apratheekshithamaayi thoongikkidakkunna vairudhyam

apratheekshithamaayi thoongikkidakkunna vairudhyam allengil surprise testt vairudhyam ennathu oru vyakthiyude bhaaviyile sambhavathinte samayathekkurichulla pratheekshakalekkurichulla oru vairudhyamaanu, athu apratheekshithamaya samayat sambhavikkumennu avarodu parayunnu. oru thadavukaarane thookkilettunnathino surprise school testino eee vairudhyam palavidhatthil prayogikkunnu. 1963 maarchil martin gaardnarude "scientific american" maasikayile ganithashaasthra games kolatthilaanu ithu aadyamaayi pothujanagalkk parichayappedutthiyathu.
athinte krithyamaaya swabhaavathekkurichu samavaayamilla, thalphalamaayi oru canonical prameyam amgeekarikkappettilla. yukthisahamaya vishakalanangal "sathyamoolyangalil" shradha kendreekarikkunnu, udaaharanathinu athu svayam-paraamarshatthinte vairudhyamaayi thirichariyunnu. vairudhyathekkurichu njaanashaasthra padanangal pakaram "arivumaayi" bandhapetta prasnangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, oru vyaakhyaanam athine moorinte vairudhyamaayi kuraykkunnu. chilar ithine thathwachinthayude oru "supradhana prashnamaayi" kanakkakkunnu.
vivaranam.
vairudhyam thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vivarichittundu
vairudhyathinte mattu pathippukal vadhashikshaykk pakaram surprise fayar drill, examination, poppu kwis, eiii/bii testt lonch, vaathilin pinnilulla simham allengil siyaattililekk maarunnathin munbu oru vivaha nirddesham enniva nalkunnu.
logical school.
jadjiyude prakhyapanam aupachaarika yukthiyayi roopappeduthunnathu "surprise" enna vaakkinte avyakthamaaya ardham moolam budhimuttaanu. roopeekaranathinulla oru sramam ithaayirikkaam
eee prakhyapanam kanakkiledukkumbol aazhchayile avasana divasam thookkikkollal nadakkillennu thadavukaaranu oohikkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, aazhchayile avasana divasam illaathaakkunna vaadathinte adutha ghattam punarnirmmikkunnathin, vadhasiksha avasana divasam sambhavikkillenn prasthavanayil ninnu (eiii) anumanikkaanulla thante kazhivu soochippikkunnuvennu thadavukaaran vaadikkanam. ennaal "aashcharyappeduthal" ennathinte ardham "prasthavana (eiii) yill ninnu anumaanikkaanaakaathathinu pakaram" aazhchayil thookkikkollal sambhavikkumenna anumaanathil ninnu anumaanikkaanaakaathaayi parimithappeduthiyirikkunnathil, vaadam thadayunnu.
oru mikacha formulation yadhaarthathil ithaayirikkumennu ithu soochippikkunnu
eee prasthavana ippozhum aupachaarikamaaya yukthiyil prakadippikkaan kazhiyumennu fitch theliyichittundu. aazhchayude dairkhyam verum rund divasamaayi kuraykkunna vairudhyathinte thulyamaaya oru roopam upayogichu, ellah saahacharyangalilum svayam-paramarsham niyamavirudhamallenkilum, prasthavana svayam-virudhamaayathinaal eee kesilaanennu addeham theliyichu.
epistamological school.
bhaviyil thanikk ariyaavunna kaaryangalekkurichulla thadavukaarante nishabdamaaya anumaanangalum arivinekkurichulla vishwasaneeyamaaya niravadhi anumaanangalum poruthappedaathathaannenna kaanikkunna vividha njaanashaasthra soothravaakyangal nirddeshikkappettittund.
rund divasathil onnil oru surprise thookkikkollal nadakkenda vairudhyathinte oru pathippinte vishadamaaya vishakalanam chau (1998) nalkunnu. apratheekshithamaayi thookkikkollappetta kesil chouvinte vishakalanam prayogikkumbol (veendum aazhcha laalithyathinaayi rund divasamaayi churukkiyathode), jadjiyude prakhyapanam moonnu karyangal sthireekarikkunnathaayi thonnunna nireekshanatthil ninnaan njangal aarambhikkunnath
aadyapadiyaayi, chovvazhcha thookkikkollal sambhavikkunna oru sahacharyam asaadhyamaanennu thadavukaaran vaadikkunnu, kaaranam athu oru vairudhyathilekku nayikkunnu oru vashath, ezz 3 vazhi, thadavukaaranu thinkalaazhcha vaikunneram thookkikkollunna chovvazhcha pravachikkaan kazhiyilla; maruvashathu, ezz 1, unmoolanam prakriya ennivayiloode, thadavukaaranu "thinkalaazhcha vaikunneram thookkikkollunna chovvazhcha pravachikkaan kazhiyum.
chouvinte vishakalanam thadavukaarante nyaayavaadatthile sookshumamaaya oru poraaymayilekku viral choondunnu. asaadhyamaayath chovvaazhchathe thookkikkollalayalla. pakaram, jadjiyude jeevichirippundengil), ezz1, ezz2 ennee avakaashavaadangalellaam sariyaanennu thinkalaazhcha vaikunneram thadavukaaran arinjittum chovvazhchayaanu thookkikkollal sambhavikkunnath."
vairudhyathinu kaaranamakunna thadavukaarante nyaayavaadam nilamparisaan kazhiyum, kaaranam thinkalaazhcha vaikunneram, thanikk (thaan ippozhum jeevichirippundengil) jeevichirippundengil), ezz1, ezz2 enniva sariyaanennu ariyaamenn thadavukaaran nishabdamaayi anumaanikkunnu. eee anumaanam pala kaaranangalal anaavasyamaanennu thonnunnu. enthengilum sariyaanennu jadji paranjuparayunnathu athu sariyaanennu thadavukaaranu "arian" orikkalum mathiyaya adisthaanamaakillennu vadikkam. koodaathe, thadavukaaranu eee nimishathil enthengilum sathyam ariyaamenkilum, anjjaathamaaya maanasika gadakangal bhaviyil eee arivu maaychukalayiyekkaam. avasaanamaayi, thadavukaaran sathyam ennu "ariyenda" prasthavana chila karyangal "ariyaanulla" kazhivillaaymayekkurichu oru prasthaavanayaayathinaal, apratheekshithamaayi thoongikkidakkunna vairudhyam moorinte vairudhyathinte kooduthal sankeernamaaya pathippaanu ennu vishwasikkaan kaaranamundennu chau nirddeshikkunnu. aazhchayude dairkhyam oru divasamaayi kurachukondu anuyojyamaaya oru saamyam nedaanaakum. appol jadjiyude shiksha ingane maarunnu "naale ningale thookkilettum, pakshe ningal athu ariyunnilla".

