
sino-senic uchaaranam

madhyakaalakhattathil uthbhavichathum chainees padangal japanese, corian, vietnaamees bhaashakalilekku valia thothilulla kadamedukkalinte uravidavumaaya jappan, korea, vietnaam ennividangalile chainees aksharangal vaayikkunnathinulla pathiv samvidaanangalaanu sino-senic allengil synoxenic uchaaranam, ivayonnum janithakaparamayi chainees bhashayumaayi bandhappettathalla. thathfalamaayundaakunna sino-japanese, sino-corian, sino-vietnaamees padavali ippol eee bhaashakalude nighandukkalude valiyoru bhagamaanu. charitraparamaaya chainees shabdashaasthrathil, prathyekichu madhya chainees shabdangalude punarnirmmaanatthil, aadhunika chainees enangalkkoppam uchaarana samvidaanangalum upayogikkunnu. homong-mien, kraa-dhaay bhashakal polulla mattu chila bhaashakalilum dhaaraalam chainees vaipa padangal adangiyirikkunnu, pakshe saino-senic padavali savisheshathakalulla chittayaya anuroopangalilla.
greekkil ninnu (, 'videsha') eee padam 1953 ll bhaashaavidagdhanaaya saamuval martin eee vaaypakale "sino-senic bhaashaabhedangal" ennu vilichu.
pashchaathalam.
hahn kaalaghattatthil ninnu chainees padasanchayam vietnaamees, corian bhaashakalilekku kadameduthirunnuvenkilum tang raajavamshathinte (618-907) kaalaghattatthil chainees ezhuthum bhashayum samskaaravum mothatthil vietnaam, korea, jappan ennividangalilekku irakkumathi cheyyappettu.
aaa raajyangalile pandithanmaar saahitya chainees bhashayil ezhuthukayum chainees klaasikkukal nannayi parichayappedukayum cheythirunna avar madhya chainees bhaashayude chittayaya praadeshika ekadesharekhakalil urakke vaayikkukayum cheythu. aaa uchaaranangalode chainees vaakkukal valia thothil vietnaamees, corian, japanese bhashakalil praveshichu.
bii. sii. 111 muthal eiii. dii. 938 vareyulla kaalayalavil vadakkan viyatnaamile samathalangal chainees niyanthranathilaayirunnu, swaathanthryathinushesham raajyam saahitya chainees bhasha bharanathinteyum paandithyatthinteyum bhashayaayi sweekarichu. thalphalamaayi, viyatnaameesil chainees vaipa padangalude niravadhi paalikal undu. kizhakkan hahn enna vakkil ninnulla ekadesham 400 vaakkukal poornnamaayum swaamsheekarikkappedukayum thaddesheeya vietnaamees padangalaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu. chainees raim nighandukkaludeyum mattu saahithyangaludeyum vyaapanathinte falamaayi chainees nighanduvinte motha irakkumathikku kaaranamaaya aadyakaala tang raajavamshathil ninnaan sino-vietnaamees kaalaghattam.
bii. sii. onnaam noottaand muthal otappetta chainees padangalum koreayilekku praveshikkaan thudangi, ennaal eiii. dii. ezhaam noottaandilum ettaam noottaandilum upadveepinte ekeekaranathinu sesham pradhana ozhukk sambhavichu. 958ll sivil sarvees pareekshakal aarambhichathinusesham koreayilekku chainees padangalude ozhukk vanthothil vardhichu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, japanese bhaashaykk rund nannayi samrakshikkappetta paalikalum moonnaamathethu praadhaanyamullathum undu
thaarathamyappeduthumbol, mikka adisthaana samkhyakalum ulppede thaayile chainees uthbhava padavali hahn (allengil neratthe) muthal tang vareyulla kaalaghattangalil kadameduthathaanu.
bernhard kaalgreninte pioneering srishti muthal, madhya chainees shabdangal punarnirmmikkanulla sramangalil eee ucharanangal aadhunika chainees inangalumaayi chernnu upayogikkunnu.
avaa vishalavum chittayullathumaya kavarej nalkunnathinaal bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya saamuval martin avaye "saino-senic bhaashaabhedangal" ennu vilikkukayum avaye thaddesheeya chainees bhaashaabhedangalumaayi samanthara shaakhakalaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
madhya chainees raim nighandukkalil kaanapedunna "chongniyu" vyathyaasathinte kaaryatthilennapole, videsha ucharanangal chilappol ellah aadhunika chainees enangalilum nashtappetta vyathyaasangal nilanirthunnu.
athupole, avasaanathe madhya chainees raim tableukal nirmmicha grade III umm IV umm thammilulla vyathyasam mikka aadhunika enangalilum aprathyakshamaayi, ennaal qaan-oonil, grade IV-neey pazhaya japanese svaraaksharangalaaya i1, e1 enniva prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam grade III-neey "i2", "e2" enniva prathinidheekarikkunnu.
vietnaamees, corian, japanese pandithanmaar pinneedu chainees lipi avarude bhashakal ezhuthaan sweekarichu, chainees aksharangal kadameduthathum thaddesheeyavumaaya padasanchayathinaayi upayogichu. athinaal, japanese lipiyil, chainees aksharangalkk sino-japanese readingukalum () native readingukalum () undayirikkaam. athupole, irupathaam noottaandinte arambham vare vietnaamees bhashayil upayogichirunna lipiyil, chila chainees aksharangalkk chainees padatthinu samanamaaya ardhamo shabdamo ulla oru sino-vietnaamees padattheyum oru thaddesheeya vietnaamees padattheyum prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, ennaal atharam sandarbhangalil, thaddesheeya vayana oru ghadakam kondu vertirichariyum. ennirunnaalum, chainees aksharangalude corian vakabhedamaaya hanjayk saadhaaranayaayi oru sino-corian vaayana maathrameyulloo, thaddesheeya corian vaakkukal apoorvvamaayi, eppozhengilum, hanjayilaanu ezhuthappedunnathu. corian ippozhum oru paridhivare hanja aksharangal upayogikkunnundengil, kathaapaathrangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla vietnaamees, corian lipikal yathaakramam vietnaamees aksharamalayum hangul upayogichu maatti.
shabdaparamaaya kathidapaadukal.
eee vaakkukalude videsha ucharanangal anivaryamaayum yadhaartha chainees bhasha maathram kanakkaakkukayum niravadhi vyathyaasangal nashtappedukayum cheythu. prathyekichum, corian, japanese bhashakalil chainees bhaashayekkaal valare kurachu vyanjanaaksharangalum valare lalithamaaya aksharangalum undaayirunnu, avaykku svarangal illaayirunnu. vietnaamees polum chila chainees prarambha vyanjanaksharangal layippichu (udaaharanathinu, niravadhi vyathyastha vyanjanaksharangal "tii", "thuu" ennivayumaayi layippichu, athesamayam "piechu" manderinil "pii", "eph" ennivayumaayi poruthappedunnu). vividha vaaypakal vyathyastha kaalaghattangalile vyathyastha praadeshika uchaaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu mattoru sankeernnatha. ennirunnaalum, uchaaranam madhya chainees raim nighandukkalude vibhagangalil ninnulla sambhavavikasangalaayi kanakkaakkunnath saadhaaranamaanu.
madhya chainees bhashayil ettu prarambha vyanjanaksharangal undennu rekhappeduthiyittundu oru bhashayum avayellaam verthirichariyaan saadhyathayilla.
shabdamillaathatho shabdamillaathatho aaya shabdangalkku shabdamundaakkaanum shabdamundaakkaanum kazhiyum. aadyakaala vietnaameesinu samanamaaya thrimukha vibhajanamundaayirunnu, ennaal vietnamese mikka chainees enangalum ulppede thekkukizhakkan eshyan bhashaaparamaaya mekhalayile niravadhi bhaashakale baadhicha swara vibhajanathil shabda vairudhyam pinneedu aprathyakshamaayi. pazhaya japanese bhaashakalkk shabdathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla dvimukha vairudhyam maathrame undaayirunnulloo, athesamayam madhya koreakkaarkk oro uchaaranathilum oru thadassam maathrame undaayirunnulloo.
madhya chainees anthima vyanjanaksharangal semivovalukal (allengil glydeukal)/jeey/aandu/dablyu/, naasalukal/emm/,/enn/aandu/ng/, stoppukal/pii/,/tii/,/keey/ennivayaayirunnu.
sino-vietnamese sino-koriyanum yuu polulla thekkan chainees enangal pole avasana naasalukalum stoppukalum thammilulla ellah vyathyaasangalum samrakshikkunnu.
muun swaraaksharam munvashathaano ("-ng", "-ch") pinnilaano ("-ng", "-c") ennathine adisthaanamaakki sino-vietnaamees "-ng", "-k" ennivayilekku alophonic vyathyaasangal chertthittundu.
pazhaya koriyaykku a/t/coda undaayirunnuvenkilum, madhya chainees coda/t/have/l/ulla vaakkukal sino-corian bhashayil, avasana/t// r/aayi durbalamaaya madhya chainees bhaashayude vadakkan inathe prathifalippikkunnu.
goo-oonn, qaan-oonn ennivayil, madhya chainees coda "-ng" oru nassalized swaraaksharam nalki, ithu muun svaraaksharavumaayi samyojippichu aadhunika japanese bhashayil oru neenda svaraaksharamaayi maari. udaaharanathinu, manderine chainees bhashayil "tokyo" ennathu "dongjing" aanu. koodaathe, japanese bhaashaykk vyanjanaksharangal upayogichu vaakkukal avasaanippikkaan kazhiyaathathinal (moraik "enn" ozhike), oru stoppil avasaanikkunna madhya chainees padangalude kadamedukkalil oru paragog chertthirunnu, udaaharanathinu, madhya chainees "kwack" () "koku" ennu kadameduthu. ennirunnaalum, pilkkala, saadhaaranamallaatha tosso-oonn vaaypakal, thaazhnna yangsi manderine enangalile avasana stoppukal oru glottel stoppilekku kuraykkunnathine prathifalippikkunnu, ithu japanese/kyu/prathifalippikkunnu.
madhya chainees bhaashaykk shabda allengil nassel avasanangalulla aksharangalil thrimukha tonel vairudhyamundaayirunnu. japanese tonukal illaathathinaal, sino-japanese vaaypakal chainees tonukalude oru soochanayum sookshikkunnilla.
mikka madhya chainees tonukalum madhya corian tonukalil samrakshikkappettirunne pinneedu avaa kurachu bhaashaabhedangalilozhike matellaa bhaashakalilum nashtappettu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, oro swarathinteyum avasana madhya chainees vibhajanam aadya swarathil vyavastha cheytha rund rajistarukalaayi ulppede, chainees svarangale valare vishwasthathayode prathifalippikkunnu.
chainees uyarunnathum purappedunnathumaaya tonukalumaayulla anuroopam munbathe vaaypakalil ninnu vipareethamaanu, athinaal vietnaamees "hooy", "enga" tonukal chainees mukalilum thaazheyumulla uyarunna tonine prathifalippikkunnu, athesamayam "suck", "nang" tonukal mukalilum thaazheyumulla purappedunna tonine prathifalippikkunnu.
vadakkan chainees enangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, sino-vietnaamees level-toonn vaakkukal sonorant, glottel stopp iniishyalukal enniva uyarnna level ("engang") vibhaagathil sthaapikkunnu.
gadanaaparamaaya phalangal.
vietnaamees, corian, japanese bhaashakalilekku kadamedutha dhaaraalam chainees vaakkukal ippozhum avarude nighandukkalude valuthum pradhaanappettathumaaya bhagamaanu.
japanese bhaashayude kaaryatthil, bhaashayude shabdaghadanayil maattangalkk eee varavu kaaranamaayi. pazhaya japanese aksharangalkk (sii) vii enna roopamundaayirunnu, swaraakshara kramangal ozhivaakkiyirunnu.
chainees vaipa padangal ulkkollunnathinayi, aksharangal glydeukal, swaraakshara sequenceukal, jeminettu vyanjanaksharangal, avasana nassel enniva upayogichu vipuleekarichu, ithu pilkkala japanese moraik gadanayilekku nayichu.
shabdamullah shabdangal ("bii", "dii", "isad", "jii", "aarr") munbu asaadhyamaayirunna padha-prarambha sthaanathu ippol anuvadaneeyamaayirunnu.
chainees padaavaliyude varavu chila bhaashaabhedangalil ippozhum nilanilkkunna madhya corian svarangalude vikasanathinu kaaranamaayi.
sino-corian vaakkukal vaakkinte prarambha sthaanathu "l" sambhavikkathathum vaakkukal swaraakshara aikyam kaanikkunnathumaaya thaddesheeya ghadanaye thadassappeduthiyittundu.
engleeshil laattin, purathana greak verukalude upayogathinu samanamaaya reethiyil puthiya aashayangalkkaayi samyuktha vaakkukal undakkaan eee bhashakalil chainees morphimukal vyaapakamaayi upayogichittundu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum paashchaathya ashayangalkkum karakaushala vasthukkalkkum perunalkunnathinaayi niravadhi puthiya samyukthangal allengil pazhaya vakyangalkkulla puthiya ardhangal srishtikkappettu. pankitta chainees aksharangalil ezhuthiya nanayangal pinneedu bhaashakalkkidayil swathanthramaayi kadameduthu. saadhaaranayaayi kadamvangappetta vaakkukale prathirodhikkunna bhashayaaya chainees bhaashayilekku polum avaa sweekarichittundu, kaaranam avarude videsha uthbhavam avarude likhitha roopathaal maranjirikkunnu.
palappozhum, oru vijayi uyarnnuvarunnathinu munbu ore aashayathin vyathyastha samyukthangal kurachukaalathekku prachaaratthilundaayirunnu, chilappol, anthima thiranjeduppu raajyangalkkidayil vyathyasappettirikkum.
chainees uthbhavathinte padaavaliyude anupatham saankethika, shaasthreeya, amoortha allengil aupachaarika bhashayilo rajisttarukalilo kooduthalaayirikkum. udaaharanathinu, vinoda maasikakalile 35 sathamaanam vaakkukalum (engleeshil ninnu kadamedukkunnathu saadhaaranamaanu) pathrangalile pakuthiyiladhikam vaakkukalum shaasthra maasikakalile 60 sathamaanam vaakkukalum saino-japanese vaakkukalaanu.