
samsthaana niyamam (yunaittad stetts)

yunaittad stetsil, samsthaana niyamam oro prathyeka yuu niyamatheyum soochippikkunnu.ezz. samsthaanam.
swantham samsthaana bharanaghadanakalum samsthaana sarkkaarukalum samsthaana kodathikalum ulla ambathu samsthaanangal prathyeka paramaadhikaarikalaan. ellah samsthaanangalkkum samsthaana chattangal nadappilaakkunna oru niyamanirmmaana shaakhayum niyamaparamaaya amgeekaarathinu anusrithamaayi samsthaana niyanthranangal prakhyaapikkunna oru executive shaakhayum samsthaana niyamangalum niyanthranangalum prayogikkukayum vyaakhyaanikkukayum idaykkide asaadhuvaakkukayum cheiyunna oru judicial shaakhayum praadeshika oordinansukalum undu. federal bharanaghadana, federal chattangal allengil federal senatt amgeekaricha anthaaraashtra udambadikal enniva munkootty nischayichittillaathu enthum ulkkollunna niyamangal nirmmikkanulla poornna adikaaram samsthaanangalkku nilanilkkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, samsthaana sthaapanangaludeyum samsthaana niyamangaludeyum anthima vyaakhyaathaavaanu samsthaana supreme kodathikal, avarude vyaakhyaanam thanne oru federal prashnam avatharippikkunnillengil, eee saahacharyathil oru theerumaanathinethire yuu. esilekku appeel nalkaam.ezz. certifierary" rittinulla harjiyiloode supreme kodathi. swaathanthryaanantharam noottaandukalaayi samsthaana niyamangal naadakeeyamaayi vyathichalichu, americaye oru niyamavyavasthayaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla (parambaraagathamaayi samsthaana niyanthranatthilulla bhooribhaagam niyamangalum), pakaram 50 "prathyeka" samvidaanangalaaya peedana niyamam, kudumba niyamam, swathavakaasha niyamam, karar niyamam, criminal niyamam muthalaayava.
mikka kesukalum samsthaana kodathikalil vyavaharangal nadathukayum samsthaana niyamangalkk keezhilulla avakaashavaadangalum prathirodhangalum ulkkollukayum cheiyunnu. 2018leeii oru reportil, naashanal sentar phoor stettu courts court statistiks project prakaram 2018ll samsthaana vichaarana kodathikalkku puthuthayi phayal cheytha 83.8 dasalaksham kesukal labhichu, athil 44.4 dasalaksham traaphik kesukal, 17.0 dasalaksham criminal kesukal, 16.4 dasalaksham sivil kesukal, 4.7 dasalaksham gaarhika bandha kesukal, 12 laksham juvenile kesukal enniva ulppedunnu. 2018ll samsthaana appeel kodathikalkku 234,000 puthiya kesukal labhichu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, 2016-ll ellah federal jilla kodathikalkkum 274,552 puthiya sivil kesukalum 79,787 puthiya criminal kesukalum 83,3515 paapparattha kesukalum maathramaan labhichathu, athesamayam federal appalettu kodathikalkku 53,649 puthiya kesukal labhichu.
samsthaana niyama samvidaanangal anusarichu.
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antharsamsthaana vaividhyam.
mikka samsthaanangaludeyum niyamam englandile pothu niyamathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu; sradheyamaaya apavaadam louisianayanu, athinte sivil niyamam pradhaanamaayum franch, spanish niyamangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. kaalakramena samsthaana kodathikalum niyamanirmmaanasabhakalum pothu niyamam vipuleekarikkunnathino asaadhuvaakkunnathino parishkkarikkunnathino kaaranamaayi; thalphalamaayi, eathoru samsthaanathinteyum niyamangal athinte sahodari samsthaanangalude niyamangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. athinaal, mukalil soochippichathupole, yuu.ezz. peedana niyamam, kudumba niyamam, swath niyamam, karar niyamam, criminal niyamam thudangiya 50 "prathyeka" samvidaanangalaayi kanakkaakkanam. (koodaathe, columbia jillaykkum federal pradeshangalkkum samsthaana niyamavyavasthakalkku samanamaaya avarudethaaya prathyeka niyama samvidaanangalundu, ennirunnaalum avarkk samsthaana paramadhikaaram illa.)
samakaalika samsthaana niyamatthinte vaividhyathinte oru saadhaarana udaaharanam paricharanatthinte kadama kandethunnathinulla niyamapareekshanamaanu, ashradhaykku oru kesumaayi munnott pookaan aavashyamaaya aadya ghadakam (mikka vyakthigatha parikk vyavahaarangaludeyum adisthaanam). 2011 leeii oru lekhanathil 43 samsthaanangal saadhaaranayaayi naalu muthal ettu vare gadakangal adangiya oru multifactor balancing testt upayogikkunnuvennu kandethi, ennaal 23 vyathyastha avathaarangalund, kaaranam valare kurachu samsthaanangal ore parisodhana upayogikkunnu, avaye orotta listtilekku ekeekarikkunnathu 42 savishesha gadakangalkku kaaranamaakunnu. swaabhaavikamaayum, vividha samsthaanangalile niyamangal palappozhum parasparam vairudhyathilekku varikayum ithu yunaittad stetsile niyamangalude vairudhyam niyanthrikkunna oru valia niyamasamvidhaanathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. 2010 kalude madhyathode, american federal, stettu kodathikal oro varshavum 5,000 niyama vairudhya kesukal theerumaanikkunnundaayir-mattethoru raajyathekkaalum mattethoru bhookhandathekkaalum valare kooduthal. 
yuu yude vaividhyam.ezz. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, telegraph, telephone, steamship, railroad thudangiya annathe puthiya saankethikavidyakal antharsamsthaana vaanijyathe pariposhippichappol, swarnna yugam ennariyappedunna kaalaghattatthilaanu samsthaana niyamam aadyamaayi oru sradheyamaaya prashnamaayi maariyath. samsthaana niyamatthinte vaividhyavum vyapthiyum antharsamsthaana vyaapaarathe engane thadassappeduthukayum phalatthil eathu antharsamsthaana edapaadilum (vaanijyaparamo allathatho) sankeernathayum asoukaryavum konduvarikayum cheythuvennu svarnnaniramulla kaalaghattatthile pala abhibhaashakarum parathippettu. 1878-ll american baar association sthaapithamaayappol eee vyapakamaaya nirasha prakadamaayirunnu; union udaneelam niyamanirmmaanatthinte ekathvam prolsaahippikkuka ennathaayirunnu abayude yadhaartha sthaapaka lakshyangalilonn."eee prashnathodu moonnu pradhana prathikaranangal undaayittund, avayilonnum poornnamaayum vijayichilla krodeekaranam, ekeekritha niyamangal, punarnirddeshangal.
krodeekaranam.
louisiana ozhikeyulla american ikyanaadukalkku, niyamam samghadippikkappedaathum aavarthikkathathumaaya oru pothu niyama samvidaanam yadhaarthathil paarambaryamaayi labhichu, athu (1) oru prathyeka niyama chodyathinu prasakthavum (2) nilavil praabalyathilullathumaanne thirichariyaan kazhiyum. american abhibhashakanaaya david dudley feeldinte shramangaliloode sivil niyamathil ninnu kadameduthathaanu codification ennu vilikkunna niyamam samghadippikkunnathinulla prakriya. feeld, oru niyama coode thayyarakkunna prakriyaykkayi "krodeekarikkuka" enna kriya yadhaarthathil srishticha engleesh niyama thathwachinthakanaaya jeremi benthaaminte aadyakaala (ennaal poornnamaayum parajayappetta) adisthaana srishtiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. 1648-ll prasidheekaricha masaachyusetsilaanu krodeekaranatthinulla aadya sramam nadannathu.
swaabhaavikamaayum, samsthaana kodukalude ghadanayil valareyadhikam vaividhyamund, avaa nirmmicha niyamaparamaaya niyamatthinte vaividhyathe prathifalippikkunnu. newyorkkile kodukal "niyamangal" ennariyappedunnu."california texas avare" kodukal "ennu vilikkuka."mattu samsthaanangal avarude samaahaarangalkkaayi" "coode oof [stettu neyim]", "" "revised staatyoottukal" "allengil" "compile cheytha staatyoottukal" "thudangiya padangal upayogikkunnu". california, newyork, texas enniva prathyeka vishaya-nirddishta kodukal upayogikkunnu; 2016 leeii kanakkanusarichu, merilaandinte coode akkamitta lekhanangalil ninnu perulla lekhanangalaayi poornnamaayum punarnirmmichittundu; phalatthil matellaa samsthaanangalum federal sarkkarum akkamitta sheershakangalo mattu unnatha thala vibhaagangalo aayi vibhajicha orotta coode upayogikkunnu. anchu vishaya-nirddishta kodukalum matellattinum parishkaricha niyamangalude oru koottavumulla louisiana oru savishesha sankarayinamaanu. pensylvaniayude bharanaghadanayil 1864-leeii azhimathi virudha bhedagathi 1970 vare (1967-ll aavashyamaaya ozhivakkal cherkkaan samsthaana bharanaghadana oduvil bhedagathi cheythathinushesham) samagramaya krodeekaranam aarambikkunnathil ninnu niyamanirmmaanasabhaye thadanju.
nilavilulla niyamaavaliyile bhedagathikalaayi puthiya niyamangal ezhuthaan samsthaana niyamasabha sheelichukazhinjaal, nilavile niyamam enthaanennathinekkurichu janaadhipathya vikaarathe coode saadhaaranayaayi prathifalippikkum ennathaanu krodeekaranatthinte prayojanam (ennirunnaalum jadjimar oru prathyeka krodeekaricha niyamathe engane vyaakhyaanichuvennu nirnnayikkaan cases niyamam avalokanam cheythukondu niyamatthinte muzhuvan avasthayum ellaayppozhum kandethanam).
ithinu vipareethamaayi, yunaittad kingdom polulla krodeekarikkappedaatha niyamangalulla adikaaraparidhiyil, niyamam enthaanennu nirnnayikkunnath kooduthal budhimuttulla prakriyayirikkum. paarlamentinte aadyakaala prasakthamaaya niyamathilekku oraal thirichuvaranam, thudarnnu muun niyamam bhedagathi cheythatho vyakthamaayi allengil parokshamaayi raddaakkiyatho aaya pilkkaalatthe ellah niyamangalum thirichariyanam. udaaharanathinu, yunaittad kingdatthil oru supreme kodathi srishtikkaan yuke theerumaanichappol, niyamanirmmaathaakkalkk ippozhum nalla niyamamaayirunna house oof lordsine paraamarsikkunna oro niyamavum thirichariyukayum thudarnnu supreme kodathiye paraamarshikkunnathinaayi aaa niyamangalellaam bhedagathi cheyyukayum venam.
mikkavarum yuu.ezz. samsthaanangal, niyamatthinte chila mekhalakal, prathyekichu karaarukaludeyum peedanangaludeyum niyamam, praadhamikamaayi cases niyamatthinte roopathil nilanilkkunnu, parimithamaaya niyamaparamaaya parishkkaranangalkkum parishkkaranangalkkum vidheyamaayi maathram. udaaharanathinu, mikka samsthaanangalilum oru karaarinte avashya gadakangal polulla adisthaana prasnangalil utharam thedaan kazhiyunna oru niyamavumilla. pakaram, soochippikkunna ellah sankeernathayum budhimuttum ulla oraal cases niyamavumaayi koodiyaalochikkanam.
california, mondaana, vadakkan dakota, thekkan dakota ennee samsthaanangalum guwam pradeshavum pradhana apavaadangalil ulppedunnu, ivayellaam feeldinte nirddishta sivil coode aavarthichu nirasikkukayum orikkalum addehathinte swantham samsthaanamaaya newyork nadappaakkukayum cheythittillenkilum pradhaanamaayum nadappilaakki. idaho feeldinte sivil kodile karar bhagangal bhaagikamaayi nadappaakkiyenkilum peedana vibhagangal ozhivaakki. jorjia feeldil ninnu swathanthramaayi svanthamaayi poornna codification aarambhichu, ithu 1861 ll vyaakhyaanicha aadhunika audyogika coode oof jorjiyayude ettavum pazhaya poorvvikan niyamavidheyamaakkunnathin kaaranamaayi. 1889 leeii oru lekhanathil feeld vaikiyethiyathupole, jorjiyayude coode addehathinte sivil kodinu munbu nadappaakkiyirunnu, ennaal american aabhyanthara yudhathinu munbulla antharsamsthaana ashayavinimayangalile thakarcha kaaranam jorjia codification projakttinekkurich addehathinu ariyillaayirunnu. 
chila samsthaanangalil, codification palappozhum pothu niyamatthinte punarnirmmaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, issue cheiyunna prathyeka niyamatthinte vishayam pothu niyamathile chila jadji nirmmitha thathwangalaal ulkkollunnu. krodeekaricha niyamangalude vyaakhyaanathodum prayogathodumulla aashayakkuzhappakaramaya sameepanathin california kuprasidhamaanu "california jadjimar vipulamaaya nirmmaanathinum parambaraagatha karsanamaaya nirmmaanathinum idayil alanjuthiriyunnu, oro ghattathilum neendunilkkunnu-chilappol ellaam ore abhipraayathinte paathayilaanu."mattu samsthaanangalil, kodukalude playin tekst karsanamaayi palikkunna paarambaryamundu.
unifom pravrithikal.
ekeekritha niyamangal srishtikkunnathinulla vividha samghadanakalude sramangal bhaagikamaayi maathramaan vijayichathu. american loow instittyoott (eiii. ell. aii), unifom loow kammeeshan (yuu. ell. sii) ennivayaanu rund pramukha samghadanakal, munbu unifom stettu loss (enn. sii. sii. yuu. ezz. ell) kammeeshanarmaarude deseeya sammelanam ennariyappettirunnu.
vividha samsthaanangalilaayi sthiramaaya niyamangal undaayirikkunnathu upayogapradamaakunna samsthaanangalude parambaraagathamaayi bharikkunna niyamaparamaaya mekhalakal ulkkollunnathinayi yuu. ell. sii polulla swakaarya samghadanakal ekeekritha niyamangal nirddeshikkunnu. 
ekeekritha vaanijya coode (oru samyuktha alii-yuu. ell. sii padhathi), maathrukaa shiksha coode (alil ninnu) ennivayaanu ettavum vijaykaravum swaadheenamullathumaaya ekeekritha niyamangal.
ennirunnaalum, ekeekritha niyamangal yadhaarthathil samsthaana niyamanirmmanasabha nadappaakkukayaanenkil maathrame avaa oru samsthaanathinte niyamamaayi marran kazhiyoo. niravadhi ekeekritha niyamangal samsthaana niyamasabhakal orikkalum etteduthittilla, allengil churukkam chila samsthaanangalil maathram vijayakaramaayi nadappaakki, athuvazhi avayude upayogakshamatha parimithappedutthunnu.
punarnirmmaanangal.
1923-ll sthaapithamaayappol, alii athinte ettavum abhilaashavum ariyappedunnathumaaya samrambham udan aarambhichu amerikkayiludaneelamulla abhibhaashakarum jadjimaarum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna niyamatthinte punarnirmmaanangal srishtikkukayum pothu niyamatthinte nilavile avastha thirichariyukayum samgrahikkukayum cheyyuka enna dauthyam lalithamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. valare nannayi yojikkaatha pazhaya kesukalude dairkhyameriyathum maduppikkunnathumaaya avalambangal pattikappeduthunnathinum (aaa kesukalil adangiyirikkunnuvennu karuthappedunna deerghakaala thathwangal abhyarthikkunnathinaayi), allengil onno rando ezhuthukaarude kaazhchappaad maathram prathifalippikkunna oru prabandham udharikkunnathinupakaram, avarkk oru prathyeka pothu niyama thathwathe paraamarsikkaan oru punarvivarana vibhaagam (american niyama samoohathinte samavaayathe prathifalippikkendathu) udharikkaam.
oru prathyeka samsthaanathe aadyadhaarana vishayangalil samsthaana kodathikal palappozhum aavarthanangal pinthudarunnu, kaaranam avaa aaa vishayathil mikka samsthaanangalum pinthudarunna nilavile pravanatha shariyaayi prasthaavikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, punarvivaranangal kevalam bodhyappeduthunna adikaaramaanu. ithinartham samsthaana kodathikalkku (prathyekichu appeel thalatthil) vividha vishayangalil punarvivarana nilavaarangalil ninnu vyathichalikkanum kazhiyum.
sivil niyama prasnangal.
fraansinteyum speyininteyum oru kolaniyenna nilayil athinte charithratthil ninnu uruthirinja franch, spanish sivil niyamangalil ninnaan louisiana niyamatthinte bhooribhaagavum uruthirinjathu. muun spanish kolaniyaayirunna puerto rico american aikyanaadukalude oru sivil niyama adikaaraparidhiyaanu. ennirunnaalum, rund adhikaaraparidhiyileyum criminal niyamam pothu niyama swaadheenangalum federal bharanaghadanayude aadhipathyavum kondu anivaryamaayum parishkarikkappettundu.
koodaathe, puerto rico savisheshamaan, athu eaka yuu aanu.ezz. kodathi nadapadikal, chattangal, niyanthranangal, cases niyamam ennivayude dainamdina pravartthana bhasha spanish aanu. ellah samsthaanangalum federal gavanmentum mikka pradeshangalum american engleeshine avarude pravartthana bhashayaayi upayogikkunnu. california polulla chila samsthaanangal kudiyettakkaarudeyum swaabhaavika pouranmaarudeyum soukaryathinaayi mattu bhashakalil (chainees, corian, spanish, vietnaamees) chila kodathi foomukal nalkunnu. ennaal chattangal, niyanthranangal, cases niyamam ennivayiloode vikasippichedutha american niyamam ellaayppozhum engleeshilaanu, abhibhaashakar engleeshil baar pareeksha ezhuthukayum vijayikkukayum cheiyumennu prathekshikkunnu, jadjimar vaakkalulla vaadam kelkkukayum vichaaranayude melnottam vahikkukayum benchil ninnu utharavukal purappeduvikkukayum cheiyunnu.
yadhaarthathil meksikkan pradeshamaayirunna thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangalile pala samsthaanangalum meksikkoyude bhaagamaayirunnappol bharichirunna sivil niyamathil ninnu niravadhi savisheshathakal paarambaryamaayi labhichittund. eee samsthaanangalil arizona, california, newada, nyoo meksikoo, texas enniva ulppedunnu. udaaharanathinu, eee samsthaanangalkellaam vivaahitharude swathinaayulla oru community property sisttamund (idaho, washington, visconsin ennivayum community property samvidaanangal sweekarichittundu, pakshe avarkk samsthaanam bharichirunna muun sivil niyama samvidaanathil ninnu avaa anantharaavakaashamaayi labhichilla). eee samsthaanangalile sivil niyama swaadheenathinte mattoru udaaharanam california sivil codil kaanaan kazhiyum, avide karar niyamam baadhyathakalude niyamatthinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
california, collado, nyoo meksikoo, texas, vyoming ennivayulppede pala paashchaathya samsthaanangalum spanish sivil niyamathil ninnu uruthirinja munkoor viniyoga sidhaantham ennariyappedunna jala avakashangal anuvadikkunna oru samvidaanam upayogikkunnu. oro samsthaanavum athintethaaya aantharika saahacharyangalkkum aavasyangalkkum anusrithamaayi sidhaanthathil maattam varuthi.

