polinteyum senecayudeyum kathidapaadukal

poulinteyum senecayudeyum (allengil avaykkidayilulla) kathidapaadukal, polinteyum senecayudeyum kathukal ennum ariyappedunnu, allengil senekaik ezhuthiya kathu ennum ariyappedunnu, ithu paul apostalanum seneca ilayavanum thammilullathaanennu avakaashappedunna kathukalude oru shekharamaanu. senekkayil ninnulla 8 eppistalukalum poolil ninnulla 6 marupadikalumundu. roman chakravarthiyaaya neeroyude bharanakaalathu sii. iii. yill ninnu rachikkappettathaanennu karuthappedunnu, ennaal yadhaarthathil naalam noottaandinte madhyathilaanu (sii. iii.) ezhuthappettathennu thonnunnu.). navothaanam vare, eee lekhanangal yadhaarthamaayi kaanapettirunnu, ennaal pandithanmaar pathinanjaam noottaandil avaye vimarsanaathmakamaayi parisodhikkaan thudangi, innu avaa vyaajamaanenn kanakkaakkappedunnu.
sangrahavum pashchaathalavum.
aadyakaala kristhyan daivashaasthranjanum suviseshakanum ayirunna pooll oof tarses, kristhyan samoohangalkku eppistalukal ezhuthukayum greak samsaarikkunna kizhakkan medittareniyan mekhalayiludaneelam onniladhikam pallikal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. stoisathinte munnira thathwachinthakaril oralum neero chakravartthiyude adthyaapikayum upadeshtaavum naadakakrithu, roman sarkkar udyogasthanumaayirunnu seneca dhii younger. avaa thammilulla kathidapaadukalil motham pathinaalu aksharangal adangiyirikkunnu (senekkayil ninnu 8, poolil ninnu 6), ithu laattin bhaashayilaan ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. athil kaaryamaaya ulladakkam kuravaanu. iruvarum parasparam prashamsikkunnath ithil pradhaanamaayum ulppedunnu; seneca polinu mail prashamsikkunnu, pooll dayayode prathikarikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, senekkayil ninnulla aadya lekhanam athu prasthaavikkunnu...[poulinte kruthikal] valare uyarnnathum udaathamaaya vikaarangalullathum aayathinal ente abhipraayathil thalamurakalayi manushyarkk avayil sthiratha kaivarikkanum poornnatha kaivarikkanum kazhiyukayilla. njaan ningalkk nalla aarogyam aashamsikkunnu, sahodara."adisthaanaparamaayi, eee kathukalude pradhana thalpparyam avaa nilanilkkunnu ennathaanu pooll pradhaanamaanennum prashastha thathwachinthakanaaya senekkayumaayi kathukal kaimaran mathiyaya bahumanam undaayirunnuvennum seneca oru purajaatheeyanaayirunnittum polinte mahathvam manassilakkaan paryapthanaayirunnuvennum iruvarum suhrithukkalaayirunnavum avaa prathyakshatthil theliyikkunnu. 
avasheshikkunna kaiyezhuthuprathikalil palathum, ennaal ellaam allah, kathidapaadukalude chila kathukalile theeyathikal ulppedunnu. ivayil aadyathethu "neero III, messala ennivarude konsalshippil juun 27" (pothuvarsham 58) umm ettavum puthiyath "frugi, basses ennivarude konsalshippil 28 march" (pothuvarsham 64) umm aanu. neero aarambhichathayi aaropikkappedunna rominte mahaa agnibaadhayekkurichu nerittu charcha cheiyunna, ennaal kristhyaanikale kuttappeduthunna, pothuvarsham 64-leeii pathinonnaamatthe lekhanamaanu adisthaanaparamaaya ulladakkam ulkkollunna oru kathu.
roman saamraajyathinte avasaanathilum madhyakaalakhattathilum sweekaranam.
avarekkurichu ariyappedunna ettavum aadya paramarsham jerominte "oonn ligrius menz" enna adthyaayam 12-ll, ekadesham 392 sii. iii. yille
suedo-linasineppole hippoyude augusteenum kathidapaadinekkurichu hrasvamaayi paraamarsikkunnu. naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum noottaandukalude avasaanathil, atharam oru kathidapaadukal vidyaasambannaraaya roman kristhyaanikalkk vishwasaneeyavum rasakaravumaayirunnu. poulos senekayude sahodaranaaya gallio hrasvamaayi kandumuttiyenn apposthalanmaarude pravrithikal avakaashappedunnu. hellenistic joothamathatheppole thanne stoisisavum kristhumathatthinte nilapaadukaleyum padawali swaadheenikkaan sahaayicha kristhumathatthinte munnodiyaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu; udaaharanathinu, "manassakshi" ("manassakshi") yadhaarthathil oru stoik padamaayirunnu, koodaathe (purajaatheeya) roman mathathekkurichulla stoisisathinte vimarsanangal kristhyaanikalum svayam ettedukkaan utsukaraayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil laattin vaayanayulla pradeshangalkkidayil (greak vaayanayulla baisaantain eesttinekkaal padinjaaran europe) eee kathidapaadukal prachaaratthilundaayirunnu, ithu madhyakala kristhyaanikalkkidayil senekaik nalla prashasthi labhikkaan kaaranamaayi. madhyakala ezhuthukaaraaya peettar oof cluney, peettar abellard, petrarch ennivarellaam eee kathidapadumaayi parichitharaanu. jiovanni kolonna, jiovanni bokashiyo thudangiya chila madhyakala ezhuthukaar sii. iii. 65-ll aathmahathya cheiyunnathinu munbu seneca kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheythathayi avakashappettu, bhaagikamaayi kathidapaadukalude adisthaanathil.
pandithochithamaaya vishakalanam.
eee kathidapaadukal vyaajamaanenn pandithanmaar eathaandu saarvathrikamaayi vishwasikkunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandil navothaanakaalathu, kooduthal samshayathmakamaaya vishakalanam kathidapaadukalude sathyasandhathayekkurichu samshayam uyarthi. lorenzo vallah polulla pandithanmaar ezhuthu shaili senecayumaayo polinumaayo poruthappedunnillenna kandethi, koodaathe kathukale irasmus apalapichu. yadhaartha seneca cheyyaatha vasthuthayudeyum kalagananayudeyum pishakukal pilkkala pandithanmaar kandethi, ennaal noottaandukalkku sesham roman charitra rachanayumaayi sankeernamaayi parichithamallaattha oru vyaajan undayirikkaam. charithratthil kathukal ethra vaikiyaan prathyakshappettathenn pandithanmaar samshayavaadathode shradhichu; naalam noottaandinte thudakkathil ezhuthiya oru kristhyan ezhuthukaaranaaya lactantius, seneka pathivayi udharikkukayum adhehatheyum polineyum kriyaathmakamaayi vilayiruthukayum cheythittum atharam kathidapaadukalonnum paraamarsikkunnilla. ithu soochippikkunnathu naalam noottaandinte madhyathil avayude srishti, lactantius aparichithanaayirunnirikkam jerom avaye niyamaanusrithamaayi karuthum.
sii. iii. 64-leeii pathinonnaamatthe aksharathil mattu aksharangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya laattin ezhuthu shailiyund, backie kathidapaadukalude kaalakramathinu purathaanu. ithu mattoru vyaajakkaaran aaa kathu ezhuthiyittundaakaamennu chinthikkaan pandithanmaare prerippikkunnu. 13, 14 episttilukalkkum mattullavayekkaal kurachu vyathyasthamaaya shailiyund, avayum pinneedu cherthirikkaamennu soochippikkunnu. koodaathe, pathinaalaamatthe lekhanam poulinte suvisheshathekkurichu asaadhaaranamaamvidham nerittullathaanu, "yeshukristhuvinte oru puthiya ghoshakanaakaan" addeham senekayodu ahvaanam cheythuvenkilum seneka oru vishudhanaayi pattikappeduthunnathine pinthunaykkunnathinaayi panthrandaamatthe lekhanam maathram jerom udharikkunnu, ithu naalam noottaandinte avasaanathil vaayicha kathidapaadukalude jeromile pathippil avasana rund aksharangal ithuvare ulppeduthiyittillena samshayathilekku nayichu.
vyaajarekha chamachathinte uddeshyam anjjaathamaanu.jeey. bii. adolph voonn harnack amgeekaricha oru nilapaadaaya "onnukil kristhyan vaayanakkaarkk seneca shupaarsha cheiyukayo allengil senekkayile vidyaarthikalkku kristhumatham shupaarsha cheiyukayo cheyyuka" aayirikkumenn lightfoot ezhuthi. ezhuthukal oru vaachaadopa parisheelanamaayirikkaamenn claude barlo karuthi; adisthaanaparamaayi, avarude karakaushalavidya parisheelikkunna oru thudakkakkaranaaya ezhuthukaarante oru saangalppika lekhanam athinte uthbhavam thirichariyaattha vaayanakkaarkk rakshapettu.jeey. keey. purajaatheeya thathwachinthayekkaal kristhumathatthinte shreshtatha kaanikkunnathinaanu ithu cheythathennu eliot ezhuthi."aksharangalude srishti aadyakaala kristhyan kshamaapanatthinte bhaagamaayirikkaamenn bart erman abhipraayappedunnu. eee sidhaanthathil, kristhumathathinethiraaya oru roman purajaatheeya tarkkavishayam pooll thante kaalaghattatthil prathyekichu praadhaanyamullavanallenna avakaashavaadamaayirunnu. mahanaaya" aalukal maathrame kelkkaan arharaanenna eee vaadathinte oru paridhivare unnatha padangal vyaajavaadikal amgeekarikkukayum polinte naalile ettavum valia thathwachinthakan pooline amgeekarikkukayum prashamsikkukayum cheythukondu prathikarikkukayum cheythu, athinaal kshamaapanakkaarante uddeshyam niravettaan verum prashamsipp mathiyaayirunnu.
stoisism, kristhumatham, kodathi gossip ennivayekkurichulla charcha polulla rasakaramaaya onnum ulppeduthathathinaalum pathrapravartthanatthinte moolyathe vimarshakar pothuve parihasikkunnu. irasmus ezhuthi, "addehathinu engane eee kathukal kooduthal durbalamo nissahaayathayo ulla reethiyil nirmmikkaan kazhiyumennu enikku manassilakunnilla."philipp shaff thante" "histtari oof dhaa kristhyan charchu" "enna kruthiyil paranju" "avar chinthayilum shailiyilum valare daridraraanu, kalagananayileyum charithrathileyum pishakukal niranjavarum, theerchayaayum oru vyaajaprachaaranavumaanu"."jeey. bii. chinthayudeyum shailiyudeyum daaridryam, kalagananayileyum charithrathileyum pishakukal, stoik thathwachinthakanteyum kristhyan aposthalanteyum aapekshika sthaanangalekkurichulla muzhuvan ashayavum" vimarshikkunna kathidapaadukalude mothatthilulla moolyathekkurichu lightfoot kadutha vimarshanamaayirunnu."

