holt, worcestershare

englandile vorcestershire kaundiyile maalvarn hills jillayile oru gramavum sivil edavakayumaanu holt. sent. martin, ekadesham panthrandaam noottaandil ninnullathaanu. severn nadikku mukalilulla holt paalam thomas telford roopakalppana cheyyukayum 1830 ll thurakkukayum cheythu.
charithram.
aadyakaala charithram.
charal verthirichedukkunnathi munnodiyaayi munnodiyaayi holt puraavastu khananagal kandu. veendedukkappetta ettavum pazhaya puravasthukkal bii. sii. 2000 kaalaghattatthile avasaanathe neolithic flintukalum manpaathrangalumaayirunnu. beaker kaalaghattatthile shmashana manpaathrangalude sherdukal (sii. 2000-1900 bc) umm kandethi.
aadyakaala britiish venkalayugavumayi bandhapetta puraavastu thelivukalude bhooribhaagavum (c. <aii. dii. 1> bii. sii.) thaazhnna baarokaludeyum anubandha shavasamskaarangalodukoodiya aavaranangaludeyum roopathil. veedukal onnum kandethiyitla. 1844ll holt loock ulla sthalathinu thaazheyulla severn nadiyil dredging pravartthanatthinide oru venkala kodali kandethi.
britiish irumbu yugathile (bisi 1500-edii 40) kandethalukal viralamaan, ennirunnaalum vila adayaalangal kaarshika pravartthanatthe soochippikkunnu, chathuraakrithiyilulla oru aavaranam bhaagikamaayi kandethiyittundu. holt loock pradeshathu ninnu oru irumbu pinninoppam aaa kaalaghattatthile kurachu manpaathra sherdukalum mattu samayangalil kandeduthittundu.
ayalpakkathulla littil vitli, shrolly, grimmilly ennividangalil roman adhiniveshathinte chila thelivukalundu.
saaksan kaalaghattam.
sabayum kireedavum nalkunna estettukalude graantukal vishadamaakkunna anglo-saaksan chaarttarukalude ettavum poornnavum purathanavumaaya shekharangalilonnaanu worcestersharil ullathu. severn, teme nadikalaal chuttappettirunna vorstarinte vadakku-padinjaarulla oru pradeshamaayirunnu wick episcopy, broadwass, martley, witchenford, littil vitli, shrolly aruvi ennivayiloodeyulla oru rekha, athinaal innathe holt ulppedunnu. aaa kaalaghattatthil nirvachicha wick episcopicullile maanorukal (pinneedu edavakakal). bainut leag (innathe holt edavakayile bentli) akkaalathaanu aadyamaayi amgeekarikkappettathu. amgeekarikkappettathu wick episcopy graantil perittirikkunna holtile mattu sthalangalil hefuchrig (okkaridju), dopheric (shrolly brook), sephern (severn), bele brock (babling brook = grimley brook) enniva ulppedunnu. 816-ll, vorsestarile bishoper oru kudiyaan prabhuvinu nalkia aadyathe eaka maanejarmaaril oraalaayirunnu haalo. athinumumbu ithu oru valia estettu, vorgorena leaginte (vorsestarile janangalude clearing) bhaagamaayirunnu, athil holt ulppettirunnu. ippozhum vishalavum ennaal pinvaangunnathumaaya vayar vanathinte thekkan bhaagathaayirikkum bandhapetta shudheekaranam.
mahanaaya aalfradinte kakshi rajaakkanmaaril oralaaya, kollayadikkapetta, 45 'maankasukal' bharamullah rund swarnna aayudhangalkk pakaramaayi vorsestarile bishappaya alhunu (allengil alwine) vividha aanukoolyangal nalki. 855-ll, phern mechilppuramennu vilikkunna pradeshathu raajaavinte pannikalude mechil avakashangalil ninnu beonetlejile (holtile bentli) moonnu 'maanentukale' ozhivaakkunnath eee graantil ulppedunnu.
962ll, rajaavaaya edgar, vorsestarile bishop ooswald ennivarude sammathathode byoonatlejile (holtile bentli) rund 'manse' thante tegninum mantri eedmeyarinum nalki. prakrithidathavum manushyanirmmithavumaya bhooprakrithiyude savisheshathakalude adisthaanathil maanarukalude athirukal graant vivarikkukayum nirvachikkukayum cheythu. bentliyude paraamarsangalil sephern (sevarn), innu grimley brook ennariyappedunna bele (babling) aruvi, heifook haij (hooks ridge/okkeridj), 'dick inn dopheric' (shrolly aruviyilekku oodunna oru boundari dike) ennivayekkurichulla paraamarshangal ulppedunnu. holt-trimley edavaka athirthiyile booal mill bele enna perinte oru uthbhavam samrakshikkunnu.
thaazhikakkudam samayamaayappozhekkum bentli maanar holt (holt) ennariyappettu, yadhaartha peru bentli faaminte roopathil samrakshikkappedunnu. holt (iii) ennaal mattuvidhathil vrithiyaakkiya pradeshathe oru cops ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. orupakshe bentli maanar rund bhagangalaayi anuvadichappol kizhakkan bhagam holte enna peril prathyekam thiricharinju, ithu pinneedu muzhuvan maanarineyum edavakayeyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. 969ll vitleyil (cheria vitli) naalu 'mansi' allengil hydes koodi eduthappol eedmeyarinu kooduthal graant labhichu. athirthikalil ellah vitliyum bentliyude sheshikkunna bhaagavum ulppedunnu, orupakshe okkaridju maratthinte pradeshathaayirikkaam. thudarnnulla graantukalil rund maanarumaarudeyum eee bandham aavarthichu.
1017-ll vorsestarile aarch bishop wolfstan thante sahodaranaaya elfwigeck vitli menarulla aarr maravukalulla byoonatliya (holtil bentli) nalki.
saadhaarana kaalaghattam.
1086-leeii thaazhikakkudapusthakathil holt maanar pattikappedutthiyirikku, ekadesham 1069-ll vorcestershayarile sherief aaya vorcestershayarile salvarpile aadyathe fudal baaranaya urse dii abetto (<aii. dii. 1>) athu kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. addehathinte estettil rund kalappakalulla 5 thoppikal (ekadesham 600 ekkar) (oru teaminu 8 kaalakal) undaayirunnu. 12 grameenarum 24 cherukida udamakalum 10 kalappakalumayi undaayirunnu. oru pulmedum oru vanavum pakuthi leag square (sii. 1440 ekkar) bhoomiyum eee kottaarathilundaayirunnu. oru veli valayam rekhappeduthiyittundu; ithu maanum kattupanniyum polulla kalikal pidichedukkunnathinum. oru malsyabandhanathinu (severnil) 5 shillingukalum droitvichil oru soult housinum 13 penz vilamatikkum. motham moolyam 6 poundaayirunnu.
norman adhiniveshathinushesham puthiya maanoriyal prabhukkanmaar athivegam bhooprakrithiyil avarude bhauthika mudra pathippichu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi norman vasthuvidyaa shailiyil edavaka pallikal punarnirmmikkunna roopathilaayi. holt palliyile aadyakaala vasthuvidyaa savisheshatha, bell tower mathilile oru thurakkal, keezhadakki patthu varshathinullil nirmmichathaakaam. ithu saaksan swabhaavasavisheshathakal vahikkunnu, orupakshe norman prabhuvinte thaddesheeya kallukattikalude upayogathe prathifalippikkunnu. 1100 muthal 1110 vare nabhiyum 1120ll chansal nirmikkappettu. athe kothupanikkaaranaanu aksharasailiyum kamaanavum kothiyeduthathennu thonnunnu. kettidatthinte bakkiyulla ghadana pathinalam noottaandileyum pathinanjaam noottaandileyum kaalaghattatthil nirmmichathaanu, athupole chila smaarakangalum leed cheytha janaalakalum. 1113ll holt appozhum vorsestarilulla sent helens chappalariyaayirunnu.
holt palliyude thekk bhagathaayi sthithi cheiyunna oru madhyakala maan paarkk norman vijayathin munpullathayirikkaam.
madhyakaalakhattam.
vorsestaril ninnu 12 mile thekk-kizhakk elmli kottayile walter dii beauchambine makalum aathyanthikamayi yursinte anantharaavakaashiyumaaya emiline dii abettott vivaham kazhichappol holt maanar beauchamp kudumbatthinu kaimari. 1268-ll raajyathe ettavum sakthamaaya erldamkalilonnaaya warwick kottaykkoppam erl oof warwick enna padavi paarambaryamaayi labhicha thudarchayaaya beauchambukal holt swanthamaakki. vaarvikile aadyathe beauchamp erlinte ilaya sahodaranaaya joonn dii byoochaambinte (d.1297) aasthaanamaayi holt maari. holt kottayil irikkunna kiddarminstarinte (1319-1388) onnaam baaran beauchamp joonn dii byoochaambaayirunnu joninte cherumakan, holt kottaaratthile 'leeii raidil' oru meela nadatthaan rajakeeya graant nedi, ithu ellah varshavum sent. merii magdalen (juulai 22). 1388 march meyy nishkarunam paarlament onnaam baarane impeach cheyyukayum athe varsham meyy meyy landanile tower hillil vachu vadikkukayum cheythu.
maranasamayathu addeham midu land shearukalilum athinappurathum udaneelam menakalum estettukalum swathukkalum kaivasham vachirunnuvenkilum holt addehathinte pradhana irippidamaayi thudarnnu. holt kottayude nirmmaathaavaan adhehamennu karuthappedunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandilum pathinaram noottaandilum kootticherkkappetta addehathinte kettidatthinte avasheshikkunna oreyoru yadhaartha bhagam padinjaaran (praveshana) munvashath aadhipathyam pulartthunna chathura gopuramaanu.
onnaam baarante vadhathil paarlament addehathinte ellah bhoomikalum swathukkalum pidichedukkukayum avaa vividha kakshikalkk paattatthinu nalkukayum cheythu. vaarvikkile panthrandaamatthe earl, addehathinte akanna bandhuvaya thomas dii byoochaambaanu holt nediyathu. 1398-ll paarlament athinte muun theerumaanam maattukayum pithaavinte bhoomiyum padaviyum muzhuvan thomassinte makan joonn dii beauchambinu (1378-1420) thirike nalkukayum cheythu. akkaalat addehathinte estettukalil tenbariykkaduthulla holt, hanley ennivayude maanarmaarum vaarvikshayarile naalu malsyangalum ombersleyile malsyabandhanavum malsyabandhanavum vorsestar nagaratthile niravadhi swathukkalum ulppedunnu. oru purusha anantharaavakaashiyude abhaavathil baarani vamshanasham sambhavichu. addehathinte irupathu vayassulla makal maargarat dii byoochaambaayirunnu addehathinte anantharaavakaashiyaayirunnuvirum holtinte bhoopradesam moonnu bhagangalaayi vibhajikkapettu, oronnum vyathyastha sthree vamshavali pinthudarnnu. maargarat dii beauchamp aadyam joonn pounsfoottineyum randaamathu 1428-ll thante valathuvashath kotta kaivasham vachirunna joonn vaisha vivaham kazhichu.
onnaam baarante maranathethudarnnu maan paarkk adachu.
1420-ll holt mainer vibhajanathethudarnnu, sarr joonn boonn, aanthani boonn, thomas fortescue, joonn, martin crofts, sarr thomas bromley ennivar thammilulla sankeernamaaya edapaadukalude oru parambarayetthudarnnu eee maanar punasamyojippikkunnathi 150 varshathilere kadannupoyi.
aadyakaala aadhunika.
sarr thomasinte mootha makan sarr henry bromley holt kottayilaanu janichathu. sarr henry thante pithaavinte ellah bhoomikalum paarambaryamaayi nedi, holt kottayile kudumba irippidam ozhike, athu addehathinte vidhavayaya amma jeevithakalam muzhuvan kaivasham vachirunnu.
1596-ll henry bromleyude oru muthirnna aafrikkan sevakan sent martin palliyil jnjaanasnaanamelkkukayum henry jetto enna peru nalkukayum cheythu. holt kottayil thottakkaranaayi jolie cheythirunnathaayi ariyappedunna addeham ippol poonthottangalil severn nadikku abhimukhamaayi rund terresukal ulkkollunnu.
1601 februvariyil sarr henry essex kalaapathil earppettathinu kuttaaropithanaayi, holt kotta ulppedeyulla addehathinte bhoomi nashtappedukayum addehathe hraswakaalathekku jayililadaykkukayum cheythu. 1603ll jaims onnaaman adhikaaramettappol eee rajyangal addehathinu thirike nalkukayum addeham jaims rajaavinu thante poornna vishwasthatha kaanikkan munnott pookukayum cheythu. onpathu varshathinu sesham sarr henry holt maanarinte avasana bhagam veendum onnippichu. oru majistrettu enna nilayil henry bromley 1606-ll vorsestarinte praanthapradeshathulla hindlippil vedimarunnu plottile avasaanathe aavasyakkaaraaya jesuit purohithanmaraaya henry garnettineyum edward ooldkoonineyum valanju. garnettineyum ooldkoornineyum holt kottayil kurachukaalam thadavilaakki.
aadhunika.
sarr henry bromley naalu thavana vivaham kazhichu, avasaanamaayi holt palliyude chaansalile oru smaarakam 1615 ll maricha bharthaavinaayi nirmmicha aan beswikinode. 1750 ll sarr henriyude pingaamikal holt maanar vitti courtile randaamathe baaran foliyaaya thomas phoolikk vittu. 1837-ll, ashradhanaaya choothaattakkaaranaaya randaamathe barren vahicha kanatha kadangal thirichadaykkunnathinu aavashyamaaya mooladhanam thirichupidikkaan follykal vitti aandu holt estettukal vittu. vilyam ward, dudleyude onnaam earl (1817-1885) trasttikalaayirunnu vaangunavar. 1920ll randaam eal thante aadya bhaaryayude maranashesham sthalam maariyappol eee estettu oduvil thakarkkapettu.

