
kaamaehuvaakkanaalova seemoundu

havai dveepinte thekkukizhakkan theerathu sthithicheyyunna sajeevamaaya oru antarvaahini agniparvathamaanu kamehuvakkanova seemoundu (munbu loihi ennariyappettirunnu). samudranirappinu ekadesham thaazheyaan kadaltheerathinte mukalbhagam. bhoomiyile ettavum valia sheeled agniparvathamaaya mouna lovayude vashathaan eee kadaltheeram sthithi cheiyunnathu. havaian-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayile ettavum puthiya agniparvathamaanu kamaehuvaakkanova, ithu kamaehuvaakkanovayude vadakkupadinjaraayi vyaapichukidakkunna agniparvvathangalude oru nirayaanu. pasaphik samudrathile mikka sajeeva agniparvathangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, pasaphik ring oof fayarile sajeeva plate maarjinukal, kaamaehuvaakkanovayum havaian-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayile mattu agniparvvathangalum hotspot agniparvathangalaanu, avaa aduthulla plate athirthiyil ninnu valare akaleyaan. havaay dveepukalile agniparvvathangal havaay hotspottil ninnu uthbhavikkunnu, shringalayile ettavum praayam kuranja agniparvvathamenna nilayil, aazhathilulla antarvaahini preshield ghattatthile eaka havaay agniparvathamaanu kamaehuvaakkanova.
ekadesham 400,000 varshangalkk munbu roopamkonda kaamaehuvaakkanova ippol muthal ekadesham 1,000 varshangalkk sesham samudranirappil ninnu uyarnnuvaraan thudangumennu prathekshikkunnu. athinte kodumudiyil, kamehuvakkanova seemoundu samudranirappinekkaal kooduthal uyarathil nilkkunnu, ithu sent parvathathekkaal uyaramullathaakkunnu. 1980 leeii vinashakaramaaya pottitherikku munbaayirunnu helens. vaividhyamaarnna oru sookshumajeevikalude samooham niravadhi hydrothermal dwaarangalkku chuttum vasikkunnu.
1996leeii venalkkaalath kaamehuvaakkanovayil 4,070 bhookambangalude oru koottam rekhappeduthappettu. aaa samayat havaayiyile charithratthile ettavum oorjjaswalamaaya bhookambakkoottamaayirunnu ithu. kadaltheerathinte kodumudiyude oru bhagam, "peles vents", poornnamaayum svayam thakarnn "peles kuzhi" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. 1996 muthal thaarathamyena sajeevamaaya eee agniparvvatham yunaittad stetts geological sarway (yuu. ezz. jii. ezz) nireekshikkunnu. havaay undersea geological obsarvettari (hugo) 1997 num 1998 num idayil kaamaehuvaakkanovayekkurichuri thalsamaya daatta nalki. aaa venalkkaalathe bhookambathinu munbu 1996 laanu kaamaehuvaakkanovayude avasaanathe pottitheri.
peru.
samudrathinte devanaaya "kanalovayude thilangunna kutty" ennartham varunna oru havaian bhasha padamaanu kamaehuvaakkanova enna peru. bishop myoosiyathile gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakki 19-aamm noottaandinteyum irupathaam noottaandinteyum thudakkathil rund havaian melekalil eee peru kandethi, 2021-ll bhoomishaasthraparamaaya perukalil havaay board ithu nalkukayum yuu. ezz. sweekarikkukayum cheythu.ezz. bhoomishaasthra sarway. 1955 muthal 2021 vare seemoundu athinte aakruthi vivarikkunna "neelam" ennathinulla havaian padamaaya "loihi" ennu vilikkapettu. praadeshika havaian paarambaryangal kanakkileduthu saamskaarikamaayi kooduthal anuyojyamaayirikkaanulla sramathilaanu kamaehuvaakkanovayilekkula maattam varuthiyathu.
savisheshathakal.
bhoomishaasthram.
bhoomiyile ettavum valia sheeled agniparvathamaaya mouna lovayude vashathulla oru kadaltheeramaanu kamehuvakkanova. vipulamaaya havaay-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayil havaay hotspot srishticha ettavum puthiya agniparvvathamaanith. pazhaya mouna lovayude kodumudiyum kaamehuvaakkanovayude kodumudiyum thammilulla dooram ekadesham aanu, ithu yaadrishchikamaayi, havaay hotspottinte ekadesha vyaasam koodiyaanu. moonnu kuzhikalulla oru kodumudi pradesham, kodumudikku vadakku vyaapichukidakkunna neenda villal mekhala, kodumudikku thekk-thekkukizhakk vyaapichukidakkunna neenda villal mekhala enniva ulkkollunnathaan kamehuvakkanova.
kodumudiyude kuzhikalkku vestt pitt, eest pitt, peles pitt enningane perukalundu. eee groupile ettavum praayam kuranja kuzhiyaanu peals kuzhi, ithu kodumudiyude thekk bhagathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. pele kuzhiyude mathilukal uyarathil nilkkukayum 1996 joolaiyil athinte mungamiyaaya peles ventu, kaamaehuvaakkanova kodumudikkaduthulla oru jalatarjja mandalam oru valia nyoonamarddathilekku thakarnnuveezhukayum cheythathodeyaanu ithu roopappettathu. peles kuzhiyude kattiyulla gartha mathilukal-sharashari veethi, havaian agniparvvatha garthangalkku asaadhaaranamaayi kattiyullava-soochippikkunnathu munkaalangalil athinte garthangal onniladhikam thavana laava kondu niranjirunnu ennaanu.
kaamaehuvaakkanaalovayude vadakku-thekk pravanathayulla villal mekhalakal oru savisheshamaaya neelamulla aakruthi srishtikkunnu, athil ninnu agniparvvathathinte muun havaian naamamaya "loihi", athaayath "neelam", uruthirinju. vadakkan villal mekhala neelamulla padinjaaran bhaagavum hrasvamaaya kizhakkan villal mekhalayum ulkkollunnu. vadakkan, thekkan villal mekhalakalkku avashishtangal illennu nireekshanangal kaanikkunnu, ithu sameepakaala pravartthanangale soochippikkunnu. vadakkan villal mekhalayude padinjaaran bhaagath oru veekkam moonnu koonn aakruthiyilulla praadhaanyangal ulkkollunnu.
1970 vare, samudranirappu vyaapichukidakkunnathil athinte nilavile sthaanathekku kondupookunna nishkriya agniparvathamaayi kamehuvakkanova kanakkaakkappettirunnu. hawaik keezhilulla samudrathadathinu varshangal pazhakkamund, ithu eest pasaphik raisil srishtikkappettu, ithu oru samudra vyaapana kendramaanu, avide magmayil ninnu puthiya samudrathadangal roopappedunnu, athu aavaranathil ninnu pottitherikkunnu. puthiya samudra puramthodu vyaapana kendratthil ninnu akannupookunnu. varshangal kadannupokumbol, havaayiyude keezhilulla samudranirappu kizhakkan pasaphik uyarchayil ninnu athinte ippozhathe padinjaaran sthaanathekku neengi, purathana kadaltheerangal vahikkunnu. 1970ll havayiyil undaaya bhookambangalude oru parambarayekkurichu shaasthranjar anweshichappol, havaian-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayile sajeeva amgamaayirunnu kamahuvakkanova ennu avar kandethi.
ekadesham anchu digri charivulla kadaltheerathaanu kamehuvakkanova nirmmichirikkunnathu. mouna lovayude vadakke adithara samudranirappinu thaazheyaanengilum athinte thekkan adithara uparithalathinu thaazheyaan. athinaal, kodumudi athinte vadakke vashathinte adithattil ninnu alakkunnathupole samudranirappinu mukalilaanu, ennaal athinte thekkan vashathinte adithattil ninnu alakkumbol uyarathilaanu. ellah havaian agniparvvathangaludeyum savisheshathayulla vikasana maathrkayaanu kaamaehuvaakkanaalova pinthudarunnathu. kaamaehuvaakkanovayude laavakalil ninnulla jio kemikkal thelivukal soochippikkunnathu kaamaehuvaakkanova preshield, sheeled agniparvvatha gattangalkkidayil parivartthanatthilaanennu, ithu havaian agniparvvathangalude aadyakaala vikasanathinu vilapetta soochanakal nalkunnu. preshield ghattathil, havaian agniparvvathangalkk chenkuthaaya vashangalum thaazhnna pravartthanavum undu, ithu oru kshara bassault laava uthpaadippikkunnu. thudarchayaaya agniparvvathangal oduvil kaamehuvaakkanovayil oru dweep srishtikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. kaamaehuvaakkanaalova idaykkide mannidichilukal anubavikkunnu; agniparvvathathinte valarcha athinte charivukale asthirappeduthukayum kuthaneyulla thekkukizhakkan mukhathu vipulamaaya avashishtangal vasikkukayum cheiyunnu. mattu havaian agniparvathangalil ninnulla samanamaaya nikshepangal soochippikkunnathu bhoochalana avashishtangal havaian agniparvvathangalude aadyakaala vikasanathinte oru pradhana ulppannamaanu ennaanu. 10, 000 muthal 100,000 varshangalkkullil kamaehuvaakkanaalova uparithalathinu mukalil uyarumennu pravachikkappedunnu.
praayavum valarchayum.
kaamaehuvaakkanovayil ninnulla paara saambilukalude praayam nirnnayikkaan radiometric dating upayogichu. havaay sentar phoor elocanology vividha paryaveshanangal vazhi kandedutha saambilukal pareekshichu, prathyekichu 1978 leeii paryaveshanatthil, 17 dredge saambilukal nalki. saambilukalil bhooribhaagavum sameepakaala uthbhavamaanenn kandethi; ettavum pazhakkamulla theeyathi rekhappeduthiya paaraykk ekadesham 300,000 varsham pazhakkamund. 1996leeii sambhavathethudarnnu, kurachu yuva brezia shekharichu. saambilukalude adisthaanathil, shaasthranjar kanakkaakkunnath kaamaehuvaakkanaalovaykku ekadesham 400,000 varsham pazhakkamundennu. adithattinum kodumudiykkum sameepam prathivarsham sharashari nirakkil paara adinjukoodunnu. kilauva polulla mattu agniparvathangalil ninnulla daatta model kaamaehuvaakkanovayude kaaryatthil shariyaanenkil, agniparvvathathinte pindatthinte 40 sathamaanavum kazhinja 100,000 varshangalkkullil roopappettu. oru rekheeya valarchaa nirakk anumaanikkumbol, kaamehuvaakkanovaykk 250,000 varsham pazhakkamund. ennirunnaalum, ellah hotspot agniparvathangaleyum pole, kaamehuvaakkanovayude pravartthana nilavaaram kaalakramena vardhichu; athinaal, atharamoru agniparvvatham kaamehuvaakkanovayude pindatthil ethaan kuranjathu 400,000 varshamenkilum edukkum. havaian agniparvvathangal ekadesham oru varsham vadakkupadinjaraayi neengunnathinaal, prarambha pottitheriyude samayat nilavile sthaanathu ninnu thekkukizhakkaayirunnu.
pravartthanam.
aduthulla kilaviyekkaal sajeevamallengilum cheruppavum valare sajeevavumaaya agniparvathamaanu kamaehuvaakkanaalova. kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi, niravadhi bhookamba koottangalkku kaamehuvaakkanaalova kaaranamaanennu aaropikkappedunnu, avayil ettavum valuth chuvadeyulla pattikayil samgrahichirikkunnu. agniparvvathathinte pravartthanam 1959 ll aarambhicha athinte pravartthanatthinte shaasthreeya rekhakal sookshikkunnathinu munbe ariyappedunnu. kaamehuvakkanaalovayile mikka bhookamba koottangalum rund divasathil thaazhe maathrame neenduninnulloo; rund apavaadangalaanu niravadhi maasangal neenduninna 1990-1991 bhookambam, 1996 leeii sambhavam, athu cheruthaanenkilum valare prakadamaayirunnu. 1996 leeii sambhavam oru samudrathile seismometer (obs) nerittu nireekshichu, ithu shaasthranjare bhookambathinte aazham kodumudiyude thazheyaayi kanakkakkaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu kaamahuvaakkanovayude angeyattam aazhamillaatha magma arayude sthaanathinu ekadesham thulyamaanu. kaamehuvaakkanovayude bhookambam agniparvvathathinte uthbhavamaanennathinte thelivaanithu.
1959 muthal kaamehuvaakkanovayil rekhappeduthiyittulla thaazhnna nilavaaratthilulla bhookamba pravartthanangal prathimasam rund muthal patthu vare bhookambangal kodumudiyil kandethaamenn kaanikkunnu. kaamaehuvaakkanovayude parakal bhookambatharamgangal ethra nannayi pracharippikkunnuvennu vishakalanam cheyyaanum bhookambangalum pottitherikalum thammilulla bandham anweshikkaanum bhookambakkoottathinte daatta upayogichittundu. eee thaazhnna nilayilulla pravarthanatthinu idaykkide noorukanakkinu bhookambangal vare ulkkollunna valia bhookambakkoottangal viraamamidunnu. bhooribhaagam bhookambangalum vadakku-thekk pravanatha pinthudarunnundengilum kodumudiyodu aduthalla. pakaram, bhookambangalil bhooribhaagavum sambhavikkunnath kamaehuvaakkanovayude thekkupadinjaaran bhagathaanu. 1971, 1972, 1975, 1991-92,1996 ennee varshangalil kamaehuvaakkanaalovayilaanu ettavum valia thiramaalakal rekhappeduthappettathu. ettavum aduthulla bhookamba kendram havaayiyude thekkan theerathulla kamaehuvaakkanaalovayilaanu. 2 ll thaazheyulla bhookamba sambhavangal palappozhum rekhappeduthappedunnum valia sambhavangalkk avayude sthaanam kazhiyunnathra krithyamaayi nirnnayikkaan kazhiyilla. vaasthavathil, kaamaehuvaakkanovayude vashath sthithi cheiyunna hugo (havaay undersea geological obsarvettari), havaian agniparvvatha nireekshanaalayam (echu. vii. oo) bhookamba shringhala rekhappeduthunnathinekkaal pathiratti bhookambangal kandethi.
1996 leeii bhookambam.
1996 juulai 16num august 9num idayil undaaya 4,070 bhookambangalaanu kamehuvakkanova seemoundil rekhappeduthiya ettavum valia pravartthanam. alavilum theevrathayilum innuvareyulla eathoru havaian agniparvvathathilum rekhappeduthiyittullathil vachu ettavum valia bhookambamaanithu. bhookambangalil bhooribhaagavum moonn rictor skailil 3 sathamaanathil thaazheyaayirunnu. "noorukanakkinu" theevratha 3 sathamaanathil kooduthalaayirunnu, athil 4 sathamaanathil kooduthal 40umm 5 sathamaanathil kooduthalum bhoochalanavum ulppedunnu.
bhookambathinte avasana randaazhchathe nireekshanam 1996 augustil aarambhicha oru drutha prathikarana cruis vazhi nadannu. deseeya shaasthra foundeshan funting nalki, frederic duvenebiyarinte neethrthwathilulla havaay sarvakalaashaalayile shaasthranjarude oru paryaveshanathinu, 1996 augustil koottattheyum athinte uthbhavatheyum kurichu anweshikkaan thudangi. shaasthranjarude vilayiruthal thudarnnulla pala paryaveshanangalkkum adithara paakukayum cheythu. august, septambar maasangalil crude submersible daivukalude oru parambara ulppede kaamaehuvaakkanovayilekkula thudarnadapadikal nadannu. theerathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla dhaaraalam gaveshanangal ivaykku poorakamaayirunnu. paryaveshanatthinide shekharicha puthiya paara bhookambathinu "munbu" oru pottitheri sambhavichathayi velippeduthi.
augustile mungimaranangalkk sesham 1996 septambarilum octoberilum nova dhanasahaayathodeyulla gaveshanangal nadannu. kooduthal vishadamaaya eee padanangal kaanikkunnath bhookambangalude oru koottatthinteyum agniparvvathathil ninnu magma athivegam pinvalikkappedalinteyum falamaayi kaamaehuvaakkanovayude kodumudiyude thekkan bhagam thakarnnathayi. avashishtangalkk kuruke aazhathilulla oru gartham roopappettu. agniparvvatha vasthukkalude cubic meter chalanam ulppettathaayirunnu eee sambhavam. kodumudiyude oru pradesham maattukayum puthuthayi roopappetta garthatthinte puram attathu apakadakaramaayi sthithicheyyunna buzz valippathilulla thalayinayude laava blokkukalaal adivasikkukayum cheythu. "munbu sthirathayullathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna thekk bhaagathe pradeshamaaya "peles vents" poornnamaayum oru bheeman kuzhiyayi thakarnnu, athine "peles kuzhi" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. sakthamaaya pravaahangal eee pradeshathu mungimarikkaavunna divingine apakadakaramaakkunnu.
sulfidinteyum salfettinteyum meghangal gaveshakarkk nirantharam parichayapettu. pettennundaaya peelinte dwaarangalude thakarcha jalathaila padaarthangalude valia ozhukkinu kaaranamaayi. mishrithatthile chila soochika daathukkalude saannidhyam soochippikkunnathu thaapanila kavinjathaanu, ithu vellathinadiyilulla agniparvvathathinte recordaanu. eee vasthukkalude ghadana karutha pukavalikkaarude, samudrathinte madhyabhaagathulla malancherivukalil sthithi cheiyunna hydrothermal ventu plumukalkku samanamaayirunnu. hydrothermal ploomukalil ninnulla dischaarjukal vazhi nirmmicha kunnukalil ninnulla saambilukal velutha pukavalikkarumaayi saamyamullathaan.
agniparvvathathilum jalathailathilum ettavum sajeevamaaya pradesham thekkan villalukalilaanennu padanangal theliyichu. sajeevamallatha vadakkan theerathe mungal soochippikkunnathu bhoopradesam avide kooduthal sthirathayullathaanennum uyarnna laava nirakal ippozhum nivarnnu nilkkunnundennum soochippikkunnu. oru puthiya hydrothermal ventu feeld (naaha ventukal) mukalile-thekk villal mekhalayil sthithicheyyunnu.
sameepakaala pravartthanangal.
1996leeii sambhavathinushesham kaamaehuvaakkanaalova erekkure nishabdamaayi thudarunnu; 2002 muthal 2004 vare oru pravartthanavum rekhappeduthiyittil. 2005ll munbu rekhappeduthiyathinekkaal valia bhookambam srishtichukondu kadaltheeram veendum jeevante lakshanagal kaanichu. yuu. ezz. jii. ezz-aans (advanced naashanal seasmic sisttam) meyy 13num juulai 17num 5.1,4 enningane rund bhookambangal report cheythu. randum bhoochalanathinte aazhathil ninnaan uthbhavichath. epril 23nuu ekadesham 4.3 theevratha rekhappeduthiya bhookambam rekhappeduthi. 2005 desember 7num 2006 januvari 18num idayil 100 oolam bhookambangalude oru koottam undaayi, ithu moment magnitude skailil 4 alavum aazhavumulla ettavum valia bhookambamaanu. 4. 7 theevratha rekhappeduthiya mattoru bhookambam pinneedu kamahuvaakkanovaykkum pahalaykkum (havai dveepinte thekkan theerathu) idayil ekadesham rekhappeduthappettu.
paryavekshanam.
aadyakaala jolie.
oru bhoopadatthile kamehuvakkanalova seemoundinte aadya chithreekaranam sarway chart 415-layirunnu, 1940-ll us theeravum geodetic survey samaaharicha havaayiyude bhaagatthinte bathemetric rendering. akkaalat, eee seemoundu eee mekhalayile palathil onnayathinaal sradheyamaayirunnilla. 1952ll oru valia bhookambakkoottamaanu aadyamaayi ithilekku shradha aakarshichathu. athe varsham thanne geologist gorden eiii. mouna lova, kilavia ennee rund sajeeva havaian agniparvvathangalkk samaanamaayi eee samudranirappu yadhaarthathil oru sajeeva antarvaahini sheeled agniparvvathamaanennu mcdonald anumaanichu. havaay hotspot srishticha havaay-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayile ettavum puthiya agniparvathamaayi mcdonaldinte sidhaantham seemoundine sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, bhookambangal kizhakk-padinjaaru dishayilaayathinaal (agniparvvatha thakaraarinte disha), seemoundil ninnu akaleyulla bhookambamaapakangalil agniparvvatha bhoochalanamonnum illaathirunnathinaal, agniparvvatha spodanathekkaal thakaraaraan bhookambathinu kaaranamenn mcdonald paranju.
samudrathinadiyile sajeeva agniparvathamaayirikkaam eee kadalparvvathamennu jiyolajistukal samshayichirunnuvenkilum thelivukalillaathe eee ashayam oohaapohangalaayi thudarnnu. 1952leeii sambhavathin sesham agniparvvatham valia thothil avaganikkappedukayum thudarnnulla chaarttukalil palappozhum "pazhaya agniparvvatha savisheshatha" ennu thettayi mudrakuthappedukayum cheythu. geologist kennathu oo. 1955ll agniparvvathathinte neelavum idungiyathumaaya aakruthiye "kaamaehuvaakkanova" ennu visheshippichukondu emery eee samudranirappinu peru nalki. 1978-ll, kaamaehuvaakkanaalova pradeshathum parisaratthum bhookamba koottangal ennariyappedunna theevravum aavarthichullathumaya bhookamba pravarthanangalekkurichu oru paryaveshanam padichu. oru pazhaya, vamshanasham sambhavicha kadaltheeram kandethunnathinupakaram, shekharicha daatta kamehuvakkanova oru cheruppavum orupakshe sajeevavumaaya agniparvvathamaanennu velippeduthi. agniparvvatham cheruthum pazhayathumaya laava pravahangalaal chuttappettathayi nireekshanangal kaanichu. sajeevamaaya jalathapanila dwaarangalil ninnu pottitherikkunna draavakangalum kandethi.
1978-ll, oru us geological sarway research kappal dredge saambilukal shekharikkukayum kaamaehuvaakkanovayude kodumudiyude foto edukkukayum cheythu, kaamaehuvaakkanova sajeevamaano ennu padikkuka enna lakshyathode. photokalude vishakalanavum thalayinayile laava paara saambilukalude parisodhanayum metteeriyal "puthiyatha" aanennu kaanichu, ithu kaamehuvaakkanaalova ippozhum sajeevamaanennathin kooduthal thelivukal nalkunnu. 1980 october muthal 1981 januvari vareyulla oru paryaveshanatthil kooduthal droadge saambilukalum photographukalum shekharikkukayum kooduthal sthireekaranam nalkukayum cheythu. villal garthatthinte thekkan bhaagath ninnaan pottitherikal undaayathenn padanangal soochippikkunnu. eee pradesham havaay hotspottinu ettavum aduthaanu, ithu kaamaehuvaakkanovaykku magma nalkunnu. 1986leeii bhookamba sambhavathethudarnnu, anchu samudrathira nireekshanaalayangalude (oo. bii. oo. ezz) oru shringhala oru maasathekku kaamaehuvaakkanovayil vinyasichu. kaamaehuvaakkanaalovayude pathiv bhookambam obosiloodeyulla bhookamba padanatthinu anuyojyamaaya oru sthaanaarthiyaakkunnu. 1987ll, panabilakkavunna dii. ezz. vii alvin kaamaehuvaakkanovaye sarway cheyyaan upayogichu.
bhookambakkoottangale nireekshikkunnathinaayi 1991ll kaamehuvaakkanaalovayil mattoru svayambharana nireekshana kendram sthaapichu.
1996 muthal innuvare.
1996leeii pottitheriykku marupadiyaayi nadatthiya divingukalil ninnaan kaamehuvaakkanovayekkurichuri vivarangalude bhooribhaagavum labhikkunnath. bhookamba pravartthanam report cheyyappettathinu thottupinnaale nadatthiya oru daivil, sthaanabhrashtamaaya daathukkalude uyarnna saandrathayum vellathil valia floating bakteeriyakalude payakalum drishyaparatha valareyadhikam kurachu. alinja poshakangal bhakshikkunna bakteeriyakal ithinakam thanne peles kuzhiyile puthiya hydrothermal dwaarangale (pazhayava thakarnnathil ninnu roopappettava) kolanivalkkarikkaan thudangiyirunnu, koodaathe puthuthayi roopappetta dwaarangalil ninnu puranthallappedunna vasthukkalude tharangalude soochakangalaakaam. oru laboratariyil kooduthal vishakalanathinayi avaa shradhaapoorvvam sample cheythu. kooduthal sthiramaaya anweshanam sthaapikkunnathinu munbu oru oo. bii. oo. uchakodiyil hrasvamaayi irunnu.
1996leeii thakarchayethudarnnu uchakodiyile mattangal alakkaan aavarthichulla multibeam bathemetric mapping upayogichu. hydrothermal ploom sarvekal oorjjathile maattangalum kaamaehuvaakkanovayil ninnu purathuvarunna dhaatu layippichathum sthireekarichu. havaay undersea research laborattari, harlinte submersible "meenam vii" shaasthranjare ventu vaattar, micro oorganaisangal, hydrothermal dhaatu nikshepangal enniva sample cheyyaan anuvadichu.
2006 muthal, naashanal sayans foundeshanum microbial obsarvettari prograam dhanasahayam nalkunna phee-ooksidaising microbial obsarvettari (femo) ellah octoberilum athinte microbiology anweshikkaan kaamaehuvaakkanovayilekkula kappalukalkk kaaranamaayi. aarr/vii melville" enna kappalile aadyathe kappal mungimaricha "jaasan 2" enna kappal septambar 22 muthal october 9 vare neenduninnu. eee kappalukal kaamaehuvaakkanovaye kolanivalkkaricha dhaaraalam phee-ooksidaising bakteeriyakalekkurichu padikkunnu. sulfide kuravaayirikkumbol, kaamaehuvaakkanaalovayude vipulamaaya ventu sisttathinte savisheshatha kaarban dye ooksaidinteyum irumbinteyum uyarnna saandrathayaanu. eee savisheshathakal fiob ennariyappedunna irumbu-ooksidaising baakteeriyakalkk thazhachuvalarunnathinu anuyojyamaaya anthareeksham srishtikkunnu.
hugo (havaay under zee geological obsarvettari).
1997ll havaay sarvakalaashaalayile shaasthranjar kaamahuvaakkanaalova seemoundinte kodumudiyil oru samudrathada nireekshana kendram sthaapichu. antarvaahini nireekshanaalayathinu hugo (havaay under zee geological nireekshanashaala) ennu vilipperu nalki. oru fiber opttik cable vazhi hugo theerathekku bandhippichirunnu. appozhekkum kadalinadiyile agniparvvathathekkurichu padanatthinulla oru anthaaraashtra laborattariyaayi maariyirunna kaamaehuvaakkanovayude avasthayekkurichulla thalsamaya bhookamba, raasa, drishya daatta shaasthranjarkku nalkunnathinaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. hugoic vaidyuthiyum ashayavinimayavum nalkia cable 1998 eprilil thakarnnu, athu phalapradamaayi nirthalaakki. 2002ll samudranirappil ninnu nireekshana kendram kandeduthu.
paristhithi.
hydrothermal ventu jiochemistry.
kaamaehuvaakkanaalovayude madhya-pasaphik sthaanavum nannayi nilanilkkunna jalatarjja samvidaanavum oru sookshumajeevikalude aavaasavyavasthaykku sambannamaaya oyaasisinu sambhavana nalkunnu. vyapakamaaya jalathapanilayude pradeshangal kaamaehuvaakkanovayude garthatthinte tharayilum vadakkan charivilum kaamaehuvaakkanovayude kodumudiyilum kaanapedunnu. 1980kalude avasaanathil kaamaehuvaakkanovayilaanu sajeeva hydrothermal ventukal aadyamaayi kandethiyathu. eee dwaarangal samudrathinte madhyabhaagathulla malancherivukalil kaanappedunnavayodu samaanamaan, samanamaaya ghadanayum taapa vyathyaasangalumund. ettavum pradhanappetta rund ventu feeldukal kodumudiyilaanu "peles pitt" (aupachaarikamaayi "peles vents"), "capos vents". havaian devathayaaya peleyudeyum avalude sahodari kapoyudeyum perilaanu avaa ariyappedunnathu. eee dwaarangal "kuranja thapanilayulla dwaarangal" aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, kaaranam avayude jalam ekadesham mathramaayirunnu. 1996leeii agniparvvatha spodanavum peles kuzhiyude srishtiyum ithine maattukayum uyarnna thaapanila venting aarambikkukayum cheythu; 1996ll eksitt thaapanila alakkapettu.
sookshumajeevikal.
dwaarangal uparithalathinu thaazheyaan sthithicheyyunnathu, thaapanila 10 muthal athil kooduthalaanu. ventu draavakangalude savisheshatha uyarnna saandrata (17 millimeter vare), phee (irumbu), ennaal sulfide kuravaanu. kuranja ooksijan, piechu alavu enniva uyarnna alavil phee (irumbu) pinthunaykkunnathinulla pradhana gadakangalaanu, ithu kaamaehuvaakkanovayude mukhamudra savisheshathakalilonnaanu. eee savisheshathakal fiob ennariyappedunna irumbu-ooksidaising baakteeriyakalkk thazhachuvalarunnathinu anuyojyamaaya anthareeksham srishtikkunnu. eee enangalude oru udaaharanam cetaproteobactery classile eaka amgamaaya "mariprophentus ferroxidance" aanu. archaea extremophylukalude aavaasavyavasthayaaya karutha pukavalikkaarude gadanaykku samanamaayirunnu eee vasthukkalude ghadana. adutha rund varshathinullil kanda daathuneekkavum ookseekaranavum soochippikkunnathu sulfate eluppathil samrakshikkappedunnilla ennaanu.
sookshumajeevikalude vividatharam oru samooham dwaarangalkku chuttum valayukayum pelinte kuzhiye phalatthil moodukayum cheiyunnu.
havaay, padinjaaran pasaphik ennivaykkaayulla novayude gaveshana kendramaaya havaay undersea research laborattari (hurl) jalatarjja samvidaanangale nireekshikkukayum gaveshanam nadathukayum praadeshika samoohathe padikkukayum cheiyunnu.
naashanal sayans foundeshan (enn. ezz. eph) 1999-ll kaamaehuvaakkanovayilekkula oru extremophile sample paryaveshanathinu dhanasahayam nalki. sookshumajeevikalude payakal dwaarangalkku chuttum valayukayum athil oru puthiya jellie polulla jeeviyum ulppedunnu. enn. ezz. ephinte maraine bioproducts enchiniyaring sentaril (marbeck) padanathinaayi saambilukal shekharichu. 2001ll "meenam vii" jeevikalude saambilukal shekharichu padanathinaayi uparithalathilekku konduvannu.
novayude deseeya kadalinadiyile gaveshana kendravum enn. ezz. ephinte maraine bioproducts enchiniyaring sentarum praadeshika bakteeriyakaludeyum archaea extremophylukaludeyum sample gaveshanavum nadathunnu. naalaamathe femo (phee-ooksidaising microbial obsarvettari) cruis 2009 octoberil nadannu.
macro oorgaanisams.
kaamaehuvaakkanaalovaykku chuttumulla vellathil vasikkunna samudrajeevikal mattu sajeevamallatha kadaltheerangalile jeevikaleppole vaividhyapoornamalla. kaamaehuvaakkanovaykku sameepam kaanapedunna malsyangalil selibez mamkfish ("sladenia remigger"), katthrott eel kudumbatthile amgangalaaya synaphobranchidae enniva ulppedunnu. eee pradeshathu thiricharinja akasherukkalil hydrothermal ventukalil thaddesheeyamaaya rund enangal, alvinocaridae kudumbatthile (1995 ll vivaricha) oru braziliad chemmeen ("opapeli loihi"), oru tube allengil pogonophoran puzhu enniva ulppedunnu. 1996leeii bhookambathinushesham nadatthiya mungal thiralkk chemmeeno puzhuvino kandethaan kazhinjilla, eee enangalil shaashvathamaaya prathyaaghaathangalundo ennu ariyilla.
1982 muthal 1992 vare, havaay undersea research laborattari submersiblesile gaveshakar kaamaehuvaakkanova seemoundu, jonsttan attol, cross seemoundu ennivayude malsyangalude foto eduthu. kaamehuvaakkanovayil thiricharinja cheria ennam enangal havayiyil puthuthayi rekhappeduthappettavayaana, athil tasseled coffinfish ("chaunaaks fimbriyaattas"), celebrus mamkfish enniva ulppedunnu.