
tounshippu (dakshinaafrikka)

dakshinaafrikkayil, tounshippum sthaanavum enna padangal saadhaaranayaayi 19-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam muthal varnnavivechanathinte avasaanam vare vellakkaarallaathavarkkaa, athaayath karutha aafrikkakkaar, nirakkaar, indiakkaar ennivarkkaayi neekkivachirunna palappozhum avikasithamaya vamsheeyamaayi verthiricha nagarapradeshangale soochippikkunnu. tounshippukal saadhaaranayaayi pattanangaludeyum nagarangaludeyum chuttupaadukalilaanu nirmmikkappettath. vamseeya ardhangalonnumillaathu dakshinaafrikkayude bhoovakaasha sanbradaayathil "tounshippu" enna padatthinu prathyeka niyamaparamaaya ardhamundu.
vellakkaarallathavarkkulal tounshippukale aafrikkan bhashayil "lokkeshanukal" allengil "locassikal" ennum vilichirunnu, cheria pattanangalil ippozhum avaye aaa peril paraamarsikkunnu. lokasi" yude janapriya hraswa pathippaya "kaasi/kaasi" enna prayoga padavum upayogikkunnu. tounshippukalkku chilappol aduthaayi valia anoupachaarika vaasasthalangalundu.
charithram.
aadyakaala vikasanam.
<aii. dii. 1> kaalayalavil (ekadesham), pradhana nagarapradeshangalile karuthavargakkaaril bhooribhaagavum thozhiludamakal nalkunna hostalukalilo jeevanakkaarude thaamasasthalangalilo thaamasikkukayum kooduthalum avivahitharaayi kazhiyukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathum athinusheshamulla kaalaghattatthilum dakshinaafrikkayile nagarapradeshangal yudhathethudarnnu kalar baar elavu cheythathinaal athivega nagaravalkkaranatthinte oru kaalaghattatthinu saakshyam vahichu. thozhiludamakalo sarcaro puthiya thaamasakkaarude varavinayi puthiya thaamasoukaryangalo veedukalo nirmmichilla. ithu tirakk, mosham jeevita saahacharyangal, soukaryangalude abhavam ennivayilekku nayichu, athuvazhi uyarnna thothilulla kuttakrithyangalkkum akramangalkkum kaaranamaakunnu. uyarnna vaadakayum tirakkum bhoomi adhiniveshathilekkum kudilukalude valarchayilekkum nayichu, avaa sarkkar avaganichu.
1950 aayappozhekkum nagaratthile karuthavargakkaarude valiyoru bhagam tounshippukalil thaamasichirunnu. 1950ll, 1,00,000-thiladhikam aalukal vitt watersand pradeshathe tounshippukalilum 50,000 aalukal darbanile kaatto mainerilum 150,000 karutha varnnakkaraaya aalukal keppu tounile tounshippukalilum thaamasichirunnu.
shack tounshippu vaasasthalangalile jeevita saahacharyangal kuravaayirunnuvenkilum varnnavivechana kaalaghattatthile dakshinaafrikkan police niyanthrikkaathathum vilakuranjathumaaya hostalukalile mattu sthaapitha oopshanukale apekshichu avaykku nettamundaayirunnu.
varnnavivechanam 1948-1994.
1950ll group eriya act nadappilaakki, ithu oru prathyeka vamshathinte eaka upayogathinaayi bhoomi nirnnayikkaan govarnor generaline adhikaarappeduthi. eee niyamaprakaaram, "vella maathram" ennu nischayichittulla pradeshangalil ninnu karuthavarggakkaare puratthaakkukayum verthiricha tounshippukalilekku marran nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. 1950leeii janasamkhyaa rajistreshan niyamam anusarichu karuthavargakkaar, nirakkaar, indiakkaar enningane vellakkaarallaatha moonnu vamshavibhagangalkkum oororutharkkum prathyeka tounshippukal sthaapichu.
varnnavivechanathinu sheshamulla kaalam.
mikka dakshinaafrikkan pattanangalilum nagarangalilum kuranjathu oru tounshippu engilum avayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, 1994 muthal chila pazhaya tounshippukal athivegam vikasichu, udaaharanathinu, sambannavum idatharavumaaya pradeshangal sovetto, chaattsworth ennivayude bhaagangalil mulachu. varnnavivechana dakshinaafrikkayil ninnaan uthbhavichathenkilum innu tounshippu, sthaanam, anoupachaarika kudiyettam ennee padangal nindyamaayi upayogikkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, 1950kalilennapole, nayaroopeekaranakkaar veendum 'cherikal' enna padam valare nindyamaaya reethiyil upayogikkunnu.
saamoohika prasnangal.
tounshippu samoohangal niravadhi saamoohika prasnangal neridunnu. mikkappozhum, tounshippukalile thaamasakkaarkk avarude veedukal nirmmikkunna bhoomi swanthamalla. phalatthil, eee veedukal niyamavirudhamaayi nirmmichavayaanu. nirmmaanam anoupachaarikavum sarkkar niyanthrikkaathathumaanu. ithu malinajalam, vaidyuthi, roadukal, shudhajalam thudangiya adisthaana sevanangal labhyamallaathathin kaaranamaakukayum ithu thaamasakkaarude jeevithanilavaarathe prathikoolamaayi baadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
adisthaanasoukarya prasnangal.
tounshippukalkullile malinajalam, vellam, vaidyutha adisthaana soukaryangal enniva palappozhum attakuttappanikal aavasyamullathinaal labhyathayilum labhyathayilum prasnangal kaaranam shuchithvathinte abhavam undaakunnu. vaidyuthi, jalam, malinajalam enniva vividha sarkkar vakuppukalaan kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu, ithu padhathi aasoothranam, bajatt, nadappaakkal chakram ennivayude ellah ghattangalilum ganyamaaya ekopanathinte abhaavathil kaaryakshamathayillaaymk kaaranamaakunnu.
malinajalam.
tounshippukalkullile azhukkuchaal samvidaanangal aasoothranam cheyyaathe nirmikkappettavayaanu. tounshippukalude janasamkhya saadhaaranayaayi aasoothranam cheytha adisthaana soukaryangalekkaal vegathil valarunnu, ithu amithabhaarathinu kaaranamaakukayum thadassangal, kuthichuchaattam, ovarflokal ennivaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. amithamaayi upayogikkukayum durupayogam cheyyukayum samoohangalkku vegathil aarogya apakadangalaayi maarukayum cheiyunna parimithamaaya ennam pothu shouchaalayangal palappozhum undu. veedukalkkidayil sthalamillaathathinaal attakuttappanikalilekkula mosham praveshanamaanu mattoru prashnam. tounshippu peripherikaliloo nadeetheeratthinadutho ulla chila pradeshangalil aupachaarika jalagathagatha malinajala samvidaanavumaayi bandhippichittillaathillaathi soukaryangal labhyamalla.
vellam.
aparyapthamaaya pumping adisthaana soukaryangaludeyum valia janasamkhyayudeyum anantharafalamaayi tounshippukalile jalasammardham valare kuravaanu. tounshippinte oro vibhaagathilum saadhaaranayaayi oro vibhaagathinum oru pump undu. vasthram vrithiyaakkal, paachakam, kudikkal, kulikkal, veedu vrithiyaakkal thudangi ellaathinum eee vellam upayogikkunnu. oro vibhaagathinum valare kurachu vellam maathrame labhyamaakoo ennathinaal oru veedinu oru divasathekku mathiyaya vellam labhikkunnath valare budhimuttaanu. 
vaidyuthi.
anadhikritha vaidyuthi kanakshanukal kaaranam power boxukalilekku nayikkunna marangalil kettikkidakkunna vaidyutha vayarukal tounshippukalil sarvavyaapiyaanu. ithu apakadakaramaanu, ennirunnaalum pradeshathe oro veettilum athil ninnu oru vayar purathuvarunnu, prasnangal uyarnnuvannaaludan pariharikkunnathinayi oro wire avarude udama ariyunnu. mikka sub steshanukalum thudakkathil thanne surakshithamallathathinaal athil ninnu niravadhi adhika vayarukal varunnath aduthullavarkkum pradeshathu kalikkunna kuttikalkkum valare apakadakaramaanu. pravasi janangalude vaidyuthi upayogam prolsaahippikkunnathi sarkkaarinte vimukhatha kaaranam vaidyuthi adisthaana soukaryangal naveekarichittilla.
vellapokka saadhyatha.
alexandra, dipe slute thudangiya chila tounshippukal nadikalkkum vellapokka samathalangalkkum sameepamaan nirmmichirikkunnathu. eee pradeshangal valare idathoornnathum idungiyathumaaya praveshana marggangal, kurachu saamudaayika jalakendrangal, vaasasthalangalude paridhiyil raasa shouchaalayangalude theerangal ennivayullavayaanu. tounshippukalude thudarchayaaya valarcha kaaranam pazhaya poshakanadikalil vaasasthalangal nirmmikkaan thudangiyirikkunnu. oru valia kodunkaattu varikayum poshakanadikal veendum vellam nirayaan thudangukayum cheiyumbozho poshakanadiyilekku malinajalathinte backup varunnatho varanda poshakanadikalil veedukal undaakunnath oru prasnamaanu. aaa pradeshathu nirmmicha veedukalellaam prakrithidatha sambhavangalaal nasippikkappedaanulla apakadathilaanu. pradesham valarnnathode poshakanadikal pipe cheyyappedukayum saamudaayika jalakendrangal ozhukunna poshakanadiyude mukalil niravadhi konkreett epranukalum kulangalum nirmmikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu kulangal maalinyangalal moodiyidukayum poshakanadikal ganyamaayi thadassappettathaayi kaanappedukayum cheythuvenkilum vellapokkam vannal ithu adikakaalam vellam nirtthilla. vellavum alakkal soukaryangalum eluppathil labhyamaakumenna vishwaasathil tirakk kaaranam thamasakkaar chilappol naditirat nirmmikkaan thiranjedukkunnu, ennirunnaalum malineekaranam kaaranam vellam eee aavasyangalkku anuyojyamallaathathinaal avar vellappokkathin irayaakunnu.
veettumuttathe shaakkukal.
adhika varumanathinaayi bhoovudama vaadakaykku nalkunna oru plottile adhika yoonittukalaan veettumuttathulla shaakkukal. oru kudumbatthinu mathiyaya valippamulla oru veedinu roopakalppana cheytha oru sthalam onninu pakaram sharashari aarr kudumbangal thamasikkunna oru sthalamaayi maari. aasoothrana, nirmmaana kodukalum strain infrastructure lamghichaanu eee gadanakal niyamavirudhamaayi nirmmichirikkunnathu. veettumuttathu pravartthikkaan sarkkaarukalkk veruppaanu, ithu valia thothilulla aalukale kudiyozhippikkan kaaranamakum. 2001ll johannaasbarginaduthulla diapsluit enna tounshippil nadatthiya oru padanatthil 24 sathamaanam nivaasikal ishtika kettidangalilum 43 sathamaanam aalukal kudilukalilum 27 sathamaanam perr veettumuttangalilum thaamasichirunnathaayi kandethi.
vidyaabhyaasam.
tounshippu schoolukal palappozhum thirakkeriyathum mathiyaya adisthaana soukaryangalude abhaavavumaan. pavapetta yuvaakkalude uyarnna patanam upekshikkunna nirakk undu, prathyekichu 9-aamm classile vidyaarthikal. sarkkar edapedalukal undaayirunnittum, vidyaabhyaasa phalangal vakramaayi thudarunnu, tounshippu vidyaarthikal mosham prakadanam thudarunnu. praadhamika vidyaabhyaasathinulla labhyathayude abhaavathekkaal daridrarkkidayile uyarnnathum vegathilullathumaaya patanam upekshikkunna nirakk moolamaanu eee vakramaaya vitharanam pradhaanamaayum sambhavikkunnath. munkaala vella schoolukal orepole mikacha phalangal nalkukayum avarude bharanasamithikalkk avarude adhyaapakarude prathibaddhathayil nilanilkkunna grameena, tounshippu skoolukalkku athicheraanaavaatha vibhavangal labhikkunnathin ganyamaaya swakaarya fund swaroopikkaan kazhiyukayum cheiyunnu.
samghangalum akramangalum.
tounshippukalil samghangal oru prasnamaanu, 12 allengil 13 vayass vare praayamulla kuttikal oru praadeshika samghathilekku praveshikkaan thudangum. chilar akramatheyum samghangaleyum oru jeevithareethiyaayum samskaaramaayum kaanunnu. mikkavarkkum ishtamulla ayudham thokkaanu, eluppathil axus cheyyaavunna arcum athu nedaan kazhiyum. dakshinaafrikkayil prachaarathilulla 14 dasalaksham thokkukalil naalu dasalaksham maathramaan rajisttar cheythittullathennum niyamaparamaaya thokku udamakalkku licenses nalkiyittundennum kanakkaakkappedunnu.
ettavum valia tounshippukal.
2011leeii sensus samayat dakshinaafrikkayile ettavum valia tounshippukal
niyamaparamaaya ardham.
dakshinaafrikkayile "tounshippu" enna padatthinte niyamaparamaaya ardham janapriya upayogathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, koodaathe vamseeya ardhangalonnumillaathe krithyamaaya niyamaparamaaya ardhavumundu. eee padam bhoovakaashangalil upayogikkunnu, tounshippukale erf (staandukal) aayi thirichirikkunnu. "tounshippu" ennathinartham oru sthalanaamathinte bhaagamaayi oru niyukta pradeshamo jillayo ennum ardhamaakkaam. udaaharanathinu, oru vyaavasaayika mekhalaye paraamarsikkaan "vyaavasaayika tounshippu" upayogichittundu, udha.jii. "dakshinaafrikkayile pinettaunilulla "westmeed industrial tounshippu".
palappozhum oru tounshippu (niyamaparamaaya ardhathil) sthaapikkappedunnu, thudarnnu yadhaartha tounshippinte athe perilullathum akkamittathumaya "ekstenshan" suffix ulla aduthulla tounshippukal pinneedu sthaapikkappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, johannesburg praanthapradeshamaaya bryaanstaninu "bryaanstan ekstenshan 3" enna peril oru ekstenshan undu.
praanthapradesham" ennathumaayulla bandham.
parambaraagathamaayo charithraparamaayo velutha pradeshangalil, dainamdina sambhashanangalil niyamaparamaayi nirvachikkapetta residential tounshippukalkkaayi "praanthapradesham" enna padam upayogikkunnu.
oru praanthapradeshatthinte athirthikal palappozhum (niyamaparamaaya) tounshippu athirthikalkku thulyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe athinte ennamulla vipuleekaranangalum, ithu saadhaaranayaayi tounshippumaayi peru pankidunnu (chila sradheyamaaya ozhivaakkalukalode, rivonia ennariyappedunna johannesburg praanthapradesham, yadhaarthathil rivonia vipuleekaranangal ennu vilikkunna akkangalulla edenberghinte tounshippu).
saandtan (niravadhi praanthapradeshangal ulkkollunna) polulla munkaala swatantra pattanangale idaykkide "praanthapradeshangal" ennu vilikkunnu.

