
alga kalchar

aalgakalude enangalude krishi ulppedunna akwaakalcharinte oru roopamaanu aalgakkalchar.
manappoorvvam krishi cheiyunna bhooribhaagam aalgakalum microalga vibhaagathil pedunnu (phaittoplanktan, microfiteukal allengil plaanktonik aalgakal ennum ariyappedunnu). saadhaaranayaayi kadalppayal ennariyappedunna macroalgaic niravadhi vaanijya, vyaavasaayika upayogangalundu, ennaal avayude valupavum avaa valarenda paristhithiyude prathyeka aavasyangalum kaaranam avaa krishikku eluppathil kadam kodukkunilla (ennirunnaalum, ithu mariyekkaam, ennirunnaalum, puthiya kadalppayal kalttiyettarmaarude varavode, adisthaanaparamaayi cheria kandeynarukalil uyarnnuvarunna vaayu kumilakal upayogikkunna alga scrubberukalaaniva).
omega-3 phaatti aasidukal (algal oayil) allengil prakrithidatha bhakshya nirangalum chaayangalum, bhakshanam, valangal, bioplastics, kemikkal feedstokku (asamskritha vasthukkal), protein adangiya mrugangal/akwakalchar pheed, farmaceuticals, algal indhanam, malineekarana niyanthranathinum prakrithidatha kaarban verthirichedukkalinum upayogikkunna maarggam ennivayulppede vaanijya, vyaavasaayika aalgakalude krishikku niravadhi upayogangalundu.
kadalppayal aadipathyamulla krishi cheiyunna jalasasyangalude aagola uthppaadanam 1995leeii 13.5 dasalaksham tunnil ninnu 2016ll 30 dasalaksham tannayi uyarnnu. valarnnuvarunna jaiva sambadvyavasthayile vaividhyamaarnna mekhalakalkku ithinakam thanne samskaricha microalgakal sambhavana cheiyunnu. bhaaviyile aarogyakaravum susthiravumaaya bhakshya samvidaanathinte vikasanathinu alga kalcharinu valia saadhyathakalum nettangalum undennu gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu.<rafiyude peru = "10.5670/oceanog.2022.213">
aalgakalude upayogam.
bhakshanam.
niravadhi inam aalgakale bhakshanathinaayi valarthunnu. aalgakalkk susthiramaaya oru bhakshya srothassinte gunangalundu, "uyarnna dahanakshamamaaya proteinukal, lipidukal, carbohydrateukal enniva ulppaadippikkunnu, koodaathe avashya phaatti aasidukal, vitaaminukal, daathukkal ennivayaal sambannamaanu".jii. ekkarinu uyarnna protein uthppaadanakshamathayullathinal, "nilavile biomass ulppaadanavum bhakshyavipaniyile valia thothilulla saambathika alga ulppaadanavum" thammil niravadhi velluvilikalundu.
laab krithrimathvam.
adalydile flindezhs sarvakalaashaalayile australian shaasthranjar manushya upabhogathinaayi proteinukal ulppaadippikkaan maraine microalga upayogikkunnathum "kaviar", sasyahara burgerukal, vyaja maamsam, jaam, mattu bhakshya spreadukal thudangiya uthppannangal srishtikkunnathum pareekshichukondirikku. oru laborattariyile microalga kaikaaryam cheiyunnathiloode, protein mattu poshaka ulladakkangalum vardhippikkaanum avaye kooduthal ruchikaramaakkunnathinaayi sugandhangal mattaanum kazhiyum. eee bhakshanagal mattu tharatthilulla proteinukalekkaal valare bharam kuranja kaarban kaalppaadukal avasheshippikkunnu, kaaranam microalgakal kaarban dye ooksaid ulppaadippikkunnathinu pakaram agiranam cheiyunnu, ithu harithagriha vaathakangalkk kaaranamaakunnu.
valavum agar.
noottaandukalaayi kadalppayal valamaayi upayogikkunnu. pottash, pottasyam naitrettu ennivayude nirmmaanathinu pottasyam uthppaadippikkunna mikacha uravidam koodiyaanithu. chila tharatthilulla microalgakalum eee reethiyil upayogikkaam.
microalga macroalga aggar nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnu.
malineekarana niyanthranam.
aagolathaapanathekkurichula aashankayode, kaarban dye ooksaid samagramaayum kaaryakshamamayum pidichedukkunnathinulla puthiya reethikal thedukayaanu. kaarban indhana kathikkunna plaant ulppaadippikkunna kaarban dye ooksaidinu thurannatho adachatho aaya alga samvidaanangalilekku bhakshanam nalkaanum kaarban dye ooksaid sariyaakkaanum aalgakalude valarcha thwarithappeduthaanum kazhiyum. samskarikkaatha malinajalathinu adhika poshakangal nalkaan kazhiyum, angane rund malineekaranavasthukkale vilapetta charakkukalayi maattunnu.
kalavastha vyathiyana laghookaranathinu ganyamaaya nettangal saadhyathayulla anthareekshathil ninnulla uyarnna shudhathayulla maalinyavum verthiricha carbon upayogikkaam.
euranium/plutonium verthirichedukkunnathum valam shudheekarikkunnathinumaayi aalgakalude krishi padanatthilaanu.
oorjja uthppaadanam.
petrol, bio deesal, biogyas, mattu indhanangal enniva nirmmikkaan aalgakal upayogikkaanulla saadhyatha bisinessukalum academica sthaapanangalum sarkkaarukalum parishodhikkukayaan. aalgakal thanne oru jaiva indhanamaayi upayogikkaam, koodaathe hydrajan srishtikkaanum upayogikkaam.
hydrajan ulppaadanathinaayi microalgakalum gaveshanam cheyyappedunnu-udha.jii. algal koshangalkkulla micro-thullikal allengil vaayuvinu keezhil pakal velichathil prakaashasamshleshanathiloode ooksijanum hydrajan ulppaadippikkaan kazhivulla synergistic algal-baakteeriyal multisellular spheroid microbial reactors.
mattu upayogangal.
"chlorella", prathyekichu adhika merkuri reductase jeane vahikkunna oru transgenic strain, vishaamsham kuranja moolaka merkuriyilekku kuraykkaanulla kazhivu kaaranam paaristhithika parihaarathinulla oru ejantaayi padikkappettittund.
kalavastha prathirodhatthinum bleaching sahishnuthaykkum vendi pavizhapputtukalude taapa sahishnutha vardhippikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi oru saadhaarana pavizha microalgal endosymbiantukalude samskaricha vakabhedangal gaveshanam cheyyappedunnu.
saadhyathayulla medical aaplikkeshanukalkkaayulla gaveshanathilum vikasanathilum, prathyekichu biohybrid microswimerukal polulla microbottukalkku targettucheytha marunnu vitharanathinayi kalchar cheytha microalge upayogikkunnu.
soundaryavardhaka vasthukkal, mrugangalude theetta, bioplastic uthppaadanam, chaayangalum varnna uthppaadanavum, raasa feedstokku uthppaadanam, farmaceutical cheruvakal ennivayulppede mattu niravadhi aavasyangal krishi cheiyunna aalgakal niravettunnu.
aalgakalude valarcha, vilaveduppu, samskaranam.
ekasamskaaram.
mikka karshakarum eaka saamskaarika uthppaadanamaanu eshtappedunnathu, avarude samskaarangalude vishudhi nilanirthaan ganyamaaya dooram pookunnu. ennirunnaalum, microbiological malineekaranangal ippozhum anweshanathilaanu.
sammishra samskarangalulla oru jeevivarggam kaalakramena aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, prabalamallaatha oru jeevivargathinu prathyeka moolyamundennu vishwasikkappedunnul, eee jeevivarggathe krishi cheiyunnathinu shudhamaaya samskaarangal nedendathu aavasyamaanu. gaveshana aavasyangalkkaayi vyakthigatha speeshees samskaarangalum valare aavasyamaanu.
shudhamaaya samskaarangal nedunnathinulla oru saadhaarana reethi seeriyal dilutionaanu. karshakar filter cheytha vellam upayogichu aavasyamulla aalgakal adangiya oru kaattupoochayo laab samplo nerppichedukkukayum cheria alikottukal (eee laayaniyude alavukal) dhaaraalam cheria valarunna kandeynarukalil ulppeduthukayum cheiyunnu. valarunna kandeynarukalil chilathil aavasyamulla inathinte orotta koshamundennu pravachikkunna uravida samskaarathinte oru microscopic parisodhanaye thudarnnaanu dialution. oru laitt table anuyojyamaaya kaalayalavinethudarnnu, karshakar veendum valia kalcharukal aarambhikkunnathin kandeynarukal thirichariyaan microscope upayogikkunnu.
aakramanathmaka aalgakal ulppedeyulla mattu jeevikale ozhivaakkunna oru prathyeka maadyamam upayogikkuka ennathaanu mattoru sameepanam. udaaharanathinu, mattu chila jeevikalkk sahikkaan kazhiyunna valare uppuvellathil thazhachuvalarunna microalgayude saadhaaranayaayi valarunna oru janussaanu "dunaliyalla".
pakaramaayi, mixed alga kalcharukalkku larva molaskukalkku nannayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyum. aadyam, larvakalkku kazhikkaan kazhiyaathathra valuppamulla aalgakale neekkam cheyyaan kalttiyettar kadaljalam filter cheiyunnu. aduthathaayi, karshakan poshakangal cherkkukayum orupakshe phalam vaayusanchaaramaakkukayum cheiyunnu. onno rando divasam harithagrihathilo purattho kazhinjathinushesham, mishrita aalgakalude nerttha suupp larvakalkku thayyarakum. kuranja attakuttappaniyaanu eee reethiyude oru gunam.
valarunna aalgakal.
jalam, kaarban dye ooksaid, daathukkal, prakasham ennivayellaam krishiyile pradhana gadakangalaanu, vyathyastha aalgakalkk vyathyastha aavasyangalundu. kaarban dye ooksaid + prakasha oorjjam + vellam = glucose + ooksijan + vellam ennivayaanu jalathile aalgakalude valarchayude adisthaana prathikaranam. ithine "autootroophik" valarcha ennu vilikkunnu. prakaashamillathe chilatharam aalgakal valarthaanum kazhiyum, itharathilulla aalgakal panchasaara (glucose polullava) upayogikkunnu. ithine "heterotrophic" valarcha ennu vilikkunnu.
thaapanila.
15 digri celsiusinum 35 digri celsiusinum idayil valarunna prathyeka algal enangale pinthunaykkunna thaapanila paridhiyilayirikkanam vellam.
velichavum misrithavum.
thuranna kulampolulla oru saadhaarana algal-cultivation sisttathil, prakasham vellathinte mukalbhaagathekku maathrame thulachukayarunnulloo, ennirunnaalum ithu aalgakalude saandrathaye aasrayichirikkunnu. aalgakal valarukayum perukukayum cheyyumbol, samskaaram valare saandramaayitheerukayum athu prakaashatthe vellathilekku aazhathil athunnathil ninnu thadayukayum cheiyunnu. mikka aalgakalkkum nerittulla sooryaprakaasham valare shakthamaan, avaykku nerittulla sooryaprakaashathil ninnu labhikkuna prakaashatthinte alavu maathrame upayogikkaan kazhiyoo; ennirunnaalum, oru alga samskaarathe nerittu sooryaprakaashathilekku thurannukaattunnath (athine sheducheyyunnathinupakaram) palappozhum sakthamaaya valarchaykkulla ettavum nalla maargamaan, kaaranam uparithalathinu thaazheyulla aalgakalkk mukalilulla aalgakalude nizhalil ninnu srishtikkunna kuranja theevrathayulla prakasham kooduthal upayogikkaan kazhiyum.
aazhathilulla kulangal upayogikkaan, karshakar vellam uyarthippidichu, aalgakal uparithalathil nilanilkkathirikkaan athu chuttunnu. paddle veelukalkku vellathe elakkividaanum thaazhe ninnu varunna compress cheytha vaayu thaazhnna pradeshangalil ninnu aalgakale uyarthanum kazhiyum. sooryaprakaasham amithamaayi exposure cheiyunnathu thadayaanum prakshobham sahayikkunnu.
prakasham nalkunnathinulla mattoru maarggam prakasham sisttathil sthaapikkuka ennathaanu. plaastik allengil glass sheettukalil ninnu nirmmicha glow plettukal taankinullil sthaapikkunnathu prakasha theevrathayil krithyamaaya niyanthranam nalkukayum athu kooduthal thulyamaayi vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna chelavu kaaranam avaa apoorvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo.
manam, ooksijan.
marammuzhakkam, chathuppukal, mattu nischalamaaya vellam ennivayumaayi bandhapetta durgandham, marichupoya paal pookkalude kshayam moolamundaakunna ooksijan kshayam moolamaanu undaakunnath. anoxic saahacharyangalil, aalgakalude samskaarathil vasikkunna bakteeriyakal jaivavasthukkale thakarkkukayum hydrajan sulfide amonia uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu durgandhathinu kaaranamaakunnu. eee hypoxia palappozhum jalajeevikalude maranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. aalgakal manappoorvvam krishi cheyyukayum paripalikkukayum vilavedukkukayum cheiyunna oru samvidaanathil eutroficationo hypoxio undakaan saadhyathayilla.
chila jeevanulla aalgakalum baakteeriyakalum durgandhamulla rasavasthukkal, prathyekichu "anabena" polulla chila cyanobacteriakal (munbu neela-pacha aalgakalayi tharamthirichirunnu) uthpaadippikkunnu. eee durgandham undaakkunna raasavasthukkalil ettavum ariyappedunnathu mib (2-methylisobornol), jiosmine ennivayaanu. avaa valare sakthamaaya oru marddikkunnatho manninte durgandhamo nalkunnu. cyanobacteriayude aathyanthika maranam koshangalil kudungiyirikkunna adhika vaathakam purathuvidunnu. eee rasavasthukkal valare thaazhnna thalatthil-oru bilyan paridiyilulla bhaagangalil-kandethavunnavayaanu, koodaathe kudivella samskaranathilum vitharanathilum niravadhi "ruchiyum gandhavum" prashnangalkk kaaranamaakunnu. cyanobacteriakalkku kudivellatthil prasnamaaya raasa vishavasthukkalum utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum.
poshakangal.
naitrajan (enn), phoosphoorus (pii), pottasyam (keey) thudangiya poshakangal aalgakalude valamaayi varthikkunnu, avaa valarchaykku saadhaaranayaayi aavasyamaanu. silica, irumbu, athupole thanne niravadhi trace moolakangalum pradhana samudra poshakangalaayi kanakkakkaam, kaaranam onninte abhavam oru nischitha pradeshathe valarchayo uthppaadanakshamathayo parimithappedutthum. kaarban dye ooksaidum athyaavasyamaanu; saadhaaranayaayi athivega algal valarchaykku kaarban dye ooksaidinte oru inputt aavasyamaanu. aalgakal valarunnathinu eee moolakangal jaiva labhyamaya roopangalil vellathil layikkanam.
reethikal.
macroalga krishi
thurannirikkunna kulangal.
raceway tharam kulangalum thadaakangalum moolakangalkkaayi thurannirikkunnu. thuranna kulangal mattu paal enangalo bacteriakalo polulla mattu sookshumaanukkalaal malinamakaan valare saadhyathayund. athinaal karshakar saadhaaranayaayi ekakrishikkaayi adacha samvidaanangal thiranjedukkunnu. ooppan sisttangal thapanilayilum velichathilum niyanthranam nalkunnilla. valarunna season pradhaanamaayum sthalathe aasrayichirikkunnu, ushnamekhalaa pradeshangal ozhike, choodulla maasangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku.
thuranna kula samvidaanangal nirmmikkaan vilakuranjathaanu, kuranjathu oru kuzhiyo kulamo maathrame aavashyamulloo. thaarathamyappeduthaavunna chelavinte mattu samvidaanangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valia kulangalkkaanu ettavum valia ulppaadana sheshi. koodaathe, thuranna kulakrishikku prathyeka aalgakalkk maathram anuyojyamaaya asaadhaarana saahacharyangal prayojanappedutthaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, "dunaliyalla salina" valare uppuvellathil valarunnu; eee asaadhaaranamaaya maadyamangal mattu tharatthilulla jeevikale ozhivaakkunnu, ithu thuranna kulangalil shudhamaaya samskaarangalude valarchaye anuvadikkunnu. aavasyamulla aalgakal maathram vilavedukkunna oru samvidaanamundengilo aakramanakaarikalaaya jeevikalkk ganyamaayi vardhikkunnathinu munbu kulangalkk veendum kuthivayppu nalkukayo cheythaal ooppan kalchar pravartthikkum. chlorallayude valarchaa saahacharyangal mathsaraadhishtithamaaya aalgakale ozhivaakkaathathinaal chloralla karshakar randaamathethu palappozhum upayogikkunnu.
chila cheyin diatamukalude kaaryatthil muun sameepanam upayogikkaam, kaaranam avaa oru puranthallal paippiloode ozhukunna jaladharayil ninnu filter cheyyaan kazhiyum. oru mikacha mesh thuniyude oru "thalayina cases" mattu aalgakale rakshappedaan anuvadikkunna puranthallal paippin mukalil kettunnu. cheyin dietangal bagil sookshikkukayum chemmeen larvakalkku (kizhakkan haacharikalil) bhakshanam nalkukayum puthiya taankukalo kulangalo kuthivaykkukayum cheiyunnu.
suthaaryamo ardhasuthaaryamo aaya oru thadassam kondu oru kulathe valayam cheiyunnathu athine phalapradamaayi oru harithagrihamaakki maattunnu. ithu oru thuranna samvidaanavumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi prasnangal pariharikkunnu. ithu kooduthal enangale valarthaan anuvadikkunnu, valarunna enangale aadhipathyam nilanirthaan ithu anuvadikkunnu, ithu valarunna kaalam neettunnu-choodaakkukayaanenkil, kulatthinu varsham muzhuvan ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. live "spirulina (arthospira) ezz. pii" upayogichu leed neekkam cheiyunnathinu ooppan rays way kulangal upayogichirunnu.
foto bioreactorukal.
oru photobioriactorilum (pbr) aalgakal valarthaam. prakasha srothass ulkkollunna oru bio reactoraanu pbr. phalatthil eathu ardhasuthaarya kandeynarineyum pbr ennu vilikkam; ennirunnaalum, thuranna tankino kulatthino pakaram adacha samvidaanathe nirvachikkaan eee padam saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu.
pbr samvidaanangal adachirikkunnathinaal, karshakan ulppede ellah poshakangalum nalkanam.
oro vilaveduppinum sesham reactor veendum sambharikkunnath ulppedunna "baachu modil" pravartthikkaan oru pbrnu kazhiyum, ennaal thudarchayaayi valarthaanum vilavedukkaanum kazhiyum. thudarchayaaya pravarthanatthinu pettennulla thakarcha thadayaan ellah gadakangaludeyum krithyamaaya niyanthranam aavasyamaanu. valarthalkkaaran anuvimukthamakkiya vellam, poshakangal, vaayu, kaarban dye ooksaid enniva sariyaaya nirakkil nalkunnu. ithu reactorinu deerghakaalam pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu. logue ghattathil" valarunna aalgakalkk saadhaaranayaayi pazhaya "senesant" aalgakale apekshichu uyarnna poshakaghadakangal undu ennathaanu oru nettam. kulangalilo mattu vibhavangalilo aalgakale valarthukayaanu algal kalchar. exchange rettu" (oru alavu draavakam kaimaranullah samayam) aalgakalude "erattippikkal samayam" (pindatthilo alavilo) thulyamaakumbozhaanu paramavadhi uthppaadanakshamatha sambhavikkunnath.
pbrukalkku samskaarathe suspensionil nilanirthaan kazhiyum, allengil avarkk samskaarathin oru biophilim roopappeduthaan kazhiyunna oru substrate nalkaan kazhiyum. biophilim adisthaanamaakkiyulla pbrukalkku oru nischitha jalathinte alavil valare uyarnna vilavu utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum enna nettam undu, ennaal vaathakangalum poshakangalum samskaarathilekku kondupokaan aavashyamaaya jalapravaham kaaranam substratil ninnu koshangal verpiriyunnathil avarkk prasnangal neridendivannekkaam.
vividha tharatthilulla suspended kalchar pbrukalil iva ulppedunnu
biophilim pbrukalil paaykk cheytha kidakkayum pooras substrate pbrukalum ulppedunnu. paaykk cheytha bedd pbrukal paranna plate allengil tubular ulppede vyathyastha aakruthikalilaayirikkaam. pooras substrate bio reactorukalil (pii. ezz. bii. aarr. ezz), biophilim vaayuvilekku nerittu thurannukaattappedukayum substratiloode thanne capillary pravartthanatthiloode athinte vellavum poshakangalum sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. biophilim uparithalathiludaneelam jalathinte ozhukk illaathathinaal koshangal suspended cheyyappedunnathile prasnangal ithu ozhivaakkunnu. eee samskaaram vaayuviloodeyulla jeevikalaal malinamaakaamenkilum mattu jeevikalil ninnu samrakshikkunnath oru biophilimnte pravarthanangalilonnaanu.
vilaveduppu.
microscreenukal upayogichum centrifugation vazhiyum floculation vazhiyum froth floatation vazhiyum aalgakal vilavedukkaam.
kaarban dye ooksaidinte vitharanam thadassappeduthunnathu aalgakalkk svayam floculate cheyyaan kaaranamakum, ithine "autofloculation" ennu vilikkunnu.
"jalashudheekaranathinaayi saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna vaanijya floculantaaya "chittosan" valare chelaveriyathaanu. krasteshyanukalude podicha shellukal prosess cheyth shellukalil kaanapedunna polysacraridaaya chittin nedunnu, athil ninnu chittosan desettileshan vazhi labhikkunnu. kooduthal uppuvellamullatho lavanamullatho aaya vellathinu kooduthal alavil floculant aavasyamaanu. valia pravarthanangalkku floculation palappozhum valare chelaveriyathaanu.
alum ferric chloride mattu raasa floculantukalaanu.
froth floatationil, kalttiyettar vellam oru frothylake vaayusanjaaram cheyyukayum thudarnnu mukalil ninnu aalgakale skimming cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
ultraasoundum mattu vilaveduppu reethikalum nilavil vikasippichukondirikku.
enna verthirichedukkal.
alga ooyilukalkku vividha vaanijya, vyaavasaayika upayogangalundu, avaa vividha reethikaliloode verthirichedukkunnu. microalgayil ninnu enna verthirichedukkunnathinu chelavu vyathyasthamaanenkilum paam oayil verthirichedukkunnathinu moonnirattiyaanu kooduthal.
shaareerika verthirichedukkal.
verthirichedukkunnathi aadya ghattathil, enna bakkiyulla aalgakalil ninnu verthirikkanam. ettavum lalithamaaya reethi mechanical crushing aanu. aalgakal unangumbol athinte ennayude alavu nilanirthunnu, athu oru oayil press upayogichu "amarthaam". scru, expeller, pisttan ennivayude upayogam ulppede vividha tharam aalgakal enna amarthunnathinulla vyathyastha reethikal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. sasya ennayude pala vaanijya nirmmaathaakkalum enna verthirichedukkunnathil mechanical presheringinteyum raasa laayakangaludeyum samyojanam upayogikkunnu. eee upayogam palappozhum algal oayil verthirichedukkunnathum sweekarikkunnu.
ausmotic marddam pettennu kurayunnathaanu ausmotic shock, ithu oru laayaniyile koshangal pottitherikkaan kaaranamakum. oayil polulla sellular gadakangal purathuvidunnathinu ausmotic shock chilappol upayogikkunnu.
sonochemistry oru shaakhayaaya ultrasonic extraction, extraction prakriyakal valareyadhikam thwarithappeduthaan kazhiyum. oru ultrasonic reactor upayogichu, oru layaka vasthuvil arakal kumilakal srishtikkaan ultrasonic tharamgangal upayogikkunnu. koshabhithikalkku sameepam eee kumilakal thakarumbol, thathfalamaayundaakunna shock tharamgangalum draavaka jettukalum aaa koshabhithikal thakarkkukayum avayude ulladakkangal oru laayakamaayi purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. ultrasonication adisthaana ensaimatik verthirichedukkal vardhippikkaan kazhiyum.
raasavibhavangal verthirichedukkal.
ennakal verthirichedukkaan palappozhum raasa layakangal upayogikkunnu. enna verthirichedukkunnathi layakangal upayogikkunnathinte poraayma rasavasthukkalumaayi pravartthikkunnathil ulppedunna apakadangalaanu. neeravi, charmma sanbarkkam ennivaykku vidheyamaakaathirikkaan shradhikkanam, ivayil eathenkilum gurutharamaaya aarogyaparamaya kedupaadukalkk kaaranamakum. raasa laayakangalum spodanasaadhyatha srishtikkunnu.
bhakshya vyavasaayathil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkappedunnathum thaarathamyena chelavukuranjathumaaya hexaine raasa laayakathinte oru saadhaarana thiranjeduppaanu. benzene eetharum ennaye verthirikkaan kazhiyum. benzene oru carsinogen aayi tharamthirichittundu.
raasa layakangal verthirichedukkunnathinu mattoru reethiyaanu soxlet verthirichedukkal. eee reethiyil, aalgakalil ninnulla ennakal oru prathyeka glass veyaril reflexinu keezhil hexaine allengil petroleum eedhar polulla jaiva layakam upayogichu aavarthichu kazhukunnathiloodeyo percolation vazhiyo verthirichedukkunnu. oro chakratthinum layakam veendum upayogikkunnu ennathaanu eee saankethikavidyayude moolyam.
ensaimatik extraction koshabhithikale tharamthaazhthunnathinu ensimeukal upayogikkunnu, vellam laayakamaayi pravartthikkunnu. ithu ennayude vibhajanam valare eluppamaakkunnu. eee verthirichedukkal prakriyayude chelavu hexaine verthirichedukkunnathinu valare kooduthalaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
suuppar critical qoo2 oru layakamaayum upayogikkaam. eee reethiyil, kaarban dye ooksaid marddathil draveekarikkukayum athu suuppar critical (draavakathinteyum vaathakathinteyum gunangalulla) aayi maarunna tharatthil choodaakkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu oru laayakamaayi pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
deergha shringalayil uyarnna alavil apooritha phaatti aasidukal uthppaadippikkunnathu prathyeka tharam ennakal verthirichedukkunnathinu ulppede mattu reethikal ippozhum vikasippichukondirikku.
algal samskaara shekharangal.
waled federation phoor kalchar kalakshanil rajisttar cheythittulla 500 ladhikam kalchar kalakshanukal ulla algal kalchar shekharangalil ninnu nirddishta algal vakabhedangal nedaam.

