
berbermar islam

vadakke aafrikkayile magrib mekhalayile oru thaddesheeya vamseeya vibhagamaanu berber (swayamnaamam "imassigen"). magrib musleem keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnu mikka berber gothrangalum oduvil musleengalaayi. nilavil, magrebile janasamkhyayude aarilonn aalukal berber bhaashakalilonn samsaarikkunnu (kooduthalum aljeeriyayilum morocoyilum), ennaal avaril bhooribhaagavum eathenkilum tharatthilulla arabiyum samsaarikkunnu. oru islaamika raashtram sthaapicha aadya arab ithara janathayaan berbermar.
pashchaathalam.
vadakke aafrikkan pradesham vividha tharatthilulla purajaatheeya achaarangal, joothamatham, kristhumatham ennivayulppede niravadhi mathangal aacharichu. baisaantains purappettathinte falamaayi aadyathe islaamika sakthikal vividha nagara-samsthaanangalude kadutha ethirppu nerittu. berber pradeshatthinte thekkan, thekkupadinjaaran bhaagangalile ettavum durbalaraayavar padinjarottu praadeshikamaayi aarambhicha vipuleekarana shramathil eejipshyan khaleefayude keezhil islaamika sainyathin munnil aadyam veenu. ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil (eiii 660) nadanna aadya sramamaanithu.dii.) islaamika sainyathinte nirnnayaka paraajayathinu kaaranamaayi. berber raajnji dihiya (allengil kaahina) magrib keezhadakkiyathinu thaddesheeya cheruthunilppinu neethrthwam nalki. anchu varshakkalam avar ooras parvathanirakal muthal gadamesinte oyaasis vare (695-700 CE) oru swatantra berber samsthaanam bharichuvenkilum oduvil oorasil ippozhum avalude peru vahikkunna "birr alle kaahina" enna kinarinu sameepamulla pooraattatthil kollappettu.
750ll khaleefamaar damascasil thangalude command kendreekarichu, madeena, damascus, baghdad, eejipt ennividangalil ninnulla islaamika senayude oru sakhyam greasile thudarchayaaya paraajayangaletthudarnnu randaamathe shramathil madangi. oru sakhyathile islaamika sakthikal thekk ninnu vadakke aafrikkayiloode medittareniyan kadal keezhadakkunnathu punaraarambhichu. kooduthal nayathanthraparamaaya randaamathe sramam pradhaanamaayum marubhoomi aasthaanamaayulla mouttaaniyan gothrangalumaayi (moroco aadhunika aljeeriyayude padinjaarum) pinneedu numediayumaayi vijayakaramaya sakhyathinu kaaranamaayi. puthiya vadakkupadinjaaran aafrikkan gothrangal thangalude pothu shatru romumaayi ettumuttunnathinaayi oru sakhyasenaye samghadippikkaanulla shramathil musleem khaleefakalude ambasadermaaraayum avarkkuvendi brokermara maari. puthiya sameepanam malayora pradeshangalile numedian gothrangalkk mikacha reethiyil sweekarikkappedukayum europilekkum aathyanthikamayi romilekum medittareniyan kadalinaduthum oru samyuktha sainika samrambhathinaayi vijayakaramaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. oru moorish thalavanaaya taarikh ibn siyad islaaminte pacha pathaakaykk keezhil eee sakthamaaya sainyathe nayikkukayum europilekku purappedukayum iberian upadveepinte bhooribhaagavum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. appozhaan eejipthinte padinjaaru vadakke africa middle eesttile janangal "alle-magrib" allengil "vestt" ennu vilichathu.
670ll, ukba ibn nafiyude neethrthwathil islaamika sakhyam tunis upadveepil thangalude camp sthaapikkukayum innathe tunisil ninnu 160 kilometer thekk kairovan nagaram sthaapikkukayum cheythu. padinjaaran numediakkaarkkethireyum aadhunika aljeeriyayile malambradeshangalilum kooduthal pravarthanangalkkaayi musleengal eee nagaratthe oru thaavalamaayi upayogichu. ukbayude pingamiyaaya abu alle muhajir dinar thaazhnna numedian kaarshika thaazhvarakalile graamangalkk nereyundaaya thudarchayaaya akramanangal, ekopithamallaatha numedian gothrangale oduvil kristhyan berbermaarude vipulamaaya konfedareshanu vendi parivartthanam cheyyappetta numedian medaaviyaaya kusailayiloode oru "modus vivendi" roopeekarikkaan nirbandhitharaakki. tlemsen aasthaanamaayi pravarthichirunna kusaila islam matham sweekarikkukayum thante aasthaanam kairovaaninaduthulla takirvaanilekku maattukayum cheythu.
berbermarkidayile islaamika prasamgakarude sahishnutha islaamika khilaafathinte bhooribhaagathinteyum niyanthranam vahichirunna umayyad raajavamshathin avarude pinthuna urappunalkiyilla. avarude bharanaprathinidhikal berbermark kanatha nikuthi chumatthi, mathaparivarthanam cheythavare randaamkida pouranmaaraayi kanakkakki, thekk, durbala naadodi gothrangale adimakalaakki avare anyavalkkarichu. thalphalamaayi, karijaitt islaaminte baanarin keezhil vyapakamaaya prathipaksham aii. dii. 1ll thuranna kalaapathinte roopam sweekarichu. khaarijistukal kizhakk umayyad bharanathinethire pooraadukayum niravadhi berbermar eee vibhaagathinte samathvaparamaaya pramaanangalal aakarshikkappedukayum cheythu. raashtrathinte niyanthranathilullavarude paarambarya avakashamenna nilayil vishwaasathinte niyanthranam nadathunna romanmaarumaayi (samsthaana matham) poraadiya athe numedians aanu prashnam. vamsham, sthaanam, pravaachakan muhammadinte vamshavali enniva kanakkiledukkathe anuyojyanaaya eathoru musleethinum khaleefayaayi thiranjedukkaamenna adisthaanathilaanu khaarijisam ennariyappedunna puthiya vibhaagam janichathu.
kalapathinushesham, khaarijistukal vadakke aafrikkan malambradeshangalil niravadhi gothraraajyangal sthaapichu. avarude suraksha praathinidyamillaathe nikuthiyode vaangi. arabic padamaaya "mouraabidaun" ennathil ninnu "maaraboutts" ennariyappedunna oru koottam islaamika prathinidhikalum nikuthidaayakarum sthaapikkappettu, allengil gothrangalile muthirnnavarude praadeshika gotra kaunsilum (arck) tunisile kendra adhikariyum thammilulla relayil parimithappedutthiyirunna punk attaachukal. avarkk pallikaloo adhikaarangalo undaayirunnilla. avarude veedukal avarude kwartezhsaayi pravartthikkukayum saadhaaranayaayi oru thaazhikakkudam upayogichu nirmmikkukayum avaykku mukalil arabi padam "kwoba", berber vann "taa kwobe-ttu" (cheria thaazhikakkudam) ennivayundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pradhana vyapara pathakalil vyaapichukidakkunna sijilmasa, tillimson thudangiya mattu pradeshangalum gothrangalum kooduthal laabhakaravum abhivridhi praapichathumaanennu thelinju. 750-ll, khaleefayude bharanadhikaarikalaayi umayyadukalude pingamikalaaya abbaasidukal khaleefayude thalasthaanam baghdadilekku maattukayum ifrikkiyayil islaamika adikaaram punasthaapikkukayum ibrahim ibnu alle-aghlaabine kairovan govarnoraayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. khaleefayude ishtaprakaaram naamamaathramaayi sevanamanushtichuvenkilum, alle-aghlaabum addehathinte pingamikalaaya aghlaabidukalum 909 vare swathanthramaayi bharichu, padanathinteyum samskaarathinteyum kendramaayi marria oru kodathikku adhyakshatha vahichu.
aghlaabid pradeshangalude padinjaaru, abd arr-rahman ibn-rustam aljiyezhsinte thekkupadinjaarulla tahertle ninnu madhya-padinjaaran magrabinte bhooribhaagavum bharichu. 761 muthal 909 vare neenduninna rustamid imaamettinte bharanadhikaarikalaaya oro ibadi khaarijaitt imam pramukha pouranmaaraanu thiranjedukkappettathu. sathyasandhatha, bhakti, neethi ennivayil imaamukal prashasthi nedi. ganithashaasthram, jyothishaasthram, jyotisham, daivashaasthram, niyamam ennivayile paandithyatthe pinthunachathinte peril tahertile kodathi shradheyamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, restamid imaamukal, thiranjedukkunnathiloode avagananayiloodeyo, vishwasaneeyamaaya oru sainyathe samghadippikkunnathil parajayappettu. eee pradhana ghadakam, raajavamshathinte aathyanthika thakarchayodoppam, faathimidukalude aakramanathil tahertinte maranathinu vazhiyorukki.
alle-aandalasile berberukal.
711ll ibeeriyayil praveshicha muslimkal pradhaanamaayum berbermarayirunnu, avare nayichathu oru berber taarikh ibn siyad aayirunnu, ennirunnaalum damascasile arab khaleefa abd alle malikkinteyum addehathinte vadakkan aafrikkan viceroi moosa ibn nusairinteyum aadhipathyathilaayirunnu. arabikaludeyum berbermarudeyum randaamathe mishrasainyam 712ll ibnu nusairinte keezhil vannu. ibeeriyayile islaamika janasamkhyayude ekadesham 66 sathamaanavum avaraanenn avakaashappedunnu; alle-aandalasil umayyad khaleefa abd arr-rahman onnaamane avar sahayichathaayi karuthappedunnu, kaaranam addehathinte amma oru berberaayirunnu.
umayyad iberia pidichadakkiya samayat, arabikalumaayi cheria sanbarkkathode gotra vishwaasathe adisthaanamaakki berbermar svanthamaayi sainika unitukal roopeekarichu. serdaniayil (kizhakkan pyreneekal) nilayurappichirunna berber kamaandaraaya uthman ibn neissa, vasconia, akvitteyn ennivayude mail duke aaya oodoo dhii grettumaayi oru sakhyathil oppuvaykkukayum central cordovan bharanathil ninnu svayam verpeduthukayum taamasiyaathe oru raajyam sthaapikkukayum cheythuvenkilum 731-ll abdul rahman alle gafikkiyaal adichamarthappettu.
eee ghattathil, berbermar upariplavamaayi islaamaayi maarukayum avarude paarambaryangalil islaamumaayi vyathyastha alavilulla mathaparamaya swaamsheekaranathode thoongikkidakkukayum cheythu. berber kalaapathil (740-742) cheraan thangalude andalusian autposttukal upekshicha galishyayil nilayurappicha berbermar kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheythathayi reportund. avar merrida uparodham nadathiyathinekkurichulla vivaranagal avar akkaalat musleengalaayirunnille vyakthamaakkunnu. taifa kaalaghattatthil, cheria rajaakkanmaar vividha vamseeya vibhagangalil ninnaan vannath; chilar-udaaharanathinu granadayile syrid rajaakkanmaar-berber vamshajaraayirunnu. almoravid rajavamsham alle-andalus etteduthappol taifa kaalaghattam avasaanichu; avarude pingamiyaayi morocoyil ninnulla almohad rajavamsham adhikaaramettu, aaa samayat alle-andalus abhivridhippettu.
adhikara shreniyil, arabi prabhukkanmarkkum muladi janangalkkum idayilaanu berberukal sthithicheythirunnathu. vamseeya sathrutha andalusi raashtreeyathinte gadakangalilonnaanu.
khaleefayude pathanathinushesham, toledo, badajos, malaga, granada ennee typha rajyangalil berber bharanadhikaarikal undaayirunnu.