avyakthatha

purathana roman niyamathil, ambittas rashtreeya azhimathiyude kuttakrithyamaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum kaikkooliyiloodeyo mattu tharatthilulla sophtt pavarukaliloodeyo oru thiranjeduppinte phalathe (allengil disha) swaadheenikkaanulla oru sthaanaarthiyude sramamaayirunnu. ambittas" enna laattin vaakk "abhilasham" enna engleesh padatthinte uthbhavamaan, athu athinte mattoru yadhaartha ardhamaanu; "ambittas" ennathu "chuttikkarangukayum janangalodu svayam allengil oraalude anuyaayikale prashamsikkukayum cheiyunna" prakriyayayirunnu, ithu adhaarmikamaaya amithamaya pravarthanangalkku kaaranamakum. praayogikamaayi, oru pothu vyakthikkethire "ambittas" enna kuttam chumathunnathu oru rashtreeya ethiraaliye durbalappeduthunnathinulla oru anukoola thanthramaayi maari.
emm sthaapicha thiranjeduppu kaikkooliye kuttakrithyamaakkunna aadyathe niyamamaan "lexes bebia". bii. sii. 181ll koonsal sthaanathaayirunna samayat babius tamphilus. kazhinja varsham romile aadyathe sambaadya niyamam paasaakkiyat soochippikkunnathu rund tharatthilulla niyamanirmmanangalum bandhappettirikkunnave; randum bharanavargangalkullile adhikaarathinteyum padaviyudeyum sambathu adisthaanamaakkiyulla asamathvangal niyantrikkaan lakshyamittathaan. kaikkooliyil earppedaanulla pralobhanam soochippikkunnathu parambaraagatha rakshaadhikaari-klayant bandham thiranjeduppil vijayikkaan mathiyaya vottukal nedaan paryaapthamallennaan.
thiranjeduppu azhimathikku "ambittas" enna vaakk kuttakrithyathinu pothuvaaya oru padamaanu; prathikalkkethire oru prathyeka niyamaprakaaram ("lexes") kuttam chumathumaayirunnu. roman bharanaghadanayude pravarthanangalekkurichu oru pradhana uravidamaaya bisi randaam noottaandile greak charitrakaaranaaya polybius, kaartaajiniyakkaar parasyamaayi sammanangal nalki pothu padavi nedumbol, angane cheiyunnathinu romile shiksha maranamaanennu athisayakaramaaya avakaashavaadam unnayikkunnu. chila saahacharyangalil "ambittas" raajyadrohamaayi kanakkakkaam ennathaanu vastutha.
sisaroyude prasamgangalude vaachaadopa thanthrangal kaanikkunnath eathu niyamaprakaaravum "ambittas" enna prarambha charge oru pothu vyakthiye aakshepikkunnathino apamaanikkunnathino ulla oru avasaramaayi engane maarumennu. janakeeya raashtreeyakkaarkk janangalodu anukamba kaanichuvenna aaropanathin prathyekichum irakalaayirunnu, thaazhnna saamoohika raankilulla oraal oru thiranjeduppil thante meludyogasthane paraajayappedutthiyappol "ambittas" ennu aaropikkappedaam "kuleenathwam" ennu abhimaanikkunna oru sthaanaarthiye atharamoru padavi kaivashamillaatha matoraal paraajayappeduthunnathu "ambittas" enna kuttam chumathaan mathiyaya adisthaanamaanennu thonnunnu." 
saamraajyathva kaalaghattatthil, roman majistrettumaarude kaivashappeduthalil abhiniveshamulla raashtreeyakkaaran bureaucratinu aavasyakatha nalki. stoik thathwachinthakanaaya epictattas (eiii. dii. onnaam-randaam noottaand) thiranjeduppu raashtreeyathinteyum "ambittasinteyum" parukkan veezhchayil ninnu pinmaria
ithinakam padavi vahikkunna oru vyakthiyude kaikkooli "dii reppettyoonde" niyamangalude paridhiyil vannu; pravishya govarnarmaar atharam aaropanangalkk prathyekichum vidheyaraanu.
padavali.
oru sthaanaarthiye "pettittar" ennum ethiraaliye "malsaraarthi" ennum vilichirunnu. oru sthaanaarthiye ("candidates") "phora", "campus maarshyas" thudangiya pothusthalangalil thante saha pouranmaarkku munnil velutha ("candidus") togayil prathyakshappettathiloode vilikkapettu. atharam avasarangalil, sthaanaarthiye addehathinte suhruthukkal ("deductormar"), allengil daridraraaya pouranmaar ("sektattorukal") ennivar sandarshichu, avarkk mattoru tharatthilum avarude nalla ichhaashakthi prakadippikkaano avarude sahayam nalkano kazhiyilla. assidutas" enna vaakk romile sthaanaarthiyude niranthara saannidhyavum addehathinte nirantharamaaya abhyarthanakalum prakadippichu. sthaanaarthi, chuttikkarangumbozho nadakkumbozho, oru "naamakaranakkaaran" addehathodoppam undaayirunnu, addeham kandumuttaavunna vyakthikalude perukal addehathinu nalki; angane sthaanaarthiye avarude peru upayogichu abhisambodhana cheyyaan praapthanakki, ithu parokshamaaya oru abhinandanamaanu, ithu pothuve vottarmaare thripthippeduthunnathil paraajayappedilla. sthaanaarthi thante vilaasathodoppam kaii kulukki ("prensasio"). benignitas" enna padam saadhaaranayaayi shokalo virunnukaloo polulla eathu tharatthilulla chikitsa manassilakkunnu. sthaanaarthikal chilappol roome vittu pouranmaarkku vottavakashamulla "colonia", "munisippiya" enniva sandarshikkukayum angane sisaro konsalshippinulla sthaanaarthiyaayirunpol sisalpain pattanangal sandarshikkaan nirddeshikkukayum cheythu.
niravadhi shiksha niyamangalude lakshyamaya "ambittas", oru pothuvaaya padamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, "ambittas", "largitions" (kaikkooli) ennee rund enangale manassilakki. "liberalitas", "benignitas" enniva sisaro, anuvadaneeyamaaya karyangal enna nilayil, "ambittas", "largishio" ennivaye niyamavirudhamaaya karyangal ennu ethirkkunnu. greak ezhuthukaaril "ambittas" enna vaakk δεκασmóς ("decasmos") aanu. vottinaayi panam nalkukayum rahasyathmakathayum vottar surakshithathvavum urappakkunnathinaayi, vilapeshal nadatthaan "interprettees" ennu vilikkappedunna vyakthikaleyum panam adaykkunnathuvare "sequestezhs" ennum vitharanam cheyyaan "devisermar" ennum niyamichu. ambittas" enna kuttakrithyam "judeeshya pablika" yude bhagamaaya oru vishayamaayirunnu, athinethire niravadhi niyamangal undaayirunnu. oru thiranjeduppu (bii. sii. 432) lakshyamit, paraamarshichirikkunna aadyakaala niyamam vyakthikalkk avarude vasthrathil vella cherkkunnath vilakki. oru purushan sthaanaarthiyaanennu soochippikkaan vasthrathil chila velutha adayaalangalo tokkanukaloo upayogikkuka ennaanu ithinartham. kanwas cheyyaan pookunnathinulla peraaya "ambishio" parisodhikkuka ennathaayirunnu niyamatthinte lakshyam, athinu pakaram "ambittas" pinneedu upayogichu. appozhum prachaarana velayil velutha vasthram dharikkunna reethi saadhaaranamaayirunnu, koodaathe "candidates" enna padam "pettittar" enna vyakthikk prayogikkunnathinu uthbhavam nalkiyathaayi thonnunnu.
niyamangalum niyanthranangalum.
oru "lexes poeliya" (bii. sii. 358) sthaanaarthikal maarkkat divasangalil pracharanam nadathunnathum aalukale shekharicha raajyathekku pookunnathum nirodhichu. prabhukkanmaar" asuyappettirunna "novi hominukalude" nadippukal parishodhikkunnathinaan niyamam pradhaanamaayum paasaakkiyat. lexes cornelia bebia (bii. sii. 181) prakaram, "ambittas" kuttatthinu shikshikkappettavarkk patthu varshathekku sthaanaarthikalaakaan kazhinjilla. lexes asilia calpurnia (bii. sii. 67) vottarmaarodulla perumattavum mattu samana kaaryangalum adichamarthaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu shikshakal nannaayirunnu, roman senattil ninnu ozhivaakkappettu, padavi vahikkaanulla shaashvathamaaya kazhivillaayma. asilia kaalpoorniyayude shiksha koottunnathinaayi sisaroyude (bii. sii. 63) konsalshippilaanu "lexes tullia" paasaakkiyat. eee lexinu keezhilulla shiksha patthu varshathe naadukadatthalaayirunnu. sthaanaarthiyaakunnathinu munbu rund varshathekku pothu paripaadikal pradarshippikkunnathu eee niyamam vilakkiyirunnu. pankedukkaanum avarude vyakthikalekkurich parayanum aalukale niyamikkunna udyogaarthikale ithu vilakki. 
emm. yude randaamathe konsalshippil. lysinius crasses cn. pompeus magnus (bii. sii. 55) lexes lysinia kadannupoyi. dii sodalattis" enna thalakkettil ariyappedunna eee lexes kaikkoolikkethiraaya muun niyamangalil maattam varuthiyilla; ennaal niravadhi gothrangalile amgangale cheria bhagangalaayi adayaalappeduthunnathinum eee thozhil vibhajanathiloode kooduthal phalapradamaayi vottukal nedunnathinum ejantumaare ("sodale") niyamikkunnathadakkam oru prathyeka canvassing reethikkethire prathyekamaayi nirddeshichirunnu. gothrangalile amgangalude eee vitharanathe "decuriatio" ennu vilichirunnu. vottu nedunnathinulla vyakthamaaya oru maarggamaayirunnu athu. lexes lysiniaykku keezhilulla vichaaranayile jadjimaare niyamikkunnathinulla reethiyum aaa lexes nalkiyirunnu. kuttaaropithano prosecutero naalu gothrangale naamanirddesham cheythathinaal avare "judicial edittisi" ennu vilichirunnu, prathikalkk avayilonnu nirasikkaan swaathanthryamundaayirunnu. mattu moonnu gothrangalil ninnaan "jadjimaare" eduthathu; ennaal avare edutha reethi athra vyakthamalla. lexes lysiniaykku keezhilulla shiksha naadukadatthalaayirunnu, pakshe eathu kaalayalavilekkaanennu anishchithathvathilaanu. 
aaa varsham pompeus eaka koonsal aayirunnappol pasakia "lexes pompea" (bii. sii. 52), mattenthinekkaalum annu nadannathum pariganichathumaaya pareekshanangalude avasarathinaayi pasakia oru nadapadiyaayirunnu. athu "jadjimaare" ennu peridunnathinulla reethi nalkukayum nadapadikal churukukayum cheythu. sii. juuliyas seaser romile paramonnatha adikaaram nedi, addeham chila sthaanaarthikale janangalkk shupaarsha cheyyarundaayirunnu, avar theerchayaayum addehathinte shupaarsha pinthudarnnu. konsalshippine sambandhichidatholam, aaa offeesilekkulla niyamanangal addeham ishtampole kaikaaryam cheythu. lexes juuliya dii ambittu aagasttas kaalaghattatthil (bii. sii. 18) pasakkukayum kaikkoolikk shikshikkappettavare anchu varshathekku padaviyil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. ennaal muun niyamangalkk keezhilullathinekkaal shiksha laghuvaayathinaal, avaa poornnamaayo bhaagikamaayo raddaakkiyathaayi naam nigamanam cheyyanam. bii. sii. sii niyamam bhedagathi cheiyunnathinaayi mattoru lexes juuliya dii ambittu (bii. sii. 8) pasaki. sthaanaarthikal prachaaranatthinu munbu oru thuka nikshepikkendivannu, kaikkoolikk shikshikkappettaal athu nashtappettu. oru sthaanaarthi enthengilum akramam upayogichittundengil, addeham naadukadatthappedaan baadhyasthanaayirunnu (akway ettu ignis interdicdio).
augustus kaalaghattatthilaanu janakeeyamaaya thiranjeduppu reethikal nireekshikkappettath. tiberiyasinte keezhil avar nirtthi. komishya kaambasil ninnu paatrasilekku maatti", senatt nireekshikkunnu.
sthaanaarthikalude thiranjeduppu bhaagikamaayi senattinte kaikalilaayirunnuvenkilum, kaikkooliyum azhimathiyum thiranjeduppine swaadheenichuvenkilum "ambittas" enna peru karsanamaayi paranjaal inii baadhakamalla. ennaal churungiya samayathinullil, pothu offeesukalilekkulla niyamanam poornnamaayum chakravartthimaarude adhikaarathilaayirunnu; romile majistrettumaarum "janasamoohavum" orikkal ganyamaaya roopamundaayirunnathinte nizhal mathramaayirunnu. saamraajyathva kaalaghattatthile (modeminus) oru roman niyamanjan juuliya lexes dii ambittuvinekkurichu samsaarikkumbol nireekshikkunnathu, "eee niyamam ippol nagaratthil kaalaharanappettathaan, kaaranam majistrettumaare srishtikkunnathu" prinspukalude "bisinessaanu, mathramalla" poppulasinte "aanandathe aasrayikkunnilla; ennaal oru" munisippiyathile "aarenkilum" sacardosium "allengil" majistraattas "ennathinaayi pracharanam nadathunnathil eee niyamathinethire kuttappeduthukayaanenkil," senattas kansalttam "anusarichu avane apakeerthippeduthukayum 100" auri "shikshaykk vidheyanaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
kanakkakkiya niyamangal orupakshe nadappaakkiyavayaayirikkam, avayellaam kuranjathu eathenkilum ariyipp samrakshikkappedunnu. votting thurannirikkumbol kaikkooli adichamarthunnathinulla niyamangal undaakki; lexes gabinia (bii. sii. 139) janakeeya thiranjeduppil baalat vazhi vottu avatharippichathinusheshavum avaa thudarnnu. eee maattatthiloode vottarmaarude mail niyanthranam asaadhyamaayirunnu; kaikkooli nalkappettavare allaathavaril ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhinjilla" ennu renn nireekshikkunnu."aadhunika kaalath baalattine anukoolikkunna oru vaadam athu kaikkooli thadayumennaayirunnu; orupakshe athu avasaanippichillenkilum eee sanbradaayathe kuraykkum. ennaal vottu rahasyamaanenna vastutha kaikkooli vaangunnavare kaikkooli vaangaathavaril ninnu verthirichariyaanulla budhimuttu vardhippikkumenna dhaarana asambandhamaanu; kaaranam oru manushyante vottu sambandhicha arivu kaikkooliyude thelivukalude bhagamalla. oru vottinu kaikkooli vaangunnathin pizha eedaakkunnathinte soochanakalonnumilla ennathu sradheyamaanu. kaikkooliyil sahaayicha vibhajichavaro allengil oru vibhaagathilullavaro sikshikkappettu ennathaanu theliyikkaavunna ettavum valia kaaryam. ennaal ithu bakkiyullavayumaayi thikachum poruthappedunnu kaikkooli vaangiyathalla, marichu bribber ejantumaarum sikshikkappettu. athinaal, "lexes tullia" ennathinu keezhil eee rund bhaagangale paraamarsikkunna renn ingane parayumbol "sthaanaarthikalil ninnu panam sweekarichavarkko kuranjathu avarude perukalil athu vitharanam cheythavarkko polum shiksha labhichu", addeham rund karyangal orumichu cherkkunnu, avaa thikachum vyathyasthamaaya tharathilullathaanu. nirddishta lexes ouphidiya oru sthaanaarthi oru gothrathinu panam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum athu nalkiyillengil, avan shikshikkappedaathirikkanne prakhyaapikkunnathuvare pooyi; ennaal avan panam nalkiyaal, avan oro gothrathinum (prathivarsham?) addeham jeevichirikkunnidathom kaalam 3000 sestezhsukal. eee asambandhamaaya nirddesham nadappakkappettilla; ennaal bribarine maathram shikshikkuka enna thathwamaayirunnu athennu ithu vyakthamaayi kaanikkunnu.
republicinte kaalath ambitasinaayulla vichaaranakal niravadhiyaayirunnu. ell-neey prathirodhikkunna sisaroyude prasangam. sii. enn. yeei prathirodhikkunnathinaayi ambittas kuttam chumathiya mureena. lexes lysiniayude keezhil vichaarana cheyyappetta plancius, iruvarum nilavilundu.

