
chainayile yukthi

europilum indiayilum islaamika lokathum yukthiyekkurichulla padanatthinte vikasanathinte sakthamaaya purathana dattheduppum thudarchayaaya pravaahavum kaaranam chainayile aupachaarika yukthiykk yukthiyude charithratthil oru prathyeka sthaanamundu.
mohist yukthi.
chainayil, kanfyooshyasinte samakalikanaaya mossi, "maasttar moow", mohist school sthaapichathinte bahumati nediyittundu.
saadhuvaaya nigamanangalumaayum sariyaaya nigamanangalude vyavasthakalumaayum bandhapetta prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunna niyamangalund. ennirunnaalum, avaa uthppaadanakshamamallaathum chainees shaasthrathilo ganithashaasthrathilo samyojippikkappedaanathviyu.
chainees thathwachinthayude mohist schoolil ganithashaasthraparamaaya yukthiyekkaal vaachaadopaparamaaya samanathakal oonnipparayunna yukthiyodum vaadangalodum ulla oru sameepanam adangiyirikkunnu, ithu "three phaa" allengil tharatthilulla karyangal thammilulla vyathyaasangal varaykkunnathinulla reethikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. classical chainees daarshanika yukthi silojisathekkaal saadrushyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathinaal, thaarathamyathiloode yukthisahamaya avakaashavaadangalude saadhuta nirnnayikkaan phaa maanadandangalaayi upayogichu.
mohisathil ninnu valarnna skoolukalilonnaaya yukthivaadikale aupachaarika yukthiyekkurichulla aadyakaala anweshanathinu chila pandithanmaar credit cheiyunnu.
daavoyist samshayavaadam.
samaanathakalum vyathyaasangalum sambandhicha vasthunishta bandhangalekkurichulla mohist kazhchappadinodu suwang shau polulla daavoyist samshayavaadikal yojichuvenkilum, nirantharamaaya pravartthana maargganirddesham nalkaan bhasha paryaapthamaanennu avar kanakkakkiyilla.
yukthiyude padanatthinte adichamarthal.
thudarnnulla kiinn raajavamshathinte kaalath, niyamavaadatthinte bharanam eee mohist anweshanathe adichamarthi, budhamathakkaar indian thathwachinthayum indian yuktiyum avatharippikkunnathuvare chainayil athu aprathyakshamayathaayi parayappedunnu. hahn raajavamshathinte saamraajyathva libraricaayi kootticherttha pathipp orupakshe nilavilulla paatam pole kramarahithamaayirikkumennume athinaal oru vimarsanaathmaka pathipp parishodhikkaattha nilavile vaayanakkaareppole idaykkide manassilakkaavunnathaanennum oru pramukha pandithan abhipraayappedunnu. hajime nakamurayodu viyojikkunna graham, puthiya-taavoyisathinte school niyamangalil kurachu thaalparyam nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum avaykku ithinakam thanne chila padangal manassilakkaan prayaasamaanengilum vaadikkunnu. sui raajavamshathinte avasaanathinu munbu, mosiyude oru hraswa pathipp prathyakshappettu, athu hahn pathippin pakaramaayi vannathayi thonnunnu. yadhaartha mossi thaavoyistukalil samrakshikkappedukayum 1552-leeii luu pathippilum 1553-leeii tang pathippilum orikkalkkoodi ariyappedukayum cheythenkilum, kedupaadukal sambhavichu vairudhya adhyayangalum (athupole sainika adhyayangalum) manassilakkaan kazhiyathathaayi kanakkakkappettu. ennirunnaalum, chainees vimarsanaathmaka paatapatanatthinte uyarchayode, vishadeekaranaparavum vimarsanaathmakavumaaya vyaakhyaanangalil ninnu pusthakam prayojanam nedi aadyam, bii yuwan, addehathinte sahaayi sann sinjian; nilanilkkaatha wang chonginte mattoru vyaakhyaanam; shang huyan nadatthiya 'aadyathe prathyeka patanam'; vuu rooln ezhuthiya bhagam biyude oru republication. ennirunnaalum, eee avasaanathe saamraajyathva paandithyatthinte kodumchoodu, graham parayunnathanusarichu, suurya yiraanginte 'gambheera' vyaakhyaanamaayirunnu, athu 'niyamangalude sreekovidam ellah varunnavarkkum thurannukodutthu. chainayude charithrathiludaneelam niyamangale avaganichuvennu vaadichukondu graham niyamangalude kadinamaaya paatacharithram samgrahikkunnu; ennaal eee vastutha nakamura polulla rashtreeya adichamarthalinekkaal 'grandhasoochika' apakadangalaanennu addeham aaropikkunnu.
budhamatha yukthi.
indian yukthiyil aarambhicha budhamatha logical paarambaryam avatharippicha chainayil budhamatham pracharichathinetthudarnnu chainayile yukthiyekkurichulla patanam punarujjeevippikkappedu. indian yukthiyil aavashyamaaya pashchaathalam illaathathinaal chainees budhamatha pandithanmaar budhamatha yukthiye palappozhum thettidharichittundu.