
madeena

padinjaaran soudi arabiayile hejaz mekhalayile madeena pravishyayude thalasthaanamaanu madeena, audyogikamaayi alle-madeena alle-munaavvara (<unk>, <unk>), saadhaaranayaayi madeena allengil madeena ennum lalithamaakkunnu. islaamile ettavum pavitramaaya nagarangalilonnaya 2020 leeii kanakkukal prakaram janasamkhya <aii. dii. 1> aanu, ithu raajyathe naalaamathe ettavum janasamkhyayulla nagaramaayi maarunnu. raajyathinte padinjaaran bhaagangalil madeena pravishyayude kaathal bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna eee nagaram nagaratthinte nagarapradeshamaayi vyaapichukidakkunnu, backie bhagangal hijas parvathangal, shoonyamaaya thaazhvarakal, kaarshika edangal, pazhaya nishkriya agniparvvathangal ennivayaal niranjirikkunnu.
madeena pothuve "islaamika samskaarathinteyum naagarikathayudeyum thottilayi" kanakkakkunnu. islaamika paarambaryatthile moonnu pradhana nagarangalil randaamathe vishudha nagaramaayi eee nagaram kanakkaakkappedunnu, yathaakramam mccay jerusalem ettavum vishudhavum moonnaamathe vishudhavumaaya nagarangalayi pravartthikkunnu. "alle-masjid alle-nabavi" () islaamil asaadhaaranamaaya praadhaanyamullathum avasaanathe islaamika pravachakanaaya muhammadinte shavasamskara sthalamaayi pravartthikkunnu, addehamaanu 622 sii. iii. yill palli nirmmichathu. nireekshakaraaya muslimkal saadhaaranayaayi avarude jeevithathilorikkalenkilum siyarat ennariyappedunna theerthaadana velayil addehathinte shavakudeeram allengil "rohada" sandarshikkaarundu, ennirunnaalum ithu nirbandhamalla. islaaminte varavinu munbu nagaratthinte yadhaartha peru yatrib () aayirunnu, khuraanile 33-aamm adhyaayathil (alle-ahsab) ithine eee peril paraamarsikkunnu. muhammadinte maranashesham '()' ennum pinneedu '()' ennum punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu, lalithamaakkunnathinum athinte aadhunika naamamaya '()' aayi churukkunnathinum munbu, athil ninnaan 'madeena' enna engleesh bhasha aksharavinyasam uruthirinjathu. soudi rooad chinnangal ',' enniva parasparam maattiyedukkaan upayogikkunnu.
hijra ennariyappedunna mccayil ninnu mohammed kudiyerunnathinu munbu 1,500 varshathilereyaayi eee nagaram nilaninnirunnu. muhammadinte neethrthwathil athivegam vardhichuvarunna musleem khaleefayude thalasthaanamaayirunnu madeena, athinte pravartthanangalude aditharayaayum islaaminte thottilayum pravarthichu, avide muhammadinte 'umma'-madeenan pouranmaar (ansar), athupole thanne mohammed (muhaajiroon) ennivarodoppam kudiyeriyavar, koottaayi 'sahaba' ennariyappettavar-valia swaadheenam nedi. alle-masjid anaan-nabavi, kwaba masjid, masjid alle-khiblaathayin ennee moonnu pramukha pallikalude aasthaanamaanu madeena, kwaba masjid islaamile ettavum pazhakkamullathaanu. muun mccan soorakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi khuraaninte valiyoru bhagam madeenayilaanu velippeduthiyathu.
mikka hijasukaleyum pole, madeena thaarathamyena hrasvamaaya nilanilppil niravadhi adhikara kaimattangalkk saakshyam vahichittundu. anchaam noottaand vare jootha-arabian gothrangal (sii. iii. anchaam noottaand vare), aavs, khasraaj (muhammadinte varavu vare), mohammed, rashidun (<aii. dii. 9>), umayyads (<aii. dii. 4>), abbasids (<aii. dii. 3>), eejipthile mamlooks (<aii. dii. 6>), automans (<aii. dii. 8>), aadyathe soudi samsthaanam (<aii. dii. 5>), mohammed alii pasha (<aii. dii. 7>), randaam thavana automans (<aii. dii. 2>), haashamittukalkk keezhilulla makkayude shareefett (<aii. dii. 1>), oduvil innathe soudi arabiayude kaikalilaanu (1925).
siera sandarshikkunnathinu purame, nagaratthile mattu pramukha pallikalum mathaparamaya praadhaanyamulla landmaarkkukalaaya moundu uhud, alle-baakhi semiteri, ezhu pallikal ennivayum sandarshikkaan vinodasanchaarikal varunnu. madeenayileyum mccayileyum niravadhi charitraparamaaya gadanakalum puraavastu sthalangalum soudi sarkkar nasippichittundu.
perukal.
yatrib.
islaaminte varavinu munbu eee nagaram yatrib (;) ennariyappettirunnu. babylonian rajaavaaya nabonidasinte (bce aaram noottaand) oru likhithathil ninnu kandethiya "yatrib" enna vaakk thudarnnulla noottaandukalile niravadhi grandhangalil nannayi saakshyappeduthiyittundu. khuraanile suura (adhyayam) 33 leeii aayath (vaakyam) 13 lum eee peru rekhappeduthiyittundu. angane, kuzhiyude yuddham vare nagaratthinte peru ariyappedunnu. islaamika paarambaryamanusarichu, mohammed pinneedu nagaratthe eee peru vilikkunnathu nirodhichu.
taiba tabayum.
yudhathinu sesham, mohammed nagaratthe "taiba" (tharam allengil nallath) (;) ennum samanamaaya ardhamulla "tabah" () ennum punarnaamakaranam cheythu. yaa taiba!" enna janapriya naadodi gaanathil nagaratthe soochippikkaanum eee peru upayogikkunnu."(ooo taiba!). eee rund perukalum samyojippichu nagaram ariyappedunna mattoru peru "taibat attu-tabah" (itharathilulla ettavum dayayullah) ennaanu.
madeena.
eee nagaratthe alle-madeena ennum vilikkunnu (i.iii. 'nagaram') chila 'hadeesukalil'."" "()," "madeenat unn-nabee" "(pravaachakante nagaram allengil pravaachakante nagaram ennartham varunnava)," "alle-madeenat ull-munaavvaara" "(prabudhamaaya nagaram) ennee perukalellaam eee vakkil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu". madeenaykkoppam audyogika rekhakalilum rooad sainejukalilum upayogikkunna nagaratthinte ettavum saadhaaranayaayi amgeekarikkappetta aadhunika peru koodiyaanithu.
charithram.
niravadhi vishishta sthalangaludeyum landmarkkukaludeyum aasthaanamaanu madeena, avayil bhooribhaagavum pallikalum charitraparamaaya praadhaanyavumund. melpparanja moonnu pallikal, masjid alle-fath (masjid alle-khandaakh ennum ariyappedunnu), ezhu pallikal, niravadhi prashastha islaamika vyakthikalude shavakudeerangal sthithicheyyunna bakhi semiteri; pravaachakante palliyude thekkukizhakk, uhood parvvatham, uhood yudhathinte sthalam, mikka aadhunika khuraan musaafukalum achadikkunna rajaavu fahad mahathaaya khuraan printing complexes enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
aadyakaala charithravum jootha niyanthranavum.
hijraik kuranjathu 1500 varshamenkilum munbo ekadesham bii. sii. iii. onpathaam noottaandilo madeenayil janavasamundaayirunnu. naalam noottaandode arab gothrangal yeman vamshajar kaiyeran thudangi, muhammadinte kaalath nagaratthil moonnu pramukha jootha gothrangal vasichirunnu baanu khaynuka, baanu khuraisa, baanu nadir. hejasil pershyan saamraajyathinte aadhipathyakaalath baanu khuraisa pershyan shaayude nikuthi shekharanakkaaranaayi pravarthichathaayi ibnu khordadbe pinneedu report cheythu.
rund puthiya arab gothrangalaaya 'aus allengil baanu' aus, baanu khasraaj ennum ariyappedunna khasraaj ennivayude varavinushesham sthithi maari. thudakkathil eee gothrangal eee pradesham bharichirunna jootha gothrangalumaayi sakhyamundaakkiyirunnavum pinneedu kalapam nadathukayum swathanthramaavukayum cheythu.
avs, khasraaj ennivaykku keezhil.
anchaam noottaandinte avasaanathode jootha bharanaadhikaarikalkk nagaratthinte niyanthranam rund arab gothrangalkk nashtappettu. purathuninnulla sahaayathe vilikkukayum oru virunnil pradhana joothanmaare vanchanayode koottakkola cheyyukayum cheythukondu" baanu oosum baanu khasraj oduvil madeenayil aadhipathyam nedi ennu jootha vijnjaanakoshathil parayunnu.
kalapathinushesham jootha gothrangal avukaludeyum khasraajinteyum idapaadukaaraayi maariyenna musleem srothassukalude avakaashavaadam mikka aadhunika charitrakaaranmaarum amgeekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, scotish pandithanaaya vilyam montgomery vaattinte abhipraayathil, jootha gothrangalude edapaadukal 627 nuu munbulla kaalaghattatthile charitraparamaaya vivaranagal vyakthamakkunnilla, jootha janatha oru paridhivare rashtreeya swaathanthryam nilanirthiyathaayi addeham abhiprayappettu.
aadyakaala muslim charitrakaaranaaya ibnu ishaq, himyarayat raajyathile avasaanathe yeman rajaavum yatrib nivaasikalum thammilulla oru purathana samghattanathekkurichu parayunnu. rajaavu oyaasisinaduthekku kadannupokumbol, thamasakkaar addehathinte makane kollukayum yemenait bharanadhikaari janangale unmoolanam cheyyumennum kaippathikal murikkumennum bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. ibnu ishaakkinte abhipraayathil, baanu khuraisa gothrathil ninnulla rund rabbikal addehathe angane cheiyunnathil ninnu thadanju, avar oyaasis ozhivakkaan rajavinodu abhyarthichu, kaaranam khuraishile oru pravaachakan varum kaalangalil kudiyerunna sthalamaayirunnu athu, athu addehathinte veedum vishramasthalavumaayirunnu."yemenian rajaavu angane pattanatthe nasippikkaathe yoodaayisathilekku parivartthanam cheythu. addeham rabbikale thannodoppam kondupoyi, mccayil avar kabba abraham nirmmicha oru kshethramaayi amgeekarikkukayum raajaavine upadeshikkukayum cheythu "mccayile janangal cheythath cheyyaan kshethram chuttikkaranganum athine aaraadhikkaanum bahumanikkaanum, thala mundanam cheyyaanum, athinte parisaram vidunnathuvare ellah vinayathodum perumaranum."yemane sameepichappol, rabbikal theeyil ninnu kedupaadukal sambhavikkathe purathuvannu pradeshavaasikalkk oru athbhutham kaanichu, yemanikal yoodaayism sweekarichu", ibnu ishaakh parayunnu.
oduvil baanu 'ausum baanu khasraj parasparam sathrutha pulartthukayum 622ll muhammadinte hijra (kudiyettam) samayat avar 120 varshamaayi pooraadukayum baanu nadir baanu khuraisayum ausumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum baanu khasraakha khasraajinte paksham cherukayum cheythu. avar aake naalu yudhangal nadatthi.
muhammadinte varavinu eathaanum varshangalkk munbu nadanna buath yudhamaayirunnu avarude avasaanatheyum ettavum raktharookshithavumaaya yuddham. yudhathinte phalam anishchithathvathilaavukayum tharkkam thudarukayum cheythu. 'khasraaj thalavanaaya abd allah ibnu ubai yudhathil pankedukkaan visammathichathinal addehathinu samathwathinum samadhaanathinum prashasthi labhichu. muhammadinte varavinu munbu nagaratthile ettavum aadaraneeyanaaya nivaasiyaayirunnu addeham. nadannukondirikkunna tharkkam pariharikkunnathin, mccuik purathulla oru sthalamaaya akaabayil yaathribile bandhapetta nivaasikal muhammadine rahasyamaayi kandumuttukayum adhehatheyum addehathinte cheria vishwaasikaleyum nagaratthilekku shanikkukayum cheythu, avide mohammed vibhaagangalkkidayil oru madhyasthane sevikkaan kazhiyum.
muhammadinteyum rasheedunteyum keezhil.
622ll, mohammed ekadesham 70 mccan muhajiroon eathaanum masangalkkullil mccayil ninnu yaathribile sankethathinaayi purappettu, ithu nagaratthinte mathaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya bhooprakrithiye poornnamaayum maattimaricha oru sambhavamaayirunnu; rund arab gothrangalil palarum praadeshika juthanmaarum puthiya islam matham sweekarichathinaal ausum khasraaj gothrangalum thammilulla deerghakaala sathrutha shamichu. muthasshiyiloode khasrajumaayi bandhamullah mohammed nagaratthinte nethaavaayi amgeekarikkappettu. eathenkilum pashchaathalatthilulla islam mathathilekku parivartthanam cheytha yatrib swadeshikalaaya purajaatheeyaraaya arab allengil joothanmaare ansar (rakshaadhikaarikal allengil sahaayikal) ennu vilikkukayum musleengal sakat nikuthi nalkukayum cheythu.
ibnu ishaakkinte abhipraayathil, mekhalayile ellah kakshikalum madeenayude bharanaghadanayodu yojichu, athu muhammadinte neethrthwathil paraspara sahakaranathin ellah kakshikalum prathijnjaabadharaanu. ibnu ishaq rekhappeduthukayum ibnu hisham kaimarukayum cheytha eee rekhayude swabhaavam aadhunika paashchaathya charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil tharkkavishayamaan, avaril palarum eee "udambadi" orupakshe vyathyastha theeyathikalil ezhuthiyathinupakaram vaakkalulla vyathyastha karaarukalude oru kolash aanennum avaa eppol nirmmichuvennum krithyamaayi ariyillennum vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mattu paashchaathya, muslim pandithanmaar vaadikkunnathu karaarinte vaachakam-yadhaarthathil orotta rekhayo onniladhikam rekhakalo aakatte-orupakshe nammude kaivashamulla ettavum pazhaya islaamika grandhangalilonnaayirikkam. yemenait jootha srothassukalil, hijrayude moonnaam varshathil (625) ezhuthiya "kitab dimmath alle-nabi" ennariyappedunna mattoru udambadi mohammed addehathinte jootha prajakalum thammil thayyarakki, ithu arabiyil thamasikkunna juthanmaarkku sabat acharikkaanum avarude side-loock vikasippikkaanum swaathanthryam nalki. pakaramaayi, avarude rakshaadhikaarikalude samrakshanathinaayi avar varsham thorum jisia nalkendathaayirunnu.
uhood yuddham.
625-ll mccayile muthirnna thalavanaaya abu sufiyan ibn harb pinneedu islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum madeenaykkethire oru mccan senaye nayikkukayum cheythu. ekadesham 1,000 sainikarumaayi khuraishi sainyathe neridaan mohammed march cheythu, ennaal sainyam yudhakkalathe sameepichappol, abdullah ibnu ubaayiyude keezhil 300 perr pinmari, ithu muslim sainyathinte manoveeryam thakarthu. mohammed thante 700-oolam varunna sainyavumayi march thudarukayum mccayile kuthirappadaye nireekshikkunnathinum muslim sainyathinte pinbhaagathinu samrakshanam nalkunnathinumaayi 50 ambeythukaarude oru samghathodu ippol "jabal arr-rumma" (ambeythukaarude kunnu) ennu vilikkappedunna oru cheria kunnin mukalil kayaran utharavidukayum cheythu. yuddham choodaayathode mccar pinwangan nirbandhitharaayi. munnira ambeythukaaril ninnu kooduthal akattinirthukayum yuddham musleengalude vijayamaakumenn munkootty kaanukayum cheytha ambeythukaar pinvaangunna mccarey pinthudaraan avarude sthaanangal vidaan theerumaanichu. ennirunnaalum, oru cheria kakshi pinnil ninnu; mattullavarodu muhammadinte utharavukal anusarikkaruthenn abhyarthichu.
ambeythukaar kunnil ninnu erangaan thudangunnath kandu, khaleed ibnu alle-valid thante unitinode kunnin mukaliloode pathiyirunnu akramanam nadatthaan utharavidukayum addehathinte kuthirappada pinthudarukayum cheythu, thaazhekkirangunna ambeythukaare kuninum munniraykkum munnilulla samathalathil pidichu chittayayi kollukayum aakramanakaarikale paraajayappeduthaan ambukal prayogichukondirunna avarude niraasharaaya sakhaakkal avare nireekshikkukayum cheythu, pakshe falamundaayilla. ennirunnaalum, mccar madeena aakramich avarude nettam muthaledukkaathe makkayilekku madangi. madanikalkku (madeenayile janangalkk) kanatha nashtam sambhavikkukayum mohammed parikkelkkukayum cheythu.
kuzhiyude yuddham.
627ll abu sufyan mattoru sainyathe madeenayilekku nayichu. thante uddeshyangal arinja mohammed, nagaratthinte vadakkan bhagam samrakshikkunnathinulla nirddeshangal aavasyappettu, kaaranam kizhakkum padinjaarum agniparvvatha paarakalal samrakshikkappedukayum thekk eenthappana kondu moodappedukayum cheythu. sassanian yudhathanthrangal parichayamulla pershyan saahibiyaaya salman alle-farcy nagaratthe samrakshikkaan oru kuzham kuzhikkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum mohammed athu sweekarikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla uparodham tranchinte yudhavum konfedarettukalude yudhavum ennariyappettu. oru maasam neenduninna uparodhathinum vividha ettumuttalukalkkum sesham kadinamaaya shaithyakaalam kaaranam mccar veendum pinmari.
uparodha samayat abu sufyan baanu khuraisayile jootha gothravumaayi bandhappedukayum muslim prathirodhakare akramikkunnathinum prathirodhakare phalapradamaayi valayunnathinum avarumaayi oru karar undaakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum ithu musleengal kandethukayum paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. ithu madeenayude bharanaghadanayude lamghanamaayirunnu, mcca pinvalikkalinusesham mohammed udan thanne khuraisaykkethire munnerukayum avarude shakthikendrangal uparodhikkukayum cheythu. oduvil joothasainyam keezhadangi. thangalude pazhaya sakhyakakshikalkkuvendi charcha cheytha eiii. oo. esile chila amgangal islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta thangalude thalavanmaaril oralaaya saad ibnu muadne jadjiyaayi niyamikkaan mohammed sammathichu. duteronomy pusthakatthile raajyadrohathinulla pazhaya niyamathil paranjirikkunnathupole gothratthile ellah purusha amgangalum kollappedanamennum sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum adimakalaakkanamennum jootha niyamathaal saad vidhichu. madeenayil muslim samudaayathinu athijeevanam thudarumennu aathmavishwaasam undennu urappakkunnathinulla oru prathirodha nadapadiyaayaanu eee nadapadi vibhavanam cheythath. franch charitrakaaranaaya roobert manthran nirddeshikkunnathu eee kazhchappadil ithu vijayakaramaayirunnu-eee ghattathil ninnu, muslimkal praadhamikamaayi athijeevanathekkurichalla, marichu vipuleekaranatheyum keezhadakkalineyum kurichaanu.
hijraik sheshamulla patthu varshangalil, mohammed muslim sainyavum akramikkukayum akramikkukayum cheytha thaavalam madeena roopeekarichu, 630-ll addeham makkayilekku march cheyyukayum yudhamillaathe athil praveshikkukayum cheythu. makkayumayulla muhammadinte gothrabandham, islaamil makkayude vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyam, islaamika lokathinte kendramenna nilayil qaa 'bayude praadhaanyam, praarthanayude disha (kibla), islaamika theerthaadanatthil (hajj) ennivayil mohammed madeenayilekku madangi, athu kurachu varshathekku islaaminte ettavum pradhanappetta nagravum aadyakaala rashidun khilaafathinte pravartthanangalude aditharayum aayi thudarnnu.
muhammadinte pravaachakathvathodum addehathinte shavasamskara sthalamaaya nagarathodumulla bahumaanaartham eee nagaratthe "madinat alle-nabi" (arabiyil "pravaachakante nagaram") ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythathayi karuthappedunnu. pakaram, jootha nivaasikalkk nagaratthinaayi upayogikkaamaayirunna "medinta" enna aramic padatthil ninnu uruthirinjathaayirikkaam madeena enna peru ennu lucian gubbe soochippikkunnu.
abu bucker, umar, uthman ennee aadyathe moonnu khaleefakalude keezhil, athivegam valarunna musleem saamraajyathinte thalasthaanamaayirunnu madeena. eejiptil ninnulla arabikalude oru partyaya moonnaamathe khaleefayaaya uthman ibnu alle-afaante bharanakaalathu, addehathinte chila rashtreeya theerumaanangalil athrupthi prakadippichu 656-ll madeena akramikkukayum swantham veettilvechu addehathe vadikkukayum cheythu. naalaamathe khaleefayaaya alii, kooduthal thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthalathaayirunnathinaal khaleefayude thalasthaanam madeenayil ninnu iraakhile kufayilekku maatti. athinusesham, madeenayude praadhaanyam kurayukayum rashtreeya adhikaarathekkaal mathaparamaya praadhaanyamulla sthalamaayi maarukayum cheythu. aliyude bharanakaalathum athinusheshavum madeena saambathika valarchaykku saakshyam vahichu. 
thudarnnulla islaamika bharanakoodangalkku keezhil.
umayyad khilaafat.
aliyude makan alle-hassen abu soofyaante makan muviyaviya onnaaman adikaaram kaimaria sesham, muviyaviya aliyude thalasthaanamaaya kufayilekku munnerukayum praadeshika iraakhikalude vishwasthatha nedukayum cheythu. ithu umayyad khilaafathinte thudakkamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. muviyayude govarnarmaar madeenayude prathyeka shradha vahikkukayum jalasechana aavasyangalkkaayi bhoogarbha naalangal srishtikkunnathu ulppedunna oru padhathiykkoppam 'ainn aas-sarkha' ('neela neeruravu') kuzhichu. chila vaadikalil anakkettukal nirmmikkukayum thudarnnulla kaarshika kuthichuchaattam sambadvyavasthaye shakthippeduthunnathilka nayikkukayum cheythu.
679-leeii randaamathe fitnayile aswasthathayethudarnnu, hussain ibn alii karbala rakthasaakshithvam sambhavikkukayum adutha moonnu varshathekku yasid aniyanthrithamaaya niyanthranam ettedukkukayum cheythu. 682ll abdullah ibnu alle subair makkayude khaleefayaayi svayam prakhyapikkukayum madeenayile janangal addehathodu vishwasthatha pulartthukayum cheythu. ithu nagarathinu ettu varshathe saambathika prathisandhiyilekku nayichu. 692ll umayyadukal adikaaram veendedukkukayum madeena athinte randaam kaalaghattatthile valia saambathikavalarcha anubhavikkukayum cheythu. vyapaaram mechappedukayum kooduthal aalukal nagaratthilekku maarukayum cheythu. vaadi alle-akheekhinte theerangal ippol pachappu niranjathaayirunnu. samadhaanathinteyum samriddhiyudeyum eee kaalaghattam raashidunmaaril anjaamanaayi palarum kanakkaakkunna umar ibnu abdul asisinte bharanavumaayi poruthappettu.
abbazid khilaafat.
abdulbazit eiii. badhar thante "madeena, prabudhamaaya nagaram charithravum naazhikakkallukalum" enna pusthakatthil eee kaalaghattatthe moonnu vyathyastha ghattangalayi vibhajikkunnu
749 num 974 num edayilulla kaalaghattatthe samadhaanathinum rashtreeya prakshubdhathaykkum edayilulla oru thallalum valichilum ennaanu badhar visheshippikkunnathu, athesamayam madeena abbaasidukalodu vishwasthatha pularthunnathu thudarnnu. 974 muthal 1151 vare, iruvarum thammilulla rashtreeya nilapad prakshubdhamaayi thudarukayum saadhaarana vishwasthatha kaviyathirikkukayum cheythenkilum madeena faathimidukalumaayi bandhathilaayirunnu. 1151 muthal madeena sengidukalkk kooru nalkukayum ameer nuruddin sanky theerthaadakar upayogikkunna roadukal paripalikkukayum jalasrothassukalum theruvukalum sariyaakkaan dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu. 1162ll madeena sandarshichappol pazhaya nagaramathilinu purathulla puthiya nagarapradeshangal ulkkollunna oru puthiya mathil nirmmikkaan addeham utharavittu. saankiyude pingamiyaayi madeena gavarnaraayirunna khaasim ibn muhanna pinthunacha ayyubid raajavamshathinte sthaapakanaaya salahuddin alle-ayyubi, theerthaadakar nalkunna nikuthi kurachukondu nagaratthinte valarchaykku valareyadhikam dhanasahayam nalki. theerthaadakar avarude yaathrakalil samrakshikkaan upayogikkunna vazhikalil thaamasichirunna beduinukalkkum addeham dhanasahayam nalki. pilkkala abbaasidukalum nagaratthinte chelavukalkkayi panam nalkunnathu thudarnnu. eee kaalayalavil madeena abbasidukalumaayi aupachaarikamaayi sakhyamundaakkiyappol, avar sengidukalumaayum ayyubidukalumaayum adutha bandham nilanirtthi. charitraparamaaya eee nagaram eee kaalaghattatthile sakthamaaya mathilukalaal chuttappettathum gopurangalaal chuttappettathumaya oru oval roopeekarichu. athinte naalu kavaadangalil "baab alle salaam" ("samaadhaanathinte kavaadam") athinte soundaryathinu vendi paraamarsikkappettu. nagaratthinte mathilukalkkapuram, padinjaarum thekkum thaazhnna veedukal, yardukal, poonthottangal, thottangal enniva ulkkollunna praanthapradeshangalaayirunnu.
keyroyile mamluk sulthaanettu.
abbaasidukalumaayulla krooramaaya neenda samgharshathinu sesham, keyroyile mamluk sulthaanettu eejipshyan govarnarettu ettedukkukayum madeenayude niyanthranam phalapradamaayi nedukayum cheythu. 1256ll madeenaykku harrat rahat agniparvvatha mekhalayil ninnulla laava bheeshani uyarthiyengilum laava vadakkott thirinjathine thudarnnu athu kathikkunnathil ninnu valare cheria thothil rakshikkapettu. mamluk bharanakaalathu masjid anaan-nabavik rund thavana theepidichu. 1256ll orikkal, sambharanashaalaykk theepidichu muzhuvan pally kathichappol, 1481ll, maruvashathu, palli idiminnalettu thakarnnu. ibnu farhun, alle-haphis saine alle-dhiin alle-iraakhi, alle sakhaavi thudangiya pandithanmaar nagaratthil sthirathaamasamaakkiyathode madeenayile pandithochithamaaya pravartthanangalude vardhanavinum eee kaalayalav kaaranamaayi. 1297-ll mamluk sultan alle-mansoor kalaavun azz-saalihiyude keezhil nirmmicha oru gumbathaayittaanu sradheyamaaya pacha thaazhikakkudam aarambhichath.
automan bharanam.
aadyathe automan kaalaghattam.
1517ll selam onnaaman mamluk eejipt keezhadakkiyathodeyaanu aadyathe automan kaalaghattam aarambhichath. ithu avarude pradeshathekku madeena kootticherkkukayum panavum sahayavum nalki madeenayil mazha peiyunna paarambaryam avar thudarukayum cheythu. 1532ll, suleiman dhii graindable nagarathinu chuttum oru surakshita kotta nirmmikkukayum nagaratthe samrakshikkunnathinaayi oru automan bataaliyan aayudangal upayogichu sakthamaaya oru kotta nirmmikkukayum cheythu. pravaachakante palliyude aadhunika savisheshathakal palathum ithuvare pacha niratthil varachittillenkilum nirmmicha kaalaghattam koodiyaanithu. eee praanthapradeshangalkk mathilukalum kavaadangalum undaayirunnu. automan sultaanmaaraanu pravaachakante palliyil atheeva thaalparyam kaanikkukayum avarude mungananakalkkanusarichu athu veendum veendum punarroopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythath.
aadyathe soudi kalapam.
thangalude domainukalude mail ottomanmaarude kaivashamulla adikaaram illaathaayathode, 1805-ll aadyathe soudi samsthaanathinte sthaapakanaaya soud biinn abdul asisinu sakhyam vaagdaanam cheyth madanikal nagaram vegathil etteduthu. 1811-ll, ottoman commander eejipthile vaaliyumaaya mohammed alii paasha, thante rund puthranmaarude keezhil rund sainyangale madeena pidichedukkaan utharavittu, aadyathethu, mootha tosson paashayude keezhil, madeena pidichedukkaan parajayappettu. ennaal randaamathethu, ibrahim paashayude neethrthwathil oru valia sainyam, kadutha prathirodha prasthaanathinethire poraadiya sesham vijayichu.
mohammed alii paashayude kaalaghattam.
soudi shathrukkale paraajayappedutthiya sesham mohammed alii paasha madeenayude bharanam ettedukkukayum addeham audyogikamaayi swaathanthryam prakhyaapichittillengile addehathinte bharanam ardha svayambharana shailiyil kooduthal sweekarichu. muhammadinte puthranmaraaya tosson ibrahim marimari nagaratthinte bharanathil earppettu. ibrahim nagaratthinte mathilukalum pravaachakante pally naveekarichu. aavasyakkaarkku bhakshanavum daanavum vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi addeham oru mahathaaya vitharana kendram (takiya) sthaapikkukayum madeena surakshithathvathinteyum samadhaanathinteyum kaalaghattatthil jeevikkukayum cheythu. 1840-ll mohammed thante sainyathe nagaratthil ninnu maattukayum nagaram audyogikamaayi central automan commandinu kaimarukayum cheythu.
randaam automan kaalaghattam.
1844ll mohammed alii paashayude pokkinu sesham naalu varshathinusesham, ottoman sulthaante keezhil madeenayude govarnor sthaanam davud paashaykk nalki. sultan abdulmejid onnaamante utharavanusarichu pravaachakante palli naveekarichathinte utharavaaditham daavoodinaanu. abdul hameed randaaman adhikaaramettappol, oru radio ashayavinimaya kendram, pravaachakante pallikkum sameepathulla vaidyuthi nilayathinum, madeenaykkum konstantinoppilinum edayilulla oru telegraph line, makkayilekku aasoothrithamaaya vipuleekaranathode damascasil ninnu madeenayilekku oodunna hejaz railway ennivayulppede niravadhi aadhunika athbhuthangal addeham marubhoomiyil ninnu verittunilppichu. oru pathittaandinullil, nagaratthile janasamkhya kuthichuchaattam nadathukayum 80,000 ll athukayum cheythu. eee samayathaan, madeena thekk makkayude hashimite shaarifett enna puthiya bheeshaniykk irayaakunnathu. onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalathum athinusheshavum madeena athinte charithratthile ettavum dairkhyameriya uparodhathin saakshyam vahichu.
aadhunika charithram.
makkayudeyum soudi adhiniveshathinteyum shareefett.
mccayile shareef hussain ibn alii 1916 juun 6 nuu onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte madhyathilaanu aadyamaayi madeena aakramichathu. naalu divasathinu sesham, hussain madeena 3 varshathe kadutha uparodhathil pidichedutthu, eee samayat aalukal bhakshyakshaamavum vyapakamaaya rogangalum vanthothilulla kudiyettavum nerittu. madeena gavarnaraaya fakri paasha 1916 juun 10 muthal madeena uparodhathil dridamaayi pidichunilkkukayum, keezhadangan visammathikkukayum, moudrosinte vedinirthal kararinu sesham 72 divasam koodi pidichunilkkukayum cheythu, addehathe swantham aalukal arast cheyyukayum 1919 januvari 10 nuu nagaram shareefat ettedukkukayum cheythu. briteeshukaarumaayulla sakhyam kaaranam hussain yudhathil vijayichu. thudarnnulla kollayum nashavum pratheekshichu fakri paasha muhammadinte punyaavashishtangal rahasyamaayi automan thalasthaanamaaya istanbulilekku ayachu. 1920 leeii kanakkanusarichu, britishukaar madeena "makkayekkaal valare svayam pinthunaykkunna" maayi visheshippichu."mahaa yudhathinushesham mccayile shareef sayyid hussain biinn aliye oru swatantra hijaasinte rajaavaayi prakhyaapichu. taamasiyaathe, madeenayile janangal 1924 ll ibnu soudumaayi rahasyamaayi oru karaaril earppedukayum addehathinte makan mohammed biinn abdul assies rajakumaran 1925 desember 5 nuu soudi hijas keezhadakkiyathinte bhaagamaayi madeena keezhadakkukayum cheythu, ithu muzhuvan hijasin vazhiyorukki.
soudi arabiayude keezhil.
soudi arabiayude raajyam nagaratthinte vipuleekaranathilum islaamika thathwangalum islaamika niyamangalum lamghicha alle-baakiyile shavakudeerangal polulla muun sittukal polikkunnathilum kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu. innu, nagarathinu kooduthalum mathaparamaya praadhaanyam maathrameyulloo, mccayepole, alle-masjid anaan-nabavi chuttipattiyulla niravadhi hotelukalkku ithu kaaranamaayi, ithu masjid alle-haraamil ninnu vyathyasthamayi bhoogarbha parking sajjeekarichirikkunnu. pazhaya nagaratthinte mathilukal nasippikkukayum pakaram innu madeena valayam cheiyunna moonnu ring roadukal, king faisal rooad, king abdullah rooad, king khaalid rooad enniva neelatthinte adisthaanathil namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. mccayile naalu ring rodukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol madeenayile ring roadukalil mothatthil gathagatham kuravaanu.
prins mohammed biinn abdul assies anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam ennu perittirikkunna oru anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam ippol nagarathinu sevanam nalkunnu, ithu praadeshikamaayi pazhaya khaasim rooad ennariyappedunna haiway 340 laanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. nagaram ippol rund pradhana soudi arabian haivekalude koottan paathayilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, khaasim-madeena haiway ennariyappedunna haiway 60, nagaratthe thekk mccayumaayum vadakku tabookkumaayum bandhippikkunna haiway 15, muhammadinte yaathraykk sesham alle hijra haiway allengil alle hijra rooad ennariyappedunnu. pazhaya ottomaan railway samvidaanam eee mekhalayil ninnu purappettathinu sesham adachupoottukayum pazhaya railway steshan ippol oru myusiyamaakki maattukayum cheythu. nagravum mccay thammilulla mattoru kanakshanum gathagatha maarggavum aduthide kandu, haramaine athivega railway line raabiginaduthulla king abdullah economic sitti, king abdulaziz anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam, jeddah nagaram ennivayiloode rund nagarangaleyum bandhippikkunnu.
pazhaya nagaratthinte vishudha kendram musleengalallaathavarkku parimithamallengilum, madeenayile harram pradesham makkayekkaal valare cheruthaanu, madeena aduthide mattu desheeyathakalile musleem, amuslim pravasi thozhilaallikalude ennathil vardhanavu kandu, saadhaaranayaayi dakshineshyan janathayum gulf sahakarana kaunsilile mattu rajyangalil ninnulla aalukalum. charitraparamaaya nagaratthinte mikkavarum ellah bhaagangalum soudi kaalaghattatthil thakarkkapettu. punarnirmmicha nagaram vipuleekaricha "alle-masjid anaan-nabavi" yilaanu kendreekarichirikkunnathu.
madeenayile paithrukathinte nasham.
charithraparamo mathaparamo aaya sthalangalkku nalkunna eathu aadaravinum ethiraaya, athu "shirk" (vigraharadhana) ykku kaaranamakumenna bhayathaal, soudi arebia vaahabisathe athinte matha prathyayashaasthramaayi uyarthippidikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, soudi bharanathin keezhil, ayiram varshathilere pazhakkamulla niravadhi kettidangalude nashtam ulppede madeena athinte bhauthika paithrukathinte ganyamaaya nasham anubhavichu. vimarshakar ithine "soudi naseekarana" maayi visheshippikkukayum kazhinja 50 varshathinide madeenayilum mccayilum mohammed, addehathinte kudumbam allengil koottaalikal ennivarumaayi bandhapetta 300 charitraparamaaya sthalangal nashtappettathayi avakaashappedukayum cheythu. ithinte ettavum prashasthamaaya udaaharanam alle-baakhiyude takarkkalaanu. 
bhoomishaasthram.
nafud marubhoomikkum chenkadalinum edayilulla vishalamaaya oru pradeshamaaya hejaz mekhalayilaanu madeena sthithi cheiyunnathu. soudi marubhoomiyude madhyabhaagathulla riyaadinu ekadesham vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithi cheiyunna eee nagaram soudi arabiayude padinjaaran theerathu ninnu akaleyum samudranirappil ninnu ekadesham uyarathilumaanu. ithu 39°36 'rekhaamshathil kizhakkum 24°28' akshaamshathil vadakkum sthithicheyyunnu. ithu ekadesham oru pradesham ulkkollunnu. nagaratthe panthrand jillakalaayi thirichirikkunnu, athil 7 ennam nagara jillakalaayum backie 5 ennam suburban jillakalaayum tharamthirichittundu.
uyaram.
hejaz mekhalayile mikka nagarangaleyum pole madeena valare uyarnna pradeshathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. makkayekkaal moonniratti uyaramulla eee nagaram samudranirappil ninnu uyarathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. madeenayile ettavum uyaram koodiya kodumudiyaanu moundu uhud.
bhooprakrithi.
hejaz parvathangalum agniparvvatha kunnukalum kondu chuttapetta oru marubhoomiyaanu madeena. madeenaykku chuttumulla mannil kooduthalum bassault adangiyirikkunnu, athesamayam nagaratthinte thekk bhaagath prathyekichu shradhikkappedunna kunnukal agniparvvatha chaaramaan, ithu paleosoic kaalaghattatthile aadya bhoomishaasthra kaalaghattatthilaanu. padinjaaru "jabal alle-hujjaj" (theerthaadakarude parvvatham), vadakku-padinjaaru sall 'aaa parvvatham, thekk "jabal alle-irr" allengil caravan parvvatham, vadakku uhud parvvatham enningane niravadhi prashastha parvathangalaal chuttappettirikkunnu. vaadi alle akhal", "vaadi alle akheekh", "vaadi alle hidd" ennee moonnu thaazhvarakalude (vaadikal) tripoyintil oru paranna parvatha peedabhoomiyilaanu nagaram sthithicheyyunnathu, ekkaaranathaal, varanda vijanamaaya parvathapradeshangalkkidayil valia pachappu niranja pradeshangalundu.
kaalavastha.
copen kalavastha vargeekaranathinu keezhil, madeena oru choodulla marubhoomi kalavastha mekhalayilaanu (bii. dablyu. echu) varunnath. venalkkaalam valare choodullathum varandathumaanu, pakal thaapanila sharashari raathrikalodoppamaanu. juuninum septambarinum idayil mukalil thaapanila asaadhaaranamalla. shaithyakaalam mithamaan, ratri muthal pakal vare thaapanilayund. novemberinum meyy maasathinum idayil eathaandu poornnamaayum peiyunna mazha valare kuravaanu. venalkkaalath kaatt vadakkupadinjaaran dishayilum vasanthakaalathum shaithyakaalathum thekk-padinjaaran dishayilumaanu.
islaamil praadhaanyam.
masjid kwaba", "alle-masjid anaan-nabavi" ennee rund pallikalude saannidhyathil ninnaan oru mathasthalamenna nilayil madeenayude praadhaanyam uruthirinjathu. eee rund pallikalum mohammed thanneyaanu nirmmichathu. islaamika thiruvezhuthukal madeenayude pavithratha oonnipparayunnu. khuraanil madinayekkurichu niravadhi thavana paraamarshichittundu, rund udaaharanagal suura attu-thoubayaanu. 101-aamm vaakyavum alle-hasher. vaakyam 8. medinan soorakal saadhaaranayaayi avayude mccan athiraalikalekkaal neelamullavayaan, avaa ennathilum valuthaanu. mohammed alle-bukhaari saheeh bukhaari yill rekhappeduthiyittullathu anas ibnu malik mohammed paranjathaayi udharichu "madeena aaa sthalam muthal athuvareyulla oru sankethamaanu. athinte marangal murikkappedaruthu, mathavidveshangal puthukkippaniyaruth, athil paapangalonnum cheyyaruthu, athil aarenkilum mathavidveshangal puthukkippaniyukayo papangal cheiyukayo cheythaal avan daivathinteyum doothanmaarudeyum ellah janangaludeyum saapam anubhavikkum."
pravaachakante palli (alle-masjid anaan-nabavi).
islaamika paarambaryamanusarichu, pravaachakante palliyile oru praarthana mattethoru palliyileyum oru praarthanaykku thulyamaaya "masjid alle-harram" ozhikeyulla mattethenkilum palliyile 1,000 praarthanakalkku thulyamaanu. ezhu maasathinullil nirmmichathum pothinjathumaaya "minbar" (pulpit) ulla oru thuranna sthalamaayirunnu thudakkathil palli, muhammadinte "rohada" (thamasam, aksharaarthatthil poonthottam ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu) enna vaakkin sameepam addehathinte bhaaryamaarude veedukalkkoppam sthithicheyyunnu. samakaalika nilavaarathinu anusrithamaayi kaalakramena vikasippichedutha niravadhi aantharika savisheshathakalode charithrathiludaneelam niravadhi thavana palli vipuleekarichu.
muhammadinte "rodhaykk" nere mukalilaayi sthithi cheiyunna pacha thaazhikakkudatthinu aadhunika pravaachakante palli prashasthamaan, ithu nilavil mohammed, abu bucker alle-siddikh, umar ibnu alle-khathaab ennivarude shmashana sthalamaayi pravartthikkunnu, koodaathe rooad sainejukalil athinte oppu minarinoppam madeenayude thanne pratheekamaayi upayogikkunnu. palliyude muzhuvan piasa 250 membran kudakalaal sooryanil ninnu nizhalichirikkunnu. 
kuba masjid.
kuba palliyil praarthana nadathunnathu sunnathaan. oru hadees anusarichu, mohammed paranju "aarenkilum thante veettil svayam shudheekarikkukayaanenkil, pinne kwaba palliyil vannu athil praarthikkukayaanenkil, addehathinu umra theerthaadanatthinu thulyamaaya prathiphalam labikkum."
mattoru vivaranathil, "kwaabayude palli ennartham varunna eee palliyil varunnath vare aarenkilum purathupoyi avide praarthikkunnuvenkil athu 'umraik thulyamayirikkum."ellah shaniyazhchayum mohammed rund raakh sunnath praarthana nadatthaan kwaabayil pookumaayirunnu ennu alle-bukhaariyum muslim rekhappeduthiyittundu. pazhaya nagaramaya madeenayilethiya mohammed thanneyaanu kwaabayile palli nirmmichathu. khuraanil suura attu-thoubayile 108-aamm vaakyathil parokshamaayi kwaba pally paraamarshichittundu.
mattu sittukal.
masjid alle-khiblatheynu.
"musleengalkk charitraparamaayi pradhanappetta mattoru palliyaan "masjid alle-khiblatheynu". 143, 144 vaakyangalil suura alle-bakharayil kalpichathupole, pravaachakan mohammed nabikk jarusalemilekku praarthikkunnathil ninnu mccayile kabayilekku praarthikkunnathilekku (kibla) thante praarthanayude disha maattaan kalpikkappettathayi musleengal vishwasikkunnu. nilavil 4,000-ladhikam aaraadhakare ulkkollaan kazhiyunna vidhathil palli vipuleekarikkukayaanu.
masjid alle fath ezhu pallikalum.
charitraparamaaya eee aarr pallikalil moonnennam aduthide thuranna muttamulla valia masjid alle-faathumaayi samyojippichu. eee pallikalude gunathekkurichu pravaachakan mohammed enthengilum paranjittundaakaamenn theliyikkaan hadeesukalo mattethenkilum thelivukaloo illennu sunni srothassukal avakaashappedunnu.
alle-bakhi 'semiteri.
pravaachakan mohammed nabiyudeyum khaleefamaarudeyum pandithanmaarudeyum niravadhi kudumbamgangale samskarichathayi ariyappedunna madeenayile oru pradhana semitheriyaan alle-bakhi.
islaamika escatolajiyil.
naagarikathayude anthyam.
madeenayile naagarikathayude avasaanathekkurichu abu huraira ingane paranjathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu "janangal madeena vittupokum, athinu ettavum mikacha avastha undaayirunnittum, kaattupakshikalum erapidiyum ozhike aarum athil vasikkilla, avasaanamaayi marikkunna vyakthikal musaina gothrathil ninnulla rund idayanmaaraayirikkum, avar thangalude aadukale madeenayilekku oodikkum, pakshe athil aareyum kaanilla, avar taniat-alle-vaada thaazhvarayil athumbol avar marichuveezhum."(alle-bukhaari, vaalyam. 3, book 30, hadees 98) sufyan ibnu abu suhair paranju mohammed nabi paranju "yamanine keezhadakkukayum chila aalukal (madeenayil ninnu) kudiyerukayum avarude kudumbangaleyum avare anusarikkunnavareyum kudiyeraan prerippikkukayum cheyyum, ennirunnaalum madeena avarkk nallathayirikkum; avarkk ariyaamaayirunnenkil. sham keezhadakkappedum, chila aalukal (madeenayil ninnu) kudiyerukayum avarude kudumbangalodum avare anusarikkunnavarodum kudiyeraan (shamilek) prerippikkukayum cheyyum, ennirunnaalum madeena avarkk nallathayirikkum; avarkk ariyaamaayirunnenkil. 'iraakh keezhadakkappedukayum chila aalukal (madeenayil ninnu) kudiyerukayum avarude kudumbangalodum avare anusarikkunnavarodu (iraakhilekku) kudiyeraan prerippikkukayum cheyyum, ennirunnaalum madeena avarkk nallathayirikkum; avarkk ariyaamaayirunnenkil."(alle-bukhaari, vaalyam. 3, pusthakam 30, hadees 99)
playgil ninnum adhu-dajjalil ninnum (vyaja mishiha) samrakshanam.
playgil ninnum adhu-dajjalil ninnum madeenayude samrakshanathekkurichu inipparayunna "ahadithukal" rekhappeduthiyittundu
abu bakra "alle-masih adhu-dajjal" moolamundaakunna bheekaratha madeenayil praveshikkilla, aaa samayat madeenaykku ezhu kavaadangalundakum, oro kavaadatthilum rund maalaakhamaar avare samraksikkum."(alle-bukhaari, vaalyam. 3, book 30, hadees 103) abu huraira ezhuthiyatha "madeenayude praveshanakavaadangal (allengil roadukal) kaathusookshikkunna maalaakhamaarundu, playgino adhu-dajjalino athil praveshikkaan kazhiyilla."(alle-bukhaari, vaalyam. 3, pusthakam 30, hadees 104)
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
2018 leeii kanakkanusarichu, rekhappeduthappetta janasamkhya 2,188,138 aayirunnu, valarchaa nirakk 2.32% aayirunnu. lokamembaadumulla musleengalude lakshyasthaanamaayathinaal, sarkkar karsanamaaya niyamangal nadappaakkiyittum hajj allengil umra nadathiyathinu sesham madeena anadhikritha kudiyettatthinu saakshyam vahikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2018ll anadhikrithamaayi thamasikkunna sandarshakarude ennam 29 sathamaanam kuranjathaayi kendra hajj kammeeshanar prins khaalid biinn faisal paranju.
matham.
soudi arabiayile mikka nagarangalilum ullathupole, madeenayile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum pinthudarunna mathamaan islam.
vividha skoolukalile (hanafi, maliki, shafi 'aii, hanbali) sunnikal bhooripakshamaanu, athesamayam madeenayilum parisaratthum nakhavila polulla ganyamaaya shiah nyoonapakshamund. haraminu purathu ganyamaaya ennam amuslim kudiyetta thozhilaallikalum pravaasikalum undu.
samskaaram.
mccuik samaanamaayi, madeena oru saamskaarika anthareeksham pradarshippikkunnu, niravadhi desheeyathakalilum samskaarangalilum ninnulla aalukal orumichu thaamasikkukayum divasena parasparam edapazhakukayum cheiyunna oru nagaram. vishudha khuraan achadikkaan ithu rajaavu fahad samuchayathe maathrame sahaayikkukayulloo. 1985ll sthaapithamaaya khuraan lokathile ettavum valia prasadhakanaaya ithu 1100 oolam perkku jolie nalkukayum niravadhi bhashakalil 361 vyathyastha prasidheekaranangal prasidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. lokamembaadumulla 400,000-thiladhikam aalukal oro varshavum eee samuchayam sandarshikkunnuvennu reportund. oro sandarshakan eee soukaryathinte oru paryadanatthinte avasaanathil khuraaninte oru pakarpp soujanyamaayi sammaanikkunnu.
myoosiyangalum kalakalum.
alle madeena myoosiyathil nagaratthinte saamskaarikavum charitraparavumaaya paithrukathekkurichulla niravadhi pradarshanangalundu, athil vividha puraavastu shekharangal, vishwal gaalarikal, pazhaya nagaratthinte apoorva chithrangal enniva ulppedunnu. hejaz railway myusiyavum ithil ulppedunnu. 2011ll thuranna dhaar alle madeena museum nagaratthinte vasthuvidyaa, nagara paithrukathil prathyekathayulla madeenayude charithram velippeduthunnu. vishudha khuraan exhibishanil khuraaninte apoorva kayyezhuthuprathikalum masjid anaan-nabavi chuttipattiyulla mattu pradarshanangalum ulppede, eathaanum kallu prathirodha gopurangalude avashishtangalozhike, muhammadinte kaalam muthal puraavasthushaasthramo vaasthuvidyayo illa. 
2018ll sthaapithamaaya madeena arts sentar, emm. emm. dii. eyude saamskaarika vibhaagam pravarthippikkunna aadunikavum samakalikavumaaya kalakalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. kalaye mechappeduthaanum samoohathinte kalaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya prasthaanatthe sambannamaakkaanum ellah vibhaagathileyum praayathileyum kalakaaranmaare shaaktheekarikkaanumaanu kendram lakshyamidunnathu. 2020 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu, saamoohika akalam paalikkal nadapadikalum curfukalum nadappaakkunnathinu munbu, aazhchathorum nadakkunna varkshoppukalum charchakalum ulppede 13 ladhikam group, sooloo art gaalarikal samghadippichu. cuba palliyude sameepathulla king fahad paarkkilaan eee kendram sthithi cheiyunnathu. 
arabic calligraphy prashastha arabic caligraphermareyum aaghoshikkunnathinulla vaarshika foramaaya madeena phooram oof arabic caligraphy thudakkam 2018 ll emm. emm. dii. eiii. aarambhichu. arabic kaligraphiyekkurichulla charchakalum 10 rajyangalil ninnulla 50 arabic kaaligraafarmaarude srishtikal pradarshippikkunnathinulla oru gallery paripaadiyil ulppedunnu. arabic caligraphiculla dhaar alle-kalaam kendram hejaz railway myusiyathinu kuruke masjid anaan-nabaaviyude vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnu. 2020 eprilil, eee kendratthe prins mohammed biinn salman sentar phoor arabic calligraphy ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythathaayum 2020lum 2021lum saamskaarika mantraalayam samghadippicha "arabic calligraphy varsha" paripaadiyumaayi samyojichu arabic kaaligraafarmaarude anthaaraashtra kendramaayi naveekarichathaayum prakhyaapichu.
emm. emm. dii. eiii. saamskaarika vibhaagam aarambhicha mattu padhathikalil 11 rajyangalil ninnulla 16 shilpikalulla kwaba squareil nadanna prathyaksha shilpangalude madeena phooram ulppedunnu. shilpakala oru purathana kalayayathinaal athine aaghoshikkaanum yuva kalakaaranmaare eee kalaaroopathilekku akarshikkaanum phooram lakshyamittu.
sambadghadana.
charitraparamaayi, madeenayude sambadvyavastha eenthappazha vilppana mattu kaarshika pravarthanangaleyum aashrayichaayirunnu. 1920 vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram mattu pachakkarikalkoppam 139 inam eenthappazhangalum eee pradeshathu krishi cheiyunnundu. islaamile randaamathe vishudha nagaramayathinaal mathaparamaya vinodasanjaaram madeenayude sambadvyavasthayil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu, koodaathe niravadhi charitraparamaaya islaamika sthalangal ullathinaal, hajj seasonil hajj cheyyaanum varsham muzhuvan umara nadatthaanum varunna 7 dashalakshathiladhikam vaarshika sandarshakare ithu aakarshikkunnu.
madeenaykku rund vyaavasaayika mekhalakalundu, athil ettavum valiyat 2003 ll sthaapithamaaya motham vistheernnam 10,000,000 m2 aanu, ithu vyavasaya nagarangalkkum saankethika mekhalakalkkumayi (moodoon) soudi authorityaanu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu. rajakumaran mohammed biinn abdul assies anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathil ninnu 50 kilometerum yanbu vaanijya thuramukhathu ninnu 200 kilometerum akale sthithi cheiyunna ithinu petroleum uthppannangal, nirmmaana saamagrikal, bhakshya uthppannangal, mattu niravadhi uthppannangal enniva uthppaadippikkunna 236 faaktarikalundu. 2010ll sthaapithamaaya oru soudi arabian joyint stokku kambaniyaanu nolaj economic sitti (keisi). ithu riyal estettu vikasanathilum vijnjaana adhishtitha vyavasaayangalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. padhathi vikasana ghattathilaanu, athu poortthiyaakumbol madeenayile thozhilavasarangalude ennam valareyadhikam vardhikkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
maanava vibhavasheshi.
vidyaabhyaasavum pandithochithamaaya pravartthanangalum.
praadhamika, secondary vidyaabhyaasam.
alle-madeena pravishyayile vidyaabhyaasa bharanasamithiyaya vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam pravishyayiludaneelam aankuttikalkkum penkuttikalkkumaayi yathaakramam 724,773 pothu schoolukal pravarthippikkunnu. soudi arabiayile ettavum sradheyamaaya skoolukalilonnaanu taiba haiskool. 1942ll sthaapithamaaya ithu akkaalat raajyathe randaamathe valia skoolaayirunnu. soudi manthrimaarum sarkkar udyogastharum eee haiskoolil ninnu birudam nediyittundu.
unnatha vidyaabhyaasavum gaveshanavum.
pravishyayile nivaasikalkk unnatha vidyaabhyaasam nalkunna oru pothu sarvakalaashaalayaan taiba sarvakalashaala, athil 28 kolejukalundu, athil 16 ennam madeenayilaanu. ithu 89 academic prograamukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, 2020 leeii kanakkanusarichu 69210 vidyaarthikalude shakthiyund. 1961 ll sthaapithamaaya islaamik sarvakalashaala, ekadesham 22000 vidyaarthikal chernna eee mekhalayile ettavum pazhaya unnatha vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanamaanu. shariat, khuraan, uzul adhu-dhiin, hadees, arabic bhasha ennivayil ithu mejarukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. sarvakalashaala baachilar oof arts birudangalum birudaananthara birudangalum doktarettu birudangalum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. thaamasavum jeevithachelavukalum nalkunna scholarship paripaadikalude adisthaanathil musleengalkk praveshanam labhyamaan. 2012ll sarvakalashaala enchiniyaring, computer sayans majermark sevanam nalkunna koleju oof sayans sthaapich athinte paripaadikal vipuleekarichu. tii. vii. tii. sii niyanthrikkunna alle madeena koleju oof teknolaji electrical enchiniyaring, mechanical enchiniyaring, computer sayans, electronic sayans ennivayulppede vividha digri prograamukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. madeenayile swakaarya sarvakalaashaalakalil prins mukrin sarvakalashaala, arab ooppan sarvakalashaala, alle rayan collegeukal enniva ulppedunnu.
gathagatham.
vaayu.
haiway 340ll sthithi cheiyunna mohammed biinn abdul assies raajakumaarante anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalamaanu madeenayil sevanam nalkunnathu. ithu aabhyanthara vimanangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, athesamayam middle eesttile praadeshika lakshyasthaanangalilekk anthaaraashtra sevanangal shedule cheythittundu. 2018 ll yaathrakkaare kaikaaryam cheiyunna soudi arabiayile naalaamathe tirakkeriya vimaanathaavalamaanith. 2015 septambar 10 nuu nadanna "enchiniyaring nyoos recordinte" moonnaamathe vaarshika aagola mikacha project malsarathiloodeyaanu airport project lokathile ettavum mikachathaayi prakhyaapichathu. vimaanathaavalathin mena mekhalayile oorjja, paristhithi roopakalppana (leed) swarnna certificattum labhichu. hajj samayat vimaanathaavalathin kooduthal yaathrakkaarundu. 
roadukal.
2015ll emm. emm. dii. eiii. darb aas-sunna (sunna paatha) padhathi prakhyaapichu, ithu kwaba 'eiii palliye alle-masjid anaan-nabaviyumaayi bandhippikkunna kwaba' eiii rooad oru avanyoovilekku vikasippikkukayum parivartthanam cheyyukayum lakshyamidunnu, kaalnadayaathrakkaarkk muzhuvan road sugamamakkukayum sandarshakarkku sevana soukaryangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu. mohammed thante veettil ninnu (alle-masjid anaan-nabavi) ellah shaniyazhchayum uchathirinju kwaabaayilekku nadakkaarundaayirunna sunnathe punarujjeevippikkanum padhathi lakshyamidunnu.
ettavum pradhanappetta rund soudi haivekalaaya haiway 60, haiway 15 ennivayude samgamasthaanathaanu madeena nagaram sthithicheyyunnathu. haiway 15 madeena thekk mccayumaayum vadakku tabuk, jordan ennivayumaayum bandhippikkunnu. haiway 60 nagaratthe padinjaaru chenkadalile thuramukha nagaramaya yanbuvumaayum kizhakk alle khaasimumaayum bandhippikkunnu. alle-masjid anaan-nabavi dauntaun pradeshatheyum chuttipattiyulla 5 kilometer ring rodaaya king faisal rooad, nagara madeenayude bhooribhaagatheyum chuttipattiyulla 27 kilometer rodaaya king abdullah rooad, 60 kilometer rodukalulla chila graamapradeshangale chuttipattiyulla ettavum valia ring rodaanu king khaalid rooad.
bassum druthagathiyilulla gathagathavum.
2012ll emm. emm. dii. eiii sthaapicha madeenayile buzz gathagatha samvidaanam saaptkoyaanu nadathunnathu. puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya buzz samvidaanathil nagaratthinte vividha pradeshangale masjid anaan-nabaaviyilekkum dauntaun pradeshavumaayum bandhippikkunna 10 lineukal ulppedunnu, koodaathe prathidinam 20,000 yaathrakkaare sevikkunnu. 2017ll emm. emm. dii. eiii. madeenayile kazhchakal kaanunnathinulla buzz sarvees aarambhichu. thuranna topp basukal rund lainukalum 11 lakshyasthanangalumulla yaathrakkaare kondupookunnu, athil masjid anaan-nabavi, kwaba 'eiii masjid, masjid alle-khiblaatheyn ennivayulppede 8 vyathyastha bhaashakalulla audiyo touur maargganirddeshangal nalkunnu. 2019 avasaanathode 15 bii. aarr. tii lainukalode buzz shringhala vipuleekarikkaanulla padhathi emm. emm. dii. eiii prakhyaapichu. 2023ll nadappakkaan nischayichirunna padhathi 2015ll madeenayile pothugathagatha maasttar plaaninte vipuleekaranamaayi emm. emm. dii. eiii moonnu line metro padhathi prakhyaapichu.
reyil.
charitraparamaaya automan railway adachupoottukayum madeenayilulppedeyulla railway steshanukal soudi sarkkar myusiyangalaakki maattukayum cheythu. madeena mccay bandhippikkunna haramaine athivega railway (echhechhr) 2018 ll pravarthanamaarambhichu, koodaathe jeddah, king abdul assis anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam, king abdullah economic sitti ennee moonnu steshanukaliloode kadannupokunnu. manikkooril 300 kilometer vegathayil oodunna ithinu 60 dasalaksham yaathrakkaarude vaarshika sheshiyund.