
helmond pravishya

purathana kaalath hillmand ennum hermand ennum ariyappettirunna hellmand (pashtoo/daari), afgaanisthaante thekk bhaagathulla 34 pravisyakalil onnaanu. vistheernnathil ettavum valia pravisyayaanithu. aayirathiladikam graamangalum ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> sthirathaamasamaakkiya aalukalum ulkkollunna 13 jillakal eee pravisyayilundu. lashkarga pravishyayude thalasthaanamaayi pravartthikkunnu. irupathaam noottaandil afghan sarkkar oru prathyeka pravisyayaakkunnathuvare helmond "grettar kandahar" mekhalayude bhaagamaayirunnu.
helmond nadhi pradhaanamaayum pravishyayile marubhoomiyiloode ozhukunnu, ithu jalasechanathinu upayogikkunna vellam nalkunnu. afgaanisthaanile pradhana jalasambharanikalilonnaya kajaki anakkett kajaki jillayilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. lokathile ettavum valia karupp uthppaadippikkunna pradeshangalilonnaya helmond, lokathile motham uthppaadanathinte 42 shathamaanatholam varum. afgaanisthaan kazhinjaal ettavum kooduthal uthppaadanam nadathunna randaamathe rajyamaaya mianmarinekkaal kooduthalaanithu ennu vishwasikkappedunnu. pukayila, panchasaara beatoot, parutthi, ellu, gothamb, mung beans, cholam, andipparippu, sooryakanthi pookkal, ulli, urulakkizhangu, thakkaali, coliflower, nilakkadala, apricot, munthiri, thannimathan ennivayum eee pradesham uthppaadippikkunnu. naattoyude neethrthwathilulla sainyam valareyadhikam upayogichirunna lashkarga nagaratthil pravishyaykk oru aabhyanthara vimaanathaavalam (booast vimaanathaavalam) undu. muun britiish camp kotta yuu.ezz. lashkargayil ninnu thekkupadinjaraayi kurachu akaleyaan camp letherneck.
afgaanisthaanile <aii. dii. 1> yudhathiludaneelam, hillmand kalapa pravartthanangalude kendramaayirunnu, akkaalat palappozhum afgaanisthaanile "ettavum apakadakaramaaya" pravisyayaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. yudhasamayathe ettavum kanatha poraattangalkkum eee pravishya saakshyam vahichu, athinte kodumudiyil prathimasam noorukanakkinu saadhaaranakkaar kollappettu. vaividhyamaarnna vilakal krishi cheiyunnathinu anuyojyamaaya kaalaavasthayum thaalibaante saambathika kaaryangalil valia sambhavana nalki. koodaathe, afgaanisthaanile ettavum saamoohika yaadhaasthithika pradeshangalilonnayi helmond kanakkaakkappedunnu.
charithram.
helmond samskaaram.
padinjaaran afgaanisthaanile helmond samskaaram bii. sii. moonnaam sahasraabdathile venkalakaala samskaaramaayirunnu. shahar-iii-sokhtha, mundigak, bampur thudangiya pradhana sthalangal ithinu udaaharanamaanu.
helmond nagarikatha" enna padam nirddeshichathu emm. tossy. bisi 2500 num bisi 1900 num idayil eee nagarikatha abhivridhi praapikkukayum, indus thaazhvara samskaarathinte mahathaaya abhivridhikku samaanamaayi maarukayum cheythirikkaam. shahar-iii-sokhthayude moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum kaalaghattangalude avasana ghattavum mundigak kaalaghattatthinte avasana bhaagavum koodiyaayirunnu ithu.
jarij thudangiyavar parayunnathanusarichu.,
shahar-iii-sokhtha I, II, III kaalaghattangal, mundigak III, IV kaalaghattangal, naalam sahasraabdathinte avasaanathilum bii. sii. moonnaam sahasraabdathinte aadya pakuthiyilum baluchistan, indus thaazhvara ennee sthalangal thammil bandhamundaayirunnu.
jiroft samskaaram helmond samskaaravumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan. kizhakkan iraanil jiroft samskaaravum athe samayam padinjaaran afgaanisthaanile helmond samskaaravum abhivridhippettu. avar ore saamskaarika mekhalaye prathinidheekarikkam. maruvashathu, mehergad samskaaram valare munbaanu.
achemenid samayangal.
helmondil purathana janatha vasikkukayum akkeemenidukalude keezhilaakunnathin munbu medikal bharikkukayum cheythirunnu.
pinneedu, eee pradesham purathana aracosia raashtreeyathinte bhaagamaayirunnu, thekkan, madhya, thekkupadinjaaran eshyakale bandhippikkunna eshyayile thanthraparamaaya sthaanam kaaranam ithu keezhadakkanulla pathiv lakshyamayirunnu.
helmond nadeethadatthe avesttayil (farguard 1:13) islaaminu munbulla afghan charithratthile sorostrian vishwaasathinte aadyakaala kendrangalilonno uthbhavamo aaya "hettumant" ennu perittirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, afgaanisthaante islaamikavalkkaranathinu munbu-prathyekichu budhamathakkaar-sorostriyakkaar aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum sorostrian ithararude saannidhyam kaaranam.
chila vaidika pandithanmaar (udha.jii. kochar 1999) indian upabhookhandathilekku kudiyerunnathinumbu aaryan gothrangalude janmanadaayi "rigvedathil" paraamarshichirikkunna saraswati nadiyumaayi helmond nadhi yojikkunnuvennum vishwasikkunnu. bii. sii. 1500.
alexander dhii grettu tuu moden time.
bii. sii. 330ll alexander dhii grettu akramikkukayum cellusid saamraajyathinte bhagamaavukayum cheythu. pinneedu, athu mourya chakravarthiyaaya ashokante bharanathin keezhil vannu, addeham greekilum araamyathilum dwibhasha likhithamulla oru thoon avide sthaapichu. ezhaam noottaandil abdur rahman biinn samarayude neethrthwathilulla musleem arabikalude varavinu munbu eee pradeshathe saabulisthaante bhaagamaayi paraamarsikkukayum sooryane aaradhikkunna sunbilmar bharikkukayum cheythirunnu. pinneedu athu saranchile kufarid vibhaagathin keezhilaayi, aadyathe musleem bharanam kandu. patthaam noottaandil gasniyile mahmoud ithine gasnaavidukalude bhagamaakki, avarkk pakaram guridukal vannu.
pathimoonnaam noottaandil chenkis khaanum addehathinte mangol sainyavum srishticha naashanashtangalkk sesham themooridukal bharanam sthaapikkukayum afghan nagarangal punarnirmikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. ekadesham 1383 muthal 1407ll addehathinte maranam vare, thimoorinte kochumakanaaya peer muhammadaanu ithu bharichirunnathu. pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil athu baabarinte kayyilaayi. ennirunnaalum, 1709-ll mirr vais hothakkinte uyarcha vare eee pradeshathu palappozhum shiah safaavidukalum sunni mugalmaarum malsarichirunnu. addeham safaavidukale paraajayappedutthukayum hotaki rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1738ll afshaaridukal shhaa hussain hotaki innathe pazhaya kaandahaaril paraajayappeduthunnathuvar hothaakikal ithu bharichu.
durrani yugam.
1747ll ahamed shhaa durrani adhikaarathil vannappol, nather shhaa vadhikkappettathinusesham, thante mungaamikal nalkia bhoovudamakal addeham punarvitharanam cheyyaan thudangi. akkaalat, ippozhathe helmond pravishyayude pradesham kandahar pravishyayude bhaagamaayirunnu (sherr alii khaante bharanakaalathu puthiya pharaa pravisyayaayi vibhajikkappedunnathuvare ithu thudarnnu), ithu "push-iii rudh" allengil "nadikku kuruke" ennariyappettirunnu, ithu ahamed shaayude thalasthaanamaaya kaandahaaril ninnu eee pradeshathe engane veekshichuvennu prathifalippikkunnu. parambaraagathamaayi push-iii-rudh naalu jillakalaayi vibhajikkappettirunnu jameendwar, ippol saad, push-iii-rudh, garmir. ahamed shaayude bhoomi punarvitharanam jameendavaaril nilavilulla aleesaay swaadheenathe niyamavidheyamaakki, athesamayam sakthamaaya baraxaic push-iii-rudh labhichu, thekkan garsir jilla balooch reydukalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi noorsaayiykk nalki. ippol saad noorsayikkum ishaaksaayikkum idayil vibhajikkapettu. eee krameekaranam, chila ozhivaakkalukalode, innuvare nilanilkkunnu.
appol, innatheppole, popolsaayi gothratthile (ahamed shhaa durrani ulppetta) thaarathamyena kurachu amgangal maathrame helmondil thaamasichirunnulloo. durrani rajaakkanmaar pradeshathe gothrangalodu avyaktharaayirunnu, mattullavarekkal oru gothratheyum anukoolichirunnilla. pakaram, gothrangalodu avarude aapekshika shakthikkanusarich avar perumari. angane, sakthamaaya baraxai gothrathinu kireedatthinte mantrimaaraayi paarambarya sthaanavum athupole helmondile ettavum moolyavathaaya chila bhoomiyum labhichu innathe malgir, babaji, spin masjid ennivaykku chuttumulla melmarangal, athupole thanthrapradhaanamaaya gereshk.
1826ll baraxai ayirunna dosth mohammed khaan adikaaram pidichedutthappol athu maari. dosth mohammed helmondile baraxai ithara gothrangalkk, prathyekichu jameendaavarile aleesaayikalkku nikuthi vardhippichu. alisaay nikuthi adaykkaathappol, oru baraxay shiksha paryaveshanatthe jameendavaarilekku ayaykkukayum alisaay vamshathalavanmaare vadikkukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil, alisaay baraxai sathrukkalaayi kaanaan thudangi, ithu ippozhum helmond raashtreeyathe valareyadhikam swaadheenikkunna alisaay-baraxay chalanathmakatha srishtikkunnu.
eee samayat, gaarsirinu chuttumulla pradesham phalapradamaayi swathanthramaayirunnu, kaaboolile rajavaazhcha avaganichu.
anglo-afghan yudhangal.
1839ll britishukaar popolsaayi shhaa shuja durranic anukoolamaayi dosth mohammed khaane sthaanabhrashtanaakki. angane cheyyumbol, afgaanisthaanile russian swaadheenam parimithappedutthumennu avar pratheekshichu. helmondy gothranethaakkalude vishwasthatha urappakkaamenna pratheekshayil, popolsaayi bharanathin keezhil avar munbu aasvadichirunna padavikal shhaa shuja punasthaapichu, koodaathe thante sthaanam kooduthal shakthamaakunnathuvare avaykku nikuthi chumathunnathu addeham nirtthi. ennirunnaalum, addeham baraxai nikuthidaayakare adhikaarathil nilanirtthi, 1840-ll avar varumanam punaraarambhichu. aaa varsham sarwan khaalayil oru baraxai nikuthi shekharikkunnayaal kollappettappol, britishukaar shekharanam nadappilakkaan sainyathe ayachu, ithu rashtreeya abadhamaayirunnu, ithu alisaayiyude thuranna kalaapathilekku nayichu. baraxai nikuthidaayakare nilanirthaanulla shhaa shujayude theerumaanatthinte rashtreeya prathyaaghaathangalekkurich britteeshukaarkk ariyamaayirunno ennu ariyilla, ennaal thudarnnulla kalaapathil avar poornnamaayum ambarannu, ithu avarude bhaagathe praadeshika chalanaathmakathayekkurichulla vyakthamaaya daaranayude abhaavathe prathifalippikkunnu.
eee tharkkathil praadhaanyathilekku uyarnna akthar khaanaayirunnu kalaapathinte nethaavu. alisai bahumanam abhyarthikkunnathum group identittiyilekkulla abhyarthanakalum addehathe alisai thalavanakkaan kaaranamaayi. chila ettumuttalukalkku sesham, akthar khaante 1,300 anuyaayikale pirichuvidaan pakaramaayi baraxay nikuthidaayakare neekkam cheyyaan britishukaar vaagdaanam cheythu. ithu taamasiyaathe thakarukayum 1841 meyy aayappozhekkum gereshk pidichedukkaan akthar khaan 3,000 sainikare nayikkukayum cheythu. juun thudakkathil britishukaar gereshk thirichupidikkukayum pinneedu jamindaavarilekkulla shikshaparamaaya paryaveshanangalkk neethrthwam nalkukayum oduvil kalapam paraajayappedukayum akthar khaan heratilekku palayanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
1841 novemberil britiish pinthunayulla baraxai kuthirappadayaalikale gereshkkine shakthippeduthunnathinaayi ayachu. aleesaay athu pidichedukkaan aavarthichu shramichuvenkilum 1842 august vare baraxaic niyanthranam nilanirthaan kazhinju, kaaranam avide thaamasichirunna mattu baraxai avare nannayi vitharanam cheythu.
britishukaar afgaanisthaanil ninnu pinmaariyappol randaam bharanathinaayi dosth mohammed khaan veendum sthaapikkappettu, pakshe addeham saambathika budhimuttukal neridukayum 1857 ll britteeshukaaril ninnu subsidy thedukayum cheythu. eee subsidyude panam addeham helmondy gothrangalkkidayil asamamaayi vitharanam cheythu, mattullavarkk pakaram baraxai anukoolichu, ithu gothrangal thammilulla adhikara santhulithaavasthaye thakarthu. subsidy afgaanisthaane britiish, russian swaadheena mekhalakalaayi vibhajichu, gereshk helmond nadhiyum avaykkidayilulla athirthiyilaanu, ithu pradeshatthinte thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyam vardhippichu. 1862ll suhruthu mohammed marikkukayum addehathinte puthranmaarkkidayil pinthudarchaavakaasha prathisandhi pottippurappedukayum cheythathode subsidy avasaanichu. helmondikal avaril oralaaya sherr alii khaante pakshathu koolippadayalikalaayi poraadi, addehathinte aathyanthika vijayathil oru punk vahichu. 1868ll gereshkilaanu nirnnayaka yuddham nadannathu.
yudhasamayathe sambhaavanakalkk helmondy gothrangalodu kadappettirunna sherr alii pradeshathe nikuthi piriv kuraykkukayum baraxay khaanukalkkulla alavansukal kuraykkukayum cheythu. ekkaaranathaal, aleesaay thante bharanakaalathu kalapam nadatthiyilla. sherleyude bharanakaalathu helmondinte (pusht-iii-rudh) mattoru pradhana vikasanam, addeham athinte naalu parambaraagatha jillakale puthuthayi srishticha pharaa pravishyayilekku maatti, athine kaandahaarinte swaadheena mekhalayil ninnu maattukayum kaandahaarile oru bandhuviloode kadannupokaathe pusht-iii-rudh pradeshathe swaadheenikkaan kazhiyumennarthamaakkum cheythu ennathaanu.
1878 novemberil britishukaar veendum afgaanisthaan aakramichu. 1879 februvari vare avar gereshk kaivashappedutthi; avar pinmaarumbol 1500 peradangunna oru aleesaay sainyam avare aakramichu. ennirunnaalum, sherr alii taamasiyaathe marichu, britishukaar sherleyude makan ayyub khaanethiraaya oru forwade autposttaayi gereshk veendum kaivashappeduthaan aagrahichu. helmondy kottakal kaaval nilkkunna thangalude sainyathinte saannidhyam pradeshavaasikale aswastharaakkunnuvennu manassilakkiya britishukaar gereshk pidichedukkaan oru proxy baraxay senaye ayachu.
briteeshukaarkkethiraaya thudarnnulla prachaaranatthil ayyub khaan helmondikalil ninnu mathiyaya pinthuna kandethithi abu bucker ennayaalude neethrthwathil moonno naalo ayiram aleesaay gothrakkar oktobarode noorsaayiyude oru cheria samghavum sainyathil chernnu. baraxaiyude vishwasthathaye samshayichu britishukaar 1880 joolaiyil jorjju barosinte neethrthwathil gereshkine shakthippeduthunnathinaayi swantham chila sainyathe ayachu. baraxai udan kalapam nadathukayum oru pothu shathruvinethire chernna apoorva baraxai-alisaay sakhyamaaya ayyub khaante pakshatthekku pookukayum cheythu. britishukaar pinmaarukayum ayyub khaante sainyam pinthudarukayum juulai 27 nuu maywand yudhathil oru valia afghan vijayathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. britteeshukaare paraajayappeduthuka enna avarude pradhana lakshyam nediya sesham, aleesaay pinneedu pooyi jameendaavarilekk madangi.
britishukaar pinneedu ayyub khaane paraajayappedutthiyenkilum avar afgaanisthaanil ninnu poornnamaayum pinmari, abdur rahman khaane puthiya bharanadhikaariyaayi niyamikkukayum addehathinu subsidy nalkukayum cheythu. oru professional sainyathin dhanasahayam nalkaan subsidy upayogicha shaktan budhimaanumaaya oru sarkkar nirmmaathaavaayirunnu abdur rahman khaan. addeham alisaayiyile abu bakkarine paraajayappedutthukayum naadukadatthukayum cheythu, athinusesham aleesaayikal nikuthi adaykkaan sahakarichu. nather shhaa anuvadicha helmondinu sameepamulla bhoomiyil ninnu ishaksaayiyeyum noorsaiyeyum afgaanisthaante vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathekku neekkaan addeham prolsaahanangalum shakthiyum upayogichu. avarude sthalammaattam oru duranthamaayirunnu, palarum helmond pradeshathekku madangi.
ennirunnaalum, avar thirichethiyappol, chitharikkidakkunna, uthppaadanakshamatha kuranja bhoomi maathrame avarkk nalkiyirunnulloo. ithu helmond pradeshatthinte adhikara chalanaathmakathaye naadakeeyamaayi maattimarichu, ithu ishaaksaayiyude thudakkavum (oru paridhivare) 21-aamm noottaand vare thudarunna sarkkaaril ninnulla noorsaayiyude vottavakaasham illathacal adayaalappeduthi. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare noorsai naamamaathramaaya bhoomi kaivashappeduthukayum ishaksai janasamkhya innu helmandiludaneelam chitharikkidakkukayum chitharikkidakkukayum cheiyunnu.
helmondinte baraxai ithara gothrangalude durbalappedutthalum gothrangalumaayi edapedaathirikkaanulla nayavum abdur rahmaante bharanathiludaneelam eee mekhalayil sthirathaykku kaaranamaayi. 1919ll maricha addehathinte makan habibullahude bharanakaalathum ithu thudarnnu.
irupathaam noottaandile vikasana padhathikal.
1910ll aarambhicha nahar-iii-saraj kanaalinte punarnirmmaanamaayirunnu oru pradhana vikasanam. munbu marubhoomiyaayirunna puthuthayi jalasechanam labhicha pradeshangalil ippol soviyatt bharanathil ninnu palayanam cheiyunna madhyeshyayil ninnulla abhayaarthikal ulppede helmondil ninnullavarallaatha vamseeya, gotra vibhagangal adhivasikkunnu. athinaal kanaalinaduthulla pala gramangalkkum usbekistan, turkmen, popolsaayi thudangiya eee grouppukalude peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. 1920kalil helmond mekhalayude vikasanam thudaraan sarkkar aadyam padhathiyittirunnuvenkum amanullayude saamoohika parishkaarangalekkurichu aswasthatha kaaranam aaa padhathi upekshichirunnu. 1936ll musahiban rajavamsham adhikaarathil vannathinushesham helmondil sarkkar mattoru kanalaya nahar-iii-bugrayude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. afghan sarkkar aadyam njangalodu saambathikavum saankethikavumaaya sahayam thediyenkilum america visammathichathinal pakaram jarmmankaarum japanese pouranmaarum sambhavana nalki. nahar-iii-bugra padhathi 7,000 thozhilaallikale vare niyamichu, athe samayam eee pradeshathu mattu cherukida vikasana padhathikalum undaayirunnu. pradhana vaasasthalangale bandhippikkunnathinaayi roadukal, paalangal, telephone vayarukal enniva nirmmichu. helmondile aadyathe baahya melnottatthilulla vikasana padhathiyaanithu. ennirunnaalum, randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol, jarmman, japanese enchineeyarmaare afgaanisthaanil ninnu purathaakkanamennu britishukaar abhyarthichu, sarkkaarin svanthamaayi thudarendi vannu.
1960kalil helmond aandu arghandaabu vaali authority (hawah) vikasippikkunnathinulla uside prograaminte kendramaayirunnu helmond-ithu praadeshikamaayi "littil america" ennariyappettu. eee paripadi lashkargayil marangal kondu nirmmicha theruvukal sthaapikkukayum jalasechana kanaalukalude oru shringhala nirmmikkukayum oru valia jalavaidyutha anakkett nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1978ll soviyatt anukoola union sainyam adikaaram pidichedutthappol vikasana paripadi upekshikkappettu, ennirunnaalum pravishyayude bhooribhaagavum ippozhum havayal jalasechanam cheyyappedunnu.
bharanaparamaya mattangal.
jalasechana padhathikalkku bhaagikamaayi nandi, push-iii-rudd pradesham kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkukayum 1960 ll oru puthiya "gereshk pravishya" srishtikkunnathinaayi pharaa pravisyayil ninnu verthirichu sarkkar ithu amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. pravishyayile purathuninnulla kudiyettakkaarude varavu moolam durbalamaaya baraxaiyude charitraparamaaya praadhaanyam prathifalippikkunnathina gereshkkine thalasthaanamaakki. ennirunnaalum, echu. vii. eiii aasthaanam lashkargayilaan ennathil america kooduthal shradhikkukayum pravishya thalasthaanam avidekku maattaan avar afghan sarkkaarine vijayakaramaayi lobby cheyyukayum cheythu. 1964ll ithu sambhavikkukayum pravishya "helmond pravishya" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu.
1826 nuu sesham aadyamaayi helmondy baraxai eee mekhalayil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnilla. ithu nikathunnathinaayi helmondile jilla athirthikal sarkkar poornnamaayum punarnirmmichu. naalu parambaraagatha jillakal nirthalaakkukayum puthiya jillakalkku pakaram vaykkukayum cheythu. parambaraagatha jillakalekkaal kooduthalulla eee puthiya jillakalkku oro jillaykkum ethra vibhavangal anuvadikkumennu nirnnayikkunna oru "oordar" nalki. koodaathe, 1964 leeii bharanaghadana votting avatharippichathumuthal, sarkkaarine swaadheenavum niyanthranavum nilanirthaan anuvadikkunna vidhathilaan puthiya jillakal varachathu.
muun baraxai aadipathyamulla jillayaya push-iii rudh proper allengil gereshk, nahar-iii seraj (pravishyayile eaka onnaam oordar jilla), navaa (naalam oordar), lashkar gahu (thalasthaanamenna nilayil, athintethaaya vibhava protocol undaayirunnu) enningane vibhajikkapettu. nagarapradeshathe mishra gothrangalekkaal baraxaic bhooripaksham nalkaan lashkar gaa jilla nirbandhitharaakki baraxai aadipathyamulla babajiyude oru bhagam ulppeduthi, naad-iii-alii jillayumaayulla athirthi bolan baraxai pradeshatthinte athirthiyil varachu. ithuvazhi, helmondinte puthiya thalasthaanatthinte niyanthranam polum nilanirthaan baraxai kendra sarkkaarin kazhinju.
athesamayam, jameendaavarile alisaay jilla moosaa khaala (randaam kramam), bagran (naalam kramam), kajaki (upa-jilla padavi) enningane vibhajichu. noorsaayiyudeyum ishaaksaayiyudeyum sammishra janasamkhyayulla saad ippol saad (randaam kramam), vashir (upa-jilla padavi) enningane vibhajikkapettu. garsir jilla maathramaan parambaraagatha jillakalil kedupaadukal koodaathe thudarnnathu; ithinu moonnaam krama padavi nalki. naad-iii-alii, marja ennividangalilekku kudiyeriya 37 vyathyastha gothrangaleyum vamshangaleyum orotta moonnaam nira jillayayi koottichertthu. oduvil, baraxaayiyumaayi adutha bandhamullah alikosay gothrathe alisaayiyil ninnu verthirikkunnathinayi sangin upa jilla srishtichu.
21-aamm noottaand.
ooppareshan sustaindable freedam samayat, yunaittad stetts ejansi phoor internaashanal development prograam pravishyayile alternative elhiblege prograam (alp) enna mayakkumarunnu virudha samrambhathin sambhavana nalki. karupp poppi krishiykku pakaramaayi avarude paristhithiyum saambathika adisthaana soukaryangalum mechappeduthunnathinaayi pravartthikkaan ithu samoohangalkku panam nalki. eee padhathi drainage, kanal punaradhivasa padhathikal etteduthu. 2005lum 2006lum samoohangalkku vaagdaanam cheytha dhanasahayam labhikkunnathil prasnangal undaayirunnu, ithu karshakarum sakhyasenakalum thammilulla ganyamaaya pirimurukkatthinte uravidamaayirunnu.
pravishyayilekku britiish sainyathe vinyasikkaan theerumaanichathinu sesham, pravishyayude oru rahasyaanveshanam nadatthaan pii. jeey. echu. kyu 22 ezz. esine chumathalappedutthi. sherr mohammed akhunsaadayude krooramaaya bharanavum sarkkar anukoola yudhaprabhukkanmaarkku prayojanam cheytha karupp indhana sambadvyavasthayum kaaranam pravishya pradhaanamaayum samaadhaanathilaanennu kandethiya maarkk calton-smithinte neethrthwathilaayirunnu avalokanam. akhundsadaye neekkam cheyyaruthennum oru valia britiish senaye vinyasikkunathinethire, athu nilavillillaathidathu samgharshathinu kaaranamakumennum munnariyipp nalkikkond juunil addeham modinode marupadi paranju.
yuu. esine maattisthaapikkumennu 2006 januvariyil britiish paarlamentil anthaaraashtra suraksha sahaaya seena (aii. ezz. eiii. eph) prakhyaapichu.ezz. ooppareshan herikkinte bhaagamaayi pravishyayile sainikar. britiish 16 eyar asaltt brigade aayirikkum helmond pravishyayile senayude kaathal. sankin, lashkarga, grishk jillakalilaanu britiish thaavalangal sthithicheythirunnathu. britiish senaye maatti yunaittad stetts maraine corps I maraine expeditionary fozhsu forvedinte gadakangal saankinil ethi.
2006 venalkkaalath, raajyathinte thekk bhaagathulla taliban poraalikale lakshyamitulla naatto-afghan samyuktha dauthyamaaya ooppareshan moundan thrasttil earppettirunna pravisyakalilonnaanu helmond. 2006 joolaiyil, eee aakramana dauthyam pradhaanamaayum helmondil nirtthivachu, naatto, pradhaanamaayum britiish, afghan sainikar kanatha vimatha sammarddathil kooduthal prathirodha sthaanangal ettedukkaan nirbandhitharaayi. ithinu marupadiyaayi, pravishyayile britiish sainikarude ennam vardhippikkukayum saamginilum grishkilum puthiya kyaambukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. sangin, naveh, navzad, garsir jillakalil poraattam prathyekichum kadinamaayirunnu. naattoyude neethrthwathilulla afghan deseeya suraksha senayil ninnu afghan pradesham pidichedukkaanum pidichedukkaanumulla kazhivinte pradhana pareekshana mekhalayaayi helmond pravishya taliban kandathayi reportukalundaayirunu. corian yudhathinushesham britiish sainyam nadatthiya ettavum krooramaaya samghattanamaayaanu eee saahacharyathe karasenaamedhaavikal visheshippichathu.
2006-leeii sharathkaalathil britiish sainyam venalkkaalath neratthe nilayurappichirunna jilla kendrangalkku chuttumulla praadeshika taliban senayumaayi "sathrutha avasaanippikkal" karaarukalil ethaan thudangi. karaarile vyavasthakal prakaram, rund koottam sainyangalum samgharsha mekhalayil ninnu pinmaarendathaayirunnu. afghan president hameed karsai abhyarthichathupole jillayile pradhana thaavalangal kaivasham vaykkunnathinulla thanthram britiish sainika vinyaasathinte thoth adisthaanaparamaayi amgeekarikkaanaavaathathaane britiish senayil ninnulla eee karar soochippikkunnu. pravisyayil thangalude nettangal ekeekarikkaan aagrahichirunna taliban poraalikalkku eee karar oru thirichadiyaayirunnu, ennaal vividha naatto akramanangalil ninnu kanatha sammarddathilaayirunnu.
pravishyayude labhakaramaaya karupp vyaapaarathil valareyadhikam earppettirikkunna taliban poraalikaludeyum pooraadunna gothravibhaagangaludeyum misrithamaayaanu pooraattatthil earppettirikkunna kalaapakaarikale warta reportukal thiricharinjathu. pradeshathu uthppaadippikkunna mayakkumarunninte alavu kanakkiledukkumbol, videsha mayakkumarunnu kadathukaarum ithil ulppettirikkaam.
shaithyakaalathudaneelam poraattam thudarnnu, britiish, sakhyasenakal taliban kalapakaarikalkkethire kooduthal sajeevamaaya nilapad sweekarichu. vasanthakaalathinte thudakkathil "ooppareshan silikkan" ulppede niravadhi pravartthanangal aarambhichu. 2007 meyy maasathil thaalibaante unnatha commandermaaril oralaaya mullah dadullah 11 aalukalum naattoyude neethrthwathilulla afghan seena helmondil vachu kollappettu.
2008 eprilil ekadesham 1,500 randaam bataaliyan ezhaam naavikar helmond nadeethadavum ayal pravisyayaaya pharaa pravisyayum kaivashappedutthi. forwade ooppareshan bays sthaapikkukayum purathuninnulla pinthuna kuravo illayo enna pradeshathu afghan deseeya poleesine pariseelippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu ooppareshan.
2008-ll origon armi naashanal gardle ninnulla oru ulchertha pariseelana samgham lashkargayil taalibaanethire pooraadunnathil afghan deseeya armi sainikarude oru kandakkine nayichu, documentary sheppereds oof helmondil kaanunnu.
2009 juunil, vividha kanaalukaludeyum nadeethadangaludeyum niyanthranam urappakkukayum, ell. tii. vivaricha pradeshathu shaashvathamaaya isaf saannidhyam sthaapikkukayum cheyyuka enna lakshyathode "ooppareshan panthers kloo" aarambhichu. kooll. 2009leeii afghan president thiranjeduppinu munnodiyaayi richaardson thaalibaante pradhana shakthikendrangalilonayi.
2009 joolaiyil ekadesham 4,000 yuu.ezz. taliban kalaapakaarikalil ninnu eee pradeshathe mochippikkunnathinaayi naavikar helmond nadeethadatthilekku valia aakramanathiloode thallappettu. ooppareshan khanjaar ("ooppareshan kataara") ennu vilikkappedunna ooppareshan yuu. yuu. kku sheshamulla aadyathe pradhana thallalaayirunnu.ezz. taliban kalaapakaarikale lakshyamit afgaanisthaanil 21,000 adhika sainikar venamennu president obaama abhyarthichu.
2013 februvariyil, chila thaavalangal kuttikale aayudangal nalkukayum avare jolikkar aayi upayogikkukayum chilappol laingikamaayi durupayogam cheyyukayum cheiyunna afghan deseeya police thaavalangalil azhimathi nadakkunnathaayi "bbc" report cheythu; 2013 march aadyam, "newyork times" report cheythath poleesine kulukkukayum saadhaaranakkaare laingikamaayi durupayogam cheyyukayum cheythuvenna pathiv aaropanangalode sarkkar azhimathi vyaapakamaanu.
2021 august 13 nuu, pravishyayude thalasthaanam lashkargah yudhathil aazhchakalolam neenda poraattatthinu sesham thaalibaante kaivashamaayi. pravishya thaalibaante kaikalil vittukondu 1500 oolam afghan sainikar keezhadangiyathayi parayappedunnu. washington poost" anusarichu, amerikkayude pinwangalum thaalibaante vijayavum kooduthalum helmondil aashvaasamaayi; 2001 muthal 2021 vareyulla yudhathile ettavum marakamaaya chila yudhangalum us neethrthwathilulla kanatha bombakramanangalum pravishya anubhavichirunnu.
gathagatham.
booast vimaanathaavalam helmondile janangalkk raajyathinte mattu bhaagangalilekkulla aabhyanthara vimaanangalkkayi sevanam nalkunnu. ithu sivilian upayogathinaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnu. munbu camp kottayaayirunna camp shorabakkile vimaanathaavalam naattoyude neethrthwathilulla sainyam valareyadhikam upayogichu. adhiniveshakaalathu afgaanisthaanile pradhana britiish thaavalamaayirunna camp letherneck sameepathaan. 2021 august 13nuu ellah sthalangalum taliban avakashappettu.
railway sarvees illa. kaandahaaril ninnu delaramilekk helmandiloode kadannupokunna ring rooad praadhamika roadukalil ulppedunnu. lashkargayil ninnu saamginilekku pookunna oru pradhana vadakku-thekk paatha (haiway 611) undu. helmond roadukalil ekadesham 33 sathamaanavum chila seasonukalil kadannupokaan kazhiyaathavayaan, chila pradeshangalil rodukalonnumilla.
sambadghadana.
bhooripaksham aalukaludeyum pradhana varumaana maarggam krishiyaanu. ithil krishiyum mrugasamrakshanavum ulppedunnu. pashukkal, aadukal, aadukal, kozhikal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. kazhuthakaleyum ottakangaleyum thozhilinu upayogikkunnu. eee pravishyaykk mathsyabandhanathinulla saadhyathayund. eee pradesham thaazhepparayunna uthppaadanam nadathunnu karupp, pukayila, parutthi, gothamb, urulakkizhangu.
aarogya samrakshanam.
shudhamaaya kudivellamulla kudumbangalude sathamaanam 2005ll 28 sathamaanathil ninnu 2011ll 3 shathamaanamaayi kuranju.
oru vidagdha janana parichaarakan pankedukkunna jananangalude sathamaanam 2005-ll 2 sathamaanathil ninnu 2011-ll 3 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
mothatthilulla saaksharata nirakk (6 + vayass) 2005ll 5 sathamaanathil ninnu 2011ll 12 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu.
mothatthilulla motham entolment nirakk (aii. dii. 1 vayass) 2005ll 6 sathamaanathil ninnu 2011ll 4 shathamaanamaayi kuranju.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
2020 leeii kanakkanusarichu, helmond pravishyayile janasamkhya ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> aanu. ithu kooduthalum oru gotra, grameena samoohamaanu, vamseeya pashthoonukal prabalamaanu; thekk ganyamaaya baloch nyoonapakshamund, koodaathe cheria nyoonapakshamaaya thaajikkukalum pravishyayude vidoora vadakkan pradeshangalil ganyamaaya nyoonapakshamaaya hasaarakalum undu. pashthoonukale thaazhepparayunna gothrangalaayi thirichirikkunnu baraxai (32 sathamaanam), nursai (16 sathamaanam), alakosai (9 sathamaanam), ishaksai (5.2 sathamaanam). shiyakalaaya cheria ennam hasaarakalum sikh mathathe pinthudarunna sikhukaarum ozhike ellah nivaasikalum sunni islam acharikkunnu. 53.janasamkhyayude 5 sathamaanam deseeya daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyaan jeevikkunnath.

