
gronda lagunare

venis thadaakatthinte pradhana theerathulla vistheernnam soochippikkaan upayogikkunna oru padamaanu gronda lagunare (lagunar eevs). pradhana bhoopradeshathe drainage besinil ninnu thadaakathilekku ozhukunna nadikalil ninnum aruvikalil ninnum vellam labhikkunnu enna vasthuthayil ninnaan eee padam uruthirinjathu. kadalil ninnulla veliyetta pravaahangaliloodeyum ivide athicheraam. thuranna thadaakathinum pradhana bhoopradeshathinum idayil oru parivartthana mekhala roopappeduthunna oru belttaan ithu.
nadikalileyum kadal lavanajalathileyum shudhajalathinte ozhukkinumidayilullathil, swaabhaavika avasthayil shudhajala thanneerthadangal, bayne (uppuvellam), velme (mudd flaattukal), lagunar chaanalukal ennivayulla oru pradeshamaayirikkum ithu, ithu oru nischitha athirthi roopappeduthunnathinupar pradhana bhoopradeshathinum thuranna thadaakathinum idayil oru parivartthana beltt roopeekarikkunnu, thadaakatthinte hydrodynamic shakthikaludeyum avayude hydrodynamic santhulithaavasthayudeyum paraspara bandhathinu anusrithamaayi athinte ghadana maarunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee sankeernamaaya jalashasthraparavum paaristhithikavumaaya samvidaanam prakrithidathavum prathyekichu manushyanirmmithavumaya naadakeeyamaaya maattangalkk vidheyamaayi, oru parivartthana mekhala enna nilayil athinte swabhaavam nashtappettu.
thadaakathinteyum gronda thadaakathinteyum jalashasthraparamaaya savisheshathakal.
vadakkottum thadaakatthinte vashangaliloodeyum cheruthaayi charinjirikkunna oru jalanirappaan drainage basin, ithu aalpsile dolomite shreniyil ninno samathalathile purathekkulla neeruravakalil ninno varunna jalapaathakale ozhukunnu. thadaakathilekkum aduthulla kadaltheerangalilekkum. eee jalapaathakalile vellavum avaa vahikkunna avashishtangalum gronda lagunarinu labhikkunnu. eee jalapaathakalude mukhathu shudhajala thanneerthadangalude pradeshangalundu. thadaakatthinte thekk theeradesha theerapradeshathe ulkkadalukalil ninnu athiloode varunna veliyetta pravaahangaliloodeyum ivideyethaam. 
ulnaadan jalapaathakalile shudhajalavum kadalinte uppuvellavum thammilulla samyojitha edapedaliloodeyaanu oru theeradesha thadaakam roopappedunnathu, iva thammilulla athilolamaaya jala santhulithaavasthaykku vidheyamaan. yathaakramam vadakkum thekkum bhagangalaaya cavalino, sotomarina ennee upadveepukalum madhyathil lido, pellestrina ennee thadassamaaya dveepukalum chernnathaanu kadaltheeram. eee roopeekaranangalkkidayil, moonnu inlettukal (lido, malamoco, chiojia) veliyettathinte ozhukk thadaakathilekku varaan anuvadikkunnu.
noottaandukalaayi ulnaadan jalapathakal konduvarunna avashishtangal ganyamaaya chelippinu kaaranamaakukayum oduvil thadaakathil nirayukayum cheyyum, ithu nadikalude shakthiyal oru deltayaayi maattaan kazhiyum. deerghakaalaadisthaanathil kadalinte shakthikk rund prathyaaghaathangal undaayekkaam. onnu, pravaham vahikkunna manal shekharikkunnathiloode inlettukale navigable aakkukayum aathyanthikamayi avaa adaykkukayum kadalil ninnu adachitta ulnaadan vellamakki maattukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. mattoru prabhavam vipareethamaanu, asaadhaaranamaaya veliyettangaliloodeyum prathyekichu kodunkaattukaliloodeyum thadassa dveepukalude purogamanaparamaaya mannolipp. kadal thadassa dveepukale nissara valuppathilekku nasippikkukayo avaye mukkukayo cheythaal, thadaakam oru theeradesha ulkkadalaayi maarum.
1748num 1784num idayil pellestrinayudeyum sotomarinayudeyum kadaltheerangalil republic oof venis oru parambara muraasiyude (isthriyan kallukondu nirmmicha mathilukal) nirmmichu. chila pradeshangalil cheli veezhunnathu thadayunnathinaayi thadaakathilekku ozhukunna pala nadikalum republic vazhithirichuvittu. ithu gronda swabhaavathe maattimarichu, shudhajala thanneerthadangalude vistheernnam kuranju. thadaakatthile fluevial, kadal jalathinte inputt thammilulla jalabhougolika santhulithaavasthayilum ithu maattam varuthi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum manal adinjukoodunnathu thadayunnathinum avayude sanjaarakshamatha urappakkunnathinumaayi inlettukalil break waterukal nirmmichu.
gronda lagunaareyude fluevial sisttam sankeernavum asthiravumaayirunnu. niravadhi nadikal athinte neelatthil thadaakathilekku ozhukunnu. kizhakk ninnu padinjaaru vare sail, seero, dess, marsenego, myoosan, botanigo, branta ennivayaanu avaa. koodaathe, sambannamaaya aruvikal, kuzhikal, drainage kanaalukal ennivayundu. kanatha mazha jalashasthraparamaaya sammarddangalkku kaaranamaakukayum athu oru cascading ephakt undaakkukayum cheyyum. poojyathinu athinte jalam ozhukippokukayum athu melkkoorayilekku ozhikkukayum cheyyum, athu athinte jalam ozhuki marsenegoilekku ozhikkukayum cheyyum. mazhayude falamaayi graamapradesangalil vyapakamaaya pradeshathu idaykkide vellappokkavum vellappokkavum undaakukayum nadeethadangalude gathiyil mattangal undaakukayum cheyyum. vedanayude kuranja gradient kaaranam nadikalude thaazhnna pradeshangalil vellam kettikkidakkunna pravanathayum undaayirunnu. ithu gronda pradeshathu thanneerthadangal srishtikkukayum pradhana bhoopradesam, thadaakam, kadal ennivaykkidayil oru ubhayaanthareeksham srishtikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, nadikal aazhamillaatha thadaakathilekku thudarnnu, palappozhum kadalilekku athukayum, lagunar uppuvellangalkkidayil aruvikal roopappedukayum, athilekku avashishtangal konduvarikayum, cheli veezhukayum shudhajalavum uppuvellavum kalarthukayum cheiyunnu, ithu maleriyayumaayi bandhapetta prashnangalkk kaaranamakunna uppuvella chathuppukal srishtikkunnu.
jalashasthraparamaaya parivartthanangal.
nadikalude vyathiyanangal.
vellapokkam, cheli, jala stambhanam, thanneerthadangalude vikasanam ennivaykku kaaranamakunna gronda laguneyarinte jalabhookhandathinte asthiratha kaaranam, republic oof venis niravadhi noottaandukalaayi niravadhi nadee vazhithirichuvidal pravartthanangal nadatthi. pradhana bhoopradeshavumaayulla vyaapaarathin ashayavinimaya marggangal nalkunna lagunar chaanalukaludeyum gronda nadikaludeyum gathaagathathe thadassappeduthunna thadaakathe cheli roopathil samrakshikkuka ennathaayirunnu venisinte pradhana aashanka. pradhana bhoopradeshathe graamapradesangalile vellappokkathekkuri aashankaykku uyarnna munganana undaayirunnilla. thalphalamaayi, ulnaadan mekhalayil itharam jolikal nadathunnathinekkaal vilakuranjathinaal thadaakatthinte arikinode chernnu venis vazhithirichuvidal kanaalukal srishtichu. phalapradamaaya vellapokka prathirodhatthinu karakavinjozhukunna jalasrothassukalude vellam kooduthal mukalilekku pidikkendathundu. koodaathe, kooduthal ulnaadan kanaalukalkk kooduthal charivu undakumaayirunnu, ithu vellappokkavum jala sthambhanavum thadayunna jalathinte ozhukk urappaakkunnu. pakaram, thadaakatthinte kanaalukalkk aparyapthamaaya charivundaayirunnu, athinartham avaa eluppathil pongikkidakkukayum vellappokkavum nischalamaaya vellathinteyum thanneerthadangaludeyum kulangal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode gronda thadaakatthinte jalashasthraparamaaya sahacharyam vashalaavukayum cheiyunnu.
1510num 1520num idayil mestrail thadaakathilekku ozhukunna marsenego nadiyile vellam bhaagikamaayi vazhithirichuvidunnathini oasellino kanal kuzhichu. ithu thadaakatthinte madhyabhaagathukoodi athinte attathu ninnu kizhakode ozhukukayum thadaakatthinte vadakkan bhaagathulla dez nadiyude mukhathu avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. thadaakathil cheli veezhunnathu thadayaanum eee pradeshathe graamapradesangalile vellapokkam thadayaanum uddeshichullathaayirunnu ithu. ennirunnaalum, athu randaamathethu nirtthiyilla. thadaakathodu valare aduthaayathinaal, athinu charivu illaayirunnu, valare pathukke ozhukukayum, nirthalaakkiya vellavum thanneerthadangalum ulla pradeshangal srishtikkukayum ithu maleriyayumaayi bandhapetta prashnangalkk kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. vellapokkam phalapradamaayi thadayunnathinaayi eee pradeshathe ellah nadikaludeyum (myoosan, dess, seero ennivayulppede) vellam kooduthal ulnaadan pradeshangalil shekharikkunnathinulla kanaalukalude padhathikal republic oof venis orikkalum nadappakkiyilla, kaaranam athu valare chelaveriyathaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandilaanu eee prashnangalkk pariharam kandathu.
1674num 1683num idayil taglio dell sail kanal kuzhichu. mukalil soochippicha nadikalkku kizhakkayi thadaakatthinte vadakkan bhaagathekku ozhukunna nadiyude sail jalam athu vazhithirichuvidukayum thadaakathil ninnu puratthekku kondupookukayum athinte arikiloode ozhukukayum cheiyunnu. thadaakatthile cheli thadayappettuvenkilum veendum vellappokkathinteyum thanneerthadangalude roopeekaranathinteyum prasnangal vashalayi. kanalinu pinnilulla nadeemukhabhoomi kramena kshayichupokukayum avashishtangalude sankochathethudarnnu bhoomi thaazhukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, mazhayodoppam karakavinjozhukunna kanaalinekkaal sharashari araa meter thaazheyaayirunnu graamapradeshangal. 1871ll kanaalinte idathu karaa uyarthukayum 1889ll rund praadeshika nadikal (valio iii miolo) thadaakathilekku ozhukaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi oru siphon underpass nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1930kalil oru vaattar pumping steshan nirmmikkunnathiloode oduvil pariharikkapetta prashnangalkk ithu pariharam kandu.
mestreyude padinjaaru, branta nadhiyum sameepathulla mattu jalasrothassukalum thadaakatthinte madhya pradeshathu vellappokkathinum chelikkum kaaranamaayi, ithu pradhana bhoopradeshathinte graamapradeshangalude aaa bhaagath thadassamundaakkukayum venesine pradhana bhoopradeshavumaayi bandhippikkunna jalapaathakalilekkulla gathaagathathe thadassappeduthukayum cheythu. ithine prathirodhikkaan, pathinalam noottaandinum pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathinum idayil, republic oof venis eee fluevial sisttathile vellam, prathyekichu branta, kanaalukalude oru parambara upayogichu vazhithirichuvittu. niravadhi phalapradamallaatha edapedalukalkku sesham rund neelamulla kanaalukal srishtichu.
1489num 1507num idayil venisinaduthulla fusinayile brantaye athinte yadhaartha mukhathu ninnu thekkan thadaakatthile konsheyilekku thirichuvidunnathinaayi branta nova kanal kuzhichu. ithu doloyil ninnu aarambhich eathaanum mile akale ulnaadan thadaakatthinte arikinode ekadesham samaantharamaayi oodunnu. eee kanal thadaakathinu aduthaayathinaal, athinu mathiyaya gradient illaathirunnathinaal mukalilekku aavarthichulla vellappokkathin kaaranamaayi. koodaathe, puthiya vaay avashishtangal konduvannu, ithu oru valia deltta (30 chathurashra kilometeriladhikam) srishtichu, ithu thekkan thadaakathe bhaagikamaayi kuzhichumoodukayum cheythu.
1554num 1577num idayil venis thadaakathil ninnu aduthulla baachigliyon nadiyude mukhathodoppam koncheyil brantayude vaay kondupokunnathinaayi oru karaa (parador dii brondolo) nirmmichu. rund nadikalum venis thadaakathinu thekk bhaagathulla brondolo thadaakathilekku ozhuki athumaayi bandhippichu. kadalilekku nerittu praveshikkaatha eee thadaakam shudhajala thadakamaakki maattukayum pinneedu poornnamaayum cheli niranjathaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee pradeshathe kadaltheeram kadalilekku munneri, oru kaspett munbhagam roopappeduthi. venis thadaakatthinte thekkan bhagam, brantayude avashishta inputt nashtappettathinaal, veliyettathinte azhukku phalathinu vidheyamaayi, ithu athinte jalathinu mukalilulla bhoomiyil kuravu varuthunnathinum uppuvellam kurayunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
magra, myoosan, botanigo, volpago, bionga, tergola ennee nadikaludeyum brantayudeyum jalam vazhithirichuvidunnathini 1610 num 1791 num idayil taglio novissimo enna puthiya kanal kuzhichu. ithu branta novayekkaal (meerayil) kooduthal kizhakode aarambhich branta novayekkaal neelamullathaayirunnu. ithu samanamaaya oru paathayiloode oodunnu, athinte bhooribhaagavum thadaakatthinte arikilaayirunnu. vellapokka prashnam pariharikkuka ennathaayirunnu ithinte lakshyam. ennirunnaalum, thadaakatthinte attathukoodi ozhukunnathinaal, athu thaazhnna charivaayirunnu, vellapokkam thadanjilla. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil maathrame eee prashnam pariharikkaanaayulloo, athu kooduthal ulnaadan mekhalayilum thadaakathinu kizhakk bhaagathum (stra, paaduvaykku sameepam) aarambhich thekke attathu branta nova kanaalil cherukayum athinaal aavashyamaaya charivu undaakukayum cheiyunnu.
eee nadikalude vazhithirichuvidalukal thadaakatthinte jalabala santhulithaavasthaye maattukayum puthiya prasnangal uyarukayum cheythu. thaazhnna veliyetta samayat thadaakatthinte valia pradeshangal vellathinu mukalil thurannukaattappedukayum kadal pravaahangal konduvanna manal adinjukoodunnathu kaaranam kadalilekku ashayavinimayam nalkunna inlettukal gathagathayogyamallaathavukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil enchineeyaraaya benedetto castelli, aadyathethu branta nadiyude vazhithirichuvidal moolam thadaakathilekku shudhajalathinte ozhukk kurayunnathukondaanennum randaamathethu kadal pravaham konduvanna manal moolamaanennum ethir dishayil ninnu thadaakathilekku ozhukunna shudhajalam prathirodhikkunnillenum vaadichu. thadaakathilekkulla jalathinte ozhukk thirike konduvarunnathinaayi niyantritha reethiyil brantayile vellam thirike konduvaraan addeham nirddeshichu, pakshe cheli veezhunnathu thadayunna vidhathil. sail nadiyudeyum paraamarshicha mattu naalu nadikaludeyum aasoothrithamaaya vazhithirichuvidalukaleyum addeham ethirthu. ithu nirasikkapettu.
1838num 1856num idayil (malamoko inlettinaayi), 1881num 1910num idayil (lido inlettinaayi) break waterukal nirmmichathode malamokkoyileyum lido inlettukalileyum manal shekharana prashnam oduvil pariharikkapettu. break waterukal theeradesha pravaahathe akattinirthukayum athu vahikkunna manal keniyil pedutthukayum cheiyunnu.
nadiyude vazhithirichuvidalum athinte falamaayi thadaakathilekkulla shudhajala inputt nashtappedunnathum gronda thadaakatthile shudhajala thanneerthadangalude pradeshangalil kuravundaakki.
gronda lagunaareyude "kaadinyam".
itaaliyan bhashayil oru theeratthinteyo theeratthinteyo "kaadinyam" enna padam karakalude nirmmaanatthe soochippikkunnu. atharam pravrithikal prakrithidatha avasthayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol theeratheyo theeratheyo karkkashamaakkukayum athinte jalathe thadassappeduthukayum cheiyunna karkkashamaaya gadanakal srishtikkunnu. rigido" enna vakkil ninnaan eee padam vannath. gronda lagunaarumaayi bandhappett, ithu grondaykkaduthulla krithrima theerangalude vikasanatheyum ithiloode, oru nischitha lagunar athirthiyude srishtiyeyum soochippikkunnu, ithu athinte attathe swaabhaavika ettakkurachilukal thadayukayum athinte falamaayi thuranna thadaakathinum pradhana bhoopradeshathinum edayilulla oru parivartthana mekhala enna nilayil gronda swabhaavam nashtappedukayum cheiyunnu.
republic oof venis (prathyekichu taglio dell sail, oasellino, taglio novissimo kanaalukal) nadatthiya melpparanja nadeethada vazhithirichuvidalukal gronda laguneyarinte bhooribhaagavum "karshanamakki". irupathaam noottaandile sambhavavikasangal ithinu oonnal nalkiyittundu. 1970kalil ithu venessilum thadaakatthile mattidangalilum vellapokka saadhyatha vardhippikkunnuvennu shaasthranjar nirnnayichappol eee sahacharyam shradha aakarshikkan thudangi.
thadaakatthinte thekk bhaagath brenta nova kanal sameepa pradeshangalum srishticha nadeethada deltta irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vipulamaaya bhoomi veendedukkal kandu. ithu eee pradeshatthinte savisheshathakale naadakeeyamaayi maattukayum praadeshika uppuvellangalum thadaakatthinte paadukalum thudachuneekkukayum praadeshika lagunar hydrographic shringalaye poornnamaayum punakrameekarikkukayum cheythu. ithu ganyamaaya idivinu kaaranamaayi, deerghakaalaadisthaanathil bhoomi eathaanum meter thazhaan kaaranamaayi.
1961ll thadaakatthinte madhyabhaagathu tessera pradeshathu venis marco pooloo vimaanathaavalam enna peril oru puthiya vimaanathaavalam nirmikkappettu. athinte 3.3-kilometre (2 mile) neelamulla ranve thadaakatthinte theerathukoodi kadannupokunnu. oasellino kanaalinte (ithu moodappettirikkunnu) oru bhagathaanu vimaanathaavalam nirmmichathu, athu dez nadiyil avasaanikkunnathin ekadesham 500 meter munbu.
thadaakatthinte madhyabhaagathe vyaavasaayika vikasanam baadhichittundu. 1950kalil thadaakatthinte pradhana theerathulla margera pattanam oru vyaavasaayika mekhalayaayi marran thudangi. malamoko-margera kanal enna kanal kuzhikkaan nirddeshichu. kadalinte malamoko inlettu praveshanathe thadaakathilekku margera thuramukhathe randaamathe vyaavasaayika mekhalayumaayi bandhippikkukayum valia kappalukalkk athu praapyamaakkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu ithinte lakshyam. 1960kalil valia enna tankerukal vikasippichathode padhathi parishkarikkukayum eee kappalukalkk anumathi nalkunnathinaayi kanal kooduthal aazhathil kuzhippikkukayum cheythu. ekkaaranathaal kanalinu kanale deyy petroli (oayil kanal) ennu vilipperundaayirunnu. 1964ll aarambhicha nirmmaana pravartthanangal 1968ll poortthiyaayi. oru enna shudheekaranashaalayum nirmmichu.
malamoko-margera kanal srishtikkaan azhukiya avashishtangal krithrima dveepukal srishtikkaan upayogichu, cassay dii kolmetta eiii, (155 hector), bii, (385 hector), dii-iii (752 hector), margera thuramukhathu moonnaamathe vyavasaya mekhala srishtikkunnathinaayi. thadaakatthinte thekkan bhaagathulla margeraykkum chiogiyaykkum edayilulla uppumarsh pradesham muzhuvan niraykkunna kooduthal krithrima dveepukal yadhaartha padhathi vibhavanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1966-leeii venesilum thadaakathilumulla vinashakaramaaya vellappokkathin sesham shaasthranjar nadatthiya padanangal kaanikkunnath eee dveepukal veliyettathinte ozhukk vikasippikkaan kazhiyunna pradesham kuraykkukayum ithu thadaakatthinte jalanirapineyum thadaakatthile jala vittuvaravinte kaaryakshamathayeyum baadhichu ennaanu. aadyathethu "akwa alta" prathibhasam vashalaakkiyathinte anantharafalavum undaakki (uyarnna vellam, sharashari uyarnna veliyettangalulla thadaakathilum venessilum undakavunna vellapokkam). thalphalamaayi, 1969ll vipuleekarana pravartthanangal nirtthivaykkukayum 1973ll padhathi raddaakkukayum cheythu.
eee prasnangal laghookarikkunnathinaayi dveepukal srishtikkunnathinaayi niracha niravadhi chaanalukal eee dveepukalkku pinnilulla jalathe backie thadakavumaayi veendum bandhippikkunnathinaayi veendum thurannu. kaasa bii, taglio vechiyo, maattoni ennivayiloode murichedukkunna volpego, fiumesino ennivayaanu iva, kaasa bii, avesa ennivayiloode murichedukkunna avaa kaasa eiii ennivayiloode murichuvidunnu.
veliyettathinte ozhukk agiranam cheyyaan kazhiyunna thadaakatthinte vistheernnam 1791 muthal ekadesham 30 sathamaanam kuranju. vyaavasaayika mekhalaykkayi krithrima dveepukal srishtichathiloode vashalaaya gronda laguneyarinte "kaadinyam", akwa alta prathibhaasatthinte vardhanavumaayulla athinte bandham ennivayum gronda laguneyarinte eee "kaadinyathinu" kaaranamakunna mattoru gadakathilekku shradha aakarshichu sthira theerangalumaayulla valli daa pesca.
valli dhaa pesca.
valli daa pesca (paaduka) enna padam. vaali), allengil vaali/vaali, "fishing thaazhvarakal" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu."ithu malsyabandhanathe soochippikkunnu. itaaliyan vaale ennaal thaazhvara ennaanengilum, eee padam uthbhavichath laattin padamaaya vallam ennathil ninnaan, athaayath prabalam. thadaakatthinte backie bhaagangalil ninnu theerangalaal verthirikkappettathinal noottaandukalkku munbaanu eee padam upayogathilaayathu. thadaakatthinte thekk, vadakku bhaagangalil gronda lagunaarilaan iva sthithi cheiyunnathu. sii ulkkollunna 33 valli undu. thadaakatthile jalathinte 92 chathurashra kilometer (motham uparithalathinte aarilonn, 17 sathamaanam).
mobail baankukalulla vaali, sthira baankukalulla vaali enningane rund tharamund. aadyathethu noottaandukalaayi upayogichirunna tharamaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaand muthal ithu randaamathethu upayogichu maattisthaapikkaan thudangi. kambikal, eettupottikal, vadi enniva upayogichaanu sanjarikkunna baankukal nirmmichathu. itharathilulla thaazhvarayil aantharika jalanirapp athinu purathulla jalathe aasrayichirikkunnu. akathe jalanirapp uyarthenda aavashyamullappol vaali puram jalathilekku thurakkaan theerangal maatti. sthiramaaya theerangal mannukattakalaanu, vaalinte jalanirapp rolling shutter gettukaliloodeyaanu niyanthrikkunnath. eee vaali thadaakathil ninnu sthiramaayi verthirikkappettirikkunne avaa veliyettathe akattinirthunnu. ithu veliyettathinte ozhukk vardhippikkunnathinu thadassamaakukayum negatteevu jalashasthraparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkukayum cheyyum.
thadaakatthinte jalashaasthrathil vaali yude praadhaanyam republic oof venis adhikaarikal manassilakki. veliyettathinte swathanthramaaya vipuleekaranathinu thadassangalonnum aagrahikkaathathinaal avar sthiramaaya theerangalude nirmmaanam nirodhichu. 1314ll avar malsyabandhana palliyumayi bandhappett niyamangal purappeduvichu. 1624ll valliye mathsyabandhanakkaarude swathaayi prakhyapikkukayum avayude pravartthanam nilanirthaan avayude pothu upayogam nirodhikkukayum cheythu. 1719ll sarkkar thadaakatthinte athirthi nirvachikkaan athirthi kallukal sthaapichu (ithu "konterminaasiyon lagunare" ennariyappettirunnu). republicinte niyamangalkkum jala authority purappeduvicha oordinansukalkkum vidheyamaaya pradeshangal nirvachikkunnathinaanu ithu cheythath. republicinte pathanathinushesham, 1797ll nepolian keezhadakkiyappol, eee niyamangal maranapathramayi maari. pathonpathaam noottaandil, oru enchineeyar soochippichathupole, mathsyakrishiye kooduthal kaaryakshamamakkiyathinaal vaali udamakal avarude malsyabandhana kendrangale sthiramaaya baankukal upayogichu chuttikkarangaan thudangi.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil itaaliyan sarkkar sthira baankukalude vikasanathinu prothsaahanam nalki. 1970kalil gronda laguneyarinte "kaadinyavum" vellappokkavum thammilulla bandhathekkurichu shaasthranjar soochippicha munnariyippode, veliyettathinte ozhukk vipuleekarikkunnathilekka vaali daa pesca thurakkunnathilekku oru nayaparamaaya maattam undaayi.
vaali daa pesca thurakkukayum thanneerthadangal prolsaahippikkukayum cheyyuka.
1984leeii oru niyamam thadaakatthinte jalashasthraparamaaya punar santhulithaavastha lakshyamitulla pravarthanangalkkaayulla padanangalum padhathikalum nirddeshichu, athinte apachayathe thadayukayum athinte kaaranagal illaathaakkukayum cheythu. aazhathil kuzhicha kanaalukalude muun azhangal punasthaapikkunnathinekkum veliyettangalude vipuleekaranathinaayi vaali daa pesca thurakkunnathinekkurichum ithu prathyeka paramarsham nadatthi. randaamathethu "akwa alta" prashnam kuraykkunnathilekku nayichekkaam, prathyekichu thadaakatthinte vadakkan bhaagathulla burrano, torsello thudangiya peripheral dveepukalil. paristhithi mantraalayam 2000ll nadatthiya oru padanatthil, vaali thurannaal veliyetta kodumudikal sharashari 20.2 centimeter kuraykkaamennum burano dveepinte kaaryatthil veliyettangal 9.10 centimeterinum ekadesham 10 centimeterinum idayil kuraykkaamennum kanakkakki.
irupathaam noottaandil vikasicha mattoru prashnam, graamanda thadaakathinaduthulla pradeshangalil thadaakatthinte peripheral chaanalukaludeyum kanaalukaludeyum vardhichuvarunna chelippokkamaanu. veliyettathinte ozhukk parimithappedutthunna sthiramaaya baank vaali daa pesca ulppede gronda laguneyarinte "kaadinyam" moolam vaidyuthadhaarakalude ozhukk kurayunnathaanu ithinte pradhana kaaranam. thadaakatthinte thekk bhaagath ithu prathyekichum oonnipparayunnu, kaaranam athu kadakkunna oru karayil oru rooad nirmmikkukayum ekadesham poornnamaayum athinte thekk bhaagathulla veliyettathe thadayukayum cheiyunnu. eee karayiludaneelamulla chila thuramukhangal 1981-82 ll srishtichuvenkilum, thaazheyum praadeshika chaanalukalileyum cheli ippozhum thudarunnu.
valli daa pesca thurakkunnathu gronda lagunaarile lagunar chaanalukalude vipuleekaranathinu kaaranamakum, ithu lagooninte arikilulla pradeshangalilekku veliyetta ozhukk konduvaraan sahayikkum, ithu eee veliyetta ozhukk agiranam cheyyaan kazhiyunna pradesham vardhippikkum. thadaakatthinte eee peripheral pradeshangalil kooduthal jalavilppana konduvaraan ithinu kazhiyum.
oru pareekshana kesai thiranjeduttha thadaakatthinte thekkan bhaagath vaali figury thurakkunna oru pailat padhathi 1999 ll poortthiyaayi. thadaakatthinte apachaya prakriyakal thadayukayum jalavitharanavum vittuvaravum budhimuttode nadakkunna thadaakatthinte peripheral eriyayile jalathinte gunanilavaaram mechappeduthukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam. thaazhvaraye rund bhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnathinaayi oru mankara nirmmichittundu, athilonnu veendum thurannu. thaazhvarayude thuranna bhaagathinum thadaakathinum edayilulla veliyettathinte ozhukk niyantrikkaan 20 kavaadangalulla oru thadassamundu. thuranna bhaagathinum adacha bhaagathinum idayil rund gadanakalum nirmmichittundu.
eee pailat padhathikku sesham vaali daa pescayude udghaadanathode valia purogathi undaayilla. vaali udamasthathayilulla oru sthaapanam niyamaparamaaya oru velluvili neridunnundu. 2004ll venesile oru kodathiyaanu cases aadyamaayi pariganichathu. 2014ll europian manushyavakaasha kodathiyil athu hajaraakukayum adhikaarikalkk cases nashtappedukayum cheythu. 2017ll kodathikku purathulla othutheerppundaayi.
thanneerthadangaludeyum naanal kidakkakaludeyum roopeekaranathode oru parivartthana valayamaayi punasthaapikkunnathiloode gronda lagunare pradeshangalude punarujjeevanathinu valli daa pesca thurakkunnathu valia moolyamullathaanu. kazhinja varshangalil thanneerthadangaludeyum naanal kidakkakaludeyum moolyavum gunangalum vardhichu. vaividhyamaarnna janthujaalangalkkum sasyajalangalkkum anuyojyamaaya aavaasavyavastha nalkunnathinaal ivaykku gronda laguneyarinte geomorphology athinte paristhithiyum mechappeduthaan kazhiyum.
thanneerthadangalekkurichu ramser kanvenshan thanneerthadangalude paaristhithikavum saambathikavumaaya moolyathinu adivarayidunnu. shudhajalam nalkunnathilum prakrithiduranthangal laghookarikkunnathilum kaarban sambharanathilum avayude praadhaanyam kaaranam thanneerthada aavaasavyavasthakalkku mattu aavaasavyavasthakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ettavum uyarnna aavaasavyavastha sevana moolyangal undaakumenn ithu soochippikkunnu. moolyangalude valiyoru bhagam avarude jalavumaayi bandhapetta sevanangalil ninnaan varunnath. venis thadaakathinu prathyeka moolyamullava ivayaanu
vanangal, kulangal, maarchukal, shudhajala thanneerthadangal ennivayulla gronda laguneyarinte jalashudheekarana seshiyum paaristhithika savisheshathakalum punasthaapikkunnathinaayi gronda laguneyarinoppam muppathonpathu hector faittodepureshan thanneerthadangal srishtichittundu. jala sasyangalum jalamallaatha jeevajaalangalude vividha samoohangalum prakrithidathamaayi valia alavil naitrajan, phoosphett enniva agiranam cheiyunna pradhana bhoopradeshathinum thadaakathinum edayilulla parivarthanamaayi pravartthikkunna thanneerthada pradeshangal punarnirmmikkunnathinaayin thadaakathinaduthulla nadeemukhangalaanu avaa srishtichathu. avashishta thadangalil, prathyekichu uparithalathil malineekaranavasthukkal illaathaakkunnu. vardhichuvarunna jala sambhavangaleyum malineekaranatthinte kodumudikaleyum neridaanum athinte shudheekarana falaprapti nilanirthaanum lagunar samvidaanathinu kazhivundennu urappakkaan eee parivartthana thanneerthadangal aavasyamaanu.

