
khemar bhasha

khemar janatha samsaarikkunna oru austro-eshyan bhashayum kambodiayude audyogikavum deseeyavumaaya bhaashayumaan khemar (;, ungegna). samskrithavum paliyum, prathyekichu rajakeeya, matha rajisttarukalil, hindumathathiloodeyum budhamathathiloodeyum khemarine ganyamaayi swaadheenichittundu. moonn-khemar kudumbatthile ettavum pazhakkam chennathum rekhappeduthappettathumaa likhitha bhaashayaanith, moninteyum vietnaameesinteyum munbullathaanu, kaaranam pazhaya khemar chenla, angore ennee charitra saamraajyangalude bhashayum avarude mungamiyaaya rajyamaaya phunan aayirikkam.
khemar samsaarikkunnavaril bhooribhaagavum khemar ettavum kooduthal kendreekarichirikkunna madhya samathalathile upabhashayaaya central khemar samsaarikkunnu. kambodiyaykkullil, vidoora pradeshangalil praadeshika ucharanangal nilavilundenkilum iva central khemarinte inangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. rund apavaadangalaanu thalasthaanamaaya noom penninteyum stung treng pravishyayile khemar kheyudeyum samsaram, iva randum khemirinte prathyeka bhaashaabhedangalaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyunnathra vyathyasthamaan. 
kambodiyaykku purathu, charitraparamaayi khemar saamraajyathinte bhagamaayirunna pradeshangalil ninnulla vamseeya khemermaar moonnu vyathyastha bhaashaabhedangal samsaarikkunnu. vadakkukizhakkan thaaylandinte thekkan pradeshangalil oru dashalakshathiladhikam khamermaar samsaarikkunna vadakkan khemar bhasha chila bhashaavethamaar oru prathyeka bhashayaayi kanakkakkunnu. viyatnaamile khemarinte aadya bhaashayaan khemar crome allengil thekkan khemar, athesamayam vidoora ealaykka parvathanirakalil thamasikkunna khemar valare yaadhaasthithikamaaya oru bhasha samsaarikkunnu, athu ippozhum madhya khemar bhaashayude savisheshathakal pradarshippikkunnu.
khemar praadhamikamaayi vishakalanaparavum ottappeduthunnathumaaya bhaashayaan. inflectionukal, konjugeshanukal allengil cases endingukal ennivayilla. pakaram, vyaakarana bandhangale soochippikkaan kanangalum sahaaya padangalum upayogikkunnu. pothuvaaya padha kramam vishaya-kriya-objectaanu, koodaathe parishkkaranangal avar parishkkarikkunna vaakk pinthudarunnu. namangal kanakkakkaan upayogikkumbol vargeekaranangal samkhyakalkku sesham prathyakshappedunnu, ennirunnaalum chainees polulla bhashakalil ellaayppozhum sthiratha pularthunnilla. samsaarikkunna khemaril, vishaya-abhipraaya ghadana saadhaaranamaanu, pankedukkunnavar thammilulla saamoohika bandham sarvanaamangalum oonarifiksum polulla eathu padaavaliyaanu shariyaayathenn nirnnayikkunnu.
oru swarabhaashayallaathathinaal barmees, thaay, lavo, vietnaamees thudangiya ayal bhashakalil ninnu khemar vyathyasthamaan. avasana aksharathil vaakkukalkk oonnal nalkunnu, athinaal pala vaakkukalum oru cheria aksharathinu munbulla oru sammarddamulla aksharatthinte saadhaarana moonn-khemar paattenumaayi poruthappedunnu. ezhaam noottaand muthal dakshinenthyan pallava lipi vazhi brahmi lipiyil ninnu uthbhavicha abugidayaya khemar lipiyilaan eee bhasha ezhuthappettathu. lipiyude roopavum upayogavum noottaandukalaayi parinamichu; athinte aadhunika savisheshathakalil klasttarukal ezhuthaan upayogikkunna vyanjanaaksharangalude subscript cheytha pathippukal, vyanjanaaksharangale vyathyastha antharleenamaaya svaraaksharangalulla rund srenikalaayi vibhajikkal enniva ulppedunnu.
vargeekaranam.
malaysian upadveep muthal thekkukizhakkan eshya vare kizhakkan india vare vyaapichukidakkunna pradeshathe autocthonas kudumbamaaya austro-eshyaattik bhasha kudumbatthile amgamaanu khemar. moonn, vietnaamees, munda ennivayum ulppedunna austro-eshyaattik 1856 muthal padikkappedunnu, 1907 ll oru bhasha kudumbamaayi aadyamaayi nirddeshikkappettu. gaveshanathinte alavu undaayirunnittum, austro-eshyaattik bhaashakalude aantharika bandhathekkurichu ippozhum samshayamundu. 
moonn-khemar bhaashakalude kizhakkan shaakhayil khemarine defloath sthaapikkunnu. eee vargeekarana padhathikalil khemarinte ettavum adutha janithaka bandhangal bahnarik, piyarik bhaashakalaan. ettavum puthiya vargeekaranangal moonn-khemar upagrooppinginte saadhuthaye samshayikkukayum khemar bhasha kudumbatthinte mattu 12 shaakhakalil ninnu thulya akaleyulla austro-eshyaattik shaakhayaayi sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanavum bhaashaabhedangalum.
audyogika bhashayaaya kambodiyayil ekadesham 13 dasalaksham aalukal khemar samsaarikkunnu. nyoonapaksha vibhaagangaludeyum thaddesheeya malayora gothrangaludeyum randaamathe bhasha koodiyaanithu. koodaathe thekkan viyatnaamil (1999 sensus) oru dasalaksham khemar samsaarikkunnavarum vadakkukizhakkan thaaylandil (2006) 14 laksham samsaarikkunnavarumund.
khemar bhaashaabhedangal parasparam manassilaakkaavunnavayaane chilappol valare sradheyamaanu. noom penn (kambodiayude thalasthaana nagaram), grameena battambang pradesham, kambodiyayodu chernnulla vadakkukizhakkan thaaylandile suurin pravishya, ealaykka parvathangal, thekkan vietnaam ennividangalil ninnulla samsaarikkunnavaril sradheyamaaya vyathiyanangal kaanapedunnu. eee bhaashaabhedangal ekadesham vadakku muthal thekk vare neelunna oru thudarchayaanu roopappeduthunnathu. saadhaarana cambodian khemar mattullavarkk parasparam manassilakkaan kazhiyunnathaanengilum udaaharanathinu, viyatnaamil ninnulla oru khemar crome samsaarikkunnavarkk thaaylandile sisaakkett pravishyayile oru khemar swadeshiyumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan valia budhimuttundaakam.
aadhunika khemar bhaashaabhedangalude vikasanam kaanikkunna oru vargeekarana padhathiyaanu thaazhepparayunnath.
cambodian skoolukalil padippikkukayum maadyamangal upayogikkukayum cheiyunna bhashayaaya staanderd khemar allengil central khemar, vadakkupadinjaaran, central pravisyakalaal chuttappettirikkunna madhya samathalathiludaneelam samsaarikkunna bhaashaabhedathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
innathe vadakkukizhakkan thaaylandile niravadhi athirthi pravisyakalil palarum samsaarikkunna bhaashaabhedangale vadakkan khemar (khemar ennu vilikkunnu) soochippikkunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil khemar saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham, dongrek parvathanirakal oru swaabhaavika athirthiyaayi pravarthichu, ithu khemarine parvathangalude vadakku laan saang raajyathinte swaadheenathinu keezhil vittu. ayothiyayude mahanaaya naresuvan nadatthiya kambodiayude vijayangal kambodiyayil ninnulla avarude raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya ottappedal vardhippikkukayum ithu madhya khamar kaalaghattatthinte madhyathil ninnu thaarathamyena swathanthramaayi vikasicha oru bhaashaabhedathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. 
ithu chuttumulla tonel bhashakalaaya lavo, thaay, lexical vyathyaasangal, svaraaksharangalile shabda vyathyaasangal, vyanjanaaksharangalude vitharanam ennivayaal swaadheenikkappetta oru vyathyasthamaaya uchaaranathin kaaranamaayi. khemarile mattu bhaashaabhedangalil nishabdamaayitheernna akshara-final ippozhum vadakkan khemaril ucharikkappedunnu. chila bhaashaashaasthranjar vadakkan khemarine oru bhaashaabhedathinupakaram oru prathyeka bhashayaayum ennaal adutha bandhamullah bhashayaayum tharamthirikkunnu.
ealaykka kher allengil chantaburi kher ennum vilikkappedunna padinjaaran khemar, padinjaaran cambodia muthal kizhakkan maddhya thayland vare vyaapichukidakkunna ealaykka parvathanirakalile valare cheria, otappetta janasamkhyayaanu samsaarikkunnath. valare kurachu padichuvenkilum, aadhunika khemarile mattu bhaashaabhedangalil ellaam aprathyakshamaaya oru nischitha shabda rajisttar samvidaanam nilanirthunnathil eee vaividhyam savisheshamaan.
thalasthaanathum parisara pradeshangalilum noom penn khamar samsaarikkunnu. mattu pradeshangalil ninnulla samsarikkunnavar "shaanthamaaya" uchaaranam kanakkaakkunna aksharangalude layanamo poornnamaaya ozhivaakkalo aanu eee bhaashaabhedathinte savisheshatha. udaaharanathinu, "noom penn" chilappol "emm 'penn" ennu churukkunnu. naam penn prasamgatthinte mattoru savisheshatha "r" ulla vaakkukalil oru prarambha vyanjanaaksharamaayo vyanjanaagrathile randaamathe amgamaayo (engleesh padamaaya "bread" pole) nireekshikkappedunnu. mattu bhaashaabhedangalil trill cheythatho flap cheythatho aaya "aarr" onnukil oru yuvular trill aayi ucharikkappedunnu allengil ucharikkappedunnilla.
ithu munbathe eathenkilum vyanjanaaksharathinte gunanilavaaratthe maattukayum kooduthal kadinavum oonnipparayunnathumaaya uchaaranathin kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. viyatnaameesile "hooy" toonn pole kuranja uyarunnatho "mungunnatho aaya tonilaanu aksharam samsaarikkunnath ennathaanu mattoru savisheshamaaya phalam. udaaharanathinu, chila aalukal ('malsyam') ingane ucharikkunnu 'dhii drope' ennu, swaraaksharam staanderd speechinekkaal valare kuranja tonil mukki aarambikkukayum thudarnnu uyarukayum athinte neelam phalapradamaayi erattiyaakkukayum cheiyunnu. mattoru udaaharanam, mukalil vivaricha athe swaravum yuvular "r" umm upayogichu ucharikkunna vaakk ('patanam') aanu.
munbu khemar saamraajyathinte niyanthranathilaayirunna mccong delttayile thaddesheeya khemar janasamkhyayaanu khemar crome allengil thekkan khemar samsaarikkunnath, ennaal 1698 muthal viyatnaaminte bhagamaanu. khemar avarude maathrubhaasha upayogichathinu vietnaamees sarkkar peedippikkukayum 1950 muthal vietnaamees perukal edukkaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheiyunnu. thathfalamaayi, eee bhashayekkurichu valare kurachu gaveshanangal maathrame prasidheekarichittulla. moonnu noottaandukalaayi vietnaamees ithu swaadheenichittundu, athanusarichu oru ucharikkapetta uchaaranavum monosyllabic vaakkukalodulla pravanathayum saadhaarana khemaril ninnulla lexical vyathyaasangalum ithu pradarshippikkunnu.
stung treng pravishyayile session, seam paang jillakalile seey saan, srepoc, sekong nadeethadangalil khemar khey samsaarikkunnu. ankorinte thakarchayethudarnnu khemar avarude vadakkan pradeshangal upekshichu, athu pinneedu lavo sthirathaamasamaakki. pathinezhaam noottaandil, cheey chettha sii eee pradesham thirichupidikkaan oru khemar senaye nayichu. aadhunika kaalath eee pradeshathu thamasikkunna khemar khe eee grouppinte pingaamikalaanennu karuthappedunnu. avarude bhasha aadhunikathaykk munbulla seam koyyalumaayi saamyamullathaanennu karuthappedunnu.
charitraparamaaya kaalaghattangal.
khemar bhaashayude bhashaaparamaaya patanam athinte charithrathe naalu kaalaghattangalaayi vibhajikkunnu, avayilonnu, pazhaya khemar kaalaghattam, pree-angcorian, angcorian enningane vibhajichirikkunnu. 600 muthal 800 vareyulla pazhaya khemar bhaashayaan pree-angcorian khemar. onpathaam noottaand muthal pathimoonnaam noottaand vare khemar saamraajyathil samsaarichirunna bhaashayaan angcorian khemar.
thudarnnulla noottaandukalil roopaghadana, shabdashaasthram, nighandu ennivayil mattangal kandu. pathinalam noottaand muthal pathinettaam noottaand vareyulla eee parivartthana kaalaghattatthile bhasha middle khemar ennum saahitya rajisttaril thaayiyil ninnulla kadangal ennum vilikkunnu. aadhunika khemar pathonpathaam noottaand muthal innuvareyullathaanu.
thaazhepparayunna pattika khemarinte parambaraagathamaayi amgeekarikkappetta charitra gattangal kaanikkunnu.
madhya khamar prathinidheekarikkunna parivartthana kaalaghattatthil ninnu aadhunika khamar uyarnnuvannathupole, cambodia franch koloniyalisatthinte swaadheenathil vannu. noottaandukalaayi kambodiayude mail aadhipathyam avakaashappedukayum cambodian simhaasanathinte pinthudarcha niyanthrikkukayum cheytha thaaylandin bhaashayile swaadheenam nashtappedaan thudangi. 1887ll cambodia franch indochine poornnamaayum samyojippikkappedukayum athu franch samsaarikkunna prabhukkanmaare konduvarikayum cheythu. ithu franch unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinteyum boudhika varggathinteyum bhashayaayi maarunnathilekku nayichu. 1907 aayappozhekkum, thaay bhaashayude anthassinaayulla bhashayaaya vadakkum vadakkupadinjaarum ulppede aadhunika kambodiyayude pakuthiyiladhikam franchukaar thaaylandinte niyanthranatthil ninnu pidichedukkukayum rajyavumaayi punarekeekarikkukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil chuyon naath enna sanyaasiyude neethrthwathil niravadhi thaddesheeya pandithanmaar avarude bhashayil franch, thaay swaadheenathe prathirodhichu. aadhunika bhasha nirvachikkunnathinum nilavaarappeduthunnathinu sarkkar sponsor cheytha saamskaarika samiti roopeekarichu, avar khmaraiseshan, videsha gadakangale shudheekarikkal, affixation punarujeevippikkal, pazhaya khemar verukalum charitraparamaaya paliyum samskrithavum upayogichu aadhunika aashayangalkk puthiya vaakkukal undaakkal ennivayil vijayichu. classical bhaashakalilekkulla parivartthanatthe apalapikkukayum samakaalika samsaarabhashayaaya khemarine puthiya padangalkkaayi upayogikkunnathine anukoolikkukayum cheytha keng vaansaakkinte neethrthwathilulla athiraalikalum thaayiyil ninnu kadam vaangunnathine anukoolicha aiyu koyas swaadheenamullavaraayirunnu. 
pinneedu coyas saamskaarika samithiyil cherukayum nathine pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. naadhinte kaazhchappaadukalum vipulamaaya pravartthanangalum vijayichu, koodaathe aadhunika khemar bhasha swathwavum samskaaravum valarthiyedukkukayum muzhuvan paali budhamatha niyamavum khemarilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnathinu melnottam vahikkukayum cheythathinte bahumati addehathinundu. franch colonial kaalaghattatthil khemarine samrakshikkaan sahaayichukond innum upayogathilulla aadhunika khemar bhasha nighanduvum addeham srishtichu.
phonology.
ivide vivarichirikkunna shabdashaasthra samvidaanam anthaaraashtra shabdamala (aii. pii. eiii) upayogichu prathinidheekarikkunna saadhaarana samsaarikkunna bhaashayude shabdangalude pattikayaanu.
vyanjanaksharangal.
shabdamillaatha ploseevukal aaspireshanodoppamo allaatheyo sambhavikkam (vii. , muthalaayava.); eee vyathyasam oru swaraaksharathinu munbulla vairudhyamaanu. ennirunnaalum, aaa sthaanathulla aspirated shabdangal rund phonemukalude srenikalaayi vishakalanam cheyyaam stoppinum aspiration idayil infixukal cherkkaan kazhiyumenna vastutha eee vishakalanathe pinthunaykkunnu; udaaharanathinu ('bigg') oru naamamaatra infix upayogichu ('sais') aayi maarunnu. eee ploseevukalilonnu mattoru vyanjanaaksharathin munbu thudakkathil sambhavikkumbol, aaspireshan inii vairudhyamullathalla, ithu kevalam phoonetik vishadaamshangalaayi kanakkakkaam inipparayunna vyanjanaksharam onnallaathappol (allengil prarambha plossive aanenkil) cheria aaspireshan prathekshikkunnu.
shabdamullah ploseevukal mikka samsaarikkunnavarum imploseevukalaayi ucharikkunnu, ennaal vidyaasambannamaaya samsaarathil eee savisheshatha durbalamaanu, avaa maarunnu.
akshara-anthima sthaanathu, sameepanathilum yathaakramam. stoppukal aakaamkshayillaathavayaanu, akshara finalukalaayi sambhavikkumbol kelkkaavunna release illa.
koodaathe, franch mattu bhaashakalum parichayamulla kaambodiyakkaarude prasamgatthile sameepakaala vaipa vaakkukalil vyanjanaksharangal idaykkide sambhavikkunnu.
svaraaksharangal.
khemar swaraakshara sanbradaayathekkurichu alpam vyathyasthamaaya vishakalanangal vividha rachayithakkal nirddeshichittundu. oru bhaashaabhedapradeshathinullilil polum, oro bhasha samsarikkunnavar thammilulla uchaaranathile vaividyamaanu ithinu kaaranam. chuvadeyulla vivaranam hafmane (1970) pinthudarunnu. swaraakshara kendrangalude ennavum avayude moolyangalum bhaashaabhedangalkkidayil vyathyaasappedunnu; staanderd khemar sambradaayavum staanderd adisthaanamaakkiyulla battambang bhaashaabhedavum thammil polum vyathyaasangalund.
koodaathe, chila difthongukalum trifethongukalum oru swaraakshara nucleus oru semivoval (allengil) kodayaayum vishakalanam cheiyunnu, kaaranam avaye oru anthima vyanjanaksharam pinthudaraan kazhiyilla. ivayil iva ulppedunnu (hraswa monofthongukalode),,,,, (neenda monofthongukalode), (neenda difthongukalode),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
akshara ghadana.
oru khemar aksharam aarambhikkunnath orotta vyanjanaaksharathil ninno allengil rando apoorvvamaayi moonno vyanjanaaksharangalude koottatthil ninno aanu. oru aksharatthinte thudakkathil saadhyamaaya moonnu vyanjanaaksharangalude koottam, (aspirated vyanjanaksharangal rund-konsonant seekwansukalaayi vishakalanam cheythirikkunnu). saadhyamaaya 85 rund-konsonant clusterukalundu ([piechu] muthalaayava ulppede. / Ph/muthalaayava vishakalanam cheiyunnu.). ellah klasttarukalum inipparayunna pattikayil, shabdaparamaayi, i.iii. superscript echu-nuu contrastive allengil noonn-contrastive aaspireshan adayaalappeduthaan kazhiyum (mukalil kaanuka).
oru plossive, thudarnnu, aaa thudakkathilum, klasttarilum adangunna klasttarukalil neriya swaraakshara epenthesis sambhavikkunnu.
prarambha vyanjanaksharam allengil vyanjanaksharam klasttarin sesham mukalil listtucheythirikkunna swaraaksharangalilonnaaya syllabic nucleus varunnu. eee swaraaksharam aksharam avasaanippikkukayo allengil orotta vyanjanaksharamaaya coda pinthudarukayo cheyyaam. aksharam oonnipparayukayum swaraaksharam hraswamaakukayum cheythaal, oru anthima vyanjanaksharam undaayirikkanam. aaspirettukal ozhikeyulla ellah vyanjanaaksharangalum kodayaayi prathyakshappedaam (avasana/aarr/chila bhaashaabhedangalil kelkkunnundengilum, prathyekichu vadakkan khemaril).
oru cheria aksharathinu (oru vaakkinte pradhana aksharathinu munbulla amarthappedaatha aksharathinu) sivi-, crv-, cvn-allengil crvn-(sii oru vyanjanaksharam, vii oru swaraaksharam, enn oru nassel vyanjanaksharam) ennivayude gadanayundu. atharam aksharangalile svaraaksharangal saadhaaranayaayi hraswamaanu; televisionilum radioyilum ulppede shradhaapoorvvam allengil aupachaarika prasamgatthil avaa vyakthamaayi prakadippikkappedunnedum sambhaashanathil avaa churukkam. atharamoru vaakkinte udaaharanam "mɑnuh, mɑninuh, méʼnuh" ('vyakthi'), ucharikkappedunnu, allengil kooduthal saadhaaranamaanu.
sammarddam.
khemarile sammarddam oru vaakkinte avasana aksharathilaanu. pravachikkaavunna eee reethi kaaranam, sammarddam khemaril phonomic allah (ithu vyathyastha ardhangal verthirichariyunilla).
mikka khemar vaakkukalilum onno rando aksharangal adangiyirikkunnu. mikka thaddesheeya dysillabic vaakkukalilum, aadyathe aksharam oru cheria (poornnamaayum sammarddamillaatha) aksharamaanu. atharam vaakkukale "sesquissilabic" (i.iii. onnara aksharangal ullathupole). aadyathe aksharam oru cheria aksharamaayi perumarathe, dvitheeya sammarddam edukkunna chila dysillabic padangalum undu. atharam vaakkukalil bhooribhaagavum samyukthangalaanu, ennaal chilath single morphimukalaanu (saadhaaranayaayi vaaypayedutha vaakkukal). oru udaaharanam ('bhasha'), ucharikkappedunnu.
moonno athiladhikamo aksharangalulla vaakkukal samyukthangalallenkil, saadhaaranayaayi paali, samskritham allengil aduthide franch bhashayil ninnu uruthirinja vaaypa padangalaanu. ennirunnaalum avaa khemar stress paattenukalumaayi poruthappedunnu. praadhamika sammarddam avasana aksharathil varunnu, avasaanam muthal oro randaamathe aksharatthilum dvitheeya sammarddam cheluthunnu. athinaal moonnu aksharangalulla vakkil, aadya aksharathinu dvitheeya sammarddamundu; naalu aksharangalulla vakkil, randaamathe aksharathinu dvitheeya sammarddamundu; anchu aksharangalulla vakkil, onnum moonnum aksharangalkk dvitheeya sammarddamundu, angane palathum. sambhaashanathil palappozhum neelamulla policyllabilukal upayogikkaarilla.
ennirunnaalum, samyukthangal ghadaka padangalude sammarda paattenukal samrakshikkunnu. athinaal, oru tharam kukkiyude peru (aksharaarthatthil 'pakshiyude koodu') ucharikkappedunnu, aadya aksharathekkaal randaamathethil dvitheeya sammarddamundu, kaaranam ithu ('koodu'), ('pakshi') ennee vaakkukalal nirmmithamaan.
shabdavum swaravum.
khemarinu orikkal athinte swaraaksharangalil oru shabdavyathyaasamundaayirunu, ennaal ithu ippol ettavum purathanamaaya bhashayil (padinjaaran khemar) maathrame nilanilkkunnulloo. pazhaya khemar shabdamullah vyanjanaaksharangalkk sheshamulla svaraaksharangal shabdamundaakkukayum difthomjais cheyyukayum cheythappol charitraparamaayi eee vyathyasam uyarnnuvannu; udaaharanathinu, ithu maari. vyanjanaaksharathinte shabdam nashtappedumbol, swaraaksharam () enna vyathyasam nilanirtthi; pinneedu swaravum () aprathyakshamaayi. eee prakriyakal khemar lipiyile eiii-seerees, oo-seerees vyanjanaksharangal ennu ippol vilikkappedunnavayude uthbhavam vishadeekarikkunnu.
mikka cambodian bhaashaabhedangalum tonel allengilum, samsaarabhashayaaya noom penn bhasha tonel kontraast (level vezhsas peaking toonn) enna upolppannamaayi vikasippicheduthittundu.
swaram.
swaram palappozhum khemaril ardhaparamaaya sandarbham ariyikkunnu, prakhyapana prasthavanakal, chodyangal, athishayangal enniva verthirichariyunnathil. atharam vyathyaasangal varuthunnathinulla labhyamaya vyaakarana marggangal ellaayppozhum upayogikkunnilla, allengil avyakthamaayirikkam; udaaharanathinu, anthima chodyam cheyyal kanika oru oonnipparayunna (allengil chila sandarbhangalil nishedhikkunna) kanikayaayi varthikkum.
oru saadhaarana khemar declarative vaakyathinte svarakramam sthiramaaya uyarchayum thudarnnu avasana aksharathil pettennulla idivumaanu.
mattu swararooparekhakal engleeshile athe-illa chodyangalkku samanamaaya "poornna samshayam" chodyamcheyyal polulla vyathyastha tharam vaakyathe soochippikkunnu. poornna samshayangal niranja chodyam cheyyalukal ellaayppozhum nyayamaaya swarathil nilanilkkunnu, pakshe avasaanathode kuthane uyarunnu.
athisayakaramaaya vaakyangal saadhaarana kramanugathamaayi uyarunna paatten pinthudarunnu, pakshe veezhunnathinupakaram avasana aksharathil kuthane uyarunnu.
vyakaranam.
khemar praadhamikamaayi oru vyathiyaanavumillaatha oru vishakalana bhaashayaan. vaakyaghadana bandhangal pradhaanamaayum nirnnayikkunnath padha kramathilaanu. pazhayathum madhyathilullathumaaya khemar vyaakarana vibhagangal adayaalappeduthaan kanikakal upayogichu, ivayil palathum aadhunika khemaril nilanilkkunnundenkil kooduthalum saahithyathilo aupachaarika bhashayilo mithamaayi upayogikkunnu. sahaaya kriyakal, "directionalukal", seeriyal kriya nirmmaanam enniva khemar vipulamaayi upayogikkunnu. oonnal nalkunnathino kooduthal sankeernamaaya vaakyangalile avyakthatha ozhivaakkunnathino oru kopula upayogikkunnillenkil, pakaram pravachana naamavisheshanangal (pravachana namangal polum) eshtappedunna oru poojyam kopula bhaashayaan samsaarabhashayaaya khemar. vishayangal palappozhum ozhivaakkappedunnunde adisthaana padha kramam vishaya-kriya-vasthu (ezz. vii. oo) aanu; postposishanukalekkaal prepositionukal upayogikkunnu. 
vishaya-abhipraaya nirmmanangal saadhaaranamaanu, bhasha saadhaaranayaayi praarambhamaanu (parishkkaranangal avar parishkkarikkunna vaakkukal pinthudarunnu). chila vyaakarana prakriyakal paashchaathya pandithanmaarkk ippozhum poornnamaayum manassilakunnilla. udaaharanathinu, aakttar nominalisation polulla khemar vyaakaranathinte chila savisheshathakal oru roopaghadana prakriyayo poornnamaayum vaakyaghadana upakaranamaayo kanakkaakkano ennu vyakthamalla, koodaathe chila derivative roopaghadana "poornnamaayum alankaara" maayi kaanappedukayum ariyappedunna vaakyaghadana pravarthanangalonnum nadathaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu.
lexical vibhagangal khemaril nirvachikkaan prayaasamaan. khamarile aadyakaala pandithanaaya henry maspero eee bhaashaykk samsaarathinte bhaagangalillenn avakashappettu, athesamayam pilkkala pandithanaaya judith jacob samsaarathinte naalu bhaagangalum ennamatta kanangalum sthaapichu. maruvashathu, joonn haiman, vaakkinte kramam, prasakthamaaya kanikakal, oru khandathinullile sthaanam, swaram, sandarbham thudangiya gadakangale aashrayich khemar vaakkukalkk vividha vaakyaghadana pravartthanangal nadatthaan swaathanthryamundennu munnariyipp nalki khemarile "rund dussen" samsara bhagangal thirichariyunnu. oru ashupatri laghupathrikayil ninnu edutha inipparayunna udaaharana vaakyathil kooduthal pradhanappetta lexical vibhaagangalum avayude pravartthanavum pradharshippichirikkunnu
roopaghadana.
aadhunika khemar oru ottappeduthunna bhaashayaan, athaayath ithu uthppaadanakshamamaaya roopaghadana kuravaanu. prefixukaliloodeyum infixukaliloodeyum chila vyulppaadanangalundu, ennaal ithu pazhaya khemarinte avashishtamaan, aadhunika bhashayil ellaayppozhum uthppaadanakshamamalla. munkaalangalil oru ghattathil bhasha oru samyojitha bhashayil ninnu oru otappetta typology sweekarikkunnathilekku marria oru charitra prakriyayude thelivaanu khemar roopashaasthram. otticha roopangal lexicalise cheythavayaanu, puthiya vaakkukal roopappeduthaan ulppaadanakshamamaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyilla. huffman nalkia udaaharanangalulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya chila anubandhangal chuvadeyundu.
khemarile samyuktham ennathu samyukthangalum aavarthichulla samyukthangalum enna rund roopangal edukkunna oru saadhaarana derivative prakriyayaan. coordinate samyukthangal samanamaaya ardhamulla rund anboundu morphimukalil (swatantra vaakkukal) cherukayum rund padangalekkaalum kooduthal pothuvaaya oru ashayathe soochippikkunna oru samyuktham roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. coordinate samyukthangal rund naamangalo rund kriyakalo cherkkunnu. khamarinte ettavum uthppaadanakshamamaaya derivative savisheshathakalilonnaaya aavarthana samyukthangal, aavarthana padatthinte classine aashrayichirikkunna ardham labhikkuna vaakkukal uruthirinjedukkaan oru muzhuvan vaakkinteyum aavarthanamaanu upayogikkunnathu. oru naamatthinte aavarthana samyuktham bahuswarathayeyo saamanyathayeyo soochippikkunnu, athesamayam oru naamavachaka kriyayude samyuktham theevrathayo bahuswarathayo ardhamaakkaam.
samyukthangal ekopippikkuka
aavarthichulla samyukthangal
namangalum sarvanaamangalum.
khemar namangal vyaakarana lingabhedathino ekavachanathino bahuvachanathino vendi prathifalikkunnilla. lekhanangalonnumillenkum ("oru naaya") enna naamathe pinthudarunna "onnu" () enna vaakkaan palappozhum anishchithathvam prakadippikkunnathu. bahuvachanam postnominal kanikakal, akkangal allengil inipparayunna oru naamavaachakatthinte raduplikkeshan ennivayaal adayaalappeduthaam, ithu theevrathaykku samaanamaanengilum sandarbham kaaranam saadhaaranayaayi avyakthamalla.
vargeekarikkunna kanikakal akkangalk sesham upayogikkunnu, pakshe avaa thaayilo chainees bhashayilo aayathinal ellaayppozhum nirbandhamalla, palappozhum samsaarabhashayil upekshikkappedunnu. khemar naamangale rund grouppukalaayi thirichirikkunnu vargeekaranangal edukkunna maas namangal; allatha nirddishta namangal. bhooribhaagavum maas naamangalaan.
padakramam upayogichaanu kaivashappedutthal samsaarabhashayil prakadippikkunnathu. kaivashamulla vasthuvinte pingamiyaayi udamasthane sthaapikkunnu. pakaramaayi, kooduthal sankeernamaaya vaakyangalil allengil oonnal aavashyamullappol, (, "property, object") enna vaakk upayogichu oru udamasthathayilulla nirmmaanam upayogikkaam. aupachaarikavum saahityaparavumaaya sandarbhangalil, swathuaparamaaya kanika () upayogikkunnu
prabhashakanum prekshakarum referentum thammilulla bandhathe aashrayich sarvanaamam thiranjedukkunna sankeernamaaya saamoohika rajisttar samvidaanathinu vidheyamaan sarvanaamangal (chuvadeyulla saamoohika rajisttarukal kaanuka). khemar sarvanaama ozhivakkal pradarshippikkunnu, athinaal bandhutwa padangal, vilipperukal, sariyaaya perukal enniva palappozhum sarvanaamangalkk (aadya vyakthi ulppede) pakaram upayogikkunnu. samsaarabhashayil vishaya sarvanaamangal palappozhum ozhivaakkappedunnu.
namakaranam kanangalude upayogathiloode naamavachakangal, kriyakal, kriyaapadhathikal enniva naamangalaayi mattaam. namangal srishtikkaan upayogikkunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya moonnu kanikakal,,, ennivayaanu. amoortha namangal roopappeduthunnathinaayi eee kanikakal palappozhum kriyakalilekku munkootty cherkkunnu. samskrithathil ninnu uruthirinja randaamathethu, samskrithathil ninnum paali bhashayil ninnum kadamedutha ("aarogyam") ("aarogyavaanaayirikkuka") ennathil ninnu ("aarogyam") enna sthira roopangalil oru prathyayamaayum kaanapedunnu.
naamavaachakangalum kriyaavisheshanangalum.
naamavachakangal, demonstrativukal, akkangal enniva avar parishkkarikkunna naamathe pinthudarunnu. kriyaavisheshanangalum athupole kriaye pinthudarunnu. roopashaasthraparamaayi, naamavaachakangalum kriyaavisheshanangalum verthirichariyaan kazhiyilla, pala vaakkukalum palappozhum rund pravartthanangalum cheiyunnu. khemar vaakyangal apoorvvamaayi oru kopula upayogikkunnathinaal naamavachakangal kriyakalaayum upayogikkunnu.
thaarathamyathinte alavukal vaakyaghadanayodeyaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. a x [b]" (a ennathu x [b] nekkaal kooduthalaanu) enna vaakk upayogichaanu thaarathamyangal prakadippikkunnathu. mikachathu prakadippikkunnathinula ettavum saadhaaranamaaya maarggam ithaanu "a x" (a aanu ettavum x). eee pradeshathe mattu bhaashakalkk samaanamaayi, theevratha aavarthanathiloodeyo theevramaakkalukalude upayogathiloodeyo vaakyaghadanayiloode prakadippikkunnu.
kriyakal.
mikka kizhakkan eshyan bhaashakaludeyum savisheshatha pole, khemar kriyakal ottum prathifalikkunnilla; sahaaya kriyakal, kanikakal (thudarchayaaya vasham prakadippikkaan oru kriyayude munnil vaykkunnathu polullava), kriyavisheshanangal ("innale", "neratthe", "naale" polullava) enniva upayogichu pirimurukkam, vasham, maanasikavastha enniva prakadippikkaam, allengil sandarbhathil ninnu manassilakkaam. seeriyal kriyayude nirmmaanam valare saadhaaranamaanu.
khemar kriyakal thaarathamyena thuranna klaasaanu, avaye pradhana kriyakalum sahaaya kriyakalum enningane rund tharamaayi thirikkam. nishedhikkaavunna eathoru wack" ennaanu huffman oru khemar kriaye nirvachichathu, koodaathe pradhana kriyakale moonnu klaasukalaayi thirichirikkunnu.
oru nerittulla vasthu pinthudarenda kriyakalaanu traansitteevu kriyakal
oru vasthuvine pinthudaraan kazhiyaatha kriyakalaanu intraansitteevu kriyakal
engleeshil thulyathayillaatha oru vaakk klaasaanu adjectival kriyakal. oru naamamo creayo parishkkarikkumbol, avaa yathaakramam naamavaachakangalo kriyaavisheshanangalo aayi pravartthikkunnu, pakshe avaa engleeshil "be +" naamavaachakathinu thulyamaaya pradhana kriyakalaayum upayogikkaam.
vaakyaghadana.
vaakyaghadana ennathu oru prathyeka bhashayil vaakyangal engane roopappedunnu, khandangalkko vaakyangalko ullil vaakkukal engane parasparam bandhappettirikkunnu, ardham ariyikkunnathinayi oru vaakyathinullil aaa vaakyangal engane parasparam bandhappettirikkunnu enniva vivarikkunna niyamangalum prakriyakalum aanu. khemar vaakyaghadana valare vishakalanaparamaan. vaakkukalum shailikalum thammilulla bandhathe praadhamikamaayi soochippikkunnathu sahaaya kriyakalumaayi chernna padha kramam, prathyekichu aupachaarikavum saahityaparavumaaya rajisttarukalil, vyaakarana adayaala kanikakal ennivayaanu. nishedham, vasham thudangiya vyaakarana prathibhasangal kanikakalaal adayaalappeduthumbol chodyam cheyyal vaakyangal kanikakalaal adayaalappeduthunnu allengil engleesh "doubleuech-vaakkukal" nuu thulyamaaya chodyam cheyyal vaakkukalal adayaalappeduthunnu.
oru samboornna khemar vaakyathil naalu adisthaana gadakangal adangiyirikkunnu-oru oopshanal vishayam, oru oopshanal vishayam, nirbandhitha pravachanam, vividha kriyaavisheshanangalum kanangalum. vishayavum vishayavum naamavaakyangalaanu, pravachanangal kriyavaakyangalaan, oru vasthuvaayo vaakkalulla attributaayo pravartthikkunna mattoru naamavakyam palappozhum pravachanatthe pinthudarunnu.
adisthaana ghadaka kramam.
eee namangalum kriyaapadangalum oru vaakyathilekku samyojippikkumbol kramam saadhaaranayaayi ezz. vii. oo aannu
vyaakarana maarkkarukalonnumillathe oru nerittulla vasthuvum paroksha vasthuvum undaakumbol, mungananayulla kramam ezz. vii. (duu) (aii. oo.) aanu. atharamoru saahacharyathil, nerittulla object vaakyathil onniladhikam gadakangal adangiyirikkukayaanenkil, paroksha vasthu nerittu object vaakyathinte naamathe udan pinthudarunnu, nerittulla vasthuvinte modifierukal paroksha vasthuvine pinthudarunnu
vasthukkalude eee kramam mattaanum kanikakal ulppeduthunnathiloode ardham vyakthamakkaanum kazhiyum. saadhaaranayaayi "athicheruka" allengil "nere" ennartham varunna vaakk "to" ennartham varunna oru munpadaviyaayi upayogikkaam
pakaramaayi, object-marking preposition upayogichaal paroksha vasthu nerittulla vasthuvin munbe varaam
ennirunnaalum, oru vishaya-abhiprayam polulla ghadanayil vasthuvin oonnal nalkumbol samsara prabhaashanatthil osv saadhyamaan.
naamavachakam.
khemarile naamavaakyathinu saadhaaranayaayi inipparayunna gadanayunda
paraantheesukalile gadakangal oopshanalaanu. referentinte saamoohika padavi soochikayil ulppeduthaan sahayikkunna vaakkukalude oru vibhagamaanu oonarifiks. oonarifiks bandhutwa padangalo vyakthiparamaaya perukalo aakam, iva randum palappozhum onnum randum vyakthikalude sarvanaamangalaayi upayogikkunnu, allengil rajakeeya, mathaparamaya vasthukkalkk munbu ('daivam') polulla prathyeka padangal. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya prakadanangal ('ithu, iva'), ('athu, avaa') ennivayaanu. ('avideyullavar') enna vaakkin kooduthal vidooramo avyakthamo aaya ardhamundu. 
naamapadatthil oru swathuaparamaaya naamavachakam undengil, athu naamathe pinthudarukayum akkathinu munbaayi varikayum cheiyunnu. oru vivaranathmaka attribute oru swaadheenavumaayi sahavarthikkukayaanenkil, swaadheena nirmmaanam () prathekshikkunnu.
saadhaarana khemar naamavaakyangalude chila udaaharanagal ivayaanu
pazhaya khemar naamavaakyangalil attributeukal adayaalappeduthiya khemar kanika aupachaarikavum saahityaparavumaaya bhashayil upayogikkunnathinaal naamathinu munbullathu naamamaanennum thudarnnullathu attribute aanennum soochippikkunnu. aadhunika upayogam mithamaaya theevrathayude ardham vahichekkaam.
kriyaapadam.
khemar kriyakal poornnamaayum prathifalippikkappedaathu, oru vishayamo vishayamo avatharippikkukayo sandarbhathil ninnu vyakthamaakukayo cheythaal naamavakyam ozhivakkaam. athinaal, khemarile ettavum lalithamaaya vaakyathil orotta kriya adangiyirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, 'ottaykku pogunnathu' ennaal 'njaan pookunnu' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.", ayaal pooyi.", avar pooyi.", namukk pookaam.", muthalaayava. ithu inipparayunnathupolulla kriyakalude neenda charadukalkkum kaaranamaakunnu
engleeshilekku kopula ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnathinu khemar moonnu kriyakal upayogikkunnu. pothuvaaya kopula; naamamaathramaaya pravachanangal upayogichu aidantitti ariyikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu. locative pravachanangalkk, kopula aanu. nilavilundu" allengil "nilavilundu" ennartham varunna "asthithwa" kopulayaanu kriya.
vaakyathinteyo khandathinteyo avasaanathil kriyaykkum kanikaykkum munnil vaykkunnathiloodeyaanu nishedham kaivarikkunnath. samsaarabhashayil, kriyakalkk anthima kanikayude aavasyamillaathe avayude munnil vaykkunnathiloode nishedhikkaanum kazhiyum.
innale" polulla kriyaavisheshanangaliloode allengil "innale" polulla thikanja kanangalude upayogathiloodeyo bhoothakaalathe ariyikkaam. 
bhaaviyile pravartthanatthinte vyathyastha indriyangal "naale" polulla kriyaavisheshanangalude upayogathiloodeyo allengil kriyaykk thottumunbu sthaapichirikkunna bhavikaala adayaalathiloodeyo allengil randum upayogicho prakadippikkaan kazhiyum
anivaaryathakal palappozhum adayaalappeduthappedaathu. udaaharanathinu, mukalil nalkiyirikkunna ardhangalkku purame, "vaachakam" ennathinartham "pookoo!". maryaadayude pooyint (jassives) ulppede command vyathyastha alavukalilekku mriduvaakkunnathinu vividha vaakkukalum kanangalum kriyayil cherkkaam
nirodhanangal "+" enna roopam edukkukayum vaakyathinte avasaanathil kanika cherkkunnathiloode palappozhum mriduvaakukayum cheiyunnu.
chodyangal.
khemaril moonnu adisthaana tharam chodyangalundu. nirddishta vivarangal abhyarthikkunna chodyangal chodya vaakkukal upayogikkunnu. dhruveeya chodyangal chodyam cheyyal kanikakal upayogichaanu soochippikkunnathu, saadhaaranayaayi, nishedha kanikayude oru homonym. tagg chodyangal vividha kanikakal upayogichum uyarunna prathiphalanathodeyumaanu soochippikkunnathu. ezz. vii. oo vaakkinte kramam saadhaaranayaayi chodyangalkku vipareethamalla.
kooduthal aupachaarika sandarbhangalilum manyamaaya samsaarathilum chodyangal avayude thudakkathil kanikayaal adayaalappeduthunnu.
nishkriyamaaya shabdam.
khemarinu oru nishkriya shabdamilla, pakshe pradhana kriya ("adikkaan", "sariyaakaan", "badhikkaan") oru sahaaya kriyayayi upayogikkunna oru nirmmanamund, athaayath "vidheyanaakuka" allengil "vidheyamaakuka"-ithu nishkriya shabdam upayogichu engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunna vaakyangalil kalaashikkunnu.
vaakyaghadanayude khandika.
pradhana khandathil onno athiladhikamo khandangal cherthaanu khemaril sankeernamaaya vaakyangal roopappedunnathu. khemarile vividha tharam khandangalil coordinate closs, relative closs, subordinate closs enniva ulppedunnu. upavaakyangalile padha kramam mukalil vivaricha adisthaana vaakyangalkk thulyamaanu. coordinate klosukal adayaalappeduthendathil; avaykku parasparam pinthudaraan kazhiyum. vyakthamaayi adayaalappeduthumbol, avaa ("" umm "), (" "pinne") polulla engleesh samyojanangalkk samanamaaya vaakkukalo closs-final samyojanam polulla kriyaavisheshanangalo chernnupokunnu, iva randum "" allengil "" koodaathe "ennu ardhamaakkaam; vichedanam soochippikkunnathu (" allengil ") aanu. 
aapekshika khandangal ("athu") avatharippikkaamenkilum, coordinate khandangalkku samaanamaayi, palappozhum pradhana khandam pinthudaruka. udaaharanathinu, chuvadeyulla rund padaprayogangalum "chakrangalulla ashupatri kidakka" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.
thalanamam udan pinthudarunnillenkil aapekshika khandangal avatharippikkan kooduthal saadhyathayund. khemar keezhudyogastharude samyojanangal ellaayppozhum oru keezhudyogastharude vyavasthaykku munbaayirikkum. (kaaranam), ("thonnunnathupole"), ("krameekarikkuka") thudangiya vaakkukal keezhvazhakkangal ulppedunnu.
akkangal.
khemarile ennal oru dvigunitha samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu 6 muthal 9 vareyulla samkhyakalkku "anchu onnu", "anchu rund" muthalaaya roopangalundu. 30 muthal 90 vareyulla pathukalude gunithangalkk adisthaana khemar samkhyakalumaayi bandhamilla, marichu chainees uthbhavamaan, orupakshe thaay vazhiyaayirikkam khemarilekku vannath. indian akkangalil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha khemar akkangal paashchaathya arabi akkangalekkaal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
padinjaaran, khemar akkangal, khemar spelling, aipa transcription enniva nalkunna pradhana samkhya padangal inipparayunna pattikayil pattikappedutthiyittundu.
melpparanja moolakangal koottiyinakkiyaanu intermediat samkhyakal roopappedunnathu. patthile adhikaarangale kadam koduttha vaakkukalal soochippikkunnu (100), (1,000), (10,000), (100,000), (1,000,000) thaayiyil ninnum (10,000,000) samskrithathil ninnum.
kanikaye anubandha cardinal nambarinu munbu sthaapichaanu oordinal nambarukal roopappedunnathu.
saamoohika rajisttarukal.
samsaarikkunna vyakthiyude saamoohika nilayekkurichu speaker ellaayppozhum bodhavaanmaaraayirikkend oru rajisttar samvidaanam khemar upayogikkunnu. pothu samsaram, manyamaaya samsaram, raajakudumbaangalodu samsaarikkuka, sanyasimarodu samsaarikkuka, avarekkurichu samsaarikkuka enniva ulppedunna vividha rajisttarukal, ithara kriyakal, shareerabhaagangalude perukal, sarvanaamangal enniva upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, aduppakkaarkidayil allengil mrugangale paraamarsikkaan upayogikkunna "bhakshanam kazhikkuka" enna vaakk. saadhaaranakkaarodulla manyamaaya paraamarshatthil ithu upayogikkunnu. uyarnna saamoohika padaviyullava upayogikkumbol, athu allengil. sanyaasimaarkk eee vaakk raajakudumbaamgangalkkullathu. mattoru phalam, pronominal sisttam sankeernavum manyamaaya vyathiyanangal niranjathumaanu, avayil chilath chuvadeyulla pattikayil kaanichirikkunnu.
ezhuthu samvidaanam.
ezhaam noottaandil ariyappedunna aadyathe likhitham prathyakshappedunnathin munbu indiayile pallava lipiyil ninnu vikasippichedutha abugidayaya khemar lipiyilaan khemar ezhuthappedunnathu. avaa pinthudarunna vyanjanaaksharathin sheshamo athinu munbo mukaliloo thaazheyo sthaapikkaan kazhiyunna swaraakshara chinnangalumaayi idathuninnu valathottu ezhuthiya khemar lipi roopathilum upayogathilum thaay, lavo ennivaykku samaanamaan, iva randum khemar sanbradaayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. khemar lipiyum moonn-barmees lipiyumayi vidooramaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. kambodiyaykkullil, khemar aksharamalayile saksharatha 77.6% aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
khemarile vyanjanakshara chinnangale rund grouppukalaayi allengil srenikalaayi thirichirikkunnu. aadya shreni antharleenamaaya swaraaksharavum randaamathe shreni antharleenamaaya swaraaksharavum vahikkunnu. parambarayile khemar perukal, ('shabdamillaatha'), ('shabdamullah') enniva yathaakramam soochippikkunnathu pazhaya khemarinte shabdamullah shabdangale prathinideekarikkaan randaamathe parambara vyanjanaksharangal upayogichirunnu ennaanu. ennirunnaalum, stoppukalude shabdam nashtappettathinaal, vairudhyam gadippicha svaraaksharangalude shabdathilekku maari, ithu swaraakshara gunanilavaaratthinte lalithamaaya vyathyaasamaayi parinamichu, palappozhum difthonchisation vazhi. eee prakriyayude falamaayi khemar aksharamaalaykk mikka vyanjanaksharangalkkum rund chinnangalum oro swaraakshara chinnathinum prarambha vyanjanaaksharangalude sreniye aashrayich rund saadhyamaaya readingukalum undu
udaaharanagal.
inipparayunna vaachakam saarvathrika manushyavakaasha prakhyaapanatthinte article 1 ll ninnullathaanu.

