
computerised adaptive testing

computerised adaptive testing (kyaatt) ennathu pareekshikkunnayaalude kazhivumayi poruthappedunna computer adhishtitha testtinte oru roopamaanu. ekkaaranathaal, ithine tailard testing ennum vilikkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, ithu computer niyantritha parisodhanayude oru roopamaanu, athil adutha inamo allengil kaikaaryam cheyyaan thiranjeduttha enangalude koottamo ettavum puthiya enangalodulla testt edukkunnayaalude prathikaranangalude krithyathaye aasrayichirikkunnu.
athu engane pravartthikkunnu.
muun chodyangalil ninnu pareekshayekkurichu ariyaavunna kaaryangalude adisthaanathil pareekshayude krithyatha paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinaayi poocha thudarchayaayi chodyangal thiranjedukkunnu. pareekshayude budhimuttu avarude kazhivinanusarichu maarunnathayi pareekshayude kazhchappadil kaanapedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru pareekshayil oru vidyaarthi idatharam budhimuttulla oru vishayathil nannayi prakadanam nadathukayaanenkil, avarkk kooduthal budhimuttulla oru chodyam avatharippikkum. allengil, avar moshamaayi pravarthikkukayaanenkil, avarkk oru lalithamaaya chodyam avatharippikkum. mikkavarum ellaavarum anubhavicha staatik multiple choys testukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, ellah pareekshakarkkum oru nischitha koottam enangal nalkumbol, computer adaptive testtukalkku thulyamaaya krithyamaaya skorukalil ethaan kurachu testt enangal aavasyamaanu. (theerchayaayum, enangal onniladhikam choisukalullathaayirikkannam aavashyappedunna poocha reethishaasthrathekkurich onnumilla; ennaal mikka pareekshakalum onniladhikam choisukalaayathupole, mikka poocha pareekshakalum eee formet upayogikkunnu.)
adisthaana computer adaptive testing reethi inipparayunna gattangalulla oru aavarthana algoritam aannu
aadya inam nalkunnathinumumbu pareekshayekkurichu onnum ariyilla, athinaal aadya inamaayi idatharam allengil idatharam eluppamulla budhimuttulla oru inam thiranjedutthaanu algoritam saadhaaranayaayi aarambhikkunnath.
adaptive administreshante falamaayi, vyathyastha pareekshakarkk thikachum vyathyasthamaaya parisodhanakal labhikkunnu. pareekshakarkk saadhaaranayaayi vyathyastha parisodhanakal nadathappedunnundengil, avarude sheshi skorukal parasparam thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha (athaayath.iii.classical testt sidhaantham upayogichu roopakalppana cheytha testtukalil saadhaaranamaaya athe testt avarkk labhichathupole). vividha enangaliludaneelam thulyamaaya skorukal kanakkakkaan anuvadikkunna psychometric saankethikavidya aittam response sidhaanthamaanu (irt). budhimuttukalekkaal "vivarangal" adisthaanamaakki thiranjedukkunna opttimal enangal thiranjedukkunnathinulla munganana reethividhaanam koodiyaanu irt.
ekeekritha certified public akkoundant pareekshayil multy steju testing (emm. ezz. tii) allengil kaast enna anubandha reethishaasthram upayogikkunnu. thaazhe vivarichirikkunnathu poochayude chila doshafalangal ozhivaakkukayo kuraykkukayo cheiyunnu. emm. ezz. tiyekkurichulla kooduthal vivarangalkk vidyaabhyaasathile prayogicha alavinte 2006leeii prathyeka lakkamo computerised multy steju testtinteyo prathyeka lakkamo kaanuka.
udaaharanagal.
1970kall muthal poocha nilavilundu, ippol athu upayogikkunna niravadhi vilayiruthalukal undu.
koodaathe, internaashanal association phoor computerised adaptive testingil sajeevamaaya poocha parishodhanakalude oru patikayum, nilavile poocha gaveshana paripaadikalude patikayum prasidheekaricha ellah poocha gaveshanangaludeyum eathaandu ulkkollunna grandhasoochikayum kandethiyittundu.
nettangal.
adaptive testtukalkku mikka testt edukkunnavarkkum orepole krithyamaaya skorukal nalkaan kazhiyum. ithinu vipareethamaayi, saadhaarana sthira parisodhanakal mikkavarum ellaayppozhum idatharam kazhivulla testt edukkunnavarkku mikacha krithyathayum kooduthal theevramaaya testt skorukalulla testt edukkunnavarkku kooduthal moshamaaya krithyathayum nalkunnu.
oru adaptive testt saadhaaranayaayi 50 sathamaanam churukki, oru nischitha pathippinekkaal uyarnna krithyatha nilanirthaam. ithu testt edukkunnayaalude samayam laabhikkunnathilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnu. pareeksha ezhuthunnavar valare kadinamo nissaaramo aaya enangal pareekshichu samayam paazhakkunnilla. koodaathe, samayam laabhikkunnathil ninnu parisodhanaa samghadanaykku prayojanam labhikkunnu; pareeksha ezhuthunnavarude irippida samayathinte chelavu ganyamaayi kuranju. ennirunnaalum, oru poochayude vikasanathinu oru saadhaarana sthira-phoom testinekkaal valare kooduthal chelavu ulppedunnathinaal, oru poocha parisodhanaa paripadi saambathikamaayi phalapradamaakunnathinu oru valia janasamkhya aavasyamaanu.
valia lakshya janasamkhya saadhaaranayaayi shaasthreeyavum gaveshanaparavumaaya mekhalakalil pradarshippikkaan kazhiyum. vaikalyangalo rogangalo neratthe aarambhikkunnath kandethaan eee vashangalile poocha parisodhana upayogikkaam. kazhinja 10 varshathinide eee mekhalakalile poocha parisodhanayude valarcha valareyadhikam vardhichu. orikkal medical soukaryangalilum laborattarikalilum amgeekarikkappedaathinaal, roganirnayathinte paridhiyil poocha parisodhana ippol prothsaahippikkappedu.
eathoru computer adhishtitha testtineyum pole, adaptive testtukalum parishodhanaykk sesham udan thanne phalangal kaanichekkaam.
muzhuvan janasamkhyayum orotta settu nalkunnathinupakaram pareekshakarkk saadhaaranayaayi vyathyastha settu enangal labhikkunnathinaal, inam thiranjedukkal algoritam anusarichu adaptive testing chila enangalude exposure kurachekkaam. ennirunnaalum, ithu mattullavarude exposure vardhippichekkaam (athaayath testtinte thudakkathil mikka pareekshakarkkum avatharippikkunna idatharam allengil idatharam/eluppamulla enangal).
poraaymakal.
poochayil aadyam abhimukeekarikkunna prashnam aittam poolinte calibrationaanu. enangalude savisheshathakal maathrkayaakkunnathinu (udha.jii.opttimal inam thiranjedukkunnathinu), testtinte ellah enangalum oru valia saambililekku munkootty nalkukayum thudarnnu vishakalanam cheyyukayum venam. ithu nedunnathinu, puthiya enangal oru pareekshayude pravartthana enangalil kalarthanam (prathikaranangal rekhappeduthunnu, pakshe testt edukkunnavarude skorukalkku sambhavana cheiyunnilla), "pailat testing", "pree-testing" allengil "seeding" ennu vilikkunnu. ithu logistic, dhaarmika, suraksha prasnangal avatharippikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, puthiyathum kaanaathathumaaya enangal upayogichu oru pravarthanaparamaaya adaptive testt nadathunnathu asaadyamaanu; sthirathayulla enangalude sthithivivarakkanakkukal labhikkunnathin ellah enangalum vendathra valia sample upayogichu munkootty parisodhikkanam. eee sample 1,000 pareekshakar vare valuthayirikkanam. oro prograam testtinte ethra sathamaanam nyayamaayum score cheyyaatha pailat testt enangal ulkkollaamenn theerumaanikkanam.
chila enangalude amita upayogam thadayunnathinaayi adaptive testtukalkku "exposure kantrol" algorithangal undengilum, kazhivine adisthaanamaakkiyulla exposure palappozhum niyanthrikkappedunnil, eluppathil 1 nuu aduthekku maarum. athaayath, chila enangal ore kazhivulla aalukalude testtukalil valare saadhaaranamaayitheerunnathu saadhaaranamaanu. ithu gurutharamaaya suraksha aashankayaan, kaaranam enangal pankidunna grouppukalkku samanamaaya pravarthanakshamatha nilavaaramundaakaam. vaasthavathil, poornnamaayum kramarahithamaya oru pareekshayaanu ettavum surakshitam (ennaal ettavum kaaryakshamamallaathathum).
munkaala enangalude avalokanam saadhaaranayaayi anuvadaneeyamalla. oru vyakthi thettayi utharam nalkiyathinu sesham adaptive testtukal eluppamulla enangal nalkunnu. oru samarthanaaya testt edukkunnayaalkku thettaaya utharangal kandethaanum avaa thiruthaanum atharam soochanakal upayogikkaamenn karuthappedunnu. allengil, thettaaya utharangal manappoorvvam thiranjedukkaan testt edukkunnavare parisheelippikkam, ithu kooduthal eluppamulla testtilekku nayikkunnu. ettavum eluppamulla oru pareeksha kettippadukkunnathinaayi adaptive testtine kabalippicha sesham, avarkk enangal avalokanam cheyyaanum avaykku shariyaayi utharam nalkaanum kazhiyum-orupakshe valare uyarnna score nedaam. parisodhana nadathunnavar palappozhum avalokanam cheyyaanulla kazhivillaaymayekkurich paraathippedunnu.
sankeernnatha kaaranam, oru poochayude vikasanathinu niravadhi munvyavasthakalundu. irt kaalibreshanukalkku aavashyamaaya valia sample valuppangal (saadhaaranayaayi noorukanakkinu pareekshakar) undaayirikkanam. oru puthiya inam thalkshanam thiranjedukkanamenkil enangal thalsamayam moshamayirikkanam. saadhuthayulla documentation nalkunnathinu irt calibration, kyaatt simuleshan gaveshanam ennivayil parichayamulla psychometricianmaar aavasyamaanu. avasaanamaayi, yadhaartha irt adisthaanamaakkiyulla poochaykku kazhivulla oru software samvidaanam labhyamayirikkanam.
oru samayaparidhiyulla oru poochayil oro testt inathinum chelavazhikkaan kazhiyunna samayam krithyamaayi bajatt cheyyaanum oru samayabandhithamaya testt vibhaagam poortthiyaakkaan avar vegathayilaano ennu nirnnayikkaanum pareekshikkunnayaalkk asaadyamaanu. athinaal oru vibhaagathil neratthe avatharippikkunna budhimuttulla chodyathinu valareyadhikam samayam chelavazhikkunnathinum samayam avasaanikkumbol pareekshikkappedaathe avasheshikkunna mekhalakalil avarude praaveenyam krithyamaayi alakkaan mathiyaya chodyangal poortthiyaakkunnathil paraajayappedunnathinum pareeksha ezhuthunnavarkku pizha chumathaam. thudarnnulla nirddeshangale nayikkunna roopeekarana vilayiruthalukalkulla mikacha upakaranangalaan samayabandhithamallaatha poochakal, jolikalkkum vidyaabhyaasa paripaadikalkkumulla abhiruchi alakkaan upayogikkunna uyarnna nilavaaramulla sangraha vilayiruthalukalk samayabandhithamaya poochakal anuyojyamalla.
gadakangal.
oru poochaye nirmikkunnathil anchu saankethika gadakangalundu (inipparayunnava 1984 leeii ways & kingsburyil ninnu sweekarichu). eee pattikayil inam pretesting allengil live feeld release polulla praayogika prasnangal ulppedunnilla.
calibrated aittam pool.
poochaykku thiranjedukkaan oru koottam enangal labhyamayirikkanam. atharam enangal parambaraagatha reethiyil srishtikkaan kazhiyum (i.iii., swamedhayaa) allengil automatic inam uthppaadanathiloode. sheshikkunna naalu gadakangalude adisthaanamaayi upayogikkunna oru psychometric model upayogichu pool kaalibrett cheyyanam. saadhaaranayaayi, aittam response sidhaantham psychometric modalaayi upayogikkunnu. inam prathikarana sidhaantham janapriyamakaanulla oru kaaranam athu vyakthikaleyum enangaleyum ore metrik (greak aksharam theettayaal soochippikkunnathu) ll sthaapikkunnu ennathaanu, ithu inam thiranjedukkunnathile prashnangalkk sahaayakamaan (chuvade kaanuka).
arambha pooyint.
poochayil, pareekshayile oru nischitha pooyint vare pareekshikkunnayaalude prakadanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu enangal thiranjedukkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, oru inavum nalkiyittillaathappol poochaykku parishodhakante kazhivinekkurichu oru prathyeka vilayiruthalum nadatthaan kazhiyilla. athinaal pareekshikkanulla sheshiyekkurich mattu chila prarambha kanakkukoottalukal aavasyamaanu. pareekshayekkurichulla chila muun vivarangal ariyaamenkil, athu upayogikkaam, pakshe palappozhum poocha pareekshayezhuthunnayaalkk sharashari kazhivullathaanennu anumaanikkunnu-athinaal aadya inam palappozhum idatharam budhimuttu thalathilullathaanu.
aittam selection algoritam.
neratthe soochippichathupole, inaa prathikarana sidhaantham pareekshakaleyum enangaleyum ore metrik aayi sthaapikkunnu. athinaal, poochaykku parisodhikkaanulla sheshiyekkurich oru kanakk undengil, aaa kanakkukoottalin ettavum anuyojyamaaya oru inam thiranjedukkaan athinu kazhiyum. saankethikamaayi, aaa samayat ettavum mikacha "vivarangal" ulla inam thiranjedutthaanu ithu cheiyunnathu. vivarangal ennathu inathinte vivechana paaraameettarinteyum vyavasthaapithamaaya vyathiyaanathinteyum kapada-oohikkal paaraameettarinteyum (upayogikkukayaanenkil) oru pravarthanamaanu.
scoring nadapadikramam.
oru inam nalkia sesham, poocha pareekshikkunnayaalude kazhivinekkurichulla kanakk update cheiyunnu. pareekshayil pankedutthayaal aaa chodyathinu shariyaayi utharam nalkiyaal, poocha avarude kazhivu kurachukoodi uyarnnathaanennu kanakkakkum, thirichum. pareekshayude kazhivinte saadhyatha pravartthanam labhikkunnathin aittam prathikarana sidhaanthathil ninnulla aittam prathikarana pravartthanam upayogichaanu ithu cheiyunnathu. ithinulla rund reethikale "paramavadhi saadhyatha kanakkaakkal", "bayeshyan kanakkaakkal" ennu vilikkunnu. randaamathethu pareekshikkunnavarude kazhivinte "oru munganana" vitharanam oohikkunnu, koodaathe saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna rund esttimettarukal undu "oru posttariyori pratheekshikkuka", "paramavadhi oru posttariyori". oru unifom (f (x) = 1) munpu anumaanikkukayaanenkil, paramavadhi saadhyatha oru bayas paramavadhi oru posteeriyari esttimettinu thulyamaanu. paramavadhi saadhyatha asymptoticalaayi pakshapaatharahithamaan, pakshe oru misritham illaatha (ellaam shario thetto) prathikarana vektarinu oru theetta esttimettu nalkaan kazhiyilla, eee saahacharyathil oru bayeshyan reethi thaalkkaalikamaayi upayogikkendivannekkaam.
avasaanippikkal maanadandam.
enangal aavarthichu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum pareekshikkunnavarude kazhivinte kanakk update cheiyunnathinum roopakalppana cheythathaanu kyaatt algoritam. poochayil oru avasaanippikkal maanadandam ulppeduthiyittille inam pool theernnupokunnathuvare ithu thudarum. palappozhum, pareekshayude saadhaarana alaveduppil pishak oru nischitha upayokthaav vyakthamakkiya moolyathinu thaazheyaakumbol parisodhana avasaanippikkunnu, athinaal mukalil paranjirikkunna oru nettam, pareekshikkunnavarude skorukal orepole krithyamo "krithyamo" aayirikkum ennathaanu."pareekshayude vividha aavasyangalkkaayi mattu avasaanippikkal maanadandangal nilavilundu, udaaharanathinu, pareekshayil vijayi avarude kazhivinekkurichu krithyamaaya kanakk nedunnathinupakaram pareekshayil" "vijayikkano" "paraajayappedano" "ennu nirnnayikkaan maathramaan pareeksha roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu".
mattu prasnangal.
paas-parajayam.
pala saahacharyangalilum, pareekshakare rando athiladhikamo parasparabandhithavum samagravumaaya vibhagangalaayi tharamthirikkuka ennathaanu parisodhanayude uddeshyam. rund vargeekaranangalum "vijayikkukayum" "paraajayappedukayum cheiyunna pothuvaaya" maasttari testt "ithil ulppedunnu, ennaal" aparyaptham "," adisthaana "," vipulamaaya "thalatthilulla arivu allengil yogyatha polulla moonno athiladhikamo vargeekaranangalulla saahacharyangalum ithil ulppedunnu. eee lekhanathil vivarichirikkunna "aittam-level adaptive" poocha "paas/fail" allatha parishodhanakalkko nalla feedback nalkunnathu valare pradhanappetta paas/fail parishodhanakalkko ettavum anuyojyamaanu. computerised classification testt (sii. sii. tii) ennum ariyappedunna oru paas/fail poochaykku chila mattangal aavasyamaanu. passing skorinu valare aduthulla yadhaartha skorukalulla pareekshakarkk, computerised classification testtukal neenda testtukalkku kaaranamakum, athesamayam passing skorinu valare mukaliloo thaazheyo yadhaartha skorukalullavarkku ettavum cheria pareekshakal undaakum.
udaaharanathinu, kazhivinte oru pooyint esttimettu nalkunnathinupakaram pareekshaye oru vibhaagamaayi tharamthirikkunna oru puthiya termination maanadandavum scoring algorithavum prayogikkanam. ithinaayi rund praadhamika reethikal labhyamaan. ivayil ettavum pradhaanappettath sequential probability ratio testtaanu (spraatt). ithu pareekshayude kazhivu cutscorinu mukalilulla eathenkilum nirddishta poyintino cutscorinu thaazheyulla mattoru nirddishta poyintino thulyamaanennu oru sidhaantha parisodhanayaayi pareekshikkunna vargeekarana prashnam roopappeduthunnu. ithu ashayaparamaayi kooduthal anuyojyamaaya oru samyojitha sidhaantha roopeekaranathekkaal oru pooyint sidhaantha roopeekaranamaanennu shradhikkuka. oru samyojitha sidhaantha roopeekaranam, cutscorinu mukalilulla pradeshatho cutscorinu thaazheyulla pradeshatho aanu pareekshayude kazhivu.
oro inavum nalkia sesham, pareekshayude yadhaartha score passing skorinu mukaliloo thaazheyo aayirikkanulla saadhyatha algoritam nirnnayikkunna oru konfidans interwell sameepanavum upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, yadhaartha skorinte 95 sathamaanam aathmavishwaasa edavelayil passing score undakaathe varunnathuvare algoritam thudaraam. aaa samayat, kooduthal enangalonnum aavasyamilla, kaaranam paas-fail theerumaanam ithinakam 95 sathamaanam krithyamaanu, adaptive testinginu adisthaanamaaya psychometric modalukal pareekshikkunnayaalkkum parisodhanaykkum anuyojyamaanennu karuthuka. eee sameepanathe yadhaarthathil "adaptive maasttari testing" ennu vilichirunnuvenkilum ithu noonn-adaptive inam thiranjeduppinum rando athiladhikamo kattskorukalude vargeekarana saahacharyangalkkum prayogikkaam (saadhaarana maasttari testtinu orotta cutscore undu).
oru praayogika kaaryamenna nilayil, algoritam saadhaaranayaayi kuranjathum koodiyathumaaya testt dairkhyamulla (allengil kuranjathum koodiyathumaaya administration samayam) aayi prograam cheiyunnu. allaathapaksham, cutscorinode valare aduthu kazhivu ulla oru pareekshaykk algoritam theerumaanamedukkaathe baankile ellah enangalum nalkaan kazhiyum.
upayogicha inam thiranjedukkal algoritam avasaanippikkal maanadandatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. kattskorile vivarangal paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathu sparttinu kooduthal anuyojyamaanu, kaaranam ithu saadhyatha anupaathathil upayogikkunna saadhyathakalile vyathyasam paramavadhi vardhippikkunnu. oru vargeekaranam nadatthaan aavashyamaaya aathmavishwaasa edavelayude veethi kuraykkunna alavinte vyavasthaapitha staanderd error kuraykkunnathinaal, kazhivu esttimettil vivarangal paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathu aathmavishwaasa edavela sameepanathin kooduthal anuyojyamaanu.
poruthappedutthalinte praayogika parimithikal.
mikka adaptive testtukalum yadhaarthathil "attapatteevu testtukal" (battukal) aanennu etts gaveshakanaaya maartha stocking parihasichu, kaaranam praayogikamaayi, inam thiranjedukkunnathil niravadhi niyanthranangal earppeduthiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, poocha pareekshakal saadhaaranayaayi ulladakka savisheshathakal paalikkanam; oru vaakkalulla parisodhana thulya ennam samanathakal, shoonyamaaya niraykkuka, paryaayapada enangal enniva ulkkollendathundu. ettavum vivaradaayakamaaya enangal amithamaayi thurannukaattappedunnath thadayunnathinaayi poochakalkku saadhaaranayaayi eathenkilum tharatthilulla enangalude exposure parimithikalundu. koodaathe, chila parisodhanakalil, vasthukkalile aalukalude lingabhedam allengil avarude perukal soochippikkunna vamsheeyathakal polulla vasthukkalude uparithala savisheshathakal santhulithamaakkaan shramikkunnu. athinaal poocha pareekshakal palappozhum parimithappedutthunnu, avarkk eathokke enangal thiranjedukkaam, chila pareekshakalkk parimithikal ganyamayirikkaam, sankeernamaaya thirayal thanthrangal aavashyamaayi vannekkaam (udha.jii., leanier prograaming) anuyojyamaaya enangal kandethunnathinayi.
enangalude exposure niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru lalithamaaya reethiyaanu "randomsk" allengil straatta reethi. testtile oro ghattathilum ettavum vivaradaayakamaaya inam thiranjedukkunnathinupara, algoritam kramarahithamayi adutha ancho patho ettavum vivaradaayakamaaya enangalil ninnu adutha inam thiranjedukkunnu. ithu testtiludaneelam allengil thudakkathil maathrame upayogikkaavoo. mattoru reethiyaanu simpson-hettar reethi, athil yuu (0,1) ll ninnu oru kramarahithamaya samkhya varaykkukayum testt upayokthaav oro inathinum nirnnayikkunna "kii" paaraamettarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. kramarahithamaya samkhya "kii" yekkaal valuthaanenkil, ettavum vivaradaayakamaaya adutha inam pariganikkum.
wiim vaan derr lindon sahapravarthakarum "shado testing" enna oru badal sameepanam munnott vachittundu, athil enangal thiranjedukkunnathinte bhaagamaayi muzhuvan "shado testtukalum" srishtikkunnu. nizhal parisodhanakalil ninnu enangal thiranjedukkunnathu aagolathalathil opttimal choisukalil shradha kendreekarichukondu (oru nischitha inathinu opttimal choyisukalkku vipareethamaayi) adaptive testtukal thiranjedukkal maanadandangal palikkaan sahayikkunnu.
bahumukha.
oru koottam enangal nalkiyaal, oru multy dimensional computer adaptive testt (emm. sii. eiii. tii) vidyaarthiyude kanakkakkiya kazhivukalkkanusarichu baankil ninnu aaa enangal thiranjedukkunnu, athinte falamaayi oru vyakthigatha parisodhana nadathunnu. munbu utharam nalkia enangalude kramam upayogichu (pittoon-gonsalvesum aleusio, 2012) onniladhikam oresamayam pareeksha kazhivukale adisthaanamaakki (oru computer adaptive testtil ninnu vyathyasthamayi-kyaatt-orotta kazhivu vilayiruthunnu) testtinte krithyatha paramavadhi vardhippikkaan emkaattukal shramikkunnu.