
haplogroup

orotta rakshaakarthaavil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhikkuna oru jeeviyile alleelukalude oru koottamaanu haplotype, koodaathe oru haplogroup (haployed, "haplos", "vanfold, simple",) ennathu oru single-nucleotide polymorphism mutationumaayi oru pothu poorvvikane pankidunna samanamaaya haaplodaippukalude oru koottamaanu. kooduthal vyakthamaayi paranjaal, adutha bandhamullathum paarambaryamaayi labhichathumaaya vividha chromosomal pradeshangalile alleelukalude samyojanamaanu haplogroup. oru haplogroupil samanamaaya haaplodaippukal adangiyirikkunnathinaal, haaplodaippukalil ninnu oru haplogroup pravachikkaan saadhaaranayaayi kazhiyum. haplogroupukal orotta variyude vamshaavaliyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. athinaal, eathoru vyakthiyum oru haplogroupil amgamaakunnathu aaa vyakthiyude kaivasham ulla janithaka vasthukkalude thaarathamyena cheria anupaathathe aasrayichirikkunnu.
oro haplogroup munbathe orotta haplogroupil (allengil paragroup) ninnu uthbhavikkukayum athinte bhaagamaayi thudarukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, eathenkilum anubandha haaplogrooppukale oru koottam sreniyaayi krithyamaayi maathrkayaakkaam, athil oro settum (haplogroup) orotta vishalamaaya koottatthinte upavibhagamaanu (marichu, athaayath, manushya kudumbavrikshangal polulla ubhaykakshi maathrkakalkku).
haaplogrooppukale saadhaaranayaayi aksharamaalayude prarambha aksharathaal thirichariyunnu, parishkkaranangalil (udaaharanathinu) polulla adhika samkhyakalum akshara samyojanangalum adangiyirikkunnu.
manushya janithakashaasthrathil, vaii-chromosome (vaii-dna) haaplogrooppukalum mitocondrial dna (mtdna) haaplogrooppukalum aanu saadhaaranayaayi padikkunna haplogroupukal, avaa oronnum janithaka janasamkhyaye nirvachikkaan upayogikkaam. vaii-dna pithaavil ninnu makanilekku maathram kadannupokumbol, mtdna maathaavil ninnu rund lingangaludeyum santhathikalilekku kadannupokunnu. iva randum veendum samyojippikkunnilla, athinaal maathaapithaakkalude janithaka vasthukkal thammil oru misrithavumillaathe oro thalamurayilum vaii-dii. enn. eyum emm. tii. dii. enn. eyum aakasmikamaaya parivartthanatthiloode maathrame maarunnulloo.
haplogroup roopeekaranam.
manushyareppolulla eucariotic koshangalude cytoplaasathil sthithicheyyunna cheria avayavangalaanu mitocondria. koshathinu oorjjam nalkuka ennathaanu avayude praadhamika pravartthanam. mitocondria oru kaalath swathanthramaayi jeevichirunna symbiotic bakteeriyakalude pingaamikalaanennu karuthappedunnu. mitocondria orikkal swatantra jeevithamaayirunnuvennathi oru soochana oronninum mitocondrial dna (mtdna) ennu vilikkunna oru vrithaakrithiyilulla dna adangiyirikkunnu ennathaanu, athinte ghadana eucariotic jeevikalekkaal bacteriayumaayi saamyamullathaan (endosymbiotic sidhaantham kaanuka). manushyante dnaude bhooribhaagavum koshatthinte nucleusile chromosomukalilaanu adangiyirikkunnathu, ennaal mtdna oru apavaadamaanu.
oru vyakthikk avarude cytoplasm, aaa cytoplasm adangiyirikkunna avayavangal enniva maathru andaashayathil ninnu (mutta koshatthil) maathram paarambaryamaayi labhikkunnu; beejam chromosomal dnailake maathrame kadannupookoo, ellah pithru maittokondriyakalum koshakoshatthil dahikkunnu. oru emm. tii. dii. eiii. thanmathrayil oru mutation undaakumbol, mutation nerittu sthree vamshavaliyil kadannupokunnu. dna shreniyile naitrajan baseukalile maattangalaan mutationukal. yadhaartha shreniyil ninnulla otta maattangale single nucleotide polymorphisangal (snps) ennu vilikkunnu.
manushya vaii chromosomukal purusha-nirddishta linga chromosomukalaanu; vaii chromosome ulla mikkavarum ellah manushyarum roopashaasthraparamaayi purushanmaraayirikkum. vaii chromosomukal kosha nucleusil sthithicheyyukayum ex chromosomukalumaayi jodiyaakkukayum cheiyunnundenkilum, avaa vaii chromosominte attathulla ex chromosomumaayi maathrame veendum samyojippikkukayulloo; vaii chromosominte backie 95 sathamaanavum veendum samyojippikkunnilla. athinaal, vaii chromosome athil undaakunna eathu mutationukalum nerittu purusha vamshavaliyil pithaavil ninnu makanilekku kaimarunnu. ithinartham vaii chromosome emm. tii. dii. enn. eyum prathyeka gunangal pankidunnu ennaanu.
sthreekalile mattu chromosomukal, autosomukal, ex chromosomukal enniva meosis samayat (laingika prathyulpaadana aavasyangalkkaayi sambhavikkunna oru prathyeka tharam koshavibhajanam) avarude janithaka vasthukkal (crossing ovar recompination nayikkunnu ennu vilikkunnu) pankidunnu. phalapradamaayi ithinartham eee chromosomukalil ninnulla janithaka vasthukkal ellah thalamurakalilum kalarnnupokunnu, athinaal eathu puthiya mutationukalum maathaapithaakkalil ninnu santhathikalilekku kramarahithamayi kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu ennaanu.
vaii chromosomukalum emm. tii. dii. enn. eyum pradarshippikkunna savisheshatha, rund thanmaathrakaludeyum oru prathyeka vibhaagathil mutationukal shekharikkaanum eee mutationukal dnal sthiramaayi thudaraanum kazhiyum ennathaanu. koodaathe, eee mutationukalude charitraparamaaya kramavum oohikkaavunnathaanu. udaaharanathinu, patthu vaii chromosomukalude oru koottatthil (patthu vyathyastha purushanmaaril ninnu uruthirinja) oru mutation undengilum eee chromosomukalil anchil maathrame randaamathe mutation ulloo, bii, appol mutation aykku sesham mutation bii sambhavichu.
koodaathe, mutation eiii ulla chromosome vahikkunna patthu purushanmaarum eee mutation vahicha aadya vyakthiyaya athe manushyante nerittulla purusha varayude pingaamikalaan. mutation bii vahicha aadyathe manushyan eee manushyante nerittulla purusha variyude pingamiyaayirunnu, ennaal mutation bii vahikkunna ellah purushanmaarudeyum nerittulla purusha variyude poorvvikan koodiyaanu. ithupolulla mutationukalude parambara tanmatra vamshaavalikal roopappeduthunnu. koodaathe, oro mutation haplogroup ennu vilikkunna oru koottam prathyeka vaii chromosomukale nirvachikkunnu.
mutation vahikkunna ellah purushanmaarum orotta haplogroup roopappeduthunnu, mutation bii vahikkunna ellah purushanmaarum eee haaplogrooppinte bhagamaanu, ennaal mutation bii athintethaaya ettavum puthiya haplogroupine (ithu oru subgroup allengil subclade aanu) nirvachikkunnu, athil mutation maathram vahikkunna purushanmaar ulppedunnilla. emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii, vaii chromosomukal randum vamshaavalikalaayum haplogroupukalaayum tharamthirickunnu; iva palappozhum vruksham polulla rekhachithrangalaayi avatharippikkunnu.
haplogroup janasamkhyaa janithakashasthram.
innuvare nilanilkkunna oru prathyeka haplotype mutatione anukoolikkukayo ethirkkukayo cheiyunna swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu kuravaanennu saadhaaranayaayi anumaanikkappedunnu, athinaal mutation nirakkukalkk purame (oru markeril ninnu mattonnilekku vyathyaasappedaam) janasamkhyayile haplotypesinte anupaathathe badhikkunna janasamkhyaa janithakashaasthrathinte pradhana chaalakan janithaka vyathiyaanamaan-janasamkhyayile amgangal avarude dna adutha thalamurayile uchithamaaya lingathil ninnulla amgangalkku kaimarunna sample kramarahitata moolamundaakunna kramarahithamaya ettakkurachilukal.
ithu oru janasamkhyayil oru prathyeka markerinte vyaapanam 100% ll athunnathuvare allengil janasamkhyayil ninnu poornnamaayum purathupokunnathuvare ettakkurachilukal thudaraan kaaranamaakunnu. kaaryakshamamaya misrithamulla oru valia janasamkhyayil saadhaarana alleelukalude janithaka vyathiyaanathinte nirakk valare kuravaanu; ennirunnaalum, valare cheria inter breeding janasamkhyayil anupathangal valare vegathil marran kazhiyum. prathyeka haplotypeukaludeyum haplotypeukalude grouppukaludeyum adayaalappeduthiya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vyathiyaanangalum saandrathayum aavarthichulla janasamkhyaa thadassangaludeyum janasamkhyaa vibhajanavum vardhanavum thudarnnulla sthaapaka sambhavangaludeyum vyathirikthamaya falangalkku saakshyam vahikkunnu.
varthamaanakaalathu ninnu thirichariyaan kazhiyunna vamshavali praayamaayavarude poornna janithaka vyathiyaanathe prathifalippikkilla janithaka vyathiyaanam ennaal chila vakabhedangal illaathaakumennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. poornnamaaya vaii-dna, mtdna sequence testtukalude chelavu daattayude labhyatha parimithappedutthi; ennirunnaalum, kazhinja dashakathil avayude chelavu ganyamaayi kuranju. haplotype ekopana samayavum nilavile bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vyaapanavum ganyamaaya pishak anishchithathvangal vahikkunnu. ithu ekopana samayangalil prathyekichum prasnakaramaanu, kaaranam mikka janasamkhyaa janithakashaasthranjarum ippozhum "sivotovsky reethi" upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu (alppam kurayunnundengilum), ithu athinte nunakalkk dna-janithakashaasthranjar shakthamayi vimarshikkunnu. eusosial kuttichedi "angiopolibia palence" athinte sthaanamanusarichu 8 haplogroupukal avatharippikkunnu. ithu janithaka vyathiyaanam enna ashayam pradarshippikkunnu.
manushya vaii-chromosome dna haplogroupukal.
manushyante vaii chromosome dna (vaii-dna) haplogroupukalkku eiii muthal tii vare perunalkiyittundu, avaa samkhyakalum cheria aksharangalum upayogichu veendum upavibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. vaii chromosome haplogroup padavikal sthaapikkunnathu vaii chromosome kansorshyamaanu.
ellah jeevichirikkunna manushyarudeyum ettavum puthiya saadhaarana pithruvamsha (purusha-vamshavali) poorvvikanaaya purushanu gaveshakar nalkia peraanu vaii-chromosomal aadam.
pradhana vaii-chromosome haaplogroopukalum avayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalum (munbu
sameepakaala europian kolanivalkkaranam), ulppedunnu
manushya mitocondrial dna haplogroupukal.
manushya emm. tii. dii. eiii. haplogroupukalkku thaazhepparayunna aksharangalundu
eiii,
bii.
sii,
sii. isad,
dii.
iii,
eph.
jii,
echu,
echu. vii.
njaan,
jeey.
jeey. tii.
jeey. tii.
keey,
l0,
ell1,
ell2,
ell3,
ell 4,
ell5,
ell6,
emm.
enn.
pii.
q,
aarr.
r0,
ezz.
tii.
yuu,
vii,
dablyu,
x,
vaii, oppam
Z. filotry websaittile maani vaan ovanaanu emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii maratthinte ettavum kaalikamaaya pathipp paripaalikkunnath.
ellah jeevichirikkunna manushyarudeyum ettavum puthiya maathruvamsha (sthree-vamsham) poorvvikayaaya sthreek gaveshakar nalkia peraanu mitocondrial eevu.
janasamkhyaye nirvachikkuka.
janithaka janasamkhyaye nirvachikkaan haplogroupukal upayogikkaam, avaa palappozhum bhoomishaasthraparamaayi adhishtithamaanu. udaaharanathinu, emm. tii. dii. eiii. haplogroupukalkku thaazhepparayunna pothuvaaya vibhaagangalund
mitocondrial haaplogroopukale moonnu pradhana grouppukalaayi thirichirikkunnu, avaye thudarchayaaya aksharangalaya l, m, n ennivayaal nirvachikkunnu.
manushyarashi aadyam ell grouppinullil ell0 num ell1-6 num idayil vibhajikkapettu. ell1-6 mattu ell grouppukalkku kaaranamaayi, avayilonnu, ell3, emm, enn grouppukalaayi vibhajikkapettu.
thekkan theerapradeshangaliloodeyulla kizhakottulla paatha pinthudarnnu aafrikkaykku purathu parinamichathaayi karuthappedunna manushya kudiyettatthinte aadya tharamgam emm groupil ulppedunnu. haplogroup emm-nte pingamikalaaya vamshavali ippol eshya, america, melanesia ennividangalilum athupole thanne aafrikkayileyum vadakke aafrikkayileyum kombinte chila bhagangalilum kaanapedunnu; europil mikkavarum onnum kandethiyitla. enn haplogroup aafrikkaykku purathu parinamicha mattoru macrolinegine prathinidheekarikkam, kizhakode pookunnathinupakaram vadakkott. kudiyettatthinu thottupinnaale, valia aarr group n-ll ninnu verpirinju.
haplogroup aaril avayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanathinte adisthaanathil nirvachikkapetta rund upavibhaagangalund, onnu thekkukizhakkan eshyayilum ooshyaaniyayilum kaanapedunnu, mattonn aadhunika europian janasamkhyayude mikkavarum ellah bhaagangalum ulkkollunnu. haplogroup n (xr), i.iii. enn groupil pedunna emm. tii. dii. enn. athinte aarr upavibhaagathil pedaattha emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii australian adivasi janasamkhyayude savisheshathayaanu, athesamayam eurasiayileyum americayileyum niravadhi janasamkhyakalkkidayil kuranja aavruthikalil kaanapedunnu.
ell tharam mikkavarum ellah aafrikkakkaarum ulkkollunnu.
emm tharam ulppedunnu
m1-ethiopian, somali, indian janasamkhya. orupakshe aafrikkayile kombinum arabian upadveepinum (soudi arebia, yeman, omaan) edayilulla dhaaraalam jeane ozhukk kaaranam, chenkadalukkum eadan ulkkadalinum edayilulla idungiya kadalidukku maathram verthirikkunnu.
sised-niravadhi cyberiakkaar; sii branch-chila amerindian; sii branch-niravadhi saami, chila corian, chila vadakkan chainees, chila madhya eshyan janasamkhya.
dii-chila amerindiakkaar, niravadhi cyberiakkaar, vadakkukizhakkan eshyakkaar
iii-malay, borneo, phillippines, taywanese aadivaasikal, pappuva nyoo ginia
jii-niravadhi vadakkukizhakkan cyberiakkaar, vadakkukizhakkan eshyakkaar, madhya eshyakkaar
q-melanesian, polynesian, puthiya ginian janasamkhya
enn tharam ulppedunnu
aaaa-pala amerindianmaarilum chila kizhakkan eshyakkaarilum cyberiakkaarilum kaanapedunnu
i-vadakkan, kizhakkan europil 10 sathamaanam aavruthi
ezz-chila australian aadivaasikal
dablyu-chila kizhakkan europpukaar, dakshineshyakkaar, thekkukizhakkan eshyakkaar
x-chila amerindiakkaar, thekkan cyberiakkaar, thekkupadinjaaran eshyakkaar, thekkan europpukaar
vaii-mikka nivkhukalum niyaasile aalukalum; niravadhi ainas, tungusic aalukal, austroneshiyan aalukal; cyberia, kizhakkan eshya, madhyeshya ennividangalile mattu chila janasamkhyakalilum kuranja aavruthiyilaanu kaanappedunnath.
r-n tharatthil kaanapedunna valia group. athil adangiyirikkunna janasamkhyaye bhoomishaasthraparamaayi padinjaaran eurasia, kizhakkan eurasia enningane vibhajikkaam. innu mikkavarum ellah europian janasamkhyayum dhaaraalam middle-eestten janasamkhyayum eee shaakhayilaanu. mattu enn tharam grouppukalil oru cheria sathamaanam adangiyirikkunnu (mukalil kaanuka). r-nte upavibhagangal chuvadeyunda
bii-chila chainees, tibattan, mangolian, madhyeshyan, corian, amerindian, thekkan cyberian, japanese, austroneshiyan
eph-pradhaanamaayum thekkukizhakkan eshyayil, prathyekichu viyatnaamil kaanapedunnu; croatiayile hawar dveepil 8.3%.
r0-arabiyilum ethiopiyanmaarkkum somaalikalkkum idayil kaanapedunnu; branch echu. vii (branch echu; branch vii)-europe, padinjaaran eshya, vadakke aphrica;
pree-jedi-leventil (aadhunika lebanon pradesham) uthbhavichu, bedauyin janasamkhyayil 25 sathamaanam aavruthiyilaanu kaanappedunnath; branch jedi (branch jeey; branch tii)-vadakku, kizhakkan europe, indus, medittareniyan
yuu-padinjaaran yureshya, indian upabhookhandam, aljiriya ennividangalil uyarnna aavruthi, indiayil ninnu medittareniyan vareyum yooroppinte mattu bhagangalilum kaanapedunnu; yuu5 prathyekichum scandinaviayilum baltic raajyangalilum uyarnna aavruthi kaanikkunnu.
vaii-chromosome, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya haplogroup assainment.
beccada mattullavarum nirddeshicha vaii-chromosome, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii. geographic haplogroup assainmentinte oru listt ivideyundu. 2013.
vaii-chromosome.
snps anusarichu, aadyathe vamshanasha sambhavathinte prayamaaya haplogroupukal ekadesham 45-50 kyaa aayirikkum. randaamathe vamshanasha sambhavathinte haplogroupukal malta anusarichu 32-35 kyaa verthirikkunnathayi thonni. graundu seero vamshanasha sambhavam toba aanennu thonnunnu, eee samayat haplogroup sii. dii. eph * sii, dii, eph ennivayilekku vyathichalikkunnathayi kaanapettu. sii, eph ennivaykku pothuvaayi onnumilla, athesamayam dii, iii ennivaykku dhaaraalam pothuvaayund. nilavile kanakkukal prakaram vamshanasha sambhavam #1 tobaykk sheshamaan sambhavichathu, ennirunnaalum pazhaya purathana dnaic bhoogarbha poojya vamshanasha sambhavathe tobaykk valare munbe thallaanum aadyathe vamshanasha sambhavathe ivide tobayilekk thirike kondupokaan kazhiyum. vamshanasha sambhava kurippukalulla haplogroupukalkku samshayaaspadamaaya uthbhavamund, kaaranam vamshanasha sambhavangal kadutha thadassangalilekku nayikkunnu, athinaal eee grouppukalude ellah kurippukalum verum oohangalaanu. purathana dnaude snp ennal valare vyathyaasappettirikkam ennathinte ardham eee grouppukalellaam ore samayam verpirinjuvenkilum eppol ennu arcum ariyilla ennaanu.
baahya linkukal.
ellah dna haaplogrooppukalum.
vaii-chromosome

