
anthaaraashtra thozhil niyamam

joliyum (manushya pravartthanavum) jolisthalavum niyanthrikkunnathil jeevanakkar, thozhiludamakal, trade unionukal, sarkkarukal ennivayude avakashangalum kadamakalum sambandhicha pothu, swakaarya anthaaraashtra niyamangalil vyaapichukidakkunna niyamangalude oru koottamaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil niyamam. anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayum loka vyapara samghadanayumaanu thozhil vipanikal parishkarikkunnathil earppettirikkunna pradhana anthaaraashtra samghadanakal. anthaaraashtra dananidhiyum lokabank vaaypakalo graantukalo sweekarikkunnathinulla gadanaaparamaaya krameekarana vyavasthakal aavasyappettukondu thozhil nayathil parokshamaayi mattangal varuthi. niyamangalude vairudhyavumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal uyarnnuvarunnu, deseeya kodathikal nirnnayikkunnu, aalukal onniladhikam rajyangalil jolie cheyyumbol, koodaathe supra-naashanal bodikalkku, prathyekichu europian yooniyante niyamathil, thozhil avakashangalumaayi bandhapetta niyamangalude vardhichuvarunna oru body undu.
adisthaana thozhilaallikalude avakashangal samrakshikkunnathinum thozhilaallikalude thozhil suraksha vardhippikkunnathinum aagolathalathil avarude thozhil nibandhanakal mechappeduthunnathinuma nischayichittulla moolyanirnnayangalude oru parambarayude falamaayi anthaaraashtra abhinethaakkal amgeekaricha kanvenshanukale anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal soochippikkunnu. atharam maanadandangalude uddeshyam, eee nadapadikal sweekarikkukayum nadappaakkukayum cheiyunnathiloode manushyathvarahithamaaya thozhil reethikalil ninnu lokamembaadumulla ettavum kuranja pariraksha sthaapikkuka ennathaanu. oru saidhaanthika kazhchappadil, dhaarmika adisthaanathil, manushyavargathinu saarvathrikamaaya chila adisthaana manushyaavakaashangalundenn nilanirthiyittundu. athinaal, thozhil vaividhyathinum thozhil janaadhipathyathinum shaaktheekaranathinumaayi jolisthalathe akramanam, bheeshanippeduthal, vivechanam, linga asamathvam ennivaykkethiraaya avakashangal urappaakkuka ennathaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude lakshyam.
anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude nilanilpp nadapakkalo nadappaakkal samvidaanangalo soochippikkunnillengile, mikka yadhaartha loka kesukalum anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalil ninnu uruthirinja aupachaarika udambadiyum karaarukalum upayogichittundu. anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayaanu (aii. ell. oo) pravartthana nilavaaram vikasippikkunna praadhamika anthaaraashtra ejansi. 1919ll sthaapithamaaya ailo "aneeti, budhimuttu, daaridryam" enniva ulppedunna thozhil saahacharyangal illaathaakkunnathinu anthaaraashtra maanadandangal anivaaryamaanennu vaadikkunnu. ailo anusarichu, anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal shaashvathamaaya samaadhaanathinulla saadhyathaykk sambhavana nalkukayum anthaaraashtra vipani malsarathinte prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal laghookarikkaanum anthaaraashtra vikasanathinte purogathikku sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
ennirunnaalum, nadappaakkal ailoyil maathram parimithappedutthukayo ailo prathinidheekarikkunna niyamanirmmaana maathrkayil parimithappedutthukayo cheiyunnilla. nerittulla vyapara uparodhangal, bahurashtra nadappaakkal, swamedhayaa ulla maanadandangal ennivayaanu mattu badalukal. eee modalukalil ooronninekkurichum uyarnnuvarunna vivaadangalkku purame, anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthinte aavasyakathayekkurichulla charchayekkurichum valia prasnangal uyarnnittund. ennirunnaalum, vimarshakar uyarnnuvannappol, manushyathvarahithamaaya reethikalil ninnu lokathile thozhil sakthiye adisthaanaparamaayi samrakshikkunnathine anukoolichu anthaaraashtra samooham valiyathothil samavaayathilethiyittund.
vijayakaramaya anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude vikasanavumayi bandhappettirikkunnath thozhil maanadandangalude sariyaaya nireekshanavum nadappaakkalumaan. mikka nireekshanavum iloo vazhiyaan nadakkunnathu, ennaal aabhyanthara ejansikalum mattu engiokalum anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthinte vijayakaramaya nireekshanatthil oru punk vahikkunnu.
charithram.
vyaavasaayika viplavam muthal, saambathika aagolavalkaranam thozhilaallikalude vilapeshal sakthiye engane durbalappeduthumenna aashankayulla thozhil prasthaanam, avarude thozhiludamakku avarude thozhil nilavaaratthinte samrakshanamillathe videshathekku thozhilaallikale niyamikkaan kazhiyum. 1869leeii naalam vaarshika anthaaraashtra kongrasil thaazhepparayunna karyangal pariharichu
aadyakaala charithram.
thozhil saahacharyangalude apakadangalil ninnu thozhilaallikale samrakshikkuka enna ashayam pathinalam noottaandile europilethaanu. ennirunnaalum, aadhunika thozhil avakasha prasthaanatthinte aadya udaaharanam, 18,19 noottaandukalil vyaavasaayika viplavathinte thudakkathodoppam undaaya krooramaaya thozhil saahacharyangalkulla prathikaranamaanu. 1802ll yunaittad kingdatthile paarlament ippol engleesh factory act ennariyappedunna niyamam pasaki. prathidinam 12 manikoraayi pravrithi samayam parimithappedutthi aprenteesukalude pravrithi divasam niyantrikkaan niyamam shramichu. angane cheyyumbol, engleesh factory niyamam innu kaanunna anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude maathrkakalkku munnodiyaayi pravarthichu. engleesh niyamanirmmaanathil kaanappedunnathin samanamaaya kuranja niyanthranangal pinneedu pathonpathaam noottaandile vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta rajyangalil kooduthal saadhaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, thozhil maanadandangal nalkunnathinulla aadyakaala shramangalkk paridhi parimithamaayirunnu. atharam kanvenshanukal praadhamikamaayi jolie samayam, sthreekaludeyum kuttikaludeyum thozhil, apakadakaramaaya vasthukkalude upayogam ennivayumaayi bandhappett thozhil saahacharyangal mechappeduthunnathil shradha kendreekarichu. thozhilaallikalude avakashangalkkulla pinthuna anthaaraashtra athirthikalkkappurathu asthiramaanennu vyakthamaayirunnuvenkilum, aaktivistukal yadhaarthathil thozhil nilavaaratthile vyathyaasangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan dhaarmika chooshanam maathramaan upayogichathu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanabhagangal vare anthaaraashtra thalatthil ekeekritha maanadandangal nadappakkaanulla sramangal nadannittilla.
iloyude srishti.
1919ll onnaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinethudarnnu anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayude sthaapanathinte falamaayi anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaarathekkurichulla ajanda oru puthiya thalatthiletthi. vezhsaay udambadiyude bhagam XIII prakaram, thozhil avakaashangalude sangalppikkaavunna ellah vashangalum abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinaayi leag oof neshansinte oru shaakhayaayi iloo srishtichu. praadhamika sramangal pradhaanamaayum adimathavum ellaatharam nirbandhitha thozhilaallikalum unmoolanam cheiyunnathilaanu shradha kendreekarichathu. ennirunnaalum, samghadanayude swaathanthryathinum koottaaya vilapeshalinum avakashangal, thozhilile vivechanam, balavela illaathaakkal enniva ulppeduthunnathinaayi ajanda vegathil vipuleekarichu. saarvathrika thozhilaallikalude avakashangalil samavaayathilethanulla shramathil onniladhikam pradhana anthaaraashtra abhinethaakkal othuchernnathinte aadya udaaharanamaanu iloyude srishti. aupachaarikamaaya nirbandhitha maargangalonnum illengilum, adichamarthal thozhil vipani reethikal parimithappedutthunna kanvenshanukal sweekarikkaanum amgeekarikkaanum ailo athinte 44 yadhaartha amgaraajyangalodu abhyarthichu.
iloyude aadya varshangal.
iloyude asthithvathinte aadya rund varshangalil 22 anthaaraashtra thozhil kanvenshanukal amgeekarikkappettu. aadyathe kanvenshanukal abhisambodhana cheytha chila vishayangal "vyavasaayathile jolie samayam, thozhilillaayma, prasava samrakshanam, sthreekalkku ratri jolie, kuranja praayam, vyavasaayathile yuvaakkalkk ratri jolie" ennivayaayirunnu.1930-ll, chila vyavasthakalaal ozhivaakkiyittillengil ellaatharam nirbandhitha thozhilaallikaleyum nirodhicha nirbandhitha thozhil kanvenshan (no.29) enna bhaaviyile aadyathe adisthaana kanvenshan ailo amgeekarichu.
mahaamaandyathinte thudakkathode, 1934ll america ailoyil chernnu, sankeernamaaya thozhil prashnangalkk anthaaraashtra prathikaranam aavasyamaanennu choondikkaatti. leag oof neshansinte charithrathiludaneelam, yunaittad stetts chernna eaka leag affiliate cheytha samghadanayaanu ailo. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte pashchaathalatthil, 1944-ll 26-aamath pothusammelakka sammelanathil oppuvacha philadelphia prakhyaapanathode ailo athinte adikaaram vipuleekarichu. ailoyude pothu bharanaghadanayumaayi chernnulla philadelphiyayude prakhyapanam, 1948-ll kanvenshan 87 aayi amgeekaricha abhipraaya swaathanthryavum association, association swaathanthryam, kanvenshan samghadippikkaanulla avakasham enniva ulppedeyulla ailoyude aadyakaala bhaavi adisthaana kanvenshanukal munkootty kaanikkunnu.
aagolavalkaranavum thozhil vibhajanathil maattam varuthunnathum.
irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil, aagola thozhil vibhajanagal pradhaanamaayum roopappettathu koloniyalisatthinte sanbradaayangaliloodeyaanu. daridra rajyangal sambanna raajyangalilekku prakrithivibhavangal kayattumathi cheyyukayum avar pinneedu prathyeka charakkukal nirmmikkukayum uthppaadippikkukayum cheythu. pala kolanivalkkarikkappett raajyangalum swaathanthryam nediyappol, aagola dakshinenthyayile vikaswara rajyangal avarude sambadvyavasthayude ulppaadana mekhalakal kettippadukkanulla sramangalil vardhichuvarunna samrakshana nayangal sweekarichu, angane aagola thozhil vibhajanathil oru maattam adayaalappeduthi. ennirunnaalum, irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, niravadhi gadakangal samrakshanaparamaaya nadapadikal kurayaan kaaranamaayi. vadakku vardhichuvarunna thozhil chelavu, gathagatha, ashayavinimaya saankethikavidyakalile purogathi, vyaapaarathinte udaaravalkkaranam, vipanikalude niyanthranam illaathaakkal enniva atharam gadakangalil ulppedunnu. maarikkondirikkunna anthaaraashtra thozhil bhooprakrithiyude idayil, thekk vikaswara rajyangal thozhil-theevramaaya ulppaadana vyavasaayathil munbu kaanaatha aadhipathyam etteduthu.
pradhana vipanikalude niyanthranavidheyamaakkalum anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathinte alavil ganyamaaya vardhanavum undaayathode, chillara vyaapaarikalkk ulppaadana mekhalakal kooduthal aakarshakamaakkaanulla sramangal lokathile thaazhnna varumaanamulla pradeshangalile thozhil saahacharyangalude gunanilavaarathil kadutha thaazhott sammarddam chelutthi. kayattumathi adhishtitha vyavasaayangalude anthaaraashtra malsaraseshiye sahayikkaanulla sramangalil thozhil samrakshanangal aavarthichu ayaykkunnathil sarkkarukal pankedukkunna oru aagola vamshathekkurichulla aashankakal vardhichuvaraan ithu kaaranamaayi. eee swabhaavathekkurichulla bhayam thathfalamaayi samakaalika anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha mekhalayude savisheshathayaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil dhaarmikathayekkurichulla samvaadathil sradheyamaaya vardhanavu undaakki.
modalukal.
thozhil maanadanda niyanthranatthinte parambaraagatha maathruka, charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum, raajyathinakatho allengil adhikaaraparidhiyilo niyamanirmmanavum nadapakkalum aanu. ennirunnaalum, oru uthppanna vipaniyile athiraalikal vyathyastha raajyangalilo allengil vyathyastha thozhil maanadandangalulla adhikaaraparidhiyilo sthithicheyyumbol eee maathruka uchithamallayirikkaam. eee aashanka anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal sthaapikkunnathinulla charchaykku vazhiyorukkunnu, athinu anthaaraashtra niyanthranam aavasyamaanu, prathyekichu aagola vyaapaarathinte pashchaathalatthil. ennirunnaalum, anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nadappakkunnathinulla phalapradamaaya oru reethi nirnnayikkunnath budhimuttulla oru mekhalayum valareyadhikam malsarikkunna oru mekhalayumaanu. richard enn. enn. yude pravartthanangale adisthaanamaakki anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal niyanthrikkunnathinulla nilavilulla niravadhi maathrkakal inipparayunna vibhagangal roopappeduthunnu. block, carren roberts, synthia oosekki, mairon jeey. anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthinte maathrkakal" enna thalakkettilulla avarude prabandhatthil roomkin.
niyamanirmmanam.
oru koottam anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nadappakkunnathinulla niyamanirmmaana maathrkayaanu ettavum ariyappedunnathu. eee maathrkayil raajyangalude oru yooniyaniludaneelam oru niyamanirmmaana samiti thozhil maanadandangal nadappaakkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheiyunnu. thozhil, thozhil ennivayumaayi bandhapetta saamoohika nayangal saadhaaranayaayi moonnu mekhalakalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu thozhilaallikalude swatantra sanjaaram, kuranja thozhil nilavaaratthiloode saamoohika maalinyangal thadayal, thozhilaallikalum maanejmentum thammilulla sambhashanam. europian yooniyante bhagamaaya europian samooham eee maathruka sweekarichittundu, koodaathe anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana (aii. ell. oo) sweekaricha maathruka koodiyaanithu. ithupolulla samghadanakalkku thozhil nayatthinte eathenkilum mekhalakalil nirddeshangal purappeduvikkaan niravadhi nadapadikramangaliloode adikaaram nalkiyittundu. amgaraajyangal eee nirddeshangal paalikkanam; ennirunnaalum, paalikkal yadhaarthathil enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, athu oro amgaraajyathinteyum vivechanaadhikaarathin vidunnu.
nerittulla vyapara uparodhangal.
25 varshathilereyaayi, thozhil nilavaravum anthaaraashtra vyapaaravum thammil, prathyekichu prathyeka charakkukalk, bandhamund. anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthe vyaapaaravumaayi bandhippikkunnathinte aadyathethum vishalavumaaya adisthaana udaaharanam yuu. esil kaanapedunnu.ezz. 1974leeii vyapara niyamaprakaaram niyamanirmmanam, mungananakalude saamaanyavalkkaricha samvidaanam (jii. ezz. pii) srishtikkunnu. jii. ezz. pii. kku keezhil, chila raajyangaludeyum uthppanna yogyathaa maanadandangaludeyum adisthaanathil, vikasita raajyangalude saambathika valarchayum vikasanavum prolsaahippikkunnathi paraspara virudha tarif munganana nalkaan americaye anuvadichu. ailo sthaapicha naalu pradhana kanvenshanukalkku samanamaaya anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappetta avakashangal oru raajyathe thozhilaallikalkk nalkuka ennathaanu raajya yogyathaa maanadandangalil onnu. oru jii. ezz. pii gunabhokthaavinethire oru paratio harjio phayal cheythittundenkil, avaa yunaittad stetts trade representative oafees vazhiyaan prosess cheiyunnathu. 1988 muthal barma, liberia, maldives, mourittaaniya, nirgguva, paakistaan (niravadhi uthppannangal), sudan, syria ennee ettu raajyangale jii. ezz. pii. padhathiyil ninnu suspended cheiyukayo nirthalaakkukayo cheythittundu. central aafrikkan republic, chili, parague, romania enningane naalu rajyangal suspended cheyyappettenkilum pinneedu punasthaapichu. koodaathe, 1988 leeii oomnibas trade aandu compatteetteevnes aaktinte 2202-aamm vakupp prakaram americayumaayi saambathikamo vyaapaaraparamo aaya bandhamullah oro raajyathinteyum saambathika nayatheyum vyapara reethikaleyum kurichulla vaarshika report stettu sekrattari kongrasil samarppikkanamenn aavashyappedunnu.
orutharam prothsaahana sameepanamaayum pravartthikkunna american aikyanaadukalile vyapara uparodha maathruka ningale nirbandhikkunnathil vijayichathayi thonnunnu.ezz. niyamanirmmaanathil nirvachichirikkunnathupo thozhil maanadandangalude gurutharamaaya lamghanangal pariharikkunnathin parathikalkk vidheyamaaya raajyangale prolsaahippikkaan udyogasthar. ennirunnaalum, eee model vyapara pankaalikalkkidayil thozhil maanadandangalude vishalamaaya guarandiyaayi roopakalppana cheythitilla, kaaranam ithu baahya paraathikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, allathe nireekshanatthinte falamalla. nadapadikramaparamaaya avakashangal nalkunnathil ithu phalapradamaanenkilum, kuranja sathamaanam vyapara pankaalikal ganyamaaya maanadandangal nalkunnu, athinaal eee nadapadikku sammishra vijayamund. athiraalikalaaya vikaswara rajyangalil nadappaakkunnathum pooraka aabhyanthara nayangalude pinthunayum eee maathrkaye mothatthil aagola saamoohika nilavaaram uyarthaan anuvadikkumennu chilar prathekshikkunnu.
bahurashtra nadappaakkal.
anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nadappakkunnathinulla vividha reethikalude mattoru udaaharanamaanu bahurashtra nadappaakkal maathruka. north american karar oonn laber qoo-ooppareshanil (nalk) ulchernnirikkunna eee maathruka, pothu maanadanda padhathikal adichelppikkunnathine ethirkkunnathinaal mattu nirbandhitha reethikalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. pakaram, nalk polulla karaarukalil oppuvechavar athath aabhyanthara mekhalakalile nilavilulla thozhil nilawara gadanakalodu uracha prathibaddhatha pularthanamennu bahurashtra nadappaakkal maathruka aavashyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru tharatthilum nayathe nirnnayikkunnilla ennathaanu naalkkinte savisheshamaaya vasham. anthaaraashtra thalatthil orepole sweekaricha maanadandangalodulla sakthamaaya veruppu ithil ulppedunnu. thozhilaallikalude avakaashangalude oru adisthaana koottam ulppeduthunnathine prolsaahippikkunnathi, aabhyanthara thozhil nilavaaratthinte thudarchayaaya pinthuna urappakkaan uchithamaaya nadapadikal sweekarikkunnundo illayo ennu theerumaanikkunna pakshapatharahithamaaya bharanasamvidaanangal srishtikkaan amgangal parisramikkanamennu bahumukha nadappaakkal maathruka aavashyappedunnu. eee reethiyil, bahurashtra maathruka oru pothu thathwangal sweekarikkunnathil anthaaraashtramalla, marichu vyakthamaakkaatha oru koottam maanadandangalodulla prathibaddhathayude thalathilaanu. atharam prathibaddhathakal nadappilaakkunnathil, nalk polulla karaarukal praadhamikamaayi shupaarshakalum prachaaranavum upayogichu theerumaanamedukkunnavare avarude pravarthanangalkku utharavaadikalaakkunnu. nalk polulla bahurashtra nirvvahana maathrkakalkku avayude parimithamaaya swaadheenashakthikal kaaranam falapraapthiyude kaaryatthil sammishra phalangal undaayittund.
swamedhayaa ulla maanadandangal.
korpparettu perumaattachattathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thozhil maanadandangal nadappaakkunna oru samvidaanathe swamedhayaa ulla maanadanda maathruka paraamarsikkunnu. saamoohika utharavaadithamulla thozhil niyamangalkk keezhil pravartthikkaan vividha samghadanakal othucherumbozhaanu korpparettu perumaattachattangal sweekarikkunnathu. athinaal, eee maathrkayil saadhaaranayaayi swamedhayaa ulla perumattavum svayam niyanthranavum ulppedunnu. thozhil maanadandangal swamedhayaa korpparettu sweekarikkunnathinulla oru udaaharanam dakshinaafrikkayile oru koottam yuu. ezz. amgeekaricha sullivan thathwangalaanu nalkunnathu.ezz. kambanikal. koodaathe, yuu.ezz. naikk, gapp, liss klaiboon thudangiya vasthra chillara vyapaarikal aduthide avarude uthppannangal vearp shope saahacharyangalil uthppaadippikkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi oru niyanthrana samvidaanam earppeduthaan sramichittundu.
eee maathruka vijayikkanamenkil, athu paalikkunnathin prachodanam undaayirikkanam. ennirunnaalum, thozhil nilavaaratthinte kaaryatthil, uthppaadanachelavil vardhanavaayi kanakkaakkappedunna eee maanadandangal avaganikkaan saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna saambathika prothsaahanangal undu ennathaanu prashnam. ekkaaranathaal, atharam avasthakalude vijaythilum falapraapthiyilum nireekshana samvidaanam nirnaayaka punk vahikkunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, dakshinaafrikkayile melpparanja sullivan thathwangal pole, nireekshanam kodukalude vijayam theliyichittundu. eee saahacharyathil, korpparettu pourathvathinte adayaalamaayi, coode palikkunnathinulla prathiphalam nikshepakar nalki. maruvashathu, upabhokthaakkalkk saamoohikamaayi nirutharavaadikalaayi kaanunna sthaapanangale bahishkarikkunnathiloode chila uthppannangal vaangunnath ozhivakkaanulla vyakthigatha theerumaanatthiloodeyo shikshikkam. eee udaaharanangalude pradhana pooyint ithaanu chila maanadandangale pinthunaykkaan nikshepakaril ninnum upabhokthaakkalil ninnum sakthamaaya sammarddam undaakumbol, amgeekritha dhaarmikatha uyarthippidikkunnathi kaanunnathiloode kambanikalkku prayojanam labhichekkaam.
ippol, ithu shariyaanenkilum, karsanamaaya maanadandangal palikkunnathinulla chelavu uyarnnathum upabhokthru sammarddathinte uravidangal vyaapikkunnathum kodukal phalapradamallennathum sariyaanu. eee maathruka vijayikkunnathin, sweekaricha eathu nadapadikalodum prathikarikkunnathin kambaniyude sajeevamaaya pankaalitthavum thaalpparyavum aavasyamaanu. puram sammarddangalodu prathikarikkaan avar thiranjedukkumbol, kambanikal pothu prakhyapanangal, praadeshika mathanethaakkal, manushyavakaasha pravartthakar, sarvakalashaala professormar, thozhil prathinidhikal thudangiya marggangal palikkal nireekshana samvidaanavum nadappilakkaan upayogikkunnu. mattoru budhimuttu, vyakthigatha sthaapanangalil phalapradamaayi sammarddam cheluthiyittundenkilum, korpparettu kodukalude kaaryatthil oru vyavasaya thalatthil karar kandethunnathu budhimuttaanu ennathaanu.
oduvil, swamedhayaa ulla maanadandangalude modalukalude oru vyathiyaanam certification aanu, ithu 1997 octoberil kaunsil oonn economic prayorittees accrediting ejansi (sii. iii. pii. eiii. eiii) ezz. eiii. (soshyal akkoundabilitti) 8000 nalki thudangi. saamoohika utharavaadithathinum thozhil maanadandangalkkumulla korpparettu certification prakriyayude udaaharanamaanu sa8000. balavela, thozhilaallikalude aarogyam, suraksha ennivayude maanadandangal ulppede saamoohika utharavaaditha aavashyakathakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla chila maanadandangal palikkunna korppareshanukale thirichariyuka ennathaanu eee certification prakriyayude uddeshyam. kuranjathu sveekaaryamaaya thalatthilenkilum thozhil maanadandangal vaagdaanam cheiyunna thozhilaallikalaanu certified sthaapanangal nalkunna charakkukalum sevanangalum nirmmikkunnathenn upabhokthaakkalkk urappu nalkukayenna uddeshyathodeyaanu thathfalamaayundaakunna certification.
anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana.
thozhil prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunna 187 anga rajyangal ulppedunna aikyaraashtrasabhayude oru prathyeka ejansiyaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana (aii. ell. oo). onnaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna, "thozhil oru charakkalla" enna thathwathil sthaapithamaaya oru puthiya anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayude aadya bharanaghadana vezhsaay udambadiyilaanu ulppeduthiyirunnathu, "saamoohika neethiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane maathrame samadhaanam sthaapikkaan kazhiyoo" enna kaaranathaal. ellah kaaryangalilum thozhil niyamangal krodeekarikkunna kanvenshanukal purappeduvichukondu anthaaraashtra thozhil niyamatthinte thathwangal ekopippikkuka ennathaayirunnu iloyude praadhamika punk. ailoyile amgangalkku avarude aabhyanthara niyamathile niyamangal nadappaakkikkond kanvenshanukal swamedhayaa sweekarikkaanum amgeekarikkaanum kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, 1919leeii aadyathe manikkoor jolie (vyavasaya) kanvenshan, aazhchayil paramavadhi 48 manikkoor aavasyamullathum 185 amgaraajyangalil 52 ennam amgeekarichittullathumanu. nilavile pala europian union amgaraajyangalum cheythathupole, aathyanthikamayi kanvenshan amgeekarikkaan yuke visammathichu, ennirunnaalum vyakthigatha ozhivaakkalin vidheyamaayi working time directive athinte thathwangal sweekarikkunnu. 1944leeii philadelphiyayude prakhyaapanatthil ninnaan iloyude ippozhathe bharanaghadana varunnath, 1998leeii adisthaana thathwangaleyum avakashangaleyum kurichulla prakhyaapanathinu keezhil ettu kanvenshanukale adisthaanamaayi tharamthirichu. ivaykku orumichu oru yooniyanil cheraanum koottaayi vilapesaanum nadapadiyedukkaanumulla swaathanthryam aavasyamaanu (kanvenshanukal nambarukal 87,98) nirbandhitha thozhil nirthalaakkal (29,105) nirbandhitha school avasaanikkunnathin munbu kuttikal nirbandhitha thozhil nirthalaakkal (138,182) koodaathe jolisthalathu vivechanam (nambarukal 100,111). raajyam eee kanvenshan amgeekarichittillenkum amgathvathinte vasthuthayil ninnu pradhana kanvenshanukal paalikkendathu nirbandhamaanu. paalikkal urappaakkunnathin, ailo thelivukal shekharikkunnathilum amgaraajyangalude purogathiyekkurichu report cheiyunnathilum parimithappedutthiyirikku, angane parasyam niyamangal parishkarikkaan pothujanagalkkum anthaaraashtra sammarddam cheluthum. pradhana maanadandangalekkurichulla aagola reportukal varsham thorum nirmmikkappedunnu, athesamayam mattu kanvenshanukal amgeekaricha raajyangalekkurichulla vyakthigatha reportukal dvivarsha allengil orupakshe kuranja pathiv adisthaanathil samaaharikkunnu.
ailo, athinte nilanilpp anusarichu, lokamembaadumulla foratthil anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadanda prasnangal uyarthunnathinulla amgeekritha anthaaraashtra vaahanamaan. nilavilundaayirunna mattoru modalinum eee vesham cheyyaan kazhiyilla. eee samghadana kanvenshanukaliloodeyum shupaarshakaliloodeyum thozhil maanadandangal sthaapikkukayum sarkkarineyum thozhiludamakaleyum thozhilaallikaleyum prathinidheekarikkunna oru trikakshi bharana ghadanayum undu. ailo shupaarshakal amgaraajyangalkku kevalam maargganirddesham nalkunnathinte punk kooduthal vahikkumbol, sakthamaaya roopamaaya ailo kanvenshanukalkku oru udambadiyude padavi undu, athu thathwathil, avaye swamedhayaa amgeekarikkunna amgaraajyangale badhikkunnu. kanvenshanukalkku anusrithamaayi deseeya niyamangal prakhyapikkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheiyunnathiloode raajyangalkk parisramikkaan kazhiyunna sakthamaaya thozhil maanadandangalude maanadandangale iva prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee maargangaliloodeyaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nadappakkaan samghadana pravartthikkunnathu.
1998-ll, iloo anthaaraashtra thozhil sammelanam chila avakaashangale "moulika" ennu nirvachikkunna "adisthaana thathwangaleyum jolisthalathe avakashangaleyum kurichulla prakhyapanam" amgeekarichu.coor kanvenshanukal ennu vilikkappedunna eee pradhana thathwangale manikkaanum prolsaahippikkaanum prakhyapanam amgaraajyangale prathijnjaabadharaakkunnu, avaa inipparayunna naalu vibhagangalaayi tharamthirickunnu (motham ettu aii. ell. oo kanvenshanukal): association swaathanthryavum koottaaya vilapeshalinulla avakaashathinte phalapradamaaya amgeekaaravum, nirbandhitha allengil nirbandhitha thozhil illaathaakkal, balavela nirmarjanam, thozhilumaayum thozhilumaayum bandhapetta vivechanam illaathaakkal. saambathika vikasanathinte nilavaaram pariganikkathe, ellah samsthaanangalileyum ellah janangalkkum baadhakamaaya eee avakashangal saarvathrikamaanennu prakhyapanam avakaashappedunnu. anthaaraashtra thozhil sammelanam eee thathwangale valare pradhanamaayi kanakkakkunnu, ellah amgaraajyangalum amgeekaara padavi pariganikkathe avaa palikkaan baadhyastharaanu.
adisthaana kanvenshanukalkkoppam, ailo naalu munganana kanvenshanukaloo bharana kanvenshanukaloo thiricharinjittundu. ailo nadappaakkiya anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadanda samvidaanangalude nadathippinu nirnayakamaaya ailo, amgaraajyangal inipparayunna munganana kanvenshanukal amgeekarikkanamennu shupaarsha cheiyunnu thozhil parisodhana kanvenshan (1947), thozhil parisodhana (krishi) kanvenshan (1969), trikakshi koodiyaalochana (anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal) kanvenshan (1976), thozhil naya kanvenshan (1964).
anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nadappakkunnathinulla ailoyude sameepanavumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal kanvenshanukalkkum amgaraajyangalkkum idayil saarvathrikathayekkurichulla chodyathilekku varunnu, vikaswara raajyangalude aavasyangal niravettunnathinu vazhakkam aavasyamaanennu chilar vaadikkunnu. kayattumathi vipuleekarikkunnathino videsha nikshepam aakarshikkunnathino ulla malsaram thozhilchelavinte adisthaanathil malsarathinu kaaranamakumenna ashayathe chuttippattiyaan eee aashankakal, ithu sarkkarukal thozhilaallikale samrakshikkunna deseeya niyamangal illaathaakkukayo allengil eee niyamangalude nadappaakkal durbalappeduthukayo cheiyunnathinaal anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthil idivundaakkunnu. deseeya varumaanavum mathsaraadhishtithamaayi thudarunnathinidayil oru raajyathin saadhyamaaya reethiyil pinthunaykkaan kazhiyunna maanadandangalum thammilulla bandhamaan ivide adisthaana prashnam. amgeekaarathetthudarnnu eee maanadandangal nadappaakkunnathu mattu prasnangalil ulppedunnu. thozhiludamayo thozhilaalli samghadanakalo phayal cheytha praathinidyangaliloodeyo allengil kanvenshan amgeekaricha mattoru amgam nalkia paraathikaliloodeyo paalikkaatha kesukal anweshikkunnathinu ailo oru vahanam nalkunnu. iva pinneedu anweshanavum report aarambikkunna oru samithiyilekku ayaykkunnu. parathiye abhisambodhana cheyyaan sarkkar sweekarikkaanidayulla nadapadikalekkurichulla shupaarshakal sweekarikkukayo allengil anthaaraashtra kodathiyil cases samarppikkanulla abhyarthana nadathukayo cheiyunnathiloodeyaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. paalikkunnathil paraajayappedunnathu samghadanayil ninnu oru anumathiyilekku nayichekkaam. 
mothatthil, sthaapitha kanvenshanukalude amgeekaarathe adisthaanamaakki thozhil maanadandangal swamedhayaa palikkunna oru samvidaanam ailo ghadana pradhaanamaayum srishtichu. pothuve, praathinidhyathinteyum paraathikaludeyum nadappaakkal samvidaanam vijayakaramaan-oru praathinidhyamo paratio maathramaan ettavum kadinamaaya amgeekaarathilethiyathu enna vasthuthayaan vijayam alakkunnathu. maruvashathu, sakthamaaya uparodhangalude abhavam kaaranam, ailo uyarthippidikkunna maanadandangal lamghikkaan chaayvulla raajyangalkk ailoik mathiyaya sakthamaaya prathirodha gadakamilla. koodaathe, maanadandangalude "vazhakkam" swatantra saahacharyangale adisthaanamaakki poruthappeduthunnathinna valareyadhikam avasaram nalkunnu, ithu kanvenshanukalude shakti kuraykkunnu.
loka vyapara samghadana.
elos nadapakkalum anumathy samvidaanangal durbalamaayathinaal, 1994 ll roopeekarichathumuthal loka vyapara samghadanayude pravartthanatthil thozhil maanadandangal ulppeduthunnathinekku kaaryamaaya charchakal nadannittundu. pradhaanamaayum, thaarifukalum vyapaaravum sambandhicha pothu kararinu melnottam vahikkunna dablyu. tii. oo., athinte 157 anga raajyangalkkidayil charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum mooladhanathinteyum swatantra irakkumathikkum kayattumathiykkumulla kasttams, thaarifukalum mattu thadassangalum kuraykkuka enna lakshyathodeyulla oru udambadiyaanu. ailoyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vyaapaarathekkurichulla dablyu. tii. oo niyamangal lamghikkappedukayaanenkil, tarkka parihara nadapadikramangal (phalapradamaaya oru judicial prakriya) vazhi vidhi urappaakkunna amgaraajyangalkku vyapara uparodhangaliloode prathikarikkaam. paalikkaatha raajyathinethire targettucheytha thaarifukal veendum earppeduthunnathu ithil ulppedaam. oru samyojitha sameepanathinte vakthaakkal gaatt karaarukalil oru "saamoohika closs" ulppeduthanamennu aavasyappettittundu, udaaharanathinu article XX bhedagathi cheythukondu, manushyavakaasha lamghanangalkku uparodham earppeduthaan anuvadikkunna pothu vyapara thadassangal kuraykkunnathinulla niyamangalkk oru apavaadam nalkunnu. pradhana thozhil maanadandangalekkurichulla vyakthamaaya paramarsham oru dablyu. tii. oo amgaraajyam aii. oo. oo maanadandangal lamghikkunnathaayi kandethumbol nadapadiyedukkaan anuvadikkum. atharamoru sameepanam oru raajyathinte vyavasaayangal enna nilayil thozhil avakaashangale prathikoolamaayi baadikkukayum durbalappeduthukayum cheiyumennu athiraalikal vaadikkunnu, athinaal athinte thozhil sakthiye theerchayaayum doshakaramaayi badhikkunnu, pakshe thozhil parishkkaranam nadakkumennu oru urappumilla. koodaathe, 1996leeii singapur manthrithala prakhyaapanatthil "raajyangalude, prathyekichu kuranja praayathilulla vikaswara raajyangalude thaarathamya nettam oru tharatthilum chodyam cheyyappedaruthu" ennu vaadikkappettu."athanusarichu, raajyangalkk avarude kayattumathi vardhippikkunnathinaayi kuranja vethanavum jolisthalathe mosham saahacharyangalum thaarathamya nettamaayi prayojanappedutthaan kazhiyanamennu vaadikkunnu. athupole thanne, yuke polulla uyarnna vethana rajyangalil ninnu kuranja vethanamulla raajyangalilekku bisinesses uthppaadanam mattumennathil tharkkamund, kaaranam aaa thiranjeduppu kooduthalum thozhilaallikalude uthppaadanakshamathaye aasrayichirikkunnu. pala thozhil abhibhaashakarudeyum saambathika vidagtharudeyum kaazhchappaad, durbalamaaya vilapeshal shakthiyudeyum thozhilaallikalude chalanasheshiyudeyum pashchaathalatthil, uthppaadanam neekkunnathiloode thozhilaallikale avasaraparamayi prayojanappedutthaan bisinasine anuvadikkunnu, koodaathe nirddishta kayattumathikkethire lakshyamidunna nadapadikalulla ekopitha bahurashtra sameepanamaan abhikaamyamennu thudarunnu. tarkka parihaarathinulla nadapadikramangalil dablyu. tii. oo ithuvare thozhil avakashangal ulppeduthiyittille, pala raajyangalum adisthaana thozhil maanadandangal samrakshikkunna ubhaykakshi karaarukal undakkaan thudangi. koodaathe, dablyu. tii. oo karaarukal ithuvare sparsikkaatha aabhyanthara tarif niyanthranangalil, pradhana thozhil avakaashangale maanikkunna mattu raajyangalkk rajyangal munganana nalkiyittundu, udaaharanathinu europian union tarif munganana niyanthranathinu keezhil, article 7,8 enniva.
pala raajyangalile thozhilaallikal.
ailoyum dablyu. tii. oyum prayogikkunna thozhil maanadandangalekkurichulla charchakal aagolathalathil mooladhanathinte swathanthramaaya chalanavumaayi maanadandangal santhulithamaakkaan shramikkumbol, thozhilaallikal swadeshathu ninnu videshathekku pookumbool niyamangalude (allengil swakaarya anthaaraashtra niyamam) prasnangal uyarnnuvarunnu. amerikkayil ninnulla oru thozhilaalli brazeel, chaina, denmark ennividangalil (oru "peripattik" thozhilaalli) thante joliyude oru bhagam nirvahikkukayaanenkil allengil oru thozhilaalli fraansil videshathulla oru pravasi aayi jolie cheiyunnathinaayi ekkaavaadoril earppettirikkukayaanel, oru thozhiludama thozhil karaarine thozhilaallikku ettavum anukoolamallaatha raajyathe niyamathaal niyanthrikkappedunnu visheshippikkaan sramikkaam, allengil ettavum anukoolamaaya thozhil avakasha sambradaayam baadhakamallenn vadikkaan sramikkaam. udaaharanathinu, oru yuu. keey. thozhil niyama kesil, "rawat vii haliberton manufacturing aandu sarveesas limittad" misttar rawat yukeyil ninnullayalaayirunnu, ennaal american multinaashanal oayil kambaniyaaya haalibarttaninte bhagamaaya oru jarmman kambaniyaanu libiyayil jolie cheythirunnathu. eejipt aasthaanamaayulla oru supervisor addehathe pirichuvittu. yukeyile niyamaparamaaya nibandhanakalkkum vyavasthakalkkum keezhil addehathe niyamikkumennu addehathodu parayukayum ithu abardeenile oru staafing departmentaanu krameekarikkukayum cheythath. 1996 leeii yuke employment raitts act prakaram addehathinu anyaayamaayi pirichuvidaanulla avakaashamundengilum niyamatthinte praadeshika vyaapthi enthaanennu niyamam thurannuparanju. oru pravasi thozhilaalliye sambandhichidatholam, avarkk yuke thozhil niyama avakashangal undaakilla ennathaanu pothuvaaya niyamam, ennaal thozhilaallikku yukeyumayi "adutha bandham" kaanikkan kazhiyumenkil oru apavaadam undaakumenn yuke supreme kodathi nireekshichu, ithu shree rabathinu nalkia karar urappukaliloodeyaanu sthaapichathu.
ithu europian unionile pothuvaaya chattakkoodinullil cherunnu. europian union rome I regulation article 8 prakaram, thozhilaallikalkk avar pathivayi jolie cheiyunna rajyath thozhil avakashangal undaayirikkum. ennaal asaadhaaranamaamvidham avarkk mattoru rajyavumaayi adutha bandham sthaapikkaan kazhiyumenkil mattoru rajyath avarkk avakaashavaadam undayirikkaam. thozhilaalliye samrakshikkuka enna lakshyathode niyamangal prayogikkanamennu niyanthranam oonnipparayunnu.
oru avakaashavaadam kelkkaan oru kodathikku adhikaraparidhi undayirikkendathum aavasyamaanu. brassels I regulation article 19 prakaram, claim konduvarunna sthalatho avide earppettirikkunna sthalatho thozhilaalli pathivayi jolie cheyyanamennu ithu aavashyappedunnu.
europian union niyamam.
1992leeii europian union udambadiyiloodeyum (mastrict) 1997leeii aamstardaam udambadiyiloodeyum mattu niravadhi karaarukaliloodeyum amgaraajyangalude poornna saambathika samyojanam prothsaahippicha oru bahu sarkkar niyamanirmmaana gadanayaanu europian community (iii. sii.). thozhilaallikalallaatha pradeshangalil niravadhi nirddeshangal purappeduvichittundu saamoohika nayavum thozhilum sambandhicha kaaryangalil ithu parayaan kazhiyilla. ennirunnaalum, aarogyavum surakshyum sambandhicha chila niyanthranangal, kuranja aarogya, suraksha maanadandangal ulppedunna, oru malsara nettatthinaayi upayogikkunna, manushyathvarahithamaaya eathoru sambradaayavum laghookarikkaanulla shramathil iii. sii. sweekarichittundu.
mikka anthaaraashtra samghadanakalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi europian union vipulamaaya thozhil niyamangalund, ennaal audyogikamaayi (europian yooniyante pravartthana udambadi anusarichu) nerittulla vethana niyanthranathe (udha.jii. minimum vethanam nischayikkuka), pirichuvidalukalude neethi (udha.jii. thiranjedukkappetta thozhilaallikal pirichuvidalukal amgeekarikkendathinte aavasyakatha) koottaaya vilapeshalum. nirddeshangalude oru parambara mikkavarum matellaa prasnangaleyum niyanthrikkunnu, udaaharanathinu working time directive 28 divasathe shambalathodeyulla avadhi urappunalkunnu, samathwa chattakkood directive jolie cheiyunna aalukalkk ellaatharam vivechanavum nirodhikkunnu, koottaaya redendency directive sariyaaya ariyipp nalkukayum saambathika pirichuvidalukalekkurillu eathenkilum theerumaanangal anthimamaakkunnathinu munbu koodiyaalochana nadathukayum venam.
ennirunnaalum, europian kodathi aduthide athinte cases niyamathiloode udambadikal vipuleekarichu. thozhilaallikalude avakaashangalkk niyamaparamaaya pariraksha nalkunnathinoppam, bahurashtra korppareshanukal aagolathalathil avarude uthppaadanam samghadippichathupole athirthikalkkappurathu avarude amgangale samghadippikkuka ennathaayirunnu trade yooniyanukalude lakshyam. thozhilaallikale pirichuvidaano sthalam maattaano ulla bisinasukalude kazhivil ninnu varunna adhikara santhulithaavastha niravettunnathinaayi, unionukal anthaaraashtra thalatthil koottaaya nadapadiyum samaravum nadatthaan sramichittundu. ennirunnaalum, itharathilulla ekopanam aduthide europian yooniyanil rund vivaada theerumaanangalil velluvilichirunnu. lawal ell. tii. dii vii. sweedish bildezhs union" enna samghadanayil oru koottam latvian thozhilaallikale kuranja shambalathil sweedanile oru nirmmaana sthalathekku ayachu. praadeshika sweedish union lawal limittad praadeshika koottaaya karaaril oppidunnathinu vyaavasaayika nadapadi sweekarichu. thasthikayilulla thozhilaallikalude nirddeshaprakaaram, article 3 thozhilaallikale veettil ninnu akatti nirthunnathinu minimum maanadandangal nischayikkunnu, angane thozhilaallikalkk avarude jolisthalathinu kuranja minimum avakashangal undengil avarkk ellaayppozhum veettil undaayirikkenda ettavum kuranja avakaashangalenkilum labikkum. article 3 (7) parayunnath ithu "thozhilaallikalkk kooduthal anukoolamaaya thozhil nibandhanakalum vyavasthakalum prayogikkunnathine thadayilla" ennaanu. ettavum kuranjathinekkaal (udha.jii. latvian niyamathil) aathidheya samsthaanathinte niyamanirmmaanathilo koottaaya kararilo. ennirunnaalum, palarum aashcharyappeduthunna oru vyaakhyaanathil, poost cheytha thozhilaallikalkk ettavum kuranja maanadandangal uyarthaan poost cheiyunna samsthaanathinu maathrame kazhiyoo ennum aathidheya raajyathinte eathu shramavum allengil oru koottaaya karar (article 3 (8) prakaram koottaaya karar saarvathrikamaayi prakhyaapikkunnillengil) tii. eph. iii. yuu article 56 prakaram sevanangal nalkaanulla bisinassinte swaathanthryathinte lamghanamaakumennum iii. sii. jeey paranju. eee theerumaanam roome aii regulationil europian union niyamanirmmanasabha parokshamaayi pinvalichu, ithu aathidheya raajyam kooduthal anukoolamaaya maanadandangal anuvadikkumennu 34-aamm vaachakathil vyakthamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "dhii rossella" yill, soukaryathinte oru eestoniyan pathaaka upayogikkunna oru bisinassinethire anthaaraashtra gathagatha thozhilaallikalude federation uparodhikkukayum cheythathaayum isije abhiprayappettu (athaayath.iii. finlandile thozhil maanadandangal ozhivakkaan estoniyan niyamaprakaaram pravarthikkunnuvennu paranjukondu) tii. eph. iii. yuu article 49 prakaram swatantra sthaapanathinulla bisinasinte avakaashathe lamghichu. iii. sii. jeey iloo kanvenshan 87 anusarichu thozhilaallikalude "panimudakkaanulla avakasham" amgeekarichathaayi paranju, ennaal athinte upayogam bisinesses sthaapanathinte avakaashathinu aanupaathikamaayirikkanam ennu paranju. athinte falamaayi europian neethinyaaya kodathiyude sameepakaala theerumaanangal anthaaraashtra vyapara swaathanthryavum avarude thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinaayi vilapeshunnathinum nadapadiyedukkunnathinumal thozhil swaathanthryavum thammil ganyamaaya asanthulithaavastha srishtikkunnu.
thozhil maanadandangal nadappaakkunnathine anukoolikkunna iii. sii. yile amgangalkku, saamoohika niyamanirmmaanathinulla theerumaanamedukkal thadassangal laghookarikkunnathinulla oru oonnal undaayittund. 1992 februvari 7nuu mastrict udambadi oppuvachathu aarogyavum surakshyum, vivechanam illaathava, thozhilaalikalumaayulla koodiyaalochana thudangiya vivaadangal kuranja vishayangalil niyamanirmmanam eluppamaakki.
kaundikaliludaneelam baadhakamaaya niyamanirmmanam nadappilaakkunnathinulla oru ghadana iii. sii nalkumbol, athinte paridhikkullil polum anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal srishtikkaan kazhiyunna paridhi parimithamaanu. eee nirddeshangal thozhil aashankakale deseeya thalathinu mukalil konduvaraan anuvadikkumbol, amgaraajyangal thammilulla daarshanika vyathyaasangalude saannidhyavum samsthaana svayambharanathinulla parimithikalum eee maathrkaykkulla thadassangal prakadamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee budhimuttukalum ellah amgaraajyangalileyum sarkkaarukalumaayi koodiyaalochikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha sankeernamaaya theerumaanamedukkal ghadanayum undaayirunnittum, vividha iii. sii. nayaroopeekarana sthaapanangalum anubandha kakshikalum athinte saamoohika nayatthinte kudakkeezhil thozhil maanadandangalkkaayi anthardesheeya niyamanirmmanam srishtikkunnathil vijayichu. thathfalamaayi, iii. sii. prakadippichathupole, eee maathruka, anthardesheeya adisthaanathil thozhil maanadandangal sthaapikkunnathinu praayogikamaanu. innu lokathile oreyoru pothu bahurashtra staanderd samvidaanamaaya iii. siyude athulyavum samyojithavumaaya samooham kaaranam eee modalinte mattevideyengilum pakarppilaan budhimuttu.
nireekshanam.
anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude vijayathile nirnaayaka ghadakam sariyaaya nireekshanavum nadappaakkalumaan. anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nireekshikkumbol, ejansikal moonnu pradhana tharam vivarangale aasrayikkunnu ailo polulla anthaaraashtra samghadanakalil ninnulla vivarangal, deseeya ejansikalil ninnulla vivarangal, sarkkarithara samghadanakalil ninnulla vivarangal. aavashyamaaya daatta kandethukayum nirnnayikkukayum cheyyumbol, nireekshana ejansikal chila anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal paalikkunnath vishakalanam cheiyunnathinaayi phalangal prosess cheyyukayum parisodhikkukayum cheyyendathundu. oduvil, paalikkal vishakalanathin sesham, shupaarshakalum aavashyamaaya krameekaranangalum bandhapetta kakshiye ariyikkunnu.
daatta uravidangal.
anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaram nireekshikkunnathinu aavashyamaaya vivarangalude pradhana srothassukalilonnaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana. iloo bharanaghadanayude article 22 anusarichu, "oro amgavum oru kakshiyaya kanvenshanukalile vyavasthakal praabalyatthil varuthaan sweekaricha nadapadikalekkurichu anthaaraashtra thozhil offeesil oru vaarshika report nalkaan sammathikkunnu.prathyekichum, iloyude pradhana thozhil maanadandangalkkaayi oro rund varshathilum oro anchu varshathilum oru report thayyarakkan rajyangal nirbandhitharaakunnu, avaa raajyam amgeekaricha matellaa sajeeva kanvenshanukalkkum, kanvenshanukaludeyum shupaarshakaludeyum prayogathekkurichulla vidagtharude samitikkum maanadandangalude prayogathekkurichulla konfarans kammittikkum samarppikkunnu. raajyam ithuvare amgeekarikkaatha kanvenshanukalkkaayi, chila kanvenshanukaludeyo shupaarshakaludeyo eathenkilum vyavasthakal praabalyatthil varuthaan avar sweekaricha nadapadikal pathivayi edavelakalil prakadippikkaanum oru prathyeka kanvenshante amgeekaarathe thadayukayo vaikippikkukayo cheytha eathenkilum thadassangal soochippikkaanum ailo bharanaghadanayude article 19 raajyangale nirbandhikkunnu.mukalil paranjavayellaam samyojippichu iloyude pathiv melnotta samvidaanam roopappeduthunnu.
amgaraajyangalkkethire unnayicha paraathikalum association paraathikalude swaathanthryavum kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru prathyeka nadapadikrama tharam supervisory samvidaanavum ailoik undu. iloo bharanaghadanayude article 24,26 enniva prakaram, oru prathyeka samsthaanam avar munbu amgeekaricha anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandam paalikkunnillenn vividha vibhagangal bharanasamithiyodu soochippichekkaam. iloo chattakkoodinullil, associate cheyyaanulla swaathanthryavumaayi bandhapetta thozhil nilavaarathinum prathyeka munganana labhichittund, ithu association swaathanthryavumaayi bandhapetta kanvenshanukal samsthaanam amgeekarichittillenkum bharanasamithiyilekku paraathikal konduvaraan anuvadikkunnu.
ikyaraashtrasabha, locabank thudangiya mattu anthaaraashtra samghadanakalum anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nireekshikkunnu. amgaraajyangalil ninnulla svayam report cheytha daattaye ikyaraashtrasabha pradhaanamaayum aasrayikkunnu. ikyaraashtrasabha amgeekaricha anthaaraashtra udambadikal amgaraajyangal paalikkunnundo illayo ennu nirnnayikkaan eee dattaa pooyintukal upayogikkunnu. ailo yuu. enn.-nte oru upavibhagamaanennathinaal, pothuve, kooduthal vishadamaaya thozhil maanadanda daattayum paalikkal rekhakalum ailoyude paridhikkullil sthithicheyyunnu. amgaraajyangalkkulla sahaayathin pinnile gadakangalilonnaayi ailo nischayicha anthaaraashtra maanadandangal locabank ulkkollunnu.
deseeya ejansikalum enn. jii. oo. kalum anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nireekshikkunnu. deseeya ejansikal saadhaaranayaayi anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude aabhyanthara palikkalinekkurichu report cheyyumbol engiokal avarude paridhiyil valare vaividhyapoornamaanu.
velluvilikal.
ennirunnaalum, anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthinte nireekshanatthil niravadhi velluvilikal nilanilkkunnu. ailoyum mattu anthaaraashtra samghadanakalum saadhaaranayaayi rajyangalil ninnulla svayam reporting daattaye aasrayikkunnu. chila vishakalana vidagdhar eee vivara srothassukalude gunanilavaaratheyum nishpakshathayeyum chodyam cheythittundu. udaaharanathinu, thozhilillaayma enthaanennathinte nirvachanangal oro rajyathinum vyathyasthamaayathinaal daatta thaarathamyam cheyyaanum daattayude gunanilavaaram vilayiruthaanum budhimuttaanu. koodaathe, valia alavilulla daatta undaayirunnittum, avayude kavarejil ippozhum vidavukalundu. nagaraanthareeksham, aupachaarika mekhala ennivayil kavarej ettavum kooduthalaanu. neremarichu, grameena paristhithikaludeyum anoupachaarika mekhalakaludeyum paridhiyil vidavukal nilanilkkunnu, ithu rajyangal report cheiyunna thozhil sthithivivarakkanakkukale kriyaathmakamaayi valachodikkunnu.
vividha anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal paalikkunnath vilayiruthunathinulla daattayude upayogathilum velluvilikal nilanilkkunnu. anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude nireekshanatthilum nadappakkalilum thaalparyam vardhichukondirikkunnathu, deseeya gaveshana kaunsilinte abhipraayathil, "oru vilayiruthalinu, pradhana thozhil maanadandangal enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, soochippikkunnathu, oru raajyam eppol paalikkunnundo illayo ennu engane nirnnayikkaam, paalikkalinte soochakangal, eathu vivara srothassukal upayogikkanam, vivara srothassukalude parimithikal enniva shradhaapoorvvam vishakalanam cheyyendathundu.thozhil maanadandangal sariyaayathum phalapradavumaaya nireekshanam anuvadikkunnathinu maanadandavalkkaranam aavasyamaanu.
lamghanangal.
jolisthalathe vivechanam.
jolisthalathe vivechanam, thurannathum rahasyavumaayath anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude lamghanathinte oru udaaharanamaanu. vamsham, niram, lingam thudangiya chila savisheshathakal kaaranam aalukale vyathyasthamayi pariganikkunnath samathwathinum avasarathinum perumaattatthinum vaikalyamundaakkunnu" ennaanu iloo jolisthalathe vivechanathe nirvachikkunnath.jolisthalathe vivechanathinte vyakthamaaya udaaharanam asamamaya shambalamaanu, prathyekichu purushanmaarum sthreekalum thammilullath. 1919 muthal jolisthalathe vivechanathinte udaaharanamaayi amgeekarikkappettenkilum, lingaparamaaya shambala vidavu, palappozhum asamamaya shambalathinte alavu, 22.9% aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, athaayath oru purushan sambaadikkunna oro dollarinum, ore sthaanathu oru sthree 77.1 sent sambaadikkum. lingaparamaaya shambala vidavu kuraykkunnathinum illaathaakkunnathinum niravadhi nettangalundennu ailo nirddeshikkunnundeng, lingaparamaaya shambala kuravinte nilavile, mandagathiyilulla nirakkil, "eee vidavu nikathaan mattoru 75 varsham koodi aavasyamaanennu ailo kanakkakkunnu."
thozhil suraksha ennathu jolisthalathe vivechanam kandethaavunna mattoru mekhalayaanu. bangladesh polulla chila vikaswara rajyangalil, thozhil arakshithaavastha sthreekalude oopshanukal kuracha purushaadhipathya samoohangale prathifalippikkunnu. nilavil banglaadeshile vasthranirmmaanashaalakale 18 laksham thozhilaallikalil 15 laksham perum sthreekalaanu. factory udamakalude veekshanakonil, sthreekale niyamikkunnathinte prayojanam poraaymakalulla "anusaranamaanu".maanyavum manyavumaaya thozhilinte kaaryatthil sthreekalkku purushanmaarekkaal kurachu avasarangal maathrameyulloo. eee sthreekalil palarkkum vasthranirmmaanashaalakalil jolie nashtappettaal avar daaridryathilekko veshyaavrithi polulla anoupachaarika mekhalayil jolie cheyyaano nirbandhitharaakum.
linga vivechanathinu purathulla vivechanathinte mattu roopangalil vamsham, vamseeyatha, praayam, matham, rashtreeya abhipraayangal, saamoohika uthbhavam, vaikalyangal, laingika aabhimukhyam, janithakashasthram, jeevitashaili enniva adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanam ulppedunnu. anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude lamghanamaayi eee tharatthilulla vivechanangalellaam ailo thirichariyunnu.
balavela.
iloyude abhipraayathil, "kuttikale avarude kuttikkalavum avarude kazhivum antass nashtappedutthukayum shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya vikasanathinu hanikaramaaya joliyaanu balavela".kuttikal nadathunna jolikale ailo moonnu vibhagangalaayi tharamthirikkunnu kuttikal thozhil, balavela, apakadakaramaaya jolie. 2016 oode apakadakaramaaya balavela illaathaakkuka enna lakshyathode balavela apakadakaramaaya joly ailo apalapikkunnu. 2012 ll 168 dasalaksham kuttikal (lokathile 11 sathamaanam kuttikal) balavelayil earppettirikkukayaanennum athil 85 dasalaksham apakadakaramaaya jolikalil earppettirikkukayaanennum ailo kanakkakki. ailo kanvenshan nambar. 1919ll amgeekarikkappedukayum 1921ll praabalyatthil varikayum cheytha 5 balavela niyanthrikkunna aadyathe ailo kanvenshanaayirunnu. pathinaalu vayassil thaazheyulla kuttikale oru pothu allengil swakaarya vyavasaya sthaapanathilum jolicheyyano jolie cheyyaano paadilla" ennu artikkilile pradhana vyavastha vyakthamaakkunnu.1919ll aarambhichathinusesham, 1919leeii aadya kanvenshanil maattam varuthukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha mattu niravadhi iloo kanvenshanukal amgeekarikkappettu. innu, 1973leeii sii138 minimum eaju kanvenshanum 1999leeii sii182 ettavum mosham roopathilulla balavela kanvenshanum munkaala kanvenshanukalellaam maatti. minimum eaju kanvenshan kuttikale jolie cheyyaan anuvadikkunna ettavum kuranja praayathe nirvachikkunnu. prathyeka alavansukalkku keezhil allatha kuttikalkk 18 vayass vare apakadakaramaaya jolikalil earppedaan anuvaadamilla. balavelayude adisthaana kuranja praayam 15 (vikaswara raajyangalkk 14), vidyaabhyaasathino thozhiladhishtitha aabhimukhyam, pariseelanam ennivaye thadassappeduthaatha laghuvarkkinulla kuranja vethanam 13 (vikaswara raajyangalkk 12) aanu. sii182 balavelayude ettavum mosham roopangal thirichariyunnathinum illaathaakkunnathinum udan nadapadiyedukkaan ellah sarkkaarukalodum abhyarthikkunnu.
iloo anusarichu apakadakaramaaya joliyaayi inipparayunnava nirvachikkappedunnu
yuu. ennil bhooribhaagam amgaraajyangalum c138, c182 enniva amgeekarichittundu. balavela kanvenshante ettavum mosham roopangal (c182) 178 rajyangal amgeekarichittundu, athesamayam 7 rajyangal (cuba, erithriya, marshell dveepukal, mianmer, palaavu, somalia, tuwalu) ithuvare ithu amgeekarichittilla. kuranja prayaparidhi (c138) 167 rajyangal amgeekarichittundu, athesamayam 18 rajyangal ithuvare ithu amgeekarichittilla. austreliya, america, canada, meksikoo, bangladesh ennivayellaam minimum praaya kanvenshan (c138) amgeekarikkaatha amgaraajyangalaanu.
surakshithamallaatha thozhil reethikal.
manyamaaya jolie surakshithamaaya joliyaanu" enna manthrathinu keezhil pravartthikkunna, jolisthalathe surakshyum aarogyavum, paristhithiyum, surakshithamaaya joliyum ennivayekkurichulla ailo prograaminu ellaavarkkum jolie surakshithamaakkuka ennathaanu lakshyam. iloo prakaram, oro 15 secondilum joliyumaayi bandhapetta apakadamo rogamo moolam oraal marikkunnu. surakshithamallaatha thozhil reethikalkku deerghavum moshavumaaya charithramund. 1911leeii trikonamithi shirtweist factory theepiduttham muthal 2013ll padinjaaran texasile valam spodanam vare, vyaavasaayika duranthangal thozhilaallikaludeyum avarude aashritharudeyum jeevithathe prathikoolamaayi baadikkukayum uyarnna saambathika chelavukal varuthukayum cheythu. 1919ll ithu roopeekarichathumuthal, thozhilaallikalude suraksha urappaakkunnath ailoyude adisthaana douthyangalilonnaanu. thozhilaallikalude surakshyum aarogyavum paramavadhi vardhippikkuka enna lakshyathode ailo athinte charithrathiludaneelam niravadhi kanvenshanukal sweekarichittundu. nilavil moonnu adisthaana kanvenshanukal praabalyathilundu thozhil surakshyum aarogya kanvenshanum (c155,1981), thozhil aarogya sevana kanvenshan (c161,1985), thozhil surakshaykkum aarogya kanvenshanum (c187,2006) sambandhicha prachaarana chattakkood. ettavum puthiya kanvenshan "prathirodha surakshyum aarogya samskaaravum prolsaahippikkukayum surakshithavum aarogyakaravumaya thozhil anthareeksham kramena kaivarikkukayum cheyyuka" ennathaanu lakshyamidunnathu.adisthaana aarogya suraksha kanvenshanukalude kuranja amgeekaara nilavaaramaan ailo abhimukeekarikkunna oru velluvili. c155, c161, c187 enniva yathaakramam 60,31,25 rajyangal amgeekarichittundu. kanvenshanukalil vivarichirikkunna prathekshakal niravettunnathil iloo paraajayappettathinte veekshanakonil ninnu anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadanda lamghanangalude udaaharanangalaan.
vimarsanangal.
anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal nadappakkunnathinulla uchithamaaya reethiyekkurichulla abhipraayavyathyaasangalkka purame, avayude nilanilppinte saadhuthayekkurich viyojippulla abhipraayangalundu. anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalkkethire uyarthunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya rund vaadangal avaa anthaaraashtra malsaraseshiye durbalappeduthukayum aabhyanthara nayathe illaathaakkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu.
anthaaraashtra malsaraseshiye durbalappeduthunnu.
kendratthinte avakashamulla saambathika vidagdhar charitraparamaayi uyarthiya anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalekkurichulla vimarsanam avaa vipani shakthikale valachodikkukayum angane thozhilineyum varumaanatheyum thadassappeduthukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu. valathupaksha saambathika vidagtharude abhipraayathil, aagola swatantra vyapaaram raajyangalkk thaarathamyaparamaaya nettamulla pravarthanangalil vaidagdhyam nedaanum kaimaattatthiloode paraspara nettangal koyyanum anuvadikkunnu. valia alavil avidagdha thozhilaallikalulla raajyangalude anthaaraashtra malsarasheshi kuranja chelavil thozhilaallikale nalkaanulla avarude kazhivine aasrayichirikkunnu. athinaal, anthaaraashtra maanadandangal thozhil chelavu vardhippikkunnathiloode eathoru thaarathamya nettattheyum durbalappeduthum. yaadhaasthithika vaadamanusarichu, anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangal vikaswara raajyangale kuranja kayattumathi sambadvyavasthayilekku nayikkunnu.
anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaaratthe pinthunaykkunnavar palappozhum prathikarikkunnath eee vimarsanam maanadandangalekkaal nadappaakkalinte oru prathyeka vashathe maathrame aakramikkoo ennu vaadikkunna reethiyilaan. koodaathe, uyarnna thozhil nilavaaram malsaraseshiye durbalappeduthanamennilla ennu idathumunnani saambathika vidagdhar abhipraayappedunnu. berick aandu roadgers (2006) nalkia anubhavaparamaya thelivukal soochippikkunnathu thozhil nilavaaram uyarthunnathinulla eathoru chelavum nerittulla videsha nikshepatheyum (efdi) kayattumathiyeyum prothsaahippikkunna prothsaahanangaliloode eluppathil nikathaanaakumennaanu. eee vaadathe pinthudarnnu, uyarnna thozhil maanadandangal saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sthiratha mechappeduthuka mathramalla, kooduthal videsha nikshepathe prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunnu, mathramalla avaa manushya mooladhanathil moolyavathaaya nikshepangal nalkukayum athu karyakshamatha nettangalilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
aabhyanthara nayathe illaathaakkunnu.
anthaaraashtra thozhil nilavaarangalkkethiraaya mattoru pradhana vaadam sveekaaryamaaya thozhil saahacharyangalkkayi nischayichittulla maanadandangal samanvayippikkaanulla eathoru shramavum oru paridhivare oru prathyeka raajyathinte savisheshamaaya saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya kaalaavasthayude nilavile avasthaye avaganikkunnu ennathaanu. anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappetta oru koottam thozhil maanadandangal sweekarikkunnathinuparam, paramadhikaara rajyangal thozhil vipani niyanthranam aabhyanthara nayathinu vittukodukkunnathaanu nallathennu nirddeshikkappedunnu. eee reethiyil, oru raajyathin anuyojyamallaatha oru ekeekritha vethanam nadappakkaan sramikkunnathinupakaram lokathinte aaa mekhalayile prathyeka saahacharyathin anusrithamaayi minimum vethanam polulla oru maanadandam thayyarakkan kazhiyumennu vaadikkunnu. 1996leeii oru padanatthil, drucilla braun, alaan dardorf, roobert stern ennivar anthaaraashtra thozhil maanadandangalude samanvayathinte falaprapti parisodhikkaan vividha saidhaanthika thozhil maathrkakal upayogikkunnu. saidhaanthika kesukalil, thozhil saahacharyangal takaraan anuvadikkunna vipani parajayangal thozhil maanadandangal ettavum vendathra pariharikkumennu patanam nigamanam cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, vipaniyile parajayangal raajyangaliludaneelam orupoleyalla, athinaal thozhil maanadandangal anthaaraashtra reethiyil nirmmikkaruth.
balavela sanbradaayangalude prashnam nokkiyaal eee vimarshanathinte oru udaaharanam kaanaan kazhiyum. oru raajyathe balavelayude alavu athinte saambathika vikasanathinte nilavaaratthe nerittu aasrayichirikkunnu ennathaanu anthaaraashtra thozhil avakashangalkkethiraaya cases vyakthamaakkunnath. eee yukthiprakaram pinthudarunna daridra raajyangalkk kuranja praayaparidhikk pakaram saambathika vikasanathiloode balavela nirthalaakkaanulla mikacha saadhyathayund. vaasthavathil, gdpp aalohari 5000 dollar athunnathuvare 14 vious athil thaazheyumulla kuttikale thozhil shakthiyil ninnu poornnamaayum pinvalikkunnillenn oru patanam kandethi. koodaathe, balavela sanbradaayangale avahelikkunnathu nirodhanathe pinthunaykkunnathinulla praayapoorthiyaaya thozhilaallikalkulla prothsaahanangale durbalappeduthunnathiloodu balavela mothatthil unmoolanam cheyyaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkumennu anthaaraashtra samavayam vaadikkunnu.

