
internettinte charithram

internettinte charithratthinte uthbhavam vivara sidhaanthathilum computer netvarkkukal nirmmikkanum parasparam bandhippikkanum shaasthranjarudeyum enchineeyarmaarudeyum sramangalilumaanu. internettile nettvarkkukalum upakaranangalum thammil ashayavinimayam nadatthaan upayogikkunna niyamangalude koottamaaya internettu protocol suit, amerikkayile gaveshanathil ninnum vikasanathil ninnum uthbhavichu, koodaathe anthaaraashtra sahakaranm ulppeduthi, prathyekichu yunaittad kingdatthileyum francileyum gaveshakarumaayi.
1950 kalude avasaanathil computer upayokthaakkalkkidayil samayam pankidunnathum pinneedu wide eriya nettvarkkukaliloode ithu nedaanulla saadhyathayum pariganikkaan thudangiya oru uyarnnuvarunna vibhagamaayirunnu computer sayans. jeey. sii. aarr. yunaittad stetts department oof defense (dooad) advanced research project ejansiyude (rpa) information prosessing technics offeesil (aii. pii. tii. oo) oru saarvathrika shringhala enna ashayam licklider vikasippichu. swathanthramaayi, rand korppareshanile pooll barren 1960 kalude thudakkathil sandesha blokkukalile daattaye adisthaanamaakki oru distributed network nirddeshichu, donald davis 1965 ll naashanal physical laboratariyil (enn. pii. ell) paakkat switching vibhavanam cheythu, yunaittad kingdatthil oru deseeya vaanijya daatta network nirddeshichu.
roobert tailor samvidaanam cheyth laurence roberts kaikaaryam cheytha aarpaanet padhathiyude vikasanathinaayi 1969 ll aarpa karaarukal nalki. 1970 kalude thudakkathil uclaile leonard claintock ganithashaasthra pravarthanangalkku adivarayitta davikalum barren nirddeshicha paakkat switching saankethikavidya arpaanett sweekarichu. boult, beranech, neuman ennividangalile bob qaan ulppedunna oru samghamaanu eee shringhala nirmmichathu.
1970kalil niravadhi aadyakaala paakkat-switch cheytha netvarkkukal uyarnnuvannu, avaa daatta networking gaveshanam cheyyukayum nalkukayum cheythu. aarpa padhathikal, anthaaraashtra working grouppukal, vaanijya samrambhangal enniva internettu varkkinginulla vividha maanadandangaludeyum protocolukaludeyum vikasanathilekku nayichu, athil onniladhikam vyathyastha nettvarkkukale nettvarkkukalude shringalayilekku cherkkaan kazhiyum. ippol daarpayilulla bob qaan, stanford sarvakalaashaalayile vint serf ennivar 1974 ll gaveshanam prasidheekarichu, athu internettu protocol syoottinte rund protocolukalaaya transmission kantrol protocol (tcp), internettu protocol (aipi) ennivayaayi parinamichu. luis pousin samvidaanam cheytha franch cyclades padhathiyil ninnulla ashayangal roopakalppanayil ulppedunnu.
1980 kalude thudakkathil, x25 protocoline adisthaanamaakki deseeya, anthardesheeya pothu dattaa netvarkkukal uyarnnuvannu, athinte roopakalppanayil remi despressinte pravartthanangal ulppedunnu. amerikkayil, naashanal sayans foundeshan (enn. ezz. eph) amerikkayile niravadhi sarvakalaashaalakalile deseeya suuppar computing kendrangalkku dhanasahayam nalkukayum 1986ll enn. ezz. eph. nettu padhathiyumaayi parasparabandham sthaapikkukayum angane amerikkayile gaveshanathinum academic samghadanakalkkumaayi eee suuppar computer cytukalilekku network axus srishtikkukayum cheythu. enn. ezz. eph. nettumayulla anthaaraashtra kanakshanukal, domaine neyim sisttam polulla vaasthuvidyayude aavirbhavam, nilavilulla netvarkkukalil anthaaraashtrathalathil tcp/aipi sweekarikkal enniva internettinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthi. 1989ll amerikkayilum australiyayilum vaanijya internettu sevana daathaakkal (aii. ezz. pii. ezz) uyarnnuvannu. 1990ll aarpaanet nirthalaakkappettu. 1989 avasaanathilum 1990 avasaanathilum niravadhi american nagarangalil audyogika vaanijya sthaapanangal internettinte chila bhaagangalilekkulla parimithamaaya swakaarya kanakshanukal uyarnnuvannu. 1995ll ensfnettinte opttikkal nattellu nirthalaakkappettu, vaanijya traaphik vahikkunnathinaayi internettu upayogikkunnathinulla avasana niyanthranangal neekkam cheythu, kaaranam traaphik sprint, emci, ettu & tii enniva niyanthrikkunna opttikkal netvarkkukalilekku maari.
swittsarlandile sernil britiish computer shaasthranjanaaya timm bernezhs-liie nadatthiya 1989-90 enna gaveshanathinte falamaayi waled wide web, hypertext dokyumentukale nettvarkkile eathu nodil ninnum axus cheyyaavunna oru vivara samvidaanavumaayi bandhippichu. 1990kalude madhyathil tharangavibhaaga multiplexinginte (dablyu. dii. emm) varavode internettinte sheshi naadakeeyamaayi vikasikkukayum fiber opttik kebilukal purathirakkukayum cheythath samskaaram, vaanijyam, saankethikavidya ennivayil viplavakaramaaya swaadheenam chelutthi. ithu electronic meyil, thalkshana sandeshamayakkal, voys ovar internettu protocol (voip) telephone kolukal, viidiyoo chaatt, waled wide web ennivayiloode athinte charchaa forangal, blogukal, soshyal networking sevanangal, oonlain shopping sittukal ennivayiloode thalkshana aashayavinimayathinte valarcha saadhyamaakki. 2019 aakumbozhekkum 1 jibitt/second, 10 jibitt/second, 800 jibitt/second ennivayil pravartthikkunna fiber-opttik nettvarkkukaliloode vardhichuvarunna alavilulla daatta uyarnna vegathayil kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. aagola ashayavinimaya bhooprakrithi internettu etteduthathu charitraparamaaya adisthaanathil vegathilaayirunnu 1993ll dvimukha telecommunication nettvarkkukaliloode ozhukunna vivarangalude 1 sathamaanavum 2000 aakumbozhekkum 51 sathamaanavum 2007 aakumbozhekkum telecommunicated vivarangalude 97 sathamaanavum maathrame ithu ashayavinimayam nadathiyulloo. internettu valarunnathu thudarunnu, ithu kooduthal oonlain vivarangal, vaanijyam, vinodam, soshyal networking sevanangal ennivayaal nayikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, aagola shringalayude bhaavi roopappeduthunnathu praadeshika vyathyaasangal kondakam.
aditharakal.
mungaamikal.
radio allengil electric vayar polulla vaidyuthakaanthika maadhyamathiloode rund vyathyastha sthalangalkkidayil daatta kaimaruka-aadyathe computerukalude aamukhathinu munbullathaanu dattaa communication enna ashayam. atharam ashayavinimaya samvidaanangal saadhaaranayaayi rund anthima upakaranangal thammilulla pooyint tuu pooyint ashayavinimayathil parimithappedutthiyirunnu. semaphore lineukal, telegraph sisttangal, telex mesheenukal enniva itharathilulla aashayavinimayathinte aadyakaala mungamikalaayi kanakkakkaam. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil telegraph aadyathe samboornna digital ashayavinimaya samvidaanamaayirunnu.
1920kalil haari nikvisttum ralph hartley chernnaanu vivara sidhaanthathekkurichulla adisthaana saidhaanthika pravartthanangal vikasippichath. 1948ll claude shaannan prasthaavichathupole, vivara sidhaantham, telecommunication saankethikavidyayil signal-tuu-noys anupatham, bandwidth, shabdathinte saannidhyathil pishak rahita kaimaattam enniva thammilulla kaimaattam manasilakkaan uracha saidhaanthika adithara nalki. adutha aranoottaandil telecommunication baandvidthinte druthagathiyilulla valarcha saadhyamaakkiya traansisttar saankethikavidya (prathyekichu moss traansistarukal), lazer saankethikavidya ennivayile purogathikkoppam moonnu pradhana sambhavavikasangalil onnaanith.
1940 kalile aadyakaala computerukalil oru central prosessing yoonittum user terminalukalum undaayirunnu. 1950kalil saankethikavidya vikasichathode, mainframe computer modalinu aavashyamaaya deerghadoora (terminalukalkk) allengil uyarnna vegathayil (praadeshika upakaranangalude paraspara bandhathinu) ashayavinimayam anuvadikkunnathinu puthiya samvidaanangal aavishkarichu. eee saankethikavidyakal vidoora computerukalkkidayil daatta (fayalukal polullava) kaimarunnathu saadhyamaakki. ennirunnaalum, pooyint-tuu-pooyint ashayavinimaya maathruka parimithamaayirunnu, kaaranam ithu rund ekapaksheeya samvidaanangalkkidayil nerittulla ashayavinimayam anuvadichirunnilla; oru bhauthika bandham aavashyamaayirunnu. bandham takarnna saahacharyathil aashayavinimayathin badal vazhikalillathathinaal thanthraparavum sainikavumaaya upayogathinu saankethikavidya durbalamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
prachodanam.
aadyakaala computerukal oru vyakthigatha upayokthaav upayogikkunna terminalukalumaayi nerittu bandhippichirunnu. ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalayile aadyathe computation professoraaya christopher stratchi 1959 februvariyil samayam pankidunnathinaayi oru pettant apeksha phayal cheythu. aaa varsham juunil, paareesil nadanna unesco information prosessing konfaransil "valia phaast computerukalil samayam pankidal" enna paper nalki, avide addeham eee ashayam jeey. sii. aarr. licklider. licklider, boult beranekkileyum neuman incorporatileyum vais president.1960 januvariyil thante 'maan-computer symbiosis' enna prabandhatthil oru computer shringhala nirddeshichu
1962 augustil licklider welden clark chernnu "oonlain maan-computer communication" enna prabandham prasidheekarichu, ithu oru network cheytha bhaaviyekkurichulla aadya vivaranangalilonnaan.
1962 octoberil, american aikyanaadukalile prathirodha vakuppinte pradhana computerukale cheyenne parvatham, pentagon, sack echkyu ennividangalil parasparam bandhippikkanulla utharavode, daarppaykkullil puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya information prosessing technics offeesinte (aii. pii. tii. oo) director jacq ruina licklidere niyamichu. avide addeham kooduthal computer gaveshanathinaayi darppaykkullil oru anoupachaarika samgham roopeekarichu. 1963ll addeham "intergaalaaktik computer nettvarkkile amgangalum anubandha sthaapanangalum" ennu vilicha aii. pii. tii. oo staafukalkku vitharanam cheytha oru shringalayekkurichu memmokal ezhuthi.
arpaanett laivayi varunnathinu anchu varsham munbu 1964 ll addeham aii. pii. tii. oo vittuvenkilum, saarvathrika netvarkkinginekkur addehathinte kazhchappaadaanu addehathinte pingaamikaliloraalaya roobert tailorinu arpaanett vikasanathinu thudakkamidaan prachodanam nalkiyathu. 1973ll licklider rund varshathekku aipttoye nayikkaan thirichetthi.
paakkat switching.
oru logical network roopeekarikkunnathinu prathyeka physical netvarkkukal bandhippikkunna prashnamaayirunnu pala prashnangalilum aadyathethu. aadyakaala netvarkkukal sandesha switch cheytha samvidaanangal upayogichu, avaykku orotta pooyint paraajayappedaan saadhyathayulla karkkashamaaya ruting gadanakal aavasyamaanu. 1960kalil rand korppareshanile pooll barren yuu. esinaayi athijeevikkaan kazhiyunna nettvarkkukalekkurich oru patanam nadatthi.ezz. aanavayudham undaayal sainyam. baarante shringalayiludaneelam kaimaattam cheyyappedunna vivarangal addeham "sandesha blokkukal" ennu vilikkunna tharangalayi vibhajikkum. swathanthramaayi, donald davis (naashanal physical laborattari, yuke), paakkat switching ennu addeham vilichathine adisthaanamaakki oru local eriya network nirddeshikkukayum prayogatthil varuthukayum cheythu, aaa padam aathyanthikamayi sweekarikkappedum.
paakkat switching ennathu oru drutha store, forwade networking roopakalppanayaanu, athu sandeshangale ekapaksheeyamaaya paakkattukalaayi vibhajikkunnu, oro paakkattinum ruting theerumaanangal edukkunnu. telephonic upayogikkunna parambaraagatha surcuted-switching saankethikavidyayekkaal, prathyekichu resource-limittad intarkanakshan linkukalil, ithu mikacha bandwidth upayogavum prathikarana samayavum nalkunnu.
internettilekku nayicha netvarkkukal.
enn. pii. ell. network.
jeey. yumayullah charchakalkku sesham. sii. aarr. 1965-ll donald davis computer netvarkkukalkkaayulla dattaa ashayavinimayangalil thaalparyam prakadippichu. aaa varsham avasaanam, yunaittad kingdatthile deseeya physical laboratariyil, paakkat swichingine adisthaanamaakki oru deseeya vaanijya dattaa network davis roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. adutha varsham, oru ruteraayi pravartthikkaan oru "interface computer" upayogikkunnathine addeham vivarichu. eee nirddesham desheeyathalathil etteduthillengilum enn. pii. ellinte aavasyangal niravettunnathinum athivega dattaa transmission upayogichu paakkat switchinginte saadhyatha theliyikkunnathinum addeham oru praadeshika shringalaykkaayi oru roopakalppana nirmmichu. paakkat kramamattangal (chalanathmakamaayi update cheytha root mungananakal kaaranam), dattagram nashtangal (vegatha kuranja srothassukal mandagathiyilulla lakshyasthaanangalilekk ayaykkumbol ozhivaakkaanaavaatha) enniva kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu, "nettvarkkile ellah upayokthaakkalum eathenkilum tharatthilulla pishak niyanthranam nalkumennu" addeham anumaanichu, angane end-tuu-end thathwam kandupidichu. 1967ll dattaa-commutation pashchaathalatthil 'protocol' enna padam aadyamaayi upayogichavaril oraalaayirunnu adhehavum samghavum. netvarkkinte vikasanam 1968leeii oru konfaransil vivarikkapettu.
1968 aayappozhekkum, multidisciplinary laboratariyude aavasyangal niravettunnathinum pravartthana saahacharyangalil saankethikavidya theliyikkunnathinumaayi davis maarkk aii paakkat-switch network nirmmikkaan thudangi. paakkat switching upayogicha lokathile aadyathe rund netvarkkukalaanu enpl local netvarkkum arpaanettum, enpl netvarkkaanu athivega linkukal aadyamaayi upayogichathu. 1970kalil nirmmicha mattu pala paakkat switching nettvarkkukalum davisinte yadhaartha 1965 roopakalppanaykku "mikkavarum ellah kaaryangalilum" samanamaayirunnu. enpl team dattagram netvarkkukal ulppedeyulla paakkat netvarkkukalil simuleshan pravartthanangalum internettu working, computer network suraksha ennivayekkurichulla gaveshanavum nadatthi. 1973 muthal pravartthikkunna maarkk II pathipp oru layerd protocol architecture upayogichu. 1976ll 12 computerukalum 75 terminal upakaranangalum gadippikkukayum 1986ll network maattisthaapikkunnathuvar kooduthal kootticherkkukayum cheythu.
arppanett.
1966ll defense advanced research projects ejansiyile (darpa) information prosessing technics offeesinte (aii. pii. tii. oo) thalavanayi roobert tailor sthaanakkayattam nedi. parasparam bandhippicha networking samvidaanathekkurichulla lickliderude ashayangal saakshaathkarikkaan addeham uddeshichu. aii. pii. tii. oyude rollinte bhaagamaayi moonnu network terminalukal sthaapichittundu onnu santa monikkayile sisttam development korppareshanu vendi, onnu berkleyile california sarvakalaashaalayile project jeenikkayi, onnu masaachyusets instittyoott oof teknolajiyil (eimti) anuyojyamaaya time-sharing sisttam projakttinaayi. tailorinu vyakthamaaya vibhavangalude pazhakkalil ninnu netvarkkinginte aavasyakatha vyakthamaayi.
1967 januvariyil mittil ninnu laari roberttukale konduvanna addeham atharamoru shringhala nirmmikkunnathinulla oru padhathi aarambhichu. roberttukalum thomas merilum wide eriya nettvarkkukaliloode (vaan) computer time sharing gaveshanam nadathukayaayirunnu. wide eriya netvarkkukal 1950-kalil uyarnnuvarikayum 1960-kalil sthaapithamaavukayum cheythu. 1967 octoberil operating sisttam thathwangalekkurichulla aadyathe acm simposiyathil, oru sandesha switching network srishtikkaan interface sandesha prosessorukal upayogikkaanulla wesley klaarkkinte nirddeshathe adisthaanamaakki roberts "arppa nettu" enna nirddesham avatharippichu. konfaransil, rogger scantilbury dattaa kammyoonikkeshanukalkkayi paakkat swichinginekkurichu donald davisinte pravartthanangal avatharippikkukayum raandile pooll baarante pravarthanangalekkurichu paraamarsikkukayum cheythu. robarttukal paakkat switching ashayangal aarpaanet roopakalppanayil ulppeduthukayum nirddishta ashayavinimaya vegatha 2.4 keey. bii. pii. esil ninnu 50 keey. bii. pii. esai uyarthukayum cheythu. cuing sidhaanthathekkurichulla thante munkaala pravartthanangale adisthaanamaakki leonard claintock pinneedu eee saankethikavidyayude prakadanam maathrkayaakkunnathinum alakkunnathinum ganitha sidhaantham vikasippichu.
boult beranekkinum nyoomaanumaayi shringhala nirmmikkunnathinulla karar aarpa nalki, leonard claintock samvidaanam cheytha california sarvakalaashaalayile network mesherment sentar, loss enchals (ucla) henry samuveli school oof enchiniyaring aandu uplied sayans, kaaliforniyayile menlo paarkkile dougless engelbart samvidaanam cheytha stanford research instittyoottile (sri) enls sisttam enniva thammil 1969 october 29 nuu 22:30 manikkoorukalil aadyathe aarpaanet link sthaapichu.
1969 disambarode, santa barbarayile california sarvakalaashaalayile kallar fried interactive mathematics sentar cherthu naalu-nooad network bandhippichu, thudarnnu yooniversitti oof uttaa graphics department. athe varsham thanne, mavovayile havaay sarvakalaashaalayile professor norman abramson mattullavarum roopakalppana cheytha oru samvidaanamaaya alohanettinu dhanasahayam nalkaan tailor sahayichu, ithu havaayiyile naalu dveepukalile ezhu computerukalkkidayil radio vazhi daatta kaimarunnu.
1969ll steevu crocker uclal oru "networking working group" roopeekarichu. internettu protocolukalum samvidaanangalum nirddeshikkunnathinum vitharanam cheiyunnathinum innum upayogikkunna abhiprayangalkkaayulla abhyarthana (rfc) prakriya kendreekarichaayirunnu aarpaanet vikasanam. hoost software" enna thalakkettil rfc 1, steevu crocker ezhuthukayum 1969 epril 7 nuu prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. aarpaanettile network sittukal thammilulla linkukal sthaapikkunnathinulla protocolaaya network kantrol protocol (encp) 1970 ll poortthiyaayi. eee aadya varshangal 1972 leeii sinimayil rekhappeduthiyittundu.
arpaanettile aadyakaala anthaaraashtra sahakaranagal viralamaayirunnu. 1973ll norwegian bhookamba nirayumayum (norser), sweedanile taanam erthu steshanile oru upagraha linkiloodeyum, landanile yooniversitti kolejile peettar kirsteente gaveshana grouppumaayum bandhapettu, ithu britiish academic netvarkkukalkku oru kavaadam nalki, aadyathe anthaaraashtra bhinna vibhava pankidal shringhala roopeekarichu. 1981 aayappozhekkum aathidheyarude ennam 233 aayi uyarnnu. internettaayi maarunnathinte saankethika kendramaayi aarpaanet maari, upayogicha saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkunnathinulla praadhamika upakaranamaayi.
merrit network.
samsthaanathinte vidyaabhyaasa, saambathika vikasanathe sahayikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi mishigaanile moonnu pothu sarvakalashaalakal thammilulla computer networking paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinaayi 1966ll mishigaanile vidyaabhyaasa gaveshana vivara thrayam enna nilayilaanu merrit network roopeekarichathu. mishigan samsthaanathinteyum naashanal sayans foundeshanteyum (enn. ezz. eph) prarambha pinthunayode, paakkat-switch cheytha network aadyamaayi pradharshippichathu 1971 desemberil aan aarbarile mishigan sarvakalaashaalayilum detroyittile weyne stettu sarvakalaashaalayilum aii. bii. emm mainframe computer systengalkkidayil hoost cheiyunnathinulla oru samvedanaathmaka hoost gadippichappozhaanu. 1972 octoberil eest lansinghile mishigan stettu yooniversittiyile cdc mainframilekkulla kanakshanukal thrayam poortthiyaakki. adutha niravadhi varshangalil interactive kanakshanukal hostucheyyunnathinu hoost cheiyunnathinupurame, hoost kanakshanukalkkulla terminaline pinthunaykkunnathinum hoost tuu hoost baachu kanakshanukal (remot job submission, remot printing, baachu phayal transfer), interactive phayal transfer, timenettilekkum telenettilekkum gatewakel, pothu daatta netvarkkukal, x25 hoost attaachmentukal, x25 daatta netvarkkukalilekkulla gatewakel, itharnettu attached hosttukal, oduvil tcp/aipi, mishiganile adhika pothu sarvakalashaalakal enniva netvarkkil cherunnu. 1980kalude madhyathil aarambhicha enn. ezz. eph. nettu padhathiyil merittinte punk vahikkaan ithellaam vediyorukki.
saikkil.
luis pousin roopakalppana cheyyukayum samvidaanam cheyyukayum cheytha oru franch gaveshana shringalayaayirunnu cyclades paakkat switching shringhala. aadyakaala arpaanett roopakalppanaykku badalukal paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinum internettu working gaveshanathe pinthunaykkunnathinumaayi addeham network vikasippichu. 1973 ll aadyamaayi pradharshippicha, donald davis vibhavanam cheytha end-tuu-end thathwam nadappilaakkukayum vishwasaneeyamallaatha daattaagraamukal upayogichu netvarkkinekkaal daattayude vishwasaneeyamaaya vitharanathinu hosttukale utharavaadikalaakkukayum cheytha aadyathe nettvarkkaayirunnu ithu. eee shringalayil nadappilaakkiya ashayangal tcp/aipi vaasthuvidya swaadheenichu.
x. 25 umm pothu daatta nettvarkkukalum.
anthaaraashtra gaveshana samrambhangale adisthaanamaakki, prathyekichu remi despressinte sambhaavanakale adisthaanamaakki, paakkat switching network maanadandangal anthaaraashtra telegraph aandu telephone consultative kammitti (aii. tii. yuu-tii) x25, anubandha maanadandangalude roopathil vikasippichu. parambaraagatha telephone kanakshanukal anukarikkunna vertual sarcuteukal enna aashayathilaanu x25 nirmmichirikkunnathu. 1974ll, britiish academic, gaveshana sittukal thammilulla serknett shringalayude adisthaanam x25 roopeekarichu, athu pinneedu yunaittad kingdatthinte athivega deseeya gaveshana vidyaabhyaasa shringalayaaya (enn. aarr. iii) jaanettaayi maari. x25-leeii prarambha aii. tii. yuu staanderd 1976 maarchil amgeekarikkappettu. yunaittad stetsile telenet polulla nilavilulla netvarkkukal x25 sweekarikkukayum kaanadayile daattaapaak, fraansile transpack polulla puthiya pothu dattaa netvarkkukal sweekarikkukayum cheythu. internettu working praapthamakkiya x75 protocol x25 nuu anubandhamaayi.
britiish poost oafees, vestten union internaashanal, timnett enniva 1978-ll internaashanal paakkat switched sarvees (aii. pii. ezz.) ennu vilikkappedunna aadyathe anthaaraashtra paakkat switched network srishtikkaan sahakarichu. eee network europil ninnum usil ninnum valarnnu 1981-oode canada, hongong, austreliya ennivayilekku vyaapichu. 1990-kalode ithu lokamembaadumulla networking infrastructure nalki.
arpaanettil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, x25 saadhaaranayaayi bisinesses upayogathinaayi labhyamaayirunnu. telenet athinte telly meyil electronic meyil sevanam vaagdaanam cheythu, ithu aarpaanettinte pothuvaaya imeyil samvidaanathekkaal enterprise upayogathe lakshyamitirunnu.
aadyathe pothu dial-inn netvarkkukal pothu netvarkkil pravartthikkunna oru konsentrettarilekku ethaan asinkranas tti terminal protocolukal upayogichu. telenet, computerverve thudangiya chila netvarkkukal terminal sessionukale avarude paakkat-switch cheytha baakkbonukalilekku multiplexes cheyyaan x25 upayogichu, athesamayam timenet polulla mattullavar propraittari protocolukal upayogichu. 1979ll, pezhsanal computer upayokthaakkalkk electronic meyil sheshikalum saankethika pinthunayum nalkunna aadyathe sevanamaayi computerve maari. 1980ll sibi simulettarumaayi thalsamaya chaatt vaagdaanam cheiyunna aadya kambaniyaayi kambani veendum puthiya adithara paakunnu. mattu pradhana dial-inn netvarkkukal america oonlain (eiii. oo. ell), ashayavinimayam, ulladakkam, vinoda savisheshathakal enniva nalkunna pradiji ennivayaayirunnu. pala bullattin board sisttam (bbs) nettvarkkukalum oonlain axus nalki, athaayath hobiyist computer upayokthaakkalkkidayil janapriyamaayirunna phidonet, avaril palarum hackermar amachwar radio oopparettarmaarum aayirunnu.
yuu. yuu. sii. pii. yum yoosnettum.
1979ll duke sarvakalaashaalayile rund vidyaarthikalaaya toom trescoat jiim ellis chernnu chaappal hillile aduthulla yooniversitti oof north karolinayumaayi seeriyal line uucp kanakshanil vaarthakalum sandeshangalum kaimaran boonn shell skripttukal upayogikkuka enna ashayam aarambhichu. 1980-ll software parasyamaayi purathirakkiyathinethudar, yoosnet vaarthakalil forwade cheiyunna uucp hosttukalude mesh athivegam vikasichu. upnet, pinneedu perittathupole, phidonettum dial-upp bbs hosttukalum thammilulla gatewakelum linkukalum srishtichu. kuranja chelavu, nilavilulla paattatthinu nalkia lineukal, x25 linkukal allengil arpaanett kanakshanukal polum upayogikkaanulla kazhivu, pilkkala netvarkkukalaaya csnet, bitnett ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol karsanamaaya upayoga nayangalude abhavam enniva kaaranam uucp netvarkkukal vegathil vyaapichu. ellah kanakshanukalum praadeshikamaayirunnu. 1981 aayappozhekkum uucp aathidheyarude ennam 550 aayi uyarnnu, 1984 ll ithu ekadesham erattiyaayi 940 aayi.
1987 muthal pravartthikkunnathum 1989ll italiyil audyogikamaayi sthaapithamaayathumaaya sublink network, swakaarya vyakthikaludeyum cherukida kambanikaludeyum udamasthathayilulla itaaliyan nodukaliludaneelam (akkaalat ekadesham 100) meyil, nyoos grouppukal sandeshangal punarvitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi yuu. yuu. sii. pii. yeei adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. janapriya vyaapanathiloode internettu saankethikavidya purogamikkunnathinte aadya udaaharanangalilonnaayirikkalim sublink network.
1973-1989: netvarkkukal layippikkukayum internettu srishtikkukayum cheyyuka.
tcp/aipi.
niravadhi vyathyastha network reethikal ullathinaal, avaye ekeekarikkaan enthengilum aavashyamaayirunnu. donald davisinte pravartthanatthe adisthaanamaakki 1971 ll luis pousin cyclades padhathi aarambhichu. thante kruthiyil, pousin samyojitha shringalaye soochippikkunna "kattanett" enna padam upayogichu. 1972ll roopeekaricha oru anthaaraashtra networking working groupil stanford sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla vint serf, bbyanil ninnulla alex mckensey, enplil ninnulla donald davis, rogger scantilbury, airiyayil ninnulla luis pousin, hubert simmerman ennivar sajeeva amgangalaayirunnu. aaa varsham thanne, darppayile bob qaan eee prashnatthil addehathodoppam pravartthikkaan vint serfine niyamichu. serox paarkkile bob metkaaf itharnettu enna ashayam roopappeduthi. 1973 aayappozhekkum, eee grouppukal oru adisthaana parishkkaranam aavishkarichu, avide network protocolukal thammilulla vyathyaasangal oru pothu internettu varkk protocol upayogichu marachuvekkukayum network vishwaasyathaykku utharavaadiyaayirikkunnathu, aarpaanettilennapole, hosttukal utharavaadikalaayi maarukayum cheythu.
1974 meyy maasathil qaan, serf ennivar avarude ashayangal prasidheekarichu, ithu luis pousin, hubert simmerman ennivar cyclades shringalayil nadappaakkiya ashayangal ulppeduthi. thathfalamaayundaakunna protocolinte savisheshatha, transmission kantrol prograam, 1974 desemberil network working group prasidheekarichu. internettu varkkinte hraswarekhayaayi "internettu" enna padatthinte aadyathe saakshyappeduthiya upayogam ithil adangiyirikkunnu. oro upayokthru session rund simplexes communication chaanalukal upayogichu roopakalppana cheytha eee software ekashilayaayirunnu.
netvarkkinte punk pravartthanatthinte oru kendramaayi kuranjathode, mattu netvarkkukalumaayi avayude vishadamaaya savisheshathakalil ninnu swathanthramaayi traaphik kaimaattam cheiyunnathu saadhyamaayi, athuvazhi internettu varkkinginte adisthaana prasnangal pariharikkanaakum. prototype softweyarinte vikasanathinu dhanasahayam nalkaan darpa sammathichu. stanford, bii. bii. enn, yooniversitti koleju lunden (yuu. sii. ell) ennividangalil ekakaala nadappaakkalukaliloode 1975-ll pareekshanam aarambhichu. niravadhi varshathe pravarthanatthinu sesham, sf bay eriyayile paakkat radio netvarkkum (pii. aarr. nettu) aarpaanettum thammilulla oru kavaadatthinte aadya pradarshanam stanford research instityoottaanu nadathiyathu. 1977 november 22nuu arpaanett, paakkat radio nettvarkkile sreeyude paakkat radio vaan, uclil oru nooad ulppedeyulla atlaantik paakkat saattalait network (saatnett) ennivayulppede moonnu network pradarshanam nadatthi.
phul-duplexes chaanalukal upayogichu software oru modular protocol staakkaayi punarroopakalppana cheythu; 1976 num 1977 num idayil, yogan dalal roobert metkaafum mattullavarumayi chernnu tcpyude ruting, transmission kantrol functionukale rund vyathiriktha paalikalaayi verthirikkaan nirddeshichu, ithu transmission kantrol prograamine transmission kantrol protocol (tcp), internettu protocol (aipi) ennivayaayi vibhajikkunnathilekku nayichu. 1978 ll pathipp 3 ll. yadhaarthathil "aipi/tcp" ennu paraamarsikkappettu, pathipp 4 aii. iii. tii. eph prasidheekaranamaaya aarr. eph. sii 791 (septambar 1981), 792,793 ennivayil vivarichirunnu. ithu 1982 ll saatnettilum 1983 januvariyil aarpaanettilum instaal cheythu. dooad ellah sainika computer networkinginum ithu staanderd aakkiyathin sesham. ithu anoupachaarikamaayi tcp/aipi ennariyappedunna oru networking modalinu kaaranamaayi. department oof defense (dooad) model, darppa model allengil arpaanett model ennum ithu ariyappettirunnu. designilum testingilum pradhana pravartthanangal nadathiyathinu serf thante biruda vidyaarthikalaaya yogan dalal, kaal sanshain, judy estrin, richard carp, jerard leeii laan ennivare credit cheiyunnu. pala operating sistangalkkumaayi tcp/aipi nadappaakkalukalude vikasanam darppa sponsor cheiyukayo prothsaahippikkukayo cheythu.
arpaanettil ninnu enn. ezz. eph. nettilekku.
niravadhi varshangalayi aarpaanet pravarthippichathinushe, network kaimaran mattoru ejansiye arppa thedi; aarppayude praadhamika dauthyam oru ashayavinimaya yoottility pravarthippikkaathe athyaadhunika gaveshanathinum vikasanathinum dhanasahayam nalkukayaayirunnu. oduvil, 1975 joolaiyil, eee shringhala prathirodha vakuppinte bhagamaaya prathirodha ashayavinimaya agencic kaimari. 1983ll yuu.ezz. arpaanettinte sainika bhagam milnettu enna prathyeka shringalayaayi thakarkkapettu. rahasya thalatthilulla siprnettinum mukalil rahsyathinum vendiyulla jevikkukalkkum samaantharamaayi milnettu pinneedu tharamthirikkappedaathum ennaal sainika-mathramullathumaaya niprnettaayi maari. niprnettinu pothu internettilekkulla niyantritha suraksha gatewakelundu.
arpaanettine adisthaanamaakkiyulla netvarkkukal sarkkar dhanasahaayathodeyullavayiraayinu, athinaal gaveshanam polulla vaanijyethara upayogangalil parimithappedutthiyirunnu; bandhamillaattha vaanijya upayogam karsanamaayi nirodhichirunnu. ithu thudakkathil sainika kendrangalilekkum sarvakalaashaalakalilekkum ulla kanakshanukal parimithappedutthi. 1980kalil, kooduthal vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalilekku kanakshanukal vyaapippikkukayum avaa fiber opttik lainukalude shringhala roopeekarikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. gaveshana padhathikalil pankedukkukayo avarkk sevanangal nalkukayo cheythirunna digital upakarana korppareshan, hevlettu-paccard thudangiya vardhichuvarunna kambanikal. daatta transmission vegatha kanakshante tharatthe aasrayichirikkunnu, ettavum mandagathiyilullathu analog telephone lainukalum ettavum vegathil upayogikkunna opttikkal networking saankethikavidyayumaanu.
yuu. yude mattu niravadhi shaakhakal.ezz. sarkkar, naashanal aeronotics aandu space administration (naasa), naashanal sayans foundeshan (enn. ezz. eph), oorjja vakupp (dii. oo. iii) enniva internettu gaveshanathil valareyadhikam earppedukayum arpaanettinte pingamiyude vikasanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1980kalude madhyathil, eee moonnu shaakhakalum tcp/aipi adisthaanamaakkiyulla aadyathe wide eriya netvarkkukal vikasippichu. naasa sayans network vikasippikkukayum enn. ezz. eph. sii. ezz. nettu vikasippikkukayum doow energy sayans network allengil esnettu vikasippikkukayum cheythu.
1980kalude madhyathil naasa tcp/aipi adisthaanamaakkiyulla naasa sayans network (ensn) vikasippichu, ithu bahirakasha shaasthranjare lokath evideyum sambharichirikkunna daattayumaayum vivarangalumaayum bandhippikkunnu. 1989ll naasa amaze gaveshana kendratthil deknett adisthaanamaakkiyulla bahirakasha bhauthikashaasthra vishakalana shringalayum (spaan) tcp/aipi adisthaanamaakkiyulla naasa sayans shringalayum (ensn) orumichu konduvannu naasa sayans internettu allengil ensi enna aadyathe multiprotokkol wide eriya shringhala srishtichu. bhoomi, bahirakasham, jeevashaasthrangalude purogathikkaayi naasayude shaasthra samoohathinu poornnamaayum samyojitha ashayavinimaya adisthaana soukaryangal nalkunnathinaayi ensi sthaapichu. athivega, multy-protocol, anthaaraashtra shringhala enna nilayil, ezhu bhookhandangaliludaneellamul 20,000 shaasthranjarkku ensi connectivity nalki.
1981ll computer sayans netvarkkinte (sii. ezz. nettu) vikasanathe enn. ezz. eph pinthunachu. tcp/aipi upayogichu aarpaanettumaayi bandhippichirikkunna csnet, x25-ll tcp/aipi pravarthippikkunnu, ennaal automated dial-upp meyil exchange upayogichu noothana network kanakshanukalillaatha vakuppukaleyum ithu pinthunachu. arpaanettin purathu internettine janapriyamakkunnathil sii. ezz. nettu oru pradhana punk vahichu.
1986ll, enn. ezz. eph. sponsor cheytha suuppar computing kendrangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi 56 kebitt/second nattellaya enn. ezz. eph. nettu enn. ezz. eph. eph. srishtichu. yunaittad stetsil praadeshika gaveshana, vidyaabhyaasa shringalakal srishtikkunnathinum praadeshika shringalakalumaayi sarvakalashaala, koleju campus shringalakale bandhippikkunnathinum enn. ezz. eph. nettu pinthuna nalki. enn. ezz. eph. nettinteyum praadeshika netvarkkukaludeyum upayogam suuppar computer upayokthaakkalil maathram othungunnathalla, 56 kebitt/second network vegathil overload cheyyappettu. ibm, emci, mishigan samsthaanangalumaayi sahakarichu merrit netvarkkumaayulla sahakarana karar prakaram 1988 ll ensfnet 1.5 embitt/secondaayi uyarthi. enn. ezz. eph. nettinte nilanilppum federal internettu ekschenchukalude (pariharangal) srishtiyum 1990ll aarpaanettine nirthalaakkaan anuvadichu.
1991ll tii3 staartt upp vegatha allengil 45 embitt/second nalkaan kazhivulla samarppita fiber, opttikkal laserukal, opttikkal amplifier sisttangal ennivayilekku ensfnet vipuleekarikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, emsiaiyude tii3 parivartthanam pratheekshichathilum kooduthal samayameduthu, ithu sprintine theeradesha-theeradesha deerghadoora vaanijya internettu sevanam sthaapikkaan anuvadichu. 1995ll enn. ezz. eph. nettu nirthalaakkiyappol, athinte opttikkal networking baakkbonukal emm. sii. aii, pii. ezz. aii nettu, sprint ennivayulppede niravadhi vaanijya internettu sevana daathaakkalkku kaimari. thalphalamaayi, handoff poortthiyaayappol, sprintum athinte washington dissy network axus pooyintukalum internettu traaphik vahikkaan thudangi, 1996 aayappozhekkum sprint lokathile ettavum valia internettu traafikkaayirunnu.
gaveshanavum academic samoohavum amerikkayil internettu 2, yunaittad kingdatthile jaanett thudangiya noothana netvarkkukal vikasippikkukayum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnathu thudarunnu.
internettilekkulla parivartthanam.
rund padangalum parasparam upayogikkappedumbol tcp protocolil (rfc 675: internettu transmission kantrol prograam, desember 1974) prasidheekaricha aadyathe aarefsiyil "internettu working" ennathinte oru hraswa roopamaayi "internettu" enna padam prathiphalichu. pothuve, oru pothu protocol vazhi bandhippichirikkunna nettvarkkukalude oru shekharamaayirunnu internettu. 1980kalude avasaanathil puthuthayi roopeekaricha enn. ezz. eph. nettu padhathiyumaayi aarpaanet bandhippichirunna kaalaghattatthil, valuthum aagolavumaaya tcp/aipi network aaya internettu enna netvarkkinte peraayi eee padam upayogichirunnu.
internettum fiber opttik nattellum korpparettu, upabhokthakkalkkaayi thurakkunnathu network sheshiyude aavasyam vardhippichu. puthiya fiber sthaapikkunnathinulla chelavum kaalathamasavum 1970 kalude avasaanathil opttelekom "prakashavum dravyavum thammilulla edapedalukal, athaayath laserukalum opttikkal amplification taranga mishrithathinum upayogikkunna opttikkal upakaranangalum" upayogichu oru fiber bandwidth vipuleekarana badal pareekshikkaan daathaakkale nayichu. eee saankethikavidya tharangavibhaaga multiplexing (dablyu. dii. emm) ennariyappettu. 1995ll bell laabukal oru 4-chaanal doubludm samvidaanam vinyasichu. opttelekom, laitt systems researchinte muun medhavi david aarr ennivar chernnu oru maas kappasitti (dense) doubludm samvidaanam vikasippichu. huber siyana corp enna puthiya samrambham roopeekarichu.1996 juunil sprint fiber netvarkkil lokathile aadyathe saandramaaya doubludm samvidaanam vinyasichu. ithine opttikkal netvarkkinginte yadhaartha thudakkam ennu vilikkunnu.
sahakaranathinte aavasyangal, daatta kaimaattam, remot computing vibhavangalude labhyatha enniva vazhi netvarkkinginulla thaalparyam vardhichathode internettu saankethikavidyakal lokamembaadum vyaapichu. tcp/aipiyile hardware-anjjeya sameepanam internettu traaphik vahikkunnathin anthaaraashtra paakkat switch sarvees (ips) x25 network polulla nilavilulla network infrastructurinte upayogathe pinthunachu.
internettilekku nerittu link cheyyaan kazhiyaatha pala saittukalum akkaalathe ettavum pradhanappetta aaplikkeshanaaya electronic meyil kaimaattatthinaayi lalithamaaya gatewakel srishtichu. edaykkideyulla kanakshanukal maathram ulla sittukal uucp allengil phidonet upayogikkukayum eee netvarkkukalkkum internettinum edayilulla kavaadangale aasrayikkukayum cheythu. uucp allengil meyil vazhi phayal transfer protocol (eftipi) cytukalilekku praveshanam anuvadikkunnathu polulla chila gateway sevanangal lalithamaaya meyil peeringinu appurathekku pooyi.
oduvil, sheshikkunna kendreekritha ruting vashangal neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi internettinaayi ruting saankethikavidyakal vikasippichu. baahya gateway protocol (iii. jii. pii) oru puthiya protocolaaya boarder gateway protocol (bii. jii. pii) upayogichu maattisthaapichu. ithu internettinu oru meshed topology nalkukayum arpaanett oonnipparanja kendreekritha vaasthuvidya kuraykkukayum cheythu. 1994ll, vilasa sthalathinte mikacha samrakshanathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi classless inter-domaine ruting (cdr) avatharippichu, ithu ruting tableukalude valuppam kuraykkunnathinu roottinte aggregation upayogikkaan anuvadichu.
opttikkal networking.
radio, saattalait, analog chembu telephone lineukal nalkunnathinekkaal transmission sheshiyude aavasyakatha abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinaayi, enchineeyarmaar laserukal, opttikkal amplifier teknikkukal enniva upayogichu pravartthikkunna fiber opttik kebilukal adisthaanamaakkiyulla opttikkal ashayavinimaya samvidaanangal vikasippichu.
1917ll albert ainsteen ezhuthiya "kwaandam sidhaantham oof radiation" enna prabandhatthil ninnaan lacing enna ashayam uyarnnuvannathu.attangal engane prakasham agiranam cheyyukayum purappeduvikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathinekkurichulla maiks plaankumaayulla oru sambhaashanathil ainsteen vipuleekarichu, ithu ervin shroadinger, verner heisenberg ennivaril ninnulla inputt upayogichu kwaandam mechanicsinu kaaranamaaya oru chinta prakriyayude bhagamaanu. prathyekamaayi, thante kwaandam sidhaanthathil, ainsteen ganithashaasthraparamaayi nirnnayichathu oru incandescent prakaashamo suryano polulla swaabhaavikamaaya puranthallaliloode mathramalla, uthejippicha puranthallaliloodeyum prakasham srishtikkaan kazhiyumennu.
naalpat varshangalkk sesham, 1957 november 13 nuu columbia sarvakalaashaalayile bhauthikashaasthra vidyaarthi gorden gauldu opttikkal amplification prakriyayiloode uthejippicha udvamanathiloode engane prakasham undaakkaamenn aadyamaayi manassilakki. eee saankethikavidyaykku addeham lazer enna padam upayogichu-vikiranathinte uthejippicha udvamanathiloode prakasha vardhana. gauldinte laitt amplification reethi upayogichu ("optikkali pump cheytha lazer amplifier" enna pettant), theodor maiman 1960 meyy 16 nuu aadyathe pravarthanakshamamaaya lazer nirmmichu.
gauldu opttelekom, ink sahasthaapakanaayi. 1973ll opttikkal fiber telecommunicationule addehathinte kandupiduthangal vaanijyavalkkarikkunnathi. corning glass cheria alavil aadyathe vaanijya fiber opttik cable nirmmikkunnathupole. optelikom swantham fiber laserukalum opttikkal amplifierukalum aadyathe vaanijya opttikkal ashayavinimaya samvidaanangalaayi krameekarichu, athu chevron us armi misail prathirodhatthinum nalki. moonnu varshathinu sesham 1977ll kaaliforniyayile long beechil jii. tii. iii aadyathe opttikkal telephone samvidaanam vinyasichu. 1980 kalude thudakkathil, laserukalaal pravartthikkunna opttikkal netvarkkukal, bell laabukal, enn. tii. tii, perelli enniva vitharanam cheiyunna ledu, opttikkal amplifier upakaranangal enniva thiranjeduttha sarvakalaashaalakalum deerghadoora telephone daathaakkalum upayogichu.
tcp/aipi agolamaayi pookunnu (1980kall).
sern europian internettum.
1982-nte thudakkathil, yooniversitti koleju landanile (ucl) norsarinteyum peettar kirsteeninteyum samgham aarpaanet upekshichu tcp/aipi ovar saatnett upayogikkaan thudangi. 1973 muthal pravarthichirunna yukeyile arpaanettum academic nettvarkkukalum thammilulla praveshanam ucl thudarnnu.
1984num 1988num idayil, sern athinte pradhana aantharika computer samvidaanangal, varkksteshanukal, pisikal, aaksilarettar kantrol sisttam enniva parasparam bandhippikkunnathinaayi tcp/aipi instaal cheyyaanum pravarthippikkaanum thudangi. sern oru parimithamaaya svayam vikasippicha sisttam (sernett) aantharikamaayum niravadhi poruthappedaattha (saadhaaranayaayi udamasthaavakaasha) network protocolukal bahyamaayum pravarthippikkunnathu thudarnnu. tcp/aipi kooduthal vyapakamaaya upayogathinethire europil ganyamaaya prathirodham undaayirunnu, koodaathe 1989 ll cornell sarvakalaashaalayumaayi atlaantik kadannu bandhippikkunnathuvare sern tcp/aipi intraanettukal internettil ninnu otappettu.
aarpaanattumaayi nerittu bandhippikkaan kazhiyaatha sthaapanangalkku networking kanakshanukal nalkunnathinaayi 1981 ll computer sayans network (sii. ezz. nettu) pravartthanam aarambhichu. 1984ll israelumaayi aayirunnu athinte aadya anthaaraashtra bandham. taamasiyaathe, canada, france, jarmmani ennividangalile computer sayans vakuppukalumayi kanakshanukal sthaapikkappettu.
1988ll fraansinte intiyayum netherlandsile centrum viskande & informatica (sii. vii. aii) yile peett beertemayumaanu enn. ezz. eph. nettumayulla aadyathe anthaaraashtra kanakshanukal sthaapichathu. sii. vii. aiyil ninnulla daniel carrenberg, uucp yoosnet netvarkkinte europian bhagamaaya (athil bhooribhaagavum x25 linkukaliloode pravartthikkunnu) yunettinte parivarthanathekkurichu upadesham thedi serninte tcp/aipi kordinettaraaya benn segal sandarshichu. kazhinja varsham, segal annathe cheria kambaniyaaya siskoyil ninnu serninaayi chila tcp/aipi ruterukal vaangunnathinekkurichu lenne bosakkumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathiyirunnu, koodaathe segalinu karanberginu upadesham nalkaanum uchithamaaya hardwareinaayi syscoylake kaimaran kazhinju. ithu nilavilulla yuu. yuu. sii. pii nettvarkkukaliludaneelam internettinte europian bhagam vipuleekarichu. denmark, finland, island, norway, sweeden ennividangalile sarvakalashaala vidyaarthikalkku thuranna praveshanam nalkikkond enn. ezz. eph. nettilekkulla nordunettu kanakshan taamasiyaathe nilavil vannu. 1989 januvariyil sern athinte aadyathe baahya tcp/aipi kanakshanukal thurannu. thudakkathil aipi network administrettarmaarude oru koottam, orumichu ekopana pravartthanangal nadatthaan pathivayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthiya rizo aipi europense (pakwathayulla) srishtikkunnathumaayi ithu poruthappettu. pinneedu, 1992-ll, repay aamstardaamil oru sahakarana samghamaayi audyogikamaayi rajisttar cheyyappettu.
yunaittad kingdatthinte deseeya gaveshana vidyaabhyaasa shringalayaaya (enn. aarr. enn) jaanett 1984ll yukeyude kalar book protocolukal upayogichu pravartthanam aarambikkukayum 1989ll enn. ezz. eph. nettumaayi bandhippikkukayum cheythu. 1991ll, nilavilulla netvarkkil jaanett internettu protocol sweekarichu. athe varsham thanne, x25 protocolil nirmmicha paan-europian nenn, europanettil daay davis internettu saankethikavidya avatharippichu. europian academic aandu research netvarkkum (sambaadikkuka) apoorvamaayi sweekaricha aipi athe samayathaan, europian internettu bekkan eboon 1992 ll pravarthanakshamamaayi.
ennirunnaalum, 1980 kalude avasaanathilum 1990 kalude thudakkathilum enchineeyarmaarum samghadanakalum raajyangalum eathu maanadandam, osi model allengil internettu protocol suit mikachathum shakthavumaya computer netvarkkukalkku kaaranamakumenna vishayathil dhruveekarikkappettu.
pasafikkilekkulla link.
dakshina korea 1982ll rund-nooad aabhyanthara tcp/aipi network, sisttam development network (sdn) sthaapichu, adutha varsham moonnaamathe nooad chertthu. 1983 augustil uucp (unix-tuu-unix-koppi) upayogichu sdn lokathinte mattu bhagangalumaayi bandhippichu; 1984 desemberil csnettumaayi bandhippichu; 1990 ll aupachaarikamaayi ensfnettumaayi bandhippichu.
1984ll uucp adisthaanamaakkiyulla network joonatt nirmmicha jappan, csnettilekkum pinneedu 1989ll ensfnettilekkum bandhippichu, ithu eshyayilekku internettinte vyaapanathe adayaalappeduthi.
austreliyayil, aarpayilekkum australian sarvakalaashaalakalkidayilumalu adhock networking 1980 kalude avasaanathil roopeekarichu, x25, uucpnet, oru CSNET polulla vividha saankethikavidyakale adisthaanamaakki. vyakthigatha anthaaraashtra uucp dial-upp allengil ex 25 kanakshanukal nirmmikkunnathinulla chelavu kaaranam iva aagola netvarkkukalumaayulla bandhatthil parimithamaayirunnu. 1989ll australian sarvakalashaalakal avarude networking infrastructureukale ekeekarikkunnathinu aipi protocolukal upayogikkunnathinulla shramathil pankuchernnu. 1989ll australian vais chaansalarmaarude kammitti roopeekaricha aarnett australiyaykku oru samarppita aipi adhishtitha shringhala nalki.
nyoosiland yukeyude kalar book protocolukal oru idakkaala maanadandamaayi sweekarikkukayum yuu. esumaayi aadyathe anthaaraashtra aipi kanakshan sthaapikkukayum cheythu.ezz. 1989ll.
oru "digital vibhajanam" uyarnnuvarunnu.
saankethika adisthaana soukaryangalulla vikasita rajyangal internettil cherumbol, vikaswara rajyangal avare internettil ninnu verthirikkunna oru digital vibhajanam anubhavikkan thudangi. pradhaanamaayum bhookhanda adisthaanathil, internettu resource administration pravarthanaanubhavam pankidunnathinum avar samghadanakal nirmmichu, ithu kooduthal transmission soukaryangal sthaapikkaan praapthamakki.
aphrica.
1990kalude thudakkathil, aafrikkan rajyangal anthaaraashtra, internettu varkk computer aashayavinimayangalkkayi x25 ips, 2400 booad modam uucp linkukale aashrayichirunnu.
1995 augustil, infomail ugaanda, limittad.ippol infocom ennariyappedunna kambaalayile oru swakaarya sthaapanavum 1997 ll vittathum ippol clear chaanal saattalait ennariyappedunnathumaaya colladoyile eavaninte ensn network sevanangalum aafrikkayile aadyathe thaddesheeya tcp/aipi athivega upagraha internettu sevanangal sthaapichu. nyoojezhsiyile ensninte paattatthinu nalkia graundu steshanil ninnulla oru swakaarya network upayogichu infomailinte kambaala offeesukale ensninte meeii-vestt pooyintumaayi nerittu bandhippikkunna oru sii-baand rsc russian upagrahamaan dattaa kanakshan aadyam vahichathu. infocomte aadyathe upagraha kanakshan secontinu 64 kebitt mathramaayirunnu, ithu oru sann hoost computerinum panthrand us robotics dial-upp modamukalkkum sevanam nalkunnu.
1996-ll, yuu. ezz. aid dhanasahaayathodeyulla oru padhathiyaaya leyland samrambham bhookhandathinaayi poornna internettu connectivity vikasippikkunnathinulla pravartthanangal aarambhichu. 1997ll ginia, mosambik, madagaskar, rwanda enniva saattalait erthu steshanukal nedi, thudarnnu 1998ll anakkombu theeravum beninum labhichu.
aphrica oru internettu adisthaana soukaryangal nirmmikkukayaan. moureeshyas aasthaanamaayi pravartthikkunna aphrenic, bhookhandathinaayulla aipi vilasam anuvadikkunnathu kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. mattu internettu mekhalakaleppole, oru pravartthana phooram undu, pravartthana networking vidagtharude internettu community.
uyarnna prakadanamulla transmission plaant nalkunnathinu niravadhi prograamukalundu, padinjaaran, thekkan theerangalil kadalinadiyilulla opttikkal cable undu. athivega kebilukal vadakke africa aafrikkayude kombineyum bhookhandaanthara cable samvidaanangalumaayi bandhippikkunnu. kizhakkan aafrikkayude undersea cable vikasanam mandagathiyilaanu; aafrikkayude vikasanathinayulla (nepad) puthiya pankaalitthavum kizhakkan aafrikkan antarvaahini samvidaanavum (eesi) thammilulla yadhaartha samyuktha sramam thakarukayum rund sramangalaayi maarukayum cheythekkaam.
eshyayum ooshyaaniyayum.
austreliya aasthaanamaayulla eshya pasaphik network information sentar (apnic) bhookhandathinaayulla aipi adrus alokkeshan kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. pravartthana saankethikavidyakalekkuri eshya-pasaphik regional internettu konfarans (apricot) enna oru pravartthana forathe apnic sponsor cheiyunnu.
dakshina koriyayil, 1990kalil adutha thalatthilulla ashayavinimayangal vikasippichedutha avasana mile saankethikavidyayaya vii. dii. ezz. ell. korpparettu, upabhokthru chembu adhishtitha telephone lainukale internettilekku bandhippichu.
peeples republic oof chaina athinte aadyathe tcp/aipi koleju network, sinhuwa sarvakalaashaalayude tunet 1991 ll sthaapichu. 1994 ll baijing electro-spectrometer sahakaranatinum stanford sarvakalaashaalayude leanier aaksilarettar sentarinum idayil prc athinte aadyathe aagola internettu kanakshan undaakki. ennirunnaalum, raajyavyaapakamaayi ulladakka filter nadappaakkikkond chaina swantham digital vibhajanam nadappaakki.
kobeyil nadanna internet sosaittiyude vaarshika yogamaaya inettu '92nuu jappan aathidheyathvam vahichu. 1990ll singapur technet vikasippikkukayum 1992ll thayland chulalongon sarvakalashaalayum yunattum thammil aagola internettu kanakshan nedukayum cheythu.
laattin america.
mattu pradeshangalilennapole, laattin american, caribean internettu adrus registry (lacnic) athinte pradeshathe aipi adrus space mattu vibhavangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. uruguay aasthaanamaayi pravartthikkunna lacnic dii. enn. ezz root, reverse dii. enn. ezz, mattu pradhana sevanangal enniva pravarthippikkunnu.
1990-2003: aagola internettinte uyarcha, web 1.
thudakkathil, athinte mungamikalaaya netvarkkukaleppole, internettaayi parinamikkunna samvidaanam praadhamikamaayi sarkkaarinteyum sarkkar sthaapanangaludeyum upayogathinaayirunnu. vaanijyaparamaaya upayogam nirodhichittundenkil, vaanijyaparamaaya upayogathinte krithyamaaya nirvachanam vyakthamallathathum aathmanishtavumaayirunnu. uyusipinettinum x25 ipisukalkkum atharam niyanthranangalonnum undaayirunnilla, ithu oduvil aarpanettinteyum ensfnettinteyum kanakshanukalude uyupinett upayogathinu audyogika nirodhanam nalkum. (chila uucp linkukal ippozhum eee netvarkkukalumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, ennirunnaalum administrettarmaar avarude pravarthanatthinu kannadachu.)
thalphalamaayi, 1980kalude avasaanathil aadyathe internettu sevana daataav (aii. ezz. pii) kambanikal roopeekarikkappettu. praadeshika gaveshana shringalakalkku sevanam nalkunnathinum ithara shringhala axus, uucp adisthaanamaakkiyulla imeyil, yoosnet vaarthakal enniva pothujanagalkk nalkunnathinum sinett, yunet, netkom, portal software thudangiya kambanikal roopeekarichu. 1989ll emm. sii. aii meyil internettilekkulla pareekshanathmaka kavaadam labhikkuna aadyathe vaanijya imeyil daathaavaayi maari. 1989ll thuranna lokamaanu amerikkayile aadyathe vaanijya dialup aii. ezz. pii.
1992ll yuu.ezz. gaveshanathinum vidyaabhyaasa aavasyangalkkum maathramaayi upayogikkaatha computer netvarkkukalilekku gaveshana, vidyaabhyaasa samoohangalkku praveshanam nalkaan ensfne anuvadikkunna shaasthreeyavum noothanavumaaya saankethika niyamam kongras pasaki, angane vaanijya netvarkkukalumaayi parasparam bandhippikkaan ensfnettine anuvadichu. ithu gaveshana, vidyaabhyaasa samoohathinullil vivaadangalkku kaaranamaayi, netvarkkinte vaanijyaparamaaya upayogam avarude aavasyangalodu prathikarikkaattha oru internettilekku nayichekkaamennu aashankayundaayirunnu, koodaathe sarkkar subsidikal anyayamaaya nettamaanennu thonniya vaanijya network daathaakkalude samoohathinullil chila samghadanakalkku.
1990 aayappozhekkum arpaanettinte lakshyangal niravettappedukayum puthiya networking saankethikavidyakal yadhaartha paridhi marikadakkukayum padhathi avasaanikkukayum cheythu. sinett, alternet, serfnet, aans qoo + reey thudangi niravadhi puthiya network sevana daathaakkal vaanijya upabhokthaakkalkk network axus vaagdaanam cheiyukayaayirunnu. enn. ezz. eph. nettu inii internettinte yadhaartha nattellum kaimatta kendravumalla. vaanijya internettu exchange (six), metropolittan eriya ekschenchukal (emm. eiii. iii. ezz), pinneedu network axus pooyintukal (enn. eiii. pii. ezz) enniva niravadhi netvarkkukal thammilulla praadhamika paraspara bandhangalayi maarukayayirunnu. 1995 epril 30 nuu naashanal sayans foundeshan enn. ezz. eph. nettu baakkbon sarveesinte sponsorship avasaanippichathode vaanijya gathaagathathinulla anthima niyanthranangal avasaanichu. praadeshika gaveshana, vidyaabhyaasa shringalakale vaanijya aii. ezz. piyilekku maattaan sahaayikkunnathin enn. ezz. eph. enn. pii. kku prarambha pinthunayum idakkaala pinthunayum nalki. amerikkayile suuppar computing kendrangalkkum gaveshanathinum vidyaabhyaasathinum pinthuna nalkunnathu thudarnna athivega baakkbon network sevanavum (vii. bii. enn. ezz) enn. ezz. eph sponsor cheythu.
1994 januvari 11 nuu yuklayude roise haalil nadanna "superhiway uchakodi" enna paripadi, eee mekhalayile ellah pradhana vyavasaayangaleyum sarkkarineyum academic nethaakkaleyum orumichu konduvarunna aadyathe pothusammelanamaayirunnu [koodaathe] "information superhiway" yekkurichum athinte prathyaaghaathangalekkurim deseeya sambhashanam aarambhichu.
vishalamaaya samoohathil internettu upayogam.
sernile timm bernezhs-liie internettile oru aaplikkeshanaayi waled wide web kandupidichathu akkaalat academic, gaveshana sthaapanangalkkaayulla nettvarkkukalude shringalayilekku niravadhi saamoohikavum vaanijyaparavumaya upayogangal konduvannu. 1991ll pothujanangalkkayi thuranna web, dainamdina upayogathinulla websiteukal labhyamakaan thudangiyappol 1993-4 ennathil pothu upayogathilekku praveshikkaan thudangi.
pothu internettinte aadya dashakathil, 2000-kalil athu oduvil saadhyamaakkiya valia mattangal ippozhum puthumayullavayayirunnu. eee kaalaghattatthile sandarbham nalkunnathinte kaaryatthil, innu saarvathrikamaaya praveshanam nalkunna mobail sellular upakaranangal ("smartphoneukalum" mattu sellular upakaranangalum) lokamembaadumulla maathapithaakkaludeyum kuttikaludeyum udamasthathayilulla oru pathiv gaarhika inamalla, marichu bisinassinaayi upayogichirunnu. aadhunika ardhathil soshyal media ithuvare nilavilundaayirunnilla, laptopukal valuthaayirunnu, mikka veedukalilum computerukal undaayirunnilla. dattaa nirakkukal mandagathiyilaayirunnu, mikka aalukalkkum viidiyoo allengil digitalise cheiyunnathinulla marggangal illaayirunnu; media storeju analog tapil ninnu digital opttikkal discukalilekku (dvd, oru paridhivare appozhum, floppy disk sidiyilekk) pathukke maarukayayirunnu. 2000-kalude thudakkam muthal piechpi, aadhunika jaavaaskript, jaava thudangiya saankethikavidyakal, ajax, echtml 4 (csacnu oonnal nalkunnathu) polulla saankethikavidyakal, web vikasanathinte vegatha praapthamaakkukayum lalithamaakkukayum cheytha vividha software chattakkoodukal, kandupiduthathinum avayude aathyanthikamayi vyapakamaaya sveekaaryathaykkum eare pratheekshayode kaathirunnu.
meyil listtukal, imeyilukal, iii-komezhs, aadyakaala janapriya oonlain shopping (udaaharanathinu aamason, ibe), oonlain forangal, bullattin boardukal, vyakthigatha websiteukal, blogukal ennivaykkaayi internettu vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum kooduthal aadhunika maanadandangal anusarichu upayogikkunna samvidaanangal sthiravum vyapakamaaya saamoohika edapazhakalukal illaathathumaayirunnu. 2000-kalude thudakkathil ashayavinimaya saankethikavidyayil ninnu kramena aagola samoohathinte adisthaana soukaryangalude oru pradhana bhaagamaayi vikasippikkunnathinayi niravadhi sambhavangalkkayi ithu kaathirunnu.
eee "web 1" kaalaghattatthile websaittukalude saadhaarana design gadakangalil iva ulppedunnu dynamic echu. tii. emm. ellinu pakaram staatik pejukal; relational daattaabesukalkk pakaram phayal sisttangalil ninnu nalkunna ulladakkam; server side upayogichu nirmmicha pejukalil dynamic prograaming bhashayil ezhuthiya oru web aaplikkeshanu pakaram sii. jii. aii ulppedunnu; peju leauttukal srishtikkunnathinu frameukalum tableukalum polulla gadanakal; oonlain athidhi pusthakangal; jii. aii. eph battanukalude amita upayogam, prathyeka enangale prothsaahippikkunna samanamaaya cheria graphics; imeyil vazhi ayacha echu. tii. emm. ell foomukal. (pankitta servarukalil server side scriptinginulla pinthuna apoorvamaayirunnu, athinaal mailto foomukalum avarude imeyil prograam upayogichu imeyil vazhiyaan saadhaarana feedback samvidaanam.
1997 muthal 2001 vareyulla kaalayalavil, internettumaayi bandhapetta aadyathe oohakkachavada nikshepa kumilakal nadannu, athil "dott-coom" kambanikal (dott-coom kambanikale paraamarsikkunnu).nikshepakar athivegam ohari moolyangal uyarthiyathum thudarnnu vipani thakarnnathum aadyathe dott-coom bubble aayathinal bisinasukal upayogikkunna topp level domaine) valare uyarnna moolyanirnayathilekku nayichu. ennirunnaalum ithu aaveshatheyum valarchayeyum thaalkkaalikamaayi mandeebhavippichu, athu vegathil veendedukkukayum valarukayum cheythu.
2004 vare waled wide webinte charithram chilar munkaala praabalyathode "web 1" ennu visheshippikkukayum cheythu.
ipv6.
2011 januvariyil labhyamaya avasana ipv4 vilasam nalki. ipv4 32-bitt vilaasangal upayogikkunnu, ithu vilasa idam 232 vilasangalaayi parimithappedutthunnu, athaayath.iii. vilaasangal. 2128 vilaasangal nalkunna 128 bitt vilaasangal upayogikkunna "ipv6" ennu vilikkunna ipv4 athinte pingamiyal maattisthaapikkappedunnu.iii. , vilasam nalkaan sthalam valareyadhikam vardhichu. shift aarambhichappol ipv4 ulla naalu bilyan mesheenukal undayirunnathinaal ipv6-lekkulla maattam poortthiyaakkaan niravadhi varshangalo pathittaandukalo athiladhikamo samayamedukkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
2004-innuvare web 2, aagola sarvvyaapithvam, soshyal media.
manushyar parasparam edapazhakunna reethiye poornnamaayum parivartthanam cheytha oru saamoohika samvidaanamenna nilayil internettine athinte sthaanathekku nayikkunna druthagathiyilulla saankethika munnettangal, 2005 muthal 2010 vareyulla anchu varshathil koodaattha thaarathamyena churungiya kaalayalavil, 2000 kalude avasaanathil eathenkilum ghattathil jeevichirikkunna manushyarude ennathe aiodi upakaranangal marikadanna samayavumaayi poruthappedunnu. avayil iva ulppedunnu
web 2" enna padam upayokthaav srishticha ulladakkam (upayokthaav-upayokthaav edapedal ulppede), upayogakshamatha, paraspara pravarthanakshamatha ennivaykku oonnal nalkunna websaittukale vivarikkunnu. 1999 januvariyil electronic information designile kansalttantaaya darsey dinuchi ezhuthiya "fragmented future" enna lekhanathilaanu ithu aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath, avide avar ezhuthi
2002-2004 samayat eee padam veendum prathyakshappedukayum 2004 avasaanathode aadyathe web 2 konfaransil timm ooo raily dayle doggerty avatharippichathinethudar praadhaanyam nedukayum cheythu. avarude prarambha paraamarsangalil, joonn battelleyum timm ooo raily "web oru plaattphom" enna nirvachanam roopappeduthi, avide software aaplikkeshanukal desktoppil nirmmikkunnathin pakaram webble nirmmichirikkunnu. eee kudiyettatthinte savisheshamaaya vasham, "upabhokthakkal ningalkkayi ningalude bisinesses kettippadukkukayaanu" ennathaanu. ulladakkam srishtikkunna upayokthaakkalude pravartthanangal (ashayangal, vaachakam, veediyokal allengil chithrangal ennivayude roopathil) moolyam srishtikkaan "upayogappeduthaam" ennu avar vaadichu.
web 2 eathenkilum saankethika savisheshathakalilekkulla oru naveekaranatthe soochippikkunnilla, marichu web pejukal nirmmikkunnathilum upayogikkunnathilum varuthunna maattangalkkaanu. web 2 oru sameepanathe vivarikkunnu, athil sittukal oru soshyal media dayalogil upayokthaakkale parasparam samvadikkaanum sahakarikkanum anuvadikkunnathil ganyamaayi shradha kendreekarikkunnu, oru vertual kammyoonittiyil upayokthaav srishticha ulladakkathinte srashtaakkalaayi, aalukalkk parimithamaaya websaittukalkk vipareethamaayi. soshyal networking sevanangal, blogukal, vikkikal, phoxonomical, viidiyoo pankidal sittukal, hosttucheytha sevanangal, web aaplikkeshanukal, maashappukal enniva web 2-nte udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. terry flied, thante "nyoo media" yude moonnaam pathippil web 1 umm web 2 umm thammilulla vyathyaasangal savisheshamaanennu thaan vishwasikkunna karyangal vivarichu
eee kaalaghattatthil niravadhi gaarhikanaamangal avarude community ooriyantad pravartthanatthiloode praadhaanyam nedi-youtube, twittar, facebook, redditt, wikipedia enniva chila udaaharanangalaan.
mobail viplavam.
web 2"-maayi saadhaaranayaayi poruthappedunna maattatthinte prakriya valare thwarithappeduthukayum mobail upakaranangalile vardhichuvarunna valarchayiloode churungiya samayathinu sesham parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu. eee mobail viplavam ardhamaakkunnathu smartphoneukalude roopathilulla computerukal palarum upayogichathum ellaayidathum avarodoppam kondupoyathum ashayavinimayam nadathunnathum avar thalkshanam pankitta photographukalkkum veediokalkkum upayogikkunnathum allengil "yaathraykkide" vivarangal vaangunnathino anweshikkunnathino upayogikkunnathum saamoohikamaayi upayogikkunnathum aayi maari.
lokkeshan adisthaanamaakkiyulla sevanangal, location mattu sensor vivarangalum upayogikkunna sevanangal, crowdsourcing (palappozhum ennaal ellaayppozhum lokkeshan adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla) enniva saadhaaranamaayitheernnu, lokkeshan tagg cheytha posttukal allengil websaittukalum sevanangalum lokkeshan bodhavaanmaraayi. mobail lakshyamitta websiteukal ("emm" polullava.websait.coom ") saadhaaranamaayitheernnu, prathyekichum upayogicha puthiya upakaranangalkkayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnu. nettu bukkukal, ultrabukkukal, vyapakamaaya 4jii, vaifai, mobail chippukal enniva valare kuranja vaidyuthi upayogathil desktoppukalude shakthiyil pravartthikkukayo pravartthikkukayo cheiyunnavayaayi maari, internettu vikasanathinte eee ghattatthinte sahayikalaayi maari, "aapp store" cheythathupole "aapp" enna padam uyarnnuvannu ("aaplikkeshan prograam" allengil "prograam" ennathinte hraswaroopam).
eee "mobail viplavam" aalukalkk avarude viralthumbil eathaandu paridhiyillaattha vivarangal labhikkaan anuvadichu. sell phonukalil ninnu internettu axus cheyyaanulla kazhivu maadhyamangale upayogikkunna reethiyil oru maattam konduvannu. vaasthavathil, maadyama upabhoga sthithivivarakkanakkukal nokkumbol, 18 num 34 num idayil praayamulla maadyama upabhogathinte pakuthiyiladhikavum smartphone upayogichaayirunnu.
bahiraakaashath networking.
2010 januvari 22nuu bahiraakaashayaathrikanaaya tii. jeey. anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayathil ninnulla thante twittar akkoundilekku creamer aadyathe sahaayamillatha update poost cheythu, ithu internettinte bahiraakaashathekkulla vipuleekaranathe adayaalappeduthunnu. (iseyile bahiraakaashayaathrikar munbu imeyilum tvittarum upayogichirunnuvenkilum eee sandeshangal oru manushya proxy poost cheiyunnathinu munbu naasa dattaa link vazhi nilathekku rile cheythirunnu.) kroo support laan ennu naasa vilikkunna eee vyakthigatha web axus, bahirakasha nilayathinte athivega kuu baand microwave link upayogikkunnu. webble surf cheiyunnathinu, bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk bhoomiyile oru desktop computer niyantrikkaan oru steshan laptop computer upayogikkaam, koodaathe voys ovar aipi upakaranangal upayogichu bhoomiyile avarude kudumbangalumaayum suhruthukkalumaayum samsarikkaanum kazhiyum.
bhoomiyude bhramanapathathinappurathulla bahirakasha pedakavumaayulla ashayavinimayam parambaraagathamaayi aazhathilulla bahirakasha shringalayiloode pooyint-tuu-pooyint linkukaliloodeyaanu. atharam oro dattaa link swamedhayaa shedule cheyyukayum krameekarikkukayum venam. 1990 kalude avasaanathil nasayum googilum oru puthiya network protocolil pravartthikkaan thudangi, delay-tolerant networking (dtn) eee prakriya automate cheyyukayum bahirakasha transmission nodukalude networking anuvadikkukayum bahirakasha pedakam chandrano grahangalo pinnil neengunnathinaal allengil bahirakasha kaalavastha kanakshane thadassappeduthunnathinaal thaalkkaalikamaayi sanbarkkam nashtappedumenna vastutha kanakkiledukkukayum cheiyunnu. atharam saahacharyangalil, saadhaarana tcp/aipi internettu protocol pole dtn dattaa paakkejukal upekshikkunnathinuparam veendum kaimarunnu. 2008 novemberil naasa "deep space internettu" ennu vilikkunna aadya feeld testt nadatthi. anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayavum bhoomiyum thammilulla dii. tii. enn adisthaanamaakkiyulla aashayavinimayangalude (ippol thadassa-sahishnutha networking ennu vilikkunnu) parisodhana 2009 march muthal nadakkunnu, ithu 2014 march vare thudarumennu nischayichittundu.
eee network saankethikavidya aathyanthikamayi onniladhikam bahirakasha pedakangal ulppedunna dauthyangal praapthamakkum, avide kappal-tuu-erthu dounlinkukalekkaal vishwasaneeyamaaya inter-vessel aashayavinimayathin munganana nalkaam. googilinte vint serfinte 2011 februvariyile oru prasthavana prakaram, "bundle protocolukal" ennu vilikkappedunnava naasayude epoxy mission bahirakasha pedakatthil (sooryanuchuttum bhramanapathathilulla) uploaded cheyyukayum bhoomiyumaayulla ashayavinimayam ekadesham 80 prakasha second akale pareekshikkukayum cheythittundu.
internettu bharanam.
swamedhayaa parasparam bandhippicha svayambharana shringalakalude aagolathalathil vitharanam cheyyappedunna shringhala enna nilayil, internettu oru kendra bharanasamithiyillathe pravartthikkunnu. internettu enchiniyaring task fozhsu (aii. iii. tii. eph) vikasippichedutha saankethika maanadandangalil ninnu oro ghadaka shringalayum vinyasikkunna saankethikavidyakalum protocolukalum thiranjedukkunnu. ennirunnaalum, pala netvarkkukaludeyum vijayakaramaya paraspara pravarthanatthinu nettvarkkiludaneelam pothuvayirikkanam. atharam paaraamettarukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi, internettu assaind nambar authority (aii. eiii. enn. eiii) vividha saankethika identifierukalude vihitathinum assainmentinum melnottam vahikkunnu. koodaathe, niyukta perukalkkum nambarukalkkumulla internettu korppareshan (ikaan) internettile rund pradhana neyim speysukal, internettu protocol adrus space, domaine neyim sisttam ennivaykku melnottavum ekopanavum nalkunnu.
nick, internik, ayana, ikaan.
yuu. ezz. sii information sciences instittyoott (aii. ezz. aii) aanu aadyam iyaana function nadathiyathu, koodaathe numeric netvarkkumaayum svayambharana sisttam identifierukalumaayum bandhapetta eee utharavaadithathinte bhagangal kaaliforniyayile menlo paarkkile stanford research instittyoottile (ezz. aarr. aii internaashanal) network information sentarinu (aii. sii.) kaimari. aisiyude jonathan poosttal ayana kaikaaryam cheyyukayum rfc edittaraayi pravartthikkukayum 1998 ll akaala maranam vare mattu pradhana veshangal nirvahikkukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala arpaanett valarnnathode, aathidheyare perukalum aathidheyar ennum vilichirunnu.tii. ex. tii phayal ezz. aarr. aii internaashanalil ninnu nettvarkkile oro hosttilekkum vitharanam cheyyum. network valarnnathode ithu budhimuttaayi maari. 1983ll aii. ezz. aii. yude pooll mokkapetris srishticha domaine neyim sisttathinte roopathilaanu oru saankethika pariharam vannath. sreeyile prathirodha dattaa network-network information sentar (ddn-ensie) topp level domainukal (tlds) ulppede ellah rajistreshan sevanangalum kaikaaryam cheythu.mill,.gawa.edu,oorgu,.nettu.coom.yunaittad stetts department oof defense kararinu keezhilulla root neyim server administration internettu nambar assainmentukalum. 1991ll defense information systems ejansi (disa) ddn-nikkinte (eee ghattam vare shree kaikaaryam cheythirunna) bharanavum paripalanavum sarkkar samvidaanangalkku nalki., cheria svakaaryamekhala network solyooshanukalilekk upakaraar cheythavar, ink.
internettinte vardhichuvarunna saamskaarika vaividhyam aipi vilaasangalude kendreekritha maanejmentinu bharanaparamaya velluvilikalum uyarthi. 1992 octoberil internettu enchiniyaring task fozhsu (aii. iii. tii. eph) aarr. eph. sii 1366 prasidheekarichu, ithu "internettinte valarchayum athinte vardhichuvarunna aagolavalkaranavum" vivarikkukayum praadeshikamaayi vitharanam cheytha registry modaline adisthaanamaakki aipi registry prakriyayude parinaamathinu adisthaanam nischayikkukayum cheythu. lokathinte oro bhoomishaasthraparamaaya mekhalayilum (bhookhandangalude alavukalulla) orotta internettu nambar registry nilanilkkendathinte aavasyakatha eee rekha oonnipparanju. rajistrikal avarude pradeshathinullil "nishpakshavum network daathaakkalum varikkaarum vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkunnathumaayirik".
1992 meyy maasathil aadyathe rayarayi pakwathayulla network coordination sentar (pakwathayulla enn. sii. sii) sthaapikkappettu. eshya pasaphik network information sentar (eiii. pii. enn. sii) enna randaamathe rarr 1993 ll tokkiyoyil eshya pasaphik networking grouppinte oru pailat projectaayi sthaapikkappettu.
charithratthinte eee ghattathil internettile valarchayude bhooribhaagavum sainikamallaatha srothassukalil ninnaan varunnathinaal, prathirodha vakupp inii muthal raajyathin purathulla rajistreshan sevanagalkk dhanasahayam nalkillennu theerumaanichu.mill tld. 1993ll yuu.ezz. 1992-ll oru malsaraadhishtitha lela prakriyaykku sesham, adrus daattaabesukalude vilaasangal anuvadikkunnathinum maanejmentinum intenal foundeshan srishtikkukayum moonnu samghadanakalkku karar nalkukayum cheythu. network solyooshanukaliloodeyaan rajistreshan sevanangal nalkuka; directory daattaabes sevanangalum eiii. tii. tii. yum vivara sevanangal general aattomiksum nalkum.
kaalakramena, ayana, aii. aii. tii. eph, ripp enn. sii. sii, apnic, federal networking kaunsil (eph. enn. sii) ennivayumaayi koodiyaalochicha sesham, domaine naamangalude maanejmentine aipi nambarukalude maanejmentil ninnu verthirikkaan theerumaanichu. pakwathayulla enn. sii. sii, eiii. pii. enn. sii ennivayude udaaharanagal pinthudarnnu, internik niyanthrikkunna aipi adrus space kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu athu upayogikkunnavarude niyanthranathilaayirikkanne shupaarsha cheythu, prathyekichu aii. ezz. pii. kall, anthima upayokthru samghadanakal, korpparettu sthaapanangal, sarvakalashaalakal, vyakthikal. thalphalamaayi, naashanal sayans foundeshante nirddeshaprakaaram 1997 desemberil laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna oru swatantra korppareshanaayi american registry phoor internettu nambarukal (arin) sthaapikkappedukayum moonnaamathe praadeshika internettu rajistriyaayi maarukayum cheythu.
1998-ll, internettumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi jolikal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi yunaittad stetts department oof komezhs karar cheytha california laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna korppareshanaaya ikaan-nte niyanthranatthil ayana sheshikkunna dnsumayi bandhapetta intenal pravartthanangalum punasamghadippichu. aii. iii. tii. eph srishticha rund pradhana internettu neyim speysukalkkulla (dii. enn. ezz perukalum aipi vilaasangalum) saankethika ekopanam eee jolikalil ulppedunnathinaal, internettu niyukta nambar authority nadappaakkenda saankethika pravartthanangal nirvachikkunnathinayi aii. eiii. biyumaayi aii. sii. enn oru dhaaranaapathrathil oppuvachu. internettu vilasa idathinte maanejment praadeshika internettu rajistrikalilaanu thudarnnathu, avaa ikaan gadanaykkullil oru pinthunaa samghadanayaayi nirvachikkapettu. oro topp level domainilum sevanam nalkunnathinaayi registry sevana daathaakkalkkidayilum anthima upayokthaakkalkk dns sevanangal vaagdaanam cheiyunna onniladhikam malsaraadhishtitha rajistrarmaarkkidayilum malsarathode, splitt registry/rajistraar samvidaanathinaayulla naya ekopanam ulppede dns samvidaanathinu icn kendra ekopanam nalkunnu.
internettu enchiniyaring task fozhsu.
internettu architecture board (aii. eiii. bii), internettu enchiniyaring steering group (aii. iii. ezz. jii), internettu research task fozhsu (aii. aarr. tii. eph) ennivayulppede internettinu saankethika disha nalkunna ayanja bandhamullah niravadhi adhock grouppukalil ettavum valuthum drishyavumaanu internettu enchiniyaring task fozhsu (aii. iii. tii. eph).
internettu saankethikavidyakalude enchineeyaringinum parinaamatthinum sambhavana cheiyunna anthaaraashtra sannadhapravarthakarude oru swatantra svayam samghaditha samghamaanu aii. iii. tii. eph. puthiya internettu staanderd savisheshathakal vikasippikkunnathil earppettirikkunna pradhana sthaapanamaanithu. aii. iii. tii. ephinte bhooribhaagam pravartthanangalum "working grouppukalaayi" krameekarichirikkunnu. working grouppukalude standerdisation sramangal palappozhum internettu samooham sweekarikkunnundengkum aii. iii. tii. eph internettine niyanthrikkukayo patrolling nadathukayo cheiyunnilla.
yuu. esumaayulla traimasa yogangalil ninnaan aii. iii. tii. eph valarnnathu.ezz. 1986 januvariyil aarambhicha sarkkar dhanasahayamulla gaveshakar. 1986 oktobarile naalaamathe aii. iii. tii. eph yogathiloode sarkkarithara prathinidhikale kshanichu. 1987 februvariyile anchaam yogathil working grouppukal enna ashayam avatharippichu. 1987 joolaiyile ezhaamathe yogam nooriladhikam perr pankeduttha aadya yogamaayirunnu. 1992ll oru professional angathwa sosaitiyaaya internettu sosaitti roopeekarikkukayum aii. iii. tii. eph athinu keezhil oru swatantra anthaaraashtra staanderd bodiyaayi pravartthikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. americaykku purathulla aadyathe aii. iii. tii. eph yogam 1993 joolaiyil netherlandsile aamstardaamil nadannu. innu, aii. iii. tii. eph varshathil moonnu thavana yogam cherunnu, haajarnila sii. eiii. yilethinekkaal kooduthalaanu. 2, 000 perr pankedutthu. saadhaaranayaayi moonnil onnu aii. iii. tii. eph yogangal europilo eshyayilo nadakkunnu. yuu. ezz allaathavarude pankedukkunnavarude ennam saadhaaranayaayi sii. eiii. aanu. 50 sathamaanam, amerikkayil nadanna yogangalil polum.
aii. iii. tii. eph oru niyamaparamaaya sthaapanamalla, bharanasamithiyo amgangalo kudissikayo illa. amgathvavumaayi saamyamulla ettavum adutha padavi oru aii. iii. tii. eph allengil working group mailing listtilaan. lokamembaadum ninnum internettu samoohathinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnum aii. iii. tii. eph sannadhapravarthakar varunnu. internettu enchiniyaring steering groupinteyum (iesg) internettu architecture bordinteyum (iab) melnottatthilum melnottatthilum ietf pravartthikkunnu. internettu research task fozhsum (irtf) internettu research steering group (irsg), iabyude pothu melnottatthil iatfinteyum iesgyudeyum piyar pravartthanangal, deerghakaala gaveshana prasnangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
abhipraayangal abhyarthikkuka.
abhipraayangalkkulla abhyarthana (aarr. eph. sii.) aanu aii. eiii. bii, aii. iii. ezz. jii, aii. iii. tii. eph, aii. aarr. tii. eph ennivayude pravarthanatthinulla pradhana rekhakal. 1969 eprilil uclaile steevu crocker, aii. aii. tii. eph srishtikkunnathinu valare munbuthanne, aarr. eph. sii 1, "hoost software", ezhuthi. yadhaarthathil avaa arpaanett vikasanathinte vashangal rekhappeduthunna saankethika memmokalaayirunnu, aadyathe rfc edittaraaya joonn poosttal edittu cheythu.
nirddishta maanadandangal, karadu maanadandangal, poornna maanadandangal, mikacha sanbradaayangal, pareekshanathmaka protocolukal, charithram, mattu vivara vishayangal ennivayil ninnulla vishalamaaya vivarangal aarr. eph. sii. kall ulkkollunnu. aarr. eph. sii. kall vyakthikalkko anoupachaarika grouppukalkko ezhuthaamenkilum avayil palathum kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya oru working groupinte ulppannamaanu. drafttukal vyakthikal allengil working group chairman ennivar aii. iii. ezz. jii. kku samarppikkunnu. aii. eiii. bii niyamicha oru aarr. eph. sii edittar, aii. aii. eiii. ayil ninnu verittu, aii. iii. ezz. jiyumaayi chernnu pravartthikkukayum, aii. iii. ezz. jiyil ninnu drafttukal sweekarikkukayum formaattukal edittu cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. orikkal oru aarr. eph. sii prasidheekarichukazhinjaal athu orikkalum parishkarikkappedilla. mattangal vivarikkunna staanderd allengil athinte vivarangal kaalaharanappedukayaanenkil, parishkaricha staanderd allengil update cheytha vivarangal yadhaarthathe "obsolait" cheiyunna oru puthiya rfcyaayi veendum prasidheekarikkum.
internettu samooham.
lokamembaadumulla ellah aalukaludeyum prayojanathinaayi internettinte thuranna vikasanam, parinamam, upayogam enniva urappakkunnathinaayi 1992 ll sthaapithamaaya oru anthaaraashtra, laabhechayillaatha samghadanayaanu internettu sosaitti (aii. ezz. oo. sii). washington, dii. sii, yuu. ezz., swittsarlandile geneevayilum offeesukalulla aii. ezz. oo. kku 80-ladhikam samghadanaaparavum 50,000-ladhikam vyakthigatha amgangalum adangunna angathwa aditharayundu. amgangal pothuvaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanatheyo prathyeka thaalpparyangaleyo adisthaanamaakki "adhyayangal" roopeekarikkunnu. nilavil lokamembaadum 90-ladhikam adhyaayangalund.
internettu enchiniyaring task fozhsu (aii. iii. tii. eph), internettu architecture board (aii. eiii. bii), internettu enchiniyaring steering group (aii. iii. ezz. jii), internettu research task fozhsu (aii. aarr. tii. eph) ennee staanderd krameekarana sthaapanangalude pravarthanatthinu aii. ezz. oo. sii saambathikavum samghadanaaparavumaaya pinthuna nalkukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunnu. thurannathum sutharyavumaaya prakriyakaludeyum samavaayathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla theerumaanamedukkalinteyum internettu modalinekkurichulla dharana prasamsayum aii. ezz. oo. sii prothsaahippikkunnu.
21-aamm noottaandile aagolavalkaranavum internettu bharanavum.
1990kall muthal, internettinte bharanavum samghadanayum sarkkarukalkkum vaanijyathinum pourasamoohathinum vyakthikalkkum aagola praadhaanyamullathaanu. internettinte chila saankethika vashangalude niyanthranam vahichirunna samghadanakal pazhaya arppanett melnottatthinte pingaamikalum netvarkkinte dainamdina saankethika vashangalil nilavile theerumaanamedukkunnavarume. internettinte chila vashangalude bharanadhikaarikalaayi amgeekarikkappettenkilum, avarude rolukalum theerumaanamedukkaanulla adikaaravum parimithavum vardhichuvarunna anthaaraashtra parisodhanaykkum vardhichuvarunna ethirppukalkkum vidheyavumaan. eee ethirppukal 2000-ll thekkan california sarvakalaashaalayumaayulla bandhatthil ninnu aii. sii. enn. svayam neekkam cheiyunnathilekkum 2009 septambaril yuu. esumaayulla chila karar baadyathakal undengilum deerghakaala karaarukal avasaanippichukondu yuu. ezz. gavanmentil ninnu svayambharanaadhikaaram nedunnathilekkum nayichu.ezz. vaanijya vakupp thudarnnu. oduvil, 2016 october 1 nuu, aagola internettu samoohathinu melnottam kaimaran anuvadichukondu ikaan yunaittad stetts department oof komezhs naashanal telecommunications aandu information administration (enn. tii. aii. eiii) yumayullah karar avasaanippichu.
internettu sosaittiyude saambathikavum samghadanaaparavumaaya pinthunayode aii. iii. tii. eph, internettinte adhock staanderd bodiyaayi pravartthikkukayum abhiprayangalkkaayi abhyarthana nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
2005 novemberil tunisil nadanna information sosaittiyekkurichulla loka uchakodi aikyaraashtrasabhayude sekrattari general oru internettu gavenance phooram (igf) vilikkanamennu aavasyappettu. internettu bharanathinte bhaviyekkurichu sarkkarukal, svakaaryamekhala, sivil samooham, saankethika, academic samoohangal ennivaye prathinidheekarikkunna pankaalikalkkidayil igf thudarchayaaya, bandhamillaattha oru sambhashanam aarambhichu. 2006 october/novemberil aadyathe aii. jii. eph yogam nadannu, athinusesham ellah varshavum thudar yogangal nadannu. internettumaayi bandhapetta nayaparamaaya prashnangalude vishalamaaya shreni ulppeduthunnathinaayi "internettu gavenance" enna padam idungiya saankethika aashankakalkkappuram vipuleekarichu.
webinte kandupiduthakkaranaaya timm bernezhs-liie webinte bhaaviyilekkulla bheeshanikalekkurichu aashankaakulanaakukayum 2009 novemberil washington disiyile igflwebbine allaavarkkumulla praveshanathode manushyaraashiyude nanmaykkaayi surakshithavum shaaktheekaranaparavumaaya upakaranamakki mattunnathinulla prachaaranatthinaayi waled wide web foundeshan (doubluedabluef) aarambikkukayum cheythu. 2019 novemberil berlinile igfil, bernezhs-leeyum doubluedabluef "webinullah karar" aarambhichu, "durupayogam thadayunnathinaayi onpathu thathwangal palikkaan sarkkaarukaleyum kambanikaleyum pouranmaareyum prerippikkunnathinulla oru prachaarana samrambham" njangal ippol pravartthikkukayum orumichu pravartthikkukayum cheythillengil-chooshanam cheyyaanum vibhajikkanum durbalappedutthaanum agrahikkunnavar web durupayogam cheiyunnathu thadayaan, njangal paazhaakkaan saadhyathayund "(athinte nanmaykkulla saadhyatha).
internettinte rashtreeyavalkkaranam.
bahujana aashayavinimayathinte phalapradamaaya margamenna nilayil athinte praadhaanyavum udanadi pravartthanavum kaaranam, internettu valarnnathode kooduthal raashtreeyavalkkarikkuppedu. ithu orikkal mattu vazhikalil nadakkumaayirunna prabhaashanangalilekkum pravarthanangalilekkum internettinte madhyasthathayilekku neengunnathilekku nayichu.
pothuprakshobham, pinthunayudeyum vottinteyum prachaaranangal thudangiya rashtreeya pravartthanangal udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu, mathramalla
nettu neutraality.
2014 epril 23 nuu, federal communications kammeeshan (eph. sii. sii) oru puthiya niyamam pariganikkunnathayi report cheyyappettu, athu internettu sevana daathaakkale ulladakkam ayaykkunnathinu ulladakka daathaakkalkku vegathil track nalkaan anuvadikkukayum angane avarude munbathe nettu neutraality sthaanam maattukayum cheyyum. nettu neutraality aashankakalkkulla saadhyamaaya pariharam munisippal broadbaandaayirikkaamen harward loow skoolile niyama, saankethika vidagthanaaya professor susanne crofford parayunnu. 2014 meyy 15 nuu, internettu sevanangalumayi bandhappett rund oopshanukal pariganikkaan eph. sii. sii theerumaanichu aadyathethu, vegathayeriyathum mandagathiyilullathumaaya broadband pathakal anuvadikkuka, athuvazhi nettu neutraalittiyil vittuveezhcha cheyyuka; randaamathethu, broadbandine oru telecommunication sevanamaayi punarvarggeekarikkuka, athuvazhi nettu neutraality nilanirthuka. nettu neutraality nilanirthunnathinaayi broadband internettu sevanathe oru telecommunication sevanamaayi punarvarggeekarikkaan 2014 november 10 nuu president obaama eph. sii. sii. kku shupaarsha cheythu. 2015 januvari 16nuu republicanmaar yuu enna roopathil niyamanirmmanam avatharippichu.ezz. kongras echr charcha karadu bill, nettu neutralitic elavukal nalkunnu, ennaal lakshyam kaivarikkunnathil ninno internettu sevana daathaakkale (isps) badhikkunna kooduthal niyanthranangal nadappilaakkunnathil ninno effsisy vilakkunnu. 1934leeii ashayavinimaya niyamatthinte thalakkett II (pothuvahakam) internettilekku prayogikkuka enna ashayam 2015 februvari 26nuu prathekshikkunna votteduppil eph. sii. sii avatharippikkumenn 2015 januvari 31nuu eiii. pii. nyoos report cheythu. eee ashayam sweekarikkunnathu internettu sevanathe vivarangalil onnil ninnu telecommunicationukali punarvargeekarikkumennum eph. sii. sii chairman toom wheeler parayunnathanusarichu nettu neutraality urappakkumennum. newyork times" anusarichu eph. sii. sii athinte vottil nettu neutraality nadappaakkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
2015 februvari 26nuu eph. sii. sii 1934leeii communications aaktinte taittil II (kooman carrier) umm 1996leeii telecommunication aaktinte sekshan 706 umm internettil prayogichu nettu neutralitic anukoolamaayi vidhichu. eph. sii. sii chairman toom wheeler abhiprayappettu, "ithu internettu niyantrikkaanulla oru padhathiyalla, aadya bhedagathi abhipraaya swaathanthryam niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru padhathiyaanu. avaa randum ore ashayathe prathinidheekarikkunnu."
2015 march 12nuu eph. sii. sii nettu neutraality niyamangalude prathyeka vishadaamshangal puratthirakki. 2015 epril 13 nuu eph. sii. sii athinte puthiya "nettu neutraality" niyanthranangalekkurichu anthima niyamam prasidheekarichu.
2017 desember 14 nuu nettu neutraality niyamangalumayi bandhappett 3-3 vottinaal eph. sii. sii 2015 march 12-leeii avarude theerumaanam raddaki.
upayogavum samskaaravum.
imeyilum yoosnettum.
iii-meyiline palappozhum internettinte kolayali aaplikkeshan ennu vilikkaarund. ithu internettinu munbullathaanu, athu srishtikkunnathile oru nirnaayaka upakaranamaayirunnu. time sharing mainframe computerinte onniladhikam upayokthaakkalkk ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinulla oru maargamaayi 1965laanu imeyil aarambhichath. charithram rekhakalillaathathaanenkilum, atharamoru soukaryam aadyamaayi labhicha samvidaanangalil sisttam development korppareshan (esdisi) kyu 32 umm aimtiyile anuyojyamaaya time-sharing sisttavum (cts) ulppedunnu.
electronic meyilinte parinaamathinu arpaanett computer shringhala valia sambhavana nalki. oru pareekshanathmaka inter sisttam athinte srishtikku thottupinnaale arpaanettil meyil kaimari. 1971ll reey tomlinson hoost namangalil ninnu mailboxinte perukal verthirikkaan @chihnam upayogichu saadhaarana internettu electronic meyil addressing formaattaayi maarunnath srishtichu.
uucp, ibminte vinett imeyil sisttam thudangiya badal transmission sisttangaliloode samayam pankidunna computerukalude grouppukalkkidayil sandeshangal athikkunnathinaayi niravadhi protocolukal vikasippicheduthu. arpaanett, bitnett, ensfnet ennivayulppede niravadhi netvarkkukalkkidayilum uucp vazhi mattu sittukalumaayi nerittu bandhippichirikkunna hosttukalkkidayilum imeyil eee reethiyil kaimaran kazhiyum. ezz. emm. tii. pii protocolinte charithram kaanuka.
koodaathe, mattullavarkk vaayikkaan kazhiyunna tekst fayalukal prasidheekarikkaan uucp anuvadichu. 1979ll steevu danielum toom trescoat vikasippicha warta software vaarthakalum bullattin board polulla sandeshangalum vitharanam cheyyaan upayogichu. ithu valare vegam thanne warta grouppukal ennariyappedunna vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalil charchaa grouppukalaayi valarnnu. aarpaanettilum enn. ezz. eph. nettilum samanamaaya charchaa grouppukal mailing listtukaliloode roopeekarikkukayum saankethika prashnangalum kooduthal saamskaarikamaayi shradha kendreekaricha vishayangalum (ezz. eph. flovers mailing listtil charcha cheytha sayans fiction polullava) charcha cheyyukayum cheyyum.
internettinte aadya varshangalil, oonlain connectivityude abhavam kaaranam labhyamallaatha vibhavangal axus cheyyaan aalukale anuvadikkunnathinu imeyilum samanamaaya samvidaanangalum adisthaanaparamaayirunnu. alt' upayogichu fayalukal vitharanam cheyyaan uucp palappozhum upayogichirunnu.bainari grouppukal. koodaathe, usn europinum purathu thaamasichirunna aalukale imeyil sandeshangalkkullil ezhuthiyirikkunna eftipi commandukal upayogichu fayalukal daunlodu cheyyaan eftipi iii-meyil gatewakel anuvadichu. phayal encode cheyyukayum kashanangalayi thakarkkukayum imeyil vazhi ayaykkukayum cheythu; reseaverinu pinneedu athu veendum kootticherkkukayum decode cheyyukayum cheyyendivannu, videshathu thamasikkunna aalukalkk akkaalat labhyamaya slow dial-upp kanakshanukal upayogichu munbathe linux pathippukal polulla enangal daunlodu cheyyaanulla eaka maarggamaayirunnu ithu. webinteyum HTTP protocolinteyum janakeeyavalkkaranathinusesham atharam upakaranangal pathukke upekshikkappettu.
phayal pankidal.
internettu sthaapikkunnathinu valare munbuthanne computer netvarkkukalil resource allengil phayal pankidal oru pradhana pravartthanamaayirunnu, koodaathe bullattin board sisttangal (1978), yoosnet (1980), kermitt (1981) thudangi niravadhi vazhikalil ithu pinthunaykkunnu. internettil upayogikkunnathinulla phayal transfer protocol (eftipi) 1985 ll staanderdais cheyyappedukayum innum upayogathilundu. 1991ll wide eriya information server (vais), 1991ll goffer, 1991ll aarchi, 1992ll veronica, 1993ll jugghead, 1988ll internettu rile chaatt (irc), oduvil 1991ll web directorykalum web serch enchinukalum upayogichu waled wide web (doubluedableu) ennivayulppede upayokthaakkale kaimaran aagrahikkunna fayalukal kandethaan sahaayikkunnathiloode eftipi upayogikkunnathinaayi vividha upakaranangal vikasippicheduthu.
1999ll, aadyathe piyar-tuu-piyar phayal pankidal samvidaanamaayi naapstar maari. soochikayudeyum piyar kandethalinteyum kaaryatthil naapstar oru central server upayogichirunnuvenkilum fayalukalude sambharanavum kaimattavum vikendreekarichu. 2000-ll gnutella, edonki 2000, freenet, 2001-ll phaast track, kasa, limvire, bittarant enniva ulppede vividha thalatthilulla vikendreekaranavum anjjaathathvavumulla vividha piyar-tuu-piyar phayal pankidal prograamukalum sevanangalum pinthudarnnu, 2003-ll visham kalarthi.
eee upakaranangalellaam pothuvaaya uddeshyamaanu, vaividhyamaarnna ulladakkam pankidaan ithu upayogikkaam, ennaal music fayalukal, software, pinneedulla sinimakalum veediyokalum enniva pankidunnathu pradhana upayogangalaanu. eee pankidalil chilath niyamaparamaanenkilum valia bhagangal anganeyalla. 2001ll naapstar, 2005ll edonki 2000,2006ll kasa, 2010ll linewire enniva avarude sramangal adachupoottaano punar kendreekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. 2003ll sweedenil sthaapithamaaya kadalkkollakkar ulkkadal, 2009lum 2010lum nadanna vicharana appeal undaayirunnittum thudarunnu, athinte niravadhi sthaapakarkku jayil sikshayum valia pizhayum labhichu. oru vashath boudhika swathavakaasha moshanavum maruvashathu sensorship aaropanangalum ulla phayal pankidal vivaadaparavum vivaadaparavumaayi thudarunnu.
phayal hosting sevanangal.
phayal hosting aalukalkk avarude computerinte haard driveukal vipuleekarikkanum serveril avarude fayalukal "hoost" cheyyaanum anuvadichu. mikka phayal hosting sevanangalum soujanya sambharanavum oru phees eedaakki valia sambharana thukayum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. eee sevanangal bisinesinum vyakthiparamaaya upayogathinum internettine valareyadhikam vipuleekarichu.
2012 epril 24nuu aarambhicha google drive ettavum janapriyamaaya phayal hosting sevanamaayi maari. fayalukal thangalumaayum mattu upayokthakkalumaayum sambharikkaanum edittu cheyyaanum pankidaanum google drive upayokthaakkale anuvadikkunnu. eee aaplikkeshan phayal editting, hosting, pankidal enniva anuvadikkuka mathramalla cheiyunnathu. google doxes, google slideukal, google sheettukal thudangiya googilinte swantham soujanyamaayi axus cheyyaavunna oafees programukalaayum ithu pravartthikkunnu. sarvakalashaala professormark vidyaarthikalkkum claude storeju aavasyamullavarkkum eee aaplikkeshan oru upayogapradamaaya upakaranamaayi pravarthichu.
2007 juunil puratthirakkiya dropbox, dropboxinte servarukalumaayi samanvayippichirikkunna avarude ellah fayalukalum avarude computerile oru folderil sookshikkaan upayokthaakkale anuvadikkunna samanamaaya oru phayal hosting sevanamaanu. web brouser adisthaanamaakkiyullathaallaath ithu google drivil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. ippol, thozhilaallikaleyum fayalukaleyum samanvayippikkaanum kaaryakshamamayum nilanirthaanum dropbox pravartthikkunnu.
200 dashalakshathiladhikam upayokthaakkalulla mega, svakaaryathaykku oonnal nalkikkond upayokthaakkalkk soujanyavum panamadachullathumaaya sambharanam vaagdaanam cheiyunna oru encrypt cheytha sambharana, ashayavinimaya samvidaanamaanu. ettavum valia phayal hosting sevanangalil moonnennam aayathinal, google drive, dropbox, mega ennivayellaam eee sevanangalude pradhana ashayangaleyum moolyangaleyum prathinidheekarikkunnu.
oonlain kadalkkolla.
1999ll aarambhicha naapstar enna pii2pii (piyar tuu piyar) sangeetha pankidal sevanathodeyaanu oonlain pyrasiyude aadya roopam aarambhichath. limvire, pairett bay, bittodarant thudangiya sittukal arcum oonlain pyrasiyil earppedaan anuvadikkukayum maadyama vyavasaayathiloode tharamgangal ayakkukayum cheythu. oonlain kadalkkollayode maadyama vyavasaayathil mothatthil oru maattam vannu.
mobail phoneukalum internettum.
motham aagola mobail daatta traaphik 2020 ll 588 exabitilethi, 2010 leeii 3.86 exabiteukalil ninnu 150 madangu vardhana. ettavum aduthide, eee mobail daatta traafikkinte 95 sathamaanavum viidiyoo daattayude tharatthil 66 sathamaanamaanu. radio freekwansi vazhi mobail traaphik ettavum aduthulla sell phoon towerylake athinte bays steshanilekkum sanjarikkunnu, avide radio signal oru opttikkal signalayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnu, athu dattaa sentarukalilekku vivarangal athikkunna uyarnna sheshiyulla opttikkal networking sisttangaliloode kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. opttikkal baakkbonukal eee traafikkinte bhooribhaagavum internettu oof things, 3-dii vertual reality, gaming, svayambharana vahanangal ennivayulppede valarnnuvarunna mobail sevanangal prapthamaakkunnu. ettavum janapriyamaaya mobail phoon aaplikkeshan textingaanu, athil 21 laksham kodi sandeshangal 2020ll logue cheythu. 1992 desember 3 nuu neel paappworth oru vaanijya sell phoon nettvarkkiloode vodafoninte ceoykku "merry chrismus" enna aadya tekst sandesham ayachathodeyaanu texting prathibhasam aarambhichath.
1996ll finlandil aarambhicha nokkiya 9000 communicatoraanu internettu connectivityulla aadyathe mobail phoon. aaa modalil ninnu vila kurayunnathuvare mobail phonukalile internettu sevanangalude labhyatha parimithamaayirunnu, network daathaakkal phonukalil soukaryapradamaayi axus cheyyaavunna samvidaanangalum sevanangalum vikasippikkaan thudangi. jappaanile enn. tii. tii docomo 1999 ll aadyathe mobail internettu sevanamaaya aii-mooad aarambhichu, ithu mobail phoon internettu sevanangalude jananamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. 2001-ll avarude blackberry ulppannathinaayi research inn moshan (ippol blackberry limittad) vazhi mobail phoon imeyil samvidaanam amerikkayil aarambhichu. mobail phonukalude saadhaaranamaaya cheria screen cheria keypad ottathavana pravartthanavum kaaryakshamamaayi upayogikkunnathinu, mobail upakaranangalkkayi oru prathyeka rekhayum networking modalum, wireless aaplikkeshan protocol (wap) srishtichu. mikka mobail upakarana internettu sevanangalum wap upayogichaanu pravartthikkunnathu. mobail phoon sevanangalude valarcha thudakkathil praadhamikamaayi eshyan prathibhasamaayirunnu, jappan, dakshina korea, taiwan ennividangalile bhooribhaagam internettu upayokthaakkalum computerinu pakaram phoneloodeyaanu vibhavangal axus cheiyunnathu. vikaswara raajyangalum india, dakshinaafrikka, kenia, phillippines, paakistaan ennivayellaam thangalude aabhyanthara upayokthaakkalil bhooribhaagavum computerinu pakaram mobail phonil ninnaan internettu axus cheythathennu report cheythu. internettinte europian, vadakke american upayogathe valia pezhsanal computerukalude adithara swaadheenikkukayum mobail phoon internettu aaksasinte valarcha kooduthal kramanugathamaayirikkukayum cheythuvenkilum mikka paashchaathya raajyangalilum ithu deseeya nuzhanjukayatta nilavaramaaya aii. dii. 1 ll athiyirunnu. 2008ll pezhsanal computerukalekkaal kooduthal internettu axus upakaranangal mobail phonukalaayirunnappol cross-ovar sambhavichu. vikaswara raajyangalude pala bhagangalilum, oru computer upayokthaavin 10 mobail phoon upayokthaakkal enna anupaathamund.
aavasyathil vardhanavu.
aagola janasamkhyayude pakuthiye prathinidheekarikkunna sajeeva internettu upayokthaakkalude ennam 2020 muthal 2021 vare 4.66 bilyan aalukalil athiyappol aagola internettu traaphik athivegam valarukayum 23 sathamaanam vardhikkukayum cheythu. daattaykkulla kooduthal aavasyavum eee aavasyam niravettaanulla seshiyum 2021ll secondil 717 terrabite uyarumennu pravachikkappedunnu. opttikkal amplification, doubludm samvidaanangal ennivayil ninnaan eee sheshi undaakunnath, ithu phalatthil ellah metro, praadeshika, deseeya, anthardesheeya, antarvaahini telecommunication netvarkkukaludeyum pothuvaaya adisthaanamaanu. lokamembaadum vinyasichirikkunna 5 bilyan kilometer fiber opttik lainukaliludaneelam eee opttikkal networking samvidaanangal sthaapichittundu. puthiya upayokthaakkalude samyojanam, vardhicha mobail phoon sweekarikkal, mesheen-tuu-mesheen kanakshanukal, connectucheytha veedukal, 5jii upakaranangal, aamason, facebook, apple music, youtube thudangiya claude, internettu sevanangalude vardhichuvarunna aavasyakatha ennivayil ninnu bhaviyil traafikkil thudarchayaaya valarcha prathekshikkunnu.
charithralekhanam.
internettinte vikasanathinte charithralekhanam nalkunnathil erekkure pariharikkaanaavaattha prashnangalund. digitalisation prakriya pothuve charithralekhanathinum prathyekichu charitra ashayavinimaya gaveshanathinum eratta velluviliyaanu. internettilekku nayicha aadyakaala sambhavavikasangal rekhappeduthunnathile budhimuttu eee udharaniyil ninnu shekharikkaam
eee vishayathekkurichulla sradheyamaaya kruthikal kaatti haffner maathyoo leone prasidheekarichu, "maanthrikar vaikiyezhunnelkkunnu internettinte uthbhavam" (1996), rooy rosenswayg, "maanthrikar, byoorokraattukal, yodhaakkal, hackermar internettinte charithram ezhuthuka" (1998), jaanett abbett, "internettu kandupidichu" (2000).
internettile mikka skolarshippukalum saahithyangalum arpaanettine punarnirmmikkukayum athu srishtikkaan padikkukayum cheytha muun shringalayaayi pattikappedutthunnu, ennirunnaalum mattu aadyakaala computer shringalakalum pareekshanangalum arpaanettinoppamo athinumumbo nilavilundaayirunnu.
internettinte eee charithrangale "teleology" allengil "wig histtari" ennu visheshippikkunnu; athaayath, avaa varthamaanakaalathe orotta kaaranatthe adisthaanamaakki charithram vikasichukondirikkunna avasana pooyintaayi edukkunnu
eee savisheshathakalkk purame, charitrakaaranmaar avarude kruthiyil undaakunna reethishaasthraparamaaya prasnangal udharichittundu

