
budhamathavum manashaasthravum

budhamathathil manushya manahshaasthram, vikaaram, arivu, perumaattam, prachodanam ennivayekkurichulla vishakalanavum chikitsa reethikalum ulppedunnu. buddha manashaasthram mahathaaya budhamatha dhaarmikavum daarshanikavumaaya samvidaanathil ulchernnirikkunnu, athinte manashaasthraparamaaya padangal dhaarmika svarangalaal nirachirikkunnu. buddha manashaasthrathinu rund chikitsa lakshyangalund oru gruhasthante aarogyakaravum sadgunapoornavumaaya jeevitam ("samachariya", "yojicha jeevitam"), nirvaanatthinte aathyanthika lakshyam, asamthripthiyudeyum kashtappaadukaludeyum samboornna avasaanippikkal (dukha).
budhamathathinum aadhunika manashaasthrathinum onniladhikam samaanathakalum ovarlaappu pooyintukalum undu. maanasikaavasthakal, vikarangal, perumattangal ennivayude vivaranathmaka prathibhasavum dhaarana, abodhaavasthayilulla maanasika gadakangal ennivayude sidhaanthangalum ithil ulppedunnu. eric frome polulla psychotherapistukal budhamatha prabudhathayude anubavangalil kandethiyittundu (udha.jii. "kenshow") parivartthanatthinum rogashanthikkum asthithvaparamaaya ardham kandethunnathinumulla saadhyatha. joonn kabat-sinnineppolulla chila samakaalika maanasikaarogya pariseelakar anubhavaparamaya chikitsa moolyamulla purathana budhamatha sanbradaayangal (bodhavalkkaranatthinte vikasanam polullava) kandethumbol jacq konfeeldineppolulla budhamatha adhyapakar paashchaathya manahshaasthrathe budhamathakkaarkku poorakamaaya sanbradaayangal nalkunnathaayi kaanunnu.
ashayavinimayam.
budhamathathinte sthaapanam manahshaasthra mekhalaykku rund sahasraabdangalkku munbaanu; athinaal, manashaasthratthinte kaaryatthil budhamathathekkurichulla eathoru vilayiruthalum oru aadhunika kandupiduthamanu. britiish indologistukal paali, samskritham ennivayil ninnu budhamatha grandhangal vivarthanam cheyyaan thudangiyappozhaan atharam aadyathe vilayiruthalukalilonnu nadannathu. paashchaathyalokathu budhamathatthinte aadhunika valarchayum lokamembaadumulla budhamatha aadhunikavaadathinte vikasanavum europian manashaasthratheyum manorogachikitsayeyum budhamatha sidhaanthavum prayogavumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathinum vairudhyappeduthunnathum kaaranamaayi. austriyan psychologist jerald vertbouvarinte abhipraayathil, budhamathathinteyum europian manashaasthrathinteyum sanbarkkam saadhaaranayaayi moonnu pradhana sameepanagal pinthudarnnittundu
thripidakatthile manahshaasthram.
aadyakaala budhamatha rachanakal "tippittaka" (paali; scutt) enna moonnu bhaagangalulla samahaarangalil samrakshikkappettittund. "tripidaka"). aadyabhaagathil, dhaaraalam manashaasthraparamaaya vasthukkal adangiya budhante prabhaashanangalude oru parambara sutha pidakatthil adangiyirikkunnu.
buddha manashaasthratthinte oru kendra savisheshatha aathmaparishodhanayiloodeyum prathibhasaparamaaya svayam nireekshanatthiloodeyum vyakthiparamaaya anubhavathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla athinte reethishaasthramaanu. budhante abhipraayathil thudakkathil vishwaasayogyamallengilum, aathmaparishodhanaye shudhavum vishwasaneeyavumaaya oru reethiyaakkaan oraalude manassine parisheelippikkaanum shaanthamaakkaanum valarthaanum kazhiyum. buddhan nediyathaayi parayappedunna manassinte swabhaavathekkurichulla vyakthiparamaaya ulkkaazhchayude aditharayaanu eee reethishaasthram. aathmaparisodhana budhamatha reethiyude oru pradhana vashamaanenkilum oru vyakthiyude perumaattatthe nireekshikkunnathum pradhaanamaan.
athmabodhavum athmabodhavum.
aadyakaala budhamatha grandhangal indriyangal, indriya vasthukkal, avabodham enningane tharamthirickunna aayathanangale (indriyangal, indriya maadyamangal, indriyangal) adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru daaranayudeyum vijnjaanathinteyum sidhaanthathe roopappeduthunnu. budhamatha grandhangalil vishadeekarichirikkunnathu eee aditharakal thammilulla sanbarkkam oru bodhapoorvamaaya sambhavathilekku nayikkunnu "aantharikamaaya kannu kedukoodaatheyum baahya drishyaroopangal athinte paridhikkullil varumbol manassinte bhaagath uchithamaaya shradha undaakumbol, bodhabodhathinte aavirbhavam undaakunnu."
indriyajnjaanathinte saadhaarana prakriya buddhan "papanka" (aashayaparamaaya vyaapanam) ennu vilikkunna kaaryangalumaayi, asamskritha samvedanathinteyo vikaarathinteyo ("veda") vaijnjaanika prakriyayile oru valachodikkalum vishadeekaranavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee confabulation prakriya perseptual prakriyayilekku thanne thirichethunnu. athinaal, budhamathakkaarekkurichulla dhaarana indriyangale maathram adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla, marichu nammude agrahangal, thalpparyangal, ashayangal ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athinaal ithu oru tharatthil yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathum thettidharippikkunnathu. eee shradha vyathichalippikkalukal neekkam cheyyukayum kaaryangalekkurichu avayeppole arivu nedukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu budhamatha parisheelanatthinte lakshyam ("yaatha-bhootha-naadasanam").
eee maanasika-shaareerika prakriya maanasikamaya aagraham, maanas (ahankaaram), ditthi (sidhaanthangal, kaazhchappaadukal) ennivayumaayi kooduthal bandhappettirikkunnu. budhante abhipraayathil ettavum prasnakaramaaya kaazhchappaadukalilonn, sthiravum dridavumaaya oru aathmaav allengil 'shudhamaaya ahankaaram' enna aashayamaanu. kaaranam, aadyakaala budhamatha manahshaasthrathil, oru nischitha aathmaav (attaa; samskritha aathmaav) illa, ennaal svayam enna vyaamohavum oru aathmasangalppathil pattinilkkunnathum oraalude ellah perumattangaleyum baadikkukayum kashtappaadukalilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. budhane sambandhichidatholam oru vyakthiyekkurich ekeekrithamo ganyamo aaya onnum thanneyilla, avabodhathinte aruvi (vijnjaana-sottam) ulppedunna skandangal (koombaarangal, samuchayangal) ennu vilikkunna anchu vibhagangalil tharamthirickunna sambhavangaludeyo prakriyakaludeyo nirantharam maarikkondirikkunna oru aruvi maathram. thettaaya vishwaasavum nilanilkkunna ahankaaravumaayulla aduppavumaanu mikka nishedhaathmaka vikaarangaludeyum moolakaaranam.
manasshaasthranjanaaya danielle golman parayunnu 
buddhan manushyamanassine oru maanasika-bhauthika samuchayamaayi kandu, naamaroopa ennu vilikkunna chalanathmakamaaya oru thudarcha. namam ennathu bhouthikamallaatha gadakangaleyum roopa ennathu bhauthika gadakangaleyum soochippikkunnu. padmasiri dii silvayude abhipraayathil, "maanasikavum shaareerikavumaaya gadakangal oru sankeernnatha roopappeduthunnu, shareerathil manasse shareerathil manasse paraspara aashrithathvamundu."
prachodanavum vikaaravum.
budhante manushya prachodana sidhaantham ellah manushyarum pankidunna chila pradhana gadakangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ithu praadhamikamaayi manushya asamthripthiyude (dukha) swabhaavavum athu engane illaathaakkaam ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. suthangalil, manushyar moonnu tharatthilulla dahatal (tanha, aksharaarthatthil 'daaham') prachoditharaanennu parayappedunnu
eee moonnu adisthaana driveukalum yathaakramam libido, igo, thanatos ennivayude froidian drive sidhaanthavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythittundu (dii silva, 1973). eee moonnu aagrahangaludeyum uthejanam aanandakaramo asukhakaramo aaya vikaarangalil (vedaana) ninnaan uruthirinjathu, positteev allengil negatteevu hedonic tonullah indriyangalude prathipravartthanangal. abhiniveshangalkku pidikkunnatho abhinivesham (upadaana) ullatho aaya aagraham kooduthal aagrahathinteyum parishramatthinteyum oru dushicha chakratthilekku nayikkunnu, athu aathyanthikamayi thripthikaramallaathathum sammarddakaravumaanu.
kashtappaadukal, nishedhaathmaka vikarangal, perumaattam ennivayude moonnu "anarogyakaramaaya verukal" (akusala moolangal) soothangal kanakkaakkunnu ragam (abhinivesham allengil perumaattam)
kaamam); dosha (vidvesham allengil vidvesham); moha (bhrant allengil thettaaya vishwaasam). ivaye moonnu aarogyakaramaya verukal ethirkkunnu udaaratha, daya, njaanam.
vikaarangalude uravidam vikaaramo vikaraparamaaya prathikaranamo (vedanam) aanu, athu vividha reethikalil tharamthirickunnu; shaareerikamo maanasikamo, sukhakaramo asukhakaramo nishpakshamo; vyathyastha indriyangalil veroonniyatho aayi. athmeeya vikaarangale shreshtamaayi kaanukayum laukikavum laukikamallaathathum aathmeeyavumaaya vikarangal thammil buddhan verthirikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee adisthaana pettennulla prathikaranangalil ninnum nammude saahacharyaparamaaya pashchaathalatthil ninnum, ashayavalkkaranavum vyakthiparamaaya charithravum bhayam, vidvesham, prateeksha allengil nirasha thudangiya kooduthal sankeernamaaya vikarangal uyarnnuvarunnu. budhamatha vikaarangalude sidhaantham, prathikoola vikarangalkkulla marumarunnukalaayum svayam vikasanathinulla vaahanangalaayum anukambayum sauhrudavum polulla nalla vikaarangalude dhaarmikavum aathmeeyavumaaya praadhaanyatthe eduthukaanikkunnu.
padmasiri dii silvayude abhipraayathil, aadyakaala budhamatha grandhangalil vikaarangale naalu grouppukalaayi tirikkaam "saadhaaranakkaaran aagrahikkunna sadgunajeevithathinte aadarshathe thadassappeduthunnava, poornathayude paatha thedunna eakaanthavaasikale thadassappeduthunna vikarangal, sadgunajeevithathekkurachu saadhaaranakkaarante aadarshathe vardhippikkunna vikarangal, poornathayude paatha thedunna eakaanthavaadikal vikasippichedutha vikarangal."
abodhaavasthayilullavar.
paali kaanon polulla aadyakaala budhamatha grandhangal olinjirikkunna maanasika pravanathakalekkurichu ("anusaaya", "olinjirikkunna pakshapaatham", "pravanatha", "olinjirikkunna manobhaavam") oru sidhaantham avatharippikkunnu, avaa munkootty bodhamullatho bodhamillaathatho aanu, eee pathiv paattenukale pinneedu yogakara budhamathakkaar "vasana" (bhavam) ennu vilikkukayum avaa abodhaavasthayilulla maanasika paaliyil vasikkunnathayi karuthukayum cheythu. changala" enna padam olinjirikkunna pravanathakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
pilkkaalatthe oru teravada grandhamaaya abhidhammatha-sangaha (11-12-aamm noottaand) iprakaaram parayunnu "olinjirikkunna swabhaavangal avaa ulppedunna maanasika prakriyayodoppam 'kidakkunnu', avaa anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangal neridumbozhellaam avar adimappedunnathaayi uparithalathilekku uyarunnu" (abhs 7.9). bhavanga ennu vilikkunna avabodhathinte oru upabodhamanass aruviyundennum theravaada vidyaalayam abhipraayappedunnu.
oraalude perumaattatthe swaadheenikkunnathinu kaaranamakunna mattoru koottam abodhaavasthayilulla maanasika gadakangalil aasavakal (samskritha asrava, "inflo, kankar, inflo") ulppedunnu. eee gadakangal "lahriyum" "ashayakkuzhappavum" undaakkunnavayaanennu parayappedunnu. vimochanam nedunnathinu oraal avare parisheelanatthiloode manassil ninnu neekkam cheyyanamennu buddhan padippichu. vividha gadakangalil ninnaan aasavukal undaakunnathenn parayappedunnu indriyathvam, aakramanothsukatha, krooratha, shareeram, vyakthithvam ennivayaanu nalkiyirikkunna chila gadakangal.
mahayana budhamathathinte yogakara school (pothuvarsham 3 muthal 5 vare noottaand) eee aashayangale abodhaavasthayilulla manassinte buddha sidhaantham ennu vilikkunnathilekku vyapippichu. eee ashayathe karmma vithukal (beeja) sambharikkukayum punarjanmathinu vidheyamaakkukayum cheiyunna aalaya-vijnjaana (adithara bodham) ennu vilichirunnu. eee sidhaantham ettu bodhangalude vishalamaaya yogakara sidhaanthathil ulppeduthukayum tibattan budhamathathilum ithu nilanilkkukayum cheiyunnu.
svayam vikasanavum vaijnjaanika perumatta reethikalum.
padmal dii silvayude abhipraayathil "budhamatha thanthrangal oru chikitsa maathrkaye prathinidheekarikkunnu, athu vyakthiye baahyamaayi adichelppicha edapedalukalude sweekarthaavaayi kanakkakkunnathinekkaal maattatthinte ejantaayi kanakkakkunnu."buddhan oro vyakthiyeyum avarude vyakthiparamaaya vikasanathinu utharavaadikalaayi kaanukayum ithu manashaasthrathodulla maanavika sameepanathin samaanamaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu silva vaadikkunnu. svayam-saakshaathkaaravum vyakthigatha valarchayum nedaan sahaayikkunnathin humanistic cycotherapy valareyadhikam oonnal nalkunnu (udha.jii. maslo).
budhamatha parisheelanatthil praayogika njaanam, athmeeya gunangal, dhaarmikatha ennivayum ulppedunnathinaal, athine cycotherapy mattoru roopamaayi maathram kaanaan kazhiyilla. athine oru jeevithareethiyaayo oru jeevithareethiyaayo (dharmam) kaanunnath kooduthal krithyamaanu.
budhamathathile vyakthiparamaaya vikasanam dhaarmikatha, njaanam allengil dhaarana (panaa), dhyanam (bhaavan, krishi, vikasanam) thudangiya manashaasthraparamaaya reethikal enniva samyojippikkunna mahathaaya ettumadangu paathaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. parambaraagatha budhamathathile svayam saakshaathkaaram nirvaana, budhamatha aashayangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. oru manushyan nedaan kazhiyunna ettavum uyarnna avastha (oru arahant allengil buddhan) eathu tharatthilulla asamthripthiyil ninnum kashtappaadukalil ninnum poornnamaayum mukthanayirikkunnathaayi kaanapedunnu, ellah nishedhaathmaka maanasika pravanathakalum verukalum ozhukkum illaathaakkappettu, anukambayum snehadaya polulla nalla vikarangal maathrame ulloo.
budhamatha dhyanam rund pradhana tharatthilaannu samatham ennathu manassine shaanthamaakkunnathinum visramikkunnathinum, athupole thanne oru vasthuvil shradha kendreekarichu shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum vikasippikkunnathinum uddeshichullathaanu; thudarchayaayathum susthiravumaaya bodhavum grahyavum (sambajanna) prayogikkunnathiloode maanasika prakriyakalude swabhaavathekkurichum avayude shaashwathamaayathum sammarddabharithavum niswaarthavumaaya gunangalekkurichum ulkkaazhchayo dharana nedunnathinulla oru maargamaan vipashyana. eee sanbradaayangalude aathyanthika lakshyam nirvaanamaanenkilum, vishramam, nalla urakkam, vedana kuraykkuka thudangiya laukika gunangalum avaa nalkunnuvennu buddhan prasthaavichu.
budhamatha grandhangalil cognitive behavioural therapy teknikkukalkku samanamaaya chinta parishkaranatthinte maanasika thanthrangalum adangiyirikkunnu. cognitive behavioural modificationte eee samvidaanangalude thaarathamyam professor vilyam mikulas padmal dii silva charcha cheythittundu.
padmal dii silvayude abhipraayathil eee samaanathakalil iva ulppedunnu "graded exposure reciprocal inhibition vazhi bhayam kuraykkuka; abhikaamyamaaya perumaattam prothsaahippikkunnathi prathiphalam upayogikkuka; perumatta maattathinu prachodanam nalkunnathinulla modeling; abhikaamyamallaatha perumaattam illaathaakkaan uttejaka niyanthranam upayogikkuka; abhikaamyamallaatha perumaattam illaathaakkaan veruppu upayogikkuka; saamoohika kazhivukalil pariseelanam; svayam nireekshanam; shradha vyathichalippikkal, maaral/nirtthal, poruthappedaattha chinthakal, avayumaayi deerghaneram sanbarkkam enniva vazhi nuzhanjukayatta chinthakalude niyanthranam; theevravum rahasyavum, oru uthejanathinte asukhakaramaaya vashangalil shradha kendreekarikkuka allengil prathikaranatthinte asukhakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal, aadyathethinodu aduppam kuraykkukayum randaamathethu illaathaakkukayum cheyyuka; mattullavarodu anukoola vikarangal valarthunnathinulla graded sameepanam perumatta niyanthranatthil baahya soochanakalude upayogam; abhikaamyamallaatha perumaattam illaathaakkaan sahaayikkunnathin prathikarana chelavu upayogikkuka; perumatta paripaadikalum perumatta maattangalum nadappilakkaa"
eee vaijnjaanika chikitsa reethikalude oru pradhana aadyakaala paatam vithakkasanthana sutha (emm. enn. 20) (shradha vyathichalippikkunna chinthakal neekkam cheyyuka), athinte vyaakhyaanamaaya paapansudaaniyaan. nishedhaathmakamo nuzhanjukayattamo aaya chinthakal neekkam cheiyunnathinu buddhan eee suthayil anchu reethikal shupaarsha cheythu
oru aupachaarika dhyanam mathramalla, shradhaapoorvamaaya avabodhathinteyum svayam nireekshanatthinteyum naipunyamaaya mindfulness parisheelanatthe roopappeduthunna sathyapathaana suthayil ninnullathaanu mattoru shupaarsha cheyyappedunna saankethikavidya. bodhavalkaranam vikasippikkunnathil, anaavashyamo asukhakaramo aaya ellah chinthakaleyum samvedanangaleyum kurichu bodhavaanmaaraayirikkaanum atharam chinthakalil thudarchayaayi sradhikkaanum oraalodu nirddeshikkunnu. oduvil, sheelathiloodeyum thurannukaattaliloodeyum atharam chinthakalude theevrathayum asukhavum aprathyakshamaakum. budhamatha grandhangal snehadaya, anukamba, sahaanubhoothiyulla santhosham, samathvam thudangiya nalla vikaarangalude pariseelanavum prothsaahippikkunnu.
asaadhaaranamaaya manahshaasthram.
buddhan rund tharatthilulla rogangal ("roga") thammil verthirichathayi paali kaanon rekhappeduthunnu shaareerika rogam ("kayiko roga"), maanasika rogam ("setaasikko roga"). athyagraham, vidvesham, ashayakkuzhappam ennivayude anarogyakaramaaya verukale (moonnu vishangal) adisthaanamaakkiyulla maanasika ashudhikal (kleshakal) moolamundaakunnathaanu maanasikarogamennu buddhan paranju. budhante veekshanakonil, maanasikarogam oru alavilulla kaaryamaan, aathyanthikamayi, unarnnirikkaatha ellaavarum oru ardhathil maanasikarogikalaan. paali canonile buddhan prasthaavikkunnathupole "oru nimisham polum maanasikarogathil ninnu mochanam nedaan kazhiyunna, aasavakal nasippikkappedunnavere maathram ozhikeyulla jeevikale lokathil kandethaan prayaasamaan."buddhan vivaricha mattoru koottam nishedhaathmaka gunangal sariyaaya maanasika valarchaye thadayunnuvennu parayappedunna anchu thadassangalaanu, avaa ivayaanu indriya aagraham, sathrutha, alasata, aswasthatha-shamikkanam, samshayam.
edvina piyoyude abhipraayathil, budhamatha grandhangal maanasikarogathe pradhaanamaayum maanasikarogamaayi kaanunnu (pradhaanamaayum "paaristhithika sammarddathilum anuchithamaya padanatthilum" veroonniyirikkunnu).
paali kaanon buddha sanyaasimaare (sanyasi gaagayude pratheekamaayi) innu maanasikarogam ennu vilikkappedunnathinte lakshanangalumayi vivarikkunnu. ummatta"-"manassil ninnu"-enna oraal sanyaasiyude achadakka niyamathinu (vinaya) virudhamaaya oru pravrithi buddhan mapp nalkaavunnathaanennu paranju. ithine bhraanthanmaarude avadhi ("ummattakasammuthi") ennu vilichirunnu, eee 'bhrant' sukhappeduthaano veendedukkaano kazhiyumennu grandhangal anumaanikkunnu, allengil kuranjathu oru shaashvathamaaya prathibhaasamaanenkilum, athinusesham, kuttasammatham nadathumbol, sanyasi orikkal koodi samgham vivekiyaayi kanakkakkunnu.
thangalude priyappettavarude nashtam moolam asaadhaaranamaaya perumaattam kaanikkunna saadhaaranakkaarude kathakalum undu. milindapanha polulla mattu budhamatha srothassukal pradhaanamaayum vyakthiparavum paaristhithikavumaaya saahacharyangalaanu bhrant srishtikkunnathenna sidhaanthathe prathidhwanikkunnu.
boudhika vaikalyam, apasmaram, madyapaanam, aathmahathya ennivayaanu aadyakaala srothassukal vivaricha mattu asaadhaarana perumattangal. vyakthiparamaaya bandhangal nashtappedunnathum shaareerika rogangalum polulla gadakangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla maanasika rogamaanu aathmahathyaykk kaaranamenn buddhagosa abhipraayappedunnu.
abhidamma manahshaasthram.
thripidakatthinte moonnaam bhagam (allengil "pidaka", aksharaarthatthil "kotta") "abhidamma" (paali; scutt) ennariyappedunnu. "abhidharma"). abhidamma kruthikal charitraparamaayi tippittakayude mattu rund shekharangalekkaal (bisi moonnaam noottaandum athinusheshavum) pilkkaalathaanu, koodaathe prathibhasa manahshaasthrathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. budhamatha abhidamma kruthikal manassine dharmmangal (paali dhammangal) ennu vilikkunna anubhavathinte praadhamika gadakangalaayi vishakalanam cheiyunnu. manushyaanubhavatthinte ellah pravaahangalum paraspara bandhangalum bandhangalum undaakkunna asaadhaarana gadakangalo "maanasika-bhauthika sambhavangalo" aanu dammakal. theravaada abhidhammathil naalu vibhaagathilulla dharmmangalund chittha ("avabodham"), sethasika ("maanasika gadakangal"), roopa ("shaareerika sambhavangal, bhauthika roopam"), nibbana ("nirtthal"). abhidamma grandhangal anubhavathinte saadhyamaaya ellah gadakangalum avaa thammilulla saadhyamaaya ellah bandhangalum pattikappeduthaanulla sramamaanu. abhidamma manasshaasthranjarude nettangalil vikaarangalude sidhaantham, vyakthithva tharangalude sidhaantham, dhaarmika perumaattatthinte manahshaasthram ennivayude rooparekha ulppedunnu.
wenn. budhamatha prasidheekarana sosaitti president bhikshu bodhi abhidhammayude sangraham iprakaaramaanu
budhamathavum manashaasthravum.
budhamathavum manashaasthravum sidhaanthathilum prayogatthilum parasparabandhithamaan. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal, parasparapravartthanathinte naalu izhakal vikasichu
manahshaasthram.
budhamathavum manashaasthravum thammilulla bandham aarambhichath paali paata samoohathile pandithanmaarude pravarthanathodeyaanu, avarude pradhana kruthi budhamatha paali kaanon vivarthanam cheiyukayaayirunnu. 1900ll indologist carolin eiii. eph. theravaada abhidhammayude aadya pusthakamaaya dhamma sanganiyude vivarthanam paali tekst sosaittiyiloode riz davids prasidheekarikkukayum "budhamatha dhaarmmikathayude maanuval" enna peril vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu. eee moulika kruthiyude aamukhathil, "aathmanishta prathibhaasangalude sankeernamaaya thudarcha" ("dhammangal") adisthaanamaakkiyulla buddha manassaasthra samvidaanathinte sankeernathayeyum avaye bandhippikkunna bandhangaleyum kaarana niyamangaleyum rais davids prashamsichu (rais davids, 1900, pp. xvi-xvii.). buddha manashaasthram paali saahithyathile manassinte vishakalanavum sidhaanthavum sambandhicha oru anweshanam" (1914), "indian manashaasthratthinte jananavum budhamathathile athinte vikasanavum" (1936) ennee avarude kooduthal prasidheekaranangal theliyikkunnathupole, budhamathatthinte manashaasthraparamaaya aabhimukhyam pathittaandukalaayi pinthudarunna oru prameyamaanu.
1903 desemberil harward sarvakalaashaalayile klaasukalil prabhashanam nadatthaan sreelangan budhamathiyaaya anagarika dharmapala american manasshaasthranjanaaya vilyam jaims kshanichappol kizhakkum padinjaarum thammilulla kaimaattatthile oru pradhana sambhavam sambhavichu. dharmapala budhamathathekkurichu prabhashanam nadatthiya sesham jaims abhiprayappettu, "ithaanu ippol muthal 25 varsham kazhinju ellaavarum padikkunna manahshaasthram."pilkkala pandithanmaraya david kalupahana (buddha manashaasthratthinte thathwangal, 1987), padmal dii silva (budhamathavum perumatta parishkaranavum, 1984), edvina pio, hubert benoit (senum parivartthanatthinte manashaasthravum, 1990) ennivar budhamathathekkurichum manashaasthrathekkurichu nerittu ezhuthukayum thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu. kenn wilber polulla transpersonal saikkolaji mekhalayile ezhuthukaar (mathaparamaya anubhavam, bodhatthinte marria avasthakal, samanamaaya vishayangal enniva kaikaaryam cheiyunna) budhamatha chinthayeyum parisheelanatheyum avarude kruthiyil samyojippichu.
1960kalilum 1970kalilum paashchaathya budhamatham athivegam valarnnu, prathyekichu amerikkayil. 1970kalil, orupakshe aadyathe mindelness adhishtitha chikilsayaaya roonn courts (1934-2011) nalkia hacomi therapy polulla "mindelness" upayogikkunna cycotherapic teknikkukal vikasippichu. joonn kabath-sinninte mindfulness adhishtitha stress reduction (emm. bii. ezz. aarr) valare swaadheenamulla oru vikasanamaayirunnu, ithu paashchaathya cognitive behavioural therapy parisheelanathilekku eee padam avatharippichu. kabath-sinninte vidyaarthikal syndell vii. segal, jeey. jii. maarkk cheyyuka. viliams joonn dii. teasdale pinneedu 1987-ll mindfulness adhishtitha cognitive therapy (emm. bii. tii. tii) vikasippichu. 2000-kalude thudakkathil vidyamaala burch avarude oorganaiseshan breath varkkukalum mindfulness adhishtitha vedana maanejment (emm. bii. pii. emm) vikasippichu.
budhamathathil ninnu uruthirinja mindfulness meditteshan, anukamba vikasanam (udha. joonn kabat-siin, danielle golman), budhamathathil ninnu uruthirinja dhyana reethikale samyojippikkunna saiko-therapic reethikal ennivayekkurichulla pravartthanangal. budhamathathinte veekshanakonil, jacq confield, taaraa bratch thudangiya vividha aadhunika budhamatha adhyaapakarkk manahshaasthrathil academic birudangalundu.
budhamatha dhyanam padikkaan aadhunika neuro saikolajiyude (iii. iii. jii, eph. emm. aarr. aii) upakaranangal prayogikkunnathum samyojanathinte oru mekhalayaanu. eee mekhalayile aadyathe vyakthikalil oraal neurologist jaims echu aayirunnu. seen aandu dhii braine" (1998) ezhuthiya austin. itharathilulla gaveshanathekkurichu padikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheytha mattullavaril richard davidson, bii. alaan valas, rick haansan (budhante masthishkam, 2009), soran josipovic. mindfulness meditteshante neural mekkaanisangalekkurichu saahithyathinte sameepakaala avalokanam eee pariseelanam "shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya aarogyathilum vaijnjaanika prakadanatthilum prayojanakaramaaya phalangal cheluthunnu" ennaal "adisthaana neural mekkaanisangal avyakthamaayi thudarunnu" ennu nigamanam cheiyunnu."
japanese manahshaasthram.
jappanil, inoo entyo (1858-1919) ezhuthiya "saikkolaji oof seen sect" (1893), "buddha manahshaasthram" (1897) ennee prasidheekaranangalil ninnu aarambhich thaarathamya chinthayude mattoru vasham vikasichu. 1920-ll, tomosada iridaani (1887-1957) seen practies kaikaaryam cheiyunna 43 perkku oru chodyavali nalki, ithu orupakshe senekkurichulla aadyathe anubhavaparamaya manahshaasthra padanamaayirunnu. cycotherapy mekhalayil, seen budhamatham swaadheenicha shoma moritta (1874-1938) aanu moritta therapy vikasippichath.
kizhakkan, padinjaaran (bruner, frome, jung ennivayude sambhaavanakalode) thammil thaarathamyaparamaaya manashaasthraparamaaya sambhashanam nalkuka enna lakshyathode 1957 ll koji saatto (1905-1971) "saikolajiya eiii internaashanal jenal oof saikkolaji inn dhii ooriyant" enna jenalinte prasidheekaranam aarambhichu. 1960kalil, seen dhyaanakkaarude thalachorine nireekshikkaan kasaatsuvum hirayiyum electroencephalography upayogichu. ithu vividha laborattarikalil japanese vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam nadatthiya saikyatri, physiology, saikkolaji oof seen ennivayekkurichulla vividha padanangal prolsaahippikkunnathil nayichu. eee mekhalayile mattoru pradhana gaveshakanaaya propha. senninte ulkkazhchakal padikkuka mathramalla, avaa manashaasthraparamaaya parisheelanatthe ariyikkukayum venam enna ashayam yoshiharu akishige seen saikolaji prothsaahippichu. japanese manasshaasthranjaraaya akira oonda, osaamu ando ennivarude pravartthanatthode eee mekhalayile gaveshanam thudarunnu.
jappanil, ishin yoshimoto (1916-1988) vikasippichedutha jodo shinshu budhamatha aathmaparisodhanayil ninnu budhamathathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru janapriya psychotherapy naikkan therapy. thiruthal sthaapanangalilum vidyaabhyaasathilum madyathe ashrayikkunnathinum svayam vikasanam thedunna vyakthikalilum naikkan therapy upayogikkunnu.
budhamathavum manahshaasthra vishakalanavum.
budhamathathinu manashaasthraparamaaya sidhaanthavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna chila kaazhchappaadukalund. abodhaavasthayilulla manassinekkurichum abodhaavasthayilulla chinta prakriyakalekkurichum ulla oru kaazhchappaad, anarogyakaramaaya abodhaavasthayilulla sakthikal manushyarude kashtappaadukalkk kaaranamaakunnu enna kaazhchappaad, froid "thulyamaayi suspended cheytha shradha" ennu vilikkunnathulppede vividha sanbradaayangaliloode eee chinta prakriyakalekkurichu oraalkk ulkkaazhcha nedaanaakum enna ashayam enniva ithil ulppedunnu."dii. polulla vividha adhyapakar, clinisianmaar, ezhuthukaar.tii. suzuki, kaal jung, erichu frome, alaan whats, taaraa bratch, jacq confield, shaaron salsberg ennivar maanasika-vishakalanatheyum budhamathatheyum samyojippikkaanum samyojippikkaanum sramichittundu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil manashaasthranjarum budhamatha pandithanmaarum thammilulla sahakaranathe britiish baaristtar chrismus humphries paraamarshichatha "innu paashchaathya manassil pravartthikkunna ettavum sakthamaaya rund sakthikal thammilulla koodikkaazhcha ennaanu."
dii.tii. suzukiyude swaadheenam.
padinjaaran rajyangalil budhamathatthinte vyaapanathil ettavum pradhanappetta swaadheenam cheluthiyavaril oraalaayirunnu seen scholar dii.tii. suzuki. saiko analystukalaaya kaal jung, karen horney, eric frome ennivarumaayi addeham sahakarichu.
1948ll aadyamaayi orumichu prasidheekaricha suzukiyude "seen budhamathathilekkulla aamukham" enna pusthakatthinte aamukham kaal jung ezhuthi. addehathinte aamukhathil, seen pariseelakarkk "samboornnathayilekkulla samaanathakalillaatha parivartthanam" enna nilayil "satori" yude prabudhathaanubhavam jung eduthukaanikkunnu. boudhikathayude kanniloode "satori" manassilakkaanulla manasshaasthranjante aparyapthatha amgeekarikkumbol, aathmaparivarthanathekkur avarude pankitta lakshyam kaaranam "nammude samskaarathinullile eaka prasthaanam, bhagikamaayum bhagikamaayum undaayirikkanam, eee abhilaashangalekkurichu (atharam prabudhathaykkaayi) kurachu dhaarana psychotherapy."
janginteyum suzukiyudeyum sahakaranatheyum mattullavarude sramangaleyum paraamarshichukondu, maanavika thathwachinthakanum manasshaasthranjanumaaya erichu frome abhiprayappettu "manasshaasthranjarkkidayil seen budhamathathil avyakthavum vardhichuvarunnathumaaya thaalpparyamund". seen paryavekshanam cheytha swaadheenamulla oru manasshaasthranjan carren horneyanu, 1952 ll suzuki kaanaan jappanilekku pookukayum avarude kakshikale "seen polulla eakaagrathayodum attaachmentodum" kelkkaan sahapravarthakare upadeshikkukayum cheythu.
meksikkoyile curnavakkayil 1957ll "seen budhamathavum manahshaasthra vishakalanavum" enna vishayathekkurichulla oru silpashaalayil suzuki fromes mattu manashaasthranjarum sahakarichu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, mikka cycotherapic rogikalum avarude saamoohika pravartthanatthe thadassappeduthunna medical polulla lakshanagal kaaranam chikitsa thediyathaayi frome vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, noottaandinte madhyathode, bhooribhaagam maanasika vishakalana rogikalkkum prathyakshamaaya lakshanagal illaayirunnu, avar nannayi pravartthikkukayum pakaram "aantharika maranavum" "thannil ninnulla anyavalkkaranavum" anubhavikkukayum cheythu.
soosukiye vishaalamaayi vyaakhyaanikkumbol, frome thudarunnu
budhamatha manashaasthraparamaaya vishakalana sambhaashanavum samyojanavum.
maarkk epsteen, nina coultart, jacq engler, axel hoffer, jeremi dii thudangiya cycatristukalude pravartthanatthode budhamathavum manahshaasthra vishakalanavum thammilulla sambhashanam thudarunnu. safran, david brassier, jephri bii. rubin.
lunden clinic oof psychonalysisinte director navaa-froidian budhamathakkaariyumaayirunnu nina coultart (1927-1997). manahshaasthra vishakalanathilum budhamathathilum sambhavikkunna svayam parivartthanatthil vyathyasthamaaya samaanathakalundennu avar sidhaanthichu. budhamathathinteyum manahshaasthra vishakalanathinteyum parisheelanatthil "parasparam shakthippeduthukayum vyakthamaakkukayum" cheiyunnuvennu avar vishwasichu (coultart, "manahshaasthra vishakalanathinteyum budhamathathinteyum pariseelanam").
ajaan chayude keezhil thaaylandil budhamatham abhyasicha oru american cycatristaanu maarkk epsteen, athinusesham manahshaasthra vishakalanatheyum budhamathatheyum kurichu niravadhi pusthakangal ezhuthiyittundu ("chinthakanillaatha chinthakal" 1995, "svayam illaathe cycotherapy", 2008). donald vinnikottu yadhaartha athmaavineyum vyaja athmaavineyum kurichulla thante sidhaanthathil vivarichathupole epsteen budhamathathile naalu mahathaaya sathyangale "praadhamika narsisism" maayi bandhappeduthunnu. nammude naarsistik aathmaabhimaanam nammude jeevithathil apamaanikkappedaanulla anivaaryathaye aadya sathyam eduthukaanikkunnu. randaamathe sathyam atharam apamaanathe anivaryamaakkunna aadima daahathekkurichu samsaarikkunnu. moonnaamathe sathyam oru yaadhaarthyabodhamulla svayam-chithram vikasippichukondu mochanam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, naalaamathe sathyam athu nedunnathinulla marggangal vishadeekarikkunnu.
jephri bii. psychotherapy budhamathavum, oru samyojanathilekku" (1996) eee rund sanbradaayangaludeyum samyojanathekkurichum rubin ezhuthiyittundu. eee grandhatthil, budhamatha aashayamaaya prabudhathaye addeham vimarshikkunnath manassinte samboornna shudheekaranamenna nilayilaann "manahshaasthra vishakalana veekshanakonil ninnu, oru sthiravum samgharsharahithavumaaya golam-oru maanasika" surakshithamaaya idam "-samgharshathinteyum avasthayudeyum vyathiyaanangalkk purame manass swaartha thalpparyam, swaarthatha, bhayam, kaamam, athyagraham, kashtatha enniva polulla vikaraparamaaya jeevithathinte vividha vashangalil ninnu prathirodhikkunnu. samgharshavum kashtappaadukalum manushyajeevithathinte anivaryamaaya vashangalayi thonnunnathinaal, prabudhathayude aadarsham asymptotic aayirikkam, athaayath athicheraanaavaatha aadarsham."american budhamatha adhyaapakarude azhimathikaleyum durupayogangaleyum addeham udaaharanamaayi choondikkaanikkunnu. oru budhamatha dhyaanakkaarante manashaasthraparamaaya chikithsayekkurichulla oru cases padanavum rubin roopappeduthunnu, koodaathe dhyanam manahshaasthra vishakalana vidagdhar valia thothil avaganikkukayum vilakuraykkukayum cheythittundennu rekhappeduthunnu. budhamatha dhyaanathinu oru vishakalana vidagthante shradhaykkulla sheshi mechappeduthunnathiloodu manashaasthraparamaaya shravana parisheelanathinu oru pradhana sambhavana nalkaan kazhiyumennu addeham vaadikkukayum manahshaasthra vishakalana vidagtharkku dhyanam shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
manasshaasthranjarudeyum buddha pandithanaaya andrew olendskyudeyum niravadhi lekhanangal shekharikkunna "froid aandu dhaa buddha" enna pusthakatthinte edittar enna nilayil axel hoffer eee mekhalaykku sambhavana nalkiyittundu. budhamatha veekshanakonil ninnu adisthaanamaakkiyulla rund samvidaanangal thammilulla oru pradhana prasnamaaya froidian pariseelanamaaya swatantra sahavasam olendsky roopappeduthunnu "anubhavathil undaakunna ellah kaaryangaleyum nirantharam oru vivaranam nalkaanulla manassinte prathifalippikkunna pravanatha thanne nammude kashtappaadukalude bhooribhaagathinum kaaranamaan, koodaathe indriya inputtinte oro daattavum ardhavathaaya oru aathmaavinte macro-nirmmaanatthilekku mapp cheiyunnathil ninnu dhyanam oru unmeshadaayakamaaya abhayam nalkunnu."budhamathakkaarane sambandhichidatholam, bhashaaparamaaya aakhyaanathil manashaasthraparamaaya shradha namme udanadi anubhavathil ninnu vyathichalippikkunnuve olendsky vaadikkunnu.
david brassier.
psychotherapy budhamathavum (seen therapy, 1995) samyojippikkunna oru psychotherapistaanu david brassier. eee sathyangalekkurich oru puthiya ulkkaazhcha nalkunna naalu mahathaaya sathyangalude paali padangalude saadhyamaaya vividha vivarthanangalilekku brassier viral choondunnu. samudra", "nirodha" ennivayude parambaraagatha vivarthanangal "uthbhavam", "avasaanippikkal" ennivayaanu. dukha" enna vaakkinte "kashtatha" enna paribhaashayodoppam, ithu kashtappaadinekkurichulla oru kaaranaparamaaya vishadeekaranathinum kashtappaadukal poornnamaayum avasaanippikkaan kazhiyumenna daaranaykkum kaaranamaakunnu. david brassier nalkia vivarthanam naalu mahathaaya sathyangalkk vyathyasthamaaya vyaakhyaanam nalkunnu. 
eee vivarthanathil, "samudra" ennaal jeevithathil antharleenamaaya aswasthatha jeevithathinte sambhavam vyathyasthamaakanamenna aagrahathodoppam uyarnnuvarunnu ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. nirodha" enna vaakkinte vivarthanam ardhamaakkunnathu eee aagraham oru swaabhaavika prathikaranamaanu, athu poornnamaayum ozhivaakkaano avasaanippikkaano kazhiyilla, pakshe parimithappedutthaam, athu namukk swaathanthryam nalkunnu ennaanu.
gestaalt therapy.
fritts pails srishticha sameepanamaaya gestaalt therapy, prathibhasam, asthithvavaadam, seen budhamatham, thavoism ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. japanese seen ashramangalil kurachu samayam chelavazhicha pelsinte chikitsa saankethikavidyakalil mindfulness pariseelanangalum varthamaanakaalathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathum ulppedunnu. ahankaaram, vishapp, aakramanathmakatha" (1969) ennivayil pails thanne vivaricha "bhakshanathil shradha kendreekarikkuka" ("naam kazhikkunnu enna vasthuthayekkurichu naam poornnamaayum arinjirikkanam"), "avabodham thudarunnathu" enniva budhamatha bodhapoorvamaaya parisheelanathinu samaanamaan. gestaalt therapy mattu ezhuthukaar, baari steevans (theraappist), dick prais (budhamatha dhyanam ulppeduthi gestaalt pariseelanam vikasippicheduthavar) ennivaraanu.
krokerude abhipraayathil, gestaalttinte oru pradhana buddha ghadakam "oru vyakthi eee nimishatthilullathu thanikk velippeduthaan anuvadikkunnu, athil ninnu sweekarikkunnathil ninnu 'manassillathe' prathikarikkunnu" ennathaanu.
aduthide, gestaalt, tibattan budhamatham ennivayekkurichu cladio naranjo ezhuthiyittundu.
asthithvaparavum maanavikavumaya manahshaasthram.
budhamatha daarmmikathayudeyum manashaasthrathinteyum kendramaaya aashayangalaaya vyakthiparamaaya utharavaadithathinteyum thiranjeduppinulla swaathanthryathinteyum praadhaanyam oonnipparayunnu.
poornnamaayum pravartthikkunna vyakthi' (kaal roggers), svayam yaadhaarthyamaakkal (maslo) enniva vikasippikkunnathil maanavika manashaasthratthinte shradha aathyanthika manushya lakshyamenna nilayil svayam vikasanathekurichulla budhamatha manobhaavathinu samaanamaan. vyakthi kendreekritha chikitsa enna ashayathe budhamatha kazhchappaadumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaam, aaa vyakthi aathyanthikamayi avarude swantham vikasanathinu utharavaadiyaanu, oru budhamatha adhyaapakan oru vazhikaatti maathramaan, rogikk "svayam oru velicham" aakaan kazhiyum.
kaal rogezhsinte "nirupaadhikamaaya positteev bahumanam" enna ashayavum sahaanubhoothiyude praadhaanyathekkurichu addehathinte oonnalum budhamatha aashayangalaaya anukambayumaayi (karuna) thaarathamyam cheyyappettittund.
vyakthi kendreekritha cycotherapy pariseelikkaan sahayikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi mindfulness meditteshan kaanapedunnu. vyakthi kendreekritha theraappist manuu bassano ezhuthiyittundu, "pathiv dhyana pariseelanam yojip sahanubhoothiyum nirupaadhikamaaya nalla bahumaanavum nalkaan enne sahaayichuvenn vyakthamaayi."pinneedu addeham dhyanam abhyasicha mattu vyakthi kendreekritha theraappistukalumaayi abhimukham nadathukayum athu avarude sahanubhooti, nyaayabodhamillaatha thuranna manass, avarude edapaadukaarumaayulla bandhatthinte gunanilavaaram enniva vardhippikkunnuvennu kandethukayum cheythu.
marshell rosenberginte ahimsaathmaka ashayavinimayavum sariyaaya samsaarathinte buddha ashayangalum thammil oru thaarathamyam nadathiyittundu, sidhaanthathilum praayogikamaayum buddha aadarshangal prakadippikkunnathilum.
dukhakaramaaya jeevithabodham" enna budhamatha aashayathinte vyathyasthamaaya oru aavishkaarathil maathram asthithvaparamaaya manashaasthratthinte shradha kendreekarikkunnathaayi padmasiri dii silva kaanunnu. manushyaavasthayodulla prathikaranamenna nilayil uthkanda allengil bhayam enna asthithvaparamaaya ashayavum bhayatheyum nirashayeyum kurichulla budhamatha vishakalanavumayi prathidhwanikkunnu. buddhasanyasi naanaveerathera thante "dhammathekkurichulla kurippukal" yude aamukhathil, budhante vishakalanam aarambikkunna uthkandayude vikaarangalekkurichum asthithvathinte swabhaavathekkurichum chodyangal chodikkumbol, asthithwa thathwachinthakarude kruthikal budhagrandhangale sameepikkaan oru maargam nalkiyathaayi ezhuthi. budhante sandesham manassilakkiyavar asthithvavaadikalkkappuram pooyittundennum avarude chodyangal saadhuvaayi kaanunnillennum nanaveera parayunnu. edward koonse budhamathakkaarum asthithvavaadikalum thammilulla samaantharathaye praadhamikamaayi maathrame kaanoo "naalu sathyangalude kaaryatthil, asthithvavaadikalkku aadyathethu maathrameyulloo, athu ellaam rogamaanennu padippikkunnu. rogathinte uthbhavam kothikk nalkunna randaamathethil avarkk valare apoornnamaaya oru dhaarana maathrameyulloo. moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum kaaryangalil avaa kettitilla... oru maargavum ariyaathe avar swantham durithangalude nirmmaathaakkalaanu."
positteev saikkolaji.
manushyante kshemam mechappeduthukayenna lakshyathode positteev vikaarangalum vyakthiparamaaya shakthikalum sadgunangalum vikasippikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunna positteev saikolajiyude valarunna mekhala budhamathavumaayi pankidunnu. shaashvathamaaya santhosham thedi shanikamaaya aanandangalum nettangalum pinthudarunna "hedonic treadmill" ennathinte vyarthathayeyum positteev saikkolaji vivarikkunnu. ithe parisramamaanu manushyante asanthushtiyude moolamennu budhamatham karuthunnu.
budhamatha ashayavum dhyaanatthinte pariseelanavum rick haansan ("budhante masthishkam", 2009), tii. thudangiya manasshaasthranjar sweekarichittundu.bii. kashdan & jeey. siarochi ("mindfulness, acteption, aandu positteev saikkolaji", 2013), ittaay iveson ("mindfulness inn positteev saikkolaji", 2016). kirk dablyu. braun aandu richard emm. pensylvania sarvakalaashaalayile rayan swabhaavaparamaaya bodhavalkaranam alakkunnathinayi 15-inam "shradhaapoorvamaaya shradha bodhavalkarana skeyil" vikasippicheduthittundu.
mihali sixentmihali padicha ozhukk enna ashayathe samadhi, mindfulness thudangiya budhamatha dhyaanaavasthakalumaayi thaarathamyam cheythittundu. enthengilum nedumbol shradhikkuka" ennaanu ronald seagal ozhukkine visheshippikkunnathu."ennirunnaalum, nobo komagattayum sachico komagattayum" "ozhukk" "enna ashayathe oru prathyeka bodhavalkarana kesai visheshippikkunnathil vimarshikkunnu, bandham kooduthal sankeernamaanennu shradhikkunnu". seen budhamathathinu mushin (<unk>, manass illa) enna oru aashayamund, athu ozhukkinu samaanamaan.
christopher keey. harward medical skoolile manashaasthratthile klinikkal instructor instittyoott phoor meditteshan aandu cycotherapy sthaapaka amgavumaaya jermer prasthaavichu "maanasikarogathekkaal manushyante abhivridhiyil shradha kendreekarikkunna positteev psychology budhamathathil ninnu dhaaraalam padikkunnu, prathyekichu bodhavalkkaranathinum anukambaykkum engane kshemam vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. kazhinja rund sahasraabdangalaayi ithu budhamathathinte mekhalayaanu, njangal oru shaasthreeya veekshanam cherkkukayaanu."
martin seligman buddhasanyasi tanissaro bhikshuvum positteev saikolajiyude chattakkood dhaarmmikamaayi nishpakshamaanennu choondikkaanichittundu, athinaal aaa chattakkoodinullil, ningalkk vadikkam "oru seeriyal killer manoharamaaya jeevitam nayikkunnu, oru vidagdha maphia adikkunna manushyan nalla jeevitam nayikkunnu, oru mathabhranth niranja theevravaadikal ardhavathaaya jeevitam nayikkunnu."positteev saikkolaji nalla jeevithathinte dhaarmika maanangalum parishodhikkanamenn tanissaro vaadikkunnu. phloo stetsinte udaaharanathekkurichu addeham ezhuthunnu
haanikaramallaatha, audaaryam, dhaarmika niyanthranam, nalla ichhaashakthi, bodhavalkaranam, eakaagratha, vivekam thudangiya budhamatha gunangal santhoshathinu kooduthal prerakamaanennu tansaro vaadikkunnu.
naropa sarvakalashaala.
1975-ll thante 'glimpses oof dhaa abhidharma' enna pusthakatthinte aamukhathil chogyam trungpa rinpoche ezhuthi
anchu samuchayangalude" buddha ashayangal upayogichu oru samvedanam bodhavanakunna nanosecond prathibhasa kramatthe trungpa rinpocheyude pusthakam vivarikkunnu.
1974ll trungpa rinpoche ippol naropa sarvakalashaala ennu vilikkunna naropa instittyoott sthaapichu. 1975 muthal eee amgeekritha sarvakalashaala "chinta manahshaasthrathil" birudangal vaagdaanam cheythittundu.
mind aandu life instittyoott.
1987 muthal oro rund varshathilum dalaay laama budhamathakkaarudeyum shaasthranjarudeyum "manasse jeevithavum" othucheralukal vilichittundu. 2000 maarchil oru manasse jeevithavum prathifalippichukondu manasshaasthranjanaaya danielle golman parayunnu 
klinikkal krameekaranangalil budhamatha saankethikavidyakal.
oru sahasraabdathilereyaayi, lokamembaadum, budhamatha sanbradaayangal budhamathamallaatha lakshyangalkkayi upayogikkunnu. aduthide, klinikkal psychologistukalum sidhaanthajnjarum gaveshakarum budhamatha sanbradaayangale vyapakamaaya aupachaarikamaaya psychotherapykalil ulppeduthiyittundu. budhamatha bodhapoorvamaaya reethikal palatharam manashaasthraparamaaya chikilsakalil vyakthamaayi ulppeduthiyittundu. kooduthal prathyakshamaayi, vaijnjaanika punasamghadanayumaayi bandhapetta manahshaasthra chikilsakal vyakthiparamaaya kashtappadukalkkulla purathana budhamatha marumarunninoppam adisthaana thathwangal pankidunnu.
bodhapoorvamaaya pariseelanangal.
psychotherapy upayogichirikkunna rund tharam dhyana saankethikavidyakal thammil frome verthirikkunnu
frome randaamathethumaayi bandhapetta saankethikavidyakal budhamatha bodhapoorvamaaya reethikalumaayi attribute cheiyunnu.
budhamatha bodhavalkarana saankethikavidyakal upayogikkunna rund janapriya chikitsa reethikal joonn kabath-sinninte mindfulness adhishtitha sammarda kuraykkal (emm. bii. ezz. aarr), marsha emm ennivayaanu. linehante dilectical behavioural therapy (dbt). mindfulness upayogikkunna mattu pramukha chikilsakalil steevan sii ulppedunnu. britiish saikyaatristum seen budhist clive sherlock 1978 ll sthaapichathum emm. bii. ezz. aarr adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaya mindfulness adhishtitha cognitive therapy (emm. bii. tii. tii) (segal "thudangiyava") adisthaanamaakkiyulla adaptation practies aaya hayes 'acteption aandu kammittment therapy (act).2002).
mindfulness based stress reduction (emm. bii. ezz. aarr).
masaachyusets medical sentar sarvakalaashaalayile naalaayirathiladhikam rogikalumaayi patthu varsha kaalayalavil ettu aazhchathe emm. bii. ezz. aarr prograam kabath-siin vikasippichu. emm. bii. ezz. aarr. prograam vivarichukondu kabat-siin ezhuthunnu
orikkal seen practitioneraaya kabat-sinninte abhipraayathil,
kabath-siin emm. bii. ezz. aarr. prograaminekkurichum athinte shaasthreeya aditharayeyum athinte klinikkal falapraapthiyude thelivukaleyum, 2013 ll parishkarikkukayum veendum prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha thante 1990 leeii pusthakamaaya "phul disastrophe leaving" ll vivarikkunnu.
bodhavalkkaranathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vedana maanejment.
vittumaaraatha vedana rogavum ulla aalukalkk prathyeka aaplikkeshanukal nalkunna oru mindelness adhishtitha edapedalaanu (emm. bii. pii. emm) mindelness adhishtitha vedana maanejment (emm. mindfulness adhishtitha stress reduction (emm. bii. ezz. aarr), mindfulness adhishtitha cognitive therapy (emm. bii. tii. tii) ennivayude pradhana ashayangalum sanbradaayangalum sweekarikkunnathiloode, emm. bii. pii. emmil 'snehadaya' parisheelanathinu savisheshamaaya oonnal nalkunnu, koodaathe budhamathathinullile athinte yadhaartha dhaarmika chattakkoodil ninnu mindfulness adhyaapanathe neekkam cheiyunnathinekkurichu aashankakalodu sensitiivu aayi kaanapedunnu. vidyaamaala burch vikasippichedutha ithu breath varkkukalude paripaadikaliloode vitharanam cheiyunnu. athinte falaprapti theliyikkunna niravadhi klinikkal padanangalkku vidheyamaan.
dilectical behavioural therapy (dbt).
dbtyekurichu ezhuthumbol seen praakteeshanar leinhan parayunnu 
athupole, leinhan ezhuthunnu 
niyantritha klinikkal padanangal borderline pezhsanaalitti desorder ullavaril dbtyude falaprapti theliyichittundu.
sweekaaryathayum prathibaddhatha chikitsa (niyamam).
budhamathathil ninnu eee pravartthanam vyakthamaayi uyarnnuvannillenkilum athinte ashayangal palappozhum budhamatha, nigooda paarambaryangalil ninnulla samanthara aashayangalaanu. manashaasthraparamaaya vazhakkam srishtikkunnathinu sweekaaryathayum bodhavalkarana prakriyakalum prathibaddhathayum perumattaparamaaya sajeevamaakkal prakriyakalum" upayogikkunna oru reethiyaayaanu aaktine athinte thudakkakkar nirvachichirikkunnathu."
pravrithiyile bodhavalkaranam manashaasthraparamaaya vazhakkam maathrkayude naalu vashangalude samyojanamaayi nirvachikkappedunnu, ithu pravrithiyude prayoga sidhaanthamaanu 
adisthaana thalatthil pravartthikkunna bashayeyum vijnjaanatheyum kurichulla gaveshana paripaadiyaaya relational frame sidhaanthathil ninnaan pravartthanatthile mindfulnasinte eee naalu vashangal uthbhavikkunnathenn vaadikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, "svayam sandarbham" ennathu aii/yuu, allengil ivide/avide polulla nirbandhithamaaya vaakkalulla bandhangalil ninnu uyarnnuvarumennu vaadikkunnu, ithu kaazhchappaad edukkaanulla kazhivukalum mattullavarumayulla paraspara bandhavum sthaapikkaan sahaayikkumenn aarr. eph. tii laborattarikal theliyichittundu.
mikka act svayam sahaaya pusthakangalum (udha.jii.), koodaathe niravadhi pareekshicha aakt protocolukal aupachaarikamaaya chinta pariseelana kazhivukal padippikkunnu, ennaal mindfulnasinte eee nirvachanam anusarichu, vaakk aavarthanam (budhimuttulla chintha edukkuka, orotta vaakkilekk vaattiyedukkuka, 30 second uchathil aavarthikkuka) polulla defusion kazhivukalum mindfulness reethikalaayi kaanapedunnu.
adaptation practies.
parambaraagatha rinsai school oof senil pariseelanam nediya britiish cycatrist clive sherlock, 1977 ll seen dainamdina jeevita parisheelanathinteyum dhyaanathinteyum aazhathilulla bodhavalkarana/avabodha parisheelanatthe adisthaanamaakki, mindfulnasinte aditharayaaya adaptation practies vikasippichu. vishaadam, uthkanda, kopam, sammarddam, mattu vaikaarika prasnangal ennivayil ninnu deerghakaala aashvaasam labhikkunnathin adaptation practies upayogikkunnu.
asthithvaparamaaya chikitsa.
asthithvavaadathinte daarshanika vidyaalayathil ninnu uthbhavicha asthithvachikithsa manushyarude adisthaana swabhaavam parishkarikkaan shramikkunnu. chikitsa aarambhikkunnathin munbu avar aadyam inipparayunna chodyam chodikkunnu manushyanayirikkuka ennathinte ardhamenthaanu? ithu mattu chikitsa saankethikavidyakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya asthithvachikitsaye srishtikkunnu, ithu nirddishta saankethikavidyakalkku kooduthal oonnal nalkukayum vishayathekkurichulla avayude falapraapthiyekkurichu parimithamaaya vimarsanaathmaka vilayiruthal nadathukayum cheiyunnu. 
ithu psychotherapy budhamatham vahikkunna pankilekku velicham veeshunnu. pii. budhamatha manahshaasthram "therapy adhishtithamaanu" ennu dii silva karuthunnu, kaaranam ithu nammude maanasika aarogyathinum kashtappadukalkkum oru vishadeekaranam nalkuka mathramalla, avarkk phalapradamaaya chikitsa nalkunnu. udaaharanathinu, budhamatham nammude uthkanda, vishaadam, athyaagrahathil ninnum veruppil ninnum undaakunna maanasikarogatthinte mattu lakshanagal enniva nirnnayikkukayum, athesamayam ettu madangu paatha sweekarikkukayum shantiyum ulkkazhchayum vikasippikkukayum cheythukondu, dhyana reethikaliloode avare chikilsikkaan namme prolsaahippikkukayum cheythekkaam.  koodaathe, ezz. enn. 183-leeii dhammapadatthil vishadeekarichathupole budhante padippikkal ettedukkunnathinte aathyanthika lakshyam manassine shudheekarikkuka ennathaanu anarogyakaramaaya pravrithikalil ninnu vittunilkkuka. 
aarogyakaramaya pravrithikal cheyyuka; 
ningalude manassine shudheekarikkuka -  
ithaanu budhanmaarude padippikkal. anganeyaanengil, budhante padippikkal parisheelikkunnathiloode maanasikarogatthinte lakshanagal palappozhum parokshamaayi chikilsikkappedunnum, eee lakshyangal valare churukkam maathramaanennum parisheelanatthinte pradhana kendramallennum oraal manassilakkum. 
vaijnjaanika punasamghadana.
doow. cognitive-behavioural therapy (cbt) muthachan" aayi kanakkaakkappedunna albert ellis ezhuthiyittundu
oru udaaharanam nalkumbol, budhamatham kopatheyum durudheshyatheyum athmeeya vikasanathinulla adisthaana thadassangalaayi thirichariyunnu (udaaharanathinu, anchu thadassangal, patthu changalakal, "kilesakal" enniva kaanuka). kopatthinulla oru saadhaarana budhavivechanam snehamullah chinthakalude sajeevamaaya dhyaanamaan (udaaharanathinu, "metta" kaanuka). ithu "vaikaarika pariseelanam" ennariyappedunna oru cbt saankethikavidya upayogikkunnathinu samaanamaan, ithu ellis inipparayunna reethiyil vivarikkunnu 
budhamatha paarambaryavaadikalude prathikaranam.
budhamathathe manashaasthratthinte kanniloode veekshikkaanulla sramangal budhante vimochana sandeshathe kuraykkunnuvennu chila parambaraagatha budhamatha pariseelakar aashanka prakadippichittundu.
budhante padippikkalukale manashaasthratthinte kaazhchappaadiloode vyaakhyaanichukondu samyojippikkaanulla sramam "budhamatha padippikkalukalude swabhaavathekkurichum eee padippikkalukale valachodikkaanum durbalappeduthaanumulla sannadhathayekkurichum vardhichuvarunna aashayakkuzhappathilekk" nayichuvennu patrick keerni ezhuthiyittundu. chila budhamathakkaarkku manashaasthraparamaaya saankethikavidyakal aavasyamaanennu karuthiyathin jacq konfeeldineyum maarkk epstaineyum addeham vimarshikkunnu, koodaathe njaanodayam saadhyamallenn ezhuthaan jephri rubin. keerni ezhuthunnu
europian romantisisavum protestant kristhumathavum polulla verukalil ninnu uruthirinja vyathyastha moolyangalum lakshyangalumulla manashaasthratthiloode budhamathathinte vyaakhyaanathe american theravaada sanyasi tanissaro bhikshuvum vimarshichu. romaantik/humanistic psychology" aadyakaala budhamathavum thammilulla vishalamaaya samaanathakalum addeham thirichariyunnu anubhavaparavum praayogikavum chikilsaaparavumaaya sameepanathodukoodiya manushya (daivathinethireyulla) edapedalilulla vishwaasangal. jarmman romaantik kaalaghattatthile thathwachinthakanaaya immaanuval kaantil ninnu american manasshaasthranjanum thathwachinthakanumaaya vilyam jaims, jung, humanistic psychologist abraham maslo ennivayiloode aadhunika athmeeya aadarshangalude verukal tanissaro bhiku kandethunnu. budhamathathinu anyamaaya oru aashayamaaya 'bhinnicha aathmaavine' sukhappeduthuka enna aashayathil kendreekarichaanu avarude kaazhchappaad tanissaro kaanunnath. romaantik/humanistic psychology budhamathavum thammil adisthaana vyathyaasangalundenn tanissaro vaadikkunnu. iva aduthulla pattikayil samgrahichirikkunnu. budhante sandeshathil romaantik/maanavika lakshyangal adichelppikkunnavere "buddha pranayikal" ennaanu tanissaro parokshamaayi kanakkaakkunnath.
budhamatha aadhunikathaye vivarikkumbol ithe samanathakal david mcmahan thiricharinjittundu.
aadhunika jeevithathinte vyapakamaaya anyavalkkaranavum saamoohika vighadanavum amgeekarichukondu tanissaro bhikshu ezhuthunnu
mattoru theravaada sanyasiyaaya bhikshu bodhiyum chila budhamatha padippikkalukal manashaasthraparavum maanavikavumaya kaazhchappaadukalumaayi samyojippichirikkunnath aadhikaarikamaaya budhamathamaanennu vimarshichu. nirvaanathil shradha kendreekarikkunna budhante vimochanavum samoolavumaaya sandeshathinte satha nashtappedaanulla apakadamaanithaa
janapriya manashaasthravum aathmeeyathayum.
mukhyadharaa adhyaapakarum janakeeyarum.
1961ll thathwachinthakanum professorumaaya alan whats ezhuthi
vaattsinte aadyakaala nireekshanangalum samgeethangalum muthal, confield (1993), joseph goldstein, taaraa bratch, epstain (1995), naath hahn (1998) ennivayulppede budhamatha dhyaanathe manashaasthravumaayi samyojippikkunnathin samakaalika janakeeyavalkkaranathinu mattu niravadhi pradhana sambhavanakal undaayittund.
baahya linkukal.
psychotherapy budhamathavum.
kohut
vinnikottu
bhande kovida

