paleantology charithram

jeevajalangal avasheshippicha phoosil rekhakal padichukondu bhoomiyile jeevacharitram manasilakkaanulla shramathinte charithram paleantology charithram kandethunnu. bhoothakaalathe jeevajaalangale manassilakkunnathumaayi bandhappettathinal, paleantology oru jeevashaasthra mekhalayaayi kanakkakkaam, ennaal athinte charitraparamaaya vikasanam bhoomishaasthravumaayum bhoomiyude charithram thanne manassilakkaanulla sramavumaayum adutha bandhamullathaan.
purathana kaalath senophanes (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii), herodotus (<aii. dii. 3> bii. sii), iratosthanees (<aii. dii. 2> bii. sii), strabo (64 bii. sii.-24 eiii. dii) enniva samudrajeevikalude fosilukalekkurichu ezhuthiyittundu, ithu bhoomi orikkal vellathinadiyilaayirunne soochippikkunnu. purathana chainakkar avaye draagan asthikalaayi kanakkaakkukayum avaa rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. madhyakaalakhattathil, pershyan prakrithishaasthranjanaaya ibn sina (europil "avisenna" ennariyappedunnu) "dhaa book oof healing" (1027) enna pusthakatthil fossilukal charcha cheythu, ithu 14-aamm noottaandil saxonyude albert vishadeekarikkunna petrifying draavakangalude oru sidhaantham nirddeshichu. chainees prakrithishaasthranjanaaya shhein kuvo (1031-1095) valanja mulayil ninnulla thelivukalude adisthaanathil kalavastha vyathiyanathekkurichulla oru sidhaantham nirddeshikkum.
aadhunika yooroppinte thudakkathil, fosilukalekkurichulla chittayaya patanam yukthiyude kaalaghattatthil sambhavicha prakrithi thathwachinthayile maattangalude avibhaajya gadakamaayi uyarnnuvannu. 17, 18 noottaandukalil fosilukalude swabhaavavum munkaalangalile jeevithavumayulla avayude bandhavum nannayi manassilakkappettu, pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, georges kuviyarinte pravartthanangal vamshanaashathinte yaadhaarthyathekkurich deerghakaalamaayi nadanna charchakal avasaanippichu, ithu thaarathamya shareeraghadanayumaayi sahakarichu-oru shaasthreeya vibhaagamaayi paleantology aavirbhaavathilekku nayichu. phoosil recordinecurichulla vipulamaaya arivu bhoomishaasthrathinteyum prathyekichu straattigraafiyudeyum vikasanathil vardhichuvarunna punk vahichu.
1822-ll, oru franch shaasthra jenalinte edittar fosilukaliloode purathana jeevikalekkurichulla padanatthe paraamarsikkaan "paleantology" enna vaakk upayogichu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil bhoomishaasthraparavum paleantological pravartthanangalum valarchayode kooduthal nannayi krameekarikkappettu. ithu bhoomiyile jeevacharithrathekkurichu arivu athivegam vardhippikkunnathinum phoosil thelivukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samaya skeyilinte nirvachanathilekkulla purogathikkum kaaranamaayi. jeevithacharithrathekkurithu arivu mechappedunnathu thudarnnappol, jeevithathinte vikasanathinu orutharam thudarkramam undennu kooduthal vyakthamaayi. ithu jeevajaalangalude parivarthanathekkurichu aadyakaala parinaama sidhaanthangale prolsaahippikkum. 1859-ll chaals darvin "oonn dhii orijin oof speeshees" prasidheekarichathinushesha, manushya parinaamavum parinaama sidhaanthavum ulppedeyulla parinaama pathakal manasilaakkunnathilekku paleantology shradha kooduthal maari.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthiyil, prathyekichu vadakke amerikkayil, paleantological pravarthanangalil valia vipuleekaranam undaayi. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode chainayile pradhana kandethalukalude oru parambara kaanikkunnathupole, bhoomiyude adhika pradeshangal chittayaya phoosil shekharanathinaayi thurannukondu irupathaam noottaandilum eee pravanatha thudarnnu. niravadhi parivartthana fossilukal kandethiyittundu, ellah tharatthilumulla kasherukkalum engane bandhappettirikkunnu ennathinu dhaaraalam thelivukal ippol kanakkaakkappedunnu, athil bhooribhaagavum parivartthana fosilukalude roopathilaanu. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathe eathaanum pathittaandukalil kootta vamshanaashathodum bhoomiyile jeevante parinaamatthil avayude pankinodum oru puthiya thaalparyam kandu. mikka mrugangaludeyum shareerapadhathikalude vikasanathinu saakshyam vahicha cambrian spodanathilum puthiya thaalparyam undaayirunnu. ediyaakaaran biota fosilukalude kandethalum paleobiology sambhavavikasangalum cambrian kaalaghattatthinu valare munbuthanne jeevithacharithrathekkurithu arivu vyapippichu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinu munbu.
bisi aaram noottaandil thanne, colophonile greak thathwachinthakanaaya senophanes (bisi) chila phoosil shellukal shelfishinte avashishtangalaanennu thiricharinju, akkaalat varanda bhoomi orikkal kadalinadiyilaayirunnuvennu addeham vaadikkaarundaayirunnu. leonardo daa vinsi (1452-1519) prasidheekarikkappedaathu oru notebookil, chila phoosil kadal shellukal shelfishinte avashishtangalaanennu nigamanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, rund kesukalilum, fossilukal jeevajalangalumaayi saamyamulla shelfish enangalude poornna avashishtangalaayirunnu, athinaal avaa tharamthirikkaan eluppamaayirunnu.
1027-ll pershyan prakrithishaasthranjanaaya ibnu sina (europil "avisenna" ennariyappedunnu) "rogashaanthiyude pusthakatthil" fosilukalude kallu engane sambhavichuvennu vishadeekarichu. aristottilinte oru ashayam addeham parishkkarichu, athu neeravi shwasikkunnathinte adisthaanathil vishadeekarichu. pathinalam noottaandil saxonyile albert vishadeekarichathum pathinaram noottaandode mikka prakrithishaasthranjarum eathenkilum roopathil amgeekarichathumaaya petrifying draavakangalude ("sukkas lapidificutus") sidhaanthamaayi ibnu sina ithu parishkkarichu.
geomorphology, kaalakramena kadaltheerangalude maattam thudangiya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya prakriyakalude nilanilpp anumanikkaan soong raajavamshathile shhein kuvo () (1031-1095) taihang parvathanirakalil ninnu kandethiya samudra fossilukal upayogichu. eiii. dii. 1088ll shansi pravishyayile shanbay mekhalayile yaan 'aanil bhoogarbhathil kandethiya samrakshitha valanja mulakal addeham kandethi. mulayude valarchaykku aavaasavyavasthaye pinthunaykkaattha varanda kalavastha mekhalayude bhagamaayathinaal, kramena kalavastha vyathiyanathekkurichulla oru sidhaanthathinaayi addeham thante nireekshanam upayogichu vaadichu.
prakrithiye nireekshikkunnathinum tharamthirikkunnathinum pattikappeduthunnathinum oru puthiya oonnal nalkiyathinte falamaayi, europile pathinaram noottaandile prakrithi thathwachinthakar phoosil vasthukkalude (athupole sasyangaludeyum mrugangaludeyum saambilukalude shekharam) vipulamaaya shekharangal sthaapikkaan thudangi, avaa palappozhum prathyekamaayi nirmmicha kaabinattukalil sookshichu. konraad gesner 1565 ll fosilukalekkurichulla oru kruthi prasidheekarichu, athil atharam oru kaabinattinteyum shekharathinteyum aadyathe vishadamaaya vivaranangalilonn adangiyirunnu. eee shekharam gesner thante kruthikalkkaayi aakarshicha pathrapravartthakarude vipulamaaya shringalayile oru amgathintethaayirunnu. pathinaram noottaandil prakrithi thathwachinthakarum shekharanakkaarum thammilulla atharam anoupachaarika kathidapaadukalude shringhala kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkukayum pathinezhaam noottaandil roopappedaan thudangunna shaasthra samoohangalude nerittulla mungamikalaavukayum cheythu. eee kaabinat shekharangalum kathidapaadukalude shringalayum prakrithi thathwachinthayude vikasanathil oru pradhana punk vahichu.
ennirunnaalum, pathinaram noottaandile mikka europpukaarkkum fossilukal jeevajaalangalude avashishtangalaanennu thirichariyaan kazhinjilla. phoosil" enna vaakkinte uthbhavam laattin bhashayil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, athaayath kuzhicha vasthukkal. ithu soochippikkunnathu pole, jaiva uthbhavam undo ennathine pariganikkathe thanne vaividhyamaarnna kallu, kallu polulla vasthukkalkk eee padam prayogichu. pathinaram noottaandile ezhuthukaaraaya gesner, jorg agricola ennivarkku atharam vasthukkalude uthbhavam nirnnayikkunnathinekkaal avayude bhouthikavum nigoodavumaaya gunangalkkanusrithamaayi tharamthirikkunnathil kooduthal thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. koodaathe, aaa kaalaghattatthile prakrithi thathwachintha fosilukalude uthbhavathekkurichulla badal vishadeekaranangale prothsaahippichu. aristotaliyan, neoplatonic thathwashaasthra schoolukal bhoomikkullil kallukal valarnnu jeevajalangalumaayi saamyamundaakkaamenna aashayathin pinthuna nalki. jeevanulathum nirjeevavumaaya vasthukkal thammil parasparamulla saamyamundaakaan kaaranamakunna bandhangal undaakaamenn neoplatonic thathwachintha nilanirtthi. jeevajaalangalude vithukalkku nilathu praveshikkaanum aaa jeevajalangalumaayi saamyamulla vasthukkal srishtikkaanum kazhiyumennu aristotaliyan school vaadichu.
leonardo daa vincy paleantology vikasanavum.
leonardo daa vinsi paleantology rund pradhana shaakhakalkkidayil oru thudarchayude oru varii sthaapichu body phoosil paleantology, ichnolaji. vaasthavathil, leonardo rund pradhana fossilukaleyum kaikaaryam cheythu (1) body fossilukal, udha.jii. phoosil cheytha shellukal; (2) ichnophosilukal (trace fossilukal ennum ariyappedunnu), i.iii. jeeva-padaartha edapedalukalude phoosil uthppannangal (udha.jii. kuzhikalum boaringukalum). leasester kodile folios 8 muthal 10 vare, leonardo thante samakaalikarude vishamippikkunna prashnangalilonn kaikaaryam cheythukondu body fosilukalude vishayam parishodhichu enthukondaanu parvathangalil bhayappeduthunna kadal shelukal naam kaanunnath? phoosil molaskukaludeyum avayude sedimentari matrixinteyum jaivajanya swabhaavathe shariyaayi vyaakhyaanichukondu leonardo eee chodyathinu utharam nalki. shareera fosilukalude swabhaavathekkurichulla moonnu noottaandukalude shaasthreeya samvaadathe marikadannathinaal leonardo daa vinsiyude vyaakhyaanam asaadhaaranamaamvidham noothanamaanennu thonnunnu. phoosil vasthukkalude swabhaavathekkurichulla thante ashayangal theliyikkaan daa vinsi akasherukkal niranja ichnophosilukal kanakkileduthu. winsick, ichnophosilukal pradarshippikkunnathil oru pradhana punk vahichu (1) petrified shellukalude jaiva swabhaavam, (2) phoosil vasthukkal vahikkunna paara paalikal avashishtangalude uthbhavam. bioerotion ichnophosilukal enthaanennu daa vinsi vivarichu "parmaykkum piyasensaykkum chuttumulla kunnukal ippozhum paarakalil gadippichirikkunna dhaaraalam molaskukalum virasamaya pavizhapputtukalum kaanikkunnu. njaan milaanile valia kuthirayil jolie cheyyumbol, chila karshakar enikku oru valia bagg nirachu thannu "-leasester coode, fooliyoo fooliyoo phoosil boaringukal ajaiva sidhaanthathe aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaan leonardo anuvadichu, athaayath.iii. petrified shellukal (molesk body fossilukal) ennu vilikkappedunnava ajaiva kauthukangalaanu enna ashayam. leonardo daa vinsiyude vaakkukalode "[ajaiva sidhaantham shariyalla] kaaranam [mrugathinte] chalanangalude adayaalam shellil avasheshikkunnu, athu [maratthile oru thadippuzhuvinte athe reethiyil] bhakshikkunnu...-leasester coode, fooliyoo 9vda vinsi phoosil boaringukal mathramalla, kuzhikalum charcha cheythu. avashishtangalude samudra swabhaavam prakadippikkaan leonardo phoosil kuzhikal paaliyoenvayonmental upakaranangalayi upayogichu "oru paalikkum matte paalikkum idayil avaa unangaathappol avaykkidayil pathikkunna puzhukkalude adayaalangal avasheshikkunnu. ellah kadal chelikalilum ippozhum shellukal adangiyirikkunnu, shellukal cheliyumayi chernnu pothinjirikkunnu "-leasester coode, fooliyoo 10 mattu navothaana prakrithishaasthranjar navothaanakaalathu akasherukkal ichnophosilukal padichu, pakshe avayil onnupolum atharam krithyamaaya nigamanagalil athiyilla. akasheruka ichnophosilukalekkurichu leonardo parigananakal addehathinte samakalikarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol mathramalla, pilkkala vyaakhyaanangalumaayum thaarathamyam cheyyumbol asaadhaaranamaamvidham aadunikamaanu. vaasthavathil, 1800-kalil akasherukkal niranja ichnophosilukale fucoidukal allengil kadalppayal ennu vishadeekarikkukayum avayude yadhaartha swabhaavam 1900-kalude thudakkathil maathrame vyaapakamaayi manassilaakkaavoo. eee kaaranangalal, leonardo daa vincy paleantology rund pradhana shaakhakaludeyum sthaapaka pithavaayi arhikkunnu.iii. shareera fossilukaleyum ichnology kurichulla patanam.
pathinezhaam noottaand.
yukthiyude kaalaghattatthil, prakrithi thathwachinthayile adisthaana mattangal fosilukalude vishakalanathil prathiphalichu. 1665-ll athanasius kircher thante "mundus subterranius" enna grandhatthil vamshanasham sambhavicha bheeman manushya vamshangalude bheeman asthikale visheshippichu. athe varsham thanne roobert hook sookshumadarshini upayogichu thante nireekshanangalude sachitra shekharamaaya "micrographia" prasidheekarichu. eee nireekshanangalilonnin "petrified maravum mattu petrified bodikal" enna thalakkettaayirunnu, athil petrified maravum saadhaarana maravum thammilulla thaarathamyam ulppedunnu. kallum mannum kondu kalarnna vellam" kondu kuthirtha saadhaarana maramaan petrified maramennu addeham nigamanam cheythu. samanamaaya oru prakriyayiloode saadhaarana shellukalil ninnu niravadhi tharam phoosil kadal shellukal roopappettathaayi addeham nirddeshichu. atharam vasthukkal "bhoomiyil thanne chila asaadhaarana plaastik punyangal olinjirikkunna kallukalaal roopappettavayaanu" enna pracharikkunna kaazchappaadinethire addeham vaadichu. 1668-ll bhoomiyile jeevacharithrathekkurichu fossilukal thelivukal nalkunnuvennu hook vishwasichu
...nanayangal, medalukal, kalasham, prashastha vyakthikalude mattu smarakangal, allengil pattanangal, allengil pathrangal enniva kandethunnathu, atharam vyakthikalkko vasthukkalkko munkaalangalil oru asthithvamundaayirunnuve samshayaaspadamaaya thelivukalaayi praveshippikkukayaanenkil, theerchayaayum atharam petrificationukal thulya saadhuthayum thelivum aayirikkanum anuvadichekkaam, atharam pachakkarikalo mrugangalo munbu undaayirunnu... avaa ellah yukthisahamaya purushanmarkkum vaayikkaan kazhiyunna yadhaartha saarvathrika kathaapaathrangalaanu. 
munkaala bhoomishaasthraparamaaya duranthangalil vamshanasham sambhavicha jeevajaalangale prathinidheekarikkunna atharam chila fossilukal undenna saadhyatha amgeekarikkaan hook thayyarayirunnu.
1667ll nicolas steno thaan verthirichedutha oru sravinekkurichu oru prabandham ezhuthi. addeham sraavinte pallukale "naav kallukal" allengil "glosopetre" ennariyappedunna saadhaarana phoosil vasthukkalumayi thaarathamyam cheythu. fossilukal sraavukalude pallukalaayirikkanam ennu addeham nigamanam cheythu. fosilukalude chodyathil steno thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum avayude jaiva uthbhavathekkurichulla chila ethirppukal pariharikkunnathinayi addeham paarathalangalekkurichu padikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. eee kruthiyude phalam 1669-ll "oru kharapadaarthathil swaabhaavikamaayi pothinjirikkunna kharapadaarthathekkurichu oru prabandhatthinte mungamiyaayi" prasidheekarichu. eee pusthakatthil, parakalkkullil yadhaarthathil roopappetta paara paralukal polulla vasthukkalum aaa paarakalkk purathu roopappetta phoosil shellukalum sraavukalude pallukalum thammilulla vyakthamaaya vyathyasam steno varachu. avashishtangalude thirashcheena paalikal thudarchayaayi nikshepikkunnathiloode chilatharam parakal roopappettuvennum aaa avashishtathil kuzhichitta jeevikalude avashishtangalaan phosilukalennum steno manassilakki. pathinezhaam noottaandile mikkavarum ellah prakrithi thathwachinthakareyum pole, bhoomikk eathaanum ayiram varsham maathrame pazhakkamundennu vishwasichirunna steno, kadalil ninnu akaleyulla samudrajeevikalude fosilukalkkulla saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranamaayi baibil vellappokkathe avalambichu.
mungamiyude" ganyamaaya swaadheenam undaayirunnittum, martin listtar (1638-1712), joonn reey (1627-1705) thudangiya prakrithishaasthranjar chila fosilukalude jaiva uthbhavathe chodyam cheiyunnathu thudarnnu. ariyappedunna eathenkilum jeevivargangalumaayi saamyamillaatha jaiva uthbhavamaanenn avakaashappedunna phoosil amoniteukal polulla vasthukkalekkurich avar prathyekichum aashankaakularaayirunnu. ithu vamshanashathinulla saadhyatha uyarthi, athu daarshanikavum daivashaasthraparavumaaya kaaranangalal amgeekarikkaan avarkk prayasamaayirunnu. 1695-ll reey velsh prakrithishaasthranjanaaya edward louidinu atharam kazhchappadukalekkurichu parathippettu.. lokathinte navothaanatthinte vedapustaka-charithrathe njettikkunna tharatthilulla anantharafalangal avide pinthudarunnu; aadyathe srishti muthal oru inam mrugangalo pachakkarikalo nashtappettitla, puthiyava uthppaadippikkappettil enna daivangalkkum thathwachinthakarkkum idayil nyayamaaya kaaranamillathe labhicha abhipraayathe avar attimarichu."
pathinettaam noottaand.
1778-leeii "prakrithiyude yugangal" enna kruthiyil georges buffon phosilukale paraamarsikkunnu, prathyekichu vadakkan europile aanakal, kaandaamrigangal thudangiya ushnamekhalaa enangalude fossilukal kandethiyathu, bhoomi ippol undaayirunnathinekkaal valare choodullathaayi aarambhichuvennum kramena thanuppikkukayaanennum sidhaanthathinte thelivaanu.
1796-ll georges kuviyar jeevichirikkunna, phoosil aanakalekkurichulla oru prabandham avatharippichu, indian, aafrikkan aanakalude asthikooda avashishtangale maamathukalude fosilukalumaayum pinneedu thaarathamya shareeraghadana upayogichu maastodon ennu peritta oru mrugavumaayum thaarathamyam cheythu. indian, aafrikkan aanakal vyathyastha enangalaanennum maamothukal randil ninnum vyathyasthamaanennum avaa vamshanasham sambhavichathaayirikkanamennume addeham aadyamaayi sthaapichu. indian allengil aafrikkan aanakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya, maamothukalekkaal kooduthal vamshanasham sambhavicha mattoru inamaanu maastodon ennu addeham nigamanam cheythu. 1796ll paaragveyil ninnulla oru valia phoosil asthikoodathekkurichu randaamathe prabandham avatharippichappol, athinte thalayotti rund jeevikkunna inam marangalude alasathayumaayi thaarathamyam cheythukondu oru bheeman alasathayayi thiricharinju. paleantologyilum thaarathamya shareeraghadanayilum kuviyarinte supradhana pravartthanangal vamshanaashathinte vyapakamaaya sveekaaryathayilekku nayichu. phoosil rekhakal velippeduthiya jeevikalude thudarcha vishadeekarikkunnathinu duranthatthinte bhoomishaasthra sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkaanum ithu kuviyarine nayichu. maamothukalum kambili kaandaamrigangalum nilavil ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalil thamasikkunna aanakaludeyum kaandaamrigangaludeyum ore inamallaathathinaal avayude fossilukal thanutha bhoomiyude thelivaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyillennum addeham choondikkaatti.
straattigraafiyude oru munnira prayogatthil, surveyor khanana enchineeyarumaaya vilyam smith vividha sthalangalile paaranirakale parasparabandhithamaakkaan sahaayikkunnathin fossilukal vipulamaayi upayogichu. upayogichu avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum addeham englandinte aadyathe bhoomishaasthraparamaaya bhoopadam srishtichu. avashishta paarakalude oro stharathilum prathyeka tharam fossilukal adangiyirikkumenna ashayavum vyaapakamaayi verthiricha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya roopeekaranangalil polum iva pravachanatheethamaaya reethiyil parasparam vijayikkumenna ashayavum addeham janthujaalangalude pinthudarchayude thathwam sthaapichu. athesamayam, paarees school oof mine enchineeyaringile instructoraaya kuvier alexander brongniart paareesinu chuttumulla pradeshatthinte bhoomishaasthrathekkurichu swaadheenamulla padanatthil samanamaaya reethikal upayogichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal madhyam vare.
phosilukalekkurichum "paleantology" enna vaakkinte uthbhavathekurichum padikkunnu.
1812ll fraansil prasidheekaricha georges kuviyarinte "recherches sarr less osments phosails dii quadroopes" ("naalukanakkin phoosil asthikalekkurichulla gaveshanangal") aayirunnu kasherukkalkkulla paleantologic adithara pakia oru kruthiyude aadya pathippenn smithsonian librarikal karuthunnu. eee kruthiyude randaam pathippine (1821) paraamarsikkunna kuviyarinte shishyan jenal dii physic edittarumaaya [[shaasthreeya prasidheekaranam] 1822 januvariyil "jenal dii physic" enna jenalil prasidheekaricha "analysis dessax principax travox dance less sciences physics, publies dance laa 'aanii 1821" ("bhauthikashaasthrathile pradhana pravartthanangalude vishakalanam, 1821ll prasidheekarichathu) enna lekhanam. eee lekhanathil blainville aadyamaayi achadicha padamaaya "paleantology" anaavaranam cheythu, athu pinneedu "paleantology" enna engleesh vaakk nalki. 1817ll blainville ithinakam thanne "paleosoology" enna padam upayogichu, ithu kuvier mattullavar phoosil asthikalil ninnu vamshanasham sambhavicha mrugangale punarnirmikkaan cheythirunna joliye soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, phoosil mrugangaleyum sasyaavashishtangaleyum kurichulla padanatthe soochippikkaan kazhiyunna oru padatthinaayi blainville tirayan thudangi. chila parajayappetta badalukal pareekshichathinushesham, 1822-ll addeham "paleantology" yill ethi. phosilvalkkaricha jeevikalekkurichulla padanatthinulla blainvilleyude padam vegathil janapriyamaakukayum "paleantology" aayi engleeshil maattappedukayum cheythu.
1828-ll [alexander brongniertinte] makan sasyashaasthranjanumaaya [adolph brongniertinte] phoosil sasyangalude charithrathekkurichulla oru neenda kruthiyude aamukham prasidheekarichu. sasyangalude charithrathe ekadesham naalu bhagangalaayi thirikkam ennu adolph brongniart nigamanam cheythu. aadya kaalaghattatthinte savisheshatha [[cryptogam]] kall aayirunnu. [[conifer]] kalude roopamaanu randaam kaalaghattatthinte savisheshatha. moonnaamathe kaalaghattam [[saikad]] kaludeyum naalaamathethu [[poochedikalude] vikasanathiloodeyum ([[dicotyldon] kall polullava) aavirbhaavamundaakki. eee kaalaghattangal thammilulla parivartthanangal phoosil recordile moorchayulla vichedanam kondu adayaalappeduthi, kaalaghattangalkkullil kooduthal kramanugathamaaya mattangal. [[paleobotani]] yude aditharayaanu brongniyaarttinte kruthikal, bhoomiyile jeevajaalangalkk deerghavum sankeernavumaaya charithramundenna sidhaanthathe shakthippeduthukayum vividha sasyangaludeyum mrugangaludeyum grouppukal thudarchayaaya kramatthil prathyakshappedukayum cheythu. [[carboniferous]] kaalath vadakkan europile kaalavastha ushnamekhalaa kaalaavasthayaayirikkumennu sasya fossilukal kaanikkunnuvenn brongniert nigamanam cheythathinaal bhoomiyude kaalavastha kaalakramena maariyenna ashayatheyum ithu pinthunachu. 1884ll paleobotani enna padavum 1944ll palinology enna padavum upayogichu.
uragangalude praayam.
[[fayal maantal iguanadon pallukal.jeey. pii. jii|thallaviral|sariyaanu.|iguanodon" ennu vivarikkunna 1825 leeii maandellinte pepparil ninnu thaarathamyappeduthunnathi aadhunika [iguana] thaadiyellulla "[iguanodon]" pallukalude phoosil chithreekaranam"]]
1808-ll, [maastrichil] kandethiya oru phoosil oru bheeman samudra uragamaayi kuviyar thiricharinju, athinu pinneedu "[[mosasorus]]" ennu perittu. oru droingle ninnu, [bavaria] yill ninnu kandethiya mattoru fossiline parakkunna uragamaayi addeham thirichariyukayum athinu "[[terrodactylus]]" ennu peridukayum cheythu. eee fossilukal kandethiya stharangalude adisthaanathil, thaan "sasthanikalude praayam" ennu vilikkunnathinu munbu valia uragangal jeevichirunnuvennu addeham anumaanichu. adutha rund pathittaandukalilaayi grettu brittanil nadakkunna niravadhi kandethalukal kuviyarinte oohaapohangale pinthunaykkum. pathinonnam vayas muthal professional phoosil collector [[merii anning]], [[lime rejis]] leeii [[jurassic]] samudranirappil ninnu niravadhi samudra uragangaludeyum charitraatheethakaala malsyangaludeyum fossilukal shekharichu. 1811ll shekharicha aadyathe [[iktiyosor]] asthikoodavum asthikoodavum 1821lum kandethiya aadyathe rund [[plessiosaur]] asthikoodangalum ithil ulppedunnu. merii anning sahodaran ectheosorus asthikoodam kandethumbol avarkk 12 vayass maathrame undaayirunnulloo. avarude pala kandethalukalum bhoomishaasthranjar shaasthreeyamaayi vivarikkum.|vilyam konbeer], [[henry dii laa beke], [[vilyam buckland]]. [bezor] kallukal" ennariyappedunna kallu vasthukkal palappozhum iktiyosor asthikoodangalude vayarulla pradeshathu kaanapedunnuvennu nireekshichathu aanimgaanu, atharam kallukal pottiyal avayil palappozhum phoosil malsyathinte asthikalum skeyilukalum undennu avar abhiprayappettu. ithu avaa phoosil malamaanennu buckland cheyyaan avare prerippichu, avaykku addeham [[coprolyte]] ennu perittu, purathana [[bhakshya shringhala]] kall addeham nannayi manassilaakkaarundaayirunu. merii anning shaasthrathil viplavam srishticha niravadhi phoosil kandethalukal nadatthi. ennirunnaalum, avarude asaadhaaranamaaya shaasthreeya sambhavanakal undaayirunnittum, avarude kandethalukalkk avar apoorvvamaayi maathrame audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappettulloo. avalude kandethalukal palappozhum avalude fossilukal vangiya sambannaraaya purushanmaarkkaan nalkappettath. 
1824-ll buckland [[stonfield]] ll ninnulla [[jurassic]] nikshepangalil ninnu oru thaazhathe thaadiyellu kandethukayum vivarikkukayum cheythu. thaan "[[megalosorus]]" ennu vilikkunna oru mamsabhojiyaaya uragathinte asthiyaanennu addeham theerumaanichu. athe varsham thanne 1822ll thaan kandethiya chila valia pallukal [[tilgate, crolley] paarakalil ninnu [[cretatius]] kandethiyathayi [[gideon maantal] manassilakki.|tilgate], oru bheeman sasyabhukkaaya karayil thamasikkunna uragathil pettathaayirunnu. pallukal oru [[iguana]] pallinode saamyamullathinaal addeham athine "[[iguanodon]]" ennu vilichu. ithellaam 1831-ll "uragangalude yugam" enna thalakkettil oru swaadheenamulla prabandham prasidheekarikkaan maantteline prerippichu, athil bhoomi valia uragangalaal niranja oru neenda kaalayalavinulla thelivukal samgrahikkukayum aaa kaalaghattatthe addeham vibhajikkukayum cheythu, eathu paaranirayil vividha tharam uragangal aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu ennathine adisthaanamaakki, aadhunika kaalaghattangal [[triasic]], [[jurassic], [[cretatius]] enniva munkootty kanda moonnu edavelakalaayi. 1832-ll mandell tilgettil "[[hylaeosorus]]" ennu vilikkunna oru kavachitha uragathinte bhagika asthikoodam kandethum. 1841-ll engleesh shareeraghadanashaasthranjan [[richard ooven]] "megalosorus", "iguanodon", "hylaeosorus" ennivaykkaayi [[dinosouriya]] ennu vilikkunna uragangalude oru puthiya kramam srishtikkum.
[[fayal stonsfield sastani.jeey. pii. jii|thallaviral|idathu|gideon maanttellinte 1848 leeii "bhoogarbhashaasthrathile athbhuthangal" ennathil ninnu stonfield sasthanikalude phoosil thaadiyellinte chithreekaranam"]]
bhoothakaalathu bheeman uragangal bhoomiyil jeevichirunnuvennathinni eee thelivu shaasthravrithangalilum pothujanangalude chila vibhaagangalilum polum valia avesham srishtichu. megalosorus" enna athe stharathil kandethiya "phascolotherium" enna cheria aadima sasthaniyude thaadiyelline buckland vivarichu. stonfield sastani ennariyappedunna eee kandethal eare charcha cheyyappetta oru apaakathayayirunnu. ithu oru [[marsupiyal]] aanennu kuviyar aadyam karuthiyenkilum ithu oru aadima [[plaasantal sastani]] aanennu buckland pinneedu manassilakki. cheruthum aadimavumaaya swabhaavam kaaranam, sasthanikalekkaal valuthum prakadavumaaya mrugangal uragangalaayirunnappol, uragangalude oru yugathinte mothatthilulla maathrkaye ithu asaadhuvaakkiyathaayi buckland vishwasichilla.
duranthavaadam, uniformarianism, phoosil record.
jeevanulathum phoosil aanakaleyum kurichulla 1796 leeii kuviyarinte supradhana prabandhatthil, jeevithathe nashippicha orotta duranthatthe nilavile roopangalaal maattisthaapikkappedum addeham paraamarshichu. vamshanasham sambhavicha sasthanikalekurichulla padanangalude falamaayi, "[[paleotherium]]" polulla mrugangal maamathukalude kaalathinu munbu jeevichirunnuvennu addeham manassilakki, ithu [[duranthavaadam]] ennathinte adisthaanathil ezhuthaan addehathe prerippichu.|thudarchayaaya niravadhi janthujaalangale thudachuneekkiya onniladhikam bhoomishaasthraparamaaya duranthangal]. 1830 aayappozhekkum oru [[shaasthra samooham]]|[] brittanile paleobotani, dinosar, samudra uragangal ennivayude kandethalukalude falamaayi addehathinte aashayangale chuttippattiyaan shaasthreeya samavayam roopappettathu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil [[prakrithi daivashaasthram]] valare swaadheenamulla grettu brittanil, buckland ulppedunna oru koottam bhoomishaasthranjarum [[roobert jaimson]] kuviyarinte ettavum puthiya duranthangale [[vellapokka jiolajiyumaayi] vyakthamaayi bandhippikkaan nirbandhichu.|baibil pralayam]. brittanil mattevideyengilum illaathirunna oru mathaparamaya swaadheenamaayirunnu duranthavaadatthinu undaayirunnathu.
vilyam bucklandinteyum vellapokka jiolajiyude mattu parisheelakarudeyum adisthaanarahithavum ashaasthreeyavumaaya oohaapohangalkku marupadiyaayi, [chaals lail] [uniformarianism (shaasthram)] enna bhoomishaasthra sidhaanthathe vaadichu.|uniformitarianism] addehathinte swaadheenamulla kruthiyaaya "[[jiolajiyude thathwangal]]" ll. agniparvvathangal polulla innathe shakthikalude mandagathiyilulla pravartthanatthiloode mikka bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakalum vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyumennu lail thante swantham feeld gaveshanathil ninnum mattullavarude pravarthanangalil ninnum thelivukal shekharichu.|munkaala duranta sambhavangalekkaal], [[bhookambangal]], [[mannolipp], [[avashishtangal]. phoosil rekhayile vinashakaramaaya maattangalude vyakthamaaya thelivukalum jeevithacharithrathil dishaasoochanayude roopeekaranavum polum aaa rekhayile apoornathakal moolamundaakunna midhyaadhaaranakalaanennum lail avakashappettu. udaaharanathinu, aadyakaala phoosil stharangalil ninnu pakshikaludeyum sasthanikaludeyum abhavam samudrajeevikal kooduthal eluppathil phoosil cheyyappettuvenna vastutha kaaranam phoosil rekhayile apoornatha maathramaanennu addeham vaadichu. sasthanikalkk munbu uragangal undaayirunnilla ennathinte thelivaayum chila [plistoseen] stharangal vamshanasham sambhavichathum ippozhum nilanilkkunnathumaaya jeevikalude misritham kaanikkunnu enna vasthuthayaayum stonfield sastaniye lail choondikkaanichu, ithu vinashakaramaaya sambhavangalude falamaayittalla, marichu kashanangalayi vamshanasham sambhavichuvennu addeham paranju. bhoomiyude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakal pradhaanamaayum innathe kaalath nireekshikkaavunna athe bhoomishaasthra shakthikalude pravarthanamaanu, deerghakaalathekku pravartthikkunnu enna ashayathe bhoomishaasthranjare bodhyappeduthunnathil lail vijayichu. dishaasoochanayude sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnillenna addeham vishwasicha phoosil rekhakalekkurichulla thante kaazhchappaadin pinthuna nedunnathil addeham vijayichilla.
speesheesukalude parivartthanavum phoosil record.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil [[jeane baptist lamerc]] jeevivargangalude parivarthanathekkurichu thante sidhaanthathinu vendi vadikkaan fossilukal upayogichu. phoosil kandethalukalum kaalakramena jeevan maariyennathinte uyarnnuvarunna thelivukalum adutha eathaanum pathittaandukalil eee vishayathekkurichulla oohaapohangalkku aakkam kootti. [[roobert chembezhs (pathrapravartthakan)]|roobert chembezhs] thante 1844 leeii janapriya shaasthra pusthakamaaya [[srishtiyude prakrithicharithrathinte avashishtangal]] ll phoosil thelivukal upayogichu, ithu prapanchatthinum bhoomiyile jeevajalangalkkum parinamaparamaaya uthbhavathe vaadichu. laamarkkinte sidhaantham pole jeevitam lalithathil ninnu sankeernathayilekku purogamichuvennu athu nilanirtthi. eee aadyakaala parinaama ashayangal shaasthreeya vrithangalil vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyappettuvenkilum shaasthreeya mukhyadhaarayilekku amgeekarikkappettilla. transmulational aashayangalude vimarshakaril palarum avarude vaadangalil phoosil thelivukal upayogichu. dinosar enna padam srishticha athe prabandhatthil, aadhunika uragangaleppole thanne sankeernavum sankeernavumaaya dinosarukal transmulational sidhaanthangalkku virudhamaanennu addeham avakashappettu. [[pazhaya chuvanna manalkkall] roopeekaranathil kandethiya phoosil malsyangal pilkkala malsyangaleppole poornnamaayum sankeernamaanennum "avashishtangal" aaropikkunna aadima roopangalallennum [[hyoog miller]] samanamaaya oru vaadam unnayikkum. eee aadyakaala parinaama sidhaanthangal mukhyadharaa shaasthramaayi amgeekarikkappedaathe vannuvenkilum avayekkurichulla samvaadangal kurachu varshangalkk sesham daarvinte parinaama sidhaanthathe swaabhaavika thiranjeduppiloode amgeekarikkaan vazhiyorukkum.
[[fayal ooven geological timescale.jeey. pii. jii|thallaviral|sariyaanu.|[richard ooven] ezhuthiya 1861 leeii oru pusthakatthil ninnulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samaya skeyil pradhana mrugangalude roopabhaavam kaanikkunnu.]]
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayaparidiyum jeevithacharitravum.
[[aadam sedgwick]], [[roderic marchisan]] thudangiya bhoogarbhashaasthranjar [[grettu devonian vivaadam]] polulla tharkkangalude kaalaghattatthil thudarnnu.|grettu devonian vivaadam], straattigraafiyil purogathi kaivarikkaan. puthuthayi amgeekarikkappetta bhoomishaasthra kaalaghattangalaaya [[cambrian]], [[silurian]], [[devonian], [[permian]] ennivayekkurichu avar vivarichu. straattigraafiyile atharam purogathi kooduthal kooduthal devonian vivaadathilum athinte parihaaratthilum punk vahicha [[vilyam lonsdale]] (phoosil pavizhapputukal], [[joonn lindley]] (phoosil sasyangal) thudangiya prathyeka tharam fosilukalekkurichu prathyeka arivulla vidagtharude abhipraayangale aasrayichirikkunnu. aasrayichirikkunnu thudakkathil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayaparidhiyude bhooribhaagavum vikasippicheduthirunnu. 1841ll, [[joonn phillips (geologist)]|joonn phillips] phoosil rekhayile moorchayulla villalukalude adisthaanathil bhoomishaasthra niraye aupachaarikamaayi moonnu pradhana kaalaghattangalaayi vibhajichu, [[paleosoic]], [[mesosoic]], [[senosoic]]. mesosoic kaalaghattatthile moonnu kaalaghattangalum [oordoovishyan] ozhikeyulla paleosoic kaalaghattatthile ellah kaalaghattangalum addeham thiricharinju. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samaya skeyilinekkurichulla addehathinte nirvachanam innum upayogikkunnu. aaa kaalaghattangalude kevala theeyathikal nischayikkunnathinulla oru reethiyum illaathe ithu oru aapekshika samaya skeyilaayi thudarnnu. nilavile sasthanikalude yugathinu munbu oru "uragangalude yugam" undaayirunnuvennu mathramalla, jeevan kadalil parimithappedutthiyirunna oru kaalavum (cambrian, silurian kaalaghattatthil) akasherukkal mrugajeevithathinte ettavum valuthum sankeernavumaaya roopangalaayirunna oru kaalavum (devonian kaalaghattatthinu munbu) undaayirunnuvennu manassilakkappettu.
jiolajiyudeyum paleantologyudeyum vipuleekaranavum professionalisation.
[[fayal altithorax.jeey. pii. jii|thallaviral|idathu|[[elmer riggs] umm echu.dablyu. [[feeld columbian museum]] nte paleantology laabile menke, 1899.]]
1899.]] 1830kalilum jiolajiyilum paleantologyilum undaaya eee druthagathiyilulla purogathikku sahaayamaayath valarnnuvarunna anthaaraashtra jiyolajistukaludeyum phoosil specialistukaludeyum shringalayaanu, avarude pravartthanangal vardhichuvarunna bhoomishaasthra samoohangal samghadippikkukayum avalokanam cheyyukayum cheythu. eee jiyolajistukalilum paaliyantolajistukalim palarum ippol sarvakalashaalakal, myoosiyangal, sarkkar geological sarvekal ennivayil jolie cheiyunna professionalukalkku shambalam nalki. bhoumashaasthrathinu thaarathamyena uyarnna thothilulla pothu pinthuna avayude saamskaarika swaadheenavum kalkari polulla dhaatu vibhavangal chooshanam cheyyaan sahayikkunnathil avayude theliyikkapetta saambathika moolyavum moolamaayirunnu.
18-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 19-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum valia prakrithicharithra shekharangalulla myoosiyangalude vikasanamaayirunnu mattoru pradhana ghadakam. eee myusiyangalkk lokamembaadumulla collectormaaril ninnu saambilukal labikkukayum thaarathamya shareeraghadanayeyum [[roopaghadana [[jeevashasthram]]] ennivayeyum kurichulla patana kendrangalaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu.|roopaghadana]. prakrithicharithrathinte kooduthal saankethikamaayi sankeernamaaya roopathinte vikasanathil eee vishayangal pradhana punk vahichu. aadyathethum ettavum pradhaanappettathumaaya udaaharanangalilonnu [[naashanal museum oof naachural histtari (france)] aayirunnu.|paareesile museum oof naachural histtari], pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya dashakangalil prakrithi charithratthile niravadhi sambhavavikaasangalude kendramaayirunnu ithu. 1793-ll franch deseeya asambliyude oru niyamaprakaaram sthaapithamaaya ithu vipulamaaya rajakeeya shekharatheyum [[franch viplavam]] samayat pidicheduttha prabhukkanmaarude swakaarya shekharangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathum [[nepolian yudhangal]] franch sainika vijayangalil pidicheduttha vasthukkalaal vipuleekarikkappettathum. paarees museum kuviyarinteyum addehathinte professional ethiraaliyaaya jiophroy seyint-hilleyarinteyum professional aditharayaayirunnu.|jiophroy seyint-hillayer]. engleesh anaattamistukal [[roobert edmund graant]]|roobert graant], [richard ooven] ennivar avide padikkaan samayam chelavazhichu. englandile royal koleju oof sarjansinte myoosiyathil jolie cheyyumbol ooven pramukha britiish morphologistaayi maari.|royal koleju oof sarjans].
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil.
parinamam.
[[fayal sarchaeopteryxberlin2.jpg|thallaviral|idathu|nere|berlin naachural histtari myoosiyathil 1881ll edutha randaamathe "archaeopterics" asthikoodathinte foto]]]]
[[1859-ll chaals darvin prasidheekaricha [[speesheesukalude uthbhavathekkurich]] ellah jeevashaasthrangalilum, prathyekichu paleantologyil oru neertthada sambhavamaayirunnu. daarvinte sidhaanthathinte vikasanathil fossilukal oru punk vahichirunnu. prathyekichum, [[thekke amerikkayil] addeham shekharicha [[hums beegilinte randaamathe yaathrayil] fossilukal addehathe aakarshichu.|[glyptodoninte] beegilinte yaatra|bheeman armadillos, [[bheeman alasata], aaa samayat addeham karuthiyath [[macrochenia]|aadhunika kaalath bhookhandathil ippozhum jeevikkunna jeevajalangalumaayi bandhappettathayi thonnunna bheeman lamakal. uthbhavam" prasidheekarichathinu thottupinnaale aarambhicha shaasthreeya samvaadam [[parivartthana fossilukal]] phoosil rekhayile parinaamatthinte mattu thelivukalum kandethanulla samagramaya shramathilekku nayichu. aadyakaala vijayam ganyamaaya pothujanashradha aakarshicha rund mekhalakalundaayirunnu, uragangalum pakshikalum thammilulla parivartthanam, aadhunika ekakaala kuthirayude parinamam. 1861-ll pallukalum thoovalukalum mattu uragangaludeyum pakshikaludeyum savisheshathakaludeyum misrithamulla oru mrugamaaya "[[archaeopterics]]-nte aadya maathruka bavariayile oru chunnaambukallu kwaariyil kandethi. mattonn 1870 kalude avasaanathil kandethukayum 1881 ll berlin [[naachural histtari myoosiyathil]] pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. 1872 ll kansaasile [[oothniyal marsh]] mattu aadima pallulla pakshikale kandethi. padinjaaran yunaittad stetsile niravadhi aadima kuthirakalude fossilukalum marsh kandethi, ithu [[eosene]] leeii cheria 5-kaalukal [[hyracotherium]] muthal "ikwasa" janussile valare valia otta-kaalukal ulla aadhunika kuthirakal vare kandethaan sahayichu. [[thomas huxley]] parinaamatthe pinthunaykkunnathil kuthirayudeyum pakshiyudeyum fossilukal vipulamaayi upayogikkum. parinaamatthinte sveekaaryatha shaasthreeya vrithangalil athivegam sambhavichu, pakshe darvin nirddeshicha [[swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu]] samvidaanathe athinte pinnile prerakashakthiyaayi amgeekarikkunnathu valare kuravaayirunnu. prathyekichu chila paaliyantolajistukal, athaayath edward drinker tack, henry fairfield oosboon ennivar jeevithathil nediya savisheshathakalude anantharaavakaashamaaya neo-lamarkism, parinaamatthile rekheeya pravanathakalaayi avar karuthiyathenthaanennu vishadeekarikkunnathinaayi oru prathyeka dishayil maranullah swathasidhamaaya oru prachodanamaaya oorthoojenisis thudangiya badalukalkku munganana nalki.
[[fayal marsh huxley hozhs.jeey. pii. jii|thallaviral|nere|rekhaachithram ooo.sii. kuthirayude kaalukaludeyum pallukaludeyum parinaamatthinte chathupp, tii yill punarnirmmikkunnu. echu. huxleyude 1876-leeii pusthakam, "professor huxley inn america"]]
manushya parinaamatthilum valia thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. 1856-ll neanderthal fossilukal kandethiyenkilum avaa aadhunika manushyaril ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru inathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu akkaalat vyakthamalla. 1891-ll manushyarum kurangukalum thammil vyakthamaayi edapazhakunnathaayi thonnunna oru jeevivarggathinte aadyathe phoosil thelivaaya [[jaava maan]] kandethiyathode yujeen dubois oru vikaaram srishtichu.
vadakke amerikkayile sambhavavikasangal.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyile oru pradhana vikasanam vadakke amerikkayile paleantology druthagathiyilulla vipuleekaranamaayirunnu. 1858-ll [[josaf leady]] oru "[[hadrosorus]]" asthikoodathe vivarichu, ithu nalla avashishtangalil ninnu vivaricha aadyathe vadakke american dinosaraayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, [american aabhyantharayudhathe]thudarnnu kansaasilekkum padinjaaran american aikyanaadukalude mattu bhaagangalilekkum railway, sainika thaavalangal, vaasasthalangal ennivayude padinjaarottulla valia vipuleekaranamaanu phoosil shekharathinte vipuleekaranathinu sarikkum aakkam koottiyathu. athinte falamaayi vadakke amerikkayude prakrithicharithrathekkurithu vardhicha dhaarana, kansas [[cretatius]] madhya padinjaaran american aikyanaadukalude bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna [[padinjaaran aantharika kadal]], aadima pakshikaludeyum kuthirakaludeyum niravadhi pradhana fossilukal, niravadhi puthiya dinosarukalude [[januss]] kandethal enniva ulppedunnu.|[alosorus]", "[stegosorus]", "[triceratopes] ennivayulppede] januss. eee pravartthanatthinte bhooribhaagavum rund purushanmaar, [oothneel marsh], [edward drinker tapper] enniva thammilulla kadutha vyakthiparavum thozhilparavumaaya shathruthayude bhaagamaayirunnu.|edward tappel], ithu [[asthi yudhangal]] ennariyappedunnu.
irupathaam noottaandile sambhavavikaasangalude avalokanam.
bhoomishaasthrathile vikasanangal.
irupathaam noottaandile rund jiyolaji sambhavavikasangal paleantologyil valia swaadheenam chelutthi. aadyathethu [[radiometric dating]] vikasippichathaayirunnu, ithu [[[geological timescale]] nuu kevala theeyathikal nalkaan anuvadichu. randaamathethu purathana jeevithathinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanathe manassilakkaan sahaayicha [plate tectonics] sidhaanthamaayirunnu.
paleantology bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vipuleekaranam.
irupathaam noottaandil, paleantological paryavekshanam ellaayidathum theevramaavukayum athu pradhaanamaayum europian, vadakke american pravartthanamaayi avasaanikkukayum cheythu. bucklandinte aadya kandethalinum 1969 num edayilulla 135 varshangalil motham 170 dinosar janussukalekkurichu vivarichittundu. vivarichittundu sheshamulla 25 varshangalil aaa ennam 325 aayi uyarnnu. eee vardhanavinte bhooribhaagavum puthiya paarakalude eksposharukalude parisodhana moolamaanu, prathyekichu [[thekke america], [[aphrica]] ennividangalile munbu adhikam paryavekshanam cheyyappedaattha pradeshangalil. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode fosilukalkkaayulla chittayaya paryaveshanathinaayi [[chaina]] thurannathu dinosarukalekkurichum pakshikaludeyum sasthanikaludeyum uthbhavathekurichum dhaaraalam vasthukkal nalki. [[mothiyanshan shellukalekkurichum] patanam patanam chainayile oru cambrian phoosil saittaya chengjiang janthujaalangal kasherukkalude uthbhavathekkurich pradhana soochanakal nalkiyittundu.
koottamaaya vamshanashangal.
irupathaam noottaandil [[kootta vamshanasha]] sambhavangalodulla thaalpparyavum jeevithacharithrathinte gathiyilulla avayude swaadheenavum valia thothil puthukkapettu. 1980 nuu sesham louis walter alvares [[alvares sidhaantham]] munnottuvachappol ithu prathyekichum sathyamaayirunnu, oru [[aaghaatha sambhavam]] [[cretatius-paliyojen vamshanasha sambhavathin] kaaranamaayi, ithu noonn-eviyan [[dinosarukal]] yum mattu niravadhi jeevajaalangalum konnu. konnu thudakkathilum [[jacq sepcosky]] [[david emm. raap]] samudra akasherukkalude phoosil recordinecurichulla sthithivivarakkanakku vishakalanathode prabandhangal prasidheekarichu, athu jeevithathinte parinaama charithratthil kaaryamaaya prathyaaghaathangalulla aavarthichulla kootta vamshanaashathinte oru maathruka (orupakshe chaakrikam) velippeduthi.
parinaama paathakalum sidhaanthavum.
[[fayal australian-aafrikkan.jeey. pii. pii dakshinaafrikkayil kandethiya [[toung child]] phoosil]]
irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam puthiya phoosil kandethalukal parinamam kaikkonda pathakal manasilakkaan thudarnnum sambhavana cheythu. cheythu aarambhicha greenlandile kandethalukal kandethalukal kooduthal valia kandethalukal), malsyangalil ninnulla [tetrapodukalude] parinaamatthe chithreekarikkunna fossilukal, fossilukal chainayile fossilukal enniva polulla pradhana vargeekarana parivartthanangal udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.|dinosar-pakshi bandham]. [timingala parinaamatthil] velicham veeshunna paakisthaanile fosilukalude oru parambarayude kandethal, ettavum prashasthamaayi irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam aafrikkayilum (1924 ll [[toung child] muthal) mattidangalilum kandethiya oru parambara [[manushya parinamam]] yude gathiye prakaashippikkaan sahayichu. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, paleantologyudeyum [[molecular biology]] phalangalum koottichertthu vishadamaaya [[phylogenetic trea]] kall velippeduthaan thudangi.
paleantology phalangalum parinaama sidhaanthathinte vikasanathinu sambhavana nalkiyittundu. 1944-ll [[jorjju geey loard simpson] "parinaamatthile vegathayum reethiyum" prasidheekarichu, ithu alavu vishakalanam upayogichu phoosil record, [[swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu]], [[janithaka vyathichalana]] ennivayaal nayikkappedunna parinaamatthinte vakthaakkal pravachicha shaakhakalumaayum dishaasoochanayillaatha paattenukalumaayum poruthappedunnuvennu kaanikkunnu, pakaram neo-[[[[lamarkism]], [[oorthoojenisis]] ennivayude muun vakthaakkal pravachicha rekheeya pravanathakalekkaal. eee samyojitha paleantology aadhunika sinthasisilekku (irupathaam noottaand)|aadhunika parinaama synthesis]. 1972ll [niles eldredge], [steefan jayy gauldu] ennivar [[viramachinha santhulithaavastha]] enna sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkaan phoosil thelivukal upayogichu, ithu parinaamatthinte savisheshatha deerghakaala aapekshika sthirathayum thaarathamyena druthagathiyilulla maattatthinte valare cheria kaalayalavukalumaanu.
cambrian spodanam.
[[fayal roome-burgeshale-completanomalocarisphol.pii. jii.|thallaviral|burgus sheyil ennathil ninnulla oru samboornna "[[anomalocaris]]" phoosil]]]]
phoosil]]]] 1980kalilum athinusheshavum dhaaraalam pravartthanangal kanda paleantology oru mekhala [[cambrian spodanam]] padanamaanu, eee kaalayalavil [[failam]]|prathyeka shareerapadhathikalulla mrugangalude faila] aanu aadyam prathyakshappedunnathu. 1909ll chaals doolittil walcott aanu prashasthamaaya [burgus sheyil] cambrian phoosil saittum [motienshan shalesile mattoru pradhana saittum] kandethiyathu.|1912-ll chengjiang] chaina kandethi. ennirunnaalum, 1980-kalil [[haari bii. vittingtan, [derek briggs], [[saiman konve morris] ennivayum mattullavarum oru puthiya thaalpparyavum greenlandile oru pradhana puthiya phoosil saitt [[[syrious paasat]] kandethunnathum janapriyavum vivaadaparavumaaya oru pusthakatthinte prasidheekaranavum ulppedeyulla pravartthanangalude oru pottitherikku kaaranamaayi, "[[athbhuthakaramaaya jeevitam jeevitam steefan jayy gauldu ezhuthiya athbhuthakaramaaya jeevitam.
cambrian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla fossilukal.
[[fayal sprigina flontensi 4.png|thallaviral|idathu|[[ediyaakaaranil] ninnulla oru "[[sprigina]]" phoosil]]]]
1950 nuu munbu cambrian kaalaghattatthinu munbu jeevante vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta phoosil thelivukal undaayirunnilla. [[chaals darvin] "speesheesukalude uthbhavam" ezhuthiyappol, cambrian mrugangalude thaarathamyena sankeernamaaya jeevajaalangalkk munbu jeevante phoosil thelivukalonnum illaathathu parinaama sidhanthathinethire oru saadhyathayulla vaadamaanennu addeham sammathichuvenkilum bhaviyil atharam fossilukal kandethumennu prateeksha prakadippichu. prakadippichu [[cambrian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla]] fossilukal kandethiyathayi avakaashavaadangalundaayirum ivaykku jaiva uthbhavam illennu pinneedu theliyikkapettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil chaals doolittil walcott [[stromatolyteukal]], [[cambrian jeevithathinu munbulla] mattu phoosil thelivukal enniva kandethumenkilum aaa fosilukalude jaiva uthbhavavum akkaalat tharkkatthilaayirunnu. tharkkatthilaayirunnu kooduthal stromatolyteukalum avaa nirmmicha bakteeriyakalude [[microphosilukal]] kandethalum soviyatt union oru parambarayile prabandhangal prasidheekarikkunnathumaayi ithu marran thudangi.|soviyatt]] shaasthranjanaaya boris vaasilivichu timofeave, cambrian kaalathinu munbulla avashishtangalil microscopic phoosil beejakangal kandethiyathayi prakhyaapichu. 1940 kalude avasaanathil australiyayile ediyaakaaran kunnukalil [reginald sprig] kandethiya mriduvaaya shareeramulla mrugangalude fossilukal yadhaarthathil pree-cambrian aanennu kaanikkumbol oru pradhana munnettam sambhavikkum, ithu [[ediyaakaaran biota]] ariyappedunna ettavum pazhaya mrugamaakki maattunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, [[paleobiology]] jeevacharitram kuranjathu 3.5 bilyan varshamenkilum pazhakkamullathaanennu sthaapichu.
baahya linkukal.
[[vargampaaliyantolajiyude charithram| ]]
[[vargampaaliyantolajistulata|*]]
[[varggamshaakha anusarichu shaasthrathinte charithram|paleantology]]

