
ephedra (plaant)

jimnosper kuttichedikalude oru janussaanu ephedra. thekkupadinjaaran vadakke america, thekkan europe, vadakkan aphrica, thekkupadinjaaran, madhya eshya, vadakkan chaina, padinjaaran thekke america ennividangalilaayi lokathinte pala varanda pradeshangalilum "ephedra" yude vividha enangal vyaapakamaanu. athinte kudumbatthile, ephedrasia, oordar, epahedralus ennivayile nilavilulla oreyoru janussaaya ithu, "gnettam", "velvitshya" ennivaykkoppam gnetophaitta divisionile moonnu jeevichirikkunna amgangalil onnaanu."
mitasheetoshna kaalaavasthayil, mikka "ephedra" enangalum theeratho manal mannil nerittu sooryaprakaasham ealkkunnathodukoodi valarunnu. joyint-pine, joyintphir, mormon-tea allengil brigam tea ennivayaanu engleeshile saadhaarana perukal. ephedra" inathinte chainees peru "mawahuwang" () ennaanu. "sasyangalil ganyamaaya saandrata adangiyirikkunna uttejaka efdrine enna perinte uthbhavamaan "efdra".
vivaranam.
jimnospermukalum saadhaaranayaayi kuttichedikalum, chilappol munthirivallikal kayarunnathum apoorvvamaayi cheria marangalum maathramaan "ephedra" enna eaka janussaaya ephedracy kudumbatthil pedunnathu. eee janussile amgangal palappozhum rhisomukalude upayogathiloode vyaapikkunnu.
thandu pachayum prakaashasamshleshithavumaan. elakal vipareethamo vrithaakruthiyilullatho aanu. scalilikal adiyil oru aavaranathilekku fuse cheiyunnu, ithu palappozhum vikasanathinu sesham udan thanne ozhukunnu. 
resin kanaalukalilla.
eee chedikal kooduthalum ekalimgamaanu, koombola strobili 1-10-nte chuttupaadukalilaanu, oronninum deekusett braakttukalude oru parambarayundu. koombolam pulichirikkunnu. penn strobili chuzhalukalilum sambhavikkunnu, bractukal orotta andathinu chuttum samyojippikkunnu. mamsala bractukal veluthatho ("ephedra frestillaatta" polullava) chuvappo aanu. saadhaaranayaayi oro strobilasinum 1 muthal 2 vare manja muthal irunda thavitt vare vithukalundu.
vargeekaranam.
1753ll kaal linnaeus aanu "ephedra" janussine aadyamaayi vivarichathu, eee inam "ephedra distasia" aanu. 1829ll dumortyraanu ephedraceae kudumbatthe aadyamaayi vivarichathu.
parinaama charithram.
ekadesham 125 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu aadyakaala kreetteshyasil ninnullavaraan eee janussile ettavum pazhakkam chenna amgangal, arjanteena, chaina, porchugal, america ennividangalile aapshyan-albian vamshangalil ninnu rekhakal ariyappedunnu. koombolaykku purathulla "ephedra" yude phoosil record aadyakaala kreeteshyasinu sesham aprathyakshamaakunnu. jeevikkunna "ephedra" speesheesukalude avasaanathe pothuvaaya poorvvikar valare aduthide, ekadesham 30 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu aadyakaala oligozene kaalaghattatthil jeevichirunnathaayi molecular clock esttimettukal soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, jeevichirikkunna vadakke american, eshyan vamshangalil samaantharamaayi parinamicha shaakhakalulla syoodosalsi (groves) upayogichu janussinte poorvvika avasthayil ninnu parishkkaricha koombola, avasaanathe saadhaarana poorvvikan kuranjathu eee pazhayathaanennu soochippikkunna critatius vamshavali muthal ariyappedunnu.
speeshees.
lokathile sasyangal oonlainil inipparayunna enangale sweekarichu
vitharanam.
eee januss lokamembaadum, marubhoomi pradeshangalil kaanapedunnu, pakshe austreliyayil allah.
paristhithi.
valare varanda pradesangalumaayi poruthappedunna ephedresikal palappozhum uyarnna sanni aavaasavyavasthakalil valarunnu, koodaathe andeesilum himaalayangalilum samudranirappil ninnu 4000 meter vare uyarathil kaanapedunnu. vadakke american grettu basin sej brush aavaasavyavasthayude oru pradhana bhagamaanu avaa.
marunum anubandha upayogangalum.
iii" yude "ephedra" alcaloidukal, efdrine, seudoefedrin gadakangal. sainikkaykkum eee janussile mattu amgangalkkum sahaanubhoothiyullathum tirakk kuraykkunnathumaaya gunangalundu, ithu pradhaanamaayum sareerabhaaram kuraykkunnathinu bhakshana supplementukalaayi upayogikkunnu. nattellu anastheshya samayat rakthasammardham kuraykkunnathu thadayaan "ephedrine" enna marunnu upayogikkunnu.
amerikkayil, gurutharamaaya suraksha apakadasadhyathakal kaaranam 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil ephedra supplementukal vipaniyil ninnu nirodhichu. iii" ulppede "ephedra" janussile sasyangal. sainikka mattullavarum parambaraagatha vaidyashaasthrathil thalavedanaykkum shwaasakosha anubaadhaykkum chikilsikkaan upayogichirunnuvenkilum avaa eee aavasyangalkku phalapradamo surakshithamo aanennathin shaasthreeya thelivukalonnumilla.
methamphettaamain rahasyamaayi nirmikkunnathil ephedrike oru mungamiyenna nilayilum oru pankundu.
prathikoola phalangal.
seudoefedrin, ephedrine enniva synthetic aayi thayyarakkan upayogikkunna herbel marunnukalil upayogikkunna "ephedra" inathil ninnu labhikkuna alcaloidukal hridayasambandhamaaya sambhavangalkk kaaranamakum. eee sambhavangal aritmiyas, paalpitteshan, tachycardia, myocardial infarction ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. ephedrainumaayi samyojippichu kafeen kazhikkunnath eee hridayasambandhamaaya sambhavangalude saadhyatha vardhippikkumennu reportund.
saambathika sasyashasthravum alcaloid ulladakkavum.
prathyeka rogangalkkayi "ephedra" speesheesukalude (mahuwang) aadyakaala upayogangal bisi 5000 muthalaan. 1881ll ephedra distachyayil ninnu efdrine athinte isomerukalum verthirichedukkukayum japanese jaiva rasathanthranjanaaya nagay nagayoshi savisheshatha kaanikkukayum cheythu. oru shudhamaaya aushadha padaarthatthe verthirichedukkunnathinu "ephedrayude" sajeeva cheruvakal axus cheiyunnathinulla addehathinte pravartthanam athinte ardha-synthetic derivetteevukalude chittayaya ulppaadanathilekku nayichu. ephedra sinica", "ephedra vulgaris", oru paridhivare "ephedra ekvisettina" ennee moonnu enangal chainayile pradhana bhoopradeshathu prakrithidatha efadrinukaludeyum aushadhangalil upayogikkunnathinulla isomerukaludeyum uravidamaayi vaanijyaparamaayi valarunnu. "iii. sainika ", iii. distaachiya saadhaaranayaayi aarr optikkali active phinylthylaamainukal vahikkunnu, kooduthalum ephedrine, seudoefedrin enniva cheria alavil norphedrine, norpudoefedrin, moonnu methylated analogukal ennivayundu. crude marunninte motham alcaloid ulladakkathekkurichu vishwasaneeyamaaya vivarangal labhikkunnath budhimuttaanu. vyaavasaayika krameekaranangalile echu. pii. ell. sii vishakalanangale adisthaanamaakki, unangiya "herba ephedra" yile motham aalkkaloyidukalude saandrata 1 muthal 4 sathamaanam vareyum chila sandarbhangalil 6 sathamaanam vareyum aayirunnu.
ephedra" janussile vividha enangalile alcaloid vitharanathekurichulla avalokanathinu jian-fang kuyi (1991) kaanuka. mattu american, europian inangalaaya "ephedra", udha.jii. "ephedra nevadensis" (newada mormon tea) vyavasthaapithamaayi vilayiruthappettilla; prasidheekarikkappedaathu feeld anweshanangale adisthaanamaakki, avayil valare kuranja alavo (0.1 sathamaanathil thaazhe) allengil onnumilla.