
attenuated vaxine

oru rogakaariyude viralence kurachukondu srishtikkappetta oru vaaksinaan attenuated vaxine (allengil live attenuated vaxine, laav), pakshe athu ippozhum praayogikamaayi nilanirthunnu (allengil "live"). attenyuyeshan oru pakarchavyaadhi ejantine edukkukayum athu apakadakaramallaathatho kuranja vairal aayitheerunnatho aayi maattukayum cheiyunnu. eee waxinukal vairasine (nirjeevamaaya vaxine) "kollunnathiloode" ulppaadippikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
ksheenita waxinukal deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna shakthavum phalapradavumaaya rogaprathirodha prathikaranatthe uthejippikkunnu. nishkriyamaakkiya vaaksinukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, attenuated waxinukal pettennulla prathirodhasheshi aarambikkunnathinoppam shakthavum kooduthal susthiravumaaya rogaprathirodha prathikaranam nalkunnu. prathirodha kuthivayppu prathirodhikkunna nirddishta rogakaarikalodu prathikarikkunnathin aantibodikalum memory rogaprathirodha koshangalum srishtikkaan shareerathe prothsaahippikkunnathile attenuated waxinukal pravartthikkunnathu. measles, mumps, rubella, manjappani, chila influvensa waxinukal ennivayaanu sajeevamaaya attenuated vaaksinukalude saadhaarana udaaharanagal.
vikasanam.
sheenithamaaya virusukal.
oru videsha aathidheya inathiloode vairasinte seeriyal kadannupokaliloode parinaama thathwangal upayogichu vairasukale sheenithamaakkaam, udaaharanathina
prarambha vairas janasamkhya oru videsha aathidheyarkku prayogikkunnu. swaabhaavika janithaka vyathiyaanathiloodeyo prerithamaaya parivarthanatthiloodeyo, vairal kanangalude oru cheria sathamaanathinu puthiya hosttine baadikkaanulla sheshiyundaayirikkanam. eee vakabhedangal puthiya aathidheyathinullil vikasikkunnath thudarum, koodaathe thiranjedukkal sammarddathinte abhavam kaaranam vairasinu kramena yadhaartha aathidheyathil athinte falaprapti nashtappedum. eee prakriya "paas" ennu vilikkunnu, athil vairas videsha aathidheyarumaayi nannayi poruthappedunnu, athu vaxine sweekarikkunna vishayathin doshakaramalla. ithu aathidheya rogaprathirodha samvidaanathinu ejantine illaathaakkaanum rogaprathirodha memory cellukal srishtikkaanum eluppamaakkunnu, ithu "kaattile" vairasinte samanamaaya pathipp baadhichuvenkil rogiye samrakshikkaan saadhyathayund.
reverse janithakashaasthrathiloodeyum virusukal ksheenithamaayekkaam. janithakashaasthrathinte ksheenanavum oongoolitik vairasukalude ulppaadanathil upayogikkunnu.
ksheenita bakteeriyakal.
vairasukalil upayogikkunna reethikk samaanamaayi bakteeriyakal saadhaaranayaayi kadannupokunnathiloode ksheenithamaakunnu. reverse janithakashaasthrathaal nayikkappedunna jeane nokkauttum upayogikkunnu.
bharanam.
attenuated waxinukal palavidhatthil nalkaam
12 maasathil kooduthal praayamulla vyakthikalkkullathaan ooral waxinukal allengil subcutaneous/intramuscular kuthivayppu. 6 aazhchayil nalkunna rotavirus vaxine ozhike, 9 maasathil thaazheyulla sisukkalkku live attenuated waxinukal soochippikkunnilla.
samvidaanam.
sii. dii. 8 +, sii. dii. 4 + tii lymphocyteukal polulla koshangalude allengil rogakaarikalkk prathyekamaaya aantibodikal polulla thanmaathrakalude srishtiye prothsaahippichaanu waxinukal pravartthikkunnathu. rogabadhitha koshangale kollunnathiloodeyo interlookinukal uthppaadippikkunnathiloo koshangalkkum thanmathrakalkkum anubadha thadayaano kuraykkaano kazhiyum. prathirodha kuthivayppine adisthaanamaakki uthbhavicha nirddishta effectorukal vyathyasthamayirikkum. live attenuated waxinukal sidi8 + cytotoxic tii lymphocytukaludeyum tii-dependent antibody prathikaranangaludeyum ulppaadanathinu sahayikkunnu. shareeram eee koshangalude ennam nilanirthunnathuvare maathrame oru vaxine phalapradamaakoo.
rogakaarikalude (vairas allengil bacteria) "durbalamaaya" pathippaanu attenuated waxinukal. shareerathil doshamo rogamo undakkaan kazhiyaatha vidhathil avaa parishkkarikkappedunnu, pakshe rogaprathirodha samvidaanathe sajeevamakkaan kazhiyum. adaptive rogaprathirodha samvidaanathinte sellular, humoural rogaprathirodha prathikaranangal sajeevamaakkunnathiloodeyaanu itharathilulla vaxine pravartthikkunnathu. oru vyakthikk vaakkaalullatho kuthivayppu nalkappettatho aaya vaxine labhikkumbol, aantibodikal nirmmikkaan sahayikkunna bii cellukal rund tharatthil sajeevamaakunnu tii sell-dependent, tii-sell indipendant.
bii koshangalude tii-sell ashrita sajeevamakkalil, bii koshangal aadyam emm. echu. sii. aii. aii resepterukalil aantijan thirichariyukayum avatharippikkukayum cheiyunnu. tii-sellukalkk eee avatharanam thirichariyaanum bii sellumaayi bandhippikkanum kazhiyum, ithu clonel vyaapanathin kaaranamaakunnu. ithu igg, plasma koshangalude ulppaadanathinum rogaprathirodha koshangalude parivartthanatthinum sahayikkunnu. maruvashathu, bii koshangalude tii-sell swatantra sajeevamaakkal protein ithara aantijanukal moolamaanu. ithu aii. jii. emm aantibodikalude ulppaadanathilekku nayichekkaam. sakthamaaya prathirodhasheshi srishtikkaan sahayikkunna attenuated vairas vaaksinukalude pradhana savisheshathayaanu bii-sell prathikaranavum memory killer tii cellukalum utppaadippikkaan kazhiyunnath.
suraksha.
sajeevamaayi adarthiyedutha waxinukal surakshithavum deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna shakthavum phalapradavumaaya rogaprathirodha prathikaranatthe uthejippikkunnu. rogakaarikal ksheenithamaakumbol, rogakaarikal avayude rogakariyaaya roopathilekku madangukayum pinneedu rogathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnathu valare apoorvamaanu. koodaathe, shupaarsha cheytha anchu sajeeva ksheenita vaaksinukalil (kshayarogam, ooral poliyo, measles, rotavirus, manjappani) gurutharamaaya prathikoola prathikaranangal valare apoorvamaanu.
gurutharamaaya rogaprathirodha samvidaanangalulla vyakthikal (udha.jii.echuaivi-anubadha, chemotherapy, samyojitha rogaprathirodhakkurav) ennivaykku saadhaaranayaayi jeevanode prathirodha kuthivayppukal nalkaruth, kaaranam avaykku mathiyaayathum surakshithavumaya rogaprathirodha prathikaranam nalkaan kazhinjekkilla. rogaprathirodhasheshi kuranja vyakthikalude gaarhika sanbarkkangalkku ippozhum anubadha pakaraanulla saadhyatha kooduthalillaathathinaal ettavum kuranja waxinukal sweekarikkaan kazhiyum, ooral poliyo vaxine ozhike.
munkaruthal enna nilayil, sajeevamaayi prathirodha kuthivayppukal saadhaaranayaayi garbhakaalath nalkunnilla. ammaykkum garbhasthasishuvinum idayil vairas padaraanulla saadhyathayaanu ithinu kaaranam. prathyekichum, verisella, manjappani waxinukal garbhapindangalilum mulayoottunna kunjungalilum prathikoola phalangal undaakkumenn theliyikkappettittund.
chila sajeevamaaya ksheenita vaaksinukalkk avayude bharana maarggam kaaranam adhika saadhaaranavum neriyathumaaya prathikoola phalangal undu. udaaharanathinu, live attenuated influvensa vaxine naasikamaayi nalkukayum nassel kanjashan bandhappettirikkunnu.
nirjeevamaaya vaaksinukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, thalsamaya-attanuted waxinukal prathirodha kuthivayppu pishakukalkk kooduthal saadhyathayund, kaaranam avaa colled cheyin samayat karsanamaaya saahacharyangalil sookshikkukayum shradhaapoorvvam thayyarakkukayum venam (udha.jii., punarnirmmaana samayat).
charithram.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil edward jenner vasuri prathirodha kuthivayppu srishtichathodeyaanu prathirodha kuthivayppu vikasippicheduthathint charithram aarambhichath. oru manushyan mrugangalude pooks vairas kuthivayppu nalkunnathu manushya charithratthile ettavum vinashakaramaaya rogangalilonnayi kanakkaakkappedunna vasoorikkethire prathirodhasheshi nalkumennu jenner kandethi. yadhaartha vasuri prathirodha kuthivayppu chilappol athinte jeevanulla swabhaavam kaaranam oru ksheenita prathirodha kuthivayppaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, athu vasooril ninnu nerittu uruthirinjathallaathinal athu karsanamaayi samsaarikkunna ksheenippikkappettirunna. pakaram, ithu anubandhavum soumyavumaaya kaupoks rogathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil luis pasteurinu chikkan kolarayude oru ksheenita vakabhedam nedaan kazhinjappol rogangal krithrimamaayi ksheenithamaakkaamenna kandethal undaayi. oru attenuated anthrax vaxine vikasippikkunnathinum oru pothu pareekshanatthil athinte falaprapti prakadippikkunnathinum pasture eee arivu prayogichu. aadyathe pevishabaadha prathirodha kuthivayppu pinneedu muyalukalil vairas valarthukayum baadhicha naadeekoshangal unakkukayum cheythukondu pasteur emily roxes chernnu nirmmichu.
20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil albert kaalmettum kaamili guerinum bisiji vaxine enna attenuated kshayaroga vaxine vikasippichedutha krithrima maadyamangalil oru vairas aavarthichu valarthunnathinum virusukal kurravulla vakabhedangale verthirichedukkunnathu saankethikavidyaykku thudakkamittu. manjapanikkulla vaxine vikasippikkumbol eee saankethikavidya pinneedu niravadhi teamukal upayogichu, aadyam vilppanakkaarum ligrattum, thudarnnu theelar smith. thaylor smith vikasippichedutha vaxine valareyadhikam vijayakaramaanennu theliyikkukayum mattu niravadhi vaaksinukalkkayi shupaarsha cheytha reethikalum niyanthranangalum sthaapikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. praadhamika tissue kalcharile vairasukalude valarcha ithil ulppedunnu (udha.jii.mrugangalkku vipareethamaayi, chick bhroonangal), uruthirinja virusukalkku vipareethamaayi yadhaartha attenuated virusukal upayogikkunna vithu stokku sisttathinte upayogam (vaxine vikasanathile vyathiyaanam kuraykkaanum prathikoola falangalkkulla saadhyatha kuraykkaanum ithu cheiyunnu). irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil sabin, hilleman, endezhs ennivarulppede niravadhi pramukha virologistukalude pravartthanavum poliyo, measles, mumps, rubella ennivaykkethiraaya niravadhi vijayakaramaya attenuated waxinukal avatharippikkalum kandu.
attenuated vaaksinukalude pattika.
nilavil upayogathilundu.
thaazhe listtucheythirikkunna pala rogakaarikalkkum niravadhi waxinukal undu, chuvadeyulla pattika soochippikkunnathu aaa prathyeka rogakaarikalkkaayi onno athiladhikamo waxinukal undennaanu, allathe aaa rogakarikalkkulla ellah vaaksinukalum ksheenithamaanennu allah.