
precunus

neuro anaattamiyil, oro mastishka ardhagolathinteyum madhya uparithalathile mikacha paariyettal lobyoolinte bhagamaanu precunus. ithu cuniousinu (osippittal lobinte mukal bhagam) munnilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. munvashath singulate salkkasinte marginal shaakhayum pinnil paariyetto-osippittal sulcus thaazhe sabpaariyettal sulcus aanu precunasine bandhippikkunnath. episodic memory, visospatial prosessing, svayam prathifalippikkal, bodhatthinte vashangal ennivayumaayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu.
precunasinte sthaanam padikkaan budhimuttaakkunnu. koodaathe, strock moolamo vedivayppu polulla murivukal moolamo otappetta parikkukalkk ithu apoorvvamaayi maathrame vidheyamaakoo. ithu "muzhuvan courtical uparithalathinteyum krithyamaayi mapp cheyyaatha pradeshangalil onnaanu". corbinian broadman aadyam ekathaanamaayi visheshippichirunnuve ippol moonnu upavibhagangal adangiyirikkunnathil prashamsayund.
akkille-luis foville enna peril "kwaadrett lobul oof foville" ennum ithu ariyappedunnu. 1868ll laattin roopavum 1879ll engleesh "precunus" umm aadyamaayi upayogichu.
ghadana.
somattosensari courtexinte pinbhaagatthum kyooniyasinte (vishwal courtex adangiyirikkunna) munnilum rund cerebral ardhagolangalkkidayilaanu precunus sthithicheyyunnathu. ithu pinbhaagathe singulettinu mukalilaanu. corbinian broadmane pinthudarnnu ithu parambaraagathamaayi oru ekeekritha gadanayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe ithu ayalpakka pinbhaagathe singulate eriyayumaayi parimithamaaya vyathyaasamund. laattaral paariyettal eriya 7-nte medial thudarchayaayi broadman ithine mapp cheythu.
mccack kurangukalekkurichulla aakson tracing gaveshanam moonnu upavibhagangal ulkkollunnuvennu sthaapichu, avaa ippol manushyarilum nilanilkkunnuvennu ifmr sthireekarikkunnu (kurangukalil samanthara ifmr gaveshanavum nadathiyittundu).
upavibhagangal.
ithu singulate salkkasinte (chithratthil neela) arikilaanu sambhavikkunnath, ithu cerebral courtexinte censorimotor pradesangalaaya paracentral lobul, supplementary motor eriya, premoter courtex, somattosensari eriya (broadman eriya 2), paariyettal ooppatkulam, insula ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. manushyarekkurichulla ifmr gaveshanam paaraahippokaampasinteyum mikacha temporal gyrasinteyum ettavum valia bhagavumaayi oru bandham kandethunnu. thaazhnna paariyettal lobul, prefrondal courtex, primery motor courtex ennivayumaayi bandhamilla.
ithu precunal sulcussinu (chithratthil pacha) chuttum sambhavikkunnu, ithu thaazhnna paariyettal lobulumaayi, prathyekichu angular gyrus, prefrondal eriyakal 10,46,8 ennivayumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. premoter, motor allengil somattosensari eriyakalumaayi oru bandhavum nilavililla. executive pravartthanangal, working memory, motor planning ennivayil ithu bandhippikkunna mekhalakal ulppedunnu.
ithu parioto-osippittal villalilaan (chithratthil manja) sambhavikkunnath. ithu cuniousileyum praadhamika vishwal courtexileyum vishwal eriyakalumaayi bandhippikkunnu.
subcortical kanakshanukal.
cerebral courtexinu thaazhe, ventral laattaral nucleus, intraalaminaar nuclear grouppinte central, antrior nucleus, laattaral palvinaar ennivayulppede thaalamasinte dorsalstost nucleusumaayi precunus bandhappettirikkunnu. clostrum, dorsolattaral kaudettu nucleus, puttamen, soona inserta ennivayaanu mattu bandhangal. pretectal eriya, superior colliculus, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, basis pontis thudangiya brainstem eriyakalumaayum ithinu bandhamund.
pravartthanam.
svayam sambandhicha maanasika prathichaaya precunasinte munbhaagathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, pinbhagangal episodic memoryumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. mattoru pradesham vishuspeshyal imageryumaayi bandhippichittundu. (ivayum chuvade soochippicha pravartthanangalum melpparanja moonnu upavibhagangalumaayi engane bandhappettirikkunnave vyakthamalla.)
chorichil samvedanangalilum (palatharam chorichilukalum undu) avayude mastishka samskaranathilum precunus oru punk vahikkunnu "'chorichil enthaanu cheiyunnathennu namukk ithuvare krithyamaayi nirnnayikkaan kazhiyilla, pakshe ithu vedanayalla, chorichilaanu.'" 
svayam.
mattullavare vilayiruthunnathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oraalude swantham vyakthithva savisheshathakal rettucheyyunnathu ulppedunna prathiphalanaparamaaya svayam avabodham polulla svayam bodhatthil ulppedunna prakriyakalumaayi functional imaging precunasine bandhippichittundu.
oormmakal.
aalukal chithrangal nokkukayum avarude speshyal vishadaamshangalekkurichula vaakkalulla chodyangalumaayi bandhappett avar oormmicha kaaryangalude adisthaanathil prathikarikkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnathupolulla memory jolikalil precunus ulppedunnu. svayam bandhapetta muun episodukal ulppedeyulla episodic oormmakal ormmippikkunnathil ithu idathu prefrondal courtexumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. idathu inferior prefrondal cortexinoppam sozhs memmariyilum (athil oru memmariyude "uravida" saahacharyangal oormmikkunnu) precunus ulppedunnu ivide athinte punk sariyaaya munkaala memory thiranjedukkunnathinu prefrondal courtex upayogikkunna sambannamaaya episodic sandarbhochitha associationukal nalkunnuvennu anumaanikkappedunnu. oormmakalude oormmappeduthalil, hippocampasinte sahayam ulppeduthaan upayogapradamaaya sandarbhochitha vivarangal nilavilundo ennu precunus thirichariyunnuvennu anumaanikkappettittund. pakaramaayi, perseptual savisheshathakalude prosessing kooduthal upayogapradamaakumo ennu theerumaanikkunnathinaal parichithatha vilayiruthumbol ithinu vyathyasthamaaya oru pankaalithamundu. eee reethiyil shradha, episodic memory veendedukkal, working memory, bodhapoorvamaaya dhaarana thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna prakriyakalil precunus ulppedunnu.
vishuspeshyal.
oru vyakthi chalanagal nadathumbozhum avaye imej cheiyumbozho thayyaaraakkumbozho bahiraakaashath shradha kendreekarikkunnathil precunus ulppedanamennu nirddeshikkappettittund. motor imagery, motor taargettukalkkidayil shradha maattal ennivayil ithu ulppedunnu. vividha speshyal lokkeshanukalilekku shradha maattenda motor ekopanathilum ithu ulppedunnu. visospatial maanasika pravarthanangalil earppettirikkunna dorsal premoter cortexinoppam (amidakuji geyiminte parishkaricha roopathil) ithu undu. premoter eriya maanasika pravartthanatthil earppedumbol, aantharikamaayi prathinidheekarikkunna vishwal emejukalude kaaryatthil aaa pravartthanatthinte vijayam nireekshikkaan precunus sahaayikkunnuvenn nirddeshikkappedunnu.
maanasika prathichaayayil precunasinte punk mattullavarude kaazhchappaadukalude maathrkayaakkunnathilekku vyaapippikkaan nirddeshikkappettittund. oru vyakthi moonnaam vyakthiyum aadya vyakthiyum thammilulla kaazhchappaad edukkumbol ithu sajeevamaakunnu. unnatha frondall gyrasinum oorbittoofrandal courtexin oppam, aalukal sahaanubhoothiyaalum shamayaalum pravartthikkanamo vendayo ennu manasilaakkenda vidhinyaayangal edukkumbol precunus sajeevamaakunnu.
executive pravartthanangal.
precunus prathikarana nirodhanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave karuthappedunnu.
bodham.
pinbhaagathe singulettinoppam, precunus "bodhapoorvamaaya vivara samskaranathinu nirnaayakamaan" ennu nirddeshikkappettittund. apasmaram, mastishka shathangal, sasyaavastha ennivayile thadassangalude phalangalil ninnaan bodhavumaayulla eee bandhatthinte thelivukal labhikkunnath. koodaathe, unarnnirikkumbol eee rund mekhalakalilum cerebral glucose metabolism ettavum uyarnna nilayilaanengilum anastheshya samayat avayil ettavum kuravundaakunnu. koodaathe, slow-wave urakkathilum druthagathiyilulla kannu chalana urakkathilum ettavum kooduthal nirjjeevamaakkunna thalachorinte bhaagangalilonnaanith.
prefrondal cortexinoppam, precunus, subliminal (athinaal bodhatthilekku praveshikkaathirikkuka) ennathinekkaal superliminal aayirikkumbol (angane bodhatthilekku praveshikkuka) hrasvamaayi thilangunna vaakkukal padikkunnathil kooduthal sajeevamaan.
sthira network.
aalukal bodhapoorvamo motor pravartthanatthilo earppedaatha "vishrama bodhatthil" sajeevamaakunna sthirasthithi mooad netvarkkinte 'coor nooad' allengil 'hubb' aayirikkanamenn ithu nirddeshikkappettittund. sthira nettvarkkile eee edapedal svayam bodhatthil athinte punk adivarayidunnuvennu nirddeshikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, sthira netvarkkil athinte pankaalittham chodyam cheyyappettittund. eee samshayangal unnayicha rachayithaakkalil oraal abhiprayappettu, "ithumaayi bandhapetta njangalude kandethalukal praadhamikamaayi kanakkaakkanam."2012-leeii oru pilkkala patanam kaanikkunnath sthira netvarkkil ventral precunus maathrame ulppedunnulloo ennaanu.
paariyettal prefrondal central hubb.
olaaf sponse eddu bulmore athinte pravartthanangal paariyettal, prefrondal pradeshangal thammilulla kendravum nannayi bandhippichathumaaya "small-waled network" hubb enna nilayil athinte pankumaayi bandhippikkunnuvennu nirddeshichittundu. 
eee clusterukaloo moduleukaloo prathyeka hubb pradeshangalaal parasparam bandhippichirikkunnu, ithu nettvarkkiludaneelamulla mothatthilulla paathayude dairkhyam kuravaanennu urappaakkunnu. mikka padanangalum [atharam] kendrangale paariyettal, prefrondal pradeshangalkkidayil thiricharinju, ithu niravadhi vaijnjaanika pravarthanangaliloode avaa nannayi rekhappeduthiyittulla sajeevamaakkalin saadhyathayulla vishadeekaranam nalkunnu. makaakkile uyarnna bandhithamaaya posteromedial courtexumaayi samaanathayulla oru pradeshamaaya precunasinte pradhana gadanaaparamaaya punk prathyekichum sradheyamaanu. precunus svayam-referential prosessing, imagery, memory ennivayil ulppedunnu, athinte nirjeevamaakkal anaesthetic-induced bodhakshayam ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. courtical nettvarkkile uyarnna kendreekaranatthinte adisthaanathil eee pravarthanaparamaaya vashangal vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyumennu kauthukakaramaaya oru sidhaantham soochippikkunnu.
chaara dravyathinte alavinteyum aathmanishtamaaya santosha skorinteyum parasparabandham.
sariyaaya precunasile chaara dravyathinte alavum vishayathinte aathmanishtamaaya santosha score thammil oru nalla bandham kandethiyittundu.
bodhavalkkaranatthinte swaadheenam.
6 aazhchathe bodhavalkkaranathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla edapedal precuniousinullil ganyamaaya chaara dravya vardhanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave kandethi.
mattu mrugangal.
puthiya loka kurangukal polulla vikasithamallaatha praimettukalil "mikacha paariyettal, precunate pradeshangal moshamaayi vikasichirikkunnathil" precunus aduthide vikasippichedutha thalachorinte bhaagamaanenn thonnunnu. precunus kooduthal vikasichathaanu (i.iii. manushyarallaatha praimettukaleyo mattu mrugangaleyo apekshichu manushyaril masthishkathinte alavinte oru valia bhagam ulkkollunnu), ettavum sankeernamaaya collamar courtical oorganaiseshanundu, koodaathe mailinettu cheiyunna avasana pradeshangalilonnaanith.