
steevanstan

skotlandile north ireshireile oru pattanavum edavakayumaanu steevanstan (shh. shh. shh. shh). ardrosan, salt kottukal ennivaykkoppam, clyde theeratthinte pinbhaagathulla "moonnu pattanangalil" onnaanith; steevanstaninte kizhakke bhagangal kilvinginte padinjaaran bhaagangalil ninnaan, eiii78 trunk rooad vaasasthalangalkkidayil oodunnu.
charithram.
1170 oode cunninghame prabhuvum skotlandile konstabilumaaya richard dii morvilleyil ninnu bhoomi graant nediya steefaan locard allengil lockhartinte perilaanu eee pattanam ariyappedunnathu. sii. yude oru charteril eee pattanatthe aadyamaayi paraamarsikkunnu. 1240.
hallarharstinaduthulla kotta kunnu orikkal oru cheria kallu gopuratthinte sthalamaayirunnirikkaam. 1832ll dabbukalkkaduthulla oru manalkkunnathinadiyil oru kallu nadappaatha, shavapettiyum valia paarakalum kandethi. aardiyarinte manalil niravadhi flint upakaranangal kandethiyittundu.
1768ll miss lessie beyliyude janmasthalamaayirunnu meville house ennathaanu roobert bensumaayulla pattanatthinte pradhana bandham. 1792ll roobert bains avare kandumuttukayum oru suhruthinodu avare "lokathile ettavum sundariyum gambheerayumaaya sthree" ennu visheshippikkukayum cheythu. boony lessie' ennu visheshippikkappedunna addehathinte onno rando pranayakavithakalk avar prachodanamaayi. synclair streettinum glenkiern streettinum idayilaanu ippol avarude oormmayil oru smaarakam sthithi cheiyunnathu.
800 varshathilere neenda charithramulla keralo kottayude avashishtangal pattanatthinte vadakku bhagathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. oru kaalath alexander hamiltoninteyum pinneedu kennathu campbel vii. sii. rafverinteyum kudumbatthinteyum veedaayirunna keralo house aduthaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, 1970 kalude thudakkathil veedu polichumaatti.
marammaram thottam, ardir staaling ennivaykku sameepam orikkal piperheag ennariyappettirunna oru kugramam nilavilundaayirunnu. trumps allengil joothanmaarude veenakalude nirmmaanathinu ithu prashasthamaayirunnu.
irvin ulkkadalinte punarujjeevanathil granch bingo haalinte sthalathulla steevanstan bisinus sentarinte vikasanam ulppedunnu.
ducathal allengil dovkothal eee sthalathe muun bhavanamaayirunnu, hilkrest drive pradeshathu nilkkunnu, pakshe ippol poornnamaayum thakarkkapettu. aaa vamshathile laudaun shaakhayude bandhuvaya jorjju campbellinte vasathiyaayirunnu athu. puthiya georgian shailiyilulla maalikayaaya ardeer house ardeer bowling clubbinu sameepamaan sthithicheyyunnathu, 1929 ll nobelmark vittathinusesham ithu kurachu varshathekku nobal vinoda kendramaayi upayogichuvenkilum dukhakaramennu parayatte 1968 ll polichuneekkappettu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ettavum vishishtaraaya udamakalil oralaaya kovenantar patrick warner, rund well bridjinte yudhathinu sesham hollandlake rakshappedaan nirbandhithanaaya oru manthriyaayirunnu. eee veedukal orikkal kadaltheerathu nilakondirunna eee sthalam priyappetta nankooramidal sthalamaayirunnuvennum bottukaludeyum nankoorangaludeyum sakalangal ivideyum kooduthal ulnaadan pradeshangalilum kandethiyathayum parayappedunnu. veedinu alppam pinnilayi kadal kazhukiya guhayund. maalikayude pinnile vayal orikkal kshetra vayal ennu ariyappettirunnu. pazhaya mathilukalulla poonthottangalil orikkal oru miniyechar raifil rench sthithi cheythirunnu.
revu. hollandile pravaasakaalathu bhooparishkaranathil patrick warner vaidagdhyam nediyirunnu, maasttar gott murichu niravadhi cheria lochaanukaleyo dabbukaleyo bandhippichu bogukal vattikkuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte aadya pravrithi, eee azhukkuchaalaan pinneedu bhaagikamaayi steevanstan kanaalil ulppeduthiyathu.
pazhaya maalikayude sthalathu oru guha nilavilundu, guhayude melkkoorayile oru dwaarathinu mukalil irumbu grillinaayi vasthram dharicha kallu chattakkoodukalude avashishtangal pathonpathaam noottaandil oru guhayayi ithu upayogichathayi soochippikkunnu. drishyamaaya avashishtangal oru souttarain soochippikkunnundengi thekk-padinjaaran skotlandil ivayude rekhakalude abhavam ithu saadhyamallaathaakkunnu. eee paatha corbeld draiston mathil kondu varachirikkunnu, capstonukal kondu melkkoorayund, ithu prakrithidatha guha vibhaagathilekku nayikkunnu, ithu tharamgapravartthanathiloode roopappettirikkaam, kaaranam ithu tharamgapravartthanam srishticha jala-chathuram kaanikkunnu. oru aduppu, ellukal, oru glass sakalam thudangiya adhiniveshathinte thelivukalodoppam thadassappedaatha sthareekritha nikshepangalude chila pradeshangal kandethiyittundu.
gathagatham.
railway.
1840-ll ardrosanil ninnu glassgoylake pookunna pathayil steevanstaninu aadyathe railway steshan labhichu. 1888-ll, puthiya lanrkshare, ireshare reyilveyil randaamathe railway steshan thurannu; ennirunnaalum, eee laininte ayuss kuravaayirunnu, 1932-ll steshan adachu. oru ghattathil, moonnaamathe railway steshan, pattanatthinu thekk nobal faaktariyil pravarthichirunnu; ennirunnaalum, 1966-ll athu adachu. aadya steshan innum pravartthikkunnu.
kanaalukal.
1772-leeii steevanstan kanal skotlandile aadyathe vaanijya kanalayirunnu. kanalinu neelavum poottukalumillaayirunnu, veethiyum aazhavumundaayirunnu, kadal chaanalinte pazhaya gathiye pinthudarnnu athinte bhooribhaagavum murichu, ardeer oru dveepaayirunna kaalathe oru avashishtamaayirunnu. kalkari kuzhikalilekku ethaan niravadhi shaakhakal murichumaattukayum maasttar gott avasaanamaayi avasheshikkunna avashishtamaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu. kalkari baarjukaliloode kondupookukayum manal veeshunnath aavarthichulla prasnamaayathinaal kaatt veeshunnathinaayi maalinyangal vazhiyil valicheriyukayum cheythu. steevanstan kathikkarinja oru anakkett vazhiyaan vellam vitharanam cheythath. thuramukhavumaayi nerittu bandhamillaathathinaal kanaalinte attathu ninnu reyilveyile kaathiripp bottukalilekku kalkari kondupoyi.
vyavasaayam.
khananam, khananam.
1707ll revu patrick warnerk vittappol arder estettil rekhappeduthiyittulla muppathirandu khanikal ulla oru kalkari khanana kendramaayi eee pattanam maari. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode kuzhikal mikkavarum theernnu, avasaanatheth, 1926ll adachu.
1800 muthal khananam cheythathum doublin, belfast thudangiya sthalangalil janapriyavumaya marble poleyulla uyarnna nilavaaramulla velutha manalkkallaayirunnu steevanstan kallu. 1920 ll eee sthalam vellappokkathin anuvadichu; ithu aazhathilullathum pazhaya khanikalude pravarthanangalumaayi bandhippichathum sthiravum ganyavumaaya jalavitharanam nalkukayum vellapokkam thadayunnathinu thudarchayaayi pump cheyyendathumaanu. pazhaya kwaariyude bhooribhaagavum niraykkaan aduthulla pazhaya caledonian railway karayil ninnulla baalastum mattu vasthukkalum upayogichirunnu.
parkend kwari 'oasmandu stoon' nirmmichu, ithu winstoninte oru roopamenna nilayil valare choodu prathirodhikkunnathum aduppukal, choola liningukal muthalaayavayil upayogichirunnathumaan. maasttar gottinu sameepamaan wand house sthithicheythirunnathu. villinte vadikalaanu villinte vadikal, iva orikkal khananam cheytha kalkari vahichirunna kreelukal nirmmikkaan upayogichirunnu. eee sthalam ippol oru pothu paarkkaan.
steevanstan irumbupanikal.
1849-ll glengarnock irumbu kambani panniyude irumbu manakkunnathinaayi ardier manalinte munvashath anchu spodanaathmaka choolakal nirmmichu. ardrosan thuramukham vazhiyum chelavu kuraykkunnathinumaayi merry, kanningham limittad vazhiyumaan irumbayiru irakkumathi cheythath.glengarnock kambaniyude pingaamikal kadalilekku slag valicherinju oru karachi nirmmikkaan thudangi. eee pravrithikalude 300 yard poortthiyaaya sesham shaityakaala kodunkaattukalude shakti kanakkileduthu oru kappalinum ivide surakshithamaayi doock cheyyaan kazhiyillennu vyakthamaayirunnu. eee keyy upekshikkappedukayum innum ithu 'ooldu piyar' allengil 'slag pooyint' ennariyappedukayum cheiyunnu. 1931ll punny avasaanikkukayum 1935ll polichuneekkukayum cheythu.
sphodakavasthukkal.
irupathaam noottaandil, eee pattanam nobal vyavasaayangalude oru pradhana aditharayaayirunnu, pinneedu aisi, athinte ardier saittil sphodakavasthukkalum raasavasthukkalum nirmmikkunna aayirakkanakkin thozhilaallikale niyamichu. 1960kalil aisi oru nailon plaantum oru naitrik assid plaantum chertthu, athu hraswakaala ulppaadana jeevithamaayirunnu. eee soukaryangal adachupoottiyathum pattanatthile iciyude saannidhyathil pothuvaaya idivu undaakunnathum pattanatthinte sambadvyavasthaye deerghakaalathekku vinashakaramaaya reethiyil baadhichu. eee saitt ippol oru japanese vyapara sthaapanamaaya inaabaattayude udamasthathayilullathum nobal samrambhangalayi pravartthikkunnu. bisinassinte oorjjaswalamaaya saankethikavidyakalude vasham ippol kemaring limittadinte udamasthathayilaanu, nitrocellulose nirmmaanam nobal samrambhangalkk keezhil nilanirthunnu.
steevanstaninte thekk nobal plaantinte athirthiyil dakshinaafrikkan pavaliyan sthithicheyyunnu. praadeshikamaayi aphrica house ennariyappettirunna eee kettidam oru kaalath 1938 ll glasgoyile bellahousttan paarkkile skotlandile empire eksibishante bhaagamaayirunnu. pradarshanam avasaanichathinu sesham pavaliyan ardieril punarnirmmikkukayum varshangalolam staaf restorantaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. nasheekaranavum vyapakamaaya theepidithavum sambhavicha kettidam ippol kedupaadukal sambhavichathum kedupaadukal sambhavichathum aanu.
2007 septambar 8 nuu, oru thuranna sthalathu sookshichirunna aii. dii. 1 tonn nitrocellulosinu theepidichappol nobal saittil oru valia theepidittham report cheyyappettu. cheria swathukkalkku kedupaadukal sambhavichu, gurutharamaaya parikkukalonnumilla.
praadeshika soukaryangal.
eglintan kantri paarkk steevanstaninodu aduthaanu, koodaathe sustraans saikkil paathayiloode ithumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. steevanstan beach local nechar reserve ardeer kwari paarklaandukalum pothujanagalkkum sandarshakarkkumaayi ellaayppozhum thurannirikkum. enn. eiii. sii renchar sarvees eee saittukalil pathivayi patrolling nadathunnu.