hart oo. burg

hart austhaimar berg (1865-1941) amerikkayil janicha oru enchineeyarum bisinasukaaranumaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil noothana vyaavasaayika uthppannangalude atlaantik kadannulla prachaaranatthinu addeham prashasthanaaya addeham europile raitt sahodaranmaarude vyomayaana thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarichathinaanu kooduthal ariyappedunnathu.
jananam, kudumbam, aadyakaala jeevitam.
1865 march 23 nuu philadelphiyayile jirard avanyoovinu mukalilulla franklin streettil jarmman jootha vamshajaraaya pensylvanian vamshajanaaya josephinteyum louisa berginteyum makalaayi berg janichu. addehathinte pithaav oru vasthra nirmmaathaavaayirunnu, addehathinte amma paarees, vienna, berlin, lunden ennividangalil offeesukalulla vipulamaaya irakkumathi-kayattumathi bisinasinte prinsippalukalaaya alfred, vilyam, jorjju austaimar ennivarude sahodariyaayirunnu. addehathinte cussinsil doow. mouris austaimarum bhaarya maartha maashilveynum maartha, mouris austaimar estettu udamasthathayilullavarum ulppedunnu.
swakaarya skoolukalil hajaraaya sesham, vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkaanum beljiyathile leejil enchineeyaraayi yogyatha nedaanum kaumaarapraayatthil bergine europilekku ayachu. 1880 kalude avasaanathil addeham francinum amerikkaykkum idayil niravadhi thavana kappal yaatra cheyyukayum thanikk "thozhililla" ennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu, ennaal 1891 aayappozhekkum addeham svayam "vyaapaari" ennu visheshippikkukayum newyork aasthaanamaakki eejipt indiayum sandarshikkukayum cheythu.
aayudhangalude nirmmaanam.
1893 oode addeham connectikkattile hartfordil sthirathaamasamaakki, avide coltinte pettant fayar ams nirmmaana kambaniyil maanejment niyamanam nedi. kambani athinte athinte revolver uthppaadippikkukayum joonn emm-ll ninnulla licensinu keezhil keezhil mesheen gann vikasippikkukayum cheytha samayathaan addeham coultil athiyathu. browning. rund padhathikalumaayum berg bandhappettirunnathayi parayappedunnu.
1896 aayappozhekkum addeham leejumaayulla bandham puthukki, beljian nirmmathaavaaya fabric naashanal dii armus dii guerreyil (efn) seeniyar padaviyil chernnu. efn aayudangal mathramalla saikkilukalum motorcycleukalum nirmmikkukayum 1897-ll marpappa nirmmaana kambani avatharippicha saikkil roopakalppanayile purogathi anweshikkaan berg hartfordylake madangukayum cheythu. thante sandarshanathinide addeham puthiya "chainless saikkil" sambandhicha efninte nirmmaana avakashangal charcha cheyyukayum joonn brouningine kandumuttukayum cheythu. browning aduthide amerikkayil coult nirmmikkunnathinum vilkkunnathinumaayi thante roopakalppanayude pistalukalkku licenses nalkiyirunnu. eee kuttikalil ninnu ninnu pisttalinte prototype vikasanathinaayi thiranjedutthirunnu.
browning eee thokkinte bharam kuranja oru model srishtikkukayum europian vipanikkayi thanne ithu nirmmikkaan uddeshikkukayum cheythu. efn athinte nirmmaanam ettedukkaan oru pradhana sthaanaarthiyaanennu berg addehathe bodhyappedutthi, 1897 joolaiyil joolaiyil aayi maariyathin europian avakashangal nalkunna oru karar avasaanichu. adutha varsham beljiyathile pisttalinte ulppaadanathinu melnottam vahikkaan brouningine prerippikkunnathil berg parajayappettu, ennaal efn athinte nirmmaanam aaa kambaniyude bhagyam maattukayum brouningumaayulla deerghakaala bandhathinu aditharayittu (1924 ll efn parisarathu vachu maricha).
automobile bisinesses.
1897ll poppu nirmmaana kambani thangalude columbia kaarukalkkulla videsha nirmmaana avakashangal wilkan bergine niyogichu. eee edapazhakalukal franch, jarmman, beljian fabricatormarkku licenses nalkunnathilekku nayichu, berg thanne poppinte associate, electric vehicle kambaniyude yooroppinte director generalayi.
columbia running gearil gadippichirikkunna rund seettar motor vandikalum pheytonukalum nirmmikkunnathinum sevikkunnathinumaayi fraansil addeham sosaitti ell electramotion sthaapichu. iva levellois-perettil kootticherkkappettu, avide paareesinu sameepam nirmmikkunna aadyathe pradhana automobile faaktariyude klement-bayaardinte nirmmaanathinum addeham melnottam vahichu. akkaalat addehathe klement-bayaardinte "cheef enchineeyar" ennu visheshippichirunnuve addeham pravarthicha niravadhi kazhivukalil onnaanith. 1899 joolaiyil, vaahanathinte sahishnuthayude pareekshanatthil, addeham oru columbia electric tuu-seettarinte chakram eduthu, athesamayam gustav philipart (aadhunika diaboloyude srashtaavu) 76 kilometer akale longchaambil oru columbia electric faittan oodichu.
1902-ll addeham francinum amerikkaykkum idayil marimari pravartthikkukayum american vipanikkayi oru europian shailiyilulla kaar (samakaalika panhard modalil ninnu pakarthiya) nirmmikkunnathinayi ohaayoyile clevelandil berg automobile kambani sthaapikkukayum cheythu. berg ennu vilikkappedunna ithu thudakkathil 2 silindar enchinaanu upayogichirunnathenkilum amerikkayil nirmmicha atharam aadyathe automobilukalilonnaaya 4 silindar 24 break hozhs power toureraayi naveekarichu. mattu nirmmaathaakkalil ninnu labhicha bhagangal upayogichu cleveland mesheen scru faaktariyil (electric vehicle kambaniyude parisarathu ninnu "oru paas verthirichirikkunnu") ithu kootticherkkukayum 1903 ll newyork oottoo shoyil aadyamaayi pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. kambani euclid enna mattoru model roopakalppana cheythu, pakshe ithu orikkalum uthppaadanathinu konduvannilla, 1904 ll berg newyorkkile worthington automobile kambanikku bisinesses vittu.
paarees pradarshanam.
addeham thante austhaimar bandhukkalil ninnu swathanthramaayi pravarthichirunnuvena, adhehavum ammavan jorjju austhaimarum (paareesile american chamber oof komezhsinte aadya sekrattari) 1900 leeii paarees expositionil anthaaraashtra award jooriyile thonnootti anchu american naamanirddesham cheyyappetta amgangalil ulppettirunnu, berg mesheen tool classile jooraraayirunnu. ithumaayi bandhapetta avarude sevanagalkk iruvareyum franch lejian oof oonarinte naitts aakki. yunaittad stetts gavanmentinte oru report yuu. esumaayulla berginte "hridayangamamaaya sahakaranathe" paraamarshichu.ezz. pradarshanatthil vakuppinte lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathinu yanthra, vaidyuthi vakupp.
chaals aarr. yumayullah bandham. flint.
1904 muthal chaals aarr. bergumaayi vaanijyathil bandhappettirunnu. flint. avarude bisinessil thudakkathil russia-jappan yudhasamayathu rashyayilekkulla aayudha vitharanavum berginte oafees bays sent peettezhsbarginum berlinumidayil marimari pravartthikkukayum cheythirunnu.
saiman thadaakam roopakalppana cheythathum ennaal american naavikasena vaangaan visammathichathumaya osettar klaas antharvaahiniyil russiakkaarkkum japanese pouranmaarkkum thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. chaals flint oru prabhaathabhakshana yogathilekku thadaakathe vilichuvaruthi, athe divasam thanne russiayil oru vilppana charcha cheyyaan berginu kazhiyumennu addeham avakashappettu. berg krithyamaayi pravartthikkukayum manikkoorukalkullil thadaakathinu oru cable labikkukayum pareekshanangal vijayakaramaanennu thelinjaal oru antarvahiniyum anchu ennam koodi oordar cheyyukayum cheythu. adutha moonnu varshathinullil eee aarr antharvaahinikalude rashyaykkullile kettidatthinte melnottatthil berg earppettu, koodaathe uparithala pooraattatthinaayi valia caliber thokkukal aadyamaayi gadippicha naalennam koodi. polayil austriya-hungerick vendi rund thadaaka antharvaahinikal vilkkunnathilum nirmmikkunnathilum addeham pradhana pankuvahichu.
flintum berg thammilulla saambathika bandhatthinte vishadaamshangal avyakthamaanu. 1908 ll oru house oof representatives select kammittikk munbaake nadanna hearingukalil, "misttar berg ente associate ejantum aanu" ennum "misttar lekkinu vendi pravartthikkumbol addeham ente associate koodiyaanu" ennum flint prasthaavichu. athe kammittikk nalkia thadaakatthinte thelivukal kooduthal velippeduthunnathaayirunna "njangalude bandham misttar flintumaayi nerittu illa. njangalude nerittulla bandham misttar bergumaayi aanu, misttar flint eathenkilum vidhathil addehavumaayi thirichariyappedunnu. oraal samudrathinte oru vashathum matoraal maruvashathum vyapaaram nadathunnu.
berg russiayil jolie cheiyumbozhaanu powered flaitt mekhalayile raitt sahodaranmaarude purogathiyekkurichu flint bodhavaanaakukayum avarude "flyer" americaykku purathu wilkan oru prathyeka ejansiye nedunnathinulla charchakal aarambikkukayum cheythath. thante vaanijyaparamaaya moolyanirnnayathinaayi addeham raittukalude purogathiyude vishadaamshangal report cheythu. akkaalat berginte offeesil thaamasichirunna saiman lake, reportinekkurichu anukoolamaayi abhipraayappettuvenkilum thudarnnulla anantharafalangalilonnil khedichuvennu oormmippichu, "flintum raitt sahodaranmaarum enikku oru manushyan undaayirunna ettavum mikacha ejantine chelavazhichu, kaaranam berg flying mesheenil thalpparyam valarthiyathinaal addeham ente contraptionukal mikkavarum marannu".
valathupaksha sahodaranmaarude praathinidhyam.
raittukalude kandupiduthathekkurithu vilayiruthalil berg thudakkathil mandabudhiyaayirunnu. 1907 meyy maasathil wilber raitt athinte yaadhaarthyavum praadhaanyavum bodhyappeduthunnathinayi europilekku pooyi. raittinte enchiniyaring prathibhayeyum addehathinte aakhyaanathinte vishwaasyathayeyum kurichu pettennu bodhyapetta berg addehathe paareesile mattu swaadheenamulla vyakthikaleyum parichayappedutthi. wilber berginte bahumanam thiricharinju, thante sahodaran oorvilleyodu addehathe "valare melinja kaii" ennu visheshippichu... valare praayogikamaanu... oru manushyaneppole thanne aaveshabharithanaayirikkukayum aalukalilekku athicheraan addehathinu sarikkum sradheyamaaya oru soukaryamundu ".
novemberil chaals flint & kambaniyeyum hart bergine americaykku purathulla eaka ejantumaaraayi samyukthamaayi niyamichu, raitsinte 'flyer' vilppana, nirmmaanam allengil upayogam ennivaykkulla karaarukal charcha cheiyunnathinum sahodaranmaarude kandupiduthangalude udamasthaavakaashavum chooshanavum ettedukkunnathinu kambanikal sthaapikkunnathinum. franch, jarmman sarkkaarukalumaayi vilppana charchakal nadannuvenkilum thudakkathil thanne berg pratheekshichathupole, swakaarya nikshepakarumaayittaayirunnu oduvil karaarukal oppuvachathu.
1908 maarchil berg pradhaanamaayum koottichertthathum lazar veylarinteyum dutch dii laa miyoorthinteyum neethrthwathil oru syndicate, puthuthayi roopeekaricha kambaniyaaya kompagni general naashanal dii naavigeshan eriyan vazhi sahodaranmaarude vimanathinulla franch avakasham nedi. pakaramaayi raittukalkk oru panavum kambaniyile oharikalum labhikkendivannappol flint & kambaniyum berg oharikalkku subscribe cheiyunnathinu avarude ejansi krameekaranatthinu keezhil kammeeshan avakasham prayogikkendathaayirunnu. eee krameekaranangal raitsinte vimaanathinte nilavile modalinu vidheyamaayirunnu, prakadana pareekshanangal vijayakaramaayi poortthiyaakki.
pareekshanagalkkulla thayyaareduppu, raittukalkk aavashyamaaya gadakangalum upakaranangalum shekharikkal, vimaanathinte enchin barricand ettu maar nirmmikkunnath nireekshikkal, saadhyamaaya trial lokkeshanukal upayogichu sarway nadatthal ennivayil berg pradhana punk vahichu. berginte pazhaya suhruthu liyon boolii enchiniyaring jolikalkkaayi vilbarinu swatantra factory idam anuvadikkukayum leeii maansinu sameepam saadhyamaaya pareekshana maithaanangal kaanikkukayum cheythu. eee bergill ninnu addeham prathimasa vaadakayum vimanangal kaanunnathinulla praveshanathinaayi ticket vilppanayude pathinanju sathamaanavum nalkia hunadiyarasile rescourse thiranjedutthu. raittukal munbu thangalude yanthrangal pothujanangalude kannil ninnu akattinirthaan ishtappettirunnuvenkum, barginte swaadheenathil, ippol gettu panatthil ninnu ganyamaaya varumanam nedaan thudangi.
leeii maansil athiyappol, kazhinja varsham francilake kayattumathi cheythathumuthal sambharanathilundaayirunna raitts modalinte bhagangal mosham packing kaaranam gathaagathathil kedupaadukal sambhavichathayi kandethi. juun avasaanathinum august aadyathinum idayil wilber attakuttappanikalilum asambliyilum earppettirunnu, joolaiyil niravadhi divasathekku berg joliyil sahayichu.
august 8 muthal pareekshanagalkkulla thayyaareduppinaayi raitt idaykkide vimanangal oodichu. addehathinte yanthrathinte kazhivukal nireekshakare bhayappeduthukayum sahodaranmaarude nettathekkurichulla europian samshayathe illaathaakkukayum cheythu. wilber ottaraathrikond oru celebrityaayi maarukayum addehathinte thanthrangal kaanaan aayirakkanakkin aalukal thadichukoodukayum cheythappol, "pras ejantinteyum amgarakshakanteyum eratta rolil" berg anivaaryamaanennu thelinju.
vilbarinte aadya vijayakaramaya pradarshanatthe abhivaadyam cheytha theevramaaya aaveshathil, berg "saddle ninnu purathuvarunnathinu munbu misttar raittine rund kavilukalilum chumbikkunna tharatthil kondupoyi" ennu report cheyyappettu, ennaal reportinte sathyam tharkkathilaanu. oru american prasidheekaranavumaayi photographic avakaashangalude prathyekatha charcha cheythukondu, avar madakki avarude camerakal upayogikkillennu sammathichathinushesham maathrame athu thudarumennu photographermaare ariyichappol aaa berg vimaanathinte prathyaaghaathavum vaanijya avasaravum shariyaayi pratheekshichathaayi vyakthamaayi.
leeii maansile kaaryangalude nadatthippil berginte punk valare samagramaayi kanakkakkappettathinaal addehathe "misttar raittinte guide, thathwachinthakan, suhruthu, dhanakaarya vidagthan" ennu visheshippichu. septambaril virjeeniyayile fort myyaril mattoru raitt model apakadatthil pettu oorvilleyude yaathrakkaaran kollappedukayum oorvilleykku thanne gurutharamaayi parikkelkkukayum cheythathinekkurichulla vaartha vilbarinu kaimaria addeham athu poornnamaayum veendedukkaan kazhinjilla.
october 7 nuu, 3 minitt 24 second dairkhyamulla vimaanathil aadyamaayi vilbarinte yaathrakkaaranaayi berg ethi, thottupinnaale berginte bharya vilbarinoppam 2 minitt 3 second parannu, ithu "oru sthree lokath evideyum nadatthiya aadyathe yadhaartha parakkal" ennaanu visheshippikkappedunnathu. moonnu divasathinu sesham, oduvil weiler sindikkettumaayulla raitt sahodaranmaarude karaarinte aavasyakathakal niravettunna kayattamundaayi, maasaavasaanathode berginu report cheyyaan kazhinju, "njangalude ellah sramangalum ippol franch sarkkaaril ninnu oru oordar nedunnathil kendreekarichirikkunnu. angane cheyyaan njangal oro charadukalum valikkunnu ".
1909 januvariyil berg paavil oru puthiya parakkal feeld sthaapichu, athilekku wilber athinte choodulla kaalaavasthayude nettatthinaayi maatti. pou, oorville raittilekku yaatra cheyyumbol, addehathinte sahodari catherine, srimati berg ennivar train mattoraalumaayi koottiyidichu daxil thakarnnuveenathine thudarnnu parikkil ninnu rakshapettu. adutha maasam speyinile rajaavaaya alphonso avarude partyil cherukayum, raajaavine vilbarinte yaathrakkaaranaakunnathil ninnu pinthirippichathaayi oru paridhivare apratheekshithamaayi report cheyyappetta berg addehathe raittukaare parichayappedutthukayum cheythu.
maarchil edward ettaaman rajaavu avare sandarshikkukayum eprilil avar itaaliyan sainyathin vilppana charcha cheyyaan vanna romilwech rajaavaaya immaanuvaline kandumuttukayum cheythu. pinneedulla avasarathil pradarshana vimaanangalkkayi centosel airfield sthaapichathinte bahumati berginaanu, avidevechu oru baloonil ninnaan addeham vilbarinte aadya aakaashachitram eduthathu. eee rajakeeya ettumuttalukalil wilber thante vimaanathinte samvidaanam sandarshakarodu engleeshil vishadeekarichu, ennaal videsha bhashayil praaveenyam aavashyamullappol, berg vishadeekaranam nalki-fraansile president falliermark jarmman kireedavakashi wilhemin kudumbatthinum yanthram kaanichathupole. kireedaavakaashiyude sandarshanasamayathu, nikshepakarude oru syndicate germmaniyil raitt vimanangal nirmmikkunnathinum vipananam cheiyunnathinumaayi flugmashin raitt gmbh samyojippichirunnu. raitts athinte thalasthaanatthinte moonnilonnu subscribe cheyyukayum berg athinte supervisory boardil amgamaayirunnu.
1909 joolaiyil berg doveril sannihithanaayappol luis bleeriyat bleeriyat XI yill engleesh chaanal kadannu raitts malsarikkaruthennu theerumaanicha chalanchu sammanam nedi. addehathinte vimaanayaathrayethudarnn bleeriyat cork jackettil ninnum melkkoorakalil ninnum berg addehathinu nalkia vasthrangalayi maari. kadam vangiya jaakkattinte lapalil berginte lejian oof oonarinte pattunool riban undaayirunnu bleeriyat athu neekkam cheyyaan thudangiyappol, berg avane thadanju, "ningalkk athu udan dharikkan avakaashamundenn enikku urappund" ennu paranju. pittennu bleeriyattine oordarinte kuthirayakki, bergine officer rankilekku uyarthi.
aaa varsham februvariyil berg thante pazhaya sahapravarthakanaaya echu. pii. maxim vikasippichedutha gann sailensarinte europian avakashangal maxim vaangukayum cheythu. shabdathaal vanchikkappedaatha oru shathruvine kandethaan yudhathil nisshabdamaaya vedivayppu vimaanathe anivaaryamaakkumenn maadyamangalodu paranjukondu berg thante vyomayaana thalpparyangal prolsaahippikkaanulla avasaram paazhakkiyilla. yudhathil antharvaahinikalude vinyaasam "checkmate" cheyyaan vyoma nireekshanatthinu kazhiyumennu addeham neratthe prakhyaapichirunnu.
1909 augustile reims eviyeshan malsarangalil raitt vimaanangalude vimanangal "raittukalude thalpparyangalil oru associate enna nilayil addehathinu labhicha abhinandanangalil samthrupthiyode thilangi". sarkkar karar labhichittillenkilum franch kambani nirmmicha vimanangalkkulla oordarukal thudakkathil prothsaahajanakamaayirunnu. meyy maasathode, maikkal clemenzo (pradhaanamantri clemensoyude makan) maathram irupathiyanchu yanthrangal vaangiyirunnuvenkilum avayil chilath jarmmaniyilekku kayattumathi cheiyunnathu jarmman nikshepakaril prasnangal srishtichu. eee prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi, raitsinte pettant samrakshanathinte paryaapthathayekkurichu thudakkam muthal aashankaakulanaayirunna berg, europilum athinappurathum boudhika swathavakaasha rajistreshante samagramaya oru paripaadikku prerippichu.
valathupaksha sahodaranmaarumaayulla bandham avasaanikkunnu.
1910-ll munnott pookumbool 1909-leeii avesham illaathaayi. europil sahodaranmaarude athiraalikal srishticha yanthrangal recordukal thakarkkukayum vaangunnavare aakarshikkukayum cheythappol raitt modalinu thudarchayaayi apakadangal neridendi vannu. eee heinrich haasukalilonnil, flugmashin raittinte pailat kollappettu. raitt modalinte eratta-propeller roopakalppanayaanu apakadangalkk kaaranamenn parakke aaropikkapettu, 1910 navambarode franch, jarmman, spanish sarkkarukal eratta-scru vimaanagalkk oordar nalkillennu soochippichirunnu. kazhinja aarr maasathinide jarmman kambani onno rando vilppana maathrame nadathiyittulloo, franch kambani onnum cheythilla.
amerikkayil avatharippicha design mechappeduthalukalekkurale vivarangal pankidunnathil raittukal parajayappettathinaal propeller prashnathinu purame, athinte yanthram doshakaramaanennu flugmashin raitt parathippettu. berg cable wilber adiyanthiramaayi europilekku varaan aavasyappedukayum twin-skruvumaayi bandhapetta sankeernamaaya nirmmaanam kaaranam, "mattethoru yanthrathekkaalum raitt mesheen apakadakaramaanennu" addeham karuthunnuvennu paranju flint & kambanikku kathezhuthukayum cheythu. roopakalppanayil mattangal varuthi jarmman kambaniye naveekarikkunnathile parajayam "karaarinte vyakthamaaya lamghanamaanu" ennu thaan vishwasikkunnuvennum franch, jarmman kambanikal sameepabhaviyil gurutharamaaya saambathika budhimuttukal neridumennu thaan bhayappedunnuvennum addeham koottichertthu.
1909 juulai muthal taanum oorvilleyum avarude american pravarthanangalil ninnu ekadesham 200,000 dollar sambaadichathaayi wilber raitt paranju-"eratta-propellermaar muthalaayavarkk ithu oru mosham kathayalla". ennirunnaalum, oorville berlinilekk pooyi, "gyroscopic aakshan kaaranam oru propeller design saadhyamalla" ennu wilber munkootty avakaashappettengilum, addeham jarmman kambanikku atharamoru design nalki.
berginte aashankakalude velichathil, flint & kambani raitsinte europian prathinidhi enna nilayil raaji samarppichu, "njangal athu cheiyunnathu njangalkk vendiyaanu, misttar berginu vendiyalla, ningalkk addehavumaayulla bandham thudaraanaakumennu vishwasikkunnu, athu njangalkkellavarkkum valare santhoshakaramaanennu thelinju". 1911 maarchil raitts, flint, berg ennivar koodikkaazhcha nadathunnathuvare vaagdaanam cheytha rajikkulla prathikaranam maattivachu. aaa koodikkaazhchayude oru nimishavum nilanilkkunnathayi thonnunnilla, ennaal thudarnnulla kathidapaadukal oru vashath sahodaranmaar thammilulla "othutheerppu", maruvashathu flint, berg ennivaye paraamarshichu.
franch, jarmman kambanikalude director berg thudarnnu, ennaal aadyathethu athinte mooladhanam theerkkukayum athinte pravartthanangal sosaitti astrike kaimarukayum cheythu, athinu athu valareyadhikam kadappettirikkukayum oru raitt pettant cases nashtappettathinetthudarnn 1913 ll jarmman kambani adachupoottukayum cheythu. 1912 februvariyil berg paareesil ninnu report cheythath "avaril ninnu nishedhaathmakamaaya amgeekaaramallaathe ellah tharatthilum raitsinte kesine sahayichu" ennum "avar ivide ente saannidhyam avaganikkukayum maasangalaayi ennodu oru kathidapaadum nadathaathirikkukayum cheyyumbol avare prathinideekarikkaan sramikkunnathu thudarendathu sangalppikkaanaavilla" ennum aayirunnu. taamasiyaathe wilber raitt marichu.
pinneedu bisinesses pravartthanangal.
raitts prathinidhiyenna nilayil thante kaalaghattatthil munnott pookaan berg pravarthicha mattu bisinesses thalpparyangalil amerikkayil addeham prothsaahippicha gyro monoreyil samvidaanamaaya august sherl (flugmashin raittile oru ohari udama) ulppedunnu. 1911-ll addeham newyork, philadelphia, boosttan, chikkago, sent luis ennividangalil eee samvidaanathinte pradarshanangal samghadippichenkilum monoreyil ganyamaaya thaalparyam aakarshichenkilum saambathika pinthuna nedunnathil parajayappettu.
onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathindum jarmman adhinivesham beljian siviliyanmaarkk ealppicha svakaaryathakalethudarnnum, vijayakaramaya american enchineeyarmaaril ninnu herbert hoover kootticherttha beljiyathile durithaashwaasa kammeeshante patthu sakthamaaya executivil oraalaayirunnu berg, "yudhathil avarkk thaalpparyamulla niravadhi samrambhangal thaalkkaalikamaayi nirthivachathinaal kaiyilulla jolic athinaayi chelavazhikkaan ozhivusamayathinum nannayi sajjeekarichirikkunnu".
abhivridhi praapichukondirunna samrambhangalil amerikkayekkaal valare munbe undaayirunna franch vimana vyavasaayavum ulppedunnu. 1917ll america yudhathil praveshichappol, "ente rajyathinaayi enthengilum cheyyaan thanikk avasaram labhichuvennu" thaan vishwasikkunnuvennu berg saiman thadaakathodu paranju. nilavil franch nirmmaanathilulla ettavum mikacha vimaanathinaayi addeham nirmmaana droingukalum design mechappeduthalukal uyarnnuvannaaludan avaa update cheyyaanulla prathibaddhathayum nadatthi. oru american sainika vimaanangalude nirmmaanathinaayi iva upayogikkanamenna nirddesham addeham washingtonilekku kondupoyi, ennaal thadaakam parayunnathanusarichu, aadyam addehathe avaganikkukayum pinneedu avidatthe adhikaarikal apamanikkukayum cheythu. americaykku yudhashramathinaayi franchukaarum briteeshukaarum nirmmicha yanthrangale aashrayikkendivannu.
yudhakaalathum athinusheshavum berg vilyam eiii. yumayi bandhappettirunnu. draavaka paraphine uthppaadanavum hydrocarbonukal thakarkkunnathinulla prakriyakalum ulppede indhana enna saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkunnathil haalum henry weyl dunham, vaaril uyarnna enna vahikkunna shell kalkary khananam cheiyunnathine prothsaahippichu. bharam kuranja enchiniyaring gadakangalude ulppaadanathil, prathyekichu forging prakriyayil magneeshyam upayogikkunnathiloode addeham sajeevamaayi thaalpparyappettirunnu. labhichu franch sarkkarinum brigatt eviyeshanum magneeshyam forgings vitharanam cheiyunnathil addeham earppettirunnu, koodaathe general mesan patrick (armi eyar sarvees medhavi), eyar admiral vilyam moofett ennivarkku avayude upayogathil thaalpparyamundennu report cheythu. magneeshyathinteyum athinte aloikaludeyum shudheekarana prakriyayumaayi bandhappett 1929 ll oru american pettant labhichu.
labhichu addeham roobert mekkaalistar lloydinoppam (rund pathittaandukalkk munbu electric vehicle kambaniyude prasidantaakunnathinu munbu berg automobile kambaniyude secretory treasurerumaayirunnu) palinum mattu draavakangalkkumaayi paper kandeynarukal nirmmikkunnathinulla yanthrangalude vikasanathil pravarthichu. landanil seal cheytha paal container kambaniyum newyorkkil seal cheytha container corporation sthaapikkunnathil eee jody pradhana pankuvahichu.
rashtreeya sambhavangal berlin, sent peettezhsburg ennividangalil bisinus saannidhyam avasaanippikkaan kaaranamaayi, pakshe addeham paarees, lunden, newyork ennividangalil offeesukal nilanirtthi. randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol addeham paareesil ninnu purappettu, avide muppath varshathilereyaayi chaambyans eliseesile oru appaartment addeham kaivashappedutthi, manhattanile enchineeyarmaarude clubble thamasam thudangi, yunaittad stetts oordanans departmentinte anaudyogika upadeshtaavaayi. 1939 augustil addeham aadyakaala vyomayaanavumaayi bandhapetta thante photographukal, pusthakangal, warta cuttingukal ennivayude shekharam instittyoott oof aeronotical sayansinu sammanikkukayum instittyoottinte gunabhokthavaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu.
addehathinte maranasamayathu addeham thante bisinassinidayil ekadesham 150 thavana atlaantik kadannittundennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. deerghakaala asukhathe thudarnnu 1941 desember desember newyorkkil vachu addehathinte maranam sambhavichu.
vivaham.
berg randuthavana vivaham kazhichu. addehathinte aadya bhaarya edith ogilbi berg kaaliforniyayil janicha sarr david ogilbiyude kochumakalaayirunnu. avar munbu oru nadiyaayirunnu, edith poolin enna steju naamatthil, avarude muun bharthaavum nadanumaaya hubert drucinte athe nirmmanangalil chilathil prathyakshappettu. 1905 januvariyil druseumaayi vivaahamochanam nediya avar 1906 februvari 21 nuu sent klement dainsile bergine vivaham kazhichu. wilber raitt avare "oru ullasavathiyum valare budhimaanumaaya sthree" aayi kanakkakki, athesamayam addehathinte sahodari catherine avare "oru chithramaayi sundariyum njaan kandittullathil vachu ettavum mikacha vasthram dharicha sthriyum" aayi karuthi. 1922ll avalum berg paareesil vachu vivaahamochanam nedi. pinneedu edith ogilbi-druze enna peril avar maarukayum 1949 augustil saan fraansiskoyil vachu marikkukayum cheythu.
1925 eprilil berg landanil oru pathrapravartthakante vidhavayaya lena davis villatts mckinny vivaham kazhichu. 1931 maarchil 57-aamm vayassil avar paareesil vachu marichu.
berginte vivahangalil onnilum kuttikalundaayirunnilum, bargumayullah ammayude vivaahathin eathaanum maasangalkk munbu paarees abhibhashakanaaya pooll foyiye vivaham kazhicha grays titcompinte (edith ogilbi berginte aadya vivaahathinte kutty) randaanachanaayirunnu addeham. 1909 octoberil viri-chaattillanile portt-eviyeshanil nadanna pradarshanatthinide niravadhi perkku parikketta bleeriyat monoplane kaanikalude koottatthilekku idichukayariyathine thudarnnu "vaayuvil roshaakulamaayi vaahanamodichathinu" aadyathe prosecution nadathiyathu phoy aayirunnu.
paarambaryamaayi.
1908 augustil leeii maansil wilber raittinte flying displayude mahathvam kooduthal parishramatthinum pareekshanatthinumulla thante athiraalikalude vishappin aakkam koottukayum orupakshe vyomayaanathinte purogathi ganyamaaya alavil munnott kondupookukayum cheythu. hart berginte bisinesses kazhivukal, praayogika pinthuna, avatharana maanejment enniva aaa pradarshanatthinte saankethikavum vaanijyaparavumaya vijayathin avasaram nalkukayum sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. 1908ll", jedu rohtwell ezhuthi, "berg vimanam lokathinu vittu."
rohwellinte abhipraayathil, raittinte pradarshanam, prathyekichu thomas soppvithinte vimaanathinte vikasanam ennivayaal undaaya purogathi illaayirunnengil, sakhyakakshikal onnaam lokamahaayudhathil paraajayappedumaayirunnu allengil avar pinvaangiyittundengil, irupathu varshathinu sesham brittan yudhathil paraajayappedumaayirunnu "berg, raitts, sopwit ennivar chernnu paashchaathya naagarikathaye randuthavana idungiya maarjinil rakshichu" ennu addeham avakaashappedunnu.

