
maanuval antonio dii rivas

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 <rakshaakarthrinaamam> 891894903 </rakshaakarthrinaamam>
 <timestamp> <aii. dii. 2> tii <aii. dii. 1> isad </timestamp>
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 <upayokthrinaamam> dimedic </upayokthrinaamam>
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 <kamant> * jeevacharitram */</kamant>
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yookkaattan upadveepile spanish colonial pattanamaya meridayile oru fraansiskan sanyasi aayirunnu maanuval antonio dii rivas. 1770kalil addeham mathavirudhamaayi pravarthichuvennu theliyikkunna kodathi rekhakal undengilum addehathinte jeevithathinte vishadaamshangal avyakthamaanu. amerikkayil ezhuthiya aadyathe shaasthrakadhayenna bahumati labhikkuna "sijijikalum chandra kwadracharukalum" enna chandra kandethalinte oru yaathrayude vivaranathiloodeyaanu addeham kooduthal ariyappedunnathu.
jeevacharitram.
mathavirudhathayude vichaaranaykk purathulla rivaasinte jeevithathekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo; addehathinte jananavum marana theeyathikalum anjjaathamaanu, ennirunnaalum addehathe vichaaranaykk konduvarunna samayat addeham ithinakam oru vridhanaayirunnathaayi thonnunnu. rivas pandithanaaya migual angel fernandes delgado abhipraayathil, addeham 1742-ll yukattaanil ethi, taamasiyaathe "shathrukkalum prashnangalum undakkaan thudangi."udaaharanathinu, swargeeya vasthukkal manushyante perumaattatthe (ichhaashakthi nishedhikkal) badhikkunnu, nirodhitha pusthakangal vaayikkunnu, vishudharude aaradhanaye vimarshikkunnu ennu vishwasichukondu addeham yaadhaasthithikathayil ninnu vyathichalichu. thante sahasabhaamgangale vimarshikkunna laghulekhakal addeham achadikkukayum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythathayi prathyakshappedunnu. addehathinte perumaattam valare prakopanaparamaayirunnu, 1775-ll addehathe vichaarana cheyyappettu, ithu chandrayaathrayekkurichu addehathinte oohakkachavada pusthakam velippeduthi. jyothishathil vishwasichathinum "sooryante kendratthil narakatthinte oru shaakha" nirddeshichathinum nicolas copernicusinte sooryakendrathaye pinthunachathinum addehathinethire kuttam chumatthi. swavarggalaingikathayude aaropanam udan pinvalikkapettu. addehathinte "sijijikalum chandra kwadracharukalum" pradhana thelivukalilonnaanu; bhagyavashaal addehathe sambandhichidatholam, kodathi athu oru kettukadhayaanennu vidhikkukayum kuttangal pinvalikkukayum cheythu.
"sijijikalum chandra kwadracharukalum".
paatacharithram.
rivaasinte 11-fooliyoo bukklettinte muzhuvan thalakettum engleeshil "yookkaattante meridayude meridianumaayi oru aanktitton allengil chandra nivaasikal vinyasichirikkunna sijijikalum chandra kwaadrecharukalum" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum, 1775-leeii prabhuvinte varshathil yookkaattan upadveepile maama pattanatthile logaritham adthyaapakanum, aaa nagaratthile yeshuvinte edavakayile shavasamskara kairikalude paarayakanumaaya doonn ambrosio dii echevariya abhisambodhana cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. rachanayude yadhaartha theeyathi kayyezhuthuprathiyil nalkiyittilla.
1958-ll meksikoo nagaratthile deseeya aarkkaivukalude podipadalangalkkidayil maranjirikkunna pablo gonsaalas kasanova eee kaiyezhuthuprathi veendum kandethi-vaasthavathil, rivaasinte vicharanayumaayi bandhapetta anweshanam samaaharicha rekhakalil. 1977-leeii meksikkan saahithyathekkurichulla oru padanatthil ithu paraamarshichirunnuvenkilum 1994 vare ithinekkurichu abhiprayam parayukayo prasidheekarikkukayo cheythilla. rivasinekkurichum addehathinte chandra vivaranathekkurichum vipulamaaya oru patanam 1995-ll delgado prasidheekarichu, addeham 2001-ll paatatthinte poornnavum vimarsanaathmakavumaaya pathipp prasidheekarichu.
uthbhavam.
loosiyante "yadhaartha charithram", sarr francis bekkaninte "puthiya atlaantis", johannes keplarude "soomniyam", francis godvinte "dhii maan inn dhii moonn", joonn vilkkinsinte "oru puthiya lokathinte kandethal", sirano dii bergeraakkinte "chandranilekkulla yaatra", bernard leeii bovier dii fontainellinte "lokangalude bahuswarathayekkurichulla sambhashanangal", voltairinte "micromegas" ennivayulppede chandra paryaveshanathekkurichulla europian vivaranagal rivaasine swaadheenichu.
ulladakkam.
"sijijikalum chandra kwadracharukalum" (sijiji kwadrechar jyothishaasthrathile padangalaanu) rund bhagangal ulkkollunnu-aadyathethu oru franchukaarante chaandrayaathrayude vivaranamaan, onesimo dutalon epistolari roopathil, ithu oru jyotishaasthra almanac adangiya mattoru aksharathinu munbaanu. chandrante nivasikalaaya "aanktittonukal" ezhuthiya doonn ambrosio dii echevariya (chandrante chalanangalude nireekshakan) abhisambodhana cheythaanu iva randum ezhuthunnathu.
avarude aadya kathil, aanktittonukal echevariyaykku oru franch jyothishaasthranjanaaya onesimo dutalonil ninnu labhicha oru sandarshanathekkurichu ezhuthunnu, avar sijijikaleyum kwadrecharineyum kurichulla dattayulla valare vivaradaayakavum vivekapoornavumaaya oru kathu ezhuthiyirunnu. chandranil parakkunna kappalil dutalon prathyakshappedumbol, athu chirakukalaal nayikkappedumbol, aaa kathinodu engane prathikarikkanamennu avar chinthikkunnu. dutalon thante jeevithakatha avarodu parayukayum thante jyothishaasthraparamaaya vivarangalum mattullavaykkoppam isak nyoottaninte sidhaanthangalum rene descartesinte thathwachinthayum pankuvaykkukayum cheiyunnu-delgado abhipraayathil dutalon "rivaasinte vyakthamaaya mukhapathramaanu"."moonn sarvakalaashaalayude president oru swaagatha prasangam thayyaaraakkumbol, oru bhouthikavaadiyude aathmaavine kondupookunna sooryanilekkulla vazhiyil nirtthiya" "bahirakasha raakshasanmaarude sainyathinte" "roopathil oru thadassam varunnu". thante adikaaraparidhiyil kramam nilanirthunnathinaayi satan eee aathmaavine nirasichathaayi prathyakshatthil thonnunnu; oru engleesh pandithante sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla narakam yadhaarthathil sooryanil sthaapichirikkunnuvennu dootalon vishadeekarikkunnu. moonn sarvakalashaala presidentaanu kathil oppittathu.
anktittonukal anweshanathinte vichaaranaykk kaalitheetta nalkki athu sambhavikkumbol, avar bhoomiyeyum athile nivaasikaleyum deerghakaalamaayi padikkukayum bhoumika charithratthile vividha gadakangale chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, baibil kaalagananayekkurichum "mishihaayude puranaparamaaya thirichuvaravinekkurichum" avarkk samshayamundu. varshangalkk munbu "oru puthiya chandra yugathil", avarude charithram veendum aarambikkaan nirbandhitharaakkiya, theepidithatthil chandra rekhakal kathicha, faidoninte ithihaasavum avar oorkkunnu.
randaamathe aksharathil vividha bhoumika kaalagananakalekkurichulla "vichitramaaya" aanktidoon paraamarshangal adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe 1775-leeii nakshatra nireekshanangalekkurichu vishadamaaya almanakkilum kurippukalilum avasaanikkunnu.
engleesh vivarthanam.
sijijikalum chandra kwadracharukalum" ennathinte aadya samboornna engleesh vivarthanam 2015ll "pathinonnu pathinonnu" enna jenalil prasidheekarichu.

