
beljian limberginte charithram

beljian pravisyayaaya flaandezhsile limberg (dutch samsaarikkunna beljiyam) athinte deerghakaala charithratthil niravadhi perukalum athirthi maattangalum undaayittulla oru pradesamaanu. athinte aadhunika peru ayal pravisyayaaya netherlandumaayi pankitta oru peraanu, athumaayi kurachukaalathekku raashtreeyamaayi ikyappettu (1794 muthal 1839 vare franch, dutch bharanathin keezhil). 1815 nuu sesham rund pravisyakalkkum avarude aadhunika peru labhichu, ithu yadhaarthathil wesdreyile limberg pattanatthe kendreekarichulla innathe ayalrajyamaaya valoniayil undaayirunna madhyakala dachiyude perine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
ippol beljian limberg ennu vilikkappedunna athinte rekhappeduthappetta charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum luun kaundiyaayirunnu. luun oru madhyakala kaundiyaayirunnu, kaundukalude varii marichappol kaundi leej rajakumaran-bishop kaivashappedutthiya oru prabhuvayi maari. ithine ippozhum "looninte naadu" () ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnu. madhyakala looninte yadhaartha thalasthaanam innu audyogikamaayi borgloon ennu vilikkappedunnu, ennaal aadhunika pravishyayude thalasthaanam ippol haasselt aanu.
limberg leejum thammilulla bandham madhyakaalakhattathil mathramalla, pazhaya roman bharana vibhaagangalilum kaanapedunnu. roman kaalaghattatthil, beljian limberg, orupakshe dutch pravisyayaaya limberg, madhyakala duchy oof limberg ennivayum beljian limbergilulla tongeranilaanu yadhaartha thalasthaanam undaayirunna "sivitaas tangroram" aayirunnu. ayalpradeshangalilennapole, madhyakaalakhattathil roman praadeshika thalasthaanam sabhayude thalasthaanamaayi maariyengilum pinneedu ithu oru nadiyile kooduthal prathirodha sthaanathekku maatti, eee saahacharyathil ithu maari.
charitraatheethakaalam.
manjukaalathe beljian limberg, europile ayalpradeshangaleppole, niyaandartthalukalum aadyakaala aadhunika manushyarude thiramaalakalum ulppedeyulla naadodi vettakkaarude chitharikkidakkunna janasamkhyayude vaasasthalamaayirunnuvennu anumaanikkappedunnu. beljiyathile leej pravishyayile thekk kandethalukalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol limbergile mukalilum madhyathilumulla paleolithic kandethalukal saadhaaranamalla. pothuvaayi paranjaal, magdalenian (17,000 bipi muthal 9,000 bipi vare) ennariyappedunna vishaalamaayi nirvachikkapetta saamskaarika groupinteyum pinneedu asiliyanteyum bhaagamaayirunnu eee pradesham. prathyeka tharam asilian jongerian ennariyappettirunnu, ithu asilian samskaarangalude federamessor grouppinte bhagamaanu. pravishyayude vadakku bhaagathulla manal niranja campine thaazhnna pradeshangalude thekke attathulla lomel, soulder, sonhoven ennividangalil jongerian kandethalukal undaayittund.
sonhovanil ninnu kandethiya ahrensburg samskaaramaanu limbergill aadyam adhivasichirunnathu. pinneedu, tardanoisian samskaaram ellah ayal pradesangalumaayum (beljian pravisyakalaaya flemish braabant, vaaloon braabant, netherlandsile pradeshangal) pankittu. fraansil ninnaan ithu vannathennu karuthunnu. atharamoru saitt opglaabbeekkile ruyiterskoolilaanu.
bii. sii. iii. 5000-ll kizhakk ninnu ethiya ell. bii. keey samskarathilppetta pradeshathe aadyathe karshakaril ninnaan puthiya shilayugam aarambhikkunnath, pradhaanamaayum beljian limberginte thekk, prathyekichu pravishyayude thekkukizhakkan moolayil, tongeran mastrictinum idayil avasheshikkunnu. manal niranja vadakkan campine thaazhnna pradeshangal avarkk vijayamaayirunnilla. ayalrajyangalaaya dutch limbergilum valonia kaanappedunnava kooduthal vyaapakamaayi kaanapedunnu. vadakkan europile karshakarude eee aadya tharamgatthinte ettavum padinjaaran kolanivalkkaranangalilonnu ithu, koodaathe krishiyum praadeshika kaarshikethara samskaarangalum thammilulla sanbarkkathinte oru pooyint koodiyaayirunnu ithu. limberg manpathrangal ennu vilikkappedunna eee paashchaathya ell. bii. keey samskaaravumaayi bandhapetta oru prathyeka sailiyaanu, ithu laa hogute manpaathrangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu vadakkan francilake vyaapichukidakkunnu. yadhaartha ell. bii. keey. kaarshika janasamkhyaykku appurathekku vyaapicha manpaathra saankethikavidyayude falamaanennum vettakkar shekharikkunnavaraanu ithu nirmmichathennum chilappol vaadikkappettittundu. ell. bii. keey samskaarathinte eee pathippinte mattoru sradheyamaaya vasham, chila vaasasthalangal shakthippeduthappettathi adayaalangal kaanikkunnu ennathaanu, ithu akramatthinte bhishaniye soochippikkunnu. limberginte vadakku manal niranja pradesham karshakarumaayi vyapaaram nadathunna swifterbaant samskaarathile vettakkaarude sanbarkka pradeshamaayi mariyathaayi thonnunnu.
bii. sii. 4000 oode eee pradeshathu ninnu ell. bii. keey samskaaram aprathyakshamayathaayi thonnunnu. ekadesham 500 varshangalkk sesham, eee pradeshathe puthiya shilaayugathinte randaam ghattathil, michelsburg samskaaram eee pradeshathu prathyakshappettu. ithu thaarathamyena kuranja nischalamaaya samskaaramaayirunnu, ithu kottayorukkathekkurichu aashankakalude adayaalangal veendum kaanichu. samanamaaya oru michelsberg samskaaram germmaniyile rainlaandil prathyakshappettu, ithu vadakkan fraansile chassen samskaaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu. ennaal beljiyathile michelsburghin vyathyasthamaaya praadeshika savisheshathakalundaayirunnu. ithu praadeshikamaayi vikasikkukayaanenkil, praadeshika vettakkaarum shekharanakkaarum oru punk vahichittundaakam, ennaal enthaanu sambhavichathenn puraavastu thelivukal ithuvare anishchithathvathilaanu. eee samskaarathin campainilekku vyaapikkaano kuranjathu athine kooduthal swaadheenikkaano kazhinjathayi kaanapedunnu. eee kaalayalavil, eee pradeshangalile vettakkaaranum shekharikkunna swifterbant samskaarangalum manpathrangalilum krishiyilum svayam earppettirikkunnathinta sakthamaaya soochanakalundu.
bisi moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum naalaamathe sahasraabdathil, flandezhs muzhuvan manushyavaasatthinte thaarathamyena cheria thelivukal kaanikkunnu. manushya saannidhyam thudarnnukondirikkunnath thonnunnundengilum, labhyamaya thelivukalude tharangal vishadaamshangalekkurichu vidhi parayaan valare budhimuttaanu. beljian limberginte thekk, saine-oays-maarne samskaaram aduthulla aardenukalilekku vyaapikkukayum avideyulla megalithic sittukalumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum cheiyunnu. vadakkum kizhakkum, netherlandsil, mukalil soochippicha swifterbant, michelsburg samskaarangalil ninnu vikasicha oru ardha-sedantari saamskaarika grouppaaya vlardingen-wartberg-stain complexes nilanilkkumennu nirddeshikkappettittund. athe maathruka navashilaayugam avasaanathilum aadyakaala venkalayugathilum thudarunnu. neolithikkinte avasana bhaagath, ayalrajyamaaya dutch limbergile coorded ware, bell beaker samskaarangalkk thelivukal kandethiyittundu, ennaal beljian limbergill valare kuravaanu. aadyakaala, madhya venkala kaalaghattatthil, beljian limberg hillwaresm samskaaram jeevichirunna mekhalayilaayirunnuvennu palappozhum kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal kandethalukal beljian limbergill thanneyalla. thekkan, madhya netherlandukalilum beljian theerathum kaanapedunna oru samskaaramaayirunnu ithu, ithu thekkan englandile samakaalika vessex samskaaravumaayi bandhappettathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
venkalayugathinte avasaanathil, beljian limberghinu karnnakshetra samskarathilppetta kudiyettakkaar labhichu. eee shavasamskaram nadathunna karshakar janasamkhya vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi, athil limberginte vadakku manal niranjathum edayasambathum undaayirunnu. eee aalukal aadyathe indo-europian bhashakal beljiyathilekku konduvannathaakam. eee samskaaram vanna europile mattu pradeshangalilennapole, celtic bhashakalumaayum samskaaravumaayum bandhapetta irumbukaalathe halstaatt, laa tenne samskaarangal karnnakshetra samskaarathe pinthudarnnu. eee pradeshathe yadhaartha karnnakshetra janasamkhya nilanilkkunnuvennum halstaatt, laa tenne samskaarangal aadyakaala intho-europian bhaashakalulla puthiya varenyavargakkaarude neekkatthinte falamaanennum abhipraayappettittund. haspengouvile eejanbilsanilum kempanile vijshagan (meeven-grutroad) lum sambannamaaya laa tenne kalashangal kandethi. eee pradeshathu romacar kandethiya vividha janangalum bhaashakalum oru paridhivare venkala, irumbu yugangalil athiyathaakaam. seaser keezhadakkiyappol eee pradeshathaayirunna ebooronukale puraavastu gaveshakar oru bhauthika samskaaravumaayi bandhappeduthiyittundu, athinte verukal karnnakshetra samskaarathinte praadeshika vyathiyanangalil ninnaan. yooroppinte mattu sameepa pradesangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee pradesham thaarathamyena vikasichittillenkilum phalabhooyishtamallaatha campinil oru "celtic feeld" samvidaanam vikasippichathinum vardhichuvarunna saamoohika stareekaranathinum kendreekaranatthinum puraavastu thelivukal irumbukaalathinte avasaanathilaanu.
europile chuttupaadumulla pradesangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, eee pree-roman kaalaghattatthile oru sradheyamaaya kaaryam ellah flandezhsiludaneelamulla oru maathrkayaaya kunnin kottakalude abhaavamaan. limberginte thekkukizhakkan moolayil reamstile kaasttar allengil kaasterttil limbergill orennam maathrame ariyappedunnulloo. bakkiyulla flanderukalil asseyil orennam maathrame ariyappedunnulloo.
jarmmani", "belga" enniva.
roman saamraajyathinte bhaagamaakunnathin munbu beljian limberginekkurichu vyakthamayum prathyekamaayum nilanilkkunna oreyoru rekhaamoolamulla vivara srothass juuliyas seesaraanu, addeham eee mekhalayile thante yudhangalekkurichu oru prashasthamaaya vyaakhyaanam nalki, athu addehathinte gallic prachaaranatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu. eee kaalayalavil, eee pradesham muzhuvanum, thekk ardenness bhaagathulla mattu pradeshangalum vadakkum kizhakkum kaandaamrigangalum chernnu, "jermani sisrenani" ennariyappedunna oru valia gothravibhaagathinteyum aduvatusi ennariyappedunna oru prathyeka gothrathinteyum janmasthalamaayirunnu. (kurachu munbu, posidonius "jermani" yekkurichu paraamarshichathaayi thonnunnu, avar maamsam vyathyastha sandhikalil varuthuvennum paalum kalarthaatha veenjum kudichuvennum paranju.)
seaser namakaranam cheytha "jarmman sisrahenani" gothrangalkk ebooronukal, kondroosi, pemani (allengil seemani), serosi, segni ennivar peru nalki. ettavum valuthum pradhaanappettathumaaya gothram ebooronukalaayirunnu, avaraanu aadhunika beljian limberginte muzhuvan allengil bhooribhaagavum aadhipathyam pularthiyathennu thonnunnu, orupakshe eee pradeshatthinte vadakku bhagam paranna campine (dutch "kempen") vare vyaapichukidakkunna oru pradesham, koodaathe netherlandsileyum germmaniyileyum ayal pradeshangalilekkum vyaapichukidakkunnu. mattu gothrangal kooduthal thekk, innathe valoniayilo allengil germmaniyile athirthikkappuratho thaamasichirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu.
eee beljik gothrangalude "jermani" enna padatthinu ashayakkuzhappam ozhivakkaan vishadeekaranam aavasyamaanu. kaandaamrigatthinte kizhakk bhaagath thamasikkunna mattu gothrangale "jermani" ennum seaser paraamarsikkukayum aadhunika padamaaya germmaniyude uravidamaaya "germania" ennu addeham aaa pradeshathe vilikkukayum cheythu. atharakkaar vannath ivideyaanennu addehathodu paranjathukondaayirikkam eee reethiyil kaalavadhi neettiya aadya vyakthi. (puraavastu gaveshakarkk sthireekarikkaan kazhiyaatha onnu.) athinaal addeham beljik pradeshathe "jarmmani" yeei "jarmmani sisrahenani" ennu verthirichu, mattu "jarmmani" yeei avarude yadhaartha maathrraajyathu thaamasikkunnavaraayi kanakkakki. aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna vidhathil, seaser "jarmmani sisrahenani" beljik gaulukalaayi kanakkakki, oru tharam aalukal "jarmmani" yumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, addehathinte reportukal soochippikkunnathu avarum eee reethiyil perumariyirunnuvennaanna. vaasthavathil addeham "jarmmani sisrahenani" mathramalla, kaandaamrigathinu mukalil ninnu "jermmani" yill ninnu uthbhavicha "belga" yude ettavum valia bhaagavum, athinaal ayalrajyamaaya nervi polulla mattu vadakkan beljik gothrangale vishalamaaya "vamseeya" ardhathil "jermmani sisrahenani" aayi kandathayi paranju. seaserinu sheshamulla chila thalamurakal, addehathinte kaalathe nervi ippozhum atharamoru link avakaashappedunnuvennu parayunnu (chuvade kaanuka).
kaandaamrigathinu kuruke ninnu eee kudiyettam eppol nadannuvenna chodyathe sambandhichidatholam, athu seaserinu kurachu thalamurakalk munbaayirunnu. bii. sii. randaam noottaandil simbri, tutonukal ennivayude kudiyettatthil ninnu vijayakaramaayi svayam prathirodhicha gaulile oreyoru janatha limberg mekhalayile "jarmman sisrahenani" maathramaayirunnuvenn addeham report cheiyunnu. maruvashathu, pradeshathinakathu oru prathyeka pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkaan anuvadichirunna simbriyude pingaamikalaayirunnu aduvaattoosikal. athinaal phalatthil seaser eee padam rund vyathyastha reethikalil upayogichu, eee vaakkinte yadhaartha idungiya ardham pilkkala roman "sivitaas tangroram" ennathil aadhunika limbergilum parisaratthum thamasikkunna aalukalkk maathramaayirikkaam.
beljian "jarmmani" yilo yadhaarthathil aduvaattoosi bhashayilo samsaarichirunno illayo ennathu anishchithathvathilaanu. avarude nethaakkaludeyum gothrangaludeyum perukalkku mikkavarum celtic uthbhavamundennu thonnunnu, ithu akkaalat "germania" yile kaandaamrigathinu kuruke ayal gothrangalaaya tenctory, yoosipettukal ennivayude kaaryatthilum sariyaanu. maruvashathu, bisi randaam noottaandode eee pradeshathu oru jarmman bhasha samsaarichirunnuvennum beljik mekhalayil oru pazhaya substrate bhaashayude adayaalangalundennum plays neyim vishakalanam kaanikkunnuvenn mouritts gizelling mattullavarum vaadichittundu. (nordwest block kaanuka.) athinaal celtic, saamskaarikamaayi swaadheenamullathaanengilum, orikkalum eee pradeshathe pradhana bhashayaayirikkilla.
aduvaattoosiyum "jarmman sisrahenani" bisi 57-ll seesarinethire beljik gothrangalude sakhyathil pankedutthu, athu saabikalude yudhathil parajayappettu. aaa yudhathinu munbu, romumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya oru gothramaaya remiyil ninnulla vivarangal, jarmmani (kondroosi, eboorons, seerasi, paimani; pakshe prathyakshatthil segni allah) 40,000 purushanmaarkk vaagdaanam cheythathayi avar karuthi. aduvatusi 19,000 vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. saabikalude yudhathil kalaashicha niravadhi sambhavangalkk sesham eee sakhyam parajayappettu.
bii. sii. iii. 54ll, ebooronukalum aduvaattoosikalum avarude thekkum padinjaarum ulla golish gothrangalaaya trevery, nervi ennivayumaayi sakhyamundaakki veendum kalapam nadatthi. eee sakthamaaya gothrangale sambandhichidatholam avar eathu bhaashayaan samsaarikkunnathenn urappikkaan prayaasamaan, ennirunnaalum trevery aalukal saadhaaranayaayi oru celtic bhasha samsaarikkunnathayi karuthappedunnu. (eee rund gothrangalekkurichum taasittas parayunnath avar yadhaarthathil "jarmmani" yaayirunnillennum ennaal aaa perumaayi bandhappedaan avar aagrahichirunnuvennum gaulukalude mriduvaaya perallennum aanu.)
ebooronukalude thalasthaanathinu seaser aduvattukka ennum pilkkala roman kaalaghattatthil eee pradeshatthinte thalasthaanam "aduvattukka tangroram" (aadhunika tangeren) ennum perittu. aduvattukka" enna padatthinu "kotta" ennartham maathramaayirikkaam ennathozhichaal iva ore sthalamaayirikkaam. samshayathinu oru kaaranam, seaser soochippikkunnathu advattukka ebooron pradeshatthinte madhyabhaagathinaduthaanennum eee pradeshatthinte pradhana bhagam mayusinum (dutch "maas") kaandaamrigathinum edayilaanennum, athesamayam beljian limberg poornnamaayum maasinu padinjaaru bhaagathaanennum aanu.
ebooronukalkku purame, aduvaattoosi beljian limbergilum thaamasichirunnirikkaam. valia kunnin mukalil oru kotta undayirunnathinaal, avarude perinte ardham "kottakkar" ennu polum aakam, athu aduvatusi malayora valoniayilaanu thaamasichirunnathennu karuthappedunnu, pakshe avar thekkukizhakkan limbergilum thaamasichirikkaam, athu mithamaaya malanirakalaanu. ebooronukalile rund rajaakkanmaaril oralaaya ambiorics, advaattoosikk kappam nalkanamennum swantham makaneyum anantharavan avar adimakalaakki nilanirtthiyennum seaserinode parathippettu. ennaal orikkal romarkkethire kalapam nadatthiya addeham aadyam aduvaattoosiyilekkum pinneedu nerviyilekkum avarude sakhyam thedi.
chila prarambha vijayangalkk sesham, seesarinethiraaya kalapam paraajayappedukayum addeham eee pradesham keezhadakkukayum cheythu. ebooronukalude vamshatheyum perineyum" unmoolanam cheyyaan thaan sramichuvennum kalaapathin kaaranamaaya avarude "kuttakrithyathinu", thante lephttanant kvintas titurius sabinasineyum lucius aurunculius kotta shaithyakaalath avarkkidayil paarppikkanamenn aavashyappettappol konnuvennum addeham parayunnu. ambiorics kurachu kuthirakalumayi aardenukalilekku rakshapettu. mattu palarum theerathe vanangal, kuzhikal, veliyetta dveepukal ennivayilekku rakshapettu. atharam dushkaramaaya graamapradeshangalilekk vimathare pinthudaraan sramikkunnathil aalukale apakadathilaakkaruthennu seaser theerumaanichu, pakaram eee pradesham kollayadikkaan mattu gothrangale prolsaahippikkaan shramichu-sikambri kaandaamrigam kadannu roman bagej eathoru abhayaarthiyekkaalum sambannamaaya lakshyamaakumenn theerumaanicha padhathi thirichadichu.
ebooronukalile mattoru rajaavaaya cativolcus "gaulilum germmaniyilum dhaaraalam ulla yuu-treaude neeru" upayogichu aathmahathya cheythu. eboorons" enna peru (europilulla mattu samanamaaya celtic adisthaanamaakkiyulla gothranaamangaleppole) yuu maratthinte celtic padatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
roman saamrajyam.
roman kaalaghattatthile beljian limberg aadhunika tonkerenil thalasthaanamaaya "sivitaas tangroram" enna valia jillayude madhyabhaagamaayirunnu. tungriyenna puthiya gothranaamatthil ninnaan eee jillaykku eee peru labhichathu. ennirunnaalum, seaserinu sesham chila thalamurakal ezhuthiyathanusarichu, eee gothramaan aadyam "jermani" ennu vilikkappettath, koodaathe oru puthiya peru upayogikkaan thudangi, athesamayam mattu niravadhi gothrangale "jermani" ennu vilikkaan thudangi. ithu soochippikkunnathu avar ebooronukal ulppetta ore gothravibhaagamaanennu. maruvashathu, eee kaalayalavil, romakkar kaandaamrigathinu kuruke ninnu niravadhi aalukale sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayum ivar thungriyude poorvvikarude oru pradhana bhagamaayirikkaamennum ariyappedunnu.
romakkaarude keezhil, tungri "sivitaas" aadyam gallia beljikkayude bhaagamaayirunnu, pinneedu avarude padinjaaran beljian ayalrajyangalaaya menapiyilum nerviyilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, sainikavalkkarikkappett kaandaamriga athirthiyilulla pradesangalumaayi cherunnathinayi germania inferior "lover germania" yude bhaagamaayi, pinneedu ithu germania sekundayaayi punasamghadippichu. kaandaamrigatthinte padinjaaran theerathu vasichirunna pala gothravibhaagangalilum kizhakkan theerathu ninnulla kudiyettakkaarude aadhipathyamundaayirunnu. thungriyude vadakku, aadhunika netherlandsile kaandaamriga-samrakshitha deltayil battaaviyanmaarum frisiyaavonukalum undaayirunnu, orupakshe seaserinte kaalath avide undaayirunna chila menaapikalum. vadakkukizhakku, kaandaamrigatthinte valavil, orupakshe sikambriyude oru vibhaagathil ninnulla kugarnikalum orupakshe bedaasikalum undaayirunnu. thungriyude kizhakk sunikiyum rainil ubi yum undaayirunnu, athinte nagaram koloon aayirunnu, pravishya thalasthaanam. tungri germanian inferior enna niravadhi gotra samsthaanangalum badaaviyude kalaapathil pankedutthu.
valare pradhanappetta roottaaya amiens-baway-tongeren-mastrict-hirlen-koloon, aadhunika pradhana roadinu thekk bhaagathekku tien-stt truden-borgloon-tongeren oodikkunna boulogne-courtrijk-tienen-tongeren ennivayulppede niravadhi sradheyamaaya kizhakkan-padinjaaran roman roottukalile oru pradhana pattanamaayirunnu tongeren. eee rodukalude thekk kooduthal phalabhooyishtamaaya pradeshangal kooduthal janasaandrathayullathum kooduthal poornnamaayum romanvalkkarikkappettathum. beljian limberginte manal niranja vadakku bhaagath, roman kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil, kaandaamrigangalkku mail jarmman gothrangalil ninnulla nirantharamaaya kollayude sammarddathethudarnnu roman janasamkhya naadakeeyamaayi kuranju.
sivitaas tangrorathil", oronninum prathyakshamaaya gothranaamangalulla upavibhaagangale ("paagi") kurichulla chila vivarangal nilanilkkunnu. eee vivarangalil bhooribhaagavum atharam pradeshangalil ninnu recruit cheyyappetta unitukalekkurichulla sainika rekhakalil ninnaan varunnath. valloniayile kondrosil thaamasichirunna kondroosiyum aadhunika germmaniyude athirthikkaduthulla eefal vanathil thaamasichirunna serosiyumaanu seaserinte kaalam muthal nilaninnirunna rund "jarmman" gothravibhagangal. ennaal toxandry jillayaya toxandriayile beljian limbergilum parisara pradeshangalilum vyakthamaayi bandhappedutthaan kazhiyunna oreyoru peru "pagus" aanu, ithu vadakku bhaagathulla manal campine mekhalayude muzhuvan allengil bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna "sivittaasinte" oru valia bhaagamaanenn thonnunnu. ithu seaser paraamarshicha gothranamangalilonnaayir, ennaal chilar soochippikkunnathu yuu (laattin "taxes") ennathine soochippikkunna eboorons enna perinte laattin vivarthanamaayirikkam. kaandaamrigatthinte kizhakk ninnu vanna kudiyettakkaraanu eee samghamennu mattullavar abhipraayappedunnu. braabant-limberg athirthiyile geetbettukalkku sameepamaan baitasi thaamasichirunnathennum nirddeshikkappettittund, ennaal aadhunika germmaniyile kaandaamrigathodu aduthulla oru pradeshathaanu avar thaamasichirunnathennum thonnunnu.
saamraajyathin keezhil aadyamaayi rekhakalil kaanapedunna, "sivittaasil" undayirikkaavunna mattu rund "paagi", netherlandsile veloovu vanavumayi prathyakshatthil poruthappedunna "pagus vellaus", "tabula putingeriana" bhoopadatthile kaattvaaliyavumaayi poruthappedunna mayoosile kuthikal allengil athinaduthulla "pagus catuvalinus" ennivayaanu.
fraankukal.
roman kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilum madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathilum beljian limberginte vadakkan allengil "kempen" bhagam veendum thekkan bhaagath ninnu valare vyathyasthamayi. jarmman kollayadi kaaranam ithu phalatthil shoonyamaayi, thudarnnu vadakku ninnu raine, maas ennivaykku mukaliloode varunna salian fraankukal sthirathaamasamaakkukayum bharikkukayum cheythu, prathyakshatthil kizhakkan netherlandil ninnu (saaksanukalude sammarddathilaayirunnu). roman saamrajyathinullil shakthamayi sthaapithamaaya aadyathe jarmman gothrangalil ivayum merovingyanmaarude poorvvikarum ulppedunnu. yadhaartha toxandry avide thaamasichirikkillenkum avar "sivitaas" enna jillakalilonnaya "toxandria" enna pazhaya peru sweekarichu. beljian limberginte thekkan allengil "haspengow" bhagam kooduthal kooduthal romanvalkarikkappettilkum oduvil fraankukalude pradhana rajyamaayi maari. mukalil soochippicha tongeraniloodeyulla rund kizhakkan-padinjaaran roman pathakal kurachukaalathekku prathirodhatthinte munnirayaayi maari, chilappol avaye "lims belgicus" ennu vilikkunnu. anchaam noottaandil claudio fraankukale vadakkan gaulil adhinivesha sainika prachaaranangalilekku nayichathaayi tongerren athirthiyilulla toxandria pradeshathu ninnaan toorukalude gregory report cheiyunnathu, taamasiyaathe fraankukalude rajyamaaya france allengil francia aayi maari.
merovingian kaalaghattatthil, beljian limberg austraasiyayude bhaagamaayirunnu, prathyekichu haaspengouvinte chila bhagangal pippinid kudumbatthinteyum pinneedu avarude carolingian pingaamikaludeyum niyanthranathilaayirunnu thonnunnu. oduvil kooduthal parasyamaayi bharanam ettedukkunnathuvare eee kudumbam merovingian kottaaratthinte meyarmaaraayirunnu. 752ll fraankukalude aadyathe pippinid rajaavaayi pepin dhii short maari. peppinidukalude sthaapakan laandante pepin aayirunnu, addeham orupakshe beljian limbergile landonil janichavaraayirikkaam.
frankukalkku keezhil, eee pradeshathe puthiya sthalanaamangal upayogichu paraamarsikkaan thudangunnu, avaa madhyakaalakhattathilum chila sandarbhangalil aadhunika kaalathum nilanilkkunnu. laattinilekk "pagus" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappettathum ekadesham engleesh "kaundi" allengil "shire" ennathumaayi poruthappedunnathumaaya oru frankish bharana pradeshamaayirunnu "gau" allengil "gau". oru "gau" yude bharanaadhikaarikk oru bharanadhikaari undaayirunnengil, saadhaaranayaayi oru kaundu allengil "graph" aayirunnu, ennaal chila valia "gau" kall cheria kaundikalaayi vibhajikkapettu. kembanile toxandria atharamoru pradeshamaayi thudarnnu. maas allengil miyus nadiyude athirthiyilulla beljian limberginte kizhakkan bhaagathe chilappol "maasgou" allengil "maasgou" ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnu. meerson udambadi (870) polulla pazhaya rekhakalil "haspinga", "pagus hasbaniensis" allengil "hasbania" thudangiya roopangalil kaanapedunna haspengow enna aadhunika peru thekkan bhaagathinu labhichu, ennaal udambadi perittillaattha naalu kaundikalaayi ithine vibhajichu. carolingian kaalaghattatthil hesbeyude ennam undaayirunnu, pakshe avarude krithyamaaya pradeshangal urappode ariyilla.
onpathaam noottaandode frankish carolingian saamraajyathil oduvil beljiyathinteyum vadakkan fraansinteyum pradesham mathramalla, padinjaaran europinte bhooribhaagavum ulppettu. chaalmeyninte maranashesham, francinum germmanikkum idayil sthithicheyyukayum itali vare vyaapikkukayum cheytha frankish europile lotheringian divishante bhaagamaayirunnu limberg. athinte aadya bharanadhikaariyaaya lotheyar onnaaman raajaavinte maranashesham, ithu pathukke kizhakkan fraansiyayumaayi samyojippikkappettu, athu vishudha roman saamraajyamaayi maarukayayirunnu. 881, 882 kaalaghattangalil maas, haspengow ennividangalile pradeshangal norse wikingukal kollayadichu, avar maas aakramanathinu oru thaavalam sthaapichu, innu dutch limbergile rormondil. chaals chakravarty avarumaayi charcha nadatthaan shramichu. 1891-ll, akkaalat kizhakkan frankish saamraajyathinte bhooribhaagavum pidicheduttha arnelf oof kaarinthiyayude sainyavumayi vaikkingukal niravadhi thavana poraadi.
lotheringiayude madhyabhaagamenna nilayil, aadhunika limberg pradesham eee samayat thuranna raashtreeyathil aazhathil ulppettirunnu. lotheringia raajyathinte avakaashavaadiyaaya swentibold 900-ll susteranil vachu marikkukayum kempen pradeshathu addehathinu pinthuna labikkukayum cheythu. wiking kadannukayatangalil paksham marria praadeshika house oof rejinar addehathe ethirthu. chakravarthimaarumaayulla avarude thudarchayaaya samgharshangalkkidayilum, eee bhavanathinte krithyamaaya vamshavali valare anishchithathvathilaanenkil, madhyakala looninte ennam thaazhekku varunnathayi karuthappedunnathu rejinar hausil ninnaan.
beljian limberg pradesham rund kaalaghattangalil kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. fraankukalude aadhipathyathin munbulla sent serveshyasinte kaalaghattamaayirunnu aadyakaalam. limberginte thekkukizhakkan bhaagathulla romanvalkarikkappetta pradeshathum tongeran chuttumullathum aduthulla mastrict leejum ulppede ithu nilaninnirunnu. eiii. dii. 700ll anyamatha fraankukal, maastrikttinteyum willibroardinteyum lambert, mattullavar ennivarude varavinushesham eee pradeshatthinte vadakku bhaagathu ippozhum aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna anyamathakkaarkk suvishesham prasamgichathinushesham missionary pravartthanatthinte randaam kaalaghattam aarambhichu. eee moonnu roman, aadyakaala kristhyan nagarangalil, madhyakaalakhattathil bishappinte aathyanthika aasthaanamaayi leej maari, tongerenil ninnu ettedutha maastrichil ninnu eee sthaanam etteduthu. limberginte thekk bhaagathulla mattoru aadyakaala vishudhan sent trudeau aayirunnu.
madhyakaalakhattam.
beljian limberg luun kaundiyude (franch "loose") madhyakala pradeshavumaayi aduthu yojikkunnu, ithu yadhaarthathil madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil haaspengouvil adhikaarathinte kendramaayi maariyirunna kottakettya borgloon pattanatthe kendreekarichaayirunnu, patthaam noottaandinte aadyakaala kaundikalaaya avernaasinte peril ariyapetta kaundi, ippol valloniyayilulla haannattinaduthulla kaundi ennivayil ninnu ithu etteduthu. ithu eee pradeshathu ninnu vadakkott kembanilekku vyaapichu, oduvil aadhunika beljian limberghinu samanamaaya oru pradesham ulkkollunnu. kaundukal pinneedu avarude kodathikalum vasathikalum borgloonil ninnu innathe pradeshatthinte thalasthaanamaaya haasselttinte bhagamaaya kuringanile kooduthal kendra sthaanangalilekku maatti. looninte bhaagamaayi, beljian limberg aathmeeyamaayi mathramalla, raashtreeyamaayum leejinte prins-bishappin vidheyanaayirunnu.
aadhunika charithram.
lune leejile bakkiyulla prins-bishappukalum franch viplavam vare beljiyamaayi maarunna bakkiyullavayumaayi raashtreeyamaayi chernnilla. ennirunnaalum, 16,17,18 noottaandukalil ayalrajyangalaaya braabant, dutch limberg enniva ulppetta yudhangal loonile janasamkhyaye nirantharam moshamaayi baadhichu, enpathu varshathe yuddham, spanish pinthudarchaavakaasha yuddham, austriyan pinthudarchaavakaasha yuddham, ezhu varshathe yuddham, joseph randaaman chakravartthiyude janapreethiyillaatha parishkaarangalkkethiraaya braabant viplavam enniva ulppede. eee kaalayalavil mekhalayile episcopal gavanmentinu kramasamadhanam nilanirthaan palappozhum kazhinjilla, koodaathe sainikarudeyum "bokkantijdarukal" polulla moshtaakkalude samghangaludeyum kollayaattathaal eee pradeshatthinte sambadvyavastha palappozhum moshamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, janasamkhyayil sakthamaaya yaadhaasthithika catholica gadakangal undaayirunnu, koodaathe braabant viplavathe pinthunaykkuka mathramalla, 1798 leeii karshakarude yudhathil viplavakaramaaya franch bharanakoodatthinethire parajayappetta kalapam nadathukayum cheythu.
aadhunika beljian allengil dutch pravisyakalilonnaaya limberg orikkalum aduthulla dachiyude bhagamaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, limberginte aadhunika peru uruthirinjathu eee duchyil ninnaan, ithu yadhaarthathil ardennesile wesdrey nadiyil sthithi cheiyunna limberg ennariyappedunna kottaketta kotta pattanatthe kendreekarichaayirunnu, ippol beljiyathinte leej pravisyayilaanu. aaa perilulla beljian, dutch pravishyakal ulkkollunna aadhunika limberg pradesham aadyam oru pravisyaykkullil viplava fraansinteyum pinneedu nepolian saamraajyathinteyum adhikaarathil ikyappettu, pakshe pinneedu lover miyoosinte (maas) franch vakuppinte peril. limberg pattanam eee pradeshathaayirunnilla, marichu athinaduthaayirunnu, oru rashtreeya association undaayirunnu. nepolian kaalaghattathetthudarnnu, mahaashakthikal (yunaittad kingdom, prussia, austriyan saamrajyam, russian saamrajyam, france) 1815-ll netherlandsile puthiya yunaittad kingdatthinu eee pradesham nalki. oru puthiya pravishya roopeekarikkappedukayum athinte thalasthaanatthinte peril "mastrict" enna peru sweekarikkukayum cheythu. limberg enna peru nashtappedaan aagrahikkaatha aadyathe rajaavaaya vilyam onnaaman, oru purathana duchy enna uyarnna padavi kanakkileduthu, peru "limberg pravishya" ennu maattanamenn nirbandhichu.
1830leeii beljian viplavathil puthiya raajyathinte thekk bhaagathulla dutch, franch samsaarikkunna catholica pradeshangal pradhaanamaayum kaalvinist, dutch vadakku ennividangalil ninnu verpirinjappol limberg pravishya thudakkathil eathaandu poornnamaayum beljian bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu, koodaathe limberginteyum luxemburghinteyum padavi vyakthamallathaayi. leopold onnaaman 1831 juulai 21 nuu beljiyakkaarude rajaavaayi sathyaprathinja cheythu. 1831 august "patthu divasathe prachaaranatthil", dutch sainyam beljiyathil praveshikkukayum sakthamaaya sthaanathu ninnu charchakal nadathunnathinaayi aant verp ulppede niravadhi nagarangalude niyanthranam ettedukkukayum cheythu. august 8 nuu hasselttinaduthulla mayoosinte beljian sainyam ulppede niravadhi beljian milishyakalum sainyangalum eluppathil parajayappettu. august 9 nuu oru franch sainyam beljiyathil praveshichu, briteeshukaarum edapedaan thudangi, athesamayam netherlandsinte russian, russian sakhyakakshikalkk pinthuna ayaykkaan kazhinjilla, ithu vedinirthalilekku nayichu. 1831-ll landanile enpathu aarttikkilukalude udambadi limberg luxemburg rund samsthaanangalkkidayil vibhajikkumennu sthaapichu. 1832ll oduvil dutch kaikalil ninnu antwerp nirbandhithamaayi. oduvil, 1839-ll, oru puthiya "lunden udambadi" prakaram limberg luxemburg vibhajikkapettu, limberg "dutch" limberg, "beljian" limberg enningane vibhajikkapettu.
maastrichinaduthulla athirthi pradeshangalil maathramaan rund aadhunika limbergukalilum pazhaya dachiyumaayi sakthamaaya charitraparamaaya bandhamullath. eee pradeshatthinte oru bhagam braabandinte dachiyude keezhil orotta verpeduthiya pradesham roopeekarichu enna ardhathil eee bandham mikkavarum parokshamaanu, angane brasselsile thalasthaanamaaya limberginteyum ovarmaasinteyum "stetts (" staattan ") ennu vilikkappedunna" stettukal "bharichu. ennirunnaalum, beljian limberginte oru cheria bhagam yadhaarthathil limberginte dachiyilaayirunnu voreninte angeyattatthe kizhakk, tuven, remersdall gramangal.
irupathaam noottaand.
kizhakkan beljiyathinte mattu bhaagangaleppole, beljian limberg onnaam lokamahaayudhathinteyum randaam lokamahaayudhathinteyum aadyaghattangalil jarmman aadhipathyathin keezhilaayi.
randaam lokamahaayudhathil, limberg bakkiyulla beljiyavum vadakkan fraansinte chila jarmman bhagangalumaayi beljiyathinteyum vadakkan fraansinteyum sainika bharanathin keezhil chernnu. sainikamallaatha paava sarkkarukal sthaapicha netherlandilum norwayilum ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu ithu. limberg grettar jarmman reachinte bhagamaakumennaayirunnu aathyanthika naasi padhathi.
1962ll beljiyathile ellah pravishyakalum bhaashaaparamaayi nirvachikkapetta sthaapana pradeshangalude niyanthranathilaayappol beljian limberg audyogikamaayi asthiramaayi. beljiyathinte franch samsaarikkunna bhagangalaal chuttappettathum franch samsaarikkunnavarude ganyamaaya janasamkhyayullathumaaya voreninte kaaryatthil ithu vivaadangalkku vazhangunnathayirunnilla.
1967ll maathramaan catholica sabha liyejinte bishoperic enna prathyeka roopathil haasselttinte oru bishoperic srishtichathu.

