
spanish saahithyathile romanticism

pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil romaantik saahityathinu virudhamaaya swabhaavamulla realisamaanu romaantik saahithyathe maattisthaapichathinaal romaantik matham vaikiyaan varunnath, hraswavum ennaal theevravumaaya oru kaalayalav maathrame nilaninnulloo.
"coastembrism".
coastembrism samakaalika jeevithathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum, pradhaanamaayum "saadhaarana" janangalude veekshanakonil ninnu, shudhavum sariyaaya bhashayil svayam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. romaantisisathinte arikukalilum athumaayi bandhappett virodhaabhaasaparamaaya sthaanathumulla raamon dii mesonero romanos aayirunnu coastombrist shailiyile pradhana rachayithaav. romantisisathil ninnu janichathum ennaal bhoothakaalathe moolyangalodum achaarangalodum ulla nostaaljiyayude prakadanavumaaya coastembrism, romaantik prasthaanatthinte thakarchaykkum realisathinte uyarchaykkum kaaranamaayi, athu boorshwakalaayi maarukayum vivarana shailiyaayi maarukayum cheythu.
thudakkam.
andalusiayiloodeyum kaattaloniyayiloodeyum romanticism spainilekku vannu.
andalusiyayil, kaadisile prussian koonsal, novelist fernan kaballeroyude pithavaaya juvan nicolas booal dii fabber, 1818 num 1819 num idayil kaadisile "diarrheo merkkaantil" (vaanijya dinapathram) enna lekhanangalude oru parambara prasidheekarichu, athil addeham siglo dii oorooyude spanish naadakatthe prathirodhichu, navaa-klaasistukal addehathe vyaapakamaayi aakramichu. addehathinethire jose jovakin dii morayum antonio alcala galiano oru paarambaryavaadiyum udaaravaadavum samboornnavaada veekshanakonil ninnu vaadichu. europian saahitya aadhunikathaye prathinidheekarikkunnu enna vastutha undaayirunnittum booal dii faberinte ashayangal avarudethumaayi poruthappedunnilla (avaa ippozhum njaanodaya yugavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnathil).
1823 muthal 1824 vare barsalonayil rund itaaliyan edittarmaarum oru engleeshukaaranum yuva kaattalans bonaventtura calls aaribou, raamon lopus solarum chernnu prasidheekaricha oru jenalaanu ell europo. navaa-klaasisatthinte gunangale poornnamaayum nirasichukondu, bollinte maathruka pinthudarnnu eee prasidheekaranam mithamaaya paarambaryavaada romantisisathe prathirodhichu. romantismo" enna thalakkettilulla luigi montejiyayude oru lekhanathil, romaantik prathyayashaasthrathinte oru vivaranam athinte pejukalil aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu.
kavita.
pranayakavithakal vikaarangalude roshathinidayil srishtikkukayum avarkk thonniyatho chinthichatho aaya kaaryangalil ninnu vaakyangal roopappeduthukayum cheythu. vimarshakar avarude kruthikalil valia shakthiyude ganarachana kandethiyittundu, ennaal athe samayam ashleelavum prachodanakaramallaathathumaaya kavita.
pranayakavithayude chila savisheshathakal ivayaanu
oru puthiya aathmaav padyanirmmaanatthinu prachodanamaakunnu ennathinte adayaalam koodiyaayirunnu athu. gaanangaludeyum varikaludeyum ekathaanamaaya neoclassic aavarthanathinu vipareethamaayi, meettaril nilavilulla ellah vyathiyaanangalum upayogikkaanum mattu bhashakalil ninnullavayumayi poruthappedaanum aavashyamullidathu naveekarikkaanumulla avakasham kavikal prakhyaapichu. eee kaaryatthil, mattullavayilethupole, romantisisavum noottaandinte avasaanathile aadhunika dheerathakale munkootty chithreekarichu.
joseph espronseda.
1808ll badajosile almendralejoic sameepam sthithi cheiyunna pajarez dii laa vegayilaanu espronseda janichathu. samboorna sarkkaarine thakarkkuka" enna lakshyathode addeham "loss neumantinos" enna rahasya sosaitti sthaapichu. eee samoohavumaayulla pankaalittham kaaranam espronseda jaililaayi. 18-aamm vayassil addeham lisbanilekku palayanam cheyyukayum oru koottam liberal pravasikalumaayi cherukayum cheythu. avidevechu thaan landanil thaamasichirunna sthreeyaaya terreza manchaye addeham kandumutty. rashtreeya prakshobhatthinu sesham 1833ll addeham spainilekku madangi. 1838ll tereza mancha addehathe upekshikkaan kaaranamaaya sambhavangalum saahasikathakalum niranja oru jeevitam addeham nayichu. 1842ll madridil vachu addeham marichappol mattoru kaamukane vivaham kazhikkunna ghattathilaayirunnu addeham.
sancho saldana ooo ell castellano dii cuellar" (1834) enna charitra novalum "ell pelaayo" enna itihaasa kavitayum polulla pradhana saahitya vibhagangalil esponseda pravarthichittundel addehathinte ettavum pradhanappetta kruthi addehathinte kavithayaayirunnu. pravaasatthil ninnu madangiyethiya sesham 1840-ll addeham "posias" prasidheekarichu. addehathinte yuvathvamulla neoclassic kavithakale mattu, kooduthal theevravum, romaantik kruthikalumaayi orumichu konduvarunna vividha tharatthilulla kavithakalude samaahaaramaanith. cancian dell pairatta" ("kadalkkollakkaarante gaanam"), "ell verdugo" ("vadhikkunnayal"), "ell mendigo" ("yaachakan"), "kaantoo dell cosaco" ("kosaakkinte gaanam") ennivayaanu avasaanathe ettavum pradhanappettathum uyarnnathumaaya paarshwalkkarikkappetta tharangal. ell estudient dii salamanga" (1839), "ell diablo mundo" ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum pradhanappetta kruthikal
mattu kavikal.
speyinil pranayaganangal abhivridhi praapicha churungiya kaalayalavil, barsalonan juvan arolas (1805-1873), galishyan nicomeds paasttar dias (1811-1863), gertrudies gomez dii avellaneda (1814-1873), pablo pifferer (1818-1848) thudangiya paraamarshikkappedenda mattu shradheya kavikalum uyarnnuvannu. spaanishil maathram ezhuthiyittum kaattaloniyayile romaantik prasthaanatthinte mungaamikalil oraalaayirunnu pifferer.
avellaneda pothusamooham.
pathonpathaam noottaandile oru cuban ezhuthukaaranum kaviyumaayirunnu gertrudies gomez dii avellaneda vaii artiga (march 23,1814-madrid februvari 1,1873). cuban aanenkilum avar jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum spainilaanu chelavazhichathu. avar vividha kavithakalum naadakangalum novalukalum rachichu. avarude ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthi saab (noval) enna adimatha virudha novalaanu.
karolina coronado.
carolina coronado (almendralejo, 1823-lisbon, 1911) prathyeka paramarsham arhikkunnu. kuttikkaalatthinte valiyoru bhagam avar extramadooran graamapradesangalil chelavazhichu, valare cheruppam muthal kavithayil oru kazhivu kaanichu. avar oru american nayathanthranjane vivaham kazhikkukayum vividha videsha rajyangalil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. kudumba daurbhaagyam lisbonil eakaanthatha thedaanum pinvanganum avare prerippichu, avide avar 1911 ll marichu. avarude ettavum pradhanappetta kruthi "posias" (1852) aanu.
gadyam.
pranaya kaalaghattatthil, saahitya kathakalil, prathyekichu saahasika, nigooda novalukalil valia thaalpparyamundaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, itharathilulla spanish uthppaadanam valare kuravaayirunnu, videsha novalukalude vivarthanangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. alexander dumas, pere, chatteabriand, walter scott, victor hugo thudangiya ezhuthukaare prathinidheekarikkunna charitraparavum romaantik, dheeravum, naadakeeyavumaaya vibhagangalil 1850 nuu munbu aayirathiladikam vivarthanangal speyinil pracharichu. spanish gadyathil pradhaanamaayum noval, shaasthreeyamo pandithochithamo aaya gadyam, pathrapravarthanam, "coastembrismo" yude theevramaaya vikasanam enniva ulppedunnu.
noottaandinte aadya paadatthil, naalu vyathyastha tharam novalukal vikasichu dhaarmikavum vidyaabhyaasaparavumaaya novalukal, pranayakathakal, horror kathakal, aantiklarikkal novalukal. ivayil ettavum poornnamaayum romaantik aantiklarikkal novalaanu. ennirunnaalum, romaantik swaadheenam pradhaanamaayum charitra novaline roopappeduthum.
charitra novalukal.
walter skottinte (addehathinte 80 kruthikal vivarthanam cheyyappettittund), "waverley", "ivenho", scotish, engleesh bhoothakaalathe aaspadamaakkiyulla saahasika novalukal ennivayude rachayithavaaya charitra noval vikasippicheduthu. spanish charitra novalukal rund vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu udaaravum mithavaadavum. liberal skoolinullil purohita virudhavum janakeeyavumaaya pravaahangal nilaninnirunnu. maruvashathu, mithamaaya vidyaalayam chila avasarangalil parambaraagathavum catholica moolyangalum uyarthunna novalukal nirmmichu. ettavum sradheyamaaya spanish ezhuthukaar ivaraanu
pandithochithamaaya ezhuthu.
eee kruthikalil bhooribhaagavum kaadisinte bharanaghadana amgeekaricha niyamasabhayile charchakalil ninnaan uthbhavichath. ettavum praathinidyamulla rachayithakkal juvan donoso courtus (1809-1853), jaim balmus urpia (1810-1848) ennivaraayirunnu
"coastombrist" vignettukal.
1820num 1870num idayil spain "littarachura kostambrista" (perumaattatthinte saahityam) vikasippichu, ithu "kwadro dii coastumbress" allengil "dainamdina jeevithathinte wignet" enna hraswa gadya lekhanathil prakadamaayi. eee kruthikal saadhaaranayaayi vaadangal kuranja reethiyil nilanirtthi vivaranathmaka vaachakathil parimithappedutthiyirunnu. avar aaa kaalaghattatthile jeevitashailiye, oru janapriya aachaarathe, allengil oru vyakthigatha steeriyodaippine vivarichu. pala kesukalilum (laara lekhanangalilennapole) lekhanangalil ganyamaaya aakshepahasyam adangiyirikkunnu.
"ore vibhaagathodulla franch aduppathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond vyathyasthavum savisheshavumaayava oonnipparayaanulla romaantik aagrahathil ninnaan "coastembrismo" (allengil "coastembrism") uyarnnuvannathu. itharathilulla aayirakkanakkin lekhanangal prasidheekarikkappettu, angane speyinile novalinte vikasanam parimithappedutthi, kaaranam aaa vibhaagathil aakhyaanavum vyakthigatha kathaapaathrangalum prabalamaayirunnu, athesamayam coastombrist vignettukal vyakthithva tharangalude (bulfaittar, chestnut vilppanakkaaran, vaattar carrier muthalaayava) pothuvaaya vivaranagalil parimithappedutthiyirunnu.). atharam vignettukalude valia samahaarangal samaaharichu, udaaharanathinu "loss espanols pintados pore sii mismos" (spaniards svayam varacha), (1843-1844 ll rund vaalyangalayi prasidheekarikkukayum 1851 ll oru vaalyathil punarprasidheekarikkum cheythu). eee kruthiyil prathinidheekarikkunna sradheyaraaya ezhuthukaar "madrilino" raamon dii mesonero romanos, andalusian serafin estebanes calderon ennivaraanu.
roman vamshajar.
raamon mesonero romanos (1803-1882) janichathum marichathum madridilaanu. addeham spanish academyil amgamaayirunnu, soumyanaaya oru boorshwaavaayirunnu. addehathinte ashayangal romaantik virudhamaayirunnu, thanikk chuttumulla jeevithathekkurichulla oru mikacha nireekshakanaayirunnu addeham. ell curioso parlante" ("samsaarikkunna kaazhchakkaaran") enna thoolikaanaamathil addeham prashasthanaayirunnu.
addehathinte pradhana saahitya nirmmaanam coastombrist paarambaryatthilaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, 1808 num 1850 num idayil thanikk ariyaavunna aalukaleyum sambhavangaleyum soochippikkunna "memorias dii anaan settenton" (70 vayassulla oru vyakthiyude oormmakal) addeham ezhuthi. addehathinte coastombrist kruthikal "panorama metrittans", "esenas metrittans" ennee vaalyangalil shekharikkappettu.
serafin estebans calderon.
calderon (1799-1867) malagayil janikkukayum madridil marikkukayum cheythu. addeham "ell solitaariyo" (eakaakiyaaya vyakthi) ennariyappedukayum uyarnna rashtreeya padavi vahikkukayum cheythu. yaadhaasthithikathaykku perukettirunnenkilum cheruppatthil addeham oru udaaravaadiyaayirunnu. ell bolero", "laa ferria dii myrena", "ann bail enn triana", "loss philosophos dell phigon" thudangiya vivaranagal adangiya "esenas analusas" (andalusian ramgangal) (1848) enna coastombrist vignettukalude samaahaaramaan addehathinte ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthiyenkilum addeham vividha kavithakalum charitra novalum "christianos vaii morriscos" (kristhyaanikalum moorse) prasidheekarichu.
pathrapravarthanam mariano jose dii laara.
pathonpathaam noottaandiludaneelam pathratthinte punk nirnnayakamaayirunnu. barsalona prasidheekaranamaaya "ell europo" (europian) (1823-1824) romantisisathekkurichu lekhanangal prasidheekarikkukayum prasidheekaranathiloode speyinin bairon, shiller, walter scott ennivayude perukal ariyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, maadyamangal rashtreeya pooraattatthinte oru karamaayirunnu. eee ardhathil, saamoohika prameyangal mathramalla, laarayude ulppaadanathinte vyakthamaaya mungamikalaaya kasttamisatthinte rooparekhakalum prathyakshappetta trainio liberalinte ("ell suriago", "laa manopla") rashtreeya aakshepahasya maadhyamangalkk naam oonnal nalkanam.
1833ll fernando VII-nte maranashesham pathrapravartthanatthil niravadhi supradhana mattangal sambhavichu. 1823leeii samboornnavaada prathikaranatthinu sesham kudiyettakkaar madangiyethukayum puthiya thalamurayodoppam (jose dii espronsedayudeyum larayudeyum) avar aaa kaalaghattatthinte sailiye adayaalappeduthukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum avarude naadukadatthappetta varshangalil avar engleeshileyum franchileyum vipulamaaya pathrangalil ninnu valareyadhikam padichu.
1836-ll franch girardine thante pathramaya "laa pras"-ll njettikkunnathum shaashvathavumaaya vijayamundaakkunna oru aacharam aarambhichu novalukal vitharanam cheythukondu prasidheekarikkuka. spanish pathrangal, ellaayppozhum avarude ayalvaasikalude pathrangalil shradha kendreekarichukondu, eee samrambham pakarthaan thidukkapettu; ennirunnaalum, speyinile eee yugathinte uyaram 1845 num 1855 num idayilaayirikkum.
mariano jose dii laara, "ell pobresito hablador" (pavam cheria prabhashakan)
mariano jose dii laara (madrid, 1809-aidi.1837), oru liberal pravaasiyude makan, taamasiyaathe oru pathrapravartthakanenna nilayil prashasthi nedi. addehathinte kathaapaathram sveekaaryamaayathinekkaal kuravaayirunnu. addehathinte suhruthaaya mesonero romanos "kurachu anubhaavangal maathram vahikkunna addehathinte swathasidhamaaya mordasidine" kurichu samsaarichu. irupathaamathe vayassil addeham vivaham kazhichenkilum vivaham parajayappettu. oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil samboornna vijayathode, 27-aamm vayassil, laara thalayil pisttal upayogichu aathmahathya cheythathayi thonnunnu, oru sthreeyumaayi addeham niyamavirudhamaaya pranayabandham pularthiyirunnathaayi thonnunnu.
pathrapravarthanangalkku laara prashasthanaanenkilum, kavita, hraswa neoclassics, aakshepahasyam ("saattira kontraa loss visios dii laa courte", allengil "kottaaratthinte thinmakalkkethiraya aakshepahasyam"), charitraparamaaya duranthamaaya "massias" ulla thiyettar, oduvil, asooyayaal andhanaya bharthaavine kollunna oru gallego troubadorinekkurichulla "ell donsel dii enriq ell doliyant" enna charitra noval ennivayilum addeham pravarthichu.
laarayude pathra lekhanangal
andrez nipporasas, ell pobresito hablador", ellaattinumupariyaayi "figuero" ennee vyathyastha thoolikaanaamangalude munvashath laara 200 ladhikam lekhanangal ezhuthi. addehathinte kruthikale moonnu grouppukalaayi tirikkaam achaarangal, saahitya lekhanangal, rashtreeya lekhanangal.
thiyettar.
navaa-classical theaterinu spanish abhiruchikalil valia swaadheenam cheluthaan kazhinjilla. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil siglo dii oorooyil ninnulla kruthikal janapriyamaayi. moonnu bhaagangalude (pravartthanam, sthalam, samayam) bharanam paalikkaathathinum haasyavum naadakeeyavumaaya vashangal kalarthiyathinum navaa-klaasikkistukal eee kruthikale avaganichu. ennirunnaalum, eee kruthikal speyinin purathu vijayakaramaayirunnu, kaaranam avaa navaa-classical aadarshavumaayi poruthappedunnilla.
spanish naadakavediyil romanticism vijayichathu francisco martiness dii laa rosayude laa konjuraasiyon dii veneeshya ("veneeshyan goodaalochana"), antonio garzia guteeresinte ell trovedore ("troubador"), juvan eugenio hartsenbush ezhuthiya "loss amantes dii terruval" ("terruvalinte premikal") ennivayiloodeyaanu. ennaal 1835ll rivas prabhuvinte "doonn alvarro ooo laa furesa dell sino" ("doonn alvarro, allengil vidhiyude shakti") yude aadya pradarshanam nadanna samayamaayirunnu pradhana sambhavam.
naadaka vibhagangalil ettavum vikasichathu naadakamaayirunnu. ellah kruthikalilum ganarachana naadakeeyavum saangalppikavumaaya gadakangal adangiyirunnu. naadakavediyude ellah mekhalakalilum swaathanthryam bharichirunnu.
aamgal dii savedra, rivaasinte prabhuvu.
aamgal dii savedra vaii ramiras dii backwedano (cordoba, 1791-madrid, 1865) oru yuvavenna nilayil franch adhiniveshathinethire pooraadukayum purogamanavaadiyenna nilayil rashtreeya praadhaanyam nedukayum cheythu. udaaramaaya kaazhchappaadukalkk addehathe vadhashikshaykk vidhichenkilum englandilekku rakshappedaan addehathinu kazhinju.
maltayilvechu addeham oru engleesh niroopakane kandumutty, addeham classical naadakatthe vilamathikkaan padippikkukayum oru romaantik aakaan vedhi orukkukayum cheythu. pravaasakaalathu addeham fraansil thaamasikkukayum oru pathittaandin sesham 1834-ll spainilekku madangukayum cheythu. madangiyethiyappol navaa-classical liberal oru romaantik, mitavaada liberalaayi roopaantharappettu.
aamgal dii savedra niravadhi pradhana pothu padavikal vahichirunnu. samakaalika ezhuthukaareppole, gaanarachanayilum ("posias", 1874) naadakeeya vibhaagangalilum ("lanusa", 1822) oru navaa-classical soundaryam sweekarichukondaanu addeham aarambhichath. ell desterado" polulla kruthikalil kaanaanaakunnathupole addeham kramena thante kruthiyil pranaya gadakangal ulppeduthi. romans historicos" ennathil addehathinte parivartthanam poortthiyaayi.
1835ll madridile teatro dell princippil (aadhunika teatro espanol) pradharshippicha naadakamaaya "leandas", prathyekichu "doonn alvarro oo laa furesa dell sino" ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu rivaasinte prashasthi. gadyavum padyavum samyojippikkunnathupola puthumakal ulkkollunna aadyathe spanish romaantik naadakatthil 1,300 kazhchakkaar pankedukkukayum saakshyam vahikkukayum cheythu.
jose sorilla.
1817ll valladolidil janicha addeham 1893ll madridil vachu marichu. laarayude shavasamskara chadangil kavithakal vaayichukond addeham saahithyaramgathu thante currier aarambhichu, athiloode addeham valia prashasthi nedi. thannekkaal pathinaar vayass ilaya vidhava addeham vivaham kazhichu, pakshe vivaham paraajayappedukayum avaril ninnu palayanam cheyth addeham fransilekkum pinneedu 1855 ll meksikoyilekkum pookukayum avide maximiliano chakravarty addehathe deseeya naadakavediyude director niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1866ll spainilekku madangiyethiya addehathe aaveshathode swaagatham cheythu. addeham veendum vivaham kazhichu, nirantharamaaya saambathikapeedanangal kaaranam, "doonn juvan tenorrheo" pole thante kruthikal laabhechayillaathe vilkkukayallaathe addehathinu mattu pariharangalonnum undaayirunnilla. 1886ll kodathikal addehathinu pension nalki.
pravartthanangal
sorillayude saahityam samriddhamaanu. addehathinte kavita "vaayana" yumayi oru unnathiyilethunnu, avaa vaakyathil aakhyaanamaayi alapikkunna cheria naadakangalaanu. eee vaayanakalil ettavum pradhaanappettava "maargaritta laa tornera", "oru nalla nyaayaadhipan, oru mikacha saakshikk" ennivayaanu.
ennirunnaalum, addehathinte naadakeeya kruthikalkkaanu addehathinte amgeekaaram kooduthal kadappettirikkunnath. doonn pedro raajaavinte maranathekkurichulla "shhoo maker rajaavum"; porchugalile rajaavaaya doonn sebaastiyaante vazhiyil vanna madrigalile prashastha bekarekkurichulla "raajyadrohiyum kuttasammatham nadathunnavanum rakthasakshiyum"; addehathinte kruthikalil ettavum prashasthamaaya "doonn juvan tenorrheo" (1844) november thudakkathil pala spanish nagarangalileyum oru paarambaryatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu. munbu tirzo dii molinayum (pathinezhaam noottaand) mattu deseeya, videsha ezhuthukaarum ezhuthiya sevilleyile prashastha jokarude vishayam ithu charcha cheiyunnu.
mattu ezhuthukaar.
francisco martinus dii laa rosa, "eskrittar dii traansisiyon" (parivartthanatthinte rachayithaav).
martinus dii laa rosa (1787-1862), granadile janichu. oru raashtreeyakkaaranenna nilayil addeham kaadisinte korttukalil aathmaarthamaayi edapettu. thante udaaramaaya aadarshangal kaaranam addeham thadavinte vedana anubhavichu. addeham francilake kudiyerukayum 1833ll spainilekku madangiyethiyappol gavanmentinte thalavanayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. valath" enna ardham varunna addehathinte raashtreeyam idathuvashathum valathuvashathumulla theevravaadikalkkidayil parajayappettu. eare aagrahichirunna swaathanthryathinaayulla pooraattatthil addeham thadavilaakkappedukayum naadukadatthappedukayum aakramikkappedukayum cheythirunnuvenkilum addehathinte samakaalikar addehathinu "rosita laa pastelera" (rosita baker) enna vilipperu nalki.
laa nina enn kaasa vaii laa madrey enn laa mascara" ("veettile penkuttiyum mukhaavaranathilulla amayum") polulla neoclassism niranjathaanu addehathinte aadya kruthikal. pinneedu, puthiyathum olinjirikkunnathumaya soundaryashaasthram sweekarichu "sariyaaya marggangal" pariseelikkaan thudangiya addeham thante ettavum pradhanappetta kruthikal ezhuthi "aben humeya" vaii "laa konjuraasiyon dii veneeshya" ("venisinte goodaalochana").
garshakaraaya aalukalkk oru anthareeksham.
1813ll kaadeesile chiklanayil janicha guteeras 1884ll madridil vachu marichu. oru karakaushala kudumbatthil ninnu, addeham vaakkukalilekkum vibhavangal kuravullathilekkum svayam samarppichu, sainyathil chernnu. 1836-ll addeham "ell trovedore" ("troubador") puratthirakki, ithu pothujanangalil ninnu aaveshakaramaaya prathikaranam nalki, ennirunnaalum ithu thante nilavile saahacharyathodu vida parayaan addehathe nirbandhithanaakki, speyinil fraansil ninnu phalapradamaaya oru aacharam sthaapichu. thante vijayathal thaan jeevichirunna saambathika budhimuttukale marikadakkaan addehathinu kazhinju. gloriosa" yude spodanathil addeham viplavakarikalumaayi chernnu borbonukalkkethire oru sthuthigeethavumaayi valare janapriyanaayi.
yuwan eugenio hartsenbush.
hartsenbush janichathum marichathum madridilaanu (1806-1880). oru jarmman kaabinat nirmmathaavinteyum analusian ammayudeyum makanaaya addeham aadyam pithaavinte thozhilinaayi svayam samarppichuvenkilum pinneedu naadakavediyilekku svayam samarppichu, avide addeham thante ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthiyaaya "loss amantes dii terruval" ("terruvalinte premikal") (1837) enna kruthiyode rottand vijayam nedi. kathakal, kavithakal, kastambrist lekhanangal enniva addeham prasidheekarikkunnathu thudarnnu.
loss herros maanuval brettan.
1796-ll logronoyile kwelil janicha herros 1873-ll madridil marichu. "eiii laa vejes vairuvalas" ("purathana vasuric"), "myoorat vaii verras" ("marikkukayum ningal kaanukayum cheyyum"), "ell pello dii laa deheza" ("thottatthinte mudi") thudangiya kruthikal upayogichu valare cheruppatthil thanne addeham thante saahitya vidhi sweekarichu. romantisisathe addeham aakshepahaasyamaakki, ennirunnaalum athinte chila swabhaavasavisheshathakal "myoorat vaii verras" enna chithrathilennapole addehathinte komadikalil kaanapedunnu.
poost romantisism.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil, charithratthilum ithihaasathilum prasthaanatthinte munkaala thalpparyangal oru puthiya ghattathilekku praveshichu, kavita kooduthal vaikaarikavum aduppamullathumaayi maari. jarmman kavithayude swaadheenavum spanish kavithayodulla janakeeya thaalpparyavum moolamaanu eee maattam sambhavichathu. heynrichinte jarmman kavita ozhike, postomaantik school athinte mattu europian samakaalikaril ninnu ganyamaayi vyathichalichu.
kavita romaantik aayi thudarnnu, athesamayam gadyavum naadakavum yaadhaarthyabodhavumaayi kooduthal chernnu. vaikaarika shakthikalilulla shradha kaaranam pranayakavithaykku pathiye janapreeti nashtappettu. aakhyaanangal gaanarachanaykk anukoolamaayi kurayukayum kavithakal kooduthal vyakthiparavum aduppamullathumaayi maarukayum cheythu. ganarachana vardhichathode vaachaadopangal kooduthal viralamaayi, lokathodulla snehavum abhiniveshavum athinte ellah soundaryathilum pothuvaaya prameyangalaayirunnu. romantics puthiya metrik roopangalum thaalangalum pareekshikkaan thudangi. pranaya prasthaanam aasvadicha ekathvam kaavyathmaka aashayangalude bahuswarathayaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. churukkatthil, poost-romantisism romantisisavum realisavum thammilulla parivartthanatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
gustavo adolfo becker, augusto ferran, rosalia dii kaastro ennivaraayirunnu eee kaalaghattatthile ettavum ariyappedunna kavikal. avarude samakaalika samoohathil, upayogapradavum ekapaksheeyavumaaya punasthaapanatthil avarkk prathyekichu nalla sveekaaryatha labhichilla, koodaathe samakaalika saamoohika prameyangalaaya raamon dii campomore, gaspar nunez dii aars enniva thiranjeduttha ezhuthukaarekkaal valare kuravaanu avarkk prashamsa labhichathu, ennirunnaalum avasaanathevaykku vimarsanaathmakamaaya prasakthi kuravaanu.
adolfo becker.
1836-ll sevilleyil janicha becker anaadhayaayi valarthappedukayum addehathinte gooad mother valarthukayum cheythu. oru navikanaakaan addeham swapnam kandenkilum oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil addeham thante vilii kandethi. 18-aamm vayassil addeham madridilekku thamasam maari, avide saahitya vijayam nedaanulla shramathinidayil addeham budhimuttukal anubhavichu. 21-aamm vayassil addehathinu kshayarogam pidipettu, athu oduvil addehathe shavakudeerathilekku kondupokum. addeham elisa gillanumaayi kadutha pranayathilaakukayum aval addehathinte sneham thirike nalkukayum cheythuvenkilum kaviye sambandhichidatholam nikuthi chumathunna prakriyayil dambathikal taamasiyaathe verpirinju. 1861ll addeham kaasta estebaane vivaham kazhikkukayum rashtreeya yaadhaasthithika chaayvulla oru kolamistaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu oru novelist niroopakanaayi jolie cheyyumbol addehathinu prathimasam 500 pesetta (akkaalathe oru valia thuka) varumanam labhichu, pakshe 1868 leeii viplavathil addehathinu jolie nashtappettu. athra vishwaasamillaatha bharyayil ninnu verpirinja addeham niraasanaakukayum vrithikettathum bohemian jeevitashailiyum nayikkukayum cheythu. 1870-ll addehathinte verpiriyaatha koottaaliyum sahodaranumaaya valeriano marichu. becker kaastayumaayi anurajanam nadathukayum maasangalkk sesham 1870-ll madridil vachu marikkukayum sevilleyil sahodaranodoppam samskarikkappedukayum cheythu.
bekkarinte gadyarachana "leandas" enna irupathiyonnu kadhakalude srishtiyil adangiyirikkunnu, athil nigoodathayudeyum maranananthara jeevithathinteyum prameyangal yadhaartha romaantik reethiyil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. veruvela aashramathil thaamasikkumbol rachicha charithrangalude samahaaramaaya "cartas desde mii selda" yum addeham ezhuthi. samanamaaya reethiyil, bekkarinte ellah kavithakalum "rimas" ll shekharichirikkunnu. 79 kavithakal hraswavum 2,3 allengil 4 charanangalullathumaanu (apoorvamaaya ozhivaakkalukalode), saadhaaranayaayi swaramulla praasam upayogikkunnu, swatantra vaakyathilaanu ezhuthappedunnathu.
castoric rosal.
1837-ll santiago dii compostalayil janicha dii kaastro avivahitharaaya pranayikalude thendikkariyaaya kuttiyaayirunnu, ithu avalil chikilsikkaan kazhiyaatha kayppinu kaaranamaayi. madridil thaamasikkumbol avar galician charitrakaaranaaya maanuval murghvia kandumuttukayum pinneedu vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. dambathikal kaasttililudaneelam vividha sthalangalil thaamasichirunnu, pakshe rosalia orikkalum eee pradeshavumaayi bandhikkappettathayi thonniyilla, aathyanthikamayi galishyayil kudumbatthe sthirathaamasamaakkaan kazhinju. vivaham santhoshakaramallaathathinaal aarr kuttikale valarthiyathinaal dambathikal saambathika budhimuttukal nerittu. 1885-ll irea flaviayil cancer baadhichu avar marikkukayum avarude avashishtangal galishyayile oru kaamukanu anuyojyamaaya sthalamaaya santiago dii compostelayil samskarikkukayum cheythu.
gadyathil dii kaastro samriddhamaayirunnillenkum, daarshanikavum aakshepahaasyaparavumaaya valavu ulla "ell caballero dii laas botas assools" (neela boot kaavalkkaaran) upayogichu avar kuprasiddhi nedi. spanish saahityathinu nalkia kaavyathmaka sambhaavanakaliloodeyaanu avar kooduthalum amgeekarikkappedunnathu. avarude aadya pusthakangalaaya "laa floor" (pushpam, 1857), "eiii mii madrey" (ente ammaykku, 1863) ennivaykku esponsedian vaakyangalulla chila pranaya savisheshathakalundu. avarude ettavum avismaraneeyamaaya moonnu kruthikal ivayaanu
antiromantic kavikal.
pranaya prasthaanatthinte thakarchayum athinodu avarude ethirbhaavavum kanakkiledukkumbol eee kavikale yaadhaarthyavaadathinte anuyayikalaayi kanakkakkaam.
campomore raamon.
(navia, astooriyaas, 1817-madrid, 1901), oru prathyayashaasthra mithavaadiyaaya govarnor paarlamenteriyanumaayirunnu. pottikka" enna thante pusthakatthil addeham oru "aashayangalude kala" yilek athicheraanulla uddeshyam prasthaavichu. eee reethiyil, oru kavithaykku vyakthamaayi oru
nirvachikkapetta vaadam. humouradas", "doloras", "pekwinos kavithakal" ennivayilum atharam ashayangal niravettaan addeham shramichu. aalbangalkkum suhruthukkalude aaraadhakarkkumaayi ezhuthiya hraswa kavithakalaayirunnu "humouradas" ("vitisisms"). avaril oraal parayunnu
dolorakalkku" "kien supiyara escribir" ennathilennapole daarshanika abhilaashangalundaayirunnu!"(" "ezhuthaan ariyamaayirunnu" ")," "ell gaittero dii gijon" "(" "gijoninte piper" ")". pekwinos kavithakal" ("hraswa kavithakal"), 31 hraswa rachanakalil, "ell tren expresso" ("express train") ennathil ullathupole, sthreeyude aathmaavinte nissaarathakale campomore vivarikkunnu. aadhunika chinthakal campomorine kavivirudharude pratheekamaayi kanakkakkunnu, kaaranam ithupolulla parukkan, saadhaarana chinthakal.
oru puthiya manushyan.
(valladolid, 1834-madrid 1903). govarnor paarlamenteriyanum manthriyumaayirunnu. speyinile philipp randaaman raajaavinte makan doonn carlosinte duruha maranathe aspadamaakki addeham "ell haas dii lena" (virakinte koottam) enna naadakam rachichu. laa ültima lamentación de lord byron" ("loard byroninte avasana vilapa"), lokathinte durithangalekkurichulla oru neenda eakaanthavaadam, oru unnatanum sarvashakthanumaaya asthithvathinte nilanilpp, raashtreeyam muthalaayava addehathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya kaavyathmaka kruthikalaanu., koodaathe "laa vishyan dii frey martin" ("friar maarttinte darshanam"), athil neuness dii aars martin lutherine oru paarayil ninnu, addehathinte pashchaathalatthil pinthudarnna raashtrangalekkurichu chinthikkunnathaayi chithreekarikkunnu.

