
cosmos 156

1964num 1969num idayil soviyatt union vikshepicha pathinonnu kalavastha upagrahangalil onnaaya 1967 epril 27nuu vikshepicha soviyatt kalavastha upagrahamaan cosmos 156 (russian Космос 156). ithu pareekshanathmaka "mettiyor" kalavastha upagraha samvidaanathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. 1969ll, kooduthal aadunikavum naveekarikkappettathumaya ulkka upagrahathinayi cosmos upagraha parambara raddaki.
bahirakasha pedakam.
neelavum vyaasavumulla oru valia silindar gulikayaayirunnu cosmos 156. athinu oru pindamundaayirunnu. vikshepana vaahanathil ninnu upagraham verthirichathinusesham silindarinte ethirvashangalil ninnu naalu segmentukalulla rund valia solar paanalukal vinyasichu. madhyabhaagathinte mukalbhaagathu gadippichirikkunna sann sensor niyantritha drive samvidaanam upayogichu upagraha pakal samayat sooryane nirantharam abhimukeekarikkaan solar paanalukal karakkiyirunnu. magnettometer, 465-MHz radio aantinakal, bhramanapatha niyanthrana upakaranangal enniva ulkkollunna athinte kalavastha upakaranangal silindar upagraha bodiyude bhoomiyilekku abhimukeekarikkunna attathu sthithicheyyunna cheruthum hermetic aayi seal cheythathumaaya silindarilaanu sookshichirunnathu. vaidyutha motorukal nayikkunna jadatwa flyveelukalude oru parambarayaal upagraham trikoneeyamaayi sthireekarikkappettu, avayude gathikorjjam bhoomiyude kaanthikakshethravumaayi prathipravartthikkunna vaidyuthakaanthikakal ulppaadippikkunna torkkukalaal nananju. cosmos 156 oru aksham praadeshika lambamaayi bhoomiyilekku nayikkukayum mattonn bhramanapatha vegatha vektariloode nayikkukayum moonnaamathethu bhramanapatha thalathinu lambamaayi nayikkukayum cheythu. upakaranangalude opttikkal aaksukal nirantharam bhoomiyilekku nayikkappedunnuvennu eee ooriyanteshan urappakki.
upakaranam.
cosmos 156-nte upakaranagalil iva ulppedunnu
eratta vidikan camerakal.
bhoomiyude meghaavarana vitharanam, praadeshika kodunkaattukal, aagola kalavastha samvidaanangal ennivayude pakal chithrangal nalkunnathinulla soviyatt kalavastha upagrahangalude sheshi parishodhikkunnathinaan cosmos 156-nte duval vidikan camerakal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. upagraha aditharayil gadippichathum bhoomiyilekku nayichathumaaya rund samana vidikan camerakal ulppettathaayirunnu upakaranam. oro camera oru pradesham nokki, onnu idathuvashathum mattonn naadirinte valathuvasathum, upagrahathinte uyarathil ninnu naadirile resolution. thudarchayaaya kavarej nalkunnathinaayi thudarchayaaya frameukalude neriya ovarlaappinginoppam bhoomiyude claude kavarinte oru frame chithram camerakal eduthu. suuryan chakravaalathinu 5° ll kooduthal uyarathil aayirikkumbozhellaam camerakal yaanthrikamaayi oonaakkunnu. vividha prakasha saahacharyangalil uyarnna nilavaaramulla chithrangal nirmmikkunnathin automatic censorukal camera apparcharukal krameekarichu.
rund graundu steshanukalilonninte radio kondaakt soninullile upagrahamaanengil, oro vidikan tubil ninnumulla chithrangalum nerittu nilathekku kaimaattam cheyyappedum. allengil, pinneedulla prakshepanatthinaayi avaa kanthika tapil record cheythu. eee graundu steshanukalkku labhicha tivi chithrangal prosess cheyyukayum moscoyile hydrometiorological sentarilekku kaimarukayum cheythu, avide avaa pravachanathinum vishakalanathinum upayogikkukayum pinneedu archive cheyyukayum cheythu. 
cosmos 156 nuu athinte yuu-yekkaal valare kuranja bhramanapatha uyaramundaayirunnu.ezz. athiraalikal, essa upagrahangal (virudhamaayi. . thalphalamaayi, essa upagrahangalil vahikkunnathinekkaal randara madangu resolutionulla camerakal undaayirunnittum thudarchayaayi overlapping aagola kavarej nalkaan ithinu kazhinjilla. kavarej vidavukal adaykkunnathinu, upagraha samvidaanathil kuranjathu rund upagrahangalengilum aavasyamaanu. aagola kalavastha samvidaanangalekkurichu kooduthal samagramaya kazhcha nalkunnathinaayi soviyatt hydrometiorological sentarile patho athiladhikamo vyakthigatha claude-cover chithrangalil ninnaan claude-cover mosaikkukal nirmmichathu.
hye resolution infrared radiometer scan cheiyunnu.
uyarnna resolutionulla scanning infrared (ir) radiometer bhoomiyude pakalum rathriyum meghavitharanavum manjum manjum alakkunnu. radiometer bhoomiyude anthareeksha samvidaanathil ninnu puratthekku pookunna vikiranam 8-12 micrometer anthareeksha jaalakathil alannu, ithu taapa aashwaasa thelicha paattenukalude nirmmanavum bhoomiyude uparithalathinteyum meghathinte mukalileyum thulyamaaya vikirana thaapanila nirnnayikkaanum anuvadikkunnu. 1.5x1.5° thalkshana veekshana konulla oru idungiya angle scanning radiometeraayirunnu upakaranam. upagrahathinte adithattil seal cheytha oru upakarana compartmentil gadippichirikkunna opttikkal axis praadeshika lambamaayum naadirilekkum nayikkunnu. bhoomiyude vikirana pravaahathe bahiraakaashath ninnulla vikirana pravahavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythukondu radiometer puratthekku pookunna vikiranathinte theevratha alannu. vyathyastha tharam vikiranangal vevvere, lambamaayi-ooriyantad jaalakangaliloode radiometerilekku praveshichu. bhoomi-anthareeksha samvidaanathil ninnulla vikiranam oru playin scanning miraril veenu, athu saattalait velosity vektarilekku 45° konil gadippikkukayum naadiril ninnu ±50° koniloode scan cheyyukayum cheythu.
thermisttar bolometeril athunnathinumumbu, scanning kannaadiyil ninnu vikiranam prathifalikkukayum oru nischala modulating diskiloodeyum filter vindoyiloodeyum oru parabolic kannaadiyilekku kadannupokukayum oduvil chalikkavunna modulating diskiloode kadannupokunna oru samanthara beam aayi shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu. nischalavum chalikkavunnathumaaya modulating discukal chaanal switching nalki, aadyam bhoomi-anthareeksha vikiranavum pinneedu bahirakasha vikiranavum parabolic mirarilekkum bolometerilekkum ayachu. bolometer vikirana flexine variable electric voltejukalaayi (0 muthal 6 vii) parivartthanam cheythu, athinte aavruthi modulator freakwensick thulyavum bolometer aouttputtil vikasippicha bhoomiyum bahirakashavum thammilulla vikirana fluxes theevrathakalile vyathyaasangalkk aanupaathikavumaayirunnu. ±40° sektariloode scanning mirarinte chalana samayat, lakshyasthaanathinte line scanning (40 lineukal/minitt) oru munnottum pinnotum ulla paatha upayogichu bhramanapathathilekku saadhaarana thalatthil poortthiyaakki, athesamayam parakkal paathayiloode scanning cheiyunnathu bhoomiyekkurichulla upagrahathinte aapekshika chalanamaanu. oro scanilum, upagrahathinte bhramanapathathil ninnu soochippicha kazhchayum scanning konukalum upayogichu, radiometer ekadesham naadiril ninnu ekadesham arikukalil vare resolutionulla oru bandle ninnu sharashari vikirana theevratha rekhappeduthunnu. 273 keey-kku mukalilulla thapanilayil 2-3 digri thapanilaykkullil vikirana thapanilayum 273 keey-kku thaazheyulla thapanilayil 7-8 digri thapanilaykkullil vikirana thaapanila alakkaan radiometerinu kazhiyum.
vidikan camerakalil ninnulla signalukaleppole, radiometer viidiyoo signalukalum vardhippikkukayum onnukil upagraha memory unitilekku pinneedu traansmissionaayi ayaykkukayum allengil upagrahathinte graundu reseaving steshanilekkulla doorathe aashrayich bhoomiyilekku nerittu prakshepanam cheiyunnathinaayi radiotelemetry unitilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. bhoomi-anthareeksham samvidaanathinte taapa aashwaasathinte thelicha chithramaayi graundu reseaverukal oresamayam kanthika tapilum 80 emm photographic philimilum digitalaayi kaimaattam cheytha daatta record cheythu. kanthika teppile daatta soviyatt hydrometiorological sentarile computer prosess cheyyukayum superposed bhoomishaasthra grid upayogichu thulyamaaya vikirana thaapanila feeldinte digital mapp nirmmikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu. photographic philim vikasippikkukayum oru infrared chithramaayi prosess cheyyukayum cheythu, koodaathe oru superposed grid. hydrometiorological sentarilaanu chithrangal archive cheythirikkunnathu.
actinometer.
bhoomi-anthareeksham samvidaanathil ninnu puratthekku pookunna deerghatharanga vikiranam (3-30 μm) alakkunnathinaanu actinometer roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu; ultravioletinu (uv) sameepam puratthekku pookunna, drishyavum infrared (IR) sourorjja vikiranathinu (0.3-3 μm) sameepavum bhoomi-anthareeksham sisttam prathifalippikkukayum pinnott chitharukayum cheiyunnu; koodaathe bhoomiyude uparithalathinteyum claude toppukaludeyum (8-12 μm) phalapradamaaya vikirana thapanilayum.
oru jodi scanning, idungiya angle, rund chaanal radiometerukal, oru jodi nonscanning, wide angle, rund chaanal radiometerukal enningane naalu radiometerukal ulppedunnathaanu upakaranam. idungiya angle (4-5° feeld oof view) radiometerukal moonnu spectral baandukalileyum vikiranam alakkumbol wide angle (136-140 ° fove) radiometerukal 0.3-3,3-30 micrometer baandukalil maathrame pravartthikkoo. idungiya angle radiometeril, 0.3-3 micrometer baand oru chaanalilum 8-12,3-30 micrometer baandukal randaamathe chaanalilum samyojippichu. randaamathe chanalil, radiometer ithara dishakalil scan cheythathinaal anubandha filterukalude kaimaattatthiloode rund baandukalum verthirichu.
oru silindar fairingiloode (krs-5 kristtal) bhoomi vikiranam idungiya angle radiometerilekku praveshikkukayum oru konaakrithiyilulla scanning kannaadiyil veezhukayum cheythu. 80 hearts freekwansiyil radiation fluxes modulate cheiyunna moonnu lobukalulla karangunna mirror choppariloode kannaadiyil ninnu vikiranam prathiphalichu. oro spectral bandinum oru filter enna nilayil kalar filter veelile moonnu thurassukalilonnil oru prathyeka krs-5 kristtal vindoyiloode praveshicha bhouma vikiranavum bahirakasha vikiranavum choppar marimari prathiphalippichu. pinneedu kadannupoya prathyeka spectral baand oru oof-axis parabolic kannaadiyil veenu, athu radiation fluxes oru bolometric reseaverilekku kendreekarichu. oresamayam silikkan staanderd lamp oonaakkukayum kaanukayum cheythukondu scanning mirror naadiril ninnu 90 digri konilekk neengumbozhaanu periodic calibration nadathiyathu.
0.3-3 micrometer chaanal rund-beam samvidaanamo filter switchingo upayogichilla. bolometerile vikiranathinte modulated floyil ninnulla outtputtu ettu chaanalukalilayi radio-telemetry systethilekku amplify cheyyukayum sariyaakkukayum filter cheyyukayum nalkukayum cheythu. wide angle radiometers rund chaanalukalkkum samanamaaya opttikkal samvidaanangalundaayirunnu. quarts allengil krs-5 kristtal chernna oru ardhagola shell vazhiyaan passband nirnnayikkunna oru kottingiloode bhoomiyude vikiranam radiometerilekku praveshichathu. pinneedu 64 hearts freekwansiyil radiation modulate cheyyukayum oru bolometric reseaveril veezhukayum cheythu. idungiya angle radiometerukalilethupole, bolometer outtputtu prosess cheyyukayum radio-telemetry samvidaanathilekku nalkukayum cheythu. wide angle radiometer idungiya angle radiometerumaayi oresamayam amplification sarkyoottilekk oru staanderd 64 hearts calibrating freekwansi inputt cheythukondu staanderd cheythu.
rund tharatthilulla radiometerukaludeyum relative root sharashari square alakkal pishak ekadesham 0.5 shathamaanamaayirunnu. backup sheshi nalkunnathinaayi, oru wide aamgilum oru idungiya angle radiometerum reservil sookshikkukayum avaa nilathu ninnu sajeevamaakkukayum cheythu. upagrahathinte disha bhoomiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol upagrahathinte chalanathaal nilanirthappettu, ithu radiometerukalude praadhamika opttikkal aaksukal bhoomiyude uparithalathinte sarveyilekku lambamaayi thaazhekku ooriyantad aanennu urappakki. opttikkal axisinu chuttumulla scanning mirror ilakki vrithaakrithiyilulla thalatthilekku saadhaarana thalatthil naadirinte iruvashathum 66° scan cheythukondu idungiya angle radiometer. radiometerukal bhoomiyude uparithalathil ekadesham veethiyulla oru strip moodukayum nadir enna nilayilulla oru graundu resolution undaayirikkukayum cheythu.
graundu steshanukalil daatta kuraykkukayum bainari roopathil hydrometiorological sentarilekku kaimarukayum cheythu, avide avaa magnetic tapil digital roopathil rekhappeduthukayum bhoomi-anthareeksham albido charttukal, radiation thaapanila maappukal thudangiya vividha vishakalana uthppannangal nirmmikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu. hydrometiorological sentarilaanu daatta archive cheythath. 
dauthyam.
soviyatt kalavastha upagrahamaayi prakhyaapicha naalaamathe upagrahavum pareekshanathmaka "meteeriyo" samvidaanathile randaamathe idakkaala pravartthana kalavastha upagrahavumaayirunnu cosmos 156. 1965 num 1969 num idayil vikshepicha onpathu cosmos kalavastha upagrahangalil onnaanith. plesetsk cosmodromiloode dhruvathinu sameepamulla, vrithaakrithiyilulla bhramanapathathilekku vikshepicha randaamathe ardha-pravartthana kalavastha upagraham koodiyaayirunnu ithu. yuu ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi.ezz. ennirunnaalum, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya parimithikalude falamaayi kalavastha upagrahangal bhramanapatham purogamichathaayirunnu (suurya-samakaalikamalla). bhoomiyude ravum pakalum meghaavaranam, manju moodalmanju, manjumoodiya paadangal ennivayude chithrangal labhikkunnathin roopakalppana cheytha ardha-pravartthana modil kalavastha upakaranangal pareekshikkunnathinayi cosmos 156 vikshepichu. bhoomi-anthareeksham prathifalippikkukayum vikiranam cheyyukayum cheiyunna purathekkulla vikiranangalude ozhukkukalum ithu alannu. 
plesetskile saitt <aii. dii. 1> ll ninnu vosttokk 2emm (8eiii92emm) ezz/enr <aii. dii. 2> carrier rokkatt upayogichaanu dauthyam vikshepichathu. 1967 epril 27 nuu 12:50:02 GMT-ll vikshepanam vijayakaramaayi nadannu. oro aarr manikkoorilum rund upagrahangalum soviyatt unioniloode kadannupokunnathinaayi cosmos 144-nuu aduthulla thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathilaanu cosmos 156 pravarthippichathu. 1967 epril 27-leeii oru kaalaghattatthil, ithinu oru periji, oru apoji, 81.17 ° chaayvu, 96.96 minitt bhramana kaalayalav ennivayundaayirunnu. aarohana nodukalude rekhaamshathil anuyojyamaaya vyathyasangalulla rund cosmos "mettiyor" sisttam upagrahangal ore samayam dhruva bhramanapathangalil pravartthikkumbol, 24 manikorinullil bhoomiyude uparithalathinte pakuthiyil ninnu daatta labikkum. 1967 august avasaanathode cosmos 156 athinte pravartthanangal nirtthi.
chithrangal, bhoopadangal enniva polulla chila kalavastha dattakal oru anthaaraashtra kalavastha daatta kaimatta padhathiyude bhaagamaayi vividha videsha kalavastha kendrangalilekku kaimari. moscoyumaayulla "colled line" faksimail link vazhi merilaandile sutlandile deseeya paristhithi upagraha sevanathil (ness) americaykku eee chithrangalil chilath labhichu. pareekshanam hraswakaalamaayirunnu; 1967 epril avasaanam muthal august avasaanam vare chithrangal nesilekku kaimari, athinusesham pareekshanam avasaanippichekkaam. eee chithrangal oru varshathekku nessil archive cheyyukayum asaadhaaranamaamvidham rasakaramallengil upekshikkukayum cheythu. cosmos 156-nte actinometer daatta upayogichu nirmmicha albido chaarttukalum radiation thaapanila maappukalum north karolinayile ashevilleyile deseeya kalavastha kendratthil (enn. sii. sii) microphil cheyyukayum archive cheyyukayum cheythu.

