
chambri janatha

kizhakkan sepic pravisyayaaya pappuva nyoo giniyayile chambri thadaaka mekhalayile oru vamseeya vibhagamaanu chambri (munbu chambuli ennu ucharichirunnu). chambri samoohathinte saamoohika gadanakal palappozhum lingaparamaaya pankukalekkurichulla padanatthil oru vishayamaan. avar samsaarikkunnath chambri bhaashayaan.
saamskaarika naravamshashaasthranjayaaya maargarat meed 1933-ll chambriyekkurichu padichu. avarude swaadheenamulla pusthakamaaya "moonnu aadima samoohangalile laingikathayum swabhaavavum" vanita vimochana prasthaanatthinte pradhana moolakkallaayi maari, kaaranam chambri samoohathil sthreekalkku praadhaanyamullathum prabalavumaaya pankukalundennu athu avakashappettu.
charithram.
sepic nadiyude madhyabhaagathulla pappuva nyoo giniyayile chambri thadaakathinaduthaanu eee samooham sthithi cheiyunnathu. indingai, wombun, kilimbitt ennee moonnu graamangalaan chambriyil ulppedunnathu. eee kammyoonittikalil ekadesham 1,000 aalukalundu. chambri aadyamaayi othuchernnappol, ottappettathaanenkilum, saamskaarika edapedalinum valarchaykkum saadhyamaakkiya sameepathulla samoohangale avar kandethi.
oru ayal samoohavum, itmul janathayum, chambriyum parasparam sahayikkaanum purogamikkaanumaayi charakkukal vyapaaram aarambhichu. chambri oru valia mathsyathozhilaali samoohamaayirunnu, innum thudarunnu. pidikoodiya malsyam chambri sago sweekarikkunnathinaayi aitmulumaayi vyapaaram cheythu. shell vilapidippulla vasthukkalkkaayi chambri avarude kaikondu nirmmicha upakaranangalum uthppannangalum vyapaaram cheythu. pilkkala varshangalil europian upakaranangalude aamukham samskaarathinullil prathyakshappedaan thudangiyappol, aitmulinu chambriyude upakaranangalum charakkukalum aavashyamillaayirunnu. ithu chambriye durbalaraakkukayum oduvil vardhichuvarunna aii. eiii. tii. emm. ell sainyathil ninnu thangalude samoohathe samrakshikkunnathinaayi chambri samooham avarude dweep vidaan idayaakkukayum cheythu. 1927ll thangalude pradeshathu samadhaanam punasthaapicha sesham avar madangi. charitraparamaayi headhundermaarum asthiramaaya oru group ennariyappedunna chambri pappuva nyoo ginia swatantra sarkkaarin keezhil vannukazhinjaal eee pravanathakal upekshichu. saamskaarikamaayi avarude samooham europian swaadheenangal kaaranam maari, ennirunnaalum chambriyile vyakthiparamaaya edapedalukalum aachaarangalum anganeyayirunnilla. maargarat meed, deborah geverts, frederic erington thudangiya naravamshashaasthranjar eee gotra pradesham sandarshikkukayum avarude kandethalukal report cheyyukayum cheythathode puthiya ayal samoohangal roopeekarikkappedukayum vyapaaravum valarchayum varshangalolam thudarukayum cheythu.
innu chambri janatha.
ippol ahimsaathmaka samoohamaaya chambri ippozhum barteringiloodeyum gotravarga vyaapaarathiloodeyum avarude jeevitashaili nilanirthunnu. chambriyude bhakshanathil pradhaanamaayum sago malsyavum ulppedunnu. oru dweep samoohamenna nilayil malsyabandhanam eee samoohathinte pradhana gadakamaanu. graamangalude poshanatthinu aavashyamillaatha adhika malsyangal pinneedu eduthu parvathangalil saagoykkaayi vyapaaram cheiyunnu. aarr divasathe shedyulil nadakkunna barter maarkkattukalude vazhiyil vyapaaram athinte roopam edukkunnu. barter markkattukal sepic kunnukalilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, chambriyil ninnulla sthreekal kunnukaliludaneelam vyaapichukidakkunna vividha gramangalil ninnulla mattu sthreekale kandumuttunnathinayi avarude bhakshanam barter cheyyaan yaatra cheiyunnu. itmul samoohavumaayulla avarude charithratthil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chambriykkum avar vyapaaram nadathunna gramangalkkum oronninum idayil kooduthal thulyamaaya sthaanamundu.
naravamshashaasthranjar chambri samskaaram sandarshikkukayum padikkukayum cheythappol avarude gramangaleyum samskaaratheyum baadhichu. chila chambri janataye avarude samskaaram pankuvaykkunnathinaayi naravamshashaasthranjar amerikkayilekku konduvannu. avare pappuva nyoo giniyayilekku thirike konduvannappol avar avarude yaathrakalil ninnu nediya puthiya ashayangalum aachaarangalum thirike konduvannu. lokam aadhunikavalkkarikkappettatho, vyaapaarathiloodeyum charakkukaliloodeyum chambri gramangal saambathikamaayi susthiramaayitheernnu. saambathika durithathinidayilum chambri samskaaravum janangalum athijeevichu, avarude vazhikal pinthudarnnu.
chambri sthreekal.
1933ll pappuva nyoo giniyayil maargarat meedinte feeld stadi gaveshanathil, samskaarangaliludaneelam maanadandamaayi karuthiyirunnathinu asaadhaaranamaaya chambri samoohathile sthreekalude oru sthaanam avar roopappeduthi. graamangalile purushanmaarkk pakaram shaktharaaya vyakthikalaanu chambriyile sthreekal ennu avar anumaanichu. maargarat engane eee nigamanatthiletthi ennathu chambriyude chila aatribyoottukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. chambri sthreekalaanu praadhamika bhakshya vitharanakkaar ennu avar aadyam shradhichu. mattu samskaarangalkk vipareethamaayi samudaayathinu vendi malsyabandhanam nadathiyathu chambri sthreekalaanu. sthreekalude eee shaaktheekaranavum utharavaadithavum eee samoohathinullil sthreekalkku kooduthal praadhaanyam nalkunna aashayathin kaaranamaakunnu. kooduthal nireekshanatthiloode sthreekal avar pidikoodiya malsyam edukkukayum athu avarude kudumbangalkk bhakshanamaayi nalkuka mathramalla micham vyapaaram cheyyaanum yaatra cheyyukayum cheythathayi kandethi. pidikoodiya adhika malsyam eduthu chuttumulla kunnukalilekku avarude kudumbangalkkayi saagoykkaayi barterilekku pogunnathu sthreekalude joliyaayirunnu. orikkalkkoodi kudumbatthile purushanaan praadhamika dathaavennathinupakaram, bhaarya eee punk vahikkunnath meed kaanukayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pilkkala naravamshashaasthranjaraaya deborah geverts frederic erington kandethiyathupole, eee pravartthanangal chambriyile purushanmaarum sthreekalum thammilulla bandhathe niyantrikkunnilla.
kudumbatthinte eaka daathaavaaya sthreekal purushante keezhppettirikkuka ennalla ardhamaakkunnathu. chambri samoohathile purushanmaar samoohathinullile mattu mekhalakalil earppettirikkunnu, avayil palathum sthreekalkku anuyojyamallennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. atharam mekhalakalil gothrathinullile raashtreeyavum adikaaravum ulppedunnu. eee mekhalakalil sthreekalude pankaalitthatthinte abhavam soochippikkunnathu sthreekalude aadhipathyathekkurichulla meedinte yadhaartha avakaashavaadam chambri samoohathile pravarthanangalekkurichu poornnamaaya nireekshanatthinte abhaavathil veroonniyathaakaam. pakaram pinneedu naravamshashaasthranjar kandethiyathu lingabhedam prabalamaaya onnaayi malsarichilla ennathaanu. oro linga aadhipathyathilum sambhavikkukayum saakshyam vahikkukayum cheythuvenkilum eee perumaattam laingika thadassam marikadakkunnathil parajayappettu. prathyekichum oru group pinthudarukayo mattonnin vidheyamaakukayo cheythathayi kaanapettilla. oru bandhatthil oru prabalanaaya vyakthiyude abhavam oru nagarikathayil sthreekalude punk athinte aachaarangalaal ganyamaayi nirnnayikkaan kazhiyumenna oohaapohangalkku kaaranamaakunnu.
chambriyile vivaham.
purushano sthreeko adhikaaramillaatha oru aachaaramaan chambriyile vivaham. krameekaricha vivaahangalulla oru pithrusaannidhyam undengilum, vivaha saahacharyathil iru kakshikalkkum poornna niyanthranam nashtappedunnilla. purushanmaar (saadhaaranayaayi vivahangal krameekarikkunnavar) anthar-gotra bandhangal anuvadikkunna jodikal thiranjedukkunna reethiyilaan vivaham nadathunnathu. krameekarikkappedaatha vivaahangalum nilavilundu, pakshe avaa valare kuravaanu. manyamaaya poorvvika shakthiyulla oru purushane thiranjedukkaan kudumbamgangalumaayi pravarthikkunnathinaal sthreekalkku aare vivaham kazhikkanam ennathil abhipraayamund. vadhuvinte vila eee samoohathil nilanilkkunnu, sthreekale avahelikkunna aachaaramaayi ithu kanakkakkappedunnilla. barteringiloode labhikkuna shell vilapidippulla vasthukkal vadhuvinu vila nalkiyaanu upayogikkunnathu. eee shell vilapidippulla vasthukkalil palathinum nalkunnathil pratheekathmaka uddeshyangalundu. chila shellukal prasavam, garbhapathrangal, aarthavam thudangiya sthreegunangalumaayi prathyekamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
vivahangalil sthreekalkku chila steeriyodaippukal undu, avarkk label cheythittundu. chambriyil palappozhum purushanmaar avarude bhaaryamare bhayappedunnu. naagarikathayude purusha maanthrika vashathinullil purushanmaar rahasya perukal nedukayum avaykku shabdam nalkunnathu vilakkukayum cheiyunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam. urangumbol samsaarikkukayum avarude rahasya perukal velippeduthukayum cheiyumennu purushanmaar bhayappedunnu. koodaathe, mudi, umineer, veeryam thudangiya bharthaavinte pala vyakthiparamaaya vashangalilekkum sthreekalkku eluppathil praveshanam labhikkunnath sthreekalkku oru maanthrikan nalkaan kazhiyunna kaaryangalekkurichu purushanmaare jagrathayullavaraakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila sandarbhangalil purushanmaar eee bhayathe avarude shakthiyude savisheshathayaayi kaanunnu. avarude rahasya perukal avarude bhaarya moshtikkunnathu moolyavathaanu, appol avar itharathilulla vanchana nadakkaan paryapthamaaya praadhaanyavum shakthiyumullavaraayirikkanam ennathaanu avarude kaazhchappaad.
kudumbam.
parambaraagatha chambri kudumbatthile sahodareesahodaranmaarude punk parishodhikkumbol sthreekaludeyum purushanmaarudeyum aashrithathvam eathaandu poornnamaayum thulyamaakunnu. vivahangalil nilanilkkunna bhayathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chambri kudumbatthil bhayam nilavililla. samoohathinullil avar aagrahicha punk nirvahikkunnathin mattullavarude sahaayathe sahodareesahodaranmaar swaagatham cheiyunnu. sahodaranmaar chambriyude rashtreeya vashath sahaayathinaayi avarude sahodarimaare nokkunnu. taanum avalude bhaavi makkalum pinthunaykkunnathinaayi sahodarimaar sahodaranmaaril ninnu sahayam nedunnu. prathyekichu sahodaran thante sahodariyude aanmakkalude jeevithathil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. sahodarante rashtreeya prakshobhatthil sahodarane sahayikkunnathil sahodarante anantharavan oru pradhana gadakamaayi kaanapedunnu. ammamaarudeyum avarude sahodaranmaarudeyum kudumbangalkkidayil nilanilkkunna thadassamillaatha kudumba bandhangaliloode anantharavan ammavanumaayulla eee bandham kaanaan kazhiyum. sahodaran, sahodari ennee padangal ellaayppozhum chambriyil jaivashaasthraparamaayi prathifalikkunnilla. vamshathinullil, nashtappedal polulla prathyeka samayangalil sthreekalkkum purushanmarkkum parasparam sahodarangalaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyum. oru vyakthiyude maranam oru pinthunaa samvidaanathinte nashtatthe prathinidheekarichukondu vamshathile sahodarimaare bandhippikkunnu. ithilninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru maranathe samoohathinullile rashtreeya padavi nashtappedunnathaayaanu purushanmaar kaanunnath.