mrugangalude avakashangal

1892ll engleesh saamoohika parishkarthaavaaya henry steefans salt ezhuthiya pusthakamaanu mrugangalude avakashangal saamoohika purogathiyumaayi bandhappett pariganikkunnath. mrugangalude avakashangal enna aashayathinte aadya vyakthamaaya paricharanamaayi ithu parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu.
ulladakkam.
eee pusthakam, eee padam mattoru 76 varshathekku srishtikkappettilkittil, speeshisism enna aashayathinethire vaadikkunnu.
jeevavaividhyam, kuthirakaludeyum vanyamrugangaludeyum durupayogam, vettayaadal, malsyabandhanam, roma vyapaaram, sasyaahaarathin anukoolam ennivayethireyum pusthakam vaadikkunnu.
sweekaranam.
jaims echu. dhaarmmikathayude anthaaraashtra jenal" enna pusthakathinaayi hislop samakaalikamaayi avalokanam cheythu, pusthakatthinte uddeshyangale shakthamayi prashamsichu, "oru dhaarmika jeeviykk kaivashamulla ettavum mikacha vikarangal athinte aathmaav kaanikkunnu", ennaal manushyarum mrugangalum thammilulla thulya avakaashangalkk oru saidhaanthika nyaayeekaranam avatharippikkunnathil parajayappettuvennum vaadikkunnu "daarshanikamo daivashaasthraparamo aaya oru adisthaana nilapaadum atharam avakaashangalude adisthaanamaayi edukkappedunnilla, athinaal mrugajeevithathodulla nilavilulla sanbradaayangale prathirodhikkunnathil namukk chila yukthisahamaya balaheenatakal maathrameyulloo."
uppu vyathyasthamaaya dhaarmika chodyangale samyojippikkunnuvennum hyselope vaadikkunnu
parasparam verittunilkkenda moonnu vyathyastha prashnangale eee pusthakam aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu. (1) eathenkilum tharatthilulla mrugangalude avakaashangalekkurichulla amoorthamaaya chodyam; (2) vivekamulla jeevikalaayi avar perumaarunnathinekkurichu chodyam, manushyarkk thulya avakashangal naam nalkunnundo illayo; (3) sasyahaarathekkurichulla chodyam. avasaanathe chodyam phalatthil avarkk manushyanodoppam thulya avakaashangalundenn anumaanikkunnu. maruvashathu, chilarkk mrugangalude bhakshana nirodhanam ulppeduthaathe oru prathyeka tharatthilulla mrugangalude avakashangal samrakshikkaan kazhiyum. appol, avakaashangalekkurichulla ellah chodyangalil ninnum swathanthramaayi, mattullavar pothuve dhaarmika niyamathodulla manushyante kadamayude adisthaanathil mrugangalodulla manushya perumaattathinu nirbandham pidikkaam.
1895-ll "vilyam aandu merii quarterly" eee kruthiyekkurichu ingane paranju "misttar. uppu addehathinte praayathekkaal niravadhi varshangal munnilaanu ennathil samshayamilla."
pathippukal.
albert lefingwellinte "oonn vaivisekshan inn america" enna lekhanam ulppeduthi, 1894-ll prasidheekaricha aadya american pathippil ulppeduthi. 
mrugangalodulla perumaattatthinte dhaarmikathayekkurichulla (prathyekichu "mruga vimochanam" enna pusthakatthil) prashasthanaaya australian thathwachinthakanaaya peettar gaayakante aamukhathode 1980 ll pusthakatthinte aadya pathippinte oru punarmudranam prasidheekarichu. 1980-leeii punarnirmmaanam steefan clarkil ninnu oru avalokanathinu kaaranamaayi, addeham chila vyavasthakalode saltinte pusthakatthe prashamsichu. manushyarallaatha mrugangalodulla perumaattatthe manushyan prakrithi lokathil "aadhipathyam" undenna daivashaasthra sidhaanthathil kuttappeduthaanulla uppinte sramam thettaanenn addeham parayunnu.

