american aikyanaadukalude colonial charithram

pathinezhaam noottaandinte arambham muthal viplava yudhathinu sesham pathimoonnu kolanikal amerikkayilekku samyojippikkunnathuvare vadakke amerikkayile europian kolanivalkkaranatthinte charithram american aikyanaadukalude colonial charithram ulkkollunnu. pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil englandu (britiish saamrajyam), france raajyam, spanish saamrajyam, dutch republic enniva vadakke amerikkayil pradhana kolanivalkkarana paripaadikal aarambhichu. aadyakaala kudiyettakkaaril marananirakk valare uyarnnathaayirunnu, engleesh nashtappetta ronock koolani polulla chila aadyakaala sramangal mothatthil aprathyakshamaayi. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi pathittaandukalkkullil vijayakaramaya kolanikal sthaapikkappettu.
saahasikar, karshakar, karar jeevanakkar, vyapaarikal, prabhukkanmaril ninnu valare kurachu perr ennivarulppede vividha saamoohika, matha grouppukalil ninnaan europian kudiyettakkaar vannath. kudiyettakkaaril nyoo netherlandile dachukaar, nyoo sweedante sweeden, phins, pensylvania pravishyayile engleesh kwekermar, nyoo englandile engleesh puritanmaar, virjeeniyan kaavaleeyezhs, engleesh catholicar maryland pravishyayile protestant nonconformistukalum, jorjia pravishyayile "yogyaraaya daridrar", madhya atlaantik kolanikalil sthirathaamasamaakkiya jarmmankaar, appalechiyan parvathanirakalile alsttar skottukal enniva ulppedunnu. 1776ll swaathanthryam nediyappol eee grouppukalellaam american aikyanaadukalude bhaagamaayi. russian america puthiya fraansinteyum puthiya spaininteyum chila bhaagangalum pilkkalangalil american aikyanaadukalil ulppeduthi. eee vividha pradeshangalil ninnulla vaividhyamaarnna kolanikkaar vyathirikthamaya saamoohika, matha, rashtreeya, saambathika shailiyilulla kolanikal nirmmichu.
kaalakramena, mississippy nadiyude kizhakk britiish ithara kolanikal ettedukkukayum bhooribhaagam nivaasikalum swaamsheekarikkappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, nova skottiyayil britishukaar franch academic vidagthare puratthaakkukayum palarum louisianayilekku thamasam maarukayum cheythu. pathimoonnu kolanikalil aabhyantharayudhangalonnum nadannilla. 1676ll virjeeniyayilum newyorkkilum nadanna hraswakaala paraajayangalaayirunnu rund pradhana sayudha kalapangal. chila kolanikal niyamavidheyamaaya adimatha samvidaanangal vikasippichu, pradhaanamaayum atlaantik adimakkachavadathe kendreekarichaayirunnu. franch, indian yudhangalil franchukaarum briteeshukaarum thammil yudhangal aavarthichirunnu. 1760 aayappozhekkum france paraajayappedukayum athinte kolanikal brittan pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
kizhakkan kadaltheerathu, naalu vyathyastha engleesh pradeshangal nyoo englandu, madhya kolanikal, chesapeak bay kolanikal (mukalil thekk), thekkan kolanikal (thaazhathe thekk) ennivayaayirunnu. chila charitrakaaranmaar orikkalum prathyekamaayi samghadippikkappedaatha "athirthiyude" anchaamathe pradesham kootticherkkunnu. kizhakkan mekhalayil thamasikkunna thaddesheeya amerikkakkaaril ganyamaaya sathamaanam 1620 nuu munbu rogam moolam nasippikkappettirunnu, orupakshe pathittaandukalkk munbu paryavekshakarum naavikarum avare parichayappedutthiyirikkaam (nirnnayakamaaya kaaranamonnum sthaapichittillenkilum).
kolanivalkkaranatthinte lakshyangal.
sainika, naavika, sarkkar, samrambhakathva kazhivukal valareyadhikam vikasippicha europian rajyangalil ninnaan kolanikkaar vannath. punarnirmmaanasamayathu spanish, porchugees noottaandukal pazhakkamulla adhiniveshathinteyum kolanivalkkaranatthinteyum anubhavam, puthiya samudra kappal naavigeshan kazhivukal enniva puthiya lokathe kolanivalkkarikkanulla upakaranangalum kazhivum aagrahavum nalki. eee sramangal yathaakramam cassa dii kontraatteshanum cassa dii indiayum kaikaaryam cheythu.
englandu, france, netherlands ennivayum vestt indeesilum vadakke amerikkayilum kolanikal aarambichirunnu. samudrathinu yogyamaaya kappalukal nirmmikkanulla kazhivu avarkkundaayirunnuvena porchugalilum speyinilum pole videsaraajyangalil kolanivalkkaranatthinte sakthamaaya charithram avarkkundaayirunnil. ennirunnaalum, engleesh samrambhakar avarude kolanikalkku valare kuranja sarkkar pinthuna aavasyamaanennu thonnunna vyapara adhishtitha nikshepathinte adithara nalki.
thudakkathil, kolanikalekkurichulla karyangal praadhamikamaayi kaikaaryam cheythath englandile privy kaunsilum athinte kammittikalumaanu. colonial (thottangal) chodyangalekkurichu upadesikkaan vilicha aadyathe prathyeka samithiyaayi samithiyaayi vyapara kammeeshan roopeekarichathu. 1696 muthal american viplavathinte avasaanam vare, colonial kaaryangalaan bandhapetta stettu sekrattarimaarumaayi sahakarichu board oof trade utharavaadithamaayi pravarthichathu, ithu 1768 ll thekkan departmentinte stettu sekrattariyude sthaanathu ninnu kolanikalude stettu sekrattariyaayi maari.
vyaapaaravaadam.
1660 muthal brittan athinte kolanikalkku mail adichelppicha adisthaana nayamaayirunnu vaanijyavaadam, athaayath rashtreeya adikaaravum swakaarya sambathum vardhippikkunnathinaayi sarkkar englandu aasthaanamaayulla vyaapaarikalumaayi pankaliyaayi. mattu saamrajyangaleyum swantham kolanikalile mattu vyaapaarikaleyum polum ozhivaakkaanaan ithu cheythath. sarkkar lunden aasthaanamaayulla vyaapaarikale samrakshikkukayum vyapara thadassangal, niyanthranangal, aabhyanthara vyavasayangalkkulla subsidikal enniva vazhi mattullavare akattinirthukayum cheythu, eee mekhalayil ninnulla kayattumathi paramavadhi vardhippikkukayum irakkumathi kuraykkukayum cheythu.
sarkkarum kallakkadathinethirayi poraadi, ithu vadakke american vyaapaarikalumaayi avarude saadhaarana bisinesses pravartthanangal naavigeshan niyamangalal "kallakkadathu" ennu punarvarggeekarichappol vivaadathinte nerittulla uravidamaayi maari. franch, spanish, dutch, porchugees ennivayumaayulla nerittulla vyapaaram polulla munbu saadhaarana bisinesses edapaadukalaayirunna pravartthanangal ithil ulppedunnu. landanilekku svarnnavum velliyum ozhukunnathinaayi vyapara micham nadatthuka ennathaayirunnu vaanijyavaadathinte lakshyam. theeruvakaliloodeyum nikuthikaliloodeyum sarkkar athinte vihitam etteduthu, bakkiyullava brittanile vyaapaarikalkk pooyi. britiish kolanikale samrakshikkukayum mattu saamraajyangalude kolanikale bheeshanippeduthukayum chilappol avaa pidichedukkukayum cheytha rajakeeya naavikasenaykkaayi sarkkar athinte varumaanathinte bhooribhaagavum chelavazhichu. angane, britiish naavikasena 1664-ll nyoo aamstardaam (newyork) pidichedutthu. kolanikal britiish vyavasaayathinte kaivashamulla vipanikalaayirunnu, maathrraajyathe sambannamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam.
mathaparamaya peedanangalil ninnulla swaathanthryam.
kireedaavakaashikalum englandile sabayum mathaparamaya peedanangalkk saadhyathayundennathinaal ganyamaaya ennam kolanivalkkarana shramangalkk ithu kaaranamaayi. theerthaadakar englandile peedanatthil ninnu aadyam netherlandsilekkum aathyanthikamayi 1620-ll plymouth thottangalilekkum palayanam cheytha vighadanavaada puritanmaaraayirunnu. thudarnnulla 20 varshangalil, chaals onnaaman rajaavil ninnulla peedanatthil ninnu palayanam cheytha aalukal nyoo englandinte bhooribhaagavum sthirathaamasamaakki. athupole, roman katholikkarude abhayasthaanamaayi maryland pravishya bhaagikamaayi sthaapikkappettu.
aadyakaala colonial parajayangal.
parajayangal sesham niravadhi europian rajyangal amerikkayil kolanikal sthaapikkaan shramichu. aaa sramangalil bhooribhaagavum parajayappettu. kolanikkaar thanne rogam, pattini, kaaryakshamamallatha punarvitharanam, thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarumaayulla samgharsham, athiraalikalaaya europian shakthikalude akramanangal, mattu kaaranagal enniva moolam uyarnna marananirakk nerittu.
thekkan karolinayile saan migual dii gwaldape (1526), floridayude gulf theerathekkulla panfilo dii naarveysinte paryaveshanam (1528-36), padinjaaran floridayile pensacola (1559-61), vadakkan karolinayile fort saan juvan (1567-68), virjeeniyayile ajakan dauthyam (1570-71) ennivayulppede niravadhi sramangal speyinin parajayappettu. paarees dweep, southu carolina (1562-63), floridayude atlaantik theerathe fort carolin (1564-65), seyint croix dweep, maine (1604-05), texasile fort seyint luis (1685-89) ennividangalil franchukaar parajayappettu. vadakkan karolinayile "loost koolani oof ronock" (1583-90), mainile popam koolani (1607-08) ennivayaayirunnu ettavum sradheyamaaya engleesh parajayangal. ronock kolaniyilaanu amerikkayil janicha aadyathe engleesh kuttiyayi virgenia dair maariyath; avalude vidhi anjjaathamaanu.
puthiya spain.
pathinaram noottaandil aarambhich, puthiya spain mattu vais-royalttikalum ulkkollunna oru colonial saamrajyam spain amerikkayil nirmmichu. florida, alabama, mississippi, mississippi nadikku padinjaaru american aikyanaadukalude bhooribhaagavum, laattin amerikkayude chila bhagangal (puerto rico ulppede), spanish eest indees (guwam vadakkan mariana dveepukalum ulppede) enniva puthiya speyinil ulppedunnu. 1800-leeii saan ildephonsoyude moonnaamathe udambadiyil louisiana francilake madangiyethiyenkilum, fontainblue udambadikku (1762) sesham nyoo spain louisiana pradesham ulkkollunnu.
louisiana vaangal (1803), adams-onees udambadi (1819), meksikkan-american yuddham (1846-1848), spanish-american yuddham (1898) ennivayulppede vividha yudhangaliloodeyum udambadikal vazhiyum 1776 nuu sesham puthiya speyininte bhagamaayirunna niravadhi pradeshangal american aikyanaadukalude bhaagamaayi. pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayilekku niravadhi spanish paryaveshanangalum nadannengilum adams-onees udambadiyil pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalaykkulla ellah avakaashavaadangalum spain americaykku nalki. nyoo meksikkoyilum californiayilum 1848ll american pouranmaaraaya aayirakkanakkin kudumbangalum mattu kolanikalil cheria samkhyakalum undaayirunnu.
florida.
pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil spain floridayil niravadhi cheria autposttukal sthaapichu. ivayil ettavum pradhanam sent. 1565ll mission nombre dii deosynoppam sthaapithamaaya augustin kadalkkollakkaarum svakaaryarum engleesh sena aavarthichu akramikkukayum kathikkukayum cheythu, paarees udambadikku sesham (1763) florida grettu brittanu vittukodutha mikkavarum ellah spaanishukaarum avide ninnu pooyi. aadyathe spanish kaalaghattatthile chila gadanakal innum nilanilkkunnu, prathyekichu aduthulla chunnaambukallaaya kokvina kondu nirmmichava.
niravadhi yudhangalil britishukaar spanish florida aakramichu. 1687 muthal thanne spanish sarkkar britiish kolanikalil ninnulla adimakalkku abhayam nalkaan thudangi, 1693 ll spanish kireedam catholicarilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum spanish kireedatthilekku naalu varshathe sainika sevanathinum pakaramaayi floridayil olichodiya adimakalkku swaathanthryam labhikkumenn audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichu. phalatthil, vadakku ninnulla engleesh aakramanangalkkethire munnira prathirodhamaayi spaniards floridayil oru meroon settilment srishtichu. fort mosine kendreekarichaayirunnu eee vaasasthalam. adimakale aakarshikkunnathinayi oru swatantra karutha samooham srishtichukondu britiish kolanikalkkulla thotta sambadvyavasthaye asthirappeduthaanum spain uddeshichu. sent. leeii sradheyamaaya britiish reydukal. jaims moorinte moorinte raid jaims oglethorppinte oglethorppinte uparodhavumaayirunnu aagasttin.
ezhu varshathe yudhathil britishukaar pidicheduttha cubayile havanayude niyanthranathinu pakaramaayi 1763-ll spain florida grettu brittanu kaimari. akkaalat ekadesham 3,000 spaaniyaardukalude vaasasthalamaayirunnu florida, mikkavarum ellaavarum vegathil pooyi. brittan florida kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve eee pradeshathekku dhaaraalam kudiyettakkaare ayachilla. doow. ennirunnaalum, nyoo smirnayile andrew tenbulinte parajayappetta koolani noorukanakkinu menorcan, greekkukal, itaaliyanmaar ennivar sent. 1777-leeii american viplavakaalath kizhakkan florida padinjaaran florida vishwastha kolanikalaayirunnu. 1783-ll paarees samaadhaanathiloode spain floridayude niyanthranam veendeduthu, ithu viplava yuddham avasaanippichu. randaam spanish kaalaghattatthil spain kooduthal kudiyettakkaaro missionarymaro floridayilekku ayachilla. 1810ll vestt florida nivaasikal spaanishinethire kalapam nadathukayum republic oof vestt florida roopeekarikkukayum athu america vegathil pidichedukkukayum cheythu. 1821ll aadams-onees udambadiyude nibandhanakalkkanusarichu america kizhakkan florida pidichedutthu.
arizona nyoo meksikoyum.
pathinaram noottaandiludaneelam spain meksikkoyil ninnu thekkupadinjaaru paryavekshanam cheythu. aadyathe paryaveshanam 1538-leeii nissa paryaveshanamaayirunnu. 1539-ll francisco coronado oru valia paryaveshanatthe thudarnnu, aadhunika nyoo meksikkoyilum arisonayilum udaneelam, 1540-ll nyoo meksikkoyil ethi. spanish meksikkoyil ninnu vadakkott neengi, innathe nyoo meksikoo samsthaanathinte padinjaaran pakuthiyude bhooribhaagavum ulppede rioo grandeyude mukalile thaazhvarayile gramangalil sthirathaamasamaakki. 1610ll sthirathaamasamaakkiya santa feyude thalasthaanam american aikyanaadukalile ettavum pazhaya europian janavasa kendrangalilonnaayi thudarunnu. thudarunnu pueblo kalaapathethudarnn praadeshika indiakkaar spaanishine 12 varshathekku purathaakki; 1692ll santa feyude raktharahithamaya punaradhivaasatthil avar madangi. 1846ll meksikkan-american yudhathil padinjaaran american sainyam ettedukkunnathuvare spain (223 varsham) meksikoyum (25 varsham) aayirunnu niyanthranam. 21-aamm noottaandile janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu spanish kudiyettakkaaril ninnullavaraan.
california.
1565 muthal 1815 vare, spanish gallionukal pathivayi manilayil ninnu saan franciscoic vadakku 300 mile (480 kilometer) akaleyulla cape mendosinoyile manilayil ethi. thudarnnu avar california theerathu thekkott meksikkoyile acapulcoyilekku kappal kayari. parukkan, moodalmanju niranja theeram kaaranam palappozhum avaa erangiyilla. gaaliyanukalkk surakshithamaaya oru thuramukham venamennu spain aagrahichu. orupakshe praveshana kavaadam marachuvecha moodalmanju kaaranam avar saan francisco ulkkadal kandethiyilla. 1585-ll gallie saan francisco ulkkadalinu thekk theeram chart cheythu.
1587ll unamuno monterry ulkkadal paryavekshanam cheythu. 
1594-ll soromenho paryavekshanam cheyyukayum saan francisco ulkkadalinu vadakku drake ulkkadalil kappal thakarukayum pinneedu oru cheria boatil ardha chandra ulkkadalilum monterry ulkkadalilum thekkott pookukayum cheythu. avar thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarumaayi bhakshanathinaayi vyapaaram nadatthi.
1602-ll viscaino thaazhnna california muthal mendosino vareyum chila ulnaadan pradeshangalum vare theeram chart cheyyukayum monteriye kudiyettatthinaayi shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu. rajaavu sammathichenkilum settilment padhathi jappanil ninnu akaleyulla pradeshangalilekku thirichuvittu.
1769 vare oru vaasasthalavum sthaapikkappettilla. 1769 muthal 1820ll meksikkoyude swaathanthryam vare spain missionarymaareyum sinikareyum alta kaaliforniyayilekku ayachu, avar fraansiskan purohithanmaar nadathunna niravadhi dauthyangal srishtichu. kaaliforniyayude thekkan, madhya theerangalil "presidios" (kottakal), "pueblose" (vaasasthalangal), ranchos (land graant ranchukal) ennivayum avar pravarthippichu. 1769-ll mission saan diego dii alkkaalayil ninnu aarambhich spanish upper laas kaaliforniyayil aadyathe dauthyangal sthaapicha father junipero sera, spanish, meksikkan kaalaghattangaliloode praadeshika thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarkkidayil roman catholica matham pracharippikkunnathinulla 21 douthyangalude oru parambara avar oduvil ulppeduthi, "ell camino riyal" ("royal rooad") vazhi bandhippichirikkunnu. eee pradeshathe charitraparamaaya spanish avakaashavaadangal samrakshikkunnathinoppam kaaliforniyayile thaddesheeyare parivartthanam cheiyunnathinaayi avaa sthaapikkappettu. europian saankethikavidya, kannukaalikal, vilakal enniva eee dauthyangal avatharippichu. indian kurravukal thaddesheeyare mission indiakkaarude grouppukalaayi maatti; avar dauthyangalilum ranchokalilum thozhilaallikalaayi pravarthichu. 1830-kalil dauthyangal pirichuvidukayum bhoomi kaaliforniyaykku vilkkukayum cheythu. thaddesheeya thaddesheeya american janasamkhya ekadesham 150,000 aayirunnu; kudiyetta amerikkakkarum kaaliforniyayile vyaapaarathilum bisinessilum earppettirikkunna mattu desheeyathakalum ulppede "california" (meksikkan kaalaghattatthile californiakkaar) ekadesham 10,000 aayirunnu.
puerto rico.
1493 septambaril christopher columbus kaadisile 17 kappalukalumayi thante randaamathe yaatra aarambhichu. 1493 november november addeham puerto rico dveepil ethi, snaapanapithaakkalaaya vishudha joninte bahumaanaartham athinu "saan juvan bouttista" ennu perittu. aadyathe europian kolaniyaaya kapara 1508 august 8 nuu kolambasinte keezhilulla leftanantaaya juvan poons dii liyon sthaapichu, addehathe tyno cassic aguebana swaagatham cheyyukayum pinneedu dveepinte aadya gavarnaraakukayum cheythu. 1503ll puerto recoyil nadanna higgue koottakolayil poons dii liyon sajeevamaayi pankedutthirunnu. 1508-ll swarnna khanana pravarthanangalkkaayi tyno indiakkaare keezhadakkunnathinum adimakalaakkunnathinum neethrthwam nalkunnathinaayi spanish kireedamaanu sarr poons dii leone thiranjedutthathu. adutha varsham, anuyojyamaaya thuramukhamulla puerto rico (sambanna thuramukham) ennu peritta theerathe aduthulla oru dveepinu anukoolamaayi koolani upekshikkappettu. 1511-ll dveepinte thekkupadinjaaran bhaagath saan jerman enna randaamathe vaasasthalam sthaapikkappettu. sthaapikkappettu, dweep puerto rico enna peru sweekarichappol thuramukham saan juvan aayi maari.
kolanivalkkarana prakriyayude bhaagamaayi, 1513-ll aafrikkan adimakale dveepilekku konduvannu. tyno janasamkhyayude thakarchayethudarnnu, kooduthal adimakale puerto recoylake konduvannu; ennirunnaalum, ayal dveepukalile adimakale apekshichu dveepile adimakalude ennam kuranju. koodaathe, puerto recoyude kolanivalkkaranatthinte thudakkathil, speyinil ninnu puerto recoyude niyanthranam pidichedukkaan sramangal nadatthi. caribean vamshajaraaya kareebukal kareebukal 1514lum daguwao, mccavo nadikalude theerathulla spanish vaasasthalangal akramikkukayum ennaal oro thavanayum mikacha spanish vedivayppu avare eluppathil pinthirippikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, puerto recoyude niyanthranathinulla avasana shramangalalla iva. europian sakthikal europpukaar ithuvare kolanivalkkarikkaatha bhoomiyude saadhyathakal vegathil thirichariyukayum avayude niyanthranam nedaan sramikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaand vare puerto rico spanish kaivashamaayi thudarnnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthi paramaadhikaaratthinaayulla puerto rican poraattatthaal adayaalappeduthi. 1860-ll nadatthiya sensus prakaram 583,308 janasamkhyayullavaril 300,406 perr (51.5%) vellakkarum 282,775 perr (48.5%) varnnamullavarumaayirunnu, avaril pradhaanamaayum aafrikkan paarambaryamulla aalukal, mulattos, mestisos ennivar ulppedunnu. puerto recoyile janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum nirakshararum (83.7%) daaridryathilaanu jeevichirunnathu, kaarshika vyavasaayam-akkaalat pradhana varumaana srothassaayirunnu-rooad adisthaana soukaryangal, mathiyaya upakaranangalum upakaranangalum, chuzhalikkaattukalum varalchayum ulppedeyulla prakrithi duranthangal ennivayude abhavam moolam thadassappettu. spanish kireedam chumathiya vardhicha thaarifukalum nikuthikalum sambadvyavasthaye baadhichu. koodaathe, udaaramaaya parishkaarangal aavashyappedunna eathoru vyakthiyeyum spain naadukadatthaano jayililadaykkaano thudangi. 1898ll hawanah thuramukhathu yuu. ezz. ezz. mine spodanathe thudarnnu spanish-american yuddham pottipurappettu. yuu.ezz. varshaavasaanathode speyinine paraajayappedutthukayum thudarnnulla samadhana udambadiyil puerto recoyude niyanthranam nedukayum cheythu. 1900 leeii forekar act prakaram yuu.ezz. kongras oru incorporate cheyyaatha pradeshamenna nilayil puerto recoyude padavi sthaapichu.
puthiya france.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil france paryavekshanam cheyyukayum avakaashappedukayum cheytha sent laurence nadhi, grettu thadakangal, mississippi nadhi, mattu pradhana poshaka nadikal enniva kendreekarichulla vishalamaaya pradeshamaayirunnu nyoo france. akkadia, canada, newfoundland, louisiana, ail-royal (innathe keppu brettan dweep), ail sent jeane (innathe prins edward dweep) enningane niravadhi kolanikal chernnathaanu ithu. 1800ll france louisianayude oru bhagam hrasvamaayi veendum etteduthenkilum franch, indian yudhathinushesham eee kolanikal britiish allengil spanish niyanthranatthilaayi. niyanthranatthilaayi paarees udambadiyil america puthiya fraansinte bhooribhaagavum nedukayum yuu. ezz.ezz. 1803-leeii louisiana vaangiyathiloode franch pradeshatthinte mattoru bhagam ettedukkum. franch dveepaaya sent pier mikwelonum ozhike puthiya fraansinte backie kaanadayude bhaagamaayi.
panam nalkunnu.
1660 aayappozhekkum, montriyal aasthaanamaayulla franch roma trapermaarum missionarymaarum sainika dittaachmentukalum nadiyude mukalilulla valia thadaakangaliloode padinjaaru paise dii enn houttilekku thallukayum green bay, fort dii beaud, sent ignace (michilimakinaakkil), soult seyante maari, winsense, detroit ennividangalil autposttukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. franch, indian yudhasamayathu (aii. dii. 1) eee vaasasthalangalil palathum britishukaar kaivashappedutthi. 1773 aayappozhekkum detroyittile janasamkhya 1,400 aayirunnu. 1783 leeii swaathanthryasamarathinte avasaanathode, valia thadaakangalude thekk bhagam aupachaarikamaayi american aikyanaadukalude bhaagamaayi.
illinois raajyam.
1752 aayappozhekkum illinois raajyathil 2,500 franch janasamkhyayundaayirunnu; ithu "ohiyo raajyathin" padinjaaru sthithicheyyukayum kaskaskia, kahokia, seyant jeanweave ennivaykku chuttum kendreekarikkukayum cheythu.
louisiana.
franch louisianayude avakaashavaadangal aadhunika louisiana vadakku muthal paryavekshanam cheyyappedaattha madhyapaschimam vareyum padinjaaru paarakkettukalulla parvathangal vareyum aayirakkanakkin mile neenduninnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi mukalilum thaazheyumulla louisianayaayi vibhajikkappettirunnu. 1700 oode eee vishalamaaya pradesham aadyamaayi mobaililum biloxyilum sthirathaamasamaakki, 1718 ll 7,000 franch kudiyettakkaar nyoo oorliyans sthaapichappol valarcha thudarnnu. kudiyettam valare pathukke thudarnnu; nyoo oorliyans mississippi nadiyude kavaadamenna nilayil oru pradhana thuramukhamaayi maari, ennaal nagarathinu sambannamaaya ulnaadan pradeshamillaathathinaal mattu saambathika vikasanam kuravaayirunnu.
1763ll louisiana nyoo orleansinum mississippi nadiyude padinjaarinum chuttum speyinin kaimari. kaimari puthuthayi swathanthramaaya american aikyanaadukalude padinjaaran athirthi mississippi nadhi vare vyaapichu. nadiyile naavigeshan avakaashangalkkaayi america spainumaayi oru karaarilethukayum "durbalamaaya" colonial sakthiye eee pradeshatthinte niyanthranatthil thudaraan anuvadikkunnathil samthruptharaakukayum cheythu. 1802ll louisiana fraansinu thirike nalkaan nepolian speyinine nirbandhithanaakkukayum nadhi american kappalukalkk adachupoottumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythathode sthithigathikal maari. ashankaakularaaya america nyoo oorliyans vaangaan vaagdaanam cheythu.
grettu brittanumaayi mattoru yuddham nadatthaan nepoliyanu panam aavashyamaayirunnu, fraansinu ithrayum valuthum vidooravumaaya oru pradeshathe prathirodhikkaan kazhiyumo ennu addeham samshayichu. athinaal louisiana muzhuvan 15 dasalaksham dollarinu wilkan addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. 1803ll america louisiana vaangal poortthiyaakki, ithu raajyathinte valippathe erattiyaayi.
nyoo netherland.
"nyoo-netherland" allengil nyoo netherland, 1614-ll charted cheytha ezhu yunaittad netherlands republicinte oru colonial pravisyayaayirunnu, athu newyork, nyoojezhsi, mattu ayal samsthaanangalude bhagangal ennivayaayi maari. ettavum kooduthal janasamkhya 10,000 ll thaazheyaayirunnu. dachukukaar kurachu sakthamaaya bhoovudamakalkku fudal polulla avakashangal nalkikkond oru rakshadhikaara samvidaanam sthaapichu; avar mathaparamaya sahishnutayum swatantra vyapaaravum sthaapichu. 1625ll sthaapithamaaya puthiya aamstardaaminte kolaniyude thalasthaanam manhattan dveepinte thekke attathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, athu oru pradhana loka nagaramaayi maari.
1664ll britishukaar nagaram pidichadakki; 1674ll avar kolaniyude poornna niyanthranam ettedukkukayum athine newyork ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum dutch bhoovudamakal nilanilkkukayum 1820 vare hudson nadeethadam parambaraagatha dutch swabhaavam nilanirthukayum cheythu.
innathe vadakkan newjezhsiyilum thekkukizhakkan newyork samsthaanathum veedukal, kudumbapperukal, rodukaludeyum muzhuvan pattanangaludeyum perukal ennivayil dutch swaadheenathinte adayaalangal avasheshikkunnu.
puthiya sweeden.
1638 muthal 1655 vare delaware nadeethadatthil nilaninnirunna oru sweedish kolaniyaayirunnu nyoo sweeden (), innathe delaware, thekkan nyoojezhsi, thekkukizhakkan pensylvania ennividangalil bhoomi ulkkollunnu. noorukanakkinu kudiyettakkaar fort christeenayude thalasthaanathe kendreekarichaayirunnu, innathe wilmington nagaramaya delaware. innathe salem, nyoojezhsi (fort niah elfsburg), pensylvaniayile tinicum dweep ennivaykku sameepam colonic vaasasthalangalundaayirunnu. 1655ll dachukaar eee kolaniye pidichedukkukayum nyoo netherlandilekku layippikkukayum cheythu, bhooribhaagam kolanikkaarum avasheshichu. varshangalkk sesham, puthiya netherland colonyellam englandinte colonial kaivashangalil ulppeduthi.
nyoo sweeden koolani bhookhandathile ettavum pazhaya europian pallikalude roopathil amerikkayil lutheranisathe avatharippichu. kolanikkaar logue cabin amerikkayilekku avatharippikkukayum lover delaware nadeethada mekhalayile niravadhi nadikal, pattanangal, kudumbangal ennivaykku sweedish peril ninnu avarude perukal labikkukayum cheythu. innathe gibstaunile nothnagle logue house, nyoojezhsiyil, 1630-kalude avasaanathil puthiya sweeden kolaniyude kaalathaanu nirmmichathu. nyoojezhsiyile ettavum pazhaya europian nirmmitha veedaayi ithu thudarunnu, koodaathe yunaittad stetsile nilanilkkunna ettavum pazhaya maramveettukalilonnaanith ennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
russian kolanikal.
vaividhyapoornamaayi 1740 kalude thudakkathilum nadanna randaamathe kamchatka paryaveshanatthil ninnu aarambhich alaskayaayi marria pradesham russia paryavekshanam cheythu. 1784ll grigori shelikhov aanu avarude aadya vaasasthalam sthaapichathu. thaddesheeya vettakkaaril ninnu romangalkkayi kadal ottakangal vaangunnathinaayi 1799 ll nikkoley resanovinte swaadheenathilaanu russian-american kambani roopeekarichathu. 1867ll yuu.ezz. alasca vaangi, thaddesheeyaraaya aalukalkkidayil pravartthikkunna russian oorthadoox sabhayile kurachu missionarymar ozhike mikkavarum ellah russiakkaarum eee pradesham upekshichu.
engleesh kolanikal.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil niravadhi kaaranangalal englandu athinte aadya vijayakaramaya sramangal nadatthi. eee kaalaghattatthil, oru paridhivare protestant sainikavaadavum elisabath raajnjiyude oorjjavum sahaayichukond spanish adhiniveshathinte bheeshaniyil engleesh proto-deseeyathayum deseeya dridathayum thazhachuvalarnnu. ennirunnaalum, eee samayat oru colonial saamrajyam srishtikkaan engleesh sarkkar audyogikamaayi sramichirunnilla. pakaram kolanikal sthaapikkunnathinu pinnile prachodanam kashanagal niranjathum vyathiyaanaparavumaayirunnu. vaanijya samrambham, amithamaya tirakk, mathaswaathanthryathinaayulla aagraham thudangiya praayogika parigananakal avarude punk vahichu. pathinezhaam noottaandilaanu pradhana kudiyetta tharamgangal vannath. 1700 nuu sesham, colonial amerikkayilekkulla kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum karar cheytha sevakar, avivahitharaaya yuvathikal, sthreekal enningane valare sambannamaaya anthareekshathil oru puthiya jeevitam thediyaanu athiyathu. saambathika charitrakaaranmaarum saambathika vidagtharum thammilulla samavaaya kaazhchappaad, karar adimatham pradhaanamaayum "mooladhana vipaniyile apoornathaykkulla oru sthaapanaparamaaya prathikaranamaayi" sambhavichu, ennaal ithu "amerikkayilekkulla uyarnna chelavu adaykkunnathinaayi varaanirikkunna kudiyettakkaare avarude bhaavi varumaanathin ethire kadam vaangaan praaptharakki" praaptharakki" avasaanathinum american viplavathinum idayil, britishukaar 50,000 muthal 120,000 vare kuttavaalikale avarude american kolanikalilekku ayachu.
alexander haamilttan (1712-1756) merilaandile annaapolisil thaamasikkukayum jolie cheyyukayum cheytha scotish vamshajanaaya oru doctor ezhuthukaaranumaayirunnu. lioo leme thante 1744 leeii yatra dayari "jellimentinte purogathi doow. colonial amerikkayile vishalamaaya samoohathinteyum prakrithidrishyangaludeyum grameena, nagara jeevithathile purushanmaarudeyum perumaattatthinteyum ettavum mikacha otta chhaayaachitramaanu alexander haamilttan."addehathinte dayari pandithanmaar vyaapakamaayi upayogikkukayum merilaandil ninnu mine vareyulla yathrakal ulkkollukayum cheiyunnu. jeevacharithrakaaran eline brezlo parayunnu, thaan kandumuttiyatha
chesapeak ulkkadal pradesham.
kanyaka.
1607 meyy 14 nuu chesapeak ulkkadalinaduthu sthaapithamaaya jaimstounaayirunnu aadyathe vijayakaramaya engleesh kolaniyennu ariyappedunnu. swarnam thirayunna joyint stokku kambaniyaaya lunden virgenia kambaniyaanu eee bisinesses samrambhathin dhanasahayam nalkukayum ekopippikkukayum cheythath. rogavum pattiniyum moolamulla uyarnna marananirakk, praadeshika amerindakkarumaayulla yudhangal, cheria swarnam ennivayaal athinte aadya varshangal valare budhimuttaayirunnu. oru naanyavilayayi pukayilayilekku maariyathode koolani athijeevikkukayum abhivridhi praapikkukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, virjeeniyayude kayattumathi sambadvyavastha pradhaanamaayum pukayilaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, puthiyathum sambannavumaaya kudiyettakkaar bhoomiyude valiyoru bhagam ettedukkaanum valia thottangal nirmmikkanum karar cheytha dasanmareyum adimakaleyum irakkumathi cheyyaanum vannu. 1676ll bekkaninte kalapam nadannuvenkilum rajakeeya udyogasthar athine adichamarthi. bekkaninte kalapathinushesham, aafrikkan adimakal athivegam karar cheytha sevakarkk pakaram kanyakayude pradhana thozhil shakthiyaayi maari.
colonial assembly rajakudumbaamgangalaal niyamikkapetta oru govarnorumaayi adikaaram pankittu. kooduthal praadeshika thalatthil, svayam nilanilkkunna kaundi kodathikalil sarkkar adikaaram nikshepichu (adhikaarathilirunnavar ozhivukalonnum nikathukayum orikkalum janakeeya thiranjeduppukal nadakkaathirikkukayum cheythu). naanyavila ulppaadakar enna nilayil chesapeak thottangal englandumaayulla vyaapaarathe valareyadhikam aashrayichirunnu. nadiyiloode eluppathil sanjarikkaavunnathinaal, kurachu pattanangalum nagarangalumillaayirunnu; thottakkaar nerittu brittanilekku ayachu. uyarnna marananirakkum valare cheruppakkaaraaya janasamkhyayum kolaniyude aadya varshangalile savisheshathakalaan.
americaykku prabhukkanmaar enna peril oru padaviyum undaayirunnilla" ennu randall miller choondikkaanikkunnu... oru prabhuvaya thomas fairfax prabhuvu 1734ll virjeeniyayil thamasam etteduthirunnuvenkilum thante kudumbatthinte vishalamaaya bhoovudamakalude melnottathinaayi sthiramaayi amerikkayilekku vanna oru scotish baranayirunnu loard fairfax (1693-1781). charitrakaaranaaya arther schlessinger parayunnath addeham "sthiramaayi vannavaril baranenna nilayil uyarnna padavi vahikkunnathil savisheshanaayirunnu."addeham jorjju washingtonte rakshaadhikaariyaayirunnu, yudhasamayathu aswasthanaayirunnilla.
nyoo englandu.
puritans.
englandile sabhayil ninnu shaareerikamaayi akannunilkkendathunde thonniya purittan vighadanavaadikalude oru cheria samghamaayirunnu theerthaadakar. avar thudakkathil netherlandsilekku thamasam maarukayum pinneedu amerikkayil svayam punasthaapikkaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. aadya theerthaadaka kudiyettakkaar 1620-ll "mayflower" enna kappalil vadakke amerikkayilekku kappal kayari. avar athiyappol, avar mayflower compact thayyarakki, athiloode avar oru aikya samoohamaayi svayam bandhippikkukayum angane cheria plymouth koolani sthaapikkukayum cheythu. vilyam bradfordaayirunnu avarude pradhana nethaavu. athinte sthaapanathinushesham, mattu kudiyettakkaar koolani cheraan englandil ninnu yaatra cheythu.
vighadanavaadikalallaatha puritans theerthaadakarekkaal valare valia oru samghamaayirunnu, avar 1629-ll 400 kudiyettakkaarumaayi masaachyusets bay kolaniyil sthaapichu. puthiya lokath oru puthiyathum shudhavumaaya sabha srishtichukondu englandile sabhaye parishkarikkaan avar shramichu. 1640 aayappozhekkum 20,000 perr ethi; palarum athichernna udan thanne marichu, ennaal mattullavar aarogyakaramaya kaalaavasthayum mathiyaya bhakshana vitharanavum kandethi. plymouth, masaachyusets bay kolanikal chernnu nyoo englandile puthiya abhayakendram, saybrook, connecticut kolanikal ennivayulppede mattu purittan kolanikalkku janmam nalki. pathinezhaam noottaandil puthiya abhayakendrangalum saybrook kolanikalum connecticut agiranam cheythu.
aadhunika american aikyanaadukale ippozhum swaadheenikkunna aazhathilulla mathaparavum saamoohikamaayi irukiyathum raashtreeyamaayi noothanavumaaya samskaaram puritanmaar srishtichu. eee puthiya bhoomi oru "veendedukkunna raashtramaayi" pravartthikkumennu avar pratheekshichu. avar englandil ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum amerikkayil oru "vishudharude raashtram" allengil "oru kunnin mukalilulla nagaram" srishtikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu europinu muzhuvan oru maathrkayaayi roopakalppana cheytha theevramaaya mathaparavum poornnamaayum neethimaanumaaya oru samooham.
saambathikamaayi purittan nyoo englandu athinte sthaapukkalude prathekshakal niravetti. chesapeak mekhalayile panavilaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla thottangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, svayam ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyaatha charakkukalk maathram vyapaaram nadathunna svayam pinthunaykkunna faamstedukalude shramangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu purittan sambadvyavastha. chesaapeekkinekkaal uyarnna saambathika nilavaravum jeevithanilavaaravum nyoo englandil undaayirunnu. krishi, malsyabandhanam, maramvettal ennivaykkoppam nyoo englandu oru pradhana vyapara, kappal nirmmaana kendramaayi maari, ithu thekkan kolanikalkkum europinum edayilulla vyaapaarathinte kendramaayi pravarthichu.
mattoru nyoo englandu.
1636ll rogger vilyams aanu narragansett sackem canonicus nalkia bhoomiyil providence plaanteshan sthaapichathu. mathaparamaya sahishnutha, sabhayey bharanakoodatheyum verthirikkal, englandile sabhayumaayulla poornnamaaya vidavu enniva prasamgicha oru puritanaayirunnu vilyams. daivashaasthraparamaaya abhiprayavyathyaasangal kaaranam masaachyusets bay kolanil ninnu purathaakkappetta adhehavum mattu kudiyettakkaarum mathaparamaya kaaryangalil "sivil kaaryangalil" bhooripaksha bharanathinum "manassaakshiyude swaathanthryathinum" vyavastha cheiyunna samathwa bharanaghadanaye adisthaanamaakki providence plaanteshan sthaapichu. 1637-ll aan hutchinson ulppedeyulla randaamathe samgham rooad dweep ennum ariyappedunna aquidneck dveepil randaamathe vaasasthalam sthaapichu.
mattu kolanikkaar vadakku sthirathaamasamaakki, nyoo hamshareilum mainilum kooduthal mathaparamaya vaividhyamaarnna kolanikal sthaapikkunnathinaayi saahasikarumaayum labha kendreekritha kudiyettakkaarumaayum koodichernnu. koodichernnu vaadikkunnathu kaaryamaaya bhoomi avakaashavaadangal unnayichappol eee cheria vaasasthalangal masaachyusets ulkkollukayum ennaal oduvil 1679ll nyoo hamsharinu oru prathyeka charter nalkukayum 1820ll samsthaana padavi nedunnathuvare maine masaachyusetsinte bhaagamaayi thudarukayum cheythu.
nyoo englandinte aadhipathyam.
englandile jaims randaaman raajaavinte keezhil, nyoo englandu kolanikal, newyork, jezhsikal enniva nyoo englandinte aadhipathyamaayi (1686-1689) hraswakaalathekku ikyappettu. govarnor sarr edmund andros oduvil nayikkukayum colonial charterukal pidichedukkukayum bhoomi avakashangal raddaakkukayum praadeshika niyamasabhakalillathe bharikkukayum cheythu, ithu janangalkkidayil rosham srishtichu. srishtichu boosttan kalapam jaims randaamanethiraaya englandinte mahathaaya viplavathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathum masaachyusets milishya andros, boosttan aamgleyanmaar, muthirnna dominian udyogasthar ennivare arast cheiyunnathilekku nayichu. andros maasangalolam jayilil kidakkukayum pinneedu englandilekku madangukayum cheythu. nyoo englandu bharanam pirichuvidukayum avarude muun charterukalkku keezhil sarkkarukal punararambhikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, 1684-ll masaachyusets charter raddaakkukayum 1691-ll massatusetsum plaimouthum samyojippichu masaachyusets bay pravishyayilekku oru puthiya charter purathirakkukayum cheythu. vilyam moonnaaman rajaavu bellomontinte erline oresamayam moonnu gavarnarshippukalilekkum connecticut, rooad dweep ennividangalil sainika kamaandilekkum niyamichukondu puthiya englandu kolanikale sainikamaayi onnippikkaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, ekeekritha niyanthranathinulla eee sramangal parajayappettu.
madhyakala kolanikal.
innathe newyork, nyoojezhsi, pensylvania, delaware ennee samsthaanangal ulppetta madhyakala kolanikal mathaparavum raashtreeyavum saambathikavum vamsheeyavumaaya vaividhyathinte savisheshathayaanu.
nyoo netherlandile dutch kolaniye engleeshukaar ettedukkukayum newyork ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, newyork nagaratthinum albanic edayilulla graamapradesangalil aadhipathyam pularthiya dhaaraalam duchukal kolaniyil thudarnnu. athesamayam, nyoo englandil ninnulla yaankikalum germmaniyil ninnulla kudiyettakkaarum kudiyeraan thudangi. newyork nagaram oru valia karutha adima janasamkhya ulppede oru valia bahubhasha janasamkhyaye aakarshichu.
newyorkkinte oru divisionaayi aarambhicha nyoojezhsi kurachukaalathekku kizhakk, padinjaaru jezhsikalude udamasthaavakaasha kolanikalaayi vibhajikkapettu.
1681ll kwekar vilyam penninte udamasthathayilulla kolaniyaayaanu pensylvania sthaapithamaayathu. pradhana janasamkhyaa gadakangalil philadelphia aasthaanamaayulla kwaker janasamkhya, padinjaaran athirthiyile scoach airish janasamkhya, athinidayilulla niravadhi jarmman kolanikal enniva ulppedunnu. kendra sthaanam, mikacha thuramukham, ekadesham 30,000 janasamkhya ennivayulla philadelphia kolanikalil ettavum valia nagaramaayi maari.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode, pensylvania adisthaanaparamaayi cheria uyarnna varggathodu parimithamaaya bahumanamullah oru madhyavarga kolaniyaayirunnu. 1756ll pensylvania jenalile oru ezhuthukaaran ithu sangrahichu
thekk.
dakshinenthyayile pradhana samskaaram britiish kolanikkaar eee pradeshathe adhivaasathil veroonniyathaanu. pathinezhaam noottaandil, mikka sannadha kolanikkaarum engleesh vamshajaraanu, avar pradhaanamaayum kizhakkan kadaltheerathinte theerapradeshangalil sthirathaamasamaakki. aadyakaala britiish kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum karar cheytha sevakar aayirunnu, avar avarude yaathrayude chelavu vahikkaan mathiyaya jolikkusesham swaathanthryam nedi. panam nalkia sambannarkku kudiyettam prolsaahippikkunnathi hedraits ennariyappedunna bhoomi graantukal labhichu.
franchukaarum spaanishukaarum florida, louisiana, texas ennividangalil kolanikal sthaapichu. pathinaram noottaandil spanish florida kolanivalkkarichu, pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil avarude communitykal oru kodumudiyiletthi. britiish, franch kolanikalil, 1700 nuu sesham mikka kolanikkaarum ethi. avar bhoomi neekkam cheyyukayum veedukalum outtu buildingukalum nirmmikkukayum kayattumathi krishiyil aadhipathyam pulartthunna valia thottangalil pravartthikkukayum cheythu. virjeeniyayile aadyathe naanyavilayaya pukayilayude advaanikkunna krishiyil palarum earppettirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandil kolanikalil pookaan thayyaraya britteeshukaarude ennam kuranjathode, thottakkaar kooduthal adimakalaaya aafrikkakkaare irakkumathi cheyyaan thudangi, avar thottangalile pradhana thozhil shakthiyaayi maari. pukayila vegathil mannu theerthu, puthiya vayalukal pathivayi vrithiyaakkendathundu. pazhaya vayalukal mechilppuramaayum cholam, gothamb thudangiya vilakalkkum upayogichirunnu, allengil maramkondulla valarchaykku anuvadichirunnu.
thekkan karolinayile nellu krishi mattoru pradhana charakk vilayayi maari. nellu oru adisthaana vilayaayirunna padinjaaran aafrikkayile thaazhnna pradeshangalil ninnulla adimakal jalasechanathinum nellu krishiye pinthunaykkunnathinaayi mannumalakalude nirmmaanathinum pradhana kazhivukalum arivum saankethikavidyayum nalkiyennu chila charitrakaaranmaar vaadichittundu. thekkan carolinayil upayogichirunna aadyakaala reethikalum upakaranangalum aafrikkayile reethikalumaayi poruthappettirunnu. jalasechana pravarthanangalaal vellapokkamulla vayalukalil nellu valarthunna sankeernamaaya prakriyayumaayi britiish colonicarc valarekkuravo parichayamo undaayirunnirikkanam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte pakuthi muthal avasaanam vare, skottukaludeyum alsttar skottukaludeyum (pinneedu scots-airish ennu vilikkapettu) valia koottangal kudiyerukayum appalechiya, peedmond ennee pinraajyangalil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. american viplavathinu munbu britiish dveepukalil ninnulla kolanikkaarude ettavum valia samghamaayirunnu avar. 2000-ll amerikkakkaarudeyum avarude svayam report cheytha poorvvikarudeyum sensasil, aalukal 'american' vamshaparambara report cheytha pradeshangal, charitraparamaayi, niravadhi scotish, scoach-airish, engleesh boarder protestantukal amerikkayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya sthalangalaayirunnu ulpradeshavum thekk chila theerapradeshangalum, prathyekichu appalechiyan mekhalayum. mikka aalukalkkum onniladhikam paithrikangalullathinaal chila scots, scots-airish vamshajaraaya janasamkhya 47 dasalaksham aayirikkam, avayil chilath avarkk ariyillayirikkaam.
aadyakaala kolanikkaar, prathyekichu pinn raajyangalile scots-airish, yuddham, vyapaaram, saamskaarika kaimaattam ennivayil earppettirunnu. baakkandriyile thamasakkaar creak indiakkaar, cheroki, chokto, mattu praadeshika thaddesheeya grouppukal ennivarumaayi cheraan kooduthal saadhyathayund.
thekk ettavum pazhaya sarvakalashaalayaaya vilyam & merii koleju 1693 ll virjeeniyayil sthaapithamaayi; ithu rashtreeya sambadvyavasthaye padippikkunnathilum bhaviyekkurichu vidyaabhyaasam nalkunnathilum munpanthiyilaayirunnu.ezz. prasidantumaar jefezhsan, moonroo, tailar ennivarellaam virjeeniyayil ninnullavaraan. vaasthavathil, onnaam party sambradaaya kaalaghattatthil muzhuvan pradeshavum raashtreeyathil aadhipathyam pulartthi udaaharanathinu, aadyathe anchu prasidantumaar-washington, jefezhsan, maadisan, moonroo-virjeeniyayil ninnullavaraayirunnu. rund ettavum pazhaya pothu sarvakalaashaalakalum thekk bhagathaanu yooniversitti oof north carolina (1795), yooniversitti oof jorjia (1785).
colonial thekk chesapeak mekhalayile (virgenia, maryland, chila vargeekaranangal prakaram delaware) thotta kolanikalum thaazhnna thekk (carolina, oduvil vadakkum thekkum carolina; jorjia) aayi vibhajikkapettu.
chesapeak samooham.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil virjeeniayileyum merilaandileyum vellakkaraaya janasamkhyayude anchu shathamaanamo athil kooduthalo valarnnuvarunna sambathum vardhichuvarunna rashtreeya shakthiyum saamoohika antass kaivashamulla thottakkaaraayirunnu. avar praadeshika engleesh palliye niyanthrichu, manthrimaare thiranjedukkukayum sabhaa swath kaikaaryam cheyyukayum praadeshika jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheythu. avar bargassasinte bhavanathilekkulla thiranjeduppo samadhaanathinte neethiyaayi niyamanamo thedi.
ekadesham 60 sathamaanam vella kanyakamaarum ganyamaaya krishiyidangal kaivashamulla vishalamaaya madhyavargathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. randaam thalamura aayappozhekkum maleria mattu praadeshika rogangalum moolamulla marananirakk valare kuranjathinaal oru susthiramaaya kudumba ghadana saadhyamaayi.
thaazheyulla moonnaamatheyaalinu bhoomiyillaayirunnu, avar daaridryathil muzhukiyirunnu. aduthide karar adimathathil ninnu mochitharaaya palarum aduthide athiyavaraayirunnu. innathe washington dii. sii. kku sameepamulla chila jillakalil 70 sathamaanam bhoomiyum orupidi kudumbangalude udamasthathayilaayirunnu, naalil moonnu vellakkarkkum bhoomiyillaayirunnu. pensylvaniayil ninnu palappozhum thaazhekku neengunna dhaaraalam airish, jarmman protestant athirthi jillakalil sthirathaamasamaakkiyirunnu. pukayila ivide pradhaanamaayirunnilla; karshakar chanam, daanyam, kannukaalikal, kuthirakal ennivayil shradha kendreekarichu. samrambhakar praadeshika irumbayiru khananam cheyth urukkaan thudangi.
mukalil ninnu thudangi ellah saamoohika thalangalilum sports valareyadhikam shradha nedi. englandil vettayaadal bhoovudamakalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthukayum sayudha geyim keypermar athu nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. amerikkayil kalii samriddhamaayirunnu. dasanmarum adimakalum ulppede ellaavarkkum vettayaadaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu. nalla thokku vaidagdhyamulla pavappettavar prashamsa nedi; lakshyathil ninnu akannupoya sambannaraaya manyanmaar parihasikkapettu. 1691-ll govarnor sarr francis nikkolsan "baatchelarmaaraayi ottaykku pravartthikkunna mikacha kanyakamarkkaayi" malsarangal samghadippikkukayum "vedivaykkaanum gusthi nadatthaanum vaalkal upayogichu kalikkaanum kuthirayilum kaalnadayilum oodaanum" sammanangal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu."
kuthirappanthayamaayirunnu pradhana paripadi. saadhaarana karshakanu aadyam kuthirayillaayirunnu, racing maanyanmaarkk mathramulla kaaryamaayirunnu, ennaal saadhaarana karshakar kaanikalum choothaattakkaarumaayirunnu. thiranjeduttha adimakal palappozhum vidagtharaaya kuthira pariseelakar aayi maari. kuleenar orumichu neythedukkunnathinu kuthirappanthaya malsaram prathyekichum pradhanamaayirunnu. vilakoodiya prajananathiloodeyum parisheelanathiloodeyum ahankaarathiloodeyum choothaattatthiloodeyum prathyekichu malsarangalil vijayikkunnathiloodeyum varenyarude uyarnna saamoohika padavi lokathinu munnil pradarshippikkunnathinaayin roopakalppana cheytha oru pradhana pothu paripaadiyaayirunnu eee malsaram. kuthirappanthayavum uyarnna nilavaaramulla choothaattavum kuleenarude padavi nilanirthunnathinu anivaaryamaanennu charitrakaaranaaya timothi breen vishadeekarikkunnu. thangalude priyappetta kuthirayil avar parasyamaayi oru valia thuka panayam vachappol, malsarasheshi, vyakthivaadam, bhauthikavaadam ennivayaanu pourohithya moolyangalude pradhana gadakangal ennu athu lokathodu paranju.
charitrakaaranaaya edmund morgan (1975) vaadikkunnathu vaadikkunnathu adutha rund noottaandukalilum kanyakamaar vargga samgharshathinu pakaramaayi adimathathilekkum vamseeya vibhajanathilekkum maariyennaan. "engleesh republicanmaar swaathanthryathinte athmaavaayi prakhyaapicha samathvathodulla bhakti valarthiyedukkaan velutha kanyakamaarkk vamseeyatha saadhyamaakki."athaayath, thaazhnna nilayilulla adimakalude janasamkhyayillaathe vellakkaar raashtreeyamaayi saadhyamaayathinekkaal valare kooduthal thulyaraayi.
1700 aayappozhekkum, virjeeniyayile janasamkhya 70,000 aayi uyarnnu, uyarnna janananirakk, kuranja marananirakk, kareebiyanil ninnulla adimakalude irakkumathi, brittan, jarmmani, pensylvania ennividangalil ninnulla kudiyettam ennivayil ninnu athivegam valarnnu. kaalavastha soumyamaayirunnu; kaarshika bhoomi vilakuranjathum phalabhooyishtavumaayirunnu.
carolinus.
virjeeniyaykk thekk aadyathe engleesh kudiyettashramamaayirunnu carolina pravishya. thekk oru puthiya koolani jaimstown pole laabhakaramaakumenn pratheekshichukondu 1663-ll carolinesinu oru rajakeeya charter nediya oru koottam engleesh loards udamakal dhanasahayam nalkia oru swakaarya samrambhamaayirunnu ithu. 1670 vare carolina sthirathaamasamaakkiyilla, ennittum aaa pradeshathekku kudiyeraanulla prachodanam illaathathinaal aadya sramam parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, oduvil, prabhukkanmaar avarude sheshikkunna mooladhanam samyojippikkukayum sarr joonn koleettante neethrthwathilulla pradeshathekkulla oru settilment dauthyathinu dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu. englandile chaals randaamante yadhaartha chaals tounaaya chaalsttan aayitheernna phalabhooyishtavum prathirodhayogyavumaaya sthalathaanu paryaveshanam sthithi cheythath. thekkan karolinayile yadhaartha kudiyettakkaar kareebiyanile adimathottangalkkaayi bhakshyathil labhakaramaaya oru vyapaaram sthaapichu. kudiyettakkaar pradhaanamaayum barbadosinte engleesh kolaniyil ninnaan varunnath, adimakalaakkappetta aafrikkakkaare avarodoppam konduvannu. thotta shailiyilulla krishiyil dhaaraalam aafrikkakkaare upayogichirunna aadyakaala engleesh kolanikalilonnaaya sambannamaaya karimbu thotta dveepaayirunnu barbados. barbados nellu krishi aarambikkukayum oru pradhana kayattumathi vilayayi maarukayum cheythu.
thudakkathil thekkan carolina raashtreeyamaayi bhinnichirunnu. athinte vamseeya ghadanayil yadhaartha kudiyettakkaarum (barbados dveepil ninnulla sambannarum adimakalumaaya engleesh kudiyettakkaarude oru koottam) franch samsaarikkunna protestant samoohamaaya hyooganottukalum ulppedunnu. vilyam raajaavinte yudhathinteyum kween aante yudhathinteyum kaalaghattatthil eathaandu thudarchayaaya athirthi yudhangal vyaapaarikalum thottakkaarum thammilulla saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya villalukalkk kaaranamaayi. kaaranamaayi yamasi yudhathinte durantham kolaniyude pravarthanakshamathaye bheeshanippeduthukayum oru pathittaandinte rashtreeya prakshubdhathaykku thudakkamidukayum cheythu. 1729 aayappozhekkum udamasthaavakaasha sarkkar thakarukayum udamakal rund kolanikalum britiish kireedatthinu thirike vilkkukayum cheythu.
vadakkan carolinayil ettavum cheria uyarnna varggamaayirunnu. ayalrajyangalaaya virjeeniyayilum southu carolinayilum 50 muthal 60 sathamaanam vare bhoomiyundaayirunnappol sambannaraaya 10 sathamaanam perr motham bhoomiyude 40 sathamaanam swanthamaakki. oru valippathilulla nagarangalum valare kurachu pattanangalum undayirunnathinaal oru nagara madhyavargam polum undaayirunnilla. cheria pravarthanangalulla upajeevana karshakar vadakkan karolinayile graameenamekhalakalil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnu. koodaathe, vellakkaaril naalilonn perkkum bhoomiyillaayirunnu.
jorjia.
britiish paarlament amgamaaya jaims oglethorppu 1733ll rund prasnangalkkulla parihaaramaayi jorjia koolani sthaapichu. akkaalat, spain grettu brittan thammil pirimurukkam kooduthalaayirunnu, spanish florida britiish karolinakale bheeshanippeduthumennu britishukaar bhayapettu. jorjiyayile athirthi mekhalayil oru koolani sthaapikkaanum saadhaarana britiish sanbradaayamanusarichu thadavilaakkappedumaayirunna kadakkaar avide adivasikkaanum oglethorppu theerumaanichu. eee padhathi grettu brittane athinte abhikaamyamallaatha gadakangalil ninnu mochippikkukayum florida akramikkaan avalkk oru adithara nalkukayum cheyyum. cheyyum aadyathe kolanikkaar athiyathu.
karsanamaaya dhaarmika thathwangalilaanu jorjia sthaapithamaayathu. madyavum mattu tharatthilulla adaarmikathayum pole adimathavum audyogikamaayi nirodhichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kolaniyude yaadhaarthyam valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu. kolonistukal dhaarmika jeevitashaili nirasikkukayum thangalude colonic carolina nelthottangalumaayi saambathikamaayi malsarikkaan kazhiyillennu paraathippedukayum cheythu. thudakkathil jorjia abhivridhi praapikkunnathil paraajayappettenkilum oduvil niyanthranangal pinvalikkukayum adimatham anuvadikkukayum athu karolinakaleppole sambannamaavukayum cheythu. georgian colonic orikkalum oru sthaapitha matham undaayirunnilla; athil vividha vishwaasangalilppetta aalukal ulppettirunnu.
kizhakkum padinjaarum florida.
1763ll spain florida grettu brittanu vittukoduthu, athu kizhakkan, padinjaaran florida kolanikal sthaapichu. american viplavakaalath floridas grettu brittaninode vishwasthatha pulartthi. 1783ll bahamakalkk pakaramaayi avar spainilekku madangiyethi, akkaalat bhooribhaagam briteeshukaarum avide ninnu pooyi. spanish pinneedu floridasine avaganichu; 1819-ll america eee pradesham vaangiyappol kurachu spaaniyaardukal avide thaamasichirunnu.
britiish kolanikalude ekeekaranam.
colonial yudhangal.
pradhaanamaayum indiakkaar, franchukaar, duchukal ennivaril ninnulla pankitta bheeshanikalkkethire kolanikale pothuvaayi prathirodhikkunathinulla sramangal sramangal thanne aarambhichu. nyoo englandile purittan kolanikal sainika, neethinyaaya karyangal ekopippikkunnathinaayi oru konfedareshan roopeekarichu. 1670 muthal, niravadhi rajakeeya govarnarmaar prathirodhaparavum akramanaparavumaaya sainika karyangal ekopippikkunnathinulla marggangal kandethaan shramichu, prathyekichu sarr edmund andros (newyork, nyoo englandu, virgenia enniva vividha samayangalil bharichavar), francis nikkolsan (maryland, virgenia, nova scotia, carolina enniva bharichavar). phillips raajaavinte yudhathinushesham, andros niravadhi varshangalolam madhya kolanikalude athirthikalil aapekshika samadhaanam konduvanna indian udambadikal vijayakaramaayi charcha cheythu.
vadakkan kolanikalkku naalu franch, indian yudhangalil, prathyekichu innathe maine, nyoo hamshire, father relinte yudhathilum father leeii lautreyude yudhathilum wabanaki konfedarasiyil ninnum academyil ninnum niravadhi akramanangal neridendi vannu.
britiish prajakal enna nilayil colonicarc avarude pankitta swathuathekkurichu oormmippicha oru sambhavam europile austriyan pinthudarchaavakaashatthinte (1740-1748) yudhamaayirunnu. eee samgharsham kolanikalil vyaapichu, avide athu "king jorjinte yuddham" ennariyappettu. pradhana yudhangal europil nadannuvenkilum american colonial sainyam franchukaarodum avarude indian sakhyakakshikalodum newyork, nyoo englandu, nova scotia ennividangalil louisburg uparodhathode (1745) poraadi.
poraadi albani kongrasil, prathirodham, vipuleekaranam, indian karyangal ennivaykkaayi oru pothu nayathinu melnottam vahikkunna oru grand kaunsil kolanikale onnippikkanamenn benchamin franklin nirddeshichu. colonial niyamanirmmaanasabhakalum jorjju randaaman rajaavum eee padhathi paraajayappedutthiyenkilum vadakke amerikkayile britiish kolanikal ekeekaranathilekku neengunnu ennathinte aadyakaala soochanayaayirunnu ithu.
franch, indian yudhangal.
franch, indian yuddham (1754-1763) ezhu varshathe yuddham ennariyappedunna pothu europian samgharshathinte american vipuleekaranamaayirunnu. vadakke amerikkayile muun colonial yudhangal europil aarambhich pinneedu kolanikalilekku vyaapichuvenkilum franch, indian yuddham vadakke amerikkayil aarambhich europilekku vyaapichathil sradheyamaanu. yudhathinte praadhamika kaaranangalilonn brittan france thammilulla malsaram vardhichukondirunnu, prathyekichu grettu thadaakangalilum ohiyo thaazhvarayilum.
fraansinethiraaya yudhathil vijayikkaan vadakke americaykku pradhana sainika vibhavangal neekkivaykkendathunde vilyam pitt dhii elder theerumaanichappol franch, indian yuddham britiish vadakke american colonicarc oru puthiya praadhaanyam nalki. aadyamaayi, bhookhandam "lokamahaayudham" ennu vilikkaavunna pradhana theaterukalilonnaayi maari. yudhasamayathu, britiish sainika, sivilian udyogasthar amerikkakkaarude jeevithathil vardhicha saannidhyam etteduthathinaal britiish saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi britiish kolanikalkkulla sthaanam sarikkum prakadamaayi.
yuddham mattu vazhikaliloodeyum american ikyabodham vardhippichu. ithu bhookhandathiludaneelam sanjarikkaan kaaranamaayi, allaathapaksham swantham koolani orikkalum upekshikkaatha purushanmaar, appozhum "amerikkakkara" ayirunna vyathyastha pashchaathalangalil ninnulla purushanmarkkoppam pooraadunnu. yudhakaalathudaneelam, britiish officermaar amerikkakkaare yudhathinaayi parisheelippichu, prathyekichu jorjju washington, ithu viplavasamayathu american lakshyathin gunam cheythu. koodaathe, colonial niyamanirmmaanasabhakalum udyogastharum bhookhandathiludaneelamulla sainika sramangalkkaayi aadyamaayi theevramaayi sahakarikkendivannu. britiish sainika sthaapanavum kolanikkaarum thammilulla bandham ellaayppozhum anukoolamaayirunnilla, ithu pinneedu britiish sainyathodulla avishwaasathinum anishtatthinum vediyorukki.
paarees udambadiyil (1763), france athinte vishalamaaya vadakke american saamraajyathinte kizhakkan bhagam brittanu audyogikamaayi kaimari, kazhinja varsham mississippy nadiyude padinjaaru louisiana pradesham speyinin rahasyamaayi nalki. yudhathinu munbu, pathimoonnu american kolanikal, innathe nova skottiyayude bhooribhaagavum, hudson bay neertthadatthinte bhooribhaagavum brittan kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. yudhathethudarnnu, kwebek, grettu thadakangal, ohiyo nadeethadam ennivayulppede mississippy nadiyude kizhakkulla ellah franch pradeshangalum brittan nedi. brittan spanish florida nedi, athil ninnu kizhakkan, padinjaaran florida kolanikal roopeekarichu. pathimoonnu kolanikalkkulla oru pradhana videsha bheeshani neekkam cheiyunnathiloode, colonial samrakshanathinte aavasyavum yuddham valia thothil illaathaakki.
briteeshukaarum kolanikkaarum oru pothu shathruvine samyukthamaayi paraajayappeduthi. maathrraajyathodulla kolanikkaarude vishwasthatha mumbathekkaalum shakthamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhinnatha roopappedaan thudangi. britiish pradhaanamantri vilyam pitt dhii ealar kolanikalil ninnulla sainyavum brittanil ninnulla nikuthi fund upayogichu kolanikalil yuddham cheyyaan theerumaanichirunnu. ithu oru vijayakaramaya yudhakaala thanthramaayirunnu, ennaal yuddham avasaanichathinusesham, athu mattethinekkaal valia bharam vahikkunnuvennu irupakshavum vishwasichu. europile mattethoru raajyathekkaalum ettavum kooduthal nikuthi chumathunna britiish varenyavarggakkaar, kolanikkaar rajabhattaykku valare kurachu panam maathrame nalkiyirunnulloovennu deshyathode choondikkaatti. thangalude swantham thaalpparyangalekkaal europian thaalpparyangalkk sevanam cheytha oru yudhathil thangalude puthranmaar pooraadukayum marikkukayum cheythuvennu kolanikkaar marupadi nalki. taamasiyaathe american viplavathinu kaaranamaaya sambhavangalude shringalayile oru kanniyayirunnu eee tharkkam.
britiish saamraajyavumaayulla bandham.
kolanikal parasparam valare vyathyasthamaayirunnuvenku avaa perinupakaram britiish saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. janasamkhyayude adisthaanathil, bhooribhaagam kolanikkaarum britiish dveepukalil verukal kandethukayum avaril palarkkum ippozhum grettu brittanumaayi kudumbabandham nilanilkkukayum cheythu. saamoohikamaayi, boosttan, newyork, chaalsttan, philadelphia ennividangalile colonial varenyavarggakkaar thangalude swathuam briteeshukaaraayi kandu. eathaanum thalamurakalayi palarum brittanil jeevichirunnillenkilum avar britiish shailikalaaya vasthradhaaranam, nritham, maryaadakal enniva anukarichu. eee saamoohika unnathalathilulla kottaram georgian shailiyil nirmmikkukayum thomas chippendelinte furniture designukal pakartthukayum europile prabudhatha polulla boudhika pravahangalil pankedukkukayum cheythu. colonial amerikkayile thuramukha nagarangal niravadhi nivaasikalude drishtiyil yadhaarthathil britiish nagarangalaayirunnu.
kolanikalil pala rashtreeya gadanakalum brittanile prathipaksha nethaakkal prakadippicha republicanisathe aakarshichu, prathyekichu komanvelthu purushanmaarum wig paarambaryangalum. akkaalathe pala amerikkakkarum kolanikalude bharanasamvidaanangal akkaalathe britiish bharanaghadanaykku anusrithamaayi kaanukayum rajaavu govarnor, house oof koomans, house oof loards enniva govarnorude kaunsilinu anusrithamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. kolanikalil niyamasamhithakal palappozhum engleesh niyamathil ninnu nerittu varachathaan; theerchayaayum, engleesh pothu niyamam kaanadayil mathramalla, amerikkayiludaneelam nilanilkkunnu. oduvil, eee rashtreeya aadarshangalil chilathinteyum (prathyekichu rashtreeya praathinidhyam) republicanisathinteyum ardhathekkurichulla tharkkamaan american viplavathilekku nayichathu.
britiish charakkukalude vardhichuvarunna irakkumathi aayirunnu kolanikal thammil vyathyasthathayekkaal kooduthal saamyamullathayi kandethiya mattoru kaaryam. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode britiish sambadvyavastha athivegam valaraan thudangi, pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode brittanile cheria faaktarikal raajyathin upabhogam cheyyaan kazhiyunnathinekkaal valare kooduthal uthppaadippikkayaayirunu. vadakke amerikkayile britiish kolanikalil britiish thangalude charakkukalk oru vipani kandethi, 1740 num 1770 num idayil aaa pradeshathekkulla kayattumathi aii. dii. 1 aayi vardhippichu. britiish vyapaarikal avarude upabhokthaakkalkk vaaypa vaagdaanam cheythu; ithu amerikkakkaare valia alavil britiish saadhanangal vaangaan anuvadichu. nova scotia muthal jorjia vare, ellah britiish prajakalum samanamaaya uthppannangal vaangi, orutharam pothu swathuam srishtikkukayum engleeshil avatharippikkukayum cheythu.
atlaantik lokam.
sameepa varshangalil, charitrakaaranmaar atlaantik charithram ennariyappedunna oru upamekhalayil atlaantik lokathe muzhuvan ulkkollunnathinayi avarude kaazhchappaad vipuleekarichu. anthaaraashtra kudiyettam, vyapaaram, kolanivalkkaranam, thaarathamya sainika, sarkkar sthaapanangal, mathangaludeyum missionary pravarthanangaludeyum kaimaattam, adimakkachavadam thudangiya vishayangal prathyeka thaalpparyamullavayaanu. athu prabudhathayude yugamaayirunnu, ashayangal atlaantikkiludaneelam angotum ingottum ozhuki, philadelphian benchamin franklin oru pradhana punk vahichu.
2008ll francois furstenberg charitra kaalaghattathekkurichu vyathyasthamaaya oru veekshanam vaagdaanam cheythu. brittan, american kolanikal, spain, france, aadya rajyangal (indiakkaar) ennee pradhana saamraajyathva raajyangalkkidayil yuddham nirnaayakamaanennu addeham abhiprayappettu. 1754 muthal 1815 vare avar niravadhi samgharshangal nadatthi, athine eee pradeshatthinte niyanthranathinaayi furstenberg "padinjaarinulla neenda yuddham" ennu vilikkunnu.
atlaantik lokath muthalaalitha sambadvyavasthayude aavirbhaavathil sthreekal oru punk vahichu. avar swathanthramaayi pankeduttha praadeshika vaanijya kaimaattatthinte tharangal atlaantik mekhalayiludaneelamulla colonial vyapaarikal thammilulla vyapara shringalayumaayi nannayi samyojippichirunnu, prathyekichu ksheera, uthppanna charakkukalude vipanikal. udaaharanathinu, praadeshika vanita vyapaarikal atlaantik kadal gathagatha aashankakalkkulla bhakshyavasthukkalude pradhana vitharanakkaaraayirunnu.
vardhichuvarunna viyojipum american viplavavum.
colonial kaalaghattatthil, amerikkakkar engleeshukaar enna nilayil avarude swantham niyamanirmmanasabha ellah nikuthikalum uyarthaanulla avakashangal nirbandhichu. ennirunnaalum, nikuthi chumathaanulla paramonnatha adikaaram thangalkkundennu 1765ll britiish paarlament urappichu parayukayum american viplavathilekku nerittu nayicha american prathishedhangalude oru parambara aarambikkukayum cheythu. prathishedhatthinte aadya tharamgam 1765 leeii staambu niyamathe akramikkukayum 13 kolanikalil oronnil ninnum amerikkakkar aadyamaayi othucherukayum britiish nikuthikkethire oru pothu munnaniye aasoothranam cheyyukayum cheythu. amerikkakkar adaykkaan visammathicha oru maranjirikkunna nikuthi adangiyirunnathinaal 1773 leeii boosttan tea party britiish theyila boosttan thuramukhathekku valicherinju. masaachyusetsile parambaraagatha swaathanthryangal takarkkaan sramichukondu britishukaar prathikarikkukayum ithu 1775-ll viplava yuddham aarambhikkunnathilekk nayikkukayum cheythu.
kolanikalil udaneelamulla niravadhi pothu vyakthikalum vyaakhyaanakaaranmaarum aadyamaayi nirddeshikkukayum vaadikkukayum cheythathinu sesham swaathanthryam enna ashayam kramanugathamaayi kooduthal vyaapakamaayi. swaathanthryathe prathinidheekarichu ettavum pramukhamaaya shabdangalilonnu thomas paine aayirunnu, 1776-ll "saamaanyabudhi" enna laghulekha prasidheekarichu. swaathanthryathinaayi ahvaanam cheytha mattoru samgham swaathanthryathinte puthranmarayirunnu, ithu 1765-ll bosttanil saamuval adams sthaapichathum ippol kooduthal shakthavum ennamattathumaayi maarikkondirikkunnathu.
britiish paarlament kooduthal kooduthal ethirppu neritta nikuthikaludeyum shikshakaludeyum oru parambara aarambhichu phastt quartering act (1765); declaratory aakt (1766); tounshend ravanyoo aakt (1767); tea aakt (1773). boosttan tea partic marupadiyaayi, paarlament asahaneeyamaaya niyamangal pasakia second quartering act (1774); cubec aakt (1774); masaachyusets gavanment aakt (1774); administration oof justice aakt (1774); boosttan portt aakt (1774); nirodhanaajnja aakt (1775). eee samayamaayappozhekkum, 13 kolanikal kondinental kongrasilekku svayam samghadippikkukayum swatantra sarkkarukal sthaapikkukayum yudhathinulla thayyaareduppinaayi avarude pourasainyangal thurathukayum cheythu.
koloniyalisatthinte prathyaaghaathangal.
prakrithiyum manushyarum vyathyastha sathakalaanenna ashayam europian colonial kaazhchappaadukalil ninnu kandethanakum. europian kudiyettakkaarkku bhoomi paarambaryamaayi labhicha avakashamaayirunnu, athu labhathinaayi upayogikkendathaayirunnu. thaddesheeya grouppukal bhoomiyumaayulla avarude bandham kooduthal samagramaya veekshanathil kandappol, avar oduvil europian swathavakaasha samvidaanangalkku vidheyaraayi. europil ninnulla kolanikkaar american bhooprakrithiye vanyavum krooravum irundathum maalinyavumaanennu kandu, athinaal athu surakshithavum vaasayogyavumaakkaan athine niyanthrikkendathundu. orennam vrithiyaakki sthirathaamasamaakkiya eee pradeshangale "eedan" ennu chithreekarichu."ennittum aaa deshangalile thaddesheeyaraaya janangal" "marubhoomi" "manushyarum prakrithiyum thammilulla bandham thakarunnathayi kandu". thaddesheeya samoohangale sambandhichidatholam, manushya edapedal avarude paaristhithika sanbradaayangalude bhaagamaayirunnu.
europian samskaarathil, bhoomi oro kudumbatthinteyum aadyajaathan paarambarya avakashamaayirunnu, koodaathe oro kuttiyum bhoomi avakashappedaan mattoru maargam kandethendathundu. bhoomi avakaashappedaanulla eee aagrahamaan europian vipuleekaranathinu prachodanamaayathenkilum mattu gadakangal mathathinu vendiyaayirunnu (udha. kurishuyudhangalum (udha. yathrakal). vipuleekaranathinulla aagrahathin purame, europianmaarkku baahya valarchaykkulla vibhavangalum undaayirunnu. avarkk kappalukalum bhoopadangalum arivum undaayirunnu-raashtreeyam, sambadvyavastha, sainika thanthrangal ennivayude sankeernnatha, athu bharanathinu mikachathaanennu avar vishwasichu. avar sanbarkkam pularthiya aalukalum bhoomikalum swanthamaakkaanum bharikkanum iva sahayichu. swakaarya swathukkalile avarude sakthamaaya vishwaasamaayirunnu ithinte oru valia ghadakam. bhoomi oru charakkaayirunnu, athinaal, labham undakkaan athu upayogikkaatha arcum athu avaril ninnu edukkaamaayirunnu. eee aadarshangalude utharavaaditham joonn lokkeykkaanu. ennittum charakkukal bhoomi ettedukkunnathiloode avasaanichilla. thudarnnulla ellah vibhavangaludeyum (adimatham ulppede) pradhana chaalakashakthiyaayi labham maari. europianmaarum avar kolanivalkkaricha thaddesheeya grouppukalum thammil nilaninnirunna saamskaarika vibhajanam yooropyanmaare praadeshikavum aagolavumaaya vyapaaram muthaledukkaan anuvadichu. athinaal eee mattu raajyangaludeyum janangaludeyum bharanam neritto allaatheyo aayirunnalum, europian aadarshangaludeyum sanbradaayangaludeyum vyaapanam lokathile mikkavarum ellah raajyangalilekkum vyaapichu. europian raashtrathin oru bharana aadhipathyam srishtikkunnathil saamraajyathvavum aagolavalkaranavum kalathilundaayirunnuve athu velluvilikalillaathe vannilla. bhoomiyumaayulla bandhatthile saamskaarika vyathyasam koodaathe, bhasha oru pothu thadassamaayirunnu. oru udaaharanam, gotravarga vibhaagangalkk kolanivalkkaranatthino nagarikathaykko oru nirvachanam undaayirunnilla ennathaanu.
colonial jeevitam.
britiish colonial sarkkar.
britiish kolanikalil, pravishya (rajakeeya kolanikal), udamasthaavakaasham, charter ennivayaayirunnu moonnu tharatthilulla gavanment. britiish paarlamentumaayi vyakthamaaya bandhamillaattha eee sarkkaarukalellaam englandile rajaavinu keezhilaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, ellah britiish kolanikalkkum lunden board oof trade melnottam vahichu. oro colonic athinte thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkunnathin landanil oru shambalamulla colonial ejantu undaayirunnu.
nyoo hamshire, newyork, virgenia, north carolina, southu carolina, jorjia, oduvil masaachyusets enniva kireeda kolanikalaayirunnu. raajaavinte ishtaprakaaram roopeekaricha kammeeshanukalaanu pravishya kolaniye bharichirunnathu. oru govarnoreyum (chila pravisyakalil) addehathinte kaunsilineyum kireedamaanu niyamichathu. gavarnarkk pothu executive adikaarangal nalkukayum praadeshikamaayi thiranjedukkappetta oru niyamasabha vilikkaan adhikaarappeduthukayum cheythu. govarnore upadeshikkunnathile punk koodaathe, niyamasabhayude session samayat govarnorude kaunsil oru uparisabhayayi irikkum. pravishyayile swatantra udamakalum thottakkaarum (bhoovudamakal) thiranjedukkunna prathinidhikal chernnathaayirunnu asamblikal. gavarnarkk samboornna veetto adikaaram undaayirunnu, koodaathe athu nirthalaakkaanum kazhiyum (i.iii., kaalathamasam varuthuka) assembly pirichuviduka. englandile niyamangalumayi poruthappedunnillenna urappaakkunna ellah praadeshika niyamangalum oordinansukalum nirmmikkuka ennathaayirunnu niyamasabhayude chumatala. pala pravishya niyamasabhakalum thangalude adikaarangal vipuleekarikkanum govarnorudeyum kireedatthinteyum adikaarangal parimithappedutthaanum sramichathinaal praayogikamaayi ithu ellaayppozhum sambhavichilla. niyamanirmmaanatthinte veetto adikaaram kaivashamulla britiish privy kaunsil allengil board oof trade niyamangal parisodhikkaam.
pensylvania (delaware ulppede), nyoojezhsi, maryland enniva udamasthaavakaasha kolanikalaayirunnu. rajaavinekkaal udamastharaaya yajamananmaar govarnore niyamichathozhike avaa rajakeeya kolanikalaayi bharichirunnu. 1660-leeii punasthaapanathinushesham sthaapikkappetta avaa saadhaaranayaayi kooduthal poura, matha swaathanthryam aasvadichirunnu.
masaachyusets, providence plaanteshan, rooad ailand, warwick, connecticut enniva charter kolanikal aayirunnu. 1684ll masaachyusets charter raddaakkukayum 1691ll purappeduvicha oru pravishya charter pakaram vaykkukayum cheythu. charter gavanmentukal lettezhs pettant vazhi srishticha rashtreeya korppareshanukalaayirunnu, ithu graantikalkk bhoomiyude niyanthranavum niyamanirmmaana sarkkaarinte adikaaravum nalkunnu. charterukal oru adisthaana bharanaghadana nalkukayum niyamanirmmaana, executive, judicial pravarthanangalkkidayil adikaarangal vibhajikkukayum aaa adikaarangal udyogastharil nikshipthamaakkukayum cheythu.
rashtreeya samskaaram.
american aikyanaadukalile praadhamika rashtreeya samskaarangalude uthbhavam colonial kaalaghattatthilaayirunnu. rashtreeya samskaarathinte mikka sidhaanthangalum nyoo englandu, midu-atlaantik, thekk enniva vyathyasthavum vyathirikthavumaya rashtreeya samskaarangal roopeekarichathaayi thirichariyunnu.
colonial samoohathinte ettavum savisheshamaaya savisheshatha ettavum kazhivullavarum abhilashamullavarumaaya yuvaakkale raashtreeyathilekku aakarshicha oorjjaswalamaaya rashtreeya samskaaramaayirunnu ennu bonomi kaanikkunnu. onnamathaayi, oru nischitha thuka swath kaivashamulla oro purushan vottu cheyyaan anuvaadamulla vottavakaasham lokathile ettavum udaaramaayirunnu. oru sathamaanathil thaazhe britiish purushanmaarkk vottu cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athesamayam bhooribhaagam american swathanthrarkkum arhathayundaayirunnu. colonial thiranjeduppukalil saamoohika varenyavargangalodu bahumanam kaanichirunnuvenkilum janaadhipathyathinte verukal undaayirunnu.
randaamathaayi, kolanikalil thiranjedukkappetta sthaapanangal, prathyekichu oro kolaniyileyum niyamasabhakalum kaundi sarkkaarukalum valare vishalamaaya pothu-swakaarya bisinasukal theerumaanichu. avar bhoomi graantukal, vaanijya subsidikal, nikuthi, roadukal, mosham durithaashvaasam, bhakshanasaalakal, schoolukal ennivayude melnottam enniva kaikaaryam cheythu. oru mahanaaya prabhuvalla, marichu praadeshika jadjimaarum joorikalum edutha baadyathayulla theerumaanangal upayogichu amerikkakkar valare uyarnna nirakkil parasparam cases phayal cheythu. ithu niyama thozhilinte druthagathiyilulla vipuleekaranathe prothsaahippichu, angane 1770-kalode raashtreeyathil abhibhaashakare ulppeduthunnathu oru american swabhaavamaayi maari.
moonnaamathaayi, rashtreeya theerumaanamedukkalil vividha thaalpparyamulla grouppukalude praathinidhyam kaaranam american kolanikal lokath asaadhaaranamaayirunnu. american rashtreeya samskaaram saambathikavum saamoohikavum mathaparavum vamsheeyavumaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thaalpparyangalkkayi thurannirikkukayum vyapaarikal, bhoovudamakal, cherukida karshakar, karakaushalathozhilaalikal, engleeshukaar, presbytarians, kwekermar, jarmmankaar, scoach airish, yankeys, yorkermar thudangi thirichariyaan kazhiyunna niravadhi grouppukal pankedukkukayum cheythu. paarlamentil hajarakatha oru amgam saadhaaranamaaya englandil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, adhosabhakalile 90 sathamaanam purushanmaarum avarude jillakalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu ennathinaal thiranjedukkappetta prathinidhikal eee thalpparyangal kelkkaan padichu. prabhukkakudumbangalum sthaapitha sabayum niyanthranathilaayirunna europil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu ithellaam.
oduvil, thulya avakashangal, sadgunamullah pouranmaarude aavasyakatha, azhimathi, aadambaram, prabhukkanmaar ennivayude thinmakal ennivaykku oonnal nalkunna republicanisathinte rashtreeya moolyangalil amerikkakkar aakarshikkappedukayum kooduthal sweekarikkukayum cheythu. cheythu sesham britiish nikuthi padhathikalkkethiraaya colonial cheruthunilppinulla chattakkood republicanism nalkukayum athu viplavamaayi maarukayum cheythu.
cheythu roopeekarichathupolulla sthirathayulla rashtreeya partykal kolanikalilonnum undaayirunnillengilum oronninum adhikaarathinaayi malsarikkunna vibhagangal maari, prathyekichu niyukta govarnor thiranjedukkappetta niyamasabayum thammilulla vattaatha poraattangalil. govarnorude ajandaye ethirkkunnavareyum anukoolikkunnavareyum prathinidheekarikkunna "raajyam", "kodathi" vibhagangal palappozhum undaayirunnu. masaachyusetsin 1691 leeii charteril ninnu athinte asambliyil votting yogyathayum sakthamaaya grameena praathinidyavum prathyekichum kuravaayirunnu; thalphalamaayi, pravishyayile thaazhnna vibhaagangale prathinidheekarikkunna sakthamaaya janakeeya vibhaagavum undaayirunnu.
kolanikalkku mukalilum thaazheyum, engleesh ithara vamseeya vibhaagangalkk vaasasthalangalude koottangal undaayirunnu. scotish airish, jarmman bhashakalaayirunnu ettavum kooduthal perr. oro group niravadhi praadeshika vyathiyanangal ulppedunna prabalamaaya engleesh, protestant, vaanijya, rashtreeya samskaarathil swaamsheekarichu. avar blokkukalil vottu cheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkukayum raashtreeyakkaar vottinaayi group nethaakkalumaayi charcha nadathukayum cheythu. vikaswara american samskaarathil layichappol polum avar avarude charitraparamaaya bhaashakalum saamskaarika paarambaryangalum nilanirtthi.
vamseeya saamskaarika gadakangal pensylvaniayilaanu ettavum kooduthal drishyamaayathu. drishyamaayathu 1756num idayil, niyamanirmmaanasabhayile ettavum valia vibhagamaayirunnu kwekermar, ennaal jarmmankaarude pinthunayulla scoach-airish vottukalude adisthaanathil valarunna presbytarian vibhaagathin avarkk avarude aadhipathyam nashtappettu.
medical avasthakal.
colonial kaalaghattatthil puthuthayi varunnavaril marananirakk valare kooduthalum kuttikalil uyarnnathumaayirunnu. thekkan kolanikalilekku puthuthayi vanna niravadhi perkku malaria maarakamayirunnu. puthuthayi ethiya kazhivulla cheruppakkaarude udaaharanathinu, angleya missionarymaaril naalilonn perum carolinayil ethi anchu varshathinullil marichu.
sisukkalkkum kochukuttikalkkum, prathyekichu diftheria, manjappani, malaria ennivayil ninnulla marananirakk kooduthalaayirunnu. rogikalaaya mikka aalukalum praadeshika rogashaanthikkaarude aduthekku thiriyukayum naadan pariharangal upayogikkukayum cheythu. mattullavar mantri-physicianmaar, barber-sarjanmar, aushadhashaalakal, midwifeukal, mantrimar ennivare aashrayichu; chilar brittanil pariseelanam nediya colonial doctormareo kolanikalil aprenteeshippineyo upayogichu. sarkkar niyanthranamo vaidyasahaayathinte niyanthranamo pothujanaarogyathil shradhayo kuravaayirunnu. colonial doctormar pathinettaam noottaandil englandileyum scotlandileyum maathrkakal pinthudarnnu nagarangalil aadhunika vaidyashaasthram avatharippikkukayum prathirodha kuthivayppu, pathology, anatomy, farmacology ennivayil chila purogathikal kaivarikkukayum cheythu.
matham.
colonial amerikkayil nadanna aadyathe mathaparamaya sevanangal virjeeniyayile jaimstownil nadanna engleesh sevanangalaayirunnu, "book oof kooman praarthana" anusarichu. jaimstownile englandile sabhayude mathatthinte aacharam 1620-ll "mayfloweril" vanna theerthaadaka kudiyettakkaarude mathatthinte aachaarathin munbullathum avarude vighadanavaada vishwaasam europil ninnu avarude neekkathe prerippichathumaanu. spanish kaaliforniyayil catholica douthyangalude oru shringhala sthaapichuvenkilum 1848ll california oru samsthaanamaayitheerunnathi munbu avayellaam adachupootti. nyoo oorliyansil chila pradhana franch catholica pallikalum sthaapanangalum undaayirunnu.
kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum englandileyum padinjaaran europileyum protestant pashchaathalangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu, katholikkarude oru cheria anupatham, pradhaanamaayum merilaandilum, thuramukha nagarangalile kurachu juthanmaarum. engleeshukaarum jarmmankaarum onniladhikam protestant vibhagangal konduvannu. niravadhi kolanikalil oru sthaapitha palli undaayirunnu, athaayath praadeshika nikuthi panam eee vibhaagathilekku pooyi. mathaswaathanthryam oru adisthaana american thathwamaayi maarukayum niravadhi puthiya prasthaanangal uyarnnuvarikayum avayil palathum avarude swantham avakaashathil sthaapithamaaya vibhagangalaayi maarukayum cheythu. nyoo englandile pyoorittanmaarum kwekarmaarum methadistukalum englandile noonn-kanformisttukalumaayi adutha bandham pulartthi.
colonial kaalaghattatthil vishwaasayogyamallaathum viralavumaaya sabhaamgathva sthithivivarakkanakkukal undengilum american viplava yudhasamayathu engleeshukaar bhooripakshathilaayirunnil, orupakshe englandile sabha sthaapithamaaya palliyayirunna thekkan kolanikalil (maryland, virgenia, north carolina, southu carolina, jorjia) janasamkhyayude 30 sathamaanam polum ulppettirunnilla. viplava yudhasamayathu pathimoonnu kolanikalil ekadesham 2,900 pallikal undaayirunnu, athil 82 muthal 84 sathamaanam vare engleesh ithara protestant vibhagangalumaayi affiliate cheythittundu, 76 muthal 77 sathamaanam vare britiish bhinnamatha vibhagangalumaayi (kansableshanal, presbytarian, baptist allengil kwaker) allengil kondinental kaalvinistukalumaayi (dutch reformed allengil jarmman reformed) prathyekamaayi affiliate cheythittundu, 5 muthal 8 sathamaanam vare lutheran aayirunnu; ekadesham 10,000 methadistukalude janasamkhyayum undaayirunnu. 14 muthal 16 sathamaanam vare engleeshukaaraayi thudarnnenkilum ennam kurayukayum backie 2 sathamaanam pallikal katholikkaraakukayum cheythu.
viplava yudhathinu munbu nyoo englandu kolanikalil moonnu pallikal sthaapichittundu, ellah sabhakalum (masaachyusets bay, connecticut, nyoo hamshire), athesamayam madhya kolanikal (newyork, nyoojezhsi, pensylvania, delaver), rooad dveepinteyum providence thottangaludeyum kolanikalkku sthaapithamaaya pallikalilla. praadeshika nikuthikal sthaapitha pallikalile purohitharude shambalam nalkukayum edavakaykku mosham aashvaasam, vidyaabhyaasam prolsaahippikkal thudangiya poura utharavaadithangal undaayirunnu. purohithanmaar niyanthrikkunnathinupar praadeshika prabhukkanmaaraan bajatt niyanthrichirunnathu. amerikkayile engleeshukaar landanile bishappinte adhikaarathin keezhilaayirunnu, avar american edavakakalil shushroosha cheiyunnathinaayi missionarymaareyum kolanikalil ninnu aalukale niyogikkukayum cheythu.
american viplavathinte kaalaghattatthil kristhumatham ethratholam swaadheenamullathaayirunnu ennu charitrakaaranmaar charcha cheiyunnu. sthaapaka pithakkanmaaril palarum oru praadeshika palliyil sajeevamaayirunnu; avaril chilarkk jefezhsan, franklin, washington thudangiya daivavikaarangalundaayirunnu. merilaandinu purathu catholicar kuravaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, viplavasamayathu avar desasnehiyaaya lakshyathil chernnu. jorjju vaashingtanineppolulla nethaakkal avarodu sahishnutha pulartthunnathine shakthamayi pinthunachu, theerchayaayum ellah vibhaagangalodum.
valia unarvu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil nadanna raajyathinte aadyathe pradhana mathaparamaya punarujjeevanamaayirunnu aadyathe valia unarvu, athu kristheeya vishwaasathilekku puthiya oorjjam pakarnnu. vaividhyapoornamaayi 1730kalilum protestant janathaykkidayilulla mathaparamaya aaveshathinte oru tharamgamaayirunnu american mathathil sthiramaaya swaadheenam cheluthiya kolanikale keezhadakkiyathu. colonial amerikkayile oru pradhana nethaavum sakthanaaya budhijeeviyumaayirunnu jonathan edwards. jorjju whitefield englandil ninnu varikayum niravadhi mathaparivarthanam nadathukayum cheythu.
mahathaaya unarvu, daivaprasangam, praadhamika aaraadhanaakramam, vyakthiparamaaya paapathekkurichum yeshuvinte veendeduppinekkurichum aazhathilulla avabodham ennivayude parambaraagatha parishkaricha gunangalkk oonnal nalki, shrothaakkale aazhathil baadhicha sakthamaaya prasamgathaal ithu prachodippikkappettu. achaarangalil ninnum chadangukalil ninnum akannupoya eee mahathaaya unarvu mathathe sharashari vyakthikk vyakthiparamakki.
sabha, presbytarian, dutch, jarmman parishkaricha vibhagangal enniva punarnirmmikkunnathil eee unarvu valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheria snaapanavaadikaleyum methadist vibhaagangaleyum shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. athu adimakalkku kristhumathatthe konduvannu, nyoo englandile sthaapitha adhikaarathe velluvilicha oru sakthamaaya sambhavamaayirunnu athu. athu puthiya punarujjeevanavaadikalum aachaarangalum aaraadhanaakramavum nirbandhicha pazhaya paarambaryavaadikalum thammilulla vidveshavum vibhajanavum prerippichu. unarvu engleeshukaarilum bhookambakkaarilum kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyilla.
1800ll aarambhich charchukalillaathavarilke ethiya randaamathe valia unarvil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, aadyathe valia unarvu ithinakam thanne sabhaa amgangalaaya aalukale kendreekarichaayirunnu. athu avarude achaarangaleyum bhakthiyeyum aathmabodhatheyum maatti. puthiya prabhaashanareethikalum aalukal avarude vishwaasam aacharicha reethiyum amerikkayil mathathilekku puthiya jeevan shvasichu. boudhika prabhashanangal nishkriyamaayi kelkkunnathinupakaram aalukal avarude mathathil abhiniveshathodeyum vaikarikamaayum earppettu. eee puthiya prasangashaili upayogicha manthrimaare saadhaaranayaayi "puthiya velichangal" ennum parambaraagatha shailiyilulla prasangakare "pazhaya velichangal" ennum vilichirunnu.
aalukal veettil baibil padikkaan thudangi, ithu mathaparamaya perumaattathekkurichu pothujanangale ariyikkunnathinulla maarggangale phalapradamaayi vikendreekarichu, protestant parishkarana samayat europil undaayirunna vyakthigatha pravanathakalkk samanamaayirunnu.
sthreekalude rolukal.
colonial kaalaghattatthil sthreekalude anubavangal oro kolaniyilum valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu. nyoo englandil, purittan kudiyettakkaar avarude sakthamaaya mathaparamaya moolyangal puthiya lokathekku konduvannu, athu oru sthree bharthaavinu vidheyayaakanamennum daivabhayamulla kuttikale paramavadhi valarthunnathinu svayam samarppikkanamennum nirddeshichu.
sthreekalodulla perumaattatthil vamseeya vyathyaasangalundaayirunnu. nyoo englandile purittan kudiyettakkaarkkidayil, bharyamaar mikkavarum orikkalum bharthakkanmaarodoppam vayalukalil jolie cheythitilla. ennirunnaalum, pensylvaniayile jarmman samoohangalil niravadhi sthreekal vayalukalilum stabilukalilum jolie cheythu. jarmman, dutch kudiyettakkaar sthreekalkku swathinte mail kooduthal niyanthranam nalki, ithu praadeshika engleesh niyamathil anuvadaneeyamallaayirunnu. engleesh colonial bharyamaaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, jarmman, dutch bhaaryamaarkk svanthamaayi vasthrangalum mattu vasthukkalum undaayirunnu, koodaathe vivaahathilekku konduvanna swath theerppaakkunna vilppanapatram ezhuthaanulla kazhivum avarkk nalkiyirunnu.
sthreekalude jolikalil avarude paachaka vaidagdhyathe adisthaanamaakki sthaapanangal nadathunnathum ulppedunnu. 1643ll masaachyusetsile goody aarmittejil ninnullathaayirunnu kolanikalil aadyathe restorant. akkaalathe sthreekalude ozhivusamaya pravarthanangalil clavier, harpsicord, clavicord, oorgan enniva kalikkunnathu ulppedunnu. sthreekal (purushanmaarum) panthukalil nritham cheythu, prathyekichu 1700 nuu sesham. eee nrithangalkku karsanamaaya saamoohika niyamavyavasthayundaayirunnu, nrithasamvidhaanathile thettukal sookshumaparishodhana nadathukayum amithamaya nritha pishakukal moolam anthass nashtappedukayum cheyyum.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode, american prabudhathayude moolyangal sthaapikkappedukayum bharthakkanmaar avarude bhaaryamaarude swaabhaavika "bharanadhikaarikal" enna kaazhchappaadine durbalappeduthukayum cheythu. pankitta vivaahathinte oru puthiya bodham undaayi. niyamaparamaayi, vivaham kazhikkumbol bharthakkanmaar bhaaryamaarude swath niyanthrichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare vivaahamochanam eathaandu asaadhyamaayirunnu.
adimatham.
amerikkayilekku kondupookunna adimakal
ekadesham 305,326 adimakale amerikkayilekku kondupoyi, athaayath aafrikkayil ninnu kondupoya 12 dasalaksham adimakalil 2 sathamaanathil thaazhe. bhooribhaagavum kareebiyanileyum brazilileyum karimbu valarunna kolanikalil pooyi, avide aayurdairkhyam kuravaayirunnu, ennam nirantharam niraykkendivannu. mechappetta bhakshanam, kuranja rogangal, bharam kuranja jolibharam, mechappetta vaidyasahaayam enniva kaaranam american kolanikalil aayurdairkhyam valare kooduthalaayirunnathinal janasamkhya athivegam valarnnu 1860 leeii sensus prakaram 4 dashalakshathilethi. 1770 muthal 1860 vare, american adimakalude janananirakk europile eathoru raajyatheyum janasamkhyayekkaalum valare kooduthalaayirunnu, englandinekkaal erattiyiladhikam vegathayullathaayirunnu.
colonial kaalaghattatthinte aadyakaalangalil caribean, brazilian adimakalaaya janangal sahicha saahacharyangal thottappani upekshikkaanulla niravadhi shramangalkk kaaranamaayi. vijayakaramaayi rakshapetta adimakal palappozhum muun adimakalaal niranja "meroon communitykalilekku" palayanam cheythu, oppam aduthide rakshappettavarkk abhayam nalkaan sahaayicha praadeshika thaddesheeya amerikkakkarum. meroon samoohangalumaayulla thudarnnulla udambadikal soochippikkunnathu eee samoohangal thekke american, caribean thottangalkk oru bhaaramaayirunnu ennaanu. caribean dveepukalileyum brazilian thottangalileyum manushyathvarahithamaaya thozhil saahacharyangalum adima kalaapangalum aafrikkan adimakalude irakkumathi vardhippikkanamennu aavashyappettappol, kolanikalile pala thotta udamakalum swaabhaavika prathyulppaadanam anuvadikkunnathinte saambathika nettatthinaayi oru thalamura adimakale nilanirthaanulla avarude kazhivu thiricharinju. ithu adimakalaakkappetta janasamkhyayude thudarnnulla thalamurakal amerikkakkaaraayi janikkunnathilekku nayichu.
nagarajeevitam.
charitrakaaranaaya kaal bridenbagh anchu pradhana nagarangal aazhathil parishodhichu boosttan (1760-ll janasamkhya 16,000), newport, rooad dweep (janasamkhya 7500), newyork nagaram (janasamkhya 18,000), philadelphia (janasamkhya 23,000), chaals taunn (chaalstoun, southu carolina), (janasamkhya 8000). vyapaaram, bhoomi oohakkachavadam, kudiyettam, samriddhi enniva prolsaahippikkunnathum prabudhathayude ashayangalum vaidyashaasthrathilum saankethikavidyayilum puthiya reethikalum pracharippikkunnathilum pradhana neethrthwaparamaaya punk vahikkunnathinum avar cheria gramangalil ninnu valarnnuvennu addeham vaadikkunnu. koodaathe, avar engleesh soukaryangalkkaayi oru upabhokthru abhiruchi sponsor cheyyukayum, oru prathyeka american vidyaabhyaasa sambradaayam vikasippikkukayum, aavasyamulla aalukale paripalikkunnathinulla samvidaanangal aarambikkukayum cheythu.
europian maanadandangal anusarichu kolanikkaar sradheyaraayirunnillenkille bridenbaginte abhipraayathil avar chila prathyeka american swabhaavasavisheshathakal prakadippichu. prabhukkanmarkko sthaapithamaaya sabhaykko shaktharaaya samghangalude neenda paarambaryamo undaayirunnilla. colonial gavanmentukal europile anubandha deseeya gavanmentukalekkaal valare kuranja shakthiyum nuzhanjukayattavumaayirunnu. varumanam vardhippikkunnathinum adisthaana soukaryangal nirmmikkunnathinum nagara prasnangal pariharikkunnathinumulla puthiya reethikal avar pareekshichu. europian nagarangale apekshichu avaa kooduthal janaadhipathyaparamaayirunnu, athil purushanmaarude oru valia bhaagathinu vottu cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, koodaathe klaas lineukal kooduthal draavakamaayirunnu. europil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, pothujanabhipraayam roopappeduthunnathil printarukalkku (prathyekichu pathradhiparmaar enna nilayil) valare valia pankundaayirunnu, abhibhaashakar rashtreeyathinum avarude thozhilinum idayil eluppathil angotum ingottum neengi. pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode madhyavarga bisinasukaar, professionalukal, vidagdha karakaushalathozhilaalikal ennivar nagarangalil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvennu bridenbagh vaadikkunnu. vivekashaalikalum, vivekashaalikalum, mithavyayikalum, prathyakshatthil dhaarmmikarum, pothuve sathyasandarum, pothujana utsaahikalum, mukalilekku sanjarikkunnavarumaaya" ennu addeham avare visheshippikkukayum avarude saambathika sramangal rashtreeya svayambharanathinum svayambharanathinumulla janaadhipathya thaalpparyangalilekk nayichuvennu vaadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
1861ll american aabhyantharayudham pottippurappedunnathi munbu thekk muzhuvan kurachu nagarangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, chaalstanum (chaals taunn) nyoo orleansum aayirunnu ettavum pradhaanappettava. carolina pravisyayil pradhaanamaayum adhivasichathu janasamkhya koodiya britiish panchasaara dweep kolaniyaaya barbadosil ninnulla thottakkaraanu, avar aaa dveepil ninnu dhaaraalam aafrikkan adimakale konduvannu.
nyoo englandu.
nyoo englandil, puritanmaar karshakarudeyum allengil yuvanteyum avarude kudumbangaludeyum mathasammelanangalude svayambharana samoohangal srishtichu. unnathala raashtreeyakkaar kudiyettakkaarkko udamakalkko plottukal nalki, avar bhoomi parasparam vibhajichu. valia bhagam saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna saamoohika nilavaaramulla purushanmaarkk nalkappettirunnu, ennaal karaarillaathatho criminal bandhamillaathatho aaya oro purushan oru kudumbatthe pottaan mathiyaya bhoomi undaayirunnu. oro purusha pouranum taunn meettingil oru shabdam undaayirunnu. taunn meating nikuthi chumatthi, roadukal nirmmikkukayum, taunn karyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunna udyogasthare thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. pattanangalil kodathikal undaayirunnilla; athu kaundiyude oru pravartthanamaayirunnu, athinte udyogasthare samsthaana sarkkar niyamichu.
rakshaykkaayi daivam prathyeka aalukale ottappeduthunnu enna purittan vishwaasangal kaaranam puritanmaar sthaapicha sabhaa sabhayil ellah nyoo englandu nivaasikalum svayameva chernnilla. pakaram, thangal rakshikkappettuvenn sabhaamgangalude munnil bodhyappedutthaan kazhiyunnavarkk maathramaayi amgathvam parimithappedutthiyirunnu. avar "thiranjedukkappettavar" allengil "vishudhar" ennariyappettirunnu."
1652-ll masaachyusets general kodathi kolaniyile naanayakshaamam pariharikkunnathinayi shilling, aarr penz, moonnu penz moolyamulla praadeshika nanayangal nirmmikkaan boosttan silversmith joonn halinu adikaaram nalki. athuvare, kolaniyude sambadvyavastha poornnamaayum engleesh, spanish, dutch, porchugees, vyaja nanayangal ennivayulppedeyulla barterineyum videsha naanayatheyum aashrayichaayirunnu. 1661ll rajavaazhcha punasthaapichathinushesham engleesh sarkkar boosttan mint raajyadrohamaanennu kanakkakki. ennirunnaalum, kuranjathu 1682 vare, mintmaastar enna nilayilulla hallinte karar kaalaharanappedunnathuvare pravartthanam nirthanamenna engleesh aavashyangale koolani avaganichu, koodaathe koolani addehathinte karar puthukkunnathino puthiya mintmaastte niyamikkunnathino neengiyilla. 1684-ll masaachyusets bay kolaniyude charter raddaakkunnathinu eee nanayangal oru kaaranamaayirunnu.
krishiyum kudumbajeevithavum.
nyoo englandu nivaasikalil bhooribhaagavum cherukida karshakaraayirunnu. eee cheria karshaka kudumbangalile swathinte mail oru vyakthikk poornna adikaaram undaayirunnu. vivaahitharaayappol oru engleesh sthree thante kanyakayude peru upekshichu. aarogyamulla kuttikale valarthukayum pariposhippikkukayum bharthaakkanmaare pinthunaykkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu bhaaryamaarude chumatala. mikka sthreekalum eee chumathalakal nirvahichu. pathinettaam noottaandil, saadhaaranayaayi aii. dii. 1 vayassinidayilulla dambathikalum 6 muthal 8 vare kuttikalumulla dambathikal oru kudumbatthinte saadhaarana swabhaavamaayirunnu, sharashari moonnu perr praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar athijeevichu. kambiliyil ninnu nool nool undaakkukayum svettarukalum stoukkingukalum neythedukkukayum chaaratthil ninnu mezhukuthirikalum soppum nirmmikkukayum paal vennayaakki kuzhikkukayum cheythukondu faamile sthreekal kudumbatthile mattullavarkk aavashyamaaya mikka vasthukkalum nalki.
mikka nyoo englandu maathaapithaakkalum thangalude makkale svanthamaayi krishiyidangal sthaapikkaan sahayikkaan shramichu. aanmakkal vivaham kazhikkumbol, achanmaar avarkk bhoomi, kannukaalikal, kaarshika upakaranangal enniva sammaanamaayi nalki; penmakkalkku veettupakaranangal, kaarshika mrugangal allengil panam enniva labhichu. krameekaricha vivahangal valare asaadhaaranamaayirunnu; saadhaaranayaayi, kuttikal avarude vamsham, matham, saamoohika nilavaaram enniva pankidunna anuyojyamaaya parichayakkaarude oru vrithathil ninnu swantham inakale thiranjedutthu. kuttikalude vivahangalil maathaapithaakkal veetto adikaaram nilanirtthi.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode, nyoo englandinte janasamkhya 1700-ll ekadesham 100,000-ll ninnu 1725-ll 250,000-lake 1750-ll 375,000-lake naadakeeyamaayi vardhichu, uyarnna janana nirakkum thaarathamyena uyarnna mothatthilulla aayurdairkhyavum kaaranam. (1700-ll oru 15 vayassulla aankuttikk ekadesham 63 vayass vare jeevikkaan kazhiyumennu pratheekshikkaam) masaachyusets, connecticut, rooad dweep ennividangalile kolanikkaar avarude bhoomi karshakarkkidayil vibhajichu; krishiyidangal otta kudumbangale pinthunaykkaan kazhiyaathavidham cheruthaanu, ithu swatantra yoman karshakarude samoohathinte puthiya englandu aadarshathe bheeshanippedutthi.
chila karshakar masaachyusetsilum connectikkattilum avikasithamaya bhoomiyil krishiyidangal srishtikkunnathinaayi bhoomi graantukal nedukayo nyoo hamshareile oohakkachavadakkaaril ninnu plottukal vaangukayo cheythu, athu pinneedu vermontaayi maari. mattu karshakar kaarshika naveenashayakkaaraayi maari. kannukaalikalkk kooduthal theetta nalkunna chuvanna clover, timothi-grass thudangiya poshakasamriddhamaaya engleesh pulla cheria krishiyidangalkku gunakaramaya uyarnna ulppaadana nirakk nalkunna urulakkizhangum avar nattupidippichu. charakkukalum advaanavum parasparam kaimaattam cheythukondu kudumbangal avarude uthppaadanakshamatha vardhippichu. avar kannukaalikalum mechilbhoomiyum parasparam kadam kodukkukayum nool karakkanum kuyilttukal thunnanum cholam polikkaanum orumichu pravartthikkukayum cheythu. kudiyettam, kaarshika naveenashayangal, saambathika sahakaranm enniva pathonpathaam noottaand vare nyoo englandinte yuvathvamulla samoohathe samrakshicha srishtiparamaaya nadapadikalaayirunnu.
vaasasthalangalum bhauthika samskaaravum.
nyoo englandu karshaka kudumbangal saadhaaranayaayi marangalude samriddhi kaaranam thadi veedukalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. oru saadhaarana nyoo englandu phaam house onnara nila uyaramullathum thadi clapboard siding kondu moodappetta sakthamaaya frame (saadhaaranayaayi valia chathuraakrithiyilulla marangal kondu nirmmicha) ullathumaayirunnu. shaithyakaalath paachaka soukaryangalum choodum nalkunna oru valia chimmini veedinte naduvil nilkkunnundaayirunnu. thaazhathe nilayinte oru vashath oru haal undaayirunnu, kudumbam jolie cheyyukayum bhakshanam kazhikkukayum cheiyunna oru pothu-uddeshya murii. haalinu sameepathaayi parlor undaayirunnu, athidhikale rasippikkaan upayogikkunna oru muriyil kudumbatthinte mikacha furnitureukalum maathaapithaakkalude kidakkayum undaayirunnu. adukkala haalinte bhaagamo veedinte pinbhaagathulla shedilo aayirunnappol kuttikal mukalilulla oru lofttilaanu urangiyathu. colonial kudumbangal valuthaayirunnu, eee cheria veedukalkku valareyadhikam pravartthanangalum svakaaryathayum kuravaayirunnu.
akkaalathe furnitureukal valare adisthaanaparamaayirunnu, saadhaarana veettupakaranangalil oru treastil table, benchukal, stoolukal enniva ulppedunnu, athesamayam kaserakal apoorvamaayirunnu. kidakkakal vilakoodiyavayaayirunnu, athu avaa apoorvvathayilekku nayikkunnu, athinaal mikka aalukalum upayogathilillaathappol valanja paayakalil urangi. aarr boardukal orumichu nakham kondu nirmmicha lalithamaaya nenjil aalukal saadhanangal sookshichu. athesamayam sambannarkku poottukalum kaabinattukalum, alamaarakalum dresserukalum ulppede valia kettapetta nench undaayirunnu. kappukalum paachaka paathrangalum sookshikkaan randaamathethu upayogichirunnu. glass nirmmitha vasthukkalum apoorvamaayirunnu. madyapaana kappukal, lether jaakkukal, bombardukal enniva saadhaaranamaayirunnu.
nagarajeevitam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode nyoo englandil, kappalnirmmanam oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu, prathyekichu vadakke american marubhoomi ananthamaaya thadi vitharanam vaagdaanam cheythirunnathinaal. (thaarathamyappeduthumbol, europile vanangal kshayichupoyi, mikka thadikalum scandinaviayil ninnu vaangendivannu). britiish kireedam palappozhum vilakuranjathum ennaal shakthamayi nirmmichathumaaya american kappalukalilekku thirinju. nyoo englandile mikkavarum ellah nadikaludeyum theerathu oru kappalsala undaayirunnu.
1750 aayappozhekkum vividatharam karakaushalathozhilaalikalum kadayudamakalum vyaapaarikalum vardhichuvarunna kaarshika janasamkhyaykku sevanangal nalki. kammukaar, wheel raittukal, furniture nirmmathaakkal ennivar grameena gramangalil kadakal sthaapichu. avide avar karshaka kudumbangalkk aavashyamaaya saadhanangal nirmmikkukayum attakuttappanikal nadathukayum cheythu. thuni, irumbu pathrangal, vindo glass thudangiya engleesh nirmmithikalum panchasaara, molassis thudangiya pashchimenthyan uthppannangalum vilkkunna vyaapaarikalaanu storukal sthaapichathu. eee kadakalile storkeepparmaar avarude irakkumathi cheytha saadhanangal vilakalkkum melkkoorayile shingles, pottash, barrell stevu ennivayulppedeyulla mattu praadeshika ulppannangalkkum pakaramaayi vittu. eee praadeshika charakkukal atlaantik theerathe pattanangalilekkum nagarangalilekkum kayatti ayachu. samrambhakar eee gathagatha samvidaanathinu sevanam nalkunnathinaayi vaagan roadukalil stabilukalum bhakshanashaalakalum sthaapichu.
masaachyusetsile boosttan, salem thudangiya thuramukha pattanangalilekkum connectikkattile puthiya abhayakendrangalilekkum rooad dveepile newport aandu providensilekkum eee uthppannangal athichu. vyapaarikal pinneedu avaa vestt indeesilekku kayattumathi cheyyukayum avide avaa panchasaara, swarnna nanayangal, credit slippukal ennum ariyappedunna exchange billukal ennivaykku vyapaaram nadathukayum cheythu. avar padinjaaran indian uthppannangal nyoo englandu faaktarikalilekku kondupoyi, avide asamskritha panchasaara granulated panchasaarayakki maattukayum molassis rumm aakki vaattukayum cheythu. svarnnavum credit slippukalum englandilekku ayachu, avide avaa nirmmaanathinaayi kaimaattam cheyyappettu, avaa kolanikalilekku thirike ayaykkukayum panchasaaraykkum ramminumoppam karshakarkk vilkkukayum cheythu.
mattu nyoo englandu vyapaarikal atlaantik theerathe sambannamaaya malsyabandhana pradeshangal muthaledukkukayum oru valia malsyabandhana kappalinu dhanasahayam nalkukayum athinte mackeral code vestt indeesilekkum europilekkum kondupookukayum cheythu. chila vyapaarikal vadakkan nyoo englandile theerangalilum nadikalilum valia alavil thadi chooshanam cheythu. veedukalkkum kappalnirmmaanathinum vilakuranja thadi vitharanam cheiyunna zoo millukalkk avar dhanasahayam nalki. noorukanakkinu nyoo englandu kappal udamakal kadaltheera kappalukal nirmmikkukayum avaa britiish, american vyaapaarikalkk vilkkukayum cheythu.
niravadhi vyapaarikal thangalude saadhanangal kaarshika janathaykku nalkikkond valare sambannaraayi maarukayum kadal thuramukha nagarangalude samoohathil aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. yoman phaam houseukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, eee vyapaarikal englandile uyarnna varggakkaarude jeevitashaili anukarichukondu puthiya georgian shailiyil roopakalppana cheytha manoharamaaya nilavaaramulla veedukalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. eee georgian veedukalkku madhya vaathilinte iruvashathum thulya ennam janaalakalulla samamithamaaya munvashangalundaayirunnu. library, daining room, aupachaarika parlor, maasttar bedroom thudangiya prathyeka murikalulla veedinte madhyabhaagathu oru paatha ulkkollichaayirunnu akathala nirmmaanam. yoman veedukalude vividhodheshya edangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, eee murikal oronnum oro prathyeka uddeshyamaanu niravettunnathu. maathapithaakkalkkum kuttikalkkum svakaaryatha nalkunna randaam nilayilulla kidappumurikalaanu eee veedukalil undaayirunnathu.
samskaaravum vidyaabhyaasavum.
vidyaabhyaasam praadhamikamaayi kudumbangalude utharavaadithamaayirunnu, ennaal niravadhi mathavibhagangal nikuthi pinthunayulla praadhamika vidyaalayangal sthaapichu, prathyekichu nyoo englandil puritans, avarude kuttikalkk baibil vaayikkaan. mikkavarum ellah mathavibhaagangalum manthrimaare parisheelippikkunnathinaayi svanthamaayi schoolukalum kolejukalum sthaapichu. oro nagaratthilum mikka pattanangalilum sambanna kudumbangalile kuttikalkkayi swakaarya akkaadamikal undaayirunnu.
oru vanyamaaya athirthi raajyathe niyanthrikkunnathilum sthirathaamasamaakkunnathilum earppettirunna colonial amerikkakkaarkk praayogika shaasthrangal valia thaalpparyamullavayaayirunnu. kolanikalile boudhika pravartthanangalude mukhyadhara raashtreeyam allengil metaphysics polulla amoortha vishayangalekkaal saankethika, enchiniyaring vikasanangalilayirunnu. american shaasthreeya pravartthanangal pinthudarnnathu thaazhepparayunna aalukalaanu
colonial amerikkayile kalakal shaasthratheppole vijayamaayirunnilla. charithrangal valare sradheyamaayathinaal europian ardhathil saahityam eathaandu nilavilillaayirunnu. roobert beverleyude "dhii histtari aandu varthamaanakaala avastha" (1705), vilyam bairdinte "histtari oof dhii deviding line" (1728-29) enniva ithil ulppedunnu, ithu oru noottaand kazhinju prasidheekarikkappettilla. pakaram, kolanikalil vaayana saamagrikalude pradhana roopamaayirunnu pathram. achadi chelaveriyathaayirunnu, mikka prasidheekaranangalum pradhana vaarthakal, parasyangal, bisinus reportukal thudangiya thikachum praayogika kaaryangalil shradha kendreekarichu. panchaankangal valare janapriyamaayirunnu, koodaathe benchamin franklinte "pavapetta richaardinte panchaankam" ettavum prashasthamaayirunnu. saahitya maasikakal noottaandinte madhyathil prathyakshappettuvenkum avayil chilath laabhakaramaayirunnu, avayil mikathum eathaanum varshangalkk sesham bisinessil ninnu purathaayi. american prasidheekaranangal orikkalum europian ezhuthukaarude boudhika gunanilavaaratthe sameepichittillenkilum avaa valare vyaapakavum voltayar, loock allengil russo nirmmicha mattenthinekkaalum valia vaayanakkaare nediyathumaanu.
nyoo englandukaar jenalukal, laghulekhakal, pusthakangal, prathyekichu prabhashanangal enniva ezhuthi, athu matellaa kolanikal chernnathinekkaalum kooduthalaayirunnu. boosttan mantri kottan maathar magnalia kristti americana ("amerikkayile kristhuvinte mahathaaya kruthikal", 1702) prasidheekarichu, punarujjeevanavaadiyaaya jonathan edwards thante daarshanika kruthi "shradhaapoorvavum karsanavumaaya anweshanam" ezhuthi...ashayangal...ichhaa swaathanthryam..."(1754). mikka samgeethathinum oru mathaparamaya prameyamundaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum sankeerthanangal aalapikkunnathaayirunnu. nyoo englandinte aazhathilulla mathavishwaasangal kaaranam, mathaparamo laukikamo aaya kalaparamaaya kruthikal, prathyekichu naadakavedi nirodhichu. colonial kaalaghattatthile pramukha daivashaasthranjanum thathwachinthakanumaaya masaachyusetsile jonathan edwards, kaalvinisatthinte vyaakhyaathaavum aadyathe mahathaaya unarvinte neethaavumaayirunnu.
kalayum naadakavum saahityathekkaal alppam kooduthal vijayakaramaayirunnu. charitraparamaaya vishayangalude sradheyanaaya chithrakaaranaayirunnu benchamin vestt, joonn kopliyilum gilbert stuvarttilum rund phastt rettu portrait chithrakaaranmaar uyarnnuvannu, ennittum moonnu perum avarude jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum landanil chelavazhichu. thekkan kolanikalil, prathyekichu thekkan carolinayil, naadakavedi kooduthal vikasippichirunnuvena steju varkkukal yooroppinte thalathilethiyilla. nyoo englandile pyoorittanmaarum pensylvaniayile kwekarmaarum naadaka prakadanangale adaarmikavum bhakthiheenavumaanennu ethirthu.
nyoo englandil praadhamika vidyaabhyaasam vyaapakamaayirunnu. aadyakaala purittan kudiyettakkaar baibil padikkendathu aavasyamaanennu vishwasichathinaal kuttikale cherupraayatthil thanne vaayikkaan padippichu. oro pattanavum oru primery skoolinu panam nalkanamennum nirbandhamundaayirunnu. ekadesham 10 sathamaanam perr secondary school vidyaabhyaasam aaswadikkukayum valia pattanangalile vyaakarana skoolukalkku dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu. mikka aankuttikalum avarude pithakkanmaaril ninnu krishiyidathilo karakaushalathozhilaalikalude aprenteesukalaayo kazhivukal padichu. kurachu penkuttikal aupachaarika skoolukalil chernnenkilum mikkavarkkum veettilo sthreekal avarude swantham veedukalil adisthaana vayana ezhuthum padippikkunna "daam schoolukal" ennu vilikkappedunnavayilo kurachu vidyaabhyaasam nedaan kazhinju. 1750 aayappozhekkum nyoo englandile 90 sathamaanam sthreekalkkum mikkavarum ellah purushanmarkkum vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu.
puritans 1636-ll masaachyusetsile kembridjil harward college pinneedu 1701-ll connectikkattile puthiya abhayakendrathil yaale college sthaapichu. pinneedu, snaapakar 1764-ll rooad ailandile providencil ippol braun yooniversittiyaaya rooad ailand koleju sthaapichu, koodaathe 1769-ll nyoo hamshareile hannoveril consultationals dartmouth koleju sthaapichu. 1693-ll virgenia vilyam aandu merii koleju sthaapichu; athu praadhamikamaayi aamglikkan aayirunnu. mantrimar, abhibhaashakar, doctormar ennivarkku vendiyaanu collegeukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. laattin, greak, ganitham, charithram, thathwachintha, yukthi, dhaarmikatha, vaachaadopangal, prabhashanam, alppam adisthaana shaasthram ennivayil shradha kendreekaricha ore paatyapadhathi oro vidyaarthiyum pankittathinaal vakuppukalo mejarukalo undaayirunnilla. saahitya samoohangal ozhikeyulla kaayikamo saahodaryamo paatyethara pravartthanangalo undaayirunnilla. prathyeka seminaarikalo niyama schoolukalo daivatwa schoolukalo undaayirunnilla. colonial kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil philadelphiayilum newyorkkilumaanu aadyathe medical schoolukal sthaapithamaayathu.
matham.
colonial amerikkayilekku vanna chila kudiyettakkaar mathaswaathanthryam thedukayaayirunnu. lunden kolanikalil charchu oof englandine audyogikamaakkiyilla, orikkalum oru bishappineyum ayachilla, athinaal mathaparamaya achaarangal vaividhyapoornamaayi.
vaividhyapoornamaayi 1730kalilum mikka kolanikalilum nadanna oru pradhana mathaparamaya punarujjeevana prasthaanamaayirunnu mahathaaya unarvu. theerthaadakarude kaalvinist verukalilekku madangaanum "daivabhayam" punarujjeevippikkanum shramicha masaachyusets prasamgakanaaya jonathan edwardsil ninnaan prasthaanam aarambhichath."engleesh prasamgakanaaya jorjju whitefield mattu sanjaaraprasangakarum kolanikaliludaneelam sanjarikkukayum naadakeeyavum vaikarikavumaaya reethiyil prasamgikkukayum cheythukondu prasthaanam thudarnnu. thangalude prasthaanatthe amgeekarichilla ennu vilikkappedunna pazhaya laittukalkk vipareethamaayi edverdsinteyum mattu prasamgakarudeyum anuyaayikal svayam "puthiya laittukal" ennu vilikkunnu. thangalude kaazhchappaadukal prolsaahippikkunnathi, irupakshavum nyoojezhsiyile prinsettan sarvakalashaala, masaachyusetsile vilyamstaunile vilyams koleju ennivayulppede akkaadamikalum kolejukalum sthaapichu. mahathaaya unarvu aadyathe yadhaartha american ivant ennu vilikkappedunnu.
chila jarmman, dutch kudiyettakkaarkkidayil samanamaaya oru peettistik punarujjeevana prasthaanam nadannu, ithu kooduthal vibhajanangalilekku nayichu. 1770 aayappozhekkum, snapanakkaar vadakku athivegam valarukayum avide avar providence, rooad dweep, thekk ennividangalil braun yooniversitti sthaapikkukayum avide avar munbu chodyam cheyyappedaattha engleesh sthaapanathinte dhaarmika adhikaarathe velluvilikkukayum cheythu.
delaver thaazhvarayum madhya atlaantik mekhalayum.
nyoo englandil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, madhya atlaantik mekhala athinte janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum nyoo immigrationil ninnu nedi, 1750 aayappozhekkum newyork, nyoojezhsi, pensylvania ennividangalile samyojitha janasamkhya ekadesham 300,000 aayi. 1750 aayappozhekkum ekadesham 60,000 irishukaarum 50,000 jarmmankaarum britiish vadakke amerikkayil thamasikkaan ethi, avaril palarum atlaantik mekhalayude madhyathil sthirathaamasamaakki. 1682ll vilyam penn pensylvania koolani sthaapikkukayum mathaswaathanthryavum swatantra udamasthaavakaashavum sambandhicha nayangal vazhi britiish bhookambakkaarude varavu aakarshikkukayum cheythu. athirthiyilekku neengiya scoach irishaayirunnu kudiyettakkaarude aadyathe pradhana varavu. mathaparamaya samgharshangalil ninnum germmaniyileyum swittsarlandileyum saambathika avasarangal kurayunnathil ninnum rakshappedaan niravadhi jarmmankaar vannu.
1700 nuu sesham aayirakkanakkin pavapetta jarmman karshakar, pradhaanamaayum germmaniyile paletine mekhalayil ninnullavar, upstate jillakalilekku kudiyeri. avar pradhaanamaayum svayam nilanirtthi, svanthamaayi vivaham kazhichu, jarmman samsaarichu, lutheran pallikalil pooyi, avarude swantham aachaarangalum bhakshanangalum nilanirtthi. avar kaarshika udamasthaavakaashathinu oonnal nalki. chilar praadeshika niyama, bisinesses avasarangalumayi parichayappedaan engleeshil praaveenyam nedi. adimaye swanthamaakkaan kazhiyunnathra sambannaraayavar kuravaayirunnengilum avar indiakkaare avaganikkukayum adimatham sahikkukayum cheythu.
jeevithareethikal.
madhya kolanikalude vaasthuvidyayude bhooribhaagavum aviduthe janangalude vaividhyathe prathifalippikkunnu. albanyilum newyork nagaratthilum bhooribhaagam kettidangalum dutch shailiyilaayirunnu, oro attatthum ishtikayum uyarnna gableukalum undaayirunnu, athesamayam pala dutch pallikalum ashtabhujaakrithiyilaayirunnu. pensylvaniayile jarmman, velsh kudiyettakkaar avarude maathrraajyathinte vazhi pinthudarnnu, pradeshathe thadikal poornnamaayum avaganichu, muricha kallukal upayogichu veedukal nirmmichu. pattanatthile 80 sathamaanam kettidangalum poornnamaayum kallukondu nirmmicha pensylvaniayile jermaantaun ithinu oru udaaharanamaanu. maruvashathu, irelandil ninnulla kudiyettakkaar amerikkayude dhaaraalam thadi vitharanam muthaledukkukayum karuthutta maram kondulla kaabinukal nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
vamseeya samskaarangal furnitureukalude shailikaleyum baadhichu. grameena kwekermar meshakal, kaserakal, nench thudangiya furnitureukalil lalithamaaya designukal ishtappedukayum vipulamaaya alankaarangal ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, chila nagara kwekarukalkku kooduthal vipulamaaya furnitureukal undaayirunnu. kwekar, britiish vyapaarikal ennivaril ninnulla vann sambathu kaaranam philadelphia nagaram furniture nirmmaanatthinte oru pradhana kendramaayi maari. philadelphian kaabinat nirmmathaakkal manoharamaaya meshakalum hyboyikalum nirmmichu. jarmman karakaushalathozhilaalikal avarude nenjil pookkaludeyum pakshikaludeyum peyint cheytha ramgangal upayogichu sankeernamaayi kothiyeduttha designukal srishtichu. jarmman kushavathozhilaalikal gambheeravum parambaraagathavumaaya roopakalppanayulla valia koottam pathrangal, kalangal, plettukal ennivayum roopakalppana cheythu.
viplava yudhasamayathu ekadesham 85 sathamaanam vella amerikkakkarum engleesh, airish, velsh allengil scotish vamshajaraayirunnu. ekadesham 8.8 sathamaanam vellakkaar jarmman vamsajarum 3.5 sathamaanam dutch vamsajarum aayirunnu.
krishi.
kaarshika sanbradaayathil vamseeyatha oru maattam varuthi. jarmman karshakar saadhaaranayaayi kalappa valikkaan kuthirakalekkaal kaalakale eshtappedunna idamaanithu, athesamayam scots-airish pannikaleyum choliyaneyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru kaarshika sambadvyavastha sthaapichu. oduvil kuthirakalodoppam pashukkale konduvannu. pala kaaranangalal kuthirakalekkaal avaa upayogapradamaayirunnu. mikkavarum ellah krishiyidangalilum avarude bhoomiyil pashukkalundaayirunnu. irelandil, aalukal avarude vilakalil ninnu saadhyamaaya ettavum valia ulppaadana nirakk nedaan shramichu cheria kashanagal krishi cheythu. american kolanikalil vadakkan irelandil ninnulla kudiyettakkaar mishrakrishiyil shradha kendreekarichu. eee saankethikavidya upayogichu avar manushya upabhogathinum pannikaludeyum mattu kannukaalikaludeyum theettayaayum cholam valarthi. vividha pashchaathalangalil ninnulla niravadhi mechappetta chinthagathikkaaraaya karshakar avarude uthppaadanam vardhippikkunnathinu puthiya kaarshika reethikal upayogikkaan thudangi. 1750-kalil, eee kaarshika naveenashayakkaar pullu, gothamb, barley enniva vilavedukkaan upayogikkunna kaii arivaalukalkkum kathiyellinu pakaram thadi viralukalulla oru upakaranamaya craddle kathiye upayogichu, ithu daanyangalude thandukal eluppathil shekharikkunnathinaayi krameekarikkunnu. oru divasam kondu karshakar cheytha joliyude moonnirattiyaakkaan eee upakaranathinu kazhinju. karshakar chaanakavum chunnaambum upayogichu avarude vayalukalil valam nalkaanum mannu phalabhooyishtamaayi nilanirthunnathinaayi vilakal karakkanum thudangi. 1700 aayappozhekkum philadelphia prathivarsham 350,000 bushell gothambum 18,000 tonn maavum kayattumathi cheiyukayaayirunnu. thekkan kolanikal prathyekichum pukayila, parutthi thudangiya naanyavilakale aashrayichirunnu. southu carolina ariyum indigo uthppaadippichu. vadakkan carolina thotta sambadvyavasthayil kurachumaathrame ulppettittulloovengilum naavika storukalude pradhana ulppaadakanaayathinaal. virjeeniya maryland eathaandu poornnamaayum pukayilaye aashrayikkunnavayaayi maari, ithu pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ksheenicha mannum vila idinjathum moolam aathyanthikamayi maarakamaayi maari, ennaal noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum mannu nallathum labhakaramaaya oru otta vila sambadvyavasthayaayi thudarnnu.
1720 nuu munbu, atlaantik mekhalayile mikka kolanikkaarum cherukida krishiyil earppedukayum vestt indeesinu chorum maavum vitharanam cheythukondu irakkumathi cheytha uthppannangalkk panam nalkukayum cheythirunnu. newyorkkil, europilekkulla oru roma-pelttu kayattumathi vyapaaram eee mekhalaykku adhika sambathu chertthu. 1720 nuu sesham, atlaantik madhyathile krishi gothambinte anthaaraashtra aavashyathode uthejippikkappettu. europile vanthothilulla janasamkhyaapakadam gothambinte vila uyarthi. 1770 aayappozhekkum oru bushell gothambinu gothambinu vilayekkaal eratti vila varum. airish linan vyavasaayathil chanatthinu uyarnna demand vestt indeesil cholaykku aavasyavum undayirunnathinaal karshakar chana vithukaludeyum cholambinteyum uthppaadanam vipuleekarichu. athinaal, noottaandinte madhyathode, mikka colonial krishiyum oru vaanijya samrambhamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum nyoo englandilum madhya kolanikalilum upajeevana krishi nilaninnirunnu. aduthide ethiya chila kudiyettakkaar krishiyidangal vaangukayum eee kayattumathi sambathu pankidukayum cheythuvenkilum niravadhi pavapetta jarmman, airish kudiyettakkaar kaarshika vethana thozhilaallikalaayi jolie cheyyaan nirbandhitharaayi. vyaapaarikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum eee bhavanarahitharaya thozhilaallikale thunikaludeyum mattu charakkukaludeyum nirmmaanathinaayi oru gaarhika samvidaanathinaayi niyamichu. vyapaarikal palappozhum karshakaril ninnu kambiliyum chanavum vaangukayum irelandilum germmaniyilum thunithara thozhilaallikalaayirunna puthuthayi vanna kudiyettakkaare avarude veedukalil noolum thuniyum undaakkunna jolikalkkaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. valia karshakarum vyaapaarikalum sambannaraayi, athesamayam cheria krishiyidangalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum ulla karshakar upajeevanathin maathram mathiyayi. 1750 aayappozhekkum atlaantik madhyamekhala vamseeya pashchaathalavum sambathum kondu vibhajikkapettu.
thuramukhangal.
gothamb vyaapaarathil ninnu vikasicha thuramukhangalil madhya kolanikalile mattevidathekkaalum kooduthal saamoohika vibhaagangalundaayirunnu. 1773 aayappozhekkum moonnu valia nagarangalude janasamkhya vardhichu philadelphia 40,000-lum newyork nagaram 25,000-lum baltimore 6,000-lum ethi. vyapaarikal thuramukha samoohathil aadhipathyam pulartthi, 40 oolam vyapaarikal philadelphiyayude vyaapaarathinte pakuthi niyanthrichu. philadelphiyayileyum newyorkkileyum sambannaraaya vyapaarikal nyoo englandile avarude athiraalikaleppole fairmound paarkk polulla manoharamaaya georgian shailiyilulla maalikakal nirmmichu.
kadayudamakal, karakaushalathozhilaalikal, kappal udamakal, kashaappukal, coopermar, thunnalkkar, thunnalkkar, bakermar, marappanikkar, kothupanikal, mattu niravadhi prathyeka karakaushala vasthukkal enniva kadaltheera samoohathile madhyavargathil ulppedunnu. bharyamaarum bharthaakkanmaarum palappozhum oru teamaayi pravartthikkukayum athu kudumbatthiloode kaimaranullah avarude kazhivukal kuttikale padippikkukayum cheythu. eee karakaushalathozhilaalikalum vyaapaarikalum palarum mithamaaya jeevitam srishtikkaan mathiyaya panam sambaadichu. thuramukha samoohathinte ettavum thazheyaayi thozhilaallikal nilakondu. eee pavapetta aalukal thuramukhangalil inbound kappalukal irakkukayum gothamb, cholam, chana vithukal enniva upayogichu puratthekku pookunna kappalukal kayattukayum cheythu. avaril palarum aafrikkan amerikkakkaaraayirunnu; chilar swathanthraraayirunnu, mattullavar adimakalaayirunnu. 1750ll newyorkkileyum philadelphiyayileyum janasamkhyayude 10 shathamaanatholam karuthavargakkaaraayirunu. noorukanakkinu naavikar vyaapaarakkappalukalil naavikarayi jolie cheythu, avaril chilar aafrikkan amerikkakkaaraayirunnu.
thekkan kolanikal.
thekkan kolanikalil pradhaanamaayum aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnathu maryland, virgenia, thekkan carolina ennividangalile sambanna thottakkaaraayirunnu. aafrikkan adimakal jolie cheythirunna valia thottangal avarkk svanthamaayirunnu. 1750ll thekk bhaagathulla 650,000 nivaasikalil ekadesham 250,000 allengil 40 sathamaanam adimakalaayirunnu. thottangal kayattumathikkayi pukayila, indigo, arrie enniva valarthukayum avarude swantham bhakshya vitharanathil bhooribhaagavum valarthukayum cheythu. koodaathe, pala cheria upajeevana faamukalum kudumba udamasthathayilullathum pravarthippikkunnathum yoman aayirunnu. mikka vellakkarkkum kurachu bhoomi undaayirunnu, athinaal avarkk vottu cheyyaan kazhiyum.
thekk sthreekal.
1970-kalile saamoohika charitraviplavam muthal colonial thekk sthreekal, kudumbam, lingabhedam ennivayude pankinekkurichu charitrakaaranmaar prathyeka shradha cheluthiyittundu.
aadyakaala chesapeak kolanikalil valare kurachu sthreekal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. 1650ll, 200ll thaazhe sthreekal mathramulla merilaandile motham janasamkhya janasamkhya aduthaanennu kanakkukal soochippikkunnu. janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum cheruppakkaarum avivaahitharum veluthavarumaaya karar brithyanmaaraayirunnu, athinaal kolanikalkku valia alavil saamoohika aikyam illaayirunnu. 1619-ll thanne aafrikkan sthreekal koolani praveshikkukayum avarude padavi oru charitraparamaaya charchayaayi thudarukayum cheiyunnu-swatantra, adima, allengil karar cheytha bhrithyan.
pathinezhaam noottaandil, puthumukhangalude uyarnna marananirakkum sthreepurushanmaarude valare uyarnna anupaathavum mikka kolanikkarkkum kudumbajeevitam asaadhyamo asthiramo aakki. 1700 nuu munbu virgenia-maryland mekhalayile europileyum nyoo englandileyum athiraalikalil ninnu kudumbangaleyum samoohangaleyum adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyasthamaakkiya eee gadakangal, chitharikkidakkunna vaasasthalangalum gramangalil thaamasikkanulla vimukhathayum, velutha karar adimakaludeyum karutha adimakaludeyum vardhichuvarunna kudiyettavum ulppedunnu. eee angeyattatthe saahacharyangal sthreekale avahelikkukayum shaaktheekarikkukayum cheythu.
sthreekal palappozhum chooshanathinum durupayogathinum irayaakumaayirunnu, prathyekichu karar cheytha sevakar, purusha samrakshakar illaatha kaumaarakkaraaya penkuttikal. maruvashathu, maathaapithaakkalude melnottamillathe, yuvathikalkk inakale thiranjedukkaan kooduthal swaathanthryamundaayirunnu, arharaaya sthreekalude kuravu vivaahathe mukalilekkulla chalanathinulla oru maargamaayi upayogikkaan avare praaptharakki. uyarnna marananirakk ardhamaakkunnathu chesapeak bharyamaar saadhaaranayaayi swath paarambaryamaayi labhicha vidhavakalayi maarunnu; pala vidhavakalum ethrayum vegam punarvivaham cheyth avarude swath vardhippichu. 1700 oode janasamkhya sthiratha kaivarikkaan thudangi, 1704 leeii sensus prakaram 30,437 vellakkaar undaayirunnu, athil 7,163 perr sthreekalaanu. sthreekal cheruppatthil vivaham kazhikkukayum kooduthal kaalam vivaham kazhikkukayum kooduthal kuttikale prasavikkukayum kudumba raashtreeyathil swaadheenam nashtappedukayum cheythu.

