swatantra dashians

trajan chakravartthiyude datian yudhangalkku (AD 101-6) sesham roman saamraajyathin purathu thudarnnatho athil ninnu kudiyeriyatho aaya dationmark chila aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar nalkia peraanu free datians (). dioo cassius avare "ayalvasikalaaya dationmaar" ennartham varunna "dacoi prosoroi" (laattin "daachi limitani") ennu namakaranam cheythu.
balcan roman pravishyakalude arikukalil, prathyekichu kizhakkan carpathian parvathanirakalil, kuranjathu eiii. dii 340 vare, datian janasamkhya nilaninnirunnu. eiii. dii. <aii. <aii kaalaghattatthil roman datiayilekkum eiii. dii 275 oode romakkar datia pravishya upekshichathinusesham danubinu thekkulla roman saamraajyathilekkum niravadhi kadannukayattangalkk avar utharavaadikalaayirunnu.
parambaraagatha maathruka.
pala pandithanmaarudeyum abhipraayathil, swatantra dashyanmaaril roman adhinivesha mekhala vittupoya roman adhiniveshathil ninnulla abhayaarthikalum aaa mekhalaykku purathu thamasikkunna chila dashian samsaarikkunna gothrangalum, prathyekichu swakreynile costobosiyum carpy, moldevia, bezarabia ennivayundaayirunnu. abhayaarthikal eee thaamasakkarkkoppam chernnirikkaam. roman pravisyayaaya dasiayumaayi saameepyathilaayathode swatantra dasiakkaar romanvalkkarikkappedukayum laattin bhashayum roman samskaaravum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. eee samskaaram undaayirunnittum, abhayaarthikalude poorvvika bhoomi veendedukkaanulla sramangalil roman pravishya aavarthichu akramikkunna swatantra dashyanmaar abhayaarthikalaayirunnuvennu maathruka parayunnu. eiii. dii 275-ll ooreliyan chakravarty roman pravishya upekshikkunnathuvare avaa parajayappettu. athinusesham, swatantra dassienmar roman pravishya mochippikkukayum sheshikkunna romano-dasianmarodoppam chernnu aadhunika roman janathayude mungamikalaaya laattin samsaarikkunna daco-roman vamseeya group roopeekarikkukayum cheythu.
maathrkayude saadhuta.
roman pravisyayaaya dassiayude theerangalil dhaaraalam vamseeya dassienmar nilaninnirunnuvennathi ganyamaaya thelivukalundu. eiii. dii dii eiii. dii dii traajante dashian yudhangalil dhaaraalam dashyanmaar kollappedukayo adimakalaakkappedukayo cheythu. niravadhi thaddesheeya dashyanmaare adhinivesha mekhalayil ninnu puratthaakkukayo kudiyerukayo cheythathaayum thonnunnu. oro yudhathinteyum avasaanathil avarude kudumbangalodum mrugangalodum oppam pookunna datian karshakarude varikal traajante nirayude rund paanalukal chithreekarikkunnu. 
koodaathe, romakkar desabaalinte raajyam muzhuvan shaashvathamaayi kaivashappeduthiyittille thonnunnu. tolamiyude "bhoomishaasthra" thil, kizhakk sirett, thekk danube, padinjaaru "tbscom" (timi), vadakku vadakkan carpathian parvathanirakal enningane randaamathethinte athirthikal vivarichittundennu pala pandithanmaarum vishwasikkunnu. ennaal eiii. dii. 120 aayappozhekkum roman pravishyayude kizhakkan athirthi "aluta" (oolttu) nadiyude kizhakk bhaagathulla oru rekhayaaya "limm transalutanus" ("trans-oolttu athirthi") aayirunnu, angane "lims" num "river sairattinum" edayilulla vallachian samathalathe ozhivaakki. transylvaniayil, kizhakkan, vadakkan kaarpaathiyanmaar roman pravishyaykk purathaayirunnuvennu roman athirthi kottakalude rekha soochippikkunnu. 
desabaalinte raajyathinte adhiniveshamillaatha bhaagangalil pradhaanamaayum vamseeya dashyanmar adivasichirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu, ennirunnaalum tolami parayunnathanusarichu, raajyathinte ettavum vadakke bhagam (vadakkan carpathians/bukovina) dashian ithara gothrangal pankittirunnu anarties tourissiyum, orupakshe celtic aayirikkam, koodaathe jarmman baastaarneyum eee pradeshathu saakshyappeduthiyittundu. koodaathe, 106 nuu sesham chila pradeshangal naadodikalaaya sarmattiyan gothrakkar kaivashappedutthi, mikkavarum oru nyoonapakshamaaya oru nyoonapakshamaanu nischalamaaya getto-datian bhooripakshathe bharikkunath.jii. mundeniya (kizhakkan valachiya), roxolani sarmashyanmaarum orupakshe oru dashian gothramaaya costobosiyude keezhilulla vadakkan moldavia bharichirunnu. ennaal roman pravishyayude transylvanian athirthikkum sairattinum idayil desabaalinte raajyathinte sheshikkunna adhiniveshamillaatha pradesham sarmathiyakkaar niyantrikkunnathaayi reportukalonnumilla.iii. kizhakkan kaarpaathiyanmaarum, athinaal eee parvatha thaazhvarakalilum thaazhvarakalilumaanu raashtreeyamaayi swathanthraraaya swatantra dashyanmaar kendreekarichirunnathu, orupakshe roman adhiniveshathil ninnulla abhayaarthikalil bhooribhaagavum rakshapetta sthalamaayirikkaam.
swatantra dashyanmaar dashyanmaar 214lum roman pravishya akramikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythathayi reportund. trajanu sesham niravadhi chakravarthimaar, eiii. dii 336 vare, "dadicus maximus" ("grand dashian") enna vijaya padavi sweekarichu antoninus payas (157), maximinus I (238), desius (250) gallionus (257), ooreliyan (272), konsttantain I dhii grettu (336). atharam vijaya-sheershakangal ellaayppozhum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangaleyalla, marichu janangal parajayappettathaayi soochippikkunnathinaal, "dassicus maximus" enna vaakk aavarthichu upayogikkunnathu naalam noottaandinte thudakkathil valia sainika pravarthanangalkku urappunalkunnathin mathiyaya ennathil roman pravishyaykk purathulla vamseeya daasiyanmaarude nilanilppine soochippikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi 2 sainyangalum 40-ladhikam sahaaya rejimentukalum (motham sii. eiii.) ulla oru valia roman sainika gaarisan sthiramaayi vinyasichu. 35, 000 sainikar, allengil saamraajyathva sainyathinte motham sthiramaaya pravartthanangalude 10 sathamaanam), roman dassiayude charithrathiludaneelam, 106 num 275 num idayil, gurutharamaaya bhishaniye soochippikkunnu. roman dasiayilekku valuthum vinashakaravumaaya kadannukayattangalkk ganyamaaya puraavastu thelivukal undu nanaya shekharangalude koottangalum roman kottakalude naashathinteyum upekshayudeyum thelivukalum. eee sambhavangal chakravarthimaar "dassicus maximus" enna padavi ettedutha sandarbhangalumaayi poruthappedunnathinaal, eee reydukalkku praadhamika utharavaaditham swatantra dasianmaaraanennu karuthunnath nyaayayukthamaan. 
180 muthal 192 vare neenduninna bharanakaalathe commadus chakravarty, sathruthayulla gothrangal swantham pradeshathu ninnu purathaakkiya 12,000 "ayalvasikalaaya daashikale" roman pravisyayil sthirathaamasamaakkaan praveshippichathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. swatantra daashyanmaarude saannidhyam slovakiayile puchov samskaaravum kaarpaathiyanmaarude vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathulla lippitta samskaaravum saakshyappeduthunnave chila pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee samskaarangale vamseeya daashyanmaarumaayi thirichariyunnathu vivaadamaanu, kaaranam mukhyadharaa scholarship puchovine oru celtic samskaaramaayi kanakkakkunnu. mattu pandithanmaar lipitaye celtic, jarmman allengil slavik aayi thiricharinju. enthaayaalum, aadhunika puraavastu sidhaanthamanusarichu, bhauthika samskaarangalkk vamsheeyathaye vishwasaneeyamaayi theliyikkaan kazhiyilla.
ennirunnaalum, costobasiyeyum carpy vamseeya dassian aayi thirichariyunnathu surakshithamalla. sariyaaya dashyanmaaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, tolomic munbu moldeviyayil oru group saakshyappeduthiyittil (i.iii. ekadesham munbu. 140). momsen parayunnathanusarichu, pliny dhii elder oru sarmaashyan gothramaayi tharamthirickunnu, avar avare sii. eiii. yill "tanais" (thekkan nadhi doonn) nadikku sameepam kandethunnu. eiii. dii 60, moldeviaykku valare kizhakkayi aadhunika thekkan russiayile sarmaashyan hridayabhoomiyil. kaarpiyude vamseeya-bhasha bandham anishchithathvathilaanu. avar oru sarmaashyan, jarmman allengil proto-slavic grooppaayirunnuvennum vividha abhipraayangal undu. philipp arab (247), ooreliyan (273), dioclesian (297), konsttantain aii (317/8) ennee chakravarthimaar avakaashappedunna vijaya-sheershakamaaya "carpicus maximus" ennathinte samakaalika asthithvam soochippikkunnathu carpy romacar swatantra dashyanmaaril ninnu vamsheeyamaayi vyathyasthamayi kanakkakkiyirikkaam ennaanu.
parambaraagatha maathruka mattu kaaryangalilum velluvilikkaan thurannirikkunnu. pravishyaykk purathulla aalukal avarude datian ithara ayalkkarekkaal valia alavil romanvalkkarikkappettuvandu thelivukalonnumilla, kaaranam avarude adhinivesha mekhalayude puraavastu avashishtangal vadakkan pontic mekhalayile mattidangalil ulla mattu chernyakhovu saamskaarika kendrangale apekshichu valia roman swaadheenam kanikkunnilla; swatantra dasiakkaar avarude maathrubhaasha upekshichu laattin samsaarikkunnavaraayi maarukayum cheythu. 271-5 ll, roman chakravarthiyaaya ooreliyan roman dassia ozhippikkaan theerumaanichappol, avidatthe roman nivaasikale danubinu thekkulla roman pradeshamaaya mossia inferior pravishyayilekku naadukadatthiyathaayi purathana srothassukal report cheiyunnu. eee reportukale chila aadhunika pandithanmaar velluvilichittund, praadhamikamaayi puraavastu kandethalukalude adisthaanathil, roman pravishyayile niravadhi grameena nivaasikalum, roman bharanakoodavumaayo sainyavumaayo kurachu bandhamullah nagara janasamkhyayude oru bhaagavum polum pinnilaanennu vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, romano-datian karshakare upekshichu, playg, anachara akramanangal ennivayaal nivaasikal nasippikkappetta danubinu thekkulla roman pravisyakalil veendum janasamkhya vardhippikkuka, aaa pravisyakalil upekshikkappetta vipulamaaya bhoomiye ("terra deserta") krishiyilekku thirike konduvarika ennivayaayirunnu ozhippikkalinte pradhana lakshyam. 273ll addeham paraajayappedutthiya carpy janathayude ganyamaaya oru vibhaagathinte roman pannoniyayile ooreliyante samakaalika punaradhivaasatthinte lakshyangalum ivayaayirikkaam.
aathyanthika vidhi.
purathana srothassukalil swatantra dashyanmarekkurichulla ettavum puthiya surakshithamaaya paramarsham 336-ll "dadicus maximus" ennu konstaantain aii prashamsichathaanu. 381-ll, baisantain charitrakaaranaaya sosimus, hohns, skiri, addeham "kaarpodakai" allengil carpo-dashians ennu vilikkunna oru barbarian sakhyam danubinu mukaliloode nadatthiya akramanam rekhappeduthunnu. eee padatthinte ardhathekkurichum athu carpy soochippikkunnundo ennathinekkurichum dhaaraalam vivaadangalundu. ennirunnaalum, ithu theerchayaayum dashyanmaare soochippikkunnu, mikkavarum "kaarpaathiyanmaarude dashyanmaar" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, eee padam eee samayat dashyanmaar ippozhum oru pradhana shakthiyayirunnuvennathi vishwasaneeyamaaya thelivaano ennu urappilla. orotta pandithan sosimasine vishwasaneeyamallaatha oru charitrakaaranaayi kanakkaakkukayum "roman saamraajyathile nilavilulla ellah greak charitrakaaranmaaril ninnum ettavum moshamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna oru samaanathakalillaatha avakaashavaadam" undennu oru pandithan vimarsikkukayum cheythu...eee charithrakaaran perukal thettayi pakarthiya ellah udaaharanangalum pattikappeduthunnathu maduppikkunnathaanu, sambhavangalekkurichulla ashayakkuzhappam paraamarshikkaruth...". 381 dassian vamshajar oru prathyeka vamseeya vibhaagamaayi thudarnnum nilaninnirunnuvennu sosimus udharani theliyikkunnuvennu amgeekarikkappedunnu.

