
bhouthikamallaatha asthithvam

oontoolajiyilum manassinte thathwashaasthrathilum, bhouthikamallaatha oru asthithvam bhauthika yaadhaarthyathinu purathu nilanilkkunna oru vasthuvaan. aadarshavaadathinteyum dwaithavaadathinteyum daarshanika schoolukal atharam asthithvangal nilavilundennu vaadikkunnu, athesamayam bhauthikavaadam avaa illennu vaadikkunnu. bhouthikamallaatha asthithvangalude nilanilpp avayude antharleenamaaya swabhaavathekkurichum bhauthika asthithvangalumaayulla bandhathekkurichum kooduthal chodyangalkku kaaranamaakunnu.
amoorthamaaya ashayangal.
amoortha vasthukkalude nilanilppinekkurichu thathwachinthakar pothuve yojikkunnu. bhouthikamaaya prathiroopamillaattha vasthukkale manassinu sangalppikkaan kazhiyum. atharam vasthukkalil samkhyakal, ganithashaasthra settukalum pravartthanangalum, daarshanika bandhangalum gunangalum polulla ashayangal ulppedunnu. atharam vasthukkal yadhaarthathil asthithvangalaanenkil, avaa sthalathum samayathilum allathe manassil maathram nilanilkkunna asthithvangalaanu. udaaharanathinu, chuvapp polulla amoorthamaaya oru savisheshathaykk space-timil saannidyamilla. metaafisiksum epistamology thammil verthirikkunnathin, atharam vasthukkale, avaye entittikalaayi kanakkaakkanamenkil, avaye bhauthika entittikalil ninnu verthirichariyaan logical entittikalaayi tharamthirikkunnu. bhouthikamallaatha sathakalekkurichulla patanam eee chodyathiloode sangrahikkaam, "bhavana yadhaarthamaano?"
pazhaya cartician dwaithavaadikal bhouthikamallaatha manassinte nilanilpp nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum, 20,21 noottaandile thathwachinthakar (swath dvaithavaadam polullava) munnottuvacha dwaithavaadathinte kooduthal parimithamaaya roopangal bhouthikamallaatha gunangalude nilanilpp maathramaan nilanirthunnathu.
manass-shareeram dvaithavaadam.
vairudhyamullatho ethirthatho aaya rund vashangalude vibhajanamaan dvaithavaadam. bhouthikamallaatha asthithvangalude nilanilpp dvidhaartha school anumaanikkunnu, ettavum vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyappettathu manass aanu. ennaal athinappuram athu thadassangalilekku neengunnu. descartinte "dhyanangal" kku marupadiyaayi piyare gassendy atharamoru prashnam 1641-ll rene descartinode nerittu paranju
gassendiak 1643ll samanamaaya chodyangal chodicha elisabath raajakumaariyodumulla descartinte prathikaranam innathe kaalath kuravaanennu pothuve kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam athu manassinte thathwashaasthrathil parasparaprashnam enna nilayil ariyappedunnavaye abhisambodhana cheythilla. dvaithavaadam uyarthikkaattunna bhouthikamallaatha asthithvangalkku ithu oru prasnamaanan eathu samvidaanathiloodeyaanu avar bhauthika asthithvangalumaayi krithyamaayi edapedunnathu, avarkk engane athu cheyyaan kazhiyum? bhauthika samvidaanangalumaayulla prathipravartthanathinu bhouthikamallaatha oru asthithvathinu illaatha bhauthika gunangal aavasyamaanu.
descartasineppole, bhouthikamallaatha manassinu bhouthikavumaayulla bandham sangalppikkuka asaadhyamaanennum thathwashaasthraparamaayi vishadeekarikkaan asaadhyamaanennum kanakkakkikkondu prashnathe ozhivaakkuka, allengil bhouthikavum bhouthikamallaathathum thammilulla vyathyasam parasparam baadikkunnathil ninnu thadayunna tharathilullathaanennu chinthikkunnathinte adisthaana thettu chodyakarthaavu cheythuvennu urappikkuka.
dvaithavaadam utharam nalkiyittillaattha bhouthikamallaathathinekkurlurathi mattu chodyangalil oro vyakthikkum ethra manass undayirikkaam, ithu bhouthikavaadathinte prashnamalla, ithu nirvachanam anusarichu oro vyakthikkum oru manass ennu prakhyapikkaan kazhiyum; manasse athmaavum polulla bhouthikamallaatha gadakangal lalithamaano samyukthamaano, randaamathethu aanenkil, samyukthangal nirmmikkappedunnathu eathu "stuff" aanu.
athmaakkal.
oru bhouthikamallaatha asthithvam yadhaarthathil enthaanennu (allengil enthaayirikkum) daarshanika padangalil vivarikkunnath prashnakaramaanennu theliyikkum. bhouthikamallaatha oru asthithvam enthaanennathinte soukaryapradamaaya udaaharanam oru prethamaanu. gilbert rail orikkal cartician dvaithavaadam "yanthrathile pretham" ennu visheshippichu. ennirunnaalum, oru bhauthika asthithvathekkaal, athine prathyekamaayi bhouthikamallaathathaakkunna oru prethatthe kurichu daarshanika padangalil krithyamaayi nirvachikkaan prayaasamaan. prethangalude asthithvam eppozhengilum samshayaatheethamaayi prakadamaayirunnenkil, avaye yadhaarthathil "bhauthika" asthithvangalude vibhaagathil ulppeduthumennu avakaashappedunnu.
maanavarahita bhauthika asthithvangalil daivangal, maalaakhamaar, bhoothangal, prethangal enniva ulppedunnu. avayude nilanilppinte bhauthika prakadanangalude abhavam, avayude nilanilppum swabhaavavum manassinte thathwachinthayil ninnu swathanthramaayi vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyappedunnu.

