
vichitrathayum kwark-gloovon plasma

uyarnna oorjjamulla nuclear physixil, aapekshikamaya hevi-ayann koottiyidikku kaaranamakunna vichitramaaya uthppaadanam kwark-gluyon plasma (qjp) roopeekaranathinteyum gunangaludeyum oru signature diagnostic upakaranamaan. dainamdina padaarthangal nirmmikkunna mukalilekkum thaazhekkumulla kwaarkkukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vichithravum aakarshakavumaya bharameriya kwark sugandhangal saadhaaranayaayi chalanathmakamaaya parinaama prakriyayil raasa santhulithaavasthaye sameepikkunnu. kwaarkkukaludeyum gloovonukaludeyum taapa (gathikorjjam) thalatthil parasparabandhithamaya praadeshika samyojanamaanu qjp (kwark dravyam ennum ariyappedunnu), raasa (samriddhi) santhulithaavasthayalla. plasma enna vaakk soochippikkunnathu niramulla charjju cheytha kanangalkk (kwaarkkukal koodaathe/allengil gloovonukalkku) plasma kaivashamulla voliyathil neengaan kazhiyum ennaanu. plasmayude gadakangal thammilulla koottiyidikku jody-ulppaadana prakriyakalil vichitramaaya kwaarkkukalude samriddhi roopappedukayum raasa samriddhiyude santhulithaavastha srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. dravyam kwark-gloovon plasmayayi maarumbol maathrame gluvonukal undaakoo ennathaanu ulppaadanathinte prabalamaaya samvidaanam. kwark-gluyon plasma oru breakup prakriyayil hadronukalaayi verpedumbol, vichitramaaya aantikvaarkkukalude uyarnna labhyatha onniladhikam vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal adangiya aantimaattar utppaadippikkaan sahayikkunnu, allengil apoorvvamaayi maathrame ithu nirmikkappedunnulla. samanamaaya parigananakal nilavil bharameriya manohaarithaykkaayi nadathappedunnu, ithu aadya edapedalukalil koottiyidi prakriyayude thudakkathil nirmmikkappedunnu, koodaathe serninte valia haadron koottiyidikkunnathinte uyarnna oorjja parithasthithikalil maathrame ithu dhaaraalamaayi kaanappedunnulloo.
aadyakaala prapanchatthilum laborattariyilum kwark-gluyon plasma.
mahaavisfodanathinu sesham ekadesham 30 micro secondukal vare, free kwaarkkukal, aantikvaarkkukal, gluvonukal ennivayude valare choodulla vaathakathil, prapanchatthinte aadyakaalathe angeyattatthe avasthakalil free kwaarkkukal nilaninnirunnu. kwark-interaakshan charge (kalar charge) mobail aayathinal kwaarkkukalum gloovonukalum chuttikkarangunnathinal eee vaathakathe kwark-gloovon plasma (qjp) ennu vilikkunnu. uyarnna thapanilayil aadyakaala prapancham vyathyastha shoonyaavasthayilaayathinaal ithu saadhyamaan, athil saadhaarana dravyam nilanilkkaan kazhiyilla, ennaal kwaarkkukalkkum gloovonukalkkum kazhiyum; avaa deconfine cheythirikkunnu (prathyeka anboundu kanangalayi swathanthramaayi nilanilkkaan kazhiyum). laboratariyil dravyathinte eee deconfined ghattam punarnirmmikkunnathin kuranja thaapanila allengil athinu thulyamaaya kuranja oorjja saandrata kaviyendathu aavasyamaanu. valare uyarnna vegathayil kanika koottiyidikkalukal upayogichu shaasthranjar ithu nedunnu, koottiyidikku purathuvarunna oorjjathinu upa aattomik kanangalude oorjjam valare uyarnna thalatthilekku uyarthaan kazhiyum, ithu avarkk hrasvamaayi oru cheria alavil kwark-gloovon plasma roopappeduthaan paryaapthamaan, ithu laborattari pareekshanangalil padikkaan kazhiyum, athaayath prakasham qjp fireball kadakkaan aavashyamaaya samayathekkaal kurachu kooduthal, angane ekadesham 10−22 second. eee churungiya samayathinu sesham kwark plasmayude choodulla thulli hadronisation enna prakriyayil baashpeekarikkappedunnu. praayogikamaayi ellah qjp gadakangalum aapekshika vegathayil ozhukunnathinaal ithu angane aanu. eee reethiyil, 10-40 micro second praayatthil aadyakaala prapanchatthile avasthakalkku samanamaaya avasthakal padikkaan kazhiyum.
eee puthiya qjp dravyaavasthayude kandethal sernilum brookhaaven naashanal laborattariyilum (bnl) prakhyaapichittundu. eee kandethalukalkk anumathi nalkunna thayyaareduppukal bevalaakkile joyint instittyoott phoor nuclear research (gnr), laurence berkley naashanal laborattari (elbnl) ennivayil nadatthi. gsi helmholds sentar phoor hevi ayoon research (gsi), jintile nikka ennividangalile puthiya pareekshana soukaryangal nirmmaanathilaanu. 1983laanu kyu. jii. piyude oppu enna nilayil vichithratha aadyamaayi paryavekshanam cheythath. athinte gunangalekkurichulla samagramaya pareekshanathmaka thelivukal shekharikkappedunnu. sernile alis sahakaranathinte sameepakaala pravartthanangal valare uyarnna oorjja pipi koottiyidikalil kyujipiyekkurichum vichitramaaya ulppaadanathekkurichum padikkunnathinulla oru puthiya paatha thurannu.
kwark-gloovon plaasmayile vichithratha.
namukk chuttum kaanapedunna dravyathil illaatha kwaarkkukal upayogichu kwark-gloovon plasmayude gunangalekkurichulla roganirnayavum padanavum nadatthaam. pareekshanathmakavum saidhaanthikavumaaya pravartthanangal vichithratha vardhippikkal enna ashayathe aasrayichirikkunnu. 1980ll johann rafflesky rolph huggedon nirddeshicha kwark-gloovon plasmayude aadya nireekshanamaanithu. mukalilekkum thaazhekkumulla kwaarkkukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, koottiyidikkunna nucleussukal vichitramaaya kwaarkkukale prathikaranatthilekku konduvarunnilla. athinaal, pareekshanangalil nireekshicha eathenkilum vichitramaaya kwaarkkukaloo aantikvaarkkukalo koottiyidikkunna nucleusinte gathikorjjathil ninnu "puthuthayi" nirmmichathaanu, gloovonukalaanu kaattalist. soukaryapradamaayi, vichitramaaya kwaarkkukaludeyum aantikvaarkkukaludeyum pindam protonukalum neutronukalum mattu hadronukalum kwaarkkukalaayi layikkunna thapanilaykko oorjjathino thulyamaanu. ithinartham vichitramaaya kwaarkkukalude samriddhi deconfined dravya ghattatthinte avasthakal, ghadana, chalanathmakatha ennivayodu samvedanakshamathayullathaanu, avayude ennam valuthaanenkil deconfinment avasthakalil athiyennu anumanikkaam. vichitramaaya aantibariyonukalude uyarnna ulppaadanamaanu vichithratha vardhippikkunnathinte kooduthal sakthamaaya adayaalam. kyu. jii. piyude oppu enna nilayil vichitrathayekkurichulla oru aadyakaala samagra avalokanam coach, mullar, rafelsky ennivar avatharippichu, athu aduthide update cheythu. uthppaadippikkunna vichitramaaya aanti-baariyonukalude samriddhiyum prathyekichu aanti-omega formula _ 1, biro, neelson, noll ennivar nirddeshikkunna kalar ropp model polulla shanikamaaya koottaaya kwark modalukalil ninnu poornnamaayum deconfine cheytha valia qjp domaine verthirichariyaan anuvadichu. formula _ 2-nte aapekshika samriddhi vichithratha vardhippikkunnathinulla canonical model unnayicha chodyangal pariharikkunnu.
kwark-gloovon plaasmayile vichithrathayude santhulithaavastha.
ellah saahacharyangalilum vichitramaaya kwaarkkukalude vilavu taapa santhulithaavasthayilaanenna oraalkk anumanikkaan kazhiyilla. saadhaaranayaayi, vichithratha polulla kwaarkkukalude puthiya sugandhangal ullil pakam cheiyunnathinaal plasmayude kwark-ruchiyude ghadana athinte hraswakaala jeevithathil vyathyaasappedunnu. saadhaarana padaartham nirmmikkunna mukalilekkum thaazhekkumulla kwaarkkukal cheria pindamullathinal choodulla fireball kwark-aantikvaarkk jodikalaayi eluppathil uthppaadippikkappedunnu. maruvashathu, adutha bharam kuranja kwark ruchi-vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal-mathiyaya samayavum thapanilayum undengil athinte uyarnna kwark-gluyon plasma taapa samriddhiyil ethum. eee kruthi tii nirddeshicha strangness ulppaadanathinte gathikolppadana sidhaantham vishadeekarichu. biroy jeey. kwark-aantikvaarkk prathikaranangaliloode ottaykku vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal vegathil ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyillennu theliyicha simani. kyu. jii. piyil maathram pravartthikkunna oru puthiya samvidaanam nirddeshikkappettu.
gloovon vichithrathayilekku samyojippikkunnu.
rafflesky mullar kaanichathupole gloovon fusion enna puthiya prakriya kaaranam maathrame kyu. jii. piyil vichitramaaya vilavinte vilavu santhulithamaakkaan kazhiyoo. fainman rekhaachithrathinte mukalile bhagam puthiya gloovon fusion prakriyakal kaanikkunnu gluvonukal alakalulla rekhakalaanu; vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal khararekhakalaanu; samayam idathuninnu valathottu oodunnu. dashed lainukalaayi kaanichirikkunna bharam kuranja jody kwaarkkukalil ninnu bharameriya kwark jody undaakunna prakriyayaan thaazhathe vibhaagam. kwark adisthaanamaakkiyulla vichitramaaya prakriyayekkaal ekadesham pathiratti vegathil gloovon fusion prakriya sambhavikkunnu, koodaathe kwark adisthaanamaakkiyulla prakriya "micro-baang" kaalayalavil paraajayappedunna uyarnna taapa vilavu nedaan anuvadikkunnu.
puthuthayi uthppaadippikkunna formula 3 jodikaludeyum saadhaarana laitt kwark jody formula 4-roblevsky anupatham-vichitramaaya ulppaadanathinte falapraapthiyude alavukolaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee anupatham kanatha ayoon koottiyidikalil erattiyiladhikamaanu, ithu kyu. jii. pii uthppaadippikkunna koottiyidikalil pravartthikkunna vichitramaaya ulppaadanathinte oru puthiya samvidaanathinte swatantra sthireekaranam nalkunnu.
aakarshanatheyum chuvapp chuvappineyum sambandhichidatholam ivideyulla gloovon koottiyidikal taapa dravya ghattathilaanu sambhavikkunnath, athinaal nucleusukal parasparam idikkumbol koottiyidikkunnathinte aadyaghattangalil undaakunna uyarnna oorjja prakriyakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. bhaarameriyathum aakarshakavum thazheyullathumaaya kwaarkkukal avide pradhaanamaayum uthppaadippikkappedunnu. vichithrathaykk purame, manohaarithayullathum taamasiyaathe bottom hadronic kanangalude ulppaadanavum aapekshika nuclear (hevi ayoon) koottiyidikkunnathinnekku patanam-laborattariyile kwark-gloovon plasmayude roopeekaranam, parinamam, hadronisation ennivayude samvidaanangalekkurichu poorakavum pradhaanappettathumaaya sthireekaranam nalkum.
vichithratha (aandu aarm) hadronisation.
puthuthayi pakam cheytha eee vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal hoott kwark-gloovon plasma fireball thakarumbol uyarnnuvarunna vividha anthima kanangalude oru koottatthilekku vazhi kandethunnu, chithratthil vyathyastha prakriyakalude skeem kaanuka. fireballe" aantikvaarkkukalude ready supply kanakkiledukkumbol, onniladhikam vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal adangiya aantimaattar kanangalude oru koottam kandethunnu. maruvashathu, nucleon-nucleon koottiyidikalude oru cascade ulppedunna oru samvidaanathil, ore koottiyidi prakriyayil thaarathamyena asaadhyamaaya niravadhi sambhavangal sambhavikkanam ennathinaal multy-strench aantimattarukal kuravaanu. ekkaaranathaal kwark dravyathinte saannidhyathil uthppaadippikkunna multy-strench aantimaattar kanangalude vilavu parambaraagatha prathikaranangalude parambarayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vardhikkumennu oraal prathekshikkunnu. vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal parasparam bandhippikkaan eshtappedunna bharameriya aakarshanavum thaazhathe kwaarkkukalum bandhippikkunnu. athinaal, eee kwaarkkukalude valiyoru samkhyayude saannidhyathil, asaadhaaranamaamvidham samriddhamaaya videsha kanikakal utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum; avayil chilath munbu nireekshikkappettilla. aakarshanavum vichitramaaya kwaarkkukalum thaazhathe kwaarkkukalum polum gadakangalaayi ulla kanangalude sernilulla puthiya valia haadron koottiyidikkunna aduthulla paryaveshanatthil ithu sambhavikkanam.
vichitramaaya haadron shayavum nireekshanavum.
vichitramaaya kwaarkkukal swaabhaavikamaayum radio active aanava-koottiyidi samayangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valare dairkhyameriya samayaparidhiyil bharam kuranja kwaarkkukalilekkulla durbalamaaya edapedalukalaal shayikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu avayude shayikkunna uthppannangal avasheshikkunna traakkukaliloode vichitramaaya kanangale thaarathamyena eluppathil kandethunnu. negatteevu charjju cheytha formula _ 5 baariyoninte (chithratthil pacha, dss), negatteevu piyon (dii), neutral formula _ 6 (yoods) baariyon ennivayaayi shayikkunnathu oru udaaharanamaayi pariganikkuka. pinneedu, formula _ 6 oru protona mattoru negatteevu piona kshayikkunnu. pothuve ithu oru formula _ 5-nte kshayathinte adayaalamaanu. negatteevu formula _ 9 (sss) barrioninu samanamaaya anthima avastha kshaya topology undengilum, athinte kshaya uthppannangal vyathyasthamaayathinaal formula _ 5-ll ninnu ithu vyakthamaayi verthirichariyaan kazhiyum.
formula _ 5 (yuu. ezz. ezz/dii. ezz. ezz), formula _ 9 (ezz. ezz. ezz), prathyekichu avayude aanti partikkilukal ennivayude samriddhamaaya roopeekaranathinte alavu kwark-gluyon plasma roopappettuvenna avakaashavaadathinte oru pradhana moolakkallaanu. saadhaarana prottoon-prottoon koottiyidil ninnulla skeyil cheytha pratheekshayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee samriddhamaaya roopeekaranam palappozhum avatharippikkappedunnu; ennirunnaalum, parambaraagatha model pratheekshakale dhikkarikkunna valia samboornna vilavu kanakkiledukkumbol atharamoru thaarathamyam aavasyamilla. dravyathinte puthiya roopam kaivarichittundenkil vichithrathayude mothatthilulla vilavum pratheekshichathilum kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, laitt kwaarkkukal gloovon fusion prakriyakalilum uthppaadippikkappedunnu ennathinaal, ellah hadronukaludeyum vardhicha uthppaadanam prathekshikkunnu. vichithravum vichithramallathathumaaya kanangalude aapekshika vilavu sambandhicha patanam eee prakriyakalude malsarathekkurichum angane kanika ulppaadanathinte prathikarana samvidaanathekkurichum vivarangal nalkunnu.
vichithra dravyathinteyum aantimaattar srishtiyudeyum systematics.
kwark-gloovon plasma hadronisation prakriyayil oro kanika inathinteyum vardhanavu kanikayude vichitramaaya ulladakkathinanusarichu vardhikkumennu coach, mueller, rafelsky ennivarude pravartthanangal pravachikkunnu. onnu, rund, moonnu vichitramaaya allengil aanti-rench kwaarkkukal vahikkunna kanangalude mechappeduthalukal alakkukayum 2000-ll sern nadatthiya pareekshanangalil kwark-gluyon plasma roopeekaranam saadhyamaanennu prakhyaapikkunnathinulla samayathe sern vaa 97 pareekshanam eee prabhavam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. aantibariyon roopathinte vardhanavil kaanichirikkunnathupole pingamiyude sahakaranamaya Na57 aanu eee phalangal vishadeekarichathu. koottiyidikalil pankedukkunna aanava padaarthatthinte alavine prathinidheekarikkunna veriyabilinte pravartthanamenna nilayil mechappeduthalinte kramanugathamaaya uyarcha, athinaal aanava koottiyidiyude jyaamitheeya kendreekaranatthinte pravartthanamenna nilayil saadhaarana dravya prathikaranangalekkal kwark-gluyon plasma uravidathe shakthamayi anukoolikkunnu.
rikkile nakshatra pareekshanatthiloode samanamaaya oru mechappeduthal labhichu. oro beam 100 eiii gev yill rund koottiyidi samvidaanangal pariganikkumbol ivide labhikkuna falangal chuvappil bharameriya swarnna-swarnna koottiyidi, neelayil cheria chembu-chembu koottiyidi. muun sern varkkine apekshichu centimeter frame oof referencil rikkile oorjjam 11 madangu kooduthalaanu. pankedukkunna nucleonukalude ennathinanusarichu nakshatram nireekshikkunna mechappeduthalum vardhikkunnu ennathaanu pradhana phalam. ettavum kuranja pankaalikalil ettavum peripheral evantukalkku, chembu, swarnna samvidaanangal, pankedukkunnavarude athe ennathil, pratheekshicha athe mechappeduthal kaanikkunnuvenn njangal shradhikkunnu.
sernine nakshathratheyum thaarathamyam cheiyunna eee phalangalude mattoru sradheyamaaya savisheshatha, prathikaranatthil labhyamaya valare vyathyasthamaaya koottiyidi oorjjathinu samanamaaya alavilaanu mechappeduthal. eee kanangalude ulppaadana samvidaanathekkurichulla kwark-gluyon plasma sameepanavumaayi eee mechappeduthalinte oorjjaswaathanthryam yojikkukayum orupakshe oru minimum oorjja paridhi marikadannaal, oru kwark-gluyon plasma vaividhyamaarnna koottiyidi oorjjangalil srishtikkappedunnuvennu sthireekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
alis kwark-gloovon plasmayude oppayi vichitrathayekkurichulla backie chodyangalude pariharam.
valia haadron collideril (elechsiyil) alice sahakaranm report cheytha (vichitramaaya) kanika spectrayude valare uyarnna krithyathayum valia transwers momentam coverage neendunilkkunna velluvilikalekkurichu aazhathilulla paryavekshanam anuvadikkunnu, avaa ellaayppozhum puthiya bhouthikashaasthrathodoppam, prathyekichu vichitramaaya oppine chuttipattiyulla chodyangal. uthppaadippikkunna kanangalude samriddhi vardhippikkappedunnu atho thaarathamya adisthaanarekha adichamarthunnundo ennathaanu ettavum kooduthal charcha cheyyappetta velluvilikalil onnu. vichithratha polulla oru kwaandam nambar apoorvvamaayi maathrame uthpaadippikkappedukal adichamarthal prathekshikkunnu. kanika ulppaadanathekkurichulla aadyakaala vishakalanathil eee sahacharyam hegadon thirichariyukayum rafflesky danos ithu pariharikkukayum cheythu. kurachu puthiya jody vichithra kanikakal maathram uthppaadippikkappettaam phalam aprathyakshamaakumenn aaa kruthiyil kaanichu. ennirunnaalum, hamiye mattullavarum eee vishayam punarujjeevippichu. kyu. jii. piyile cheria upa-vaalyangalkk prasakthiyundennu addeham vaadichu. prathyeka sensitiivu pareekshanathmaka signecharukal paryavekshanam cheythukondu eee vaadam pariharikkan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu vyathyastha tharatthilulla eratta vichithra kanangalude anupatham, formula _ 3 (formula _ 16) maayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol formula _ 13 (formula _ 5) yude atharam vilavu. motham uthppaadippikkappedunna kanika gunithathaal vivarichirikkunnathu niravadhi koottiyidi samvidaanangalkku niravadhi hadronisation volyangalil eee anupatham alice pareekshanam nedi. eee anupatham oru valia shreniyude volyangalude (alavukalude rund kramangal) prathekshikkunna moolyam oohikkunnuvennu phalangal kaanikkunnu. cheria kanangalude voliyathilo gunithatthilo, vakram prathekshikkunna kuravu kaanikkunnu uthppaadippikkunna vichithra jodikalude ennam kurayunnathinaal formula _ 13 (formula _ 5) formula _ 3 (formula _ 16) neey apekshichu cheruthayirikkanam, athinaal formula _ 13 (formula _ 5) neey apekshichu formula _ 3 (formula _ 16) undaakkunnath eluppamaanu, athinu kuranjathu rund jody nirmmikkendathund. ennirunnaalum, valare uyarnna alavil vardhanavum naam kaanunnu-ithu onnu muthal rund vare staanderd vyathiyaanangalude thalatthilulla oru falamaanu. samanamaaya phalangal petran thudangiyavar neratthe thanne thiricharinjittundu.
valare prashamsikkappedunna mattoru alice phalam, aaa (nucleus-nucleus) ll mathramalla, paa (prottoon-nucleus), pipi (prottoon-prottoon) koottiyidikalilum kanika ulppaadana vilavu gunithatthinte pravartthanamaayi avatharippikkumbol athe vichitramaaya vardhanavu nireekshikkunnu, ithu soochippichathupole, labhyamaya hadronisation voliyavumaayi poruthappedunnu. alis phalangal voliyathinte pravartthanamaayi padicha ellah kanangaludeyum motham vilavinte sugamamaya vooliyam aashrithathvam kaanikkunnu, adhika "canonical" adichamarthal illa. kyoo. jii. piyile vichithra jodikalude vilavu mathiyaya uyarnnathum kyoo. jii. piyude alavum ayussum vardhikkunnathinanusaricha prathekshikkunna samriddhi vardhikkunnathum aayathinal ithu sambhavikkunnu. ellah prathikarana volyangalkkum qgp ellaayppozhum vichithrathayude raasa (vilavu) santhulithaavasthayilaanenna sidhaanthavumaayi eee vardhanavu poruthappedunnilla. pakaram, ithu rafflesky mullar nirddeshicha saidhaanthika gathikolppadana maathrkaye sthireekarikkunnu. pipi koottiyidikalil kyujipiyude uthpaadanam ellaavarum pratheekshichirunnilla, pakshe athu athishayikkaruth. deconfinmentinte arambham swaabhaavikamaayum oorjjathinteyum koottiyidi samvidaanathinteyum valuppathinteyum oru pravarthanamaanu. theevramaaya elechsiyil oorjjam eee athirthi kadakkunnuvenna vastutha, pipi polulla ettavum cheria praadhamika koottiyidi samvidaanangalumaayulla pareekshanangalilum, qjp roopeekaranathilekku nayikkunna prakriyakalude apratheekshitha shakti sthireekarikkunnu. ppyilum mattu "cheria" sisttam koottiyidikalilum deconfinmentinte thudakkam oru sajeeva gaveshana vishayamaayi thudarunnu.
vichithrathaykkappuram elhc energy rench vaagdaanam cheiyunna valia nettam manohaarithayudeyum chuvanna ruchiyudeyum samriddhamaaya ulppaadanamaanu. kyu. jii. pii roopappedumbol, eee kwaarkkukal uyarnna saandrathayulla vichithrathayil ulchernnirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, ithu videsha bharameriya kanangalude dhaaraalam ulppaadanathilekku nayikkum. eee samayat kandethiyittillaath mattu kanatha sugandhakanangalum prathyakshappedaan saadhyathayund.
ezz-ezz, ezz-dablyu enniva ezz. pii. ezz-sernil projectile oorjjavumaayi koottiyidikkunnu, nischitha lakshyathil oru nucleoninu 200 jii. iii. vii.
sern hevi ayoon prograaminte thudakkathilekku thirinjunokkumbol kwark-gluyon plasma kandethalukalude yadhaartha prakhyapanangal kaanam. sern-ena35, sern-dablyue85 pareekshanathmaka sahakaranagal 1990 meyy maasathil fraansile mentanile kwark dravya konfaransil hevi ayoon prathikaranangalil formula _ 25 roopeekaranam prakhyaapichu. oru aanti tranch kwark aanti upp, aantidaun kwaarkkukalum ulppedunna eee aantimaattar kanikayude ulppaadanathil ganyamaaya vardhanavu undayathaayi daatta soochippikkunnu. 25 kanika enna soothravaakyathile moonnu gadakangalum prathikaranatthil puthuthayi uthppaadippikkappedunnu. dablyue 85 phalangal saidhaanthika pravachanangalumayi yojichathaayirunnu. prasidheekaricha reportil, dablyue85 avarude phalangale qjp ennu vyaakhyaanichu. Na35-nte daattayil valia chittayaya pishakukal undaayirunnu, avaa thudarnnulla varshangalil mechappeduthi. koodaathe, pii. pii-background vilayiruthunnathin sahakaranm aavasyamaanu. uravidathinte vegathaye savisheshamaakkunna rapidity enna veriyabilinte pravarthanamaayaanu eee phalangal avatharippikkunnath. puranthallalinte ettavum uyarnna alavu soochippikkunnathu, adhikamaayi roopappedunna aantimaattar kanikakal koottiyidikkunna nucleusukalil ninnalla uthbhavikkunnath, marichu insidant nucleusinte vegathayude pakuthiyolam vegathayil neengunna oru uravidathil ninnaan, ithu rund nucleyukalum koottiyidikkumbol roopappedunna reference uravidathinte momentam framinte oru pothu kendramaanu, athaayath, hoott kwark-gluyon plasma fireball.
k → π anupaathathilulla kombum deconfinmentinte thudakkavum.
kwaarkkukalkku swathanthramaayi neengaan kazhiyunna oru domaine roopeekarikkunnathinu prathikarana oorjjathilum/allengil vooliyam valuppathilum oru paridhi kaviyendathundo ennathaanu ettavum rasakaramaaya chodyangalilonnu. atharamoru paridhi nilavilundenkil nammal mukalil kaanicha kanikakalude vilavu/anupathangal athu soochippikkumennu pratheekshikkunnath swaabhaavikamaanu. ettavum axus cheyyaavunna oppukalilonnu aapekshika kaayon vilavu anupaathamaayirikkum. saadhyamaaya oru ghadana pravachikkappettittund, vaasthavathil, positteev kaayon keey (aanti ezz-kwaarkkukalum up-kwark ulkkollunnu), positteev piyon kanikakal enniva ulppedunna kanangalude anupaathathil apratheekshithamaya oru ghadana kaanapedunnu, ithu chithratthil (khara chinnangal) kaanapedunnu. anupaathatthinte uyarchayum veezhchayum (chathura chinnangal) sern naa 49 report cheythittundu. negatteevu kaayon kanikakal eee "hoonn" savisheshatha kaanikkaatthathinte kaaranam ezz-kwaarkkukal lamda kanikayil bandhippichirikkunna hadronise cheyyaan eshtappedunnu ennathaanu, avide counderpart ghadana nireekshikkappedunnu. chithratthilulla bii. enn. ell-rick-staaril (chuvanna nakshathrangal) ninnulla daatta pooyint sern daattayumaayi yojikkunnu.
eee phalangal kanakkileduthu sern ezz. pii. esil nadannukondirikkunna naa 61/shine pareekshanatthinteyum bii. enn. ell. rikkil pravartthikkunna nirddishta kuranja oorjjathinteyum lakshyam, prathyekichu staar dittaktarinu kwark-gloovon plasmayude ulppaadanam aarambhikkunnath tirayan kazhiyum, eee phalangalekkurichulla dhaarana mechappeduthunnathinum mattu anubandha kwark-gloovon plasma nireekshanangalude swabhaavam rekhappeduthunnathinum vendi hoonn maximum kaanunna domainil oorjjathinte pravartthanamaayi.
kaazhchappaad.
vichitramaaya ulppaadanavum kwark-gloovon plasmayude oppu enna nilayil athinte roganirnaya seshiyum ekadesham 30 varshamaayi charcha cheyyappedunnu. innathe eee mekhalayile saidhaanthika pravartthanangal mothatthilulla kanika ulppaadana daattayude vyaakhyaanathilum vibhajana samayat kwark-gluyon plasmayude bhooribhaagathinteyum falamaayundaakunna gunangalude vyulppaadanathilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. kwark-gluyon plasmayude choodulla tulliye hadronise cheiyunna chithrathe adisthaanamaakkiyo allengil pakaramaayi, parimithavum santhulithavumaaya haadron dravyathinte chithrathe adisthaanamaakkiyo uthppaadippikkunna ellah kanangaludeyum aagola vivaranam pareekshikkam. rund saahacharyangalilum stattistikkal taapa ulppaadana modalinullile dattayekkurichu oraal vivarikkunnu, ennaal vishadaamshangalil ganyamaaya vyathyaasangal eee kanangalude uravidathinte swabhaavathe verthirikkunnu. eee mekhalayil pravartthikkunna pareekshanathmaka grouppukal avarude swantham dattaa vishakalana modalukal vikasippikkaan eshtappedunnu, koodaathe baahya nireekshakan niravadhi vyathyastha vishakalana phalangal kaanunnu. prathikarana oorjjam, prathikarana kendreekaranam, vichitramaaya ulladakkam ennivayude pravartthanamaayi qgp pravachicha paatten pinthudarunna vividha kanikakal undu. kooduthal elhc oorjjathil vichitramaaya vilavinte saturation kanatha ruchiyumaayi bandhippikkunnathum puthiya pareekshanathmaka avasarangal thurakkunnu.
yogangalum yogangalum.
kwark gloovon plasmayude oppu enna nilayil vichithratha padikkunna shaasthranjar prathyeka yogangalil avarude phalangal charcha cheiyunnu. 1995ll arisonayile tuxonil aadyamaayi samghadippicha kwark dravyathile vichitrathayekkurichulla anthaaraashtra parambarayaanu susthaapithamaayathu. sammelanathinte ettavum puthiya pathippaya 10-15 juun 2019 italiyile baariyil nadannu, 300 oolam pankaalikale aakarshichu. chainayile vuhanil 2019 november 4 muthal 9 vare nadanna kwark maattar konfarans 800 pere aakarshichu.

