
charging oordar

engleesh niyamathil, oru kodathi allengil jadjiyil ninnu oru vidhi kadakkaaran nediya oru utharavaanu charging oordar, athiloode eathenkilum stokkukalilo fandukaliloo limittad layabilitti kambaniyiloo bhoomiyilo ulla oharikalilo vidhi kadakkaarante swath palishayum chelavum sahitam vidhi veendedukkenda thuka adaykkunnathinu eedaakkunnu.
charithram.
charging oordar varunnathinu munbu, oru pankaalitthatthil oru pankaaliye pinthudarunna oru kadakkaaran kodathiyil ninnu pankaalitthatthinte swathukkalkkethire nerittu oru ritt oof execution nedaan kazhinju, ithu atharam swathukkal sherief pidichedukkunnathilke nayichu. pankaalittham oru niyamaparamaaya vyakthiyayi kanakkakkathe, athinte pankaalikalude oru koottamaayi maathram kanakkakkiyathukondaanu eee phalam saadhyamaayath. pankaalittha swathukkal pidichedukkunnathu saadhaaranayaayi shereefaanu nadathunnathu, avar pankaalitthatthinte bisinesses sthalathekku pooyi athu adachupoottum. ithu kadakkaarallaatha pankaalikalkk saambathika nashtam varuthaan kaaranamaayi, chilappol kadakkaranaaya pankaaliykku thulyamaayi, eee prakriya poornnamaayum "vikruthamaayi" kanakkakkappettu."
kadakkaaranallaatha pankaalikale kadakkaaran-pankaaliyude kadakkaranil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinu, kadakkaarane pankaalittha asthikal pidichedukkunnathil ninnu (ithu pankaalitthatthe niyamaparamaaya sthaapanangalenna nilayilulla daaranaykku anusrithamaayirunnu, mathramalla pankaalikalude lalithamaaya koottangalalla) nilanirthukayum kadakkaarane pankaalittha kaaryangalil ninnu akattinirthukayum cheyyendathu aavasyamaanu. kadam kodukkunnavar munbu aasvadichirunna shekharana pariharangal parimithappeduthunnathi maathrame eee lakshyangal kaivarikkanaakoo. charging oordarinu pinnile yukthi thudakkathil pothu pankaalitthatthinu maathrame baadhakamaayirunnulloo, avide oro pankaliyum pankaalitthatthinte bisinesses nadathunnathil earppettirunnu; korppareshanukalkk avarude kendreekritha maanejment ghadana kaaranam ithu baadhakamalla. ennirunnaalum, varshangalayi charging oordar samrakshanam parimithamaaya pankaalikalkkum ellc amgangalkkum vyapippichu.
america.
pankaalittha niyamangalum parimithamaaya badhyatha kambani niyamangalum (eee entitti tharangalulla mikka aabhyanthara, videsha adhikaaraparidhiyilum) charging oordarukal nalkunnu. mikkavarum ellah samsthaanangalilum, pankaalitthavum ellc chattangalum 1994 leeii "parishkaricha unifom partnership act" ("roopa"), 2001 leeii "unifom limittad partnership aakt" ("alpa") allengil 1996 leeii "unifom limittad layabilitti kambani aakt" ("ulka") allengil eee niyamangalude muun pathippukal polulla ekeekritha niyamangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. eee charging oordar samvidaanathiloode elsikalileyum pankaalittha thaalpparyangalileyum angathwa thaalpparyangalkk ganyamaaya pariraksha nalkunnu. charging oordar oru kadakkaaran-pankaaliyude allengil kadakkaaran-amgathinte kadakkaarane kadakkaarante vitharanathinte vihithathilekku parimithappedutthunnu, kadakkaaran vottingo maanejmento avakashangal nalkaathe.
oordarukal charge cheiyunnathinte charitraparamaaya chattakkood kanakkiledukkumbol, avayude samrakshanam otta amgamaaya ellc-kalilekku vyaapippikkaruthenn vadikkam (kadakkaaril ninnu samrakshikkaan mattu "pankaalikal" illa). ennirunnaalum, unifom niyamangalo samsthaana charging oordar chattangalo onnilum single-memper, multy-memper ellc enniva thammil oru vyathyasavum kanikkunnilla. parimithamaaya pankaalitthatthinte ellah pankaalikalum orotta kadakkaarante kadakkaraya oru kesil charging oordar pariraksha baadhakamaakumenn chila kodathikal abhipraayappettittund. samrakshikkaan "niraparaadhikal" (kadakkaaranallathavar) pankaalikal illaathathinaal, charging oordar samrakshanam baadhakamallenn kadam kodukkunnayal vaadichu.
inn rebrait", 291 bii. aarr. 538 (banker. dii. collo. 2003), oru paapparattha kodathi charging oordar samrakshanam single-memper elsic baadhakamallenn vidhichu. collado ellc chattangalude adisthaanathil, maanejment avakashangal ulppede oru ellcyile angathwa thalpparyam nalkaamennu kodathi nigamanam cheythu. innuvare, aalbrait cases ozhike, single-memper ellc pashchaathalatthil charging oordarukalude falaprapti vishakalanam cheiyunna kesukalonnumilla.
parimithamaaya badhyatha sthaapanangalumaayi saadhaaranayaayi bandhapetta parambaraagatha badhyatha kavachathinu samaanamaayi, charging oordarinte samrakshanam oru kadakkaaran thulachukayaraam. athil oduvil charging oordar parimiti oru vivaada vishayamaayi maarunnu, kaaranam entittikk athinte udamakalil ninnu prathyeka niyamaparamaaya aidantitti illennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. oru bisinesses uddeshyam aavasyamulla oru samsthaanathu, oru pankaalitthamo vyakthigatha swath kaivashamulla oru ellco oru reverse pearing claiminu vidheyamaayekkaam. eathenkilum niyamaparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi sthaapanangal roopeekarikkaan anuvadikkunna delaware polulla samsthaanangalil vyakthigatha swathukkal kaivashamulla sthaapanangal roopeekarikkanam.
yunaittad kingdom (englandum weils).
englandilum veyilsilum charging oordarukalkkulla vyavasthakal charging oordar act 1979 (munbu 1838,1840 ennee vidhi niyamangalkk keezhilaayirunnu) prakaaramaan.
oru charging oordar oru nischitha thukayumayi bandhappett maathrame nedaan kazhiyoo, ennaal ithil bhaaviyile theeyathiyil adaykkaan oordar cheytha thuka ulppedum. vidhi kadakkaarante trasttiyil oru trasttiyude peril nilkkunna stokkilo allengil vidhi kadakkaarante creditilekku kodathiyil panatthilo oru utharavu nalkaam, pakshe oru trasttiyaayi kadakkaaran kaivasham vachirikkunna stokkilalla.
oru charging oordarinulla apeksha saadhaaranayaayi notice nalkaathe uchithamaaya kodathiyil nalkukayum oru vaadam kelkkathe oru jadji pariganikkukayum cheiyunnu, avar saadhaaranayaayi oru idakkaala charging oordar (munbu oru charging oordar) purappeduvikkukayum thudarnnulla vaadam kettathinushesham notice nalki anthima charging oordar (munbu oru charging oordar kevala) nalkaanum kazhiyum.
oru kuttapathram purappeduvikkanamo vendayo ennu theerumaanikkumbol kadakkaarante vyakthiparamaaya saahacharyangalekkurichulla ellah saahacharyangalum prathyekichu eathenkilum thelivukalum mattethenkilum kadakkaaran anaavashyamaayi munvidhiyode perumaarumo ennu kodathi pariganikkum.
vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaayi charging oordar nalkaam.
aavashyamenkil, fundle oru stopp oordarum kadakkaaran nalkenda labhavihithavum kadakkaaran thante palisha samrakshikkunnathinaayi labikkum.
eathenkilum kodathiyil eathenkilum cases, vishayam allengil nadapadikramangal enniva vichaarana cheyyaan niyogikkappetta oru abhibhashakanu, kodathi prakhyaapichathode, atharam suitilo nadapadikalilo veendedukkukayo samrakshikkukayo cheytha swathinu melulla chelavukalkku oru kuttatthinu arhathayund. ("supreme kodathiyude niyamangal", ooo kaanuka. xlicx.)
englandileyum veyilsileyum kodathi nadapadikramangalekkurichu sii. pii. aarr. 73, pii. dii. 73 enniva kaanuka. 
englandilum veyilsilum oru nadappaakkal nadapadiyaayi charging oordarukalil vardhanavu.
vaaypakkaarkku avar surakshithamallaatha kadangal surakshithamakkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu oordarukal charge cheiyunnathinte yaadhaarthyam. ithu palappozhum vivaadamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam oru surakshithamallaatha kadam saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna palisha aakarshikkunnu, ithu kadam kodukkunnayaalude uyarnna apakadasaadhyathaykkulla nashtaparihaaramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. kodathikal avaa anuvadikkaan vimukhatha kaanichirunnathinaal charitraparamaayi charging utharavukal kadam kodukkunnavarkkulla avasana margamaayirunnu. utharavukal eedaakkunnathinulla apekshakalilum kodathi anuvadikkunna utharavukalilum valia vardhanayundaayittunde aduthide kaaryamaaya maattam undaayittund. 2008 march 22 shaniyazhcha times report cheythath "2000-ll 16,014 mathramaayirunna kodathi sevanathinu 2006-ll motham 92,933 apekshakal labhichu. 2000-ll 60 shathamaanamaayirunna vaaypakal avarude veedukalil ninnu surakshithamakkaan vaaypa nalkunnavaril ninnulla apekshakalil 72 sathamaanam kodathikal amgeekarichu". 2008 epril 13 njaayaraazhchayile njaayarazhcha kannaadi report cheythath "2007-ll 97,017 'charging oordarukal' undaakki-2006-ll 66,911-ll ninnu".

