
piyaav nadiyude randaam yuddham

1918 juun 15num 23num idayil nadanna piyaav nadiyude randaamathe yuddham onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu austro-hungarian saamraajyathinethire itaaliyan sainyathinte nirnaayaka vijayamayirunnu. eee yuddham austro-hungarian saamrajyathinum kendrashakthikalude vipuleekaranathiloodeyum nirnnayakamaaya praharamaanennu thelinjenkilum, athinte poornna praadhaanyam thudakkathil italiyil vilamathikkapettilla. ennittum vaartha kettappol eric ludendorff thanikk 'aadyamaayi tholvi anubhavapettu' ennu paranjathaayi reportund. yuddham yadhaarthathil austro-hungarian saamraajyathinte avasaanathinte thudakkamaayirunnuvennu pinneedu vyakthamaakum.
pashchaathalam.
1917ll russia yudhathil ninnu purathupoyathode, austriya-hungerick ippol itaaliyan munnaniyilekku ganyamaaya sainyathe samarppikkaanum avarude jarmman sakhyakakshikalil ninnu shakthippeduthalukal sweekarikkaanum kazhinju. aastro-hungarian chakravarthiyaaya kaal italikkethire oru puthiya akramanam nadatthaan jarmmankaarumaayi oru karaarilethi, general staaf medhavi arther aars voonn strousenberg southu tyrolean armi grouppinte commander konraad voonn hotsendorf eee neekkathe pinthunachu. 1917-leeii sharathkaalathil jarmmankaarum austro-hangeriyakkaarum itaaliyanmaare kaporetto yudhathil paraajayappeduthi. kaporettoikku sesham, itaaliyans piyaavilekk madangukayum aarr franch kaalaalppada divisionukalum anchu britiish kaalaalppada divisionukalum ganyamaaya vyomasena avare shakthippeduthukayum cheythu.
munkootty.
kaporettoyile italiyude parajayam general luigi kadorna pirichuvidunnathilekkum general armando diasine itaaliyan sainyathinte cheef oof staaf aayi maattunnathilekkum nayichu. piyaavil dias sakthamaaya prathirodha line sthaapichu. yudhathinte eee ghattam vare, itaaliyan sainyam kendrashakthikalkkethire ottaykku pooraadukayaayirunnu; kaporettoyile paraajayathode france brittan itaaliyan munnaniyil sainyathe ayachu. 1918 maarchil jarmman vasanthakala akramanam aarambhichayudane, naadakavediyile itaaliyan senayude patthilonnil thaazhe varunna ivaye padinjaaran munnaniyilekku pradhana bhaagathekku thirichuvidendivannu.
austro-hungarian sainyavum aduthide commandle maattathinu vidheyamaayirunnu, puthiya austro-hungarian cheef oof staaf arther aars voonn strousenberg itaaliyanmaare illaathaakkaan aagrahichu. kaporettoikku sesham, austro-hungarian akramanam venis, verona ennivayulppede niravadhi itaaliyan nagarangale kendrashakthikalude bheeshaniyilaakki. annumuthal austriya-hankaariyude sainyam eee thanthraparamaaya sammanangal nedaanum italiye vedinirthal kararilekku nirbandhikkaanum aagrahichirunnu. strasenberginte armi group commandermaaraaya konraad voonn hotsendorf (muun austro-hangarian cheef oof staaf) svettosaar borovic voonn bojna itaaliyakkaarkkethire nirnnayakamaaya akramanam nadatthaan aagrahichuvenkilum aakramanathinte sthalathekkurichu yojikkan kazhinjilla. thekkan tyrolean alpsil ninnu eshyaago peedabhoomiyilekkum visensayilekkum akramanam nadatthaan konraad aagrahichu. borovic aadyam oru prathirodha nadapadiye anukoolichu, pakshe pinneedu amarthumbol piyav nadiyude theerathu oru munvashathe aakramanamaan eshtappettathu. bressiayilekku nayikkunna munvashathinte padinjaaran bhaagath (giudikaari sector) akramanam nadatthaan strousenberg thanne anukoolamaayirunnu. konraadinum borovichinum parasparam veruppaayirunnu, eee rund sakthamaaya vyakthithvangalkkidayil theerumaanikkaan kazhiyaathathinal strassenberg chakravarty sainyathe thulyamaayi vibhajichu, sainyathinte oru cheria bhagam maathrame gudicari mekhalayil oru vazhithirichuvidal nadapadiykkaayi neekkivechulloo. 1918 februvariyil bolsanoyil austro-hungarian, jarmman hikemandukal thammilulla koodikkazhchaykku sheshamaan aakramanathinulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhichath. fraansile vardhichuvarunna american senaye itaaliyan munnaniyilekku thirichuvidumennu ludendorff pratheekshichathinaal jarmmankaar ithu shakthamayi shupaarsha cheythu, athinaal padinjaaran munnaniyil eric ludendorfinte aakramanathinu sesham strousenberg aakramanathe maathrkayaakki.
kaporettoyile avarude muun vijayathil ninnum monde grapa marikadakkaanulla thudarnnulla sramangalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, austro-hangeriyakkaar aakramanathe oru pinpoyintayittalla, marichu oru samboornna frondall akramanamaayi thayyarakki, avarude sainyathinte muzhuvan sheshikkunna shakthiyum munvashath upayogichu. kizhakkan munnaniyil ninnu madangiyethiya austro-hungarian udyogastharkku avarude jarmman athiraalikalkkoppam vipulamaayi pariseelanam nalkiyathinaal padinjaaran munnaniyil jarmmankaar vikasippichedutha thanthrangal upayogikkaan austro-hungarian roopeekaranangalkku pariseelanam nalki. itaaliyan bhaagathum puthumakal undaayi. kaporettoyude parajayam vishakalanam cheythukondu, armando diasinte staaf, athinte pradhana thanthraparamaaya kaaranagal itaaliyan yoonittukalude chalanasheshiyude abhavam, valare karkkashamaaya prathirodha padhathiyil kudungikkidakkuka, valare kendreekrithamaaya command aandu kantrol sisttam, aazhathinte abhavam ennivayaayirunnuvennu nigamanam cheythu. yudhathinaayi thayyarakkiya puthiya padhathikal thudarchayaaya entrench nirthalaakkunnathilekkum uyarnna chalanathmakamaaya prathirodha samvidaanathinte vikasanathilekkum nayichu, athil cheria unitukalkku polum munbu amgeekaricha sakthamaaya pooyintukalkkidayil swathanthramaayi neengaanum swathanthramaayi pinmarano thirichadikkaano theerumaanikkaanum allengil peerankikalude pinthuna nerittu vilikkaanum anuvadichirunnu. koodaathe, aavashyamullidathekku ayaykkaan thayyaraya oru central reservil 6000 trekkukal sajjeekaricha 13 divisionukal samghadippichu.
yuddham.
general dias austro-hangarian aakramanathinte krithyamaaya samayam arinju pularche 3 munny.emm. juun 15nuu, athinaal pularche 2.30nuu.emm.itaaliyan peerankikal avarude munvashath tirakkeriya shatru kuzhikalkku nere vediyuthirkkukayum kanatha naashanashtangal undaakkukayum cheythu. chila mekhalakalil peeranki nirathukal akramanam vaikippikkukayo nirthukayo cheythu, kaaranam austro-hangarian sainikar apratheekshithamaya oru itaaliyan akramanam neridendivarumennu vishwasichu avarude prathirodha sthaanangalilekku pinwangan thudangi, ennaal munnaniyude bhooribhaagavum austro-hangariyakkaar aasoothranam cheythathupole aakramichu. adriatic theerathum piyaav nadiyude madhyabhaagathum thekkott neengikkond borovic aadyathe akramanam aarambhichu. borovic oduvil nirthalaakkappedukayum pinwangan utharavidukayum cheiyunnathinu munbu, itaaliyan kanatha cheruthunilppine abhimukheekarichu, austro-hangeriyakkaarkku piyaav kadakkaan kazhiyukayum oru paalatthinte thala veethiyum aazhavum nedukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla divasangalil borovic akramanam puthukki, ennaal peeranki anakkett nadiyude pala paalangalum nashippichu; nadhi kadanna austro-hangarian roopeekaranangalkku shakthippeduthalum vitharanavum sweekarikkaan kazhinjilla. karyangal kooduthal vashalakkaan, veertha piyaav nadiyude padinjaaran theerathu dhaaraalam unitukale ottappeduthi, ithu itaaliyan theepiduthatthinu eluppamulla lakshyamakki. kizhakkan theerathu ethaan shramikkunnathinide niravadhi austro-hangarian sainikar mungimarichathaayi reportund. juun 19nuu dias thirichadikkukayum borovichine vashath adikkukayum cheythu, ithu kanatha naashanashtangal varuthi.
ithinidayil visensa pidichedukkukayenna lakshyathode eshyaago peedabhoomiyile (juun 15 nuu) borovichinu padinjaaru itaaliyan lainukalil konraad aakramichu. addehathinte sainyam kurachu nilavaaram pulartthiyenkilum itaaliyan yoonittukalil ninnu sakthamaaya cheruthunilppu nerittu; 40,000 perkku aastro-hangarian sainyathil ninnu jeevan nashtappettu. thudarnnulla kaalaghattatthil, aadyathe aakramanathinte poornna paraajayathinu sesham, piyav mekhalayilekku shakthippeduthalukal ayaykkunnathinekkaal kuranja shakthiyode thudarnnulla divasangalil akramanangal thudaraan ishtappetta konraadinte perumaattatthe borovic prathyekichum vimarshichu.
saadhanangalude abhavavum kavachitha yoonittukalude aakramanangalum neridukayum cheytha austro-hungarian janathayodu juun 20nuu vyakthiparamaaya adikaaram ettedutha kaal chakravarty pinwangan utharavittu. juun 23 aayappozhekkum itaaliyakkaar piyaavinte thekkan theerathe nashtappetta ellah pradeshangalum thirichupidikkukayum yuddham avasaanikkukayum cheythu.
anantharafalangal.
austro-hangarian pinvaangalin sesham, sakhyakakshikal, prathyekichu general ferdinand foach, austro-hangarian prathirodham thakarkkanum saamraajyathinethire nirnnayaka vijayam nedaanum akramanam nadatthaan diasine sammarddathilaakki. ennirunnaalum, prathirodhatthil valare phalapradamaanennu theliyikkapetta athe thanthram udanadi oru kuttakrithyam thadayunnuvennu itaaliyan general thiricharinju, kaaranam akkaalathe itaaliyan roopeekaranangal valare chitharikkidakkukayum nirnnayakamaaya aakramanathil phalapradamaayi ekopippikkaan kazhiyaathavidham kalarthappedukayum cheythirunnu. koodaathe, itaaliyan sainyam nadhi kadannal, avarkk oostriyakkaarude athe logistic prasnangal neridendivarum. eee kaaranangalal, thudarnnulla divasangalil, nirnnayaka aakramanathinu mikacha staartt sthaanangal nedunnathinaayi parimithamaaya nadapadikal maathrame pooraadiyittulloo.
maruvashathu, piyaav nadiyile yuddham austriya-hangariyude avasaanathe valia sainika akramanamaayirunnu. vyakthamaaya parajayamaaya eee ooppareshan sainyathinte manoveeryam, aikyam ennivaykku valia praharam varuthukayum yudhathil thalarnna austriya-hangariyiludaneelam rashtreeya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkukayum cheythu. eee yuddham saamraajyathva-rajakeeya sainyathinte avasaanathinte thudakkathe oru phalapradamaaya poratta shakthiyaayi soochippikkukayum naalu maasathinu sesham vittoriyo venetto yudhathil avasaanicha multy-ethnik austro-hankerian saamraajyathinte aabhyanthara rashtreeya thakarchayekkurichu pravachikkukayum cheythu. october 24 muthal 28 vare naalu divasathekku sakhyasenayude aakramanathil sainyam sakthamaaya cheruthunilppu vaagdaanam cheythenkilum saamraajyathinte vighadanathinte vaartha sainyathilethiyathode thakarnnu, aaa samayat prathirodham thudarunnathil ardhamillaayirunnu.
jarmman saamraajyathinte thanthrathinu kanatha praharam ealppicha eee yuddham, italiyumaayi prathyeka samadhaanam sthaapikkunnathine (sambannamaaya poow thaazhvarayile itaaliyan vibhavangal chooshanam cheiyunnathum) padinjaaran munnaniyil sakhyasenaye marikadakkaanulla sramangal kendreekarikkunnathinulla praayogika maargamaayi kanakkakki. eric ludendorff ezhuthi "eee parajayappetta akramanam angeyattam vedanaajanakamaayirunnu. padinjaaran munnaniyile aashvaasam italiyil thanne urappaakkaanaakumenn enikku inii pratheekshikkanaayilla.
yudhathinte kramam.
itali (armando dias) (padinjaaru muthal kizhakk vare)
austriya-hunkery (arther aars voonn strousenberg) (padinjaaru muthal kizhakk vare)