
kaithira

greasil peloponese upadveepinte thekk-kizhakkan attathinu ethirvashathaayi sthithicheyyunna oru dveepaanu kaithira (,,,, saitra, kaitra, kaithira ennum lipyantharanam cheyyappedunnu). pradhana groupil ninnu akaleyaanengilum parambaraagathamaayi ezhu pradhana ionian dveepukalil onnaayi ithu pattikappedutthiyittundu. bharanaparamaayi, bakkiyulla atikka kendreekrithamaaya saronic dveepukalil ninnu akalam undaayirunnittum, atikka mekhalayude bhagamaaya dveepinte praadeshika yoonittil pedunnu. oru munisippaalitti enna nilayil, thekk aantikaithera dweep ithil ulppedunnu.
greak pradhana bhoopradeshathinum kreettinum idayil thanthraparamaayi sthithi cheiyunna eee dweep purathana kaalam muthal pathonpathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare vyapaarikal, naavikar, jethaakkal ennivarude oru kavalayaayirunnu. athupole, ithinu deerghavum vaividhyapoornavumaaya charithramund, koodaathe niravadhi samskaarangalum samskaarangalum ithine swaadheenichittundu. ithu athinte vaasthuvidyayilum (parambaraagatha, ejiyan, veneeshyan gadakangalude samyojanam) athupole greekinteyum veneeshyan samskaarangaludeyum noottaandukalude sahavarthithvathaal swaadheenikkappetta paarambaryangalilum achaarangalilum prathifalikkunnu.
bharanam.
2011 leeii praadeshika sarkkar parishkaranatthil layippikkunnathuvare kaithira aduthulla dveepaaya aantikaithirayum vyathyastha munisippaalittikalaayirunu; rund dveepukalum ippol kaithira munisippaalittiyude munisippal yoonittukalaan. munisippaalittiyude vistheernnam 300.023 chathurashra kilometer aanu, munisippal yoonit 279.593 chathurashra kilometer. laconiayile pravisyakalilonnaaya kaithira pravishya (), pinneedu argolis, corinthia, pinneedu 1929 muthal 1964 vare atikka prefecture. pinneedu 1964 muthal 1972 vare kaithira puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya perious prefecturinte bhaagamaayi maarukayum perious prefecture pirichuvitta sesham perious prefecturinte bhaagamaayi (νομαρχία) atikka prefecturilekku madangukayum cheythu. 2006ll ithu nirthalaakkappettu. 2011 muthal ithu dveepukalude praadeshika unitaaya atikka mekhalayude bhagamaanu.
charithram.
pree-classical, purathana.
minovan kaalaghattatthinte samakalikamaaya heladic kaalaghattatthile puraavastu avashishtangal ivideyundu. eejipt, mesopotamia ennividangalile kaithiran vyaapaarathinte puraavastu thelivukal undu.
purathana kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil kaithiraykku oru phoeneeshyan koolani undaayirunnu; tyrean purple uthppaadippikkunna kadal-nakham dveepil ninnullathaanu. senophone ennathu kaithirayile oru phoeneeshyan ulkkadaline soochippikkunnu (hellenica 4.8.7, orupakshe dveepinte kizhakk bhaagathulla avlemonous ulkkadal). purathana greak nagaramaya kaithira avalemonasile scandiayilaayirunnu; athinte avashishtangal khananam cheythittundu. athinte acropolis, ippol palicustro (paaliyokastron, "pazhaya kotta"), afrodite auraaniyayude shethramundu, avar aastaarttinte oru phoeneeshyan aaradhanaye prathinidheekarikkunnu.
classical kaalaghattatthil, kaithira niravadhi valia nagara-samsthaanangalude bhaagamaayirunnu. aaram noottaandinte thudakkathil sparta argozil ninnu dweep edukkukayum thusidides kaalath oru "kaitherodiks" (kaithiraye vidhikkunna ") keezhil athu bharikkukayum cheythu; spartayumaayulla yudhathil ethans moonnu thavana athu kaivashappedutthi (456 ll spartayumaayum peloponeshyakkaarumaayum nadanna aadya yudhathil; 426 muthal 410 vare, valia peloponesian yudhathiloode; 393 muthal <ID1 vare, sparten aadhipathyathinethiraaya corian yudhathil), avarude vyaapaarathe pinthunaykkaanum laconia akramikkaanum ithu upayogichu.
kaithira swathanthrayaayirunnu, spartayude achian paraajayathinu sesham 195-ll swantham nanayangal puratthirakki. aagasttasinte kaalath, ithu veendum spartaikku vidheyamaayirunnu, ithu oru sparten magnettum roman pouranumaaya gaise juuliyas yoorikkilsinte swathaayirunnu.
eee samayamaayappozhekkum greak nagarangal praayogikamaayi roman saamraajyathin vidheyamaayirunnu. noottaandukalolam roman saamrajyathinum athinte baisaantain pingamiyaaya samsthaanathinum keezhil kaithira nilaninnu. kristhumatham naalam noottaandil, konsttantain kaalam muthal saakshyappeduthunnu; avalude aitihyam anusarichu, vishudha elesa dweep parivartthanam cheiyunnathinaayi laconiayil ninnaan vannath.
madhyakalavum aadunikavum.
kaithirayude parivarthanatthinu sesham noottaandukalaayi saahitya srothassukalil paraamarsikkappettilla; ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil baisaantain balaheenathayude kaalaghattatthil, pradhana bhoopradesam akramicha slavik gothrangalil ninnum kadalil ninnulla arab kadalkkollakkaril ninnum ithu aakramanathinu vidheyamaayirikkaam. eiii. dii. 700 oode dweep upekshikkappettathayi puraavastu thelivukal soochippikkunnu.
962ll kraittine baisaantain punarkrameekarichathinu sesham saithrayile vishudha theodor oru punaradhivaasathinu neethrthwam nalkiyappol, vettakkaarude alanjuthiriyunna samghangal maathramaan dveepil adhivasikkunnath. addeham paleochorayil oru valia ashramam sthaapichu; athinu chuttum valarnna oru pattanam, pradhaanamaayum laconiayil ninnulla janasamkhyayaanu.
naalam kurishuyudhathile vijayikalkkidayil baisantain saamrajyam vibhajikkappettappol, republic oof venis avarude vihitam, motham moonnilonnu, greak dveepukalaayi, kaithirayayi eduthu. konstantinoppilil thante vyapara paatha samrakshikkunnathinaayi avar kaithirayilum aantikaitherayilum oru theera patrolling sthaapichu; greak konstantinoppiline veendum keezhadakkukayum sameepa kizhakk muzhuvan turkish saannidhyavum undaayirunnittum venis thudarnnum kaivasham vachirunna dveepukalilonnaanu kaithira. veneeshyan aadhipathyakaalath eee dweep serigo ennaanu ariyappettirunnath.
barborosa paleochora nasippikkunnathinekkur kollayadikkunnathinekkur kaithiranmar ippozhum samsaarikkunnu; ithu kaithiriyan naadodikkadhakalude oru aantharika bhaagamaayi mariyirikkunnu. kadalkkollakkaarude nasham ozhivakkaan paarakkettukalil pathinjirikkunna aashramangalude ennam shradhichukondu pradeshavaasikalude kathakal eluppathil sweekarikkaan kazhiyum.
barberry kadalkkollakkar medittareniyan samudrathiludaneelam kappalukal, theerangal, dveepukal enniva akramikkukayum barberry adimakkachavadathinaayi kollayadikkukayum adimakaleyum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. medittareniyan samudrathil thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthaanam ullathinaal kaithira barberry kadalkkollakkaarude kaarunyathilaayirunnu. vyaapaarakkappalukale thadayunnathinaayi, vyapara paathakalilulla dveepukal kadalkkollakkaarkk theerchayaayum kooduthal rasakaramaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil messiniaykku thekkulla sapientsa (kalamattaas) (peloponneesinte thekk-padinjaaran bhaagathulla jilla), peloponneesinte thekk-kizhakkan attathinu thekkulla serigo (kaithira), eshya minor theerathu, samosinu thekkupadinjaraayi forney enna annathe vijanamaaya dveepukal, cheosinu padinjaaru zara dweep ennivayellaam kadalkkollakkaarude thaavalangalaayirunnu.
1797ll nepolian veneeshyan republicine avasaanippichappol, merr-eji ennu vilikkappedunna fraansile ettavum vidoora departmentil ulppeduthiya dveepukalil onnaayirunnu kaithira. prakshubdhamaaya nepolian kaalaghattatthil mattu ionian dveepukalumaayi kaithira oru pothu vidhi pankittu, ippozhum avayilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu; purathana kaalath ithu cycledukalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
1799-ll ionian dveepukal septinsular republicayi maari, naamamaathramaayi automan aadhipathyathin keezhilaanengilum praayogikamaayi saamraajyathva russiayude aadhipathyathilaanu. 1807ll franchukaar dveepukal thirichupidichu, 1809ll britishukaar veendum pidichadakkukayum avar britiish samrakshitha samsthaanamaaya ionian dveepukalude yunaittad stetts sthaapikkukayum cheythu. britiish bharanathin keezhil, niyamanirmmaana, executive adikaarangal nalkappetta oru hicommissioneraanu britishukaar dveepukal bharichirunnathu. britiish bharanakaalathu, nagaram veneeshyan niyanthranatthil nediyirunna peril carigo allengil serigo ennariyappettirunnu. 1859leeii shaithyakaalath moonnaazhcha aaa padaviyil sevanamanushticha vilyam ewart gladston enna pramukha kammeeshanarmaar polum pariharikkunnathil parajayappetta koolani prakshubdhathaykku sesham, avaa panatthinte paazhaakkalaano atho supradhana videsha kaivashamaano enna britiish charcha kaithira ulppedeyulla ionian dveepukal weils raajakumaarante bhaaryaasahodaranaayirunna greasile puthiya rajaavaaya jorjju onnaaman kaimaariyathode avasaanichu.
dveepinte pradhana pattanamaya kaithirayil (allengil chora, "graamam") ionian dveepukalile corfu kazhinjaal randaamathe valia kaithirayude charitraparamaaya aarkkaivukal undu.
bhoomishaasthram.
kaithiraykku oru bhoopradesamundu; ithu cape maalaykk pinnilayi ejiyan kadalil ninnulla thekkupadinjaaran eksittilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. chuttumulla kadalil ninnulla kaattinte falamaayi theerangal aazhathilulla ulkkadalukalulla kuthaneyulla paarakkettukalaayi roopappettu. dveepil vividha ghadanayum valipavumulla niravadhi beechukalundu; avayil pakuthiyil maathrame dveepinte parvathapradeshangaliloode rooad maarggam athicheraan kazhiyoo. 
kaithiriyan kadalidukkukal aduthaanu.
hellenic arck plate athirthi mekhalayodu aduthulla kaithira bhookambangalkku valare saadhyathayullathaanu. rekhappeduthappetta charithratthile niravadhi bhookambangalude prabhavakendrangal dveepinadutho sameepatho aayirunnu. 1903ll mithatta graamathinaduthundaaya bhookambam orupakshe sameepakaalathe ettavum valia bhookambamaayirikkaam, ithu ganyamaaya naashanashtangalum parimithamaaya jeevahani varuthi. 21-aamm noottaandil ithinu rund valia bhookambangal undaayittund 2004 november 5-nuu rictor skailil 5.6 muthal 5.8 vare alavum 2006 januvari 8-nuu rictor skailil 6.9 alavu varunna bhookambavum. randaamathethinte prabhavakendram kaithiraykku kizhakkayi ekadesham samudrathilaayirunnu, ekadesham 200 meter aazhathil focus cheythu. niravadhi kettidangalkk, prathyekichu pazhayavaykku, kooduthalum mittatta graamatthil kedupaadukal sambhavichu, pakshe jeevan nashtappettitla. itali, eejipt, malta, jordan ennividangalil vare ithu anubhavapettu.
kaalavastha.
mithamaaya, mazhayulla shaithyakaalavum choodullathum varandathumaaya venalkkaalavum ulla choodulla-venalkkaala medittareniyan kaalavasthayaanu (copen kalavastha vargeekaranam "csa") kaithirayilullathu.
puranangal.
purathana greak puranangalil, kaithiraye snehathinte devathayaaya khagola afroditinte dveepaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu (cf. cypress, snehathinte deviykku samarppichirikkunna mattoru dweep). dveepinaduthulla kadal nurayil ninnaan aval janichathennu parayappedunnu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
pala cheria ejiyan dveepukaleyum pole kaithirayile janasamkhyayum kurayukayaanu. 1864ll dweep ettavum uyarnna janasamkhyayaaya 14,500ll athiyappol, irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil aabhyanthara (greasile pradhana nagara kendrangalilekkulla), baahya (austreliya, yunaittad stetts, jarmmani) kudiyettam kaaranam ithu kramanugathamaayi kuranju. innu ividuthe janasamkhya ekadesham 3,354 aanu (2001 sensus).
kaithirayile gramangal.
ettavum valia gramangal (2001 greak sensus) potamos (poppu) aanu. 396), agia pelajia (281), chora/keetira (267), aanoo livadi (175), calamos (157), livadi (126).
sambadghadana.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal, kaithiriyan sambadvyavastha pradhaanamaayum shradha kendreekarikkukayum eee prakriyayil, tourisathe aasrayikkukayum cheythu, ithu dveepinte varumaanathinte bhooribhaagavum nalkunnu, greasil ettavum janapriyamaaya vinodasanjaara kendrangalilonnaaya kaithira illengilum. janapriya season saadhaaranayaayi meyy avasaanathil penthecostinte greak avadhikkaalathu aarambikkukayum septambar pakuthi vare neendunilkkukayum cheiyunnu. eee samayat, pradhaanamaayum augustil, vinodasanchaarikalum naattukaarum avadhikkaalathinaayi madangiyethunnathinaal dveepinte janasamkhya palappozhum moonnirattiyaakum. vinodasanchaarathe aashrayikkunnath dveepile pala gramangalilum kooduthalum vaanijya aavasyangalkkaayi (hotelukal, hospitaalitti soukaryangal, kadakal muthalaayava) nirmmaana pravartthanangal vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaayi.), ennaal dvitheeya veedukal; 1990 kalude thudakkam muthal avayude valuppathil ganyamaaya valarchaykku saakshyam vahicha agia pelajia, liwadi ennivayaanu pradhana udaaharanagal.
greasil sambannamaaya sugandhathinu peruketta thaim thaine, athupole thanne praadeshika upabhogathil kooduthal parimithappedutthiyirikku pachakkarikaludeyum pazhangaludeyum mrugasamrakshanathinteyum cheria thothilulla krishiyaanu cheria varumaana srothassukal.
dveepile anchu gramangal maathramaan theerathu (plaattiya amos, agia pelajia, diacofti, avlemonous, kapsali). juulai, august maasangalil vividha gramangalil niravadhi parambaraagatha nrithangal nadakkum. eee nrithangal saadhaaranayaayi dveepile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagatheyum aakarshikkunnu, avayil ettavum valuth august 15 nuu pottamosile 'panagia' utsavavum august aadya velliyazhchayum shaniyazhchayum mittaattayile wine festivalumaanu.
adisthaana soukaryangal.
kaitherayile triphilione aashupathriyaanu dveepile eaka ashupatri. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil newyork sitti restorant vyavasaayathile oru pramukha vyakthiyaayirunna mike semett ennum ariyappedunna mixalis semitecolos ulppedeyulla greak amerikkakkaarude sambhaavanakaliloodeyaanu aashupathriyude nirmmaanam saadhyamaayath. 1950 kalude thudakkathil amerikkayil paan-kaitheriyan dhanasamaaharana prachaaranatthil pankedutthukondu kaitherayil ninnulla kudiyettakkaaranaaya semitecolos aashupathrikkaayi panam svaroopichu. addehathinte ganyamaaya saambathika sambhavanakal addehathinu greekkile pooll rajaavil ninnu phoenix kramatthil amgeekaaram nedikkodutthu. 1953 meyy 21nuu pottamosil vechaayirunnu aashupathriyude tharakkallidal, ithu dveepile aadyathe aashupathriyaayi maari. kaithirayileyum parisara pradeshangalileyum nivaasikalkk avashya vaidya sevanangal nalkunna dveepile eaka aashupathriyaayi ithu innum thudarunnu. aashupathriyude utharavaadithamulla jeevakaarunya samghadana kaithiriyanmaarude triphilian foundeshanaayi parinamichu, innum sajeevamaan.
kaithira (pattanam).
thekkan peloponese allengil vaadikayumaayi bandhippichittulla thuramukhangalonnumillatha dveepinte thekkan bhagathaanu thalasthaanamaaya chora sthithi cheiyunnathu. vaattikkaykkayulla kaithirayude thuramukham munbu agia pelajiyayilaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum sameepa varshangalil eee thuramukham nirthalaakkukayum kaithirayile theeradesha pattanamaya diacoftiyil oru puthiya thuramukham sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
60-ladhikam gramanaamangalil bhooribhaagavum '-anika' ennum chilath '-athika', '-ayana', '-wads' ennum avasaanikkunnu. aaa pradeshathu aadyam sthirathaamasamaakkiya swaadheenamulla kudumbangalude perilaanu gramangal ariyappedunnathu. udaaharanathinu, 'logothettis' enna greak avasana naamatthil ninnaan 'logothettiyaanika' uruthirinjathu.
audyogikamaayi, greekkaanu kaithirayude pradhana bhasha. janakeeya vishwaasam undaayirunnittum, pothusevanangal, praadeshika bharanakoodangal thudangiya mikka sthalangalkkum oru vyakthiyude aavasyangal engleeshilum niravettaan kazhiyum. prathyeka pradeshangalil, kaithirayile janasamkhyayil chilar itaaliyan bhashayil praaveenyamullavaraanu.
gathagatham.
shaityakaala maasangalil gathaagathathil kaalaavasthayude swaadheenam moolam vashalaaya adisthaana soukaryangalaal munkaalangalil dweep durithamanubhavichirunnu. ennirunnaalum diacoftiyil puthiya thuramukhathinte nirmmanavum dveepinte vimaanathaavalathinte naveekaranavum eee prathyaaghaathangal ganyamaayi kurachittundu. vadakku dveepile ettavum janasamkhyayulla pattanamaya pottamosil ninnu thekk dveepinte thalasthaanamaaya chorayilekkulla oru puthiya rooad nilavil aasoothrana, vikasana ghattathilaanu.
thuramukham.
noottaandukalaayi eee dweep oru vyapara paathayaanengilum, oru aadhunika thuramukhathinte nirmmaanam irupathaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthi vare niravadhi thavana maattivachu. 1933ll agia pelajia graamatthil oru thuramukham nirmmikkanulla sramangal nadannuvenkilum saambathikavum sarkkar prashnangalum kaaranam pathittaandukalkk sheshamaan athu nirmmichathu. 1990 kalude pakuthi vare dveepile pradhana thuramukhamaayirunnu agia pelajiayude aaa cheria thuramukham (nilavil oru ferry dokkil ninnu oru tourist/vinoda boat dokkilekku naveekarichukondirikkunnu). akkaalat pathonpathaam noottaandil britiish colonial bharanakoodam aadyam thiranjeduttha puthiya thuramukhamaaya diacofti, valia charakk, passenture kappalukale pinthunaykkuka enna lakshyathode oru aadhunika vishalamaaya rodinoppam nirmikkappettu. diacofti thuramukham nilavil gitthiyon, kalamatta, aantikaithera, pirayas 'athans thuramukham, kreett & neopolis-vadika ennividangalilekkulla/athil ninnulla shedule cheytha roottukalil sevanam nalkunnu. thuramukhathinte thekk bhaagath oru mareena gadippikkaanulla nirddeshangal nalkiyittundenkilum padhathikaloo samayakramangalo thayyarakkiyittilla. koodaathe, agia patrickia thuramukham (agia pelajiayude vadakku) praadhamika malsyabandhana boat thuramukhamaanu, rund vishalamaaya boat raambukalum oru boat attakuttappanikalum undu.
vimaanathaavalam.
alexander ezz aanu dveepinte praadhamika vimaanathaavalam. thalasthaanathu ninnu ekadesham freelijiyaannikkaykkum diacoftic edayilulla pradeshathaanu kitthira dweep deseeya vimaanathaavalam ennum ariyappedunna onassis vimaanathaavalam sthithi cheiyunnathu. 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil, pradhaanamaayum praadeshika janangal nalkunna swakaarya fandukaliloodeyaanu vimaanathaavalam naveekarikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythath. olimbiku eyar, ejiyan airlines vimanangal dveepinu sevanam nalkunnu.
paraamarshangal.
13. ^ aadyakaala aadhunika medittareniyanile dveepukal, kadalkkollakkar, svakaaryakkaar, automan saamrajyam 

