alleel

janithakashaasthratheyum parinaamatheyum kurichulla pramukha paatapusthakangalil vivarichirikkunnathu, oru neelamulla dna thanmathrayil ore sthalathu nucleodideukalude athe shreniyude vyathiyaanamaan alleel (,; greak άλλος "állos", "ithara"). allelomorph" enna vaakkinte hraswa roopamaanu eee vaakk.
"oru jeeninteyo mattethenkilum janithaka moolakathinteyo chromosomal allengil genomic sthaanathe locus (bahuvachanam lockie) ennum oru lokkasile badal dna seekwansukale alleelukal ennum vilikkunnu."
ettavum lalithamaaya alleelukal single nucleotide polymorphysangalaanu (snp), ennaal avaa aayirakkanakkin bays jodikalude ulppeduthalukalum illaathaakkalukalum aakam.
alleel' ennathinte janapriya nirvachanangal saadhaaranayaayi jeenukalkkullile vyathyastha alleelukale maathrame soochippikkunnulloo. udaaharanathinu, aarr saadhaarana alleelukalulla (vakabhedangal) abo jeenaanu abo rakthagrooppingine niyanthrikkunnath. janasamkhyaa janithakashaasthrathil, jeevichirikkunna oro manushyanteyum abo jeeninte phenotype eee aarr alleelukalude samyojanamaanu.
nireekshicha mikka alleelukalum athu coode cheiyunna jeane uthppannathinte pravartthanatthil cheriyatho maattamo undakkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, chilappol, vyathyastha alleelukal vyathyastha pigmenteshan polulla vyathyastha nireekshikkaavunna phenotypic swabhaavasavisheshathakalkk kaaranamakum. gregor mendell kandethiya gregor mendell kandethiyathinte oru sradheyamaaya udaaharanamaanu, payar chedikalile vella, purple pushpa nirangal rund alleelukalulla orotta jeeninte falamaanu.
mikkavarum ellah multisellular jeevikalkkum avayude jaiva jeevithachakrathil eathenkilum ghattathil rund koottam chromosomukalundu; athaayath avaa dvigunithamaanu. eee saahacharyathil, chromosomukal jodiyakkaam. eee jodiyile oro chromosomilum ore kramatthilum chromosominte neelatthil ore sthaanathum ore jeenukal adangiyirikkunnu. oru nischitha jeenine sambandhichidatholam, rund chromosomukalilum ore alleel adangiyittundengil, avayum jeeviyum aaa jeenine sambandhichidatholam homocygus aanu. alleelukal vyathyasthamaanenkil, avayum jeeviyum aaa jeenine sambandhichidatholam bhinnatha niranjavayaanu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
alleel" enna vaakk allelomorphinte oru hraswa roopamaanu ("mattu roopam", britiish janithakashaasthranjaraaya vilyam baattesan, edith rebecca sondezhsu ennivar srishticha oru vaakk), ithu janithakashaasthrathinte aadyakaalangalil vyathyastha phenotypeukalaayi kandethiya oru jeeninte vakabhedangale vivarikkan upayogichirunnu. paraspara", "paraspara" allengil "parasparam" ennartham varunna greak prefix ἀλληλο-, "allelo-" ennathil ninnaan ithu uruthirinjathu, ithu thanne greak naamavachakamaaya άλλος, "alos" (laattin "alius" ennathumaayi kognettu cheyyuka), athaayath "mattullava" ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
prabalamaayatho aprasakthamaayatho aaya phenodypukalilekku nayikkunna alleelukal.
pala kesukalilum, oru lokkasile rund alleelukal thammilulla genotypic edapedalukale prabalamo aprasakthamo aayi visheshippikkaam, rund homocygus phenotypeukalil eathu heterosaigottinodu ettavum saamyamullathaan. heterosaigot oru homocygottil ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhiyaathidathu, prakadippicha alleel "prabalamaaya" phenotypilekku nayikkunna onnaanu, matte alleel "resessive" aanennu parayappedunnu. aadhipathyathinte alavum roopavum oro pradeshathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. itharathilulla ashayavinimayam aadyamaayi aupachaarikamaayi vivarichathu gregor mendalaanu. ennirunnaalum, pala swabhaavasavisheshathakalum eee lalithamaaya vargeekaranathe dhikkarikkunnu, koodaathe phenotypeukal qoo-dominance, polysenic anantharaavakaasham ennivayaal maathrkayaakkappedunnu.
wilde type" alleel enna padam chilappol fruit eechakal ("drosophila melanogaster") polulla jeevikalude "wilde" janasamkhyayil kaanappedunnathupole saadhaarana phenotypic swabhaavathinu kaaranamaakumenn karuthappedunna oru alleeline vivarikkan upayogikkunnu. atharam oru "wilde type" alleel charitraparamaayi oru prabalamaaya (athishakthamaya-ellaayppozhum prakadippikkappedunna), saadhaaranavum saadhaaranavumaaya phenotypilekku nayikkunnathayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ithu "mutent" alleelukalkk vipareethamaayi, avar aprasakthavum apoorvavum idaykkide doshakaravumaaya phenodypukalilekku nayikkunnu. mikka vyakthikalum mikka jeane lokkiyilum "wilde type" alleelinu homocygus aanennum eathenkilum badal "mutent" alleel "baadhicha" vyakthikalude oru cheria nyoonapakshathil homocygus roopathil kaanappedunnuvennum palappozhum janithaka rogangalaayi kaanappedunnuvennum mutent alleelinte "carrierukalil" heterosaigas roopathil kaanappedunnuvennum munbu karuthappettirunnu. mikatho ellah jeane lokkikalum uyarnna polymorphic aanennum onniladhikam alleelukalullavayaanennum avayude aavruthikal janasamkhyayil ninnu janasamkhyayil vyathyaasappedunnuvennum vyakthamaaya phenotypic vyathyaasangal srishtikkaatha alleelukalude roopathil dhaaraalam janithaka vyathiyanangal maranjirikkunnuvennum ippol abhinandikkappedunnu.
onniladhikam alleelukal.
oru janasamkhyayilo jeevajaalangalilo saadhaaranayaayi oro sthalathum vividha vyakthikalkkidayil onniladhikam alleelukal adangiyirikkunnu. oru lokkasile allelic vyathiyaanam alleelukalude ennam (polymorphism) allengil janasamkhyayile hetterosaigottukalude anupatham enna nilayil alakkaan kazhiyum. onnukil prakadippikkappedaatho allengil prakadippicha protein nishkriyamaayatho aayathinal jeeninte saadhaarana pravartthanam illaatha oru jeane vakabhedamaanu nall alleel.
udaaharanathinu, manushyarile abo blud type carbohydrate aantijanukalude jeane lokkasil, classical janithakashasthram moonnu alleelukal, iaa, aibi, aii enniva thirichariyunnu, ithu rakthappakarchayude anuyojyatha nirnnayikkunnu. eathoru vyakthikkum saadhyamaaya aarr genotypesukalil onnu (iai, iai, aibib, aibi, iab, aibi) undu, athu saadhyamaaya naalu phenotypeukalil onnu ulppaadippikkunnu "type eiii" (iai homocygus, iai heterosaigas genotypeukal ulppaadippikkunnu), "type bii" (aibib homocygus, aibi heterosaigas genotypeukal ulppaadippikkunnu), iab heterosaigas genotype ulppaadippikkunna "type ebi", II homocygus genotype ulppaadippikkunna "type oo". (oro eiii, bii, oo alleelukalum yadhaarthathil ore gunangalulla proteinukal ulppaadippikkunna vyathyastha dna seekwansukalulla onniladhikam alleelukalude oru vibhaagamaanenn ippol ariyappedunnu 70 ladhikam alleelukal abo locusil ariyappedunnu. athinaal "eiii" tharam rakthamulla oru vyakthi oru eoo heterosaigot, oru aaa homocygot allengil rund vyathyastha "eiii" alleelukalulla aaa heterosaigot aakam.)
genotype freekwansikal.
oru diplooid janasamkhyayile alleelukalude aavruthi anubandha jeenodaippukalude aavruthikal pravachikkaan upayogikkaam (hardy-weinberg thathwam kaanuka). rund alleelukalulla oru lalithamaaya modalinu;
ivide "p" ennathu oru alleelinte aavruthiyum "q" ennathu badal alleelinte aavruthiyumaanu, ithu anivaryamaayum aikyathinte aakethukayaan. appol, aadyathe alleelinte janasamkhyaa homosaigasinte bhinnasamkhyayaanu "p" 2, hetterosaigottukalude bhinnasamkhyayaanu 2 "pq", badal alleelinte bhinnasankhya homocygus aanu "q" 2. aadyathe alleel randaamathethinu prabalamaanengil, aadhipathya phenotype kaanikkunna janasamkhyayude bhagam "p" 2 + 2 "pq" umm resussive phenotypulla bhinnasankhya "q" 2 umm aanu.
moonnu alleelukal
oru diplooid locusil onniladhikam alleelukalude kaaryatthil, niravadhi alleelukalulla (eiii) saadhyamaaya jeenodaippukalude ennam eee padaprayogam nalkunnu
janithaka vaikalyangalil allelic aadhipathyam.
oru vyakthikk orotta jeane swabhaavathinu rund resessive alleelukal paarambaryamaayi labhikkumbol niravadhi janithaka vaikalyangal undaakunnu. albinism, sistik fibrosis, galactosemia, fenylkettonooriya (piku), tay-sax rogam enniva resussive janithaka vaikalyangalil ulppedunnu. mattu vaikalyangalum resussive alleelukal moolamaanu, ennaal jeane locus ex chromosomil sthithicheyyunnathinaal, purushanmaarkk oru pakarpp maathrameyulloo (athaayath, avaa hemicygus aanu), avaa sthreekalil ullathinekkaal purushanmaarilaan kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath. chuvapp-pacha varnnaandhatha, pettennulla ex syndrome enniva udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.
oru vyakthikk oru prabalamaaya aaleel maathram paarambaryamaayi labhikkumbozhaanu huntingtons rogam polulla mattu vaikalyangal sambhavikkunnath.
eppiyallalukal.
paarambarya swabhaavasavisheshathakal saadhaaranayaayi janithaka alleelukalude adisthaanathil padikkumbol, dna methylation polulla epigenetic adayaalangal chila speesheesukalile nirddishta genomic pradeshangalil paarambaryamaayi labikkum, eee prakriya transgeneurational epigenetic anantharaavakaasham ennu vilikkunnu. nucleotide sequence nirvachicha parambaraagatha alleelukalil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhikkuna eee adayaalangale verthirichariyaan "epiyalele" enna padam upayogikkunnu. elikalil ninnum manushyaril ninnum mettaastabil epialils enna oru prathyeka tharam eppiyaalil kandethiyittundu, ithu maitottikkalaayi paarambaryamaayi labhikkaavunna epigenetic avasthayude stokkaastik (probabilistik) sthaapanathinte savisheshathayaanu.
ideomorph.
greak 'morphos' (roopam), 'ideo' (ekavachanam, athulyam) ennivayil ninnu 'ideomorph' enna padam 1990 ll "alleel" ennathinu pakaram ore lokkasile seekwansukale soochippikkunnathinaayi avatharippichu, avaykku sequence samanathayilla, orupakshe oru pothu phylogenetic bandham pankidunnilla. ithu pradhaanamaayum michology janithaka gaveshanathilaanu upayogikkunnathu.

