
anthaaraashtra niyamathile adimatham

anthaaraashtra niyamathile adimatham niyanthrikkunnath niravadhi udambadikal, kanvenshanukal, prakhyapanangal ennivayaanu. ivayil ettavum pradhanam article 4 ll prasthaavikkunna "manushyaavakaashangalekkuri saarvathrika prakhyapanam" (1948) aannu "aareyum adimathathilo adimathathilo aakkarut, adimatham athinte ellah roopangalilum illaathaakkanam."
anthaaraashtra niyama samrakshanangal.
adimathathil ninnulla samrakshanam adimatha kanvenshanil aavarthikkunnu. adimatham nirthalaakkunnathinulla oopshanal protocolum poura, rashtreeya avakaashangalkkaayulla anthaaraashtra udambadiyum (aii. sii. sii. pii. aarr) ithine badhikkunnu. manushyavakaasha samiti bharikkunna aii. sii. sii. pii. aarinu adimathathinte ippozhathe saahacharyangal anthaaraashtra thalatthil nireekshikkaanulla utharavaadithamundu.
adimathathinte charitraparamaaya nirmarjanam.
1807-leeii grettu brittante adimatha niyamam nirthalaakkunnathil nirmmaarjjanavaadathinu verukalundu. eee mekhalayile pala academic vidagtharum ithu parambaraagatha adimatha roopamaaya charakk adimathathinte avasaanathinte thudakkamaayi kaanunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil brittan athinte kolanikal vazhi lokathinte bhooribhaagavum niyanthrichu. thathfalamaayi, adimatham nirthalaakkunnathinaayi eee niyamam paasaakkiyukond britiish paarlament athinte bhooribhaagam kolanikalilum adimatham nirthalaakki. 
pathiv reethiyil, pathonpathaam noottaandinu munbu adimathathil ninnulla swaathanthryangal "adichamarthalilum svechaadhipathyathilum ninnulla swaathanthryam" enna padaprayogatthin keezhil kandethaam."adimatham ennathu oru vyakthiye mattoraalkk poornnamaayum poornnamaayum samarppikkunnathinulla oru vyavasthayaayathinaal, palappozhum adimathathinu mail udamayude shaktiyo adhikaaramo prayogikkunnathiloode," "adichamarthalil ninnum svechaadhipathyathil ninnumulla swaathanthryam" "enna vaachakam adimathathil ninnulla swaathanthryathinulla avakaashathe krithyamaayi ulkkollunnu". 
american aikyanaadukalude swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam, manushyanteyum pouranteyum avakaashangalekkurichulla franch prakhyapanam, aafrikkan manushyavakaasha charter, dakshinaafrikkayude bharanaghadana ennivayellaam manushyar svechaadhipathyathil ninnum adichamarthalil ninnum muktharayirikkanam enna ashayam avatharippikkunnu. eee rekhakal ezhuthappettathinushesham chila rajyangalil adimatham thudarnnu-athaayath, 1865-ll pathimoonnaam bhedagathi sweekarikkunnathuvare adimatham thudarunna america-eee avakaashathinte adisthaana maanadandam nilavilundu. parambaraagatha aachaarathiloodeyum adimatham nirmarjanam cheiyunnathiloodeyum anthaaraashtra samooham oro vyakthikkum adimathathil ninnu muktharakaanulla avakasham sweekarichu.
adimatha udambadi.
anthaaraashtra samooham adimatham nirthalaakkaanulla aadyathe valia thothilulla neekkam 1926-ll adimatha kanvenshanilum 1957-ll anubandha kanvenshan adhikaarathil vannappozhum vannu. 1926leeii adimatha kanvenshan adimathathekkurichulla aadyathe anthaaraashtra nirvachanam nalkunnu
eee rekha adimathathinu vyakthamaaya nirvachanam nalkunnundengilum athinte nirvachanam athil ulppedunna adimathathinte tharangalil parimithamaanu. pakaram, ithu charakk adimathathe vivarikkunnu, 18,19 noottaandukalil amerikkayil thotta adimatham ennu saadhaaranayaayi manassilaakkappedunnu, charakk adimatham ganyamaayi kooduthal vyaapakamaayirunnuvenkil oru rajyath maathram parimithappedutthiyittilla. ekkaaranathaalaanu adimathathekkurichulla 1956leeii anubandha kanvenshan oppuvachathu. kadabadhyatha, adimatham, allengil oru sthreek panam nalki vaagdaanam cheyyappedukayo vivaham nalkappedukayo cheiyunna eathoru sambradaayavum, vivaham nirasikkanulla avakaashamillaathathum, oru sthreeyude bharthaavinu avale mattoru vyakthikk kaimaran avakashamullathum, bharthaavinte maranashesham oru sthree mattoraalkk anantharaavakaashamaayi labhikkaan baadhyasthayaayathum, allengil 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla oru kutty avante allengil avalude adhvaanathinaayi chooshanam cheyyappedunna eathenkilum sambradaayavum adimathathinu kooduthal samagramaya nirvachanam nalkunnu. adimathathekkurichulla 1956leeii anubandha kanvenshan 1957 epril 30nuu praabalyatthil varikayum 2002ll 97 samsthaanangal kanvenshanil pankaalikalaakukayum cheythu.
adimathathekkurichulla anthaaraashtra nirvachanam nalkunnathil adimatha kanvenshanum athinte anubandha rekhayum prayojanakaramaanu; ennirunnaalum, eee rekhakalkku pinnil kaaryamaaya nadappakkalukalonnumilla. anthaaraashtra samoohathinte sahakaranathode nadatthiya prakhyapanangalum aavashyamenkil aikyaraashtrasabhayude sahaayathode kanvenshanu anusrithamaayi oppuvachavar avarude deseeya niyamangal parishkkarikkumenna karaarukalum randum aanenkilum, kanvenshan anusarikkaan oppittavarkk prachodanam nalkunna anantharafalangalonnum rund rekhakalilum vivarichittilla.
manushyavakaasha samiti.
1976 march 23nuu praabalyatthil vanna pouraavakaasha rashtreeya avakashangal sambandhicha anthaaraashtra udambadiyaanu (aii. sii. sii. pii. aarr) manushyavakaasha samitiye niyanthrikkunnath. eee udambadiyude article 8 iprakaaram prasthaavikkunnu "aareyum adimathathil acan paadilla; adimathavum ellah roopathilumulla adimakkachavadavum nirodhikkappedum. aareyum adimakalaakkaruthu. aarum balaprayogamo nirbandhitha adhvaanamo nadathendathilla."aii. sii. sii. pii. aarr naalam bhaagath adimathathil ninnulla swaathanthryam uyarthippidikkaanulla samsthaanangalude kadamakal roopappeduthunnu. udambadiyude avakashangal engane nadappaakkunnu ennathinekkurichu ellah samsthaanangalum samithikk pathivayi reportukal samarppikkendathundu. oru samsthaanathinte prarambha report udambadi amgeekarichu oru varshathinullil aayirikkanam, athinusesham, samiti oru report aavashyappedumbozhellaam (saadhaaranayaayi oro naalu varshathilum). reportukal samarppikkunnathinupuram, udambadiyude article 41 samithikk antharsamsthaana paraathikal pariganikkaan anuvadikkunnu, koodaathe, udambadiyude aadya oopshanal protocol kammittikk samsthaana kakshikal udambadiyude lamghanangalumaayi bandhapetta vyakthigatha paraathikal anweshikkaanulla sheshi nalkunnu.
adimathathekkurichulla nireekshanangal.
maalii.
praabalyatthil vannathinushesham, manushyavakaasha samiti niravadhi raajyangalile adimathathinte vyavasthakalekkurichu abhipraayappedukayum adimatham nirthalaakkaan engane munnott pookanam ennathinekkurichu eee raajyangalkk shupaarshakal nalkukayum cheythu. rajyath adimatham polulla aachaarangalum paarambarya adimathavum sambandhicha reportukalkku marupadiyaayi samsthaana party vyakthamaaya nadapadiyedutthittillena samiti abhiprayappettu. ithu amgeekarikkunnathil, adimathathinte eee vyavasthakal ippozhum nilanilkkunnundo ennum avar nadapadiyedukkunnundo ennum nirnnayikkaan samsthaanam gaveshanam nadathanamennu samiti shupaarsha cheythu. kuttikal nirbandhitha thozhilinu vidheyamaakukayum adimathathinu vidheyamaakukayum cheytha kottu dii ivoyarilekku kuttikale kadathunnathinekkurichu aashankakalum samiti shradhichu. eee prathibhaasathinu marupadiyaayi, eee traafikkinte kuttavaalikale prosecute cheyyaan mallion sarkkar nadapadikal sweekarikkanamennum samiti vishakalanathinayi eee saahacharyathekkurichulla kooduthal krithyamaaya vishadaamshangal gaveshanam cheyyanamennum samiti shupaarsha cheythu.
kosovoyile aikyaraashtrasabhayude idakkaala bharana dauthyathinu keezhilaanu serbia.
praadeshika munisippal kosovo albanian bharanakoodatthinum kosovo bharanathile aikyaraashtrasabhayude idakkaala bharana dauthyathinum keezhil serbia kosovo bhaagath sthreekaludeyum kuttikaludeyum kadathu saahacharyangal kammitti nireekshichu, eee pravartthanangalile kuttavaalikal shikshikkappedaathe pookunnu enna anubandha reportukal. kosovoyile (anmik) idakkaala bharana dauthyam svayambharana sthaapanangalumaayi (pii. aii. ezz. jii) sahakarichu eee kuttakrithyangalekkurichu mathiyaya anweshanam nadakkunnundennum erakalkku abhibhaashakar, aarogya pariraksha, mattu tharatthilulla sahayam enniva labhyamaanenn urappakkanamennum samiti shupaarsha cheythu.
norway.
manushyavakaasha samiti norwayile kallakkadathu nireekshichu. munbu nirddeshicha muun anukoola nadapadikal norway sweekarichittundennu ivide kammitti thirichariyunnu; ennirunnaalum, manushyakkadathu, prathyekichu sthreekal, sthree jananendria vichedanam ennivayekkurichu ippozhum reportukal undennu athu shradhikkunnu. achaarangal illaathaakkunnathinum irakaleyum saakshikaleyum samrakshikkunnathinum kooduthal nadapadikal sweekarikkanamennu samiti shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
anthaaraashtra niyamathinu keezhilulla aadhunika adimatham.
kadabadhyatha.
kadabadhyathayaanu innu adimathathinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya roopam. oru vyakthi "panatthinte vaaypaykku pakaram svayam panayam vaykkunna oru vyavasthayaanithu, ennaal sevanathinte dairkhyavum swabhaavavum nirvachikkappettitla, koodaathe thozhil yadhaartha kadam kuraykkilla.kadabadhyatha adimathathekkurichulla 1956 leeii anubandha kanvenshanu keezhil adimathathinte oru roopamaayi ulppeduthukayum nirvachikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, athinte niravadhi aadhunika roopangalil panayappanam, pyoonej, thozhilaallikalude kadam enniva ulppedunnu. indiayil 1976 muthal kadabadhyatha niyamavirudhamaanu; ennirunnaalum, rajyath vyapakamaaya daaridryam kaaranam, oru purushanu vivaham, shavasamskaram, marunnu, valam allengil pizha ennivaykku vaaypa aavashyamaayi vannekkaamennathinaal athu nilanilkkunnu. eee kadangalude palisha nirakk valare uyarnnathinaal, kadangal palappozhum paarambaryamaayi labikkukayum kuttikal avarude achanmaareyo sahodarangaleyo maattisthaapikkukayum cheyyum. kwari, paravatani nirmmaanam, krishi, malsyabandhanam thudangiya prathyeka vyavasayangalkkum kadabadhyatha undakam, avide upakaranangaludeyum vitharanangaludeyum vila avaa adaykkaan vaaypa aavasyamulla thozhilaalliyude mail varum.
nirbandhitha veshyaavrithi.
nirbandhitha veshyaavrithiyum laingika adimathavum eee charitraparamaaya kuttakrithyatthinte samakaalika prakadanangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu lokathil evideyum kaanam. mechappetta jeevitam vaagdaanam cheyth sthreekal palappozhum vanchanayilo balaprayogatthilo kudungukayum balaprayogatthilo kadabaadhyathayilo kudungikkidakkukayum cheiyunnu. nirbandhitha vivaahathe adimathathinte oru roopamaayi kanakkakkaam, prathyekichu vadhuvinu vivaham nirasikkaan avakaashamo avasaramo illaathappol. chainayil vyapakamaaya oru prathibhasamaaya penkuttikale vadukkalaayi vilkkunnathinaayi thattikkondupokunnathum eee tharatthilulla vivaham kaaranamakum. orikkal vivaham kazhichu balaalsangam cheyyappetta penkuttikale palappozhum oru kutty undaakunnathuvare poottukayum thacol adachu vekkukayum cheiyunnu, aaa samayat avar avarude kutty upekshikkaan aagrahikkaathathinaal avar pookaanulla saadhyatha kuravaayirikkum.
baala adimatham.
baala adimatham oru samakaalika adimatha roopamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu athu baala adimatham enthaanennathinekkurichu charchakalumaayaanu varunnath. ennirunnaalum, baala veshyaavrithi vyaapakamaayi adimathathinte oru roopamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athil kooduthalum thekkukizhakkan eshya, dakshineshya, laattin america ennividangalil ninnulla kuttikale "avar niralambar aayathinal, bhakshanam nalkaan valareyadhikam vaaya ullathinaal allengil athyagrahamullavaraayathukonda maathaapithaakkal vilkkunnu". maruvashathu, baala veshyaavrithiyude chila kesukalil, maathaapithaakkal thangalude kuttikale kadathukaarude kayyil vittukodukkumbol, avarude kutty nalla panam sambaadikkumennum vidyaabhyaasam nedumennum oru vyapaaram padikkumennum vishwasikkaan avar vanchikkappedunnu.
nirbandhitha thozhil.
swantham prajakale nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkukayum kuranjatho shambalamillaathatho aaya vividha samayathekku jolie cheyyaan avare prerippikkukayum cheiyunna" sarkkaarukalkk nirbandhitha thozhil adichelppikkaanum kazhiyum. athupole, swakaarya, pothu vyavasaayangalude ulppaadanachelavu kuraykkunnathinu nirbandhitha thozhilaallikale upayogikkaam (udha.jii. coco thottangal), allengil swakaarya mekhalayile swamedhayaa ulla adimathathinte oru roopamaakaam-swetshoppukal. orupakshe oru varkshoppilo factoryilo thozhil urappunalkunna karaarukal vaagdaanam cheiyunna, ennaal thozhilaallikale avarude thozhil sthalathekku kondupokumbol avare adimakalaakkiyathaayi avar kandethunna, itharathilulla adimathathe karar adimathamaayi bails soochippikkunnu...adimatham niyamaanusrithavum aavashyamullathumaanennu thonnaanulla oru maargamaanith ".

