niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum

praadhamikamaayi chikkago school oof economicsile pandithanmaaril ninnu uyarnnuvanna niyama vishakalanathin micro economic sidhaanthathinte prayogamaanu niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum allengil niyamatthinte saambathika vishakalanam. niyamangalude phalangal vishadeekarikkunathinum eathu niyama niyamangal saambathikamaayi kaaryakshamamaanennu vilayiruthunnathinum eathu niyama niyamangal prakhyaapikkumenn pravachikkunnathinum saambathika ashayangal upayogikkunnu. niyamathinum saambathikashaasthrathinum rund pradhana shaakhakalundu; onnu niyamatthinte positteev, normative vishakalanathin neoclassical saambathikashaasthrathinthi reethikalum sidhaanthangalum prayogikkunnathine adisthaanamaakkiyullathum, randaamathe shaakha saambathika, rashtreeya, saamoohika phalangalil vishalamaaya shradha kendreekarikkukayum rashtreeya, bharana sthaapanangalude vishakalanangalumayi ovarlaappu cheyyukayum cheiyunna niyamathinteyum niyama sthaapanangaludeyum sthaapana vishakalanathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
aadhunika saambathika chinthayude adithara pakia classical saambathika vidagtharil ninnu niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu charitraparamaaya poorvvikar kandethanakum. pathinettaam noottaandil thanne, vaanijya niyamanirmmaanatthinte saambathika prathyaaghaathangalekkurich aadam smith charcha cheythu; pinneedu, kaarshika uthppaadanakshamathaye thadassappeduthunnuvenna adisthaanathil david ricardo britiish cholam niyamangale ethirthu; frederic baastiyatt thante swaadheenamulla pusthakamaaya "niyamam" ll niyamanirmmaanatthinte aasoothrithamallaatha prathyaaghaathangal parishodhichu. ennirunnaalum, vipaniyethara pravartthanangal niyanthrikkunna niyamam vishakalanam cheiyunnathinu saambathikashaasthram prayogikkunnathu thaarathamyena puthiyathaanu. 1900-ll nadanna oru europian niyama-saambathika prasthaanatthinu shaashvathamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunnil.
wolker fundinte thalavanaaya harrold luhno eph. eiii. yuu. eiii. yill hayak.ezz. 1946 ll aarambhicha addeham taamasiyaathe aaron directorude chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile varavinayi dhanasahayam nalki, avide niyamathilum saambathikashaasthrathilum pandithanmarkkaayi oru puthiya kendram sthaapichu. chikkago school sthaapikkunnathil lahnousinte adutha sahakariyaaya roobert mainard hutchins aanu sarvakalaashaalayude thalavan, ithu saadhaaranayaayi ariyappettirunnathupole. frank naitt, jorjju stigler, henry saimans, ronald koos, jacob winer ennivarulppede libertarian pandithanmaarude sakthamaaya adithara sarvakalashaala faakkalttiyil ulppettirunnu. taamasiyaathe, hike mathramalla, samvidaayakante bhaaryaasahodaran stiglarude suhruthumaaya milttan friedman roobert fogal, roobert lucas, yujeen faama, richard posner, gaari becker ennivarum ithil undaakum.
charitrakaaranmaaraaya roobert vaan hohn philipp mirovsky "chikkago school oof economicsinte uyarcha" enna "mondu pelerinil ninnulla paatha" (2009) enna adhyaayathil aadhunika saambathika aashayangalude vikaasathe vivarichu; charitrakaaranaaya broose caldwell (voonn hayekkinte oru valia aaraadhakan) "chikkago school, hayek, navaliberalism" enna thante adhyaayathil "chikkago economics nirmmikkuka" (2011) enna adhyaayathil vivaranathinte kooduthal vishadaamshangal poorippichu. kuttakrithyangalekkurichu gaari bekarude 1968 leeii prabandhatthil ninnaan feeld aarambhichath (beckerinu oru nobal sammaanavum labhichu). 1972-ll, niyama, saambathika shaasthra pandithanum kaaryakshamathayude positteev sidhaanthathinte pradhana vakthavumaaya richard posner niyamatthinte saambathika vishakalanathinte aadya pathipp prasidheekarikkukayum "niyama padanangalude jenal" sthaapikkukayum cheythu, iva randum pradhana sambhavangalayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. gorden tallock friedrich hayak eee pradeshathu aazhathil ezhuthukayum niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu vyaapanathe swaadheenikkukayum cheythu.
sthaapichu.
1958ll director 'jenal oof loow aandu economics' sthaapikkukayum athu addeham nobel jethaav ronald kosinoppam chernnu edittu cheyyukayum niyama, saambathika mekhalakale dooravyaapakamaaya swaadheenathode onnippikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. cheythu 1960lum ronald cose guido calabrassy swathanthramaayi "saamoohika chelavinte prashnam", "apakadasaadhyatha vitharanathekkurichum peedana niyamathekkurichum chila chinthakal" ennee rund supradhana lekhanangal prasidheekarichu. aadhunika niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu thudakkamaayi ithine kaanaan kazhiyum.
1962ll aaron director oru swatantra samoohathekkurichulla samiti roopeekarikkaan sahayichu. 1946-ll chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile niyama vidyaalayathile faakkalttiyilekkulla directorude niyamanam boudhika uthppaadanakshamathayude aranoottaandinu thudakkamittu, ennirunnaalum prasidheekaranathekkurichu addehathinte vimukhatha kurachu rachanakal maathrame avasheshippichulloo. addeham eddu ward leviyumaayi chernnu niyama schoolil vishwaasa virudha kozhsukal padippichu, addeham oduvil chikkagoyude niyama skoolinte deane, chikkago sarvakalaashaalayude president, yuu.ezz. foord administrationil attorni general. 1965ll chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile niyama schoolil ninnu viramicha sesham director kaaliforniyayilekku thamasam maarukayum stanford sarvakalaashaalayude hoover sthaapanathil oru sthaanam ettedukkukayum cheythu. thante 103-aamm janmadinathinu patthu divasam munbu 2004 septambar 11 nuu kaaliforniyayile loss altos hilsile veettil vachu addeham antharichu.
pinneedu vikasanam.
1970 kalude thudakkathil, henry maan (kosinte muun vidyaarthi) oru pradhana niyama schoolil niyamathinum saambathikashaasthrathinu oru kendram nirmmikkaan purappettu. addeham rochasttar sarvakalashaalayil ninnu aarambhich miyami sarvakalashaalayil jolie cheythuvenkilum taamasiyaathe avarkk eshtappettilla, emory sarvakalaashaalayilekk thamasam maarukayum jorjju mesanil cherukayum cheythu. avasaanatheth taamasiyaathe jadjimaarude vidyaabhyaasathinulla oru kendramaayi maari-palarum niyama schoolil ninnu valarekkaalamaayi puratthaayirunnu, orikkalum akkangalum saambathikashaasthravum thurannukattiyilla. joonn emm-nte pinthunayum maan aakarshichu. oolin foundeshan, avarude pinthuna prasthaanatthe thwarithappeduthi. innu, pala sarvakalaashaalakalilum niyamathinum saambathikashaasthrathinu kendrangal (allengil prograamukal) nilavilundu.
chikkago school sradheyamaaya vyakthikal.
chikkago schoolil vikasippicha saambathika chinthayude aadhunika mungaamikalil aadam smith, david ricardo, frederic baastiyatt enniva ulppedunnu.
sthaapakaril ulppedunnu
mattu sradheyamaaya vyakthikalil iva ulppedunnu
positteev, normative niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum.
niyamatthinte saambathika vishakalanam saadhaaranayaayi rund upamekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu positteev, normative.
positteev niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum.
'positteev niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum' vividha niyamangalude phalangal pravachikkaan saambathika vishakalanam upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, peedana niyamatthinte oru positteev saambathika vishakalanam oru ashradha niyamatthinte falangalkku vipareethamaayi karsanamaaya badhyatha niyamatthinte phalangal pravachikkum. positteev niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum chilappol niyama niyamangalude vikasanathe vishadeekarikkaan uddeshichittundu, udaaharanathinu peedanangalude pothu niyamam, avayude saambathika kaaryakshamathayude kaaryatthil.
maanadanda niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum.
"maanadanda niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum" oru padi koodi munnott pooyi vividha nayangalude saambathika prathyaaghaathangale adisthaanamaakki naya shupaarshakal nalkunnu. maanadanda saambathika vishakalanathinte pradhana ashayam kaaryakshamathayaan, prathyekichu, allocative karyakshamatha.
niyama, saambathika shaasthra pandithanmaar upayogikkunna kaaryakshamathayekkurichulla oru pothu ashayam paretto kaaryakshamathayaan. oraale kooduthal moshamaakkathe oraale mechappeduthunnathinaayi athu maattaan kazhiyunnillengil oru niyama niyamam kaaryakshamamaan. kaaryakshamathayekkurichulla durbalamaaya oru sangalpam caldor-hicks kaaryakshamathayaan. chila kakshikalkk avarude nashtam nikathunnathinaayi mattullavarkk nashtapariharam nalkikkond paaretto kaaryakshamamakkaan kazhiyumenkil oru niyamaparamaaya niyamam caldor-hicks kaaryakshamamaan.
ennirunnaalum, gunaparavum maanadandaparavumaaya vishakalanam thammilulla vyakthamaaya vyathyaasathinte saadhyathaye chodyam cheytha guido calabracy, "niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu bhaavi" (2016:21-22) enna thante pusthakatthil, "yadhaarthavum ozhivaakkaanaavaathathumaaya moolyanirnayangal nilanilkkunnundennu vishwasikkunnu."
yoori ways eee badal nirddeshichu "paramavadhi valippam 'paii' nalkikkond opttimal falatthilekku nayikkunna niyamathinaayi thirayunnathum vedana kuraykkunnathinupakaram santhosham paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinekku chinthikkunnathum niyamathilum saambathikashaasthrathilum saadhaaranamaanu. njangal mattoru sameepanamaan eshtappedunnathu opttimal falatthilekku nayikkunna geyimukal thirichariyaan njangal sramikkunnilla, marichu kalikkaarude ettavum mikacha thaalpparyangalkk anusrithamaayi anyayamaaya falatthilekku varunnath thadayaan njangal shramikkunnu.
criminal niyamam.
1968ll saambathikashaasthrathinullathu nobal sammanam nediya gaari becker "kuttakrithyavum shikshayum oru saambathika sameepanam" prasidheekarichu. eee kruthi vishakalanathinte adisthaana unitaayi yoottility enna saambathika ashayathe aasrayichirikkunnu. 1985-ll, "criminal niyamatthinte oru saambathika sidhaanthathil", vishakalanathinte adisthaana unitaayi sambathine aasrayikkunna oru badal sameepanam posner aavishkarichu.
mattu vishayangalumaayum sameepanangalumaayum ulla bandham.
abhibhaashakarum niyamapandithanmaarum upayogikkunnathupole, "niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum" enna vaachakam niyamaparamaaya prashnangalkk sookshuma saambathika vishakalanathinte prayogatthe soochippikkunnu. niyamavyavasthakalum rashtreeya samvidaanangalum thammilulla ovarlaappu kaaranam, niyamathileyum saambathikashaasthrathile chila prasnangal rashtreeya sambadvyavastha, bharanaghadanaa saambathikashaasthram, raashtreeyashaasthram ennivayilum uyarnnuvarunnu.
maarksist, critical thiyari/frankfurt school kaazhchappaadukalil ninnulla athe prashnangalodulla sameepanagal saadhaaranayaayi "niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum" ennu svayam thirichariyunnilla. udaaharanathinu, vimarsanaathmaka niyamapatana prasthaanathileyum niyamatthinte saamoohikashaasthrathileyum amgangalude gaveshanam "niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum" ennu label cheytha athe adisthaana prashnangale pariganikkunnu, ennirunnaalum valare vyathyasthamaaya veekshanakonil ninnu. niyamavum rashtreeya sambadvyavastha prasthaanavum thikachum vyathyasthamaaya sameepanam upayogichu samanamaaya ashayangal vishakalanam cheiyunnu.
niyamathinum saambathikashaasthrathinum" oru neoclassical ithara sameepanathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru vibhaagam bharanathilum pothu nayathilum ("staattsvisenshaafttant") sameepanathil ninnum jarmman charitraparamaaya saambathikashaasthrathil ninnum eee ashayam aarambikkunna bhookhanda (pradhaanamaayum jarmman) paarambaryamaanu; eee kaazhchappaad "niyamathinum saambathikashaasthrathinum elger companion" (2nd edition) ll prathinidheekarikkunnu. 2005),-prathyekamaayittallengilum-"europian jenal oof loow aandu economicsil". ivide, niyamaparamaaya (bharana/bharanam) prashnangalude vishakalanathinayi saambathikashaasthrathodu bodhapoorvamaaya noonn-classical sameepanagal upayogikkunnu.
niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum niyamaparamaaya chodyangalkku probabilityum staattistiksum prayogikkunna jurimetricsumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan.
swaadheenam.
niyamatthinte saambathika vishakalanam amerikkayilum mattidangalilum swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. judicial abhipraayangal saambathika vishakalanavum niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu sidhaanthangalum amerikkayil, ennaal komanvelthu raajyangalilum europilum pathivayi upayogikkunnu. niyama vidyaabhyaasathilum niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu swaadheenam anubhavapettittund, eee vishayathile biruda prograamukal niravadhi rajyangalil vaagdaanam cheyyappedunnu. sivil niyama raajyangalile niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu swaadheenam engleeshilum mattu europian bhaashakalilum (schaffer oottum 2004; maakke 2013) niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu paatapusthakangalude labhyathayil ninnu kanakkakkaam.
vadakke america, europe, eshya ennividangalile pala niyama skoolukalilum saambathikashaasthrathil birudaananthara birudamullah faakkaltti amgangalundu. koodaathe, pala professional saambathika vidagtharum ippol saambathikashaasthravum niyama sidhaanthangalum thammilulla bandhathekkurichu padikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheiyunnu. kazhinja kaalnoottaandil (irupathaam noottaandil) american academic niyamathil ettavum kooduthal swaadheenam cheluthiya boudhika prasthaanam niyamavum saambathikashaasthravumaanu" ennu yaale loow skoolinte muun deane aanthani kronmaan ezhuthiyittundu.
vimarsanangal.
athinte swaadheenam undaayirunnittum, niyamavum saambathikashaasthra prasthaanavum pala dishakalil ninnu vimarshikkappettittundu. ithu maanadanda niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu kaaryatthil prathyekichum sathyamaan. mikka niyama, saambathika shaasthra skolarshippukalum oru neoclassical chattakkoodinullil pravarthikkunnathinaal, neoclassical saambathikashaasthrathuklathe adisthaana vimarsanangal mattu malsaraadhishtitha chattakkoodukalil ninnu eduthittundu, ennirunnaalum niravadhi aantharika vimarsanangalum undu. ennirunnaalum, mattu saambathika chinthaagathikal uyarnnuvarikayum niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu pravarthanangalil prayogikkappedukayum cheythittundu, udaaharanathinu, edgardo buscagliayudeyum roobert koottarinteyum "vikasanathinte niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum" enna pusthakatthile pravartthanangal.
yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu sidhaantham.
niyamaparamaaya chodyangalude saambathika vishakalanathe vimarsikkunnavar vaadichathu, maanadanda saambathika vishakalanam manushyaavakaashangalude praadhaanyavum vitharana neethiyude aashankakalum ulkkollunnilla ennaanu. niyamatheyum saambathikashaasthratheyum kurichulla ettavum valia vimarsanangalil chilath vimarsanaathmaka niyamapatana prasthaanatthil ninnaan, prathyekichu dunken kennady, maarkk kelman ennivayil ninnaan. joonn dii. harward loow skoolile haansan vaadikkunnathu, nammude niyama, saambathika, rashtreeya, saamoohika samvidaanangale cognitive pakshapaathangalum saamoohika maanadandangalum ulkkollunna oru maathrkaykku pakaram mungananakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru vyakthigatha perumatta maathruka anaavashyamaayi swaadheenikkunnu ennaanu.
paretto karyakshamatha.
atharam anumanangal "phastt-bestt" (paretto opttimal) pothu-santhulithaavasthayude maathrkayil roopakalppana cheyyumbol allocative karyakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinu roopakalppana cheytha niyamathinteyum nayathinteyum anumaanikkappedunna nettangalilekku adhika vimarsanam nayikkappettittund. randaamathe mikacha sidhaanthathinu keezhil, udaaharanathinu, opttimal vyavasthakalude oru upavibhaagathinte poorttheekaranam oru saahacharyathilum niravettaan kazhiyunnillengil, opttimal vyavasthakalude "eathenkilum" upavibhaagathinte poorttheekaranam allocative karyakshamathayil vardhanavinu kaaranamaakumenn nigamanam cheiyunnathu thettaanu.
thalphalamaayi, vihita karyakshamathayil vyakthathayillaatha vardhanavu (udaaharanathinu, vishvaasavirudha niyamangalil chittayaya elavu nalkunnathinte falamaayi vardhicha layanangaliloodeyum ettedukkalukaliloodeyum gaveshana, vikasana chelavukal ekeekarikkuka) enna uddeshyathode pothu nayatthinte eathoru prakadanavum vimarshakarude abhipraayathil adisthaanaparamaayi thettaanu, kaaranam vihita karyakshamathayil vardhanavu kuravaayathinekkaal kooduthalaanennu nigamanam cheyyaan pothuvaaya kaaranamonnumilla.
adisthaanaparamaayi, "aadya-mikacha" neoclassical vishakalanam aantharika paaretto apoornathakalude falamaayundaakunna vividha tharatthilulla pothu-santulita feedback bandhangal shariyaayi kanakkaakkunnathil paraajayappedunnu.
mattoru vimarsanam varunnath athulyamaaya opttimal phalam illa enna vasthuthayil ninnaan. vaaran samuvals thante 2007 leeii pusthakamaaya "leagal-economic nexus" ll vaadikkunnathu, "avakaashangalude nirvachanathinum niyamanathinum paretto ardhathil kaaryakshamathaye dispositive aayi prayogikkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam kaaryakshamathaykk avakaashangalude munkaala nirnayam aavasyamaanu (23-4)".
criminal reethishaasthram.
posnerude sameepanathe kalarn boonn reethishaasthraparamaaya adisthaanathil vimarshichu. criminal prakriyayile nayangal vilayiruthunathinulla posnerude sameepanam reethishaasthraparamaayi asaadhuvaanennum "eee parajayangal criminal prakriyayekkurichulla addehathinte nigamanangal muzhuvan vishwasaneeyamalla" ennum addeham nigamanam cheiyunnu.
vimarsanangalkkulla prathikaranangal.
niyamavum saambathikashaasthravum eee vimarsanangalil chilathumayi poruthappedukayum vividha dishakalilekku vikasippikkukayum cheythu. niyamaparamaaya prashnangalkk geyim sidhaantham prayogikkuka ennathaanu oru pradhana pravanatha. niyamatthinte saambathika vishakalanathil perumatta saambathikashaasthram ulppeduthukayum sthithivivarakkanakku, saambathikashaasthra saankethikavidyakalude vardhichuvarunna upayogavum mattu sambhavavikaasangalaan. leagal academyil, navashaasthreeya paarambaryathekkaal svayam bodhapoorvam vishalamaaya saambathika sameepanagalkk saamoohika-saambathikashaasthram enna padam prayogichittundu.
saambathika vishakalanam upayogichu vishakalanam cheiyunna svathavakaashangale niyamathinteyum saambathikashaasthrathinu samrakshakar adisthaana manushyaavakaashangalaayi kaanunnu.

