seesiyam

seesiyam (american engleeshil seesiyam) ennathu CS chihnavum aattomik nambar 55 umm ulla oru raasa moolakamaan. ithu draveebhavana binduvullah mriduvaaya, velli-swarnna alkali lohamaanu, ithu ooshmaavil allengil athinaduthulla draavakamaaya anchu moolaka lohangalil onnaanu. rubedium, pottasyam ennivaykku samanamaaya bhouthikavum rasaparavumaaya gunangal seesiyam undu. ithu pyrophoric aanu, jalavumaayi prathikarikkunnu. polling skailil 0.79 moolyamulla ithu ettavum kuranja electronegative moolakamaan. ithinu seesiyam-133 enna oru sthirathayulla isotope maathrameyulloo. seesiyam kooduthalum polusaittil ninnaan khananam cheiyunnathu. nuclear reactors uthppaadippikkunna maalinyangalil ninnu verthirichedukkunna oru vighadana ulppannamaanu seesiyam-137. ekadesham 260 picometer vyaasamulla, alakkukayo kanakkaakkukayo cheytha ellah moolakangaludeyum ettavum valia aattomik radius ithinu undu.
jarmman rasathanthranjanaaya roobert bansan bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya gustav kirchoff 1860ll puthuthayi vikasippicha flame spectroscopy reethiyiloode seesiyam kandethi. seesiyathinaayulla aadyathe cherukida prayogangal vaakvam tyoobukalilum foto electric cellukalilum oru "gettar" aayirunnu. 1967-ll, prakaashatthinte vegathayaanu prapanchatthile ettavum sthiramaaya maanam enna ainsteente thelivu anusarichu, anthaaraashtra yoonit samvidaanam seesiyam-133-nte emission spectrathil ninnu randaamathum meterum sahanirvachikkan rund prathyeka tharamgangal upayogichu. athinusesham, valare krithyamaaya aattomik klokkukalil seesiyam vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
upayogikkunnu muthal, draavakangal thurathunnathinulla seesiyam formettaayi moolakatthinte ettavum valia prayogam undaayittundengilum vaidyuthi ulppaadanathilum electronicsilum rasathanthrathilum ithinu niravadhi prayogangalundu. radio active isotopaya isotopaya ekadesham 30 varshathe ardhaayussundu, ithu medical aaplikkeshanukal, vyaavasaayika gejukal, hydrology ennivayil upayogikkunnu. noonn radio active seesiyam samyukthangal neriya vishaamsham maathrame ulloo, ennaal shudha lohathinte vellavumayi spodanaathmakamaayi prathikarikkanulla pravanatha ardhamaakkunnathu seesiyam apakadakaramaaya oru vasthuvayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe radioisodoppukal paristhithiyil aarogyathinum paaristhithikatthinum kaaryamaaya apakadasaadhyatha srishtikkunnu.
savisheshathakal.
bhauthika gunangal.
ooshmaavil kharamaaya ellah moolakangalilum, seesiyam ettavum mriduvaayathaanna ithinu 0.20 mohs kaadinyam undu. ithu valare mridulavum ilam nirathilullathumaaya lohamaanu, ithu kurachu alavil ooksijante saannidhyathil irundupokunnu. dhaatu ennayude saannidhyathil (gathagatha samayat athu ettavum nannayi sookshikkunna), athinte loha thilakkam nashtappedukayum mangiya, chaaraniratthilulla roopam sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithinu oru dravanaankamundu, ithu ooshmaavinaduthulla draavakamaaya kurachu moolaka lohangalil onnaanu. seesiyam ennathinekkaal kuranja draveebhavana binduvullah sthirathayulla eaka moolaka lohamaanu merkuri. koodaathe, merkuri ozhikeyulla ellah lohangalilum ettavum thaazhnna thilanilayaanu lohathinullathu. athinte samyukthangal neela allengil violet niratthil kathunnu.
mattu kshara lohangal, svarnnam, merkuri (algam) ennivayumaayi chernnu seesiyam aloykal roopappeduthunnu. thaazhe thapanilayil, ithu cobalt, irumbu, molybdinum, nikkal, plaattinam, taantalam allengil tangsttan ennivayumaayi samyojippikkunnilla. ithu foto sensitiivu aaya antimony, gallium, indium, thorium ennivayulla nannayi nirvachikkapetta intermetaalik samyukthangal roopappeduthunnu. ithu matellaa kshara lohangalumaayum (lythium ozhike) kalarnnupokunnu; 41 sathamaanam seesiyam, 47 sathamaanam pottasyam, 12 sathamaanam soodiyam ennivayude mollar vitharanamulla aloy ariyappedunna loha aloy lohangalude ettavum kuranja dravanaangam undu. chila samyojanangal padikkappettittund karupp niratthilulla purple loha thilakkavum sii. ezz. echu. jii swarnna niravum loha thilakkavumullathaanu.
group erangumbol kshara lohangalude electronukale uthejippikkaan aavashyamaaya prakaashatthinte aavruthi kurayunnathil ninnaan seesiyathinte swarnna niram varunnath. rubedium vazhiyulla lidhiyathinu eee aavruthi ultraviolettilaanu, ennaal seesiyam spektrathinte neela-violet attathekku praveshikkunnu; mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, kshara lohangalude plasmonic aavruthi lidhiyathil ninnu seesiyam vare kurayunnu. angane seesiyam violet prakasham kaimarukayum bhaagikamaayi agiranam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam mattu nirangal (kuranja aavruthiyulla) prathifalikkunnu; athinaal ithu manjaniratthil kaanapedunnu.
raasa gunangal.
seesiyam loham valare prathipravarthanakshamavum pyrophoric aanu. ithu vaayuvil swamedhayaa jwalikkukayum mattu kshara lohangale apekshichu kuranja thapanilayil polum vellavumayi spodanaathmakamaayi prathikarikkukayum cheiyunnu. kuranja thapanilayil ithu manjumaayi prathikarikkunnu. eee uyarnna prathipravartthanam kaaranam, seesiyam lohathe apakadakaramaaya oru vasthuvayi tharamthirickunnu. dhaatu enna polulla varandathum poorithavumaaya hydrocarbonukalil ithu sambharikkukayum kayatti ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. aargon polulla nishkriya vaathakathin keezhil maathrame ithu kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyoo. ennirunnaalum, oru seesiyam-vaattar spodanam palappozhum soodiyam-vaattar spodanathekkaal shakthiyeriyathalla. jalavumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthumbol seesiyam thalkshanam pottitherikkukayum hydrajan adinjukoodunnathinu samayam nashtappedukayum cheiyunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam. seesiyam vaakvam seal cheytha borosilicate glass aampyoolukalil sookshikkaam. ekadesham kooduthal alavil, seesiyam hermetic seal cheytha stainless steel kandeynarukalilaanu ayaykkunnath.
seesiyathinte rasathanthram mattu kshara lohangalkk samaanamaan, prathyekichu aavarthanappattikayile seesiyathinu mukalilulla moolakamaaya rubedium. oru kshara lohathe sambandhichidatholam pratheekshikkunnathupole, oreyoru saadhaarana ooksideshan avastha + 1 aanu. ithinu uyarnna aattomik pindamundennathum mattu (noonn radio active) kshara lohangale apekshichu kooduthal electropositive aanennathum chila cheria vyathyaasangal srishtikkunnu. ettavum electropositive raasa moolakamaan seesiyam. seesiyam ayoon bharam kuranja kshara lohangalekkaal valuthum "kadinamallathathumaanu".
samyukthangal.
mikka seesiyam samyukthangalilum kaatteshanaayi moolakam adangiyirikkunnu, ithu vaividhyamaarnna ayonukalumaayi ionic aayi bandhippikkunnu. oru sradheyamaaya apavaadam seaside ayoon () aanu, mattullava niravadhi suboxideukalaanu (chuvadeyulla ooksaidukalile vibhaagam kaanuka). aduthide, seesiyam oru pii-block moolakamaayi pravartthikkumennum uyarnna ooksideshan avasthakalulla uyarnna fluorideukal roopappeduthaan kazhiyumennum pravachikkappedunnu (i.iii., sii. ezz. eph. enn. n> 1) uyarnna marddathil. eee pravachanam kooduthal pareekshanangaliloode saadhookarikkendathundu.
ioninu thanne niramillengil cs + nte lavanangal saadhaaranayaayi niramillaathavayaanu. lalithamaaya lavanangalil palathum hygroscopic aanenkilum bharam kuranja kshara lohangalude anubandha lavanangale apekshichu kuravaanu. phoosphett, asattett, carbonate, haalaidukal, ooksaid, naitrettu, sulfate lavanangal enniva vellathil layikkunnu. athinte eratta lavanangal palappozhum layikkunnilla, koodaathe seesiyam aluminium salfettinte kuranja layaneeyata ayirukalil ninnulla cs shudheekaranathil upayogikkunnu. antimony (polullava), bismat, cadmium, chembu, irumbu, ledu ennivayulla eratta lavanangalum moshamaayi layikkunnu.
seesiyam hydroxide (sii. ezz. oo. echu) hygroscopic aanu, ithu sakthamaaya shaaramaanu. ithu silikkan polulla ardhachaalakangalude uparithalathil athivegam kothupanikalundaakkunnu. valia cs + ayon ooo-umm thammilulla thaarathamyena durbalamaaya aakarshanathe prathifalippikkunna "ettavum sakthamaaya adithara" yaayi rasathanthranjar munbu siso kanakkaakkiyirunnu; ithu theerchayaayum ettavum sakthamaaya arenius aditharayaanu; ennirunnaalum, "enn"-beautilithiyam, soodiyam amide, soodiyam hydride, seesiyam hydride muthalaaya niravadhi samyukthangal.vellathil layikkan kazhiyaathathum athumaayi akramaasakthamaayi prathikarikkunnathumaaya chila anhydrus pollar aprotic layakangalil maathram upayogikkunnava bronsted-laurie assid-bays sidhaanthathinte adisthaanathil valare adisthaanaparamaanu.
seesiyam, svarnnam ennivayude oru stoikiyometrik misritham prathipravartthichu choodaakkumbol manja seesiyam ooraid (cs + ayum) roopappedum. ivideyulla ooraid ayoon oru seudohalogen aayi pravartthikkunnu. eee samyuktham vellavumayi akramaasakthamaayi prathipravartthikkukayum seesiyam hydroxide, loha svarnnam, hydrajan vaathakam enniva uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu; draavaka amoniayil ithu seesiyam-nirddishta ayoon exchange resinumaayi prathipravartthichu tetramethylamonium ooraid utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. samanamaaya plaattinam samyukthamaaya chuvanna seesiyam platinide () ll platinide ayoon adangiyirikkunnu.
complexukal.
ellah loha kaatteshanukaleyum pole, cs + laayaniyil levis baseukalulla samuchayangal roopappeduthunnu. valia valippam kaaranam, cs + saadhaaranayaayi 6-ll kooduthal ekopana samkhyakal sweekarikkunnu, ithu cheria kshara loha kaattiyanukalude saadhaarana samkhyayaanu. sii. ezz. sii. ellinte 8-ekopanathil eee vyathyasam vyakthamaan. eee uyarnna ekopana samkhyayum mriduthvavum (kovalant bondukal roopappeduthaanulla pravanatha) aanava maalinyangalude parihaaratthil mattu kaatteshanukalil ninnu cs + verthirikkunnathil upayogikkunnu, avide 137 sii + valia alavil noonn radio active keey + ll ninnu verthirikkanam.
halidays.
fluoride ayonukalude uravidamaayi oorgaanofloorin rasathanthrathil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna oru hygroscopic velutha kharapadaarthamaanu seesiyam fluoride (sii. ezz. eph). seesiyam fluoridine haalait gadanayundu, athaayath soodiyam chloridil Na +, Cl− enniva pole cs + umm f − umm ettavum aduthulla cubic paaykk cheytha shreniyil paaykk cheiyunnu. ariyappedunna ellah moolakangalilum seesiyathinum fluorinum yathaakramam ettavum thaazhnnathum uyarnnathumaaya electronegattivittikal ennathu sradheyamaanu.
seesiyam chloride (sii. ezz. sii. ell) lalithamaaya cubic kristtal sisttathil christalise cheiyunnu. seesiyam chloride ghadana" ennum vilikkappedunna eee gadanaaparamaaya rooparekha rund aattangalude adisthaanamulla oru aadima cubic laattis kondu nirmmithamaan, oronninum ettu madangu ekopanamundu; chloride attangal kyoobinte arikukalile laattis pooyintukalil sthithicheyyunnu, athesamayam seesiyam attangal cubukalude madhyabhaagathulla dwaarangalilaanu. eee ghadana csbr, csi ennivayumaayum cs adangiyittillaatha mattu pala samyukthangalumaayum pankidunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, mattu mikka kshaareeya haalaidukalkkum soodiyam chloride (enn. eiii. sii. ell) gadanayundu. cs + nuu 174 pm, 181 pm ionic aaram ullathinaal cscl gadanayaanu munganana nalkunnathu.
ooksaidukal.
mattu kshara lohangale apekshichu kooduthal, seesiyam ooksijanumaayi niravadhi bainari samyukthangal roopappeduthunnu. seesiyam vaayuvil kathumbol superxideaanu pradhana uthppannam. saadhaarana" seesiyam ooksaid () manja-ooranchu shadbhujaakrithiyilulla paralukal roopappeduthunnu, ithu aanti-typpinte eaka ooksaidaanu. ithu baashpeekarikkappedukayum mukalilulla thapanilayil seesiyam lohamayum peroxide vighadikkukayum cheiyunnu. superxidinum ausonidinum purame, thilakkamulla niravadhi suboxideukalum padichittundu. ivayil,,, (irunda-pacha), sii. ezz. oo, athupole thanne ulppedunnu. randaamathethu oru vaakvam undakkaan choodaakkaam. sulfur, selenium, tellurium ennivayulla bainari samyukthangalum nilavilundu.
isotopukal.
seesiyathinu 40 ariyappedunna isodoppukalundu, avaa pindasamkhyayil (i.iii. nucleusil nucleonukalude ennam) 112 muthal 151 vare. ivayil palathum pazhaya nakshathrangalkullile mandagathiyilulla nyootron capture prakriya (ezz-prosess) vazhiyum supernova spodanangalile aarr-prosess vazhiyum bharam kuranja moolakangalil ninnu samanvayippikkunnu. 78 neutronukalulla 133 sii aanu sthirathayulla oreyoru seesiyam isotope. ithinu oru valia nuclear spin (+) undengilum, nuclear magnetic resonance padanangalkku eee isotope 11.7 MHz enna resonating freekwansiyil upayogikkaan kazhiyum.
radio active active ekadesham 23 laksham varshathe valare neenda ardhaayussundu, ithu seesiyathinte ellah radio active isodoppukalilum ettavum dairkhyameriyathaanu. dairkhyameriyathaanu, 137sii ennivaykku yathaakramam 30 umm rund varshavum ardhaayussundu. 137 sii. kall beetta kshayam moolam hraswakaala 137 emm. bii. eiii. yaayum thudarnnu noonn radio active beriyamaayum vighadikkunnu, athesamayam 134 sii. kall nerittu 134 bii. eiii. yaayi maarunnu. 129, 131, 132, 136 ennee pindasamkhyakalulla isodoppukalkku oru divasathinum randaazhchaykkum idayil ardhaayuss undu, athesamayam mattu isodoppukalkku kurachu secondukal muthal oru secondinte bhinnasankhya vare ardhaayuss undu. kuranjathu 21 mettaastabil nuclear isomerukalenkilum nilavilundu. 134 millie sentar (3 manikkooril thaazhe ardhaayuss) ozhike, ellaam valare asthiravum kurachu minitoo athil kuravo ardhaayuss ullathinaal shayikkunnathumaanu.
aanava reactorukalil uthppaadippikkunna yureniyathinte deerghakaala vighadana uthppannangalilonnaan isotope 135 sii. ennirunnaalum, eee vighadana uthppannathinte vilavu mikka reactorukalilum kurayunnu, kaaranam mungamiyaaya 135xe, oru sakthamaaya nyootron vishamaan, ithu 135 sii aayi shayikkunnathinu munbu sthirathayulla 136xe aayi idaykkide maarunnu.
137 mbayil ninnu 137 embiayilekkulla beetta kshayam gamma vikiranathinu kaaranamaakunnu, kaaranam 137 mba bhoosthiraavasthayilekku vishramikkunnu, puranthallappedunna photonukalkku 0.6617 mevu oorjjamundu. nuclear fissionte pradhana idatharam ulppannangalaanu 137 sii. yum 90 ezz. aarum, koodaathe noorukanakkinu varshangal neendunilkkunna niravadhi varshathe thanuppinushesham chelavazhicha nuclear indhanathil ninnulla radio aaktivittiyude pradhana uravidangalumaanu. chernobyl duranthatthinte pradeshathe sheshikkunna radio aaktivittiyude ettavum valia uravidamaanu eee rund isotopukal. kuranja capture nirakk kaaranam, nyootron capturiloode 137 sii. sii. neekkam cheiyunnathu saadhyamalla, kaalakramena athu kshayikkaan anuvadikkuka ennathaanu nilavile pariharam.
nuclear fissionil ninnu uthppaadippikkunna mikkavarum ellah seesiyam iodine, senon ennivayude vividha isodoppukaliloode kadannupokunna yadhaarthathil kooduthal nyootron adangiya fission uthppannangalude beetta shayathil ninnaan varunnath. iodine, senon enniva asthiravum aanava indhanathiloodeyo vaayuviloodeyo vyapikkaan kazhiyunnathumayathinaal, radio active seesiyam palappozhum vighadippinte yadhaartha sthalathu ninnu valare akaleyaan srishtikkappedunnathu. 1950 muthal 1980 vare aanavaayudha pareekshanatthiloode 137 sii. sii. kall anthareekshathilekku vidukayum radio active veezhchayude bhaagamaayi bhoomiyude uparithalathilekku madangukayum cheythu. akkalam muthalulla manninteyum avashishtangaludeyum chalanatthinte oru ready markeraanu ithu.
sambhavam.
bhoomiyude puramthodil dashalakshathil sharashari 3 bhagangal kanakkaakkappedunna thaarathamyena apoorvamaaya moolakamaan seesiyam. lohangalil ettavum samriddhamaaya 45-aamathe moolakavum 36-aamathe moolakavumaanu ithu. ennirunnaalum, antimony, cadmium, tinn, tangsttan thudangiya moolakangale apekshichu ithu kooduthal samriddhamaanu, merkuri, velli ennivayekkaal rund alavilulla alavil kooduthalaanu; ithu raasaparamaayi adutha bandhamullah rubedium pole 3.3% samriddhamaanu.
valia ionic aaram kaaranam, seesiyam "poruthappedaattha moolakangalil" onnaanu. magma chrystalisation samayat, seesiyam draavaka ghattathil kendreekarikkappedukayum avasaanamaayi christalise cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, eee sambushteekarana prakriyayaal roopappetta soonn pegmettaitt ayiru bodikalaanu seesiyathinte ettavum valia nikshepam. rubidiyatheppole seesiyam pottaasyathinu pakaramaavaathathinaal, alkali baashpeekarana daathukkalaaya silvaitt (kcl), carnelite () ennivayil 0.002% seesiyam maathrame adangiyirikkoo. thathfalamaayi, kurachu daathukkalil seesiyam kaanapedunnu. beryl (), avagaadrait () ennivayil seesiyam sathamaanam alavum pesotteyt () enna dhaatu 15 dablyudi% dablyudi% vareyum, landanaitt () enna apoorva dhaatu 8.4 dablyudi% dablyudi% vareyum, kooduthal vyapakamaaya rodisaittil kuravum kaanapedaam. seesiyathinte saambathikamaayi pradhanappetta oreyoru ayiru polusaittaan, ithu lokamembaadumulla chila sthalangalil soonn cheytha pegmaattaittukalil kaanapedunnu, ithu kooduthal vaanijyaparamaayi pradhanappetta lythium daathukkalaaya lepidolite, petalaitt ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. pegmattaittukalkkull, valia dhaanya valupavum daathukkalude sakthamaaya verthirivum khananathinu uyarnna grade ayiru undaakkunnu.
lokathile ettavum pradhanappettathum sambannavumaaya seesiyam srothass kaanadayile manittobayile bernick thadaakatthile tango khaniyaanu, athil 350,000 metrik tonn polusaitt ayiru adangiyirikkumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu lokathile reserve aditharayude moonnil rund bhaagathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. polusaittile seesiyathinte stoikiyometrik ulladakkam <aii. dii. 1> aanenkilum, eee nikshepathil ninnulla shudhamaaya polusaitt saambilukalil 34 sathamaanam seesiyam maathrame adangiyittulloo, athesamayam sharashari ulladakkam 24 tonn% aanu. vaanijyaparamaaya polusaittil 19 sathamaanathiladhikam seesiyam adangiyittundu. simbabweyile bikitta pegmettaitt nikshepam athinte dalangalkkaayi khananam cheyyappedunnu, pakshe athil ganyamaaya alavil polusaittum adangiyirikkunnu. polusaittinte mattoru sradheyamaaya uravidam nameebiyayile karibib marubhoomiyilaanu. prathivarsham 5 muthal 10 metrik tonn vare loka khanikalude uthppaadanathinte ippozhathe nirakkil, shekharam aayirakkanakkin varshangalolam nilanilkkum.
uthppaadanam.
khananavum shudheekarikkalum oru thiranjeduttha prakriyayaan, mattu lohangale apekshichu cheria thothilaanu ithu nadathunnathu. ayiru podichedukkukayum kaikondu tharamthirikkukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi saandreekrithamalla, thudarnnu nilam vekkukayum cheiyunnu. assid dahanam, kshara vighadanam, nerittulla kuravu enningane moonnu reethikaliloodeyaanu pradhaanamaayum polusaittil ninnu seesiyam verthirichedukkunnathu.
assid dahanathil, silikkett pollucite paara hydrochloric (echcl), sulfuric (), hydrobromic (echbr), allengil hydrophluric (echf) aasidukal polulla sakthamaaya aasidukalumaayi layikkunnu. hydrochloric aasidinoppam layikkunna chlorideukalude oru misritham uthppaadippikkukayum seesiyathinte layikkaatha chloride eratta lavanangal seesiyam antimony chloride (), seesiyam iodine chloride (), allengil seesiyam hexachloroserate () aayi avakshepikkukayum cheiyunnu. verthirichathinusesham, shudhamaaya avakshepitha eratta uppu vighadikkukayum shudhamaaya sii. ezz. sii. ell vellam baashpeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
sulfuric assid reethi seesiyam alam () aayi nerittu layikkaatha eratta uppu nalkunnu. aluminium sulfate ghadakam aluminium ooksaid aayi kaarban upayogichu varuthukondu parivartthanam cheyyukayum thathfalamaayundaakunna uthppannam vellathil ozhuki oru layani undaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
kaalsyam kaarbanettum kaalsyam chloride upayogichu polusaitt varuthedukkunnathu layikkaatha kaalsyam silikkettukalum layikkunna seesiyam chloride nalkunnu. vellathilo nerppicha amoniayilo () ozhukunnathu nerppicha chloride (sii. ezz. sii. ell) layani nalkunnu. eee layani baashpeekarikkukayum seesiyam chloride uthppaadippikkukayum allengil seesiyam alam allengil seesiyam carbonate aayi parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheyyaam. vaanijyaparamaayi saadhyamallengilum, pottasyam, soodiyam, kaalsyam enniva upayogichu seesiyam loham nerittu ulppaadippikkaan ayiru nerittu kuraykkaam.
khananam cheytha seesiyam (lavanangalayi) bhooribhaagavum oayil drilling polulla prayogangalkkaayi nerittu seesiyam formettaayi (echu. sii. yuu. oo. − sii. ezz +) parivartthanam cheiyunnu. vikaswara vipanikalkku vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi, 1997-ll cabot korppareshan manittobayile bernick thadaakathinaduthulla tango khaniyil oru ulppaadana plaant nirmmichu, prathivarsham seesiyam formate lionic sheshiyund. seesiyam chloride naitrettumaanu seesiyathinte praadhamika cheria thothilulla vaanijya samyukthangal.
pakaramaayi, ayiru ninnu uruthirinja shudheekaricha samyukthangalil ninnu seesiyam loham labikkum. seesiyam chloride mattu seesiyam haalaidukalum kaalsyam allengil beriyam upayogichu kuraykkaam, phalatthil ninnu seesiyam loham vaattiyedukkaam. athupole, aluminate, carbonate allengil hydroxide enniva magneeshyam kondu kuraykkaam.
fuse cheytha seesiyam sionideinte (cscn) vaidyuthavishleshanathiloode lohathe verthirikkaam. jaleeya seesiyam sulfate, beriyam asside ennivayil ninnu ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna seesiyam asaidinte taapa vighadanathiloode asaadhaaranamaamvidham shudhavum vathaka rahithavumaya seesiyam ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. vaakvam aaplikkeshanukalil, seesiyam dicromate syrconiavumaayi prathipravartthichu mattu vathaka uthppannangalillathe shudhamaaya seesiyam loham utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum.
2009ll shudhamaaya seesiyam (loha adisthaanathil) ekadesham vilayundaayirunnuvenkum samyukthangalkk ganyamaaya vila kuravaanu.
charithram.
1860ll roobert bansan gustav kirchoff germmaniyile darkheyimil ninnu mineral wateril seesiyam kandethi. emission spectrathile thilakkamulla neela varakal kaaranam, aakasham-neela ennartham varunna laattin padamaaya "seesiyas" ennathil ninnaan avar eee peru uruthirinjathu. oru varsham munbu bansan kirchoff kandupidicha spectroscope upayogichu kandethiya aadyathe moolakamaan seesiyam.
seesiyathinte shudhamaaya sample labhikkunnathin, mineral vaattar bashpeekarikkendivannu, saandreekritha uppu layani uthpaadippikkendivannu. shaaramulla bhouma lohangal salfettukalaayo ooksalettukalaayo avakshepikkappedukayum kshara lohathe laayaniyil avasheshippikkukayum cheythu. naitrettukalaayi parivartthanam cheythathinushesham ethanol upayogichu verthirichedutha sesham soodiyam rahita misritham labhichu. eee mishrithathil ninnu amonium carbonate lythium vardhippichu. pottasyam, rubedium, seesiyam enniva chloroplatinic aasidumaayi layikkaatha lavanangal undaakkunnu, ennaal eee lavanangal chooduvellatthil layikkunnathil cheria vyathyasam kaanikkunnu, koodaathe layikkaatha seesiyam, rubedium hexachloroplatinati () enniva fraakshanal chrystalisation vazhi labhichu. hydrajan upayogichu hexachloroplatinati kurachathinushesham, seesiyavum rubediavum alcoholile kaarbanettukalude layikkunnathile vyathyasam kondu verthirichu. eee prakriyayil ninnu rubedium chloride seesiyam chloride aadya 44,000 littar mineral wateril ninnu labhichu.
seesiyam chloridil ninnu rund shaasthranjarum puthiya moolakatthinte aattomik bharam 123.35 aayi kanakkakki (nilavil amgeekarikkappetta 132.9-ll onnayathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol). urukia seesiyam chloridinte vaidyuthavishleshanathiloode moolaka seesiyam srishtikkaan avar shramichu, ennaal oru lohathinu pakaram, avarkk oru neela ekeekritha padaartham labhichu, athu "nagnanethrangalkko microscopinu keezhilo loha padaarthatthinte cheriyoru adayaalam kanikkunnilla"; thalphalamaayi, avar athine oru subcloride () aayi niyogichu. vaasthavathil, uthppannam orupakshe lohathinteyum seesiyam chloridinteyum colloydal mishrithamaayirikkaam. merkuri kaathodumaayulla chloridinte jaleeya laayaniyude vaidyuthavishleshanam jaleeya saahacharyangalil eluppathil vighadikkunna oru seesiyam samyojanam nirmmichu. kekule, bansen ennivarodoppam doktarettu nedunnathinidayil sweedish rasathanthranjanaaya kaal settarberg oduvil eee shudhamaaya lohathe verthirichu. 1882-ll addeham seesiyam sionide vaidyuthavishleshanam cheythukondu seesiyam loham nirmmichu, chloridemaayulla prasnangal ozhivaakki.
charitraparamaayi, seesiyathinte ettavum pradhanappetta upayogam gaveshanathilum vikasanathilumaan, pradhaanamaayum raasa, vaidyutha mekhalakalilaanu. mekhalakalilaanu radio vaakvam tyoobukalil upayogikkunnathuvare seesiyam valare kurachu prayogangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, avide ithinu rund pravarthanangalundaayirunnu; oru gettar enna nilayil, ithu nirmmaanathinu sesham adhika ooksijan neekkam cheythu, choodaakkiya cathodil oru coating enna nilayil ithu vaidyutha chalakatha vardhippichu. vardhippichu vare uyarnna prakadanamulla vyaavasaayika lohamaayi seesiyam amgeekarikkappettirunna. noonn radio active seesiyam prayogangalil foto electric cellukal, photomultiplier tubeukal, infrared spectrophotomete opttikkal gadakangal, niravadhi jaiva prathikaranagalkkulla kaattalistukal, sinttileshan kaundarukalkkulla paralukal, magnetohydrodinamic power janarettarukal enniva ulppedunnu. secondary ayoon maas spectrometryil (sims) positteev ayonukalude uravidamaayum seesiyam upayogikkunnu.
1967 muthal, anthaaraashtra alavukalude sambradaayam samayathinte praadhamika unitaaya randaamathethu seesiyathinte gunangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. internaashanal sisttam oof unitukal (sii) randaamathethu spectral laininte microwave freekwansiyil seesiyam-133 enna nilayilulla rund hyperfine energy levelukal thammilulla parivarthanatthinu anusrithamaaya 770 saikkilukalude 9,192,631 dairkhyamaayi nirvachikkunnu. 1967 leeii bhaaratheyum alavukaleyum kurichulla pathimoonnaamatthe pothusammelatthil oru secondine ingane nirvachichu "9,192,631 nte dairkhyam, baahya feeldukalaal thadassappedaathe seesiyam-133 aattangalude hyperfine parivartthanam vazhi agiranam cheyyappedukayo purappeduvikkukayo cheiyunna microwave prakaashatthinte 770 cycleukal".
aaplikkeshanukal.
petroleum paryavekshanam.
noonn radio active seesiyam innathe ettavum valia upayogam extractive oayil vyavasaayathinaayi seesiyam formate drilling draavakangalilaanu. seesiyam hydroxide formic aasidumaayi prathipravartthippichu nirmmicha seesiyam formettinte (echu. sii. yuu. oo. ccm. ezz +) jaleeya laayanikal 1990 kalude madhyathil ennakkinar thurankam, poorttheekarana draavakangal ennivaykkaayi vikasippicheduthu. drilling draavakathinte pravartthanam drilling bittukal lubricate cheyyuka, parakal vettunnath uparithalathilekku konduvarika, kinner thurathumbol roopeekaranathil sammarddam nilanirthuka ennivayaanu. poorttheekarana draavakangal drillinginu sesham ennaal uthppaadanathinu munbu sammarddam nilanirthikkondu niyanthrana hardware sthaapikkaan sahayikkunnu.
seesiyam formate lavanathinte uyarnna saandrata (oru gaalanil 2.3 gram/centimeter allengil 19.2 poundu vare), mikka seesiyam samyukthangaludeyum thaarathamyena soumyamaaya swabhaavathodoppam, drilling draavakathile vishamulla uyarnna saandrathayulla suspended solidukalude aavasyakatha kuraykkunnu-ithu oru pradhana saankethika, enchiniyaring, paaristhithika nettamaanu. mattu pala kanatha draavakangaludeyum gadakangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, seesiyam formate thaarathamyena paristhithi sauhrudamaanu. draavakangalude saandrata jalathinte saandrathayaayi (1 gram/centimeter 3, allengil gaalanin 8.3 poundu) kuraykkunnathinu seesiyam formate lavanamsham pottasyam, soodiyam formettukal ennivayumaayi kalarthaam. koodaathe, ithu jaiva naseekaranamaanu, recycle cheyyaavunnathaanu, ithu athinte uyarnna chelavu kanakkileduthu pradhaanamaan (2001 ll baralinu ekadesham 4,000 dollar). kshara formettukal kaikaaryam cheyyaan surakshithamaan, koodaathe naashakaramaaya badal, uyarnna saandrathayulla lavanangal (sink bromide layani polullava) pole uthppaadippikkunna roopeekaranathino thaazhathe dwara lohangalkko kedupaadukal varuthilla; avaykku kuranja shucheekaranavum nirmaarjanachelavum aavasyamaanu.
aattomik klokkukal.
seesiyam adisthaanamaakkiyulla aattomik klokkukal seesiyam-133 aattangalude hyperfine gadanayile vaidyuthakaanthika parivartthanangale oru reference pooyintaayi upayogikkunnu. 1955ll luis essen yukeyile deseeya physical laboratariyil aadyathe krithyamaaya seesiyam clock nirmmichu. kazhinja aranoottaandinide seesiyam klokkukal mechappedukayum manushyavargam ithuvare kaivarichittillaatha oru yoonittinte ettavum krithyamaaya saakshaathkaaramaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheiyunnu."eee klokkukal 1014-ll 2 muthal 3 bhagangal vare pishak upayogichu aavruthi alakkunnu, ithu prathidinam 2 nanosecond allengil 1.4 dasalaksham varshathinullil oru second enna krithyathaykku anusrithamaanu. ettavum puthiya pathippukal 1015 leeii oru bhaagathekkaal krithyamaanu, 20 dasalaksham varshathinullil ekadesham 1 second. maanadandangal palikkunna samayathinteyum aavruthiyudeyum alavukalude praadhamika maanadandamaanu seesiyam staanderd. sell phoon netvarkkukaludeyum internettinteyum samayakramam seesiyam klokkukal niyanthrikkunnu.
randaamathethinte nirvachanam.
randaamathethu, "s" enna chihnamaanu samayathinte yoonit. 2018-leeii 26-aamath konfaransil bii. pii. emm athinte nirvachanam aavarthichu "[randaamathethu] seesiyam freekwansiyude nischitha samkhyaa moolyam, seesiyam-133 aattathinte thadassamillaatha graundu-stettu hyperfine transition freekwansi, yoonit echsil prakadippikkumbol, athu s−1 nuu thulyamaanu"."
vaidyuthiyum electronics.
thaaporjjathe vaidyuthorjjamaakki mattunna kuranja oorjjamulla upakaranangalaan seesiyam neeravi thermonic janarettarukal. rund-electrode vaakvam tube kanverttaril, seesiyam kaathodinu sameepamulla space chaarjine nirveeryamaakkukayum vaidyuthadhaarayude ozhukk vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
prakaashatthe electron ozhukkilekku parivartthanam cheiyunna foto emissive gunangalkkum seesiyam pradhaanamaan. intermetaalik samyuktham polulla seesiyam adhishtitha kaathodukalkku electronukalude puranthallalinu kuranja threashold volteju ullathinaal ithu foto electric cellukalil upayogikkunnu. opttikkal caractor recognission upakaranangal, photomultiplier tubeukal, viidiyoo camera tubeukal enniva seesiyam upayogikkunna foto emissive upakaranangalude shreniyil ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, germanium, rubedium, selenium, silikkan, tellurium thudangi niravadhi moolakangalkk pakaram foto sensitiivu vasthukkalil seesiyam upayogikkaam.
daathukkalude paryaveshanatthilum kanika bhauthikashaasthra gaveshanathilum gaama, ex-reey vikiranam kandethunnathinayi vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna sinttileshan kaundarukalile sinttilettarukalkkaayi seesiyam iodide (csi), bromide (csbr), seesiyam fluoride (csf) paralukal upayogikkunnu. oru kanatha moolakamaayathinaal, mikacha kandethaliloode seesiyam nalla nirtthal shakti nalkunnu. seesiyam samyukthangal vegathil prathikaranam (sii. ezz. eph) nalkukayum hygroscopic (sii. ezz. aii) kuravaayirikkukayum cheyyum.
pala saadhaarana magnettometerukalilum seesiyam neeravi upayogikkunnu.
spectrophotometrial eee ghadakam oru aantharika maanadandamaayi upayogikkunnu. mattu kshara lohangaleppole, seesiyam ooksijanumaayi valia aduppamullathum vaakvam tyoobukalil "gettar" aayi upayogikkunnathum aanu. uyarnna oorjja laserukal, neeravi glow laambukal, neeravi rectifierukal ennivayaanu lohathinte mattu upayogangal.
centrifugation draavakangal.
seesiyam ayoninte uyarnna saandrata seesiyam chloride, seesiyam sulfate, seesiyam trifluoro asattett () ennivayude laayanikale saandrata gradient ultra centricentrifugation molecular biologyil upayogapradamaakkunnu. vairal kanikakal, subsellular oorganellukal, bhinnasamkhyakal, biological saambilukalil ninnulla nuclic aasidukal enniva verthirikkunnathinaan eee saankethikavidya praadhamikamaayi upayogikkunnathu.
raasa, medical upayogam.
thaarathamyena kurachu raasa prayogangal maathrame seesiyam upayogikkunnulloo. seeshyam samyukthangal upayogichulla uttejaka marunnu akrilik assid, aanthraakvinan, ethylene ooksaid, methanol, thaalik anhydride, stairin, methyl methacrylate monomerukal, vividha olephinukal thudangiya raasasamsleshanathinaayi niravadhi loha-ayann kaattalistukalude falaprapti vardhippikkunnu. sulfuric aasidinte ulppaadanathil sulfur dye ooksaidine sulfur trioxide parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum ithu upayogikkunnu. 
jaiva rasathanthrathil oru aditharayaayum fluoride ayoninte nirjjaleekritha uravidamaayum seesiyam fluoride oru pradhana upayogam aasvadikkunnu. cyclisation, esterification, polymerisation thudangiya jaiva samanvayathil seesiyam lavanangal chilappol pottasyam allengil soodiyam lavanangale maattisthaapikkunnu. thermoluminisent radiation dosimetriyilum seesiyam upayogichittundu radiation exposure cheyyumbol, athu kristtal vaikalyangal nedunnu, athu choodaakkumbol, labhicha dosinu aanupaathikamaaya prakaashatthinte puranthallalumaayi madangunnu. athinaal, oru photomultiplier tube upayogichu prakasha pulse alakkunnathu shekharicha vikirana alavu alakkaan anuvadikkum.
nuclear, isotope aaplikkeshanukal.
vyaavasaayika prayogangalil saadhaaranayaayi gamma-emittaraayi upayogikkunna oru radioisotopaanu seesiyam-137. ekadesham 30 varshathe ardhaayuss, aanava indhana chakratthil ninnulla labhyatha, sthirathayulla anthima ulppannamaayi ulppannamaayi enniva ithinte gunangalil ulppedunnu. uyarnna jalathile layaneeyata oru poraaymayaanu, ithu bhakshanathinum medical vitharanathinum valia pool iraadiyattarukalumaayi poruthappedunnilla. krishi, cancer chikitsa, bhakshanam, malinajalam, sasthrakriya upakaranangal ennivayude vandhyamkaranam ennivayil ithu upayogikkunnu. chilatharam arbudangal chikilsikkaan vikirana upakaranangalile seesiyam radio active isotopukal medical mekhalayil upayogichirunnuvenkilum mikacha badalukalude aavirbhaavavum vellathil layikkunna seesiyam chloridinte upayogavum, ithu vishalamaaya malineekaranam srishtikkum, kramena eee seesiyam srothassukalil chilath upayogashoonyamaakkum. eerppam, saandrata, leveling, kanam gejukal ennivayulppede vividha vyaavasaayika alaveduppu gejukalil seesiyam-137 upayogichittundu. paarakalude roopeekaranangalude electron saandrata alakkunnathinulla kinner maram pathikkunna upakaranagalilum ithu upayogichittundu, ithu roopeekaranangalude bulk saandrathaykku samaanamaan.
tritiyamullavaykku samanamaaya jalashaasthra padanangalil seesiyam-137 upayogichittundu. 1950 muthal muthal madhyam vareyulla fission bomb parisodhanayude oru makal uthppannamenna nilayil, seesiyam-137 anthareekshathilekku vidukayum avide athu eluppathil laayaniyil agiranam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. aaa kaalayalavile varshamtorum ariyappedunna vyathiyaanam mannumaayum avashishta paalikalumaayum parasparabandham anuvadikkunnu. aanavorja vyavasaayathinte seesiyam uthppaadanam alakkaan seesiyam-134, oru paridhivare seesiyam-135 ennivayum jalashaasthrathil upayogichittundu. seesiyam-133 allengil seesiyam-137 ennivayekkaal ivayude saannidhyam kuravaanengilum, eee belvether isotopukal naravamshajanya srothassukalil ninnu maathramaan uthpaadippikkunnathu.
mattu upayogangal.
valare neenda grahantara allengil grahaateeta dauthyangalil bahirakasha pedaka propulsionaayi roopakalppana cheytha aadyakaala ayoon enchinukalil seesiyam, merkuri enniva oru propellantaayi upayogichirunnu. charjju cheytha tangsttan electrodumaayi sanbarkkam pularthiyaanu indhanam ionise cheythath. ennaal bahirakasha pedaka gadakangalil seesiyam moolamundaakunna nasham senon polulla nishkriya vathaka proppallantukalude dishayilekku vikasanam nayichu, avaa bhoogarbha pareekshanangalil kaikaaryam cheyyaan eluppamaanu, koodaathe bahirakasha pedakatthinu kedupaadukal varuthaan saadhyathayilla. 1998ll vikshepicha deep space 1 enna pareekshanathmaka bahirakasha pedakatthil senon upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, seesiyam polulla draavaka loha ayonukale thwarithappeduthunna feeld-emission electric propulsion thrasttarukal nirmmichittundu.
lyu-19 jwaalayude polulla infrared flairukalil silikkan kathikkaan oru ooksidaisaraayum pyrotechnic kalarantaayum seesiyam naitrettu upayogikkunnu, kaaranam ithu athinte prakaashatthinte bhooribhaagavum infrared spectrathinu sameepam purappeduvikkunnu. lockheed eiii-12 siyaa rahasyaanveshana vimaanathile exhost ploomukalude radar signature kuraykkunnathinu seesiyam samyukthangal indhana aditteevukalaayi upayogichirikkaam. electrical conductivity kuraykkukayum fiber opttiksinteyum naitt vision upakaranangaludeyum sthirathayum deerghaveekshanavum mechappeduthukayum cheiyunnathinaal seesiyam, rubedium enniva glassil kaarbanettayi chertthittundu. magneeshyam adangiya aluminium aloykal braze cheiyunnathinu roopappeduthiya flexukalil seesiyam fluoride allengil seesiyam aluminium fluoride upayogikkunnu.
magnetohydrodinamic (emechdi) vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna samvidaanangal gaveshanam cheythenkilum vyapakamaaya sveekaaryatha nedunnathil parajayappettu. uyarnna thapanilayulla rankin saikkil turbo electric janarettarukalil pravartthikkunna draavakamaayum seesiyam mettal kanakkaakkappedunnu.
arsenical marunnukal nalkiyathinu sesham seesiyam lavanangal antishock reyejantukalaayi vilayiruthappettittund. ennirunnaalum, hridaya thaalangalil avaa cheluthunna swaadheenam kaaranam, pottasyam allengil rubedium lavanangalekkaal avaa upayogikkaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu. apasmaram chikilsikkaanum avaa upayogichittundu.
seesiyam-133 lazer thanuppikkukayum kwaandam physixile adisthaana, saankethika prasnangal anweshikkaan upayogikkukayum cheyyaam. tunable edapedalukal aavasyamulla ultra colled aattangalekkurichulla padanangal praapthamaakkunnathin ithinu prathyekichum soukaryapradamaaya feshback spectrum undu.
aarogyavum surakshyum apakadangal.
noonn radio active seesiyam samyukthangal neriya vishaamsham maathramullavayaan, noonn radio active seesiyam kaaryamaaya paaristhithika apakadamalla. biochemical prakriyakalkku seesiyam pottaasyavumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaanum pakaram vaykkaanum kazhiyumennathinaal, adhika seesiyam hypocalemia, aritmiya, acute cardiac arrest ennivayilekku nayichekkaam, ennaal atharam alavu saadhaaranayaayi prakrithi srothassukalil neridendivarilla.
elikalil seesiyam chloridinte sharashari marakamaaya alavu (eldie 50) kilograminu 2.3 gram aanu, ithu pottasyam chloridinteyum soodiyam chloridinteyum eldie 50 moolyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha. noonn radio active seesiyam petroleum drilling draavakangalil seesiyam formate aayi upayogikkunnathinaal ithu kooduthal chelaveriyathaanenkilum itharamaarggangale apekshichu valare kurachu vishaamshamullathaan.
ettavum prathipravartthanakshamaya moolakangalilonnaaya seesiyam loham jalathinte saannidhyathil valare spodanaathmakamaanu. eee prathipravartthanathiloode ulppaadippikkunna hydrajan vaathakam ore samayam purathuvidunna thaaporjjathaal choodaakkukayum ithu ignition akramasakthamaaya spodanathinum kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. mattu kshara lohangalil ithu sambhavikkaamenkilum seesiyam valare shakthamaan, eee spotaka prathikaranam thanutha vellathaal polum aarambikkaan kazhiyum.
ithu valare pyrophoric aannu seesiyathinte oottoo ignition thaapanila, athu vaayuvil spodanaathmakamaayi kathichu seesiyam hydroxide vividha ooksaidukalum undaakkunnu. seesiyam hydroxide valare sakthamaaya oru aditharayaanu, ithu glassine athivegam nasippikkum.
134 umm 137 umm isotopukal jaivamandalathil manushyarude pravarthanangalil ninnu cheria alavil undu, avaa sthaanam anusarichu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. mattu vighadana uthppannangal (radio iodine, radiostronshyam polullava) pole radiosisium shareerathil pettennu adinjukoodunnilla. agiranam cheyyappedunna radioseasiyathinte 10 sathamaanavum viyarpilum moothrathilum thaarathamyena vegathil shareerathil ninnu kazhukunnu. bakkiyulla 90 sathamaanathinum 50 muthal 150 divasam vare jaiva ardhaayuss undu. radiosisium pottasyam pinthudarukayum pazhangalum pachakkarikalum ulppedeyulla sasyakoshangalil adinjukoodukayum cheiyunnu. seesiyam agiranam cheiyunnathil sasyangal vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu, chilappol athinodu valia prathirodham prakadippikkunnu. malinamaaya vanangalil ninnulla koonn fungus sporokaarppukalil radiosisium (seesiyam-137) adinjukoodunnuvennum nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. chernobyl duranthatthinu sesham thadaakangalil seesiyam-137 adinjukoodunnathu valia aashankayundaakkunnu. naaykkalumaayulla pareekshanangal kaanikkunnath oru kilograminu 3.8 millicuri (140 emm. bii. kyu, 41 microgram seesiyam-137) enna orotta doses moonnaazhchaykkullil maarakamaan; cheria alavil vandhyathaykkum arbudathinum kaaranamakum. anthaaraashtra aattomik energy ejansiyum mattu srothassukalum seeshyam-137 polulla radio active vasthukkal radiological dispersion upakaranagalil allengil "durty bombukal" upayogikkumennu munnariyipp nalkiyittundu.

