
tunisian prakrithivalkkarana prashnam

1933ll franch samrakshitha tunisiayude kaalath franch pourathvam eluppamaakkiya franch, tunisian niyamangalkkethiraaya prathishedha prasthaanamaayirunnu tunisian prakrithivalkkarana prashnam. musleem smashaanangalil franch pourathvam sweekaricha musleem tunisiakkaare samskarikkunnath thadayunnathil ithu sajeevamaayirunnu. eee kalapangal 1926-28 adichamarthalinu sesham durbalamaaya tunisian deseeya prasthaanatthe punarujjeevippichu.
pashchaathalam.
aadyathe prakrithivalkkarana niyamangal.
tunishyakkaarkku franch pourathvam nedaan anuvadikkunna aadyathe niyamangal 1887 ll, samrakshitha samsthaanam sthaapich aarr varshathinu sheshamaan nadappilaakkiyathu. 1887 juulai 29 leeii niyamam vyakthamaakkunnath
1899 februvari 28,1910 october 2,1914 august 20,1921 november 8 ennee utharavukaliloode valia bhedagathikal varuthaathe eee niyamam asadhuvaakki. 1910 leeii niyamam franch sthreekalude (kuttikalulla) tunisian bharthaakkanmaarkkum uyarnna birudadhaarikalkkum (akkaalat, iva fraansil maathrame sambaadikkaan kazhiyoo) sayudha senayil sevanamanushtikkaan vaidyashaasthraparamaayi ayogyarennu kanakkakkappettavarkkum maathram swaabhaavikavalkkaranathinu apekshikkaanulla saadhyatha vipuleekarichu.
ennirunnaalum, tunisiayil janicha videshikalkk (kooduthalum joothanmaarkkum itaaliyakkaarkkum) franch pourathvam eluppamaakkiya 1921 leeii utharavinulla prathikaranangal sajeevamaayirunnu. chila tunisian pathrangal eee "tunisian pourathvamkkethiraaya akramanam" vimarsikkukayum tunisiayile videshikalkk tunisian pourathvam nalkaamennu vaadikkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, tunisiayil janicha kristhyan videshikal tunisian pourathvam thedunnathinupakaram franch pourathvam thedunnathu saadhaaranamaanennu mattullavar kandethi.
1922 epril 8 nuu thante 18 abhyarthanakal thripthippettillenkil sthaanathyaagam cheiyumennu addeham bheeshanippeduthiyappol anaan-nasser beyil ninnaan aadyathe "audyogika" ethirppu vannath. onpathaam pooyint "sainyathil sevanamanushtichavarkkum sevanamanushtikkaathavarkkum tunisian swaabhaavikavalkkarana utharavu poornnamaayum nirthalaakkanamennu" aavasyappettu. ennirunnaalum taamasiyaathe thante aavasyangal pinvalikkaan bay nirbandhithanaayi.
swaabhaavikavalkkaranangalude ennam akkaalat valare kurravaayirunnu
1923 desember 20-leeii niyamam.
tunishyayile itaaliyan janasamkhyayude valippathekurichulla franch sarkkaarinte ashankayum italiyile faasisathinte uyarchayum tunishyakkaarkku franch pourathvam eluppamaakkunna 1923 desember 20 leeii niyamam passacan fraansine prothsaahippichu. eee vyavasthakal prakaram, franch pourathvathinu apekshikkaan kazhiyunnavar
niyamathe ethirtha aadyathe tunisiakkaaril oralaaya tahar haddad, swaabhaavikavalkkaranathinte bhauthika nettangalil thaalpparyamulla thante naattukaarude upekshaye bhayapettu. 1923 november 13nuu addeham apalapichu "swaabhaavikavalkkaranathinulla thurakkal ennaal, kuranjathu, tunishyakkaar oru divasam franchukaaraakanamennu france aagrahikkunnu. tunisian raashtratheyum athine prathinidheekarikkunna raajyatheyum adichamarthaan franch sarkkar utsukaraanennu theliyikkaan ithu paryaapthamallayo, france udambadi prakaram bahumanikkaanum prathirodhikkanum polum prathijnjaabadhamaanu?"
telegraamukalude oru pracharanam samghadippichu eee niyamathe ethirkkaan desttar party shramichu. mathaparamaya adhikaarikal apalapikkanulla avarude sramangal athramaathram nishfalamaayi. oduvil habib bay puthiya niyamathil oppuvachu, avarude pracharanam avasanippikkukayum deseeya party durbalappeduthukayum cheythu.
1923leeii niyamathe thudarnnu prakrithivalkkaranam.
islaamika niyamam adisthaanaparamaayi prayogicha tunisian kodathikalude adikaaraparidhiyil ninnu rakshappedaan aagrahikkunna tunisian joothanmaaraayirunnu eee niyamatthinte pradhana gunabhokthaakkal. samrakshitha samsthaanathinte thudakkam muthal avaril palarum thangalude kuttikale franch skoolukalilekku ayaykkaan theerumaanichirunnu. angane, avar ippol franch pourathvam nedunnathinulla vyavasthakal paalichu. 1924ll 284 juthanmaarum 62 musleengalum swaabhaavikavalkkaranathinaayi apekshichu. 1924num 1930num idayil apekshakarude ennam 5300 joothanmaaraayum 1150 musleengalaayum vardhichu. avarude prachodanangal kooduthalum gadyamaayirunnu apekshakaril mikkavarum 'colonial moonnaam' ennu vilikkappedunnathil aakrishtaraaya cheria udyogastharaayirunnu, athil franch pouranmaarkku tunisiacarc nalkunnathinekkaal moonnilonnu kooduthal shambalam nalkiyirunnu.
eee niyamatthinte srashtaavaayirunna fraansile resident generalaya lucian seyint, mikacha vidyaabhyaasamulla amgangale aakarshikkunnathiloode deseeya prasthaanatthe durbalappedutthaan aagrahichu. ennirunnaalum, franch samsarikkaan maathram kazhiyaatha eee puthiya pouranmaare parihasicha ettavum vamseeya colonialistukalude parihaasathe aakarshikkan maathrame addehathinu kazhinjulloo. 1929 januvari 2nuu addeham tunisia vittappol, thante pingamiyaaya francois manseroninu tunisian deseeya prasthaanatthe veendum sajeevamaakkunna oru time bomb avasheshippikkukayaanenna addehathinu ariyillaayirunnu.
1932leeii deseeya prasthaanam.
1926ll lucian seyint pasakia utharavukal destorile amgangale vivechanaadhikaarathode pravartthikkaan prerippichu. aaa kaalaghattatthile raajyathinte saambathika abhivridhi nivaasikale aninirathaan avare sahayichilla. kooduthal anukoolamaaya saahacharyangalkkayi kaathirunna avar graamapradesangalil destoriyan cellukal sthaapikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum oro korppareshanilum niravadhi thozhilaalli unionukal srishtikkukayum cheythu. deseeya vikaaram nilanirthunnathinaayi saahitya, kalaa, naadaka kambanikal raajyamembaadum sanjarichu. arabic allengil franch bhaashakalilulla deseeya pathrangalum vikasichukondirunnu.
1932 november 1nuu habib borguiba, mahmoud ell metteri, bahri giga, emm 'hamad borguiba, tahar sphar, alii bouhageb ennivar kaikaaryam cheytha "ell' aakshan tunisian" enna pusthakatthinte aadya pathipp prasidheekarichu.
taamasiyaathe, mahaamaandyathinte prathyaaghaathangal tunisiayilethukayum rajyath athrupthi vardhikkukayum cheythu. deseeya prasthaanatthe oru puthiya adisthaanathil punarujjeevippikkaan oru nalla kaaranam mathiyaakumenn eee yuva desheeyavaadikalkku thonni.
swaabhaavika prathisandhi.
1931-leeii loka islaamika kongras oof jarusalem.
1931leeii loka islaamika kongrasilekku tunisiayude prathinidhiyayi abdul assies talbi naamanirddesham cheythath "france bharikkunna islaamika raajyangalile musleengalude swaabhaavikavalkkaranathine nirashaajanakamaaya poraattam" ulppede yogathinte nigamanangalilekku tunisiakkaarude shradha aakarshichu. naadukadatthappetta destoriyan nethaavinte sakthamaaya janapreeti, prathyekichu mathaparamaya naveekaranathinu anukoolamaaya samayamayathinaal, swaabhaavikavalkkarana prashnam orikkalkkoodi munnilethi, grand kaunsilinte tunisian vibhaagathinte chalanatthil ninnu kaanaanaakunnathupole, coranic skoolukalkkum ees-sittoona sarvakalashaalaykkum anukoolamaayi.
shavasamskaarangal.
shavasamskaram.
1932 desember 31nuu, swaabhaavikavalkkarikkappedu franch muslimaaya mohammed chabane, bysertail marichathaayi prakhyaapichathinethudar, addehathe avide samskarikkunnathine athirkkanamenna uracha uddeshyathode vyakthikal musleem semitheriyil othukoodi. kimvadanthikal pracharikkukayum ithu nagaratthile mufti idris shereefine eee nirasikkaline nyaayeekarichu oru fatwa purappeduvikkaan prerippikkukayum cheythu. rakthachorichil ozhivakkaan, addehathinte vidhava, oru catholica franch vanitha, addehathe europian semitheriyil samskarikkaan sammathichu. athe divasam thanne, swaabhaavika franch pouranaaya bysertayile oru spaahikk thante ilaya puthranmaaril oraale musleem semitheriyil samskarikkunnathinaayi praadeshika adhikaarikale vilichu edapedendivannu.
eee pravarthanangalellaam deseeya maadyamangal oru valia vijayamayi aakhoshichu. "ell 'aakshan tunisian" oru pathra pracharanam aarambhichu, athu hammam life, ferriville, kairovan ennividangalil akramasakthamaaya prathishedhatthinu kaaranamaayi.
mohammed alle-tahir ibnu ashurinte fatwa.
shavasamskara avakaashangalekkurichulla avyakthatha illaathaakkunnathinaayi, resident general francois maanseron 1933 eprilil chekh ell islam mohammed alle-tahir ibnu ashurinte upadesham aavasyappettu. "sharah" kodathi purappeduvicha fatwa valare avyakthamaayirunnu; oru amuslim raajyathinte deseeyatha sweekarikkunna oru musleem vishwaasathyaagiyaanennu athu nilanirtthi, ennaal maranathinu munbu addeham pashchaathapikkukayaanenkil polum, vaakkalulla reethiyil, musleem smashaanangalil addehathe samskarikkunnath sveekaaryamaanennu koottichertthu. eee thanthrathekkurichu arinja destoriyakkaar franchukaarum matha adhikaarikalum thammilulla koottukettine apalapichu. athinaal, franch videshakaarya mantri joseph pooll-bonkorine maanseron thante paraajayathekkurichu ariyichu 
resident general thettidharikkappettilla puthiya fatwa sthireekarichappol, ezz-sittoonayile vidyaarthikal panimudakku aarambikkukayum athinte rachayithaavine neekkam cheyyanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. 1933 septambar 30nuu avarude aavasyam vijayakaramaayirunnu.
prathishedhangalude kuthichuchaattam.
thaamasasthalathinu anukoolamaaya oru fathwayude karadu thayyarakkunnathinekkuru kimvadanthikal pracharichappol, franch chamber oof deputicile konsttantain prathinidhi emily morinode, epril 6 nuu videshakaarya mantri swaabhaavikavalkkarana nayam thwarithappeduthanamennu aavasyappettu.
1933 epril 15num epril 16num swaabhaavika franchukaaranaaya moosa benn sayeedinte maranavaarthayethudarnnu hafovinile tunis parisarathu aswasthatha aarambhichu. niyamapaalakare prakshubdhatha kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhinjilla, kalaapathe kaikaaryam cheytha senagali trailermaare avarkk pakaram niyamichu. benn jeevichirippundennu prathishedhakkaar arinjappol maathramaan samadhaanam punasthaapichathu.
epril 21 nuu, grand visiyar heady lakhauva oru prakhyapanam prasidheekarichu, athil ahamed randaaman bay, svayam musleem mathatthinte samrakshakanaayi prakhyapikkukayum thante prajakalodu samaadhaanathinaayi aavasyappedukayum sharaye prathirodhikkukayum avarude pravrithikalude doshakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangalkkethire prashnamundakkunnavarkka munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. addehathinte edapedal phalavathaayilla, kalapam ozhivakkaan kairovan, laa manuba, ell keph, sook ell arba thudangiya europian smashaanangalil swaabhaavikavalkkarikkuppadu.
meyy 1 nuu, fraansile muslim leag chairmaanaayirunna bharthaavaaya srimati kebayliyude shavasamskaram thadayunnathinaayi tunis nivaasikal veendum prathishedham aarambhichu. resident general divasangalkku sesham franch muslimkale prathyekamaayi nischayicha smashaanangalil samskarikkaan utharavittu.
august 7nuu monaasthiril rakthachorichil nadannu. swaabhaavikavalkkarikkappedu franchukaare musleem smashaanangalil samskarikkunnath nirodhikkunna thaamasakkaarante utharavu undaayirunnittum, sousinte sivil kantrolar andrey grignic, swaabhaavikavalkkarikkappedu udyogasthante kuttiyaya abdezelam essadi samskarikkaan nirbandhithanaayi. aalukal eee theerumaanathinethire prathishedhikkaan theerumaanikkukayum taamasiyaathe akramam upayogikkukayum cheythu janakkoottam shavasamskara prasamgathinu kalleriyukayum sainikar prathishedhakkaare vedivaykkukayum cheythu, ithu niravadhi perkku parikkelkkukayum oraal marikkukayum cheythu, chabane ell bhoothi enna kerfoocha enna vilipperu. sambhavangalethudarnnu, gregnikkineyum monastirinte kaidineyum avarude sthaanangalil ninnu pirichuvittu.
meyy 4nuu anjjaathamaaya fatwa vitharanam.
alle-tahir ibnu ashurumaayulla viyojip prakadippikkunnathinaayi, iss-sithouna palliyile imam mohammed bechir nifer (1889-1974), swaabhaavikavalkkaranam thedunna oru musleem thante vishwaasam upekshichathayi kanakkaakkappedunna oru fatwa ezhuthi. oru swaabhaavika vyakthikk oru musleem semitheriyil samskarikkaan avakashamullathinaal anuthaapathinte vyavasthakalum fatwa vyakthamaakkiyirunnu. eee fathvayil addehathinte sahodaran ibrahim nifer ethir oppidukayum cheythu. grandhatthinte rachayithakkalkkethiraaya prathikaarangal ozhivakkunnathinaayi, mohammed salaa nifer (1902-1993) athu pakartthukayum oppidukayum cheythu, addeham athu "ell 'aakshan tunisian" jenalilekku kaimari.
meyy 4nuu fatwa anjjaathamaayi prasidheekarichu 
oppukalude abhavam pathratthinte edittarmaar nyaayeekarichu "eee adhyaapakare bharanakoodathodu vichitramaaya avasthayil nirthaathirikkaanum" sidi taharinte "prathikaaratthe ozhivaakkaanum, njangal svanthamaayi sookshikkunna avarude perukal njangal prasidheekarikkilla". ennirunnaalum, mohammed salah naifarine meyy maasathinidayil dyoottikalil ninnu suspended cheythu.
anantharafalangal.
prathyeka shmashaanangalude nirmmaanam.
1933 meyy 6 nuu praabalyatthil vanna oru utharavil swaabhaavikavalkkarikkappedu franch pouranmaarkkaayi prathyeka smashaanangal sthaapichu. nivaasikalude maanasikavastha aavasyamulla pattanangalil eee smashaanangal srishtikkunnathinu sivil kantrolarmaaraayirunnu utharavaadikal. eee prathyeka smashaanangal saadhaaranakkaarkku "kozhichil smashaanangal" ennaanu ariyappettirunnath. kudumbathinadutthu samskarikkaan kazhiyaatha aaa muslimkale sambandhichidatholam athu hridayabhedakamaayirunnu. resident generaline abhisambodhana cheythulla kathil kuranjathu 70 perr thangalude tunisian pourathvam punasthaapikkaan shramichu. eee kathukalil, "avarude franch pourathvam maaychukalayaanum" marichavarumaayi samskarikkaanum avarude kudumbangale lajjayil ninnum nirashayil ninnum rakshikkaanum tunisian pourathvam thirike nalkaanum avar addehathodu yaachichu. avaril oralaaya kairovanile viramicha samadhana senangam ezhuthi 
tunisian soshyalistukal eee abhyarthanakal paareesilekk rile cheythu, ennaal "swathanthramaayi anweshikkunna oraale illaathaakkanamennu franch sarkkar theerumaanikkunnillengil franch pourathvam nashtappedaan kazhiyilla" ennu sarkkar prathikarichu.
tunisian deseeyathaye punarujeevippikkuka.
janakeeyasamaaharanathinte vijayam pravartthakare oru ghattathilekku prerippichu, meyy 12num 13num tunisile ryoo dii laa montainil nadanna asaadhaaranamaaya oru destor kongras nadathanamennu avar aavasyappettu. avarude pathrapravartthanatthil vijayicha "ell 'aakshan tunisian" enna muzhuvan group executive desttar kammittiyilekku ekakandamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
santhosham neenduninnilla septambar 4 nuu, monastyr semitheriyil nadanna vedivayppinethudarnnu, ahamed beye kaanaan monasterianmaarude oru prathishedha prathinidhi samghathe habib borguiba nayichu. thangale ariyikkathe svanthamaayi eee theerumaanam eduthathinu executive kammitti amgangal addehathe vimarshichu. prakopithanaaya borguiba septambar 9nuu kammittiyil ninnu raajivachu. ithu 1934 march 2nuu neo distorinte srishtiyilekku nayicha vibhajanathinte thudakkamaayirunnu.

