
peettar sittan

colonial indoneshyayile oru sainika udyogasthanum kettida karaarukaaranumaayirunnu petrus hendrick villem "peettar" sitsan (november 1,1885-januvari 21,1945). 1937-1942,1946-1950 ennee kaalaghattangalil indoneshyayude vyavasaayavalkkarana nayangalude shilpiyaayirunnu addeham.
<aii. dii. 1>: aadyakaala jeevithavum sainikajeevitavum.
1885 januvari 11 nuu bergen oopu soomil public school hedmaastaraaya adrianus wilhelmes sitsan (1854-1900), maria elisabath vaan meshellen (1856-1934) ennivarude aarr makkalil moonnaamanaayi sitsan janichu. 1901ll haiskool vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya sitsan bredayile royal milittari academyil (keey. emm. eiii) enchiniyaring patanam thudarnnu.
birudam nediya sesham, colonial aarmiyil (nail) thante karar sevikkunnathinaayi 1907 januvariyil sitsan indoneshyayilekku pooyi. vadakkan sumatrayile kudarajayil (ippol bandah aache) randaam lefttanantaayirunnu addehathinte aadya niyamanam. 1910 aayappozhekkum addeham battaviyayil (ippol jakkartha) onnaam leftanantaayi niyamikkapettu.
vivaahavum kalaparamaaya thaalpparyangalum.
jakkaarthayilvechu, 1910ll dutch gaayika maria elisabath (maari) rassarine (aii. dii. 3) sitsan kandumutty. netherlandsile kacherikalil <aii. dii. 1> samayat paadiya oru prashastha soprano aayirunnu maari. 1910ll avar thante suhruthum gaayikayum piyaanistumaaya aanii vaan velthuysanodoppam (aii. dii. 2) singapoorilekkum indoneshyayilekkum kacherikalude oru paryadanatthinaayi yaatra cheythu. jakkaarthayile avarude oru prakadanatthil rassarinte piano sahapaadiyaayirunnu sitsan.
paadal padippikkunnathinaayi russer jakkaarthayil thamasamaakki. 1911 meyy maasathil sitsanumaayulla avarude vivaahanischayam prakhyapikkukayum avar 1911 october 12 nuu vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. avarkk aadri ('aadu', 1912-1992), hendrick ('henk', 1915-1916) ennee rund aanmakkalum ellen (1917-1986) enna oru makalum undaayirunnu.
baattaaviyayile dutch eest indeesile phine arts sosaittiyil ("netherlands-indische kunstcring battaaviya") russer sitsanum sajeevamaayirunnu, athil sitsan 1912-1915 samayat treasureraayirunnu, 1914 ll sosaittiyude kettidam (ippol "gallery senii kunstcring") nirmmicha kammitti amgamaayirunnu. russer indoneshyayiludaneelamulla nagarangalile kacherikalil prakadanam nadatthi. avarude sahatharamenna nilayil, sitsan chilappol kacherikalil russerinoppam paadumaayirunnu. 1913-ll indoneshyan paryadanatthil prashastha dutch gayakan entertainarumaaya jeane-luis pisusinoppam avar orumichu prakadanam nadatthi. oru pathra avalokanam eee prakadanatthe vivarichu 'sitsanu sangeethathodu nalla vikaaramund, dhaaraalam vikaarangalum ooshmalathayum undu...] adhikam shabdamilla '.
1912-1935: jakkaarthayile surveyor, yogakaarthayile kettida kararukaaran.
thante karar poortthiyaakkiya sesham, 1912-ll sitsan sainyam vidukayum jakkartha sitti kaunsilil oru muthirnna land surveyor ("roomeestar") aakukayum cheythu. 1915ll addeham jolie upekshichu madhya jaavayile yogyakaartha sulthaanettile pothumaraamathu director (director vaan dii sulthaanaatswarkkan) sthaanam etteduthu.
1919ll emily jorjju baruh loosaadayumaayi (1886-1935) chernnu sitsan nirmmaana kambani sthaapichu.vii. 1919ll yogakaarthayil sthithicheyyunna boukundig beuro oru kettida kararukaaranaayi ("bouvaanemar") maari.
sitsen enn luzada" kambani 1920kalilum 1930 kalude thudakkathilum madhya, kizhakkan jaavayil vishalamaaya swakaarya, pothu kettidangalum mattu gadanakalum roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, yogakaarthayile oru electric power plaant ("aljeemeen netherlands-indise electricits-maattshappij") kambaniykkum indoneshyayile aadyathe samboornna konkreett gadanakalilonnaaya silakkappinte basar kettidatthinum vendiyaanu. kambani thaarathamyena vijayakaramaayirunnu, suurabaaya stokku ekschenchil listt cheyyukayum 250,000 dollarinte saamoohika mooladhanam uyarthukayum pinneedu 1 dashalakshamaayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu. ohari udamakalkku 8 sathamaanam (1923), 7 sathamaanam (1924), 12.5% (1928) ennivayude labhavihitam nalki.
yogakarthayile jeevitam.
sitsan presidentum pinneedu oonarari commissioner pinneedu rottari klabbile yogyakartha adhyaayathinte aadya gavarnarumaayirunnu. sultan hamenkubuvono VIII (1880-1939), thomas kaarstan (1884-1945), saamuval coperberg (1886-1957) ennivarumaayi chernnu 1931-ll yogakarthayil jaava instittyoottum (jaava instittyoott) athinte "saana boyedajamusium" (ippol museum sonobudoyo) samghadippichu. 1935-ll thuranna myoosiyathil kendra jaavayude sambannamaaya charitravumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi puravasthukkal ippozhum undu.
yogakaarthayile praadeshika arts sarkilile amgangalaayirunnu sitsanum russer. 1923ll jarmman samgeethasamvidhaayakanum chithrakaaranumaaya walter chaaranmaarude sandarshanathinu avar orumichu aathidheyathvam vahichu. russer praadeshika gaayakasanghavum athinte prakadanangalum samghadippichu. mosartinte oopparayaaya dhii myarej oof figaroyude oru steju perfomence avar samvidaanam cheythu.
1930 kalude thudakkathil saambathika prathisandhiyude samayat seytsan enn luzada kambani saambathika budhimuttukal nerittu. 1935 januvariyil lusadayude maranathethudarnnu 1935ll ithu nirthalaakkappettu.
1935-1942: indoneshyayude vyavasaayavalkkarana nayatthinte shilpi.
1935-ll seytsan 1930-kalil jakkaarthayile saambathika kaarya vakuppayi marria vyavasaya vibhaagathil ("ufdilling nijwerheid") oru sthaanam sweekarichu.
1937ll sitsanum russer jakkaarthayil sthirathaamasamaakki, avide avar battaaviya kunstcring arts sarkilil avarude pravartthanangal punaraarambhichu.
cherukida vyavasaayangalude vikasanathinaayi oru nayam roopakalppana cheiyunnathil sittsante pravartthanangal thudakkathil shradha kendreekarichu. 1937ll departmentile muthirnna udyogastharude vaarshika yogathil avatharippichathum charcha cheythathum, 1937ll cherukida vyavasaayangalkkayulla naya thathwangal prasidheekarichu. eee nayam nadappaakkiyathode addehathinte sahapravarthakan (1884-1952) samghadippicha vyaavasaayika vipuleekarana sevanathinu thudakkamaayi.
1941ll indoneshyayude aadyathe vyaavasaayika vikasana padhathikku adithara pakia thathwangal. cherukida, idatharam, valia vyavasaya samrambhangalude paraspara pinthunayulla 'santulita' vikasanathinte thathwamaayirunnu padhathiyude pradhana savisheshatha, cherukida vyavasaayangalude vikasanathinaayi samrakshanam, samrakshanangal, prothsaahanangal enniva upayogichu. thozhil-theevravum thozhil-agiranam cheiyunnathum, irakkumathi-mathsaraadhishtithavum, irakkumathi-punasthapikkalum ennivayulla niravadhi vyavasayangalil nayam shradha kendreekarichu.
1942-1945: indoneshyayude yudhaananthara saambathika veendedukkalinu thayyaaredukkal.
1942 maarchil dutch colonial sarkkar japanese sainyathin keezhadangunnathinu thottumunbu colonial sarkkar oostreliyayilekku pookaan seytsanodu utharavittu. australiyaykkum nyoosilandinumulla netherlands eest indees kammeeshanaayi maariyathil addeham pankedukkendathaayirunnu, 1943 ll melbonil sthithicheyyunna netherlands indees sarkkar.
japanese adhiniveshathinushesham colonial gavanment indoneshyayilekku madangivarunnathinulla thayyaareduppum indoneshyayude saambathika veendedukkal thayyarakkal aayirunnu sittsante dauthyam. athinaayi addeham pasafikkiloode amerikkayilekku yaatra cheythu. newyorkkil, netherlands indees, surinam, kurasavo ("kammishi voor economishe enn financial saken vaan netherlands-indi, surinam enn kurasavo") ennivayude dutch kammeeshan phoor economic aandu financial afayezhsil amgamaayirunnu. thekkupadinjaaran pasafikkile (yuu. enn. aarr. aarr. eiii) aikyaraashtrasabhayude durithaashwaasa punaradhivasa bharanathilekkulla netherlands indees prathinidhi samghathinte neethaavaayirunnu addeham.
newyorkkile instittyoott oof pasaphik relationsinte netherlands aandu netherlands indees kaunsilil, sitsan indoneshyaykkaayi yudhaananthara lokathil aadyamaayi oru sahayavum veendedukkal padhathiyum srishtikkukayum vasthukkal sambharikkaan aarambhikkunnathin dhanasahayam thedukayum cheythu. motham 2.4 bilyan dollar vilayulla oru 5 varshathe padhathiyaayirunnu ithu. pravaasatthil colonial gavanmentinu fund labhyamaayirunnuvenkil, bhakshanam, medical supplies, medical sahayam, vasthrangal, veedukal ennivayude vitharanam vaangunnathinum sambharikkunnathinum gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangal, ulppaadana vyavasaayam, thotta krishi, khanana samrambhangal muthalaayava veendedukkaan aavashyamaaya upakaranagalilum yanthrangalilum nikshepikkunnathinum sitsen avaa upayogichu.
maranavum bahumathikalum.
1944 septambaril newyorkkil jolie poortthiyaakkiya sesham, netherlands indees sivil administrationil (nikka) pothumaraamathu vakuppinte ("verkeer enn waatarstaatt") director sittsane niyamichu.
1944 avasaanathode sitsan oostreliyayilekku madangi. pasafikkiloodeyulla yaathraykkide addeham rogabaadhithanaayi. 1945 januvari 21nuu sidneyil ethiya udan thanne 59-aamm vayassil addeham ashupathriyil vachu marichu. sidneyile vadakkan praanthapradeshangalile semitheriyil addehathe samskarichu.
yogyakaarthayude samoohathilum bisinessilum addeham nadatthiya pravarthanangalkku amgeekaaramaayi, 1934 ll ooranchu-nassav kramatthil sittsane oru udyogasthanaakki. amerikkayile colonial indoneshyayil ninnulla dutch naadukadatthappettavaril addeham snehapoorvvam oormmikkappettu.
sittsante paarambaryam 1945nuu sheshamulla veendedukkalum vyavasayavalkkaranavum.
1944lum 1945lum seytsen saambathika veendedukkal padhathi nadappaakki. netherlands indees sivil administreshante pakkal dhaaraalam saadhanangalundaayirunnu, jappankar paraajayappettayudane indoneshyan dveepasamoohathinte vividha bhaagangalilekku durithaashwaasathinaayi ayaykkaan thayyarayirunnu. dweep, jillakal enniva prakaram sahaaya vitharanangal sookshumamaayi aasoothranam cheytha vitharanathinayi padhathi nalki. ithu aadyamaayi nadappaakkiyathu kizhakkan indoneshyayilaanu, avide ithu shaamam pariharikkan sahayichu, 1945 ll drutha saambathika veendedukkalinum 1946 oode jeevita saahacharyangal saadhaarana nilayilakkaanum sahayichu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, javayileyum sumatrayileyum sahaaya vitharanathinte vitharanam 1947 juulai vare dutch kaivashamulla nagarangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu.
1946 maarchil nigio ("netherlands-indishe govarnments import-enn export oorganaiseshan") sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu padhathiyude oru adhika bhagam. ithu irakkumathikkum kayattumathiykkum munganana nalkikkond irakkumathi irakkumathikkum irakkumathi cheytha charakkukalude vitharanathinum munganana nalki. 1947 avasaanathode indoneshyayude kayattumathi vardhikkukayum videsanaanya rationing, durithaashwaasa irakkumathi ennivayude aavasyakatha kurayukayum cheythappol samghadana pirichuvittu.
indoneshyayile cherukida vyavasayangalkkulla pinthunayude nayamaayirunnu sittsante mattoru paarambaryam. 1951 muthal indoneshyayil "induck" samvidaanam ennariyappedunna cherukida praadeshika vaividhyavalkkarikkappetta vyavasaayavalkkaranathe prothsaahippikkunna pradhana samrambhangalude oru samvidaanamaayi eee nayam roopappettu. eee samvidaanam cheria thothil vijayakaramaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1950kalil, president sukarnoyude neethrthwathilulla indoneshyan sarkkar valia, palappozhum sarkkar udamasthathayilulla vyaavasaayika samrambhangalude vikasanathinu anukoolamaayi eee nayam thaazhtthi.

