
saamuval thomson

19-aamm noottaandil amerikkayil vyapakamaaya janapreeti nediya "thomsonian medisin" ennariyappedunna badal vaidyashaasthra sanbradaayathinte sthaapakanaayi ariyappedunna svayam padippicha american herbel vidagthanum sasyashaasthranjanumaayirunu saamuval thomson (9 februvari 1769-5 october 1843).
aadyakaala jeevitam.
aarr makkalil ettavum mootha randaamathe kuttiyayi nyoo hamshareile aalstedil tomson janichu. addehathinte pithaav joonn thomson oru karshakanaayirunnu, kudumbam thaamasichirunnathu oru vidoora pradeshathaanu, athu tomson "marubhoomi" ennu visheshippichu. addehathinte maathaapithaakkal randuperum ekathaanakkaaraayirunnu.
cheruppam muthale graamapradesangalil valarunna vividha sasyangalekkurichum avayude aushadha upayogangalekkurichum addehathinu kauthukam thonni. addehathinte aadyakaala arivukalude bhooribhaagavum oru praadeshika vidavayil ninnaan nediyathu, avar aushadha parihaarangalile vaidagdhyam kaaranam oru rogashanti enna prashasthi nediyirunnu. kattil valarunnathayi kandethiya chedikalude sample thomson upayogichirunnu-eee reethiyil addeham lobelia kandethi, ithu pinneedu addeham sthaapicha vaidyashaasthra sanbradaayathile oru pradhana parihaaramaayi maari. chediyude aushadhagunangalekkurichu ariyaatha tomson mattu aankuttikale ithu kazhikkaan kabalippichirunnu, ithu athinte emettik swabhaavam kaaranam chharddikkaan kaaranamaayi.
pathinaram vayassil oru praadeshika "root" doctorude koode padikkaan addeham pratheekshichu (akkaalat medical professionte audyogika licenses illaayirunnu) ennaal addehathinu vidyaabhyaasam undennum joliyil ninnu addehathe ozhivakkaan kazhiyillennum maathaapithaakkal karuthiyirunnu. angane addeham oru karshakathozhilaaliyenna nilayil jeevitam avasaanippichu. pathonpathaam vayassil, maram murikkumbol, addehathinte kanankaalinu gurutharamaaya parikkettu, oru praadeshika doctorude shushroosha undaayirunnittum, sukham prapikkaan visammathichu. addehathinte nila vashalaakukayum kudumbam addehathinte jeevan bhayappedukayum cheythu. murivinu oru comphrey rootum turpentine plaasttarum upayogichu svayam chikilsikkaan addeham theerumaanichu-kurachu aazhchakalkk sesham addehathinu sukham prapikkaan kazhinju.
21-aamm vayassil, saamuvelinte pithaav vermontilekku pooyi, saamuvaline krishiyidathinte chumatala ealppikkukayum ammaye sahodariye thante samrakshanathil upekshikkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe, addehathinte ammaykku measles rogamaayi, niravadhi doctormaarude shramangalkkidayilum, measles "kuthichuchaatta upabhogamaayi" maariyappol saamuvelinte amma marichu. samuvalinum measles baadhichappol, aushadhasasyangal upayogichu addeham svayam sukhappeduthi.
oru varshathinusesham, tomson 1790 juulai 7 nuu nyoo hamshareile keenil vachu susanna aalane vivaham kazhichu. avarude aadya kunjinte jananathinushesham, susanna valare rogabadhithayaayi, ezhu parambaraagatha doctormaarude oru paredinu avale sukhappeduthaan kazhinjilla. saamuval thante bharya chikilsikkaan rund "root doctormaare" krameekarichu, avar pittennu aarogyavaanaayi. thomson susannaykkum ettu kuttikalundaayi.
thomsonian samvidaanathinte vikasanam.
bhaaryayude asukhakaalathu, thomson rund aushadhavibhava vidagtharumaayi koodiyaalochichu, avar bharya chikilsikkukayum avarude chila reethikal tomsone padippikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu, tomson thante oru penkuttiyeyum oru makaneyum, thante chila ayalkkareyum sukhappeduthaan neeravi kuliyum aushadhasasyangalum upayogichu.
eee reethiyil, thomson thante swantham reethiyaaya "thomsonian sisttam" vikasippikkukayum suurii, nyoo hamshire, sameepa pattanangal ennividangalil pariseelikkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil addehathinte samvidaanathinu addehathinte chila puthranmaar ulppede niravadhi anuyaayikal undaayirunnu. sareerashaasthraparamaaya prakriyakaliloode vishavasthukkal neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi unmoolanam cheiyunnathinulla vazhikal thurakkunnathine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu ithu. ithu thomsaninte maathram savisheshathayayirunnilla "saadhaarana doctormar" ennu vilikkappedunnavar chharddiyum shudheekaranavum undakkaan merkuri adisthaanamaakkiyulla visha samyukthamaaya calomel upayogichu. thomsante kooduthal mithavum vishaamsham kuranjathumaaya marggangal dhaaraalam anuyaayikale aakarshichu.
parambaraagatha marunnukalil athrupthi prakadippicha addeham thante samvidaanathiloode labhicha phalangalil aaveshathode ithu oru swaabhaavika badalaayi nirddeshichu
eee divasam marunnu ennu vilikkappedunnathil bhooribhaagavum marakamaaya vishamaan, itharathilullava nalkunnathaayi aalukalkk ariyaamenkil avar athu oru marunnayi sweekarikkaan orikkalum visammathikkum. ithu njaan valarekkaalamaayi kaanukayum sathyamaanenn ariyukayum cheiyunnu; rogikalodu atharam nadapadikramangal nadathunna thinmakalekkurichu avare bodhyappedutthaan varshangalolam kadinamaayi parisramikkukayum, manushyaraashiyude prayojanathinaayi prakrithiyude devan thayyarakkiya nammude swantham rajyath valarunna marunnukalilekku ente shradha thirikkukayum cheiyunnu. valarekkaalamaayi oru pothu marunnu thedunnu, rogathinte ellah kesukalilum saarvathrikamaayi baadhakamaayathum janangalude kaikalil surakshithathvathodum vijayathodum koodi upayogikkaavunnathumaan njaan kandethiyathenn enikku urappund.muppath varshathe padanatthinum nammude raajyathe aushadhasasyangalude vijayakaramaya pareekshanangalkkum sesham, nammude kaalaavasthaykku kaaranamakunna ellah rogangalilum; enikku, adisthaanaparamaaya urappode, ente pariseelana samvidaanavum marunnukalum pothujanagalkk, aarogyakaravum phalapradavumaanennu shupaarsha cheyyaan kazhiyum.
thanuppulla thaapanilayude sanbarkkam rogathinu oru pradhana kaaranamaanennum shareerathinte swaabhaavika choodu punasthaapikkunnathiloode rogam chikilsikkanamennum tomson oduvil vishwasichu. neeravi kulikkal, keyne kurumulak, poshakangal ennivayude upayogam, emettik "lobelia infaulta" ("indian pukayila" allengil "pukk weed" ennum ariyappedunnu) enniva tomsante reethikalil ulppedunnu.
aarogyathilekkulla puthiya guide; allengil botanical famili physician" (1822) enna tomsante pusthakam, veettil nirmmicha thayyaareduppukalum parambaraagatha vaidyashaasthrathodulla avaganana addeham valare chelaveriyathaayi kanakkakki
koodaathe, 1830-kalil jaxonian amerikkayude samathwa virudha-varenya vikaarangale addehathinte vaidyashaasthra sambradaayam aakarshikkukayum sthaapitha pattanangalil ninnu akaleyulla kudumbangal athine aasrayikkukayum cheythu. akkaalat, licensulla doctormaarum rakthasraavam polulla avarude pala reethikalum theevramaaya parishodhanaykk vidheyamaayirunnu, athinaal thomsante noothana samvidaanam oro vyakthiyeyum (thozhilaalivarggangal ulppede) prakrithi uthppannangal upayogichu swantham chikitsa nalkaan anuvadikkunna oru aakarshakamaaya badalaayi avatharippichu. oru american medical parishkaranavaadiyaayi addehathe kanakkakkiya samakaalika vaidyanaaya daniel drake addehathinte samvidaanathekkurichu anukoolamaaya abhiprayam nalkki
sasyashaasthranjanaaya vilyam haansinte mattoru abhiprayam ohaayoyile kolambasile botanical sosaittikk munnil nalkappettu, avide hans addehathekkurichu paranju
vaidyashaasthrathe athinte gambheeramaaya haalukale bahumaanikkukayo allengil athinte mandabudhiyulla paathakale prabudhamaakkukayo cheytha ettavum mikacha manushyar apoornnamaaya avasthayilaanennu sammathikkunnu; appol sookshumamaayi parishodhikkathe, oru sidhaanthavum pariseelanavum avaa puthiyathum puthiyathum aayathinal naam enthinu nirasikkukayo apalapikkukayo venam? srishti muthal puthiyathum puthiyathumaaya kaaryangalude thudarcha eathaandu thudarnnu; ennittum nammude arivum boudhika kazhivukalude mechappeduthalum valare apoornnamaayi thudarunnu. njaan angane parayunnuvennu nadikkunnilla, doow. thomsante vaidyashaasthra sidhaanthamo prayogamo poornathayude avasthayilaanu; ennaal enikku parichithamaaya mattethoru avasthayekkaalum avaa eee avasthayodu kooduthal adukkunnuvennum allengil americayilo europilo ulla medical faakkalttikalkk ariyappedukayo parisheelikkukayo cheiyunnuvennu vishwasikkaan enikku kaaranamundennum njaan parayukayum vishwasikkukayum cheiyunnu.
sweekaranam.
thomsante janapreeti undaayirunnittum, chila licensulla doctormar addehathinte joliye ethirkkaan varikayum addehathinte saankethikavidyakal vimarshikkappedukayum cheythu. oru vashath, pariseelanam nediya chilar addehavumaayi bandham verpeduthi, physiomedicalism sthaapich unnatha medical vidyaabhyaasam thudarnnu, maruvashathu, miller cummings polulla addehathinte muun aprenteesukalil chilar addehathe aadyakaala mikacha upadeshtaavaayi amgeekarichu. joonn brounineppolulla addehathinte athiraalikal shareeraghadanayudeyum shareerashaasthrathinteyum arivillaaymayekkurich addehathinethire aaropikkukayum doktarmaarumaayi kooduthal samvadikkaanulla vimukhathayaanu thomsante pathanatthinu kaaranamenn avar aaropikkukayum cheythu.
niyamaparamaaya kuttangalum kuttangalum.
1809-ll, amithamaya alavil "lobilia" nalkikkond ezra lovettu enna rogiye kolappeduthiyathinu thomson kuttaaropithanaayi. lovettinte pithaav addehathinethire niyamaparamaayi kuttam chumatthiyenkilum prosecutionte pradarshanangalilonnu yadhaarthathil plaant marsh rosemary (limonium) aanennu addehathinte prathibhagam abhibhaashakaril oraal kodathiyil theliyichathine thudarnnu thomson kuttavimukthanaayi. koodaathe, thomsante thetto ashradhayo sthaapikkaan jadji oru adisthaanavum kandethiyilla. thudarnnulla saahitya avalokanangal ezra lovettu kesil nalkia thomsanekkaal ganyamaaya valia dosukalil ninnulla emisisinekkaal apakadakaramaaya maranangalo lakshanangalo prakadippikkunnathil parajayappettu; ennaal, thomsante vicharanayekkurichulla medical avalokanangal akkaalat vyathyasthamaayirunnu, chilappol valare nirnaayakamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, tomson thante pilkkala rund pusthakangalil eee kesinekkurichu swantham vivaranam nalki, avide aadyam thaan cheruppakkaarane sukham prapikkaan sahayichathaayi ezhuthi, ennaal veettile ashradhaykku sesham, pithaav nirasichenkilum mattoraale anweshikkaan pithaavinodu paranju
avane sahayikkunna enthengilum cheyyaan kazhiyumo ennu enikku valare samshayamundennu njaan aaa yuvaavinte pithaavinodu paranju, pakshe njaan shramichu ente kazhivinte paramavadhi cheiyumennu paranju. marunnu phalapradamallaathavidham rogi ithuvare pooyittundennu njaan kandethi, rund manikorinullil enikku makane sahayikkaan kazhiyillennu addehathodu parayukayum, mattethenkilum upadesham vilikkaan upadeshikkukayum cheythu; muthirnna vilyamsinteyum misttar vilyamsinteyum saannidyathilaanu ithu paranjathu. remond. emm. enikku makane sahayikkaan kazhiyunnillengil, arcum cheyyaan kazhiyillennu addehathinu ariyaamennum ratri muzhuvan addehathodoppam thamasikkaan njaan valare aagrahikkunnuvennum lovettu marupadi nalki, athu njaan cheyyukayum muzhuvan samayavum addehathinte kidakkayil nilkkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, thomson kuttavimukthanaakkileppedum, pala samsthaanangalum paarambaryethara vaidyashaasthrathe niyanthrikkunna "karutha niyamangal" pasaki. aafrikkan amerikkakkar vaidyashaasthram abhyasikkunnathil ninnum mattu pravarthanangalil earppedunnathil ninnum niyanthrikkunna niyamangalumayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathinulla oru maargamaayi paarambaryethara medical praakteeshanarmaar karutha niyamangalkk mudrakuthi. praayogikamaayi cheria falamullah eee niyamangal 1820kalode mikkavarum raddaakkappettu. 1839-ll akkaalathe chila medical saankethikavidyakale apalapichathinaal tomson ithine thante vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam nasippikkaanulla sramamaayi kandu, addeham ezhuthi
irupathu varshathilereyaayi faamttal tomsonian samvidaanathe oru kwakariyaayi nilanirtthi nasippikkaan shramichu. masaachyusetsil, 1808-ll avar enne thazheyirakkaan niyamanirmmaanasabhaye sahayikkaan thudangi, aaa samsthaanathum mattu pala samsthaanangalilum, njaan ente kadangal shekharikkunnathu thadayunnathinum koleju diploma illaathe medical practies nadathunnathinum akkalam muthal niyamangal paasaakkiyittund. ennaal eee anyayamaaya niyamangal pasakia mikkavarum ellah samsthaanangalilum janangal avaa raddaki.
1839-ll addehathe veendum kodathiyil kondupoyi, paine dii. badger thante samvidaanathinte upayogam. thomson thanne doow. tomsonian sanbradaayathinte sthaapakanaaya saamuval thomson, paine dii. yude adichelppikkalinethire pothujanagalkk munnariyipp nalkiyathil apakeerthippeduthiyenna aaropikkappedunnu. badger, oru thomsonian doctor enna nilayil, thettaaya nirangalil sanjarikkunna, jadji thacharinu munnil (1839), thante peril mattullavarkk cheyyaan kazhiyunna upayogathekkurichu thanikk aashankayundennu addeham prakadippichu. bhaagikamaayi ithu kaaranam, thante pettant cheytha chikilsakal samrakshikkaan addeham valareyadhikam shradhikkukayum udaaharanathinu, lobelia gulikakal nirmikkunnathil ninnum vilkkunnathil ninnum mattullavare thadayaan niyamaparamaaya adikaaram upayogikkukayum cheythu. thante vaidyashaasthram upayogikkaanulla avakasham addeham eathoru kudumbatthinum 20 dollarinu vittu. avakasha udamakalkku thomsante aushadhasasyangalum soothravaakyangalum vaangaan kazhinju, avaa addeham oru kendra warehouseil ninnu vitharanam cheythu, tomsente pusthakatthinte oru pakarpum. 1840 aayappozhekkum addeham 100,000 pettantukal vittuvenkilum eee kansorshyathe alwa kurtis thakarthu, parisheelakare parisheelippikkunnathinaayi "swatantra thomsonian medical sosaitti" srishtichu.
mattoru cases chithreekarichukondu thomson ezhuthi
videshathu ninnulla mikkavarum ellah pathrangalum oru thomsonian doktaraayi maarukayum ente ejantaayi maarukayum cheiyunna oraalude peru konduvarunnu, avarekkurichu enikku onnum ariyilla, ennil ninnu ente systethekkuricho marunnukalekkuricho onnum ariyilla. benchamin thomson ennu svayam vilikkunna oraal kolambiyayile alexandriayil thurannu deseeya budhijeeviyil parasyam cheiyunnu. ente perinte niratthil addeham enthucheyyumennu enikkariyilla, avideyulla aalukal athu manassilakkanamennum addeham cheiyunna oru kaaryatthinum tomsonian samvidaanathe kuttappedutharuthennum njaan aagrahikkunnu...ennil ninnu oru adhikaaravumillathe ente perum marunnukalum upayogichavaro upayogikkunnavaro aayavaril chaals hollman, porttsmouthu, enn. echu.; joonn eiii. braun, providence, aarr. aii.; jii. baltimorile larabi; randolfile clark & wilder, maas.
herbel vidagthanaaya maikkal muur, akkaalathe charchakalekkurichu oru ruchi vimarsanam nalkunnu, vivaadangalekkurichulla thomsante swantham dhaarana "veenal bhraanthaanenn thonnunna" aanennum athha
thomsante prasthaanam oru dashalakshamo athiladhikamo amerikkakkaare baadhichu, mattoru 50 varshathekku uyarnnuvaraatha oru medical parishkaranatthinu thudakkamittu, akkaalathe ettavum thilakkamulla medical manassukal thomsante practies cheyyaanulla avakaashathinethire shakthamayi vibhajikkapettu...federalistukalum republican raashtreeyavum thammil kadutha bhinnippund...janakeeyavaadikalum varenyavaadikalum...gramavum nagravum. eee muun pannikrishi karshakante kashtappaadukal oru pathittaandilereyaayi yuva republicine pidichukulukkukayum ellaayidathum thalakkettukal srishtikkukayum cheythu. thomsanteyum anuyaayikaludeyum vijayam kaaranam, samsthaanangal aadyamaayi party, klaas lainukalil medical practies niyantrikkaan thudangi. kuzhappamullathum aakarshakavumaya karyangal.
shradheyamaayi, eklaktik herbalstaaya joonn yoori lloyd, "saamuval thomsante jeevithavum medical kandethalukalum" enna pathippinte aamukhathil, newyorkkile vilyam morgante masonic virudha vivaadathil thomson ulppettittundennum rashtreeya kaaranangalal thaan bhaagikamaayi peedippikkappettuvennum vaadikkunnu
vaidyashaasthravum vaidyashaasthravum sambandhicha annathe prashnangalilekku eluppathil praveshikkaan ippol arcum kazhiyilla. abhinivesham, pingaamithvam, aaa kaalaghattatthe apakeerthippeduthal, adhikaarathinu purathulla swatantra chinthayeyum anweshanatheyum adichamarthal enniva ippol prakadippikkaano eluppathil vilamathikkaano kazhiyaatha onnaanu... addeham misttar ulppettirunnu. prashasthamaaya morgan masonic vivaadathil, newyorkkile ugrata. ithu namme oru vihithathekkaal kooduthal prasthaavikkunnathilekk nayikkunnu, american raashtreeyathil ethir rashtreeya vishwaasathe pinthudarunnathinu oru party prakadippicha sahishnuthayillaatha oru samayat thomsante prashnangalude oru cheria anupaathavum addehathinte prakhyapitha rashtreeya pravartthanatthil ninnu vannathalla... akkaalathe nyoonapaksha partyodulla thomsante vishwasthatha addehathinte peedanatthinu kaaranamaayi.
ennirunnaalum, thomsante samvidaanathinu kaanadayile vilyam renwick riddle polulla aalukal ippozhum nalla sveekaaryatha nalki; addehathinte pradhana kruthi 13 pathippukaliloode kadannupokukayum addehathinte pradhana kruthi jarmman bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheytha jarmman abhibhaashakare kandethukayum cheythu.
swantham samvidaanathekkurichulla thomsante aathyanthika nilapad maranathinu naalu varsham munbu addeham ezhuthiyappol prasthavikkappettu