
elan thaazhvarayile jalasambharanikal

madhya veli mekhalayile elan thaazhvaraykkullil elan, clairwen nadikalil anakkett nirmmichu srishtikkappetta manushyanirmmitha thadaakangalude oru shringalayaanu elan vaali reservoirukal. englandinte padinjaaran madhyapradeshangalile birminghaminu shudhamaaya kudivellam nalkunna jalasambharanikalaan birmingham korppareshan vaattar department nirmmichathu. clairwen, craig-goach, penn-vaii-garag, garag-duu, caban-coach ennee anchu thadakangal ariyappedunnu.
jalasambharanikalil ninnulla vellam guruthwaakarshanathiloode elan akwaadakt vazhi birminghamile frankley reservoirilekku kondupookunnu. network athinte uravidathil ninnu frankliyilekku neelam kurayunnathinaal pumping aavasyamilla. 1:2300 nte oru gradient athil thaazheyulla ozhukk nilanirthunnu; vellam birminghamilethan onnara muthal rund divasam vare edukkum. 1896ll aarambhich 1906ll thuranna eee jalagathagatham niravadhi thaazhvarakal kadannu niravadhi ishtika thurankangal, pipe lineukal, valve houseukal enniva ulkkollunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil vyaavasaayika nagaramaya birminghaminte druthagathiyilulla valarcha labhyamaya shudhajalathinte abhaavathilekku nayichathinaal elan vaali reservoirukal nirmmikkunnathinulla pravartthanangal aarambhichu. niravadhi rogavyapanam 1892ll birmingham korppareshan vaattar act pasakia britiish sarkkarinodu apekshikkaan birmingham sitti kaunsiline prerippichu. ithu elan thaazhvarakalude jalasambharana pradeshathinullile ellah bhoomiyum nirbandhithamaayi vaangikkond ettedukkaan korppareshane anuvadichu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aadyathe naalu anakkettukal nirmmikkumbol aayirakkanakkin naavikasenakalum avarude kudumbangalum uddeshichulla elan graamatthil thaamasichirunnu. 1952ll elisabath randaaman rajavenna nilayil thante aadya audyogika paripaadikalilonnil clairwen anakkett thurannu.
padinjaaran madhyapradeshangalile praadeshika vitharanagalil ninnulla vellathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, kadinathaykku peruketta elan akwadakt upayogikkaatha, elan thaazhvarayil ninnulla kudivellam asaadhaaranamaaya mriduvaayathinaal sradheyamaanu.
jalasambharanikal ippol simu velsh jalathinte udamasthathayilullathum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathumaayavayaanu. thaazhvarayude thaazheyulla jala shudheekarana pravartthanangal sevarn trant vaattar aanu nadathunnathu.
vivaranam.
ekadesham 100,000 megaalittarukalude sheshiyulla naalu pradhana anakkettukalum jalasambharanikalum (elan thaazhvarayil <aii. dii. 2>, clairwenil <aii. dii. 1>) undu. anakkettukalum jalasambharanikalum ivayaanu
naalu pradhana anakkettukalkk purame, saittil mattu moonnu anakkettukal undu
charithram.
nirmmaanam.
vyaavasaayikaviplavam moolam englandile birminghamile janasamkhya athivegam vardhichathinethudarnna pathonpathaam noottaandilaanu elan daam padhathi vikasippichath. nagaratthinte vipuleekaranam jalajanya rogangalude pathiv pottippurappedalinum shudhajalathinte abhavam moolam typhoid, collara, vayarilakkam thudangiya pradhana pakarchavyaadhikalkkum kaaranamaayi.
birmingham sitti kaunsilinte nethaavaaya victorian raashtreeyakkaaranaaya joseph chamberline, midu veyilsile elan, clairwen thaazhvarakalil ninnu shudhajalam nedunnathinulla oru pracharanam aarambhichu. sivil enchineeyar jaims manserg thiricharinja eee pradesham jalasambharanikalkk anuyojyamaayirikkum, kaaranam
1892-ll paarlament birmingham korppareshan vaattar act pasaki, ithu elan, clairwen thaazhvarakalude (ekadesham) motham jalasambharana pradesham nirbandhithamaayi vaangaan korppareshane anuvadichu. elan thaazhvarayil thamasikkunna nooriladhikam aalukale mattaanulla adikaaravum eee niyamam birmingham corporation nalki. ellah kettidangalum polichumaatti; ithil moonnu mainer houseukal (randennam 1812-ll engleesh romaantik kavi persey baishe shellyumaayi bandhamullavayayirunnu), 18 faamukal, oru school, oru palli (pakaram naanthgvilt palli) enniva ulppedunnu. bhoovudamakalkku maathramaan nashtapariharam nalkiyathu.
adutha varsham 1893-ll jalasambharanikalude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. birmingham nagaratthinte jalavakuppin vendi jaims manserg nirmmaanathinu melnottam vahichu. elan thaazhvarayude samudranirappil ninnu uyaramullathinal, 2,300 ll 1 gradient ulla oru pipelinil ninnu birminghamilekku vellam nalkum. aadyam naalu lover elan thaazhvara anakkettukal nirmmikkuka ennathaayirunnu padhathiyude shedule. clairwen pinneedu nirmmikkappedum (1939 ll punny aarambhikkumenn pratheekshichirunnuvena randaam lokamahaayudham kaaranam vaikukayum 1952 ll poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu).
mineral railway.
staanderd gej lainayirunna elan vaali railway, prathyekichu padhathikkaayi birmingham korppareshanaanu nirmmichathu. midu-weils reyilveyile raayadarinaduthulla oru junctionil ninnu ithu elan thaazhvarayiloode kadannupoyi. raayadarile pradhana paatha muthal caban-coach anakkettile pradhana varkk saitt vareyulla oru shaakhayaayirunnu nirmikkappetta aadya vibhaagam. simant cooling shhed, general storukal, kalkari sambharanam, marappanikkar, smithukal, fittarukal, vaagan nirmmathaakkal, zoo millukal enniva eee depoyil ulppedunnu. oduvil matellaa anakkett sthalangalilekkum kooduthal shaakhakal nirmikkappettu. konkreett paaraapattukal pinthunaykkunna thadi trasttil scarfoldukalilaanu enchinukalum trekkukalum anakkettukalkk mukalilethiyathu. doll-vaii-mainach anakkettinte adithara nirmmikkunna sthalam vare (pilkkala clairwen anakkettil ninnu thaazhvarayude thaazhekku) eee paatha pooyi. oru divasam 1,000 tonn vare vasthukkal kondupookunna aarr lokomotteevukalulla reyilveyude motham neelam athinte uyarathil aayirunnu. thaazhathe anakkettukal poortthiyaayathode 1916 aayappozhekkum elan vaali railway muzhuvan poornnamaayum uyarthappettu. 
1940 kalude avasaanathilum 50 kalilum clairwen anakkett nirmmichappozhaanu rooad gathagatham upayogichirunnathu.
caban-coach, penn-vaii-garag, craig-goach anakkettukal ennivayude coor konkreettil pothinjirikkunna valia kramarahithamaya kallu blokkukalil (plum) ninnaan nirmmichirunnathu ennathinaal railway aavashyamaayirunnu. eee paara thaddesheeyamaayi sigaratt, craig-cndabluech kwaarikalil ninnu elan nadhiyum rayadarinu thekk serig gwynionile aberdude kwariyum khananam cheythu. aakruthiyilulla kallukal locomotive upayogichu phlait bedd trekkukalil anakkett sthalangalilekku valicherinju. thudarnnu avaa neeravi crain upayogichu thaazheyirakki. anakkettukalude madhyabhagangal oru konkreett lining kondu pothinjirunnu. puram mathilukalkk munnil bilth kinarukalkkum pontipridsinum sameepam lanelvedile kwaarikalil ninnu konduvanna muricha kallukal undaayirunnu. kentile chaathatthinu sameepam nirmmicha simant kadalmargam aberistvithilekku ayaykkukayum railway vazhi elan thaazhvarayilekku konduvarikayum cheythu.
caban-coach ozhikeyulla eathenkilum anakkettukalkk sameepam anuyojyamaaya kettida kallu kandethunnathil parajayappettathum athupole thanne madhya, thekkan velukalile mattu kwaarikalil ninnu abhimukhamaaya kallu konduvarendathinte aavasyakathayum kaaranam elan vaali padhathiyude chelavu bajattinekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu.
thozhilaallikalude graamam.
elan vaali anakkettukal nirmmikkunnathinulla patthu varshathe padhathiyil, naavikasena (thozhilaallikal) sittinaduthulla thadi kudilukalude oru graamathilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. kramavum aarogyavum nilanirthunnathinaayi karsanamaayi niyanthrikkappettirunna eee vaasasthalam oduvil elan graamamaayi maarum (elan thaazhvara kaanuka). gaardukal akathekkum purathekkumulla praveshanam niyanthrichu; rogam kuraykkunnathinum madyakkadathu thadayunnathinum vendiyaanu ithu cheythath. ellah puthiya thozhilaallikaleyum praveshippikkunnathin munbu pakarchavyaadhikalkkaayi parishodhanaykk vidheyaraakki. kramam palikkaan, oru purushan bharya ettu avivaahitharumaayi oru terrous house pankittu. aaa praayam nedunnathinaayi pravartthikkumennu pratheekshichirunna 11 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikalkkayi oru school nalki. parikkukalkkulla oru ashupatri, pakarchavyaadhikalkkulla oru isolation ashupatri, oru baath house ennivayum campil undaayirunnu. oru pabbil purushanmaarkk bear kudikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnuve sthreekalkku athu undaayirunnilla. library, pothu haal, shope, kaanteen ennivayaanu mattu soukaryangal.
jalavaidyuthi.
nirmmaana graamatthile electric street laittukal jalavaidyutha janarettarukalaayirunnu. oru noottaandinu sesham, chila elan thaazhvara jalasambharanikalude upolppannamaayi cherukida jala uthppaadanam veendum avatharippichu. infinis enna punarupayoga oorjja sthaapanam jillayil ekadesham 4 megawatt sheshiyulla anchu vaattar turbineukal pravarthippikkunnu.
thurakkunnathum pinneedu purogathiyum.
1904 juulai 21nuu edward araman raajnji alexandra chernnu birminghamilekku vellam vitharanam cheyyaanulla padhathi audyogikamaayi udghaadanam cheythu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aadyathe naalu anakkettukal birminghaminte aavasyangal niravettaan mathiyaya kudivellam nalkiyathinaal, 1930 vare doll-vaii-mainach, siliyorvint, paant-vaii-beddau ennividangalil clairwen nadiyude anakkett nirmmikkaruthenn nirddeshikkappettu.
ennirunnaalum, randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathil nirmmaanatthinte aaa ghattam maattivachu. 1946 vare clairwen anakkett nirmmikkanulla pravartthanangal aarambhichirunnilla. sivil enchineeyaringileyum meteeriyalukalileyum mechappeduthalukal kaaranam doll-vaii-mainach, siliyorvint, paant-vaii-beddau anakkettukal nirmmikkanulla padhathikal upekshichu. pakaram, thaazhvaraykku mukalilaayi valare valuthum ottathavana nirmmichathumaaya konkreett anakkettinte punny aarambhichu. clarven anakkett elan thaazhvarayile muun daamukalumayi drishyaparamaayi poruthappedanamennu athinte designermar aagrahichathinaal, itaaliyan kallukattakalkk oru mookk victorian aashlaril mukham alankarikkaan karar nalki. elisabath raajnji randaaman 1952ll rajavenna nilayil thante aadya chadangukalilonnaya clairwen reservoir audyogikamaayi thurannu.
reservoir shringalayude oru skeyil model, alankaara kulangalude roopathil, birminghamile peeranki hill paarkkilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu.
daam basttarukal.
1942ll naavikasenayude graamathinu vellam nalkunnathinaayi aadyam nirmmicha naant-vaii-grow anakkett, vellathinadiyile spodanathinu oru anakkett mathil takarkkaan mathiyaya jalasthira marddam srishtikkaan kazhiyumenna thante sidhaantham theliyikkaan barnus valis upayogichu. anakkettinte chuvarinte madhyathil oru valia villal athinte adithattil sthaapicha charge moolamundaayathinaal pareekshanam vijayakaramaanennu thelinju.
naant-vaii-grow greenil padicha paadangal "maintainance" bouncing bombukalude vikasanathinu velicham veeshi. 1943leeii daam bastezhs raidle raaf bomber command germmaniyile rur thaazhvarayile niravadhi anakkettukal lamghikkukayum kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythappol avaa upayogichu.
takarnna naant-vaii-grow anakkettinte avashishtangal marangalaal bhaagikamaayi maranjirikkunnuvenkil 1942ll avasheshicha athe avasthayilaanu.
daam bastezhs reydinu sesham, jarmman prathikaarangalkkethiraaya munkaruthal nadapadiyaayi caban-coach reservoirinu mukalilulla thaazhvarayil steel kebilukal kettiyirunnu.
vipuleekarana padhathi nirthalaakki.
1970 kalude thudakkathil craig-goach reservoirine cheruthaayi vardhippikkanamennum puthiyathum uyarnnathumaaya thaazhekkulla anakkettinoppam vadakku-padinjaaru mattoru anakkettum sthaapikkanamennum nirddeshikkappettu, allengil yistvithu thaazhvarayilekku ozhukumaayirunnu. eee padhathi idatharam thaazhvarakalile mattullavaye kullanakkukayum mailukal neendunilkkunna uyarnna pradeshangalile thaazhvarakale vellappokkathilaakkum cheiyunna oru valia jalasambharani srishtikkumaayirunnu. vyaavasaayika jalathinte aavasyam kuraykkunna pravachanangalum atharam vipuleekaranam srishtikkunna paaristhithika prashnangalekkurichulla vardhichuvarunna avabodhavum kanakkileduthu nirddeshangal oduvil upekshikkappettu.

