
shangdi

shangdi (), lalithamaayi dii () ennum vilikkappedunnu, classical grandhangalude daivashaasthrathile "paramonnatha devata" allengil "paramonnatha devata" enna chainees padamaanu, prathyekichu shang daivashaasthrathil ninnu uruthirinjathum pinneedu "tian" ("swarggam" allengil "mahathaaya muzhuvan") ll thulyamaayathu kandethunnathum.
prapanchatthinte paramadevane soochippikkaan "tian" enna vaakk innu chainees mathathil prabalamaanengilum, chila daarshanika schoolukal, kanfyooshyanisathinte chila vakabhedangal, chila chainees rakshaasanghadana mathangal (prathyekichu yiguwandawo), chainees protestant kristhumatham ennivayulppede vividha paarambaryangalil "shangdi" upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu. koodaathe, samakaalika chainees (pradhana bhoopradesavum videshavum), kizhakkan eshyayile mathaparavum mathetharavumaaya grouppukal, oru eaka saarvathrika devante peraayum abrahamic mathangalil daivathinulla oru matha-ithara vivarthanamayum ithu saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
"rund chainees aksharangalude pinyin romanisationaanu shang dii. aadyathethu, "shang" ennaal "uyarnnathu", "ettavum uyarnnathu", "aadyathethu", "aadimamaayathu" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu; randaamathethu, "dii" saadhaaranayaayi aadhunika chainees bhashayil "huwangdi" (<unk>) ennathinte hraswarekhayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ekadesham 2200 varshangalkk munbu kiinn shhii huwang aadyamaayi upayogicha chainayile chakravartthimaarude padavi, saadhaaranayaayi "chakravarty" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu. chainees naagarikathayude puraana uthbhavavum chainees vamshathinte poorvvikanumaaya manja chakravarty (<unk>) ulppede moonnu "huwang", anchu "dii" ennivayil ninnaan eee vaakk uruthirinjathu. ennirunnaalum, shaanginte unnatha daivathe soochippikkunnu, athinaal "devata" (prakadamaaya daivam) ennaanu ardham. athinaal, "shangdi" enna peru "ettavum uyarnna devata" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedanam, ennaal classical chainees bhashayil "aadima devata" allengil "aadya devata" enna ardhavum ithinu undu. devan eee padavikku munbullavanaayirunnu, chainayile chakravartthimaarkku svarggaputhranmaaraaya "tiancy" enna rolil addehathinte peru nalki. shaasthreeya grandhangalil svarggathekkurichulla ettavum uyarnna sangalppathe palappozhum antropomorphically vivarichirikkunna shang diyumayi thirichariyaarundu. dhruva nakshatravumaayum addehathinu bandhamund. paramonnatha bharanadhikariye (shang dii) kurichum udaathamaaya aakaashathe (shang dii) kurichum ulla ashayangal pinneedu parasparam samyojippikkukayo agiranam cheiyukayo cheiyunnu.
charithram.
shang rajavamsham.
bisi randaam sahasraabdathile shang raajavamshathinte orakkil asthi likhithangalil shangdiyekkurichulla aadyakaala paraamarshangal kaanapedunnu, ennirunnaalum "charithratthinte classic" enna pilkkala kruthi shiah raajavamshathin munbuthanne shann chakravarty addehathinu vaarshika yagangal nadathiyathaayi avakaashappedunnu.
shang raajavamshathinte kaalath huvaxiayile bharanavarggathile varenyavarggakkaar shangdi aathyanthika athmeeya shakthiyaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu yudhathile vijayam, vilaveduppinte vijayam allengil parajayam, manja nadiyile vellapokkam polulla kaalavastha, thalasthaana nagariyudeyum raajyathinteyum vidhi enniva addeham niyanthrikkumenn vishwasikkappettirunnu. prakrithiye niyanthrikkunna mattu daivangaludeyum marichavarude aathmaakkaludeyum oru sreniye shangdi bharichirunnathaayi thonnunnu. eee ashayangal pinneedu taavoyist jaid chakravarty addehathinte aakasha bureaucrasy prathifalippikkukayo nadappilaakkukayo cheythu, shangdi pinneedu jaid chakravarthiyumaayi samanvayippikkappettu.
cheria daivangaliloode maathram pravartthikkunna shangdi orupakshe shaashwathamekkaal atheethamaayirunnu. saadhaarana manushyar nerittu aaradhikkaan kazhiyaathathra akaleyaan shangdiyennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. pakaram, pinmariya shang rajaakkanmaar maranananthara jeevithathil addehathodoppam chernnappol, pouraanika bhoothakaalathilum sameepakaala thalamurakalilum thangalude rajakeeya poorvvikarude aathmaakkaliloode shangdi svayam praapyamaakkiyathaayi shang rajaakkanmaar prakhyaapichu. angane chakravartthimaarkku nerittu shangdiodu abhyarthikkaan kazhinju. orakkil asthi likhithangalil palathum eee nivedanangal rekhappeduthunnu, saadhaaranayaayi mazhaykkayi praarthikkukayum samsthaana nadapadiykkaayi shaangdiyude anumathi thedukayum cheiyunnu.
eee samayat chila aaradhakar shangdi oru paridhivare manushyanaayo kuranjathu naravamshashaasthraparamaayum "ettavum valia poorvvikanaayum" kandu.
shau rajavamsham.
pilkkala shang, shau rajavamshangalil shangdi swarggavumaayi (, "tian") samyojippikkappettu. shangdiyude samrakshanam avarude vamshathile amgathvavumaayi bandhappettathalla, marichu avarude nyayamaaya bharanathiloodeyaanu ennu nirddeshicha swarggathinte aajnja enna aashayathiloode shau rajakumaran thante vamshathinte pidichadakkaline nyaayeekarichu. shangdi oru gothravargakkaaran mathramalla, krithyamaaya maanadandangalkkanusarichu athinte adikaaram prayogikkunna oru nalla dhaarmika shakthiyaayirunnu. sariyaaya achaarangal nilanirtthiyirunnenkil shangdiyude preethi nashtappedukayum oru puthiya raajavamshathin "paarambaryamaayi" labikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, shang vamshavumaayulla niravadhi aachaarangalude bandham ardhamaakkunnathu shang prabhukkanmaar niravadhi sthalangal bharikkukayum (avarude kalapangal undaayirunnittum) kodathi upadeshtaakkalaayum purohithanmaraayum sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu ennaanu. shang prabhukkanmarkkum huwaxia paramaadhikaaratthe prathinidheekarikkunna ombathu tripodukalkkum thamasikkaan karsanamaaya prapanchashaasthra thathwangalkkanusrithamaayi oru muzhuvan aachaaraparamaaya nagravum sove prabhukkan srishtichu; shaangine "soyude achaarangal" paripalikkaan chumathalappedutthi. athupole, shaanginte cheria veedukalaaya "shhii" kuthiravargam, nerittu pandithanaaya kanfyooshyan kuleena vibhagamaayum raajasabhayude maryaadakalilum chadangukalilum shau bharanaadhikaarikale upadeshicha pandithanmarayum vikasichu. kanfyooshyan klaasikkukal shangdiyude aaradhana ulppedeyulla munkaala paarambaryangal thudarukayum oordar cheyyukayum cheythu. avayil ellah paraamarshangalum ulppedunnu
naalu pusthakangalum shangdiyekurichu paraamarshikkunnundenkum, ithu pinneedulla samaahaaramaayathinaal, paraamarshangal valare viralavum amoorthavumaanu. shangdi munkaala kruthikalil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu eee maathruka kaalakramena shangdiyude vardhichuvarunna yukthisahamaakkal, ariyappedunnathum ekapaksheeyavumaaya oru gotradevanil ninnu kooduthal amoorthavum daarshanikavumaaya aashayathilekkulla maattam, allengil mattu devathakalude samyojanavum agiranam cheyyalum enniva prathifalippichekkaam.
hahn rajavamsham.
hahn raajavamshathinte kaalamayappozhekkum, swaadheenamulla kanfyooshyan pandithanaaya sheng suwan ingane paranju "shangdi" ennathu svarggathinte mattoru peraanu. dong songshu paranju "swarggamaanu aathyanthika adikaaram, rajaavu aaraadhikkenda daivangalude rajaavu".
pilkkala kaalaghattangalil, addeham "swargeeya bharanathile paramonnatha devata" (, "huwangtian shangdi") enna peril ariyappettirunnu, eee upayogathil, addeham prathyekichu thaavoyist jaid chakravarthiyumaayi samyojippikkappedunnu.
thirichariyal.
shang poorvvikan.
shang srothassukalil, kaatt, minnal, idiminnal, manushyakaaryangalilum raashtreeyathilum prakrithiyil sambhavikkunna sambhavangalude paramonnatha oordayaraayi dii ithinakam visheshippikkappettindu. prakrithiyude ellah daivangalum addehathinte doothanmaaro prakadanangalo aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. shang srothassukal addehathinte prapanchashaasthraparamaaya anchu manthraalayangalum saakshyappeduthunnu. pinneedulla grandhangal vishadeekarikkunnathupole, jeevichirikkunna manushyarkk nerittu thyagam cheyyaan kazhiyaathavidham valare akaleyayathinaal dii allengil tian aaradhana labhichilla. pakaram, jeevichirikkunnavarude vazhipaadukal ariyikkaan oru poorvvikaneppolulla oru idanilakkaaran aavashyamaayirunnu.
guwo moruvo ulppedeyulla chila pramukha pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil, shangdi yadhaarthathil sii () vamshathinte poorvvikanaaya (aadya poorvvikan) kuu (allengil kuyi) allengil dikku ("divas" kuu) yumayi saamyamullathaayirunnu, shang raajavamshathinte sthaapakar, "shiji" yilum mattu grandhangalilum saakshyappeduthiyiriknu. eee vyaakhyaanam anusarichu, eee thirichariyalinu aazhathilulla rashtreeya prathyaaghaathangalundaayirunu, kaaranam bhoumika shang rajaakkanmaar daivathvathinte janma vashangalaayirunnu.
shang srothassukalil ninnulla kooduthal thelivukal soochippikkunnathu, prakrithiyude aathmaakkale dii niyanthrikkunnathinaal iva randum thammil poornnamaaya oru thirichariyal undaayirunnilla, athesamayam kuyi angane cheiyunnilla; dii palappozhum "amgeekaarangal" ayaykkunnathayi chithreekarikkappedunnu, athesamayam kuyi orikkalum athra chithratthililla; kuikk aaradhana labhichu, athesamayam dii labhichilla. koodaathe, mattu shakthikalumaayulla "thirashcheena" bandhatthil kuyi palappozhum aakarshikkappedunnu, ithu paanthiyoninte mukalbhaagamenna nilayil addehathe durbalappeduthunnu.
aakaashadhruvamaayi shangdi.
shaanginte mathaparamaya aachaarangalude kendrabinduvaayirunnu aakashathodulla thaalparyam enna kaazhchappaadine adisthaanamaakki shangdiyude jyothishaasthraparamaaya bandhangalekkurichu david pankiniyar padichu, mathramalla munkaala siyaa, erlitto samskaarangalude kendrabinduvumaayirunnu. eee samskaarangalude kottaraparavum aachaaraparavumaaya gadanakal aakaashadhruvavumaayum dhruva nakshathrangalude ghoshayaathrayumaayum shradhaapoorvvam vinyasikkapettu ennathaanu prathyekichum kauthukakaramaaya vastutha. pradhana nakshathrangal ozhinjukidakkunna oru aakasha maathrkayilaanu yadhaartha aakaashadhruvam sthithicheyyunnathennum vividha dhruva nakshathrangal eee ozhinja shikharathinu ettavum aduthullavayum nirnaayaka praadhaanyamullavayumaanu ennum pankiniyar rekhappeduthunnu.
purathana aakaashathinte utharadhruva templettil dii ennathinte shang oorakkular lipi athinte attathulla pooyintukal drishya nakshathravumayi poruthappedunna vidhathil engane project cheyyaamennu addeham chithreekarikkunnu, athesamayam madhyathilulla rekheeya achuthandukalude vibhajanam ozhinjukidakkunna aakaashadhruvathilekku mapp cheyyum. bii. sii. naalam noottaandil thanne poornnamaayum rekhappeduthappetta "thaay" ruwan ("mahanaaya onnu") enna ashayavumaayi bandhippikkunna chainees mathatthinte pilkkala ghattangalil parichithamaaya oru aashayamaaya khagoladruvavumaayi supreme dii thiricharinjittundena pankiniyar vaadikkunnu.
shangdi khagolam, thaay, shaanginte poorvvikan kuu enningane vyaakhyaanikkunnath parasparavirudhamalla. kuu, dii enniva yadhaarthathil samaanamaanenn feng shhii vaadikkunnu. thangalude adhikaarathe niyamavidheyamaakkunnathini shang orupakshe thangalude poorvvikane vividha pradeshangalilum praadeshika samskaarangalilum amgeekarikkappetta oru saarvathrika daivamaayi manahpoorvvam thiricharinju.
samakaalika confucianism.
samakaalika kanfyooshyan daivashaasthranjar lokathinte govarnoraayi maathram pravartthikkunna, divyavum shaashwathamum aayi kanakkaakkappedunna shangdiyekkurichulla kanfyooshyan ashayavum kristhuvinte aashayathin virudhamaayi poornnamaayum anyalokathinte (divyamaayathu) oru daivamaayum lokathinte srashtaavu mathramaayum avar vibhavanam cheytha daivathekkurichulla kristheeya ashayavum thammilulla vyathyaasangal oonnipparanjittundu.
aaradhana.
mukalil soochippichathupole, rajaavu shangdick arppicha yagangal siyaa raajavamshathin mumbullathaanennu parambaraagatha chainees charithrangal avakaashappedunnu. avasheshikkunna puraavastu rekhakal kaanikkunnath shaangiloode, bully nalkia kaalakalude tholinte bladeukal theeyiloodeyum pukayiloodeyum divyaraajyathilekku chodyangalo aashayavinimayamo ayaykkaan upayogichirunnuvennu, eee sambradaayam scapulimansi ennariyappedunnu. choodu ellukal pottitherikkaan kaaranamaakukayum rajakeeya daivanirmmaathaakkal adayaalangale rajaavinodulla shangdiyude prathikaranamaayi vyaakhyaanikkukayum cheyyum. pravachanathinaayi upayogicha likhithangal prathyeka kramamaya kuzhikalilaayi kuzhichidukayum, prayogatthino rekhakalkko vendiyullava upayogathinu sesham saadhaarana madhyathil kuzhichidukayum cheythu.
shangdiyudeyo pilkkala perukaludeyo keezhil, ellah chainees rajavamshathileyum chainayude bharanadhikaariyil ninnu saamraajyathva thalasthaanathe oru valia swargga kshethrathil varsham thorum eee devan yagangal sweekarichu. chainees jiomansi thathwangal paalichukondu, ithu ellaayppozhum nagaratthinte thekkan bhaagathaayirikkum sthithicheyyuka. achaaravelayil, poornnamaayum aarogyamulla oru kaalaye arukkukayum shangdick mrgabaliyaayi samarppikkukayum cheyyum. aachaarangalude pusthakam" parayunnath oru vrithaakrithiyilulla kunnin balipeetathil "ettavum dairkhyameriya divasam" yaagam nadatthanam ennaanu. balipeetathinu moonnu thalangalundaakum shangdik swargaputhranum ettavum uyaram koodiyathu; suryan chandran randaamathe uyaram; nakshathrangal, meghangal, mazha, kaatt, idimuzhakkam thudangiya prakrithidevanmaarkku ettavum thaazhnnath.
shangdi orikkalum prathimakaloo vigrahangalo upayogichu prathinideekarikkunnilla ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. pakaram, swarggakshethrathinte madhya kettidatthil, "svarggathinte saamraajyathva nilavara" ennu vilikkunna oru ghadanayil, shangdiyude peril alekhanam cheytha oru "spiritt phalakam" (, shenway) simhaasanathil "huvaantiyan shangdi" () aayi sookshichirikkunnu. oru vaarshika yagavelayil, chakravarty eee falakangal swarggakshethrathinte vadakku bhaagathekku kondupookukayum "nalla vilaveduppinulla praarthanaa haal" ennu vilikkunna oru sthalathekku avaye aaa simhaasanathil vaykkukayum cheyyum.
ekavachana saarvathrika daivavumaayi samyojanam.
ming, kwing raajavamshathinte kaalathaanu, jesuit purohithanaaya maattiyo richi roman catholica matham avatharippichappol, "shangdi" enna ashayam daivathekkurichulla kristhyan sangalppathinu baadhakamaakkaan thudangiyathu.
thudakkathil addeham "tianshu" () enna padam upayogichu. "swarggathinte nathan", richi kramena paribhaashaye pakaram "shangdi" aakki maatti. tian", "shangdi" ennee ashayangal kristhumathatthinte daivathil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennu vishwasichathinaal addeham shangdiyude upayogam kanfyooshyakkaar ethirthu shang shhii-sheng, thante pusthakangaliloode, shangdi maathrame bharikkunnulloovennum kristhumathatthinte daivam oru srashtaavaanennum athinaal avaa vyathyasthamaanennum prasthaavichu. rikkiyude vivarthanam dominikkanmaarudeyum roman curiayudeyum athrupthi kshanichuvarutthi 1715 march 19 nuu, klement pathinaar marpappa "ex illa dye" enna saasanam puratthirakki, catholicar kristhumathatthinte daivathinaayi "shangdi" kku pakaram "tianshu" upayogikkanamennu prasthaavichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil protestantism chainayil praveshichappol, protestant missionarymaarum samanamaaya oru prashnam nerittu chilar "shangdi" enna padam eshtappettu, chilar "shhein" ("daivam") enna padam eshtappettu. 1877ll shanghayil nadanna oru konfaransil vivarthana-vishayam charcha cheythukondu, kanfyooshyanisathinte "shangdi" yum daivathekkurichulla kristhyan ashayavum vyathyastha swabhaavamullavayaanennu vishwasichu.
ennirunnaalum, irupathaam noottaandode, mikka britiish missionarymaarum chila catholicar chainees oorthadoox kristhyaanikalum ivaanchalikkalmaarum chainees thaddesheeya ekadaivavaadavumaayi bandhamullathayi 'shangdi' yeei thiranjedutthu, chilar athine baibil bhaagathil vivarichirikkunnathu anjjaatha daivavumaayi bandhippichukondu vaadathe munnott kondupoyi. catholicar athu ozhivakkaan eshtappettu, kaaranam avarude dauthyangal cheiyunnathinaayi praadeshika adikaarikalumaayulla vittuveezhchakal, athupole atharam vivarthanam kristhyan daivathe chainees bahudevathayumaayi bandhappeduthiyekkaamenna bhayavum.
innu, mathethara chainees bhasha maadhyamangaliloode, "shangdi", "tian" ennee chainees padangal daivathekkurichulla kristheeya ashayavumaayi kuranja mathaparamaya aduppamulla eaka saarvathrika daivathinte vivarthanamaayi pathivayi upayogikkunnu, athesamayam samakaalika chainayileyum thaayvaanileyum kanfyooshyakkaarum budhijeevikalum eee padam athinte yadhaartha ardhathilekku punarkrameekarikkan shramikkunnu. catholicar audyogikamaayi "tianshu" enna padam upayogikkumbol suvisheshakar saadhaaranayaayi "shangdi" koodaathe/allengil "shhein" (, "daivam" allengil "aathmaav") upayogikkunnu.