
heijo kottaram

 japanese thalasthaana nagaramaya heijo-kyoo (innathe naaraa) yile saamraajyathva vasathiyaayirunnu narah kaalaghattatthinte bhooribhaagavum. edii 710 muthal 794 vareyulla narah kaalaghattatthinte bhooribhaagavum saamraajyathva vasatiyum bharana kendravumaayi pravarthicha kottaram thalasthaanatthinte roopakalppanaykku upayogichirunna chainees maathrkakalkkanusrithamaayi nagaratthinte vadakku-madhyabhaagathaanu sthithicheythirunnathu.
sarkkar manthraalayangal ulppede niravadhi achaaraparavum bharanaparavumaya kettidangal ulkkollunna oru valia chathuraakrithiyilulla mathilukal adangunna oru valia kettidamaanu kottaarathilullathu. eee chuttalavinullil chakravartthiyude prathyeka mathilukalulla paarppida samuchayam allengil "aantharika kottaram" undaayirunnu. chakravartthiyude thaamasasthalangalkk purame, akathe kottaaratthil saamraajyathva bhaaryamaarude vasathikalum chakravartthiyude vyakthithvavumaayi kooduthal adutha bandhamullah chila audyogika, aachaaraparamaaya kettidangalum undaayirunnu.
ezhaam noottaandil chainayil ninnu jappan sweekaricha kendreekritha sarkkar maathruka-"daijo-qaan", athinte anubandha ettu manthraalayangal enniva prakadamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu kottaaratthinte yadhaartha punk. chakravartthiyude thaamasathinum samsthaanakaaryangal nadathunnathinum anubandha aachaaraparamaaya pravarthanangalkkum anuyojyamaaya oru krameekaranam nalkunnathinaanu kottaram roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
thalasthaanam heyanilekk maattiya sesham kottaaratthinte gadanakal onnukil avidekku maattukayo niravadhi theepiduthangalum mattu duranthangalum neridukayo aprathyakshamaakukayo cheythu. eee sthalam kaarshika upayogathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum athinte oru soochanayum avasheshikkukayum cheythuvenkilum aaa sthalam ippozhum ariyappettirunnu. samakaalika saahitya srothassukaleyum khananangaleyum adisthaanamaakki valia thothilulla punarnirmmanavum khananavum aarambhichu.
1998ll khananathil kandethiya kottaarathinteyum parisara pradeshangaludeyum avashishtangal yuneskoyude loka paithruka sthalamaayi sthaapikkappettu, koodaathe eee pradeshathe "purathana narayude charitra smarakangal" polulla niravadhi kettidangalum sthaapikkappettu."
charithram.
keyun 4 (eiii. dii. 707) ll chakravarthini jenmey krisanthimam simhaasanathilekkulla pinthudarchaykku oru varshathinu sesham, asukaykkaduthulla fujiwara-keoyil ninnu narah thadatthinte vadakkan attathekku neengunnathu theerumaanikkunna oru reescript puratthirangi. vado 3 (710 edii) ll puthiya thalasthaanam audyogikamaayi sthaapikkappettuvenkilum kottaaratthinte poorttheekaranatthinaayi kooduthal kaathirikkendivannu. puthiya thalasthaana nagariyude peru heijo () ennu ezhuthiyirunnuvenkilum akkaalat narah ennum ucharikkappettirunnu.
nagravum kottara maithaanavum pradhaanamaayum tang raajavamshathinte kaalath chainayude thalasthaanamaaya chaangaane (innathe sian) adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, ithu naaraa thalasthaanamaayirunna kaalatthinte samakaalikamaayirunnu. pala purathana kizhakkan eshyan nagarangaleyum pole, sankeernamaaya vishwaasangaludeyum jiomansi niyamangaludeyum samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu changan. ithu theruvukalude grid samvidaanathe nirnnayikkukayum nagarathinu chuttumulla prathyeka kardinaadisthaanangalil athmeeya samrakshana kshethrangalo kshethrangalo sthaapikkendathinte aavasyakatha nirnnayikkukayum cheythu. nagaratthinte vistheernnam kizhakk ninnu padinjaarilekkum vadakku ninnu thekote alakkunnu.
eee sanbradaayamanusarichu, nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathukoodi vadakku-thekk bhaagathekku pookunna pradhana paathayaya susaku streettil ninnu oru vipuleekritha pathayil kottaaratthinte vadakke attathaanu kottaram sthaapichathu. theruvu susaku gettil avasaanikkukayum backie kottara kettidangal eee gettinu vadakku bhaagathekku sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kottara samuchayathile praadhamika kettidangal sarkkar karyangal nadathunna "daigoku-denne", aupachaarika chadangukal nadakkunna "chodo-inn", chakravartthiyude vasathi "dairi", vividha bharana ejansikalude offeesukal ennivayaayirunnu.
edii 710 muthal 784 vareyulla 75 varshamaan narah kaalaghattatthil ulppedunnathu. edii 740num 745num edayilulla kaalaghattatthil shomoo chakravarty kuni-kyoo, shigaraki-kyoo thudangiya sthalangalilekku thalasthaanam maatti. eee kaalaghattatthil saamraajyathva kettidangalum sarkkar offeesukalum ganyamaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. pilkkala narah kaalaghattatthil, saamraajyathva adhivaasathinte thekk bhaagath kizhakk bhaagath prekshaka haal sthaapichu. ithine avasaanathe prekshaka haal ennu vilikkunnu. saamraajyathva adhivaasathileyum sarkkar offeesukalileyum niravadhi kettidangal niravadhi thavana maattisthaapikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu. ithu orupakshe pazhaya kettidangalude attakuttappanikal kondalla, marichu mattoru kaaranathaalaakaam.
thalasthaanam hian-kyoyilekk (ippol kyotto ennu vilikkappedunnu) maattiyappol, narayude saamrajya kottaram veruthe upekshikkappettu. thudarnnulla noottaandukalil, kaalatthinte naashangalum gadakangalum kettidangale pathiye nashippichu, panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathil kamakura kaalaghattatthinte aarambhathode praayogikamaayi nilatthinu mukalil onnum avasheshichirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, bhoogarbhathilulla aaa bhagangal samrakshikkukayum aadhunika puraavastu gaveshakar veendum kandethukayum cheythu.
1952ll saamskaarikakaarya ejansi eee sthalathe oru prathyeka charitraparamaaya sthalamaayi prakhyaapichappol, khananagal polulla saamskaarika swathukkalkkaayulla deseeya gaveshana sthaapanathinte neethrthwathilulla puraavastu sramangal 1959 muthal thudarukayaanu. suzaku gettum eest palas garden punasthaapikkukayum 1998ll pothujanangalkkayi thurakkukayum cheythu. punarnirmmaanatthinu pradhaanamaayum utharavaaditham takeca korppareshanaayirunnu.
2010ll pradhana paripaadiyude sthalamaayirunnu heijo kottaram, eee avasarathinaayi athu punasthaapichu. 1300-aamm vaarshikathinte anusmarana paripaadikalil, naaraa prefecturiludaneelam vividha seasonal paripaadikal nadannu.
gadanakal.
susaku gettu.
susaku avanyooviloode thalasthaanathekkulla pradhana kavaadam dhii. pradhana avanyoo ekadesham veethiyullathum vadakkott vadakkott vyaapichukidakkunnathu. thekkan rakshaadhikaariyaayi pravarthicha eee pakshiyude chainees peril ninnaan susaku enna peru uruthirinjathu. valia manmathilukalaal chuttapetta kottaarathinu panthrand kavaadangalundayirunnu, ettavum valia kavaadavum pradhana kavaadavum susaku kavaadamaayirunnu. thekkan thurassaaya sthalangal pradhana avanyoovinte bhaagamaayirunnu, randaamathe valia theruvu, ekadesham veethiyulla gettinu munnil kizhakk-padinjaaru dishayil vyaapichirunnu.
vaathil alannu. oru plaattphomil nirmmicha gettu orupakshe kottaaratthinte mattu kavaadangalekkaal valuppamulla rund nilakalulla oru gadanayaayirikkaam. puthuvalsara aakhoshangal polulla chadangukalkkayi munvashathe thuranna sthalam upayogichirunnu. athu punarnirmikkappettu.
second streetum mibu gettum.
kottaaratthinte thekk bhagathaayi kizhakk-padinjaaru bhaagathekku pookunna oru pradhana rodaayirunnu randaamathe theruvu. ekadesham 35 meter veethiyulla ithu valippathil susaku avanyoovinu sesham randaam sthaanathaayirunnu. pradhana kavaadamaaya susaku kavaadavum kizhakk mibu kavaadavum padinjaaru vakainukkai kavaadavum ellaam eee avanyoovilekku thurannu.
narah kaalaghattatthinte avasana pakuthiyil, grettu haal oof stettu, rashtreeya kendram ulkkollunna stettu komboundinte haalukal enniva parisaratthinte kizhakkan mekhalayilekku maari. kottaarathilekkulla pradhana kavaadamaayi mibu kavaadam pravarthichu.
randaamathe theruvinu thekk bhaagathulla pradesham kottaarathinu purathulla samsthaana offeesukalkkum otappetta thaamasthalangalkkum upayogichirunnathaayi ariyappedunnu, athinaal kottaarathinu thanne praadhaanyamulla oru jillayaayirunnu ithu.
valia kottaram.
onnum randum pradhana kizhakk-padinjaaru vazhikalkkidayil vadakku ninnu thekote vadakku-thekk vazhikalkkidayil padinjaaru muthal kizhakode vyaapichukidakkunna chathuraakrithiyilulla mathilukalulla pradeshamaayirunnu daidairi.
valia kottaarathinullile moonnu pradhana gadanakal dhaa aandu dhaa aayirunnu.
"chodo-inn".
valia kottaaratthinte thekkan mathilinte madhyathil susaku gettinu nere vadakku sthithi cheiyunna oru chathuraakrithiyilulla mathilukalulla aavaranamaayirunnu "chodo-inn". chainees maathrkakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum chainees vasthuvidyaa shailikal pinthudarunnathumaaya ithu, muun thalasthaanangalil ninnulla puraavastu thelivukal kaanikkunnath eee kettida samuchayam muun kottarangalil undaayirunnuvennum ezhaam noottaand muthal sradheyamaaya sthirathayulla roopakalppanayundaayirunnum.
muun prekshaka haal.
kottaaratthile ettavum pradhanappetta samsthaana kettidamaayirunnu ithu. komboundinte vadakke attathu thekkott abhimukeekarikkukayaayirunnu. 44 meter veethiyum 20 meter aazhavum 27 meter uyaravumulla ettavum valia kettidamaayirunnu ithu. rund nilakalulla chainees shailiyilulla melkkoora vaathilukalillaatha thuranna munvashavum ullathaanu haal ennu karuthappedunnu.
prekshaka haalile yadhaartha roopathe nerittu soochippikkunna vivarangalonnum nilanilkunnilla. punarnirmmaanatthinaayi, kuni-kyoyile kettidatthinte avashishtangale paraamarshichu thoonukalude sthaanangal anumanikkappettu, athu maattisthaapicha sthalathekku. kettidatthinte mukalbhaagathu, horyoojiyude pradhana haal, yakushijiyude kizhakkan pagoda, narah kaalaghattatthil nilaninnirunna mattu kettidangal ennivayil gaveshanam nadatthi. nenchu gyoji imaki" yill (vaarshika paripaadikaludeyum chadangukaludeyum sachitra churul) chithreekarichirikkunna hian kottaaratthile prekshaka haalile thithreekaranavum pariganichu.
2001ll aarambhicha punarnirmmaanam 2010ll poortthiyaayi. punarnirmmaanatthinaayi japanese cypress maram upayogichu. kettidatthinte thoonukalum kiranangalum sindoorathilum chuvarukal vellayilum melkoora seramic tailukalilum varachirunnu. haalinte ulvashathinte mukal bhagam chainees raashichihnangalaaya kaduva, kuthira, kaala enniva mathilukalkkarikilum melkkoorayil pushpa maathrkayum kondu varachirunnu. narah kaalaghattatthile roopakalppanakale adisthaanamaakki prashastha chithrakaaranaaya attsushi umurayaan paintingukal nirmmichathu.
"takamikura".
prekshaka haalinu naduvil chakravartthiyude simhasana vilikkapettu. ithu saamraajyathva padaviyude pratheekamaaya oru pradhana inamaayirunnu, simhasanaarohanam, puthuvalsaradina chadangukal thudangiya samsthaana paripaadikalil chakravarty prekshaka haalilekk neengukayum simhaasanathil irikkukayum cheythu. haalinu thekkulla akathe kottaaratthil prabhukkanmaar varivariyayi nilkkukayum aadarikkukayum cheythu.
narah kaalaghattatthile "takamikura" yude nirmmaanathekkuricho roopakalppanayekkuricho rekhakalonnumillaathinal vishadaamshangal anjjaathamaanu. vidagdhar vividha saahithyangalum charitraparamaaya vasthukkalum parishodhichu taisho kaalaghattatthile kyotto saamraajyathva kottaaratthile simhaasanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu "takamikura" yude punarnirmmicha maathruka. shosayin shekharathinte nidhi polulla vasthukkale paraamarshichukondaanu roopakalppanayudeyum paattenukaludeyum vishadaamshangal srishtichathu.
bhakshana oafees.
madhyabhaagathu sthithicheyyunna grettu haal oof stettil ninnu vadakkott vyaapichukidakkunna eee pradesham bhakshanakaaryaalayathinte sthalamaayirunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu. nikuthiyayi nalkia arrie ozhikeyulla bhakshanagal eee oafees sambharikkukayum kottaaratthil nadakkunna samsthaana viruninum aachaarangalkkum bhakshanam nalkunnathinte chumatala vahikkukayum cheythu.
melkkoora niravadhi bhakshana paathrangalum khananam cheytha oru valia kinarinu chuttum offeesukalaayum sambharanikalaayum upayogikkunna oru koottam kettidangal undaayirunnu. kottaaratthil ninnu kandedutha aadyathe kothupaniyaaya thadi phalakam 1961 ll eee offeesinte oru chavattukuttayil ninnu kandethi.
avasaanathe prekshaka haal.
shigarakiyil ninnulla sthalammaattathinu sesham thalasthaanam punasthaapikkappettathinu sheshamulla samayathaan randaamathe prekshaka haal.
pinneedulla prekshaka haalukaludeyum kizhakkan samsthaana haalukaludeyum plaattphomukalude adayaalangal meiji kaalaghattatthil avasheshichirunnu, ithu vasthuvidyaa charithratthile gaveshakanaaya sekino tadashi eee sthalam kandethunnathilekku nayichu. praadeshika thottakkaranaaya tanada kajuro eee sthalathinte samrakshanathinaayi oru pothu prasthaanatthil pravarthichu.
randaamathe prekshaka haalile vadakku bhaagathulla pradesamaanu saamraajyathva adivaasasthalam.
saamraajyathva adhivasam.
chakravarty chakravarty saamraajyathva adhivasa vibhaagathil thaamasikkukayum jolie cheyyukayum sandarshakare sweekarikkukayum cheythu. melkoorayulla nadappathayaal chuttapetta ithu neelatthil oru manmathilukondu vibhajichirikkunnu. kodathi vanithakalude offeesum ivideyaayirunnu.
saamraajyathva adivaasathinullil oru valia kinner adangiya oru kallukondu nirmmicha pradeshamundaayirunnu, athil avashishtangal kandethi. oru maram vyaasathil kothiyeduttha oru khara devadaaru kuzhal kondu kinner varivariyayi. eee kinattil ninnulla vellam orupakshe chakravarthiyudeyum chakravarthiyudeyum prathyeka upayogathinaayirikkam. sthalam punarnirmmikkukayum puthiya vasthukkal upayogichu mathil oru outtdoor pradarshanamaayi punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu.
saamraajyathva kudumbatthinte oafees.
saamraajyathva adhivaasathinte kizhakkulla eee bhaagath, ithaanu ennu karuthappedunnu. vadakkum thekkum 90 meter neelavum kizhakk ninnu padinjaaru vare 50 meter veethiyumulla oru manmathilaanu ithinu chuttum. aarr kettidangalaanu eee samuchayathil nilakondirunnathu. pradhaanathethu tailukal kondu melkkoora mattullava cypress puramtholi kondumaayirunnu.
narah kaalaghattatthile nirmmaana saankethikavidyakal pinthudarnnu puraavastu khananathinte kandethalukalkk anusrithamaayaanu kettidam punarnirmmichathu.
kizhakkan kottaarathottam.
1967-ll puraavastu khananangalil kottaaratthinte thekkukizhakkan moolayil oru valia poonthottatthinte avashishtangal kandethi. ayal pradeshathe kizhakkan kottaaratthinte sthalamaayi kanakkakkunnathinaal ithinu "eest palas garden" (toin teane) ennu perittu.
pradeshathinakathu alakkunnu. oru valanja kulatthinu chuttum niravadhi kettidangal sthithicheyyunnu. saittin sameepam, chakravarthini shodoku "kizhakkan kottaaratthinte aabharanangal kondu nirmmicha haal" nirmmikkukayum athil virunnu nadathukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala narah kaalaghattatthile chainees sailiyilaanu poonthottam nirmmichathennum narah kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil japanese shailiyil parishkkarichathaayum khananagal velippeduthi. 1998ll poonthottam punarnirmmichu.
museum.
1959 muthal narah naashanal research instittyoott phoor kalcharal properties eee sthalathekkurichu thudarchayaayi gaveshanavum anweshanavum nadathunnundu. narah palas saitt museum khananathinte phalangal pradarshippikkunnu. kottaaratthinum athinte bharanaparamaya offeesukalkkumulla gaalarikal, karakaushala vasthukkal, puraavastu shaasthram, prathyeka pradarshanangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
gathagatham.
yamaatto-saidaiji steshanil ninnu heijo kottaratthilekku nadakkaan 15 allengil 20 minittolam edukkum. 2010 meyy muthal august vare, yamaatto-saidaji steshan, juuniyar naaraa steshan, heijo palas ennivaykkidayil oro 10 allengil 15 minittilum soujanya shuttle buzz oodunnu.

