adimatham nirthalaakkiyathinushesham russian saamraajyathinte sambadvyavastha

pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil, russian saamraajyathinte adikaaravum rashtreeya swaadheenavum samrakshikkunnath muzhuvan rashtreeya samvidaanathinteyum parishkaranavum parivartthanavum illaathe asaadhyamaanennu vyakthamaayi. saambathika munvyavasthakalil, bhoovudama sambadvyavasthayude prathisandhi, karshakarude daaridryam, janasamkhyayude kuranja vaangal sheshi, athil ninnu aabhyanthara vipaniyude vikasanakkurav enniva sradhikkendathaanu. adimatham vethana thozhil vipaniyude vikasanathe thadassappeduthukayum vyavasaayathin thozhilaallikalude kuravu srishtikkukayum cheythu. athinaal, alexander randaamante bharanam russian samoohathinte adisthaana parivartthanangalude kaalaghattamaayi maari.
adimatham nirmarjanam.
1861 februvariyil alexander randaaman chakravarty thudangi vimochana parishkaranatthilum prakadana pathrikayilum oppuvachu. rund rekhakalum 45 pravisyakalil vitharanam cheythu. cherukida bisinasinte vikasanam adimathathinte nilanilppiloode niyantrikkappettu. angane 1861ll adimatham nirthalaakkiyathinushesham maathramaan samrambhakarkk puthiya avasarangal thurannathu. karshakarude mail bhoovudamakalude adikaaram nirthalaakkappedukayum karshakarkk vyakthiparamaaya swaathanthryam labikkukayum cheythu. muun serf swath swanthamaakkaanum vyaapaarathilum karakaushalathilum earppedaanum bhoovudamayude sammathamillaathe vivaham kazhikkaanum niyamaparamaaya avakaashavaadangal aarambhikkaanum praadeshika sarkkaarukalilekkulla thiranjeduppil pankedukkaanum avakashamulla oru niyama sthaapanamaayi maari. karshakarkk estettum sthiramaaya upayogathinulla vihitavum labhichu, athu 9 varshathinu munbu avarkk ozhivakkaan kazhinjilla. karshakarkk vittukodutha bhoomi veendedukkal edapaadu avasanikkunnathuvare bhoovudamayude niyamaparamaaya swathaayi thudarnnu. athinte nirnnayathinu munbu, karshakare thaalkkaalikamaayi utharavaadikalaayi kanakkaakkukayum niyamaprakaaram karshakarude chumathalakal kooduthal krithyamaayi nischayikkunnathil adimathathil ninnu vyathyastharaakukayum cheythirunnu. alottmentinte valupavum theeruvayude alavum charter nischayichu, athinte thayyaareduppinaayi 2 varsham nalki. athukondaanu 1863ll parishkaranatthinte nadappaakkal aarambhichath.
pinneedu, aadyam nirddeshikkappetta maanadandangal ganyamaayi kuranju. pree-refom allotment sthaapithamaayathinekkaal kurravaanengil, kuranja nirakkil vettikkuraykkal nalkukayum kooduthalaanengil, micham bhoovudamaykku anukoolamaayi vettikkuraykkukayum cheythu. eee bhoomikale segmentukal ennu vilikkunnu. prathyekichum, maddhya black erthu mekhalayile karshakaril ninnu dhaaraalam bhoomi vichedikkappettu. karshakarkk sharashari oru purusha aathmaavin 3.3 dasaamsham labikkukayum athu avarkk upajeevana vethanam nalkaathirikkukayum cheythu. sthreekalkku bhoomi nalkiyirunnilla. puthiya bhoo samvidaanathinte mattoru aneethikal, bhoovudama munbu adimakal swathanthramaayi upayogichirunna mechilbhoomiyum vanangalum bhooribhaagavum upekshichu ennathaanu. ippol avarkk oru phees vaadakaykku nalkendivannu, ithu karshakarum bhoovudamakalum thammilulla ettumuttalukalkku nirantharam adithara paakunnu.
karshakar estettum allotmentum vaangi. chernosem ithara mekhalayile ree-purchase thukayil kvittrantinte capitalisation ulppedunnu. karshakar vangiya bhoomiyude vilayil adimakalude vilayum ulppedunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, baankinte vaarshika varumaanathinte 6 sathamaanam vaadakaykku thulyamaaya thuka nalkanam. veendedukkal adavukalil labhicha bhoomiyude vipani moolyam mathramalla, karshakante swathuathinte moolyam maranjirikkunna roopathilum ulppedunnu. veendedukkal pravartthanam nadathunnathil idanilakkaaranaaya baankarude punk sarkkar etteduthu.
karshakar bhoovudamaykku veendedukkal thukayude 20 sathamaanam nalki. backie 80 sathamaanam bhoomiyude vilayum samsthaanam nalki. samsthaanam karshakanu oru redemption vaaypa nalki, angane addehathinu vaaypayaayi panam nalki. karshakarkk 49 varshathe thavana kadam redemption thukayude prathivarsham 6 sathamaanam nirakkil "redemption paymentukal" enna roopathil adaykkendivannu. pothuve, karshakar bhoomi mathramalla, adimavelayude moolyavum vaangi, ithu veendedukkal pravartthanam muthaledukkaan samsthaanathe praapthamakki.
austriyayilum russiayilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, russian sarkkar kaarshika parishkaranatthil oru ruble polum nikshepichilla, pakshe veendedukkal pravartthanam samsthaanathinu prayojanakaramakkaan kazhinju. bhoovudamakalude kadangal karshakarude chumalilekku maatti. avar mahathaaya sambadvyavasthayude vikasanathinu dhanasahayam nalki, athu muthalaalithamaayi valarukayum boorshwas reyilukalilekku maarukayum cheythu. bhoovudamayude sambadvyavastha ethratholam mooladhanavalkkarikkappettuvo, athratholam karshakarkk oru karshakanakan avasaram kuranju. russian kaarshika muthalaalitham loka vipaniyil mathsaraadhishtithamaayirunnu, pinnokkaavasthayilaayirunnu. ithu vilakuranjathum kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla eluppavum urappunalkunnathinaal fudal avashishtangal undaayirunnu.
muthalaalithatthinte valarcha.
krishiyilum vyavasaayathilum swatantra thozhilaallikale avatharippikkunathinulla vyavasthakalo swatantra thozhilaallikale svayam avatharippikkunathinulla vyavasthakalo illaayirunnu ennathaayirunnu adimakalude sambadvyavasthayude prashnam, kaaranam raajyam parimithamaaya alavil uthppaadanam uthppaadippikkukayum samoohathinu krishiyil (adimakalude thozhil) thozhilaallikale vardhippikkendathu nirantharam aavashyamaayi varikayum cheythu.
kaarshika mekhalayile muthalaalitha bandhangalude vikasanam budhimuttaayirunnu. kaaranam, valare vipulamaaya sambadvyavasthayum prakrithiyudeyum kaalaavasthayudeyum avasthakalaal kadinamaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. karshaka sambadvyavasthayumaayulla muun bandhangalude thakarchayumaayi bandhappett vipani bandhangalude vikasanathinu aavashyamaaya valia saambathika nikshepangal ithinu aavasyamaanu.
upajeevana sambadvyavasthayil ninnu panatthilekkulla maattam kendra chernosem bhouma mekhalayile prabhukkanmaarkk puthiya saambathika saahacharyangalilekkulla poornnamaaya kazhivillaayma velippeduthi. thathfalamaayi, prabhukkanmaarude daaridryavum athinte chila paalikalude nashavum. bhoovudamakalil oru pradhana bhaagathinu pazhayathum parichithavumaya krishiyil ninnu maarinilkkaano aagrahikkaano kazhinjilla. middle estettu, cherukida estettu prabhukkanmaar avarude gotra koodukal idunnathinu nirbandhitharaayi. thangalkk yadhaarthamo chalikkavunnatho aaya mooladhanam illenna certificat nalkaan prabhukkanmaar aavasyappettu, athinte adisthaanathil thangalude kuttikale audyogika paripaalanathinaayi sweekarikkaano avaril ninnulla kudissika ezhuthithallaano avar aavasyappettu. eee manyamaaya "saashtaamgam", saambathika samskaarathinte abhavam, aavashyamaaya upakaranangalude mathiyaya alavu, vidagdha thozhilaallikal enniva bhoomiyude udamasthaavakaashathinte swakaarya udamasthaavakaashathinte "prabhukkanmaar illaathaakaan" kaaranamaayi. prabhukkanmaar sambadvyavasthayude puthiya saahacharyangalumayi ithuvare poruthappettitla; athinaal, avarude estettukalude nasham, avarude koodukal, kadangal, daaridryam enniva eee aparyaapthathayude yukthisahamaya anantharafalangal mathramaayirunnu.
parishkaranathinushesham sambadvyavastha "mithamaayi" nilaninnirunna kuleena estettukal undaayirunnu. athinaal, iii. yude bhoomiyil.pii. rastunovo-shebansevsky volosttinte estettil, sambadvyavastha athe valippathilaan nadathiyathu. 400 ekkar estettile bhoomiyude alavu upayogichu, udamaykku 1861 nuu munbulla athe nilavaaram nilanirthaan kazhinju, 1848 ll ettedutha nimisham muthal, enthaayaalum 1877 vare, athu uravidathil soochippichirikkunnu. 1861 vare corvy karshakaraanu bhoomi krishi cheythirunnathu, koodaathe swatantra thozhil parishkaranatthinu sesham. sambadvyavastha munbathe athe reethiyil nilanirtthi.iii. ennirunnaalum, valangalude sajeevamaaya upayogathode oru vayalil 20 ekkar krishiyidavum moonnu vayal samvidaanavumundu. 1861 vare eee estettil 31 kuthirakalum 22 pashukkalum undaayirunnu, avaykku sesham niravadhi kuthirakal kootticherkkappettu. uzhuthumarichathinte alavu vithaykkunnathinte valippathin thulyamaayi thudarnnu, ennaal kuranja thozhil kaikalum krishibhoomiyude athe sthalavum ullathinaal, koolippanikkaare vaadakaykkedutha thozhilaallikalaayi mattiyathinaal kooduthal krishiyogyamaaya bhoomikk uthppannangalude ennam labhichu.
kodikkanakkinu karshakare adimathathil ninnu mochippikkunnathaayirunnu cooley thozhilaallikalude oru sainyam roopeekarikkunnathinulla pradhana uravidam. athinte oru cheria bhagam (ekadesham 4 dasalaksham bhoorahitharum thaazhnna pradeshathulla karshakarum) udan thanne swatantra thozhil vipaniyilekku valicheriyappettu, athesamayam karshakar tharamthirikkappedukayum nasippikkappedukayum cheythathode bhooribhaagavum kramena avide ethi. ethi thudakkathil russiayile thozhilaallivargam ithinakam roopappettukazhinjirunnu. pinneedu athinte ennam 7.35 dasalaksham aayi. a anusarichu 1861-1900.jii. athaayath, ithu 3.2-ll ninnu 14 dasalaksham aalukalayi (vyaavasaayika thozhilaallikal-720,000-ll ninnu 2.8 dasalaksham), athaayath.iii. 4.4 madangu, athesamayam raajyathe motham janasamkhya 70 ll ninnu <aii. dii. 1> dasalaksham aalukalayi (ekadesham 90 sathamaanam) vardhichu.
mooladhanam shekharikkunnathine sambandhichidatholam, parishkaranaanthara russiayk valare prayojanakaramaaya, prathyekichu antharleenamaaya srothassukal upayogikkaan kazhiyum. ivayil aadyathethu karshaka bhoomikalude veendedukkalaayirunnu, eee kaalayalavil bhoovudamakalkku 30 varshathinide 2 bilyan rubles labhichu. (ithil 750 dasalaksham-aadya 10 varshathinullil). randaamathe uravidam videsha mooladhanathinte varavaayirunnu (60 muthal pradhaanamaayum railway nirmmaanatthilum 70 muthal-vyavasaayathilum). 1861 muthal 1881 vare 19,000 kilometeriladhikam railway nirmikkappettu. munbu videshathu ninnu irakkumathi cheythirunna reyilveykkulla reyilukalum upakaranangalum thekkan faaktarikal nirmmikkaan thudangi. russiayude thekk, oru puthiya vyaavasaayika pradesham valarnnu-donetsk kalkari thadam (donbaas). cocusasil, bakku enna mekhala athivegam vikasichu, athil vilapetta draavaka indhanam verthirichu-enna. videsha muthalaalikal, theerchayaayum, russiayude vyaavasaayika vikasanathinu sambhavana nalki, pakshe aadyam avar vyakthigatha samrambhangalum oduvil ulppaadanathinte muzhuvan shaakhakalum etteduthu. koshangalude uthppaadanam moonnirattiyaayi. neythu millukal karakaushala neytthine maatti. muthalaalitham graamapradeshangalilekk thulachukayari. bhoovudamakal kramena muthalaalithamullavaraayi maari. sambannaraaya oru varenyavarggam-kulakkukal-karshakarkkidayil vegathil valarnnu. engleeshukaaranaaya joonn 1869-1872-ll kettippidichirikkunnu. yousovka (ippol donetsk, ukraine) yuzov metallurgical plaant, taamasiyaathe swantham irumbu khanikalum kalkari khanikalum kondu valarnnu.
ellah mekhalakalilum, uthppannangalude gunanilavaaram mechappeduthaanum vilakuranja uthppaadanathinu sambhavana nalkunna mechappetta ulppaadana reethikal avatharippikkanum aagrahamundaayirunnu, ithu upabhokthaakkalude bahujanathinu saadhanangal kooduthal prapyamaakkunnu. saankethika vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalude vikasanathinum vyavasaayathinte aavasyangal niravettunnathinaayi avayude pravartthanangalude dishaabodhathinum gavanment roopam nalki. vyavasaayathinte vijayangalumayi bandhappett, aabhyanthara vyapaaram vikasichukondirunnu, ithu ekadesham kanakkukal prakaram charakk vittuvaravil kuranjathu 4 bilyan rubles aayirunnu. 1857ll motham 300 dasalaksham rubles aaya videsha vyaapaarathinte motham vittuvarav 1864 vare aaa nilayilaayirunnu. 1878 aayappozhekkum 595 dashalakshathiladhikam-irakkumathiyum 618 dasalaksham-kayattumathiyum ulppede 1,1,000 dasalaksham rubles vittuvarav undaayi. 1855ll 41.4 dasalaksham rubles mooladhanamulla joyint stokku kambanikaludeyum kambanikaludeyum ennam 50ll kaviyaathe 1880 aayappozhekkum 506 vaanijya, vyaavasaayika, banking insurance, shipping, railway joyint stokku kambanikalum <aii. dii. 1> dasalaksham kredittum 271,300,000 rubil mooladhanamulla kambanikalum.
nagarangal valaruka mathramalla mechappedukayum cheythu. avarude leauttu mechappettu, puthiya kettidangal prathyakshappettu, nereyaakki, pachappu nattupidippichu, pakka, pakka theruvukal. 1861 vare mosco, saratov, vilna, staavropol, torshock ennividangalil maathram nilaninnirunna jalavitharana samvidaanam ellah pradhana nagarangalilum nirmmikkaan thudangi. 1879 muthal russian nagarangalile theruvukalil vaidyutha laitt prathyakshappettu, 1882 muthal nagara appaartmentukalil oru telephone prathyakshappettu.
muthalaalitha uthppaadanathinte lokachakrathil chernna russia, mattu rajyangalumaayi chernnu, aii. dii. 1 enna saambathika prathisandhiyum prathisandhiyum randaam pakuthiyile neenda maandyavum noottaandile kuthane vyaavasaayika uyarchayum anubhavichu. noottaandinte avasana dashakathil russiayile vyaavasaayika uthppaadanam erattiyaayi, germmaniyil-62 sathamaanam, amerikkayil-38 sathamaanam, englandil-27 sathamaanam. ennirunnaalum, atharamoru villalin munbulla adhikaarangalude prarambha sthaanangal valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu.
voronesh pravishyayile kuleena kudumbangal.
adimatham nirthalaakkiyathu prabhukkanmaarude saambathika pravartthanangalude saahacharyangale samoolamaayi maatti. bhoovudamakal, corvy maatti sthaapichittum, onninupurake onnaayi daridraraayi; estettukal sarkkar, swakaarya credit sthaapanangalkku vaagdaanam cheyyappettu; avide ninnu labhikkuna mooladhanam mikka kesukalilum uthppaadanakshamamaaya thozhil labhichilla; sarkkar, swakaarya kadangal bharamaaya kuleena estettukal bhoovudama sambadvyavasthayil uthppaadanakshamamaaya vittuvarav vardhippichilla.
1861 aayappozhekkum voronesh pravishya oru saadhaarana kaarshika mekhalayaayirunnu, pravishyayile janasamkhyayude bahubhooripakshavum krishi, mrugasamrakshanam ennivayil earppettirunnu. adimakalude udamasthaavakaashathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla kaarshika mekhalayaayirunnu kuleena kudumbangalude pravartthanangalude shradhaakendram. karshakar "barshina" sevanathinte aadhipathyathode "obrok", "barshina" sevanangal nadatthi. bhoovudamakalile adimatham nirthalaakkunnathinte thalennu, kaarshika yanthrangaludeyum sivilian thozhilaallikaludeyum upayogamaayirunnu (vyakthamaaya aavashyathinte abhavam kanakkileduthu) valare apoorvamaaya oru prathibhasam.
erl eiii polulla estettile prathinidhikalude valia estettukalil maathrame yanthrangalude upayogam undaayirunnulloo. kushelev-besborodco, rajakumaran I. vasilchikova. vipulamaaya krishiyidangalilekku kalayal, koyyal, vettikkalayal yanthrangal enniva nirddeshikkappettu. kaarshika yanthrangalude apravarthanatthinte prashnam fudal sanbradaayamaanu srishtichathu, ithu valia ennam karshakarude kaikal kaaranam ulppaadanathinte gunanilavaarathekkurichu sradhikkaathirikkaan saadhyamaakki. pravisyayudeyum raajyathudaneelamulla swakaarya bhoomi kaalaavadhiyude savisheshatha 500 ekkariladhikam valia kaivashamulla pradeshangalude aadhipathyamaayirunnu. swakaarya udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyude 70 sathamaanathiladhikam pravishyayile atharam swathukkalude vihithamaayirunnu.
prabhukkanmaarude oru pradhana bhagam bhoomi paattatthinu nalki varumanam nedunnathinulla ettavum eluppavum soukaryapradavumaaya maargam kandu, praadhamikamaayi athu aavasyamulla karshakarkk bhoomi nalki. voronesh pravishyayile paatta bandhangal maddhya black erthu mekhalayilum russiayude europian bhaagathottaake ettavum vikasichavayilonnaan. valia estettukalude savisheshatha deerghakaala paattangalaanu (3 varshathil kooduthal). bhoovudamakal valia pradeshangal paattatthinu nalki-10,000 ekkar vare. 1881 aayappozhekkum, voronesh pravishyayile krishiyogyamaaya bhoomi vaadakaykku edutha bhoomiyude 69.1%-pulmedukalum mechilppurangalum-kaivashappedutthi. 50 ekkar vare udamasthaavakaasham 3.5 sathamaanam udamakalkku kaimari, 50 muthal 500 vare madhurapalahaarangal. - 19 sathamaanam, 500 ladhikam madhurapalahaarangal. - <aii. dii. 2>, athaayath, kuleena kudumbangalil ninnulla <aii. dii. 1> avarude bhoomi paattatthinu nalki [10].
60-70 s. irupathaam noottaandil pravisyayil 2 muthal 10 ayiram vare dasaamsham neekkam cheyyumbol oru dasaamsham bhoomi vaadakaykku edukkunnathinulla chelavu dashaamshathinu 2 muthal 4 rubles vare aayirunnu, cheria bhoomi plottukal dashaamshathinu 6 muthal 10 rubles vare paattatthinu nalkiyirunnu. emm. anfimov, voronesh pravishyayile bhoomiyude oru dasaamsham vaadakaykku edukkunnathinulla chelavu 1887-1888. sharashari 8.8 rubles.1901-10.5 rubles., 1912-1914.-19.44 rubles [2]]
russiayile saambathika vaipa samvidaanam.
1860-ll, vyapara vittuvarav punarujjeevippikkunnathum russiayude saambathika credit samvidaanam shakthippeduthunnathinum, stettu baank roopeekarikkappettu, ithu pradhana credit sthaapanathinteyum bajatt kammi nikathunnathinulla sarkkar niyantritha uravidathinteyum punk ealppichu. stettu baank roopeekarichathode thanikk aavasyamulla panam budhimuttukalonnumille kadam vaangaan sarkkaarin kazhinju.
1861 februvari 19 leeii niyamamanusarichu, veendedukkal pravartthanatthinte nirvvahanam praadeshika treasurykal (pana theeruva thukakal sweekarikkal, sambharanam, avadikkaalam), karshakarude saannidhyathinulla pravishya karyangal (veendedukkal edapaadukalude pariganana amgeekaaravum, veendedukkal edapaadukalkkulla tikkattukalum certificattukalum nalkal, veendedukkal vaaypakalude akkoundu maanejment), samsthaana chamberukal (treasurykaludeyum pravishya saannidhyangaludeyum veendedukkal pravarthanangalekkurichu saambathika prasthaavanakalude ooditt) ennivaykku ealppichu. thudarnnu ithu samsthaana treasury vakuppinum shambala vakuppinum sent. peettezhsburg stettu treasury. veendedukkal pravartthanatthinte thudakkathil oru kendra sthaapanathinte abhavam reportingil ashayakkuzhappam srishtichu, athinte purogathiyekkurichu krithyamaaya chithram nedaan sarkkaarin kazhinjilla. veendedukkal pravarthanatthinu neethrthwam nalkia sthaapanangalude chumathalakalil athinte pravartthanatthinte phalangalekkurichulla vishwasaneeyamaaya daatta nedunnathu ulppettirikkilla. thudangi karshaka parishkaranathinusheshavum prabhukkanmaare mikka nikuthikalil ninnum ozhivaakkiyirunnu. 1880 vare motham nerittulla nikuthikalil ekadesham <aii. dii. 2> daridra grameena janasamkhyayum <aii. dii. 1> maathram mattu ellah vibhagangalkkum mathramaayirunnu. adimatham nirthalaakkunnathiloode samsthaanam nikuthi sambradaayam parishkarichilla.
1883ll nerittulla nikuthikalude parivarthanatthinu aditharayittu 1883 muthal 1887 vareyulla kaalayalavil, votteduppu nikuthi poornnamaayum nirthalaakkukayum pakaram mattu nikuthikal avatharippikkukayum cheythu. parokshanikuthi mekhalayilum parishkkaranam aarambhichu, ithu bajatt kammi prashnam pariharikkunnathinulla mattoru sramamaayi sarkkaarinte bhaagathuninnu kaanapettu. ennirunnaalum, adimatham nirthalaakkiyathu vyavasaayathinteyum vyaapaarathinteyum vikasanathinu prachodanam nalki. 1855 muthal 1880 vareyulla kaalayalavile dhanamanthraalayatthinte pravarthanangalekkurichu report anusarichu, parishkaranatthinte falamaayi valia vijayam kaivarichu. 15 varshathe kaalayalavil factory vyavasaayathinte vittuvarav moonnirattiyiladhikam vardhichu; videsha vyaapaarathile vittuvarav naalirattiyayi. nadannukondirikkunna parishkaarangal kaaranam yudhasamayathe chelavukal nikathaan kazhinju.
samsthaanathinte varumaanavum chelavum kanakkaakkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna samvidaanam parivartthanam cheyyappettu. 1862 meyy meyy saambathika kanakkukal thayyarakkunnathinum nadappilaakkunnathinum ulla niyamangalum samsthaana varumaanathinteyum chelavukaludeyum patikayum amgeekarichu. sarkkar varumaanatheyum chelavukaleyum kurichulla poornna vivarangal nedaan puthiya samvidaanam saadhyamaakki. treasury niraykkunnathinulla vazhikal nirnnayikkunnath janangalude sambathum nalla maanejment samvidaanavumaanu, nikuthiyude swathum avaa shekharikkunna reethiyum dvitheeya praadhaanyamullavayaanu. bharananirvahanathodu samsthaanathinu sariyaaya sameepanamundengil, janangale durbalappedutthaathe treasury varumanam urappakkaanum vardhippikkaanum vazhikal kandethuka ennathaanu dhanamanthraalayatthinte chumatala.
bisinesses pravartthanangal.
factoryudeyum vaanijyakaaryangaludeyum vikasanathinu swathanthramaaya kaikalum vishalamaaya thozhil vipaniyum aavasyamaanennu manassilakkiya vyavasayikal karshaka parishkaranatthinaayi kaathirikkukayaayirunnu. oru vashath karshakar vyakthiparamaaya aashrithathvathil ninnu mochitharayathinaal, maruvashathu avaril palarum panam sambaadikkaan pattanatthilekku pookaan thayyarayathinaal parishkaranamaanu eee prashnam pariharichathennu thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, thudakkathil mattu saahacharyangal nirnnaayakamaayi. pala faaktarikalilum, adimatham nirthalaakkunna samayat, thozhilaallikale allah, marichu avayumaayi bandhapetta thozhilaallikalaayirunnu. eee aalukalkk swaathanthryam labhichayudane, adimavelakkaarodulla vidvesham avare jolikal upekshichu faaktarikal vidaan nirbandhitharaakki, veedukalum poonthottangalum veruthe vittu. niravadhi thavana vardhippicha vethanam thozhilaallikale thirike konduvaraan sahayichilla. athinaal, parishkaranatthinu sesham aadyamaayi pala samrambhangalum uthppaadanam kurachu. valia thothil adimakalude advaanam upayogicha irumbu millukaludeyum thuni faaktarikaludeyum savisheshathayaayirunnu ithu. 10 varshathinusesham, puthiya saahacharyangalil praaveenyam nediya avar avarude uthppaadanam vardhippikkaan thudangi.
thudangi parishkaranathinushesham samrambhakathva pravarthanangalkkulla puthiya avasarangal thurannu. reyilveyude nirmmaanatthinte thudakkam churungiya samayathinullil kanatha vyavasaayathe punasamghadippikkaanum joyint stokku pravarthanangalil bisinesses gauravamaayi punarujjeevippikkanum saadhyamaakki. akkaalathe vyavasaayathinte vikasanavum punasamghadanayum videsha mooladhanathinte varavu sugamamaakki. pathinaram noottaandile noottaandile. russiayil, samrambhakathvathinte vyaavasaayika adithara oduvil roopeekarikkappedukayum sthaapikkappedaan thudangukayum cheythu, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil ithu ithinakam oru bahujana prathibhasamaayi maari.
athe kaalayalavil, oru thozhil vipani roopeekarikkappettu, samrambhakathvathinte oru samyuktha-stokku roopam vikasikkukayum vaanijya, bhoomi, mattullava ennee swakaarya samyuktha-stokku baankukal thurakkukayum cheythu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil athu kauthukakaramaanu. russian sambadvyavasthayil, motham vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinte moonnil rund bhaagavum samyuktha stokku, yoonit, mattu samrambhakathva pravartthanangalude koottaaya roopangalil uthppaadippikkappettu. koodaathe, parutthi uthppaadanam, vyapaaram, vaaypa ennivayile nikshepangalil ninnaan ettavum kooduthal varumanam labhichathu. angane sthaapanangalude kuthakavalkkarana prakriya aarambhichu.
adimatham nirthalaakkiyathu fudal adimathathe boorshwa-muthalaalitha bandhangalilekku thwarithappeduthunnathinna kaaranamaayi. saambathika bandhangal vikasikkaan thudangi. niravadhi valia thothilulla vyavasaayangal srishtikkappedukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythu. eee prakriyaykkide, pothu, swakaarya mekhalakalile vyaavasaayika thozhilaallikalude ennam vardhichu. sajjamaya kambanikalude ennam athivegam vardhikkukayum ulppaadana nirakk uyarukayum cheythu. vipaniyum nischalamaayilla. valarnnuvarunna railway shringalayude sahaayathode puthiya muthalaalitha bandhangal rashyayiludaneelam vyaapichu. oru puthiya vaipa samvidaanam (myoochwal credit sosaittikal, vaanijya baankukal) srishtichu. europian saambathika vrithangalum eee vikasanathil pankedutthu.

