
ulchertha sisttam

oru valia mechanical allengil electronic systethinullil oru samarppita pravartthanamulla oru computer sistamaanu-oru computer prosessor, computer memory, inputt/outtputtu peripheral upakaranangal ennivayude samyojanam. palappozhum electrical allengil electronic hardware mechanical bhaagangalum ulppede oru samboornna upakaranathinte bhaagamaayi ithu ulcherthirikkunnu. 
oru ulchertha sisttam saadhaaranayaayi athu ulcherthirikkunna mesheente bhauthika pravartthanangale niyanthrikkunnathinaal, ithinu palappozhum thalsamaya computing parimithikalundu. ulchertha samvidaanangal saadhaarana upayogathilulla niravadhi upakaranangale niyanthrikkunnu. nirmmicha ellah microprosessorukalilum thonnootti ettu sathamaanavum ulchertha sistangalilaanu upayogichathennu kanakkakkappettu.
aadhunika ulchertha samvidaanangal palappozhum microcontrollerukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu (i.iii. integrated memory peripheral interfesukalumulla microprosessorukalum), ennaal saadhaarana microprosessorukalum (memory, peripheral interface sarcuteukal ennivaykkaayi baahya chippukal upayogikkunnathu) saadhaaranamaanu, prathyekichu kooduthal sankeernamaaya sisttangalil. rund saahacharyangalilum, upayogikkunna prosessorukal pothuvaaya uddeshyam muthal oru prathyeka klaas kanakkukoottalukalil vaidagdhyam nediyava vare allengil kaiyilulla aaplikkeshanaayi roopakalppana cheytha ishtaanusrithamaaya tharangalakaam. digital signal prosessor (dii. ezz. pii) aanu samarppita prosessorukalude oru saadhaarana staanderd klaas.
ulchertha sisttam nirddishta jolikalkkaayi samarppichirikkunnathil, design enchineeyarmaarkku uthppannathinte valupavum chelavum kuraykkaanum athinte vishwaasyathayum prakadanavum vardhippikkaanum ithu opttimais cheyyaan kazhiyum. chila ulchertha samvidaanangal vanthothil uthppaadippikkappedunnu, ithu alavilulla sambadvyavasthayil ninnu prayojanam cheiyunnu.
digital vaachukal, empy3 playerukal thudangiya portable vyakthigatha upakaranangal muthal veettupakaranangal, vyaavasaayika assembly lineukal, robottukal, gathagatha vahanangal, traaphik laitt kantrolarukal, medical imaging samvidaanangal thudangiya valia yanthrangal vare ulchertha samvidaanangalude valippam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. palappozhum avaa vimaanathile avionics, bahirakasha pedakatthile astrionics thudangiya mattu yanthrangalude upavibhagangalaanu. faaktarikal, pipe lineukal, electrical gridukal thudangiya valia instaaleshanukal orumichu bandhippichirikkunna onniladhikam ulchertha samvidaanangale aasrayikkunnu. software ishtaanusrithamaakkaliloode saamaanyavalkkarikkappetta prograamabil lojik kantrolarukal polulla ulchertha sisttangalil palappozhum avayude pravartthana unitukal adangiyirikkunnu.
ulchertha samvidaanangal sankeernnatha kuranjava muthal orotta microcontroller chipp ullava muthal onniladhikam unitukal, peripheralukal, netvarkkukal ennivayulla valare uyarnnathaan, avaa upakarana raakkukalilo deerghadoora ashayavinimaya lineukal vazhi bandhippichirikkunna valia bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalilo thaamasichekkaam.
charithram.
pashchaathalam.
1960 kalude thudakkathil vikasippichedutha mosphettukalil (mettal-ooksaid-semikandaktar feeld-ephakt traansistarukal) ninnu nirmmicha oru integrated surcuted chippaya moss integrated sarkyoottilaan microprosessorinteyum microcontrollerinteyum uthbhavam kandethaan kazhiyunnath. 1964 aayappozhekkum moss chippukal bipolar chippukalekkaal uyarnna traansisttar saandrathayilum kuranja nirmmaana chelavilum ethi. moss chippukal muur niyamam pravachicha nirakkil sankeernathayil kooduthal vardhichu, ithu 1960 kalude avasaanathode orotta moss chippil noorukanakkinu traansistarukalumaayi valia thothilulla samyojanathilekku (els) nayichu. niravadhi moss elsii chippukalil oru samboornna computer prosessor sisttam ulkkollaan kazhiyumennu enchineeyarmaar thirichariyaan thudangiyathinaal computingilekku moss elsie chippukal prayogikkunnathu aadyathe microprosessorukalude adisthaanamaayirunnu.
aadyathe multy-chipp microprosessorukal, 1969-leeii naalu-ghatta sistangalaaya aall1,1970-leeii gaaratt airserch empy944 enniva onniladhikam moss elsii chippukal upayogichu vikasippicheduthu. 1971ll purathirangiya intal 4004 aayirunnu aadyathe single-chipp microprosessor. federico faggin, inttal enchineeyarmaaraaya maarshyan hoff, staan musser, basicom enchineeyar masatoshi shima ennivarodoppam thante silikkan-gettu moss saankethikavidya upayogichu ithu vikasippicheduthu.
vikasanam.
sii. eiii. vikasippichedutha apollo guidense computer aayirunnu aadyathe aadhunika ulchertha samvidaanangalilonnu. 1965-ll mitt instrumenteshan laboratariyil chaals starkk drupper. padhathiyude thudakkathil, apollo guidense computer apollo projakttile ettavum apakadakaramaaya inamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, kaaranam athu computerinte valupavum bharavum kuraykkunnathinu annu puthuthayi vikasippicha monolithic integrated sarcuteukal upayogichu.
1961ll puratthirakkiya minittemaan misailinaayi autonatics dii-17 guidense kambyoottaraayirunnu aadyakaala vanthothilulla ulchertha samvidaanam. 1966ll minittemaan II nirmmaanatthilekku praveshichappol, dii-17nuu pakaram integrated sarkyoottukalude aadyathe uyarnna vooliyam upayogathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru puthiya computer sthaapichu.
1960kalile eee aadyakaala prayogangal muthal, ulchertha samvidaanangalude vila kurayukayum prosessing shakthiyilum pravartthanatthilum naadakeeyamaaya vardhanavu undaakukayum cheythu. aadyakaala microprosessoraaya intal 4004 (1971ll purathirangiyathu) calculaterukalkkum mattu cheria sistangalkkumaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanenkilum appozhum baahya memory support chippukalum aavasyamaanu. 1980kalude thudakkathil, memory, inputt, outtputtu sisttam gadakangal oru microcontroller roopeekarikkunna prosessorinte athe chippilekku samyojippichu. oru pothu-uddeshya computerinu valare chelaveria aaplikkeshanukal microcontrollerukal kandethunnu. microprosessorukaludeyum microcontrollerukaludeyum vila kuranjathode ulchertha samvidaanangalude vyaapanam vardhichu.
thaarathamyena kuranja chelavil oru microcontroller oru valia ennam prathyeka gadakangalude athe punk niravettunnathinaayi prograam cheythekkaam. microcontrollerukal upayogichu, upabhokthru uthppannangalil polum, potenshyomeettarukal polulla vilayeriya noob adisthaanamaakkiyulla analog gadakangalum microprosessor vaayikkunna upp/daun buttonukaloo nobukalo ulla variable kappaasittarukalum maattisthaapikkunnath saadhyamaayi. eee saahacharyathil oru ulchertha samvidaanam saadhaaranayaayi oru parambaraagatha parihaarathekkaal sankeernamaanenkilum, sankeernathayude bhooribhaagavum microcontrollerilaanu. valare kurachu adhika gadakangal maathrame aavashyamulloo, design sramangalil bhooribhaagavum softweyarilaanu. ulchertha prosessor upayogikkaatha oru puthiya sarkyoottinte roopakalppanayum nirmmaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol software prototype testtum vegathilaakkaan kazhiyum.
aaplikkeshanukal.
ulchertha samvidaanangal saadhaaranayaayi upabhokthru, vyaavasaayika, automotive, veettupakaranangal, medical, telecommunication, vaanijya, aerospace, sainika aaplikkeshanukal ennivayil kaanapedunnu.
telecommunication samvidaanangal netvarkkinaayulla telephone svichukal muthal anthima upayokthaavil sell phoneukal vare niravadhi ulchertha samvidaanangal upayogikkunnu. computer networking daatta root cheiyunnathinu samarppita roottarukalum network bridjukalum upayogikkunnu.
empy3 playerukal, television settukal, mobail phoneukal, viidiyoo geyim kansolukal, digital camerakal, gps reseaverukal, printarukal enniva kansyoomar electronicsil ulppedunnu. microwave ovanukal, washing mesheenukal, dishwasherukal thudangiya veettupakaranangalil vazhakkam, karyakshamatha, savisheshathakal enniva nalkunnathinulla ulchertha samvidaanangal ulppedunnu. pakal samayathum seasonilum maariyekkaavunna thaapanila kooduthal krithyamaayum kaaryakshamamayum niyantrikkaan advanced heating, ventilation, eyar contitioning (echu. vii. eiii. sii) samvidaanangal network thermostaattukal upayogikkunnu. laittukal, kaalavastha, suraksha, audiyo/vishwal, nireekshanam muthalaayava niyantrikkaan upayogikkaavunna wired, wireless networking hoome automation upayogikkunnu.ivayellaam sensingin niyanthranathinum ulchertha upakaranangal upayogikkunnu.
vimaanathil ninnu ottomobailukalilekkulla gathagatha samvidaanangal kooduthalaayi ulchertha samvidaanangal upayogikkunnu. puthiya vimaanangalil ganyamaaya suraksha aavasyakathakalulla jadatwa maarganirddesha samvidaanangal, gps reseaverukal thudangiya noothana avionics adangiyirikkunnu. sanjaarapatham thiruthunnathinu bahirakasha pedakam jyothisshaasthra samvidaanangale aasrayikkunnu. vividha electric motorukal-brushless dissy motorukal, induction motorukal, dissy motorukal-electronic motor kantrolarukal upayogikkunnu. vaahanangalum electric vaahanangalum hibrid vaahanangalum karyakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinum malineekaranam kuraykkunnathinum ulchertha samvidaanangal kooduthalaayi upayogikkunnu. ulchertha samvidaanangal upayogikkunna mattu automotive suraksha samvidaanangalil aanti-loock breaking sisttam (eiii. bii. ezz), electronic stebility kantrol (eiii. ezz. sii/iii. ezz. pii), traction kantrol (tii. sii.), automatic phoor wheel drive enniva ulppedunnu.
medical upakaranangal nireekshanatthinaayi ulchertha samvidaanangalum vividha medical imajing (poositroon emission tomography (pettu), single-phottoon emission computed tomography (specta), computed tomography (sidi), magnetic resonance imaging (emri) enniva noonn-invasive intenal parishodhanakalkkayi upayogikkunnu. medical upakaranagalkkullile ulchertha samvidaanangal palappozhum vyaavasaayika computerukaliloodeyaanu pravartthikkunnathu.
aerospace, prathirodha vyavasaayangalile suraksha-nirnaayaka samvidaanangalkkaayi ulchertha samvidaanangal upayogikkunnu. oonn-chipp 3jii sellular vazhiyo aiodi nireekshanatthinum niyanthrana aavasyangalkkumulla mattu reethikal vazhiyo wired allengil wireless netvarkkukalumaayi bandhippichittillengil, eee samvidaanangal hackingle ninnu verthirikkaanum kooduthal surakshithamakkaanum kazhiyum. agni surakshaykkaayi, uyarnna thaapanila kaikaaryam cheyyaanum pravartthanam thudaraanumulla kooduthal kazhivulla reethiyil samvidaanangal roopakalppana cheyyaan kazhiyum. suraksha kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil, ulchertha samvidaanangalkku svayamparyaapthamaakaanum vaidyutha, ashayavinimaya samvidaanangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
mottukal ennariyappedunna miniyechar wireless upakaranangal network cheytha wireless sensarukalaanu. wireless sensor networking vipulamaaya integrated surcuted (aii. sii) design vazhi poornna wireless subsistangale noothana sensarukalilekku bandhippikkaan saadhyamaakkiya miniaturisation upayogikkunnu, ithu bhauthika lokathile niravadhi karyangal alakkaanum nireekshanatthiloodeyum niyanthrana samvidaanangaliloodeyum eee vivarangal pravartthikkaanum aalukaleyum kambanikaleyum prapthamaakkunnu. eee mottukal poornnamaayum svayam ulkkollunnavayaan, baattarikal maattukayo charge cheiyukayo cheiyunnathinu munbu varshangalolam saadhaaranayaayi baattari uravidam pravarthanarahithamaakum.
savisheshathakal.
onniladhikam jolikalkkaayi roopakalppana cheytha pothu-uddeshya computerukalkku vipareethamaayi, oru prathyeka jolie nirvahikkunnathinaanu ulchertha sisttangal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. chilarkk surakshyum upayogakshamathayum polulla kaaranangalal thalsamaya prakadana parimithikal paalikkendathundu; mattullavarkk kuranjatho allathatho aaya prakadana aavasyakathakal undayirikkaam, ithu chelavu kuraykkunnathinu sisttam hardwareine lalithamakkaan anuvadikkunnu.
ulchertha samvidaanangal ellaayppozhum otappetta upakaranangalalla. ulchertha niravadhi samvidaanangal kooduthal pothuvaaya uddeshyam niravettunna oru valia upakaranathinullile oru cheria bhagamaanu. udaaharanathinu, gibson robot gittaaril stringukal tyoon cheiyunnathinulla oru ulchertha samvidaanam undu, ennaal robot gittaarinte mothatthilulla uddeshyam samgeetham vaayikkuka ennathaanu. athupole, oru automobilil ulchertha sisttam kaarinte thanne oru subsistom enna nilayil oru prathyeka pravartthanam nalkunnu.
ulchertha systengalkkaayi ezhuthiya prograam nirddeshangale fameware ennu vilikkunnu, avaa reed-onli memory allengil flash memory chippukalil sambharichirikkunnu. avaa parimithamaaya computer hardware vibhavangal upayogichaanu pravartthikkunnathu cheria memory, cherutho nilavillillaathatho aaya keyboard allengil screen.
upayokthru interfaceukal.
ulchertha sisttangal oru user interface polumillaatthava muthal, oru task samarppichirikkunna sisttangalil, aadhunika computer desktop operating sistangalumaayi saamyamulla sankeernamaaya graaphikkal user interfaceukal vare. lalithamaaya ulchertha upakaranangal buttonukal, laitt emitting diodeukal (elidi), graphik allengil caractor liqvid-kristtal displakel (elsidy) enniva lalithamaaya menu sisttathil upayogikkunnu. touch sensing allengil screen edju sophtt keekal upayogichu graaphikkal screen upayogikkunna kooduthal sankeernamaaya upakaranangal upayogichirikkunna idam kuraykkumbol vazhakkam nalkunnu battanukalude ardham screenil mariyekkaam, koodaathe thiranjedukkunnathil aavasyamullathu choondikkaanikkunna swaabhaavika swabhaavam ulppedunnu.
chila sisttangal oru seeriyalinte sahaayathode vidooramaayi upayokthru interface nalkunnu (udha.jii. rs-232) allengil network (udha.jii. itharnettu) kanakshan. eee sameepanam ulchertha sisttathinte kazhivukal vipuleekarikkukayum displayude vila ozhivaakkukayum board support paakkej (bii. ezz. pii) lalithamaakkukayum computeril sambannamaaya oru user interface nirmmikkaan designermaare anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru ulchertha upakaranathil (aipi camera allengil network ruter polullava) pravartthikkunna ulchertha echtidipi servarinte samyojanamaanu ithinu oru nalla udaaharanam. upakaranavumayi bandhippichirikkunna oru pisiyile oru web brouseril upayokthru interface pradarshippikkunnu.
ulchertha sisttangalile prosessorukal.
pothuvaaya aavasyangalkkulla computerukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol saadhaarana ulchertha computerukalude savisheshathakalude udaaharanagal kuranja vaidyuthi upabhogam, cheria valippam, parukkan operating renchukal, oro unitinum kuranja chelavu ennivayaanu. parimithamaaya prosessing vibhavangalude chelavilaanu ithu varunnath.
ulchertha sisttangalude upayogathinaayi niravadhi microcontrollerukal vikasippichittund. ulchertha sisttangalilum pothu-uddeshya microprosessorukal upayogikkunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi microcontrolerukalekkaal kooduthal support surcuted aavasyamaanu.
readymaid computer boardukal.
cheria, kuranja vooliyam ulchertha, raggad systengalkkaayi uddeshichittulla readymaid computer bordukalude maanadandangalude udaaharanangalaan pisi/104, pisi/104 + enniva. iva mikkavarum x86 adisthaanamaakkiyullathum oru saadhaarana computerumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol palappozhum shaareerikamaayi cheruthumaanu, ennirunnaalum ettavum lalithamaaya (8/16-bitt) ulchertha sistangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ippozhum valare valuthaanu. avarkk doses, freebsd, linux, netbsd allengil microssy/oesu-III, qnx allengil vx works polulla ulchertha thalsamaya operating sisttam (artos) upayogikkaam.
cheria valippamo oorjja kaaryakshamathayo praadhamika aashankakalallaatha chila aaplikkeshanukalil, upayogikkunna gadakangal pothu-uddeshya x86 pezhsanal computerukalil upayogikkunnavayumaayi poruthappettekkaam. vazhiyulla epiya rench polulla boardukal computerinu anuyojyavum ennaal valare samyojithavum shaareerikamaayi cheruthum allengil ulchertha enchineeyarmaarkku akarshakamaakkunna mattu aatribyoottukalukinnathum vidavu nikathaan sahayikkunnu. pothuvaaya software vikasanathinu upayogikkunna athe software vikasana upakaranagalkoppam kuranja chelavilulla charakk gadakangalum upayogikkaam ennathaanu eee sameepanathinte prayojanam. eee reethiyil nirmmicha samvidaanangal ippozhum ulcherthathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam avaa valia upakaranangalumayi samyojippikkukayum orotta punk niravettukayum cheiyunnu. eee sameepanam sweekarichekkaavunna upakaranangalude udaaharanagal automated teller mesheenukal (atm), arcade mesheenukal ennivayaanu, avayil aaplikkeshanu prathyeka coode adangiyirikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, mikka readymaid embaded sisttam bordukalum pisi kendreekrithamallaathathum aisa allengil pci basukal upayogikkunnilla. oru sisttam-oonn-eiii-chipp prosessor ulppedumbol, vyathiriktha gadakangale bandhippikkunna oru staanderd buzz undayirikkunnathil valia nettamundaakilla, koodaathe hardware, software upakaranangalude anthareeksham valare vyathyasthamaayirikkam.
oru saadhaarana design shaili oru cheria sisttam module upayogikkunnu, orupakshe oru bisinus kaardinte valippamulla, uyarnna saandrathayulla bca chippukal, athaayath aam-based sisttam-oonn-eiii-chipp prosessor, peripheralukal, sambharanathinayi baahya flash memory, rantaim memoricaayi dram enniva. module ventor saadhaaranayaayi boot software nalkukayum linux chila thalsamaya choisukalum ulppede niravadhi operating sisttangal undennu urappakkukayum cheyyum. eee moduleukal uyarnna alavil nirmmikkanum, avarude prathyeka parisodhanaa prasnangal parichayamulla oorganaiseshanukalkku, aaplikkeshan-nirddishta baahya peripheralukalumaayi valare kuranja vooliyam ishtaanusritha mainboardukalumaayi samyojippikkaanum kazhiyum. eee sameepanathinte pradhana udaaharanangalil ardvino, raspberry paii enniva ulppedunnu.
esik, fpga sook pariharangal.
oru chippile (sook) oru sisttathil onniladhikam prosessorukal, multiplier, kashukal, vividha tharam memory polum, saadhaaranayaayi oru chippil wired allengil wireless ashayavinimayathinulla interfaceukal polulla vividha peripheralukal enniva ulkkollunna oru samboornna sisttam adangiyirikkunnu. palappozhum graphics prosessing yoonittukalum (gpu) dii. ezz. pii. sikalum atharam chippukal ulppeduthiyittundu. soaks oru aaplikkeshan-nirddishta integrated sarkyoottaayi (asic) allengil feeld-prograamabil gettu array (fpga) upayogichu nadappilaakkaam, athu saadhaaranayaayi punarroopakalppana cheyyaan kazhiyum.
mobail phoneukal, smartphoneukal thudangiya valare uyarnna alavil ulchertha samvidaanangalkku eshyan nadappaakkalukal saadhaaranamaanu. avionics pole signal prosessing prakadanam, interfaceukal, vishwaasyatha ennivayil prathyeka aavasyangalulla athra uyarnna vooliyam illaatha ulchertha systengalkkaayi esik allengil fpga nadappaakkalukal upayogikkaam.
peripheralukal.
ulchertha samvidaanangal puramlokavumaayi peripheralukal vazhi samsaarikkunnu, udaaharanathina
upakaranangal.
mattu softweyarukaleppole, ulchertha sisttam designermar ulchertha sisttam software vikasippikkunnathin compilerukal, assemblerukal, debuggerukal enniva upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, avar kooduthal nirddishta upakaranangalum upayogichekkaam
software upakaranangal niravadhi srothassukalil ninnu varaam
ulchertha samvidaanangalude sankeernnatha vardhikkumbol, uyarnna thalatthilulla upakaranangalum operating sisttangalum ardhavathaaya yanthrangalilekku maarunnu. udaaharanathinu, selphoneukal, pezhsanal digital asisttantumaar, mattu upabhokthru computerukal ennivaykku palappozhum electronics nirmmaathaavallathe mattoru vyakthi vaangukayo nalkukayo cheiyunna kaaryamaaya software aavasyamaanu. eee samvidaanangalil, moonnaam kakshi software daathaavin oru valia vipaniyilekku wilkan kazhiyunna tharatthil linux, netbsd, freebsd, osg allengil ulchertha jaava polulla oru ooppan prograaming envayonment aavasyamaanu.
debugging.
labhyamaya soukaryangale aashrayich vividha thalangalil embaded debugging nadatthaam. pariganikkunna kaaryangalil iva ulppedunnu ithu pradhana aaplikkeshante vegatha kuraykkunnundo, debug cheytha sistamo aaplikkeshano yadhaartha systethino aaplikkeshano ethra aduthaanu, debugginginaayi sajjamakkaan kazhiyunna prachodakangal ethratholam vyakthamaan (udha.jii.oru prathyeka prograam kaundar moolyathil athumbol memory parisodhikkuka), debugging prakriyayil enthaanu parisodhikkaan kazhiyuka (memory allengil memory, rajisttarukal muthalaayava).).
ettavum lalithamaayathum ettavum sankeernavumaaya debugging saankethikavidyakalum samvidaanangalum ekadesham inipparayunna mekhalakalaayi tharamthirikkuka
baahya debuggingle parimithappedutthiyittille, prograamarkk saadhaaranayaayi upakaranangaliloode software looad cheyyaanum pravarthippikkaanum prosessoril pravartthikkunna coode kaananum athinte pravartthanam aarambhikkaano nirthano kazhiyum. kodinte kazhcha uyarnna thalatthilulla prograaming bhasha, assembly coode allengil randinteyum misritham aakam.
tracking.
thalsamaya operating sisttangal palappozhum operating sisttam evantukalude trackingine pinthunaykkunnu. sisttam swabhaavathinte recordingine adisthaanamaakki oru hoost pisi tool oru graaphikkal view avatharippikkunnu. softweyarilo aarr. tii. oo. esilo prathyeka tracing hardwareilo trace recording nadatthaam. software sisttathinte samayavum prakadana prashnangalum manasilakkaan aarr. tii. oo. ezz tracing developermaare anuvadikkukayum uyarnna thalatthilulla sisttam perumaattangalekkurich nannayi manassilakkukayum cheiyunnu. ulchertha sisttangalile trace recording hardware allengil software pariharangal upayogichu nedaanaakum. software adhishtitha trace recordingin prathyeka debugging hardware aavasyamilla, vinyasicha upakaranagalil traceukal record cheyyaan ithu upayogikkaam, pakshe ithu cpu, raam upayogathe badhikkum. aarr. tii. oo. ezz parithasthithikalil upayogikkunna software adhishtitha tracing reethiyude oru udaaharanam kodile thanthraparamaaya sthalangalil operating sisttam abhyarthikkunna shoonyamaaya maakrokalude upayogamaanu, avaa hukkukalaayi pravartthikkaan nadappilaakkaam.
vishwaasyatha.
ulchertha samvidaanangal palappozhum varshangalolam pishakukalillathe thudarchayaayi pravartthikkumennu prathekshikkunna yanthrangalilaanu vasikkunnath, chila sandarbhangalil oru pishak sambhavikkukayaanenkil svayam veendedukkunnu. athinaal, software saadhaaranayaayi pezhsanal computerukalekkaal shradhaapoorvvam vikasippikkukayum pareekshikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe disk driveukal, svichukal allengil buttonukal polulla vishwasaneeyamallaatha mechanical chalikkunna bhagangal ozhivaakkunnu.
prathyeka vishwaasyatha prasnangal ulppettekkaam
memory chorcha polulla software bagukalum hardwareile sophtt pishakukalum-pishakukalil ninnu karakayaran chilappol samyojippichu vividha saankethikavidyakal upayogikkunnu
uyarnnathum. kuranja vooliyam.
mobail phoneukal polulla uyarnna alavilulla samvidaanangalkku, chelavu kuraykkuka ennathaanu saadhaaranayaayi praadhamika design pariganana. enchineeyarmaar saadhaaranayaayi aavashyamaaya pravartthanangal nadappilakkaan paryapthamaaya hardware thiranjedukkunnu.
kuranja alavil allengil prototype ulchertha systengalkkaayi, prograamukal parimithappeduthunnathiloo operating systethinu pakaram oru aarr. tii. oo. kall upayogichu general purposes computerukal sweekarikkaam.
ulchertha software aarkkitekcharukal.
1978ll naashanal electrical manufacturezhs association single-board computerukal, numerical, ivant adhishtitha kantrolarukal polulla mikkavarum eathu computer adhishtitha kantrolarukalum ulppede prograamabil microcontrolerukalkkal oru staanderdaaya aii. sii. ezz <aii. dii. 1> puratthirakki.
pothuvaayi upayogikkunna niravadhi vyathyastha tharam software aarkkitekcharukal undu.
lalithamaaya niyanthrana lupe.
eee roopakalppanayil, softwearinu inputt upakaranangal nireekshikkunna oru lupe undu. lupe subrutainukale vilikkunnu, avaa oronnum hardwareinteo softweyarinteyo oru bhagam kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. athinaal ithine lalithamaaya niyanthrana lupe allengil prograam cheytha inputt-outtputtu ennu vilikkunnu.
interapt niyantritha samvidaanam.
chila ulchertha samvidaanangal pradhaanamaayum intereptukal vazhiyaan niyanthrikkappedunnath. ithinartham sisttam nirvahikkunna jolikal vividha tharatthilulla evantukalaal prachodippikkappedunnu ennaanu; udaaharanathinu, oru munkootty nirvachikkapetta edavelayil oru timer allengil daatta sweekarikkunna oru seeriyal portt kantrolar vazhi oru interapt srishtikkaan kazhiyum.
ivant handlermark kuranja latensi aavashyamaanenkil eee architecture upayogikkunnu, ivant handlermar hraswavum lalithavumaanu. eee samvidaanangal oru pradhana looppilum oru lalithamaaya task pravarthippikkunnu, ennaal eee task apratheekshitha kaalathaamasangalodu valare sensitiivu allah. chilappol interapt handler oru kyoo gadanayilekku dairkhyameriya jolikal cherkkum. pinneedu, interapt handler poortthiyaaya sesham, eee jolikal pradhana lupe vazhi nadappilaakkunnu. eee reethi systethe vyathirikthamaya prakriyakalulla oru multitasking kernalilekku konduvarunnu.
sahakaranaparamaya multitasking.
oru eiii. pii. aii. yill lupe marachuvechirikkulnathulanu, sahakarana multitasking lalithamaaya niyanthrana lupe schemine valare saamyamullathaan. prograamar niravadhi jolikal nirvachikkunnu, oro jolic athintethaaya anthareeksham labhikkunnu. oru task nishkriyamaakumbol, athu mattoru task niyanthrikkunna oru nishkriya dinacharya vilikkunnu.
oru puthiya task ezhuthunnathiloodeyo cuevilekku cherkkunnathiloodeyo puthiya software cherkkunnath eluppamaanu ennathozhike gunangalum doshangalum kantrol looppinu samaanamaan.
munkootty nischayikkunna multitasking allengil multy-threading.
itharathilulla sisttathil, oru intererapt vilikkunna oru timerine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru thaazhnna thalatthilulla coode task allengil thredukalkkidayil maarunnu. systethinu saadhaaranayaayi oru operating sisttam kernel ullathayi kanakkaakkappedunna thalamaanith. ethratholam pravartthanam aavasyamaanu ennathine aashrayich, samaantharamaayi ashayaparamaayi pravartthikkunna onniladhikam jolikal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinte sankeernathakal ithu avatharippikkunnu.
eathoru code mattoru task daattaye keduvaruthaan saadyathayullathinaal (memory maanejment yoonit upayogikkunna sistangalilozhike) prograamukal shradhaapoorvvam roopakalppana cheyyukayum pareekshikkukayum venam, koodaathe pankitta daattayilekkulla axus sandesha cukal, semaphoreukal allengil noonn-blocking synchronisation skeem polulla chila synchronisation thanthrangal upayogichu niyantrikkanam.
eee sankeernathakal kaaranam, oorganaiseshanukalkku oru oof-dhii-shelf aarr. tii. oo. upayogikkunnathu saadhaaranamaanu, ithu aaplikkeshan prograamarmaare operating sisttam sevanangalekkaal upakarana pravarthanangalil shradha kendreekarikkaan anuvadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aaplikkeshan vikasana prakriya aarambhikkunnathin munbu thiranjeduppu nadathendathinaal oru aarr. tii. oo. ulppeduthaanulla thiranjeduppu athintethaaya prasnangal konduvarunnu. eee samayam developermaare nilavile aavashyakathakale adisthaanamaakki avarude upakaranathinayi ulchertha operating sisttam thiranjedukkaan nirbandhitharaakkukayum athinaal bhaavi oopshanukal oru valia paridhivare parimithappedutthukayum cheiyunnu. 
seeriyal, usb, tcp/aipi, blutooth, wireless laan, trunk radio, onniladhikam chaanalukal, daatta, shabdam, mechappeduthiya graphics, onniladhikam avasthakal, onniladhikam threadukal, niravadhi kaathiripp avasthakal thudangiya peripheralukalum jolikalum kaikaaryam cheyyaan upakaranangal aavasyamullathinaal ulchertha sisttangalile sankeernathayude thoth thudarchayaayi vardhichukondirikkanu. eee pravanathakal oru aarr. tii. oo. kku purame ulchertha middleware ettedukkunnathilekku nayikkunnu.
microkarnalukalum exocurnalukalum.
oru microkarnal memory anuvadikkukayum sipiyuvine executionte vyathyastha thredukalilekku maattukayum cheiyunnu. user-mooad prakriyakal phayal sisttangal, network interfaceukal muthalaaya pradhana pravartthanangal nadappilaakkunnu.
saadhaarana sabruttin kolukaliloode exocarnalukal kaaryakshamamaayi ashayavinimayam nadathunnu. hardware sisttathile ellah softweyarukalum aaplikkeshan programmarkku labhyavum vipuleekarikkaavunnathumaaya.
monolithic kernelukal.
ulchertha paristhithiyumaayi poruthappedunna athyaadhunika sheshiyulla thaarathamyena valia kernalaanu monolithic kernel. ithu programmarkku linux allengil microsopht windos polulla desktop operating systethinu samanamaaya oru anthareeksham nalkunnu, athinaal ithu vikasanathinu valare uthppaadanakshamamaanu. poraaymayil, ithinu ganyamaayi kooduthal hardware vibhavangal aavasyamaanu, palappozhum kooduthal chelaveriyathaanu, eee kernalukalude sankeernnatha kaaranam, pravachikkavunnathum vishwasaneeyavumaayirikkil.
ulchertha linux, vx works, windos ce ennivayaanu ulchertha monolithic kernalukalude saadhaarana udaaharanagal.
hardwarinte vila vardhichuvenkilum, itharathilulla ulchertha sisttam janapreeti vardhippikkunnu, prathyekichu wireless ruterukal, gps naavigeshan sisttangal thudangiya kooduthal sakthamaaya ulchertha upakaranagalil.
adhika software gadakangal.
coor operating systethinu purame, pala ulchertha sistangalkkum adhika upper-lair software gadakangalundu. eee gadakangalil qaan, tcp/aipi, eftipi, echtidipi, echtts thudangiya networking protocol staakkukalum phaatt, flash memory maanejment sisttangal polulla sambharana sheshikalum ulppedunnu. ulchertha upakaranathinu audiyo, viidiyoo kazhivukal undengil, anuyojyamaaya driverukalum kodekkukalum sisttathil undaakum. monolithic kernalukalude kaaryatthil, eee software paalikalil palathum kernelil ulppeduthaam. aarr. tii. oo. ezz vibhaagathil, adhika software gadakangalude labhyatha vaanijyaparamaaya oofarine aasrayichirikkunnu.
domaine-nirddishta vaasthuvidyakal.
automotive mekhalayil, ulchertha softweyarinte oru staanderd aarkkitekcharaan autosaar.