akhenaattente athirthi stele

eejipthile oru koottam rajakeeya smaarakangalaanu akhenaattan athirthi stele. saittinte paridhikal verthirikkunna akhettaattan pradeshathinu chuttumulla paarakkettukalilo atten chakravaalatthilo avaa kothivachittundu. faravo akhenaattan thante bharanathinte anchaam varshathil puthiya raajyathil akhethaattan nirmmikkaan chumathalappedutthi. innathe tell ell-amarnayil memphisinum teebsin idayil janavaasamillaatha oru sthalathu atten devante vishudha sthalamaayi ithu pravarthichu. athirthi stelayil akhethaattente foundeshan decrey pinneedu vaachakathile kootticherkalukalum ulppedunnu, ithu athirthikal vivarikkukayum saittinte uddeshyavum faravo sthaapichathum vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee pradeshathinu chuttum aake pathinaar stelakal kandethiyittundu. baari kemp parayunnathanusarichu, faravo akhenaattan "akhethaattane oru nagaramayittalla, marichu vishudhabhoomiyude oru pradeshamaayi" sangalppichu.
kandethalum prasidheekaranavum.
tell ell-amarnayil ithuvare pathinaar athirthi stelakal kandethiyittundu. stelayilekku shradha aakarshicha aadyathe europianaanu franch jesuit claude sicard. 1714ll sandarshicha sesham addeham stela eyude oru rekhaachithravum saittinte vivaranavum prasidheekarichu. stela yuu oru stela yuu aanu kandethiyathu. sii. 1840-ll harris jorjju gliddon 1840-kalude thudakkathil brinestinile jorjju lloyd mattoru stela kandethi. lloyd stela pii yude oru pakarpp nirmmichu, athu stela eiii yude puthiya pakarpum emily prisse dii 'avennes nirmmicha stela yuu yude pakarpum sahitam prasidheekarichu. stelayile likhithangale adisthaanamaakki, saittinte vistheernnam verthirikkunna kuranjathu aarr stelakalenkilum undaayirikkanamennu aadyam manassilaakkiyath prisseyaanu. prisseyaanu 1843lum kaal richard lepsius oru russian paryaveshanavumaayi eee sthalathekku yaatra cheyyukayum pinneedu stele keey, emm, enn, aarr enningane peritta naalu puthiya stelakal kandethukayum cheythu. kooduthal kandethalukalkk idam nalkunnathinaayi stelaye aksharangalude oru thudarchayaaya parambara upayogichu paraamarsikkunna reethi aarambhichath dablyu. emm. amarnayekkurichulla sarway 1894-ll prasidheekaricha flindezhs petri 1892-ll, eee sthalathu aarr puthiya stelakal kandethithi nail nadiyude padinjaaru bhaagath stele bii, eph, kizhakk bhaagath stele jeey, ell, pii, vii. munbu kandethiya stelayil ninnu, stela eiii maathramaan padinjaaru bhagathaayi sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1893ll, persey iii. newberry kizhakkan theerathu stela kyu kandethi. stele eiii, yuu ennivayil kaanapedunna vakabhedangal upayogichu stele ezz, aarr ennivayude pakarppukale adisthaanamaakki 1893-lum jeane darrezi vaachakathinte vaayana bhaagangalude aadyakaala achadicha vivarthanam prasidheekarichu. 1898-ll stele jeey, keey, emm, enn, kyu, aarr, ezz, yuu enniva jorg staindorff pakartthukayum steleyude saittukalude foto edukkukayum chila ayanja sakalangal jarmmaniyilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. pinneedu staindorff eejipt paryaveshana fundinaayi thante vasthukkal labhyamakki. 1901-ll norman dii garris davis kizhakkan theerathe ettavum vadakke stela kaanichu, ithu 1908-ll "ell amarnayude paara shavakudeerangal" prasidheekarikkunnathil athirthi stela ulppeduthaan addehathe prerippichu. davinte prasidheekaranathil rund vyathyastha settu steleyude vivarthanavum ulppedunnu, avaykku davis "munbathe prakhyapanavum" "pilkkala prakhyapanavum" ennu perittu, athupole thanne akhenaattante bharanakaalathe ettaam varshathil pilkkala prakhyapanavumaayi stelayil cherttha grandhangalum ulppedunnu. stele eiii, bii ennivayilekkulla ettavum puthiya kootticherkkaline davis "colophone" ennu vilichu. 1906ll prasidheekaricha jaims henry breastinte "purathana rekhakalil" stelayude bhagika vivarthanam prathyakshappettirunnu. eejipt exploration sosaittiyude archaeological sarway 2005-2006 seasonil oru adhika stela kandethi, athine stela echu ennu label cheythu.
munprakhyaapanam.
nailinte kizhakk bhaagathulla stele keey, emm, ex ennivayil davis munbathe prakhyapanam ennu vilikkunnathu adangiyirikkunnu. moonnu stelakalilum lambavum thirascheenavumaaya vaachakarekhakal adangiyirikkunnu. neratthe kedupaadukal sambhavicha stela emm maattisthaapikkaanaanu stela keey ettavum nannayi samrakshikkappettath, athinaal oru pakarakkaaran aavasyamaanu. stela keey, stela emm enniva saittinte thekk bhagathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, avayude thirashcheena rekhakalile vaachakam saittinte madhyabhaagathu ninnu idathuninnu valathottu vaayikkunnu. saittinte vadakku bhagathaanu stelaa x sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu stele keey, emm ennivayude oru kannaadi chithramaanu, athil athinte thirashcheena rekhakal valathuninn edathottu vaayikkunnu, kendratthil ninnu akaleyaan. keey, emm, ex ennee stelakalile likhitham perettu seasonile 13-aamm divasathile akhenaattan bharanakaalathe anchaamathe varshamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. aden enna devante muzhuvan padaviyum rajaavaaya akhenaattan, raajaavinte bhaarya nefertity ennee padavikalum avayil ulppedunnu. faravo sthaapicha sthalam, athu thiranjedukkunnathinulla kaaranagal, sthalathinte nirddishta leauttu, raajakudumbathinteyum chila pramukharudeyum shavasamskaram sambandhicha nirddeshangal, atten aaraadhanayude paripaalanatthinulla nirddeshangal ennivayum stele vivarikkunnu. muun prakhyaapanatthil akkanathu attan devanu vividha shethrangalum mattu gadanakalum nirmmikkumenna akhenaattante vaagdaanavum ulppedunnu. vaachakathinte avasana bhagam sakalangal niranjathum vaividhyamaarnna vyaakhyaanangalkk prachodanavumaanu.
pinneedu prakhyapanam.
nailinte kizhakk bhaagathulla stele jeey, enn, pii, kyu, aarr, ezz, yuu, vii ennivayilum padinjaaru bhaagathulla stele eiii, bii, eph ennivayilum pilkkala prakhyapanam ennu davis visheshippichu. pilkkala prakhyaapanatthinte likhitham, perettu seasonile 13-aamm divasam akhenaattante bharanathinte aaram varshathilethaan, ithu muun prakhyaapanatthinte oru varshathe vaarshikavumayi poruthappedunnu, koodaathe sthalathinte sthaanavum sthirathayum sambandhicha muun prakhyaapanatthil prathyakshappetta "prathinjayude puthukkal" ulppedunnu, koodaathe kooduthal bhoomi, prathyekichu nadiyude padinjaaran bhaagathe krishiyil kaarshika bhoomi ulppeduthunnathinulla chila parishkkaranangal ulppedunnu. muun prakhyaapanatthinte bhooribhaagavum aavarthikkunnathinoppam atten devante titularyum nalkiyittundu. pilkkala prakhyaapanatthil muun prakhyaapanatthinte likhithathinu sesham nadanna sambhavangalude vivaranam ulppedunnu, athaayath faravoyude saittinte thekkukizhakkan parakkettilekkulla yaatra. pilkkala prakhyaapanatthil saitt verthirikkunna aarr pradhana athirthi stelakalum paraamarsikkunnu.
sathyaprathinjayum colophone aavarthikkuka.
akhenaattante bharanakaalatthinte ettaam varshathinte thudakkathil, perettu kaalaghattatthil, eee sthalathekkurichulla akhenaattante prathinjayude aavarthanam pilkkala prakhyaapanathode sajjeekarichirikkunna steleyil cherkkunnu, athe varsham thanne, akhettu kaalaghattatthil, davis "colophone" ennu vilikkunna mattoru vaachakam stele eiii, bii ennivayilekku cherkkunnu. athirthikalude punarnirnayavum saittinte udamasthaavakaashavum colophonil adangiyirikkunnu.
stela ell.
1892ll petri kandethiya stela ell stelaamil ninnu ezhu meter thekkayi sthithicheyyunnu. stela athinte cheria valippathil bakkiyulla stelayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, koodaathe mosham kaalaavasthayilaanu. mattu stelakalumaayi vyathyasamullathinaal boundari stelayil stela ell ulppeduthiyitla.
stelayude uddeshyam.
faravo akhenaattan thante daivamaaya attenu vendi nirmmicha akhethaattan nagarathinu chuttumulla sthalangalil akhenaattente athirthi stela kothiyedutthirunnu. atten enna vishudha sthalathinte athirthikal verthirikkuka, mathramalla faravoyude uddeshyangalekkurichum attente vishudha sthalamenna nilayil aaa sthalathinte swabhaavathekkurichum aalukale ariyikkuka ennathaanu avarude uddeshyam. akkenaattente mathaparamaya parishkaarangalekkurichu vivarangalude pradhana uravidamaanu athirthi stele, kaaranam avayil aden devante poornnamaaya titularyum akhethaatten sanbradaayathekkurichu mattu soochanakalum ulppedunnu. faravo niyogicha rajakeeya smaarakangalaanu stela, athinaal raajaavinte samrambhangale anukoolikkukayum addehathinte parishkaarangale ethirthavare apalapikkukayum cheiyunna antharleenamaaya pakshapaatham adangiyirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum avaa pradhanappetta charitraparamaaya karakaushala vasthukkalum charitrakaaranmaarkku valare upayogapradavumaanu.
pandithochithamaaya vaadangal.
stele x, m, k ennivaykku mukalil akshenattanum nefertityum avarude makal merittaattanodoppam attane aaradhikkunna oru chithram kothiyirikkunnu. avarude randaamathe makal mekettaattane pinneedu stela keey enna chithrathilekku chertthu, ithu avalude jananam akhenaattante bharanathinte anchaam varshathinu sheshamaayirikkanam nadannathennu soochippikkunnu, aaa varshamaan munbathe prakhyapanam. peru velippeduthaatha mattoru roopavum pinneedu stela keey-yilek cherkkapettu, stela ex, orupakshe kedupaadukal sambhavicha stela emm, mekkettattanum avalude maathaapithaakkalum maathram ulppedunnu. muun prakhyaapanatthinte paatatthil mckettaattanekkurichu maathrame paraamarshikkunnullu, avalude ilaya sahodarimarekkurichalla. pilkkala prakhyaapanatthil alekhanam cheytha stelakal mumbathethinekkaal kooduthal vipulamaanu, koodaathe rajaavinteyum bhaaryayudeyum paara vettiya prathimakalum avarude rund penmakkalum ulppedunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu eee stelakal achenaattan aaram varshathil kothiyedukkumbozhekkum randaamathe makal janichuvennaanu. stela keey-yill cherttha randaamathe makalkku purame, stela eiii, bii, pii, kyu, yuu ennivayil moonnaamathe makale cherkkunnu, avayil pilkkala prakhyapanangal alekhanam cheythittundu, athinaal avaa aaroo athinusheshamo ayirikkunnu akhenaattante bharanakalam. ithu marnan vaan siklanum merittaattan maathramaan anchaam varshathode janichathennu nigamanathiletthaan kaaranamaayi, athesamayam avalude ilaya sahodari mekkettaattan ancho aaroo varshangalil janichirikkaam, moonnaamathe rajakumari ankhesenpaattan aaram varshaavasaanathode janichirikkaam, pakshe mikkavarum ezho etto varshangalil pinneedulla stele poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu.
muun prakhyaapanatthinte vighadicha bhagam faravo tebasil ketta chila anishtakaramaaya kaaryangalekkurichu paraamarshichathinaal, amoon oof thebasinte pourohithyavumaayi ettumuttunna oru sidhaantham pandithanmaar munnottuvachittundu. akhenaattante vishwaasangalude poornnamaaya aavishkaaram "oru bhauthika vishudha bhooprakrithi srishtikkaan aavasyappettu" ennum athirthi stele "addehathinte manassilullathinekkurichu namukk ulla ettavum vipulamaaya vyakthiparamaaya saakshyamaanennum" baari kemp vaadikkunnu.
stele inii "inn sittuvil" illa.
stelayil onpathu ennam moshtaakkal nasippikkukayum onnu, stela eph, mothatthil aprathyakshamaakukayum cheythu. stele pii, kyu ennee mattu rund stellakalum phalatthil nasippikkappettu.
attente titulary.
muun prakhyaapanatthile atten devante muzhuvan thalakettum ithaanu "[maatthil] santhoshikkunna, swarggathinte karthaav, [bhoomiyude] karthaav; [mahanaaya jeevan] ooo [rubb] rund theerangalum sthaapikkunnu; (ente [?]) pithaav, attan; 'bhramanapathatthinte chakravaalatthil' bhramanapathatthinte [house] ullil jubiliyil aayirikkunna mahathaaya jeevanulla bhramanapatham.
pilkkala prakhyaapanatthil nalkiyirikkunna thalakkett alpam vyathyasthamaan, athil ingane vaayikkunnu "swarggathinte yajamananaaya, bhoomiyude yajamananaaya, rund theerangaleyum prakashippikkunna mahanaaya jeevajalamaaya maa 'thinode samthrupthanaaya nalla daivam. (divya, rajakeeya) pithavaaya atten ennennum nithyajeevan nalkiyavanaaya, 'bhramanapathatthinte chakravaalatthil' bhramanapathatthinte estettinullil jubiliyil kazhiyunna mahanaaya jeevanulla bhramanapathathil jeevikkuka.

