object-vishayam vaakkinte kramam

bhashaaparamaaya typologyil, oo-biphore-ezz allengil peshyant-ejantu vaid oordar ennum vilikkunna object-subject (oesu) vaid oordar, vishayathin munnil object prathyakshappedunna oru padha kramamaanu. swaabhaavika bhashakalil sthiramaayi allengil pradhana padakramamenna nilayil sthithivivarakkanakku apoornnathaykku oesu sradheyamaanu. oesu padakramatthil prabalamaaya bhashakal vishaya-vasthu (zoo) padakramamulla bhashakalil ninnu avaye verthirikkunna savisheshathakal pradarshippikkunnu.
voos, ovs, osv ennivayaanu moonnu oesu padha kramangal. mothatthil, eee moonnu oordarukalum lokathile bhaashakalude ekadesham 2.9% maathramaan. athinaal lokathile bhashakalil ekadesham 83.3% ulppedunna padha kramangal (sove, swo, vii. ezz. oo) kooduthal saadhaaranamaanu (bakkiyulla 13.7%-nuu swatantra padha kramamundu).
kuranja aapekshika aavruthi undaayirunnittum, swathave oesu oordar upayogikkunna bhashakal nilotik, austroneshiyan, maayan, ottoo-mangyan, chumashan, aravaakan, cariban, tupi-gwarani, jeey, nadahup, chonan ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna kudumbangalil kaanam.
udaaharanagal.
<vibhaagam aarambikkuka = "listt-oof-glossing-samkshipthangal"/>
sarttu urappu (thelivu): thelivu
<vibhaagam avasaanam = "listt-oof-glossing-abriviyeshanukal"/>
thselttal (voos)
selknam (ovs)
savante (oo. ezz. vii)
swathukkal.
dietransitive nirmmithikal.
maria polynsky (1995) parayunnathanusarichu, oru bhaashayile vishayathinteyum objectinteyum sthira kramam aaa bhaashayude vaakyaghadanayude mattu savisheshathakal nirnnayikkunnu. prathyekichum, sthirasthithiyaaya bhashakal oaes kramatthilulla bhashakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi dietransitive klosukal nirmmikkunnu
rogiye "nerittulla vasthu" (cheyyuka) ennum kaaranam/sweekarthaavu/gunakaramaya vyakthiye "paroksha vasthu" (aio) ennum vilikkam.
eee thathwam prakadippikkunnathin, vii-duu-aio-ezz kramatthilulla malagasiyil ninnulla oru udaaharana vaachakam polynsky nalkunnu
yadhaartha malagaziyil, joonn (nerittulla vasthu) jeeninu (paroksha vasthu) munbaayi nilkkumbol, engleeshil thathulyamaayathil, jeane joninu munbaayi nilkkunnath shradhikkuka. malagasiyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi engleeshil ezz-vii-aio-duu oordar undu.
eee prathibhaasatthinte mattoru udaaharanam, paari (doow-vii-ezz-aio oordar) ll ninnu
polynskyude thathwam paroksha vasthuvinteyum vishayathinteyum kramathekkurichum parasparam bandhapetta vishayathekurichum onnum prasthavikkunnilla, athinaal eee kaaryatthil malagazi (aio-ezz), paari (ezz-aio) enniva thammilulla vyathyasam.
erjittivittiyumaayi parasparabandham.
anna seavierska (1996) soochippikkunnathu, ergative-obsolutive vinyaasam atharam bhashakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oesu bhashakalil amithamaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu ennaanu. ithu parisodhikkaan, ergative alainmentinte sambhavam avar rund saambilukalil alannu (athinaal vii. oesu bhashakal) moonnu vibhagangalilaayi udambadi, sarvanaamangal, namangal (chila bhaashakalkk vyathyastha vibhagangalil vyathyastha vinyasa samvidaanangal ullathinaal). saambilumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oro vibhaagathileyum ergettivittiyude aavruthi avar kanakkakki.
prathyekichum, oesu saambilile poornna naamavakyangal (pakshe anganeyalla) ergative vinyaasathe anukoolikkunnu, oesu saambilile naama vinyaasathinte bhooribhaagavum (60 sathamaanam) ergative aanu. 50 sathamaanathiladhikam ergativity freekwansiyulla table eaka sellaanith. mattu vibhagangalil polum, oesu saambilinu sthiramaayi atharam saambilinekkaal uyarnna aapekshika aavruthi undu. ennirunnaalum, 12 oesu bhaashakalude sample sais oru praadhaanya parishodhanaykk valare cheruthaanennu seavierska rekhappeduthunnu.
eee bhashakalil, nishkriya khandangalude sajeevamaaya parivartthana khandangalaayi punarvishleshanathil ninnu ergativity uyarnnuvannirikkaamenn seavierska sidhaantham cheiyunnu. eee punarvishleshana samayat rogiyudeyum ejantinteyum kramam parasparam bandhappettirunnu, athinte falamaayi adayaalappeduthaatha oesu vaid oordar undaayi.
object-iniishyal vaid oordar.
oesu oordarinte sradheyamaaya oru upavibhagam object-iniishyal vaid oordaraanu, athil object clossil aadyam drishyamaakunnu. ithil ooo. vii. ezz, oo. ezz. vii enniva ulppedunnu, pakshe voos allah (ithu kriya-praarambhamaanu, aii.iii. kriya aadyam clossil prathyakshappedunnu).
prathyakshappedunnu) oru padanatthil desmond sii. derr & jiophree keey. amazonian bhasha pradeshathu maathramaan pradhana object-iniishyal vaid oordar sambhavikkunnathenn pullam report cheythu. object-iniishyal kramatthilulla amazonian bhashakalil hixcaryana, urubu, apoorina, savante, nadeb enniva ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, derr, pullam ennivayude patanam muthal, aamasonin purathu object-iniishyal kramatthilulla bhaashakalude udaaharanagal kandethiyittundu. mangaraayi (austreliya), aivoo (melanesia), paari (aphrica) enniva ithil ulppedunnu. purathana mesopotamian bhashayaaya harian athinte saakshyappeduthiya rachanayil object-iniishyal oordar (osv) pathivayi upayogikkunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu bhaashayude sthira kramamaayi kanakkaakkaamo illayo ennathu charchaavishayamaanu.
typologically, object-iniishyal oordar oru ovan gadanaykkullil oesu oordarinte saannidhyamaayi vishakalanam cheyyaan kazhiyum, kaaranam object vishaythinum kriyaykkum munbilaanu varunnath. japanese, turkish thudangiya sove kramatthilulla bhaashakalilaan oova ghadana saadhaaranayaayi kaanappedunnath. saadhaaranayaayi ovan gadanayumaayi bandhapetta savisheshathakalil prepositionukalekkaal (athaayath.iii. engleeshilennapole "veettil" ennathinekkaal "veettil" ennathupolulla nirmmithikalum, mattu savisheshathakalkoppam naamathinu munbaayi janithakaghadana sthaapikkunnathum. object-iniishyal bhaashakale sambandhichidatholam, edward ell. udaaharanathinu, ovi oordarumaayi bandhapetta savisheshathakal hixcaryanayil undennu inkian III (1978) rekhappeduthunnu.
eee paatten pradarshippikkunna ergative-obsolutive bhaashakalude kaaryatthil (mangaraayiyum paari polullava), kramatthile aadya ghadakam saankethikamaayi "object" allah, marichu "ebsolutive" aanennu maatthyoo dryer (1997) nirddeshikkunnu, kaaranam "vishayam", "object" (nominative-accusative maathrkaykku ettavum anuyojyamaayathu) ennivayude parambaraagatha ashayangal krithyamaayi baadhakamalla. athinaal, eee prathyeka bhaashakale object-iniishyal ennathinekkaal ablutive-iniishyal ennu visheshippikkunnathu kooduthal uchithamayirikkum.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
1963 ll joseph greenberg thante aadyathe saarvathrika padamaayi vasthukkalkk munbulla vishayangalude pravanatha nirddeshichappol muthal oru sthira padha kramamaayi oesinte kuravu nireekshikkappedunnu. irupathaam noottaandile mattu bhaashaashaasthranjaraaya 1973-leeii theo venneman polum yadhaartha oesu bhashakal ottum saakshyappeduthiyittile prasthaavichu.
2013ll dryer 1377 bhashakalil sarway nadatthi, eathu padha kramangalaanu mattullavayekkaal kooduthal prabalamennu nirnnayikkaan. addehathinte kandethalukal chuvadeyulla pattikayil samgrahichirikkunnu
zoo/oesu dicotamy adisthaanathil, eee pattikaye rund bhagangalaayi tirikkaam moonnu oordarukal (sove, ezz. vii. oo, vii. ezz. oo) tableinte kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya pakuthiyaanu, athesamayam moonnu oo. ezz oordarukal (voos, oo. vii. ezz, oo. ezz. vii) saadhaaranamallaatha pakuthiyaanu. rund object-iniishyal oordarukal (ovs, osv) ettavum apoorvamaanu. ettavum kuranja saadhaaranamaaya oordar polum, vii. ezz. oo, ippozhum moonnu oo. ezz oordarukalum samyojippichathinekkaal (2.9%) kooduthal saadhaaranamaanu (6.9%).
hummerstrom (2016) 5252 bhaashakalude padha kramangal rund vidhathil sarway cheythu bhashakal nerittu ennukayum bhasha kudumbangalaal tharamthirikkukayum cheyyuka. eee rund reethikalum vyathyastha shathamaanangalode dryerude rankinginu samanamaaya padha kramangalude ranking nalkki
lokathile bhashakalil oesu oordarinekkaal angane oordarinu munganana nalkunnuvennu daatta kaanikkunnu. eee prathibhaasathinu bhaashaashaasthranjar niravadhi vishadeekaranangal nirddeshichittundu.
daurlabhyam sambandhicha saidhaanthika vishadeekaranangal.
kintan prasakthiyude thathwam.
vishayathe vasthuvin munnil nirthaan prerippikkunna oru prasakthamaaya thathwam kienkan (1978) prathipaadikkunnu.
oru saadhaarana vaakyathil, vishayam vishayathin thulyamaanu, i.iii. samsaarikkunna kaaryam. athinaal, vishayathin pradhamasthaanam nalkunna oru bhashayil, prabhaashakante prasangam avarkk vyakthiparamayi prasakthamaano allayo ennu (allengil ithinakam paranjathinodu prasakthamaano) oru shrothaavin udan nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. neremarichu, vishayam maattivaykkunna oru bhaashaykk athu ethratholam prasakthamaanennu nirnnayikkunnathin shrothaav uchaaranathinte oru valia bhagam prosess cheyyendathundu.
thaazhepparayunna udaaharana vaachakam edukkuka
joonn oru rashtreeya sthaanaarthiyaanenkil srothaakkal pinthunaykkunnundel, eee vaachakam shrothaakkalkk valare prasakthamaanu, joonn meshakal sajjeekarikkunna oru manushyan maathramaanengil. athinaal, shrothaakkalkk "yogam neratthe vittupoyathu" ennathinte prasakthi "joonn" nte prasakthiye aasrayichirikkunnu.
derr aandu pullam survivership bayas.
1979 leeii avarude padanatthil, bhashakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oesu bhaashakalude (prathyekichu object-iniishyal bhashakal) kuravu eathenkilum adisthaana gadanaaparamaaya prachodanathekkaal athijeevana pakshapaathatthinte falamaayirikkaamennu deryum pullavum soochippikkunnu. engleesh, franch, spanish, porchugees, dutch saamraajyangalude (ivayellaam ezz. vii. oo bhashakal samsaarikkunnu) colonial vipuleekaranavum athinte falamaayi avar kolanivalkkaricha bhookhandangalile bahujana bhasha vamshanasha sambhavangalum eee kramatthinteyum prathyekichu ezz. vii. oo. yudeyum aagola vyaapanam vardhippichuvennu avar vaadikkunnu. athinaal, bhaashakale kolanivalkkarichukondu vamshanaashathilekku nayicha anjjaathamaaya niravadhi oesu bhashakal undayirikkaam.
tilly thudangiyavar.: cognitive pakshapaatham.
tilly thudangiyavar. (2011) 285 thaddesheeya engleesh samsaarikkunnavarude sample upayogichu oru pareekshanam nadatthi. pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavare saadhyamaaya aarr padha kramangaludeyum nirmmitha bhashakalil lalithamaaya vaakyangal padippikkukayum thudarnnu avar vaakyaghadana ethratholam vijayakaramaayi nediyennu theliyikkaan eee bhashakalil pareekshanangal nadathukayum cheythu. oro vaakkinteyum kramatthil ethra pareekshanangal shariyaayi nadathiyennu gaveshakar kanakkakki
pankedukkunnavarellaam ezz. vii. oo. padakramamulla engleesh samsaarikkunna thaddesheeyaraanu enna vastutha eee phalangal pakshapaathaparamaanennu gaveshakar shradhikkunnu. ettavum mosham prakadanamulla rund oordarukal (osv, voos) enthukondaanu moonnu gadakangalil onnum ezz. vii. oo. yile athe sthaanathu illaathathennu ithu vishadeekarikkum. ennirunnaalum, eee engleesh pakshapaatham ellah oesu oordarukalumaayum thaarathamyappeduthumbol prathyekichu sovinteyum vsoyudeyum uyarnna krithyatha score oru paridhivare vishadeekarikkunnilla. rogikalkku munnil ejantumaare sthaapikkunnathinu anukoolamaayi oru saarvathrika vaijnjaanika pakshapaatham undaakaamenn gaveshakar anumaanikkunnu, ennaal eee sidhaantham engleesh bhaashayillaatha pankaalikalil ithuvare pareekshichittillennu shradhikkuka.
athum kaanuka.
oesu vaid oordarukal
mattu vaakk krama prathibhasangal

