
shau-chuu yuddham

bii. sii. 961 muthal 957 vare shaavo raajaavinte keezhilulla shau rajavamshavum chuu samsthaanavum thammilulla sainika samghattanamaayirunnu shau-chuu yuddham. shaavo rajaavu chuu, mattu samsthaanangal, madhya yangsi mekhalayile gothrangal ennivaykkethiraaya kuranjathu rund pradhana aakramanangalenkilum nerittu nayichu, thudakkathil yangsi, hahn nadeethadam ennivayude vadakkulla pradeshangal keezhadakki. ennirunnaalum, oduvil, avarude sayudha senayude pakuthiyum shaavo rajaavum kollappedukayum pinneedu valareyadhikam keezhadakkiya pradeshatthinte niyanthranam nashtappedukayum cheythukondu shau senaykk dayaneeyamaaya parajayam neridendi vannu. eee yuddham padinjaaran shouvinte aadyakaala vipuleekaranathinte yugam avasanippikkukayum videsha aakramanakaarikalkkethire prathirodhikkaan nirbandhithamaakkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, chuu athinte yadhaartha swaathanthryam shakthippeduthukayum chainayile ettavum sakthamaaya samsthaanangalilonnaayi valarukayum cheythu.
pashchaathalam.
madhya yangsi pradesham.
chathuppukal, chathuppukal, parvathangal enniva aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna madhya yangsi mekhalayilaanu yuddham nadannathu, pakshe ippozhum valare phalabhooyishtavum swarnam, chembu, tinn thudangiya ayirukalaal sambannavumaayirunnu. prakrithi sambathinte falamaayi, eee pradesham valareyadhikam vikasicha niravadhi navashilaayugam samskaarangalkk janmam nalkuka mathramalla, madhya samathalathil thamasikkunna aalukalude shradha aakarshikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu, pala vadakkan samskaarangalum madhya yangsi mekhalayilekku vikasippikkaan shramichu, athinte khanikal chooshanam cheyyuka enna lakshyathode. ettavum pramukharum vijayakaravumaya vadakkan nuzhanjukayatakkaar shang raajavamshavumaayi pothuve bandhapetta erligang samskaarathil pettavaraayirunnu. kizhakkan hubeyude muzhuvan niyanthranavum orikkalum thangalkk illengilum bii. sii. 1500 oode shang eee pradeshatthinte valia bhaagangalude niyanthranam etteduthathaayi thonnunnu. panlongcheng avarude praadeshika kendramaayathinaal, vadakkan janatha praadeshika janathayil raashtreeyamaayum saamskaarikamaayum aadhipathyam pulartthiyappol, madhya samathalathile shang nagarangalude venkala uthppaadanam nalkunnathinaayi avar madhya yangsi nikshepangal khananam cheythu. ettavum pradhanappetta khanikalil onnaayirunnu yangsic nere thekk huvaangshiyile tonglushan tongling. pilkkala charitrarachanakal anusarichu, shang eee mekhalayil iii, seng thudangi niravadhi cheria samsthaanangalum sthaapichu.
ekadesham nooru varshangalkk sesham, shang aadhipathyam parajayappettathaayi thonnunnu bii. sii. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil erligang swaadheenamulla sittukal kuthane kurayaan thudangi, bii. sii. 1400 nuu sesham panlongcheng poornnamaayum upekshikkappettu. aadhunika yuyaanginaduthulla tongushan polulla athijeevicha erligang kendrangal kooduthalum praadeshikavalkkarikkuppudu shang raajavamshathil ninnu swathanthramaakukayum cheythu. bii. sii. pathinalam noottaandode kizhakkan hubeyile shang bharanam kooduthalum thakarnnuvenkilum madhya yangsi pradeshathu rajavamsham sajeevamaayi thudarnnu. orakkil asthi likhithangal hubeil iii, seng, chuu thudangiya kurachu shang-loyal enklevukalude thudarchayaaya nilanilppum thekkan janathaykkethiraya niravadhi sainika prachaaranangalum report cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee prachaaranangal parimithamaaya vijayavum cheria phalavum maathramaayirunnirikkam, athinaal shang rajavamsham orikkalum thekk thangalude aadhipathyam veendedukkilla. ennirunnaalum, shang raajavamshathinte thekkan saannidhyam, athu durbalamaayirunnenkilum, pinneedu shau raajavamshathinte thekkan vipuleekaranathinu nirnaayakamaayi.
shang aadhipathyathinte avasaanam orupakshe madhya yangsi mekhalayil oru rashtreeya shoonyatha srishtichu. puraavastu kandethalukal erligang kaalaghattatthinu sesham eee pradeshathu saamskaarika aikyam kanikkunnilla, ithu oru valia, kendreekritha shakthiyude nilanilpp saadhyamallaathaakkunnu. vadakkan swaadheenathinu pakaram, sakthamaaya wucheng samskaaram jiangsiyil ninnu madhya yangsi pradeshathekku vikasikkaan thudangi, ennirunnaalum shang raajavamshatheppole wucheng janatha orikkalum eee pradeshathu raashtreeyamaayi aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, kendra adhikaarathinte anthyam eee pradeshathu saamskaarikamo saankethikamo aaya thakarchayilekku nayichilla. pakaram, shang bharanathinte avasaanam cheruthum ennaal valare vikasithavumaya niravadhi thaddesheeya kendrangal uyarnnuvaraan anuvadichu, ithu "eee ghattathil naagarikathayude poovidunnathilekku" nayichekkaam. videsha aadhipathyathil ninnu erekkure mochithamaaya eee raashtreeyangal saambathikamaayum saankethikamaayum raashtreeyamaayum valare purogamichathum sainika shakthiyil valarnnathum aayirunnu. avasana shang raajavamshathinethire yangsi janatha valia prathirodhasheshiyum sainika shakthiyum prakadippichu.
eee yangsi raashtreeyangalil moonnennam bisi 961-957 yudhathil ulppedum chuu allengil "jing-chuu", hufang, sian. ennirunnaalum, eee raashtreeyangal krithyamaayi evideyaanu sthithicheythirunnathu allengil avaa eathu roopathilaanu sweekarichathu ennathu puraavastu vasthukkalil ninnum samakaalika rekhakalil ninnum uruthirinjathalla. athinaal, eee raashtreeyangalekkurichu ellah vivarangalum charchaavishayavum chila vyaakhyaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum.
bii. sii. 977 vare shau rajavamshavum thekkum thammilulla bandham.
madhya yangsi pradeshathe shang raajavamshathinte pravartthanam sii yill shau janatha raajavamshathe nasippichathode pettennu avasaanichu. bii. sii. 1046ll avar madhya samathalangalil svanthamaayi rajavamsham sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, yangsiyile janangalkk shau anjjaatharaayirunnilla. vaasthavathil, shang keezhadakkunnathinu munbu, chuu, yuxiyonginte bharanadhikaari shansiyile fengile shau kottaratthilekku yaatra cheyth shouyile rajaavaaya venninu keezhadangiyathayi "mahathaaya charithrakaarante rekhakal" rekhappeduthunnu. orupakshe, ralph dii oohikkunnu. soyar, shang rajavamsham thakarnnukondirikkukanne yuu seong thiricharinju allengil ellah sakthamaaya ayalkkarumaayum nalla bandham urappakkaan addeham aagrahichu. eathuvidhenayum, addeham shauye vaagdaanaparamaaya thudakkamaayi amgeekarikkukayum avarumaayi souhrudaparamaaya bandham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayi, shau shang raajavamshathe attimarichappol, villukalum ambukalum vitharanam cheythukondu chuu aadyathethine pinthunachu.
ennirunnaalum, aadyakaala shau raajyathin chuu keezhadangiyathu "naamamaathramaayirunnilla"-rund raashtreeyangalum thammilulla dooram valare valuthaayirunnu, koodaathe chuu janathayude swaathanthryam valare valuthaayirunnu. aupachaarikamaaya samarppanam mithamaaya sakhyathekkaalum akramanarahitha udambadiyekkaalum alpam kooduthal pravarthichuvenkilum aadyakaala shau bharanaadhikaarikale sambandhichidatholam athu oru prasnamaayirunnilla. avar thangalude puthiya raajyam ekeekarikkumbol thekk ninnu bheeshanikalonnum illaayirunnuvenkil athu ithinakam thanne avarkk prayojanakaramaayirunnu. chuu bharanadhikaariyaaya sheong yiye viscant aayi prakhyaapicha shouvile cheng raajaavinte keezhil chuyum shouvum thammilulla paraspara prayojanakaravum samadhaanaparavum sahakaranaparavumaya bandham thudarnnu. kaang raajaavinte keezhil, sheong yii shau kottaaratthile ettavum pradhanappetta anchu manthrimaaril oralaayi.
chuu enna rashtreeya bandhangalkk purame, shau rajavamshavum yangsi pradeshathu kaalukuthiyirunnu. shaanginte audyogika pingamiyenna nilayil, shau rajavamsham bakkiyulla thekkan shang saamanthanmaarude, ettavum pradhanamaayi iii, seng ennivayude puthiya adhipanaayi maari. valia thekkan khanikalilekkulla pazhaya vyapara paathakalum eee rajavamsham paarambaryamaayi nedi, athu shouvinu saambathikamaayi vegathil praadhaanyamullathaayi maari. avarude munbulla shang janathayeppole, puthiya rajavamshavum avarude valarunna valia thothilulla venkala uthppaadanam nilanirthaan thekkan khanikalil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha ayirukale valareyadhikam aashrayikkaan thudangi. ennirunnaalum, madhya yangsi pradeshathe saamskaarika shau swaadheenam thudakkathil durbalamaayirunnu. shang-shau parivartthana kaalaghattatthile valare kurachu shau venkalangal kizhakkan hubeil kandethi, ithu eee mekhalayil shau saannidhyam kuravaanennu soochippikkunnu. eee kandethalukal samakaalika venkala likhithangalumayi poruthappedunnu, ithu kaanikkunnath rajavamsham thudakkathil kizhakkum vadakkum vyaapippikkunnathil shradha kendreekarichu, athesamayam thekkan raashtreeyangale kooduthalum ottaykku vittu.
munkootty.
shouvinte bharanakaalathe shaavo raajaavinte kaalath sthithi naadakeeyamaayi marran thudangi (aarr. 977-957 bc). thante mungaamikal kooduthalum shau saamraajyathinte kizhakkan, vadakkan, padinjaaran athirthikal surakshithamaakkiya sesham, shaavo rajaavu thekkott shradha thirikkukayum madhya yangsi pradeshathekku oru pradhana sainika, colonial samrambham aarambikkukayum cheythu. thudakkathil, suzo pradeshathu avarude saannidhyam ganyamaayi shakthippeduthi. angane cheyyumbol, praadeshika saamanta samsthaanangalaaya seng, iii enniva ganyamaayi vikasippikkukayum thekkan vipuleekaranathinte nirnaayaka aditharakalaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil prathyekichu seng sambannavum shakthavumaya markvisettaayi ("hoow") maari.
thekk shaavo raajaavinte aakramanathmakamaaya vipuleekaranathinte krithyamaaya kaaranam anjjaathamaanengilum sinologistukal niravadhi saadhyathakal pariganichittundu. oru vashath, zoo saamraajyathil ayirukalude aavasyam nirantharam vardhichukondirunnathi vipuleekaranathinu saambathika kaaranagal undakaamaayirunnu. thalphalamaayi, yangsi khanikale keezhadakki avaa poornnamaayum surakshithamakkaanum chooshanam cheyyaanum shaavo rajaavu aagrahichirikkam. thekkan raashtreeyangal thaarathamyena sambannamaayathinaal, sove vipuleekaranavum kollayadikkaanulla pratheekshayil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaakaam. koodaathe, prathyayashaasthram yuddham pottippurappedaan kaaranamaayirikkam orupakshe shaavo rajaavu veenathile shang raajavamshathinte thekkan pradeshangal veendedukkaan aagrahichirikkam, kaaranam shau rajavamsham svayam shaanginte niyamaanusritha pingamiyaayi kaanukayum angane athinte muun pradeshangalellaam bharikkan arhata nedukayum cheythu.
maruvashathu, rashtreeya vyathyaasangal sathrutha pottippurappedunnathi pradhana kaaranangalakaam. shang keezhadakkalinte athbhutham" mangaan thudangiyappol, pala shau ithara saamantharaajyangalum aswasthathayode valarnnuvennu soyar vaadikkunnu. avaril bhooribhaagavum orupakshe aupachaarikamaayi sove raajavamshathin vidheyaraakukayum adaranjali arppikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal onnum cheyyaathirikkukayum cheythathinaal, vidoora raajavamshathodulla kooru upekshikkaan avarkk valia sramamonnum undakumaayirunnilla. pilkkala charithrarachanakale adisthaanamaakki, chaals higam vishwasikkunnathu chuu-yude kaaryatthilum ithaanu sambhavichathu shang-shau parivarthanatthinu sesham ithu athivegam vikasikkukayum adhikaarathilum swaadheenathilum valarukayum hahn nadiyudeyum madhya yangsi thaazhvarakaludeyum valia bhaagangale athinte niyanthranathilaakkukayum cheythu. athinte shakti vardhichathode, chuu shau bharanadhikaarikalodu ethirppu prakadippichu. chuyude aarohanavum dhikkaramum moolam bheeshani neridukayo prakopippikkappedukayo cheytha shaavo rajaavu, samboornna shau aadhipathyam punasthaapikkunnathinaayi yangsi mekhalayum pinneedu chuu thanne akramikkaan theerumaanichittundaakam. venkala likhithangalum pilkkala charithralekhanangalum shau raajavamshathinethiraaya kalaapathin chuu, hufang ennivare kuttappeduthunnu enna vastutha eee vyaakhyaanathe pinthunaykkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chuu, mattu thaddeshavaasikal enniva shaavo rajaavinu bheeshaniyaayi thonniyengilum, yangsi pradeshathekkulla niravadhi aakramanangaliloode shau praadhamika aakramanakaarikalaayi pravarthichuvennu soyar rekhappeduthunnu.
yuddham.
bii. sii. 961ll shaavo raajaavinte bharanathinte pathinaram varshathil, chuu saamantharaajyangalilonn shau pradesham aakramikkukayo shaavo munkoor akramanam nadathukayo cheythappol yuddham aarambhichu. sathrutha pottippurappettathode, hahn nadiyil patrolling nadatthaanum, eathenkilum shatru grouppukal shau prathirodhatthe vashappeduthunnathil ninnu thadayaano allengil shouvinte durbalamaaya padinjaaran kaivashangale akramikkaan avare poornnamaayum marikadakkaano shau audyogika boow maavofuvinodu utharavittu, athesamayam thekkan shau saamanta samsthaanangalaaya seng, iii, fang, deng enniva parisodhikkukayum yudhashramathinaayi pattikappedutthukayum cheythu. madhya yangsi mekhalayile chengshouvil ninnu shau rajakeeya sainyam athiyappol avar sengil avarude camp sthaapichu. avide ninnu, rajakeeya sainyathinteyum saamantharaajyangaludeyum samyuktha sainyam yangsic vadakkulla pradesham keezhadakki, thudarnnu hahn nadhi kadannu, avide shaavo rajaavu oru kaandaamrigatthe nerittu, athu oru shubhachihnamaayi vyaakhyaanikkappettu. hahn nadeethadatthile 26 chuu saamanta samsthaanangale keezhadakkaan zoo sainyam neengukayum jing parvathanirakk sameepamulla kottakettya chuu thalasthaanathe akramikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. angane cheyyumbol, shau dhaaraalam kollakal, prathyekichu vilayeriya lohangal pidichedutthu, shouyude thekkan vipuleekaranathinu oru pradhana kaaranam ayirukalkko kollaykko vendiyulla anweshanamaayirunnu enna sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chuu nasippikkaano pidichedukkaano rajaavinu kazhinjilla, athinaal chukk athinte shakti punarnirmikkaan kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, hahn nadiyude kizhakkum yangsi nadiyude vadakkum muzhuvan niyanthranavum ettedukkaan shau senaykk kazhinju. avide avar raashtreeyavum sainikavumaaya thaavalamaayi lutaayishante shaktikendram nirmmichu.
eee aadya vijayangalkk sesham, muzhuvan pradeshavum surakshithamaakkunnathinaayi shau sainyam mattu thekkan rashtreeyangalkkethire akramanam nadatthi ezhuthukaari yooyude keezhil oru sainyam siankethire vijayakaramaayi pracharanam nadatthi, athesamayam bisi 959 oode naan prabhuvu hufaanginethire aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalki, ithu tharkkavishayamaanenkilum vijayiyayirikkaam. munnira thaavalangalude nirmmaanam, fang, deng, eh thudangiya praadeshika sakhyakakshikalude upayogam, nayatantra samrambhangal ennivayiloode eee prachaaranangal nannayi thayyarakkukayum aasoothranam cheyyukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, chuikkethiraaya pracharanangalil avarude sahakaranm urappakkunnathinaayi vadakkan henanile aaraadhakarude aduthekku kiinn bharanadhikariye ayachu.
bii. sii. 957ll shaavo rajaavu hahn nadikkappurathu thante randaamathe pradhana sainika akramanam aarambhichu. padinjaarile aarr sainyangalayi" samghadithamaaya addeham shouvinte rajakeeya senayude pakuthiye niyamichu, lii feng, ralph dii. eee vann akramanam chuu poornnamaayum nashippichu madhya yangsi mekhalaye sthiramaayi thante niyanthranathilaakkaanulla shaavoyude aagrahathe soochippikkunnuvennu soyar vishwasikkunnu. mulla vrithaanthangal" vishwasikkukayaanengil, chuikkethiraaya randaamathe akramanam oru vaalnakshatram kandathinte ashubhasoochanayil aarambhichu, thalphalamaayi shaavo rajaavu, kaii prabhuvum mantri siin umiyum nayikkunna valia shau sainyam, chuye paraajayappeduthaan kazhinjilla. thekk bhaagathe bhoomishaasthraparavum kaalaavasthaaparavumaaya savisheshathakalumaayi shouvine parichayamillaathathu eee prachaaranatthil avarude paraajayatthilekku nayichuvennu yinn hongbing anumaanikkunnu. pinnott valicheriyappetta shau hahn nadikku kuruke pinwangan aagrahichu, pakshe "lushi chunkiyu" anusarichu avar upayogicha paalam thakarnnu, rajavineyum kaii prabhuvineyum thiramaalakalil erinju. nadhi vijayakaramaayi kadanna siin yumi avare rakshikkaan shramichenkilum avar mungimarichu. shaavo raajaavine rakshikkanulla addehathinte shramangalude amgeekaaramaayi, siin yumi pinneedu baaranaayi. paalatthinte paraajayatthinte kaaranam anjjaathamaanu, pakshe ithu amithabharam, attimari allengil chuu nadatthiya apratheekshitha akramanam ennivayil ninnu undayirikkaam. paalam thakarnnathode ralph dii. sooy, sove sainyathin avarude ettavum pradhanappetta commandermaare mathramalla, athilum pradhanamaayi, avarude eaka pinvaangal maarggavum nashtappettu. ithu vettikkuracha shau sainikare araajakathvathilekku thallikkalayukayum thudarnnu avare chuu sainyam keezhadakkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu, orupakshe "oru valia ettumuttalil". shaavo raajaavinte maranavum parajayavum pilkkala thalamurakal chuu ennu visheshippichu.
anantharafalangal.
shaavo raajaavinte vinashakaramaaya parajayam shaavo raajavamshathin gurutharamaaya rashtreeya prathyaaghaathangal undaakki. eathaandu pakuthiyolam rajakeeya senayude nasham, orupakshe aii. dii. 1 sainikarkk mukalilayirikkaam, athu valia sainika thirichadiyaayirunnu. athu shau saamraajyathinte vipuleekaranam thadayukayum, shau avarude shakti punarnirmikkaan sramichathinaal athine prathirodhatthilekku nirbandhithamaakkukayum cheythu. thekkan raashtreeyangalil kooduthal gurutharamaaya akramanangalonnum undaayilla, athinaal sovsinu orikkalum thekk madhya yangsi mekhalayilekku pookaan kazhinjilla. shandongile dongeykkethiraaya sainika neekkangal nischalamaakukayum pinneedu poornnamaayum avasaanikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, "apamanakaramaaya anthyam" undaayirunnittum, yangsic vadakkum hahn nadiyude kizhakkum eee pradeshathu rashtreeya aadhipathyam sthaapichathinaal shaavo raajaavine chilappol addehathinte thekkan prachaaranangalkkayi anusmarichirunnu. shaavoyude pingamiyaaya muu raajaavinte bharanakaalathu padinjaarile nashtappetta aarr sainyangale punarnirmmikkaanum thudarnnulla videsha adiniveshangalil ninnu raajyathe vijayakaramaayi prathirodhikkanum shavoik kazhinju.
ennirunnaalum, eee adhiniveshangal polum sambhavichathu padinjaaran shouvinte thakarchayude adayaalamaanu. sainika nashtatthekkaal valare gurutharamaayath shau paraajayatthinte dooravyaapakamaaya maanasika aaghaathamaayirunnu. thekkan kaattumrigangalude kaikalil swarggaputhrante ashubhakaramaaya maranathekkaal moshamaaya shakunam avide shau janathaykku undakumaayirunnilla. sove raajyam inii ajayyamaayirunnilla, athinusesham athinte sathrukkal "saadhyamaakumbozhellaam athinte shakti pareekshikkaan madikkilla."sove samsthaanam" "eee nashtatthil ninnu orikkalum sarikkum karakayariyittilla". thaazhepparayunna rajaakkanmaarude keezhil, saamantharaajyangalude kalaapangalum shau deshangalile videsha adhiniveshangalum kooduthal pathivaayitheernnu.
athesamayam, chuu konfedareshan athinte vijayathin sesham orikkalkkoodi naamamaathramaayi shau raajaakkanmaarkk keezhadangi, athinte bharanadhikaarikal rajakeeya padavikal upayogikkunnathu ozhivaakki. madhya yangsi mekhalayil chuu athinte svayambharanavum niyanthranavum urachunirthiyathinaal, shau rajaakkanmaare parasyamaayi ethirkkenda aavashyamillaayirunnu. pithaavinte maranathethudarnnu, poornnamaaya keezhadangalilekku konfedareshane nirbandhikkunnathinaayi muu rajaavu konfedareshanethire oru shikshaparamaaya prachaaranatthinu neethrthwam nalkiyengilum athu parajayappettu. chuu velluviliyillaathe phalatthil swathanthranaayi thudarnnu. orupakshe konfedareshante vipuleekaranam parishodhikkunnathinaayi, shau rajavamsham athinte saamanta samsthaanamaaya iii-yeei chuu-yude vadakkulla nanyang thadatthilekku maatti. shouvile lii raajaavinte bharanam vare, iii orupakshe madhya yangsi mekhalayile ettavum sakthamaaya samsthaanamaayirunnu, koodaathe thekk shouvinte suraksha urappakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. 850-ll iii kalapam nadathukayum athu shau nasippikkukayum cheythu, ithu chuu agiranam cheyyaan anuvadikkukayum thathfalamaayi kooduthal shakthamaavukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 823ll shouvumaayulla avasaanathe yudhathinushesham, chuu samsthaanam shau saamraajyathil ninnu poornnamaayum verpirinju. bii. sii. 703nuu sesham, chuu bharanadhikaarikal oduvil thangale rajaakkanmaaraayi prakhyapikkukayum shau bharanaadhikaarikalkk thulyaraayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu.