
tounshippu, grama samrambhangal

tounshippum grama samrambhangalum (tii. vii. iii. ezz) chainayile tounshippukalum graamangalum aasthaanamaayulla praadeshika sarkkaarukalude paridhiyil varunna vipani adhishtitha pothu samrambhangalaan.
charithram.
parishkaranatthinum udghaadanathinum munbu.
1987ll chainees nethaavu deng siavopping teves "evideyum ninnu prathyakshappedunnilla" ennu paranjathaayi reportundengilum, grameena chainayile vyaavasaayika vikasanam 1950kalil thanne kandethanakum. eee kaalayalavil, palappozhum "kammyoon, brigade enterprises" ennee perukalullathum avaganikkaavunna valippamullathumaya grameena samrambhangal, pradhaanamaayum kanatha vyaavasaayika mekhalakalil shradha kendreekarichathum kaarshika ulppaadanathe pinthunaykkunnathinum praadeshikavum aabhyantharavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi grameena saamoohika uthppannangal ulppaadippikkunnathinu janangalude kammyoonukalum paalangalum sthaapichathumaaya sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhangalkk (ezz. oo. iii) anubandhamaayi pravarthichu. 1950kalude avasaanathinum 1960kalude thudakkathinum edayilulla rashtreeya prakshubdhatha, valia kuthichuchaattam pole, oru kaalath grameena samrambhangalude vikasanam thadassappeduthukayum chilath thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, grameena saamoohika uthppannangal ulppaadippikkaan chainees sarkkar prothsaahippichathode 1965ll grameena samrambhangalude avesham veendum vardhichu. audyogika rekhakal anusarichu, 1965ll grameena samrambhangalude ennam ekadesham 122,000 aayirunnu, 1970ll ithu athivegam 447,000 aayi uyarnnu. ennirunnaalum, eee kaalayalavil, grameena samrambhangal irumbu, urukk, simant, raasavalangal, jalavaidyuthi, kaarshika upakaranangal ennivayude uthppaadanam ulppede chila vyaavasaayika, kaarshika vibhagangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthi.
1978nuu sesham.
1980kalile parishkarana kaalaghattatthilaanu (huwang, 2008) mikka twess uyarnnuvannathu. 1978ll parishkarana kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil 15 laksham mathramaayirunnu undaayirunnathu, 1984 maarchil peeples republic oof chainayude stettu kaunsil "tounshippu aandu villej enterprises" enna padam aadyamaayi audyogikamaayi upayogichathinusesham, 1985 aayappozhekkum twevukalude ennam 12 dashalakshathiladhikamaayi. 1978leeii parishkaarangal twevsine maatti, 1980kalilum 1990 kalude thudakkathilum avar ganyamaaya vipuleekaranam anubhavichathinaal chainees sambadvyavasthayude ettavum oorjjaswalamaaya bhaagamaayi maari. 1978leeii 28 dashalakshathil ninnu 1996ll 13.5 kodiyaayi uyarnna thozhilavasarangal. athupole, 1978leeii 49 bilyan yuwan ennathil ninnu 1992ll 18 trilyan yuwan aayi uyarnnu. 1980kalile pakuthiyiladhikam uthppaadanavum kizhakkan theeradesha, madhya pravisyakalaaya gwangdong, fujian, sejiang, jiangsu, shandong, hunan pravisyakalilaanu nadannathu. jiangsuvilum shandong twessilum grameena thozhilshakthiyude 30 shathamaanatholam perr jolie cheythirunnu. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna saankethika aavasyamillaathe thozhil-theevramaaya charakkukalude ulppaadanathil pala nagarangalum vaidagdhyamullavayaanennath sradhikkendathaanu. 
sradheyamaaya savisheshathakal.
sthalangalum udamasthaavakaashavum.
udamasthaavakaasha gadanaykku vipareethamaayi samrambhangalude sthaanathe avar paraamarshichu. athaayath, tounshippinteyum graamangaludeyum udamasthathayilulla kambanikale maathram orikkalum paraamarshichittilla; pakaram, tounshippukalilum gramangalilum sthithicheyyunna kambanikale soochippikkunnu. ithine pinthunaykkunna 1984 muthalulla chainees kaarshika manthraalayathinte oru rekha huwang (2008) udharikkunnu tounshippukalum graamangalum sponsor cheiyunna samrambhangal, karshakar, mattu sakhya samrambhangal, vyakthigatha samrambhangal enniva roopeekaricha sakhya samrambhangal [swakaarya stokku kambanikal] enniva ithil ulppedunnu."chila koottaaya sthaapanangal avarude savisheshamaaya udamasthaavakaashathinum korpparettu bharana samvidaanathinum shradheyamaayirunnu.
eee sthaapanangalil palathum "koottaaya udamasthathayilulla" sthaapanangalaayirunnu, onnukil munkaala sponsarshippinte paarambaryamenno allengil kaarshika samghadanakalude thakarchaykku sesham puthiya sthaapanangal sthaapikkunnathil tounshippum grama sarkkaarukalum neethrthwam nalkiyenno ardhathil. athyanthikamaaya "udamasthaavakaashangal" koottatthil nilaninnu, athesamayam "upayogaavakashangal" koottaaya sthaapanangalile maanejarmarkk kaimari. eee krameekaranatthinte sankeernnatha koottaaya (tounshippum gramavum) swathavakaashathe "avyaktham" ennu label cheiyunnathilekku nayichu.tounshippukalum graamangalum avarude udamasthaavakaasham upayogichu upayoga avakashangal apaharichathinaal swathavakaashathinte yadhaartha samvidaanathinte abhavam churungiya samayathinullil thakarnnu.
samghadanaaparavum udamasthaavakaashaparavumaaya gadanayude kaaryatthil avaa valare vazhakkamullavayaayirunnu. chilath praadeshika gavanmentukalaanu nadathiyirunnathenkil mattullava kooduthal yadhaarthathil swatantra swabhaavamullavayaayirunnu. 1980kalil koottaaya samrambhangal ennu karuthappedunna mikathum swakaarya samrambhangalayi pravarthichuvennu wong theliyichittundu. eee ardhathil, koottaaya enna padatthinte upayogam chilarkk prathyayashaasthraparamaayi attimaricha oru samayat grameena samrambhangalude svakaaryavalkkaranathe marachuvechu.
uravidam chaina stattistikkal earbook 1999
thaarathamyappeduthaavunna gunangal.
valarekkaalamaayi, tounshippum grama samrambhangalum sosil ninnu vyathyasthamayi "paarambaryethara" maayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. vairudhyaparamaayi, eee "paarambaryethara" padavi avarude ettavum valia nettamaanennu theliyikkapettu. laabhathinum nashtatthinum maathram utharavaadikalaaya tii. vii. eiii. kall vipaniyil ninnu ellah ulppaadana gadakangalum (mooladhanam, asamskritha vasthukkal, saankethikavidya, udyogasthar muthalaayava) nedukayum swatantra vitharanavum vitharana maargangalum upayogikkukayum sarkkaarinte cheria edapedalukalode vazhakkamulla maanejmentinu keezhil pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
saamoohika saambathika pashchaathalam.
1978 muthal 1989 vare abhivridhi praapicha avaa 1989 num 1996 num idayil valia thothil thakarkkapettu. pandithanmaar avarude vijayathin niravadhi kaaranagal nalkiyittundu. swakaarya bisinasukal vibhavangaludeyum niyanthranangaludeyum kaaryatthil kadutha niyanthranangalum vivechanavum nerittathinaal parishkaranatthinte aadya varshangalil rashtreeya sthaapana anthareeksham eee "pothu" samrambhangale anukoolichu. 1980kalude thudakkathile saambathika vikendreekaranam praadeshika sarkkaarukalkk kooduthal theerumaanamedukkaanulla adikaaram nalkukayum dhanavarumanam praadeshika udyogastharude thozhil saadhyathakalumaayi bandhippikkukayum eee samrambhangale prothsaahippikkunnathi avarkk sakthamaaya prothsaahanangal srishtikkukayum cheythu. sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhangal vipaniyil avasheshikkunna vidavukal muthaleduthu varnnabhamaaya ilaastik baandukal, aidi card holdermar muthalaayava nirmmikkaan avar neengi. vipanikalile niyanthranangal kaaranam prarambha ghattathil swakaarya sthaapanangalil ninnu malsaram illaathirunnathinaal aadya neekkakkaaril ninnu twessinu prayojanam labhichu. chainayil niravadhi uthppannangalkk undaaya demand eee aadyaghattathil pravartthikkunna samrambhangalkk dhaaraalam laabhamundaakkaanulla avasarangal nalki. koodaathe, samsthaana banking samvidaanathil ninnulla vanthothilulla vaaypakal avaye sahayichu.
tii. vii. iii mekhala <aii. dii. 1> (huwang, 2008) ll naadakeeyamaaya mattangal anubhavichu. jiang seminte bharanakaalathu chainees samrambhakathvathodulla audyogika sathrutha palareyum bisinessil ninnu purathupokaan kaaranamaayi, chila kanakkukal soochippikkunnathu ekadesham 30 sathamaanam papparaayi ennaanu. koodaathe, svakaaryavalkkaranathilekka valia pravanathayundu. 1990kalude madhyathinushesham, ganyamaayi punarnirmikkaan teves nirbandhithanaayi. vardhicha vipani samyojanavum malsaravum, videsha udamasthathayilulla samrambhangalkkulla audyogika munganana, audyogika vivechanam enniva kaaranam, avaykku avarude malsara sthaanam nashtappettu.
koodaathe, chainayile directional liberalisathinte avasaanam praadeshika udyogasthare eee saamrajyam pidichedukkaan prothsaahippichu. malsaram shakthamaakukayum vaaypa labhikkunnath budhimuttaavukayum cheythathode swakaarya udamasthathayilulla vyavasayangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol koottaaya udamasthathayilulla vyavasaya mekhala valarnnu. innu grameena vyavasaayangal avarude praadeshika sarkkarumaayum samoohavumaayum kooduthal bandhappettirikkunnu, koodaathe puthiya roopangalum rolukalum sweekarichu (huwang, 2008). thaarathamyena samboornnamaaya oru vyaavasaayika shringhala roopeekarikkunnathinu parasparam malsarikkunna cherukida sthaapanangalude "vyaavasaayika klasttarukalude" uyarchayaan ettavum sradheyamaaya sambhavavikaasangalilonn. brazeel, itali thudangiya sthalangalilum vyaavasaayika klasttarukal uyarnnuvannittund.
paristhithi prashnam.
naashanashtangal.
lokaarogya samghadanayudeyum (huu) aikyaraashtrasabhayude vikasana paripaadiyudeyum (yuu. dii. pii) kanakkanusarichu, chainayile teves 10 bilyan metrik tanniladhikam vyaavasaayika malinajalathinu kaaranamaakunnu, ithu motham maalinyathinte pakuthiyiladikamaanu. athilum moshamaayi, eee vyaavasaayika malinajalam oru samskaranavum niyanthranavum koodaathe nerittu jalasrothassilekk ozhukunnu. malinajalam paristhithiye nasippikkukayum 2001 aayappozhekkum 10 muthal 20 dasalaksham hector vare malinamaaya bhoomi undaakkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, kooduthalum chathuppunilangalulla karakaushala khanikal prathivarsham noorukanakkinu tonn merkuri chorthunnuvennu reportukal kaanikkunnu. athinidayil, janasaandrathayeriya pradeshangalkk sameepam niravadhi malayidukkukal nirmmichathinaal, eee malineekaranangal paristhithiye nasippikkuka mathramalla, sameepathulla janangalude aarogyatheyum apakadathilaakkukayum cheythu. pothuve, twess pradeshathe nivaasikalkk rogangalude nirakk kooduthalaanennum ayuss kuravaanennum vishakalanam kandethi; aniyanthrithamaaya pravartthanangal chainees graamapradeshangale paaristhithika naashathinu valia vila nalkaan prerippichu. 
niyanthranangal.
eee pradeshangal konduvanna kalavastha prathisandhiyodu prathikarichukondu, 1979-ll sarkkar oru niyanthranam pasaki, "phalapradamaaya malineekarana niyanthrana upakaranangalude kaimaattathodoppam vishavum apakadakaravumaaya vasthukkal ulppedunna uthppannangalum ulppaadanavum graamapradeshangalilekk kaimarunnathu nirodhichirikkunnu."phalam thripthikaramallaathathaayirunnu niravadhi doshakaramaaya pravartthanangal ippozhum nilanilkkukayum niyanthranam avaganikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, nagarapradeshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya pazhayathum malinavumaaya upakaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu eee guhakal, athinaal avayude sthalavum valia ennavum kaaranam malineekaranam niyantrikkaan prayasamaayirunnu. ettaam panchavatsara padhathiyil, vashalaayikkondirikkunna kalavastha prathisandhiye neridunnathinaayi chainees sarkkar nayam mechappeduthi. nagara nagarangalil kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu, malineekaranathe, prathyekichu malinajalathe, mattangal baadhichu.

