
navajo phonology

eee lekhanam navajo bhaashayude shabda samvidaanathekkurichaanu. navajoyude shabdashaasthram athinte roopaghadanayumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan. udaaharanathinu, contrastive vyanjanaaksharangalude muzhuvan shreniyum vaakkinte kaandangalude thudakkathil maathrame kaanappedunnulloo. stem-final sthaanathum prefixukalilum vairudhyangalude ennam ganyamaayi kurayunnu. athupole, thandinu purathu kaanapedunna swaraakshara vairudhyangal (avayude prosodic kompinettari saadhyathakal ulppede) ganyamaayi nirveeryamaakkunnu. navajoyude roopaghadanayekkurichulla vishadaamshangalkku navajo vyakaranam kaanuka.
mikka athabaaskan bhaashakaleyum pole, nawajo coronal bhaaramullathaan, uchaaranathinte coronal sthalangalil niravadhi phonological vairudhyangalundu, mattu sthalangalil kuravaanu. eee kudumbatthinte savisheshathayaaya nawajoyk athinte shabdasoochikayude kaaryatthilum yadhaartha lexical enangalil avayude saannidhyathilum vyanjanaaksharangalude saamyam pradarshippikkunnathilum parimithamaaya ennam labial shabdangalundu.
vyanjanaksharangal.
navajoyude vyanjanaksharangal chuvade pattikappedutthiyirikku.
shabdashaasthram.
engleeshumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ellah vyanjanaaksharangalum neelamullavayaanu playin stoppukalulla hold dairkhyameriyathaanu, aspirated stoppukalulla aaspireshan dairkhyameriyathaanu, africateukalulla frication dairkhyameriyathaanu. aspirated, ajective stoppukalude shabda arambha samayam mikka athabaaskan ithara bhaashakalilum kaanapedunnathinekkaal erattiyilaanu. navajo vyanjanaaksharangale swaraaksharangalkkidayil "eratti" ennu visheshippichuvenkilum vaasthavathil avaa ellah sthaanangalilum thulya neelamullavayaan.
bilabial, glottel ozhikeyulla ellah stoppukalkkum africateukalkkum, aspirated, aspirated, ajective enniva thammil thrimukha swarakkuzhal vairudhyamundu. labialukal kurachu vaakkukalil maathrame kaananakoo. inventariyile vairudhyangalil bhooribhaagavum alviolar, paalatto alviolar sthaanangalile coronal pradeshathaanu.
aspirated stoppukal (orthographic,) saadhaaranayaayi velar frication upayogichu aspirated aanu (avaa shabdaparamaayi africateukalaanu-swamedhayaa, hetarorgaanik). oru labialised velaarilum (orthographic) velar aaspireshan kaanapedunnu. ennirunnaalum, navaajoykkullil eee kaaryatthil vyathyaasamund chila bhaashaabhedangalkku sakthamaaya velar frication illa, pakaram abhilaashathinte oru kaalayalav undu.
athupole, stopp barsttinethudarnnu oopshanal voised velar fricationumaayi (orthographic) aspirated velar (orthographic) thirichariyappedunnu aspirated laattaral (orthographic) saadhaaranayaayi oru shabdamullah laattaral release undu, ithu release cheiyunnathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna dairkhyavum aspirated frikketteevukalekkaal valare cheruthaanu. ennirunnaalum, aspirated, ajective laattaralukal yadhaartha africateukalaanu.
mattu mikka bhashakalumaayum thaarathamyappeduthumbol stoppukalude aakamksha valare dairkhyameriyathaanenkilum, africateukalude aakamksha valare cheruthaann pradhana savisheshatha verthirikkunnathum athil ninnu verthirikkunnathum frication randaamathethil veendum pakuthiyaanu ennathaanu athupole neelamullathaanu. maruvashathu, ajecteevukalkku hrasvamaaya frication undu, orupakshe pulmonic vaayupravaahathinte abhavam moolamaanu. swaraaksharathinte glotalised aarambhathin munbu nishabdathayude oru kaalaghattamundu. oru eratta glottel release allengil mattu ajective africateukalil kaanaatha swaraaksharathinte villal arambham undakam.
navajo shabdamillaatha thudarchakal frikketteevukalaayi thirichariyappedunnu. avaa saadhaaranayaayi engleeshil sambhavikkunna frikketteevukalekkaal shabdamundaakkunnu. engleeshilum mattu europian bhaashakalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi paalatto-alviolarukal labialise cheythitilla.
voised" thudarchayaaya amgangalil nawajoyk sthiramaaya shabdashabdamilla. impressionist vivaranagalil shabdamundaakkiyathaayi vivarichittundenkilum, spectrograamukalil ninnulla daatta kaanikkunnath avaa sangocha samayat bhaagikamaayi vyathichalikkappedaam ennaanu. stem-iniishyal positionil, poornnamaayum shabdamundaakkunna pravanatha, offsettinu sameepam shabdamillaatha oru cheria pravanatha, palappozhum thudakkathil maathram phoonetik shabdathode shabdamillaathathaanu, thudakkathil shabdathode bhaagikamaayi maathrame shabdamundaakkoo. shabda" thinte kooduthal sthirathayulla shabdaparamaaya parasparabandham vyanjanaaksharathinte dairkhyamaanu "shabdamillaatha" vyanjanaaksharangalkk "shabdamullah" vyanjanaaksharangalekkaal dairkhyameriyathaanu. ithinte adisthaanathil, fortis/lenis kontraast enna ashayam upayogichu vyathyasam nannayi pidichedukkaamennu vaadikkunnu. navajoyil shabdam nalkunnathinte mattoru savisheshatha athu neriya vairudhyamullathaanu ennathaanu (voicing esimilation vibhaagam kaanuka).
phoonetik fricative ekadeshavum thammil nawajoyk vyakthamaaya vyathyasamilla. eee jodiye yathaakramam oru frecative, ekadesha kanakk enningane visheshippichittunde, rund phoonetik vibhagangal thammilulla sthiramaaya vyathyaasathinte abhavavum mattu frecative jodikalumaayi samanamaaya paattening soochippikkunnathu avaye thudarchayaayi mikacha reethiyil vivarikkunnu ennaanu. koodaathe, frecative poleyulla swabhaavam kuravaayirikkunnathinekkum kooduthal frecative poleyulla swabhaavathekkurichum nireekshanangal nadathiyittundu.
navajoyude kooduthal amoorthamaaya vishakalanam rund vyathyastha shabdangal sthaapikkunnu (vishadeekaranathinaayi chuvade kaanuka).
glotalised sonarantukal glotalised allatha athiraalikalil "dii"-efakttinte falamaanu. aandu polulla karsanamaaya gadanaaparamaaya vishakalanam avaye shabdaparamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
glottel closser ulppedunna vyanjanaksharangal-glottel stopp, ajective stoppukal, glotalised sonarantukal-glottel aamgyathinu sameepamulla shabdangalil oopshanal creaky shabdam undayirikkaam. otta glottel closserinu pakaram poornnamaayum viraykkunna shabdamaayum glottel stoppukal thirichariyaan kazhiyum. navajoyile ajectivukal mattu pala bhaashakalileyum ejectivil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam glottel closher ooral closher release cheiyunnathinu thottadutthu purathirangunnilla (mattu bhashakalil saadhaarana ullathupole)-ithu ooral release cheythathinu sesham ganyamaaya samayathekku nadathappedunnu. glotalised sonarantukal ooral closserinu munbaayi oru glottel stopp upayogichu ooral closser samayat oopshanal creaky shabdathode ucharikkappedunnu
vrithaakrithiyilulla vaayvulla swaraaksharathinu munbu sambhavikkunna pravachanatheethamaaya vakabhedangalaanu vyanjanaksharangal. ennirunnaalum, eee shabdangal svaraaksharangalkku munbum sambhavikkunnu, avide avaa avayude labialise cheyyaatha athiraalikalumaayi vyathyaasappedunnu.
velar, paalattal.
velar obstrooventum paalattal glide thammilulla shabdashaasthraparamaaya vyathyasam chila sandarbhangalil nirveeryamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee sandarbhangalil, avaa palappozhum avayude vyathyastha shabdashaasthraparamaaya paattening vazhi parasparam verthirikkappedaam.
vrithaakruthiyilullathinu munbu, shabdaparamaayi shakthamayi labialise cheythirikkunnu; mattidangalil, ithinu labialisation illa. mukalil soochippichathupole, lenis thudarcha palappozhum oru saadhaarana frecative kanstrakshanu idayil evideyengilum valare durbalamaaya frikketteevukalaanu (udha.jii. ), kooduthal thuranna ekadeshamaaya sankochavum (udha.jii. )-ithu ivide pratheekappedutthum. eee thricharivu engleeshinu samaanamaanengilum uchaaranathinte thudakkathil cheria frication ullathil vyathyasthamaanennu vivarikkunnu. munkaala thricharivu oru ekadeshavum durbalamaaya oru ekadeshavum thammil vyathyaasappedunnu. thaazhepparayunna kriya steminu stem-iniishyal vyanjanaaksharathinte vyathyastha velar allophoneukal undu
oru ekadeshavum oru fricative thammilulla shabdaparamaayum paalattal glide undu. cheruthenkilum kelkkaavunna" "chavattukutta" "allengil frication upayogichu engleeshumaayi ithine thaarathamyam cheiyunnu"."
thaazhepparayunna vairudhyangal prakadamaakkunnathupole, velarum paalattalum thammilulla vyathyasam rund pinn svaraaksharangalkkum munbaayi kaanapedunnu
ennirunnaalum, munvashathe svaraaksharangalkku munbu, pinn svaraaksharangalkku munbu sambhavikkunna durbalamaaya frecative saakshaathkaaram pole, avaa thammilulla vyathyasam oru paalattal uchaaranathilekku nirveeryamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, shabdamillaatha (i.iii. fortis) sandarbham. eee parithasthithikalil shabdamillaatha paalattal frikketteevaayi adisthaana velar prathalangal
naamatthinte stem-iniishyal velaarinu vaakk-iniishyal aayirikkumbol (aas) enna shabdamillaatha fortis thricharivu undu. intervocalic aayirikkumbol, ithu lenis (aas) aayi thirichariyappedunnu. athupole, kriyayude moolaghadakam munbathe shabdamillaathathinu sesham shabdamillaathathum intervocalic aayirikkumbol lenis aanu. athinaal, rund sandarbhangalilum ulla alternation oru adisthaana velar vyanjanaaksharathe soochippikkunnu. athupole pinn svaraaksharangalkku munbum, velar thudarchaykku aaltarneshanukalundu, chuvadeyulla udaaharanangalil kaanichirikkunnathupole
oru adisthaana paalattal velar aaltarneshanukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya aaltarneshanukaliloode nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, rund vyathyastha alternation paattenukal undu, ithu rund vyathyastha phonemukalude sthaanathilekku nayichu. yaadruchikamaayi, rund vyathyastha shabdangalum proto-athabaaskanile rund vyathyastha punarnirmmicha vyanjanaksharangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. fortis sandarbhangalil oru frecative saakshaathkaaramullathinaal eee shabdangalilonnu oru thadassamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ithu palappozhum oru paletalised (allengil frond velar) frecative (american phoonetik notteshanil) aayi pratheekappeduthunnu, ithu proto-athabaaskante reflexaanu. coronal shabdamillaatha alophone kaaranam ithu coronal aayi kanakkakkaam.
melpparanja udaaharanangalil, fortis saakshaathkaaram thandukalilaanu, athesamayam lenis saakshaathkaaram anubandhamaaya glydaanu,,. eee phonaminte fortis reflex aayathinal eee phonemine alviolar phonemine idayil oru neutralisation undu. fortis-lenis sandarbhangalil alviolar phoneminu oru alternation undu
athinaal, vyathyastha aaltarneshanukal adisthaanavum adisthaanavum thammil verthirikkunnu.
mattu adisthaana (allengil morphophonomic) paalattal oru sonorantaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe fortis (shabdamillaatha), lenis (shabdamullah) sandarbhangalil ithu oru sthiramaaya thricharivu undu. eee phonem thaarathamyena apoorvamaanu, kurachu morphimukalil maathrame ithu sambhavikkoo. ithu proto-athabaaskante oru prathifalippikkunnathaanu (american notteshanil pratheekappeduthiyirikkunnu pole). rund udaaharanagal chuvade
dii-efakttinte pashchaathalatthil vyathyastha phonemukal thammilulla mattoru vyathyasam kaanapedunnu.
eee moonnu adisthaana vibhaagangalude vyathyastha sandarbhochithamaaya saakshaathkaarangal inipparayunna pattikayil samgrahichirikkunnu
swaamsheekaranathinu shabdam nalkunnu.
thandukalude thudakkathil shabdamullah thudarchakal yathaakramam avayude shabdamillaatha athiraalikale aashrayich vyathyaasappedunnu. shabdamillaatha vyanjanaaksharangalkk munbu shabdamillaatha vyanjanaksharangal sambhavikkumbol shabdamillaatha vyathiyanangal sambhavikkunnu, udaaharanathinu shabdamullah vyathiyanangal shabdamullah shabdangalkkidayil sambhavikkunnu (saadhaaranayaayi intervocally). udaaharanathinu, 'thuppuka', 'kathuka', 'thuppuka', 'thamasha parayuka' ennee ardhamulla kriyakalude kaandangalkk marimari shabdamullathum shabdamillaathathumaaya stem-iniishyal vyanjanaaksharangalulla inipparayunna roopangalunda
shabdam pravachikkavunnathinaal, shabdavumaayi bandhappett adivarayidunna oru adisthaana vyanjanaaksharamaayi athine kooduthal amoorthamaayi prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyum. eee aarkkiphonamukal valia aksharangal upayogichu soochippikkaam. stem-iniishyal vyanjanaaksharathinte vakabhedam stem enna kriyayilekku cherkkunna vishaya vyakthiyude prefixukalude pashchaathalatthil kaanaam
melpparanja udaaharanagal kaanikkunnathupole, swaramillaatha aadya vyakthi ekavachana vishaya prefix allengil rund vyakthikalude eratta vishaya prefixil shabdamillaathappol swaramillaathathum swaramillaathathumaayirikku stem-iniishyal vyanjanaksharam shabdamuyarthunnu.
kriya-stem-iniishyal vyanjanaaksharangalude sandarbhochithamaaya shabdathinte mattoru udaaharanam sambhavikkunnath thaazhepparayunnathupole steminu munbu oru shabdamillaatha vargeekarana prefix sambhavikkumbozhaanu
kriyayude roopathil ('njangal randuperum athine dribble cheiyunnu'), shabdamullathum shabdamullathumaaya stem swaraaksharangalkkidayil sambhavikkunnu. angane athu oru shabdamaayi thirichariyappedunnu. munpathe aadya vyakthi eratta vishaya prefixinte dii-ephakt kaaranam ivide classifier shabdamuyarthunnu. mattu kriya-roopangalil, stem-initialinu munbaayi shabdamillaatha vargeekaranam nadakkunnu, ithu shabdamillaatha thiricharivilekku nayikkunnu. uparithala kriya-roopangalil, vyanjanaaksharangalude koottangalile oru shabdaghadana niyanthranam kaaranam adisthaana vargeekaranam ucharikkappedunnilla.
naamatthinte prarambha vyanjanaksharam sandarbhochithamaaya shabdavum pradarshippikkunnu
swaraaksharathil avasaanikkunna oru moonnaam vyakthi prefix upayogichu naamangale prathifalippichukondu ivide oru intervocalic sandarbham srishtikkappedunnu. eee pashchaathalatthil, stem-iniishyal vyanjanaksharam shabdamuyarthunnu. eee namangalkk oru prefix illaathappol (eee saahacharyathil stem-iniishyal vyanjanaksharam vaakk-iniishyal aanu), saakshaathkaaram shabdarahithamaanu.
ennirunnaalum, chila namangalil, stem-iniishyal kandinyoovant intervocalic aayirikkumbol shabdam nalkunnilla ('salt').
dorsal plays esimilation.
dorsal vyanjanaaksharangalkk (ezhuthiya,,,,) sandarbhochithamaaya shabdabhedangalundu (i.iii. allophoneukal) thaazhepparayunna swaraakshara paristhithiye aashrayich uchaaranathinte sthaanathu vyathyaasappedunnu. avaa muun svaraaksharangalkku munbulla paalatalukalaayum pinn svaraaksharangalkku munbulla velarukalaayum thirichariyaam. koodaathe, avaa vrithaakrithiyilulla pinn swaraaksharathinu munbu labialise cheythirikkunnu. aspirated velar fricationilum ithu sambhavikkunnu.
coronal aikyam.
nawajoyk coronal sibilant vyanjanaaksharangalude saamyam undu. prefixukalile alviolar sibilantukal thandukalile poost-alviolar sibilantukalumaayi swaamsheekarikkukayum poost-alviolar prefixel sibilantukal alviolar stem sibilantukalumaayi swaamsheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, kaandatthil poost-alviolar sibilant undo ennathine aashrayich "sii-" staatteev perfective "sii-" allengil "shhii-" aayi thirichariyunnu. udaaharanathinu, "sido" ('ithu choodullathaanu' thikanjathaanu) ennathinu aadya roopamaaya "shibish" ('ithu thilappichathaanu' thikanjathaanu) ullappol, stem-final eee roopathilekku maattathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
dii-prabhavam.
dii-ephakt" ennu vilikkunna athabaaskan bhashakalil sambhavikkunna oru prathyeka tharam morphophonomic alternation (allengil mutation) navajoyil kaanapedunnu. mikka kesukalilum alternation oru kotta (allengil shakthippeduthal) prakriyayaan. oru kriyayude prarambha vyanjanaksharam oru (orthographic) "classifier" prefix allengil aadya vyakthi eratta vishaya prefix munbullappol sakthamaaya vyanjanaaksharavumaayi marimari maarunnu. eee prefixukalude adisthaanam inipparayunna stemilekku agiranam cheyyappedunnu. vyanjanaaksharangalude koottangalile oru shabdaghadanayude parimithiyude falamaayi dii-efakttine prosodic aayi kaanaan kazhiyum, athu allaathapaksham adisthaana vibhaagangalude samyojanathil ninnu undaakum. athinaal uparithala roopathil vyaakarana vivarangal prakadippikkendathinte aavasyakathayum vyanjanaaksharangalude kramangal ozhivaakkunnathum thammil oru prathipravarthanamundu (phonotacticsinecture kooduthal arian akshara vibhaagam kaanuka).
kotta saadhaaranayaayi thudarchayil ninnu africatilekko allengil nirthunnathinulla thudarchayilekko ulla maattamaan (i.iii. uchaaranathin oru closser kaalayalav cherkkunnu). ennirunnaalum, mattu mattangalil prarambha vyanjanaaksharathinte glotalisation ulppedunnu
mukalilulla chartile rund sambhavangal stem-iniishyal ulppedunna dii-efakttinte rund vyathyastha paattenukale prathifalippikkunnu. vyathyasthamaaya vyanjanaksharangal palappozhum vyathyasthamaaya vyanjanaksharangal vyathyasthamaaya vyanjanaksharangal vishadeekarikkunnathinu sthaapikkunnu. aadyathe alternation dii-ephakt mutationilekku nayikkunna adisthaana falamaayaanu sthaapikkunnathu. mattonn falamaayi sambhavikkunnu. (kooduthal vishadeekaranathinaayi velar/γ/, paalattal/jeey/vibhaagam kaanuka.)
dii-efakttinte mattoru udaaharanam stem-iniishyal vyanjanaaksharathe allah, marichu classifier prefixine swaadheenikkunnu. aadya vyakthi eratta vishaya prefix (orthographic) classifier prefixinu munbaakumbol, classifier shabdamittathaayi manassilaakkunnu
svaraaksharangal.
moonnu vyathyastha swaraaksharangalil (uyarnna, madhya, thaazhnna) naalu vairudhyamulla swaraaksharagunangalum madhya svaraaksharangal thammilulla frond-back vairudhyavumundu. rund vairudhyamulla swaraakshara dairkhyangalum nasalisationil oru vairudhyavumundu. ithu chuvade kaanichirikkunna 16 shabdaswarakalil kalaashikkunnu.
neelamulla uyarnna swaraaksharavum (orthographic) hrasvamaaya uyarnna swaraaksharavum (orthographic) thammil oru shabdaswaraakshara gunanilavaara vyathyaasamund hrasvamaaya swaraaksharam athinte neelamulla prathiroopathekkaal ganyamaayi kuravaanu. eee shabda vyathyasam thaddesheeya samsaarikkunnavarkk pradhaanamaan, avar uyarnna sthaanathulla oru hraswa swaraaksharathe thettaaya uchaaranamaayi kanakkakkum. athupole, hrasvamaayi ucharikkappedunnu. short ennathu alppam kooduthal variable kooduthal kendreekrithavumaanu, ithu idam ulkkollunnu. prathyekichu, swaraaksharathile vyathiyaanam sameepikkunnilla, ithu swaraaksharathile oru yadhaartha vidavaanu.
uparithala shabdashaasthrathil nasalisation virudhamaanengilum, nassalized svaraaksharangalude pala udaaharanangalum kooduthal amoorthamaaya vishakalanathil swaraaksharam + nassel vyanjanaaksharathinte oru shreniyil ninnu uruthirinjekkaam. koodaathe, dairkhyameriyathum hrasvavumaaya swaraaksharangalkkidayil pravachikkaavunna maattangalund.
navajo swaraaksharangalekkurichu kurachu vyathyasthamaaya niravadhi vivaranagal undaayittund, avaa soukaryapradamaayi samgrahikkappedunnu.
shabda phoenix.
 10 sthreekalum 4 purushanmaarum samsaarikkunnathupole, navajo neelamullathum hrasvavumaaya swaraakshara jodikalude roopangalude shabda alavukal undu. eee padanatthinulla aadya (eph1), randaamathe (eph2) formaattukalude median moolyangal chuvadeyundu.
munbathe oru padanatthil () samsaarikkunna ezhu sthreekalil ninnulla alavukal undu
tonukal.
nawajoyk rund tonukalunda uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya tonukal. aksharangalkk swathave kuranja swaramullathinaal, oorthoograafikkaayi, baadhicha swaraaksharathinu mukalil uyarnna swaram nisithamaaya uchaaranathode adayaalappeduthunnu, athesamayam kuranja swaram adayaalappeduthaathe vidunnu, ithu navajoyude tonel dhruveekaranathe prathifalippikkunnu.
neelamulla svaraaksharangalkku saadhaaranayaayi level tonukalundu. ennirunnaalum, vyaakarana sankochangalilum (spaanishil ninnulla 'panam') polulla spanish vaipa vaakkukalilum, neelamulla svaraaksharangalkku veezhukayo uyarukayo cheiyunna svarangal undayirikkaam.
syllabic aayirikkumbol sonarant tone vahikkunnu. ivide veendum, uyarnna toonn acute kondu adayaalappeduthumbol thaazhnna toonn adayaalappeduthaathe avasheshikkunnu.
thaazhnna toonn sthirasthithiyaanenkilum, eee aksharangal toninu adivarayidunnilla avaykku oru prathyeka phoonetik toonn undu, avayude pitch avayude paristhithiyude oru pravartthanam mathramalla. ithu bandhapetta vaahaka bhashayumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, pala bhaashakalilum ullathupole, navajo svaraaksharangalude thudakkathile svarangal tenuis, aspirated vyanjanaksharangal ennivaykku sheshamullathinekkaal shabda vyanjanaaksharangalkk sheshamulla pichukal kuravaanu. ajective vyanjanaaksharangalkk sesham, uyarnna tonukal maathrame kuraykkunnulloo, athinaal uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya toonn thammilulla vyathyasam kurayum. ennirunnaalum, vyanjanaaksharangalude tharam swaraaksharathinte madhyathilulla swarathil kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnilla, athinaal svaravyanjanaaksharangalkka sesham svaraaksharangalkku uyarunna swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu.
oru swaraaksharathinte swarathe muun aksharatthinte swaravum badhikkunnu mikka kesukalilum, ithu oru aksharatthinte swarathe athinte swantham swaram pole thanne swaadheenikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee prabhavam oru madhyathilulla aspirated vyanjanaksharam phalapradamaayi thadayunnu.
tonological prakriyakal.
navajo namangal lalithamaanu "kha" ('thee'), "bidil" ('avante raktham'). mikka neelamulla namangalum yadhaarthathil deverbal aanu.
kriyakalil, kurachu ozhivaakkalukalode, thandukalkku maathrame uyarnna toonn vahikkaan kazhiyoo c v (ː) (c) (t). prefixukal kooduthalum sii-enna eaka vyanjanaaksharangalaan, avaa swaram vahikkunnilla. hye-toonn vocalic prefix aanu oru apavaadam. navajo kriyayile mattu toonn vahikkunna unitukal second stem allengil klittiks aanu.
ellah navajo kriyakaleyum samyukthangalayi vishakalanam cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu swarathinte vivaranam valare lalithamaakkunnu. rund nirbandhitha gadakangalundu, "i" stem ("inflection" ennathinu), "v" stem ("kriya" ennathinu), oronnum uyarnna toonn vahikkaan saadhyathayund, oronninum athintethaaya prefixukal undu. koodaathe, namangalil kaanapedunna prefix pole samyuktham mothatthil 'karar' prefix edukkunnu. eee vaakk muzhuvan appol swaram vahikkunna procalitics eduthekkaam
klittiksinekkurichu uyarnna svarangal vaakkinte adutha aksharathilekku vyapichaal athu hraswavum vaakkalulla kaandathinu thottumumbullathumaayi maathrame undaakoo. ithu aavarthana klittikk upayogichu kaanaan kazhiyum. thaarathamyam cheyyuka
oppam
ivide klittik "naa =" boldil thaazhepparayunna hraswa pree-stem aksharathil uyarnna toonn srishtikkunnu, pakshe,
oppam
athu illaathidathu.
aksharam.
"stems."thandukal (udha.jii. namam stems, kriya stems muthalaayava.) thaazhepparayunna akshara tharangal undu
athaayath, ellah aksharangalkkum oru vyanjanaksharam arambham sii, oru swaraakshara nucleus vii undaayirikkanam. aksharathinu uyarnna toonn tii vahikkaam, swaraakshara nucleus cherutho neelamullatho aakam, koodaathe oopshanalaayi oru vyanjanakshara koda undayirikkaam.
"prefix."prefixukalkku saadhaaranayaayi" "chʼí-" "('thirascheenamaayi') polulla sii. vii-yude aksharaghadanayundu". orotta vyanjanaksharam-c-adangiyirikkunna kriyayude moolathinu nerittu munbu sambhavikkunna vargeekaranangal ("-л-", "-l-", "-d-") polulla chila vaakkalulla prefixukalaanu ithinu apavaadangal. kriyayude puram idathu attathulla "naa-" ('chuttum') polulla mattu chila vaakkalulla prefixinu neelamulla svaraaksharangalundu, cvv-. haash 'iii-" (' ready ') (sii. vii. sii. sii. vii-) polulla sankeernamaaya akshararoopangalaanu chila prefixukalkkullathu. prefixukal toonn vahikkunnilla.
haari hoijar polulla chila vishakalanangal, kanjankt verbal prefixukalkku akshara aakruthi sivi-undennu kanakkakkunnu. mattu generative vishakalanagalil, athe prefixukalkku sii-aakruthiyude adisthaana vyanjanaksharangal maathrame ulloo ennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. thudarnnu, chila parithasthithikalil, vyanjanaaksharathin sesham oru epenthattik swaraaksharam (sthira swaraaksharam) cherkkunnu.
pegg gadakangal, segment insersion.
ellah kriyakalum kuranjathu dysilabic aayirikkanam. chila kriyakalkk orotta prathyaksha nonsyllabic vyanjanakshara prefix allengil aarambhamillaatha prefix allengil kriyayude steminu munbu prefix illaayirikkaam. ellah kriyakalkkum rund aksharangal aavasyamullathinaal, dysillabic aavasyakatha niravettunnathinu kriyayil ardhashoonyamaaya oru prefix cherkkanam. eee prosodic prefix athabaaskan padaavaliyil "pegg ghadakam" ennariyappedunnu (edward sappir "pepettu swaraaksharam" enna padam upayogichu). udaaharanathinu, "aval/avan/avar karayunnu/karayunnu" ennartham varunna kriyaykk inipparayunna roopaghadanayunda "о-o-ch", ivide apoornna model prefix moonnaam vyakthi vishaya prefix shabdashaasthraparamaayi shoonyamaaya morphimukalum "-ch" enna kriyayude stem aanu. eee kriya poortthiyaakunnathinu oru "yii-" pegg ghadakam kriyayude moolathil munkootty cherkkanam, athinte falamaayi "yicha" enna kriya roopam labikkum. mattoru udaaharanam "yishcha" ('njaan karayunnu') enna kriyayaan, ithu roopashaasthraparamaayi "ω-shcha" ("ω-" poojya apoornna model ",-shh-" aadya vyakthi ekavachana vishayam ",-chaa" kriya stem), "vocha" ('ningal [2 +] karayunnu') athaayath "ω-oh-ch" ("ω-" shoonya apoornna model ",-oh-" randaam vyakthi eratta-bahuvachana vishayam ",-ch" kriya stem). pegg moolakatthinte glide vyanjanaksharam munbum munbum munbum aanu.

