brazilian bahirakasha paripadi

1961 muthal 1994ll brazeel bahirakasha ejansi roopeekarikkunnathuvare brazeel nadatthiya rokkattukalum bahirakasha paryaveshana paripaadikalumaanu brazilian bahirakasha paripadi. vikshepana vahanangal, vikshepana kendrangal, upagraha nirmmaanam ennivayil ithinu kaaryamaaya sheshiyundaayirunnu. shaasthra saankethika manthraalayathinu (emm. sii. tii) keezhilulla naashanal instittyoott phoor space research (inp) adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu ithu. misail vyapanathekkurichulla aashankakal kaaranam mattu rajyangal (america polullava) saankethika vikasanam thadanjathinaal eee paripadi poornna sainika niyanthranathilaayirunnu, ithu athinte vikasanathe thadassappeduthi. 1994ll bahirakasha paripadi brazilian bahirakasha ejansiyude keezhil sivilian niyanthranathilekku maatti.
charithram.
1964 muthal, oru upagraha vikshepana vahanam ("veekkulo lancador dii saattalait-vls") nirmmikkanulla shramathil, brazeel sonda aii, II, III, IV ennee perukalil shabda (gaveshana) rokkattukalude oru parambara vikasippicheduthittundu. vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile naattal nagaratthinaduthulla barraira doow furno vikshepana kendratthil ninnaan aadyakaala sondakal pareekshichu vikshepichathu. 1989 epril 28 nuu sonda IV rokkatt vijayakaramaayi pareekshichu. thudarnnulla vikshepanangal president jose sarniyude swantham samsthaanamaaya maranhoyile alkantaara vikshepana kendratthil ("centro dii lancamento dii alkantaara-klaa") ninnaan nadathiyathu. 1990 februvari februvari audyogikamaayi samarppicha eee klaa vikasippikkaan 470 dasalaksham dollarinekkaal kooduthal chelavayi. bhoomadhyarekhayude ettavum adutha vikshepana kendramaanithu (bhoomadhyarekhaykku 2.3 digri thekk), ithu jiyosteshanari upagrahangalude vikshepanathinu akarshakamaakkunnu. brazeelil ninnulla madhyarekhaa vikshepanangalkku kenneddy bahirakasha kendratthil ninnulla vikshepanangalekkaal 20 sathamaanam kuravu indhanam aavashyamaayi vannekkaam, ennaal dhruva bhramanapatha vikshepanangalkku kooduthal indhanam aavasyamaanu.
1993 februvari februvari brazeelil poornnamaayum vikasippichedutha aadyathe upagrahamaaya daatta shekharana upagraham (saattalait dii koletta dii dados-ezz. sii. dii-1) vikshepichu. chilappol "green" upagraham ennu vilikkappedunna ezz. sii. dii-1 brazilian naashanal instittyoott phoor space research ("inpe-instityootto naashanal dii peskvis espasius") ejansikalaanu upayogikkunnathu. 1998 october 22 nuu pegasus rokkatt (eiii yuu) vikshepicha ezz. sii. dii-1, ezz. sii. dii-2 enniva randum.ezz. rokkatt), paristhithi vivarangal shekharikkuka.
1988 juulai 6 nuu brazeel chainayumaayi oru karar oppittu, athu shangsi vikshepana sthalathu ninnu oru long march chainees rokkatt upayogichu vikshepikkunna rund erthu imaging upagrahangalude samyuktha vikasanam (inpay chainees bahirakasha ejansiyum thammil) aavashyappedunnu. chaina-brazeel erthu resources saattalait prograam (saattalait sino-braziliro dii recursos terrestress-sibars) ennariyappedunna uyarnna resolutionulla sibarukal muzhuvan grahathil ninnum daatta shekharikkukayum krishi, bhoomishaasthram, jalashasthram, paristhithi ennivaykkaayi upayogikkukayum cheyyum. brazeelinte fundinte abhavam kaaranam 1988 muthal 1991 vare sino-brazilian karar nishkriyamaayirunnu. 1991 octoberilum 1994 novemberilum brazil chinayum upagrahangalude nirmmaanathinaayi 150 dasalaksham dollar vilamathikkunna oru adhika karaaril oppuvachu. 1997 meyy maasathil sibar-1 vikshepikkaan theerumaanichirunnu.
munbu brazilian saattalait communication sisttathinte ("sistema brasiliro dii communicaso pore saattalaits-ezz. bii. tii. ezz") chumatala vahichirunna sarkkar niyantritha ashayavinimaya kambaniyaaya embraattal bhoomadhyarekhaykku mukalilulla jiyosteshanari bhramanapathathil sthaapichirikkunna upagrahangalude oru parambarayude udamasthathayum pravartthanavum nadathunnu. fraansinte erospaashyal grouppinte franch bahirakasha, prathirodha pankaliyaaya eriyanspesu 1985 februvariyilum 1986 maarchilum aadyathe rund braasilsaatt upagrahangal vikshepichu.
1994 vare, shaasthra, aerospace saankethika vakuppinte (sii. tii. eiii., siyenshya & technologia aerospatial) chumatalayilulla aeronotics manthraalayathiloodeyaanu sainyam bahirakasha paripaadiyude bhooribhaagavum nayichathu. 1950 ll srishticha sii. tii. eiii. faabinte (brazilian vyomasena) aerospace programukalkkaayulla gaveshanathilum vikasanathilum earppettirikkunnu. 1965ll rokkattukal vikasippikkunnathinayi sii. tii. eiii. yile niravadhi sthaapanangalil onnaaya space aaktivittees sentar (instityootto dii attivideds espasius-aii. eiii. iii) srishtichu. athinte srishtikku sesham, aii. eiii. iii. 2,000-ladhikam rokkattukal pareekshichittundu.
1971ll oru samyuktha sivilian-milittari kammitti, brazilian kammeeshan phoor space aaktivittees ("komissaao brasilira dii attivideds espasius-kobe") sthaapikkukayum csn (deseeya suraksha kaunsil) nuu keezhil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. sayudha senayude general staafinte thalavan (estado-mayor daas forcas armadas-empha) adhyakshatha vahicha coba, samboornna brazilian bahirakasha douthyathinte ("misavo espaasiyal completta brazilira-mcb") chumatala vahichu. vikshepana vahanangal, vikshepana kendrangal, upagrahangalude nirmmaanam enniva ekopippikkunnathinaayi ekopippikkunnathinaayi mcbee srishtichathu.
sivilian bhaagath, mekkibikk neethrthwam nalkunnathu inpeyaanu. 1971 ll sthaapithamaaya inp deseeya bahirakasha pravartthana kammeeshane ("comiso naashanal dii attivideds espasius-- kne") maatti. inp shaasthra saankethika manthraalayathinum ekadesham sii. tii. eyude kaundarpaarttinum keezhilaanu. inp upagrahangal vikasippikkukayum bahirakasha, kalavastha gaveshanam nadathukayum cheiyunnu. 1988 muthal draavaka proppallantukal upayogichu enchinukal vikasippichukondirikkum sammishra phalangalode.
brazeelinte mecobinullil, saadhaaranakkaar praadhamikamaayi upagraha ulppaadanathinu utharavaadikalaanu, koodaathe vikshepana paadukalum rokkattukalum vikasippikkunnathinte chumatala sayudha senaykkaanu. eee thozhil vibhajanam undaayirunnittum, kuranjathu 1993 vare sayudha senayaayirunnu mecobiyile prabalamaaya abhinethaakkal. mecobiyile uyarnna sthaanangalil bhooribhaagavum sainika udyogasthar kaivashappedutthi.
brazilian bahirakasha ejansi.
mcbee kooduthal uracha reethiyil saadhaaranakkaarude kaikalil athikkaanulla shramathil, brazeel president itaamar franco 1994 februvari 10 nuu brazilian bahirakasha ejansi ("agenzia espaasiyal brazilira-aabe") srishtikkunna oru billil oppuvachu. oru upadeshaka samithiyaayi maathram pravartthikkukayum jeevanakkaarundaakathirikkum cheytha kobe eeb maatti. ardha svayambharana ejansiyaaya ebinu naya nadappakkalinu athintethaaya jeevanakkarum utharavaadithangalumundu. presidentinte nerittulla niyanthranatthilulla oru siviliyanaan ithinu neethrthwam nalkunnathu. aeb mekkibikk melnottam vahikkunnu, ennaal aeronotics mantraalayam ippozhum vikshepana soukaryangaludeyum vikshepana vaahanangaludeyum chumathalayilaan, koodaathe inp upagrahangalude vikasanathinu neethrthwam nalkunnathu thudarunnu. athinaal, emm. iii. sii. biyumaayi bandhapetta vividha manthraalayangalkk eiii. iii. bii. kku phalapradamaayi melnottam vahikkaan kazhiyumo ennu kandariyanam.
mecobiyil brazeel sainyathinte pankaalittham aashankayode kanda american sarkkaaril ninnulla vimarshanathe vyathichalippikkaanaan eeb srishtichathu. sii. tii. eiii, inp ennivaykkulla saambathikavum saankethikavumaaya pinthunayode brazeelinte mcbinte vikasanathil america oru pradhana punk vahichu. 1966ll america sounding rokkattukal vitharanam cheyyukayum avaa pinneedu brazeel vikshepikkukayum cheythu. aaa saankethikavidyayude adisthaanathil brazeel pinneedu svanthamaayi valia boosttarukal vikasippichu.
brazil america thammilulla bandham pothuve rund sarkkaarukalkkullile pravarthanaparamaaya paathayilaayirunnu. yunaittad stetts naashanal aeronotics aandu space administration (naasa) inpumaayi pravartthikkukayum daatta pankidukayum shaasthreeya pareekshanangal vikasippikkaanum nadappilakkaanum sahayikkukayum instittyoottile saankethika vidagtharkkum shaasthranjarkkum pariseelanam nalkukayum cheythu. athupole, yunaittad stetts vyomasena braseelinte aeronotics manthraalayavumaayi pravartthikkukayum kalavastha pravachanam polulla karyangal ulkkollunna niravadhi daatta kaimatta karaarukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
bahirakasha saankethikavidyaykkaayi brazeel ippol americaye athra aasrayikkunnilla. 1981ll bahirakasha saankethikavidyayil svayamparyaapthatha kaivarikukayenna lakshyathode oru bilyan us dollar lakshyamitulla mcbee anaachaadanam cheythu. akkaalat, brazeelil nirmmicha naalu upagrahangalude oru parambara (rund kalavastha pravachanathinum rund bhoopradesha photographic) alkaantarayil ninnu vikshepikkaan brazeel prathijnjaabadhamaayirunnu.
americaye aasrayikkunnathil ninnu kooduthal akale, 1980-kalil khara indhanangalkkulla ooksidaisaraaya amonium perchlorettinte ulppaadanathil svayamparyaapthatha kaivarikkanulla nadapadikal brazeel sweekarichu. thaddesheeya gaveshanathinum vikasanathinum purame, brazeel ippol canada, europian bahirakasha ejansi (iii. ezz. eiii), russia, france, prathyekichu chaina ennivayumaayi bahirakasha paripaadiyil sahakarikkunnu. chainayumaayulla oru samyuktha upagraha padhathi chaina-brazeel bhouma vibhava upagrahamaan. israel polulla puthiya pankaalikalumaayi bahirakasha sahakaranavum brazeel thedunnundu.
thedunnundu madhyathil muthal muthal arambham vare, bahirakasha vikshepana saankethikavidya oru baalistik misail padhathiyilekku vazhithirichuvidaanulla saadhyatha kaaranam pala american nayanirmmaathaakkalum braseelinte mckibiyekkurichu aashankaakularaayirunnu. 1997 madhyathode brazeel oru baalistik misail nirmmichirunnillenge, piranha misail (maa-1) ulppede niravadhi misail samvidaanangalude vikasanathinu athinte sainyam uyarnna munganana nalkiyirunnu. brazeelinte bahirakasha vikshepana padhathiyum peeranki rokkatt saankethikavidyayum baalistik misailukal ulppedeyulla noothana misailukal vikasippikkanulla kazhivu raajyathinundennu soochippikkunnu.
1987 muthal 1994 vare 1987 epril 16 nuu roopeekaricha misail teknolaji kantrol rejimentiloode (emm. tii. sii. aarr-glossery kaanuka) braseelinte baalistik misail prograaminte vikasanam thadayaan america shramichu. braseelinte noothana aanava paripadi kanakkiledukkumbol, saadhyathayulla oru brazilian baalistik misailinu oduvil aanavaayudhathinulla vaahanamaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyumennu america prathyekichum aashankappettirunnu. braseelilekkulla bahirakasha saankethikavidyaykkulla american niyanthranangal braseelinte vls (saattalait vikshepana vahanam) paripadiyum baalistik misail gaveshanavum vikasanavum thadassappeduthukayum brazilumaayulla american suraksha bandhathe vashalaakkukayum chaina, russia, europileyum middle eesttileyum (prathyekichu iraakh) vividha rajyangalumaayulla adutha bandham paryavekshanam cheyyaan brazeeline prerippikkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, 1995 octoberil, rokkattukal vikshepikkaan brazeel russiayk avarude alkantaara thaavalam upayogikkaan vaagdaanam cheythu.
1994 februvariyil emm. tii. sii. aarr maargganirddeshangal paalikkumenn brazeel prakhyaapichu. atharam palikkalil brazilian bahiraakaashathum misail charakkukaludeyum saankethikavidyayudeyum kayattumathi niyanthranangal ulppedum. emm. tii. sii. aarilekkulla brazeelinte praveshanam bahirakasha pravarthanangalil sahakarikkanulla american aikyanaadukalude vividha sramangalumaayi poruthappedukayum bahirakasha bandhangalil oru puthiya yugathinte soochanayaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. emm. tii. sii. aarr amgathvathinaayulla brazeelinte apeksha 1995 octoberil amgeekarikkappettu. angane, 1995 avasaanathode brazeelinte bahirakasha sheshikal mechappettu, ennirunnaalum avaa america, russia thudangiya raajyangalude maanadandangalkkanusarichu mithamaayirunnu. aayudhavalkkarana aashankakalethudarnnu arjanteenayum dakshinaafrikkayum samanamaaya paripaadikal nirthalaakkiyathinu anusrithamaayi, chila vidagdhar vls deerghadoora rokkatt pidichedukkunnathinu vaadichu.
vivaadangal.
2011ll wikileaks yuu.ezz. ukraine polulla brazilian pankaalikal eee mekhalayile thangalude saankethikavidya raajyathekku kaimararuthennu aavasyappettu brazeelile rokkattukalude nirmmanavum ulppaadanavum nirthaan sarkkar shramichu. yuu ayacha oru telegramilaanu niyanthranam rajisttar cheythath.ezz.'2009 januvariyil braziliayile avarude embassiode stettu department iprakaaram paranju "brazeelinte thaddesheeya bahirakasha vikshepana vahana padhathiye njangal pinthunaykkunnilla. ... atharam pravartthanangal brazililekku rokkatt saankethikavidyakal kaimaran edayaakkaathidatholam kaalam alkaantarayil oru vikshepana plaattphom sthaapikkunnathine america athirkkunnillennu njangal ukraine adhikaarikale ormmippikkaan aagrahikkunnu."brazeelil ninnulla bahirakasha rokkattukale prolsaahippikkaathirinu njangalude deerghakaala nayam kaaranam", "aalkaantaara vikshepana kendratthil ninnu us upagrahangal (allengil mattu rajyangal nirmmichathum ennaal gadakangal adangiyathumaayava) vikshepikkaan america anuvadikkunnilla".

