
purathana eejipt

nail thaazhvarayil sthithi cheiyunna vadakkukizhakkan aafrikkayile oru nagarikathayaayirunnu purathana eejipt. purathana eejipshyan nagarikatha charitraatheetha eejipthine pinthudarukayum ekadesham 3100 bii. sii. yill (parambaraagatha eejipshyan kaalaganana anusarichu) menukalude keezhil (palappozhum narmer ennu thirichariyappedunnu) mukalileyum thaazheyumulla eejipthinte rashtreeya ekeekaranavumaayi othucherukayum cheythu. madhyakaalakhattangal ennariyappedunna aapekshika asthirathayude kaalaghattangalaal verthirikkapetta sthirathayulla raajyangalude oru parambarayaayi purathana eejipthinte charithram sambhavichu aadyakaala venkalayugathile pazhaya raajyam, madhya venkalayugathile madhya raajyam, avasana venkalayugathile puthiya raajyam.
newbiyayude bhooribhaagavum leventinte valiyoru bhaagavum bharicha eejipt puthiya raajyathil athinte adhikaarathinte unnathiyilethi, athinusesham athu mandagathiyilulla thakarchayude kaalaghattatthilekku praveshichu. eejipthinte charithratthil, hixos, libians, nubiens, assyrians, achemenid persians, mahanaaya alexanderinte keezhil macedonians ennivayulppede niravadhi videsha sakthikal eejipthine aakramikkukayo keezhadakkukayo cheythu. alexanderude maranashesham roopeekaricha greak tolomic raajyam bii. sii. 30 vare eejipt bharichu, cleopatrayude keezhil athu roman saamraajyathinte keezhilaayi oru roman pravisyayaayi maari.
purathana eejipshyan naagarikathayude vijayam bhaagikamaayi nail nadeethadatthile saahacharyangalumayi kaarshika mekhalayumaayi poruthappedaanulla kazhivil ninnaan. pravachikkaavunna vellappokkavum phalabhooyishtamaaya thaazhvarayile niyantritha jalasechanavum adhika vilakal uthppaadippichu, ithu kooduthal janasaandrathayeyum saamoohika vikasanatheyum samskaaratheyum pinthunachu. vibhavangal micham vechukondu, thaazhvarayileyum chuttumulla marubhoomi pradeshangalileyum dhaatu chooshanam, oru swatantra ezhuthu sanbradaayathinte aadyakaala vikasanam, koottaaya nirmmaana, kaarshika padhathikalude samghadana, chuttumulla pradesangalumaayulla vyapaaram, eejipshyan aadhipathyam urappikkaan uddeshichulla oru sainyam enniva bharanakoodam sponsor cheythu. eee pravartthanangal prachodippikkukayum samghadippikkukayum cheythath oru faravoyude niyanthranatthilulla unnatha ezhuthukaar, mathanethaakkal, bharanadhikaarikal ennivarude oru bureaucrasiyaanu, avar mathavishwaasangalude vipulamaaya samvidaanathinte pashchaathalatthil eejipt janathayude sahakaranavum aikyavum urappakki.
purathana eejipthukaarude niravadhi nettangalil smaaraka pyramidukalum shethrangalum obelistukalum nirmmikkaan sahayikkunna kwari, sarway, nirmmaana saankethikavidyakal enniva ulppedunnu; ganithashaasthra samvidaanam, praayogikavum phalapradavumaaya vaidyashaasthram, jalasechana samvidaanangal, kaarshika ulppaadana saankethikavidyakal, ariyappedunna aadyathe planked bottukal, eejipthile fains, glass saankethikavidya, puthiya saahitya roopangal, hitaittukal upayogichu nirmmicha aadyakaala samadhana udambadi enniva ulppedunnu. purathana eejipt shaashvathamaaya oru paarambaryam avasheshippichittundu. athinte kalayum vaasthuvidya vyaapakamaayi pakarthappedukayum athinte puravasthukkal lokathinte vidoora konukalilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. athinte smaaraka avashishtangal sahasraabdangalaayi sanjaarikaludeyum ezhuthukaarudeyum bhaavanaykk prachodanamaayittundu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil europakkaarum egypthukaarum purathana vasthukkalkkum khananangalkumulla puthiyathayi kandethiya bahumanam eejipshyan naagarikathayekkurichulla shaasthreeya anweshanathinum athinte saamskaarika paarambaryatthe kooduthal vilamathikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
charithram.
manushyacharithrathinte bhooribhaagavum nail nadhi athinte pradeshatthinte jeevanadiyaanu. nailinte phalabhooyishtamaaya vellappokkabhoomi manushyarkk sthirathaamasamaakkiya kaarshika sambadvyavasthayum manushya naagarikathayude charithratthile oru moolakkallaayi marria kooduthal sankeernavum kendreekrithavumaaya oru samoohavum vikasippikkanulla avasaram nalki. naadodikalaaya aadhunika manushya vettakkar ekadesham 120,000 varshangalkk munbu madhya plaistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode nail thaazhvarayil thamasikkaan thudangi. paleolithic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode, vadakkan aafrikkayile varanda kaalavastha kooduthal choodullathum varandathumaayi mariyirunnu, ithu pradeshathe janasamkhyaye nadeethadatthil kendreekarikkaan nirbandhitharaakki.
pree-dainaastik kaalaghattam.
raajavamshathin munbum aadyakaala rajavamsha kaalaghattatthilum eejipthile kaalavastha innathethinekkaal valare kuravaayirunnu. eejipthile valia pradeshangal treed savannayal moodappettirikkukayum mechilkkunna kothukukalude koottangalaal kadannupokukayum cheythu. ellah chuttupaadukalilum elakalum janthujaalangalum valare samriddhamaayirunnu, nail pradesham valia thothil jalapakshikale pooshippichu. eejipthukaarkk vettayaadal saadhaaranamaayirunnirikkanam, koodaathe niravadhi mrugangale aadyamaayi valarthiyedutha kaalaghattam koodiyaanithu.
bii. sii. 5500 aayappozhekkum nail thaazhvarayil thamasikkunna cheria gothrangal krishiyilum mrugasamrakshanathilum uracha niyanthranam prakadippikkunna samskaarangalude oru parambarayaayi vikasikkukayum avarude manpaathrangalum cheeppukalum valakal, muthukal thudangiya vyakthigatha vasthukkalum vazhi thirichariyaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. uyarnna (thekkan) eejipthile eee aadyakaala samskaarangalil ettavum valuth padinjaaran marubhoomiyil ninnu uthbhavicha badarian samskaaramaayirunnu; uyarnna nilavaaramulla seramics, kallu upakaranangal, chembu upayogam ennivaykku ithu ariyappettirunnu.
badarik sesham amraashyan (nakkada I), gerse (nakkada II), semainian (nakkada III) ennee nakkada samskaaram pinthudarnnu. iva niravadhi saankethika mechappeduthalukal konduvannu. nakhada onnaaman kaalaghattatthil thanne, predinestic eejipthukar ethiopiyayil ninnu obsidian irakkumathi cheythu, ithu bladeukalum mattu vasthukkalum roopappeduthaan upayogikkunnu. nakkada randaaman kaalaghattatthil, sameepa kizhakk, prathyekichu kanaan, biblose theeram ennivayumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthiyathinte aadyakaala thelivukal nilavilundu. ekadesham 1,000 varshathinide, nakkada samskaaram eathaanum cheria karshaka samoohangalil ninnu nail thaazhvarayile janangaludeyum vibhavangaludeyum poornna niyanthranatthilulla sakthamaaya oru nagarikathayaayi vikasichu. nekhenil (greekkil, hyraconpolis) oru adhikara kendram sthaapikkukayum pinneedu abidosil, nakkada moonnaaman nethaakkal eejipthinte niyanthranam nail nadiyude vadakkott vyaapippikkukayum cheythu. thekk nubia, padinjaaru padinjaaran marubhoomiyude oyaasukal, kizhakkan medittareniyan samskaarangal, kizhakk kizhakk eejipt-mesopotamia bandhangalude oru kaalaghattatthinu thudakkamittukond avar vyapaaram nadatthi.
nakkada samskaaram varenyavargathinte vardhichuvarunna shakthiyum sambathum prathifalippikkunna vaividhyamaarnna bhauthika vasthukkalum cheeppukalum cheria prathimakalum peyint cheytha manpaathrangalum uyarnna nilavaaramulla alankaara kallu paathrangalum soundaryavardhaka paalattukalum svarnnam, laapikal, anakkombu enniva upayogichu nirmmicha aabharanangalum ulppedunna saamoohika vyakthigatha upayoga vasthukkalum nirmmichu. roman kaalaghattatthil kappukal, thaayth, prathimakal enniva alankarikkaan nannayi upayogichirunna fains ennariyappedunna oru seramic glaze avar vikasippichu. avasaanathe rajavamshaparamaaya ghattathil, nakkada samskaaram likhitha chinnangal upayogikkaan thudangi, avaa oduvil purathana eejipshyan bhasha ezhuthunnathinaayi hyroglyphukalude oru poornna samvidaanamaayi vikasippikkappettu.
aadyakaala raajavamshakaalakhattam (sii. 3150-2686 bc).
aadyakaala raajavamshakaalakhattam mesopotemiyayileyum purathana elaamileyum aadyakaala sumerian-acadian naagarikathayude samakaalikamaayirunnu. bisi moonnaam noottaandile eejipt purohithanaaya manetho, menus muthal thante kaalam vareyulla rajaakkanmaarude neenda niraye 30 rajavamshangalaayi tharamthirichu, innum upayogikkunna oru sambradaayam. uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya eejipthile rund raajyangale onnippichathayi vishwasikkappedunna "meni" (allengil greekkil menez) enna raajaavinodoppamaanu addeham thante audyogika charithram aarambhichath.
oru ekeekritha raajyathilekkulla parivartthanam purathana eejipshyan ezhuthukaare prathinidheekarikkunnathinne kramena sambhavichu, koodaathe menukalude samakaalika rekhakalonnumilla. ennirunnaalum, chila pandithanmaar ippol vishwasikkunnathu, pouraanika menukal oru pratheekathmaka ekeekaranathil aachaaraparamaaya "narmer paletil" rajakeeya rajakudumbam dharichathaayi chithreekarichirikkunna narmer rajaavaayirikkaam. ekadesham 3000 bii. sii. yill aarambhicha aadyakaala rajavamsha kaalaghattatthil, rajavamsha rajaakkanmaaril aadyatheyaalaaya rajaavu memphisil oru thalasthaanam sthaapich thaazhnna eejipthinte niyanthranam urappichu, athil ninnu phalabhooyishtamaaya deltta mekhalayile thozhil shakthiyum krishiyum niyantrikkaan addehathinu kazhinju, athupole thanne laabhakaravum nirnayakavumaaya vyapara maargangalum levantilekku. aadyakaala rajavamsha kaalaghattatthil rajaakkanmaarude vardhichuvarunna shakthiyum sambathum avarude vipulamaaya mastaba shavakudeerangalilum abaidosile shavakudeera aradhana gadanakalilum prathiphalichu, avaa addehathinte maranashesham daivika raajaavine aaghoshikkaan upayogichirunnu. rajaakkanmaar vikasippichedutha sakthamaaya rajathwa sthaapanam purathana eejipshyan naagarikathayude nilanilppinum valarchaykkum athyanthaapekshithamaaya bhoomi, thozhil, vibhavangal ennivayude mail bharanakooda niyanthranam niyamavidheyamaakkaan sahayichu.
pazhaya raajyam (2686-2181 bisi).
purathana raajyathinte kaalath kaarshika uthppaadanakshamatha vardhichathum athinte falamaayundaaya janasamkhyayum nannayi vikasicha kendrabharanatthiloode saadhyamaayathum vaasthuvidya, kala, saankethikavidya ennivayil valia purogathi kaivarichu. purathana eejipthinte kireeda nettangalil chilath, giza pyramidukalum grettu sphinx pazhaya raajyathinte kaalathaanu nirmmichathu. visiyarude nirddeshaprakaaram, samsthaana udyogasthar nikuthi shekharikkukayum vilavu mechappeduthunnathinaayi jalasechana padhathikal ekopippikkukayum nirmmaana padhathikalil pravartthikkaan karshakare thayyarakkukayum samadhaanavum kramasamadhaanavum nilanirthunnathinaayi oru neethinyaaya samvidaanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 
eejiptil kendrabharanatthinte praadhaanyam vardhichathode, vidyaasambannaraaya oru puthiya vibhaagam ezhuthukaarum udyogastharum uyarnnuvannu, avarude sevanagalkk rajaavu estettu nalki. raajaavinte maranashesham raajaavine aaraadhikkaanulla vibhavangal eee sthaapanangalkku undennu urappakkunnathinaayi rajaakkanmaar avarude shavakudeera aaraadhanaalayangalkkum praadeshika shethrangalkkum bhoomi graant nalki. anchu noottaandukalaayi eee sanbradaayangal eejipthinte saambathika oorjjaswalathaye pathiye illaathaakkiyennum oru valia kendreekritha bharanathe pinthunaykkaan sambadvyavasthaykku kazhiyillennum pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnu. rajaakkanmaarude adikaaram kuranjathode, naadodikal ennu vilikkappedunna praadeshika govarnarmaar raajaavinte padaviyude aadhipathyathe velluvilikkaan thudangi. bii. sii. 2200num 2150num edayilulla kadutha varalchayum ithum chernnu raajyam 140 varshathe kshaamathinteyum kalahathinteyum kaalaghattatthilekku praveshichathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu.
aadya idakkaala kaalayalav (2181-2055 bisi).
pazhaya raajyathinte avasaanathil eejipthile kendra sarkkar thakarnnathinethudarnnu, bharanakoodathinu raajyathinte sambadvyavasthaye pinthunaykkaano sthirappeduthaano kazhinjilla. prathisandhi ghattangalil praadeshika gavarnarmaarkk sahaayathinaayi raajaavine aashrayikkaan kazhinjilla, thudarnnulla bhakshyakshaamavum rashtreeya tharkkangalum shaamangalilekkum cherukida aabhyanthara yudhangalilekkum maari. ennirunnaalum budhimuttulla prashnangalkkidayilum, praadeshika nethaakkal rajaavinu aadarav nalkaathathinaal, puthuthayi kandethiya swaathanthryam upayogichu pravisyakalil abhivridhi praapikkunna oru samskaaram sthaapichu. swantham vibhavangalude niyanthranathilaayappol, pravishyakal saambathikamaayi sambannamaayi-ellah saamoohika vibhaagangalilum valuthum mikachathumaaya shavakudeerangal ithu prakadamaakki. sarggaathmakathayude pottitheriyil, pravishya karakaushalathozhilaalikal pazhaya raajyathinte raajakudumbathil munbu parimithappedutthiyirunna saamskaarika roopangal sweekarikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu, koodaathe ezhuthukaar aaa kaalaghattatthinte shubhaapthivishvaasavum moulikathayum prakadippikkunna saahitya shailikal vikasippikkukayum cheythu.
rajaavinodulla vishwasthathayil ninnu mochitharaaya praadeshika bharanadhikaarikal praadeshika niyanthranathinum rashtreeya adhikaarathinum vendi parasparam malsarikkaan thudangi. bii. sii. 2160 aayappozhekkum heracleopolisile bharanadhikaarikal vadakku thaazhnna eejipt niyanthrichu, thekk dhii intef kudumbamaaya tebez aasthaanamaayulla oru ethiraaliyaaya vamsham mukalile eejipthinte niyanthranam etteduthu. eee puravasthukkal adhikaarathil valarukayum vadakkott avarude niyanthranam vipuleekarikkukayum cheythathode rund athiraalikalaaya rajavamshangal thammilulla ettumuttal anivaaryamaayi. bii. sii. 2055 oode nebepetre menthuhotep randaamante keezhilulla vadakkan teban sainyam oduvil heracleopolitan bharanaadhikaarikale paraajayappeduthi rund raajyangalum veendum onnippichu. madhyarajyam ennariyappedunna saambathikavum saamskaarikavumaaya navothaanatthinte oru kaalaghattatthinu avar thudakkam kurichu.
madhyarajyam (2134-1690 bisi).
madhyaraajyathile rajaakkanmaar raajyathinte sthirathayum samriddhiyum punasthaapikkukayum athuvazhi kala, saahityam, smaaraka nirmmaana padhathikal ennivayude punarujjeevanathe uthejippikkukayum cheythu. menthuhotep randaman addehathinte pathinonnaamatthe raajavamshathinte pingaamikalum theebsil ninnaan bharichathenkilum bisi 1985-ll panthrandaam raajavamshathinte thudakkathil raajathvam ettedutha visiyar amenemhat onnaaman raajyathinte thalasthaanam faiumil sthithicheyyunna itjtaavi nagaratthilekku maatti. athil ninnu, panthrandaam raajavamshathile rajaakkanmaar eee mekhalayile kaarshika uthppaadanam vardhippikkunnathinaayi deerghaveekshanamulla bhoomi veendedukkalum jalasechana padhathiyum etteduthu. koodaathe, kwaarikalum swarnna khanikalum kondu sambannamaaya noobiyayile pradesham sainyam veendum keezhadakki, athesamayam thozhilaallikal videsha aakramanathil ninnu prathirodhikkunnathinaayi kizhakkan deltayil "bharanaadhikaariyude mathilukal" ennu vilikkunna oru prathirodha ghadana nirmmichu.
rajaakkanmaar sainikamaayum raashtreeyamaayum raajyam surakshithamaakkiyathode, avarude kaivashamulla vishalamaaya kaarshika, dhaatu sambathu moolam, raajyathinte janasamkhya, kalakal, matham enniva abhivridhippettu. devanmaarodulla varenyavarggakkaarude pazhaya raajya manobhaavathinu vipareethamaayi, madhyarajyam vyakthiparamaaya bhakthiyude prakadanangalil vardhanavu prakadamaakki. madhyarajya saahithyathil aathmavishwaasathodeyum vaakchaathuryathodeyum ezhuthiya sankeernamaaya prameyangalum kathaapaathrangalum ulppeduthiyirunnu. aaa kaalaghattatthile silpangalum chhaayaachithrangalum saankethika sankeernathayude puthiya uyarangalilethiya sookshumavum vyakthigathavumaya vishadaamshangal pakarthi.
madhyaraajyathile avasaanathe mahanaaya bharanadhikaariyaaya amenemhat III, thante prathyekichu sajeevamaaya khanana, nirmmaana prachaaranangalkk mathiyaya thozhil shakti nalkaan kizhakk ninnu deltta mekhalayilekku semittik samsaarikkunna kaananait kudiyettakkaare anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, eee abhilaashamulla kettidanirmmaana, khanana pravartthanangal, addehathinte bharanakaalathe kadutha vellappokkavumayi chernnu sambadvyavasthaye sammarddathilaakkukayum pathimoonnaam pathinnalam raajavamshangalude randaam idakkaala kaalaghattatthilekku mandagathiyilulla thakarchaykku kaaranamavukayum cheythu. eee thakarchayude samayat, kaanaanait kudiyettakkaar deltta mekhalayil kooduthal niyanthranam ettedukkaan thudangi, oduvil eejiptil hixocalaayi adhikaarathil vannu.
randaam idakkaala kaalayalavum (1674-1549 bisi) hikesokalum.
bii. sii. 1785-oode, madhyarajya rajaakkanmaarude shakti durbalamaayathode, deltayil ithinakam sthirathaamasamaakkiya hixos ennu vilikkappedunna oru padinjaaran eshyan janatha eejipthinte niyanthranam pidichedukkukayum avarude thalasthaanam avaarisil sthaapikkukayum cheythu, ithu muun kendra sarkkaarine tebukalilekku pinwangan nirbandhitharaakki. raajaavine oru saamanthanaayi kanakkaakkukayum kappam nalkumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheythu. hixos ("videsha bharanadhikaarikal") eejipshyan sarkkar maathrkakal nilanirthukayum rajaakkanmaaraayi thirichariyappedukayum athuvazhi eejipshyan gadakangale avarude samskaarathil samyojippikkukayum cheythu. avarkkum mattu akramanakaarikalkkum eejipthilekk puthiya yudhopakaranangal avatharippichu, prathyekichu samyuktha villum kuthira valikkunna rathavum.
thekk pinwangia sesham, thaddesheeya teban rajaakkanmaar vadakku bharikkunna kaananait hikesokalkkum thekk hikesokalude nubian sakhyakakshikalaya kushaittukalkkum idayil kudungi. varshangalude saamanthathvathinu sesham, bisi 1555 vare 30 varshathilere neenduninna oru samgharshathil hikesokale velluvilikkaan theebs mathiyaya shakti shekharichu. sekwenante thavo randaman camos aathyanthikamayi eejipthinte thekk bhaagathulla newbiyanmaare paraajayappeduthaan kazhinjenkilum hikesokale paraajayappeduthaanaayilla. eejipthile hixokalude saannidhyam shaashvathamaayi illaathaakkunna niravadhi prachaaranangal vijayakaramaayi nadatthiya kaamosinte pingamiyaaya ahmos onnaamanaan aaa chumatala vahichathu. addeham oru puthiya rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum thudarnnulla puthiya raajyathil eejipthinte athirthikal vipuleekarikkaan sramikkukayum sameepa kizhakk aadhipathyam nedaan sramikkukayum cheytha rajaakkanmaarude kendra mungananayai sainyam maarukayum cheythu.
puthiya raajyam (1549-1069 bisi).
puthiya rajyamaaya faravokal thangalude athirthikal surakshithamaakkukayum mitani saamrajyam, assyria, kanaan ennivayulppedeyulla ayalkkaarumaayi nayatantra bandham shakthippeduthukayum cheythukondu abhoothapoorvamaaya samriddhiyude oru kaalaghattam sthaapichu. thuthmosis onnaamanteyum addehathinte kochumakan thuthmosis moonnaamanteyum keezhil nadatthiya sainika prachaaranangal eejipt kandittullathil vachu ettavum valia saamraajyathilekku faravokalude swaadheenam vyapippichu. merneptayil ninnu aarambhich eejipthile bharanadhikaarikal faravo enna padavi sweekarichu.
avarude bharanakaalangalkkidayil, faravo aayi svayam sthaapicha oru raajnjiyaaya hatshepsuit, hixokal thakartha kshethrangalude punasthaapanam ulppede niravadhi nirmmaana padhathikal aarambikkukayum pandu, sinaay ennividangalilekku vyapara paryaveshanangal ayaykkukayum cheythu. bisi 1425-ll thuthmosis III marichappol, vadakkupadinjaaran syriayile niya muthal nyoobiyayile nailinte naalaamathe timiram vare vyaapichukidakkunna oru saamrajyam eejipthin undaayirunnu, ithu vishwasthatha urappikkukayum venkalam, maram thudangiya nirnaayaka irakkumathikalilekkulla praveshanam thurakkukayum cheythu.
puthiya raajyathile faravokal karnak aasthaanamaayi valarnnuvarunna aaraadhanayulla amun devane prolsaahippikkunnathi oru valia thothilulla nirmmaana pracharanam aarambhichu. yadhaarthavum sangalppaparavumaaya thangalude nettangale mahathwappeduthunnathinaayi avar smaarakangalum nirmmichu. eejipthile ettavum valia shethramaanu karnak kshethram.
bii. sii. 1350 oode, amanhotep naalaaman simhaasanathil kayarukayum samoolavum araajakathvaparavumaaya parishkaarangalude oru parambara aarambikkukayum cheythappol puthiya raajyathinte sthirathaykku bheeshaniyundaayi. thante peru akhenaattan ennu maattukayum munbu avyakthamaayirunna sooryadevanaaya attane paramonnatha devathayaayi visheshippikkukayum mattu mikka devathakaludeyum aaradhanaye adichamarthukayum thalasthaanam puthiya nagaramaya akhethaattanilekku (aadhunika amarna) maattukayum cheythu. thante puthiya mathathodum kalaa shailiyodum addeham samarppithanaayirunnu. addehathinte maranashesham, atten aaradhana vegathil upekshikkappedukayum parambaraagatha mathaparamaya kramam punasthaapikkappedukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla faravokalaaya tudankhaamun, ayy, horemheb ennivar ippol amarna kaalaghattam ennariyappedunna akhenaattante mathavidveshathekkurichu ellah paraamarshangalum maaykkaan pravarthichu.
bii. sii. 1279 oode, ramess dhii grettu ennum ariyappedunna ramess randaaman simhaasanathil kayarukayum kooduthal shethrangal nirmmikkukayum kooduthal prathimakalum obeliskukalum sthaapikkukayum cheythu. dheeranaaya sainikanethaavaaya ramesses randaaman kadesh yudhathil (aadhunika syriayil) hittaittukalkkethire thante sainyathe nayikkukayum, oru sthambhanathilekku poraadiya sesham, oduvil bii. sii. 1258 oode rekhappeduthiya aadyathe samadhana udambadiyil sammathikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, eejipthinte sambathu, prathyekichu padinjaarulla libian berbermar ejiyan kadalil ninnulla kadalyaathrakkaarude oru konfedareshanaaya kadal janathayum adhiniveshathinu oru pralobhana lakshyamakki. thudakkathil, eee aakramanangale pinthirippikkaan sainyathin kazhinjenkilum oduvil thekkan kaanaanile sheshikkunna pradeshangalude niyanthranam eejipthin nashtappedukayum athil bhooribhaagavum aseeriyakkaarude kaivashamavukayum cheythu. azhimathi, shavakudeera kavarcha, aabhyanthara aswasthatha thudangiya aabhyanthara prasnangal baahya bheeshanikalude prathyaaghaathangal vardhippichu. adikaaram veendedutha sesham, tebile amun kshethrathile mahapurohithanmaar vishalamaaya bhoomiyum sambathum shekharikkukayum avarude vipulamaaya adikaaram moonnaam idakkaala kaalaghattatthil raajyathe vibhajikkukayum cheythu.
moonnaam idakkaala kaalayalav (1069-653 bisi).
bii. sii. 1078ll ramesses pathinaarinte maranathethudarnnu, thanii nagaratthil ninnu eejipthinte vadakkan bhaagath smendes adikaaram etteduthu. thekk tebile amun mahapurohithanmaar phalapradamaayi niyanthrichirunnu, avar smendukale peril maathram amgeekarichu. eee samayat libiacar padinjaaran deltayil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum eee kudiyettakkaarude thalavanmaar avarude svayambharanaavakaasham vardhippikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. libian rajakumaranmar bii. sii. 945ll shoshenk onnaamante keezhil delttayude niyanthranam ettedukkukayum ekadesham 200 varsham bharicha libian allengil bubaastaitt rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. thante kudumbamgangale pradhana purohita sthaanangalil niyamichukondu shoshenk thekkan eejipthinte niyanthranavum nedi. delttayile oru ethiraaliyaaya rajavamsham leontopolisil uyarnnuvannathode libian niyanthranam kshayichuthudangi, kushaittukal thekk ninnu bheeshanippedutthi.
bii. sii. 727 oode kushait rajaavaaya piye vadakkott akramikkukayum thebasinteyum oduvil delttayudeyum niyanthranam pidichedukkukayum 25-aamm rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 25-aamm raajavamshathil faravo taharkha puthiya saamraajyathinte athe valippamulla oru saamrajyam srishtichu. irupathiyanchaam raajavamshathile faravokal memphis, karnak, kaava, jabal barkal ennivayulppede nail thaazhvarayiludaneelam shethrangalum smaarakangalum nirmmikkukayo punasthaapikkukayo cheythu. eee kaalayalavil, madhyaraajyathinu sesham aadyathe vyapakamaaya pyramid nirmmaanam (aadhunika sudanil palathum) nail thaazhvara kandu.
moonnaam idakkaala kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode eejipthinte dooravyaapakamaaya anthass ganyamaayi kuranju. athinte videsha sakhyakakshikal assyrian swaadheenamekhalayude keezhil veezhukayum bisi 700 aayappozhekkum iru raajyangalum thammilulla yuddham anivaryamaavukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 671num 667num idayil assyriakkaar eejipt keezhadakkaan thudangi. thaharkhayudeyum addehathinte pingamiyaaya thanuthaamuvinteyum bharanakalam aseeriyakkaarumaayi nirantharamaaya samgharshangalaal niranjirunnu, avarkkethire eejipt niravadhi vijayangal aasvadichu. aathyanthikamayi, assyriakkaar kushaittukale veendum nubiayilekku thallukayum memphis pidichedukkukayum theebukalude shethrangal kollayadikkukayum cheythu.
kaalathamasam (653-332 bisi).
irupathiyaaraamathe raajavamshathile seytt rajaakkanmaar ennariyappettirunna saamanthanmaarude oru parambaraykku assyriakkaar eejipthinte niyanthranam vittu. bii. sii. 653 aayappozhekkum eejipthinte aadyathe naavikasena roopeekarikkaan recruit cheyyappetta greak koolippadayaalikalude sahaayathode saitt rajaavaaya samtic onnaaman aseeriyakkaare purathaakkaan kazhinju. nail delttayile nagara-samsthaanamaaya naukraattis greekkukaarude vaasasthalamaayitheernnathode greak swaadheenam valareyadhikam vikasichu. puthiya thalasthaanamaaya seysil sthithicheyyunna seytt rajaakkanmaar sambadvyavasthayilum samskaarathilum hraswavum ennaal aaveshakaravumaaya punarujjeevanathinu saakshyam vahichu, ennaal bii. sii. 525-ll, cambisus randaamante neethrthwathilulla shaktharaaya pershyakkaar eejipt keezhadakkaan thudangi, oduvil pelooshyam yudhathil faravo samtic III pidichedutthu. cambisus randaaman pinneedu faravo enna aupachaarika padavi etteduthenkilum eejipt oru sathrappinte niyanthranathilaakki iraanil ninnu eejipt bharichu. pershyakkarkkethiraaya chila vijayakaramaya kalapangal bii. sii. anchaam noottaandil adayaalappeduthiyirunne eejipthin orikkalum pershyakkaare shaashvathamaayi attimarikkaan kazhinjilla.
pershya pidichadakkiyathinethudnar, eejipt achemenid pershyan saamraajyathinte aaraamathe sathrapiyil cypress, phoeneeshya ennivayumaayi chernnu. irupathezhaam rajavamsham ennum ariyappedunna eejipthile pershyan bharanathinte eee aadya kaalaghattam bii. sii. 402ll eejipt thaddesheeya raajavamshangalude oru parambaraykku keezhil swaathanthryam veendeduthappol avasaanichu. eee rajavamshangalil avasaanatheth, muppathiyonnu, purathana eejipthile avasaanathe thaddesheeya raajakudumbamaanennu theliyikkapettu, ithu nectanebo randaamante raajathvathode avasaanichu. muppathiyonnaam rajavamsham ennariyappedunna pershyan bharanathinte hrasvamaaya punasthaapanam bii. sii. 343-ll aarambhichu, ennaal taamasiyaathe, bii. sii. 332-ll pershyan bharanadhikaarikalaaya mesasukal eejipthine alexander dhii grettinu oru poraattavumillaathe kaimari.
tolomic kaalaghattam (332-30 bisi).
bii. sii. 332ll mahanaaya alexander pershyakkaaril ninnu cheria prathirodhatthode eejipt keezhadakkukayum eejipthukar oru vimochakanaayi swaagatham cheyyukayum cheythu. alexanderinte pingamikalaaya macedonian tolomic raajyam sthaapicha bharanam eejipshyan maathrkaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathum puthiya thalasthaana nagaramaya alexandria aasthaanamaakkiyullathumaayinu. hellenistic bharanathinte shakthiyum antass pradharshippicha eee nagaram alexandriayile prashasthamaaya library kendreekarichulla padanatthinteyum samskaarathinteyum aasthaanamaayi maari. tolamikal papirus nirmmaanam polulla vaanijya, varumaanamundaakkunna samrambhangalkk munganana nalkiyathinaal alexandriayile laitt house nagaratthiloode vyapaaram thudarunna niravadhi kappalukalkk vazhiyorukki.
tolamikal janangalude vishwasthatha urappakkaanulla shramathil kaalathe bahumaanikkunna paarambaryangale pinthunachathinaal hellenistic samskaaram thaddesheeya eejipshyan samskaarathe maattisthaapichilla. avar eejipshyan shailiyil puthiya shethrangal nirmmikkukayum parambaraagatha aaraadhanakale pinthunaykkukayum faravokalaayi svayam chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. greak, eejipshyan devanmar serapis polulla samyojitha devathakalaayi samanvayippikkappettil chila paarambaryangal layichu, koodaathe parambaraagatha eejipshyan roopangale classical greak shilpa roopangal swaadheenichu. eejipthukaare samaadhaanippikkaanulla sramangal undaayirunnittum, tolamikale thaddesheeya kalapam, kayperiya kudumba sathrutha, tolami naalaamante maranashesham roopappetta sakthamaaya alexandrian janakkoottam enniva velluvilichu. koodaathe, eejiptil ninnulla dhaanya irakkumathiye roome kooduthal aashrayikkunnathinaal, raajyathe rashtreeya saahacharyangalil romakkar valia thaalparyam prakadippichu. thudarchayaaya eejipshyan kalaapangalum abhilaashamulla raashtreeyakkaarum sameepa kizhakk ninnulla sakthamaaya athiraalikalum eee saahacharyathe asthiramaakki, ithu raajyathe saamraajyathinte oru pravisyayaayi surakshithamakkaan sainyathe ayaykkaan romine prerippichu.
roman kaalaghattam (bii. sii. 30-edii 641).
aaktiyam yudhathil maarkk antoniyeyum tolomic raajnji cleopatra VII -neyum okdaaviyan (pinneedu chakravarty augustus) paraajayappedutthiyathinnethu bii. sii. 30-ll eejipt roman saamraajyathinte oru pravisyayaayi maari. romakkar eejiptil ninnulla dhaanya kayattumathiye valareyadhikam aashrayichu, chakravarty niyamicha oru prefectinte niyanthranatthilulla roman sainyam kalaapangale adichamarthukayum kanatha nikuthi piriv karsanamaayi nadappaakkukayum kollakkaarude akramanangal thadayukayum cheythu, ithu aaa kaalaghattatthil oru kuprasidhamaaya prashnamaayi mariyirunnu. romil videsha aadambarangalkk uyarnna demandundaayirunnathil ooriyantumaayulla vyapara pathayil alexandria oru pradhana kendramaayi maari.
eejipthukaarekkaal kooduthal sathruthayulla manobhaavamaayirunnu romacarc undaayirunnathengilum, mummification parambaraagatha daivangalude aaradhanayum polulla chila paarambaryangal thudarnnu. mummy chhaayaachitrakala abhivridhi praapikkukayum chila roman chakravarthimaar tolamikalkku undaayirunnathra faravokalaayi chithreekarikkappedukayum cheythirunnu. aadyathethu eejipthin puratthaayirunnu, eejipshyan raajathvathinte aachaaraparamaaya pravartthanangal nadatthiyilla. praadeshika bharanam roma shailiyil praadeshika eejipthukaarkk adachu.
eiii. dii onnaam noottaandinte pakuthi muthal, kristhumatham eejiptil veroonnukayum athu aadyam amgeekarikkaavunna mattoru aaradhanayaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, anyamatha eejipt, greco-roman mathangalil ninnu parivartthanam cheyyappettavare nedaan sramikkukayum janapriya mathapaarambaryangale bheeshanippeduthukayum cheytha vittuveezhchayillaatha oru mathamaayirunnu athu. ithu kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettavare peedippikkunnathilekk nayichu, 303-ll aarambhicha dioclessiante valia shudheekaranathil kalaashichu, pakshe oduvil kristhumatham vijayichu. 391ll kristhyan chakravarthiyaaya theodosius purajaatheeya achaarangal nirodhikkukayum shethrangal adachupoottukayum cheiyunna niyamanirmmanam avatharippichu. pothu, swakaarya mathaparamaya prathimakal nasippikkappettathode alexandria valia purajaatheeya virudha kalaapangalude vediyaayi maari. thalphalamaayi, eejipthinte thaddesheeya matha samskaaram nirantharam kshayichukondirunnu. thaddesheeya janatha avarude bhasha samsaarikkunnath thudarnnappol, eejipshyan kshetra purohithanmaarudeyum purohithimaarudeyum punk kuranjathode hyroglyphic ezhuthu vaayikkanulla kazhivu pathukke aprathyakshamaayi. shethrangal chilappol pallikalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayo marubhoomiyilekku upekshikkappedukayo cheythirunnu.
naalam noottaandil, roman saamrajyam vibhajikkappettappol, eejipt kizhakkan saamraajyathil svayam kandethi, athinte thalasthaanam constantinoppil aayirunnu. saamraajyathinte shayikkunna varshangalil, eejipthile sassanian adhiniveshathil (618-628) eejipt sassanian pershyan sainyathin keezhilaayi. pinneedu baisaantain chakravarthiyaaya heracleus (629-639) ithu thirichupidichu, oduvil 639-641 ll musleem rashidun sainyam baisaantain bharanam avasaanippichu.
sarkkarum sambadghadanayum.
bharanavum vaanijyavum.
faravo raajyathinte samboornna rajaavaayirunnu, kuranjathu sidhaanthathil, bhoomiyudeyum athinte vibhavangaludeyum poornna niyanthranam addeham vahichirunnu. rajaavu paramonnatha sainika commander sarkkaarinte medhaaviyumaayirunnu, addeham thante karyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan udyogastharude oru bureaucrasy aashrayichu. raajaavinte prathinidhiyayi pravartthikkukayum bhoomi sarvekal, treasury, kettida padhathikal, niyamasamvidaanam, aarkkaivukal enniva ekopippikkukayum cheytha addehathinte randaamathe commander visiyar aayirunnu bharanathinte chumatala. praadeshika thalatthil, raajyathe 42 bharanapradesangalaayi vibhajichu, oronnum oru naadodi bharanam nadathunna nomukal ennu vilikkappedunnu, avar thante adikaaraparidhiyil visirinu utharavaadikalaayirunnu. shethrangal sambadvyavasthayude nattellaayirunnu. avaa aaraadhanaalayangal mathramalla, daanyangalum charakkukalum punarvitharanam cheytha melnottakkaar niyanthrikkunna dhaanyashaalakaludeyum treasurykaludeyum samvidaanathil raajyathinte sambathu shekharikkunnathinum sambharikkunnathinum utharavaadikalaayirunnu.
sambadvyavasthayude bhooribhaagavum kendreekrithavum karsanamaayi niyanthrikkappettathumaayu. purathana eejipthukar avasanakaalam vare nanayangal upayogichirunnillenkum, avar oru tharam munny-barter samvidaanam upayogichirunnu, saadhaarana chaakkukalulla daanyavum ekadesham chembu allengil velli bharamullah "debbon" oru pothu denominator roopappeduthi. thozhilaallikalkk dhaanyathil shambalam nalki; oru saadhaarana thozhilaallikku prathimasam chaakkukal (200 kilogram allengil 400 poundu) daanyam sambaadikkaam, athesamayam oru forman chaakkukal (250 kilogram allengil 550 poundu) sambaadikkaam. raajyathudaneelam vila nischayikkukayum vyapaaram sugamamakkunnathinaayi pattikakalil rekhappeduthukayum cheythu; udaaharanathinu oru shirtinu anchu chembu debbon vilayum oru pashuvinu 140 debbon vilayum. nischitha vila pattika anusarichu daanyangal mattu charakkukalkkayi vyapaaram nadatthaam. bii. sii anchaam noottaandil videshathu ninnu eejipthilekk panam konduvannu. thudakkathil nanayangal yadhaartha panathekkaal vilayeriya lohangalude staanderd kashanangalayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum thudarnnulla noottaandukalil anthaaraashtra vyapaarikal naanayangale aashrayikkaan thudangi.
saamoohika padavi.
eejipshyan samooham valare tharamthirikkappedukayum saamoohika padavi vyakthamaayi prakadamaakkukayum cheythu. janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum karshakaraayirunnu, ennaal kaarshika uthppannangal nerittu udamasthathayilulla samsthaanamo kshethramo allengil bhoomiyude udamasthathayilulla kuleena kudumbamo aayirunnu. karshakar thozhil nikuthikkum vidheyamaayirunnu, koodaathe jalasechanathilo nirmmaana padhathikalilo corvy samvidaanathil pravarthikkendathundu. kalakaaranmaarum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum karshakarekkaal uyarnna padaviyullavaraayirunnu, pakshe avar samsthaana niyanthranathilaayirunnu, shethrangalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna kadakalil jolie cheyyukayum samsthaana treasuryil ninnu nerittu panam nalkukayum cheythu. purathana eejiptil ezhuthukaarum udyogastharum uyarnna varggakkaare roopeekarichu, avarude rankinginte adayaalamaayi pravarthicha bleach cheytha linan vasthrangale paraamarshichu "vaitt kiltt klaas" ennariyappettu. uyarnna vargakkaar kalayilum saahithyathilum avarude saamoohika padavi pramukhamaayi prakadippichu. prabhukkanmaarkk thaazhe purohithanmaar, doctormar, enchineeyarmaar ennivar avarude mekhalayil prathyeka parisheelanamullavaraayirunnu. innu manassilaakkunnathupole adimatham purathana eejiptil nilavilundaayirunno ennu vyakthamalla; ezhuthukaarkkidayil abhipraayavyathyaasamund.
purathana eejipthukar ellah saamoohika vibhagangalil ninnullavar ulppedeyulla purushanmareyum sthreekaleyum niyamathinu keezhil adisthaanaparamaayi thulyaraayi kanakkaakkukayum ettavum thaazhnna karshakanu polum visiyarinum addehathinte kodathiykkum parihaaratthinaayi apekshikkaan arhathayundaavukayum cheythu. adimakale kooduthalum karar cheytha sevakar aayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum, avarkk avarude adimatham vaangaanum vilkkanum swaathanthryathino prabhukkanmarkko vendi pravartthikkaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu, koodaathe jolisthalathe doctormar saadhaaranayaayi avare chikilsikkukayum cheythirunnu. swath swanthamaakkaanum vilkkanum karaarukal undakkaanum vivaham kazhikkaanum vivaahamochanam nedaanum anantharaavakaasham nedaanum kodathiyil niyamaparamaaya tharkkangal thudaraanum purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum avakashamundaayirunnu. vivaha kararukalkk sammathichukondu vivahitharaaya dambathikalkku samyukthamaayi swath swanthamaakkaanum vivaahamochanathil ninnu svayam samrakshikkanum kazhiyum, ithu vivaham avasaanichaal bharyayodum kuttikalodum bharthaavinte saambathika baadyathakal nirnnayikkunnu. purathana grease, roome, lokamembaadumulla athilum aadhunika sthalangal ennivayile avarude athiraalikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, purathana eejipshyan sthreekalkku vyakthiparamaaya thiranjeduppukalum niyamaparamaaya avakashangalum nettatthinulla avasarangalum undaayirunnu. hatshepsuit, cleopatra VII thudangiya sthreekal faravokalaayi maarukayum mattullavar amooninte divyabhaaryamaaraayi adikaaram prayogikkukayum cheythu. eee swaathanthryangal undaayirunnittum, purathana eejipt sthreekal palappozhum bharanathil audyogika rolukalil pankedutthirunnilla, rajakeeya mahaapurohithimaare ozhike, shethrangalil dvitheeya rolukal maathram vahichu (pala rajavamshangalkkum kooduthal vivarangal illa), purushanmaareppole vidyaabhyaasamullavaraakan saadhyathayilla.
niyama samvidaanam.
niyamangal nadappaakkunnathinum neethi nadappaakkunnathinum kramasamadhanam nilanirthunnathinum utharavaadiyaaya faravo aayirunnu niyamavyavasthayude thalavan, purathana eejipthukar maatt ennu vilikkunna oru ashayam. purathana eejiptil ninnulla niyamaparamaaya kodukalonnum nilanilkkunnillenkilum, eejipshyan niyamam shariyum thettum sambandhicha oru saamanyabodha veekshanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane kodathi rekhakal kaanikkunnu, athu sankeernamaaya oru koottam niyamangal karsanamaayi palikkunnathinupakaram karaarukalil athunnathinum samgharshangal pariharikkunnathinum oonnal nalkunnu. puthiya rajyath "kenbett" ennariyappettirunna muthirnnavarude praadeshika kaunsilukal cheria avakaashavaadangalum cheria tharkkangalum ulppedunna kodathi kesukalil vidhi parayunnathinulla utharavaadithathilaayirunu. kolapathakam, pradhana bhoomi edapaadukal, shavakudeera kavarcha enniva ulppedunna kooduthal gurutharamaaya kesukal visiyaro faravo adhyakshatha vahicha "grettu kenbett" ennu paraamarsikkappettu. vaadikalum prathikalum thangale prathinidheekarikkumennu pratheekshikkukayum avar sathyam paranjuvennu prathijnjayedukkukayum cheyyendathundaayirunnu. chila kesukalil, prosecuterinteyum jadjiyudeyum punk samsthaanam ettedukkukayum kuttasammatham nadathunnathinum eathenkilum saha-goodaalochanakkaarude perukal nedunnathinum prathikale marddichu peedippikkukayum cheythu. kuttangal nissaaramo gurutharamo aakatte, kodathi ezhuthukaar parathiyum sakshyavum kesinte vidhiyum bhaaviyile referencinaayi rekhappeduthunnu.
kuttakrithyatthinte kaadinyatthe aashrayich pizha, mardanam, mukham vikruthamaakkal allengil naadukadatthal enniva ulppedunna cheria kuttakrithyangalkkulla shiksha. kolapathakam, shavakudeeram kavarcha thudangiya gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangal vadhashikshayo shirachhedam cheiyukayo mungimarikkukayo kuttavaaliye thoongil kuthukayo cheythaanu shikshikkappettath. kuttavaaliyude kudumbatthinum shiksha nalkaam. puthiya raajyathinte thudakkathil, sivil, criminal kesukalil neethi nalkikkond niyamavyavasthayil daivagrandhangal oru pradhana punk vahichu. oru prashnatthinte shariyum thettum sambandhichu daivathodu "athe" allengil "illa" enna chodyam chodikkuka ennathaayirunnu nadapadikramam. niravadhi purohithanmaar vahicha daivam, onno allengil mattonno thiranjedutthu, munnotto pinnotto neengukayo allengil papirasinteyo austraconinteyo kashanathil ezhuthiyirikkunna utharangalilonnil viral choondukayo cheythukondu vidhi prasthaavichu.
krishi.
anukoolamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakalude samyojanam purathana eejipshyan samskaarathinte vijayathin kaaranamaayi, athil ettavum pradhanam nail nadiyude vaarshika vellappokkathinte falamaayundaaya sambannamaaya phalabhooyishtamaaya mannaayirunnu. angane purathana eejipthukaarkk samriddhamaaya bhakshanam ulppaadippikkaan kazhinju, ithu saamskaarikavum saankethikavum kalaparavumaaya pravarthanangalkkaayi kooduthal samayavum vibhavangalum viniyogikkaan janangale anuvadichu. oru vyakthiyude udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyude alavine adisthaanamaakkiyaanu nikuthikal vilayiruthiyirunnathil purathana eejiptil bhoomi paripalanam nirnaayakamaayirunnu.
eejipthile krishi nail nadiyude chakrathe aashrayichaayirunnu. eejipthukar moonnu rithukkale amgeekarichu "akhethu" (vellapokkam), "perettu" (nadeel), "shemu" (vilaveduppu). vellapokka season juun muthal septambar vare neenduninnu, nadiyude theerathu vilakal valarthaan anuyojyamaaya dhaatu sambannamaaya cheliyude oru paali nikshepikkunnu. vellapokkam kuranjathinushesham valarchaa kaalam october muthal februvari vare neenduninnu. karshakar paadangalil uzhuthumarichu vithukal nattupidippichu, avaa kuzhikalum kanaalukalum upayogichu jalasechanam cheyyappettu. eejiptil cheria mazha labhichathinaal karshakar avarude vilakalkku vellam nalkaan nailine aashrayichu. march muthal meyy vare, karshakar avarude vilakal vilavedukkaan arivaalukal upayogichu, thudarnnu vaikkol dhaanyathil ninnu verthirikkaan oru flail upayogichu kalayunnu. winnoying dhaanyathil ninnu chaaf neekkam cheyyukayum daanyam mavaayi arachedukkukayum bear undakkaan undaakkukayo allengil pinneedulla upayogathinaayi sookshikkukayo cheythu.
purathana eejipthukar emmer barley mattu niravadhi dhaanya daanyangalum krishi cheythu, ivayellaam bread, bear ennee rund pradhana bhakshyavasthukkal nirmmikkaan upayogichirunnu. pookkaan thudangunnathinu munbu verode pizhutheriyappetta chanachedikal avayude thandile naarukalkkaayi valarthiyeduthu. eee naarukal avayude neelatthil vibhajikkukayum noolukalaayi karakkukayum cheythu, ithu linan sheettukal neythedukkaanum vasthrangal nirmmikkanum upayogichirunnu. nail nadiyude theerathu valarunna papirus paper nirmmikkaan upayogichirunnu. pachakkarikalum pazhangalum thottapradeshangalilum vaasasthalangalkku sameepavum uyarnna nilangalilumayi valarthukayum kaikondu vellam nalkukayum cheythirunnu. veenjaayi nirmmicha munthirippazhathinu purame leak, veluthulli, thannimathan, schwash, payarvarggangal, cheera, mattu vilakal enniva ulppedunnu.
mrugangal.
manushyarum mrugangalum thammilulla santhulithamaaya bandham prapancha kramatthinte oru pradhana gadakamaanennu eejipthukar vishwasichirunnu; athinaal manushyarum mrugangalum sasyangalum orotta mothatthile amgangalaanennu vishwasikkappettirunnu. athinaal valarthumrigangalum kaattumrigangalum purathana eejipthukaarkk aathmeeyathayudeyum sahavaasathinteyum upajeevanathinteyum nirnaayaka uravidamaayirunnu. kannukaalikalaayirunnu ettavum pradhanappetta kannukaalikal; pathivayi nadakkunna sensasil bharanakoodam kannukaalikalkk nikuthi eedaakkukayum oru koottatthinte valippam avayude udamasthathayilulla estettukaludeyo kshethrathinteyo antass praadhaanyavum prathifalippikkukayum cheythu. kannukaalikalkk purame, purathana eejipthukar aadukal, aadukal, pannikal ennivayum valarthiyirunnu. thaaraavukal, vaathakal, praavukal thudangiya kozhikale valakalil pidichu krishiyidangalil valarthukayum avaye kozhuppullathakkaan maav kondu nirbandhapoorvvam bhakshikkukayum cheythu. nail malsyathinte samriddhamaaya uravidam nalki. kuranjathu pazhaya raajyathil ninnaanengilum theneechakale valarthukayum thaine, mezhuk enniva nalkukayum cheythu.
purathana eejipthukar kazhuthakaleyum kaalakaleyum bharamullah mrugangalaayi upayogichirunnathinaal vayalukal uzhuthumarikkunnathinum vithukal mannilekku chavittikkalayunnathinum avar utharavaadikalaayirunnu. kozhupulla kaalaye arukkunnathum oru vazhipaadu chadangukalude kendrabhaagamaayirunnu. randaam idakkaala kaalaghattatthil hikesokal kuthirakale avatharippichu. ottakangal puthiya raajyathil ninnu ariyappettirunnuvenkum avasanakaalam vare bharamullah mrugangalaayi upayogichirunnilla. avasana kaalaghattatthil aanakal hrasvamaayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum mechilppurathinte abhavam kaaranam avaa upekshikkappettirunnu soochippikkunna thelivukalundu. poochakal, naaykkal, kurangukal enniva saadhaarana kudumba valarthumrigangalaayirunnu, athesamayam aafrikkayude hridayabhaagathu ninnu irakkumathi cheytha kooduthal videsha valarthumrigangalaaya sub-saharan aafrikkan simhangal raajakudumbathinaayi neekkivachirunnu. eejipthukar maathramaan thangalude mrugangale veedukalil sookshikkunnathennu herodotus nireekshichu. avasana kaalaghattatthil, poocha devathayaaya baastt, ibis devanaaya thothu thudangiya mrugangalude roopathilulla devanmaarude aaradhana valare janapriyamaayirunnu, eee mrugangale aachaaraparamaaya yaagathinaayi valia thothil sookshichirunnu.
prakrithi vibhavangal.
kettidangalum alankaara kallukalum chembu, ledu ayirukal, svarnnam, ardha vilayeriya kallukal ennivayaal sambannamaanu eejipt. eee prakrithivibhavangal purathana eejipthukaare smarakangal nirmmikkanum prathimakal silpikkaanum upakaranangal nirmmikkanum fashion aabharanangal nirmmikkanum anuvadichu. embamarmar mammifikkeshanaayi waddy naatranil ninnulla lavanangal upayogichu, ithu plaasttar nirmmikkaan aavashyamaaya jipsum nalkukayum cheythu. kizhakkan marubhoomiyileyum sinaayiyileyum vidoora, abhayaarthyamallaatha vaadikalil ayiru vahikkunna paara roopeekaranangal kandethi, avide kaanapedunna prakrithi vibhavangal labhikkunnathin valia, sarkkar niyantritha paryaveshanangal aavasyamaanu. noobiyayil vipulamaaya swarnna khanikal undaayirunnu, ariyappedunna aadyathe bhoopadangalilonnu eee pradeshathe oru swarnna khaniyaanu. graanait, gravac, swarnam ennivayude sradheyamaaya uravidamaayirunnu vaadi hammamath. shekharikkukayum upakaranangal nirmmikkaan upayogikkukayum cheytha aadyathe dhaatu flintaayirunnu, nail thaazhvarayile vaasasthalathinte aadyakaala thelivukalaanu flint handuxukal. eee aavashyathinaayi chembu sweekarichathinusheshavum mithamaaya kaadinyavum eedu nalkunnathumaaya bladeukalum ambadayaalangalum nirmmikkaan daathukkalude noduleukal shradhaapoorvvam pothinju. sulfur polulla daathukkal soundaryavardhaka vasthukkalaayi aadyamaayi upayogichavaril purathana egypthukaarum ulppedunnu.
eejipthukar gebel rosasile ledu ayirinte gaalanayude nikshepangal nettu sinkarukal, plumb bobukal, cheria prathimakal enniva nirmmikkaan pravarthichu. purathana eejipthile upakarana nirmmaanathinulla ettavum pradhanappetta lohamaayirunnu chembu, sinaayil khananam cheytha malaakkait ayiru choolakalil urukki. melinja nikshepangalil ninnu avashishtangalil ninnu naggettukal kazhuki allengil svarnnamulla kwaartsait arachu kazhukunna kooduthal adhwana prakriyayiloode thozhilaallikal swarnam shekharichu. eejipthinte mukal bhaagath kandethiya irumbu nikshepangal avasana kaalaghattatthilaanu upayogichirunnathu. eejiptil uyarnna nilavaaramulla nirmmaana kallukal dhaaraalamaayirunnu; purathana eejipthukar nail thaazhvarayiludaneelam chunnaambukallum aswaanil ninnulla graanaitum kizhakkan marubhoomiyile vaadikalil ninnulla basalt manalkallum khananam cheythu. porphory, gravac, alabaastar, carnelian thudangiya alankaarakkallukalude nikshepangal kizhakkan marubhoomiyil chitharikkidakkukayum aadya raajavamshathin munbuthanne shekharikkappedukayum cheythu. tolomic, roman kaalaghattangalil, khanithozhilaalikal vaadi sikaittil marathakam, vaadi ell-hoodyil amethist ennivayude nikshepam nadatthi.
vyapaaram.
eejiptil kaanappedaattha apoorvavum videsavumaaya saadhanangal nedunnathinaayi purathana eejipthukar avarude videsha ayalkkaarumaayi vyapaaram nadatthi. raajavamshathin munbulla kaalaghattatthil, avar svarnnavum dhoopavarggavum nedunnathinaayi noobiyayumaayi vyapaaram sthaapichu. aadyathe raajavamshathile faravokalude shavakudeerangalil ninnu kandethiya palasteen shailiyilulla enna pathrangal theliyikkunnathupole avar palastheenumaayi vyapaaram sthaapichu. thekkan kaananil nilayurappichirikkunna oru eejipshyan kolaniyude kaalaghattam aadya raajavamshathin alppam munbullathaanu. narmer kaananil nirmmikkunna eejipshyan manpathrangal kaivasham vaykkukayum eejipthilekk kayattumathi cheyyukayum cheythu.
randaamathe raajavamshathinte ettavum puthiya kaalaghattatthil, biblosumaayulla purathana eejipshyan vyapaaram eejiptil kaanappedaattha gunanilavaaramulla thadikalkk nirnaayaka uravidam nalki. anchaamathe raajavamshathode, pandu vyaapaarathil svarnnam, sugandha resinukal, ebony, anakkombu, kurangukal, baboonukal thudangiya vanyamrugangal enniva labhyamaayi. avashya alavilulla tinninum chembinte anubandha vitharanathinum eejipt anatoliyayumaayulla vyaapaarathe aashrayichu, rund lohangalum venkalathinte nirmmaanathinu aavasyamaanu. vidoora afgaanisthaanil ninnu irakkumathi cheyyenda neela kallu lapis lazuli purathana eejipthukar vilamathichirunnu. eejipthinte medittareniyan vyapara pankaalikalil grease kreettum ulppedunnu, avaa mattu charakkukalkoppam olivu oayil vitharanam cheiyunnu.
bhasha.
charitraparamaaya vikasanam.
berber, semittik bhashakalumaayi adutha bandhamullah oru vadakkan afro-eshyaattik bhaashayaan eejipshyan bhasha. sii yill ninnu ezhuthappetta eathoru bhaashayudeyum ettavum dairkhyameriya charitramaanithu. bii. sii. 3200 muthal madhyakaalakhattam vare kooduthal kaalam samsaarikkunna bhashayaayi thudarnnu. purathana eejipt, madhya eejipt (classical eejipt), avasana eejipt, demotic, kooptik ennivayaanu purathana eejipthile gattangal. eejipshyan rachanakal kooptik bhaashaykk munbulla bhasha vyathyaasangal kaanikkunnillenkilum ithu memphisinum pinneedu theebukalkkum chuttumulla praadeshika bhaashaabhedangalil samsaarichirunnathaakam.
purathana eejipt oru synthetic bhashayaayirunnu, pakshe pinneedu athu kooduthal vishakalanaparamayi maari. avasana eejipthukar pazhaya inflectional suffixukalkku pakaram nischithavum anischithavumaaya prefixel artikkilukal vikasippichu. pazhaya kriya-vishayam-vasthu padakramatthil ninnu vishayam-kriya-vasthu ennathilekku maattam vannu. eejipshyan hyroglyphic, hairatik, demotic lipikalkk pakaram kooduthal phoonetik kooptik aksharamalakal vannu. eejipshyan oorthadoox sabhayude aaraadhanaakramathil ippozhum kooptik upayogikkunnu, athinte adayaalangal aadhunika eejipshyan arabiyil kaanapedunnu.
shabdangalum vyaakaranavum.
purathana eejiptil mattu afro-eshyan bhaashakalkk samanamaaya 25 vyanjanaaksharangalund. ivayil faarimjiyal, emphatic vyanjanaksharangal, shabdamillaathathum shabdamillaathathumaaya stoppukal, shabdamillaatha frikketteevukal, shabdamillaathathum shabdamillaathathumaaya africateukal enniva ulppedunnu. ithinu moonnu neelamullathum moonnu hrasvavumaaya svaraaksharangalundu, ithu eejipthinte avasaanathil ekadesham onpathaayi vikasichu. eejipthile adisthaana vaakk, semittik, berber ennivaykku samaanamaayi, vyanjanaaksharangaludeyum ardhasamgeekaranangaludeyum oru tritala allengil dwaithala moolamaanu. vaakkukal roopappeduthunnathinu prathyayakal cherkkunnu. kriyayude samyojanam vyakthiyumayi poruthappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, 'kelkkuka' enna vaakkinte ardhamaanu triconsonantal asthikoodam; athinte adisthaana samyojanam ',' avan kelkkunnu 'ennathaanu. vishayam oru naamamaanengil, ',' sthree kelkkunnu 'enna kriyayilekku prathyayangal cherkkilla.
arabiyumaayi saamyamullathinaal egyptologistukal "nisbeshan" ennu vilikkunna oru prakriyayiloode namangalil ninnaan naamavachakangal uruthirinjathu. vaakkinte kramam vaakkaalullathum naamavachaka vaakyangalilullathum naamamathravum kriyaapadavumaaya vaakyangalilullathumaan. vishayam neelamullathum thudarnnu oru punarroopakalppana sarvanaamavum aanenkil vaakyangalude thudakkathilekku neekkaan kazhiyum. kriyakalum namangalum "n" enna kanika nirasikkunnu, ennaal "nn" kriyaavisheshana, naamavachaka vaakyangalkkayi upayogikkunnu. ooppan (sivi) allengil clossed (sivisi) aayirikkavunna aathyanthikamo avasaanamo aaya aksharathilaanu sammarddam.
ezhuthunnu.
hyroglyphic ezhuthu sii muthal aarambikkunnu. 3000 bii. sii., noorukanakkinu chinnangal chernnathaanu. oru hyroglyphine oru vaco shabdamo nishabda nirnnaayakamo prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyum; ore chinnathinu vyathyastha sandarbhangalil vyathyastha uddeshyangal niravettaan kazhiyum. kallu smaarakangalilum shavakudeerangalilum upayogikkunna oru aupachaarika lipiyayirunnu hyroglyphes, athu vyakthigatha kalaasrishtikal pole vishadamaayirikkaam. dainamdina rachanakalil, ezhuthukaar hairatik ennu vilikkunna oru valanja ezhuthu roopamaanu upayogichathu, athu vegameriyathum eluppavumaayirunnu. aupachaarika hyroglyphukal rund dishakalileyum varikaliloo nirakalilo vaayikkaamenkilum (saadhaaranayaayi valathuninn edathottu ezhuthappedunnundengilum), hairatik ellaayppozhum valathuninn edathottu, saadhaaranayaayi thirascheenamaaya varikalilaanu ezhuthiyirunnathu. demotic enna oru puthiya ezhuthu reethi, saadhaarana ezhuthu shailiyaayi maari, aupachaarika hyroglyphukalkkoppam-rosetta kallile greak vaachakathodoppam varunna eee ezhuthu roopamaanu.
eiii. dii onnaam noottaandil demotic lipiyodoppam kooptik aksharamalayum upayogikkaan thudangi. chila demotic adayaalangal cherttha oru parishkaricha greak aksharamaalayaan kooptik. naalam noottaand vare aupachaarika hyroglyphukal aachaaraparamaaya veshathil upayogichirunnuvenkilum, avasaanam oru cheria purohitharkk maathrame avaa vaayikkaan kazhinjulloo. parambaraagatha mathasthaapanangal pirichuvittathode hyroglyphic rachanayekkurichulla arivu mikkavarum nashtappettu. eejipthile baisaantain, islaamik kaalaghattangalil avaa manassilakkaanulla sramangal nadannuvenkilum 1820kalil maathramaan rosetta kallu kandethiyathinusheshavum thomas yangum jeane-francois shampolian nadatthiya varshangalude gaveshanathinum sesham hyroglyphukal ganyamaayi manassilaakkappettath.
saahityam.
rajakeeya shavakudeerangalil kaanapedunna vasthukkalude labelukalilum taagukalilum raajathvavumaayi sahakarichaan ezhuthu aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath. perr akhu" sthaapanathil ninno jeevithabhavanathil ninno pravarthicha ezhuthukaarude thozhilaayirunnu ithu. randaamathethil offeesukal, librarikal (pusthakangalude veedu ennu vilikkunnu), laborattarikal, nireekshanashaalakal enniva ulppedunnu. purathana eejipshyan saahithyathile ettavum ariyappedunna chila kruthikal, athaayath pyramid, shavappettikal enniva classical eejipthilaan ezhuthappettathu, athu ekadesham 1300 bii. sii. vare ezhuthinte bhashayaayi thudarnnu. puthiya raajyam muthal samsaarikkappedunna avasana eejipt bhasha ramside administrative rekhakal, pranayakavithakal, kathakal, athupole demotic, kooptik grandhangal ennivayil prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil, harkhufinteyum veniyudeyum shavakudeera aathmakadhayaayi ezhuthu paarambaryam parinamichu. prashastha prabhukkanmaril ninnulla padippikkalukalum maarganirddeshangalum ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinaayi "sebait" ("nirddeshangal") ennariyappedunna vibhaagam vikasippicheduthittundu; prakrithi duranthangaleyum saamoohika viplavangaleyum vivarikkunna vilaapangalude kavithayaya ippoovar papirus oru prashastha udaaharanamaanu.
madhya eejiptil ezhuthiya sinuheyude katha eejipshyan saahithyathile classic aayirikkam. purohithanmaar nadatthiya athbhuthangalekkurichu khufuvinodu addehathinte puthranmaar paranja kadhakalude oru koottamaaya vestt kaar papirus eee samayat ezhuthappettu. amenemoppinte prabodhanam kizhakkan saahithyathinte oru maastarpees aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. puthiya raajyathinte avasaanathode, venamooninte kathayum mattaarudeyengilum prabodhanavum polulla janapriya kruthikal ezhuthaan praadeshika bhasha kooduthalaayi upayogichirunnu. lebananil ninnu devadaaru vaangaan pookunna vazhiyil kollayadikkappedunna oru prabhuvinteyum eejipthilekk madangaanulla pooraattatthinteyum kathayaanu aadyathethu parayunnath. ekadesham bii. sii. 700 muthal, oonchshongiyude janapriya nirddeshangal polulla aakhyaana kathakalum nirddeshangalum athupole thanne vyakthiparavum bisinesses rekhakalum eejipthile demotic lipiyilum ghattathilum ezhuthappettu. greco-roman kaalaghattatthil demotic bhashayil ezhuthiya niravadhi kathakal muun charitra kaalaghattangalil, ramesses randaamaneppolulla mahanaaya faravokal bharichirunna eejipt oru swatantra raashtramaayirunnappol, pashchaathalamaakkiyullathaanu.
samskaaram.
dainamdina jeevitam.
mikka purathana egypthukaarum bhoomiyil kettiyittirunna karshakaraayirunnu. avarude veedukal adutha kudumbaangalkk maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu, pakal choodil thanuppayi nilanilkkaan roopakalppana cheytha cheli ishtika upayogichaanu avaa nirmmichathu. oro veedinum oru thuranna melkoorayulla oru adukkala undaayirunnu, athil daanyangal milling cheiyunnathinu oru grind stonum appam pakam cheiyunnathinulla oru cheria aduppum undaayirunnu. bhakshanam, paaneeyam, asamskritha vasthukkal ennivayude sambharanam, thayyarakkal, gathagatham, upabhogam ennivaykkulla veettupakaranangalayi seramics pravarthichu. chuvarukalkk vella niratthil chayam pooshiyirunnathinaal chayam pooshiya linan chumaril thookkiyidaam. tharakal reed paayakalaal moodappettirikkumbol thadi stoolukal, tharayil ninnu uyarthiya kidakkakal, vyakthigatha meshakal enniva furnitureukal ulkkollunnu.
purathana eejipthukar shuchithvathinum roopathinum valia praadhaanyam nalki. mikkavarum nailil kulikkukayum mrugangalude kozhuppum chokkum upayogichu nirmmicha pestti sopp upayogikkukayum cheythu. purushanmaar shuchithvathinaayi avarude shareeram muzhuvan kshouram cheythu; sugandhadravyangalum sugandhathailangalum durgandhavum shaanthamaaya charmmavum moodunnu. velutha bleach cheytha lalithamaaya linan sheettukalil ninnaan vasthrangal nirmmichathu, uyarnna klaasukalile purushanmaarum sthreekalum viggukal, aabharanangal, soundaryavardhaka vasthukkal enniva dharichirunnu. ekadesham 12-aamm vayassil kuttikal pakwata praapikkunnathuvare vasthrangalillathe pookukayum eee praayatthil purushanmaar parichhedana nadathukayum avarude thala mundanam cheyyukayum cheythu. kuttikale paripalikkaanulla utharavaaditham ammamaarkkaayirunnu, athesamayam kudumbatthinte varumanam pithaav nalki.
samgeethavum nrithavum thangaan kazhiyunnavarude janapriya vinodangalaayirunnu. aadyakaala upakaranagalil pullaankuzhalum veenayum ulppedunnu, athesamayam kahalam, ooboo, paippukal ennivaykku samanamaaya upakaranangal pinneedu vikasikkukayum janapriyamaakukayum cheythu. puthiya raajyathil eejipthukar munny, kaitang, thambu, drum ennivayil vaayikkukayum eshyayil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha veenakalum veenakalum vaayikkukayum cheythu. mathaparamaya chadangukalil prathyekichu praadhaanyamulla oru shabdamundaakkunna sangeetha upakaranamaayirunnu sistram.
purathana eejipthukar kalikalum samgeethavum ulppede vividha vinoda pravartthanangal aasvadichirunnu. kramarahithamaya avasarathinanusarichu kashanagal neengunna board geyimaaya senett aadyakaalam muthal thanne prathyekichum janapriyamaayirunnu; samanamaaya mattoru geyim mehen aayirunnu, athinu vrithaakrithiyilulla gaming board undaayirunnu. "58 dwaarangal ennum ariyappedunna "houndukalum kurukkanmaarum" purathana eejiptil kalikkunna board geyimukalude mattoru udaaharanamaanu. 13-aamm raajavamshathile eejipt faravo amenemhat naalaamante teban shavakudeerathil ninnaan eee kaliyude aadya samboornna koottam kandethiyathu. maanthikuzhiyum booal geyimukalum kuttikalkkidayil janapriyamaayirunnu, koodaathe benii hasaanile oru shavakudeerathil gustiyum rekhappeduthiyittundu. purathana eejipshyan samoohathile sambannaraaya amgangal vettayaadal, malsyabandhanam, boating ennivayum aasvadichirunnu.
thozhilaallikalude gramamaaya dheer ell-madeenayude khananam purathana lokathile naanoor varshatholam neendunilkkunna saamoohika jeevithathekkurichulla ettavum samagramaayi rekhappeduthappetta vivaranagalil onnaanith. oru samoohathinte samghadana, saamoohika edapedalukal, jolie, jeevita saahacharyangal enniva ithrayum vishadamaayi padicha thaarathamyappeduthaavunna oru saittum illa.
paachakareeti.
eejipt paachakareeti kaalakramena shradheyamaayi sthirathayode thudarnnu; theerchayaayum, aadhunika eejipthile paachakareeti poorvvikarude paachakareethikalumaayi sradheyamaaya chila samanathakal nilanirthunnu. ulli, veluthulli thudangiya pachakkarikal, eenthappazham, athippazham thudangiya pazhangal enniva ulppedunna appavum bear aayirunnu pradhana bhakshanakramam. uyarnnavarggakkaar pathivayi pankedukkumbol virunnukaalath veenjum mamsavum ellaavarum aasvadichirunnu. malsyam, maamsam, kozhi enniva uppuvekkukayo unakkukayo cheyyaam, avaa stookalil pakam cheiyukayo grill vaykkukayo cheyyaam.
vaasthuvidya.
purathana eejipthile vaasthuvidyayil lokathile ettavum prashasthamaaya chila gadanakal ulppedunnu gisayile valia pyramidukalum theebile shethrangalum. mathaparavum anusmaranaparavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi mathramalla, faravoyude vishalamaaya shakti shakthippeduthunnathinum vendi nirmmaana padhathikal samghadippikkukayum dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu. purathana eejipthukar vidagdha nirmmaathaakkalaayirunnu; lalithavum ennaal phalapradavumaaya upakaranangalum kazhcha upakaranangalum maathram upayogichu, aarkkidektukalkku valia kallu gadanakal valare krithyathayodum krithyathayodum koodi nirmmikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athu innum asooyappedunnu.
orupole kedupaadukal sambhavikkunna chedikal, maram thudangiya vasthukkal upayogichaanu unnatha, saadhaarana eejipthukaarude gaarhika vaasasthalangal nirmmikkappettath, avaa nilanilkunnilla. karshakar lalithamaaya veedukalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, athesamayam varenyarudeyum faravokaludeyum kottarangal kooduthal vipulamaaya gadanakalaayirunnu. malkatta, amarna thudangiya nilanilkkunna chila puthiya raajya kottarangal, aalukal, pakshikal, kulangal, devathakal, jyaamitheeya roopakalppanakal ennivayude ramgangal kondu sambannamaayi alankaricha mathilukalum nilakalum kaanikkunnu. ennekkum nilanilkkaan uddeshichirunna shethrangalum shavakudeerangalum polulla pradhana gadanakal cheli ishtikakalkku pakaram kallukondu nirmmichathaayirunnu. lokathile aadyathe valia thothilulla kallu kettidamaaya josarinte morchari complexil upayogicha vasthuvidyaa gadakangalil papirus, thamara roopakalpanayile poost, lintal sapporttukal ulppedunnu.
gisayilennapole ettavum aadyakaalamaayi samrakshikkappetta purathana eejipshyan shethrangalil nirakalaal pinthunaykkunna melkoora slaabukalulla otta, adacha haalukal adangiyirikkunnu. puthiya raajyathil, aarkkitektukal kshethrathinte sankethathinte munvashath pailon, thuranna muttam, adachitta hypostyle haal enniva chertthu, ithu greco-roman kaalaghattam vare nilavaaramulla oru shailiyaayirunnu. pazhaya raajyathile aadyathethum ettavum janapriyavumaya shavakudeera vaasthuvidya oru bhoogarbha shmashana araykku mukalil nirmmicha cheli ishtikayo kallo kondu paranna melkoorayulla chathuraakrithiyilulla gadanayaaya masthaabayaayirunnu. parasparam mukalil adukki vachirikkunna kallu masthabakalude oru parambarayaanu josarinte steppu pyramid. pazhayathum madhyavumaya raajyangalude kaalathaanu pyramidukal nirmmikkappettathenkilum pilkkala bharanadhikaarikal avaye upekshichukondu parakal muricha shavakudeerangalkk anukoolamaayi. puthiya raajyathile swakaarya shavakudeera chaappalukalilum nubiayile rajakeeya pyramidukalilum pyramid roopathinte upayogam thudarnnu.
kala.
purathana eejipthukar pravarthanaparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi kala nirmmichu. 3500 varshathilereyaayi, kalakaaranmaar pazhaya raajyathinte kaalath vikasippichedutha kalaa roopangalum prathimakalum pinthudarnnu, videsha swaadheenatheyum aabhyanthara maattatheyum prathirodhikkunna karsanamaaya thathwangal pinthudarnnu. eee kalaparamaaya maanadandangal-lalithamaaya varikal, aakruthikal, nirangalude paranna pradeshangal ennivaykkoppam speshyal depth enna soochanayillaatha aakruthikalude swabhaavasavisheshathayulla paranna projection-oru rachanaykkullil kramatthinteyum santhulithaavasthayudeyum oru bodham srishtichu. shavakudeerathilum kshethramathilukalilum shavappettikalilum stelakalilum prathimakalilum polum chithrangalum vaachakavum parasparam bandhappettirunnu. udaaharanathinu, narmer paalat hyroglyphukalaayum vaayikkaan kazhiyunna chithrangal pradarshippikkunnu. valare shailiyilullathum pratheekathmakavumaaya roopathe niyanthrikkunna karkkashamaaya niyamangal kaaranam, purathana eejipshyan kala athinte raashtreeyavum mathaparavumaya uddeshyangal krithyathayodum vyakthathayodum koodi niravettunnu.
purathana eejipt karakaushalathozhilaalikal prathimakalum mikacha kothupanikalum kothivaykkunnathinulla oru maadhyamamaayi kallu upayogichirunnuvenkilum vilakuranjathum eluppathil kothiyeduthathumaaya pakaramaayi maram upayogichirunnu. irumbayiru (chuvappum manjayum oocharukal), chembu ayirukal (neelayum pachayum), karupp allengil curry (karupp), chunnaambukallu (vella) thudangiya daathukkalil ninnaan peyintukal labhichathu. peyintukal arabiyile gumm binderumaayi kalarthi kekkukalil amarthaam, aavashyamullappol vellam upayogichu nanaykkaam.
yudhathile vijayangal, rajakeeya utharavukal, mathaparamaya ramgangal enniva rekhappeduthunnathinu faravokal kothupanikal upayogichu. maranananthara jeevithathil thangale samrakshikkumennu avar vishwasichirunna shabbati prathimakalum marichavarude pusthakangalum polulla shavasamskara kalakalilekku saadhaarana pouranmaarkku praveshanam undaayirunnu. madhyaraajyathinte kaalath, dainamdina jeevithathil ninnulla ramgangal chithreekarikkunna thadi allengil kaliman maathrkakal shavakudeerathil janapriya kootticherkkalukalaayi maari. maranaanantharajeevithathil jeevikkunnavarude pravartthanangal aavarthikkaanulla shramathil, eee maathrkakal thozhilaallikal, veedukal, bottukal, sainika roopeekaranangal enniva polum kaanikkunnu, avaa anuyojyamaaya purathana eejipshyan maranananthara jeevithathinte alavukol praathinidyangalaanu.
purathana eejipshyan kalayude ekathaanatha undaayirunnittum, prathyeka kaalangalileyum sthalangalileyum shailikal chilappol maarikkondirikkunna saamskaarikamo raashtreeyamo aaya manobhaavangale prathifalippikkunnu. randaam idakkaala kaalaghattatthil hixokalude adhiniveshathinu sesham, minovan shailiyilulla chuvarchithrangal avaarikalil kandethi. kalaparamaaya roopangalile rashtreeya prerithamaaya maattatthinte ettavum sradheyamaaya udaaharanam amarna kaalaghattatthil ninnaan, avide akhenaattante viplavakaramaaya matha aashayangalumayi poruthappedunnathinu roopangal samoolamaayi mattappettu. amarna kala ennariyappedunna eee shaili akhenaattante maranashesham pettennu upekshikkappedukayum parambaraagatha roopangal pakaram vaykkappedukayum cheythu.
mathavishwaasangal.
daivikathayilum maranananthara jeevithathilumulla vishwaasangal purathana eejipshyan nagarikathayil athinte thudakkam muthal veroonniyirunnu; ferravonic bharanam rajaakkanmaarude daivika avakaashathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. eejipthile paanthiyonil amanushika shakthikalulla daivangal adivasikkukayum sahayathino samrakshanathino vendi vilikkappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, daivangale ellaayppozhum dayayullavaraayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla, eejipthukar thangalkk vazhipaadukalum praarthanakalum nalki samaadhaanippikkanamennu vishwasichu. puthiya devathakale shreniyil sthaanakkayattam nalkiyathode eee paanthiyoninte ghadana nirantharam maari, ennaal vaividyamaarnnathum chilappol vairudhyamullathumaaya kettukadhakalum kathakalum oru yojicha samvidaanamaayi samghadippikkaan purohithanmaar sramichilla. daivathvathekkurichulla eee vividha ashayangal parasparavirudhamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnil, marichu yaadhaarthyathinte onniladhikam vashangalile paalikalaayi kanakkakkappettu.
rajaavinu vendi pravartthikkunna purohithanmaar bharikkunna aaraadhanaalayangalil daivangale aaraadhikkumaayirunnu. kshethrathinte madhyabhaagathu oru kshethrathile aradhana prathima undaayirunnu. shethrangal pothu aaraadhanaalayangalo sabhakalo aayirunnilla, thiranjeduttha virunninteyum aakhoshangaludeyum divasangalil maathramaan pothu aaraadhanaykkaayi konduvanna daivathinte prathima vahikkunna oru kshethram. saadhaaranayaayi, daivathinte aadhipathyam puramlokatthil ninnu seal cheyyappedukayum kshetra udyogastharkku maathrame praveshanamulloo. saadhaarana pouranmaarkku avarude veedukalil swakaarya prathimakale aaradhikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, koodaathe araajakathva shakthikalil ninnu thaaythoolukal samrakshanam nalki. puthiya raajyathin sesham, mathaparamaya achaarangal daivangalude nerittulla aaraadhanayilekku mariyathinaal athmeeya edanilakkaaranenna nilayil faravoyude punk oonnipparayappettu. thalphalamaayi, purohithanmaar daivathinte ishtam janangalilekku nerittu athikkunnathinaayi daivavachanangalude oru samvidaanam vikasippichu.
oro manushyan shaareerikavum aathmeeyavumaaya bhagangal allengil "vashangal" kondu nirmmithamaanennu eejipthukar vishwasichirunnu. sareerathinu purame, oro vyakthikkum oru "shh vthu" (nizhal), oru "baa" (vyakthithvam allengil aathmaav), oru "qaa" (jeevashakti), oru "peru" ennivayundaayirunnu. thalachorinekkaal hridayathe chinthakaludeyum vikaarangaludeyum aasthaanamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. maranashesham, athmeeya vashangal shareerathil ninnu purathuvarikayum ishtaanusaranam neengaan kazhiyukayum cheythuvenkilum avaykku bhauthika avashishtangal (allengil prathima polulla oru pakarakkaaran) oru sthiramaaya vaasasthalamaayi aavasyamaanu. marichayaalude aathyanthika lakshyam thante "qaa", "baa" ennivayil veendum cherukayum "anugrahikkapetta marichavaril" oraalaayitheerukayum "akhu" allengil "phalapradamaaya oraal" aayi jeevikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. ithu sambhavikkunnathin, marichayaale oru vichaaranaykk yogyanaayi vidhikkendivannu, athil hridayam sathyathinte thoovalinethire thookkiyidappettu."yogyaraanennu kanakkakkiyaal, marichavarkku athmeeya roopathil bhoomiyil avarude nilanilpp thudaraam. avare yogyaraayi kanakkaakkiyillenkil, avarude hridayam bhakshikkunna ammitt bhakshikkukayum avar prapanchatthil ninnu maaychukalayukayum cheythu.
shavasamskara achaarangal.
maranashesham amarthyatha urappakkaan aavasyamaanennu avar vishwasichirunna vipulamaaya oru koottam shavasamskara achaarangal purathana eejipthukar nilanirtthi. shavasamskaram, shavasamskara chadangukal, maranananthara jeevithathil marichayaal upayogikkunna shareeravasthukkal enniva upayogichu shareeram samrakshikkuka enniva eee achaarangalil ulppedunnu. pazhaya raajyathin munbu, marubhoomi kuzhikalil kuzhichitta mrithadehangal swaabhaavikamaayi vattivaralal vazhi samrakshikkappettirunnu. varandathum marubhoomiyaayathumaaya saahacharyangal purathana eejipthinte charithrathiludaneelam daridrarude shavasamskaarathin oru anugrahamaayirunnu, avarkk varenyavargathinu labhyamaya vipulamaaya shmashana thayyaareduppukal thangaan kazhinjilla. sambannaraaya eejipthukar thangalude mrithadehangale kallu kallarakalil kuzhichidaanum krithrima shavakudeeram upayogikkaanum thudangi, athil aantharika avayavangal neekkam cheyyuka, shareeram linanil pothinju chathuraakrithiyilulla kallu shavappettiyilo thadi shavappettiyilo kuzhichiduka enniva ulppedunnu. naalam raajavamshathil ninnu aarambhich, chila bhagangal canopic jaarukalil prathyekam samrakshikkappettu.
puthiya raajyamaayathode, purathana eejipthukar mummification kalaye poorttheekarichu; ettavum mikacha saankethikavidya 70 divasamedutthu, athil aantharika avayavangal neekkam cheyyuka, mookkiloode thalachoru neekkam cheyyuka, naatron enna lavanangalude mishrithathil shareeram unakkuka enniva ulppedunnu. thudarnnu shareeram linanil pothinju paalikalkkidayil suraksha tabalakal cherthu alankaricha oru anthropoid shavappettiyil sthaapichu. avasana kaalaghattatthile mammikalum peyint cheytha cartainage mammikalude pettikalil sthaapichu. tolomic, roman kaalaghattangalil yadhaartha samrakshana reethikal kuranjappol, alankaricha mammiyude baahya roopathinu kooduthal oonnal nalki.
sambannaraaya eejipthukaare valia alavil adambara vasthukkalkoppam kuzhichumoodiyenkilum saamoohika padavi pariganikkathe ellah shavasamskaarangalilum marichavarkkulla saadhanangal ulppedunnu. shavasamskara grandhangal palappozhum shavakudeerathil ulppeduthiyittundu, puthiya raajyathil ninnu aarambhich, maranananthara jeevithathil avarkk shaareerika advaanam cheiyumennu vishwasikkappedunna shabbati prathimakalum undaayirunnu. marichayaale maanthrikamaayi punarnirmmicha achaarangal shavasamskaarathodoppam undaayirunnu. samskaricha sesham, jeevichirikkunna bandhukkal idaykkide shavakudeerathilekku bhakshanam konduvarikayum marichayaalkku vendi praarthanakal nadathukayum cheiyumennu pratheekshichirunnu.
pattalakkaar.
videsha adhiniveshathil ninnu eejipthine samrakshikkunnathinum purathana kizhakkan eejipthinte aadhipathyam nilanirthunnathinum purathana eejipshyan sainyam utharavaadiyaayirunnu. pazhaya raajyathinte kaalath sainaayilekkulla khanana paryaveshanangal sainyam samrakshikkukayum onnum randum idakkaala kaalaghattangalil aabhyanthara yudhangal nadathukayum cheythu. nubiyayilekkulla vazhiyil buhan nagaratthil kandethiyathupolulla pradhana vyapara pathakalil kottakal paripalikkunnathinulla utharavaaditham sainyathin undaayirunnu. levantilekkulla paryaveshanangalkkulla oru ooppareshan aditharayaaya sail kotta polulla sainika thaavalangalayi pravartthikkaan kottakalum nirmikkappettu. puthiya raajyathil, faravokalude oru parambara kushin levantinte chila bhaagangaleyum akramikkaanum keezhadakkaanum nilkkunna eejipshyan sainyathe upayogichu.
villukalum ambukalum, kunthangal, mrugangalude tholi oru thadi framinu mukalil neettikkond nirmmicha vrithaakrithiyilulla sheeldukal enniva saadhaarana sainika upakaranagalil ulppedunnu. puthiya raajyathil, sainyam munbu hixos aakramanakaarikal avatharippicha rathangal upayogikkaan thudangi. venkalam sweekarichathinushesham aayudangalum kavachangalum mechappedunnathu thudarnnu ippol oru venkala buckle upayogichu khara maratthil ninnu parichakal nirmikkappettu, kunthangalkku oru venkala pooyint nalki, eshyan sainikaril ninnu khopesh sweekarichu. kalayilum saahithyathilum saadhaaranayaayi faravone chithreekarichirikkunnathu sainyathinte thalayil sawari cheiyunnayaalaanu; sekwenente thavo randaman addehathinte puthranmarum polulla kurachu faravokalenkilum angane cheythathayi abhipraayappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, "eee kaalaghattatthile rajaakkanmaar avarude sainikarkoppam pooraadunna munnira yudhanethaakkalaayi vyakthiparamayi pravarthichilla" ennum vaadikkappettittundu."saadhaaranakkaaril ninnu sainikare niyamichu, pakshe puthiya raajyathinte samayat, prathyekichu athinusesham, egyptinaayi poraadaan nubia, kush, libia ennividangalil ninnulla koolippadayaalikale niyamichu.
saankethikavidya, vaidyashaasthram, ganitham.
saankethikavidya.
saankethikavidya, vaidyashaasthram, ganitham ennivayil purathana eejipt thaarathamyena uyarnna nilavaaratthilulla uthppaadanakshamathayum sankeernathayum kaivarichu. edwin smith ebers pappery () saakshyappeduthunnathu pole parambaraagatha anubhavavaadam aadyamaayi eejipthilaan. eejipthukar avarudethaaya aksharamalayum dasaamsha samvidaanavum srishtichu.
fainus glass.
pazhaya raajyathin munbuthanne, purathana eejipthukar fains ennariyappedunna oru glass metteeriyal vikasippicheduthirunnu, athu avar oru tharam krithrima ardha-vilayeriya kallayi kanakkakki. silica, cheria alavil chunnaambum soda, oru kalarant, saadhaaranayaayi chembu enniva upayogichu nirmmicha kalimannu ithara seramic aanu fains. muthukal, tailukal, prathimakal, cheria vasthukkal enniva nirmmikkaan eee metteeriyal upayogichirunnu. fains srishtikkaan niravadhi reethikal upayogikkaam, ennaal saadhaaranayaayi uthppaadanathil podi vasthukkal kaliman korinu mukalil oru pesttinte roopathil prayogikkunnathu ulppedunnu, athu pinneedu prayogikkunnu. anubandha saankethikavidyayiloode, purathana eejipthukar eejipshyan blue ennariyappedunna oru pigment nirmmichu, ithu silica, chembu, chunnaambu, naatron polulla shaarangal enniva samyojippichu (allengil sintering) nirmmikkunnu. uthppannam nilamparisaakki pigmentaayi upayogikkaam.
purathana eejipthukaarkk valia naipunyathode glassil ninnu vaividhyamaarnna vasthukkal nirmmikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe avar eee prakriya swathanthramaayi vikasippichedutho ennu vyakthamalla. avar svanthamaayi asamskritha glass nirmmichathaano atho irakkumathi cheytha munkootty nirmmicha ingottukal maathramaano, avaa urukki poortthiyaakkiyathaano ennum vyakthamalla. ennirunnaalum, vasthukkal nirmikkunnathil avarkk saankethika vaidagdhyamundaayirunnu, athupole thanne finished glassinte niram niyanthrikkunnathin trace gadakangal cherkkukayum cheythu. manja, chuvapp, pacha, neela, purple, veluppu ennivayulppede niravadhi nirangal ulppaadippikkaam, koodaathe glass suthaaryamo athaaryamo acam.
marunnu.
purathana eejipthukaarude aarogyaprasnangal avarude paristhithiyil ninnu nerittu uthbhavichathaan. nailinadutthu jeevikkukayum jolie cheyyukayum cheiyunnathu maleriyayil ninnum durbalappeduthunna skistosomiyasis paraannabhojikalil ninnum apakadangal konduvannu, ithu karalinum kudalinum kedupaadukal varuthi. muthalakal, hippokal thudangiya apakadakaramaaya vanyajeevikalum oru saadhaarana bheeshaniyaayirunnu. krishiyudeyum kettidanirmmaanatthinte aajeevanantha advaanam nattellinum sandhikalkkum sammarddam cheluthukayum nirmmaanatthil ninnum yudhathil ninnumulla aaghaathakaramaaya parikkukal shareerathe saaramaayi baadikkukayum cheythu. kallu kondu poricha maavil ninnulla manalum manalum pallukal pottiyathinaal avaykku kurukkal undakaan saadhyathayund (kshayam apoorvamaayirunnenkilum).
sambannarude bhakshanakramathil panchasaara dhaaraalamaayi undaayirunnu, ithu peridondal rogathe prothsaahippichu. shavakudeera chuvarukalil alankaricha shareeraghadanakal chithreekarichirunnittum, uyarnna varggathile palarudeyum amithabharamulla mammikal amithamaya jeevithathinte phalangal kaanikkunnu. praayapoortthiyaayavarude aayurdairkhyam purushanmaarkk ekadesham 35 umm sthreekalkku 30 umm aayirunnu, ennaal janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu kuttikkaalathu marichathinaal praayapoorthiyaakunnathu budhimuttaayirunnu.
purathana eejipshyan doctormar avarude rogashanti kazhivukalkk purathana sameepa kizhakk prashastharaayirunnu, imhotep polulla chilar avarude maranashesham valarekkalam prasidharaayi thudarnnu. chilar thalaykko vayarino maathram chikilsikkumbol mattullavar netra doctormaarum danthadokdarmaarum mathramaayirunna eejipt doctormaarkkidayil uyarnna vaidagdhyamundennu herodotus abhiprayappettu. perr akhu" allengil "house oof life" sthaapanathilaanu doctormaarude pariseelanam nadannathu, prathyekichu puthiya raajyathinte kaalath perr-baastettilum avasana kaalaghattatthil abidosilum seysilum aasthaanamaayi pravarthichava. medical pappiri shareeraghadana, parikkukal, praayogika chikilsakal ennivayekkurichulla anubhavaparamaya arivu kaanikkunnu.
anubadha thadayunnathinaayi asamskritha maamsam, velutha linan, thunnalukal, valakal, paadukal, thaine kuthirtha swab enniva upayogichu bandej cheythaanu murivukal chikilsichathu, athesamayam vedana ozhivakkaan karupp, thaim, belladona enniva upayogichu. pollal chikilsayude aadyakaala rekhakal aankunjungalude ammamaaril ninnulla paal upayogikkunna pollal dressingukale vivarikkunnu. icis deviyodu praarthanakal nadatthi. pollalile azhukkukalil ninnulla anubadha thadayaan pooppal bread, thaine, chembu lavanangal ennivayum upayogichu. aarogyathe prothsaahippikkunnathi veluthulliyum ulliyum pathivayi upayogichirunnathinaal aasthmayude lakshanangalil ninnu aashvaasam labhikkumenn karuthappettirunnu. purathana eejipt shasthrakriya vidagdhar murivukal thunnicherkkukayum, ellukal thakarkkukayum, rogikalaaya kaikaalukal murichumaattukayum cheythuvenkilum chila parikkukal valare gurutharamaanennu avar thiricharinju, maranam sambhavikkunnathuvare maathrame rogiye sukhappeduthaan kazhiyoo.
samudra saankethikavidya.
aadyakaala eejipthukaarkk oru kappal nirayilekku maram kondulla palakakal engane kootticherkkaamennu ariyamaayirunnu, koodaathe bisi 3000 muthal thanne kappal nirmmaanatthinte noothana roopangalil praaveenyam nediyittundu. ariyappedunna ettavum pazhaya planked kappalukal abidos bottukalaanennu archaeological instittyoott oof america report cheiyunnu. abidosil kandethiya 14 kappalukalude oru koottam thadi palakakal orumichu "thayyal" cheythaanu nirmmichathu. newyork sarvakalaashaalayile egyptologist david ooo 'connor kandethiya, neytha strappukal palakakal orumichu adikkaan upayogichathayi kandethi, koodaathe palakakalkkidayil niracha reedukalo pullukaloo seemukal adaykkaan sahayichu. kappalukalellaam orumichu kuzhichittathum faravo khaasekkemviyude oru morturic sameepamullathumayathinaal, avayellaam addehathintethaanennu aadyam karuthappettirunnu, ennaal 14 kappalukalil onnu bisi 3000-lethaanu, koodaathe kappalukalodoppam kuzhichitta manpaathra jaarukalum munkaalathe kaalathe soochippikkunnu. 3000 bii. sii. yile kappalin neelam koodiyirunnathinaal orupakshe oru muun faravoyudethaayirikkaam, orupakshe hoar-aahaa vare pazhakkamulla onnayirikkaam.
aadyakaala eejipthukaarkk thadikondulla palakakal engane koottichertthu avaye orumichu bandhippikkamennum, thadikal kooll cheyyaan pitch upayogikkaanum ariyamaayirunnu. bisi 2500-ll naalam raajavamshathile gisayude valia pyramidinte thaazhvarayilulla giza pyramid samuchayathile oru kuzhiyil adacha "khufu kappal", oru solar baarkkinte pratheekathmaka pravartthanam niracha oru poornna valuppathilulla udaaharanamaanu. aadyakaala eejipthukaarkk eee kappalinte palakakal mortis, tenon sandhikal upayogichu engane bandhippikkanamenn ariyamaayirunnu.
kizhakkan medittareniyan nagara samsthaanangalumaayulla vyaapaarathilum prathyekichu bibloseumaayum (aadhunika lebanon theerathu) chenkadaliloode pandu karayilekkulla niravadhi paryaveshanagalilum eejipthukar valia kadal kappalukal valareyadhikam upayogichathayi ariyappedunnu. vaasthavathil kadalyaathra cheiyunna kappalinekkurichulla aadyakaala eejipshyan padangalilonnaanu "biblose kappal", ithu yadhaarthathil biblose oottathil upayogikkunna eejipshyan kadalyaathra cheiyunna kappalukalude oru vibhaagathe nirvachichu; ennirunnaalum, pazhaya raajyathinte avasaanathode, eee padam valia kadalyaathra cheiyunna kappalukal, avayude lakshyasthanam enthuthanneyaayaalum ulppeduthaan thudangi.
1977ll timsa thadaakam muthal ballah thadakangal vare vyaapichukidakkunna oru purathana vadakku-thekk kanal kandethi. eejipthile madhyaraajyathil nirmmicha purathana sthalangalude theeyathikal vivarichukondu ithu kanakkakkappettu.
2011ll, itali, america, eejipt ennividangalil ninnulla puraavastu gaveshakar mersa gavaasikal ennariyappedunna oru varanda thadaakam khananam cheythappol, orikkal haattshepsuttinte thuranna samudrathilekkulla pandu paryaveshanam polulla aadyakaala yathrakal aarambhicha oru purathana thuramukhathinte adayaalangal kandethi. purathana eejipthukaarude kadalyaathrayude vaidagdhyathinu saittile ettavum prachodanaathmakamaaya thelivukalil valia kappal marangalum paappirasil ninnu nirmmicha noorukanakkinu adii kayarukalum valia bandilukalil churutti. 2013ll franco-eejipshyan puraavastu gaveshakarude oru samgham 4500 varsham pazhakkamulla lokathile ettavum pazhaya thuramukham waddy ell-jarfinu (soosinu 110 mile thekk) sameepam chenkadal theerathu rajaavu cheppop cheytha kaalam muthal kandethi.
ganithashaasthram.
ganithashaasthra kanakkukoottalukalude aadyakaala saakshyappeduthiya udaaharanagal predinestic nakada kaalaghattatthilethaanu, koodaathe poornnamaayum vikasippicha oru samkhyaa sambradaayam kaanikkunnu. bhoomi, thozhil, daanyam ennivayude kanakkukoottal polulla dainamdina kanakkukoottal jolikalekkurichu taanum mattoru ezhuthukaaranum thammil oru pandithochithamaaya malsaram nirddeshikkunna oru puthiya raajya saangalppika kathu oru vidyaasambannanaaya eejipthukaaran ganithashaasthrathinte praadhaanyam nirddeshikkunnu. rind maathamaattikkal papirus, mosco maathamaattikkal papirus thudangiya grandhangal kaanikkunnath purathana eejipthukaarkk naalu adisthaana ganithashaasthra pravartthanangal nadatthaan kazhiyumennu-koottal, kuraykkuka, gunanam, vibhajanam-bhinnasamkhyakal upayogikkuka, deerghachathurangal, trikonangal, vrithangal ennivayude vistheernnam kanakkaakkuka, boxukal, nirakal, pyramidukal ennivayude alavu kanakkaakkuka. beejaganithathinteyum jyaamithiyudeyum adisthaana ashayangal avar manassilakkukayum oresamayam samavaakyangalude lalithamaaya settukal pariharikkan kazhiyukayum cheythu.
ganithashaasthraparamaaya notteshan dashaamshamaayirunnu, patthu muthal oru dasalaksham vareyulla oro powerinum hyroglyphic adayaalangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. iva oronnum aavasyamulla samkhyayumaayi koottunnathinu aavashyamaayathra thavana ezhuthaam; athinaal enpatho enpatho ennam ezhuthaan, patho nooro enna chinnathe yathaakramam ettu thavana ezhuthi. avarude kanakkukoottal reethikalkku onnil kooduthal numerator ulla mikka bhinnasamkhyakalum kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyaathathinal, avarkk bhinnasamkhyakale niravadhi bhinnasamkhyakalude aakethukayaayi ezhuthendivannu. udaaharanathinu, avar "anchil rund" enna bhinnasamkhyaye "moonnilonnu" + "pathinanjilonnu" enna thukayayi pariharichu. moolyangalude staanderd tableukal ithu sugamamaakki. ennirunnaalum, chila saadhaarana bhinnasamkhyakal oru prathyeka gliff upayogichaanu ezhuthiyirunnathu-aadhunika moonnil rund bhaagathinu thulyamaayathu valathuvashath kaanichirikkunnu.
purathana eejipshyan ganithashaasthranjarkku pythagorian sidhaantham oru anubhava soothravaakyamaayi ariyamaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru trikonatthinte vashangal 3-4-5 anupaathathilaayirikkumbol hypotenesinu ethirvashathu oru samakonamundennu avarkk ariyamaayirunnu. oru vrithathinte vyaasathil ninnu onpathilonnu kurachukondu phalathe vargeekarichukondu athinte vistheernnam kanakkakkaan avarkk kazhinju
soothravaakyathinte nyayamaaya ekadesha kanakk.
swarnna anupatham pyramidukal ulppede pala eejipshyan nirmmaanangalilum prathifalikkunnathaayi thonnunnu, ennaal athinte upayogam, nottu cheytha kayarukal upayogikkunnathine anupaathathinteyum aikyathinteyum avabodhajanyamaaya bodhavumaayi samyojippikkunna purathana eejipshyan sanbradaayathinte aasoothrithamaaya anantharafalamaayirikkaam.
janasamkhya.
janasamkhyayude valippam bii. sii. moonnaam sahasraabdathil aii. dii. 1 dasalaksham muthal bii. sii. onnaam sahasraabdathode ekadesham 2-3 dasalaksham vareyayirikkaam, aaa sahasraabdathinte avasaanathode ganyamaayi valarunnu.
dii. enn. eiii.
2012ll, ramesses III-nte 20-aamm raajavamshathile mammikaludeyum ramesses III-nte makan pentaavar ennu vishwasikkappedunna mattoru mammiyudeyum dna albert sink, yehiya isad gaad, eejipthile paramonnatha puraavastu samithiyude annathe sekrattari generalaya jaahi haavaasinte keezhilulla gaveshakarude oru samgham ennivar vishakalanam cheythu. janithaka bandhutwa vishakalanangal rund mammikalilum samanamaaya haplotypes velippeduthi. vaitt eadhiyude haplogroup predictor upayogichu avar vaii chromosomal haplogroup iii1bii1eiii (iii-emm2) thiricharinju.
2017ll, tubinagan sarvakalashaalayileyum jenayile maiks plank instittyoott phoor dhii sayans oof human histtariyileyum gaveshakarude neethrthwathilulla oru samgham vadakkan eejipthile abusir ell-melekkil ninnulla 90 mammikalude maathru dna (mitocondrial) pareekshichu (kairoik sameepam), ithu uyarnna-throoput dna sequencing reethikal upayogichulla aadyathe vishwasaneeyamaaya daattayayirunnu. koodaathe, moonnu mammikalum vaii-dii. enn. eiii. kku vendi vishakalanam cheythu. randennam padinjaaran eshyan jeey. ykkum onnu vadakke aafrikkayil saadhaaranamaaya iii1bii1bii1 enna haplogroupinum nalki. parishodhicha purathana eejipshyan maathrkakal orotta puraavastu saittil ninnullavayayathinaal avaa ellah purathana eejipthukaarudeyum saadrishyangale prathinidheekarikkillenn gaveshakar munnariyipp nalki. thaarathamyena pazhaya chila mammikal 18-19-aamm raajavamshathilekku maathram pookunnathinaal, bakkiyullava akkalam muthal roman kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam vare ullathinaal, eee padanatthinte rachayithakkal abusir ell-meleck mammikal "puraathanavum aadhunikavumaaya kizhakkan janasamkhyayumaayi, prathyekichu levantilullavarumaayi saamyamullathaanennu paranju."nubian, greak, roman ennivayulppede vividha sakthikal saamraajyathe keezhadakkiyappol polum mammikalude janithakashasthram eee paridhikkullil shradheyamaayi sthiratha pulartthi."jeey, yuu, echu, echvi, emm, aarr0, aarr2, keey, tii, ell, aii, enn, ex, dablyu ennivayude kledukal ulppede vishalamaaya mtdna haaplogroopukal kandethi. abusir ell-melekkile mammikalkku maathru sub-saharan dna undennum aadhunika eejipthukaarkk 15 muthal 20 sathamaanam vare sub-saharan vamshajarundennum padanatthinte rachayithakkal abhiprayappettu, ithu saamraajyathinte avasaanathinu sheshamulla oru paridhivare varavu soochippikkunnu. mattu janithaka padanangal aadhunika thekkan eejipt janasamkhyayil sub-saharan aafrikkan vamshaparambarayude valia thoth kaanikkunnu, koodaathe thekkan eejiptil ninnulla mammikal sub-saharan aafrikkan vamshaparambarayude valia thoth kaanikkumenn pravachikkunnu.
gaurdin, anselin, keytha ennivar skeeniman muthalaayavarude padanatthinte reethishaasthrathe vimarsikkukayum sub-saharan "janithaka bandhangal" "aadyakaala kudiyettakkaar" aanennum "prasakthamaaya sub-saharan janithaka adayaalangal" ariyappedunna vyapara paathakalude bhoomishaasthravumaayi poruthappedunnillenum vaadichu. 2022ll daniel candelora 2017 skeeniman muthalaayavayil niravadhi parimithikal rekhappeduthi. shaasthreeya thelivukal" upayogichu purathana egypthinekkurichulla vamseeya sangalppangale niyamavidheyamaakkaan durupayogam cheythathayi avar vaadicha "pareekshikkappedaatha sample reethikal, cheria sample valuppam, prasnakaramaaya thaarathamya daatta" thudangiya padanangal. 
2023-ll, christopher ehrett 2017-leeii padanatthinte nigamanangale vimarshichu, purathana eejipthukaarkk aparyapthamaaya saambilinginteyum janithaka daattayude pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanathinteyum adisthaanathil leventain pashchaathalamundennu nirddeshichu. ithu munkaala paandithyatthe anusmarippikkunnathaane purathana eejipthinte sthaapaka pradeshangal vadakkukizhakkan aafrikkayile deerghakaala janasamkhyayaaya newbiyayudeyum aafrikkayude vadakkan kombinteyum pingaamikalaanennu nirnnayicha nilavilulla puraavastu, bhashaaparavum jaivaparavumaya naravamshashaasthra thelivukalumaayi vairudhyamullathaanennum ehrett vaadichu. eejipt janasamkhyayil "sub-saharan" gadakangalonnumillennu urappichuparanjathinu padanatthe ehrett vimarshichu. aaa pradeshathu ninnu egypthilekkum levantilekkum vadakkott neengiya oru pradhana janasamkhyaa gadakathinu "m35/215" vaii-chromosome vamshaavaliyude janithaka markerinte uravidamaayi aafrikkayude kombine thiricharinja mattu janithaka thelivukal ehrett udharichu.
kaaranam 2017 leeii patanam abusir ell-melekkile oru saittil ninnu maathrame sample cheythulloo, skeeniman thudangiyava.(2022) 4000 varshathe eejipshyan charithratthil neel thaazhvarayude muzhuvan neelatthilumulla aarr vyathyastha khanana sthalangalil ninnu saambilukal shekharichukondu thudarpadanam nadatthi. 17 mammikalil ninnum 14 asthikooda avashishtangalil ninnum 81 saambilukal shekharikkukayum 10 vyakthikalil ninnu 18 uyarnna nilavaaramulla mitocondrial genomeukal punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. aboosir ell-melekkile muun padanatthil ninnulla phalangale vishakalanam cheytha mitocondrial genomeukal pinthunaykkunnuvennu rachayithakkal vaadichu.
2018-ll, 11-aamm allengil 12-aamm raajavamshathinte madhyaraajyathile gavarnaraaya jehuttinakhthinte 4000 varsham pazhakkamulla mammiyil ulppeduthiya thalaye mitocondrial dnakayi vishakalanam cheythu. eejipthile abusir ell-meleck saittil ninnulla ettavum puthiya 2000 varsham pazhakkamulla asthikoodamaaya jeke2903 enna saambilil ninnulla yuu5eiii vamshavumaayi mammiyude kramam valare saamyamullathaanenkilum dijehuttinaakht sreniyumaayi nerittu poruthappedunnillenna report cheyyappettittund.
 eejipthile siva oyaasisil ninnulla aadhunika berberukalilum haplogroup yuu5 kaanapedunnu. 2008-leeii sii. yude oru lekhanam. berber janasamkhyayude sankeernavum vaividhyapoornavumaaya mitocondrial jeane pool aaya coodrey, sivaykku 16.7% ll haplogroup U5 rekhappeduthumbol eejipthinte padinjaaru bhaagathulla mattu berber janasamkhyayil haplogroup U6 kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu.
2018ll, unnatha nilavaaramulla eejipshyan bandhukkalaya nakhth-ankh, kham-nakhth ennivarude mummy cheytha avashishtangal maanchastar sarvakalaashaalayile oru samgham gaveshakar dna vishakalanam cheythu. rund mammikaludeyum vaii chromosome snaappukalil vyathyaasangal kandethiya phalangal vyathyastha pithruvamshangale soochippikkukayum nakhth-unk, kham-nakhth enniva ardhasahodaranmaaraanenna nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu, ennaal vaii chromosome sequenceukal pithru haplogroup nirnnayikkaan paryaapthamalla. snp identittikal mtdna haplogroup emm1eiii1-maayi 88.05-91.27% aathmavishwaasathode poruthappedunnu, angane rund vyakthikaludeyum aafrikkan uthbhavam sthireekarikkunnu.
gaad, havas thudangiyavar nadatthiya 2020 dii. enn. eiii patanam.gunanilavaaramulla phalangal urappakkaan samagramaya niyanthrana nadapadikramangal upayogichu 18-aamm raajavamshathile tuttankhaamooninte kudumbamgangalil ninnulla mitocondrial, vaii-chromosomal haaplogroopukal vishakalanam cheythu. europil ninnu uthbhavichathum innu aadhunika padinjaaran europiarude janithaka poolil ninnu 50-90% roopappedunnathumaaya eee kudumbatthile Y-chromosome haplograp r1b aanennu avar kandethi. mitocondrial haplogroup keey aayirunnu, ithu mikkavarum kizhakkan vamshathinte bhagamaanu. tuttankhaamun, amanhotep III ennivayude profileukal apoornnamaayirunnu, koodaathe konkordant aaleel phalangal undaayirunnittum vishakalanam vyathyastha probability kanakkukal srishtichu. eee rund mammikaludeyum kevi55 mammiyumaayulla bandham munbathe oru padanatthil sthireekarichirunnathil, rund mammikaludeyum haplogroup pravachanam kevi55 daattayude poornna profile ninnu uruthirinjekkaam. irupathaam raajavamshathile ramesses III-num addehathinte makan haplogroup e1b1a undennu kandethi, ithu padinjaaran aafrikkayil ninnum madhya aafrikkayil ninnumulla aadhunika janasamkhyayil ettavum uyarnna aavruthiyullathaanu, ennaal ithu vadakkan aafrikkakkaarkkidayil apoorvavum kizhakkan aafrikkayil eathaandu illaathullathumaanu.
janithaka vishakalanam inipparayunna haaplogrooppukale soochippichu
aarr1biyude prathyeka cled nirnnayikkappettilla.
2010 ll havas thudangiyavar. king tudankhaamun kudumba padhathiyude bhaagamaayi vishadamaaya naravamshashaasthra, radiological, janithaka padanangal nadatthi. puthiya raajyathile 11 rajakeeya mammikal thammilulla kudumbabandhangal nirnnayikkaan sramikkunnathum paarambaryamaayi labhicha vaikalyangalum pakarchavyaadhikalum ulppedeyulla rogalakshana savisheshathakalkkayi gaveshanam nadathunnathum lakshyangalil ulppedunnu. 2012ll, havas thudangiyavar. ramess III-nte 20-aamm raajavamshathile mammikaleyum orumichu kandethiya oru anjjaatha manushyan kurichu naravamshashaasthra, forencic, radiological, janithaka patanam nadatthi. 2022ll ezz.oo.vaii. hawaz thudangiyavar eee padanangalude bhaagamaayi prasidheekaricha 8 hraswa tandom lockie (ezz. aarr. aarr) daatta keytha vishakalanam cheythu.moonnu choisukal maathram ulla oru algoritam upayogikkunnu eurasiakkaar, sub-saharan aafrikkakkaar, kizhakkan eshyakkaar. eee moonnu oopshanukal upayogichu, tudankhaaman, ramesis III enniva ulppedunna bhooribhaagam saambilukalkkum janasamkhya "oru affinity vishakalanathil" sub-saharan "aafrikkakkaarumaayi aduppamundennu keytha nigamanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, rajakeeya mammikalkku typological chinthayil avyakthamaanenn addeham vaadicha mattu bandhangal illennu ithinarthamillennu keytha munnariyipp nalki. vyathyastha "daattayum algorithangalum vyathyastha phalangal nalkiyekkaam", ithu jaiva paithrukathinte sankeernathayeyum anubandha vyaakhyaanatheyum prathifalippikkunnuvennu keytha koottichertthu.
paarambaryamaayi.
purathana eejipthile samskaaravum smaarakangalum lokathinu shaashvathamaaya oru paarambaryam avasheshippichittundu. eejipshyan samskaaram eejipshyan mathaparavum vaasthuvidhyaaparavumaaya maanadandangal (noorukanakkinu pyramidukal (6-30 meter uyaram) eejipt/sudanil nirmikkappettu) sweekarikkunnathiloodeyum eejipshyan ezhuthine meroitic lipiyude adisthaanamaayi upayogichum kush, merro ennee raajyangale ganyamaayi swaadheenichu. eejipt ozhikeyulla aafrikkayile ettavum pazhaya likhitha bhashayaaya meroitic bii. sii. randaam noottaand muthal eiii. dii. anchaam noottaandinte arambham vare upayogichirunnu. udaaharanathinu, obeliskukalum mattu avashishtangalum romilek thirike kondupokappettathinaal roman saamraajyathil icis deviyude aaradhana janapriyamaayi. eejipshyan shailiyilulla nirmmanangal nirmmikkunnathinayi romacar eejiptil ninnu nirmmaana saamagrikalum irakkumathi cheythu. aadyakaala charitrakaaranmaaraaya herodotus, strabo, diodorus sikulas ennivar romacar nigoodathayude sthalamaayi kanda eee bhoomiyekkurichu padikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheythu.
madhyakaalakhattathilum navothaanatthilum, kristhumathatthinteyum pinneedu islaaminteyum uyarchaykku sesham eejipshyan purajaatheeya samskaaram kshayichuvenkilum madhyakala pandithanmaraya dull-nun alle-misri, alle-makrisi ennivarude rachanakalil eejipshyan puraathanathayodulla thaalparyam thudarnnu. pathinezhaam noottaandilum pathinettaam noottaandilum europian sanjaarikalum vinodasanchaarikalum puravasthukkal thirike konduvarikayum avarude yaathrakalekkurichulla kathakal ezhuthukayum cheythu, ithu europiludaneelam eejipthomaniyayude oru tharamgatthilekku nayichu, ithu providensinte kannum american aikyanaadukalude mahathaaya mudra polulla pratheekathmakathayil vyakthamaan. eee puthukkiya thalpparyam shekharanakkaare eejipthilekk ayachu, avar niravadhi pradhana puravasthukkal edukkukayo vaangukayo nalkukayo cheythu. eejipthinte prakrithicharithram padikkaanum rekhappeduthaanum 150 oolam shaasthranjareyum kalakaaranmaareyum konduvannappol nepolian egyptolajiyil aadya padanangal krameekarichu, athu "discription dii ell eejipti" ll prasidheekarichu.
irupathaam noottaandil eejipt sarkkarum puraavastu gaveshakarum khananangalil saamskaarika bahumaanathinteyum samagrathayudeyum praadhaanyam orupole thiricharinju. 2010 muthal, vinodasanjaara, puraavastu mantraalayam khananathinum karakaushala vasthukkal veendedukkunnathinum melnottam vahichittundu.

