
svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham

psychologist daaril bemm vikasippichedutha manobhaava roopeekaranathinte oru vivaranamaan svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham (espidi). aalukal avarude manobhaavangal vikasippikkunnuvennu ithu vaadikkunnu (anubhavaparichayathinte abhavam muthalaayava kaaranam muun manobhaavam illaathirikkumbol.- avarude swantham perumaattam nireekshikkunnathiloodey manobhaavangal athinu kaaranamayirikkanam ennu nigamanam cheiyunnathiloodeyum vaikaarika prathikaranam avyakthamaanu. manobhaavangal perumaattangale nirnnayikkunnu ennathaanu parambaraagatha njaanam ennathinaal eee sidhaantham vipareeta swabhaavamullathaanu. koodaathe, aantharikamaaya bodhavum maanasikaavasthayum axus cheyyaathe aalukal manobhaavangale prerippikkunnuvennu sidhaantham soochippikkunnu. mattullavarude perumattangal vishadeekarikkaan shramikkunnathupole thanne vyakthi avarude swantham prathyakshamaaya perumaattangale yukthisahamaayi vyaakhyaanikkunnu.
beminte yadhaartha pareekshanam.
vyakthikal avarude aantharika avasthakal axus cheyyaathe nireekshakar enna nilayil avarude manobhaavathe prerippikkunnundo ennu theerumaanikkaanulla shramathil, oru "nireekshaka-pankaali" kku oru cognitive desonence pareekshanatthinte oru avasthayekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkunna interpezhsanal simulationukal upayogikkunnu. maduppikkunna oru pegg-taining task aaveshathode vivarikkunna oru manushyante tape vishayangal kettu.
aaa manushyan saakshyapathrathin 20 dollar nalkiyittundennum mattoru groupinode addehathinu 1 dollar nalkiyittundennum vishayangalodu parayapettu. 20 dollar avasthayilullavarekkaal aaa manushyan eee jolie aasvadichirikkumennu pinneedulla avasthayilullavar karuthi. labhicha phalangal yadhaartha festinger-kalsmith pareekshanatthinu samanamaayirunnu. abhinethaakkalude aantharika bodhavum maanasikaavasthayum illaatha nireekshakarkk abhinethaakkalude yadhaartha manobhaavam anumanikkaan kazhinjathinaal, abhinethaakkalum avarude swantham perumaattam nireekshichukondu avarude manobhaavangalil ethaan saadhyathayund. prathyekamaayi, "vairudhya pareekshanangalile pradhana ashrita variableukal ulkkollunna manobhaava prasthavanakal nireekshakanum nireekshikkappettavanum ore vyakthiyaayitheerunna paraspara vyakthiparamaaya vidhikalayi kanakkakkaam" ennu bemm rekhappeduthunnu."
kooduthal thelivukal.
vikarangal perumaattangale pinthudarunnuvennu theliyikkunna svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunna niravadhi padanangal manasshaasthranjar nadathiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, anubandha vikarangal (ishtam, anishtam, santhosham, kopam muthalaayava ulppede) kandethiyittundu.) avarude prathyakshamaaya perumattangalil ninnu pinthudarunnathaayi report cheyyappettu, avaa pareekshanangal kaikaaryam cheythu. eee perumattangalil vyathyastha mukhabhaavangal, nottam, bhaavangal enniva ulppedunnu. pareekshanatthinte avasaanathil, aaa reethiyil pravartthikkaan neratthe paranjirunnuvenkilum vishayangal avarude praayogika perumattangalil ninnu avarude snehavum manobhaavavum anumaanikkukayum report cheyyukayum cheythu. eee kandethalukal jaims-laang sidhaanthavumaayi poruthappedunnu.
1974ll jaims laired mukhabhaavangalile mattangal vikaarangalil maattangalkk kaaranamaakunnathinekkurich rund pareekshanangal nadatthi. pankedukkunnavarodu mukhathe vividha peshikal churungaano vishramikkaano aavasyappettu, ithu avarude bhaavangalude swabhaavathekkurichu avabodhamillathe punchirikkaano punchirikkaano kaaranamaakunnu. punchirikkumbol kooduthal deshyavum punchirikkumbol kooduthal santhoshavum anubhavappedunnathaayi pankedutthavar report cheythu. punchirikkumbol kaanunna cartoonukal punchirikkumbol kaanunna kaarttoonukalekkaal rasakaramaanennum avar report cheythu. koodaathe, punchiriyodulla pareekshanangalekkaal punchiriyodulla pareekshanangalil pankedukkunnavar kooduthal aakramanathmakatha nedukayum punchiriyodulla pareekshanangalil kooduthal aveshavum adiyanthirathayum saamoohika vaalsalya gadakangalum nedukayum cheythu. oru vyakthiyude avishkaara swabhaavam avante vaikaarika anubhavathinte gunanilavaarathinu madhyasthatha vahikkunnuvennu soochippikkunna vidhathilaan laired eee phalangale vyaakhyaanichath."mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oru vyakthiyude mukhabhaavathinu oru falathekkaal vaikaarikaavasthayude kaaranamaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyum; avarkk santhosham thonnunnathinaal punchirikkunnathinuparam, oru vyakthikk punchirikkunnathiloode svayam santhosham anubhavikkan kazhiyum.
2006ll tifani ittoyum sahapravarthakarum mukhabhaavathile mattangal vamseeya pakshapaathatthil maattangalkk kaaranamaakumo ennu anweshikkaan rund padanangal nadatthi. mukhathe prathikaranatthinu inplisit association testt (iat) vilayiruthiyathupole antharleenamaaya vamseeya pakshapaatham niyantrikkaan kazhiyumo ennu nirnnayikkuka ennathaayirunnu padanangalude vyakthamaaya lakshyam."aparichitharaya karuppum veluppum niramulla purushanmaarude phottokal kaanumbol vaayil oru pensil pidichu punchirikkaan pankedukkunnavare rahasyamaayi prerippichu allengil phottokal kaanumbol shaareerika krameekaranam nadathiyittilla (patanam 1 maathram). pankedukkunnavarellaam mukhathe krithrimathvamillaathe iat poortthiyaakki. phalangal oru vyapakamaaya manobhaava prabhavam velippeduthi; karutha purushanmaarude chithrangalil punchirikkaan prerippicha aalukal (abodhaavasthayil) velutha purushanmaarude chithrangalil punchirikkaan prerippichathinekkaal kuranja paroksha munvidhikal kaanichu. avarude perumaattatthinte falamaayi avarude manobhaavangal maarunnu.
svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathekkurichulla chaikkan, baldwin ennivarude 1981 leeii patanam paaristhithika manobhaavangale kaikaaryam cheythu. oro pankaliyum oru paristhithi pravartthakano samrakshanavaadiyo aayirikkunnathinodu munkootty nirvachichatho moshamaayi nirvachichatho aaya manobhavamullavaraayi thiricharinju. pankaalikal munkaala paristhithi anukoola perumaattangalo munkaala paristhithi virudha perumaattangalo manassil konduvaraan roopakalppana cheytha oru chodyaavaliyude rund pathippukalil onnu poortthiyaakki. udaaharanathinu, "ningal eppozhengilum recycle cheythittundo?" polulla chodyangal."paristhithi pravarthanangalil avarude edapedalinu oonnal nalkikkond oru vyakthi recycle cheytha samayangal oormmikkuka. maruvashathu, "ningal ellaayppozhum recycle cheiyunnundo?" polulla chodyangal."paristhithi pravartthanangalude abhavam oonnipparayunnathiloode oru vyakthi enthengilum recycle cheyyaatha ellah samayathum oormmikkuka. pinneedu, oru paristhithi pravartthakan/samrakshanavaadiyenna nilayilulla pankaalikalkulla manobhaavam veendum alakkapettu. paristhithiyodu sakthamaaya prarambha/munkoor manobhaavamullavarkk pradhana krithrimathvam sarikkum baadichittilla. ennirunnaalum, durbalamaaya muun manobhaavamullavare baadhichu. oduvil, paristhithi anukoola avasthayilullavar ("ningal eppozhengilum recycle cheythittundo?") paristhithi virudha avasthayilullavarekkaal kooduthal paristhithi anukoolamaanennu svayam report cheythu (" ningal ellaayppozhum recycle cheiyunnundo?"). chila munkaala perumattangal aalukal avarude manobhaavangal enthaanennu vishwasikkunnuvennu manassil konduvarunnu.
svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathinte thelivukal yadhaartha jeevita saahacharyangalilum kaanappettittund. kaumaarakkaar aavarthichullathum susthiravumaaya sannadhasevanangalil pankedutthathinushesham, avarude manobhaavangal mattullavarodu kooduthal karuthalum pariganana ullathayi thelinju.
sameepakaalathe gaveshanam.
prachodanaathmakamaaya "koottam koodal", bheekaravaadam, manappoorvvamaaya vazhithirichuvidal, mattullavare svayam ulppeduthal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta padanangalumaayi samyojichu svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham ulkkollunna gaveshanam sameepa varshangalil thudarunnu.
internettu vazhi theevravaada samghadanakal puthiya amgangale niyamikkunnathine abhisambodhana cheyth gwadagno avarude sahaparikshakarum 2010 ll oru patanam nadatthi. kooduthal theevramaaya prathyayashaasthrangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi atharamoru samghadana athinte lakshyangale engane swaadheenikkumennu nokkunnathinupurame (praadhamikamaayi lalithamaaya abhyarthanakaliloode kramena valia prathibadhathakalilekku vardhikkunnu-vaathilppadiyil ninnulla saankethikavidyayude oru udaaharanam), "puthiya mathaparivarthanam nadatthiyavar avarude vardhichuvarunna samoolamaaya perumattavumaayi poruthappedunnathinu kooduthal samoolamaaya manobhaavangal engane roopappeduthumennu rachayithakkal nokki."appol, svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathinu eee saahacharyathil saamoohika swathuavumaayum saamoohika swaadheenavumaayum sakthamaaya bandhamund.
2010-ll kleydan cricher thomas gilovich svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthavum manash sanjaaram thammilulla bandham parishodhikkunnathinaayi naalu padanangal nadatthi. aalukal avarude swantham perumaattatthinte ardham vyaakhyaanichukondu avarude manobhaavangalum mungananakalum nirnnayikkunnuvennu svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham abhipraayappedunnu. aalukal avarude manobhaavangaleyum mungananakaleyum kurichu nigamanangal edukkumbol avarude manasine alattunna shradhikkaanaavaatha perumaattatthe aashrayikkunnundo ennu vimarsakanum gilovich parishodhichu. manass positteev sambhavangalilekku alanjuthiriyukayum, munkaala pravarthanangalkku vipareethamaayi oresamayam nadakkukayum, onnumaathramalla, pala sambhavangalilekkum thiriyukayum cheiyunnathu virasathaykk kaaranamaakukayum athinaal thudarunna oru joliyodulla asamthripthikku kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu" ennu avar kandethi."thangalude manasbhramathinu oru badal kaaranam avarude shradhayilppeduthaathe, pankedukkunnavar avarude manobhaavangalude soochanayaayi avarude alanjuthiriyunna manassinte ulladakkathe aashrayichu.
athupole, goldstainum sialdiniyum 2007-ll svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthavumaayi bandhapetta kruthikal prasidheekarichu. svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathinte vipuleekaranathil, aalukal chilappol "layippicha swathuabodham anubavikkunna mattullavarude swathanthramaayi thiranjeduttha pravartthanangal nireekshikkunnathiloode-eathaandu avar pravrithikal cheiyunnathu nireekshichathupole-aalukal chilappol avarude swantham attributeukaloo manobhaavangalo anumaanikkunnuvenn rachayithakkal anumaanichu."oru kaazhchappaad edukkunna joliyiloodeyo allengil overlapping brainwave paattenukale soochippikkunna feedbaakkiloodeyo pankedukkunnavarkku oru nadanumaayi layippicha swathuam anubhavapettu. pankedukkunnavar avarude swantham ashayangalil nadante perumattavumaayi bandhapetta attributeukal ulppeduthi, pankedukkunnavare avarude swantham perumattangal maattaan prerippichu. patanam svayam-vipuleekarana maathrkaye abhisambodhana cheiyunnu adutha bandhangal oru vyakthiyude svayambodhathil mattoru vyakthiye ulppeduthunnathilekku nayichekkaam.
aaplikkeshanukal.
svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathinte upayogapradamaaya oru prayogam chikilsaaparamaayum anunayathinteyum kaaryatthil manobhaavam maattuka ennathaanu.
manashaasthraparamaaya chikitsa.
chikilsakale sambandhichidatholam, maanasika prashnangalekkurichulla svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham parambaraagatha veekshanakonil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya kazhchappaadaanu pularthunnathu. parambaraagathamaayi, manashaasthraparamaaya prasnangal klayantukalude aantharika bhaagath ninnaan varunnath. ennirunnaalum, svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathinte veekshanam soochippikkunnathu aalukal avarude aantharika vikaarangalo kazhivukalo avarude baahya perumattangalil ninnaan uthppaadippikkunnathu ennaanu. aaa perumattangal kramarahithamaanengil, aalukal aaa krameekaranangalkk avarude mosham poruthappedutthal kazhivukal kaaranamaayi kanakkaakkukayum angane anubandha maanasika prasnangal anubhavikkukayum cheyyum. athinaal, thettaaya krameekaranangalude falamaayundaakunna maanasika prasnangalulla klayantukale chikilsikkaan eee ashayam upayogikkaam, aadyam avarude perumaattam mattaanum pinneedu "prasnangal" kaikaaryam cheyyaanum avare nayikkuka.
eee ashayam upayogikkunna ettavum prashasthamaaya chikilsakalilonnaanu "bhinnasamajika uthkanda" kkulla chikitsa. eee saahacharyathil, oru vyakthikk theeyathi illaathathinaal avano avalco mosham saamoohika kazhivukalundennu manassilakkunnu ennathaanu anumaanam. vyathyastha saamoohika uthkandayulla purushanmaarkk niravadhi sessionukalkk sesham sthreekalumaayi kuranja uthkanda anubhavappettathayi pareekshanangal kaanikkunnu, athil avar oru prathyeka sthreekalumaayi 12 minitt, uddeshyapoorvam pakshapathaparamaaya saamoohika edapedalukalil earppettu. prathyakshatthil vijayakaramaya eee edapedalukalil ninnu, avarude bhinnasamajika uthkanda kuranjuvennu purushanmaar anumaanichu. bhinnasamajika uthkanda kurayunnathu 6 maasathinu sesham vishayangalkkidayil ganyamaayi kooduthal theeyathikalkku kaaranamayathinaal eee prabhavam valare deerghakaalam nilanilkkumennu kaanikkunnu.
vipananavum anunayavum.
niravadhi vipanana allengil bodhyappeduthunna saankethikavidyakalude falapraapthikkulla oru adisthaana samvidaanam koodiyaanu svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham. oru saadhaarana udaaharanam phoott-inn-dhaa-doorr saankethikathayaanu, ithu lakshyamidunna upabhokthaakkale uthppannangal vaangaan prerippikkunnathinulla vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna vipanana saankethikathayaanu. eee saankethikavidyayude adisthaana aamukham, oru vyakthi oru cheria abhyarthana paalichukazhinjaal (udha.jii. oru hraswa chodyavali poorippikkumbol), yadhaartha abhyarthanayumaayi bandhapetta kooduthal ganyamaaya abhyarthanaykku anusrithamaayi pravartthikkaan avan/avalkk kooduthal saadhyathayund (udha.jii. bandhapetta uthppannam vaanguka). cheria abhyarthanayude prarambha prathibaddhatha oraalude svayam prathichaayaye maattum, athinaal thudarnnulla valia abhyarthanayodu yojikkunnathinulla kaaranagal nalkum ennathaanu ashayam. aalukal avarude swantham perumattangalum (prarambha abhyarthanayil shradhikkukayum anusarikkukayum cheyyuka) avar perumaarunna sandarbhavum (angane cheyyaan vyakthamaaya prachodanamilla) nireekshikkukayum angane aaa uthppannangalkk munganana nalkanamennu anumaanikkukayum cheiyunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam.
velluvilikalum vimarsanangalum.
cognitive desonence sidhaanthathinte pareekshanathmaka kandethalukal vishadeekarikkunnathinula oru badalaayi svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham thudakkathil nirddeshikkappettu, koodaathe vairudhyam kuraykkunnathinulla sramamaayi allengil svayam-dhaarana prakriyakalude falamaayi aalukal manobhaava mattangal anubhavikkunnundo ennathinekkurichu samvaadangal undaayirunnu. svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham cognitive desonence sidhaanthathil ninnu vyathyasthamaanenna vasthuthayude adisthaanathil, aalukalkk "desonence" enna "negatteevu drive stettu" anubhavappedunnundenn avar karutunnilla, avar ozhivakkaan shramikkunnu, rund sidhaanthangaleyum thaarathamyam cheyyaan thaazhepparayunna pareekshanam nadatthi vyathyastha saahacharyangalil.
cognitive desonence sidhaanthathekkurichulla oru aadyakaala patanam kaanikkunnath avarude perumaattam avarude muun manobhavavumaayi poruthappedaathappol aalukal yadhaarthathil uthejanam anubavikkunnu ennaanu. waterman oru pareekshanam roopakalppana cheythu, athil 77 purusha koleju puthumukhangalodu avar yadhaarthathil amgeekaricha nilapaadinu ethire vaadikkunna oru upanyasam ezhuthaan aavasyappettu. thudarnnu oru lalithamaaya joliyum budhimuttulla joliyum cheyyaan avarodu udan aavasyappettu; rund jolikalilum avarude prakadanam vilayiruthappettu. thangalude yadhaartha manobhaavathinu anusrithamaayi oru upanyasam ezhuthiyavare apekshichu lalithamaaya joliyil avar mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkukayum budhimuttulla joliyil moshamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythathayi kandethi. saamoohika soukaryamorukkal soochippikkunnathu pole, lalithamaaya jolikalile mechappetta prakadanavum budhimuttulla jolikalile moshamaaya prakadanavum kaanikkunnath aalukal avarude perumaattam avarude manobhavavumaayi poruthappedaathappol uthejanam srishtikkunnu ennaanu. athinaal, eee kesil cognitive desonence sidhaantham vyakthamaan.
vyakthamaaya nishedham.
vairudhyamo svayam-dharanayo manobhaava maattathinu pinnile saadhuvaaya samvidaanamaano ennathinekkurichu charcha nadannu. rund vazhakkamulla sidhaanthangalum vyathyasthamaaya pravachanangal nadathunna oru pareekshanam kandethunnathilaan pradhana budhimuttu. aanthani greenwaldineppolulla chila pramukha saamoohika manasshaasthranjar rund sidhaanthangalum thammil verthirichariyaan kazhiyillennu karuthi.
1974ll sanna couper oru pareekshanam nadatthi, athil vyakthikale ethir-manobhaavamulla oru upanyasam ezhuthaan prerippichu. avaye kuranja choys allengil uyarnna choys avasthayaayi vibhajichu. avarkk oru placebo nalki; placibo pirimurukkam undaakkumenno vishramamundaakkumenno falamundaakillenno avarodu paranju. kuranja thiranjeduppinu keezhil, ellah pankaalikalum manobhaava mattamonnum prakadippichilla, ithu cognitive desonence sidhaanthavum svayam-perseption sidhaanthavum pravachikkum. uyarnna choyisil, placibo pirimurukkam srishtikkumennu paranja pankaalikal manobhaavathil mattamonnum prakadippichilla, koodaathe placibo vishramam nalkumennu paranja pankaalikal valia manobhaava maattam prakadippichu.
eee phalangal svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathaal vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam manobhaavam maattunnathin adisthaanamaaya samvidaanavumaayi uthejanathinu yaathoru bandhavumilla. ennirunnaalum, cognitive desonence sidhaanthathinu eee phalangal eluppathil vishadeekarikkaan kazhinju pankedukkunnavarkku avarude asukhakaramaaya uthejanathinte avastha placeboic kaaranamaakumenkil, avarkk avarude manobhaavam mattendathilla.
angane, oru nischitha kaalayalavilekku, svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthavum vaijnjaanika vairudhyavum thammilulla charcha avasanichathaayi thonni.
vedinirthal pareekshanam.
fasio, sanna, kooppar ennivar 1977-ll mattoru pareekshanam nadatthi, vaijnjaanika vairudhyavum svayam-dharana orumichu nilanilkkumennu theliyikkunnu.
sannayudeyum koopparudeyum 1974 leeii padanatthinu samanamaaya oru pareekshanathmaka roopakalppanayil, mattoru variable kaikaaryam cheythu ethir-manobhaava prabandhatthinte nilapad sveekaaryathayude akshaamshatthilo nirasikkalinte akshaamshatthilo aano allayo (saamoohika vidhi sidhaantham kaanuka). lekhanathinte nilapad nirasikkalinte akshaamshathilekku veezhumbol, phalangal vaijnjaanika vairudhyathe anukoolichathaayi thonni. ennirunnaalum, upanyasam sveekaaryathayude akshaamshathil veenappol, phalangal svayam-dhaarana sidhaanthathe anukoolichu.
cognitive desonence allengil svayam-dhaarana kooduthal upayogapradamaaya sidhaanthamaano ennathu ganyamaaya vivaadathinteyum saahithyathinte oru valia bhaagathinteyum vishayamaan. oru prathyeka sidhaanthathinu munganana nalkunna chila saahacharyangalund, ennaal cognitive desonence sidhaanthathinte padavali sthirasthithiyaayi upayogikkunnathu parambaraagathamaanu. aalukalude perumattangal avarude yadhaartha manobhavangalumaayi poruthappedaatthathum avarkk vyakthavum pradhaanavumaayirikkumbol manobhaava maattangalkk cognitive desonence sidhaantham kaaranamaakunnu; athesamayam, aaa yadhaartha manobhaavangal thaarathamyena avyakthavum praadhaanyamillaathathumaayi svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham upayogikkunnu. parambaraagatha vishwaasathinu vipareethamaayi, aalukalude manobhaavangalil valiyoru bhagam durbalav avyakthavumaanennu padanangal theliyichittundu. athinaal, oraalude swantham vyakthithva swabhaavasavisheshathakale vilayiruthunnathum oru lakshyam nedunnathinaayi aarenkilum vanchikkumo ennathupolulla swantham manobhaavangale vyaakhyaanikkunnathil svayam-dhaarana sidhaantham pradhaanamaan.
jii. jedemir, yojiphus ennivar, vyaakhyaanam sidhaanthathile vyathyastha vashangalekurichulla dhaarana vairudhyavum vivaadavum polulla saahacharyangal polulla niravadhi gadakangal moolamaanu. utharavaadithathodum alavukalodum ulla manobhaavathinu ithu baadhakamaayathinaal balance sidhaantham kondum ithu sambhavikkam.

