
parma cathedral

parma-romagna (itali) yile parmayile oru roman catholica cathedralaanu parma cathedral (), ithu vishudha kanyaka meriyude daaranaykkaayi samarppichirikkunnu. parma roopathayude episcopal aasthaanamaanithu. ithu oru pradhana itaaliyan romanesk cathedralaanu thaazhikakkudam, prathyekichu, navothaana chithrakaaranaaya antonio daa korejiyoyude valare swaadheenamulla oru midhyaadhaaranaathmaka chuvarchithrathaachithraal alankarichirikkunnu.
charithram.
1059-ll bishop cadalo, pinneedu oonariyas II enna peril aantipopp, 1106-ll paschel randaaman prathishticha nirmmaanam aarambhichu. orupakshe aaram noottaandil oru basilica nilavilundaayirunnuvena pinneedu upekshikkappettu; onpathaam noottaandil kaundu-bishop gubodo mumbathethinte pinbhaagathu mattoru palli prathishtichirunnu. 1117-leeii bhookambathil puthiya pallikku saaramaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum athu punasthaapikkendivariyum cheythu. yadhaartha kettidatthinte avashishtangal prisbitery, traansept, gaayakasanghavum apsus, chila shilpa shakalangalum ennivayil kaanaan kazhiyum. vishalamaaya munbhagam 1178-ll poortthiyaayi ithinu moonnu logia nilakalum moonnu portalukalum undu, avayude vaathilukal 1494-ll luchino bianchino kothivachu. madhyathilum valathum vaathilukalkkidayil 1416-ll maricha ganithashaasthranjanaaya biaggio pelakaniyude shavakudeeramundu.
gothik belfree pinneedu, 1284-1294 ll cherthu idathuvashathu oru eratta nirmmaanam vibhavanam cheythirunnu, pakshe athu orikkalum aarambhichirunnilla. cathedralinu sameepam paarmayude ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla snaanapeetam sthithicheyyunnu.
akathalathil.
akathalathinu oru laattin cross plan undu, oru naavum rund edanaazhikalum pailastarukalaal vibhajichirikkunnu. adisthaana kripttinu idam nalkunnathinaayi presbiteryum traanseptum uyarthunnu. eiii. dii. 3 allengil 4 noottaandukalilenkilum oru aaraadhanaakshethrathinte saannidhyam kaanikkunna purathana mosaikkukalude sakalangal randaamathethu. parmayile kuleena kudumbangalude kallarakal sthaapikkaanaanu side chaappalukal nirmmichathu avayil randennam, "valeri chaappal", "kammyoon chaappal" enniva pathinalam noottaandil ninnulla yadhaartha alankaaram nilanirtthi.
purambhaagathulla thalasthaanangal prathyekichum sradheyamaanu avayil palathum elakal, puraana roopangal, yuddha ramgangal, athupole baibil, suvishesha ramgangal ennivayulla sambannamaaya alankaarangalaanu. pathinaram noottaandile svarnnachithram neekkam cheytha oru thalasthaanam velippeduthiyathupole, paintingukal yadhaarthathil polychrome aayirunnu.
valath traansepttil benedetto antilamy (1178) yude "nikshepam" undu. nabhiyileyum apsay mathilukalileyum chuvarchithrangalude chakram latansio gambara, bernardino guty ennivayaanu. naabhikkupurathu, spaanukalkk mukalilulla loonattukalil pazhaya niyama kadhakalude ekavarnna chuvarchithrangalum abhiniveshathinte sambhavavum undu. ithu girolamo masola bedoli ezhuthiya "kristhu, merii, vishudhar, mahathwathilullah maalaakhamaar" (1538-1544) enniva chernna apse goppola avasaanikkunnu. valeri chaappalile" pathinanjaam noottaandile chumarchithrangal bertolino dii grossy studiyoyudethaanu. capella dell kammyoonilullavar", orupakshe ore kaikalaal, 1410-11 enna pleginu sesham varaykkappedukayum vishudha sebaastyanu samarppikkukayum cheythu. roopathayude rakshaadhikaariyaaya parmayude bishop bernardo dii uberty oru smaarakam eee kripttil undu. 1544ll masola bedoliyude roopakalppanayil prospiro clementiyum girolamo klementtiyum chernnu nirmmichathaanu eee smaarakam.
luchino bianchini (1491) enna kruthiyaanu eee vishudhagrandhathil adangiyirikkunnathu. 1178 muthal benedetto maankondulla naalu kothupanikalundu. luchino biyaanchinoyude rund kothupanikalum portalilundu. rund valia marble simhangal archivolt nirakale pinthunaykkunnu, 1281 ll giambono daa bisoon kothiyeduthathaanu. ravakaldi chappalil bertolino dii grassiyude studiyoyude chumarchithrangalund.
thaazhikakkudam alankarikkunna "kanyakaye anumaanikkunna" chumarchitramaanu akathalathinte pradhana savisheshatha, ithu 1526-1530 ll corregio nadappilaakkunnu.

