
polandile prabhukkanmaarude prathyekaavakaashangal

slaachtha" (polandinte prabhukkanmaar) yude prathyekaavakaashangal polandu rajyath (1569 nuu munbu) pinneedu poolish-lithwanian komanveltthilum (1569-1795) "suvarnna swaathanthrya" thinte moolakkallaayi maari. 14-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathinum 16-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathinum idayilaanu mikka "slaachtha" aanukoolyangalum labhichathu. aaa kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode, "slaachtha" niravadhi avakashangal nedunnathilum svayam shaaktheekarikkunnathilum thiranjedukkappetta poolish raajavaazhchayude adikaarangal akkaalat europil mattidangalil abhoothapoorvamaaya oru paridhivare parimithappeduthunnathilum vijayichu.
uthbhavam.
slaachtha" yude prathyekaavakaashangal polandile prabhukkanmaarude oru saamoohika varggamenna nilayilulla uyarchayumaayum polandinte rashtreeya vibhajana kaalaghattatthil rajavaazhcha durbalappedunnathumaayum, thiranjedukkappetta raajavaazhchayude sthaapanavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu (polandile rajakeeya thiranjeduppukal kaanuka).
vikasanam.
pathinalam noottaandinte madhyathinu munbu poolish rajaakkanmaar poolish prabhukkanmaarkk prathyekaavakaashangal nalkiyappol avar athu pravishya adisthaanathil cheythu. 1228-ll vladislav lasconogi nalkia siyeniyayude padavi, atharam aadyathe padaviyaanu, ithu lair polandu pravishyayile naittukalkk nalkappettu. ennirunnaalum, ekeekritha "slaachtha" varggathinte uyarchayode, aanukoolyangal nalkia reethi marran thudangi. oru varggamenna nilayil, "slaachtha" aadyamaayi rajyavyaapakamaaya aanukoolyangal nediyathu 14-aamm noottaandinte madhyathilaanu, aadyathethu 1355-ll kasimir dhii grettu purappeduvicha budayude prathyekaavakaashamaanu. eee prathyekaavakaashathinte nibandhanakal prakaram, asaadhaaranamaaya nikuthikalonnum eedaakkillennum videshathu pooraadumbool thanikk vendi prabhukkanmaarkk undaaya nashtangalkku nashtapariharam nalkumennum rajaavu vaagdaanam cheythu.
1374ll hangariyile luis onnaaman cossis enna padavi purappeduvichappol mattoru naazhikakkall padavi vannu, athin keezhil "slaachtha" yill ninnulla kararillathe nikuthikalonnum eedaakkillennu rajaavu vaagdaanam cheythu. ithil ninnu, rajavaazhchayumaayulla bhaaviyile edapaadukalil prabhukkanmaarkk ganyamaaya nettam labhichu. videsha yudhangalil thadavilakkappetta eathenkilum prabhukkanmaarkk mochanadravyam nalkumennum atharamoru padhathi aarambhikkunnathin munkoor karar nalkiyillengil prabhukkanmaar kottakalude nirmmaanatthil sahaayikkendathillennum luis vaagdaanam cheythu. raajyathin oru pradeshavum nashtappedunnillennu urappaakkendath raajaavinte kadamayaanennum udyogastharude niyamanavumaayi bandhapetta chila prasnangal niyanthrikkunnuvennum eee padavi prasthaavichu. oduvil, "staarosta" enna padavi thoonukalkku maathrame nalkoo ennum oru nischitha pravishyayude ("seemiya") offeesukal praadeshika prabhukkanmaarkk maathrame nalkoo ennum rajaavu vaagdaanam cheythu.
1387 muthal, poolish-lithwanian union aarambhichathin thottupinnaale, poolish prabhukkanmaarude aanukoolyangal saangalppikamaayi lithwaniayile grand dachiyilekku vyapippichu. ennirunnaalum, poolish rashtreeya samvidaanathinte vividha gadakangal litwaniyayil poornnamaayum avatharippikkan niravadhi noottaandukal vendivarum.
1422 muthal vladislo jagilo rajaavu purappeduvicha servinskinte padavi, niyamaparamaaya kodathiyude anumathiyillathe rajaavu avarude estettukal kandukettillennum kodathikal rekhaamoolamulla niyamatthinte adisthaanathil pravartthikkumennum prabhukkanmaarkk vaagdaanam nalki. niravadhi offeesukal samyojippikkaanulla vyakthikalude kazhivine parimithappedutthunna "poruthakkedu" enna thathwavum ithu parimithappedutthi. oduvil, naanayamidaanulla avakasham rajakeeya kaunsilinte amgeekaaram nedendivannu.
1423-ll ellah prabhukkanmaarudeyum samathvam prakhyaapikkunna warta niyamathiloode jagialo kooduthal aanukoolyangal nalki. eee niyamam karshakarkk avarude gramangal vidaanulla avakasham parimithappeduthunnathilum prabhukkanmaarkk "solttikalude" (karshaka nethaakkal) bhoomi vaangaanulla avakasham nalkunnathiloodeyum karshakarude mail prabhukkanmaarude adikaaram vardhippichu.
jagilo purappeduvicha jadelniayudeyum cracovinteyum (1425,1430,1433) prathyekaavakaasham prabhukkanmaarkk vyakthiparamaaya surakshayude avakasham nalki, oru kodathi sariyaaya vaarant purappeduvichillenkil avare prosecutionil ninnu ozhivaakkunnu. nallam terrigenum okseshanaattam capimus, nissi judicio rationabilitar furith cantetus" allengil churukkatthil "neminem captivabimus" enna thathwathilaanu ithu prathishtichirikkunnathu. sabhaa sthaanangal ulppede ellah unnatha padavikalum avarude varggakkaarkk maathrame nalkoo enna urappum prabhukkanmaarkk labhichu. oduvil, sainyathinte mail niyanthranam earppeduthunnathumaayi bandhappett prabhukkanmaarkk pradhana avakashangal labhichu poolish levi enna "poses poolist russeni" avarude sammathamillaathe chumathaan kazhiyaathe varikayum videshathu sevanam cheiyunnavarkku rajaavu nashtapariharam nalkukayum cheythu.
1454ll nalkappettathum athe varsham thanne neesaavayude chattangal sthireekarikkunnathumaaya serkvikkayude prathyekaavakaasham, puthiya niyamangal purappeduvikkumbozhum "posphite russeni" eedaakkumbozhum puthiya nikuthikal chumathumbozhum praadeshika paarlamentukalaaya "sejmikkukalil" prabhukkanmaarude amgeekaaram thedendathundu. sejmikukalude" eee shaaktheekaranam poolish prabhukkanmaarude janaadhipathyathinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthi (suvarnna swaathanthryam kaanuka). 1496ll piyotrkovinte (allengil piyotrkovinte niyamangal) prathyekaavakaashathiloode ithu vipuleekarichu. jaann oolbraachu rajaavu purappeduvicha eee padavi prabhukkanmaarude sthaanam vardhippichuvenkilum karshakarudeyum pattanavaasikaludeyum sthaanam kurachu. nagarangalkkum pattanangalkkum purathulla bhoomi svanthamaakkunnathinum vaangunnathinum prabhukkanmaarkk kuthaka nalkappettappol, bhoomi upekshikkaanulla karshakarude avakasham kooduthal kurayukayum karshakarude mail manyamaaya judiciary adikaarangal vardhippikkukayum cheythu. eee padavi polandile adimatha kaalaghattatthile oru naazhikakkallaayirunnu; chila charitrakaaranmaar ithine polandil adimatham avatharippikkappettathinte adayaalamaayi pattikappedutthunnu.
1501-ll, alexander jagilonsic rajaavu milnikkinte padaviyil oppuvachu, athiloode addeham polandile senattinu niyamanirmmaana samrambham nalki. eee padavi senattil irikkunna dhanikare shaaktheekarichu, pakshe athu adikakaalam neenduninnilla, kaaranam 1504leyum 1505leyum general sem (polandinte paarlament) ithu raddaki. ennirunnaalum, 1505ll nihal novi allengil "nihal novi sisi kammyoon konsensu" ("pothu sammathamillaathe puthiyathonnumilla") enna bharanaghadanaa thathwam sthaapichathode prabhukkanmaarude janaadhipathyathinte vikasanathil mattoru naazhikakkall kaivarichu. eee padavi senattinu pakaram muzhuvan general sejamin (senatt athinte bhagamaayirunna) valareyadhikam shaaktheekarichu; muzhuvan sejmin amgeekaaramillaathe oru niyamavum passacan kazhiyillenna prasthaavanayaayirunnu athinte nirnaayaka bhagam.
anthimaavakaashangal.
chila charitrakaaranmaar "nishil novi" yude padavi "sslachtha" yude shaaktheekarana prakriyayude paryavasaanamaayi pattikappedutthumbol mattullavar pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanam vare pattika thudarunnu. eee kaalayalavinullil, 1520 leeii bidegossil nadanna sejam prabhukkanmaarkk thozhil nalkaan karshakare nirbandhitharaakkunna niyamangal avatharippichappol karshakarude mail prabhukkanmaarude sthaanam shakthippeduthunna kooduthal aanukoolyangal praabalyatthil vannu. ithu prabhukkanmaarkk visttula nadiyilekku aniyanthrithamaaya praveshanam nalkukayum nagaratthileyum pattanangalileyum kodathikalilekkulla avarude durbalata kuraykkukayum cheythu. polandile sigmund onnaaman enna rajaavum naalu varshathilorikkal sejam vilikkumennu vaagdaanam cheyyukayum 1518-lum 1521-lum karshakarkk rajasabhayil paraathippedaanulla avakasham nashtappedukayum cheythu. 
1573ll henritian lekhanangal avatharippichu. poolish raashtram"-yadhaarthathil, poolish-lithwanian komanveltthile prabhukkanmaarum simhaasanathilekkulla thiranjeduppinushesham puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta oru rajaavum thammilulla oru sthiramaaya karar, artikkilukal poolish-lithwanian komanveltthile bharanathinteyum bharanaghadanaa niyamathinteyum adisthaana thathwangal vyakthamaakkunnu. henrique valesi (fraansile henry moonnaaman) raajaavinte perilulla eee lekhanangal munkaalathe niravadhi aanukoolyangal sthireekarikkukayum rajaavinu puthiya parimithikal earppeduthukayum cheythu. nirnaayakamaayi, oro puthiya rajavineyum prabhukkanmaar thiranjedukkumennum simhaasanavumaayi bandhappett addehathinte makkalkk anantharaavakaashathinu avakashamillennum avar sthireekarichu. rund varshathilorikkal rajaavu sejam vilikkendathundaayirunnu; sejaminte anumathiyillathe yudhamo samadhaanamo prakhyapikkaan avakashamillaayirunnu; varso konfedareshante mathaswaathanthryathinte urappukal paalikkendathundu; oduvil, rajaavu niyamathino "slaachtha" yude prathyekaavakaashangalkko ethire lamghikkukayaanenkil, raajaavinte utharavukal nirasikkaanum avanethire pravartthikkaanum artikkilukal "slaachtha" yeei adhikaarappeduthi. ithu pinneedu poolish sanbradaayathil "rocos" ennariyappettu. ekkaaryathil, oro rajaavum "niyamangal, swaathanthryangal, aanukoolyangal allengil achaarangal ennivaykku ethire njangal enthengilum cheythittundenkil, raajyathe ellah nivaasikalum njangale anusarikkunnathil ninnu mochitharaanennu njangal prakhyaapikkunnu" ennu prathijnjayedukkendathundu. 1576ll yudhakaalangalilozhike, rajaavil ninnu sejaminu sthaanaarohanathinulla avakasham kaimari.
polandile prabhukkanmaarude aanukoolyangal roopappeduthunna prakriyayude avasaanathe adayaalappeduthunna theeyathiyaayi kireeda tribunal srishtichu stephaan baattari rajaavu prabhukkanmaarude kaikalilekku appeelukal kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla avakasham pasakia varshamaaya 1578 anna pasterac pattikappedutthunnu. roobert bidelux iyaan jephris, 1611-neey avasaanamaayi pattikapedutthi, appozhaan prabhukkanmaarkk maathrame bhoovudamakal vaangaan anuvaadamulloo ennu sthireekarichathennu choondikkaanichu.
praadhaanyavum vimarsanavum.
slaachtha" yude shaaktheekaranavum polandile raajavaazhchayude vardhichuvarunna parimitiyum grettu brittante paarlamentari aadarshangalude munnodiyaaya magna cartayile baaranukalkk nalkia urappukalkk samaantharamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum, oru paridhivare, aadhunika janadhipathyam vikasicha american aikyanaadukal. pathinanjaam noottaandil padinjaaran europile "puthiya rajaakkanmaar" ennu vilikkappedunnavar adhikaarathe kendreekarichu ennathinu vipareethamaayi, "slaachtha" yude shaaktheekaranathe oru kendreekritha prasthaanamaayum praadeshikavalkkarikkappedu prabhukkashakthiyilekkum durbalamaaya oru kendraraajyathilekkula prasthaanamaayum vyaakhyaanikkaam, athu "ellah padaarthangalum illaathaakkiya oru sthaapanamaayi maathram maari" ennu fernand browdal abhiprayappettu. mattu vargangalkkum rajaavinum mail "slaachtha" yude aadhipathyam samakaalika europil abhoothapoorvamaayirunnu. athesamayam mattu vibhaagangalude (karshakarum pattanavaasikalum) durbalappedutthalum poolish samsthaanathinte durbalappeduthalilekku nayicha kendra (rajakeeya) shakthiyum ithinu prathiphalam nalki. adhikaarathinmelulla prabhukkanmaarude rashtreeya kuthaka pattanangaludeyum nagarangaludeyum vikasanathe thadassappeduthunnathinum sambadvyavasthaye baadikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi, ithu nikuthiyude melulla avarude niyanthranathodoppam valare thaazhnna thalatthil nilanirtthi, varumaana sarkkaarine pattiniyilakki.

