
boviday

kannukaalikal, kaattukuthira, pothu, maan, kaaprinukal enniva ulppedunna cloven-hoofed, roominant sasthanikalude jaivakudumbamaanu boviday. eee kudumbatthile oru amgathe bovid ennu vilikkunnu. 143 enangalum 300 vamshanasham sambhavicha speesheesukalum ulla boviday kudumbatthil 11 (allengil rund) pradhana upakudumbangalum pathimoonnu pradhana gothrangalum ulppedunnu. 20 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, aadyakaala mayoseenil eee kudumbam parinamichu.
bovidukalude valippathilum pelej niratthilum valia vyathyasam kaanikkunnu. chila valarthumrigangal ozhike, ellah aann bovidukalkkum rando athiladhikamo kombukalundu, pala enangalilum penn kombukalum undu. kombukalude valipavum aakruthiyum valareyadhikam vyathyaasappedunnu, ennaal adisthaana ghadana ellaayppozhum shaakhakalillaatha onno athiladhikamo jody lalithamaaya asthi munthookkangalaanu, palappozhum oru sarppila, valanja allengil pullaankuzhal roopamundu, oronnum keraattinte sthiramaaya aavaranathil moodappettirikkunnu. mikka pashukkalkkum 30 muthal 32 vare pallukal undu.
mikka kannukaalikalum dainamdinamaanu. saamoohika pravartthanangalum bhakshanavum saadhaaranayaayi pularcheyum sandhya samayat ettavum uyarnnathaan. pularchekkum uchaykkum sesham iruttinusheshavum bovidukal saadhaaranayaayi vishramikkunnu. avarkk saamoohika samghadanayudeyum saamoohika perumaattatthinteyum vividha reethikalundu, avaye eakaanthavum koottaayathumaaya perumattamaayi tharamthirickunnu. bovidukal shabda, ghraana, prathyakshamaaya ashayavinimayam ennivayude vividha roopangal upayogikkunnu. mikka enangalum divasam muzhuvan marimari bhakshanam nalkukayum ruminettu cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. idathoornnathum adanjathumaaya aavaasavyavasthayil cheria bovidukal meikkumbol, valia enangal thuranna pulmedukalile uyarnna naarukalulla sasyangale bhakshikkunnu. mikka bovidukalum bahupadangalaanu. praayapoorthiyaaya pashukkal varshathil orikkalenkilum inacherukayum cheria enangalkku randuthavana polum inacherukayum cheyyaam. chila enangalil, navajaathasisukkal orazhcha muthal rund maasam vare maranjirikkunnu, avarude ammamar pathivayi paricharikkunnu; mattu enangalil, navajaathasisukkal avarude anakkettukalodoppam, maranjirikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnathinupakaram anuyaayikalaan.
aafrikkayilaanu bovidukalude ettavum valia vaividhyam sambhavikkunnath. kizhakkan aafrikkayile savannakalilaanu eee enangalude paramavadhi saandrata. europe, eshya, vadakke america ennividangalilum mattu covid enangal kaanapedunnu. kannukaalikal, aadukal, aadukal enniva avarude yadhaartha shrenikku purathu vyaapichukidakkunna anchu valarthumrigangalil moonnennam bovideyil ulppedunnu. paal, venna, chees thudangiya ksheera uthppannangal pradhaanamaayum gaarhika kannukaalikalil ninnaan nirmmikkunnath. thukal, maamsam, kambili ennivaykkaayi pashukkale valarthunnu.
naamakaranavum vyuthpathiyum.
1821ll britiish suvolajist joonn edward greyaanu boviday enna peru nalkiyathu. boviday enna vaakk "bove-" (laattin "booas", "ooks", laattin "bovinus" ennivayiloode uthbhavichath) enna prefixinteyum "-aide" enna prathyayathinteyum samyojanamaanu.
vargeekaranam.
boviday kudumbatthe artiodactyla kramathilaanu (athil eratta-kalmut ulla ungulettukal ulppedunnu) sthaapichittullathu. ithil nilavilulla 143 enangalum, ekadesham 55 sathamaanam kothukukalum, vamshanasham sambhavicha 300 enangalum ulppedunnu.
21-aamm noottaandinte arambham vare moshiday (kasturi maan) kudumbam servidayude sahodariyaanennu manassilaakkappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, mitocondrial, nuclear vishakalanangale adisthaanamaakki alexander hassanin (fraansile naashanal museum oof naachural histtari), sahapravarthakar ennivar 2003 ll nadatthiya oru phylogenetic padanatthil, moshiday boviday servidayude oru clade sahodariyaanennu velippeduthi. padanamanusarichu, 27 muthal 28 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu servidae boviday-moshiday claidil ninnu vyathichalichu. 2003leeii padanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu thaazhepparayunna cladogram.
boviday kudumbatthile monophylli tanmatra padanangal pinthunachittundu (oru koottam jeevikal oru poorvvika inavum avayude ellah pingaamikalum ulkkollunnu). bovideyile upakudumbangalude ennam tharkkathilaanu, patthu vare upakudumbangalum rund upakudumbangalum kurravaanenna nirddeshamundu. ennirunnaalum, tanmatra, roopashaasthra, phoosil thelivukal ettu vyathyastha upakudumbangalude asthithvathe soochippikkunnu episarottine (impala maathram ulkkollunnu), alselafine (bontebok, hartbeast, wildbeast, bandhukkal), aantilopine (niravadhi maan, gazal, bandhukkal), bovine (kannukaalikal, pothukal, kaattukuthira, mattu maan), caprain (aadukal, aadukal, ibex, serokal, bandhukkal), sephalophine (dukerukal), hippotragine (addax, ooriks, bandhukkal), redunsine (reedbuck, cobalops). koodaathe, vamshanasham sambhavicha moonnu upakudumbangal ariyappedunnu hypesodontina (midu-mayoseen), oyoserine (turolean), "tethetragus" (midu-mayoseen) adangiyirikkunna upakudumbamaaya tethitraagine.
1992ll, alaan dablyu. landanile naachural histtari myoosiyathile unnatar bovideyude ettu pradhana upakudumbangale avayude parinaamacharithratthinte adisthaanathil rund pradhana vamshangalayi vibhajichu bovine maathram ulkkollunna boodondia, backie upakudumbangal ulkkollunna egadondiya. boodondukalkku kaalakalumaayi saamyamulla orutharam aadima pallukalundu, athesamayam agodondukalkku aadukaleppole kooduthal purogamicha pallukalundu.
pelia", "pantholops" ennee janussukal ulppedunna pelineyum "pantholopine" yeyum upakudumbangalayi amgeekarikkunnathinekkur oru vivaadam nilanilkkunnu. 2000-ll american jeevashaasthranjanaaya jorjju shaller paleantologist elisabath varba redunsineyil "pelia" ulppeduthanamennu nirddeshichu, ennirunnaalum "pelia" yude eaka inamaaya gray rebok roopaghadanayile cobsil ninnum redunsinukalil ninnum valare vyathyasthamaan. "munbu aantilopineyil tharamthirichirunna "pantholops" pinneedu athinte swantham upakudumbamaaya pantholopineyil sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, caprinayil "panthalopes" ulppeduthunnathine tanmatra, roopaghadana vishakalanam pinthunaykkunnu.
yang "thudangiyava" adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru cladogram chuvadeyundu.", 2013 umm 2021 leeii kamalari
pakaramaayi, egodondiyayile ellah amgangaleyum aantilopine enna upakudumbathinullil tharamthirikkaam, eee chikilsayil vyakthigatha upakudumbangal gothrangalaan.
parinamam.
aadyakaala mayoseen athinumumbum.
aadyakaala mayoseenil, bovidukal servidukal (maan), jiraafidukal ennivayil ninnu vyathichalikkan thudangi. aadyakaala mayoseen (20 miah) avasana bhaagath aafrikkayilum eurasiayilum saannidhyam kandethiya aadyakaala bovidukal, aadhunika gazallukalkku samanamaaya cheria mrugangalaayirunnu, orupakshe vanapradeshangalil jeevichirunnavayaayirikkam. "eotragus", ariyappedunna aadyakaala bovid, thookkamullathum tomsante gazalinte valippathin thulyavumaayirunnu. parinaama charithratthinte thudakkathil, bovidukal rund pradhana vamshangalayi vibhajikkappettu boodondia (eurasian uthbhavam), agodondia (aafrikkan uthbhavam). boodondia agodondia thammilulla eee aadyakaala vibhajanathinu kaaranam eee bhoopradeshangal thammilulla bhookhanda vibhajanamaan. eee bhookhandangal pinneedu veendum chernnappol, eee thadassam neekkam cheyyukayum rund grouppukalum mattonninte pradeshathekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu. bovinyum traglaphiny gothrangal aadyakaala mayoseenil verpirinju. plistoseenil berring land bridge kadannu bovidukal amerikkayil athiyathaayi ariyappedunnu.
pleosenil alselafineyude ippozhathe januss prathyakshappettu. hartbeastinte athe valippamulla vamshanasham sambhavicha alselafine janussaaya "paramularius" pleosenil nilavil vannathayi vishwasikkappedunnu, pakshe madhya plistoseenil vamshanasham sambhavichu. pleosene, plistoseen kaalam muthal hippotraajineyude niravadhi janussukal ariyappedunnu. aadyakaala mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanabhaagathu eee upakudumbam alselafineyil ninnu vyathichalichathayi thonnunnu. aadyakaala mayoseenil bovine bovideyude backie bhaagangalil ninnu vyathichalichathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. aadyakaala pleosenil aafrikkayil boselafini vamshanasham sambhavichu; avayude ettavum puthiya fossilukal langbanweg (dakshinaafrikka), lothagam (kenia) ennividangalil khananam cheythu.
madhya mayoseen.
madhya mayoseen chainayilekkum indian upabhookhandathilekkum bovidukalude vyaapanathe adayaalappeduthi. vii. aarr. bii. eiii. yude abhipraayathil, alselaafine enna upakudumbathinte vikiranam aarambhichath maddhya mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasana bhagathaanu. madhya mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil caprina gothrangal verpirinjirikkaam. madhya mayoseenil caprini uyarnnuvannuvennum eurasiayile mattu bovidukalum servidukalum avaykku pakaram vannathayi thonnunnu. aantilopainukalude aadyakaala fossilukal madhya mayoseenil ninnullavayaan, ennirunnaalum padanangal aadyakaala mayoseen muthal upakudumbathinte nilanilpp kaanikkunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthilo upper mayoseen kaalaghattatthilo pradhaanamaayum eurasiayilaanu aantilopini gothrathil inam varggam sambhavichathu. mayoseen avasaanathode aafrikkayil neotragini gothram prathyakshappettathayi thonnunnu, pleosene aayappozhekkum ithu vyaapakamaayi.
mayoseen avasaanathode.
mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode, ekadesham 10 miam maasathode, bovidukal athivegam vaividhyavalkkarikkappedum 70 puthiya janussukalude srishtiyilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. eee avasana mayoseen vikiranam bhaagikamaayi kaaranam pala bovidukalum kooduthal thuranna, pulmedukalude aavaasavyavasthakalumaayi poruthappettu. mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilaanu episarottina aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath, aadimavum aadhunikavumaaya impalayude valuppathil kaaryamaaya vyathyasamonnum kandethiyitla. aafrikkayile caprina gothramaaya ooviboovainukalude fossilukal mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil nirmmichathaanu. aadyakaala hippotrajin fossilukal mayoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil lothagam, awash thaazhvara thudangiya sthalangalil ninnu khananam cheythavayaanu. redunsineyude aadyathe aafrikkan fossilukal 6 muthal 7 vare miyaavilaan. mayoseen madhyathil redunsineyum pelineyum verpirinjirikkaam.
savisheshathakal.
ellah bovidukalkkum samanamaaya adisthaana roopamundu-moorchayulla attamulla mookk, oval allengil pooyint chevikalkku thottupinnaale onno athiladhikamo jody kombukal (saadhaaranayaayi purushanmaaril kaanapedunnu), vyathyasthamaaya kazhuthum kaikaalukalum, speesheesukalkkidayil neelatthilum bushinasilum vyathyasamulla wall. mikka bovidukalum laingika dviroopatha prakadippikkunnu, purushanmaar saadhaaranayaayi penkuttikalekkaal valuthum bhaaramullathumaan. idatharam muthal valia valippamulla pashukkalil laingika dviroopatha kooduthal pradhaanamaan. ellah bovidukalkkum oro kaalilum naalu kaalviralukalund-avaa madhyabhaagathu (nurakal) nadakkunnu, athesamayam puram rund (manjukattakal) valare cheruthaanu, apoorvvamaayi maathrame nilathu sparshikkunnulloo.
bovidukalude valippathil valia vyathyasam kaanikkunnu gorinu athinekkaal bharam undaakukayum tholil uyarathil nilkkukayum cheyyum. neremarichu, rajakeeya maan uyaravum paramavadhi bhaaravumullathaan. mattoru cheria maan, clipspringer, tholil nilkkukayum bharam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu.
ilam veluppu (arabian ooriksilennapoole) muthal karupp (black wildbeastilennapole) vareyulla pelej nirangalil vyathyaasangal sambhavikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, thavitt, chuvapp thavitt (reedbuckil ullathupole) polulla intermediat shadeukal maathrame saadhaaranayaayi kaanappedunnulloo. pala enangalilum, penkuttikalum praayapoorthiyaakaathavarum ilam niratthilulla anki pradarshippikkunnu, athesamayam aankuttikalude anki praayathinanusarichu irundupokunnu. wildbeastilennapole, kottu pramukhamo mangiyatho aaya varakalaal adayaalappeduthaam. addax polulla chila enangalil, kottinte niram season anusarichu vyathyaasappedaam. sugandha grandhikalum sebatius grandhikalum palappozhum kaanapedunnu.
jemsbok, sable maan, graants gazal thudangiya chila enangal valare thirichariyaan kazhiyunna kannu maraykkunna sakthamaaya vinashakaramaaya mukha adayaalangalaal maranjirikkunnu. guzzles polulla niravadhi enangal parannathayi kaanappeduvanum athinaal coundershading vazhi pashchaathalatthil layikkuvanum kazhiyum. pala bovidukaludeyum rooparekha boold distreptive colouration upayogichu vibhajikkappettirikkunnu, sakthamaaya vyathyastha paattenukal vettakkaarude thirichariyal vaikippikkaan sahayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ellah hippotrajinakalkkum (jemsbok ulppede) ilam shareerangalum prathyakshamaaya adayaalangalulla mukhangalumundu. suvolajist timm karoo ithine vishadeekarikkaan prayaasamaanennu visheshippikkunnu, ennaal eee inam dainamdinamaanennathinaal, adayaalangal ashayavinimayathil pravarthikkaamennu addeham nirddeshikkunnu. bovideyil maathrame sakthamaaya vairudhyamulla legg kalar saadhaaranamulloo, udaaharanathinu "booas", "oovis", bontebok, jemsbok ennivaykku velutha stockingukal undu. veendum, ashayavinimayam saadhyathayulla pravarthanamaanu.
chila valarthumrigangal ozhike, ellah aann bovidukalkkum kombukalundu, pala enangalilum penpakshikalkkum kombukalundu. kombukalude valipavum aakruthiyum valareyadhikam vyathyaasappedunnu, ennaal shaakhakalillaatha oru jodi lalithamaaya asthi munthookkangalaanu adisthaana ghadana, palappozhum oru sarppila, valanja allengil pullaankuzhal roopamundu, oronnum keraattinte sthiramaaya aavaranathil moodappettirikkunnu. mikkavarum ellah covid enangalilum oru jodiyaayi kombukal kaanappedunnundengilum, naalu kombulla maan, jacob aadukal enniva polulla apavaadangalundu. mattu pekkoraanukalil ninnu verthirikkunna bovidukalude eaka avyakthamaaya roopaghadanayaanu athulyamaaya kombu ghadana. hoonn morphology vyakthiyude poratta swabhaavavum thammil uyarnna parasparabandham nilanilkkunnu. udaaharanathinu, neenda kombukal gustik veli vaykkaanum uddeshichullathaanu, athesamayam valanja kombukal ramingle upayogikkunnu. akathekku nayikkunna kombukalulla aankuttikal ekabhaaryayum eakaanthavumaanu, athesamayam puratthekku nayikkunna kombukalullavar bahubhaaryaathvam kaanikkunnu. eee phalangal shareerathinte valippathil ninnu swathanthramaayirunnu.
aann kombinte vikaasam laingika thiranjeduppumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, kombukal ekabhaarya erattakkuttikalilum mattu cheria maanthikuttikalilum cheria koombaarangalaanu, athesamayam bahubhaaryaathvathil avaa valuthum vipulamaayi roopappedunnathumaanu (udaaharanathinu, bheeman elandilennapole oru sarppila ghadanayil). athinaal, oru paridhivare, kombukal oru inathile aankuttikal thammilulla malsarathinte alavine chithreekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, sthreekalil kombukalude saannidhyam swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu moolamaanu. penn kombukal saadhaaranayaayi aann kombukalekkaal cheruthaanu, chilappol vyathyastha aakruthiyilullavayaanu. vettakkarkkethiraaya prathirodhatthino pradeshikatha prakadippikkunnathino penn bovidukalude kombukal parinamichathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu, kaaranam vettayaadunna prathirodhatthinaayi crypsis upayogikkaan kazhiyunna noonn-territorial penkuttikalkku palappozhum kombukalilla. sthreekalil kovid vamshathinte pakuthiyil maathrame kombukalulloo, eee vamshathile penn kombukalkku baakkiyullavayekkaal bhaaramund. sthreekal pradhaanamaayum kombukal kuthaanaanu upayogikkunnathu.
shareeraghadana.
bovidukalil, moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum mettaapodiyalukal peeranki asthiyumaayi samyojippikkunnu. alnayum faibula kurayukayum yathaakramam vyaasathilum tbyilum samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. neelamulla scapulakal undengilum clavikkilukal illa. ruminants aayathinal, vayarin naalu arakalunda rooman (80 sathamaanam), omasam, rettikulam, abomasam. roomante siliyettukalum baakteeriyakalum sankeernamaaya cellulosine lalithamaaya phaatti aasidukalaayi pulippikkunnu, avaa pinneedu rooman mathililoode agiranam cheyyappedunnu. kannukaalikalkk neenda cherukudalundu; kannukaalikalile cherukudalinte neelam. shareera thaapanila pakal muzhuvan maarikkondirikkum; udaaharanathinu, aadukalil thaapanila athiraavile muthal uchavare alpam mariyekkaam. kannukaalikalile viyarppiloodeyaanu thaapanila niyanthrikkappedunnath, athesamayam aadukal athinaayi panting upayogikkunnu. naalu muthal anchu vare lobukal adangiya valath shwaasakoshathinu moonnu lobukal ulla edathethinekkaal ekadesham onnara madangu valuppamund.
pallu.
mikka pashukkalkkum 30 muthal 32 vare pallukal undu. mukalile murivukal illaathirikkumbol, mukalile naaykkal kurayukayo illaathirikkukayo cheiyunnu. mukalile murivukalkk pakaram, pashukkalkk pallukalum elakalum pidikkaan oru uparithalam nalkunna dental paadu ennu vilikkunna kattiyullathum kaduppameriyathumaaya tissue paaliyund. molaarukalum premolarukalum thaazhnna kireedavum chandrakkala aakruthiyilulla kaspukalumayathinaal avaa hypesodond selenodond aanu. thaazhathe murivukalum naaykkalum munnott neengunnu. murivukalkk sesham dayasteema ennariyappedunna neenda pallillaatha vidavu undaakunnu. bovidukalude pothuvaaya dantha soothravaakyam. kudumbatthile bhooribhaagam amgangalum sasyabhukkukalaanenkilum mikka duickerukalum sarvabhakshakalaanu. mattu roominantukaleppole, mattu pala mrugangalkkum upayogikkaan kazhiyaatha pullu polulla sasyavasthukkal dahippikkaan anuvadikkunna naalu arakalulla vayarukalaanu bovidukalkkullathu. ruminantukalkku (kangaroo, muyalukal, chithalukal polulla mattullavarkk) avayude kudalil vasikkunna sookshumajeevikale upayogichu pulippikkunnathiloode cellulosine takarkkaan kazhiyum.
paristhithiyum perumattavum.
bovidukalkku saamoohika samghadanayudeyum saamoohika perumaattatthinteyum vividha reethikalundu, avaye eakaanthavum koottaayathumaaya perumattamaayi tharamthirickunnu. koodaathe, eee tharangale oronnum praadeshikavum praadeshikamallaathathumaaya perumattangalaayi vibhajikkaam. clipspringer, oribi, steenbokku thudangiya cheria bovidukal pothuve eakaanthavum praadesikavumaanu. jeevivargathile mattu amgangalkku praveshikkaan anuvaadamillaatha cheria pradeshangal avarkkund. eee manmanmar ekabhaaryaathva jodikal roopappeduthunnu. dick-dick polulla pala enangalum preeorbittal grandhikalil ninnulla ferromon sravangalum chilappol chaanakavum avarude pradeshangal adayaalappeduthunnathinu upayogikkunnu. kaumaarapraayatthil santhathikal chitharikkidakkunnu, inacherunnathinu munbu purushanmaar pradeshangal nedanam. ekadeshavum praadeshikamallaathathumaaya oreyoru bovid aanu bushbuck. eee maan aakramanathmakatha prakadippikkunnilla, svayam ottappedaano ayanja koottangal roopappeduthaano pravanatha kaanikkunnu, ennirunnaalum anukoolamaaya aavaasavyavasthayil, niravadhi bush bakkukal parasparam valare aduthaayi kaanapedaam.
sephalophines (dukezhs), tragelaphines (sarppila kombulla maan), neotraajinukal enniva ozhikeyulla mikka aafrikkan bovidukalum koottavum praadesikavumaanu. laingika pakwata kaivarikkumbol purushanmaar pirinjupokaan nirbandhitharaakukayum sthreekal angane cheyyendathillenkilum avar swantham pradeshangal roopeekarikkukayum venam. pradeshangal kaivasham vaykkaatha purushanmaar baachilar koottangalaayi maarunnu. aadhipathyam nedunnathinaayi purushanmaarkkidayil malsaram nadakkunnu, parimithamaaya rutting seasonukalil poraattangal kooduthal kadinamaayirikkum. deshaadana purushanmaar ozhike, purushanmaar saadhaaranayaayi avarude jeevithathiludaneelam ore pradesham kaivasham vaykkunnu. waterbuckil, "saattalait menn" ennariyappedunna chila purusha vyakthikale mattu purushanmaarude pradeshangalilekku anuvadikkukayum udamaykku praayamaakunnathuvare kaathirikkukayum venam, athinaal avarkk avante pradesham swanthamaakkaam. purushanmaar othukoodukayum saadhyathayulla inakalkku mathsaraadhishtithamaayi pradarshippikkukayum cheiyunna leck inacheral, topikal, kobukal, lechvukal ennivaykkidayil nilanilkkunnathayi ariyappedunnu. traglafines, kannukaalikal, aadukal, aadukal enniva praadeshikamalla, koottamaanu. eee enangalil, purushanmaar matellaa purushanmaarekkaalum samboornna aadhipathyam nedanam, koodaathe poraattangal pradeshangalil maathram othungunnilla. athinaal, purushanmaar shareeravalarchayil varshangal chelavazhikkunnu.
pravartthanam.
pothu, bushbuck, reedbuck, grisbok thudangiya chilath ozhivaakkiyittundekkum mikka bovidukalum dainamdinamaanu. saamoohika pravartthanangalum bhakshanavum saadhaaranayaayi pularcheyum sandhya samayat ettavum uyarnnathaan. pularchekkum uchaykkum sesham iruttinusheshavum bovidukal vishramikkunnu. naav nakki valarthalaanu saadhaaranayaayi cheiyunnathu. maan apoorvvamaayi maathrame cheliyilo podiyiloo urundupokunnulloo. wildbeastum potthum saadhaaranayaayi cheliyil pongikkidakkumbol hartbeastum topiyum avarude thalayum kombum cheliyil thechu thudarnnu shareerathil puratunnu. bovidukal shabda, ghraana, prathyakshamaaya ashayavinimayam ennivayude vividha roopangal upayogikkunnu. laingika avesham, vaikarikaavastha allengil alaram enniva ariyikkunnathinayi kazhuthu, thala, kombukal, mudi, kaalukal, chevikal ennivayude vividha bhaavangal ithil ulppedunnu. atharamoru padaprayogamaanu flehmen prathikaranam. bovidukal saadhaaranayaayi chalanarahithamayi nilkkunnu, thala uyarthi, apakadam anubhavappedumbol oru uddeshathode nokkunnu. impala, kudu, eland thudangiya chilarkk eathaanum adii uyarathilekku chaadaanum kazhiyum. mattullavarkk munnariyipp nalkaanum vettakkaarkk munnariyipp nalkaanum pashukkal alarukayo kuraykkukayo cheythekkaam. vettakkaarodulla prathikaranamaayi guzzles stott allengil pronk polulla bovidukal, kadinamaaya kaalukalil uyarnna kuthichuchaattam nadathunnu, ithu vettakkaarane kanduvennum, kuthunna vyakthi shakthanaanennum pinthudarunnathinu yogyanallennum sathyasandhamaayi soochippikkunnu.
inacheral seasonil, aankuttikale avarude saannidhyam sthreekalkku ariyikkaan thaazhthipparayunnu. purusha-purusha poraattangalil muscoxen alarukayum purusha saigakal mookkiloode vaayuvine balamaayi prayogikkukayum athiraalikalaaya purushanmaare thadayunnathinum sthreekale akarshikkunnathinum oru alarcha srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. ammamar verpiriyukayaanenkil avarude kaalakkuttikale kandethaan shabda ashayavinimayavum upayogikkunnu. aadhipathyathekkurichulla poraattangalil, purushanmaar oru level mookkumaayi nivarnna bhaavathil svayam pradarshippikkunnu.
covid kudumbangalkkidayil poratta saankethikavidyakal vyathyasthamaan, mathramalla avayude nirmmaanatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu. hartbeast kaalmuttil pooraadumbool mattullavar saadhaaranayaayi ellah forkalilum pooraadunnu. vividha valuppathilulla gazalukal vyathyastha poratta reethikal upayogikkunnu. gassalukal saadhaaranayaayi boxes, gurutharamaaya poraattangalil ettumuttukayum veli vaykkukayum cheyyaam, athil hraswa doorathil ninnulla kadinamaaya praharangal adangiyirikkum. ibex, aadu, aadukal enniva nivarnnu nilkkukayum thaazhekku parasparam ettumuttukayum cheiyunnu. aakramanathmakamaaya ettumuttalukalil wildbeast sakthamaaya thalayil butting upayogikkunnu. kombukal kudungiyaal athiraalikal avaa thurakkaan vrithaakruthiyil neengunnu. muscoxen uyarnna vegathayil parasparam idikkunnu. chattam pole, thulyamaaya nirmithiyum prathirodha nilavaravumulla rund bovidukal maathrame oru pooraattatthil earppedunnulloo, ithu randil shreshtane nirnnayikkaan uddeshichullathaanu. mattullavarekkal thaazhnna vyakthikalaanu yuddham cheiyunnathinekkaal oodippookunnathu; udaaharanathinu, pakwathayillaattha aankuttikal pakwathayulla kaalakalumaayi yuddham cheiyunnilla. saadhaaranayaayi, bovidukal avarude akramanangal ethiraaliyude shareerathinupakaram thalayilaanu nadathunnathu. impaalayilullathupolulla ezz aakruthiyilulla kombukalkku ramming, holding, idikkal ennivaykku sahayikkunna vividha vibhaagangalund. parikkin kaaranamakunna gurutharamaaya poraattangal apoorvamaanu.
bhakshanakramam.
mikka kannukaalikalum divasam muzhuvan marimari bhakshanam nalkukayum ruminettu cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. eakaagrathayode bhakshanam kazhikkunnavar kuranja edavelakalil bhakshanam kazhikkukayum dahikkukayum cheyyumbol, rafej feedarukal kooduthal edavelakal edukkunnu. ducker polulla cheria enangal maathrame pakalum rathriyum kurachu manikorukal brows cheiyunnulloo. bhakshanasheelangal shareerathinte valuppavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu; cheria bovidukal idathoornnathum adanjathumaaya aavaasavyavasthayil meikkumbol, valia enangal thuranna pulmedukalile uyarnna naarukalulla sasyangale bhakshikkunnu.
upakudumbangal vyathyastha bhakshana thanthrangal prakadippikkunnu. bovina enangal puthiya pullilum vyaapichukidakkunna mechilppurathum vyaapakamaayi meyumbol, sephalophina enangal ("sylvicapra" ozhike) praadhamikamaayi pazhangal kazhikkunnu. redunsine, hippotraajine enangal asthiramaaya bhakshya srothassukale aasrayikkunnu, ennaal randaamathethu varanda pradesangalumaayi prathyekamaayi poruthappedunnu. caprinayile amgangal, vazhakkamulla feedarukal aayathinal, kuranja uthppaadanakshamathayulla pradeshangalil polum meikkunnu. alselafini, hippotragini, redunsini ennee gothrangalude bhakshanathil monocoatukal uyarnna anupaathathilaanu. neremarichu, tragelafini neotraginiyum ("ooribiya" ozhike) dicotukale vyaapakamaayi bhakshikkunnu. shareerathinte valipavum monocottukalude upabhogavum thammil vyakthamaaya bandhamilla.
laingikathayum prathyulppaadanavum.
mikka bovidukalum bahupadangalaanu. chila speesheesukalil, vyakthikal ekabhaaryaathvamullavaraanu, ithu kuranja aann-purusha aakramanathinum aankuttikalil valia shareera valuppathinulla thiranjeduppu kuraykkunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu. athinaal, laingika dviroopatha eathaandu illaathaakunnu. pradeshangal ettedukkunnathinulla sthreekal thammilulla malsaram kaaranam sthreekal purushanmaarekkaal alpam valuthayirikkaam. dukermarudeyum mattu cheria bovidukaludeyum avastha ithaanu. laingika pakwata kaivarikkunnathinu edukkunna samayam rund lingakkaarkkum idayil vishaalamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. laingika pakwata inacheralinu munbo sheshamo aakam. udaaharanathinu, impala aankuttikalkku oru varshathinullil laingika pakwathayundengilum naalu vayassinu sesham maathrame inacheraanaakoo. neremarichu, barberry aadukal penthumbikal laingika pakwata nedunnathinu munbuthanne santhathikalkku janmam nalkiyekkaam. purusha laingika pakwathayile kaalathamasam laingika dviroopa jeevikalil, prathyekichu redunsinukalil, orupakshe purushanmaar thammilulla malsaram kaaranam kooduthal drishyamaanu. udaaharanathinu, neela wildbeast penthumbikalkku janichu onno rando varshathinullil prathyulppaadanasheshi labhikkunnu, athesamayam aanthumbikalkku naalu vayass thikayumbol maathrame pakwathayundaakoo.
ellah bovidukalum varshathil orikkalenkilum inacherunnu, cheria enangalkku rund thavana polum inacheraam. mikka kannukalikalkkum saadhaaranayaayi mazhakkaalathaanu inacheral kaalangal sambhavikkunnath. athinaal, madhyarekha pradeshangalil prajananaseshi randuthavana uyarnnekkaam. aadukalum aadukalum prathyulppaadanatthinte sradheyamaaya kaalaanusrithatha prakadippikkunnu, ithu nirnnayikkunnathil dainamdina photoperiodinte vaarshika chakram oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. chuttupaadukalude thaapanila, poshaka nila, saamoohika edapedalukal, prasavasamayatthe theeyathi, mulayoottunna kaalayalav enniva eee chakratthil kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunna mattu gadakangalaanu. eee prathibhaasathekkurichulla oru patanam, aadukalum aadukalum hraswakaala breedermaaraanennu nigamanam cheythu. mikka aadukalileyum inacheral venalkkaalatho sharathkaalathinte thudakkathilo aarambikkunnu. prajnana seasoninte aarambhathe munnott nayikkunna melattonin, prajnana season avasaanippikkunna thyroxine ennivayum aadukalile inacheraline badhikkunnu. bovinukalum tragelafines ozhike bovidukalil eastress paramavadhi oru divasam neendunilkkum. hartbeastum toppy ozhike, ellah bovidukalkkum vomeronasal avayavam upayogichu moothram parishodhichu sthreekalil eastress kandethaan kazhiyum. penn eestrasil aanennu urappaayikkazhinjaal, avan pranayabandham aarambikkunnu; eee pradarshanangal koottam koottukal thammilulla vipulamaaya maarchukal muthal eakaantha jeevivargangalkidayil penn jananendriyathinte theekshnamaaya nucking vare valare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. thudakkathil sweekarikkaatha sthreekal aathyanthikamayi mattullavarude mail aadhipathyam nediya purushanumaayi inacherunnu. purushante melkoora kayarunnathinum sthree wall mattivekkunnathinumalla anumathiyaanu grahanaseshi prakadippikkunnathu. saadhaaranayaayi laingikabandhathinu kurachu sekkantukal edukkum.
garbhakaalakhattam bovidukalkkidayil vyathyaasappedunnu-athesamayam duker garbhakalam 120 muthal 150 divasam vareyum aafrikkan pothu garbhakalam 300 muthal 330 divasam vareyum aayirikkum. saadhaaranayaayi, orotta santathi janikkunnu (erattakal kuravaanu), janichu oru manikorinullil ottaykku nilkkanum oodaanum ithinu kazhiyum. ekabhaarya enangalil, aankuttikal avarude kunjungale samrakshikkaan sahayikkunnu, pakshe bahubhaaryaatva enangalil anganeyalla. navajaathashishukkalil bhooribhaagavum orazhcha muthal rund maasam vare olichirikkukayum avarude ammamar pathivayi paricharikkukayum cheiyunnu. chila covid enangalil, navajaathasisukkal impaalayilennapole udan allengil kurachu divasangalkkullil avarude ammamaare pinthudaraan thudangunnu. praayapoorthiyaakaathavarude prathirodhatthinaayi vyathyastha bovidukalkku vyathyastha thanthrangalund. udaaharanathinu, wilde beast ammamar avarude kunjungale maathram samrakshikkumbol, pothukal koottaaya prathirodham prakadippikkunnu. mulayoottal rund maasam munbo (rajakeeya maan pole) allengil oru varsham vaikio (muscoxylennapole) sambhavikkam.
ayuss.
mikka kaattupothukalum 10 muthal 15 varsham vare jeevikkunnu. valia enangal kooduthal kaalam jeevikum; udaaharanathinu, american kaattukuthukalkku 25 varshavum gorinu 30 varshavum vare jeevikkaan kazhiyum. valarthumrigangalude sharashari ayuss ekadesham patthu varshamaan. udaaharanathinu, valarthumrigangalaaya aadukalude sharashari ayuss 12 varshamaan.
saadhaaranayaayi, pradhaanamaayum bahupatneeyathayulla enangalilppetta aankuttikalkku penthumbikalekkaal kuranja ayussund. ithinu niravadhi kaaranagal kaaranamaayekkam cheruppakkaaraaya purushanmaarude neratheyulla chitharal, aakramanathmakamaaya purusha-purusha poraattangal, vettayaadalinte durbalata (prathyekichu kuttuvilennapole purushanmaarkk churuchuruppu kuravaayirikkumbol), poshakaahaarakkurav (valippathil valuthayathinaal, purushashareerathinu uyarnna poshaka aavasyakathakalundu, athu thripthippedanamennilla). thangalude aann santhathikale prabalaraaya aankuttikalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi kombukal polulla aann dvitheeya laingika swabhaavasavisheshathakal sthreekal anukarikkunnuvennu richard depard estes abhiprayappettu. aakramanathmakamaaya purushanmaarude aakramanangalum kaumaarapraayatthil cheruppakkaaraaya purushanmaare nirbandhithamaayi chitharikkunnathum moolam purushanmaarude marananirakkum asanthulithamaaya lingaanupaathavum thadayunnathinaanu eee savisheshatha shakthamayi thiranjedutthathennu thonnunnu.
vitharanam.
vaividhyamaarnna covid enangalil bhooribhaagavum aafrikkayilaanu kaanappedunnath. kizhakkan aafrikkayile savannakalilaanu ettavum kooduthal saandrata. avarude bhakshanasheelangale aashrayich, niravadhi speesheesukal valia bhoopradesangalil vikiranam cheythittundu, athinaal pallukaludeyum avayavangaludeyum roopaghadanayil niravadhi vyathiyanangal nireekshikkappedunnu. bhoomadhyarekhayile mazhakkaadukalil dukerukal vasikkunnu, seetatunga, lechwe chathuppukalkk sameepam kaanapedunnu, eland pulmedukalil vasikkunnu, springbok oriksum marubhoomikalil kaanapedunnu, bongo anova idathoornna vanangalil vasikkunnu, parvatha aadukalum taakkinukalum uyarnna uyarathil jeevikkunnu. europe, eshya, vadakke america ennividangalilum kurachu bovid enangal kaanapedunnu. barberry aadukalum ibex aafrikkan janthujaalangalude bhaagamaanenkilum aadukalum aadukalum pradhaanamaayum eurasiayilaanu kaanappedunnath. artic tuntrayil othunginilkkunnavayaan kasturi. niravadhi covid enangale manushyar valarthiyittundu. aadukaludeyum aadukaludeyum valarthal 10,000 varshangalkk munbu aarambhichu, athesamayam kannukaalikale valarthal ekadesham 7.5,000 varshangalkk munbu aarambhichu.
manushyarumayulla edapedal.
valarthumrigangal.
pashukkale valarthunnathiloode manushyarude aashrithathvam vettayaadalil ninnum shekharanathil ninnum krishiyilekku maattaan kazhinju. kannukaalikal, aadukal, aadukal enniva avarude yadhaartha paridikk purathu vyaapichukidakkunna aarr valia valarthumriga sasyabhukkukalil moonnennam bovideyil ulppedunnu; avayellaam yureshyayil ninnullavayaan, ippol lokamembaadum kaanapedunnu. kuthira, kazhutha, panniyaan mattu moonnu enangal. valarthumrigangalaaya pothu (kaattupothu), valarthumrigangalaaya yack (kaattupothu), seebu (indian oorookkil ninnu), gaayal (gauril ninnu), baali kannukaalikal (baantengil ninnu) ennivayaanu valarthumrigangalaayi valarthappettathum ennaal avarude vanyapoorvvikarude paridhiyil avasheshikkunnathumaaya mattu valia kannukaalikal.
ooriksukal, addax, elands, vamshanasham sambhavicha bubal hartbeast ennivayulppede chila maankal valarthiyittundu. purathana eejiptil ooriksukal, aadaaxukal, bubal haartbeestukal enniva kothupanikalulla mathilukalil chithreekarichirikkunnu.
bii. sii. 8000 muthal kannukaalikale valarthiyedukkunnathinte aadyakaala thelivukal soochippikkunnathu cypressilum euphrates thadathilumaanu eee prakriya aarambhichathenn soochippikkunnu.
mrugangalude uthppannangal.
paal, venna, neyyu, thairu, morr, chees thudangiya ksheera uthppannangal pradhaanamaayum kannukaalikalil ninnaan nirmmikkunnath, ennirunnaalum aadukal, aadu, yack, pothu ennivayude paalum lokathinte chila bhaagangalil upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, pothu paal italiyil moserella indiayil "gulab jamun" madhurapalaharavum nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnu, athesamayam fraansil neela rockfort chees nirmmikkaan aadukalude paal upayogikkunnu.
sink, selenium, phoosphoorus, irumbu, bii vitaaminukal enniva kooduthalulla bhakshana srothassaanu beef. kaattukutthiya maamsathil beefinekkaal kozhuppum collustroll kuravaanengilum protein alavu kooduthalaanu.
mriduvaaya vasthrangalude thukal muthal haard shhoo thukal vare vyathyastha kattiyulla thukalukalaayi nirmmikkaan kazhiyunna adhika nettatthode bovid thukal kaduppameriyathum modiyullathumaanu. aadukaludeyum kannukaalikaludeyum thukalinu vaividhyamaarnna upayogamundengilum, aadukalude tholi vasthra aavasyangalkku maathram anuyojyamaanu. merino hogjettukalil ninnulla kambiliyaanu ettavum mikachathum ettavum moolyavathaayathum. merino kambili neelamullathum valare mriduvumaanu. modiyullathum chilling prathirodhasheshiyullathumaaya parukkan kambili kadinamaaya vasthrangalum paravathaanikalum nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnu.
kaalsyam, phoosphoorus, naitrajan ennivayaal sambannamaaya oru pradhana valamaanu asthibhakshanam, ithu manninte acidity neekkam cheiyunnathinu falapradamaanu. purathana kaalam muthal thanne covid kombukal paaneeya paathrangalaayi upayogichuvarunnu.
manushya samskaarathil.
bisi 600 oode purathana greasil ninnulla eesoppinte kettukadhakal muthal boviday kathakalil prathyakshappettittundu. eesoppinte kettukadhakalil "kakka aadum", "thavalayum kaalayum", "chennayayum kunjadum" enniva ulppedunnu. purakil ninnu oru aattinte thalayum paambinte thalayil avasaanikkunna vaalum ulla oru simhamaayi chithreekarichirikkunna puranajeeviyaaya chimera, typhoninteyum ekidnayudeyum santhathikalil oralum cerberus, lernian hydra thudangiya raakshasanmaarude sahodaranumaayirunnu. chainees puraanatthile aattinte paryayamaaya aadukal chainees raashichakrathile ettaamathe mrugavum pithrusanyathayude pratheekavumaanu.

