garro bhasha

vadakkukizhakkan indian samsthaanangalaaya meghaalaya, asam, tripura ennividangalil samsaarikkunna oru tibeto-burman bhaashayaan garro, athinte endomon aaaa chikku ennum ariyappedunnu. ayalrajyamaaya banglaadeshinte chila pradeshangalilum ithu samsaarikkappedunnu. samsaarikkappedunnu sensus prakaram indiayil maathram ekadesham 889,000 garro samsarikkunnavar undu; 130,000 perr banglaadeshilum kaanapedunnu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanam.
"ethnologue" gaaroyude inipparayunna sthalangal pattikappedutthunnu.
bhashaaparamaaya bandham.
garro bhasha sino-tibattan bhasha kudumbatthile tibattan-barmees upagrooppile amgamaaya baric groupil pedunnu. sino-tibattan bhasha kudumbatthile ettavum dairkhyameriyathum yojichathumaaya upagrooppukalilonnaanu boro-garro upagroop. garro bhasha, boro, kokborok, dimasa, raaba, attong, thiva, coach thudangiya bhashakal ithil ulppedunnu. parasparam adutha bandhamullathinal, eee bhaashakalkk pothuvaaya niravadhi savisheshathakalundu; eee bhashakalil ninnulla vaakkukalude oru daattayude uparithala thalatthilulla nireekshanatthil ninnu polum oraalkk samanathakal eluppathil thirichariyaan kazhiyum.
aksharavinyaasavum standerdisation.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, american baptist missionarymar thudakkathil bangali lipi upayogichukondu gaaroyude vadakkukizhakkan bhashayaaya 'eiii vii' ezhuthi. vidyaabhyaasamulla garro janathayude ennathil athivegam valarcha nadakkunna vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayaaya garro kunnukal aayathinal mattu palathil ninnum ithu thiranjedutthu. koodaathe, garokalkk aadyamaayi vidyaabhyaasam nalkia pradeshavum ivideyaayirunnu. kaalakramena, eee bhasha vidyaasambannaraaya samskaaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. innu, garro kunnukalude padinjaaran-madhya bhaagathulla oru cheria pattanamaya thura samsaarikkunnavarkkidayil eee bhaashaabhedam kelkkaam, ithu yadhaarthathil aam-beng samsaarikkunna pradesamaanu. 1873ll garro kunnukal britiish gavanmentinte poornna niyanthranathilaayathinu sesham thurayilaanu rashtreeya aasthaanam sthaapikkappettathu. ithu vidyaabhyaasamulla vadakkukizhakkan janathayude nagaratthilekkulla kudiyettatthilekkum thaddesheeya bhaashayude upayogathil ninnu vadakkukizhakkan bhaashakalilekkulla maattathilekkum nayichu. garro kunnukalude vidyaabhyaasa kendramaayi marria thura, kaalakramena, vadakkukizhakkan bhashayil ninnu (a. we) vikasicha oru yadhaartha nilavaaram kramena pattanavumayum athinusesham allaayidathumulla vidyaasambannamaaya garro samsaaravumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. gaaro aksharamalaye sambandhichidatholam, adisthaana laattin aksharamala 1924 aayappozhekkum bangali lipi poornnamaayum maatti, ennirunnaalum 1902 ll american missionarymar ithinakam thanne laattin adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru aksharamala vikasippichirunnu. 
innu upayogikkunna laattin adhishtitha garro aksharamalayile 20 aksharangalum "rakka" (glottel stoppine prathinidheekarikkunna oru chihnam) enna uyarthiya binduvum adangiyirikkunnu. typingil, raagathe oru apostrophy allengil interpankt aayi prathinidheekarikkam. f", "q", "v", "x", "y", "z" ennee aksharangal aksharangalayi kanakkakkappedunnilla, irakkumathi cheytha vaakkukalil maathram kaanapedunnu.
banglaadeshil, bangali lipiyude oru vakabhedam ippozhum athinte laattin prathiroopatthinoppam upayogikkunnu. 1924 vare vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalile prabodhana maadhyamangalaayirunnu bangaliyum assamy, innu namukkariyaavunnathupole aadhunika gaaroyude parinaamatthil avar valia punk vahichittundu. thalphalamaayi, niravadhi bangali, assamies vaakkukal garro nighanduvil praveshichu. maadyamangal, praadeshika bhashayil nadathunnathinekkaal engleesh meediyam skoolukalude munganana enniva kaaranam dainamdina garro prasamgathilekku engleesh padangal praveshikkunnathum aduthide vardhichu. hindi padawali bhashayil mandagathiyilullathum ennaal urachathumaaya roopamaanu nalkunnathu.
garro bhasha chilappol aksharamalayil ezhuthappedunnu, ithu 1979 ll arun richil marak kandupidicha chick tokbirim lipiyaan. eee lipiyile oro aksharathinteyum perukal prakrithi prathibhasangalil ninnaan eduthathu. vadakkupadinjaaran banglaadeshile bhabanipur graamatthil oru paridhivare upayogikkunna eee lipi chick garro tokbirim ennum ariyappedunnu.
bhashakal.
athanusarichu, 'bhaashaabhedam' enna padatthe raashtreeyamaayi 'anaudyogika samsara vaividhyam' ennaanu nirvachichirikkunnathu. garro bhashayil a·we, am·bong/a·bong, Matchi, dual, Chisak, ganching thudangiya chila bhaashaabhedangal ulppedunnu. maarak (2013:134-135) gaaroyude inipparayunna bhaashaabhedangalum avayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanangalum pattikappedutthunnu.
eee bhaashaabhedangal samsaarikkunnavarkk pothuve parasparam manassilakkaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum mattoru pradeshathu ninnulla oru bhaashaabhedam parichayamillaattha oraalkk aaa bhaashaabhaashayude savisheshamaaya chila vaakkukaludeyum aavishkaarangaludeyum vishadeekaranam aavasyamulla sandarbhangalundu. gaaroyude bhaashaabhedangalekkurichulla gaveshanam, a·we, am·bong enniva ozhike, valare avaganikkappedunnu; koodaathe pala garro bhaashaabhedangalum staanderd allengil a·we allengil am·bong aayi samyojippikkappedunnu. yadhaarthathil ezhuthappettathum samsaarikkappettathumaaya nilavaaram oru nammalil ninnu valarnnuvenkilum avaa onnalla; iva randum thammilulla swarathilum padaavaliyude upayogathilum sradheyamaaya vyathyaasamund. athinaal, staanderd a·we (pradhaanamaayum turayil samsaarikkunna), parambaraagatha a·we (ippozhum vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile garro kunnukalil samsaarikkunnavarkkidayil kelkkunnu) enniva thammil oru vyathyasam kaanikkunnath uchithamayirikkum. attong, ruga, mii gaam ennivayekkurichu gaarokkalkkidayil valia thettidhaaranayundu. eee bhashakal parambaraagathamaayi gaaroyude bhaashaabhedangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. attong, ruga bhashakal samsarikkunnavar vamsheeyamaayi gaarokalaan; ennaal avarude bhaashakalkk gaaroyude bhaashaabhedangalumaayi paraspara dhaarana illa, athinaal bhaashaaparamaayi garro bhashayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. njaan-gaam aalukal vamsheeyamaayi garro aanu, pakshe njaan.khaasi kunnukalile gaam janataye khaasi bhashayum athinaal njaanum swaadheenichittundu.khaasi kunnukalile gaam bhaashaaparamaayi khasiyumaayi saamyamullathaan.
garro vaakkukal.
aashamsakalum aashamsakalum 
kudumbam
1.amaa-amma
2.appa-achhan 
3. eiii.wang (pithaavinte ilaya sahodaran)-ammavan
4. adey (ammayude ilaya sahodari)-ankil
5. amma (ammayude aann sahodarangal)-ankil 
6. achu allengil budd-muthachan
7. aam.ammoomma-ammoomma 
8. aabi-mootha sahodari 
9. anoe allengil nono-ilaya sahodari 
10. angjong allengil jojong-yonker sahodaran
nakshathrangalum sourayoodhavum 
1. sall-suuryan
2. jajong-moonn
4. asky-staars
5. aram-aakasham allengil meghangal 
6. balwa-kaatt allengil vaayu
7. meeka-mazha
padavi.
padavi meghaalaya samsthaana bhasha niyamaprakaaram meghaalayayile anchu garro hills jillakalil garoic oru anubandha audyogika bhaashayude (pradhana audyogika bhasha engleesh) padavi nalkiyittundu.
garro kunnukalile sarkkar skoolukalil praadhamika ghattathil prabodhana maadyamamaayum eee bhasha upayogikkunnu. secondary ghattathil polum, engleesh dii juur prabodhana maadyamamaaya chila skoolukalil, engleeshinoppam garro upayogikkunnu-chilappol athinekkaalum kooduthal-eee samvidaanathe eathaandu dwibhasha samvidaanamaakki maattunnu. engleesh eaka maadyamamaaya skoolukalil, garro oru vishayamaayi maathrame padippikkappedunnulla, aadhunika indian bhasha (emm.aii.ell.). koleju thalatthil vidyaarthikalkku garro randaam bhasha thiranjedukkaam (udha.ezz.ell.) nirbandhitha emm.aii.ell. koodaathe eiii bii yilek pravartthikkuka.eiii. (bahumathikal) gaaroyil.
1996ll, athinte thura kaambasinte thudakkathil, vadakkukizhakkan hill yooniversitti garro vakupp sthaapichu, ithu kaambasil thuranna aadyathe vakuppukalilonnaayum "lokathile itharathilulla eaka vakuppaayum" maari. vakupp emm vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.eiii. emm.phil. garoyile phd prograamukalum.
aduthide garro athinte achadicha saahithyathil valareyadhikam valarchaykku saakshyam vahikkunnu. nighandukkal, vyakaranangal, mattu paatapusthakangal, vivarthanam cheyyappetta vasthukkal, pathrangal, maasikakal, jenalukal, novalukal, cherukathaasamaahaarangal, naadodikkadhakal, puranangal, pandithochithamaaya vasthukkal, garro baibil, garro sthuthigeethangal thudangiya niravadhi pradhana matha prasidheekaranangal ennivayude uthpaadanam vardhichu. ennirunnaalum, bhaashayekkurichulla kooduthal gaveshanam mandagathiyilaayirunnu-valare apoorvamaanu-pakshe nilavililla.
nambarukal.
1. zaa.
2. jii. enn. aii.
3. gittham
4. bri
5. bonga
6. doock
7. snii
8. chettu
9. scoo
10. chicking
11. chii zaa
12. chii jini
13. chii gittim
14. chii bri
14. chii bonga
16. chii doock
17. chii snii
18. chii chettu
19. chii scoo
20. kooll grick
namangal.
garro oru sove bhaashayaan, athaayath kriyakal saadhaaranayaayi oru vaakyathinte avasaanathil sthaapikkum. eathenkilum naamavakyangal kriyavaakyangalkk munbu varum.
casing.
garoyile ellah namangalum vividha vyaakarana kesukalil ulppeduthaam. nirddishta prathyayangal upayogichu oru naamatthinte apachayam nadatthaam
chila namangalkk swaabhaavikamaayum athinte avasaanam oru swaraaksharam undaakum. naamangale nominative allatha kesilekk nirasikkumbol, saadhaaranayaayi avasana swaraaksharam neekkam cheyyanam iii.jii. janithaka kesilekk nirasikkumbol 'pakshi' 'dhoo nii' aayi maarum.
koodaathe, casing suffixukalum samyojippikkaam. -o umm-na umm samyojippichu-ona roopappeduthunnu, athaayath "nere" (lative cases). -o umm-ni umm samyojippichu-ooni roopappedunnu, athaayath "ninnu" (ablative cases). udaaharana upayogangal "anga turrani shillong-onaa reey shh angaha" aakam, athaayath "njaan thurayil ninnu shillongilekku yaatra cheythu" ennaanu ardham.
sarvanaamangal.
engleeshilennapole garoic ekavachanathilum bahuvachanathilum onnum randum moonnum vyakthikalude sarvvanaamangalund. garro clusivityum pariganikkunnu, koodaathe "inclusive vii", "exclusive vii" ennivaykku rund vyathyastha phastt-pezhsan bahuvachana sarvvanaamangalund. ennirunnaalum, garro vyaakarana lingabhedam pariganikkunnilla, koodaathe moonnaam vyakthi ekavachanathinu oru sarvanaamamund. thaazhepparayunna pattika oro sarvanaamathinteyum aathmanishtamaaya prathiphalanam pradarshippikkunnu (i.iii. sarvanaamam vishayamaayi upayogikkumbol).
rekhaamoolamulla gaaroyil, "biyaa" palappozhum "yuu. eiii" ennu maattisthaapikkappedunnu, athaayath engleeshil aksharaarthatthil "athu" ennaanu ardham.
aam-beng bhashayil, "aan-ching" ennathu "naa-ching", "naa-simang", "umang" enniva yathaakramam "naa-soong", "bisong" ennivayaanu.
mattu naamangalaayi proononukale nirasikkaanum kazhiyum. oru apavaadam "naa aaaa" aanu. nirasikkappedumbol, stem namam "nang" aayi maarunnu. "ningalude" "garoilek vivarthanam cheyyappedunnathu" "nang nii aayirikkum"
kriyakal.
garoyile kriyakal pravartthanatthinte vyaakarana kaalathe adisthaanamaakki maathrame samyojippikkappedunnu. moonnu pradhana samyojanangalund
ennirunnaalum, garro kriyakalilekku cherkkaan kazhiyunna vaividhyamaarnna kriyasoochanakalundu. eee prathyayangalil chilath ulppedunnu
phonology.
svaraaksharangal.
graphiim/i/,/<unk>/ennivaye prathinidheekarikkunnu. / γ/(vyanjanaagrangalude bhaagamallaatha) vyanjanaaksharathil avasaanikkunna oru aksharathe [̃] ennu ucharikkappedunnu, allengil athu [i] ennu ucharikkappedunnu.
bodo-garro upakudumbathile mikkavarum ellah bhaashakalum thaazhnnathum uyarnnathumaaya tonukal thammilulla vyathyaasamaanenkilum, garro maathramaan eaka apavaadam. pakaram garro oru glottel stoppil avasaanikkunna aksharangalum illaathathum thammil thaarathamyappeduthikkondu tonel systethinu pakaramaayi glottel stopp kuranja toninu pakaram vaykkunnathaayi wood ezhuthunnu.

