
grand tettan pradeshatthinte bhoomishaasthram

grand tettan pradeshatthinte bhoomishaasthrathil vadakke amerikkayile ettavum pazhakkam chenna paarakalum ettavum praayam kuranja parvathanirakalilonnumaanu. grand tettan desheeyodyaanathil bhaagikamaayi sthithi cheiyunna tettan shreni ekadesham 9 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu valaraan thudangi. jaaksan hole enna oru pazhaya savisheshatha, rench maattinirthunna oru thadamaanu.
tettonukalude kizhakke mukham nirmmikkunna 2.5 bilyan varsham pazhakkamulla roopaanthara parakal uthbhavam samudramaanu, koodaathe chila agniparvvatha nikshepangalum ulppedunnu. ithe parakal innu jaaksan dwaarathinullil aazhathil kuzhichittirikkunnu. paleosoic parakal choodulla aazhamillaatha kadalukalil nikshepichappol mesosoic nikshepam samudrathil ninnu noonn-merrin avashishtangalilekku angotum ingottum maari, aaa kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil creatasius kadaltheeram idaykkide eee pradeshathe moodunnu.
precambrian nikshepam, roopaantharam, nuzhanjukayattam.
orupakshe 3 bilyan varshangalkk munbu, manal, chunnaambukallu, cheli, kalimannu enniva oru samudrakkuzhiyil nikshepichirunnu (krithyamaaya theeyathi saadhyamalla, thathfalamaayundaakunna paarayude bhagika punarkrameekaranatthinte falamaayi). eee paalikalkkidayil orupakshe oru dweep chaapatthil ninnulla agniparvvatha nikshepangalundaayirunnu. eee avashishtangal pinneedu manalkkallukal, chunnaambukallukal, vividha shellukal ennivayaayi litify cheythu. ekadesham 2.8 muthal 2.7 bilyan varshangalkk munbu oorojenikal (parvathanirmmaana sambhavangal) theevramaayi madakki roopaantharappeduthukayum, marimari prakashavum irunda bandumullah naise shisttum srishtikkukayum cheythappol eee parakal uparithalathinu thaazheyaayirunnu. innu eee parakal tettan shreniyude kizhakk bhaagath aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, marana malayidukkilum mattu malayidukkukalilum eluppathil kaanaan kazhiyunna nalla udaaharanagal undu. thaddesheeya amerikkakkar pathrangal nirmmikkaan pacha muthal karutha sarppan vare upayogichirunnu.
ekadesham 2.5 bilyan varshangalkk munbu magmayude blobukal pazhaya paarayilekku nuzhanjukayari graanaitik paarayude plutonukal roopappettu. eee paarayude vipulamaaya exposureukal shreniyude madhyabhaagathu kaanapedunnu. ekadesham 1.3 muthal 1.4 bilyan varshangalkk munbu, munkaala cambrian kaalaghattatthil, kattiyulla karutha diabase daikkukalum nuzhanjukayari, morren parvathatthinteyum madhya tettaninteyum (morren parvathatthile dike) mukhathu innu kaanapedunna pradhana lamba daikkukal roopappettu. jenni thadaakam, string thadaakam pradeshangalil ninnu chila valia daikkukal kaanaan kazhiyum.
karutha paarakkettukalude nuzhanjukayattathinum aadyathe paleosoic avashishta paarakalude nikshepathinum idayil 700 dasalaksham varshathilere kadannupoyi. asamathvam ennariyappedunna bhoomishaasthraparamaaya rekhayile eee vidavil pree-cambrian parakal uyarthappettu; mannolippinu vidheyamaaya avaa kramena eathaandu savisheshathakalillaatha samathalathilekku dharichu, orupakshe madhya, kizhakkan kaanadayil samanamaaya pree-cambrian parakal ippol thurannukaattappedunna vishalamaaya paranna pradesangalumaayi saamyamullavayaayirikkaam. ekadesham 600 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, precambrian kaalatthinte avasaanathil, samathalangal pathukke kurayukayum bhaaviyile tettan shreniyude sthalam adutha 500 dasalaksham varshathekku idaykkide ozhukippokunna aazhamillaatha samudrangalkku keezhil aprathyakshamaakukayum cheythu.
paleosoic nikshepam.
cambrian kaalaghattatthil nikshepam punaraarambhichu, paleosoic kaalaghattatthil thudarnnu, onpathu pradhana roopeekaranangal srishtichu, avaa orumichu kattiyullathaanu (paleosoicile eaka bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kaalaghattam silurian aanu). eee roopangal aazhamillaatha kadalil nikshepikkappedukayum pinneedu dolomiteukal, chunnaambukallukal, manalkkallukal, shellukal ennivayude nirantharamaaya mishrithamaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee roopeekaranangal avayude praayathinanusarichu thaarathamyena roopabhedam varuthiyittillenkilum aanukaalikamaaya uyarnna nirakkukal avaye mannolippinu vidheyamaakkukayum anuroopathakal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. phosilvalkkaricha brachiopodukal, bryosovanukal, pavizhapputukal, trilobiteukal enniva carbonate paarakalil kaanapedunnu, paarkkin purathu alasca thadatthil ettavum mikacha udaaharanagal kaanapedunnu. eee roopeekaranangalude ettavum samboornna udaaharanagal paarkk athirthikalkku padinjaaru, vadakku, thekk ennividangalil kaanapedunnu.
aazham kuranja kadaltheerathinte attathu.
cambrian kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil thekkan kaaliforniyayil ninnu vadakkukizhakkaayi nevaadayiloode udah, idaho ennividangalilekku cordilleran truff ennu vilikkunna aazham kuranja kadaltheeram vyaapichu. kizhakk cambrian paarakalil pathukke urundukidakkunna vishalamaaya samathalathil manalum cheliyum kadalilekku vahikkunna padinjarottu ozhukunna nadikal ozhukippoyi. tettan renchinte sthalam eee samathalathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. bhoomiyude mandagathiyilulla thaazhnnuveezhcha kaaranam madhya cambrian samayat precambrian samathalathil vellapokkam undaakumbol kadal kramena kizhakode vyaapichu. innatheppole kadaltheerangalilum manal adinjukoodunnu. kadal kooduthal kizhakode neengumbol, ippol mungiya kadaltheera manalil cheli nikshepichu. tettan pradeshathe ettavum pazhaya manal nikshepam kattiyulla flathead manalkkallaan. bhaagikamaayi samudra flathead manalkkall chuvapp-thavitt niramullathum valare kadinavum pottunnathumayathinaal tettan renchinteyum gross ventre renchinteyum vadakkum padinjaarum vashangalil exposureukal kaanam.
theerapradesham kizhakode neengumbol tettan pradeshathinu kuruke flathead manalkkallin mukalil cheli kidannu. athinte adithattinaduthu purple, pacha manalkkallukalude kidakkakalulla mriduvaaya pacha-chaaraniratthilulla sheyil, gross ventre roopeekaranathinte kattiyulla volsey sheyil amgamaayi maari. veliyettathinte samathalangalil shekharicha cheli hrasvamaayi vaayuvilekku thurannukaattappettpol roopappetta villalukalude paattenukal chila sheyil kaanikkunnu. brachiopodukal ennariyappedunna cheria phoosphatik shell mrugangal eee veliyetta paranna pradeshangalil vasichirunnuvenkilum ariyappedunnathupole, onnum karayil jeevichirunnilla. pala sheyil kidakkakalilum mangiya paathakalum puzhukkaleppolulla jeevikalude boaringukalum adayaalappeduthiyittundu, chilathil cheria trilobiteukalude avashishtangal adangiyirikkunnu.
aazham kuranja kadal kondu moodappettirikkunnu.
theerarekha kizhakode neengumbol, gross ventre roopeekaranathile 285 adii kattiyulla (87 meter) deth kaanyon chunnaambukallu amgam theerathu ninnu akaleyulla vyakthamaaya vellathil sthaapichu. irunda neela-chaara chunnaambukallukalude kattiyulla rund kidakkakal ithil adangiyirikkunnu, avaa sheyil kondu verthirikkappedunnu. deth kaanyanil chila sthalangalil brachaeopodukaludeyum trilobiteukaludeyum samriddhamaaya fossilukal adangiyirikkunnu. ithinethudarnnu kadal kurachukaalathekku padinjarottu pinwangi. gross ventre roopeekaranathile 220 adii kattiyulla (67 meter) paarkk sheyil amgam eee pinvaangalinte falamaayi aazhamillaatha cheli vellathil nikshepichu. trilobiteukaludeyum braachiyopodukaludeyum phosilukalkkoppam plaatti chunnaambukallukalude koottatthinte kidakkakalum adangiya oru chaara-pacha sheyil aanu ithu. samudrathinadiyilulla sthalangalil vellathinadiyilulla aalgakalude visthrithi thazhachuvalarukayum vipulamaaya parakal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. idaykkide shoal pradeshangalil akramasakthamaaya kodunkaattu veeshukayum avaa aduthide urappicha chunnaambukallukalude ayanja plaatti sakalangal keerukayum aduthulla chaanalukalilekku thallukayum avide avaa kuzhichidukayum 'edjewise' complomate ennu vilikkunna kuzhanjumarinja shakalangalude nerttha kidakkakalayi simant cheyyukayum cheythu. iva shelilum mukalilum ulla chunnaambukallu paalikalilum vyaapakamaanu.
cambrian kaalatthinte avasaanathode, theerapradesham veendum kizhakode pathikkukayum athinte falamaayi aazhathilulla vellam kooduthal thelinjuvarikayum cheythu. 100 adii kattiyulla (30 meter) gaalattin chunnaambukallu roopappettu. kramarahithamaya thurumbukalo manja paadukalo kondu chitharikkidakkunna neela-chaara chunnaambukallukal ithil adangiyirikkunnu. chunnaambukalline thadassappeduthunnathu edaykkideyulla kodunkaattukale soochippikkunna 'edjewise' complomettinte chila kidakkakalaanu. ippol athinte paramavadhi vyapthiyil, kadal idaho, mondaana, mikka vyoming ulkkollukayum kizhakkan american aikyanaadukale ulkkollunna aazhamillaatha kadalukalumaayi bandhippikkunnathinaayi dakkottakaliloode kizhakode vyaapikkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe, pathukke uyarnnathode kadal kramena padinjarottu pinwangan kaaranamaayi. samudranirappinu mukalil ninnu uyarnnuvanna tettan parvatanira ekadesham 70 dasalaksham varshangalayi mannolippinu vidheyamaayirikkaam.
uyarcha eee pradeshathe kadalinte arikilekku thirike konduvarunnu.
oordovishiyan bighon dolomite roopangal 100 muthal uyaramulla velutha paarakkettukalilekk kadinamaaya valia ilam chaaraniratthil pothinjirikkunnu. dolomite kaalsyam-magneeshyam carbonate aanu, ennaal yadhaartha avashishtam orupakshe kaalsyam carbonate cheliyayirikkaam, athu nikshepathinu thottupinnaale magneeshyam adangiya kadaljalam maatti. eee samayat thelinja choodulla kadalil pavizhapputtukalum mattu samudra mrugangalum dhaaraalamaayirunnu.
devonian darby roopeekaranathile dolomite bighon dolomitil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaan; darbyil irunda thavitt muthal ekadesham karupp vare, ennamayamulla manam undu, karupp, pink, manja munn kallukalum nerttha manalkallum adangiyittundu. eee parakal nikshepicha samayat kadaltheeram malinamaayirunnu, vellam palappozhum malinamaayirunnu. samriddhamaaya phoosil sakalangal soochippikkunnathu malsyangal aadyamaayi saadhaaranamaayirunnu ennaanu. darby roopeekaranathinte exposureukal avayude vyathirikthamaya mangiya-manja nerttha paalikalulla charivukal chuvadeyum mukalilumulla roopeekaranangalude pradhana chaaraniratthilulla valia paarakkettukalkkidayilaanu.
mississippiyan maadisan chunnaambukallu kattiyullathum tettonukalude vadakku, padinjaaru, thekk bhaagangalile malayidukkukaliloode manoharamaaya lambamaya paarakkettukalil thurannukaattappettathum. manoharamaayi samrakshikkappedunna samudrajeevikalude samriddhamaaya avashishtangalkk ithu prashasthamaan. fossilukalum avaa ulchertha thaarathamyena shudhamaaya neela-chaara chunnaambukallukalum choodulla shaanthamaaya kadalukalil nikshepam soochippikkunnu. tettan parvathanirayude padinjaaru bhaagathulla phoosil parvatha aise guha-kaattaadi guha samvidaanam eee paarayil ninnu vellathil layikkunnu.
amsden roopeekaranavum tensleep manalkallum pensylvanian samvidaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. paarkkinte kizhakke attathulla gross ventre nadiyil tensleep manalkkallukalude parakal kaanam. tense sleepinu thaazheyulla amsdenil chuvappum pachayum niratthilulla sheyil, manalkkall, nerttha chunnaambukallu enniva adangiyirikkunnu. kaalaavasthaykku vidheyamaakukayum vellam niraykkukayum cheyyumbol sheyil prathyekichum durbalav vazhuvazhuppullathumaan. paarkkin kizhakkayi thaazhathe gross ventre slidinte glide playin nirmmikkunna straattakalaan iva.
phosphoria roopeekaranavum permian yugathinu thulyamaayathum asaadhaaranamaaya moolakangalude asaadhaaranamaaya ulladakkam kaaranam mattethoru paleosoic paarakalil ninnum vyathyasthamaan. manal dolomite, vyapakamaaya black phoosphett bedd, phoosphoorus mathramalla, vanadium, euranium, chromium, sink, selenium, molybdinum, cobalt, silver ennivayil asaadhaaranamaamvidham sambannamaaya black sheyil enniva eee roopeekaranathil ulppedunnu. idaahoyude sameepapradeshangalilum phoosphatik valam, raasa moolakamaaya phoosphoorus, paarakalil ninnu upolppannangalayi uruthirinjedukkaavunna chila lohangal ennivaykkaayi yomingilum eee roopeekaranam vipulamaayi khananam cheiyunnu. eee gadakangalum samyukthangalum ellaayidathum saambathika thaalpparyamullathaayi kendreekarikkappettilla, pakshe avayude dollar moolyam praadeshika ardhathil lokathile ettavum valia dhaatu nikshepangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha.
mesosoic nikshepam.
mesosoic nikshepam praadhamikamaayi samudrathil ninnu samudra, parivartthana, bhookhandangalude mishrithamaayi maari, athu krasttal saahacharyangal eee pradeshathe maattimarichathinaal kaalakramena vyathyasappettu. eee yugathinte avasaanathode, 15 amgeekritha roopangalil avashishtangal shekharichu. cretatius kadaltheerathinte kizhakkan bhagam (aaa kaalaghattatthil vadakke americaye idaykkide vibhajicha oru choodulla aazham kuranja kadal) eee pradeshathe ulkkollunna cretatius kaalaghattatthilaanu ettavum vipulamaaya noonn-merrin roopeekaranangal nikshepichathu. avayude avashishtangal kadaltheerathinu kizhakkulla oru parvatha shringalayil ninnu mannolikkunna paarayil ninnaan vannath, seeran chaapatthil kadaltheerathinu padinjaaru agniparvathangalil ninnulla charam (aadhunika andees parvathanirakal pole neenda agniparvvatha dweep shringhala, pakshe dweep roopathil). eee charam oduvil bentonaittayi maari, ithu vellathil vikasikkukayum angane parkkil mannidichilinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
ettavum puthiya cretatius kaalaghattatthile praadeshika unnamanam kadaltheeram pinwangan kaaranamavukayum grand tettan pradeshathe dinosarukal pathivayi sandarshikkunna thaazhnna theeradesha samathalamakki maattukayum cheythu (togwoti churatthinu sameepam paarkkin kizhakkayi oru phoosil cheytha "triserattoppukal" kandethi). kadaltheerathinte avasana staand pinvaangiyathin sesham avasheshikkunna chathuppukalil ninnum bogukalil ninnum oduvil kalkkarippaadangal srishtichu. paarkkinte kizhakkan maarjinilum puratthum upekshikkappetta khanikalkk sameepam kalkari puranthallalukal kaanam. desheeyodyaanathinte vadakku, kizhakk, thekk bhaagangalil pazhaya mesosoic kaalaghattatthilulla roopeekaranangalude puramthallalukal kaanam.
sandaans kadal pazhaya nikshepangale ulkkollunnu.
mesosoic shreniyude adisthaana bhaagath bhooribhaagavum kattiyullathum mriduvaayathum thilakkamullathum chuvapp niratthilullathum triasik kaalaghattathilullathumaaya paarakalaanu, ithu chug vaattar formation ennariyappedunnu. cheli villalukal, phoosil cheytha uragangal, ubhayajeevikal ennivayude vitharanam jaaksan dwaarathinu thekkupadinjaraayi niravadhi kilometer akaleyulla kadalumaayi veliyetta paranna anthareekshathil nikshepam undennu soochippikkunnu. vella jipsum (kaalsyam sulfate) yude chila kidakkakalude baashpeekarana nikshepangal kadalil ninnu aazhamillaatha uppuvellam vichedichathinu sesham roopappettathaakaam. cheria alavil irumbu ooksaid chuvapp niram srishtikkukayum roopeekaranam desheeyodyaanathinte kizhakkum thekkum varnnabhamaaya kunnukalaayi nasikkukayum cheiyunnu.
triasik jurassic kaalaghattatthilekku vazhivittappol, kaatt chug vaattar roopeekaranathinte chuvanna kidakkakaliloode saalman-chuvapp niramulla manal vyaapippich naggett manalkkall roopappeduthi. jipsum neeruravakal roopappedunnathinte nerttha chuvanna shell kattiyulla jipsam eee naggettine kuzhichumoodiyittundu. pinneedu, sandaans kadal ennu vilikkappedunna samriddhamaaya samudra molaskukalulla oru choodulla, cheli niranja, aazhamillaatha kadal thekk alaskayil ninnu vyomingilekku vyaapippikkaan thudangi. mriduvaaya chaaraniratthilulla phoosil sambannamaaya shell chunnaambukallukaludeyum manalkkallukaludeyum nerttha kidakkakalum nikshepichu. kadal pinwangia sesham, jurassic, lover cretatius-eaju morrison, cloverley formation enniva thaazhnna ushnamekhalaa eerppamulla vellapokka samathalangalil sthaapichu. eee roopangal chuvapp, pink, purple, pacha kaliman kallukalum chelikkallukalum manja muthal buff manalkkallukalum ulla varnnabhamaaya mannukal aayi kshayikkunnu. valuthum cheruthumaaya dinosarukal samriddhamaaya sasyajaalangalilum chathuppukalilum chuttinadannu.
padinjaaran ulkkadalpradesham vikasikkukayum pinvaangukayum cheiyunnu.
mesosoic kaalaghattatthinte avasana kaalaghattamaaya cretatius uthbhavichathode thilakkamulla niramulla parakal nikshepikkappedunnathu thudarnnu. mattoru choodulla, aazhamillaatha kadal, padinjaaran ulkkadal, pinneedu bhagikamaayum chilappol poornnamaayum tettan mekhalaye moodukayum, mikka wiming, ekadesham manal, cheli, kalimannu enniva upayogichu chila kalkari kidakkakal, agniparvvatha chaara paalikal, cheria alavil charal enniva nikshepikkukayum cheythu.
ekadesham 85 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu padinjaaran ulkkadal kadaltheeram tettan mekhalayil ninnu kizhakode pinwangi, bekkan ridge manalkkall nikshepichathaayi adayaalappeduthi. vishalamaaya kalkari chathuppukal roopappedukayum pinvaangunna kadaltheerathe pinthudarukayum cheythathode kalkari kidakkakal mukalile cretatius stharangalil 5 muthal kattiyullathayi avasheshikkunnu. paarkkinte kizhakkan attathu kaanapedunna upekshikkappetta khanikalil eee kalkari kidakkakalude udaaharanagal kaanam. florida ekkaalatheyum choodullathum eerppamullathumaaya kaalavasthayaanu eee nikshepa paristhithiyude aadhunika analog. kalkari roopappedaan ekadesham compacted plaant metteeriyal aavasyamaanu.
tettan pradeshatthinte padinjaarum vadakkupadinjaarum agniparvathangalil ninnulla sookshumamaaya daanyangalulla agniparvvatha charam creatasius kaalathudaneelam padinjaaran aantharika kadaltheerathe shaanthamaaya aazhamillaatha vellathil idaykkide nikshepikkappettu. eee reethiyil nikshepicha charam pinneedu bentanaittayi maatti; foundari vyavasaayathil upayogikkunna oru tharam kalimannu, ennakkinar thurathal cheliyude gadakamaayi. jaaksan dwaarathile elkkum maanum bentonaittinte exposureukal (kayperiya) uppu nakkaan upayogikkunnu. nanayumbol bentonaitt veerkkunnu, ithu mannidichilinu kaaranamaakukayum chilappol jaaksan dwaarathilekkulla praveshana roadukal thadassappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
tettan mekhalayile cretatius-eaju parakal praadeshikamaayi eathaandu kattiyulla kizhakk-nerttha oru valia puramthodinte bhagamaanu. eee paarakalil bhooribhaagavum padinjaaru pathukke uyarunna parvathanirakalil ninnu mannolikkunna avashishtangalil ninnaan. bentanaitt, asamskritha enna, prakrithivaathakam enniva saadhaaranayaayi vividha cretatius roopeekaranangalil ninnaan uthpaadippikkunnathu. 50 muthal kattiyulla chila kidakkakalulla valia kalkari shekharam oru valia vibhavamaan.
kreeteshyasinte avasaanathode, 80 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, eee pradeshatthinte bhooprakrithi parannathum ekathaanavumaayirunnu; eee avastha kreeteshyasinte avasaanathil mikkappozhum nilaninnirunnu.
paarakkettukalulla parvvathangal uyarunnu.
poorvvika paarakkettukalude roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaaya uyarchayude kaalaghattatthe laramide oorojeni ennu vilikkunnu. parvathangal ithinakam thanne wiomingine padinjaarum thekkupadinjaarum nilaninnirunnu, kramena pazhaya parvathangal (jurassic yugam vare) padinjaaru nevadayilekku neengunnu. ettavum puthiya cretatius kaalaghattam innathe tettan parvathanirakaludeyum gross ventre parvathanirakaludeyum ekadesha pradeshathu thaazhnna vishalamaaya vadakkupadinjaaran-pravanathayulla kamaanatthinte roopeekaranam kandu.
innathe tettan parvathanirayude vadakke attathu vadakkum padinjaarum sthithi cheiyunna targee uyarchayil ninnu uruthirinja noorukanakkinu cubic mile kwaartsait paarakalaanu tettan mekhalayude padinjaaru bhaagathulla aadyathe laramide parvathanirmmaanatthinte thelivukalude oru bhagam. parakal, manal, kalimannu enniva uyarnna bhaagath ninnu kizhakode thekkukizhakottum jaaksan dwaaramaayi maarunnathiloode aruvikal vahichirunnu. svarnnathinte adayaalangalum kurachu mercuriyum thathfalamaayundaakunna harrebel roopeekaranathilaanu. kizhakkum thekkukizhakkum bhaagathekku kondupookunna sookshumamaaya dhaanya avashishtangalil ninnu madhya, thekkan vyomingil rund valia nikshepaka trafukal roopappettu. valia paarakalil palathum precambrian, orupakshe thaazhnna paleosoic kwaartsaittukalil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, athaayath kwaartsaittukal mannolippinu vidheyamaakunnathinu munbu paleosoic, mesosoic paarakalenkilum targee uyarthalil ninnu neekkam cheythirikkanam.
moonnaamthala uyarchayum nikshepavum.
padinjaaru pasaphik samudrathinu keezhilulla faaralon plate vadakke american plettinu thazheyaayi aazhathil thazhnnathinaal padinjaaran vadakke amerikkayude tectonic krameekaranam ganyamaayi maari. laramide oorojeni ennu vilikkappedunna eee koottiyidi moolam undaakunna compress sakthikal cretatius kadaltheerathe maaychukalayukayum sieran chaapathe vadakke amerikkayude mattu bhagangalumaayi samyojippikkukayum paarakkettukalulla parvathangal srishtikkukayum cheythu. eee parvathanirmmaana paripadi 80 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu mesosoic kaalaghattatthil aarambikkukayum 30 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu senosoic yugathinte aadya pakuthi vare neendunilkkukayum cheythu.
ekadesham 60 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, eee sakthikal tettan mekhalayile thaazhnna theeradesha samathalathe uyarthukayum aduthulla weong ovarstrast belttinte vadakku-thekk-pravanathayulla thrastt folttukal srishtikkukayum cheythu. eathaanum dasalaksham varshangalkk sesham eosene kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil valia oorjjavum vipareeta thakaraarukalum cheria parvathanirakale srishtichu avayude uyarcha theevramaavukayum athu paraakaashtayiletthukayum cheythu. reverse folttukalilonnaaya vadakku-thekk trending long buck parvatha folt innu tettan renchinte madhyabhagamaaya uyarthi.
ekadesham 34 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, eee sakthikal padinjaaran vyominginte vishalamaaya oru bhaagathe thudarchayaaya uyarnna peedabhoomiyilekku uyarthi. ippol tettan parvvathanira, gross ventre parvvathanira, kaattaadi nadeethada parvvathangal, tettonukalude thekkum kizhakkum mattu parvathanirakal enniva ulppedunna pradeshangal eee pradeshathaanu. eee samayathaan paarkk athirthikalkku vadakku targee uyarthal ennu vilikkunna oru prathyeka pradesham roopappettathu.
thudarnnulla targee uyarchayude mannolippinu kaaranamaayath kuthaneyulla aruvi gradiantukalaanu. eee mannolippil ninnulla charal, kwaartsait kobbalukal, manal enniva oduvil paarkkinte vadakkan, vadakkukizhakkan bhaagangalil vividha complomettukalaayum manalkkallukalaayum kaanapedunna kattiyulla hairbell roopeekaranamaayi maari. paleosene kaalaghattatthil uyarnna pradeshangalil ninnu uruthirinja valia alavil klaastik avashishtangal hairbell roopeekaranathe pothinju pinyoon complomettaayi maari. eee roopeekaranathinte thaazhathe bhaagangalil kalkari kidakkakalum kaliman kallum mukalil targee uyarthalil ninnu kwaartsait kondu nirmmicha complomate ulppedunnu.
oduvil vadakke american plettinu thaazhe subducting faaralon plate poornnamaayum upabhogam cheyyappedukayum ithu laramide orogenic anthyam kurikkukayum cheythu. padinjaaran vadakke americaykku thaazheyulla choodullathum ardha plaastik paarakalum 30 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu aarambhicha compression abhaavathodu pathukke uyarnnukondu prathikarichu; kramena kizhakkum padinjaarum vashathekku mukalilulla paara thallunnu. pottuna mukalile puramthodinte blokkukal ekadesham samaantharamaayi vadakku-thekk pravanathayulla saadhaarana folttukal thakarth prathikarichu, oronninum oru vashath oru thadavum maruvashathu oru parvatanirayum undu. eee stretching eee samayat padinjaaran vyomingile munbu soochippicha uyarnna peedabhoomiye takarkkaan thudangiyittundaakam, ennaal purathana avashishtangalil ninnulla thelivukal soochippikkunnathu tettan folt sisttam valare pinneedu vikasichuvennaanu (chuvade kaanuka). eee prakriyayude kizhakode neengunna theevratha 17 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu aarambhichu, nevadayilum padinjaaran uttayilum thadavum rench geological pravisyayum srishtichu. eee mekhalayile puramthodinte neelam oduvil marikadannu, reno, newada, salt lake sitti, udah enniva thammilulla dooram erattiyaayi.
vadakku manjakkallu-absoroca pradeshathu oru neenda thaazhvara verthiricha rund samanthara agniparvvatha shringalakalil ninnulla agniparvvatha spodanangalumaayi laramide oorojeni kurayunnu. tuff, aashh thudangiya agniparvvatha vasthukkalude valia alavu grand tettan pradeshathu valare aazhathil shekharikkappedukayum absaroka agniparvvatha supergroup roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. jaaksan dwaarathinu kizhakkayi adhika spodanangal oligozene, mayoseen kaalaghattangalil swantham avashishtangal nikshepichu.
ekadesham 17 muthal 15 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu eee pradeshathe vividha thadaakangalil shekharicha avashishtangal mayoseen kaalaghattatthile coulter roopeekaranamaayi maari. ekadesham 13 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu (mayoseen kaalaghattatthilum) aarambhich, 40 mile (64 kilometer) neelamulla kuthaneyulla kizhakk mungunna saadhaarana folt sisttam, tettan folt ennu vilikkappedunnu, aduthulla rund blokkukal lambamaayi neekkaan thudangi. jaaksan hole thadam enna oru block thaazhekku neengumbol tettan parvathanirakalude padinjaaru-charinja kizhakkan bhagam ulkkollunna mattoru block mukalilekku neengi; angane parakkettukalile ettavum praayam kuranja parvathanirakal srishtikkappettu. thaazhekkulla chalanatthinte bhooribhaagavum thakaraarin thottaduthaanu sambhavichathu, athinte falamaayi coulter roopeekaranam 15 digri charinju. moonnu dasalaksham varsham vare charinja coulter roopeekaranathinu mukalil oru avashishtavum nikshepikkappettilla, ithu charinja coulter bhaagikamaayi illaathaayathinaal koneeya anuroopathayillaaymaykku kaaranamaayi.
ekadesham 10 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, jaaksan dwaarathile aadyathe valia shudhajala thadaakam innu paarkkinte thekke attathulla kizhakk-padinjaaru takaraar chalanathaal pidichadakki. aazhamillaatha thadaakamaaya teevinottinte eee falt-scarp anakkett body ennu jiyolajistukal vilikkunnu, ithu ekadesham 5 dasalaksham varshatholam nilaninnu. thadaakathadatthile avashishtangalude thathfalamaayundaakunna teavinot roopeekaranam coulteril nerittu irikkunnu, agniparvvatha vasthukkalum phoosil cheytha klaamukalum ochukalum kalarthiya chunnaambukallukalum kaliman kallukalum adangiyirikkunnu. pothuvaayi paranjaal, moonnaam kaalaghattatthile avashishtangal motham kanam ekadesham nedi, ithu yunaittad stetsile ettavum samboornna noonn-merrin moonnaamthala geological nirayayi maari. paarkkinullile eee yoonittukalil bhooribhaagavum cheria nikshepangalkku keezhil kuzhichittirikkunnu.
oduvil tettan shreniyil ninnulla ellah mesosoic paarakalum neekkam cheyyukayum jaaksan dwaarathile athe roopangal aazhathil kuzhichidukayum cheythu. pink niratthilulla flathead manalkkallinte oru pradhana puramthallal morren parvathatthinte kodumudiyile thaazhvarayude tharaykku mukalil nilavilundu. jaaksan dwaarathil thurankam thurannal thaazhvarayude uparithalathinu thaazhe ore roopeekaranam kandethi, ithu rund blokkukalum parasparam maattippaarppichathaayi soochippikkunnu. angane oro 300 varshathilum (prathivarsham sharashari 1 centimeter) sharashari oru adii chalanam sambhavikkunnu.
chaturbhuja agniparvvatha nikshepangalum himayugangalum.
eee pradeshatthinte vadakkupadinjaarulla manjakkallu agniparvvathathil ninnulla vann agniparvvatha spodanangal 22 laksham, 13 laksham, 630,000 varshangalkk munbu sambhavichu. oro vinashakaramaaya caldera roopappeduthunna pottitherikkum munbulla agniparvvatha sambhavangalil kooduthal parambaraagatha pottitherikal undaayirunnu. atharamoru sambhavam valia alavil rayoolitik lava teavinot thadaakatthinte vadakkan bhaagathekku ayachu. thathfalamaayundaakunna obsidian (agniparvvatha glass) 9 dasalaksham varshatholam pazhakkamulla pottasyam-argon aanu, aayirakkanakkin varshangalkk munbu thaddesheeya amerikkakkar ambadayaalangal, kathikal, kunthangal enniva nirmmikkaan ithu upayogichirunnu. manjakkallu pradeshathu ninnu vellathil pothinja jaaksan dwaarathil ninnu valia pyroclastic ozhukunna samayat thadaakam varandathaayirunnu. signal parvathatthile bivovac roopeekaranathil eee tuffinte pazhaya exposureukal thurannukaattappedunnu, koodaathe plistoseen praayathilulla tuffukal kizhakk, padinjaaru gross venchwar buttukal (parvathavum battukalum cheria folt blokkukalaanu) pothinjathaayi kaanapedunnu.
pleosene kaalaghattatthode plate tectonics vadakke americaye oru upa-ushnamekhalaa mekhalayil ninnu oru mitasheetoshna mekhalayilekku neekkiyathinaal eee pradeshathe kalavastha saahacharyangal kramena senosoic kaalaghattatthiloode maari. plistoseen kaalaghattatthil niravadhi himanikal aarambhichathode tettanilum chuttumulla parvathanirakalilum valia himanikal prathyakshappettu, avaa kuranjathu moonnu himayugangalil jaaksan dwaarathilekku ozhuki. cascade, gaarnett, deth, graanait malayidukkukal ennivayellaam thudarchayaaya himanadeeya kaalaghattangalil kothiyeduthavayaanu.
eee pradeshathe ariyappedunna himanada munnettangalil aadyathethum ettavum kadinavumaayathu pothu himavisphodanamaanu. aaa saahacharyathil tettonukalude kizhakk bhaagath ninnulla vyakthigatha alpine (parvatha thaazhvara) himanikal othuchernnu signal parvathatheyum jaaksan dwaarathinte thekke attathulla mattu moonnu battukaleyum marikadannu manju kattiyulla oru aapran roopeekarikkunnu. eee mekhalayile mattu parvathanirakalilum samanamaaya naadakangal aavarthikkukayum oduvil kaanadayile aise sheettinte bhagamaavukayum athu paramavadhi kizhakkan idahoilekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu. bhookhandaakrithiyilulla eee himavyavastha ennamatta thaazhvarakalil ninnum niravadhi thadangalil ninnum ellah mannum sasyajaalangalum neekkam cheyyukayum oduvil himanikal pinvaangiyathin sesham parakal niranja oru tharisubhoomi avasheshikkukayum cheythu. thaazhepparayunna neriya himanikal sparsikkaatha jaaksan dwaarathinte chila bhaagangalkk ippozhum ettavum kadinamaaya sasyangalallathe mattonnum pinthunaykkaan kazhiyilla (cheria himanikal manjumala cheria paarakalum avayude uravidathinu sameepam nikshepikkunnu, athesamayam bhookhanda himanikal ettavum valia shakalangalozhike matellaam kondupookunnu).
bull lake ennariyappedunna kadinamallaatha oru himanivalkkaranam 160 muthal 130 ayiram varshangalkk munbu aarambhichu. cheruthenkilum himanikal roopappettathiloode pothu sambhavathinte kedupaadukal pariharikkan bull thadaakam sahayichu, avaa paarakkettin mukalil ayanja vasthukkal nikshepichu. aaa saahacharyathil, jaaksan dwaarathiloode pathicha valia himanikal ekadesham 100,000 varshangalkk munbu jaaksan, vyoming ippol irikkukayum urukukayum cheytha sthalathinu thekk maathramaan vyaapichath. 
25, 000 muthal 10,000 varshangalkk munbu kuranja alavilulla visconsin himanivalkkaranam innu kaanunna pala himanival savisheshathakalum kothivachu. eee pradeshathe baadhikkunnathinaayi eee himanikalil ettavum valiyathinte terminal moraine (avashishtangal) upayogichaanu kathicha ridge nirmmichirikkunnathu. innu eee hammoki savisheshatha marangalum mattu sasyajaalangalum kondu moodappettirikkunnu. pindelinte kadinatha kuranja bhaagath ninnulla cheria morainukal tettan shreniyile oro valia thaazhvarayudeyum adithattinu thottuthaazhe alpine himanikalaal roopappettu. eee himanica avashishtangalude koombaarangalil palathum aadhunika kaalath cheria thadaakangalude (liie, string, jenni, bradley, taggart, felps) oru parambarayaal niranjirikkunna thaazhnna pradeshangal srishtichu. jaaksan thadaakam ivayil ettavum valuthaanu, jaaksan dwaarathile avasaanathe pradhana himaniyil avasheshikkunna oru resussional moraine ithu pidichadakki. thadaakathinu thekk bhaagathulla kettilukalude (pinvaangunna himaniyil ninnu urukia nischalamaaya aise blokkukal avasheshikkunna thaazhnna pradeshangal) shekharathe kuzhikal ennu vilikkunnu. rund samudra thadaakangalum emma mattilda thadaakavum ulkkollunna thadakangal bull thadaakatthile himanadeeya kaalaghattatthilaanu srishtikkappettathu. athinusesham vinoda aavasyangalkkaayi jaaksan thadaakatthinte valippam vardhippikkunnathinaayi manushyar athinte puranthallalinu mukalil oru anakkett nirmmichu.
holocene yugathinte aarambhathin thottupinnaale ellah pindale himanikalum urukippoyathaayirikkaam. innu kaanunna dussen kanakkinu cheria sirkk himanikal 5000 varshangalkk munbu thudarnnulla neo glaciationil roopappettu. moundu moraanil vadakku bhaagath triple himanikal, kizhakk bhaagath skillatt himanikal, thekkukizhakkan bhaagath veezhunna aise himanikal ennivayulla anchu himanikalundu. ellah himaanikapravarthanangalum tettan shreniyude kodumudikale manju veddingil ninnu kuthivechathaakki. grand tettaninte kizhakke mukhathinu thaazheyulla tettan himani, middle tettaninte vadakkukizhakkan charivukalil sthithi cheiyunna middle tettan himani, chuzhalikkaatt churatthile grand tettaninu padinjaaru athivegam pinvaangunna school room himani mattu himanikalil ulppedunnu.
1925leeii gross ventre mannidichal polulla vanthothilulla pazhaakal sambhavangal eee pradeshathe maattunnath thudarunnu. 1925 juun 22nuu 4 theevratha rekhappeduthiya bhookambam nilavile desheeyodyaanathinte thekkukizhakkan athirthikkappurathulla oru parvathatthinte vashathe durbalapedutthi. adutha divasam, 50 dasalaksham cubic yard (38 dasalaksham cubic meter) jalasambharitha pensylvanian kaalathe tense sleep manalkkall athinte uravidathil ninnu aadukalude parvathatthilum thaazheyulla gross ventre nadeethadatthilum thennimari nadiyil anakkett nirtthi. manju urukiyathinaal, thathfalamaayundaaya neelameriyathum aazhameriyathumaaya thadaakam 1927 meyy 18 nuu avashishta anakkett thakarkkukayum kellie, vyoming pattanatthil vellapokkam undaakkukayum aarr perr kollappedukayum cheythu.

