
caribean kadalkkolla

caribean kolanikal ulla padinjaaran europe, vadakke america ennee raajyangalude naavikasenakal kadalkkollakkaare neridaan thudangiyathinu sesham caribean kadalkollayude yugam 1500-kalil aarambikkukayum 1830-kalil ghattamghattamaayi avasaanikkukayum cheythu. 1660 muthal 1730 vareyulla kaalaghattatthilaanu kadalkkollakkar ettavum kooduthal vijayikkunnath. jamaikkayile portt royal, haittiyile tortuga, bahamayile nassaavu thudangiya kadalkkollakkaarude thuramukhangal nilaninnirunnathinaal kareebiyanil kadalkkolla abhivridhippettu. caribean kadalkollayude oru valia charitra prathibhaasatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu, kaaranam ithu anchu samudrangalileyum pradhana vyapara, paryavekshana paathakalkk sameepam nilaninnirunnu.
kaaranagal.
kadalkkollakkar palappozhum naavika yudhathil parichayasambannaraaya muun naavikar aayirunnu. pathinaram noottaandil kadalkkollakkaarude captanmaar europian vyapara kappalukal, prathyekichu kareebiyanil ninnu europilekku sanjarikkunna spanish nidhi kappalukal kollayadikkaan naavikare niyamichu.
pathinettaam noottaandile oru velsh kyapttante thaazhepparayunna udharani kadalkkollaykkulla prachodanangal kaanikkunnu
kadalkkollakkaran kyapttan barthalomeo roberts
atlaantik, indian mahaasamudrangalile speyininteyum porchugalileyum "merr clossum" vyapara kuthakakale durbalappeduthumenna pratheekshayil colonial sakthikal, prathyekichu francis onnaaman raajaavinte (r.1515-1547) keezhil france kadalkkollaykk chilappol niyamaparamaaya padavi nalkiyirunnu. audyogikamaayi anuvadicha eee kadalkkolla svakaaryatha ennariyappettirunnu. 1520 muthal 1560 vare, puthiya lokathile spain kireedatthinum spanish saamraajyathinte vishalamaaya vaanijyathinum ethiraaya pooraattatthil franch svakaaryakkaar ottaykkaayirunnuvenkum pinneedu engleeshukaarum dachukaarum avarodoppam chernnu.
1492ll columbus spaininaayi puthiya lokam kandethiyathinushesham caribean europian vyaapaarathinteyum kolanivalkkaranatthinteyum oru pradhana kendramaayi mariyirunnu. 1494leeii tordezilas udambadiyil europian ithara lokathe spanish porchugees thammil keppu verde dveepukalkku padinjaaru 370 leagukalkku vadakku-thekk lainil vibhajichu. ithu amerikkayude niyanthranam speyinin nalki, eee sthaanam pinneedu spaaniyaardukal thulyamaayi nadappakkaan kazhiyaatha oru marpappa kaala (inter seettera) upayogichu aavarthichu. innathe kolambiyayile cartagena, panaamayude isthmasile porto bello, panaama nagaram, cubayude thekkukizhakkan theerathe santiago, hispaniola dveepile saanto domingo ennivayaayirunnu spanish pradhana pradeshangalile pradhana aadyakaala vaasasthalangal. pathinaram noottaandil, spanish nyoo speyinile (meksikoo) sacatecas, boleeviyayile potosi (munbu "alto peru" ennariyappettirunnu) khanikalil ninnu valare valia alavil velli khananam cheiyukayaayirunnu. puthiya lokathil ninnu pazhaya lokathekkulla valia spanish velli kayattumathi kadalkkollakkareyum franch svakaaryakkaaraaya francois leclerk allengil jeane fluory polullavareyum caribean muthal sevilleyilekkulla vazhiyiludaneelam caribean, atlaantik ennividangalilellaam aakarshichu.
eee nirantharamaaya apakadatthe neridaan 1560-kalil spanish oru vaahanavyooha samvidaanam sweekarichu. oru nidhi kappal allengil "floata" ellah varshavum speyinile sevilleyil ninnu (pinneedu kaadisile) yaathrakkaarum sainikarum europian nirmmitha charakkukalum puthiya lokathile spanish kolanikalilekku kondupokum. eee charakk laabhakaramaanenkilum, aaa varshathe vilamathikkunna velli europilekku kondupookuka ennathaayirunnu yadhaartha lakshyam ennathinaal ithu yadhaarthathil kappalppadayude oru tharam baalast mathramaayirunnu. yaathrayude aadya ghattam boleeviyayileyum nyoo spainileyum khanikalil ninnu silver train ennu vilikkunna oru kovarkazhuthayude vaahanavyoohathil ninnu oru pradhana spanish thuramukhathekku, saadhaaranayaayi panaamayilo nyoo speyinile veracruzileo isthmasilekku aaa velliyellaam kondupookuka ennathaayirunnu. floata" velli trainumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum kaathirikkunna colonial vyaapaarikalkk nirmmicha charakkukalude charakk irakkukayum thudarnnu svarnnathinteyum velliyudeyum vilayeriya charakk upayogichu svarnnamo naanayamo aayi athinte kaivashamulla saadhanangal kayattukayum cheyyum. ithu madangivarunna spanish nidhi kappalukale oru pralobhana lakshyamakki, ennirunnaalum kadalkkollakkar nannayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya pradhana kappalukalumayi edapazhakunnathinekkaal striglerukale akramikkaan kappalpadaye nizhalikkaan saadhyathayund. kareebiyanile nidhi kappalppadayude classic root lesser aantillukaliloode madhya americayudeyum nyoo speyininteyum theerathulla spanish pradhana thuramukhangalilekkum thudarnnu padinjaaran kaatt europilekku thirichukondupokunnathi vadakkott yookkaattan chaanalilekkum aayirunnu.
1560 aayappozhekkum, dutch aikya pravisyakalaaya netherlands, englandu, rund protestant samsthaanangalum pathinaram noottaandile kristheeyamathatthinte ettavum valia sakthiyaaya catholica speyinine ethirthu; franch sarkkar puthiya lokath colonial kaivashangal vipuleekarikkaan shramikkumbol, spain avaa angeyattam laabhakaramaanennu theliyichu. 1564ll floridayile jaaksanvilleykk sameepam fort carolin sthaapichappol kareebiyanil aadyathe spanish ithara vaasasthalam sthaapichathu franchukaaraanu, ennirunnaalum valia koolani aaya sent augustinil ninnulla spanish aakramanathaal taamasiyaathe eee vaasasthalam thudachuneekkappettu. tordezilas udambadi nadappakkaan kazhiyaathathaanennu theliyikkappettathinaal, vadakku tropic oof cancer aayum kizhakk kaanari dveepukaliloode kadannupokunna prime meridian aayum "souhaarddarekhakal" enna puthiya ashayam franch, spanish charchakkaar vaakkalulla sammathathode amgeekarichu. eee lainukalude thekkum padinjaarum, yathaakramam, spanish ithara kappalukalkk oru samrakshanavum nalkaan kazhinjilla, "rekhaykku appurathu samadhaanamilla."spaanishumayulla naamamaathramaaya samaadhaanakaalath polum engleesh, dutch, franch kadalkkollakkaarum kudiyettakkaarum eee pradeshathekku kudiyeri.
akkaalat kristheeyalokatthe ettavum sakthamaaya raajyamaayirunnenkilum, samudrathinte ithrayum vishalamaaya pradesham niyanthrikkaano avarude ozhivakkal, vaanijya vyapara niyamangal nadappilaakkaano mathiyaya sainika saannidhyam nalkaan spaanishin kazhinjilla. eee niyamangal spanish vyaapaarikale maathrame amerikkayile spanish saamraajyathile kolanikkaarumaayi vyapaaram nadatthaan anuvadichirunnulloo. eee krameekaranam spanish vyapara niyamangalkkethire nirantharamaaya kallakkadathinum samaadhaanakaalath englandu, france, netherlands ennivayude caribean kolanivalkkaranathinulla puthiya sramangalkkum kaaranamaayi. europil mahaashakthikalkkidayil oru yuddham prakhyaapikkumbozhellaam athinte phalam ellaayppozhum vyapakamaaya kadalkollayum caribean raajyathudaneelam svakaaryavalkkaranavumaayirunu.
puthiya lokathile vyapara tharkkangal kaaranamaan aii. dii. 1-leeii anglo-spanish yuddham bhaagikamaayi nadannathu. puthiya lokathinte kolanikalil uthppaadanakshamavum svayamparyaapthavumaaya vaasasthalangal nirmikkunnathinupakaram dhaathukkalum kaarshika sambathum verthirichedukkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathu; padinjaaran europilekkulla velliyudeyum swarnnathinteyum vanthothilulla kayattumathikal vazhi bhaagikamaayi indhanamaayi panapperuppam; europile ananthamaaya chelaveria yudhangal; vaanijya avasarangale avahelikkunna oru prabhukkanmaar; vyavasaayathe thadassappeduthunna tolukaludeyum thaarifukaludeyum kaaryakshamamallatha samvidaanam ennivayellaam pathinezhaam noottaandil speyininte thakarchaykku kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, speyininte kolanikal thammilulla valare labhakaramaaya vyapaaram thudarnnu, athu pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham vare vikasichu.
athesamayam, kareebiyanil, columbus ulla europian rogangalude varavu praadeshika thaddesheeya american janasamkhyaye kurachirunnu; pathinaram noottaandil puthiya speyinile thaddesheeya janasamkhya athinte yadhaartha ennathil ninnu 90 sathamaanam vare kuranju. thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude eee nashtam spanish amerikkayude kolanikal, thottangal, khanikal enniva pravarthippikkunnathinni aafrikkan adimavelaye kooduthalaayi aashrayikkaan speyinine prerippichu, atlaantik kadannu adimakkachavadam niravadhi engleesh, dutch, franch vyaapaarikalkk puthiya labha srothassukal vaagdaanam cheythu. ennaal caribean janathayude aapekshika shoonyatha englandinum francinum netherlandukalkkum svanthamaayi kolanikal sthaapikkaan shanikkunna sthalamaakki, prathyekichu svarnnathinum vellikkum pidichedukkenda charakkukalude praadhaanyam kurayukayum manushyare valare sambannaraakkaan kazhiyunna panavilakalayi pukayilayum panchasarayum pakaram vaykkukayum cheythu.
europile speyininte sainika shakti durbalamaayathode, puthiya lokathile spanish vyapara niyamangal mattu raajyangalile vyapaarikal kooduthal aavarthanathode lamghichu. thekke amerikkayude vadakkan theerathulla trinidad dveepile spanish thuramukham 1592-ll maathram sthirathaamasamaakki, caribean saannidyamulla ellah raajyangalum thammilulla pradhana bandha kendramaayi maari.
charithram.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, 1600-1660.
janasamkhyaashaasthrathile mattangal.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, pradhana spanish thuramukhangalile colonial gaarisanukalude valupavum chelaveria kottakalum kareebiyanil speyininte athiraalikalude vardhicha saannidhyathe neridaan vardhichu, ennaal nidhi kappalukalude velli kayattumathiyum eee mekhalayil pravartthikkunna spanish udamasthathayilulla vyapara kappalukalude ennavum kuranju. krishiyidangalil jolie cheyyaan aalukalude abhavam moolam bhakshya vitharanathinte abhavam kooduthal prasnangal srishtichu. puthiya lokathil europian vamshajar janicha spaniardukaludeyo allengil spanish jaathi sanbradaayathil yathaakramam peninsularus, creols ennariyappedunna puthiya speyinil janicha shudha rakthamulla spaniardukaludeyo ennam 1600 ll 250,000 ll koodaatheyaayi.
athesamayam, pathinezhaam noottaandile europil englandum france uyarnnuvarunna shakthikalaayirunnu, kaaranam avar catholicar protestantukaarum thammilulla swantham aabhyanthara mathavivechanam karasthamaakki, thathfalamaayundaaya saamoohika samadhaanam avarude sambadvyavasthaye athivegam vikasippikkaan anuvadichu. englandu prathyekichu janangalude samudra vaidagdhyathe vaanijya samriddhiyude adisthaanamaakki maattaan thudangi. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathile engleesh, franch rajaakkanmaar-jaims onnaaman (aarr. <aii. dii. 1>), henry IV (aarr. 1598-1610), yathaakramam, nadannukondirikkunna yudhangalude saambathika chelavu kuraykkunnathinulla shramathil oororutharum habsburg spainumaayi kooduthal samadhaanaparamaaya bandham thedi. 1604-ll samadhaanathinte thudakkam speyininte kolanikalkkethire kadalkkollaykkum svakaaryathaykkum ulla avasarangal kurachuvenkilum puthiya lokath puthiya kolanikal sthaapikkunnathilum padinjaaran ardhagolathil spanish kuthaka thakarkkunnathilum ninnu rund rajaavum thante raajyathe niruthsaahappeduthiyil. prashasthamaaya sambathu, manoharamaaya kaalavastha, amerikkayude pothuvaaya shoonyatha ennivayellaam thangalude bhagyam sambaadikkaan aagrahikkunnavarkk soochana nalkukayum pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, mexicoic vadakkulla europian kudiyettatthil ninnu adisthaanaparamaayi shoonyamaaya vadakke amerikkayilum noottaandinte avasaanam vare spain aadhipathya shakthiyaayi thudarnna kareebiyanilum, franchukaarum engleeshukaarum chernnu puthiya colonial samrambhangal aarambikkukayum cheythu.
dutch netherlandsine sambandhichidatholam, dutch deseeyathayum avarude kadutha protestantisavum speyininethire pathittaandukalaayi nadatthiya kalaapathin sesham, perozhike matellaam swaathanthryam nediyirunnu (athum oduvil 1648-leeii westfaaliya udambadiyode varum). netherlands yooroppinte saambathika shakthikendramaayi maari. aamstardaamileyum rotterdamileyum kappal yaardukalil ninnu fluit (oru cheria kroo upayogichu pravartthikkaanum thaarathamyena axus cheyyaan kazhiyaatha thuramukhangalilekku praveshikkaanum kazhiyunna oru charakk kappal) polulla puthiyathum noothanavumaaya kappal roopakalppanakal, joyint stokku kambani veroonnunnathum spaanishumayulla panthrand varshathe vedinirthal (1609-1621) nalkia sainika elavum polulla puthiya muthalaalitha saambathika krameekaranangal, dutch vaanijya thalpparyangal lokamembaadum, prathyekichu puthiya lokathum kizhakkan eshyayilum spodanaathmakamaayi vikasichukondirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, dutch eest india kambani polulla ettavum sakthamaaya dutch kambanikalkku eest indeesilum (indoneshya) jappanilum pravartthanangal vikasippikkunnathil ettavum thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, koodaathe vestt indees cheruthum kooduthal swathanthravumaaya dutch oopparettarmaarkku vittu.
spanish thuramukhangal.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, cartagena, hawanah, santiago dii cuba, saan juvan, porto bello, panaama sitti, saanto domingo ennee spanish kolanikal spanish vestt indeesile ettavum pradhanappetta vaasasthalangalaayirunnu. oororutharkkum valia janasamkhyayum svayamparyaapthamaaya sambadvyavasthayum undaayirunnu, spanish prathirodhakkar nannayi samrakshichirunnu. valia spanish gaarisanukal pinthudarunna speyininte vaanijya niyamangal karsanamaayi nadappakkiyathinaal eee spanish vaasasthalangal mattu europian rajyangalil ninnulla vyaapaarikalumaayi edapedaan pothuve thayyarayirunnilla. eee nagarangalil europian nirmmitha vasthukkalkk colonicarc vilppanaykku premium vila nalkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athesamayam puthiya lokathile vyapara charakkukalaaya pukayila, coco, mattu asamskritha vasthukkal enniva europilekku thirike ayachu.
1600 aayappozhekkum, spanish silver trainine vaarshika nidhi kappalukalkkumaayi panaamayude caribean thuramukhathinte isthmas aayi nombre dii dios (sarr francis drack aadyamaayi oru spanish vaasasthalam akramicha sthalam) porto bello maatti. nyoo speyinile atlaantik kadal vyaapaarathinaayi thuranna eaka thuramukha nagaramaya veracruz, puthiya speyininte vishalamaaya ulpradeshathe caribean athinte jaalakamayi thudarnnu. pathinezhaam noottaandode spanish pradhana, madhya america ennividangalile bhooribhaagam pattanangalum svayamparyaapthamaayi. pradhana pattanangalile cheria pattanangal pukayila valarthukayum spanish vyapara niyamangal ozhivakkiya videsha kallakkadathukaareyum swaagatham cheyyukayum cheythu. hispaniola, veneswella ennee janasamkhya kuranja ulnaadan pradeshangal pukayila kallakkadathukaarkk avarude vyapaaram nadatthaan swaagatham cheyyappetta mattoru pradeshamaayirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil spanish bharanathilulla trinidad dweep eee mekhalayile ellah rajyangalileyum kappalukalkkum navikarkkum thuranna vishalamaaya thuramukhamaayirunnu, pukayilayum europian nirmmaana charakkukalum kaikaaryam cheiyunna kallakkadathukaarkk ithu oru prathyeka priyappetta thuramukhamaayirunnu. praadeshika caribean kallakkadathukaraanu thangalude pukayilayo panchasaarayo manyamaaya vilaykk vilkkukayum thudarnnu atlaantik kadal vyaapaarikalil ninnu valia alavil nirmmicha saadhanangal vaangukayum vestt indeesile kolanikkarkkum spanish pradhanikalkkum idayil chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu. sakthamaaya thuramukha kottakal illaathathum parihasyamaaya oru cheria spanish sainika padaye maathram kaivashamullathumaya trinidadile spanish gavarnarkk engleesh, franch, dutch kallakkadathukaaril ninnu labhakaramaaya kaikkooli vaangukayum mattoru vazhi nokkukayum cheiyukayo allengil attimarikkappedukayum pakaram swantham janangal kooduthal mriduvaaya bharanadhikariye niyamikkukayum cheyyumenno ulla apakadasaadhyathayundaayirunnu.
mattu thuramukhangal.
1607ll engleeshukaar virgenia ennum 1625ll vestt indeesile barbados dveepilum oru aadyakaala koolani sthaapichittundenkil eee cheria vaasasthalathe janangal praadeshika caribean indiakkaaril ninnu (narabhojikalaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu) ganyamaaya apakadangal nerittu. aadyakaalathe rund kolanikalkkum englandil ninnu pathivayi irakkumathi cheyyendivannu, chilappol bhakshanavum ennaal praadhamikamaayi kambili thunitharangalum. panchasaara, pukayila, ushnamekhalaa bhakshanam ennivayaanu englandilekkulla aadyakaala kayattumathiyude pradhana gadakangal. engleeshukaar aadyam avarude caribean vaasasthalangalil valia pukayilathottangalo yadhaarthathil samghadithamaaya prathirodhangalo sthaapichittilla, koodaathe caribean mekhalayile thangalude swathukkal ethratholam moolyavathaanennu englandinu manassilakkaan samayamedukkum. oduvil, atlaantik adimakkachavadathiloode aafrikkan adimakale vaangum. avar kolanikalil jolie cheyyukayum yooroppinte pukayila, arrie, panchasaara ennivayude vitharanathinu indhanam nalkukayum cheythu; 1698 aayappozhekkum mattethoru europian saamraajyathva shakthiyumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avarude advaanathil ettavum kaaryakshamathayulla ettavum valia adima kayattumathi englandilaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaand avasaanichathode vestt indeesile aadyathe yadhaartha vijayakaramaya engleesh kolaniyaaya barbados athivegam valarukayum 1698 aakumbozhekkum adimavelakkaare niyamikkunna englandile ettavum valia kolaniyaayi jamaikka maarukayum cheythu. kooduthal kooduthal engleesh kappalukal caribean mekhalayile thangalude praadhamika thuramukhamaayi ithu upayogikkaan theerumaanichu. trinidadineppole, barbadosine adisthaanamaakkiyulla atlaantik kadal vyaapaarathile vyapaarikal ellaayppozhum pukayilaykkum panchasaaraykkum nalla panam nalki. eee rund charakkukalum eee kaalaghattatthile pradhana naanyavilakalayi thudarukayum american thekkan kolanikaludeyum kareebiyanile avarude athiraalikaludeyum valarchaykku aakkam koottukayum cheythu.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil nadanna mathayudhangalil france swantham catholica-prathishedha mathavivechanam moolam prakopithamayathinaal spanish carolin kotta nasippichathinushesham niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi franch caribeanil kolanivalkkarana sramangal nadatthiyilla. ennirunnaalum, pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil bahaamakalil cheria "tent camp" pattanangalulla pazhaya franch swakaarya nankoorangal kandethanakum. eee vaasasthalangal kappalukalkkum avayude jeevanakkarkkum kurachu shudhajalavum bhakshanavum edukkaanum praadeshika camp anuyayikalumaayi orupakshe sauhrudam pularthaanum oru sthalathekkaal alpam kooduthal nalki, ivayellaam valare chelaveriyathaayirunne.
1630 muthal 1654 vare dutch vyaapaarikalkk brazeelil resif ennariyappedunna oru thuramukham undaayirunnu. 1548ll porchugeesukaaraanu ithu aadyam sthaapichathu. porchugees niyanthranatthilulla brazeelile salvador, naattal ennivayulppede niravadhi panchasaara uthppaadippikkunna nagarangal akramikkaan 1630ll duchukal theerumaanichirunnu. 1630 muthal 1654 vare avar receifinteyum olindayudeyum niyanthranam ettedukkukayum receifine dutch brazeel pradeshatthinte puthiya thalasthaanamaakki maattukayum nagarathinu mourittstaad ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil mourittstaad lokathile ettavum cosmopolitan nagarangalilonnayi maari. porchugeesukaaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi duchukal joothamathathe nirodhichilla. aadyathe jootha samoohavum amerikkayile aadyathe sinagog-kahal surr israel sinagog-eee nagarathilaanu sthaapithamaayathu.
aadyathe anglo-dutch yudhathil dachukaarude pankaalittham sahaayicha 1654ll dachukaare purathaakkaan nivaasikal svanthamaayi poraadi. ithu insureiko pernambookaana (pernambookan kalapam) ennariyappettu. bhooribhaagam juthanmaarum aamstardaamilekk palayanam cheythu; mattullavar vadakke amerikkayilekku palayanam cheythu, nyoo aamstardaaminte (ippol newyork sitti ennariyappedunnu) aadyathe jootha samooham aarambhichu. dachukaar avarude bhooribhaagam samayavum cheria spanish kolanikalkkoppam kallakkadathu charakkukalilaanu chelavazhichathu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil puthiya lokathile dutch vyaapaarikaludeyum svakaaryakkaarudeyum anaudyogikamaaya hoome porttaayirunnu trinidad, 1620kalilum 1630kalilum avar eee mekhalayil svanthamaayi kolanikal sthaapikkunnathinu munbu. pathivupole, trinidaadinte phalapradamallaatha spanish govarnor dachukaar thante thuramukham upayogikkunnathil ninnu thadayaan nissahayanaayirunnu, pakaram addeham saadhaaranayaayi avarude labhakaramaaya kaikkooli sweekarichu.
europian poraattam.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte aadya moonnilonnu caribean kaalaghattatthe nirvachichathu europil nadanna krooravum vinashakaravumaaya muppath varshathe yudhamaanu (1618-1648), ithu protestant-catholica parishkaranatthinte samgharshathinte paryavasaanatheyum habsburg spain borbon france thammilulla avasana ettumuttalinte paryavasaanatheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. germmaniyilaanu yuddham kooduthalum nadannathu, avide janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu muthal pakuthi vare oduvil samgharshathinte sammarddangalkku nashtappedum, pakshe athu puthiya lokathum chila phalangal undaakki. caribean mekhalayile spanish saannidhyam athivegam kurayaan thudangi, aafrikkan adimavelaye kooduthal aasrayikkunnu. europile mikkavarum ellah protestant rajyangalumaayulla habsburghinte apocalyptic pooraattatthil madrid athinte vibhavangal kooduthal pazhaya lokathekku mattiyathinaal puthiya lokathile spanish sainika saannidhyavum kuranju. europile spanish vibhavangalude eee aavasyam amerikkayile spanish saamraajyathinte thakarchaye thwarithappeduthi. spanish maine, spanish vestt indees ennivayude vaasasthalangal saambathikamaayi durbalamaavukayum europile sambhavangal avarude swantham rajyangal kooduthal upayogappeduthiyathinaal valare kurachu sainikarumaayi kaaval nilkkukayum cheythu. spanish saamraajyathinte sambadvyavastha nischalamaayi thudarukayum spanish kolanikalkku thottangal, krishiyidangal, khanikal enniva poornnamaayum padinjaaran aafrikkayil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha adimavelaye aashrayichirikkukayum cheythu. caribean pradeshathe sainika niyanthranam phalapradamaayi nilanirthaan speyinin kazhiyaathe vannathode, mattu padinjaaran europian rajyangal oduvil puthiya lokathinte niyanthranatthilulla spanish kuthaka avasaanippichu svanthamaayi sthiramaaya vaasasthalangal sthaapikkaan thudangi.
muppath varshathe yudhathinte bhaagamaayi (spanish habsburgukalkkethiraaya muzhuvan kalapatheyum thaazhnna rajyangalil enpathu varshathe yuddham ennu vilichirunnu) speyininethiraaya poraattam puthukkippaniyaan dutch netherlands nirbandhitharaakkappettalppeta, dutch republic vaanijya shippingle vaanijya muthalaalithathilum lokathile nethaavaayi maari, oduvil pathinezhaam noottaandil dutch kambanikal vestt indeesilekku shradha thirikkukayum cheythu. vedinirthal avasaanichathode spainumaayulla puthukkiya yuddham vijayakaramaya dutch joyint stokku kambanikalkku spanish saamrajyathinethiraaya sainika paryaveshanangalkk dhanasahayam nalkaan niravadhi avasarangal nalki. pathinaram noottaandil caribean mekhalayile pazhaya engleesh, franch swakaarya aankarejukal ippol dutch yudhakkappalukal kondu veendum aninirannu.
englandil, puthiya lokathile colonial samrambhangalude oru puthiya raundu, raajyathe saambathika avasarangal kurayunnathum englandile sthaapitha sabhayude vittuveezhchayulla protestant daivashaasthrathe nirasicha kooduthal theevravaadi protestantukalkku (pyoorittanmaareppole) mathaparamaya asahishnutha vardhikkunnathum indhanamaayi. sent lucia, grenada kolanikal sthaapithamaayathinu thottupinnaale avayude maranathinum virjeeniyayile jaimstownile engleesh vaasasthalam vamshanasham sambhavichathinum sesham pathinezhaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil plymouth, boosttan, barbados, vestt indian dveepukalaaya sent kitts, nevis, providence ailand ennividangalil engleeshukaar puthiyathum shakthavumaya kolanikal sthaapichu. eee kolanikalellaam puthiya lokath engleesh naagarikathayude kendrangalaayi marran parisramikkum.
fraansine sambandhichidatholam, ippol borbon rajaavaaya luis pathinaraman (aarr. 1610-1642) addehathinte kazhivulla mantriyaaya kardinal richaliyu, franch catholicar protestantukaarum (huganoteukal ennu vilikkappedunnavar) thammilulla mathaparamaya aabhyantharayudham punarujjeevippikkappedu. 1620kaliludaneelam huganoteukal fraansil ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum avarude engleesh athiraalikaleppole puthiya lokath kolanikal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu, 1636-ll, spain bharichirunna habsburg raajavamshathinteyum fraansinte kizhakkan athirthiyile vishudha roman saamraajyathinteyum shakti kuraykkunnathinaayi france germmaniyile-protestantumaarude bhaagathuninnulla-duranthatthilekku praveshichu. 1659leeii pyreenikalude udambadi vare franco-spanish yuddham thudarnnu.
colonial tharkkangal.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte aadya moonnilumaayi spanish pradhana nagarangalil palathum svayamparyaapthamaayirumnum kurachuper maathrame ithuvare oru samriddhiyum kaivarichirunnulloo. jamaikkayileyum hispaniolayileyum kooduthal pinnoca vaasasthalangal pradhaanamaayum kappalukalkk bhakshanavum shudhajalavum edukkaanulla sthalangalaayirunnu. europian charakkukal samriddhavum valare vilakuranjathum europian vyapaarikal pukayilaykku nalla vila nalkunnathumaaya oru janapriya kallakkadathu thuramukhamaayi spanish trinidad thudarnnu.
1623ll sthaapithamaaya seyint kitsilum nevisilum ulla engleesh kolanikal kaalakramena panchasaara valarthunna sambannamaaya vaasasthalangalaayi maarum. mattoru puthiya engleesh samrambhamaya, spanish saamraajyathinte hridayabhaagathulla nickergwayile kothukukadal theerathulla providencia dveepile providence ailand koolani, engleesh svakaaryakkaarudeyum mattu kadalkkollakkarudeyum pradhana spanish aakramanakendramaayi maari.
pankitta anglo-franch dveepaaya sent christophil (engleeshukaar "sent kitts" ennu vilikkunnu) franchukaarkku melkkai undaayirunnu. sent christophile franch kudiyettakkaar kooduthalum catholicaraayirunnu, athesamayam vadakkupadinjaaran hispaniolayil (bhaaviyile haitti raajyam) anumathiyillaathathum ennaal valarunnathumaya franch colonial saannidhyam pradhaanamaayum speyininte anumathiyillathe avide sthirathaamasamaakkiya franch protestantumaaraanu. prasnakaramaaya huganottukalkku enthaanu sambhavichathenn france kaaryamaayi shradhichilla, pakshe padinjaaran hispaniyolayude kolanivalkkaranam franchukaare avarude mathanyoonapakshathil ninnu svayam mochippikkaanum speyininethire oru praharam adikkaanum anuvadichu-franch kireedatthinte kazhchappadil ninnu oru mikacha vilapeshal. abhilaashamulla huganoteukal hispaniyolayude vadakkupadinjaaran theerathulla tortuga dweep avakaashappedukayum dveepil thanne pettitt-gove vaasasthalam sthaapikkukayum cheythirunnu. tortuga prathyekichum kadalkkollakkarudeyum swakaaryarudeyum abhayakendramaayi maarukayum ellah rajyangalileyum kallakkadathukaarkk priyappettathaayitheerum cheythu-ellaathinumupari, vaasasthalam srishtikkunnathu polum niyamavirudhamaayirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte randaam moonnaam bhagam vare kareebiyanile dutch kolanikal apoorvamaayi thudarnnu. bahamasileyum floridayileyum parambaraagatha swakaarya aankarejukalkkoppam, dutch vestt india kambani 1626-ll vadakke american pradhana bhoopradeshathe nyoo aamstardaamilum 1634-ll veneswela vadakkan theerathu caribean madhyathil sthithicheyyunna oru dveepaaya kurakoyilum oru "factory" (vaanijya pattanam) sthaapichu, athu oru pradhana samudra crostodukalaayi maarunnathin thikachum sajjamaayirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandile prathisandhiyum colonial prathyaaghaathangalum.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil caribean veendum vidoora europile sambhavangalaal roopappettu. dutch netherlants, france, spain, vishudha roman saamrajyam ennivarkkaayi, germmaniyil nadanna muppath varshathe yuddham, europile avasaanathe valia mathayudham, shaamam, playg, pattini ennivayude pottippurappedalaayi adhapathichu, athu germmaniyile janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu muthal pakuthi vare kollukayum cheythu. europian pradhana bhoopradeshathe yudhangalil oru keniyum ozhivakkiya englandu swantham vinashakaramaaya aabhyantharayudhathinu irayaayi, athu loard protector olivar cromvellinteyum addehathinte raundu head sainyathinteyum hraswavum ennaal krooravumaaya purittan sainika svechaadhipathyathinu (1649-1660) kaaranamaayi. 1648ll muppath varshathe yuddham avasaanichathode ellah europian mahaashakthikalilum spain saambathikamaayum sainikamaayum ettavum mosham avasthayilaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode spaanishukaarude saambathika sthithi valare moshamaayitheernathinaal philipp naalaaman raajaavinte paapparayathum phalapradamallaathathumaaya habsburg sarkkaarinethire oru valia kalapam aarambhichu. 1625-1665) oduvil spanish kireedatthinte raktharookshithamaaya prathikaaratthiloode maathram athu adichamarthappettu. ithu philipp naalaamane kooduthal janapriyamaakkiyilla.
ennaal pazhaya lokathile duranthangal puthiya lokath avasarangal valarthi. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal speyininte niravadhi durithangal kaaranam spanish saamraajyathinte kolanikal moshamaayi avaganikkapettu. pathittaandukalude europian yudhathinu sesham anubhavicha freebooterukalum svakaaryakkaarum, thangalude puthiya loka kolanikalil kooduthal shradha tirikkaan kazhiyaathavidham swantham prashnangalekkurichu ashankaakularaaya europian sarkkaarukalude cheria edapedalukalode, eathaandu prathirodhamillaatha spanish vaasasthalangal eluppathil kollayadikkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu. europile araajakathvathil ninnum saambathika avasarangalude abhaavathil ninnum aalukal palayanam cheythathinaal kudiyettatthil valia vardhanavu undaayathode spanish ithara kolanikal caribean mekhalayiludaneelam valarukayum vikasikkukayum cheythu. eee puthiya kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum vestt indeesinte valarunna thotta sambadvyavasthayilekku sthirathaamasamaakkiyappol mattullavar kachavadakkaarude jeevitam sweekarichu. athesamayam, 1648leeii westfaaliya udambadi habsburgukalumaayulla enpathu varshathe yuddham (1568-1648) avasaanippichappol dachukaar oduvil speyinil ninnu swathanthraraayi, eee puthiya kolanikalkku aavashyamaaya europian vyapara charakkukal vahichu oru bhagyam nedi. samadhaanaparamaaya vyapaaram svakaaryavalkkaranam pole laabhakaramallayirunnu, pakshe athu surakshithamaaya oru bisinassaayirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, noottaandinte avasaanathil jamaikka eee sthaanam avakaashappedunnathinumbu barbados engleesh vestt indeesinte anaudyogika thalasthaanamaayi maari. eee kaalaghattatthil oru vyaapaariyude swapna thuramukhamaayirunnu barbados. europian charakkukal soujanyamaayi labhyamaayirunnu, dveepinte panchasaara vila premium vilaykk vittu, dveepinte engleesh govarnor apoorvvamaayi maathrame eathenkilum tharatthilulla vaanijya niyanthranangal nadappakkaan shramichulloo. europile panchasaarayude aavasyam avarude thotta adhishtitha sambadvyavasthaye kooduthal nayikkunnathinaal sent kitsileyum nevisileyum engleesh kolanikal saambathikamaayi shakthavum ippol nalla janasamkhyayullathumaayirunnu. engleeshukaar kareebiyanil thangalude aadhipathyam vipuleekarikkukayum 1612ll bermuda, 1632ll antigwa, montseraatt, 1648ll bahaamaasile eluthera ennivayulppede niravadhi puthiya dveepukalil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum eee vaasasthalangal matellaavareyum pole saambathikamaayi svayamparyaapthamallaatha thaarathamyena cheria samoohangalaayi aarambhichu.
1634ll panchasaara valarunna gwadelop dveepukalilum 1635ll martinic lesser antileesilum franchukaar pradhana puthiya kolanikal sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, pathinezhaam noottaandil kareebiyanile franch pravartthanatthinte hridayam tortugayi thudarnnu, svakaaryarkkum bookeneermark kadalkkollakkarkkum hispaniola theerathu kottakettya dweep. hispaniyolayude backie bhaagangalile pradhana franch koolani pettitt-gove vaasasthalamaayi thudarnnu, ithu aadhunika haitti samsthaanamaayi vikasikkunna franch toholdayirunnu. franch svakaaryakkaar appozhum florida thacolcal tent sitti nankoorangal upayogichu florida kadalidukkile spaaniyaardukalude shipping kollayadikkukayum cubayude vadakkan theerathu sealaneukal oodichirunna shipping akramikkukayum cheythu.
pathinezhaam noottaandil dachukaare sambandhichidatholam caribean dveepaaya curesavo englandinte barbados thuramukhathinu thulyamaayirunnu. ellah europian samsthaanangalileyum kappalukalkkayi thurannirikkunna eee valuthum sambannavum nannayi prathirodhikkappettathumaya swatantra thuramukham pukayila, panchasaara, coco ennivaykku nalla vila vaagdaanam cheyyukayum avaa europilekku veendum kayattumathi cheyyukayum puthiya lokathile ellah rajyangalileyum colonicarc pakaramaayi valia alavil nirmmicha charakkukal vilkkukayum cheythu. 1636ll sthirathaamasamaakkiya sintt yoostaashyas dveepil dutch niyantritha randaamathe swatantra thuramukhavum vikasippichirunnu. 1660kalil dachukaarum engleeshukaarum thammilulla thudarchayaaya yudhangal dveepinte sambadvyavasthayeyum thuramukhamenna nilayil abhilashaneeyathayeyum nashippichu. dachukaar sent martin dveepil oru vaasasthalam sthaapikkukayum athu dutch panchasaara thottakkarkkum avarude aafrikkan adimavelakkaarkkum mattoru abhayasthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1648ll sambannamaaya dveepine franchukaarumaayi pakuthiyaayi vibhajikkaan dachukaar sammathichu.
kadalkollayude suvarnakaalam, 1660-1726.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanavum pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkavum (prathyekichu 1706 muthal 1726 vareyulla varshangal) caribean kadalkollayude suvarnna kaalaghattamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kadalkkolla thuramukhangal atlaantik, indian mahaasamudrangalkku chuttumulla pradeshangalil athivega valarcha kaivarichu. koodaathe, eee kaalayalavil ekadesham 2400 purushanmaar nilavil sajeeva kadalkkollakkarayirunnu. speyinile philipp naalaaman rajaavu chaals randaaman rajaavu (aarr. 1665ll naalaamathe vayassil speyinile avasaanathe habsburg rajaavaayi. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil spain oru valia sakthiyenna nilayil thakarchayude oru ghattathilekku praveshichathinaal spanish americaykku sainika samrakshanam kuravaayirunnuvenkilum spanish kireedatthinte sambadvyavasthayile vaanijya nayangalaal athu kurachumaathrame anubhavichirunnulloo. eee edapedalinte abhavavum adimavelakkaarude labhyatha vardhichathinaal velli khanikalil ninnulla ulppaadanathile vardhanavum (panchasaarayude aavasyam caribeanilekku konduvanna adimakalude ennam vardhippichu) spanish amerikkayude bhagyam punarujjeevippikkaan thudangi.
1660 aayappozhekkum englandu, france, dutch netherlants ennivayellaam svanthamaayi puthiya loka colonial shakthikendrangalaayi maari. westfaaliya udambadi oppuvachathinusesham dutch republicinte theevramaaya vaanijya vijayathil ashankaakularaaya englandu dachukaarumaayi vyapara yuddham aarambhichu. engleesh kolanikalum videshikalum thammilulla vyaapaarathin niyamanirmithamaaya paridhikalum engleesh colonial charakkukal engleesh kappalukalil maathram kondupokanamennu aavashyappedunna aadyathe vaanijya naavigeshan niyamavum (1651) pradhana niyamavum (1663) engleesh paarlament pasaki. swatantra vyaapaarathe aashrayichirunna dutch vyaapaarikale nasippikkukayaayirunnu eee niyamangal lakshyamittath. eee vyaapaarayudham adutha irupathiyanchu varshathinullil moonnu anglo-dutch yudhangalilekku nayikkum. athesamayam, fraansile rajaavaaya luis pathinaalaaman (r. 1661ll austriyayude mukhyamanthriyaayirunna kardinal masarinte raajnjiyaaya aante maranathode) oduvil bhooripaksham ettedukkukayum "sann king" nte aakramanathmaka videsanayam vishudha roman saamraajyavumaayulla fraansinte kizhakkan athirthi vipuleekarikkukayenna lakshyathode englandu, dutch republic, vividha jarmman rajyangal, spain enniva ulppedunna sakhyangal marunnathinethire nirantharamaaya yudhathilekku (franco-dutch yudhavum ombathu varshathe yudhavum) nayikkukayum cheythu. churukkatthil, pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasana dashakangalil europe eathaandu nirantharamaaya rajavamsha goodaalochanayum yudhavum moolam nasippikkappettu-kadalkkollakkarkkum swakaarya vyakthikalkkum avarude raktharookshithamaaya vyaapaarathil earppedaan pattiya samayam.
caribean mekhalayil eee rashtreeya anthareeksham colonial gavarnarmaarkk niravadhi puthiya bheeshanikal srishtichu. 1664num 1674num idayil panchasaara dveepaaya sintt yoostaashyas patthu thavana udamasthaavakaasham maatti, engleeshukaarum dachukaarum avide aadhipathyathinaayi poruthi. europile vividha yudhangalkku vidheyamaaya maathrraajyangal avarude kolanikalkku kurachu sainika shakthippeduthalukal nalki, athinaal caribean govarnarmaar thangalude pradeshangal samrakshikkunnathino avarude raajyathinte shathrukkalilekku poraattam kondupokunnathino bookeniyarmaare koolippadayaalikalaayum svakaaryathaarangalaayum kooduthalaayi upayogichu. achadakkamillaathathum athyagrahamullathumaaya eee yuddha naaykkale niyantrikkaan avarude sponsermaarkku palappozhum budhimuttaayirunnu ennathil athishayikkanilla.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, kareebiyanile mahathaaya spanish pattanangal abhivridhi prapikkaan thudangi, spain mandagathiyilullathum anuyojyavumaaya veendedukkal nadatthaan thudangi, pakshe speyininte prasnangal kaaranam sainikamaayi moshamaayi prathirodhikkappettu, athinaal chilappol kadalkkollakkarkkum svakaaryakkaarkkum eluppamulla irakalaayirunnu. europil englandu thanne valia shakthiyaayi uyarnnukondirunnathil kareebiyanil engleesh saannidhyam vikasichukondirunnu. 1655ll speyinil ninnu pidicheduttha jamaikka dweep englandu ettedukkukayum portt royalinte pradhana vaasasthalam spanish saamraajyathinte madhyathilulla oru puthiya engleesh bukkaneer abhayakendramaayi maarukayum cheythu. caribean bhaashayile engleesh saannidhyathinte hridayamaayi sent kittukalkkoppam jamaika pathiye parivartthanam cheyyappettu. athe samayam gwadelopinteyum martinikkinteyum franch lesser aantilees kolanikal kareebiyanile franch shakthiyude pradhana kendrangalaayi thudarnnu, athupole thanne vardhichuvarunna labhakaramaaya panchasaarathottangal kaaranam ettavum sambannamaaya franch swathukkalil onnaayi. franchukaar padinjaaran hispaniolaykku chuttum, avarude parambaraagatha kadalkkolla thuramukhamaaya tortgayilum hispaniolan thalasthaanamaaya pettitt-govilum swakaarya shakthikendrangal nilanirtthi. caribean franch kolanikalkku panchasaarathottangal praadhamika vyavasaayamaayi maariyappol, hispaniyolayude padinjaaran pakuthiyil franchukaar avarude vaasasthalangal kooduthal vipuleekarikkukayum leogaine, portt-dii-pikes enniva sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil europe yudhavum nirantharamaaya nayatantra goodaalochanayum kondu sambannamaayi thudarnnu. france appozhum prabalashakthiyaayirunnu, pakshe ippol spanish pinthudarchaavakaashatthinte yudhathil kadalilum karayilum oru valia shakthiyaayi uyarnnuvanna englandumaayi (1707 nuu sesham grettu brittan) oru puthiya ethiraaliyumaayi poraadendivannu. ennaal pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil amerikkayile kadalkkollakkarudeyum kadalkkollakkarudeyum kollayum muppath varshathe yudhathil germmaniyile samanamaaya koolippadayaalikaludeyum kollayadikkalum europile bharanadhikaarikaleyum sainika nethaakkaleyum padippichathu rajaavinum rajyathinum vendi pooraadunnathinekkaal labhathinaayi pooraadunnavarkku palappozhum avar kollayadicha pradeshatthinte praadeshika sambadvyavasthaye nasippikkaan kazhiyumennu, eee saahacharyathil muzhuvan caribean. athesamayam, nirantharamaaya yuddham aagola colonial yudhathinte aavasyangal niravettunnathinaayi valia sainyangalum valia naavikasenakalum vikasippikkaan mahaashakthikale nayichu. 1700 aayappozhekkum, svakaaryarude sahaayathe aashrayikkaathe vestt indeesileyum americayileyum pradhana kolanikale mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkaan europian raajyangalkk mathiyaya sainikarum kappalukalum undaayirunnu. ithu svakaaryathayude sikshayum athu kachavadakkaaranu nalkia eluppamulla (manoharavum niyamaparavumaaya) jeevithavum vyakthamaakkunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthinte backie bhaagangalil spain oru durbalashakthiyaayi thudarnnenkilum, 1730 nuu sesham valia thothil kadalkkollakkar aprathyakshamaayi, portt royal, jamaikka aasthaanamaayulla oru puthiya britiish royal nevi schwadron koosta garda (engleeshil koost gaard) ennariyappedunna spanish meyinil ninnu kappal kayarunna oru cheria koottam spanish svakaaryakkaarum kadalil ninnu pinthudarnnu. vestt indeesil ippol sthiramaaya sainika seena nilayurappichirikkunnathu, maarkk aksharangal labhikkunnath budhimuttaayirunnu.
saambathikamaayi, pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanavum pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkavum caribean pradeshathe niyanthrichirunna ellah rajyangalkkum valarnnuvarunna sambathinteyum vyaapaarathinteyum samayamaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare chila kadalkkollakal ellaayppozhum nilanilkkumenkilum, bhaviyil caribean sambathinaayulla paatha samadhaanaparamaaya vyapaaram, pukayila, arrie, panchasaara ennivayude valarcha, britiish naavigeshan niyamangalum spanish vaanijya niyamangalum ozhivaakkunnathinulla kallakkadathu ennivayiloodeyaanu. pathinettaam noottaandode bahamakal britteeshukaarude puthiya colonial athirthiyaayi maari. nassaavu thuramukhathe republic oof pairetts avasaanathe kadalkkollakkaarude abhayakendrangalilonnaayi maari. 1638ll oru engleesh kadalkkollakkaran sthaapicha honduraasile beleesil muun spanish pradeshathu oru cheria britiish koolani polum roopappettirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kareebiyanile franch colonial saamrajyam ganyamaayi valarnnilla. panchasaara dveepukalaaya gwadaloop martinum franch lesser aantilisinte eratta saambathika thalasthaanangalaayi thudarnnu, ippol janasamkhyayilum samriddhiyilum engleeshile ettavum valia caribean kolanikalkku thulyamaayirunnu. tortugayude praadhaanyam kurayaan thudangiyirunnuvenkilum franch panchasaarathottangal aaa dveepinte padinjaaran theerathu vyaapichukidakkunnathil fraansile hispaniolan vaasasthalangal aafrikkan adimakalude pradhana irakkumathikkaaraayi maarukayayirunnu, ithu aadhunika rajyamaaya haithiyude kendramaayi maari.
oru yugathinte avasaanam.
caribean kadalkollayude thakarcha koolippadayaalikalude upayogam kurayunnathinum europile deseeya sainyathinte uyarchaykkum samaantharamaayirunnu. muppath varshathe yudhathinte avasaanathethudarnnu europil samsthaanathinte nerittulla shakti vikasichu. sainyangale chittappeduthukayum nerittulla samsthaana niyanthranathinu keezhil konduvarikayum cheythu; padinjaaran europian raajyangalude naavikasena vipuleekarikkukayum kadalkollaye cherukkunnathinaayi avarude dauthyam vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. europian jalathil ninnu kadalkkolla illaathaakkal 1600 muthal caribean vare vyaapichu, kareebiyanil 124 ennam varunna royal neval kappalukalude vipuleekaranathode 1718 aayappozhekkum. mattu colonial sakthikal taamasiyaathe pinthudarnnu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil france, spain, america ennee raajyangalkk caribean kappalukal nilayurappichu. 
niravadhi europian sarkkarukal kadalkollaye cherukkaan sramangal nadatthi; 1717-ll, grettu brittan paarlament 1717 gathagatha niyamam pasaki, ithu kuttavaalikale vadakke amerikkayile brittanile kolanikalilekku englandilum veyilsilum shikshikkappettavarko parichayamullavarkko shikshayaayi karar cheytha sevakar aayi kondupokunnathinu oru niyantritha, bandhita samvidaanam sthaapichu. kadalkkollakkaaranenna kuttatthinu kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethiyathin vadhasiksha sthireekarikkunna kadalkollaye adichamarthunnathumaayi bandhappettathaan niyamathile ezhaam vakupp. kadalkollaye adichamarthunnathumaayi bandhapetta vishalamaaya europian nayangalkk anusrithamaayirunnu eee niyamam.
caribean kadalkkollakkarkkethiraaya vardhichuvarunna adichamarthalukalkkidayil, 1713-ll spanish pinthudarchaavakaasha yudhathinte avasaanathinum 1720-oode eee mekhalayile kadalkkolla oru hrasvamaaya punarujjeevanathinu saakshyam vahichu, kaaranam yudhathinushesham naavikarude micham vethanathilum thozhil saahacharyangalilum kuravundaakkiyappol thozhilillaatha niravadhi kadalkkollakkar kadalkkollayilekku neengi. athesamayam, yuddham avasaanippicha utrekt udambadiyude nibandhanakalilonnu grettu brittante southu zee kambanikku spanish kolanikalkku aafrikkan adimakale nalkunnathinaayi muppath varshathe karar nalki, ithu britiish vyaapaarikalkkum kallakkadathukaarkkum amerikkayile parambaraagathamaayi adacha spanish vipanikalilekku nuzhanjukayaraanum muzhuvan pradeshathinum saambathika punarujjeevanathilekku nayikkanum avasaram nalki. punarujjeevippicha eee caribean vyapaaram kadalkollayude oru puthiya tharamgathinu sambannamaaya puthiya pickingukal nalki. eee samayat caribean kadalkollayude vardhanavinu kaaranamaayath spain kaampechile britiish maram kondulla vaasasthalam thakarkkukayum 1715 ll thekkan bahaamakalil ninnu velli vahichu puthuthayi mungiya spanish nidhi kappalinte aakarshanangalum aayirunnu.
kadalkollayude avasaanathe valia punarujjeevanathinu kadalkkollakkarodu europian colonial shakthikalude manobhaavathil maattam vannu. ithu orikkal oru cheria kuttakrithyamaayi kaanapettirunnu, prathikalum thelivukalum aupachaarika nadapadikalkkaayi europilekku thirike kondupoyaal maathrame shikshikkaavoo. ippol, britiish paarlament niyama nadapadikal nadappilakkaan kolanikalil ezhu kammeeshanarmaare niyamichu vais-admiraltti kodathikalude samvidaanam earppeduthi. sivilian jadjimark pakaram praadeshika kadalkkollakkarodu oru nischitha pakshapaatham ithinakam thanne pulartthiyirunna naavika, colonial udyogastharil ninnaan eee kammeeshanarmaare thiranjedutthathu. kadalkkollakkaarkk puthiya kodathikalil praathinidhyam nalkiyirunnilla, athinaal palappozhum thookkilettappettu. 1716num 1726num idayil ekadesham 400 muthal 600 vare kadalkkollakkaare vadhichu. oraalude kappal kadalkkollakkar aakramichaal, oraal thirichadikkukayum avarude kappal pidichedukkunnathine cherukkaan sramikkukayum venam, angane cheythaal avarkk aarumaasathe thadavu labhikkumennaayirunnu mattoru pradhana manobhaava maattam.
kareebiyanile kadalkkollakkarodu rajakeeya manobhaavam valare kadinamaayi valarnnathode, palarum kadalkkolla ippozhum labhakaramaaya vyaapaaramaayirikkaavunu lokathinte pradeshangalilekku palayanam cheythu. caribean kappalil sanjaricha ettavum vijayakaramaya kadalkkollakkaranaaya black bart, barthalomeo roberts, oduvil 1722-ll aafrikkayilekku madangi. caribean suvarnna kaalaghattatthil ninnu vijayikkatha mattu kadalkkollakkar vadakkott amerikkayilekku palayanam cheyyaan shramichu. blackbirdinte koottaaliyaaya sted boonnet atlaantik theerathu kappalukal kollayadikkaan thudangiyirunnuvenkilum 1718-ll thekkan carolina theerathu pidichedutthu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kadalkollayude eee punarujjeevanam kareebiyanil europian naavikasenayudeyum theerasamrakshana senayudeyum saannidhyam vipuleekarikkunnathuvare maathrame nilaninnulloo. kadalkollayude eee yugathinte avasaanathil nirnaayakamaayath kadalkkollakkaarude avasana caribean surakshita thaavalam nassavuvile nashtappeduka ennathaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathile prashastha kadalkkollakkar oru suvarnna kachavada yugathinte poornnamaayum niyamavirudhamaaya avashishtangalaayirunnu, avarude thiranjeduppukal pettennulla viramikkalilo aathyanthikamayi pidichedukkalilo maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. svakaaryathaykkulla shramangalude peril engleesh kireedatthaal naitt padavi nalkappedukayum jamaikkayude lefttanant govarnore niyamikkukayum cheytha welshman henry morgante muun udaaharanavumaayi ithu thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vadakke amerikkayude kizhakkan, gulf theerangalilum kareebiyanilum kadalkkolla veendum vardhichu. 1810kalil texassileyum louisianayileyum thante abhayakendrangalil ninnu kareebiyanilum american jalathilum pravarthichukondirunna oru kadalkkollakkaran/svakaaryakkaaranaayirunnu jeane laaphit. ennaal 1820num 1835num idayil american, caribean jalangalil noorukanakkinu kadalkkollakkar akramanam nadathiyathaayi us naavikasenayude rekhakal soochippikkunnu. laattin american swaathanthryasamarakal speyinilum meksikoo, columbia, mattu puthuthayi swathanthramaaya laattin american raajyangalile viplava sarkkaarukalilum svakaaryathayude vyapakamaaya upayogathinu kaaranamaayi. swaathanthryasamarangalil polum thangalude maarkk kathukalude nibandhanakal paalikkunnathil eee svakaaryakkaar apoorvvamaayi maathrame shradhichirunnulloo, aaa samgharshangal avasaanichu valarekkalam kazhinjum caribean kadalkkollakkaare nerittu baadhikkunnath thudarnnu.
1846-leeii meksikkan-american yudhasamayathu, yunaittad stetts naavikasena shakthavum vestt indeesile kadalkkollakkaarude bheeshani illaathaakkaan paryapthavumaaya ennathil valarnnu. 1830-kalode kappalukal neeravi propulsionilekku marran thudangi, athinaal kappal yaathrayude yugavum kareebiyanile kadalkkollakkaarekkurlakkurir classical ashayavum avasaanichu. kadalkkollaykk samaanamaayi svakaaryatha, eathaanum pathittaandukal koodi yudhathile oru swathaayi thudarukayum american aabhyantharayudhathinte naavika pracharanangalil kurachu praadhaanyamundennu theliyikkukayum cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil paarees prakhyapanam undaakunnathuvare svakaaryatha europian raajyangaludeyum navjata yunaittad stetsinteyum oru upakaranamaayi thudarnnu. ennaal sarkkarukal maarkk kathukal valare mithamaayi nalkukayum samgharshangal avasaanichaaludan avasanippikkukayum cheythu. athirukalkkapuramulla samadhaanam illa" enna ashayam pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum kooduthal sthirathaamasamaakkiya oru avashishtamaayirunnu.
kadalkollayude niyamangal.
kadalkkollakkaarude kappalile karyangal valare janadhipathyaparavum aadhunika niyamangal prathifalippikkunna "perumaattachattangal" undaayirunnu. eee niyamangalil chilath vasthradhaaranam, sthreekal illa, chila kappalukalkk pukavali illaayirunnu. niyamangal, avaa lamghikkunnathinulla shiksha, thaamasikkanulla krameekaranangal enniva polum purappedunnathinu munbu kappalil pookunna ellaavarkkumidayil theerumaanikkappedum, ithu europian yudhakkappalukalilum vyaapaarikalilum ulla karsanamaaya niyamangalum nadapadikramangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valare amoorthamaaya prakriyayayirunnu. amerikkayile europian colonial samoohathil ninnu kooduthal vyathyasthamayi, kadalkkollakkaarude kappalile vamseeya vibhagangal saadhaaranayaayi anjjaathamaayirunnu, chila sandarbhangalil aafrikkan vamshajaraaya kadalkkollakkar kappalukalude captanmaaraayi sevanamanushtichu. kappal kappal thuramukhathu ninnu purappedunnathinu munbu earppedenda mattoru pravartthanam muzhuvan crewilleyum aareyum ottikkodukkillenn prathijnjayedukkukayum oro kroo amgathinum labhikkuna laabhathinte sathamaanam nirnnayikkunna kappalinte lekhanam ennariyappedunnathil oppidukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu.
koodaathe, kadalkkollakkar thammilulla abhiprayavyathyaasangal theerumaanikkunnathinulla chila vazhikal aadya rakthapatham vare pooraaduka allengil kooduthal gurutharamaaya kesukalil oru vyakthiye janavaasamillaatha dveepil upekshikkuka, avare 39 thavana chaattavaaradi adikkuka allengil thokkukondu vadikkuka ennivayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, janakeeya vishwaasam undaayirunnittum, kadalkkollakkar thammilulla tharkkangal pariharikkan "plank nadatthuka" enna shiksha orikkalum upayogichilla. ennirunnaalum, kappal kyapttan, quarter maasttar, kappalinte bharanasamithi, saadhaarana crumar ennivarkkidayil oru kadalkkollakkaarude crewill adhikara vibhajanam undaayirunnu; ennaal yudhathil kadalkkollakkaarude kyapttan ellaayppozhum ellah adikaaravum aathyanthika theerumaanamedukkaanulla adikaaravum nilanirtthi. pidicheduttha sambathu oharikalaayi vibhajikkaanulla samayam vannappol, oro rankileyum vyakthikk saadhaaranayaayi labham thaazhepparayunna reethiyil nalkiyirunnu kyapttan (5-6 oharikal), quartermaster (2 oharikal), cruman (1 ohari), juuniyar sthaanathulla vyakthikal (oru ohari).
aadyakaala, suvarnakaala kadalkkollakkar.
jeane fluory.
vattevilleyil janichathum kappal udama jeane aangoyude dhanasahaayathodeyullathumaaya franch swakaarya jeane fluory speyininte shathruvaayirunnu. 1522ll addeham ezhu spanish kappalukal pidichedutthu. oru varshathinusesham montesumayude astec nidhiyude bhooribhaagavum courtus kettukadhayaaya kolla spainilekku thirike ayacha moonnu gaaliyanukalil randennam pidicheduttha sesham addehathinte kaikalilekku veenu. 1527ll addeham pidikkappedukayum vishudha roman chakravarty chaals vii. addehathinu valare nannayi sajjeekaricha oru kappal undaayirunnu.
francois leeii clerk.
1551ll henry randaaman sthaanamurappicha oru sakthanaaya svakaaryakkaaranaayirunnu francois leeii clerk (jambe dii bois ennum vilipperulla). 1552ll leeii clerk porto saanto kollayadichu. oru varshathinusesham, addeham ayiram aalukale orumippikkukayum thante leftanantmaaraaya jackwus dii sooras, roobert blondell ennivarumaayi chernnu kareebiyanil nasham vithakkukayum cheythu. avar saanto domingo thuramukham kollayadikkukayum kathikkukayum fraansilekkulla madakkayaathrayil kaanari dveepukalile laas pamakal kollayadikkukayum cheythu. 1554ll addeham mattoru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkukayum santiago dii cuba kollayadikkukayum cheythu.
black beard.
1680ll englandil edward hatch, teach, drummond ennee perukalil janicha addeham vadakke amerikkayude kizhakkan theerathu, prathyekichu bahaamaasil kadalkkolla nadathunnathinidayil, vadakkan carolinayil oru thaavalamundaayirunnu. addehathinte kadalkkolla vijayathin samaanamaayi vichitramaaya roopathinu addeham sradhikkappettu, yudhathil blackbird thoppikkadiyil kathikkunna slow-maachu (peeranki vekkaan upayogikkunna oru tharam pathukke kathunna fuse) sthaapichu; theeyum pukayum kondu mukham pollalettathinaal, addehathinte irakal addeham narakatthil ninnulla oru bheeruthwamulla prethatheppoleyaanenna avakashappettu. blackbirdinte kappalin addeham peritta irunooru tonn, naalpat thokku frigate aayirunnu.
addehathe pidikoodunnathinaayi prathyekamaayi ayacha britiish royal nevi schwadroninte kaikalilaanu blackbird antharichathu. angeyattam raktharookshithamaaya oru boarding nadapadiykku sesham, schwadronile britiish commanding offeesaraaya lefttanant roobert mainard thante jeevanakkaarude sahaayathode addehathe vadhichu. aithihyamanusarichu, blackbirdinu north karolinayile okrakokku theerathu vachu marikkunnathin munbu motham anchu vediyundakalkkum oru katlas upayogichu irupathu murivukalkkum vidheyanaayi.
henry morgan.
pathinezhaam noottaandile ettavum vinashakaramaaya kadalkkollakkaarude captanmaaril oraalaayirunnu wellsman henry morgan. morgan ellaayppozhum oru kadalkkollakkaaranalla, marichu oru svakaaryakkaaranaayi svayam kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum, addehathinte niravadhi aakramanangalkk yadhaartha niyamaparamaaya nyaayeekaranam undaayirunnilla, avaa kadalkkollayayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ippol haiti raajyam ennariyappedunna theerathu aduthide kandethiya kyapttan morgante "30-kaanon ookku kappalukalil" onnaanith, ithu bukkaneerine addehathinte samrambhangalil sahayichathaayi karuthappedunnu. kyapttan morgante aasthaanathinu peruketta mattoru caribean pradesham portt royal, jamaikka aayirunnu. dheeran cruren dheeranumaaya oru manushyanaaya morgan muppath varshatholam englandinte shathrukkalumaayi pooraadukayum thante saahasikathayude kaalayalavil valare sambannanaayitheerukayum cheythu. morgante ettavum prashasthamaaya chooshanam 1670-nte avasaanathil 1700 bukkaneermaare mahamari chaggers nadiyilekkum thudarnnu madhya american kaattiloodeyum "abhedyamaaya" panaama nagaratthe akramikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythappozhaanu. morgante aalukal nagaram kathichu, nivaasikal kollappedukayo palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakukayo cheythu. panaama nagaram kathichathu morganu valia saambathika nettamundaakkiyillenge, athu spanish sakthikkum caribean mekhalayile abhimaanathinum aazhathilulla praharamaayirunnu, morgan englandile aaa kaalaghattatthile naayakanayi maari. thante kariyarinte unnathiyilirikke, morgane engleesh kireedavakaashiyaaya prabhuvayi prakhyapikkukayum jamaikkayile oru valia panchasaarathottatthil lephttanant govarnoraayi thaamasikkukayum cheythu. morgan thante kidakkayil vachu sambannanum bahumaanikkappedunnathumaayu nilayil marichu-kadalkkollakkar addehathinte calatho mattethenkilum calatho apoorvvamaayi maathrame nediyirunnulloo.
barthalomeo roberts.
barthalomeo roberts allengil black bart 400 oolam kappalukal mungunnathilo pidichedukkunnathilo kollayadikkunnathilo vijayichu. akkaalathe mikka kadalkkollakkarkkum captanmaareppole addeham athu cheyyaan valare akarshakanaayirunnu. 1719 februvariyil ginia ulkkadalil addeham thante freebooting currier aarambhichu, appol howell davinte kadalkkollakkar addehathinte kappal pidichedukkukayum addeham avarodoppam cherukayum cheythu. captanaayi uyarnna addeham vegathil caribean pradeshathe 1722 vare vettayaadi. "bhagyam", "bhagyam" allengil "rajakeeya bhagyam" ennu peritta niravadhi valia, shakthavum saayudhavumaaya kappalukalkk addeham neethrthwam nalki. addehathinte kappalukalile rashtreeya anthareeksham pankaalitthatthe aashrayichirunna oru janaadhipathya roopamaayirunnu; athil addehathinte kappalilulla ellaavarum uyarnnuvarunna vishayangalil vottu cheyyanamenna niyamamundayirunnu. barbadosinteyum martinikkinteyum govarnarmaar addehathe pidikoodaanulla sramangal addehathinte kopam vardhippichu; puthuthayi pidicheduttha oru kappalil maarttinikkinte govarnore kandappol roberttukal aaa manushyane muttathu thookkiyidukayaayirunnu. 1722 februvariyil roberttukal aafrikkayilekku madangiyethi, avide oru naavika yudhathil addeham kollappedukayum avidevechu addehathinte samghathe pidikoodukayum cheythu.
amaro pargo.
oru svakaaryakkaaranenna nilayil addeham cadisinum caribean edayilulla pathayil aadhipathyam pulartthi, niravadhi avasarangalil spanish kireedatthinte shathrukkalude (pradhaanamaayum englandum holland) kappalukale akramikkukayum, oru naayakanenna nilayil addehathinte kaalath amgeekaaram nedukayum "francis drakinu thulyanaaya spanish" aayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu. spanish kireedatthinum rajyathinumulla sevanathinte peril 1725ll addehathe caballero hidalgo aayi prakhyapikkukayum 1727ll prabhukkanmaarudeyum rajakeeya aayudhangaludeyum certification nedukayum cheythu. amaro pargo kareebiyanil, prathyekichu addehathinu pingaamikalulla cuba dveepil patthu varsham thaamasichu. thante vyapaaravum kollayum kaaranam addeham thante kaalath valare sambannanaaya oru vyakthiyayi maari.
sted boonnet.
orupakshe caribean kappal yaatra cheytha ettavum kuranja yogyathayulla kadalkkollakkaranaaya captanaaya boonnet kappalyathrayekkurichu onnum ariyaatha oru panchasaara thottakkaaranaayirunnu. 1717ll barbadosil ninnu oru sayudha sloop vaangukayum bharyayil ninnu rakshappedaan orupakshe vethanathinaayi oru kadalkkollakkaarane niyamikkukayum cheythaanu addeham kadalkkollakkar aarambhichath. blackbirdinu keezhilulla adikaaram nashtappettu addeham addehathodoppam koottaaliyaayi kappal yaatra cheythu. boonnet hraswakaalathekku thante captancy veendeduthenkilum 1718-ll southu carolina upayogichirunna oru swakaarya kappal addehathe pidikoodi.
chaals vaane.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil pala kadalkkollakkareyum pole chaals vaanum bahaamaasile nassaavuvil ninnaan pravarthichathu. 1718ll rogarmar nassaavil govarnor padavi urappichappol woods rogarukale cherukkia eaka kadalkkollakkaran addehamaayirunnu, oru fayar kappal upayogichu rogarmaarude schwadronine akramikkukayum puthiya govarnorude rajakeeya mapp sweekarikkunnathinuparam thuramukhathu ninnu puratthekku pookukayum cheythu. naayakasthaanatthu ninnu vaane purathaakkiya calico jacq raakhaam aayirunnu vaaninte quarter maasttar. vaane oru puthiya kadalkkollakkaarude samgham aarambhichuvenkilum 1721ll addehathe pidikoodi jamaikkayil thookkiletti.
edward loow.
edward-allengil nedu-loow ettavum krooravum krooravumaaya kadalkkollakkaril oralaayi kuprasidhanaayirunnu. landanil ninnu, jorjju lotherinte leftanantaayi addeham aarambhichu, svanthamaayi aakramikkunnathin munbu. oru kadalkkollakkaaranenna nilayil addehathinte currier verum moonnu varsham neenduninnu, eee kaalayalavil addeham nooriladhikam kappalukal pidichedutthu, adhehavum samghavum noorukanakkinu aalukale kollukayum peedippikkukayum amgavaikalyam varuthukayum cheythu. 1724ll loow urangikkidanna oru keezhudhyogasthane kolappeduthiyappol swantham samghaamgangal kalapam nadathiyathinethudarnnu, oru franch kappal addehathe rakshappeduthi martinic dveepil thookkiletti.
aan bony meriyum vaayichu.
aan bony merii reed pathinettaam noottaandile kuprasiddha vanita kadalkkollakkarayirunnu; iruvarum calico jacq rakkaminte neethrthwathil avarude hraswa kadal-roving currier chelavazhichu. blackbird, vilyam kid, barthalomeu sharp, barthalomeu roberts ennee mattu ariyappedunna kadalkkollakkarumaayum avar bandhappettirunnathayi ariyappedunnu. kadalkkollakkaarkk valare asaadhaaranamaaya avarude laingikathayude perilaanu avar pradhaanamaayum ariyappedunnathu, ithu 1720 october jaamaikayile avarude vichaaranaye samvedanaathmakamaakkaan sahayichu. kroovinte kaunsilukalil saakshikale kollunnathinu anukoolamaayi avar samsaarichathaayum, adhehavum kroo amgangalum madyapichirunnappol kappalile nuzhanjukayattakkaarumaayi pooraadiyathinum avar kooduthal kuprasiddhi nedi. racam, aan, merii ennivarulppede ellah crewineyum portt royalinu sameepamulla oru spanish pattanatthil vichaarana cheythu ennathaanu avarude aithihyathinte moolakkallu. racamineyum samghatheyum thookkilettiyenkilum jadji anneyum meriyeyum vadhashikshaykk vidhichappol avarkk enthengilum parayaanundo ennu addeham chodichu. "pavam, njangal njangalude vayarinodu apekshikkunnu", athaayath avar garbhinikalaanennu avar urappichu. janikkaatha oru kutty kollan oru engleesh kodathikkum adhikaaramillaathathinaal jadji avarude vadhasiksha udan thanne maattivachu. kuttiyude jananathinu munbu panii baadhichu jayilil vachu reed marichu. aanne vadhikkappettathinte rekhakalonnumilla, avalude sambannanaaya pithaav mochanadravyam nalki avale veettilekku kondupoyi ennu abhyoohamundaayirunnu; avalkk sambhavichathinekkurichula mattu vivaranagalil aval kadalkkollayilekku madangukayo kanyaasthreeyaakukayo cheythathayi ulppedunnu.
swakaarya.
kareebiyanil niyamaparavum sarkkar utharavukalullathumaaya kadalkkollaykk svakaaryakkaarude upayogam prathyekichum janapriyamaayirunnu. kolanikale samrakshikkunnathinaayi oru kappalpadaye paripalikkunnathinulla chelavu 16,17 noottaandukalile deseeya sarkkaarukalkk atheethamaayirunnu. swakaarya kappalukal oru yadhaartha 'naavikasena' yilek kammeeshan cheyyappedum, oru maarkk lettar, shatru kappalukalil ninnum vaasasthalangalil ninnum pidichedukkaan kazhiyunnathinte ganyamaaya vihitam nalki, bakkiyullava kireedatthilekku pookum. eee kappalukal swathanthramaayi allengil oru kappalppadayayi pravartthikkum, avaa vijayakaramaanengil prathiphalangal valare valuthayirikkum-1523-ll jeane fluory addehathinte aalukalum courtasinte kappalukal pidichedutthappol, avarkk sookshikkaan anuvadicha avishwasaneeyamaaya oru astec nidhi kandethi. pinneedu, 1573-ll francis drake spanish "silver train" nombre dii dios (akkaalathe panaamayude caribean thuramukham) pidichedutthappol addehathinte jeevanakkar aajeevanantha sambannaraayirunnu. dutch vestt india kambanikkaayi 12 dasalaksham gildermaarude labham nediya 1628-ll peett heyne ithu aavarthichu. eee ganyamaaya labham oru saadhaarana bisinesses laininte svakaaryatha undaakki; sambannaraaya bisinasukaarum prabhukkanmaarum oru oharikku pakaramaayi eee niyamavidheyamaaya kadalkkollaykk dhanasahayam nalkaan thikachum thayyarayirikkum. pidicheduttha saadhanangalude vilppana colonial sambadvyavasthaykkum uthejanam nalki. franch, engleesh, spanish, dutch, porchugees ennivayaayirunnu akkaalathum eee pradeshathum pravarthichirunna pradhana saamraajyathva rajyangal. oro rajyathuninnumulla swakaarya udyogastharkkellaam mattu raajyangalude kappalukale, prathyekichu mattu shakthikalkkidayil pankitta shathruvaaya speyinine akramikkaan utharavittu.
pathinezhaam noottaandode kadalkollayum svakaaryathayum sveekaaryamallaatha perumattamaayi maari, prathyekichu pala svakaaryakkaarum poornnamaayi valarnna kadalkkollakkarayi mariyathinaal avar sambaadicha laabhathinte oru bhagam avarude thozhil raajyathekku thirike nalkendathilla. govarnor nicolas trott, govarnor benchamin fletcher ennivarulppede niravadhi udyogasthare varshangalayi neekkam cheiyunnathilekku azhimathi nayichu. sajeevamaaya kadalkkollakkareyum azhimathikkaraaya svakaaryathaarangaleyum sarkkarukal kandethukayum niruthsaahappeduthukayum cheytha oru maarggam kadalkkollakkaarude kappalukalil ninnu labhikkuna muzhuvan allengil mikka sambathum kaikkooli nalki, oru nischitha prathiphalathodoppam kaikkooli nalkappetta "kadalkkollakkaarude vettakkaare" upayogichathiloodeyaayirunnu. ettavum prashasthanaaya kadalkkollakkaran kyapttan vilyam kid aayirunnu, addeham 1695-ll thante niyamajeevithatthinte unnathiyilethiyenkilum pinneedu niyamaviruddha kadalkollayude nettangal kaanukayum athu thante puthiya thozhilaakkukayum cheythu.
spanish kolanikalile pathinettaam noottaandile ettavum ariyappedunna swakaarya courseyarukal puerto recoyile mygual enries, saanto domingoyile jose campusano-polanco ennivayaayirunnu. oru puerto rican mulaatto aayirunnu migual entiques, shhoo nirmmathavenna nilayil thante jolie upekshichu oru svakaaryakkaaranaayi jolie cheythu. entikvesinte vijayam enthaayirunnuvenkil addeham puthiya lokathile ettavum dhanikariloralayi maari. spanish kireedatthinte shathrushakthikalude kappalukal kollayadikkumbol kareebiyanil idaykkide vyapaaram nadathunna spanish amaro pargo verittunilkkunnu. amaro pargo kareebiyanil, prathyekichu thanikk pingaamikalulla cuba dveepil, patthu varsham thaamasichu.
kachavadakkaar.
kareebiyanil prathyekamaayi earppettirunna kadalkkollakkaare bukkeniyezhs ennu vilichirunnu. ekadesham paranjaal, avar 1630-kalil ethi, 1730-kalil kadalkollayude phalapradamaaya avasaanam vare thudarnnu. spanish adhikaarikal" avarude bhoomi nashtappedutthukayum oduvil vellakkaar kudiyettakkaare pidikoodukayum cheytha kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu yadhaartha bookeniyarmar. maamsam pukavalikkuka" ennartham varunna franch "bookanar" enna vakkil ninnaan "bukkaneer" enna vaakk yadhaarthathil vannath, kaattupothukale vettayaadunnavar thuranna theeyil maamsam sukhappeduthunnu. avare jeevanode nilanirtthiya kazhivukal avar kadalkkollayilekku maatti. avar spanish ithara kolanikal bhagika pinthunayode pravartthikkukayum pathinettaam noottaand vare avarude pravartthanangal niyamaparamo bhaagikamaayo niyamaparamo aayirunnu, koodaathe ellah rajyangalil ninnum kramarahithamaya anugrahangalum undaayirunnu. mikkavarum bookeneeyarmar mattu kappalukal akramikkukayum spanish udamasthathayilulla vaasasthalangal kollayadikkukayum cheythu.
parambaraagathamaayi kachavadakkaarkku niravadhi savisheshathakalundaayirunnu. avarude samghangal oru janaadhipathyamaayi pravarthichu kyapttane samghaamgangal thiranjedutthu, avarkk addehathe maattisthaapikkaan vottu cheyyaam. kyapttan oru nethaavum poraaliyum aayirikkanam-yudhathil addeham thante aalukalumayi pooraadumennu pratheekshichirunnu, akale ninnu pravartthanangal nayikkukayalla.
kollayadikkapetta saadhanangal thulyamaayi oharikalaayi vibhajikkapettu; udyogastharkku kooduthal oharikal undaayirunnappol, avar kooduthal risk edukkukayo prathyeka kazhivukal pulartthukayo cheythathukondaayirunnu athu. palappozhum jeevanakkar vethanamillaathe-"akkoundil"-kappal yaatra cheyyukayum kollayadikkappedunnathi munbu masangalkkullil kollayadikkukayum cheyyum. kadalkkollakkaarkkidayil sakthamaaya "espritt dii corps" undaayirunnu. ithu avare kadal yudhangalil vijayikkaan anuvadichu avar saadhaaranayaayi valia anupaathathil vyapara kappalukale marikadannu. yudhathile murivukalkk panamo svarnnamo urappunalkunna oru saamoohika insurance samvidaanavum kurachukaalamaayi undaayirunnu.
kadalkkollakkar otappetta dveepukalil nidhi kuzhichidukayum adambara vasthrangal dharikkukayum cheiyunnu enna pranaya sangalppathinu vaasthavathil chila adisthaanangalundaayirunnu. kadalkkollakkaarude sambathu mikathum shekharichathu charadukalude saadhanangal vilkkunnathiloodeyaanu kayarukal, kappalukal, pidicheduttha kappalukalil ninnu neekkam cheytha block aandu tackle.
aavashyamillaathappol (avar akkaalat cheraan sannadharaayirunnillengil) vittayakkappettenkilum (avar akkaalat chernnillaayirunnenkil) chilappol marappanikkaareyo shasthrakriya vidagthareyo polulla vidagthare kurachukaalathekku thangalodoppam kappal kayaran nirbandhikkumaayirunnu ennathaayirunnu bakkaneermaarude oru janaadhipathyavirudhamaaya vasham. oru saadhaarana pavapetta manushyan kadalkkollakkaril cherunnathinupurame mattu chila mikacha thozhil thiranjeduppukal akkaalat undaayirunnu. prashasthi anusarichu, kadalkkollakkaarude samathvavaadam adimakkappalukal ettedukkumbol adimakale mochippikkaan avare nayichu. ennirunnaalum, kadalkkollakkar adimakkappalukalil pidikkapetta adimakale vilkkunnathinekkurich niravadhi vivaranangalund, chilappol kadalkkollakkaarude swantham kappalukale manushyarakkaan sahaayichathin sesham.
yudhathil avar krooramaayi kanakkakkappedukayum (1615-ll kandupidicha) flintlock aayudangalil vidagtharaayi ariyappedukayum cheythuvenkilum iva vishwasaneeyamallaathathinaal 1670-kalkk munbu avaa vyapakamaaya sainika upayogathilayirunnilla.
adima kadalkkollakkar.
pradhaanamaayum aafrikkayile sthalangalil ninnulla niravadhi adimakale thottangalile adimavelaykkaayi caribean kolanikalilekku kayattumathi cheiyukayaayirunnu. 1673 muthal 1798 vareyulla varshangalil adimathathilekku nirbandhitharaakukayum kolanikalilekku ayaykkappedukayum cheythavaril ekadesham 9 muthal 32 sathamaanam vare kuttikalaanu (eee ennam britiish adimakalude kayattumathi maathram pariganikkunnu). kolanikalilekkulla sharashari 12 aazhchathe yaathrayil, puthiya adimakal bhayankaramaaya jeevita saahacharyangal sahichu, athil ezhunnelkkaan kazhiyaathathra cheria idungiya sthalangal, choodulla thaapanila, mosham bhakshanakramam enniva ulppedunnu. rogavum maranavum avare nashippichu. adimakalaayi eduthavaril palarum aabhyantharayudhathinte irakalo thadavukaaro aayirunnu. adimayaayirikkunnathinte pala vashangalum mothatthil kadalkkollakkaarude jeevithashailiyude aakarshanam vardhippichu. pathinezhaam noottaandilum pathinettaam noottaandilum kadalkkolla athinte unnathiyilaayirunnu, swaathanthryathekkurichu athinte pratheekathmaka vyaakhyaanam nannayi sweekarikkappettu. eee amoortha aadarsham adimakaleyum saamraajyathvathinte irakaleyum valare aakarshikkunnu. kadalkkolla vaagdaanam cheiyunna swaathanthryathekkurichu adimakal arian pradhana europian sakthikal aagrahichillengilum "..1715num 1725num idayil sajeevamaayirunna 5000 allengil athil kooduthal kadalkkollakkaril 30 sathamaanavum aafrikkan paarambaryamullavaraayirunnu. oru puthiya jeevithathinteyum swaathanthryathinteyum avasarathodoppam, aafrikkayile thaddesheeya janatha kadalkkollakkaarude samoohathil chernnappol avare samathvathode swaagatham cheythu. pala adimakalum kadalkkollakkarayi maarukayum captaineppole kadalkkollakkappalukal neethrthwathino anthassino oru sthaanam "urappakkukayum" cheythu. kadalkkollakkaarude keezhil "kween aans revenj" enna kappalil sevanamanushticha kadalkkollakkaranaaya karutha seaser, kadalkollayude suvarnna kaalaghattatthile ettavum ariyappedunna adima kadalkkollakkaril oraalaayirunnu, 1724 leeii "pairattukalude pothuvaaya charithram" enna kruthiyil paraamarsikkappettundu.
pathonpathaam noottaandile kadalkkollakkaranaaya roberto coffressi.
ell piratta coffressi" ennariyappedunna roberto cophressic cheruppatthil thanne kappalyathrayil thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. addeham praayapoorthiyaakumbozhekkumbo akkaalat speyininte oru kolaniyaayirunna puerto recoyil chila raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya budhimuttukal undaayirunnu. eee saahacharyathil swaadheenichu 1818-ll addeham oru kadalkkollakkaranaakaan theerumaanichu. swarnam kayattumathi cheiyunnathil shradha kendreekaricha charakk kappalukalkkethire coffressi niravadhi aakramanangalkk neethrthwam nalki. eee samayat addeham amerikkayil ninnulla bottukalil shradha kendreekarichu, praadeshika spanish sarkkar eee pravarthanangalil palathum avaganichu. 1825 march aadyam coffressi yuu. ezz. 'grampasineyum' kyapttante neethrthwathilulla kappalukalude oru kappalineyum vinyasichu. joonn dii. yudhathil thalarnnu. oduvil addeham thante kappal upekshichu pidikkappedunnathinu munbu karayiloode rakshappedaan shramichu. thadavilakkappetta sesham addehathe puerto recoyile saan juvanilekku ayachu, avide oru hraswa sainika vichaaranayil addeham kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethukayum 1825 march 29 nuu adhehatheyum mattu kroo amgangaleyum oru firing squad vadhichu. addehathinte maranashesham addehathinte jeevitam niravadhi kadhakalkkum kettukadhakalkkum prachodanamaayi upayogichu, athu pusthakangaludeyum mattu maadhyamangaludeyum adisthaanamaayi pravarthichu.
boysi singh-irupathaam noottaandile kadalkkollakkaran.
raaja" (raajaavinte hindi vaakk) allengil "boysi" ennu maathram ariyappedunna boysi singh 1908 epril 5 nuu 17 luis street, woodbrook, portt oof spain, sent jorjju kaundi, trinidad, tobago ennividangalil bhagrang singhin (britiish indiayil ninnu trinidadilekkum tobagoilekkum kudiyeriya olichodiya oraal) addehathinte bhaaryaykkum janichu.
kadalkkollayilekkum kolapaathakathilekkum thiriyunnathin munbu oru gundayaayum choothaattakkaaranaayum addehathinu deerghavum vijayakaravumaya oru currier undaayirunnu. 1947 muthal 1956 vare ekadesham patthu varshakkalam adhehavum samghavum trinidad, tobago, yunaittad stetts oof veneswella ennivaykkidayilulla jalathe bhayappedutthi, pinneedu naalaamathe republic oof veneswelayaayi maari. ekadesham 400 perude maranathinu avar utharavaadikalaayirunnu. trinidadil ninnu veniswelayilekku aalukale kondupokumennu avar vaagdaanam cheiyumenkilum vazhiyil addeham thante irakale thokkin munayil kollayadikkukayum kollukayum avare kadalilekku thallukayum cheyyum.
trinidaadileyum tobagoile aalukalkk boysi nannayi ariyappettirunnu. thakartthathinum praveshichathinum addeham oru kuttam vijayakaramaayi marikadannu, ithu thante moonnaamathe cases nashtappettathinu sesham oduvil vadhikkappedunnathinu munbu addehathe naadukadatthunnathilekku nayichu-thante anantharavalude kolapaathakathinu. bhooribhaagam janangalum addehathe bhayappeduthukayum 1950-kalude thudakkathil thilakkamullathum stylishumaaya vasthrangal dharichu spain thuramukhathu gambheeramaayi nadakkaan kaanukayum cheythu. ammamarum, naanikalum, ajeekalum avarude kuttikalkk munnariyipp nalkkum "ningalodu thanne perumaaroo, manushya, allengil aankuttikalude ammayaya goyin gechu, alliyuh!"oru narthakiye, orupakshe addehathinte swantham anantharavalaayirikkaam, kolappeduthiyathinu 1957 august 20nuu spain thuramukhathu vachu boysi singh thookkilettappettu.
21-aamm noottaandile caribean kadalkkolla.
caribean kadalkkolla innum nilanilkkunnu, pradhaanamaayum veneswella, trinidad, gayana, surinam ennividangalile vellathile cheria thothilulla kadalkkolla pravarthanangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku. saambathika prathisandhi allengil mathsyathozhilaalikalude samghangal thammilulla turf yudhangal kaaranam kadalkkollaykk vidheyaraaya mathsyathozhilaalikalaanu eee kadalkkollakkar.
thekkan caribean mekhalayile aadhunikakaala kadalkollayude bhooribhaagavum veneswela saambathika viplavathinte falamaanu. munbu tyoona, chemmeen, njandu, octopus enniva pidichu upajeevanam nadatthiya veneswellen mathsyathozhilaalikalkk saambathika prathisandhi kaaranam eee panamaarggam nashtappedukayum gayana, trinidad theerangalil mathsyathozhilaalikale kadalkkollaykk vidheyaraakkukayum avare kollayadikkukayum mochanadravyathinaayi pidichuvekkukayum cheiyunnu.
gayanayil ninnum surinamil ninnumulla malsaraarthikalude athiraalikalaaya samghangal thammilulla turf yudhangalil ninnaan aadhunika caribean kadalkollayude mattoru pradhana uravidam. 2018 eprilil, gayanese pouranmaaraaya kriss paarsram, rameshwar rupnarin, madrey kishore, david vilyams, ramdev persoud, reey torres, ganesh bihari ennivare surinamil arast cheyyukayum 35 varsham thadavinu shikshikkukayum cheythu, 20 surinamese, gayanese mathsyathozhilaalikale aakramichathinu avare kappalil erinju; naalu perr maathramaan theerathu athichernnathu, baakkiyullavare vellathilekku erinjukalayukayum marichathaayi karuthukayum cheythu. eathaanum aazhchakalkk munbu avarude nethaavine vedivachu konnathinu prathikaaramaayaanu akramanam nadannathennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
janapriya samskaarathil kadalkkolla.
kadalkkollakkaarum kadalkkollakkaarum ulppedunna dhaaraalam kathakalum caribean kadalil nadakkunnu.

