
kootticherttha paarlament

1614 epril 5 num juun 7 num idayil nadanna jaims aaraamanteyum onnaamanteyum bharanakaalathe englandile randaamathe paarlamentaayirunnu 1614 leeii paarlament. rund maasavum rund divasavum maathram neenduninna eee paarlamentil billukalonnum pasakkappettilla, samakaalikar paarlamentaayi polum kanakkakkiyirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, athinte paraajayatthe thudarnnu ithu adhika paarlament ennu bhavithalamurayil ariyappedunnu.
engleesh simhaasanathil vannathumuthal jaims kadavumaayi mallidukayaayirunnu. raajaavine vardhichuvarunna kadathil ninnu rakshikkunnathino jayimsine thante rund raajyangale onnippikkaan anuvadikkunnathino, aii. dii. 1-nte anugraheeta paarlamentinte aarr varshathe bharanathinte parajayam addehathe shareerathodu kayperiyathaakki. treasurer loard salisbury mikacha shramangalkkidayilum paarlamentukal thammilulla naalu varshathe edavelayil rajakeeya kadavum kammi kooduthal vardhichu. aaa kaalaghattatthile avasaanathethum ettavum labhakaravumaaya saambathika aanukoolyamaaya, prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashiyude vivaahathil ninnulla oru videsha sthreedhanam paraajayappettathode oduvil 1614-nte thudakkathil paarlament thirichuvilikkaan jayimsine bodhyappedutthi.
paarlamentil raajaavinte prathinidhikalkkayi thettaaya thiranjeduppukal nadatthiya paarlamentinte thudakkam moshamaayirunnu. paarlament ("samrambham") kaikaaryam cheyyaano eluppathil niyanthrikkaavunna amgangal upayogichu athu pothiano ulla goodaalochanakalekkurichulla abhyoohangal, vaasthavathil adisthaanamaakkiyallengilum, vegathil vyaapichu. aaa kimvadanthiyude vyaapanavum paarlamentinte aathyanthika parajayavum pothuve northaampttanile kriptto-catholica erlinte goodaalochanaykku kaaranamaayittundengilum aaa aaropanam aduthide chila samshayavaadangalkku vidheyamaayittundu. epril 5 nuu paarlament thurakkukayum raajaavinte aagrahamundayittum athu oru "sneha paarlament" aakukayum paarlamentine vibhajikkukayum oru packerennu aaropikkappedunnayaale ozhivaakkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheytha goodaalochanakalekkurichulla vivaadathil udan thanne svayam veezhukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, epril avasaanathode, paarlament oru parichithamaaya vivaadathilekku neengi, athu adichelppikkalukalaayir. house oof koomans house oof lordsinu ethire nirthukayum oru purohithante aniyanthrithamaaya prasamgathekkurichulla vivaadathil kalashikkukayum cheythu.
paarlamentari nadapadikalil jaims akshamanaayi. addeham paarlamentinu oru anthima munnariyipp nalkukayum athu athine anaadaravode kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu. pothusamoohatthil ninnu addehathinu nereyulla yudhaparavum bheeshaniyumaanennu karuthappedunnathumaaya akramanangal apamaanathe parikkilekku chertthu. northaamptaninte upadesaprakaaram, juun 7 nuu jaims paarlament pirichuvidukayum naalu paarlament amgangale (mps) lunden towerylake ayaykkukayum cheythu. thante ippozhum valarunna kadam theerppaakkaan jaims puthiya saambathika aavasyangal aavishkarichu, pakshe vijayam kuravaayirunnu. charitraparamaayi, bhaavi paarlamentukalude bharanaghadanaa tharkkangal munkootty kaanunnathayi paarlamentinekkurichulla vichitramaaya kazhchappadum jayimsinte saambathikavumaayi bandhapetta oru samghattanamaayi athinekkurichulla parishkaranavaada kazhchappadum charitrakaaranmaar thammil bhinnichirikkunnu.
pashchaathalam.
1567 juulai 24nuu jaims VI umm I umm (1566-1625) scotish simhaasanathil kayarukayum pinneedu 1603 march 24nuu engleesh, airish simhaasanathil kayarukayum iru raajyangalum bharicha aadya rajaavaayi maarukayum cheythu. jaims, randaamathethu simhaasanathodoppam, 300,000 poundu deseeya kadam paarambaryamaayi nedi, ithu addehathinte bharanakaalathu vardhichu. 1608 aayappozhekkum athu oru dasalaksham poundaayi. addehathinte mungamiyaaya elisabath onnaamante bharanakaalathu, kireedatthinte aantharika varumanam kramanugathamaayi kuranju; kasttams, bhoomi ennivayil ninnulla nikuthikal sthiramaayi kuranju, paarlamentari subsidikal kramanugathamaayi churungi. engleesh charithratthile "ettavum adambara rajaakkanmaaril oralaayi" jaims bharichathinu ithu sahayichilla. samaadhaanaparamaayi, elisabathinte vaarshika chelavu orikkalum 300,000 poundinu mukalilaayirunnilla; jaims simhasana ettedutha udan thanne athu 400,000 poundaayirunnu. nashtappetta eee varumanam veendedukkunnathinaayi jaims vividha paarlamentari padhathikal earppeduthiyirunnuveli iva paarlamentil ninnu vivaadangal srishtichu, jaims appozhum panam aagrahichirunnu. koodaathe, rajavenna nilayil "rund bhaaryamaarude bharthaav" aakaathirikkaanum grettu brittante oru rajyamaayi thante kireedangale onnippikkaanum jaims utsukanaayirunnu; addehathinte mudraavaakyam "oru rajaavu, oru janatha, oru niyamam". 1604ll addehathinte bharanakaalathe aadyathe paarlament, anugraheeta paarlament ennum ariyapettu; jaims pirichuvidunnathinu munbu anchu seshanukaliloode nadanna nadapadikal ezhu varshameduthu, ithu rajaavinum paarlamentinum thripthikaramallaathe avasaanichu. jayimsinte nirddishta ekeekaranam engleesh pothu niyamavyavasthayude pirichuvidalilekku nayikkumennu komansile pala amgangalum bhayappettathayi aadya sessionil velichathu vannu. pala pramukha raashtreeyakkaarum ekeekarana ashayathe parasyamaayi prashamsikkukayum union anweshikkaan emm. pii. ezz udan thanne oru kammeeshan sweekarikkukayum cheythenkilum, jaims "grettu brittante rajaavu" enna padavi sweekarikkaanulla nirddesham poornnamaayum nirasikkapettu. 1604 oktobarile onnum randum seshanukalkkidayil, vivaadaparamaaya paarlamentine marikadannu jaims eee padavi prakhyaapichu. randaam sessionil, prathishedham shamippikkumenna pratheekshayil ekeekaranam uyarthiyilla, pakshe moonnaam sessionile padhathikalekkurichulla charchakal nishedhaathmakamaayirunnu; scotish charitrakaaranaaya jenni wormald paranjathupole, "jayimsinte union eee paarlamentaanu konnath". naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum sessionukalil ekeekaranam charchayil ninnu nishabdamaayi ozhivaakki.
anugraheethamaaya paarlamentinte kaalath, paarlamentinte swantham lakshyangal samanamaaya nirasha kandu; nirddishta purittan sabhaa parishkaarangalude sthaapanathe jaims nirasikkukayum janapreethiyillaatha rund rajakeeya avakashangalaaya samrakshanavum wardship abhisambodhana cheiyunnathil paraajayappedukayum cheythu. randaam sessionil, paarlament rajaavinu 400,000 poundu subsidy nalki, vedimarunninte pashchaathalatthil rajakeeya pinthuna prakadippikkaan thaalpparyappedunnu, ennaal elisabathinte keezhil eee subsidikal kurachathinaal ithu rajaavu aagrahichathinekkaal kuravaayirunnu. playg kaaranam seshanukalkkidayil 3 varshathe kaalathaamasathinu sesham, 1610 februvariyil naalaamathe session vilikkukayum saambathika charchakalkku aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. salisburyile onnaam earl loard hye treasurer roobert sessil oru valia karar nirddeshichu paarlament kireedatthinu udan 600,000 poundu (kadangal thirichadaykkunnathinu) nalkunna oru saambathika padhathi, athinusesham 200,000 poundu vaarshika stipend; pakaramaayi, rajaavu patthu fudal kudissikakal nirthalaakkuka, avayil, kudissika. nirthalaakkiya kudissikayil wardship chertthathinu sesham, pinthunayode session nirtthivachu. ennirunnaalum, adutha session aarambhichappol, pinthuna thanuthu. jaims adichelppikkal nirthalaakkiyillenkil vaarshika stipend nalkaan paarlament visammathichu. paarlament rajaavinu udanadi subsidy nalkiyengilum nirddishta 600,000 poundu verum 100,000 poundaayi kuranju. 1610 november 6 oode jaims backie 500,000 poundu aavasyappedukayum, adichelppikkalukal nirthalaakkukayaanenkil paarlament addehathinu thulyamaaya mattoru labhakaramaaya varumaana srothass nalkendivarumennu vyavastha cheyyukayum cheythu. paarlament prakopithamaavukayum moonnu divasathinu sesham karar upekshikkukayum cheythu. paarlamentil ninnu kooduthal saambathika pinthuna labikkumenna pratheekshayil salisbury james anuranjana aamgyangal kaanichenkilum jaims akshamanaayi. 1610 desember 31nuu jaims paarlament pirichuvidunnathaayi parasyamaayi prakhyaapichu. jayimsinte aadya paarlament oru kayperiya kurippil avasaanichu; "ningalude ettavum valia thettu", addeham salisbury saasichu, "ningal eppozhengilum pitthatthil ninnu thaine edukkumennu pratheekshichirunnu."
ithinushesham mattoru paarlament vilikkaan jaims thayyarayilla. ennirunnaalum, nikuthi uyarthaan paarlament illengil, panam swaroopikkunnathinulla puthiya vazhikal kandethaan treasury nirbandhithamaayi. 1611-ll lunden nagaram kireedatthinu 100,000 poundu vaaypa nalki; henry naalaamante bharanakaalathu shekharicha kadangalkk france rajaavil ninnu 60,000 poundu verthirichu; bahumathikal sambannaraaya maanyanmaarkk vitt 90,000 poundu samaaharichu; ekadesham 10,000 perkku nirbandhitha vaaypa chumatthi. ennittum, 1612-ll treasurer salisbury maranashesham, englandinte saambathikasthithi appozhum niraalambamaayi thudarnnu, 500,000 poundu kadavum 160,000 poundu vaarshika kammi undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, jayimsinte pradhana saambathika badhyatha addehathinte prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashiyaaya weils rajakumaaranaaya henriyude vivahamaayirunnu, athinaayi addeham oru videsha sakhyakakshiye paraamarshikkaathe ganyamaaya sthreedhanam pratheekshichirunnu. jaims niravadhi catholica rajyangalumaayi charcha nadatthi, pakshe 1612 avasaanathode, 18-aamm vayassil, henrique typhoid baadikkukayum pettennu marikkukayum cheythu; 12-aamm vayassil puthuthayi prathyakshappetta anantharaavakaashiyaaya prins chaals charchakalil addehathinte sthaanam etteduthu. fraansil charchakal ettavum pratheekshayode nadakkukayaayirunnu, avide fraansile 6 vayassulla rajakumari kristtainumaayulla chaals raajakumaarante vivaham 240,000 poundu aarogyakaramaya thuka vaagdaanam cheythu, jayimsinte kadam eathaandu pakuthiyaayi kuranju. ennirunnaalum, 1614-nte thudakkathil, fraansinte aabhyanthara mathaparamaya kalahangal aabhyantharayudham aasannamaanennu thonnunna oru ghattathilekku theevramaayathinaal franch bhaagath charchakal nilachu; jaims akshamanaayi. jayimsinte saambathika arakshithaavastha eee samayat vashalayi, kadam ippol 680,000 poundum kammi 200,000 poundum aayi. prakadamaaya upabhogam vaarshika chelavu 522,000 poundaayi uyarthi. safokkinteyum pembrokkinteyum neethrthwathilulla oru koottam upadeshtaakkal, panam swaroopikkaan oru paarlamentine vilikkaan raajaavine prothsaahippichu, jayimsine bodhyappedutthi "-addeham pinneedu paranjathupole-" ente prajakal enne veruthilla, athu njaan arhichillennu enicariyaam."paarlamentinekkurichu shubhaapthivishwaasamillenga, sapolum pembrok jayimsine prothsaahippichu, privy kaunsilil annu pothuvaaya kaazhchappaad enthaayirunnu kodathiyil avarude sakhyakakshikalaya skottukalude adikaaram shakthippeduthunnath ozhivakkaan oru spanish allengil franch sakhyam ozhivaakkanam. northaamptan eee vilippikkaline shakthamayi ethirthuvenkilum 1614-ll jaims vimukhathayode mattoru paarlamentine vilichu. aaa varsham februvari 19nuu thiranjeduppu rittukal purappeduvichu.
paarlament.
thayyaareduppukal.
varaanirikkunna paarlamentinekkurichu swakaarya kaunsil mothatthil shubhaapthivishvaasam prakadippichilla. raajaavinte ettavum adutha rund upadeshtaakkal labhyamallaayirunnu salisbury marichu, 74 kaaranaya northaamptan rogabaadhithanaayirunnu. chumathukal polulla mulpadarppulla prasnangal veendum paarlament unnayikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinu oru maargavum ariyaathe sufok, pembrock ennivapolum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, rund kaunsilarmaar rajaavinu addehathinte puthiya paarlamentinekkurichu upadesham nalkendathaayirunnu, athu nirnaayakamaanennu theliyikkum. paarlament vilikkunnathine ettavum shakthamayi anukoolicha attorni general sarr francis bekkan, muun paarlamentinte paraajayathinu salisbury parasyamaayi kuttappedutthi; treasurer thante aadyakaala kariyarine durbalappeduthiyennu samshayichu addehathinethire swakaarya vidvesham prakadippichu. paarlamentumaayulla salisbury edapaadu raajaavinte paraajayatthinte moolamaanennum jaims pakaram chila vyaapaarikalekkaal avarude rajaavaayi paarlamentine sameepikanamennum athinaal avarude bharanadhikaariyodulla pothuswabhaavam anusarichu subsidy abhyarthikkanamennum addeham vaadichu. paarlamentile aalukale thante pakshathu ethikkaan rajaavu rakshaakarthruthvam nalkanamennu bekkan ithinodu koottichertthu. paarlamentumaayi engane ooshmalamaaya bandham pularthaamennu sarr henry nevil rajaavinu upadesham nalki, athu addeham souhaarddaparamaayi sweekarichu, ennaal nevilleyude kooduthal sradheyamaaya vaagdaanam oru "samrambham" aayirunnu, athil nevilleyum oru koottam "deshasnehikalum" jaimsinu anukoolamaayi paarlament kaikaaryam cheyyaan krameekarikkum, stettu sekrattariyude offeesinu pakaramaayi. jaims eee samrambham parihaasyamaayi nirasichu, atharamoru goodaalochana orikkalum samghadippichirunnilla, pakshe athinte yadhaartha sambhavathekkurichulla kimvadanthikal paarlamentilekku athivegam vyaapichu.
jaims paarlament polikkaan shramichuvennu emm. pii. ezz pinneedu aaropichu. theerchayaayum, "nannayi baadhichavarum vivekamullavarumaaya vyakthikale paarlamentil ulppeduthunnathinekku" bekkan raajaavine vyakthamaayi upadeshikkukayum jaims kazhinja varsham airish paarlamentil kshama chodikkaathe niraykkukayum cheythirunnu. asaadhaaranamaamvidham dhaaraalam kireedaavakaashikal eee paarlamentil thangaletthanne kandethi; naalu privy kaunsilarmaarkku dhaaraalam kireedaavakasha abhibhaashakarkkoppam komansil seettukalundaayirunnu. eluppathil niyantrikkaavunnathum samaadhaanaparavumaaya mpsukal upayogichu paarlamentine pothinjuthudangaan kireedam sramichuvennathinu thelivukalonnumillenkum, kireedatthinte abhilaashangalodu anubhavam pulartthunnavarude thiranjeduppine jaims theerchayaayum prothsaahippichu. vaasthavathil, upayogapradamaaya paarlamentari udyogasthare niyamikkunnathil privy kaunsil kooduthal udaaseenamaayi thonni. pratheekshicha thayyaareduppukal kuravaayirunnu. mattoru yogyathayulla sthaanaarthiye ozhivakkiya chila baisaantain tharkkangalkk sesham, sarkkar niyantritha baroo oof sultashinte jadjiyum empiyumaaya ranalph kreeye avasana nimisham house oof komansinte speakeraayi thiranjedutthu. ithu oru athbhuthakaramaaya thiranjeduppaayirunnu paarlamentile kreevinte muun anubhavam 1597-98 ll empiyaayum rund cheria niyama upadeshtaakkalude saannidhyamaayum parimithappedutthiyirunnu; addehathinte niyamajeevitam kooduthal aakarshakamaayirunnilla. raudi mpsumaayi edapedunnathil kreeyude anubhavaparichayamillaayma paarlamentine athivegam kramakkedilekku erangaan anuvadicha gadakangalil onnaayirunnu ennathil samshayamilla. house oof komansile jayimsinte ettavum muthirnna prathinidhiyaya stettu sekrattari ralph winwoodine samaanamaayi vaiki prakhyaapichu. utsaahabharithanaaya audyogikanum theekshnathayulla puritanum aanenkilum, winwoodin paarlamentari parichayamonnumillaayirunnu, koodaathe oru hraswavum ishtappedaathathumaaya vyakthiyaayirunnu. chilappol praayapoorthiyaakaathavari chithreekarikkappedukayum angane aaveshakaramaaya pottitherikalkku irayaakukayum cheiyunnuvenkilum, puthiya house oof koomans mothatthil prathyekichu cheruppamo anubhavaparichayamillaathatho aayirunnilla; addehathinte ettavum pradhanappetta udyogastharudeyum upadeshtaakkaludeyum anubavaparichayamalla raajaavine nashippichathu.
thurannuparachilum goodaalochanakalum.
1614 epril 5nuu paarlament udghaadanam cheyyappettu. "snehathinte paarlament" ennariyappedanamenna aagrahathodeyum rajaavum paarlament yojichum daaranayodeyum nadakkanamenna aagrahathodeyum jaims paarlament udghaadanam cheythu. addehathinte udghaadana prasangam moonnu vibhagangalaayi thirichirunnu aadyathethu (), katholikkarude valarchaye apalapikkukayum nilavilulla niyamangal karsanamaayi nadappaakkanamenn abhyarthikkukayum cheyyuka; randaamathethu (), stuvartt raajavamshathinte surakshayekkurich paarlamentinu urappu nalkuka; moonnaamathethu (), addehathinte saambathika aavasyakathaykku oonnal nalkuka, paarlamentumaayi vilapeshukayalla, marichu fund nalkunnathil avarude sadbhavana chodikkuka. eee prasamgatthinte mathaparamaya vashangalozhike matellaam bekkaninte swaadheenathinte vyakthamaaya mudra pathippichirunnu. rajaavil ninnulla vittuveezhchayo parishkaranamo sambandhicha vaagdaanangal prasamgatthil ninnu shradheyamaayi nashtappettu. athe prasamgatthil, nevilleyude samrambhathin anumathi nishedhichuvenkilum goodaalochanayekkurichulla oohaapohangal ithinakam vyaapakamaayirunnu. nevilleyude padhathi appozhekkum raajasabhayude dooravyaapakamaaya goodaalochanayaayi valachodikkappettirunnu. engleesh nayathanthranjanaaya sarr thomas royaanu aadyam kimvadanthikal pracharippichathu ennu aaropikkunnath northaampttanile kriptto-catholica vibhaagathinte erl aanu, avar pakaram catholica spainumaayulla vaivaahika sakhyathil rajaavu panam thirayanamennu aagrahichu, angane paarlamentinte paraajayatthe anukoolichu. eee paarlamentinte paraajayatthinte pala gadakangalum northaamptan mastermind cheythuvenna ashayam pilkkala charitrakaaranmaar amgeekarichittundengilum northaamptan jeevacharitrakaaranaaya linda levi pekkinte sradheyamaaya nirasikkal nerittu.
paarlament munnott pookumbool, anubhaavikalude thiranjeduppu surakshithamaakkaamenna pratheekshayil rajaavu swaadheenamulla prajakalumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathiyenna velippeduthalumaayi samshayangal kooduthal vashalayi. goodaalochana amgeekarichavarum athu nirasichavarum thammil house oof koomans vibhajikkapettu. angane potusabha udan thanne thettaaya perumaattatthinte soochanakalkkaayi muun thiranjeduppukalekkuri anweshikkaan thudangi. ithinappuram kurachumaathrame sthaapikkappettillum, laankaastar dachiyude chansalaraya sarr thomas paari stokkbridjile thiranjeduppine swaadheenichathaayi kandethi. oru hraswakaalathekku, eee anweshanam pothusamoohatthil aadhipathyam pulartthi paari sabhayil ninnum, nirbhagyavashaal, chansalar padaviyil ninnum suspended cheyyappettu. paarlamentile palarkkum, raajaavinte udyogasthar paarlament polikkaan shramichathinte mathiyaya thelivaayi ithu thonni. athesamayam, aaropanavidheyamaaya samrambhathekkurich anweshikkaan oru samiti roopeekarichu, ennirunnaalum ithu phalapradamallennu thelinju. kammittiyude chairman meyy 2 nuu madangi; addeham aashayakkuzhappathode samsaarichuvenkilum eathenkilum samrambhathinte nilanilppinethire nigamanatthiletthi. ennirunnaalum, paarlamentari prakopanakaranaaya joonn hoskins kooduthal anweshanam aavasyappedukayum athu sabha amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. meyy 14nuu anweshanam avasaanichu; paarlamentinte aarr aazhchakalkk sesham, oru prathijnjaapathrathekkurathu abhyoohangal theerchayaayum thallikkalanju. ennirunnaalum, eee vivaadathinte avasaanathode, samrambhakarkkethiraya athrupthi illaathaayi. nevilleye orikkalum suspended cheythilla, marichu aathyanthikamayi paarlamentinte prashamsa labhichu. avarude paraathikal pariharikkan raajaavine anuvadikkunnathinulla shramathinte bhaagamaayi addehathinte upadesham kaanapettu. maruvashathu, paarlamentari prakriya durbalappeduthaanulla sramangalaayi avarude sramangal eppozhum kaanappedunnathinal paakkejarmaarkk orikkalum paarlamentinte sahathapam labhichilla.
adichelppikkalinekkur tharkkam.
packing, samrambham ennivayekkurichulla tharkkam sabhaye vibhajichu, pakshe ithalla paarlamentinte aathyanthika paraajayathinu kaaranamaayath. epril 19-nuu thanne, kathezhuthiya joonn chamberline "samrambhakarkkethiraya valia nilavili nannayi nishabdamaayirunnu" ennum pothusamooham oru parichithamaaya vivaadathil muzhukiyirunnuvennum ariyichu adichelppikkal. epril 20nuu paarlament eesttarinaayi nirtthivachu, meyy 2nuu veendum yogam chernnu. rund divasathinu sesham meyy 4 nuu rajaavu pothusamoohatthe abhisambodhana cheyth, raajaavinte jadjimar addehathinu yaathoru samshayavumillathe urappu nalkia oru vastutha, adichelppikkalukalude niyamasaadhuthaye prathirodhikkunnathil aaveshabharithanaayi. taamasiyaathe thanikk vitharanam labhichillengil, pothusamooham "thidukkathil kooduthal paarlamentukal anweshikkaruthu" ennu addeham oduvil shradheyamaayi koottichertthu. ennirunnaalum, athesamayam, adichelppikkalukal swathavakaasha niyamathe bheeshanippeduthunnunnu adichelppikkalukalude peril "raajyathinte swaathanthryam chodyam cheyyappedunnu" ennumulla avarude vishwaasathil saadhaaranakkaar aikyathodeyum achanjalamaayum aayirunnu."emm. pii. thomas gowarth nadatthiya atharamoru prasamgatthil jaims valare prakopithanayathinaal paarlament avasaanichathinu thottupinnaale addeham jayililadaykkappettu. paarlamentari charitrakaaranaaya konraad russell vidhi prasthaavichathupole, "thangal niyamaparamaayi sariyaaya aalaanenn irupakshathinum uracha bodhyamundaayirunnathil avar orikkalum mattoru kakshi vyathyasthamayi chinthikkunnathine poornnamaayum ulkkollunnilla."raajaavinte saambathika prasnangal avaganikkunnath saadhaaranakkaar thudarnnathinaal irupakshavum thammilulla eathoru dharana kooduthal thadassappettu, ithu adichelppikkal polulla moolyavathaaya varumaana srothass upekshikkunnathil ninnu raajaavine niruthsaahappedutthi.
rajavinodu apekshikkunnathinulla pinthuna munkootty kandukond meyy 21nuu, adichelppikkalukalekku oru sammelanam nadatthaan pothusabhaamgangal prabhukkanmarodu aavasyappettu. anchu divasathe charchakalkku sesham, atharam oru sammelanam aupachaarikamaayi nirasichukondu prabhumar madangi, palarudeyum athbhuthavumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. eee sammelanathinethire athmeeya karthaavinte aikyadaartyam moolam karthakkanmaar ithine ethirthu 39-num 30-num vottu cheythirunnu. konfaransinte ettavum shabdamuyarthiya athiraalikalil oralaaya bishop richard neel, harjikkaarane apalapichukondu moorchayulla prasamgatthiloode parikkukale apamanikkukayum cheythu. prasangam" ennariyappedunna eee prasamgatthil nadatthiya paraamarshangale oru charithrakaaran visheshippichathu "jaimsinte bharanakaalathu eathoru raashtreeyakkaaranum upayogicha ettavum apakadakaramaaya vaakkukalaayirunnu" ennaanu."eee apamaanathinu neel shikshikkappedunnathuvar kooduthal bisinesses nadatthaan kammyoonistukaar visammathichu. paarlamentari pravartthanangal thudaranamennu vaadikkaanulla kreevinte durbalamaaya sramangal deshyappetta sareerathinu munnil addehathinte vandhyatha velippeduthi. meyy 30nuu bishappil ninnu kanneerode mapp parayukayum pinmaarukayum cheythenkilum avar asamthriptharaavukayum achadakka nadapadiyude aavasyangalil erattiyaayi kurayukayum cheythu. meyy avasaanathode, charitrakaaranaaya thomas ell. saadhaaranakkaarude kopam oru panii pichil athiyirunnu", eee budhimuttulla anthareekshathil neethrthwam thakarnnupoyi ennu moyer paranju. ennirunnaalum, neelinu shikshayonnum nadappakkappettilla, rajaavu paarlamentinodu akshamayode perumaarukayum cheythu.
jaims akshamayode valarunnu.
paarlament juun 1 nuu sthaanaarohana divasathekku nirtthivaykkukayum juun 3 nuu veendum yogam cherukayum cheythu. eee divasam pothusabhaayogam nadathiyappol, rajaavil ninnu avarkk oru anthima munnariyipp labhichu addehathinu udan thanne saambathika vitharanam nalkaan paarlament sammathichillengil, addeham juun 9 nuu paarlament pirichuvidum. ithu thante lakshyangal pinthudarunnathilekku pothusamoohatthe njettikkumenn jaims pratheekshichirunnuvena pakaram, athu prathipakshatthe athinte dhaarshtyathilekku kooduthal athikkuka maathramaan cheythath. eee aavasyam oru vanjanayaanennu palarum karuthi; rajaavu appozhum kadakkeniyilaayirunnu, paarlamentari subsidikal maathramaan addehathinte eaka maarggam. subsidikal nalkunnathinupakaram, saadhaaranakkaar raajaavine nishkarunam aakramichu. addehathinte kodathi, prathyekichu scotish amgangal, eee prajakalkk illengil rajaavinu adichelppikkalukalo subsidiyukalo aavasyamillennu soochippikkunna athirukadanna kuttatthinu kuttaropitharaayi. oru amgam oormmayil parayum pole, jayimsinte kottarakkaar "rajaavinu spaaniyalukalum janangalkk chennaaykkalum" aayirunnu. orupakshe northaampttanil ninnu prothsaahippikkappetta hoskins, eee scotish kottaarakkaarude jeevan apakadatthilaanennu kadinamaayi soochana nalki, sisilian wespersile aanchevinukalude vamseeya koottakolaye soochippikkunnu; ithu thanteyum thante ettavum adutha suhruthukkaludeyum jeevanu bheeshaniyaayi raajaavine ariyichu, angane addeham svayam vadhabheeshani neridumennu bhayapettu. varaanirikkunna pirichuvidal "ithinte mathramalla, ellah paarlamentukaludeyum avasaanamaayirikkum" enna thante vidhiyil roow kooduthal mundhaaranayullavanaayirunnu. raajyam muzhuvan karayunna" adichelppikkalukal addeham nirthalaakkukayaanenkil, avar addehathinu saambathika pinthuna nalkumennu koomans jaimsinu avarude swantham anthima munnariyipp nalki.
ennirunnaalum, atharam oru varumaana srothass upekshikkaan jaimsinu kazhinjilla. northaamptan virudha vibhaagam paarlament pirichuvidunnathinuparam pirichuvidaan rajavinodu abhyarthichappol, rajaavu maranasayyayil northaamptan sandarshichu. paarlament pirichuvidaan northaamptan niraasanaaya raajaavine prerippichu. paarlamentumaayulla edavelaykku sesham spanish pinthuna urappunalkunnathinaayi jaims spanish ambasadaraaya gondomerine bandhapettu, ithu gondomer santhoshathode nalkia oru urappaayirunnu. 1614 juun 7nuu jaims paarlament pirichuvittu. northaamptan vibhaagangalude lakshyangal oduvil niraveri, kaaranam addeham marikkunnathin orazhcha munbu northaamptan kootticherttha paarlamentinte anthyam kandu. rajakeeya sammathathode oru billum paasaakkathe paarlament kadannupoyi, athinaal bharanaghadanaaparamaayi paarlamentaayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla. samakaalikar ithine oru "kanvenshan" ennaanu visheshippichathu. joonn chamberline, athu "oru parly maathram" aayi thonni. ennirunnaalum, athinte paraajayathinu paarlament bhavithalamurayil "kootticherttha paarlament" ennu saarvathrikamaayi ariyappedunnu.
anantharafalangal.
eee paarlamentinte duranthathetthudarnnu, niyamanirmmaana samitiye ozhivakkaan jaims kooduthal dridanishchayathode. raajyadrohaparamaaya prasamgathinaayi hoskins ulppede ettavum akramasaktharaaya naalu emm. pii. maare lunden gopuratthilekku ayachirunnu. kurachu divasangalkku sesham hoskinsinte prolsaahanakkaarkkum ithu thanne cheythu. paarlamentile raajaavinte anuyaayikalkk, naitt padavi nedukayum raajaavinte sarjantaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheytha speakerk polum rajakeeya preethi nalkappettu. athesamayam, paarlamentinu thottupinnaale jaims spanish ambaasadare sameepichu, addehathil valareyadhikam vishwasichu, prathyekichu paarlamentumaayulla aathmavishwaasakkuravu. thante kadam muzhuvan nikathaan paryapthamaaya 600,000 poundu sthreedhanam pratheekshichukondu addeham thante prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashiyude spanish bhaaryaykkaayi spainumaayulla charchakal punaraarambhichu.
paarlament avasaanichathinu thottupinnaale, orupakshe skotlandil mattoraale vilikkunnathinekkurich privy kaunsil charcha nadathiyenkilum paarlamentile eee edavela anthimamaakumennu jaims anumaanichu. vaasthavathil, ezhu varshathekku addeham mattoru paarlament vilikkilla. muppath varshathe yudhathil thante marumakan elector paletin frederic vii. kku panam swaroopikkunnathinulla avasana maarggamaayi addeham 1621ll oru paarlament roopeekarichu. 1515num 1523num idayil nadanna oru noottaandil englandil nadanna ettavum dairkhyameriya edavelayaayirunnu ithu. oru charithrakaaran abhipraayappettathupole, "1618ll muppath varshathe yuddham pottippurappettillannil, thante bharanakalam muzhuvan paarlamentine ozhivaakkunnathil addeham vijayikkumaayirunnu."athinidayil, ippozhum kadakkeniyilaya jaims panam swaroopikkaan mattu vazhikal kandethaan thudangi. "kaalnadayaayi panatthinaayi sajjeekarichirikkunna vichitramaaya padhathikal nammal kaanum, ennittum ellaam sahayikkilla", oru nireekshakan abhiprayappettu. 1614-ll addehathinte ettavum sambannaraaya prajakalodu 65,000 poundu samaaharichukond, 65,000 poundu samaaharichukond, addehathinte saambathika aavasyangal thaalkkaalikamaayi niravettappettu; 1616-ll briyal, vlisingan ennee munnariyipp pattanangal duchukaarkku vitt 250,000 poundu samaaharichu; 1617-ll, scotish purogathikkaayi lunden nagaratthil ninnu 100,000 poundu vaaypayedukkaanulla abhyarthana, nagaram ithu poornnamaayum nalkiyillengilum. 1614 muthal 1618 vare kammi pathukke kuranju. ennittum, 1620 aayappozhekkum addehathinte kadam 900,000 poundaayi uyarnnu, vivaha karaarukalonnum nadannittilla.
charithralekhanam.
victorian wig charitrakaaranaaya saamuval roosan gardiner, aabhyantharayudhathinu munbulla thante smaarakacharithrathil, 1614 leeii paarlament praadhamikamaayi "uyarnna chodyangalil" (athaayath.iii. bharanaghadanaaparamaaya swabhaavamullava) "orikkal aalochichathinusesham orikkalum kaazhchayil ninnu pinmaran kazhiyilla". eee paarlamentinodu, gardiner ezhuthi, oraalkk "vishayathinte avakashangal kedukoodaathe samrakshikkunnathinu, kireedatthinte adikaaravum janangalude prathinidhikalum thammilulla bandhatthil kurachu maattam varuthendathu aavasyamaanu enna aashayathinte aadya prabhaathatthe kandethaan kazhiyum."eee asambliyude bharanaghadanaaparamaaya praadhaanyathekkurichu thottakkaarante vidhi pilkkala charitrakaaranmaaril chilarude sahathapam nedikkazhinju. 1958ll paarlamentinekkurichulla thante monographyle moyer, "aathyanthikamayi executivinte paarlamentari niyanthranathilekku nayicha vikasanam aarambhichu" ennu abhiprayappettu. 1614leeii paarlamentari nadapadikalude edittar maija jaansan 1988ll ezhuthi "aashayakkuzhappathilaya paarambaryatthinte onnum cheyyaatha assembly enna nilayil, 1614leeii engleesh paarlament mulpadarnna bharanaghadanaa prashnangale abhisambodhana cheyyukayum 1620kalile seshanukaliludaneelam vyakthamaaya nadapadikramangalum padavikalum sambandhicha aashanka munkootty kaanukayum cheythu."
1614leeii kootticherttha paarlamenta punaravalokanatthinte paridhikal" enna thalakkettilulla 1991 leeii stentan prabhaashanatthil pramukha paarlamentari charitrakaaranaaya konraad russell kootticherttha paarlamentinekkurichulla eee sidhaanthathe vimarshichu. rassalinte punaravalokanavaada veekshanakonil, paarlament amgangal bharanaghadanaaparamaayi yaadhaasthithikamaaya oru pooraattatthil earppettirunnu, avaa vipuleekarikkunnathinuparikar swantham avakashangal samrakshikkukayenna lakshyathodeyaayirunnu. paarlamentum kireedavum thammilulla viyojip "athiraalikalaaya bharanaghadanaa ashayangal thammilulla poraattam" aayirunnilla, marichu russell nigamanathilethiyathupole