
physophile

uyarnna hydrostatic marddathil opttimal valarchayulla oru jeeviyaan physophile (greak bhashayil "peeso-" ennathinu sammarddavum "-phail" ennathinu snehavum).iii. anuvadaneeyamaaya ellah thaapanilakalilum pareekshikkumbol 10 mpaik (= 99 atm = 1,450 psi) thulyamo athil kooduthalo hydrostatic marddathil paramavadhi valarchaa nirakk ulla oru jeevi. thudakkathil, eee jeevikale soochippikkaan barophile enna padam upayogichirunnuvenkilum "baaro-" enna prefix bhaarathe soochippikkunnathinaal, physophile enna padatthinu munganana nalkiyirunnu. exterophylukalude ellah nirvachanangaleyum pole, pysophylukalude nirvachanam naravamshakendramaanu, hydrostatic marddatthinte mithamaaya moolyangal 1 atm (= 0.1 mpa = 14.7 psi) aanennu manushyar karuthunnu. 50 mpa (= 493 atm = 7,252 psi) yill kooduthal valarchaa nirakk ulla jeevikalaanu hyperpysophylukal.
uyarnna jalasthira marddam anthareeksha marddathil valarunna jeevikalil doshakaramaaya phalangal undaakkunnundengilum, aazhakkadalil uyarnna mardhamullah aavaasavyavasthakalil maathram kaanapedunna eee jeevikalkk avayude opttimal valarchaykku uyarnna marddam aavasyamaanu. saadhaaranayaayi kuranja marddathil valarunna jeevikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valare uyarnna marddangalil (100 mpa polullava) avayude valarcha thadassappedunnu.
colvelia marinimania" strain emm-41 enna cycrophilic bacteriayaanu aadyathe nirbandhitha pysophile. ithu mariana trenchinte adiyil ninnu shayikkunna amphipod "herondellia jigasil" ninnu verthirichu. aadyathe thermophilic pysophilic archaea "pyrococcus yayanosi" strain ch1 aazhathilulla kadal jalathaapaniyanthramaaya ashadse saittil ninnu verthirichu. emty-41 enna strainin 2 digri selshyasil 70 mpayilum ch1 enna strainin 98 digri selshyasil 52 mpayilum opttimal valarchaa marddamundu. 20 mpayil thaazheyo thulyamaayo ulla sammarddathil avaykku valaraan kazhiyilla, koodaathe 100 mpaik mukalilulla sammarddathil iva randum valarum.valarcha nireekshicha ettavum uyarnna hydrostatic marddatthinte nilavile record 140 mpa aanu, "colvelia marinimania" emtisidy 1 kaanikkunnu. "nirbandhitha pysophile" enna padam 0.01 mpa polulla kuranja hydrostatic marddathil valaraan kazhiyaatha jeevikale soochippikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, 10 mpayil thaazhe hydrostatic marddathil paramavadhi valarchaa nirakk ullava, ennirunnaalum uyarnna hydrostatic marddathil kuranja nirakkil valaraan kazhiyunnavayanu pysotolarant jeevikal.
bhoomiyude jaivamandalathinte bhooribhaagavum (voliyathinte kaaryatthil) uyarnna jalasthira marddathinu vidheyamaan, koodaathe aazhathilulla kadalum (1,000 meterum athil kooduthalum aazhathil) aazhathilulla uparithalavum (samudranirappino bhookhanda uparithalathino thaazhe 5,000 meter vare neendu nilkkunna) pysospheres ulppedunnu. aazhakkadalil sharashari thaapanila 1 muthal 3 digri selshyas vareyaanu, athil psychrophysophylukal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, samudranirappile aazhathilulla uparithala, jalathapanila dwaarangalil 45 digri selshyasinu (113 digri fahrenheit) mukalilulla thapanilayil abhivridhi praapikkunna thermophysophylukal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu.
pysospherinullile poshakasambaadanatheyum mettabolisatheyum kurichulla patanam ippozhum shaishavaavasthayilaanenkilum, nilavilulla jaivavasthukkalil bhooribhaagavum eutrophic sonil ninnulla refractory complexes polymerukalaanennu manassilaakkappedunnu. heterotrophic metabolisavum autootroophik fixation pysospherinullil undu, koodaathe irumbu vahikkunna daathukkaludeyum kaarban monoxidinteyum ganyamaaya mettabolisathe adhika gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu. pysosphere metabolism poornnamaayum manasilakkunnathinum savisheshatha nalkunnathinum adhika gaveshanam aavasyamaanu.
physophilic adaptationukal.
uyarnna marddam jaivavyavasthakalil niravadhi prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu. marddam prayogikkunnathu santhulithaavastha cheria alavil ulla avasthayilekku maarunnathin kaaranamaakukayum athu tanmatra akalangal maattukayum roopeekaranangale baadikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu koshangalude pravartthanatheyum badhikkunnu. eee uyarnna hydrostatic marddangalumaayi poruthappedaan pysophylukal niravadhi samvidaanangal upayogikkunnu. avaa sammarddathinanusarichu jeane expression niyanthrikkukayum avayude jaiva thanmaathrakale sammarddathile vyathyasangalumaayi poruthappedutthukayum cheiyunnu.
nuclic aasidukal.
uyarnna marddam hydrajan bondukaleyum dnaude stacking edapedalukaleyum sthirappeduthunnu. athinaal ithu dnaude eratta strended duplexes ghadanaye anukoolikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, dna replication, transcription, translation thudangiya niravadhi prakriyakal nadappilakkaan, single-strand gadanayilekkulla parivartthanam aavasyamaanu, uyarnna marddam urukal thaapanila vardhippikkunnathinaal ithu budhimuttaayi maarunnu. athinaal, eee prakriyakal budhimuttukal neridendivannekkaam.
kosha stharangal.
marddam vardhikkumbol, voliyathile niyanthranangal kaaranam kosha stharathinte draavakatha kurayunnu, kaaranam avayude roopaghadanayum packing maarunnu. ithu kosha stharathinte vellathilekkum vividha thanmaathrakalilekkum ulla praveshanakshamatha kuraykkunnu. paristhithiyile flukkeshan prathikaranamaayi, avar avarude membran gadanakal maattunnu. pysophilic bakteeriyakal avayude asail cheyin dairkhyam maattunnathiloodeyum, aparyapthamaaya phaatti aasidukal shekharikkunnathiloodeyum, nirddishta pollar headgroupukalum branched phaatti aasidukalum shekharikkunnathiloodeyum angane cheiyunnu. pysophilic archaea aarkkiyol, kaadarkkiyol adisthaanamaakkiyulla dhruva lipidukal, bipolar tetraither lipidukal enniva samanvayippikkukayum cyclopentain valayangal samyojippikkukayum aparyapthatha vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
proteinukal.
sammarddathinte ettavum valia prabhavam vahikkunna macromoleculeukal proteinukalaanu. lipidukaleppole, avaa sammarddathile mattangal ulkkollunnathinayi avayude roopaghadanayum packing maattunnu. ithu avayude multimeric conformation, sthiratha, avayude kaattalatik saittukalude ghadana ennivaye baadikkukayum avayude pravarthanakshamathaye maattukayum cheiyunnu. sammarda-sahishnuthayillaatha enangalil, mothatthilulla alavu kurayunnathinaal proteinukal uyarnna sammarddathil othungukayum vikasikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, physophilic proteinukalkku kompaakshanum unfolding sammarddavum laghookarikkunnathinu shoonyamaaya idam kuravum mothatthil cheria shoonyamaaya edangalum undu. amino aasidukal thammilulla vividha edapedalukalilum maattangalund. pothuve, avaa sammarddathe valare prathirodhikkunnu.
ensimeukal.
ensaimukalude pravartthana swabhaavam kaaranam, physophylukal athijeevikkaan avarude pravartthanam nilanirtthanam. uyarnna marddam kuranja sthirathayude chelavil uyarnna vazhakkamulla ensaimukale anukoolikkunnu. koodaathe, physophilic ensaimukalkku palappozhum uyarnna kevalavum (thapanilayil ninno marddathil ninno vyathyasthamayi) aapekshika kaattalatik pravarthanavumundu. thaapanilayo mardhamo moolamulla prathyaaghaathangal kuranjaalum mathiyaya pravartthanam nilanirthaan ithu ensaimukale anuvadikkunnu. koodaathe, chila physophilic ensaimukalkku vardhichuvarunna sammarddathodoppam kaattalatik pravartthanam vardhippikkunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu ellah physophilic ensaimukalkkum oru saamaanyavalkkaranamalla.
koshangalil mothatthilulla swaadheenam.
uyarnna marddatthinte falamaayi, sammarddathe sahikkaatha jeevikalil niravadhi pravartthanangal nashtappedaam. flageller chalanathmakatha nashtappeduka, ensaiminte pravartthanam, angane metabolism enniva ulppedaam. sellular gadanayile mattangal kaaranam ithu koshangalude maranathinum kaaranamakum. uyarnna marddam ooksideshanilum reduction prathikaranagalilum asanthulithaavasthayukumdaaku reactive ooksijan speesheesukalude (rooss) thaarathamyena uyarnna saandrata srishtikkukayum cheyyum. palappozhum sellular kedupaadukal undakkunnathinaal rosine cherukkunnathinaayi pysophylukalil aanti-ooksideshan jeenukalum proteinukalum vardhicha alavil kaanapedunnu.

