
koksinte road aadyakaala vyathiyaanangalum-woodford, appiyan way presingt

cox road aadyakaala vyathiyaanangalum-woodford, appiyan way presingt oru paithruka pattikayil ulppetta muun colonial rodaanu, ippol australiyayile nyoo southu veyilsile blue moundans nagaratthile blue moundans local gavanment eriyayil woodfordinu sameepam appiyan vazhiyil ninnu praveshikkunna rodaanu. 1814num 1825num idayil oru kuttavaliyaaya rooad party sahaayathode vilyam cox aanu ithu roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythath. baatharst rooad ennum ithu ariyappedunnu; pazhaya baatharst rooad, cox rooad. 2015 march 25nuu ithu nyoo southu weils stettu heritteju rajisttaril chertthu.
charithram.
1814lum 1815lum kuttavaalikal kooduthalum adangunna oru pravartthaka samgham aarr maasathinullil maathram poortthiyaakkiya emu foord muthal baatharst vareyulla rooad. 1813ll europpukaar puthuthayi kandethiya neela parvathangalkk kuruke raajyathekku oru vandi rooad nirmmikkaan govarnor lachlan makwari theerumaanichu.
1813-leeii "aadyathe crossing" ennu vilikkappedunna eee pradesham dharug, gundangura, viradjuri janathayude parambaraagatha bhoomiyilaanu nadannathu. neela parvathanirakaliloodeyum thaazhvarakaliloodeyum kadannupokunna mattu vazhikal pathinaayirakkanakkin varshangalayi aadivaasikal upayogichirunnu.
1764ll dorsettile vimbon minsttaril cox janichu. 1789ll landanile clerkenwellil rebecca apjon vivaham kazhichu. 1800 januvariyil cox "minerva" boardil enn. ezz. yuvil ethi. cox 1810ll windseril cheef majistrettaayi, 1814 joolaiyil govarnor makwari vilyam coxine neela parvathanirakk mukalilulla oru puthiya roadinte nirmmaanatthinte sooprandaayi niyamichu. addehathinte aadya bhaarya 1819-ll marikkukayum cox 1821-ll anna blackfordine vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. 1837 march 15-nuu addeham marichu.
1814 septambar aadyam muthal pakuthi vare woodford pradeshathaayirunnu koksinte rooad party. eee pradeshathe rooad nirmmaanam praayogikavum aadimavumaayirunnu. paarakkettukaludeyum moorchayulla thullikaludeyum munnil, cox thante aalukale ettavum paranna bhagangal vrithiyaakkukayum aavashyamullidathu "valareyadhikam parakal" neekkam cheyyukayum saadhaaranayaayi aazham kuranja kuzhikal upayogichu rekha adayaalappeduthukayum paara plaattphom oru nadappathayaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu; rooad aazham kuranja manninu mukaliloode kadannupokumbol, athu palappozhum varikaloo parukkan, takarnna kallinte thaazhnna mathilukaloo kondu adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. roadinte yadhaartha nirmmaanatthil gathagathayogyamaaya oru paathayude nirvachanam ulppedunnu, athu pinneedu sasyajaalangal (marangal nilatthinu thazheyaayi murichumaattappedunnu, pakshe apoorvvamaayi "cheenjazhukunnu"), parakal, parakkettukal enniva neekkam cheythu. roadinte roopeekaranam bhoopradesam anuvadikkunnathra kuravaayirunnu, aavashyamullathra thaazhnna side cuttingukalum karakalum undaayirunnu.
roadinte yadhaartha nirmmanavum poorttheekaranavum koksinte jenalil rekhappeduthiyittundu. lyndon muthal woodford vareyulla moonnu pradeshangalkk paarakkettukaliloode vipulamaaya vettikkurav aavasyamaanennu jenal soochippikkunnu; gowarth vellachaattam, moundu yorkkile irakkam.
1814ll koksinte rooad paarakkettilekk muricha lyndon, woodford ennividangalil sthithicheyyunna nilavilulla parisarangalil avasaanathethaanu appiyan way presingt. 1830kalil thaazheyum vadakkum oru puthiya rooad vinyaasam vazhi ithu marikadannu. 1831ll surveyaraaya dablyu. aarr. govett thante "neela parvathapaathayude adayaalam varachu, spring wood muthal pembrock kudilinaduthulla paridhi" vare irupathu mile pollayaya puthiya line adayaalappeduthi.
1990kalil valia thothilulla haiway punarnirmmaanatthiloode thurannukattappetta kuttavaalikal nirmmicha nilanirtthal mathilukaludeyum mattu savisheshathakaludeyum kandethalukal soochippikkunnathu 1827 muthal woodford pradeshathu vipulamaaya pravartthanangal nadannuvennum athu 1830 kalude madhyathil oru puthiya rooad line thiranjedutthappol vardhichuvennum soochippikkunnu. grettu vestten haiveyude "woodford bends" punarnirmmaanam poortthiyaayathode iva rekhappeduthukayum mattippaarppikkukayum cheythu; punarkuzhippikkukayo bhaagikamaayi samskarikkukayo polichuneekkukayo cheythu.
1860kalil cox roadinte appiyan way parisarathu oru aazhathilulla railway cutting nadathukayum 1990kalil grettu vestten haiway punarnirmmaanatthinaayi ithu veendum upayogikkukayum cheythu. 1896ll randaamathe railway cutting nadatthi, athu cox roadinte padinjaaran attathu ninnu murichumaatti. 1902ll reyilveyude aavarthanathinaayi aaa vettikkurav vipuleekarikkukayum neela parvathanirakaludeyum pradhana padinjaaran railway laininteyum bhaagamaayi ippozhum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1912ll appiyan way roadinte nirmmanavum cox roadinte kizhakkan attathe vichedichu. ennirunnaalum, 1814-leeii roadinte oru cheria bhagam athijeevichu, athu ippol pravarthanakshamamaaya railway bhoomiyilaanu.
vivaranam.
padinjaaran samathalangalil kaanapedunna puthiya bhoomi pratheekaathmakamaayi thurakkaan vendi oru parukkan cart rooad maathram thurakkaan govarnor makwari vilyam coxinu nirddesham nalkiyirunnu. emu foord muthal baatharst vareyulla rooad, aarr maasathinullil poortthiyaayi. rund vandikalkku parasparam kadannupokaan kazhiyunna tharatthil roadinu kuranjathu veethiyundaakanamennum rooad idanaazhi veethiyullathakkaan iruvashathumulla thadikal neekkam cheyyanamennum maakwaariyude nirddeshangalil vyakthamaakkiyirunnu. stambukal polikkukayum eathenkilum dwaarangal niraykkukayum venam. nilavilulla rooad nirddeshangalil vyakthamakkiya alavukalumayi poruthappedunna thaarathamyena kurachu sthalangal maathrame avasheshikkunna bhauthika thelivukal kaanikkunnulloo.
woodfordile appiyan paathayude padinjaaru bhaagathulla roadinte bhagam, railwake highwake vendi rund aazhathilulla kattingukalaal chuttappettirikkunnu. vishalavum parannathumaaya sheett kallu nadappaathayude vrithiyaakkiya bhaagamaayi koksinte rooad drishyamaanu. paarayude oru valia shelve bhaagath rooad vahikkunna oru mankarayundu. mattu shelve cheytha bhagangal yadhaarthathil (pinneedu) sanjarikkaavunna reethiyil cheythirikkaamennu ithu vyakthamaakkunnu.
koksinte rooad aarambikkunna kizhakke attathu eee parisarathu oru meter vare uyaramulla oru katt undu. ithinu parukkan kramarahithavumaaya mukhamundu, kramarahithamaya arrie allengil pick maarkkukal kondu pothinjirikkunnu, samanthara roopeekaranathekkaal chitharikkidakkunnunde nerttha () ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla shafttukal ivideyum avideyum undu. samanamaaya paara vettunna oru pradesham parisaratthinte attathu veendum prathyakshappedunnu, avide athu valayunnu, pakshe thekk aazhathilulla railway murikkal moolam pettennu vichedikkappedunnu. roopathil eee cutting pazhaya baatharst roadileyum (woodford) cox paasileyum (moundu york) mattu koksinte rooad parisarangalile udaaharanangalkk samaanamaan.
rooad padinjarottu neengumbol, cheruthaayi nirmmichirikkunna karaykku 1 muthal 2 vare korsukalullathum uyarnnathumaaya thaazhnnathum parukkanthumaaya avashishtangal nilanirthunna mathil (type 1 bii) undu. ekadesham 40 meter neelamulla ithinu madhyabhaagathu (veethiyum uyaravum) oru purathana kallu boxes kalunkum undu, athil vashangalkk orotta kozhs kallum, lintal pole ekadesham chethukkiya oru valia kallum, oru munn tharayum ulppedunnu. kalunkukal ippol cheli niranjirikkunnu, athinu vellam nalkendirunna side draine moodappettirikkunnu. koksinte aalukal <aii. dii. 1> roadle kalunkukal nirmmicho ennu ariyilla. aduthulla nilanirtthal mathil mattu aadyakaala vibhagangalumaayi poruthappedunnunde, parvathangalile koksinte rooad parisarangalil kallu kalunkukalude mattu udaaharanangalonnumilla, koodaathe moundu blaxland parisarathu sthithicheyyunna samanamaaya rund udaaharanagal pilkkala kaalaghattatthil ninnullathaanu. athinaal, kalunkum orupakshe nilanirtthal mathilum 1818 nuu sheshamulla mechappeduthalukalude veethikoottal pravarthanangaludeyum bhagamaayirikkaam. ettavum veethiyulla sthalathu rooad ekadesham veethiyullathaanu. sheett stoon nadappaathayude attathu parakal muricha drainage lainukalude udaaharanangalund. ivaykku aavashyamaaya vipulamaaya samayavum advaanavum kanakkiledukkumbol, avaa yadhaartha 1814 roadinu sheshamulla rooad mechappeduthalukalumaayi bandhappettirikkam allengil pinneedulla railway pravarthanangalumaayi bandhappettirikkam.
oru cheria chathuraakrithiyilulla kallu gadanayude avashishtangal (ekadesham. bye) roadinte attathu thekkayi sthithicheyyunnu. 1820kalil grettu north roadle kandethiya steshan/stocade/kudilinte avashishtangalumayi ithu saamyamullathaanennu 1988ll carskens abhiprayappettu. orupakshe oru pooyint cheytha arrie allengil pick-aaksinte avasaanam aayirikkam eee kunnin mukalil kandethiyathenn carskens report cheythu, "ithu aadyakaala rooad jolikalumaayi bandhappettirunnuvennu shakthamayi soochippikkunnu-orupakshe oru sambharana dippo". roadinte arikinode chernnu ekadesham 2 meter vyaasamulla mattu manninteyum kallukaludeyum oru parambarayundu-iva orupakshe paara shelfukal niraykkaanulla aadyakaala sramangalil ninno allengil pinneedulla railway kaalaghattatthile pravarthanangalil ninno kedupaadukal sambhavicha koombaarangalaanu. kallinte gadanayudeyum mattu savisheshathakaludeyum saannidhyam koksinte roadinte prathyeka puraavastu gaveshana saadhyathakalude eee parisaram nalkunnu.
cox roadinte nirddishta samsthaana paithruka rajisttar listtingilum aadyakaala vyathiyanangalilum cox roadinte aarr parisarangal ulppedunnu
avastha.
2014 desember 1 vareyulla kanakkanusarichu rooad ganyamaayi kedupaadukal koodaathe kidannirunnu. 1814-leeii roadle ninnulla niravadhi puraavastu savisheshathakal rooad thunitharangal, sheett roock pavement, thaazhnna mathilum cheria kalunkum, parakal murikkal, parakal muricha drainukal enniva ulppede vyakthamaan. rooad roopeekaranathinu thekk oru cheria chathuraakrithiyilulla kallu gadanayude bhauthika thelivukalum undu.
paithruka pattika.
2014 november 10 vareyulla kanakkanusarichu, 1814 muthal 1815 vare nirmmicha cox roadinte avasheshikkunna avashishtangalkk neela parvathangalkk kuruke aadyakaala roada neela parvathangalkk padinjaaru europianmaar nirmmicha aadya gadanayaayum samsthaana praadhaanyamund. grigory blacks land, vilyam losan, vilyam gowarth ennivarude muun paryaveshanavum jorjju ivaansinte survey pinthudarnnaanu eee roadinte nirmmaanam. roadinte vijayakaramaya nirmmaanam neela parvathangal srishticha prakrithidatha thadassam keezhadakkiyathinte pratheekamaayirunnu, koodaathe sidniykkum athinte sameepa chuttupaadukalkkum appurathu kolaniyude vikasanam thudarunnathinulla govarnor mcwarryude kaazhchappaadine prathinidheekarikkunnu. koksinte rooad pinneedu neela parvathangalkkapuramulla ulpradeshangal thudarnnulla vaasasthalangalkkum idaya, kaarshika vipuleekaranathinum thurakkaan praapthamakki, ithu pinneedu aadivaasikale avarude bhoomiyil ninnu purathaakkunnathu vardhippichu.
mapp nalkaanum avadhikkala tikkattukal shupaarsha cheyyaanumulla adhikaarathinte peril vilyam cox prathikalkkidayil ariyappettirunnu. akathalathilekkulla oru paatha thurakkunnathinulla pravarthanatthinaayi sannadharaayi pravarthicha mikka prathikalum mochitharaayi, jolie poortthiyaakkiya sesham mapp allengil avadhiyude tikkattukal labhichu.
athijeevicha rooad thunitharangal koksinte joliyude asamskrithavum thidukkathilullathumaaya swabhaavavum rooad kandethunnathinum murikkunnathinum roopappeduthunnathinum upayogikkunna saankethikavidyakalum pradarshippikkunnu. parvathangalilum mattidangalilum pilkkala colonial rooad vinyasangalumaayi chernnu, colonial kaalaghattatthil upayogichirunna vishalamaaya rooad nirmmaana shailikalum maanadandangalum pradarshippikkunna rodukalude oru syoottinte bhagamaanu cox rooad.
koksinte road aadyakaala vyathiyaanangalum-woodford, appiyan way presingt 2015 march 25 nuu nyoo southu weils stettu heritteju rajisttaril inipparayunna maanadandangal paalichukondu pattikapedutthi.
nyoo southu veyilsile saamskaarikamo prakrithidatthamo aaya charithratthinte gathi allengil paatten pradarshippikkunnathil eee sthalam pradhaanamaan.
koksinte roadinte avasheshikkunna avashishtangalkk samsthaana charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamund, emu samathalangal muthal baatharst samathalangal vare (1814-15) neela parvathangalkk kuruke nirmmicha aadyathe roadinte bhauthika thelivaayi. austreliyayil nilanilkkunna colonial kaalaghattatthile aadyakaala rooad lainukalilonnaan koksinte roadle nirmmichirikkunnathu. 1814leeii rooad sidneyile kolaniyude vikasanathinteyum padinjaaran enn. ezz. dablyu. lake velutha kudiyettakendrathinte vipuleekaranathinteyum vyakthamaaya thelivaanu. 1814ll jii. dablyu. evens padinjaaran samathalangal kandethiyathin sesham europian vaasasthalathekku ulvasham thurakkunnathinulla govarnor mcwarryude abhilaashangale eee rooad pratheekappeduthunnu. eee kaaryatthil bhaaviyile vikasanathinu aditharayitta oru audyogika pothupravartthanamenna nilayil cox roadinu ganyamaaya pratheekathmaka praadhaanyamund. cox rooad enn. ezz. yuvile aadyathe ulnaadan vaasasthalamaaya baatharstinte aditharayumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, ithu govarnor makwari 1815 meyy 7 nuu rodiloodeyulla yaathraykk sesham prakhyaapichu.
nyoo southu veyilsinte charithratthile saamskaarikamo prakrithidatthamo aaya charithratthinte praadhaanyamulla oru vyakthiyumaayo vyakthikalude samghavumaayo eee sthalathinu shakthamayatho prathyekamo aaya bandhamund.
koksinte roadinte avasheshikkunna avashishtangalkk govarnor lachlan maakwaariyumaayum roadinte nirmmaanathinu melnottam vahicha majistrettum muun armi offeesarumaaya kyapttan vilyam coxumaayum ulla adutha bandhathinu samsthaana praadhaanyamund. thangalude swaathanthryam nedunnathinaayi roadle advaanicha prathikalumaayum thomas hobby, richard luis, joonn taige, saamuval ires thudangiya coxine sahaayicha udyogastharumaayum purushanmarumaayum eee rooad bandhappettirikkunnu. neela parvathangal kadakkuka, baatharstilekkulla oru root sarway cheyyuka, koksinte rooad nirmmikkuka enniva maakvariyude governorship kaalaghattatthile pradhana sambhavangalaayirunnu. roadinte praadhaanyathekkurichu govarnor mcwarryude kaazhchappaad, yudhathinum kolanikalkkumulla britiish stettu sekrattariyaaya erl baatharstinodulla addehathinte reportukalum, athinte nirmmaanathinu thottupinnaale baatharst samathalangalilekkulla yathrayum, avide addeham baatharst tounshippinulla sthalam prakhyaapichu.
rooad nirmmaanamo mattu ganyamaaya budhimuttukalo moolam jeevan nashtappedaathe churungiya samayathinullil oru cheria koottam kuttavaalikale upayogichukondu vilyam cox nediya nettam, addehathinte samakaalikaril palarekkaalum kooduthal manushikanaaya thozhiludamayum majistrettum enna nilayilulla addehathinte prashasthiye prathifalippikkunnu. rooad nirmikkunnathil addeham kaanicha neethrthwagunangalum kazhchappadum naipunyavum mattu pothupravarthanangalkkaayi cox nediya pilkkala sarkkar karaarukalil vyakthamaakum.
nyoo southu veyilsil soundarya savisheshathakalum koodaathe/allengil uyarnna thalatthilulla sarggaathmakamo saankethikamo aaya nettangal prakadippikkunnathil eee sthalam pradhaanamaan.
1820-kalkk munbulla lalithamaaya rooad nirmmaana saankethikavidyakal prakadippikkaanulla kazhivinu koksinte roadinte nilanilkkunna parisarangalkk samsthaana saankethika praadhaanyamund. 1820kaliludaneelam 1814 roottinte mechappeduthal pilkkala rooad nirmmaana saankethikavidyakalude pradhana thelivukal nalkukayum 1830 kalil sarr thomas michel nirmmicha puthiya grettu vestten rooad athine marikadakkunnathinu munbu eee pradhana root ulbhaagathekku thudarchayaayi upayogichirunnathaayi kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu.
cox roadinte appiyan way presingt stooni woodford ridjil cheytha joliyude mikachathum svayamparyaapthavumaaya udaaharanam nalkunnu. cuttingukal, sheett stoon nadappaathakal, thaazhnna paara mathilukal, valare cheruthum aadimavumaaya oru kalunkukal ennivayulppede aadyakaala rooad nirmmaanatthinte niravadhi pradhana savisheshathakal eee parisaram manoharamaayi ulkkollunnu. gadanaaparamaaya avashishtangalkkum kunnukalkkum ganyamaaya puraavastu saadhyathakalund.
saamoohikamo saamskaarikamo aathmeeyavumaaya kaaranangalal nyoo southu veyilsile oru prathyeka samoohavumaayo saamskaarika grouppumaayo eee sthalathinu shakthamayatho prathyekamo aaya bandhamund.
saamskaarika vinodasanchaarathinum vidyaabhyaasathinumaayi koksinte rooad thirichariyunnathinum prolsaahippikkunnathum pothujanangal, samsthaana, praadeshika sarkkar sthaapanangal, vividha saamoohika samghadanakal enniva roadinte dvishathaabdi aaghoshikkunnathinum ganyamaaya thaalpparyamullathinaal koksinte roadinum athinte avashishtangalkkum samsthaana thalatthil saamoohika praadhaanyamundennu theliyikkunnu. cox pingaamikalkk eee rooad prathyeka praadhaanyamullathaanu. vilyam cox fellowship 1980kalil heritteju listtinginaayi cox roadinte aadya vibhaagangale naamanirddesham cheythu.
nyoo southu veyilsinte saamskaarikamo prakrithidatthamo aaya charithrathekkurichu manassilakkaan sahayikkunna vivarangal nalkaan eee sthalathinu kazhivundu.
adisthaana vaidagdhyangalum saankethikavidyakalum upayogichu pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil rooad, kalunkukal, paalam nirmmaana saankethikavidyakal enniva pradarshippikkaanulla kazhivinte peril koksinte roadinte parisarangalkk samsthaana thalatthil gaveshana praadhaanyamund. <aii. dii. 1> roadinte avashishtangal akkaalathe avasthakal vyakthamaakkukayum paryaveshanathinteyum vikasanathinteyum prakriyayekkurichum aadyakaala colonial rooad nirmmaanatheyum rooad upayogatheyum kurichulla daaranaykku sambhavana nalkukayum cheiyunnu. bhouthikavum saankethikavum enchiniyaring sambandhicha oru pradhana nettatthe prathinidheekarikkunna avashishtangal workmanshippinte mikacha vishadaamshangal pradarshippikkunnu. <aii. dii. 1> roadinte niravadhi parisarangalkk prathyeka puraavastu saadhyathakalund.
nyoo southu veyilsinte saamskaarikamo prakrithidatthamo aaya charithratthinte apoorvamo apoorvamo vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnatho aaya vashangal eee sthalathundu.
penrith muthal baatharst vareyulla cox roadinte athijeevicha parisarangal enn. ezz. yuvile aadyakaala colonial rooad nirmmaanatthinte apoorva udaaharanangalaan. 1820-nuu munbulla rooad nirmmaanatthinte apoorva udaaharanamaayi koksinte roadinte avasheshikkunna avashishtangalkk samsthaana praadhaanyamund, ithu maanuval, aadima upakaranangalude upayogathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathum 1820 kalileyum 1830 kalileyum pilkkala "grettu roadukalil" upayogichirunna kooduthal sankeernamaaya rooad sarveykkum nirmmaana saankethikavidyakalkkum munbullathumaanu.

