upamayangal (pranayabhashakal)

pranaya bhashakalil, ellah pranaya bhaashakalilum vividha alavukalil pravartthikkunna oru aadyakaala swaraakshara parivartthana prakriyayayirunnu metaphony, chila sammarddamulla svaraaksharangal avasaanathilo allengil neritto pinthudarunna vaakkukalil uyarthunnu (allengil chilappol difthomjais cheiyunnu). ithu jarmman bhaashakalude umlauttu prakriyayude savisheshathayumaayi ashayaparamaayi saamyamullathaan. itaalo-romans bhashakalil upamayaan ettavum vipulamaayath, ithu italiyile mikkavarum ellah bhashakalkkum baadhakamaan. ennirunnaalum, ithu tuscanil ninnu illaathirikkunnathinaal saadhaarana itaaliyan aanu.
itaalo-romans bhashakal.
madhya, thekkan itaalo-romansile upamayaan (i.iii. tuscan ozhike) thaazhepparayunna aksharathil allengil undengil sammarddamulla madhya-svarangale badhikkunnu. pothuvaayi paranjaal, uyarnna idatharam uyarthappedunnu, thaazhnna idatharam uyarthappedunnu allengil thaazhthunnu. upamaye prerippikkunnath avasaanamalla. finalinte pradhana sambhavangal thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
finalinte pradhana sambhavangal thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
avasaanathinte pradhana sambhavam pullinga "kaundu" naamangalilaan (<"-ummu").
vadakkan itaaliyan bhaashakalile (tuscanyude vadakkullava) upamayaan avasaanathe bhashayil aarambhikkunnath. eee bhashakalil, tuscanilennapole, avasaanatheth kurachirunnu; ithu prathyakshatthil upamayude pravarthanatthinu munbaanu sambhavichathu. eee bhashakalil, upamayaan anthimathaykku baadhakamaakunnath, athu allengil uyarthunnu.
mikka itaaliyan bhaashakalilum, mikka anthima svaraaksharangalum avyakthamo (thekk) nashtamo (vadakku) aayitheernnirikkunnu, koodaathe upamayude phalangal palappozhum pullingavum purushathvavum thammilulla eaka adayaalangalaanu. sthreelingavum ekavachanavum virudhamaayi. bahuvachanam.
paashchaathya pranaya bhashakal.
ellah paashchaathya pranaya bhaashakalilum, oru anthimaroopam (prathyekichu preteraittinte aadya vyakthi ekavachanam), madhya-uyarnna sammarddamulla svaraaksharangale uyarthi uyarnna swaraaksharangalilekku uyarthunnathiloodeyaanu upamaye prerippichathu. (ithu saadhaaranayaayi pazhaya franch, pazhaya ooksittan bhaashakalile nominative bahuvachana roopangalil nominative bahuvachanathinte prathifalippikkunnilla, ithu eee sambhavavikasangal aadyakaala saadrushyathiloode neekkam cheythathaanennu soochippikkunnu.) udaaharanangal
aasttar-leonese.
vadakkan speyinile chila aasttar-leonese bhaashaabhedangalil, pindove kaundu namangalum thammilulla vyathyasam aadyaghattathil prathyakshappettu. laattin pullingangalil ninnulla kaundu namangal-yuu (<ummu) laattin kuttaaropitharil ninnu samrakshichappol laattin pullingangalil ninnulla maas namangal (parambaraagathamaayi "maas-neuter" ennu vilikkunnu)-ooo kondu adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. koodaathe, aasttar-leonese (<-ōs) upayogichu pullinga bahuvachanangal adayaalappeduthi.
eee saahacharyathil, pullinga ekavachana kaundu namangal maathrame upamayayi vikasippicheduthulla, kaaranam avaa a kondu adayaalappeduthiyavayaanu, koodaathe maas namangalum bahuvachanangalum adayaalappeduthiyilla. eee avasana sambradaayam madhya asturian bhaashaabhedangalil maathrame samrakshikkappettitla. upabhashayaayi kanakkaakkappedunna upamayathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ithu aastooriyan bhaashayude staanderd pathippilum ulppeduthiyittundu.
ennirunnaalum, pilkkala ghattangalil, kizhakkan aasttar-leonese bhaashaabhedangalkku (kizhakkan aastooriyakalum cantabriayum) lingachihnangalile yuu/oo vyathyasam nashtappettu. aaa bhaashaabhedangalil chilathinu upameyum naamasankhya/pinda vyathyasam mothatthil nashtappedukayum, athu avarude sarvanaama samvidaanangalil maathram nilanirthukayum, kizhakkan cantabriyayil ninnulla paseegu polullava, avarude ellah madhya-svaraaksharangalum vakkil avasaanikkunna aksharangalil adaykkukayum, pindam/kaundu naamangale verthirichariyunnathinula oru maargamaayi upamaye aasrayikkukayum cheythu. 
chila aasttar-leonese bhaashaabhedangalum aii-triggard upamayaan avatharippichathu. ithu bhaashaabhedamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu anivaaryathakalil ("durmi" <pirr dormi, urakkam!), preterites ("vini" <paii veni, njaan vannu), demonstrativukal ("isthi" <estti, ithu; "isi" <isi, athu). chilappol ithu difthongation ("durmi" vezhsas durmi, urakkam!; "curry" vezhsas curie, oodoo!) vaakkalulla thandil madhya swaraaksharam adaykkuka.
porchugees.
porchugeesukaaril idaykkide thudarnnulla finalilekku uyarthal nadakkunnu. udaaharanam "porkkam, porcos" "pannikal, pannikal"> proto-aibaro-romans> porchugees "porco" vezhsas. "porcos"; "novam, novas, novam, novas" "puthiyath (mask., mask. pla., sthree., sthree. pla.)> pirr> porchugees "novo" vezhsas. "novos, nova, novas". eee saahacharyathil, pazhaya porchugeesukaarkku ekavachanathil vezhsas undaayirunnu. bahuvachanathil, λ-o-os ω enna aksharavinyasam undaayirunnittum; pinneedulla oru vikasanam bahuvachanam λ-o-os ω lake uyarthi. koodaathe, pindam/enna vyathyasam valare vyathyasthamayi prakadippikkunnu kurachu "maas neuter" prakadanangal maathrame nilavilulloo, avaykku thaazhnna swaraaksharathekkaal ("tudo" ellaam "vezhsas. "todo" ellaam (mask.), "isto" ithu (newt.) "vii. "ithu" (mask.). koodaathe, yadhaartha paatten yadhaarthathil chila naamangalilekku vyaapippichittund.
kriyakalil metaphoniyum sambhavikkunnu.
roman.
roman virudha tharatthilulla roopakamaanu kaanikkunnath, avide anthimamaaya (prathyekichu, prathyekichu) oru difthomjaiseshan>,>,>: "serem" "mezhuk"> "siera"; "" mareh ">>" "iyapa"; "florum" "pushpam"> "floor"; "nassica, nassica, nassica" "nammude (mask). ezz. jii., mask. pla., sthree. ezz. jii., sthree. pla.)>> "nostru, nostru, nostru".
sardinian.
sardinian athupole thanne roopakathodoppam avasaanavum (veendum bahuvachanathodoppam) thammil vyathyaasamund. yaadhaasthithika logudories, neurus bhaashaabhedangalil, (anthimamo sambhavikkumbozho) (mattu anthima svaraaksharangalkkoppam) thammilulla oru phonomic itharamaattamaanu upamayude phalam. campidenese bhashayil, avasaanathe sthaanathekku uyarthappettu, athinte falamaayi metaphonic aaltarneshanukal phonemise cheyyappettu.

