
kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadhaaranatthinte vyaapanam

vyavasaayavalkkarikkappettum vikaswaravumaaya rajyangalil kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadhaaranatthinte nirakk vyathyasthamaan. america, canada, padinjaaran europe, austreliya, nyoosiland thudangiya vikasita pradeshangalil kaumaarakkaraaya maathaapithaakkal avivaahitharaanu, kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadharanam oru saamoohika prashnamaayi kaanapedunnu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, aphrica, eshya, kizhakkan europe, laattin america, pasaphik dveepukal thudangiya vikaswara pradeshangalile kaumaarakkaraaya maathaapithaakkal palappozhum vivaahitharaanu, avarude garbhadhaaranathe kudumbavum samoohavum swaagatham cheythekkaam. ennirunnaalum, eee samoohangalil, neratheyulla garbhadharanam poshakaahaarakkuravum mosham aarogya parirakshayum samyojippichu ammaykkum kunjinum deerghakaala medical prasnangal undakkaam. lokamembaadum 20 vayassinu thaazheyulla sthreekalkku prathivarsham 13 dasalaksham kuttikal janikkunnathayi save dhii childrance report kandethi. eee jananangalil 90 sathamaanathiladhikam vikaswara rajyangalil thamasikkunna sthreekalilaanu sambhavikkunnath. garbhadhaaranathinteyum prasavathinteyum sankeernathakalaanu atharam pradeshangalil 15 num 19 num idayil praayamulla sthreekalil maranathinu pradhana kaaranam, kaaranam avaa prayamaaya sthreekalil maranathinu pradhana kaaranamaan.
garbham avasaanikkunna eluppathil parishodhikkaavunna theeyathiyiloodeyaanu ammayude praayam nirnnayikkunnath, allathe garbhadhaaranatthinte kanakkakkiya theeyathiyalla. thalphalamaayi, 20-aamm janmadinathino athinusheshamo aaa garbhadaaranangal avasaanichillenkil, avarude 20-aamm janmadinathinu munbu aadyamaayi garbhinikalaya sthreekale sthithivivarakkanakkukali ulppeduthiyitla.
bhookhandam anusarichu nirakkukal.
aphrica.
lokathile ettavum uyarnna kaumaara garbhadhaarana nirakk-aii. dii. 1 vayass prayamaaya 1,000 penkuttikalil 143-sub-saharan aafrikkayilaanu. aafrikkayile sthreekal pothuve mattidangalile sthreekale apekshichu valare cheruppatthil vivaham kazhikkunnu-ithu neratthe garbhadhaaranathilekku nayikkunnu. 1992leeii aarogya, janasamkhyaa sarway prakaram nigeriayil, aii. dii. 1. vayassil thaazheyulla 47 sathamaanam sthreekalum 15 vayassinu munbum 87 sathamaanam 18 vayassinu munbum vivaahitharaavukayum cheythu. sarveyil pankedutthavaril 53 sathamaanam perum 18 vayassinu munbu oru kuttikk janmam nalkukayum cheythu. lokabaankil ninnulla kanakkukal prakaram aafrikkan rajyangalilaanu kaumaara janana nirakk (2002) ettavum kooduthal, 2015 leeii kanakkanusarichu, 15 muthal 19 vayassuvareyulla penkuttikalil ettavum kooduthal jananagal niger, maalii, angola, ginia, mosambik ennividangalilaanu. mosambikkil 2015ll 15num 19num idayil praayamulla penkuttikalil 46 sathamaanavum ithinakam thanne ammamaro garbhinikalo aayirunnu, 2011leeii deseeya janasamkhyaa aarogya sarveyilum 2015leeii echuaivi, malaria, prathyulpaadana aarogyam (imasida) ennivayekkurichulla deseeya sarveyilum kandethiya falangalkkidayil 9 sathamaanam vardhana. raajya thalasthaana nagaramaya maputo ozhike ellah pravishyakalum aadyakaala garbhadhaaranatthinte sathamaanathil vardhanavu kaanichu. vadakkan pravisyakalil, athaayath cabo delgado, nampula, niyasa ennivayil yathaakramam 64.9%, 61.3%, 60 sathamaanam enninganeyaanu nirakk kooduthal.
----yuvathikalkkum avarude kunjungalkkum ettavum kooduthal apakadasadhyathakal vahikkunna 10 raajyangale save dhii childrance report thiricharinju. ithil 9 ennam sub-saharan aafrikkayilaayirunnuvenu mathramalla niger, liberia, maalii ennee rajyangalilaanu penkuttikal ettavum kooduthal apakadasaadhyathayullath. ettavum apakadasaadyathayulla 10 rajyangalil, 15 num 19 num idayil praayamulla aarr kaumaarakkaaril oraal prathivarsham prasavikkunnu, eee kaumaarakkaarkk janikkunna ezhu kunjungalil oraal oru vayassinu munbu marikkunnu.
eshya.
nagaravalkarikkappetta pradeshangale apekshichu graamapradesangalil neratheyulla vivaahathinte nirakk kooduthalaanu. dakshineshyayile prathyulpaadana nirakk 71 muthal 119 vare jananangalkkidayilaanu, rund lingakkaarkkum vivaahathil praayam vardhikkunnathinulla pravanathayundu. dakshina koriyayilum singapoorilum vivaahathin munbulla laingikabandham vardhichuvenkilum kaumaarapraayakkaraaya kunjungal janikkunna nirakk 1000ll 4 muthal 8 vare kuravaanu. neratthe vivaahavum garbhadhaaranavum indoneshyayil kuthane kuranju; ennirunnaalum, eshyayude mattu bhagangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ithu uyarnnathaan.
thaaylandil ninnulla sarvekal prakaram avivahitharaaya kaumaarakkaaril ganyamaaya oru vibhaagam laingikamaayi sajeevamaan. vivaahathin munbulla laingikabandham purushanmaarude, prathyekichu veshyakalude saadhaarana perumattamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, ithu ellaayppozhum sthreekalude kaaryatthilalla. vivaahathinullilo purattho ayirikkatte, thangalude aadya laingikaanubhavam garbhanirodhana maargangalillaathathaanne mikka thaay yuvaakkalum report cheythu. thaaylandile kaumaarapraayakkaarude prathyulpaadana nirakk thaarathamyena uyarnnathaan, vidyaarthikalaaya thaaylandile aashupathrikalil praveshippikkappedunna sthreekalil oororutharkkum 60 ennam. laingikamaayi pakaruna rogangal thadayunnathinekkurichum aasoothrithamallaatha garbhadhaaranathekkurichum raajyathe yuvaakkale ariyikkunnathinulla nadapadikal thaay sarkkar sweekarichittundu.
lokaarogya samghadanayude abhipraayathil, bangladesh, indoneshya ennivayulppede niravadhi eshyan rajyangalil, kaumaarakkaraaya sthreekalil maranappedunnathil valiyoru bhagam (26-37%) maathrkaaranangal moolamaanennu parayaam.
austreliya.
2015ll australiyayile kaumaarakkaraaya sthreekalude janananirakk ayiram sthreekalkku 11.9 aayirunnu. 1971ll ayiram sthreekalkku 55.5 jananagal ennathil ninnu eee nirakk kuranju, orupakshe laingika pravarthanangalil kuravundaakunnathinuparam phalapradamaaya janana niyanthranathilekkulla eluppam kaaranam.
europe.
1970 muthal europile mothatthilulla pravanatha motham prathyulpaadana nirakkil kuravu, sthreekal avarude aadya jananam anubavikkunna praayatthile vardhanavu, kaumarakkaarkkidayil jananangalude ennathil kuravu ennivayaanu.
kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadhaaranatthinte nirakk oru raajyathinullil vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedaam. udaaharanathinu, yunaittad kingdatthil 2002-ll landanile lambeth baroyil thamasikkunna yuvathikalil kaumaara garbhadhaaranatthinte nirakk 1000-ll <aii. dii. 1> enna nilayilum midu lands local authority eriyayile thaamasakkaril 1000-ll 20.2 enna nilayilum kuravaayirunnu.
kaumaarapraayathilulla jananam palappozhum saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya prasnangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu madyam, mayakkumarunnu durupayogam, europian unionile 13 rajyangalilaayi, kaumaarapraayatthil prasavicha sthreekal daaridryathil jeevikkaan eratti saadhyathayund, 20 vayassinu mukalil praayamullappol aadyamaayi prasavichavare apekshichu.
bulgaria romania.
europile ettavum uyarnna kaumaara janananirakulla sthalangalaanu romaniayilum bulgariayilum. 2015 leeii kanakkanusarichu, bulgariayil aii. dii. 1> prayamaaya 1,000 sthreekalil 37 perum romaniyayil 34 perum janikkunnu. iru raajyangalilum valare valia roman janasamkhyayundu, avarkk kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadharanam praadeshika saraashariyekkaal valare kooduthalaanu.
sameepa varshangalil, bulgariayil kaumaarakkaraaya ammamaarude ennam kurayukayaanu.
netherlands.
netherlandsile kaumaarakkaaril jananathinteyum garbhachhidrathinteyum nirakk kuravaanu (2002 ll aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalkku 5 jananagal). uyarnna kaumaara janananirakulla rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, duchukaarkku aadya laingikabandhathil uyarnna sharashari praayavum garbhanirodhana upayogathinte alavu vardhichathum (hormon garbhanirodhana reethiyum garbhanirodhanavum upayogikkunna "double dutch" reethi ulppede) undu.
nordic rajyangal.
denmark, sweeden thudangiya nordic raajyangalilum kaumaarapraayathilulla janananirakk kuravaanu (2002 ll aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 7 jananagal). ennirunnaalum, norwayude janananirakk alpam kooduthalaanu (2002 ll aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 11 jananagal), aislaantil aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 19 janananirakkund (eathaandu yukeyude athe). eee rajyangalil garbhachhidra nirakk netherlandsinekkaal kooduthalaanu.
grease, itali, spain, porchugal.
itali, spain thudangiya chila rajyangalil kaumaara garbhadhaarana nirakk kuravaanu (2002ll iru raajyangalilum aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 6 jananagal). eee rund raajyangalilum garbhachhidra nirakk kuravaanu (sweeden, mattu nordic raajyangalekkaal kuravu), avarude kaumaara garbhadhaarana nirakk europile ettavum thaazhnnathaanu. ennirunnaalum, greasil (2002ll aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 10 jananagal), portugalil (2002ll aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 17 jananagal) kaumaara garbhadhaaranatthinte nirakk kooduthalaanu.
yunaittad kingdom.
2018ll englandilum veyilsilum 18 vayassinu thaazheyullavarude garbhadhaarana nirakk 15num 17num idayil praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalil 6.1 sathamaanam kuranju 16.8 aayi. 1999 muthal, 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla sthreekalude garbhadhaarana nirakk <aii. dii. 1> kuranju.
america.
canada.
2002-ll canadian kaumaarakkaarude janananirakk 1000-ll 16 umm kaumaarakkaarude garbhadhaarana nirakk 33.9 umm aayirunnu. kaanadayile sthithivivarakkanakkukali ninnulla kanakkukal prakaram, 1992-num 2002-num edayilulla kaalayalavil canadian kaumaarakkaarude garbhadhaarana nirakk cheruppakkaarudeyum (15-17) muthirnnavarudeyum (18-19) kaumaarakkaarude nirakkil kramanugathamaaya kuravundaayi. kaanadayile ettavum uyarnna kaumaara garbhadhaarana nirakk antaariyo upadveepinte grameena bhaagangalil sthithicheyyunna cheria pattanangalilaanu. alberta, cubec ennivayil kaumaarapraayathilullavaru garbhadhaarana nirakkum uyarnnathaan.
columbia.
2016ll kolambiyayude aarogya saamoohika samrakshana mantri alejandro gaviria uribay "thonnoorukal muthal kanduvarunna valarunna pravanathaye marikadannu kaumaara garbham rund sathamaanam pooyint kuranjuvennu" prakhyaapichu.
america.
2013ll, yunaittad stetsile kaumaara janana nirakk charitraparamaaya ettavum thaazhnna nilayiletthi aii. dii. 1> prayamaaya 1,000 sthreekalil 26.6 jananagal. ithil naalilonn jananangalum 18 allengil 19 vayass praayamulla muthirnna sthreekalilaanu. 2005ll yuu. esil.ezz.kaumaarapraayakkaraaya garbhadaaranangalil bhooribhaagavum (57 sathamaanam) jeevichirikkunna jananathinum 27 sathamaanam garbhachhidrathinum 16 sathamaanam garbhasthashishuvinte nashtatthinum kaaranamaayi.
yuu.ezz. 2002ll aii. dii. 1. vayassil 1,000 sthreekalil 53 jananangalayirunnu kaumaarapraayakkaarude janananirakk, ithu vikasita rajyangalil ettavum uyarnnathaan. garbhachhidrathilo garbhachhidrathilo avasaanikkunna garbhadaaranangal ulppede ellah garbhadhaaranangalum kanakkiledukkukayaanenkil, 2000-leeii motham nirakk 1,000 penkuttikalkku 75.4 garbhadhaaranangalaayirunnu. nevadayilum columbia jillayilumaan yuu. esile ettavum uyarnna kaumaara garbhadhaarana nirakk.ezz.vadakkan dakottayilaanu ettavum kuravu. kaumaarapraayakkaraaya garbhadaaranangalil 80 sathamaanathiladhikam yuu. esilaanu.ezz. avaa aasoothrithamallaathavayaanu; ekadesham moonnilonnu garbhachhidrathil avasaanikkunnu, moonnilonnu swaabhaavika garbhachhidrathil avasaanikkunnu, moonnilonnu avarude garbham thudarukayum avarude kunjine nilanirthukayum cheyyum.
ennirunnaalum, eee pravanatha kurayunnu 1990-ll janananirakk 61.8 aayirunnu, garbhadhaarana nirakk aayirathil <aii. dii. 1> aayirunnu. europian-amerikkakkaarudeyum eshyan-amerikkakkaarudeyum nirakkine apekshichu aafrikkan-american, laattino vamshajaraaya kaumaarakkaar uyarnna nirakk nilanirthunnundengilum eee idivu ellah vamshangalilum prakadamaanu. gutmatcher instittyoott 25 sathamaanam kuravu ozhivaakkalum 75 sathamaanam garbhanirodhana maarggangalude phalapradamaaya upayogavumaanu kaaranamenn parayunnu.
american aikyanaadukalil kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadharanam palappozhum rashtreeya samvaadathilaanu valarthunnathu. kaumaarapraayathilulla garbhadharanam parimithappeduthukayenna lakshyam republicanmaarum demokraattukalum pankidunnundenkilum kuraykkunnathinulla vazhikal saadhaaranayaayi vyathyasthamaan. pala janaadhipathyavaadikalum kaumaara garbhadhaaranathe janana niyanthranathilekkum laingika vidyaabhyaasathilekkum thudarchayaaya praveshanathinte aavashyakathayude thelivaayi udharikkunnu, athesamayam republicanmaar palappozhum yaadhaasthithika moolyangalilekku madangendathinte aavasyakatha udharikkunnu, palappozhum ozhivakkal ulppede.
kaumaarakkaraaya garbhadhaarana nirakkum oru samsthaanathe vidyaabhyaasathinte gunanilavaaravum thammil vipareethamaaya oru parasparabandham rekhappeduthiyittundu. oru nagaratthile kaumaara garbhadhaarana nirakkum athinte sharashari venalkkaala ratri thapanilayum, prathyekichu thekkan yuu. esil, thammil oru positteev parasparabandham, durbalamaanengilum, prathyakshappedunnu.ezz. (savejo, compiler, 1993-1995).
2022-leeii gaveshana samghadanayaaya child trendukal, kazhinja 30 varshathinide amerikkayil kaumaarapraayakkaarude jananam ganyamaayi kuranjathaayi kandethi.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
loka vikasana soochakam.
lokabaankinte lokavikasana soochakangalilonnaanu aii. dii. 1 vayass thikanja sthreekalude janananirakk. mikka raajyangaludeyum vividha grouppukaludeyum daatta (udha.jii. sub-saharan aphrica allengil oo. iii. sii. dii amgangal) pathivayi prasidheekarikkappedunnu, avaa aikyaraashtrasabhayude websaittil ninnu canano daunlodu cheyyaano kazhiyum.
yuu. enn. statistiks division, live barth 2009.
1, 000 sthreekalkku <aii. dii. 1> vayass praayamullavar
oru statistiks division, kanakkukal 1995-2010.
<aii. dii. 1> vayass praayamulla 1,000 sthreekalkku, uravidam
janana, garbhachhidra nirakk, 1996.
1000 sthreekalil <aii. dii. 1> (% garbhachhidram = garbhachhidrathil avasaanikkunna kaumaara garbhadaaranangalil%), uravidam

