
aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum puthiya yugavum

aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum puthiya yugavum samanamaaya vikendreekritha gadanakalullathum ennaal charithrathekkurichum prakrithiyekkurichum parisheelakante lakshyangalekkurichum avarude kaazhchappaadukalil vyathyasangalullathumaaya samagramaya puthiya matha prasthaanangalaanu. 18-umm 19-umm noottaandukalile saamskaarika prasthaanangalil palappozhum verukalulla aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanangal charitraparamaaya purajaatheeya vishwaasangalaal punarujjeevippikkappeda swaadheenikkappedaano shramikkunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil uyarnnuvanna navayuga padippikkalukal athmeeya purogathiyekkurichulla sahasraabda aashayangalude savisheshathayaanu. 1960kalile ethirsamskaaram muthal, ashayavinimayam, paraspara swaadheenam, palappozhum ashayakkuzhappam enniva prasthaanangal thammilulla janakeeya manassil undaayittund.
aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanagalkkum navayuga prasthaanagalkkum academic padanavum pariseelanavum thammil samanamaaya bandhamund, irupathaam noottaandinu munbu paarshwalkkarikkappetta europian samskaarathinteyum charithrathinteyum vashangalil thaalpparyamund, koodaathe palappozhum avarude padippikkalukalil pazhaya scholarship ulppeduthunnu. rund chalanangalum vaividyamaarnnathum kendra sidhaanthamillaathathumaani, pandithanmaar avayude pothuvaaya pravanathakalile pradhana vyathyaasangal vivarichittundu. aadhunika purajaatheeyar saadhaaranayaayi jnjaanathe munkaala samskaarangalkk kaaranamaakumbol, puthiya mungaamikal mechappetta manushyabodhatthinte varavilaanu vishwasikkunnathu. aadhunika purajaatheeya daivashaasthram saadhaaranayaayi ananthavum prakrithi lokathe divyavumaayi bandhippikkunnathumaanu, athesamayam navayuga vakthaakkal bhauthika asthithvathinte athirukadannathine anukoolikkunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeya achaarangal achaaraparavum samoohathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathumaayi, athesamayam puthiya yugathile achaarangal praadhamikamaayi vyakthiyude vyakthiparamaaya valarchayumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum navayugavum thammilulla chila sankarayinangal uyarnnuvannittund, prathyekichu amerikkayil avaa ovarlaappu cheyyukayum ore saamoohika maatta prasthaanangalumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1990kall muthal janapriya samskaarathil aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanamaaya vikkayude saannidhyam manthravaadatthil shradha kendreekarichulla vyakthigathavum vaanijyavalkkarikkappedu sankararoopangal srishtikkunnathinu kaaranamaayi. prakrithi lokatheyum athmeeyathayeyum kurichulla vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukal chilappol chalanangalkkidayil samgharsham srishtikkunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeyar palappozhum puthuthalamurayude swathuathil ninnu akannunilkkaan sramikkukayum chilappol "puthuthalamura" enna padam apamaanamaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. bhauthika aashankakalkku oonnal nalkiyathinu puthiya karshakar saadhaaranayaayi aadhunika purajaatheeyare vimarshikkunnu. 1990kalil, navayuga prasthaanangal padikkunna niravadhi pandithanmaar aadhunika purajaatheeyathaye navayugathinte kudakkeezhil nirtthi, aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude pandithanmaar ithine athirthirunnu.
nirvachanangal.
aadhunika purajatheeyatha.
purathana greak, purathana roman mathangal ulppedunna oru mathavibhagamaayi purathana kristhyan ezhuthukaar, prathyekichu hippoyude aagasttin upayogichirunna laattin bhashayil ninnaan purajaatheeyan enna vaakk vannath. oru [videsha] janathayude" ennartham varunna greak padatthinte ardham vahikkunna jarmman bhaashayile heathan enna padavumaayi ithu ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthiludaneelam purajaatheeyathaye athijeevichathinekkuricho thirichethiyathinekkur ulla prabhashanangal nilanilkkunnu, kuranjathu pathinanjaam noottaand muthal europil purajaatheeya mathangal punasthaapikkaanulla vyakthamaaya sramangal nadakkunnundu. purajaatheeyan enna padathodoppam positteev svayam thirichariyal palappozhum kristhumathatheyum pothuvaayi samghaditha mathatheyum vimarsikkunnathinoppam samyojippikkappedukayum 18,19 noottaandukalil kooduthal saadhaaranamaavukayum cheythu. pala aadhunika purajaatheeya puthiya matha prasthaanagalkkum eee noottaandukalile saamskaarika punarujjeevanathilum deseeya swaathanthrya prasthaanangalilum verukalundu.
aadhunika purajaatheeyathaykku saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta nirvachanamilla; chila pandithanmaar purajaatheeyathaye oru pothuvaaya mathavibhagamaayi tharamthirichittundenkum ithu palappozhum purathana mathangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennu manassilaakkappedunnu. mathapadana pandithanaaya maikkal york randaamathe sameepanathe pinthunaykkukayum aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude vaividhyamaarnna vyaakhyaanangal undaayirunnittum, oru anuyojyamaaya tharamaayi sangrahikkaan kazhiyunna pothuvaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalundenna parayukayum cheiyunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeyar saadhaaranayaayi njaanavum ulkkazhchayum munkaala samskaarangalkk, prathyekichu kristhuvinu munbulla kaalathe samskaarangalkk nalkunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeya daivashaasthram savisheshathayaanu, athinaal athu daivathe prakrithi lokavumaayi bandhippikkunnu. mathaparamaya achaarangal uthbhavathilum nirvvahanathilum vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi chadangukale chuttippattiyaan, koodaathe samoohathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
puthiya yugam.
1960 kalile ethirsamskaarathil uyarnnuvannatho kooduthal praadhaanyamullatho aaya oru koottam vishwaasangaludeyum saankethikavidyakaludeyum kudakkeezhilaanu puthiya yugam. jyotisha yugangal kadannupokumbol manushyabodham maariyittundenna aashayathil ninnaan ithinu athinte peru labhichathu, aduthatho nilavilullatho aaya yugamennu vishwasikkappedunna aquarious yugathinte varavu manushya aathmeeyathayude naveekaranathinu kaaranamakum. puthiya yugam enna padam aadyamaayi upayogichathu theosophical saahityathilaanu, yudhaananthara yuu. eph. oo mathangalum manushyabodhathilum daaranayilum varaanirikkunna purogathiyil sahasraabda vishwaasangal nilanirtthiya mattu prasthaanangalum ithu sweekarichu. pankitta thalpparyangal, chuttupaadukal, charitraparamaaya bandhangal ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee padatthinte vishalamaaya upayogam 1970 kalilum 1980 kalilum sthaapithamaayi. navayuga prasthaanathinullile aashayangalude pradhana mungaamikalum prachodana srothassukalum theosaphy, puthiya chintha, kaal jung ennivayaanu. pandithanmaar paraamarshicha mattu mungaamikalil jokim oof feor, transendentalism, sweedenborgianism, kristhyan sayans enniva ulppedunnu. avarude mungaamikalil palareyum pole, puthiya mungaamikalkk palappozhum kizhakkan mathangalil thaalpparyamund.
oru puthiya yugathekkurichulla sahasraabda ashayam, manashaasthrathinteyum mathathinteyum sammisranam, teleology, pedagogi, sargaathmakatha ennivayekkurichulla parinaamavaada vishwaasangal, "samboornnatha" ykkaayulla anweshanam, laukika anubhavangale durbalamaayi aasrayikkal ennivayaanu puthiya yugathinte adisthaana pravanathakalil onnu. puthuvarsha padippikkalukal saadhaaranayaayi bhauthika nilanilppinte athirukadannathine anukoolikkukayum bhauthika aashankakalkku oonnal nalkukayum cheiyunnu. anuyaayikal palappozhum vyakthigatha aavasyangalkkum thaalpparyangalkkum anusarichu reethikal samyojippikkukayum samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu avar channeling, vishwalaiseshan, positteev chintha, badal rogashanti reethikal, dhyanam thudangiya saankethikavidyakal upayogichekkaam. oro vyakthiyilum oru divyaathmaavine kandethanakumenna vishwaasathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu chila sanbradaayangal. svayam valarcha, shaareerika rogashanti, vyakthiyekurichum koottaaya abodhaavasthayekkurichum uyarnna bodhatthilekku ethaan aalukale sahaayikkunnathile vijayam ennivayaanu pothuvaaya lakshyangal.
pothuvaaya saamyathakal.
aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum puthiya yugavum thammilulla samanathakal avarude pankitta sarvekshanathilum kendra adhikaarikaludeyum sidhaanthangaludeyum abhaavathilum kandethanakum, ithu puthiya matha prasthaanangalil avare asaadhaaranamaakkunnu. oru charismetic nethaavinte neethrthwathilaakunnathinum chuttumulla samoohathil ninnu svayam verpeduthaan aagrahikkunnathinum pakaram, rund prasthaanangalum janangal, samghadanakal, maadyama padhathikal, paripaadikal, cheria samoohangal ennivayude vikendreekritha shringalakaliloodeyaanu nilanilkkunnath. avaykku pothuvaaya chila padangalundu, sargaathmakathayeyum bhavana valareyadhikam vilamathikkunnu, koodaathe anuyaayikal thaddesheeya american, adivasi samskaarangal, punarjanmam allengil shamanism thudangiya vishayangalil thalpparyangal pankidaam.
aadhunika purajaatheeyathaykkum puthiya yugathinum emic, ettik enniva thammil samanamaaya chalanaathmakathayund-pariseelakanteyum baahya nireekshakanteyum kaazhchappaadukal. mathapatanapandithanaaya kokku voonn stukraad irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil aadhunika europine shreshtamaayi kanakkaakkukayum europian samskaarathe kristhyan moolyangalumaayi bandhippikkukayum cheytha aakhyaanangalekkurichu pala europian, vadakke american budhijeevikalum samshayaalukkalaayirunnuve parayunnu. ithu europian samskaaram, charithram, swathuam ennivayude paarshwalkkarikkappettathum avyakthavumaaya bhaagangalil akkaadamikavum janakeeyavumaaya thaalparyam srishtichu, ithu 1960 kalilum 1970 kalilum ethirsamskaaramaayi vyaapakamaayi. aadhunika purajaatheeyathayilum puthiya yugathilum academic padanavum pariseelanavum thammil sankeernamaaya oru bandham nilanilkkunnu. mahanaaya deviyude sidhaanthavum janginte manahshaasthra sidhaanthangalum polulla pazhaya paandithyangal mathaparamaya achaarangalil swaadheenam cheluthunnathu thudarunnu, puthiya academic padangal pariseelakar sweekarikkunnu, pandithanmaar oru emic parithasthithiyil ninnu uthbhavicha oru padam upayogikkumbol, athu aaa padatthinte niyamasaadhuthayaayi kanakkakkaam.
vyathyaasangal.
charithratthinte kazhchakal.
aadhunika purajaatheeyarkkum puthiya mungaamikalkkum charithrathekkurichum bhaviyekkurichum vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukalund. aadhunika purajaatheeyar bhoothakaalathil ninnulla mathaparamaya kaazhchappaadukalilekk thiriyunnu, avar punarujjeevippikkaan shramikkunnu allengil palappozhum punarnirmikkaan shramikkunnu. prathyekichu europil, aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanangal chilappol purathana kaalam muthal kandethaan kazhiyunna thakarkkappedaatha oru vamshavali undennu avakaashappedunnu. charithrathekkurichulla avarude veekshanam saadhaaranayaayi munkaala samskaarangalil ninno nilavilulla paarambaryangalil ninno prakrithiyil ninno uruthirinja kettukadhakaleyum chithrangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, mathramalla avar adisthaana thalatthil bhaaviyile maattam prathekshikkunnilla. maranathinteyum punarjanmathinteyum ananthamaaya chakramaayi charithram kanakkaakkappedunnu.
charithrathekkurichulla navayuga veekshanathinu saadhaaranayaayi oru parinaama teleology undu. puthiya mungaamikal charithrathe ganyamaayi vyathyastha yugangalude purogathiyaayi manassilakkukayum bhaviye roopappeduthunnathinulla vazhikalil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu, athu uyarnna bodham kondu savisheshamaakumennu avar vishwasikkunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeyareppole paarambaryatthaal bandhitharaakaan sramikkunnathinupakaram, puthiya mungaamikal saadhaaranayaayi oru samagravum puthiyathumaaya aathmeeyathayilekku nayikkunnu.
prakrithiyum metaafisiksum.
aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanangale palappozhum navayuga prasthaanangalil ninnu verthirikkunnathaanu antharleenamaaya daivashaasthram. aadhunika purajaatheeyare sambandhichidatholam, prakrithilokam vishudhanekkurichula sangalppangalude kendramaanu. manasse shareeravum thammilulla dwaithatha illaathirikkukayum lokam poornnamaayum pravarthanakshamamaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheiyunna poornnathayekkurichulla kaazhchappaadukale avaa saadhaaranayaayi prothsaahippikkunnu.
paul heelas, york, mattu pandithanmaar ennivar parayunnath, athmeeya sathyam bhauthika aashankakalekkaal pradhaanamaan ennathaanu prabalamaaya puthuvarsha veekshanam, ithu prakrithi lokathe praadhaanyamillaathathum oru thadassamaayi kaanappedunnathum allengil oru midhyaadhaaranayaayi nirasikkappedunnathumaaya oru maanichiyan dwaithavaadathilekku nayikkunnu. metaafisikkal paripoornnathaykkulla thirachilum manushyavargam thakaraarilaanenna kazhchappadum navayuga aathmeeyathayude savisheshathakale nirvachikkunnuvennu heelas parayunnu, ithu saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya dougless essy, saamoohikashaasthranjayaya melissa haaringtan, mathapadana pandithanaaya joann piyarsan ennivar aadhunika purajaatheeya kaazhchappaadukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnu. loka-sthireekarikkunnathum loka-nirasikkunnathumaaya matha prasthaanangalude saamoohika vargeekaranangal upayogichu, aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum puthuthalamurayum rund athiraalikalaaya daivashaasthrangale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu puthiya kaalathe prabodhanangal shareerathinum bhauthika nilanilppinum oonnal nalkukayo nishedhikkukayo cheiyunna oru noostik paarambaryatthinte bhagamaaya "noostik-purajaatheeya vibhajanathe" kurachukaanunna pravanatha puthiya kaalathe praaveenyakkaarkkundenum york parayunnu.
practies praakteeshanarum.
aadhunika purajaatheeya sanbradaayangale deerghakaala thudarchaykkaayi parisramikkunnathaayi visheshippikkaam, ithu pala puthuvarsha sanbradaayangalilum nilanilkkunna nirddishta phalangalil athicherunnathilulla shradhayumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeyarkkidayil, chadangukal saadhaaranayaayi mathaparamaya swathuathinte kendramaanu, koodaathe seasonal avadhidinangalum jeevithabhaagangalum cheria grouppukalaayi aachaaravalkkarikkukayum aaghoshikkukayum cheiyunnu. chadangukal avaa nirvahikkunna grouppukale aashrayich vyathyastha roopangal edukkunnu, athil poorvvikarude aaraadhanayo aathmaakkalumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathaanulla shramangalo ulppedaam. aadhunika purajaatheeyar oru samoohathe sevikkunnathil oonnal nalkunnu, europile pala prasthaanangalum vamseeya abhimaanam ulkkollukayum deseeyathayumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum cheiyunnu. amerikkayil vamseeya maanam kuravaanengilum, europian vamshajaraaya american aadhunika purajaatheeyar europian ithara samskaarangalil ninnulla paarambaryangalum rooparekhakalum sweekarikkunnathu pothuve vivaadamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
navayuga samoohangal chilappol aakasha sambhavangalil achaarangal aacharikkukayum nadathukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude parisheelakarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, ithu asthiravum nirvachikkunna savisheshathayalla. puthuvarsha sanbradaayangal saadhaaranayaayi vidagtharum idapaadukaarum thammilulla bandhatthinte roopamedukkukayum palappozhum dhyanam ulppeduthukayum cheiyunnu. oru samoohathe sevikkunnathil kuranja oonnal nalkikkond, puthuthalamura padippikkalukalil praadhamika shradha vyakthiparamaaya valarchayilaan, prathyekichu oru vyakthikk uyarnna thalatthilulla bodhatthilethaanulla saadhyatha, aathyanthika lakshyam palappozhum eee maattam sugamamaakkuka ennathaanu.
ovarlaappu, hibrid roopangal.
anuyojyamaaya tharangalkkum pothuvaaya pravanathakalkkum appuram, aadhunika purajaatheeyathaykkum puthiya yugathinum parasparam savisheshathakal prakadippikkaan kazhiyum. prathyekichum puthuvarshatthile vasthukkal ellaayppozhum avaa thammil oru vyathyasam undakkunnilla. york parayunnathanusarichu, aadhunika purajatheeyatha nilanilkkunnathupole, pothuvayathum naamamaathravumaaya roopangal thammilulla aashayakkuzhappathinte savisheshathayaanu, koodaathe kabalism, freemasonary-ninnu uruthirinja aachaaraparamaaya maantrikatha, neopythagorianism, neoplatonism ennivayude gadakangal ulppeduthiyekkaam. mathapadana pandithanaaya christopher partridge rund chalanangaleyum nigoodathayude bhagangalaayi visheshippikkunnu-padinjaarile athmeeya antharpravaahangal-chila ghattangalil layikkunna rund vyathyastha aruvikalumaayi avaye thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.
yunaittad kingdom, yunaittad stetts, austreliya ennividangalile aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanangale swaadheenichathu europil mattidangalil kurravulla vyakthivaadaparavum samathvaparavumaaya samoohangal srishtikkaanulla abhilaashangalaanu. prathyekichum amerikkayil, aadhunika purajaatheeya prathibhasam pradhaanamaayum bebi boom thalamurayude ethirsamskaarathilum yuva samskaarathilum puthiya yugathinoppam uyarnnuvannu, chalanangalkkidayil kaaryamaaya ovarlaappu undu. mathapadana pandithanaaya saaraa emm. aadhunika purajaatheeyathayeyum amerikkayile navayugatheyum kurichu oru monograph ezhuthiya paikk, prasthaanangal uyarnna alavilulla mathaparamaya vyakthigathavalkkaranam pankidukayum apocalyptisathilki neengukayum cheiyunnu, american mathaparavum saamoohikavumaaya charithratthil avarude sthaanathiloode avarude bandham manassilakkaan kazhiyum. american aadhunika purajaatheeyarum navayuga samoohangalum palappozhum saamoohika maatta prasthaanangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, laingika vimochanam, feminism, yudhaananthara american paristhithi prasthaanam enniva prothsaahippikkunnu. aadhunika purajaatheeya, navayuga pravartthanangal ulkkollunnathum ulkkollunnathumaaya oru prakhyapitha lakshyathinte bhaagamaayi avatharippikkunna vaarshika starwood utsavamaanu ovarlaappinte oru udaaharanam.
aadhunika celtic purajaatheeyathayude chila pathippukal celtic swathuathe peripheral aayi chithreekarikkukayum purathana selttukale kuleenamaaya kaattumrigangalaayi kaanukayum cheiyunnu. ithu celtic prameyamulla purajaatheeya samgeethavum puthuvarsha prameyangal saadhaaranamaaya aadhunika purajaatheeya websaittukalum srishtikkunnathilekku nayichu. 1990kalilum 2000kalilum, celtic samskaarathil ninnum manthravaada-kurtha sidhaanthathil ninnum prachodanam ulkkonda oru aadhunika purajaatheeya prasthaanamaaya vikkayude janapriya samskaarathil vardhichuvarunna exposure-1996 leeii american chithramaaya "dhii kraaft" polulla udaaharanagal aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum puthiya yugavum thammilulla paraspara swaadheenathilekku nayichu. kaumaarakkaraaya penkuttikalkkidayil praadhamikamaayi janapriyamaaya silver ravenwolf, scott kanningham thudangiya ezhuthukaar prathinidheekarikkunna vikkayude jeevitashailiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru roopam srishtikkaanum janapriyamakkaanum ithu sahayichu. janapriyamaaya manthravaadam" ennu thaan vilikkunna vikkayude eee pathipp, athinte vyakthivaadathilum vaanijyavaadathinte gadakathilum puthiya yugam valareyadhikam swaadheenichittundenna essy parayunnu, ithu vaanijya spell pusthakangalil addeham udaaharanamaayi kaanikkunnu.
1970kalil nirddeshikkappedukayum bhoomiye oru jeeviyaayi manassilakkukayum cheytha gaya sidhaantham aadhunika purajaatheeyareyum puthuthalamura pravartthakareyum swaadheenichittundu. aadhunika purajaatheeyarkkidayil, ithu deviyude prasthaanatthil ettavum kooduthal swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu, avide gayya bhoomiyude maathavaayi aaradhikkunnu; puthiya yugathil, gayya oru suuppar-konshyasnes, balancing thathwam enningane nirvachichittundu. york parayunnathanusarichu, aadhunika purajaatheeyathayum puthuthalamurayum 1990-kalil kooduthal samanamaakaan thudangi, kaaranam aadhunika purajaatheeyar kooduthal pathivayi panentheestik kaazhchappaadukal sweekarichu, ithu udaathathayilum atheetharilum ulla vishwaasangale samyojippikkunnu, athesamayam puthiya mungaamikal samagra shaasthram, gaya sidhaantham thudangiya ashayangal sweekarichu, ithu prasthaanangale parasparam kooduthal sweekarikkunnu. prasaadhakarude vaarika" yill 2001-leeii oru pusthaka avalokanam american ezhuthukaariyaaya francesca dii graandisinte kaazhchappaadukale deva aaraadhanayudeyum svayam snehathekkurichulla navayuga padippikkalukaludeyum sankarayinamaayi visheshippichu, ithu "oru devathayaayi svayam engane aaradhikkaam ennathinekkurichulla oru pusthakathinu" kaaranamaayi.
gharshanam.
aadhunika purajaatheeyar palappozhum puthuthalamurayude swathuathil ninnu akannunilkkaan shramikkunnu, chila samudaayangal "puthuthalamura" enna padam apamaanamaayi upayogikkunnu. puthuthalamurayude daarmikathayeyum aachaaratheyum kurichulla avarude aavarthichulla vimarsanangalil valareyadhikam panam eedaakkuka, lalithamaaya reethiyil chinthikkuka, rakshappedalil earppeduka enniva ulppedunnu. iruttine thinmayaayi kaanenda prakrithi lokathinte anivaryamaaya bhaagathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu vaadikkunna avar prakaashatthinteyum iruttinteyum sakthikal thammilulla pooraattatthinte pothuvaaya puthuvarsha roopakathe nirasikkunnu.
bhogyalokathinu valareyadhikam oonnal nalkunnathinum sariyaaya athmeeya kaazhchappaadillaathathinam puthiya karshakar aadhunika purajaatheeyare vimarshikkunnu. chila aadhunika purajaatheeyar irunda varnna skeemukalum prathichaayayum sweekarikkunnathu polulla athirukadanna upasamskaarangal engane sweekarikkunnu ennathinekkurichu puthiya yugathile vimarsanangal undaayittund. rund prasthaanangalileyum aalukal ahankaarathinum naarsisisathinum vendi mattoraale kuttappeduthiyittundu.
vargeekaranathekkurichu academic tharkkangal.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil niravadhi pandithanmaarum matha ezhuthukaarum aadhunika purajaatheeyathayeyum puthuthalamura samskaaratheyum ore prathibhasamaayi kanakkaakkukayo aadhunika purajatheeyatha, prathyekichu vikka, puthuthalamurayude kudakkeezhil ulppeduthukayo cheythu. aantoyin fiver, hungraph, heelas thudangiya puthuthalamura prathibhaasatthile chila pramukha pandithanmaraanu ithu cheythath. puthiya yugathekkurichulla thante 1996 leeii monographyle aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude pazhaya pathippukalum "puthiya yugathinte vaividhyavum" thammil hungraph oru vyathyasam kaanikkunnu. randaamathethil addeham vikka, prathyekichu 1960 muthal amerikkayil sthaapithamaaya roopangal, deva prasthaanam enniva ulppedunnu. american vikkan aiden eiii nadatthiya oru vaadathe addeham abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. kellie, aadhunika purajatheeyatha "chila vazhikalil puthuthalamura prasthaanatthinu samaantharamaanu, mattullavaril ninnu moorchayulla reethiyil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, chila cheria vazhikalil athine ovarlaappu cheiyunnu"; eee vaadam, heingraafinte abhipraayathil, puthuthalamurayekkurichulla thiranjeduttha kaazhchappaadine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, koodaathe aadhunika purajaatheeyathayodulla kshamaapanatthinte aavishkaaramaayirikkaam. prasthaanangal thammilulla samaanathakaleyum vyathyasangaleyum kurichulla yorkkinte vivaranangalodu yojikkunna hungraph parayunnath avarude sankeernamaaya bandham aadhunika purajaatheeyathaye "[navayugathil] thaarathamyena vyakthamayum parimithappedutthiya oru upasamskaramaakki" maattunnu ennaanu. heelas, 1996 muthalulla thante pusthakatthil, daivangale manushyamanassinte pravachanangalayi kaanunna navayuga padippikkalukalile daivashaasthrathinte manashaasthraparamaaya vyaakhyaanathilekku viral choondunnu. ithu svayam-vishudhavalkkaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu, ithu addeham aadhunika purajaatheeyathaykku kaaranamaakukayum puthiya yugathinte kudakkeezhil ulppeduthunnathinulla oru adisthaanamaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude niravadhi pandithanmaar thangalude mekhalaye puthiya yugathinte kudakkeezhil vargeekarikkunnathil tharkkikkunnu. york parayunnathanusarichu, paashchaathya mukhyadharaa samoohavumaayum kristhumathavumaayum bandhappett "purathuninnulla mathaviruddhar" enna nilayil avar pankitta padavi polulla niravadhi gadakangal prasthaanangal thammilulla aashayakkuzhappathin kaaranamaayittundaakam. samghadithamaaya navayuga pravarthanangalil vikkan miriam "starhock" simosinte pankaalitthavum 1990kalil navayuga padaavaliyil ninnu akannupokunnathinu munbu 1980kalil "navayugathinte" roopakam sweekaricha aadhunika purajaatheeyarum mattu gadakangalil ulppedunnu. vikkayude pandithanaayi svayam visheshippikkunna haaringtan, fiverinteyum heingraphinteyum vargeekaranam mathaparamaya upasamskaarangalekkurichu avarude padanatthinte vishaalathayaanennu aaropikkunnu, ithu ekathaanathayekkurichu thettaaya dhaarana srishtikkunnu. vikkayekkurichulla doctoral prabandham nadatthiya piyarsan, vishadeekaranathinte oru bhagam sandarbhathe aashrayich padavali engane vyathyasthamayi upayogikkunnuvennu amgeekarikkaathathil paraajayappettuvenn parayunnu; udaaharanathinu, britiish, american charchakalil "vikka", "parambaraagatha manthravaadam" ennee padangal engane vyathyasthamayi manassilakkunnu. piyarsan 1998-ll heelakalodu prathikarikkukayum aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude savisheshatha svayam-vishudheekaranamaanenna kaazchappaadinethire vaadikkukayum cheythu.
chila aadhunika feminist purajaatheeyar oru aantharika deviye kandethuka enna puthiya yuga lakshyam pankidunnu, ithu jungian aarkkaippukale soochippichekkaam. ithu chila pandithanmaare avare puthuvarsha prasthaanatthinte bhaagamaayi tharamthirikkaan prerippichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi daivangale manushyamanassinte srishtikalaayittaanu visheshippikkunnathu, allathe vyathirikthamaya asthithvangalalla. mattu pandithanmaar atharam feminist aadhunika purajaatheeyare puthiya mungaamikalil ninnu vyathyastharaayi kaanunnu, kaaranam avar deviye aantharikavum bahyavumaaya reethiyil kaanunnu. thaan thudakkamitta paarambaryangalil ninnu verthirikkunna "janapriyamaaya manthravaadathe" aadhunika purajaatheeyathayekkaal puthiya yugamayi tharamthirikkanamennu essy vaadikkunnu, kaaranam athu svayam shradha kendreekarikkunnu, sthaapithamaaya aadhunika purajaatheeya shringalakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnil, vipani shakthikalumayi samyojippichirikkunnu. eee kaazhchappaad aadhunika purajaatheeyathayude pandithanmarkkidayil saarvathrikamaayi pankidappedunnilla.