
hellenica

"hellenica" () ennaal greak (hellenic) vishayangalekkurichulla rachanakal ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. naalam noottaandile greasinte niravadhi charithrangal, thusidides enna achuthandil ezhuthappettatho athilninnu vazhithettikkappettatho aaya parambaraagatha laattin naamamaya "hellenica" vahichittundu. purathana greak ezhuthukaaranaaya senophone oru pradhana kruthiyum thusidides ulppedaatha peloponesian yudhathinte avasana ezhu varshathe pradhana uravidangalilonnumaanu athijeevichirikkunna "hellenica".
senophone "hellenica".
palarum ithine valare vyakthiparamaaya kruthiyaayi kanakkakkunnu, senophone viramichappol thante sparten estettil ezhuthiyathu, praadhamikamaayi thante suhruthukkalkkidayil prachaaratthinaayi uddeshichullathaanu, pradhana naayakanmareyum sambhavangaleyum ariyunna aalukalkkaayi, palappozhum avayil pankedutthathinaal. senophone vivaranam bisi 411 ll aarambikkukayum bisi 362 ll avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu, athaayath mandeeniya yudhathinte varsham. hellenica" enna aadya vaakkukal, "ithinushesham" allengil chilappol "eee sambhavangale pinthudaruka" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunna tharatthil rund kruthikalkkidayil phalatthil oru parivartthanavumilla.
sangraham.
bisi1 varshangalile greco-pershyan charithrathe vivarikkunna ezhu pusthakangalayi thirichirikkunna oru classical greak charitra vivaranamaan senophone "hellenica". aadyathe rund pusthakangal thusidaidinte charithram avasaanikkunna nimisham muthal peloponesian yudhathinte avasana varshangal vivarikkunnu. sheshikkunna moonnu muthal ezhu vare pusthakangal, peloponesian yudhathinushesham greasile prabalamaaya nagara-samsthaanamenna nilayil sparta kendreekarikkunnu; leuktra yudhathil spartayude paraajayathetthudarnnu teban aadhipathyam ennariyappedunna kaalaghattatthil ithu thudarunnu. aadyathe rund pusthakangalum senophone ethansil jeevichirunna valare munbe ezhuthappettathaanennu pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnu; athesamayam moonnu muthal ezhu vare pusthakangal senophone ethansil ninnu naadukadatthappedukayum spartayil thaamasikkukayum cheythathinu sheshamaan ezhuthiyathu. addehathinte charithram avasaanichuvennum ennaal mattoru charithrakaaran athu thudarukayum cheythuvennum senophone paranja oru sangrahathodeyaanu kruthi avasaanikkunnath. peloponesian yudhathinte avasaanam muthal alexanderude kaalam vareyulla kaalaghattatthile eaka praadhamika uravidam "hellenica" aanu. sparthayile pramukha rashtreeya vyakthithvangalumaayi parichayamulla senophone "hellenica" yill vivarichirikkunna niravadhi yudhangalkkum paryaveshanangalkkum saakshiyayi. ethansinte suvarnnakaalathinum maasidoninte uyarchaykkum edayilulla eaka pradhana praadhamika charitra srotassaayi eee kruthi sradheyamaanu.
peloponesian yudhathinte thusididinte poortthiyaakaattha charithratthinte thudarchayaayaanu "hellenica" enna vivaranam aarambhikkunnath. maranashesham thusididinte kruthikalude edittar senophonaayirunnuvennu aaropikkappedunnu. ithu senophone nerittu vivaranam thudaraan anuvadichu. bii. sii. yill peloponesian yudhathinte "desilian yuddham" kaalaghattathekkurichaanu onnaam pusthakam ulkkollunnath. sparthayudeyum ethansinteyum athiraalikalaaya naavikasenakal hellespond mekhalayil poraattangal nadathunnu. thudakkathil, etheniyan naavikasena niravadhi pradhana kadal vijayangal kandu. onnaam pusthakam etheniyan sainyathin aalsibiyedukal punasthaapikkunnathum bii. sii. 407-ll addeham ethansilekku madangiyathum vivarikkunnu.
bii. sii. yill 404ll ethans keezhadangiyathiloode peloponesian yudhathinte avasaanavum bii. sii. yill aii. dii. 1 enna varshangalum pusthakam 2 vivarikkunnu. sparten commander liesander ethansinte neelamulla mathilukal takarkkaan utharavidukayum ethans sparten aadhipathyavumaayi aupachaarikamaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum cheythu. spartenmaar oru puthiya sarkkarineyum sthaapichu. randaam pusthakam pradhaanamaayum yudhathethudarnnulla ethansinte aabhyanthara raashtreeyathilaan shradha kendreekarikkunnathu. muppath svechaadhipathikalude bharanam ennariyappedunna sparten sthaapithamaaya oligaarkk bharanam attimarikkappedukayum ethansil janadhipathyam punararambhikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. yude <aii. dii. 1> varshangal ulkkollunna, 3-aamm pusthakam, etheniyan raashtreeyathil ninnu sparten raashtreeyathilekku kaazhchappaad maattunnu. pershyan rajaavaaya artexercs randaamanethire pathinaayirakkanakkin aalukal nadatthiya paryaveshanathekkurichulla oru hraswa vivaranathodeyaanu pusthakam 3 aarambhikkunnath. ithinekkurichulla kooduthal vivaranathinu senophone anabasis kaanuka. eshya mainarile ejilouse raajaavinte neethrthwathil pershyakkarkkethiraaya sparten paryaveshanatthe 3-aamm pusthakam vivarikkunnu. ionia, farnabasus, tisafernez ennivayude saatrappukal hellenikkayiludaneelam maarikkondirikkunna vishwasthathayulla pradhana kathaapaathrangalaanu.
4-aamm pusthakam bii. sii. yile sambhavangal vivarikkunnu, ithu praadhamikamaayi korinthyan yudhavumaayi bandhappettathaan. bii. sii. yill pershyaykkethiraaya rajaavaaya ejilousinte ionian prachaaranatthe 4-aamm pusthakam oormmippikkunnu. eee samayat, satrap furnabasus sparthaykkethire kalapam nadatthaan greak samsthaanangalkku kaikkooli nalki. ithu oduvil korinthyan yudhathilekku nayichu, ethans, korinth, argos, theebs ennee samsthaanangal spartaykkethire onnichu. bisi 394ll pershyaykkethiraaya aakramanathil ninnu ejilousineyum sainyatheyum thirichuvilichu. pershyan saamrajyam spartaykkethire ethansinte paksham chernnukondu eee kaalayalav korinthyan yudhathinte thudakkathinu saakshyam vahichu. bisi 394 leeii synidus yuddham ulppede niravadhi yudhangalil pershyan navikasena nayikkaan naadukadatthappetta ethaniyan general cononine pershyan satrap furnabasus anuvadichu. pershyan kappalpadaye nilanirthaanum eadhanukalile neelamulla mathilukalude punarnirmmaanatthinu dhanasahayam nalkaanum eathanukale anuvadikkaan konoon farnabaasasine bodhyappedutthi.
pusthakam 5 bisi 388-374 varshangal ulkkollunnu. bii. sii. 387-ll korinthyan yudhathinte avasaanathil oru samadhana sammelanam nadakkunnu, athu "raajaavinte samadhaanam" enna udambadiyilekku nayikkunnu. oru koottam thebans spartaanukale puratthaakkukayum nagaram veendedukkukayum cheiyunnathuvare bii. sii. 378 vare nagaram niyantrikkaan sparta prapthamaakkunna vidhathil tebasile acropolis renegade sparten fobidas pidichadakkunnu. ithu pinneedu bii. sii. yill ninnu beautian yudhathilekku nayichu.
bii. sii. yill <aii. dii. 1> kaalaghattatthile sambhavangal 6-aamm pusthakam vivarikkunnu. etheniyan general ifficrateukal peloponnesinu chuttum rahasyamaayi sanjarikkunnu. leuktra yuddham theebsinethiraaya spartaikku valia nashtamundaakkukayum greasile beotian yudhavum sparten aadhipathyavum avasanippikkukayum cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum adutha dashakathil sparta swaadheenathode thudarum. teban general epaaminondaasinte neethrthwathilaanu teban aadhipathyam aarambhikkunnath.
7-aamm pusthakam bii. sii. yude varshangal vivarikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil greasil uyarnna shakthiyaayirunnu theebs. puthiyava nilavil vannathode pazhaya adhikaarasamvidaanangalil ettakkurachilukal undaayi. theebsinethire ethansum sparta thammil hrasvamaayi oru sakhyamundaayirunnu. aabhyanthara kalaapangalil ninnum bahyamaaya cheruthunilppil ninnum vardhichuvarunna peedanangal sparta nerittu. noottaandukalkku sheshamulla aadyathe adhinivesham sparten janmanaattil nadannu. bii. sii. 362ll randaam mandena yudhathode teban aadhipathyam avasaanichu.
hellenica" enna peril mattu kruthikal.
eee thalakkettin keezhilulla malsaraadhishtitha kruthikalil, ippol nashtappetta, randennam verittunilkkunnu, avaa saiminte ephorus cheosinte theopompus ezhuthiyathaanu. ephorus oru saarvathrika charithram pareekshichu, puraanatthil ninnu charithrathe verthirikkaan shramichenkilum, aadhunika vaayanakkar poornnamaayum puraana "aishya" ennu manassilakkunna "chaaraputhranmaarude thirichuvaravu" enna aithihaasika kruthiyode addeham thante pravartthanam aarambhichu. vaachaadopakaaranaaya isokraattukalude vidyaarthiyenna nilayil addeham vishwasaneeyamaaya saahacharya vishadaamshangal upayogichu thante vivaranam embroidery cheiyunnathinu mukalilaayirunnilla. oosvin murey abhiprayappettu, "nirbhagyavashaal, addehathinte sailiyum poornnathayum addehathe janapriyanakki, pakshe kuranjathu charithram sevikkenda uddeshyangalekkurichu chinthikkukayum avaye thettayi manassilakkukayum cheytha oralaayi addeham verittunilkkunnu."isokraattasinte mattoru puple aaya theopompasinte" "hellenica" "thusidideukalude thudarchayaayirunnu".
lampsakkasinte anaximens oru "hellenica" ezhuthiyathinu thelivukalundu.
ooksiringasile paappirasil kaanapedunna mattoru sakalamaaya "hellenica" "hellenica ooksirinchiya" ennariyappedunnu; ithu 411 muthal syndus yudhathinte varsham vareyulla sambhavangal ulkkollunnu, bisi. niravadhi charitrakaaranmaarkku ithu thaalkkaalikamaayi avakashappettirikkunnu.

