tohunga

nyoosilandile mavoriyude samskaarathil, mathaparamo mattoo aaya eathenkilum naipunyathilo kalayilo vidagdhanaaya pariseelakanaanu tohunga (thekkan mavori bhaashayile tohuka). vidagdha purohithanmaar, rogashaanthikkaar, naavikar, kothupanikal, nirmmathaakkal, adhyapakar, upadeshtaakkal ennivar tohungayil ulppedunnu. oru tohunga oru vaanau (kudumbam) yude thalavanayirikkaam, pakshe palappozhum oru rangatheera (thalavan), oru ariki (prabhukkan) ennivayaayirunnu. havaian samskaarathile thulyavum arivullathumaya "kahuna", tahitian bhashayil taahuvayaanu.
vilikalum prayogangalum.
inipparayunnava ulppede niravadhi tohunga klaasukalundu (mikacha 1924:166):
oro tohunga oru prathibhadhananaaya athmeeya neethaavaayirunnu, koodaathe karakia (praarthanakal), paatter (manthrangal) allengil avarude munbil tohunga avarkk kaimariyirunna mayatha (ganangal) ennivayiloode aathmeeyavum laukikavumaaya mekhalakalkkidayil ashayavinimayam nadathaanulla swaabhaavika kazhivu undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, avarude achaarangal pradhaanamaayum mukalil vivarichathupole avar anushtticha prathyeka mekhalakalilaayirunnu.
prayogangalum arivum.
mikka aathmeeyavum laukikavumaaya aachaarangalekkurichulla arivu tohungaik undaayirunnu, pothuve arivu niravadhi thalamurakaliloode vaanamgayile (padanasthalangal/schoolukal) vaakkalulla aashayavinimayathiloode kaimarappettu. daivangalude edapedalo sahaayamo aavasyappedunnathinaayi avar upayogicha upakaranangal tonga puuroo aayirunnu.
tohungayude arivinodum kazhivinodum mavoric uyarnna bahumaanamundaayirunnuve andhavishwaasikalaaya maavorikalum europpukaar manthravaadathe orupole bhayappettirunnu. kudiyetta munvidhikal, durbalaraaya aalukale chooshanam cheiyunnathinulla apakadasaadhyatha, parambaraagatha mavori marunninte pala roopangalum avatharippicha europian rogangalkkethire phalapradamallaathathinaal, eee gadakangalude samyojanam 1907 leeii tohunga adichamarthal niyamam nadappaakkunnathilekku nayichu.
nyoosilandil niyamam nadappakkiyathinushesham chila thohungakal avarude vaakkalulla paarambaryangal kaimaran visammathichu, ithu mavori janataye avarude parambaraagatha adithara, vishwaasangal, achaarangal ennivayil bhooribhaagavum nashtappedutthi. 1962ll eee niyamam raddaakkappettuvenkilum appozhekkum bhaashayudeyum paarambaryatthinteyum bhooribhaagavum dushippikkappedukayo nashtappedukayo cheythuvenkilum chila kaumaattuvakalum kuyikalum thalamurakaliloode avarude arivu vaamozhiyayi ashayavinimayam thudarnnu.
sthree tohungayude praadhaanyavum pankum sanbradaayangalum oru paridhivare avaganikkappedukayo irupathaam noottaandile pandithanmaar hrasvamaayi sparshikkukayo cheythittundu, aadhunika kaalath kooduthal aazhathil maathrame paryavekshanam cheythittulloo.
thapuvin keezhil tohunga.
mavoriyude ettavum aazhathil veroonniya vishwaasangalilum mathaparamaya achaarangalilum onnaayirunnu tapu, innum undu. tapu enna vaakk "vishudham" allengil "nirodhicha" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappettekkaam, ennaal mavori thappin niravadhi vyathiyaanangalund. oru vyakthigatha thapuvum praadeshika thapuvum undaayirunnu; ellaayidathum oru tharatthilullatho mattoru tharatthilullatho aaya thapuvin mavori abhimukeekarikkendivannu. nirodhanathinteyum kwaarantaininteyum chila jootha niyamangalkk samanamaaya oru uddeshyam ithu palappozhum niravettunnu.
puraathanavum shakthavumaya karakia, mathaparamaya chadangukal, athuvakalumaayulla (daivangalum aathmaakkalum) ashayavinimaya maadyamamenna nilayil avarude oafees ennivayekkurichulla arivu kaaranam tungayil thapuvinte nigoodamaaya sathakal ulkkollunnu. ellah arikikalilum sakthamaaya oru vyakthigatha thapuvum undaayirunnu, athu oru saadhaaranakkaaranum ore bhakshana kottayil ninnu bhakshanam kazhikkunnathino medhaaviyude enthengilum upayogikkunnathino thadassamaayi.
vishudha marichavarude avashishtangalum athumaayi bandhappettavayellam valare thapassaayirunnu, marichavarudeyo asthikaludeyo kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil earppettirunna eathoraalum angeyattam thapassullavarayirikkum, kaikal kondu bhakshanam thodaan dhairyappedilla. thathfalamaayi, atharam vyakthikalkk ivide paintingil kaanichirikkunna reethiyil bhakshanam nalkendivannu. wanganui jillayile oru pazhaya paa (graamam) jeevithathil ninnaan ithu varachathu. ekadesham kothiyeduttha posttukalulla payude puram palised veli, saadhaaranayaayi totara pashchaathalatthil kaanichirikkunnu. vaasasthalathinte oru vidoora konilulla oru rupo veerinu (veedu) munnil tohunga paayayil muttukutthi nilkkunnu.

