
giffeng songmi

oru tang raajavamshathile buddha pandithanum huyan sanbradaayathile anchaamathe paathriyarkkaayum thekkan chaan budhamathathile hess sanbradaayathile paathriyarkkaayum sthaapithanaaya bhikshuvaayirunnu gwifeng songmi () (februvari 841). tang budhamathatthinte samakaalika saahacharyathekkurich addeham niravadhi kruthikal ezhuthukayum avaa tavoisatheyum kanfyooshyanisatheyum charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. chaan, huyan ennivayekkurichulla vimarsanaathmaka vishakalanangalum niravadhi thiruvezhuthuprasangalum addeham ezhuthi.
budhamathatthinte praayogikavum saidhaanthikavumaaya vashangalil songmik aazhathilulla thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. iru dishakalileyum prathyekathayilekku chaayvullavarude kaazhchappaadukal samanvayippikkunnathil addeham prathyekichum shradhaaluvaayirunnu. budhamatha, budhamatha ithara padippikkalukalude saidhaanthika vargeekaranangal addeham nalki, sidhaanthangalile vyakthamaaya asamathvangalkku avayude prathyeka lakshyangalkkanusarichu tharamthirichukondu kanakkakki.
jeevacharitram.
aadya varshangal (780-810).
780ll innathe central sichuvaanile shakthavum swaadheenamullathumaaya kudumbathilaanu songmi janichathu. thante aadya varshangalil, pravishya gavanmentil oru currier pratheekshichukondu addeham chainees klaasikkukal padichu. pathinezho pathinetto vayassullappol songmik pithaavine nashtappedukayum budhamathapatanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. chenguvaanu ezhuthiya 811 leeii kathil, moonnu varshathekku addeham "maamsam kazhikkunnath upekshichu, [budhamatha] thiruvezhuthukalum grandhangalum parishodhichu, dhyaanatthinte gunangal parichayapettu, prashastha sanyaasimaarude parichayam thedi."
irupathirandaam vayassil addeham kanfyooshyan klaasikkukalilekku madangukayum suyishouvile yixuvuvan kanfyooshyan academyil padikkukayum thante dhaarana kooduthal aazhathilaakkukayum cheythu. addehathinte pilkkala rachanakal "analectukal", "pithrusaannidhyathinte classic", "aachaarangalude pusthakam", charitra grandhangal, lavosiyude kruthikal polulla daavoyist klaasikkukal ennivayumaayi vishadamaaya parichayam velippeduthunnu.
chaan (804-810).
irupathinaalaam vayassil songmi chaan maasttar suisho davoyavane kandumuttukayum rando moonno varsham chaan pariseelikkukayum cheythu. oru buddha sanyasiyaayi poornnamaayum niyamithanaaya varsham 807-ll addehathinu daavuyaante mudra labhichu.
thante aathmakathaaparamaaya sangrahathil addeham parayunnath, "thikanja prabudhathayude soothramaanu" () thanne prabudhathayilekku nayichathennum thante "manass-nilam" poornnamaayum thurannuvennum [...]..] athinte (thiruvezhuthukalude) ardham aakasham pole vyakthavum thilakkavumaayirunnu."vedagrandhathinte rando moonno pejukal maathram vaayichathin sesham songmiyude pettennulla unarvu addehathinte thudarnnulla pandithochithamaaya jeevithathil aazhathilulla swaadheenam chelutthi. chaan bhashayil thiruvezhuthuprabhiyaangalu aavasyakatha addeham munnottuvachu, koodaathe "oraalude vikaarangalude swabhaavathinu anusrithamaayi swathanthramaayi pravartthikkaan svayam ealppikkuka" enna abhyasam nadathunna masu dioyiyil ninnu uruthirinja hongshou vamshathinte antinomiyanisamaayi thaan kandathine addeham angeyattam vimarshichu. ennaal songmiyude kanfyooshyan dhaarmika moolyangal addehathe orikkalum upekshichilla, addeham thante kariyarinte bhooribhaagavum kanfyooshyan daarmmikathaye budhamathavumaayi samyojippikkaan shramichu.
huwa-yaan (810-816).
810-ll, muppatham vayassil, pramukha buddha pandithanum huvaayan exejett chenguvaante (, 738-839) sishyanumaaya lingfengine songmi kandumutty. chenguvaante vyaakhyaanathinte oru pakarpum "avathamsaka soothra" thekkurichulla upalekhanavum lingfeng songmik nalki. eee rund grandhangalum songmiyil aazhathilulla swaadheenam cheluthendathaayirunnu. addeham eee grandhangalum soothravum valare theevrathayode padikkukayum thante kadinamaaya sramangal kaaranam, oduvil "bakkiyulla ellah samshayangalum poornnamaayum illaathaayi" ennu pinneedu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu."812-ll songmi padinjaaran thalasthaanamaaya chaangaanilekku yaatra cheythu, avide addeham rund varsham chenguvanumaayi padichu, addeham huvaayaanil tharkkamillaatha adhikaariyaayirunnuvennu mathramalla, chaan, tiantai, vinaya, kizhakkan eshyan maadyamaka ennivayil valareyadhikam arivullavanaayirunnu.
songnan parvvatham (816-828).
816-ll chaanginte thekkupadinjaarulla songnan parvathanirakalilekku pinmariya songmi, "thikanja prabudhathayude soothra" thinte vyaakhyaana rooparekhayum soothrathekkurichulla naalu vyaakhyaanangalil ninnulla bhaagangalude samahaaravum rachichu thante ezhuthu jeevitam aarambhichu. adutha moonnu varshathekku songmi budhamathathekkurichulla thante gaveshanam thudarnnu, budhamatha canonaya "tripidaka" vaayikkukayum songnaanile vividha shethrangalilekku yaatra cheyyukayum cheythu. 819ll addeham changan thirichetthi, thalasthaana nagariyile vividha aashramangalude vipulamaaya librarikal upayogichu patanam thudarnnu. 819-nte avasaanathil addeham "vajra soothra" thekkurichulla oru vyaakhyaanavum upalekhanavum () poortthiyaakki. 821-nte thudakkathil addeham gui kodumudiyude thaazheyulla kudilkshethrathilekku madangukayum athinaal "guifeng songmi" ennariyappedukayum cheythu. oduvil 823-nte madhyathil, thante aadya unarvvu anubhavathilekku nayicha "thikanja prabudhathayude soothram", ekadesham pathinanju varsham munbu thaan cheytha oru prathinjayude paryavasanam ennivayekkurichulla swantham vyaakhyaanam addeham poortthiyaakki. adutha anchu varshakkalam songmi thante prashasthi valarnnathode songnan parvathanirakalil ezhuthunnathum padikkunnathum thudarnnu.
thalasthaana nagaram (828-835).
828ll vensong chakravarty addehathe thalasthaanathekku vilippichu. 826-840) koodaathe purple vasthravum "grettu arhikkunna" (dade δ ̃; bhadanta) enna bahumanaarhamaaya padaviyum nalki. addeham thalasthaanathu chelavazhicha rund varshangal songmiye sambandhichidatholam nirnaayakamaayirunnu. addeham ippol annathe saahithyarkkidayil vipulamaaya sanbarkkangalulla desheeyathalathil aadarikkappetta chaan maastaraayirunnu. budhamatha vidagtharude parimithamaaya vaayanakkaarkkaayi addeham nirmmicha saankethika vivaranathmaka kruthikalekkaal vishalamaaya prekshakarkkaayi ezhuthunnathilekku addeham thante ganyamaaya arivum budhishakthiyum maatti. addehathinte pandithochithamaaya sramangal annathe boudhika prashnangalilekku nayikkappedukayum thudarnnulla addehathinte kruthikalude bhooribhaagavum annathe vividha saahithyarude abhyarthanakalkku anusrithamaayi nirmmikkappedukayum cheythu. budhamatha niyamatthinte oru puthiya vibhaagam srishtikkunnathinaayi oru chaan canon nirmmikkuka enna lakshyathode addeham prachaarathilulla ellah chaan grandhangalum shekharikkaan thudangi. eee kruthi nashtappettu, pakshe "chaante uravidathekkurichull shekharicha rachanakal" (chanyuvaan sukwanji sozhs) enna thalakkett avasheshikkunnu.
kazhinja varshangal (835-841).
835-ll sweet due sambhavam ennariyappedunna oru sambhavathil mahanaaya shaktharumaayulla songmiyude bandhamaan addehathinte pathanatthilekku nayichathu. songmiyude unnatha udyogasthanum suhruthumaaya lii suun, taangile chakravarthiyaaya vensongumaayum addehathinte general sheng shuvuma sahakarichu, raajasabhayile shandanmaare ellaavareyum koottakkola cheythukondu avarude adikaaram niyantrikkaan shramichu. eee padhathi paraajayappedukayum lii suun songmiyil abhayam thedi songnan parvathanirakalilekku palayanam cheyyukayum cheythu. lii sann udan pidikkappedukayum vadhikkappedukayum songmiye arast cheyyukayum raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi vichaarana cheyyukayum cheythu. vadhashikshaykk vidheyanaayappol songmiyude dheerathayil mathippulavaakkiya sakthanaaya shandanaaya yuu hongshi () songmiye veruthe vidaan sahashakthanaaya shandanaaya kyoo shiliangine prerippichu.
eee sambhavathin sesham songmiyude pravarthanangalekkurichu onnum ariyilla. 841 februvari 1nuu chaangaanil vachu songmi sassen bhaavathil marichu. march 4nuu giffeng kshethrathil addehathe samskarichu. panthrand varshathinu sesham addehathinu maranananthara bahumathiyayi "samadhi-pranja dhyana maasttar" enna padavi nalkukayum addehathinte avashishtangal neela thamara enna sthoopathil samskarikkukayum cheythu.
thathwachintha.
budhamathavum parambaraagatha davoyisavum kanfyooshyanisavum thammilulla vyathyaasangal nikathaan mathramalla, budhamatha sidhaanthathinullil thanne kazhiyunna oru samyojitha chattakkoodilekku vyathyasthavum chilappol vairudhyapoornavumaaya moolya samvidaanangal ulppeduthaanulla sramamaayirunnu songmiyude aajeevanantha pravartthanam.
confucianism, davoism, budhamatham.
chainayile moonnu mathangal confucianism, davoism, budhamatham enniva thammilulla sambhashanam nalkunnathumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu songmiyude kruthikalude bhooribhaagavum. oru prathyeka charitraparamaaya pashchaathalatthil pravartthikkunna moonnineyum addeham sameepanangalayi kandu, budhamathathe moonninteyum ettavum uyarnna sathyam velippeduthunnathaayi addeham karuthi, ithinu moonnu munimaraaya confucius, lavosi, buddha (songmi thulyamaayi prabudhanaayi kanda) ennivarude daaranayumaayi yaathoru bandhavumilla, koodaathe moovarum jeevikkukayum padippikkukayum cheytha prathyeka saahacharyangalumayi bandhapetta ellah kaaryangalum. songmi paranjathupole
kanfyooshyanisathile songmiyude aadyakaala pariseelanam addehathe orikkalum upekshichilla, koodaathe kanfyooshyan dhaarmika thathwangal budhamatha padippikkalukalil samyojippikkaan kazhiyunna oru samanvaya chattakkood srishtikkaan addeham shramichu.
pettennullathum kramenavumaaya prabudhatha.
jnjaanodayathinte swabhaavathekkurichulla vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukal samanvayippikkaan songmi shramichu. chaan paarambaryatthe sambandhichidatholam, innathe pradhana prashnangalilonn vadakkan rekha thammilulla vyathyasamaayirunnu, athu "kramanugathamaaya prabudhathayum" thekkan rekhayude "pettennulla prabudhathayum" vaadichu.
thekkan chaan paarambaryatthil ninnu vanna songmi pettennulla prabudhathayude thekkan padippikkalukale vaadichu. ennaal budhante padippikkalukalkk anusrithamaayi addeham randineyum kandu. addeham ezhuthi 
pettennulla padippikkal sathyam nerittu velippeduthukayum ellah jeevikalum budhanmaaraanennu "pettennulla" daaranayilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnuvenkilum oraal udan thanne budhamatham nediyennu ithinarthamilla. athinaal, songmi "pettennulla prabudhatha" yum thudarnnu "kramanugathamaaya krishi" yum vaadichu. oraalude aantharika budhaprakrithiye yadhaartha perumattavumaayi poornnamaayum samyojippikkunnathil ninnu oraale thadanja manassinte malinathayude bakkiyulla ellah adayaalangalum illaathaakkuka ennathaayirunnu eee kramanugathamaaya krishi.) songmi parayunnathanusarichu
"thadassangal illaathaakkunna kaaryatthil, suuryan udan purathuvarunnathupoleyaanu, ennittum manju kramena urukunnu. sadgunathinte poornathaye sambandhichidatholam, janikkumbol thanne naalu kaikaalukalum aarr indriyangalum ulla oru kuttiyeppoleyanu athu. athu valarumbol, kramena athinte pravarthanangalil niyanthranam vikasippikkunnu. athinaal, bodhisathwan aadyamaayi unarumbol, ithu ithinakam thanne thikanja prabudhathayude nettamaanennu huwa yenn [avathamsaka soothram] parayunnu."
ithu vishadeekarikkaan, songmi "vishwaasathinte unarvu" enna grandhatthil kaanapedunna jalathinteyum thiramaalakaludeyum roopakavum upayogichu. ellah kaaryangaleyum (aantharikamaaya prabudhatha) prathifalippikkunna jalathinte anivaryamaaya shaanthamaaya swabhaavam anjjathayude kaatt (prabudhathayillaayma, vyaamohangal) aswasthamaakkunnu. kaatt pettennu (pettennulla prabudhatha) nilachupoyenkilum, ellah chalanangalum avasaanikkukayum vellam athinte aantharika swabhaavathe (buddhahud) veendum prathifalippikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare aswasthappeduthunna thiramaalakal kramena (kramanugathamaaya krishi) kurayunnu. ennirunnaalum, anjjatha aswasthamaakkiyaalum illengilum, jalathinte adisthaana swabhaavam (i.iii.manass) orikkalum marunnilla.
adhyaapanangalude vargeekaranam.
akkaalathe pala budhamatha pandithanmareyum pole, saidhaanthika vargeekaranam (paan chiavo) songmiyude kruthiyude avibhaajya gadakamaayirunnu. songmiyude "budhamatha sidhaanthathinte chittayaya vargeekaranam thanne budhamatha paathayude (marga) oru sidhaanthamaanu."
tang raajavamshathile chaante swabhaavam mathramalla, budhamatha sidhaanthathekkurichulla songmiyude dharana velippeduthunna vividha sanbradaayangalekkurichu addeham vimarsanam nalki.
budhante padippikkalukal.
songmi budhante padippikkalukale anchu vibhagangalaayi krameekarichu 
songmiyude padippikkalil, oro vyakthiyudeyum "swabhaavam" buddha-swabhaavavumaayi saamyamullathaan, athu chaan oonnipparayunnu. addeham paranju, "athine nirvachikkaan, thudakkathil oru yadhaartha athmeeya swabhaavam maathrameyulloo, athu janikkunnilla, marikkunnilla, vardhikkunnilla, kurayunnilla, marunnilla, marunnilla."eee adhyaapanathinu ettavum uyarnna sthaanam nalkunnathiloode, huwa-yenn padippikkalukale paramonnatha padippikkalukalaayi kanakkaakkukayum" "oru vahanathinullil" "(" "eakayaana" ") chaan, huyeyn padippikkalukalude pothuvaaya vibhajanam sthaapikkukayum cheytha fasaanginte vargeekaranathil songmi maattam varuthi".
anchu vyathyastha tharam chaansinekkurichulla songmiyude vishakalanam.
chaan enna vaakkinte vividha ardhangalekkurichulla thante charchayil, manushya abhiruchikalile vyathyaasangalkk anuyojyamaaya anchu vibhaagangalude adisthaanathil chaan (samskritha dhyanam) enna vaakkinte ardham songmi vishadeekarikkunnu.
(1) aadyathethu, unnatha mekhalakalil punarjanmam thedukayum thaazhnna mekhalakalil punarjanmam ozhivaakkukayum cheiyunna budhamathakkaarallaathavar parisheelikkunna dhyaanatthinte roopamaanu. ithu kanfyooshyanisathinteyum daavoyisathinteyum padippikkalukalumaayi poruthappedunnu.
(2) randaamathethu, kaaranatheyum phalatheyum kurichu sariyaaya daaranayullavarum uyarnna mekhalakalil punarjanmam thedunnavarum thaazhnna mekhalakalil punarjanmam ozhivakkunnavarumaaya budhamathakkaar parisheelikkunna dhyana roopamaanu. songmiyude budhamatha padippikkalukalude vargeekaranathile manushyarudeyum daivangaludeyum padippikkalumaayi ithu poruthappedunnu.
(3) moonnaamathethu, svayam shoonyatha manassilakkiya theravaada budhamathakkaar parisheelikkunna dhyana roopamaanu.
(4) naalaamathethu, svayam shoonyathaykk purame ellaattinteyum (dharmmangalude) shoonyatha manassilakkiya mahayana budhamathakkaar parisheelikkunna dhyana roopamaanu.
aadyathe naalu tharam chaan dhyana ghattangalude oru sreniparamaaya shreniyude purogamana vaidagdhyam ulkkollunnu, athinaal kramena, bodhidharma avatharippicha anchaamathe tharam chaan ennathinu virudhamaanu, athu pettennaan.
(5) anchaamathethu, "oraalude manass aantharikamaayi shudhamaanu, thudakkam muthal athu ashudhikalillaathathaanu, yadhaarthathil athu poornnamaayum kalankamillaatha jnjaanathinte swabhaavam kondu sambannamaanu, eee manass budhanaanennum aathyanthikamayi avaa thammil vyathyasamillennum" pettennulla ulkkaazhchaye adisthaanamaakki parisheelikkunna dhyaanatthinte roopamaanu-ithu songmi paramonnatha vaahanathinte chaan ennu vilikkunnu.
manassinte vishakalanam.
valare vyathyasthamaaya prakriyakalalla, marichu samanthara prakriyakal vipareeta dishakalilekku neengunna patthu paraspara ghattangalayi songmi prabudhathayeyum athinte vipareethamaaya vyaamohatheyum kandu.
lamkavathara soothrathil" kaanapedunna ettu bodhangalude yogachara vishakalanathinteyum manassinte prathibhaasangale vivarikkunnathil "mahaayaanathilulla vishwaasathinte unarvinteyum" eaka vahana vyaakhyaanamaanu songmi pinthudarunnathu.
songmiyude darshanathil, unarvinte samayat velippedunna yadhaartha swabhaavamaanu yadhaartha manass. eee unarvinu munbu, yadhaartha manass chinthakalum thettaaya darshanangalum vazhi thettippokunnu. eee yadhaartha manassinte asaadhaaranamaaya roopam buddha-swabhaavamaanu, athinte vanjanaaparamaaya aavirbhavam yogachara chinthayile ettaamatheyum adisthaanabodhavumaaya store house bodham allengil chittayaanu. eee vanchanaa bodhatthil ninnu manassine, athaayath grahikkunna bodhathe, athaayath ezhaamathe bodhathe, uthbhavippikkunnu. avide ninnaan cognitive manasse (aaraamathe bodham) anchu indriyabodhangalum uthbhavikkunnath.
chaan skoolukale vimarshikkunnu.
songmi thante "seen srothassinte aavishkaarangalude shekharathinu prolegomenon" enna pusthakatthil ezhu chaan skoolukalekkurichu vimarsikkukayum, ettavum uyarnna sanbradaayathinte udaaharanamaayi swantham hoow-seey schooline prothsaahippichenkilum, mattu skoolukalekkurichulla addehathinte vivaranagal santhulithavum pakshapaatharahithavumaayirunnu. pala kesukalilum addeham thaan ezhuthiya vividha chaan ashramangal sandarshikkukayum adhyapakarumaayum vidagtharumaayum nadatthiya charchakal rekhappeduthukayum cheythathayi addehathinte rachanakalil ninnu vyakthamaan. parambaraagatha chainees samskaarathinte thathwachinthayumaayi indian budhamatham poruthappedunnathil addehathinte kruthikalkku shaashvathamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunnu. avasheshikkunna rachanakal chainayile budhamathathinte vikasanathinte charithratthile aadhunika pandithanmaarkk vilamathikkaanaavaatha uravidamaanennu theliyikkappettittund.
hung-chau school.
parambaraagatha budhamathathinteyum kanfyooshyanisathinteyum dhaarmika kramam avaganikkunnathayi thonnunna chaan vibhaagangale songmi vimarshichu. udaaharanathinu, vadakkan rekhaye "ellaam poornnamaayum thettaanenn" vishwasikkunnathaayi addeham kandappol, masu davoiyil (709-788) ninnu uruthirinja hung-chau paarambaryam "ellaam poornnamaayum sariyaanennu" vishwasikkunnuvennu songmi avakashappettu.
songmi parayunnathanusarichu, hung-chau school padippikkal oru samoolamaaya advaithavaadathilekku nayichu, athu ellah pravartthanangalum, nallatho cheethayo aaya, avashya budhaprakrithi prakadippikkunnathaayi vishwasikkukayum athmeeya krishiyudeyum dhaarmika achadakkathinteyum aavasyakatha nishedhikkukayum cheythu. ellah dhaarmika vyathyaasangalum illaathaakkukayum buddha-swabhaavathinte sathayude aavishkaarangalaayi eathu pravrithiyeyum saadhookarikkukayum cheythathinaal ithu apakadakaramaaya oru athirprakrithiyaayirunnu.
budhaprakrithiyude sathayum dainamdina yaadhaarthyathil athinte pravartthanavum ore yaadhaarthyathinte vyathyastha vashangalaanenn songmi sammathichenkilum, oru vyathyaasamundennu addeham urappichu paranju. vadakkan variyil addeham kanda dwaithavaadavum hung-chau skoolinte radical nonduvalisavum antinomiyanisavum ozhivakkaan, songmiyude maathruka "oru valia oontoolajikkal aikyathinullil dhaarmmikamaayi vimarsanaathmakamaaya dwaithatha" samrakshichu, ithu hung-chau chaanil illennu addeham avakashappettu.
vadakkan chaan.
vadakkan chaan ennathinekkurichulla songmiyude vimarsanam prabudhatha kaivarikkunnathinayi manassinte maalinyangal neekkam cheiyunna sanbradaayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. vadakkan vidyaalayam maalinyangal shoonyathaykk pakaram yadhaarthamaanenna thettidhaaranayilaanu (athaayath.iii.svanthamaayi oru swatantra yaadhaarthyavum illaathathinaal ithu oru dwaithavaada adhyaapanamaayirunnu. maruvashathu, songmi manassinte maalinyangal aantharikamaayi "shoonyavum" swaabhaavikamaayi manassinte aantharika shudha swabhaavathaal neekkam cheyyaavunnathumaayi kandu. ellah jeevajaalangalum kaivashamulla antharleenamaaya prabudhamaaya prakrithiyude "buddha-prakrithi sidhaanthathe" pinthunaykkunna "mahaayaanathilulla vishwaasathinte unarvil" ninnaan songmiyekkurichulla eee dhaarana vannath.
oakshead school.
akkaalathe mattoru pramukha chaan vamshamaaya oakshead skoolinekkurichulla addehathinte vimarsanavum thaatgathagarbha sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, ennaal eee saahacharyathil avarude padippikkal shoonyathayekkurichulla ekapaksheeyamaaya daaranayaayi songmi kandu. oakshead school "noow mind" padippichuvennu addeham avakashappettu (athaayath.iii., manassinte shoonyatha) ennaal manassinte pravartthanatthe thiricharinjilla, aantharikamaayi prabudhamaaya prakrithiyum athupole "shoonyamaanu" ennum "manassilakkaan onnumilla" ennum anumaanikkunnu. songmi thudarnnu paranju, "eee padippikkal vikaarangalodulla nammude aduppathe nasippikkuka maathramaan cheiyunnathennu namukkariyam, pakshe sathyavum thilakkavumulla prakrithiye ithuvare velippeduthunnilla".
ezhuthukal.
songmiyude rachanakal vipulavum swaadheenamullathumaayirunnu. songmiyude rachanakalude ennathekkurichu oru urappumilla. songmiyude epitaaf, pii 'iii hsyu ezhuthiyathu, (787?- 860) thonnoottil kooduthal faasikkalukal pattikappedutthiyittundu. saan-inginte (919-1001) jeevacharitram irunooriladhikam avakaashappedunnu.
aadhunika pandithanmaare sambandhichidatholam, songmi "tang raajavamshathile senekkurichulla ettavum moolyavathaaya uravidangal" nalkunnu. vidooramaayippolum vivaradaayakamaaya mattoru srothassumilla ".
nirbhagyavashaal, aadhunika pandithanmaarkk tang raajavamshathinte chaan punarnirmmikkunnathin vilamathikkaanaavaatha oru uravidam nalkunna "chaante uravidathekkurichull shekharicha rachanakal" (chaan-yuwan chuu-chaan-chii) ulppede songmiyude niravadhi kruthikal nashtappettu.
thikanja prabudhathayude soothrathekkurichulla vyaakhyaanam.
songmiyude aadyathe pradhana kruthi "thikanja prabudhathayude soothram" ennathinekkurichulla addehathinte vyaakhyaanavum upa kamantariyum aayirunnu, ithu 823-824 ll poortthiyaakki. upa kamantariyil chaante ezhu bhavanangalile padippikkalukaleyum ashayangaleyum sanbradaayangaleyum kurichulla vipulamaaya vivarangal adangiyirikkunnu. eee daatta vyakthiparamaaya anubhavathil ninnum nireekshanangalil ninnum uruthirinjathaanu. eee nireekshanangal aadhunika padanangalkkaayi tang raajavamshathekkurichulla mikacha uravidangal nalkunnu.
seen pinthudarchayude chart.
chainayile manassine kaimaattam cheytha chaan gettinte maasttar-shishya pinthudarchayude chart" (chung-huwa chuwan-hsin-tii chaan-menn shih-tsu cheng-hiss thuu), 830 num 833 num idayil peyy siyuyude abhyarthana maanich ezhuthappettathaanu. eee kruthi tang kaalaghattatthile pradhana chaan paarambaryangal vyakthamaakkunnu. vadakkan school, ooks-head school, thekkan chaante rund shaakhakalaaya hung-chau, swantham hoow-seey ("hess") lainukalekkurichulla vishadamaaya vimarsanangal ithil adangiyirikkunnu.
prolegomenon.
chaan aamukham" ennum ariyappedunna "seen srothassinte aavishkaarangalude shekharathilekkulla prolegomenon" 833-ll ezhuthappettu. chaan, budhamatha thiruvezhuthukal thammilulla paraspara bandhathekkurichulla songmiyude kaazhchappaadin ithu oru saidhaanthika adisthaanam nalkunnu. akkaalat nilaninnirunna niravadhi vamshaavalikalekkurichulla vivaranagal ithu nalkunnu, avayil palathum gaana raajavamshathinte (960-1279) kaalathode illaathaayi. samakaalika chaan sanbradaayangaleyum padippikkalukaleyum patthu vibhagangalaayi thaan kootticherthathaayi eee aamukhathil songmi parayunnu. nirbhagyavashaal, shekharam thanne nashtappettu, aamukham maathrame nilavilulloo.
manushyante yadhaartha swabhaavathekkurichu.
songmiyude "manushyaraashiyude uthbhavathekkurichulla anweshanam" (allengil "manushyante yadhaartha swabhaavathekkurichulla" allengil "oru yadhaartha vyakthiyekkurichulla samvaadam") 828 num 835 num idayil ezhuthappettu. eee lekhanam addehathinte ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthikalilonnaayi maari.
innathe pradhana budhamatha padippikkalukalum kanfyooshyan, thaavoyist padippikkalukalum ithu sarway cheiyunnu. thaddesheeya chainees thathwachinthakalekkaal budhamatham ethratholam shreshtamaanennu kaanikkuka mathramalla, budhamatha skoolukalude aazhathinte oru shreni avatharippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu eee grandham lakshyamidunnathu. mathiyaya dhaarmika samvidaanamo kaaranathekkurichulla vishadeekaranamo illaathathinu songmi kanfyooshyanisathe vimarshikkunnu. dhaarmika utharavaadithathinte unnathanilavaaramaayi karmmathekkurichulla budhamatha veekshanam addeham nilanirthunnu.
dii baari ezhuthunnu, 
ennirunnaalum, chainees thathwachinthakale poornnamaayum apakeerthippeduthukayo asaadhuvaakkukayo cheyyukayalla, marichu manushyaavastha engane nilavil vannu ennathinekkurichu kooduthal manassilakkaan budhamatha padippikkalukalumaayi samyojippikkuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte lakshyam.
ezhuthu reethi lalithavum nerullathumaanu, ulladakkam amithamaayi saankethikamallaathathinaal akkaalathe budhamatha budhijeevikalkku eee kruthi praapyamaan.
mahaayaanathilulla vishwaasathinte unarvu" ennathinekkurichulla vyaakhyaanam.
mahaayaanathilulla vishwaasathinte unarvu" ennathinekkurichulla theeyathi nischayikkaatha vyaakhyaanam orupakshe 823 num 828 num idayil ezhuthappettathaakaam. songmi oru huvaayan paathriyarkaraayi amgeekarikkappettittundum, "mahaayaanathilulla vishwaasathinte unarvu" enna grandhatthe ettavum uyarnna padippikkalinu udaaharanamaayi addeham kanakkakki, "huvaayan soothrathe" paramonnatha budhamatha padippikkalaayi sthaanabhrashtanaakki.
dhyana-maanuval.
ekadesham athe samayam addeham pathinettu faasikkalukalil "thikanja prabudhathayude thiruvezhuthanusarichu aachaaraparamaaya achaarangal krishi cheiyunnathinum saakshaathkarikkunnathinu nadapadikramangalude maanuval" enna peril oru pradhana kruthi ezhuthi. eee kruthiyil, songmi parisheelanatthinte vyavasthakal, aradhana reethikal, irikkunna dhyana reethi (sassen) enniva charcha cheiyunnu.

