
nischitha kaalayalav

aanthani trollop ezhuthiya oru aakshepahasya novalaanu dhii fixed period (1882).
aamukham.
blackwoods magazin" ll "aii. dii. 1" enna pusthakatthil aarr thavanakalaayum 1882-ll pusthaka roopathilum ithu aadyamaayi prasidheekarichu. athe varsham thanne novalinte yuu. ezz., touknits pathippukalum prathyakshappettu. 1981 vare kooduthal pathippukal undaayirunnilla. trollopinte eaka dystopian rachanayaan "nischitha kaalayalav".
thomas middleton, vilyam rauli, philipp massinger ennivar 1876ll vaayich abhiprayappetta pathinezhaam noottaandile daarunamaaya naadakamaaya 'dhii ooldu loow' enna pusthakam ezhuthaan trollopine swaadheenichu. 1980ll nyoosilandinu sameepamulla oru saangalppika dveepaaya republic oof britanula sthaapichathaanu 'dhii fixed period'. dveepinte sameepakaala charithrathekkurichu britanula president ezhuthiya oru vyakthiparamaaya vivaranathinte roopamaanu eee noval edukkunnathu. pusthakam purathirangumbol trollop 67 vayass thikanjirunnuvennu palappozhum abhipraayappettittund, ellah brittaanulaanukalum avarude laukika kaaryangalil ninnu viramikkanum maranathinulla oru varshathe thayyaareduppu aarambhikkaanum niyamaprakaaram baadhyastharaanu.
britanulayile jeevithavum "nischitha kaalayalav" enna ashayavum.
trollopinte novalil, irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil grettu brittanil ninnu swaathanthryam aavasyappedukayum athu nalkappedukayum cheytha oru muun britiish kireeda kolaniyaanu britanula. athinte 250,000 nivaasikal, kurachu ozhivaakkalukalode, britiish niyamavum aachaarangalum avarude currency nilanirthiyittundu. pradhaanamaayum aaduvalarthalum kambili vyapaaravum adisthaanamaakkiyulla sambathu valarunna oru kaarshika samoohamaanu britanula. pathonpathaam noottaandile britiish liberal raashtrathanthranjanum pradhaanamanthriyumaaya vilyam ewart gladstoninte peraanu thalasthaanamaaya gladstonopolisinu nalkiyirikkunnath.
swaathanthryam nediyathinushesham svayambharanaavakaasham nediya brittanulanmaar avarude rashtreeya samvidaanam samghadippikkaan thudangi. britanulan bharanaghadana anusarichu, avarude ekasabhayaaya paarlamentaaya asambliyil brittaanulayile janangalude thiranjedukkappetta prathinidikalaaya 85 senattarmaar adangiyirikkunnu. saamoohika varggangal thammil vyathyasangalonnum illaathathinaal, prabhukkanmaar illaathathinaal, oru uparisabhayude sthaapanavalkkaranam aavasyamaanennu kanakkakkiyirunnilla. grettu brittanil ninnu vyathyasthamayi vadhashikshayilla. thiranjedukkappetta oru presidentinte neethrthwathilaanu republic oof britanula.
ekadesham 30 varsham munbu nadanna aadyathe niyamasabha pradhaanamaayum oru aadhunika samsthaanam kettippadukkaan aagrahikkunna yuvaakkalum oorjjaswalarum aayirunnu. pouranmaarude jeevithathe oru nischitha praayatthil avasanippikkunnathinum avarkk apamaanakaramallaatha kashtappaadukal ozhivaakkunnathinum anuthpaadakaraaya janangalkulla samsthaanathinte chelavu kuraykkunnathinum oru nirddesham munnottuvachappol, athinu valia bhooripaksham labhichu. prayaparidhi 67 aayi nischayichirunnu, aaa samayat oru pourante "mozhi" rekhappeduthal nadakkendathaayirunnu, athil avare shavakudeera pattanatthil sthithicheyyunna oru sthaapanamaaya "koleju" lake neekkam cheyyukayum thudarnnu avarude "purappedalum" thudarnnulla shavasamskaaravum, krithyamaayi oru varshathinu sesham, 68-aamm vayassil. britanulayile nivaasikalil aarum ithuvare avarude "nischitha kaalayalavil" athiyittillaathathinaal ithuvare "purappedalukalonnum" nadathiyittilla.
puthiya sthreeyude ashayam brittaanulanmaarkk orikkalum ariyilla, samsarikkaan feminist prasthaanavumilla. pakaram, sthreekal ippozhum victorian kaalaghattatthil jeevikkunnathupole perumaarukayum pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. pothujeevithatthilo bisinesses jeevithathilo avarkk oru pankumilla, avar shaanthavum vidheyavumaaya oru gaarhika nilanilpp nayikkunnu. vivaahathin purathulla laingikabandham nadappakkunnilla.
plott sangraham.
oru vijayakaramaya vyapara-karshakan bhoovudamayum britanulayile ettavum praayam koodiya pouranumaanu gabriel crassweller. 1913-ll janicha addeham cheruppatthil thanne nyoosilandil ninnu kudiyerukayum, thante uttasuhrithaaya, addehathilninnu patthu varsham ilaya, ippol brittaanulayude president enna nilayil sevanamanushtikkunna joonn neverbend ulppedunna samana chinthagathikkaaraaya oru koottam purushanmaaril oralaayi puthiya republic kettippadukkunnathil nirnaayaka punk vahikkukayum cheythu. pathittaandukalkk munbu crusweller "nischitha kaalayalav" avatharippicha niyamathinu anukoolamaayi vottu cheythappol, thante kuttaropithanaal adukkumbol addeham kramena kooduthal aashankaakulanaakunnu. manushyarashiyum samskaaravum poornathayilekku oru valia chuvaduveppu munnott kondupokumennu vishwasichu aaa divasam aasoothranam cheyyukayum vijayathinte divasamaayi athine vibhavanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. eee aashayathinte srashtaavu enna nilayil, mahanaaya parishkartthaakkalil oralaayi charithracharithrathil thante peru rekhappeduthappedumenna orikkalum prathekshikkunnilla. thante suhruthu crassweller, aadyam pookunnayaal enna nilayil, "niyamam" aadyam nirmmicha vaardhakyathinte lakshanangalonnum kaanikkaathathu nirbhaagyakaramaanennu addeham karuthunnu crassweller aarogyakaravum oorjjaswalavumaayathinaal, avante maanasika kazhivukal oru tharatthilum vashalakaan thudangiyittilla, athinanusarichu swantham karyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanum upajeevanam nedaanum kazhivullathinekkaal kooduthalaanu.
pettennundaaya oru crassweller thante praayathekkurichu kallam parayukayum thaan yadhaarthathil oru varshathinusesham janichathaanennu avakaashappedukayum cheyyumbol, niyamatthinte sugamamaya nirvvahanam urappakkaan nadapadikal sweekarikkanamennu orikkalum manassilakkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, mattu prayamaaya pouranmaarkkum avarkkayi samsthaanam enthaanu karuthivachirikkunnathenum avarude mozhiye engane athirkkumennathinekkurum oduvil, puratthekku pokunnathinekkurichum vividha vyakthikal ellaatharam nyaayeekaranangalum padhathikalum konduvannittundennum addeham taamasiyaathe kandethunnu. yuva senattarmaaril oralaaya ebraham grandilil oru pinthunakkaarane addeham kandethunnu, pakshe crasswellerude makal ivayumaayi vivaahanischayam nadathiyirikkunna grundlinu ethrayum vegam thante suhruthinte bhagyam avakashamaakkaan maathrame aagrahamullu ennu manassilaakkumbol addeham njettippokunnu. ennaal eee thirichadi undaayirunnittum, swantham makan jack bhaarya saarayum addehathinethire thirinjuvenkilum, valarekkaalamaayi noow ritten pooyint marikadanna addeham, crassweller nikshepikkunnathu president niyamam anusarikkunna pouranenna nilayilulla thante kadamayayi kanakkakkunnu.
oru manyanaaya manushyan enna nilayil, crusweller oduvil orikkalum vazhangaatha vaadangalkku vazhangukayum thante vidhi sthiramaayi amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, addeham mozhimattam cheytha divasam thanne rund pereyum kolejilekku kondupokaanulla vandi britiish sayudha seena gladstonopolisinte theruvukalil nirtthunnu. avar valia alavukalulla oru yudhakkappalil ethi, avarude "250 poundu swivel thokku" upayogichu nagaram muzhuvan nasippikkumennu bheeshanippeduthunnathiloodu, crasswellere mochippikkaanum oduvil president sthaanam ozhiyaanum orikkalum nirbandhitharaakunnilla. britanula grettu brittan veendum kootticherkkukayum oru govarnore niyamikkukayum joonn neverbend avarodoppam englandilekku madangaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheiyunnu.
eee bhaagathinidayil brittaanulayude sameepakaala charithram addeham englandilethunnathinu rund divasam munbu maathram poortthiyaakkaan orikkalum prathijnjaabadhanalla. nischitha kaalaghatta" thekkurichu kooduthal saidhaanthikamaaya mattoru pusthakam ezhuthaanum manushyaraashiyude purogathikku aavashyamaaya eee chuvaduveppinekkurichu engleeshinodu prasamgikkaanum addeham padhathiyidunnu. ennirunnaalum, pazhaya rajyath thannodu bahumaanathode perumaarumo atho thanikk eppozhengilum britaanulayilekku madangaan kazhiyumo ennu thanikk sarikkum ariyillennu addeham manassilakkunnu.
nischitha kaalaghattatthile" shaasthrakadhayile ghadakam.
reymond kaar parayunnu
samakaalika saamoohika jeevithathinte charithrakaarane trollopil kandethaan sheelicha oru pothujanatthe pusthakatthinte prasidheekaranam njettichu. [...] ithu sayans fictionile oru lekhanamaanu. oru nagaratthe nasippikkaan kazhiyunna 250-poundu "swivel thokkukal" saankethikavidya nirmmikkum. naavika udyogastharkku mobail (hair) phoneukal sajjeekarichirikkunnu. nivaasikal steem tricycleukal oodikkunnu, krikkatt thaarangal oru mechanical steem boulare niyamikkunnu."pakshe addeham echu aayirunnilla. jii. kinarukal. brittanulanmaar ippozhum kuthiravandikalilaanu sanjarikkunnathu.
gathagatha mekhalayil, pothuve, vyomagathaagatha vaahanangalude abhavam valare sradheyamaanu britiish krikkatt team britanulayilekku pookumbool avar oru neeravi kappalil athu cheiyunnu, avarkk avarude lakshyasthaanathu ethaan aazhchakal edukkum. telecommunicationil, mukalil soochippicha "hair telephone", "vaattar telegraamukal", "reporting-telephone upakaranam" ennivaykku purame-ivayellaam neratthe nilavilundaayirunna victorian saankethikavidyayude cheria parishkkaranangal mathramaayirunnu-iva maathramaan pradhana kandupiduthangal. randaamathe yanthram landanile pathra vaayanakkaare gladstonopolisil nadanna oru prasangam nalki oru manikkoor kazhinju maathrame vaayikkaan anuvadikkoo.
vilyam ooslarude "nischitha kaalayalav" prasangam.
1905-ll ooksfoordil medisin professoraayi niyamithanaaya sesham, canaden doctor vilyam oaslar johns hopkins yooniversitti school oof medisin vidunnathinekkurichu oru vidavaangal prasangam nadatthi, athil addeham trollopinte "nischitha kaalayalav" thamashayaayi paraamarshichu. addehathinte vaakkukal thettayi vyaakhyaanikkappettu, dayaavadhathe pinthunachathaayi oaslar udharikkappettu ("oaslar arupathile chlorophom shupaarsha cheiyunnu"). oru nischitha kaalayalavinusesham (palappozhum 60 varsham) manushyarkk nirbandhitha dayaavadham enna ashayam irupathaam noottaandile saangalppika saahithyathil aavarthichulla vishayamaayi maari-udaaharanathinu, isak asimovinte 1950 leeii noval "aakaashathile kallukal".
paraamarshangal.
avalambangal
grandhasoochika

