
madhya babylonian kaalaghattam

thekkan mesopotemiyayile kaasait kaalaghattam ennum ariyappedunna madhya babylonian kaalaghattam hitaittukal baabilon nagaram kollayadichathinusheshamaanu aarambhichath. eee kaalaghattatthinte paryayamaaya rajavamshamaaya kaasaitukal oduvil eee pradeshatthinte rashtreeya niyanthranam ettedukkukayum sealand raajavamshathe keezhadakki avarude adikaaram shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. sealand raajavamshathinte keezhppeduthalinushesham, kaasidukal babylonia pradeshathe orotta rashtreeya asthithvamaayi ekeekarichu. madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthinte uchathil, kaasait rajaakkanmaar vyapaaram, vyapaaram, eejipthileyum mattu praadeshika shakthikalileyum raajaakkanmaarumaayi nayatantra vivahangal samghadippikkal ennivayil earppettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kramena thakarchayude oru kaalaghattatthinu sesham, madhya babylonian kaalaghattam kaasait raajavamshathinte pathanathode thakarnnu. thekkan mesopotemiyayile kaasaittukale avarude bharanathil ninnu thaalkkaalikamaayi maattippaarppicha assyrian adhiniveshathinte falamaayaanu eee thakarcha undaayath. oduvil, elaamaittukal vividha reydukal nadathukayum oduvil babylonian adhinivesham nadathukayum cheythu, ithu kaasait rajavamshathinum madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthinum anthyam kurichu.
ennirunnaalum chila samakaalika pandithanmaar nirddeshicha kaalaghattatthinte vyathyastha kalagananayund, chilar soochippikkunnathu madhya babylonian kaalaghattam kaasait kaalaghattatthinte thakarchaykku maathrame thudarnnulloo ennaanu. mattu pandithanmaar eee kaalayalav muzhuvan madhya babylonian kaalaghattamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
baabiloninte chaakk (c. bii. sii. 1595).
bii. sii. 1595nuu munbu, pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthil, hammuraabiyude pingaamikalkk avarude raajyam nilanirthaan kazhiyaathathinal thekkan mesopotamia pradesham kramena thakarchayudeyum rashtreeya anishchithathvathinteyum kaalaghattatthilaayirunnu. babyloniayude vadakkan, thekkan pradeshangal thammilulla labhakaramaaya vyapara paathakalude niyanthranam pingaamikalkk nashtappettu, athu aadyathe sealand raajavamshathin hanikaramaaya saambathika prathyaaghaathangal undaakki. sii. bii. sii. 1595ll hittait rajaavaaya mursili onnaaman sakthamaaya ayalrajyamaaya aleppo paraajayappedutthiya sesham thekkan mesopotamia pradesham aakramichu. hitattukal baabilon nagaram kollayadikkaan thudarnnu, ithu hammurabi rajavamshathinum pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthinum anthyam kurichu. ennirunnaalum, babylonineo chuttumulla pradeshangaleyo keezhadakkaruthennu hitaittukal theerumaanikkukayum pakaram keezhadakkiya nagaratthil ninnu euphrates nadhi vare avarude maathrraajyamaaya "hatty-landilake" pinmaarukayum cheythu. thekkan mesopotamia akramikkukayum baabilon nagaram kollayadikkukayum cheyyaanulla hittaittinte theerumaanam samakaalika charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil charchaykku vidheyamaan. hammuraabiyude pingaamikal onnukil aleppoyumaayi sakhyamundaakkiyirunnuve allengil pettennulla hittait vipuleekaranam soochippikkunnathu avarude uddeshyangal "bhoomi, manushyashakthi, [vyapara] paathakalude niyanthranam, vilayeriya ayiru nikshepangalilekkulla praveshanam" ennivayaayirunnuvennum soochippikkunnu.
irunda yugavum kaasait ekeekaranavum (sii. 1595-sii. bii. sii. 1475).
baabilonil ninnu hitaittukal pinmaariyathinetthudarnnu eee pradesham kooduthal rashtreeya prakshubdhathayilekku vazhuthiveenu. eee kaalayalavil, babyloniayile thaarathamyena anjjaatharaaya oru koottam aalukalaayirunna kaasaitukal pradhana adhikaariyaayi uyarnnuvannu. praadhamika thelivukalude abhaavathil samakaalika pandithanmaar eee kaalaghattatthe irunda kaalaghattamaayi visheshippichathinaal kaasaitukal adhikaarathil varunnathilekku nayicha krithyamaaya sambhavangal anishchithathvathilaanu. ennirunnaalum, thekkan mesopotemiyayil ninnu hittait pinmaariyathinetthudarnnu gulkishaarinte keezhilulla aadyathe sealand rajavamsham baabilon nagravum babyloniayude vadakkan pradeshangalum hrasvamaayi pidichedukkukayum kaivashappeduthukayum cheythathayi ariyappedunnu. cassiteukal pidicheduttha pradeshangalude sealandinte adhinivesham avasanippikkukayum ulamburiyash onnaaman raajaavinte bharanakaalathu sii. yill avarude adikaaram shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 1475ll mesopotemiyayude thekkan theerapradeshangalum chathuppunila pradeshangalum maathram kaivashappedutthiya aadyathe sealand raajavamshathe keezhadakki. sealandinte pradeshangal keezhadakkiyathiloode, munbu thadassappeduthiyirunna eee pradeshathe labhakaramaaya vyapara pathakal punasthaapikkaan kaasaittukalkk kazhinju. sealand raajavamshathinte keezhppeduthalinushesham, kaasaitukal thekkan babylonia muzhuvan oru kendreekritha rashtreeya asthithvamaayi vijayakaramaayi ekeekarikkukayum babylonia raajyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu (anthaaraashtra kathidapaadukalil "maatt kardunias" ennariyappedunnu). kizhakkan charithratthile eee ghattathinu munbu, thekkan babylonia oru bharana sthaapanathinte niyanthranathilaayirunni. athinusesham, kaasait rajaakkanmaar 'babyloniayile rajaavu' enna padavi sweekarikkukayum avarude praadeshika ayalkkar avare 'karduniyash raajyathile rajaakkanmaar' ennu vilikkukayum cheythu, pilkkaalathu babyloniayude noonn-kaasait padamaayirunnu ithu.
praadeshika shakti (sii. 1415-sii. bii. sii. 1235).
babylonia oru kendreekritha rashtreeya gadakamaayi ekeekarichathu thekkan mesopotamiaykku susthirathayudeyum saambathika samriddhiyudeyum susthiramaaya oru kaalaghattam sthaapikkaan kaasidukale praaptharakki.
durr-kurigalsu.
prathyekichum, babyloniyayiludaneelam nirmmaana, punarnirmmaana padhathikal ettedukkaan kaasaitukal saambathika samriddhiyude kaalaghattam upayogichu. prathyekichum, kurigalsu onnaaman raajaavinte bharanakaalathu, kassaikal raajyathinte bharana thalasthaanam durr-kurigalsu ("kurigalsu kotta") lake maatti. muun thalasthaanamaaya baabilon achaaraparavum mathaparavumaya thalasthaanamaayi maari. oru puthiya thalasthaanam nirmmikkanulla kaasaittinte theerumaanathinu pinnile krithyamaaya uddeshyangal samakaalika charitrakaaranmaarkku ariyilla. ennirunnaalum, euphrates, tigris nadikal ettavum aduthu ozhukunna nagaratthinte sthaanam soochippikkunnathu onnukil eee mekhalayile labhakaramaaya vyapara pathakal samrakshikkunnathino allengil saamraajyathva ayalkkaaril ninnu raajyathe samrakshikkunnathino aanennaan.
videsha bandhangal.
eejipthile rajaakkanmaarum kaasait rajaakkanmaarum thammilulla kathidapaadukalkku upayogichirunna cunifom falakangalaaya amarna aksharangalil kaasaittukalum avarude praadeshika ayalkkaarum thammilulla videshabandhangal rekhappeduthiyittundu, prathyekichu kadashman-enlil I (1375-1360 BC), barnaburiyash II (1359-1333 BC) ennivarude bharanakalam. raashtreeyamaayi prayojanakaramaaya vivaahangalum "ganyamaaya vadhuvinte sammaanangaludeyum sthreedhanathinteyum kaimattavum" eee falakangal vivarichu. koodaathe, praadeshika sakthikal thammilulla vyaapaarathe kurichum kathukal vivarichu. udaaharanathinu, kassaitukal eejipthumaayi idaykkide vyapaaram nadathukayum kuthirakal, rathangal, lapis lasuli, vilayeriya kallukal, venkalam, velli, enna ennivaykku perukettavaraayirunnu.
bii. sii. pathinalam noottaandile pramukha sakthikal thammilulla "grettu powers club" ennu vilikkappedunna oru purathana kizhakkan rashtreeya pankaalitthavum amarna kathukal roopappeduthunnu. eejipt, hutty, mithani, assyria thudangiya samsthaanangal eee rashtreeya pankaalitthatthil ulppettirunnu. mahaashakthikalude club sthaapikkunnathinulla krithyamaaya uddeshyam vyakthamalla, ennirunnaalum ashayavinimayathinulla maanadandangal sthaapikkukayum "samadhaanavum yudhavum, vyapaaravum vivaahavum, athirthi tharkkangalum sandesha kaimattavum niyantrikkaan" aagrahikkukayum cheytha ayalshakthikal thammilulla praadeshika pankaalitthamaayi athinte pravartthanam vishaalamaayi manassilakkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, pankaalithatthinullile adhikara vitharanam athinte ellah amgangalkkum thulyamaayirunnilla. udaaharanathinu, eejiptil ninnulla rajakumaarikal eshyan rajaakkanmaare vivaham kazhikkunnath eejipthukaarkk oru prathyayashaasthra prashnamaayirunnu, ithu apoorvamaayirunnu. neremarichu, eshyan raajakumaarikale saadhaaranayaayi eejipshyan raajakudumbathodum prabhukkanmaarodum vivaham kazhichirunnuvenkilum, avare praadhamika pankaliyaayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla, pakaram aaa manushyante haraminte bhaagamaayirunnu.
bisi panthrandaam noottaandil eejipt faravokalaaya amanophis III (1391-1353 bisi), akhenaattan (1353-1336 bisi) ennivarude bharanakaalathu praadeshika pankaalikal thammilulla bandham kramena kurayaan thudangi. eee kaalayalavil, faravokalkku avarude eshyan ayalkkaarude kaaryangalil thaalpparyakkurav anubhavappedukayum ithu pankaalittham thakarunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
kaalayalavinte avasaanam (sii. 1225-sii. bii. sii. 1155).
kaasait raajavamshathinte pathanavum madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthinte avasaanavum sii. bisi 1155-ll avarude praadeshika ayalkkaraaya aseeriyakkaarum elaamaittukalum nadatthiya thudarchayaaya akramanangalkkum akramanangalkkum sesham.
assyriakkaar babylonia keezhadakkunnu.
assyrian rajaavaaya tukulthi-ninurtha onnaamante (bisi2) bharanakaalathu babylonia akramikkukayum kassit rajaavaaya kastiliashu naalaamane (bisi1) attimarikkukayum cheythu. oru paava-bharanathiloode tukulthi-ninurtha eee pradeshathe keezhadakkukayum baabiloninte rakshaadhikaari devanaaya mardukkinte prathima neekkam cheyyukayum assyriayilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. kiddin-hudrudish (kiddin-hutran ennum ariyappedunnu) raajaavinte neethrthwathil ayal elaamaittukal pinneedu babylonia akramikkukayum nippur, aisin, marad, derr ennee nagarangal kollayadikkukayum cheythu, ithu assyrian bharanakoodathodulla asamthripthiyil kalaashichu. oduvil, babyloniayileyum assyriayileyum kalapangal tukulty-ninurtayude babylonian adhinivesham avasaanippichu. assyrian adimathathinteyum paava-bharanathinteyum avasaanathethudarnnu, muun kaasait bharanadhikaariyaaya castiliashu naalaamante pingamiyaaya adad-suma-uzur thekkan babyloniayil kaasaittukalkkaayi adikaaram veendeduthu.
assyrian, elamite akramanangal.
aathyanthikamayi kaasait raajavamshathinte thakarchayum madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthinte avasaanavum aseeriyakkaarudeyum elamaittukaludeyum thudarchayaaya rund aakramanangaliloodeyaanu undaayath. bii. sii. 1158ll assyriakkaar babylonia aakramichu, thudarnnu athe varsham thanne elamite adhinivesham nadannu. elaamaittukal attimarikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheiyunnathinu munbu moonnu varsham bharicha enlil-nadin-ahiyaayirunnu kaasait raajavamshathile avasaanathe rajaavu. babylonia keezhadakkaruthennu elaamaittukal theerumaanikkukayum pakaram kaasit itharanaaya aisinte randaamathe rajavamsham eee pradeshathu adikaaram ettedukkukayum cheythu.
kaalakramam sambandhicha charcha.
madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthinte krithyamaaya theeyathiyekkurichu samakaalika charitrakaaranmaar nirddeshicha vividha badal kalagananayund. babyloniayude assyrian niyanthranam asthiramaayathum bhauthika samskaarathile thudarchayaaya samaanathakalum ithinu kaaranamaan. chila charitrakaaranmaar madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthe kaasait kaalaghattatthinte thakarchaykku kaaranamaayi kanakkakkunnu (c. bii. sii. 1150) bii. sii. 626ll avasaanikkukayum thudarnnu navaa-babylonian saamraajyathinte aavirbhaavathode avasaanikkukayum cheythu. mattu charitrakaaranmaar 'middle babylonian', 'poost-kaasait' enniva vyathyastha kaalaghattangalude perukalaayi upayogikkunnu, madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthil kaasait rajavamsham (c. 1595-1155 bisi), chilappol randaam rajavamshamaaya isin (sii. 1153-1022 bc), thudarchayaaya raajavamshangale 'poost-kaasait' kaalaghattatthil tharamthirichu. samakaalika charithrakaaranmaarude mattu vyaakhyaanangal pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathinulla muzhuvan kaalaghattattheyum sii. yill nirvachikkunnu. bii. sii. 1595-umm navaa-babylonian saamraajyathinte uyarchayum. bii. sii. 626 'madhya babylonian' kaalaghattamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
madhya babylonian kaalaghattatthile baabilonile rajaakkanmaarude pattika (c. 1595-sii. bii. sii. 1155).
aadya raajavamshathile bharanaadhikaarikalude perukal adangiya oru phalakam rajaavu pattikappedutthunnu (c. bisi) navaa-azrian saamraajyathin (bisi 600) thakarcha sambhavichu. athinaal, chila bharanaadhikaarikalude krithyamaaya kalaganana perukalum samakaalika charitrakaaranmaarkku anishchithathvamo anjjaathamo aanu.

