
masaachasettu

komanvelthu oof masaachyusetsile innathe grettar bosttanilum parisaratthum ninnulla oru thaddesheeya american gothramaayirunnu masaachusettu. thekk ninnu boosttan thuramukhathe abhimukeekarikkunna neela kunnukale soochippikkunna "attu dhaa grettu hill" enna masaachasettu bhaashayile padatthil ninnaan eee peru vannath.
nyoo englandile europian paryavekshakarumaayi sanbarkkam pularthiya aadya chila aalukal enna nilayil, 1619 ll leptospirosis pottippurapettathil ninnu masaachasettum saha theeradesha janangalum saaramaayi nasippikkappettu, eee pradeshangalil marananirakk 90 sathamaanam vare uyarnnu. ithinethudarnnu vasuri, influvensa, scarlet panii thudangiya kanyaka mannu pakarchavyaadhikalude vinashakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaayi, avayodu thaddesheeyaraaya aalukalkk swaabhaavika prathirodhasheshi illaayirunnu. phalapradamaaya prathirodham nadatthaan kazhiyaathavidham koottakkolakalude ennam valare kuravaayirunnathinaal, kooduthal phalabhooyishtavum parannathumaaya theerapradeshangalil, theeradesha vibhavangal labhyamayathinaal, avaa kooduthalum engleesh kolanikkaar etteduthu.
missionary joonn eliot bhooribhaagam koottakkolakaleyum kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyukayum, mathaparivarthanam cheyyappetta thaddesheeya amerikkakkar colonial niyamangalkk vidheyamaakumennum europian samskaaravumaayi swaamsheekarikkumennum pratheekshicha praarthanaa pattanangal sthaapikkukayum cheythuvenkilum avarude bhasha upayogikkaan avare anuvadichu. idanilakkaariloode, eliot massachus bhasha padikkukayum baibilinte oru vivarthanam polum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. thekkan nyoo englandile mattu kizhakkan algongyan bhashakalumaayi bandhapetta eee bhasha pathiye mangukayum 1750-kalode massachus kammyoonittikalude praadhamika bhashayaayi pravartthikkunnathu avasaanikkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathode eee bhasha vamshanasham sambhavichirikkam.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil maasaachoosett pothubhoomikalil avasaanatheth vittu, ithu maasaachoosett kudumbangale orumichu nirtthiya samoohatheyum saamoohika bandhangaleyum ayachu, koodaathe maasaachoosettil bhooribhaagavum ayal europian amerikkakkaarkkidayil sthirathaamasamaakkaan nirbandhitharaayi, ennaal pradhaanamaayum karutha amerikkakkar, sameepakaala kudiyettakkaar, mattu thaddesheeya amerikkakkar ennivarumaayi verpeduthiya pattanangalile daridra vibhagangalil sthirathaamasamaakki. athijeevicha masaachasettu chuttumulla samoohangalumaayi swaamsheekarikkappedukayum samyojippikkukayum cheythu.
peru.
endonymukal.
thaddesheeya namam ()-ekavachanam () ennaanu ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. pongaapogil sthithi cheiyunna valia neela kunnine soochippikkunna "valia kunnin mukalil" ennaanu ithu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu.
exonymukal.
engleesh kudiyettakkaar janangal, bhasha, aathyanthikamayi avarude kolaniyude peru ennivaykkulla padam sweekarichu, athu american samsthaanamaaya masaachyusets aayi maari. joonn smith aadyamaayi "massachus" enna padam prasidheekarichathu 1616-laanu. narragansett janataye tribe massachus ennu vilichirunnu.
pradesham.
masaachyusett janathayude charitraparamaaya pradesham pradhaanamaayum masaachyusets ulkkadalinte thekk bhaagathulla malayora, kanatha vanangalum thaarathamyena phalabhooyishtavumaaya theeradesha samathalamaan, athu ippol kizhakkan masaachyusets aanu. chaals nadhiyum neponsett nadhiyum masaachasettu pradeshathe pradhana neerthadangalil ulppedunnu.
pennakookk vamshakkaar masaachoosettu gothrathinu vadakkum, nipmukk vamshakkaar padinjaarum, narragansett vamshakkaar rooad dveepinte thekkupadinjaarum, pokanokkett vamshakkaar ippol vambanog ennariyappedunna thekkum thaamasichirunnu. naravamshashaasthranjanaaya joonn aarr. avarude pradesham vadakku, ippol salem, masaachyusets, thekk marshfield, brocton vare vyaapichittundennu swaantan ezhuthi. munbu vaampaanoginte niyanthranatthilulla grettu sedar chathuppilulla (innathe lakevilleykku sameepam) bhoomi avar avakashappettathaayi addeham pinneedu ezhuthi.
1660 aayappozhekkum koottakkolakkaaran naattik, pongapog (kantoon) thudangiya praarthanaa pattanangalilekku maari.
swaandan thaazhepparayunnava pattikappeduthunnu masaachoosettu vaasasthalangal.
vibhagangal.
koottakkola cheytha aalukal gramangalil sthirathaamasamaakki; ennirunnaalum, iva valia samghangalaayi samghadippikkappettu.
swaantan avarude "sackemukal" allengil nethaakkalude peril aarr pradhana baandukal ezhuthunnu.
praarthikkunna indiakkaarude swathukkal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum kolaniyude munnil avare prathinidheekarikkunnathinu 1743ll rakshaakarthaakkale niyamichathu praadeshika thalavanmaarude adikaaravum parambaraagatha gotra samghadanayude avasana chinnangalum avasaanippichu.
bhasha.
vambanog, nausettu, kausett, paavdakkatt janathayude maathrbhaashayaayirunnathinaal nyoo englandile oru pradhana bhashayaayirunnu massachus bhasha. eee mekhalayile mattu adutha bandhamullah bhashakalumaayi saamyamullathinaal, athinte lalithamaaya pidjin vyaapaarathinteyum gotravarga aashayavinimayathinteyum praadeshika bhashayaayum upayogichirunnu. 1750 aayappozhekkum, massachasettu samoohathinte pradhana bhashayaayirunnilla, 1798 aayappozhekkum praayapoorthiyaaya oru massachasettu mooppan maathrame naattikkil eee bhasha samsaarichirunnulloo. pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil samsara samoohathinu purathulla indiakkaarallaatha pankaalikal thammilulla druthagathiyilulla vivaahanirakk, thozhilinum pothusamoohatthile pankaalitthatthinum engleeshinte aavasyakatha, indian bhaashayekkurichulla anthassinte abhavam, indian samoohangalude vighadanam, samsaarikkunnavarude kooduthal ottappedalilekku nayikkunna aalukalude kudiyettam enniva samsaarikkunna bhaashayude thakarchayilekku nayicha gadakangalaanu. noyippile wampanog, athinte kooduthal surakshithamaaya bhoopradesavum valia janasamkhyayum 1770-kalil vargeeya bhashayaayi nilanirthukayum 1890-kalil avasaanathe wampanog bhaashayude maranathode vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala upajeevanamaargam.
phalabhooyishtamaaya samathalapradeshangal masaachasettu kaivashappedutthi. purushanmaarum sthreekalum aadyam marangal kathichu, thudarnnu stambukal neekkam cheyth vayalukal vrithiyaakki. sthreekal bhakshyavilakal valarthiyirunnuvenkilum purushanmaar pukayila krishiyil earppettirunnu. sthreekal clamshell hoose upayogichirunnu. sthreekal masaachasettil "veechimineesh" ennu vilikkunna northen flint koonn, vividha brandukal, schwashukal, mathanga enniva krishi cheythu. avar kunnukalil cholam nattupidippichu, thudarnnu daanyangalude kashanagal valarthunna beans oduvil verukal samrakshikkukayum kalakale niruthsaahappeduthukayum cheytha vellarikkayum nattupidippichu. eee koottaali nadeel reethiye three sistezhs ennu vilikkunnu.
munthirippazham, stroberry, blackberry, currents, cherry, plum, raspberry, akkoon, hickery nutts, chestnuts, butternuts, elakkarikal, chenopodukal polulla kapada daanyangal ennivayaanu mattu praadeshika sasyabhakshanangal.
nadikalude theerathu nirmmicha vyavasthaapithamaaya nischalamaaya graamangalilaan maassaachastukal thaamasichirunnathu. masaachasettil "vettu" ennu vilikkunna thazhikakkudamulla veedukalilaanu kudumbangal thaamasichirunnathu. valanja thadi support beemkalude adisthaana ghadana shaithyakaalath neytha payakal kondo venalkkaalath chestnut puramtholi kondo moodappettirunnu. ullil, vasthukkal chana dogbane baagukalilum ellah valuppathilumulla baaskattukalilum sookshichirunnu. aalukal thadi paathrangalum spoonukalum bhakshana paathrangalaayi kothiyedutthu.
kothiyeduttha dougt kanottukaliloodeyum birchbark kanottukaliloodeyum aayirunnu jalagathagatham.
charithram.
pathinaram noottaandile europian paryavekshanam.
1605ll franch paryavekshakanaaya saamuval dii champlane boosttan thuramukhathu athiyathaakaam aadyathe europian ettumuttal. boosttan thuramukha dveepukalil niravadhi koottakkolakkaaraaya nethaakkalumaayi champlane koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum vyapaaram nadathunnathinaayi shamuthil nankooramidukayum cheythu. oru algonkwin guide vivarthanam cheyyaan sahaayicha addehathinte "masaachasettu samsaarikkunna" bharya champlaininoppam undaayirunnu. franch thalpparyam prolsaahippikkunnathi eee mekhalayude bhoopadam thayyaaraakkiyenkilum, idathoornna janasamkhyayum chila koottakkolakal nadathunna nethaakkalude sanbarkkathodulla cheruthunilppum kolanivalkkarana pinthunaye thadassappeduthi, eee pradeshathe pinneedu joonn smith "nyoo englandu" ennu mapp cheythu, addeham chaampleyninte pala chuvaduvaypukalum pinthudarnnu, ennaal vesagusettilum konohaasettilum karayil pathikkukayum avide addeham vyapaaram nadathukayum medaavikalumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum cheythu, koodaathe eee mekhalayil kooduthal engleesh colonial kudiyettam prolsaahippikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu.
pathinezhaam noottaandile pakarchavyaadhikal.
europian mathsyathozhilaalikalumaayumam paryavekshakarumaayum sanbarkkam vardhichathode, masaachasettineyum ayal gothrangaleyum pakarchavyaadhikal kooduthalaayi baadhichu. kuranja kannukaalikal ulla amerikkayile thaddesheeyarkku europpukaar vahikkunna niravadhi sunotic rogangalkkum avar konduvanna mrugangalkkum prathirodhasheshi illaayirunnu. eee rogangal vegathil janasamkhyaye nashippicha kanyaka mannu pakarchavyaadhikalude oru parambarayaayi maari. 
marakamaaya raktha anubadhayaaya leptospirosis moolamaanu <aii. dii. 1> enna marakamaaya pakarchavyaadhi undaayathennum ithu aakramanathmaka karutha elikalkku padarnnunalkiyekkaamennum karuthappedunnu. eee pakarchavyaadhi nyoo englandile thaddesheeya american janasamkhyayude 33 muthal 90 sathamaanam vare aalukale konnu.
1633leeii masaachyusets vasuri pakarchavyaadhi thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye kooduthal nashippichu, thudarnnulla vasuri pottippurappettathupole, mikkavarum ellah dashakathilum sambhavikkunnu.
rogangal moolamulla nashavum europian kaiyettavum nyoo englandu gothrangalkkidayile rashtreeya santhulithaavasthaye thakarthu.
plymouth kolaniyumaayulla bandham (1620-1626).
1620ll theerthaadakar plymouth koolani sthaapichathode engleesh kudiyettakkaar nyoo englandil avarude aadyathe sthiramaaya kaalukuthukayum, charitraparamaaya athirthiyil ninnu kurachu akale, paattaksettile muun wampanog graamatthinte sthalathinu sameepam, maassachasettumaayi chernnu. 1621-ll, miles staandishinte neethrthwathil theerthaadakar, massoitinode vishwasthatha pulartthunna praadeshika saakkemaaya obbaattinevaatt (wampanog) kandumutty. kolanikkaar obbattinevaattumaayi oru samadhana udambadiyil oppuvachu, avar theerthaadakare misttikkinte skvo sachemilake (masaachasettu, sii. 1590-1650), mattoru nethaavu.
wampanog cheef maasaasoyit (c. <aii. dii. 1>) theerthaadakarumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan theerumaanichu. theerthaadakar chikkaadaavboottineyum kandumutty (masaachasettu, dii. 1633), akkaalathe ettavum sakthamaaya koottakkolakkaranaaya nethaavu. pekkottumaayum narragaansettumaayum vardhichuvarunna adhikara poraattangalkkethire sahayikkaan sahaayikkunnathin puthiya engleesh kudiyettakkarumaayulla bandham vardhippikkunnathinu anukoolamaaya maasasoyittil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chikkattavum mattu koottakkola nethaakkalum theerthaadakareyum avarude uddeshyangaleyum kurichu jagrata pulartthiyirunnu.
kolanikkaarude oru puthiya kappalinte varavode plymouth koolani masaachoosettu pradeshathe vesagusettilekku vyaapichappol chikkattaubattinte bhayam sthireekarichu. puthiya kudiyettakkaar aadya theerthaadakarekkaal kooduthal thayyaareduppillaathavaru, avar udan thanne koottakkolakkaarumaayi vyapara saadhanangal avalambikkukayum cheythu. avarude sthithi vashalaayathode theerthaadakar bhakshanathinum saadhanathinumaayi koottakkola cheyyappetta gramangalil raid aarambhichu. oru akramanam thadayunnathinaayi, 1624-ll staandish oru munkoor panimudakkinu utharavittu, ithu kolanikkaarumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathunnathinaayi samadhaanathinteyum charchakaludeyum veshathil pralobhippikkappetta pexuvatt, vithuvaamath, mattu koottakkolayaalikalaaya yodhaakkal ennivarude maranathilekku nayichu. thomas morttan sthaapichathum ayal indian gothrangalumaayi souhrudaparamaaya bandhamullathumaaya merry moundinte puthiya koolani adichamarthaan thante aalukale avarude pradeshathekku aazhathil nayichappol staandish koottakkolakkaarane kooduthal prakopippichu. eee pravartthanangal theerthaadakarumaayulla vyapaaram varshangalolam nirthaan koottakkolaykk kaaranamaayi.
masaachoosettu bay kolaniyumaayulla bandham (1629-1676).
engleesh kudiyettakkaaril ninnu svayam ottappedaan massachasettinu kazhinjilla. theerthaadaka kudiyettakkarumaayulla bandham vichedichenkilum, viyojippulla engleesh kudiyettakkaar, kooduthalum puritanmaar, protestant parishkaranathekkurichulla avarude kazhchappaadumaayi poruthappedaan aagrahicha englandile sabhaye parishkkarikkan aagrahichavar, 1623 ll aadyamaayi vanniskvaamil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum pinneedu paavdakkatt pradeshathe noumkeyaagilekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu. 1628-ll plymouth kolaniyude vadakkulla bhoomikk mail avakaashavaadavumaayi masaachyusets bay kolaniye niyamaparamaayi sthaapichu. rund kolanikal thammilulla athirthi masaachasettum wampanog thammilulla parambaraagatha athirthiye prathifalippikkunnu, ennirunnaalum titicut, mattakkeesett thudangiya niravadhi masaachasettukal plymouth kolaniyude avakaashavaadathinu keezhilaayirunnu.
mattu gothrangalil ninnulla aakramanangale nirasikkaan sahayichathinaal masaachasettu sackemukal theerthaadakarkku niravadhi bhoovinyaasangal nalki. mikka kesukalilum, engleesh colonial kudiyettatthinaayi bhoomi ithinakam thurannathinaal, palappozhum avide thamasikkunna indiakkaar ithinakam rogam baadhichu marichathinaal. sackemukal" oru vilaykk bhoomi wilkan thudangi, palappozhum indiakkaare shekharikkaano shekharikkaano malsyam allengil mechil kazhikkaano anuvadikkunna vyavasthakalode, ennaal eee krameekaranangal theerthaadakar apoorvamaayi maathrame bahumaanichirunnulloo. colonicarc sackemil ninnu bhoomi paattatthinu nalkukayenna indian ashayavum manassilayilla, pakaram avarude krameekaranangale sthiramaaya bhoomi vilppanayayi karuthi. bhoomi athivegam nashtappettathinte falamaayi, koottakkolakkaarum mattu praadeshika gothrangalum 1644 leeii keezhadangal pravarthanangalkkaayi thangalude nethaakkale bostanilekku ayachu, indiakkaare colonial gavanmentinte niyanthranathilaakkukayum kristhyan missionarymaarude niyamangalum mathaparivarthana sramangalum ennivaykku vidheyamaakkukayum cheythu. samarppikkappedumbozhuk, theeradesha janathayaya masaachasettinu kadalilekkum avarude shelfish shekharana sthalangalilekkum praveshanam nashtappettirunnu.
janasamkhyaaparamaaya mattangal.
nyoo englandile thaddesheeyaraaya janangal nyoo englandile vardhichuvarunna kolanivaadikalude thoth moolam vardhichuvarunna sammarddangal nerittu. 1630-ll 11 kappalukaludeyum ekadesham ayiram kolanikkaarudeyum winthrop kappalukalude varavode masaachyusets bay kolaniyude valia vipuleekaranam "valia kudiyettam" aarambhichu."1640 avasaanathode, moonnu raajyangalude yudhangalil vardhichuvarunna mathaparamaya peedanatthil ninnu palayanam cheythathum swaabhaavika vardhanavum moolam purittan kudiyettakkaare vahikkunna kappalukalude thudarchayaaya varavu moolam colonial janasamkhya erattiyiladhikamaayi irupathinaayiramaayi.
nyoo englandile ellah vyathyastha grouppukalum orumichu kondupookukayum atijeevanathinum vyaapaarathinum avare aasrayikkukayum colonicarc vikasikkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythappol avar samkhyaa bhooripakshamaayirunnathil theerthaadakar thaddesheeya saannidhyathe bhayapettu. scarlet panii, typhus, measles, mumps, influvensa, kshayarogam, waving chuma thudangiya rogangal valia thothil baadhichathode thaddesheeya janasamkhya kurayunnathu thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, 1633lum 1634lum pottippurapetta oru vasuri pakarchavyaadhiyum valare valia naashanashtamundaakki, theerathe aalukalkk mathramalla, valare ulnaadan pradeshangalile janangalkkum ithu baadhichu. masaachoosettu janasamkhya randaayirathil thaazhe aayi kuranju. 1648lum 1666lum mattu pakarchavyaadhikal sambhavichu, athra vinaashakaramallengilum, 19-aamm noottaand vare rogavyapanam kanatha maranangal varuthi. niravadhi pradeshangal janavasam nashtappettathinaal, avarude kolanivalkkarana sramangalkkaayi daivam nyoo englandine maaychukalanjuvennu theerthaadakar vishwasichu. 1630 aayappozhekkum nyoo englandile indiakkaar avarude swantham rajyangalil nyoonapakshamaayirunnu.
colonial kudiyettatthinethire koottakkola nadatthiyavar cheria sayudha cheruthunilppu kaazhchavechenkilum 1638-leeii pecot yudhasamayathum athinusheshavum nyoo englandile mattu thaddesheeya janatha keezhadakkappettu. kolanikkaar praadeshika indian gothrangale pekkottine keezhadakkaan sahayichu, athinte falamaayi nigooda koottakkola polulla pecot poraalikalallaatthavarude koottakkolakal nadannu, koodaathe niravadhi indiakkaare bermuda adimakalaakki vittu. eee yuddham oru gothraghadakamenna nilayil pecot poornnamaayum nasippikkunnathilekku nayichu, nyoo englandile kooduthal bhoomi colonial kudiyettatthinaayi thurannu.
kristhumathatthe sweekarikkal.
1628 leeii masaachyusets bay kolaniyude royal charteril paranjathupole, "njangalude englandile eee mekhalayile mattu korppareshanukalude gathi anusarichu... athil njangalude janangale, nivaasikale, ningal... manushyaraashiyude rakshakan yadhaartha daivavumaaya kristheeya daivathinteyum anusaranathinum arivinum raajyathe thaddeshavaasikale prerippikkukayum cheiyunnu... eee thottatthinte pradhana bhaagamaanith."kolanikkaar avarude athijeevanathilum oru purittan abhayakendrathinte prachaaranatthilum kooduthal earppettirunnu. thaddesheeyare kristhyaniyaakkaan aadyam shramichillengilum, "indiakkaarude aposthalanaaya" missionary joonn eliot koolani athukayum colonial adhikaarikal yadhaarthathil padhathiyil nikshepam aarambhikkunnathin munbu ganyamaaya vijayam nedukayum cheiyunnathuvare athu nadannilla. engleesh nannayi samsaarikkunna rund indian karar udyogastharude sahaayathode eliot bhasha padikkaan thudangi, kokkino, yadhaarthathil long ailandil ninnulla oru mondaukkattu, masaachasettu samsaarikkunna oru neponsett kudumbatthil ninnulla joonn sassamon ennivarulppede. orikkal thante kazhivukalil aathmavishwaasam undaayirunna pishach 1646ll kattshamekinte neethrthwathilulla nepponsett gothrathodu prasamgikkaan shramichenkilum athu nirasikkapettu. pinneedu, kooduthal bhasha padanangal punaraarambhicha sesham, wabane nayikkunna nonaantam gothrathodu prasamgicha eliot waban bhooribhaagam gothrangaleyum kristhumathathilekku konduvannu mikacha vijayam nedi.
kristhumathathodulla prathikaranam sammishramaayirunnu, niravadhi thaddesheeya nethaakkal theerthaadakarekkurichu jagrata palikkukayum avarude janangalodu paarambaryavaadikalaayi thudaraan abhyarthikkukayum cheythappol palarum athu poornnahrudayathode sweekarichu. pavvo" () ennariyappedunna rogashaanthikkaar nadathunna parambaraagatha marunnukalum aachaarangalum avarude bhoomiyile kudiyettakkaarude kaiyettatthil ninno prathirodham illaatha puthiya rogakaarikalil ninno avare samrakshikkunnathil parajayappettathinaal puthiya matham sweekarichavar palappozhum angane cheythu. kudiyettakkaarude puthiya daivam kudiyettakkaare samrakshichathupole thangale samrakshikkumennu eee indiakkaar pratheekshikkukayum avarude dushtathaykku shikshikkappedumenna vishwaasam palappozhum valarthukayum cheythu. mattu indiakkaar chernnathu avarkk venamennu thonniyathukondaayirikkam. colonial gavanment 1644 leeii keezhppedutthal nadapadikalil oppuvaykkaan colonial gavanment indiakkaarude gothranethaakkale nirbandhitharaakki, ithu colonial gavanmentinte adikaaravum athinte samrakshanavum indiakkaar amgeekarikkukayum avarude janangale missionary pravarthanangalilekku thurakkukayum cheythu, pala indian nethaakkalum pecot yudhatheyum pekkottinte vidiyeyum kurichulla oormmakal kaaranam kudiyettakkaare bhayappettirikkam. kudiyettakkarumaayulla bandham mechappeduthunnathinaayi anyamathathinte kalankam neekkam cheiyumenna pratheekshayil mattullavar mathaparivarthanam nadatthi, ennaal chilar rahasyamaayi nadathunna samanvayavum parambaraagatha aachaarangalum kaaranam, puritanmaar indiakkaarodu moshamaayi perumaarunnath thudarukayum "praarthikkunna indiakkaar" allengil () ennu vilikkappedunna puthiya vishwaasikalude aathmaarthathayekkurichu samshayam prakadippikkukayum cheythu.
praarthanaa pattanangal (1651-1675).
kwinobekwin nadiyude valavil sthirathaamasamaakkaan eliot vabanodum puthuthayi parivartthanam cheyyappetta mattu koottakkolakalodum abhyarthichenkilum dorchester nivaasikal udan thanne avarkkethire adhiniveshakkaarennu cases phayal cheythu. elot indian dauthyam sthaapikkaan thudangumbozhekkum, koottakkolaykk theerathe shelfishing kidakkakalilekkulla praveshanam nashtappedukayum veliyillaathathum "mechappeduthaathathumaaya" ellah bhoomikalum thurannathinaal avarude sheshikkunna vettayaadal, mechilppurangal enniva nashtappedukayum cheythu. indiakkaarkku nalkia bhoomi shaashvathamaayi maattivaykkanamennu eliot pothu kodathiyil harji nalki."1651ll naattik sthaapikkappettu, athinusesham taamasiyaathe 1654ll pongapog sthaapikkappettu. kooduthalum nipmuk pradeshangalil 13 adhika vaasasthalangal srishtikkappettu. praarthikkunna indiakkaar adhivasicha eee samudaayangal "praarthanaa pattanangal" allengil massachasettu () ennariyappettu. 1674ll pungapog ennum ucharikkappedunna pongaapogil masaachasettu janatha ulppede 60 nivaasikalundaayirunnu.
praarthanaa pattanangalude sthaapanam niravadhi lakshyangal kaivarichu. eliyattinte baibilinteyum mattu kruthikaludeyum massachest bhaashayilulla vivarthanangal eluppathil vitharanam cheyyaan anuvadichathinaal kristheeyavalkkaranathintam samskaarathinteyum lakshyangal sugamamakkaan ithu sahayichu. vivaahathin munbulla laingikabandhathinu sammatham nalkuka, pallukalkkidayil paine pottikkuka, purushanmaar krishi ozhivaakkuka, purittan shailiyilulla elimayum hairstylukalum veendum sweekarikkuka thudangiya indian saamskaarika maanadandangale nirodhikkunna baibilukalil vitharanam cheythirikkunna "niyamangalude ila" yude ettu kudilukal palikkaan nivaasikal nirbandhitharaayi. colonial gavanmentine sambandhichidatholam, athu indiakkaare masaachyusets bay kolaniyude poornna niyanthranathilaakki, praarthanaa pattanangal svayambharana engleesh colonial settilmentukalkku samanamaaya padavi kaivashappedutthi. thaddesheeyarum parambaraagatha adhikara samvidaanangal amgeekarichathinaal parambaraagatha adhikara ghadana oru paridhivare kedukoodaathe thudarnnu, ennaal medhaavikalum gotravarga varenyarum administrettarmaar, clarkkukal, vivarthakar, adhyapakar, constablemaar, joorikal, nikuthi shekharikkunnavar ennivarude rolukal sweekarichu athu nilanirtthi. thadankal eliyattinteyum kolaniyudeyum aagrahangalkk gunam cheythu, praarthanaa pattanangalile paryadanangalil indiakkaarumaayi souhaarddaparamaaya bandham urappakkaanum colonial niyamangal palikkanum indiakkaarude sooprandaaya daniel gookin eliyattinoppam undaayirunnu. masaachoosettu praarthanaa pattanangalaya titicut, maattakeesett thudangiya plymouth kolanikalilum samanamaaya vaasasthalangal sthaapikkappettu.
nelkondum vettayaadiyum meikkaanum kazhiyunna pothubhoomiyude vyakthamaaya avakashangalil ninnu koottakkolakkaarude prayojanam labhichu, ithu kooduthal mathaparivarthanakkaare aakarshichu, kaaranam praarthanaa pattanangal nirantharamaaya kaiyettatthil ninnum bhoomi vilkkunnathinulla abhyarthanakalil ninnum peedanangalil ninnum surakshita mekhalakal sthaapichu. engleesh colonial kudiyettatthinu valare munbuthanne thangal kaivashappeduthiyirunna anthass punarujjeevippikkanum massachasettinu kazhinju. praarthanaa pattanangalil palathum naattikkinte pazhaya shaktharaaya kudumbangalil ninnulla thaddesheeya missionarymaaraanu sthaapichathu, avarude datheduttha kammyoonittikalil avarkk valareyadhikam bahumanam nalki. indian missionarymaarude vyaapanam kaaranam, nipmukkinte bhaashaykk pakaram massachest bhasha upayogichu, koodaathe massachest saaksharathayudeyum praarthanayudeyum bharanathinteyum bhashayaayi maariyathum, oru praadeshika randaam bhashayaayi charitraparamaaya upayogam sugamamakkukayum baibilinte vivarthanathil athinte upayogam pinthunaykkukayum cheythathukondum massachus samsaarikkunna pradeshathudaneelam vairudhya vyathyaasangal valareyadhikam uyarnnu. colonial adhikaarikalumaayi kooduthal aduppamulla koottakkolakkaarude nethaakkal palappozhum audyogika sandeshangal pracharippikkan thiranjedukkappedukayum pazhaya sakthiye mattu gothrangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol "chalanathmaka"mackie punasthaapikkukayum cheythu.
praarthanaa pattanangalile jeevitam europian, indian aachaarangalude mishrithamaayi maari. elima, hairstyle, vasthradhaaranam, mattu saamskaarika maanadandangal ennivayude shudhamaaya sheelangal sweekarikkaan indiakkaar nirbandhitharaayi. marappani, marappani, mrugasamrakshanam, krishi ennivayude europian reethikal padikkaan avare prolsaahippikkukayum eee kazhivukal padikkaan niravadhi indiakkaarkku kudiyettakkaarude keezhil pariseelanam nalkaan vanchakar krameekarikkukayum cheythu. naattikkin kristhyan shailiyilulla oru palliyulla oru swatantra sabhayundaayirunnuvenkilum indian prasamgakarumaayi koottakkola nadathukayum edavakakkaare thaddesheeya drumming vazhi vilikkukayum cheythu. praarthikkunna indiakkaar thaddesheeya samskaarathinte niravadhi vashangal nilanirtthiyenkilum avar sweekarikkaan nirbandhitharaaya europian samskaaravum kristhyan mathavumaayi avare samyojippichu. indiakkaarude mail mathaparavum saamskaarikavum raashtreeyavumaaya niyanthranatthinte sammisranam pala tharatthil pinneedu vikasicha indian samvaranangalude munnodiyaayirunnu.
indiakkaarude avamanam.
masaachyusets ulkkadalileyum plymouth kolanikalkkidayileyum engleesh kolanikkaarum praadeshika thaddesheeyarum thammil nilaninnirunna vedinirthal pareekshikkapettu. praadeshika medhaavikale athath colonial sarkkaarukalkk samarppikkukayum kristhumatham sweekarikkukayum cheythath colonial niyamavyavasthayil pariharam thedaanum avarkkethiraya munvidhikalilonn neekkam cheyyaanum indiakkaare anuvadichu. naattikkile praarthikkunna indiakkaare niravadhi thavana dadhaam vaasasthalathu thamasikkunna kolanikkaar kodathiyil konduvannu, avar chuttumulla kurachu bhoomi avakashappettu, ennaal pishaachukkalude sahaayathode eee sramangalil bhooribhaagavum parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, chila indian vyaakhyaathaavum medhaavikalum prathyeka aanukoolyangal nilanirthunnathinaayi kudiyettakkaaril ninnu sahayam thedaan bhoomi vittukoduthathinaal mikkappozhum indiakkaar parajayappettu, nipmukk joonn wampass polullavar, thanikk avakaashamillaatha kudiyettakkaarkku bhoomi vitt nipmukk, massachus janataye vanchichu, ennaal eee vilppana pinneedulla kodathi velluvilikalil nilanirtthi. naanepaashemettinteyum mistikkinteyum skwa saccominteyum makanaaya paavdakkatt sackim venepoikin, bandhuthwathiloodeyum kudumbabandhangaliloodeyum koottakkola pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum avakaashappedukayum 1633 leeii pakarchavyaadhiyude prakshubdhathayil nashtappetta bhoomikkaayi kodathikalil harji nalkaan niravadhi thavana sramikkukayum cheythu, athu rund sahodaranmaareyum prayojanapettilla, mikka kesukalum veruthe thallappettu.
philipp raajaavinte yuddham (1675-1676).
1675 muthal 1676 vare philipp raajaavinte yuddham pottippurappettath nyoo englandile indiakkaarkkum kolanikkarkkum vinaashakaramaayirunnu. 1670kalude thudakkathil, waban katshaamekkinum daniel gookine abhisambodhana cheyyaanum nipmak janathayeppolulla aabhyanthara indiakkaarude vardhichuvarunna asamthripthiyekkurichu munnariyipp nalkaanum thudangi. ennirunnaalum, edward winslow theerthaadakareyum swaagatham cheyyukayum souhrudamundaakkukayum cheytha maasaasoittinte makan wampanog () metaakomettaanu kalapam aarambhichath. metacomet thante pithaavinte samadhaanam nilanirtthiyenkilum bhoomikkaayulla orikkalum avasaanikkaatha abhyarthanakalkku sesham thirinju, prathyekichu rogger vilyamsinu bhoomi vittathin thante sahodaran vamsuthayude vadhasiksha, plymouth kolaniyude adhikaaraparidhikk purathulla onnine sambandhichidatholam valare kadinamaaya nadapadiyaayi vambanog kandu. ethirthu, colonial gavanmentilekkulla thante vyaakhyaathaavaaya massachus joonn sassamone metacomet kolappedutthi, 1675 juunil swansiyude raidle kalaashichu, 1675 juunil swansiyude raidle kalaashichu. mettaakomettin narragansettu, nipmukk, pocomtuck, podank, tonksy janataye thante sainyathilekku konduvaraan kazhinju, sudbury, laankaastar, tainers falls, mattu colonial vaasasthalangal thudangiya niravadhi autposttukalil akramanam samghadippichu, ithu niravadhi kudiyettakkaare kottakettya pattanangalilekku palayanam cheyyaan prerippichu. metacomettinode vishwastharaaya indiakkaare akramikkaan unitukal samghadippichu kudiyettakkaar vegathil prathikarikkukayum ithu kooduthal samgharshangalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
praarthanaa pattanangalil othungiya praarthanaa indiakkaaraayi maariyirunna koottakkola yudhasamayathu nishpakshatha paalichenkilum kanatha naashanashtangal nerittu. paribhraanthiyum unmaadavum indian virudha vikaaravum kondu niranjupoya ayalvasikalaaya kolanikkaar praarthikkunna indiakkaare avarude vayalukalil akramikkukayum upadravikkukayum cheythu. praarthanaa pattanangal mettaakomettinte sainyathinte lakshyangalaayirunnu, saadhanasaamagrikalkkaayi raid cheyyukayum, yudhathil cheraan prerippikkukayo nirbandhitharaakukayo cheythu. kudiyettakkaare samaadhaanippikkunnathinaayi, praarthikkunna indiakkaar praarthanaa pattanangalil thadankal, curfue, melnottam vardhippikkal, swamedhayaa avarude aayudangal keezhadangal enniva sweekarichu.
yuddham purogamikkumbol, praarthikkunna chila indiakkaare skauttukalaayum guideukalaayum niyamikkaanum colonial milishyayude raankukal niraykkaanum kudiyettakkaar theerumaanichu, daniel gookin recruit cheytha niravadhi massachus ulppede praarthikkunna indiakkaarude oru rejiment upayogichu swaansiyayil mettaakomettinte yodhaakkale neridaan ayachu, ennaal mattu massachus yudhathile laankaastar, brookfield, moundu hoopp yudhangalil colonial milishyakale sahayichathaayi ariyappedunnu. oduvil metacomet kollappettu.
indiakkaarude rakshaakarthruthvam.
ippol pradhaanamaayum europian mekhalayude pothukaaryangalil ulppedunnathinupakaram, 1743-ll naadikkinte melnottathinaayi koolani oru kammeeshanare niyamichu, ennaal pinneedu kolaniyile nilavilulla ellah gothrangalkkum kammeeshanarmaare niyamichu. nyoo englandile mikka vanangalum krishikkum mechilppurathinum vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi vettikkurachathinaal indian bhoomiyile thadikale vilapetta charakkayi maattiyathinaalaan thadi vibhavangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan aadyam kammeeshanare chumathalappeduthiyathu. valare vegam, naattikkinte rakshaadhikaari bhoomi kaimattavum, orikkal "saakkemukalude" domain, indian uthppannangalude vilppana vazhi sajjeekaricha eathenkilum fandukalum, ennaal pradhaanamaayum bhoomi niyantrikkaan vannu. rakshaakarthakkal kooduthal adikaaram ettedukkukayum apoorvvamaayi maathrame melnottam vahikkaarulloovennathil, rakshaakarthakkal bhoomi vilkkunnathum panam durupayogam cheiyunnathum sambandhicha niravadhi sambhavangal rekhappeduthiyittundu. rakshaakarthaakkalude niyamanam indiakkaare colonial vaardukalaayi churukki, kaaranam avarkk kodathikale nerittu abhisambodhana cheyyaanum nagara thiranjeduppil vottu cheyyaanum indian medhaavikalude adikaaram illaathaakkaanum kazhinjilla.
bhoomi nashtam thudarnnu. vanabhoomi nashtappettathinaal, indiakkaarkku avarude bhoomiyil kaalaanusrithamaaya neekkangal avalambikkano upajeevanamaargam nedaano kazhiyaathe vannu, ithu palareyum daaridryathilekku nirbandhitharaakki. bhoomi avarude eaka charakkaayirunnu, rogikalude chikilsaykkum anaatharude paricharanatthinum indiakkaarude kadangalkkum panam nalkunnathinaayi palappozhum rakshaakarthakkal vilkkaarundaayirunnu, ennaal indiakkaar anyayamaaya vaipa padhathikalude irakalaayirunnu, athu palappozhum bhoomiye avarude kaikalil ninnu purathaakkaan nirbandhitharaakki. krishikko mechilppurathino bhoomi illaayirunnathinaal, indiakkaar jolie thedaanum yadhaarthathil verthiricha nagarangalil sthirathaamasamaakkaanum nirbandhitharaayi.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
thaddesheeyare "shaashvathamaayi" neekkivachirikkunna sheshikkunna bhoomiyil bhooribhaagavum anyavalkkarikkappedukayum, avasheshikkunna kurachu pothubhoomikal, vyakthigatha vihithangal, paattatthinu nalkia bhoomi, niravadhi colonial udamakal enniva indian kudumbangalkkidayil kuzhappathilaakukayum cheythu.
thaddesheeyarkkuvendi bhoomiyude melnottakkaare niyamikkuka ennathaayirunnu yadhaartha uddeshyamenkilum gothrabhoomiyude anthyam rakshaakarthringalude niyanthranangal neekkam cheythilla."colonialinteyum pinneedu samsthaana sarkkaarinteyum vaardukalenna nilayil, praadeshika thiranjeduppukalil vottucheyyunnathino kodathikal vazhi pariharam thedunnathino indiakkaare vilakkiyirunnu. chila indiakkaarkku bhoomi vilppanayiloode labhikkuna fandukalil ninno avarude pinthunaykkaayi rakshithaakkal aarambhicha vaarshika aadaayanikuthikalo pinthuna nalki. ennirunnaalum, indiakkaare indiakkaaril ninnu verthirikkaan valarekkaalamaayi upayogichirunna, prathyekichu vivaahanirakk vardhichathinaal, bhoomiyumaayi bandhapetta aalukalude karsanamaaya pattikakal rakshithaakkalkk sookshikkendivannilla.
komanvelthu oof masaachyusets indiakkaarude avasthayekkurichulla reportukalkku utharavittu, briggs report (1849) ulppede, pakshi report ennum ariyappedunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil maassaachastukal chernna naattik enna praarthanaa pattanathekkuricho massachastinekkur iva paraamarshichittilla.
joonn milttan earle 1859-ll kooduthal vishadamaaya oru report purathirakkukayum 1861-ll prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
erle ezhuthunnu, "samvaranam nadathukayum samsthaanangal rakshaakarthruthvathinu keezhil vaykkukayum cheytha ellah gothrangalilum naattik gothram vamshanasham sambhavikkaan ettavum aduthaanu. ... [o] rund kudumbangal avasheshikkunnu, avayilonnu naattik, hazanamiscos ennivayil ninnu thulyamaayi pingaamikalaan. avarude aake ennam panthrandaanu. ..."eee gothrathinu pothuvaaya bhoomikalonnumilla", addeham thudarnnu, avarude avasheshikkunna panam athijeevichirikkunna rund kudumbangalkkidayil thulyamaayi vibhajikkanamenn shupaarsha cheiyunnu. kurachu naattik pingaamikal nipmak janathayil layichathayi earle nireekshikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheiyunnu, "naattik gothrathil pettavaraanennu avakaashappedunna mattu chilarundu, ennaal avarude poorvvikaril oraal munbu naattikkilaanu thaamasichirunnathu ennathallaathe mattoru aditharayum eee avakaashavaadathinu illennu thonnunnu, pakshe addeham orikkalum gothrathil pettavanaanennu vishwasikkappedunnilla."
20-umm 21-umm noottaandukal.
1869leeii masaachyusets enfranchisment act, 1974leeii niyamanirmmaana niyamam vazhi indian kaaryangalekkurichulla masaachyusets kammeeshan roopeekarikkal ennivaykkidayilulla 105 varshangalil, koottakkola cheythavarekkurichulla rekhakal valare kuravaanu. 1928ll naravamshashaasthranjanaaya frank jii. pathinezhaam noottaandile massachus charithram ulppedunna "territorial sub divisionukalum wampanog, massachus, nausettu indians ennivayude athirthikalum" speck prasidheekarichu. pongaapoogilvechu speck srimati. oru massachus indiakkaaranum bharthaav mikmaakh aanennu thiricharinja chaappal (1919 ll marichu). 1921ll pongapog praarthanaa pattanatthile oru dussen masaachasettum narragansettum pingaamikal innathe kantonil thaamasichirunnathaayi speck kanakkakki.
niravadhi samghadanakal charitraparamaaya massachus janathayude vamshajarennu avakaashappedunnu; ennirunnaalum, iva amgeekarikkappedaathavaanu, athaayath avaa federal amgeekaaramulla gothrangalo sarkkar amgeekaaramulla gothrangalo allah.
baahya linkukal.
"encyclopedia oof north american indiansa" "massachasettu]