
modoc aalukal

charitraparamaayi ippol vadakkukizhakkan californiayilum madhya thekkan origonilum thaamasichirunna oru thaddesheeya american janathayaan modoc. nilavil, avayil rund federal amgeekritha gothrangal ulppedunnu, origonile klamat gothrangalum ippol modoc raashtram ennariyappedunna oklahomayile modoc gothravum.
bhasha.
ayal klaamathineppole modok pletto penushyan bhasha kudumbatthile oru shaakhayaaya klaamathan/lutuvamiyan bhaashayude vairudhyangal samsaarichirunnu. rund janangalum "janangal" ennartham varunna "maklakkukal" ennu svayam vilichu. gothrangal thammil verthirichariyaan, modokkukal "thekk" ennartham varunna "muwat" ennathil ninnu "motokni mclex" ennu svayam vilikkunnu. kuzhi nadeethada gothratthile oru samghamaaya akomavi avare "thadaakavaasikal" ennartham varunna "luttuvami" ennu vilichu.
nilavile janasamkhyayum bhoomishaasthravum.
ekadesham 600 modokkukal origonile klamat kaundiyil avarude poorvvikarude janmanaattilum parisaratthum thaamasikkunnu. modoc yudhasamayathu reservationil thaamasichavarum 1909ll oklahomayilo cansasilo ulla indian pradeshathu ninnu origonilekku madangaan theerumaanichavarude pingaamikalum eee groupil ulppedunnu. annumuthal palarum klaamatthinte paatha pinthudarnnu. origonile klamat, modoc, yahuskin ennivayude pankitta gotra gavanment klamat gothrangal ennariyappedunnu.
federal sarkkar avarkkayi vangiya oklahomayile ottaava kaundiyile oru cheria reservationil irunooru modokkukal oklahomayilaanu thaamasikkunnath. oklahomayude vidoora vadakkukizhakkan moolayilulla kwapa indian reservationilaanu avaa aadyam sthaapichirunnathu. modoc yudhathil neethrthwam nalkia baand kyapttan jaakkinte (kintpuvash) pingaamikalaan avar. 1978ll federal gavanment oklahomayile modoc gothrathe audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkukayum 1991ll athinte bharanaghadana amgeekarikkukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala janasamkhya.
kaaliforniyayile mikka thaddesheeya grouppukaludeyum sanbarkkathinu munbulla janasamkhyayude kanakkukal ganyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. jaims mooni modakkinte aadima janasamkhya 400 aayi kanakkakki. alfred ell. 1770ll crober kaaliforniyaykkullile modoc janasamkhya 500 aanennu kanakkakki. yooniversitti oof origon naravamshashaasthranjanaaya theodor stern soochippichathu motham 500 modoc undaayirunnu ennaanu. 1846-ll, janasamkhyayil "orupakshe 600 yodhaakkal (orupakshe amithamaayi kanakkakkappetta)" ulppettirikkaam.
charithram.
munkootty bandhappeduka.
pathonpathaam noottaandil, europian paryavekshakar aadyamaayi modokine abhimukeekarikkunnathuvare, ellah peedabhoomi indiakkaareyum pole, avar saalman oottathil saalman pidikkukayum mattu bhakshanagal vettayaadunnathinum shekharikkunnathinumaayi kaalaanusrithamaayi kudiyerukayum cheythu. shaithyakaalath, avar theneechayude aakruthiyilulla, vadikalaal pothinju cheli kondu pothinja, thadaakatheerathinu sameepam jala vokka sasyangalil ninnum malsyabandhanathil ninnumulla vishwasaneeyamaaya vithukalude uravidangal upayogichu mankudi lodgeukal nirmmichu.
ayal grouppukal.
avar oru bhashayum modoc peedabhoomiyum pankitta klaamathinupurame, modoc bhavanathinu sameepamulla grouppukal ivayaayirunnu
modoc, vadakkan paiyoott, akomavi ennivar kooval thadaaka thaazhvara pankittu.
vaasasthalangal.
gombatwas" allengil lover klamat lake peeppil baandinte thaazhathe klamat thadaakathilekku villo creak praveshikkunna "agavesh", "pasnawa" allengil thule lake peeppil baandinte thule thadaakathinte theerathulla "kumbat", "pasha", "vachamshwash", "nashalt-hagak-nii" enniva "gogewa" allengil lover loost rivar peeppil baandinte nashtappetta nadiyile ". modoc (brand, davis-kimble XVI) ennum modoc ariyappedunnu.
aadya sanbarkkam.
1820kalil hudson bay kambaniyude paryavekshakanaaya peettar scain oogdan modokinu vadakkulla klamat janathayumayi vyapaaram sthaapichu.
applegate paatha sthaapichu.
sahodaranmaraaya jesse lindsey aappilgettum mattu 13 vella kudiyettakkaarumaayi 1846-ll applegate trial allengil southu immigrant trial sthaapichu. ithu origon paathayile fort haal, idaho, padinjaaran origonile villamett thaazhvara ennivaykku sameepamulla oru pooyintine bandhippichu. padinjaaran origonilekku varaan europian-amerikkakkaare prolsaahippikkunnathum columbia roottil neridunna apakadangal illaathaakkunnathinumaanu puthiya root srishtichathu. hudson bay kambani columbia roottine niyanthrichathinaal, oru ithara roottinte vikasanam america yunaittad kingdow thammil prasnangal undengilum kudiyettam saadhyamaakki. innathe laava bedd deseeya smaarakathile ariyappedunna aadyathe vellakkaraayi applegate sahodaranmaar maari.
applegate paathayude udghaadanam modok munbu thangalude pradeshathe avaganichirunna europian-american kudiyettakkaarum thammilulla aadyathe pathiv sanbarkkam konduvannathayi thonni. modoc yudhathinte pala sambhavangalum paathayiloodeyaanu nadannathu.
kudiyettakkaarude adhinivesham.
1846 muthal 1873 vare aayirakkanakkin kudiyettakkaar modoc pradeshathekku praveshichu. 1847 muthal, pazhaya cheef shonchinte neethrthwathil aakramanakaarikalaaya kudiyettakkaare modoc aakramichu.
1852 septambaril tyool thadaakatthinte kizhakkan theerathu oru kudiyetta train modoc nasippikkukayum partyile 65 peril moonnu perr ozhike ellaavarum kollappedukayum cheythu. modoc rund penkuttikale thadavilaakki. avaril onno rando perr varshangalkk sesham asooyayulla modoc sthreekalaal kollappettirikkam. aakramanathe athijeevicha eaka vyakthi kaaliforniyayile yerekkayilekk pooyi. addehathinte vaartha ketta sesham, sherief chaals mcdermit, jiim crossby, benn raitt ennivarude keezhil yereka kudiyettakkaar oru milishya samghadippichu. marichavare samskarikkaanum avarude maranathinu prathikaram cheyyaanum avar koottakkola nadanna sthalathekku pooyi. crossbyude party oru koottam modokkukalumaayi ettumuttukayum yerekkayilekk madangukayum cheythu.
maranangalkk prathikaram cheyyaan raittum oru cheria samghavum avidethanne thudarnnu. addeham kuprasidhanaaya oru indian veruppukaaranaayirunnu. nashtappetta nadiyil raittinte party modokkine kandumuttiyappol enthaanu sambhavichathenn vivaranagal vyathyasthamaan, ennaal raittum addehathinte sainyavum akramikkukayum ekadesham 40 modokkukale kollukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu, athu 1852 novemberil addeham cheythathayi mikkavarum sammathikkunnu."
americayumaayi udambadi.
america, klamat, modoc, yahoskin baand ennee paambu gothrangal 1864-ll oru udambadiyil oppuvachu, athu klamat reservation sthaapichu. vadakku 44-aamm samaantharavum padinjaarum thekkum cascade parvathanirakalude malancherivukalum kizhakk goose thadaakatheyum henley thadaakatheyum sparsikkunna varikalum 44-aamm samaantharamaayi gothrangal vittukodukkendathundu.
pakaramaayi, yunaittad stetts 35,000 dollar orumichum 15 varshathinullil motham 80,000 dollar vaarshika paymentukalum nalkukayum reservationaayi adisthaana soukaryangalum jeevanakkarum nalkukayum venam. indiakkaar reservationil madyapikkukayo laharipaneeyangal sambharikkukayo cheythaal, paymentukal thadanjuvaykkaamennum bhaviyil americaykku reservationil kooduthal gothrangale kandethaamennum udambadi vyavastha cheythu. 
eee udambadi prakaram modokkukal nashtappetta nadhi, thule thadaakam, thaazhnna klamat thadaakam ennivaykkaduthulla bhoomi upper klamat thaazhvarayile bhoomikk pakaramaayi keezhadakkanam. cheef shonchinte neethrthwathil avar angane cheythu. udambadi oppuvachappol moonnu gothrangalude motham janasamkhya ekadesham 2,000 aanennu indian ejantu kanakkakki.
samvaranabhoomiyil klamat, modoc janangalkk vendathra bhakshanam nalkiyilla. gothrangal thammilulla rogavum pirimurukkavum vardhichu. thangalude poorvvika bhavanathinaduthu prathyeka samvaranam venamennu modoc abhyarthichenkilum federalo california sarcaro athu amgeekarichilla.
1870-ll "kintpuvash" (kyapttan jacq ennum ariyappedunnu) oru modak samghathe reservation upekshichu avarude parambaraagatha maathrraajyangalilekku madangaan nayichu. nashtappetta nadikku sameepam avar oru graamam panithu. udambadi charchakalil eee reethikale vendathra prathinidheekarikkaathinaal samvaranathil klamat nadathunna peedanam avasaanippikkaan aagrahichu.
modak yuddham.
1872 novemberil yuu.ezz. kintpuvashinte samghathe reservationilekku thirike kondupokaan sramikkunnathinaayi nashtappetta nadiyilekku sainyathe ayachu. oru yuddham pottippurappedukayum, ippol laava bedd deseeya smarakamaaya kaaliforniyayile kyapttan jaakkinte shakthikendrathilekku modoc rakshappedukayum cheythu. 53ll thaazhe yodhaakkalude samghathinu 3,000 yuu. esine thadayaan kazhinju.ezz. niravadhi maasangal sainikar avare niravadhi thavana yudhathil paraajayappeduthi. 1873 eprilil modoc kotta vittu pilaraan thudangi. 1873 juun 4nuu kintpuvashum samghavum swamedhayaa keezhadangiyappol avar avasaanamaayi pidikkapettu. yuu.ezz. thangalude janangalodu neethipoorvam perumarumennum yodhaakkale swantham bhoomiyil thamasikkaan anuvadikkumennum sarkkar udyogasthar avarkk urappu nalkiyirunnu.
yuu.ezz. 1873 octoberil mejar general edward kanbi oru parliyilvechu kolappeduthiyathinu sainyam kintpuvashineyum moonnu yodhaakkaleyum vichaarana cheyyukayum shikshikkukayum vadikkukayum cheythu. modokkumaayi undakkiya karaarukal kanbi lamghichirunnu. bakkiyulla baandine sainyam oklahomayilekku yudhathadavukaaraayi ayachu, scarfaced charley avarude thalavanaayirunnu. gothratthinte aathmeeyanethaavaaya curley head doctor indian pradeshathekku marran nirbandhithanaayi.
1870kalil peettar kooppar kizhakkan nagarangalile indian avakasha grouppukalumaayi samsarikkaan indiakkaare konduvannu. prathinidhi samghangalilonnu modoc, klamat gothrangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu. 1909ll oklahomayile samghathinu origonilekku madangaan anumathi nalki. niravadhi aalukal angane cheythuvenkilum bhooribhaagavum avarude puthiya veettilaanu thaamasichathu.
samskaaram.
modakkinte matham vishadamaayi ariyilla. kaumaarakkaraaya penkuttikalude anchu ratri nritha aachaaramaaya "shuyuhalsh" pole anchaamathe nambar aachaarathil valareyadhikam prathiphalichirunnu. shudheekaranathinum vilapa chadangukalkkumayi oru vearp lodge upayogichirunnu.
perukal.
modoc peedabhoomi, modoc deseeya vanam, modoc kaundi, california; modoc, indiana; mattu niravadhi sthalangalkku eee koottam aalukalude peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath.