
leashate

dravyathiloode kadannupokumbol, layikkunnatho suspended cheythatho aaya kharapadaarthangalo allengil athu kadannupoya vasthuvinte mattethenkilum gadakangalo verthirichedukkunna eathoru draavakavum leachate aanu.
paristhithi shaasthrathil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna oru padamaanu leachate, avide paristhithikku hanikaramaaya padaarthangal layikukayo avayil praveshikkukayo cheytha oru draavakathinte prathyeka ardhamundu. malinamaayatho vyaavasaayikamo aaya maalinyangal nilathu niraykkunnathinte pashchaathalatthilaanu ithu saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnathu.
idungiya paaristhithika pashchaathalatthil leachate ennathu bhoomiyil ninno sambharicha vasthukkalil ninno ozhukunna eathoru draavaka vasthuvumaan, koodaathe athu kadannupoya vasthukkalil ninnu uruthirinja abhikaamyamallaatha vasthukkalude ganyamaaya uyarnna saandrata adangiyirikkunnu.
landfill leashate.
oru landfillil ninnulla leachate landfillinte praayavum athil adangiyirikkunna maalinyangalude tharavum anusarichu ghadanayil vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. ithil saadhaaranayaayi layikkukayum suspended cheyyukayum cheiyunna vasthukkal adangiyirikkunnu. oru landfillil nikshepikkunna maalinyangaliloode ozhukunna mazhayaanu pradhaanamaayum leachate uthppaadippikkunnathu. vighadippikkunna kharamalinyangalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthumbol, ozhukunna vellam malinamaakunnu, athu maalinya vasthukkalil ninnu ozhukukayaanengil athine leachate ennu vilikkunnu. meedhane, kaarban dye ooksaid ennivayulppede mattu vaividhyamaarnna vasthukkalum jaiva aasidukal, aldehydeukal, alcoholeukal, lalithamaaya panchasaara ennivayude sankeernamaaya misrithavum ulppaadippikkunna carbonatius vasthukkalude eee vighadana samayat adhika leachate vooliyam ulpaadippikkappedunnu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaayi abhedyamaaya vasthukkalil nirmmichatho jiomembreyinukalo enchiniyaring kalimannukaloo upayogichu nirmmicha abhedyamaaya linerukal upayogikkunnatho polulla sariyaaya reethiyil roopakalppana cheythathum enchiniyaring cheythathumaaya landfill saittukaliloode leachate ulppaadanathinte apakadasadhyathakal laghookarikkaan kazhiyum. maalinyangal nishkriyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna sthalangalilozhike america, austreliya, europian union ennividangalil liningukalude upayogam ippol nirbandhamaanu. koodaathe, mikka vishavasthukkalum budhimuttulla vasthukkalum ippol landfillingl ninnu prathyekamaayi ozhivaakkiyittund. ennirunnaalum, kooduthal karsanamaaya niyamaparamaaya niyanthranangal undaayirunnittum, aadhunika saittukalil ninnulla leechettukalil niyamavirudhamaaya pravarthanangalil ninno niyamaparamaayi upekshikkappetta gaarhika, gaarhika uthppannangalil ninno undaakunna malineekaranangalude oru shreni palappozhum kaanapedunnu.
2012ll newyork samsthaanathu nadatthiya oru sarveyil, sarveyil pankeduttha ellah eratta varakalulla landfill cellukalilum prathidinam hectorinu 500 littaril thaazhe chorcha nirakk undaayirunnu. 1992 nuu munbu pazhaya maanadandangalkkanusarichu nirmmicha landfillukale apekshichu sharashari chorcha nirakk valare kuravaayirunnu.
landfill leachettinte ghadana.
maalinyangaliloode vellam ozhukumbol, athu baakteeriyakalum fangasukalum vighadippikkunna prakriya prolsaahippikkukayum sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee prakriyakal vighadippikkalinte upolppannangal purathuvidukayum labhyamaya eathu ooksijanum athivegam upayogikkukayum oru anoxic anthareeksham srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. sajeevamaayi vighadippikkunna maalinyangalil, thaapanila uyarukayum piechu athivegam kurayukayum cheiyunnu, athinte falamaayi neutral piechil thaarathamyena layikkaatha niravadhi loha ionukal vikasichukondirikkunna leachettil layikkunnu. vighadana prakriyakal svayam kooduthal vellam purathuvidunnu, ithu leachettinte alavu vardhippikkunnu. thee aashh, simant adisthaanamaakkiyulla nirmmaana saamagrikal, raasaghadanaye mattunna jipsum adisthaanamaakkiyulla vasthukkal thudangiya svayam vighadippikkaan saadhyathayillaatha vasthukkalumaayum leachate prathikarikkunnu. valia alavil kettida maalinyangalulla sthalangalil, prathyekichu jipsum plaasttar adangiya sthalangalil, jipsamumaayulla leachettinte prathipravartthanam valia alavil hydrajan sulfide srishtikkum, ithu leachettil purathuvannekkaam, koodaathe landfill vaathakathinte oru valia gadakavum aakam. oru saadhaarana landfill saittil ninnu purathuvarumbol leachettinte bhauthika roopam karupp, manja allengil ooranchu niratthilulla meghaavritha draavakamaanu. hydrajan, naitrajan, sulfur adangiya mercaptanukal polulla jaiva enangal kaaranam eee manam acidityum aakramanathmakavumaanu, ithu valare vyaapakamaayirikkaam.
munisippal, vaanijya, mishrita vyaavasaayika maalinyangalude misritham sweekarikkukayum ennaal ganyamaaya alavil kendreekritha rasamaalinyangal ozhivaakkukayum cheiyunna oru landfillil, landfill leachettine naalu koottam malineekaranangalude jalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla parihaaramaayi visheshippikkaam alinja jaivavasthukkal (alcoholeukal, aasidukal, aldehydeukal, short cheyin panjasaarakal muthalaayava.), ajaiva macro gadakangal (sulfate, chloride, irumbu, aluminium, sink, amonia ennivayulppedeyulla saadhaarana kaattiyanukalum ionukalum), kanatha lohangal (pibi, nii, kyu, echji), halogenated oorgaaniks polulla senobiotic jaiva samyukthangal (pcb, dioxinukal muthalaayava).). landfill leechettukalil niravadhi sankeernamaaya jaiva malineekaranangalum kandethiyittundu. asamskrithavum samskarichathumaaya landfill leachettil ninnulla saambilukal 84 sathamaanam saambilukalil 2-ooo-benzothiosol ulppede 58 sankeernamaaya jaiva malineekaranangalum 68 sathamaanam saambilukalil perfluoroctanoic assid kandethi. biological chikilsaykkum reverse osmosisinum sesham yathaakramam bisfenol eiii, walsarten, 2-ooo-benzothiasol ennivayil asamskritha leechettukalil ettavum uyarnna sharashari saandrata undaayirunnu.
leashate maanejment.
pazhaya landfillukalilum malinyangalkkum adisthaana geologic idayil membran illaathavayilum, leachettinu maalinyangal upekshichu nerittu bhoogarbhajalathilekku ozhukaan swaathanthryamundu. atharam sandarbhangalil, uyarnna alavil leachate palappozhum aduthulla neeruravakalilum flushukalilum kaanapedunnu. leachate aadyam purathuvarumbol athu karupp niravum anoxic, orupakshe thilangunna, layikkukayum praveshikkukayum cheiyunna vaathakangalodukoodiyathaayirim. ithu ooksijanettad aakumbol laayaniyilum suspensionilum irumbu lavanangalude saannidhyam kaaranam ithu thavitt allengil manja niramaakum. palappozhum "spherodylus naattans"-nte ganyamaaya valarcha ulkkollunna oru bacteria sasyajaalavum ithu vegathil vikasippikkunnu.
landfill leachate shekharathinte charithram.
1960kalude avasaanathil, yukeyil, leachate kettippadukkunnathu ozhivakkaan praveshanayogyamaaya adisthaana bhoomishaasthraparamaaya stharangalulla puthiya landfill sittukal thiranjedukkunnuvennu urappaakkuka ennathaayirunnu kendra sarkkaarinte nayam. eee nayathe "nerppichathum chitharichukalanjathum" ennu vilichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee nayam paraajayappedunnathaayi kaanapedunna niravadhi kesukalethudarnnu, vyaavasaayika maalinyangal anuchithamayi neekkam cheiyunnathu moolam gurutharamaaya paaristhithika naashanashtangal "njaayarazhchakalil" thurannukaattappettathinnu, nayavum niyamavum mattappettu. vishamaalinya nikshepa niyamam 1972,1974 leeii thaddeshabharana niyamathodoppam, maalinya nirmaarjanathinum maalinya nirmarjanavumaayi bandhapetta paaristhithika maanadandangal nadappaakkunnathinum praadeshika sarkkaarine utharavaadiyaakki.
nirddishta landfill lokkeshanukal bhoomishaasthraparamaayi mathramalla, shaasthreeyamaayum nyaayeekarikkendathundu. bhoogarbhajalamillaatha kaliman bhoomishaasthraparamaaya saahacharyangalil landfill sittukal thiranjedukkaano saittin oru enchiniyaring lining aavashyappedaano pala europian raajyangalum theerumaanichu. europian munnettangalude pashchaathalatthil, america leachate nilanirthunnathinum shekharana samvidaanangal vikasippicheduthu. ithu thathwathil lining muthal ellah landfillukalilum (yadhaarthathil nishkriyamaayava ozhike) onniladhikam lining paalikal upayogikkunnathilekku nayichu.
leachate shekharana samvidaanangalude lakshyangal.
lining systethinu mukalilulla eathu ghattathilum asveekaaryamaaya hydrolic head undaakunnath thadayaan paryapthamaaya nirakkil ellah leachettukalum shekharikkukayum landfillil ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu leachate sisttathinte roopakalppanaykkulla praadhamika maanadandam.
leachate shekharana samvidaanangalude gadakangal.
pambukal, manholeukal, discharge lineukal, liqvid level monittarukal ennivayulppede oru shekhara samvidaanathinu niravadhi gadakangalundu. ennirunnaalum, samvidaanathinte mothatthilulla kaaryakshamathaye niyanthrikkunna naalu pradhana gadakangalundu. linerukal, filterukal, pambukal, sambukal ennivayaanu eee naalu gadakangal.
linerukal.
prakrithidathavum synthetic linerukalum oru shekhara upakaranamaayum thaazhe mannum bhoogarbhajalavum samrakshikkunnathinaayi poorippikkalinullil leachate verthirichedukkunnathinu oru margamaayum upayogikkaam. landfillinte aayussil samagrathayum abhedyathayum nilanirthaanulla oru linerinte kazhivaanu pradhana aashanka. uparithala jala nireekshanam, leachate shekharanam, kaliman linerukal enniva saadhaaranayaayi oru maalinya landfillinte roopakalppanayilum nirmmaanatthilum ulppeduthiyittundu. oru landfillil leachate ulkkolluka enna uddeshyam phalapradamaayi niravettunnathinu, oru liner samvidaanathinu niravadhi bhauthika gunangal undaayirikkanam. linerinu uyarnna tensile shakti, vazhakkam, paraajayappedaathe neelam enniva undaayirikkanam. leachate vazhi urachilukal, panchar, raasa naseekaranam enniva prathirodhikkunnathum pradhaanamaan. avasaanamaayi, liner thaapanila vyathiyaanathe neridanam, yuvi laittine prathirodhikkanam (ithu mikka linerukalum karuppakaan kaaranamaakunnu), eluppathil instaal cheyyanam, koodaathe mithavyayamullathayirikkanam.
leachate niyanthranatthilum shekharanathilum niravadhi tharam linerukal upayogikkunnu. jiomembrainukal, geosynthetic kaliman linerukal, jiyodekstailukal, jiyogridukal, jionettukal, jiyokamposaittukal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. oro liner shailikkum prathyeka upayogangalum kazhivukalum undu. maalinyangalil ninnu purathuvidunna chalanathmaka malineekarana padaarthangalkkum bhoogarbhajalathinum idayil oru thadassam srishtikkaan jiomembrainukal upayogikkunnu. landfillukal adaykkumbol, mazhavellathinte nuzhanjukayattam thadayunnathinaayi kuranja praveshanakshamathayulla cover barrier nalkaan jiomembrainukal upayogikkunnu. neythathum neythathallaathathumaaya jiyodekstailukalkkilkil soodiyam bentanaitt oru ekeekritha kanathil vitharanam cheythaanu geosynthetic kaliman linerukal (jii. sii. ell. ezz) nirmmikkunnath. soodiyam bentanaittin kuranja praveshanakshamathayundu, ithu oru samyojitha liner samvidaanathile kaliman linerukalkku anuyojyamaaya badalaayi jii. sii. ellukale maattunnu. thaazhathe paali mukalile paali malinamaakkunnath thadayaan rund vyathyastha tharam mannu verthirikkaan jiyodekstailukal upayogikkunnu. jiyodekstailukal synthetic paalikale adisthaanavum pothinjathumaaya paarakalil ninnulla pancharil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinulla oru kushyanaayi pravartthikkunnu. synthetic linerukalkku mukaliloo kuthaneyulla charivukalil manninte shakthippeduthalilo moodunna manninu sthiratha srishtikkaan slope veeniyar sthirathayil upayogikkunna gadanaaparamaaya synthetic vasthukkalaan jiyogridukal. manalinum charalkkum pakaram palappozhum upayogikkunna synthetic drainage meteeriyalukalaanu jionattukal. radesinu drainage manal edukkaan kazhiyum, angane maalinyangalkkayi landfill idam vardhippikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi ottaykku upayogikkunna synthetic vasthukkalude samyojanamaanu jio compositeukal. jiyodekstailinte rund paalikalumayi oro vashathum oru thaapabandhamulla oru jiocomposit aanu oru saadhaarana tharam jiocomposit. jiocomposit oru filter, drainage maadhyamamaayi pravartthikkunnu.
geosynthetic kaliman linerukal oru tharam kompineshan lineraanu. geosynthetic kaliman liner (jii. sii. ell) upayogikkunnathinte oru nettam linerinte krithyamaaya alavu oordar cheyyaanulla kazhivaanu. nirmmathaavil ninnu krithyamaaya thuka oordar cheiyunnathu michavum amita chelavum thadayunnu. mathiyaya kaliman srothassillaatha pradeshangalil liner upayogikkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu jii. sii. ellinte mattoru nettam. maruvashathu, jii. sii. ell. kall bhaarameriyathum budhimuttullathumaanu, avayude instaaleshan valare advaanikkunnathaanu. saadhaarana saahacharyangalil budhimuttullathum budhimuttupallathumaayirukkunumaari, eerppamulla saahacharyangalil instaaleshan raddakkam, kaaranam bentonaitt eerppam agiranam cheyyukayum jolie kooduthal bharamullathum maduppikkunnathumaakki maattukayum cheyyum.
leachate drainage samvidaanam.
linerinullil shekharicha leachate shekharikkunnathinum kondupokunnathinum leachate drainage samvidaanamaanu utharavaadikal. pipe alavukal, tharam, leauttu ennivayellaam maalinyathinte bharavum mardhavum, gathagatha vaahanangalum manassil vachukondu aasoothranam cheyyanam. paippukal sellinte tharayilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. netvarkkinu mukalil valia alavil bharavum sammarddavum undu. ithine pinthunaykkunnathinu, paippukal vazhakkamullatho karkkashamo aakam, ennaal kanakshanukal vazhakkamullathaanenkil paippukale bandhippikkunnathinulla sandhikal mikacha phalangal nalkunnu. maalinyangal shekharikkunna samvidaanam maalinyangalkk thaazhe sthaapikkunnathinulla oru badal vazhikal kuzhikalilo athinu mukaliloo sthaapikkuka ennathaanu.
oru leachate shekharana samvidaanathinte shekharana pipe shringhala drainage paaliyiloode leachate azhikkukayum shekharikkukayum oru shekharana sambilekku kondupookukayum cheiyunnu, avide athu samskaranathino nirmaarjanathino vendi neekkam cheiyunnu. paaliyile leachate koombaaram kuraykkunnathinu drainage paalikkullile drainukalaayum paippukal pravartthikkunnu. eee paippukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu 120 digri charinja murivukalodeyaanu, ithu kharakanangalude praveshanam thadayunnu.
filterukal.
leachate shekharanathil drainage leyarinu mukalilaanu filter lair upayogikkunnathu. enchiniyaring reethikalil saadhaaranayaayi rund tharam filterukal upayogikkunnu granular, jiyotekstail. samrakshikkenda manninekkaal parukkan gradationulla onno athiladhikamo mannu paalikal allengil onniladhikam paalikal adangiyathaanu granular filterukal.
nannayi kuliykkukayo allengil cheettukayo cheyyuka.
draavakam landfill sellil praveshikkumbol, athu filterilekku neengukayum pipe nettvarkkiloode kadannupokukayum sambil vishramikkukayum cheiyunnu. shekharana samvidaanangal aasoothranam cheiyunnathinaal, sambukalude ennam, sthaanam, valuppam enniva kaaryakshamamaya pravarthanatthinu pradhaanamaan. sumps roopakalppana cheyyumbol, leachettinteyum draavakathinteyum alavu pratheekshikkunnathaan pradhana aashanka. saraashariyekkaal kooduthal mazha labhikkuna pradeshangalil saadhaaranayaayi valia sambukalundu. sump planninginte mattoru maanadandam pump sheshi kanakkaakkuka ennathaanu. pump sheshiyudeyum sump valuppathinteyum bandham vipareethamaanu. pambinte sheshi kurravaanengil, sambinte alavu saraashariyekkaal valuthayirikkanam. pumping cycleukalkkidayil prathekshikkunna leachate sambharikkaan sambinte alavu nirnaayakamaan. eee bandham aarogyakaramaya oru sasthrakriya nilanirthaan sahayikkunnu. munkootty nischayicha ghatta samayangalil sump pambukalkku pravartthikkaan kazhiyum. ozhukk pravachikkaanaavunnillenle, munkootty nischayicha leachate uyaram nilaykk sisttam yaanthrikamaayi oonaakkaan kazhiyum.
attakuttappanikalum pump drodownum aanu sump planinginulla mattu vyavasthakal. kalakshan paippukal saadhaaranayaayi vattunna pradeshatthinte valuppathe aashrayich onno athiladhikamo sambukalilekku leachate guruthwaakarshanathiloode athikkunnu. sambil shekharicha leachate oru vaahanathilekko thudarnnulla vahana pikkappinulla holding soukaryathilekko allengil oonn-saitt treatment soukaryathilekko pump cheythukondu neekkam cheiyunnu. sambharikkenda leachettinte alavu, pambinte sheshi, kuranja pump drodown ennivayaal sump alavukal niyanthrikkappedunnu. pump cycleukalkkidayil prathekshikkunna paramavadhi alavil leachate nilanirthaan sambinte alavu mathiyakum, koodaathe kuranja pump drodown volyathinu thulyamaaya oru adhika vooliyam undaayirikkanam. attakuttappanikalum parisodhana pravartthanangalum nadathunnathinulla alavilulla aavashyakathakalum sump sais pariganikkanam. munkootty nischayicha saikling samayangalil sump pambukal pravarthichekkaam allengil leachate ozhukk pravachikkaanaavaathathaangil, leachate munkootty nischayicha nilayilethumbol pump yaanthrikamaayi oonaakkaam.
membran chikilsaykkaayi shekharanavum.
vikasita raajyangalile kooduthal aadhunika landfillukalil chuttumulla mannil ninnu maalinyangale verthirikkunna eathenkilum tharatthilulla membron undu, atharam saittukalil palappozhum leachate oru shekharathilekko samskarana sthalathekko athikkunnathinaayi membranil oru leachate shekharana parambara paippukal sthaapichittundu. cheria membran upayogam maathram ulla oru chikitsa samvidaanathinte oru udaaharanamaanu naantmel landfill saitt.
ellah stharangalum parimithamaaya alavil sushirangalullathinal kaalakramena kuranja alavil leachate stharathe kadakkum. landfill membranukalude roopakalppana valare kuranja alavilaanu, avaa orikkalum sweekarikkunna bhoogarbhajalathinte gunanilavaarathil alakkaavunna prathikoola swaadheenam chelutharuthu. leachate shekharana samvidaanathinte paraajayamo upekshayo kooduthal pradhanappetta apakadasaadhyathayaayirikkam. maalinyangal asamamaayi vighadikkukayum paippukal buckle cheyyukayum valachodikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal landfillukal valia aantharika chalanagal anubhavikkunnathinal atharam samvidaanangal aantharika paraajayathinu saadhyathayund. oru leachate shekharana samvidaanam parajayappettaal, leachate alavu oru saittil pathukke vardhikkukayum adangiyirikkunna membranine marikadannu paristhithiyilekku ozhukukayum cheyyum. leachettinte alavu vardhikkunnathu munbu varandirunna maalinya pindangale nanaykkukayum kooduthal sajeevamaaya vighadanathinum leachate ulppaadanathinum kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. athinaal, sthirathayullathum nishkriyavumaaya oru saittayi thonnunna sthalathinu veendum pravarthanakshamamaakaanum ganyamaaya vathaka uthppaadanam punaraarambhikkaanum poortthiyaaya bhoonirappil kaaryamaaya mattangal prakadippikkaanum kazhiyum.
landfillilekku veendum kuthivaykkuka.
niyanthranamillaatha sthalangalil kooduthalaayi kaanapedunna leachate maanejmentinte oru reethi leachate ree-sarkkuleshan aayirunnu, athil leachate shekharichu maalinya pindatthilekku veendum kuthivachu. eee prakriya vighadanathe valareyadhikam thwarithappeduthukayum athinaal vathaka ulppaadanam vegathilaakkukayum kurachu leachate vooliyam landfill vaathakamakki maattukayum neekkam cheiyunnathinulla leachettinte mothatthilulla alavu kuraykkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ithu malineekarana vasthukkalude saandrata ganyamaayi vardhippikkukayum ithu samskarikkaan kooduthal budhimuttulla malinyamaakki maattukayum cheythu.
chikitsa.
shekharicha leachate kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya reethi oonn-saitt chikilsayaanu. leachate oonn-saitt aayi chikilsikkumbol, leachate sambil ninnu treatment taankukalilekku pump cheiyunnu. pii. echu. parishkarikkunnathinum kharapadaarthangal kattapidikkunnathinum sthiratha varuthunnathinum apakadakaramaaya vasthukkalude saandrata kuraykkunnathinum leachate raasa reactorukalumaayi kalarthaam. parambaraagatha chikilsayil layikkunna jaiva ulladakkam ganyamaayi kuraykkunnathinu sajeevamaaya cheliyude parishkaricha roopam ulppedunnu. poshakangalude asanthulithaavastha phalapradamaaya jaiva chikilsayude ghattam nilanirthunnathil budhimuttukal undaakkum. samskaricha draavakam paristhithiyilekku vidunnathinu mathiyaya gunanilavaramullathalla, koodaathe tanker cheiyukayo praadeshika malinajala samskarana soukaryathilekku pipe cheiyukayo cheyyaam; theerumaanam landfillinte praayatheyum samskaranathinu sesham kaivarikkenda jalathinte gunanilavaaratthinte paridiyeyum aasrayichirikkunnu. uyarnna chalakatha ullathinaal, leachate jaiva chikitsayo raasa chikitsayo upayogichu chikilsikkaan prayaasamaan.
reverse oosmoosis chikitsa parimithamaanu, ithu rogamukthi kuraykkunnathinum roow membranukalude foulinginum kaaranamaakunnu. chalakatha, jaivashasthram, casso 4, sii, bii. eiii thudangiya ajaiva gadakangal skeyil cheyyal enniva vazhi reverse oosmoosis prayogakshamatha parimithappedutthiyirikku.
azhukkuchaal samvidaanathilekku neekkam cheyyuka.
chila pazhaya landfillukalil, leachate azhukkuchaalukalilekku nayichirunnuvenkilum ithu niravadhi prashnangalkk kaaranamakum. malinajala samskarana plaantiloode kadannupokunna leachettil ninnulla visha lohangal malinajala cheliyil kendreekarikkukayum paristhithiykku apakadamundakkaathe cheli neekkam cheiyunnathu budhimuttullatho apakadakaramo aakkukayum cheiyunnu. europil, sameepa dashakangalil niyanthranangalum niyanthranangalum mechappettittund, vishamalinyangal ippol munisippal kharamaalinya maalinyangalil neekkam cheyyaan anuvadikkunnilla, mikka vikasita raajyangalilum lohangalude prashnam kuranju. ennirunnaalum, vairudhyaparamaayi, europiludaneelavum mattu pala raajyangalilum malinajala samskarana plaant dischaarjukal mechappeduthikkonnathil, leachettukal samskarikkaan prayaasamulla maalinya aruvikalaanennu plaant oopparettarmaar kandethunnu. leechettukalil valare uyarnna amoniacal naitrajan saandrata adangiyirikkunnathinaal, saadhaaranayaayi valare acidity ullava, palappozhum anoxic aayathinal, varunna malinajalathinte ozhukkumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valia alavil labhikkukayaanenkil, malinajala samskarana prakriyakal nadathunna jaiva samoohangalkku poshakangalude pattini thadayaan aavashyamaaya phosphorasinte abhavam undaakunnu. athinte phalam leachettukal samskarikkaan prayaasamulla oru maalinya srothassaanu ennathaanu.
ennirunnaalum, acidogenic leachate vighadanathinte prarambha ghattathinu sesham piechu neutralilekku madangivarunnathinaal, pazhaya munisippal kharamaalinya landfillukalkullil ithu oru prasnamaayirikkilla. pala azhukkuchaal nirmmaathaakkalum avarude azhukkuchaalukalile amoniacal naitrajan saandrata 250 milligram/lii aayi parimithappedutthunnu, kaaranam malinajala paripalana thozhilaallikale samrakshikkunnathinaayi avarude paramavadhi thozhil suraksha paridhi piechu 9 muthal 10 vare kaviyunnu, ithu palappozhum azhukkuchaal dischaarjukalil anuvadaneeyamaaya ettavum uyarnna piechu aanu.
pala pazhaya leachate aruvikalilum vaividhyamaarnna synthetic jaiva enangalum avayude vighadana uthppannangalum adangiyirunnu, avayil chilath paristhithiye valareyadhikam nasippikkaan saadhyathayund.
paaristhithika aaghaatham.
maalinya leachettil ninnulla apakadasadhyathakal athinte uyarnna jaiva malineekarana saandrathayum amonia uyarnna saandrathayum moolamaanu. athil adangiyirikkaavunna rogakarikalaaya sookshumaanukkale palappozhum ettavum pradhaanappettathaayi udharikkunnu, ennaal rogakarikalaaya jeevikalude ennam landfillile samayathinanusarichu athivegam kurayunnu, athinaal ithu ettavum puthiya leachettinu maathrame baadhakamaakoo. ennirunnaalum, vishavasthukkal variable saandrathayil undakam, avayude saannidhyam nikshepikkunna maalinyathinte swabhaavavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
jaivavasthukkal adangiya mikka landfillukalum meedhane utppaadippikkum, avayil chilath leachettil layikkunnu. sidhaanthathil, treatment plaantile mosham vaayusanjaaramulla pradeshangalil ithu puratthuvaraam. europile ellah plaantukalum ippol europian union attex nirddeshaprakaaram vilayiruthukayum bhaaviyile apakadangal thadayunnathinaayi spodanasaadhyathakal thirichariyunna mekhalayaayi maattukayum venam. samskarikkaatha leachettil ninnu layippicha meedhane pothu azhukkuchaalukalilekku ozhukunnathu thadayuka ennathaanu ettavum pradhanappetta aavasyakatha, mikka malinajala samskarana adhikaarikalum layippicha meedheyninte anuvadaneeyamaaya discharge saandrata 0.14 milligram/lii allengil kuranja spotaka paridhiyude 1/10 aayi parimithappedutthunnu. leachettil ninnu meedhane neekkam cheiyunnathu ithil ulppedunnu.
aadhunika enchiniyaring maanadandangal nirbandhamaakunnathinu munbu nirmmicha pazhaya saittukalil ninnulla dischaarjukalilum aadhunika maanadandangal prayogikkaattha vikaswara raajyangalile saittukalil ninnum ettavum valia paaristhithika apakadasadhyathakal sambhavikkunnu. niyamathinu purathulla samghadanakal maalinyangal neekkam cheyyaan upayogikkunna niyamaviruddha saittukalil ninnum adhock saittukalil ninnum ganyamaaya apakadasaadhyathakalund. jala paristhithiyilekku nerittu ozhukunna leachate aruvikal paristhithiyil theevravum vittumaaraathathumaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu, ithu valare kadinavum jaivavaividhyam saaramaayi kuraykkukayum sensitiivu speesheesukalude janasamkhyaye valareyadhikam kuraykkukayum cheyyum. visha lohangalum jaivavasthukkalum ullidathu ithu praadeshikavum vidooravumaaya janasamkhyayil vittumaaraatha vishavasthukkalude shekharanathilekku nayichekkaam. leachate baadhicha nadikal palappozhum manjaniratthil kaanappedukayum palappozhum malinajala fangasinte gurutharamaaya valarchaye pinthunaykkukayum cheiyunnu.
landfill leachettil ninnu uthbhavikkunna paaristhithika prashnangalude moolyanirnnaya saankethikavidyakaludeyum parihara saankethikavidyayudeyum mekhalayile samakaalika gaveshanam paristhithi shaasthra saankethika jenalile vimarsanaathmaka avalokanangalil prasidheekaricha oru lekhanathil avalokanam cheythittundu.
asamskrithavum samskarichathumaaya landfill leechettukalil jaiva micropollutantukal undaakunnath moolam jala paristhithiykku paaristhithika bheeshaniyum report cheyyappettittund.
shekharana samvidaanangalile prashnangalum paraajayangalum.
leachate shekharana samvidaanangalkku cheliyo cheliyo adaykkunnathu ulppede niravadhi prasnangal neridendivarum. kuzhalile sookshumajeevikalude valarcha vazhi bioclogging kooduthal vashalakkaam. leachate shekharana samvidaanangalile avasthakal sookshumajeevikalkku gunikkaan anuyojyamaanu. leachettile raasapravarthanangal khara avashishtangal uthppaadippikkunnathiloo thadassathinum kaaranamaayekkam. leachettinte raasaghadana pipe mathilukale durbalappeduthum, athu pinneedu paraajayappettekkam.
mattu tharatthilulla leachate.
faaktarikal, khanikal allengil sambharana sthalangal polulla vyaavasaayika pravarthanangalil upayogikkunna raasavasthukkalo vishavasthukkalo malinamaaya bhoomiyil ninnum leachate ulppaadippikkaam. uyarnna mazha labhikkuna pradeshangalile composting saittukalum leachate uthpaadippikkunnu.
shekharicha kalkariyumaayum lohayiru khananathil ninnulla maalinyavasthukkalumaayum mattu paara verthirichedukkal prakriyakalumaayum leachate bandhappettirikkunnu, prathyekichu sulfide adangiya vasthukkal vaayu uthppaadippikkunna sulfuric aasidumaayi sanbarkkam pularthunnava, palappozhum uyarnna loha saandrathayode.
sivil enchineeyaringinte pashchaathalatthil (kooduthal vyakthamaayi shakthippeduthiya konkreett design), leachate ennathu simant pastiloode steel shakthippeduthalinte uparithalathilekku vyaapikkunna (manjum manjum uppinoppam urukunnath ulppedaam) nadappaathayile vaash-oof (uppu upayogichu urukunnath ulppedaam) enna maalinyathe soochippikkunnu, athuvazhi athinte ooksideshanum apachayavum uthejippikkunnu. leachettukal prakrithiyil genotoxic aakam.
asamskritha allengil samskaricha landfill leechettukalil jaiva micropollutantukal undaakunnath moolam jala paristhithiykku saadhyamaaya apakadasaadhyathayum sameepakaala padanangalil report cheyyappettittund.