
konraad tockler

ezhuthukaaranum doctor professorumaanu konraad tockler (1470-1530).
jeevacharitram.
toklarude kruthikalum padippikkalukalum pradhaanamaayum vaidyashaasthram, ganitham, jyotisham ennivayil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. 1502ll birudaananthara birudam nediya leapsig sarvakalashaalayil addeham thante academic yaatra aarambhichu. 1510ll medical birudam nedunnathinaayi leapsigil vidyaabhyaasam thudarnnu. leepsigile addehathinte yaatra oru vidyaarthiyenna nilayil avasaanichuvenkilum addeham oru professoraayi jolie sweekarichu, athu jeevithakalam muzhuvan avide chelavazhikkaan idayaakki. birudaananthara birudavum medical birudavum nedunnathinu edayilulla kaalayalavil konraad mikkavarum ellah semastarukalilum prabhashanangal nadatthi.
aamukham.
germmaniyile neurembergil oru sambanna kudumbathilaanu konraad tockler janichathu. sambannamaaya oru kudumbatthil ninnu vanna toklarinu 13-aamm vayassil leapsig sarvakalashaalayil cheraan kazhinju.
academic.
aaa varshangalil addehathinte prabhashanangal jyamiti, samgeetham, jyothishaasthram, kanakk ennee naalu vishayangalude misrithamaaya kwaadriviyathekkuriyukkuri. leapsigil profasaraayirikke aduthulla achadi kadakalilum addeham pravarthichu. achadi kadakalumayulla bandham aarambhichath thante vidyaarthikalude paatapusthakangal labhikkunnathinaayi addeham pravarthichukondaanu. akkaalat achadichirunna pandithochithamaaya pusthakangalil athu toklarude vyaakhyaanangalaayi maari. addehathinte aadyathe abhipraaya punarmudranam "libellus dii soul" aayirunnu, ithu yadhaarthathil marcelius physinus aayirunnu cheythath. thudarnnu addeham johannes dii sacroboscoyude "tractattas dii sphera" yude rund vyathyastha abhipraayangal nalki. ithu addehathinte rund poornnamaayum moulika kruthikal prasidheekarikkunnathilka nayichu. kalandarukalumaayi bandhapetta pravartthanangal chithreekarikkaan patikayum vrithaakrithiyilulla rekhaachithrangalum upayogikkunnathinulla niyamangalekkurichaayirunnu eee rund kruthikalum. akkaalathe pradhana achadi kendrangalilonnaaya leapsig aayathinal ithu toklare sambandhichidatholam oru valia nettamaayirunnu. kalandar sambhavangal chithreekarikkaan vishwal aidukal upayogikkunna niyamangalumayi bandhapetta addehathinte kruthiyude prasidheekaranam tockler swantham vaarshika kalandar prasidheekarikkunnathilka nayichu. leapsigil addehathinte kruthikal prasidheekarikkaan thudangiya sesham, neurembergile addehathinte swantham pattana print kadakalum addehathinte kalandarukalude pakarppukal nirmmikkaan thudangi. leepsigineppole neuremberg achadi kadakalude oru praadeshika hotspottaayirunnu. addehathinte vijayam kaaranam 1512-ll addeham oru jarmman sarvakalaashaalayile ettavum uyarnna sthaanamaaya leapsig sarvakalaashaalayude rector magnificusaayi niyamithanaayi. ithu amerikkayile oru sarvakalaashaalayude presidentinu thulyamaanu. ellaam krithyamaayi nadakkunnathaayi thonniyengilum, oduvil avane pidikoodunna oru irunda rahasyam addehathinundaayirunnu. 1518-ll, mayakkumarunnu upayogam kaaranam addeham raajivaykkaan nirbandhithanaayi. saxonyile duke jorjumaayi addehathinu anukoolamaaya bandhamundayirunnathinaal leapsig sarvakalaashaalayile addehathinte kariyarinte avasaanamaayirunnilla ithu. addeham orikkalum rector magnificus enna abhimaanakaramaaya rankilekku madangukayilla, pakshe saxonyile duke jorjinte pinthunayode professoraayi madangaan addehathinu kazhiyum. 1530ll marikkunnathuvare addeham leapsig sarvakalaashaalayile professor sthaanathu thudarnnu. thante sambatho swathukkalo kaivashappeduthaan jeevichirikkunna anantharaavakaashikalonnum addehathinu undaayirunnilla. aaa kaaranathaal duke jorj thante swathukkalude niyanthranam ettedukkukayum leapsig sarvakalashaalayil vaidyashaasthrathinaayi moonnaamathe kasera thurakkaan avaa upayogikkukayum cheythu. pathinettaam noottaand vare antharicha professorude smaranaykkaayi moonnaamathe kaseraykku "tokleriyana" ennu perittu.
padippikkal.
eee mattu vishayangaleppole samgeethathe boudhikamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnillenu, aadyathe rund varshathekku athu padippikkaan tockler theerumaanichu. oru varshathil rando moonno varsham addeham thante vidyaarthikale jyamiti padippichu. koodaathe, 12 muthal 14 aazhcha vare addeham pothuvaaya kaazhchappaadukal padippikkukayum 3 muthal 4 aazhcha vare samgeetham padippikkukayum cheythu. 5 muthal 6 aazhcha vare addeham soundaryavardhakashaasthram ulppedeyulla jyothishaasthram padippikkukayum 3 muthal 4 aazhcha vare ganithashaasthram padippikkukayum cheythu. mikkavarum ellah semastarukalilum, tockler thante vidyaarthikalumaayi yooklidinte srishtikalekkurichu samsaarichu.
jolie cheiyunnu.
jarmman bhashayil niravadhi almaanaakkukalude rachayithaavaayirunnu addeham. pradhana aachaaraparamaaya uthsavangalude theeyathikal vishadeekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu eee almaanakkukalude pradhana uddeshyam. eee pusthakangalude mattoru uddeshyam, rakthachorichililoode avarude kshemathekkurichu theerumaanangal edukkaan vyakthikale sahayikkuka ennathaayirunnu, ithu oru saadhaarana sanbradaayamaayirunnu. oru vyakthiyude aarogyam vardhippikkunnathinaayi rakthasraavam cheiyukayaayirunnu rakthasraavam. ellah divasavum theerumaanangal undennu pusthakangal kaanikkunnu. leepsiginaayi 1507-ll addeham oru almanac ezhuthi, athu oru almanac engane vaayikkaamenn vishadeekarichu. athil oru ithihaasavum ulppedunnu. 1507leeii ellah divasavum eee almaanakkil oru chihnamundaayirunnu. chandrante oro ghattathinum oru chihnavum athupole thanne oro divasavum shupaarsha cheyyappedunna rakthasraavam illa allengil mithamaaya alavil undaayirunnu. check polulla mattu bhaashakalilum almanac prasidheekarichu. niravadhi kudiyettakkaar check samsaarichathukondaakam eee nadapadi nadannathu. athinaal, thudakkathil, eee chekkukalil palarkkum germmaniyil thamasikkaan budhimuttaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, avarude bhasha valare nannayi vyaapichu. koodaathe, toklarude almaanaakkukal laattin bhaashayilaan ezhuthiyirunnathu. addehathinte almaanakkukal niravadhi vaayanakkaarkk aavasyamaanennu ithu kaanichu. laattinile toklarude 1511-leeii almanakkil valare vishadamaaya oru aithihyamund, athu addeham mumbathethinekkaal kooduthal arivullavanaanennu kaanikkunnu. addehathinte almaanakkukal avarude vaayanakkaare valare swaadheenichuvennu vyakthamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee almaanakkukalil chilath polichumaattappettaayim kooduthalum. avarude paper mattu aavasyangalkkum upayogichirikkaanum saadhyathayund. samanamaaya tharatthilulla kruthikal nirmmikkaan addeham sahayichathinaal, 1503 num 1514 num idayil ettavum uyarnna leapsigil addehathinu nalla padavi undaayirunnu. ganithavum jyothishaasthravum ulppettathinaal addeham valare budhijeeviyaanennu addehathinte kruthikal theliyichu. ganithashaasthram ulppede, thaan pradhaanamaayum vaidyashaasthrathilum jyothishathilum budhijeeviyaanennu tockler vishwasichathaayi karuthappedunnu, kaaranam addeham thante pala kruthikalilum avayil shradha kendreekarichu. pinneedu, addehathinte priyappetta mekhala jyotisha vaidyashaasthramaayirunnuve addehathinte almaanakkukal pole vyakthamaayi kaanichu. perspectiva communis" enna vishayathil tockler oru vyaakhyaanam nadatthi. joonn peccam ezhuthiya eee pusthakam opttiksinekkurichurichu. toklarude vyaakhyaanathil addeham niracha rekhaachitrangal ulppedunnu. thante vyaakhyaanathe nayikkaan addeham opttiksinekkurichu yamblichus plaattonikkasinte padanangal upayogichu. kurachu samayathinu sesham, tockler ganithathekkurichulla rund paatapusthakangal prasidheekarichu. madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil ganithathil valareyadhikam maattam vannu. toklarude paatapusthakangal samkhyaasampradaayam avatharippikkan sahayichu. niravadhi sarvakalashaalakal samkhya sidhaantham padippichirunnu. innum niravadhi sarvakalashaalakal ithu padippikkunnu. athinaal, tockler oru pradhana punk vahichu.