
baagdaadinte pathanam (1917)

onnaam lokamahaayudhathil britiish saamraajyathinteyum automan saamraajyathinteyum shakthikalkkidayil nadanna mesopotamia prachaaranathinidayilaanu baagdaadinte pathanam (1917 march 11) sambhavichathu.
general sarr frederic staanli moudinte varavu.
1916 epril 29nuu kuttu gaarisan keezhadangiya sesham mesopotemiyayile britiish sainyam oru valia parishkaranatthinu vidheyamaayi. puthiya kamaandaraaya lefttanant general sarr frederic staanli moudinu brittante sainika prashasthi punasthaapikkaanulla jolie nalki.
general moudu 1916-leeii backie kaalam thante sainyathe punarnirmikkaan chelavazhichu. addehathinte sainyathil bhooribhaagavum indiayil niyamikkappedukayum pinneedu kadalmargam basrayilekk ayaykkappedukayum cheythu. eee sainikarkk pariseelanam nalkumbol britiish sainika enchineeyarmaar theerathu ninnu basra vareyum athinappuravum oru feeld railway nirmmichu. general moudu sayudha nadee bottukaludeyum nadee vitharana kappalukaludeyum oru cheria senaye nedi.
1916 desember 13nuu britishukaar avarude puthiya akramanam aarambhichu. britteeshukaarkk 50,000tholam nannayi pariseelanam labhichathum nannayi sajjeekarichathumaaya sainikarundaayirunnu kooduthalum indian paryaveshana senayude britiish india sainikar, britiish sainyathinte 13-aamm (padinjaaran) division enniva mesopotamia paryaveshana seena roopeekarichu. indian III corpsinte (tigris corps ennum ariyappedunnu) indian divisionukalil britiish armi unitukal ulppedunnu.
general khaleel paashayude mothatthilulla neethrthwathil ottoman sainyam cheruthaayirunnu, orupakshe ekadesham 25,000tholam shakthamaayirunnu.
baghdadilekku march cheyyuka.
eee prachaaranatthil britteeshukaarkk oru thirichadiyum undaayilla. general moudu jaagrathayode munnott pooyi, tigris nadiyude iruvashathum munneri. systematic joou" enna vilipperu addehathinu labhichu. randaazhchathe uparodha pravarthanangalkku sesham (januvari 6 muthal januvari 19 vare) britishukaar pidicheduttha khadairi bend enna kottakettya sthalathinethire automan sainyam malsarichu. britteeshukaarkk pinneedu ottomaan sainyathe hayy nadiyile sakthamaaya prathirodha rekhayil ninnu purathaakkendivannu. ithinu avarkk randaazhcha koodi vendivannu (januvari 25 muthal februvari 4 vare). februvari 16nuu dahra bend ennu vilikkunna mattoru automan sthaanam etteduthu. oduvil, 1917 februvari 24nuu nadanna randaam kuttu yudhathil britishukaar kuttu veendum pidichedutthu.
praadeshika automan commander karabekir bay, thante sainyathe kuttil kudungaan anuvadichilla, kaaranam general tounshend kuttu yudhathil aayirunnu.
1917 march 5nuu baagdaadilekkulla march punaraarambhichu. moonnu divasathinu sesham, moudeyude sainyam nagaratthinte praanthapradeshathulla diyala nadiyiletthi.
baghdadil ninnu 35 mile thekk diyalayudeyum kaduvakaludeyum samgamasthaanathu baghdadine prathirodhikkaan khaleel paasha theerumaanichu. march 9nuu nadanna aadya britiish aakramanathe automan sainyam prathirodhichu. general moudu pinneedu thante sainyathinte bhooribhaagavum vadakkott maatti. ottoman sthaanangale marikadannu baghdadinu vendi nerittu akramikkaan kazhiyumennu addeham vishwasichu. nadiyude maruvashathulla britteeshukaarude neekkathe prathifalippikkunnathina thante sainyathe prathirodha sthaanangalil ninnu maatti khaleel paasha prathikarichu. yadhaartha diyala nadee prathirodham nilanirthaan orotta rejiment avasheshichu. 1917 march 10nuu britishukaar pettennulla aakramanathiloode eee rejimentine thakarthu. eee pettennulla parajayam paribhrantharaaya khaalil pashaye thakarkkukayum addeham thante sainyathodu vadakku baghdadilekku pinwangan utharavidukayum cheythu.
ratri 8 manikk baghdadine ozhippikkaan ottomaan adhikaarikal utharavittu.emm. march 10nuu sthithigathikal athivegam khaalil paashayude niyanthranathinappurathu neengukayaayirunnu. britishukaar automan sainyathe pinthudarnnu march 11 nuu oru poraattavumillaathe baghdad pidichedutthu. oraazhchaykk sesham, general moudu baagdaadinte prakhyapanam purappeduvichu, athil "njangalude sainyangal ningalude nagarangalilekkum raajyangalilekkum vijayikalaayo shathrukkalaayo allah, marichu vimochanakkaaraayittaanu varunnath" enna variyum ulppedunnu. ekadesham 9,000 automan sainikar aashayakkuzhappathil akappedukayum britteeshukaarude thadavukaaraakukayum cheythu.
ottoman sarkkar tigris samathalathil vellapokkam varuthaan sramichekkaamennu britishukaar aashankappettirunnu. athu sambhavichappol, eee bhayam adisthaanarahithamaayirunnu. ottomaan sainyam orikkalum eee pradeshathu vellapokkam varuthaan sramichittilla.
anantharafalangal.
athinte phalam britteeshukaarkk nirnnayaka vijayavum automan sarkkaarin mattoru paraajayavumaayirunnu. kuttu nashtappettathumoolam britteeshukaarkk undaaya avamanam bhaagikamaayi pariharichu. pershyayile sainika pravartthanangal avasaanippikkaanum britishukaar mosool pidichedukkaan neengunnathu thadayaan oru puthiya sainyam roopeekarikkaan sramikkaanum automan sarkkar nirbandhithamaayi.
1914ll yudhathinte thudakkathode britishukaar basra vilaayett pidichedukkukayum ippol baghdad vilaayettinte pravishya thalasthaanam pidichedukkukayum cheythu. britiish senakalkku oru nalla vaarthayaanenkilum, eee pradesham engane kaikaaryam cheyyanamennathinecholli landanile britiish sarkkarum indiayile britiish sarkkarum thammil valia bureaucratic poraattatthinu ithu kaaranamaayi.
baghdad pidicheduthukazhinjaal, moude basra muthal baghdad vareyulla mesopotemiyayude "yadhaartha" gavarnaraayirunnu. tigris corpsinte polittikkal offeesaraaya sarr persey cox, pravishya britiish-indian samyuktha bharanathin keezhilaanennu prasthaavichu oru prakhyapanam purappeduvikkaan shramichu, ennaal lunden coxinode thante prakhyapanam purappeduvikkaruthennu utharavidukayum pakaram britiish bharanakoodatthe sahayikkaan arab nethaakkalodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
athesamayam, indian colonial gavanmentinu vyathyastha aashayangalundaayirunnu. ellaathinumupari, avaraanu mesopotamiaykku pinnile pradhana sanjaarikal. indiayile britiish sarkkar eee puthiya pradesham thangalude nerittulla niyanthranathilaakkanamenna aagrahichu.
eee adikaarasamaram karsan prabhuvinte neethrthwathil mesopotamian bharanasamithi roopeekarikkunnathilekku nayichu. basra, baghdad pravishyakal aarr bharikkumenn nirnnayikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte pradhana dauthyam. athinte bharanam oru briteeshukaaraayirunnu, anglo-indiakkaaranalla, basrayude bharanavum baagdaadinte arab adhikaaravumaayirunnu. ividuthe thaalkkaalika sarkkar oduvil mesopotemiyaykkum iraakhinum vendiyulla britiish mandettaayi parinamichu.