nyookaasil & carlisil railway

1825ll roopeekaricha oru engleesh railway kambaniyaanu nucasil & carlisil railway (enn & sii aarr), athu brittante kizhakkan theerathe nucasil appon tainil ninnu padinjaaran theerathe carlisil vare oru line nirmmichu. 1834ll blaiden hexamine idayil railway mineral trainukal pravarthippikkaan thudangi, adutha varsham aadyamaayi yaathrakkaare kondupoyi. 1837ll tyne nadiyude thekk carlisilinum gatesheadinum edayilulla oru paatha ghattam ghattamayi thurannukondu bakkiyulla line. directormaar laininte kizhakke attathulla ruttinekkurichulla avarude uddeshyangal aavarthichu maatti, pakshe oduvil 1839ll scotswodle ninnu oru nucasil terminalilekku oru line thurannu. aaa line randuthavana vipuleekarikkukayum 1851ll puthiya nucasil central steshanilekku athukayum cheythu.
1852ll haltvihistalil ninnu thurakkunna aalstanin chuttumulla leed khanikalil ethaan oru branch line nirmmichu.
varshangalolam eee line eratta line vibhagangalil valathuvashathe trackle trainukal oodichu. 1837-ll aaa lainile oru steshan maastaraaya thomas edmundson, oru press theeyathi munkootty achadicha nambar pesttu board tikkattukal avatharippichu, ithu vyakthigatha kaikondu ezhuthiya tikkattukalude muun samvidaanathekkaal valia munnettamaanu; kaalakramena addehathinte samvidaanam lokamembaadum saarvathrika sveekaaryatha kaivarichu.
1862ll valia vadakkukizhakkan railway enn & sii aarr ulkkollukayum cheythu. innu tyne vaali line rund nagarangalkkidayilulla muun enn & sii aarr paathayude bhooribhaagavum pinthudarukayum ennaal aalstan branch adachupoottukayum cheiyunnu.
paathayudeyum nirmmaanathinteyum charithram.
railwake munbu.
carlisil oru pradhana vaanijya kendramaayirunnu, pakshe pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode gathagatham parimithamaayirunnu. solway firthinte thalayil eedan nadiyilaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathenkilum aaa rund jalapaathakalum samudra gathaagathathinulla saadhyathakale niraashappeduthunna reethiyil shoaling manaltheerangalum anubhavichu. niravadhi kanal padhathikal munnottuvachirunnu, ennaal navigable vaattarilekkulla oru paatha lalithamayirunnilla, ithu kizhakkan kadaltheerathekku oru kanal kadakkanulla padhathikalkku kaaranamaayi oru tyne-solway kanal. vilyam chapman kanalinayulla oru padhathi sarway cheyyukayum 1795ll oru roottinte vishadaamshangal prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
padhathi vivaadamaayirunnuvenkilum vivaadamaayirunnuvenkilum paarlament sammelanathil avatharippikkan mathiyaya pinthuna labhichenkilum avide ethirppu neridukayum pinvalikkappedukayum cheythu.
1815 nuu sesham oru kanaalinekkurichulla ashayangal punarujeevippikkukayum bonus muthal carlisal vareyulla valare cheria kanal prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. 1819ll ithinu paarlamentari amgeekaaram labikkukayum 1823ll thurakkukayum cheythu; bonasinu portt carlisal ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu; cheria kappalukal vahikkaan kazhiyunnathra valuthaayirunnu kanal.
aadya railway nirddeshangal.
1805-ll vilyam thomas nyookaasttilinum hexamine idayil kuthirakalil pravartthikkunna oru plateway (reyilukal ell aakruthiyilullathum reyilveyude paranna bhaagath playin vaagan veelukal oodunnathumaaya) oru padhathi vikasippichu. ithu nishfalamaayi, pakshe nyookaasil pradeshathe kolariyukal kooduthalaayi reyilveyudeyum lokomotteevukaludeyum aashayangalilekku thiriyukayaayirunnu, 1824-ll vilyam chapman nyookaasil oonn tinineyum carlisalineyum bandhippikkunnathinekku pariganikkaan madangiyethiyappol, oru railway oru kanalinu saadhyamaaya badalaayi pariganikkunnath uchithamaayirunnu. poottukalude parakkalukalkk pakaram kayar upayogichu pravartthikkunna charinja vimanangal upayogichu oru railwaykaayi thante munkaala kanal root upayogikkaan addeham padhathiyittu, koodaathe oru railway thulyamaaya kanaalinekkaal ganyamaayi vilakuranjathaanennu kandethithi 888,000 poundil ninnu 252,000 poundu. kuthirappadam appozhum chapmante railway padhathikalil ulppeduthiyirunnu.
josias jesopine oru abhiprayam nalkaan konduvanna promotermark chapmante railway padhathiyude praayogikathayekkurichu samshayangalundaayirunnu. 1825 march 4 nuu addeham report cheythu, nirmmaana kanakk 40,000 poundu (pinneedu 300,000 poundaayi) vardhippikkunnathu uchithamaanennu prasthaavichu; railway ippozhum kanal badalinekkaal ganyamaayi chelavukuranjathaayirunnu. root lainil oru vyathiyaanavum jessop shupaarsha cheythu.
1825 march 26 nuu oru thaalkkaalika samiti yogam chernnu railway oopshanumaayi munnott pookaan ekakandamaayi shupaarsha cheyyukayum annu vaikunneram ekadesham 20,000 poundu ohari subscriptionukal edukkukayum cheythu. march meyy oru vivaranavum subscribe cheyyaanulla pothu shanavum prasidheekarichu, 1825 epril epril chernna "nyookaasil oonn tyne aandu carlisil reyil-rooad kambaniyude" aadya yogam; jaims losh chairmaanaayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1825 november 12 nuu oru root prasidheekarichu. ithu carlisilil ninnu nyookaastal keyy vare oodi, scotswodle tyne nadiyude vadakku bhaagathekku kadannu vadakkan theerathu newkaasttililekku ozhukunnu.
1825 juunil chapman veendum report cheythu; akkaalat labhyamaya locomotteevukale addeham apamaanichu
avaa pala tharatthil aakshepakaramaanu. onnamathaayi, avarude estettukaliloodeyo avarude thaamasasthalangalkk sameepamo avar kadannupokunna maanyare, avarude roopatheyum avaril ninnu uyarunna shabdatheyum pukayum ethirkkunnu. puthiyathum samathulithavumaaya vimaanangalil, avaykku paryaveshanatthil nettangalundu; ennaal avayude pettennulla chalanavum ozhivakkaan kazhiyaatha tharatthilulla virayalum moolam, avarude nettam samshayaaspadamaakkunnathinu avaykku oduvil valareyadhikam attakuttappanikal aavasyamaanu; munnott kondupokaan aagrahikkunna vandikal sweekarikkaanum discharge cheyyaanum avar yogyarallathathum avarude ghattangalumaayo bhakshana sthalangalumaayo poruthappedaattha laininte sthalangalil maattivekkappedunnathum ozhike.
oru nischitha padhathi.
1826 leeii sessionil oru paarlamentari billinaayi eee laininulla padhathikal samarppikkappettu, ennaal eathenkilum vaadam kelkkunnathinu munbu roottile rund bhoovudamakalil ninnum athupole thanne bramptoninu sameepam vipulamaaya colori thaalpparyangalulla kaarlisinte aaraamathe erl jorjju howardil ninnum ethirppu anubhavapettu, addehathinte kuthakaye thadassappeduthaan aagrahichilla. koodaathe, hexam kizhakode ninnu taininte vadakku bhaagathulla oru badal root sarveyil jorjju steefansan, samarppicha plaanukalil chaapmaante roottil gurutharamaaya pishakukal kandethi; koodaathe, niravadhi baank parajayangal panavipaniyile aathmavishwaasathe durbalapedutthi. athanusarichu, thalkkalam bill pinvalikkaan directormaar theerumaanichu.
pradhaanamaayum kaarlisilinte aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi carlislinte attathulla paatha punarnirmikkaan avasaram labhichu. carlisilum gillsland thammilulla yadhaartha roopakalppana cheytha line irthing thaazhvaraye pinthudarnnuvenkilum puthiya padhathi athine aaa roottinte thekk uyarnna nilathekku kondupoyi, kooduthal velluvili niranja enchiniyaring savisheshathakal aavasyamaanu. eee kaalayalavil railway oru toll rodaayi thurakkuka ennathaayirunnu uddeshyam, athil toll adachu eathoru carrierinum lainil vahanangal pravarthippikkaam. koodaathe, naadan veedukalude udamakalil ninnu achanjalamaaya ethirppinu kaaryamaaya apakadasaadhyathayundaayirunnu, kuthiraye valichidunnathu niyanthrikkunnathinum atharam veedukalkku sameepam nischalamaaya neeravi enchinukal nirodhikkunnathinum kambani paarlamentari billil swamedhayaa oru vyavastha chertthu.
kizhakke attathulla pradhana paatha scotswodle ninnu tyne kadakkukayum thudarnnu nadiyude vadakkan theerathe aduthum thaazhnna thalatthilum pinthudarukayum newkaasttilil avasanippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. elswick deane muthal thondan streettile oru terminal vare oru branch undaayirikkanam. kween elisabath paalatthinum uyarnna nilavaaramulla paalatthinum edayilulla taininte theerathu ippozhum oru ekanaama rooad undu. thondan street streetum ippozhum nilavilunda central steshanu vadakkupadinjaraayi waterloo streettinte vadakkottulla vipuleekaranam; eee sthalam uyarnna nilayilaanu, koodaathe nischalamaaya enchinum kayar valichedukkalum upayogichu pravartthikkunna kuthanakshamamaaya gradient (50 ll 1) aavashyamaayirunnu.
paarlamentari prakriyayil, prathyekichu nilakal, paalam clearanceukal, nirmmaanam, vellappokkathodulla prathirodham ennivayil ganyamaaya budhimuttukal undaayirunnu, ennaal nucasil aandu carlisil railway niyamam 1829 meyy 22 nuu 300,000 poundinte amgeekritha mooladhanathode pasaki. kizhakke attathu, tonton street branchinoppam scotswod bridginu sameepam taininte vadakkan theerathaayirikkanam line.
line enchiniyaring.
jolie thudangaan pathukke.
vaasthavathil, taininte thekk gateheadilekkulla badal roottinte pinthunakkaar avarude poraattam thudarnnu; kadalmargamulla kappalukalkk berth cheyyaan kazhiyunna kizhakk bhaagathe taininte bhaagathekku athicheraanulla thaarathamya eluppamaayirunnu athinte nettam; lainile pooyintukalil ninnu shipping keys vareyulla dhaatu gathagatham oru pradhana parigananayaayirunnu, koodaathe vadakkan theerathe railwake theevramaaya enchiniyaring budhimuttukalillaathe eee sthalathu ethaan kazhinjilla. 1829 october august oru ohari udama eee kaazhchappaad abhyarthichu udamakalkku sarkkular nalki, eee vazhiyekkurichulla ellah paarlamentari vaadangalkkum sesham, 1829 october october nadanna aadya ohari udamayude yogam eee vishayam veendum pariganichu.
niravadhi vayadaktukalum valia paalangalum oru thurankavum ulppede athisayakaramaaya enchiniyaring jolikal ulppettirunnuvenkilum laininte carlisal attathulla puthukkiya root ippol tharkkamillaathathaayirunnu. 1830 march 25 vare punny aarambhichilla eedan vayadakttinte tharakkallidal henry howard nadatthi. vaasthavathil, roottinte madhyabhagam kurachu aadyakaala varumanam konduvarunnathinu ettavum mikachathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, avideyaanu oonnal nalkiyathu.
panatthinte ozhukk prasnangal.
varikkaare avarude kolukal adaykkunnathil gurutharamaaya budhimuttukal undaayirunnu, ithu nyookaasil directormaare kolukal nalkunnathil bheerukkalayaakkukayum panamozhukkinte prashnam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. sahacharyam valare budhimuttaayitheernatheernil adhika vaaypakalkku amgeekaaram nalkikkond paarlamentinte mattoru niyamam thedukayum 1832 juun 23 nuu ithu nadappaakkukayum cheythu. 1832 avasaanathode pothumaraamathu vaaypa boardil ninnu 5 sathamaanam vaaypa nedunnathiloode maathramaan prashnam marikadannath. vyapara varumanam labhikkunnathuvare labhavihitam nalkunnathu avasanippikkunnathum directormaar vyakthigatha gyaarandikal nalkunnathum ulppedeyulla vyavasthakal ithil ulppedunnu. (pothumaraamathu vaaypa board vyavasthakalkku virudhamaayi pinneedu veendedukkaavunna debentureukalude roopathil labhavihitam nalkunnathu thudarnnu.)
puthiya kottaykku pakaram gatehead.
kizhakkan attathulla ruttinekkurichulla vivaadam thudarukayum 1833 septambar 10 nuu board thekke karaa pinthudarunnathinu, nilavile rajaavaaya edward VII paalatthinte sthaanathinu alppam kizhakkayi ascuse keyy redhyoogile oru terminessilekku maattaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. appozhekkum stanhop, tyne railway nirmmaanathilaayirunnu; ithu tyne dokkilekku oodukayum kadal vazhiyulla kappalukalilekku daathukkal ethikkaan nerittu praveshanam labikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu, enn & sii aarr directormaar ithu gurutharamaaya malsaramaayi kandu.
vadakkan theerathu oru saannidhyam appozhum aavashyamaayirunnu-redhuginu ethirvashathu niravadhi kaise uyarnna thalatthil vaanijya jilla undaayirunnu-ennaal ippol taininte scotswod crossing chodyam cheyyappettu, koodaathe nagaratthinaduthulla oru crossing maattisthaapikkaan board theerumaanichu. koodaathe, gateheadinu kizhakk aazhathilulla vellathilekku vyaapippikkaan ippol adiyanthiramaayi aagrahikkukayum aaa line nirmmikkaan enn & sii aarinte prothsaahanathode oru prathyeka kambani sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1834 meyy 22 nuu blaidon, gateshead, hebben railway (bii. jii & echu. aarr) ennivarkku blaidon muthal gateshead vare oru line nirmmikkaan paarlamentari adikaaram labhichu, eee niyamam vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaayi line nirmmikkanum enn & sii aarine anuvadikkunnu. roottinu rund kayar upayogichu valamvaykkunna vimanangal aavasyamaanennu pratheekshichirunnu, redhuginu sameepam gateheadinte uyarnna nilathekku kayaran thudarnnu veendum hebbarnile tainilekk erangaanum.
biji & echhaarinte thudakkam kuricha sesham, aaa line svayam nirmmikkanulla oopshan sajeevamaakkano ennu enn & sii aarr directormaar ippol pariganichu, 1834 august 21 nuu avar angane cheyyaan theerumaanichu. ithinu 1835 juun 17 nuu avar nediya paarlamentinte oru niyamam aavashyamaayirunnu; scotswod paalam amgeekritha pravarthanangalil nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum vadakke theerathe thadangalkku sevanam nalkunnathinu redhuge line nirmmikkanum avide (derventhouvinu pakaram) oru tyne paalatthinum ithu amgeekaaram nalki. ohari mooladhanam 90,000 poundu vardhippikkukayum 60,000 poundu pothumaraamathu vaaypa board vaypayum niyamathil ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
enn & sii aarr eee punny sweekarichathinethire biji & echu aarr prathishedhichu, charchakaliloode biji & echu aarr gates head muthal dervent nadhi vare (derventhouvinu sameepam) line nirmmikkumennum enn & sii aarr padinjaaru nirmmikkumennum sammathichu. 1835 meyy maasathil bii. jii & echu. aarr madichu, gates head muthal southu sheeldukal vareyum maamkvermouthu vareyum oru railway nirmmikkanulla padhathikal brandling sahodaranmaar prakhyaapichathode pravartthanam aarambhichu. septambar 5 nuu brandling junction railway roopeekarikkukayum thudarnnulla charchakalil enn & sii aarr ettedukkukayum darvent muthal gates head vare biji & echu aarr vipuleekarikkukayum cheiyumennu sammathikkukayum cheythu. biji & echr athinte uddeshicha patthu mile roottil rund mylil thaazhe maathrame nirmmichittulloo, athu kooduthal railway nirmmaanam nadatthiyilla.
gillukal neekkam cheyyuka.
gailsine ariyikkathe kararukarkku nerittu parasparavirudhamaaya nirddeshangal nalkaan madikkaatha, ganyamaaya enchiniyaring vaidagdhyamulla amgangal ulppedunna directormaarumaayi, prathyekichu nucasal grouppumaayi gails samgharsham nerittu. 1832 avasaanathode line sthiramaayi poortthiyaakkunnathino poruthakkedu vishadeekarikkunnathino board metingukalil pankedukkunnathino ulla chelavu pravachikkunnathil gails paraajayappettappol budhimuttu vardhichu. 1833 meyy meyy gailsine consulting enchineeyar sthaanathekku neekkam cheyyukayum addehathinte asisttant joonn blackmore nirmmaanatthinte melnottam ettedukkukayum cheythu. nirmmaanatthinte purogathiyil directormaar ganyamaaya alavil edapettu, ellaayppozhum gunakaramaya falamalla.
locomotive traction.
1825ll eee paatha aasoothranam cheyyumbol, toll adachu eathoru swatantra carrierinum thante vahanangal oodikkaan kazhiyunna oru toll rodaayi ithu krameekarikkaan theerumaanichu; kuthiraye valikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu athu. 1834 meyy aayappozhekkum mattu railway, prathyekichu stoktan & darlington railway, trainukalude charakk kayattal vijayakaramaayi nadathukayum neeravi locomotteevukal avatharippikkukayum cheythathinaal ithu puraathanamaanennu thonnithudangi. athinaal, juun 13 nuu, enn & sii aarinte board ithe krameekaranam sweekarikkaan theerumaanikkukayum pinneedu rund locomotteevukalkku oordar nalkukayum cheythu, athil onnu aarr & dablyu hathon limittad nirmmikkendathaayirunnu. mattonn roobert steefansan & qoo. ivayil aadyathethu, 1835-ll "vaalnakshatram" enna peril oru "aii. dii. 1". locomotive vitharanam cheyyappettu, athinusesham "aii. dii. 2". kambaniyude niyamathil ithu prathyekamaayi nirodhichirunnathinaal kambani bhoovudamakalkku sarkkular nalki; prathikaranam pothuve anukoolamo sveekaaryamo aayirunnu, puka shalyam kuraykkunnathinu kalkarikku pakaram kookk upayogikkaan kambani theerumaanichu.
1923-nuu munbulla ooppareshan.
variyude aadya bhagam thurakkuka.
hexam muthal blaidon vareyulla aadya bhagam poortthiyaakkendathaayirunnu; hexamil uthppaadippikkunna leed labhakaramaaya gathaagathamaayi kanakkakkappettirunnathil taininte navigable vibhaagathilekku konduvaraan ithu praapthamaakkunnathaayirunnu. railway vandi badal vaahanathekkaal ganyamaayi vilakuranjathaayirikkum, hexamile pradhana nirmmathaakkal line thurakkappedumenna pratheekshayil avarude uthppannam avide sambharikkukayaayirunnu. 1834 august august laininte aaa bhagam nirmmikkunnathinulla kararukaaranaaya joseph ritsanumaayi thante thaalkkaalika track nirmmaana vaaganukalum kuthirappurathekkum upayogichu poortthiyaakaattha line mukaliloode leed vahikkaan oru thaathkaalika krameekaranam sammathichu. 1834 august 25-nuu ithu aarambhichu. (athe adisthaanathil oru passenture coach pravarthippikkaanulla abhyarthana nirasikkapettu.)
1835 march 9 nuu ganyamaaya chadangukalode railway yaathrakkaarkkaayi thurannu.
600 tikkattukal nalki, aduthide ettedutha rund lokomotteevukalaaya "koomett", "rapid" enniva trekkukalilum seettukal gadippicha vaaganukalilum gadippicha maanyanmaarude vandikal adangunna moonnu vandikal veethamulla oru train valicherinju. march 10 nuu pathiv passenture sarvees aarambhichu; ellah pravrithidivasangalilum blaiden hexamine idayil naalu trainukal veethavum njaayarazhchakalil oro trainukalum undaayirunnu. veliyettam anukoolamaayappol oomnibas vazhiyo nyookaastal keyyil ninnulla steem boat vazhiyo nyookaastal yaathrakkaare blaidenilekkum puratthekkum athichu.
chaals bekkan gray enna oru bhoovudama, locomotteevukal sweekarikkunnathil samthrupthanallaathathinaal avaa pravarthippikkunnathil ninnu kambaniye thadayunna oru utharavu addeham nedi. akkaalat kambanikku avaykku amgeekaaram nalkunnathinaayi paarlamentil oru bill undaayirunnu, ennaal athinidayil avayude upayogam niyamavirudhamaayirunnu, march 28 muthal avar pravartthanam nirthaan nirbandhitharaayi. puthiya railwake pothujana pinthuna valare valuthaayirunnu, greyude nadapadi janapreeti nediyilla. addeham thante ethirppu pinvalikkukayum 1835 meyy 6 muthal sevanangal punararambhikkukayum cheythu. locomotive pravarthanatthinu amgeekaaram nalkunna aavashyamaaya niyamam 1835 juun 17 nuu pasaki.
aadyakaala vipuleekaranangal.
brandling junction railway.
roobert vilyam brandling (saadhaaranayaayi vilyam brandling ennariyappedunnu) oru sambanna kalkari udamayaayirunnu, 1835 juun 7 nuu railwaykaayi bhoomi ettedukkunnathinaayi addeham vyakthiparamaaya paarlamentari adikaarangal nediyirunnu. gatesheadile uyarnna thalatthilulla terminessilekkum kizhakk southu sheeldukalileyum maamkvermouthileyum nadiyude theerathe kavaadangalilekkum oodaan 1836 juun 7 nuu adhikaarappeduthiya brandling junction railway ithu maari. blaidon, gateshead, hebben railway ennivayude swatantra jeevithathinte avasaanathinte bhaagamaayi, brandling junction railway gateheadilum hebbenilekkum chila adikaarangal etteduthu.
grettu north oof englandu railway.
1836 juulai 4 nuu englandinte grettu north gateshead muthal darlington vare nirmmikkaan paarlamentinte amgeekaara niyamam nedi; yorkkilekkum mattu chinthicha lainukalumaayulla sakhyathiloode vadakkott oru trunk line roopeekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte vyakthamaaya uddeshyam. 1835 leeii nucasil aandu carlisil act redhuge haalil oru thaazhnna nilayilulla tyne crossinginu amgeekaaram nalki. uyarnna vellathil ninnu 20 adii maathram uyarathil, vadakkan theerathe nadeetheerathe thadangalil athunnathinum spittalile (innathe central steshanu thottupinnaale vadakku-padinjaaru) oru nucasil terminalil athunnathinum roopakalppana cheythirikkunnu, 22 ll 1 enna charivu vibhavanam cheythu, nischala enchinaal pravartthikkunna kayar. durhamil ninnulla nilavile pradhana paathaykk samanamaaya oru vinyasathilulla thaazhnna veezhchayiloode sameepikkaan gner padhathiyittu, ennaal enn & sii aarr redhuge paalatthilethaan thaazhathe thalatthil. padhathi vikasippichathode, gateheadil uyarnna thalatthilulla brandling junction railwayumaayulla bandham, samanamaaya uyarnna thalatthil tyne kadakkunnathinayi padhathi maatti; ithu oru trunk line shringalaykku valare mikachathaayirunnu, pakshe nadiyude theerathulla thadangalil athicheraanulla enn & sii aarinte aagrahathin prathikoolamaayirunnu. kaalakramena oru enn & sii aarr paalam generinu labhyamaakkunnathilum, oru paalam aasoothranam cheiyunnathilum nirmmikkunnathilum, enn & sii aarinu athu labhyamaakkunnathilum oonnal nalki.
vadakkan theerathu puthiya kotta nirmmikkanulla yadhaartha uddeshyam enn & sii aarr maatti. vadakkan theerathe paalatthinte prashnam anishchithathvathilaayathinaal thekkan theerathe redhuge line eathaandu poortthiyaayi. ippol mattu thalpparyangal nyookaasttilin sariyaaya sevanam nalkunnathil ninnu athine vyathichalippikkunnathayi thonni, valareyadhikam charchakalkku sesham 1837 epril 25 nuu taininte yadhaartha scotswod crossing nilanirthaanum athinte laininte nyookaasttilinte kaii nirmmikkanum board theerumaanichu.
kooduthal vibhagangal thurannu.
1836 juunil laininte kizhakkan attathu, 1836 juun 11 nuu blaidon muthal derventhou (innathe metro sentarinu sameepam) vareyum 1836 juun 28 nuu hexam muthal haydon bridge vareyum vipuleekaranangal thurannu. 1836 septambaril danstaninaduthulla derventhougil ninnu nadeemukham vareyulla oru cheria bhagam charakk gathaagathathinaayi thurannu. 1837 march 1 nuu derventhougil ninnu gateshead terminasaaya redhugilekkulla paatha poornnamaayum thurannu. 66 nuu newkaasttililekku oru ferry pravarthippichu, avide avarkk oru ferry piyar undaayirunnu.
hexamile aadya thurakkunna samayat thanne laininte padinjaaran attam thurakkaan uddeshichirunnuvenkilum kauraanil oru thurankatthinte nirmmaanatthile prasnangal pravartthanangal valare vaikippichu. athra budhimuttaayirunnathil thurankam upekshikkukayum ganyamaaya adhika chelavil aazhathilulla cutting maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu. oduvil 1836 juulai juulai lunden roadile greenheadle ninnu carlisil steshan vare padinjaaran attam thurannu.
kaarlisinte dhaatu gathaagathatthinte arl kurachukaalamaayi (juulai 13 muthal) pravarthichirunnu, addehathinte aadhunikavalkkaricha paathayaya brampton railway, miltonile (pinneedu brampton junction) enn & sii aaril cherunnathinayi maattukayum 1836 juulai juun aupachaarikamaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. addehathinte gathagatham kuthirakal valichedukkal upayogichirunnu, dandy vandikalil kuthirakal thaazhekku kayarunnu. kanal thadatthile padinjaaran lakshyasthanam dvitheeya praadhaanyathilekku churukki, ippol kanal branch ennu visheshippikkappettu, pinneedu thurakkum. greenheadin kizhakk kurachu akale blenkinsop collary sthithicheyyukayum athinu oresamayam reyil kanakshan nalkukayum cheythu.
kanal branchil 1837 februvari 25 nuu daanyangalude aadya gathagatham kaanukayum 1837 march 9 nuu aupachaarikamaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. kanaalilekkum athil ninnum thanne kayattumathi cheiyukayaayirunnu athinte uddeshyam, terminal charakkukalk mathramaayirunnu;
ithu paathayude madhyathil, hedoon paalatthinum blenkinsopin (greenheadin sameepam) edayilulla vidavu avasheshippichu. roottil ettavum kuranja prathiphalam labhikkuna vibhaagamaayirikkumenn pratheekshichirunnathinaal ithu avasana nimisham vare avasheshichirunnu. thalkkalam gateheadinum carlisilinum idayil charakkukal athikkukayum rooad maarggam idayiloode kondupookukayum cheythirunnu. oduvil eee bhagam nirmmikkappedukayum 1838 juun juun nyookaasttilinum carlisilinum edayilulla paathayiloode oru train directormaare kondupoyi. juun 18-nuu waterloo yudhathinte vaarshikam audyogika udghaadana dinamaayi thiranjedutthu. raavile 6 muthal anchu trainukal carlisil ninnu purappett raavile 9.30 num 10 num idayil redhugil ethi. audyogika yaathrakkaar boatil taine kadannu nyookaasttililoode ghoshayaathra nadatthi assembly murikalil prabhaathabhakshanathinaayi. pailattaayi pravartthikkunna "rapid" yude neethrthwathil pathimoonnu trainukalude ghoshayaathra vaikunneram <aii. dii. 1> nuu kaarlisililekkulla madakkayaathraykkaayi purappettu. raittaninum bramptoninum idayil trainukal sanjarikkumbol mazha paith 3,500 yaathrakkaaril bhooribhaagavum vellathil mungi. avasana train vaikunneram 6 manikk sesham carlisilil ethi, "laghubhakshanathinaayi kramarahithamaya thikkilum thirakkilum" undaayirunnu. nyookaasil yaathrakkaarkk ippol nyookaasil ninnu madangendivannu vaikunneram 6:30 oode mazha thudarunnathinidayil chilar anaavashya vaaganukalil kaathirikkaan avarude seettukalilekku madangiyethiyirunnu; idiminnalode aadyathe train ratri 10 munny vare purapettilla. madakkayaathrayil miltonil rund trainukal thammilulla koottiyidi trainukal kooduthal thadassappeduthi, avasana train raavile 6 munny vare redhugil thirichethiyilla.
aadya varii poortthiyaayi.
udghaadana theeyathikal ingane sangrahikkaam
1840-ll stoxfield muthal hexam vareyum rooss hill muthal milttan vareyum eee lainile single track vibhagangal undaayirunnu; eratta track vibhagangalil enn & sii aarr valathukai oottam parisheelichirunnu. mikka steshanukalilum uyarnna plaattphomukal undaayirunnilla. 1837 aayappozhekkum oru yardle <aii. dii. 1> poundu enna bharamullah samanthara reyilukal sthaapikkappedunnunde thudakkathil oru yardle 42 poundu enna fish-bellie reyilukal upayogichirunna eee track staanderd gej aayirunnu. kallu blokkukalil reyilukal sthaapikkukayum cheria kalkari, synderukal, kalimannu enniva baalastinu upayogikkukayum cheythu. steshanukalil plaattfomukalillaayiru, mattu reyilveyekkaal thaazheyulla vandikalkku footboardukal nalkiyirunnu. miltonile steshanil oru steble undaayirunnu, branch line oru kutirayum oru "dandy" kochum upayogichu pravarthippikkunnu.
carlisil, blaidon, greenhead ennividangalil locomotive dippokalum carlisil ettu lokomotteevukalkkulla sthalavum greenheadle naalu sthalavumundaayirunnu. redhugil rund lokomotteevukalkkaayi oru shedum vandikalkku oru attakuttappanikalum undaayirunnu. chila tenderukal gadippichittundenkum, driver agnishamana senaamgangalum samrakshanathinaayi mollskin syoottukal dharichirunna eee aadyakaala railway steem locomotteevukalkku brekkukalillaayirunnu. 1838-ll gharshanam mechappeduthunnathinaayi enn & sii aarr sanding upakaranangal pareekshichu. boyilarukal darventhouvil nirmmicha pathinettu chaakk kookk vahikkukayum tenderukal derventhouvil nirmmicha pathinettu chaakk kookk vahikkukayum cheythu, mineral trainukal sharashari vegathayil oodukayum cheythu, ennaal vellington polulla locomotteevukal ettu passenture vandikal valichedukkukayum sevanathil athukayum cheythu. 1837-ll "eedan" miltonil ninnu carlisililekku oodi.
phastt klaas yaathrakkaarkk manja niratthil karuppil thiranjedutthathum 18 yaathrakkaar irikkunnathumaaya moonnu compartmentukalaayi vandikale vibhajichu. randaam klaas vandikal vashangalilekku thurannirikkukayum yaathrakkaarkk yaathrakkaarkk irikkukayum cheythu. tirakkeriya divasangalil seettukal gadippicha charakk trekkukalilaanu yaathrakkaare kondupoyirunnathu.
mattu lainukalilekkulla aadyakaala kanakshanukal.
redhuge terminus thurannappol, yaathrakkaarkk oru enn & sii aarr ferry vazhi central nyoo casililekku praveshanam labikkum. brandling junction railway nirmmaanathilaayirunnu, vayadakttil gatehead kadannu pattanatthinte kizhakk bhaagathulla tainilekk veendum erangaan kuthaneyulla charivu (22 ll 1) uyarnnu; athu 1839 januvari 15 nuu thurannu. aaa samayat innathe gatehead highwake (eiii 167) kizhakk oru kettidavum undaayirunnilla, ippol muni kaivashappedutthiya sthalathiloode thekk ninnu vadakkott teyninte theerathekku oru charivu undaayirunnu.
tanfield vaaganve danstaninaduthulla enn & sii aarr redhuge lainumaayi bandhippikkukayum aaa variyil ninnulla daathukkal brandling junction charivilekku kayarukayum enn & sii aarr laininte eathaanum noorukanakkinu yardukal maathram kadannupokukayum cheythu.
blaidon newkaasttililekku.
nyookaastililekkulla paatha poortthiyaakumennum line nirmmikkunnathinulla amgeekritha kaalayalav udan avasanikkumennum directormaar pothumaraamathu vaaypa boardinu vyakthigatha urappu nalkiyirunnu. veendum eee paathayekkurichu vivaadangal uyarnnu, terminalinu niravadhi badal sthalangal undaayirunnengilum, malakayatta paathaykk bhoomi ettedukkunnathinu paarlamentari adhikaaramillaayirunnuvel taunn sentarilekkulla oru mriduvaaya malakayatta paatha ippol anukoolamaayirunnu. koodaathe, nadiyude theerathulla thadangal ippozhum sevikkendathundu, koodaathe 81⁄2 ll 1 thaazhekkulla kayar-varkk charivu nirddeshikkappettu.
ennirunnaalum, nyookaasttilin padinjaaru ippozhum grameena pradeshathu bhoomi ettedukkunnathiloode punny purogamichu. 1839 meyy 21 nuu newkaasttililekku oru railway thurakkunnathinulla pothumaraamathu vaaypa bordinte aavasyakathaykku anusrithamaayi apoornnamaaya sthiramaaya vazhiyil oru pradarshanam samghadippichu, athinusesham charakk gathagatham nadannathaayi thonnunnu. blaidenil ninnu oru thaalkkaalika "nucasil" terminasilekkulla paatha 1839 october 21 nuu poornnamaayum thurannu. railway streettaayi maariyathinte padinjaaran attathu biltt-upp eriyayude padinjaaran attathaayirunnu steshan. athinusesham blaiden padinjaaru oru trainil oodunna redhuge, nyookaastal bhagangal chernna passenture trainukal avide cherukayo verthirikkukayo cheythu. chila srothassukal eee steshane "railway street" allengil "shoat tower" ennu vilikkunnu, ennaal iva verum landmarkkukal mathramaayirunnu; steshan enn & sii aarinte "nyookaastal" steshan mathramaayirunnu.
puthiya kottayude madhyabhaagathekku vyaapippikkukayennathu uddeshyam, pakshe sthalathekkurichu anishchithathvam thudarnnu, spittalilekkulla oru turankapaatha munnottuvachu, athupole thanne infermeric sameepam (munnile theerathinu padinjaaru) oru terminus. uddeshicha passenture terminal nirmmichittillenkum infermary saittile oru valia pradeshathu ganyamaaya graundu thayyaareduppukal nadatthi.
greensfield steshan, gateshead.
taininte theerathulla enn & sii aaril ninnu gatesheadylake kayarunna redhuge charivu 1839 januvari 15 nuu brandling junction railway thurannukodutthu. thudakkathil ithu gateshead hye streetinu kizhakkayi tyne keysukalkku praveshanam nalki, ennaal brandling junction line athinte shringhala poortthiyaakkukayaayirunnu, 1839 ll sunderlandil ethi, angane redhuge charivu aazhathilulla jala keikalilekkulla dhaatu gathaagathathinulla oru pradhana dhamaniyayi maari. 23ll 1 enna gradiantil, charivu nischalamaaya neeravi enchinaal kayar upayogichu pravarthippichirunnu.
1844 juun 18 nuu nucasal aandu darlington junction railway thekk ninnu athinte line thurannu, landanil ninnu tinesidelekkulla railway kanakshan poortthiyaakki. athu green feeldil oru mikacha terminal nirmmichu, gateshead; terminal greensfield ennariyappettu. nucasal, carlisil railway trainukal redhugil ninnu greenfieldlake vazhithirichuvittu, avide enn & dgrumaayi bandhippichu. carlislil ninnu trainukal blaidenil vibhajikkukayum nyookaastililekkum gatesheadilekkum rund bhagangalaayi oodukayum cheiyunna bhagam pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu.
eee samayam muthal 30 maasathekku enn & sii aarr gates head vazhi landaninum carlisilinum edayilulla railway linkinte oru bhagam nalki.
nyookaasil central steshan.
1846-ll enn & sii aarr paarlamentinte anchaamathe niyamam nedi, ippol newkaasttilile joyint terminalilekkulla anthima paathaykk amgeekaaram nalkki central steshan. juuniyar pankaliyaayi enn & sii aarr undaayirunnengilum steshan roopakalppana cheiyunnathilum nirmmikkunnathilum jorjju hudsente railway aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnu. ashupatri pradeshathu ninnu vyapippicha paathayude bhooribhaagavum munkootty etteduthirunnu. 1846 november 6 nuu aupachaarika udghaadanam nadannengilum, eee hraswa root 1847 march 1 muthal passenture trainukalkkaayi thurannu. innathe central steshante padinjaaran attathu sthithicheyyunna thaalkkaalikamaaya (allengil munnilulla theerangal) steshanaayirunnu nyookaasil terminal.
randaamathethu poortthiyaakkaan kurachu varshangalolam eduthu; aarkkitekt joonn dobson moonnu vishalamaaya ulkkadalukal kondu nirmmicha oru trainshed melkoorayulla oru doric classical shailiyil ithu roopakalppana cheythu. 1850 august 29 nuu victoria raajnjiyaanu steshan thurannathu, ennaal akkaalat athinte eaka praveshanam kizhakke attathu ninnullathaayirunnu, thalkkalam enn & sii aarr sevanangal naalam steshan upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu; 1851 januvari 1 muthal avarkk puthiya central steshanilekku praveshanam labhichu.
steshante padinjaaran attathu enn & sii aarinu yaathrakkaarude thaamasoukaryam undaayirunnu. plaattphomukalude vadakku bhaagathulla pradhana building blokkilaayirunnu booking haalum waiting roomukalum, eee samayat enn & sii aarr ippozhum valathuvashath oodunnathu parisheelichirunnathinaal, purappedal samayam kaathirunna trainukal soukaryapradamaayi aduthu nilkkukayaayirunnu.
aalstan branch.
aalstaninum nentheadinum chuttumulla vadakkan pennainukalil labhakaramaaya ledu ayirinte nikshepam undaayirunnu. vipaniyilekkulla gathagatham chelaveriyathum mandagathiyilumaayirunnu, enn & sii aarr pradhana paatha thurannappol ganyamaayi mechappettu; ayiru haltvistalil ninnu railway headed cheythu. directormaar 1841 muthal aalstanilekkum nenthedilekkum oru branch railway pariganikkukayum 1846 august 26 nuu 240,000 poundu mooladhanamulla oru branchinu paarlament amgeekaaram nalkukayum cheythu. line 1100 adii kayattamundakum. ennirunnaalum bhoovudamakalil ninnu gurutharamaaya ethirppu anubhavappedukayum laininte paatha parishkarikkukayum cheythu. 1849 juulai juulai oru parishkaricha root amgeekarichu; oru railway head enna nilayil aalstan mathiyaakumennathinte adisthaanathil nenthedilekkulla avasana naalu mile upekshichu.
1851 maarchil haltvishal muthal shaaft hill vareyulla 41⁄2 mile charakk trainukalkkaayi thurannu, thudarnnu 1851 juulai 19 muthal passenture ooppareshan. aalstan muthal lamble vareyulla branchinte mukalbhagam, short lamble phaal branch enniva 1852 januvari 1 nuu charakk trainukalkkaayi thurannu, lamble branch veenu. laininte idatharam bhaagathinu lambili vayadakttinte poorttheekaranatthinaayi kaathirikkendivannu; 1852 november 17 nuu vayadakt thayyaravukayum branch poornnamaayi pravartthanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. oro aazhchayilum rund passenture trainukal undaayirunnu; eee paathayude praadhamika lakshyam dhaatu gathagathamaayirunnu. 1870 muthal moonnaamathe passenture train kootticherkkappettu.
1870 muthal eee pradeshathe pradhana vyavasaayam kuthane kuranju, ennaal kalkari, chunnaambu gathagatham thudarnnu, ithu eee paathayile valare kuranja gathaagathatthinte pradhana aditharayaayi maari.
samudranirappil ninnu 405 adii uyarathilulla haltvihistal muthal 905 adii uyaramulla aalstan vare line kayari; haltvihistalil ninnulla aadya vibhaagam 80,70,100 ennivayil 1 gradiantilum alstaninode aduthulla 50 ll 1 enna vibhaagathilum aayirunnu.
athirthi kaundikal railway.
1854 juulai meyy athirthi kaundikalude reyilveyude aadya bhaagathinu paarlament amgeekaaram nalki. hexamile oru junctionil ninnu enn & sii aarumaayi vadakkott dhaatu nikshepangalilekku ithu oodi. pinneedu waverley root ennariyappettirunna boarder union reyilveyumaayi oru junction nirmmikkunnathin adhikaarappeduthiya vipuleekaranamaanu kooduthal niyamangal. vadakkan britiish railway barinte sponsarmaaraayirunnu, thudakkathil shathruthayullavaraayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu bcrine oru upayogapradamaaya anubandhamaayi kandu; 1862 ll recartonil oru junction nirmikkappettu. york, newkaasttil, berwick railway ennivayil ninnu swathanthramaayi newkaastalilekku praveshanam nedaan enbr valareyadhikam aagrahichu, pinneedu athinte pingamiyaaya vadakkukizhakkan railway eee roottine athinulla oru maargamaayi kandu. avar adhikara kaimaattatthinaayi charcha nadatthi; avarkk hexamil ninnu nyookaastililekkulla soukaryam labhichu, berwick muthal eddinberg vare narkk adikaarangal labhichu. hexam root asaadhyamaayi surcute budhimuttumullathinaal ithu enn. bii. aarinu oru vinashakaramaaya idapaadaayi maari, athesamayam nerr ippol ellah kizhakkan theera pradhana line trainukalum yaathrakkaarum charakkukalum edinbergilekku oodichu.
alandal shaakha.
aalstanil ninnu 12 mile kizhakkulla alandelil beaumond leed kambani pravarthikkunnundaayinu, koodaathe hedoon bridjil reyilveyilekku uthppaadanam athikkunnathil kanatha gathagatha chelavu nerittu. vadakkukizhakkan reyilveyumaayi oru branch laininte saadhyatha uyarthiya thomas jeey bevikk aayirunnu athinte maanejar. lunden leed kambanikku hedoon bridjil ninnu ekadesham rund mile akaleyulla langliyil oru leed smelting plaant undaayirunnu, athum oru branch lainine pinthunachirunnu, athu anivaryamaayum avarude pravarthanangalkku sahayakamaakum. ithu praadeshika pinthuna aakarshikkukayum hexam aandu alandal railwake 1865 juun 19 nuu paarlamentari niyamam labikkukayum cheythu. hexamine padinjaaru oru junctionil enn & sii aarr upekshichu 40 ll 1 enna nirakkil kunnukalilekku kayaruka ennathaayirunnu eee paatha. 1867 august 19 nuu langli vareyulla dhaatu gathaagathathinaayi eee paatha thurakkukayum 1868 januvari 13 nuu muzhuvan pathayum charakk, dhaatu trainukalkkaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. yaathrakkaarkk munganana nalkiyirunnillenkilum 1869 march march passenture trainukal pravartthanam aarambhichu.
aarambhichu praadeshika leed vyavasaayam kuthane kurayukayum adutha dashakathil thakarukayum cheythu. eee paatha orikkalum laabhakaramallathathinaal kambani athinte paatha vadakkukizhakkan railwake athinte mooladhanathinte 60 sathamaanathinu vittu, 1876 juulai 13 muthal praabalyatthil vannu.
line pravartthippikkuka.
edmundsante tikkattukal.
yadhaarthathil paper tikkattukal samayamedukkunna prakriyayil kaikondu ezhuthiyirunnu. krithyamaaya rekhakal sookshikkaan budhimuttaayirunna eee samvidaanathiloode miltonile steshan maastaraaya thomas edmundson oru pathratthinte theeyathikku achadicha nambar cheytha pesttu board tikkattukalude oru samvidaanam avatharippichu; avatharippichu; eee samvidaanam aadyamaayi upayogichathu.
aadyakaala train sarveesukal.
1838ll eee paathayile yaathrakkaarude yaathrayude alavu 3.1 laksham mailaayirunnu, athu adutha varsham 4 dasalaksham mylukalaayi uyarnnu. 1840 novemberil nucaslinum carlisilinum idayil oru divasam anchu trainukalum nucaslinum hedoon bridgin idayil oru train undaayirunnu. yaathrakkaareyum charakkukaleyum athikkunna mixed trainukal ellah steshanukalilum nirthukayum manikorukal edukkukayum cheythappol express trainukal thiranjeduttha steshanukalil nirthukayum 3 manikkoor edukkukayum cheythu. express trainukalile nirakk phastt classinu mylinu <aii. dii. 4> umm second classinu mylinu <aii. dii. 2> umm aayirunnu; mixed trainukalil ithu yathaakramam mylinu <aii. dii. 3>, <aii. dii. 1> aayi kurachu. 1840ll newkaasttilil aarambhicha oru polytechnic exhibition sandarshakarkkaayi prathyeka sevanangalil aadyathethu, juun 14 njaayarazhcha, aarr & dablyu hathon jeevanakkarkkaayi oru prathyeka sevanam nadatthi, ticket pakuthi vilaykk vittu, oru nischitha ennam urappunalki. 1847ll oru divasam aarr trainukalum njaayarazhchakalil rund trainukalum undaayirunnu; njaayarazhcha trainukale palli nethaakkal vimarshichu.
1843 meyy maasathil meriporttinteyum carlisil reyilveyudeyum carlisil bhaagath ithu thurannu; ithu lunden rodinaduthulla enn & sii aaril cherukayum enn & sii aarumaayi sahakarichu pravartthikkukayum solway firthinte navigable bhaagathekkulla oru root roopappeduthukayum cheythu. emm & sii aarr trainukal passenture trainukalkkaayi lunden rooad steshan upayogichu.
line mechappeduthalukalum pradhana line railway.
1844 vare stoxfieldinum hexamine edayilulla pathayum rosehill, milttan ennivaykkidayilulla pathayum orotta trackayirunnu, ennaal aaa varsham, nyookaasttilum darlington junction railway thurannathiloode pratheekshichirunna gathagatha vardhanavinulla thayyaareduppinaayi directormaar reyilveyude eee bhagangal erattiyaakki, athe samayam corbridginu sameepamulla farney thurankam vipuleekarichu-1844 desember 28 nuu sheshamulla kurachu divasangalilozhike trainukalude oottam nirthaathe poortthiyaakkiya oru pravrithi, pazhaya melkkoorayude oru bhagam kedaakukayum athinu mukalilulla manal vazhuthiveezhukayum line thadayukayum cheythu.
railway rajaavaaya jorjju hudson niyanthrikkunna kambanikalude bhaagamaayirunnu nyookaastal aandu darlington junction railway. edinbergilekku oru throo line athikkuka ennathaayirunnu hudsente vyakthamaaya uddeshyam, gatesheadil ninnu tyne kadakkanum newkaasttilil oru pothu steshan nirmmikkanum addeham pothu padhathikal thayyarakki. aaa ashayangal uyarnna thalatthilulla palamaayum nyookaasil central steshanaayum maari.
maari vivaadathilekku nayicha varshangalil edinburghin glassgo engleesh shringalayumaayi bandhippikkunna railway vazhi pokunnathinekkurichu vivaadam nilaninnirunnu. niravadhi saadhyathakal abhyarthichu, avayellaam praayogikamalla. newkaasttilil ninnu berwick vazhiyulla oru kizhakkan theera pathayum carlisilil ninnulla padinjaaran theera pathayum cheviyott kunnukaludeyum thekkan uyarnna pradeshangaludeyum uyarnna nilam kaaranam ettavum yaadhaarthyabodhamullathaayi thonniyengilum hexamil ninnu bellingham, melrose ennivayiloodeyulla oru paatha munnottuvachu. ithu avarude linelake gathagatham konduvarendathaayirunnathil enn & sii aarr ithine swaagatham cheythu. 1844ll north britiish railwake 1845ll caledonian railwake amgeekaaram labhichu.
laininte padinjaaran attathu, landanum scotland thammilulla oru pathayum roopeekarikkappettu; aathyanthikamayi landanumaayi bandhippikkunna laankaastar, carlisil railway 1846 desemberil thurannu, 1848 februvariyil caledonian railway edinbergil ninnum glassgoyil ninnum carlisil ethi. aaa rund reyilvekalum carlisil "citadel steshan" enna peril oru samyuktha steshan roopeekarichu, ennaal enn & sii aarr steshan upayogikkunnathu pothuthaalpparyathinu vendiyaayirunnuvenkilum udamakal amithamaya uyarnna vila aavasyappedukayum enn & sii aarr athinte swatantra nilanilppiludaneelam purathaayirikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum glassgoic southu vestten railwake citadel steshanilekku praveshanam nedaan kazhinju, koodaathe lunden roadinum citadel steshanukalkkum idayil yaathrakkaariloode kondupokaan oomnibasukal nalki; ticket vazhiyulla steshanukalil steshanukal thammilulla oomnibas kanakshan ulppedunnu.
ettedukkal lelangal.
oru railway shringhala enna ashayam vikasichathode layanathiloode valia kambanikal roopeekarikkaanulla aagrahavum valarnnu. 1848 maarchil caledonian railway paattatthinu nalkaanulla oru oofarumaayi nyookaastal & carlisiline sameepichu, athinusesham udan thanne hudsons york, nyookaastal & berwick reyilveyil ninnu (vaii. enn & bii. aarr) kambanikku mattoru oofar labhichu. caledonian 6 sathamaanam labhavihithavum 8 sathamaanam vareyulla ellah laabhavum vaagdaanam cheythu, koodaathe vaii. enn. aandu. bii. aarr. 3 varshathekku 6 sathamaanavum athinusesham 7 sathamaanavum vaagdaanam cheythu. 1848 epril epril enn & sii aarr directormaar oofarukal pariganichenkilum avaa vendathra laabhakaramallenn karuthi. 1848 meyy meyy enn & sii. aarr. ohariyudamakal yogam cherukayum directormaarude kaazhchappaadin virudhamaayi vaii. enn & bii. aarr. vaagdaanam amgeekarikkanamennu vottu cheyyukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayundaaya karar 1848 august 1 muthal praabalyatthil vannu, koodaathe mariport, carlisil lineukal otta sthaapanamaayi pravarthippikkaan uddeshichu vaii. enn. aandu. aarr. paattatthinu nalki.
vaasthavathil jorjju hudsente avyakthamaaya bisinesses reethikalekkurichulla gurutharamaaya velippeduthalukal eee samayat uyarnnuvannu, addehathinte niravadhi kambanikalkkidayil nadanna anweshana kammittikalude kandethalukal valare doshakaramaayirunnu, athinaal addehathinu thante neethrthwaparamaaya rolil thudaraan kazhinjilla. yuu. enn. aandu bii. aarr. yude paattatthinu amgeekaaram nalkaan paarlamentinte oru niyamam aavashyamaayirunnu, athinaal nirddesham nilanirthunnathu asaadhyamaayi. niyamam paraajayappedukayum 1850 januvari 1 muthal enn & sii aarr swaathanthryathilekku madangukayum cheythu.
puthiya track.
yadhaartha paatha kallil cheria reyilukalode sthaapichu, iva taamasiyaathe lokomotteevukalulla aadhunika railway pravarthanatthinu aparyaapthamaanennu thelinju. 1850-kalude thudakkathil, enn & sii aarr athinte line rolling stokkum mechappeduthunnathinne aarambhichu. blenkinsopin raittaninum edayilulla 31 mile dooram punarnirmmikkukayum 1853 aayappozhekkum ellah yadhaartha reyilukalum maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu. sandhikal ippol aadyamaayi malsyabandhanam nadatthi. 1853 maarchode electric telegraph lainil poornnamaayum pravarthanakshamamaayi.
kalkkariyilekku parivartthanam cheyyuka.
locomotive traction avatharippichappol, kookk eathaandu pukayillaathathaayathinaal athu indhanamaayi upayogikkaan enn & sii aarr theerumaanichu. eee paathayile train neekkangalude alavu vardhichathode, kokkinte chelavu ganyamaayi vardhichu, 1858-ll chila locomotteevukal pakaram kalkari upayogichu, kambaniyude derventhou kookk ovanukal 1852-ll vipuleekarichu. kalkariyude upayogam indhana chelavu kurachathinaal 1862 aayappozhekkum athu lainil phalatthil poortthiyaayi.
vadakkukizhakkan reyilveyumaayi samyojippikkuka.
york aandu north midu land railway leads northen railway layippichaan 1854 juulai 31 nuu north eestten railway (nerr) roopeekarichathu. 1859 januvariyil nerum enn & sii aarum layippikkunnathinulla karaaril athicherukayum 1859 februvari 18 nuu nerr board amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum 1859 joolaiyil rund ohari udamakalkku karar kambanikalude adikaarangal lamghichuvennum avar sahakaranaparamaya pravartthanam punaraarambhichuvennum kodathi vidhi labhichu. 1860ll layippikkunnathinulla paarlamentile apekshayum north britiish railway billine ethirthappol parajayappettu.
ennirunnaalum charchakal thudarukayum samyojanam amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu, ithavana 1862 juulai 17 leeii paarlamentari niyamam amgeekarichu. athe samayam carlisilile citadel steshanilekkulla praveshanathinaayi charchakal nadatthaan nerinu kazhinju.
irupathiyezhu varshathe charithrathiludaneelam enn & sii aarr 4 muthal 6 sathamaanam vare labhavihitam nalki.
vadakkukizhakkan railway.
thurakkukayum niyamam hexamine nyookaasttilinum edayilulla enn & sii aarinte mail enn. bii. aarinu avakashangal nalkukayum berwick-oonn-tweedinum edinburghin edayilulla enn. bii. aarinte mail paraspara avakashangal nedukayum cheythu. thudakkathil enn. bii. aarr. newkaastalinum hexamile boarder kaundi junction idayil oru divasam naalu trainukal oodichirunnuvenkilum 1904 aayappozhekkum ithu oru divasam moonnu trainukalaayi churungi. carlisilile enn & sii aarr steshan sitti sentaril ninnu ekadesham oru mile akaleyaayirunnu, yaathrakkaarkk asoukaryamaayirunnu. nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathulla joyint laankaastar aandu carlisil railway caledonian railway steshanum 1847ll thurakkukayum thurakkukayum niyamam nerine oru vaadakakkaaranaakkukayum cheythu. 1863 januvari 1 nuu citadel steshanil yaathraavaahanangal avasanikkaan thudangi.
1863-leeii venalkkaalath valathukai oottathil ninnu idathu kaii oottathinte britiish kanvenshanilekku maarunna pravartthanam aarambhichu. 4, 000 poundu aayirunnu chelavu kanakkaakkiyirunnath, athu ghattamghattamaayi cheythu.
1860ll yadhaartha thadi theepidutthatthil nashichathinethudarnnu 1868ll scotswoodile tainin mukalilulla paalam nilavile garder palathal maattisthaapichu.
konsett line.
konsettile irumbu nirmmaanatthinte ganyamaaya vikasanam eee pradeshathe sevikkunna muun vaaganve roottukalude vipuleekaranathinu kaaranamaayi, 1867 ll vadakkukizhakkan railway konsettil ninnu blaideninaduthulla trikona junctionil muun newkyaasil, carlisil roottil cherunnathinayi oru puthiya line nirmmichu. chuttumulla kunnukalile irumbu verthirichedukkal kaikaaryam cheythath redhuginaduthulla enn & sii aarr lainil cherunna brandling junction railwayaanu. eee muun vaagganve thudarchayaayi naveekarikkappedukayum vadakkukizhakkan reyilveyude agiranam cheytha sesham kooduthal aadhunikavalkkarikkappedum cheythu.
scotswod, newben, vailam railway.
nucasil, carlisil railway ennivayude paatha aasoothranam cheiyunna aadyakaalangalil, lemingtoninteyum newbeninteyum padinjaaru taininte vadakkan theerathu oodunnathine anukoolichu abhiprayam uyarnnirunnu. avide vipulamaaya kalkari nikshepavum railway sevanangal nalkaatha mattu vyavasaayangalum undaayirunnu, 1866-ll oru railway prothsaahippikkappettu, ithu nishfalamaayi, 1870-ll mattoru line pravachikkapettu, athil scotswodle oru doock ulppedunnu, ithu eee pradeshathu ninnu daathukkal kayatti ayaykkaan prapthamaakkunnu. eee padhathi "scotswod, newben & vayalam railway & doock kambani" aayi maari, ithu 1871 juun 16 nuu paarlamentinte amgeekaara niyamam nedi. ithu carlisil ninnu vailaaminte padinjaaru bhaagathekku line upekshichu avide tyne kadannu vadakke karayil kizhakode oodukayum scotswodle enn & sii aaril veendum cherukayum cheythu; thalasthaanam 85,000 poundaayirunnu.
scotswodle mosham nilavumaayi bandhapetta gurutharamaaya budhimuttukal neridukayum avide vettikkuraykkanaayi oru thurankam maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu; 1874 septambaril nirmmaanatthinide thurankam thakarnnu. vailam paalavum valare vaikiyathine thudarnnu laininte bhooribhaagavum thayyaaraayenkilum iruvashathum athu vichedikkappettu. oduvil, 1875 juulai 12 nuu scotswodle ninnu newbenilekkulla paatha thurannu; scotswodle (enn & sii aarr steshanil ninnu) oru prathyeka steshan undaayirunnu. ellah aazhchayilum moonnu passenture trainukal veethamulla eee paatha vadakku kizhakkan railwayaanu pravarthippichathu. sn & dablyuar ippol athinte ellah mooladhana vibhavangalum chelavazhikkukayum oru scotswod doock enna ashayam upekshikkukayum cheythu, eee line nerinte oru shaakha mathramaayirunnu.
sn & dablyuaarumaayi vailam paalatthinulla krameekaranangal nerr sammathichu, 1876 meyy 13 nuu newben tuu vailam villej sekshan thurannu, vailaamil thanne north vailam ennariyappedunna oru steshan. nerr ippol north vailaamilekk passenture sarvees vyapippichu.
1876 october october padinjaaran vailaamile hexamilake padinjarottu bandhippikkunna paalam thurannu. charakk, dhaatu trainukalum idaykkide prathyeka passenture trainukalum maathramaan paalam upayogichirunnathu; saadhaarana passenture sarvees athinappurathekku vyaapippichirunnil.
hraswarekha nerk upayogapradamaayirunnu, pakshe swantham ohari udamakalkku athinte swaathanthryathinte moolyam parimithamaayirunnu, chinthakal taamasiyaathe nerk vilppanayilekku maari; ithu 1883 juun 29 leeii niyamathiloode konduvarikayum sthireekarikkukayum cheythu.
brampton branch.
1836 muthal carlisil reyilveyude earlil kuthiraye valikkunna oru coach bramptoninu thanne sevanam nalki, ithu miltonil enn & sii aarumaayi bandhippichu. 1881-ll branch passenture sarvees locomotive pravarthanamaakki maattiyengilum 1890-ll board oof trade inspektarettu vyavasthakal earppeduthiyathode ithu nirthalaakki. 1912 octoberil vadakkukizhakkan railway eee branch ettedukkukayum track naveekarikkukayum cheythu. 1913 august 1 muthal oru passenture sarvees nalkappettu; 1917 muthal 1920 march 1 vare ithu nirtthivachuvenkilum oduvil 1923 october 29 nuu athu adachu.
team vaali lainine bandhippikkunnu.
thekk ninnu gatehead, nyookaastal ennivayilekkulla aadyakaala kanakshanukal kizhakode poyenkilum, 1893 ll kooduthal nerittulla thekottulla oru root sthaapikkappettu "team vaali root". ithu gateheadil ninnu loow phaal vazhiyum burtley nerittu durhamilekkum oodi. konsett branchinte gathiyum tanfieldil ninnulla muun brandling junction line redhuge laininte jangshanukalkku sameepam ganyamaaya vyaavasaayika vikasanathe prolsaahippikkukayum kaalakramena kanathathum mandagathiyilullathumaaya dhaatu gathaagathatthinte alavu gurutharamaaya tirakk undaakkukayum cheythu. 1893ll derventhouvinu kizhakkulla dansttan junctionil ninnu thaazhnna pradeshathekkulla oru nerittulla paatha nerr thurannu, ithu gathaagathathe nerittu thekkott tirikkaan praapthamakki. 1904-ll tyne nadiyil ninnu alppam akale derventhouvinu sameepam oru pakarpp kizhakk-padinjaaru root nirmmichu; innathe metro sentar steshan aaa puthiya rootilaanu. 1908ll danstaniloode thaazhekkulla paatha hraswamaakkiyathode kooduthal mechappeduthalukal aarambhichu; ippozhathe dansttan steshan aaa paathayilaanu. koodaathe, aaa pathayil ninnu puthiya rajaavaaya edward VII paalatthinte thekke attathulla jangshanukalilekku oru puthiya nerittulla paatha undaayirunnu, ithu gateheadilekkum thekkan sheeldukalilekkum nyookaasil central steshanilekkum eluppathil praveshanam nalkunnu. carlisal muthal nucasil vareyulla passenture trainukalaanu innu eee nerittulla root upayogikkunnathu.
upayogikkunnathu sesham.
1921 leeii railway aaktinte falamaayi, 1923 januvari 1 nuu vadakkukizhakkan railway lunden aandu north eestten reyilveyude (elner) oru gadakamaayi maari. 1948 januvari 1 nuu brittanile railway desasaalkkarikkappedukayum muun nyookaasil, carlisil railway lineukal britiish reyilveyude niyanthranatthil vaykkukayum cheythu.
1930 septambar septambar alandal shaakhayile yaathraavimaana sarvees pinvalikkukayum 1950 novemberil line adaykkukayum cheythu. muun athirthi kaundikal railwake mukaliloode hexamil ninnu vadakkottulla yaathraavimaana sarvees 1956ll pinvalikkukayum pinvalikkukayum niravadhi steshanukal adaykkukayum cheythu. 1955 muthal neeravi locomotteevukal valikkunna trainukalkku pakaram deesal multiple unitukal upayogikkaan thudangi. 1963 ll doow. beaching "britiish reyilveyude punarroopakalppana" enna thante report prasidheekarichu, ithu netvarkkil ettavum kuravu upayogikkunna steshanukalum lainukalum adaykkaan shupaarsha cheythu. aalstan branch adachupoottunnathu ithinakam pariganichirunnu, nyookaastal muthal hexam, haltvihistal vareyulla praadeshika sevanangal ithilekku chertthu. 1966ll britiish railway north vailam steshan thurannirikkanamennum enchiniyaring jolikalkkaayi tainin thekkulla lainil septambar sarveesukal nirtthivaykkanamennum nirddeshichu, ennaal eee krameekaranam pinvalikkukayum 1967 meyy maasathil sevanangal punararambhikkukayum cheythu. adutha varsham britiish railway tainin vadakkulla north vailam line adaykkukayum 1968 march march yaathrakkaarude gathagatham pinvalikkukayum cheythu. 1976ll aalstanilekkulla branch line adachu.
1962ll faarnli scarr tunnel ozhivakkaan railway vazhithirichuvittu; tunnel portalukal avasheshikkunnu, randum pattikappedutthiya smaarakangalaanu.
1982 octoberil, king edward VII paalam kadakkunna derventhouvile muun enn & sii aarr redhuge shaakhayil veendum cherunnathinu munbu nyookaastalil ninnu enn & sii aarr lainilekkulla kanakshan nerr line upayogikkunnathinaayi vazhithirichuvittu. scotswod paalavum athilekkulla pathayum aaa varsham october 4 muthal ellah gathaagathathinum adachu. madhyabhaagathekkulla paathayude vadakku bhagam 1986 vare elsvikkil oru simant terminal upayogikkaan upayogichu.
innathe line.
innu tyne vaali line rund nagarangalkkidayilulla muun enn & sii aarr roottinte bhooribhaagavum pinthudarunnu. pathinaalu intermediat steshanukalulla eratta paathayaan line; ithu vaidyutheekarichathalla. vadakkan, scottreyil ennivayaanu train sarvees nalkunnathu. hexamine nyookaasttilinum idayil manikkooril moonnu trainukalulla (2021) saadhaaranayaayi carlisilinum nyookaasttilinum idayil manikkooril rund trainukalundu. koodaathe nyookaasttilinum idayil praadeshika sevanangalum undu. carlisilil ninnu newkaasttililekku yaatra cheyyaan trainukal saadhaaranayaayi 83 muthal 92 minitt vare edukkunna line vegathayaanu pradhaanamaayum ullathu. eee paatha kizhakkan theeratheyum padinjaaran theeratheyum pradhana lainukale bandhippikkunnu, eee lineukal vadakkott thadayumbol vazhithirichuvidunna deerghadoora trainukal ithu upayogikkunnu. reyil yaatra prolsaahippikkunnathi train kambanikal, praadeshika bisinasukal, communitykal ennivayumaayi pravartthikkunna tyne vaali community reyil pankaalittham dii. eph. tii. yude amgeekaaramullathaanu. avar vaividhyamaarnna padhathikalum ettedukkunnu, athil ettavum valuth kaathiripp murikaludeyum haltvistilile (2020-21) anaavashya steshan kettidangaludeyum nilavile naveekaranamaanu.
bhooprakrithi.
lainil thaazhepparayunna sthalangal undaayirunnu
pradhana line
redhuge branch
aalstan branch
oru vayadaktinu kuruke haltvistalilekkula kanakshan ozhike 1852 meyy 21 nuu line thurannu; ithu 1852 november 17 nuu udaneelam thurannu; 1976 meyy 3 nuu adachu.
scotswod, newben, vailam railway
brampton taunn branch
swelwell collary branch
"derventhou junction";
swelwell collary; 1852 novemberil passenture trainukalkkaayi thurannu; 1853 desemberil adachu.
gadanakal.
nyookaasttilum carlisil railway ganyamaaya ennam mikacha gadanakal nirmmichu, avayil palathum nirmmaanatthinte aadyakaala theeyathiyekkurichu prathyekichum abhilashamullavayaanu.
avayil palathum prathyeka vasthuvidyaa allengil charitraparamaaya thaalpparyamulla kettidangalude niyamaparamaaya pattikayil ulppedunnu. praadeshikamaayi corby bridge ennariyappedunna eedan nadhi kadakkunna vetheral vayadakt grade I ll pattikappedutthiyittundu; ithil 80 adii neelamulla anchu ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla kallu kamanangal adangiyirikkunnu. kizhakk bhaagathulla adutha gadanayaaya ezhu 43 adii kamaanangalulla corby vayadakt randaam gradilaanu. kaarlisilinte praanthapradeshathulla jelttu paalam moonnu deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla kamaanangalude oru vakra paalamaan. ithu grade II * aayi pattikappedutthiyittundu.
adachitta aalstan shaakhayile lambley vioduct grade II * listt cheythittundu; 58 adii neelamulla ombathu pradhana spaanukalund.
vailam steshanile kettidangalum grade II * pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu.
southu tynedale railway (heritteju sarveesas).
aalstaninum slagifordinum edayilulla muun aalstan branch track bedil sthaapichirikkunna oru idungiya gej reyilveyil southu tyndale railway seasonal sarveesukal nadathunnu.

