
ernest maandal

oru beljian marxian saambathika shaasthranjanum trotskist aaktivisttum saidhaanthikanum holocoastine athijeevichayaalumaayirunnu ernest isra maandal (; ernest jermaine, piyari gausettu, henry valin, walter (5 epril 1923-20 juulai 1995) thudangiya vividha thoolikaanaamangalaal ariyappedunnu. beljiyam adhinivesha samayat naasikalkkethire addeham bhoogarbha prathirodhatthil poraadi.
jeevitam.
frankfurtil janicha maandal, aant verppile cheruppatthil anthaaraashtra trotskist prasthaanatthile beljian vibhaagathilekku, naalaamathe anthaaraashtra vibhaagathilekku recruit cheyyappettu. addehathinte maathaapithaakkalaaya henry rossa mandel polandil ninnulla jootha kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu, munpu rossa luxemberghinteyum kaal libechnechinteyum spaartaasist leagile amgamaayirunnu. jarmman adhinivesha seena sarvakalashaala adachupoottiyappol sarvakalaashaalayile maandalinte kaalaghattatthinte thudakkam thadassappettu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, kaumaarapraayathilthanne addeham ebraham leone martin monaathinumoppam beljian trotskist samghadanayil chernnu. prathirodha pravarthanangalil arasttilaaya sesham rund thavana rakshapetta addeham dorayile jarmman thadankalppaalayathile thadavil ninnu rakshapettu. yudhaanantharam, maikkal pabloik mattullavarkkum oppam naalaamathe anthaaraashtra sekratteriyattile ettavum praayam kuranja amgamaayi addeham maari. vyakthavum sajeevavumaaya shailiyilulla oru vipulamaaya pathrapravartthakan enna nilayilum oru yaadhaasthithika maarksist saidhaanthikan enna nilayilum kazhivulla samvaadakan enna nilayilum addeham bahumanam nedi. 1940kalilum 1950kalilum addeham "hettu parol", "leeii peeppil", "ell obsarvettar", agence france-pras ennivayulppede niravadhi maadhyamasthaapanangalkk vendi ezhuthi. sheethayudhathinte uchathil, saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadiyum bhaavi dutch pradhaanamanthriyumaaya juupp denne yooyalumaayulla samvaadangalil addeham maarksisathinte gunangale parasyamaayi prathirodhichu.
pravartthanam.
1946leeii naalam anthaaraashtra loka kongrassinu sesham, naalam anthaaraashtra anthaaraashtra sekratteriyattinte neethrthwathilekku maandal thiranjedukkappettu. athinte nayathinu anusrithamaayi, addeham beljian soshyalist partyil chernnu, avide addeham oru theevravaada soshyalist pravanathayude neethaavaayirunnu, soshyalist pathramaya "laa gaushe" yude edittaraayi (athinte flemish sisttar prasidheekaranamaaya "linkukal" ennathinu vendi ezhuthukayum cheythu), beljian laber general federationte saambathika patana kammeeshan amgavum beljian syndicalist andrey renardinte associate. kristhyan demokraattukalumaayulla sakhyathe ethirthathinum strike virudha niyamanirmmanam sweekarichathinum beljian general strike oof aii. dii. 1 nuu thottupinnaale adhehatheyum addehathinte sakhaakkaleyum soshyalist partyil ninnu purathaakki.
1963ll mishel pablo, piyari frank, livio maitan ennivarumaayi chernnu nayicha anthaaraashtra secretariyatt thammilulla punarekeekaranatthinte pradhana thudakkakkaaril oraalaayirunnu addeham, koodaathe naalam anthaaraashtra samithiyude bhooribhaagavum, jaims kaanante soshyalist varkkezhs party neethrthwathilulla oru pothuvibhagam 1953ll faiyil ninnu pinmari. punarekeekaranam naalam anthaaraashtra (usf allengil yusek ennum ariyappedunnu) roopeekarichu. 1995ll marikkunnathuvare yuu. ezz. eph. aii. yudeyum athinte beljian vibhagamaaya viplava thozhilaalli leaginteyum ettavum pramukha nethaavum saidhaanthikanumaayi maandal thudarnnu.
1962ll franch bhashayil addehathinte "maarksist economic thiyari" enna bruhathaaya pusthakam prasidheekarikkunnathuvar, maandalinte maarksist lekhanangal pradhaanamaayum vividha thoolikanaamangalil ezhuthappettirunnu, koodaathe naalaamathe anthaaraashtravaadiyenna nilayil addehathinte pravartthanangal idathuvashathu adhikam ariyapettirunnilla. maarksist saambathika sidhaantham prasidheekarichathinushesha, maandal cubayilekku yaatra cheyyukayum saambathika aasoothranathil cheey guverayumaayi chernnu pravartthikkukayum cheythu, guvera (franch bhashayil praaveenyamulla) puthiya pusthakam vaayikkukayum maandalinte edapedalukale prolsaahippikkukayum cheythathinu sesham.
addeham thante sarvakalashala patanam punararambhikkukayum 1967 ll paareesile ekkol pratic dess houts ttudasil ninnu birudam nedukayum cheythu. 1968 muthal maathramaan maandal oru pothu vyakthiyum maarksist raashtreeyakkaaranumaayi ariyappedunnathu, europileyum americayileyum vidyaarthi kaambasukalil paryadanam nadatthi soshyalisam, saamraajyathvam, viplavam ennivayekkurichu prabhashanam nadatthi.
padinjaaran germmaniyil ninnu (america, france, swittsarland, austreliya ennivayulppede vividha samayangalil mattu niravadhi rajyangal) audyogikamaayi vilakkappettirunnuvel 1972 ll berlin sarvakalashaalayil ninnu (avide addeham kurachu maasangal padippichu) phd nedi, "lettu capitalism" ennu prasidheekarikkukayum pinneedu addeham brassels sarvakalashaalayil oru prabhashaka sthaanam nedukayum cheythu.
attorni general joonn enn visa nirasichathinethudarnnu maandal amerikkayil mukhyadharaa shradha nedi. stettu sekrattari vilyam pii. yude nirddeshathinethire michel. 1969ll rogezhs. attorni general michel 1952leeii immigration aandu naashanaality act (mccarran-walter act ennum ariyappedunnu) prakaram pravarthichu. loka kammyoonisathinte saambathika, anthaaraashtra, sarkkar sidhaanthangale pinthunaykkunnavarkku", "loka kammyoonisathinte saambathika anthaaraashtra, sarkkar sidhaanthangale vaadikkunnatho padippikkunnatho aaya eathenkilum rekhaamoolamullatho achadichatho aaya karyangal ezhuthukayo parasyamaakkukayo cheiyunnavarkku" avarude visa nirodhikkaamenn eee niyamam prasthaavikkunnu. 1962lum 1968lum mandalinu visa nalkiyengilum franch prathishedhakkaarude niyamaparamaaya kesukalil prathirodhatthinaayi sambhavanakal aavasyappettukondu ariyaathe thante randaamathe sandarshanathinte vyavasthakal lamghichu. visa nirasikkappettathinte falamaayi, niravadhi american pandithanmaar america sandarshikkaanulla avakasham urappikkaan puratthekku vannu. addeham communist partyumaayi bandhappettitlennum 1968leeii checoslovakia adhiniveshathinethire parasyamaayi samsaarichittundennum avar eduthukaanikkaan shramichu.
1971ll newyorkkile oru federal kodathi michellinte theerumaanam asaadhuvaakkaan vottu cheythu, americaykku oru sandarshakane vilakkaan kazhiyillennu prasthaavichu, ennaal 1972 juun 29nuu supreme kodathi, 6 muthal 3 vare, visa nirasikkunnathil michel thante jolie vivaranathinanusrithamaayi pravarthichuvennu vidhichu. 1972-ll, yuu. ezz. supreme kodathi kesil "klendiyanst vii. yuu. ezz. yunaittad stetsil ninnu addehathe ozhivaakkiyath sharivachu. mandel ".
1978ll addeham kembridge sarvakalashaalayil muthalaalitha vikasanathinte neenda thiramaalakal enna vishayathil "alfred marshell prabhashanangal" nadatthi.
rashtreeya adichamarthal anubavikkunna niravadhi vimatha idathupaksha budhijeevikalkku vendi maandal pracharanam nadatthi, moonnaam loka kadam radhaakkaan vaadichu, mikhaayil gorbachev kaalaghattatthil, mosco vichaaranakalile prathikalude punaradhivaasatthinaayi oru harjik neethrthwam nalki.
ezhuthukal.
mothatthil, jarmman, dutch, franch, engleesh, mattu bhashakal ennivayil ekadesham 2,000 lekhanangalum 30 oolam pusthakangalum addeham thante jeevithathil prasidheekarichu, avaa kooduthal bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, "hettu vrije woord" enna bhoogarbha pathratthinte edittarmaaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. koodaathe, addeham niravadhi pusthakangal edittu cheiyukayo sambhavana cheiyukayo cheythu, valiyathothilulla kathidapaadukal nilanirtthi, lokamembaadumulla samsara paripaadikalkkaayi book cheyyappettu. stalinism, sheethayudham ennivayude anubhavam moolam roopabhedam sambhavicha classical maarksist chinthayude paithrikam oru puthiya thalamurayilekku kaimarukayennathu thante dauthyamaayi addeham kanakkakki. pradhanappetta maarksist aashayangalekkurichulla dhaaranayile pandithanmaarudeyum pravartthakarudeyum oru thalamura addeham oru valia paridhivare swaadheenichu. addehathinte rachanakalil, orupakshe ettavum sradheyamaayathu srishtiparamaaya swatantra chinthayum maarksist saidhaanthika yaadhaasthithikathaye karsanamaayi paalikkanulla aagrahavumaan. soshyalist janaadhipathyathodulla prathibaddhatha kaaranam addehathe "aadambaravaadikal" ennu polum visheshippichittundu.
"parametric dittarminism".
charithratthinte gathiyekkurichulla maarksist vyaakhyaanamaanu parametric dittarminism. ithu ernest mandell roopappeduthiyathaanu, kaal maarksinte charitraparamaaya bhouthikavaadathinte oru vakabhedamaayo charithratthinte thathwashaasthramaayo ithine kaanaan kazhiyum.
joonn elsttarinte vishakalana maarksisathe vimarshikkunna oru lekhanathil maandal eee ashayam inipparayunna reethiyil vishadeekarikkunnu 
aupachaarikamaaya yuktiyum vairudhyaparamaaya kaaranavum.
aupachaarika-yukthisahamaya nirnnayathil, manushyante pravartthanatthe yuktisahavum athinaal yukthisahamaayi vishadeekarikkaavunnathumaayi kanakkakkunnu, allengil ekapaksheeyavum kramarahithavumaaya (eee saahacharyathil manushyante pravartthanangal sthithivivarakkanakku vitharanagalude paattenukalaayi maathrame manassilakkaan kazhiyoo, athaayath.iii. chila sthiraangangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vyathiyaanathinte alavu). ennaal vairudhya nirnnayathil, manushyante pravartthanam manappoorvamallaathathum nirnnaayakavumaayirikkam, athinaal nyaayayukthamaan, ennirunnaalum ithu deductive anumaanathinte kaaryatthil maathram vishadeekarikkaanaavilla. parimithamaaya shreniyilulla oopshanukalil ninnu aalukal thiranjeduttha pravartthanam "ettavum yukthisahamo" "ettavum anuyojyamo" aayirikkilla, pakshe motham sandarbham pariganikkukayaanenkil, saahacharyangalil ithu manappoorvamallaathathum nyaayayukthavumaanennu kaanikkam.
manushya saahacharyangalil saadhaaranayaayi ore samayam pravartthikkunna niravadhi "yukthikal" aaa saahacharyangalude phalangal orumichu nirnnayikkunnu ennathaanu ithinte ardham.
eee vashangalilonn maathram pariganikkukayaanenkil, aalukalude pravartthanangale "yukthirahithamayi" vilayiruthaam, ennaal moonnu vashangalum kanakkiledukkukayaanenkil, aalukal cheiyunnathu "valare nyayayukthamaayi" thonniyekkaam. vividha "yukthisahamaya thalangale" mothatthilulla chithramaayi, ekapaksheeyamallaatha reethiyil bandhippichukondu ithu prakadippikkaan dilectical sidhaantham lakshyamidunnu. "vyathyastha logical levelukal" ennaal vishakalanathinte oru thalatthil aprasakthamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna prathyeka nirnnayaka gadakangal ozhivaakkappedunnu, ennaal avaa prasakthavum vishakalanathinte mattoru thalatthil ulppeduthiyathum, anweshikkunna prashnatthinte tharatthe aashrayich kurachu vyathyasthamaaya (allengil vipuleekaricha) anumaanangalodeyaan.
udaaharanathinu, oru sahacharyam abhimukeekarikkumbol, aalukal athinekkurichu samsarikkaan upayogikkunna bhasha, oru sandarbhathil ninnu mattoru anubandha sandarbhathilekku valare vegathil chaadaan kazhiyumennu velippeduthunnu, oru sandarbhathil varaykkaan kazhiyunna chila nigamanangalenkilum matte sandarbhathil pravarthikkunnilla. kaaranam oru sandarbhathile anumanangal mattethil ninnu oru paridhivare vyathyasthamaanennu avarkariyaam. ennirunnaalum, rund sandarbhangalum orumichu nilanilkkukayum ore saahacharyathil niyanthrikkukayum cheyyaam, ithu madhyastha linkukal thirichariyunnathiloode namukk prakadippikkaan kazhiyum. ithu krithyamaayi aupachaarikamaakkaan prayaasamaan, ennittum aalukal ithu ellaayppozhum cheiyunnu, ithu thikachum "nyaayayukthamaan" ennu karuthunnu. mattoru udaaharanathinu, "ningal svayam eee avasthayilaanenkil maathrame ningalkk ithu manassilakkaan kazhiyoo" allengil "nilathu" ennu aalukal parayum."avar ardhamaakkunnathu, ulppedunna parasparapravartthana gadakangalude mothatthilulla ardham avaa anubhavikkunnathiloode maathrame manassilakkaan kazhiyoo ennathaanu. saahacharyathin purathu nilkkumbol karyangal yukthirahithamaanennu thonnumenkilum avide aayirikkumbol avaa valare nyaayayukthamaanennu thonnunnu.
manushyapravartthanathinte sankeernnatha vishakalanam cheyyumbol, asoukaryakaramaaya vasthuthakal lalithamaayum ekapaksheeyamaayum maattivaykkappedunnu ennalla vairudhya sidhaantham ardhamaakkunnathu. athinartham, vishakalanathinte oru nischitha ghattathil yukthisahamaayi aavashyamillaatha vishayathinte vashangal maattivachirikkunnu ennaanu. ennirunnaalum, vishakalanam purogamikkumbol, munbu avaganikkapetta vashangal vishakalanathilekku ghattam ghattamayi sthiramaaya reethiyil samyojippichirikkunnu. nadapadikramatthinte saadhuthayude thelivu, oduvil, sidhaantham vishayathe poornnamaayum svayam vishadeekarikkunnathaakki, kaaranam sidhaanthathil ellah pradhana vashangalkkum avayude uchithamaaya sthaanam nalkiyittundu, athinaal aazham kuranja swarabhedangal avalambikkathe ellaam manassilakkaavunnathaaknu. gaveshanam ithinakam poorthiyaakkiyathinushesham maathrame eee phalam nedaan kazhiyoo, koodaathe kandethalukal bodhyappeduthunna reethiyil krameekarikkaan kazhiyum. munpulla vishakalanamillathe oru synthesis nedaan kazhiyilla. athinaal, vairudhya vishakalanam ennathu "jnjaanathinte uravidathinu" oru drutha kurukkuvazhi nalkunna oru "thathwachinthakante kallalla", marichu anweshanathiloodeyum gaveshanathiloodeyum arivu nediyathinusheshamulla vishakalanathinte kandethalukal avatharippikkunathinulla oru reethiyaanu, koodaathe vairudhya bandhangal parishodhikkappettittund. kaaranam appol maathrame katha evide thudanganamennum avasaanikkanamennum vyakthamaakoo, angane ellah vashangalum yadhaarthathil vishadeekarikkappedum. ernest mandell parayunnathanusarichu, "academic shaasthrathinte saadhaaranamaaya 'thudarchayaaya concretisation' allengil 'ekadesha kanakk' enna nadapadikramangalekkaal maarksinte reethi valare sambannamaanu."
mukhyadharaa saamoohika sidhaanthathil, manushyapravartthanathile "niravadhi yukthikalude" prashnam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu geyim sidhaanthamaanu, oru nirddishta krameekaranatthinullil abhinethaakkalkku ulla thiranjeduppukalum oopshanukalum vyakthamaakkunna oru tharam modeling, avarude theerumaanangalude phalangal enthokkeyaanu. aaa sameepanathinte pradhana parimiti, model athu adisthaanamaakkiyulla anumaanangaleppole mikachathaanu ennathaanu, athesamayam anumaanangalude thiranjeduppu palappozhum saaropadeshamo nyayamaayum ekapaksheeyamo aanu. anumaanangalude uravidangalil shradha cheluthunnathiloodeyum anumaanangale sthiramaaya reethiyil samyojippikkunnathiloode eee prashnathe marikadakkaan vairudhya sidhaantham shramikkunnu.
charithram srishtikkunnu.
charitraparamaaya vishakalanathile oru pothuprashnam, manushyarude pravartthanangalude phalangal janangal edukkunna swathanthramaaya thiranjeduppukalaalum theerumaanangalaalum (allengil swatantra ichhaashakthiyaalum) ethratholam kaaranamaayekkaamennum avaa ethratholam avarude niyanthranathinu atheethamaaya saamoohikamo swaabhaavikamo aaya shakthikalude uthppannamaanennum manassilakkuka ennathaanu.
eee prashnam saidhaanthikamaayi pariharikkunnathin, mikkavarum eathu manushya saahacharyathilum, chila gadakangal ("paaraamettarukal") vyakthikalude niyanthranathinu atheethamaanennum mattu chila vyavasthakal avarude niyanthranathilaanennum maandal nirddeshikkunnu (vaadayogyamaayi, oru koottam aalukalkk mattonnin "paaraamettarukal adichelppikkaan" kazhiyum, kuttikalkk niyanthranangal earppeduthunna maathaapithaakkalkk samaanamaayi). chila karyangal saahacharyangalil manushyante pravarthanatthaal, thiranjeduppanusarichu maattaan kazhiyum, ennaal mattullavaykku kazhiyilla allengil kazhiyilla, athinaal avaa sthirathayaayi kanakkakkaam. oru variable vyathyaasappedaam, ennirunnaalum athu thannirikkunna paaraamettarukalil maathram allathe oru dishayilum vyathyaasappedilla. pothuvaaya ardhathil, oru "paaraameettar" ennathu oru saahacharyathilo niyantritha variabililo adichelppicha oru vyavasthayaanu, ennaal kooduthal vyakthamaayi ithu oru tharatthil, vyathyaasathinte alavum tharavum parimithappedutthunna oru vyavasthaye soochippikkunnu.
nalkiyittullava, janangalude niyanthranathinu atheethamaaya vasthunishtamaaya maanadandangal (athinaal avarkk saadhaaranayaayi maattaan kazhiyilla) bhaaviyile saadhyathakalude mekhalaye parimithappedutthunnu; avaa bhaaviyile chila sambhavavikasangal thallikkalayunnu allengil pakaramaayi avaa sambhavikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. aaa ardhathil manushyante pravartthanam "nirnnayikkappedukayum" "nirnnayikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. anganeyallaayirunnenkil manushyante perumaattathekkurichu kooduthalonnum pravachikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla.
eee maanadandangalil chilath bhabhouthikalokam earppeduthiya paridhikaleyum mattullava vyakthikalum grouppukalum pravartthikkunna saamoohika krameekaranamo saamoohika ghadanayo earppeduthiya parimithikaleyum soochippikkunnu. prabalamaaya prathyayashaasthramo mathamo oru nischitha maanadandamaayirikkaam. udaaharanathinu, mikka aalukalum oru prathyeka vishwaasam pinthudarukayaanenkil, ithu avarude muzhuvan saamskaarika jeevithatheyum roopappeduthunnu, athu eluppathil maaraatha onnaanu.
ennirunnaalum, athe samayam, nalkiyirikkunna maanadandangalkku saadhaaranayaayi oru vyakthiyo groupo enthucheyyumennu mothatthil nirnnayikkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam avarkk vyakthiparamo perumaattaparamo aaya svayambharanathinte chila (chilappol oru valia thuka) undu. avarkk avarude saahacharyathekkurich chinthikkaanum avarkk vasthunishtamaayi saadhyamaayathinte chattakkoodinullil avar enthucheyyumennathinekku chila swatantra thiranjeduppukalum theerumaanangalum edukkaanum kazhiyum (thiranjeduppukal yukthisahamo poornnamaayum bodhapoorvamo aayirikkanamennilla, avaa vikaarangalum aagrahangalum swaadheenikkunna ekapaksheeyamallaatha thiranjeduppukalaayirikkam). manushyar ettavum parinamicha tharatthilulla senshyant (svayam avabodhamulla) jeevikalkk, aantharikamaayi vilayiruthappettathum theerumaanichathumaaya oopshanukalkkanusarichu nalkiyirikkunna saahacharyangalodu avarude swantham prathikaranam maattaan kazhiyum. eee ardhathil kaal marks ezhuthi 
"bhoothakaalam" (yadhaarthathil munbu sambhavichathu, varthamaanakaalathe phalangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayath) varthamaanakaalath ottum maattaan kazhiyunna onnalla, punarvyaakhyaanikkuka maathramaan cheiyunnathu, athinaal bhoothakaalam varthamaanakaalathum bhaaviyilum sambhavikkaan saadhyathayullathine parimithappedutthunna oru nischitha sthiraankamaanu. bhaviye thaarathamyena "thuranna" ennu thonnunnuvenkil, athu eppolkkum bhavikkum edayilulla samaya edavelayil, puthiya oopshanukalum pravartthanangalum bhaviye krithyamaayi mattiyekkaam. ennirunnaalum bhaviyil saadhyamaaya phalangalude vyathiyaanam ananthamalla, marichu munbu sambhavichathukond parimithappedutthiyirikku.
patthu prathyaaghaathangal.
eee kaazhchappaadinte patthu prathyaaghaathangal thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
dhaaranakalum midhyaadhaaranakalum.
parametric dittarminism sidhaanthamanusarichu, eee sandarbhathile "manushyaprashnam" saadhaaranayaayi manushyarkk swathanthramaaya thiranjeduppo swatantra ichhaashakthiyo illennatho thathwathil avarude sahacharyam maattaan kazhiyillenno (oru paridhivare) allah, marichu avarkk thurannirikkunna oopshanukalekkurichulla avarude avabodhavum avayil pravarthikkaanulla avarude swantham kazhivilulla avarude vishwaasavumaanu-avarude prathyayashaasthram, anubhavam, vikarangal ennivayaal swaadheenikkappedunnu.
aalukalkk enthokke maattaano pravartthikkaano kazhiyum ennathinekkurichulla daaranakal valareyadhikam vyathyaasappettirikkam, avar athine amithamaayi kanakkaakkukayo kurachukaanukayo cheythekkaam. athinaal, eathokke daaranakalaanu yaadhaarthyabodhamullathenna kandethaan shaasthreeya anweshanam vendivannekkaam. nirnnayakatha enthaanennu kandethunnathiloode, namukk engane swathanthraraakaamennu nannayi padikkaan kazhiyum. lalithamaayi paranjaal, namukk "oru mathilil thala idikkaan" kazhiyum, pakshe namukk mathilinu mukaliloodeyo mathilile oru vaathililoodeyo mathilinu chuttum pookaanum kazhiyum. nirnaayaka ghattangalil, manushyarkk avar enthaanu cheiyunnathennu uyarnna avabodhathode sajeevamaayi "charithram srishtikkaan" kazhiyum, charithratthinte gathiye maattunnu, ennaal avarkk "charithrathaal nirmmikkappedaam", avarkk nishkriyamaayi poruthappedunnathuvare (allengil poruthappedaan nirbandhitharaakunnu) oru sahacharyam, athu kooduthalum avarude swantham nirmmaanamallaathathum avarkk manassilaakaathathumaayirikkam.
randaamathethine sambandhichidatholam, oraalude swantham jeevithathil niyanthranam pularthaanulla kazhivil vishwaasam kurayukayo allengil oraalude yadhaartha swabhaavathil ninnum jeevithathile uddeshyathil ninnum akannupookukayo cheiyunna ardhathil anyavalkkaranathinte avasthaye maandal paraamarshichu. aalukalkk avarude saahacharyathinte vashangal punarvichinthanam cheyyaam. avar enthengilum anivaaryamaayi ("daivathinte ishtam") kanakkaakkukayo "athu thadayaan onnum cheyyaan kazhiyilla" ennu vidhikkukayo cheythekkaam, yadhaartha pooyint, prathyeka kaaranangalal, aarum athinekkurichu onnum cheyyaan thayyarayirunnilla-enthengilum cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe athu aayirunnilla. athinaal "charitraparamaaya anivaaryatha" yeei sambhavangalude oru gathiye nyaayeekarikkunnathin soukaryapradamaaya kshamaapanamaayi valachodikkaanum kazhiyum.
yaadhaarthyabodhamulla oopshanukalude oru nischitha vasthunishta chattakkoodinullil thiranjeduppukal nadathunna eee prakriyayil, manushyarkk avarude yadhaartha saahacharyathekkurich ellaatharam (orupakshe thettaaya) avabodhavum undakaamennathinaal dhaaraalam midhyaadhaaranakalum saadhyamaan. mandal vaadikkunnathupole, avarude pravrithikalude anantharafalangal enthaayirikkumennu poornnamaayum ariyaathe, avarude swantham pravartthanangale prerippikkunnath enthaanennu polum avarkk poornnamaayi ariyillayirikkaam. pazhaya kramatthe attimarichu puthiyathinu vazhiyorukkaan sramikkunna oru viplavakariye theerchayaayum niravadhi "anjjaathar" abhimukeekarikkunnu.
athinaal, manushyante pravarthanangalkku uddeshichathinu thikachum vipareethamaaya phalangal ulppede aasoothrithamallaatha prathyaaghaathangal undakam. ithinartham janakeeya midhyaadhaaranakalkku charitraparamaaya sambhavangalude phalangale roopappeduthaanum kazhiyum ennaanu. mikka aalukalum enthengilum anganeyaanennu vishwasikkunnundengil, athu shariyallengilum, eee vastutha enthaanu sambhavikkaan kazhiyuka ennathine parimithappeduthunnathino enthaanu sambhavikkaan pookunnathennu swaadheenikkunnathino ulla oru maanadandamaayi maarum.
samshayaaspadamaaya marupadi.
bhayankaramaaya midhyaadhaaranakal sambhavikkamennathinaal, yadhaarthathilum shaashvathavumaaya reethiyil lokathe mikachathaakkaanulla aalukalude kazhivinekkurichu chila charitrakaaranmaarkku samshayamundu. uthara aadunikatha charithratthile purogathiyude nilanilppinekkurichu samshayam prakadippikkunnu-iii.jii. bisi 2500-ll eejipthukar gisayude mahathaaya pyramid nirmmikkukayum 1969-ll buzz aldrin, neel amstrong enniva chandranil irakkukayum cheythu, ithu manushyaraashiyude oru purogathiyum prathinideekarikkunnilla.
ennirunnaalum, eee samshayavaadam aalukalkk avarude sahacharyathekkurichum avarude charithrathekkurichum arian kazhiyunna kaaryangalekkurichulla daaranaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane maandal vaadichu. aathyanthikamayi, valare cheria vazhikalilozhike, manushyaavasthaye mikachathaakkaan kazhiyunna oru tharatthilulla arivu aalukalkk asaadhyamaanennu samshayavaadi vishwasikkunnu. athu enthaano athu maathramaan. eee samshayaathmaka veekshanam charithrathekkurichulla valare "nirnnayaka" kaazhchappaadine soochippikkunnilla; ennirunnaalum charithrathe pravachanatheethamaaya araajakathvamaayi allengil manassilakkaan kazhiyaathathra sankeernamaayi kaananum kazhiyum.
ennirunnaalum, mikka raashtreeyakkaarum rashtreeya pravartthakarum (mandal ulppede) charithram pothuve pravachanatheethamaaya oru araajakathvamaanennu vishwasikkunnilla, kaaranam aaa saahacharyathil avarude swantham kaazhchappaadukal poornnamaayum ekapaksheeyavum poornnamaayum ekapaksheeyavumaanennu kanakkakkappedum. saadhaaranayaayi, avar vaadikkum, araajakathvam sthalathum samayathum parimithamaanu, kaaranam shaashvathamaaya araajakathvathil manushyajeevan enthaayaalum thudaraan kazhiyilla; anganeyaanengil, aalukal prathikarikkunna mrugangalaayi maarunnu. aalukal kooduthalum athijeevikkaan agrahikkunnathinaal, avarkk kurachu kramavum pravachanatheethathayum aavasyamaanu. oraal sramichaal charithratthil yadhaarthathil enthaanu sambhavichathenn nyayamaayum nannayi manassilakkaan kazhiyum. manushyar manushyarayathinaal manushyarkk manushyanubhavam manassilakkaan kazhiyum, avarkk labhikkuna kooduthal prasakthamaaya anubhavam avarkk nannayi manassilakkaan kazhiyum.
bodhapoorvamaaya manushyaprakriya pradhaanamaayum manappoorvamallaathathum praayogikavumaanennu mandal vaadikkunnu, aalukalkk ithinekkurichu (ithuvare) poornnamaayi ariyillengilum athinu oru prathyeka "yukthi" undu. avar abhimukeekarikkunna yaadhaarthyam adisthaana reethikalil krameekarichirikkunnu, athinaal ardhavathaayi manassilakkaan kazhiyum. yukthisahamaayi vishadeekarikkaan budhimuttulla oru "bhraanthan unmaadathilekku" bahujanagal chilappol poyekkaam, pakshe ithu apavaadamaanu, niyamamalla. kuzhappangaludeyum kramakkedukaludeyum oru sahacharyam (samoohathil onnum shariyaayi pravartthikkunnillenna thonnumbol) manushyante perumaattatthinte yuktirahithavum yukthirahithavumaya vashangal shakthiyaayi oonnipparayunnu ennathaanu sathyam. atharam saahacharyangalil, valare yukthirahithamaya ashayangalulla aalukalkk adhikaarathilethaan kazhiyum. ithu, mandal parayunnathanusarichu, faasisathinte vishadeekaranathinte bhagamaanu.
charitraparamaaya kaalathamasavum maattathinulla saadhyathakalum.
parametric dittarminism enna aashayathin athinte anantharafalamaayi charitraparamaaya latensi enna ashayam undu. vyathyastha charitraparamaaya phalangal saadhyamaanennu mathramalla, manushyacharithrathinte oro yugathilum vyathyasthamaaya vikasana saadhyathakal adangiyirikkunnu. eee saadhyathakalude soochanakal anubhavaparamayi thirichariyaan kazhiyum, mathramalla "sangalppikkaavunna reethiyil enthaanu sambhavikkaan kazhiyuka" ennathinekkurichulla oohaapohangal mathramalla.
ennaal avaa yaadhaarthyamaakukayo saakshaathkarikkappedukayo cheyyanamennilla ennathinaal avaa saahacharyathile olinjirikkunna gadakangalaanu. avarude saakshaathkaaram manushyante pravartthanatheyum avideyulla saadhyathakale thirichariyunnathineyum athinekkurichu enthengilum cheyyaanulla theerumaanatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu. athinaal, soshyalisavum kroorathayum aadhunika muthalaalitha samoohathinullil vishalamaaya "olinjirikkunna" vikasana saadhyathakalaayi nilanilkkunnundennum avaa saakshaathkarikkappettile, ivayil eathaanu saakshaathkarikkappeduka, athu manushyarude thiranjeduppukaleyum maanushika pravarthanangaleyum aashrayichirikkunnuvennu mandal vaadikkunnu.
samoohathe mattunnathinulla phalapradamaaya nadapadi, oru mechappetta lokathekkurichulla amoorthamaaya oohaapohangalil ninnalla, marichu karyangal cheyyaanulla oru badal maarggathinulla yadhaartha saadhyathakalil ninnaan, addeham vaadikkunnu. chila karyangal yaadhaarthyabodhathode saadhyamaan, pakshe "enthum" mathramalla saadhyamaakunnath. vishakalana velluvili-palappozhum valare budhimuttaanu-athinaal yadhaartha saadhyathakal enthaanennum eathu pravarthanamaanu ettavum phalapradamaaya falamundaakkunnathennum shariyaayi manassilakkuka ennathaanu. oraalkk cheyyaan kazhiyunna karyangal maathrame cheyyaan kazhiyoo, athil kooduthalonnumilla, pakshe oraalude oorjjam engane chelavazhikkanam ennathinekkurichulla thiranjeduppukale aasrayichirikkunnu.
saadhaaranayaayi yudhangalilum viplavangalilum, aalukal paramavadhi parisramikkukayum mechappeduthendivarika cheyyumbol, aalukalkk munbu cheyyaan kazhiyumennu karuthiyathinekkaal valare kooduthal nedaan kazhiyumennu kandethunnu ("aavasyakatha kandupiduthathinte maathaavaan" enna chollilum ithu ulkkollunnu). aalukal chinthikkunna reethi pettennu maarunnu. ennaal saamskaarika niraashayude samayangalil, pothuvaaya ksheenam nilanilkkunnu, aalukal pothuve valareyadhikam nedaano maattaano ulla avarude kazhivinekkurichu samshayamo nindyamo aanu. boorshwasi thozhilaallikale adichamarthukayum avarude swaathanthryam thadassappeduthukayum cheythaal, thozhilaallikalkk kuranja shambalathinu kooduthal kooduthal kadinaadhvaanam cheyyendivannaal, nirashaavaada manobhaavam kurachukaalathekku nilanilkkum. maruvashathu, boorshwa sambadvyavastha vikasikkukayaanenkil, samoohathinte maanasikavastha aaveshabharithamaakukayum aalukalkk enthum saadhyamaanennu vishwasikkukayum cheyyum. 1968 meyy maasathil oru prashasthamaaya idathupaksha mudraavaakyam "tott esttu saadhyamaanu" ("enthum saadhyamaan") ennathaayirunnu. athupole, 1990kalude avasaanathil, sambanna raajyangalile palarum ellah manushya prashnangalum oduvil pariharikkaanaakumenn vishwasichu.
athu nedaan kazhiyunnath eppol venamenkilum niraashaajanithamaayi kurachukaanukayum shubhaapthivishvaasathode athishayokthiparamaakkukayum cheyyaamennu maathramaan parayunnath. yadhaartha yaadhaasthithikar maattathinulla saadhyatha ethra kuravaanennu oonnipparayumbol vimathar, darshakar, purogamanavaadikal, viplavakaarikal ennivar athramaathram maattaamenn oonnipparayum. athinaal saamoohika shaasthreeya anweshanathinum charithralekhanathinum oru pradhana punk ithellaam aapekshikamakkukayum prasakthamaaya vasthuthakal parishodhichu athine kooduthal vasthunishtamaaya veekshanakonil sthaapikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu.
vimarsanangal.
lokasamoohathinte bhaviyekkurichu maandal thanne chila vijayakaramaya pravachanangal nadathiyappol (udaaharanathinu, 1960kalude thudakkathil milttan friedman cheythathupole, yudhaananthara saambathika kuthichuchaattam dashakathinte avasaanathode avasaanikkumenn pravachikkunnathil addeham prashasthanaan), addehathinte trotskist vimarshakar (addehathinte jeevacharithrakaaran jaann villem stutje ulppede) ethirvashathaal vaadikkunnathu, kizhakkan europilum soviyatt unionilum oru thozhilaalli viplavathinte saadhyathayekkurich addeham valare shubhaapthivishwaasiyum pratheekshayullavanum aayirunnu ennaanu.
sahacharyam vyathyastha dishakalilekku vikasikkaamaayirunnathil ithu theerthum aazhamillaatha vimarsanamaanu, ithaanu mandal thanne vaadichathu; raashtreeyathil, oraalkk akkaalathe sahacharyam paramavadhi prayojanappedutthaan maathrame sramikkaan kazhiyoo, ivide niraashaavaadam pravarthanatthinu anukoolamaayirunnilla. ennaal kooduthal adisthaanaparamaaya vimarsanam maandalinte bhaavi saahacharyangalil palathum yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathva, vaasthavathil karyangal addeham chinthichathil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamayi maari ennathaanu. ithu niravadhi chodyangal uyarthunnu
eee vimarsanangalkk utharam nalkumbol, maandal thanne palappozhum "charithratthinte pareekshanashaala" ennu vilikkunnathine paraamarshichittundaakam. athaayath, aaraan enthaanu pravachichathennu, pravachanathinu nalkiyirikkunna adisthaanangalum phalangalum kaanaan namukk charitraparamaaya rekhakal parisodhikkaam. aaa adisthaanathil, eathu tharatthilulla chinthayaanu (eathutharam aalukal) ettavum krithyamaaya pravachanangal nalkunnathennum "upayogayogyamaaya krithyatha" upayogichu namukk yadhaarthathil pravachikkaan kazhiyumennum namukk anubhavaparamayi parisodhikkaan kazhiyum. addeham maarksisathe anukoolichathinte oru kaaranam athu samoohathinte bhaavi pravachikkunnathinulla ettavum mikacha boudhika upakaranangal nalkunnuvennu addeham vishwasichathukondaanu. bhaavi pravachikkaan kazhiyunna oru nalla maarksisttinte udaaharanamaayi addeham palappozhum liyon trotsky udharichu. 1925-ll trotsky ezhuthi 
ithellaam "vyathyasthamaayirikkaamayinu" ennathinekkurichulla munkaala oohaapohangalkku samaanamaayi oru nissaramaaya "academic" allengil "scholastic" samvaadamaayi thonniyekkaam, ennaal aasootritha sambadvyavasthayekkurichu soshyalist aashayathin ithu valare pradhanappetta prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu. vyakthamayum, manushyante perumaattathekkurichu upayogayogyamaaya krithyathayode kooduthal pravachikkaan kazhiyunnillengil, kooduthal saambathika aasoothranavum saadhyamalla-kaaranam oru padhathikku athinte phalam bhaviyil saakshaathkarikkaanaakumennume bhaviyil athu saakshaathkarikkappedumenum kurachu prateeksha aavasyamaanu, puthiya (apratheekshitha) saahacharyangalil padhathi pathivayi krameekarichaalum. pothuve, manushyajeevithathile pravachanaatheethathayude alavu samooham thanne samghadithamaaya reethiye aashrayichirikkunnuvennu mandal vishwasichu. iii. aanenkil.jii. pala nirmmaathaakkalum laabhathinum vipanikalkkumayi parasparam malsarichu, svakaaryavalkkaricha arivukaludeyum bisinesses rahasyangaludeyum adisthaanathil, enthaanu sambhavikkuka ennathil valareyadhikam pravachanaatheetha undaayirunnu. nirmmathaakkal avarude sramangal sahakaranathode ekopippikkukayaanenkil, valareyadhikam pravachikkaavunnathaan.
maandal thante trotsky enna pusthakatthil soochippikkunna oru aazhathilulla prashnam addehathinte chinthayude chalanaathmakathayekkurichulla oru patanam, chila saahacharyangal mechappetta reethiyil maattaan kazhiyumennu naam kanakkaakkukayaanenkil, avaa maattaan namukk kazhinjekkum ennathaanu, nilavil aalukal athu asaadhyamaanennu vishwasikkunnundengil-athesamayam avaa maattaanaavaathavayaayi kanakkaakkukayaanenkil, avaa maattaan kazhiyumenkilum (praayogikathayil samanamaaya ulkkaazhcha sambhavikkunnu) avaa maattaan namukk saadhyathayilla. athaayath, onnum cheyyaathirikkunnathinum avayekkurichu enthengilum cheythukondu njangal karyangal saadhyamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, charithrathekkuricho mattenthinekkuricho vasthunishtavum yaadhaarthyabodhamuklathumaayin nammal paramavadhi shramikkumbozhum, aathmanishtamaaya daaranakalaal allengil yukthiyeo praayogikathayeyo dhikkarikkunna bhayam, prateeksha, ichhaashakthi allengil vishwaasam ennivayude gadakangalaal swaadheenikkappedunna vishayangalayi nammal thudarumennu ithu soochippikkunnu.
lalithamaayi paranjaal, shaasthreeya sathyangalum rashtreeya pravartthanangalum orumichu konduvaraan valare budhimuttaanu, maarksistukal lakshyamidunnathu pole, namukk maattaan kazhiyunna karyangal paramavadhi maattaan kazhiyunna vidhathil, namukk yadhaarthathil maattaan kazhiyaatha karyangal maattaan shramikkaruth (maarksistukal ithine "sidhaanthathinteyum prayogathinteyum aikyam" ennu vilikkunnu). mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, karyangal mattaanulla ichhaashakthiyil mikacha charitraparamaaya arivu polum sahaayamo maarganirddeshamo nalkaatha oru tharatthilulla aathmanishtamaaya daaranakal ulppedaam. charithranirmmaanathe" kurichulla ellah dharana anivaryamaayum prathyayashaasthrathe ulkkollunnundaakam, athinaal-samshayavaadikalude abhipraayathil-enthaanu maattaan kazhiyuka, enthaanu cheyyaan kazhiyaathath enniva vasthunishtamaayi verthirichariyaanulla aalukalude kazhivinekkurichu chila samshayangal srishtikkunnu. iva randum thammilulla athirthi mangiyathaakam. cheria chuvadukal" kondu maathram saamoohika maattam enna kaal popparinte prashasthamaaya thathwashaasthrathinte adisthaanam ithaanu.
eee samshayavaadathodulla maandalinte marupadi adisthaanaparamaayi manushyaanubhavathil ellaayppozhum "anjjaatha" allengil "avyaktha" mekhalakalundennu sammathikkuka ennathaayirunnu; aalukalkk enthengilum nedaano allengil "swantham charithram srishtikkaano", kanakkakkiyo allengil mattoo oru risk edukkendathundu. oraalude jeevithathe aathyanthikamayi shaasthreeyamaayi adisthaanamaakkiyullatho allengil mattenthenkilum reethiyilullatho aaya oru vishwaasathil urachunilkkunna oru "panthayamaayi" oraalkk kaanaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, ithellaam manassilaakkunnath oru kaaryamanennum ennaal "anjjaathar" "anjjaatharaanennu parayunnath mattonnaanennum addeham vaadichu. athinaal, nanmaykko thinmaykko vendi, "ningalkk ariyilla, ningal enthaanu pareekshichittilla", kooduthal vyakthamaayi "ningalkk ariyilla, ningal enthaanu arivu nedaan shramikkaathath". arivinteyum manushya saadhyathakaludeyum paridhikal thathwachinthayiloode munkootty nischayikkaan kazhinjilla; avaa prayogatthinte pareekshanatthiloode kandethendathundu. ellah saamoohika jeevithavum adisthaanaparamaayi praayogikamaanu" enna maarksinte prashasthamaaya paramarsham eee manobhaavam oormmippikkunnu. sidhaanthathe nigoodathayilekku nayikkunna ellah nigoodathakalum avayude yukthisahamaya pariharam manushya prayogatthilum eee parisheelanatthinte graahyathilum kandethunnu.". marxinoppam, "anjjatha orikkalum aareyum sahayichitilla" ennu mandell vishwasichu, athinte nilanilppil ninnu labham nediyavarozhike ("ningalude swantham ulppede manushyante nishkalankathaye orikkalum kurachukaanaruthu").
viplava shaasthrathinte pothuvaaya dauthyam manushyajeevithathekkurivillu anjjathaye marikadakkuka ennathaayirunnu, oro avasarathilum aalukale avarude "munkootty nischayicha" vidhiyumayi anurajanam nadathunnathiloode ithu nannayi cheyyaan kazhiyilla. namukkellavarkkum ariyaam, oduvil nammal marikkumennu, pakshe aaa ghattathinu munbu namukk enthaanu nedaan kazhiyuka ennathinekkurichu athu ithuvare parayunnilla. samshayavaadathinu athinte upayogangalundu, ennaal aaa upayogangal enthaanennu anubhavathil ninnu maathrame parisodhikkaan kazhiyoo; oru saarvathrika samshayavaadam "enthum saadhyamaan" enna vishwaasam pole ekapaksheeyamaayirikkum-athu manushya swaathanthryathinte saadhyathakalekkurich padikkunnathu ulppede enthengilum padikkaan kazhiyunna oru puthiya anubhavathilekkum nayichilla. thannirikkunna maanadandangalkkullil bodhapoorvamaaya thiranjeduppukalum theerumaanangalum edukkunnathiloode maathrame atharam patanam sambhavikkoo.iii. oru manappoorvamallaatha (noonn-kottik) parithasthithiyil, kuranjathu chila pravachanaatheetha anuvadikkukayum krithyamaaya pareekshanathmaka nigamanangal anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
mikka aalukalum grandhangalil ninno charithratthil ninno athrayonnum padikkunnillennum avar swantham anubhavathil ninnu padikkunnuvennum mandal palappozhum aavarthichu. avarkk ariyaathe thanne charithram avare baadhichekkaam. ennaal valia thothilulla saamoohika maattavumaayi bandhapetta eathoraalum karyangal vishalamaaya charitraparamaaya veekshanakonil sthaapikkendathinte aavasyakathaye eathaandu yaanthrikamaayi nerittu. manushyante pravartthanangalude paridhikalum anantharafalangalum prathyaaghaathangalum aazhathil manassilaakkendathund. athupole, dhaaraalam aalukale badhikkunna theerumaanangal edukkunna raashtreeyakkaarkk charithrathekkurichulla aazhathilulla bodhamillathe cheyyaan kazhiyilla.
maranavum paarambaryavum.
1995ll hridayaaghaathathe thudarnnu brasselsile veettilvechu maandal marichu.
adisthaana maarksist aashayangalude janakeeyanayathinum, pilkkala muthalaalithatheyum deerghakaala taranga sidhaanthatheyum kurichulla pusthakangalkkum, trotskist prasthaanatthile dhaarmika-boudhika neethrthwathinum maandal orupakshe ettavum kooduthal oormmikkappedunnu. thaan 'staalinisathodu valare mridusheelanaayirunnu' ennu vimarshakar avakaashappettengilum, mandal oru yaadhaasthithika trotskistinekkaal oru classic aayi thudarnnu soviyatt bureaucrassiecurich ezhuthukayum enthukondaanu muthalaalitham marana vedana anubhavikkaathathu ennathinekkurichum. addehathinte avasaanathe muthalaalitham maranathodu adukkunnathinupakaram kaalathamasam enna ardhathil vaikiyirunnu. eee samvidaanam prathisandhikalodulla pravanathaye marikadannittillenn addeham appozhum vishwasichirunnu. jarmman federal republicile maarksisathinte nilanilppinaayi mandell valareyadhikam karyangal cheythathayi pramukha jarmman maarksist elmar altwater prasthaavichu.

