
engo dhiin deam america sandarshichu

dakshina vietnaam president engo dinh deam 1957ll thante gavanmentinte pradhana sakhyakakshiyaya america sandarshichu. sheethayudhathinidayil oru "swatantra raajya" thinte nethaavenna nilayil dimm oru thilakkamaarnna swaagatham nedukayum prashamsikkappedukayum cheythu. dakshina viyatnaamin pinthuna nischayikkunnathinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru lobby grouppaaya american fronds oof vietnaam (eiii. eph. vii) aanu sandarshanasamayathe sweekaranangal samghadippichathu, athil rund pradhana paarttikalil ninnumulla niravadhi raashtreeyakkaarum ulppedunnu. oru nayamo aasoothrana dauthyamo ennathilupari pradhaanamaayum aakhoshavum aachaaraparavumaayirunnu sandarshanam. septambaril addeham austreliya sandarshichathinaal, communist virudha rajyangalaaya thekkan korea, thayland ennividangalilum addeham oru varshathe yaathrayude bhaagamaayirunnu.
sandarshanathinu munbu, american sarkkarum eiii. eph. vii. yum dimm sandarshanam sukhakaramaakkunnathinu samagramaya thayyaareduppukal nadathukayum dakshina vietnaamees nethaavinekkurichu anukoolamaaya reportukal ezhuthaan eiii. eph. vii. maadhyamangale vijayakaramaayi lobby cheyyukayum cheythu. janaadhipathyathinte oru chaambyan enna nilayil deemine parihasikkukayum addehathinte svechaadhipathya shailiyekkurichum thiranjeduppu krithrimathvathekkurichum paraamarshangal ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. dii. yill vimaanathilaan dayim vaashingtanilethiyathu.sii.meyy 8nuu vimaanathaavalathilvechu president dwait dii. addehathe vyakthiparamayi swaagatham cheythu. isenhover-sandarshikkunna mattoru raashtrathalavanu maathram nalkunna oru bahumathiyaaya isenhover. 50, 000 abhyudayakaamkshikal deeminte vaahanavyoohathe swaagatham cheyyukayum us kongrasine abhisambodhana cheyyukayum addehathinte nayangal raashtreeyathinte irupakshavum hridayapoorvvam amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. american thalasthaanathu ayirunna samayat, diam sweekaranangalil pankedukkukayum, dakshina viyatnaamin amerikkayude pinthuna charcha cheiyunnathinaayi isenhoverumaayum us stettu sekrattari joonn phosttar dullsumaayum swakaarya metingukal nadathukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum dillasumaayulla koodikkaazhcha phalapradamallaathathinaal dimm thudarchayaayi samsaarikkukayum dvimukha charchakal asaadhyamaakkukayum cheythu.
thudarnnu dimm newyork nagaram sandarshichu, avide addehathinu maanhattaniloode oru ticker tape paredu nalki, athil 250,000 perr pankedutthu. bisinus nethaakkalumaayi niravadhi chadangukalil pankedukkunnathinu munbu, sitti kaunsil addehathinu niravadhi bahumathikal nalkukayum oru poura sweekaranam nalkukayum cheythu, videsha nikshepathinu anukoolamaaya sthalamaayi thante raajyam vipananam cheythu. dakshina vietnaamees president nagaratthile pradhana roman catholica sthaapanamaaya sent patricks cathedralil nirtthi-oru catholica, diyam adhikaarathilethaan sahaayichath kardinal francis spelmanteyum american catholica raashtreeyakkaarudeyum lobiyaan. pravaasatthil thaamasichirunna newyorkkile ossiningile marinol seminariyilekkum oonarari doktarettu labhikkunnathinaayi catholica settan haal sarvakalaashaalayilekkum addeham madangi. pinneedu dashakathinte thudakkathil pravaasatthil thaamasichirunna mishigan stettu yooniversittiyil ninnu oonarari birudam labhicha dimm, aaa divasam addehathodulla bahumaanaartham samarppichu. dakshina vietnaam president viyatnaamilekku madangunnathinumumbu padinjarottu pasaphik theerathekku yaatra cheythu.
eee sandarshanam diam washington thammilulla bandhatthinte uyarnna ghattamaayirunnu, kaaranam pilkkala varshangalil, us sarkkarum afv amgangalum thante sarkkaarine udaaravalkkarikkunnathilum thekkan viyatnaamine kooduthal janaadhipathyavalkkarikkunnathu mattangal varuthunnathilum diyam parajayappettathil kooduthal niraasharaayi. oru kaalath pinthunachirunna maadyamangal dimm bharanathile prasnangal avaganikkathe dakshina viyatnaaminekkurich report cheyyaan thudangi. 1963ll, kammyoonistukaarkk sakthamaaya oru badal vaagdaanam cheyyaan diaminu kazhiyillennu washington nigamanam cheythathode, budhamatha prathisandhiyude samayat diaminu american pinthuna thakarnnu, us pinthunayulla sainika attimariyil addehathe attimarichu pidikoodiya sesham vadhichu.
pashchaathalam.
1933ll viyatnaaminte aabhyantharamanthriyaayirunna deam, thayland chakravartthiyude keezhil sevanamanushtichu. ennirunnaalum, franch colonial adhikaarikal viyatnaamin ardhavathaaya svayambharanaavakaasham nalkaathathinaal eathaanum maasangalkk sesham addeham raajivaykkukayum adutha dashakathil oru swakaarya pouranaakukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, jappan saamraajyathvam indochina akramikkukayum fraansil ninnu niyanthranam pidichedukkukayum cheythu, ennaal 1945 ll sakhyakakshikalaal paraajayappettappol oru adhikara shoonyatha uyarnnuvannu. communist aadipathyamulla hoow chii minninte viyatt miin janaadhipathya republic oof vietnaam prakhyapikkukayum swaathanthryathinaayi pooraadukayum cheythu, athesamayam franchukaar avarude kolaniyude niyanthranam veendedukkaan sramikkukayum franch unionile oru swatantra rajyamaaya boysinu keezhil vietnaam samsthaanam srishtikkukayum cheythu. kadutha communist virudha desheeyavaadiyaaya deeyam randineyum ethirkkukayum svanthamaayi oru prasthaanam srishtikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu, pakshe vijayam kuravaayirunnu. franchukaarum kammyoonistukaarum thannodu sathrutha pularthiyathinaal, dimm surakshithamallenn thonnukayum 1950-ll svayam adichelppicha pravaasatthilekku pookukayum jeevithathil aadyamaayi vietnaam vidukayum cheythu. kammyoonistukaar thante abhaavathil vadhashikshaykk vidhichathinaal addeham angane cheythu, athesamayam franchukaar thangalkk vibhavangalillennu avakaashappett addehathinu samrakshanam nalkaan visammathichu. adutha naalu varshangalil bhooribhaagavum amerikkayilum europilum, prathyekichu amerikkayile saha catholica raashtreeyakkaarkkum vaattikkan udyogastharkkum idayil pinthuna nedunnathinaayi deam chelavazhichu. viyatnaamile pramukha catholica purohitan romile unnatha purohithanmaarodoppam padichayaalumaayirunnu addehathinte mootha sahodaran engo dinn thukkennathenna vasthuthayaan randaamathe grouppumaayulla dimnte vijaythe sahaayichath.
jappaanile oru stoppil amerikkayil ninnulla polittikkal sayans professoraaya wesley fishalumaayi dimm koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. kammyoonisatheyum colonialisatheyum ethirtha "moonnaam shakti" prathyayashaasthrathinte vakthavaaya fishell vegathil deam ennayaalumaayi sauhrudam sthaapichu. american academic samghadana amerikkayil dimm enna sthaapanavumaayi bandhappedaan samghadippikkukayum acting us stettu sekrattari jaims vebbumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum cheythu. aadya yogathil diminu kaaryamaaya swaadheenamonnum thonniyillengilum thaazhnna raankilulla udyogastharumaayi koodikkaazhcha thudarnnu. thante kaalathe ettavum rashtreeya sakthanaaya purohitan thukkile muun sahapaadiyumaaya kardinal francis spelmane tukke thante ilaya sahodarane parichayappedutthi. pinneedu, diaminu piyus pathinaraman maarppaappayumaayi oru koodikkaazhcha nalki. 1951-nte thudakkathil, yuu. ezz. stettu sekrattari deane achesanumaayi dimm koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. achesaninu nalkia avatharanathinte vijayam nyoojezhsiyile spellman seminariyil svayam adhishtithamaayi prachaaranatthinaayi amerikkayil thudaraan diemine prerippichu. raajyathudaneelam sanjaricha addeham sarvakalaashaalakalil samsaarikkukayum fishels sthaapanamaaya mishigan stettu yooniversittiyil addehathinu oru faakkaltti sthaanam nalkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu supreme kodathi justice vilyam oo. yude pinthuna dheem nedi. dougless, senattarmaaraaya joonn mccormack, mike mansfield, joonn eph. kennidi. pinneedu mccormack senatt bhooripaksha nethaavaayi, mondaanayil ninnulla oru janaadhipathyavaadiyaaya mansfield raashtreeyathil praveshikkunnathinu munbu eshyan charithratthinte professoraayirunnu; thalphalamaayi viyatnaaminekkurichu addehathinte abhipraayangal kooduthal swaadheenamullathum saha senattarmaar uyarnna bahumanam pularthiyirunnathumaanu.
1954ll franchukaar dien biyan phu yudhathil paraajayappedukayum indochinayude bhaavi nirnnayikkunnathinaayi janeeva sammelanam nadathukayum cheythu. viyatt minnin vadakkan viyatnaaminte niyanthranam nalkappettappol 17-aamm samaantharathinte thekk pradesham vietnaam samsthaanam niyanthrichu. vietnaam samsthaanam oppidaatha jeneeva karaarukal 1956-ll punarekeekarana thiranjeduppu nadatthaan aavasyappettu. thekkukizhakkan eshyayil ninnu franchukaar pinmarunnathinaal american sahayam aakarshikkan diyam kazhiyumennu pratheekshichukondu diam thante pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkapettu. 1954 juunil viyatnaamilekku madangiyethiya dimm 1954 juulai 7nuu aaa sthaanam etteduthu. niravadhi abhipraayavyathyaasangalkka sesham, 1955 october 23nuu nadanna oru vyaja hitaparisodhanayil dimm bavo daiye sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum moonnu divasathinu sesham puthuthayi prakhyaapicha republic oof viyatnaaminte presidentaayi svayam prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. sheethayudhathinidayil americayudeyum mattu communist virudha raajyangaludeyum pinthuna dimm nedi. 1956ll nischayichirunna deseeya punarekeekarana thiranjeduppu nadatthaan addeham visammathikkukayum, vadakku voo vottumaattathil krithrimam nadathumennu urappikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum thaan thanne vottu cheythirunnuvenkilum. athinidayil, deam thante bharanam shakthippeduthunnathum thante puthiya raajyathe sthirappeduthunnathum thudarnnu.
thayyaareduppu.
oru samsthaana sandarshanam shedule cheyyaanulla rund varshathe american shramangalkk sheshamaan dimte yaatra. 1955ll, deam pradhaanamanthriyaayirikkum thanne oru yaatra samghadippikkaan washington rund thavana shramichuvenkilum addeham prathipaksha grouppukale adichamarthunnathilum adhikaarathilulla addehathinte pidi durbalamaayathilum valare thirakkilaayirunnu. 1955 meyy maasathil saigon yudhathil biinn shuen samghaditha crime sindikkettine thakarth, thudarnnu thante sahodaran engo dinn nuu oru referendum nadathiyathinethudarnnu vietnaam republicayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. saigoninte thalasthaanathu vijayathinte 133% marjin ulla 98.2% vottukalkku diaminu bahumati labhichu. 1957 februvariyil dakshina viyatnaamile us ambasseder frederic rehardinode thaalparyam soochippichathine thudarnnaanu dakshina vietnaamees nethaavinte sandarshanam samghadippichathu.
isenhover bharanakoodam deeminte varavinayi valare vishadamaayi thayyaaredutthu. stettu departmentinte protocol offeesil (oo. pii.) ninnulla oru memmoraandam athinte udyogastharkku dheem enna perinte sariyaaya uchaaranam polulla aachaaraparamaaya sankeernathakalekkurichulla vishadamaaya vivarangal nalki. toasting nadapadikramathekkurichu jeevanakkaare vivaramariyikkunnathinayi ithu kooduthal munnott pooyi. diaminte vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalum savisheshathakalum vishadeekarikkunna oru maanuval achadikkukayum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu. dakshina vietnaam president "antharmukhanum eakaanthanumaaya vyakthiyaan" ennu athil parayunnu... ennirunnaalum, addeham eathaandu mishihaika dauthyabodhamulla oru manushyanaan ". 1963ll, pothujanangale ozhichu, shoonyamaaya grandstaandukalkku munnil adhikaarathilethiyathinte bahumaanaartham deam oru sainika paredu nadatthi. thaan theerumaanicha nayangal pinthudarunnathilum prayogikkunnathilum dm achanchalavum mikkavarum krooravumaayirikkaam, koodaathe... akramasakthamaaya swabhaavamullayaalaanu."
swaathanthryathe snehikkunna oru janaadhipathyavaadiyaayi diyam visheshippikkunna pothu prakhyaapanangalkk vipareethamaayi, utharaviloode niyamanirmmanam roopeekarikkaanulla addehathinte kazhivum nuvinte qaan lavo party nadathunna police stettu samvidaanangalum prakadippikkunnathupole maanuval addehathinte svechaadhipathya manobhaavavum vishadeekarichu; 1955 ll, nuvinte ejantumaar dimm ennathinu pakaram baaoodaykku vottu cheythavare marddichu. vietnaam athinte nilavile saahacharyathilum swantham paithrikam kanakkiledukkumbozhum padinjaaru ariyappedunnathupole oru janaadhipathya sarkkaarin ithuvare thayyarayilla" ennu maanuval paranju. nayanirmmaana prakriyayil ellah tharatthilulla abhipraayangaludeyum parasparabandham viyatnaamin ithuvare thangaan kazhiyaatha oru aadambaramayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."deemte svechaadhipathyathekkuri addeham vimathare pathivayi kollukayo jayililadaykkukayo cheiyunnu enna vasthuthayekurichum paraamarshikkunnath ozhivakkaan athu pothusevakarodu upadeshichu," atharam aaropanangalodu addeham ettavum sensitiivu aanu."
maadyama pracharanam.
sandarshanathinu munnodiyaayi, viyatnaamile (eiii. eph. vii) american suhruthukkal oru prachaarana prachaaranatthil earppedukayum dimm sandarshanam report cheyyaan pathrangale prolsaahippikkukayum dakshina vietnaamees nethaavinu anukoolamaaya kavarej nalkaan avarodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. american pothujanangalilum theerumaanamedukkunnavarilum addeham nalla swaadheenam cheluthunnathinaayi dakshina vietnaamum american charithratthile vividha sambhavangalum thammil saadrishyangal undaakkunnuvenn urappaakkikkond dimte pala prasamgangalum eiii. eph. vii thayyarakki. ithinaayi avar rashtreeya kansalttansi sthaapanamaaya harrold ooraaminte sevanangal upayogichu.
deeminte varavinayi maadyamangal addehathekkurichu vishadamaayi ezhuthukayum prashamsikkukayum cheythu. "washington poost" athinte diaminte profile naalu pejukal neekkivaykkukayum athinu "dayim-swatantra puthiya eshyayude chihnam" ennu peridukayum cheythu."" "washington sayahna tharam" "oru chaambyanilekku swaagatham" "enna thalakkett pravarthippikkukayum" "kammyoonisathinethiraaya dheeran phalapradavumaaya poraali" "ennaanu diemine visheshippikkukayum cheythath"."eshyayile swaathanthryathinum janaadhipathyathinum vendi munneriyathinu" "newyork times" "sandarshikkunna presidentine prashamsikkukayum" "boosttan globe" "addehathe" "viyatnaaminte irumbu manushyan" "ennu vilikkukayum cheythu"."kamyoonisathodulla deeminte prathyakshamaaya ethirppinekkurichu vividha pathrangal anukoolamaayi abhiprayappettu, athu indiayile jawaharlal nehru, indoneshyayile sukarno thudangiya chericheraatha eshyan nethaakkalude sthaanavumaayi koottichertthu. nehruvum sukarnoyum amerikkayude neethrthwathilulla communist virudha lokathil ninnum soviyatt blockil ninnum akannunilkkaan sramikkukayum mattu raajyangale avarude prasthaanathilekku recruit cheyyaan sramikkukayum cheythu. pathrangal thekkan viyatnaamine kammyoonisathinte irunda kadalile prakashakiranavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu.
sandarshanam.
meyy 8 nuu uchakazhinju washingtonile deseeya vimaanathaavalathil dii.sii., yuu vimaanathil.ezz. president dwait dii. isenhover, "columbine III", oru velli nakshathrasamooham. isenhover, stettu sekrattari joonn phosttar dullus, joyint cheefs oof staaf chairman nathan twinning ennivar addehathe vimaanathaavalathil nerittu sweekarichu; isenhoverinte presidencyil ithu randaam thavanayaanu addeham sandarshikkunna oru raashtrathalavane abhivaadyam cheyyaan vimaanathaavalathilekk nerittu pogunnathu. thudarnnu dimm 21 thokkukalude salute nalkukayum limosine upayogichu addehathinte vasathiyilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. thekkan vietnaamees nethaavinte motorgad sweekaricha vazhiyil 50,000thiladhikam aalukal niratthilirangi. addeham ethiya divasam, "newyork times" "president deam" enna edittoriyal prasidheekarichu... thante rajyath nammilum swathanthraraaya manushyarkkuvendi nadannukondirikkunna oru samrambhathil ganyamaaya pankaliyaayi. njangal addehathe bahumanikkukayum aaa kaaryatthil addehathe eratti swaagatham cheyyukayum cheiyunnu."janakkoottathodulla diaminte vikaarakkuravinekkurich oru nalla maattam varuthaan sramichukondu," "washington dayley nyoos" "-nte andrew tilly thante vaayanakkaare ariyichu, presidentinte" "mithamaaya gambheerathayude vaayu mattethoru punchiriyekkaalum kaineettunnathinekkaalum valare akarshakamaayirunnu"."janangalude aashamsakalodu prathikarikkunnathil dimm paraajayappettath puthiyathayirunnilla; 1954ll pravaasatthil ninnu viyatnaamilekku madangiyethiyappol pradhaanamanthriyaakunnathini addeham taann sooan nhut vimaanathaavalathil abhyudayakaamkshikale sameepikkaan thuninjilla.
washington dii. sii..
adutha divasam, prathinidhi sabayum senattum pankeduttha yunaittad stetts kongrasinte samyuktha sammelanathe deam abhisambodhana cheythu. 1954lum 1955lum thante sarkkar apakadaavasthayilaayirunnappol america nalkia pinthunaykku addeham nandi parayukayum thante rashtreeya vedhi vishadeekarikkukayum cheythu.
washingtoninte videshanayathinte bhaagamaayi "udara janadhipathyam samrakshikkaan nadathunna shramangalkk" amerikkakkaarkk deam nandi paranju. communist vadakkan viyatnaamil ninnu thekkott dasalakshakkanakkinu abhayaarthikalude palayanam "mayflower" enna kappalil britiish dveepukal upekshichu mathaparamaya peedanatthil ninnu rakshappedaan masaachyusetsilekku kappal kayariya theerthaadakarumaayi addeham thaarathamyam cheythu. catholica pravartthakarude prasthavanakal kaaranam vadakke vietnaamees abhayaarthikalude palayanam amerikkayil valareyadhikam shradha nediyathinaal eiii. eph. vii. upadeshtaakkal prasamgatthil theerthaadakarude paramarsham ulppeduthiyirunnu. deeminu oru staanding ooveshan labikkukayum niyamasabhaamgangalude valia kayyadi addehathinte prasangam nirantharam thadassappeduthukayum cheythu. samkhyakalude bharam janaadhipathyathinte alavukol allennu addeham avakaashappettengilum, american maadyamangal janaadhipathyathodulla addehathinte manobhaavathe vyaapakamaayi prashamsichu.
iru pradhana paarttikalum deemil prashamsichu. senattar mansfield paranju, "viyatnaamil mathramalla, thekkukizhakkan eshyayilum communist aakramanathe thadanjunirthiyathinte pradhana bahumati, ithrayum valia kazhivu prakadippikkukayum valia prathisandhikalkkethire valareyadhikam nettangal kaivarikkukayum cheytha president dimyude nischayadaartyam, dhairyam, azhiyaathirikkal, samagratha ennivayilaanu."raashtreeyathil praveshikkunnathinu munbu addehathinte academic yogyathakal kaaranam maansfeeldinte prashamsa mattu senattarmaare apekshichu kooduthal praadhaanyam nalki. newyorkkil ninnulla republican senattar jacob jaavits, "swatantra lokathile yadhaartha naayakanmaril oraal" ennu visheshippikkappettu."
president isenhover paranju, "president ngo dhiin dheem dheerathayudeyum raashtrathanthrathinteyum ettavum uyarnna gunangale prathinidheekarikkunnu... vietnaam president, thante prachodanaathmakamaaya neethrthwathiloode, manushyaraashiyude samadhaanaparamaaya purogathikkaayi vishalamaaya puthiya mekhalakal thurakkukayaanu."desheeyathalathil sampreshanam cheytha oru prasamgatthil stettu sekrattari dullus paranju," "pradhaanamantri dimm enne valareyadhikam aakarshichu". addeham oru yadhaartha desasnehi swaathanthryathinaayi samarppithanumaan, "1955 leeii saigoninaayulla yudhathil binh shuyene paraajayappedutthiyathine paraamarsikkunnu. vidoora kizhakkan kaaryangalude asisttant sekrattari walter robartsan paranju, "eshya namukk mattoru mahanaaya vyakthiye nalki, addehathinte nischayadaarthyathinteyum dhaarmika dhairyathinteyum udaaharanathaal swatantra lokam muzhuvan sambannamaayi."
aaa samayat vaanijya irakkumathi paripadi (sii. aii. pii) vijayakaramaayi pravarthikkunnathaayi thonni, 1956 leeii punarekeekarana thiranjeduppu dayim raddaakkiyathinu sesham vadakkan vietnaam thekk akramikkaan theerumaanichirunnilla. 1960 kalilum 1970 kalilum american maadyamangal viyatnaamumaayi bandhappett washington avatharippicha audyogika nilapaadine durbalappeduthunna anweshanaathmaka pathrapravartthanatthil earppettirunna kaalaghattatthile thilangunna pathrapravartthanathinu vipareethamaayi, prathyekichu 1963 leeii deam pathanasamayathu. david halberstaam, malcom braun, neel sheehan thudangiya pathrapravarthakarkkellaam budhamatha prathisandhiyekkurichulla avarude pravarthanangalkku pulitsar sammanangal labhichu, athil budhamatha bhooripakshathinethiraaya varshangalude vivechanathinu sesham bahujana prathishedhangal pottipurappettu.
washingtonile thante moonnaam divasam, oru deseeya pras klabbile uchabhakshanathil mukhya prabhashakanum athidhiyumaayirunnu deam. communism nishpakshamallaathathinaal namukk nishpakshatha pularthaan kazhiyilla" ennu paranju addeham nishpakshathaye pinthunacha eshyan nethaakkale aakramichu."ithu maadhyamangale aakarshichu, avar avarude reportukalil dimsinte avyakthamaaya nilapad vyakthamaayi shradhichu. newyork herald tribunile" pulitsar sammana jethaavaaya maargarait higgins paranju, "eee eshyan naayakan vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunnath kelkkunnathu oru unmeshadaayakavum eathaandu njettikkunnathumaaya anubhavamaann 'communism nishpakshamalla, athinaal namukk nishpakshatha pularthaan kazhiyilla.'... sameepakaala eshyan sandarshakarkkidayil addeham svayam saviseshanaakki... americayodum kammyoonistukaarkkethir addeham parasyamaayi paksham chertthathu nirnnaayakathayiloodeyaanu."thante lekhanathil, higgins nehruvinteyum sukarnoyudeyum nilapaadukale veendum vimarshichu. diaminte shabdakkashanathinte swaadheenam enthaayirunnuvenkil pinneedu eiii. eph. vii. athu avarude meyil aouttukalilum prachaaranagalilum oru thalakkett udharaniyaayi upayogichu.
katholikkamathathodulla thante anuyojyatha prakhyapikkukayum "ente mathatthinte thathwangal ellaayppozhum oru valia prachodanamaayi njaan kandethiyittundu, ente rashtreeya jeevithathil njaan enthengilum nediyittundengil, njaan athellam kadappettirikkunnu aaa thathwangalkku."addehathinte paraamarshangal catholica pathrangalil vyaapakamaayi pracharikkapettu, avaa dakshina viyatnaaminte communist ettedukkal thadayaan addehathinu kazhinjathinte kaaranamaayi avaa udharichu.
sandarshanam pradhaanamaayum achaaraparavum nirddishta naya aasoothranathinum charchakalkkum pakaram paraspara prasamsayil shradha kendreekarichathumaayirunnu. eee divasangalude avasaanathil isenhoverumaayum stettu departmentile unnatha amgangalumaayum koodikkaazhcha nadathikkondu deam naalu divasam thalasthaanathu thaamasichu. ennirunnaalum, stettu secretory addehathinte keezhudyogastharum blair hausil diyam sandarshikkaan theerumaanichathinethudarnna dullasumaayulla koodikkaazhcha oru prahasanamaayi maari. palappozhum aarr manikkoor vare neenduninna ekabhaashikathaykku kuprasidhanaaya dayim, ananthamaayi samsaarichu, athinte falamaayi american nayathanthranjarkku avar charcha cheyyaan aagrahikkunna ellah prashnangalum unnayikkaan kazhinjilla.
isanhovarumaayulla koodikkazhchayil, dakshina viyatnaaminte prathirodhathodulla american prathibadhathayekkurichu deam chodichu. akkaalat, communist garillakal avarude bharanathin keezhil viyatnaamine veendum onnippikkanulla shramathil diyeminethire oru thaazhnna thalatthilulla pracharanam aarambichirunnu, ithinu marupadiyaayi addeham communist avashishtangale takarkkaan oru vyapakamaaya pracharanam aarambhichu. indochinaikku mukalilulla meghaavaranam communist garillakalkkethiraya vyomaakramanangal phalapradamaakkunnathu budhimuttaanennu dimm karuthi. kammyoonistukaar lavos vazhi thekkan viyatnaamil praveshikkaan sramikkumennu addeham pravachichu, ithu hoow chii miin paatha poornnamaayi upayogathilaayappol sambhavichu. thudar sahayathinulla urappu nalkanamennu deam americayode aavasyappettu; akkaalat, thekkan viyatnaaminte bajattinte moonnil rund bhaagavum sii. aii. piyil ninnaan vannath, ithu pradhaanamaayum nagara varenyavarggakkaar upabhokthru uthppannangal vaangaan durupayogam cheythu. isenhover bharanakoodavum kongrasum bajatt labhikkaan aagrahikkunnuvennu dimm ariyukayum vietnaamees sambadvyavasthayil thakarchayundaakumennu bhayann sii. aii. pii chelavu kuraykkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkan avarodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. thekkukizhakkan eshyan udambadi samghadana vietnaamees suraksha urappakkiyathaayi isenhover paranju, ennaal mattu amgaraajyangal valare durbalamaanennum thante raajyathe samrakshikkaanulla prathijnjakalkku anusrithamaayi nilakollaan vibhavangalude abhaavamundennum vishwasichu deam aashankaakulanaayi. thalasthaanathu ninnu dimm purappettappol, vaitt house "addehathinte neethrthwathil republic oof viyatnaaminte sradheyamaaya nettangale prashamsichukondu oru prasthavana puratthirakki."
newyork sitti.
washington vittathinushesham, dayim newyork nagaratthilekku yaatra cheythu, laguardia vimanathavalathile "columbine III" ll ninnu erangi. newyorkkil oru valia airish catholica janasamkhyayundaayirunnu, thalasthaanathekkaal kooduthal sweekaranam diyam nedi. ezhu kaarukalulla motor nirayil addehathe sent. bishop joseph flanelli dakshina vietnaam presidentine kaathirikkaan kurbana vaikippicha patrick cathedral. cathedral sankethathile oru gauravasthaanathekku deepathe nayicha sesham, bishop flanelli paranju, "njangal santhushtaraanu, njangalkk athil abhimaanamund... addehathinte manyanaaya enn. jii. dii. emm. daivabhayamulla eee communist virudhanum dheeranumaaya raashtrathanthranjan viyatnaamine rakshichappol lokam muzhuvan addehathe prashamsichu!... [y] daivathinte eee yaagapeetathil njangalude saha catholicar njangalude hridayangalilum athmaavukalilum ningalodoppam cherunnu."
thudarnnu dm marinol seminari sandarshichu. 1950 kalude thudakkathil, thante rashtreeya bhagyam thaazhnna nilayilaayirunnappol, addeham svayam adichelppicha pravaasatthilekku pookukayum avide oru kaalayalavil thaamasikkukayum mathaparamaya achaarangalil earppedukayum katholikkarkkidayil, prathyekichu kardinal spellman, rashtreeya bandhangal valarthukayum cheythu. seminaarukaar deeminu sakthamaaya pinthuna nalki. thudarnnu addeham nyoojezhsiyile southu oranchilekku pooyi, avide catholica settan haal sarvakalashaalayil ninnu oonarari niyama birudam nalki, "mattaarekkaalum kooduthal, vietnaam bhaagikamaayi keezhadakkiya samayat kammyoonistukaare thadanju."pravaasatthil ayirikke settan haalil thaamasicha addeham sarvakalashaalayil oru ooriyantal stadees vakupp srishtichathinte bhagikamaaya bahumati avakashappettu. lokathinte valiyoru bhaagathe baadhicha chuzhalikkattil eshyayude moolyangalil ninnu rakshikkenda karyangal rakshikkaan puthiya vakupp sahaayikkumenn addeham paranju."
pittennu, diaminu lover broadwayil ninnu sitti halilekkulla ticker tape pared mayer roobert wagner sweekaranavum nalki. paredil ekadesham 250,000 perr addehathe prothsaahippichu. swaathanthryam jeevithathinte shvaasamaaya oru manushyan" ennu wagner diemine visheshippikkukayum republic oof viyatnaamine "rashtreeya athbhutham" ennu visheshippikkukayum "pradhana bahumati" ennu parayukayum cheythu... president engo dinh diminte aduthekku poyaal, oru manushyacharitram irupathaam noottaandile mahanaaya vyakthikalil oralaayi kanakkaakkiyekkam."vishishtavum asaadhaaranavumaaya sevanathinu" diminu nagaratthinte medel oof oonarum oru churulum nalki aadarichu."thante bahumaanaartham wagner aathidheyathvam vahicha uchabhakshanathil newyork nagaratthe prashamsicha deam, vividha pashchaathalangalil ninnulla dhaaraalam kudiyettakkaare vijayakaramaayi samyojippichuvennum nagaratthe" "manushya saahodaryathinte pratheekamaayi" "visheshippichathaayum paranju"."veendum eiii. eph. vii kansalttantumaarude upadesaprakaaram addeham ithine viyatnaamile sameepakaala sambhavangalumayi thaarathamyam cheythu.
thudarnnu videsha bandhangal sambandhicha kaunsilumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthiya addeham avide vietnaamees bisinesses thalpparyangal prolsaahippikkukayum videsha nikshepathinu anuyojyamaaya sthalamaayi thante raajyathe visheshippikkukayum cheythu. smaarakangalum kottaarangalum nirmmikkunnathinekkaal krishisthalangal vikasippikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunna kadinaadhvaanikalaaya thozhilaallikalaayi addeham vietnaamees janataye visheshippichu. eiii. eph. vii. yum anthaaraashtra rakshaapravarthaka samitiyum (aii. aarr. sii.) samghadippicha ambasseder hotelil addehathodulla bahumaanaartham deeminu athaazham nalki. 1954-ll vietnaam vibhajanathinu sesham vadakke vietnaamees abhayaarthikale thekkott koottatthode ozhippikkunnathilum swaathanthryathilekkulla ooppareshan paasine sahayikkunnathilum saigonil pravarthicha joseph buttinger enna aii. aarr. sii amgamaanu eiii. eph. vii roopeekarichathu.
munbu ircyude director bordinte oonarari chairmaanaayi sevanamanushticha dhruva paryaveshakanaaya richard bairdinte smaranaykkaayi dimm oru award nalki. dheem maasikayude theevra pinthunakkaaranaayirunna "time" maasikayude medaaviyaaya henry loose aayirunnu chadangukalude maasttar. senattarmaar mansfield, kennady, joonn dii. ennivar ulppedunna vishishtaathidhikal spellman prasangam nadatthi. rockfeller juuniyar., eleanor rooswelt, vilyam randolf herst juuniyar. viyatnaamin nalkia pinthunaykku amerikkaykkum loosinum prathyekichu addehathinte maadyama pravarthanangalkkum dimm nandi paranju. athaazhavirunnil aii. aarr. sii chairman lioo chernum pankedutthu, addeham isenhoveril ninnulla oru telegram vaayichu, "dheerathayudeyum raashtrathanthrathinteyum uyarnna gunangal" prakadippichathinu diethe prashamsichu."pittennu, dayim spelmanoppam kurbanayil pankedukkukayum waldorf aastoriyayil phaar eest-america kaunsil oof komezhs aandu industry samghadippicha oru bisinus uchabhakshanathil vishishtaathidhiyaayi pankedukkukayum cheythu. mattu rajyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi janangal american anukoolaraanennum videsha nikshepathe swaagatham cheiyunnuvennum paranju american samrambhakarkk oru bisinesses avasaramaayi dakshina viyatnaamine deam prothsaahippichu.
adaykkal gattangal.
pinneedu newyork nagaram vittu 1950kalude thudakkathil svayam adichelppicha pravaasakaalathu thaamasichirunna mishigan stettu yooniversittiyilekku yaatra cheythu. fishell sarvakalashaalayil jolie cheyyukayum avide oru sthaanam nedaan diyemine sahayikkukayum cheythu. meyy 15 nuu, thekkan vietnaamees nethaavu 4,000 perkku oru prasangam nadathukayum oonarari birudam nedukayum cheythu; govarnor jii. mennen vilyams aaa divasam "engo dinh dheem dinam" aayi prakhyaapichu. loss enchals waled afayezhs kaunsil aathidheyathvam vahikkunna oru virunninayi loss enchalsil nirthunnathinu munbu deam tennessy sandarshichu.
meyy 19 nuu deam pradhana bhoopradesam vittu, addehathinte avasana stopp havaayiyilaayirunnu, avide addeham yunaittad stetts pasaphik fleettinte kamaandaraaya admiral felix stambinte athidhiyaayirunnu. dakshina vietnaam communist aakramanathinu vidheyamaayaal amerikkayude prathikaranathekkurichulla dimsinte aashankakal charcha cheiyunnathaayirunnu sandarshanathinte kaaranam. isenhover dulls nadatthiya pothu prasthaavanakalk anusrithamaayi kammyoonistukaar akramicha eathu communist virudha raajyatheyum prathirodhikkaan aanavaayudhangal upayogikkumenna washingtoninte abhipraayangal stump aavarthichu. communist chainayude mail aanavaayudhangal pathippichukondu amerikkakkar angane cheiyumennu addeham paranju.
anantharafalangal.
american sandarshanam addehathinte praadhamika sponsarumaayulla diminte bandhatthile uyarnna pooyintaayirunnu. janaadhipathya parishkaarangal nadappakkaanum rashtreeya samvidaanathe udaaravalkkarikkaanum amerikkakkar dimsinu mail vardhichuvarunna sammarddam chelutthitthudangi, prathyekichu elbridge derbroyude ambaasadarshippinte samayat. ennirunnaalum, thante sarkkaarinte adithara vipuleekarikkaanulla aahvaanangale dimm ethirkkukayum thiranjeduppukalil krithrimam thudarukayum cheythu. athesamayam, amerikkayil, eiii. eph. vii. kku addehathinte pinthunayum kuranju, bhaagikamaayi addehathinte svechaadhipathyavum addehathinte bharanathekkurichulla nishedhaathmakamaaya maadyama chithreekaranangalekkurichu avarodu addeham nirantharam paraathippettathum kaaranam; vividha anunayangalil earppettirunna pala vietnaamees nethaakkalum paashchaathya sarkkaarukalkk swantham maadhyamangale niyantrikkaan kazhiyillennu manassilakkiyilla. kammyoonistukaar addehathinethiraaya kalapam shakthamaakkiyathinaal veettil thanne dimmel sammarddavum vardhichu. 1960 novemberil swantham sainyathilulla athrupthi paaraatroopparmaarude parajayappetta attimari sramathinu kaaranamaayi. koorumaattatthe cherukkaan vishwastharkkaayi deeyam oduvil samghadippichenkilum, oru othutheerppinu charcha cheyyaan sramikkanamennu derbroyude aahvaanathil addeham roshakulanaayi, thante sahishnuthayillaatha nayathinu oru vanchanayayi pinthunayillaaymayekkur.
1963ll, budhamatha pathaakayude nirodhanathinethire prathishedhikkunna ombathu perude marakamaaya vedivayppil pottippurapetta, thangalodulla dheem vivechanathil budhamatha bhooripakshathil ninnulla athrupthi kaaranam bahujana sivil nissahakaranam pottipurappettu. raajyam phalapradamaayi nadatthaanum communist kalaapathinte valarcha thadayaanumulla dimsinte kazhivil americaykku aathmavishwaasam nashtappedaan thudangi, addeham mathaparavum angane deseeya sthirathaykku oru thadassamaayirunnuvennu nigamanam cheythu. eee samayat, 1950 kalile pinthunaykkunna kashanangalkk vipareethamaayi, american pras corps dakshina vietnaamees sarkkaarinte nayangaleyum pravarthanangaleyum kurichu ariyappedaatha kathakal ezhuthi, koodaathe lekhakare shaareerikamaayi bhayappeduthaanulla deam nadatthiya sramangal thirichadichu. thanikkethire prathishedhatthinu neethrthwam nalkia sanyaasimaare pidikoodunnathinaayi raajyathudaneelamulla budhakshethrangalil samakaalika reydukal nadathikkondu boudha prathisandhi pariharikkan dayim sramichathinusesham, amerikkakkar badal neethrthwathinaayi tirayan thudangi, diaminu pakaram aareyengilum tirayan adhikaarappeduthunnathina saigonile avarude embasiyilekku cable 243 ayachu. 1963 novemberil, us pinthunayulla oru attimariyil deam attimarikkappedukayum adhehatheyum nunuvineyum pidikoodukayum vadikkukayum cheythu.

