
nigeriayile phulani theevravaadam

vividha vamshangalilppetta ayal karshakarkkethire phulani (phula allengil fulae ennum ariyappedunnu) enna oru vamseeya vibhaagam nadathunna akramatheyaanu phulani theevravaadam soochippikkunnathu. naijeeriya vividha saamskaarika, vamseeya vibhaagangalude "urukunna kalamaayi" kanakkaakkappedunnu. raajyathe vamseeya thirichariyal aadima, kanstrakttivist sameepanangalude sankeernamaaya samyojanamaanu.
pashchaathalam.
nigeriayile fulaaniyude ennam ekadesham 13 dashalakshamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. raajyathe karshaka-paastaralist samgharshathil motham 33 ariyappedunna grouppukal pankedukkunnundenkum, yoruba igboyumaanu phulani samgharshathilekku varunna praadhamika vamseeya grouppukal.
pothuvaaya charithram.
padinjaaran aafrikkayile ardha varanda kaalaavasthayil thamasikkunna ekadesham 20 dasalaksham vyakthikalude naadodi/ardha naadodi grouppaanu phulani. ellah fulaanikalum theevravaadikalallennu oonnipparayendathu pradhaanamaan-theevravaadikal eee valia vamseeya grouppinte upavibhagamaanu. phulani oru edayasamoohamaanu, avarude upajeevanamaargam kannukaalikaleyum idaykkide aadukaleyum aadukaleyum meikkal paathakaliloode valarthunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu. sameepa varshangalil, kalavastha vyathiyaanam vardhicha marubhoomivalkkaranathinum vibhavangalude shaamathinum kaaranamayathinaal, phulani-karshaka samgharshangalude aavruthi vardhichu. phulani naadodikal kooduthal phalabhooyishtamaaya bhoomiyilekku thekkott neengumbol, praadeshika karshakarumaayi mechilpaathakalkkaayi kooduthal malsaram nadannirikkunnu, ithu akramathinu kaaranamaayi.
nigeriayil mattu tharatthilulla kannukaali-karshaka samgharshangal nadakkumbol, theevravaadavum theevramaaya akramavum tharkkangal pariharikkunnathinulla thanthrangalaayi palappozhum upayogikkunnathinaal phulani-karshaka samgharshangal theevravaadamaayi tharamthirichittundu. maalii polulla aafrikkayude chila bhaagangalil aupachaarika theevravaada grouppukal sthaapikkappettittundu. phulani idayanmaarumaayi bandhapetta oru audyogika jihadi grouppaanu massina liberation frond allengil maaliyile frond dii liberation duu massina (eflm). nilavil nigeriayil aupachaarika samghadanayonnumillenkilum theevravaada thanthrangal ippozhum saadhaaranamaanu. vilakal nasippikkal, marakamaaya kalapam, gathagatham thadayal, sthreekale balaalsangam cheyyal, karshakare mardhikkal, graamangalkk nere sayudha aakramanangalkk prerippikkal enniva ithil ulppedunnu, ennaal athil maathram parimithappedunnilla. phalabhooyishtamaaya kaarshika bhoomikkum mechilppaathakalkkumulla poraattam ganyamaaya akramathinu kaaranamaayi. ginia, senegal, maalii, cameroon ennividangalilum eee prathisandhikal sambhavikkunnu.
naijeeriyayilekkulla phulani kudiyettatthinte prathyeka vishadaamshangal valiyathothil anjjaathamaanengilum, pathimoonnaam noottaandilum pathinalam noottaandilum senegambia mekhalayil ninnu phulani vadakkan naijeeriyayilekk mariyathaayi pothuve anumaanikkappedunnu. eee prarambha kudiyettam muthal, nigeriayile karshakarumaayi phulani samgharshathilaanu. kaduna, peedabhoomi, benue samsthaanangalilaanu phulani theevravaada akramanangal ettavum pradhaanappettath.
niravadhi noottaandukalaayi, eee samgharshangal vividha saamoohika, rashtreeya, saambathika, paaristhithika gadakangale adisthaanamaakki theevrathayil ettakkurachilukal undaayittund. prathyekichum, varalcha, kramarahithamaya mazha, nigeriayile bhoomiyude apachayangal enniva samgharsham rookshamaakki.
pramukha akramanangal.
phulani theevravaadikal topp-daun neethrthwathinte bharanathin keezhil ekeekarikkappedunnilla. pakaram, akramanangal nadathunnathu oru vyakthigatha, cheria thothilulla thalathilaanu, athu theevravaada grouppukalude asaadhaaranamaanu. thalphalamaayi, aakramanangalude vyakthamaaya record nilanirthunnathum theevravaadikale utharavaadikalaakkunnathum budhimuttaanu. kazhinja anchu varshathinide nigeriayil phulani theevravaadikal nadatthiya pradhana akramanangalil chilath thaazhepparayunnavayaanu, ennaal ellaam allah.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
1964leeii nigerian mechil samrakshana niyamam.
1964ll, eee samvarana bhoomiyil udaaseenamaaya jeevitashaili sweekarikkaanum meikkaanum fulaanikale prothsaahippikkumenna pratheekshayil sarkkar eee niyamam pasaki.
1978leeii bhoomi upayoga niyamam.
1978ll sarkkar bhoomi upayoga niyamam nadappaakki. eee niyamanirmmanam vividha grouppukalkku bhoomi anuvadikkaan federal sarkkaarine adhikaarappeduthi. koodaathe, thaddesheeya vibhaagangalkk poorvvika pradeshangalude udamasthaavakaasham avakaashappedaanulla avakashavum nalki. naadodi fulaanikale poorvvikarude bhoomiyude udamasthaavakaasham avakaashappedaanulla avakaashathil ninnu valia thothil ozhivaakkiyathinaal bhooviniyoga niyamam paasaakkiyat phulani-karshaka samgharsham kooduthal vashalakki.
1988leeii nigerian kaarshika nayam.
bhoomi upayoga niyamam avatharippicha prasnangal pariharikkunnathinulla shramathil, nigerian kaarshika nayavumaayi sarkkar prathyeka mechil shekharangal verthirichirikkunnu. eee niyamam raajyathe motham pradeshatthinte kuranjathu 10 shathamaanamenkilum mechilppurathinaayi neekkivaykkunnu. innuvare, eee utharavu athinte poornnamaaya seshikk nadappakkiyittilla.
samgharshangalude prathyaaghaathangal.
vilavu kuranju.
edayanmaarum karshakarum thammilulla nirantharamaaya samgharsham karshaka ulppaadanathe prathikoolamaayi baadhichu. phulani theevravaadikal kaarshika ulppaadanathe prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna vidhathil vivechanarahithamayi vilakal nasippikkunnu.
karshakarude sthalammaattam.
eee samgharsham moolam karshakar palayanam cheyyappedukayum kaarshika mekhalakalile daaridryavum kramakkedum vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu.