
aaraan angane chinthichathu?

aaraan angane chinthichathu? (1872) maria ruis dii burton ezhuthiya oru ardha-aathmakathaaparamaaya novalaanu. ruis dii barttante rachanakal eathaandu poornnamaayum anjjaathamaayirunna oru neenda kaalayalavinusesham, meksikkan-american saahithyathinte charithratthil thaalpparyamulla niroopakar eee noval veendum kandethukayum 1995-ll prashamsa nedunnathinaayi veendum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. ennittum ruis dii barttante jeevitam meksikkan-american anubhavathinte savisheshathayayirunnilla, kaaranam avar oru pramukha us offeesaraaya kyapttan henry ezz. neey vivaham kazhichu. meksikkan-american yudhathinu sesham burton washington dii. yile niravadhi shaktharaaya aalukalumayi parichayapettu.sii. american aikyanaadukalile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum roopeekaricha kaaliforniyayile cheria varenyavargavum anglo-american janathayum thammilulla avarude avyakthamaaya sthaanathe eee noval prathifalippikkunnu.
vargam, matham, vamsham, lingabhedam ennivayil abhiniveshamulla oru american samoohathil indian thadavilaaya lolayil janicha oru meksikkan-american penkuttiyude poraattangale ithu vishadeekarikkunnu. american aabhyantharayudhathinteyum fort sumterinu nereyulla aakramanathinteyum (1857-1861) thudakkathilekkulla varshangalile kendra kudumbatthe aadyathe patthu adhyayangal pinthudarunnu, koodaathe lolayude ammaye thattikkondupoyathupola (1846) flashbaakkukal vaayanakkaare aaa samayarekhayekkaal kooduthal pinnott kondupokaanaanu uddeshikkunnathu. avasaanathe ambathu adhyayangal aabhyantharayudhakaalathu nadanna sambhavangale vivarikkunnu (1861-1864). oro adhyayavum oru prathyeka kathaapaathrathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum sarvvanjjarude veekshanakonil ninnu parayukayum cheiyunnu.
pashchaathalam.
meksikkan samsthaanamaaya baja california swadeshiyaaya maria ruis dii burton aayirunnu. meksikkan-american yudhasamayathu, 1846ll aarambhicha laa paas american adhiniveshathinu ruis dii burton saakshyam vahichu. 1847ll avar oru american sainika udyogasthanaaya kenal henry ezz. burton, bajayil. avideyulla mexicanmaar cheria cheruthunilppu nadatthiya oru meksikkan prakshobhatthe adichamarthaan laa paas akramikkaan addehathodu utharavidappettirunnu. rund varshathinu sesham yuddham avasaanichappol, california randaayi vibhajikkapettu; baja california meksikkan pradeshamaayi thudarnnu, athesamayam alta california american pradeshamaayi maari. american aabhyantharayudhakaalathu burton union aarmiyil sevanamanushtichu. gwadaloope hidalgo udambadi oppuvachu oru varshathinu sesham 1849-ll iruvarum vivahitharaayi. puthuthayi avakashappetta american pradeshathaanu avar thaamasichirunnathu, pinneedu kizhakkan theerathekku thamasam maari, avide yudhavum athinte anantharafalangalum srishticha saambathikavum saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya prakshubdhatha ruis dii burton nireekshichu. kizhakkan nagarangalil 10 varsham thaamasichittum, oru laattin-american catholica enna nilayil, rui dii burton kendrabharana pradeshathe oru purathuninnullayaali kanakkaakkappettirunnu. pradhaanamaayum protestant kizhakkan theerathu thaamasichirunna airish catholicarc mosham shambalavum vivechanavum labhicha thante anubhavangale "aaraan athu chinthichirunnathu?" enna novalilekk avar maatti.". 1872-ll anjjaathamaayi eee pusthakam prasidheekarikkappettu; oru thaddesheeya engleesh samsaarikkathayaal eee kruthi ezhuthiyittundennu ariyappettal vyaakarana pishakukalkk athu kooduthal parishodhanaykk vidheyamaakumennu ruis dii burton bhayapettu.
plott sangraham.
kaalakramatthil ezhuthiya eee noval arupath adhyaayangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. aadyathe patthu aabhyantharayudhathinu thottumumbulla varshangalil sambhavikkunnu (1857-1861), koodaathe athisayakaramaaya sambannanaaya spanish meksikkan lola oru puthiya englandu kudumbamaaya norvalinoppam thamasikkaan vanna reethi flashbaakkukal vishadeekarikkunnu. avasaanathe ambathu adhyayangal aabhyantharayudhakaalathaanu (1861-1864) sambhavikkunnath.
doow. enna perilaanu noval aarambhikkunnath. thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile oru bhoomishaasthra paryaveshanatthil ninnu norvalinte nyoo englandilekkulla madakkayaathra, lola allengil lolita ennariyappedunna pathuvayassukaariyaaya maria dolorus madeena, yadhaarthathil lolayude svarnnam kondu niranja bhoogarbha maathrkakal ennivaykkoppam. adhehavum koottaalikalaaya shree. lebron misttar. synclair, avale thadavil ninnu rakshichu. avalude charmmathinu avalude thaddesheeya american thattikkondupoyavar karutha niram nalkiyathinaal, avalude varavu veettile unmoolanavaadikalaaya sthreekalkkidayil, prathyekichu sreemathimaarkkidayil virodhabhaasamaaya veruppu srishtikkunnu. norwal. doow. enna ashayam avalkk bhayamayi. lola shudha spanish vamshajanaanennum niram mangumennum addeham nirbandhichittum norwal avarude veedinte vamseeya vishudhiye malinamaakkunnu. srimati. chelavukalkkayi lola jolie cheyyanamennu norwal aavashyappedunnu; doow. lolayude paricharanatthinaayi panam chelavazhikkunnathinaayi lolayude amma donna tereza madeena, appochiyude thadavukariyaayirikke thaan nediya svarnnavum vilayeriya rathnangalum addehathinu nalkiyathinekkurichu norwal avalodu vishadeekarikkunnu. lola rakshikkaan donna tereza madeena addehathodu aavasyappettu, angane penkuttiye oru catholicayaayi valarthum. presbytarian srimati. ithu kelkkumbol norwal deshyappedunnu, pakshe lolayude bhagyam niranja thumbikkai kaanikkumbol avalude vikarangal vegathil anurajanam cheiyunnu.
kathaapaathrangalude vairudhyaparamaaya perumaattam nashtappedaathe, perumaattatthinte oru novalinte sailiyilaanu pusthakatthinte randaam ghattam munnott pogunnathu. kaaranam doow. lolayude svarnnathil norwal shradhaapoorvvam nikshepikkunnathinaal, kudumbatthinu palishayude oru cheria bhagam maathram jeevikkaan kazhiyum, ennittum sambannaraakum. ennirunnaalum, varaanirikkunna aabhyantharayudham ardhamaakkunnathu doow. norvalinte rashtreeya anubhavam, vyakthamaayi union anukoola janaadhipathyavaadiyaanenkilum, addehathe kooduthal kooduthal paishaachikavalkkarichu. union armic vendi kambanikal roopeekarikkaan addeham ayalkkarkkum kudumbatthinum nalkunna panam ardhamaakkunnilla, athinaal raajyam vidaan addeham nirbandhithanaakunnu. ennirunnaalum, lolayude swarnam sookshikkunnathinaayi oru ichhaashakthiyum shradhaapoorvamulla nirddeshangalum addeham nalkunnu.
yudhasamayathu, dii burton kaakkilukalude uyarcha kaanikkunnu, norvalukalude ayalkkar avivekiyum bheeruthvamullathumaaya senattarmaarum yooniyante generalukalumaanu. athesamayam, norwal purushanmaare thadavilaakkukayo dutyil idaykkide parikkelppikkukayo cheiyunnu. durantham ozhivaakkaano jeevan rakshikkaano juuliyan norwal ammayiyaaya lavinia sprig nadathunna sathyasandhamaya sramangal shakthavum svaarthavumaaya kochukal palappozhum thadassappeduthunnu. avarude sramangal avare yudhakaarya sekrattari edwin staantanumaayum, perillaattha ebraham linkanumaayum, ennaal cheruthaayi kaarikkechar cheytha abraham linkanumaayum bandhappedaan prerippikkunnu.
ippol kaumaarapraayatthinte avasaanathil kazhiyunna lola, athisayakaramaaya sambathinte udamayaayi pathiye velippettu. prayamaakunnathinum svarnnathinte poornna niyanthranam labhikkunnathinum munbu, panam sreemathimaarkkullathaanu. kaapatyamullavanum papiyum laingikavumaaya muun-prathisruthanum thanippakarppumaya mejar misttarumaayi goodaalochana nadathunna norwal. hackwell athu penkuttiyude kayyil ninnu edukkaan. hackwell sreemathimaare keniyil pedutthaan shramikkunnu. bharthaav jeevichirippundennu arinjittum vidavayenn karuthappedunna sthriye rahasyamaayi vivaham kazhikkaan bharthaavinte maranam muthaleduthu norwal. rahasyamaayum sathyasandhathayillaaymayum addeham lola oru ishtamillaatha vivaahathilekku nayikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil, juuliyan norwal lola parasparam thangalude sneham vaagdaanam cheythittundu, ithu hackwellinte kaikalil ninnu panam poornnamaayum edukkumennu bheeshanippeduthunna oru snehamaanu. sreemathimaarude thanthrangal. norwal, misttar. doctorude maranavaarthakal thettaanenn kaanikkunna pithaavinte thirichuvaravinekkurichu vaarthayumaayi juuliyan yudhathil ninnu madangiyethumbol hackwell thalayuyarthunnu.
srimati. norvalinte sahodaran isak lolayekkurich ariyaathe abadhathil lolayude katha kandethunnu. avan meksikkoyilekk pookukayum avalude pithavaaya doonn luis madeena kandumuttukayum cheiyunnu. amerikkayil thante makalude asthithvathekkurichu ketta doonn luis udan thanne isaakkinoppam newyorkkilekku pookunnu, avan hackwellinte padhathikale valare pettennu aswasthamaakkunnathinaayi donine abadhathil norvalinte veettilulla lolayude vasathiyilekku konduvarunnu. doow. thaan newyorkkilekku atlaantik kadakkaan pookukayaanennu norwal ezhuthiyittundu, lolaykoppam cubayilekku thekkott kappal kayaranullah uddeshyam doonn luis prasthaavikkunnu, hackwell thante mail spodanam nadathaanulla padhathikal kandethunnu. eppozhaano srimati. hackwellumaayulla rahasya vivaahathil avale kandethaan bharthaav madangivaraan pookunnuvennu norwal kelkkumbol aval nilavilikkukayum "aaraan ithu chinthichirunnathu?"neurosisinum mastishka panikkum keezhadangunnathinu munbu.
juuliyan norwal thanthrangal hackwell spirittukalum cuban steemaril louis lola upekshikkukayum pinneedu avare pinthudarukayum iruvarum vivahitharaaya meksikkoyile lolayil cherukayum cheiyunnu.
kathaapaathrangal.
lola.
lola allengil lolita ennu vilikkappedunna maria dolorus madeena kathayude kaathal prachodippikkunnu. avalude pashchaathalam aakhyaanathin prarambha prachodanam nalkukayum athinte pratheekathmakatha avatharippikkukayum cheiyunnu. garbhiniyaya amma donna tereza madeena sonora hassiendayil ninnu pidikoodiya sesham, colorado nadikku chuttumulla pradeshathu lola janikkukayum appaacheyude thadavukaariyaayi kuttikkalam chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. rakshappedal thadayunnathinaayi avalude thattikkondupoyavar appaache charmmathe anukarikkunnathinayi donna mariyayudeyum lolayudeyum charmmathinu chayam pooshi. ennirunnaalum doow. lola kandethumbol avale rakshappeduthunnu. norwal, avale indian pradeshathu ninnu kondupoyi oru roman catholicayaayi valarthanamenna ammayude abhyarthana amgeekarikkunnu. rakshappeduthi eathaanum divasangalkku sesham avalude amma asukham baadhichu marikkunnu. thekkupadinjaaran yuu. esil "anaatharaaya" 80,000 meksikkanmaarude pratheekamaayi jessy alamaan avarude saahacharyathe kaanunnu.ezz. meksikkan-american yudhathinte avasaanathil. juulii ruys abhipraayappedunnathu "thekkupadinjaaran indian thadavil ninnu [lolayude] rakshappedal meksikkan deseeya swathuathe 'yuu' yude 'qara' yill ninnu shudheekarikkunnathine pratheekappeduthunnu ennaanu.ezz. meksikkan yudhasamayathe saamraajyathvam.
doow. norwal lola nyoo englandilekku kondupookukayum oduvil niram mangukayum cheiyunnu, angane vamseeya padaviyil niravadhi mattangal aarambikkukayum athu ovarlaappu cheyyukayum oresamayam bhauthika sambathum saamskaarika mooladhanavum ettedukkaan phalapradamaayi srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu."aval poruthappedunnu, pakshe orikkalum sarikkum yojikkunnilla aval vamsheeyamaayi amgeekarikkappedumbol, nyoo englandu samskaarathil avalude samrakshakarude sthaanam, norvalukal, purogamikkunnu. svarnnathinteyum aabharanangaludeyum sariyaaya anantharaavakaashiyaanu lolayengilum aval orikkalum thante sambathu niyantrikkunnilla. norvalukal avalkk sukhakaramaaya oru jeevitashaili nalkunnu, ennittum avalude sambathu kudumbatthinu nalkia aadambarangalil ninnu avale illaathaakkunnu; avarude puthiya sambathinte uravidamaayirunnittum avar orikkalum avale poornnamaayum amgeekarikkilla. saahityapandithanaaya joonn-maikkal rivera vaadikkunnathupole, ithu vadakkan yuu. ezz kothiyeduttha samriddhiye prathinidheekarikkunnu.ezz. gwadaloope hidalgo udambadiyil ninnu.
doow. norwal.
novalinte thudakkathil doow. norwal nyoo englandile oru pramukha vyakthiyaan; addehathinte swaadheenavum saambathika pinthunayum addehathinte ayalkkaarkk senattil sthaanangal nalkunnu. aabhyantharayudhakaalathu, oru janaadhipathyavaadiyenna nilayil thekk addehathodulla anubhavam kaaranam addehathinte padavi kurayunnu. oru janaadhipathyavaadiyenna nilayilulla thante padavikku virudhamaayi niravadhi thavana kalikkunna maria ruis dii burton addehathodulla thante punyamulla republican ayalkkaarude prathikaranangalodu virodhaabhaasathode kalikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, nagaram sreemathimaarekkurichu abhimaanikkunnuvennu avar ezhuthunnu. thangalude kuttikale mochippikkaan sramikkunna muun adimakalkku orikkalum panam nalkaathathinu norwal, ennaal aaa kathaapaathrangalude rashtreeya nilapaadukalil vairudhyamundaayittum addehathe prakopippikkunna oru pravrithiyaaya "pavapetta irundavarkku nalkendathu doktaraanennu" pattanatthinu ariyamaayirunnu. mattoru sarkkar udyogasthane kuthiyathinu jayilil kazhiyunna thante bhaaryaasahodaran isaakkine mochippikkaanulla addehathinte apeksha cackle sahodaranmaar avaganikkunnathinaal addehathinte swaadheenam kurayunnathaayi kaanikkunnu. pinneedu, vighadanathe pinthunachathaayi addehathinethire aaropikkappedunnu. eee rashtreeya tharkkangal addehathe eejipthilekk naadukadatthaan nirbandhithanaakkukayum lola srimati lolayude samrakshanathil avasheshippikkukayum cheythu. norwal.
lolayude rakshithavaayi niyamithanaaya doow. norwal avale thante penmakkalil oralaayi thante veettilekku swaagatham cheiyunnu. avan aaa kaaryam kandethumbol srimati. jolikkaariyude arakalil urangaan norwal lolayodu aavasyappedukayum lolaykku sariyaaya oru murii nalkanamennu avan aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu. mattu kathaapaathrangal poornnamaayum saambathika kaaranangalal lola nilanirthaan aagrahikkumbol, doow. norvalinteyum jooliyanteyum prachodanangal kooduthal paropakaaraparamaan. doow. amma nirbandhicha lolayude aparamaaya bhaagyathinte pakuthi sweekarikkaan norwal visammathikkunnu. pakaram, lolayude anantharaavakaashathinte aarr sathamaanam maathramaan addeham edukkunnathu. american deseeya kathaapaathramaayi noval vimarshikkunna svayam vanchana, athyagraham, kaapatyam enniva prathifalippikkaatha oreyoru kathaapaathrangal adhehavum makan julien maathramaan.
srimati. norwal.
srimati. norwal doow. norvalinte bhaaryaykkum avarkkum juuliyan, rooth, maatti enningane moonnu kuttikalundu. srimati. lolaykku engleesh samsarikkaan kazhiyillennu norwal penmakkalum anumaanikkukayum avalude saannidhyathil avalude chayam pooshiya charmmatthinte nirathekkurichu abhiprayam parayukayum cheiyunnu. vamshathekkurichulla avarude daaranakal velutha, unmoolanam cheiyunna nyoo englandu sthreekalude vikaarangale prathifalippikkunnu. maattiyum rooth yuvathalamurayeyum sreemathimaareyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. norwal pazhaya republican thalamura prathinidheekarikkunnu. rund penkuttikalum lolayude savisheshathakal sookshumamaayi parishodhikkunnu. lolayude chundukalude aakruthiyum niravum maatti rekhappeduthukayum avaa karuthavarude chundukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennu parayukayum, lola indiakkaarano africakkaarano aanennu maatti pettennu soochippikkukayum cheiyunnu. srimati. norwal eee nireekshanangal thallikkalayukayum anubaadhaye bhayann lola thodaruthennu penkuttikalodu parayukayum cheiyunnu. lolayude shareerathe oru vamseeya 'tharam' anusarichu nirvachikkaan kazhiyaathappol, europian amerikkakkar athine oru koottatthinte anjjaatha bhaagamaayi adayaalappeduthunnu" ennu rivera abhipraayappedunnu."svayam prakhyapitha unmoolanam cheiyunnavar enna nilayil, srimati. niramulla lolayodulla norvalinte krooratha aval prathinidheekarikkunna raajyathe munvidhikalum kaapatyavum prathifalippikkunnu.
srimati. lolayude sambathinte vyaapthi manassilaakkumbol norwal avalude vishwaasangalil vittuveezhcha cheiyunnu. eejiptil bharthaavinte maranavaartha kelkkumbol, aval misttar misttarumaayi rahasya vivaahathilekku praveshikkunnu. hackwell, aval oru shudhayaaya sthreeyaanenn avakaashappedunnundenkum avante munnettangalkku vazhangunnu. lolayude sambathu dambathikal shree. aayi amithamaayi chelavazhikkunnu. lolayude sambathinte bhooribhaagavum ettedutha synclair, lolaykku uddeshichulla prathimasa alavans ayaykkunnu. srimati. thante penmakkalkku kooduthal sambannavum anuyojyavumaaya porutthakkaare kandethaamenna pratheekshayil kudumbatthinte saamoohika nilavaaram uyarthaan norwal ithu upayogikkunnu. athinaal aval prakadamaaya vidhi enna ashayathe ulkkollunnu. thaan unnatha vamshathil pettayaalaanennu aval vishwasikkunnathinaal lolayude panam thangaludethupoleyaanu aval chelavazhikkunnath. mastishka panikk keezhadangunnathuvare lolayude sambathu avale dushippikkunnu.
juuliyan.
aabhyantharayudhasamayathu oru union officer enna nilayil nalkia sambhavanakal kaaranam juuliyan oru alankaricha yudhaveeranaanu. ennirunnaalum, raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi apratheekshithamaayi sarveesil ninnu purathaakkappettathaayi addeham kandethunnu. president linkante adutha suhruthukkal doow. linkante shradhayilppeduthiya kimvadanthikalude adisthaanathil kuttaaropithanaaya pithavaayi addehathe thettidharikkunnu. norvalinte rashtreeya sathrukkal. jooliyante kathaapaathrathiloode, sarkkaarinullile azhimathi thurannukaattukayum janadhipathyam engane janavirudhathayilekku adhapathikkumenn kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu.
lolayumaayulla addehathinte pranayabandham aakhyaanathinte vamseeya raashtreeyathin pradhaanamaan.
emm. hackwell.
revu. emm. swantham nettatthinaayi thante mathaparamaya swaadheenam upayogikkunna oru protestant mantriyaanu hackwell. thante oru prabhaashanatthil addeham doow. norwal. avanu athu ariyaam srimati. norwal thante adikaaram amgeekarikkukayum swantham sambathu vardhippikkunnathinaayi athu muthaledukkukayum cheiyunnu. avante theeraatha athyagraham avane oru sathyasandhanaaya manushyanekkaal oru thanthranjanaanennu velippeduthunnu. eee apakeerthikaramaaya manthriyekkurichulla vivaranathil, ruys dii burton nyoo englandu mathajeevithathe parihasikkunnu.
emm. puthuthayi vidhavayaya sreemathimaarumaayi hackwell rahasya vivaahathilekku praveshikkunnu. lolayude sambathilekkulla praveshanam nilanirthunnathinaayi norwal. dambathikal thurakkumbol doow. kudumbatthinteyum lolayudeyum sheshikkunna saannidhyamillaathe norvalinte ishtam, lolaykku shree. emm. aaril ninnu oru alavans labhikkumenn avar manassilakkunnu. synclair. emm. shree. saaril ninnu samshayam undakaathe avarude adambara jeevitashaili thaangavunna krithyamaaya thuka hackwell kanakkakkunnu. synclair. lolayude sambathu thanikkayi sookshikkaan addeham dridanishchayathilaanu.
emm. norwal kudumbatthile amgangale niyantrikkaanum lolayude sambathinte rakshaadhikaariyaayi pravartthikkaanum hackwell shramikkunnu. avan sreemathimaare vivaham kazhichaanu aarambhikkunnath. norwal thante sahodariyaaya emmayum srimati jorj thammilulla vivaahathin nirddeshikkaan munnott pookunnu. norvalinte makan juuliyan. juuliyan lolayumaayi pranayathilaayathinaal vivaham nadakkunnilla. emm. lolayodum avalude anantharaavakaashathodumulla kamangal hackwell aagrahikkunnu. aval thante bhaaryayaanennu oru sathyaprathinja prasthavanayil parayaan ayaal avale kabalippikkunnu. lola blackmayil cheyyaan addeham ithu upayogikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, athu paraajayappedunnu. avan avale thattikkondupokaan shramikkunnu, pakshe lola julien avane marikadakkunnu, aval avalude janana pithavinoppam meksikkoyilekk rakshappedunnu.
emm. hackwelline vyabhicharamaayi visheshippikkappedunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandil vyabhichara aropanangal vyaapakamaayi pracharippikkapetta henry ward beacherine bahumanikkunnathinulla oru soochanayaanithu.
lavinia.
lavinia sprig randuperumaayum pranayathilaayi. hammerhard misttar. hackwell. laviniayude misttar misttar enna vivaahanischayam undaayirunnittum. hackwell, avan mattoraale vivaham kazhichu. aval avivahithayaayi thudarunnu, sahodari sreemathikku oppamaan thaamasikkunnath. norwal avalude kudumbatthile baakkiyullavarum norwal estettilaanu. avide, aval thante kaanarikal paripalikkaan samayam chelavazhikkunnu. aabhyantharayudhasamayathu aabhyanthara mekhala vittu oru sainika nazhsayi sevikkaan aval theerumaanikkumbol, thante sevanathil ulppedunna utharavaaditham aval manassilakkukayum avarkk avalillathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyillennu karuthi thante kaanarikale kollan theerumaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. american bhouthikavaadathinte azhimathi niranja swaadheenangalil thadavilaakkappedunna lavinia pakshikal pratheekappeduthunnu.
oru ashupatri vaardile nazhsenna nilayil, lavinia washingtonile parikketta sainikarodum yudhathadavukaarodum samsaarikkunnu, oru saha sarkkar udyogasthane aakramichathinu jayililadaykkappetta thante sahodaran isaakkinekkurichu prathyekichum chodikkunnu. jayil kyaambukalil aayirikkumbol avar avane kaanukayo kelkkukayo cheythirunnuvennu aval pratheekshichirunnu. aisakkine mochippikkanamenna avalude apeksha washington udyogasthar avaganikkunnu. doow. lavinia enna oru manushyante edapedal kaaranam isaakinu vendi maathrame laviniaykku prasidantumaayi samsarikkaan kazhiyoo. norvalinte suhruthu, misttar. synclair. purushanmarumaayi thulyamaayi thante abhipraayangal prakadippikkaan kazhiyumenna thante vishwaasam yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathe lavinia appol manassilakkunnu.
tharam.
"aaraan angane chinthichathu?"ithu oru charitraparamaaya pranayamaanu. pathonpathaam noottaandil ezhuthiya ruis dii burton classical paarambaryatheyum europian swaadheenatheyum aakarshichu. ennirunnaalum, avarude yaadhaarthyavaadathinteyum prakruthivaadatthinteyum upayogam eee novaline akkaalathe mattu charitraparamaaya pranayangalil ninnu verthirikkunnu.
shaili.
parihasavum aakshepahasyavum.
aaa kaalaghattatthile saamoohika-rashtreeya gadanakale parihasichukondu american rashtreeya prabhashanangaleyum sanbradaayangaleyum parihasikkaan ruis dii burton parihasavum aakshepahasyavum upayogikkunnu. vyajam nadikkunnathum hasyaparavumaaya perukalulla vividatharam gundakale upayogichukondu, pathonpathaam noottaandile madhyavarga samoohathinte thinmakale prathinidheekarikkunnathaanu ruis dii burton. prasangakar, misttar. hackwell & misttar. aaraan ithu chinthichirikkuka?" ennathil hammerhard, ayalkkar, cackles, mattu rashtreeya vyakthikal ennivar."raajyathinte pratheekshakale avarude pravartthanangalude yaadhaarthyavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythukondu american rashtreeya vaachaadopathinte prathyayashaasthraparamaaya kettukadhakal takarkkaan mukhammoodi vekkappedunnu. pouraneethi prolsaahippikkunnathum azhimathikkethire pravartthikkunnathum american pratheekshakalil ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, misttar. novalile praadhamika mathavyakthiyaya hackwell, thante athyagraham thripthippeduthunnathina thante sambathu vardhippikkaan padhathiyidunnu. swaartha thaalpparyathaal maathram prachodanam ulkkollunna vadakkan raashtreeyakkaare cackles vamsham prathinidheekarikkunnu. valare apoorvvamaayi maathrame velippeduthaarulloove, svayam vanchana, thettaaya avatharanam, rahasyathmakatha ennivayude deseeya sambradaayam american swabhaavathil aazhathil veroonniyathaanennu ruys dii burton soochippikkunnu. american jeevithathinte eee aakshepahaasyavumaayi chernnu nilkkunna nallathum manoharavumaaya lolayude gunangalaanu.
roopakavum roopakavum.
american asaadhaaranavaadathe thettaaya vaachaadopamaayi thurannukaattaan eee novalil upamayaan upayogikkunnathu. american vipuleekaranathinte vakthaakkal prakadippicha mahathaaya vashangalkk pakaram kaapatyam, anjjatha, ettavum pradhanamaayi athyagraham ennivayil adhishtithamaanu prakadamaaya vidhi enna sidhaanthamennu kaanikkunnathinaayi ruis dii barttante kathaapaathrangal avarude pravarthanangaliloode aazhathilulla ardham nalkunnu. mattu rajyangalil ninnulla bhoomi keezhadakkanulla amerikkayude vanjanaaparamaaya thantramaayaanu prakadamaaya vidhi pravarthikkunnathennu noval soochippikkunnu. meksikoo athinte vadakkan pradeshangal americaykku vittukoduthappol, vittukodutha pradeshangalil thudarnnavarkku american pourathvam labikkukayum udamasthaavakaashathinte swathinu poornna avakashangal labikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vadakkan kaaliforniyayile thaddesheeya bhoovudamakalaaya varenyavargakkaarkk avarude bhoomiyude ganyamaaya bhagam ottaraathrikond nashtappedukayum eee bhoomi vikasichukondirunna american saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee thaddesheeya californiakkaar adhiniveshathinu munbulla jeevithavum "kaivashappeduthalinu sheshamulla jeevithavum rashtreeya, saamskaarika, saamoohika sthaanachalanavum" thammilulla vyathyaasangal anubhavichu.
srimati. lolayude sambathinekkurichulla chinthakalaal norwal vizhungappedunnu, prathyekichu bharthaavinte maranavaarthaykku sesham, lolaykku thante anantharaavakaashathil nyayamaaya avakaashamillenn aval karuthunnu. poost colonial american stadees professoraaya deborah maadsante abhipraayathil, meksikkan bhoomiyum dhaatu sambathum american koottichertthathinte oru upamayaan lolayude sambathu; athinaal eee noval american saamraajyathvathekkurithu oru vimarsanam nalkunnu. koodaathe, srimati. republicanisathinte dhaarmika vishwaasangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi kuttikale valarthukayenna aashayamaaya republican maathrthvathe norwal ulkkollunnu. pouranmaar pourasathvam uyarthippidikkumennum azhimathiye ethirkkumennum prathekshikkunna republican raashtrathinte oru roopakam koodiyaanu avarude sthaanam. ennirunnaalum, ruys dii burton srimati enna kathaapaathrathe avatharippichu. norvalinte azhimathi republican prathyayashaasthrathinte thakarchaye soochippikkunnu.
vishayangal.
rays.
pathonpathaam noottaandil, rund ethir saamskaarika adayaalangal spanish colonial kaaliforniyayile "jent dii raason" (yukthiyulla aalukal) neey "jent siin raason" (kaaranamillaatha aalukal) ll ninnu verthirichu. "jent dii raason" spanish "creolos" (vella pouranmaar) aayirunnu, athesamayam "jent siin raason" thaddesheeya amerikkakkaaraayirunnu (karutha charmmamulla thozhilaallikal). lola oru "jent dii raason" aayi valaranamennu donna tereza aagrahikkunnu. oru roman catholicayaayi vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum valarukayum avalkk oru anantharaavakaasham nalkukayum cheyyanamennu donna tereza nirbandhikkunnu.
lolayude anantharaavakaasham donna theresayude prakrithivibhavangaludeyum indian vibhavangaludeyum upayogathil ninnaan. udaaharanathinu, oru divasam collado nadiyil kulikkumbol, kallukal yadhaarthathil rathnangalaanennu aval manassilakki. avale prasaadippikkaamenna pratheekshayil, "avalkk manoharamaaya kallukal ishtamaanennu kandu indiakkaar avalude marathakam, maanikyam enniva konduvannu."donna tereza indian advaanavum vibhavangalum upayogikkunnathu spanish kolanivalkkaranasamayathe thaddesheeya chooshanavumaayi bandhappettathaan.
meksikkankarkkum kaaliforniyakkaarkkum spanish kireedatthil ninnu avarude "veluppu" vaangaan kazhiyumennu "gratius alle sakkar" enna maathruka soochippikkunnu. lolayude kaaryatthil, indian thozhil upayogam lola pratheekaathmakamaayi shree. lolayil ninnu avalude veluppu vaangaan anuvadikkunnu. synclair, doow. norvalinte vadakkan banker. mattullavare vamsheeyavalkkarikkukayum adichamarthukayum cheythukondu velutha niram roopappeduthumbol california colonial maanasikavastha anglo-american colonialisathinu samaanamaanenn saahitya pandithanaaya alamaan abhipraayappedunnu.
ruis dii burton niravumaayi eluppathil bandhamillaattha saamskaarika vaitness enna bodham srishtikkunnu. kathayiludaneelam lolayude roopaantharavum parivartthanavum vamseeya avyakthathayum sankarathvavum prathifalippikkunnu. karutha kuttiyaya" yaayaan nammal avale aadyam kaanunnath. ennirunnaalum, karupp muthal veluppu vare, indian, spanish bhashakalaayi kaanapedunna lola, vamseeya swathuathinte vividha ghattangaliloode kadannupokunnu-karupp, indian, thavitt, 'spotted' vella, oduvil, 'shudhamaaya' vella. lolayude vamseeya avyakthatha rund malsaraadhishtitha kodukale aakarshikkunnu vamshathe vellayo karuppo ennu nirvachikkunna oru anglo american, koodaathe onniladhikam thalatthilulla hibrid vamseeya swathuathe amgeekarikkunna oru spanish/meksikkan jaathi sambradaayam."
matham.
lolayude varavode yaadhaasthithika protestant norwal bhavanathil katholikkathwam avatharippikkappettu. lola oru catholicayaayi uyarthaanulla donna tereza madeenayude abhyarthana purittan sreemathikku deshyamundaakkunnu. catholica mathathe "veruppulavaakkunna vigraharadhana" yaayi visheshippikkukayum lolayude catholica mathabodhanathinu saambathika pinthunayude nilanilppine chodyam cheyyukayum cheiyunna norwal. airish paachakakkaaranum chambermedumkkoppam aval lola survents kwaarttezhsil vaykkunnu. "airish kudiyettakkaarude varavu 'krooratha' yekkurichu niravadhi badal anglo american uthkandakal srishticha vadakkukizhakkan protestantinte catholica virudhathayekkurichu eee vivaranam ippozhum charcha cheyyanam.'"
meksikoyum ireland pradhaanamaayum katholikkaraayirunnathil, airish sahayathinoppam urangaan visammathichathiloode lola oru "jent dii raason" ennu ruis dii burton verthirikkunnu. apamanikkappetta oru airish vanitha prathikarikkunnu "ningaleppolullavare adikkaan njaan agrahikkunnilla."lola airish vanithakalekkaal uyarnna saamoohika thalathilaanu, kaaranam avalude poorvvikar" sanke dii azul "(neela raktham) aanu, avalude amma shudha spanish vamshaja pithaav janichu oru austriyakkaaranaanenkilam viyannayil janichayaalum aanu."airish vanithakal norwal kudumbatthinte athe niram pankidunnundenkilum, avar kudumbatthil ninnu akannupookunnu, prathyekichu lolayude bhaagyathiloode sambannaraakumbol. meksikkan catholicar airish catholicar thammil verthirichariyaan matham upayogichukondu airish vanithakalum lola thammilulla vyathyaasangal oonnipparayunnathiloode "vellakkaarude" vividha grouppukal thammilulla vamsheeyavum saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya vyathyaasangal ruis dii burton pradarshippikkunnu.
novalil ruis dii burton mathathe upayogichathinu purame, "[aval] pathonpathaam noottaandil ulbhavicha eee asahishnuthaye catholicaraayi chithreekarikkunnu.ezz. purittan uthbhavam... [aval] katholikkamathatthinte native steeriyodaippukal edukkukayum pazhaya loka spanish katholikkamathathe eee mishrithathil ninnu verthirikkumbol avaye kroorathayum puthiya loka shudhathayum aayi krameekarikkukayum cheiyunnu."lola avalude vidyaabhyaasathinaayi oru konventilekku ayachukondaanu vidoora catholica matham kaivarikkunnath. "crura' puthiya loka marubhoomiyile thadavineyum catholica konventinte aakarshakamaaya ulpradesangalumaayulla thadavineyum thulyamaakkunna konvent thadankal vibhaagangale ruis dii burton vimarshikkunnu."
lingabhedam.
pathonpathaam noottaandile gaarhikathvathinte kanvenshanukal kudumbatthe paripalikkaan sthreekal veettil thanne thudaranamenna ashayathe shakthippeduthi. "aaraan angane chinthichathu?"aabhyanthara mekhalayil ninnulla sthreekale rashtreeya, pothu mekhalakalilekku parichayappeduthunnathinaal ithu gaarhikathayude saadhaarana pranayam pinthudarunnilla. amerikkayil veedu parivartthanam cheyyappetta aadhunikavalkkarana kaalaghattatthilaanu eee noval sthithi cheiyunnathu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathilulla kudumbajeevithatheyum eee noval parodikkunnu.
ruis dii burtoninu purushaadhipathya moolyangalil prashnangalonnumillengum, sthreekale akkaalat undaayirikkendathinekkaal smarta udaaramaayum pravartthanatthe kendreekarichum avar chithreekarikkunnu. avarude noval sthreekalude asamathvathe vimarshikkunnu, ennaal athe samayam avarude samvedanakshamatha, dhaarmikatha, soundaryam ennivayil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. "... ruis dii burton oru ooppareshanum nadathunnu, athil avar purusha ejansiye vikalaamgayaayi kanakkaakkukayum koodaathe/allengil kshayathinteyum azhimathiyudeyum sakthikalaal vettimattukayum cheiyunnu... sarkkarumaayum athinte nayangalumaayum sahakarichu dushicha purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum thanthrangalude falamaayi avar sambhavasthalathu ninnu 'illaathaakumbol' orutharam 'durbalamaaya purusha ejansi' norwal purushanmaar anubavikkunnu."
sweekaranam.
1872-ll prasidheekarichathinushesha, "aaraan ithu chinthichathu?"american saahithyapadanangalil nooriladhikam varshatholam thaarathamyena sradhikkappedaathe thudarnnu, ithu american saahithyacharithrathil ninnu ruys dii burtaine ozhivaakkiyathum american charithratthil meksikkan-amerikkakkaarkk undaayirunna paarshwalkkarikkappetta praadhaanyavum kooduthal vishaalamaayi prakadamaakkunnu. ruis dii barttante kruthikal janapriya american saahithyathil ninnu ozhivaakkappettathinte oru pradhana kaaranam avar american samskaaratheyum daarmikathayeyum kaapatyamaayi chithreekarichathaanu. koodaathe, vadakkan kaaliforniyayude melulla meksikkoyude avakaashavaadam nashtappettathinekkurichu avarude vyaakhyaanam akkaalathe american aadarshangalodulla avarude athrupthi prakadamaakkunnu. oru american kenalumaayulla vivaahathin sesham, oru "kolanikkaaranum kolanivalkkarikkappettavum" enna kaazhchappaad ulkkollunnathinayi avarude ezhuthu vipulamaayi. californian varenyavargathil puthuthayi kandethiya sthaanathinum california swadeshiyaaya avarude pashchaathalatthinum idayil othungiya avarude novaline american saahithyapadanangalo chikkana saahithyapadanangalo swaagatham cheythilla.
yunaittad stetts hyspanic saahitya paithruka padhathi veendedukkal enna perilulla oru sahakarana pandithochitha samgham konduvannu "aaraan ithu chinthichirunnathu?"irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil pothujanangalude shradhayilppeduthi. 1990 ll roopeekaricha eee grouppinte pradhana lakshyam hyspanic ezhuthukaarude saahithyagrandhangal veendedukkukayum pathinaram noottaand muthalulla avarude jeevita vivaranagal oormmakkurippukal, gadyam, fiction, kavita, charithrangal thudangiya srothassukal vazhi nedukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. eee pandithanmaar ruis dii barttante kruthiye "saahithyacharithrathinte punarujjeevanatthinte sankeernathakaludeyum vairudhyangaludeyum oru paatamaayi" visheshippikkunnu."