
vilyam jaaksan (boosttan vishwasthan)

vilyam jaaksan (1731-1810) bosttanil janicha viplava kaalaghattatthile vishwasthanaayirunnu. addeham paarambaryamaayi "dhaa brazen head" enna peril oru pothu kadayude udamayaayi."bosttaninte madhyabhaagathulla cornhill pradeshathaanu kada sthithicheythirunnathu. kireedatthodulla vishwasthatha kaaranam, jaaksan niravadhi desasnehikalaaya bostoniyanmaarumaayi shathrukkale undaakkukayum swaathanthryathinte puthranmaarude edaykkideyulla bheeshaniyude lakshyamaavukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
jaaksan 1731-ll janichu. vidhavayaya addehathinte amma merikku bosttanile cornhillil "dhaa brazen head" enna peril oru general store undaayirunnu."1758ll jaaksan thante ammaye pinthudarnnu; iruvarum kadayude nadatthippu arikilvechu cheiyukayaayirunnu.
thala cheetha.
yadhaarthathil merii jaaksante udamasthathayilulla brasan head bosttaninte hridayabhaagathulla cornhillil sthithicheyyunna oru general storaayirunnu. pazhaya stettu house ennariyappedunna taunn hausinu aduthaayi sthithi cheiyunna eee thala orupakshe ariyappedunna oru kadayayirunnirikkaam. avishwasaneeyamaamvidham pradhanappetta oru kettidamaayirunnu taunn house, "provencinte [masaachyusets] pradhana pothu kettidam" ennu ithine visheshippichittundu."jorjju moorinte" "histtari oof dhaa ooldu stettu house" "prakaram," "washington, laafayettu, franklin, jefezhsan" "ennivarum mattullavarum pradhana masaachyusets nivasikalkkoppam taunn house sandarshichu". appol, bostaninullile kendreekaranavum taunn housinaduthulla sthaanavum kaaranam lajjakaramaaya thala oru pradhanavum uyarnna trafficing storaayirunnuvenn oohikkaan kazhiyum. nyoo englandu weakley jenalinte" 1736-leeii oru pathra parasyavum aaa thalayude chuttupaadukalekkurichu chila ulkkaazhcha nalki. parasyatthil ingane parayunnu "vividha tharatthilulla glass kuppikalum velvett korkkukalum shree. vilkkum. belthasar buyard, bosttanile cornil thalaykku aduthulla vaathil."ithu soochippikkunnathu eee pradeshathe oreyoru naazhikakkalla eee thalayaanennum aaa cornhill niravadhi vyathyasthavum pradhaanappettathumaaya kadakal sthaapichittundennum aanu.
 jaxonukal avarude jeevithakalam muzhuvan irakkumathi cheytha charakkukale valareyadhikam aashrayichirunnu, irakkumathi ithara kararinu munbu boosttan samoohathil avar nannayi bahumaanikkappettirunnathi thonnunnu. 1759 muthal boosttan gasattile oru parasyatthil "landanil ninnum bristtolil ninnum irakkumathi cheyth merii jaxon makan chernnu brassen head, cornhill, bosttan brass kettils, skillattukal, warming pance, irumbu kalangal, kettils, podi muthalaayava vittu" ennu prasthaavichu... oru mothakkachavadakkaaran nyayamaaya vilaykk nannayi sevanam nalkunnathine aashrayichirikkaam."lajjakaramaaya thala vyakthamaayi vaividhyamaarnna charakkukal vittu, parasyamanusarichu, jaaksanukale vishwasaneeyamaaya kachavadakkarayi kanakkakkaam.
grettu boosttan fayar.
1760ll boosttan nagaratthinum boosttan nagaratthinum valia thirichadi nerittu. march 17,18 theeyathikalil "grettu boosttan fayar" pottipurappettu. rund divasathekku athu pottippurappedukayum 349 kettidangal nasippikkukayum aayirathiladikam aalukale bhavanarahitharakkukayum cheythu. boosttan sayahna posttile" oru pathra lekhanam anusarichu, "[thee] raavile rund maniyode srimati shree. yude vasathiyilaanu aarambhichath. merii jaxon makan, cornhillil thala kunichenkilum athu sambhavicha apakadam ithuvare anishchithathvathilaanu. theruvinu munnilulla veedukal theepidutthatthil pidikkukayum avide nirthunnathinumumbu naalu valia kettidangal kathikkukayum cheythu."thee thee theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham theepiduttham. masaachyusets historikkal sosaittiyil ninnulla jaaksante jeevacharithrathil kaanunnathupole, vilyam maathramaayi ippol nadathunna eee kada 1763-ll veendum thurannu.
irakkumathi cheyyaatha karar.
1767ll bosttanile vyapaarikal tounshend niyamangalkk marupadiyaayi irakkumathi cheyyaatha oru karaaril oppuvachu. shikshaanadapadikalkkulla nikuthi niyamanirmmanam ennu avar karuthiyirunna karyangal pinvalikkaan grettu brittanil sammarddam cheluthuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam. ezhuthukaaranaaya richard ambeythukaaran joonn roow, vilyam phillips, joonn hancock ennivarulppetta eee karar thayyarakkiya samitiye "boosttan kallakkadathukaarile yadhaarthakkaaran" ennu visheshippichu. mikka vyaapaarikalum karar nilavilulla stokkinu baadhakamaakumenno britiish saadhanangal wilkan kazhiyillenno pratheekshichirunnilla. avaa irakkumathi cheyyillennu avar sammathichu. 1769 eprilil irakkumathi ithara karar nadappakkaan oru samiti roopeekarichu. eee samiti vyaapaarikalude parisarangal parishodhikkanamenn aavasyappedukayum nirodhitha vasthukkal sambharikkaan avare nirbandhikkukayum cheythu.
thudakkathil, boosttan vyapaarikal srishticha irakkumathi ithara karar oru nischitha samayaparidhiyil roopakalppana cheythathaanu, prathyekichu 1769 januvari muthal 1769 desember vare. nibandhanakal amgeekarikkappedukayum vijayakaramaayi nadappaakkukayum cheythu. meyy 2nuu, randaamathe kammittiyude reportinushesham, karaaril oppuvacha 211 peril aarr perr maathramaan sharathkaalathil nalkia utharavukal radhaakkaan visammathichukondu 'ashradha' thiloode thangalude vaakk lamghichathennu vyaapaarikalude samgham nigamanam cheythu."ithu rund vyathyastha lensukaliloode kaanaan kazhiyum; oru vashath, karar valia thothil vijayichu, ennaal maruvashathu, nyoonapakshamaayirikke, irakkumathi cheytha charakkukal vilkkunnath jaaksan mathramalla thudarnnathennu ithu kaanichu. thirinjunokkumbol, jaaksan britiish nirmmitha saadhanangal irakkumathi cheythuvennathu ardhavathaaya kaaryamaan. eee kaalayalavil valia bisinasukalkku labham thudaraan kazhinjenkilum, lajjakaranaaya thala polulla kudumba udamasthathayilulla storukalkku charakkukal irakkumathi cheyyaathe abhivridhi prapikkaan aavashyamaaya mooladhanamo aabhyanthara bandhangalo undaayirunnilla. ithinu purame, briteeshukaarkkethiraaya kolanikkaarude nilapad shakthippeduthunnathinu shramathil aavashyamenkil 1769 vare irakkumathi cheyyaatha kaalayalav thudarumennu sammathichu.
irakkumathi cheyyaathathu bosttanil mathramaayirunnilla, irakkumathikkaar ennu thiricharinjavare nyoo englandiludaneelam karimpattikayil pedutthi. udaaharanathinu, 1770-ll connectikkattile nyoo landanil sthithicheyyunna oru pathratthil jaaksan pattikappeduthappettu. britiish charakkukal "dheeramaayi" irakkumathi cheiyunnathu thudarnnavarude oru pattika pathram achadikkukayum viplavakaramaaya lakshyathinaayi nirddishta vyaapaarikale raajyadrohikalaayi visheshippikkukayum cheythu. swaathanthryathinte puthranmarkkum athupolullavarkkum pothusamoohatthil undaaya valia swaadheenavum samghadanayude prachaaranangal colonial janataye ethratholam baadhichu ennathum ithu kaanikkunnu.
vishalamaaya.
irakkumathi cheyyaathathu boosttan bisinasukale badhikkunna vyakthamaaya saambathika sammarddam undaayirunnittum, britiish charakkukal irakkumathi cheyyukayum vilkkukayum cheiyunnathu thudarunnavare naanamkettavaraakkaan swaathanthryathinte puthranmaar samayam paazhakkiyilla. neratthe udharicha meyy 2-aamm yogathinu sesham, boosttan pathrangalil irakkumathi ithara karar paalikkaatha store udamakalude perukal swathanthraputhranmaar prasidheekarikkaan thudangi. ithu irakkumathikkaarkku mathramalla, karimpattikayil pedutthiya kadakalil ninnu saadhanangal vaangunnath thudarnna upabhokthakkalkkum mosham perukal nalki.
jaaksante kaaryatthil, swaathanthryathinte puthranmaar lajjakaramaaya thalaykkethiraaya aakramanathil kooduthal munnott pooyi. jaxonineyum thalayum apamaanikkunna oru vishalabhaagam (oru valia poosttar valippathilulla notice) avar ezhuthukayum achadikkukayum cheythu. jaxone oru raajyadrohiyaayi chithreekarikkaanulla shramathil athu vikarabharithavum aaveshabharithavumaaya bhasha upayogichu. broadsidil ingane ezhuthi "vilyam jaaksan, oru irakkumathikkaaran; taunn housinte vadakku vashath, taunn pambinu ethirvashathu, [inn] koonn-hill, boosttan. swaathanthryathinte puthranmarum puthrimarum avanil ninnu oru sadhanavum vaangaruthennaanu aagraham, kaaranam angane cheiyunnathiloode avar thangalkkum avarude pingaamikalkkum ennekkum apamanam varuthum. aamen."
prathishedhakkaarkkidayil akramathinum eee bhagam prachodanamaayi. 1769-nte avasaanathilo 1770-nte thudakkathilo, broadside aadyamaayi sthaapichappol, oru ekadesha samayaparidhiyil, roshakularaaya oru janakkoottam irakkumathiyillaathath paalikkunnathil parajayappetta boosttan storukalkkum mattu boosttan storukalkkum chuttum valanju. janakkoottam vishalamaaya vashangalkk purame prathimakalum srishtikkukayum jaaksante kada manappoorvvam kathikkaan sramikkukayum (paraajayappedukayum cheythu). colonial deshasnehikal jaxone bheeshanippeduthukayum upadravikkukayum cheythath viplavathinu munbulla kaalaghattatthil bosttanile vishwastharodu ethra krooramaayi perumaariyirunnuvennathinne udaaharanamaanu. yudhaananthara deshasnehathinte prabhavakendramaaya boosttan kireedatthodu vishwasthatha pulartthunna eathoraalkkum prathikoolamaaya anthareekshamaanennu thelinju.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
viplava yuddham aarambhichathinusesham jaaksante pothu vyakthithvam ganyamaayi kuranju. swaathanthryathinte puthranmaar varuthiya naashanashtangal kadinamaayirunnu, viplava vikarangal shakthamaakumbol jaaksaninekkurichulla avahelanangal kooduthal vashalayi. 1776-ll jaxon mattu vishwastha vyaapaarikalum englandilethaamenna pratheekshayil britiish sainyathinte oru nalla bhagavumaayi bosttanil ninnu palayanam cheythu, ennaal american svakaaryakkaar lakshyasthaanathu athunnathinumumbu cheria kappalukale thadanju. jeey.ell. escaping torriesa captured attu zee" enna hraswa lekhanathinte rachayithavaaya bell paranju, "epril 8 leeii" boosttan gasatt "anusarichu, vilyam jaaksan aanu manley (american privattaring fleettinte kyapttan) pidicheduttha kappalinte puthiya udama, 35,000 poundu vilamathikkunna sammanam."colonial adhikaarikal pinneedu jaxone jayililadaykkukayum adutha varsham addehathe bosttanil ninnu naadukadatthukayum cheythu.
vishwasthathaykku jaaksan vilayeriya vila nalki; deshasnehikal addehathe raajyadrohiyude pratheekamaayi upayogikkukayum addehathinte saambathikavum vyakthiparavumaaya jeevitam nasippikkukayum cheythu. 1776ll jaaksan boosttan samoohathil ninnu pathukke aprathyakshanayathinaal addehathe pidikoodiyathinum arast cheythathinum sesham kooduthalonnum rekhappeduthiyittil. 1777-ll "viplavam moolamundaaya durithatthil ninnu labham nedaan sramichathinu" addehathe vichaarana cheyyukayum bosttanil ninnu naadukadatthukayum cheythu. yudhaavasaanathil achanjalamaaya pinthunaykku pakaramaayi jaxoninu britteeshukaaril ninnu cheria nashtaparihaaramo pensiono labhichathayi ariyappedunnu. bosttanil ninnu naadukadathappettathinu thottupinnaale, jaaksan englandilekku thamasam maarukayum avidevechu 1810-ll marikkukayum cheythu.

