
yukthivaadam (anthaaraashtra bandhangal)

yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu (yukthivaadam ennum vilikkunnu) anthaaraashtra bandhangalude scholarshippile oru pradhana chattakkoodaanu. yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu anthaaraashtra raashtreeyathinte oru adisthaana sidhaanthamalla, marichu prathibhasangalkkulla chila tharatthilulla saamoohika vishadeekaranangalil shradha kendreekarikkunna oru reethishaasthraparamaaya sameepanamaan. aaa ardhathil, ithu kanstrakttivisathinthi samaanamaan, loka raashtreeyathinte adisthaana sidhaanthangalaaya liberalisathil ninnum realisathil ninnum vyathyasthamaan. yuktivaada vishakalanangal yaadhaarthyavaada sidhaanthangaleyum anthaaraashtra bandhangalude udaaravaada sidhaanthangaleyum sthirappeduthaan upayogichittundu. 
yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppinulla gaveshanam prasakthamaaya abhinethaakkal yukthisahamaayi perumaarukayaanenkil phalangalo perumatta reethikalo konduvarunna avasthakal vishadeekarikkunnu. anthaaraashtra bandhangalile yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu gaveshanathile pradhana ashayangalil apoornnamaaya vivarangal, vishwaasyatha, signalling, edapaadu chelavukal, vishwaasam, prekshaka chelavukal enniva ulppedunnu. 
anthaaraashtra bandhangalil yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu.
jaims dii. yukthisahamaya oru choys research projectaaya phiyaron saadhaaranayaayi inipparayunna reethiyil munnott pookunnu
abhinethaakkal poornnamaayum yukthisahamaayirikkanamenna. yukthisahamaya pala tharangalundu (udha.jii. kattiyullathum nertthathumaaya yukthibodham). yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppinulla scholarship bhauthikavaada variabilukalkku oonnal nalkiyekkaam, pakshe yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppum bhauthikavaadavum paryaayamaayirikkanamennil.
samgharshathinulla yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu vishadeekaranangalum anthaaraashtra raashtreeyathile sahakaranathinte abhavavum apoornnamaaya vivarangal, vishwaasyathayude abhavam thudangiya gadakangalilekku palappozhum viral choondunnu. chelaveria signalling, bhaaviyude neenda nizhalukal, vilapeshal thanthrangal ennivayiloode sahakaranathinteyum samadhaanaparamaaya parihaaratthinteyum saadhyathakal vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. yukthisahamaya vishakalanangal anusarichu, vivarangal vardhippikkunnathiloode edapaadinte chelavu kuraykkunnathiloodeyum koottaaya pravartthana prasnangal kuraykkunnathiloodeyum sthaapanangal sahakaranm sugamamaakkiyekkaam.
yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu vishakalanangal "uchithathayude yukthiye" ennathinekkaal "anantharafalatthinte yukthi" anusarikkunna maanadandangale sangalppikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu. anantharafalangalude yukthi" ennathu chelavu-aanukoolya vishakalanathinte adisthaanathil thangalude lakshyangalil ethaan abhinethaakkal ettavum kaaryakshamamaya maarggam thiranjedukkumennu anumaanikkappedunnu. ithu abhinethaakkal "saadhaarana, sathyam, sharee, allengil nallath, illaathe, allengil anantharafalangalum prathekshikkunna upayogavum kanakkakkiyittum saamoohikamaayi nirvachikkappettavayude aantharika nirddeshangal" pinthudarunna uchithathayude yukthiyil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. maanadandangalude falapraapthiyekkurichu rund saadhaarana tharatthilulla vishadeekaranangalundenn jephri checkel ezhuthunnu
nettangal.
dunken sniddle parayunnathanusarichu, yukthisahamaya choys gaveshanathinte gunangal, vaadangalude aupachaarikavalkkaranam rachayithaakkalude avakaashavaadangalude adisthaana yukthi vyakthamakkaan sahayikkunnu ennathaanu, vaadangalude vyakthatha yukthisahamaya choys vaadangale thettaanenn akkunnu, yukthisahamaya choys vaadangal cases padanangaliloode anubhavaparamaya moolyanirnayathinu svayam nalkunnu.
parimithikal.
yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu sameepanagal thannirikkunna thaalpparyangalulla abhinethaakkalude edapedalukal vishadeekarikkaan upayogapradamaakumenkilum, aaa thalpparyangal engane uyarnnuvannuvennu vishadeekarikkunnathil yukthisahamaya sameepanagal aathyanthikamayi parimithamaanennu kanstrakttivist pandithanmaar vaadikkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, yukthivaadikal baahyamaayi nalkiyittulla thalpparyangal upayogikkunnu, pakshe antharleenamaayi nalkiyittulla thaalpparyangalkk kanakku nalkaan paadupedunnu. dunken sniddle parayunnathanusarichu, yukthivaadikal thudarchayum sthirathayum (santulita pariharangal) vishadeekarikkunnathil mikachavaraanu, ennaal enthukondaanu maattam sambhavikkunnathenn vishadeekarikkunnathil avarkk vaidagdhyam kuravaanu. yukthivaadikalkku avarude maathrkakalil maanadandangal ulppeduthaan kazhivillennum addeham vaadikkunnu. sidney verbayude abhipraayathil, anthaaraashtra bandhangalude yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu model modelle anumaanangalude gunanilavaaratthe aasrayichirikkunnu; mosham anumanangal modalinte upayogakshamathayeyum paryapthathayeyum kuraykkunnu.
manashaasthrathinteyum vaijnjaanika shaasthrathinteyum reethikalum sidhaanthangalum upayogikkunna anthaaraashtra bandha pandithanmaar anthaaraashtra bandhangalude yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu maathrkakale vimarsichittundu. 
yudhathinte vilapeshal maathruka.
anthaaraashtra bandha sidhaanthathil, yudhathinte vilapeshal maathruka rund abhinethaakkal thammilulla yudhathinte saadhyathayulla nettangaleyum nashtangaleyum aathyanthika phalatheyum vilapeshal aashayavinimayamayi prathinidheekarikkunna oru reethiyaanu. eee damaniyil gaveshanathe prachodippikkunna oru kendra pasil "yudhathinte kaaryakshamathayillayma pasil" aannu yudhathil earppettirikkunna ellah kakshikalum yudhathil ninnu kuranja oru karaarilethunnathaanu nallath?
samgharshangal vilapeshal saahacharyangalayi aupachaarikamaakkunnathinte aadyakaala vakthavaayirunnu thomas shelling. stanford sarvakalaashaalayile rashtreeya shaasthranjanaaya jaims fiyaran 1990kalil vilapeshal maathrkaykku praadhaanyam nalki. 1995-ll addeham ezhuthiya 'yudhathinaayulla yuktivaada vishadeekaranangal' enna lekhanam yuu. esile anthaaraashtra bandhangalude biruda parisheelanatthil ettavum kooduthal niyukthamaaya jenal lekhanamaanu.ezz. sarvakalashaalakal. yudhathinte vilapeshal maathrkaye "anthaaraashtra bandha mekhalayile yudhathekkurichulla padanatthil upayogikkunna prabalamaaya chattakkood" ennaanu visheshippichirikkunna."
jaims dii. ennirunnaalum, vilapeshal maathrkaykku keezhil yuddham saadhyamaakunna moonnu vyavasthakalunda
churukkatthil, vivarangalude abhavavum vilapeshal avibhaajyathvangalum yukthisahamaya raashtrangale yudhathilekku nayikkumennu phiyaron vaadikkunnu. moonnu pradhana tharatthilulla prathibaddhatha prasnangal (prathirodha yuddham, munkoor yuddham, uyarnnuvarunna adhikaarangalekkurichulla vilapeshal parajayam) adhikara vitharanathile valuthum vegathilullathumaaya mattangal moolamaanennu vaadichukondu fiyaran avatharippichathupole roobert powell maathruka parishkarichu. povalinte kazhchappadil yudhathinulla adisthaana kaaranam aaa saahacharyangalil abhinethaakkalkku oru karar vishwasaneeyamaayi palikkaan kazhiyilla ennathaanu. vilapeshal avibhaajyathakal prathibaddhathayude oru roopamaanennum pawal vaadichu, abhinethaakkale vilapeshalil ethaan swaabhaavikamaayi thadayunna onninu vipareethamaayi (kaaranam abhinethaakkalkku avibhajyamaaya oru nanmaykku pakaram side paymentukalil oru karaarilethaan kazhiyum).
vilapeshal maathrkayude prayogangal soochippikkunnathu moonnaam kakshi madhyastharkku yudhathinulla saadhyatha kuraykkaan kazhiyumennu (vivarangal nalkunnathiloode). mattu samsthaanangalkku nere shoonyamaaya bheeshanikal uyarthunna aabhyanthara chelavukal kaaranam janaadhipathya raajyangalkk avarude dridanishchayam kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaayi velippeduthaan kazhiyumennu chila pandithanmaar vaadichittundu.
prathibaddhatha prasnangal neenda yudhangalkku kaaranamaakumenn vaadichukondu pensylvania sarvakalaashaalayile rashtreeya shaasthranjanaaya alex weisiger neenda yudhangalude pasil kaikaaryam cheythu. oru shakti kurayukayum uyarnnuvarunna sakthiye munkootty akramikkukayum cheiyunna "saahacharyaparamaaya" prathibaddhatha prasnangal dairkhyameriyathaayirikkumnum weisiger vaadikkunnu, kaaranam valarnnuvarunna shakti kurayunna shakti oru vilapeshalinum sammathikkillennu vishwasikkunnu. nirupaadhikamaaya keezhadangalallathe (kaaranam mattu samsthaanangal orikkalum oru vilapeshalum paalikkillenn avar vishwasikkunnathinaal) samsthaanangal onnum sweekarikkaatha "swabhaavaparamaaya" prathibaddhatha prasnangal dairkhyameriyathaayirikkumennum addeham vaadikkunnu.
yudhanirnaya pattikayil mikacha sthaanathaayirikkunnathum yudhathil moonnaam kakshikalude edapedalukale baadikkunnathinum thangalude kazhivukale thettayi chithreekarikkunnathinum dridanishchayathinum yudhathile abhinethaakkalkku ippozhum prolsaahanamullathinaal neendunilkkunna yudhangal yukthisahamaakumenn rochasttar sarvakalaashaalayile rashtreeya shaasthranjanaaya heyne gomans vaadikkunnu. thangalkk melkkai undennu vyakthamaayikkazhinjaal abhinethaakkalkku avarude yuddha lakshyangal uyarthaano kuraykkaano kazhiyum. nethaakkal "punaruthaanatthinaayi choothaattam nadathunnathu" yukthisahamakaamennum goemanmar vaadikkunnu, athaayath aabhyanthara raashtreeyathil thangalkk kadinamaayi shiksha labhikkumenn vishwasichaal (udha.jii. avar yudhathil poornnamaayum vijayichillenkil naadukadatthal, thadavu allengil maranam enniva vazhi shikshikkappedunnu.
jaims fearoninte canonical srishtiye adisthaanamaakki, yukthisahamaya choys saahithyathil rund pradhana signalling samvidaanangalundu mungal chelavukalum kaikal kettunnathum. aadyathethu mungikkidakkunna veendedukkaanaavaatha chelavukal ulppedunna signalukale soochippikkunnu, randaamathethu signalar pinmaarukayaanenkil bhaviyil chelavu varuthunna signalukale soochippikkunnu.
parimithikal.
vilapeshal maathrkayude prayogakshamatha niravadhi gadakangalaal parimithappedutthiyirikku, avayil iva ulppedunnu
roobert povalinte abhipraayathil, vilapeshal maathrkaykku neendunilkkunna yudhangal vishadeekarikkunnathil parimithikalundu (kaaranam abhinethaakkal maruvashathinte prathibaddhathayeyum kazhivukaleyum kurichu vegathil padikkanam). abhinethaakkalkku thikanja vivarangal undengil yukthisahamaya abhinethaakkal thammil oru yudhavum undaakilla ennathaanu maathrkayude prathyaaghaathangal ennathinaal chila charitraparamaaya kesukalude charitraparamaaya vayana nalkaan ithinu kazhiyum. chila yudhangalil oru nadan yudhathil urachunilkkunnuvennum mattoru samsthaanathinu nalkaan kazhiyunna vishwasaneeyamaaya elavukalonnumillennum ahsan butt vaadikkunnu.
steefan walt vaadikkunnathu, yudhathinte vilapeshal maathruka (phiyaron avatharippichathupole) araajakathvathinu keezhilulla vivarangaludeyum prathibaddhathayudeyum abhavam enganeyaanu samsthaanangale samgharshathilekku nayikkunnath ennathinte "ulkkazhchayullathum budhiparavumaaya" aupachaarikavalkkaranamaanenkil, athu aathyanthikamayi oru "puthiya saidhaanthika avakaashavaadamalla", marichu roobert art, roobert jervis, kenneth oayu ennivar munbu avatharippicha ashayangal prakadippikkaanulla mattoru maargamaan.
samsthaanangalkku samanamaaya vivarangal undengil avar vilapeshalil athumenna vilapeshal maathrkayude anumaanathe jonathan kirshner vimarshichu. kaayika pandittukalkk uyarnna nilavaaramulla samanamaaya vivarangal labhyamaanenn kirshner abhipraayappedunnu, ennirunnaalum kaayika malsarangal engane maarumennathinekkurichu avar vyathyasthamaaya pravachanangal nadathunnu. anthaaraashtra raashtreeyam pravachikkaan kaayika enangalekkaal sankeernamaayirikkaam.
eric gartskeyude abhipraayathil, vilapeshal maathruka anthaaraashtra samgharshathekkurichu saadhyathayulla reethiyil chinthikkaan upayogapradamaanu, ennaal eathenkilum prathyeka yudhathinte arambham saidhaanthikamaayi anishchithathvathilaanu.
mattu yukthisahamaya choys skolarshippukalude parimithikal.
1999-ll suraksha padanangalile yukthisahamaya choys skolarshippinekkurichu oru pramukha vimarshanathil, steefan walt vaadichathu surakshayile yukthisahamaya choys gaveshanathinu parimithamaaya moulikathayundennum dhaaraalam nissara phalangal nalkukayum athinte saidhaanthika avakaashavaadangalude saadhuta anubhavaparamayi parishodhikkunnathil paraajayappedukayum cheythu. yukthisahamaya choys scholarshippinte yukthisahamaya sthirathayeyum krithyathayeyum addeham prashamsichappol, yukthisahamaya sthirathaykkum krithyathaykkum aupachaarika modeling oru munvyavasthayallennu addeham vaadichu. onniladhikam santhulithaavasthayude saannidhyam kaaranam yuktivaada maathrkakal avayude anubhavaparamaya prayogakshamathayil parimithamaanennu addeham koottichertthu.iii. naadodi sidhaantham), manushya naveekaranatthile poraaymakal. suraksha patana gaveshanathile aupachaarika maathrkakalkkulla maattathe addeham vimarshichu, ithu anaavasyamaaya sankeernnatha (ithu kooduthal shaasthreeyathayude roopam srishtichu) chertthuvennum ithu kooduthal uthppaadanakshamamaaya sramangalkkaayi samayam chelavazhikkaan kazhiyumbol yukthisahamaya choys scholarship vaayikkunnathinum aupachaarika modeling kazhivukal padikkunnathinum samayam chelavazhikkaan pandithanmareyum vidyaarthikaleyum nirbandhitharaakkiyennum addeham vaadichu.
yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppile vishakalana anumaanangale praayogika anumaanangalumaayi samanvayippikkunnathirene yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppilulla pandithanmaar munnariyipp nalkunnu. 
aii. pii. iii scholarshippile yuktivaada maathrkakale sambandhichidatholam, maartha finnemore henry farrel yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu maathrkakalum alavukolukalum thammilulla sakthamaaya bandhathekkurichu chodyangal unnayichittundu, thanthraparamaaya edapedalukal alavil vilayiruthunnathile prasnangal kaaranam yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu maathrkakalkku anubhavaparamaya parisodhanakalil gunaparamaaya reethikal kooduthalo thulyamaayo anuyojyamaakumennu choondikkaanikkunnu.
peettar kaatsenstain, roobert keohan, steefan crassner ennivarude abhipraayathil, abhinethaakkalude mungananakalude uravidangal vishadeekarikkaan paadupedunnu enna ardhathil yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu gaveshanam parimithamaanu.
janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaantham.
yukthisahamaya choys scholarship janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaanthathinu saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranangal nalkiyittundu, ithu janaadhipathya rajyangal mattu janaadhipathya rajyangalumaayi sayudha samghattanathil earppedaan madikkunnu enna aashayamaanu. 
janaadhipathya sidhaanthathinte oru pradhana samvidaanam prekshaka chelavukalaanu. oru videsanaya prathisandhi vardhippikkukayum pinmarunnathaayi kaanappedukayum cheythaal oru nethaavu thante niyojakamandalatthil ninnu eedaakkunna thiranjeduppu pizhaye vivarikkunna anthaaraashtra bandha sidhaanthathile oru padamaanu prekshaka chelavu. 1994 ll jaims fiyaran ezhuthiya oru academic lekhanathil eee padam janapriyamakki, avide svechaadhipathya raajyangalekkaal kooduthal prekshaka chelavu janaadhipathya rajyangal vahikkunnuvennum ithu antharsamsthaana tharkkangalil avarude uddeshyangal soochippikkunnathil avare mikachathaakkunnuvennum addeham vaadichu. oru swatantra maadhyamathinte saannidhyam prekshaka chelavukalude oru pradhana gadakamaanennu branislav slantchev vaadichu. 
tharkkangalil janaadhipathya raashtrangalude vishwaasyathayekkurichulla fearoninte vaadam anthaaraashtra bandha pandithanmarkkidayil charchaykku vidheyamaan. 2001 leeii rund padanangal, midu, aii. sii. bii daattaasettukal upayogichu, janaadhipathya rajyangal phalapradamaaya bheeshanikal nalkaan saadhyatha kooduthalaanenna aashayathin anubhavaparamaya pinthuna nalki. nirddishta bheeshanikal prekshakarude chelavukalkku kaaranamaakunnuvenn sthireekarikkunna sarway pareekshana daattayund, mathramalla sammishra kandethalukalulla daattayum undu. 
2012ll alexander bii. nadatthiya oru patanam. daunsum tooad ezz. janaadhipathya rajyangal kooduthal phalapradamaaya bheeshanikal nalkunnundo enna kaaryatthil oru nigamanathilum ethaan nilavilulla daattaasettukal anuyojyamallennu sesher kandethi. antharsamsthaana sainika bheeshanikalkkum falangalkkumaayi avar svanthamaayi daattaasett nirmmichu, athu bharana tharavum phalapradamaaya bheeshanikalum thammil oru bandhavum kandethiyilla. madhya daattaasettile pizhavukal punarnirnnayicha 2017 leeii oru patanam aathyanthikamayi nigamanam cheiyunnu, "tarkka vinimayathil bharanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyathyasangalonnumilla, muun kandethalukal pradhaanamaayum mosham coode cheytha daattaye adisthaanamaakkiyukaallathaayir."oru dussen valia oorjja prathisandhikal vishakalanam cheytha maarkk tractenberg 2012 ll nadatthiya oru padanatthil eee prathisandhikalil prekshakarude chelavinte saannidhyathin thelivukalonnum kandethiyilla.
mattu pandithanmaar janaadhipathya vishwaasyatha vaadathe tharkkikkukayum athinte kaaryakaarana yukthiyeyum anubhavaparamaya saadhuthayeyum chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu. chila svechaadhipathya bharana tharangalkk janaadhipathya samsthaanangalilennapole prekshaka chelavu undennu jessica veekksinte gaveshanam vaadichu. 2014ll jessica chenn ways nadatthiya oru padanatthil, chainees bharanakoodam chainayil deseeyavaada (allengil videsha virudha) prathishedhangalkku ahvaanam cheiyukayo adichamarthukayo cheythathayi vaadichu. prathishedhakkaar bharanakoodatthinethire thiriyumenna bhayathaal videsanaya prathisandhiyil chainees bharanakoodathinu pinmaarunnath budhimuttaakkunnathil deseeyavaada prathishedhangalkku prerippikkukayo anuvadikkukayo cheiyunnathu prekshaka chelavu vahikkunnu.
janaadhipathya rashtreeya samvidaanangalude kooduthal suthaaryathayaan janaadhipathya samaadhaanathe bhaagikamaayi vishadeekarikkunnathennum ithu janaadhipathya raashtrangalude dridanishchayathe samsthaanangal thettayi kanakkakkaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnuvennum mattu yukthisahamaya choys pandithanmaar vaadikkunnu.
yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu sthaapanavaadam.
abhinethaakkal sthaapanangale avarude upayogakshamatha vardhippikkaan upayogikkunnundennum sthaapanangal yukthisahamaya vyakthigatha perumaattatthe baadikkunnuvennum vaadikkunna sthaapanangalude padanathodulla oru saidhaanthika sameepanamaan yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppu sthaapanavaadam (aarr. sii. aii). aabhyanthara sthaapanangaludeyum anthaaraashtra sthaapanangaludeyum padanatthinu eee sameepanam prayogichittundu. sthaapanavaada saahithyathil, charitraparamaaya sthaapanavaadathinum saamoohika sthaapanavaadathinum oppam moonnu pramukha sameepanagalil onnaanu aarr. sii. aii.
eric voyattan parayunnathanusarichu, anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalile yukthisahamaya choys scholarshippine (1) yukthisahamaya pravartthanavaadavum (2) vitharana yukthivaadavum thammil vibhajikkaam. aadyathethu samghadanakale koottaaya prasnangalkkulla pravarthanaparamaaya opttimal pariharangalaayi kaanunnu, randaamathethu samghadanakale abhinethaakkalude vyakthigathavum koottaayathumaaya lakshyangalude falamaayi kaanunnu. yukthisahamaya pravartthanavaadatthinte oru pradhana udaaharanam "anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalude yukthisahamaya roopakalppana" saahityamaanu.
anthaaraashtra sahakaranathe barbera coremenos nirvachichirikkunnathu "perumaattam nirddeshikkukayum nirodhikkukayum koodaathe/allengil amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunna anthaaraashtra abhinethaakkalkkidayil charcha cheytha eathoru vyakthamaaya krameekaranavumaanu."karaarukal pradhaanamaayathinaal avaa yukthisahamaya reethikalil roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathinaal aalukal avaye atharam reethikalil roopakalppana cheyyaan shramikkunnu enna vastutha avayude praadhaanyatthe sthireekarikkunnu" ennu vaadikkunna anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalude roopakalppanayekkurichu avar oru yukthisahamaya vivaranam nalkiyittundu."

