vaardhakyathinte parinamam

vaardhakyam allengil vaardhakyathinte parinaamathekkurichulla anweshanam, vaardhakyam polulla oru doshakaramaaya prakriya enthukondaanu vikasikkunnathennum jeevikalude aayussil ithrayadhikam vyathiyanangal undaakunnath enthukondaanennum vishadeekarikkaan lakshyamidunnu. parinaamatthinte classical sidhaanthangal (mutation shekharanam, virudha pleotropy, dispossible soma) soochippikkunnathu vettayaadal, apakadangal, rogam, pattini thudangiya paaristhithika gadakangal swaabhaavika krameekaranangalil jeevikkunna mikka jeevikalum vaardhakyuvare jeevikkunnillenn urappaakkunnu, athinaal deerghaayussu vardhippikkunna janithaka mattangal samrakshikkaan valare kurachu sammarddam maathrame undaakoo. pakaram, swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu neratthe pakwathayum druthagathiyilulla prathyulppaadanavum urappaakkunna jeenukale shakthamayi anukoolikkum, koodaathe mikka jeevikaludeyum praayathinanusarichu tanmatra, sellular svayam paripaalanatthe prothsaahippikkunna janithaka swabhaavasavisheshathakalkkulla thiranjeduppu kurayukayum cheyyum.
sidhaanthangalum sidhaanthangalum.
thudakkam.
aadhunika saidhaanthika chattakkoodil darvinian parinaamatthinte samvidaanangal vyaakhyaanikkunnathinum aupachaarikamaakkunnathinum aagast weisman utharavaadiyaayirunnu. 1889-ll, parinaamathinu aavashyamaaya vittuvarav nilanirthunnathinaayi adutha thalamuraykk idam nalkunnathinulla jeevita paripaadiyude bhagamaanu vaardhakyam ennu addeham sidhaantham cheythu. vaardhakya swabhaavam athinte doshakaramaaya prabhavam kaaranam thiranjedutthuvenna ashayam (oru poruthappedutthal) irupathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum valia thothil thallikkalanjirunnu, ennaal janasamkhyakkidayil cheria kudiyettam undengil paropakaraparamaaya vaardhakyam vikasikkumennu oru saidhaanthika maathruka soochippikkunnu. weisman pinneedu thante sidhaantham upekshikkukayum kurachu samayathinu sesham thante "prograam cheytha maranam" sidhaantham pinthudarukayum cheythu.
paristhithiyumaayi nannayi poruthappedaan jeevikale anuvadikkunna oru prakriyayaan prakrithinirnnayam, ettavum aarogyamullavarude athijeevanamaan kooduthal santhathikale uthpaadippikkumennu pravachikkappedunnu. prathyulpaadana vijayavum jeevitakaala aarogyavum opttimais cheiyunnathinaayi prakrithinirnnayam jeevithacharithra savisheshathakale adisthaanamaakki pravartthikkunnu. eee pashchaathalatthil oru jeevi athijeevikkunnathinum punarulppaadippikkunnathu ethratholam saadhyathayund ennathine phitnas soochippikkunnu. ithu paristhithiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, koodaathe janasamkhyayile mattu vyakthikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. aadya prathyulppaadanathil praayavum valipavum, uthppaadippikkappedunna valippathinteyum santhathikaludeyum ennam, prathyulppaadana ayuss enniva jeevithacharithra savisheshathakalude udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. vyathyastha oorjja vihithangalkkidayil nilanilkkunna kaimattangal kaaranam avarude jeevithathiludaneelam maarunna oru prathyeka paatten pinthudarnnu jeevikal valarcha, punarulppaadanam, paripalanam ennivayil oorjjam nikshepikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, nilavilethum bhaaviyile punarnirmmanavumaayulla nikshepam mattonninte chelavilaanu varunnath. ennirunnaalum, prakrithinirnnayam jeevikalkk praayamaakumbol athra falapradamalla. mutation shekharanam (maa), antagonistic pleotropy (epi) enniva vaardhakyathinu kaaranamakunna rund gadakangalaanu. maa, epi enniva shaareerikakshamathayil praayavumaayi bandhapetta kuravinu kaaranamaakunnu. kramarahitavum jermline praayavumaayi bandhapetta parivartthanamulla alleelukalude shekharanathe mutation shekharanam ennu vilikkunnu. soomatik mutationukal paarambaryamallennum avaa vikasana vyathiyaanathinte uravidam maathramaanennum shradhikkuka. drosophila melaanogaastaril" nadatthiya padanangal kaanikkunnath mutation shekharanam "praaya-nirddishta additteev efakttukal" ulla alleelukalude samyojanathe nayikkunnu, ithu sammarda prathikaranatthil kuravu varuthukayum aathyanthikamayi praayavumaayi bandhapetta shaareerikakshamathayil kuravundaakkukayum cheiyunnu. oro thalamurayilum anukkalude kosha vibhajanangalude ennam vamshaavalikkidayil vyathyaasappedunnu, ithu genome valuppavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu; manushyare sambandhichidatholam; 401 anukkalude kosha vibhajanagal oro thalamurayilum purushanmaarilum 31 sthreekalilum sambhavikkunnu.
mutation shekharanam.
anukkalude line.
sasthanikalude vaardhakyathekkurichu aadyathe aadhunika sidhaantham 1952 ll peettar medawar roopeekarichu. eee sidhaantham kazhinja dashakathil jeey. bii. ezz. haldan addehathinte selection shado ashayavum. manushya naagarikathayude vikasanam thiranjeduttha nizhaline maatti, kaaranam manushyar ippol jeevikkunna avasthakalil mechappetta bhakshana gunanilavaaram, jeevita saahacharyangal, aarogya samrakshanam enniva ulppedunnu. eee mechappetta aarogyasamrakshanathil antibioticukal, puthiya medical saankethikavidya thudangiya aadhunika vaidyashaasthram ulppedunnu. drosophila" yile chila padanangal kaanikkunnath, puthiya doshakaramaaya mutationukalude avishkaara praayam, marananirakkil avaa nalkunna phalangale nirvachikkunnu ennaanu. mothatthil, ennirunnaalum; avayude aavruthi vardhikkunnundenkilum, praayathinanusarichu avayude phalangalum vyathiyaanangalum kurayunnu.
eee doshakaramaaya mutationukal vividha praayangalile shaareerikakshamathayeyum vaardhakyathinte parinaamatheyum engane baadhikkunnuvenn vishadeekarikkunna oru sidhaanthavumilla. prakrithi valare mathsaraadhishtithamaaya sthalamaayathinaal vaardhakyam avaganikkappedenda kaaryamaan ennathaayirunnu avarude ashayam. mikkavarum ellah mrugangalum vettakkar, rogam allengil apakadangal ennivayaal kattil marikkunnu, ithu maranatthinte sharashari praayam kuraykkunnu. athinaal, shareeram deerghadoorathekku aarogyathode thudaraan valia kaaranangalonnumilla, kaaranam mikka mrugangalum enthaayaalum marikkunna samayathinu sesham pravarthanakshamatha nilanirthunna swabhaavasavisheshathakalkk thiranjedukkal sammarddam kuravaanu. aadhunika nagarikathayil shaareerika pravartthanangalude aavasyam kuranjathinaal manushyarkk athijeevanathinaayi kattil meyikkendivanna samayangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol upapachayam rogangal varunnu. thiranjeduttha nizhal ippol mariyathinaal, manushyar eee puthiya thiranjeduttha sammarddangale neridendathundu.
nammude koshangalude metabolism vishaamshamulla uthppannangal srishtikkukayum praayamaakumbol mutationukal labikkukayum punarujjeevippikkunna mathiyaya stem cellukal illaathathinaal senescence physiology oru upolppannamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, nammude koshangale punarujjeevippikkunnathi visha rasavinimayam srishtikkaathirikkunnathi anuvadikkunna vidhathil selection mutationukal kandethukayum anukoolikkukayum cheyyaathathu enthukondu? enthukondaanu aarthavaviramam vikasichathu? kaaranam jeevithathinte thudakkathil prathyakshappedunna swabhaavasavisheshathakalil thiranjeduppu kooduthal kaaryakshamamaan. jeevithathinte thudakkathil thanne swaadheenam cheluthunna mutationukal vaikiyaan prathyakshappedunna myootteshanukalekkaal kooduthal shaareerikakshamatha vardhippikkum. mikka aalukalum eathenkilum rogam prathyakshappedunnathin munbu thanne punarnirmmichittundu; ithinartham maathaapithaakkal avarude alleelukal eathenkilum shaareerikakshamatha prasnangal kaanikkunnathin munbu avarude santhathikalkku kaimar, athinaal thiranjedukkaan "valare vaikiyirikkunnu" ennaanu.
rund sidhaanthangal; adaptive allaathathum adaptive, praayathinanusarichu prathyulpaadanatthile idivu aaya senesensinte parinamam vishadeekarikkaan upayogikkunnu. jermlinil doshakaramaaya mutationukal adinjukoodunnathinte falamaayaanu manushyante praayatthinte parinamaparamaaya thakarcha sambhavikkunnathenn noonn-adaptive sidhaantham anumaanikkunnu. eee doshakaramaaya mutationukal jeevithathil vaikiyaan svayam prakadippikkaan thudangunnath, nammal durbalaraakumbozhekkum/asthiramaakumbozhekkum ithinakam punarnirmmikkappedumbe, prathyulppaadanam avasaanichathinaal prakrithinirnnayathinu avayil pravartthikkaan kazhiyilla ennaanu ithinartham. drosophila melaanogaastarine" kurichu nadatthiya padanangal pakwathayile sharashari opttimal praayavum oro jeeninteyum mutation nirakkum thammilulla vipareeta bandham kaanikkunnu. mutation shekharanam oorjjathinte vihithatheyum oru jeeviyude jeevithakaalathu valarchaykkum punarulppaadanatthinumulla samayatheyum badhikkunnu, prathyekichu mutation shekharanam sensensine thvarithappeduthunnu enna vastutha kaaranam prathyulpaadana ayuss, ithinartham jeevikal athanam ennathaanu.
parivartthanangal sambhavikkunnu, paristhithiyileyum shaareerikakshamathayileyum aavashyavumaayi bandhappett avaa poornnamaayum kramarahithamanu. mutationukal onnukil oru jeeviyude shaareerikakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinu prayojanakaramaanu, avaa oru jeeviyude shaareerikakshamathaye baadhikkaatha nishpakshathayo allengil oru jeeviyude shaareerikakshamathaye prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna doshakaramo aakam. munbu nadatthiya pareekshanangal kaanikkunnath mikka mutation shekharanangalum doshakaramaanennum avayil chilath maathrame prayojanakaramaakoo ennum. vikasana prakriyayil parasparam edapedunna jeenukalude mutationukal jaivvum angane phenotypical vaividhyangalum srishtikkunnu. janithaka vivarangal oru phenotypic swabhaavathilekku vivarthanam cheiyunna jeane expression vazhi jeevikalkkidayil prakadippikkunna janithaka vivarangalaanu mutationukal. janithakamattam paarambarya swabhaavangalil vyathiyanangal srishtikkunnathinaal thalamurakalayi oru janasamkhyayil paarambarya swabhaavathil varunna maattamaan parinamam; avaa parinaamathinulla asamskritha vasthukkalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. athinaal, vikasana prakriyakalil prayojanakaramaaya mutation shekharanam kooduthal phenotypic vyathiyanangal srishtikkum, ithu avayude jeane aavruthi vardhippikkukayum phenotypic parinaamatthinte seshiye baadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
soomatik koshangal.
soomatik koshangalile mutationukalude shekharanamaanu vaardhakyathinte praadhamika kaaranamenn vaardhakyathinte soomatik mutation sidhaantham prasthaavikkunnu. niravadhi sasthanikalile soomatik mutation nirakkinte thaarathamyathil, ayuss avasaanikkumbol shekharicha mutationukalude ennam vishalamaaya aayussil ekadesham thulyamaanennu kandethi. vividha sasthanikaliludanilamulla soomatik mutation nirakkum aayurdairkhyavum thammilulla eee sakthamaaya bandham soochippikkunnathu parinamam soomatik mutation nirakkukale parimithappeduthiyekkaannam, orupakshe vyathyastha dna repire pathakalil pravartthikkunna thiranjeduppiloode.
ethir pleotropy.
medaavarinte sidhaantham vimarshikkappedukayum pinneedu jorjju sii kooduthal vikasippikkukayum cheythu. 1957ll vilyams, mrugangal vaardhakyathe thudarnnu marikkunnillenkilpumpum vaardhakyaavastha niravadhi maranangalkk kaaranamaakumenn vilyams abhiprayappettu.'jeevithathinte malsaraathmaka swabhaavam kaaranam vaardhakyam neratthe vaardhakyathinu kaaranamakumenna aashayathodeyaanu addeham thante sidhaantham aarambhichath. cheria alavil vaardhakyam polum maarakamaayekkaam; athinaal swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu theerchayaayum shradhikkunnu, vaardhakyam soujanyamalla.
vilyams oduvil ethirvaadaparamaaya "pleotropy" enna swantham sidhaantham nirddeshichu. pleotropy ennaal, phenotypil onniladhikam phalangal undaakkunna oru mutation ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. maruvashathu, rund swabhaavasavisheshathakal srishtikkunna oru jeenine ethir pleotropy kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, onnu prayojanakaravum mattonn haanikaravumaan. churukkatthil, ithu jeevithathinte thudakkathil thanne aanukoolyangal nalkunna, ennaal pinneedu oru chelavu shekharikkunna jeenukale soochippikkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, rund swabhaavasavisheshathakal thammilulla thathfalamaayundaakunna bandham negatteevu aakumbozhaanu ethir pleotropy. pinneedu thwarithappeduthiya vaardhakyathinteyum valarchayudeyum paripaalanatthinteyum chelavil oru phenotypic swabhaavam nilavile prathyulpaadanathe kriyaathmakamaayi baadhikkumbozhaanu ithu. praadhamika lokkasinte phalangal parishkkarikkunna oru mutation sambhavikkunnillenkil ethir pleotropy sthiramaanu.
ethir pleotropy innu oru nilavilulla sidhaanthamaanenkilum, ithu pradhaanamaayum sthirasthithiyaanu, nannayi sthireekarichittilla. ithu ellah jeenukalkkum sariyallennum sidhaanthathinte bhagika moolyanirnayamaayi kanakkakkappedaamennum gaveshanangal theliyichittundu, ennaal ithu adisthaana aamukhathe vettikkuraykkunnu janithaka kaimattangalaanu vaardhakyathinte moolakaaranam.
breeding pareekshanangalil, maikkal aarr. rooss thiranjeduttha pazhangal deerghaayussinaayi eechakalaayi. ethir pleotropy adisthaanamaakki, ithu theerchayaayum avarude prathyulpaadanakshamatha kuraykkumennu rooss pratheekshichu. avar aarambhicha eechakalekkaal erattiyiladhikam kaalam jeevikkunna eechakale prajananam cheyyaan kazhiyumennu addehathinte samgham kandethi, ennaal avare athbhuthappeduthumbol, deerghakaalam jeevicha, inbrade eechakal yadhaarthathil hraswakaala eechakalekkaal kooduthal muttayidunnu. ithu pleotropy sidhaanthathinu mattoru thirichadiyaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu oru pareekshanathmaka karakaushalavasthuvaayirikkaanname rooss vaadikkunnu.
dispossible soma sidhaantham.
1977ll thomas kirkwood nirddeshicha moonnaamathe mukhyadharaa sidhaantham, body athinu labhyamaya vibhavangal bajatt cheyyanamennu anumaanikkunnu. paristhithi vibhavangal shareeram upapachayam, punarulppaadanam, attakuttappanikal, paripalanam ennivaykkaayi upayogikkunnu, vibhavangalude parimithamaaya vitharanam undaakumbol shareeram vittuveezhcha cheyyanam. eee vittuveezhcha sareerathinu nannaakkal pravarthanatthilekku oorjjam veendum anuvadikkunnuvennu sidhaantham parayunnu, ithu praayam koodunnathinanusarichu shareeram kramena vashalaakunnu.
eee sidhaanthathinte oru munnariyipp soochippikkunnathu oorjjathinte eee punarvinyayanam vibhavangal parimithappeduthunnathinum samayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane. praayavum paaristhithika sthaanavum anusarichu oru nischitha, opttimal kaalayalavil punarnirmmikkunnathinulla parinaama sammarddathil eee ashayam shradha kendreekarikkunnu. sellular thalatthil kedupaadukal nannakkaan samayavum oorjjavum neekkivekkunnathiloode kedupaadukal shekharikkukayum deerghakaala garbhakalamulla jeevikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ayuss kurayukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu ithu vijayakaramaya maargam. sasthanikalude koshangalile genomic sthirathayude thaarathamya vishakalanathil ninnaan eee ashayam uthbhavikkunnath.
oru ethir vaadam kalori niyanthranatthinte phalathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ithu ayuss vardhippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhakshana niyanthranam jeevitakaala prathyulpaadana vijayam (phitnas) vardhippikkumennu theliyikkappettittilla, kaaranam bhakshana labhyatha kuravaayirikkumbol prathyulpaadanavum kuravaanu. koodaathe, aarogyathinte onniladhikam maanangale swaadheenikkaan kazhiyunna oru jeeviyude parimithamaaya vitharanathinulla eaka vibhavam kalorikalalla.
dna kedupaadukal/pishak sidhaantham.
dna mutation expression jeevikalil phenotypic efakttukal undaakkunnathupole, dna kedupaadukalum mutation shekharanavum prayamaaya manushyaril phenotypic anantharafalangal undaakkunnu. dna, rna, protein thudangiya macromoleculeukalkku kedupaadukal varuthunnathum koshangaludeyum avayavangaludeyum kshayam moolavum vaardhakyathinte adisthaanam. prathyulpaadana ghattathinu sesham prakadamaakunna doshakaramaaya mattangal moolamaanu speeshees-nirddishta vaardhakya nirakk. "mitocondrial dna (mtdna) sellular metabolism, apoptosis, auxidative stress niyanthranam enniva niyanthrikkunnu. athinaal emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii. yude kedupaadukal vaardhakyavumaayi bandhapetta phenotypeukalkku mattoru gadakamaanu. neuro degeneration cancer dna kedupaadukal prakadamaakkunna rund gadakangalaanu; athinaal, praayamaakumbol dna kedupaadukalum dna attakuttappanikalum thammilulla bandhatthile maattam naam manassilaakkendathund, praayavumaayi bandhapetta rogangalekkurichu bodhavaanmaraakaanum aarogyakaramaya ayuss prolsaahippikkaan kazhiyunna jeevitashaili vikasippikkaanum.
dna naashanashta sidhaantham, dna naashanashtangal jaiva lokath sarvavyaapiyaanennum ithu vaardhakyathinte praadhamika kaaranamaanennum anumaanikkunnu. dnaude kedupaadukal kaaranam kaalakramena vaardhakyam sambhavikkunnu enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee sidhaantham. udaaharanathinu, sasthanikalude thalachorineyum peshikaleyum kurichulla padanangal kaanikkunnath koshangal maitottikkalaayi vibhajikkumbol aadyakaala vikasana samayat dna nannakkaanulla kazhivu thaarathamyena uyarnnathaanengilum koshangal poost-maittotik avasthayilekku praveshikkumbol ganyamaayi kurayunnu ennaanu.
dna attakuttappanikalude sheshi prakadippikkunnathu kuraykkunnathinte phalam dna kedupaadukal vardhikkunnu. ithu jeane transcriptione thadassappeduthukayum vaardhakyathe nirvachikkunna sellular, tissue pravartthanangalude purogamanaparamaaya nashtatthinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. dna kedupadukalkkulla prathikaranamenna nilayil, auxidative stress moolamundaakunna prathikaranangalilonn sajeevamaakkunnu sajeevamaakkunnu. sajeevamaakkunnu protein dnaumayi bandhippikkukayum pinneedu saiklin-dependent kainas inhibittar 1 ennum ariyappedunna ariyappedunna ulppaadanathe uthejippikkukayum cheiyunnu. dna kedupaadukal nannaakkiyillenkil koshathinu kosha vibhajanathinte adutha ghattathilekku praveshikkaan kazhiyillennu ithu urappaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, pii 21 koshangalkk apoptosis undakkaan kazhiyum. rogaprathirodha samvidaanam, asthikooda peshikal, vaardhakyavumaayi bandhapetta thakaraarukal ennivayude kramanugathamaaya thakarchayumaayi apoptosis allengil prograam cheytha kosha maranam bandhappettirikkunnu.
telomere sidhaantham vaardhakyam.
nammude chromosominte attangale samrakshikkunna aavarthichulla nucleotide seekwansukalaanu telomiyarukal; avaa auxidative sammarddathodu samvedanakshamathayullathum chromosomal replication samayat degrade cheiyunnathumaayavayaanu. tharamthaazhthappetta telomiyarukale nannakkaanum maattisthaapikkaanum sahayikkunna oru raibo nucleotide proteinaan telomerase. ennirunnaalum, praayamaakumbol telomerase namme paraajayappedutthunnu; telomiyarukal nannakkaan athinu kazhiyaathe varikayum nammude shareeram muzhuvan thakarnnuveezhaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. ithinartham nammude koshangalkk inii pishakukal kondu vibhajikkaano vibhajikkaano kazhiyilla, ithu vaardhakya prakriyaykku kaaranamaakumenn chilar vishwasikkunnu. telomere shortening mitocondrial disfungshion thammil bandhamundennu puthiya gaveshanangal theliyichittundu. ennirunnaalum, telomerasinte amithamaya aavishkaaram cancerinulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. telomiyarukal nannaakkappedukayaanenkil, deerghaayussinu kooduthal saadhyathayund, ennaal kooduthal kosha vibhajanavum mutationulla saadhyathayum undu, ithu cancerinu kaaranamakum. athinaal, deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna oru koshathinu oru time bomb maathramaan ullathu. athinaal, telomerase pravartthanam vardhippikkunnathu oru parihaaramalla; ithu koshangale kooduthal kaalam jeevikkaan maathrame anuvadikkoo. nagnamaaya moll elikalkku uyarnna telomerase pravartthanamundu, avaa deerghakaalam jeevikkunnu, chilar orikkalum cancer varillennu karuthunnu; athinaal eee sidhaanthathinu oru apavaadamaayirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, nagnamaaya moll elikalkku kyaansar pidipedunnu.
prograam cheytha attakuttappani sidhaanthangal.
weismante "prograam cheytha marana" sidhaantham polulla sidhaanthangal soochippikkunnathu, vaardhakyathethudarnnu thakarchayum maranavum oru jeeviyude parinamicha roopakalppanayude uddeshyaparamaaya falamaanennum avaye prograam cheytha vaardhakyathinteyo adaptive vaardhakyathinteyo sidhaanthangal ennu vilikkunnu.
parinaamakshamathaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla prograam cheytha attakuttappanikal nirddeshikkunnathu, attakuttappanikal niyanthrikkunnath kalori niyanthranam polulla avasthakal manassilakkaan kazhivulla oru pothu niyanthrana samvidaanamaanu, mathramalla prathyeka speesheesukalile ayussinu kaaranamakaam. eee sidhaanthathil, athijeevana saankethikavidyakal sasthanikalude vaardhakyathinte prograammed allatha sidhaanthathil ningal kaanunna vyakthigatha paripalana samvidaanathinu pakaram niyanthrana samvidaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
sasthanikalude vaardhakyathekkurichu oru prograammed allatha sidhaantham parayunnath vyathyastha speesheesukalkk paripaalanatthinum attakuttappanikalkkum vyathyastha kazhivukalundennanu. ookseekaranam, telomere shortening, mattu vashalaaya prakriyakal thudangiya kaaranangalal undaakunna kedupaadukal nikathunnathinulla niravadhi samvidaanangal deerghakaalam jeevikkunna jeevivargangalkund. laingika pakwathayude aadyakaala praayangalulla hraswakaala jeevivargangalkk deerghaayussinte aavasyakatha kuravaanu, athinaal kooduthal phalapradamaaya attakuttappanikal vikasippikkukayo nilanirthukayo cheythilla. athinaal kedupaadukal kooduthal vegathil adinjukoodunnu, ithu munbathe prakadanangalkkum hrasvamaaya ayussinum kaaranamaakunnu. valare vyathyasthamaaya kaaranagal ullathayi thonnunna vaividhyamaarnna vaardhakya prakadanangal ullathinaal, niravadhi vyathyastha attakuttappanikalum attakuttappanikalum undakaan saadhyathayund.
thiranjeduttha nizhal.
laingika pakwathayude ghattam kadannukazhinjaal oru vyakthiyude thiranjeduppu saadhaaranayaayi kurayunnu enna anumaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vaardhakyathinte parinaama sidhaanthangalilonnaanu selective shadoing. thalphalamaayi, ithu laingikakshamathayude kanakkillaatha oru nizhal roopappeduthunnu, ithu inii oru vyakthigatha praayamaayi kanakkakkilla. peettar bii aadyamaayi avatharippicha praayatthinte pravartthanamaayi swaabhaavika thiranjeduppinte shakti kurayunnu enna ashayathe ithu pinthunaykkunnu. medewar aandu jeey.bii.ezz halden.
"medawar, vilyams, mattullavar ennivare vaardhakyathinte parinaama sidhaantham vikasippikkaan anuvadicha pradhana aashayaparamaaya ulkkaazhcha, athijeevana nirakkilo praayatthinte pravartthanamenna nilayil prathyulppaadanakshamathiyilo thiranjeduppu ethratholam phalapradamaayi pravartthikkunnu ennathinte alavaaya prakrithinirnnayathinte shakti purogamana praayathinanusarichu kurayunnu enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu."
oru vyakthiyude praayathinanusarichu oru janasamkhyayude athijeevana nirakkil kuravundaayathaayi kaanikkunna oru maathruka medewar vikasippicheduthuve prathyulpaadana nirakk sthiramaayi thudarunnu. prathyulppaadana saadhyatha saadhaaranayaayi laingika pakwathayude samayat ettavum uyarukayum oru vyakthiyude praayathinanusarichu kurayukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam bakkiyulla janasamkhya praayathinanusarichu selection shadeylake praveshikkumbol kurayunnu. rogangal, kalavastha vyathiyaanam, vettakkar thudangiya paristhithiyile apakadakaravum pravachanatheethavumaaya saahacharyangal kaaranam, laingika pakwathaykku thottupinnaale niravadhi vyakthikal marikkunnu enna madhyasthathayude sidhaanthatheyum eee maathruka pinthunaykkunnu. thathfalamaayi, oru vyakthi athijeevikkunnathinum praayavumaayi bandhapetta prathyaaghaathangal anubhavikkunathinumulla saadhyatha thaarathamyena kuravaanu.
athupole, pilkkala jeevithathil oru vyakthiyil gunaparamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunna niravadhi gunakaramaya mutationukal thiranjedukkappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru vyakthiyude prathyulpaadana ghattathinu sesham maathrame prayojanakaramo doshakaramo aaya oru mutation sambhavikkukayulloovenkil, athu shaareerikakshamathaye baadikkilla, athinaal athine thiranjedukkaan kazhiyilla. pinneedu, eee pilkkala mutationukalum efakttukalum selectionte "nizhal mekhala" yaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."
prakrithi thiranjeduppu.
group selection.
oru nischitha groupile ellah amgangalum saahacharyathe aashrayich orumichu vijayikkukayo paraajayappedukayo cheiyumenna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu group thiranjeduppu. eee samvidaanathiloode, janithaka vyathiyaanam groupile ellaavarkkum koottaayi sambhavikkukayum swantham speesheesukalude mattu grouppukalil ninnu avare verittunirthukayum cheiyunnu. ithu vyakthigatha thiranjeduppil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam ithu vyakthiyekkaal groupil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
palappozhum prathyulpaadanaanthara vyakthikal thalamurakaliloode kaimaattam nadathunnu bottlenos dolphinukalum pailat thimingalangalum avarude kochumakkale samrakshikkunnu; chila sasthanikalil sahakarana prajananamund, niravadhi praanikalum 200 oolam inam pakshikalum; naravamsha praimettukalude athijeevanathile linga vyathyaasangal santhathikalumaayulla paricharanavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu; allengil oru shishuvine palappozhum pathiladhikam aalukal sandarshikkunnu. kaimattangal (ellah praayathilumullavarkkum) moolamulla thiranjeduppine prathyulppaadanakshamatha kaaranam thiranjedukkunnathumaayi samyojippikkunna oru aupachaarika sidhaantham liie vikasippichu.
parinaamakshamatha.
oru jeevivarggam athinte innathe paristhithiyumaayi vegathil janithaka poruthappedutthalil ninnu labham nedanam enna aashayamaanu parinaamakshamatha. thaazhepparayunna udaaharanangalil, prayamaaya vyakthikale illaathaakkunnathu eee inathinu mothatthil gunam cheiyumennu vadikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu.
kramappeduthiya vaardhakyam atijeevanathinum prathyulppaadanathinum kramena vardhichuvarunna velluviliyo thadassamo nalkikkond parinaama prakriya sahayikkunnuvennum athinaal prayojanakaramaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalude thiranjeduppu vardhippikkunnuvennum skulachev (1997) abhiprayappettu.
svarnnappanikkaaran (2008) nirddeshichathu, ulppaadana nirakkum parinaama nirakkum vardhippikkunnathu oru jeevivargathinu prayojanakaramaanenkilum, prayamaaya vyakthikal jeane poolil aadhipathyam pularthaathirikkaan ayuss parimithappeduthunnathum pradhaanamaan.
praadeshika janasamkhyayil puthiya adaptive jeenukalude shekharanathe vaardhakyam thvarithappeduthunnu enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu yaanginte (2013) maathruka. ennirunnaalum, "parinaamakshamatha" enna vaakk soochippikkunnathinekkaal hraswakaala nettatthinu vaardhakyam engane kaaranamaakumenn manasilakkaan sahaayikkunnathin yang thante prabandhathiludaneelam "parinaamakshamatha" enna padatthe "janithaka sargaathmakatha" aayi maatti.
lenart vaskuvum (2016) vaardhakyathinte parinaamatthe nayikkunna pradhana samvidaanamaayi parinaamakshamathaye ahvaanam cheythittundu. ennirunnaalum, vaardhakyathinte yadhaartha nirakk oru poruthappedutthalaanenkum vaardhakyam thanne anivaaryamaanennu avar nirddeshichu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, parinaamathinu vaardhakyathinte vegathaye maattaan kazhiyum, pakshe chila vaardhakyangal ellaayppozhum ethra pathukkeyaanenkilum sambhavikkum.
marananirakk.
oru prathyeka groupil oru nischitha kaalayalavil nadakkunna maranangalude ennamaanu marananirakk. rund tharatthilulla marananirakkund aantharikavum bahyavumaaya marananirakk. vaardhakyam moolamulla marananirakk, swathasidhamaaya prakriyakal moolamulla shaareerika idivu, athesamayam baahya marananirakk, vettayaadal, pattini, apakadangal thudangiya paaristhithika gadakangalude falamaanu. udaaharanathinu, vavvalukal polulla parakkunna mrugangalkku vettakkar kuravaanu, athinaal baahya marananirakk kuravaanu. pakshikal choodulla rakthamullathum pala cheria sasthanikalodum samanamaaya valippamullavayumaan, ennirunnaalum palappozhum 5-10 eratti jeevikkunnu. avar nilathu vasikkunna sasthanikalekkaal kuranja vettayaadal neridunnu, athinaal baahya marananirakk kuravaanu.
shareerathinte valippam parishodhikkumbol mrgashaala allengil prakrithi samrakshana kendram polulla niyantritha anthareekshathil erapidiyunna sasthanikalekkaal kooduthal kaalam jeevikkaan kollayadikkunna sasthanikal pravanatha kaanikkunnuvennum oraal nireekshikkunnu. shareera valuppavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol praimettukalude (manushyar, kurangukal, kurangukal polullava) deerghaayussinte vishadeekaranam avayude buddhi kaaranam, kuranja baahya marananirakk nedaan kazhiyunnu ennathaanu.
anukkalude variyude saadhyathayulla amarthyatha.
oro jeevajaalangalum saadhaaranayaayi marthyaraan; avaa praayamaakukayum marikkukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam thudarchayaaya thalamurakale bandhippikkunna anukkal anashwaramaayekkaam. eee vyathyaasathinte adisthaanam jeevashaasthrathile oru adisthaana prasnamaanu. russian jeevashaasthranjanum charitrakaaranumaaya soars eiii. genome replicativinteyum mattu synthetic sisttangaludeyum krithyathaykku maathram anukkalude amarthyatha vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyillennu medwedev karuthi. biotecomistry laingika prathyulpaadanatthinte janithakashaasthrathinteyum ariyappedunna savisheshathakal gametogenesisinte vividha ghattangalil savisheshamaaya vivara paripaalanatthinteyum punasthaapana prakriyakaludeyum saannidhyathe soochippikkunnuvennu medwadev karuthi. meosis, dna attakuttappanikal ennivaykkidayilulla punasamyojanathiloodeyaanu anukkalude koshangalude vivara paripaalanatthinulla ettavum pradhanappetta avasarangal srishtikkunnathennu medwadev prathyekichum karuthi; soomatik koshangalil thirichedukkaanaavaatha vaardhakyathinu kaaranamakunna kedupaadukalil ninnu dnaud chromosomukaludeyum samagratha punasthaapikkaan kazhivulla anukkalude koshangalkkullile prakriyakalaayi addeham ivaye kandu.
rogangal.
progeroid syndrome.
akaala vaardhakyavumaayi bandhapetta janithaka rogangalaanu progeroid syndrome. mudi kozhichil, hridayasambandhamaaya asukhangal thudangiya shaareerika vaardhakyavumaayi saamyamulla savisheshathakalullathaanu progeroid syndrome.
projeeriya.
kuttikkaalathu vaardhakyathinte pala allengil mikka lakshanangalum thwarithappeduthunnathinna kaaranamakunna orotta jeane janithaka rogamaanu projeeriya. 4-8 dasalaksham jananangalil 1-neey ithu badhikkunnu. eee rogamullavar valarunnathil paraajayappedunnavar ennum sandhikal, mudi, charmmam, annukal, mukham ennivayil asaadhaaranathakal undaakkunna lakshanangalude oru parambarayundennum ariyappedunnu. eee rogamullavaril bhooribhaagavum ekadesham 13 vayass vare maathrame jeevikkoo. akaala vaardhakya lakshanagal ulla ellah rogangalkkum projeeriya enna padam karsanamaayi baadhakamaanengilum, palappozhum angane upayogikkunnundengil, ithu palappozhum hutchinson-gilford projeeriya syndrome (echu. jii. pii. ezz) paraamarsikkaan prathyekamaayi prayogikkunnu. echu. jii. pii. ezz roganirnayam nadathunna kuttikalkk cheria mukham, nerttha chundukal, cheria thaadi, neendunilkkunna chevikal thudangiya pradhana mukha savisheshathakal vikasikkunnu. projeeriya oru kuttikk shaareerika vaikalyangal undaakkumenkilum athu avarude chalanathmaka kazhivukaleyo boudhika purogathiyeyo baadikkilla. echu. jii. pii. ezz ullavarkku neurological, hridayasambandhamaaya asukhangal undakaan saadhyathayund. oru protein lamine encode cheiyunna jeenil oru pooyint mutation moolamaanu echu. jii. pii. ezz undaakunnath. noonn-homologous end joiningilum homologous recombinationilum pradhana punk vahikkunna proteinukalude alavu nilanirthunnathiloode lamina eiii janithaka sthiratha prothsaahippikkunnu. prelamine pakwathaykku vendaatha mouse cellukal dna kedupaadukalum chromosome vyathiyaanangalum vardhippikkukayum dna kedupaadukal varuthunna ejantumaarodulla samvedanakshamatha vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. echu. jii. pii. esil, thakaraarulla eiii-type lamin moolamundaakunna dna naashanashtangal vendathra nannakkaanulla kazhivillaayma laminopathy adisthaanamaakkiyulla akaala vaardhakyathinte vashangalkk kaaranamaayekkam.
verner syndrome.
muthirnnavarkkulla projeeriya" ennum ariyappedunna verner syndrome mattoru single-jeane janithaka rogamaanu. doubleuarn jeenile oru mutation moolamaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. ithu yunaittad stetsile 200,000 peril oraale badhikkunnu. kaumaarapraayatthil kaumaarakkaar praayapoorthiyaakumbol valarunnathil ninnu thadayunna eee syndrome kaumaarapraayatthil vyakthikale badhikkaan thudangunnu. verner syndrominte naalu saadhaarana swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu rund annukalilum timiram, sclerodermic samanamaaya charmmatthile mattangal, hrasvamaaya uyaram, neratheyulla chaaraniram, mudi kozhichil. oru vyakthi irupathukalil ethiyaal, saadhaaranayaayi mudiyude niram, charmmam, shabdam ennivayil maattam varum. eee rogamulla oraalude sharashari aayurdairkhyam ekadesham 46 varshamaan. eee avastha kaikal, kaalukal, shareeram enniva thammilulla bharam vitharanatheyum badhikkum. verner syndrome ullavarkku timiram, type 2 prameham, vividha tharatthilulla arbudangal, rakthapravaham ennivaykkulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. doubleuarn protein dna-pisisumaayum kuu protein complexumaayum samvadikkunnu enna kandethal, doubleuarn kurravulla koshangal noonn-homologous dna endukal cherunna sthalangalil vipulamaaya illaathaakkalukal srishtikkunnu ennathinte thelivukalumaayi samyojippichu, noonn-homologous end joyininginte dna repire prakriyayil doubleuarn proteininte punk soochippikkunnu. dna double-strand brekkukalude homologous recombinational repire samayat recombination intermediat gadanakal pariharikkunnathilum doubleuarn protein oru punk vahikkunnathayi kaanapedunnu.
mattu progeroid syndrome.
hrasvamaaya uyaram, chromosomal asthiratha, kaansarinulla pravanatha, sooryaprakaasham sensitiivu charmmam ennivayude savisheshathakalulla oru apoorva autosomal resussive disorderaanu bloom syndrome. bloom syndrome ullavarkku patana vaikalyangal undakam, koodaathe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (sii. oo. pii. dii), rogam enniva varaanulla saadhyatha vardhikkunnu.
cheria uyaram, thalayude valippathile asaadhaaranathakal, mandagathiyilulla valarchaykkum vikasanathinum kaaranamakunna oru homocygus allengil heterosaigas mutationaanu cocain syndrome.
charmmathe badhikkunna apoorva autosomal resussive disorderaanu rathmond-thomson syndrome. viralamaaya mudi, praayapoorthiyaakaatha timiram, asthikooda vaikalyangal, valarcha muradippu ennivayaanu ithinte savisheshathakal.
bio gerondology.
vaardhakyathinte sidhaanthangal praayavumaayi bandhapetta avasthakal manasilakkunnathinum chikilsakal kandethunnathinumulla shramangale badhikkunnu

