dii aarsi elavu

1901ll vilyam nox dii arsiyum pershyayile shaayayaaya mosafar alle-dinum thammil oppuvacha petroleum oayil elavaanu dii aarsi elavu. enna elavu pershyayil (ippol iraan) ennayude saadhyathakalkulla prathyeka avakasham dii arsic nalki. annaykkulla eee paryaveshanatthinide, dii arsiyum samghavum saambathika prasnangal neridukayum vilkkaavunna alavil enna kandethaan paadupedukayum cheythu. uyarnna chelavukal neritta avar pinmaran pookukayaayirunnu, pakshe oduvil 1908-ll valia vaanijya alavilulla enna adichu. 1909-ll kizhivu ettedukkunnathinaayi barma oayil kambani anglo-pershyan oayil kambani srishtichu.
vilyam nox dii aarsi.
1849ll englandile devenil janicha vilyam nox dii aarsi oostreliyayilekku kudiyeriyappol oru syndicate samghadippichu oru australian swarnna khani veendum pravarthanakshamamaakkaan avasaram kandethi. eee swarnna khaniyil iniyum dhaaraalam swarnam kandethaanundenn kandethi. ithil ninnu dii aarsi valare sambannanaayitheerukayum oru puthiya nikshepam thedukayum mattoru avasaram nedukayum cheyth englandilekku madangukayum cheythu. eee nikshepavum avasaravum oduvil pershyayil ennayude pratheekshayaayitheerukayum eee samrambham pinneedu dii aarsi kanseshan ennariyappedukayum cheythu.
pershyayile enna saadhyathakal.
saadhyathakal pershyaykk valia enna saadhyathakalundenn gaveshanangalum reportukalum prasidheekarikkappettu. dii arsiyude chila upadeshtaakkal eee reportukalekkurichu dii arsiye ariyikkukayum addeham eee samrambhathil nikshepikkukayaanenkil sambathu vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. dii 'aarsi sammathikkukayum pershyayil ennayude saadhyathakalkulla prathyeka avakasham nalkunna oru elavu nedunnathinaayi prathinidhikale tehranilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. 1901 epril epril dii 'arsiyude prathinidhikalum shhaa mosafar alle-dinum thammil enna elavu sambandhicha charchakal aarambhichu.
pershyayile britiish-russia malsaram.
eee kaalayalavil grettu brittanilum russiayilum pershyayile swaadheenathinaayi valia shathruthayundaayirunnu. pershya middle eesttum thangalude saamraajyathva saambathika, sainika thaalpparyangalkk pradhaanamaanennu irushakthikalum vishwasichirunnu. pershyayilekku thangalude swaadheenam vyaapippikkaan russia aagrahikkukayum ithu thangalude vilayeriya indian swathukkalkku nerittulla bheeshaniyaakumenn brittan vishwasikkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandiludaneelam niravadhi elavukaliloodeyum vaaypakaliloodeyum eee rund raajyangalum pershyayile swaadheenathinaayi paadupettu. dii 'aarsi elavu sahayikkaan kazhiyunnath ivideyaanennu pala britiish sarkkar udyogastharum vishwasichu. oru britiish enna elavu pershyayile adhikara santhulithaavasthaye brittanu anukoolamaakkaan sahayikkum. thalphalamaayi, britiish sarkkarum pershyayile udyogastharum dii 'arsic addehathinte enna elavinum poornna rashtreeya pinthuna nalki. dii 'arsiyum shaayum thammilulla charchakalekkurichu russiakkaar arinjappol, russian pradhaanamantri varaanirikkunna charchakal thadayaan shramichu. karar avasaanippikkaan tehranile dii 'arsiyude prathinidhi 5,000 poundu adhikamaayi vaagdaanam cheiyunnathuvare karaarinte vegatha kuraykkaan russian pradhaanamanthrikk kazhinju.
enna elavu.
adikamaaya 5,000 poundu jolie cheyyukayum elavil oppidunnathinu shaaye swaadheenikkukayum cheythu. 1901 meyy 28 nuu tehranile saahibkharaaniye kottaaratthil vachu shhaa mosafar alle-dhiin 18 pooyint elavil oppuvachu. eee 18 pooyint elavu pershyayil prakrithivaathakam, petroleum, asphaalt, dhaatu mezhukukukal enniva pratheekshikkaanum paryavekshanam cheyyaanum chooshanam cheyyaanum kondupokaanum vilkkanum prathyeka avakashangal nalkum. eee elavu 60 varshathekku eee avakashangal nalkukayum ithu <aii. dii. 1> chathurashra kilometer vistheernnam ulkkollukayum cheythu. ithu raajyathinte naalil moonnu bhaagavum ulkkollukayum russiayumaayi saameepyam ullathinaal ettavum vadakkan anchu pravishyakale dii aarsi uddeshapoorvvam elavil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. pakaramaayi, shaik 20,000 poundu panavum 20,000 poundu moolyamulla oharikalum vaarshika attaadaayam 16 sathamaanavum elavu nalkunna kambanikalil ninnu labhichu.
aadyakaala bisinesses.
dii arsic enna elavu labhichukazhinjaal, ennayude paryavekshanam nadatthaan oru teamine samghadippikkuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte aadya bisinus oordar. addeham orikkalum pershyan mannil kaalukuthaatthathinaal, aarsikkuvendiyulla dainamdina pravartthanangal samgham pershyayil nadathumaayirunnu. dii aarsi alfred tii. yeei niyamichu. elavu labhikkaan vivaahitanum doow. emm. vaii. pershyayile kambaniyude medical offeesaraakaan cheruppam. sumatrayile muun drilling anubhavam kaaranam jorjju bernard reynoldsine paryaveshanathinaayi niyamichu. innathe iraan-iraakh athirthikkaduthulla chiah surkh aayirunnu ennaykkaayi aadyamaayi thiranjeduttha pradesham.
dii arsic addehathinte teamin vendiyulla dauthyam valare budhimuttaanennu theliyikkum. chiah surkhile eee aadya saittil shathruthaaparamaaya bhoopradeshamundaayirunnu, palappozhum shaayude adikaaravum addeham nalkia elavukalum amgeekarikkaan visammathicha gothrangal, gathaagathathinu valare kurachu roadukal, pershyan gulfill ninnu ekadesham munnooru mile akaleyaayirunnu. eee sthalathinaduthulla praadeshika janangalkk paashchaathya ashayangal, saankethikavidya, saannidhyam ennivayodu sathruthayulla samskaaravumundaayirunnu. eee mekhalayile aadipathyamulla shiah vibhaagavum rashtreeya adhikaarathe ethirkkukayum kristhyaanikalum sunni musleengalum ulppedeyulla puramlokathodu sathrutha pulartthukayum cheythathinaal praadeshika mathavum oru ghadakam vahichu. pradeshavum bhoopradesavum prathikoolamaayirunnuvennu mathramalla, oro upakaranavum drilling cytukalilekku athikkunnathum valare budhimuttaayirunnu. upakaranangal palappozhum manushyan kovarkazhuthayum parvathapradeshangaliloode kondupokendivannu.
ennaykkaayi thurankam.
1902 avasaanathode yadhaartha thurankam thudangiyittilla. thaapanila 120 digri fahrenheit vare athiyathinaal jolie saahacharyangal parukkanaayirunnu, upakaranangal palappozhum thakararilaayi, bhakshanathinum vellathinum shaamam undaayirunnu, dhaaraalam praanikal undaayirunnu, athu palappozhum thozhilaallikale vishamippichu. 1903ll valare kurachu enna kandethiyathinal panam theernnupoyathinaal dii aarsi aashankappedaan thudangi. ithinakam 160,000 poundu chelavazhichathinaal chelavukal vardhichukondirunnu, kuranjathu 120,000 poundu koodi aavashyamaayirunnu. dii arsic onnukil vaaypakaliloode kooduthal fund aavasyamaanennu vyakthamaayirunnu allengil addehathe vaangendivarum.
funting thirayuka.
anthaaraashtra enna vikasanangalekkurich valare arivulla thomas bowerton redwoodinte upadeshathinu sesham, dii aarsi britiish admiralttiyil ninnu vaaypaykku apekshikkaan shramichu. eee samayat, enna oru nirnaayaka vibhavamayi kanakkaakkunnathin munbu, aaa vaaypa aathyanthikamayi nirasikkapettu. dii arsiyude vaaypa nirasikkappettathin thottupinnaale, 1904-nte thudakkathil chiah surkhile kinarukalilonnu nirmmathaavaayi. prathidinam 200 gaalan maathramaan kinattil ninnu uthppaadippikkappettinnul ennayude uthppaadanam cheruthaayirunnu. eee kshemam oru nirmmathaavaayi mariyalum illengilum, dii arsic thante samrambham thudaraan appozhum panam aavashyamaayirunnu. dii 'aarsi nikshepakare thirayunna thirakkilaavukayum videsha nikshepakarkkaayi fraansil tirayan thudangukayum cheythenkilum kaaryamaaya vijayam nedaanaayilla. karyangal kooduthal vashalakkaan, avar enna adichu taamasiyaathe, chiah surkhile kinner theernnu oru thulliyayi marran thudangi.
britiish naavikasena edapedunnu.
landanil thirichethiya britiish naavikasena punaparisodhikkaan thudangukayum avar edapettillengil dii 'aarsi thante elavu mattu videsha nikshepakarkku vilkkukayo allengil elavu mothatthil nashtappedutthukayo cheiyumennu bhayappedukayum cheythu. franchukaarum russiakkaarum eee elavu ettedukkumennum pinneedu pershyayil valia swaadheenam cheluthumennum avar bhayapettu. britiish admiraltti edapettu maachu maker kalikkaanum dii arsiye sahayikkaanum elavu britiish niyanthranatthil nilanirthaanum oru nikshepakane kandethaanum theerumaanichu. purohithanaayi veshammari, thante elavinte bhooribhaagavum oru "nalla" kristhyan "samrambhathin wilkan dii 'arsiye bodhyappedutthiya sidney railey enna britiish chaarane upayogichaayirunnu avar ithu cheythath. avar vijayikkukayum redwoodinte sahaayathode barma oayil enna sthaapanavumaayi oru karar undakkaan avarkk kazhiyukayum cheythu. 1905ll dii aarsi aandu barma oayil landanil karar undaakkukayum athu anglo pershyan oayil kambani ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta kanseshan syndicate sthaapikkunnathinulla karar undaakkukayum cheythu.
puthiya drilling saitt.
barma ennayumaayulla karar vazhi puthiya mooladhanam nalkiyathode paryavekshanam thudaraan kazhinju. thurankam thurathunnathinulla shradha ippol thekkupadinjaaran pershyayilekku maari. chiah surkhile drilling saitt adaykkukayum upakaranangal pershyayude thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. puthiya drilling saitt masjid-iii-sulaiman sthaapichu. sathruthayulla gothrangalum praadeshika janangalum eee mekhalayil veendum prasnangal nerittu. renoldukalkku palappozhum uyarnna phees nalkendivarikayum elavu samrakshikkunnathinaayi laabhathinte oru punk urappunalkukayum cheyyendivannu. rogam uthppaadanam mandagathiyilaakkukayum malinamaaya kudivellam moolam reynoldukal polum valare rogabadhithamaavukayum cheythu.
1907-ll, ennayekkurichu valia kandethalukalonnum illaathe, dii 'aarsi veendum aashankaakulanaayi. thante oharikalil bhooribhaagavum barma oayil enna ennaykku 203,067 poundu panatthinum 900,000 poundu oharikalkkum wilkan addeham theerumaanichu. ithinartham chooshana kambaniyile dii 'arsiyude thalpparyangalil bhooribhaagavum barma nediyedukkukayaayirunnu.
pradhana kandethal.
vardhichuvarunna chelavukal, barma ennayil ninnulla thudarchayaaya dhanasahayam, valare kurachu phalangal ennivaykku sesham barma akshamayode valaraan thudangi. ippol athu 1908 aayirunnu, vaanijyaparamaaya ennayude alavu kandethiyitla, avasaanathinte thudakkam aduthathaayi thonnithudangi. padhathi eathaandu poortthiyaayathinaal uthppaadanam mandagathiyilaakkaanum upakaranangal paaykk cheyyaanum barma oayil reynoldukalkku oru kathu ayachu. kathu renoldilekku pookumbool, 1908 meyy 26 nuu pularche 4 manikk, ambathu adii petroleum gusher drilling rigil vedivachappol, aaa sthalathulla aalukal nilaviliyode unarnnu. oduvil, masjid-iii-sulaiman sthalathu vaanijyaparamaaya ennayude alavu adichu.
anglo-pershyan srishtikkal.
1909-ll, vaanijyaparamaaya ennayude alavu kandethiyathin thottupinnaale, eee elavu nadappaakkunnathinu oru puthiya korpparettu ghadana srishtikkendathundennu barma oayil karuthi. ithu anglo-pershyan ennakkambani roopeekarikkunnathilekku nayichu, 1909ll oharikal pothujanagalkk vitt barma oayil athine oru pothu vyapara kambaniyaayi maatti. eee samayat barma oayil niyanthranavum bhooribhaagam saadhaarana oharikalum nilanirtthi. vilyam nox dii arsic addehathinte paryaveshanachelavinu nashtapariharam nalkukayum puthiya kambaniyude director maarukayum cheythu.
radhakkal desasaalkkaranavum.
1932 november november dii 'aarsi oayil elavu raddaakkukayum 1933ll rezza shhaa veendum charcha nadathukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum raddaakkiyathinteyum punarcharchayudeyum kaaranagal charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil charcha cheyyappedunna onnaanu. 1951ll dii 'aarsi elavu raddaakkukayum charitrakaaranmaar charcha cheyyaatha kaaranangalal iranian enna desasaalkkarikkappedukayum cheythu.
jeey. echu. bamberg thante "britiish petroleum kambaniyude charithram, vaalyam 2: anglo-iranian varshangal" enna pusthakatthil, 1932-ll rezza shhaa dii 'aarsi elavu raddaakkukayum 1933-ll oru puthiya elavu charcha nadathukayum cheythath 1930-kalile aagola saambathika maandyathinte falamaayi dii' aarsi ennayude aavasyam, labham, iraanilekkulla royaltti paymentukal ennivayil idivu varuthi. ennaal, "middle eestten stadees" vaalyathile stephaani cronin parayunnathanusarichu. 31, illa. 1, "1995ll tailor & francis limittad prasidheekaricha, bamberginte ozhikazhivu" saambathika ettakkurachilukal "... anglo-pershyan ennakkambaniyude bisinesses reethikal, britiish dananayam, kambaniyodulla vishalamaaya iranian manobhaavam ennivayil ninnu utharavaadithavum shradhayum vyathichalippikkunnathinum kambanikku niyanthranamillaatha onnine kuttappeduthunnathinnum oru margamaayirunnu ".
" 1932num idayil dii 'aarsi oayil elavu raddaakkunnathinum punar charcha cheiyunnathinum kaaranamaaya anglo-iranian enna kambaniyude oru bisinesses reethi anglo-pershyan enna kambaniyile iranian praathinidhyamaayirunnu; ithu muthirnavareyum uyarnna jeevanakkareyum maathram baadhicha oru prashnamaayirunnu. kooduthal iraaniyakkaare unnatha sthaanangalil niyamikkanamenn rezza shhaa aavasyappettu. punarcharchakalkku munbu, "kambaniyude mikkavarum ellah thozhilaallikalum iranian aayirunnu, athesamayam iranian formanmarepole thanne indian formanmar undaayirunnu, koodaathe cheria ennam muthirnna staaf sthaanangal maathrame iraaniyakkaar vahichirunnulloo.
aii. dii. 1 raddaakkunnathilum punarcharchakalilum ettavum kooduthal swaadheenam cheluthiya anglo-pershyan ennakkambaniyude bisinesses reethi iraanilekkulla royaltti paymentukal adisthaanamaakkiyulla laabhangal kambani kanakkakkiya reethiyaayirunnu. kambaniyude attaadaayam 16 sathamaanathinu thulyamaaya vaarshika royaltti anglo-iranian enna kambani iraanu nalkendathundennu dii aarsi oayil kanseshan prasthaavichu. anglo-pershyan ennakkambani kambaniyude udamasthathayilulla anubandha kambanikalude labham ulppeduthiyitla ennathaayirunnu prashnam, eee anubandha sthaapanangalil nikshepicha mooladhanamellam iranian enna vilppanayil ninnu uruthirinjathinaal laabhathin arhathayundennu iraan vishwasichu; kambani "iraanilum puratthum athinte pravartthanam vipuleekarikkunnathinum lokamembaadumulla refinerykal nirmmikkunnathinum oru valia vipanana samghadanayum tanker fleettum kettippadukkunnathinum oduvil iraanumaayi malsarikkunna puthiya vitharana srothassukal vikasippikkunnathinum dasalakshakkanakkinu poundu nikshepichu.
anglo-pershyan ennakkambani iranian royaltikal vettikkurachathu britiish admiraltikku valare kuranja nirakkil enna vilkkukayum kambaniyude labhathekkurichu ekeekritha akkoundukalonnum srishtikkukayum ohari udamakalkku axus ulla kambaniyude vivarangal kaanaan iranian sarkkaarine anuvadikkukayum cheythu, ithu kambaniyude yadhaartha labham arian iranian sarkkaarine thadanju. kambaniyude pusthakangalilekku poornna praveshanam nedaanulla iraante kazhivillaayma laabhavum royalttiyum kanakkaakkunna reethikalekkurichulla samshayangal sthireekarikkaano illaathaakkaano ulla saadhyatha iranian sarkkaarine kollayadichu, ithu rund sthaapanangal thammilulla bandhathe kooduthal vashalakki.
anglo-pershyan enna kambaniyumaayulla iranian bandham kooduthal vashalaakkiya britiish dananayangal korpparettu laabhathinte britiish nikuthiyumayi bandhappettirunnu, ithu kambani iraanu royalttiyil nalkunnathinekkaal kooduthal nikuthi brittanu nalki; 1950 ll kambani britteeshukaarkk 36 dasalaksham poundum iraanu royaltikalilum nikuthikalilum 16 dasalaksham poundilum kooduthal maathramaan nalkiyathu.
ennaal, oduvil 1951ll iranian enna deshasaalkkarikkappettathi kaaranagal saambathikam mathramaayirunnilla. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinusheshavum lokamahaayudhathinusheshavum 1920kaludeyum thudakkathilum iraanikal eee elavu niyamasaadhuthaye chodyam cheyyukayum adhikaarathilillaatha oru gavanmentinteyum iraanil praathinidhya sthaapanangal undaakunnathin munbum eee elavu nalkiyittundennu vaadikkukayum cheythu. niyamasaadhuthayekkurichulla eee vaadam 1940-kalude avasaanathil veendum uyarnnuvannuvenkilum 1933-leeii punarvichinthanam cheytha elavu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya reethiyil nalkappettu enna vasthuthaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu elavil oppuvachathin raajyadrohakkuttathil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkukayum veendum charcha cheytha elavu sammarddathilaanu oppuvachathennum shhaa thanneyaanu aathyanthika theerumaanam eduthathennum velippeduthiya iranian raashtreeyakkaaranaaya hassan takisade 1947ll veendum charcha cheytha elavu edutha bharanaghadanaa virudha reethi puratthuvannu.

