
anthaaraashtra kadalkkolla niyamam

kadalkollayil ninnu samrakshikkaan uddeshichulla anthaaraashtra niyamamaan anthaaraashtra kadalkkolla niyamam. 
charithrathiludaneelam kadalkkollakkaare "hosttis humani janaris" ennu nirvachichittundu, laattin bhashayil "ellah manushyaraashiyudeyum shatru" ennaanu. vividha tharatthilulla kadalkolla athine neridaanulla vazhikaleyum nirvachikkunna kadal niyamathekkurichulla aikyaraashtrasabhayude kanvenshanile (anklos) niyamatthinte bhooribhaagavum ikyaraashtrasabha krodeekarichittundu.
kadalkkolla samudra surakshaykkum samadhaanaparamaaya aavasyangalkkum naavigeshan swaathanthryathinum (kadal swaathanthryam, "merr liberum") kadal surakshaykkum bheeshaniyaanu. kadalkkolla bheeshani neridunna samudrangalil vyapaaram nadatthaanum sanjarikkaanum ellah kappalukalkkum rajyangalkkum swaathanthryamundu. anthaaraashtra samudra samghadanayude 2008 leeii oru reportil 1984 muthal 2008 vareyulla kaalayalavil 4,821 aadhunika kadalkkolla, samudra sayudha kavarcha sambhavangal kandethi. eee sambhavangalil 6 jeevanakkar kollappedukayum 42 perr aakramikkappedukayum 774 perr bandikalaakkappedukayum 38 jeevanakkar kanakkillaathavaraayi maarukayum cheythu.
anklosil krodeekarichirikkunna kadalkkolla niyamam.
100 muthal 110 vareyulla aarttikkilukalil kadalkkolla niyamangal krodeekarichirikkunnu. article 108 karsanamaayi kadalkkolla niyamamalla, marichu kadalil mayakkumarunnu anadhikrithamaayi kondupokunnathu adichamarthunnathinullathanu. radio transmission' vazhi kadalkkollakkaarude prakshepanam sambandhicha 109-aamm vakupp kaalaharanappettatho muthachantetho aaya oru vyavasthayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. anklosinte kadalkkolla lekhanangal 1958 leeii uyarnna kadalukalekkurichulla jeneeva kanvenshanile 14 muthal 21 vareyulla artikkilukal aavarthikkunnu. 168 samsthaanangal ithu amgeekarikkukayum 157 oppuvechavar (amgeekarikkappettenkilum oppitilla) undu. udambadi parambaraagatha anthaaraashtra niyamamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu.
flag stettinu saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna kadalile oru kappalinte adikaaraparidhiyum utharavaadithavumundu. anthaaraashtra neethinyaaya kodathikku thulyamaaya leag oof neshansinte 1927 leeii sthiram kodathiyaaya anthaaraashtra neethinyaayatthinte "thamara" kesil kadalkkollakkaarkk "hosttis humani janaris" (ellah manushyaraashiyudeyum shatru) enna padam prayogichu. athinaal, uyarnna kadalukalile kadalkkollaykk saarvathrika adhikaaraparidhiyund. kadalkkollakkaarkk pathaaka raashtrathinte samrakshanam nishedhikkappedunnu, koodaathe ellah samsthaanangalkkum kadaltheerathu oru kadalkkollakkappal pidichedukkaanum deseeya kodathikalil vichaarana cheyyaanum avakaashamund.
kadalkkollayekkurichulla harward draaft kanvenshan.
1930 leeii leag oof nations codification konfaransil anthaaraashtra niyamathekkurichulla pathimoonnu vyaakhyaanangalil onnaayi 1932 leeii kadalkkolla kanvenshan nalki. kadalkollaye raashtrangalude niyamathinethiraaya kuttakrithyamaayi athu kanakkakkiyilla; kadalkollaye adichamarthunnathinulla vyakthigatha samsthaanangalude adikaaraparidhiyil vishwaasam nalkunnu.
swaadheenangal.
1958leeii uyarnna samudrangalekkurichulla jeneeva kanvenshan harward draafttinte gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. pyrasi enna nirvachanam jeneeva kanvenshanil ninnu pyrasi enna vaakkalulla nirvachanam vare sweekarichu. innuvare, harward draaft kadalkkollayekkurichulla charchaykku kaaranamaakunnu.
kadalkollaye nirvachikkuka.
1982leeii aikyaraashtrasabhayude kadal niyamathekkurichulla kanvenshan 101-aamm anuchedathil (kadalkollayude nirvachanam) nirvachichirikkunnathu
uyarnna kadalukalile kadalkkolla.
1958leeii uyarnna kadalukalekkurichulla jeneeva kanvenshan uyarnna kadalukalil kadalkkolla nadakkunnundennu prasthaavikkunnu. anklos nirvachanathile article 101 (1) (eiii) uyarnna kadalukalil kadalkkolla nadakkunnundennum parayunnu. anklosinte article 58 (2) paraamarshikkunnath prathyeka saambathika mekhalayilum kadalkkolla sambhavikkaamenn kaanikkunnu. oru samsthaanathinteyum praadeshika kadalil kappalukalkkethiraya akramasakthamaaya pravartthanangal anthaaraashtra niyamaprakaaram kadalkkollayakaan kazhiyilla. anthaaraashtra samudra samghadanayude niyamaprakaaram praadeshika kadalile akramasakthamaaya pravartthanangal sayudha kavarchayaanu.
1990kall muthal somalia theerathu kappalukal pidichedukkukayum crewes mochanadravyathinaayi thadavilaakkukayum cheythu, praadeshika kadalile sayudha grouppukalkkum niyamam nadappakkaan sarkkarinum kazhinjilla. somali janathaykku maanushika vasthukkal athikkunna kappalukal somali kadalkkollakkar aakramichu.
somalia kadalkkollayekkurichulla aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil prameyam 1816 somalian kadalil kadalkkolla sambhavikkaamenn oru apavaadam nalki. kadalkkolla adichamarthunnathinaayi somalia parivartthana federal gavanmentumaayi sahakarikkaan ithu samsthaanangale anuvadichu. 1816 leeii prameyam ardhamaakkunnathu oru kappalin uyarnna kadalil ninnu somaliayude praadeshika kadalilekku "reverse hoott pinthudaralil" oru kadalkkollakkaarante kappaline pinthudaraan kazhiyum ennaanu.
rund kappalukalude aavasyakatha.
article 101 (eiii) (aii) anklos nirvachanathile vyavasthaye "tuu-ship" aavasyakatha ennu vilikkunnu. 1961ll porchugees passenture kappal "santa maria" thattikkondupoyappol kuttavaalikal yaathrakkaarude veshathil ithinakam thanne kappalil undayirunnathinaal rund kappalukal undaayirunnilla. avarude uddeshyangal raashtreeyamaayirunnu. kadutha akramam nadannittundengilum ithu "swakaarya lakshyangal" ennathinulla prachodanatthinte ("purushanmaarude riya") anklos pyrasi nirvachanam palikkunnilla.
1985ll kappal thattikkondupoya "achille loro" meditareniyanil ithinakam kappalilundaayirunna palasteen theevravaadikal pidichedutthu. kappalil akramam nadannittundengilum 'rund kappalukal' illaathathinaal ithu kadalkkollayayi kaanaan kazhinjilla. ithinushesham, anthaaraashtra samudra samghadana samudra naavigeshante surakshaykkethiraya niyamavirudhamaaya pravartthanangal adichamarthunnathinaayi 1988 leeii kanvenshan (suva kanvenshan) vikasippichu. 1988leeii suva kanvenshanum athinte 2005 protocolum aikyaraashtrasabhayude udambadikalaanu.
samudra paristhithi pravartthanam.
2013leeii kesil "instittyoott oof setteshiyan research vii. zee sheppered kansarveshan sosaitti, "oru yunaittad stetts jilla kodathi, japanese timingala vettal kappalukalkkethiraya kadal sheppered kappalukalude nadapadikal 'swakaarya lakshyangal' enna anklos pyrasi nirvachanathil pedunnuvennu vilayiruthi.
1986leeii kesil "kaasil joonn vii. envi mabeco, "kadalil maalinyangal puranthallunna oru dutch kappalinethiraaya nadapadikalil oru greenpease kappal kadalkkolla nadathiyennu kodathi vidhichu. paristhithiykku hanikaramaaya visarjjanathekkurichu pothujanangale ariyikkanulla' greenpease prachodanam 'swakaarya lakshyangal' enna anklos pyrasi nirvachanathil pedunnuvennu kodathi vidhichu.'
kadal niyamathinaayulla anthaaraashtra tribunalinu munbilulla "artic sooryodaya" kesil, greenpease kappalaya "artic sanrais" russian exclusive economic sonile vellathil prathishedham nadatthi, ithu oayil plaattphom preraslomnoya kendreekarichaayirunnu. kappalile jeevanakkarkethire thudakkathil kadalkkolla kuttam chumathiyirunnuvenkilum pinneedu russia kuttam pinvalichu.
kadalkkollakkethiraaya mattu nadapadikal.
theerumaanangal edukkaruthu.
1990kalil somali samsthaanathinte thakarcha eee pradeshathe niyamavirudhavum report cheyyappedaathathum aniyantrithavumaaya mathsyabandhanathinum (iyuyu) athupole sambanna samsthaanangal niyanthrikkaattha reethiyil vishamalinyangal neekkam cheiyunnathinum vazhi thurannu. kollayadikkapetta praadeshika vibhavangal samrakshikkunnathinum varumanam nashtappettathinum marupadiyaayi kadalil pookunnathaayi somalia kadalkkollakkar avakaashappedunnu. somalia kadalkkollayumayi bandhapetta niravadhi ansense prameyangal. deseeya kadalkkolla niyamangal sthaapikkaanum somalia kadalkkollakkaare prosecute cheyyaanum samsthaanangalodu ahvaanam cheythukondu 2010ll aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil prameyam 1918 amgeekarichu.
sophtt niyamam.
kadalkollayude moolakaaranangalodu samagramaya prathikaranam lakshyamit somalia theerathe kadalkkollayekkurichulla kondaakt group (sii. jii. pii. sii) samsthaanangaleyum anthaaraashtra samghadanakaleyum orumichu konduvarunnu. kadalkkollaykkum sayudha kavarchaykkum vendiyulla samudra suraksha prathikaranangalil arab, aafrikkan rajyangal sahakarikkunna oru sophtt loow sameepanamaan anthaaraashtra samudra samghadanayaaya jibooty perumaattachattam (dii. sii. oo. sii). aafrikkayude kombukalil ninnu kadalkkolla prathirodha nadapadikalil sahakarikkunnathinulla samsthaanangalkkum samghadanakalkumulla oru anoupachaarika foramaayi 2008laanu pankitta avabodhavum deconflication mechanisavum (shade) sthaapichathu.
samudramekhalayekkurichulla avabodham.
kadalile bheeshanikalekkurichulla samyojitha daaranaye samudramekhalayile avabodham ennu vilichittundu. anthaaraashtra naavika pravartthanangal, shipping vyavasaayathinte prathirodha pravartthanangal, sii. jii. pii. sii. kall, dii. sii. oo. sii thudangiya karaarukal thammilulla ekopanam kadalkollayum sayudha kavarchayum adichamarthunnathinu kaaranamaayittund. kadalkollaye cherukkunnathinulla moonnu praadeshika karaarukal dii. sii. oo. sii, eshyayile kappalukalkkethiraya kadalkollayum sayudha kavarchayum (recap), younde perumaattachattam (vaii. sii. oo. sii) ennivaye cherukkunnathinulla praadeshika sahakarana karaaraan. praadeshika karaarukal kadalkollaye cherukkunnathinum aagola vaidagdhya kaimaattatthinum mikacha sanbradaayangal vikasippikkaan praapthamakki. dii. sii. oo. siyile jeddah bhedagathiyil mattu niyamaviruddha samudra pravartthanangal ulppedunnu, ithu athinte praadeshika paridhikkappuramulla samyojitha samudra surakshaykkulla oru saadhyamaaya maathrkayaanu.
swakaarya surakshyum inshurans.
swakaarya insurance urappudeyum surakshayudeyum urappayi kaanappedunnundengilum athinu apakadasaadhyathayude dhaarmika sambadvyavasthayundu. noottaandukalaayi lloyds oof lunden maraine inshurans underrite pyrasi risk vaagdaanam cheythittundu. kadalkollayude apakadatthinte swabhaavathinu apakadasaadhyathayude thoth preemiyavumaayi poruthappeduthunnathinna specialist unterriting aavasyamaanu. oru kappalin 3 dasalaksham dollar veethamulla sayudha suraksha samghangal naalu peradangunna oru samghathinu 60,000 dollar chelavil apakadasaadyathayulla pradeshangalil kappalukalumayi sanjarikkaan vaagdaanam cheythu. 2005 muthal joyint vaar kammittiyaaya (jeey. dablyu. sii) loyidinte maraine vaar branchaanu kadalkkolla kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu. loyidinte kadalkkolla insurance oru bharana samvidaanamaanu.
thattikkondupokalinteyum mochanadravyathinteyum niyamam.
1979leeii bandikalkkulla kanvenshan bandikale sweekarikkunnathinethire oru anthaaraashtra udambadiyaanu. 1998leeii suva kanvenshanum athinte 2005leeii protocolum samanamaaya reethiyil bheekarapravarthanangale abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. bandikalaakkal, thadankal, oru bandiye kollumennum parikkelppikkumennum thadankalil vaykkumennum bheeshanippeduthuka ennivayaanu bandikalaakkal kuttakrithyam. 1988leeii sua kanvenshan prakaram oru kappalinte niyanthranam balamaayi pidichedukkunnathum kappalile oru vyakthikkethire akramaasakthamaayi pravartthikkunnathum kuttakaramaanu.
mochanadravyathinaayi jeevanakkaare bandikalaakkaanum oru kappal akramaasakthamaayi pidichedukkaanumulla uddeshyamullathinaal eee moonnu kanvenshanukalum somalia kadalkkollaykk baadhakamaan. vichaaranayko kaimarunnathino vendi samsthaana kakshikal kuttavaalikale kastadiyiledukkanam, pakshe ithu praadeshika kadalil maathrame anuvadikkoo. somalian kadalil pidicheduttha kadalkkollakkaare suva kanvenshante transfer niyamangal prakaram vichaaranaykkum prosecution vendi keniyayilekk ethikkaam.
oru kappal pidichedukkaan sua kanvenshan prakaram oru kuttakrithyathe sahaayikkukayo sahakarikkukayo cheiyunna eathoru vyakthiyeyum vichaarana cheyyaam. article 101 leeii kadalkollayude anklos nirvachanam soochippikkunnathu kadalkkollaykk goodaalochana nadathukayo sahaayikkukayo prothsaahippikkukayo cheiyunnathu vichaarana cheyyappedaam ennaanu. kadalkollaye sahaayikkunnathinte adisthaanathil prosecution kesukal valare kuravaanu.

