greasinte aadya pershyan adhinivesham

greak-pershyan yudhangalil greasinte aadya pershyan adhinivesham bii. sii. 492ll aarambikkukayum bii. sii. sii maarathan yudhathile nirnnayakamaaya etheniyan vijayathode avasaanikkukayum cheythu. rund vyathyastha akramanangal ulkkollunna eee adhiniveshathinu pershyan rajaavaaya darius dhii grettu praadhamikamaayi ethans, eretriya ennee nagara-samsthaanangale shikshikkunnathinaayi utharavittu. pershyan bharanathinethiraaya kalaapathinidayil eee nagarangal ionia nagarangale pinthunachirunnu, angane daariyasinte kopam undaayi. thante saamrajyam europilekku vyaapippikkaanum athinte padinjaaran athirthi surakshithamakkaanumulla avasaravum darius kandu.
bii. sii. 492-leeii aadya akramanam, mardoniyasinte neethrthwathil, thrays veendum keezhadakkukayum bisi aaram noottaandinte avasaanathil thanne pershyayude oru saamanthanayirunnathinushesham, orupakshe bisi 512-ll, pershyayude poornnamaayum keezhilulla klayant rajyamaayi maxidone nirbandhithamaakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, athos parvvathatthinte theerathu oru kodunkaattil maardoniyasinte kappal thakarnnappol kooduthal purogathi thadanju. adutha varsham, thante uddeshyangal prakadippicha sesham, darius greasinte ellah bhaagangalilekkum ambaasadarmaare ayachu, avare keezhadakkanamennu aavasyappettu. atheens sparta ozhikeyulla mikkavarum ellaavaril ninnum addeham athu sweekarichu, iruvarum ambaasadarmaare vadhichu. ethans ippozhum ethirkkukayum sparta ippol addehavumaayi phalapradamaayi yuddham cheyyukayum cheythathinaal, darius adutha varshathekku kooduthal sainika prachaaranatthinu utharavittu.
bii. sii. 490-ll nadanna randaamathe pershyan akramanam dattikaludeyum artafernukaludeyum keezhilaayirunnu. paryavekshanam aadyam naxos dveepilekku neengukayum athu pidichedukkukayum kathikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu ithu cycladic dveepukalude backie bhaagangalkkidayil dweep-hoopp cheyyukayum oronnum pershyan saamraajyavumaayi kootticherkkukayum cheythu. greesilethiya paryavekshanam eretriyayil ethi, athu uparodhikkukayum kurachu samayathinu sesham pidichedukkukayum cheythu. eretriya nasippikkappedukayum athinte pouranmaare adimakalaakkukayum cheythu. oduvil, task fozhsu attikkayilekku neengi, maarathanil ethi, ethansilekkulla vazhiyil. avide, oru cheria etheniyan sainyam athine nerittu, ennirunnaalum maarathan yudhathil sradheyamaaya vijayam nedi.
eee parajayam prachaaranatthinte vijayakaramaya samaapanathe thadanju, task fozhsu eshyayilekku madangi. ennirunnaalum, naxokaleyum eretriayeyum shikshikkukayum ejiyante bhooribhaagatheyum pershyan bharanathinu keezhil konduvarikayum maasidoninte poornnamaaya ulppeduthalum vazhi paryaveshanam athinte mikka lakshyangalum niravettiyirunnu. eee prachaaranatthil ninnulla poortthiyaakaattha pravartthanam greasinte valia adhiniveshathinu thayyaaredukkaanum athine shakthamayi keezhadakkaanum ethansineyum sparta sikshikkaanum dariusine nayichu. ennirunnaalum, saamrajyathinullile aabhyanthara kalahangal eee paryaveshanatthe vaikippikkukayum darius vaardhakyathe thudarnnu marikkukayum cheythu. angane bisi 480 muthal greasil nadanna randaamathe pershyan adhiniveshathinu neethrthwam nalkaan addehathinte makan serxus onnaaman vittukoduthu.
srothassukal.
greak-pershyan yudhangalude pradhana uravidam greak charitrakaaranaaya herodotus aanu. charithratthinte pithaav' ennu vilikkappedunna herodotus bisi 484 ll eshya mainarile (annu pershyan aadhipathyathin keezhil) haalikaarnaassilaan janichathu. thaarathamyena sameepakaala charithramaayirikkaavunna greco-pershyan yudhangalude uthbhavam kandethaan sramichukondu addeham thante 'anweshanangal' (greak-'historiya'; engleesh-'(dhii) historikal') historikal') chuttum ezhuthi (yudhangal oduvil bisi 450-ll avasaanichu). herodotasinte sameepanam poornnamaayum puthumayullathaayirunnu, kuranjathu paashchaathya samoohathil, namukkariyaavunnathupole addeham 'charithram' kandupidichathayi thonnunnu. britiish ezhuthukaaranaaya toom hollandinte abhipraayathil "aadyamaayi, oru charithrakaaran oru samgharshathinte uthbhavam kandethunnathinayi svayam sajjanaakkiyath, thikachum athishayakaramo, eathenkilum daivathinte mohangalkkum aagrahangalkkum, allengil vidhi prakadamaakkaanulla oru janathayude avakaashavaadathinum allah, marichu vyakthiparamayi parisodhikkaan kazhiyunna vishadeekaranangalkk allah."
thudarnnulla chila purathana charitrakaaranmaar, addehathinte kaalppaadukal pinthudarnnittum, thusidides muthal thudangi herodotusine vimarshichu. ennirunnaalum, herodotus (sestos uparodhathil) upekshicha sthalathaanu thante charithram aarambikkaan thusidides thiranjedutthathu, athinaal herodotasinte charithram veendum ezhuthukayo thiruthukayo cheyyenda aavasyamillennu vyakthamaayi thonni. plutarch "oonn dhaa maalinitti oof herodotus" enna thante lekhanathil herodotusine vimarshichu, herodotusine "philobarberos" (barbarian-kaamukan) ennu visheshippichu, greak anukoolamallaathathinu, ithu soochippikkunnathu herodotus yadhaarthathil thulyahasthamaayirikkaanulla nyayamaaya jolie cheythirikkaam. herodotasinekkurichulla oru nishedhaathmaka veekshanam navothaana europilekku kaimariyengilum addeham nannayi vaayikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaand muthal puraavastu kandethalukal addehathinte prashasthi naadakeeyamaayi punasthaapichu, ithu addehathinte sambhavangalude pathipp aavarthichu sthireekarichu. herodotus thante "charithratthil" saadhaaranayaayi sradheyamaaya oru jolie cheythuvenkilum addehathinte chila prathyeka vishadaamshangal (prathyekichu sainikarude ennavum theeyathikalum) samshayavaadathode kaanam ennathaanu nilavilulla aadhunika veekshanam. ennirunnaalum, herodotus addehathinte kathayude bhooribhaagavum nirmmichathaanennu vishwasikkunna chila charitrakaaranmaar ippozhum undu.
bisi onnaam noottaandil sisilian charitrakaaranaaya diodorus sikulas thante "bibliotheca historikka" yill ezhuthiyirikkunnathu greak-pershyan yudhangalekkurichum, muun greak charitrakaaranaaya ephorasil ninnu bhaagikamaayi uruthirinjathinekkurinu oru vivaranam nalkunnu. eee vivaranam herodotasinte vivaranavumayi valare poruthappedunnu. greco-pershyan yudhangale plutarch, citicias oof synidus ennivayulppede niravadhi purathana charitrakaaranmaar vishadamaayi vivarichittilla, koodaathe naadakakrithu eskailasineppolulla mattu ezhuthukaar avaye soochippikkunnu. sarppathinte nira polulla puraavastu thelivukalum herodotasinte chila prathyeka avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkunnu.
pashchaathalam.
greasinte aadya pershyan adhiniveshathinte udan verukal greco-pershyan yudhangalude aadyaghattamaaya ionian kalapathilaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, greekkukaarum pershyakkaarum thammilulla deerghakaala edapedalukalude phalamaayirunnu ithu. bii. sii. 500-ll pershyan saamrajyam thaarathamyena cheruppavum valare vipuleekaranavaadiyumaayirunnu, pakshe athinte prajakalkkidayil kalaapangalkk saadhyathayund. koodaathe, pershyan rajaavaaya darius oru pidichadakkunnayaalaayirunnu, thante bharanathinethiraaya kalapangal anaykkaan ganyamaaya samayam chelavazhichu. ionian kalaapathin munbuthanne, darius saamraajyathe europilekku vikasippikkaan thudangi, threysine keezhadakki, danube nadiye marikadannu vikasippikkukayum, pionia keezhadakkukayum, maasidonine pershyayude oru kakshi rajyamaayi marran nirbandhikkukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum randaamathethu bii. sii. 492 vare svayambharanathinte alavu nilanirtthi. purathana greasinte raashtreeyamaayi takarnna lokathekku kooduthal vipuleekaranathinulla sramangal anivaaryamaayirunnirikkam. ennirunnaalum, ionian kalapam pershyan saamraajyathinte samagrathaye nerittu bheeshanippeduthukayum greak pradhana bhoopradeshathe samsthaanangal athinte bhaavi sthirathaykku oru bheeshaniyaayi thudarukayum cheythu. angane greasineyum ejiyaneyum keezhadakkaanum samaadhaanippikkaanum ionian kalaapathil earppettavare sikshikkaanum darius theerumaanichu.
pershyan satrap artfernous mailttas svechaadhipathiyaaya aristagorasum thammilulla samyuktha samrambhamaya naxosinethiraaya vijayikkatha paryaveshanathodeyaanu ionian kalapam aarambhichath. athinusesham, aristagorakale adhikaarathil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan artferness theerumaanichu, pakshe angane cheiyunnathinu munbu, aristagoras sthaanathyaagam cheyyukayum mailttasine oru janaadhipathyamaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. kalaapathin pakwathayulla mattu ionian nagarangalum ithu pinthudarnnu pershyan niyamicha svechaadhipathikale puratthaakkukayum svayam janaadhipathya rajyangalaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu greak pradhana bhoopradeshathe samsthaanangalodu pinthunaykku aristagoras abhyarthichuvenkilum ethansum eretriayum maathramaan sainyathe ayaykkaan vaagdaanam cheythath.
bii. sii. aaram noottaandinte avasaanathil etheniyan janadhipathyam sthaapithamaayathil ninnu aarambhicha sankeernamaaya saahacharyangalil ninnaan ionian kalaapathil eadhanmaarude pankaalittham uyarnnuvannathu.
bii. sii. 510ll spartayile rajaavaaya cleomens onnaamante sahaayathode ethaniyan janatha eadhanukalude svechaadhipathiyaaya hippy purathaakki. hippiyaasinte pithaav pisistraattasinoppam kazhinja 50 varshangalil 36 varshavum bharanam nadatthiya kudumbam hippiyaasinte bharanam thudaraan poornnamaayum uddeshichirunnu. hippias pershyan satrap, arthaafernesinte kottaratthilekku sardisilekku palayanam cheyyukayum addehathe punasthaapikkaan sahaayikkukayaanenkil pershyakkaarkk ethansinte niyanthranam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. ithinidayil, ethans bharanathinte swaabhaavika avakashikalaayi svayam kanakkakkiya parambaraagathamaayi sakthamaaya alchmyonidae kudumbatthinte nethaavaaya clistanese virudhamaayi ethansil isagoraasinte keezhil oru sparten anukoola svechaadhipathyam sthaapikkaan cleomens sahayichu. dheeramaaya oru prathikaranatthil, clistanese eadhanukalil oru 'janadhipathyam' sthaapikkumennu ethaniyan janathayodu nirddeshichu, ithu bakkiyulla prabhukkanmaare bhayappeduthunnu. swantham kudumbatthinte adhikaarathinte bhooribhaagavum illaathaakkunna atharamoru samoolamaaya pravartthanareethi nirddeshikkunnathinulla clistaneeste kaaranagal vyakthamalla; orupakshe prabhukkanmaarude bharanakalam enthaayaalum avasaanikkukayaanennu addeham manassilakkiyirikkaam; eathuvidhenayum ethans spartayude paavayaakunnath thadayaan addeham theerchayaayum aagrahichu. ennirunnaalum, eee nirddeshathinte falamaayi, clistaneesineyum kudumbatheyum mattu viyojip gadakangalkku purame ethansil ninnu isagoras naadukadatthi. ennirunnaalum, janadhipathyam vaagdaanam cheyyappettathinaal, etheniyan janatha aaa nimisham pidichedukkukayum kalapam nadathukayum cleomenukaleyum isagorakaleyum puratthaakkukayum cheythu. angane clistanese ethansilekku (bii. sii. 507) punasthaapikkappedukayum athivegathil janaadhipathya sarkkar sthaapikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. janaadhipathyathinte sthaapanam ethansil viplavamundaakki, athu inii muthal greasile pramukha nagarangalilonnayi maari. eadhaniyakkaarude puthuthayi kandethiya swaathanthryavum svayambharanavum ardhamaakkunnathu avar pinneedu hippiyakalude svechaadhipathyam allengil eathenkilum tharatthilulla bahyamaaya adimatham; sparta, pershya allengil mattaarengilum thirichethunnathinodu asaadhaaranamaayi shathrukkalaayirunnu ennaanu.
cleomens, athisayakaramennu parayatte, sambhavangalil samthrupthanaayilla, sparten sainyathodoppam ethansilekku munneri. isagorakale ethansilekku punasthaapikkaanulla cleomensinte sramangal paraajayatthil avasaanichu, ennaal ettavum moshamaayathine bhayann, eadheniyakkaar pershyan saamraajyathil ninnu sahayam abhyarthikkaan saardisile artfernessilake ithinakam oru embassy ayachirunnu. adimathathinte parambaraagatha adayaalamaaya 'bhoomiyum vellavum' nalkanamennu arthaferns atheeniyanmaarodu abhyarthichu, athu athenian ambasadermar amgeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, avar ethansilekku madangiyethiyappol avar ithinekkurichu kadutha vimarsanangal nerittu. chila ghattangalil pinneedu cleomens hippiyakale ethans bharanathilekku punasthaapikkaan oru goodaalochanaykku prerippichu. ithu paraajayappedukayum hipiah veendum saardikalilekku palayanam cheyyukayum ethansine keezhadakkaan pershyakkaare prerippikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. nadapadiyedukkunnathil ninnu addehathe pinthirippikkaan arthafernezilekku arthafernus sthaanapathikale ayachu, ennaal hippiyakale svechaadhipathikalaayi thirichedukkaan arthaference ardhavathans nirddeshichu. eadheniyakkaar ithilninnu pinmaarukayum pakaram pershyayumaayi parasyamaayi yuddham cheyyaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythuvennu parayendathillallo. angane pershyayude shathruvaayitheernna ethans, ionian nagarangal avarude kalapam aarambhichappol thanne avare pinthunaykkaan kazhinjirunnu. ionian janaadhipathyangal ethansinte udaaharanathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonduvenna vastutha, ionian kalaapathe pinthunaykkaan eadhaniyakkaare kooduthal prerippichu ennathil samshayamilla; prathyekichu ionia nagarangal yadhaarthathil ethaniyan kolanikal aayirunnathinal.
poornnamaayum vyakthamallaatha kaaranangalal eretriya nagravum ioniacarc sahayam ayachu. orupakshe vaanijyaparamaaya kaaranagal oru gadakamaayirunnu; ejiyante pershyan aadhipathyam moolam vyapaaram bheeshanippeduthiya oru vaanijya nagaramaayirunnu eretriya. chaalsisinethiraaya muun yudhathil myelishyanmaar eretriyaykku nalkia pinthuna thirichadaykkunnathinayi eretriyanmaar kalaapathe pinthunachathaayi herodotus abhipraayappedunnu.
eadheniyakkaarum eretriyakkaarum 25 tririmukalulla oru task fozhsine eshya mainarilekku ayachu. avidevechu greak sainyam artfernessine athbhuthappeduthukayum marikadakkukayum saardikalilekku march cheyyukayum avide thaazhnna nagaram kathikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ithu greekkukaar nediyathilum kooduthalaayirunnu, thudarnnu pershyan kuthirappadayaalikal avare theerathekku pinthudarnnu, eee prakriyayil niravadhi aalukale nashtappettu. avarude pravrithikal aathyanthikamayi nishfalamaayirunnittum, eretriyakkaarum prathyekichu eadheniyakkaarum daariyasinte shaashwatha sathrutha nedukayum rund nagarangaleyum shikshikkumenn addeham prathinjja cheyyukayum cheythu. lade yudhathile (bii. sii. 494) pershyan naavika vijayam ionian kalapam avasanippikkukayum bii. sii. 493 aayappozhekkum avasaanathe hold-aouttukale pershyan kappalsena paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. munbu pershyan aadhipathyathinte bhaagamallaatha kizhakkan ejiyan, propontis dveepukalilekku saamraajyathinte athirthi vyaapippikkanulla avasaramaayi darius eee kalapam upayogichu. ioniayude samadhana nirmmaanam poortthiyaakkiyathu pershyakkaare avarude adutha neekkangal aasoothranam cheyyaan anuvadichu; greasil ninnulla saamrajyathinulla bheeshani illaathaakkaanum ethansineyum eretriayeyum sikshikkaanum.
bii. sii. 492: maardoniyasinte pracharanam.
bii. sii. 492 leeii vasanthakaalath daariyasinte marumakan maardoniyasinte neethrthwathil oru kappal karasena adangunna oru paryaveshana senaye samghadippichu. ethansineyum eretriayeyum shikshikkuka ennathaayirunnu aathyanthika lakshyam, athesamayam kazhiyunnathra greak nagarangale keezhadakkaanum paryaveshanam lakshyamittu. silishyayil ninnu purappetta mardonius kappalppadayodoppam yaatra cheyyumbol hellespondylake march cheyyaan sainyathe ayachu. addeham eshya minor theeram chutti sanjarichu ioniayilekku pooyi, avide ionia nagarangal bharichirunna svechaadhipathyangal nirthalaakkaan kurachu samayam chelavazhichu. virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, ionian kalaapathil janaadhipathyangalude sthaapanam oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnathinaal addeham svechaadhipathyangale janaadhipathyangalaakki maatti.mardonius ivide janadhipathyam sthaapichathu ionia samaadhaanippikkaanulla sramamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum, ithu hellespondilekkum thudarnnu ethansilekkum eretriyayilekkum neengumbol addehathinte vasham samrakshikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
avide ninnu kappalppada hellespondylake thudarnnu, ellaam thayyaaraakumbol karasena europilekku ayachu. bisi 512ll, sandhiyanmarkkethiraaya daariyasinte prachaarana velayil eee bhoomi pershyan saamraajyathil cherkkappettirunnathil sainyam pinneedu threysiloode munneri, athine veendum keezhadakki. maasidonil athiyappol, pershyakkaar athine pershyan saamraajyathinte poornnamaayum keezhilulla bhaagamaayi maattaan nirbandhichu; bii. sii. aaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal avar pershyakkaarude saamanthanmaaraayirunnu, pakshe avarude pothu svayambharanaadhikaaram nilanirtthi.
athesamayam, kappalppada tasosilekku kadakkukayum tassier pershyakkaarkk keezhadangukayum cheythu. athos parvathatthinte thalasthaanam chuttaan sramikkunnathinu munbu kappalppada thudarnnu chalsidisil acanthus vare theerapradesham chutti. ennirunnaalum, avar oru akramasakthamaaya kodunkaattil kudungi, athu avare aathosinte theerapradeshathekku nayichu, 300 kappalukal thakarthu (herodotus parayunnathanusarichu) 20,000 pere nashtappettu.
thudarnnu, sainyam maasidonil camp cheythirikkumbol, praadeshika thrassian gothramaaya brijians pershyan campinethire ratri raid nadathukayum niravadhi pershyakkaare kollukayum mardoniusinu parikkelkkukayum cheythu. parikk pattiyittum, thante sainyathe hellespondylake thirike nayikkunnathinu munbu brijiyanmaare paraajayappedutthukayum keezhadakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu mardonius urappakki; naavikasenayude avashishtangalum eshyayilekku pinwangi. eee pracharanam ahankaarathode avasaanichenkilum, greasilekkulla bhoomi surakshithamaayirunnu, koodaathe avarodu daariyasinte uddeshyangalekkurichu greekkukaare bodhavaanmaaraakkiyathil samshayamilla.
bii. sii. 491: nayathanthram.
orupakshe munvarshathe paryaveshanam greesinaayulla thante padhathikal vyakthamaakkukayum greak nagarangalude dridanishchayathe durbalappeduthukayum cheythirikkaam ennathinaal darius bii. sii. 491-ll nayathanthrathilekku thirinju. samarppanathinte parambaraagatha adayaalamaaya "bhoomiyum vellavum" aavashyappedunna addeham ellah greak nagara samsthaanangalilekkum ambaasadarmaare ayachu. daaryaavisinte kopatthe bhayann bahubhooripaksham nagarangalum aavashyappettathupole cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ethansil, ambaasadarmaare vichaarana cheyyukayum thudarnnu vadikkukayum cheythu; spartayil, avare oru kinattil erinjukalanju. ithu dridamaayum oduvil varaanirikkunna samgharshathinulla yudharekhakal aakarshichu; sparthayum ethansum avarude sameepakaala sathrutha undaayirunnittum pershyakkaarumaayi orumichu poraadum.
ennirunnaalum, aabhyanthara thanthrangalaal sparta aswasthathayilaayi. ejinayile pouranmaar pershyan ambasadermark keezhadangukayum pershya ejinaye naavika thaavalamaayi upayogikkaanulla saadhyathayil aswastharaaya eadheniyakkaar spartayodu edapedaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. cleomens ejinattanmaare vyakthiparamayi neridaan ejinayilekku yaatra cheythuvenkilum avarude nilapaadine pinthunacha cleomensinte saha rajaavaaya demeratesinode avar abhyarthichu. delfiyile purohithanmaarude sahaayathode (addeham kaikkooli nalki) demeratus niyamavirudhamaanennu prakhyaapichukondu cleomens prathikarichu; demeratesinu pakaram addehathinte cussin leotycides vannu. ippol rund sparten rajaakkanmaare abhimukheekaricha ejinettanmaar keezhadangukayum avarude nalla perumaattatthinte urappayi bandikale eadheniyakkaarkku kaimarukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, delphyil cleomens kaikkooli nalkiyathinekkurichu sparta vaarthakal purathuvarikayum addehathe nagaratthil ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu addeham vadakkan peloponneshyasine thante lakshyathilekku aninirathaan shramichu, athil spartenmaar pinthirinju addehathe nagaratthilekku thirike kshanichu. bii. sii. 491 aayappozhekkum cleomens parakke bhraanthanaayi kanakkakkappedukayum jayilil shikshikkappedukayum avide pittennu addehathe maricha nilayil kandethukayum cheythu. cleomensinte pingamiyaayi addehathinte ardhasahodaranaaya leonidas onnaaman adhikaaramettu.
bii. sii. 490: datisum artfernessinte prachaaranavum.
ethansine ottappeduthikkond sparthayile araajakathvam muthaleduthu, ethansineyum eretriayeyum shikshikkunnathinaayi oru ubhayayaathra aarambikkaan darius theerumaanichu. soosayil oru sainyam aninirannu, oru kappalkkoottam othukoodiyirunna silikkiyayilekk munneri. chakravarty artafernukalude makanaaya mede, artfernus ennivarkkaanu paryaveshanatthinte command nalkiyathu.
pershyan shakthiyude valippam.
herodotus parayunnathanusarichu, darius ayacha kappalil 600 triramukal undaayirunnu. ethra gathagatha kappalukal undengil avarodoppam undaayirunnuvennathinte charitraparamaaya uravidangalil soochanakalonnumilla. bisi 480-ll serksasinte adhinivesha samayat 1,207 trimesukalkkoppam 3,000 gathagatha kappalukalundaayirunnave herodotus avakashappettu. aadhunika charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil, eee ennam kappalukal nyaayayukthamaanennu chilar amgeekarichittundu; onnukil 600 enna samkhya triremukaludeyum gathagatha kappalukaludeyum samyojitha ennathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu allengil 600 triremukalkku purame kuthira gathagatham undaayirunnuvennu abhipraayappettittund.
pershyan sainyathinte valippam herodotus kanakkakkunnilla, avar oru "mahathum nannayi sajjeekarichathumaaya sainyam" roopeekarichuvennu maathram parayunnu. mattu purathana srothassukalil, ekadesham samakalikanaaya kavi symonides parayunnath prachaarana senayude ennam 200,000 aanennum pilkkala ezhuthukaaranaaya roman cornelius nepos 200,000 kaalalppadayum 10,000 kuthirapadayum kanakkakkunnu. suda nighandu pole plutarch pousaaniyakalum swathanthramaayi 300,000 nalkunnu; plaattoyum lysias 500,000 nalkunnu; 600,000 ll.
aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar eee samkhyakale athishayokthikalayi pothuve thallikkalayunnu. 600 trimesukal vahikkunna naavikarude ennam kanakkaakkuka ennathaanu sainikarude ennam kanakkakkaanulla oru sameepanam. greasinte randaamathe adhiniveshathile oro treams 14 staanderd mareenukalkku purame 30 adhika mareenukale vahichirunnuvennu herodotus nammodu parayunnu. athinaal, 600 triramukalkku eluppathil <aii. dii. 1>, 000 kaalalppadaye vahikkaamaayirunnu. pershyan kaalaalppadaykkaayi nirddeshichittulla ennam 18,000-100,000 aanu. ennirunnaalum, samavayam ekadesham 25,000 aanu.
adhiniveshathil upayogicha pershyan kaalaalppada orupakshe saamraajyathinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla oru bhinnavibhagamaayirunnirim. ennirunnaalum, herodotasinte abhipraayathil, kavacham tharatthilum poratta shailiyilum pothuvaaya oru porutthamenkilum undaayirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi paranjaal, oru villum 'hraswa kunthavum' vaalum upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya sainikar oru weaker sheeled vahikkukayum paramavadhi oru thukal jerkin dharikkukayum cheythirunnu. ithinu oru apavaadam vamseeya pershyan sainyamaayirikkam, avar skeyil kavacham dharichirikkaam. chila samghangal kurachu vyathyasthamayi aayudangal dharichirunnenkil; udaaharanathinu, shakar prashasthamaaya kodaalippadayaalikalaayirunu. pershyan kaalaalppadayude 'elaitt' samghangal vamseeya pershyakkaar, mediakkaar, sisiyanmar, shaka ennivaraayirunnuvennu thonnunnu; maarathanil pershyakkaarudeyum shakayudeyum saannidhyam herodotus prathyekam paraamarsikkunnu. pershyakkaar upayogichirunna poratashaili orupakshe shathruvil ninnu maarinilkkuka ennathaayirunnu, kunthavum vaalum upayogichu "koopp dii grays" nalkunnathinumumbu shathruvine thalarthaan avarude villukal (allengil thathulyamaayathu) upayogikkuka ennathaayirunnu.
kuthirappadayude kanakkukal saadhaaranayaayi 1,000-3,000 sreniyilaanu. pershyan kuthirappadaye saadhaaranayaayi nalkiyirunnathu vamseeya pershyakkaar, bactriakkaar, medikal, sisiyanmar, shaka ennivaraanu; ivayil bhooribhaagavum orupakshe cheruthaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya misail kuthirappadayayi pooraadiyirikkaam. kuthirappadaye kappal kondupoyathinaal kappalppadaykku kuranjathu kurachu gathagatha kappalukalenkilum undaayirikkanam; kuthirappadaye triremukalilaanu vahichathennu herodotus avakaashappedunnundenkum ithu asambhavyamaan. lazenby kanakkaakkunnath 1,000 kuthirappadaye vahikkaan gathagatha kappalukal aavasyamaanu ennaanu.
lindos.
orikkal othukoodiya pershyan sainyam aadyam silishyayil ninnu roads dveepilekku kappal kayari. oru lindian shethracharithram rekhappeduthunnathu, daatthikal lindos nagaram uparodhichuvenkilum parajayappettu ennaanu.
naxokal.
kappalppada pinneedu ionian theerathu vadakkott samosilekku neengi, padinjaaru ejiyan kadalayi maari. oru pathittaand munbu pershyakkaar avide nadatthiya parajayappetta paryaveshanathodulla prathirodhatthinu naksiyanmaare shikshikkunnathinaayi kappalppada naksokalude aduthekku kappal kayari. nivaasikalil palarum parvathangalilekku palayanam cheythu; herodotasinte abhipraayathil, pershyakkaar pidikoodiyavare adimakalaakki. pershyakkaar pinneedu nagravum naksyanmaarude shethrangalum kathichu.
saikkil.
munnott neengumbol pershyan kappal delosine sameepichu, thudarnnu deliakkaarum avarude veedukalil ninnu oodippoyi. naxosile pershyan shakti prakadippichathinaal, mattu dveepukal addehathinu keezhadangukayaanengil avarkk daya kaanikkan ippol uddeshikkunnu. addeham deliyaanmaarude aduthekku oru ghoshakane ayachu "vishudhare, ningal enthinaanu oodippoyathu, ente uddeshyam thettayi vilayiruthiyathu? rund daivangalum janicha raajyathino aaa raajyathino athile nivaasikalkko oru doshavum cheyyaruthennaanu ente swantham aagrahavum raajaavinte kalpanayum. athinaal ippol ningalude veedukalilekku madangukayum ningalude dveepil thaamasikkukayum cheyyuka."dveepile oru daivathodulla bahumanam prakadippikkunnathinaayi delosile apolloyude balipeetathil 300 taalanth kunkumappoo kathichu. oro dveepil ninnum bandikaleyum sinikareyum kondupoyi kappalppada pinneedu eretriyayilekkulla yaathraamadhye ejiyante backie bhaagangaliludaneelam ailand-hoppilake neengi.
karistoos.
pershyakkaar oduvil euboya thekke attathu ninnu kaaristosil ethi. kaaristosile pouranmaar pershyakkaarkk bandikalaakkaan visammathichathinal avar pershyakkaarkk keezhadangunnathuvare uparodhikkappedukayum avarude bhoomi nasippikkukayum cheythu.
eretriyayude uparodham.
task fozhsu pinneedu euboyaik chuttum aadyathe pradhana lakshyamaya eretriyayilekku sanjarichu. herodotasinte abhipraayathil, ettavum mikacha pravarthanathekkurichu eretriyakkaar thammil bhinnichirunnu; malambradeshangalilekku palayanam cheyyano atho uparodhathin vidheyamaakano atho pershyakkaarkk keezhadangano. eee saahacharyathil, bhooripaksham theerumaanam nagaratthil thanne thudaraanaayirunnu. pershyakkaar erangunnathu thadayaano munneraano eretriyakkaar oru shramavum nadathaathe svayam uparodhikkaan anuvadichu. aarr divasathekku pershyakkaar mathilukal akramikkukayum iruvashathum nashtangal sambhavikkukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum, ezhaam divasam rund prashastharaaya eretriyanmaar vaathilukal thurakkukayum nagaratthe pershyakkaarkk vanchichu kodukkukayum cheythu. nagaram nasippikkappedukayum shethrangalum shethrangalum kollayadikkappedukayum kathikkappedukayum cheythu. koodaathe, daariyasinte kalppana anusarichu, pershyakkaar bakkiyulla ellah pattanavaasikaleyum adimakalaakki.
maarathan yuddham.
pershyan kappalppada aduthathaayi attikkayude theerathu thekkott neengi, ethansile muun svechaadhipathiyaaya pisistraattasinte makan hippiyaasinte upadesaprakaaram ekadesham ethansil ninnu maarathan ulkkadalil ethi. plattaayayil ninnulla oru cheria senayodoppam eadheniyakkaarum maarathanilekku march cheyyukayum maarathan samathalathil ninnu rund eksittukalum thadayunnathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. athe samayam, ethansinte ettavum valia oottakkaaranaaya pheedippidesine (allengil philipides) spartailekku ayachu, sparten sainyam ethansinte sahaayathinaayi march cheyyanamennu abhyarthichu. samadhaanathinte vishudha kaalaghattamaaya "carnia" utsavathil pheedippids ethi, poornnachandran udikkunnathuvare sparten sainyathin yudhathilekku march cheyyaan kazhiyillennu ariyikkukayum, kuranjathu patthu divasamenkilum shakthippeduthal pratheekshikkan ethansinu kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythu. thalkkalam maarathanil pankedukkaan avar theerumaanikkukayum plaatteeyayil ninnulla hoplaittukalude oru samgham avare shakthippeduthukayum cheythu.
pershyakkaare akramikkaan eadheniyakkaar (poornnamaayum vyakthamallaatha kaaranangalal) theerumaanikkunnathinu munbu anchu divasathekku stambhanam thudarnnu. pershyakkaarude samkhyaaparamaaya nettam undaayirunnittum, pershyan sainyathinte madhyabhaagathekku thiriyunnathin munbu pershyan chirakukale paraajayappeduthi hoplaittukal vinashakaramaaya reethiyil phalapradamaanennu thelinju; pershyan sainyathinte avashishtangal yuddham upekshichu avarude kappalukalilekku palayanam cheythu. yudhakkalathil 6,400 pershyan mrithadehangal enniyathaayi herodotus rekhappeduthunnu; eadheniyakkaarkku 192 perum plaatteyakkaarkk 11 perum maathramaan nashtamaayath.
chila aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar yudhathinu thottumunbu eee sramam nadathiyathaayi parayumenkilum, yudhathinu thottupinnaale, pershyan kappalppada cape suniyathinu chuttum sanjarichu ethansine nerittu akramichathaayi herodotus parayunnu. eathuvidhenayum, thangalude nagaram ippozhum bheeshaniyilaanennu manassilakkiya eadheniyakkaar kazhiyunnathra vegathil eadhanukalilekku madangi. pershyakkaar landing surakshithamaakkunnathil ninnu thadayaan atheeniyakkaar krithyasamayathu ethi, avasaram nashtappettappol pershyakkaar thirinj eshyayilekku madangi. pittennu, moonnu divasathinullil cover cheytha sparten sainyam ethi. spartenmaar maarathanil yudhakkalathil paryadanam nadathukayum eadheniyakkaar oru valia vijayam nediyennu sammathikkukayum cheythu.
anantharafalangal.
greasil pershyan adhinivesham enna nilayilaanu maarathanile parajayam avasaanichathu. ennirunnaalum, thras cycladic dveepukalum pershyan saamraajyathilekku punarnirmmikkappedukayum maasidon saamraajyathinte oru keezhilulla rajyamaayi churungukayum cheythu; bisi aaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal avaa pershyakkaarude saamanthanmaaraayirunnu, pakshe svayambharanathinte vishalamaaya vyaapthi nilaninnirunnu. thante saamraajyathinte padinjaaran bhagam surakshithamakkaan vendi grease keezhadakkaan darius appozhum poornnamaayum uddeshichirunnu. koodaathe, ionian kalaapathile pankinaayi ethans shikshikkappedaathe thudarukayum pershyan ambasadermarode perumaariyathin ethansum sparta shikshikkappedaathirikkum cheythu.
athinaal darius oru valia puthiya sainyathe roopeekarikkaan thudangi, athu upayogichu addeham greasine poornnamaayum keezhadakkaan uddeshichu; ennirunnaalum, bisi 486-ll, addehathinte eejipshyan prajakal kalapam nadatthi, eathenkilum greak paryavekshanam anischithamaayi maatti. eejipthilekk march cheyyaanulla thayyaareduppinide darius marikkukayum pershyayude simhasana addehathinte makan serxus onnaaman kaimarukayum cheythu. serxus eejipshyan kalaapathe thakarkkukayum valare vegam grease adhiniveshathinulla thayyaareduppukal punararambhikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 480 aayappozhekkum eee paryaveshanam oduvil thayyaravukayum athuvazhi serksasinte neethrthwathil greasinmelulla randaamathe pershyan adhinivesham aarambikkukayum cheythu.
praadhaanyam.
pershyakkaare sambandhichidatholam, greasinulla rund paryaveshanangalum valia thothil vijayakaramaayirunnu; avarude saamraajyathil puthiya pradeshangal cherkkukayum eretriya shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. maarathanil adhinivesham paraajayappettath oru cheria thirichadi mathramaayirunnu; aaa tholvi pershyan saamraajyathinte valia vibhavangale durbalapedutthi. ennirunnaalum, greekkukaare sambandhichidatholam athu valare pradhanappetta oru vijayamayirunnu. greekkukaar pershyakkaare paraajayappeduthunnathu ithaadyamaayirunnu, pershyakkaar ajayyarallennum keezhadangunnathinupakaram prathirodham saadhyamaanennum avare kaanichu.
maarathanile vijayam yuva ethaniyan janaadhipathyathe nirnnayikkunna oru nimishamaayirunnu, aikyathiloodeyum aathmavishwaasathiloodeyum enthaanu nedaan kazhiyukayennu kaanikkunnu; theerchayaayum, yuddham ethansinte 'suvarnna kaalaghatta' thinte thudakkathe phalapradamaayi adayaalappeduthunnu. ithu greasinu mothatthilum baadhakamaayirunnu; "avarude vijayam greekkukalkku paashchaathya samskaaram janicha moonnu noottaandukalolam nilanilkkunna avarude vidhiyil vishwaasam nalki". britiish charithratthile oru sambhavamenna nilayil polum maarathan yuddham hashings yudhathekkaal pradhaanamaan" ennathaayirunnu joonn stuvartt millinte prashasthamaaya abhiprayam.
sainikamaayi, hooplait faalanksinte saadhyathakal greekkukaare sambandhichidatholam oru pradhana paatamaayirunnu. greekkukal thammilulla aabhyanthara yudhathinidayil eee shaili vikasichirunnu; oro nagara-samsthaanavum ore reethiyil pooraadiyathinaal, hooplait faalanksinte gunangalum doshangalum vyakthamallaayirunnu. maarathan aayirunnu aadyamaayi oru falnax kooduthal nissaramaaya sayudha sainikare abhimukeekarikkukayum hoplaittukal yudhathil ethratholam vinaashakaramaakumenn velippeduthukayum cheythu. falnax roopeekaranam appozhum kuthirappadaykku durbalamaayirunnu (plaateeya yudhathil greak sainyam valareyadhikam jagrata pulartthiyirunnu), ennaal sariyaaya saahacharyangalil upayogichirunna ithu ippol vinashakaramaaya aayudhamaanenn theliyikkapettu. pershyakkaar maarathaninte sainika paadangal erekkure avaganichathaayi thonnunnu. pershyan bharanathilulla pradeshangalil hoop laittukalum mattu kanatha kaalalppadayum labhyamayittum randaamathe adhiniveshathinulla kaalaalppadayude ghadana aadyakaalatheppole thanneyaayirunnu. munbu hoplaittukalkkethiraaya yudhangalil vijayicha pershyakkaar maarathanine oru vyathiyaanamaayi kanakkakkiyirikkaam.

