thaalkkaalika airish republican sainyam

audyogikamaayi airish republican armi (aii. aarr. eiii) ennum anoupachaarikamaayi provos ennum ariyappedunna provisional airish republican armi (aii. aarr. eiii) vadakkan irelandile britiish bharanam avasaanippikkaanum airish punarekeekaranatthinu soukaryamorukkaanum irelandile ellah bhaagangalum ulkkollunna oru swatantra republic konduvaranum shramicha oru airish republican ardhasainika vibhagamaayirunnu. prashnasamayathu ettavum sajeevamaaya republican ardhasainika vibhagamaayirunnu ithu. ool-ailand airish republicinte sainyamaayum airish swaathanthryasamarathil ninnulla yadhaartha airayude eaka niyamaanusritha pingamiyaayum athu svayam kandu. yunaittad kingdatthil oru theevravaada samghadanayaayum republic oof irelandil niyamaviruddha samghadanayaayum ithine prakhyaapichu, avarude adikaaram iruvarum nirasichu.
irayudeyum vishalamaaya airish republican prasthaanathinteyum muun avathaarathinullile pilarpp kaaranam 1969 desemberil thaalkkaalika ira uyarnnuvannu. audyogika irayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol thudakkathil ithu vibhajanathile nyoonapaksha vibhagamaayirunnu, ennaal 1972 aayappozhekkum ithu prabalamaaya vibhaagamaayi maari. alsttar vishwastharil ninnum royal alsttar constaabulariyil ninnum (rook) valia thothil catholica, ahimsaathmaka pouraavakaasha prachaaranatthinu akramam nerittappol prasnangal aarambhichu, ithu 1969 august kalaapathilum britiish sainikarude vinyaasathilum kalaashichu. aii. aarr. eiii thudakkathil catholica pradeshangalude prathirodhatthil shradha kendreekarichu, ennaal 1970 ll ireland republicile anubhaavikalum anglosphereinullile airish pravasa samoohangalum, palestine vimochana samghadanayum libian nethaavumaaya muammar gadafi ulppedeyulla baahya srothassukal sahaayicha oru aakramanathmaka pracharanam aarambhichu. gramangalilum nagarapradeshangalilum britiish sainyathinum rukinum ethire garilla thanthrangal upayogicha avar vadakkan irelandilum englandilum sainika, rashtreeya, saambathika lakshyangalkum europile pradhana bhoopradeshathe britiish sainika lakshyangalkumethire bombakramanam nadatthi. britiish suraksha senayude sivilian kararukaarkkum avar nere akramanam nadatthi.
1997 joolaiyil aii. aarr. eiii. anthima vedinirthal prakhyaapichu, athinusesham athinte rashtreeya vibhaagam siin fainine vadakkan irelandinte bhaaviyekkurichulla bahu-kakshi samadhana charchakalil praveshippichu. iva iva good frieday karaaril kalashikkukayum 2005ll aii. aarr. eiii. audyogikamaayi sayudha pracharanam avasanippikkukayum swatantra anthaaraashtra kammeeshan oonn decommissionte melnottatthil aayudangal nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. vimatha airish republican prachaaranatthil ippozhum sajeevamaaya ira, yadhaartha ira ennivayulppede iraykkullil pilarppinte falamaayi niravadhi pilarpp grouppukal roopeekarichittundu. iraante sayudha akramanam, pradhaanamaayum vadakkan irelandilum englandilum europile pradhana bhoopradeshathum, britiish suraksha senayile ekadesham 1,000 amgangalum saadhaaranakkaarum ulppede 1,700-ladhikam aalukale konnu.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
ireland muzhuvan yunaittad kingdatthinte bhagamaayirunna samayat 1913 ll airish sannadhapravarthakaraayanu yadhaartha aii. aarr. eiii roopeekarichathu. 1916ll britiish bharanathinethire uyarnnuvanna eesttarilum 1919ll viplava paarlament dayle airan swaathanthryaprakhyaapathe thudarnnundaaya swaathanthryasamarathilum sannadhapravarthakar pankedutthu, aaa samayat avar aira ennariyappettu. 1920 leeii gavanment oof ireland act prakaram ireland thekkan ireland, vadakkan ireland enningane vibhajikkapettu, 1922 ll anglo-airish udambadi nadappaakkiyathinethudarnna airish free stettu ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta thekkan ireland oru svayambharana dominiyanaayi maari, athesamayam vadakkan ireland yunaittad kingdatthinte bhaagamaayi aabhyanthara bharanathin keezhil thudaraan theerumaanichu. udambadi irayil pilarppinu kaaranamaayi, udambadi anukoola iraye deseeya sainyathil ulppeduthi, athu aabhyanthara yudhathil udambadi virudha iraye paraajayappeduthi. thudarnnu, swathanthraraashtrathinte niyamasadhutha nishedhikkumbol, karar virudha irayude nilanilkkunna gadakangal vadakkan ireland raashtrathe attimarikkunnathilum oru ekeekritha irelandinte nettatthilum shradha kendreekarichu, kendreekarichu 1939lum englandil bombakramanam nadatthi, nadatthi vadakkan irelandil oru pracharanam nadatthi, athirthi prachaaranatthinte paraajayathetthudarnnu, airayude bhaviyekkurichu aabhyanthara charchakal nadannu. cheef oof staaf kaathal gaulding iraa oru soshyalist ajanda sweekarikkukayum raashtreeyathil earppedukayum cheyyanamennu aagrahichu, athesamayam seane mack steophane polulla parambaraagatha republicanmaar recruitment vardhippikkaanum iraa punarnirmmikkaanum aagrahichu.
vibhajanathethudarnnu, vadakkan ireland vadakkan ireland paarlamentil alsttar unionist party bharikkunna oru yadhaartha eaka kakshi samsthaanamaayi maari, athil katholikkare randaamkida pouranmaaraayi kaanapettu. protestantsukaarkku jolikalilum bhavanangalilum munganana nalkukayum derry polulla sthalangalil praadeshika sarkkar niyojakamandalangalkk munganana nalkukayum cheythu. eathaandu maathram protestant aaya sayudha royal alsttar constabulary (rook) bii-specialukalum chernnaanu policing nadathiyathu. nadathiyathu madhyathil catholica, protestant samudaayangal thammilulla pirimurukkam vardhichukondirunnu. 1966ll ireland eesttar raisinginte ambathaam vaarshikam aakhoshichu, ithu oru puthukkiya iraa prachaaranathekkurichulla bhayathinu kaaranamaayi. bheeshaniyennu thonniya protestants alsttar volunteer fozhsu (uvf) enna ardhasainika vibhaagam roopeekarichu, athu 1966 meyy maasathil moonnu pere konnu, avaril rund perr catholica purushanmarayirunnu. 1967 januvariyil aii. aarr. eiii amgangalum liberal unionistukalum ulppede vaividhyamaarnna oru koottam aalukal chernnu northen ireland sivil raitts association (nikra) roopeekarichu. vivechanathinethire prathishedhikkunna nikrayudeyum samanamaaya oru samghadanayaaya peeples democracyudeyum pouraavakaasha maarchukalkku ethiru prathishedhangalum iyaan paisliyude neethrthwathilulla ardhasainika vibhagamaaya alsttar protestant sannadhapravarthakar ulppedeyulla vishwastharumaayulla akramasakthamaaya ettumuttalukalum nerittu.
1969 joolaiyil panthrandaam theeyathi alsttar protestant aakhosham adayaalappeduthunna maarchukal belfaasttilum deriyilum mattidangalilum kalaapathinum akramasakthamaaya ettumuttalukalkkum kaaranamaayi. deriyile protestant apprentees aankuttikalude maarchinethudarnnu deriyile catholica bogside pradeshathu adutha maasam moonnu divasathe kalapam aarambhichu. bogside yuddham belfaasttile katholikkare bogsidermarode aikyadaartyam prakadippikkaanum deriyilekku ruck shakthippeduthalukal ayaykkunnath thadayaan sramikkaanum kaaranamaayi, ithu protestant janakkoottathinte prathikaarathinu kaaranamaayi. thudarnnulla theeveppu akramanangal, swathinu kedupaadukal, bheeshanippeduthal enniva 1,505 catholica kudumbangaleyum 325 protestant kudumbangaleyum 1969 augustile vadakkan ireland kalaapangalil belfaasttile veedukal vidaan nirbandhitharaakki, kalaapathil 275 kettidangal nasippikkappedukayo valia attakuttappanikal aavashyamaayi varikayo cheythu, athil catholicar kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. iruvashathumaayi niravadhi aalukal kollappettu, chilar police, britiish sainyathe vadakkan irelandilekku vinyasichu. 1920 muthal thangalude oru punk vahikkunna protestant akramanangalil ninnu catholica pradeshangale shariyaayi samrakshikkunnathil parajayappetta irakal mosham aayudhadhaarikalaayirunnu. rashtreeya kaaranangalal akramathinu munnodiyaayi aakramanathmaka nadapadiykku thayyarakathirikkaan visammathicha goldingin irayude double neethrthwatheyum muthirnna republicanmaar vimarshichu. august august joou kaahil, seamus twomi, daithi ooo konail, billie makki, jimmy steel ennivarulppedeyulla oru samgham belfaasttil othuchernnu billie mcmillan, jiim sullivan ennivarude swarnna anukoola belfast neethrthwathe neekkam cheyyaanum parambaraagatha theevravaada republicanisathilekka madangaanum theerumaanichu. septambar septambar, catholica pradeshangale vendathra prathirodhikkunnathil paraajayappettathinetthudar belfast neethrthwathe neritta pathinaar sayudha iraa purushanmaaril rund perum, makki, steel ennivarum ulppedunnu. mcmillan adhikaarathil thudarnnappol oru vittuveezhchaykk sammathichenkilum iraa double adisthaanamaakkiyulla neethrthwavumaayi addehathinu oru ashayavinimayavum undaayirikkilla.
1969-ll verpirinju.
republic oof irelandile kaundi roscomanile boyil nagaratthil oru iraa kanvenshan nadannathinu sesham 1969 desemberil ira "thaalkkaalika", "audyogika" vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkapettu. theevra idathupaksha grouppukalumaayi chernnu oru "deseeya vimochana munnaniyilekku" pravesikkaanulla prameyavum britiish, airish, vadakkan ireland paarlamentukalil pankaalittham anuvadikkunna vittunilpp avasanippikkunnathinulla prameyavumaayirunnu kanvenshanile rund pradhana prasnangal. parambaraagatha republicanmaar "deseeya vimochana munnaniyil" vottucheyyaan visammathikkukayum athu ezhinethire irupathombathu vottukalkku pasakkukayum cheythu. vittunilkkal avasaanippikkunnathine parambaraagathavaadikal shakthamayi ethirthu, panthrandinethire irupathiyezhu vottukalkku pasakia prameyam audyogika minittukal report cheiyunnu.
kanvenshanethudarnnu paarambaryavaadikal ayarlandiludaneelam pinthuna prakhyaapichu, ira intelligence director mack steophane belfaasttil aiaarile asamthriptharaaya amgangale kandu. taamasiyaathe, paarambaryavaadikal oru kanvenshan nadatthi, athu mack steophine, ruyari ooo bradai, nell mulkahi, seane tracey, lioo martin, ooo konail, kaahil enniva ulkkollunna oru "thaalkkaalika" sainika kaunsiline thiranjedutthu. 1916 leeii airish republicinte thaalkkaalika sarkkaarine prathifalippikkunnathinum kooduthal aii. aarr. eiii kanvenshan vazhi thaalkkaalikamaayi theerppaakkaatha amgeekaaramaayi prakhyapikkunnathinum vendiyaanu eee padam thiranjedutthathu. 1969 desemberil belfaasttile pathimoonnu aii. aarr. eiii yoonittukalil onpathu yoonittukalum ekadesham 120 aaktivisttukalum 500 anuyaayikalum chernnu "thaalkkaalika" armi kaunsilinte paksham chernnu. 1969 desember desember aii. aarr. eiii. avarude aadya pothu prasthavana puratthirakki
1916-ll eesttaril prakhyaapicha, 1919-ll aadyathe dayle airan sthaapicha, 1922-ll aayudhabalathaal attimarikkappedukayum nilavilulla britiish adichelppicha aarr kaundikalum irupathiyaaru kaundi vibhajana samsthaanangalum innum adichamarthukayum cheytha 32 kaundi airish republicinodulla njangalude kooru njangal prakhyaapikkunnu... vadakku nammude janangale samrakshikkunnathinum aathyanthikamayi irelandinte samboornna rashtreeya, saamoohika, saambathika, saamskaarika swaathanthryathinte nettatthinum kooduthal pinthuna nalkanamennu swadeshathum pravaasathilumulla airish janathayodu njangal abhyarthikkunnu.
1970 januvari januvari dablinil nadanna party ettavum uyarnna charchaavishayamaaya samghadanayaaya aard faisil ninnu moonnilonnu prathinidhikal erangippoyappol, party neethrthwathinte ajayyatha avasaanippikkanulla shramathil prathishedhichu, nayam maattaan aavashyamaaya prathinidhikalude moonnil rund bhooripaksham nedunnathil paraajayappettenkilum, airish republican rashtreeya party siin faine athe reethiyil pirinju. thaalkkaalika" armi kaunsilil ninnulla mack steophane, bradey, mulkahi ennivare "thaalkkaalika" siin faininte kaavalkkaaranaayi thiranjeduttha mattoru vediyil ninnu erangippoya prathinidhikal veendum yogam chernnu. siin feninte aaa vibhaagathinte prakhyapitha pinthuna undaayirunnittum, aadyakaala thaalkkaalika ira rashtreeya pravartthanangal ozhivaakkukayum pakaram shaareerika sakthiyaaya republicanisathe aasrayikkukayum cheythu. 1969ll fianna failinte neethrthwathilulla airish sarkkar catholica pradeshangalile kendra pouranmaarude prathirodha samithikk 100,000 poundu sambhavana cheythu, athil chilath iraakkaarude kaikalilaayi. ithu 1970 leeii aayudha prathisandhiyilekku nayichu, avide rund muun sarkkar manthrimaarkkum belfaasttil ninnulla aii. aarr. eiii sannadhapravarthakanaaya joonn kellie ulppedeyullavarkkumethi criminal kuttangal chumatthi. vadakkan irelandile britiish bharanavum republic oof ireland sarkkarum niyamavirudhamaanennum armi kaunsil ool-ailand airish republicinte thaalkkaalika sarkkaraanennum kanakkileduthu 1969 nuu munbulla irayude thathwangal thaalkkaalika aii. aarr. eiii nilanirtthi. eee vishwaasam, aii. dii. 1-nte randaam pathippil ninnu niyamaparamaaya thudarcha kettippadukkiya rashtreeya anantharaavakaashangalude oru parambaraye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. munbu irayil ulppedaatha, ennaal 1969-ll pottippurapetta akramathaal theevravaadi aaya niravadhi yuva desheeyavaadikale aira vadakkan irelandil ninnu niyamichu. 1969-nuu sesham chernna eee aalukal "arupath nainezhs" ennariyappettu. aira 1969-ll airish republican punarjanmatthinte pratheekamaayi phoenix sweekarichu, athinte mudraavaakyangalilonnu "booshiyil ninnu provisionalukal uyarnnu", belfaasttinte kathikkarinja catholica pradeshangalude chithaabhasmathil ninnu airayude punaruthaanam prathinidheekarikkunnu.
prarambha ghattam.
1970 januvariyil, deseeya pradeshangalude prathirodham, thudarnnu prathirodhavum prathikaaravum, oduvil britiish sainyathinethire oru garilla pracharanam aarambikkuka enningane moonnu gattangalulla oru thanthram sweekarikkaan armi kaunsil theerumaanichu. vibhageeya vibhajanathinte iruvashathuninnumulla thozhilaallikale onnippikkanulla avarude thanthrathe paraajayappedutthunna vibhageeya samgharshathilekku nayikkumennu avar karuthiyathinaal audyogika aii. aarr. eiii atharamoru prachaaranatthe ethirthu. vadakkan ireland gavanmentinte thakarchaykku kaaranamakaanum britiish sainyathin kanatha naashanashtangal varuthaanum britiish gavanmentine irelandil ninnu pinmaran pothujanabhipraayam nirbandhikkumennumaayirnu irayude thaalkkaalika thanthram. britiish sainyam pinneedu "classic kalapa" maayi visheshippichathil avar "valarukayum valarukayum valarukayum" cheiyumennu mack steophane theerumaanichu. 1970 octoberil aii. aarr. eiii saambathika lakshyangalkethire bombakramanam aarambhichu; varshaavasaanathode 153 spodanangal undaayi. adutha varsham vadakkan irelandil nadanna 1,000 spodanangalil bhooribhaagathinum ithu kaaranamaayi. nikshepam thadayunnathinum nashtapariharam nalkaan britiish sarkkaarine nirbandhikkunnathinum vadakkan irelandine yunaittad kingdatthinakathu nilanirthunnathinulla saambathika chelavu vardhippikkunnathinum bisinessukaleyum vaanijya parisarangaleyum lakshyamiduka ennathaayirunnu bombaakramanathinu pinnile thanthraparamaaya lakshyam. bombakramanam britiish sainikare lakshyangal samrakshikkunna sthiramaaya sthaanangalil kettumennum kalaapavirudha pravarthanangalil avare vinyasikkunnath thadayumennum ira vishwasichu. yuu. vii. eph ulppedeyulla vishwastha ardhasainika vibhagangal iraante abhilaashangal paraajayappeduthunnathinum brittanumaayulla rashtreeya aikyam nilanirthunnathinum lakshyamitulla prachaaranangal nadatthi. iraq nalkunna pinthunaye durbalappedutthaan sramichukondu republican prasthaanavumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillaatha katholikkare lakshyamidunna pravanatha vishwastha ardhasainika vibhagangal kaanichirunnu.
vardhichuvarunna akramatthinte falamaayi, 1971 august 9 nuu vadakkan ireland sarkkar vichaaranayillathe thadankal earppeduthi, aadya irupathinaalu manikorinullil 342 prathikal arasttilaayi. vishwastha akramangalum vardhichuvarikayaanenkilum, arastilaayavarellaam republicanmaaraayirunnu, aii. aarr. eiii. yumayum vidyaarthi pouraavakaasha nethaakkalumaayum bandhamillaattha rashtreeya pravartthakar ulppede. thadankalinte ekapaksheeyamaaya swabhaavam ellah catholicareyum sarkkaarinethire onnippikkukayum vadakkan ayarlandiludaneelam prathishedhatthil kalapam pottippurappedukayum cheythu. august 9 nuu balimarphy koottakkolayude bhaagamaayi britiish sainyam aarr saadhaaranakkaare vadhichathadakkam adutha moonnu divasathinullil irupathirandu perr kollappettu, kalaapathil 7,000 catholicar 2,000 protestantumaarum avarude veedukalil ninnu pinmaran nirbandhitharaayi. thadankal earppeduthunnathu akramatthinte thoth ganyamaayi vardhippichu. thadankalil vaykkunnathinu munbulla ezhu maasangalil 34 perr kollappettu, thadankalil vaykkunnathinum varshavasaanathinum idayil muppath sainikarum pathinonnu rook offeesarmaarum ulppede 140 perr kollappettu. thadankal earppeduthal iraa recruitment vardhippikkukayum dablinil thaavoseech jacq linch republic oof irelandil thadankal earppeduthaanulla aasootritha ashayam upekshikkukayum cheythu. 1972 januvari 30 nuu deriyil raktharookshithamaaya njaayaraazhchaykk sesham britiish sainyam aabhyanthara virudha maarchinide pathinaalu nirayudharaaya saadhaaranakkaare vadhichathine thudarnnu iraa recruitment kooduthal vardhichu. vadakkan irelandile vashalaaya suraksha sahacharyam kaaranam britiish sarkkar vadakkan ireland paarlamentine thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkukayum 1972 maarchil nerittulla bharanam earppeduthukayum cheythu. vadakkan ireland paarlament thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkuka ennathu iraante pradhana lakshyamayirunnu, kaaranam vadakkan irelandile britiish sarkkaarine nerittu ulppeduthuka ennathaayirunnu, kaaranam eee samgharsham ireland brittan thammilulla onnaayi kaananamenn iraa aagrahichirunnu. 1972 meyy maasathil audyogika aii. aarr. eiii vedinirthal ahvaanam cheythu, ithu aii. aarr. eye eaka sajeeva republican ardhasainika samghadanayaayi vittu. puthiya recruitmentukal audyogika aii. aarr. eiii prathirodhatthinaayi nilavilundennu kandu, akramanathinaayi nilavilulla thaalkkaalika aii. aarr. eiii. kku vipareethamaayi, vardhicha recruitmentum audyogika aii. aarr. eiii. yill ninnu thaalkkaalika aii. aarr. eiii. yilekkulla koorumaattavum randaamathethu prabalamaaya samghadanayaayi maarunnathilekku nayichu.
britiish sarkkarumaayulla charchakal pratheekshichukondu juun 26 ardharaathriyil vedinirthal aarambhikkumenn juun 22 nuu aii. aarr. eiii prakhyaapichu. rund divasathinu sesham oo brada oo konailum dablinil oru pathrasammelanam nadatthi, irelandile naalu charitraparamaaya pravisyakalil oronninum vibhajicha sarkkaarukalum paarlamentukalum ulla oru ool-ireland federal republicine vaadicha air nyoo (puthiya ireland) nayam prakhyaapichu. oru ekeekritha ayarlandinekkurichulla unionistukalude bhayathe neridaan roopakalppana cheythathaanu ithu, idungiya protestant bhooripakshamulla oru alsttar paarlament avarude thaalpparyangalkk samrakshanam nalkum. juulai 7 nuu britiish sarkkar republican neethrthwavumaayi rahasya charchakal nadatthi, mack steophine, ooo konail, aivar bell, twomi, jerry adams, martin mcginness ennivar vilyam vaitlooyude neethrthwathilulla oru britiish prathinidhi samghathe kaanunnathinaayi englandilekku parannu. britiish pinvalikkal, sensitiivu pradeshangalil ninnu britiish sainyathe neekkam cheyyal, republican thadavukaare mochippikkal, olichodiyavarkku pothumaapp nalkal enniva ulppedeyulla aavasyangal mack steophane unnayichu. britishukaar nirasikkukayum charchakal avasaanikkukayum juulai juulai iraa vedinirthal avasaanikkukayum cheythu. 1972-nte avasaanathilum 1973-nte thudakkathilum airish athirthiyude iruvashathumulla arasttukalaal airayude neethrthwam kshayichukondirunnu, mack steophane, bradey, mcginness ennivarellaam aira amgathvathinaayi jayililadaykkappettu. 1973 maarchil prathisandhi kaaranam iraan landanil bomb spodanam nadatthi, kaaranam englandile bombukal britiish pothujanaabhipraayathil kooduthal swaadheenam cheluthumennu armi kaunsil vishwasichirunnu. ithinethudarnnu englandil theevramaaya iraa pravartthanangalude oru kaalaghattatthil 1974 avasaanathode naalppathiyanju perr kollappettu, athil irupathiyonnu saadhaaranakkaar birmingham pub bomb spodanangalil kollappettu.
kollappettu chrismus kaalaghattatthile ira vedinirthalinethudarnnum 1975 januvari januvari mattoru vedinirthalinethudarnnum iraa pittennu aarr munny muthal "aakramanathmaka sainika nadapadi" nirtthivaykkunna prasthavana purappeduvichu. varsham muzhuvanum iraan neethrthwavum britiish sarkkar prathinidhikalum thammil niravadhi yogangal nadannu, ithu britiish pinvalikkal prakriyayude thudakkamaanennu iraa vishwasichu. vedinirthal samayat belfast, derry, southu armag ennividangalil bombukal upayogichu idaykkide iraa akramam nadannu. vishwastha ardhasainika vibhaagangalude vibhageeya kolapaathakangalkk prathikaaramaayi protestant siviliyanmaare vargeeyamaayi kolappeduthiyathil iraa ulppettirunnu. juulai aayappozhekkum armi kaunsil charchakalude purogathiyil aashankaakularaayi, irelandil ninnu pinmaranulla avarude uddeshyathekkurichu britiish sarkkar parasyamaayi prakhyaapikkathe shaashvathamaaya samaadhaanathin saadhyathayillenn nigamanam cheythu. augustil sayudha prachaaranatthilekku kramena madangiyethukayum septambar 22 nuu vadakkan ayarlandiludaneelam 22 bombukal ira vedivachathode vedinirthal phalapradamaayi avasaanikkukayum cheythu. vedinirthalinethudarnna oru yuvathalamura pravartthakar bradai, koneyil, makki ennivayude pazhaya gaard neethrthwathe vimarsikkukayum irayile avarude swaadheenam pathukke kurayukayum cheythu. samghadanaykku nikathaanaavaattha naashanashtamundaakkukayum paraajayappedaanulla aduthekku kondupookukayum cheiyunna vedinirthal karar iraykku vinaashakaramaanennu yuvathalamura kandu. britiish shwasana edavum samayavum aiaaril rahasyaanveshana vivarangal kettippadukkaan anuvadicha keniyil armi kaunsil veenathaayi aaropikkapettu, koodaathe vibhageeya kolapathakangalil aiaarine ulppeduthaan anuvadichathinum 1975 october, november maasangalil audyogika iaarumaayulla kalahathin pathinonnu perr kollappettathinum makki vimarsikkappettu.
neenda yuddham".
vedinirthal avasaanichathinethudarnnu, britiish sarkkar prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi oru puthiya moonnu bhaagangalulla thanthram avatharippichu; bhagangal alstaraiseshan, normalisation, criminalisation enningane ariyapettu. vadakkan irelandinullile samgharsham niyanthrikkunnathinum vadakkan irelandinu purathu ninnu recruit cheyyappedunna britiish sainikarude ennam kuraykkunnathinum sramikkunnathinaayi britiish sainyathinte part time gadakamaaya praadeshikamaayi recruit cheyyappetta rukk aandu alsttar defense rejimentinte (udr) punk vardhippikkunnathu alstaraiseshanil ulppedunnu. saadhaaranavalkkaranathil vichaaranayillathe thadankal sikshayum prathyeka vibhaga padavi avasanippikkalum ulppedunnu, randaamathethu 1972 ll makeeyude neethrthwathilulla nirahara samarathethudarnnu avatharippikkappettu. niyama nirvvahana pariharam aavasyamulla criminal prashnathinu sainika pariharam aavasyamulla kalapam muthal prashnangalekkurichulla pothujana dhaarana maattunnathinaan criminalisation roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. prathyeka padavi pinvalichathinte falamaayi, 1976 septambaril noorukanakkinu thadavukaar jayil unifom dharikkan visammathichathode iraa thadavukaaranaaya kieran nujant jayilil puthapp prathishedham aarambhichu.
1977ll aii. aarr. eiii. oru puthiya thanthram aavishkarichu, athine avar "deerghakaala yuddham" ennu vilichu, athu bakkiyulla prasnangalkkulla avarude thanthramaayi thudarum. eee thanthram avarude pracharanam vijayikkunnathin munbu niravadhi varshangal neendunilkkumennu amgeekarikkukayum siin fenn vazhi rashtreeya pravarthanangalkku kooduthal oonnal nalkukayum cheythu. prathyakshappedukayum thudakkathile oru republican rekhayil "siin fain irayum deseeya vimochana yudhathil vyathyasthavum ennaal parasparabandhithavumaya punk vahikkunnu" ennu parayunnu. airish republican sainyam oru sayudha akramanam nadathunnu... siin fenn prachaarana yuddham nilanirthukayum prasthaanatthinte pothu rashtreeya shabdavumaanu ". aii. aarr. eiii. upayogikkunna induction aandu training maanuvalaaya "green book"-nte 1977-leeii pathipp "deerghakaala yuddha" thinte thanthrathe eee padangalil vivarikkunnu
deerghakaala yuddham" 1970 kalude thudakkathil suraksha senaamgangalkk nereyulla kooduthal aakramanangalkk anukoolamaayi irayude thanthrangal valia bombakramanangalil ninnu maari. irayude puthiya bahumukha thanthram, britiish bharanathe deseeya samooham nirasikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinaayi loard moundbaattan vadham, vaaranpoyint pathiyirunnu akramanam thudangiya akramanangalil ninnu labhicha pracharanam upayogichu sayudha pracharanam upayogikkaan thudangi. vadakkan irelandine asthiramaayi nilanirthaanaanu aii. aarr. eiii lakshyamidunnathu, ithu prasnangalkkulla parihaaramaayi adikaaram pankidunna sarkkaarine sthaapikkuka enna britiish lakshyathe paraajayappedutthum.
kriminalvalkkaranathirena jayil prathishedham prathishedham airish nirahara samarathil paryavasaanichu, ezhu airayum moonnu airish naashanal liberation armi amgangalum rashtreeya padavi thedi pattini kidannu marichu. nirahara samara nethaavu bobby sands echu-block virudha pravarthakanaaya ooven caron britiish house oof komansilekku thudarchayaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum mattu rund prathishedha thadavukaar dayle aireynilekku thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. thiranjeduppu vijayangal siin feninte vardhicha thiranjeduppu pankaalitthatthinu samaantharamaayi iraante sayudha pracharanam pinthudaraan kaaranamaayi. 1981 leeii siin fenn aard faisile daani morisante prasamgatthinte peril eee thanthram "aarmaalait aandu baalat boxes straattaji" ennariyappettu.
baalat boxiloode namukk yuddham vijayikkaan kazhiyumennu ivide aaraan yadhaarthathil vishwasikkunnathu? ennaal eee kaiyil baalat paper eee kaiyil ayudhavum upayogichu nammal irelandil adikaaram pidichedukkukayaanenkil ivide aarenkilum ethirkkumo?
unnatha rashtreeya, sainika lakshyangalkkethiraya aakramanangalkk aii. aarr. eyude munganana thudarnnu. 1981 octoberil landanil nadanna chelsey baarakkukalil nadanna bomb spodanathil rund saadhaaranakkaar kollappedukayum irupathimoonnu sainikarkk parikkelkkukayum cheythu; oraazhchaykk sesham kamaandant general royal mareenukalaaya lefttanant general stuvartt prinkiline vadhikkan shramichathiloode landanil iraa veendum aakramichu. 1982 joolaiyil hyde paarkkilum reejant paarkkilum nadanna bomb spodanangalil pathinonnu sainikar kollappedukayum saadhaaranakkaar ulppede ambathiladhikam perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythathode englandile sainika lakshyangalkkethiraya akramanangal thudarnnu. 1984 octoberil avar bryattan hotel bombakramanam nadatthi, britiish pradhaanamantri maargarat thunnalkkaarane vadhikkan avar shramichu, patthu niraahaarikalude maranathinu avar avare kuttappedutthi. bomb spodanathil empy aanthani berry ulppedeyulla party konfaransil pankeduttha kansarvetteevu partyile anchu amgangal kollappettu, thunnalkkaaran maranathil ninnu valarekkurachu rakshapettu. 1985ll martina aandezhsanum braittan bomber patrick magiyum ulppede aarr aii. aarr. eiii sannadhapravarthakare glassgoyil arast cheythappol englandu bombing kaambayin aasoothranam cheytha vardhanavu thadanju. prathyakshappedukayum avasaanathil libia sambhavana cheytha 150 tonn aayudhangalumaayi oru kappal fraansinte theerathu ninnu pidichedutthathinetthudar pracharanam vanthothil vardhippikkaanulla padhathikal raddaki. vietnaam yudhasamayathe tettu aakramanathinte maathrkayil thayyarakkiya padhathikal, kappalinte kyapttan neratthe naalu aayudangal franch adhikaarikale ariyichappol nashtappetta athbhuthathinte gadakathe aashrayichirunnu, ithu britiish sainyathe uchithamaaya prathirodha nadapadikal vinyasikkaan anuvadichu. 1987ll iraan europile britiish sainika lakshyangal akramikkaan thudangi, raindahlen bombaakramanatthil ninnu thudangi, thudarnnu thudarnnu 1988num idayil britiish sayudha senayile udyogasthareyum thaavalangaleyum lakshyamit ekadesham irupathu thokkukalum bomb aakramanangalum nadannu.
samadhana prakriya.
prathyakshappedukayum avasaanathode prasnangal sainikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sthambhanathilaayi, britiish sarkkar oru othutheerppu earppeduthunnathu thadayaan iraykku kazhinjenkilum airish punarekeekaranamenna avarude lakshyam nirbandhikkaan kazhinjilla. siin fenn president aadams soshyal demookratik aandu laber party (sdlp) nethaavu joonn huminumaayum airish sarkkaarine prathinidheekarikkunna oru prathinidhi samghavumaayum airayude prachaaranatthinu rashtreeya badalukal kandethunnathinayi bandhapettu. republican neethrthwam samadhaanathil thaalparyam prakadippichathinte falamaayi, vadakkan irelandile stettu sekrattari peettar brook oru rashtreeya othutheerppinaayi avarumaayi edapazhakaan thudangiyappol britiish nayam maari. 1990 octoberil siin feninu brook aasoothrithamaaya prasamgatthinte munkoor pakarpp nalkikkond irayum britiish sarkkarum thammilulla back chaanal nayathanthram aarambhichu. adutha maasam landanil nadatthiya prasamgatthil britiish sarkkar akramathinu vazhangillenn brook prasthaavichuvenkilum akramam avasaanichaal kaaryamaaya rashtreeya maattam vaagdaanam cheythukondu thante prasthavana avasaanippichu
britiish gavanmentinu vadakkan irelandil swaarthamo thanthraparamo saambathikamo aaya thaalpparyamilla sahayikkuka, praapthamaakkuka, prolsaahippikkuka ennivayaanu njangalude punk... vibhajanam yaadhaarthyathinte amgeekaaramaanu, deseeya swaartha thaalpparyatthinte avakaashavaadamalla.
pathinanju varshathinide aadyamaayaanu chrismasinu moonnu divasathe vedinirthal prakhyaapichukondu brookkinte prasamgathodu aii. aarr. eiii prathikarichathu. pinneedu aii. aarr. eiii englandil bomb akramanam sakthamaakki, 1991ll 36 bombukalum 1992ll 57 bombukalum sthaapichu, 1990ll 15 bombukalaayirunnu ithu. 1992 eprilil nadanna baltic exchange bomb spodanathil moonnu perr kollappedukayum 800 milyan poundu moolyamulla naashanashtangal sambhavikkukayum cheythu, ithu vadakkan irelandile prasnangal moolamundaaya motham naashanashtatthekkaal 200 milyan poundu kooduthalaanu. 1992 desemberil brookkinte pingamiyaayi vadakkan irelandinte stettu sekrattariyaayi chumathalayetta patrick meyyoo, airish punarekeekaranam charchakaliloode nedaanaakumenkilum britiish sarkkar akramathinu vazhangillenn prasthaavichu kolarainil iraye lakshyamit oru prasangam nadatthi. britiish sarkkarum irayum thammilulla idanilakkaar vazhiyulla rahasya charchakal thudarnnu, thudarchayaaya akramathekkaal raashtreeyathiloodeyaanu iraa thangalude lakshyam kaivarikkukayennu britiish sarkkar vaadichu. 1993 maarchil rund kuttikale konna warrington bomb spodanavum oru maasathinu sesham oraale kollukayum oru bilyan poundu moolyamulla naashanashtangal varuthukayum cheytha bishopgate bomb spodanavum ulppede iraanile thudarchayaaya akramangal kaaranam charchakal saavadhaanam purogamichu. 1993 desemberil britiish pradhaanamantri joonn mejar airish thaavoseech albert reynolds landanile downing streettil oru pathrasammelanam nadatthi. vadakkan irelandilum republic oof irelandilum prathyeka hitaparisodhanakalode airish janathayude svayam nirnnayathinulla avakasham amgeekaricha downing street prakhyapanam avar nalki. 1994 januvariyil armi kaunsil prakhyapanam nirasikkaan vottu cheythappol siin fenn prakhyaapanatthinte chila vashangal vyakthamakkaan britiish sarkkarinodu aavasyappettu. prakhyapanam svayam samsaarikkunnuvennum iraa vedinirthal ahvaanam cheythillengil siin fainumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthaan visammathichuvennum britiish sarkkar marupadi nalki.
1994 august august oru othutheerppinaayi rashtreeya charchakalil siin fene ulppeduthumenna daaranayude adisthaanathil aii. aarr. eiii "sainika pravartthanangal poornnamaayum avasaanippikkumenn" prakhyaapichu. vedinirthalinethudarnna airish republican prasthaanatthinu "sayudha pooraattatthinte thanthraparamaaya upayogam" allengil vishalamaaya airish deseeya prasthaanatthinu "poornnamaayum nirayudha thanthram" ennu visheshippikkappedunna "tuwas" ennariyappedunna oru puthiya thanthram iraante rank-aandu-fayalinu velippeduthi. siin faine, sdlp, airish sarkkar ennivayulppedeyulla oru sakhyam britiish sarkkaarin nettamundaakkaan orumichu pravartthikkukayum iraante sayudha pracharanam aavashyamenkil aarambikkukayum avasanippikkukayum charchakal parajayappettaal vedinirthal pinvalikkanulla oopshan undaayirikkukayum cheythu. aii. aarr. eiii. thangalude aayudangal nirthalaakkunnathinu munbu britiish sarkkar siin feyine multy-party charchakalil pankedukkaan visammathikkukayum anthima samadhana othutheerppinu munbu aii. aarr. eiii niraayudheekarikkaan visammathichathinal oru samgharsham aarambikkukayum cheythu. ira svayam tholviyariyaathavarum pirichuvidal oru keezhadangal nadapadiyaayi kanakkaakkukayum vedinirthal prakhyaapikkunnathin munbu pirichuvidal orikkalum paraamarshichittillenna prasthavikkukayum cheythu. 1995 maarchil siin fenine multy-party charchakalil praveshippikkunnathin meyyoo moonnu vyavasthakal earppeduthi. onnamathaayi, "kramena niraayudeekaranam" nadatthaan aii. aarr. eiii. sammathikkendathundu, randaamathaayi nirthalaakkunnathinulla oru padhathi amgeekarikkendathundu, oduvil aathmavishwaasam valarthunnathinulla nadapadiyaayi charchakal aarambhikkunnathin munbu chila aayudangal nirthalaakkendathundu. britiish sarkkaarinte "yukthirahithamaya aavasyam", "thadayunna thanthram" enniva nirthalaakkiyathaayi septambaril aii. aarr. eiii. pothu prasthaavanakalode prathikarichu.
1996 februvari 9 nuu sainika kaunsilil ninnulla oru prasthavana vedinirthal avasaanippichathaayi airish deseeya prakshepana ejansiyaaya raideo tailifis aireynin kaimari, 90 minittinusesham docklands bomb spodanathil rund perr kollappedukayum landanile chila vilayeriya vaanijya swathinu ekadesham 1 milyan poundu naashanashtamundaakkukayum cheythu. moonnaazhchaykku sesham britiish, airish sarkkarukal oru samyuktha prasthavana puratthirakki, aira oru puthiya vedinirthal ahvaanam cheythillengil siin feyine ozhivaakkikkond juun 10 nuu multy-party charchakal aarambhikkumenn prakhyaapichu. juun 15 nuu maanchastar bombaakramanathode irayude pracharanam thudarnnu, ithu 200 ladhikam perkku parikkelkkukayum nagara madhyabhaagathinu 400 dasalaksham poundu naashanashtamundaakkukayum cheythu. germmaniyile oru britiish sainika thaavalathinu nereyundaaya oosnaabrakku mortar aakramanathinu purame kooduthalum englandilaayirunnu akramanangal. vedinirthal avasaanichathinusesham vadakkan irelandil iraa nadatthiya aadya akramanam 1996 october vare neenduninnilla, appol theep vaal baarakkukalil nadanna bombaakramanatthil oru britiish sainikan kollappettu. 1997 februvariyil iraa sniper samgham iraa senayude aakramanathil kollapetta avasaanathe britiish sainikanaaya lans bombadier steefan ristorikkine vadhichu.
1997 meyy maasathe pothu thiranjeduppinetthudarnna britiish mejar laber party tonny blair pradhaanamanthriyaayi. iraa vedinirthal kazhinju rund maasathinullil aayudangal munkootty nirthalaakkaathe multy-party charchakalil siin feyine ulppeduthaan thayyaaraanenn vadakkan irelandinte puthiya stettu sekrattari moow moulam thiranjeduppinu munbu prakhyaapichirunnu. 1997 joolaiyil iraa puthiya vedinirthal prakhyaapichathinushesham, 1998 eprilil good frieday karar undakkiya multy-party charchakalil siin feyine praveshippichu. karaarinte oru lakshyam 2000 meyy maasathode vadakkan irelandile ellah ardhasainika vibhaagangalum poornnamaayum niraayudheekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu. canaden general joonn dii chaastalaininte swatantra anthaaraashtra kammeeshan oonn decommuning (aii. aii. sii. dii) nireekshicha oru prakriyayil iraa pirichuvidaan thudangi, chila aayudangal 2001 october 23 num 2002 epril 8 num pirichuvittu. 2001 october pirichuvidal oru airish republican ardhasainika samghadana swamedhayaa athinte aayudangal nirthalaakkiyathu aadyamaayi. 2002 octoberil britiish sarkkar vibhajicha vadakkan ireland assembly thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkukayum union bahishkaranam thadayunnathinaayi nerittulla bharanam thirike nalkukayum cheythu. paarlament kettidangalkkullil republican chaaranmar pravartthikkunnu enna aaropanavum vadakkan irelandile police sarveesilum (pii. ezz. enn. aii)-iraa dii chaastaleynumaayulla bandham thaalkkaalikamaayi vichedichathum ithu bhaagikamaayi aarambhichu. ennirunnaalum, 2003 october 21 nuu kooduthal pirichuvidal nadannu. 2004 desemberile vadakkan baank kavarchayethudarnnu, neethi, samathvam, niyama parishkarana mantri maikkal mcdowell, vadakkan irelandilo republic oof irelandilo akramathe pinthunaykkukayo bheeshanippeduthukayo cheiyunna, sphodakavasthukkalo thokkukaloo kaivasham vaykkukayo, criminal kuttangalil earppedukayo cheiyunna oru partic sarkkaaril sthaanamillennu prasthaavichu. 2005 februvariyude thudakkathil, 2004 avasaanathode pirichuvidal vaagdaanam pinvalikkunnathayi aii. aarr. eiii prakhyaapichu. pieslick keezhilulla demookratik unionist party aavashyathe thudarnnu, pirichuvidalinte photographic thelivukal nirbandhikkukayum cheythu.
sayudha prachaaranatthinte avasaanam.
2005 juulai 28 nuu, aii. aarr. eiii., seyna walsh maadhyamangalkk vaayicha oru prasthaavanayiloode, samadhaanaparamaaya rashtreeya maargangaliloode maathram lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathinu pravartthikkumennum ellah ardhasainika pravartthanangalum avasaanippikkaan sannadhapravarthakarodu utharavidumennum urappichu sayudha pracharanam avasaanippikkumenn prakhyaapichu. niraayudheekarana prakriya ethrayum vegam poortthiyaakkumennum aii. aarr. eiii ariyichu. rahasya niraayudheekarana pravartthanangal kaanaan aii. aarr. eiii rund swatantra saakshikale kshanichu, catholica purohithanaaya pithaav alak raid protestant mantriyum harrold gudine bahumaanikkunnu. 2005 septambar septambar aii. aii. sii. dii. "aii. aarr. eyude aayudhashekharathinte samboornnatha" nirthalaakkiyathaayi prakhyaapichu. 2005 septambaril nirthalaakkiya iraa aayudangalil iva ulppedunnuvennu jaininte information group kanakkakki
nirthalaakkiya aayudhangale britiish, airish suraksha senayude aii. aarr. eyude aayudhashekharathekkurichula kanakkukalumayi thaarathamyam cheytha sesham, aayudangal nirthalaakkunna prakriyayil aii. aarr. eyude poornna pankaalittham kaaranam, ellah aii. eiii. aarr. aayudangalum nirthalaakkiyathaayi aii. aii. sii. dii. nigamanam cheythu. aii. aii. sii. diyude nigamanam thaan amgeekarichathaayi vadakkan ireland stettu sekrattari peettar heyne paranju. athinusesham, aii. aarr. eiii. thangalude ellah aayudangalum nirthalaakkiyittillena idaykkide maadyamangalil avakaashavaadangal uyarnnirunnu. atharam avakaashavaadangalkku marupadiyaayi, swatantra nireekshana kammeeshan (aii. emm. sii) athinte pathaamatthe reportil aii. aarr. eiii. thangalude niyanthranatthilulla ellah aayudangalum nirthalaakkiyathaayi prasthaavichu. eathenkilum aayudangal sookshichirunnenkil avaa vyakthikal sookshikkumaayirunnu ennum iraa utharavukalkku virudhamaayirikkumennum reportil parayunnu.
2015 februvariyil, republic oof irelandinte police sevanamaaya gardike aiaarinte sainika ghadana pravarthanakshamamaanenno ira criminal pravarthanangalil earppettirikkunnuvennu thelivukalonnumillennu garda kammeeshanar noirin oo sullivan prasthaavichu. 2015 augustil pii. ezz. enn. aii cheef constable jorjju haamilttan, aii. aarr. eiii inii oru ardhasainika samghadanayaayi nilavilillenn prasthaavichu. athinte chila ghadana nilanilkkunnundenkil samadhaanaparamaaya rashtreeya paatha pinthudaraan group prathijnjaabadhamaanennum criminal pravarthanangalil earppedukayo akramathe nayikkukayo cheiyunnillennum addeham koottichertthu. ennirunnaalum, athinte chila amgangal avarude swantham, vyakthigatha aavasyangalkkaayi criminal pravarthanangalil earppettittundenn addeham choondikkaatti. muun belfast iraa commandermaaraaya kevin mcguigan, jerard davison ennivarude kolapaathakangalkk marupadiyaayaanu prasthavana. moonnu maasam munbu davison vediyettu maricha sambhavathil muun aii. aarr. eiii amgangal prathikaaramaayi nadatthiya kolapaathakamaanennu vishwasikkappettathil mcguigan vediyettu marichu. mcguigante kolapaathakathinu iraa neethrthwam anumathi nalkiyathinu thelivukalonnumillennu cheef constable paranju. ithinulla marupadiyaayi britiish sarkkar vadakkan irelandile ardhasainika vibhaagangale vilayiruthukayum cheythu. 2015 octoberil avasaanicha vilayiruthal, "alsttar volunteer fozhsu, redu hand commando, alsttar defense association, provisional ira, airish naashanal liberation armi ennivayulppede prasnangalil pravartthikkunna ellah pradhana ardhasainika vibhaagangalum ippozhum nilavilundu" ennathaanu."ennaal," "pradhana ardhasainika vibhaagangalude (iraa ulppede) nethaakkal avarude rashtreeya lakshyangal nedunnathinu samadhaanaparamaaya maargangalil prathijnjaabadharaanu"."
aayudangalum pravartthanangalum.
prashnangalude aadyakaalangalil iraa mosham aayudhadhaarikalaayirunnu, 1972 nte thudakkathil deriyil aarr emm 1 carbineukal, rund thompson submussin thokkukal, onno rando emm 1 garrend raifilukal, vividatharam handgunukal enniva ulppettirunnu. karinchantha aayudha edapaadukaludeyum anubhaavikalil ninnulla sambhaavanakaludeyum falamaayi, uparithala-tuu-eyar misailukal; emm 60 mesheen gannukal; aarmaalait aarr-18, efn phaal, akm, emm 16 raifilukal; dhke hevi mesheen gannukal; elpio-50 flamethroverse; baarat emm 90 snipper raifilukal thudangiya niravadhi aayudangal iraykku labhichu. republic oof irelandile iraa anukoolikal sambhavana cheytha anfo, jelignite, libian sarkkar sambhavana cheytha plaastik sphodakavasthukkalaaya semetteks ennivayulppedeyulla sphodakavasthukkal upayogichu kaar, truck bombukal, time bombukal, booby trapukal thudangiya vividha bombukalum ira sayudha prachaarana velayil upayogichu. iraa enchiniyaring vakupp republic oof irelandil oru koottam mechappeduthiya mortaarukal nirmmichu, avaa 1990-kalode sainika modalukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna nilavaaratthil nirmikkappettu. iraa mortaarukal saadhaaranayaayi parokshamaayi vedivaykkunnathinaal ruck, britiish sainika thaavalangalile kanatha kottakalodulla prathikaranamaayirunnu irayude mortar thanthrangal vikasippichath, avaykku chila paridiyilulla suraksha nadapadikal marikadakkaan kazhinju. mortaarukal delay timerukal ulppede vividha firing samvidaanangal upayogichu, ithu aayudhangalude dispossible swabhaavavumaayi samyojippichu iraa sannadhapravarthakare sambhavasthalathu arast cheyyappedaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkaan anuvadichu.
vadakkan irelandilaanu ira pradhaanamaayum sajeevamaayirunnathenkilum englandileyum europile pradhana bhoopradeshatheyum lakshyamittengilum republic oof irelandilum parimithamaaya pravartthanangal nadannu. britiish sainikaraan iraante munganana lakshyamitirunna iraante aakramanathmaka akramanam pradhaanamaayum britiish sainyatheyum (udhar ulppede) rakkineyum lakshyamitirunnu. britiish sarkkar udyogasthar, raashtreeyakkaar, sthaapana, judicial vyakthikal, muthirnna britiish sainyam, police udyogasthar ennivaraayirunnu mattu lakshyangal. bombakramanam pradhaanamaayum rashtreeya, saambathika, sainika lakshyangale lakshyamittaayirunnu, theevravaada virudha vidagthanaaya andy openheimer ithine "charithratthile ettavum valia theevravaada bombakramanam" ennu visheshippichu. kadakal, restorantukal, hotelukal, railway steshanukal, mattu pothu kettidangal enniva saambathika lakshyangalil ulppedunnu. 1972 maarchil abarcon restorantil oru bomb spodanathil rund sthreekal kollappedukayum niravadhi perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythappol undaaya bomb spodanathinu iraye kuttappedutthi. abarcon bombaakramanathinu sheshamulla nishedhaathmaka pracharanam kaaranam, swathukkalkkum sambadvyavasthaykkum uddeshicha kedupaadukal varuthumbol thanne sivilian apakadangal ozhivakkaan sramikkunnathinaayi aii. aarr. eiii telephone coded munnariyippukalude oru samvidaanam avatharippichu. britteeshukaarkk prachaarana attimarikalum recruitmentineyum dhanasahaayatheyum baadhichathinaal sivilian maranangal iraykku virudhamaayirunnu. eee ira bombukal undaayirunnittum, saadhaaranayaayi ira thettukal, kazhivillaayma allengil aashayavinimayathile pishakukal enniva kaaranam saadhaaranakkaare kollunnath thudarnnu. naalu saadhaaranakkaar ulppede ezhu perr kollapetta dogal theruvu bomb spodanavum belfast sitti sentarinte oru mile chuttalavil irupathirandu bombukal sthaapichappol anchu saadhaaranakkaar ulppede ombathu perr kollapetta raktharookshithamaaya velliyazhchayum ithil ulppedunnu. patthu saadhaaranakkaar ulppede pathinonnu perr kollapetta anusmarana dhina bomb spodanavum ettu saadhaaranakkaar ulppede patthu perr kollapetta shankle rooad bomb spodanavum polulla akaala spodanangal sivilian maranangalude mattoru kaaranamaayirunnu.
naashanashtangal.
prashnasamayathu mattethoru samghadanayekkaalum kooduthal maranangalkk aii. aarr. eiii utharavaadiyaayirunnu. prashnangalile maranangalekkurichulla rund vishadamaaya padanangal, internettile samgharsha archive (keyne), "jeevan nashtappettu" enna pusthakam enniva aii. aarr. eiii. kollappettavarude ennathilum samgharsha maranangalude aake ennathilum alpam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. kaayen parayunnathanusarichu, 1,705 maranangalkk kaaranam irayaanu, ithu motham samgharsha maranangalude 48 sathamaanamaanu. ivaril 1,009 perr (ekadesham 59 sathamaanam) britiish suraksha senayile amgangalo muun amgangalo aayirunnu, 508 perr (ekadesham 29 sathamaanam) saadhaaranakkaaraayirunnu. jeevan nashtappetta" kanakkukal prakaram, 1,781 maranangalkk kaaranam aii. aarr. eiii aayirunnu, ithu motham samgharsha maranangalude 47 sathamaanamaanu. ivaril 944 perr (ekadesham 53 sathamaanam) britiish suraksha senayile amgangalum 644 perr (ekadesham 36 sathamaanam) saadhaaranakkaarum (61 muun suraksha senaamgangal ulppede) aayirunnu. britiish suraksha senayil jolie cheiyunna saadhaaranakkaar, raashtreeyakkaar, judiciary amgangal, kuttavaalikalum vivaradaathaakkalum ennu aaropikkappedunnavar ennivarum sivilian vyakthikalil ulppedunnu. bakkiyullavaril bhooribhaagavum vishwastha allengil republican ardhasainika vibhaagathile amgangalaayirunnu, 100 ladhikam aii. aarr. eiii amgangal suraksha senayude ejantumaaro informermaro aayathinal abadhathil swantham bombukalaal kollappedukayo vedivaykkappedukayo cheythu. mothatthil, britiish suraksha senayude motham maranangalil <aii. dii. 1> num motham sivilian maranangalil <aii. dii. 2> num aii. aarr. eiii utharavaadiyaayirunnu.
englandile iraante prachaarana velayil 56 saadhaaranakkaarum 42 britiish sainikarum ulppede 2,134 perkku parikkelkkukayum 115 perr marikkukayum cheytha 488 sambhavangalkk ithu utharavaadiyaayirunnu. prasnangalil 275 muthal 300 vare aii. aarr. eiii amgangal kollappettu, 1987 ll oru police steshan bombitan shramicha ettu sannadhapravarthakar britiish sainyathinte prathyeka vyomasevanam kolappeduthiya logal pathiyirunnu nadatthiya aakramanamaan orotta sambhavathil aii. aarr. eyude ettavum valia jeevan nashtamaayath.
ghadana.
samghadanayude ellah thalangalkkum general armi kanvenshanukalilekku prathinidhikale ayaykkaan avakashamundaayirunnu. 1986ll iraante bharanaghadanayil maattam varuthiyathinethudarnnu rund varshathilorikkalo naalu varshathilorikkalo yogam cherendiyirunna eee kanvenshan, 1969ll kanvenshanukal pathivayi yogam cherunnathinu munbu, ennaal iraante sayudha pracharanam nadannukondirikke rahasyamaayi oru valia niyamaviruddha samghadana samghadippikkunnathinulla budhimuttu kaaranam 1970 septambar, 1986 october, 1996 october allengil november maasangalil maathramaan avaa nadannathu. nadannathu vedinirthalinu sesham avaa kooduthal pathivayi nadannuvennum 1997 october, 1998 meyy, 1998 desember allengil 1999 juun maasangalil nadannuvennum ariyappedunnu. kanvenshan 12 anga executivine thiranjedutthu, athu saadhaaranayaayi executivil ninnu ezhu amgangale thiranjedutthu sainika kaunsil roopeekarichu. executivile eathenkilum ozhivukal kanvenshan munbu thiranjeduttha pakarakkar upayogichu nikathum. dainamdina aavasyangalkkaayi, adikaaram armi kaunsilil nikshipthamaayirunnu, athu nayangal nayikkunnathinum pradhana thanthraparamaaya theerumaanangal edukkunnathinum oppam, athinte ennathil ninnu allengil palappozhum, athinte raankukalkku purathu ninnu oru cheef oof staafine niyamichu.
cheef oof staafinu oru adjattant generalum oru quarter maasttar generalum finance, enchiniyaring, pariseelanam, intelligence, pablisity, ooppareshans, security directormaarum adangunna oru general headquartezhs (jii. echu. kyu) staafum sahayikkum. jihkuvinte ettavum valia vakuppaya quartermaster generals, iraa udyogastharil ekadesham 20 sathamaanam varum, aayudangal vaangunnathinum avare aayudhakkoombaarangalil olippichu irelandilekku kadathunnathinum utharavaadithamullathum aavasyaanusaranam iraa unitukalkku vitharanam cheiyunnathumaayirunnu. mechappetta sphodakavasthukkalum mechappetta mortaarukalum nirmmicha enchineeyaringaayirunnu adutha ettavum pradhanappetta vakupp. jihkuvinu thaazhe, iraye oru vadakkan commanda thekkan commanda vibhajichu. vadakkan command vadakkan irelandilum athirthi kaundikalaaya doggel, leytrim, kaavan, monagaon, luth ennividangalilum thekkan command irelandinte backie bhaagangalil pravarthichirunnu. 1977-ll, praadeshika thalatthil koshaghadanakal avatharippikkunnathin samaantharamaayi, vadakkan commandinu "vaar soonn" enna command nalki, ithu vadakkan ayarlandiludaneelam ekopitha akramanangalkkum thanthrangalil druthagathiyilulla mattangalkkum soukaryamorukki. thekkan commandle doublin brigade graamapradesangalile niravadhi cheria yoonittukalum ulppedunnu. aayudhangalude irakkumathi, sambharanam, surakshithamaaya veedukal nalkal, kavarchakaliloode panam swaroopikkal, pariseelana kyaambukal samghadippikkal thudangiya vadakkan kamandinaayulla pinthunaa pravarthanangalaayirunnu athinte pradhana utharavaadithangal. ghqvil chernnirikkunnathum ennaal matellaa iraa gadanakalil ninnum vyathyasthavumaya mattoru vakupp englandile bombaakramanathinu utharavaadiyaaya englandu departmentaayirunnu.
iraa thangalude saadhaarana amgangale sannadhapravarthakarennu (allengil airish bhashayil "oglai") paraamarsikkunnu, ithu ira oru kramarahithamaya sainyamaanenn prathifalippikkunnu, athu aalukalkk cheraan nirbandhitharaakukayum eppol venamenkilum pookukayum cheyyum. iaarinu avasaanam vare, parambaraagatha sainika gadanakale adisthaanamaakki aii. aarr. eiii. sannadhapravarthakare unitukalaayi samghadippichirunnu. oru pradeshathu thamasikkunna sannadhapravarthakar oru battaaliyante bhaagamaayi oru kambani roopeekarichu, athu belfast brigade, derry brigade, southu armag brigade, eest tyron brigade thudangiya oru brigedinte bhagamaakaam. 1973 avasaanathode belfast brigade punasamghadippikkukayum naalu muthal patthu vare amgangal adangunna sajeeva sevana unitukal ennu perittirikkunna rahasya cellukal avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 1977 aayappozhekkum irayile mattidangalilum samanamaaya mattangal varuthi, suraksha durbalata kaaranam valia parambaraagatha sainika samghadanaa thathwathil ninnu maari. deseeya pradeshangal police cheyyal, rahasyaanveshana shekharanam, aayudangal maraykkal thudangiya sahaaya pravarthanangalkkaayi pazhaya gadanakal upayogichappol, akramanangalil bhooribhaagavum brigedinte kwaarttarmaastarude niyanthranatthilulla aayudangal upayogichu sajeeva sevana yoonittukalaan nadathiyathu. eee punasamghadanayude apavaadam southu armag brigade aayirunnu, athu athinte parambaraagatha shreniyum bataaliyan ghadanayum nilanirtthi. southu armag brigadil ninnulla churukkam chila sannadhapravarthakar maathramaan gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangalkku shikshikkappettath, mattethoru pradeshathekkaalum kurachu arasttukal maathrame avide undaayirunnulloo, athaayath suraksha seena informermaare niyamikkaan paadupettu.
rashtreeya prathyayashaasthram.
oru samboornna ireland janaadhipathya soshyalist republicaayirunnu irayude lakshyam. kweens yooniversitti belfaasttile professoraaya richard engleesh ezhuthunnathu, soshyalist lakshyangal paalikkunnath iraude kaalatthinum sthalathinum anusarichu vyathyaasappettirikkum, theevra ashayangal, prathyekichu soshyalist ashayangal, ira chinthayude pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu. muun iraa sannadhapravarthakanaaya tommy mccarney prasthaavikkunnath irayude lakshyam oru soshyalist republicayirunnavilum, oru iraa vijayathethudarnnu vishadaamshangal thayyarakkumenna ashayathinappuram soshyalisathekkurichu thanne yojicha vishakalanamo dharanayo undaayirunnilla ennaanu. ithu audyogika aira, airish naashanal liberation armi ennivaykku virudhamaayirunnu, iva randum maarksist nilapaadukal vyakthamaayi nirvachichu. athupole, audyogika iaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol thaalkkaalika ira oru soshyalist ithara iaaraayi kanakkaakkappedunnuvennu vadakkan ireland idathupaksha raashtreeyakkaaranaaya emon mccan abhiprayappettu.
kaimari frants phaanan, cheey guvera, antonio gramsey, hoow-chii miin, general giap thudangiya ezhuthukaarude rashtreeya, maarksist sidhaanthangalude kruthikalil iraa thadavukaar earppedaan thudangiyathode soshyalisathodulla irayude prathibaddhatha kooduthal urachuninnu. libiyayil ninnu surakshithamaaya aayudhangalude varavu theerppaakkaathe, tettu aakramanathinte oru airish pathipp briteeshukaarkkethiraaya vijayathinte thacolanennu amgangalkku thonni. ennirunnaalum, ithu orikkalum nadakkaathe varikayum 1989-ll berlin mathil thakarnathu kizhakkan europile soshyalist sakhyakakshikal illaathaayathinaal soshyalisathodulla oru pinthudarchaye veendum chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla varshangalil, iraa thadavukaar dakshinaafrikkan raashtreeyathilekkum aafrikkan naashanal kongras sthaapicha maathrkayilekkum nokkaan thudangi. thadavilaayirunna iraa amgangalil palarum avarude swantham poraattavum nelson mandelayude poraattavum thammilulla samanathakal kaanukayum dakshinaafrikkayil adhikaarathilethiyathinnethu mandela svayam vittuveezhchayekkurich chinthikkaan vittuveezhcha upayogikkunnathiloode prothsaahippikkappedum cheythu.
vargeekaranam.
2000 leeii bheekaravaada niyamaprakaaram yunaittad kingdatthil nirodhikkapetta oru samghadanayum samsthaana niyamangalkkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalkku keezhil republic oof irelandile niyamaviruddha samghadanayumaanu aii. aarr. eiii. aii. aarr. sannadhapravarthakare juurii ithara prathyeka criminal kodathiyil vichaarana cheiyunnu. vadakkan irelandil 1973 leeii vadakkan ireland (emarjansi provisions) act prakaram samanamaaya oru samvidaanam avatharippichu, orotta jadjiyum juriyum adangunna oru diplock kodathi. vadakkan irelandileyum republic oof irelandileyum kodathikalude adikaaram aii. aarr. eiii nirasichu, athinte staanding utharavukal oru criminal kodathiyil vichaaranayilulla sannadhapravarthakare oru harjiyil praveshikkaano kodathiyude adikaaram amgeekarikkaano anuvadichilla, angane cheiyunnathu aii. aarr. ayil ninnu purathaakkunnathilekku nayichekkaam. republic oof irelandil iraa amgathvathinulla shiksha rund varshathil ninnu ezhu varshamaayi uyarthiyathinethudarnnu 1976 ll eee utharavukal elavu cheythu. good frieday karaarinte bhaagamaayi yukeyileyum republic oof irelandileyum iraa thadavukaarkku vyavasthaapithamaaya neratthe mochanam anuvadichu. muun criminal kuttangal kaaranam allengil immigration aandu naashanaality act oru sarkkaarine balamaayi attimarikkaan vaadikkunna oru samghadanayile amgangalaaya aalukalude praveshanam thadayunnathinaal aii. aarr. eiii amgangalkku amerikkayil praveshikkaan yatra visa palappozhum nirasikkappettirunnu.
american television warta prakshepanangal iraa amgangale vivarikkan "aaktivistukal", "garillakal", "theevravaadikal" ennee padangal upayogichu, athesamayam britiish television warta prakshepanangal 1989 ll prasidheekaricha edittoriyal maarganirddeshangalude bhaagamaayi "theevravaadikal" enna padam saadhaaranayaayi upayogichu. republicanmaar theevravaadatthinte label nirasikkunnu, pakaram iraayude pravartthanatthe yuddham, sainika pravartthanam, sayudha poraattam allengil sayudha prathirodham ennu visheshippikkunnu. aii. aarr. eiii. athinte amgangalkku swaathanthryasamarasenaani, sainikan, aaktivist allengil sannadhapravarthakan ennee padangalaanu eshtappedunnathu. iraye oru "swakaarya sainyam" ennum visheshippichittundu. airish swaathanthryasamarathe aira oru garilla yudhamaayi kandu, athu athinte chila lakshyangal niravetti, chilath "poortthiyaakaattha bisinesses" aayi avasheshichu.
general sarr mike jaxon mattu rund muthirnna udyogastharum ezhuthiya oru aabhyanthara britiish armi rekha 2007 ll vivaravakaasha niyamaprakaaram puratthirakki. vadakkan irelandile britiish sainyathinte 37 varshathe vinyaasam parishodhichu iraye "professional, samarppita, uyarnna vaidagdhyamulla, prathirodhasheshiyulla seena" ennu visheshippichappol vishwastha ardhasainika vibhaagangaleyum mattu republican grouppukaleyum "gundakalude oru shekharathekkaal alpam kooduthal" ennu visheshippichu.
shakthiyum pinthunayum.
samkhyaaparamaaya shakti.
udyogastharude vishadamaaya rekhakal sookshikkaathathinaal prashnasamayathu ethra perr aiaaril chernnuvennu vyakthamalla. irayude asthithvathinte aadya 20 varshangalil ekadesham 8,000 aalukal irayude raankukaliloode kadannupoyathaayum avaril palarum arast, viramikkal allengil nirasha ennivaykku sesham poyathaayum pathrapravartthakaraaya emon mally patrick bishop parayunnu. vividha neethrthwa padavikal vahicha mcginness, prashnangalude kaalayalavil motham 10,000 amgangale kanakkakki. 1971 joolaiyil irayil 500 sannadhapravarthakarum deriyil 130 perum belfaasttil 340 perum undayirunnathaayi britiish sainyam kanakkakkunnu, varshaavasaanathode belfaasttile irayil 1,200-ladhikam sannadhapravarthakar undayirunnathaayi pathrapravartthakan eddu moloney parayunnu. iaarinu avasaanathe punarnirmmaanathinushesham, britiish sainyam aiaaril 500 muzhuvan samaya sannadhapravarthakarunde kanakkakki. 1978ll brigadier jaims glover britiish aarmiyil nalkia reportil, punasamghadippicha iaarinu iaarinu thudakkathil undaayirunna athe ennam sannadhapravarthakar aavasyamillennum cheria ennam sannadhapravarthakarkk "asamamaya thothilulla akramam nilanirthaan" kazhiyumennum prasthaavichu. prathyakshappedukayum avasaanathode irayil ekadesham 300 sajeeva sannadhapravarthakarum 450 perkku pinthuna nalkiyittundennum 1988ll charitrakaaranaaya richard engleesh prasthaavichappol, parichayasambannaraaya muppathiladikam thokkudhaarikalum bombermar irayil illennum kuranja parichayasambannarum 500 perkku pinthuna nalkunnathumaaya irupathu sannadhapravarthakarum undennum parayunnu. 1996 octoberil moloney kanakkaakkunnath 600 muthal 700 vare sajeeva sannadhapravarthakar aii. aarr. ayil undaayirunnu ennaanu.
mattu raajyangaludeyum samghadanakaludeyum pinthuna.
yudhathil bhoomiyile mattethoru grouppinekkaalum raajyathekkaalum kooduthal panam, aayudangal (kooduthalum airish uthbhavam), sannadhapravarthakar, pariseelana kyaambukal, bomb faaktarikal, airish republican lakshyangalkkayulla surakshithamaaya veedukal ennivayude pradhana uravidamaayirunnu republic oof ireland. 1970 kalude thudakkathil shaanon vimanathavalavum cork, cob thuramukhangalum videshathu aayudha irakkumathikkaayi aii. aarr. eiii. vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. iraa prachaaranatthil upayogichirunna dhanakaaryathinte bhooribhaagavum videsha srothassukalekkaal republic oof irelandile criminal, niyamaanusritha pravarthanangalil ninnaan. thekkan irelandile aii. aarr. eiii amgangalum anuyaayikalum dhaaraalam mechappeduthiya sphodakavasthukkalum thokkukalum nirmmikkukayum thudarnnu eee pradeshangalile lakshyangalkethire upayogikkunnathinaayi vadakkan irelandilekkum englandilekkum kondupookukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, 1973ll dablinile staanve rodinaduthulla oru ira bomb factory oru divasam aarr thokkukal nirmmikkukayayirunnu. 1975ll donaabettile kaundi doublin graamatthile oru ira bomb factory "grenadeukal, rokkattukal, mortaarukal ennivayude nirmmaanathinulla kendram" ennu visheshippichirunnu."1973-nte aadya aarumaasathil maathram vadakkan irelandil pottithericha 48,000 poundu sphodakavasthukkalkku pinnil republicile kwaarikal, faamukal, nirmmaana sthalangal ennivayil ninnu moshticha jelignaittaan. airish prathirodha senayile oru muun amgam ulppede thekkan airish pouranmaarude melnottatthil adisthaana cheria aayudangalum sphodakavasthukkalum nirmmikkunnath muthal kanatha mesheen gann vare aii. aarr. eiii pariseelanam undaayirunnu. republicile aayirakkanakkin airish pouranmaar samgharshathiludaneelam iraakkoppam chernnu; udaaharanathinu, 1979 augustil luis mountbaattante kolapathakam monagaanil ninnulla iraa amgamaaya thomas mcmohan nadatthi.
libian nethaavu kenal muammar gadafi 1970 kalude thudakkathil rund aayudha kayattumathikalum 1980 kalude madhyathil anchu aayudangalum sambhavana cheythukondu iraq aayudha vitharanakkaaranaayirunnu. 1987-leeii avasana kayattumathi franch adhikaarikal thadanjuvenkilum munbathe naalu kayattumathikalil 1,200 kilometer assault raifilukal, 26 dhke hevi mesheen gannukal, 40 general purposes mesheen gannukal, 33 aarpiji-7 rokkatt launcherukal, 10 saam-7 uparithala-tuu-eyar misailukal, 10 elpio-50 flamethroverukal, rund tanniladhikam plaastik sphodakavasthukkalaaya semetex enniva ulppedunnu. 12 dasalaksham dollar addeham aii. aarr. aykku nalkukayum cheythu.
airish amerikkakkarum (airish kudiyettakkaarum airish vamsajarum) aayudangalum panavum sambhavana cheythu. airish kudiyettakkaaranum airayile muthirnna pouranumaaya maikkal flannery sthaapicha airish northen aid kammittiyaanu (noride) amerikkayile airayude saambathika pinthunayude nattellu. iraa thadavukaarude kudumbangalkkayi noraid audyogikamaayi panam swaroopichuvengilum irayude oru munnaniyaanennum iraa thokku oodikkunnathil earppettirikkunnuvennu athiraalikal shakthamayi aaropichu. airish kudiyettakkaaranum airayile muthirnna pouranumaaya jorjju haarisan aanu pradhana aira trans atlaantik gunraing network nadathiyirunnathu, avar 500 aayudangalum ekadesham 1 dasalaksham raundu vedikkoppukalum irelandilekku kadathiyathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, federal beuro oof investigation (efbi) 1981 juunil iraa aayudha kallakkadathinu haarisane arast cheyyukayum athuvazhi amerikkayil ninnulla iraante aayudha vitharanam thadayukayum cheythu. europilum middle eesttilum ithinakam sthaapithamaaya shringalakalil ninnu aayudangal irakkumathi cheiyunnathil shradha kendreekarikkaan ithu iraane nirbandhitharaakki. koodaathe, republican lakshyathinulla airish american pinthuna 1970 kalude madhyathil durbalamakan thudangi, 1980 kalil iraa athikramangaleyum noraidineyum chuttipattiyulla mosham pracharanam kaaranam kramena kuranju. 1998 aayappozhekkum amerikkayil airish republican lakshyathinaayi 36 laksham dollar maathramaan samaaharichirunnath, athil samgharshathil yadhaartha maattam varuthaan kazhiyaathathra cheria thukayaanennu pala charitrakaaranmaarum pandithanmaarum sammathichu.
airish kaanadakkar, airish australiyakkaar, airish nyoosilandarmaar ennivarum republican lakshyathe pinthunaykkunnathil sajeevamaayirunnu. svaroopichu australiyayile pinthunakkaaril ninnu prathivarsham 20,000 dollariladhikam thaalkkaalikamaayi ayachirunnu. kaanadayile anuyaayikal aayudangal samaaharikkukayo irakkumathi cheiyukayo cheyyuka mathramalla, iraa, siin fenn amgangale amerikkayilekku kadathuka koodi cheythu, kaanadayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, 1970 kalude thudakkam muthal akramathe pinthunaykkunnathinte adisthaanathil atharam amgangalkku visa nirodhanam earppeduthi. gearid ooo fauliyan ezhuthi, "1972 ll, mosham kaalavastha oru laitt airplayinine kaundi keriyile vidoorathuninnu shaanon vimaanathaavalathilekk thirichupokaan nirbandhithamaakki, avide iraa sannadhapravarthakar athinte varavinayi kaathirikkukayaayirunnu. oru canadian [aii. aarr. eiii. pinthunakkaaran] paratthiya vimanam libiyayil ninnu aarr. pii. jii-7 rokkatt launcherukal ulppedunna kuranjathu oru aayudha charakkumaayi parannuyarnnu, avide aii. aarr. eiii. eee aayudangal avarude sayudha prachaaranatthinaayi surakshita kendrangalilekku kadathiyirunnu. 1974ll ezhu canadian nivaasikale (yadhaarthathil belfaasttil ninnulla aarr perr) royal canadian mounded police (arcmp) airayilekku aayudangal kadathiyathinu arast cheythu. catherines, tavistokku, torrento, yuu.ezz. windserile athirthi ". arastilaayavaril oralaaya philipp kent, "pathinanju efn raifilukalum. 50 caliber mesheen gannum" kaivasham vachathayi addehathinte kaaril kandethi. 1982 januvariyil rund canadian aaktivisttukale yuu. ezz arast cheythu.ezz. newyork nagaratthile oru athaazha nrithathil pankedukkunnathinaayi siin fenn amgangalaaya daani morrison ooven kaaranum amerikkayilekku kadathaan shramicha immigration aandu naturalisation sarvees (ins) ejantumaar. oru maasathinushesham, moonnu kanediyanmaarum edward "tedu" hovel (jerry aadamsinte adutha sakhyakakshi) dablinil ninnulla dessy ellis yuu. esil praveshikkaan sramichathinu arasttilaayi.ezz. kaanadayil ninnu niyamavirudhamaayi iraakkaarkkaayi aayudhangalude "panavum shopping listtum".
samgharshathinidayil aii. aarr. aarr. sii. skotlandine aakramikkaathathinte oru pradhana kaaranam scottle ninnulla pinthuna kuraykkukayum dhanasamaaharanathilum avideyulla mattu pravarthanangalilum prathikoola swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheiyumennaayirunnu muun emm. aii. 5 ejantu villi carlin paranjathu. ivide skotlandile raashtreeyakkaar undaayirunnu, avaril palarum desheeyavaadathodum siin pheen kaaranathodum polum valare anubhavam prakadippichirunnu" ennu carlin vishadeekarichu. glasgoyile anuyaayikal bhooribhaagavum sambhavana cheythappol, raajyathinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnum "irelandil kudumbavum bandhukkalum ulla avidatthe karshakaril" ninnum panam vannathayum addeham abhiprayappettu.
bask vighadanavaadi grouppaaya eedayumaayi aii. aarr. aykku bandhamundaayirunnu. sphodakavasthukkalude parisheelanathinu pakaramaayi iraykku eedayil ninnu ambathu revolverukal labhichathayi maria mcgwire parayunnu. 1973ll madridil spanish pradhaanamantri luis carrero blancoyude kolapaathakathinu sphodakavasthukkal nalkiyathinu spanish police iraykkethire kuttam chumatthi, adutha varsham oru ittaa vakthaav jarmman maasikayaaya derr spiegelinode paranju. 1977ll bask rashtreeya partyaya youskal eroltsaarakko alderdiayude oru prathinidhi siin faininte 1977 aard faisil pankedutthu, pankedutthu 1977num idayil bask mekhala pathivayi sandarshikkunna bask vighadanavaadikalumaayi bradeik adutha bandhamundaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu palestine vimochana samghadanayude (pii. ell. oo) pinthuna iraykku labhichu, middle eesttile pariseelana kyaambukalil sannadhapravarthakar pankedutthu. 1977ll beljiyathile aant verppil ployil ninnu aayudhangalude oru kayattumathi pidichedutthu. irupathombathu eke-47 assault raifilukal, irupathombathu franch submussin thokkukal, ezhu aarpiji-7 rokkatt launcherukal, arupath rokkatt propuld grenadeukal, rund bren laitt mesheen gannukal, mortaarukal, grenadeukal, vedikkoppukal enniva kayattumathiyil ulppedunnu. 1979ll loard moundu baattan vadhikkappettathine thudarnnu ploo nethaavu yasser arafat irayil ninnu akannu.
1996 meyy maasathil russiayude aabhyanthara suraksha sevanamaaya federal security sarvees, estoniya aayudha kallakkadathu nadathiyathaayi aaropikkukayum estoniyayude sannadha prathirodha senayaaya kaitselittumaayi bandhapetta aayudha vyaapaarikalil ninnu aii. aarr. eiii aayudangal vaangiyathayi avakaashappedukayum cheythu. 2001ll, columbia three ennariyappedunna moonnu airish pouranmaare arast cheyyukayum kolambiyayile viplava sayudha senayaaya (fark) columbian garillakale parisheelippichathaayi aaropikkukayum cheythu. aakruthiyilulla chaarjukal, propain bombukal, land mainukal, mortaarukalude nirmmaanam ennivayulppede bomb nirmmaana saankethikavidyakalil faarkkine parisheelippikkunnathin airaykku 35 dasalaksham dollar vare nalkanamennu neethi, samathvam, niyama parishkarana airish mantri paranju. 2005ll kolambiyayude deseeya sainyathile oru commander, kolambiyayiludaneelam phaark ira saankethikavidyakal upayogikkunnundennu prasthavikkukayum, phaark upayogikkunna bombukal munbu ira upayogichirunnuvennu britiish sainika vidagdhar sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. 2004 eprilil vichaaranavelayil columbia movereyum kuttavimuktharakki, 2004 desemberil appeel kodathiyil ithu pinvalikkapettu, ennirunnaalum appeel kodathi vidhikk munbu eee purushanmaar raajyam vittu irelandilekku madangiyethiyirunnu.
dhanasahayam.
videsha saambathika pinthuna pothuve vilamathikkappettappol, iraa varumaanathinte bhooribhaagavum republic oof irelandileyum vadakkan irelandileyum pravarthanangalil ninnaan vannath. prasnangal aarambhichathumuthal, aii. aarr. eiii. athinte sayudha prachaaranatthinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi kavarchakal, vyaajarekha chamaykkal, samrakshana rakkattukal, mochanadravyathinaayulla thattikkondupokal, indhana kallappanam veluppikkal, sigaratt kallakkadathu thudangiya criminal pravarthanangalil earppettirunnu. taxi sthaapanangal, naitt clubbukal, offeesukal, nazhsing homukal thudangiya niyamaanusrithamaaya bisinasukal nadathikkondum aii. aarr. eiii. fund svaroopichu. svaroopichu aii. aarr. eiii pravartthikkaan prathivarsham 10.5 dasalaksham poundu aavasyamaanennu britiish niyamapalanam kanakkakki. oru rahasya samghadanayaayathinaal oru rashtreeya lakshyam nedunnathinaayi nyaayeekarikkapetta adhika niyamaparamaaya dhanasamaaharana reethikal upayogikkaan nirbandhithamaayathaayi iraa anukoolikal vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee pravartthanam britiish sarkkaarine iraye oru criminal samghamaayi chithreekarikkaan anuvadichu. vadakkan irelandile tapal offeesukalil aayirathiladikam reydukal nadatthiya ayarlandiludaneelamulla baankukal, trainukal, cherukida bisinasukal ennivayude sayudha kavarchakal iraante pradhana dhanasahaya srothassaayirunnu. britiish charithratthile ettavum valia baank raidle-2004 leeii northen baank kavarchayil-26.5 dasalaksham poundu moshtikkappettappol-aii. aarr. eiii nishedhichathaayi pii. ezz. enn. aii. sii, aii. emm. sii, britiish, airish sarkkarukal ennivayellaam aii. aarr. eiii. yeei kuttappedutthi. 1987 eprilil, rook cheef constable joonn hermon anglo-airish inter gavanmental konfaransil sarkkar manthrimarodu paranju, "iraude pravartthanam nilanirthaan prathivarsham 2-3 milyan poundu chilavaakum. aaa thuka avarkk oru prashnamalla, aayudangal vaangaan avarude pakkal panatthinte kuravumilla."
vadakkan ireland afayezhs select kammitti 2002 juun 26-leeii reportil prasthaavichathu "videsha sambhaavanakalude praadhaanyam athishayokthiparamaan, amerikkayil ninnulla sambhavanakal ira varumaanathinte oru cheria bhagam maathramaan."thattikkondupokal, indhana kallappanam veluppikkal, rumm-oottam, pukayila kallakkadathu, sayudha kavarcha, irelandileyum brittanileyum vyaajarekha chamaykkal enniva prashnangaliludaneelavum athinusheshavum republican, vishwastha theevravaadikalkkulla praadhamika dhanasahaya srothassukalaayi athu thiricharinju, athesamayam" "ulppettirikkunna thukakal [videshathu ninnu] [undaayirunnu] thaarathamyena cheruthaanu". thaathkaalika aii. aarr. eiii prathivarsham 5-8 dasalaksham poundu sambaadikkukayum athinte pracharanam nadatthaan prathivarsham 15 laksham poundu chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu kammitti kanakkakki. udaaharanathinu udaaharanathinu aarambhichathayi oru aii. aarr. eiii abhimukham nadathiyayaal prasthaavichu
belfast athinte [saamoohika] klabbukalil varshangalolam svayam pravarthichu. ningalkk klabbukale ariamo? avar clubbukal roopeekarichu, neratthe avar athu roopeekarichu... kaar paarkkukal, ningalkariyaamo, avaa nirmmikkunnathalla, marichu pradeshangal ettedukkukayum kaar paarkkukalayi pravarthippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ningal ethra eduthu, ethra eduthu ennu parayaan aarum undaayirunnilla, athinaal, ningalkariyaamo, oro aazhchayum irupathinaayiram aalukal varunnuvenkil panthrandaayiram perr varunnuvennum thudarnnu ettaayiram perr oru vazhikkaanu pookunnathennum ningal ningalude aalukalkk panam nalkukayum oro aazhchayum valareyadhikam karyangal nadakkunnundennum parayaam. athu prasthaanatthinu dhanasahayam nalki.
pothuve, aii. aarr. eiii mayakkumarunnu edapaadinum veshyaavrithiykkum athiraayirunnu, kaaranam catholica samoohangalkkullil athu janapreeti nedaathathum daarmmikamaaya kaaranangalalum. sannadhapravarthakar mayakkumarunnumayi nerittu edapedunnathu thadayaan aii. aarr. eiii sramichathaayi rook drugs squad medhavi kevin sheehi paranju, oru aii. aarr. eiii amgam cheria alavil kanchaavumaayi pidikkappettappol addehathinte praadeshika pradeshathu "nirasikkappedukayum apamaanikkappedukayum" cheytha oru sandarbham addeham shradhichu. mayakkumarunnu vyaapaarikale lakshyamit aii. aarr. eiii. shiksha vedivayppu nadathukayum ireland vidaan utharavidukayum cheythu, mayakkumarunninethire nerittulla nadapadi enna peru upayogichu chilare kollukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, chila dealermark pravartthikkaan aii. aarr. eiii. "licenses" nalkukayum samrakshana panam nalkaan avare nirbandhikkukayum cheythathayi avakaashavaadangalundu. 2005ll roobert mccartneyude kolapaathakatthe thudarnnu moonnu aii. aarr. eiii sannadhapravarthakare aii. aarr. eiii purathaakki. siin feninte 2005 aard faisil "criminalityil earppettirikkunna arcum republicanisathil sthaanamilla" ennu aadams paranju, athesamayam "niyamaanusrithamaaya rashtreeya lakshyangal pinthudarnnu niyamam lamghikkunnavare kriminalvalkkarikkaan njangal visammathikkunnu". raankukalkkullile kuttakrithyangal anuvadikkillennu paranju eesttaril purappeduvicha ira prasthavana ithu prathidhvanichu. 2008ll aii. emm. sii. aii. aarr. eiii. inii criminal kuttakrithyangalil erppettittillennum ennaal chila amgangal aii. aarr. eiii. yude anumathy pinthunayum illaathe swantham aavasyangalkkaayi criminal kuttangalil earppettittundennum prasthaavichu.
janakeeya pinthuna.
deseeya samoohangalkullilum republic oof irelandinullilum iraykkulla pinthuna samgharshathinte kaalayalavil ettakkurachilukal undaayittund. 1979 septambaril saambathika saamoohika gaveshana sthaapanam republicile irayodulla manobhaavathekkurichu vishalamaaya oru sarway nadatthi. aii. aarr. eiii pravartthanangale <aii. dii. 2> vishaalamaayi pinthunachathaayum, athesamayam <aii. dii. 1> avaye ethirthathaayum athinte kandethalukal kaanikkunnu. athesamayam, prathikarichavarodu avarude uddeshyangalodu sahathaapamundo allengil nirasikkunnundo ennu chodichappol, prathikarichavaril 44.8% avarude uddeshyangalodu oru paridhivare sahathapam prakadippikkukayum 33.5% avare vishaalamaayi nirasikkukayum cheythu.
1999-ll nadatthiya oru padanatthil vadakkan irelandile katholikkaril 42 sathamaanam perr republican akramangalodu sahathapam prakadippichappol 52 sathamaanam perr thangalkk sahathaapamillenn paranju. republic oof irelandile prathikarichavaril republican akramangalodu anubhavam prakadippichathaayi athe patanam kandethi.
kandethi oru votteduppu prakaram, 69 sathamaanam airish desheeyavaadikalum "prashnasamayathu britiish bharanathinethire akramasakthamaaya cheruthunilppu" ennathallaathe mattoru maargavumillenn vishwasikkunnu.
mattu pravartthanangal.
vibhageeyamaaya akramanangal.
aii. aarr. eiii. vibhageeyathayeyum vibhageeya akramanangaleyum parasyamaayi apalapichu, ennirunnaalum chila aii. aarr. eiii amgangal vibhageeya akramanangal nadatthi. iraa kolappeduthiyatharil 130 pere (ekadesham 7 sathamaanam) protestant vamshajare vargeekarichukondu malcom sattan avaril 88 pere pere 1974num idayil nadatthiya vibhageeya kolapathakangalaayi tharamthirichu. vishwastharil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, iraa vibhageeya aakramanangalude utharavaaditham nishedhichu, athil ulppetta amgangal 1976 leeii kingsmill koottakkolayude utharavaaditham ettedukkaan upayogichirunna "republican aakshan fozhsu" polulla cover namangal upayogichu, avide patthu protestant saadhaaranakkaar oru thokku aakramanathil kollappettu. protestantukalkke avarude akramanam katholikkarkkethiraaya aakramanathinulla prathikaaramaanennu avar paranju. iraanile palarum eee vibhageeya aakramanangale ethirthuvenkilum mattullavar katholikkarkkethiraaya samanamaaya akramanangal thadayunnathil avaa phalapradamaanennu karuthi. indian sarvakalaashaalayile professoraaya roobert vaitt parayunnath ira pothuve oru vibhageeya samghadanayaayirunnilla, landanile kings kolejile yudhapadanavibhaagathile rashell kovalsky parayunnath ira mathaparamaya vaividhyathodu andhatha pulartthunna reethiyilaan pravarthichathennu.
suraksha senaamgangalude ennam kooduthalaayirunna fermanag, tyron ennee kaundikalude grameena athirthi pradeshangalile protestants irayude prachaaranatthe vamseeya shudheekaranamaayi kandu. irayude pracharanam anivaryamaayum vibhaageeyamaayirunnuvenki athu vamseeya shudheekaranathinu thulyamaayirunnilla ennu alsttar sarvakalaashaalayile professoraaya henry paattezhsan nigamanam cheiyunnu. mathaparamaya bandhamullathinal iraa eee aalukale prathyekamaayi lakshyamittillenkilum kooduthal protestantukal suraksha senayil chernnathinaal aaa samudaayathil ninnulla niravadhi aalukal akramanangal vibhaageeyamaanennu vishwasichu. britiish gavanmentinte alstaraiseshan nayam praadeshikamaayi recruit cheyyappetta rukkinteyum udarinteyum punk vardhippichathinaal, praadeshika arivu kaaranam avare lakshyamidukayallaathe iraykku mattu maargamillenn mccarney vaadikkunnu, ennaal protestantukaar ithu thangalude samudaayathinethiraaya vibhageeya akramanamaayi kanduvennu sammathikkunnu.
jagrata.
prashnangalude samayat, vadakkan irelandile chila deseeya pradeshangalil aii. aarr. eiii. poleesinginte punk etteduthu. pala desheeyavaadikalum audyogika police senaye-rakkine-vishwasichilla, athu avarude samoohathinethire pakshapathaparamaayi kaanukayum cheythu. chila deseeya ayalpakkangalil pravartthikkaan budhimuttaayirunna ruck aakramanasaadhyatha kaaranam kavachitha samghangalil maathrame praveshichirunnulloo, ithu udyogasthar kaalnadayaayi patrolling nadathukayaanenkil sambhavikkumaayirunna community policing thadayunnu. eee ayalpakkangalil, pala thaamasakkaarum aii. aarr. eiii oru police senayaayi pravartthikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu, atharam poleesinu aii. aarr. eiii. yeei sambandhichidatholam prachaarana moolyamundaayirunnu. thaamasakkaarum rukkum thammilulla sanbarkkam kuraykkunnathinum aii. aarr. eiii shramichu, kaaranam thamasakkaar vivarangal kaimaarukayo oru police informer aakaan nirbandhitharaakukayo cheythekkaam. criminal allengil 'saamoohika virudha' pravarthanangalekkurichu pradeshavaasikalil ninnulla paraathikal vidhikkukayum anweshikkukayum cheiyunna madhyastha paanalukal aii. aarr. eiii roopeekarichu. aadyamaayi kuttavaalikalkk munnariyipp nalkiyittundaakam, allengil kooduthal gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangalkku curfue earppeduthiyittundaam. kooduthal gurutharamayathum aavarthichullathumaya kuttakrithyangalkku utharavaadikalaayavarkku shiksha nalkappedukayo samoohathil ninnu purathaakkappedukayo cheyyaamaayirunnu. kalmut pothiyunnathum oru tharatthilulla shikshayaayi iraa upayogichirunnu. 2006 februvari muthal aii. aarr. eiii. yude peril audyogikamaayi oru shiksha aakramanavum nadannittilla.
irayudeyum mattu ardhasainika samghadanakaludeyum jagrathaye "samkshiptha neethi" ennu apalapichu. 1971 januvariyil balimarfiyile thudarchayaaya kalapam thadayukayenna lakshyathode irayum britiish sainyavum rahasya charchakal nadatthi. avide policing utharavaaditham aii. aarr. aykkaayirikkumennu sammathichenkilum karar hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu. hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu vedinirthal samayat vadakkan ayarlandiludaneelam vedinirthal karaarine apakadatthilaakkunna sambhavangal kaikaaryam cheiyunna siin fenn amgangal chernnu vedinirthal kendrangal sthaapichu. kuttakrithyangal report cheyyaanum suraksha senayekkurich paraathippedaanum pradeshavaasikal avide pooyi. sambhavam nadakkunna kendrangale pradeshavaasikal "ira police steshanukal" aayi kaanukayum oru police seena enna nilayil iraykku kurachu niyamasadhutha nalkukayum cheythu. vedinirthal avasaanichathinethudarnnu kuttakrithyangal report cheyyappedunna siin pheen offeesukalaayi sambhava kendrangal thurannirunnu, avaa aii. aarr. eiii kaikaaryam cheyyum.
vivaradaathaakkal.
prashnangaliludaneelam, aii. aarr. ayile chila amgangal suraksha senaykk vivarangal kaimari. kaimari reymond gilmorineppolulla "supergrass" ennariyappedunna muun aii. aarr. eiii amgangal avare kuttavimuktharakkiyathine thudarnnu niravadhi aii. aarr. eiii amgangal arasttilaayi. muthirnna iraa vyakthikal britiish informezhs aanenna chila uyarnna aaropanangalund. 2003 meyy maasathil freddy scapatici enna oru american websait britiish chaara coode-neyim stakenife aayi. samshayaaspadamaaya vivaradaathaakkale chodyam cheyyukayum kollukayum cheytha irayude aabhyanthara suraksha yoonittinte thalavanayirikke britiish sainyathinte fozhsu research yoonittil jolie cheiyunna unnathala aii. aarr. eiii informaraayirunnu skappattikki ennu parayappedunnu. thaan kathiyude adimayaanennum iraa pravarthanangalil earppettirikkunnuvennu skappattikki nishedhikkunnu. 2005 desemberil siin fenn amgavum muun iraa sannadhapravarthakanumaaya denis donaldson dablinil oru pathrasammelanatthil prathyakshappedukayum prathyakshappedukayum thudakkam muthal oru britiish chaaranaanennu sammathikkukayum cheythu. vadakkan ireland samadhana prakriyayil newyorkkil siin faininte pravartthanangal nadatthiya donaldsone party purathaakki. 2006 epril 4 nuu donaldson kaundi dogalile glentikalkku sameepam addehathinte retreatil yadhaartha ira splintar group vediyettu marichu. mattu pramukha vivaradaathaakkalil aaman collins, seane ooo 'kallaghan, aadams ulppedeyulla siin feninte neethrthwathinaayi driveraayi pravarthicha rooy mashain ennivar ulppedunnu.
vivaradaathaakkale raajyadrohikalaayum samghadanaykkum athinte amgangalude jeevanu bheeshaniyaayum aii. aarr. eiii kanakkakki. samshayaaspadamaaya vivaradaathaakkale aii. aarr. eyude aabhyanthara suraksha yoonit kaikaaryam cheyyukayum anweshanam nadathukayum prathikale chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu. ithinethudarnnu prathikalekkaal thulyamo uyarnnatho aaya moonnu amgangalum oru nireekshakanaayi pravartthikkunna oru jihechkyu allengil armi kaunsil amgavum adangunna oru court marshell nadakkum. eathu vadhasikshayum sainika kaunsil amgeekarikkukayum avar vidhiyekkurich nireekshakane ariyikkukayum cheyyum. yadhaartha aii. aarr. eyum prashnasamayathu sajeevamaaya ellah pradhana ardhasainika samghadanakalum vivaraavakaashikalenn aaropikkappedunnavare vadhichu. aii. aarr. eiii saadhaaranayaayi vivaradaathaakkale thalaykku orotta shoat kondu kollukayum mattu vivaradaathaakkale thadayunnathinaayi avarude mrithadehangalil palathum parasyamaayi vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. cheiyunnu 1972num idayil rahasyamaayi kuzhichitta kaanathaayavar ennariyappedunna pathinaar peradangunna oru samghavum undaayirunnu, athil vivaradaathaakkal, suraksha senayude ejantumaar, iraa aayudangal moshtichu sayudha kavarchakalil upayogichavar ennivar ulppedunnu. 1999 maarchil kaanaathaayavarude kudumbangalkk undaaya "deerghakaala vedana" kku aii. aarr. eiii kshama chodikkukayum ettavum uyarnna irayaaya catholica sivilian vidhavayumaya pathumakkalude ammayaya jeane mcconville ulppede ombathu perude shavakudeerangal thiricharinjathaayi parayukayum cheythu. ithu 1999 ll moonnu mrithadehangal kandethunnathinu kaaranamaayi, 2003 august vare jeane makkanvilleyude mrithadeham kandethiyittillengilum 2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu kolamba mcvee, joou linsky, rahasya britiish armi intelligence officer roobert nairak ennivarude mrithadehangal ithuvare kandethanaayittilla.
pilarnna grouppukal.
muun iraa sannadhapravarthakar vividha vimatha republican vibhajana grouppukalil earppettirikkunnu, avaa thaazhnna thalatthilulla vimatha airish republican prachaaranatthil sajeevamaan. thiranjedukkappettaal amgangale dayle airaanil seettukal edukkaan anuvadikkaanulla theerumaanathetthudarnnu republican prasthaanatthile pilarppinetthudarnnu 1986 ll roopeekaricha thudarchayaaya irayaanu ettavum pazhaya vimatha samgham. aayudangalum dhanasahayavum nedumbol eee samgham varshangalolam nishkriyamaayirunnu, avarude aadya akramanam 1994 ll irayude aadya vedinirthal samayathaayirunnu. 1997 novemberil quartermaster general maikkal mckevit ulppedeyulla muthirnna thaalkkaalika aii. aarr. eiii amgangal michel thathwangal amgeekarichathinethudarnna raajivachathodeyaanu yadhaartha aii. aarr. eiii roopeekarichathu. 1998ll 29 saadhaaranakkaar kollapetta oomaag bomb spodanathinum 2009ll rund britiish sainikar kollapetta koottakkolapaathakangalkkum perukettathaanu yadhaartha ira. 2009ll sajeevamaaya chila thaalkkaalika aii. aarr. eiii amgangal koorumari ogley naa herrin roopeekarichu. eee groupil airish naashanal liberation aarmiyile muun amgangalum yadhaartha aii. aarr. ayil ninnu pilarnna oru vibhaagavum ulppedunnu. 2011ll "aira" ennu svayam vilikkunna oru samgham sniyile catholica amgamaaya ronan kerinte kolapaathakatthinte utharavaaditham etteduthu. 2008ll roopeekaricha eee groupil siin feninte nirddeshathilum samadhana prakriyayilum asanthushtaraaya muun muthirnna thaalkkaalika aii. aarr. eiii amgangal ulppedunnu. 2008-lum deriyil mayakkumarunninethire republican aakshan (raadu) roopeekarichu. eee jagrata samghathinte amgathvathil muun aii. aarr. eiii. amgangalum mattu republican grouppukalile amgangalum ulppettirunnu. raadu, aira, chila cheria grouppukal enniva 2012 ll yadhaartha airayumaayi layippichu puthiya aira roopeekarichu.

