
ponda grossa

thekkan brazeelile parana samsthaanathe oru munisippaalittiyaan ponda grossa (). brazilian instittyoott oof jiography aandu staattistiksil ninnulla audyogika kanakkukal prakaram janasamkhya 355,336 aanennum paranayile ettavum janasamkhyayulla naalaamathe nagaramaanith (brazeelile 76-aamm sthaanam). ponda grossayude 186 mile (300 kilometer) chuttalavilulla grettar kurittiba mekhalayodu chernnulla ettavum valia nagaram koodiyaanithu.
princessa doses campos" (engleeshil "vayalukalude rajakumari"), "kyaapittal sivikka doow parana" (engleeshil "poura thalasthaanamaaya parana") ennum ithu ariyappedunnu. pulmedukalkkullile uyarnna kunnin naduvil droverukal (tropyros) upayogikkunna paathakalude shringalayaaya "camino daas tropaasumaayi" (engleeshil "sainikarude paatha") eee nagaram bandhippichirikkunnu. oru madhya kunninu chuttum sthithi cheiyunna nagaratthinte sharashari valippamayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athesamayam irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyilaanu praadhamika sambadvyavastha durbalamaayathode athinte valarchayude bhooribhaagavum sambhavichathu.
paraanayile ettavum valia vinodasanjaara kendrangalilonnaanu ponda grossa, prathyekichu prakrithi soundaryathinte pradesham kaaranam, munisippaalittiyude paridhikkullil sthithi cheiyunna vila velha stettu paarkk. vila velhayude kapp koottaaya bhavanayil athinte sthaanathe soochippikkunnu. jarmman samskaarathinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru partyaya munchan phestt, festaa naashyonal doow choppu escuro ennum ariyappedunnu (engleeshil "dark choppu naashanal party"), paraanayile ettavum valia paripaadiyaanu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi novemberinum desemberinum idayil orazhcha neendunilkkum.
eee nagaratthil vyavasaya mekhala adisthaanaparamaanu (krishiyude pinthunayode). paraanayude ulpradeshathaanu ettavum kooduthal vyavasaya kendreekaranam eee nagaratthilullathu. kaarshika vyavasaayam, maram, lohappani ennivayaanu pradhana vyavasaayangal. braseelinte ulpradeshathulla eee nagaratthil ninnulla sambhavana deseeya gdpyil prathifalikkunnu, phoos doow igvaachuvinu thaazhe maathramaan. 2013num 2019num idayil munisippal jii. dii. pii. samsthaana, deseeya saraashariyekkaal vardhichu, ithu rajisttar cheytha kambanikaludeyum jeevanakkaarudeyum ennathilum kandu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
ithu sthithicheyyunna sthalathu campos jeraaysilekkulla yaathrakalil deerghadooram kaanunna oru kunnin mukalumaayi bandhapetta oru toponymiayundu. mechilppurangalude bhooprakrithiyude munnil athinte pradhana uyaravum athine moodunna mulpadarppukalum kondu verittunilkkunna oru uyarnna kunnin mukalil ninnaan eee peru uthbhavichath. tropairos athinte sthaanam paraamarsikkaan avar ponda grossaykku sameepamaanennu paranju. ennaal mattu kadhakalkkum ithe aashayamund, forman karshakanodu thante phaam sthaapikkaan thiranjeduttha sthalam "avide" ponda grosayil "ennu parayumbol. allengil udamasthan bhoomi settilmentinaayi vittukoduthappol aaa peru pinneedu kandathayi polum.
anukoolamaaya kaarshika bhoomiyaayi thiranjeduttha migual daa rocha ferreira carvalhesinte krishiyidathilaanu ponda grossa sthaapithamaayathu. kaastroyude aduthekku ippozhum phaam nilanilkkunnu. 1871ll nagaram pittangui ennu vilikkapettu, ennaal adutha varsham athu athinte yadhaartha peru punaraarambhichu. porchugeesil athinte peru engane ayaykkamennathinaal chilappol ithu durudheshyakaramaaya narmmatthinte lakshyamaanu. sasyajaalangalude savisheshathakalum praadeshika bhooprakrithiyum oru tharatthil allengil mattoru tharatthil vivarikkunnu.
charithram.
charitrakaaranaaya poulo edwardo dias dii melloyude abhipraayathil eee mekhalayile europian pravarthanangalekkurichu aadyakaala vivaranam avarude charakkukalumaayi sorokaba melayilekku yaatra cheytha "tropyrosukale" kurichaanu. 1703 muthal rioo grande doow sul vittupoya neenda yaathrakalkk sesham ponda grossa oru vishrama kendramaayi pravarthichu. vazhiyil maamsam uppu upayogichu maathram samrakshikkunna chaarkk vaanijyavalkkarikkappettu. mattu vaasasthalangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ponda grossa janavaasamillaathathaayirunnu, thaddesheeya grouppukal vadakku bhagangal kaivashappedutthi, vipuleekaranathode, pinneedu reserva nagaram polulla europian kudiyettakkaarumaayi samgharshangal undaayi, pakshe nagaratthinte nagarapradeshathinu puratthaayirunnu. mattoru pathipp, ennaal parasparavirudhamallaatha, pradeshathe karshakar rund praavukale vikshepikkumennum eee pakshikal evide erangum ennathu chaappal nirmmaanathode "freguesia" yude thudakkathe adayaalappeduthumennum parayunnu. vishudha aan.
colonial paryaveshanangal.
pathinaram noottaand muthal, santa kaattarina theeram aavashyappedunna spanish paryaveshanangal campos jeraayikal kadannu paragvaayile asunsiyon vare ponda grossa athinte pradesham kadannupoyi. pinneedu "seasentistaas bandirantus" kaaranam, prathyekichu naattukaare pidichedukkunnathinaayi ithu thudarchayaayi neengi. alexo garzia polulla porchugees baandiraantikal 1525-ll kadannupoyi, anchu varshathinu sesham perro lobo, francisco chaavukal. 1541ll valare akaleyallaatha gothrangalude chila samghattanangalulla spaniard alver nunez kabeza dii vaakaye marikadannu. koodaathe, spanish sevanathile oru jarmman koolippadayaaliyaaya ulrichu schmiddle enna oru ibeeriyakkaaranallaathayal eee pradeshathe yaathraykkide 20 paragvaayan swadeshikaleyum mattu naalu koolippadayaalikalaaya jarmman sinikareyum nilavile poolista theerathu ninnu spanish sevanathinaayi konduvannathaayum reportund.
"charakkukal kondupokaan kovarkazhuthakaleyum kazhuthakaleyum upayogicha aalukal (saadhaaranayaayi engleeshil mayulettezhs ennu vilikkunnu) eee pradeshathe oru roottaayi upayogichirunnathinaal, vayalinte roopathilulla bhooprakrithi kovarkazhuthakalumaayum bhaaviyile kannukaali valarthalinumaayum kadannupokaan swaagatham cheyyappettu.
pilkkaalakhattatthil chila muun "tropyros" eee pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkukayum krishi cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. eee puthiya faamukalil ninnulla uthppannangalil bhooribhaagavum thavalakal upayogikkunna mrugangalude bhakshanathinaayi upayogichirunnu. vellapokkam polulla sambhavangal avarude charakkukalude vitharanathe thadassappeduthiyathine thudarnnu avarkk avarude nashtam ettedukkendivannathil mattu kathrikakal thaamasamaakkukayum krishi aarambikkukayum cheythu. verde, pittangui nadikalude theerathu sthirathaamasamaakkaan "tropyros" thiranjedutthathaanu nallath.
eee puthiya karshakar vyaapaarathinte aavasyakathaykku kaaranamavukayum athu graamangalude srishtiyilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. freguesias" ennu vilikkappedunna vaasasthalangalum undaayirunnu. ponda grossa eee mekhalayile mattu nagarangaleyum vivarikkan aadyam upayogicha vaakkaan pilkkaalat.
ponda grossa nagaram sthaapikkaan kaaranamaaya adhiniveshathinum kolanivalkkaranathinumaayi bhoomiyude yadhaartha kaivashappedutthal 1800 muthal, ekadesham oru noottaando athiladhikamo kaalam eee pradeshathu thunnalkkar pathivayi sandarshikkaan thudangi.
samghaditha kudiyettatthinte thudakkam.
settilment aadyamaayi aarambhichappol campos jeraikal vila nova dii kaastroyude adhikaaraparidhiyilaayirunnu.
saavo poulo samsthaanathu ninnulla karshakaraayirunnu ivide sthirathaamasamaakkiya aadya kudiyettakkaar. prakrithidatha mechilppurangalude samriddhiyum campos jeraayikalude soundaryavum kaaranam avar eee pradesham thiranjedutthu. verde, pittangui nadikalude chuttupaadukalil avar thamasamaakki. taamasiyaathe vishudharude aashramathile anugrahangalkk santa barbara phaam ennu vilikkunna eee vayalukalude graant labhichu. ennirunnaalum, 1813-ll saavo poulo pravishyayude idakkaala govarnor dii. mathyus abru perera, ithe bhoomi lefttanant attanagildo pintoo martinsinu sambhavana cheythu, paranayil ninnulla oru baandiraant, avar sanjarikkukayum kaippathikalude vayalukalude vazhi sarway cheyyukayum cheythu. aanukoolyangal nediyavar prathishedhikkukayum, avakashangal avakaashappedukayum, elavu kaalavadhi avatharippikkukayum cheythu, ennaal appeelukalkku moolyamillaathathaayi onnumilla, ithu "baandeyraante" attaanaagildoyude kaivashamulla vishalamaaya pradesham avasaanippichu.
sthiramaaya vaasasthalangal.
adhikam naalukalkku munbu addeham kyapttan general jose gose eiii moras enna campos geraayisukalude adhipanaayirunnu. itaare nadiyude idathu theerathinum tibaghi nadiyude uthbhavasthaanathinum idayil pradeshangal aavasyamulla pedro tackwus dii almedaykoppam (kuleena vamshajaraaya mattullavarkk purame), avar addehathinte bhoomiyude oru bhagam jesuitukalkku sambhavana cheythu, avar pittangui nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya saavo migual reverside sameepam santa barbara doow pittangui chaappal sthaapichu. avidevechu avar yeshuvinte kambaniyile asaadhaaranamaaya purogathi ariyaatha curato sthaapichu. ennaal pradhana roadinte paatha vazhithirichuvittathinaal aadyathe chaappal nirmmicha nagaratthinte valarcha sthambhanaavasthayilaayi.
athe samayam, valia kannukaali valarthal mekhalakalude aavirbhaavathode vayalukal chittayayi kaivashappedutthi.
eee samayathe oru pradhana padhathi boom sasseso faamaayirunnu. sarjant mejar migual daa rocha ferreira carvalhez aanu ithu sthaapichathu. innu ponda grossayude nagaraparidiyulla pradesamaanu eee phaam ulkkollunnath.
1750-ll madrid udambadi oppuvaykkunnathinu munbu, ponda grossa thathwathil spanish saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayirunnu, ennaal spanish eee pradeshathu yadhaartha cobtroll prayogichathaayi thonnunnilla. spanish sarkkaarinte niyanthranathilekku jesuit kurachukondu nirmmicha santa barbera chaappal 1727 muthal itayakkokka allengil pittaamgviyude sesmeria sambhavana cheythukondu "tropyros" campos jeraayisile yaathrakkaarum prabhaashanatthinaayi upayogichu. adimatham nirthalaakkiyathode, mathavibhagangalkk polum mathabodhanavum adimathavum thudarnnilla. krishiyidathil ninnu adhikam akaleyallaatha 1970kalil manushya asthikal akkaalathe adimakalil ninnu kandethiyittundaakam.
innu metropolittan cathedral ullidathu, oru nooram atthi maratthinu sameepam "tropyros" sthaapicha sathrathinte oru ranch undaayirunnu, athinu keezhil avar oru kurish nattirunnu. sainyathinteyum yaathrakkaarudeyum stopp pooyintaayirunnu athu. eee mekhalayile janangalumayi bandhappedunnathinaayi jesuitukal nirmmicha "cassa dii telhaz" (engleeshil "tailukalude veedu") aayirunnu akkaalathe mattoru paramarsham. eee veettil mathaparamaya uthsavangaludeyum koodaashakaludeyum offeesukal aaghoshikkappettu. churungiya samayathinullil, "cassa dii telhasukal" aadyathe kudilukal prathyakshappettu. aakhoshangal nadathunnathinulla palliyayi sevikkunnathinupurame vishramasthalavumaayirunnu athu. athuvare kaastroyude oru ayalpakkamaaya ponda grossa "freguesia" yilek uyarthaanulla sramamaayirunnu ithinte nirmmaanamenn vishwasikkappedunnu. oru semiteriyum oru chappal nirmmichirunnu. eee kramatthil vivarichirikkunna karshakar thammilulla vyathiyaanam kaaranam sthalam thiranjedukkunnathinu praavukalude pathipp prathyakshappedunnathinkal charitraparamaaya nimishamaanith.
domingos teaxaira lobo, antonio daa rocha carvelhase, benedito mariano fernandes ribas ennivar aadyakaala kudiyettakkaaraaya moonnu aalukalaayirunnu, avar kudiyettatthinu vyakthamaaya niyamaparamaaya vyathyasam nalkendathinte aavasyakatha kandu.
ithu sabhaa vishayangaludeyum sivil vyavahaarangaludeyum budhimuttukal pariharikkumennu avarkk thonni, kaaranam avar vila nova dii kaastroyude vidoora adikaaraparidhiyil aayirunnu. oru puthiya settilment aarambhikkunnathin bowa vistta vintar estettil anuyojyamaaya oru sthalam kandethaan carvalhez thante formaanaaya francisco mulaattoyodu utharavittirikkumennu reportund. thiranjeduttha sthalam nilavile bowa visttayude praanthapradeshamaayirunne. dauthyam poortthiyaakkumbol francisco mulaatto parayumaayirunnu, "sinho" nuu nannayi ariyaam, kaaranam athu kattiyulla agramullah caponylake chaayunnu ".
peru amgeekarikkukayum ennaal sthalamallaathathinaal, bhaaviyile vaasasthalamaaya kazhuthil chuvanna riban villulla oru velutha praav pulmedukalil ottaraathrikond thamasikkaan karshakarude samgham theerumaanichu. niravadhi attin koottangalkku sesham, ponda grossayude phalapradamaaya vaasasthalathinaayi oru shubhasoochanayaayum munkootty nischayichathaayum vyaakhyaanikkappetta eee pakshi avide nilavilulla nooram atthi maratthinu keezhil "tropyros" krishiyidathinte kurisilekku krithyamaayi erangi. pazhaya graamatthinte valarchayude kendrabinduvaaya ivideyulla nivaasikalude sahaayathode oru chaappal nirmmichu.
melpparanja vivaranam naadodikkadhakalil nilavilundenkilum nagaratthinte yadhaartha uthbhavam ennu ithine pinthunaykkunna samakaalika rekhakalonnumilla.
deseeyagaanam, pathaaka, anki, march ennivayil prathyakshappedunna munisippal sarkkar praav oru chihnamaayi upayogikkunnu. ponda grossayude aadyakaala peraayi chila srothassukal estrela enna peru nalkunnu, "kaaranam ithu maithaanangalude madhyathil sthithicheyyunna chila dhoora leagukalil ninnu kaanaan kazhiyum, innathe nagaram ippozhum ullathupole oru shreshtathayil" (bhaaviyude naadu-nesttar victor).
ekeekaranam.
1800nuu sesham pinta grossa oru nagaramaayi maari. athuvare ithu pradhaanamaayum upajeevana karshakar adhivasichirunna oru kaarshika anthareekshamaayirunnu. "creatorio" (kannukaalikale kaikaaryam cheiyunna sthalam), "invernagem" (mrugangalude visramakaalam) enniva vyaapaarathe uthejippichu. angane karshakan veendum "tropairo" aayi "madangunnu". krishiyiloode phalapradamallaathathinaal nagaravalkarana prakriya mandagathiyilaanu.
1823 septambar 15nuu saamraajyathva licenciloode estrelayude "freguesia" srishtichu. pradeshathe aadyathe vikaari pithaav jokvim perera daa fonseca aayirunnu. 1840-ll recoyude vistheernnam anusarichu paarambaryavum vardhippikkukayum domingos ferreira pintoo sambhavana cheyyukayum cheythu. 1855 epril 7-leeii 34-aamm nambar pravishya niyamaprakaaram, ponda grossa munisippaalitti srishtichu, kaastro munisippalittiyil ninnu pradesham vibhajichu athe varsham desember 6-nuu shariyaayi sthaapichu. 1862 march 24-leeii 82-aamm nambar pravishya niyamam pattanatthe nagara vibhaagathilekku uyarthi.
1871 epril 15nuu 281-aamm niyamathiloode ithine pittangui ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. athinusesham taamasiyaathe 1872 epril 5 nuu ponda grossa ennu namakaranam cheyyappettu. 1876 epril 18 nuu ponda grossa komarkayude seett pasaki, niyamam namm. 469, ithu desember 16 nuu sthaapichu, eee theeyathiyil aadyathe jadji conrado eriksan aayi anumaanikkunnu.
1878-ll, augusto ribakalude munkaiyil, russian saamraajyathil ninnu kudiyeriya vamseeya jarmman vamshajarude valia thothilulla kudiyettam munisippalittiyil aarambhichu, kudiyettatthinte pradhana prachodanamaaya dome pedro randaaman chakravartthiyude sandarshanathinu rund varshathinu sesham, addeham mejar domingos perera pintoyude vasathiyil thaamasichappol, addehathinu gwaarounayile baaran enna padavi nalki.
lamenha linsinte roopathiloode samsthaana sarkkarum prothsaahippichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathode russian saamraajyathil ninnulla 2,300 vamseeya jarmmankaar eee pradeshathetthi. reyilveyude varavu eee kudiyettatthinu bhaagikamaayi uthejanam nalki.
reyilveyude saannidhyam mattu kudiyettakkaarude samghangaleyum nagaratthilekku konduvaraan edayaakkunnu. ithil slaavukalum italikalum thekkupadinjaaran eshyayil ninnulla chila aalukalum ulppedunnu.
1894 march 2 muthal nagaram valia purogathi kaivarichu, curitiba-ponda grossa railway udghaadanam cheythappol (rooad nagarangal thammilulla bandham sugamamakkukayum jolie avasarangal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu), rund varshathinu sesham saavo poulo-rioo grande doow sall reyilveyude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. avarude avastha, ivide valarekkaalamaayi reyilveyude offeesukalum varkshoppukalum sthaapichittundu. traininte attakuttappanikal nadakkunna sthalam. chila ezhuthukaar aadarshaparamaaya onnaayi kanakkaakkunnundenkilum, ponda grossa oru entrocomento mekhalayaayathinaal reyilveyude nirmmaanam pradhanamaayirunnu. eee bhouma-thanthraparamaaya anukoolatha nalkia haivekaludeyum rodukaludeyum nirmmaanam kaaranam ithu nagara-crostodukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. irupathaam noottaandil nagaratthinte aadhunikavalkkaranathinum valarchaykkum railway pradhanamaayirunnu.
brazilian republicinte aadya varshangalil, karshakar thozhil shaamam anubhavikkan thudangi, athinaal pradhana saambathika uravidam yerba mettum maravum aayi.
1904ll, ernesto gwimaras villela meyaraayirunnappol, gwimaareysinte kambaniyaaya erixen & filho nalkia electric lighting samvidaanam udghaadanam cheyyukayum enchineeyarmaaraaya alvarro susa martins jacob shamber roopakalppana cheyyukayum melnottam vahikkukayum cheytha jala, malinajala samvidaanam mayer teodoro baattista rosaasinte samsthaana sarkkaaril ninnulla dhanasahaayathode maathramaan nadappaakkiyathu. mayer brazilio ribaasinte bharanakaalathaanu foundeshante nooram vaarshikam aaghoshichathu.
1930 october 17nuu gettooliyo vargas sainyavum pathinanju varshathekku republicil thudarnnukondirunna railway steshanil ethi. eee avasarathil lefttanant-kenal galdino luis estevsinum prabhukkanmarkkum oppam nagara theruvukaliloode nadanna gotulio viplavathinte pratheekangalaaya chuvanna thoovaalakalum pathaakakalum uyarthiya janangal prothsaahippichu. 1950kall vare, railway, yerba mettu prosess cheiyunna faaktarikal, thukal, thadi prosessing, seramics varkshoppukal enniva kaaranam parana samsthaanathinte ulpradeshathe pradhana nagaramaayirunnu ponda grossa. samsthaanathinte vadakku bhaagathulla nagarangal (udaaharanathina lundrina maringa) kaappi sambadvyavasthayil aakarshikkappedumbol ithu maari. vadakke nagarangalkk labhikkuna praadhaanyavum haivekalude nirmmaanatthe vilamathikkunna mattu nagarangalum undaayirunnittum, kaappiyude ozhukkile chalanathmakathayil ponda grossa-curitiba enna aksham pradhaanamaayirunnene. bankinginu purame, uthppaadanathinteyum praadhamika vibhavangaludeyum bharanaparavum vaanijyavalkkaranavum. ennirunnaalum kaappi krishiyil saambathika prasnangal undaayirunnappozhum ithu badhikkunnu.
dhaanya, bhakshya mekhalakalumaayi bandhippikkunna ponda grossa vyavasaya ghattatthinte thudakkamaanu 1970kall adayaalappeduthiyathu. 1990-ll, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya punk kaaranam logistic, production kambanikale sweekarikkunnathinupurame, ithu athinte moonnaam mekhala vipuleekarichu. poura thalasthaanamaaya parana" (engleeshil "poura thalasthaanamaaya parana") ennariyappettirunna parana raashtreeyathile mahathaaya perukalude janmasthalamaayirunnu ponda grossa.
bharanaparamaya division.
1931 desember 5 nuu, ithu jillayayi maarunna pazhaya munisippaalitti oof konchakale ettedukkunnu (utharavu nambar 2,439). 1936 muthal adutha varsham vareyulla kathukalil, 1938 march 31 nuu serado ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta mattoru jillayayi itayakkokka prathyakshappedunnu (samsthaana utharavu-niyamam nambar. 6, 667), athe varsham october 20 nuu pazhaya perilekku madangunnu (samsthaana utharavu-niyamam nambar. 5773). 1943 desember 30nuu konchakal yuviya (samsthaana utharavu-niyamam nambar. 199). 1957 septambar 11 nuu, gwaragi jilla, entre reos enna peril vamshanasham sambhavicha munisippaalitti (samsthaana niyamam nambar. 3, 315), pammerayil ulppeduthiyittundu. pirikittos jillayaan avasaanamaayi prakhyaapikkappettath. 1962 march 13 nuu roopeekarikkappettu (samsthaana niyamam nambar. 4, 556), 21-aamm noottaandil ithu oru jillayayi avasheshikkunnu. innu, mothatthil, avaraanu aasthaanam ulppede munbathe naalu perr.
bhoomishaasthram.
randaamathe peedabhoomiyaaya paaraanansilaanu (ponda grossayude peedabhoomi ennum ariyappedunnu, kizhakk "escarpa devoniana" vazhi parimithappedutthiyirikku), 25o09 akshaamshathilum 50o16 'vaa rekhaamshathilum, paraanayude thalasthaanathu ninnu daundaun vare 70,8 mile (114 kilometer) aanu. nagarathinu 16 ayalpakkangalund, ithu nagarapradeshathe motham janasamkhya nalkunnu. nagarapradeshathinullil niravadhi thaazhvarakal kaanapedunnu. thekkan brazeelile pradhana rooad, reyil jangshanaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu. samsthaanathinte vadakku bhaagathekku bandhippikkunna federal haiway bii. aarr-376 lake ithinu praveshanamundu, koodaathe samsthaanathinte padinjaaru ninnu kizhakode praveshanam anuvadikkunna bii. aarr-277 lake praveshanam nalkunnu, athil kuritiba, phoos doow igwachu enniva ulppedunnu. santa kaattarinayilekku pookaan anuvadikkunna bii. aarr-376 veendum aarambikkaan athe haiway thekk dishayil praveshanam nalkunnu.
sharashari shambalam 2.7 brazilian minimum vethanamaanu, ithu mattu mekhalakalumaayi bandhappett paranayil thripthikaramaaya sthaanathaanu. sthiramaayi jolie cheiyunnavarude ennam 99,317 aanu, janasamkhyayude ekadesham moonnilonnu, eee anupaathatthinte alppam kooduthal raajyathin nischayichittulla minimum vethanathinte pakuthi labhikkuna thozhilaallikalude ennathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. school nirakk <aii. dii. 1> aanu. aalohari gdp (2015) 34 dollar, <aii. dii. 1>. 2010 leeii echu. dii. aii <aii. dii. 2> aanu. sisumarananirakku ayiram jananagalkk 11 sambhavangalaanu, ithu samsthaana sthithivivarakkanakkukalka uyarnna moolyamaanu. netvarkkilekku bandhippichirikkunna paippukalumayi bandhappett malinajalathinte samskaranam 81.3% aanu. mikka paranances nagarangalumaayum bandhappett kuranja nagara vananaseekaranavum ithinte savisheshathayaanu. charitraparavum phytogeographic praadeshikavalkkaranathinu, eee pradeshathe ettavum pradhanappetta campos gerais doow paraanayilaan (engleeshil "paraanayude pothuvaaya mekhalakal") eee nagaram sthithicheyyunnathu. ibeyude audyogika praadeshikavalkkaranathinaayi, nagaram sthithi cheiyunnathu maddhya-kizhakkan pradeshamaaya paraanayilaan. eee nagara vaasasthalathinte perinu samaananaamathil messo, micro reejian ennividangalil sthithicheyyunnu.
kaalavastha.
copen vargeekaranathil thekkan brazeelile peedabhoomikalude savisheshamaaya "sii. eph. bii" aanu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi mithamaayatho choodullatho aaya venalkkaalamulla malambradeshangalude uposhnamekhalaa pradesangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. theerathu ninnu valare akaleyaanengilum uyarathodoppam sakthamaaya samudra swaadheenamundu. sharashari vaarshika thaapanila 63.5 digri fahrenheit (17.5 digri selshyas) aanu. shaithyakaalam akshaamsham vare thanuthathaanenkilum yadhaartha samudra kaalaavasthayaayi mithasheethoshnamaayi kanakkakkaan pothuve mithamaan. shaithyakaalath (juulai) sharashari thaapanila 56.7 digri fahrenheit (13.7 digri selshyas) muthalum venalkkaalath (januvari) 70.5 digri fahrenheit (21.4 digri selshyas) muthalumaanu, ithu eee sthalathe thaarathamyena uyarnna thaapanila sharashari kuravaanu. yuu. ezz. dii. eyude sasya kaadinyatthil nagaram eathaandu ningalude mothatthil 9 bii sonilaanu, mattu uposhnamekhalaa enangalkkoppam, pinas janussinte valarcha anuvadikkunna central floridayude athe mekhalayilaanu. vyathyastha thapanilayum eerppavumulla microclimattukal srishtikkunnathinu vividha thaazhvarakal pradhaanamaan. nagarakendrathilum santa poulayilum (nagara saandrata ozhike charivukalude pradhana dishayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu) choodu dveepukal undakam.
1961 muthal 1973 vareyulla kaalayalavine (februvari 28 vare) paraamarsikkunna naashanal instittyoott oof meteeriyolaji (inmettu), brazilian instittyoottil ninnulla kanakkukal prakaram, ponda grossil rekhappeduthiya ettavum kuranja thaapanila 1967 juun 9 nuu 21.7 digri fahrenheit (−5.7 digri selshyas) aayirunnu, ettavum uyarnna thaapanila 1968 november 3 nuu 94.5 digri fahrenheit (34.7 digri selshyas) aayi. 24 manikorinullil ettavum kooduthal shekharicha mazha 1966 februvari 13 nuu 5.1 '(130.5 millimeter) aayirunnu. mattu valia shekharanagal 1970 meyy 6 nuu 4.4' (110.9 millimeter) umm 1965 juulai 4 nuu 3.9 '(100 millimeter) umm aayirunnu. 1967 juun 9 nuu uchathirinju ettavum kuranja aapekshika eerppam 14 shathamaanamaayi rekhappeduthi. 1975, 1981 ennee varshangalaayirunnu rekhappeduthiya mattu varshangal. saadhaaranayaayi 20 varsham vare sambhavikkathe thudaraam, mattu samayangalil edavela 2 varshamakaam. ekadesham 5 vaarshika maravippulla manjaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya shaityakaala paripadi.
thanuthathum varandathumaaya dhruvavaayuvinte vardhanavu kaaranam aagasttum joolaiyumaanu ettavum varanda maasangal. ushnamekhalaa atlaantik samudrathil ninnu uyarunna eerppam kaaranam januvary februvary ettavum eerppamullathaanu, koodaathe choodulla kaalayalavukalil baashpeekaranam cheruthum vegathilullathumaaya samvahana mazha srishtikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, sharashari vaayuvinte aapekshika eerppam ellaayppozhum uyarnnathaan. sooryaprakaashathinte samayathinte ennathil rithukkalil valia mattamonnumilla. chuzhalikkaattukalum chuzhalikkaattukalum apoorvamaanu, bhagyavashaal adhiniveshathinte thudakkam muthal valia naashanashtangalonnum undayittilla. 2010 desember 19nuu chuzhalikkaattinte saannidhyam kandethiya amachwar veediyokal undengilum, moodalmanju oru saadhaarana shaityakaala sambhavamaan, ithu apakadangalkkum vimanangal vaikunnathinum kaaranamakum.
paristhithi.
paaristhithikamaayi ithu vaividhyavalkkarikkappetta. kaalavastha, pedological, paara roopeekaranam enniva anusarichu ghadanayum speesheesukalum vyathyaasappedunnu. oro pradeshathum biota vyathyasthamaan. kandethiya aavaasavyavasthakalilonnu vadakke american pulmedukalkku samanamaaya violile sasyajaalangalaan. saadhaaranayaayi pullukalum sasyajaalangalum aadhipathyam pulartthunna apoorva vrukshasasyangalaanu. chilappol ithu kuttichedikalumaayi chitharikkidakkunnu. 1996ll 22,800 hector visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkunna eee pradeshatthinte uthbhavam nagara, grameena parithasthithikalil kaanapedunna swantham manalkkall unitukalilekkaanu. eee vayalukalil vasikkunna jeevajaalangalude sthalavum alavum parishkkarikkunnathin attin koottangale chavittimethikkunnathaanu kaaranam. valarekkalam munbu upayogichirunna oru saankethikavidyayaya slash aandu bayne upayogichaanu mechilppurathinte naveekaranam nadathunnathu. sasyangalude yadhaartha samrakshanathinulla mattu maathrkakal vithukalulla chila enangale ulppeduthukayum yadhaartha phytogeographic mekhalaye savisheshamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. kaarshika vyavasaayangalude saannidhyathinum anukoolamaaya pinthuna soochippikkunnu. vayalukale vaividhyamillaatha ekathaanamaaya sasyangalayi kanakkaakkuka ennathaanu samrakshanathinte abhaavathinte oru bhagam. ithu saadhaaranayaayi cheria altimetric aandolanangalulla pradeshangalil kaanapedunnu (udaaharanathina itayaakkokkayile choolakalude roopeekaranam allengil itaare roopeekaranathodoppam yuvaayayude uyarnna bhaagangalil). allengil munisippaalittiyude kizhakk bhaagathulla "escarpa devoniana" kku sameepam kaanunnathupole, deerghamaaya aazhamillathathum manal niranjathumaaya daridramaaya mannil. rund pradhana tharam fottol sasyangalundu thaarathamyena paranna sthalangalil roopappedunna varanda vayalukal, saadhaaranayaayi lithosolukalilum mosham kaambisolukalilum. avayil kolchavo glass forkvilha glass ulppedunnu. aathidheya jillayude kizhakk pole mechilppuramillaathidathi ithu saadhaaranayaayi nilanilkkunnath. mattoru upavibhagamaaya azhukk paadangalil "vaassouraas", "maria-molls" (koodaathe/allengil "assa-peaksus") enniva aadhipathyam pulartthunna kurachu kuttichedikalundu. marddangalil undaakunna eerppavumaayi poruthappedunna speesheesukalulla eerppamulla pathipp undu.
aroukkeriya eerppamulla vanangalile thaddesheeya sasyajaalangalum kaanapedunnu, motham 23,500 hector undu, athinaal eee pradeshathu kaanapedunna ettavum valia prakrithi aavaasavyavasthayaanu. plistoseen aadhipathyam pularthunnathuvare, bhoogarbha kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil kaalavastha eerppamullathaayi marran thudangiyathinaal, vayalukalude saannidhyathe sahayikkunna varanda kaalavastha, ithu pradhaanamaayum siliyari allengil gallery vanangalkk sameepavum (kaaraa-kaaraa nadhi allengil olarias aroyoic sameepavum boka daa ronda, chakkara dantas thudangiya munisippal samrakshana unitukalilum kaanapedunnu) escarpmentinte neeruravakalum charivukalum. vanathinte ettavum valia pradeshangalilonnu sthithi cheiyunnathu gwaragi jillayilaan. theepiduttham kaaranam ithu kooduthal vikasikkaamaayirunnu, ennaal vaikukayum cheythu (chila saahacharyangalil "tiguira", thudarnnu "kapoira", athinte avasana ghattathil engleeshil "" campo sujo "," "durty feeld", undergrothinte upavibhagam) ithu mattu ghattangalaal maattisthaapikkappettu. arokariya angustifolia" yude aadhipathyam undaayirunnittum, mattu inam arborial speesheesukal kaanapedunnu. ennirunnaalum, paraanayude pratheekathmaka inamaanu athinte paraakaashtayiletthiyathu. imbuya, karuvapatta, monjolero, devadaaru, gwabiroba, bravo pine ennivayaanu mattu enangal. tapexengui, fumo bravo, chuvanna chuvapp, pou sigara enniva melappinu thaazhe kaanapedunnu. vananaseekaranavum thadi upayogavum moolam 1950 vare kaattunool ganyamaayi kuranju. atharam upayogathinu pakaram "pinas eliotti" polulla videsha enangal upayogichu. kaalakramena, vanangal punarnirmikkaan chelavazhikkunna thukayekkurichu oru feedback nayam undaayirunnu. valare eerppamulla pradeshangalile gallery vanangalil arokkariya palappozhum kaanappedunnundengilum maram vikasikkunnilla, thudarnnu sera doow maaril kaanappedunnathupole saaksinukalum samambaisukalum mattu enangalil ninnu purathuvarunnu. itayakkokka jillayil atlaantik vanathinte swaadheenamundu, ithu sapopemayudeyum imbuyayudeyum vardhanavinu virudhamaayi thaddesheeya coniferinte alavu kuraykkunnu, ithu thalasthaanamaaya paraanayude sameepat kaanappedunnathin samaanamaan.
geology geomorphology.
sambannamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paithrukamaanu nagarathinullathu. roopaanthareekaranavum agnishilakalum avatharippikkunna kristalin basementil paleosoic yugathile parana sedimentari besinil (morphostructural yoonit) ithu sthithicheyyunnu. samsthaanathinte valiyoru bhagam ulkkollunna avashishta thadatthil pedaathathinaal kunhaporanga graanaitik samuchayathile cambrian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla agni parakal ithilninnu ozhivaakkappettavayaan. dasalakshakkanakkinu varshathe samanamaaya uthbhavathinum modelingin kalavastha swaadheenathaal maathrkayaakkappetta randaamathe plaanalto prathinidheekarikkunna morphosculptural yoonittaan eee nirmmithiye maathrkayaakkunna valia gadanaykkullil. pradhana kunnukalum pooyintukalum pradarshippikkunna eee aashvaasam soumyamaayi uyarnnuvarunnu (parukkan aanenkilum). choolakalum naashanashtangal undaakkunna kothupanikalum athinte rashtreeya paridhikkullil undu. tibaghi polulla nadikal pinbhaagathu nirddeshichathupole charivinoppam varunnu, athesamayam pitangui polulla mattullava, kuthaneyulla parakkettukalkkidayil aazhathilulla thaazhvarakal kadannu randaamathe peedabhoomiyilekku neengunnu. vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath 1800 meter uyarathil kooduthal charivukal kaanapedunna sthalangal undu. ponda grossayude kizhakkum vadakkukizhakkum devonian escarpament ennariyappedunna bhooprakrithiyude padi kadannupokunnathinaal valia uyarangal vishadeekarikkappedunnu. devonian manalkkall paarakalaanu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya uparithalathinte adisthaanam choolakalum ponda grossa, mukalil itaare groupile carboniferous manalkkallukalaan. thakarcha aarambhicha thekke american, aafrikkan plettukalude verthirikkal kuzhikalude anantharafalamaayi oro yoonittum daikkukalum mesosoic sils thadassappeduthunnu.
ponta grossayudeyum choolayudeyum roopeekaranathile manalkkallukal chelikkallukaludeyo kaliman gadanayudeyo shellukalude roopathilaanu (avaa elakalilo paalikalilo vighadikkumbol). sera jeral roopeekaranathinte falamaayi ithu nikshepichu. dhaatu samyukthathil ninnu thaazhekku ozhukunna nadikalum avashishtangalumaan senosoic nikshepathinu kaaranamaakunnath.
ithu prashasthamaaya vila velha paarkkile manalkkallaan, ithu naashanashtangalude oru udaaharanamaanu. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi, drishyavalkkaricha roopangal sameepakaalathaan, dakshinaafrikka, ooshyaaniya, antartikka, india ennivayumaayi thekke america bandhippichirunna gondwana megacontinentil ninnaan uthbhavichath. carboniferous kaalaghattatthil avashishtangal sthithicheyyunna thekkan akshaamsham himanikalaal moodappettathaayirunnu. niravadhi shavasamskaarangalkkum mannolipp prakriyakalkkum sheshamaan bhooprakrithi roopappettathu. pullaankuzhal, vighadana konukal, konukalulla mukalbhagam, gopurangal, thoonukal enningane vyathyastha roopangal kaanam. kaattinte pravarthanatthiloodeyaanu vila velha uthbhavichathenn janapriya pazhanchollu valarekkalam munbu vishadeekarichittundekum, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya gaveshanangal ithu mazhavellathinte falamaanennum sourorjjathinte pravartthanam, thaapanilayile mattangal, paarayile jeevikalude pravartthanam (vichedanam, shear soonn) ennivayaanennum prasthaavikkunnu.
pidichu pidikkuka.
nagara paridhiyude bhooribhaagathum sthithi cheiyunna neey-ezz. dablyu dishayil (sharashari moolyangal 3 kilometer veethiyum 10 kilometer neelavum) blokkukal upayogichu arukkappedunna oru tectonic fosayaanu ponda grossayude graben. paarakalude sthaanachalanamaanu kaaranam, angane muzhuvan block thaazhekku erangaan kazhiyum. vyarthamaaya edangal idaare groupinteyum ponda grossa roopeekaranathinteyum paarakalal kaivashappeduthunnu, athinaal valare vyathyastha praayathilulla parakal ore straattigraaphik thalathilaanu. choolakalude bhoomishaasthra yoonittil oru thakarnnathum kaarstik jalasambharaniyumaan, avide jalathinte gunanilavaaram kaaranam tubular kinarukal sthaapikkunnathinu kazhinja dashakangalil ennamatta graantukal labhikkunnu. itaare groupil jalasambaraniyum undu, ennirunnaalum choolakal saadhaaranayaayi kuravaayathinaal kuranja gunanilavaaram upayogikkunnu, kaaranam ithu puratthekku pookunnu. ponda grossa roopeekaranathinu nalla jalasambharanamund, pakshe ozhukaan prayaasamaan, ithu saadhaaranayaayi kinner rekhakalil mattu randumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. nagaraanthareeksham malineekaranathinu saadhyathayullathaanu. mattu paricharanangal urulpottalin kaaranamakunna choolakalile kaarst durithaashwaasathe soochippikkunnu.
ponda grossayude kamaanam.
nagaratthinte perilulla eee kamaanam parana thadatthinte kizhakkan paridhiyil bhoomiyude puramthodinte uyarchayilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. ekadesham 130 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu thekke america aafrikkan bhookhandangalum verpiriyumbozhaanu ithu uthbhavichath. ithinu enn. dablyu. trim ulla oru enn. dablyu-seey dishayundu, diabase daikkukal kamaanathinaduthulla samanthara bandilukalil prathyakshappedunnu, ithe odivukal moonnaamathe peedabhoomi bassault maalinyathinu kaaranamaakunnu. randaamathe peedabhoomiyil, pakshe pradhaanamaayum thirascheenamaaya pottalilaan. avashishta thadatthinte arikukalile pazhaya parakal thurannukaattunna kamaanatthinte anantharafalamaanu bhooprakrithi. niravadhi samanthara thakaraarukal, akwifarukal, kanthika vinyasangal enniva ponda grossayude kamaanatthinte disha pinthudarunnu. thathfalamaayundaaya anakkettukal oresamayam roopappettathallennum ennaal 100 varshathilereyaayi, avayellaam vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnavayallenum vishwasikkappedunnu. nagaratthiloodeyum campos gerais pradeshathiloodeyum kadannupokunna chila nadikalude drainagenoppam saavo jorj nadiyile munisippalittiyil kaanapedunna malayidukkukal, parakkettukal, vellachattangal enniva kaanapedunnu, ithu morphoestroottaral niyanthranam prakadamaakkunnu.
hydrography.
parana nadiyude oru shreniyil paraanapanema nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya tibaghi nadiyaanu (yadhaartha thaddesheeya padaprayogam "tibaji") ponda grossa ulkkollunna pradhana drainage thadam. munisippaalittiyude motham vistheernnathinte 6.5 sathamaanam tibaghi ulkkollunnu, athinte poshakanadikalaaya pittangui nadiye athinte paridhiyil verde, kaaraa-kaaraa, botukwara enningane vibhajichirikkunnu. idathu karayil pradhana jalapathakalonnumilla. nagarapradeshathekkaal valare cheria uyarathilulla oru nyoonamarddatthil campos gerais parkkinullil rebaira nadiyude uravidavum munisippaalittiyund, ithu onnaam plaanalttoyil (kuridibayude peedabhoomi) kaanapedunnu.
tibaghi nadikku purathu thaarathamyena cheria thadangal undengilum eee pradesham nannayi jalasechanam cheyyappettathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eerppam nilanirthunnathiloode pradhana jalapravaahangalilekk athivegam sthaanachalanamundaakum. mekhalayile chila nadikale gadanaaparamaaya niyanthranangal badhikkunnu. palappozhum ithu ponda grossayude (enn. dablyu-seey) kamaanatthinte dishayil pizhavukal, odivukal, daikkukal ennivaykkoppam varunnu. koodaathe, eee nadikalude paatha jalavaidyutha nilayangalude nirmmaanatthe anukoolikkunna uyarnna uyarathilulla gradiantinoppam varunnu, athinaal chila baarijukal pittangui nadiyilennapole pravartthikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunna drainage paatten radialaanu.
munisippalittiyile ettavum pradhanappetta nadikalilonnaaya pittangui nadhi 1939 ll anakkett nirmikkappettu, ithu alagados anakkett uthbhavichu. nagaratthile jalavitharanathinum, nadhi nerittu pidichedukkunnathinum ithu utharavaadiyaanu. ennirunnaalum, aggradation, eutrofication ennivayumaayi bandhapetta prashnangalund. naditira vanathinu pakaram krishi, vyaavasaayika maalinyangal, vaahanagathagatham ennivayude saannidhyam chlorideukal, phosphorukal, shaarangal ennivayude alavu ulla jalathinte rasathanthrathe badhikkunnu.
munisippalittiyil aake 12 drainage thadangalundu. avaa ivayaanu ronda, oleriaas, pilavo dii pedra, lajedo grande, santa terreza, kaaraa-kaaraa, fraansilina, santa monica, grande aroyo, takkari, colonia adalide, gertuds. ivayil, nagara paridhiyil janikkunna naalu aruvikal undu, avaa nagaratthinte kooduthal samyojanathinaayi kuzhichumoodukayum chaanal cheyyukayum cheythu. munkaalangalil avaykku charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamundengilum innu chila jalapaathakale praadeshika janangal "malinajalam" aayi kanakkakkunnu. aroyo dii maduraira polulla mattullavarkk kulikkanulla padavi undaayirunnu. druthagathiyilulla nagaravalkkaranavum kaaryakshamamaya pothu nayangalumillaathathum moolam, prathyekichu 1980kalil niravadhi aroyoyil kramarahithamaya bhavanangal undaayirunnu. athiloode ithu munisippal vaayuvinte gunanilavaaram vashalakki, ithu paraanayile mattu nagarangalkk munbulla oru savisheshathayaanu.
parimithikal.
chila sandarbhangalil avarude nagarakendram 56 mylil (90 kilometer) kooduthalaayirikkaamenkilum ithu mothatthil ezhu munisippaalittikalumaayi athirthi pankidunnu. vadakku kaastro, carambay, tibaghi pattanangalum thekk palmyra, texeira sooras pattanangalum kizhakk campo largo nagravum padinjaaru ipiranga pattanavumund.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
sensus shekharicha daatta prakaram 2010-ll janasamkhya 311,611 nivaasikalaayirunnu, athaayath 150.72 nivaasikal/chathurashra kilometer saandrata, 2018-leeii kanakkukal prakaram paranayile nivaasikalude moolyam 3,48,043 aanu. ipaardukalude 2030leeii kanakk 381,051 nivaasikalaanennu kanakkakkunnu, ithu 109.48% bhaaramaan, ennaal eee simuleshanaayi, saavo jose doses pinheise janasamkhyayil ponda grossa marikadakkum, ithu samsthaanathe randaam sthaanathe anchaam sthaanathekku kuraykkum. charitraparamaayi, prajananavum shaithyakaalavum muthal yerba mettu, maram, oduvil sevana mekhala vare janasamkhya vardhanavinu athinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya avastha pradhanamaayirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ponda grossa athivegam valarnnuvenkilum jesuitukal oru noottaand munbu sthirathaamasamaakkiyirunnu. prakrithi mechilppurangal kaaranam viyaamoyile sainikarude prajnana kendramaayi upayogichirunna 1853-ll freguesiyayil 3,033 aalukal (1652 purushanmaarum 1381 sthreekalum) undaayirunnu. 1877-ll saamraajyathinte kramaprakaram, eee nagaratthinum brazeelinte thekk bhagangalkkum dhruvangal, jarmmankaar, ukrainikal, russiakkaar, italikkaar thudangiya kudiyettakkaar labhichu, ithu oru saamskaarika chaaru srishtikkukayum janasamkhya vardhippikkukayum cheythu. athe noottaandinte avasaanathil railway nirmmaanatthilaayathode janasamkhyaaparamaaya valarcha thudarnnu. anthimaroopam nalki, ithu mattu pradeshangal thammil kooduthal parasparabandham anuvadichu. 1890ll 4,774 nivaasikalundaayirunnu. thudarchayaayi varunna adisthaana sevanangalkoppam, yuvaranasileyum offeesinayileyum railway jillakalil kendreekarichirikkunna janasamkhyayaanu. raajyathinte thekkum thekkukizhakkum kaanunna nagaravalkkaranatthinte charitraparamaaya pashchaathalatthilaanu ponda grossa jeevikkunnath. reyilveyude nirmmaanam "tropairismo" yude thakarchayilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu. mattu munisippaalittikalil ninnulla niravadhi aalukal lainukalude attakuttappanikalkkayi ponda grosayil jolie cheyyaan vannu. mattu brazilian samsthaanangalil birudadhaarikalaaya elaitt amgangalkkoppam school vidyaabhyaasa nilavaaratthile munnettavum ithu adayaalappeduthunnu. 1940-laanu ithu paraanayile randaamathe valia janasamkhyayaayi maarunnath, thalphalamaayi adutha dashakathil nashtappetta samsthaanathinte ulbhaagathe paraamarsikkunnu. 1957ll punarnirmmicha (1940ll palmyra kootticherttha) gwaragi oru puthiya janasamkhyaa santhulithaavastha konduvannu.
1969ll sairo martins sarkkaaril saambathika prothsaahanathode puthiya vyavasaayangal sthaapikkappettu, ithu faaktarikalude oru "boom" srishtichu. 1980kalil nagara shringalayude vipuleekaranam undaayi, athesamayam railway ippol yuvaraanaasilaan sthithicheyyunnathu, mikacha adisthaana soukaryangalum thudarnnu nagara shringalayudeyum peripheral ayalpakkangaludeyum valarchayum. pilkkala dashakathil mattu mekhalakalil mechappeduthalukal undaayi. nagaravalkarikkappetta paristhithiyodu kooduthal adukkunna gwaragi aanenkilum mattu jillakalkku pradhaanamaayum kaarshika savisheshathakalundu. 1970kalil ponda grossa pradhaanamaayum nagarapradeshamaayi maari, athil <aii. dii. 1> aalukal nagaravalkarikkappetta pradesangalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. 1980-kalkkum 1990-kalkkum idayil grameena janasamkhyayil kuravundaaya oru kaalaghattamaaya kaarshika yaanthrikeekaranathiloode vishadeekarikkappetta kaarshikamekhalayile thozhil shakti nagaratthilekku kudiyeriya (1960-kall vare athu vardhichukondirunnu). "vayalukalude rajakumari" 2000-kalude thudakkathil nagaravalkkaranatthinte nirakkaya "aii. dii. 1" ll ethi. irupathaam noottaandinte avasana dashakangalil 1989 muthal athivega nagaravalkkaranavum riyal estettu oohaapohangalum moolam undaaya theevramaaya maandyamaanu vivaadaparamaaya vashangalil onnu (20 sathamaanam nishkriyaraayirunnu). 2004ll 58,730 perr apakadakaramaaya avasthayil thaamasichirunnu. palappozhum nagara arayo manalinu sameepam thamasikkunna kettidangal samrakshana mekhalakalum sthalammaattathino nishedhikkaano ulla kaaryakshamamallatha nayangalumulla sthalangalaayirunnu.
2040 aakumbozhekkum janasamkhya 460,000 nivasikalaayi uyarum, ithu 2019ll rajisttar cheythathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 31 sathamaanam vardhanavu, deseeya saraashariyekkaal 3.4 sathamaanavum pravachicha samsthaana saraashariyekkaal 11 sathamaanavum kooduthalaanu.
varnnavum varnnavum.
1824-ll saavo pouloyude pradeshathe (ippol samsthaanam) aarkkaivukal anusarichu, veluthavarude oru cheria vihitam (4.8%), swatantra afro-brazilian (0.1%) enniva 80 shathamaanathilethi. saant aan edavakayude charitraparamaaya vivarangal 92.52% vellakkaare thurannukaattunnu, maargosinte 6.66% umm afro-brazeeliyanmaarude 0.82% umm maathram. naattukaarude ennam vilayiruthiyitilla. athe varsham thanne, afro-braseeliyakkaaril% I. D. 1% umm mappuparayalil% I. D. 2% umm adimakalaayirunnu. ennaal vangalum vilppana kaaranam moolyangal maattaan kazhiyum. 1832 muthal bhoopadangalil oru sathamaanathil thaazhe vare aandolanamcheyyunna thaddesheeyare kaanaan thudangi. europian kolanivalkkaranatthinteyum adimathathinteyum charithram mattu pradeshangalilennapole illaathathinaal, paraanayil polum janasamkhya pradhaanamaayum vellakkaaraan. cascaval, phoos doow iguasu, saavo jose doses pinheise thudangiya kuranja janasamkhyayulla nagarangale apekshichu karuthavarggakkaar cheruthaanu. athesamayam eee nagarangalil vellakkaarude ennam kuravaanu, ennaal "vayalukalile rajakumaariyumaayi" bandhappett motham aalukalude ennathil avarude naalam sthaanathinu aanupaathikamaanu. thaddesheeya janasamkhya kooduthal janasamkhyayulla maaringayekkaal kooduthalaanu, samsthaanathe ettavum valia rund nagarangalekkaal pinnilaanu ponda grossa. paraanayile anchu valia nagarangalkk munnilulla nivaasikalude ennathinte anupaathathil manja janasamkhya ettavum cheruthaanu, nagarangalumayi aduthulla moolyangal 100,000 muthal 200,000 vare nivaasikal, paraanayile chila nagarangal, prathyekichu samsthaanathinte vadakku. svayam report cheyyappetta velutha janasamkhya madhyathil kooduthalum (91.3%) nagaratthinte thekk ettavum thaazhnnathum kaaraa-kaaraa (72.6%) aanu. ponda grossayudeyum palmyrayudeyum paridhikkidayil, theerathu ninnum aadya peedabhoomiyil ninnum varunna kvilombola abhayaarthikalaaya karuthavarggakkaarkku santa cruisilum suttililum kooduthal aavishkaaramundu.
aantharika kudiyettam.
aantharika janasamkhyayude aakasmikathayude kudiyettam saameepyathinteyum ozhukkukaludeyum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya yukthi pinthudarunnu. rajistrikal edavakayude paridiyilulla pradeshamaayathinaal saadhaaranayaayi thekk santa kaattarina athirthi vare pookunna munisippaalittiyude paridhi kaaranam janasamkhyayilum mattangal sambhavichu. 1823num 1879num idayil ore rajyath thamasikkunnatho paraanayile eathenkilum nagaratthil (305 perr allengil 8.9%) allengil saavo pouloyil ninnu uthbhavichatho aaya ponda grossayile nivaasikalil kooduthal aalukal janasamkhya vardhanavinu ettavum kooduthal sambhavana nalkia parana nagarangalil 462 perr (13.5%) kaastro (charitraparavum saambathikavumaaya kaaranangalal), thudarnnu campo largo, palmyra, laapa, saavo jose doses pinheise, kuritiba, itapettininga, ittapeva, sorokaba enniva. ennaal nagaratthile janasamkhya rund samsthaanangal mathramaayirunnilla. pradhaanamaayum samsthaanathinte vadakku bhaagathulla nagarangalaya passo fundo, vacaria, cruze alta ennivayumaayi "tropyrismo" yude anantharafalamaayi rioo grande doow sall athil pankaalittham nedi. vayaamo, ponda grossa ennivayude vazhiyil uyarnnuvanna mattu nagarangalum santa kaattarinayile lags (6 purushanmaarum 4 sthreekalum) polulla resident princessinoyude uthbhavasthaanathaanu. sameepakaala charithratthil, samsthaanathe mattu aakarshakamaaya nagarapradeshangalilum sambhavikkunnathupole, mesorijiyan kendrangalilekkulla ozhukkinte chalanaathmakathayude anantharafalamaayi 1990 num 2010 num idayil ponda grosaykku antharsamsthaana kudiyettakkaar labhichu.
kudiyettam.
pathonpathaam noottaandileyum irupathaam noottaandileyum ettavum valia kudiyettakkaarude koottamaanu russiakkaar, jarmmankaar, dhruvangal, austriyakkaar ennivar. nagaratthile prinsippalukalilonnaaya shantana rajistriyile sivil registry prakaram, 1889 num 1920 num edayilulla varanmaarude ettavum valia registry munbathe moonnil ninnullathaanu, ithu sthireekaranam theliyikkunnu. kudiyettakkaarude ettavum valia thiramaalakal anusarichu vividha pathittaandukalil kuthichuchaattamulla 257 dhruvangalum 102 jarmmankaarum 64 austriyakkaarum avaraanu. 1870 muthal, saamrajya raashtreeyakkaar avarude noothana kaarshika saankethikavidyakalum pradeshangal niraykkaan sramikkunnathum kanakkileduthu raajyathekkulla europian kudiyettatthe prothsaahippichu. janavaasamundengilum, palappozhum vanangalum parana polulla janavaasamillaatha pradeshangalum kondu chuttappettirunnu. adisthaana bhakshyavasthukkalude abhavamaayirunnu mattu kaaranagal. janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum yerba mettu ulppaadanathil shradha kendreekarichu, koodaathe soujanya thozhilinu adimakal undaayirunnilla. mattu valia nagara kendrangale adisthaanamaakki nagarathinu franch shailiyilulla "purogathi" enna aadarshathodeyaanu kudiyettakkaare konduvannathu. 1878ll volga nadiyude theerathulla russian-jarmman janataye chertthu, okdaaviyo koolani thamasikkunna 2831 kudiyettakkaar, nagaratthile aadyathethum (praadeshikamaayi 17 kendrangalaayi vibhajikkappettava), vilaveduppu parajayappettathinaal sambannamaaya sthalangalilekku neengi, pakaram pine nottu vazhi kalkari uthppaadippikkunnathil thozhilaallikale thedi, ithavana bhookhandathinte madhya-thekk bhaagathulla europianmaar jarmman, itaaliyan, dhruvangal ennivar. ettavum prashasthanaaya tyooda-brazilian brazililekku veendum kudiyeriya henrique tialan aayirunnu, addeham antartikka breweryude directoraayirunnu. allengil nagaratthil thaamasichirunna kuritibayile oru sopp faaktariyil ninnulla oru itaaliyan eugenio bochi enna bisinasukaaran. ithe kaalayalavil dome pedro randaaman nagaratthilundaayirunnu, prathyekichu munisippaalittiyude kizhakkum vadakkukizhakkum bhaagathulla daridrarude paraathikal kettu. takwari moma mikacha avasthayilaayirunnu. curitibayilekku vaaganukal kondupoya inayude gathaagathathinu adalide koolani verittunilkkunnu. gwaarauna, gwaarauninha, takwari, rioo verde, euridise, trindade, donna adalide, botukwara, tavares bastos, floresta, ittayaakokka, moyma, tibaghi ennee kolanikal okdaaviyo kolaniyodoppam 975 pere munisippaalittiyudeyum sameepapradeshangaludeyum santhulithaavasthayilekku cherkkunnu.
1885num 1886num idayil ponda grossa nagaratthil oru immigration sosaitti roopeekarichu. kudiyettatthe "nirbandhitha"makkaanulla pracharanam srishtikkendathum reyilveyude nirmmanavum federal gavanmentinte utharavaadithamaayirunnu. nagaratthinte urachunilppinum prathyekichu vaanijyathinum reyilveyil ippozhum pradhanamaayirunnu. aaram noottaandinte avasana dashakathil siriyakkaarude varavu adayaalappeduthunnu. avar roadylake thozhilaallikale athikkukayum krishiyidangaludeyum haberdasheryudeyum uthppaadanathinu perukettavaraayirunnu. yuvaraanas, donna louisa, ronda thudangiya ayalpakkangal kudiyettakkaraanu roopeekarichathu. saadhaaranayaayi chila prathyeka saankethika jolikalumaayo sevanavumaayo bandhappettirikkunnathil praadeshika thozhil shakti roopappedunnu. juthanmaarum greekkukaarum athupole syriakkaarum lebanakkarum praadeshika vaanijyathil pradhanamaayirunnu. mattu vamseeya vibhagangalil bhakshanakramathil prathifalikkunna arabikalum ulppedunnu. uthbhavathil ninnu swathanthramaayi, kudiyettakkaaril valiyoru bhaagathinu ponda grosayude saambathika aditharaykku praadhaanyamundaayirunnu, thayyal muthal kashaappukaaran vare niravadhi vaanijya sthaapanangalum sevanangalum athe vyaavasaayika pravartthanangalum srishtichu. athinaal, nagaratthinte saamoohika pravartthakaraayi uyarnnuvarunnu. vividha saamoohika vibhagangalumaayum vamseeya vibhagangalumaayum sahavarthithvathil.
jarmmankaar.
mattu thekkan-brazilian nagarangalkkidayil ponda grossa thiranjedukkunnathu caspian kadalil ninnu valare akaleyallaatha thaazhnna volgaykk samanamaaya jaiva kaalavasthayaanu. avarkk vaasasthalangal labhichappol, avar rund theerangalilum oru neenda theruvu ("strasendorff") sthaapichu. jarmman kudiyettakkaaril chilar donna francisca koolani (1875 muthal innathe joyinville nagaratthil) yill ninnu veendum kudiyeri. kuritibayil ninnu ponda grosayilekku kuthirasavaari cheythukondu jose miroyude krishiyidathil sthaapicha jenz janson 1877-ll colonia momayilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, aaa samayam nagaratthilekku nerittu nayichu. santa kaattarinayil ninnu vanna chilath pole niravadhi kudumbangal vyathyastha sthalangalilekku poruthappedukayaayirunnu. ennaal 1877 num 1879 num edayilaayirunnu pradhaanamaayum eee vaasasthalam. chila kolanikal mathaparamaya vasham kaaranam verpeduthi, udaaharanathinu, tawaras baastos lutheran paarambaryatthile mattu grouppukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya catholica aayirunnu. oru kudiyettakkaarane parppikkunnathinulla chelavu 60 milyanaayirunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu. volga jarmmankaarkk alfredo heinsler nalkia sahayam sradheyamaanu. 1927ll adhehavum kudiyettakkaarum kudiyettatthinte nooram vaarshikam aakhoshichu. volga jarmmankaarude ettavum pazhaya vaasasthalamaaya ottaaviyo colonic purame, aaa kaalaghattatthile kudiyettakkaaril oralaaya august jaansante veedu ulla chapada parisarathulla euridis koolani polulla mattu kudiyetta graamangalum undaayirunnu. mattu kolanikalil moyma, tawarez bastos, conches/yuviya, donna louisa thudangiya ettavum pazhaya kolanikalaal upavibhagangalaayi roopeekarikkappettu. 322 vaasasthalangalulla ettavum valia vaasasthalangalilonnaanu gwaarauna, thudarnnu adalide (142), tawarez baastos (112) ennivayundu. kudumbakrishiyum kannukaalikalum adisthaanamaayirunnu. ithum mattu kolanikalkkum gothamb nattupidippichathiloode vijayam labhichilla, athu mattu daanyangalaal maattisthaapichu. saadhaaranayaayi kaarshikamallaathathum nagaratthilekkulla parivarthanatthilumaaya pradesangalilaanu vyapaaram nadannirunnathu. avaril palarum athe noottaandinte avasaanathode nagaratthilekku thamasam maari. eee kudiyettakkaarude thadippani cheyyaanulla kazhivu amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu. paraajayathetthudarnnu brazeel republicil avasheshicha 615 kudumbangalil 323 ennam maathramaan. avar thangalude vilakal vijayikkaan sramichathinaal avar saadhaaranayaayi sthirathayullavaraayi kaanapettu. campos jeraayisile mosham mannil prathyaaghaatham undaakumbozhaanu dome pedro II. likhitha prasidheekaranangalil aavarthicha avarude vamseeya uthbhavathinte achaarangal nashtappedaathirikkaan volga jarmmankaare prothsaahippichu. 1917ll ponda grossa 84 jarmman bhashakalil rajisttar cheyyappetta ithu curitibaykku pinnil randaamathe valia jarmman samoohamaanu. adutha varsham 29 puthiya rajisttar cheytha kudiyettakkaarumaayi moonnaam sthaanathulla gwarapuwaye marikadannu 1917 num 1918 num idayil paraanayude police recordinte 9.7% vum koottichertthu.
thoonukal.
phalabhooyishtatha kuravaayathinaal varanda vayalukalekkurichu parathippetta jarmmankaar upekshicha kolaniyaaya moyma enna vaasasthalathaanu 1878-ll eee thoonukal sthirathaamasamaakkiyathu. thekkan polandile tarnovil ninnu varunna ekadesham 26 kudumbangal (84 perr) kuritiba metropolittan pradeshathu evideyengilum kaathirikkukayum vamseeya vibhaagathil aadyatheyaalaakukayum cheythu. 1891 januvariyil, oru puthiya koottam thoonukal ethi, kooduthal kolanikalil vitharanam cheythu, thalphalamaayi, kooduthal aalukalil ponda grossa munisippalittiyile takwari (125), gwaarauna (140), rioo verde (78), beautukwara (73), ittayaakokka (46), euridis (23). innu munisippaalittiyumaayi kootticherkkappetta konchakalil adalide (99), floresta (29) ennividangalilekku pooyi. kendratthil ninnu 6.2 mile (10 kilometer) akaleyulla gwaarauna, takwari kolanikal aanu ettavum kooduthal kudiyettakkaar. chila kolanikalkku aasoothranamillaayirunnu, vaikkol, maram enniva kondu moodappettathum, daaridryaavasthayil "ranchos" (kudiyettakkaar avarude nirmmicha veedukal kaathirikkaan sthithicheyyunna sthalam) vare pookaan sramichathumaaya vaattil, daab enniva upayogichaanu avaa nirmmichathu. dhruvangalude paithrukamenna nilayil avide yeshuvinte vishudha hridaya palli, melkkooraykk sameepam kaanapedunna lambrekwinukal, poolish navothaana samooham (1934 ll nirmmicha oru dance club) ennivayundu. thoonukalude pingaamikalude samgamasthalamaayi club varshangalolam pravarthichu, athu nirmmikkaan niravadhi aalukal aavashyamaayirunnu. 2012ll polandu samoohathinte annathe presidentaaya gaari dworek navothaana klabbine attimarikkunnathine athirthirunnu. sthaanabhrashtanaakkashappetnatum parishkaarangal konduvaraan kazhiyillennu addeham vishwasikkunnu. 2017ll poolish club thakarkkappedanulla apakadatthilaayirunnu (athu nishedikkappettu), angane parishkaarangal velippeduthi. 2012ll campos gerais museum paarambaryangal, nritha naadodikkadhakal, aadyathe kudiyettakkaarude gadakangal, poolish vaasthuvidya enniva pradharshippichu. pisanki", "vaisinanki", "lepianga" ennee saadhaarana vasthrangalkoppam, chrismus wafer aaya maathroshkayude oru pathipum undaayirunnu alankaarathinte aadya pathippukalilonnaya opletku, chrismus trea. brazeelile poolish samoohathinte saamoohikavalkkaranathinte oru roopamaayirunnu eee kaalaghattangal. ponda grossayil "sovirsdressal dablyu parani" ("paraanayile budhimuttullava") undaayirunnu.
janasamkhya pyramid.
ponda grossa braseelinte thekkan pakuthiyum oru janasamkhyaaparamaaya parivartthana kaalaghattatthilaanu jeevikkunnath, avide ettavum valia janasamkhya kuttikalude mekhalayililla, pakshe praayapoorthiyaayavaril ettavum uyarnna kodumudikalil ithuvare athiyittilla, ithu bhaaviyile oru pravanathayaanu. sthreelingathil kooduthal anupaathathilaanengilum praayamaayavarude ennam vardhichukondirikkanu. 65 vayassinu mukalilulla janasamkhya 21416 aayi (2010, vaardhakya soochikayude 6.87%) athunnu. nilavil, 2010 leeii sensus kanakkiledukkumbol, ettavum valia prayaparidhi 15 num 24 num idayil praayamullavaraan, athinaal kaumaarakkaarkkum yuvakkalkkum idayil ithu oru aadhipathyamaan, ithu janasamkhyaykku pyramidinu kazhinja rund pathittaandukalile muun pyramid aakruthiyekkaal "behive" aakruthi nalkunnu. 5 muthal 9 varsham (munbu), 10-14 varshangalkk (sesham) polulla uyarnna valarchayude mattu ghattangalund. ennirunnaalum, 80 vious athil kooduthalumulla nivaasikalude ennam 1 vayass praayamullavarude ennathil ninnu (4109 umm 4376 umm) vyathyasthamalla. 30 vayassinu mukalilulla sthree lingathinte aadhipathyam undu, shishuvarga-juvenile ghattathil ithinu vipareethamaaya sahacharyam, avide 7 vayass maathram praayamulla purusha lingam nashtappedunnu. motham baalansil, 1991 nuu samanamaaya anupaathathil 160249 linganivaasikalulla sthreekal (51.43%) aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. motham sthreekalude ennathil ninnu 9,000 kuravaaya purushanmaar motham 151362 (48.57%) aanu. kazhinja dashakathil kaumaarakkaarude saambathika vishayathe aasrayikkunna anupatham pakuthiyil thazheyaayi kuranju, 1991ll ithu 60 shathamaanamaayirunnu.
matham.
aadyathe vaasasthalangalilum krishiyidangalude aavirbhaavathilum pradhana kolanikkaar ibeeriyakkaarum brazeelile mattu pradeshangalude pingaamikalum aayathinal pradhana matham roman catholica sabhayaan. nagaratthinte sthaapanareethiyil polum ithu prathifalikkunnu (edavakayudeyum catholica rakshaadhikaarikaludeyum sthaanavumaayi bandhapetta vaasasthalam). pathinettaam noottaandil sthaapithamaaya campos geraayisukalil ettavum pazhakkamullathaanu spanish jesuitukal sthaapicha santa barbera chaappal ennathinaal ithu "vayalukalude raajakumaariyude" charitravumaayi parasparabandhithamaan. utharavu polum sent. anna. catholica paarambaryatthil yeshuvinte muthasshi ennu ariyappedunna athe ponda grosayude rakshaadhikaariyaanu, mathatthinte sakthamaaya swaadheenathaal juulai 26 munisippal avadhiyaan. graamatthinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthunna "tropyros" enna muun abhayakendrathilaanu 1823 ll chaappalinte nirmmaanam nadannathu. mathaparamaya paarambaryatthinte bhagamaaya mattu kettidangal shudhamaaya garbhadhaarana sabayum ("yuvaraanakalude cheria palli") yeshuvinte sabhayude vishudha hridayavumaanu ("dhruvangalude palli"). divyaathmaavinteyum vishudhayaya anneyudeyum perunnalaayi ellah varshavum mathaparamaya uthsavangal nadakkunnu. eee nagaratthil punarutthaana ashramavum bybilinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru smaarakavum undu. 1929 desember 16 nuu ponda grossa roopatha srishtikkappettu, 1930 februvari 23 nuu kardinal henrique gaspari chumathalayettu. bishop antonio massaroto mathaparamaya seminaarikalum mathasahodarikalude sammelanangalum roopeekarikkaan edangal nirmmichu. 2003 septambar 5 muthal bishop sergio arther braschi ponda grossa roopathayude bishappaan.
2010leeii sensus prakaram 209,678 perr roman catholicaraayi (67.29%) svayam thirichariyunnu. 74842 anuyaayikalulla (24.02%) pothuvaayi ivaanchalikkal sabhayaan randaamathe valia samkhya. aayirathiladikam vishwaasikalulla mathanyoonapakshangalil prethaathmathvam (2.35%), pilkkala vishudharude yeshukristhuvinte sabha (0.89%), yahovayude sakshikal (0.48%), mattu kristhyan mathangal enniva samgrahichirikkunnu (0.47%). noorukanakkinu aalukal budhamatham (0.10%), pongacham (0.04%), nigoodatha (0.06%), maarppaappayude sreniye anusarikkaatha catholica pallikal (0.14%), puthiya kizhakkan mathangal (0.04%) ennivaye pinthudarunnu. mattu mathavibhagangal saadhaaranayaayi aanupaathikamaaya kudumbangalil ottappettirikkunnu, avar ore bandhuthwathil ninnullavaro sathamaanathinte adisthaanathil kurachu aavishkaaramullavaro aanennapole. mathamillaathavarude ennam munisippalittiyile pradhana kraisthavarallaatha mathavishwaasikalude ennathekkaal kooduthalaanu. oru mathathinteyum (3.67%) oru sthaapanavumaayi thangalkk bandhamillenn prakhyaapikkunna 11422 perr, patthilonnil kooduthal perr maathrame oru nireeswaravaadiyo (0.29%) allengil anjeyavaadiyo (0.06%) aayi svayam thirichariyunnulloo. onniladhikam mathangale eshtappedunna aalukal 0.32% ll athukayum 0.04% ariyaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu. kristhyaanikalaayi pothuve tharamthirickunna mathangal nagaratthile janasamkhyayude 286,414 aalukal allengil <aii. dii. 1>% vare cherkkunnu. mattu mathangalkk 4.41% enna moolyam cherkkunnu.
semana dii oraco pelaa unidade kristaa" (engleeshil "kristhyan ikyathinaayulla praarthanayude aazhcha") pole kristhyan mathangale kooduthal aduppikkunna sambhavangal undaayittund. sthaapanangal thammilulla baibil chinnangal ulppedunna ecumenical anuranjanathinte oru padhathi. munisippaalitti roopatha hermittej veendum sajeevamaakkunnathinekkur padikkunnu, ithu bii. aarr-376 vazhi kadannupokukayum vila velha paarkk kaanukayum neelamulla koninte aakruthiyilulla ghadana kaanukayum cheiyunna aalukalkk pradhanamaayi kaanapedunnu. 1983 juulai 25nuu bishop jeraldo pellanda roopakalppana cheytha oru kshethramaayi ithu maari. mathaparamaya vinodasanjaara padhathiyilum ithu baadhakamaan. idaykkide aakhoshangalum othucheralukalum retreatukalum paripaadikalum nadatthanam. ennirunnaalum, ithu samsthaanathe utharavaadithamulla paristhithi ejansiyude saankethika vishakalanathin kaimari. 2018 october aadya aazhchayil, 300,000 raise (77800 dollar) bajattulla hermittejinte parishkaranatthinu amgeekaaram nalkukayum praadeshika tourism foundeshante pinthunayode 2019 ll mathaparamaya toorisathinaayi veendum thurakkaan saadhyathayund. 1970kalude avasaanathilaanu eee sanketham uyarnnuvannathu.
sambadghadana.
parana samsthaanathe pradhana saambathika shakthikalilonnaanith. ponda grossayude sambadvyavastha ellaayppozhum krishiyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasana dashakathilaanu annathe cheria pattanatthil kuthichuchaattam undaayath. reyilveyude udghaadana samayamaanith. ivide krishi cheythirunna yerba mettu, soyabean, maram, daanyangal thudangiya uthppannangal ippol munisippalittiyil samskarikkappedukayum vyavasaayavalkkaranathinte aadya tharamgatthilekku praveshikkukayum cheiyunnu. logistics kambanikaludeyum paladium shopping sentar polulla shopping sentarukaludeyum sthaapanam sambadvyavasthaye kooduthal shakthippeduthi, prathyekichu vyaapaarathinte kaaryatthil. aalohari gdpyude kaaryatthil, 34,941.59 reisumaayi ithu 63-aamm sthaanathaanu, ithu araukkariya, saavo jose doses pinheise thudangiya saambathika thuramukhathile mattu nagarangalumayi bandhapetta saamoohika asamathvam kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, moolyam belo horijondinode aduthaanu, ithu asamathvam ithuvare ettavum gurutharamallenn soochippichekkaam, madhya-thekk purathulla mattu nagarangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ithu kooduthalaanu. sambathinte kaaryatthil, 2015ll vyavasaayam nagaratthe nagaratthil anchaam sthaanavum sevanangalude munpanthiyum (aaram sthaanam) kaarshika mekhala (pathinezhaam sthaanam) srishtichu, motham backie ezhu sthaanathaanu. deseeya rankingle nagaratthinte kaaryatthil (72-aamm sthaanam) 100 valia sambadvyavasthakalil onnaanu. 2015ll jii. dii. pii 10,289 dollar 2017ll ithu 6.6 trilyanumaayirunnu. 2018ll tetra paakkinteyum maderoyudeyum valarchayum ambev sthaapikkunnathum vardhichu. athe varsham thanne vyapaaravum sevanangalum ezhaam sthaanathekku thaazhnnu, ponda grossa economic development kaunsilumaayi (sii. dii. pii. jii) eee mekhalakale valarthaanulla uddeshyamundu. pradhaanamaayum moolyavardhitha nikuthi (vaatt) kaaranam ponda grosaykku campos jeraayude gdpyude 56 sathamaanamundu.
1910num 1920num idayil samsthaanathe randaamathe valia sambadvyavasthayaayi ponda grossa maari. 1940ll sambadvyavasthayude punarnirmmaanam prathyakshappettu, 1929leeii prathisandhi ghattathil polum nagarathinu svayam punarnirmikkaan kazhinju. koodaathe, eee pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum thaddesheeya sasyajaalangalude vananaseekaranathinum athupole thanne buenos airsinum landanum vitta paraanayude mattu pradeshangalkkum irayaayi. yaanthrikeekaranathilum mooladhanathinte kendreekaranatthilum uthppaadanathinteyum chumathalakaludeyum gadakangalude vibhajanathilum munisippaalitti pariharam kandu. kizhakkan paraanayude vikasana padhathi ponda grossayile vyaavasaayika jilla kurithibayumayi pankidanamaayirunnu, ennaal vaasthavathil athu paraanayude thalasthaanathu vyavasaayangal kendreekarikkukayum krishiyumaayi bandhapetta faaktarikal ulnaadan bhaagathekku upekshikkukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnu. 1971ll nagaratthinte thekk kaaraa-kaaraa parisarathinadutthaanu vyaavasaayika jilla roopeekarichathu. sitti haal vyavasaayangalkk udamasthaavakaasham nalkunnu. 1970 kalude avasaanathode ponda grossa soyaabeeninte pradhana kaarshika-vyaavasaayika samskarana kendrangalilonnaayi ariyapettu. 1987 vare ithu botukwara industrial distrikt ennu ariyappettirunnuvenkum aaa varsham muthal ithu industrial distrikt mayer sairo martins aayi maari. 1992ll aasootritha samooham bii. aarr-376-nte sariyaaya theeratthinte bhooribhaagavum vyaavasaayika mekhalayaayi nischayichittundenna theerumaanichu. 2001num 2007num idayil vyavasaayangal kaivashappeduthiyirikkunnu pradeshatthinte% vardhanavundaayi.
2010num 2015num idayil aupachaarika jolikalil, prathyekichu sevana mekhalayil ganyamaaya vardhanayundaayi. 34650ll ninnu 39261 audyogika jolikalaayi 13,3 sathamaanam vardhanayundaayi. vyaapaarathil maathram 2010num 2017num idayil aii. dii. 1 enna vardhanayundaayi, aupachaarika thozhil yathaakramam 20,199ll ninnu 23,353 aayi uyarnnu. 2017num 2018num idayil 1137 thozhilavasarangalaayirunnu undaayirunnathu. 2016 juuninum 2017 juuninum edayilulla thuka eee samkhyayude moonnilonnil thaazheyaan. 40-ladhikam vyavasaayangalude vardhanavumaayi bandhapetta ulppaadana vyavasaayathe thudarnnu sevana mekhalaye ithu sevikkunnundo ennu eduthukaanikkunnu.
nilavil, noorukanakkinu dasalaksham dollar sheshiyulla ponda grossa paraanayile kayattumathiyilum irakkumathiyilum anchaamathe valia nagaramaan. 2018 neey apekshichu 2019 ll kayattumathi <aii. dii. 1>% vardhikkukayum irakkumathi <aii. dii. 2> vardhikkukayum cheythu, ithu positteev vyapara balance ganyamaayi vardhippikkaan sahayikkunnu. 80.munisippaalittiyilekk kayattumathi cheiyunna uthppannangalude 9 sathamaanavum chainayilekkum europilekkum pookunnu. athe sathamaanathil, uthppaadanathinte falamaayi soyabean anthaaraashtra ozhukkilekku nayikkunnu, onnukil arinjatho allengil porichatho aaya daanyangal allengil shudhamaaya enna. 37.irakkumathiyude 3 sathamaanavum yanthrangal, vaidyutha vasthukkal muthalaayavayil ninnaan varunnath. sameepa varshangalil vaahanathinte bhagangalilum aaksasarikalilum aduthide vardhanavu kandethiyittundu. ottappedal pariganikkumbol, chainees vaangunnavarekkaal europian rajyangalaanu pontagrassensukalude pradhana pankaalikal. ponda grossa rural union president gustavo ribas netto parayunnathanusarichu, aduthide, loka sambadvyavasthayude naalilonn varunna mercosure europian union thammil oru valia pankaalittham thediyittundu.
ulppaadana mekhalakal.
maasttar plan/paranasidade instittyoottinte 2006 leeii daattayil, ettavum valia vihitam mothakkachavadathilaanu, ennaal chillaravilppana sthaapanangalude ennam valare kooduthalaanu.
vyavasaayam.
paraanayile randaamathe valia vyaavasaayika kendramaayi ponda grossa kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee mekhalayile mooladhanathinte sanjaaram 11.8 bilyan raise (2018) aayi uyarnnu. campos jeraayikalude gdpyude 50 sathamaanathiladhikam thalasthaana nagaratthil ninnaan varunnath. munisippal varumaanathinte balance ekadesham 5 bilyan reas aanu. koodaathe jii. dii. pii. yill 5 sathamaanam vardhanavu kanakkakkunnu. 2014 muthalulla saambathika prathisandhikkidayilum, telemaco borba, jagwariyiwa ennivayulppedeyulla ponda grosaykku 1693 parivartthana vyavasaayangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. 2018 aayappozhekkum nagaratthil 7061 vyavasaayangal undaayirunnu, 61 sathamaanam pankaalittham anchaamathe valia vihithamaan, ithu athe mekhalayile mattu nagarangale apekshichu kooduthal vaividyavalkkaranam prakadamaakkunnu. 2014num 2017num edayilulla ettavum dushkaramaaya kaalayalavilppolum, ettavum sambannamaaya varshamaaya 2012leeii 39,527 neey apekshichu 2017ll 44,836 thozhilavasarangal vardhichu. entrocomentoyude punk kaaranam, curitibayudeyum paranaguva thuramukhathinteyum saameepyam samsthaanathinte valia interior paarkkin kaaranamaakunnuvenn vishwasikkappedunnu, ithu sakthamaaya oru vyavasaayathe anukoolikkunnu. marcio swearevics vidagdha thozhilaalikalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnathil, vyaavasaayika pinthunaykkulla sahakaranathil addeham vishwasikkunnu. eee mekhalaykku mattu saambathika sevanangalkoppam nikshepangalkkum inshuransinum mooladhanam vaagdaanam cheiyunna dhanasahaayamaayi pravartthikkunna oru sahakarana samghavum ithilundu.
2017ll ponda grosayil maathram 56 kayattumathi kambanikal eee mekhalayiludaneelamulla 159 faaktarikalilekku ethi. nagaratthil sthaapicha bunch paraanayile naalaamathe valia kayattumathikkaaranaayirunnu. 2017leeii kanakkukal prakaram, araukkariya, landrina, cascaval, phoos doow igwachu thudangiya nagarangalekkaal munnilayi samsthaanathe naalaamathe valia kayattumathikkaraanu ponda grossa (1 bilyan dollar). athesamayam, ithu anchaamathe valia kayattumathikkaraanu (r $283.2 dasalaksham). 2015 eprilil randaam sthaanathethi (470 dasalaksham raise), paranaguvaykku pinnil. luis dreyfus kambani, cargill agrikalcharal, bunch foods, biosev (luis dreyfus kambani), tetra paaku brazeel, cofco brazeel, cofco internaashanal, elpi brazeel, kraun embalagens, maakitta tools, kondinental oof brazeel, heineken, meridian tii. sii. brewerykal enniva 50 dashalakshathiladhikam kayattumathi cheiyunna kambanikalaanu, chilappol 100 dasalaksham maarkk kaviyunnu, ithu 330 dasalaksham reas aanu.
krishi.
cheria prathyekathakal undaayirunnittum, krishi 2200 sthaapanangale kootticherkkunnu. nilakkadala, arrie, beans, kasava, cholam ennivayaanu pradhana vilakal, soyaabeeninte ettavum valia krishi. samsthaanathu thanne ithu oru pradhana punk vahikkunnundenkilum, motham moolyavardhitha moolyathinte 3 shathamaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, koodaathe athinte praadeshika vipuleekaranathinte 2.1 sathamaanam maathrame prathinideekarikkunnulla. 1960num 1970num idayil ponda grossa "kyaapittal mundiyal daa soja" (engleeshil "soyaabeeninte loka thalasthaanam") aayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. 1971num 1980num idayil soyabean raajnjiyude malsarangalaayirunnu ithu. dhaanyathe saambathika saadhyathakalaayum uthppaadanakshamathayaayum prathinidheekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu ashayam. prashasthiyude munbu suksa menegel ponda grossayil soya raajnjiyude sthaanaarthiyaayi pankedutthu. 2015ll vilson hilgemberg makan alison hilgemberg chernnu uthppaadanakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinulla velluvili uyarthi hectorinu 142 chaakk soyabean enna nilayiletthi. aaa varsham brazeelile ettavum valia oleoginosa uthppaadakaraayirunnu. sharashari uthppaadanam 40 muthal 60 baagukalaan. hectorinu 179 baagukal enna loka record marikadakkaan uddeshikkunnathaayi hilgemberg kudumbam ariyichu. 2017num 2019num idayil oro vilayilum 2 dasalaksham tanniladhikam soyabean uthppaadippichu. videshathu ettavumadhikam kayattumathi cheiyunna pontagrass ulppannangalaaya thavidu, enna ennee derivetteevukalum soyaye prathinidheekarikkunnu, ithu 2018 ll 3.14 bilyan aayi uyarnnu, pradhana lakshyasthanam chainayaan. bunch, cargill, nidera, luis dreyfus, cofco ennee 5 kambanikalkkidayilaanu aanukoolyangal kendreekarichirikkunnathu.
kudumbakrishiyil prothsaahanavum sahayavum nadappaakkiyittund. parana instittyoott oof technical asisttans aandu rural ekstanshan (emettar) aanu saankethika sahayam, thaikal, vithu enniva sambhavana cheiyunnathu. cheria swath uthppannangalude lakshyasthaanangalilonnu pothu skoolukalkullathaanu, "faira verde" (engleeshil "green fair"): bhakshanathinaayi punarupayogikkaavunna kaimaattam anuvadikkunna padhathi-2019 ll 18 uthppaadakarumaayum sainika battaliyanukalumaayum polum. munisippalittiyil "assosiaco dii agrikalchara ecologica konchas welhaz" (engleeshil "konchas welhaz ecological agrikalchar association parichitham") undu, nilavil eee bhakshanagal vaangukayum vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalkku vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunna oru federal gavanment prograamil ulppedunna oreyoru sthaapanamaanithu. 2008ll yuvaayayile grameena jillayilaan ithu roopeekarichathu. 2010num 2015num idayil 854 karshakaraanu paripaadiyil pankedutthathu.
vaanijyavum sevanangalum.
athintethaaya savisheshathakal kaaranam ettavum kooduthal thozhil cheiyunna mekhalayaanithu. mattu mekhalakal pariganikkathe ponda grosayude moolyathil maathram eee vibhaagam campos jeraayisukalude vaattinte pakuthiyiladhikam (pradhaanamaayum vyapaaravum vahana attakuttappanikalum kaaranam) ulkkollunnu. 2000 leeii ipardes daatta nagaratthile vaanijya, sevana pravartthanangale chuttipattiyulla kuranja chalanathmakatha kaanikkunnu, athinaal ithu moolyavardhithathil kaanikkunnu, ithu samsthaanathinte ulpradeshangalile mattu idatharam nagarangale apekshichu kuravaanu. ennaal valia nagarangalumayi bandhappett polum sakthamaaya dvitheeya mekhala ithu santhulithamaakkunnu. 1998ll praadeshikamaayi ettavum valia kambanikalil vyapaaram nadatthaan uddeshichirunna naalu kambanikal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ithu nikuthi chumathunna kuranja moolyathinu kaaranamaakunnu. ithokkeyaanengilum, 2004-ll vyapaaravum attakuttappanikalum munisippalittiyile bisinus gadanayude% prathinidheekarikkunnu. nagaravalkkaranatthinte alavu kaaranam eee mekhala krishiyekkaal pradhaanamaan, ithu ayal munisippaalittikalil valuthaanu. ponda grossa ithinakam thanne 5300 vaanijya, sevana mekhalakalil 56,000 thozhilavasarangal marikadannu. audyogika jolikalude vihithathil moonnaam mekhalayude vihitam 2001ll aii. dii. 1 aayi uyarnnu, 1940 muthal eee kanakk vardhichukondirikkum 1980kalil vyavasaayathinte druthagathiyilulla vipuleekaranam kaaranam idivu undaayittundengilum athu veendum valarnnu. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil thozhilaallikalude samyojanathil.
vinodasanjaaram.
niravadhi vinodasanjaara akarshanangal munisippalittiyil undengilum sandarshikkunna pradhana sthalam vila velha stettu paarkkaan. bisinesses yaathrakalaanu nagaratthil ettavum kooduthal sandarshakare sweekarikkunnathu. vinodasanchaarathinte kaaryatthil, nagaram oru praadeshika kendramaayathinaal pradhaanamaan (paraanayile campos geraayisukalil). maarkkatting & tourism magazin vila welhaik purame, buraco doow padrey, jarmman kolanikal, sent. maarkkatting, prakrithiyekkurichu chinthikkal, charitraparavum saamskaarikavum mathaparavumaya vinodasanjaaram ennivayumaayi bandhapetta ettavum pradhanappetta aakarshanangalaanu aan cathedral abadia daa resurio. 2018-ll tripadivisor vilayiruthalukal prakaram cascaval, paranaguva ennivaykkoppam paraanayile moonnaamathe tourism shreniyil ulppettirunnu. ponda grossa sitti haalil 7 prakrithidatha akarshanangal, 11 mathaparamaya akarshanangal, 11 smarakangal, 3 myoosiyangal, mattu 16 kettidangal (librarikal, vamshanasham sambhavicha railway steshanukal, charitraparavum saamskaarikavumaaya kettidangal ennivayulppede) enniva pattikappedutthiyittundu. munisippalittiyil "conhendo pii. jii" (engleeshil pii. jii ariyal) enna padhathi undu, ithu 2011 muthal praadeshika samoohathe athinte rashtreeya paridhikkullil vinodasanjaara kendrangal sandarshikkaan kondupookunnu, munisippal tourism sekrattari, ponda grossa samsthaana sarvakalaashaalayude tourism vakupp, buzz kambani vii. sii. jii enniva prothsaahippikkunnu. akarshanangal samrakshikkunnathinum vilamathikkunnathinum ulla praadhaanyam eduthukaanikkunnathinayi academic vidagdhar sandarshanangalkkoppam varunnu.
2011ll, paraanayile vinodasanchaarikale prerippikkunna naalaamathe munisippaalittiyaayi ponda grossa prakhyaapichittundel, ithu audyogikamaayi tharamthirichittilla. kooduthal vipananam aavasyamullathinupurame mikka sthalangaludeyum adisthaana soukaryangalum praveshanakshamathayumaanu chila thadassangal. ennirunnaalum, pradhana tourism paripaadikalilonnaaya athe varsham brazeel internaashanal tourism ekschenchil (braitt) nagaram aadyamaayi pankedutthu. ippozhum poornnamaayi paryavekshanam cheyyappedaattha grameena vinodasanjaaram kazhinja noottaandil valarukayaanu. 2001 muthal kooduthalum sandarshakare sweekarikkaan thudangiya grameena uthppaadakare wine nirmmaanashaalakal, chees nirmmaanam, pachakkari thottangal, jellikal, samrakshanangal, colonial kaappi, midaayikal, edukkalum vilaveduppum, prakrithidatha aakarshanangalilekkulla praveshanam enniva anuvadichu.
akarshanangal.
vila velha stettu paarkk.
1953 october 12nuu roopeekaricha vila velha samsthaana paarkk 1966 januvari 18nuu paraanayude charitraparavum kalaparavumaaya paithrukamaayi pattikappedutthukayum 2002num 2004num idayil punarujjeevanathinaayi adachidukayum cheythu. ponda grossayil ninnu 28 kilometerum thalasthaanamaaya paraanayil ninnu 84 kilometerum akaleyaan bii. aarr-376 vazhi praveshanam. paranayile paristhithi instityoottaanu brazilian niyamaprakaaram oru samrakshana unitaaya eee desheeyodyaanam niyanthrikkunnath. vazhiyude bhooribhaagavum, sandarshanam nadakkunnathu pathakal vazhiyaan. mannolippil ninnum kaalaavasthayil ninnum uthbhavikkunna thuranna manalkkallukalude savisheshathakal (palappozhum vasthukkalodu saamyamullava) parakal urukumbol kanikakal purappeduvikkunnu ennathaanu vinodasanchaarikalude shradha aakarshikkunnath. 360 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu (himayugam) carboniferasile manal nikshepathil roopappetta iva. jalathinte pravartthanam theerchayaayum ulppedunnundengilum, eathaanu pradhana ejant ennathil samavaayamilla. athinte pradeshathu "garthangalumaayi saamyamulla manchurukkal" ulla choolakalum undu, eee sthalathu aarr choolakalundu, ennaal randennam maathrame sandarshanathinaayi thurannittulloo, avayilonnil oru panoramic elevator undaayirunnu, nilavil avarkk pravarthanarahithamaanu. parkkil sthithicheyyunna lagowa daurada, oru thaazhvara thoppi koodiyaanu, ithu vellapokka samathalathil aayathinal labhikkuna vasthu upayogichu chelicherthathaanu, lagowa tarumayil sambhavikkunnathin samaanamaan. eee sthalathulla dhaathuvaaya micayil sooryaprakaasham prathifalikkunnathaanu eee perinu kaaranam.
2020 februvari 19 nuu paarkkinte adisthaana soukaryangalekkurichulla swakaarya nadapadiykku samsthaana govarnor raattinjo juuniyar (psd) amgeekaaram nalki. brossil/eiii ennivayil ninnulla ikko paarkkukal paryavekshanam cheyyaan 30 varshamedukkumenkilum paristhithi maanejment pothusthalathu thudarum. maram kayaral, saikling, sipp line thudangiya pravartthanangal nadappaakkanam. ticket vilppana, attakuttappanikal, nireekshanam, aavashyamaaya ellah pinthunayum enniva lelathil vijayicha kambaniyude kadamakalilonnanu. ennirunnaalum, chila professormark gaveshakarkkum, bharanam pothumekhalayil maathram thudaranam. ennirunnaalum, sthalavumaayi poruthappedunnathinupura, saadhyamaaya ettavum kuranja swaadheenam cheluthunna kaalatholam drishyaparathayudeyum sandarshakarudeyum kaaryatthil ithu prayojanakaramaanu.
pithaave, pithaave.
manalkkall daathukkalude vighadanavum thakaraarukaludeyum odivukaludeyum dishayum eee savisheshatha roopappeduthunnathinu kaaranamakunna bhoogarbha mannolipp moolam roopappedunna, vila velha stettu parkkil kaanappedunnathupole, buraco doow padrey oru choolayaanu. ponda grossayude madhyabhaagathu ninnu 24 kilometer akaleyum vila velhayude samrakshitha pradeshathodu thaarathamyena aduthum alvarro scheeferinte udamasthathayilulla oru swakaarya swathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. roadinte oru bhagam pakka cheyyaatha ittayaakkokkaye bandhippikkunna pii. aarr-513 vazhiyaan praveshanam. eee perinte uthbhavam anishchithathvathilaanenkil irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil uyarnnathum otappettathumaaya peedabhoomiyilaayirunnathil mathaparamayavar ithu pinvangalinum angane daivavumaayulla ettavum aduppamullathum vyakthigathavumaya sanbarkkathinum upayogichirikkanam. devonian escarpmentinte avibhaajya samrakshana mekhalayilethupole, dhyanam, pathakal nadattham, kulikkal thudangiya pothu upayogam anuvadikkunna campos gerais desheeyodyaanathilaanu eee aakarshanam cherthirikkunnathu. ponda grossayude kamaanam niyanthrikkunna neey-swi disha pinthudarunna cubra-pedra nadiyude ozhukkiloode 25 meter uyaramulla oru vellachaattamund. 50 meter mukalilaayi mattoru cheria choolayundu.
2010kalude madhyathil pathayum praveshana road paripaalikkendathinte aavasyakatha choondikkaanichu. kulimuri, thadi nadattham, paricharanatthinum janthujaalangalkkumulla niravadhi ariyippukal, bhakshanathinulla sthalangal enniva punarujjeevippichu. vasthukkal moshtikkal, naseekaranam, uchathilulla shabdam ennivayil prasnangal undaayirunnu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
nagaratthil rund pothu kolejukalundu
rund sthaapanangalum braseelinte thekk ninnu pala pradeshangalil ninnum biruda, biruda vidyaarthikale aakarshikkunnu. fakkal collegeukal, fakkal collegeukal santa amelia (secal) eiii santana, centro dii ensino superior doses campos geraiz (seskej), centro yooniversitti campos dii andrade (uniandrade) ennivayude campus ennivayum nagarathilundu.
samskaaram.
ponda grosayil moonnu theaterukal, sinima theaterukal, art gaalarikal, vishwal arts, music expositionukal, evantukal ennivaykkulla edangalundu. ponda grossa stettu yooniversitti (yuu. iii. pii. jii) vishwal arts, music ennivayil mejarukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. ponda grossa symphany oorkkastra, poolimoo martins music school ennivayum nagarathinu svanthamaayi undu.
museum
theaterukal
sinima
kaayika.
praadeshika football team opparaariyo ferroviaro esport klabbaanu. 1994num 2003num idayil ponda grossa esport clubb undaayirunnu.
pothubharanam.
mayerinteyum adhehathinteyum sekratteriyattinteyum neethrthwathilulla oru executive sitti kaunsilinte praathinidyamulla oru niyamanirmmaana shaakhayum chernnathaanu munisippal sarkkar. sitting mayer (padam 2021-2024) elisabath shmidt (psd) aanu. ponda grossa munisippalittiyil naalu varshathe kaalaavadhiyilekku thiranjedukkappedunna 14 alderman (allengil 15) aanu.

