paryaveshakarude paripadi

bahiraakaashath ninnulla bhauthikashaasthram, geophysics, heliophysics, astrophysics anweshanangal ennivaykku parakkanulla avasarangal nalkunna naasayude oru paryavekshana padhathiyaanu explorer prograam. 1958ll vikshepicha explorer 1 aayirunnu american aikyanaadukalile bhramanapathathilethiya aadyathe bahirakasha pedakam. athinusesham 90-ladhikam bahirakasha dauthyangal aarambhichittund. explorer 6 ll ninnu aarambhich, niravadhi anthaaraashtra pankaalikal ulppede vividha sthaapanangalumaayi pathivayi sahakarichaan naasa ithu pravarthippikkunnathu.
explorer programinaayulla loncharukalil juno I, juno II, vividha thore, scout, deltta, pegasus vikshepana vahanangal, faalkkan 9 enniva ulppedunnu.
eee prograaminu moonnu klaasukalunda idatharam klaas explorermaar (midex), cheria explorermaar (smex), yooniversitti klaas explorermaar (enes), mattu ejansikalumaayi pravartthikkunna avasarangalude thiranjeduttha dauthyangal.
charithram.
aadyakaala paryaveshaka upagrahangal.
explorer prograam aarambhichath oru yuu enna nilayilaanu.ezz. anthaaraashtra geophysical varshathil (iji) oru "sivilian" krithrima upagraham bhramanapathathil sthaapikkaanulla sainika nirddesham (project oorbittar). ennirunnaalum aaa nirddesham yuu. esinu anukoolamaayi nirasikkapettu.ezz. 1956 desemberil aadyathe sub-oorbittal flaitt wangard wangard nirmmicha naavikasenayude project wangard, 1957 october 4 nuu soviyatt union sputnik 1 vikshepichu (athinte falamaayi "sputnik prathisandhi"), wangard 1 vikshepana shramathinte parajayam enniva soviyatt bahirakasha nettangalumayi poruthappedunnathinu sainika paripaadikku dhanasahayam nalkunnathinu kaaranamaayi. 1958 februvari 1 nuu juno aiyil vikshepicha explorer 1 aadyathe yuu aayi maari.ezz. upagrahavum vaan alan radiation belttum kandethukayum cheythu.
1958ll juno aii vikshepana vahanam explorer seereesile naalu fooloo-upp upagrahangal vikshepichu, athil explorer 3, explorer 4 enniva vijayakaramaayirunnu, athesamayam explorer 2, explorer 5 enniva bhramanapathathilethunnathil parajayappettu. juno I vaahanathin pakaram 1959ll juno II vannu.
explorer prograaminte thudarcha.
1958ll naasa sthaapithamaayathode, paryaveshaka paripadi yuu. esil ninnu naasayilekku maatti.ezz. sainyam. thaarathamyena cheria bahirakasha douthyangalude oru parambaraykku naasa eee peru upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu, saadhaaranayaayi oru prathyeka shaasthra kendreekaranamulla oru krithrima upagraham. 1959-ll merilaandile greenbelttile naasayude goddard space flaitt sentarinte (jii. ezz. eph. sii) padhathi nirddeshathinu keezhilulla aadyathe shaasthreeya upagrahamaayirunnu explorer 6.
1963 ll vikshepicha interplaanattari monittaring plaattphom (aii. pii.) apollo prograamine pinthunaykkunnathinaayi bahirakasha vikiranathekkurichulla daatta shekharikkunnathinu roopakalppana cheytha pathinonnu explorer upagrahangalude oru shringhala ulkkollunnu. integrated surcuted (aii. sii) chippukalum mosphettukalum (moss traansistarukal) upayogicha aadyathe bahirakasha prograamaayathinaal, bahirakasha pedaka electronics roopakalppanayile oru pradhana chuvaduvayppaayirunnu imp prograam. 1963-ll aii. sii. chippukal upayogicha aadyathe bahirakasha pedakam imp-eiii (explorer 18) aayirunnu, 1966-ll imp-dii (explorer 33) aanu mosphettukal aadyamaayi upayogichathu.
thudarnnulla rund pathittaandukalil, naasa 50 ladhikam paryaveshana dauthyangal aarambhichu, avayil chilath sainika paripaadikalumaayi samyojippichaan, saadhaaranayaayi oru paryavekshana allengil sarway swabhaavamullatho allengil oru pradhana bahirakasha nireekshanashaalayude kazhivukal aavashyamillaatha prathyeka lakshyangalullatho aanu. paryaveshaka upagrahangal niravadhi pradhana kandethalukal nadathiyittundu bhoomiyude kaanthikamandalavum athinte guruthwaakarshana mandalatthinte aakruthiyum; sourakkaattu; bhoomiyil mazha peiyunna micrometeyaroyidukaletu gunangal; sourayoodhathil ninnum athinappurathuninnum ultraviolet, cosmic, ex-reey; ionosphere physics; solar plasma; sourorjja kanikakal; anthareeksha bhauthikashaasthram. eee dauthyangal vaayu saandrata, radio jyothishaasthram, jiodesi, gamma-reey jyothishaasthram ennivayum anweshichittundu.
naasayude bajatt kuranjathode kuranjathode thudakkathil paryaveshana dauthyangal apoorvamaayi.
smex, midex, studant explorer prograamukal.
1988ll, astrophysics, space physics ennee vishayangalil valare shradha kendreekarikkunnathum thaarathamyena chelavukuranjathumaaya bahirakasha shaasthra dauthyangalkkaayi pathivayi parakkanulla avasarangalil shradha kendreekarichaanu small explorer (smex) klaas sthaapichathu. aadyathe moonnu smex dauthyangal 1989 eprilil 51 sthaanaarthikalil ninnu thiranjedukkukayum 1992,1996,1998 varshangalil aarambikkukayum cheythu.
cheythu madhyathil, kooduthal pathiv vimanangal praapthamaakkunnathinaayi naasa idatharam klaas explorer (midex) aarambhichu. iva smex douthyangalekkaal valuthaanu, oru puthiya tharam idatharam-laitt klaas vikshepana vaahanathil vikshepikkendathaayirunnu. eee puthiya vikshepana vahanam vikasippicheduthitla, pakaram, eee dauthyangal oru parishkaricha deltta II rokkattilaanu paratthiyathu. 1995 maarchil midexinte aadya prakhyapana avasaram puratthirangi, eee puthiya classinu keezhilulla aadya vikshepanam 1999 ll fuse aayirunnu.
1994 meyy maasathil, naasa studant explorer demonstration initiative (stedi) pailat prograam aarambhichu, uyarnna nilavaaramulla bahirakasha shaasthram cheruthum kuranja chelavilumulla douthyangaliloode nadappilakkaan kazhiyumennu theliyikkaan. thiranjeduttha moonnu dauthyangalil, 1998ll snoy 1999ll terrierukalum vikshepichu, ennaal vikshepanathinu sesham randaamathethu parajayappettu. stedi prograam 2001-ll avasaanippichu. pinneedu, naasa valare vilakuranja dauthyangalkkaayi yooniversitti klaas explorer (enes) prograam sthaapichu, ithu stediyude pingamiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
naasayude goddard space flaitt sentarile (jii. ezz. eph. sii) small explorer project offeesaanu aadyam paryaveshana dauthyangal kaikaaryam cheythath. 1999-nte thudakkathil, aaa oafees adachupoottukayum moonnaamathe koottam smex douthyangalkkulla avasaram prakhyaapichathode naasa smex klaas parivartthanam cheyyukayum oro dauthyavum athinte pradhana anweshakan niyanthrikkukayum jii. ezz. eph. sii explorer projakttinte melnottam vahikkukayum cheythu. goddard bahirakasha flaitt sentarile explorer prograam oafees, thaarathamyena mithamaaya chelavukalum cheruthum idatharavumaaya dauthyangal, naasayude grettu obsarvettarikal polulla valia nireekshanashaalakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol churungiya samayathinullil nirmmikkanum pareekshikkaanum vikshepikkaanum kazhivulla niravadhi pravarthanaparamaaya shaasthreeya paryavekshana douthyangalude maanejment nalkunnu.
vikshepanangal ozhike, midex classinu 2018 ll 250 dasalaksham dollar nilavile mission cap chelavu undu, bhaaviyile midex dauthyangal 350 dasalaksham dollarayi parimithappedutthiyirikku. 2017ll smex douthyangalude chelavu paridhi 16.5 kodi dolaraayirunnu. yuu. ezz. $15 dasalaksham aanu yuu. ezz. inquisian dauthyangal. missions oof oopartyoonitti (emm. oo.) enna upapadhathi naasa ithara bahirakasha douthyangalude shaasthra upakaranangalkko hardware gadakangalkko dhanasahayam nalkiyittundu, koodaathe naasayude motham chelavu paridhi 70 dasalaksham dolaraanu.
klaasukal.
cheria paryavekshakar (smex).
1989ll bahirakasha paryaveshana dauthyangalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi prathyekamaayi cheria paryaveshakarude klaas nadappilaakki. goddard space flaitt sentarile (jii. ezz. eph. sii) explorers projakttaanu dauthyangal niyanthrikkunnath.
moonnu smex douthyangalude aadya settu 1992 num 1998 num idayil vikshepichu. rund douthyangalude randaamathe settu 1998 lum 1999 lum vikshepichu. eee aadyakaala dauthyangal goddard bahirakasha flaitt sentarile small explorer project offeesaanu kaikaaryam cheythath. 1999-nte thudakkathil, aaa oafees adachupoottukayum moonnaamathe koottam smex douthyangalkkulla avasaram prakhyaapichathode naasa prograam parivartthanam cheyyukayum oro dauthyavum athinte pradhana anweshakan niyanthrikkukayum jii. ezz. eph. sii explorezhs projakttinte melnottatthil nadathukayum cheythu.
2022ll heliophysics, cheria paryaveshakar, vyomayaathraykkaayi nadatthiya anchu douthyangalekkurichulla oru malsaraadhishtitha padanatthinu naasa dhanasahayam nalki. oorjjaswalamaaya maas ejection samvidaanangalaaya explorer (meeme-ex), focussing optiks ex-reey solar imager (foxi), multy-slitt solar explorer (muse), tandom reekanakshan, cusp electrodynamics reconnaisance upagrahangal (tracerukal), corona heliosphere (panchu) ekeekarikkunnathinulla polaarimeettar ennivayaayirunnu nirddeshangal. 2019 juunil naasa tracerukalum panchum thiranjedutthu.
avasarangalude dauthyangal (emm. oo.).
eathu valippathilulla naasa ithara bahirakasha douthyathinte bhagamaayathum motham 55 dasalaksham dollaril thazheyullathumaaya anweshanangalaanu missions oof oopartyoonitti (emm. oo.). eee dauthyangal nadathunnathu dauthyathe sponsor cheiyunna samghadanayumaayi chernnu fund kaimaattam cheyyaatha adisthaanathilaanu. esmex, midex, inxeptive anweshanangal ennivayekkurichulla dauthyangalkkaayi naasa nirddeshangal thedunnu.
beekkan paryavekshakar.
eee shreniyil moonnu upagrahangal aasoothranam cheythu beekkan explorer-eiii, beekkan explorer-bii, beekkan explorer-sii.
jios seerees.
jios 1, jios 2, jios 3 enningane moonnu geodetic erthu oorbitting saattalaittukalude (jios) oru parambara bhramanapathathil sthaapichu.
bahirakasha pedakam vikshepichu.
oru dauthyathile oro bahirakasha pedakatthinum saadhaaranayaayi nalkunna enn. ezz. ezz. dii. sii maasttar kaattalogil explorer neyim nambarukal kandethaam. kandethaam sesham vare eee samkhyakal audyogikamaayi nischayichittilla.
dauthyangal raddaki.
niravadhi dauthyangal nirddeshikkappedunnum thiranjedutthathalla. udaaharanathinu, 2011-ll, paryaveshakarude paripaadikku 22 samboornna dauthya abhyarthanakalum 20 avasara dauthyangalum 8 yuu. ezz. pii. aii. yum labhichu. chilappol dauthyam bhaagikamaayi maathrame vikasippikkappedunnavum saambathikamo saankethikamo bureaucratic kaaranangalo moolam nirtthanam. wire terrierukalum ulppedeyulla chila dauthyangal bhramanapathathilethumbol parajayappettu.
vikasippikkappedukayo raddaakkappedukayo cheyyaatha douthyangalude udaaharanagal ivayaanu
bajatt parimithikal kaaranam raddakia douthyangalude nigamanangalude sameepakaala udaaharanangal
statistiks puratthirakkuka.
oro dashakathilum vikshepanangalude ennam 

