veremil

"bisi 70ll sisiliyude muun gavarnaraayirunna gayus verasinte azhimathi, pidichupari vichaaranaykkide sisaro nadatthiya prasamgangalude oru parambarayaanu inn verem (verasinethire). sisaroyude edelation thiranjeduppinoppam nadanna prasamgangal sisaroyude pothujeevithathinu vazhiyorukki.
kesinte pashchaathalam.
sarkkarum niyamaviruddha sullah (83-82 bisi) thammilulla aabhyantharayudhasamayathu, gayus paperius carboyude keezhil oru marian sainyathile juuniyar offeesaraayirunnu verez. yudhathinte veliyettangal sullayilekku maarunnath addeham kandu, athinaal, sisaro aaropichu, thante sainyathinte shambalam vahikkunna sullayude lainukalilekku pooyi.
pinneedu, sullah addehathe oru paridhi vare samrakshikkukayum bii. sii. 81ll pravishyayude govarnor gnius cornelius dolabella keezhil silishyayil govarnoral pidichedukkal vaidagdhyam nedaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 73 aayappozhekkum republicinte pradhana dhaanya ulppaadana pravisyakalilonnaaya sisiliyude govarnoraayi addehathe niyamichu (eee samayat eejipt appozhum oru swatantra hellenistic rajyamaayirunnu). sisiliyil, verres shethrangal kollayadichathaayum moonnaamathe adimatha yuddham ulppede niravadhi deseeya adiyantharaavasthakal vipulamaaya pidichedukkal goodaalochanakalkk marayayi upayogichathaayum aaropikkapettu.
athe samayam, marcus tulius sisaro oru valarnnuvarunna rashtreeya vyakthiyaayirunnu. bii. sii. 80ll amerikkayile sextus roshyasine raashtreeyamaayi uyarnna aaropanamulla pariside kesil prathirodhicha sesham sisaro greasileyum rodukalileyum oru yaathraykk purappettu. avidevechu, sullayude maranashesham rashtreeya ramgathekku madangivarunnathinu munbu addeham roads molonil ninnu puthiyathum kadinamallathathumaaya oru prabhaashana roopam padichu. bisi 75ll sisaro oru kvasttaraayi sisiliyil pravartthikkukayum angane cheyyumbol niravadhi sisilian pattanangalumayi bandhappedukayum cheythu. vaasthavathil akkaalat addehathinte edapaadukaaril valiyoru vibhaagam sisiliyil ninnaan vannath, bii. sii. 70-ll vilamathikkaanaavaatha oru link, sisiliyanmaarude oru prathinidhi sisaroyodu dveepile kuttakrithyangalkku veresinethire prosecution nadatthaan aavashyappettappol.
aadya prasangam.
prader arbanus" manius asilius glabrioic munnil nadatthiya aadya prasangam mathramaayirunnu athu. athil, verasinte cases polichuneekkaan kodathiyil samsaarikkanulla nirupaadhikamaaya swaathanthryam sisaro muthaledutthu.
sisaro aadya prasamgatthil sisiliyil verasinte pidichupari kuttakrithyangalekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame sparshichittulloo. pakaram, ool-senattar jooriyude ahankaaram vardhippikkukayum verasinte aadyakaala kathaapaathram paramavadhi prayojanappeduthukayum cheythukondu addeham dvimukha sameepanam sweekarichu. randaam bhagam saankethikathayude adisthaanathil cases munnott pokaathirikkaan verasinte prathirodhatthinte sramangalekkurichaanu.
verres thante prathirodhatthinaayi thante kaalathe ettavum mikacha prabhashakanaaya kvintas hortensius hortalasinte sevanangal nediyirunnu. glabrioyude keezhil roopeekaricha kodathi prathirodhatthinu abhayaarthiyallennu verres hortensius udan manassilakkukayum vichaarana vaikippikkunnathino neettaan kazhiyunnathino ulla nadapadikrama thanthrangaliloode prosecutione paalam thettikkaan sramikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. verasinte vichaaranaykk munbu nadakkunna samanamaaya oru prosecution aadyam dokkattil sthaapikkaan sramichukondaanu ithu cheythath, ithilonnu bithiniyayile oru govarnore sambandhichathaanu.
cases paalam thettikkaan shramichathinte pooyint roman aachaarathe aasrayichirikkunnu. cases vaadikkunna samayat, varsham avasaanichukondirikku, taamasiyaathe niravadhi pothu uthsavangal (pompiyude bahumaanaartham orennam ulppede) aarambikkum. nadannukondirikkunna vichaaranakal ulppede roman achaarangal anusarichu utsava divasangalil ellah jolikalum nirtthi. syseroic thante cases avasaanippikkaan avasaram labhikkunnathin munbu utsava kaalayalavilekku neendunilkkunna vichaarana nadathumennu hortensius pratheekshikkunnundenn sisaro aaropichu, athuvazhi glabrio juriyum puthuvarshatthinu munbu oru vidhi purappeduvikkunnathu sthithivivarakkanakku asaadhyamaakkunnu, majistrettukale avarude puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta pingaamikale niyamikkumbol.
hortensiasinum verasinum ariyamaayirunnu, verasinte suhruthum sakhyakakshiyumaaya marcus mettellas puthuvarshatthil pidichedukkal kodathiyude chumatala vahikkumennu sisero vaadichu, athinaal sisttathinte atharamoru gaminginu oru prayojanam kandu. koodaathe, hortensius maarkkasinte mootha sahodaranaaya kvintas metellas athe varsham koonsal aayi thiranjedukkappettirunnu, athinaal pratheekshicha vishramathin sesham cases punaraarambhikkumbol saakshikale bhayappeduthaanulla pradhana sthaanathaayirikkum. athinaal, verasinum addehathinte anuyayikalkkum vijayathekkurich paramamaya aathmavishwaasamundaayirunnu. hortensiasinteyum metellasinteyum thiranjeduppinu thottupinnaale, muun koonsal gayas scribonius curio verasine parasyamaayi abhinandikkunnathum thaan ippol kuttavimukthanaanennu prakhyapikkunnathum thante oru suhruthu kettathaayi sisero abhiprayappettu.
sisaroykkum thante prosecutionaayi oru savisheshamaaya thanthram manassil undaayirunnu. bii. sii. 81ll, svechaadhipathiyaaya lucius cornelius sullah felix criminal kodathikalude ghadanayil maattam varuthi, senattarmaare maathrame juurii amgangalaayi sevikkaan anuvadichirunnulloo. ithu, prathyakshatthil, samgharshathinum kuranjathu "vangiya" neethiyude roopathinum kaaranamaayi, prathyekichu senattarmaar prathikalaayirikkumbozho allengil oru janapriya allengil sakthanaaya senattarude thalpparyangal bheeshanippeduthumbozho. ithinoppam, sambannaraaya senattarmaarum naittukalum thangalkk anukoolamaaya vidhikal nedunnathinaayi joorikalkku kaikkooli nalkunna oru ekkaalatheyum vivaadavum undaayittund. 70 aayappozhekkum, verasinethiraaya vichaarana purogamikkumbol, lutius ooreliyas kotta juurii gadanaykkulla sullayude niyanthranangal pinvalikkunna oru niyamam avatharippichu, joorikal veendum senattarmaar, "ekwaitts", "tribuni erari" ennivaykku thurannukodukkukayum atharam amithamaya leeniyant joorikalkku oru parisodhanayaayi. sisaro thante prasamgatthil cenetatorial joorikalude daaranaykkaayi ganyamaaya samayam neekkivachu, sisiliyile thante durupayogathinu vichaarana nadakkunnundennu mathramalla, senattum anuchithamaya kuttangalkk vichaarana cheyyappedukayaanennum, avar verasinu nalkunna eathu vidhiyum avarude creditino lajjayko prathifalikkumennum vaadichu. lexes ooreliya udcaria" pasakkukayum joorikale senattil ninnu akattinirthukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu ellah kuttangalilum verasine kuttavimuktharaakkuka ennathaayirunnu ettavum urappulla maargam ennu sisero vaadichu.
koodaathe, vichaarana pinvalikkanulla hortensiasinte shramangale prathirodhikkaan, saadhaarana formaattil ninnu vichaaranayude ozhukk maattaan anuvadikkanamennu sisaro kodathiyude edapedal abhyarthichu. saadhaarana vichaaranayukalil, prosecution prathirodhavum saakshikale vilikkunnathinu munbu ethir prasamgangalude oru parambara nadathumaayirunnu. ithu anivaryamaayum puthuvarshatthinu sheshamulla nadapadikal pinvalikkumennu sisaro manassilakki, athinaal prasamgangal nadathunnathinu munbu thante aropanangal urappikkaan udan saakshikale vilikkaan anuvadikkanamennu addeham abhyarthichu.
randaamathe prasamgatthil pradhana chaarjukalude rooparekha.
vichaarana paalam thettikkaano vaikippikkaano sramikkunna verasinteyum addehathinte abhibhashakanaaya hortensiasinteyum moorchayulla sanbradaayathe aadya prasangam kooduthal sparshichirunnu. randaamathethil, ananthamaaya kooduthal nindyamaaya prasamgatthil, sisaro muzhuvan kuttapathravum puratthirakki. randaamathe prasangam vichaarana thudarnnirunnenkil addehathinte nishedhaathmaka prasamgamaayirikkumennu prathyakshatthil uddeshichirunnu, kaaranam ithu ithinakam glabrioyude kodathikku munnil saakshyam vahichathayi saakshikale soochippikkunnu.
sisiliyude gavarnaraayirunna kaalath verasinethire niravadhi aropanangal sisero rekhappeduthiyittundu. eee vaachakathinte ettavum valia bhagamaaya pradhana vishayangal, verez oru sankeernamaaya thattippinulla maarggamaayi uyarthiya oru naavika vivaadathekkurichaanu. roman kappalppadaykku oru kappal nalkunnathinulla avarude dutyil ninnu avare mochippikkunnathinaayi messanna nagaratthil ninnu kaikkooli vaangi addeham roman securitye attimarichu, koodaathe addeham vanjanaaparamaayi aalukale fleet sarveesil ninnu discharge cheythu, avare discharge cheythathayi adayaalappeduthukayum avarude sajeeva duty shambalam pokkattil vaykkukayum cheythu. sisaro vaadikkunnathupole, pidikoodiya kadalkkollakkaare chilappol vadhashikshaykk vidheyaraakkunnathinuparam adimakalaayi meshaykkadiyil vilkkaarundaayirunnu. ithu nadakkunnu enna vastutha marachuvekkaan, kadalkkollakkaarekkuri ariyaatha nagarangalilekku bharanaparamaayi maarikkondirikkukayum execution blockil mattullavarkk pakaram pakaram vaykkukayum cheythathayi sisero aaropikkunnu.
koodaathe, pradeshathe oru koottam kadalkkollakkaare nasippikkunnathinulla oru kappal paryaveshanatthinte kamaandaraayi verres thante cleomensinte oru koottaaliye sthaapichathaayi sisero aaropikkunnu (kaaranam, verres thanne kabalippichathinaal thanne athikkunnathil ninnu akattinirthaanaanu sisero vaadikkunnathu), kazhivillaayma kaaranam cleomens kadalkkollakkaare syracuse thuramukhathekku praveshikkaanum nagaram kollayadikkaanum anuvadichu. koodaathe, cleomensinte paryaveshanatthinte ghoramaaya paraajayathinu sesham, alillah neethrthwathilulla kappalpadaye puratthirangaan anuvadichathinu svayam kuttappeduthaathirikkaan, cleomen ozhikeyulla ellah kappalukalude captanmaareyum vadhikkan verez utharavittu.
eee naavikakaaryathinu purathu kooduthal kuttangal chumathappettu. avayil iva ulppedunnu
prasamgangalude phalam.
aasootritha prabhashakaril syseroic maathrame samsarikkaan avasaram labhichulloo. vichaarana paalam thettikkanulla verasinte aadyakaala kuttakrithyangalum verasukalude sramangalum sisero vishadamaayi vivarichu. sisaroyude prasamgangal kodathi kettayudane, eee ghattathil vijayikkunnath thanikk budhimuttaanennu hortensius veresine upadeshichu, koodaathe swamedhayaa naadukadatthunnathiloode (addehathinte saahacharyathil uyarnna raankulla romacarc oru oopshan) oru malsaravum vendennu vaadikkuka ennathaanu veresinu ettavum nalla nadapadiyennu upadeshichu. bii. sii. 70 avasaanathode, verres aadhunika maarsilleesile maasiliyayil pravaasatthil kazhiyukayaayirunnu, avide addeham thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan jeevikum (maarkk aantoni aagrahicha oru shilpathinmel randaamathe thrithwathinte shaasanavelayil addeham kollappettu). sisaro bakkiyulla vasthukkal shekharikkukayum, verasinte pravartthanangal sisiliyil kaikaaryam cheiyunna thante randaamathe prasangam ulppede, athu yadhaarthathil kodathiyil nalkiyathupole prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, romile niyamavyavastha kaaranam, prosecution nediya senattarmaarkk senattile prathiyude sthaanathinu arhathayundaayirunnu. ithu sisaroyude kariyarinu valia thothil uthejanam nalki, kaaranam ithu senattil puthuthayi chernna oru amgathinu saadhaaranayaayi nalkappedaattha reethiyil samsaarikkanulla swaathanthryam addehathinu nalki.

