graafukal kaanuka). ithinu negatteevu deferential resistans undu, ithu sajeevamaan
soothravaakyam _ 88
athinaal oom niyamam anusarikkunnath athinte rekheeya paridhiyil-"r" enna prathirodhatthinte negatteevu moolyamullathupole (atharam amplifierukalkku uthbhavathiloode kadannupokaatha kooduthal sankeernamaaya negatteevu prathirodham "i-v" vakrangalum undakam).
surcuted sidhaanthathil ivaye "active resistarukal" ennu vilikkunnu. terminalukaliludaneelam oru volteju prayogikkunnathu positteev terminalil ninnu oru saadhaarana resistarinu vipareethamaaya aanupathika vaidyuthadhaaraykku kaaranamaakunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru baattari terminalukalilekku bandhippikkunnath baattari charge cheiyunnathinu pakaram charge cheyyaan kaaranamakum.
vann-portt upakaranangalayi kanakkaakkappedunna eee sarcuteukal mukalilulla nishkriya negatteevu deferential resistans gadakangalkku samaanamaayi pravartthikkunnu, avayeppole vann-portt amplifierukalum oosilettarukalum nirmmikkaan upayogikkaam
feedback lupe "shund" allengil "seerees" ll bandhippichittundo ennathine aashrayich "aii-vii" karvinu volteju niyantritha ("enn" tharam) allengil karant niyantritha ("ezz" tharam) negatteevu resistans undayirikkaam.
negatteevu reactainsukalum (thaazhe) srishtikkaan kazhiyum, athinaal negatteevu moolyangalulla "active" leanier surcuted gadakangal, resistarukal, kappaasittarukal, inductorukal enniva srishtikkaan feedback sarcuteukal upayogikkaam. positteev surcuted gadakangal upayogichu thirichariyaan kazhiyaatha transfer functionukal srishtikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal avaa sajeeva filterukalil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. negatteevu impedence kanverttar (nick), gairettar, deeboo integrator, freekwansi dependent negatteevu resistans (fdnr), generalised imittans kanverttar (jiisi) ennivayaanu itharathilulla negatteevu resistansulla sarkyoottukalude udaaharanagal.
feedback oosilettarukal.
mukalil paranjathupole oru positteev feedback amplifierinte inputtiludaneelam oru elsie surcuted bandhippichittundel, negatteevu deferential inputt resistans formula _ 89 nuu tyoon cheytha sarcutil antharleenamaaya positteev loss resistans formula _ 90 radhaakkaan kazhiyum. formula _ 91 aanenkil ithu poojyamaaya essy prathirodhamulla ("jeo" akshatthile dhruvangal) oru tyoon cheytha surcuted srishtikkum. tyoon cheytha sarcutil amplifieril ninnulla power nilanirthunna resonant freekwansiyil swamedhayaa ulla aandolanangal aaveshabharithamaakum. hartley allengil kolpitt oosilettarukal polulla feedback oosilettarukal pravartthikkunnathu inganeyaanu. feedback oosilettar pravartthanam vishakalanam cheiyunnathinulla oru ithara maargamaan eee negatteevu resistans model. "ellah leanier oosilettar sarkyoottukalkkum negatteevu resistans undu, ennirunnaalum mikka feedback oosilettarukalilum tyoon cheytha surcuted feedback netvarkkinte avibhaajya gadakamaanu, athinaal sarkyoottin ellah freekwansikalilum negatteevu resistans illa, pakshe oosileshan freakwensick sameepam maathrame ulloo.
q mechappeduthal.
oru negatteevu resistansumaayi bandhippichirikkunna oru tyoon cheytha surcuted, athinte chila paraannabhojikalude nashta prathirodham (athinaal formula _ 92) raddaakkunnilla, pakshe negatteevu resistans sarkyoottile damping kuraykkum (athinte dhruvangal "joa" aaksisilekk neekkunnu), athinte kyu ghadakam vardhippikkunnu, athinaal ithinu idungiya bandwidth kooduthal selectivityum undu. 1912ll edwin amstrong kandupidicha regenerative radio reseaverilum pinneedu "kyu multiplierukalilum" "regeneration" ennum vilikkunna kyu enhancement aadyamaayi upayogichu. sajeevamaaya filterukalil ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, rf integrated sarcuteukal sthalam labhikkaan "integrated inductorukal" upayogikkunnu, chippil kettichamacha oru sarppila conductor adangiyirikkunnu. ivaykku uyarnna nashtavum kuranja q-umm undu, athinaal uyarnna q tyoon cheytha sarcuteukal srishtikkunnathinu negatteevu resistans prayogikkunnathiloode avayude q vardhippikkunnu.
asthavyasthamaaya sarcuteukal.
araajakathva swabhaavam prakadippikkunna sarkyoottukale ardha-periodic allengil noonn periodic oosilettarukalaayi kanakkakkaam, koodaathe ellah oosilettarukaleyum pole vaidyuthi nalkunnathinu sarcutil negatteevu resistans aavasyamaanu. oru araajakathva samvidaanathinte saadhaarana udaaharanamaayi vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna lalithamaaya nonleeniyar sarkyoottaya chuwa sarkyoottin, chilappol chuwa diode ennu vilikkappedunna oru nonleeniyar active resisttar ghadakam aavasyamaanu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi oru negatteevu impedence kanverttar surcuted upayogichaanu samanvayippikkunnathu.
negatteevu impedence kanverttar.
oru "active resistans" sarkyoottinte oru saadhaarana udaaharanam diagramil kaanichirikkunna negatteevu impedence kanverttaraanu (nick). rund resistarukal formula _ 93 umm opu amp 2 nettamulla oru negatteevu feedback noonn-inverting amplifieraanu. opu-aambinte outtputtu volteju
formula _ 94
athinaal inputtil oru volteju formula _ 5 prayogikkukayaanenkil, athe volteju formula _ 96-ll udaneelam "pinnott" prayogikkunnu, ithu inputtil ninnu vaidyuthadhaara ozhukaan kaaranamaakunnu. nilavile
soothravaakyam _ 97
athinaal sarkyoottilekkulla inputt impedence
soothravaakyam _ 98
surcuted impedence formula _ 96 neey athinte negatteevu aayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu. formula _ 96 moolya soothravaakyathinte resistaraanenkil, oopu amp formula _ 102-nte rekheeya paridhikkullil inputt impedence moolya soothravaakyathinte oru rekheeya "negatteevu resisttar" pole pravartthikkunnu. sarkyoottinte inputt portt mattoru sarkyoottilekk oru gadakamenna nilayil bandhippichirikkunnu. oru nikkinu mattoru sarkyoottile abhikaamyamallaatha positteev resistans radhaakkaan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu avaa yadhaarthathil telephone kebilukalile resistans radhaakkaan vikasippicheduthaanu, ithu repeaterukalaayi pravartthikkunnu.
negatteevu capaasittansum inductance.
melpparanja sarkyoottile formula _ 96 oru kappaasittar upayogichu mattisthaapikkunnathiloo, negatteevu kappaasittansukalum inductansukalum samanvayippikkaanum kazhiyum. oru negatteevu kappaasittansin oru "i-v" bandhavum oru impedence formula undaakum.
soothravaakyam _ 106
ivide soothravaakyam _ 107. oru negatteevu kappaasittansil oru positteev karant prayogikkunnathu athine "discharge" cheyyaan kaaranamakum; athinte volteju "kurayum". athupole, oru negatteevu inductansinu oru "i-v" swabhaavavum impedence formula undaakum.
formula _ 109
negatteevu capacitanso inductanso ulla oru surcuted mattoru sarkyoottile anaavashya positteev capacitanso inductanso radhaakkaan upayogikkaam. telephone kebilukalile reactance radhaakkaan nick sarcuteukal upayogichu.
avare nokkaan mattoru vazhiyum undu. oru negatteevu kappaasittansil karant positteev kappaasittansil karantinu 180° facil vipareethamaayirikkum. voltejine 90° nayikkunnathinupakaram athu oru inductorilennapole voltejine 90° pinnilakkum. athinaal, oru negatteevu kappaasittans oru inductance pole pravartthikkunnu, athil impedensinu freekwansi vipareethamaayi aasrayikkunnu; oru yadhaartha inductance pole vardhikkunnathinupakaram kurayunnu, athupole thanne oru negatteevu inductance freekwansi anusarichu vardhikkunna impedensulla kappaasittans pole pravartthikkunnu. negatteevu kappaasittansukalum inductansukalum fosttarinte reactance sidhaantham lamghikkunna "noonn-phosttar" sarkyoottukalaan. gaveshanam nadakkunna oru aaplikkeshan, nilavile netvarkkukalil ullathupole orotta freakwensick pakaram, vishalamaaya freekwansikalil oru aantinayumaayi transmission lainumaayi poruthappedaan kazhiyunna oru sajeeva matching network srishtikkuka ennathaanu. ithu chuu-haaringtan paridhi kaviyunna vishalamaaya bandwidth ulla cheria compact aantinakal srishtikkaan anuvadikkum.
oosilettarukal.
electronic oosilettarukal nirmmikkaan negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranangal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. oru negatteevu resistans oosilettaril, impat diode, gann diode allengil microwave vaakvam tube polulla oru negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranam oru elsie surcuted, oru quarts kristtal, dialectric resonator allengil kaavity resonator polulla electrical resonatoriludaneelam bandhippichirikkunnu. oru elsie surcuted polulla oru resonator "eathaandu" oru oosilettaraanu; ithinu andolana vaidyuthorjjam sambharikkaan kazhiyum, ennaal ellah resonatorukalkkum aantharika prathirodhamo mattu nashtangalo ullathinaal, aandolanangal nanayukayum poojyathilekku shayikkukayum cheiyunnu. negatteevu resistans resonettarinte positteev resistans raddaakkukayum phalatthil oru nashtappedaattha resonator srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu, athil resonettarinte resonant freekwansiyil swaabhaavikamaaya thudarchayaaya aandolanangal sambhavikkunnu.
upayogikkunnu.
eee aavruthikalil feedback oosilettarukal moshamaayi pravarthikkunnathinaal, microwave shreniyilo athinu mukaliloo ulla uyarnna aavruthikalilaanu negatteevu resistans oosilettarukal pradhaanamaayum upayogikkunnathu. radar speed gannukal polulla prayogangalkkaayi kuranjathum idatharavumaaya power oosilettarukalilum saattalait reseaverukalkkaayi praadeshika oosilettarukalilum microwave diodeukal upayogikkunnu. avaa microwave oorjjathinte vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna uravidamaanu, koodaathe radar traansmittarukal, microwave ovanukal thudangiya aaplikkeshanukalil uyarnna power aouttputtukal uthpaadippikkunna magnetronukal polulla millimeter tharamgatthinteyum terraherts oorjja negatteevu resistans microwave vaakvam tubeukaludeyum eaka soolid-stettu uravidamaanu. kuranja freekwansi relaxation oosilettarukal yujettukalum niyon vilakkukal polulla gyaas discharge laambukalum upayogichu nirmmikkam.
negatteevu resistans oosilettar model diodeukal polulla vann-portt upakaranagalil maathram parimithappedutthiyittilla, marichu traansistarukal, tubeukal thudangiya rund portt upakaranangalulla feedback oosilettar sarkyoottukalilum ithu prayogikkaam. koodaathe, aadhunika hye freekwansi oosilettarukalil, diodeukal polulla vann-portt negatteevu resistans upakaranangalayi traansistarukal kooduthalaayi upayogikkunnu. microwave freekwansikalil, oru porttil prayogikkunna chila lodukal ulla traansistarukal aantharika feedback kaaranam asthiramaakukayum mattoru porttil negatteevu resistans kaanikkukayum cheyyum. athinaal traansisttarin negatteevu resistans nalkunnathinaayi oru porttil reactive looad prayogikkukayum, thaazhe vivarichirikkunnathu oru negatteevu resistans oosilettar undakkaan resonatoriludaneelam mattoru porttine bandhippikkukayum cheythaanu uyarnna freekwansi traansisttar oosilettarukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
gann diode oosilettar.
negatteevu resistans oosilettarukal engane pravarthikkunnuvennu kooman gann diode oosilettar (surcuted diagramukal) vyakthamaakkunnu. diode "dii" kku volteju niyantritha ("enn" tharam) negatteevu resistans undu, volteju srothass formula _ 110 athine athinte negatteevu resistans mekhalayilekku pakshapathaparamaayi nayikkunnu, avide athinte deferential resistans formula _ 111 aanu. chokku "rfc" essy vaidyuthadhaaraye bayas srothassiloode ozhukunnathu thadayunnu. seerees tyoon cheytha surcuted formula 113-leeii damping nashtavum moolamulla thulyamaaya prathirodhamaan formula _ 30, koodaathe eathenkilum looad prathirodhavum. kirchofinte volteju niyamam upayogichu essy surcuted vishakalanam cheiyunnathu formula _ 114, essy karantinu oru deferential samavaakyam nalkunnu.
soothravaakyam _ 115
eee samavaakyam pariharikkunnathiloode roopathinte oru pariharam labikkum.
formula _ 116 evide formula _ 117
ithu kaanikkunnath sarkyoottiloodeyulla vaidyuthadhaara, formula 114, dissy kyu poyintinekkurichulla samayathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu, formula 119. poojyamallaatha prarambha vaidyuthadhaara formula 120 ll ninnu aarambhikkumbol tyoon cheytha sarkyoottinte resonant freekwansiyil karant sinusoidaayi aandolanamcheyyunnu, amplitude sthiramo vardhikkukayo ganyamaayi kurayukayo cheiyunnu, α yude moolyathe aashrayich. sarkyoottin sthiramaaya aandolanangal nilanirthaan kazhiyumo ennathu sarkyoottile positteev, negatteevu prathirodhamaaya formula _ 30 umm formula _ 31 umm thammilulla baalansine aasrayichirikkunnu
praayogika oosilettarukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu mukalilulla mekhalayil (3), nettu negatteevu resistansode, oosileshanukal aarambhikkunnathin. 127 enna soothravaakyam nirmmikkuka ennathaanu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna oru niyamam. vaidyuthi oonaakkumbol, sarkyoottile vaidyutha shabdam, athivegathil valarunna, swaabhaavikamaaya aandolanangal aarambhikkunnathin oru signal soothravaakyam 128 nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aandolanangalkk ennennekkumaayi valaraan kazhiyilla; diodinte nonleeniyaritti oduvil amplitude parimithappedutthunnu.
valia aamplityoodukalil surcuted nonleeniyar aanu, athinaal mukalilulla leanier vishakalanam karsanamaayi baadhakamalla, deferential resistans nirvachikkappettitla; ennaal sykkilile "sharashari" resistans formula _ 31 aayi kanakkaakkunnathiloode surcuted manassilakkaan kazhiyum. saine tharamgatthinte amplitude negatteevu resistans mekhalayude veethiye kaviyukayum volteju swing positteev deferential resistans ulla karvu pradeshangalilekku vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal, sharashari negatteevu deferential resistans formula _ 31 cheruthaakukayum angane motham resistans formula _ 131 umm damping formula _ 132 umm negatteevu kurayukayum oduvil positteev aakukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, damping poojyamaakunna aamplityoodil aandolanangal sthiramaakum, athaayath formula 133.
gann diodeukalkku −5 muthal −25 ooms vareyulla paridhiyil negatteevu prathirodhamund. formula _ 30 formula _ 31 nuu aduthulla oosilettarukalil; oosilettar aarambikkaan anuvadikkunnathra cheruthaanu, volteju swing kooduthalum "i-v" karvinte rekheeya bhaagath parimithappedutthum, outtputtu tharamgaroopam eathaandu sinusoidal aayirikkum, aavruthi ettavum sthirathayullathaayirikkum. formula _ 30 formula _ 31-nuu valare thaazheyulla sarcuteukalil, swing vakrathinte nonleeniyar bhaagathekku kooduthal vyaapikkunnu, outtputtu saine tharamgatthinte clipping valachodikkal kooduthal kadinamaanu, koodaathe aavruthi vitharana voltejine kooduthal ashrayikkum.
sarkyoottinte tharangal.
negatteevu resistans oosilettar sarkyoottukale rund tharangalayi thirikkam, avaa rund tharam negatteevu deferential resistansumaayi upayogikkunnu-volteju kantroldu (vcnr), karant kantroldu (ccnr)
aandolanathinulla vyavasthakal.
mikka oosilettarukalum gann diode udaaharanathekkaal sankeernamaanu, kaaranam sajeeva upakaranathinum loadinum reactance ("x") resistansum ("r") undayirikkaam. aadhunika negatteevu resistans oosilettarukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu kaanyuki kurokkava kaaranam oru freekwansi domaine saankethikavidyayaanu. surcuted diagramine oru "reference playin" (chuvapp) kondu harikkunnathayi sangalppikkappedunnu, ithu negatteevu resistans bhagamaaya active upakaranathe positteev resistans bhaagathil ninnu, resonant sarcutil ninnum outtputtu loadle ninnum verthirikkunnu "(valath). negatteevu resistans part formula _ 138-nte sankeernamaaya impedence freekwansi "ω"-yeei aasrayichirikkunnu, pakshe ithu nonleeniyar aanu, saadhaaranayaayi essy oosileshan karant "i"-nte amplitudinoppam kurayunnu; athesamayam resonator part formula _ 139 leanier aanu, freekwansi maathram aasrayichirikkunnu. surcuted samavaakyam formula _ 140 aanu, athinaal ithu motham impedence formula _ 141 poojyamaaya "ω" freekwansiyilum "i" amplitudilum maathram aandolanamcheyyum (poojyamallaatha "i"). ithinartham negatteevu, positteev prathirodhangalude vyaapthi thulyamayirikkanam, koodaathe prathipravartthanangal samyojithamayirikkanam.
formula _ 142 umm formula _ 143 umm
sthiraavasthayilulla aandolanathinu thulya chihnam baadhakamaan. aarambhikkumbol asamathvam baadhakamaan, kaaranam aandolanangal aarambhikkunnathin sarkyoottin adhika negatteevu prathirodham undaayirikkanam.
marimari, prathiphalana gunakam upayogichu aandolanathinulla avastha prakadippikkaan kazhiyum. reference thalatthile volteju tharamgaroopatthe negatteevu resistans upakaranathilekku sanjarikkunna oru gadakamaaya "vii" 1 ennum resonator bhaagathekku ethir dishayil sanjarikkunna oru gadakamaaya "vii" 2 ennum vibhajikkaam. sajeeva upakarana soothravaakyamaaya 144-nte prathiphalana gunakam onninekkaal valuthaanu, athesamayam resonator part soothravaakyamaaya 145-nte prathiphalana gunakam onnil kuravaanu. pravartthana samayat tharamgangal oru raundu trippil angotum ingottum prathifalikkunnu, athinaal surcuted ooripparayumbol maathrame athu prathifalikkukayulloo.
soothravaakyam _ 146
mukalil paranjathupole, samathvam sthiramaaya aandolanathinulla vyavastha nalkunnu, athesamayam adhika negatteevu prathirodham nalkunnathinu staarttap samayat asamathvam aavasyamaanu. melpparanja vyavasthakal feedback oosilettarukalude barkhousen maanadandatthinu samaanamaan; avaa aavashyamaanenkilum paryaapthamalla, athinaal samavaakyangale thripthippeduthunna chila sarcuteukal undu, pakshe oosilettu cheiyunnilla. kurokkava kooduthal sankeernamaaya saahacharyangal uruthirinju, avaa palappozhum pakaram upayogikkunnu.
amplifierukal.
gann, impat diodeukal thudangiya negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranangalum amplifierukal nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnu, prathyekichu microwave freekwansikalil, pakshe oosilettarukaleppole saadhaaranamalla. negatteevu resistans upakaranagalkk oru "portt" (rund terminalukal) maathrame ulloo ennathinaal, traansistarukal polulla rund-portt upakaranagalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, outgoing amplified signal upakaranathil ninnu incoming signal praveshikkunna athe terminalukal vazhi purathupokanam. rund signalukaleyum verthirikkaan eathenkilum vidhamillathe, oru negatteevu resistans amplifier "ubhaykakshi" aanu; ithu rund dishakalilekkum vardhippikkunnu, athinaal looad impedensinum feedback prasnangalkkum ithu samvedanakshamatha anubavikkunnu. inputt, outtputtu signalukal verthirikkunnathin, pala negatteevu resistans amplifierukalum isolatorukal, directional couplerukal thudangiya paraspara virudha upakaranangal upayogikkunnu.
reflection amplifier.
oru "sarkkulettar" vazhi verthirikkal poortthiyaakkunna "reflection amplifier" aanu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna oru surcuted. oru sarkkulettar ennathu moonnu porttukalulla (connectorukal) oru noonn-reciprocal soolid-stettu gadakamaanu, athu oru portilekku oru signal oru dishayil maathram kaimarunnu, portt 1 portt 2 lake, 2 muthal 3 vareyum, 3 muthal 1 vareyum. reflection amplifier rekhaachithrathil inputt signal portt 1 lake, oru pakshapaathamulla vii. sii. enn. aarr negatteevu resistans diode "enn" oru filter "eph" vazhi portt 2 lake, outtputtu surcuted portt 3 lake gadippichirikkunnu. inputt signal portt 1 ll ninnu portt 2 leeii diodylake kaimarunnu, ennaal diodil ninnulla "outgoing" amplified signal portt 3 lake vazhithirichuvidunnu, athinaal aouttputtil ninnu inputtilekku cheria coupling undu. inputt, outtputtu transmission lainukalude swabhaavaparamaaya impedence formula _ 147, saadhaaranayaayi 50ω, sarkkulettarinte portt impedensumaayi poruthappedunnu. geyin sajjamaakkunnathin diodylake sariyaaya impedence avatharippikkuka ennathaanu filter "eph" nte uddeshyam. radio freekwansikalil enr diodeukal shudhamaaya resisteevu lodukalalla, avaykku reactance undu, athinaal filterinte randaamathe uddeshyam nilkkunna tharamgangal thadayunnathinaayi oru konjugettu reactance upayogichu diode reactance raddaakkuka ennathaanu.
filterinu reactive gadakangal maathrame ulloo, athinaal oru shakthiyum svayam agiranam cheiyunnilla, athinaal diodine porttukalkkumidayil nashtam koodaathe vaidyuthi kaimarunnu. diodylekkulla inputt signal power
formula _ 148
diodil ninnulla outtputtu power
formula _ 149
athinaal amplifierinte power gaine formula _ 150 prathiphalana gunakathinte chathuramaanu.
soothravaakyam _ 151
soothravaakyam _ 152
soothravaakyam _ 153
soothravaakyam _ 154 ennathu diodinte negatteevu resistans aanu-"r". filter diodeumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu karuthuka, athinaal formula _ 155 appol nettam
soothravaakyam _ 156
mukalilulla vii. sii. enn. aarr reflection amplifier formula _ 157 nuu sthirathayullathaanu. athesamayam oru sii. sii. enn. aarr amplifier formula _ 158 nuu sthirathayullathaanu. reflection amplifierinu paridhiyillaattha nettamundaakumennu kaanaan kazhiyum, formula _ 159 formula _ 31 leeii andolana binduvilekku adukkumbol ananthathaye sameepikkunnu. ithu ellah enn. aarr amplifierukaludeyum savisheshathayaanu, ithu rund-portt amplifierukalude swabhaavavumaayi vyathyaasappedunnu, avaykku saadhaaranayaayi parimithamaaya nettamundu, pakshe palappozhum nirupaadhikamaayi sthirathayullavayaanu. praayogikamaayi sarkkulettar porttukal thammilulla pinnoca "chorcha" koottukettaanu nettam parimithappeduthunnathu.
maasarukalum parametric amplifierukalum valare kuranja shabdamullah amplifierukalaanu, avaa reflection amplifierukalaayum nadappilaakkunnu; avaa radio telescopukal polulla prayogangalil upayogikkunnu.
sarcuteukal maarunnu.
systeriesis upayogichu oru avasthayil ninnu mattonnilekku pettennu maarikkondirikkunna upakaranam nonleeniyar aayi pravartthikkunna sarcuteukal switch cheiyunnathilum negatteevu deferential resistans upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. negatteevu resistans upakaranam upayogikkunnathinte prayojanam, oru relaxation oosilettar, flip-phloop allengil memory sell enniva orotta sajeeva upakaranam upayogichu nirmmikkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu, athesamayam eee pravarthanangalkkulla staanderd lojik sarkyoottaya eccless-jorden multivibratorinu rund sajeeva upakaranangal (traansistarukal) aavasyamaanu. negatteevu resistansukalulla moonnu switching sarcuteukal
mattu aaplikkeshanukal.
neuronal modalukal.
neuronukalude chila udaaharanagal volteju-clamp pareekshanangalil negatteevu slope kandakdansukalude (rnsc) pradeshangal pradarshippikkunnu. neuronine oru saadhaarana hodgkin-huxley stail surcuted modalaayi kanakkaakkunna onnaanu ivide negatteevu resistans soochippikkunnathu.
charithram.
pathonpathaam noottaandil velichathinayi upayogichirunna electric aarkkukalude anweshanathilaanu negatteevu resistans aadyamaayi thiricharinjathu. arck vaidyuthadhaara vardhichathode arck electrodukalkkullile volteju thaalkkaalikamaayi kuranjuvennu 1881-ll alfred niyaudett nireekshichirunnuvenkum thaapanila moolamulla dvitheeya falamaanithennu pala gaveshakarum karuthi. negatteevu resistans" enna padam chilar eee phalathinaayi prayogichuvenkilum oru nishkriya upakaranathinte resistans negatteevu aakaan kazhiyillennu ariyappettirunnathinal eee padam vivaadamaayirunnu. 1895 ll aarambhicha hertha irttan, bharthaav vilyaminte gaveshanam vipuleekarichu, "aii-vii" karvu oof aarkkukal alakkunna sookshumamaaya pareekshanangalude oru parambarayiloode, vakrathinu negatteevu charivinte pradeshangalundennu sthaapikkukayum vivaadangalkku kaaranamavukayum cheythu. 1896-ll frith roadermar airtainukalude pinthunayode "deferential" resistans ", divi/dii" enna ashayam avatharippichu, koodaathe aarkkukalkk negatteevu deferential resistans undennu pathukke amgeekarikkappettu. avarude gaveshanathinu amgeekaaramaayi, instittyoott oof electrical enchineeyarmaaril ulppeduthunnathinu vottu cheytha aadya vanithayayi hertha irttan maari.
arck traansmittarukal.
1892ll jorjju francis fittsjerald aadyamaayi manassilaakkiyath oru anuranana sarkyoottile damping prathirodham poojyamo negatteevu aakkaamenkil athu thudarchayaaya aandolanangal srishtikkumennu. athe varsham thanne elihu thomson oru elsie sarkyoottine oru aarkkinte electrodukalumaayi bandhippichu oru negatteevu resistans oosilettar nirmmichu, orupakshe oru electronic oosilettarinte aadya udaaharanamaanithu. lunden central technical kolejile irttan vidyaarthiyaaya vilyam duddle thomsante arck oosilettar pothujanashradhaykku konduvannu. athinte negatteevu prathirodham kaaranam, oru kamaanathiloodeyulla vaidyuthadhaara asthiramaayirunnu, koodaathe arck laittukal palappozhum hissing, humming allengil alaral shabdangal polum undaakkum. 1899-ll, eee prabhavam anweshikkunna dudel oru arkkinu kuruke oru elsie sarkyoottine bandhippikkukayum negatteevu resistans tyoon cheytha sarkyoottile aandolanangale uthejippikkukayum arkkil ninnu oru sangeetha swaram srishtikkukayum cheythu. thante kandupidutham pradarshippikkunnathinaayin duddle niravadhi tyoon cheytha sarcuteukal oru arkkil vayar cheyyukayum athil oru tyoon vaayikkukayum cheythu. dadellinte "singing arck" oosilettar audiyo freekwansikalil parimithappedutthiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1903-ll danish enchineeyarmaaraaya waldemar polson pii. oo. 1920kall vare vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunna polson arck radio traansmittar kandupidichukondu, kaanthikakshethrathile hydrajan anthareekshathil arck pravarthippichukondu pedezhsan radio shreniyilekku aavruthi vardhippichu.
vaakvam tubeukal.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, negatteevu resistansinte bhauthika kaaranagal manassilaakkiyittille, enchineeyarmaarkku ithinu aandolanangal srishtikkaan kazhiyumennu ariyukayum athu prayogikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1907-ll heinrich barkhousen oosilettarukalkku negatteevu prathirodham undaayirikkanamennu kaanichu. merkuri neeravi vilakkukalkku aandolanangal srishtikkaan kazhiyumennu ernst rahmar adolph piper kandethi, 1912 aayappozhekkum telephone lainukalkkayi amplifying repeaterukal nirmmikkaan eiii. tii. aandu tii avaa upayogichu.
1918-ll jeey-yile albert hull, secondary emission enna prathibhasam kaaranam vaakvam tubeukalkku avayude pravartthana shreniyude chila bhaagangalil negatteevu prathirodham undaakumenn kandethi. oru vaakvam tubil electronukal plate electrodil adikkumbol avaykku uparithalathil ninnu adhika electronukale tubilake thattiyedukkaan kazhiyum. ithu plettil ninnu "akaleyulla" oru vaidyuthadhaaraye prathinidheekarikkunnu, ithu plate vaidyuthadhaara kuraykkunnu. chila saahacharyangalil plate volteju vardhikkunnathu plate vaidyuthadhaarayil "kuravu" undaakkunnu. oru elsie sarkyoottine tube hull bandhippichukondu dainatron oosilettar enna oosilettar srishtichu. 1920ll hull kandupidicha maagnetron polulla mattu negatteevu resistans tube oosilettarukal pinthudarnnu.
1920 oode marius laattarinte joliyil ninnaan negatteevu impedence kanverttar uthbhavichath. negatteevu capaasittansum inductance aadyam report cheythavaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. oru pathittaandinushesham, jorjju chrison mattullavarum bell laabukalil telephone line repeaterukalaayi vaakvam tube nix vikasippichu, ithu bhookhandaanthara telephone sevanam saadhyamaakki. 1953ll linville thudakkamitta traansisttar nix, nixil valia thaalparyam vardhippikkukayum niravadhi puthiya sarkyoottukalum aaplikkeshanukalum vikasippikkukayum cheythu.
soolid stettu upakaranangal.
vilyam henry eccless, jii thudangiya gaveshakar kyatts viskar dittaktarukal ennariyappedunna aadyathe pooyint-kondaakt junction diodukalil 1909 oode ardhachaalakangalile negatteevu deferential resistans nireekshichu. dablyu. pickered. radio dittaktarukal enna nilayil avayude samvedanakshamatha mechappeduthunnathinaayi jangshanukal dissy voltejumaayi pakshapathaparamaayi pravartthikkumbol, avaa chilappol swaabhaavikamaaya aandolanangalilekku praveshikkumennu avar shradhichu. ennirunnaalum, phalam pinthudarnnilla.
1922ll pakshapathaparamaaya sinsait (sink ooksaid) pooyint kondaakt jangshanukalil negatteevu deferential resistans kandethiya russian radio gaveshakanaaya oleg losvu aanu negatteevu resistans diodeukal praayogikamaayi chooshanam cheytha aadya vyakthi. traansisttar kandupidikkunnathin 25 varsham munbu soolid-stettu amplifierukal, oosilettarukal, amplifying, regenerative radio reseaverukal enniva nirmmikkaan addeham iva upayogichu. pinneedu addeham oru superheterodine reseiver polum nirmmichu. ennirunnaalum vaakvam tube saankethikavidyayude vijayam kaaranam addehathinte nettangal avaganikkapettu. pathuvarshatthinushesham addeham eee saankethikavidyayekkurikulla gaveshanam upekshichu (hugo jernsback "christodine" ennu vilichathu), athu marannu.
1957ll japanese bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya lioo essaki kandupidicha tunnel diodaanu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna aadyathe soolid-stettu negatteevu resistans upakaranam. cheria junction valippam kaaranam vaakvam tubeukalekkaal paraannabhojikalude kappaasittans kuravaayathinaal, diodeukalkku uyarnna aavruthikalil pravartthikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe tunnel diode oosilettarukalkku saadhaarana vaakvam tube oosilettarukalude paridhiyekkaal kooduthal microwave aavruthikalil vaidyuthi ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyumennu theliyikkapettu. athinte kandupidutham microwave oosilettarukalaayi upayogikkunnathinulla mattu negatteevu resistans ardhachaalaka upakaranangalkkayulla thirachil aarambhichu, athinte falamaayi impat diode, gann diode, trappet diode ennivayum mattum kandethi. 1969ll kurokkava negatteevu resistans sarcuteukalil sthirathaykkulla vyavasthakal uruthirinju. nilavil negatteevu deferential resistans diode oosilettarukal microwave oorjjathinte ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna uravidangalaanu, koodaathe sameepa dashakangalil niravadhi puthiya negatteevu resistans upakaranangal kandethiyittundu.

