
kathunna lokam

1666ll engleesh ezhuthukaariyum nucasil duchesumaaya maargarat cavendish rachicha gadyakathayaaya blaising waled ennariyappedunna oru puthiya lokathinte vivaranam. feminist niroopakanaaya dayle chelavazhichayaal ithine shaasthrakadhayude mungamiyaayi visheshippikkunnu. ithu oru uttopiyan kruthiyaayum vaayikkam.
katha.
athinte poornnamaaya thalakkett soochippikkunnathu pole, utharadhruvathiloode athicheraan kazhiyunna mattoru lokathile (aakaashat vyathyastha nakshathrangalulla) aakshepahasyavum uttopiyan raajyathinte saangalppika thithreekaranamaanu "blaising waled". novelist steevan echu. prope, ithu "pathinezhaam noottaandil oru sthreeyude uttopiyan fictionte ariyappedunna oreyoru kruthiyaanu, athupole thanne nammal ippol 'proto-sayans fiction' ennu vilikkunnathinte oru udaaharanamaanu-ithu oru pranayam, saahasika katha, aathmakatha polum aanu."
"nyookaasttilinte onnaam prabhuvaya vilyam cavendish ezhuthiya oru kavithayodeyaanu "blaising waled" aarambhikkunnath. cavendishinte pusthakam avarude bharthaav vilyam cavendish, nyookaastal-oonn-teyninte onnaam duke, avarude bhaavanashakthikale aaghoshikkunna sradheyamaaya oru sonattine prachodippichu. sonattine thudarnnu maargarat cavendish thanne vaayanakkaaran ezhuthiya oru kathu vannu. vaayanakkaaran ezhuthiya kathil, cavendish "kathunna lokathe" moonnu bhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnu. aadya bhagam "romansical", randaamathe "daarshanika", moonnaamathe "fancy" allengil "faantastikkal" ennivayaanu.
aadyathe "romansical" vibhaagam oru yuvatiye samsaarikkunna mrugangalaal niranja oru lokathekku thattikkondupokunnathum apratheekshithamaayi kathunna lokathinte chakravarthiyaayi maarunnathinekkurichum vivarikkunnu. randaamathe "daarshanika" vibhaagam chakravartthiyude arivum prakrithishaasthrathodum thathwachinthayodumulla thaalpparyavum vivarikkunnu. avar eee vishayangal "jwalikkunna lokathile" shaasthranjar, thathwachinthakar, academic vidagdhar ennivarumaayi charcha cheiyunnu."avasaanathe" "faantastikkal" "vibhaagathil, chakravarthini oru sainika nethaavinte veshathil abhinayikkunnu, aabharanangalum prathyeka kallukalum dharichu avalkk oru devathayude roopam nalkunnu". mathsyathozhilaalikal" valicheriyunna antharvaahinikalum "pakshi purushanmaar" thante maathrraajyamaaya esfi raajyathinte shathrukkale aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaan "theekkallukal" idukayum cheythukondu aval thante lokathekku oru samboornna adhinivesham samghadippikkunnu. naavikayudhathil chakravarty vijayikkumbol, kathunna lokathe veendum oru uttopik saamraajyamaayi visheshippikkunnu.
oduvil, vaayanakkaaran oru upasamhaarathode cavendish "kathunna lokam" avasaanippikkunnu. eee upasamhaarathil avar "jwalikkunna lokam" ezhuthaanulla kaaranagal vivarikkunnu. jwalikkunna lokathe srishtikkunnathine alexander dhii grettu, juuliyas seaser ennivarude vijayangalumayi avar thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.
eee kruthi thudakkathil "pareekshanathmaka thathwachinthayekkurichulla nireekshanangal" enna munnariyipp nalkunnathinte oru koottaaliyaayi prasidheekarikkappedukayum angane pathinezhaam noottaandile shaasthrathile nyayamaaya shramathinte oru saangalppika gadakamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. 1668ll ithu veendum achadichu.
tharavum prathyaaghaathangalum.
ooksfoord brooks sarvakalaashaalayile pandithanaaya nikkol pooll, eee kruthiye "oru 'hermaphroditic' paatam" ennu tharamthirikkunnathil cavendish krithyamaanennu vaadichu. shaasthram, raashtreeyam, lingabhedam, swathuam thudangiya vibhagangalumaayi bandhappett pathinezhaam noottaandile maanadandangalekkurichulla pooll munnariyipp nalkunnu. purushamanassukalkk vittukodukkunna thante kaalaghattatthil pariganichirunna vishayangal charcha cheyyumbol samoohathinte aashayangale chodyam cheyyaanulla sannadhatha, eee vishayangalekkurichulla asaadhaaranamaaya linga-nishpaksha charchayilekku rakshappedaan avale anuvadikkunnuvennum, pooll label cheiyunna "yadhaartha vimochana kaavyathmaka idam" srishtikkunnuvennum pooll vaadikkunnu."
vadakkukizhakkan sarvakalashaala professor maarina lesley abhipraayappedunnathu, "kathunna lokam" pathiv purusha aadipathyamulla uttopiyan ezhuthu mekhalayil ninnulla vyathichalanamayi varthikkunnuvennu vaayanakkar shradhichittundu ennaanu. chila vaayanakkaarum vimarshakarum cavendishinte rachanakale uttopiyayude eee savisheshathakalaal parimithappeduthiyathaanne vyaakhyaanichekkaamenkile, charithratthile aadyathethum kooduthal thurannuparayunnathumaya feministukalil oralaayi cavendishine oormmikkumbol, prathyekichu aadyakaala rachanakalil, eee kruthiyude vyaakhyaanangal sameepikkaan lesley nirddeshikkunnu. eee ardhathil, cavendish uttopiyan vibhaagathe "sthree swabhaavavum adikaaravum" polulla vishayangal oru puthiya velichathil charcha cheyyaan upayogichu, athesamayam uttopiyan vibhaagathe thanne vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu.
doow. dellila bermudez brattaas tufts sarvakalaashaalayile thante prabandhatthil lingabhedathilum laingikathayilum uttopiyayude swaadheenathekkurichu vishadeekarikkunnu. thudakkathil, uttopiya laingika draavaka lokangalaayirunnuvennu avar choondikkaanikkunnu. athinaal, avar lingaparamaaya kanvenshanukale velluvilichu. pradhaanamaayum sthreekal ezhuthumbol eee edangal ethratholam laingikavum linga-draavakavumaanennu cavendishinte "kathunna lokam" kaanikkunnu. brattaas eee prasthaavanayekkurichu kooduthal vishadeekarikkukayum munkaalangalile eee vibhaagathinte aakarshanam vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee kaalayalav, akkaalathe lingaparamaaya kanvenshanukalumaayi samyojippichu, uttopiya cavendishine akarshakamaakkunnu. uttopiya sthreekalkku praadhamikamaayi sthreethvamullathum avare shaaktheekarikkappettathayi anubhavappeduthunnathumaya oru idam nalkunnu. oru uttopiya ezhuthunnathu avalkk poornnamaaya ejansiyum paridhikalumillaathathumaaya svanthamaayi oru lokam srishtikkaanulla avasaram vaagdaanam cheythu. thante likhithathil, thaan eee lokathinte udamayaanennum avarkk ishtamallennum avarkk ishtamallengil svanthamaayi srishtikkanamennum cavendish vaayanakkaarane oormmippikkunnu. eee lokam kettippadukkumbol avalude theerumaanangal sthreekalude vidyaabhyaasathinulla edangalum sthreekal swatantra vyakthikalum adikaarikalumaayathum polulla avalude linga aadarshangale engane prathifalippikkunnuvennu brattaas choondikkaanikkunnu.
jwalikkunna lokam" niravadhi vyathyastha vibhaagangale ulkkollunnuvennum lesley vishwasikkunnu, athil yatra vivaranavum pranayavum mathramalla, uttopiya, ithihaasam, jeevacharitram, kabala, lucianic kettukatha, menippiyan aakshepahasyam, prakrithi charithram, dhaarmikatha kalii ennivayum ulppedunnu...eddinberg sarvakalaashaalayile oodvar holmesland" "minnunna lokam" "athinte vibhagangalil sarggaathmakamaanennu sammathikkunnu," "'sankaravalkkaranam' enna padam sthaapitha vibhaagangaleyum vibhaagangaleyum oru puthiya kramatthilekku samyojippikkunathinum avalude faantasi saamraajyathe samaanamaayi avatharippikkunnathinumal cavendishinte reethiye uchithamayi pidichedukkunnu"."
jorjia sarvakalaashaalayile professor sujata ayyankaar "kathunna lokam" vyakthamaayi saangalppikamaanenna vasthuthayude praadhaanyam choondikkaanikkunnu, ithu athil chertthirikkunna kruthiyude shaasthreeya swabhaavathil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaan. oru fiction kruthi ezhuthunnathu cavendishine saadhyamaaya eathu yaadhaarthyavum sangalppikkaan kazhiyunna oru puthiya lokam srishtikkaan anuvadichuvennu ayyankaar abhipraayappedunnu. atharam swaathanthryam, thante kaalaghattatthile adimathathekkurichulla pothuvaaya vishwaasangalumaayi nerittu ettumuttunna rank, lingabhedam, vamsham ennivayekkurichulla ashayangal paryavekshanam cheyyaan cavendishine anuvadikkunnuvennu ayyankaar vaadikkunnu. saangalppika lokathinullil cavendishinte puthuthayi kandethiya swaathanthryam, cavendish thante nonfiction rachanakalil ezhuthiyittullavayumaayi nerittu vairudhyamulla ashayangal paryavekshanam cheyyaan avalkk avasaram nalkunnuvennu ayyankaar parayunnu.
jayson echu. florida internaashanal yooniversittiyile muthu "kathunna lokam" novalinte aadyakaala udaaharanangalilonnaayi kanakkakkunnu, "parishkkaranam 'aadyakaala' ennu kootticherkkunnu...novalinte charithratthil pareekshanangal kooduthal saadhaaranamaayirunna oru kaalaghattatthe soochippikkunnathinaayi, gadyakathayiloode vichitramaaya reethiyil vivarikkunna vichithra sambhavangal pratheekshikkaavunnathaan."rund poshaka roopangal thammilulla prathipravartthanavum ethirppum ithil adangiyirikkunnuvennum muthu vishwasikkunnu uttopiyan rachanayude upavibhagamaaya chaandrayaatra, prakrithi lokathinte praathinidyangalil saadhyathayeyum saadhyathayeyum kurichulla ashayangal ariyikkaan sahaayicha prakrithi thathwachintha."ennirunnaalum, muthu ithine" "chandrayaathrayude punaravalokanamaayi" kanakkakkunnu "... lakshyasthanam aksharaarthatthilum aalankaarikamaayum bhoomiyilekku valichiduka ennathaanu athinte punaravalokanangalilonnu, vyathyaasathinte vividha saadhyathakal enganeyengilum kooduthal axus cheyyaavunnathaakkuka."
yooniversitti oof memphis professor catherine jimelli martin "kathunna lokathe" eee vibhaagathinte mattoru aadyakaala udaaharanavumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu thomas morinte "uttopiya". cavendishinte shradha arivu aanennum athil kooduthal panamaanennum avar vivarikkunnu. kooduthal vyathyasthamayi, cavendish thante lokath swarnam alankaarathinulla oru upakaranamaayi upayogikkunnu, pakshe athu poornnamaayum vyathyasthamayi vilakuraykkunnu. koodaathe, swarnam upayogikkunnathil ninnu avar saadhaaranakkaare vilakkunnu. " "" kathunna lokathil "," "" eee vargga sambradaayam kooduthal aalukalude "" uttopiya "yill kaanunnathum charcha cheyyappedunnathumaaya svarnnathinaayulla eathoru malsaratheyum illaathaakkunnuvennu martin nirddeshikkunnu".
lokathil.
jayson pell lokathinte sarriyalisathekkurichum (vairudhyapoorvvam) nammude swantham samyathekkurichum abhipraayappettittund. addeham ezhuthunnu, "sthreeyude anubhavathe 'valare vichitramaaya oru saahasikata' ennum 'valare vichitramaaya oru sthalam' ennum atharam athbhuthakaramaaya tharatthilulla jeevikalkkidayil " nammude lokathile mattareyum poleyalla 'ennum visheshippikkunnu...ivide enthum saadhyamaanennu thonnunnu, "athu ethratholam aduthaanengilum, kathunna lokam niravadhi anyaloka athbhuthangale prashamsikkunnu", ennaal "intersteeshyal pasej way bahiraakaashath oru chulivaayi nilanilkkunnu, ithu bandhippikkunna vichedanam jwalikkunna lokathinte idungiya athicheral anuvadikkukayum athinte samoolamaaya vyathyaasangale niyamavidheyamaakkukayum cheiyunnu.intersteeshyal pasej way" ennathukondu, nayakan avale thattikkondupokunnavaram kathayude thudakkathil kadannupokunna adrishyavum vishadeekarikkappedaathu paathaye soochippikkunnu.
rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal.
jwalikkunna lokathudaneelam", saamoohika vibhajanangalude abhaavathiloode maathrame samadhaanaparamaaya oru samooham nedaan kazhiyoo ennu chakravarthini avakaashappedunnu. vibhajanasadhyatha illaathaakkaanum samoohathil saamoohika aikyam nilanirthaanum, vaachakam sangalppikkunnathupole, cavendish oru rajavaazhchaasamithiye nirmmikkunnu. oru janaadhipathya gavanmentil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru samboornna paramaadhikaarathinu maathrame saamoohika aikyavum sthirathayum nilanirthaan kazhiyoo ennu cavendish vishwasikkunnu, kaaranam oru adhikaarathe aashrayikkunnath adhikara vibhajanathe illaathaakkunnu. raajavaazhchaasanghadanaye kooduthal nyaayeekarikkan, cavendish daarshanikavum mathaparavumaya vaadangal sweekarikkunnu. avar ezhuthunnu, "oru sareerathinu oru thala undaayirikkunnathu swaabhaavikamaayirunnu, athinaal oru rashtreeya sthaapanathinu oru govarnor mathramullathum swaabhaavikamaayirunnu... koodaathe, rajavaazhcha ennathu oru divya roopathilulla gavanmentaanennum nammude mathathodu ettavum kooduthal yojikkunnuvennum avar paranju."
cavendishinte rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal engleesh thathwachinthakanaaya thomas hobsinte kaazhchappaadukalkk samaanamaan. 1651-leeii leviathan enna pusthakatthil, saamoohika asthirathayum "nashavum" thadayunnathinu oru raajavaazhchaasanghadanam oru anivaaryashakthiyaanenna dhaarana hobbs uyarthippidikkunnu, kaaranam cavendish kaalaghattatthile sradheyamaaya oru samakalikayaaya hobbs avarude rashtreeya thathwachinthayil cheluthiya swaadheenam vyakthamaan. minnunna lokathil", prashastha ezhuthukaare pattikappedutthumbol cavendish thante peru nerittu paraamarsikkunnu "galilio, gassendes, descart, hellmond, hobbs, echu. kooduthal, muthalaayava.
swaadheenam.
asaadhaaranaraaya maanyanmaarude leag" enna saahasikathakale vivarikkunna alan moorinte graphik novalukalil, 1680kalude avasaanathil duke prospiroyude neethrthwathilulla aadya leagile amgamaaya extra dimensional traveler kristhyan vanna athe manoharamaaya rajyamaayi thilangunna lokathe thiricharinju. kristhyan eee raajyathekku madangiyethiyappol leag pirichuvittu, avidevechu varshangalkk sesham prefreeso, caliban, eriyal ennivarum pooyi.
chainayile mivilleyude "anaan lune dunn" enna grandhashaalayil "eiii lunden guide phoor dhaa blazing veldezhs" enna pusthakatthil paraamarshikkappettitlathillittu rund lokangalkkidayilulla yathrakal ellaam ekamukhamallennu soochippikkunnu.
jeey.jii. ballard duranta novalukalude oru chathushkonathe rachichu, avayil moonnennam kathunna lokathinte thalakkett prathidhvanikkunnu mungimaricha lokam (1962), kathunna lokam (1964; 1965 ll varalcha ennu punaprasidheekarichu), kristtal lokam (1966).
2014-ll, siri hustwed "dhii blazing waled" enna noval prasidheekarichu, athil newyork nagaratthile purusha aadipathyamulla kalaa ramgangalil ninnu amgeekaaram nedaanulla haariyat bordinte ujjwalavum ennaal sankeernavumaaya shramangale avar vivarikkunnu. hustweddinte bharam pala avasarangalilum prachodanatthinte sambannamaaya uravidamaayi maargarat cavendishine paraamarsikkunnu. avalude jeevithaavasaanathodu adukkumbol, "njaan ente thilangunna ammayaya maargarattilekku madangiyethunnu" enna cavendishinte pravarthanatthaal bharam aashwasikkappedunnu (peju. (328), aval thante notebookil ezhuthunnu.
"oru varsham munbu prasidheekaricha shaasthranjanaaya roobert hukkinte "micrographia" ykku nerittulla prathikaranamaya "pareekshanathmaka thathwachinthayekkurichulla cavendishinte nireekshanangal" ennathinoppam "blazing waled" yadhaarthathil oru samyojitha paatamaayi prasidheekarichu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil shaasthra, thathwachintha mekhalayile purogathi cavendishil valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum "kathunna lokam ennu vilikkappedunna oru puthiya lokathinte vivaranangalude" pradhana gadakamaavukayum cheythu. eee swaadheenam "kathunna lokathil" nerittu kaanaan kazhiyum, pusthakatthinte pakuthiyolam kathunna lokathinteyum athinte janangaludeyum thathwachinthakaludeyum kandupiduthangaludeyum vivaranagal ulkkollunnu. eee kandupiduthangalilonna oru microscope, ithu "kathunna lokathil" pareekshanathmaka reethikkoppam thanne vimarshikkunnu. shaasthreeya munnettangalude eee samyojanam "kathunna lokam" aadyathe shaasthrakadhayaayi chilar kanakkakkaanulla oru kaaranamaayirikkam.
2021-ll kaalsan yang "dhii blazing waled" enna chithram puratthirakki, athu avar samvidaanam cheyyukayum saha-rachana nadathukayum abhinayikkukayum cheythu. maargarat cavendishilum mattu swapnangalilum ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanu chithramennu chithratthinte kredittukal parayunnu.