
antipassive shabdam

antipassive voys (churukkatthil allengil) ennathu object ulppedaathatho charinja kesil object ulppeduthaathatho aaya oru tharam vyaakarana shabdamaanu. eee nirmmaanam nishkriya shabdathinu samaanamaan, athil ithu kriyayude moolyathe onnu kuraykkunnu-ejantine illaathaakkukayum vasthuvine nishkriya nirmmaanatthinte vishayamaayi "prolsaahippikkukayum" cheythukondu nishkriyam, vasthuvine illaathaakki ejantine "prothsaahippichukondu" antipassive nirmmaanatthinte vishayamaayi maarunnu.
sambhavam.
bask, maayan, saleeshan, vadakkukizhakkan kakkeshyan, austroneshiyan, australian bhaashakalilum chila amazonian bhaashakalilum (udha.jii. kaavina, kaanamaari).
oru vasthuvinte illaathaakkal vishayathe ergative kesil ninnu ablective kesilekk "prothsaahippikkunna" ergative bhaashakalilaan antipassive voys pradhaanamaayum sambhavikkunnath. vishayavum vasthuvumayi vaakkalulla yojipulla chila kuttaaropitha bhashakalil, vasthuvinte appix illaathaakkiyaanu saadhaaranayaayi antipassive roopappedunnathu. maasay, komanche, kahuvilla ennivayaanu itharathilulla antipassive bhaashakalulla kuttaaropitha bhaashakalude udaaharanagal. nerittulla vipareethamaaya niravadhi bhaashakalkk antipassive shabdavumundu. parambaraagathamaayi kurachumaathram, sweedish, russian allengil chila turkeek bhashakal polulla kuttaaropitha bhashakalil vaakyaghadanayiloode vasthukkale illaathaakkukayo charinja vaadangalilekku tharamthaazhthukayo cheythukondu oru kriyayude parivarthanakshamatha kuraykkunna adayaalangale aduthide pala bhashaapandithanmaarum antipassive ennum visheshippichittundu. 
sajeeva-staatteev bhaashakalilum, oru sthaanamo vaakkalulla sammathamo illaatha nominative-kuttaaropitha bhaashakalilum antipassive shabdam valare apoorvamaanu. cronco, songhe bhashayaaya coiraboro senni enniva polulla eee niyamathinu valare kurachu apavaadangalundu, iva randum samarppita antipassive maarkkarukale aasrayikkunnu, avaa kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya bhashayil apoorvamaanu.
udaaharanagal.
keey 'ishe'.
maayan bhashayaaya 'kishe' yill, oru khandathinte pradhana vaadangal kesinu adayaalappeduthiyittilla, koodaathe kriyayile vyakthigatha adayaalangalaal cross-reference cheyyappedunnu. vyakthi adayaalappeduthal oru ergative-obsolutive paatten pinthudarunnu. pradhaanamallaatha pankaalikal prepositional shailikaliloodeyaanu prakadippikkunnathu.
inipparayunna traansitteevu clossil, "ningalude amma" enna vasthu samboornna vaadamaanu. ithu kesinu adayaalappeduthiyittilla, mathramalla ithu parasyamaayi cross-reference cheythitilla, kaaranam samboornna moonnaam vyakthi ekavachana prefix poojyamaanu. ningal" enna ejantine prathinidheekarikkunnath ergative second pezhsan singular prefix "a-" aanu.
aupachaarikamaayi intraansitteevu aaya anubandha antipassive clossil, kriya "-oonn" enna antipassive suffix edukkunnu. ningalude amma" enna yadhaartha vasthu ippol oru munkoor vaakyathiloode prakadippikkappedunnu, athesamayam ejantu "ningal" vishaya vaadamaayi maarukayum angane "attu-" enna samboornna randaamathe vyakthiyude ekavachana prefix upayogichu prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
bask.
baskinu oru antipassive shabdamundu, athu ejantine ablutive kesil ulppeduthunnu, pakshe ablutive object illaathaakkunnilla. ithu ejantum vasthuvum ore avasthayilaayitheerunnathi nayikkunnu.
antipassive shabdam upayogichu parivartthanam cheyyumbol, ithu maarunnu
pravartthanam.
vipareeta' thilaanengilum, nominative-accassative bhaashakalile nishkriyathvathinu samanamaaya pravartthanangal palappozhum aantipaasivukalkku undu
antipassive nirmmaanatthinte mattoru uddeshyam palappozhum chila vaadangal aapekshikavalkkaranam, vaakyangalude ekopanam allengil samanamaaya nirmmanangal ennivaykkulla kendrangalaayi labhyamaakkuka ennathaanu. udaaharanathinu, direbalil samyojitha vaakyangalile ozhivakkiya vaadam kevalamayirikkanam. athinaal, inipparayunna vaachakam vyaakaranarahithamaanu
samyojitha vaakyathil, ozhivakkiya aargyument (manushyan) ergative kesil aayirikkanam, oru traansitteevu kriyayude ejantu aayirikkanam (kaanuka). ithu direbalil anuvadaneeyamalla. eee vaachakam vyaakaranavalkkarikkunnathi, yadhaartha ergative ablutive aayi prolsaahippikkukayum muun ablutive (sthree) dative kesil idukayum cheiyunna antipassive upayogikkendathundu
koodaathe, aantipaasivukal palappozhum veekshanaparavum model, thaalkkaalikavumaaya vivarangal nalkunnu. apoornnavum, aarambikkunnathum, saadhyathayullathum, uddeshyaparavum, munkaala-theevramallaathathumaaya khandangalil avaykku munganana nalkunnu, athinaal eee khandam itharathilullathaanennu soochippikkaam. ithu ejantinekkurichulla aantipaasivukalude pothuvaaya shradhayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu ejantu pravartthanatthinte niyanthranathilullatho allengil pravartthanam athu nirvahikkunnathinulla ejantinte pragathbhathaye aashrayichirikkunnatho aaya khandangalil avaye pathivayi cheiyunnu.
antipassive" ennu nirvachikkuka.
antipassive" enna padam vishalamaaya vyaakarana gadanakalil prayogikkunnu, athinaal nirvachikkaan prayaasamaan. aarr. emm. dablyu. ennirunnaalum oru nirmmaanam oru antipassive aano ennu nirnnayikkunnathin dixon naalu maanadandangal nirddeshichittundu
onnum randum naalum maanadandangal vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappettuvenkum, moonnaamathe maanadandatthinte dixoninte roopeekaranam vivaadaparamaanu, athil pala bhaashaashaasthranjarum vasthuvine ulppeduthunnathinulla "illa" oopshan nalkunna nirmmaanangalum aantipaaseevukalaayi kanakkakkunnu.
charitraparamaaya uthbhavam.
antipassive nirmmaanam palappozhum reflexive, reciprocal nirmmaanangalude athe markerukalaal soochippikkappedunnu, ekeekarikkunna savisheshatha traansittivitti kuraykkunnu. vaasthavathil, bhaashakalkk oru prathyeka antipassive marker ullathinekkaal mattu markerukalumaayi antipassive markerinte yaadrishchikatha undaakunnath kooduthal saadhaaranamaanu. ithumaayi bandhappett, sweedish, russian thudangiya nominative-akramikkal bhashakalil polum aantipaasivukal (sweedish 'hunton bitt-ezz' 'naaya kadi (pothuve, vyakthamaakkaatha rogi)', russian 'sobaka kusaitt-jaaza' (ore ardhathode)) undennu parayaamennum vaadikkappettittundu; iruvarkkum reflexive sarvanaamathil ninnu uthbhavikkunna adayaalangalundu, koodaathe aantipaasivukalude samanamaaya uthbhavam pamaa-nyoongan, cartwellion, chukodko-kamchatkan, turkeek bhashakalil saakshyappeduthunnu.
saakshyappeduthiya mattu uthbhavangal gunaparamaaya/doshakaramaaya nirmmanangalil ninnum anischithakaala/pothuvaaya object markerukalil ninnumaanu. chila bhashakalil, aakshan naamangalude allengil pankaalitthangalude dvitheeya vaakkaalullavayil ninnaan uthbhavichathu antipassive prefixukal denominal derivationsil ninnu uruthirinjathaayi thonnunna ragyalrong bhashakalil, vikasanam "traansitteevu kriya> deriwade aakshan namam> puthiya deriwade intraansitteevu kriya" aanennum samanamaaya oru prakriya paashchaathya mande bhashakalil nadannuvennum avakaashappedunnu, avide 'tuu duu' ('vaanguka'> 'vaanguka'> 'vaanguka') enna kriya cherthaanu intraansitteevu kriya roopappettathu. deverbal nominalaiseshanukaludeyo paartisippilukaludeyo samyojanathil ninnum verbalising postbaseukalkkum padinjaaran greenlandic (nishkriya pankaalittham + 'undaakkuka, maaruka', deverbal nominalisation + 'neduka', deverbal nominalisation + 'markerukalkkaayi' nalkuka '-(kall) yathaakramam i-,'-nnig-','-llar-') avakaashappedunnu. godobari sambandhichidatholam, signalling attelik vashathinte dvitheeya pravartthanamulla antipassive ennathinekkaal, athu oru attelik vasha markerinte paarshwafalamaayi uyarnnuvannittundenn vaadikkappettittundu.

