laingika athikramangal thadayunnathinulla nadapadikal

laingika athikramam samoohathinte ellah bhaagangaleyum baadikkunnathinaal, athine neridaan undaakunna prathikaranangal samagramaan, vyakthigatha, bharana, niyama, saamoohika thalangalil sambhavikkunnu. 
vyakthigatha sameepanagal.
kuttavalikalkkulla paripaadikal.
criminal neethinyaaya vyavasthaykku purathu laingika athikramam nadathunnavare lakshyamidunna chila padhathikal undu, saadhaaranayaayi laingika athikramathinte criminal kesukalil ganyamaaya punk vahikkunna purushanmaarkk nereyulla laingikaathikramathinu sikshikkappetta purushanmaare lakshyamidunnu. laingikaathikramam nadathunna purushanmaarude oru pothu prathikaranam thangal utharavaadikalaanennum avar cheiyunnathu akramaasakthamaanennum nishedhikkuka ennathaanu. pradhaanamaayum vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta rajyangalil kaanapedunna eee paripaadikal, utharavaaditham amgeekarikkunnathinum avarude pravarthanangalkku utharavaadikalaayi parasyamaayi kaanunnathinum kuttavaalikalaaya purushanmarumaayi pravartthikkunnu. ithu nedunnathinulla oru maarggam laingika athikramangalil earppedunna purushanmaare lakshyamidunna padhathikal, erakalude pinthunaa sevanangalumayi sahakarikkuka ennathaanu, ithu balatsanga irakale punarnirmmikkukayum balaalsangam cheiyunnayaal valare nindayullavan kshama chodikkunnavanumallenkil nadapadiyude mosham thiranjeduppaayirikkum, athupole thanne laingika athikramangalkkethiraya prachaaranangalum. 
jeevita naipunyangalum mattu vidyaabhyaasa paripaadikalum.
sameepa varshangalil, laingikavum prathyulpaadanaparavumaaya aarogya prolsaahanathinaayulla niravadhi paripaadikal, prathyekichu echuaivi prathirodham prothsaahippikkunnava, linga prasnangal avatharippikkanum laingikavum shaareerikavumaaya akramatthinte prashnam pariharikkanum thudangi. aafrikkaykkaayi vikasippicheduthathum ennaal vikaswara raajyangalude pala bhagangalilum upayogikkunnathumaaya rund sradheyamaaya udaaharanangalil "stepping stoons", "pankaalikalenna nilayil purushanmaar" enniva ulppedunnu. purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum samapraaya grouppukalil upayogikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunna eee prograamukal pankaalittha patana sameepanagal upayogichu niravadhi workshop seshanukaliloode vitharanam cheiyunnu. sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangalumayi maathram bandhapetta paripaadikalil pankedukkaan vimukhatha kaanikkunna purushanmaare avarude samagra sameepanam sahayikkunnu, akramavumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi vishayangalil pankedukkukayum charcha cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. koodaathe, chilappol laingika athikramangalkk purushanmaar kuttavaalikalaanengilum, avare label cheiyunnathu ozhivakkaan paripaadikal shradhikkunnu.
aafrikkayileyum eshyayileyum stepping stoons prograaminte phalathekkurichulla avalokanathil, pankedukkunna purushanmaare avarude pravarthanangalil kooduthal utharavaaditham ettedukkaanum mattullavarumayi nannayi bandhappedaanum sthreekalodu kooduthal bahumanam pularthaanum kooduthal phalapradamaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaanum varkshoppukal sahayichathaayi kandethi. paripaadiyude falamaayi, cambodia, gambia, dakshinaafrikka, ugaanda, fiji, yunaittad republic oof tanzania ennividangalileyum mattidangalileyum kammyoonittikalil sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangal kuranju. ennirunnaalum, innuvareyulla moolyanirnayangal saadhaaranayaayi gunaparamaaya reethikal upayogichittundu, eee prograaminte falaprapti vendathra parishodhikkunnathin kooduthal gaveshanam aavasyamaanu.
vikasana sameepanagal.
laingika athikramangal thadayunnathinu mechappettathum kooduthal lingasamathvamullathumaaya rakshaakarthruthvathode pariposhippikkendathinte praadhaanyam gaveshanam oonnipparanjittundu. athesamayam, jananathinu munbum kuttikkaalatthum kaumaarathilum cheruppatthilum edapedal nadathunnathinoppam vikasana sameepanam sweekarikkunna oru prathirodha maathruka schwarts vikasippicheduthittundu. eee maathrkayil, prasavapoorva gadakathil rakshaakarthru kazhivukal, lingaparamaaya rolukalude stereotyping, sammarddam, samgharsham, akramam ennivayekkurichulla charchakal ulppedum. kuttikkaalatthinte aadya varshangalil, aarogya daathaakkal eee prasnangal pinthudarukayum kuttikalude laingikaathikramavum maadhyamangalile akramavum charchaa vishayangalude pattikayil ulppeduthukayum athupole thanne lingabhedamillaatha vidyaabhyaasa saamagrikalude upayogam prolsaahippikkukayum cheyyum. kuttikkaalatthe pilkkalangalil, aarogyaprasthanangalil stereotyping ozhivaakkunna perumattangalum manobhaavangalum modeling cheyyuka, nallathum cheethayumaaya sparsanam verthirichariyaan kuttikale prolsaahippikkuka, swantham shareerathinte niyanthranam ettedukkaanulla avarude kazhivum aathmavishwaasavum vardhippikkuka enniva ulppedum. eee edapedal laingika aakramanathekkurichu samsarikkaan idam nalkum. kaumaarathilum cheruppatthilum balaalsangathekkurichulla midhyaadhaaranakal, laingika pravarthanangalkku engane athirthikal nischayikkaam, laingikatha, akramam, balaprayogam enniva thammilulla bandham thakarkkuka ennivayekkurichulla charchakal ulkkollum. shwartsinte maathruka vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta rajyangalil upayogikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheythittundenkilum, athil ulppettirikkunna chila thathwangal vikaswara raajyangalkk baadhakamaayekkaam.
aarogya parirakshaa prathikaranangal.
vaidyashaasthra-niyama sevanangal.
pala raajyangalilum, laingika athikramangal report cheyyappedumbol, erakalude akkoundukal sthireekarikkunnathino kuttavaaliye thirichariyaan sahaayikkunnathino medical, niyamaparamaaya thelivukal shekharikkendathu aarogyamekhalayude kadamayaanu. kaanadayile gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu medico-leagal documentation oru kuttavaaliye arast cheyyaano kuttaropithanaakkaano shikshikkaano ulla saadhyatha vardhippikkum ennaanu. udaaharanathinu, rogiyude varumaana nilavaaram pariganikkathe allengil rogiye parichayakkaaranaayo aduppamulla pankaaliyaayo akramikk ariamo ennathumaayi bandhappett, rekhappeduthiyittulla shaareerika parikk, prathyekichu mithamayathum kadinavumaaya tharatthilulla parikkukal, phayal cheyyappedunna kuttangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnave oru patanam kandethi. ennirunnaalum, balaalsamgathetthudarnnu keniyayile neyrobiyile oru ashupathriyil athunna sthreekalekkurichulla oru patanam, pala raajyangalilum balaalsangathinu irakalaaya sthreekale gynaecologisto parichayasambannanaaya police examinero parisodhikkunnillennum eee vishayathil staanderd protocolukalo maargganirddeshangalo nilavilillennum eduthukaanikkunnu.
saadhaarana protocolukaludeyum maarganirddeshangaludeyum upayogam erakalude chikilsayudeyum maanasika pinthunayudeyum gunanilavaaravum shekharicha thelivukalum ganyamaayi mechappeduthum. samagram
aakramanathinu irayaaya sthreekalkkulla protocolukalum maarganirddeshangalum ulppedanam
chila rajyangalil, protocol oru laingikaathikrama thelivu kittinte nadapadikramatthinte bhagamaanu, athil thelivukal shekharikkunnathinulla nirddeshangalum kandeynarukalum, uchithamaaya niyama foomukal, charithrangal rekhappeduthunnathinulla rekhakal enniva ulppedunnu. balaalsangathinu irayaayavarude parisodhanakal avarude swabhaavathaal angeyattam sammarddakaramaanu. oru parishodhanaykk munbu nadapadikramam vishadeekarikkaan oru viidiyoo upayogikkunnathu sammarddam kuraykkunnathinu ganyamaayi kaanikkunnu.
aarogyaparipalana vidagtharkkulla pariseelanam.
cycatristukalum kaunsilarmaarum ulppede ellah aarogya sevana jeevanakkaarudeyum adisthaana parisheelanatthilum prathyeka birudaananthara kozhsukalilum laingika athikramavumayi bandhapetta prasnangal abhisambodhana cheyyendathundu. atharam pariseelanam, onnamathaayi, aarogya pravartthakarkku laingika athikramangalekkurichu kooduthal arivum avabodhavum nalkukayum durupayoga kesukal sensitiivu ennaal phalapradamaaya reethiyil kandethaanum kaikaaryam cheyyaanum avare kooduthal praaptharaakkukayum venam. aarogyamekhalayile laingikaathikramangal kuraykkunnathinum ithu sahayikkum, ithu pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappedaatha oru pradhana prasnamaakaam.
philippeensil, doctormar, nazhsumaar, saamoohika shaasthranjar ennivar ulppedunnathum aarogya vakuppinte pinthunayullathumaaya saamoohika shaasthravum prathyulpaadana aarogyavum sambandhicha task fozhsu, nazhsing, medical vidyaarthikalkkaayi lingabhedam adisthaanamaakkiyulla akramangalekkurichulla pariseelana moduleukal nirmmichu. eee padhathiyude lakshyangal ivayaanu
nazhsing, medical vidyaarthikalkkaayulla paatyapadhathiyilaanu eee pariseelana moduleukal nirmmichirikkunnathu. nazhsing paatyapadhathikkaayi, pathinonnu moduleukal naalu varshathe aupachaarika prabodhanatthilum medical vidyaarthikalkku avarude avasana moonnu varshathe praayogika parisheelanathilumaanu.
echuaivi anubaadhaykkulla roganirodhana.
balatsanga samayat echuaivi pakarunnathinulla saadhyatha aashankayundaakkunnu, prathyekichu echuaivi anubaadhayude uyarnna vyaapanamulla rajyangalil. echuaivi baadhithamaayathin sesham aanti retroviral marunnukalude upayogam chila sandarbhangalil nyayamaayum phalapradamaanennu ariyappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru thozhil soochi-stikku exposherinethudarnnu (malinamaaya soochi upayogichu charmmathe panchar cheiyunnathu) aarogya pravartthakarkku aanti retroviral marunnu sidowoodin (aast) nalkunnathu thudarnnulla anubadha kuraykkunnathaayi thelinjittundu.
echuaivi anubadha undakanulla saadhyatha 81 sathamaanamaanu. rogabadhithanaaya oralumaayi surakshithamallaatha yonisankethathil ninnu echuaivi anubaadhaykkulla sharashari saadhyatha
pankaali thaarathamyena kuravaanu (purushan muthal sthree vare 1000 ll ekadesham 1.2 umm sthree muthal purushan vare 1000 ll ekadesham 0.5-1 umm). eee apakadasaadhyatha, vaasthavathil, soochi-stikku parikk (1000 ll ekadesham 3) muthalullathinu samanamaaya kramathilaanu, ithinu poost exposure prophylaxis ippol pathiv chikilsayaanu. surakshithamallaatha guda laingikathayil ninnu echuaivi anubaadhaykkulla sharashari saadhyatha valare kooduthalaanu, ennirunnaalum, 1000 ll ekadesham 5:30. ennirunnaalum, balatsanga samayat, upayogicha balam kaaranam, yoniyile mucosayilekku macroscopic allengil microscopic kannuneer undakanulla saadhyatha valare kooduthalaanu, ithu echuaivi pakarunnathinulla saadhyatha valareyadhikam vardhippikkum. balaalsangathinu irayaayavarkku pathivayi prathirodha kuthivayppu nalkunna vibhava-daridra krameekaranangalile saadhyathayeyo chelavu-falapraapthiyeo kurichu vivarangalonnumilla.
echuaivi.
balaalsangathinu sheshamulla echuaivi anubaadhaykkulla parisodhana eathoru saahacharyathilum budhimuttaanu. oru sambhavathin thottupinnaale, echuaivi parisodhanayeyum apakadasaadhyathakaleyum kurichulla sankeernamaaya vivarangal poornnamaayum manassilakkaan pala erakalum praaptharalla. aakramanathethudarnnulla avarude maanasikamaya poruthappedutthalumaayi bandhapetta kaaranangalal irakal kooduthal shedule cheytha sandarshanangalil pankedukkaatthathinaal sariyaaya fooloo-upp urappakkunnathum budhimuttaanu.
aanti retroviral chikilsayude paarshwafalangalum kaaryamaayirikkam, ithu aalukal oru kozhsil ninnu pinmaran kaaranamaakunnu, ennirunnaalum uyarnna apakadasaadhyathayullathaayi svayam karuthunnavarkk ithu paalikkanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu.
balaalsamgathetthudarnnu echuaivi roganirodhanathinte falapraapthiyekkurichu arivillaaymayundengilum, pala samghadanakalum athinte upayogam shupaarsha cheythittundu. udaaharanathinu, uyarnna varumaanamulla raajyangalile medical sahaaya padhathikal ithu avarude paricharana paakkejukalil kooduthalaayi ulppeduthunnu. balaalsangathinu sheshamulla aanti retroviral chikilsayude falapraapthiyekkurichum athu engane rogiyude paricharanatthil ulppeduthaam ennathinekkurichum idatharam varumanamullathum thaazhnna varumaanamullathumaaya rajyangalil gaveshanam adiyanthiramaayi aavasyamaanu.
laingikaathikramathinu irayaayavarkku samagra paricharanam nalkunna kendrangal.
pala raajyangalilum doctormaarude kuravu kaaranam, laingikaathikramathinu irayaakunnavare sahayikkaan chila sthalangalil prathyeka pariseelanam labhicha nazhsumaare upayogichittundu. kaanadayil, laingikaathikramathinu irayaaya nazhsumaarkk samagra paricharanam nalkaan nazhsumaarkk pariseelanam nalkunnu. vaidyasahaayam aavashyamullappol eee nazhsumaar rogikale oru doctorude aduthekku ruffer cheiyunnu. kaanadayile ontaariyo pravisyayil 1984ll aarambhicha aadyathe laingikaathikrama paricharana kendram athinusesham 26 ennam sthaapichu. eee kendrangal adiyanthara vaidyasahaayam, medical fooloo-upp, kaunsiling, aakramanathinte forencic thelivukal shekharikkal, niyamaparamaaya pinthuna, community kansaltteshanum vidyaabhyaasavum ennivayulppede vishalamaaya sevanangal nalkukayo ekopippikkukayo cheiyunnu.
lokath ettavum kooduthal laingikaathikramangal nadakkunna dakshinaafrikkayil, oru aakramanathinte anantharafalangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu tutusela cair sentarukal (tii. sii. sii. kall) oru trans-disciplinary sameepanam upayogikkunnu. balaalsangatthe thudarnnu 72 manikorinullil avar erakalkku forencic, medical sevanangal nalkunnu. kesukalkku vichaarana poortthiyaakkaanulla samayam rund varshathil ninnu ezhu maasatthilere kuraykkunnathinum kuttavimukthiyude nirakk <aii. dii. 1> undakkunnathinum sahaayichathinte bahumati tii. sii. sii. kalkkaanu. tii. sii. sii model oru laingika athikrama pinthunaa kendramaayi yuu. enn. oru "mikacha pariseelana model" aayi kanakkaakkiyittund.
laingikaathikramathinu irayaayavarkku niravadhi sevanangal nalkunna kendrangal palappozhum ashupatri allengil police steshan polulla sthalangalil sthithicheyyunnu, avaa pala raajyangalilum vikasippichukondirikku. udaaharanathinu, sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangalkk ekopithamaaya inter-ejansi prathikaranam nalkunna kuwala lumpur aashupathriyile oru yoonittaan vann-stopp crisis sentar. uchithamaaya pariseelanam labhichavarum parichayasambannarumaaya jeevanakkaare nalkunnathinte gunam ithupolulla prathyeka kendrangalkkundu. maruvashathu, chila sthalangalil, vividha tharatthilulla akramathinu irayaayavarkku sevanangal nalkunna samyojitha kendrangal nilavilundu.
samoohathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla sramangal.
prathirodha paripaadikal.
niravadhi gaveshana adhishtitha balatsanga prathirodha paripaadikal shaasthreeya padanangaliloode pareekshikkukayum parisodhikkukayum cheythittundu. 
joonn foubert ezhuthiya vann inn phoor prograam ennum ariyappedunna purushanmaarude prograam balaalsangatthe athijeevichavarodu sahanubhooti pularthunnathilum laingikaathikrama saahacharyangalude edapedalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. paripaadiyil pankeduttha purushanmaar laingikamaayi nirbandhitha perumaattatthinte 40 sathamaanam kuravum eathenkilum tharatthilulla laingika nirbandhitha pravrithi oru kantrol grouppinekkaal ettu madangu kuravumaanu. pankaalikal edapedunnathiloode kooduthal vijayavum oru kazhchakkaaranenna nilayil sahayikkaanulla kooduthal sannadhathayum report cheythu.
kaazhchakkaare konduvarika ennathil shradha kendreekarikkunna victoria banyard. paripaadiyil oru hrasvamaaya sahanubhooti induction gadakavum bhaviyil edapedaanulla prathinjayum ulppedunnu. pankedutthavar kaazhchakkaarude falaprapti vardhippikkukayum oru kazhchakkaaranenna nilayil edapedaanulla sannadhatha vardhippikkukayum balatsanga midhyaadhaaranakalude sveekaaryatha kuraykkukayum cheythu.
emvipi jaaksan kaattsinte akrama prathirodhatthile maarganirddeshakar purushanmaare sajeevamaaya kazhchakkaaraakaan prothsaahippichukondu kazhchakkaaril shradha kendreekarikkunnu. saangalppika saahacharyangaliloode prograam pankedukkunnavarkku nirddesham nalkunnu. gaveshana saahithyathil report cheyyappetta phalangalil lingabhedathinte thaazhnna nilavaravum pankedukkunnavarkku sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangal thadayaan kazhiyumenna vardhicha vishwaasavum ulppedunnu.
dorothy edverdsinte green dott prograam kazhchakkaaril shradha kendreekarikkukayum prachodanaathmaka prasamgangalum samapraayakkaarude vidyaabhyaasavum upayogichu nirddeshikkukayum cheiyunnu. paripaadiyile pankaalittham balatsanga puraana sveekaaryathayile kurravinum kaazhchakkaarude edapedal vardhippikkunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
purushanmaarude saamoohika pravartthanam.
austreliya, aphrica, laattin america, caribean, eshya ennividangalilum vadakke americayudeyum europinteyum pala bhagangalilum sthreekalkkethiraaya gaarhika peedanatthinum purushanmaar sthreekale balaalsangam cheiyunnathinum ethiraaya purusha grouppukal kaananakum. itharathilulla samrambhangalude adisthaana sidhaantham, vyakthikal enna nilayil purushanmaar avarude akrama upayogam kuraykkunnathinu nadapadikal sweekarikkanam ennathaanu. group charchakal, vidyaabhyaasa prachaaranangal, raalikal, akramasaktharaaya purushanmarumaayi pravartthikkuka, skoolukalilum jayilukalilum jolisthalangalilum varkshoppukal enniva saadhaarana pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu. sthreekalkkethiraaya athikramangal thadayunnathilum peedippikkappedunna sthreekalkku sevanangal nalkunnathilum earppettirikkunna vanita samghadanakalumaayi sahakarichu nadapadikal pathivayi nadakkunnu.
amerikkayil maathram, atharam nooriladhikam purusha grouppukalundu, avayil palathum laingika athikramangalil prathyeka shradha kendreekarikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, washington dii. siyile balatsanga samghathe purushanmaarkk nirthaam, purushathvam antharleenamaayi akramasakthavum laingikavaadavumaanennu kaanukayum ahimsa lingasamathvavum valarthunna purushathvathinte badal roopangal prolsaahippikkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. secondary skoolukalil avatharanangal nadatthuka, posttarukal roopakalppana cheyyuka, adhyaapakarkkaayi oru kaippustakam nirmmikkuka, oru yuvajana maasika prasidheekarikkuka enniva athinte sameepakaala pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu. naalil onnu polulla mattu grouppukal koleju kaambasukalilum sainyathilum laingikaathikramangal thadayunnathinu gaveshana adhishtitha paripaadikal prayogikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
niyamaparavum nayaparavumaaya prathikaranangal.
laingika athikrama kesukal report cheyyukayum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheyyuka.
pala raajyangalilum laingikaathikrama sambhavangal poleesil report cheyyaan aalukale prolsaahippikkunnathum kodathikal kesukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinte vegathayum samvedanakshamathayum mechappeduthunnathinum oru samvidaanamundu. samarppita gaarhika peedana unitukal, laingika kuttakrithya unitukal, poleesinum kodathi udyogastharkkum linga pariseelanam, sthreekal mathramulla police steshanukal, balatsanga kuttakrithyangalkkulla kodathikal enniva prathyeka samvidaanangalil ulppedunnu.
kodathiyil hajarakanullah medical vidagtharude vimukhatha chilappol prasnangal srishtikkunnu. palappozhum kodathi shedyoolukal pravachanaatheethamaayathinaal kesukal hraswa ariyippil maattivaykkukayum hraswa saakshyapatrangal nalkenda saakshikalkkaayi deerghaneram kaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu ithinu kaaranam. dakshinaafrikkayil, ithine prathirodhikkaan, medical vidagthan athumbol laingika athikramakkesukalile nadapadikal thadassappeduthaan public prosecution dayaraktarettu majistrettumaare parisheelippikkunnu, angane saakshyapatrangal edukkaanum saakshikale kaalathamasam koodaathe cross examine cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
niyamaparishkaranam.
pala sthalangalilum sweekaricha niyamaparamaaya edapedalukalil iva ulppedunnu
1983ll balaalsangathekkurichulla canadian niyamangal parishkarikkukayum prathyekichu balaalsangatthinte kanakkukal sthireekarikkendathinte aavasyakatha neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, thelivu nalkendathinte aavasyakathayil eee laghookaranam prosecutermaar avaganikkunnuvennum forencic thelivukalillaathe kurachu kesukal maathrame kodathiyilekku pookunnulloovennum oru vilayiruthal kandethi.
phillippines ulppede eshyayile niravadhi rajyangal aduthide balaalsangatthe samoolamaayi punarnirvachikkuna niyamanirmmanam nadathukayum erakalkku sarkkar sahayam nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. report cheyyappetta kesukalude ennathil ganyamaaya vardhanavaanu phalam. parishkaricha niyamanirmmanam poornnamaayum phalapradamaakanamenkil pothujanangale avarude niyamaparamaaya avakaashangalekkurichu ariyikkunnathinulla prachaaranangalum nadakkanam.
aprasakthamaaya vivarangal kodathiyil sweekarikkappedunnille urappakkaan, muun yougoslaviayude anthaaraashtra criminal tribunal chila niyamangal roopeekarichu, athu mattevideyengilum phalapradamaaya niyamangalkkum nadapadikramangalkkum upayogapradamaaya maathrkayaayi varthikkum. laingikaathikrama kesukalil irayude saakshyam sthireekarikkenda aavasyamillennum irayude munkaala laingika charithram thelivaayi velippeduthendathilnum tribunalinte 96-aamm chattam vyakthamaakkunnu. ira shaareerikamo maanasikamo aaya akramathino thadankalil vaykkukayo bheeshanippeduthukayo allengil atharam akramathino thadankalil vaykkukayo cheythittundenkil allengil bhayappedaan kaaranam undengil oru prathirodhamenna nilayil sammatham anuvadikkillennu vyakthamaakkunna niyamathinu sammathamundennu prathikal avakaashappedunnathumaayi niyamam bandhappettirikkunnu. koodaathe, thaan allengil aval keezhadangiyillengil, mattoru vyakthi angane vidheyanaakukayo bheeshanippeduthukayo bhayappedukayo cheiyumennu vishwasikkaan iraykku nalla kaaranamundengil niyamaprakaaram sammatham anuvadikkilla. sammathapathram munnott kondupokaan anuvadikkunnidathu polum, eee thelivukal avatharippikkunnathin munbu, atharam avakaashavaadathinulla thelivukal prasakthavum vishwasaneeyavumaanennu prathi kodathiye bodhyappedutthanam. (kuttabodhatthinte anumaanam kaanuka.)
pala raajyangalilum, jadjimar laingika athikramangalkk prathyekichu hrasvamaaya shikshakal nalkunnu. ithu marikadakkaanulla oru maarggam, kaalaharanappedunna saahacharyangalillenkil balaalsangathinulla shikshaavidhikalkk minimum shikshavidhi earppeduthuka ennathaanu.
anthaaraashtra udambadikal.
deseeya niyamanirmmaanathinu maanadandangal nischayikkukayum praadeshika grouppukalkku niyama parishkaarangalkkayi pracharanam nadatthaan oru liver nalkukayum cheiyunnathinaal anthaaraashtra udambadikal pradhaanamaan. laingika athikramavum avaa thadayunnathum sambandhicha prasakthamaaya udambadikalil iva ulppedunnu
niravadhi anthaaraashtra karaarukal deseeya niyamanirmmaanathile vyavasthakal aavasyamulla samgharshangalile perumaattam ulppedeyulla perumaattatthinte maanadandangalum paridhikalum nischayikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, anthaaraashtra criminal kodathiyude (1998) roome niyamam balaalsangam, laingika adimatham, nirbandhitha veshyaavrithi, nirbandhitha garbham, nirbandhitha vandhyamkaranam ennivayulppede linga nirddishta kuttakrithyangalude vishalamaaya spectrum ulkkollunnu. 1949 leeii jeneeva kanvenshanukalude lamghanamo gurutharamaaya lamghanamo aaya chila tharatthilulla laingika athikramangalum manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna mattu tharatthilulla laingika akramangalum ithil ulppedunnu. niyamatthinte nirvachanagalil linga kuttakrithyangal ulppeduthunnathu anthaaraashtra niyamathile oru pradhana charitraparamaaya sambhavavikaasamaan.
mattu tharatthilulla laingika athikramangal thadayunnathinulla nadapadikal.
laingika kadathu.
laingika aavasyangalkkaayi aalukale kadathunnathu thadayunnathinulla samrambhangal pothuve lakshyamidunnathu
koodaathe, niravadhi sarkkar paripaadikalum sarkkarithara samghadanakalum kadathu irakalkkaayi sevanangal vikasippikkunnu. cypressil, videshikalum immigration vakupum raajyathekku praveshikkunna sthreekale vinoda allengil aabhyanthara sevana mekhalakalil jolie cheyyaan sameepikkunnu. sthreekalude avakashangaleyum kadamakaleyumkkurichum durupayogam, chooshanam, veshyaavrithi vaangal ennivayil ninnu labhyamaya samrakshana reethikalekkurichum vakupp upadeshikkunnu. europian unionilum amerikkayilum, kallakkadathinu irayaayavarkku kallakkadathukaare prosecute cheiyunnathil judicial samvidaanavumaayi sahakarikkaan thaalkkaalika thaamasa anumathi labikkum. akathu
beljiyathilum italiyilum kadathu irakalkkaayi abhayakendrangal sthaapichittundu. indiayile mumbaiyil kuttavaalikale arast cheiyunnathinum vichaarana cheiyunnathinum sugamamakkunnathinum kadathu cheyyappedunna sthreekalkku sahayavum vivarangalum nalkunnathinum oru antitraficing sentar sthaapichittundu.
jananendria murikkal.
vaidyasahaayam aavasyamillaathe manushyante jananendriyangal murikkunnath laingikaathikramamaayi chilar kaanunnu. sthree parichhedana (sthree jananendria murikkal) avaa cheiyunnavarude veekshanakonil ninnu manassilakkanamennum atharam arivu sanbradaayangal thadayunnathinu saamskaarikamaayi uchithamaaya edapedalukal roopakalppana cheyyaan upayogikkaamennum khafagi vaadichu. ugaandayile kapchorva jillayil, sthree parichhedana sanbradaayathe athu sevikkunna saamskaarika moolyangalil ninnu verthirikkunnathil samoohathile muthirnnavarude pinthuna nedaan eee paripadi shramichu. yadhaartha saamskaarika aadarshangal nilanirthunnathinaayi badal pravartthanangal nirddeshikkappettu. aikyaraashtrasabhayude janasamkhyaa fund eee jillayilulla sthree parichhedana kuraykkunna paripadi vijayakaramaanennu visheshippichu.
balavivaham.
saisava vivaahathin oru saamskaarika aditharayundu, palappozhum niyamaparamaan, athinaal maattam kaivarikkuka ennathu ganyamaanu. neratheyulla vivahangal niyamavirudhamaakkunnathu saadhaaranayaayi eee aachaarathe thadayaan paryaapthamalla. pala raajyangalilum jananagal rajisttar cheiyunna prakriya kramarahithamayathinaal aadya vivaahathile praayam ariyillayirikkaam. atharam pala vivaahangalilum oru pradhana adisthaana gadakamaaya daaridryathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna sameepanangalum vidyaabhyaasa lakshyangalkk oonnal nalkunna sameepanangalum neratheyulla prasavatthinte aarogya prathyaaghaathangalum kuttikalude avakashangalum phalangal nedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu.
sayudha samghattanangalil balaalsangam.
sayudha samghattanangalile laingika athikramam aduthide association oof dhaa vithavakal oof dhaa noside (avega), phooram phoor aafrikkan viman ajucationists thudangiya samghadanakal veendum munnilethi. aadyathethu rwandayile yuddha vidhavakaleyum balatsanga irakaleyum pinthunachittundu, randaamathethu siyara leone erakalkku vaidyasahaayavum kaunsilingum nalkiyittundu.
1995ll ikyaraashtra abhayaarthi hicommissionerude oafees abhayaarthi janasamkhyayil laingika athikramangal thadayunnathinum prathikarikkunnathinumalla maargganirddeshangal puratthirakki. eee maarganirddeshangalil inipparayunna vyavasthakal ulppedunnu
pothu avabodha prachaaranangal, vidyaabhyaasa pravartthanangal, akramam report cheiyunnathinum prathikarikkunnathinumaayi vanita grouppukal roopeekarikkuka ennivayum maarganirddeshangalil ulppedunnu. giniyayileyum yunaittad republic oof tansaniayileyum pravartthanangale adisthaanamaakki, abhayaarthi samoohangalile laingika athikramangal cherukkunnathinaayi anthaaraashtra rakshaapravarthaka samiti oru paripadi vikasippicheduthittundu. laingikavum lingaparavumaaya akramangalude vyaapanam vilayiruthunnathin pankaalittha reethikalude upayogam ithil ulppedunnu.
abhayaarthi janasamkhyayil, kesukal thirichariyunnathinum uchithamaaya prathirodha samvidaanangal sthaapikkunnathinum community pravartthakare pariseelippikkukayum vinyasikkukayum cheyyuka, community nethaakkalkkum mattu udyogastharkkum kuttavaalikale prosecute cheiyunnathinulla nadapadikal. bosnia, hersegovina, demookratik republic oof congo, eest timore, kenia, siyara liyon, north macedonia ennivayulppede laingikavum lingaparavumaaya akramangalkkethire eee paripadi pala sthalangalilum upayogichittundu.

