
kathaparayunna raajyam

1315 muthal 1365 vare mayinsaing raajavamshathinte oru juuniyar shaakha bharichirunna oru cheria rajyamaayirunnu eee kathaparachilukal. yadhaarthathil pinya saamraajyathinte kathaparachilinte vadakkan pravisyayaaya ithu, yun thante pithavaaya rajaavaaya tihaathuvil ninnu svayambharanathinaayi vijayakaramaayi pooraadiyathu rajakumaran kandathinethudarnnu yadhaarthathil swathanthramaayi. 1325 ll tihaathuvinte maranashesham aupachaarikamaayi pinyayil ninnu verpirinja kathaparachilukal.
vadakkan cheria samsthaanam adutha naalu pathittaandukalaayi pradhaanamaayum pinyayude aabhyanthara vibhajanam kaaranam swathanthramaayi thudarnnu. kottaaratthile goodaalochanakal niranja kathaasaahithyam, nandapaakyante neethrthwathilulla rajasabha 1330kalude madhyam muthal 1350kall vare durbalaraaya rajaakkanmaarude oru parambaraye niyantrikkaan vannu. 1350-kalil, vadakkan shahn samsthaanamaaya maavil ninnu prathirodhikkunnathinaayi zoo miin rajakumari pinyayumaayulla saaginginte deerghakaala bandham vijayakaramaayi nannakki. upper mianmar (barma) (1356-64) enna pradeshathe aavarthichulla moow aakramanangalude aaghaatham kathayaanu vahichathu. 1364ll moow seena kadannupoyi, thudarchayaayi saagayinginteyum pinyayudeyum thalasthaanangal pirichuvittu. ettavum puthiya moow reydinte pashchaathalatthil, yooninte kochumakan rajakumaran thado minbia 1364-ll takarnna rund thalasthaanangalum pidichedukkukayum 1365-ll awaa raajyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
kathaparachil, athinte valia cussin pinyayeppole, takarnna cheria raajyangalude kaalaghattatthile (1287-1555) oru microcosamaayirunnu. 14 muthal 16 vare noottaandukalil upper miyaanmarinte prabalashakthiyaya aavaykku janmam nalkia raashtreeyamaayi barmees charithratthil eee cheria raajyam oormmikkappedunnu.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
mainsaing regency.
pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, maddhya barmayile purajaatheeyarude pingamiyaaya raashtreeyamaaya mainsainginte ettavum vadakke saamantharaajyamaayirunnu sagging. vadakkan pravisyayil irawadi thaazhvarayile moonnu pradhana dhaanyashaalakalil onnaaya muu thaazhvara ulppedunnu. 1280 muthal mangoliyar purajaatheeya saamraajyathil ninnu pidichadakkiya innathe vadakkan barma, thekkupadinjaaran yunnaan ennee mangol saamraajyathile shengmian pravisyayaanu saagainginte vadakku. mangoliyar aii. dii. 1ll mattoru akramanam nadathiyenkilum 1303ll vadakkan barmayil ninnu poornnamaayum purathukadakkaan kazhinjilla.
mayinsainginte bharanadhikaarikalaaya athinkhaya, yaasaathyan, tihatu ennivar vadakkan barma veendedukkaan oodiyengilum thakamginekkaal kooduthalonnum nediyilla. vividha shahn samsthaanangal, naamamaatra mangol saamanthanmaar, ippol irawadi thaazhvaraykku chuttumulla vadakkupadinjaaru muthal thekkukizhakkan chapam muzhuvan aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. 1313-ll, athijeevicha avasaanathe sahodaranaaya tihathu, pinanaye niyamaparamaaya pingamiyaayi sthaapichu. punya muu thaazhvarayodu aduthirunnathukondaayir addeham thante puthuthayi nirmmicha thalasthaanamaaya pinyaye charitraparamaaya thalasthaanamaaya paganu (bagan) pakaram kyoukse dhaanyashaalayil sookshichirunnathu.
pinyaa.
1280kalkk sesham aadyamaayi thekk promake vadakku taganginum edayilulla iravadi muzhuvan orotta bharanaadhikaariyude keezhilaayirunnu. ennaal thudakkam muthal prasnangal udaledukkukayaayirunnu. onnamathaayi, purajaatheeya kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam muthal nilaninnirunna deerghakaala prashnam mainsaing-pinya bharanaadhikaarikalkk paarambaryamaayi labhichirunnu barmayude krishiyidathinte moonnil onnu muthal moonnil rund vare mathathinu sambhavana cheyyappettu, koodaathe rajasabhaamgangaludeyum sainika udyogastharudeyum vishwasthatha nilanirthaan aavashyamaaya vibhavangal kireedatthinu nashtappettu. koodaathe, 13-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 14-aamm noottaandinte bhooribhaagathum barmayile "valare varanda kaalavastha" sthaapithamaaya dhaanyashaalakalil (caxe, minbu, muu thaazhvara) ninnu kooduthal thekk mechappetta jalasechanamulla jillakalilekku valia kudiyettam nadatthaan nirbandhithamaakki.
prashnam koottikkalartthaan, thudakkam muthal thanne pinya oru rajavamsha kalahathinu vidheyamaayi. saadhaaranakkaaranaaya tihathu, purajaatheeyarude niyamaanusritha rajaavaayi kaanapedaan valare aakaamkshayode, avan thante datheduttha randaanachanaaya usana, purajaatheeya rajaavaaya caveswayude jeevashasthraparamaaya makan raajnjiyaaya mii zoo yuu, thante prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashiyum aakki. pinlile gavarnaraaya mii zoo yuu enna thante jeevashasthraparamaaya makanaaya kyavswa onnaamane addeham ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya randaamathe sthaanamaayi niyamichu. maruvashathu, oru saadhaarana raajnjiyude mootha jeevashaasthraputhranaaya yadanabonine rajaavu ardhavathaaya sthaanangalilekku niyamichilla, allengil yadanaboniloode thante randaanachanaaya tarabiah niyamichilla. mootha makante aavarthichulla prathishedhangalkku sesham maathramaan 1314ll addeham yoon govarnore niyogichathu. usana cavsva pole oru sainyathe addeham appozhum nayikkaathathinaal yun atheeva asanthushtanaayi thudarnnu.
pinyayil ninnulla verpiriyal.
thilachuninna rosham yooninte kalapam kaanaan kaaranamaayi. 1315-ll, kaumarakkaaranaaya rajakumaran pinnya kottaaratthil ninnu puratthirangi, orikkalum madangivannilla. vanathil thamasikkunna sanyasimaarudeyum avarude anuyaayikaludeyum oru vibhaagathin idayil addeham pinthuna kandethi, avar uyarnna pradeshathe araajakathvakaramaaya saahacharyangalil raashtreeyamaayi saktharaayi. yuva rajakumaran thante pithaavinte anumathiyillathe kathayude thadi mathilukal ishtikayaakki naveekarikkukayum 1316ll athu poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu. kaumarakkaaranaaya thante makane sikshikkunnathil tihathu vairudhyamullathaayi thonni. adikaaram pankidaan orikkalum eshtappedaatha rajaavu-swantham sahodaranmaarumaayi polum-katha veendedukkaan orikkalum oru muzhuvan sainyatheyum ayachilla. aadyathethu kireedavakashi usanayudeyum randaamathethu kyavswa rajakumaranteyum neethrthwathilulla rund cheria paryaveshanangalkk addeham utharavittu. ennaal <aii. dii. 1> varanda seasoninte avasaanathode, rund paryaveshanangalum zoo yunine purathaakkunnathil parajayappettu.
1317ll toongoovum toungdvinum kalapam nadathiyappol kathaykku oru aashvaasam labhichu. thayaathuvinu toungdvinumaayi samadhaanam vaangaamaayirunnuvenkilum toongoovinu oru paryaveshanam aavashyamaayirunnu. oduvil, pinyaykku naamamaathramaaya samarppanathin pakaramaayi vimatha nethaavu thavun engeck padaviyil thudaraan anuvadikkunna oru kararinu pinya sammathichu. toongoovumaayulla karar kathaparachilinum maathrkayaayi maari. thante makante naamamaathramaaya samarppanathin pakaramaayi zaa yoonin kathaparachilil thudaraan rajaavu anuvadichu. thaan marichukazhinjaal thante raajyam thakarumenna vasthuthayethudarnnu addeham raajivachu.
1325ll thihaathuvinte maranashesham raajyam aupachaarikamaayi randaayi vibhajikkapettu. yun (aarr. 1315-27) ippol vadakkan raajyathe tagang vare niyanthrichu, athesamayam usana I (r. 1325-40) promine toongoovinum thekkan raajyathinte rajaavaayi. kazhinja yudhathinte avasaanam muthal, prathyeka sainika battaaliyanukal, prathyekichu kaaval kuthirappada, sthaapichathiloode kathaparachilinekkaal valare valuthum janasamkhyayullathumaaya pinyaykkethiraaya mattoru yudhathinu yoon thayyaaredukkukayaayirunnu. kireedavakashi kyavswa onnaaman rajaavaaya usana onnaamante adhikaarathe parasyamaayi ethirthu, ardhasahodaranmaar avarude swantham sainika unitukal paripaalikkunnu. kyooswayude zaa yooninte jeevan rakshikkanulla shramathinte utharavaayirunnu ettavum mikacha pinya shekharikkaan kazhinjathu.
madhyavarshangal.
pinyayude shakthiprasthaana poraattam kathaykku athijeevikkaan mathiyaya idam nalki. 1327-ll yooninte pettennulla maranam kanda sesham, addehathinte ardhasahodaran taaraabya onnaaman (aarr. 1327-36) orupakshe oru reejant enna nilayil vijayichu. thihaathuvinte oru saadhaarana randaanachanaayirunnenkum, taarabya thante makan shwethoungtettu (aarr. 1336-39) addehathe attimarichu. ennaal anaavrahata enna shailiyilulla svayam prakhyapitha rajaavinu yooninte kochukuttikale illaathaakkaan kazhinjilla. mukhyamanthri nanda pakyaante sahaayathode, dayaavadha raajnji hanang kuttikale pinya pradeshathinullil manassil olippichuvechu.
nanda pakyan simhaasanathin pinnile shakthiyaayi maari. raajakudumbaamgangale marachuvaykkaan rajakumaarimaaril ninnu pathivayi kaikkooli vaangikkond addeham anubhavaparichayamillaatha kollakkaaran vendi dainamdina karyangal nadatthi. 1339-ll, sakthanaaya mukhyamanthri yadhaarthathil shwethoungtettine vadhicha tharabyayude vishwastharude kottara attimari adichamarthukayum tarabiah vadhikkan utharavidukayum yooninte mootha makan kyaswa (aarr. 1339-49) simhaasanathil. nandah paakkyan mukhyamanthriyaayum commander-inn-cheefaayum kyashwa niyamichu. mantri raajyam bharichu. adutha rund rajaakkanmaaraaya anavrahta randaamaneyum addeham sthaanappeduthi. 1349), taaraabya randaaman (aarr. 1349−52), orupakshe tihapate (r. 1352-64) simhaasanathil.
varshangaliludaneelam, kathaasaahithyam thekk bhaagathulla valia ayalpakkathinte kaaryangalil ninnu erekkure akannu. oru apavaadam shwettountettinte 1339 leeii maindan paryaveshanamaayirunnu, athu zoo yooninte kuttikale kadhakaliyilekku thirike konduvannu. paryaveshanathinu thottupinnaale shwethoungtettu marichathukondum pinyayude aabhyanthara adhikara pooraattangalude paraakaashtaykku sameepamaan ithu nadathiyathukondum pinya orikkalum lamghanathodu prathikarichilla. enthaayaalum, puthiya rajaavaaya kyaswa usana onnaamante makal zoo paa oayum thammilulla vivaahathiloode rund raajyangalum samadhaanam sthaapichu. ennaal 1340ll usana onnaaman kyavswa onnamanumaayulla neenda adhikara poraattam nashtappedukayum simhasana upekshikkukayum cheythappol sthithi veendum thanuthu. pinnyayude pramukha koorumaattakkaarkk-gavanmentinu-katha eluppathil sanketham nalki. 1349-ll pinlile navrahta sarkkarum. 1351ll yamathinte keeii kandu. ennaal taarabya randaaman thante sahodari rajakumaariyaaya zoo mineyum bharthaav gavanmentineyum ayachukondu sthithigathikal shaanthamaakkaan shramichu. kyavswa randaamanumaayi vedinirthal thedunnathinaayi taagaangile thado sinhteen. embassy vijayikkukayum barmees samsaarikkunna rund rajyangal thammilulla samadhaanam nilanirthukayum cheythu.
maavumaayi yuddham cheyyuka.
vedinirthalinu oru pradhana kaaranam vadakkan shahn samsthaanamaaya maav (mong maavo) aayirikkam. thoo chii-bwa (sii kepha; aarr. 1340-71) 1340-kalude thudakkam muthal mangolian bharanaadhikaarikalude kalaapathil earppedukayum moonnu mangolian prachaaranangale (1342-48) vijayakaramaayi neridukayum cheythu. 1342ll moow sainikar vadakkan sagging pradeshavum lamghichenkilum avare thirichayachu. 1355 aayappozhekkum moow shans phalapradamaayi swaathanthryam nedukayum thekkott iraavadi thaazhvarayilekku nokkukayum cheythu. 1356-57ll moow sainikar veendum vadakkan sagging pradesham aakramichu. ithavana kaavyathmakamaaya prathirodhangal nadannappol, kavyathmakavum pinnya neethrthwavum valia apakadatthe thiricharinju. shiin raajakumaariyude giyum pinyayile kyashwa randaaman rajaavum (aarr. 1350-59).
sakhyam vyakthamaaya oru nettavum nalkiyilla. kyavswa randaaman thante thekkan saamanthanmaare ore samayam pidichunirtthaanum sahayikkaanum mathiyaya manushyashaktiye niyogichilla. 1358-59ll adutha moow raid vannappol, pinyayude thekkan saamanthan toongoo (toungoo) udan thanne kalapam nadathukayum thekk ninnu pinyaye akramikkukayum cheythu. ithu shahn senaye vadakku ninnu sagging, pinya pradeshangal keezhadakkaan anuvadichu. 1359-leeii reydukalil kyashwa randaaman marichu. reydukal valare vinaashakaramaayirunnu, pinyayude puthiya rajaavaaya naarathu (aarr. 1359-64) sakhyathil ninnu pinmari.
katha ippol taniye thanneyaayirunnu. 1362-63 leeii adutha raid muzhuvan grameena pradeshangaleyum marikadannu thekk pinya vare ethi. thudarnnu, pinya maavumaayi oru sakhyam pinthudarukayum rund samsthaanangalum kathaasaahithyathinu mail oru samyuktha aakramanathinu sammathikkukayum cheythu. 1364-nte thudakkathil, pinya seena naavika uparodham earppeduthikkondu, moow sainyam veendum aakramichu. 1364 eprilil maav sainyam kadannukayari nagaratthilekku praveshichu. sushiramaya uparodhathiloode tihaapett rakshappettuvenkilum pinneedu addehathinte randaanachan thado minbiah (aarr. 1364-67) simhasana pidichadakki.
pinyayumaayi punarekeekaranam.
1315 muthal vibhajikkappettirunna rund rajyangaleyum thahaathuvinte cherumakanaaya thado minbiah veendum onnippichu. movu sainyam pinyaye kollayadikkukayum avayude pashchaathalatthil madhya barma araajakathvathilaakkukayum cheythathil ninnu addehathinu prayojanam labhichu. (kathayude sushiramaya uparodhathilum uparodhathin pinyayude aparyapthamaaya sambhavanayil addeham valareyadhikam asamthripthi prakadippichukondu, maav nethaavu pinyaye thanne akramikkaan utharavidukayum naarathum kollayum kondupovukayum cheythu.) pinyayile puthiya rajaavaaya usana randaaman (aarr. 1364), orikkalum sthithigathikal niyantrikkaan kazhinjilla. 1364 septambaril thado minbia pinya pidichedukkukayum sackinginteyum pinyayudeyum rajaavaayi svayam avakaashappedukayum cheythu. iravaadiyudeyum maittnjinteyum samgamasthaanamaaya avayil (inva) addeham oru puthiya kotta panithu. kathaparachil muthal iraavadikku nere, ekadesham kathaparachilinum pinnyaykkum idayilaayi, ellah pradhana caxe dhaanyashaalayilum sthithicheyyunnu. 1313ll pinyayil nirmmikkaan theerumaanikkunnathinu munbu addehathinte muthumuthachan tihathu oru puthiya thalasthaanam nirmmikkaan aadyam aagrahicha sthalamaayirunnu ithu.
anantharafalangal.
1365-ll thado minbia avaa raajyam sthaapikkukayum avayude ghadaka rajyangalaayi sagging, pinya ennivaye prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. prakhyapanam nadathiyittum pinyayude thekkan saamanthanmaarude mail addehathinu oru niyanthranavum undaayirunnilla. muun saamantharaajyangalaaya pinyayude niyanthranam nedunnathinulla prachaaranangalkkayi addeham adutha moonnu varsham chelavazhikkum. 1367-ll vasuri baadhichu thado minbiyayude pettennulla maranashesham, addehathinte mukhya raajnji oommayum commander naga nuu avaa simhasana pidichedukkaan sramikkunnathum kandu, avar paraajayappettappol, pazhaya kathaasaahithya raajyathe punarujjeevippikkunnathi avar kadhakalilekku oodippoyi. ummayude sahodaran thado minbiyayude bhaaryasahodaranaaya swa zoo keey (aarr. 1367-1400) kalapam adichamarthi. swa muun mainsain raajyam punasthaapikkukayum thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil purajaatheeya saamrajyam punasthaapikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu.
sarkkarum samoohavum.
bharanam.
kathaparayunna rajaakkanmaar purajaatheeyarude sourorjja raashtreeyangalude bharana maathruka upayogichu, athil unnatha rajaavu kaathal bharichu, athesamayam ardha-swatantra poshakanadikal, svayambharana vaisroyikal, govarnarmaar ennivar yadhaarthathil dainamdina bharanavum manushyasakthiyum niyanthrichu. theerchayaayum, athinte phalapradamaaya pradesham cheruthayathinaal purajaatheeyarekkaal valare cheria thothil eee samvidaanam upayogichu. (manippoorinte athirthi vare katha parachilukal avakaashappedunnundenkum, athinte phalapradamaaya niyanthranam innathe kathaparachilukalude pakuthiyil kooduthalaayirikkilla, mukalile chindwin mekhalayile shahn samsthaanamaaya kaleyo allengil thaganginu appuram, kathaparachilil paraamarshichirikkunna vadakke kottayaaya kathaparachilil ninnu 225 kilometer akaleyayirikkaam.) thekk valia ayalkkaaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, charithrangal anusarichu, jillakalil (tagang ozhike) govarnor thalatthilulla bharanadhikaarikalonnum undaayirunnilla. rajaakkanmaar jillakalile praadeshika thalavanmarumaayi nerittu edapettittundaakaam.
sambadghadana.
karayal chuttapetta katha oru kaarshika samsthaanamaayirunnu. purajaatheeya kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil athinte kodumudiyil 93,000 hector jalasechana bhoomi ulkkollunna iraavadi thaazhvarayile ettavum valia dhaanyasaalayaaya muu thaazhvara athinte kaivashamundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kathaasaahithya kaalaghattatthile krishi orikkalum athinte saadhyathakalil athiyilla. kireedaavakaashikal mathathinu sambhavana cheythirunna bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum 13-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam muthal karshakar thekkott kudiyerukayaayirunnu. pathinalam noottaandode, bhoomi nalkappettirunna sanyaasimaarkk saadhaarana karshakarude kuravu kaaranam bhoomi thanne krishi cheyyendivannu.
matham.
theravaada budhamatham raajakudumbathinte audyogika mathamaayirunnappol mattu vibhagangal thazhachuvalarnnu. vanathil thamasikkunna sanyaasimaarude oru prathyeka sakthamaaya vibhagamaayirunnu athu. arrie budhamathatthinte swaadheenathil eee vibhaagam sthaapikkappedukayum pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathil [aii. dii. 1] leeii sanking jillayil sthaapikkappedukayum cheythu. 14-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil, sanyasimar palarum svanthamaayi bhoomi krishi cheyyukayum 1315-leeii yooninte kalaapathe pinthunachathaayi report cheyyappetta oru rashtreeya shakthiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. awaa kaalaghattatthil eee vibhaagam oru sakthamaaya shakthiyaayi thudarukayum pathinaram noottaandil maathramaan avarude shakti kurayukayum cheythath.
pattalakkaar.
kathaykku valia sainyamundaayirunnil. zoo yun sthaapicha prathyeka sainika unitukal athu paripalikkukayum cheythu. 1318ll addeham sthaapicha "sagging htoungthin" ("ayiram sakthamaaya sagging rejiment") enna kuthirappada rejiment barmees raajavaazhchayude pathanam vare nilanirthappettu. zoo yooninte bharanakaalathu, saaginginte sainyathil vanavasikalaaya sanyasimar ulppettirunnu.
charithralekhanam.
rajakeeya charithrangal kathaye mainsaing raajavamshathinte oru juuniyar shaakhayaayi kanakkakkunnu.