forencic dna vishakalanam

niyamaparavum anweshanaparavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi oru dna profile nirnnayikkunnathaanu dna profiling. saankethikavidya mechappedukayum kuranja prarambha metteeriyal upayogichu kooduthal vivarangal nirnnayikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal dna vishakalana reethikal varshangalayi niravadhi thavana maariyittund. aadhunika dna vishakalanam oru janasamkhyaykkullil uthppaadippikkappedunna profilinte apoorvathayude sthithivivarakkanakku kanakkukoottaline adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
forencic anweshanangalile oru upakaranamaayi ariyappedunna dna profiling pithrthva parisodhana, manushya vamshavali gaveshanam thudangiya forencic ithara aavasyangalkkum upayogikkaam.
charithram.
1985ll alak jeffraiz samghavum chernnaanu dna profile nirmmikkunnathinulla reethikal vikasippichath. raktham, mudi, umineer allengil beejam thudangiya dnaude anjjaatha sample vishakalanam cheyyaanum savisheshamaaya dna paatten/profile vikasippikkaanum kazhiyumennu jepheris kandethi. kandethiya oru varshathinusesham, 2 balatsanga kolapaathakangalkk utharavaadiyaanennu police vishwasikkunna oraale shikshikkaan jepherisinode thante puthiya dna vishakalanam upayogikkaan aavasyappettu. kuttakrithyam nadanna sthalathu ninnu dna upayogichu aaa manushyan niraparaadhiyaanennu jepheris theliyichu.
dna vishakalanam aadyamaayi kandethiyappol, dna vishakalanam cheyyaan restruction fragment length polymorphism (rllp) enna prakriya upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, kuttakrithyam nadanna sthalathu ninnu ellaayppozhum nedaan kazhiyaatha valia alavil dna upayogichathinaal rllp oru kaaryakshamamallatha prakriyayayirunnu. aadhunika saankethikavidya aarr. eph. ell. pii. kku appurathekku vikasichu. short taandam repeat (ezz. aarr. aarr) ennu vilikkunna oru samvidaanam aadhunikakaalathe aarr. eph. ell. pii. kku thulyamaanu. dna vishakalanam cheyyaan sr oru sample kuraykkuka mathramalla, polymerase cheyin reaction (pcr) enna valia prakriyayude bhagavumaanu. dnaude oru singular segmentinte oru bilyan koppikal vare vegathil punarnirmikkaan kazhiyunna oru prakriyayaan pcr.
reethikal.
viramicha reethikal.
aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanam.
dii. enn. eiii profilinginte aadyathe yadhaartha reethi restruction fragment length polymorphism vishakalanamaayirunnu. forencic cases varkkil aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanathinte aadya upayogam 1985 ll yunaittad kingdatthilaayirunnu. itharathilulla vishakalanam vyakthikal thammil verthirichariyaan variable nambar tandom repiyettukal (vntrs) upayogichu. vntr-kall genome udaneelam saadhaaranamaanu, avaa veendum veendum aavarthikkunna athe dna sequence ulkkollunnu. vyathyastha vyakthikalkk genome oru prathyeka sthalathu vyathyastha ennam aavarthanangal nadatthaam. udaaharanathinu, aaa vyakthikk naalu aavarthanangalum bii vyakthikk 5 aavarthanangalum undakam. jell electrophoresis enna prakriyayiloodeyaanu vyathyaasangal drishyavalkkarichathu. cheria sakalangal jelliloode akale sanjarikkukayum avaye verthirikkunna valia shakalangalekkaal kooduthal sanjarikkukayum cheyyum. eee vyathyaasangal vyakthikal thammil verthirichariyaan upayogichu, onniladhikam vntr sittukal orumichu pravartthippikkumbol, rllp vishakalanathin uyarnna alavilulla vyakthigathamaakkal shakthiyund.
aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalana prakriya valare samayamedukkunnathaayirunnu, upayogicha aavarthanangalude dairkhyam kaaranam, 9 muthal 100 vare bays jodikal, polymerase cheyin prathikaranam polulla amplification reethikal upayogikkaan kazhinjilla. thudakkathil thanne valia alavil dna labhyamayathum tharamthaazhthappetta saambilukalil nannayi pravarthikkaathathumaaya saambilukalilekku eee parimithamaaya rflip. oduvil viramikkunnathinum puthiya reethikal upayogichu maattisthaapikkunnathinum munbu mikka forencic laborattarikalilum nadatthiya praadhamika tharam vishakalanamaayirunnu aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanam. 2000-ll eph. bii. aii ithu poornnamaayum upekshichu ezz. aarr. vishakalanam upayogichu maatti.
dii. kyu. alfa parisodhana.
1991ll vikasippicha dii. kyu. alfa testing polymerase cheyin prathikaranam upayogicha aadyathe forencic dii. enn. eiii saankethikavidyayirunnu. munbu aavashyamullathra dii. enn. eiii metteeriyal illaatha kuttakrithya ramgangalkku aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanathekkaal valare kurachu cellukal maathrame upayogikkaan eee saankethikavidya anuvadichittulloo. dii. kyu. alfa 1 locus (allengil sthaanam) polymorphic aayirunnu, koodaathe aaa phalam undakkaanum ozhivakkaanulla saadhyatha vardhippikkaanum kazhiyunna vyakthikalude koottam parimithappedutthaan upayogikkaavunna onniladhikam vyathyastha alleelukal undaayirunnu.
1993ll vaanijyaparamaayi labhyamaya polymarker enna kittil dii. kyu alfa locus mattu lokkiyumaayi samyojippichu. aadhunika multiplexing kittukalude munnodiyaayirunnu polymarker, koodaathe oru uthppannam upayogichu onniladhikam vyathyastha lokkikal parisodhikkaan anuvadichu. aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanathekkaal sensitiivu aanenkilum, pazhaya aarr. eph. ell. pii parisodhanayude athe vivechanaparamaaya shakti polymarkaril undaayirunnilla. 1995 aayappozhekkum, amplified fragment length polymorphisangal (ampliflep) enna pcr saankethikavidyayumaayi samyojippichu vntr adisthaanamaakkiyulla vishakalanathilekku madangaan shaasthranjar shramichu.
ampliff.
forencic cases varkkinayi pii. sii. aarumaayi vii. enn. tii. aarr vishakalanam bandhippikkanulla aadya sramamaayirunnu mpl. pii. eee reethi 8 muthal 16 vare bays jodikalkkidayil aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanathekkaal hrasvamaaya vii. enn. tii. aarukal upayogichu. amplp hrasvamaaya bays jody valuppangal pcrinte amplification prakriyayumaayi nannayi pravarthikkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. eee saankethikavidya aarr. eph. ell. pii vishakalanathinte vivechanam kaanikkunna sakthiye anuvadikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu, koodaathe pravartthikkaan kuranja template dna ullatho allengil tharamthaazhthappettatho aaya saambilukal prosess cheyyaanulla kazhivum. ennirunnaalum, forencic laabukal vegathil mattu saankethikavidyakalilekku neengiyathinaal forencic saambilukalkkulla vivechanam parimithappedutthiyathinaal mplp vishakalanavumayi pravarthikkunnathinu forencic aaplikkeshanukalkku kurachu lokkikal maathrame saadhookarichulloo.
puthiya reethikale apekshichu kuranja chelavum lalithamaaya sajjeekaranavum kaaranam cheria rajyangalil ippozhum upayogathilundengilum aaa saankethikavidya aathyanthikamayi orikkalum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkapettilla. upayogikkapettilla avasaanathode, laborattarikal ezz. aarr. vishakalanam ulppedeyulla puthiya reethikalilekku marran thudangi. iva dnaude cheria sakalangal upayogichu, pazhaya reethikalude vivechanaparamaaya shakti nilanirthukayum mechappeduthukayum cheyyumbol pcr upayogichu kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaayi vardhippikkaan kazhiyum.
nilavile reethikal.
ezz. aarr. vishakalanam.
aadhunika dna laborattarikalil nadathunna praadhamika tharam forencic dna vishakalanamaan short taandam repeat (sr) vishakalanam. aavarthichulla yoonittukalude valippam 2 muthal 6 vare bays jodikalaayi churukki, onniladhikam vyathyastha lokkikale oru pcr prathikaranamaayi samyojippichu munkaalangalil upayogichirunna rllp, mplp ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyaanu sr vishakalanam nirmmikkunnath. eee multiplexing aseh kittukalkk genome udaneelam dussen kanakkinu vyathyastha lokkikalkkayi alleel moolyangal nirmmikkaan kazhiyum, oresamayam poornnavum vyakthigathavumaya profile nedaan edukkunna samayam parimithappedutthunnu. dna profilinginulla swarnna nilavaaramaayi sr vishakalanam maarukayum forencic aaplikkeshanukalil ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
ezz. aarr. vishakalanam vaii chromosomil maathram parimithappedutthaam. vaii-chromosome pithrthvarekhaykku thaazheyulla samaanamaayathinaal (oru mutation sambhavicha saahacharyangalilozhike) pithrthvamo kudumba thirachilo ulppedunna kesukalil vaii-strey vishakalanam upayogikkaam. chila multiplexing kittukal autosomal, vaii-st lockie enniva oru kittaayi samyojippichu valia alavilulla daatta labhikkunnathin edukkunna samayam kuraykkunnu.
nilavil, oru poornna dna profile srishtikkaan sr vishakalanathin onniladhikam cellukal aavasyamaanu. ennirunnaalum, single cellukalile ezz. aarr. vishakalanam upayogichu oru poornna dna profile srishtikkunnathilekku shaasthram adukkukayaanu.
emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii sequencing.
mikka koshangalilum adangiyirikkunna prathyeka mitocondrial dna upayogikkunna oru prathyeka saankethikavidyayaanu mitocondrial dna sequencing. eee dna maathrrekhayiloode kadannupokunnu, ithu vyakthikalkkidayil mathramullathalla. ennirunnaalum, koshangalil adangiyirikkunna mitocondriyayude ennam kaaranam, valare adhapathicha saambilukalkko ezz. aarr vishakalanam upayogapradamaakunnathinu mathiyaya daatta nalkaatha saambilukalkko emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii vishakalanam upayogikkaam. autosomal dna illaathirikkunna sthalangalil, mudiyude shaafttukalil mtdna undu.
emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii kaikaaryam cheyyumbol malineekaranathinulla saadhyatha vardhikkunnathinaal, kurachu laborattarikal mitocondrial saambilukal prosess cheiyunnu. cross-malineekaranam ozhivakkaan parasparam vyathyastha saambilukal verthirikkunna prathyeka protocolukal ullava.
drutha dna.
dna verthirichedukkal, amplification, vishakalana prakriya enniva poornnamaayum automate cheiyunna oru "swab inn-profile outtu" saankethikavidyayaanu rapid dna. drutha dna upakaranagalkk 90 minittinullil oru swabil ninnu dna prophyllake pookaan kazhiyum, koodaathe eee prakriya nadatthaan pariseelanam labhicha shaasthranjarude aavasyakatha illaathaakkunnu. arast cheyyappetta vyakthiyude dna profile nedaan police udyogasthare anuvadikkunna kuttavaalikalude booking prakriyayil upayogikkunnathinaayi eee upakaranangal parishodhikkunnu.
aduthide, 2017 leeii rapid dna niyamam amerikkayil pasaki, raajyathudaneelam eee saankethikavidya nadappakkunnathinulla protocolukal srishtikkaan efbiyodu nirddeshichu. nilavil, eee upakaranagalil ninnu labhikkuna dna deseeya dna daattaabesukalilekk uploaded cheyyaan arhathayilla, kaaranam avaa staanderd paridhi palikkaan mathiyaya lokki vishakalanam cheiyunnilla. ennirunnaalum, onniladhikam police ejansikal ithinakam thanne avarude pradeshathu arasttilaaya aalukalil ninnu saambilukal shekharikkaan rapid dna upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. eee praadeshika dna daattaabes federal allengil samsthaana niyanthranangalkk vidheyamalla.
valia samanthara sequencing.
adutha thalamura sequencing ennum ariyappedunna massivy paaralal sequencing (emm. pii. ezz) lokkiyude nerittulla sequencing avatharippichu ezz. aarr vishakalanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. oro sthalathum ulla aavarthanangalude ennathinu pakaram, emm. pii. ezz shaasthranjanu yadhaartha bays perr sequence nalkum. parambaraagatha ezz. aarr. vishakalanam edukkaatha aavarthichulla vibhagangalil kramarahithamaya pooyint mutationukal kaanappedumennathinal saidhaanthikamaayi mpacnu samana erattakale verthirichariyaan kazhiyum.
profile apoorvvatha.
oru dna profile thelivu reethiyil upayogikkumbol oru janasamkhyaykkullil oru profile ethra apoorvamaanennu vishadeekarikkunna oru maachu statistiks nalkunnu. prathyekichum, eee sthithivivarakkanakku oru janasamkhyayil ninnu kramarahithamayi thiranjeduttha oru vyakthikk aaa nirddishta dna profile undakanulla saadhyathayaanu. profile aarudeyengilum "poruthappedaanulla" saadhyatha athalla. eee sthithivivarakkanakku nirnnayikkaan onniladhikam vyathyastha reethikalundu, oronnum avarude anubhavathinteyum mungananayudeyum adisthaanathil vividha laborattarikal upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna mattu rund reethikalekkaal mungananayulla reethiyaayi saadhyatha anupatha kanakkukoottalukal maarukayaan, kramarahithamaya manushyan ozhivaakkappedaathathum ulppeduthaanulla samyojitha saadhyathayum. oru dna profile onniladhikam sambhavakar ulla mishrita vyaakhyaanathil maachu statistiks prathyekichum pradhaanamaan. eee sthithivivarakkanakkukal oru kodathimuriyil allengil oru laborattari reportil nalkumbol avaa saadhaaranayaayi aaa prathyeka pradeshathe ettavum saadhaaranamaaya moonnu vamshangalkkaan nalkunnathu. vyakthiyude poorvvikarude adisthaanathil vyathyastha lokkiyile alleel aavruthikal maariyathaan ithinu kaaranam. HTTPS:// strabase.neest.gavanment/pariseelanam/6 _ misritham-sthithivivarakkanakkukal.pii. dii. eph
kramarahithanaya manushyan ozhivaakkappettittil.
eee reethi upayogichu srishtikkappedunna saadhyatha kramarahithamayi thiranjeduttha oru vyakthiye vishakalanam cheytha daattayil ninnu ozhivakkaan kazhiyaathathaan. shaasthreeya pashchaathalamillaatha vyakthikalodu kodathimuriyil vishadeekarikkaan eluppamulla itharathilulla poruttham sthithivivarakkanakkukal samshayaaspadamaaya vyakthiyude genotype kanakkiledukkathathinaal ithinu dhaaraalam vivechanam kaanikkanulla shakthiyum nashtappedunnu. sample tharamthaazhthappedumbozho allengil oru singular profile nirnnayikkaan kazhiyaathavidham niravadhi sambhavanakal adangiyirikkumbozho eee sameepanam saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. sthithivivarakkanakku nedunnathinulla reethi nerayathinaal saadhaaranakkaaranodu vishadeekarikkunathinum ithu upayogapradamaanu. ennirunnaalum, parimithamaaya vivechanam kaaranam, mattoru reethiyum upayogikkaan kazhiyaathe rmne saadhaaranayaayi nadathaarilla. oru misritham undennu soochippikkunna daattayil upayogikkaan rmne shupaarsha cheiyunnilla.
ulppeduthal/ozhivakkal ennivayude samyojitha saadhyatha.
ulppeduthalinteyo ozhivaakkalukaludeyo samyojitha saadhyatha kramarahitavum bandhamillaathathumaaya oru vyakthi oru dna profile allengil dna mishrithathinu sambhavana nalkaanulla saadhyatha kanakkakkunnu. eee reethiyil, oro vyakthigatha lokkasinteyum sthithivivarakkanakkukal janasamkhyaa sthithivivarakkanakkukal upayogichu nirnnayikkukayum thudarnnu motham sii. pii. aii allengil sii. pii. iii nedunnathinaayi samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. labhyamaya ellah daattayum upayogichu labhyamaya ellah lokkikalkkum eee kanakkukoottalukal aavarthikkukayum thudarnnu oro moolyavum orumichu gunichu ulppeduthalinteyo ozhivaakkalukaludeyo motham samyojitha saadhyatha nedukayum cheiyunnu. moolyangal orumichu gunikkunnathinaal, sii. pii. aii upayogichu valare cheria samkhyakal nedaan kazhiyum. oru misritham soochippikkumbol sii. pii. aii allengil sii. pii. iii sveekaaryamaaya sthithivivarakkanakku kanakkukoottalayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. HTTPS:// Ww.promega.com/-/media/fayalukal/vibhavangal/konfarans-nadapadikal/ishi-15/rakshaakarthru-mishrita-sthithivivarakkanakkukal-workshop/pothu janasamkhya sthithivivarakkanakkukal.pii. dii. eph?laa = enn
otta uravida profilinulla udaaharana kanakkukoottal.
oru cocasian 16 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
oru cocasian 17 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
oru cocasian 14,17 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
matellaa alleelukalum undakanulla saadhyatha allengil 
ozhivaakkalinte saadhyatha allengil 
ulppeduthaanulla saadhyatha allengil 
misritham profilinulla udaaharana kanakkukoottal.
oru cocasian 14 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
oru cocasian 15 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
oru cocasian 16 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
oru cocasian 19 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
oru cocasian 14,15,16 allengil 19 alleel undakanulla saadhyatha 
matellaa alleelukalum undakanulla saadhyatha allengil 
ozhivaakkalinte saadhyatha allengil 
ulppeduthaanulla saadhyatha allengil 
saadhyatha anupatham.
eathaanu kooduthal saadhyathayenn nirnnayikkaan rund vyathyastha saadhyathakalude thaarathamyamaanu saadhyatha anupathangal (elr). oru vichaarana ulppedumbol, avarude prarambha anumanangal kanakkiledukkumbol prosecutionte vaadathinte saadhyathayum prathirodhatthinte vaadathinte saadhyathayumaanu elr. eee saahacharyathil prosecutionte saadhyatha palappozhum 1 nuu thulyamaanu, kaaranam avarkk sariyaaya vyakthi undennu poornnamaayum urappillengil (100%) prosecution oru prathiye prosecute cheyyilla ennathaanu anumaanam. onniladhikam sambhaavakare soochippikkunna daattaykkaayi sthithivivarakkanakkukal avatharippikkunnathile upayogakshamathayum oru koottam daatta nalkunna ettavum saadhyathayulla aaleel kombineshanukal pravachikkunna probabilistik genotyping softweyarile upayogavum kaaranam laborattarikalil saadhyatha anupathangal kooduthal saadhaaranamaayikkondirikku.
saadhyataa anupathangal upayogikkunnathile poraaymakal vishakalana vidagdhar engane oru prathyeka moolyathil athiyennu manasilakkaan valare budhimuttaanu, koodaathe samavakyangalil kooduthal daatta avatharippikkappedumbol ulppedunna ganithashaasthram valare sankeernamaakunnu ennathaanu. kodathimuriyil eee prasnangal neridunnathinaayi, chila laborattarikal saadhyatha anupaathatthinte yadhaartha samkhyaa moolyathe maattisthaapikkunna oru "vaakkalulla skeyil" sajjeekarichittund.

