bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paryavekshanam

bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paryavekshanam, chilappol kooduthal pothuvaaya padamaaya paryaveshanatthinte sthira ardhamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu bhoomiyude vidoora bhoomikalum pradeshangalum kandethunnathinulla sanbradaayathe soochippikkunnu. bhoomishaasthranjarum charitrakaaranmaarum ithu padikkunnu.
manushyacharithrathil paryaveshanatthinte rund pradhana kaalaghattangal sambhavichu onnu samyojanavum onnu vyathiyaanavum. aadyathethu, "homo sapiens" charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna, manushyar aafrikkayil ninnu maarunnathum puthiya rajyangalil sthirathaamasamaakkunnathum aapekshikamayi otappetta vyathyastha samskaarangal vikasippikkunnathum kandu. aadyakaala paryavekshakar europilum eshyayilum sthirathaamasamaakki; 14,000 varshangalkk munbu, chilar cyberiayil ninnu alaskayilekku manjukaala karaa paalam kadannu thekkott neengi amerikkayil sthirathaamasamaakki. mikkavarum eee samskaarangalkk parasparam nilanilkkunnathinekkur arivillaayirunnu. kazhinja 10,000 varshathinide nadanna paryaveshanatthinte randaam kaalaghattatthil vyaapaarathiloodeyum paryaveshanathiloodeyum paraspara saamskaarika kaimaattam vardhikkukayum saamskaarikamaaya paraspara samanvayathinte oru puthiya yugathe adayaalappeduthukayum cheythu.
paryaveshanathekkurichulla aadyakaala rachanakal bii naalam sahasraabdathil ninnaan.sii. purathana eejiptil. eiii. dii. randaam noottaandile tolami aayirunnu paryaveshanatthinte adyakaalavum ettavum swaadheenamullathumaaya chinthakaril oraal. anchaam noottaandinum pathinanjaam noottaandinum idayil, mikka paryaveshanangalum nadathiyathu chainees, arab paryavekshakaraanu. europian pandithanmaar aadyakaala laattin, greak bhoomishaasthranjarude kruthikal veendum kandethiyathin sheshamulla kandethal yugamaan ithu pinthudarnnathu. kandethalinte yugam bhaagikamaayi europian karamaargangal surakshithamallathaakukayum keezhadakkanulla aagrahavum moolamaayirunnuvenkilum, pathinezhaam noottaandil shaasthreeya kandethalum lokathekkurichulla arivinte vipuleekaranavum ulppedeyulla shreshtamaaya uddeshyangalaal nayikkappedunna paryavekshanam kandu. lokathinte bhoomishaasthrathekkurichu eee vishalamaaya arivu ardhamaakkunnathu ellah bhoomiyum chithreekarikkunna loka bhoopadangal nirmmikkaan aalukalkk kazhinju ennaanu. aadyathe aadhunika atlas abraham oorteliyas prasidheekaricha "thiyettaram oorbis terraram" aayirunnu, athil bhoomiyude ellah bhookhandangaleyum chithreekarikkunna oru loka bhoopadam ulppedunnu.
ashayam.
paryavekshanam ennathu paryaveshana prakriyayaan, athine ingane nirvachichittundu
manushya paryaveshanatthinte sradheyamaaya charitra kaalaghattangal.
phoenishyan gallie salings.
feenishyanmaar (bisi 1550-bisi 300) medittareniyan kadalilum eshya minorilum udaneelam vyapaaram nadathunnundengilum avarude pala vazhikalum innum anjjaathamaanu. chila phoeneeshyan karakaushala vasthukkalil tinninte saannidhyam soochippikkunnathu avaa brittanilekku yaatra cheythirikkaam ennaanu. virjilinte aneed mattu purathana srothassukalum anusarichu, itihaasa raajnji deedo vadakke aafrikkayilekku kappal kayarukayum kartej nagaram sthaapikkukayum cheytha tyril ninnulla oru phoeneeshyanaayirunnu.
padinjaaran aafrikkayile carthagenian paryavekshanam.
aafrikkayude padinjaaran theeram paryavekshanam cheytha oru carthajinian naavigettaraaya haano dhii naavigettar (bii. sii. 500).
roman paryaveshanangal.
anchu vyathyastha vazhikaliloode sahara marubhoomi kadakkaan romakkar paryaveshanangal samghadippichu
eee paryaveshanangalellaam pradhaanamaayum oru vaanijya uddeshyathodeyullathum sainyathinte pinthunayullathumaayirunnu. neero chakravarty cheytha onnu maathramaan ethiopia allengil nubia pidichadakkunnathinulla thayyaareduppaayi thonniyathu eiii. dii 62-ll rund sainikar nailinte uravidangal paryavekshanam cheythu.
ottakam upayogichu swarnam athikkuka ennathaayirunnu paryaveshanangalude pradhana kaaranangalilonn.
aafrikkan padinjaaran, kizhakkan theerangalkku sameepamulla paryaveshanangalkk roman kappalukalude pinthunayundaayirunnu, koodaathe naavika vaanijyavumaayi (pradhaanamaayum indian mahaasamudrathilekku) aazhathil bandhappettirunnu.
romacar vadakkan europilekku niravadhi paryaveshanangal samghadippikkukayum eshyayile chaina vare paryavekshanam nadathukayum cheythu.
madhya eshyayile chainees paryavekshanam.
bii. sii. randaam noottaandil hahn rajavamsham kizhakkan vadakkan ardhagolathinte bhooribhaagavum paryavekshanam cheythu. bii. sii. 139 muthal, hahn nayathanthranjanaaya shang kian siyognuvinethire daa yooshiyumaayi oru sakhyam urappikkunnathinulla parajayappetta shramathil padinjaaru sanjarichu (bii. sii. 177 ll seognuvinaal youshi gansuvil ninnu purathaakkiyirunnu); ennirunnaalum, alexander dhii grettinte (aarr. 336-323 bc). bii. sii. 125-ll shang chainayilekku madangiyethiyappol, dayavan (fergana), kangju (sogdia), daxia (munbu daa yuishi keezhadakkiya greco-bactrian raajyam) ennividangalile sandarshanangalekkurichu addeham report cheythu. chaina polulla kaarshika, nagara rajyangalaayi dayawan daxia shang visheshippichu, addeham avide pookaan shramichillengilum shendu (vadakkupadinjaaran indiayile indus nadeethadam), aansi (paarthiyan pradeshangal) ennivaye kooduthal padinjaaru vivarichu.
wiking praayam.
eiii. dii 800 muthal eiii. dii 1040 vare wikingukal nadikaliloodeyum samudrangaliloodeyum aislaantum padinjaaran vadakkan ardhagolathinte bhooribhaagavum paryavekshanam cheythu. udaaharanathinu, norwegian wiking paryavekshakanaaya eric dhii redu (950-1003), aislaandil ninnu purathaakkappettathinu sesham greenlandylake kappal kayarukayum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythappol addehathinte makanaaya islandic paryavekshakanaaya leaf eriksan (980-1020) newfoundlaandilum aduthulla vadakke american theerathum athiyennum vadakke amerikkayil erangiya aadyathe europianaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
polynesian yugam.
nyoosiland kandethiyappol ekadesham 1280 vare ekadesham 5,000 varshatholam madhya, thekkan pasaphik pradeshangalil adivasikkukayum paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheytha oru samudra janathayaayirunnu polynesiakkaar. avarude paryaveshanatthinte pradhana kandupidutham auttrigar kanoo aayirunnu, ithu charakkukalum aalukalum kondupokunnathinu vegathilum sthirathayilum oru vedhi nalki. parimithamaaya thelivukalude adisthaanathil, nyoosilandilekkulla yaatra manappoorvvamaayirunnu ennu karuthappedunnu. onno athiladhikamo bottukal nyoosilandilekku poyo atho bottinte tharamo atho kudiyeriyavarude perukalo ennu ariyilla. 2011ll nyoosilandile vairo baaril nadatthiya padanangal kaanikkunnath oru uthbhavam samooha dveepukalile ruhain dveepaayirunnuvennaanu. polynesiakkaar nilavilulla vadakkukizhakkan vyapara kaatt upayogichu ekadesham moonnaazhchaykkullil nyoosilandilethiyirikkam. paachaka dveepukal kudiyetta pathayil nerittulla variyilaanu, oru idatharam stopping poyintaayirikkaam. paachaka dweep nivaasikalum nyoosiland maavorikalum thammil saamskaarikavum bhashaaparavumaaya samaanathakalund. aadyakaala mavoric avayude uthbhavathekkurich vyathyastha aithihyangalundaayirunnu, ennaal nyoosilandile aadyakaala europian charitrakaaranmaar nyoosilandile mavori kudiyettatthinte oru yojicha maathruka avatharippikkan shramicha eee kathakal thettidharikkappedukayum aashayakkuzhappathilaya likhitha vivaranagalil punarvyaakhyaanikkappedum cheythu.
dna genome padanangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla ganithashaasthra modeling, athyaadhunika saankethikavidyakal upayogichu, sthreekal ulppede dhaaraalam polynesian kudiyettakkaar (100-200) ekadesham 1280-ll athe samayathaan nyoosilandil athiyathennu theliyichittundu. autago sarvakalashaala padanangal prathyeka bhakshana swaadheenam kaanikkunna vyathirikthamaya dna pallukalude paattenukale samooha dveepukalilo sameepatho ulla sthalangalumaayi bandhippikkaan sramichittundu.
indian mahaasamudrathile chainees paryavekshanam.
chainees paryavekshakanaaya wang dayuwan (ph. 1311-1350) indian mahaasamudrathilekku kappaliloode rund pradhana yathrakal nadatthi. aii. dii. 1 kaalayalavil addeham thekkan chaina kadaliloode sanjarikkukayum thekkukizhakkan eshyayile niravadhi sthalangal sandarshikkukayum dakshineshya vare athicherukayum sreelankayilum indiayilum erangukayum oostreliyayilekku pookukayum cheythu. pinneedu aii. dii. 1ll addeham vadakke africa kizhakkan africa sandarshichu. pinneedu chainees admiral sheng heey (1371-1433) arabia, kizhakkan aphrica, india, indoneshya, thayland ennividangalilekku ezhu yathrakal nadatthi.
europian kandethal yugam.
paryaveshana yugam ennum ariyappedunna kandethal yugam manushyacharithrathile bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paryaveshanatthinte ettavum pradhanappetta kaalaghattangalilonnaanu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aarambhicha ithu pathinezhaam noottaand vare neenduninnu. aaa kaalaghattatthil, europpukaar america, aphrica, eshya, ooshyaaniya ennivayude vishalamaaya pradeshangal kandethukayum/allengil paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheythu. paryaveshanatthinte aadyaghattangalil porchugal spain aadhipathyam pulartthiyappol englandu, france, netherlands thudangiya mattu europian raajyangalum pinthudarnnu.
eee kaalayalavil lokamembaadumulla niravadhi bhookhandangalilekkum pradeshangalilekkum supradhana paryaveshanangal nadannu. aafrikkayil, eee kaalaghattatthile pradhana paryavekshakaril congo nadhi kandethukayum kayarukayum innathe angolayudeyum nameebiayudeyum theerangalil athukayum cheytha diogo cavo (1452-1486), nalla pratheekshayude keppilum dakshinaafrikkan theeratthinte mattu bhagangalilum ethiya aadyathe europianaaya bartolomio dias (1450-1500) ennivar ulppedunnu.
europil ninnu eshya, indian mahasamudram, pasaphik mahasamudram ennividangalilekkulla vazhikalude paryavekshakaril, europil ninnu indiayilekkum nalla pratheekshayude keppu vazhi thirichumulla aadya yaatra nadatthiya naavigettaraaya vasco daa gaama (1460-1524) ulppedunnu, kizhakottulla samudra paatha kandethi; pedro alverase cabrell (c. 1467/1468-c. 1520), vasco daa gaamayude paatha pinthudarnnu, brazeel avakaashappedukayum europe, aphrica, america, eshya ennivaye bandhippikkunna aadya paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu; madagaskarinte kizhakkan theeram kandethukayum aafrikkayude moolayil vattamidukayum cheytha diogo dias; diogo fernandes perera, pedro muscarenhaz (1470-1555) thudangiya paryavekshakar, muscarine dveepukalum mattu dveepasamoohangalum kandethukayum mapp cheyyukayum cheythu.
antonio dii abru (1480-1514), francisco sero (14??1521) aadyathe nerittulla europian kappalpadaye pasaphik samudrathilekkum (athinte padinjaaran arikukalil) sunda dveepukaliloodeyum molucasilekku nayichu. andrez dii urdaanetta (1498-1568) eshyayil ninnu amerikkayilekkulla samudrapata kandethi.
pasaphik samudrathil, jorjju dii meneesus (1498-1537) puthiya giniyayilethiyappol garzia joffrey dii loisa (1490-1526) marshell dveepukalil ethi.
americaye kandethiyukondu atlaantikkiludaneelam oru kaastiliyan (spanish) paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkia christopher columbus (1451-1506) amerikkayude prarambha kandethalilanu amerikkayude paryaveshanangal aarambhichath. columbus america kandethiyathinushesham, padinjaaran ardhagolathil paryavekshanam nadatthaan niravadhi pradhana paryaveshanangal ayachu. floridayude theeram kandethukayum mapp cheyyukayum cheytha juvan poons dii liyon (1474-1521) ithil ulppedunnu; vasco nunez dii balbova (c. 1475-1519), american theerangalil ninnu pasaphik samudram kanda aadyathe europian aaraan (panaamayude isthmas kadannathinusesham) america eshyayil ninnu oru prathyeka bhookhandamaanennu sthireekarikkunnu; alexo garshya (14?1527) innathe thekkan brazeel, parague, bolivia ennee pradeshangal paryavekshanam cheyyukayum chacko kadannu aandeesil (sukarinu sameepam) athukayum cheythu.
alver nunez kabeza dii vaaka (1490-1558) mississippi nadhi kandethi, meksikoo ulkkadalilum cross texassilum sanjaricha aadyathe yooropyanaayirunnu. jackwus cartier (1491-1557) madhya, samudra kaanadayude bhaagangalude aadya bhoopadangal varachu; francisco waskwess dii coronado (1510-1554) grand kaanyonum colorado nadhiyum kandethi; francisco dii orelaana (1511-1546) aamason nadiyude neelam naavigettu cheytha aadyathe yooropyanaayirunnu.
magellan kadalidukku, tuvamotus, mariana dveepukal enniva kandethukayum onniladhikam yaathrakaliloode bhoomiye eathaandu poornnamaayi parikramanam cheyyukayum cheythukondu pasaphik samudram kadanna aadyathe naavikarayirunnu ferdinand magallan (1480-1521). juvan sebastiyaan elcano (1476-1526) aadyathe aagola jalagathagatham poortthiyaakki.
pathinaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyilum pathinezhaam noottaandilum eshyayileyum pasaphik samudrathileyum paryavekshanam thudarnnu, eshyayil ninnu amerikkayilekkulla samudramaargam kandethiya andrez dii urdanetta (1498-1568), pitcaren dveepukalum vaanuvattu dveepasamoohavum kandethiya pedro fernandez dii kviros (1565-1614), tuwalu dveepasamooham, markeysus, solomonukal, wake ailand enniva kandethiya alvarro dii mendana dii neera (1542-1595) thudangiya paryavekshakaraayirunnu avar.
australiyayile paryavekshakariloraalaya villem jaansoon (1570-1630) austreliyayil aadyamaayi europian landing nadathiyathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu; kizhakkan, vadakkan puthiya ginia kandethukayum avide athukayum cheytha yinigo oorttis dii rettes; australiyaykkum puthiya giniyaykkum edayilulla torres kadalidukku kandethiya luis ways dii torres (1565-1613); vadakkan austreliya paryavekshanam cheytha aabel tasman (1603-1659), tasmania, nyoosiland, tongattaapu enniva kandethi.
vadakke amerikkayil, kaanadayile hudson ulkkadal paryavekshanam cheytha henry hudson (1565-1611), sent hudson ulkkadal paryavekshanam cheytha saamuval dii champlane (1574-1635) ennivar pradhana paryavekshakaril ulppedunnu. laurence nadhiyum grettu thadaakangalum (canadayilum vadakkan amerikkayilum); rene-roobert cavalier, siyer dii laa saale (1643-1687), americayileyum canadayileyum grettu thadaaka mekhalayum mississippi nadiyude muzhuvan neelavum paryavekshanam cheythu.
aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte avasanakaalam.
kandethalinte kaalathinushesham, mattu russian paryavekshakar, vividha russian paryavekshakar, eshyayudeyum alascayudeyum (vadakke america) angeyattatthe attathulla cyberian pasaphik theerathum berring kadalidukkilum athichernna loka bhoopadam "poortthiyaakki"; russian naavikasenayude sevanathil, berring kadalidukku, berring kadal, alaskayude vadakke american theeram, pasaphik samudrathinte mattu chila vadakkan pradeshangal enniva paryavekshanam cheytha vittas berring (1681-1741); oostreliyayude kizhakkan theeram, havaian dveepukal, antartikkaye chuttunna jaims cook ennivar.
aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil kaaryamaaya paryaveshanangal nadannirunnu. puthuthayi ettedutha louisiana vaangal paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinum pasaphik samudrathilekkulla oru aantharika jalamaargam kandethunnathinum bhookhandathile sasyajanthujaalangale parishodhikkunnathinulla mattu lakshyangalkoppam president thomas jefezhsan ayacha luis aandu clark paryaveshanavum (1804-1806) ithil ulppedunnu. 1818ll britiish gaveshakanaaya sarr joonn rooss aanu oru prathyeka upakaranam upayogichu jellifishineyum puzhukkaleyum aazhathil pidikkumbol aazhakkadalil jeevan vasikkunnathayi aadyamaayi kandethiyathu. pasaphik samudrathilum chuttumulla pradeshangalilum sarway nadathunnathinaayi president andrew jaaksan ayacha oru paryaveshanamaayirunnu american aikyanaadukalude paryaveshana paryaveshanam (1838-1842).
aazhakkadalil nilanilkkunna theevramaaya saahacharyangalkk avaye sahikkaan vipulamaaya reethikalum saankethikavidyakalum aavasyamaanu. irupathaam noottaandil, aazhakkadal paryavekshanam ganyamaayi purogamichu, prathifalikkunna shabdathinte upayogathiloode vellathinadiyil khara vasthukkalude saannidhyam kandethaan kazhiyunna sonar samvidaanam muthal aalukalulla aazhathilulla diving submersibleukal vare. 1960-ll jackwus picard american naavikasenayude lefttanant donald walsh bathiscaff "triste" yill lokathile samudrangalude ettavum aazhameriya bhagamaaya mariana trenchilekk erangi. 2018 ll victor veskovo pailat cheythukondu atlaantik samudrathinte ettavum aazhameriya sthalathekkulla aadya dauthyam poortthiyaakki, samudra uparithalathinu thaazhe puerto rico tranchinte adithattilekku mungi. upagraha chithrangaludeyum vyomayaanathinteyum varavode, bhoomiyude uparithalathile vishalamaaya paryavekshanam valia thothil avasaanichu, ennirunnaalum vichedikkappetta niravadhi gothrangalude samskaaram ippozhum rekhakalillaathathum paryavekshanam cheyyaan avasheshikkunnathum kooduthal axus cheyyaan kazhiyaatha aavaasavyavasthakalude vishadaamshangal vivarikkappedaathe thudarunnu. manushyanirmmitha gadanakalude paryaveshanamaanu nagara paryavekshanam, saadhaaranayaayi upekshikkappetta avashishtangalo manushyanirmmitha paristhithiyude maranjirikkunna gadakangalo.
bahirakasha yugam.
irupathaam noottaandil exo-atmospheric rokkattukalude kandupiduthathodeyanu bahirakasha paryavekshanam aarambhichath. ithu chandranilekku yaatra cheyyaanum robotic paryavekshakare mattu grahangalilekkum athinappurathekkum ayaykkaanum manushyarkk avasaram nalki.
onniladhikam daatta tharangalulla swarnna discukal vahikkunna rund voyejar probukalum sourayoodhathil ninnu purathupoyi.
vellathinadiyile paryavekshanam.
lakshyangal.
samudra, jalajeevikalude vitharanavum vaividhyavum, jalathinte chalanam ulppedeyulla raasa, bhauthika gunangalude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanam alakkal, bhoomiyude puramthodinte bhaumashaasthra, bhoomishaasthra, bhooprakrithi savisheshathakal enniva vellathaal moodappettirikkunna jalathinte vyapthiyil ulppedunnu.
samudratheyum mattu underwater pradeshangaleyum kurichulla dhaarana vardhippikkunnathinulla ettavum phalapradamaaya maarggamaan chittayaya, targettucheytha paryavekshanam, athinaal avaa phalapradamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaanum samrakshikkanum niyantrikkaanum avayude vibhavangal kandethaanum axus cheyyaanum upayogikkaanum kazhiyum. bhoomiyude uparithalathinte ekadesham 70 sathamaanavum ulkkollunna samudrathinu grahatthile jeevajaalangale pinthunaykkunnathil nirnaayaka pankundenkilum budhimuttum praveshanachelavum kaaranam samudrathekkurichulla arivum dharana parimithamaanu.
paryavekshanam, sarway, mattu gaveshanangal enniva thammilulla vyathyasam oru paridhivare mangiyathaanu, munbu anjjaathamaaya vivarangal shekharichirunnathinaal adisthaana sarvekalum gaveshanavum paryaveshanamaayi kanakkaakkuka ennathaanu athine nokkunnathinulla oru maargam. daatta update cheiyunnathum parishkarikkunnathum prakrithiparamaayi paryaveshanaparamalla, pakshe athil ulppetta aalukalkk ippozhum paryaveshanamaayirikkam, anubhavam avarkk puthiyathaanu enna ardhathil.
padavi.
noaayude kanakkanusarichu, 2023 januvari vareyulla kanakkanusarichu "nammude samudrathinte enpathu sathamaanathiladhikam bhoopadamillaathathum nireekshikkappedaathum paryavekshanam cheyyappedaathathumaanu."american aikyanaadukalile samudrathinteyum theeradesha jalathinteyum 35 sathamaanam ulppede samudrathinte 10 sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame sonar saankethikavidya upayogichu vishadamaayi mapp cheythittulloo. gebco 2019 daatta anusarichu, aazhathilulla samudranirappinte 18 sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame nerittulla alavu upayogichu mapp cheythittulloo, koodaathe theeradesha jalathinte 50 shathamaanatholam ithuvare sarway cheythitilla.
aagola kadaltheera bhoopadangal srishtikkaan upayogikkunna mikka vivarangalum upagraha guruthwaakarshana alavukalil ninnum kadaltheerathinte aakruthiyum vanthothilulla vitharanavum badhikkunna samudra uparithala uyarangalil ninnum uruthirinja ekadesha aazhamaan. eee ekadesha kanakk reethi valia bhooprakrithiyude savisheshathakalekurichulla kuranja resolution vivarangal maathrame nalkunnulloo, mathramalla kaaryamaaya savisheshathakal nashtappedaam.

