stem duchy

carolingian raajavamshathinte (911-ll luis chaildinte maranam) vamshanaashasamayathum autooniyan saamraajyathinte roopeekaranathilekku nayicha parivartthana kaalaghattatthilum jarmman saamraajyathinte oru ghadaka dachiyaayirunnu eiii stem duchy (, fraankukal, saxonukal, bavarians, swabians ennivaye paraamarsikkunna "gothram" ennartham varunna "staam" ennathil ninnu). ettaam noottaandil carolingyar saamraajyathinte yadhaartha gotra duchikal pirichuvittu. carolingian saamrajyam thakarnnathode pazhaya gothramekhalakal puthiya swathuangal sweekarichu. anchu stem duchikal (chilappol carolingian pree-tribal dachikalkku vipareethamaayi "yuvar stem duchikal" ennum vilikkappedunnu) ivayaayirunnu
bavaria, franconia, lotheringia (loraine), saxony, swabia (alamenia). salian chakravarthimaar (bharanam 1027-1125) stem dachikale germmaniyude pradhana divisionukalaayi nilanirtthiyenkilum hohanstoufante keezhil uyarnna madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil stem duchikal kooduthal kaalaharanapettu, oduvil frederic barbarosa 1180 ll kooduthal praadeshika dachikalkku anukoolamaayi avaa nirthalaakki.
jarmman charithralekhanathil upayogikkunna "stamshersogtom" enna padam pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil nirmmichathaanu, thudakkam muthal deseeya ekeekaranathekkurichulla chodyavumaayi adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu. eee padatthinte prayogakshamathaykkum madhyakala germmaniyile stem dachikalude swabhaavathinum thalphalamaayi vivaadangalude neenda charithramund.
20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil amithamaya aksharaarthatthilullatho padavyuthpaadanaparamo aaya engleesh vivarthanamaaya "stem duchy" roopeekarichu. pilkkala ezhuthukaar "tribal" enna badal vivarthanam upayogichu eee padam vyakthamaakkumbol, "stem duchis" enna padatthinte upayogam parambaraagathamaayitheernnir.
jarmman gothrangal ("staam").
18 muthal 19 vare noottaandukalil jarmman charithralekhanathilum vamsheeyathayilum vikasippichedutha niravadhi jarmman gothrangalil ("dushe staam; volkstaam") ninnulla jarmman janathayude uthbhavam. jarmman "stems" enna eee ashayam adyakaalavum uyarnna madhyakaalakhattavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu puraathanakaalatthinte avasaanathe kooduthal pothuvaaya jarmman gothrangalil ninnu verthirichariyanam. patthaam noottaandil nilavilundaayirunna "purathana thandukal" ("altstaam"), uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathil kizhakottulla vipuleekaranathinte falamaayi uyarnnuvanna "sameepakaala thandukal" ("nyoostaam") enniva thammil chilappol oru vyathyasam undaayirunnu. rund aashayangaludeyum rooparekha avyakthamaanu, thalphalamaayi eee aashayathin raashtreeyavum akkaadamikavumaaya tharkkangalude charithramund. 
aadhunika jarmman charithralekhanathil vividhamaayi upayogikkunna "staam", "neshan" allengil "volkku" ennee padangal madhyakala srothassukalude madhya laattin "jenz", "nashio" allengil "populus" ennivaye prathifalippikkunnu.
parambaraagatha jarmman charithralekhanathil aarr "altstaam" allengil "purathana thandukal" kanakkakkunnu, athaayath. bavarian, swabian (alamenni), fraankukal, saxonukal, frisian, turingian. ettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode ivayellaam karolingyan saamraajyathil ulppeduthi. avayil naalennam maathrame pilkkala stem dachikalil prathinidheekarikkappettu; turingiayile muun merovingian duchy 908-ll saxonyil agiranam cheyyappettappol muun frisian raajyam ithinakam 734-ll franciayilekku keezhadakkappettu. eee grouppukalude parambaraagatha allengil gotra niyamangal madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil rekhappeduthappettirunnu ("lexes bayuvaaroram", "lexes alamannoram", "lexes salica", "lexes ripuveriya", "lexes saxonum", "lexes frishinum", "lexes thuringoram"). franconian, saaksan, swabian niyamangal praabalyatthil thudarukayum pathimoonnaam noottaand vare saamraajyathva niyamavumaayi malsarikkukayum cheythu.
sameepakaala thandukal" allengil "nyoostaam" enna pattika valare kuravaanu, ganyamaaya vyathyaasathin vidheyamaan; eee thalakkettin keezhil pattikappedutthiyirikku grouppukalil marker, lositsar, mcclenberger, upper saxonukal, pomeranians, silatians, kizhakkan prussians enniva ulppedunnu, ithu ekadesham 12 muthal 15 vare noottaandukalile jarmman kudiyetta pravartthanangale prathifalippikkunnu. 
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil jarmman ekeekarana padhathiyude pashchaathalatthil "wolker" rajyangal, janangal "ennivaykku pakaram" staamme "," gothrangal "ennivayude upayogam uyarnnuvannu. 1808-ll kaal friedrich aishon ippozhum "dushe wolker" jarmman rajyangal upayogichirunnu. 1815-ll friedrich christoph dalman jarmman raashtrathinte ("volkku") gothrangalil ("inn seynen staammen") aikyam aavasyappettu. eee padavali staanderdaayi maarukayum 1919 leeii weimer bharanaghadanayude aamukhathil prathifalikkukayum cheiyunnu, "daas dushe volkku, inig inn seynan steman [...]"jarmman raashtram (janangal), athinte gothrangalil (kaandangal) ikyappettu...".
eee kaandangaludeyo gothrangaludeyo jarmman janasamkhyayude ghadana oru charitra yaadhaarthyamaayi samakaalika charithralekhanathil kooduthalum amgeekarikkappettittundu, athesamayam avaa oronnum ethnogenesisinte vyathyastha charithramulla oru vyakthigatha kesai kanakkaakkanamenn munnariyipp nalkunnu, ennirunnaalum chila charitrakaaranmaar "gothrangal" ("staam") ennathinekkaal "janangal" ("wolker") enna padaprayogam punarujjeevippichittundu. 
franconian, alamenic, turingian, bavarian, loow saaksan (friso-saaksan ulppede, frisian bhasha oru prathyeka bhashayaayi kanakkakkunnu) enningane jarmman bhaashaabhedangalude parambaraagatha vargeekaranathil eee vibhaagam ippol upayogathilundu. baveriyayude swatantra avasthayil, altbern (bavaria proper), franconia, swabia ennividangalile janasamkhyaykku "bavarian stem" ("bayerishe staam") enna vibhajanam nilanilkkunnu.
kizhakkan francia.
kizhakkan fraansiyaykkullil valia dachikalundaayirunnu, chilappol avarude muun padaviykku sesham kingdoms ("regna") ennu vilikkappedunnu, avaykku oru nischitha thalatthilulla aabhyanthara aikyadaartyam undaayirunnu. ivayil aadyakaalangalil chalmen keezhadakkiya saxony bavaria 746ll frankish bharanathin keezhil sthaapicha alamania undaayirunnu. jarmman charithralekhanathil avaye "janger staamshersogtoomar" allengil "ettavum puthiya gotra duchikal" ennu vilikkunnu, ennirunnaalum "stem duchikal" enna padam engleeshil saadhaaranamaanu. dachikale palappozhum "ilayavar" (puthiyathum puthiyathum muthalaayava) ennu vilikkunnu.) merovingian rajaakkanmaarude saamanta-samsthaanangalaaya pazhaya dachikalil ninnu avare verthirichariyaan. charitrakaaranaaya hervig wolfrum pazhayathum ilayavumaaya stem duchikal thammilullatho germmaniyile stem dachikalum carolingian saamraajyathinte mattu bhaagangalile samanamaaya praadeshika naatturaajyangalum thammilullatho aaya yadhaartha vyathyasam nishedhichu.
padinjaaran frankish, franch, principots territorialukal, kizhakkan frankish, jarmman, stem-duchikal ennivayude thudakkam thammilulla vyathyasathekkurichulla muzhuvan vishudha sidhaanthatheyum nirasikkaan njaan shramikkunnu. . . theerchayaayum, kudiyettasamayathu avarude perukal ithinakam prathyakshappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, avarude rashtreeya sthaapanaparavum jaivaparavumaya gadanakal palappozhum poornnamaayum mariyittilla. koodaathe, "alteres staamesfarstentam" [pazhaya gotra naatturajyangal] ennum "jangeras staamesfarstentam" [puthiya gotra naatturajyangal] ennum vilikkappedunna adisthaana vyathyasam njaan nishedhichu, kaaranam chaalmeynin munbum sheshavumulla duchikal adisthaanaparamaayi ore frankish sthaapanamaayirunnuvennu njaan karuthunnu. . .
verdun udambadi (843), meersen udambadi (870), ribmond udambadi (880) ennivayiloode raajyam vibhajichathinusesham, bavaria, alamenia, saxony ennivayil ninnu frankish pradeshatthinte kizhakkan bhagangalumaayi chernnu kizhakkan frankish raajyam allengil kizhakkan francia roopeekarichu. pradhaanamaayum gothrangalude maathrkayil jarmmankaranaaya looyisinte puthranmaarkkidayil raajyam 864-865 aayi vibhajikkapettu. 899 nuu sesham luis dhii chaildinte bharanathin keezhil rajakeeya shakti vegathil vighadichu, ithu praadeshika dhanikare dachikale svayambharana sthaapanangalaayi punarujjeevippikkanum raajaavinte paramonnatha adhikaarathinu keezhil avarude gothrangale bharikkanum anuvadichu.
vishudha roman saamrajyam.
avasaanathe carolingian luis dhii chaildinte maranashesham, 911-ll, stem duchikal raajyathinte aikyam amgeekarichu. rajakumaranmar othukoodi konraad onnaamane thangalude rajaavaayi thiranjedutthu. 
tellenbaakkinte prabandhamanusarichu, konraadinte bharanakaalathu dukeukal dachikale srishtichu. oru rajakumaran oru swatantra raajyam sthaapikkaan sramichilla. 918-ll konraadinte maranashesham, henry dhii foularinte thiranjeduppu tharkkathilaayappol, addehathinte ethiraaliyaaya bavaariyayile duke arnelf oru prathyeka raajyam sthaapichilla, marichu henry raajabharanathin keezhadangan nirbandhitharaakunnathinu munbu muzhuvan avakashappettu. 
athinusesham raajyam aikyappedumennu vyavastha cheiyunna oru niyamam polum henry purappeduvichittundaam. keezhadangiyathinuseshavum arnulf oru raajaavineppole bharanam thudarnnu, ennaal 937-ll addehathinte maranashesham henriyude makan oottoo dhii grettu ithu vegathil rajakeeya niyanthranathilaakki. 
kireedatthinte offeesukalaayi dachikale samrakshikkaan ottoniyakkaar pravarthichuvenkilum henry naalaamante bharanakaalathode dukeukal avare pravartthanaparamaayi paarambaryamaakki.
anchu stem duchikal ivayaayirunnu
paarambaryamaayi.
madhyakaalakhattatthile vishudha roman saamraajyathinte sankeernamaaya rashtreeya charithram mikka aadyakaala madhyakala dachikaludeyum vibhajanathilekko vighadanathilekko nayichu.
1180-ll frederic barbarossa kooduthal praadeshika dachikalkku anukoolamaayi stem dachikalude sambradaayam nirthalaakki.
praadeshika dachiyilekku parivartthanam cheytha eaka stem dachiyaanu duchy oof bavaria, oduvil aadhunika jarmmanikkullil baveriyayude swatantra samsthaanamaayi uyarnnuvannu. 
mattu chila stem duchikal vishudha roman saamraajyathinte vibhajanangalayi uyarnnuvannu; athinaal, saxonyude watermar, saxonyude duchy nerittu thudarunnillengilum, aadhunika saxonyude avasthaykku kaaranamaakunnu.
maruvashathu franconiayileyum swaabiyayileyum duchikal vighadikkukayum samakaalika pradesangalaaya swabia, franconia ennivayumaayi avyakthamaayi maathram poruthappedukayum cheythu. thuringiyayile merovingian duchy vishudha roman saamraajyathinte oru stem dachiyaayi maariyilla, pakshe 908 ll saxonicullil landgraviat aayi tharamthaazhthappettu, aadhunika samsthaanamaaya turingia 1920 ll sthaapithamaayi.

