vedangal

purathana indiayil ninnu uthbhavicha mathagrandhangalude oru valia koottamaanu vedangal (allengil,,). vaidika samskrithathil rachicha eee grandhangal samskritha saahithyathile ettavum pazhaya paaliyum hindu mathatthile ettavum pazhaya vedagrandhangalumaanu.
rigvedam, yajurvedam, saamaveda, atharvveda enningane naalu vedangalundu. oro vedathinum naalu upavibhaagangalund-samhithakal (manthrangalum anugrahangalum), aaranyakangal (achaarangal, chadangukal, thyagangal, pratheekathmaka thyagangal ennivayekkurichulla paatam), brahmanangal (achaarangal, chadangukal, thyagangal ennivayekkurichulla vyaakhyaanangal), upanishathukal (dhyanam, thathwachintha, athmeeya arivu ennivayekkurichu charcha cheiyunna grandhangal). chila pandithanmaar anchaamathe vibhaagam cherkkunnu-upasana (aaradhana). upanishathukalude grandhangal paarambaryethara "shramana" paarambaryangalkku samanamaaya ashayangal charcha cheiyunnu.
vedangal '(' kelkkunnathu ') aanu, avaye' ('ormmikkunnathu') ennu vilikkunna mattu mathagrandhangalil ninnu verthirikkunnu. hindukkal vedangale "apourushya" ennu kanakkakkunnu, athaayath "manushyantethalla, amaanushikan", "aalmaaraattamillatha, aadhikaarikanallaatha", theevramaaya dhyaanathinu sesham purathana munimar ketta vishudha shabdangaludeyum grandhangaludeyum velippeduthalukal.
bii. sii. iii. randaam sahasraabdam muthal vipulamaaya oormmappeduthal saankethikavidyakalude sahaayathode vedangal vaamozhiyayi kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. vedangalude ettavum pazhaya bhagamaaya manthrangal aadhunika yugathil avayude shabdashaasthrathinu pakaram avayude shabdashaasthrathinaayi paarayanam cheyyappedunnu, avaa avar paraamarsikkunna roopangalkku munbulla "srishtiyude aadima thaalangalaayi" kanakkaakkappedunnu. avaa paarayanam cheiyunnathiloode prapancham punarujjeevippikkappedu, "srishtiyude roopangale avayude adithattil sajeevamaakkukayum poshippikkukayum cheiyunnu."
vividha indian thathwachinthakalum hindu vibhaagangalum vedangalekkurichu vyathyastha nilapaadukal sweekarichittundu. vedangalude praadhaanyamo praadhamika adhikaaramo amgeekarikkunna indian thathwachinthayude schoolukal hindu thathwachintha ulkkollunnu, avaye orumichu aarr "yaadhaasthithika" (aasthika) skoolukalaayi tharamthirickunnu. ennirunnaalum, vedangale aadhikaarikamaayi kanakkaakkaatha charvaka, ajeevika, budhamatham, jainamatham thudangiya shramana paarambaryangale "heterodox" allengil "noonn-oorthoodoox" (naasthika) schoolukal ennu vilikkunnu.
padaprayogavum upayogavum.
arivu, njaanam' enna samskritha vaakk 'vidh-' enna vakkil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. kaanuka" allengil "ariyuka" ennartham varunna "proto-indo-europian root" ll ninnu uruthirinjathaayi ithu punarnirmmikkappedunnu."
proto-indo-europian' ennathil ninnu greak bhashayil 'vasham', 'roopam' ennathilekku kognettu cheythathaanu eee namam. ithu greak bhashayil "(dablyu) oyida" "enikku ariyaam" ennathinu thulyamaaya "onnum moonnum vyakthikalude ekavachanamaaya thikanja kaala" maayi thettidharikkaruthu. greak ιδέα, engleesh "vitt" muthalaayavayaan root kognettukal., laattin "viidiyoo" "njaan kaanunnu", "jarmman" visen "" arian "muthalaayava.
oru pothu naamamenna nilayil" enna samskritha padatthinte ardham "arivu" ennaanu. rigveda" thinte sthuthigeethamaaya "aii. dii. 1" polulla chila sandarbhangalil "sambathum swathum neduka allengil kandethuka" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, mattu chila sandarbhangalil choolayilo aachaaraparamaaya theeyilo ullathupole "oru koottam pullu" ennaanu ardham.
dakshinenthyayude chila bhaagangalil vedangale "maaray" allengil "vaaymoli" ennu vilikkunnu. maraay ennaal aksharaarthatthil "maranjirikkunna, rahasyamulla, nigoodamaaya" ennaanu ardham. ennaal tholkkappyathil paraamarshichirikkunna thamizh naan maraay samskritha vedangalalla. dakshinenthyayude chila bhaagangalil (udha.jii. ayyankaar samudaayangal), vedam enna vaakk alwar vishudharude thamizh rachanakalil upayogikkunnu. atharam rachanakalil naalayira divya prabandham (thiruvaymoli) ulppedunnu.
vedagrandhangal.
vaidika samskritha corpus.
vedagrandhangal" enna padam rund vyathyastha ardhangalil upayogikkunnu
vaidika samskritha grandhangalude corpusil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
vedakaalakhattam avasaanichathode braahmanarudeyum aaranyakarudeyum uthppaadanam avasaanichappol, vaidikakaalakhattam avasaanichathinusesham adhika upanishathukal rachikkapettu. braahmanar, aaranyakar, upanishathukal ennivar, mattu karyangalkkoppam, samboornna (brahman), aathmaav allengil aathmaav (aathmaav) thudangiya amoortha ashayangal paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinaayi daarshanikavum roopakaparavumaaya vazhikalil samhithakale vyaakhyaanikkukayum charcha cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, pilkkala hindumathathinte pradhana pravanathakalilonnaya vedanta thathwachintha avatharippikkunnu. mattu bhaagangalil, yadhaartha thyagam muthal pratheekathmaka thyagam vareyum upanishathukalile aathmeeyatha vareyum aashayangalude parinamam avaa kaanikkunnu. ithu aadhi sankaraneppolulla pilkkala hindu pandithanmaare oro vedatheyum "karmma-kaanda" (karma-khandu, pravartthanam/thyaga-aachaarangalumaayi bandhapetta vibhagangal, "samhithakal", "brahmanangal"); "njaana-kaanda" (njaana-khandu, arivu/aathmeeyathayumaayi bandhapetta vibhagangal, pradhaanamaayum upanishathukal) enningane tharamthirikkaan prachodippichu.
sruthiyum smrithiyum.
vedangal '(' kelkkunnathu ') aanu, avaye' ('ormmikkunnathu') ennu vilikkunna mattu mathagrandhangalil ninnu verthirikkunnu. eee thaddesheeya vargeekarana sambradaayam maiks mullar sweekarichu, ithu chila charchakalkku vidheyamaanengilum, ithu ippozhum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. axel michaels vishadeekarikkunnathu polen
vedamum avaa ulchertha grandhangalum-samhithakal, upanishathukal, braahmanar, aaranyakar enniva parakke ariyappedunna shruthikalil ulppedunnu. bhagavadgeetha, bhagavatha puraanam, raamaayana, mahabharata ennee ithihaasangal enniva ariyappedunna smrithikalil ulppedunnu.
rachayithaav.
hindukkal vedangale "apourushya" aayi kanakkakkunnu, athaayath "manushyantethalla, amaanushikan", "aalmaaraattamillatha, rachayithaavillaathavan"."yaadhaasthithika indian daivashaasthranjare sambandhichidatholam, theevramaaya dhyaanathinu sesham purathana munimar kanda velippeduthalukalaayum purathana kaalam muthal kooduthal shradhaapoorvvam samrakshikkappetta grandhangalaayum vedangal kanakkaakkappedunnu. hindu ithihaasamaaya "mahabharata" thil vedangalude srishtiyude bahumati brahmaavineyaan. oru marappanikkaaran oru ratham nirmmikkunnathupole, prachodithamaaya sargaathmakathaykku sesham "rishimaaraanu" (munimar) thangale naipunyathode srishtichathennu veda sthothrangal thanne avakaashappedunnu.
rigvedathinte ettavum pazhakkam chenna bhagam "samhita" vadakkupadinjaaran indiayil (panchab) bisi 1500 num 1200 num idayil vaamozhiyayi rachikkappettappol rigvedathinte 10-aamm pusthakavum mattu samhithakalum bisi 1200 num 900 num idayil kooduthal kizhakode, yamunaykkum gangaanadikkum idayil, aaryavarthathinteyum kuru raajyathinteyum hridayabhoomiyaayi (sii. 1200-sii. bii. sii. iii. 900). sarkkam-vaidika" grandhangalum samhithakalude punarnirmmanavum sii vareyullathaanu. 1000-500 bce.
paarambaryamanusarichu, naalu tharam "manthrangale" naalu "samhithakalayi (shekharangal) krameekaricha vedangalude samaahaaramaan" vyaasam ".
kaalaganana, prakshepanam, vyaakhyaanam.
kaalakramam.
vedangal ettavum pazhakkam chenna vishudha grandhangalil onnaanu. rigveda samhithayude bhooribhaagavum indian upabhookhandathile vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayilaanu (panchab) rachichathu, mikkavarum bisi 1500 num 1200 num idayil, ennirunnaalum bceyude vishalamaaya ekadesha kanakkukalum nalkiyittundu. mattu moonnu samhithakal ekadesham bce kuroo saamraajyathinte kaalam muthalullathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. sarkkam-vaidika" grandhangalum samhithakalude punarnirmmanavum sii vareyullathaanu. bce randaam sahasraabdathinte madhyam muthal onnaam sahasraabdathinte madhyam vare, allengil venkalayugathinte avasaanavum irumbukaalavum vare vyaapichukidakkunna oru veda kaalaghattatthinte falamaayi bce.
manthragrandhangalude rachanaykk sesham maathramaan vedakaalakhattam athinte unnathiyilethunnathu, utharenthyayiludaneelam vividha shaakhakal sthaapikkappedukayum avaa mantra samhithakale avayude ardhathekkurichulla braahmana charchakaliloode vyaakhyaanikkukayum budhanteyum paaniniyudeyum kaalaghattatthilum mahaajanapadangalude (puraavasthushaasthraparamaayi, vadakkan karutha poolish cheytha vasthukkal) uyarchayilum athinte avasaanathilethukayum cheythu. maikkal vitsel sii enna samayaparidhi nalkunnu. 1500 muthal sii. 500-400 bce. bii. sii. iii. pathinalam noottaandile kizhakkan mitaanni metteeriyalinekkurich vitsel prathyeka paramarsham nadathunnu, ithu rigveda kaalaghattatthinte samakaalika intho-aaryante eaka shilashasana rekhayaanu. addeham 150 bii. sii. iii. (pathanjali) ellah vaidika samskritha saahityathinum oru avasaanasthaanavum 1200 bii. sii. iii. (aadyakaala irumbu yugam) atharvvavedathinte avasaanasthaanavum nalkunnu.
transmission.
vedangalude rachana muthal aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi vedangal vaamozhiyayi kaimaattam cheyyappettirunnu. pithaavil ninnu makanilekko adhyapakanil ninnu ("guru") vidyaarthiyilekko ("shishya") oru "sambradaayam" enna vaakkalulla paarambaryathiloodeyaanu vedangalude aadhikaarika kaimaattam, aadima shabdangal ketta vaidika "rishimaaraanu" thudakkamittathenn vishwasikkappedunnu. jeevichirikkunna oru adhyaapakan ulkkollunna eee paarambaryatthinu maathrame shabdangalude sariyaaya uchaaranam padippikkaanum maranjirikkunna ardhangal vishadeekarikkaanum kazhiyoo, "marichathum shavakudeerathilullathumaaya kaiyezhuthuprathi" kku cheyyaan kazhiyaatha vidhathil. leela prasad prasthaavikkunnathupole, "shankarante abhipraayathil," sariyaaya paarambaryatthinu "(" sambradaayam ") likhitha shaasthram pole thanne adhikaaramund", paarambaryatthinu "arivinte prayogatthil vyakthatha varuthaanum dishaabodham nalkaanum adhikaaramundenn vishadeekarikkunnu."
eee prakshepanatthil oonnal nalkunnathu, oru veda paaraayanatthil ucharikkunnathupole shabdathinte vedaamgamaaya (veda patanam), "vedashabdangalude sariyaaya uchaaranathinum uchaaranathinum" aanu, grandhangalil "aksharaarthatthil munnottum pinnotum poornnamaayum shabda reethiyil praaveenyam neduka."vedagrantha paarambaryatthe kevalam vaakkaalullathaayi visheshippikkaan kazhiyillennu hooban rathum shradhikkunnu", kaaranam ithu oru oormma samskaaratheyum ganyamaayi aasrayichirikkunnu."pathinonnu vyathyastha reethikalil paadangal oormmikkuka ('pathangal'), aksharamalaye oru nirmmaathru saankethika upakaranamaayi upayogikkuka, shaareerika chalanangalumayi (thalayaattunnath polullava) prathyeka shabdangalumaayi poruthappedutthuka, oru groupil japikkuka, mudrakal (kaii chinnangal) upayogichu shabdangal drishyavalkkarikkuka thudangiya vipulamaaya nirmmitha saankethikavidyakalude sahaayathode vedangal krithyathayode samrakshikkappettu. ithu oru adhika drishya sthireekaranavum kelkkaavunna maarggangalkk purame prekshakarude vaayanayude samagratha parishodhikkunnathinulla oru ithara maarggavum nalki. pothuvarsham onnaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil rachanayude varavinu munbu grandhangal vaamozhiyayi kaimaattam cheyyappettappol purathana indiayil sakthamaaya oru "oormma samskaaram" nilaninnirunnuvennu hooban rathum shradhikkunnu. staal parayunnathanusarichu, "saksharatha vaakkaalullathinekkaal vishwasaneeyamaaya" nalla vaatt sidhaanthathe vimarshikkunna eee "vaakkalulla prakshepanatthinte paarambaryam" indian shaasthra roopangalumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan ", koodaathe thaarathamyena sameepakaalathe ezhuthu prakshepana paarambaryathekkaal" valare sradheyamaanu ".
vedamaarude vaakkukalude ardham ("vedathanjjaana" allengil "ardha-bodha") vedapadanathinte bhaagamaayirunnuvenn mookarji manassilaakkiyappol, "samhithakalude" prakshepanatthil oonnal shabdangalude ("shabda") shabdashaasthrathilaanenna holdrej, mattu indologistukal ennivar abhipraayappettittund, allathe manthrangalude ardhathilalla ("ardha"). veda kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode thanne avayude yadhaartha ardham "saadhaaranakkaarkku" avyakthamaayitheerukayum niravadhi samskritha padangalude yadhaartha ardham samrakshikkunnathinum vyakthamakkunnathinumaayi "nirukthakal" enna padavyuthpatthi samuchayam vikasippikkukayum cheythu. sthaalamanusarich, holdrej paraamarshikkunnathupole, manthrangalkk oru samvaadaathmaka ardhamundengilum, veda achaarangalil manthrangal paarayanam cheyyumbol avaa avayude yadhaartha pashchaathalatthil ninnu verpeduthappedukayum avayude ardhavumaayi cheriyatho onnumillaathatho aaya reethiyil upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu."manthrangalude vaakkukal" "svayam pavitramaanu", "bhashaaparamaaya uchaaranangalalla"."pakaram, clostermayer soochippikkunnathu pole, veda achaarangalil avaa prayogikkumbol avaa maanthrika shabdangalaayi maarunnu", athaayath avasaanam."braahmanareyum upanishathukaleyum kurichulla vyaakhyaanangalude ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi manthrangalude ardhathekkurichu viralamaaya vyaakhyaanangalundennu holdrej rekhappeduthunnu, ennaal "vivechanaathmaka ardhathinu oonnal nalkaathathinaal avaa ardhashoonyamaanennu ardhamaakkunnilla."braahmana veekshanakonil, shabdangalkku avarudethaaya ardhamundu, manthrangal avar paraamarsikkunna roopangalkku munbulla" "srishtiyude aadima thaalangalaayi" kanakkaakkappedunnu ". avaa paarayanam cheiyunnathiloode prapancham punarujjeevippikkappedu, "srishtiyude roopangale avayude adithattil sajeevamaakkukayum poshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. shabdangalude vishudhi samrakshikkunnidatholam kaalam, avayude charchaavishayamaaya ardham manushyarkk manassilaakunnundo ennathu pariganikkathe thanne "manthrangal" paarayanam cheiyunnathu falapradamaayirikkum."pilkkala vaidika grandhangal achaarangal pravarthichathinte kaaranangalekkurichu aazhathilulla dhaarana thedi", braahmana samoohangal padanatthe oru "" daaranayude prakriya "" aayi kanakkakkiyathaayi ithu soochippikkunnu "."
mourya kaalaghattatthil budhamathatthinte uyarchaykku sesham, orupakshe bisi onnaam noottaandil yajurvedathinte kanwa punarnirmmaanatthil orupakshe aadyakaalathe, oru saahitya paarambaryam vedaananthara kaalaghattatthil kandethanakum; ennirunnaalum vaakkalulla prakshepana paarambaryam sajeevamaayi thudarnnu. vaakkalulla prakshepanathodoppam saksharathayulla samskaarathinte mukhamudrakalum vedangal vahikkunnundennu nigamanam cheythukondu jacq goody oru munkaala saahitya paarambaryatthinaayi vaadichuvenkilum goodiyude kaazhchappaadukale phack, lopez juuniyar shakthamayi vimarsichittundu. staal, avarkk kurachu pinthunayum labhichittund.
vedangal bii. sii. iii. iii sesham maathramaan ezhuthappettathu, ennaal shabdangalude krithyamaaya uchaaranathin oonnal nalkunnathinaal vaamozhiyayi kaimaattam cheyyappedunna grandhangal maathrame aadhikaarikamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnulla. bisi onnaam sahasraabdathinte avasaanathode vedagrandhangal ezhuthaanulla sramangal parajayappettuvennum athinte falamaayi vedangal ezhuthunnathu vyakthamaayi nirodhikkunna "smrithi" niyamangal undayathaayum vitsel abhipraayappedunnu. kayyezhuthuprathikalude (birch puramtholi allengil eenthappana elakal) shanikamaaya swabhaavam kaaranam, avasheshikkunna kayyezhuthuprathikal apoorvvamaayi maathrame noorukanakkinu varshangal kaviyunnulloo. sambarnanand samskritha sarvakalaashaalayude pakkal pathinalam noottaandile oru rigveda kayyezhuthuprathi undu; ennirunnaalum, pathinonnam noottaand muthalulla niravadhi pazhaya veda kayyezhuthuprathikal neppaalilundu.
vaidika patanam.
vedangal, veda achaarangal, vedangal ennu vilikkappedunna anubandha shaasthrangal enniva thakshashila, nalanda, vikramashila thudangiya purathana sarvakalaashaalakalile paatyapadhathiyude bhaagamaayirunnu. deshpande parayunnathanusarichu, "samskritha vyaakarananjarude paarambaryavum vedagrandhangalude samrakshanathinum vyaakhyaanathinum ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki."yaska (sii. 4). bce) manthrangalude ardham nashtappedunnathinekkuru aashankakale prathifalippikkunna "niruktha" ezhuthi, athesamayam paanini (4-aamm sii. bce) vyakarana paarambaryatthil nilanilkkunna ettavum pradhanappetta grandhamaanu "ashtadhyaayi". mimamsa pandithan sayana (sii. 14). ce) pradhana "vedarthaprakaasham" ennathu vedangalekkurichulla oru apoorva vyaakhyaanamaanu, ithu samakaalika pandithanmaarum paraamarsikkunnu.
purathana daaranaye prathifalippikkunna yaskavum sayana, vedathe "daivangalekkurichulla sathyam", "dharmam", "parabrahman" enningane moonnu tharatthil vyaakhyaanikkaamennu prasthaavikkunnu."aachaarangalumaayi bandhapetta vedathinte bhagamaaya" "poorvva-kaanda" "(allengil" "karmma-kaanda" ") namukk samthrupthi nalkunna" "dharmmathe" "kurichulla arivu nalkunnu"."paramaayathinekkurichulla arivumaayi bandhapetta vedathinte bhagamaaya" "uthara-kaanda" "(allengil" "njaana-kaanda" ") nammude ellah aagrahangalum niravettunna" "parabrahma" "yekkurichulla arivu nalkunnu"."holdrej anusarichu," "karmma-kaanda" "yude vakthaakkale sambandhichidatholam vedam" "manushyarude manassilum hridayathilum oormmappeduthaliloodeyum paaraayanatthiloodeyum alekhanam cheyyanam", "athesamayam" "njaana-kaanda" "thinteyum dhyaanathinteyum vakthaakkalkk vedangal oru ateendriya yaadhaarthyam prakadippikkunnu, athu nigooda maargangaliloode sameepikkaan kazhiyum".
vedapadanathil samhithakalude "vyaakhyaanathekkaal paaraayanatthinu munganana nalkiyittundu" ennu holdrej rekhappeduthunnu. oru mimamsa pandithanaaya sayana, "vedathe praayogika aachaaraparamaaya upayogathilekku parisheelippikkendathum praaveenyam nedendathumaaya onnaayi kanakkakkunnu", "manthrangalude ardhamalla ettavum pradhaanamenn galvics prasthaavikkunnu...] ennaal avarude shabda roopathil thikanja praaveenyam."galvixinte abhipraayathil, yanjam nadathunnathinulla" "ardha" "thaayi vedathinte uddeshyathe (" "ardha" ") sayana kandu, ithu" "yajurvedathinu" "munganana nalkunnu". sayana sambandhichidatholam, manthrangalkk ardhamundo ennathu avayude praayogika upayogathinte pashchaathalatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. vaidagdhyam nedaanum avatharippikkanum kazhiyunna oru shekharamenna nilayil vedathekkurichulla eee sangalpam, aantharika ardhathekkaalum "sthuthigeethangalude svayambharana sandeshathekkaalum" munganana nalkunnu."mikka shroutha aachaarangalum aadhunika kaalaghattatthil nadakkaarilla, avaa apoorvamaanu.
rigvedathilum sayanayude vyaakhyaanathilum "dharma" theyum "parabrahmanan" kurichulla arivu, avayude aantharika ardhamo sathayo manasilakkaathe "shku" (vaakkukal) enna vaakk verum paarayanam cheiyunnathine nishfalamaanennu vimarshikkunna bhagangal adangiyirikkunnuvennu mukharji abhipraayappedunnu. manthrangalude rigveda vidyaabhyaasathil avayude ardhathekkurichulla dhyanavum grahyavum avayude yaanthrikamaaya aavarthanathekkaalum sariyaaya uchaaranathekkaalum vidyaabhyaasathinu kooduthal pradhanavum supradhaanavumaanennu mukharji nigamanam cheiyunnu."akshara-prapthi" enna grandhangalude praaveenyam pinthudarunna "ardha-bodha", avayude ardhathekkurichulla dhaarana, ennu mookki sayana paraamarsikkunnu."rishikalum munimarum aanu vedajnjaanam aadyamaayi manassilaakkiyathenn mukharji vishadeekarikkunnu. saadhaarana samsaarathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi vedangalude thikanja bhaashaykk maathrame eee sathyangal velippeduthaan kazhiyoo, avaa oormmayil samarppichukond samrakshikkappettu. mukharjiyude abhipraayathil, eee sathyangal manahpaadam cheytha grandhangaliloode vidyaarthikku nalkumbol, "sathya saakshaathkaaravum" "rishikalkku" velippeduthiya "paramaathman" enna arivum veda padanatthinte yadhaartha lakshyamaanu, allathe kevalam grandhangalude parayanamalla. para brahmanjaana", "" aarat "," sathya "ennivayekkurichulla paramamaya arivu, nishabdathayudeyum anusaranathinteyum indriya-niyanthranam," dhyanam "," tapas "(tapass) ennivayude prayogam, vedaanthathe charcha cheyyal ennivayiloode nedaanaakum.
veda schoolukal allengil paarayanangal.
naalu vedangalum vividha vibhagangalil (shaakhakal, schoolukal) prakshepanam cheyyappettu. oro vidyaalayavum oru prathyeka pradeshatheyo raajyatheyo oru purathana samoohathe prathinidheekarichirikkaam. oro school athintethaaya kaanon pinthudarnnu. oro vedathinum onniladhikam paarayanangal ariyappedunnu. athinaal, bisi randaam sahasraabdathil vishaalamaayi amgeekarikkappetta oru vedagrandhathinte canon illaayirunnuvennum veda "thiruvezhuthukalilla" ennum oro vidyaalayavum amgeekaricha vividha grandhangalude canon mathramaayirunnuvennum vitselum reno parayunnu. eee grandhangalil chilath athijeevichu, mikathum nashtappedukayo kandethappedukayo cheythittundu. udaaharanathinu, aadhunika kaalath nilanilkkunna rigvedam neppaalinu thekk aadhunika vadakkan bihaarile vida enna pradeshathu ninnu valare nannayi samrakshikkappetta oru vidyaalayamaaya sakaalyayil maathramaan. veda canonil muzhuvanaayum vividha veda skoolukalil ninnulla grandhangal ulppedunnu.
niravadhi daivangalkku vyathyasthamaaya swaabhaavika pravarthanangalulla bahudevaadathil vishwasikkunna veda schoolukal undaayirunnu, oru daivathe maathram aaradhikkunna ennaal mattullava nilanilkkumennu karuthappedunna daivanishedha vishwaasangal, orotta daivathilulla ekadaivavishwaasangal, anjeyavaadavum advaithavishwaasangalum "daivangalkkappuramullathum nilanilkkunnathellam ulkkollunnatho marikadakkunnatho aaya oru samboornna yaadhaarthyamundu."indra, agni, yama enniva bahudaiva samghadanakalkku janapriya aaradhana vishayangalaayirunnu.
naalu vedangalil oronnum niravadhi schoolukal pankittirunnuvenkilum vaidika kaalaghattatthilum athinusheshavum praadeshikamaayi parishkarikkukayum interpolate cheyyukayum poruthappedutthukayum cheythathode paatatthinte vividha paaraayanangalkk kaaranamaayi. chila grandhangal aadhunika kaalaghattatthilekku parishkarikkappedukayum, pinneedulla theeyathikalil kedayathaayi vishwasikkappedunna vaachakathinte chila bhaagangalekkurichu kaaryamaaya charchakal uyarthukayum cheythu. vedangalkku oronninum oru soochikayo anukramaniyo undu, itharathilulla pradhana pravrithi pothuvaaya soochika allengil "" aanu.
eee grandhangal thalamurakalilekku amithamaya vishwasthathayode kaimaattam cheyyappedunnuvennu urappakkaan purathana indian samskaaram athisayakaramaaya oorjjam chelavazhichu. udaaharanathinu, vishudha vedangalude oormmappeduthalil ore grandhatthinte pathinonnu roopangal vare paaraayanatthil ulppedunnu. pinneedu, paarayanam cheytha vyathyastha pathippukale thaarathamyam cheythukondu eee grandhangal "proof-reed" aayi. paatatthile aduthulla oro rund vaakkukalum aadyam avayude yadhaartha kramatthil paarayanam cheyyukayum pinneedu vipareeta kramatthil aavarthikkukayum oduvil yadhaartha kramatthil aavarthikkukayum cheiyunna "(aksharaarthatthil" mesh paarayanam ") paarayanam ulppedunnu. eee reethikal phalapradamaayirunnuvennu saakshyappeduthunnathu, "braahmana" kaalaghattatthil orotta paatamaayi punarnirmmicha ettavum purathanamaaya indian mathagrandhamaaya "rigvedam", aaa vidyaalayathinullil oru vyathyastha vaayanayumillathe samrakshikkunnathiloodeyaan.
vedangal vaayiloode oormmappeduthunnathiloodu kaimaattam cheyyappedukayum bisi 500 nuu sesham maathrame ezhuthappedukayum cheythulloo, aadhunika kaalath nilanilkkunna vedangalude ellah achadicha pathippukalum ekadesham pathinaram noottaandil nilavilundaayirunna pathippayirikkaam.
naalu vedangal.
vedangalude canonical vibhajanam naalirattiyaan (") athaayath.,
ivayil aadyathe moonnennam pradhana yadhaartha vibhagamaayirunnu, ";" ennu vilikkappedunna, athaayath, sthuthigeethangal (rigvedam) paarayanam cheyyal, yagangal (yajurvedam), ganangal (saamaveda) enniva alapikkunna triple sayans. bii. sii. sii parayunnu idayilaanu rigvedam rachichathennu karuthappedunnu. prarambha pattikakal veda grandhangale moonnu (thrayi) allengil naalu shaakhakalaayi vibhajikkunna veda kaalaghattamaanennu vitsel rekhappeduthunnu rigg, yajur, saama, atharva.
oro vedatheyum naalu pradhana paata tharangalayi tharamthirichittundu-samhithakal (manthrangalum anugrahangalum), aaranyakangal (aachaarangalekkurichulla paatam, navjata shishuvinte achaarangal, prayamaakal, vivahangal, viramikkal, samskaaram, thyagangal, pratheekathmaka yagangal thudangiya chadangukal), brahmanangal (achaarangal, chadangukal, thyagangal ennivayekkurichulla vyaakhyaanangal), upanishathukal (dhyanam, thathwachintha, athmeeya arivu ennivayekkurichu charcha cheiyunna paatam). upaasanakale (hrasvamaaya aachaaraparamaaya aaraadhanayumaayi bandhapetta vibhagangal) chila pandithanmaar anchaam bhaagamaayi kanakkakkunnu. eee purathana grandhangalil vivarichirikkunna aachaarangalum aachaarangalum chadangukalum indian upabhookhandam, pershya, europian pradesham ennividangalil vyaapichukidakkunna intho-europian vivaha achaarangale valia alavil punarnirmmikkunnuvennum chila valia vishadaamshangal gruha soothrangal polulla veda kaalaghatta grandhangalil kaanappedunnundennum vitsel rekhappeduthunnu.
rigvedathinte oru pathipp maathrame aadhunika yugathil nilaninnirunnulloo. saamavedathinteyum atharvvavedathinteyum niravadhi vyathyastha pathippukal ariyappedunnu, koodaathe dakshineshyayude vividha bhaagangalil yajurvedathinte niravadhi vyathyastha pathippukal kandethiyittundu.
upanishathukalude grandhangal paarambaryethara "shramana" paarambaryangalkku samanamaaya ashayangal charcha cheiyunnu.
rigvedam.
rigveda samhithayaan nilavilulla ettavum pazhaya soochakagrandham. 1028 vedasamskritha sthothrangaludeyum 10,600 vaakyangaludeyum samahaaramaaya ithu patthu pusthakangalayi (samskritham "mandalangal") krameekarichirikkunnu. rigveda devathakalkkaayi samarppichirikkunnavana eee sthuthigeethangal.
vadakkupadinjaaran indian upabhookhandathile panchab (sapta sindhu) mekhalayile bisi 1500 num 1200 num idayil (aadyakaala vedakaalakhattam) niravadhi noottaandukalilaayi vividha purohita vibhagangalil ninnulla kavikalaanu eee pusthakangal rachichathu. maikkal vitsalinte abhipraayathil, rigveda kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil aadyakaala kuru raajyathaan "rigveda" thinte prarambha krodeekaranam nadannathu.
vyakthamaaya thathwangale adisthaanamaakkiyaanu rigvedam roopappeduthiyirikkunnathu. agni, indra, soma, mattu daivangal ennivare abhisambodhana cheiyunna oru cheria pusthakatthil ninnaan vedam aarambhikkunnath, oro devathakalude shekharathileyum motham sthuthigeethangalude ennam kurayunnathinanusarichu krameekarichirikkunnu; oro devathakalude parambarayilum, sthuthigeethangal neelatthil ninnu cheruthilekku purogamikkunnu, pakshe oro pusthakatthilum sthuthigeethangalude ennam vardhikkunnu. avasaanamaayi, meterum chittayayi krameekarichirikkunnu, jagathi, tristub muthal anustub, gayatri vare.
kaalakramena achaarangal kooduthal sankeernamaavukayum avayumaayulla raajaavinte bandham braahmanarudeyum rajaakkanmaarudeyum sthaanam shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. oru raajaavinte kireedadhaaranatthode nadathunna rajasuya achaarangal "[...]..] prapanchatthinte chaakrika punarujjeevanangal."padaarthatthinte kaaryatthil, sthuthigeethangalude swabhaavam aadyakaala pusthakangalile devathakalude stuthiyil ninnu nasadia suktayilekku maarunnu," prapanchatthinte uthbhavam enthaanu?, daivangalkku polum utharam ariamo?", samoohathile daanatthinte (daanadharmmathinte) gunavum athinte sthuthigeethangalile mattu adhibhouthika prashnangalum.
rigvedathile puranangalum aachaarangalum bhaashaashaasthravum purathana madhya eshya, iranian, hindukush (afgaanisthaan) pradeshangalil kaanapedunnavayum thammil saamyangalund.
saamaveda.
rigvedathil ninnu eathaandu poornnamaayum (75 manthrangal ozhike) edutha 1549 shlokangal ulkkollunnathaan saamaveda samhita. athinte aadyakaala bhagangal rigveda kaalaghattatthilthanne nirmmichathaanennu vishwasikkappedunnumdum, nilavilulla samahaaram rigvedathinu sheshamulla vaidikasamskritha mantra kaalaghattatthil c. bisi 1200 umm 1000 umm allengil "alpam kazhinju", ekadesham adharvvedathinum yajurvedathinum samakaalikamaan.
saamaveda samhithaykk rund pradhana bhaagangalund. aadya bhaagath naalu ragasamaahaarangalum (gaana, gaana) randaam bhaagath moonnu padyangalude "pusthakangalum" (aarchika, aarchik) ulppedunnu. gaanapusthakangalile oru ragam "arkkika" pusthakangalile oru vaakyavumayi poruthappedunnu. rigvedathilennapole, saamavedathinte aadya bhagangal saadhaaranayaayi agni, indra ennee sthuthigeethangalil aarambikkunnu, pakshe amoorthathayilekku maarunnu. avarude meterukalum avarohana kramatthil maarunnu. rigvedathil ninnu uruthirinja sthuthigeethangalil ninnu ettavum kuranja vyathiyaanamaan saamavedathinte pilkkala vibhaagangalile gaanangalkkullath.
saamavedathil chila rigveda vaakyangal aavarthikkunnu. aavarthanangal ulppede, griffith vivarthanam cheytha saamaveda paaraayanatthil aake 1875 vaakyangal undu. kauthama/ranayania, jaiminiya ennee rund pradhana resensionukal nilanilkkunnu. athinte uddeshyam aaraadhanaakramamaayirunnu, avar "allengil" gaayaka "purohithanmaarude shekharamaayirunnu.
yajurvedam.
gadyamanthrangal ulkkollunnathaan yajurveda samhita. oru vyakthi yanjjathinu munbullathupolulla aachaaraparamaaya pravrithikal cheyyumbol oru purohitan paranja aachaaraparamaaya vazhipaadukalude soothravaakyangalude samaahaaramaanith. yajurvedathinte pradhana grandhamaaya bii. sii. iii. randaam sahasraabdathinte avasaanathil rigvedathekkaal ilayathum ekadesham adharvvedathinum rigveda khilanikkum samskrithathinte shaasthreeya mantra kaalaghattatthil varunnathumaan. sii. kku sesham aadyakaala indian irumbukaalathaanu yajurveda sthuthigeethangal ennu vitsel parayunnu. parayunnu bisi bisi munbu. aadyakaala kuru rajyavumaayi bandhappettathaan.
yajurveda samhithayude aadyathethum ettavum purathanavumaaya paaliyil ekadesham 1,875 vaakyangal ulppedunnu, avaa vyathyasthamaanenkilum rigvedathile vaakyangalude aditharayil kadamedukkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu. eathaandu poornnamaayum rigveda manthrangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum gaanangalayi krameekarichathumaaya saamavedathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, yajurveda samhithakal gadyathilaanu, avaa bhaashaaparamaayi muun vaidika grandhangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. vaidika kaalaghattatthile yagangaleyum anubandha achaarangaleyum kurichulla vivarangalude praadhamika uravidamaanu yajurvedam.
eee vedathil rund pradhana grandhavibhaagangalundu "karupp" ("krishna"), "veluthathu" ("shukla"). karupp" enna padam soochippikkunnathu "velutha" (nannayi krameekaricha) yajurvedathinu vipareethamaayi yajurvedathile vaakyangalude "krameekarikkappedaatha, vichitramaaya samahaaram" ennaanu. velutha yajurvedam samhithaye athinte brahmananil (shatapatha braahmana) ninnu verthirikkunnu, karutha yajurvedam samhithaye braahmana vyaakhyaanathode verthirikkunnu. karutha yajurvedathil, naalu pradhana skoolukalil ninnulla grandhangal (maithraayani, katha, kapistala-katha, thaithiriya) nilanilkkunnu, athesamayam velutha yajurvedathil rund (kanwa, madhyandina). yajurveda grandhatthile ettavum cheria paali aachaarangalumaayo thyaagavumaayo bandhappettathalla, hindu thathwachinthayude vividha skoolukale swaadheenikkunna praadhamika upanishathukalude ettavum valia shekharam ithil ulppedunnu.
atharvveda.
atharvan, angirasa kavikalude 'grandhamaanu' ardharvaveda samhita '. ithil ekadesham 760 sthuthigeethangalund, 160 oolam sthuthigeethangal rigvedavumaayi pothuvaayullathaan. mikka vaakyangalum swarabhedamullathaanengilum chila bhagangal gadyathilaanu. eee vaachakathinte rund vyathyastha pathippukal-dhaa, dhaa-aadhunika kaalam vare nilanilkkunnu. veda kaalaghattatthil atharvvavedathe vedamaayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla, bisi onnaam sahasraabdathinte avasaanathil ithu vedamaayi amgeekarikkappettu. orupakshe bii. sii. iii. 900-ll avasaanamaayi samaaharichathaanenkilum athinte chila metteeriyalukal rigvedathinte calatho athinumumbullatho aayirikkam.
mattu pandithanmaar thettayi prakhyaapicha oru visheshanamaaya atharvvavedathe chilappol "maanthrika soothravaakyangalude vedam" ennu vilikkunnu. eee grandhatthinte samhita paali, andhavishwaasaparamaaya uthkandaye abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinulla bisi randaam sahasraabdathile maanthrika-mathaparamaya aachaarangalude paarambaryatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu, bhoothangal moolamundaakumenn vishwasikkappedunna rogangal neekkam cheiyunnathinulla manthrangal, aushadhamaayi aushadhangalum prakrithiyil ninnu uruthirinja aushadhangalum. mathachikithsayile parinamaparamaaya aachaarangalekkurichulla nilanilkkunna ettavum pazhaya rekhakalilonnaanu eee grandhamennum "indo-europian puraathanakaalatthe naadan rogashaanthiyude aadyakaala roopangal" velippeduthunnuvennum kenneth sisk parayunnu. thaathvika oohaapohangal, daivashaasthram thudangiya maanthrikathayillaatha aachaarangalkkaayi aharvaveda samhithayude pala pusthakangalum samarppichirikkunnu.
veda samskaaram, aachaarangalum vishwaasangalum, dainamdina vaidika jeevithathile abhilaashangalum niraashakalum, athupole thanne rajaakkanmaarumaayum bharanavumayum bandhappettava ennivayekkurichulla vivarangalude praadhamika uravidamaanu atharvvedam. vivaahavum shavasamskaaravum enna rund pradhana achaarangale kaikaaryam cheiyunna sthuthigeethangalum eee grandhatthil ulppedunnu. oru aachaarathinte ardham chodikkunna grandhatthinte ganyamaaya bhaagavum atharvvavedathil samarppichittund.
ulchertha vedagrandhangal.
braahmanar.
naalu vedangalile veda samhita aachaarangalude sariyaaya reethikalekkurichum ardhathekkurichum vyaakhyaanangal nalkunnavayaan braahmanar. avayil puranangalum aithihyangalum chila sandarbhangalil thathwachinthayum ulppedunnu. oro praadeshika veda shaakhaykkum (school) athintethaaya pravartthana maanuval polulla braahmana paatamundu, avayil bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu. aadhunika kaalaghattam vare motham 19 braahmana grandhangal nilanilkkunnu randennam rigvedavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, aarr yajurvedavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, patthu saamavedathodum onnu adharvvedathodum bandhappettirikkunnu. ettavum pazhakkam chennath bii. sii. 900 kaalaghattatthil nirmmichathaanu, athesamayam ettavum praayam kuranja braahmanar (shatapatha braahmanar polullava) bii. sii. 700 oode poortthiyaayi. jaann gondayude abhipraayathil, braahmanarude anthima krodeekaranam budhamathathinu munbulla kaalaghattatthilaanu (sii. eiii. 600 bii. sii. iii.).
braahmana grandhatthinte satha oro vedathinum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, ettavum pazhakkam chenna brahmananmaaril oralaaya chandogya braahmanante aadya adhyaayathil oru kuttiyude jananathodanubandhichulla vivaha chadanginum aachaarangalkkumaayi ettu aachaaraparamaaya "sookthangal" (sthuthigeethangal) ulppedunnu. vivaahathodanubandhichu "agni" ykku (thee) yaagam arppikkunnathinoppam cheiyunna paaraayanamaan aadya gaanam, koodaathe dambathikalude vivaahathinte samriddhikkaayi sthuthigeethangal praarthikkunnu. randaamathe sthuthigeethathil avarude deerghaayussinum dayayullah bandhukkalkkum niravadhi santhathikalkkum ashamsakal nerunnu. moonnaamathe sthuthi varan vadhuvum thammilulla paraspara vivaha prathinjayaanu, athil iruvarum parasparam bandhippikkunnu. chandogya braahmanathile aadya adhyaayathile aaraamatheth muthal avasaanathe sthuthigeethangal oru kuttiyude jananathodanubandhichulla aachaaraparamaaya aakhoshangalaanu, koodaathe pashukkaludeyum ardhathinteyum samriddhiyode aarogyam, sambathu, samriddhi ennivaykkaayi aashamsikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee vaakyangal apoornnamaaya vishadeekaranangalaanu, avayude poornnamaaya pashchaathalam vaachakathinte samhita paaliyil maathrame uyarnnuvarikayulloo.
aaranyakanmaarum upanishathukalum.
vedangalude aaranyaka paaliyil achaarangal, pratheekathmaka mettaa-rittuvalukalude charcha, daarshanika oohaapohangal enniva ulppedunnu.
"ennirunnaalum, "aranyakangal" ulladakkathilo ghadanayilo ekathaanamalla. avaa nirddeshangaludeyum aashayangaludeyum misrithamaanu, chilathil upanishathukalude adhyayangal ulppedunnu. aranyaka" enna vaakkinte uthbhavathekkurich rund sidhaanthangal nirddeshikkappettittund. oru sidhaantham eee grandhangal oru vanathil padikkaan uddeshichullathaanennu karuthunnu, mattonn, manushyajeevithathinte charitraparamaaya praayathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla aashrama sanbradaayamanusarichu, avarude jeevithathinte vanaprastha (viramicha, vanavasam) ghattathilullavarkku thyaagangalude saangalppika vyaakhyaanathinte maanuvalukalil ninnaan eee peru vannathennu karuthunnu.
upanishathukal vedangalile avasaanathe rachana prathifalippikkunnu. avaye saadhaaranayaayi "vedaantham" ennu vilikkunnu, "vedangalude avasana adhyayangal, bhagangal" allengil "vedathinte ettavum uyarnna uddeshyamaaya vasthu" ennu ardhamaakkunna tharatthil avaye palavidhatthil vyaakhyaanikkunnu. 
manushyashareeratthinte bhaagangalum prapancha yaadhaarthyangalum thammilulla bandhamaan upanishathukalude kendra aashanka."lokathinte prathyeka gadakangaludeyum manushyaanubhavathinteyum (sankeernnamaakkunna) ekathvabodham unarthikkond, bandhappettathum aashrayikkunnathumaaya yaadhaarthyangalude oru shreni srishtikkaan upanishathukal uddeshikkunnu."ellaam uthbhavikkunna aathyanthika yaadhaarthyamaaya brahman, vyakthiyude sathayaaya athman ennivayude ashayangal upanishathukalile kendra aashayangalaanu, koodaathe athman brahmaavum thammilulla parasparabandham" lokathe roopappeduthunna adisthaana thathwam "enna nilayil ariyunnathu mothatthinte oru samyojitha darshanam srishtikkaan anuvadikkunnu. hindu daarshanikachinthayudeyum vaividhyamaarnna paarambaryangaludeyum vedasaampathikasamvidhaanthi aditharayaanu upanishathukal, avaa maathram parakke ariyappedunnu, koodaathe upanishathukalude kendra ashayangal hindumathathinte vaividhyamaarnna paarambaryangale swaadheenichittundu.
"aaranyaka" kall chilappol "karmma-kaanda" (aachaaraparamaaya vibhaagam) ennum upanishathukal "njaana-kaanda" (aathmeeyatha vibhaagam) ennum thirichariyappedunnu. mattoru vargeekaranathil, vedangalude aadyakaala bhaagathe samhithakal ennum vyaakhyaanathe braahmanakal ennum vilikkunnu, avaye orumichu aachaaraparamaaya "karmma-kaandam" ennum "aaranyakar", "upanishathukal" ennivaye "njaana-kaandam" ennum vilikkunnu.
poost-vaidika saahityam.
vedanga.
veda kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode, bisi onnaam sahasraabdathinte madhyathilo athinusheshamo vedamgangal vikasichu. noottaandukalkku munbu rachicha vedangalude bhasha akkaalathe janangalkk valare puraathanamaayitheernnathinaal vedapadanangalude eee sahaaya mekhalakal uyarnnuvannu. noottaandukalkku munbu rachicha vedangal manasilakkaanum vyaakhyaanikkaanum sahayikkunnathil shradha kendreekaricha shaasthrangalaayirunnu vedangal.
swarashaasthram (), kaavyathmaka meter (), vyakaranam (), padavyuthpathishaasthram, bhaashaashaasthram (niruktha), aachaarangalum paassinte aachaarangalum (), samayanirnayam, jyothishaasthram () ennivayaanu vedaamgathinte aarr vishayangal.
vedangal vedangalude anubandha padanangalaayi vikasichuvenkilum meterukal, shabdathinteyum bhaashayudeyum ghadana, vyakaranam, bhashaaparamaaya vishakalanam, mattu vishayangal ennivayekkurichulla ulkkazhchakal enniva poost-vaidika padanangal, kalakal, samskaaram, hindu thathwachinthayude vividha schoolukal ennivaye swaadheenichu. udaaharanathinu, kalppa vedanga padanangal dharma-soothrangalkku kaaranamaayi, avaa pinneedu dharma-shaasthrangalaayi vyaapichu.
paarees.
"" "supplement, appendix" "enna padam vedasaahithyathile vividha anubandha kruthikalkku baadhakamaan, pradhaanamaayum aachaarangalude vishadaamshangalum avaykku munbulla grandhangalude yukthiparamaayum kaalakramatthilum vishakalanangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnu samhita, braahmana, aaranyaka, soothrangal". oro vedavumaayi bandhapetta vedavumaayi swaabhaavikamaayi tharamthirickunna pareesista kruthikal naalu vedangalil oronninum nilavilundu. ennirunnaalum, atharvvedavumaayi bandhapetta saahityam maathrame vipulamaayulloo.
upavedam.
chila saankethika kruthikalude vishayangale nirddeshikkaan parambaraagatha saahithyathil upaveda ("praayogika arivu") enna padam upayogikkunnu. eee classil ulppeduthiyittulla vishayangalude pattikakal srothassukalkkidayil vyathyasthamaan.
charanavyoohathil naalu upavedangal paraamarsikkunnu
"anchaamathethu", mattu vedangal.
mahabhaarathavum naatyashaasthravum chila puranangalum ulppede chila poost-vedik grandhangal svayam "anchaam vedam" ennu visheshippikkunnu. atharamoru "anchaamathe vedathe" kurichulla aadya paramarsham 7.1.2 enna sthuthigeethathile chandogya upanishathil kaanapedunnu.
"divya prabandha", udaaharanathinu thiruvaymoli, chila dakshinenthyan hindukkal praadeshika vedamaayi kanakkaakkunna canonical thamizh grandhangalude oru padamaanu.
bhagavadgeetha allengil vedanta soothrangal polulla mattu grandhangal chila hindu vibhagangal "shruthi" allengil "veda" aayi kanakkakkunnu, pakshe hindu mathathinullil saarvathrikamaayi allah. bhakti prasthaanavum gaudiya vaishnavavaadavum prathyekichum samskritha ithihaasangalum pancharaathra polulla vaishnava bhakti grandhangalum ulppeduthunnathinaayi "veda" enna padam vipuleekarichu.
puranangal.
puranangal, aithihyangal, mattu parambaraagatha aithihyangal ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalekkurichulla indian saahithyathinte vishalamaaya oru vibhagamaanu puranangal. eee grandhangalil palathinum vishnu, shiva, devi thudangiya pradhana hindu devathakalude perukal nalkiyittundu. 4, 00, 000-ladhikam vaakyangalulla 18 "mahaa puranangalum" 18 "upa puranangalum" (cheria puranangal) undu.
hindu samskaarathil puranangal swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. avaa "vaidika" (vedasaahithyavumaayi yojikkunna) aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. puraana vibhaagathile ettavum prashasthavum janapriyavumaya grandhangalil onnaanu bhagavatha puraanam, ithu advaithavaadaparamallaathaanu. puraanasaahityam indiayile bhakti prasthaanavumaayi chernnu nilkkukayum dwaita, advaita pandithanmaar "mahaa puraanangalile" adisthaana vedanta prameyangalekkurichu abhipraayappedukayum cheythittundu.
vedangalude adikaaram.
vividha hindu vibhaagangalum indian thathwachinthakalum vedangalude adhikaarathekkurichu vyathyastha nilapaadukal sweekarichittundu. vedangalude adikaaram amgeekarikkunna indian thathwachinthayude skoolukale "yaadhaasthithika" (aasthika) ennu tharamthirickunnu. vedangale adhikaarikalaayi kanakkaakkaatha charvaka, ajeevika, budhamatham, jainamatham thudangiya mattu shramana paarambaryangale "heterodox" allengil "noonn-oorthoodoox" (naasthika) schoolukal ennu vilikkunnu. 
palappozhum hindumathathinte bhaagamaayi kaanapedunna chila paarambaryangalum vedangale nirasichu. udaaharanathinu, siddha mukundadevaneppole thaanthrika vaishnava sahajiya paarambaryatthinte rachayithakkal vedangalude adikaaram nirasichu. athupole, chila thaanthrika shaiva agamangal vedangale nirasikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, "anandabhairava-thanthram" prasthaavikkunnath "ashudhi niranjathum, uthppaadippikkunnathum, ennaal viralavum, shanikavumaaya pazhangal uthppaadippikkunnathum vedangalude vaakk jnjaaniyaaya manushyan thante adhikaaramaayi thiranjedukkaruthu."
pala matha hindukkalum vedangalude adikaaram parokshamaayi amgeekarikkunnundenkum, eee amgeekaaram palappozhum "aarenkilum svayam oru hinduvaayi kanakkakkunnu enna prakhyaapanamallathe matonnumalla", "innu mikka indiakkaarum vedathinu oothukuzhal nalkukayum grandhatthile ulladakkangale pariganikkathirikkukayum cheiyunnu."chila hindukkal vedangalude adhikaarathe velluvilikkukayum athuvazhi hindumathathinte charithratthil athinte praadhaanyam parokshamaayi amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu", lipner parayunnu.
aaryasamajam, brahmasamajam thudangiya hindu parishkarana prasthaanangal vedangalude adikaaram sweekarichu, athesamayam vedangalude adikaaram devendranath tagor, keshab chandra seen thudangiya hindu aadhunikavaadikalum bii. yeppolulla saamoohika parishkartthaakkalum nirasichu. aarr. ambedkar.
paashchaathya indology.
pathinezhaam noottaandilaanu padinjaaran samskritha patanam aarambhichath. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, arther shopenhover vedagrandhangalilekku, prathyekichu upanishathukalilekku shradha aakarshichu. intho-europian padanangalkku vaidika samskrithathinte praadhaanyavum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil amgeekarikkappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, 1879 num 1910 num idayil mullar edittu cheytha "vishudha pusthakangal oof dhaa eest" parambarayil samhithakalude engleesh vivarthanangal prasidheekarichu. echu. 1889 muthal 1899 vare prasidheekaricha naalu samhithakalude engleesh vivarthanangalum griffith avatharippichu.
2007ll yuneskoyude loka rajisttarinte smaranaykkaayi likhithathinaayi rigveda kayyezhuthuprathikal thiranjedutthu.
srothassukal.
 

