lithwaniayile joothanmaarude charithram

pathinalam noottaand muthal innuvareyulla kaalaghattatthilaanu lithwaniayile joothanmaarude charithram vyaapichukidakkunnathu. rajyath ippozhum oru cheria samoohamundu, athupole thanne israelilum amerikkayilum mattu raajyangalilum vipulamaaya lithwanian jootha pravaasikalum undu.
aadyakaala charithram.
lithwaniayile joothanmaarude uthbhavam valareyadhikam oohaapohangalkku vishayamaan. lithwaniayile grand duchyil joothanmaarude saannidhyam saakshyappeduthunna aadyathe vishwasaneeyamaaya rekha 1388 leeii chaarttaraan trekkaayile juthanmaarkku aanukoolyangal nalkunnathu. chitharikkidakkunna jootha kudiyettakkaare mathiyaya ennathilum samoohangal roopeekarikkunnathinum avarude lithwanian bharanaadhikaarikalil ninnu aanukoolyangal nedunnathinum mathiyaya shakthiyumullavar othukoodunnathu aadya kudiyettatthil ninnu ganyamaaya samayam nashtappettathayi soochippikkunnu. athinaal, juthanmaar neratthe lithwaniayilekku kudiyeriyathaayi avakashappedaan vividha charitrakaaranmaar shramichu. udaaharanathinu, 10-aamm noottaandil khaasar khagaanettil ninnu aadyathe juthanmaar kudiyeriyathaayi ebraham harkavi (1835-1919) avakashappettu (ashkenazi vamshaparambarayekkurichulla khaasar sidhaanthavum kaanuka). panthrandaam noottaandil juthanmaar germmaniyil ninnu kudiyeriyathaayi mattu charitrakaaranmaar avakaashappedunnu. kurishuyudhangalude kaalaghattatthil jarmman juthanmaar peedippikkappettu. lithwaniayile bahubhooripaksham joothanmaarudeyum parambaraagatha bhashayaaya yiddish pradhaanamaayum padinjaaran jarmman jootha kudiyettakkaar samsaarikkunna madhyakala jarmman bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. mattoru sidhaantham, grand duke gediminaasinte (bharanakaalathe) bharanakaalathu juthanmaar kudiyeriyathu, vyaapaarikaludeyum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum shanathil aakarshikkappedukayum saambathika avasarangal labikkukayum cheythu-akkaalat, lithwaniayk paashchaathya ardhathil nagarangalillaayirunnu, magdeburg avakaashangalo adacha samghangalo illaayirunnu. pathinalam noottaandil, lithwaniayile grand duchy ithinakam juthanmaar adhivasichirunna pradesangalaaya galeeshya-volhinia (galeeshya-volhinia yudhangal kaanuka), keevu principality (irpin nadiyile yudhavum nilajala yudhavum kaanuka) ennivayilekku vyaapichu. kasimir moonnaamante (1370) maranashesham poolish joothanmaarude avastha kooduthal vashalayi. poolish kottaaratthile roman catholica purohitharude swaadheenam vardhichu; anjouvile luis thante prajakalude shemathodu nissamgatha kaanikkukayum joothanmaare kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaanulla addehathinte aakamkshayum germmaniyil ninnulla vardhichuvarunna jootha kudiyettavum poolish joothanmaare avarude bhaviyekkurichu bhayappeduthukayum cheythu.
cheythu charter.
duke vaittauttaas 1388 juun 24 nuu trekkaayile juthanmaarkku prathyekaavakaashangal nalki. pinneedu samanamaaya aanukoolyangal breast (juulai 1,1388), grodno (1389), lutsk, vladymyr, mattu valia pattanangal ennividangalile joothanmaarkkum nalki. 1264ll polandile juthanmaarkku kasimir moonnaman neratthe kaalisile bolsloy nalkia samanamaaya rekhakalude adisthaanathilaanu charter roopakalppana cheythath. athinaal, swaadheenamulla poolish juthanmaar pramukha lithwanian samoohangalumaayi vaittauttakalil ninnu charterukal surakshithamaakkunnathil sahakarichathayi thonnunnu.
chaarttarin keezhil, lithwanian juthanmaar ellah criminal kesukalilum grand dukinteyum audyogika prathinidhikaludeyum adhikaaraparidhiyilekkum nerittu swatantra vishayangalude oru vibhaagam roopeekarichu, koodaathe praadeshika udyogastharude adhikaaraparidhiyilekkulla cheria vyavaharangalil cheria prabhukkanmaar ("slaachtha"), "boyaarukal", mattu swatantra pouranmaar ennivarkku thulyamaayi. poolish rajaavinteyum grand dukinteyum audyogika prathinidhikal polandile voyovode (paletine), lithwaniayile elder (staarosta) ennivaraayirunnu, avar "jootha jadjimar" (judex judoram) ennum avarude prathinidhikal ennum ariyappettirunnu. jootha jadji kristhyaanikalum juthanmaarum thammilulla ellah kesukalum joothanmaarumaayi bandhapetta ellah criminal kesukalum vidhichu; sivil vyavaharangalil, ennirunnaalum, thaalpparyamulla kakshikalude apekshayude adisthaanathil maathramaan addeham pravarthichathu. jadjiyude summons anusarikkunnathil parajayappetta iru kakshikalkkum addehathinu pizha nalkendivannu. cheria kuttangalkk joothanmaaril ninnu eedaakkiya ellah pizhakalum addehathintethaayirunnu. vyakthikalude rakshaakarthruthvam, swath, joothanmaarude aaradhana swaathanthryam enniva addehathinte kadamakalil ulppedunnu. thaalpparyamulla oru kakshiyude paraathiyiloodeyallaathe aareyum kodathiyil vilikkaan addehathinu avakashamillaayirunnu. mathaparamaya kaaryangalil juthanmaarkku vipulamaaya svayambharanaavakaasham nalkiyirunnu.
eee nyayamaaya niyamangalkk keezhil lithwaniayile juthanmaar akkaalat avarude poolish, jarmman saha-mathavishwaasikalkku ariyaatha oru paridhivare samriddhiyil ethi. breast, grodno, trekkay, lutsk, minsk ennee samoohangal sambathum swaadheenavum athivegam valarthi. oro samudaayathinum oru jootha mooppan undaayirunnu. eee mooppanmaar ellah baahya bandhangalilum puthiya aanukoolyangal nedunnathilum nikuthikalude niyanthranatthilum samoohangale prathinidheekarichu. ennirunnaalum, atharam udyogasthare pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathinu munbu "moothavan" enna peril paraamarsikkunnilla. athuvare rekhakal "breastile juthanmaar thaazhmayode prayogikkunnu" muthalaayava prasthaavikkuka maathramaan cheythath. adhikaarametta sesham mooppanmaar thante sthaanathinte chumathalakal vishwasthathayode nirvahikkumennum nischitha kaalavadhi avasaanikkumbol aaa padavi upekshikkumennum sathyaprathinja cheyth prakhyaapichu. muthirnnayal rabbiyumaayi chernnu pravarthichu, deputy kodathiyil niyogicha judicial kesukal ozhikeyulla ellah jootha kaaryangalum athinte adikaaraparidhiyil ulppedunnu, randaamathethu rajaavinu nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mathaparamaya kaaryangalil, rabbiyudeyum moothavarudeyum theerumaanatthil ninnulla appeel raajaavinte nagarangalile pradhana rabbikal adangunna oru kaunsilinu maathrame anuvadichirunnulloo. kaantor, sekstan, shochatt enniva rabbiyudeyum muthirnnavarudeyum utharavukalkku vidheyamaayirunnu.
vaittauttakalude sadbhavana sahishnutayum addehathe jootha prajakalodu priyappettavarakki, deerghakaalamaayi addehathinte audaaryavum vyakthithvathinte kuleenatayum sambandhicha paarambaryangal avarkkidayil nilaninnirunnu. addehathinte cussin, polandile rajaavaaya jogaila, vaittauthaasinte jeevithakaalathu addehathinte bharanathil edapettittilla.
jagiyallon bharanam.
1569ll polandum litwania (lubelin union) onnichu. pathinezhaam noottaandile chimilnikki prakshobham ozhike iru rajyangalileyum juthanmaarkku pothuve samriddhiyudeyum aapekshika surakshayudeyum samayamaayirunnu athu. ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum 1495num idayil lithuveniyayile grand duchyil ninnu joothanmaare purathaakkiyathu polulla chila sambhavangal lithuveniyaykkullil maathramaan nadannathu.
1495ll joothanmaare puratthaakkukayum 1503ll madangukayum cheythu.
kaasimirinte pingamiyaayi addehathinte makan joonn albert polandilum ilaya makan alexander jaagiyalon lithwanian simhaasanathilum adhikaaramettu. randaamathethu thante mungaamikal juthanmaarkku nalkia prathyekaavakaashangalude charter sthireekarikkukayum avarkk adhika avakashangal nalkukayum cheythu. addehathinte pithaavinte jootha kadakkaarkk avarkk nalkenda thukayude oru bhagam labhichu, bakkiyullava vividha kaaranangalal thadanjuvekkappettu. thalamurakalayi lithwanian bharanaadhikaarikale savisheshamaakkiyirunna joothanmaarodulla anukoola manobhaavam 1495 eprilil alexander purappeduvicha oru utharaviloode apratheekshithamaayum samoolamaayum maari. eee utharaviloode litwaniyayil thamasikkunna ellah joothanmaareyum aduthulla pradeshangaleyum raajyam vidaan churukkatthil utharavittu.
puratthaakkal saadhaarana kroorathayodoppamaayirunnil; kaaranam lithwanian joothanmarodu janakeeya sathrutha undaayirunnilla, mathramalla eee utharavu oru samboornna bharanaadhikaariyude bhaagathuninnu verum manahpoorvamaaya pravrithiyaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila prabhukkanmaar alexanderinte utharavinu amgeekaaram nalki, 1503-ll naadukadatthappettavar lithwaniayilekku madangiyethiyathinekkur niravadhi kesukal soochippikkunnathu pole, avarude jootha kadakkaar pookunnathiloode labham pratheekshichukondu. chila naadukadatthappettavar krimiyayilekku kudiyeriyathaayum, ithuvare kooduthal perr polandil sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayum, avide joonn albert raajaavinte anumathiyode avar lithwanian athirthikkaduthulla pattanangalil svayam sthaapichuvennum hebru srothassukalil ninnu ariyaam. aadyam nalkia eee anumathi "juthanmaarkku undaaya valia nashtam kaaranam kadutha daaridryam kaaranam" rund varshathekku neetti."raajyathe ellah pattanangalkkum baadhakamaaya vipuleekaranam, avarude poolish sahodaranmaarkku nalkiyirunna ellah swaathanthryangalum aasvadichu (craco, juun 29,1498). purathaakkappetta carrier ippol ukrainile raatne ennariyappedunna poolish pattanamaya raatnoyil sthirathaamasamaakki.
mathaparamaya kaaranagal, joothanmaarude panam kandukettikkond kshayichukazhinja treasury niraykkendathinte aavasyakatha, vyakthiparamaaya sathrutha, mattu kaaranagal ennivayulppede niravadhi kaaranagal apratheekshithamaayi purathaakkalinu kaaranamaayi.
alexander polandinte simhaasanathil praveshichathinu thottupinnaale addeham naadukadatthappetta joothanmaare lithwaniayilekku madangaan anuvadichu. 1503 march muthal, ippozhum nilanilkkunna rekhakal kaanikkunnath pole, avarude veedukal, bhoomi, sinagogukal, smashaanangal enniva avarkk thirike nalkukayum avarude pazhaya kadangal pirikkaan anumathi nalkukayum cheythu. puthiya adikaarapathrangal avare munbatheppole lithwaaniyayiludaneelam jeevikkaan anuvadichu. joothanmaarude thirichuvaravum avarude pazhaya swathukkal veendedukkaanulla avarude shramavum niravadhi budhimuttukalilekkum vyavahaarangalilekkum nayichu. niyamam nadappakkaan thante vais regentinode nirddeshichukondu oru adhika utharavu purappeduvikkendathu aavasyamaanennu alexander kandethi (1503 epril). ennittum chila swathukkal varshangalayi juthanmaar veendeduthilla.
veendeduthilla niyamam.
athe samayam, pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil thaazhnna prabhukkanmaarum juthanmaarum thammilulla sathrutha vardhichukondirunnu. avarude bandham vashalaavukayum kristhyaanikalude sathrutha lithwanian joothanmaarude jeevithathe thadassappeduthaan thudangukayum cheythu. aadyam malsaram moolamundaakunna saambathika kaaranangalal purohithanmaar valarthiyedutha joothavirudha vikaaram, mathavirudharkkethire, prathyekichu lutheranmaar, kaalvinistukal, juthanmaar ennivarkkethire kurishuyudhathil earppettirikkayaayirunu. germmaniyil ninnu vyaapicha parishkaranangal roman catholica sabhayodulla vishwasthathaye durbalapedutthi. joothanmaarumaayo tarkkukalumaayo thaathaarukalumaayo catholica sthreekal vivaham kazhicha sambhavangal pathivayi undaayittund. vilniusile bishop sigismundinu augustil (desember., 1548) atharam sammishra vivaahangalude aavruthiyum avarude pithaakkanmaarude vishwaasangalil santhathikalkku vidyaabhyaasam nalkunnathum. shalyaakhtha" joothanmaaril vaanijya, saambathika samrambhangalil apakadakaramaaya athiraalikaleyum kandu. kaarshika vibhagangalumaayulla avarude edapaadukalil prabhukkanmaar joothanmaare idanilakkaaraayi thiranjedutthu, angane "shalyaakhtha" yude bhaagath oru murivelppikkunna vikaaram srishtikkunnu. joothanmaare sainikasevanathil ninnu ozhivaakkiyathum jootha nikuthi karshakarude adikaaravum sambathum "shalyaakhtha" yude athrupthi vardhippichu. borsobogatti, sagarovsky thudangiya prabhukkanmaar kasttams varumaanathinte pattakkaar enna nilayil joothanmaarumaayi malsarikkaan shramichuvenkilum orikkalum vijayichilla. juthanmaar pattanangalilum raajaavinte bhoomikalilum thaamasichirunnathinaal prabhukkanmaarkk avarude mail oru adikaaravum vahikkano avaril ninnu labham nedaano kazhinjilla. raajaavinte anumathiyillathe thangalude estettukalil joothanmaare paarppikkan polum avarkk avakaashamundaayirunnil; ennaal maruvashathu, jootha nikuthidaayakarude toll houseukal avarude estettukalil nirmmichathil avar palappozhum prakopitharaayirunnu.
athinaal anukoola nimisham vannappol, lithwanian prabhukkanmaar joothanmaarude mail kooduthal adikaaram nedaan shramichu. 1551-ll vilnayude bhakshanakramathil prabhukkanmaar oru thalaykku oru "ducath" enna prathyeka thiranjeduppu nikuthi chumathanamennu abhyarthichu, koodaathe volhinian prabhukkanmaar jootha nikuthi shekharikkunnavare tolhouseukal sthaapikkunnathino avarude estettukalile bhakshanashaalakalil kaavalkkaare sthaapikkunnathino nirodhikkanamenn aavasyappettu.
joothanmaarkkethiraaya ethirppu oduvil christalise cheyyappedukayum 1566 leeii adichamarthal lithwanian niyamathil lithwanian prabhukkanmaare deseeya niyamanirmmaanathil pankedukkaan aadyamaayi anuvadichappol krithyamaaya aavishkaaram kandethukayum cheythu. eee niyamathile panthrandaam khandikayil inipparayunna lekhanangal adangiyirikkunnu
samanamaaya swabhaavamulla mattu niyanthranangal athe khandikayil adangiyirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, joothanmaarude pazhaya charterukal adisthaanaparamaayi parishkkarikkanulla prabhukkanmaarude aagraham rajaavu parishodhichu.
poolish-lithwanian komanveltthil.
lithwaniayile kosaakkukalude prakshobhatthinte phalam.
eee kalaapathinte prakopanam lithwanian jootha samoohangalude samghadanaye nashippichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil thangalude pazhaya veedukalilekku madangiyethiya athijeevichavar praayogikamaayi niralambaraayirunnu. lithwanian pradeshathu nirantharam pottippurapetta yudhangal raajyathin muzhuvan nasham vithakkukayum juthanmaarkku oru upajeevanamaargathekkaal kooduthal sambaadikkaanulla avasaram nashtappedutthukayum cheythu. nilanilppinayulla avarude pooraattatthinte theevratha 1648 vare nilaninnirunna saahacharyangal punasthaapikkaan avarkk samayam nalkiyilla. joonn kasimir (1648-1668) lithwaniayile jootha samoohangalkku vividha elavukal nalki avarude avastha mechappeduthaan shramichu. samakaalika rekhakalil ninnu vyakthamaakunnathupole, vargeeya samghadanayile pazhaya kramatthilekku madangaanulla sramangal vendaayirunnilla. angane 1672-ll, lithwaniayile grand dachiyile vividha pattanangalil ninnum gramangalil ninnumulla jootha mooppanmaar maikkal visnioveekki rajaavil ninnu (1669-1673) oru charter nedi, "" slyaakhthaykkum mattu kristhyaanikalkkumethir kuttakrithyangalil kuttakkaraaya joothanmaarude ennam vardhichuvarunnathinaal, ithu joothanmaarodulla kristhyaanikalude shathruthaykk kaaranamaakunnu, koodaathe atharam kuttavaalikale shikshikkaan jootha mooppanmaarude kazhivillaayma kaaranam, karthakkanmaar samrakshikkunna atharam kuttavaalikale shikshikkunnathinum aavashyamullappol samoohathil ninnu ozhivaakkunnathinum kuttavaalikale jootha kodathikalkku munnil vilikkaan rajaavu "kahalukale" anuvadikkunnu."kahalukalude" pazhaya sakthiye punarujjeevippikkaanulla sramangal vijayichilla. svanthamaayi mooladhanamillaatha daridraraaya jootha vyapaarikal prabhukkanmaril ninnum pallikalil ninnum sabhakalil ninnum ashramangalil ninnum vividha mathavibhagangalil ninnum panam kadam vaangaan nirbandhitharaayi. randaamathethil ninnulla vaaypakal saadhaaranayaayi paridhiyillaattha kaalayalavilekkaayirunnu, koodaathe "kahal" riyal estettil panayam vachaanu surakshithamaakkiyirunnath. angane "kahalukal" purohitharodum prabhukkanmaarodum niraashayode kadappettirikkunnu.
1792ll lithwaniayile jootha janasamkhya 250,000 aanennu kanakkakkappettu kanakkakkappettu 120,000 neey apekshichu). ippol athivegam kshayichukondirikkunna lithwaniayile vaanijyavum vyavasaayangalum muzhuvan joothanmaarude kaikalilaayirunnu. prabhukkanmaar avarude estettukalilum krishiyidangalilum bhooribhaagavum thaamasichu, avayil chilath jootha pattakkaar kaikaaryam cheythirunnu. nagara swathukkal madangal, pallikal, thaazhnna prabhukkanmaar ennivarude kaivashathilaayirunnu. kristhyan vyapaarikal daridraraayirunnu. polandinte randaam vibhajanasamayath (1793) juthanmaar russiayude prajakalaayappol lithwaniayile sthithi ithaayirunnu.
lithwaniayile jootha samskaaram.
padinjaaru padicha lithwanian-poolish juthanmaarum akkaalat lithwaniayilekkum polandilekkum kudiyeriya jarmman juthanmaarum kaaranamaan litwaniyayil "yeshivot" sthaapithamaayathu. eee aadyakaala "yeshivot" nekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. pathinaram noottaand vare jootha rachanakalil avarekkuricho pramukha lithwanian rabbikalekkuricho paraamarsamilla. pathinaram noottaandinte naalam dashakathil solomon luria ottakappakshiyilekku pookumbool thanne oru vrudhanaayirunna volhiniyayile vladimeerile isak besaleel aayirunnu aadyathe rabbinikkal adhikariyum "yeshiva" yude thalavan. mattoru rabbinikkal adikaariyaaya austroginte rabby looriyayude mungaamiyumaaya kalman habercaster 1559-ll marichu. breastinte "yeshiva" yekkurichulla idaykkide paraamarshangal samakaalika rabbikalaaya solomon luria (maranam 1585), moses isarles (maranam 1572), david ganz (maranam 1613) ennivarude rachanakalil kaanapedunnu, avar athinte pravarthanathekkurichu samsaarikkunnu. volhiniyayile austroginteyum vlaadimirinteyum "yeshivot" ennathil ninnu pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil avar abhivridhi praapicha avasthayilaayirunnuvennum avarude thalakal "talmudic" scholarshippil parasparam malsarichuvennum ariyappedunnu. cremenets "yeshiva", isak kohen (maranam 1573), avarude thalayude ganz paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal mattonnum ariyilla.
lubelin union samayat, solomon luria austroginte rabbiyaayirunnu, polandileyum lithwaniayileyum ettavum valia "talmudic" adhikaarikalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. 1568ll sigismund rajaavu lithwaniayile chila kasttams nikuthikalude krishiyil pankalikalaaya isak borodavka mendell isakovich thammilulla syoottukal rabbi solomon louriaykkum pinskill ninnum tikttinil ninnumulla rund sahaaya rabbikalkkum nalkaan utharavittu.
polandileyum lithwaniayileyum pramukha rabbikalude dooravyaapakamaaya adikaaravum praayogika jeevithathekkurichulla avarude vishalamaaya arivum "response" yill udharichirikkunna niravadhi theerumaanangalil ninnu vyakthamaan. abraham rapoportile (abraham shrenzell ennum ariyappedunnu; 1650ll marichu) "eedan hahaa-esrachi" (austrog, 1796) ll rabbi merr chaakk thaazhepparayunna reethiyil udharichirikkunnu "jootha kuttavaalikalude swaathanthryam vaangunna nammude saamudaayika nethaakkalude achaarathinethire njaan shakthamayi prathishedhikkunnu. atharamoru nayam nammude janangalkkidayil kuttakrithyangale prothsaahippikkunnu. purohithanmaarkk nandi, atharam kuttavaalikal kristhumatham sweekarikkunnathiloode shikshayil ninnu rakshappedumenna vastutha enne prathyekichum vishamippikkunnu. thettaaya bhakti atharam mathaparivarthanangal thadayunnathinaayi udyogastharkku kaikkooli nalkaan nammude nethaakkale prerippikkunnu. neethinirvahanathinulla avasarangal kuttavaalikalkk nashtappedutthaan naam shramikkanam."pathinaram noottaandil maharam lublin (" "response", "§138) ithe vikaaram prakadippichu". athe "response" yill ninnu kaatts udharicha mattoru udaaharanam, athupole thanne jootha kuttavaalikal kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedumennu vaagdaanam cheythukondu jootha kodathikalude adhikaarathinethire purohithanmaarude sahayam abhyarthichathaayi kaanikkunnu.
poolish-lithwanian rabbikalude theerumaanangal palappozhum vishalamaaya kazhchappaadukalaalum adayaalappeduthunnu, athupole thanne joyal sirkkasinte ("baise hadash", §127) theerumaanatthil juthanmaarkku avarude mathaparamaya sevanangalil kristhyan pallikalil upayogikkunna ganangal upayogikkaam, "samgeetham juthano christianio allaathathinaal saarvathrika niyamangalaalum niyanthrikkappedunnu."
luria, meer kaatts, mordekaay jaff ennivarude theerumaanangal kaanikkunnath rabbikalkku russian bhashayum athinte bhaashaashaasthravum ariyamaayirunnu ennaanu. udaaharanathinu, oru vivaahamochana kesil, sthreeyude perinte spelling "lupka" allengil "lubka" ennu chodyam cheyyappettirunnappol, aaa vaakk "bii" ennu shariyaayi spelling cheythittundennum "pii" allennum jaff theerumaanichu, kaaranam perinte uthbhavam russian kriyayaan = "snehikkuka", allathe = "adikkuka" ("levush haah-boots vii-argaman", §129). lithwanian joothanmaaril bhooribhaagavum russian bhasha upayogikkunnathinaal vivaahamochana kesukalil breast-littovskinte peru "breast" ennu ezhuthiyittundennum "brisk" allennum meer kaatts ("geburat anashim", §1) vishadeekarikkunnu."kujawa jillayil aaa pattanatthinte peru ellaayppozhum" "churuchurukku" ennu ucharikkappedunnathil athu athra vegathilalla "."kaatts (oru jarmman) thante" "prathikaranatthinte" "samaapanathil, litwania kooduthal prabudhamaakumbol, janangal oru bhasha maathrame samsaarikkoo-jarmman-athum breast-littovsk ennu" "brisk" "ennu ezhuthappedumenna prateeksha prakadippikkunnu"."
response" ennathil ninnulla enangal.
response" lithwanian joothanmaarude jeevithathilum avarude kristhyan ayalkkarumaayulla avarude bandhatthilum rasakaramaaya oru velicham veeshunnu. benchamin aaron solnic thante 'masath binyamin' (16-aamm noottaandinte avasaanavum 17-aamm noottaandinte thudakkavum) ll prasthaavikkunnath "kristhyaanikal palliyil pookumbool joothanmaaril ninnu vasthrangalum aabharanangalum kadam vaangunnu ennaanu."sirks (ell.sii. §79) oru kristhyan sthree rabbiyude aduthu vannu jootha shleoma mungimarikkunnathil ninnu rakshikkaan kazhiyaathathil khedam prakadippichathaayi vivarikkunnu. mungimaricha joothan vellathil kashtappedumbol niravadhi kristhyaanikal nissamgathayode nokki. joothane rakshikkunnathil paraajayappettathin purohitan avare apamanikkukayum kadinamaayi marddikkukayum cheythu, avar eathaanum minittukalkk sesham prathyakshappettu.
chila amgangal pirichuvidaan aagrahicha oru kaantarinekkurichu oru lithwanian samoohathil nadanna oru kalahathekkurichu luria oru vivaranam ("response", §20) nalkunnu. thante pravartthanangal nirvahikkunnathil ninnu addehathe thadayunnathinaayi sinagog adaykkukayum angane mathaparamaya sevanangal niravadhi divasathekku nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu vishayam praadeshika prabhuvilekku kondupoyi, addeham daivathinte bhavanam adachupoottaan kazhiyillennum kaantarinte avakaashavaadangal lithwaniayile panditharaaya rabbikal theerumaanikkanamennum paranju kettidam veendum thurakkaan utharavittu. lithwanian joothanmaaril valiyoru vibhaagathin upajeevanamaargam nalkia oru thozhilaaya kannukaalikale kollunnathum maamsam vilkkunnathum praadeshika adhikaarikal nirodhichirunna oru jootha samoohathe ("shee 'erith yosef", §70) joseph kaatts paraamarsikkunnu. eee nirodhanathe thudarnnulla oru varshathekku, cases kelkkaan udyogasthare prerippikkunnathinayi panam nalkunnathinaayi jootha samoohathe niravadhi avasarangalil kannukaalikalude thalaykku moonnu gulden enna nirakkil vilayiruthi. juthanmaar oduvil taunn majistrettumaarumaayi oru karaarilethi, athinte keezhil kannukaalikale arukkanulla avakaashathinaayi prathivarsham naalpat gulden nalkanam. hillel benn herse ("bettu hillel", "yoreh dii 'aaa", §157) parayunnathanusarichu, kodathiyil sathyaprathinja cheyyumbol vilnayile juthanmaar avarude thala anaavaranam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaayennum ennaal pinneedu tribunalil ninnu moodiya thalayode sathyaprathinja cheyyaanulla padavi vaangiyathaayum naftali parayunnu, ithu avarude rabbikalil oraalude theerumaanatthiloode anaavasyamaaya oru sanbradaayamaayirunnu.
lithwanian samoohangal jarmman, austriyan joothanmaare pathivayi sahaayichirunnuvenn meer lublinte "response" (§40) kaanikkunnu. sileesiyayil ninnu joothanmaare purathaakkiyappol, silsile jootha nivaasikalkk 2,000 gulden nalkanamenna vyavasthayil thudaraan avasaram labhichappol, lithwanian samoohangal thukayude anjilonnu sambhavana cheythu.
vilna gaav.
lithwaniayile ettavum valia nagaramaya vilniyasil thaamasichirunna vilna gaavon enna elijah benn solomoninode (1720-1797) mathaparamaya acharanangal valareyadhikam kadappettirikkunnu. addehathinte "thora", "talmud" padanangal mikka "yeshiva" kalilum ippozhum aacharikkunna vishakalanaparamaaya "lithwanian shailiyilulla" patana roopathe roopappeduthi. vilna gavoninte pradhana sishyanaaya raabi cheyim voloshin aarambhicha oru saadhaarana lithwanian vikasanamaan "yeshiva prasthaanam".
hasidiminte" puthumakale rookshamaayi apalapicha vilna gavonte neethrthwathilulla hasidic joothamathathinte aadyakaala athiraalikalaayirunnu "misnagdim". ithokkeyaanengilum, carlinile aharon sthaapicha carlin-stolin, yehuda leab sneerson, koydanov ennivar sthaapicha kopust thudangiya niravadhi pramukha hasidic pandithanmaarum rajavamshangalum litwaniyayil ninnaan uthbhavichath. elijah vinograd polulla chila poolish hasidic rajavamshangal polum litwaniyayil sthirathaamasamaakki.
russian saamraajyathin keezhilulla lithwanian juthanmaar.
1795-leeii avasana moonnaam vibhajanam poolish-lithwanian komanveltthinte nilanilpp avasanippikkukayum lithwaniayile grand dachiyude muun pradeshangal russian vibhajanathinte bhagamaavukayum cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, lithwaniayile joothanmaaril palarum russian saamraajyathile jootha virudha vamshahathyakalil ninnum yahoodavirudhathayil ninnum rakshappedaan kizhakkan europil ninnu palayanam cheythu. pathinaayirakkanakkin lithwanian juthanmaar amerikkayilekkum dakshinaafrikkayilekkum kudiyeri. oru cheria vibhaagam britiish bharanakalamaaya paalasteente bhaagathekku kudiyeri.
republic oof litwania (1918-1940).
lithwaniayile juthanmaar lithwaniayile swaathanthryasamarangalil sajeevamaayi pankedutthu. 1918 desember desember lithwanian sarkkar lithwanian raashtrathe samrakshikkaan sannadhapravarthakare kshanichu; 500-ladhikam joothanmaaraaya 10,000 sannadhapravarthakar. sannadhapravarthakar 1918num idayil lithwanian sainyathil 3,000-thiladhikam juthanmaar sevanamanushtichu. thudakkathil, community kaunsilukal allengil "kehilot" vazhi jootha samoohathinu vidyaabhyaasathilum nikuthiyilum vipulamaaya svayambharanaadhikaaram nalkiyirunnu.
1934 aayappozhekkum, europiludaneelam prathiphalicha oru deseeya pravanathayil, sarkkar eee svayambharanathinte bhooribhaagavum kuraykkukayum yahoodavirudha kesukal vardhikkukayum cheythu.
1940 juunil soviyatt adhiniveshathinushesham chila jootha kammyoonistukaar enn. keey. vii. dii. yilum praadeshika communist namakaranam cheytha noklaathurayilum pradhana punk vahichu. jarmman adhiniveshathinu munbu litwaniyayil soviyatt adichelppicha communist sarkkar mattu joothanmaarodum, prathyekichu matha joothanmaarodum seonistukalodum kadinamaayi perumari.
irumbu chennaaya, naasi prachaaranangal thudangiya theevra valathupaksha grouppukalaal prachodanam ulkkonda chila lithwaniakkaar communist bharanakoodathinu joothanmaare kuttappeduthukayum holocoastil lithwanian joothanmaarude koottakolayil pankedukkukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhavum holocoastum.
1940 juunil soviyatt union lithwanian republicine kaivashappeduthukayum oru varshathinusesham 1941 juunil jarmmankaar kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, lithwaniayile jootha janasamkhyayil 91-95% kollappettu-litwania athinte chuttupaadukalum vidaan kazhiyaatha mikkavarum ellah juthanmaarum. holocoastil oru raajyathekkaalum joothanmaarude ettavum uyarnna marananirakkaayirunnu ithu.
holocoastine athijeevicha eaka europian yeshiva mirr yesivayaayirunnu. kaunaasile japanese konsalinte sahaayathode, chiyun sugihara, athinte nethaakkalum vidyaarthikalum shanghoy ghettoyilekk rakshapettu.
soviyatt yugam (1944-1990).
1944ll naasi jarmman senaye purathaakkiyathinethudar, soviyattukal litwani oru soviyatt republicayi punarnirmmikkukayum naasikalumayi sahakarichathin niravadhi lithwaaniyakkaare vichaarana cheyyukayum cheythu. kaunasinaduthulla onpathaamathe kotta polulla yudhakaala koottakkolayude sthalangal smarakangalaayi maari. deseeya vishayangal ozhivakkaan, smarakangal ellah erakaludeyum peril prakhyaapichu, avaril bhooribhaagavum joothanmaaraanengilum. athijeevichavaril bhooribhaagavum orikkalum thirichethiyilla, pakaram israelilekku maari. soviyatt bharanathiludaneelam, israelilekku kudiyeraanulla avakaashathekkurichum holocoastine engane shariyaayi anusmarikkaam ennathinekkurichum jootha samoohavum adhikaarikalum thammil pirimurukkamundaayirunnu. soviyatt lithwaniayile bhooribhaagam juthanmaarum yudhaanantharam russian, yiddish bhashakalumaayi ethi.
padhathiye pinthunaykkaan oru uddeshyavumillengilum, 1944 ll jootha samoohathe jootha museum thurakkaan anuvadichu, athu athinte aadya director sherl kazerginskyude appaartmentil sthithicheyyunnu. lithwaniayile joothanmaarude vidhiyekkurich lokamembaadum ninnu noorukanakkinu anweshanangal labhicha oru community sentaraayi eee sthaapanam pravarthichu. 1945ll museum vilniusile muun ghetto libraryilekkum jayil kettidangalilekkum maatti. jarmman adhiniveshakaalathu joothanmaarude krooramaaya nasham" enna thalakkettilaayirunnu myoosiyathile aadya pradarshanam. 1949ll lithuvenian soviyatt soshyalist republicinte manthrisabha museum vilnius local histtari myoosiyamaayi punasamghadippikkaan utharavittappol athu adachupootti. 1946ll vilnius jootha school 1950ll kaunasile jootha semiteriyum adachu. vilniusile jootha semiteri polichumaatti, pazhaya vilnius sinagog thakarkkapettu, tauras kunnin mukalilum parishkkaricha suvisheshaka palliyilumulla padikal nirmmikkaan jootha shavakudeera kallukal upayogichu. sthaapanavalkkarikkappetta jootha smarana nirthalaakkiyappol, lithwaniayile 331 holocoast smarakangalil kuranjathu naalppathiyanchenkilum 1991 nuu munbu nirmikkappetta chila smarakangal thudaraan anuvadichu. staalinte maranam lithwanian joothanmaarude padaviyil kurachu mechappeduthal konduvannu, puthiya jootha samoohangal yuu. ezz. aarinte vikasithamallaatha bhaagangalil ninnu raajyathekku thamasam maarukayum varshangalayi holocoast vivaranathinte chila vikasanam nadathukayum cheythu. holocoust enna vishayathe nerittu abhisambodhana cheiyunna aadya prasidheekaranamaayi prasidheekaranamaayi 1965lum "maas kolezhs inn litwania" enna pusthakam prasidheekarichu. "soviyatt yooniyanilevideyum jootha samskaarathinte aadya pothu pradarshanamaayi 1988 ll kaunaasilum vilniasilum lithwaniayile joothanmaarude kalayude pradarshanam aarambhichu. 1988ll sthaapithamaaya lithwanian jootha saamskaarika associatione 1991ll lithwanian jootha samooham ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
aadhunika lithwaniayile juthanmaar.
lithwaniayile jootha janasamkhyayil mandagathiyilulla idivu thudarunnu. thudarunnu sensus prakaram 4,007 joothanmaaraanu vamsheeyathayude adisthaanathil undaayirunnathu. 2011 aayappozhekkum ithu 3,050 aayum 2021 aayappozhekkum 2,256 aayum kuranju. juthanmaarkku ettavum praayameriya praayaparidhiyumundaayirunnu; 41 sathamaanam juthanmaar 60 + praayathilullavarum 20 vayassinu thaazheyullavarum maathramaan. motham 2,448 peril 192 kareyimukalum undaayirunnu; ithu 2011 leeii 423 ennathil ninnu ganyamaaya kuravaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kareyimukal charitraparamaayi lithwaniayile joothanmaaril ninnu vamsheeyamaayi vyathyasthamaanennu svayam nirvachichittundu. nirvachichittundu 2001lum nadanna sensus prakaram, dhruvangal, russiakkaar, belarasiakkaar, ukrainkaar ennivarkku pinnilum jarmmankaarkk thottumumbilum lithwaniayile anchaamathe valia vamseeya nyoonapakshamaayirunnu juthanmaar.
lithwanian joothanmaarude pingaamikalkkidayile thaalparyam vinodasanchaarathinum samoohathinte charitraparamaaya vibhavangaludeyum swathukkaludeyum gaveshanathilum samrakshanathilum naveekaranathinum kaaranamaayi. vardhichuvarunna lithwanian juthanmaar yiddish padikkaanum pariseelikkaanum thaalpparyappedunnu. 2000ll raajyathe jootha janasamkhya 3,600 aayirunnu.
21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkam chabad-lubavic amgangalum mathethara nethaakkalum thammilulla samgharshangalaayirunnu. 2005ll, samudaayathile mathethara nethaavu shree. misttar niyamicha rund perr cheef rabbi sholom berr krinsky sinagogil ninnu shaareerikamaayi neekkam cheythu. alperovich pinneedu oru puthiya cheef rabbi prakhyaapichu. kooduthal vivarangalkk chabad-lubavichumaayi bandhapetta vivaadangal litwania kaanuka.
samakaalika lithwanian joothanmaaril sradheyamaayavar immanuvelis syngeris (lithwanian seemaasile amgavum) marcus syngeris (ezhuthukaaranum), ephraim ooshri (holocoastine athijeevicha churukkam chila rabbikalil oralum), anatolijas senderovas (lokaprashasta samgeethasamvidhaayakanum lithwanian deseeya award jethaavum europian samgeethasamvidhaayakante sammana jethaavum), arturas bamsteenaas (samgeethasamvidhaayakanum shabda kalakaran), arcadijus vinokuras (nadanum pracharakanum), gercas sakas (football raphari), gidonas sapiro-bilas (saasil ninnulla poppu gaayakan), dovidas bluevesteenas (sangeetha nirmmaathaav), leonidas dinderas (thathwachinthakan), ikkijas (aisijas), mercedos (mercedos), mercedos
naasi sahakaarikalude smaarakangalekkurich pothu charchakal nadannittundu. 2019ll central vilniusile oru smaaraka phalakam jootha lithwanian raashtreeyakkaaranaaya staanislovaas tomas sledgehammer upayogichu thakarthu. mattu sahakaarikalude niravadhi smaarakangalum lithwanian adhikaarikal neekkam cheythu. eee smarakangal neekkam cheythath yahoodavirudhamaaya ethirppinu kaaranamaayi, ithu vilniyasinte eaka sinagogaya corell sinagogin, bheeshanikal kaaranam thaalkkaalikamaayi adacha jootha community aasthaanathinum ethiraaya bheeshanikalilekku nayichu.

