beaver (kettukatha)

purathana kaalath aushadhagunangal ullathayi karuthappettirunna vrishanangalkkaayi beevarine vettayaadappettirunnu. vettayaadumbol svayam rakshikkaanaayi mrugam iva konnu kalayumenna katha chila purathana greak prakrithishaasthranjar samrakshikkukayum madhyakaalakhattam vare nilanilkkukayum cheythu. eesoppinodu chernnulla oru greak kettukadhayaayi prathyakshappetta ithinu perry soochikayil 118-aamm sthaanamundu.
laattin saahitya srothassukalil eee kettukadhaye fideress vivarthanam cheyyukayum oru aakshepahaasyathil juvenal soochippikkukayum cheiyunnu. avidevechu, maranathilninnu rakshappedaanulla aagrahathil, athinte vrishanangal kadichu svayam oru shandanakkumenna beevarinte anukaranatthil, kodunkaattil kudungiya kappalil ninnu vyaapaari catulus thante sambannamaaya charakk puranthallunnu. cheruppakkaarum pinneedu faabulistukalum kathayil ninnu aakarshicha dhaarmikatha, svayam samrakshikkunnathinu kurachu parigananakal upekshikkunnathaan nallath ennathaanu.
vyaakhyaanangal.
beevarinte maathruka oduvil nalla kristhyaanikalkk shupaarsha cheyyappettu. classical kaalaghattatthil cybeleyile purohithanmaar thangaletthanne poornnamaayum avarude deviykku samarppikkunnathinaayi svayam vandhyakaranam cheythu. svarggaraajyathinuvendi shandanmaar svayam shandanmarakkiyirikkunnu' (mathaayi 19.12) enna yeshuvinte oru pazhanchollu aadyakaala sabhayile chilar samyamanathekkaal samanamaaya oru sanbradaayathe shupaarsha cheiyunnuvennu karuthukayum aadyakaala sabhaa pithakkanmaar ithu roopakamaayi edukkanamennu nirantharam vaadikkukayum cheythirunnu. eee pashchaathalatthilaanu tertulian maarshyante brahmachaari anuyaayikale eee kettukadhaye paraamarshichu apamaanichathu, "eathenkilum beaver kooduthal svayam varnnanamo?"
yeshuvinte vaakkukalude roopaka swabhaavam sthaapithamaayikkazhinjal, kristheeya thyaagathe paraamarshikkunnathaayi eee kettukatha kooduthal anukoolamaayi kaanapettu. athinaal panthrandaam noottaandile "aberdeen bestiyari" beevarinte perumaattathekkurichu abhipraayappedunnathu, samanamaaya reethiyil "daivathinte kalppana anusarikkukayum pavithramaayi jeevikkaan aagrahikkukayum cheiyunna oro manushyan thante ellah thinmakalum lajjayillatha pravrithikalum chhedikkukayum avayil ninnu thallikkalayukayum venam" ennaanu. ithinakam thanne vandhyakaranam cheyyappetta oru beaver mattoru vettakkaarane kandumuttukayaanenkil, vettakkaaran anweshikkunnathu thanikk illennu kaanikkan avan rund kaalukalil nilkkunnuvennum athinaal rakshappedumennum eee mrgashaalayil kooduthal paraamarsikkunnu. ithu chithreekarikkunna oru rangam palli vaasthuvidyayude oru udaaharanamenkilum ulppeduthiyittundu. eee bhagam orukkiyirikkunnath samgeethasamvidhaayakan aarr. mure shaffer thante "oru madhyakala mrgashaala" (1996) enna kruthiyil.
svayam samrakshanathinte tharamaayi chihna paarambaryatthinte bhaagamaayi andrea alsiyaatto pinneedu eee kettukadhaye punarvyaakhyaanichu. addehathinte "chihna" (1531) leeii thithreekaranatthinu thaazheyulla laattin kavita upadeshikkunnu, "eee mrugathinte udaaharanathiloode, ningalude jeevan rakshikkunnathinayi ningalude swathukkal veruthe vidaan padikkaruthu, marichu ningalude shathrukkalkk panam nalkuka". englandil eee kettukatha rogger ell 'estraanchinte shekharathilum pinneedu saamuval croxalinte shekharathilum athe vyaakhyaanathode prathyakshappettu, koodaathe kanakkukoottalinayi pinthudarunna oru raashtreeyakkaaran thante nettangal prosecutermaarumaayi pankitt svayam vaanganam enna rashtreeya prathiphalanavum undaayirunnu.
thomas braun thante "seudodoxia epidemica" (1646) enna kruthiyil eeswarinte eee perumaattathekkurichu ezhuthumbol eesop aristottilum mathramalla plinyum solinus udharikkunnu. mattu purathana adhikaarikal viyojikkunnu, addeham kootticherkkunnu sestiyas (pliny paraamarshicha oru doctor), "eee paarambaryam thettaanenn vyakthamaayi sthireekarikkunna dioscorides". koodaathe, aldrovandes, matheolus, bellonius thudangiya american beevarukalekkurichu ezhuthiya kooduthal aadhunika ezhuthukaar beaverukal svayam kaastrett cheiyunnathinekkurichu paraamarshikkunnillenn braun abhipraayappedunnu. aathyanthikamayi, eee kettukatha eejipthile hyroglyphukalil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn addeham nigamanam cheiyunnu, athu "greekkukaare sambandhichidatholam puraanamaayi maari, angane eesopp sthaapichu". ennirunnaalum, eee kettukatha oru dhaarmika moolyathe prathifalippikkunnu, "aaa mrugathinte vivekavum vivekavum; athu cheiyunna srishtikalil ninnum prathyekichu kettidatthile athinte kalaasrishtikalil ninnum ithu valare vichithramaan, theerchayaayum mattarumaayum poruthappedunnilla".

