padinjaaran pradeshangal

bii. sii. moonnaam noottaandinum eiii. dii. ettaam noottaandinum edayilulla chainees charithrarekhakalil vyakthamakkiya oru charithranaamamaayirunnu padinjaaran pradeshangal allengil shiu (shsi-yuu;), athu yumen churatthinu padinjaarulla pradeshangale, mikkappozhum madhya eshyayeyo chilappol kooduthal vyakthamaayi athinte kizhakke bhaagatheyo (udha.jii. ultishahr allengil thekkan sinjiyaangile thaarim thadam), indian upabhookhandam polulla chainayude padinjaarulla mattu pradeshangaleyum ("padinjaarilekkulla yaatra" enna novalilennapole) soochippikkaan ithu chilappol kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnu. bii. sii. 60ll padinjaaran hahn rajavamsham innathe sinjianginum madhyeshyayude chila bhagangalkkum utharavaadiyaaya oru sainika, bharanaparamaya oafees sthaapichathodeyaanu eee pradeshathe aadyakaala chainees rashtreeya niyanthranam aarambhichath.
bii. sii. 138-ll hahn chakravarty vuu, hunn vamshajaraayavar uyarthunna bheeshani laghookarikkunnathinulla sakhyakakshikale kandethanulla shramathil shang kian enna oru prathinidhiye siyuvilekk ayachu. shang paraajayappettenkilum, addehathinte yathrakal chainaykkum madhyeshyaykkum edayilulla neenda charithratthinte munnodiyaayi pravarthichu.
silk rodinu kuruke thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthaanam ullathinaal, padinjaaran pradeshangal bii. sii. moonnaam noottaand muthal chainaykku charitraparamaayi praadhaanyamullavayaanu. eiii. dii 89 vare hahn-sheongnu yudhathinte sthalamaayirunnu ithu. ezhaam noottaandil padinjaaran pradeshangalkkethiraaya tang akramanam lushan kalapam vare eee pradeshatthinte tang raajavamshathinte niyanthranathilekku nayichu.
pilkkala noottaandukalil mangol saamraajyathinte kaalaghattatthilennapole kizhakkan eshya, indian upabhookhandam, muslim lokam, europe ennivaykkidayilulla oru saamskaarika maarggamaayi eee pradesham praadhaanyamarhichu. padinjaaran pradeshangalile ettavum pradhanappetta kayattumathikalilonn budhamatha grandhangalaayirunnu, prathyekichu vyaapaarikalum theerthaadana sanyasimaarum chainayilekku kondupoya mahayana soothrangal. tang raajavamshathile sanyasi suwansang indiayil padikkunnathinulla vazhiyil eee pradesham kadakkukayum athinte falamaayi changan enna tang thalasthaanathekku madangiyethiyappol padinjaaran pradeshangalile swaadheenamulla "mahathaaya tang rekhakal" undaayi.
turkey kudiyettam aarambhikkunnathin munbu, eee pradeshathe janangal intho-europian bhaashakalude rund pradhana grouppukal samsaarichirunnu. oyaasis nagara-samsthaanangalaaya hottan, kashgarh ennividangalile janangal kizhakkan iranian bhashakalilonnaaya shaka samsaarikkumbol kucha, turpan, laulaan raajyangalile janangal tocherian bhashakal samsaarichirunnu.
"1542ll chainees pandithanaaya maa lii samaaharicha 'gasatteer oof shanxi' yile oru adhyayamaaya 'siyu thudi renvu luu' (padinjaaran pradeshangalile bhoomikaludeyum janangaludeyum hraswa rekhakal), chainayude vadakkupadinjaaran autposttaaya jiyayu churatthil ninnu ottomaan thalasthaanamaaya istambulilekkum vazhiyile sthalangalude bhoomishaasthravum sambadvyavasthayum nayikkunna oru paatha rekhappeduthunnu.
chainees rajavamshangal padinjaaran pradeshangalil nadatthiya niyanthranam kaalakramena vyathyasthamaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil russia madhyeshya pidichadakki. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil russia (pinneedu athinte pingamiyaaya soviyatt union) eee pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum niyanthrichu.

