yudhakaala sahakaranm

yudhakaala sahakaranamennath yudhasamayathu oraalude pourathvam ulla raajyathinethire sathruvumaayulla sahakaranamaan. charitrakaaranaaya gerhard hirshfeld parayunnathupole, ithu "yudhavum videsha pradeshangalude adhinivesavum pole pazhakkamullathaanu".
pathonpathaam noottaandil nirmmicha 'qoo-oopparettar' enna padam fraansil nepolian yudhangalil upayogichirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu sathruvumaayulla raajyadrohaparamaaya sahakaranathe nirddeshikkunnathinaayi ardham maari. jarmman vijaythe sajeevamaayi prothsaahippicha vichi fraansile yudhakaala sahakaarikalude oru upavibhaagathe soochippikkaan eee padangal niyanthrikkunna charitrakaaranmaar "sahakaranavaadam" enna anubandha padam upayogikkunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
qoo-oopparettar" enna padam 1871 muthal franch "qoo-oopparettar" ennathil ninnulla oru qoo-oopparettar (1802) aanu. englandumaayi vyapaaram nadathunna kallakkadathukaarethireyum raajavaazhchakkaarude rakshaykk sahaayikkunnathinethireyum nepolian yudhangalil ithu upayogichirunnu. qoo-oor"-"" jolie cheyyaan "" + "" thozhil "" ennathil ninnu "" varkk "" ennathinte munpathe pankaalitthamaaya laattin "" qoo-oopparettas "" ll ninnaan ithu uruthirinjathu ". 
sathruvumaayulla raajyadrohaparamaaya sahakaranm" ennathinte ardham 1940 muthal, fraansinte pathanatthinum avarude adhiniveshakaalathum jarmmankaarumaayi sahakaricha fraansile vichi sarkkaarine paraamarsikkunnathaanu, ithu 1940 october 24 nuu fraansinte pathanatthinu eathaanum maasangalkk sesham montoire-sarr-loyaril marshell philipp pettanum adolph hitlarum thammilulla koodikkazhchayilaanu ithu aadyamaayi aadhunika ardhathil upayogichathu. jarmmani yudhathil vijayichuvennu pettan vishwasikkukayum jarmmaniyumaayulla "sahakaranm" thaan amgeekarichathaayi franch janataye ariyikkukayum cheythu..
nirvachanangal.
yudhakaalathe sahakaranm rashtreeya, saambathika, saamoohika, saamskaarika, sainika sahakaranagal ulppede niravadhi roopangal edukkum. ettedutha pravartthanangal raajyadrohaparavum vyathyasthamaayathumaayirikkam, randaam lokamahaayudhathinte pashchaathalatthil saadhaaranayaayi shathruvumaayi sajeevamaayi pravartthikkunnu.
staanli hofmann sahakaranathe "swamedhayaa" (aavashyathe vimukhathayode amgeekarikkal), "swamedhayaa" (aavasyakatha chooshanam cheyyaanulla sramam) enningane vibhajichu. addehathinte abhipraayathil, sahakaranm "adimatham" allengil "prathyayashaasthram" aakam. vyakthiparamaaya athijeevanathinteyo sukhasoukaryathinteyo aavasyakathaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru sathruvinulla sevanamaanu adimatham, athesamayam prathyayashaasthram oru shatru shakthiyumaayulla sahakaranathinulla vaadamaanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, bertram gorden fraansil yathaakramam prathyayashaasthraparavum prathyayashaasthraparamallaathu sahakaranathinaayi "qoo-oopparettar", "qoo-oopparettar" ennee padangal upayogichu. paraspara nettatthinum athijeevanathinulla interneekalude saadhyathakal vardhippikkunnathinam philippainsile sivilian interneekalum (kooduthalum amerikkakkar) avarude japanese thattikkondupokalukaarum thammil "niyamaanusrithamaaya sahakaranm" undennu jaims mays ward vaadichu. europileyum eshyayileyum achuthandu shakthikalumaayulla sahakaranm ellah adhinivesha raajyangalilum vyathyastha alavukalil nilaninnirunnu.
yudhasamayathu sathruvumaayulla sahakaranm charitraatheethakaalam muthal ellaayppozhum nilanilkkunnu. randaam lokamahaayudham muthal, randaam lokamahaayudhathil jarmmani fraansine yudhakaala adhinivesham cheythathine paraamarshikkaanaanu charitrakaaranmaar athinte upayogam kooduthalum neekkivachirikkunnathu. germmaniyodu keezhadangukayum naadukadatthappedukayum cheytha mattu parajayappetta rajyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, france oru vedinirthal karaaril oppuvaykkukayum fraansil thudarukayum jarmman raichumaayi saambathikamaayum raashtreeyamaayum sahakarikkukayum marshell philipp petteente keezhil oru sahakarana franch raajyathekku adikaaram kaimaran puthiya sahacharyam upayogikkukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte pashchaathalatthil europil, prathyekichu vichi fraansil, charitrakaaranmaar oru vashath "sahakaranavum" "sahakariyum", maruvashathu "sahakaranavum" "sahakaranavum" ennee anubandha padangal thammil vyathyasam kaanikkunnu.
1974-ll staanli hofman mattu charitrakaaranmaarum eee padam, communist virudhamo mattu prathyayashaasthraparamaaya kaaranangalo kondu hitlarude germmaniyumaayi sakthamaaya sahakaranm aagrahicha faasisttukaleyum naasi anubhaavikaleyum soochippikkaan upayogichittundu. 
"sahakaranavaadam" ennathu praadhamikamaayi vichi fraansile phaasist valathupakshathil ninnullavare soochippikkunnu, avar jarmman vijayathinte lakshyam svanthamaayi sweekarichu, athesamayam "sahakaranm" ennathu jarmmankaarumaayi eathu kaaranathaalum sahakaricha franchukaare soochippikkunnu.
charithram.
automan saamrajyam.
chila colonial allengil adhinivesha samgharshangalil, thaddesheeya vamshajaraaya sainikare sahakaranavaadikalaayi kaanapettu. ithu automan saamraajyathile "maamlukkukal", "jaanisharikal" ennivayude kaaryamaayirikkam. chila sandarbhangalil, thudakkathil ardham anaadaravullathaayirunnilla, ennaal pinneedu kadameduthappol upayogikkumbol maari "sipahi" sainikarkkulla automan padam britiish indiayil "sipai" aayi maari, ithu spaanishil "sipayo" allengil baskil "sipayo" ennu "koolippanikkaaran" ennathinte kooduthal nindyamaaya ardhathil sweekarichu.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu jarmman adhinivesha mekhalakalil vividha thalangalil sahakaranm nilaninnirunnu.
france.
fraansil, "sahakarana" (sahakaarikal), "sahakarana" (sahakaranavaadikal) enniva thammil oru vyathyasam uyarnnuvannu. sahakaranavaadi" enna padam pradhaanamaayum paarees aasthaanamaayulla kapada-naasi paarttikalil chernna vyakthikale vivarikkan upayogikkunnu.
faasisathil vishwasichirunnavaro communistukalkku virudharo aayirunnu. "maruvashathu, pothu kramam (poleesukaaran) allengil saadhaarana sarkkar pravartthanangal (sivil sarvees) nilanirthaanulla adhiniveshakkaarude utharavukal palikkuka; vaanijyam (laingikathozhilaalikalum mattu sthreekalum ulppede) polulla praayogika kaaranangalal sahakaranathil earppettirikkunna "sahakaarikal".
jarmmankarumaayulla bandhangal, avare "thirashcheena sahakaarikal" ennu vilikkunnu); allengil vyakthiparamaaya abhilaashangalum athyagrahavum niravettaan. sahakaarikal faasisathil vishwasikkukayo naasi germmany pinthunaykkukayo cheythirunnilla.
achuthandinte paraajayathode, sahakaarikal palappozhum pothu avahelanathino thadavino vadhashikshaykko sikshikkappettu. fraansil, 10,500 sahakaarikale vadhashikshaykk vidheyaraakkiyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, chilar niyama nadapadikalkku sheshavum mattullavar niyamavirudhamaayum.
britiish charitrakaaranaaya simoon kitson, franch adhikaarikal vimochanam vare kaathuninnilla ennu kaanichu. jarmmankaarkk vivarangal kaimariyathinu 2000 tholam pere vichi sarkkar thanne arast cheythu. sahakaranathe kendreekarikkaan, franco-jerman bandhangalil samsthaanam kuthaka nilanirthunnuvennu urappakkaanum paramadhikaaram samrakshikkanum avar angane cheythu, angane avarkk sakthamaaya sthaanathu ninnu charchakal nadatthaan kazhiyum. vichi sarkkar nadatthiya niravadhi vittuveezhchakalil onnaanith. 1940 juuninu sesham franch balaheenata chooshanam cheyyaanum avide samgharshangal vardhippikkaanum adolph hitlar fraansile jarmmankaarkk dhaaraalam avasarangal nalki.
1940 juun 25 nuu randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu prathirodhatthinte deseeya kaunsilinte aadya presidentaayi sevanamanushticha franch sivil sarvees udyogasthanaaya jeane moulin franch senagali sainikar charter siviliyanmaare koottakkola cheythathayi aaropikkappedunna oru prakhyaapanatthil oppuvaykkaan jarmman adhikaarikal upadeshichu. bomb koottakkola nadathiyathu jarmmankaaraanennu arinja moulin sahakarikkaan visammathichu. thudarnnu jarmmankaar addehathe thadavilaakkukayum vivarangal upekshikkunnathil ninnu svayam thadayunnathinaayi glass upayogichu thonda murikkukayum cheythu.
thaazhnna rajyangal.
beljiyathil, vnv partyilekkum flandezhsile develog prasthaanathilekkum valonia reksist prasthaanathilekkum sahakaarikale samghadippichu. netherlandil sajeevamaaya oru sahakarana prasthaanam undaayirunnu.
norway.
norwegian sainyathile mejar muun prathirodha manthriyumaaya vidkun quisling (1887-1945). 1942ll addeham norwayude manthriyaayi presidentaayi, raajyathe nasippikkaan shramichuvenkilum bhooribhaagam janangalum athine shakthamayi ethirthu. addehathinte peru ippol oru unnatha sarkkar sahakaariyude paryaayamaan, ippol oru quisling ennariyappedunnu.
grease.
jarmman greak adhiniveshathinushesham, naasi bharanathilulla oru sarkkar sthaapikkappettu. moonnu pradhaamanthrimaarum (georgios solacoglo, konstaantinos logothettopoulos, ionis rallis) achuthandu adhikaarikalumaayi sahakarichu. cheruthenkilum sajeevamaaya greak deseeya-soshyalist partykalaaya greak naashanal soshyalist party allengil naashanal union oof grease polulla parasyamaayi yahooda virudha samghadanakal jarmman adhikaarikale prathirodhatthinethire poraadaanum greak joothanmaare thirichariyaanum naadukadatthaanum sahayichu.
adhiniveshathinte avasana rund varshangalil pradhaanamantri eonni rallis, jarmmankaarumaayi parasyamaayi sahakarikkukayum sakthamaaya communist virudha prathyayashaasthramullathum suraksha battaaliyanukal, sainika corps enniva srishtichu. vividha theevra valathupaksha, rajakeeya samghadanakalum raajyathe chila police senakalum chernnu suraksha battaaliyanukalum adhiniveshakaalathu aayirakkanakkin greekkukaare krooramaayi kolappeduthiyathinu neritto allaatheyo utharavaadikalaayirunnu. mattu europian raajyangalkk sambhavichathin vipareethamaayi, vimochanathinu thottupinnaale nadanna deckemvriana sambhavangal, thudarnnu velutha bheekarathayum rund varshathinu sesham nadanna greak aabhyantharayudhavum kaaranam eee corpsile amgangal orikkalum vichaarana cheyyappedukayo shikshikkappedukayo cheythilla.
yugoslavia.
naasi germmaniyil ninnu ardhaswaadheenamaaya paava rashtramaaya croatia enna swatantra rajyamaayirunnu yougoslaviayile pradhana sahakarana bharanakoodam. 1943ll jarmman niyanthranathilaaya lubaljana pravishya ennariyappedunna itaaliyan adhinivesha thekkan sloveniayude ardha-swatantra mekhalayude niyanthranam etteduthu sahakaricha oru sloveen generalaya liyon rupnik (1880-1946) aayirunnu.
jarmman adhinivesha pradeshamaaya serbiyayil sthaapithamaaya jarmman-pappett serbian deseeya rakshaasamithiyum 1941 nuu sesham achuthandumaayi thanthraparamaayi sahakaricha yugoslav rajakeeya chetnikkukalumaayirunnu kizhakkan yougoslaviayile pradhana sahakaranakkar.
polandu.
naasi germmaniyumaayi polandil thaarathamyena cheria sahakaraname undaayirunnulloo, ithu poolish janathayude abhimaanamaan. ennirunnaalum, soviyatt union avarumaayi pravartthikkunna chila vyakthikale kandethi, 1944 ll soviyattukal roopeekaricha lublin gavanment, naadukadatthappetta poolish gavanmentinethire pravarthichukondu ithu shradheyamaayi theliyikkunnu.
jarmmani.
jarmman pouranum naasikalallaattha france openhoff 1944 ll sakhyasenayude adhikaarathin keezhil jarmman nagaramaya achan meyaraayi niyamanam sweekarichu. 1945ll heinrich himlarude nirddeshaprakaaram addeham vadikkappettu.
vietnaam.
fraansil thamasikkunna vietnaamees kudiyettakkaarum pravaasikalum raajyathe naasi adhiniveshathil ninnu prachodanam nedi. eee aalukal akkaalat niravadhi europian deseeya ashayangalil vishwasichirunnu-iva oru jaiva vamseeya saamskaarika deseeya samoohathilum oru svechaadhipathya corporatist raajyathilum sambadvyavasthayilum ulla vishwaasamaanu. colonialism "saamoohika kramatthinte ellah gadakangaleyum vyavasthaapithamaayi nasippichuvennu vietnaamees akkaalat bhayapettu... ithu boudhika varenyavargathe raajyathinte bolshevisatione ethirkkaan prerippikkumaayirunnu."
randaam lokamahaayudhathinidayil 1940 meyy maasathil jarmman sainyam fraansine aakramichappol franch sainyavum sarkkarum thakarnnu. koodaathe, aarr muthal patthu dasalaksham vare aalukal abhayaarthikalaakaan nirbandhitharaayi. rashtreeya prathikaranam pinneedu raajyathe vietnaamees prakopippichu.
fraansil "amikkale annaamite" ennu vilikkunna vietnaamees vidyaarthikaludeyum professionalukaludeyum oru koottam paareesilum undaayirunnu. vyakthamaaya prathyayashaasthra ajandayumaayi munnott pookaathe avar franch colonial bharanathodu kadutha veruppu prakadippichu. 1943ll avarude uddeshyangal vipuleekarikkukayum, villukalaayi thadavilakkappetta vietnaamees sainikarude sthithi mechappeduthaanulla aagrahavum kootticherkkappedukayum cheythu. kyaambukalile avasthakal mechappeduthuka, mechappetta bhakshanam, aarogya pariraksha, vidyaabhyaasam, thozhil pariseelanam enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
celebrittikal.
dutch nadan johannes heastezhs allengil engleesh bhaashayile radio-vyakthithvam vilyam joys (ettavum vyaapakamaayi ariyappedunna loard hoow-hoow) enniva uyarnna jarmman sahakaarikalil ulppedunnu.
yudhaananthara udaaharanagal.
1989 vare soviyatt adhiniveshavumaayi sahakaricha afgaanisthaanile sthaapanangalum vyakthikalum iraakhileyum afgaanisthaanileyum vyakthikalum sannadharude sakhyam recruit cheytha vyakthikalum sahakaranathinte sameepakaala udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. 2014ll crimea pidichadakkiya samayathum donbaasile yudhathinidayilum chila ukreniyan pouranmaar russian sainyavumayi sahakarichu.
israel-palasteen samgharsham.
palasteen samoohathil, israelumaayulla sahakaranm gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyamaayum saamoohika karayaayum kaanapedunnu, chilappol vadhasiksha (judicial allengil extrageudical) nalkappedunnu. koodaathe, <aii. dii. 1> kaalayalavil, 30 oolam palastheeniyakkaarkk sahakaranavumayi bandhapetta kuttangalkk kodathiyil vadhasiksha vidhichittund, ennirunnaalum shiksha nadappakkiyittilla.
2009 juunil, israelumaayi sahakarikkunnuvennu samshayichathinaal 15 vayassulla palastheenkaaranaaya raid sulha kudumbam krooramaayi peedippikkukayum thookkilettukayum cheythu. palasteen pradeshangalile adhikaarikal sambhavathil anweshanam aarambikkukayum kuttavaalikale arast cheyyukayum cheythu. atharamoru cheruppakkaarane oru informer niyamikkaan saadhyathayillenn police paranju.
aii. ezz.
sarkkaarukalum sarkkarithara pravartthakarum swakaarya vyakthikalum syrian aabhyantharayudham, iraakhi aabhyantharayudham, libian aabhyantharayudham ennivayil islaamik rajyamaaya iraakhinum leventinum (aii. ezz. aii. ezz) sahakarichu sahayam nalki.
2022-ll russian sainyam ukrainil adhinivesham nadatthi.
ukraine sarkkaarin janasamkhyayil ninnu vishalamaaya pinthuna labhichittundenkilum russian adhiniveshathinte varshangalil ukreyninullil rashyaykkulla pinthuna donbaas mekhalayil vyaapakamaayi. athinusesham ukraine sarkkar oru "sahakaranikalude registry" samaaharichu."russian anukoola sahakaarikal russian shellakramanathe sahayikkaan spottermaaraayi pravarthichathaayi athil parayunnu. adhinivesham aarambhichathinusesham ukraine president volodymyr selensky sahakarana virudha niyamangal nadappaakki, russian senayumaayi sahakarichathino russian aakramanathekkurichu parasyamaayi nishedhikkukayo russia pinthunaykkukayo cheythathinu kuttavaalikalkk 15 varsham thadavu shiksha anubhavikkendivannu.
prachodanam.
chilappol aalukal yudhathil ninnum adhiniveshathil ninnum prayojanam nedunnathino athijeevikkunnathino shathruvumaayi sahakarikkunnu.
yudhasamayathu shathruvumaayi sahakarikkunnathinte kaaranagal vyathyasthamaan. randaam lokamahaayudhathil, naasi jarmmaniyumaayulla sahakaarikale staalinte soviyatt unionilum mattu padinjaaran europian raajyangalilum kandethi, japanese sahakaarikal chainayil pravarthichu.
sahakaranikalude pothubodham.
adhinivesha janasamkhya sahapravarthakare avahelikkunnathinulla pathimoonnu kaaranagal joonn hickman thirichariyunnu, kaaranam avar ingane kanakkaakkappedunnu

