
depolarisation

jeevashaasthrathil, depolarisation allengil hypopopalarisation ennathu oru koshatthinullile oru maattamaan, eee samayat koshathinu vaidyutha charge vitharanathil maattam sambhavikkunnu, athinte falamaayi koshatthinullil negatteevu charge purambhagavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kuravaanu. pala koshangaludeyum pravartthanatthinum koshangal thammilulla ashayavinimayathinum oru jeeviyude mothatthilulla shareerashaasthrathinum depolarisation athyaavasyamaanu.
uyarnna jeevajaalangalile mikka koshangalum koshatthinte purambhagavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol negatteevu charjju ulla oru aantharika anthareeksham nilanirthunnu. chaarjile eee vyathyaasathe koshatthinte membran pottensial ennu vilikkunnu. depolarisation prakriyayil, koshatthinte negatteevu aantharika charge thaalkkaalikamaayi kooduthal positteev (negatteevu kuravaanu) aayi maarunnu. oru negatteevu membran pottensialil ninnu kooduthal positteev membran pottanshyalilekkulla eee maattam oru aakshan pottensial ulppede niravadhi prakriyakalil sambhavikkunnu. oru aakshan pottensial samayat, depolarisation valare valuthaanu, sell membraniludaneelamulla pottensial vyathyasam polaarittiye hrasvamaayi vipareethamaakkunnu, sellinte ulbhaagam positteev charjju cheyyappedunnu.
eathenkilum tharatthilulla kaatteshan allengil eathenkilum tharatthilulla ayoninte ozhukkiloode madhyasthatha vahikkaan kazhiyumenkilum oru koshatthilekku soodiyam ayonukalude ozhukk moolamaanu chaarjil maattam saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnath. depolarisationte vipareethathe hyperpolarisation ennu vilikkunnu.
jeevashaasthrathile "depolarisation" enna padatthinte upayogam bhauthikashaasthrathile upayogathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, avide athu eathenkilum tharatthilulla dhruveekaranathe ("i".iii."eathenkilum vaidyutha chaarjinte saannidhyam, athu positteev allengil negatteevu aakatte) poojyatthinte moolyathilekku maarunnu.
depolarisatione chilappol hyperpolarisation ennu vilikkunnu (hyperpolarisation vipareethamaayi).
shareerashaasthram.
depolarisation prakriya poornnamaayum mikka koshangaludeyum aantharika vaidyutha swabhaavathe aasrayichirikkunnu. oru koshathinu vishramamundaakumbol, vishramaseshi ennariyappedunna koshatthe nilanirthunnu. mikkavarum ellah koshangalum srishtikkunna vishramaseshi koshatthinte purambhagavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol koshatthinte ulbhaagathu negatteevu charge undaakunnu. eee vaidyutha asanthulithaavastha nilanirthaan, ionukal koshatthinte plasma membraniloode kondupookunnu. ayoon chaanalukal, soodiyam pottasyam pambukal, volteju gated ayoon chaanalukal enniva polulla koshatthinte plasma membranilekku ayanukalude paathayaayi pravartthikkunna koshatthinte plasma membranile ulchertha niravadhi vyathyastha tharam transmembran proteenukaliloodeyaanu plasma membraniludaneelam ayonukalude gathagatham poortthiyaakkunnathu.
vishramathinulla saadhyatha.
koshatthe depolarise cheiyunnathinu munbu oru koshatthinullil vishramaseshi sthaapikkanam. oru koshathinu vishramaseshi sthaapikkaan kazhiyunna niravadhi samvidaanangalundu, ennirunnaalum eee vishramaseshi srishtikkunnathinu oru saadhaarana paatten undu, athu pala koshangalum pinthudarunnu. koshatthinullil oru negatteevu vishramaseshi srishtikkaan koshangal ayoon chaanalukal, ayoon pambukal, volteju gated ayoon chaanalukal enniva upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, koshatthinullil vishramaseshi srishtikkunna prakriya koshathinu purathulla oru anthareeksham srishtikkunnu, athu depolarisatione anukoolikkunnu. depolarisationaayi koshatthinte akathum puratthum avasthakal opttimais cheiyunnathinu soodiyam pottasyam pump pradhaanamaayum utharavaadiyaanu. koshatthilekku pump cheiyunna oro rund positteev charjju cheytha pottasyam ionukalkkum (keey +) koshatthil ninnu moonnu positteev charjju cheytha soodiyam ionukal (naa +) pump cheiyunnathiloode, koshatthinte vishramaseshi sthaapikkuka mathramalla, koshathinu purathulla sodiyathinte saandrata vardhippikkukayum koshatthinullil pottaasyatthinte saandrata vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode prathikoolamaaya saandrata gradient srishtikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. koshatthil amithamaya alavil pottasyavum koshathinu purathulla sodiyavum undengilum, uthppaadippikkunna vishramaseshi plasma membranile volteju-gated ayoon chaanalukale adaykkunnu, ithu plasma membraniludaneelam pump cheytha ionukal kuranja saandrathayulla pradeshathekku vyaapikkunnath thadayunnu. koodaathe, positteev charjju cheytha pottasyam ayonukalude uyarnna saandrata undaayirunnittum, mikka koshangalilum aantharika gadakangal (negatteevu charge) adangiyirikkunnu, avaa oru negatteevu aantharika charge sthaapikkaan shekharikkunnu.
depolarisation.
oru koshathinu vishramaseshi sthaapichathinushesham, aaa koshathinu depolarisation vidheyamaakaanulla sheshiyund. depolarisation samayat, membran pottensial negatteevil ninnu positteevaayilekku athivegam maarunnu. koshatthinte ulbhaagathu eee druthagathiyilulla maattam sambhavikkunnathin, koshatthinte plasma membraninoppam niravadhi sambhavangal sambhavikkendathundu. soodiyam-pottasyam pump pravartthikkunnathu thudarumbol, sell vishrama sheshiyilaayirikkumbol adachirunna volteju gated soodiyam, kaalsyam chaanalukal voltejile prarambha maattathinu marupadiyaayi thurakkunnu. soodiyam ionukal koshatthilekku madangumbol, avaa koshatthinte akathalathilekku positteev charge cherkkukayum membran pottensial negatteevil ninnu positteevaayilekku maattukayum cheiyunnu. koshatthinte ulbhaagam kooduthal positteev charjju cheythukazhinjaal, koshatthinte depolarisation poortthiyaakum, chaanalukal veendum adaykkum.
punarmoolyanirmmaanam.
oru koshatthe depolarise cheythathinushesham, athu aantharika chaarjil oru anthima maattathinu vidheyamaakunnu. depolarisationethudarnnu, sell depolarisation vidheyamaakumbol thurannirunna volteju gated soodiyam ayoon chaanalukal veendum adanju. koshatthinullil vardhicha positteev charge ippol pottasyam chaanalukal thurakkaan kaaranamaakunnu. pottasyam ionukal (keey +) electrochemical gradiantilekku (concentration gradiantinum puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya electrical gradiantinum anukoolamaayi) neengaan thudangunnu. koshatthil ninnu pottasyam puratthekku neengumbol koshatthinullile pottensial kurayukayum athinte vishrama seshiye orikkal koodi sameepikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee prakriyayiludaneelam soodiyam pottasyam pump thudarchayaayi pravartthikkunnu.
hyperpolarisation.
repolarisation prakriya koshatthinte pottensialil oru ovarshoottinu kaaranamaakunnu. pottasyam ionukal axonil ninnu puratthekku neengunnathu thudarukayum vishramaseshi kaviyukayum puthiya koshaseshi vishramasheshiyekkaal negatteevu aakukayum cheiyunnu. ellah volteju gated ayoon chaanalukalum adaykkunnathiloodeyum soodiyam pottasyam ayoon pambinte pravarthanatthiloodeyum vishramaseshi aathyanthikamayi veendum sthaapikkappedunnu.
neuronukal.
manushyashareerathile niravadhi koshangalude pravarthanangalkku depolarisation athyanthaapekshithamaanu, ithu oru neuroninullilum rund neuronukalkkidayilum uthejakangal pakarunnathinte udaaharanamaanu. uthejakangalude sweekaranam, aaa uthejakangalude neural samyojanam, uthejakangalodulla neuroninte prathikaranam ennivayellaam neuroninullilo neuronukalkkidayilo uthejakangal kaimaran depolarisation upayogikkaanulla neuronukalude kazhivine aasrayichirikkunnu.
uthejanathodulla prathikaranam.
neuronukalilekkulla uthejakangal bhouthikamo vaidyuthamo raasaparamo aakam, koodaathe neuron uthejippikkunnathine thadayukayo uthejippikkukayo cheyyaam. oru inhibittari stimulas oru neuroninte dendraittilekk pakarunnu, ithu neuroninte hyperpolarisation kaaranamaakunnu. oru inhibittari stimulasinethudarnnu hyperpolarisation neuroninullile vishrama seshikku thaazheyulla voltageil kooduthal kuravundaakkunnu. oru neuronine hyperpolarise cheiyunnathiloode, oru inhibittari stimulas kooduthal negatteevu chaarjinu kaaranamaakunnu, athu depolarisation sambhavikkunnathin marikadakkendathundu. maruvashathu, eksaitteshan stimuli neuronile volteju vardhippikkunnu, ithu vishramaavasthayile athe neuroninekkaal eluppathil depolarise cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru neuronilekku nayikkunnu. ithu uthejakamo prathirodhaathmakamo aanenkilum, uthejanam oru neuroninte dendraittukaliloode koshashareerathilekku samyojanathinaayi sanjarikkunnu.
uthejakangalude samyojanam.
koshashareeratthil uthejakangal athikkazhinjaal, nadic prathikarikkaan kazhiyunnathinumumbu naadi vividha uthejakangale samyojippikkanam. dendraittukaliloode sanjaricha uthejakangal aakson kunninpuratthu othucherunnu, avide avaa neuronal prathikaranam nirnnayikkaan samgrahikkunnu. uthejakangalude aakethuka threashold pottensial ennariyappedunna oru nischitha voltageil athukayaanengil, aakson kunnin mukalil ninnu axonylake depolarisation thudarunnu.
marupadi.
aakson kunninpuratthu ninnu aakson terminalilekku sanjarikkunna depolarisationte kuthichuchaattatthe aakshan pottensial ennu vilikkunnu. aakshan pottanshyalukal aakson terminalil athunnu, avide aakshan pottensial neuronil ninnu neuro traansmittarukal purathuvidunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. axonil ninnu purathuvarunna neuro traansmittarukal mattu neuronukal allengil peshi koshangal polulla mattu koshangale uthejippikkunnathu thudarunnu. oru aakshan pottensial oru neuroninte axonylake sanjarichathinushesham, mattoru aakshan pottensialinu axonylake sanjarikkunnathinu munbu aaksoninte vishrama sthara pottensial punasthaapikkanam. neuron mattoru pravartthanasheshi kaimaran kazhiyaatha neuroninte veendedukkal kaalayalav ennaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
kanninte vadi koshangal.
koshangalkkullile depolarisationte praadhaanyavum vaividhyavum kannile vadi koshangalum avayumaayi bandhapetta neuronukalum thammilulla bandhatthil kaanaan kazhiyum. vadi koshangal iruttilaayirikkumbol avaa depolarise cheyyappedunnu. rooad cellukalil, eee depolarisation nilanirthunnathu depolarised avasthayil rooad sellinte uyarnna volteju kaaranam thurannirikkunna ayoon chaanalukalaanu. ayoon chaanalukal kaalsyavum sodiyavum koshatthilekku swathanthramaayi kadannupokaan anuvadikkukayum depolarised avastha nilanirthukayum cheiyunnu. depolarised avasthayilulla vadi koshangal nirantharam neuro traansmittarukal purathuvidunnu, ithu vadi koshangalumayi bandhapetta njarambukale uthejippikkunnu. vadi koshangal prakaashathinu vidheyamaakumbol eee chakram thakarunnu; vadi koshatthinte prakasham agiranam cheiyunnathu vadi koshatthilekku sodiyavum kaalsyavum praveshikkaan sahaayicha chaanalukal adaykkaan kaaranamaakunnu. eee chaanalukal adaykkumbol, vadi koshangal kurachu neuro traansmittarukal uthpaadippikkunnu, ithu prakaashatthinte vardhanavaayi thalachor kaanunnu. athinaal, vadi koshangaludeyum avayumaayi bandhapetta neuronukaludeyum kaaryatthil, depolarisation yadhaarthathil signalinte kaimaattatthe uthejippikkunnathinu pakaram oru signal thalachorilekku athunnathil ninnu thadayunnu.
vascular endothelium.
rakthathinteyum lymph naalangaludeyum ulbhaagathu varaykkunna lalithamaaya schwamous epithelial koshangalude nerttha paaliyaan endothelium. rakthakkuzhalukale bandhippikkunna endothelium vascular endothelium ennariyappedunnu, ithu hridaya sisttathil ninnulla rakthapravaahathinteyum rakthasammardhathinteyum shakthikale neridukayum sahikkukayum venam. eee hridayashakthikale prathirodhikkunnathin, endothelial koshangalkk oresamayam rakthachamkramana shakthikale thangaan kazhivulla oru ghadana undaayirikkanam, athesamayam avayude gadanayude shakthiyil oru nischitha thalatthilulla plaastitti nilanirthukayum venam. rakthakkuzhalukalude endotheliyathinte gadanaaparamaaya shakthiyile eee plaastitti hridayavyavasthayude mothatthilulla pravarthanatthinu athyanthaapekshithamaanu. rakthakkuzhalukalile endothelial koshangalkk avar varaykkunna rakthakkuzhalukalude vascular toonn nilanirthunnathinum vascular kaadinyam thadayunnathinum hridaya systethinullile rakthasammardham niyantrikkaan polum sahayikkunnathinum avayude gadanayude shakthiyil maattam varuthaan kazhiyum. endothelial koshangal avayude gadanaaparamaaya shakti maattaan depolarisation upayogichu eee nettangal kaivarikkunnu. oru endothelial sell depolarisation vidheyamaakumbol, eee koshangalkk avayude gadanaaparamaaya pinthuna nalkunna naarukalude shringalayil maattam varuthunnathiloode koshatthinte kaadinyathilum gadanaaparamaaya shakthiyilum ganyamaaya kuravundaakunnu. endothelial koshangalude gadanaaparamaaya samagrathaykku mathramalla, vascular toonn niyantrikkaanum vascular kaadinyam thadayaanum rakthasammardham niyantrikkaanum sahayikkunna vascular endotheliyathinte kazhivinum vascular endotheliyathile depolarisation athyaavasyamaanu.
hridayam.
hridayathinte naalu arakalil depolarisation sambhavikkunnu aadyam atria, thudarnnu rund ventrikkilukalum.
hridayathil oru prashnamillengil eee prakriya pathivayi thudarunnu.
depolarisation blockerukal.
depolarisation blocking ejantukal ennu vilikkunna marunnukal undu, avaa depolarisation utharavaadithamulla chaanalukal thurakkunnathiloodeyum avaa adaykkaan anuvadikkaathirikkunnathilum deerghakaala depolarisation undaakkukayum repolarisation thadayukayum cheiyunnu. nicotinic agonistukal, saxamethonium, decamethonium enniva udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.

