
hellenistic matham

purathana greak mathatthinte avasana roopamenna nilayil hellenistic matham enna ashayam hellenistic kaalaghattatthilum roman saamraajyathilum (bisi 300 muthal 300 ce vare) purathana greak samskaarathinte swaadheenathil jeevichirunna aalukalude vividha vishwaasangalum aachaarangalum ulkkollunnu. hellenistic mathathil valareyadhikam thudarchayundaayirunnu aalukal greak daivangale aaradhikkunnathum classical greasile athe achaarangal acharikkunnathum thudarnnu.
eejipt devathakalaaya icis, serapis, syrian devathakalaaya authergatis, hadad ennivayulppede mattu rajyangalil ninnulla puthiya mathangal chertthathil ninnaan maattam vannath, ithu innathe jeevithathilum maranananthara jeevithathilum poorttheekaranam thedunna aalukalkk oru puthiya vazhi nalki. devanmaraya hellenistic bharanaadhikaarikalude aaradhanayum eee kaalaghattatthinte oru savisheshathayaayi maari, prathyekichu eejiptil, tolamikal munkaala eejipshyan sanbradaayangalum greak heero-kalttukalum sweekarikkukayum mahanaaya alexanderinte puthiya samanvayippicha tolomic aaraadhanaykkullil faravokalaayi svayam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. mattidangalil, bharanaadhikaarikalkk oru daivathinte poornna padavi nedaathe divya padavi labhichekkaam.
palarum maanthrikavidya abhyasichu, ithum munkaalathe thudarchaye prathinidheekarikkunnu. hellenistic lokathudaneelam, aalukal daivagrandhangale sameepikkukayum nirbhagyam thadayunnathino manthrangal prayogikkunnathino aakarshanangalum prathimakalum upayogikkukayum cheyyum. suuryan, chandran, grahangal ennivayude chalanangalil oru vyakthiyude swabhaavavum bhaviyum nirnnayikkaan sramikkunna eee kaalaghattatthil vikasippichedutha sankeernamaaya jyotisha sambradaayam. stoisism, epicurionism thudangiya hellenistic thathwachinthayude samvidaanangal, avayude swaadheenam vidyaabhyaasamulla varenyavargathil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyittundum, parambaraagatha mathathinu mathethara badal vaagdaanam cheythu.
classical greak matham.
classical kaalaghattatthil greak mathatthinte kendrabindu seeyusinte neethrthwathilulla panthrand olimbyan devathakalaayirunnu. oro daivathinum kallu shethrangalum prathimakalum, oru prathyeka devanu samarppichirikkunna sankethangalum (vishudha chuttupaadukal) nalki aadarikkappettirunnu, avayil palappozhum mattu devanmaare anusmarippikkunna prathimakal adangiyirunnu. ethansile atheena allengil korinthile apollo polulla nagaratthinte rakshaadhikaariyaaya daivathinu prathyeka oonnal nalkikkond nagara-samsthaanangal varsham muzhuvan vividha uthsavangalum aachaarangalum samghadippikkum.
ardha-divyaraayi kanakkaakkappettirunna veeranmaarude aaradhanayum mathaparamaya achaarangalil ulppedum. hommer ithihaasangalile puraana vyakthikal muthal oru nagaratthinte sthaapakaneppolulla charitrakaaranmaar vare atharam naayakanmaril ulppedunnu. praadeshika thalatthil, bhooprakrithi vishudha sthalangalum smaarakangalum kondu niranjirunnu; udaaharanathinu, neeruravakalkum parisaratthum niravadhi nimphukalude prathimakal kandethi, koodaathe hermukalude stylise cheytha roopangal palappozhum theruvu konukalil kaanam.
maantrikatha greak mathatthinte oru kendrabhaagamaayirunnu, daivavachanangal elakalude chalanatthil daivika ichhaashakthi nirnnayikkaan aalukale anuvadikkum; oru balipeetatthile teejwalayudeyum pukayudeyum aakruthi; pakshikalude parakkal; oru neerurava undaakkunna shabdangal; allengil oru mrugathinte kudalil. demeter, persephone ennivayumaayi bandhapetta eleusinian nigoodathakalum deerghakaalamaayi sthaapithamaayirunnu. parambaraagathamaayi rahasyamaayi sookshichirunna deeksha chadangukaliloode aalukale nigooda mathangalilekku padippichu. eee mathangalkk palappozhum vyakthiparamaaya mechappeduthal lakshyamundaayirunnu, athu maranananthara jeevithathilekkum vyapikkum.
alexanderude vijayangalkk sesham mahathaaya greak samskaaram vyaapakamaayi vyaapikkukayum kizhakkan, eejipt samskaarangalumayi valare adutha bandham pulartthukayum cheythu. greak mathathil swaadheenam cheluthiya ettavum pradhanappetta mattangal videsha devathakalude irakkumathi, puthiya daarshanika samvidaanangalude vikasanam ennivayaayirunnu. hellenistic mathathekkurichulla pazhaya sarvekal eee kaalaghattatthe mathaparamaya thakarchayaayi chithreekarikkunnu, samshayavaadam, anjeyavaadavum nireeshwaravaadavum, andhavishwaasam, nigoodatha, jyotisham ennivayude vardhanavu enniva manassilakkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, parambaraagatha mathathil idivu undaayi ennu karuthunnathinu oru kaaranavumilla. classical kaalaghattatthile athe yagangal, samarppanagal, uthsavangal ennivayode greekkukaar ore daivangale aaraadhikkunnath thudarnnuvennathinu dhaaraalam documentary thelivukalundu. eee kaalaghattatthil puthiya mathangal prathyakshappettu, pakshe praadeshika devathakale ozhivaakkikkond allah, nyoonapakshamaaya greekkukaar maathramaan avayilekku aakarshikkappettath.
akkaalathe puthiya mathangal.
puthiya mathangalil ettavum prashasthamaayath icis pinthudarunna eejipt mathamaan. greak lokathile thuramukha nagarangalile cheria eejipshyan samoohangalkkaayi eejipshyan purohithanmaaraan eee matham greasylake konduvannathu. eejipshyan matham greekkukaarkkidayil oru cheria prekshakare maathrame kandethiyulloovenkilum, avarude janapreeti roman saamraajyathin keezhil vyaapichu, koodaathe eee matham janavaasamulla lokamembaadum ariyappettirunnuvennu diodorus sikulas ezhuthi.
tolomic raajavamshathinte keezhil eejiptil srishtikkappetta greak namam undaayirunnittum eejipshyan devathayaaya serapis aaradhanayum eathaandu athrayere prashasthamaayirunnu. eejiptil sthirathaamasamaakkiya greekkukal serapisine samrakshichu. eee mathathil eleusinian nigoodathakal polulla deeksha achaarangal ulppedunnu. alaksaandriyaykkaduthu kanoppasile serapian ettavum prashastharaaya purushanmaarude samrakshanathilaanennu strabo ezhuthi.
syriayil ninnulla prathyulppaadanakshamathayum kadal devathayumaaya attargaattis (babylonian, assyrian ishtaar, phoeneeshyan baa 'alath gebal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta) mathavum janapriyamaayirunnu. bisi moonnaam noottaandode avarude aaradhana syriayil ninnu egypthilekkum greasilumaayi vyaapikkukayum oduvil italiyilum padinjaaran raajyangalilum athukayum cheythu. sibele (allengil "mahanaaya amma") pinthudarunna matham frijiyayil ninnu greasylake thudarnnu egypthilekkum italiyilekkum vannu, avide bii. sii. iii 204 ll roman senatt avalude aaradhana anuvadichu. avar rogashanthiyum samrakshanavum nalkunna devathayaayirunnu, koodaathe phalabhooyishtathayudeyum vanya prakrithiyudeyum rakshaadhikaariyumaayirunnu.
mattoru nigooda matham dionysisine kendreekarichaayirunnu. greasinte pradhana bhoopradeshathu apoorvamaanengilum dveepukalilum anatoliayilum ithu saadhaaranamaayirunnu. amgangal baachantukal ennariyappettirunnu, aachaarangalkk aaveshakaramaaya swabhaavamundaayirunnu. osiris, dionyses, mattu devathakal ennivarumaayi samanvayippicha greco-roman devanmaaril avasaanatheyaalaayirunnu antinus.
puthuthayi avatharippicha eee mathangalkkum daivangalkkum greasil thanne parimithamaaya swaadheenam maathrame undaayirunnulloo; pradhana apavaadam oru pradhana thuramukhavum vyapara kendravumaayirunnu delos. apolloyudeyum artemisinteyum janmasthalamenna nilayil eee dweep vishudhamaayirunnu, bisi randaam noottaandode syoos, eathena, dionyses, hermus, paan, aslepius enniva pinthudarunna thaddesheeya greak mathangalude aasthaanavumaayirunnu. ennaal eejipt saaraapikalkkum icis, syrian attargaattis, hadad ennivarkkum aradhana kendrangal undaayirunnu. bisi onnaam noottaandode oru jootha sinagogaya baal, asthart, apollo, neptyoon thudangiya daivangalude yadhaartha roman mathangal pinthudarnna romanmar ennivare pinthudarnna adhika mathangal undaayirunnu.
bharanaadhikaarikalude aaradhana.
hellenistic kaalaghattatthile mattoru naveekaranam hellenistic raajyangalile bharanadhikaarikalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna aaraadhanaalayangalude sthaapanamaayirunnu. ithil aadyathethu alexanderude keezhil sthaapikkappettu, addehathinte vijayangalum adikaaravum padaviyum addehathe prathyeka amgeekaaram aavasyamulla oru thalatthilekku uyarthi. eejiptil tolami oy sottarinte keezhil alexander oru daivamaayi aadarikkappedunna avasthayilekku addehathinte pingaamikal addehathinte aaradhana thudarnnu. tolamiyude makan tolami randaaman philadelphus thante antharicha pithaavine oru daivamaayi prakhyapikkukayum svayam oru jeevanulla daivamaakki maattukayum cheythu.
angane cheiyunnathiloode tolamikal pharonic aaradhanayil muun eejipshyan ashayangal sweekarikkukayaayirunnu. mattidangalil, achaarangal vyathyasthamaayirunnu; oru bharanaadhikaariykk oru daivathinte poornna padavi illaathe divya padavi labhichekkaam, bisi 307 ll ethansil sambhavichathupole, nagaratthe mochippichathinu antigonus aii monophthalmus, demetrius aii polyorcettukal ennivare rakshakar ("sottaras") aayi aadarichappol, athinte falamaayi, oru balipeetam sthaapichu; oru vaarshika utsavam sthaapichu; "rakshakarude purohitan" enna oafees avatharippichu. bharanadhikaarikalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna shethrangal apoorvamaayirunnu, ennaal avarude prathimakal palappozhum mattu shethrangalil sthaapikkappettu, rajaakkanmaare "kshethram pankidunna daivangalaayi" aaraadhikkumaayirunnu."
jyothishavum maanthrikathayum.
eee kaalaghattatthil andhavishwaasavum maanthrikathayum upayogichathinu mathiyaya thelivukalundu. ooraakular shethrangalum vanyajeevi sankethangalum appozhum janapriyamaayirunnu. manohaarithayudeyum shaapangaludeyum upayogathinu dhaaraalam thelivukalundu. bhaagyamundaavunnathino akathullavarkku nirbhagyam undakaathirikkunnathino veedukalude vaathilukalil chinnangal sthaapikkum.
palappozhum vilayeriyatho ardha vilayeriyatho aaya kallil muricha alankaarangalkku samrakshanasheshi undaayirunnu. venkalam, eeyam allengil terracotta ennivayil ninnu nirmmicha prathimakal pinnukaloo nakhangalo upayogichu thulachukayarukayum manthrangal idukayum cheythirunnu. marble allengil loham (prathyekichu eeyam) upayogichu nirmmicha shapa falakangal shaapangalkkaayi upayogichirunnu.
jyotisham-nakshathrangalum grahangalum oru vyakthiyude bhaviye swaadheenikkunnu enna vishwaasam-babyloniayil uyarnnuvannu, avide ithu yadhaarthathil rajavino raajyathino maathrame baadhakamaayirunnulloo. greekkukaar, hellenistic kaalaghattatthil, pilkkala kaalangalkk parichithamaaya hellenistic jyothishathinte athisayakaramaaya sankeernamaaya samvidaanathilekku athine vishadeekarichu. bisi onnaam noottaand muthal jyothishathodulla thaalparyam athivegam valarnnu.
hellenistic thathwachintha.
parambaraagatha mathathinu pakaramaayi oru badal vaagdaanam cheythath hellenistic thathwashaasthramaanu. eee thathwachinthakalilonnu stoisisamaayirunnu, athu prapanchatthe bharikkunnuvennu stoikkukal vishwasicha yukthisahamaya kramathinanusarichu jeevitam nayikkanamennu padippichu; manushyarkk avarude vidhi daivika ichhaashakthikkanusarichu amgeekarikkendathundu, koodaathe sadgunaparamaaya pravrithikal avarude swantham aantharika moolyathinaayi nadatthanam. mattoru thathwachintha epicurionisamaayirunnu, athu prapancham aattangalude kramarahithamaya chalanangalkk vidheyamaanennum maanasika samthrupthiyum vedanayude abhavavum nedunnathinu jeevan jeevikkanamennum padippichu. mattu thathwachinthakalil vidhi nirthalaakkunnathiloode engane aantharika samadhaanam nedaamennu padippicha pyronism; kanvenshanodum bhauthika swathukkalodum avahelanamundaakkiya ninda (thathwachintha); plaattoyude padippikkalukal pinthudarnna plaattonistukal, aristottiline pinthudarnna peripattettiks enniva ulppedunnu. eee thathwachinthakalellaam, oru paridhivare, parambaraagatha greak mathathe ulkkollaan shramichuvenkilum thathwachinthakarum avayude keezhil padichavarum, pradhaanamaayum vidyaasambannaraaya varenyavargathil maathram othungunna oru cheria thiranjeduttha groupaayi thudarnnu.
hellenistic joothamatham.
purathana lokathile jootha mathapaarambaryathe greak samskaarathinte gadakangalumaayi samyojippicha joothamathathinte oru roopamaayirunnu hellenistic joothamatham. roman saamraajyathinte pathanavum kizhakkan medittareniyante musleem adhiniveshangalum vare, madhyapoorvadeshatheyum vadakkan aphrica pradeshatheyum rund pradhana greak nagara vaasasthalangalaaya alexandria (eejipt), antiok (ippol thekkan turkey) ennivayaayirunnu hellenistic joothamathathinte pradhana kendrangal, iva randum bii. sii. naalam noottaandinte avasaanathil mahanaaya alexanderinte vijayangalude pashchaathalatthil sthaapithamaayi. randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthil jerusalemil hellenisermaarum paarambaryavaadikalum (chilappol judaisarmaar ennu vilikkappedunnu) thammil samgharshamundaayirunnu.
randaam kshetra joothamathathinteyum hellenistic samskaarathinteyum sanbarkkathinte pradhana saahitya ulppannamaanu hebru baibilinte septhuvaajint vivarthanam, baibil hebroovil ninnum baibil aramic coyin greekkilekk, prathyekichu, jootha coyin greak. philoyude thathwashaasthraparavum daarmmikavumaaya grandhangalum mattu hellenistic jootha ezhuthukaarude charitraparamaaya kruthikalum paraamarshikkaavunnathaanu.
randaam noottaandil aarambhicha hellenistic joothamathathinte thakarchayude kaaranagal ippozhum poornnamaayum manassilakkaanaayittilla. ithu oduvil paarshwalkkarikkappedum bhaagikamaayi agiranam cheyyappedukayum kramena anthiyokyayilum melkkait catholica sabha, greak oorthadoox charchu oof anthiyokyilum kendreekarichulla aadyakaala kristhumathatthinte koyne samsaarikkunna kendramaayi maarukayum cheythekkaam.

