udaaramaaya bhavana

1950ll wiking prasidheekaricha american saahitya niroopakanaaya lionel trillinginte pathinaar lekhanangalude samaahaaramaan dhii liberal imyaashan essays oonn littarechar aandu sosaitti (1950). 1949ll wikinginte "portable maattiv arnold" edittu cheyyukayum avatharippikkukayum cheythappol trillinginoppam pravarthichirunna pascal kovichiyaanu eee pusthakam edittu cheythath. pusthakatthinte prasidheekaranathinaayi prathyekamaayi ezhuthiya aamukham ozhike, "liberal imyaajaniyil" ulppeduthiyittulla ellah lekhanangalum "pakshapathaparamaaya avalokanam", "keniyan avalokanam", "raashtram", "american traimaasam" thudangiya saahitya, vimarsanaathmaka jenalukalil pusthakam prasidheekarikkunnathinna munbulla dashakathil vyakthigathamayi prasidheekarichirunnu. eee lekhanangal trillinginte trillinginte rachanakaleyum vimarsanaathmaka chinthakaleyum prathinidheekarikkunnu.
lekhanangalil, saahityam, samskaaram, manass, bhavana enniva thammilulla bandham sookshumamaayi parishodhichu trilling "liberalism" ennu vilikkunna vishayam paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. yaadhaarthyathe bhouthikavum bhouthikavumaaya saahitya aashayangalkkethire addeham vikarabharithamaaya vimarsanangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, athaayath addeham v. ell. paaringtan, theodor dreyser, kinsiyude ezhuthukaar ennivar report cheiyunnu. henry jaims, maarkk twayne, taasittas, eph. ennivarude kruthikalil prakadippikkappedunna "snehathinte shakthiyiloodeyum" "dhaarmika yaadhaarthyavaadathiloodeyum" earppedunna ezhuthukaare addeham pinthunaykkunnu. scott fittsjerald, vilyam wareds varthu-sigmund froyidinte kruthikalile manushyaprakrithiyude aashayangalilum.
"liberal imaajineshan" thaarathamyena valia vaanijya vijayam aasvadichu, 100,000 hardcover 70,000 paperback koppikalum vittu, pinneedu "newyork budhijeevikal" ennu vilikkappedunna aaa kaalaghattatthile swaadheenamulla saahitya, rashtreeya, saamskaarika chinthakarude oru koottatthinu ithu oru avashya pusthakamaayi manassilakkappettu."irving hove, aarr polulla prarambha niroopakar. pii. blackmore, norman podhoretts, delmore schwarts enniva budhijeevikalkku eee pusthakatthinte praadhaanyatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu."pilkkala varshangalil, soviyatt unionumaayulla sheethayudhathinte prarambha gattangalilekku praveshikkunna american aikyanaadukalude yudhaananthara raashtreeyathinteyum samskaarathinteyum oru thozhil prathinidhiyenna nilayil pandithanmaar" "udaaramaaya bhavana" "yilek thirinju".
samgrahangal.
aamukham".
vaalyam ulkkollunna lekhanangal vishayathil vaividhyamullathaanenkilum avarkk undennu ezhuthikkondu trilling pusthakam avatharippikkunnu...oru prathyeka aikyam.addeham abhipraayappedunnathu, aikyam udaaravaadathodulla thaalpparyamaanu. thante samakaalika america pradhaanamaayum boudhikamaayi udaaramaaya paarambaryatthilekku valarunnathinaal, sakthamaaya yaadhaasthithika boudhika paarambaryatthinte abhavam saamskaarikamaaya oru vairudhyathinte abhaavathinu kaaranamaakukayum udara aashayangale durbalamaakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu trilling vaadikkunnu. saahithyathekkurichulla vimarsanaathmaka kazhchappaadaanu "udaaravaadathe athinte aadya avashya bhaavanayilekku oormmippikkunnathinulla" ettavum nalla maarggamenn addeham ezhuthunnu, kaaranam "manushya pravarthanamaanu vaividhyam, saadhyatha, sankeernnatha, budhimuttu ennivayekkurichu poornnavum krithyavumaaya vivaranam edukkunnathu.eee reethiyil, saahithyathekkurichulla thante lekhanangal anivaryamaayum samskaaram, raashtreeyam, bhavana ennee vishayangal charcha cheiyumennu trilling parichayappedutthunnu.
amerikkayile yaadhaarthyam". "
saahitya niroopakan vii. trilling swaadheenathe abhimukeekarikkunnu.ell. paaringtaninte "american chinthayile pradhana pravaahangal" (1927), american ezhuthukaaranaaya theodor dreysarinte novalukalodulla prathikaranam, yaadhaarthyathe bhouthikavum shaareerikavumaaya oru sangalppathodulla oru ezhuthukaarante utharavaadithathinte apakadakaramaaya anantharafalangalaayi addeham kaanunnath charcha cheyyaan. maattamillaatha, poornnamaayum bahyavum, thirichariyaan kazhiyathathumaaya" oru yaadhaarthyathil paaringtan vishwasichirunnuvennum vishwasthamaaya punarnirmmaanatthiloode eee yaadhaarthyathinte kaimattamaanu oru saahitya ezhuthukaarante joliyennum paaringtan vishwasichirunnuvennum trilling vaadikkunnu. yaadhaarthyathekkurichu eee sangalpam amerikkakkaare bhauthika yaadhaarthyathe ("kadinavum prathirodhasheshiyullathum roopamillaathathum abhedyavum asukhakaravumaaya) prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu avakaashappedunna dreysarineppolulla ezhuthukaarude anaavasyamaaya" sahaanubhoothiyulla edapedal "yilek maattaan kazhiyum.") avar yadhaarthathil dreysarinte shoonyavaadam polulla yaadhaarthyathinte oru prathyayashaasthrathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. manassinte vaidyuthagunangalil" earppedunna, oru saamoohika dauthyathino raashtreeyathino eluppathil anusarikkaatha henry jaimsineppolulla ezhuthukaare ithu nishedhikkunnathine ariyikkunnu.
"sherwood aandezhsan".
novelist sherwood aandezhsante saahitya kruthikaleyum kariyarineyum abhisambodhana cheiyunna trilling, aaa manushyanodulla aadarav addehathinte kruthikalude prasnangalumaayi samanvayippikkaan shramikkunnu. lalithavum sthiravumaayirikkaan anuvadicha oru lalithamaaya aashayathiloode oru hrasvamaaya kazhinja nimishathil vijayam nediya ezhuthukaarante vidhiyude irayaayi addeham aandezhsane vilayiruthunnu."aandezhsante" "manyamaaya samoohavumaayulla poraattam" "orikkal vyakthikalude" "vilayeriya rahasya satha" "yumayi bandhapetta oru sathyam valarthiyedukkukayum, ennaal pinneedu amithamaya arivu, vikaaram, poornnamaayum amoorthamaaya sneham ennivayiloode addehathinte kathaapaathrangalude jeevithathe nishedhikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheytha onnaayi trilling vivarikkunnu"."trilling ezhuthunnu", aandezhsan aalukalekkurich kooduthal parayumbol, avar jeevichirikkunnathil kuravum snehikkappedunnathil kuravum varum."aandezhsante sathyathe trilling vilayiruthunnathu athu saahitya aavishkaarathil parajayappettu ennathaanu-addehathinte nirjeevamaaya lokangal adimakalaaya 'march mentinte' raashtreeyathe soochippikkunnu-trilling ippozhum aandezhsante 'aadunikathayodulla vyakthiparamaaya pooraattatthinte' sathyasandhathaye prashamsikkunnu, aandezhsante pravartthanangale oraal anubhavikkendathum oduvil athil ninnu munnott pokendathumaaya oru kaumaaravumaayi upamikkunnu.
"froid saahityavum".
sigmund froyidinte manahshaasthrathe "manushyamanassinekkurichu eaka chittayaya vivaranamaayi trilling kaanunnu, ithu sookshumathayudeyum sankeernathayudeyum thaalpparyathinteyum daarunamaaya shakthiyudeyum kaaryatthil noottaandukalaayi saahityam shekharicha maanasika ulkkaazhchakalkk arikil nilkkaan arhamaanu."saahityavumaayulla froyidinte swaadheenabandham parasparabandhithamaanennu trilling vaadikkunnu; froid posittivistum yukthivaadiyumaayirunnu, mathramalla" "jeevithathinte ratri vashathinu" "maathram samarppikkappettirunna; oru kalaakaaran thante faantasiyude niyanthranathilullathu enganeyaanennu vishadeekarikkaan oraalkk swapnam, neurosis, kala ennivayekkurichulla froyidinte ashayangal thammil oru bandham undakkaan kazhiyum, athesamayam athu addehathinte faantasi kaivashamulla neurottikkinte adayaalamaanu"."oru ezhuthukaarante uddeshyathe aasrayikkunna saahitya kruthikalude manashaasthraparamaaya vaayana trilling nirasikkukayum oru kruthiyude manashaasthraparamaaya" "phalangalil" "antharleenamaaya" "manassinekkurichulla muzhuvan ashayavum" "oru manushyanenna nilayil kalakarante maanasika swabhaavavum" "vaayanakkar anweshikkanamennu nirddeshikkukayum cheiyunnu"."trilling froyidinte pilkkala kruthiye prathifalippikkunna lekhanam avasaanippikkunnu, athil" "ananda thathwathinu" "poorakamaayi" "marana sahajaavabodham" "avatharippikkappettu, manushyante avasthaye" "avante naagarikathaye bheeshanippeduthunna prachodanangal nithyamaayi uyarunna orutharam narakamayi" "roopappeduthunnu, avide" "vittuveezhchayum parajayavumaayulla samyojanavum lokathiloode kadannupokaanulla ettavum mikacha maargamaan"."athinaal, manushyaraashiyude avasthayekkurichulla froyidinte daarunamaaya bodhathe trilling abhinandikkunnu.
"kasamasima rajakumari". "
pathonpathaam noottaandile ettavum mikacha novalukalil onnaayi henry jayimsinte "dhii princes kasamasima" (1886) enna novaline trilling sthaanappeduthunnu. sthaanappeduthunnu araajakathvathe mathramalla, manushyaraashiyude nanmaye samoohathinte azhimathi swabhaavatheyum kurichulla araajakathvathinte pothuvaaya dhaarmika avakaashavaadathinte "saamoohika yaadhaarthyathe" kurichum krithyamaaya vivaranavum sangalppavum nalkunna jayimsinte "thulachukayarunna bhavana" trilling eee noval vaayikkumbol choondikkaanikkunnu. jayimsinte "prakadana sandeshamaayi" noval pravarthikkunnuvennum kalakaran saamoohika utharavaadithamundennum nigamanathiletthaan trilling novalinte aathmakathaaparamaaya vashangal anweshikkunnu. jayimsinte "sankeernathayekkurichulla arivu", "aadhunika virodhaabhaasangalekkurichu thulachukayarunna avabodham", "snehathinte bhavanayal poorttheekarikkappetta" duranthatthinte bhavana "ennivayil adhishtithamaaya" dhaarmika yaadhaarthyam "ennu trilling vilikkunnathinte nettamaanu jayimsinte noval."oru prakashamulla srishtiyile sathyam parayunna thaarathamyappeduthaanaavatha oru kruthiyil eee novalile jayimsinte dhaarmika yaadhaarthyam kalashikkunnuvennu trilling nigamanam cheiyunnu."
"cheria maasikayude pravartthanam". "
swaadheenamullathaanengilum thaarathamyena kuranja pracharamulla saahitya maasikayaaya pakshapathaparamaaya avalokanathinte pathuvarsha vaarshikam aaghoshikkunna "pakshapatha vaayanakkaaran" enna prasidheekaranathe aaspadamaakkiyaanu trilling eee lekhanam ezhuthiyathu. nammude vidyaasambannaraaya varggathinte rashtreeya ashayangalum bhaavanayude aazhathilulla sthalangalum thammilulla "marakamaaya verthiriv" moolamundaakunna vidyaasambannaraaya varggavum samakaalika saahithyathile ettavum mikachavarum thammilulla "valia vidavinte" prathinidhiyaan eee virodhaabhaasamenn addeham vaadikkunnu."raashtreeyam bhavanayum manassumaanenn naam nirbandhikkunnillengil, bhavanayum manasse raashtreeyamaanennum athu namukk eshtappedaatha tharathilullathaanennum naam padikkumennu thirichariyaan nirbandham pidichukondu rashtreeya ashayangalum bhavanayum thammil oru aikyam samghadippikkuka ennathaanu pakshapathaparamaaya avalokanathinte dauthyam" ennu trilling ezhuthunnu."
"huckleberry phiin".
maarkk twaininte "huckleberry phiin" "american samskaarathinte ettavum mikacha pusthakangalilonnayum kendra rekhakalilonnaayum addeham vishwasikkunnathu enthukondaanennu vishadeekarikkaan trilling vaagdaanam cheiyunnu."naayakan huck mississippi nadiyude pratheekamaaya soumyanum apakadakaravumaaya" "nadeedevan" "thammilulla" "dhaarmika abhiniveshathinte" "sathyam eee pusthakam parayunnuvennu trilling vaadikkunnu". hakkinte dhaarmika prathisandhiye "manushyante adharmmathekkurichulla aazhameriyathum kayperiyathumaaya arivine adisthaanamaakkiyulla" yadhaartha nalla ichhaashakthikkum mattullavarodu ulla avishwaasathinum edayilullathaanu "ennu trilling vivarikkunnu."american aabhyantharayudhathinu sheshamulla varshangalile pusthakatthinte pashchaathalam soochippikkunnathu dhaarmika moolyamillaatha oru" "pana-daivathe" "sevichukondu dhaarmika moolyangal nashtappetta oru amerikkayekkurichulla vyaakhyaanamaanu, pakaram dhaarmika nadee-daivamaaya" "huckleberry finnine" "addeham paraamarsikkunnu".
"kipping".
maattaanaavaathavidham nammude bhoothakaalavumaayi" bandhapetta oru ezhuthukaaranaayi ruud yard kiplingine trilling kaanunnu; prathyekichu, kuttikkaalatthinte bhoothakaalam, avide addehathe nyayamaaya nirasikkunnath "nammude aadyathe saahitya-rashtreeya theerumaanathe" prathinidheekarikkunnu."kippling, trilling ezhuthunnu," udaaravaadathinte pradhana boudhika nirbhagyavathikalilonnaanu."desheeyathayudeyum deseeya moolyangaludeyum apakadakaramaaya vakthavaayi vaayanakkaare addehathinethire prathikarikkaan prerippicha addehathinte aashayangalude, prathyekichu addehathinte" "budhiyillaatha saamraajyathvathinte" ", budhishoonyatha kaaranam kiplingine ishtappedaathathaayi trilling visheshippikkunnu". angane cheyyumbol, kippling thaan valareyadhikam shradhichirunna deseeya moolyangalkku thanne kedupaadukal varuthiyennu trilling vaadikkunnu.
"amarthyathayude oodu".
vilyam wareds varthinte oodu "enna kruthi" trilling "enna kavithayude jeevacharitraparamaaya vayana saahitya niroopakanaaya deane sperry wareds varthinte" addehathinte vidaparayaanulla shakthikalekkurich aalapicha "dirj" ennu visheshippikkunnu."saamuval tailor colridginte" "desection oodu" ", wareds varthinte aathmakathaaparamaaya aamukham ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kavithayude pashchaathalam unarthikkond, trilling vaadikkunnathu eee oodu wareds varthinte" "puthiya shakthikale" "sweekarikkunnathum" "oru puthiya kaavyathmaka vishayavumaanu".wordsworthinte puthiya sakthiye trilling kaanunnath jeevithathinteyum manushyaraashiyudeyum aadarshaparavum bhoumikavumaaya gunangal thirichariyunna oru" "eratta darshanamaayi" "aanu". eee reethiyil, wareds varthinte praayapoorthiyaaya avasthayilekkulla pakwathayeyum marananirakkinekkurichulla avabodhatheyum eee kavita prathinidheekarikkunnu, athu lokathe kooduthal "praadhaanyamullathum vilappettathumaakkunnu."
kalayum neurosis".
oru kalakarante bhavanayum prathibhayum oru neurotic rogathil ninnaan varunnathenna daaranaye trilling abhimukeekarikkunnu. maanasikapeedanangaliloode oraalkk "maanasika arivu" nedaan kazhiyumennu addeham sammathikkunnu, ennaal oru kalakarante shakti kalakarante aantharika manassumaayi mathramalla, pothuve manassumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave addeham parayunnu. neurorisinekkurichulla oru saarvathrika ashayam trilling vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, athil manushyarashi muzhuvan neurotic samgharshangalaal "rogabadhitha" aayirikkan saadhyathayund. oru kalakarante prathibha, addeham engane neurotic samgharsham prakadippikkukayum prathinidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu vaayanakkaarude "ahankaarathe" baadhikkunnathenn thrilling vaadikkunnu.namukkellavarkkum ulla vedanayude bhouthikaghadakathe oru kalaakaaran engane roopappeduthunnu ennathil naam shradha kendreekarikkanamennu trilling nigamanam cheiyunnu."
bhoothakaalathinte bodham". "
puthiya vimarshakarude aupachaarika vaayanasailiye ethirthu, saahithyathe athinte bhoothakaalathekkurichulla bodhathode naam vaayikkanamenn trilling vishwasikkunnu. oru kruthiyude "paastnes" ("oru saahitya kruthi nirmmicha boudhika saahacharyangal") athinte shakti, saadhuta, prasakthi enniva manassilaakkunnathinte oru pradhana bhagamaanu. saahitya kalakaaranmaar samskaarathinte phalangalum kaaranangalumanu ennum, ashayangal svayambharanaadhikaaramulla "manushya sambhavangalude ulppaadakar" aanennu thettayi karuthunna oru saahitya prasthaanatthe paraajayappedaano vijayikkaano kazhiyunna onnaayi kanakkaakkunna charitraparamaaya vimarsanam, saahityam jeevithathile prasnangal "nanmaykkaayi" pariharikkaanaan uddeshikkunnathennum, ichhaashakthi manushya jeevithathil cheria punk vahikkunnuvennum trilling vaadikkunnu. athinaal, trilling (neeshe unarthunnu) samskaarathe "jeevithathinte thudarchayaaya vilayiruthalayi" kaanunna charitraparamaaya ardhathekkurichulla "avyakthamaaya kaazhchappaad" nirddeshikkunnu."
"ippol". "
thante charithrangal "vichitramaaya upayogangalkk vidheyamaakkiyittunde", roman charitrakaaranaaya taasittasin charithrathekkurichulla oru manashaasthraparamaaya "sangalppam undaayirunnu [athu] vyakthiparamayathum dhaarmikavumaayirunnu ennu trilling vaadikkunnu."roman republicinte gunangalodum swabhaavathodumulla taasittasinte snehavum republic dinathile nirashayum thammilulla" "kayperiya vibhajanam" "thante budhiyude santhulithaavasthaykkum oorjjathinum kaaranamakunna oru" "rahasya pirimurukkatthe" "ariyichu ennu trilling vishwasikkunnu"."
"perumaattareethikalum daarmikathayum novalum".
achaarangal, "ulcherkkalinte shabdavum shabdavum", samskaarathinte roopeekaranathinte oru pradhana bhagamaanennum athinaal saahithyathinte oru pradhana bhagamaanennum trilling vaadikkunnu. saamoohika achaarangalil shradha kendreekarikkunna oru novaline yaadhaarthyavum roopavum thammilulla dhaarmika samghattanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathaayum thettaaya roopathinteyum panamulla padaviyudeyum "ashleelata" kku pinnile sathyathekkurichulla gaveshanamaayum addeham kaanunnu. oru novelistinte perumaattathekkurichu srishtiparamaaya avabodham "thante snehathinte pravartthanamaayi" maarunnu, ithu addehathinte saahitya kruthiye "dhaarmika yaadhaarthyam" ennu vilikkunnu, athil dhaarmika bhaavanaykk swathanthramaaya kaliyaanu nalkunnathu. yaadhaarthyathe "nilanilppinte kadinavum krooravumaaya vasthuthakal" enna sangalppathinte falamaayi amerikkayil maanyathayude noval orikkalum "sthaapithamaayittilla" ennu trilling nigamanam cheiyunnu."dhaarmika neethiyodulla samakaalika prathibaddhathayodu prathikarikkaan dhaarmika yaadhaarthyam valare aavasyamaanennu addeham vaadikkunnu."
"kinsey report".
laingikathayude samooham" sthaapikkendathinte samoohathinte aavasyakathaykkulla oru chikilsayaayi kinsey reportukalude (1948) prasidheekaranavum vaanijya vijayavum trilling avatharippikkunnu, koodaathe aaa samoohathinte aavashyakathayude lakshanavum "vyakthamaaya alavilulla padangalil" sthaapikkappedanam."laingikathayekkurichulla padanatthinte shaasthreeyamaaya nottam, oru nishpakshathaye soochippikkunnuvennu trilling kandethunnu, pakshe laingikathayekkurichulla oru sangalppam athinte vaikaarika yaadhaarthyavumaayulla edapedalinupakaram athinte shaareerika vasthuthayil maathrame aadyam nilanilkkunnulloo. report laingika perumaattatthe manushyathvarahithamaakkunnum laingikatha oru vyakthiyude swabhaavavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu enna ashayam nirasikkunnuvennum trilling vaadikkunnu."laingika nirodhanangalekkurichulla reportinte charchayil ithu prathyekichum sathyamaan, athil ezhuthukaar swavarggalaingikathayude swathasidhatha nirasikkukayum" nirodhanam thakarkkunna vaikaarika sahacharyam "shaareerikamaayi thanne nishedham thakarkkunnathinekkaal pradhaanamaanennu avaganikkukayum cheiyunnu. bhauthika vastutha" enna nilayil vasthuthayekkurichulla reportinte ashayam laingikathayude saamoohika vasthuthayude nirnayakamaaya "vyakthiparamo saamskaarikamo aaya ardham" allengil "nilanilpp" polum nirasikkunnuvennu trilling nigamanam cheiyunnu.
"eph. scott fittsjerald ".
american novelist eph. trillinginte jeevithavum saahityajeevithavum parishodhikkunnu. fittsjeraaldinte dheerathaye prashamsicha scott fittsjerald "snehathinte shakthiyil" kandethi."fittsjeraaldinte daarunamaaya sneham, trilling soochippikkunnathu," "athinte aardrata kaaranam vinaashakaramaan", "kaaranam athu manushyante swaathanthryathekkurichu oru ashayavum saahacharyathinte shakthiyil vishwaasavum thammilulla" "athilolamaaya pirimurukkam" "aayirunnu". trilling fittsjeraaldine "oru dhaarmmikavaadiyaayi" vilikkunnu, kaaranam fittsjeraaldinu charitra nimishathe marikadannu "aaa nimisham oru dhaarmika vasthuthayayi edukkaan" kazhinju."fittsjeraaldinte novalaaya" "dhii grettu gattsby" "vishakalanam cheythukondu, adikaaravum swapnavum thammil vibhajikkappettirikkunna" "gattsby" "enna kathaapaathram anivaryamaayum americaykku vendi nilakollunnuvennu trilling ezhuthunnu"."fittsjeraaldinte vivekakkuravu yadhaarthathil addehathinte" "veerochithamaaya thettaanu", "athu dhaarmikavidhiyude yadhaartha dridathaye aardrathayode kaikaaryam cheyyaan addehathe anuvadichuvennu trilling nigamanam cheiyunnu"."
"kalayum bhagyavum".
noval ippozhum oru jeevanulla roopamaano" ennathinekkurichu trilling prathifalippikkunnu, noval marichuvennu thaan vishwasikkunnillennu nigamanam cheiyunnu. novalinekkurichulla kuranjuvarunna dhaarana "pothuvaaya boudhika jeevithathile" balaheenathayudeyum rashtreeya manassile nishkriyathvathinteyum prathifalanamaayi addeham kaanunnu. manushyante ichhaashakthiyude aakhoshavum anweshanavum" enna nilayil, saamoohika lokathinte prathyayashaasthrangalude pralobhanam nirasikkaan padippichukondu eee novalinu ichhaashakthi punarnirmikkaan kazhiyumennu trilling vaadikkunnu. bhaaviyile novalukal "aashayangalumayi valare vyakthamaayi edapedumennum" aashayangale prathyayashaasthrathiloode chinthakalillaathe chittappedutthaan anuvadikkunnathinupakaram avaye "uchithamaaya yaadhaarthyavumaayi" bandhippichu vimarsikkanamennum trilling pravachikkunnu. thangalude samoohathodulla avyakthatha nilanirthaanulla" avarude kazhivu novelistukal thirichariyanamennum novalukal saadhyamaaya oru boudhika anthareeksham srishtikkunna "kalayude aakasmikavum anaavasyavumaaya swabhaavathekkurichu" pothuvaaya dhaarana venamennum trilling aagrahikkunnu.
"oru saahitya aashayathinte ardham". "
rund vikaarangalude samyojanathinte uthppannamaayum saahithyathinte pradhana bhasha gadakamaayum trilling oru ashayathe nirvachikkunnu. saahithyathile aashayangalekkurichulla uthkanda yadhaarthathil oru uthkandayaayi addeham kaanunnu, prathyayashaasthram, "chila soothravaakyangalodulla bahumanam", athinte "ardhavum anantharafalavum namukk vyakthamaaya daaranayilla", jeevithathil ninnulla shakthiyeyum swaabhaavikathayeyum boudhikamaakkum. ashayangal lamghikkappedaathe thanne avayilekku aakarshikkappedaamennum kavikal palappozhum avarude kavithakalkoppam sthiramaaya boudhika sthaanangal vikasippikkaan sramikkumennum trilling vaadikkunnu. ashayangal parasparam nirantharam kalikkunna saahityachinthayil "pravartthana" thinte praadhaanyam trilling uyarthunnu. american ezhuthukaaraaya joonn doses passos, yujeen oo 'neel, thomas wolf ennivare nishkriyathvam kaaranam oru ashayam lamghichathaayi addeham tharamthirikkunnu, koodaathe ernest hemingway, vilyam folkner thudangiya ezhuthukaarude "bhakti" aashayangalumayi aazhathil edapazhakaan avare anuvadichuvennu vaadikkunnu. kooduthal sajeevamaaya oru saahityam sugamamakkunnathinaayi aashayangale "nammude ichhaashakthikalumaayum aagrahangalumaayum anivaaryamaayi bandhappettirikkunna jeevikalaayi" kanakkakkunnuvennu vaadichukondu trilling avasaanippikkunnu.
shaili.
udaaramaaya bhavana" yude vyaakhyaathaakkal trillinginte gadyathinte rund vyathyastha gunangal shradhikkunnu bahuvachana ekavachanathinteyum santulita vaakyathinteyum upayogam. trillinginte rachanayil 'njangal' enna pothuvaaya vishayam shanikkunnathinum aadhikaarikathaykkum kaaranamaakunnu, kaaranam trilling nilakollunna vidyaasambannarum saakshararumaya vediyude bhaagamaanenn vaayanakkar karuthunnu, mathramalla avar "verum abhiprayam" mathramalla, "korpparettu dhaarana" yum pankidunnu.samanthara vaakyaghadanayude aavarthichulla upayogam pusthakathiludaneelam addeham prothsaahippikkunna" "nishedhaathmaka kazhivinodulla" "trillinginte samarppanathe pratheekappeduthiyekkaam, athil oru chinthakan oresamayam rund ashayangal thante thalayil pidichunirtthaanum ennirunnaalum pravartthikkaanum kazhiyum".
prarambha sweekaranam.
saahitya vimarsakanum janaadhipathya-soshyalist abhibhashakanumaaya irving hove, raajyathe pusthakathekkurichulla thante avalokanathil, "saamoohika aneethikalkkethiraaya sajeevamaaya dhaarmika abhiniveshathinu" kaaranamaakaatha dhaarmika abhiniveshangalekkurichulla trillinginte vimarsanam budhimuttullathaayi kandethunnu, koodaathe trilling enna nirvachanam udaaravaadathinte charitravumaayi "boudhika sahishnuthayudeyum swaathanthryathinteyum coode", prabudhathayude konduvarunnayal, muthalaalithathe pinthunaykkunna rashtreeya sidhaantham ennivayumaayi poruthappedunnillenna vaadikkunnu. trillingine "aarude apakadasaadhyatha addeham palappozhum nireekshichirunnuvo aaa ichhaashakthiye amithamaayi aasrayikkunna" oru prathyayashaasthranjanaayaan hove visheshippikkunnathu."
kolambiyayile 21 kaaranaya vidyaarthiyum britiish jenal sookshmaparishodhanaykkaayi ezhuthunnavanumaaya norman podoretts, pinneedu "newyork budhijeevikalil" ninnu valarnna "neo-kansarvetteevu" prasthaanatthil ganyamaaya oru vyakthiyayi maariyappol, "liberal bhavana" yadhaarthathil liberalisathekkurichalla (hove vaadikkunnathupole); ithu "vimarsanaathmaka lekhanangalude oru samaahaaramaan", athinte uddeshyam theerchayaayum prakadippikkunnathinaparum vaayuvine shudheekarikkuka ennathaanu. podhoretts abhipraayappedunnathupole, amerikkayude bhaavi britiish saahityachinthakanaaya maatteev aarnoldinte vimarshanathe "american paatten" ennathilekku europian swaadheenathinte samyojanathe aasrayichirikkunnu enna trillinginte vishwaasathe ithu prathinidheekarikkunnu, ithu pusthakatthile shramangale paraajayappedutthunnu.
pakshapathaparamaaya avalokanathil prasidheekaricha thante lekhanathil, kaviyum hraswa novalistumaaya delmore schwarts, "perumaattareethikalum daarmikathayum novalum" vimarsanaathmakamaayi vilayiruthukayum, oru perumatta novaline vyakthiparamayi munganana nalkaanulla trillinginte kazhivine prathinidheekarikkukayum cheythu."aadhunika ezhuthukaarude reethiyodulla trillinginte pothuvaaya anishtatthinteyum trillinginte maranjirikkunna eaka aashankayaayi schwarts kaanunnathinteyum lakshanamaayi eee vyakthiparamaaya munganana schwarts vishadeekarikkunnu pothuve samoohathinte pothukshemamalla, marichu" "vidyaasambannaraaya varggathinte kshemam", "athil trilling oru" "rakshadhikaariyum vimarsakanum" "aayi pravartthikkunnu"."
saahitya niroopakanum engleesh professorumaaya aarr.pii. 1950-leeii keniyan reviewile pusthakathekkurichulla thante avalokanathil blackmer ezhuthunnathu, "liberal bhavana" yude pradhana chodyangal "bahujana nagara samoohavumaayi" american manass enthaanu cheyyendathennum budhishakthiyekkurichulla vyapakamaaya avishwaasathe marikadakkaan enthaanu cheyyendathennum aanu. saahitya trilling pinthuna orikkalum nilavilundaayirunnille blackmoor abhipraayappedunnu. blackmoor nirddeshikkunnathu, yadhaartha vishayamaaya thrilling abhisambodhanakal, "manushyashakthiyude raashtreeyam" aanu, koodaathe saamoohika jeevithathinte thathwangal krameekarikkunnathil "prakshubdhatha" srishtikkunnathil saahityathinu sthaanamundu.
pinneedulla vyaakhyaanangalum swaadheenavum.
udaaramaaya bhavana" yekkurichulla pilkkala vyaakhyaanakaaranmaar charitraparavum raashtreeyavum saamskaarikavumaaya sandarbhangalilum trillinginte pravarthanangaludeyum chinthakaludeyum swaadheenangalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. 1930-kalile american rashtreeya idathupakshathinte yaadhaasthithikathayil nilaninnirunna maarksisathinteyum niraashayudeyum lalithavalkkarikkappetta shakthiyodulla trillinginte prathikaranamaayi liberal bhavana kaanaan kazhiyum, soviyatt yooniyante janakeeya munnaniyaan ettavum mikacha udaaharanam, upanyaasangaliloode svayam "budhijeevikalude prathinidhi manushyan" ennu avatharippichu."theerchayaayum, newyork budhijeevikal oru soviyatt kammyoonisathil ninnu sakthamaaya staalinist virudha saamskaarika munnaniyilekkulla vazhithirivile oru pradhana pooyintaayi" "liberal bhavana" "vaayikkam". udaaramaaya bhavana" yile staalinist virudha prathyaaghaathangal nilanilkkunnath trilling kuraykkunnathinum lalithamaakkunnathinum chittappedutthiya prathyayashaasthra chinthakalkkumethire oru vimarsanaathmaka nilapad vyakthamaakkunna reethikalilaan.
oru pothu budhijeeviyenna nilayil thante sthaanam vikasippichedutha trillinginte kariyarile nirnaayaka nimishamaayi "liberal imaajineshan" prasidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. sankeernathayude prathinidhiyenna nilayil, trilling, baadhakamaaya vaayana sidhaanthathinu pakaram, raashtreeyam, samskaaram, saahityam ennivayude vimarsanaathmaka vishakalanathinte adisthaanamaayi varthikkaan oru "prathyeka manobhaavam" vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. ennaal, eathu tharatthilulla raashtreeyamo samoohamo aanu thaan vibhavanam cheiyunnathennu addeham prakadippicha avyakthathayil, thaan nirddeshikkunna vimarsanaathmaka maanasikaavasthayude saadhyamaaya phalangal addeham thurannukaattunnu; orupakshe thante kopatthinte yukthisahamaya nigamanam aazhathilulla yaadhaasthithikathayaanennu trillinginu ithinakam ariyaamaayirunnathukondaa ithu.
liberal bhavana" prasidheekarichathinu sheshamulla varshangalil, communist virudharum boudhika idathupakshathinte kuraykkunna swabhaavathekkurichu samshayikkunnavarumaaya liberal budhijeevikalude vishalamaaya "yaadhaasthithika vazhithirivine" trilling soochippichu. koodaathe, trillinginte boudhika avakaashikalil palarilum irving kristtol, norman podhoretts thudangiya pramukha navaa-yaadhaasthithikar ulppedunnu. saahithyathinte kaaryatthil, oru ezhuthukaaranu thante samskaarathinte saaramsham ulkkollaan kazhiyunna "liberal bhavana" yill avatharippikkunna vaayanaareeti, 1940-kalkkum 1970-kalkkum idayil koleju paatapusthakangalil ninnu american ezhuthukaare kurachathinte yuktiyum irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil american saahitya paatyapadhathiyil vyapakamaaya "daarunamaaya kaazhchappaad" ennathil vardhicha navaa-yaadhaasthithika shradhayum nalki.

