
kramarahithathayude charithram

purathana charithratthil, avasaravum kramarahithathayum enna ashayangal vidhiyumayi bandhappettirunnu. pala purathana janangalum vidhi nirnnayikkaan pakarppukal erinju, ithu pinneedu avasarangalude kalikalaayi parinamichu. athesamayam, mikka purathana samskaarangalum kramarahithathayeyum vidiyeyum marikadakkaan vividha pravachana reethikal upayogichu. mathathinum aakasmikathayude kalikalkkum appuram, kuranjathu purathana ethaniyan janadhipathyam muthal oru cleroterian roopathil kramakkedinaayi kramarahitata saakshyappeduthiyittundu.
3000 varshangalkk munbu chainakkaraanu orupakshe, prathikoola saahacharyangalum avasarangalum aupachaarikamaakkunnathu. greak thathwachinthakar kramarahithathayekkurichu deerghamaayi charcha cheythu, pakshe alavillaatha roopangalil maathram. pathinaram noottaandil maathramaan itaaliyan ganithashaasthranjar vividha avasara kalikalumaayi bandhapetta vairudhyangal aupachaarikamaakkaan thudangiyathu. aadhunika kaalkkulasinte kandupidutham kramarahithathayekkurichulla aupachaarika padanatthil nalla swaadheenam chelutthi. pathonpathaam noottaandil bhauthikashaasthrathil entropy enna ashayam avatharippikkappettu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kramarahithathayude aupachaarika vishakalanathil druthagathiyilulla valarcha kaanukayum, probabilitic ganithashaasthra aditharakal avatharippikkukayum 1933 ll athinte svayamsidhavalkkaranathilka nayikkukayum cheythu. athe samayam, kwaandam mekkaaniksinte varavu nirnnayathekkurichulla shaasthreeya kaazhchappaadine maattimarichu. irupathaam noottaandinte pakuthi muthal avasaanam vare, algoritam vivara sidhaanthathinte ashayangal algoritam kramarahitata enna aashayathiloode eee mekhalaykku puthiya manangal avatharippichu.
kramarahithathaye niravadhi noottaandukalaayi oru thadassamaayum shalyamaayum kaanunnundengilum, irupathaam noottaandil computer shaasthranjar manassilakkaan thudangi, kanakkukoottalukalil kramarahitata "manahpoorvvam" avatharippikkunnath mikacha algorithangal roopakalppana cheiyunnathinulla phalapradamaaya upakaranamaanennu. chila sandarbhangalil, atharam kramarahithamaya algorithangalkku mikacha nirnnayaka reethikale marikadakkaan kazhiyum.
madhyakaalakhattam vareyulla purathanakaalam.
medittareniyanile kristhuvinu munbulla aalukal vidhi nirnnayikkaan pakida erinju, ithu pinneedu aakasmika kalikalaayi parinamichu. purathana egypthukaarum hindukkalum aakasmikamaayi kalicha kalikalude thelivukalum undu.
bii. sii. 2100 muthalulla chainees. chainakkar europukaarkku munbu pakarppukal upayogichirunnu, koodaathe avasarangalude geyimukal kalikkunnathil avarkk neenda charithramund.
3000 varshangalkk munbu, niravadhi nanayangal eriyunnathumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal bii. sii. 1150 kaalaghattatthile ettavum pazhaya chainees ganithashaasthra grandhangalilonnaaya aii chingle pariganichirunnu. yinn, yang ennee rund pradhana gadakangal aii chingil vividha roopangalil samyojippichu echhechu, th, echti muthalaaya tharangalude "headukalum vaalukalum" kramappeduthalukal undaakki. pathinezhaam noottaandil europianmaar pascal trikonathe aupachaarikamaakkunnathinu valare munbuthanne chainakkaarkk pascal trikonathekkurichu ariyaamaayirunnuvenn thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, paashchaathya thathwachintha pathinaram noottaand vare yaadruchikathayudeyum yaadruchikathayudeyum ganithashaasthra ithara vashangalil shradha kendreekarichu.
charithrathiludaneelam avasaram enna aashayathinte vikasanam valare kramanugathamaanu. purathana kaalam muthal manushyarkk avasaram labhichathinaal kramarahithamaya mekhalayile purogathi enthukondaanu ithra mandagathiyilaayathennu charitrakaaranmaar athbhuthapettittund. deborah jeey. saadhaaranakkaar kramarahitata manasilakkunnathil antharleenamaaya budhimuttu neridunnundennu bennatt nirddeshikkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee ashayam palappozhum vyakthavum svayam vyakthavumaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. canman, twersky ennivarude padanangal avar udharikkunnu; atharam arivu nedunnathinu aavashyamaaya vishadaamshangal aalukal sradhikkaathathinaal stattistikkal thathwangal dainamdina anubhavathil ninnu padikkunnillennu iva nigamanam cheythu.
greak thathwachinthakaraanu avasaratheyum kramarahithathayeyum abhisambodhana cheytha aadyakaala paashchaathya chinthakar. bii. sii. 400 oode, kramatthinte avyakthamaaya niyamangalal niyanthrikkappedunna oru kaazhchappaad demokrittas avatharippikkukayum yaadruchikathaye sambhavangalude swabhaavam manasilakkaanulla manushyarude kazhivillaaymayil ninnu maathram uthbhavicha oru aathmanishtamaaya aashayamaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. ore samayam vellam konduvaraan thangalude dasanmare ayaykkunna rund purushanmaarude udaaharanam addeham upayogichu. padhathiyekkurichu ariyaatha sevakar yogathe kramarahithamayi kaanum.
avasaratheyum aavasyatheyum athirshakthikalaayi aristottil kandu. prakrithiykku sambannavum sthiravumaaya pattenukalundennum athu aakasmikathayude maathram falamaayirikkillennum ennaal eee paattenukal orikkalum aavashyamaaya nirnnayathinte yanthram polulla ekathvam pradarshippikkunnillennum addeham vaadichu. kramarahithathaye lokathinte yadhaarthavum vyapakavumaaya oru bhaagamaayi addeham kandu, pakshe aavasyathinum kramatthinum keezhppettathaayi addeham karuthi. aristottil sambhavangale moonnu tharangalayi tharamthirichu anivaaryamaayi sambhavikkunna "chila" sambhavangal; mikka kesukalilum sambhavikkunna "saadhyathayulla" sambhavangal; shudhamaaya aakasmikathayiloode sambhavikkunna "anjjaatha" sambhavangal. avasarangalude phalathe addeham anjjaathamaayi kanakkakki.
bii. sii. 300-ll epicurus manushya arivil ninnu swathanthramaayi kramarahitata nilanilkkunnu enna ashayam nirddeshichu. aattomik lokath, attangal avayude paathakaliloode kramarahithamayi "karangukayum" uyarnna thalangalil kramarahitata konduvarikayum cheiyumennu addeham vishwasichu.
athinusesham niravadhi noottaandukalolam, avasaram enna ashayam vidhiyumayi bandhappettirunnu. pala samskaarangalilum vaividhyamaarnna reethikal upayogichu pravachanam abhyasichirunnu. chainakkar aamayude shellukalile villalukal vishakalanam cheythu, athesamayam taasittas anusarichu lottukaleyum sakunangaleyum ettavum kooduthal bahumaanikkunna jarmmankaar puramtholi strippukal upayogichu. roman saamraajyathil, fortoona deviyaanu avasarathe roopappeduthiyathu. fortoona enthaanu theerumaanikkunnathennu anukarikkaan romakkar avasarangalude kalikalil pankedukkum. bii. sii. 49ll, juuliyas seaser pakida erinja sesham roobikan kadakkanulla nirbhagyakaramaaya theerumaanam eduthathaayi aaropikkappedunnu.
nischitham", "saadhyathayullath", "anjjaathamaayathu" enningane moonnu vibhagangalaayi aristottil sambhavangale tharamthirichuvenkilum manushyan ariyaatha sambhavangal polum daivathaal munkootty nischayichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna nirnnayaka kristheeya padippikkalukalumaayi avarkk athine poruthappeduthendinnu. kaambraayiyile ekadesham 960 bishop vibold moonnu pakarppukal upayogichu kalikkunnathinte 56 vyathyastha phalangal (krameekaranangalillathe) shariyaayi kanakkakki. 1350 nuu munbu europil cardukal kalikkunnathinekkurichu oru paraamarshavum kandethiyitla. palli card kalikkunnathinethire prasamgikkukayum card geyimukal pakarppavakaashatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla geyimukalekkaal valare pathukke vyaapikkukayum cheythu. kristheeya sabha pravachanatthe prathyekamaayi nirodhichu; kristhumatham pookunnidatthellaam pravachanathinu athinte pazhaya shakthiyude bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu.
noottaandukalaayi, pala kristhyan pandithanmaarum swatantra ichhaashakthiyilulla vishwaasavum athinte antharleenamaaya kramarahithathayum, sambhavikkunnathellam daivathinu ariyaam enna ashayavum thammilulla samghattanavumaayi malladikkunnu. vishudharaaya augustin, akwinas ennivar munjjaanathinum swatantra ichhaashakthikkum idayil oru othucheralil ethaan shramichu, ennaal martin luther kramarahithathaykethire vaadikkukayum daivathinte sarvvanjjaanam manushya pravartthanangale ozhivakkaavunnathum nischayadaardyamullethumaanu nilapad sweekarikkukayum cheythu. pathimoonnaam noottaandil thomas akwinas yaadruchikathaye orotta kaaranatthinte falamaayittalla, marichu aakasmikamaayi othucherunna niravadhi kaaranangalude falamaayaanu kandathu. kramarahithathayude nilanilppil addeham vishwasichirunnuvenkilum, prakrithiyude anthima dishaabodhathinte vishadeekaranamaayi addeham athu nirasichu, kaaranam aakasmikamaayi nedaanaakaattha niravadhi prakrithisampradaayangal addeham kandu.
greekkukaarum romakkarum aakasmika kalikalude aapekshika aavruthikalude vyaapthi shradhichirunnilla. noottaandukalaayi, ganithashaasthra aditharayillaathe europil avasaram charcha cheyyappettirunnu, pathinaram noottaandil maathramaan itaaliyan ganithashaasthranjar avasarangalude phalangale anupathangalaayi charcha cheyyaan thudangiyathu. 1565-ll jerolamo cardano thante 'lieber dii luud aalee' (addehathinte maranashesham prasidheekaricha oru choothaattakkaarante maanuval) ll vividha geyimukalil vijayikkunnathinulla saadhyathakal vishakalanam cheiyunnathinaayi aadyathe aupachaarika tractukalilonnu ezhuthi.
pathinezhaam noottaand-pathonpathaam noottaand.
1620 oode, prathyeka chodyangalkku utharam nalkaan aadyakaala probabilistik model upayogicha "pakarppavakaashathekkurichu oru kandethal" enna peril oru prabandham gelilio ezhuthi. 1654-ll, choothaattatthodulla shevelier dii merinte thaalparyam prachodippicha blaise pascal piyari dii fermaattumaayi poruthappedukayum probability sidhaanthathinu bhooribhaagavum aditharayidukayum cheythu. anantatha enna ashayam aadyakaala upayogathinum theerumaana sidhaanthathinte aadya aupachaarika upayogathinum paaskalinte panthayam shradheyamaayirunnu. pascalinteyum fermattinteyum pravartthanangal ananthamaaya kaalkkulasinekkurichula lebnisinte pravartthanatthe swaadheenichu, ithu probabilityudeyum kramarahithathayudeyum aupachaarika vishakalanathin kooduthal aakkam nalki.
sankeernathayude kaaryatthil kramarahitata kaanunnathinulla aadyathe nirddesham addehathinte maranashesham kandethiya 17-aamm noottaandile oru avyaktha rekhayil lebnis nalki. oru kadalaasile oru koottam pooyintukal kramarahithamayi thiranjeduttho ennu oraalkk engane arian kazhiyumennu lebnis chodichu (udha.jii. mashi therippicho illayo). eathoru parimitha bindukkalkkum ellaayppozhum pooyintukal vivarikkan kazhiyunna oru ganitha samavaakyam undennathinaal, (e.jii. lagranchian interpolation) ennathukondu eee chodyam pooyintukal ganithashaasthraparamaayi prakadippikkunna reethiyil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. pooyintukal vivarikkunna pravartthanam valare sankeernamaayirikkanamel avaa kramarahithamayi leibnis kandu. moonnu noottaandukalkku sesham, athe ashayam algoritam kramarahithamayi aupachaarikamaakki. enn. oru parimithamaaya stringine kramarahithamayi vivarikkan aavashyamaaya oru computer prograaminte ettavum kuranja dairkhyamaayi kolmogorov gregory chaittin.
"avasarangalude sidhaantham", probability sidhaanthathekkurichulla aadyathe paatapusthakam 1718-ll prasidheekarikkukayum athinusesham eee mekhala valarukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil roobert ellis joonn vennum chernnaanu probabilittiyilekkul freekwansi sidhaantha sameepanam aadyamaayi vikasippichath. 
pathinezhaam noottaand muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare ganithashaasthrathile varenyavarggakkaar kramarahitata manasilakkunnathil purogathi kaivarikkumbol, avasarathe niyanthrikkaamenna pratheekshayil pothujanangal bhagyanirnayam polulla sanbradaayangale aashrayikkunnath thudarnnu. ooriyantilum (avide bhagyam parayal pinneedu oru asakti ennu vilikkapettu) europilum jipsimaarum mattullavarum bhagyam pala tharatthil paranju. oru glassil idunna muttakal vaayikkunnath polulla engleesh sanbradaayangal vadakke amerikkayile purittan samoohangalilekku kayattumathi cheyyappettu.
kramarahithathayekkurichulla padanatthile oru pradhana gadakamaaya entropy enna padam 1865 ll rudolph clossius thaapagathikashaasthrathinte randaam niyamatthinte pashchaathalatthil taapa enchinukal padichappol srishtichu. entropy ellaayppozhum vardhikkunnu" ennu aadyam prasthaavichathu clossius aanu.
nyoottan kaalam muthal 1890 vare, oru samvidaanathinte prarambha avastha valare krithyathayode ariyukayum, aaa samvidaanathil pravartthikkunna ellah shakthikalum thulya krithyathayode roopappeduthaan kazhiyukayum cheythaal, thathwathil, ananthamaaya deerghakaalathekku prapanchatthinte avasthayekkurichu pravachikkaan kazhiyumennu pothuve vishwasichirunnu. jyothishaasthrathile three-body prashnatthil, prarambha avasthayile cheria mattangal samavaakyangalude samkhyaa samyojana samayat sanjaarapathangalil valia maattangalkk kaaranamaakumenn henry poincare kaanichappol 1893-ll thanne bhauthika samvidaanangalile atharam pravachanangalude paridhikal vyakthamaayi.
pathonpathaam noottaandil, probability sidhaantham aupachaarikamaakkukayum nannayi manassilakkukayum cheythappol, "shalyam enna nilayil kramarahitata" yodulla manobhaavam chodyam cheyyaan thudangi. goythe ezhuthi
lokathinte koshangal
aavasyangalil ninnum kramarahithathayil ninnum nirmmichathaanu;
manushyarude buddhi randinum idayil svayam sthaapikkunnu.
avare niyantrikkaan kazhiyum;
athu aavasyakatha pariganikkunnu 
athinte nilanilppinte kaaranavum;
athramaathram kramarahithamaayirikkumenna avarkariyaam
kaikaaryam cheyyukayum niyanthrikkukayum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
irupathaam noottaandil kramarahithamaya algorithangal sakthamaaya upakaranangalayi kandethiyappol goytheyude vaakkukal praavachanikamaanennu thelinju. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, vaathakangalile thanmaathrakalude koottiyidi sambandhicha sthithivivarakkanakku kazhcha maiks velum boltsman padichathinaal nyoottante mechanical prapanchatthinte maathruka mangukayaayirunnu. boltsmante samavaakyam "s" = "k" log "e" "w" (addehathinte shavakudeerathil alekhanam cheythirikkunnu) aadyamaayi entropy logarithangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
irupathaam noottaand.
irupathaam noottaandil, probability sidhaanthathinte anchu pradhana vyaakhyaanangal (udha.jii., classical", "logical", "freekwansi", "propensity", "aathmanishtam") enniva nannayi manassilakkukayum charcha cheyyukayum thaarathamyam cheyyukayum vipareethamaayi kaanukayum cheythu. eee noottaandil dhanakaryam muthal bhauthikashaasthram vare ganyamaaya ennam prayoga mekhalakal vikasippikkappettu. 1900-ll luis bachilier stokku oopshanukal vilayiruthunnathinayi brouniyan chalanam prayogikkukayum saambathika ganithashaasthra, yaadruchika prakriyakal ennee mekhalakal phalapradamaayi aarambikkukayum cheythu.
1909ll kramarahithathaye aupachaarikamaayi abhisambodhana cheytha aadyathe ganithashaasthranjaril oralaaya emily borrell saadhaarana samkhyakal avatharippichu. 1919ll richard voonn missus oru choothaatta samvidaanathinte asaadhyathayiloode algoritam kramarahithathayude aadya nirvachanam nalki. koottaaya" ennu addeham vilikkunnathinte adisthaanathil kramarahithathayude aavruthi sidhaantham addeham vikasippichu.iii. kramarahithamaya oru kramam. oru koottatthinte kramarahithathaye anubhavathaal sthaapithamaaya oru anubhavaparamaya niyamamaayi voonn misses kanakkakki. oru koottatthinte "kramakkedukal" allengil kramarahithathaye choothaatta samvidaanangalude vijayathinte abhavavumaayi addeham bandhappedutthi. eee sameepanam addehathe kramarahithathayude oru nirvachanam nirddeshikkaan prerippichu, athu pinneedu 1940 ll kanakkukoottaavunna pravartthanangal upayogichu alonso sabha parishkarikkukayum ganithashaasthraparamaayi karshanamaakkukayum cheythu. voonn maise "choothaatta samvidaanathinte asadhyatha" enna thathwathe oorjja samrakshana thathwavumaayi upamichu, ithu theliyikkaan kazhiyaathathum ennaal aavarthichulla pareekshanangalil shariyaayi nilanilkkunnathumaaya oru niyamamaan.
sub-sequence selectionulla thante niyamangal voonn maise orikkalum poornnamaayum aupachaarikamaakkiyilla, ennaal 1940 leeii "oonn dhii konsept oof random sequence" enna prabandhatthil, voonn maisinte aupachaarikathayil sthala krameekaranangalkkayi upayogikkunna pravartthanangal kanakkukoottaavunna pravarthanangalaanennu alonso charchu nirddeshichu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kwaandam mekkaaniksinte varavum 1927 ll heisenberg anishchithathva thathwam roopeekarikkunnathum "prakrithiyude nirnnayathe" kurichulla bhouthikashaasthranjarude neutonian maanasikaavasthaykku anthyam kurichu. kwaandam mechanicsil, oru sisttathile nireekshikkaavunna ellah gadakangaleyum "oresamayam" kramarahithamaya veriyabilukalaayi kanakkakkaan oru maarggam polumilla, kaaranam pala nireekshikkaavunna vasthukkalum sanjarikkunnilla.
1940 kalude thudakkathil, saadhyathayodulla aavruthi sidhaantha sameepanam vienna sarkkilinullil nannayi amgeekarikkappettuvenkum 1950 kalil kaal popper propensity sidhaantham nirddeshichu. freekwansi sameepanathin oru naanayatthinte "orotta toss" kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyilla ennathinaal, valia samghangale allengil koottangale maathram abhisambodhana cheyyaan kazhiyumennathinaal, single-cases saadhyathakal pravanathakalo avasarangalo aayi kanakkakkappettu. kwaandam mechanicsile single-cases probability krameekaranangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla aagrahavum pravanatha enna ashayathe nayichu.jii. oru prathyeka nimishathil oru prathyeka aattam shayikkaanulla saadhyatha. kooduthal pothuvaayi paranjaal, oru vyakthiyude maranam onniladhikam thavana aavarthikkaan kazhiyaathathinal oru "nirddishta vyakthiyude" marana saadhyathaye freekwansi sameepanathin kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyilla. oraal aakasmika niyamangal pariganichaal, "avasaram enna ashayam niyama aashayathin virudhamalla" ennu ezhuthiyappol kramarahithathaye kramatthinu keezhppettathaayi kaanunnathil aristottilinte athe vikaaram kaal popper prathidhvanichu.
1948-ll claude shaannante vivara sidhaanthathinte vikasanam kramarahithathayude "entropy kazhcha" kku kaaranamaayi. eee kazhchappadil, kramarahitata ennathu oru yaadruchika prakriyayile "nirnnayavaadatthinu" vipareethamaanu. athinaal oru stokkaastik systethinu entropy poojyam undengil athinu kramarahithathayilla, koodaathe entropyile vardhanavu kramarahitata vardhippikkunnu. ellah saadhyathakalum thulyamaanengil boltsmante pathonpathaam noottaandile entropy roopeekaranathinu shanoninte formulation sthirasthithiyaanu. thermodynamics muthal kwaandam rasathanthram vareyulla shaasthrathinte vividha mekhalakalil entropy ippol vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
1930kalil pooll levi, avasarathekkurichum vaathuvepp thanthrangalekkurichum padikkunnathinaayi martingalukal avatharippikkukayum joseph ell aupachaarikamaakkukayum cheythu. 1950kalil doob. saambathika sidhaanthathil random vaakk sidhaanthathinte prayogam aadyamaayi nirddeshichathu 1953 ll mouris kendall aanu. pinneedu yujeen famayum burton malkielum ithu prothsaahippichu.
1960-kalil kramarahithamaya stringukal aadyamaayi padichathu eiii. enn. kolmogorov (1933-ll probability sidhaanthathinte aadyathe svayamsidhamaaya nirvachanam nalkiyavan), chaittin, martin-loaf. oru stringinte algoritam kramarahithathaye oru prograaminte ettavum kuranja valuppamayi nirvachichu (udha.jii. bittukalil) string nalkunna oru saarvathrika computeril nadappilaakkunnu. chaittinte omega nambar pinneedu kramarahithathayeyum prograamukalude nirthalaakkal saadhyathayeyum bandhappettirikkunnu.
1964-ll, benoit mandelbroat nirddeshichathu mikka stattistikkal modalukalum anishchithathvathe kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinte aadya ghattathe maathrame sameepichittulluvennum avaa yadhaartha loka prakshubdhathayude pala vashangalum avaganikkunnuvennum. 1997-ll addeham "soumyatha muthal vanyatha vare" vareyulla "kramarahithathayude ezhu avasthakal" nirvachichu, parambaraagatha kramarahitata alavinte mithamaaya attathaanu.
ganithashaasthra purogathi undaayirunnittum, bhagyanirnayam, jyotisham thudangiya avasarangale kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla mattu reethikale aashrayikkunnath irupathaam noottaandil thudarnnu. 20-aamm noottaandile saambathika nayam roopappeduthiyathum jyothishikalude upadeshathinte adisthaanathil raajyathinte thalasthaanam maattunnath aasoothranam cheythathum mianmer sarkkaaraanenn reportund. 1980kalil ronald reagante bharanakaalathu edutha theerumaanangalil jyothishaasthranjanaaya joonn kwigliyude pankaalitthatthe vaitt house cheef oof staaf donald regaon vimarshichu. ezhu varshamaayi vaitt house jyothishaasthranjane kwigley avakaashappedunnu.
irupathaam noottaandil, kramarahitata kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla paridhikal nannayi manassilakkappettu. 1950kall muthal eee mekhalayil modalukal upayogichirunnathinaal, pravachanakshamathayude saidhaanthikavum pravarthanaparavumaaya paridhikalude ettavum ariyappedunna udaaharanamaanu kalavastha pravachanam. kaalaavasthayudeyum kaalaavasthayudeyum pravachanangal theerchayaayum anishchithathvathilaanu. kaalaavasthayeyum kaalaavasthayeyum kurichulla nireekshanangal anishchithathvavum apoornnavumaanu, koodaathe daatta nalkunna maathrkakal anishchithathvathilaanu. 1961-ll, kalavastha simuleshanaayi oru computer prograamil samarppicha prarambha daattayil valare cheria maattam thikachum vyathyasthamaaya kaalaavasthaykku kaaranamaakumenn edward laurence shradhichu. ithu pinneedu butterfly ephakt ennariyappettu, palappozhum eee chodyamaayi vyaakhyaanikkappedunnu "brazeelile oru chithrashalabhatthinte chirakukalude flap texacil oru chuzhalikkaatt undaakkunnundo?". pravachanakshamathayude gurutharamaaya praayogika paridhikalude oru pradhana udaaharanam jiyolajiyilaan, avide oru vyakthiyude perilo sthithivivarakkanakku adisthaanathilo bhookambangal pravachikkanulla kazhivu oru vidoora pratheekshayaayi thudarunnu.
1970 kalude avasaanathilum 1980 kalude thudakkathilum computer shaasthranjar manassilakkaan thudangi, kanakkukoottalukalil kramarahitata "manahpoorvvam" avatharippikkunnath mikacha algorithangal roopakalppana cheiyunnathinulla phalapradamaaya upakaranamaakumenn. chila sandarbhangalil, atharam kramarahithamaya algorithangal mikacha nirnnayaka reethikale marikadakkunnu.

