
facknerude sarkkil

thekk-padinjaaran engleesh kaundiyaaya viltshayarile avebari graamathinaduthulla oru kallu vrithamaayirunnu fackner sarkkil. panthrand sarsen megaalidhukalil ninnu nirmmicha ithu ekadesham vyaasathil alakkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee kallukalil onnu maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo.
bisi 3300 num 900 num edayilulla kaalaghattatthil, puthiya shilaayugathinte avasaanathilum aadyakaala venkalayugathilum brittan, ireland, brittani ennividangalil udaneelam vyaapicha kallu vritha nirmmaana paarambaryatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu eee mothiram. atharam smaarakangalude uddeshyam anjjaathamaanengilum puraavastu gaveshakar eee kallukal vrithathinte nirmmaathaakkalkk amanushika sathakale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu anumaanikkunnu.
varanda thaazhvarayil sthithi cheiyunna eee vritham oru vayalinte thekke attathu prakrithidathamaaya sarsense adangiyirikkunnu. megaalidhukal swaabhaavikamaayi kandethiya sthalathinu valare aduthaanu nirmmichathennu karuthappedunnu. madhyashilaayuga kaalaghattatthil munbu manushyarude pravartthanangal kandirunna eee sthalam vritham srishtikkunnathinu valarekkalam munbu praadeshika samoohangalkku pratheekaathmakamaayi ardhavathaayirunnirikkaam. padinjaaran kennatt avanyoo, avebari kallu vritham thudangiya mattu puthiya shilayuga, aadyakaala venkala kaalaghatta smaarakangalkk sameepamaan eee mothiram sthithicheythirunnathu, ennirunnaalum ivayumaayulla krithyamaaya bandham vyakthamalla. puthiya shilaayugathinte avasaanathilo venkalayugathinte thudakkathilo eee sthalathu vipulamaaya flint napping nadannu.
irumbukaalathu eee sthalathu oru aduppu sthaapichirunnuvennum madhyakaalathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthil niravadhi kallukal thakarkkukayum kathichu nasippikkukayum cheythuvennum puraavastu thelivukal soochippikkunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandode vrithathile mikka kallukalum nilathu kidannu, joonn abri, vilyam stukli ennivareppolulla aaa kaalaghattatthil eee pradesham paryavekshanam cheytha puraavastu gaveshakar ithu kandethathe vittupoyathu enthukondaanennu ithu vishadeekarikkaam. 1840ll eee pradeshathu sawari cheiyunnathinidayil kandethiya oru misttar faaknaril ninnaan eee sthalathekkurichulla ettavum pazhaya report labhichathu. krishiyude theevratha kaaranam, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilo irupathaam noottaandilo ellah saadhyathayulla kallukalum neekkam cheyyappettu-angane vritham nasippikkappettu. 2002ll maarkk gillingsinteyum joshuva pollardinteyum neethrthwathilulla oru puraavastu padhathiyil eee sthalam khananam cheythu.
sthalam.
avebariyil ninnu padinjaaran kennatt vare ozhukunna varanda thaazhvarayude adithattil avebariyil ninnu 750 meter thekk-kizhakkayi fackner vritham sthithicheyyunnu. puraavastu gaveshakanaaya abri burl eee sthalathe avebari hench, stoon sarkkil smaarakam ennivaykku valare aduthaanu ennu visheshippichu. yuneskoyude loka paithruka saittaya "stonhenchu, avebari, anubandha sittukal" ennivayude bhaagamaanith. vrithathil ninnulla bakkiyulla kallu purathana smaarakangalum puraavastu pradeshangalum niyamam 1979 prakaram oru shedule cheytha purathana smaarakamaanu.
sandarbham.
bisi naalaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum sahasraabdangalil aadyakaala navashilaayugathil ninnu avasaanathe navashilaayugathilekkulla parivartthanam valareyadhikam saambathikavum saankethikavumaaya thudarcha kandappol, nirmmicha smaarakangalude shailiyil, prathyekichu ippol thekkan, kizhakkan englandil ganyamaaya maattam sambhavichu. bisi 3000 aayappozhekkum, aadyakaala navashilaayugathil prabalamaayirunna neelamulla baarokal, coaswade enclosureukal, cursus enniva nirmmikkappedaathe vividha tharatthilulla vrithaakrithiyilulla smaarakangalal maattisthaapichu. manvettukal, thadi vrithangal, kallu vrithangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. dveepinte thekkukizhakkan konil ozhike, kallu labhyamaya brittanile mikka pradeshangalilum kallu vrithangal kaanapedunnu. avaa ettavum saandramaayi kendreekarichirikkunnathu thekkupadinjaaran brittanilum skotlandinte vadakkukizhakkan kombilum abardeenu sameepamaan. bii. sii. iii. 3300 muthal 900 vare 2400 varshatholam avayude nirmmaana paarambaryam nilaninnirikkaam, bii. sii. iii. 3000 muthal 1,300 vare kettidanirmmaanatthinte pradhana ghattam nadannu.
eee shila vrithangal avaa srishtichathinu thottupinnaleyulla kaalayalavil manushya sandarshanathinte thelivukal valare kuravaanu. puraavasthushaasthraparamaayi drishyamaaya thelivukal avasheshippikkunna aachaarangalkkaayi upayogicha sthalangalalla avayennu ithu soochippikkunnu, ennaal manappoorvvam "nishabdavum shoonyavumaaya smarakangalaayi" upekshichirikkam. puraavastu gaveshakanaaya mike parker piyarsan abhipraayappedunnathu, puthiya shilayuga brittanil kallu marichavarumaayum maram jeevichirikkunnavarumaayum bandhappettirunnuvenna. mattu puraavastu gaveshakar nirddeshikkunnathu eee kallu poorvvikare prathinidheekarikkukayalla, marichu devathakal polulla mattu amanushika sathakale prathinidheekarikkunnunna.
aadhunika wiltshare pradeshathu, vividha kallu vrithangal sthaapichu, avayil ettavum ariyappedunnathu aveberry stonhenchum aanu. mattu udaaharanangalellaam nasippikkappedukayum chila sandarbhangalil nasippikkappedukayum cheythu. burl soochippichathupole, eee udaaharanagal "nirashaajanakamaaya vivaranangalum avyakthamaaya sthaanangalum" maathrame avasheshippichulloo. ariyappedunna wiltshare udaaharanangalil bhooribhaagavum bhooprakrithiyile thaazhnna sthaanangalilaanu sthaapichathu. aveberic chuttumulla pradeshathu ninnu naalu cheria kallu vrithangal ariyappedunnu ovarttan kunnin mukalilulla sanketham, winterbone baasett kallu vritham, clatford kallu vritham, fackner vritham. charithraatheethakaalatthe kudilukalude vrithathinteyo madhyakala savisheshathayudeyo thelivaayi kooduthal anweshanam ithine punarvyaakhyaanichittundum, padinjaaran ovarttan graamathinaduthulla langdian adithattil anchaamathe udaaharanam kaanaan kazhiyumennu puraavastu gaveshakar thudakkathil abhiprayappettu. eee cheria vrithangal "oru cathedralinte roopathaykkullile grama pallikalkk" samanamaaya reethiyil avebariyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave burl nirddeshichu.
vivaranam.
faaknarude vrithathil panthrand kallukal adangiyirunnu, avaa 36.6m vyaasamulla oru vrithathil krameekarichirikkunnu. ivayil onnu maathrame nilanilkkunnulloo, mattullava irupathaam noottaandile theevramaaya krishiyude vipuleekaranam moolam nasippikkappettu. eee kallu padinjaaran kennatt avanyoovil ninnu 250 meter kizhakkayi oru veli variyil ulppeduthiyittundu. athijeevichirikkunna kallu nilathu ninnu 1.28m uyarathil, paramavadhi adisthaana veethi 2.10m aanu. ithu bhoo uparithalathinu thaazhe kuranjathu 0.5 meterengilum neendu nilkkaan saadhyathayund, athaayath kallinte motham neelam 2 meter aayirikkum. athinte neelamulla achuthandu kizhakk muthal padinjaaru vare vinyasichirikkunnu. kallu vipulamaaya lycan valarchayal moodappettirikkunnu, mukalil niravadhi prakrithidatha marddangalundu.
facknerude vrithathil upayogichirunna chaaraniratthilulla sarsen kallukal avebari kallu vrithathilum athumaayi bandhippichirikkunna rund vazhikalilum (vestt kennatt, beckhampton) upayogichirunna tharathilullathaayirunnu. facknerude vritham sarsen kallukalude swaabhaavika chitharalinte thekke attathaanu; eee chitharal pathinettaam noottaandil puraavastu gaveshakanaaya vilyam stukliyaanu rekhappeduthiyittullathu, ennirunnaalum avaa pinneedu karshakar neekkam cheythu. sarsen chitharalinte arikilulla eee sthalam kaaranam, puraavastu gaveshakanaaya maarkk gillings samghavum nirddeshichathu vrithathinte nirmmathaakkal ithu smaarakavalkkaranathin yogyamaaya oru "parimitha" sthalamaayi manassilakkiyirikkaam ennaanu. anganeyaanengil, gillingukal muthalaayava. facknerude vritham "janangalkk" ennathinekkaal "kallukalkk" oru smaarakam aayirikkaamenn vaadichu. fackner vritham avaa swaabhaavikamaayi kandethiya sthalathu kallukal sthaapichaanu srishtichathennu karuthappedunnu. eee saahacharyathil, gillingukal thudangiyava. prakrithi" yum "samskaaram" yum thammilulla vibhajanathe mangikkunna oru "sankara nirmmaanatthe" ithu prathinidheekarichirikkaannam addeham abhiprayappettu.
2002ll eee sthalathu nadatthiya khananangalil oru microlith takarnna traanchat kodathiyum ulppede madhyashilaayugathinte ("madhya shilayugam") niravadhi pravartthanafalangal eee sthalathu kandethiyirunnu. gillingukal thudangiyava. eee mekhalayil asaadhaaranamaaya eee madhyasilaayugam, madhyasilaayugam muthal navashilaayugam vareyulla aalukalkk eee prathyeka sthalathinu "nilanilkkunna charitra/puranaparamaaya praadhaanyam" undennu soochippikkaamennu nirddeshichu.
facknerude vritham clatford kallu vrithavumaayi vividha savisheshathakal pankidunnu, avayil thaarathamyena kurachu kallukal maathrame ulloo, thaazhvarakalil nirmmichavayaanu, koodaathe vanyajeevi sankethathinte puram valayathinu samanamaaya vyaasavumund. vanyajeevi sankethathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, facknerude vrithathil pinneedu oru kallu upayogichu maattisthaapicha oru thadi vritham undaayirunnilla. facknerude vrithavum aveberic chuttumulla nirmmicha charitraatheetha bhooprakrithiyude mattu vashangalum thammilulla bandham vyakthamalla. padinjaaran kennatt avanyoovinte oru valia bhagavumaayi ithu parasparam drishyamaanengilum, randaamathethumaayi nerittu bandhippikkunnilla. facknerude vrithathil ninnu, avbari hench kallu vrithangalum kaanaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam athinte vadakku bhaagathulla bhoomi soumyamaayi uyarunnu. avebari hench, silbury hill, vestt kennatt avanyoo thudangiya pradeshathe mattu nirmmitha gadanakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ithu cheruthaanu. gillingukal thudangiyava. athinaal praadeshika janangalkk athinte praadhaanyam shanikamaayirikkaamennu soochippichu.
1840kalile addehathinte nireekshanangalude adisthaanathil, puraavastu gaveshakanaaya misttar fackner soochippichathu orikkal eee vrithathil panthrand kallukal undaayirunnuvennaan. 2002-ll nadanna khananathil 13 muthal 17 meter vare akalatthil 44 meter vyaasamulla oru kamaanathil kidakkunna chokki charal muricha anchu kuzhikal kandethi. ivayellaam vighadichathum kathikkappettathumaaya sarsen kashanangalumayi bandhappettathaayirunnu. eee kamaanathe oru vrithathilekku uyarthukayum ariyappedunna anchu kallu dwaarangalude sthaanam kanakkiledukkukayum cheythaal, kallukal thulya akalathilaayirunnenkil, fackner avakaashappettathupole vrithathil panthrandalla, patthu megaalidhukal undakumaayirunnu. kallu vrithangalude avasheshikkunna mattu udaaharanangalil ninnu, kallukal ellaayppozhum muzhuvan vrithathiludaneelam thulya edavelakalil akalathilallennu ariyappedunnu, ithu valayathil orikkal panthrand megaalithukal undaayirikkaamenn soochippikkunnu.
aaa khananathil 1074 worked flint kashanangalum kandethi, athil bhooribhaagavum mukalile mannil ninnaan. ithil bhooribhaagavum navashilaayugatthinte avasaanathilo venkalayugathinte thudakkathilo ulla swabhaavathinte flake debittej aayirunnu, koodaathe aaa sthalathu flint napping nadannittundennu soochippikkunnu. ore kappalil ninnulla moonnu charakk charakkukalum kandeduthu. gillingukal thudangiyava. bisi moonnaam sahasraabdathinte avasaanathilo randaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathilo aayirikkam faakknarinte vritham nirmmichathennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
pinneedulla charithram.
irumbu yugavum madhyakaalaananthara pravartthanangalum.
2002leeii khananathil facknerude vrithathinte sthalathu oru kuzhiyum kandethi, athil rund sarsen shakalangalum undaayirunnu, ithu choodinte swaadheenathil vighadichathinte thelivukalum niravadhi carbonised vithukalum kaanichu. iva radio kaarban theeyathiyullavayaayirunnu, ithu 410-340 bse num 310-200 bse (95.4% probability) num edayilulla oru theeyathi velippeduthunnu, ithu eee kuzhiye madhya irumbu yugathil sthaapikkunnu. kuzhikal orupakshe oru aduppu aditharayaayirunnirikkaam. ekadesham 10 meter muthal 4 meter vare visthruthiyulla theeyil chuvanna kalimannum curry flecking madhyakaalaananthara kaalaghattatthil chila kallukal kathikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythappol ulppaadippikkappettathi vyaakhyaanikkappettu. khananathil vrithathinte pradeshathu aduthide kandethiya mrugangalude kuzhikalum kandethi, avayilonnil kuranjathu rund kozhikalude avashishtangalenkilum undaayirunnu.
puraavastu gaveshanavum puraavastu gaveshanavum.
joonn abri, stukkeli, coult hoar thudangiya aveberic chuttumulla charitraatheetha smarakangal paryavekshanam cheyyukayum rekhappeduthukayum cheytha pathinezhaam noottaandileyum pathinettaam noottaandileyum vividha puraavastu gaveshakar facknerude vrithathe vivarichittilla. oru kallozhike matellaam maranjirikkukayum aduthulla velikkullil maranjirikkukayum cheytha vritham eee ghattathil erekkure maranjirikkunnathukondaam ithu.
1840 ll oru methraant fackner riding samayat sarkkililekku vannathayi ezhuthiyappol ninnaan eee sthalathekkurichu ettavum aadyam ariyapetta vivaranam. addehathinte vivaranam akkaalat prasidheekarichirunnilum 1858 ll vilyam long prasidheekaricha oru prasidheekaranathil ulppeduthi. aaa reportil, nilkkunna kallinte arikil rund kallukalum onpathu pollayaya sthalangalum kandethiyathayi falkner paranjathaayi udharikkappedunnu. orikkal vrithathinte madhyathil oru tumulus undaayirunnuvenna ashayam addeham nirasikkukayum aaa sthalathu nilam valare parannathaanennu parayukayum cheythu.
facknerude vritham pinneedu 1884 leeii pradeshatthinte puraavastu bhoopadatthil ulppeduthi. sii. smith, athu akkaalat ippozhum nilaninnirunnuvennu soochippikkunnu. 1870 kalude avasaanathil eee sthalathekkulla varavu smith vivarichu, athinusesham addeham deerghakaala sahaayathode anweshanam aarambhichu. addeham nilakkunna kallinu chuttumulla bhoomiye parishodhichu, thudarnnu vellathinadiyilulla kallu kandidathellaam turf neekkam cheythu. angane cheyyumbol, 22 sarsen kallukal kandethi, avayellaam cheria valippamullavayayirunnu, avaa orikkal vrithathile kallukalude bhagangal roopappettathaayi vishwasichirunnu. eee sarsen chitharal "vadakkan, thekkan, kizhakkan bhagangal sahishnuthayode nannayi nirvachikkappedunnu", ennaal "vritham poortthiyaakkaan padinjaaran bhagam enthaayirikkanam ennathil oru kallu polum kandethaan thanikk kazhinjilla" ennu addeham vivarichu.
2002 august, septambar maasangalil puraavastu gaveshakar maarkk gillings, joshwa pollard, david veetli, rick peettezhsan ennivar sarkkilinekkurichulla naalaazhchathe puraavastu anweshanathinu neethrthwam nalki, athinte bhaagamaayi avar geophysical parisodhanayum khananavum nadatthi. avar saittilekk rund kuzhikal murichu, onnu 40 meter x 10 meterum mattonn 5 meter x 5 meterum. thelivukalude badal vaayana saadhyamaan" ennu sammathichenkilum, avar kandethiya thelivukal saittil oru kallu vrithathekkurichulla faaknarude avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkunnuvennu avar nigamanam cheythu.

