joothanmaare peedippikkal

joothanmaarkkethiraaya peedanam jootha charithratthile oru pradhana sambhavamaan, ithu abhayaarthikalude thiramaalakale mattunnathinum pravasa samoohangalude roopeekaranathinum kaaranamaayi. bisi 605-ll thanne navaa-babylonian saamraajyathil thaamasichirunna juthanmaar peedippikkappedukayum naadukadatthappedukayum cheythu. vividha saamrajyangalile (roman saamrajyam) sarkkaarukalum vividha mathangalude (kristhumatham) anuyaayikalum yahoodavirudhatha aacharikkukayum ithu lokathinte vividha pradeshangalilum (middle eesttilum islaamilum) vyaapakamaayirunnu.
karuthavargakkaarude peedanam, 1066 granada koottakkola, speyinile speyinile koottakkola, russian saamraajyathile niravadhi vamshahathyakal, randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum sheshavumulla naasisatthinte thathwangal, holocostilekkum aarr dasalaksham joothanmaarude kolapaathakathilekkum nayichathu thudangiya duranthangalkkum duranthangalkkum joothanmaare saadhaaranayaayi balikazhiyanayi upayogichirunnu.
navaa-babylonian saamrajyam.
jootha-babylonian yudhathile paraajayathinum jarusalemile solomonte kshethram nasippikkappettathinum sesham purathana yoodaa saamraajyathil ninnulla dhaaraalam juthanmaar navaa-babylonian saamraajyathinte thalasthaana nagaramaya baabilonil thadavilakkappetta kaalaghattamaanu babylonian adimatham allengil babylonian naadukadatthal. eee sambhavam hebru bybilil vivarichittundu, athinte charitraparamaaya thelivukal puraavastu, baibil ithara thelivukalaal pinthunaykkunnu.
bii. sii. iii. iii carchemish yudhathinushesham babylonian rajaavaaya nebuchadnesar randaaman jarusalem uparodhichu, athinte falamaayi judian rajaavaaya jehoyakim kappam nalki. nebuchadnesar randaamante bharanathinte naalam varshathil, kooduthal kappam nalkaan jehoyakim visammathichu. ithu nebuchadnesar randaamante ezhaam varshathil nagaratthinte mattoru uparodhathilekku nayichu, athu jehoyakkimine maranathilekku nayikkukayum addehathinte pingamiyaaya jaconia addehathinte kottaaratheyum mattu palareyum babyloniayilekku naadukadatthukayum cheythu.
nebookhadnesar randaamante pathinettaam varshathil yekoniyayude pingamiyaaya sidkiah mattullavareyum naadukadatthi. nebuchadnesar randaamante 23-aamm varshathilaan pinneedu naadukadatthal nadannathu. baibil vivaranagalil nalkiyittulla theeyathikal, naadukadatthappettavarude ennam, naadukadatthappettavarude ennam enniva vyathyaasappedunnu. eee naadukadatthalukal aadyathethu bii. sii. iii 597-lum mattullava yathaakramam <aii. dii. 2> bii. sii. iii, <aii. dii. 1> bii. sii. iii ennivayilumaanu.
cellusidukal.
judia cellusid saamraajyathinte adhikaarathin keezhil vannappol, hellenisation prakriya niyamaprakaaram nadappaakki. ithu phalapradamaayi ardhamaakkunnathu purajaatheeya mathaparamaya aacharam aavasyamaanennu. bisi 167ll jootha bully nirodhichu, saabathukalum virunnukalum nirodhikkukayum parichhedana niyamavirudhamaakkukayum cheythu. greak devanmarkkulla balipeetangal sthaapikkukayum juthanmaarkku nirodhicha mrugangal avayil baliyarppikkukayum cheythu. olimbyan siyasine kshethrathinte balipeetathil sthaapichu. joothamathagrandhangal kaivasham vaykkunnathu gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyamaakki.
roman saamrajyam.
hadrian chakravartthiyude (AD1) bharanakaalathu joothanmaarkkethiraaya peedanatheyum jarusalemine purajaatheeyavalkkarichathine jootha vijnjaanakoshangal soochippikkunnu

madhyakaalakhattathil europile yahoodavirudhatha mathaparamaayirunnu. purohithanmaar ulppede niravadhi kristhyaanikal yeshuvinte kolapaathakathinu jootha janataye koottaayi utharavaadikalaakki. boosttan koleju guide tuu paashan placeil" paranjathupole, kaalakramena, kristhyaanikal sweekarikkaan thudangi... yeshuvine konnathil jootha janatha mothatthil utharavaadikalaanennu. eee vyaakhyaanam anusarichu, yeshukristhuvinte maranasamayathu sannihitharaya juthanmaarum jootha janathayum koottaayum ekkaalavum 'daivahathya' enna paapamaan cheythath. 1900 varshathe kristhyan-joothacharithrathil, aathmahathya kuttam europilum amerikkayilum joothanmaarkkethiraaya vidveshathinum akramathinum kolapaathakatthinum kaaranamaayittund."
europile uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathil pala sthalangalilum joothanmaare poornna thothilulla peedanam nadannirunnu, rakthachorichilukal, puratthaakkalukal, nirbandhitha mathaparivarthanangal, koottakkolakal ennivayundaayirunnu. europile joothanmaarkkethiraaya munvidhikalude adisthaana uravidam mathaparamaayirunnu. joothanmaare palathavana koottakkola cheyyukayum vividha europian rajyangalil ninnu naadukadatthukayum cheythu. kurishuyudhakaalathu peedanam athinte aadya uchathilethi. aadyathe kurishuyudhathil (1096), raine, danube ennividangalile abhivridhi praapicha samoohangal poornnamaayum nasippikkappettu, oru pradhana udaaharanam reinland koottakkolakalaanu.
randaam kurishuyudhathil (1147) fraansile juthanmaar pathivayi koottakkolakku vidheyaraayi. 1251, 1320 varshangalile edayanmaarude kurishuyudhangalum joothanmaare aakramichu. kurishuyudhangale thudarnnu puratthaakkalukalum nadannu. 1290ll ellah engleesh joothanmaareyum naadukadatthi. 1396ll 100,000 joothanmaare fraansil ninnu purathaakki. 1421ll aayirakkanakkin joothanmaare austriyayil ninnu purathaakki. purathaakkappetta joothanmaaril palarum polandilekku palayanam cheythu.
pathinalam noottaandinte madhyathil karutha marana pakarchavyaadhikal europine nasippikkukayum janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam pere nasippikkukayum cheythappol joothanmaare balikazhivukalayi sweekarichu. kinarukalil manahpoorvvam visham kalarthiyathaanu rogathinu kaaranamaayathenn abhyoohangal parannu. karuthavargakkaarude maranathe thudarnnundaaya peedanangalil noorukanakkinu jootha samudaayangal nasippikkappettu. 1348 juulai juulai marpappa avare samrakshikkaan shramichenkilum-pinneedu 1348ll mattoru anuyayiyum-maasangalkk sesham, playg ithuvare nagaratthe baadhichittillaatha strasburgill 900 joothanmaare jeevanode kathichu.
1100 muthal 1600 vareyulla kaalayalavil europil prathikoola saambathika aaghaathangalum kalavastha vyathiyaanangalum moolam joothanmaare peedippikkukayum puratthaakkukayum cheythathayi oru patanam kandethunnu. nirbhaagyangalkk joothanmaare kuttappeduthunnathil ninnum saambathika prathisandhiyude samayangalil durbalaraaya bharanadhikaarikal jootha sambathine pinthudarunnathil ninnumaanu ithu undaayathenn padanatthinte rachayithakkal vaadikkunnu. 1600 nuu sesham jootha peedanangal ganyamaayi kuranjathu enthukondaanennu rachayithakkal niravadhi vishadeekaranangal nirddeshikkunnu
1870 vare nilaninnirunna marpappa samsthaanangalile juthanmaar ghettos ennu vilikkappedunna prathyeka ayalpakkangalil maathrame thaamasikkendathundaayirunnu. 1840 vare, kristhumathathilekkulla parivartthanatthe prothsaahippikkunna prabhashanangalil avar pathivayi pankedukkendiyirunnu. kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta joothanmaarkkulla stettu boarding skoolukale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi juthanmaarkku maathrame nikuthi chumathiyirunnulloo. kristhumathatthil ninnu joothamathathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathu niyamavirudhamaayirunnu. chilappol juthanmaar swamedhayaa jnjaanasnaanamelkkukayum atharam njaanasnaanangal niyamavirudhamaayirikke polum kristheeya matham aacharikkan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. atharam pala kesukalilum, samsthaanam avare avarude kudumbangalil ninnu verthirichu; pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil marpappa samsthaanangalile catholicar juthanmaarum thammilulla kalahathinte ettavum vyaapakamaayi pracharippikkapetta udaaharanangalilonnaanu edgardo mortara akkoundu.
maarkk aarr anusarichu. athesamayam, islaaminte uyarchayude samayat, musleengalum juthanmaarum thammilulla aadya ettumuttalukal madeenayile janangal mohammed abhayam nalkiyappol sauhrudathil kalaashichu, avaril madeenayile jootha gothrangalum ulppettirunnu. mohammed chila jootha gothrangal thannodu kooru pularthaan visammathikkukayum mccan purajaatheeyare sahayikkukayum cheythathine thudarnnu avare purathaakkiyathodeyaanu samgharsham udaleduthathu. eee ettumuttal oru niyamathekkaal oru apavaadamaayirunnuvennu addeham kootticherkkunnu.
madeenayile moonnu jootha gothrangalil baanu nadir, baanu khaynuka ennivar muhammadinte bharanakaalathu juthanmaar muhammadinte vadhathinu padhathiyittirunnuvennu musleem neethrthwathil samshayam uyarnnathine thudarnnu purathaakkappettu. maruvashathu, kuzhiyude yudhathinu sesham baanu khuraisa gothrathe mohammed unmoolanam cheythu. madeenayile mccan uparodhathil mccan shathrukkalumaayi koottukettundaakkiyathiya eee gothram aaropikkappedukayum pinneedu uparodhikkappedukayum cheythu. avar keezhadangiyappol, muthirnna ellah purushanmareyum vadikkukayum sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum adimakalaakkukayum cheythu. umarinte bharanakalam vare ithu nadappaakkiyittillengile ellah joothanmaareyum kristhyaanikaleyum arabiyil ninnu purathaakkumennu mohammed paranjathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu.
parambaraagathamaayi, islaamika samsthaanangalil thamasikkunna juthanmaar "dhimmi" enna padaviykku vidheyaraakkappettirunnu, athinaal avarude matham acharikkaanum aabhyanthara karyangal niyantrikkaanum avare anuvadichirunnuvenkilum chila vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaayirunnu. avarkk musleengalkk jisia (swatantra praayapoorthiyaaya amuslim purushanmaarkk chumathunna aalohari nikuthi) nalkendivannu. islaamika bharanathin keezhil dhimmikalkk thaazhnna padavi undaayirunnu. aayudangal kaivasham vaykkunnathino musleengal ulppedunna kesukalil kodathikalil saakshyam vahikkunnathino ulla nirodhanam polulla niravadhi saamoohikavum niyamaparavumaaya vaikalyangal avarkkundaayirunnu. janakeeya vishwaasathinu virudhamaayi, joothanmaare vyathirikthamaya vasthram dharikkan nirbandhikkaan khuraan musleengalodu utharavittilla. eiii. dii 1100-ll khaleefayaanu eee bharanam srishtichathennu mathaparivarthanakkaaranaaya obadia report cheythu.
islaamika samoohathil valare uyarnna sthaanam nediyathaayi karuthappedunna joothanmaarodulla neerasavum yahoodavirudhathaykkum koottakolakalkkum aakkam kootti. moorish speyinil ibnu haz abu ishkhum avarude jootha virudha rachanakal eee aaropanathil kendreekarichu. 1066 leeii granada koottakkolaykk pinnile pradhana prachodanam ithaayirunnu, "4,000 aalukalulla 1,500-ladhikam jootha kudumbangal oru divasam kondu veenu", 1033-ll 6,000 juthanmaar kollapetta fessilum. fessilum 1276lum fessil kooduthal koottakkolakal nadannu.
arab, berber, turkish kadalkkollakkar thattikkondupoya jootha adimakale veendum vaangunnathiloodeyo sainika reydukaliloodeyo joothanmaarude community bajattukal valareyadhikam bhaaramaayi. adimathavum adimathavum moolamundaaya maanasika aaghaatham kudumbavum panavum suhruthukkalum nashtappetta punarnirmmikkappedaathu thadavukaare islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan kaaranamaayi.
pathinezhaam noottaandil yemanile sayedi imaamattil joothanmaare vivechanathinu ottappeduthi, ithu yemanile sthalangalil ninnu ellah joothanmaareyum varanda theeradesha samathalamaaya tihaamayilekku purathaakkunnathil kalaashichu, ithu mousa naadukadatthal ennariyappettu.
yemanil, chattha mrugangale kondupokaan juthanmaar nirbandhitharaayi, shaniyazhchakalil pothu shouchaalayangal vrithiyaakkukayum cheythu. cheythu avasaanathilum avasaanathilum thudakkathilum jootha janatha israelilekku pookunnathuvare 1806ll purappeduvicha eee corvy nadappakkappettu. morocoyileyum yemanileyum joothanmaarkkum mattu muslingalallaathavarkkum thalachoru verthirichedukkukayum kuttavaalikalude shirachhedam cheytha thalayil uppu cherkkukayum athu avar nagaratthinte mathilukalil thurannukaattukayum cheythu. bay oof tunisinte doktaraaya luis frank report cheiyunnu
1840ll oru franch sanyasiyum addehathinte dassen damascasil aprathyakshamaayathodeyaanu damascus vishayam nadannathu. thottupinnaale, peedippikkappetta kuttikal ulppede nagaratthile dhaaraalam joothanmaarkkethire aachaaraparamaaya kolapaathakakkuttam chumatthi. yunaittad kingdom, france, jarmmani ennividangalile konsalmaarum automan adhikaarikalum kristhyaanikalum musleengalum juthanmaarum eee kaaryatthil valia punk vahichu.
1828ll baghdadil joothanmaarude koottakkola nadannu. 1867ll barfurooshil mattoru koottakkola nadannu.
1839-ll, kizhakkan pershyan nagaramaya meshadil, oru janakkoottam jootha kwarterilekku athikramichu kayarukayum sinagog kathikkukayum thora churulukal nasippikkukayum cheythu. ithu allahdad sambhavam ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. 30 muthal 40 vare aalukal kollappettu, nirbandhitha mathaparivartthanathiloode maathramaan valia thothilulla koottakkola ozhivaakkappettath.
ozhivaakkappettath 1920lum palastheenil joothanmaarkkethire kalaapangalum vamshahathyakalum nadannu. jarusalemile padinjaaran mathilinekkurichulla samgharshangal samgharshangal palestine kalaapathilekku nayichu, hebronile purathana jootha samoohamaayirunnu pradhana irakal.
1941ll rashid aliyude achuthandu anukoola attimariyethudarnnu baghdadil "farhud" ennariyappedunna kalapam pottippurappedukayum athil ekadesham 180 juthanmaar kollappedukayum 240 perkku parikkelkkukayum 586 jootha udamasthathayilulla bisinasukal kollayadikkappedukayum 99 jootha veedukal nasippikkappedukayum cheythu.
holocoastinte samayat middle eest prakshubdhamaayirunnu. britiish bharanakalamaaya palasteente bhaagathekkulla jootha kudiyettam brittan nirodhichu. keyroyil, karkkashamaaya samgham ennum ariyappedunna jootha lehi, 1944 ll britiish jootha kudiyettam palestine adachupoottunnathinethi nadatthiya prachaaranatthinte bhaagamaayi britiish-arab-jootha bandhangale sankeernnamaakkunna reethiyil loard moyne vadikkukayum cheythu. sakhyakakshikalum achuthandum enna sambannamaaya pradeshathinaayi pooraadumbool, jarusalemile mufti amin alle-hussaini iraakhil oru naasi anukoola attimari nadathukayum ekadesham 150,000 iraakhi joothanmaarude vazhithirivayi adayaalappeduthiya farhud vamshahathya samghadippikkukayum cheythu, eee sambhavathethudarnnu 1948 ll israelumaayulla yuddham srishticha sathrutha akramam, peedanam, bahishkaranam, kandukettal, 1951 ll poornnamaaya puratthaakkal enniva lakshyamitirunnu.
attimari paraajayappedukayum mufti berlinilekk palayanam cheyyukayum avide addeham hitlare sajeevamaayi pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. eejiptil, ekadesham 75,000 jootha janasamkhyayulla yuva anwar sadath, naasikalumayi goodaalochana nadathiyathinu jayililadaykkappedukayum "oru britiish pattalakkaaranum eejipthine jeevanode vidillennu" vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu (randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu eejipthinte sainika charithram kaanuka) aaa mekhalayile joothanmaare prathirodhamillathe upekshichu. aljeeriyayileyum syriayileyum franch vichi pradeshangalil, achuthandu sakthikal vijayichaal avarude jootha janasamkhyaye illaathaakkaan padhathikal thayyarakki.
1948-1956 yudhangalkku thottupinnaale abhayaarthikalaayi lakshakkanakkin juthanmaar palayanam cheythathinaal arab-israel samgharsham moolamundaaya samgharshangal middle eesttiludaneelamulla jootha janathayodulla sathrutha vardhikkunnathinu oru kaaranamaayirunnu. kaaranamaayirunnu syoos prathisandhiyodulla prathikaranamaayi eejipshyan sarkkar ekadesham 25,000 eejipshyan joothanmaare puratthaakkukayum avarude swathukkal kandukettukayum ekadesham 1,000 joothanmaare jayilukalilekkum thadankalppaalayangalilekkum ayakkukayum cheythu. middle eesttileyum vadakke aafrikkayileyum musleem jootha samudaayangalude janasamkhya 1948ll 900,000 aayirunnappol innu athu 8,000ll thazheyaayi kuranju.
1974 march march damascasinu vadakkupadinjaarulla sabdani parvathanirakalile oru guhayil naalu syrian jootha penkuttikalude mrithadehangal athirthi police kandethi. 24 kaariyaya phaara seaback avalude sahodarimaraaya lulu seaback (23), masal seaback (22), avarude cussin eva saad (18) ennivar oru koottam kallakkadathukarumaayi syriayil ninnu lebanonilekkum oduvil israelilekkum palayanam cheyyaan karar cheythirunnu. penkuttikalude mrithadehangal balaalsangam cheyyukayum kolappeduthukayum vikruthamaakkukayum cheythathayi kandethi. neratthe nadanna koottakkolaykk irayaaya nadaan saaya 18, cassem abadi 20 ennee rund jootha aankuttikalude avashishtangalum police kandethi. syrian adhikaarikal aarr perudeyum mrithadehangal damascasile jootha ghettoyile maathaapithaakkalude veedukalkku munnil chaakkukalaayi nikshepichu.
almohad khilaafat.
almohads spainileyum vadakke aafrikkayileyum jootha, kristhyan janathaykku valia nasham vithachu. eee nasham, koottakkola, adimatham, nirbandhitha mathaparivarthanam enniva joothacharithrakaaranaaya ebraham ibn daavood kavi ebraham ibn isra vivarichu. islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta joothanmaarude aathmaarthathaye samshayichu, musleem "anweshakar" avarude kudumbangalil ninnu kuttikale eduthu musleem adhyaapakarude samrakshanathil earppeduthi.
almohad niyantritha ibeeriyayil ninnu kudumbathodoppam palayanam cheyyendivanna mymonides paranju, "njangale kadinamaayi peedippikkukayum njangalkkethire nindyavum vivechanaparavumaaya niyamanirmmanam pasakkukayum cheytha arabikalaaya eee janathayude naduvil daivam njangale erinju. oru raajyavum avareppole namme peedippikkukayum tharamthaazhthukayum adhapathanappeduthukayum verukkukayum cheythitilla. avarude apamaanathinteyum nunakalinteyum asambandhangaludeyum manushyathvarahithamaaya bharam naam vahikkunnu, pravaachakan paranjathupole, 'kelkkaatha badhiraneppoleyo vaaya thurakkaatha viddiyeppoleyo'...ismaayilinte nunakalum asambandhangalum sahikkaan nammude munimar njangale achadakkam cheythu, nishabdamaayi kelkkukayum, 'njaan ente puram adikkunnavarkkum ente kavil thaadi valikkunnavarkkum nalki' ennu isaiah paranjathupole, avarude apamaanathe sahikkaan praayamaayavarum cheruppakkaarum aaya njangal svayam pariseelippikkukayum cheythu."
automan saamrajyam.
automan vijayangalilum kolanivalkkaranatthinteyum janasamkhyaa kaimaattatthinteyum (sarjaran sisttam) nayangalilum juthanmaar durithamanubhavichu. ithu salonica ulppede niravadhi jootha samoohangalude aprathyakshathayilekkum speyinil ninnulla jootha abhayaarthikalude pakarakkaranaakunnathilekkum nayichu. joseph aarr. hacker nireekshikkunnu
mehmedinte sauhruda nayangalum spanish joothanmaarude bayesid randaamante nalla sweekaranavum pathinaram noottaandile jootha ezhuthukaar automan adiniveshangalil santine juthanmaar anubhavicha nashavum pinneedu bayesid randaamanteyum seliman onnaamanteyum keezhil adichamarthal pottippurappettathum avaganikkaan kaaranamaayenn hacker nigamanam cheiyunnu.
sultan murad naalaaman, shariat nadappaakkunnathil veezhcha varuthiyathinu allahuvinte shikshayaan automan pathanamennu bhayapettu. 1631ll addeham dhimmikalkk vasthradhaarana niyanthranangal punasthaapikkunna oru utharavu purappeduvichu, avarkk "svayam keezhppeduthappettaayi anubhavapedum" ennu urappakkaan (khuraan 9:29):
1660-ll oru theepiduttham sthiramaaya janavibhaagathe nashippichappol, automankaar joothanmaare kuttappedutthi nagaratthil ninnu purathaakki. pravaachakan mohammed joothanmaare madeenayil ninnu purathaakkiyathinekkuriyu oru paraamarsamaanu rajakeeya palliyil konstantinoppilil alekhanam cheythirikkunnathu; palliyude endovement deedle "islaaminte sathrukkalaaya joothanmaare" paraamarsikkunnu."
19-aamm palastheenil automan vamshajarkk keezhilulla joothanmaarekkurichulla padanatthil tudor paarfit eee nireekshanangal nadatthi
chila niyamaparamaaya abhipraayangalil (fathwakal), musleengale thallikkalayaan prothsaahippikkappetta avarude ashudhamaaya vasham-idathuvashathekku kadannupokumbol dhimmikal thaazhthiya annukalode nadakkendathundennu niyamanjar aavashyappedunnu. oru musliminte saannidhyathil, anumathi labhikkumbol thaazhnna shabdathil maathram samsaarichukond, thaazhmayodeyum bahumaanathodeyum nilkkendivannu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare jarusalem, hebron, tiberias ennividangalile theruvukalil joothanmaareyum kristhyaanikaleyum apamanikkukayum moshamaayi perumaarukayum surakshitharaakkukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil libiayile jabal ghariyan bhaashayilulla buu seenil musleem kuttikal jootha vazhiyaathrakkaarkk nere kalleriyunnathu pathivaanennu nahum slaush nireekshichu.
nassism.
joothanmaare peedippikkunnathu naasi germmaniyude nayangalil ettavum vinashakaramaaya roopathilethi, joothanmaare nasippikkunnathinu uyarnna munganana nalki, joothanmaare peedippikkunnathil ninnu aarambhich randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu ekadesham aii. dii. 1 joothanmaare kollunnathilum 1941 muthal 1945 vareyulla holocoastilum kalaashichu. yadhaarthathil, naasikal keezhadakkiya pradeshangalil thaamasichirunna joothanmaare vanthothil thuranna aakaashat kollan deth schwadukalaaya insaattsgrooppen upayogichu. 1942 aayappozhekkum, naasi neethrthwam anthima pariharam, europile joothanmaarude vamshahathya nadappakkaanum joothanmaareyum hitlare parasyamaayi ethirtha aalukaleppolulla mattu abhikaamyamallaathavareyum kollunnathinulla prathyeka uddeshyathinaayi nirmmarjana kyaambukal sthaapich holocoastinte vegatha vardhippikkaanum theerumaanichu.
vamshahathyayude oru vyaavasaayika reethiyaayirunnu ithu. rogabaadhitharum thirakkeriyavarumaaya ghettokalil othungiyirunna dasalakshakkanakkinu joothanmaare (palappozhum trainil) marana cambukalilekku kondupoyi, avide avaril chilare oru prathyeka sthalathekku (palappozhum oru gyaas chamber) koottikkondupoyi, thudarnnu avare vaathakam upayogichu kollukayo vedivachu kollukayo cheythu. camp jeevithathinte bheekarathakalkku saakshyam vahichathin sesham thudaraan kazhiyaatha mattu thadavukaar aathmahathya cheythu. pinneedu, avarude mrithadehangal palappozhum swarnna niraykkalukalo mudiyo polulla vilappettatho upayogapradamo aaya vasthukkalkkaayi tirayukayum thudarnnu avarude avashishtangal koottakkuruthikalil kuzhichidukayo kathikkukayo cheythu. mattullavar kyaambukalil thadavilaakkappedukayum thadankalil kazhiyumbol avarkk bhakshanam nalkukayum rogangal vyaapikkukayum cheythu.
kyaambukalil ninnu rakshappettavar kuravaayirunnuvenkilum avar anjjaatharaayirunnilla. campinullil pravarthicha poolish bhoogarbhavum purathu thaamasichirunna pradeshavaasikalum pinthudarnnu ooshvitsil ninnu rakshapetta churukkam chilarkk saadhyamaayi. 1940-ll aushvits kamaandant report cheythath "praadeshika janasamkhya mathabhraantharaanu... verukkapetta ezz. ezz. camp udyogastharkkethire eathu nadapadiyum sweekarikkaan thayyaaraan. rakshappedaan kazhinja oro thadavukaaranum aadyathe poolish faamstedinte mathilil athumbol thanne sahaayathe aashrayikkaam."
russia soviyatt union.
saarist russia.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum polandu, ukraine, moldova, baltic rajyangal enniva ulppetta saamraajyathva russiayil lokathile ettavum valia jootha janasamkhya undaayirunnu. alexander moonnaamante bharanakalam muthal russiayile saarist bharanathinte avasaanam vare, pala juthanmaarum palappozhum jootha kudiyettatthil othungukayum avare pala jolikalil ninnum sthalangalil ninnum vilakkukayum cheythu. meeii niyamangal polulla vamseeya niyamangalkk vidheyamaayirunna juthanmaar, anadhikritha samsthaana pinthuna labhicha vamshahathyakal ennariyappedunna noorukanakkinu akramasakthamaaya jootha virudha kalaapangalilum avare lakshyamitirunnu. eee kaalayalavil "seonile mooppanmaarude protocolukal" enna aagola jootha goodaalochana aaropikkunna oru vyaja rekha prasidheekarichu.
juthanmaar ottappettirikkumenn urappaakkunna nayangal saarist sarkkar nadappaakki. ennirunnaalum, avarude mathaparavum deseeyavumaaya sthaapanangalude nilanilpp sarkkar sahikkukayum avare kudiyeraanum anuvadikkukayum cheythu. niyanthranangalum vivechanaparamaaya niyamangalum niravadhi russian joothanmaare udaaravum soshyalistumaaya kaaranagal sweekarikkaan prerippichu. ennirunnaalum, russian viplavathethudarnnu, raashtreeyamaayi sajeevamaaya niravadhi juthanmaarkku avarude jootha swathuam nashtappettu. liyon trotskyude abhipraayathil, "[juthanmaar] svayam joothanmaaraayo rashyakkaaraayo allah, marichu soshyalistukalaayaanu kanakkaakkiyath. avare sambandhichidatholam juthanmaar oru rashtramaayirunnilla, marichu chooshanakkaarude oru vibhagamaayirunnu, avarude vidhi pirichuvidukayum swaamsheekarikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu."saarist russia attimarichathinu sesham juthanmaar daarunamaaya oru avasthayilaayi. yaadhaasthithika russiakkaar avare vishwaasamillaathathum attimarikkunnathumaaya oru gadakamaayi kandu, athesamayam theevravaadikal joothanmaare oru vinashakaramaaya saamoohika vargamaayi kandu.
soviyatt union.
pazhaya bolshevikkukalil palarum vamsheeyamaayi joothanmaaraayirunnuvenkilum, avar joothamathatheyum seonysathe verode pizhutheriyaan sramikkukayum eee lakshyam nedunnathinaayi avar "yevsexia" sthaapikkukayum cheythu. cheythu avasaanathode, muun yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte communist neethrthwam kurachu pratheekathmaka sinagogukal ozhikeyulla mikkavarum ellah jootha samghadanakaleyum illaathaakki. eee sinagogukal pinneedu parasyamaayum vivaradaathaakkalude upayogathiloodeyum police nireekshanatthil sthaapichu. avar joothamathathe (theerchayaayum eathu mathatheyum) shakthamayi ethirkkukayum parambaraagatha jootha samskaarathinoppam jootha janathaykkidayilulla mathapaarambaryangale adichamarthaan vipulamaaya pracharanam nadathukayum cheythu.
1948 nuu sesham, soviyatt yooniyanil yahoodavirudhatha puthiya uyarangalilethi, prathyekichu cosmopolitan virudha prachaarana velayil, niravadhi yiddish-ezhuthukaar, kavikal, ezhuthukaar, chithrakaaranmaar, shilpikal ennivare arast cheiyukayo kollukayo cheythu. staaline vadhikkan padhathiyittuvennu aaropikkappedunna oru koottam doctormaare (mikkavarum ellaavarum joothanmaaraayirunnu) oru shhow trialinu vidheyaraakkiya doctormaarude goodaalochanayil eee pracharanam paryavasaanichu. staalinte maranashesham adichamarthal laghookarichenkilum, joothanmaarkkethiraaya peedanam peedanam avasaanam vare thudarnnu (kaanuka rafyuseniks).
varnnavivechanam dakshinaafrikka.
cheythu niravadhi deseeya party nethaakkalum aafrikkan janathayude vishalamaaya vibhaagangalum 1933 muthal 1945 vare germmaniyil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna naasi prasthaanatthinte swaadheenathin keezhil vannu. ithinu niravadhi kaaranangalundayirunnu. jarmmani brittante parambaraagatha shathruvaayirunnu, brittane ethirthavarellaam desheeyavaadikalude suhruthaayi kaanapettu. koodaathe, thangalude nashtappetta republicine veendum sthaapikkaanulla avasaram anthaaraashtra thalatthil britiish saamraajyathinte paraajayathode varumennu pala desheeyavaadikalum vishwasichirunnu. kooduthal yudhakkalakkaaranaaya hitlar aayitheernnathode, aafrikkan saamraajyathinte oru puthiya yugam aarambikkaan pookukayaanennu uyarnna prathekshakal uyarnnu.
dii. eph. malaante deseeya party naasikalude nayangalumayi adutha bandham pulartthi. kizhakkan europil ninnulla jootha kudiyettam eliyans act prakaram niyanthrikkappedukayum eee kaalayalavil athu taamasiyaathe avasaanikkukayum cheythu. juthanmaarkku europian padavi nalkiyengilum avare velutha samoohathil amgeekarichilla. vellakkaar maathram varunna vikasanathinu vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi aarr jilla polulla mishra vamshapradeshangalil niravadhi juthanmaar thaamasichirunnu, avide ninnu avare nirbandhithamaayi neekkam cheythu.
cheythu, 'saambathikashaasthram, samskaaram, matham, dhaarmikatha, rashtrathanthram ennivayil joothanmaarude vipareeta swaadheenathe neridukayum nasippikkukayum cheyyuka, dakshinaafrikkayile kristhyan janathayude kshemathinaayi dakshinaafrikkayil europian aaryan niyanthranam punasthaapikkuka' ennivayaayirunnu lakshyamitirunna johannes voonn strass voonn moltkeyude neethrthwathilulla 'dakshinaafrikkan vijatheeya deseeya soshyalist prasthaanavumaayi' desheeyavaadikal valareyadhikam saamyathakal kandethi.
kandethi britiish phaasist neethaavaayirunna ooswald mosley dakshinaafrikka pathivayi sandarshikkukayum avide pradhaanamantriyum mattu manthrisabhaamgangalum addehathe sweekarikkukayum cheythu. oru kaalath, moslick dakshinaafrikkayil addehathinte samghadanayude rund pravartthana shaakhakalundaayirunnu, addehathinte anuyayikaliloraalaaya derek alexander johannesburgil addehathinte pradhana ejantaayi nilayurappichirunnu.
1966ll vervordinte kolapaathakatthe thudarnnu, addehathinu pakaramaayi deseeya party bije vorstarine thiranjedutthu. moonnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu vorsttar hitlare pinthunachirunnuvenkum swantham raajyathe joothanmaarodulla addehathinte nayathe avyakthamaayi visheshippikkaam.
visheshippikkaam yujeen terrorblanchinu keezhil valarnnuvanna aafrikkan weerstands polulla theevra valathupaksha navaa-naasi grouppukalude uyarcha kandu. phaasist rajabharanavum swasthikayodu saamyamulla chihnavum niranja hitlarude deseeya soshyalist party maathrkayilaanu eiii. dablyu. bii svayam roopappeduthiyathu.

