loka sarkkar

bhoomiyudeyum manushyaraashiyudeyum mail adikaaraparidhiyulla orotta rashtreeya adikaaram enna aashayamaanu loka gavanment. svechaadhipathyam muthal janadhipathyam vare vividha roopangalil ithu sangalppikkappedunnu, ithu athinte vishalamaaya vakthaakkaleyum athiraalikaleyum prathifalippikkunnu. 
executive, niyamanirmmaana, judicial pravartthanangalum bharanasamvidaanavumulla oru loka gavanment orikkalum nilavilundaayirunnilla.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil aikyaraashtrasabhayude (yuu. enn) thudakkam oru loka gavanmentinte ettavum adutha ekadesha kanakkayi thudarunnu, kaaranam ithu ithuvare ettavum valuthum shakthavumaya anthaaraashtra sthaapanamaanu. ennirunnaalum, nilavilulla deseeya gavanmentukalkkidayil adikaaram cheluthunnathinupakaram sahakaranm valarthuka enna prakhyapitha uddeshyathode yuu. enn kooduthalum oru upadeshaka rolil parimithappedutthiyirikku. ennirunnaalum, oru aagola gavanmentinulla oru maathrkayo allengil athilekkulla praadhamika chuvaduveppo aayi samghadanaye saadhaaranayaayi kaanunnu. 
saarvathrika bharanam enna ashayam purathana kaalam muthal nilanilkkukayum chila rajaakkanmaar, thathwachinthakar, mathanethaakkal, mathethara maanavikavaadikal ennivarude charchakalkkum samvaadangalkkum vaadangalkkum polum vishayamaavukayum cheythu. ivayil chilath manushya saamoohika parinaamatthinte swaabhaavikavum anivaryavumaaya falamaayi ithine charcha cheythittundu, athilulla thaalparyam aagolavalkkaranathinte pravanathakalumaayi poruthappedunnu. vishalamaaya rashtreeya spectrathil ninnulla loka gavanmentinte athiraalikal, eee ashayathe praayogikamallaathatho anaavashyamo aaya akramasakthamaaya eakaadhipathyavaadathinte oru upakaranamaayum moulikavaada kristhumathatthinte chila mekhalakalude kaaryatthil, anthyakaalam konduvarunnathinulla ethirkristhuvinte oru vaahanamayum kaanunnu. 
loka sarkkar phoor erthu palappozhum fictionil avatharippikkappedunnu, prathyekichu sayans fiction vibhaagathil; ariyappedunna udaaharanangalil aldos huxleyude "dheeramaaya puthiya lokathile" "loka raashtram", echu. jii. varum kaaryangalude roopam", jaims ezz. ll ikyaraashtrasabha. staar trekk franchisiyil oru koriyude "vishalatha", ikyappetta bhoomi (mattu grahangalude paramaadhikaaratthinum athilum valia raashtreeyangalkkum idayil). eee ashayam mattu vibhagangalkkum baadhakamaan, ennaal saadhaaranayaayi allah, oru kashanam polulla ariyappedunna udaaharanagal ulppede.
nirvachanam.
oru samoohathinullil samghaditha akramam niyamaanusrithamaayi upayogikkunnathil kuthakayulla oru samghadanayaanu oru raashtramenn wend nirvachikkunnu."vendt parayunnathanusarichu, oru lokarashtram inipparayunna aavasyakathakal niravettendathundu
naalu vyavasthakal paalikkunnidatholam kaalam oru loka gavanmentinu kendra niyantritha sainyamo kendra theerumaanamedukkunna samitio aavasyamilla. oru lokarashtram vikasippikkanamenkil lokasamvidhaanathil moonnu mattangal sambhavikkendathundu
oru loka gavanmentinte vikasanam anchu ghattangaliloode oru prakriyayayi wend sangalppikkunnu
paramadhikaara vyakthikal thammilulla poraattam oru koottaaya swathuathinteyum oduvil oru raajyathinteyum roopeekaranathil kalashikkunnuvennu wend vaadikkunnu. anthaaraashtra samvidaanathil athe sakthikal nilanilkkunnu, eee anchu ghatta prakriyayiloode oru loka raashtrathinte vikasanathilekku anivaryamaayum nayikkaan kazhiyum. lokarashtram uyarnnuvarumbol, samsthaanangalude parambaraagatha aavishkaaram lokaraashtrathinte praadeshikavalkkarikkappedu aavishkaarangalaayi maarum. loka samvidaanathil nilavilulla araajakathvathinte sthirasthithikkullil eee prakriya sambhavikkunnu.
immaanuval kaant samgharshathil ninnu roopappetta paramadhikaara vyakthikalayi raashtrathe sangalppichu. oru lokaraajyathodulla parambaraagatha daarshanika ethirppukalude (kaant, hegel) oru bhagam aadhunika saankethika kandupidithangalaal marikadakkappedunnu. aashayavinimayathinteyum ekopanathinteyum puthiya reethikalkku eee velluvilikale marikadakkaan kazhiyumennu wend vaadikkunnu.
anthaaraashtra bandhangalude mekhalayile vendinte sahapravarthakanaaya maiks austrovsky oru ghattatthile oru prakriyayayi oru loka gavanmentinte vikasanathe sangalppichu lokam rund athiraalikalaaya blokkukalaayi vibhajikkappedum, onnu vadakke america mattonn eurasia adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athu moonnaam lokamahaayudhathil ettumuttukayum "nagarikatha nilanilkkukayaanenkil", vijayakaramaya shakti lokathinte backie bhaagangale keezhadakkukayum kootticherkkukayum lokaraajyathe sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. athinte irakale "poornna prajakalayi" keezhadakkunna shakti amgeekarichaal, lokaraashtrathilekk nayikkunna saarvathrika adhiniveshathinte badal maarggavum wend karuthunnu ennathu sradheyamaanu."atharam sandarbhangalil, vikasanathinte idatharam ghattangalillathe dauthyam poorttheekarikkappedunnu."
vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetti munbulla thathwachintha.
purathanakaalam.
loka gavanment venkalayugathil (bisi 3300 muthal 1200 vare) purathana bharanaadhikaarikalude oru abhilaashamaayirunnu; purathana eejipshyan rajaakkanmaar "suuryan chuttunnathellaam", mesopotamian rajaakkanmaar "sooryodaya muthal sooryaasthamayam vare", purathana chainees, japanese chakravarthimaar "swarggathinu keezhilullavarellaam" enniva bharikkukayennathaayirunnu lakshyam.
dhaarmika gunangalum sadbharana thathwangalum kondu bandhikkappetta aikyavum neethiyukthavumaaya oru samoohathinte charitra maathrkayaaya mahathaaya aikyathinte roopathil loka gavanmentinekkurichu chainakkaarkk prathyekichum nannayi vikasicha oru ashayam undaayirunnu. naalu noottaandukalaayi chainayude bhooribhaagatheyum vijayakaramaayi onnippicha hahn rajavamsham bii. sii. 113-ll mahathaaya aikyathinte oru balipeetam sthaapich eee darshanam aagrahichu.
samakaalikamaayi, purathana greak charitrakaaranaaya polybius akkaalat ariyappedunna lokathinte bhooribhaagathilum roman bharanathe bhaavi charitrakaaranmaar pariganikkaan yogyamaaya oru "athbhuthakaramaaya" nettamaayi visheshippichu. moonnu bhookhandangaliludaneellamul ekadesham rund noottaandinte susthiramaaya roman aadhipathya kaalaghattamaaya "paiks romana" oru loka gavanmentinte kriyathmakamaaya abhilaashangale prathiphalippichu, kaaranam ithu oru kaalath raashtreeyamaayum saamskaarikamaayum takarnna pradeshathinu samriddhiyum surakshyum konduvannathayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. aadyakaala loka gavanment samghadippikkaan aagrahicha oru kristhyan vibhagamaayirunnu aadaamukal.
daantheyude saarvathrika rajavaazhcha.
loka gavanment enna ashayam noottaandukalolam rominte pathanatthe marikadannu, prathyekichu athinte muun hridayabhoomiyaaya italiyil. valdensians polulla madhyakala samadhana prasthaanangal paaduvayile marsiliasineppolulla uttopiyan thathwachinthakarkku yudhamillaatha oru lokathe sangalppikkaan prachodanam nalki. pathinalam noottaandile thante kruthiyaaya "dii monraakkiya" yill, palarum oru aadyakaala prathishedhakkaaranaayi kanakkaakkunna florent kaviyum thathwachinthakanumaaya daante alikhiyeri, manushyaraashiyude jeevithathilum maranananthara jeevithathilum samadhaanam sthaapikkunnathinu yathaakramam roman catholica sabhayil ninnu verittunilkkukayum swaadheenikkaathirikkum cheiyunna oru saarvathrika raajavaazhchaykkaayi abhyarthichu 
ennaal aaa divasam muthal lokathinte avastha enthaayirunnu, [paiks romanayude] thadassamillaatha vasthrathin aadyam athyaagrahathinte nakhangalaal vikruthamaakkal nerittu, namukk vaayikkaan kazhiyum-namukkum kaanaan kazhiyumaayirunnillengi! ooo manushyarashi! ethra kodunkaattukal ninne erinjukalayendathundu, ethra nidhi kadalilekku eriyanam, ethra kappal thakarcha sahikkendathundu, ethratholam kaalam nee, pala thalakalulla mrugatheppole, vividha lakshyangalkkayi parishramikkunnidatholam kaalam! ningal budhiyil rogiyum athupole ningalude snehathil rogiyumaanu. vaadangaliloode ningal ningalude uyarnna daaranaye sukhappeduthunnilla, anubhavathinte mukhabhaavathaal ningalude thaazhnna nilaykk sukhappeduthunnilla. parishudhaathmaavinte shabdam ningalil shwasikkumbol, 'sahodaranmaar aikyathode orumichu vasikkunnath ethra nallathum ethra manoharavumaanennu nokkoo,' enna divyamaaya preranayude maadhuryathaal ningal ningalude vaalsalyam sukhappeduthukayumilla.'
daantheyude "dii monarchia" yum saarvathrika rajavaazhchaykkulla athinte ahvaanavum vyaapakamaayi prothsaahippicha oru itaaliyan nayathanthranjanaayirunnu dii gatinara. vishudha roman chakravarthiyaaya maximilian onnaamante upadeshtaavum vishudha roman chakravarthiyaaya chansalar chaals vii chansalar aaya addeham, ellah kristhyan rajyangaleyum oru respablica kristhyaaniyude keezhil onnippikkunna aagola gavanmentine sangalppichu, ithu loka samadhaanam sthaapikkaan kazhiyunna eaka rashtreeya sthaapanamaayirunnu.
francisco dii vittoriya (1483-1546).
spanish thathwachinthakanaaya francisco dii vittoriya alberico gentili, hugo grotius ennivarodoppam "aagola rashtreeya thathwachinthayudeyum" anthaaraashtra niyamathinteyum rachayithaavaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. spanish saamraajyathinte anubhavangale adisthaanamaakki manushyaavakashangal, anthaaraashtra niyamam, aadyakaala saambathikashaasthram ennivayekkurichu salamanga sarvakalashaala abhoothapoorvamaaya chinthayil earppettirunna samayathaan ithu vannath. rez pablika totius oorbis" allengil "lokathinte muzhuvan republic" ennaanu dii vittoriya vibhavanam cheythath.
hugo grotius (1583-1645).
anthaaraashtra niyamatthinte sthaapakanaayi parakke kanakkaakkappedunna dutch thathwachinthakanum niyamanjanumaaya hugo grotius athu nadappilakkaan oru loka gavanmentinte roopeekaranathil vishwasichu. 1625ll paareesil prasidheekaricha addehathinte "dii juur bellie essy passis" ("yudhathinteyum samadhaanathinteyum niyamathekkurichulla") enna pusthakam ippozhum eee mekhalayile oru adisthaana kruthiyaayi paraamarshikkappedunnu. loka gavanmentinaayi addeham svayam vaadikkunnillenkilum, prakrithi niyamatthinte thathwangalude chattakkood ulkkollunna "rajyangal thammilulla pothu niyamam" praadeshika achaarangal pariganikkathe ellah aalukaleyum samoohangaleyum bandhippikkunnuvennu grotius vaadikkunnu.
immaanuval kaant (1724-1804).
thante '(1795) enna lekhanathil, varthamaanakaalatheyum bhaviyileyum yudhathinte bheeshani shaashvathamaayi nirthalaakkunnathinum athuvazhi lokamembaadum shaashvathamaaya samaadhaanathinte oru puthiya yugam sthaapikkaan sahayikkunnathinum manushyakaaryangal samghadippikkunnathinulla moonnu adisthaana aavasyakathakal kaant vivarikkunnu. thante nirddishta samadhana paripaadiyil rund gattangal adangiyirikkunnuvennu kaant visheshippichu.
praadhamika lekhanangal" udan allengil ellah bodhapoorvamaaya vegathayilum sweekarikkenda nadapadikal vivarichu
moonnu nirnnayaka anuchedangal sathrutha avasanippikkuka mathramalla, samadhaanam kettippadukkunnathinulla adithara nalkukayum cheyyum.
oru loka gavanment svechaadhipathyathinu vidheyamaakumenna adisthaanathil kaant athinethire vaadichu. pakaram onnara noottaandinu sesham uyarnnuvarunna anthar gavanmental samghadanakalkku samanamaaya swatantra republican samsthaanangalude leeginaayi addeham vaadichu.
johann gottleab fitchte (1762-1814).
jenayile yudhathinte varsham (1806), nepolian prussia keezhadakkiyappol, johann gottleab fitche "innathe yugathinte savisheshathakal" ennathil valare aazhameriyathum prabalavumaaya charitra pravanathayayi thaan karuthiyath vivarichu
uparidesheeya prasthaanangal.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil anthaaraashtra samghadanakal roopeekarikkaan thudangi, athil aadyathethu 1863-ll redu krosinte anthaaraashtra samiti, 1865-ll telegraph union, 1874-ll saarvathrika tapal union ennivayaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathile vardhanavu anthaaraashtra samghadanakalude roopeekaranathe thwarithappeduthi, 1914-ll onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathode avayil ekadesham 450 ennam undaayirunnu.
chila sradheyamaaya thathwachinthakarum rashtreeya nethaakkalum vyaavasaayikaananthara, lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla kaalaghattatthil loka gavanmentinte moolyam prolsaahippikkukayinnu. ulysus ezz. saankethikavidyayilum vyavasaayathilum athivegathilulla munnettangal kooduthal aikyathinum oduvil "oru rajyathinum" kaaranamakumennum sainyathinteyum naavikasenayudeyum aavasyamillennum yuu. ezz. president graantinu bodhyappettu."chainayil, rashtreeya parishkarthaavaaya kaang yuwei manushya rashtreeya samghadana kurachumaathravum valuthumaaya unitukalaayi valarukayum oduvil" "oru lokamaayi" "maarukayum cheythu". loka aikyavum raashtrangalude aagola federation sthaapikkunnathu mathatthinte pradhana thathwamaanennu bahaulla bahayi vishwaasam sthaapichu. ezhuthukaaran echu. jii. atharamoru raashtram lokasamadhaanavum neethiyum urappaakkumenn vaadichukondu oru lokarashtram srishtikkunnathinulla sakthamaaya vakthavaayirunnu wells. 
kammyoonisathinte parambaraagatha sthaapakanaaya kaal marks, lokamembaadumulla thozhilaallivargam deseeyathaye ardhashoonyamaakkunnathinu onnikkunna oru soshyalist yugam pravachichu. lokasarkkar loka kammyoonisathinte lakshyamaanennu communistukal virudhar vishwasichirunnu.
anthaaraashtra niyamam sthaapikkuka enna aashayathinulla pinthuna eee kaalayalavilum vardhichu. 1873ll beljian niyamanjanaaya gustav rollin-jackwomins roopeekaricha instittyoott oof internaashanal loow, 1866ll swis johann blundshley roopeekaricha konkreett niyama drafttukalilekku nayichu. 1883ll jaims lorimer "dhii instittyoott oof dhii loow oof nations" prasidheekarichu, athil addeham aagola niyamavaazhcha sthaapikkunna oru loka gavanmentinte ashayam paryavekshanam cheythu. inter-paarlamentari union ennu vilikkappedunna aadyathe bhroona loka paarlament 1886 ll pala rajyangalil ninnumulla niyamanirmmathaakkal ulppedunna creamer paasiyum chernnaanu samghadippichathu. 1904ll union aupachaarikamaayi "anthaaraashtra chodyangal charcha cheiyunnathinaayi idaykkide yogam cherunna oru anthaaraashtra kongras" nirddeshichu.
theodor rooswelt.
1905ll kongrasinodulla addehathinte prasthaavanayude thudakkathil thanne yuu.ezz. parishkritha raashtrangalude oru samghadana" yude aavasyakatha president theodor rooswelt eduthukaanikkukayum hegile anthaaraashtra vyavahara tribunaline kooduthal munnott kondupokaanulla oru maathrkayaayi udharikkukayum cheythu. 1906 leeii samaadhaanathinulla nobal sammanathinulla sweekarana prasamgatthil, rooswelt oru loka federatione oru "maasttar strock" ennu visheshippikkukayum samadhaanam nilanirthunnathinu eathenkilum tharatthilulla anthaaraashtra police shakthikkayi vaadikkukayum cheythu. charitrakaaranaaya vilyam rosco thayar nireekshichathu, eee prasangam "oru leag oof neshansinte abhibhaashakar prasamgicha pala padangalkkum munkootty kaanichirikkunnu", athu adutha 14 varshathekku sthaapikkappedilla ennaanu. dhii indipendant" enna kruthiyude haamilttan holt, "lokathinte federation" enna roosvelttinte padhathiye abhinandichu, henry naalaamante "mahathaaya roopakalppana" muthal saarvathrika samaadhaanathinaayi "samagramaya oru padhathi" nirddeshichittillenna ezhuthi.
rooswelt aagola gavanmentine ashayaparamaayi pinthunachuvenkilum, nirddishta nirddeshangaleyum anthaaraashtra bharanathinte lakshyam prothsaahippikkunna samghadanakalude nethaakkaleyum addeham vimarshichu. charitrakaaranaaya joonn milttan koopparinte abhipraayathil, rooswelt thante presidential pingamiyaaya vilyam howard taafttinte padhathiye prashamsichu, "nilavilulla saahacharyangalil oru leag, anuchithamo praadhaanyamillaathatho aaya nadappaakkal reethikalkku mail nirbandham pidikkunnathiloode thathwam palikkaan visammathikkunnathil atharam vivekathode leegine oru praayogika kaaryamaayi namukk samsaarikkam."
1907ll andrew carnegic ezhuthiya kathil, rooswelt "hage kodathi adhikaarathilum sthirathayilum valareyadhikam vardhikkunnathu kaanamenna prateeksha prakadippichu, thante avasana pothu prasamgangalilonnil addeham paranju" bhaaviyile yudhangalude ennam kuraykkaanum avayude vyaapthi parimithappedutthaanum nyayamaaya reethiyil sramikkunna eathenkilum nyayamaaya padhathiye namukk pinthunaykkaam."
leag oof nations sthaapichu.
1934 septambar 28 muthal 1935 februvari 23 vare ettavum valia valippathil 58 amgangalulla vezhsaay udambadiyude falamaayi sthaapithamaaya oru anthar gavanmental samghadanayaanu leag oof nations (loonn). vellakkaarallathavar, sthreekal, sainikar ennivarude avakashangal uyarthippidikkuka; niraayudeekaranam, koottaaya surakshayiloode yuddham thadayuka, charchakal, nayathanthram ennivayiloode rajyangal thammilulla tharkkangal pariharikkuka, aagola jeevithanilavaram mechappeduthuka enniva leaginte lakshyangalil ulppedunnu. leaginu pinnile nayatantra thathwachintha muun nooru varshangalil ninnulla chinthayile adisthaana maattathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. leaginu svanthamaayi sayudha seena illaayirunnathinaal athinte prameyangalum saambathika uparodhangalum nadappakkaanum aavashyamullappol oru sainyam nalkaanum valia shakthikale aashrayichu. ennirunnaalum, eee sakthikal angane cheyyaan vimukhatha kaanichu. lokasamadhaanam nilanirthunnathinu aavashyamaaya niravadhi pradhana gadakangal illaathirunnathinaal randaam lokamahaayudham thadayunnathil leag parajayappettu. europe ettedukkaan padhathiyittappol adolph hitlar germmany leag oof nationsil ninnu pinvalichu. bakkiyulla achuthandu sakthikal taamasiyaathe addehathe pinthudarnnu. praadhamika lakshyam paraajayappettathode leag oof nations thakarnnu. leag oof nationsil assembly, kaunsil, sthiram secretariyatt enniva ulppettirunnu. ivaykku thaazhe niravadhi ejansikal undaayirunnu. ellah amgaraajyangalil ninnumulla prathinidhikal sammaanicha sthalamaayirunnu assembly. oro rajyathinum moonnu prathinidhikalum oru vottum anuvadichirunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathe malsaraadhishtitha kaazhchappaadukal.
germmaniyile naasi party moonnaam raichinte samboornna aadhipathyathin keezhil oru loka gavanment sthaapikkaan vibhavanam cheythu. onnaam lokamahaayudhaananthara vezhsaay udambadiye attimarikkanulla neekkathil, jarmmani ithinakam thanne leag oof nationsil ninnu svayam pinmaariyirunnu, samanamaaya oru anthaaraashtra samghadanayil veendum cheraan avar uddeshichirunnilla. mattu pradeshangalilum puratthum "arhathayillaatha vamshangale" nasippikkukayo puratthaakkukayo cheythukondu jarmman janathayude vaasasthalam ("lebensram") vipuleekarikkuka enna thante prakhyapitha rashtreeya lakshyathil, eakaadhipathiyaaya adolph hitlar svayam nilanilkkunna vipuleekaranathinte oru prathyayashaasthra samvidaanam aavishkarichu, athil oru samsthaanathinte janasamkhyayude valarchaykku kooduthal pradeshangal keezhadakkendathundu, athu janasamkhyayil kooduthal valarchayilekku nayikkukayum pinneedu kooduthal vijayangal aavashyamaayi varikayum cheyyum. 1927ll, "vamsheeyamaayi ettavum mikacha oru shakti athirillaatha aadhipathyam nedumbol maathrame loka samadhaanam nedaan kazhiyoo" enna walther hewell hitlarude vishwaasathodu rudolph hess paranju. eee niyanthranam kaivarikkumbol, eee shakthikk oru loka police sthaapikkaanum "aavashyamaaya thaamasasthalam" urappakkaanum kazhiyum... thaazhnna vamshangal athinanusarichu svayam niyanthrikkendathundu ".
saamraajyathva kaalaghattatthil (1868-1947), japanese saamrajyam "oru melkkooraykk keezhil lokathinte ettu konukal" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunna "hacko ichiyu" enna oru lokaveekshanam vishadeekarichu. oru valia kizhakkan eshya saha-samriddhi mekhala sthaapikkaanulla sramathinum loka aadhipathyathinaayulla pooraattatthinum pinnile ashayamaayirunnu ithu. charithratthile ettavum valia britiish saamraajyathe chila charitrakaaranmaar loka gavanmentinte oru roopamaayi kandu.
yunaittad kingdow america thammil amgeekaricha oru prasidheekaricha prasthaavanayaan atlaantik charter. randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla lokathinte rooparekhayaayi uddeshichirunna ithu, nilavil lokathe roopappeduthunna niravadhi anthaaraashtra karaarukalude aditharayaayi maari. thaarifukalum vyapaaravum (gaatt) sambandhicha pothu karar, britiish, franch swathukkalude yudhaananthara swaathanthryam ennivayum athilereyum atlaantik charteril ninnu uruthirinjathaanu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu sakhyashakthikalude lakshyangal kaanikkunnathinaanu atlaantik charter nirmmichathu. ithu aadyam amerikkayilum grettu brittanilum aarambhichu, pinneedu ellah sakhyakakshikalum charter pinthudarnnu. asamskritha vasthukkalilekkulla praveshanam, vyapara niyanthranangal kuraykkuka, bhayathil ninnum aavasyangalil ninnumulla swaathanthryam enniva chila lakshyangalil ulppedunnu. atlaantik charter enna peru eee thalakkett srishticha oru pathratthil ninnaan vannath. ennirunnaalum, vinsttan charchil ithu upayogikkum, athinusesham atlaantik charteraayirunnu audyogika namam. prathikaaramaayi, achuthandu sakthikal avarude manoveeryam uyarthukayum grettu brittanilekku kadakkaan sramikkukayum cheyyum. atlaantik charter aikyaraashtrasabhayude roopeekaranathilekkulla oru chuvaduvayppaayirunnu.
1948 juun 5 nuu, yuu. esile nebrascayile omaahayile yudhasmaarakathinte samarppana velayil.ezz. president haari ezz. truman abhipraayappettath, "aikyaraashtrasabhayude pravartthanam thudaraan naam prerippikkanam, koodaathe american aikyanaadukalile samsthaanangal thammilulla budhimuttukal pariharikkunnathanusarichu rajyangal thammilulla budhimuttukal pariharikkappedumennu urappakkaan oru thudar aashankayaayi maaranam. kansas colorado arkansas nadiyile vellathinu mukaliloode veezhumbol, avar athinecholli yudhathinu pookunnilla; avar american aikyanaadukalile supreme kodathiyilekku pookukayum vishayam neethiyukthavum manyavumaaya reethiyil pariharikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. loka kodathiyil athe reethiyil pariharikkan kazhiyaatha oru budhimuttum lokathililla ". " avasaanathile saamskaarika nimisham amerikkakkaarkkidayil loka federalisathinte unnathiyaayirunnu.
aikyaraashtrasabhayude sthaapanam.
randaam lokamahaayudham (1939-1945) abhoothapoorvamaaya thothilulla jeevhanikkum (60 dashalakshathiladhikam aalukal marichu, avaril bhooribhaagavum saadhaaranakkaaraanu) kootta naseekarana aayudhangalude upayogathinum kaaranamaayi. yudhasamayathu saadhaaranakkaarkkethire nadatthiya chila pravrithikal ithra valia thothilulla kroorathayaayirunnu, avaa manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalaayi parakke kanakkakkappettu. yudhathinte samaapanathodu adukkumbol, njettitharicha niravadhi shabdangal marakamaaya anthaaraashtra samgharshangal shaashvathamaayi thadayaan kazhiyunna sthaapanangal sthaapikkanamennu aavasyappettu. ithu 1945ll ikyaraashtrasabha (yuu. enn) sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu, athu 1948ll manushyaavakaashangalude saarvathrika prakhyapanam sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, paramadhikaara gavanmentukal thammilulla charchaykkum ekopanathinumulla oru vediyaaya yuu. enn. eee dauthyathinu aparyapthamaaya adhikaaramundenn palarkkum thonni. albert ainsteen, vinsttan charchil, bertrand russell, mahathmaagaandhi thudangiya niravadhi pramukha vyakthikal phalapradamaaya oru federal loka gavanment roopeekarikkunnathinulla kramanugathamaaya nadapadikal sweekarichu munnott pookaan sarkkaarukalodu aavasyappettu. anthaaraashtra niyamam, anthaaraashtra suraksha, saambathika vikasanam, manushyavakaasham, saamoohika purogathi, oduvil lokasamadhaanam ennivayil pravartthikkuka ennathaanu aikyaraashtrasabhayude pradhana lakshyam. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham 1945ll ikyaraashtrasabha leag oof neshansinu pakaram vannu. anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappetta mikkavarum ellah raajyangalum yuu. esilaanu.enn.lokathile motham 196 rajyangalil 193 amgaraajyangal ithil ulppedunnu. lokamembaadumulla valia prasnangal pariharikkunnathin ikyaraashtrasabha pathivayi othukoodunnu. arabic, chainees, engleesh, franch, russian, spanish enningane aarr audyogika bhaashakalund. ettavum sambannamaaya chila raajyangalum ikyaraashtrasabhaykku dhanasahayam nalkunnu. ellah janasamkhyayulla bhookhandangaleyum kaanikkunna oru bhoopadatthil ninnu pathaaka bhoomiye kaanikkunnu.
ikyaraashtra paarlamentari assembly (yuu. enn. pii. eiii).
amgaraajyangalude niyamanirmmaathaakkalude pankaalittham anuvadikkukayum oduvil lokamembaadumulla pouranmaar ikyaraashtra paarlament amgangale nerittu thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunna aikyaraashtrasabhayude samvidaanathil nirddishta kootticherkkalaanu ikyaraashtra paarlamentari assembly (unpa). (unpa) leag oof nations sthaapithamaayappozhum 1945ll randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusheshavum loka paarlament enna ashayam uyarnnuvannuvenkilum sheethayudhathiludaneelam athu nishkriyamaayi thudarnnu. thudarnnu 1990kalilum aagola vyaapaarathinte uyarchayum athine niyanthrikkunna lokasanghadanakalude shakthiyum avarude pravartthanangal sookshumamaayi parisodhikkaan oru paarlamentari assembly aavasyappedaan kaaranamaayi. aikyaraashtrasabhayude paarlamentari asamblikkaayulla pracharanam 2007 ll athirthikalillaatha janadhipathyam roopeekarichathum 2019 januvariyil lokamembaadumulla nooriladhikam rajyangalil ninnulla 1,500 ladhikam paarlament amgangalude pinthuna labhichathum koodaathe niravadhi sarkkarithara samghadanakal, nobal, raitt upajeevanamarggam nediyavar, thalavanmaar allengil muun raashtrathalavanmaar allengil sarkkar, videshakaarya mantrimar ennivarude pinthunayum labhichu.
gaari davis.
1948ll fraansil gaari davis yuu. enn. general asambliyude balkaniyil ninnu oru loka sarkkaarinaayi ahvaanam cheythukondu gaardukal valichizhaykkunnathuvare anadhikritha prasangam aarambhichu. davis thante american pourathvam upekshikkukayum loka pouranmaarude oru registry aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1953 septambar 4 nuu, mine nagaratthile elsworth sitti haalil ninnu, oru daivam (allengil samboornna moolyam), oru lokam, oru manushyathvam ennee 3 "loka niyamangal" adisthaanamaakki "loka pouranmaarude loka gavanment" roopeekarikkumennu davis prakhyaapichu. eee prakhyaapanatthe thudarnnu, nirbandhithamaayi, manushyaavakaashangalude saarvathrika prakhyaapanatthinte article irupathonnaam, sekshan moonnu prakaram, puthiya sarkkaarinte bharana ejansiyaayi newyork nagaratthil yunaittad waled sarvees authority roopeekarichathaayi addeham avakashappettu. athinte aadya dauthyam "loka pasportukal" roopakalppana cheyyukayum wilkan aarambikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu, ithu oodharinte article 13, sekshan 2 prakaram niyamavidheyamaanennu samghadana vaadikkunnu.
loka federalist prasthaanam.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathinum corian yudhathinte thudakkathinum edayilulla varshangalil-sheethayudha dhruveekaranatthinte aazhathil adayaalappeduthiya-puthiya loka federalist prasthaanatthinte abhivridhi kandu. wendell vilkkiyude 1943 leeii pusthakam "vann waled" 2 dashalakshathiladhikam koppikal vittu, ithu aagola federalisathinu prachodanamaakunna niravadhi vaadangalum thathwangalum avatharippikkunnu. samakaalika kruthiyaaya emery reves 'dhii anatomy oof pease' (1945), yuu. enn. yeei oru federal loka gavanmentumaayi maattisthaapikkanamennu vaadichu. yuu. esile loka federalist prasthaanam.ezz.lola maverick lloyd, grenville clark, norman cussins, alaan kraanstan thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna vyakthikalude neethrthwathil, 1947-ll niravadhi thaazhethattil ninnulla samghadanakal layippichu yunaittad waled federalistukal roopeekarichu-pinneedu waled federalist association ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu, thudarnnu 1949-oode 47,000 amgangale avakashappettu.
1949ll aarr yuu.ezz. samsthaanangalaaya california, connecticut, florida, maine, nyoojezhsi, north carolina enniva oru loka federal gavanmentil amerikkayude pankaalittham praapthamaakkunnathinaayi oru bhedagathi nirddeshikkunnathinaayi oru article vii kanvenshanaayi apekshichu.mattu onniladhikam samsthaana niyamasabhakal ore nirddesham avatharippikkukayo charcha cheiyukayo cheythu. eee theerumaanangal eee shramathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. 
81-aamath yunaittad stetts kongrasil (1949-1951), oru loka federatione anukoolichu onniladhikam prameyangal avatharippichu.
samanamaaya prasthaanangal mattu pala raajyangalilum oresamayam roopeekarikkukayum 1947ll swittsarlandile montrexil nadanna yogathil kalashikkukayum loka federalist prasthaanam (doubluefm) enna aagola sakhyam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1950 aayappozhekkum 22 rajyangalilaayi 156,000 amgangalulla 56 amgasamghangal eee prasthaanatthil ulppettirunnu.
chikkago loka bharanaghadanayude karadu.
chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile roobert mainard hutchins roopeekaricha academic, budhijeevikalude oru samiti "loka bharanaghadanayude praadhamika karadu" prasidheekarikkukayum 1947 muthal 1951 vare thomas maante makal elisabath maan borgez edittu cheytha oru maasika prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu, athu loka sarkkaarinaayi samarppikkappettu; athinte thalakkett "pothu kaaranam" aayirunnu.
bhouma bharanaghadanayum thaalkkaalika loka paarlamentum.
"1968ll anthaaraashtra niyama vidagdhar thayyarakki 1991ll anthimaroopam nalkia 'bhouma bharanaghadana' ennum ariyappedunna 'federation oof erthu' enna bharanaghadana oru loka federalist gavanmentinaayulla vishadamaaya padhathi roopappeduthunnu. federation oof erthinte bharanaghadanayude chattakkoodinu keezhil oru sarkkarithara samrambhamaya oru thaalkkaalika loka paarlament (pidablyupi) nilavilundu. vividha rajyangalil ninnulla prathinidhikalude oru sammelanathe vilichukoottunnathiloode aagola bharanam engane praayogikamaayi pravartthikkumennu pradarshippikkaanum pradarshippikkaanum ithu lakshyamidunnu.
sheethayudhavum nilavile samvidaanavum.
1950 aayappozhekkum sheethayudham anthaaraashtra raashtreeyathil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaan thudangukayum yuu. enn. suraksha kaunsil athinte sthiraamgangalude veetto adikaaram prayogikkaanulla kazhivu moolam phalapradamaayi thalarnnuveezhukayum cheythu. aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil prameyam 82 umm 83 umm dakshina koriyayude prathirodhatthe pinthunachuvenkilum soviyattukal prathishedhamaayi yogangal bahishkarikkukayaayirunnu.
europile bahurashtra federalisathodulla avesham thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil europian union roopeekaranathilekku vardhichukondirikke, sheethayudham kooduthal aagola vyapthiyulla federationilekkulla eathoru purogathiyudeyum saadhyathakale illaathaakki. sheethayudhakaalathu aagola ekeekaranam nischalamaakukayum eee kaalaghattatthile ellah yudhangaludeyum moonnilonnu eee samgharshamaanu kaaranamaayath. loka gavanment enna ashayam vishalamaaya pothu samvaadathil ninnu aprathyakshamaayi.
sheethayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalam.
1991ll sheethayudham kuranjathode oru federal loka gavanmentinodulla thaalparyam puthukki. 1992 aayappozhekkum samgharsham avasaanichappol, baahya sahayamillaathe, niravadhi paroksha yudhangal charchakaliloode avasaanikkukayo avasaanikkukayo cheythu. ithu abhoothapoorvamaaya anthaaraashtra pravartthanatthinteyum anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalude vipuleekaranathinteyum oru kaalaghattatthinu ithu thudakkamittu. human security report 2005" anusarichu, ithu pravartthikkaan roopakalppana cheythathinaal aikyaraashtrasabhayude aadyathe phalapradamaaya pravartthanamaayirunnu ithu. 
ithu loka federalism prasthaanatthinte ettavum drishyamaaya nettam nettam roome niyamamaan, athu 2002ll anthaaraashtra criminal kodathi sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu. europil, europian raajyangalude oru federal union roopeekarikkunnathinulla purogathi valareyadhikam vegatha kaivarichu, 1952ll jarmman janathayum franchukaarum thammilulla vyapara kararayi thudangi, 1992ll, peru sthaapikkukayum europian union adisthaanamaakkiyulla karar vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha mastrict udambadiyilekku. europian union (1995,2004,2007,2013) 2013ll 28 amgaraajyangalile (brexitinu sesham 27) araa bilyaniladhikam aalukale ulkkollaan vipuleekarichu. europian yooniyante maathruka pinthudarnnu, 2002-ll aafrikkan union, 2008-ll union oof southu american nations, 2015-ll eurasian economic union ennivayulppede mattu supraanshanal unionukal sthaapikkappettu.
nilavile aagola bharanasamvidaanam.
lokamembaadum adhikaaraparidhiyilulla anthaaraashtra sainika, executive, niyamanirmmaana, judiciary, bharanaghadana enniva pravarthikkunnilla.
loka sarkkar illa.
bhoomishaasthraparamaayum janasamkhyaaparamaayum lokathe parasparam prathyeka pradesangalaayum mikka kesukalilum swathanthravum paramaadhikaaramullathumaaya rajyangal ennu vilikkunna rashtreeya gadanakalaayum thirichirikkunnu. eee adhikara unitukalkkidayil niravadhi sthaapanangal, sthaapanangal, unionukal, sakhyangal, karaarukal, karaarukal ennivayundu, ennaal oru raajyam mattoraalude sainika adhiniveshathilaanenkil ozhike, atharam krameekaranangalellam pankedukkunna raajyangalude thudarchayaaya sammathathe aasrayichirikkunnu. anthaaraashtra niyamangal lamghikkukayo nadappilakkaathirikkukayo cheiyunna rajyangal palappozhum saambathika parimithikalude roopathil pizhaykko balaprayogathino vidheyamaayekkaam, athaayath sahakarikkunna rajyangal uparodham polullava, lamghikkunna raajyam aikyaraashtrasabhayude bhaagamallengilum. eee reethiyil anthaaraashtra kaaryangalil oru raajyathinte sahakaranm swamedhayaa ullathaanengilum nissahakaranathinu ippozhum nayatantra prathyaaghaathangalundu.
anthaaraashtra criminal kodathikal.
anthaaraashtra udambadikal, achaarangal, aagolathalathil amgeekarikkappetta niyama thathwangal enniva ulkkollunna oru anthaaraashtra niyamatthinte pravartthana samvidaanam. aii. sii. sii, aii. sii. jeey ennivaykku munnil konduvanna kesukal ozhike, niyamangal deseeya kodathikal vyaakhyaanikkunnu. udambadiyudeyo parambaraagatha niyama baadhyathakaludeyo niravadhi lamghanangal avaganikkappedunnu. anthaaraashtra criminal kodathi (aii. sii. sii) anthaaraashtra niyamathile thaarathamyena sameepakaala vikasanamaayirunnu, ithu ettavum gurutharamaaya anthaaraashtra kuttakrithyangal (yudhakkuttangal, vamshahathya, manushyaraashikkethiraaya mattu kuttakrithyangal muthalaayava) urappakkaan sthaapicha aadyathe sthiramaaya anthaaraashtra criminal kodathiyaanu.) shikshikkappedaathe pokaruthu. aii. sii. siyum athinte adikaaraparidhiyum sthaapikkunna anthaaraashtra criminal kodathiyude roome niyamathil 139 deseeya sarkkarukal oppuvachu, athil 100 ennam 2005 oktobarode amgeekarichu.
anthar gavanmental samghadanakal.
aagolathalathil rajyangal thammilulla pravartthanangal ekopippikkunna praadhamika aupachaarika samghadanayum yadhaarthathil saarvathrika amgathvamulla (193 gavanmentukal) eaka anthar gavanmental samghadanayumaanu ikyaraashtrasabha (yuu. enn). aikyaraashtrasabhayude thanne pradhana avayavangalkkum vividha maanushika paripaadikalkkum kammeeshanukalkkum purame, lokaarogya samghadana, anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadana, anthaaraashtra telecommunication union thudangiya aikyaraashtrasabhayude saambathika saamoohika kaunsilumaayi (ecosoc) affiliate cheythittulla 20 oolam pravarthanaparamaaya samghadanakalum undu. locabank, anthaaraashtra nanaya nidhi, lokavyapara samghadana ennivayaanu raashtreeyamaayi prathyeka thaalpparyamullava.
anthaaraashtra sainikar.
sainikamaayi, yuu. enn samadhana senaye vinyasikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi samgharshathinu sheshamulla samadhaanavum sthirathayum kettippadukkunnathinum nilanirthunnathinum. kooduthal aakramanathmakamaaya oru anthaaraashtra sainika nadapadi nadathumbol, onnukil "adhock" sakhyangal (udaaharanathinu, bahurashtra shakti-iraakh) allengil praadeshika sainika sakhyangal (udaaharanathinu, naatto) upayogikkunnu.
anthaaraashtra nanaya samvidaanam.
lokabank anthaaraashtra nanaya nidiyum (aii. emm. eph) 1944 joolaiyil amerikkayile nyoo hamshareile brettan vudsile moundu washington hotelil aagola saambathika sahakaranm valarthunnathinum aavasyamulla samsthaanangale saambathikamaayi sahaayikkunnathiloode daaridryathinethire pooraadunnathinum roopeekarichu. eee sthaapanangal mahaashakthikalude, prathyekichu anthaaraashtra dhananidhiyil veetto nilanirthunna amerikkayude, kevalam kuleena aadhipathyam maathramaanennu vimarshikkappettittundu.
anthaaraashtra vyapaaram.
loka vyapara samghadana (dablyu. tii. oo) anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathinte niyamangal nischayikkunnu. ithinu oru ardha-niyamanirmmaana samitiyum (pothu kaunsil, samavaayathiloode theerumaanangal edukkunnu) oru judicial samitiyum (tarkka parihara samiti) undu. 30 janaadhipathya amgangalulla saambathika sahakaranatinum vikasanathinumulla samghadanayaanu (oo. iii. sii. dii) swaadheenamulla mattoru saambathika anthaaraashtra samghadana.
anoupachaarika aagola swaadheenangal.
mukalil soochippicha aupachaarikamo ardha aupachaarikamo aaya anthaaraashtra samghadanakalkkum niyamangalkkum purame, deseeya athirthikalkkappuramulla manushya pravartthanangal niyanthrikkunnathin mattu niravadhi samvidaanangal pravartthikkunnu. rashtreeya samghadanayillaatha rajyangal thammilulla sahakaranavum paraspara aashrithathvavum anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathin aavashyamaayi varunnu. mikka sarkkarukalkkum labhyamaayathinekkaal kooduthal vibhavangalulla anthardesheeya (allengil bahurashtra) korppareshanukal aagolathalathil aalukalude pravartthanangal niyanthrikkunnu. athirthi kadannulla digital aashayavinimayangaludeyum bahujana maadyama vitharanathinteyum alavil athivega vardhanavu (udha.jii.internettu, saattalait television) vivarangal, ashayangal, abhipraayangal enniva lokamembaadum athivegam vyapikkaan anuvadikkukayum anthaaraashtra ekopanathinteyum swaadheenathinteyum sankeernamaaya oru web srishtikkukayum cheythu, kooduthalum eathenkilum aupachaarika samghadanakaludeyo niyamangaludeyo niyanthranathinu purathaanu.
samsthaanangalude praadeshika ekeekaranathinte udaaharanagal.
supraanshanal unionukalallengilum, chila kaaryangalil samanamaaya samyojanathilekku nayichekkaavunna nayangal sweekarikkukayo sweekarikkaan uddeshikkukayo cheiyunna niravadhi praadeshika samghadanakalundu. ivayil ettavum samyojippichathayi europian union pothuve amgeekarikkappedunnu.
kooduthal ekeekaranathekkurichu charcha cheytha mattu samghadanakalil iva ulppedunnu

