swaadheenam

bhaashaashaasthrathinte upavibhagamaaya praayogikathayil, prabhashakan nirddeshikkunnatho soochippikkunnatho aaya oru kaaryamaan, athu aksharaarthatthil prakadippichittillengil. naam ashayavinimayam nadatthaan aagrahikkunnathellam vyakthamaayi parayunnathinekkaal kaaryakshamamaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan prathyaaghaathangal sahayikkum. thathwachinthakanaaya echu. pii. 1975ll grais eee padam upayogichu. samsarikkunnavar sambhaashanathinte pothuvaaya niyamangale maanikkumenn pratheekshikkunnathinaal undaakunna "sambhaashana" prathyaaghaathangalum "pakshe" allengil "athinaal" polulla chila vaakkukalumayi bandhappettirikkunna "parambaraagatha" padangalum griss verthirichu. udaaharanathinu thaazhepparayunna kaimaattam edukkuka
ivide, bii parayunnath gyaas steshan thurannirikkunnu ennu allah, marichu "sambhashanaparamaayi soochippikkunnu", kaaranam allaathapaksham addehathinte prasangam sandarbhathil prasakthamaakilla. sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal classicalaayi ulppeduthalukalumaayi vyathyasthamayi kaanapedunnu avaa paranjathinte aavashyamo yukthisahamaya anantharafalangalo allah, marichu avaa vyathichalikkaavunnavayaan (raddaakkaavunna). athinaal, bick vairudhyamillaathe thudaraam
donovan paavappettavanaanu, pakshe santhushtanaanu" enna vaakkinte oru parambaraagatha ardhathinte udaaharanam, "ennaal" enna vaakk daridran santhushtanumaayirikkuka ennathumaayulla vairudhyathe soochippikkunnu.
pilkkala bhaashaashaasthranjar eee padatthinte parishkrithavum vyathyasthavumaya nirvachanangal avatharippichu, ithu oru uchaaranam vazhi kaimarunna vivarangalude eathu bhagangalaanu yadhaarthathil ardhamaakkunnathu, eathalla ennathinekkurichu kurachu vyathyasthamaaya aashayangalilekku nayichu.
sambhashanaparamaaya swaadheenam.
grais praadhamikamaayi sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalumaayi bandhappettirunnu. ellah ardhangalum pole, iva ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinte bhagamaanu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, ashayavinimayam nadathunnayaal sajeevamaayi ariyikkaathenkilum oru prasthavanayil ninnu sweekarthaavu edukkunna nigamanangal orikkalum prathyaaghaathangalalla. grais parayunnathanusarichu, ashayavinimayam nadathunna aalukal sambhaashanathinte maaksimukalum vyapakamaaya sahakarana thathwavum anusarikkumennu avarude vilaasikal pratheekshikkunnathinaal sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakunnu, ithu adisthaanaparamaayi aalukal sahakaranaparavum sahayakaravumaaya reethiyil ashayavinimayam nadathumennu prathekshikkunnu.
staanderd implicatureukal.
thaazhepparayunna udaaharanangalilennapole, aashayavinimayakkaaran maximukal anusarikkunnu enna anumaanathil ninnu vilasam sweekarikkunnayaalkku nigamanagalil ethaan kazhiyunnathaanu ettavum lalithamaaya sahacharyam. +>" enna chinnatthinte ardham "soochippikkunnu" ennaanu.
moorinte vairudhyam, "mazha peiyunnu, pakshe mazha peiyunnundennu njaan vishwasikkunnilla" enna vaachakam karsanamaaya yukthisahamaya veekshanakonil ninnallengilum parasparavirudhamaanennu thonnunnu, itharathilulla prathyaaghaathangalkku vairudhyamaayi vishadeekarikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, prathyaaghaathangal radhaakkaan kazhiyunnathinaal (chuvade kaanuka), eee vishadeekaranam samshayaaspadamaanu.
alavukalude oru ariyappedunna vibhaagam adayaalangalaanu scaler adayaalangal. chila", "kurachu", allengil "pala" thudangiya alavukal vyakthamaakkunna vaakkukal prototypic udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu
ivide, "chila" enna vaakkinte ardham onniladhikam kukki kazhichuvennu soochippikkunnu. ellah kukkikalum kazhichittillenno allengil eathenkilum kukkikal avasheshikkunnundo ennu speakerk ariyillengilo ithu soochippikkunnilla. ellaam" ennu parayaan kazhiyumbol "chilath" ennu parayunnath mikka saahacharyangalilum mathiyaya vivaradaayakamalla ennathaanu eee ardhathinte kaaranam. aashayavinimayakkaaran saadhyamaaya ettavum sakthamaaya avakaashavaadam unnayikkumennu prathekshikkunnu ennathaanu pothuvaaya ashayam, ithu eathenkilum sakthamaaya avakaashavaadathinte nishedhathe soochippikkunnu. shakthiyil ninnu durbalamaayi tharamthirickunna scaler implikkecharukalkku kaaranamakunna padaprayogangalude pattikaye hoonn skeyilukal ennu vilikkunnu
eee udaaharanathilennapole nishedham eee skeyilukale vipareethamaakkunnu
"orupakshe" "aavasyamilla" "ennathinekkaal shakthamalla, eratta nishedhathil ninnu prathyaaghaatham pinthudarunnu" "avalkk jolie labikkilla".
scaler ennu tharamthirikkaavunna chila kooduthal soochanakal ithaa
njaan innale ente boatil urangi" enna sakthamaaya avakaashavaadam unnayikkappedaathathil, referentinu speakerumaayi adutha bandhamillenn anischithakaala lekhanam soochippikkunna oru saadhaarana nirmmaanamaanith.
ithu saadhyamaaya ettavum sakthamaaya avakaashavaadamaanenkil, pathaakaykk mattu savisheshathakalonnumillenn athu soochippikkunnu, kaaranam "pathaaka pachayum mattethenkilum niravumaanu". mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, athil mattu savisheshathakal adangiyirunnenkil, eee uchaaranam vendathra vivaradaayakamaakilla.
randaamathe alavu maximum aadyathethu pole vipareeta dishayilaanu pravarthikkunnathennu thonnunnu; aashayavinimayakkaaran durbalamaaya oru avakaashavaadam unnayikkunnu, athil ninnu sakthamaaya oraal ulppedunnu. eee uthppannam ulkkollunna ardhangal eee vaakyathil adangiyirikkunna vivarangal sambannamaakkunnu
vipulamaaya saahityamundu, ennaal rund alavukalil eathaanu eathu saahacharyangalil pravartthikkunnathu enna chodyathil samavaayamilla; i.iii. enthukondaanu "enikku innale oru pusthakam nashtappettathu" ennathinartham aaa pusthakam prabhaashakantethaannu soochippikkunnu, athesamayam "njaan innale oru boatil urangi" ennathu boat prabhaashakantethallenn soochippikkunnu.
mikka saahacharyangalilum eee prasthavana aprasakthamayirikkum, athinaal speakerude manassil mattenthenkilum undennu vilasam sweekarikkunnayaal nigamanam cheiyunnu.
aamukha udaaharanavum ivideyunda
kramamaayirikkumbol sambhavangal sambhavicha kramatthil bandhappettirikkunnath ulppedunnu.
maaksimukalude ettumuttalukal.
chilappol ellah chattangalum oresamayam anusarikkunnath asaadyamaanu. eiii, bii ennivar fraansil oru avadikkaalam aasoothranam cheiyunnundennum avarude pazhaya parichayakkaranaaya jerardine sandarshikkaan nirddeshikkunnuvennum karuthuka
bii yude utharam alavinte aadya paramavadhi lamghikkunnu, kaaranam athil avarude root aasoothranam cheyyaan mathiyaya vivarangal adangiyilla. ennaal bick krithyamaaya sthaanam ariyillengil, avalkk eee soothravaakyam anusarikkaan kazhiyilla "koodaathe" gunanilavaaratthinte paramavadhiyum; athinaal ardham.
thuzhachilukal.
eee sidhaanthangal nagnamaayi anusarikkappedukayo "lamghikkappedukayo" cheiyunnathiloode mattoru tharatthilulla sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalkku kaaranamaakunnu. aashayavinimayakkaaran vaasthavathil cheythuvenna avarude anumaanam samrakshikkaan vilaasikal valareyadhikam sramikkum ennathinaal ithu saadhyamaan-orupakshe aazhathilulla thalatthil-maaksimukalum sahakarana thathwavum anusarikkunnu. eee samvidaanathiloode samsaarathinte niravadhi roopangal vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum.
theerchayaayum thettaaya enthengilum parayunnath vairudhyam, meosis, athishayokthi, roopakangal enniva srishtikkum
aval sarikkum pottitherichuvennu asaadhyamaayathinaal, speaker nuna parayaan aagrahikkukayo allengil thettidharikkappedukayo cheythath valare saadhyathayillathathinaal, vilasam sweekarthaavu aaa vaachakam roopakamaanennu anumaanikkendathundu.
uparithalathil vivaradaayakamallaatha vaakkukalil totologykal ulppedunnu. avaykku yukthisahamaya ulladakkamilla, athinaal ulppeduthalukalonnumil, pakshe avaye ippozhum ulppeduthalukaliloode vivarangal kaimaran upayogikkaam
mangiya prashamsayode apamanikkunnathum aadya alavilulla vaakk lamghikkunnathiloode pravartthikkunnu. oru thathwachintha vidyaarthiyude thaazhepparayunna saakshyapatram pariganikkuka
adhyapakanu avanekkurichu kooduthal nannayi onnum parayaanillaathathinaal vidyaarthi nallavanalla ennathaanu ivideyulla ardham.
thaazhepparayunna ekschenchile bii yude utharam prasakthamaanennu thonnunnilla, athinaal bii mattenthenkilum nalkaan aagrahikkunnuvennu eiii nigamanam cheiyunnu
miss singer" "rigoletto" "yill ninnu oru aria aalapichathinekkaal valare dairkhyameriyathaanu eee vaachakam, athinaal" hraswamaayirikkuka "enna prayogam lamghikkunnu
prathyekavum saamaanyavalkkarikkappedu prathyaaghaathangal.
nirddishta sandarbhangalil maathram undaakunna sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangale "specified" ennu vilikkunnu, athesamayam sandarbhathe aashrayikkaathava allengil cheruthaayi maathram ashrayikkunnava "generalised" aanu. melpparanja udaaharanangalil palathum chila sandarbhangale aasrayikkunnu, avaye prathyekamaaya prathyaaghaathangalaakkunnu athinaal, "yuddham yudhamaanu" ennathu yudhathinte vividha gunangale soochippikkaam, allengil athu ucharikkunna saahacharyathe aashrayich yudhasamayathu sambhavikkumennu prathekshikkunna kaaryangale soochippikkaam. saamaanyavalkkaricha prathyaaghaathangalude prototypic udaaharanagal scaler prathyaaghaathangalaanu. prathyekamaaya prathyaaghaathangal valare saadhaaranamaaya tharatthilaanu.
swathukkal.
sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalkku niravadhi gunangal grais nalkunnu
avaa "defaceable" (raddaakkaavunna) aanu, athaayath kooduthal vivarangalo sandarbhamo upayogichu prathyaaghaatham raddaakkiyekkaam. mukalil ninnu udaaharanagal edukkuka
avaa saadhaaranayaayi "verpeduthaanaavaathava" aanu, athaayath avaa padaprayogam punarnirmmikkunnathiloodi "verpeduthaan" kazhiyilla, kaaranam avaa ardhathinte anantharafalangalaanu, vaakkukalalla. padaprayogatthe vyakthamaayi aasrayikkunna reethi nirvachanathil ninnu pinthudarunna ardhangalaanu vyakthamaaya apavaadam. athinaal, thaazhepparayunna padaprayogangalkku mukalil paranja athe ardhamunda
sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal "kanakkakkaavunnavayaanu": avaa sahakarana thathwavum maaksimukalum, sandarbhochitha vivarangalum pashchaathala arivum samyojippichu uchaaranathinte aksharaarthatthil ninnu aupachaarikamaayi uruthirinjathaayirikkanam.
avaa "paarambaryethara" aanu, athaayath avaa oru vaakyathinte "parambaraagatha" (lexical, logical) ardhathinte bhagamalla.
avasaanamaayi, mukalil soochippichathupole avaa "sandarbhathe ashrayichirikkum".
sahakarana thathwathil ninnu pinmaaruka.
sahakarana thathwavum sambhaashanathinte maaksimukalum nirbandhamalla. oru aashayavinimayakkaaranu sahakarikkaruthenn thiranjedukkaam; "ente chundukal adachirikkunnu" ennu parayunnathupolulla uchithamaaya soochanakal nalkunnathiloodeyo allengil udaaharanathinu kodathiyil oru cross-examination samayat avalkk sahakarana thathwathil ninnu "ozhivakkaam". atharam saahacharyangalil, sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalonnum undaakilla.
grisinte maaksimukalilekkulla mattangal.
navaa-greeshyans ennu vilikkappedunna mattu bhaashaashaasthranjar grisinte maaksimukalil vividha mattangal nirddeshichittundu. laurence honinte sameepanam gunanilavaaratthinte paramavadhi nilanirthukayum mattu paramavadhi rund thathwangal upayogichu maattisthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu
kyu-thathwam aadya alavilulla maximine ("ningalude sambhavana aavashyamullathra vivaradaayakamaakkuka"), onnum randum reethikalilulla maaksimukale ("avyakthathayum avyakthathayum ozhivaakkuka") maattisthaapikkukayum kazhiyunnathra vivarangal aagrahikkunna kelviyude thalpparyangal niravettunnathinaayi edukkukayum cheiyunnu. angane ithu classical scaler impilatureukalkku kaaranamaakunnu. aarr-thathwam randaamathe alavilulla maximum ("ningalude sambhavana aavashyamullathinekkaal kooduthal vivaradaayakamaakkaruthu"), bandhatthinte maximum, bakkiyulla reethi maximukal ("hraswavum chittayullathumaanu") enniva ulkkollunnu, koodaathe kazhiyunnathra kuranja parishramatthode ashayavinimayam nadatthaan aagrahikkunna prabhaashakante thalpparyangal niravettunnu. eee rund thathwangalkkum grisinte rund alavukalude alavumaayi saamyamulla vipareeta falangalundu. rund thathwangalil eathaanu upayogikkunnathennu nirnnayikkaan, "praayogika adhvaanathinte vibhajanam" enna ashayam hoonn avatharippikkunnu adayaalappeduthaatha (hraswavum, staanderd, kooduthal lexicalised) padangal oru staanderd ardham aarr-implicate cheiyunnu, koodaathe adayaalappeduthiya (kooduthal vaakkaalullathum, asaadhaaranavum, lexicalised kuravumaanu) padangal kyu-implicate cheiyunnu
prabhashakanteyum kelkkunnavarudeyum thalpparyangal thettayi chithreekarichathinu honinte vivaranam vimarshikkappettittundu yaadhaarthyabodhathode, kelkkunnavarkk dhaaraalam vivarangal aavasyamilla, marichu prasakthamaaya vivarangal maathramaan; koodaathe cheyyaan kurachu jolikalekkaal manassilakkaan speakerk kooduthal thaalpparyamund. koodaathe, grisinte sidhaanthathilennapole, rund thathwangalil eathaanu upayogikkunnathennathi palappozhum vishadeekaranamilla, athaayath.iii. enthukondaanu "enikku innale oru pusthakam nashtappettathu" ennathinu aaa pusthakam prabhaashakantethaannu kyu-implicature allengil scaler imflicature undu, athesamayam "njaan innale oru boatil urangi" aaa boat prabhaashakantethallenn soochippikkunnu.
steefan levinsonsinte sameepanam honsinu samaanamaan. addehathinte q-thathwam adisthaanaparamaayi onnuthanneyaanu, ennaal athinte ethiraaliyaaya i-thathwam randaamathe alavukalude maximinte sthaanam maathrame edukkoo. moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum reethi maximukalumaayum athupole thanne praayogika adhvaanathinte kombinte vibhajanavumaayum erekkure yojikkunna oru prathyeka emm-thathwamundu; ennaal bandhatthinte maximinu pakaramaayi onnumilla.
levinson pinneedu kyu-thathwathe adisthaanamaakki saamaanyavalkkaricha sambhashanaparamaaya soochanayude (jii. sii. aii) oru sidhaantham vikasippichu. sandarbhathil ninnu swathanthramaayi ellaayppozhum praabalyatthil varunna oru prathyeka koottam thathwangaliloodeyum niyamangaliloodeyum anumaanikkappedunnathil prathyeka sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalil ninnu jisis vyathyasthamaanennu addeham vaadikkunnu. chila prathyeka saahacharyangalil oru jii. sii. aii undaakunnillengil, levinson anusarichu chila saahacharyangalil athu thadayappettathaanu ithinu kaaranam.
vimarsanam.
rund ethir alavukalude paramavadhi soochippicha prashnathinu purame, grisinte sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi prasnangal uyarthappettittund
sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal ulppeduthalukalumaayi vyathyasthamaanennu grais visheshippichappol, athinusesham viyojippundaayi.
ivide, bii evideyengilum oodicha bandhatthinte soothravaakyathiloode soochippikkunnu (ithu eyude chodyathinu anuyojyamaaya utharamaayathinaal), ennaal eee vivarangalum addehathinte utharathil ulppedunnu.
kuranjathu chila alavukolukalum mattu alavukalumulla "implicatureukalum" ottum implikkecharukalallenna thonnunnu, marichu saahithyathil oru vishadeekaranamo avyakthathayo aayi vividhamaayi vivarikkappedunna uchaaranathinte ardhasambushteekaranangalaana. udaaharanathinu, "joonn chila kukkikal kazhichu" ennathupolulla oru vaachakam "joonn ellah kukkikalum kazhichilla" ennu soochippikkunnillenna kent baachu vaadikkunnu, kaaranam randaamathethu aadyathethil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru avakaashavaadamalla; pakaram, speakerude manassil orotta ardhameyulloo, athaayath "joonn kurachu kazhichu" [ennaal ellaam allah] kukkikal. athupole, "addeham oru kuppi vodca kudichu," [thathfalamaayi] oru sthambicha avasthayil veenu "ennathupolulla sambhavangal robin kaarsttan pariganikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, classical scaler prathyaaghaathangale (" chilath, kurachu, palath ") sambandhicha chodyam pariharikkappedaathathaayi avar karuthunnu.
pareekshanathmaka thelivukal kaanikkunnathupole, oru roopakam thirichariyunnathinu oru uchaaranathinte aksharaarthatthinte sathyam vilayiruthenda aavasyamilla. aksharaarthatthil sathyamaaya oru roopakathinte oru udaaharanam oru chess kalikkaaran thante ethiraaliyodu uchithamaaya saahacharyangalil,
chittayayirikkuka" enna prayogatthinte vyakthamaaya ethir udaaharanagal kandethiyittundu, udaaharanathina
prathyekavum saamaanyavalkkarikkappedu sambhashanaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal prathyeka vibhaagangalallenn kaarsttan nireekshikkunnu; pakaram, rund thavana sambhavikkaan saadhyathayillaatha oru prathyeka saahacharyathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkunna prathyaaghaathangalil ninnu valare pathivayi sambhavikkunnavayilekku oru thudarchayundu. avarude kazhchappadil, ellah ulkkaazhchakalum ore thathwangalil ninnaan uruthirinjirikkunnathi eee vyathyaasathin saidhaanthika moolyamilla.
jeraardinte thaamasthalathekkurichulla melpparanja udaaharanam edukkuka. jerard evideyaanu thaamasikkunnathenn bick ariyaamenkil, ithu aykku ariyaamenkil, vyathyasthamaaya orennam aanenkilum namukk oru soochanayum labikkum
aashayavinimayakkaaran sahakarana thathwam nireekshikkumbol maathrame prathyaaghaathangal undaakoo enna grisinte daaranaykku ithu virudhamaanu.
prasakthi sidhaanthathil swaadheenam.
prasakthi sidhaantham ennariyappedunna chattakkoodil, explicaturinte prathiroopamaayi implicaturine nirvachikkunnu. avyakthamaaya padaprayogangal avyakthamaakkunnathiloode sarvanaamangalkkum mattu veriyabilukalkkum referentukal nalkunnathiloodeyum sandarbhathil ninnu adhika vivarangal nalkikkond athinte yukthisahamaya roopathil (avabodhajanyamaayi, aksharaarthatthil ardham) vikasippichedutha ashayavinimaya anumaanangalaan oru uchaaranathinte vishadeekaranangal. eee reethiyil nedaan kazhiyaatha ellah ashayavinimaya anumaanangalum prathyaaghaathangalaanu. udaaharanathinu, peettar paranjaal
oru pazham valarthal malsarathil susanne pankeduttha pashchaathalatthil, kelkkunnavan vishadeekaranathil athiyekkaam.
peettarinum kelkkunnavarkkum sandarbhochithamaaya vivarangalilekku praveshanam undennu ippol anumaanikkuka.
eee arivu sajeevamakkaan kelkkunnayaale peettar uddeshichu. appol ithu oru "ulppettirikkunna aamukham" aanu. kelkkunnavarkk ippol "sandarbhochithamaaya prathyaaghaathangal" varaykkaan kazhiyum
eee prathyaaghaathangalilekku varaan peettar shrothaavine uddeshichittundengil, avaa "ulppetta nigamanangalaan". prasakthamaaya saidhaanthika ardhathil rund tharatthilulla prathyaaghaathangalaanu bandhapetta aavaranangalum nigamanangalum.
oru uchaaranathinte manahpoorvamaaya ardhathinte bhagamaaya ardhangalum sweekarthaavu varaykkaanidayulla aasoothrithamallaatha prathyaaghaathangalum thammil moorchayulla oru villalum illa. udaaharanathinu, samavayam undakanamennilla.
melpparanja padaprayogatthinte oru ardhamaanithu. eee anumaanam "durbalamaayi ulppeduthappettirikku" ennu maathrame njangal parayunnulloo, athesamayam "susan prothsaahippikkendathu" ennathu vilasam sweekarikkunnayaalkku prasakthi nedunnathinu athyaavasyamaanu, athinaal ithu "shakthamayi ulppeduthappettirikku".
prasakthiyude thathwam.
grisinte sahakarana thathwathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ashayavinimaya thathwathil ninnu vishadeekaranangalum prathyaaghaathangalum pinthudarunnu, ithu oopshanalalla, ennaal aarenkilum ashayavinimayam nadathumpozhellaam ellaayppozhum praabalyathilundu-ithu ashayavinimaya pravarthanangalekkurichu vivaranaathmakamaanu, nirddeshaathmakamalla. thathfalamaayi, aashayavinimayakkaaran sahakarikkathathinaal allengil krithyamaayi aanenkilum prathyaaghaathangal undakam. athinaal jerardinekkurichulla melpparanja udaaharanathinu prasakthi sidhaanthathinu anaayaasamaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyum jerard evideyaanu thaamasikkunnathenn bick ariyaamenkil, "fraansinu thekk evideyengilum" bii yude mungananakalumaayi poruthappedunna ettavum prasakthamaaya utharamaanu, athu bii thante arivu velippeduthaan thayyaarallenn pinthudarunnu.
vivaranagalil ninnulla vyathyasam.
sandarbhathil ninnu nalkunna vishadeekaranangalude bhagangal ulppede praayogikamaayi uruthirinja ellah vivarangalum kanakkakkaavunnathum defaceable aanu. athinaal, prathyaaghaathangal thirichariyaan prasakthi sidhaanthathil vyathyastha maanadandangal aavasyamaanu.
mukalil soochippichathupole, oru uchaaranathinte yukthisahamaya roopathil ninnu vikasippikkappedaatha ashayavinimaya anumaanangalaayi prathyaaghaathangale vendathra nirvachikkaan kazhiyumennu beejavum willson aadyam anumaanichu. eee saahacharyathil, ayanja bhaashayude upayogam (ithu sarikkum pakam cheythittillenn prakadippikkaan "eee steekku asamskrithamaanu" ennu parayunnath) athishayokthiyum roopakavum pole oru soochanayaanu.
oru uchaaranathinte ardhangalkku athinte vishadeekaranangalonnum ulkkollaan kazhiyillennu kaarsttan kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya sameepanathinaayi vaadichu. avar angane cheythaal, thathfalamaayundaakunna aavarthanangal vilasam sweekarikkunnayaalude bhaagathuninnu anaavashya parishramathinu kaaranamakum, ithu prasakthiyude thathwathinu virudhamaayirikkum. parambaraagathamaayi oru soochanayaayi kaanapedunna praayogikamaayi uruthirinja vivarangalude oru udaaharanam, ennaal kaarstante nyaayavaadam anusarichu oru vishadeekaranamaayirikkanam, ithinakam mukalil paraamarshichittundu "addeham oru kuppi vodca kudichu oru sthambicha avasthayil veenu" "addeham oru kuppi vodca kudichu," thathfalamaayi "oru sthambicha avasthayil veenu". ennirunnaalum, eee parisodhana thettallenn kaanikkunna oru vishadeekaranathe ulkkollunna oru soochanayude oru udaaharanamenkilum athinusesham kandethiyittundu
saadhyamaaya mattoru maanadandam, khandangalum mattu vyaakarana nirmmithikalum undengil, vyaakhyaanangal, ennaal ardhangalalla, nishedhangalil ulcherkkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu. athinaal, vaakyangal
thulyamaanu
yathaakramam, ulchertha closs oru vishadeekaranamaayi kaanikkunnu. maruvashathu, avaa soochippicha ardhathinte ulcherkkalukalkku thulyamalla
eee ulcherkkal parisodhanakal vodca kuppi udaaharanam oru vishadeekaranamaanennu kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, vishadeekaranangalum prathyaaghaathangalum vishwasaneeyamaayi verthirichariyaan pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappetta maanadandangalonnum ippozhum illa.
kaavyathmakamaaya phalangal.
roopakangalkku vaividhyamaarnna durbalamaaya prathyaaghaathangal ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinulla kaaryakshamamaya margamaakaam. udaaharanathinu,
kadinamaaya saahacharyangalil jaine vishwasaneeyavum sthirathayullavanum prabhaashakane shaanthamaakkaan sahaayikkunnavanumaanenna durbalamaayi aaropikkan kazhiyum. speakerk prathyeka anumanangalonnum manassil illengilum, eee vivarangalkk speakerude jeevithathil jaininte praadhaanyathekkurichu oru dhaarana nalkaan kazhiyum.
pothuvaayi paranjaal, durbalamaaya prathyaaghaathangaliloode avayude ellah allengil bhooribhaagam prasakthiyum nediyaal ucharanangal kaavyathmaka phalangal nalkunnu. udaaharanathinu, aavarthanam
ithu uchaaranathinte vishadeekaranathilekku cherkkunnilla, ithu vilasam sweekarikkunnayaale ardhangalkkaayi tirayan prerippikkunnu. angane cheiyunnathinu, kuttikkaalatthe ormmakalekkurichulla sandarbhochitha (pashchaathalam) vivarangal addeham sajeevamaakkanam.
prasakthi sidhaanthathil vairudhyam thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru prathibhasamaayi kaanapedunnu; prasakthi theory#interpretation vezhsas kaanuka. oru vishadeekaranathinaayi vivaranam.
vimarsanam.
levinson prasakthi sidhaanthathe valare kuraykkunnathaayi kaanunnu, kaaranam orotta thathwathinu thante kazhchappadil vaividhyamaarnna prathyaaghaathangalkku kaaranamakilla. prathyekichum, eee sidhaanthathinu pothuvalkkaricha prathyaaghaathangal kanakkakkaan kazhiyillennu addeham vaadikkunnu, kaaranam ithu antharleenamaayi sandarbha aashrithathvathinte sidhaanthamaanu. mukalil soochippichathupole eee vaadathe kaarsttan ethirkkunnu. koodaathe, srishtiparamaaya prakriyakaliloode nammal engane bandhapetta parisarangalil athunnuvennu prasakthiyude sidhaanthathinu vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyillennu levinson vaadikkunnu.
prasakthi sidhaanthathinte adithara vimarshikkappettittundu, kaaranam prasakthi, saankethika ardhathil athu avide upayogikkunnu, alakkaan kazhiyilla, athinaal "prasakthamaaya", "ettavum prasakthamaaya" enniva krithyamaayi enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu parayaan kazhiyilla.
implicaturinte prasakthamaaya saidhaanthika ashayathodu kaarsttan pothuve yojikkunnu, ennaal sperber willson implicatureukale valareyadhikam pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnuvennu vaadikkunnu. paraamarshicha ulcherkkal parisodhanakal vodca kuppi udaaharanathe polulla vaakkukale vishadeekaranangalaayi tharamthirikkuka mathramalla, ayanja upayogavum roopakangalum ulkkollunnu
durbalamaaya prathyaaghaathangalulla roopakangalude vishalamaaya phalangal avar vishadeekarikkunnilla. pakaram, vaakkukaludeyum shailikaludeyum ardham nirddishta sandarbhangalumaayi poruthappedaan kazhiyumenna ashayathe avar vaadikkunnu; mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, saadhaarana ardhathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya puthiya ashayangal ashayavinimaya samayat thaathkaaleekamaayi nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. melpparanja roopakathil, "kodunkaattile aankar" enna padatthinu alpam vyathyasthamaaya niravadhi adhock ardhangalundu, mathramalla prathyekamaayi onnum ashayavinimayam nadathiyittilla. roopakangal ashayavinimaya anumaanangaliloode poornnamaayum vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyillenna saadhyathayum kaarsttan charcha cheiyunnu, avaa explicatureukalo implecharukalo aakatte, marichu maanasika prathimakal, samvedanangal, vikarangal enniva ulkkollunna mattu aashayangalodoppamaanu.
parambaraagathamaaya swaadheenam.
hrasvamaayi avatharippichathum ennaal orikkalum grais vazhi vishadeekarikkaathathumaaya parambaraagatha prathyaaghaathangal sahakarana thathwathil ninnum naalu maaksimukalil ninnum swathanthramaanu. pakaram avaa "pakshe, ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum, enthaayaalum, enthaayaalum, ellaathinumupari, thulyavum, ippozhum, ippozhum, koodaathe", "nashtappedutthuka, ozhivaakkuka" polulla kriyakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, koodaathe vyaakarana gadanakalumaayum. (atharam vaakkukalum shailikalum parambaraagathamaaya ardhangale "uthejippikkunnu" ennum parayappedunnu.) koodaathe, avaa paraajayappedaathavayalla, marichu avaykku ulcherkkalinte shakthiyund. oru udaaharanam
eee vaachakam yukthiparamayi thulyamaanu-athaayath, ithinu "donovan daridranaanu", "santhushtanaanu" enna athe sathyaavasthayundu. koodaathe, "pakshe" enna vaakk oru vairudhyabodhathe soochippikkunnu. mothatthil nokkumbol, eee vaakyathinte ardham ekadesham "athisayakaramennu parayatte, daridranaayirunnittum donovan santhushtanaanu" ennaanu.
ozhivaakkuka", "ozhivaakkuka" ennee kriyakalkkum ore sathyaavasthakalundenkilum vyathyastha parambaraagatha ardhangalundu. thaarathamyam cheyyuka
thaazhepparayunna naamavachakam polulla niyanthranamillaatha anubandhangal parambaraagatha prathyaaghaathangal srishtikkunna vyaakarana gadanakalaanennu vaadikkappettittundu
uberry jellie valare vishaamshamullathaan ennathaanu ivide soochippikkunnathu. atharam mattu nirmmanangal niyanthranamillaatha apositteevukal, aapekshika upavaakyangal, paarantettikkalukal ennivayaanu
vimarsanam.
sambhashanaparamaaya (prasakthiyum saidhaanthika) prathyaaghaathangalumaayulla paraamarshicha vyathyaasangal kaaranam, "parambaraagatha prathyaaghaathangal" oru vidhathilum prathyaaghaathangalallennum marichu oru uchaaranathinte dvitheeya nirddeshangalo prathyaaghaathangalo aanennum vaadikkappettittundu. eee kaazhchappaadin keezhil, donovanekkurichulla vaakyathil "donovan daridran santhushtanumaanu" enna praadhamika nirddeshavum "daaridryavum santhoshavum thammil vyathyaasamund" enna dvitheeya nirddeshavum undaayirikkum. uberry jellie ningalkk bhayankaramaaya vayaruvedana nalkum", "uberry jellie valare vishamaan" ennee rund nirddeshangal uberry jelliyekkurichulla vaakyathil adangiyirikkunnu.
pakshe" ennathinteyum samanamaaya vaakkukaludeyum mattu vishakalanangal nirddeshikkappettittund. donovan daridranaanu, (njaan eee vairudhyangal nirddeshikkunnu) santhushtanaanu" ennartham varunna mukalil paranja vaachakam ribber edukkukayum athine "nishabdam" (i.iii. nishabdam, soochippicha) prakadanaathmakam ". pakshe" oru nirddesham nalkunnillennum oru ashayam encode cheythukondu pravartthikkunnillennum, marichu vilaasadaathaavinte vyaakhyaana nadapadikramatthe parimithappeduthunnathiloo blakemore avakaashappedunnu. nammude udaaharanathil, "pakshe" soochippikkunnathu "donovan santhushtanaanu" ennathu "donovan moshamaan" srishticha oru pratheekshayude nishedhamaayi prathyekamaayi prasakthamaanu, koodaathe athu mattethenkilum vidhathil prasakthamaanenna saadhyatha thallikkalayunnu. eee prateeksha "pavappettavar asanthushtaraanu" ennathinte adisthaanathilaayirikkanam. ashayangal mathramalla, nadapadikramangalum bhashayil encode cheyyaan kazhiyumenna blakemorinte ashayam mattu pala gaveshakarum etteduthittundu.

