
vikaswara rajyangalil ninnulla vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal

vikaswara rajyangalil ninnulla vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal pouranmaarallaatha rajyangalil shambalamulla thozhililaanu earppedunnathu. deshaadana prakriyayil sthreekale parambaraagathamaayi avarude bharthaakkanmaarude koottaalikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, innu mikka muthirnna kudiyetta sthreekalum avarudethaaya avakaashathilaanu jolie cheiyunnathu. 2017ll 168 dasalaksham kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil 68 dashalakshathiladhikam sthreekalaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude anupaathatthile vardhana palappozhum "kudiyettatthinte sthreevalkkaranam" ennu vilikkunnu.
mikka vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalum vikaswara rajyangalil ninnu uyarnna varumaanamulla raajyangalilekku varunnu, ithu avarude uthbhava raajyangalilum lakshyasthana raajyangalilum kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu. vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal oro varshavum 300 bilyan dollariladhikam avarude uthbhava raajyangalilekku ayaykkunnu, palappozhum eee panam avarude kudumbatthinte adisthaana aarogyam, paarppidam, vidyaabhyaasam ennivaykkaayi upayogikkunnu. sthoola saambathika thalatthil, kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil ninnulla panamayaykkal deseeya motha aabhyanthara ulppaadanathinte 25 sathamaanam vare varum, ithu eee vikaswara raajyangale vyapara kammi, baahya kadangal enniva neridaan sahayikkum. ennirunnaalum, vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalkk saambathikamaayi nalkunnathinaayi avarude uthbhava rajyangal videndivarunnu, palappozhum avarude swantham kudumbangalil ninnu verpedunnu. ithu aagolathalathil prathyulppaadana thozhilaallikalude asamamaya vitharanathilekku nayichu lakshyasthana rajyangalil, kudiyetta sthreekal paricharana thozhilaallikalude kuravu pariharikkanum kooduthal praadeshika sthreekale thozhilmekhalayilekku praveshikkaan praaptharaakkaanum sahayikkunnu. maruvashathu, uthbhava rajyangalil, dhaaraalam sthreekalude kudiyettam samoohathile mattu amgangale kooduthal gaarhika joliyude bharam chumakkaan nirbandhikkunnu.
vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal saadhaaranayaayi gaarhika jolie polulla lingaparamaaya thozhilukalum swakaarya veedukalil aanupaathikamallaatha reethiyil jolie cheiyunnathum pinthudarunnu. thalphalamaayi, avar samoohathil ninnu thaarathamyena "maranjirikkunnu", chooshanathinum durupayogathinum kooduthal irayaakunnu. koodaathe, vividha sarkkar nayangal eee vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude durupayogathinulla saadhyatha vardhippichu. udaaharanathinu, arab samsthaanangalil, kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikal niyamaparamaaya padaviykkaayi avarude thozhiludamakale aasrayikkunnu, ithu naadukadatthappedumenna bhayathaal thozhilaallikal ganyamaaya thothilulla durupayogam sahikkaan kaaranamaakunnu. pala raajyangalum vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikale laingika bandhatthil earppedunnathino garbhinikalaakunnathino vilakkiyittundu.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
innu 27.1 kodi anthaaraashtra kudiyettakkaaril 130 dasalaksham-allengil pakuthiyolam-sthreekalaanu. kudiyettakkaaraaya sthreekalude ennam 1960-ll aii. dii. 4-ll ninnu 2010-ll aii. dii. 1-aayi uyarnnu, ennaal kazhinja rund pathittaandukalaayi 2000-ll aii. dii. 2-ll ninnu 2019-ll aii. dii. 3-aayi alpam kuranju. kudiyettakkaaraaya "thozhilaallikalil" purushanmaarum avarude vanita athiraalikalekkaal kooduthalaanu. anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayude kanakkanusarichu, 2017-leeii 16.4 kodi kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil 68.1 dasalaksham-allengil <aii. dii. 1>-perr maathramaan vanithakal.
vikaswara rajyangalil ninnulla kudiyettam pothuve vikaswara rajyangalil ninnulla uyarnna varumaanamulla raajyangalilekkulla kudiyettathekkaal ganyamaanengilum, vikaswara rajyangalil ninnulla ekadesham 73 dasalaksham kudiyettakkaar uyarnna varumaanamulla rajyangalil thaamasikkunnathayi locabank kanakkakkunnu. vikasita raajyangalile kudiyettakkaaril purushanmaarekkaal kooduthal sthreekal ullathinaal vikasita raajyangalile ellah kudiyettakkaaril ninnum ithu aii. dii. 1 aanu. ennirunnaalum, vikaswara rajyangalil, purushanmaarude 54.3% neey apekshichu ellah kudiyettakkaaril ninnum sthreekalkku maathrame 45.7% ulloo.
pradesham anusarichu vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal.
arab rajyangal.
5.kudiyettakkaaraaya vanita thozhilaallikalil 3 sathamaanavum arab samsthaanangalilaanu thaamasikkunnath. arab samsthaanangalile ellah thozhilaallikalilum aii. dii. 1 kudiyetta thozhilaallikalaanenkilum, eee kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil 20 sathamaanam maathramaan sthreekal. eee mekhalayile saamskaarikavum niyamaparavumaaya sthaapanangalaaya "kafala" samvidaanavum thozhil niyamangalude abhavavum eee vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil valiyoru vibhaagam chooshanam cheyyappedunnathinum durupayogam cheyyappedunnathinum kaaranamaayittund.
mikka gulf samsthaanangalileyum thozhil niyamangal kudiyettakkaaraaya vanita veettujolikkaare ulkkollunnilla. thalphalamaayi, eee vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal kadinamaaya thozhil saahacharyangal neridukayum durupayogathinu irayaakukayum cheiyunnu. naalu arab rajyangalil (bahrain, kuvaitt, lebanon, yunaittad arab emirates) nadatthiya oru anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayude padanatthil kudiyettakkaaraaya vanita gaarhika thozhilaallikal aazhchayil sharashari 101 muthal 108 manikkoor vare jolie cheiyunnuvennu kandethi. abhimukham nadatthiya pala sthreekalum ravum pakalum "oonn-kooll" aayathinal urakkamillaaymayekkuri parathippettu. kuvaittile kudiyetta veettujolikkaaril bhooribhaagavum shaareerikamo laingikamo vaakkaalullatho aaya durupayogathinu vidheyayaayirunnu. lebananile vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal avarude thozhiludamakalude veedukalil poottappettathaayum avarude bhakshana upabhogam niyanthrichathaayum report cheythu.
pala arab samsthaanangalum "kafala" samvidaanavum upayogikkunnu, avide oro vanita kudiyetta thozhilaalliyum oru thaamasakkaaran sponsor cheyyanam. vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal sponsarmaare kandethaan sahayikkunna ejansikalkku valia thuka nalkunnu, athu avarude aadya shambalathil ninnu kuraykkunnu. thalphalamaayi, avarkk avarude aadyathe moonnu maasathe joliyil varumaanamonnum labhikkunnilla, avarude adisthaana aavasyangalkkaayi avar poornnamaayum thozhiludamakale aasrayikkunnu. koodaathe, oru vanita kudiyetta thozhilaalliyude niyamaparamaaya padavi avalude thozhiludamayude sponsarshippumaayi bandhappettirikkunnathil, naadukadatthappedumenna bhayathaal aval palappozhum ganyamaaya alavilulla durupayogam sahikkunnu.
europe vadakke america.
europilum vadakke amerikkayilum anthaaraashtra kudiyettakkaaraaya sthreekalude ennam purusha kudiyettakkaarekkaal kooduthalaanu. 39.kudiyettakkaaraaya purushanmaaril aidi3, aidi2 enniva maathram ullappol, kudiyettakkaaraaya vanithakalil yathaakramam 8 sathamaanavum aidi1umm europilum vadakke amerikkayilumaan thaamasikkunnath. eratta varumaanamulla kudumbangalkkidayil paricharana joliyude aavasyam vardhichathinaal rund pradeshangalilum motham kudiyettakkaarude ennavum nirantharam vardhichu. udaaharanathinu, 1990kalilum 2000kalilum europil paricharana jolikkulla aavasyam praayamaayavarkk paricharana jolie nalkunnathinaayi yuva laattinakale spain polulla raajyangalilekku konduvannuvennu feminist saambathika shaasthranjayaaya beneria vaadikkunnu.
chaina.
chainayile grameena kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude ennam 1980kalude madhyathil 20 dashalakshathil ninnu 2012ll 160 dashalakshamaayi ettu madangu vardhichu. eee 160 dasalaksham thozhilaallikalil, <aii. dii. 1> sthreekalaanu. kudiyettatthinulla grameena sthreekalude prachodanangal ennamattathum sankeernnavumaanennu american saamskaarika naravamshashaasthranjanaaya gaittaano vaadikkunnu. chila sthreekal aadhunika nagarangalude aakarshanathaal nayikkappedunnu, mattullavar pithru utharavaadithathaal nayikkappedunnu. padanangal kaanikkunnath pavapetta chainees thozhilaallikal kudiyeraanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanennum kudiyettam aalohari kudumba varumanam 8.5 muthal <aii. dii. 1> vare vardhippikkunnuvennum. grameena kudiyettakkaar avarude varumaanathinte valiyoru bhagam avarude kudumbangalkk ayaykkunnu.
chainayile valia nagarangalaya shanghayil jolie kandethunnathinu, grameena kudiyetta sthreekal kudumbavumaayo ithinakam nagaratthilekku poya mattu graamavaasikalumaayo bandhappedaan prapthamaakkunna soshyal netvarkkukalaaya "gwanksy" aasrayikkunnu. grameena kudiyetta sthreekal gaarhika jolikal muthal factory jolie vare, svanthamaayi bisinesses nadatthuka muthal chainayile janapriya karoke baarukalil hostasukalaayi jolie cheyyuka vare vaividhyamaarnna jolikal cheiyunnu.
mosham thozhil saahacharyangal, karsanamaaya niyanthranangal, kuranja vethanam, shambalam labhikkaathava enniva abhimukeekarikkunna chainayile nagarangalile faaktarikalil jolie cheyyaan graamapradesangalil ninnulla niravadhi yuva chainees sthreekale ayaykkunnu. faaktarikal avarude vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalkk bhakshanavum paarppidavum nalkanamennu chainees niyamangal nirbandhikkunnathinaal, eee vanita thozhilaallikal avarude adisthaana aavasyangalkkaayi poornnamaayum avarude thozhiludamakale aasrayikkunnu. thozhiludamakku avarude thozhilaallikalude jeevithathinte mikkavarum ellah vashangalum niyantrikkaan kazhiyum, athinaal avarude jeevanakkaare vaikiye jolie cheyyaan nirbandhikkukayo mosham prakadanatthinu avare shikshikkukayo cheyyaam. koodaathe, eee kudiyetta sthreekale avarude kudumbangalil ninnu akattinirthunnathinaal dormittari samvidaanam sammarddakaramaanennu oru saamoohyashaasthranjanaaya engaay vaadikkunnu. uthppaadanathil aagolathalathil malsarikkaan eee samvidaanam chainaykku vilakuranja thozhilaallikale nalkiyittundenkilum, ottappedal, mosham perumaattam, deerghakaala jolie samayam, eee faaktarikalil jolie cheiyunna vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalkk kuranja vethanam ennivayude chelavilaanu ithu vannath. chaina blue enna documentary eee yuva chainees sthreekalodulla perumaattathekkurichum avar jeevikkunna sahacharyangalekkurichum ulkkaazhcha nalkunnu.
thekkukizhakkan eshya.
thekkukizhakkan eshyayile saambathika vikasanathil vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. pathittaandukalaayi, eee mekhalayile rajyangal dhaaraalam vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikale ayaykkukayo sweekarikkukayo cheythittundu. arab samsthaanangalilum mattu thekkukizhakkan, kizhakkan eshyan raajyangalilum karar thozhilaallikalude aavasyam phillippines, indoneshya, srilanka, thayland ennividangalile vanita thozhilaalikalkkidayil ganyamaaya kudiyettatthinu kaaranamaayi. 1990kalode sarkkar sponsor cheytha kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude lokathile ettavum valia uravidamaayi phillippines maari. oro varshavum 700,000-thiladhikam kudiyetta thozhilaallikal philippeensil ninnu kudiyerunnundaayirunnu, avaril bhooribhaagavum sthreekalaayirunnu. innu, philipino kudiyetta thozhilaallikal prathivarsham 24 bilyan dollariladhikam panamayaykkunnu, ithu philippeensinte gdpyude 8-10% aanu.
dhaaraalam thekkukizhakkan eshyan kudiyetta sthreekal gaarhika, paricharana jolikal cheiyunnu, eee prathibhaasatthe pandithanmaar "aagola naani shringhala" allengil "prathyulpaadana thozhilaallikalude anthaaraashtra vibhajanam" ennu vilikkunnu. vaasthavathil, phillippeans polulla thekkukizhakkan eshyan rajyangalil, kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil 60 sathamaanathiladhikam sthreekalaanu, eee sthreekalil moonnil rund bhaagavum gaarhika jolikal cheiyunnu. athupole, indoneshyayil, indoneshya vittu soudi arebia, singapur, maleshya, hongong, dakshina korea ennividangalilekku pookunna kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil 70 sathamaanavum gaarhikavum paricharanaparavumaya jolie thedunna sthreekalaanu.
thozhilillaayma kuraykkunnathinum panamayaykkal vardhippikkunnathinam chila thekkukizhakkan eshyan sarkkarukal vanita thozhilaallikalude kudiyettatthe sajeevamaayi prothsaahippichittundu. udaaharanathinu, indoneshyayil, manushyashakthi vakupp videsha thozhilinaayi oru kendram sthaapichu, oppam kudiyettakkaaraaya vanita veettujolikkaarkk avarude gaarhika sevana kazhivukal mechappeduthunnathinaayi pariseelana paripaadikalum aarambhichu.
athesamayam, thozhil shaamam mattu thekkukizhakkan eshyan rajyangalaaya singapur, maleshya enniva kuranja chelavil thozhil srotassaayi kudiyetta thozhilaallikalilekku tirian kaaranamaayi. singappooril, vanita kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikalude vardhanavu singappoorile sthreekalude thozhil pankaalittha nirakkile vardhanavinu samaanamaan. 1980-num 1990-num idayil singappoorile sthree thozhil pankaalittha nirakk 70 sathamaanam vardhichu. athupole, kudiyettakkaaraaya vanita veettujolikkaarude ennavum ganyamaayi vardhichu, 1999 aayappozhekkum singappooril 4 dashalakshathil thaazhe nivaasikalulla oru cheria nagara-samsthaanathu 100,000-thiladhikam kudiyetta vanita veettujolikkaar undaayirunnu.
oro varshavum dasalakshakkanakkinu barmees sthreekal thaaylandilekk kudiyerunnu, avide avar krishiyilum uthppaadanathilum maathram jolie cheiyunnu. kudiyettakkaarude kuranja shambalavum deerghakaala jolie samayavum kaaranam thaay ulppaadana, kaarshika mekhalakal barmees kudiyettakkaare aasrayikkunnu-avaril pakuthiyiladhikam perum sthreekalaanu. eee barmees kudiyetta thozhilaallikal saadhaaranayaayi rekhakalillaathavaraayathinaal, avarkk thaay niyamaprakaaram parimithamaaya samrakshanam labhikkunnu. vaasthavathil, avar palappozhum thaay sarkkaarinteyum police senayudeyum aakramanathe abhimukeekarikkunnu.
laattin america caribean.
2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu, laattin americayileyum kareebiyanileyum anthaaraashtra kudiyettakkaaril eathaandu pakuthiyolam sthreekalaanu. koodaathe, 2000num 2019num idayil vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude anupatham vardhichu.
aphrica.
aafrikkaykkullil vanita kudiyettakkaarude ennathil vardhanavundaayittundu. bhookhandathile uyarnna daaridrya nirakkum purusha thozhilillaaymayum kaaranam niravadhi sthreekalkku jolie thedukayo avarude kudumbangalude pradhana daathaakkalaakukayo cheyyendivannu. vanita thozhilaallikal palappozhum kaarshika, khanana mekhalakalilum athupole thanne paricharana thozhilaallikalkk uyarnna demandulla vadakke amerikkayilekkum europilekkum kudiyerunnu.
thozhil tharangal.
sthree kudiyetta thozhilaallikal krishi, gaarhika, paricharana jolikal, laingika vyavasaayam thudangiya aniyanthrithamaaya vyavasaayangalum nazhsing polulla uyarnna vaidagdhyamulla thozhilukalum ulppede uyarnna lingaparamaaya thozhilukalude oru idungiya shreniyil kendreekarichirikkunnu.
gaarhika, paricharana jolikal.
gaarhika, paricharana jolikal sthreekalude aadipathyamulla uyarnna lingaparamaaya oru thozhilaanu. europil, praayamaayavarude ennavum kshema vettikkuravum kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikalude aavasyam vardhikkaan kaaranamaayi. singapur polulla mattu rajyangalil, vardhicha vanita thozhil pankaalittha nirakk kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikalude aavashyathe prerippichu. eee aavashyathinte falamaayi, veettujoliyum paricharana joliyum ippol vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal pinthudarunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya thozhilaanu.
kudiyetta sthreekalude shambalamulla gaarhika, paricharana jolikal ellaayppozhum shambalamillaatha prathyulpaadana thozhilaallikaleppole thanne palappozhum vilakuranjathaanu. mattu kudiyetta thozhilaallikalkk labhikkuna athe parirakshakal kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikalkk nishedhikkunnathine nyaayeekarikkan chila rajyangal "kudumba amgathvam" enna ashayavum upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru roman kudiyetta veettujolikkaaran ovartaim shambalam nalkano ennu theerumaanikkumbol, israeli kodathikal chodichu, "oru amma raathriyil kuttikale paricharikkunnathin ovartaim aavashyappedumo?athupole, yukeyil, jolie samayaparidhi, edavelaykkulla avakasham, ratri jolie paridhi enniva niyanthrikkunna niyamangal gaarhika thozhilaallikale prathyekamaayi ozhivaakkunnu.
koodaathe, kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikal palappozhum avarude thozhiludamakalodoppam thamasikkaan nirbandhitharaakunnu, avide avar pothujanagalkk "adrishyaraanu", prathyekichu durupayogathinu irayaakunnu. hongong, pala arab samsthaanangal, itali ennivayulppede niravadhi raajyangalile kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaalikalkkidayil vyapakamaaya laingikavum maanasikavum shaareerikavumaaya durupayogam report cheyyappettittund.
ennirunnaalum, chila rajyangalil kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikalude niyamangal maarikkondirikkukayaan. udaaharanathinu, 2014 nuu munbu liv-inn caregiver prograam vazhi kaanadayilekk kudiyeriya gaarhika thozhilaallikal avarude thozhiludamakalodoppam thaamasikkendathundaayirunnu, ennaal puthiya hoome child cair provider pailattin atharam aavasyamilla.
vanita kudiyetta veettujolikkaarkk avarude kudumbathodoppam kudiyeraan apoorvamaayi maathrame kazhiyoo. thalphalamaayi, avar palappozhum swantham kuttikalodulla sneham avar paripaalikkunna kuttikalilekku "traansplaant" cheyyukayum avarude charjukalumaayi adutha bandham sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
uthbhava raajyangalile swaadheenam.
saambathika prathyaaghaathangal.
phillippeans, srilanka, maleshya ennividangalil nadatthiya padanangal kaanikkunnath kudiyetta sthreekal avarude kudumbatthinte adisthaana chelavukalum aarogya parirakshaa aavasyangalum niravettunnathinaayi praadhamikamaayi videshathu jolie thedunnu ennaanu. 2015leeii kanakkanusarichu kudiyetta thozhilaallikal 601 bilyan dollariladhikam avarude uthbhava raajyangalilekku ayachu. vikaswara raajyangalkk motham 441 bilyan dollariladhikam labhichu, ithu vikasana sahayathekkaal moonnirattiyum avarkk labhicha nerittulla videsha nikshepathekkaalum kooduthalaanu. neppaal polulla vikaswara rajyangalil, gdpyude ekadesham 25 sathamaanamaanu videsha panamayaykkal. koodaathe, pala kudiyetta thozhilaallikalum anoupachaarika maargangaliloode panamayaykkunnu, athinaal yadhaartha motham ithilum kooduthalaanu.
meksikkoyileyum philippainsileyum padanangal kaanikkunnath purushanmaar avarude varumaanathinte kooduthal sathamaanavum sthreekalekkaal kooduthalum panam ayaykkunnundengilum, bancock, lavos, grameena phillippines ennividangalile mattu padanangal sthreekal avarude varumaanathinte valia anupaathamaan ayaykkunnathenn kandethi. lokabaankil ninnulla kanakkukal soochippikkunnathu vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal saadhaaranayaayi avarude purusha athiraalikale apekshichu kuravu sambaadikkunnundengilum, 2015 ll ayacha aupachaarika panamayakkalile 601 bilyan dollarinte pakuthiyaanu avarude sambhavana.
vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil ninnulla panam "aarogyam, vidyaabhyaasam, kudumbam, saamoohika vikasanam" ennivaykkaayi upayogikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund, athesamayam purushanmaarude panam nikshepangalkkaayi upayogikkunnu. neppaal polulla vikaswara rajyangalil, vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal ayaykkunna panatthil bhooribhaagavum kudumba thalatthil daaridrya laghookaranathilekku pookunnu. neppali vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalil nadatthiya oru padanatthil 45 sathamaanam perum thangalude panam bhakshanavum aarogya parirakshayum, kuttikalkk school vidyaabhyaasam thudangiya adisthaana aavasyangalkkaayi maathramaayi upayogichathayi kandethi. sthoola saambathika thalatthil, vyapara kammi neridaanum praadeshika karansiyude melulla sammarddam kuraykkaanum videsha kadam kuraykkaanum panamayaykkal raajyangalkk kazhiyum.
ennirunnaalum, mattu padanangal vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalkk oru "kudiyetta-vikasana" koottukettu nilanilkkunnathine chodyam cheythittundu. chila rajyangalil panamayaykkal vikasanathinu prachodanamaayappol mattu samoohangalil avaa valarchaye prathikoolamaayi baadhichu.
maathru kudiyettatthinte prathyaaghaathangal.
vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude kudiyettam prathyulpaadana thozhilaallikalude asamamaya anthaaraashtra vibhajanathilekku nayichu. vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal mattu rajyangalil veettujolikkaayi avarude uthbhava rajyangal upekshikkunnathinaal, avar palappozhum avarude uthbhava rajyangalil veettujoliyil oru kuravu avasheshippikkunnu, athu sthree bandhukkalo prathyekaavakaashamillaath praadeshika sthreekalo ettedukkendivarum.
prathyekichu ammamaarude kudiyettam avarude kuttikalude saamoohikavum vaikarikavumaaya kshemathe aazhathil badhikkum. sreelankayile kuttikalum videshathu jolie cheiyunna ammamarum thammilulla oru padanatthil eee kuttikal kantrol grouppinekkaal uyarnna nirakkil maanasikaarogya prasnangal anubhavikkunnathayi kandethi. kudiyettakkaaraaya ammamar thangalude kuttikalumaayi sanbarkkam pularthaan shramichenkilum, avarude edapedalukal palappozhum kramarahitavum "ardhavathaaya kaimattatthinu kuravumaanu". thalphalamaayi, eee kuttikal palappozhum avarude maathaapithaakkale ariyaathe valarunnu. melnottathinteyum maathaapithaakkalude pinthunayudeyum abhavam kuttikalude vidyaabhyaasatheyum badhikkunnu.
lingaparamaaya rolukalil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
chila sthreekal adichamarthal linga maanadandangalil ninnu rakshappedunnathinum veedu vittu vardhicha saambathika swaathanthryavum swaathanthryavum nedunnathinum kudiyerunnu. ithu oru sthreeyude aapekshika vilapeshal sthaanam mechappeduthunnathiloodu kudumbatthil avalude sthaanam shakthippeduthaan kazhiyum. oru paridhivare saambathika swathukkalude mail avarkk niyanthranamullathinal vanita thozhilaallikalkk veettil kooduthal swaadheenamundu.
lingabhedam, laingikatha, kudumbam, chainayil jolie enniva padikkunna oru saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya liu, kudiyetta thozhilaallikale avarude puthiya parithasthithiyil saamoohika rolukal pinthudarunnuvennu vaadikkunnu. oru nagaratthilo videshathilo ulla avalude puthiya jeevithavumaayi oru sthreeyude grameena jeevithathile punk thammil sakthamaaya bandhamund. sthreekalkku labhikkuna chikitsa avarude parambaraagathavum garhikavumaaya rolukalaal saadhaarana nilayilaakkappedunnathil sweekarikkunnu.jii. veettammayum veettujolikkaariyum enna nilayilulla avarude punk.
maruvashathu, laattin amerikkayil ninnulla sthreekal avarude kudumbangal upekshichu padinjaaran europil gaarhika paricharana jolikalkkaayi maarumbol lingaparamaaya punk vikasikkunnuvennu spanish-american saambathika shaasthranjayaaya beneria vaadikkunnu. mikka kudiyetta thozhilaallikalum avarude parambaraagatha lingaparamaaya rolukal shakthippeduthunna gaarhika, paricharana jolikal polulla uyarnna lingaparamaaya thozhilukalilaanu jolie cheiyunnathennu avar sammathikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru sthree thante kudumbatthinu panam ayaykkaanum pookaanumulla theerumaanam kudumbatthinullile lingaparamaaya rolukalil oru thirichuvaravinu thudakkamidunnuvennum avar vaadikkunnu.
sthreekalude kudiyettam veettil avasheshikkunna purushanmaare maarikkondirikkunna linga maanadandangalumaayi poruthappedaan nirbandhitharaakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, sreelankayil ninnulla sthreekal gaarhika jolikalkkaayi middle eesttilekku kudiyerunnathu kooduthal saadhaaranamaayirikkunnu. eee kudiyettam sreelankayile gramangalil thamasikkunna purushanmaare parambaraagatha linga aadarshangalkku virudhamaaya puthiya linga maanadandangal sweekarikkaan nirbandhitharaakkunnu. eee purushanmaaril chilar madyam kazhichukondu athine neridunnu, ithu oru purusha pravartthanamaayi kaanapedunnu. mattu purushanmaar avarude samoohangalkullilum puratthum svanthamaayi jolie kandethunnu. eee purushanmaar palappozhum avarude kudiyetta bhaaryamaarekkaal kuravu sambaadikkunnundengilum, avarude kudumbatthinte upajeevanamarggam enna nilayilulla parambaraagatha rolukal avar poornnamaayum upekshikkunnilla, athinaal avarude purushathvatthil chilath nilanirthaan avarkk kazhiyum. sthreekal saadhaaranayaayi cheiyunna gaarhika bharam chumakkaan thiranjedukkunna churukkam chila purushanmaare palappozhum "valare sthreelinga" maayi kanakkakkunnu. avar avarude kudumbangalude upajeevanakkaarallathathil, avarude samoohathile chilar avare inii "purushanmaar" aayi kanakkakkunnilla.
lakshyasthana raajyangalile swaadheenam.
aagolavalkaranam uyarnna varumaanamulla raajyangalile prathyekaavakaashamulla sthreekalil ninnu vikaswara rajyangalil ninnulla vanita kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikalilekku prathyulpaadana thozhil kaimaattam sugamamakkunnu. eee gaarhika joliyude prathinidhi samgham vikasita rajyangalil ninnulla kooduthal sthreekale purushanmaareppole avarude currier pinthudaraan praptharaakkunnu. singappooril, 1980 num 1994 num idayil videsha velakkaarimaarude valia varavu, singappooril vivahitharaaya sthreekalude thozhil pankaalittha nirakkil 70 sathamaanam vardhanavinu samanamaayirunnu. vanita veettujolikkaarude kudiyettam illaayirunnengil eee vardhanavu saadhyamaakumaayirunnilla ennu hui vaadikkunnu.
america polulla pala vikasita raajyangalilum, praayamaayavarude ennam deerghakaala paricharana thozhilaallikalkk kooduthal aavashyathilekku nayichu. thalphalamaayi, eee vikasita rajyangal avarude muthirnnavarude paricharana aavasyangal niravettunnathinaayi vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikalilekku kooduthalaayi thiriyunnu. amerikkayil, loss enjalsile inn-hoome muthirnnavarude paricharana daathaakkalil 75 sathamaanavum havaayiyile cair hoome oopparettarmaaril 95 sathamaanavum philippina kudiyetta thozhilaallikalaanu. braun thudangiyavar. deerghakaala paricharana mekhalayile vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikale america aashrayikkunnath eee vyavasaayathile thozhilaallikalude kuranja shambalathe niyamavidheyamaakkukayum muthirnnavarude paricharana thozhilinte mothatthilulla moolyathakarcha nadathukayum cheythuvennu vaadikkunnu.
vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikale badhikkunnu.
chooshanavum durupayogavum.
vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikal praadhamikamaayi anoupachaarika mekhalakalil jolie cheiyunnavaraanu, avar palappozhum avarude aathidheya raajyangalile thozhil niyamanirmmanam, saamoohika suraksha, kshema vyavasthakal ennivayil ulppedukayo bhaagikamaayi maathram ulppeduthukayo cheiyunnu. durbalamaaya thozhil parisodhana sevanangalulla saahacharyangalil sthreekale chooshanam cheiyunnathu palappozhum sambhavikkunnathinaal vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikale chooshanam cheiyunnathu purusha kudiyetta thozhilaallikalekkaal kuravaanu. prathyekichu kudiyettakkaaraaya vanita veettujolikkaar palappozhum ottappettupokukayum avarude thozhiludamakale aasrayikkukayum cheyyaam. mosham perumaattatthinte udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu shambalam labhikkathirikkuka, niyantrithamaaya sanjaaram, vyakthigatha thirichariyal rekhakal neekkam cheyyuka, neenda shifttukal, avadhiyillathe orazhcha muzhuvan jolie cheyyuka, laingika chooshanam, aparyapthamaaya bhakshanam, vellam, thaamasoukaryam ennivayulla mosham jeevita saahacharyangal. thozhiludamakal swakaarya vasthukkal kandukettiyathum report cheyyappettittund (athaayath.iii. pasportukal, mobail upakaranangal), kudiyetta gaarhika thozhilaallikal bhakshanam kazhikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi alamaarakalum friedjukalum poottunnu 
koodaathe, kudiyetta vanita thozhilaallikal avarude swantham saamoohika vrithangalil polum ottappettirikkukayaane cheng vaadikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, avarkk palappozhum mosham pinthunaa samvidaanangalundu, ithu avarude thozhiludamayude kudumbangale aashrayikkunnath vardhippikkukayum avare durbalamaaya avasthayil athikkukayum cheiyunnu.
prathyulpaadana aarogyam.
yunaittad arab emirates, kuvaitt thudangiya chila gulf rajyangal vanita kudiyetta thozhilaallikale laingika pravarthanangalil earppedunnathil ninnu vilakkunnu. gulfile avarude kaalayalavil eee sthreekal garbhinikalaayal, "sina" enna kuttatthinu avar oru varsham thadavilaayirikkum. avar jayilil prasavikkukayum naadukadatthappedumbol avarude kuttikalil ninnu nirbandhithamaayi verpeduthappedukayum cheiyunnu.
anthaaraashtra prathikaranangal.
anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana (aii. ell. oo) vanita, purusha kudiyetta thozhilaallikalude anubavangal orupole mechappeduthunnathinaayi daathaakkaludeyum gathagatha, lakshyasthana raajyangaludeyum sarkkaarukalum samghadanakalum nadappaakkenda mechappeduthal nadapadikalude oru pattika nalkiyittundu. eee nadapadikalil chilath inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
vanita thozhilaallikalude pinthunayum prathirodhavumkkayi samarppichirikkunna aikyaraashtrasabhayude oru shaakhayaanu unifem (ippol yuu. enn. viman). kudiyetta jolikalude varavu sthreekalkkidayil kooduthal vyaapakamaayathinaal, avarude avakashangal samrakshikkaan unifeminu sahaayikkendathundu. manushyavakaasha maanadandam sthaapikkuka, samayabandhithamaya panam nalkuka, vishrama divasangal, vaidyasahaayam, bhawana anweshanam enniva ithil ulppedunnu. indoneshyayile kudiyetta sthreekalude samrakshanathekkurichulla niyamathinu samanamaaya niravadhi niyamangal unifem prothsaahippichittundu. jolico mattu kaaranangalko vendi kudiyettatthil earppedunna ellaavarkkum oru saarvathrika dhaarmika niyamavum perumattavum undaakkuka ennathaanu avarude lakshyam.
ezhuthukaar tonia basok nikkola piper laattin amerikkakkaarudeyum caribean vamshajarudeyum avakashangal samrakshikkaan sramikkunna sarkkarithara samghadanakal europilekku maarunna anthaaraashtra kudiyetta shramangalude aagola bharanathekkurichu charcha cheiyunnu. thangalude raajyathekkum purathekkumulla sthreekalude kadathu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu mechappettittundel, maanejment shramangalkk vipareethamaayi avakashangal uyarthappedaathathinaal videshathu thozhil avakaashangalude nadatthippu budhimuttaanennu avar vaadikkunnu.

