
meksikkoyile feminism

meksikkoyile sthreekalude avakaashangalilum avasarangalilum rashtreeya, saambathika, saamskaarika, saamoohika samathvam srishtikkaanum nirvachikkanum samrakshikkanum lakshyamidunna thathwashaasthravum pravarthanavumaanu meksikkoyile feminism. liberal chinthayil veroonniya feminism enna padam pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil meksikkoyilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil varenyavargakkaarkkidayil pothuvaaya bhashayilum upayogichu. meksikkoyile feminism charithrathe kaalakramatthil prasnangalulla niravadhi kaalaghattangalaayi thirikkam. adhiniveshathinum colonial kaalaghattatthinum, chila vyakthikal aadhunika kaalaghattatthil punarmoolyanirnnayikkumpu meksikkoyile feminism charithratthinte bhaagamaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheiyunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil swaathanthryam labhicha samayat sthreekale pouranmaaraayi nirvachikkanamenn aavashyangalundaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil feminism oru prathyayashaasthramaayi prakadamaayi vikasichu. aadhunikavalkkarana padhathiyude bhaagamaayi penkuttikalkkum aankuttikalkkum mathethara vidyaabhyaasam nalkanamennu udaaravaadam vaadichu, sthreekal adthyaapakaraayi thozhilmekhalayil praveshichu. niyamaparamaaya padavi, vidyaabhyaasathilekkalu praveshanam, saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya adikaaram ennee mekhalakalil sthreekalkkethiraaya nilavilulla perumaattatthe vimarshikkunna grouppukal roopeekarichukondu aaa sthreekal feminism munpanthiyilaayirunnu. sthreekalude pourathvam, niyamaparamaaya samathvam enniva viplavathinu vendi poraadiya vishayangalaayirunnillenga viplava kaalaghattatthilaanu (1915-1925) kooduthal pandithochithamaaya shradha kendreekarichirikkunnathu. randaam tharamgathinum (1968-1990,1975-1985 ll ettavum uyarnna) 1990-nuu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthinum ganyamaaya pandithochithamaaya shradha labhichu. sthripurusha samathvathinaayi feminism vaadikkunnundenkilum madhyavarga sthreekal feminist grouppukalude roopeekaranathilum feminist chintha pracharippikkunnathinaayi jenalukalude sthaapanathilum mattu tharatthilulla aakdivisathilum neethrthwam nalki. aadhunika kaalaghattatthile thozhilaallivargga sthreekalkku avarude unionukalkko rashtreeya partykalkko ullil vadikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. meksikoo 68leeii samgharshangalil pankedutthavar aaa thalamurayude feminist prasthaanam roopeekarichathu pradhaanamaayum vidyaarthikalum adhyaapakarum aayirunnu. 1985leeii bhookambathinushesham yooniyanukalkullil svayam sthaapicha upadeshtaakkal samghaditha thozhilinte niyamaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya vashangal manassilakkiya vidyaasambannaraaya sthreekalaayirunnu. susthiramaaya oru prasthaanam roopeekarikkunnathinum thozhilaallivarga sthreekale pradhaanamaayum oru madhyavarga prasthaanathilekku akarshikkunnathinum, thozhilaallikalude vaidagdhyavum avarude joliyekkurichulla arivum upayogichu oru praayogika, thozhil samvidaanathe samyojippikkendathunna avar manassilakki. 1990kalil thaddesheeya samoohangalile sthreekalude avakashangal oru prashnamaayi maari, prathyekichu chiyapasile sapattista prakshobhatthil. prathyulppaadana avakashangal oru thudarchayaaya prashnamaayi thudarunnu, prathyekichu 1991 muthal, meksikkoyile catholica sabhaye raashtreeyathil earppedunnathil ninnu bharanaghadanaaparamaayi vilakkiyitilla.
meksikkoyile feminist sidhaantham.
feminism saidhaanthikamo daarshanikamo aaya mekhalakalilekku vyaapippikkunnathaan feminist sidhaantham.
parambaraagatha steeriyodaippukal.
meksikkoyil, eee sidhaanthangalil bhooribhaagavum poost colonialisathil ninnum saamoohika nirmmaanavaada prathyayashaasthrangalil ninnum uthbhavichathaan. feminisaminodulla oru aadhunikothara sameepanam "onniladhikam sathyangalude nilanilpp (purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum kazhchappaadukalekkaal)" eduthukaanikkunnu, ithu meksikkan saamoohika daaranayilaanu kalikkunnathu, avide pithrthvaparamaaya meshismo samskaaram oru marianisoiko malinchismo counderpartino ethiraayi vyakthamaayi yojippichitla. prathyekichu meksikkan pashchaathalatthil, sthreekalude parambaraagatha kaazhchappaadukal dhruva virudha sthaanangalilaanu vasikkunnath, athil shudhayum shudhavum vidheya anusaranamullathum jeevan nalkunnathumaaya marian sthree, njangalude gwadaloop sthreeyude vesham dharichu, spektrathinte oru attatthum papiyum goodaalochanayum raajyadrohiyum vanjanaaparavum vanjanaaparavum mestiso uthppaadippikkunna laa malinche maruvashathumaanu. saahityam, kala, naadakam, nritham, sinima, television, parasyangal ennivayiloode eee steeriyodaippukal janapriya samskaarathil kooduthal shakthippeduthunnu. eee chithreekaranangal krithyamo charitraparamaayi adisthaanamaakkiyullatho nikshipta thaalpparyangalkkayi krithrimamaayi kaikaaryam cheythatho aanenkilum, avar sthree meksikkan swathuathinte moonnu adisthaana prameyangale prothsaahippichu-katholikkathwam, colonialism, mestiso.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanabhagam vare, kalayilo samoohathilo mothatthil sthreekalude pradhana prathimakal purushanmaarudeyum purushanmaarudeyum sthreekalodulla daaranakalaal nirnnayikkappettu. viplavathinushesham meksikkan aaranenna puthiya prathichaaya samsthaanam srishtichu. pradhaanamaayum president alvarro obregoninte shramangaliloode saamskaarika chihnam oru thaddesheeya indiakkaariyaayi maari, saadhaaranayaayi oru mestiso sthree, colonialisathodum paashchaathya saamraajyathvathodumulla villaline prathinidheekarikkunnu. sthreekalekurichum avarude mekhalayekkurichum purushanmaarude nirvachanangal "audyogikavum" pradhaanavumaaya saamskaarika maathrkayaayi thudarnnappol, 1920-kall muthal sthreekal avarude swantham mekhala nirvachikkanamenn aavasyappettu.
meksikkoyil, sthreekalude samathvathinaayulla chila aavasyangal kudumba prathibaddhathakalum kuranja shambalamulla jolikalum thammilulla sthreekalude pooraattatthil ninnaan. uyarnna, madhyavarga kudumbangal gaarhika sahaiye niyamikkunnu, ithu chila sthreekale parambaraagatha lingaparamaaya rolukal kooduthal sweekarikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
daaranakal maarunnu.
kala, novalukal, photography ennivayile sthreekalude thangalekkurichulla chithreekaranangal kalayude vishayangalayi avarude vasthunishtavalkkaranathinum thithreekaranatthinum athiraayirunnu. viplavaananthara kaalaghattatthil, kalaakaaranmaarkk avarude swantham kala srishtikkunnathiloode, sthreethvathekkurichu avarude swantham swathwavum vyaakhyaanavum avakashappedaan kazhinju. viplavathethudarnnull kaalaghattatthile vanita kalakaaranmaar shareerathekkurichum athinte prathichaayayekkurichum avarude "vyakthiparamaaya" dhaaranakale puthiya reethikalil punarnirvachikkaan shramichappol, avar saadhaaranayaayi saamoohika maattathe pinthunachilla. thangalude pravarthanangalilekku thirinjunokkiya feministukalaanu saamoohika maattathinu kaaranamaaya viplavakariyaayi athine visheshippikkaan thudangiyathu. 1950kalil, 'janareshan oof' 50 'ennu vilikkappedunna oru koottam meksikkan ezhuthukaar meksikkan samoohathinte moolyangale chodyam cheiyunnathil swaadheenam chelutthi. swantham adichamarthalil madhyavarga sthreekalude pankaalithatthilekku aadyam shradha aakarshichavaril oralaaya rosario castellanos, "avasaanathe dassen aprathyakshamaakumbol aadyathe roshakulanaaya vimathan prathyakshappedum" ennu prasthaavichu. jaathi, padavi, adichamarthal, vamseeyatha, laingikatha ennivaye chodyam cheyyaan castellanos thante rachanakaliloode shramichu. avarude shabdathodoppam elena poniyattovskayum chernnu, avarude pathrapravarthanam, novalukal, cherukathakal enniva sthreekaludeyum shaaktheekaranamillaathavarum mahathaaya samoohathinteyum punk thathwashaasthraparamaayi vishakalanam cheyyukayum vilayiruthukayum cheythu.
1980kall vare, sthreepurushabandham, shishukendreekritha mekhalakal, vethanam ennivaye kendreekarichaayirunnu feminism sambandhicha mikka charchakalum. aaa kaalayalavinusesham, shareerangal, vyakthiparamaaya aavasyangal, laingikatha enniva uyarnnuvannu. 1980kall muthalulla chila feminist pandithanmaar sthreekalekkurichulla charitraparamaaya rekhakal vilayiruthukayum raajyathinte charithrathe roopappeduthunnathil avar pankaalikalaanennu kaanikkukayum cheythu. 1987-ll juuliya tunon pablos "mujeres enn laa historiya dii meksikoo" (meksikkoyude charithratthile sthreekal) ezhuthi, ithu charitraatheethakaalam muthal irupathaam noottaand vare mexicoic sthreekal nalkia charitraparamaaya sambhavanakalekkurichulla aadyathe samagra vivaranamaayirunnu. athinusesham, vipulamaaya padanangal kaanikkunnath meksikkan jeevithathinte ellah mekhalakalilum sthreekal ulppettirunnuvennaan. 1990kall muthal, lingaparamaaya kaazhchappaad academic padanatthinte oru kendramaayi mariyirikkunnu.
charithram.
meksikkoyude charithrathiludaneelam rashtreeya poraattangalil sthreekal oru pradhana punk vahichittundenkilum irupathaam noottaandinte madhyam vare sthreekalkku vottavakaasham labhikkunnathuvare raajyathodulla avarude sevanam rashtreeya avakashangalil kalashichirunnilla.
vijayathinte yugam, 1519-21.
spanish vijayiyaya hernan courtasinte saamskaarika vivarthakayenna nilayil meksikoo pidichadakkiyathil avale thante vamshathinum meksikoykkum oru raajyadrohiyaayi chithreekaricha laa malinche ennum ariyappedunna donna maarinayaan ettavum prashasthayaya thaddesheeya vanitha. thaddesheeya kayyezhuthuprathikalil maalincheyekkurichulla colonial kaalaghattatthile niravadhi chithreekaranangal undu, avaa avale kendra vyakthiyayi kaanikkunnu, palappozhum courtasinekkaal valuthaanu. sameepa varshangalil, feminist pandithanmaarum ezhuthukaarum avarude punk punarmoolyanirnayikkayum avar abhimukheekaricha thiranjeduppukalodu sahathapam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, oru raajyadrohiyenna nilayil avalude charitraparamaaya prathichaayaye athil ninnu rakshikkanulla sramathinu janakeeya pinthuna labhichitilla. president jose lopus portillo aadyathe mishra-vamshakudumbamaaya courtus, donna mareena, avarude mishra-vamshaputhran martin ennivarude oru shilpam kammeeshan cheythu, addeham oafees vittappol koyovakkanile courtus hausinu munnil ninnu meksikoo nagaratthile barrio dii saan diego churubuskoyile jardine meksikkodenkaattil enna anjjaathamaaya sthalathekku neekkam cheythu.
colonial yugam, 1521-1810.
colonial meksikkoyil samoohatheyum sthreekaleyum niyanthrikkunna parambaraagatha sanbradaayangalum niyamaparamaaya gadanakalum undaayirunnu. spanish kireedam colonial janataye rund niyama vibhagangalaayi vibhajichu, republic oof indians (republica dii indeos), republic oof spaniards (republica dii espanols), athil afro-meksikkan, mixed-rays ennivayulppede ellah thaddesheeyarallaatha vyakthikalum ulppedunnu. sthreekalude niyamaparavum saamoohikavumaaya nilapaadil vamseeya padavikku sakthamaaya nirnnaayakathvamundaayirunnu. sthreekal purushanmaarude adhikaarathinu keezhilaayirunnu penmakkalude mail achanmaarum bhaaryamaarude mail bharthaakkanmaarum. vidavakalkk avarude jeevithathilum swathum poornnamaayi niyantrikkaan kazhinju. saambathika maargangalulla kudumbangalil ninnulla sthreekalkku sthreedhanam nalkukayum athu bhaaryayude swathaayi thudarukayum cheythu. oru bharthaav thante bhaaryayude niyanthranatthilulla, paapparatthatthil ninno mattu saambathika budhimuttukalil ninno samrakshikkappetta vivaahanidhikalil (araz) bhaaryaykk nalki. oru vidhavaykku bharthaavinte estettil oru nischitha vihitam labhichu. sambannaraaya sthreekal avarude kudumbatthinte bahumanam shudhavum elimayullathumaaya perumaattatthiloode uyarthippidikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. niyanthranangal undaayirunnittum, sthreekal sambadvyavasthayil sajeevamaayirunnu, swath vaangukayum vilkkukayum swath varikkaraayi nalkukayum cheythu. daaridryam allengil vidhavathvam polulla saahacharyangal palappozhum nirbandhithamaayi thozhilmekhalayilum sthreekal pankedutthu.
colonial meksikkoyil janasamkhyayude bahubhooripakshavum nirakshararum poornnamaayum school vidyaabhyaasam nedaathavarumaayirunnu, penkuttikalude vidyaabhyaasathinu munganana undaayirunnilla. nagarangalile kurachu penkuttikal kanyaasthreekal nadathunna skoolukalil chernnu. chilar ettaam vayassil konvent skoolukalil praveshichu, "jeevithakalam muzhuvan klosttar aayi thudaraan."swakaarya adthyaapakar sambanna kudumbangalil ninnulla penkuttikale padippichu, pakshe pothuve avarkk oru kudumbatthinte melnottam vahikkaan maathrame mathiyaakoo. mixed rays aankuttikalkko penkuttikalkko avasarangal kuravaayirunnu. "churukkatthil, vidyaabhyaasam oru tharamthiricha samoohathinu anuyojyamaayathinaal valare thiranjedukkappettathaayinu, svayam saakshaathkaarathinte saadhyathakal kazhivukalekkaal jananathinte lottariyaayirunnu."
sthreekalude paarshwavalkkaranathinte eee chithrathinu oru pradhana apavaadam naadakangaludeyum kavithakaludeyum saahitya ulppaadanathinu avarude jeevithakaalathu "pathaamatthe muse" ennariyappettirunna jeronymite kanyasthreeyaaya juvana innes dii laa cruze aanu. meksikoo sarvakalashaalayil aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasam nedaanulla thante parajayappetta shramavum kanyasthreeyaakaanulla theerumaanavum vivarikkunna sradheyamaaya oru aathmakatha avar ezhuthi. irupathaam noottaandil, avarude jeevithavum kruthikalum parakke ariyappedukayum avarude jeevithatheyum kruthikaleyum kurichu vishalamaaya saahityam labhyamavukayum cheythu. avale feministukal aaghoshikkunnu. "soar juvana ins dii laa cruze ezhuthiya utharam/laa respuvesta" feminist pathrangalaanu prasidheekarichathu.
swaathanthrya yugam, 1810-1821.
meksikkan swaathanthryasamarathil (1810-1821) chila sthreekal svayam verthirichu, koodaathe chaaranmaraayum prakopanakarikalaayum vanjanakkaariyaayum jolie cheythirunnu. meksikooye spanish bharanathinu keezhppeduthunnathinum keezhadakkunnathinum thangalude deshavaasikal kadappettirikkunnathil 1812-leeii pathrangal sthreekale swaathanthrya shramathil pankedukkaan nirbandhichu. meksikkan charithratthil "laa coregidora" ennariyappedunna josepha oorttis dii domingues aanu swaathanthryasamarathile ettavum pramukhayaaya vanita nayaka. avalude avashishtangal meksikoo nagaratthile swaathanthrya smaarakathilekku maatti, avalude bahumaanaartham avalude prathimakalundu, avalude mukham meksikkan currencyil prathyakshappettu. eee kaalaghattatthile mattu vishishta vanithakal gertrudies bokanegra, maria louisa martinus dii garzia rojas, manuvela medina, ritha perez dii moreno, maria fermina rivera, maria ignasia rodrigues dii velasco vaii osorio barba, "gura rodrigues" ennariyappedunnu; leona vikario ennivayaanu.
aadyakaala deseeya kaalaghattavum porphyriatto, 1821-1911.
1824ll thanne, sakattekaasile chila sthreekal samsthaana sarkkarinodu apekshichu, "sthreekalum pourathvam aagrahikkunnu...sensasil 'laa siyudadana' (vanita pouran) aayi svayam kanakkakkaan."
1821num 1910num idayil feminist nettangal undaayittundengilum avaa saadhaaranayaayi vyakthigatha nettangalaayirunnu, aupachaarikamaaya prasthaanamaayirunnilla.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil feminism enna padam bhaashayilekku vannu. udaaravaadathil veroonniya meksikkoyile feminism mathethara vidyaabhyaasathe meksikkan kudumbangalil bharyamaarum ammamarum enna nilayil sthreekalude punk anthass nalkunnathinum vyakthikalenna nilayil sthreekalude swaathanthryam vipuleekarikkunnathinumalla oru maargamaayi kandu. eee kaalaghattatthil sthreekalude thulya avakashangal praadhamika shradhaakendramaayirunna; ennirunnaalum, chila feministukal sthreekalude avakaashangalkkaayi samghadanakal roopeekarikkaanum avarude ashayangal pracharippikkunnathinaayi jenalukal sthaapikkaanum thudangi. lattinamerikkayile sthreekalude prashnangalekkurichulla pothu samvaadathinulla oru kendra vediyaayirunnu rashtreeya, saahitya jenalukal."
sthrivaada chintha pracharippikkunnathinulla oru maarggam sthreekalkkum avarkkumaayi prasidheekaranangal sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu. 1870-ll meksikkoyile aadyathe feminist samoohangalilonnaaya yookkaattanil ritta settina guteeras "laa siyempreviva" (nithya) sthaapichu. sosaitti oru secondary school sthaapichu, athu 1886-1902 ll ninnu nayikkukayum yuva adthyaapika sthreekalude thalamurakale bodhavalkarikkukayum cheythu. sthreekalkkaayi schoolukal thurakkaan mattullavare prachodippikkukayum cheythu. 1887-ll lorana raitt dii clainhans oru saahitya feminist group sthaapikkukayum athu lingasamathvavum sthreekalude vottavakaashavum aavashyappedunna "violetas dii anahuwak" (violets oof anahuwak) enna maasika prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
eee kaalayalavil, sthreekalude rolukaleyum vimochanathinte aavasyakathayeyum kurichulla chodyam purushanmaarum etteduthu, prathyekichu sthreekalude asamathva prashnathekkurichu rund kruthikal ezhuthiya janaro garzia, "education eronia dii laa mujer vaii medius praatikkaas paaraa korirla" (sthreeyude thettaaya vidyaabhyaasavum athu thiruthunnathinulla praayogika maargangalum) (1891), "laa emensipasian dii laa mujer media poreo dell estudiyo" (vidyaabhyaasathiloode sthreeyude vimochanam) (1891), athupole thanne sradheyamaaya meksikkan sthreekalude oru shekharavum. 1884 leeii niyamasamhitha vivahita sthreekale bharthaakkanmaarude anumathiyillathe sivil samoohathil svayam pravartthikkunnathil ninnu thadanjathinaal sthreekalude asamathva prashnam vivaahathinullile niyamaparamaaya onnaayi garzia kandu. lingasamathvathekkurichu addehathinte vimarsanaathmaka nilapad rashtreeya pravarthanatthilekku vivarthanam cheythilla.
1900 nuu sesham porpherio dias bharanakoodathodulla ethirppu vardhichathode, theevra meksikkan liberal party (pii. ell. emm) anuyaayikalum francisco onnaamante presidency sthaanaarthithvathe pinthunaykkunnavarum ulppede thiranjeduppu virudha liberal klabbukalil aaktivist sthreekale orumichu konduvannu. madero. vottavakaasham ulppedeyulla sthreekalude avakashangal dias virudha prasthaanangalude avibhaajya gadakamaayirunnilla. 1904-ll 'sosaidad protectora dii laa mujer' (sthreekalude samrakshanathinulla samooham) roopeekarikkukayum 'laa mujer mexicana' (meksikkan vanitha) enna feminist maasika prasidheekarikkaan thudangukayum cheythu.
1910-ll, "club femenil antirelesionista hijas dii kuwahtemok" (kauhtemokkinte penmakkalude aanti-electionist womens club) thiranjeduppu thattippinethire oru prathishedhatthinu neethrthwam nalkukayum rashtreeya pankaalithatthinulla sthreekalude avakasham aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
viplavakaalaghattam 1911-1925.
meksikkoyile thozhil shakthiyil praveshicha aadya vanithakalil chilar school adhyapakaraayathinaal meksikkan feminism vidyaabhyaasa nilavaaram valia punk vahichittundu. viplavathil ninnu uyarnnuvanna aadyakaala feministukalil palarum yudhathinu munbo sheshamo adhyapakaraayirunnu, athupole meksikkoyile aadyathe feminist kongrasaaya "primer kongraso feminista" yill pankedutthavarum.
swaathanthryasamarathil undaayirunnathupole, niravadhi meksikkan sthreekal meksikkan viplavakaalath sainikaraayum sainikanethaakkalaayum athupole thanne paachakakkar, alakkusaalakal, nazhsumaar ennee parambaraagatha camp anuyayikalaaya veshangalilum sevanamanushtichu. ennirunnaalum, yudhathil muun sainikaraayi amgeekaaram nediyavar saadhaaranayaayi aayudhangaludeyum kathukaludeyum korearmaaraayi pravarthicha vidyaasambannaraaya sthreekalum prachaaranakkaarum chaaranmaarumaayirunnu. 1916 march 18nuu purappeduvicha oru utharaviloode sthreekalude ellah sainika niyamanangalum munkaala praabalyathode nirthalaakkukayum avaa asaadhuvaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythathaanu bhaagikamaayi ithinu kaaranam. chaarapravartthanatthinte swabhaavam kaaranam, pala vanita chaaranmaarum viplavathinte neethrthwavumaayi nerittu pravartthikkukayum athinaal avarkoppam pravarthicha nethaavu jeevichirikkunnidathom kaalam kuranjathu ardha samrakshitha padaviyenkilum undaayirikkukayum cheythu. 1913ll maria eriyaas bernell sthaapicha "club femenil lealtad" (vanita loyaltti club) pole avar avarude pravartthanangal marachuvekkaan avarude lingabhedam upayogichu heurta virudha clubbukal roopeekarichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil novelistukal, pathrapravartthakar, rashtreeya pravartthakar ennee nilakalil currier pinthudarnna vidyaasambannaraaya sthreekalude aavirbhavam kandu. laattin amerikkayilum prathyekichu meksikkoyilum pothuvaayi oru sthreebodham vikasichukondirunnu. 1914ll vivaahamochanathinulla avakasham nediya viplavakaalath sthreekalkku chila niyamaparamaaya nettangal undaayi. 1915ll hermila gallindo "mujer moderna" (aadhunika vanitha) enna oru feminist prasidheekaranam sthaapichu, athu vottavakaasham ulppedeyulla raashtreeyavum feminist ashayangalum charcha cheythu. viplavathil vijayicha bharanaghadanaavibhaagathinte nethaavaaya venustiyaano caranceyude pradhana upadeshtaavaayi gallindo maari. 1915 octoberil, europian, yunaittad stetts feminist sidhaanthavum soshyalisavum padicha yookkaattante puthuthayi niyamithanaaya govarnor salvador alvarado oru feminist kongras vilikkaan aavasyappettu. 1916 januvariyil meksikkoyile meridayil nadanna primer kongraso feminista (aadyathe feminist kongras) laingika vidyaabhyaasam ulppedeyulla vidyaabhyaasa vishayangal charcha cheythu; mathabhraantharude prashnam; niyamaparamaaya avakashangalum parishkaarangalum; thulya thozhil avasaram; mattullavaykkidayil boudhika samathvam, pakshe maathrthvathinte kaaryatthil sthreekale nirvachikkunnathil yadhaartha velluvilikalonnumilla.
parishkarana prasthaanam srishticha 1917 leeii meksikoo bharanaghadanayil feminist kongrasil charcha cheytha niravadhi ashayangal adangiyirunnu-swathanthravum nirbandhithavum sarkkar sponsor cheythathumaaya mathethara vidyaabhyaasam; "thulya jolikkulla thulyavethanam" (prathinidhikal sthreekale samrakshikkaan shramikkunnillenkilum, marichu uyarnna vethanam labhikkuna videshikalil ninnu purusha thozhilaallikale samrakshikkunnu); bhooparishkaranathilekkulla praadhamika nadapadikal; athupole thanne oru saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya ghadana. bharanaghadana sthreekalude vottavakaasham nirodhichillengilum 1918 leeii deseeya thiranjeduppu niyamam purushanmaarkk vottavakaasham parimithappedutthi. sthreekal "pouran" enna nirvachanathinu puratthaayirunnu."1953 vare meksikkoyil sthreekalkku vottu nedaan kazhinjirunnilla. 1917 leeii kudumbabandhangalude niyamam muun vivaahamochana vyavasthakal vipuleekarichu, sthreekalkku jeevanaamshathinum kuttikalude samrakshanathinum avakasham nalki, athupole thanne swath swanthamaakkaanum vyavaharangalil pankedukkaanumulla kazhivum nalki.
1919-ll, vottavakaashavum saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya swaathanthryam neduka enna lakshyathode "konsejo feminista mexicano" (meksikkan feminist kaunsil) srishtikkappedukayum elena torres cular; avarude bhoomiyudeyum vethanathinteyum samrakshanam ulppedeyulla thaddesheeya sthreekalude avakaashangalude vakthaavaayirunna maria "kukka" dell refugeo garzia; kaunsilinte aadya presidentum khanithozhilaalikalude avakaashangaludeyum vidyaabhyaasathinteyum vakthavumaaya juvana belen gutirres dii mendosa ennivar chernnu sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1922ll yookkaattan gavarnaraaya felip carillo puerto sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkunna niyamanirmmanam nirddeshikkukayum rashtreeya padavikalil malsarikkaan sthreekalodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte ahvaanam pariganichu, meksikkoyil eathenkilum rashtreeya padaviyil thiranjedukkappedunna aadya vanithayayi rossa torre gonsaalas maari, athe varsham merrida munisippal kaunsilil oru seett nedi. adutha varsham, 1923-ll, carillo puertoyude ilaya sahodari elvia carillo puerto samsthaana niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkappetta moonnu vanita prathinidhikalil oraalaayirunnu. beatries penishe barrera, rackwell disib sisero ennivaraayirunnu mattu rund perr.
1923ll paan american leag oof vimante aadya feminist kongras meksikkoyil nadakkukayum vishalamaaya rashtreeya avakashangal aavasyappedukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne meksikoo nagaratthil "primer kongraso naashanal dii mujeres" (aadyathe deseeya vanita kongras) nadannu, athil ninnu rund vibhagangal uyarnnuvannu. yookkaattanil ninnulla thozhilaalli unionukaludeyum resistans leagukaludeyum bhagamaayirunna radicalukal elena torres cular, maria "kyukka" dell refugeo garzia ennivarumaayi sakhyamundaakki. meksikoo nagaratthile kristhyan samoohangalil ninnulla adhyaapakarum sthreekalum paan american leagileyum us feminist associationukalileyum prathinidikalumaaya mithavaadikal jii. yude neethrthwathe pinthudarnnu. sophiya villa dii buventallo. 1923ll "frent unico proo derecos dii laa mujer (eph. yuu. pii. dii. emm)" (sthreekalude avakaashangalkkaayulla aikyamunnani) roopeekarikkappettu. 1925 aayappozhekkum mattu rund meksikkan samsthaanangalaaya chiapasileyum saan luis potosiyileyum sthreekalkku vottavakaasham labhichu. 1925-ll sivil coode parishkkaranam prolsaahippikkunnathi villa dii beaundello leag oof iberian, laattin american womens samghadippichu. group praadhamikamaayi linga bandhangalum perumattavum kaikaaryam cheiyunna prameyangalude oru parambara sweekarichu, athil vottavakashathekkurichum pothu padavi vahikkunnathinumulla vyavasthakalum ulppedunnu. 1925ll liga dii mujeres ibericas iii hyspanoamericanas (leag oof spain, spanish-american vanithakal) jii. kongraso dii mujeres dii laa raasa" (hyspanic vanithakalude kongras) samghadippikkunnathinu sophiya villa dii buventello neethrthwam nalkunnu. villa mithamaaya nilapad sweekarikkukayum maria dell refugeo garsia elvia carillo puerto idathupaksha nilapad sweekarikkukayum cheythathode vibhageeya tharkkangal eathaandu udan uyarnnuvannu. thozhilaallivarga sthreekalude prasnangal ulppedeyulla sthreekalude adichamarthalinte moolakaaranam saambathika saahacharyamaanennu idathupakshakkaar kandu, athesamayam villa dii beaundello dhaarmikavum judicial prasnangalumaayi bandhappettirunnu. villa dii beaundello purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum rashtreeya samathvathe pinthunachuvenkilum vivaahamochanathe apalapichu. atharam vibhageeyamaaya pilarppukal pinneedu nadanna feministukalude yogangalude savisheshathayaanu.
viplavathinu sheshamullah 1926-1967.
1920kalilum 1930kalilum laingika vidyaabhyaasavum veshyaavrithiyum kaikaaryam cheiyunna niravadhi konfaransukalum kongrasukalum yogangalum nadannu. 1926ll veshyaavrithikku niyamaparamaaya reglamento paaraa ell ejersisio dii laa prostyushiyon (veshyaavrithi nadathunnathinulla niyanthranam) paasaakkiyathinod prathikarichaayirunnu eee shradhayude bhooribhaagavum, veshyakal adhikaarikalil rajisttar cheyyaanum parisodhanaykkum nireekshanatthinum vidheyamaakaanum aavashyappedunna oru oordinans, ithu samgharshathinte avasaanathil sambhavikkunna oru saadhaarana prathibhaasatthinte bhagamaayirikkaam. palappozhum, sayudha samgharshathinte avasaanathil, pouranmaar saamoohikavum daarmmikavumaaya niyamangal punakrameekarikkunnathil laingikatha niyanthrikkunnathilekkum saamoohika rolukal punarnirvachikkunnathilkum thiriyunnu.
pathittaandinte avasaanathode, "partido naashanal revolucianaari" (praiyude munnodiyaayi), "partido naashanal aanti-electionista party" (pna) thudangiya rashtreeya partykal avarude ajandakalil oru vanita vedhi ulppeduthiyirunnuve eee kaalaghattatthile ettavum pradhanappetta nettangal saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya aashankakalude praayogika kaaryangalaayirunnu. 1931, 1933, 1934 varshangalil kongraso naashanal dii mujeres obreras vaii campassinus (vanita thozhilaallikaludeyum karshakarudeyum deseeya kongras) "kongraso kontraa laa prostyooshyan" (veshyaavrithikkethiraaya kongras) sponsor cheythu. eee samayaparidikkullil eee grouppukal nediya oru pradhana vikasanam 1931-ll balaalsangam nadannaal garbhachhidram niyamavidheyamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu.
1930kaliludaneelam eph. yuu. pii. dii. emm thaazhnna vargga sthreekalkku prayojanam cheiyunna saamoohika paripaadikalil shradha kendreekarichu, maarkkat staalukalude vaadaka kuraykkunnathinu vaadikkukayum nikuthikalum yoottility nirakkukalum kuraykkukayum cheythu. eee paripaadikal groupinu valia anuyaayikale nedikkodutthu, avarude sammarddam, president lazarro cardenasinte pinthunayode, 1939 ll 28 meksikkan samsthaanangalum sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkunna bharanaghadanayude article 34 leeii bhedagathiyude amgeekaarathinu kaaranamaayi. meksikkan kongras amgeekaarathe audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkaano maattam praabalyatthil undennu prakhyaapikkaano visammathichu. randaam lokamahaayudham mattu aashankakalilekku shradha kendreekarichu ennathinaal, aii. dii. 1 muthalulla varshangal pradhaanamaayum feministukalude nishkriyathvathinte kaalaghattamaayirunnu. chitharikkidakkunna nettangal undaayi, prathyekichu, sthreekalkku oduvil vottavakaasham labhichu. 1952ll eph. yuu. pii. dii. emm. "alianza dii mujeres mexicanas" (meksikkan vanita sakhyam) samghadippikkukayum vottavakaashathin pakaramaayi addehathinte presidential shramathe pinthunaykkumennu sthaanaarthi adolfo ruys courtinsumaayi oru karar undaakkukayum cheythu. vottavakaasham aavasyappettu nalkia harjiyil 500,000 sthreekalude oppukal "alianza" kku nedaan kazhiyumenkil ruys eee krameekaranatthinu sammathichu. ruys thiranjedukkappettappol, "alienza" oppukal nalkukayum vaagdaanam cheythathupole 1953 leeii federal thiranjeduppil sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkukayum cheythu.
randaam tharamgam 1968-1974.
1968 joolaiykkum octoberinum idayil, meksikoo 68 ennariyappetta vidyaarthi prathishedhatthil pankeduttha oru koottam sthreekal oru navothaana feminist prasthaanam aarambhichu. prakshobhakaalathu, sthreekal police baarikkedukal marikadakkaan avarude arashtreeya padaviyum lingabhedavum upayogichu. purushanmaarkk pookaan kazhiyaatha sthalangalilekku praveshanam labhikkunnath avarude shakthiyekkurichulla sthreekalude avabodham vardhippichu. rashtreeya maattam sambhavikkunnathin munbu sarkkar sakthikal prathishedhangal adichamarthiyenkilum, pranayathilekku nayikkathe platonic thozhil bandhangal nilanilkkumennu aaktivistukal manassilakkiyathinaal purusha-sthree bandhangalude chalanathmakatha maari.
prakshobham vidyaarthikaleyum ammamareyum aninirathi. thangalude kuttikale kollunnath kandu chila thaazhnna varggakkaarum pavapetta sthreekalum aadyamaayi vidyaasambannaraaya madhyavarga vanithakalumayi chernnu pravarthanaramgathekku "koottatthode" ethi. 1970kalude thudakkathil, feministukal idatharam raashtreeyathil pankeduttha madhyavargakkaarum sarvakalashaala vidyaabhyaasam nediyavarum maarksist swaadheenamullavarumaayirunnu. avarkk akkaalat valia swaadheenamundaayirunnil, palappozhum mukhyadharaa pathrangalil thamaashakaludeyum parihaasangaludeyum adivarayaayi. thangalude sarkkarukal pariharikkenda saamoohika thinmakalkkum asamathvangalkkumaayi ammamar aavarthichu prathishedhichathinaal grameena, nagarapradeshangalilum saamoohika-saambathika thadassangalkkidayilum chila "maathru prasthaanangal" vikasichu. avarude kuttikalude shabdamaayi aarambhichava taamasiyaathe mathiyaya bhakshanam, mathiyaya vellam, thozhil soukaryangal thudangiya mattu tharatthilulla maattangalude aavasyangalaayi maari. raajyathe vividha sthalangalil kaanaathaakunnathine chodyam cheiyunna shabdangalum uyarnnuvenkilum eee kaalayalavil aaa chodyangalkku kaaryamaaya vijayam labhichilla.
1970kalil feministukalude drishyaparatha vardhichu. sarkkar sponsor cheytha oru sammelanathil sthreekalude nilavile avasthayekkurichu rosario castellanos vimarsanam avatharippichu. "laa abegation, yuna verchud loca" (samarppikkal, oru bhraanthan sadguna) sthreekalude avakaashangalude abhaavathe apalapichu. gabriela canoo castellanosine "puthiya feminismte thelinja shabdam" ennu vilikkunnu."1972-ll, meksikkan samoohathinullile asamathvangal, akramam, akramathe oru swakaarya aashankayennathilupari oru pothusamoohamaayi engane pariganikkanam, sthreekalude jeevitam paryavekshanam cheyyanamennu charcha cheiyunnathinaayi" "radio universididil" "prakshepanam cheytha" "phoroo dii laa mujar" "(vanita phooram) enna radio prograam alaid phopa srishtichu". 1975-ll, maargaritta garsiayumaayi chernnu phopa sthaapichathu feminist veekshanakonil ninnulla vishayangalekkurichulla pandithochithamaaya vishakalanathinulla maasikayaaya "phem" aanu.
kooduthal praayogikamaaya ammayude prasthaanangalkk purame, eee kaalaghattatthil "puthiya feminism" ennu vilikkappedunna meksikkan feminism kooduthal boudhikamaavukayum lingaparamaaya pankukaleyum asamathvangaleyum chodyam cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1975 juuninum joolaiykkum idayil meksikoo sittiyil un vanithakalude loka sammelanam nadannu. 133 amgaraajyangalil ninnulla prathinidhikalkk meksikoo aathidheyathvam vahikkukayum avar samathvam charcha cheyyukayum avarude samoohathil sthreekalude prakadanam vilayiruthaan sarkkarukal nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. pala meksikkan feministukalum eee nadapadikale sarkkaarinte oru pablisity standaayi kaanukayum chila anthaaraashtra feministukal meksikkan feminist prasthaanatthe apamanikkukayum cheythuvenkilum, puthiya prashnangalum aashankakalum thurannuparayukayum laingikathayekkurichulla thuranna charchakal uyarnnuvannappol adayaalappeduthukayum cheythukondu eee sammelanam bhaaviyilekkulla oru paathaykk adithara paakukayum cheythu. 1975leeii konfaransukal prothsaahippicha aarr meksikkan vanita samghadanakal 1976ll garbhachhidram, balaalsangam, akramam ennivayil munneraamenna pratheekshayil "kolikiyoon dii mujeres feministaas" (feminist sthreekalude sakhyam) enna samghadanayil layichu. 1979ll athinte chila idathupaksha amgangal "frent naashanal dii lucha pore laa liberasion vaii loss derecos dii laas mujeres" (sthreekalude vimochanathinum avakashangalkkumulla pooraattatthile deseeya munnani) roopeekarikkunnathuvare "kolikiyoon" sthreekalude sramangalil aadhipathyam pulartthi. 1980kalude thudakkathil iruvibhaagangalum illaathaayi.
1970kalil luis echeveriyayude (1970-1976) presidencyil meksikkan sarkkar meksikkoyil kudumbaasoothranathe prolsaahippikkunnathi oru paripadi aarambhichu. pothujanaarogya mekhalayile nettangalum sisumarananirakku kuranjathum kaaranam amita janasamkhya deseeya prashnamaayi kaanapettu. telenovalakal ("sopp oopparakal") aayirunnittum sthreekalilekku nerittu athicherunnathiloode deseeya janananirakk kuraykkunnathinulla oru pracharanam sarkkar aarambhichu. kurachumaathram kudumbangalulla kudumbangal kooduthal sambannaraanennu kathaavasthukkal chithreekarichu. catholica sabha kudumbaasoothranathe shakthamayi ethirkkukayum athu prolsaahippikkunnathi sarkkaarinte reethi noothanamaayirunnu.
randaam tharamgam 1975 muthal 1989 vare.
1976ll aarambhicha saambathika prathisandhi aadyamaayi sthreekale varggarekhaykku kuruke onnippichu. grameena-nagara kudiyettam srishticha prasnangal pariharikkanamenn aavasyappettukondu saamoohika prasnangal sthreekalkku oru puthiya rashtreeya shabdam nalki. paarppidam, shuchithvam, gathagatham, upayogangal, vellam ennivayude abhavam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi sthreekal ayalpakka sakhyangal roopeekarichu. kooduthal aalukal jolie thedi nagarangalilekku maariyathode, aaa mekhalakalile nikshepathinte abhavavum vidyaabhyaasavum aarogya soukaryangalum sthreekalude shramangale onnippicha velluvilikalayi maari. eee "colonius popularukal" (ayalpakka prasthaanangal) "yadhaartha praathinidhyathinum samsthaana utharavaadithathinum saamoohika pouraavakaashathinum vendiyulla aavasyangal" unnayikkunnundengil sthreekalude saamoohika sthaanangal mechappeduthunnathinna vyavasthaapitha mattangal avar aavasyappettilla. kada prathisandhi rookshamaakukayum meksikoo anthaaraashtra vaaypakal nedunnathinaayi athinte karansiyude moolyathakarcha nadathukayum cheythathode, vethanam kurayukayum jeevithachelavu vardhikkukayum kooduthal kooduthal sthreekal thozhilmekhalayilekku praveshikkaan kaaranamavukayum cheythu. kambanikal sthreekale niyamikkaan thudangi, kaaranam avarkk kuranja vethanam nalkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, purusha thozhilillaayma vardhichu, feminist pravartthanangal nilachu.
1985leeii vinashakaramaaya bhookambangalodu prathikarikkunnathin samaaharanavum janakeeya prakadanavum saamoohika prasthaanangalum oru puthiya reethiyil onnichu. kudumbangalude adiyanthira aavasyangal niravettunnathinaayi nishkriyamaaya vanita prasthaanatthe naashatthinte vyaapthi shakthippeduthi. deerghakaala rashtreeya nettam nadappaakkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunna oru samghadanayaayi oru hraswakaala duranta nivaarana prasthaanatthe maattaan kazhiyumennu eee kaalayalavil oru amgeekaaram undaayirunnu. feminist grouppukal, praadeshika adithattilulla samghadanakal, engiokal (sarkkarithara samghadanakal) enniva sarkarino audyogika rashtreeya samghadanakalkko nalkaan kazhiyaathatho kazhivillaathatho aaya sahayam nalkaan edapettu. feministukal pala enn. jii. okalilum pramukharaayirunnu, mexicoic purathulla netvarkkukalumaayi bandhappettirunnu. 1988leeii vanjanaaparamaaya thiranjeduppinte pashchaathalatthil, 1929 muthal adhikaarathilirunna sthaapana viplava partikkethire janaadhipathyavalkkaranathinum samghadanaykkumulla prasthaanangalil vanita grouppukal earppettu. atharamoru samghadana "mujeras enn lucha pore dhii democracia" (janaadhipathyathinaayulla vanita poraattam) aayirunnu. oresamayam, niravadhi thozhilaalli unionukal vasthrathozhilaalikale padippikkuka, parisheelippikkuka, raashtreeyamaayi samghadippikkuka ennee lakshyangalumayi vanita upadeshaka boardukal nadappaakki. upadeshaka bordukalil sevanamanushtikkunna feministukal thozhilaallikale avarude thozhil sthalangalude paristhithiyum manobhaavavum mattaamennum vethanavum manikkoor ozhikeyulla mekhalakalil mattangal aavasyappedaamennum bodhavaanmaraakki. laingikaathikramangal pariharikkuka, kuttikaleyum aarogya parirakshayeyum ulppeduthuka, thozhil pariseelanavum vidyaabhyaasavum mechappeduthuka, thozhilaallikalude avabodham valarthuka, yadhaartha thozhil saahacharyangal maattuka enniva ulppedunna aavasyangal avar vipuleekarichu.
1980kalil meksikkan sarvakalaashaalakalaayi aadyamaayi kozhsukal vaagdaanam cheythukondu academic patana mekhalakalaayi feminism, lingabhedam enniva uyarnnuvannu. maartha laamaasinte edittarshippil, oru dvivarsha prasidheekaranamaaya "debate feminista" 1990-ll aarambhichu. gwadalajarayil, kristeena palomar 1995-ll linga patana prasidheekaranamaaya "laa ventaana" aarambhichu.
1990nuu sesham.
1990ll aarambhicha eee kaalayalav meksikkoyude raashtreeyathile oru maattathe adayaalappeduthi, athu meksikkan janaadhipathyathin thudakkamidukayum 2000ll prathipaksha deseeya aakshan party (paan) presidency nedukayum cheythu. samsthaana govarnor sthaanangal neratthe paan etteduthirunnu. 1997ll oru puthiya thiranjeduppu niyamam praabalyatthil vannathode prike adhosabhayude niyanthranam nashtappettu, thudarnnu 2000ll praiyude charitraparamaaya presidency nashtam. vertual eaka-party-bharanathinte avasaanam meksikkoyile sthreekalil cheluthunna swaadheenam oru thuranna chodyamaayirunnu. 1990ll maartha lamas sthaapicha "debate feminista" (feminist debate) enna prasidheekaranam aarambhichu, ithu academic feminist sidhaanthathe vanita prasthaanatthile aaktivisttukalude sanbradaayangalumaayi bandhippikkaan lakshyamittullathaan. "sthreekalum purushanmaarum ezhuthiya lekhanangal achadikkunna "debate" laattin amerikkayile ettavum pradhanappetta jenalukalilonnaayi maari.
1991ll americayumaayi vadakke american swatantra vyapara karaaril cheraan meksikoo shramichathode niravadhi bharanaghadanaa mattangal undaayi.ezz. oppam canada. 1917leeii bharanaghadanayil meksikkoyile catholica sabhayude punk niyanthrikkunna sakthamaaya virudha nadapadikal undaayirunnu. oru pradhana parishkkaranam mathavishwaasa swaathanthryam sthaapikkukayum ellah mathangaludeyum thuranna aacharanam anuvadikkukayum catholica sabhaykku raashtreeyathil pankedukkaanulla oru thurassaaya maarggamaavukayum cheythu. irupathaam noottaandil aadyamaayi meksikoyum vaattikkanum thammil nayathanthrabandham sthaapichu. eathaandu udan thanne, catholica sabha kudumbaasoothranatheyum echuaivi/aids prathirodha padhathiyude bhaagamaayi meksikkan sarkkar sponsor cheiyunna oru garbhanirodhana vitharana paripadiyeyum ethirthu oru pracharanam aarambhichu. prathikaranamaayi, meksikkoyile prabhashanam engane nayikkaamenn vishakalanam cheiyunnathinaayi feminist prasthaanam francileyum americayileyum anukoola thiranjeduppu prasthaanangalekkurichu padikkaan thudangi. 1992ll avar "grupo dii information enn reproduction legida" (gyre) (prathyulppaadana thiranjeduppinekkuridu vivara group) roopeekarichu. garbhachhidrathinu anukoolamaano ethiraano ennathil ninnu arokke theerumaanikkanam ennathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinulla charchaye maattunnath meksikkoyile garbhachhidra charchayude munnottulla purogathiyile oru pradhana mattamaayirunnu. pothujanangalude dhaarana alakkunnathinayi, gallup polyngumaayi chernnu, 1992,1993,1994 varshangalil deseeya sarvekal poortthiyaakki, ithu janasamkhyayude 75 sathamaanathiladhikam perr kudumbaasoothranatthinte theerumaanam oru sthreeyudeyum avalude pankaaliyudeyumthaanennu abhiprayappettathaayi sthireekarichu.
1997 nuu sesham, prick niyamanirmmaanasabhayude niyanthranam nashtappettappol, chihuvaahuvayile vanita pravartthakarum erakalude bandhukkalum siudad jurasile sthreekalude kaanathaakalum maranavum pariharikkunnathin prathyeka niyama nirvvahana vibhagangal srishtikkaan samsthaana sarkkaarine bodhyappedutthi. samsthaana niyamasabhayile vijayam deseeya thalatthil samanamaaya oru niyamathilekku nayichu, ithu vrithiketta yudhavum mayakkumarunnu kadathu kaanathaakal kesukalum anweshikkaanum vichaarana cheyyaanum lakshyamidunnu. 2004 aayappozhekkum sthreekalkkethiraaya akramam vardhichathode maria marsela lagarde vaii dii loss reos, american aikyanaadukalil aadyam upayogicha "femicide" enna padam, sthreekaleyum penkuttikaleyum thattikkondupokal, maranam, kaanathaakal ennivaye soochippikkunnathinaayi laattin american prekshakarkku avatharippichu.
2019 august aadyam, meksikoo sittiyile 300 oolam sthreekal, eathaanum divasangalkkullil parasparam nadanna oru kaumaarakkaariye poleesukaar balaalsangam cheytha rund sambhavangalil prathishedhikkaan othukoodi. meksikoo sitti mayer cladia shaneboam, president andrez maanuval lopus obradorinte sakhyakakshiyaya, "avarude aadya samghattanathe mudrakuthi feminist prathishedhakkaare prakopippichu-ithu attorni generalinte offeesilekkulla glass kavaadam takarkkaan kaaranamaayi-oru prakopanamaayi", ithu prathishedhikkaan aayirakkanakkin aalukalude koodicheralilekku nayichu. koodaathe, president lopus obrador thanne oru janakeeya idathupaksha vediyil thiranjedukkappettuve ivaanchalikkal kristhyan yaadhaasthithikarumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum vanita abhayakendrangal polulla padhathikalil ganyamaaya bajatt vettikkuravukal nadappaakkukayum cheythu, ithu hopus obradorumaayum addehathinte sakhyakakshiyaya shanebamumaayum feminist nirashaykkum viyojippinum kooduthal sambhavana nalki. police utharavaaditham vardhippikkanamennum mechappetta maadyama reporting balatsanga erakalude svakaaryathayodulla bahumaanavum, gaarhika peedanatthinum sthreehathyaykkum ethiraaya nadapadikalkkum praadeshika, federal thalangalil vardhicha surakshaykkulla nayavum prathishedhakkaarum feminist aaktivisttukalum aavasyappettu. prathishedhakkaarum pravartthakarum vyapakamaaya peedanatthilekkum kolapaathakathilekkum shradha kshanichu, meksikkan sthreekalil 70 sathamaanavum laingikaathikramathinu irayaakukayum prathidinam 9 oolam sthreekal kollappedukayum cheiyunnu, athupole thanne poleesinte vishwaasakkuravu kaaranam balatsanga reportinginte nirakk valare kuravaanu. 2019 august muthal meksikoo sittiyile meksikkoyil sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangal thadayunnathine kendreekarichulla niravadhi maarchukalum prathishedhangalum nadannittundu, noorukanakkinu pankaalikal, prathyekichu marana aakhoshangalude divasathinum (2019 november aadyam) sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangal illaathaakkunnathinulla anthaaraashtra dinathinum sesham. 2020 ll meksikkoyil oru deseeya vanita panimudakku nadannu, raajyathudaneelam sthreekal abhimukeekarikkunna vardhichuvarunna akramangalekkurichu prathishedhikkunnathinum avabodham valarthunnathinumaayi arusi unda bhaagikamaayi samghadippichu. meksikkoyile covid-19 mahamari athinoppamulla adachupoottalukalum valarunna prasthaanatthe thadassappeduthi, 2021 march 8 nuu anthaaraashtra vanita dhina prakadanangal muun varshangale apekshichu cheruthum pothuve kooduthal samaadhaanaparavumaayirunnu. sthreekalude roshathinte bhooribhaagavum amloyude vyakthiparamaaya pinthunayilum gararo govarnor sthaanaarthiyenna nilayil prathi balalsangakkes prathi felix salgado morena pinthunaykkunnathilum aayirunnu. sthreekalude avakaashangaludeyum feminisamsinteyum sakthamaaya pinthunakkaaranaanu thaanenn amlo vaadikkunnu.
prasnangal.
loka saambathika phooram raajyangalude aagola linga vidavu soochika alakkunnathil 2018 leeii kanakkanusarichu, lingasamathvathil meksikoo 48-aamm sthaanathaanu; america 52-aamm sthaanathaanu.
prathyulppaadana avakashangal.
randaam tharamgatthinte madhyathil, garbhanirodhana mekhalayilum swantham shareera thiranjeduppinulla oru sthreeyude avakaashathilum nettangal undaakumenn pravartthakar pratheekshichirunnu. naravamshashaasthranjar, abhibhaashakar, purohitar (catholica, jootha, protestant), janasamkhyaashaasthranjar, saambathika vidagdhar, thathwachinthakar, doctormar, manasshaasthranjar ennivarulppedunna garbhachhidrathekkurichu padanathinaayi president luis echeveria inter disciplinary groupine vilichirunnu. swamedhayaa garbhachhidram nadathunna kuttakrithyangal avasaanippikkanamennum garbhachhidra sevanangal sarkkar aarogya paakkejil ulppeduthanamennum 1976ll puratthirakkiya oru reportil avar kandethiyittundu. shupaarshakal prasidheekarikkukayo nadappaakkukayo cheythilla. 1980ll feministukal communist party swamedhayaa maathrthvathinaayi oru bill avatharippikkan bodhyappeduthiyenkilum athu orikkalum munnott neengiyilla. 1983ll shiksha niyamathil maattam varuthanulla nirddesham munnottuvannuvenkilum yaadhaasthithika vibhagangalil ninnulla sakthamaaya prathikaranangal sarkkaarine nadapadiyedukkunnathil ninnu pinthirippichu.
1989ll doctormare nazhsumaareyum rogikaleyum thadankalil vechukondu oru swakaarya garbhachhidra klinikkil police raid nadathiyappol oru azhimathi pottipurappettu. kodathi utharavillaathe avare tlaxcockil jayililadachu, pidichedukkal aavasyangalkku vidheyaraakki, chila sthreekal thangale peedippichathaayi report cheythu. mochithayaaya sesham erakaliloraal police krooratha aaropich cases phayal cheyyukayum maadyamangal vaartha edukkukayum cheythu. meksikkoyude feminist prasthaanatthinu vendi aadyamaayi, feministukal eee saahacharyathin marupadiyaayi oru notice prasidheekarikkukayum vividha rashtreeya sakhyangalumayi 283 oppuvechavare nedukayum 427 amgeekaarangal nedukayum cheythu. aadyamaayi feministukalum rashtreeya paarttikalum yojichu samsaarichu. eee kaalayalav raajyathe sthreekalkku mandagathiyilullathum ennaal sthiravumaaya nettangal adayaalappeduthi.
oru maasathinullil visent foxinte 2000 leeii thiranjeduppinullil, balaalsangatthinte kaaryatthilum garbhachhidram nirodhikkan gwaanaajuvaattoyude paan govarnor shramichu. anthaaraashtra vanita dinathodanubandhichu nadatthiya prasamgatthil kurukkante thozhil sekrattariyaaya carlos abascal, "swatantra sneham, swavarggalaingikatha, veshyaavrithi, laingikabandham, garbhachhidram, kudumbatthinte nasham" enningane niravadhi dhaarmikavum saamoohikavumaaya thinmakalude uravidamaayi feminism prakhyaapichukondu niravadhi sthreekale prakopippichu."prathikaranamaayi, feministukal prathishedham nadathukayum rashtreeya samrakshanam aavasyappedukayum cheythu. gwaanaajuvaattoyil, veronica cruze sanches niravadhi aazhchakalaayi prathishedhangal ekopippikkukayum athu oduvil nadapadiye paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. ammayudeyo kuttiyudeyo aarogyam apakadatthilaakumbol garbhachhidrathinulla avakasham vipuleekarikkaanulla shramangalkk demookratik revolution (prd) yude idathupaksha party feminist nethaavaaya rosario robbles meksikoo sittiyil neethrthwam nalki. feminist prasthaanatthinte 38 varshathe pravarthanatthinu sesham, 2007 ll raajyathe supreme kodathi meksikoo sittiyile garbhadharanam kazhinju 12 aazhchakalkkullil nadakkunna garbhachhidram kuttakaramallenn prakhyaapichu. niyamanirmmanam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu kesukal aaropichappol niyamanirmmanam thayyarakkunnathilum niyamathe prathirodhikkunnathine ekopippikkunnathilum gyre abhibhaashakar sahayichu. supreme kodathi vichaaranaykkide maartha lamas saakshyam vahichu.
pala samsthaana niyamangalum garbhachhidrathe "oru kudumbaamgatthinte gurutharamaaya narahatya" ennu visheshippikkunna kuttakrithyatthil criminal kuttamaayi kanakkaakkukayum 30 varsham vare kadinamaaya shiksha kuraykkaan pravartthakar pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal mattu samsthaanangalil garbhachhidra avakaashangalkkaayulla poraattam thudarunnu. 2010ll gwaanaajuvaattoyil garbhachhidrathino garbhachhidrathino jayil shiksha anubavikkunna ezhu sthreekale mochippikkaanulla sramathinu neethrthwam nalkunnathil veronica cruze vijayikkukayum 2011ll gararoyil samanamaaya mochanam nedukayum cheythu. 2014 novemberil, ezz. sii. jeey. enn veracruzil ninnulla oru kesil vaadam kelkkaan thudangi, ithu sthreekalkku garbhachhidrathinu bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakaashamundo ennum raajyathudaneelam criminalisation illaathaakkano ennum pariganikkanamennu kodathiyodu aavashyappedunna meksikkoyile aadyathe kesaanu.
2019ll, rajyath nadakkunna feminist prathishedhangalude kuthichuchaattathinidayil, prathyulpaadana avakashangal thedunna yadhaartha arjanteeniyan prasthaanamaaya "green tide" meksikkoyile vividha feminist grouppukal janapriyamakki. eee prasthaanam laattin amerikkayile sthreekalkku shaareerika svayambharanavum samrakshanavum aavasyappedunnathinu (prachaaranangalum prathishedhangalum polullava) samaharanam upayogikkunnu, 2020 kalude thudakkathil meksikkoyil janapreeti vardhichukondirikkanu. 
2021 septambar 7 nuu ezz. sii. jeey. enn meksikkoyil garbhachhidram federal kuttakaramallenn prakhyaapichu. ithinu munbu, 28 samsthaanangalil niyantritha garbhachhidra niyamangal undaayirunnu, avaa chila maanadandangal paalikkukayaanenkil (balaalsangam, garbhapindatthinte vaikalyangal, garbhiniyude aarogya apakadasadhyathakal enniva polullava) maathrame garbham alasippikkan aalukale anuvadikkoo. ippol, ezz. sii. jeey. enn.-nte theerumaanam kanakkiledukkumbol, eee samsthaanangalkku avarude niyamangalil garbhachhidrathinu shikshakal undengilum, avaa niyamaparamaayi nadappakkaan kazhiyilla.
thaddesheeya sthreekalude avakashangal.
1987ll komaletsin eiii enna samghadanayil ninnulla feministukal.sii. chiapas, morelos, puebla, sonora ennividangalile thaddesheeya sthreekalodoppam aadyamaayi pravartthikkaan thudangi. 1989ll sentar phoor research aandu aakshan phoor womens vanita grouppaaya saan christobal dii laas casus chiyapasile thaddesheeya sthreekalkkum gwatimalan abhayaarthi samoohathinum vendi laingikavum garhikavumaaya athikramangalkkethire paripaadikal aarambhichu. ooksaakkayilum veracruzilum, sambhashanathinaayulla sthreekalum, mikokkaanil, purepecha sthreekalumaayi pravartthikkunna aikyadaartyam prakadippikkunna sthreekalum (iii. emm. eiii.) avakaashangalkkaayulla poraattangalil thaddesheeya sthreekale sahayikkaan thudangi.
thaddesheeya sthreekal 1990 muthal avakashangal aavasyappedaan thudangi. pala thaddesheeya sthreekalum jolisthalathekku nirbandhitharaayathinaal, avarude aashankakalkku nagara thozhilaalikalumaayi saamyamundaayirunnu, athupole thanne akramam, rashtreeya praathinidhyatthinte abhavam, vidyaabhyaasam, kudumbaasoothrana thiranjeduppukal, feministukal saadhaaranayaayi abhisambodhana cheiyunna mattu prasnangal ennivayekkurichulla avarude aashankakalum. ennirunnaalum, thaddesheeya sthreekal feministukalil ninnu, prathyekichu nagarapradeshangalil ninnullavaril ninnu vyathyasthamaaya vamseeya vivechanavum saamskaarika aabhimukhyavum nerittu. avarude chila samskaarangalil, 13 allengil 14 vayass praayamulla neratheyulla vivaham nilaninnirunnu; mattu samskaarangalil, "dereco dii pernada" (aadya raathriyude avakasham) sthreekale balaalsangam cheyyaanum durupayogam cheyyaanum anuvadichu, athesamayam mattullavayil, sthreekalkkethiraaya samghaditha akramam aakdivisathe sikshikkaanum sthreekalude aavasyangal amgeekarikkillennu avarude purushanmaarkk sandesham nalkaanum upayogichu. mattu sthrivaada prasthaanangalile mattu varnna, nyoonapaksha sthreekalkku samaanamaayi meksikkoyile thaddesheeya sthreekal mukhyadharaa feminist grouppukalil ninnulla vamseeya kendreekaranavumaayi mallittu.
1994ll "ejersitto sapattista dii liberasion naashanal" (islan) (deseeya vimochanathinte sapattista sainyam) roopeekarichathode chiyapasile thaddesheeya sthreekal kalapa nethaakkalumaayi lingasamathvathinaayi vaadichu. 1994 januvari 1 nuu, kuttikal, vidyaabhyaasam, aarogyam, vivaham, sainika pankaalittham, rashtreeya pankaalittham, akramatthil ninnulla samrakshanam, jolie, vethanam ennivayumaayi bandhapetta sthreekalude avakashangal amgeekaricha patthu vyavasthakalude oru parambarayil "liie revolotianaria dii mujeras" (vanita viplava niyamam) prakhyaapichu. audyogika samsthaana allengil federal gavanmentukal amgeekarikkaatha eee niyamangal avarude thaddesheeya samskarangalkkullil eee thaddesheeya sthreekalkku oru pradhana nettamaayirunnu. 1997-ll "nammude charithram kettippadukkuka" enna thalakkettil thaddesheeya sthreekalude oru deseeya yogam chiapas, gararo, hidalgo, jalisco, meksikoo sitti, mikokaan, morelos, ooksaakka, puebla, kverettaaro, saan luis potosi, sonora, veracruz ennividangalil ninnulla communitykalkkidayil "cordinadora naashanal dii mujeres indigenous" (sii. enn. emm. aii) (thaddesheeya sthreekalude deseeya ekopana samiti) roopeekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. lingaparamaaya veekshanakonil ninnu thaddesheeya sthreekalude neethrthwa avasarangal, networking saadhyathakal, kazhivukal enniva avarude kammyoonittikalkullam desheeyathalathilum shakthippeduthuka, thaddesheeya sthreekalude manushyaavakaashangalekkurich thaddesheeya janataye bodhavalkkarikkuka ennivayaanu samghadanayude lakshyam.
lingaviplavar.
mexicoic "lingaviplavarude" oru neenda charithramund, puraavastu, vamseeya-bhasha, charitraparamaaya padanangal anusarichu sanbarkkathinu munbulla albardavos, astec, sipasingo, itsaa, jagwasas, maaya, panuco, sinalova, sonora, tabasco, tahus, tlasca, eucatech janatha enniva ulppedunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthil, sahodari juvana ins dii laa cruze purushaadhipathyathinum sthreekalkku vidyaabhyaasam nishedhikkunnathinulla sabhayude nayathinum purushanmaarkk sthreekalude boudhika samathwathinum ethire ezhuthi. meksikkoyile aadyathe feministukalil oralaayi avar ariyappedunnu. meksikkan viplavathil ninnu niravadhi sthreekal purathuvannu lingaparamaaya "saadhaarana" nilayilekku madangaan visammathichu. iva saadhaaranayaayi otappetta kesukalaanu, oru saamoohikamo raashtreeyamo aaya prasthaanatthe soochippikkunnilla.
kalakaaranmaarum ezhuthukaarum.
1920kalil aarambhicha viplavaananthara kaalaghattatthile saamskaarika virudha kalakaaranmaarude prasthaanam vyakthamayum raashtreeyamaayirunnu, koodaathe oru aadhunika meksikkoyude vikasanathil mattu shabdangale anuvadikkuka enna lakshyathodeyaayirunnu. gwadeloop maarinte "laa ünica" (athulyamaaya sthree) enna novalil avar sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangalekkurichum sthreevirudhathayekkurim sthreekalkku pourathvam labhikkathathinekkurichum samsaarikkunnu, mathramalla sthreelingavum swavarggaanuraagavumaaya aagrahangalekkurichum samsaarikkunnu. laingikathaykku oru rashtreeya gadakamundenna dhaarana avar parasyamaayi avatharippichu. purusha, sthreelinga daaranakal samyojippichukondu frida kahloyude kruthikal thettaaya dhaaranakale velluvilichu, athupole thanne maria isquierdoyude kalaye nirvachikkanulla eathenkilum samsthaana allengil saamskaarika sramangalil ninnu swathanthrayaakaanulla avakaashathekkurichulla nirbandhavum. laingika asamathvathe velluvilikkathe, yaadhaarthyabodhathinteyum viplavakaramaaya pravartthanatthinteyum kanniloode thithreekaranatthil ninnum saamoohika maattatthinte prathichaayakalilekkum tina modotty neekkavum meksikkan sthreekalude avakashangalkkum sthaanamaanathinumulla koncha mishelinte samarppanavum avarude kalayodulla feminist sameepanathekkaal kooduthal maanavikavaadiye prathinidheekarikkunnu. maikkal anita brennerumaayi chernnu feminism raashtreeyavum paryavekshanam cheythappol modoti athu cheythilla. meksikkoyilum samoohathilum sthreekalude sthaanathe avarude kalayiloode chodyam cheiyunnathil sthreekal baadhyastharaayirunnu, pakshe avar audyogikamaayi vottarmaarumaayo feminist samghadanakalumaayo chernnilla. munkaalangalil nokkiyaal eee kalakaaranmaar feminist ikkanukalaayi mariyirikkunnu, kaaranam avarude pravartthanangalum pravartthanangalum linga niyanthranangale chodyam cheythenkilum avarude kaalath avar svayam aaa reethiyil kandirikkilla.
1970kalil nancy cardenus deseeya televisionil lesbianisathe prakhyaapichappol, activism vardhichu, pakshe kooduthalum cheria swakaarya othucheralukalilaanu. avar meksikkoyil aadyathe swavarganuraga samghadana sthaapikkukayum aadyathe pride paredu samghadippikkukayum, sthreevaadatheyum laingikathayeyum kurichulla maadyama paripaadikal, seminaarukal, kongrasukal ennivayil prabhashanam nadathukayum pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1975ll thanne, meksikkan kalayile feminist aavishkaarathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinaayi carla stelveg samghadippicha oru seminaaril, manasshaasthranjayum kalaa charitrakaariyumaaya terreza dell konde jeevashasthram lingaparamaaya punk nirnnayikkunnillenn vaadikkukayaayirunnu. 90kalude madhyathode feminist samghadanakalile amgangalil pakuthiyolam perum lesbian aayirunnu.
mux.
juchittan dii saragosa teotitlaan dell valeyileyum ooksaakkayile isthmasinte sapotech samskaarangal chilappol moonnaam lingam ennu vilikkappedunna bainari ithara lingathinte aavaasakendramaanu, ithu vijayathin munbulla kaalam muthal avarude samoohathil amgeekarikkappettittundu. joochittante mux, teotitlaan dell vaaleyude "bisa 'hahaa" enniva swavarggaanuraagikalaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla, marichu purusha shareerashaasthravum saadhaaranayaayi sthreekalude kazhivukalum soundaryashaasthravum ulkkollunna oru prathyeka vibhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. sapotech samoohangalekkurichulla padanatthil lyne steefan parayunnathanusarichu, maxey bisa chilappol mattu purushanmaar avahelikkunnundenkil samoohathil sthreekal pothuve amgeekarikkunnu.
aids mahamari mux, feminist grouppukal onnikkaan kaaranamaayi. "gunakshi guendanabani" (jeevithathe snehikkunnu, sapotech bhashakalil) 2 varshamaayi eee pradeshathu pravartthikkunna oru cheria vanita samghadanayaayirunnu, appol mux avare sameepikkukayum surakshithamaaya laingikatha prolsaahippikkunnathum avarude samoohathe samrakshikkunnathinumulla shramathil pankucherukayum cheythu. 2014 november 4 nuu, gunakshi guvandanabani athinte 20-aamm varshikavum echuaivi/aids lingabhedam adisthaanamaakkiyulla akramavum kuraykkunnathinulla avarude sramangalum athupole thanne echuaivi baaditharodum swavarggaanuraagathodum ulla vivechanathinethiraaya prachaaranangalum aakhoshichu.
kanyaasthreekal.
meksikkoyil, sthree janasamkhyayude aii. dii. 1ll 15 num 19 num idayil praayamulla oru kutty ullappol, maathrthvathinethire bodhapoorvam theerumaanikkunna chilarundu. chilare sambandhichidatholam, oru kanyaasthreeyaakunnath gaarhikata, purushathvam, kooduthal saamoohika utharavaadithamulla paathayilekkulla vidyaabhyaasa avasarathinte abhavam ennivayil ninnu oru vazhi nalkunnu. thangalude pravartthanatthe paavappettavarude sakhyakakshikalayi kaanukayum saamoohika neethikkaayulla oru dauthyam ulkkollukayum cheiyunnavare mathethara veekshanakonil polum feministukalaayi kooduthalaayi chithreekarikkunnu. kudiyettakkaarumaayi us/meksikoo athirthiyil jolie cheiyunna meksikkoyile kanyaasthreekalkk avar kaanunna kashtappaadukalkkethire karsanamaaya catholica sidhaantham santhulithamaakkaan sramikkunnathil budhimuttukal anubhavappedunnu, chilar sabha kooduthal maanushika sameepanam sweekarikkendathundenna vishwasikkunnu. sthreehathyaykk drishyaparatha nalkaanum sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangal thadayaanum pravartthikkunna mathavishwaasikal mathavishwaasangalkkappuram kaanukayum erakalude maanushika anthassilekku shradha shanikkukayum cheiyunnu. ridu latinoamericana dii catolicas" (laattin american catholica shringhala) enna samghadana feminism, jeevithathinum aarogyathinumulla sthreekalude avakashangal, saamoohika neethikkaayulla avarude anweshanam, laingikatha, prathyulppaadanam, garbhachhidram ennivayumaayi bandhappett swantham thiranjeduppukal nadathaanulla avarude avakashangal ennivaye pinthunaykkunna oru kathu francis maarpaappaykk ayachu.