inputt-outtputtu model

saambathikashaasthrathil, oru deseeya sambadvyavasthayude vividha mekhalakalo vividha praadeshika sambadvyavasthakalo thammilulla paraspara aashrithathvathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru alavilulla saambathika maathrkayaanu inputt-outtputtu model. itharathilulla vishakalanam vikasippicheduthathint bahumati vassily leontiff (1906-1999) nedukayum eee maathruka vikasippichathin saambathikashaasthrathinullathu nobal sammanam nedukayum cheythu.
uthbhavam.
francois kwesne eee saankethikavidyayude tablo economic enna peril oru cruder pathipp vikasippicheduthirunnu, koodaathe pothuvaaya santulita sidhaanthathekkurichulla liyon vaalraasinte "shudha saambathikashaasthrathinthi gadakangal" enna kruthiyum oru mungami leontifinte seminal aashayathinte saamaanyavalkkaranavumaayirunu.
1921 januvariyil ool russia konfaransil laber aandu production prosessukalude shaasthreeya samghadanayekkurichulla oru reportil alexander bogdanov eee ashayam uthbhavichathinte bahumati labhichittund. eee sameepanam vikasippicheduthath ell. enn. critsman tii. eph. avarude pravartthanangal kwesneyude tablo economics vladymyr groman vladymyr basarov gosplante metteeriyal balance planning reethiyilekku nalkia thudarnnulla sambhaavanakalum thammil oru bandham nalkunnuvennu remington vaadichu.
inputt-outtputtu modelle vassily leontifinte pravartthanangale classical saambathika shaasthranjaraaya kaal marks, jeane chaals leonard dii sismonti ennivarude kruthikal swaadheenichu. kaal maarksinte saambathikashaasthram sambadvyavastha parasparam bandhippicha rund vakuppukal ulkkollunna oru koottam pattikakal ulkkollunna oru aadyakaala rooparekha nalki.
oru deseeya (allengil praadeshika) sambadvyavasthayude maathruka praathinidhyam aadyamaayi upayogichathu leontifaanu.
adisthaana derivation.
oru vyavasaya mekhalayil ninnulla uthppaadanam engane mattoru vyaavasaayika mekhalaykkulla oru nikshepamaayi maarumennu kaanikkunna oru sambadvyavasthaykkulle anthar-vyavasaya bandhangale eee maathruka chithreekarikkunnu. inter-industry maatriksil, koolam entrikal saadhaaranayaayi oru vyaavasaayika mekhalayilekkulla inputtukale prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam roow entrikal oru nischitha mekhalayil ninnulla aouttputtukale prathinidheekarikkunnu. athinaal, mattu mekhalakalil ninnulla uthppannangalude upabhokthaavenna nilayilum inputtukalude vitharanakkaaranenna nilayilum oro mekhalayum matellaa mekhalakaleyum ethratholam aashrayikkunnuvenn eee formet kaanikkunnu. matricks diagonalinte entrikal vivarikkunnathupole mekhalakal avarude swantham ulppaadanathinte oru bhaagathe aantharikamaayi aashrayikkaam. inputt-outtputtu maatriksinte oro nirayum oro mekhalayilekkumulla inputtukalude saambathika moolyam kaanikkunnu, oro variyum oro mekhalayudeyum aouttputtukalude moolyathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
namukk formula _ 1 mekhalakalulla oru sambadvyavasthayundenna parayuka. oro mekhalayum orotta ekeekritha vasthuvinte formula 2 unitukal uthpaadippikkunnu. formula 3 sector, oru yoonit uthppaadippikkunnathin, sector formula 5 ll ninnulla formula 4 unitukal upayogikkanam ennu karuthuka. koodaathe, oro mekhalayum athinte ulppaadanathil chilath mattu mekhalakalkkum (intermediat outtputtu) athinte ulppaadanathil chilath upabhokthakkalkkum (anthima uthppaadanam, allengil anthima aavasyam) vilkkunnuvennu karuthuka. formula anthima demand vilikkuka _ 5th sector formula _ 7. appol namukk ezhuthaam
allengil motham outtputtu intermediat aouttputtum anthima aouttputtum thulyamaanu. formula 9 ennathu gunakangalude matricks formula 4 aayirikkanum formula 11 motham aouttputtinte vector aayirikkanum formula 12 anthima demandinte vector aayirikkanum nammal anuvadikkukayaanenkil, sambadvyavasthayekkurichu nammude padaprayogam maarunnu.
ithu veendum ezhuthiya sesham formula _ 14 aayi maarunnu. matricks formula _ 15 invertible aanenkil ithu oru advitheeya parihaaramulla samavaakyangalude oru leanier sistamaanu, athinaal chila anthima demand vekttar nalkiyaal aavashyamaaya outtputtu kandethaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, matricks formula _ 15-leeii pradhana minorukalellaam positteev aanenkil (hockins-saiman avastha ennariyappedunnu), aavashyamaaya outtputtu vekttar formula _ 11 noonn-negatteevu aanu.
udaaharanam.
eiii, bii ennee rund charakkukalulla oru sambadvyavastha pariganikkuka. gunakangalude matrix anthima aavasyavum nalkunnathu
namukk 7 yoonit nalla eyum 4 yoonit nalla bii yum aavasyamaanennathinaal oro mekhalayum uthppaadippikkenda ulppaadanathinte alavu kandethunnathumaayi ithu poruthappedunnu. appol mukalil uruthirinja rekheeya samavaakyangalude samvidaanam pariharikkunnath namukk nalkunnu.
kooduthal gaveshanam.
eee maathrkakalekkurichu vipulamaaya saahityamundu. mekhalakal thammilulla noonn-leanier bandhangalumayi pravarthikkunnathinu eee maathruka vipuleekarichittund. uthppaadanakshamathayekkurich hockins-saiman vyavasthayundu. vyavasaayangalude koottam koottamaayulla ozhukkukalilekkulla verthirivinekkurichum vyavasaayangalude nakshathrasamoohangalekkuram padanathekkurichum gaveshanangal nadannittundu. gunakangal thirichariyunnathinaayi dhaaraalam anubhavaparamaya pravartthanangal nadathiyittundu, koodaathe deseeya sambadvyavasthaykkum pradeshangalkkumaayi daatta prasidheekarichittundu. leontiff sisttam pothuvaaya santhulithaavasthayude oru modalilekku vipuleekarikkaan kazhiyum; ithu oru macro thalatthil cheiyunna joliye vighadippikkunnathinulla oru reethi vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
praadeshika gunakangal.
deseeya inputt-outtputtu tableukal saadhaaranayaayi raajyangalude statistiks ejansikalaanu srishtikkunnathenkilum, audyogikamaayi prasidheekaricha praadeshika inputt-outtputtu tableukal apoorvamaanu. athinaal, saambathika vidagdhar palappozhum deseeya daattayil ninnu aarambhich praadeshika gunakangal srishtikkaan lokkeshan kvoshyantukal upayogikkunnu. niravadhi lokkeshan koshyant regionalisation teknikkukal ullathinaal eee saankethikavidya vimarshikkappettittundu, koodaathe ellah upayoga kesukalilum onnum saarvathrikamaayi mikachathalla.
gathagatham avatharippikkuka.
anthar-vyavasaya pravaham enna aashayathil gathagatham antharleenamaanu. gathaagathathe oru vyavasaayamaayi thirichariyumbol athu vyakthamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu-uthppaadippikkunnathina gathaagathathil ninnu ethra vaangunnu. ennaal ithu valare thripthikaramalla, kaaranam vyavasaya sthalangalum praadeshika ulppaadanathile sheshi parimithikalum anusarichu gathagatha aavasyakathakal vyathyaasappedunnu. koodaathe, charakk sweekarthaavu saadhaaranayaayi charakk chelavu nalkunnu, gathagatha chelavukal charakkukalude vilayude bhaagamaayi kanakkakkunnathinaal palappozhum gathagatha daatta nashtappedunnu.
walter isard addehathinte vidyaarthiyaaya liyon moses inputt-aouttputtinte speshyal sambadvyavasthayum gathagatha prathyaaghaathangalum pettennu kaanukayum 1950-kalil eee mekhalayil anthar-praadeshika inputt-outtputtu enna ashayam vikasippikkaan aarambikkukayum cheythu. oru mekhalayum loka kesum edukkuka. praadeshika charakkukalude ozhukkinekkurichu enthengilum arian njangal aagrahikkunnu, athinaal "kayattumathi" enna thalakkettilulla oru koolam pattikayil avatharippikkukayum oru "irakkumathi" varii avatharippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
vyavasaya thalatthil pradeshangale bandhippikkuka ennathaanu munnott pookaanulla kooduthal thripthikaramaaya maargam. athaayath, mekhalaykkakathulla vyavasaya edapaadukalum mekhalaykkakathulla vyavasaya edapaadukalum namukk thirichariyaan kazhiyum. mesha vegathil valarunnu ennathaanu ivideyulla prashnam.
inputt-outtputtu ashayaparamaayi lalithamaanu. deseeya sambadvyavasthayile santhulithaavasthayude oru modalilekku athinte vipuleekaranam uyarnna nilavaaramulla daatta upayogichu vijayakaramaayi cheythu. inputt-outtputtu sistangalumaayi pravartthikkaan aagrahikkunna oraal vyavasaya vargeekaranam, daatta esttimeshan, valare valuthum palappozhum mosham avasthayilullathumaaya maatriksukal enniva kaikaaryam cheyyanam. digital erattakalumaayi pravartthanangal model cheiyunnathiloodeyum maanejment theerumaanangal opttimais cheiyunna prashnam pariharikkunnathiloodeyum inputt-outtputtu modalinte daattayudeyum maatriksukaludeyum gunanilavaaram mechappeduthaam. mathramalla, aapekshika vilakalile mattangal eee modeling sameepanam maathram eluppathil kaikaaryam cheiyunnilla. inputt-outtputtu akkoundukal modelinginte kooduthal vazhakkamulla roopathinteyum kanakkukoottaavunna pothuvaaya santulita modalukaludeyum bhagamaanu.
gathagatha jolikalil thaalpparyamulla rund adhika budhimuttukal undu. oru inputt mattonnin pakaram vaykkuka enna chodyamundu, uthppaadanam vardhikkukayo kurayukayo cheyyumbol gunakangalude sthirathayekkurichulla chodyamundu. iva parasparam bandhapetta chodyangalaanu. avaa praadeshika ulppaadana pravartthanangalude swabhaavavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
saankethika anumanangal.
vitharanathil ninnum upayogappattikakalil ninnum inputt-outtputtu tableukal nirmmikkunnathin, naalu thathwa anumanangal prayogikkaam. uthppannam-uthppannam allengil vyavasaayam-vyavasaayam inputt-outtputtu tableukal sthaapikkanamo ennathine aasrayichirikkunnu.
upayogapradam.
inputt-outtputtu model adisthaanaparamaayi rekheeya swabhaavamullathinaal, athu druthagathiyilulla kanakkukootalinum demandile maattangalude phalangal anakkukoottunnathinulla vazhakkathinum svayam sambhavana cheiyunnu. vividha pradeshangalkkaayulla inputt-outtputtu modalukal parasparam bandhippichu anthar-praadeshika vyaapaarathinte prathyaaghaathangal anweshikkaanum paristhithi vipuleekritha inputt-outtputtu vishakalanam (iii. iii. iii. oo. eiii) nadatthaan adhika nirakal pattikayil cherkkanum kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, oro mekhalayilekkum phoosil indhana inputtukalekkurichulla vivarangal vividha sambadvyavasthakalkkidayilam avaykkidayilum ulchernna kaarbaninte ozhukk anweshikkaan upayogikkaam.
inputt-outtputtu modalinte ghadana pala vikasita raajyangalilum deseeya accountingil ulppeduthiyittundu, athinaal deseeya jii. dii. pii polulla pradhana nadapadikal kanakkakkaan ithu upayogikkaam. oru raajyathinullile praadeshika sambadvyavasthakale padikkaanum deseeya, praadeshika saambathika aasoothranathinulla oru upakaranamaayum inputt-outtputtu saambathikashaasthram upayogichittundu. implan, regional inputt-outtputtu modeling sisttam enniva kaanikkunnathupole sambhavangaludeyum pothu nikshepangaludeyum prograamukaludeyum saambathika prathyaaghaathangal alakkuka ennathaanu inputt-outtputtu vishakalanathinte pradhana upayogam. saambathikamaayi bandhapetta vyavasaya klasttarukale thirichariyunnathinum "qee" allengil "taargett" vyavasaayangal (oru nirddishta sambadvyavasthayude aantharika aikyam vardhippikkaan saadhyathayulla vyavasaayangal) ennum vilikkappedunnathinum ithu upayogikkunnu. oorjja upayogam, malinajalam uthppaadanam, bahirakasha aavasyangal thudangiyava vyakthamaakkunna saattalait akkoundukalumaayi vyaavasaayika uthppaadanathe bandhippichukondu, inputt-outtputtu vishakalana vidagdhar sameepanangalude prayogam vaividhyamaarnna upayogangalilekku vyapippichu.
inputt-aouttputtum soshyalist aasoothranavum.
soshyalist aasootritha sambadvyavasthayude pradhana aashayaparamaaya maathrkakalil onnaanu inputt-outtputtu model. eee maathrkayil oro vyavasaayathilum uthppaadippikkenda bhauthika alavukalude nerittulla nirnayam ulppedunnu, avaa vibhava vihithathinte sthiramaaya saambathika padhathi roopeekarikkaan upayogikkunnu. eee aasoothrana reethi vila-nirddeshitha laang-model soshyalisam, soviyatt shailiyilulla metteeriyal balance planning ennivayumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
soviyatt yooniyante sambadvyavasthayil, raajyam pirichuvidunnathuvare bhauthika balance reethi upayogichaanu aasoothranam nadathiyathu. nadathiyathu soviyatt yooniyante drutha vyavasaayavalkkaranathini metteeriyal balance reethi aadyamaayi vikasippichath. soviyatt sambadvyavasthayil metteeriyal balance samvidaanam urachunilkkukayum prathyayashaasthraparamaaya kaaranangalal inputt-outtputtu aasoothranam ozhivaakkukayum cheythathinaal inputt-outtputtu aasoothranam orikkalum sweekarikkapettilla. thalphalamaayi, inputt-outtputtu vishakalanathiloode sthiravum vishadamaayathumaaya aasoothranathinte nettangal soviyatt tharatthilulla sambadvyavasthakalil orikkalum saakshaathkarikkappettil.
inputt-outtputtu tableukal alakkunnu.
inputt-outtputtu saambathikashaasthrathinthi ganitham neraayathaan, ennaal saambathika pravartthanatthinte oro shaakhayudeyum chelavukalum varumaanavum prathinidheekarikkendathil daatta aavasyakathakal valare valuthaanu. thalphalamaayi, ellah raajyangalum aavashyamaaya daatta shekharikkunnilla, daattayude gunanilavaaram vyathyaasappedunnu, daattayude shekharanathinaayi ikyaraashtrasabha athinte sisttam oof naashanal akkoundukaliloode (sna) oru koottam maanadandangal nischayichittundenkum ettavum puthiya maanadandam 2008 sna aanu. inputt-outtputtu akkoundukalkkaayulla daatta shekharanavum thayyaareduppum anivaryamaayum advaanavum computer theevravumaayathinaal, inputt-outtputtu tableukal palappozhum daatta shekharicha varshathinu valare kazhinju prasidheekarikkunnu-saadhaaranayaayi 5 muthal 7 varsham vare. koodaathe, saambathika vyavasthayude cross sekshan pattikakalude benchmark pathipp nalkunna saambathika "snapshot" saadhaaranayaayi kurachu varshathilorikkal maathrame edukkaarulloo.
ennirunnaalum, pala vikasita raajyangalum varsham thorum inputt-outtputtu akkoundukal kanakkakkunnu, avaa valare kooduthalaanu. kaaranam, inputt-outtputtu vishakalanathinte mikka upayogangalum inter-industry ekschenchukalude matricks settil shradha kendreekarikkumbol, mikka deseeya stattistikkal ejansikaludeyum veekshanakonil ninnulla vishakalanathinte yadhaartha shradha motha aabhyanthara ulppaadanathinte maanadandamaanu. athinaal inputt-outtputtu tableukal deseeya akkoundukalude oru pradhana bhagamaanu. mukalil nirddeshichathupole, coor inputt-outtputtu table vyavasaayangalkkidayil kaimaattam cheyyappedunna idatharam charakkukalum sevanangalum maathrame report cheiyunnulloo. ennaal eee maatriksinte chuvade saadhaaranayaayi vinyasikkappedunna oru nira roow vektarukal, thozhil paymentukal; paroksha bisinesses nikuthikal; labhavihitam, palisha, vaadaka; mooladhana upabhoga alavansukal (moolyathakarcha); mattu property tharam varumanam (labham pole); videsha vitharanakkaaril ninnulla vaangalukal (irakkumathi) thudangiya vyavasaayathinte vyaavasaayikamallaatha inputtukal rekhappeduthunnu. deseeya thalatthil, irakkumathi ozhivaakkiyaalppolum, sangrahikkumbol ithine "motha uthppaadanam uthbhavikkunnath" allengil "vyavasaayathinte motham aabhyanthara uthppaadanam" ennu vilikkunnu."koolam vektarukalude mattoru niraye" "anthima aavasyam" "allengil" "motham uthppannam upabhogam" "ennu vilikkunnu"."ithu kudumbangal, sarkkarukal, vyavasaya oharikalileyum vyavasaayangalileyum nikshepathilum motham kayattumathiyilum vanna mattangal enniva pradarshippikkunnu. (motha aabhyanthara uthppaadanavum kaanuka.) eathu saahacharyathilum, oro sthaapanathinteyum vilppana, perolukal, metteeriyal/upakaranangal/sevana inputt enniva aavashyappedunna oru saambathika sensasinte phalangal upayogikkunnathiloode, stattistikkal ejansikal inputt-outtputtu matricks upayogichu vyavasaya thalatthilulla laabhavum nikshepavum kanakkakkunnu.
inputt-outtputtu vishakalanavum sthiratha vishakalanavum.
oru vyavasaayathinteyo mekhalayudeyo aashrayathvam mattonnine chithreekarikkaanum vishakalanam cheyyaanumulla inputt-outtputtu modalinte vyakthamaaya kazhivu undaayirunnittum, leontifinum mattullavarkkum orikkalum vipani sambadvyavasthayil aashrithathva bandhangalude poornna spectrum avatharippikkan kazhinjilla. 2003-ll leontifinte vidyaarthiyaaya mohammed gunny thante 'foundations oof economic sayans' enna pusthakatthil sthiratha vishakalanam avatharippichu, ithu aupachaarikamaayi inputt-outtputtu table pole kaanapedunnu, ennaal paymentukaludeyum idanila bandhangaludeyum kaaryatthil aashrithathva bandhangal paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. inputt-outtputtu tableine naalu matrixukalaayi vibhajichukondu vaangunnavarudeyum vilkkunnavarudeyum plaanukalude sthiratha sthiratha vishakalanam cheiyunnu, oronnum vyathyastha tharatthilulla payment maargangalkkaayi. ithu micro, macro economics enniva oru modalaayi samyojippikkukayum panatthe moolyarahithamaaya reethiyil kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. charakkukalude chalanatthiloode panatthinte ozhukk kaikaaryam cheiyunnu.
paraamarshangal.
varggam, samooham, kudumbam, & samooham. (2017). aasmoon farooz teknolaji dharr masbah dhall dalhi staand mattu kaarn sanji ekku raheet aktsad sanji. joshahy aktsadi iraan, 21 (69), 117-145.

