
kalar printing

kalar printing allengil kalar printing ennathu oru chithrathinteyo vaachakathinteyo punarnirmmaanamaan (lalithamaaya karuppum veluppum ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi). 
allengil monocrome printing). eathoru swaabhaavika rangamo varnna photographo optikkalaayum shaareerikamaayum moonnu praadhamika nirangalayi vibhajikkaam, chuvapp, pacha, neela, avayil ekadesham thulya alavil vellayekkurichulla daaranaykku kaaranamaakunnu, avayude vyathyastha anupathangal matellaa nirangaludeyum drishya samvedanangalkku kaaranamaakunnu. ekadesham thulya anupaathathilulla eathenkilum rund praadhamika nirangalude additteev kompineshan oru dvitheeya nirathekkurichulla daaranaykku kaaranamaakunnu. udaaharanathinu, chuvappum pachayum manja, chuvapp, neela ennivayil ninnu majanta (purple niram), pacha, neela ennivayil ninnu sayan (turcois niram) enniva labikkum. manja maathram vipareeta avabodhajanyamaan.
manja, sian, majanta enniva "adisthaana" dvitheeya nirangal maathramaanu primerikalude asamamaya mishrithangal mattu pala nirangalekkurichum daaranaykku kaaranamaakunnu, avayellaam "thritheeya" maayi kanakkakkaam.
aadhunika saankethikavidyakal.
niratthilulla chithrangal punarnirmmikkunnathin niravadhi saankethikavidyakal undengilum, pepparil varnnachithrangalude vanthothilulla punarnirmmaanatthinaayi graphik prakriyakalum vyaavasaayika upakaranangalum upayogikkunnu. eee ardhathil, pathrangalum maasikakalum, laghupathrikakal, cardukal, posttarukal, samanamaaya bahujana vipani enangal enniva prasidheekarikkunnathinna aayirakkanakkin allengil dasalakshakkanakkinu impressionukal nalkaan kazhivulla printing pressukalkku anuyojyamaaya punarnirmmaana saankethikavidyakal "kalar printing" ulppedunnu. itharathilulla vyaavasaayika allengil vaanijya achadi, varnna photographukal polulla poornna varnna chithrangal achadikkaan upayogikkunna saankethikavidyaye naalu varnna prakriya allengil proses printing ennu vilikkunnu. naalu mashikalaanu upayogikkunnathu moonnu dvitheeya nirangalum karuppum. sian, majanta, manja, qee (karupp) ennivayaanu eee mashi nirangal; simik ennu churukkatthil.
sayan mainus-chuvapp, majanta mainus-pacha, manja mainus-neela enningane kanakkakkaam. eee mashi ardha-suthaaryamaan (ardhasuthaaryamaanu). thudarchayaaya achadi impressionukal kaaranam rund mashi pepparil ovarlaappu cheyyumbol, oru praadhamika niram kaanapedunnu. udaaharanathinu, manja (mainus-neela) majanta (mainus pacha) kondu ovarprint cheiyunnathu chuvapp nalkunnu. moonnu mashi ovarlaappu cheyyappedumbol, mikkavarum ellah insident laittum agiranam cheyyappedukayo kuraykkukayo cheiyunnu, ithu ekadesham karutha niratthilekku athunnu, ennaal praayogikamaayi paranjaal moonnu niramulla mashi samyojippikkunnathinum oru prathyeka karutha mashi upayogikkunnathu nallathaanu. dvitheeya allengil vyavakalanam cheiyunna nirangalaaya sian, majanta, manja enniva printarukalum vaattar coloristukalum (adisthaana mashiyum peyintukalum suthaaryamaan) "praadhamika" nirangalayi kanakkakkaam.
naalu niratthilulla printinginaayi chithrangal thayyarakkan rund graphik teknikkukal aavasyamaanu. pree-pras" ghattathil, yadhaartha chithrangal "kalar seppareshan", "screening" allengil "haftoning" ennivayiloode oru printing pressil upayogikkaan kazhiyunna roopangalilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnu. lithography thathwangale adisthaanamaakki printing pressukalile varnna impressionukal kadalaasilekku kaimaran kazhiyunna printing plettukalude nirmmaanam eee gattangal saadhyamaakkunnu.
poornna varnna achadiyude oru reethi aarr varnna proses printingaanu (udaaharanathinu, pantoninte hexacrom sisttam) ithu valuthum kooduthal oorjjaswalavumaaya gamut allengil varnna sreniykkaayi parambaraagatha simaik mashiyilekku ooranchum pachayum cherkkunnu. ennirunnaalum, atharam ithara varnna samvidaanangal ippozhum achadicha chithrangal nirmmikkunnathin varnna verthirikkal, haftoning, lithography ennivaye aasrayikkunnu. achadi vardhippikkunnathinum uthppaadanam vardhippikkunnathinum aarr kalar printing vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
vipuleekritha gamut printing allengil 7 kalar printing aanu oru uyarnnuvarunna reethi, ithu printability allengil gamut vipuleekarikkunnathin pacha, ooranchu, violet thudangiya moonnu nirangal koodi cherkkunnu, angane mashi krameekaranangal maattathe vishalamaaya paanton nirangalum punarnirmikkaan kazhiyum. eee reethiye oo. jii. vii printing ennum vilikkunnu. epson securitor kalar seerees polulla digital inkjettu printarukal 99 sathamaanam paanton nirangal punarnirmikkaan eee reethi vijayakaramaayi upayogikkunnu. 
kalar printingil praadhamika nirangalallaattha oru varnna mashi allengil varnna mashi enniva ulppedaam. praadhamika nirangalkk purame parimithamaaya ennam varnna mashikalo varnna mashikalo upayogikkunnathu "spott kalar" printing ennu vilikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, vividha nirangalum shedukalum uthppaadippikkunnathin pepparile mattu mashikalumaayi kalarthunnathinu pakaram ottaykku print cheyyaan roopakalppana cheytha formulationukalaanu spott-kalar mashi. peyint pole spott kalar mashikalude shreniyum ekadesham paridhiyillaathathum naalu varnna-prosess printing vazhi ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna nirangalekkaal valare vaividhyapoornavumaanu. sookshumamaaya pasthalukal muthal theevramaaya fluoresentukal muthal reflective metaaliks vare spott-kalar mashikalundu.
gunanilavaaramulla varnna punarnirmmaanam srishtikkunnathinulla ghattangalude oru parambara allengil parivartthanangal kalar printingil ulppedunnu. chila charitraparamaaya veekshanathodoppam simaik printingil oru varnna chithram punarnirmmikkumbol upayogikkunna ghattangalil inipparayunna vibhagangal shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
kalar printinginte charithram.
kizhakkan eshyayilum europilum kadalaasil achadikkunnathinu munbu thunitharangalil maram kondulla achadi, niratthilulla paattenukal nirmmikkaan vyathyastha blokkukal upayogikkunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu. pepparil achadicha enangalil niram cherkkunnathinulla aadyakaala maargam kaikondu niram nalkunnathaayirunnu, ithu europilum kizhakkan eshyayilum achadicha chithrangalkkayi vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. chainees maramkattikalil ithu kuranjathu 13-aamm noottaandil undaayathaan, pathinanjaam noottaandil avaa avatharippichathinu thottupinnaale europian marangal, avide ithu thudarnnu, chilappol valare vaidagdhyamulla thalatthil, pathonpathaam noottaand vare-audyogika britiish oordanans sarway maappukalude gadakangal 1875 vare aankuttikal kaikondu nirachirunnu. aadyakaala europian achadicha pusthakangal palappozhum kaiyezhuthuprathikalil undaayirunnathupole aadyaksharangal, rubrics, mattu gadakangal enniva kaikondu cherkkaan edangal avasheshippichu, koodaathe chila aadyakaala achadicha pusthakangalkk vipulamaaya athirthikalum miniyecharukalum chertthu. ennirunnaalum 1500-nuu sesham ithu valare apoorvamaayi maari.
kizhakkan eshya.
textinteyum chithrangaludeyum parambaraagatha kizhakkan eshyan printingil wood block printing upayogichirunnu, ithu padinjaaran maram murikkunna athe saankethikavidyayaanu, koodaathe onniladhikam blokkukal upayogichu niravadhi nirangalil printing cheiyunnathum oronninum vyathyastha niratthil mashi ittathum aadyakaalam muthal ariyappettirunnu. 
chaina.
britiish kalacharithrakaaranaaya maikkal sullivan ezhuthunnathu "chainayilum lokamembaadum ariyappedunna aadyakaala varnna achadi 1346-leeii oru budhasuthra churulinte rund varnna munvashamaan" ennaanu. pinneedu ming raajavamshathilum varnnamudrakal upayogichirunnu. chainees wood block printingil, aadyakaala varnna maram murikal kooduthalum kalayekkurichulla adambara pusthakangalil, prathyekichu chithrakalayude kooduthal abhimaanakaramaaya maadhyamathilaanu sambhavikkunnath. 1606ll achadicha mashi kekkukalekkurichulla oru pusthakamaanu ariyappedunna aadyathe udaaharanam, pathinezhaam noottaandil prasidheekaricha chithrakalayekkurichulla pusthakangalil varnna saankethikavidya athinte uyarathilethi. ming kaalaghattatthile chainees chithrakaaranaaya huu sengyaanude 1633 leeii "patthu mulla studiyoyude paintingukaleyum rachanakaleyum kurichulla prabandham", 1679 lum 1701 lum prasidheekaricha "kaduk vithu thottatthinte maanuval" enniva anchu nirangalil achadichavayaanu sradheyamaaya udaaharanagal.
jappan.
jappanil, sheett printukalkkum pusthaka chithreekaranangalkkum varnna maramkattikal upayogichirunnuvenkilum eee saankethikavidyakal printinte charithratthil kooduthal ariyappedunnu. nishiki-iii ennu athinte poornnamaayi vikasippicha roopathil vilikkunna "phul-kalar" saankethikavidya athivegam vyaapikkukayum 1760 muthal sheett printukalkkaayi vyaapakamaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. vaachakam mikkavarum ellaayppozhum ekavarnnamaayirunnu, koodaathe pala pusthakangalum ekavarnna chithreekaranangalaaya sumisuri-iii upayogichu prasidheekarikkappedannu thudarnnu, ennaal "ukiyo-iii" yude janapreethiyude valarcha athinoppam vardhichuvarunna nirangaludeyum saankethikavidyakalude sankeernathayudeyum aavasyakatha konduvannu. pathonpathaam noottaandode mikka kalakaaranmaarum nirangalil prasidheekarikkunna printukal roopakalppana cheythu. eee vikasanathinte pradhana gattangal ivayaayirunnu
saankethikavidyayude parishkkaranangalil ninnum ruchiyile pravanathakalil ninnum kooduthal vikasanangal undaayi. udaaharanathina
europe.
kalar printinginte aadyakaala reethikalil oro niratthinum orennam enningane niravadhi printukal ulppettirunnu, ennirunnaalum rund nirangal verittathaanenkil orumichu print cheyyaan vividha maargangalundaayirunnu. aaraadhanaakramathinum mattu pala tharatthilulla pusthakangalkkum saadhaaranayaayi chuvappil achadikkunna rubrics aavasyamaanu; oro pejinum chuvanna formukalulla oru prathyeka print rann upayogichaanu iva deerghakaalam cheythath. otta ila achadikku mattu reethikal upayogichu. pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil vikasippichedutha oru europian reethiyaanu cheoroscoro woodcut, avide oru leanier emejullah ("line block") oru saadhaarana woodcut blockil, vyathyastha nirangalil achadicha onno athiladhikamo niramulla "toonn blokkukal" cherkkum. germmaniyil vikasippichedutha reethiyaanithu; italiyil toonn blokkukal maathrame palappozhum upayogichirunnulloo, oru vaash droying pole oru prabhavam srishtikkaan. jacob christoph leeii bloon moonnu intaglio plettukal upayogichu oru reethi vikasippicheduthu, saadhaaranayaayi mesottintil; vaividhyamaarnna nirangal nedunnathinaayi iva ovarprint cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandil maramkothiyum (saankethikamaayi chromoxylography) mattu reethikalum upayogichu niravadhi vyathyastha varnna achadi reethikal europil vikasippicheduthu, ithu aadyamaayi vyapakamaaya vaanijya vijayam nedi, angane pinneedulla dashakangalil sharashari veettil printukalaayum pusthaka chithreekaranangalaayum thoongikkidakkunna niravadhi udaaharanagal adangiyirikkaam. 1835-ll jorjju baakstar oru intaglio line plate (allengil idaykkide oru lithograph) upayogichu oru reethi pettant cheythu, karuppilo irunda niratthilo achadikkukayum thudarnnu wood blokkukalil ninnu irupathu vyathyastha nirangal vare ovarprint cheyyukayum cheythu. edmund evens pathinonnu vyathyastha nirangalulla, ellaayidathum reluff maravum upayogichu, pinneedu kuttikalude pusthakangalkulla chithreekaranangalil vaidagdhyam nedi, kurachu blokkukal upayogichu, ennaal mishrita nirangal nedunnathinu nirangalude kharamallaatha bhagangal ovarprint cheythu. randolf caldecot, walter crain, kettu greenway thudangiya engleesh kalakaaranmaare europil ippol labhyamayathum faashanabilaayathumaaya japanese printukal swaadheenikkukayum paranna nirangalulla anuyojyamaaya shaili srishtikkukayum cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna mattoru prakriyayayirunnu chromolithography, ennirunnaalum ithu oro niratthinum oru kallulla onniladhikam printukal upayogichu. thudakkathil moonnu vyathyastha kalar filterukal upayogichu edutha chithratthinte photographukal upayogichukondu mechanical varnna verthirikkal, aavashyamaaya printukalude ennam moonnaayi kurachu. sink plettukal upayogichulla syncography pinneedu lithographic kallukalkk pakaram vaykkukayum 1930 vare kalar printinginte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya reethiyaayi thudarukayum cheythu.
aadhunika prakriya.
varnna vibhajana prakriya.
saadhaaranayaayi varnna verthirikkal varnna verthirikkalinte utharavaadithamaanu. print cheyyaan thayyaraya phayal vrithiyaakkukayum prepress amgeekaara prakriyaykku oru thelivu srishtikkukayum cheiyunnathu ithil ulppedunnu. yadhaartha kalaasrishtiye chuvapp, pacha, neela gadakangalaayi (udaaharanathinu oru digital scanner vazhi) verthirikkunna prakriyayaan varnna verthirikkal prakriya aarambhikkunnath. digital imaging vikasippikkunnathinumbu, oro niratthinum oru filter upayogichu moonnu thavana chithram edukkuka ennathaayirunnu ithu cheiyunnathinulla parambaraagatha reethi. ennirunnaalum ithu nediyaal, yadhaartha chithratthinte chuvapp, pacha, neela (aarr. jii. bii) gadakangale prathinidheekarikkunna moonnu grayscale chithrangalaanu aavasyamulla phalam.
eee verthirivukal oronnum vipareethamaakkuka ennathaanu adutha ghattam. chuvanna gadakathinte oru negatteevu chithram nirmmikkumbol, thathfalamaayundaakunna chithram chithratthinte sian gadakathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. athupole, yathaakramam majanta, manja verthirikkalukal srishtikkunnathinaayi pacha, neela gadakangalil ninnu negatteevu uthppaadippikkappedunnu. sian, majanta, manja enniva kuraykkal primarikalaayathinaal ithu cheiyunnu, oronnum velutha prakaashatthil ninnu oru additteev primery kurachathinu sesham moonnu additteev primerikalil (arjibi) randennam prathinidheekarikkunnu.
sian, majanta, manja ennivayaanu varnna punarulppaadanatthinu upayogikkunna moonnu adisthaana nirangal. eee moonnu nirangalum achadikku vyathyasthamayi upayogikkumbol, phalam yadhaarthathinte nyayamaaya punarnirmmanamaayirikkanam, pakshe praayogikamaayi ithu anganeyalla. mashiyile parimithikal kaaranam irunda nirangal vrithikettathum cheenjathumaan. ithu pariharikkunnathin, oru karutha verthirivum srishtikkunnu, ithu chithratthinte nizhalum vairudhyavum mechappeduthunnu. yadhaartha chithratthil ninnu eee karutha verthirikkal labhikkunnathin niravadhi saankethikavidyakal nilavilundu; ithil chaaraniratthilulla gadakangal maattisthaapikkuka, varnna neekkamcheyyal, varnna kootticherkkal enniva ulppedunnu. eee achadi saankethikavidyaye simaik ennu vilikkunnu ("keey" ennaal "qee", black printing plettinte parambaraagatha vaakk).
innathe digital printing reethikalkku parambaraagatha simaik prakriyakal cheiyunna orotta kalar spacinte niyanthranamilla. arjibi allengil simaik modukal upayogichu chithrangal upayogichu keeriya fayalukalil ninnu pala pressukalkkum print cheyyaan kazhiyum. oru prathyeka varnna idathinte varnna punarulpadana kazhivukal vyathyaasappedaam; oru varnna maathrkaykkullil krithyamaaya nirangal nedunna prakriya varnna poruthappedutthal ennu vilikkunnu.
screening.
kalar printing pressukalil upayogikkunna mashi ardha-suthaaryamaan, vyathyastha nirangal uthpaadippikkunnathinu parasparam mukalil achadikkaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, manja, sian mashi parasparam achadikkunnathil ninnulla falamaanu pacha. ennirunnaalum, mashiyude kharabhaagangalekkaal cheria kuthukalaayi bharam kuranja shedukale prathinidheekarikkunna oru prakriyaya "screening" vazhiyallaathe oru printing pressil prathyeka chitra bhaagangalil prayogikkunna mashiyude alavil maattam varuthaan kazhiyilla. velutha peyint oru niratthilekku kalarthi athu laghookarikkunnathinu ithu samaanamaan, veluthathu paper maathramaan. kalar printing prakriyayil, oro mashi niratthinum screen cheytha chithram allengil haff toonn thudarchayaayi achadikkunnu. screen gridukal vyathyastha konukalil sajjeekarichirikkunnu, athinaal dottukal cheria rosettukal srishtikkunnu, ithu orutharam opttikkal illutioniloode oru thudarchayaaya toonn imej roopappeduthunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. maagnifikkeshanu keezhil achadicha oru chithram parishodhichu achadicha chithrangal prapthamaakkunna haftoning ningalkk kaanaan kazhiyum.
parambaraagathamaayi, harf toonn screenukal srishtikkunnathu rund sheett glassukalil ink cheytha lineukal upayogichaanu, avaa samakonukalil orumichu simant cheythirikkunnu. oro kalar seppareshan philimukalum eee screenukaliloode thurannukattappettu. thathfalamaayundaakunna uyarnna kontraast chithram, orikkal prosess cheythukazhinjaal, aaa pradeshathinu labhicha eksposharinte alavine aashrayich vyathyastha vyaasamulla kuthukal undaayirunnu, ithu grayscale seppareshan philim imej upayogichu modulate cheythu.
seppareshan philim upayogichu harf toonn dottukal thurannukaattunna uyarnna kontraast philimukal glass screenukal kaalaharanapettu. ithinu pakaram harftoneukal lazer upayogichu nerittu philimil electronic reethiyil srishtikkunna oru prakriyayaan nadannathu. ettavum aduthide, computer tuu plate (sii. tii. pii) saankethikavidya printarukale prakriyayude philim bhaagathe poornnamaayum marikadakkaan anuvadichu. sii. tii. pii oru lazer upayogichu printing plettil nerittu kuthukal chithreekarikkunnu, ithu panam laabhikkukayum philim steppu illaathaakkukayum cheiyunnu. oru lithographic plettil oru lithographic negatteevu achadikkunnathil undaakunna uthpaadananashtathinte alavu, prosessing nadapadikramangal poornnamaayum avaganikkappedaathe, eathaandu poornnamaayum nissaaramaan, kaaranam chalanathmaka paridhiyude nashtamo saandrata gradationukalo niramulla chaayangalo valia velli daanyangalo illa.
inch 60 muthal 120 varikalude (ell. pii. aii) "aavruthi" ulla screenukal pathrangalil varnna photographukal punarnirmmikkunnu. screen parukkanaayirikkumbol (kuranja aavruthi), achadicha chithratthinte gunanilavaaram kurayum. 133 muthal 200 ell. pii. aii. vareyum athil kooduthalumulla screen freekwansikal upayogikkunna maasikakalilum pusthakangalilum upayogikkunna kuranja-agiranam cheytha coated paper stokkinekkaal kuranja screen freekwansi uyarnna agiranam cheiyunna nyoos printinu aavasyamaanu.
oru mashi dott ethratholam vyaapikkukayum kadalaasil valuthaakukayum cheiyunnuvennathinte alavine dott geyin ennu vilikkunnu. screen cheytha chithrangalude photographic allengil digital thayyaareduppilaanu eee prathibhasam kanakkaakkendath. nyoos print polulla kooduthal agiranam cheyyappedunna, uncoated paper stokkil dott geyin kooduthalaanu.

