
padhathi prashastam

madhya-samudra malancherivil vyathichalikkunna tectonic plate athirthiyude manushyane vahikkunna submersibleukal nadatthiya aadyathe samudra shaasthra paryaveshanamaayirunnu project prasidhamaayathu (franch-american midu-ooshyan undersea stadi). 1971 num 1974 num idayil, oru bahurashtra shaasthranjarude samgham asorukalude padinjaaru atlaantik ridjinte madhyabhaagathu niravadhi underwater sarvekal kendreekarichu. puthiya reethikalum prathyeka upakaranangalum vinyasichathiloode shaasthranjarkku mumbathekkaalum valare vishadamaayi samudranirappu nokkaan kazhinju. madhya atlaantik ridjil median riftt thaazhvara srishtikkunnathinulla pradhana samvidaanangal nirvachikkunnathilum samudra krasttal akreeshan mekhala kandethunnathilum mapp cheiyunnathilum padhathi vijayichu.
patana mekhala.
36°50 'vadakkan akshaamshathil assoresinu (saavo maigwal) padinjaaru atlaantik malanirakalude madhyabhaagathu oru bhagathaanu padhathi prasidhamaaya patana pradesham sthithicheyyunnathu. vadakku ninnu alpam kizhakode neengunna madhya atlaantik ridjinte mukalbhaagathu vishalamaaya median thaazhvara allengil villal thaazhvara ithil ulppedunnu. vadakke american, aafrikkan tectonic plettukal thammilulla nilavile athirthi median thaazhvaraykkullil sthithicheyyunnu. villal thaazhvarayude adithara aazhameriyathum veethiyullathum athirthi villal parvathangal ekadesham allengil ekadesham nilatthinu mukalilaanu. villal thaazhvara neelamullathum vadakku kizhakode odivukal ulla mekhala eiii yill offset cheyyappedunnathumaanu; thekk, odivukal ulla mekhala bii yill padinjarottu offset cheyyappedunnu.
reethishaasthram.
samudrasarvekalile oru pradhana thadassam vishalamaaya traansmit beam ulla ekko soundarukalude upayogamaayirunnu, avaa kadaltheerathinte savisheshathakalude vishadaamshangal maraykkunnu. kappal ekko soundarukalude resolutionu thaazheyulla samudranirappinte eathaanum kilometer veethiyilaanu krasttal akreeshan allengil srishtikkal prakriya nadakkunnathennu karuthappettirunnu. angane, puthiya sonar mapping upakaranagalkoppam thaazheyum thaazheyumulla sameepanagal upayogichu. vyoma kaanthikatha, noothana uparithala kappal sonar, geophysical alavukal, seismology, aazhathilulla upakaranangal, valia formet bottom photography, fixed oonn-bottom upakaranangal, gaveshanamulla aalukalulla submersibilukalulla oonn-bottom dives enniva anweshanathil ulppedunnu. masaachyusetsile woods hole ausianographic instityooshan (hui) uparithala kappalukalum mungikkappal alvinum nalki; franchukaar uparithala kappalukalum bathiscaff archimed, mungikkappal sayana ennivayum nalki."britishukaar side scan sonar sarvekalum thaazhe bhookamba pareekshanangalum nadatthi. pramukha sthaapanangal voy, franch sentar oshyanolajikkal dii bretteyn, breast, france ennivayaayirunnu. jaims hairtsler, claude refod, javier leeii pichon ennivaraayirunnu project leadermar. 
pravarthanaparamaaya velluvilikal.
1960kalil, kaanadayile shaasthranjar 45°enn akshaamshathil madhya atlaantik ridjinekkurichu vishadamaaya patanam aarambichirunnu, athil uparithala kappalukalude onniladhikam paryaveshanangal ulppedunnu. 37°enn akshamshangalil ridjil sthithi cheiyunna padhathi prashasthamaayathinaal, 1971 num 1974 num idayil naalu varshathinide irupathiladhikam paryaveshanangalude ekopitha bahurashtra, multy-ship seerees nadannu. puthiya paryaveshanangal poortthiyaayathode ubhaykakshi briefing metingukal nadannu. prashasthamaaya padhathiyude savisheshamaaya pravartthana savisheshathakalil puthuthayi vikasippicha idungiya-beam, multibeam ekko soundarukal, aazhathil gadippicha upakaranangal, aalukalulla submersibleukal enniva upayogichu oru puthiya, uyarnna thalatthilulla resolution neduka enniva ulppedunnu. gpacnu munbulla oru kaalaghattatthil vishadamaaya mapping anuvadikkunnathinaayi traansit upagrahangalumayulla mechappetta kappal naavigeshan aayirunnu eee sameepanathinte thacol. kappalukal, upakaranangal, submersibleukal ennivayude shabdaparamaaya oonn-bottom transponder naavigeshan upayogichaanu ithu vardhippichathu. vardhichuvarunna vishadamaaya resolutionulla upakaranangal upayogikkunna sameepanathin purame, mungikkappal mungal vidagtharkku aise landilum havaiyilum nadatthiya muun feeld vyaayaamangaliloode avarkk neridaan kazhiyunna agniparvvatha bhoopradesam thirichariyaan pariseelanam nalki. alvin" submersiblinte presher hull villal thaazhvarayude aazhathil ethaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi prathyekamaayi naveekarichu. 1973lum 1974lum motham moonnu submersibilukalulla naalppathinaalu daivukal dive seasonukalil poortthiyaakki.
pradhana phalangal.
samudranirappu jiolajiyodulla oru puthiya pareekshanathmaka sameepanathe prathinidheekarikkunna prashasthamaaya padhathi akkaalathe oru pradhana saankethika nettamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. mungikkappalukal samudranirappu nireekshanangalude pravarthanakshamathayude prakadanam galapagos spreading sentarilum kizhakkan pasaphik raisilum 21° enn hydrothermal ventukalude thudarnnulla kandethalukal saadhyamaakki.
madhya thaazhvarayude tharayil krasttal kootticherkkal mekhala kandethunnathinoppam spreading sentar allengil median riftt thaazhvarayude roopaghadanayum ghadanayum nirvachikkunnathil padhathi vijayichu. valia thothilulla sonar mapping deep-tove instrument sarvekalum kandethi, thaazhvarayude adithattinte ettavum aazhameriya bhaagath ninnu 11 kilometer akaleyulla padinjaaran villal parvathangalum kizhakk 20 kilometer akaleyullathum aayathinal median thaazhvara asamamaan. eee prakriyayude ettavum lalithamaaya aashayathil pratheekshikkunnathupole thaazhvarayude iruvashathum ivide vyaapichukidakkunna kadaltheeram onnallennu eee kandethal soochippikkunnu. pakaram, kanakkukoottal nirakk padinjaaru 7 millimeterum kizhakk 13.4 millimeterumaanu. uyarnna resolutionulla sarvekalkku median thaazhvara roopappedunnathu agniparvvathamalla, marichu thakaraarilaanennu sthaapikkaan kazhinju. prashasthamaaya pradeshathu median thaazhvara naalu pravishyakal pradarshippikkunnu villal parvathanirakalude athirthiyilulla lamba chalanangalulla saadhaarana thakaraarukalulla thaazhvarayude puram mathilukal; eee mathilukalkk thaazhe vyathyastha veethiyulla mikkavarum samanilayulla terrous; thaazhvarayude adithattilekkulla aantharika mathilukal saadhaarana thakaraarukalumaan, thaarathamyena idungiya median thaazhvara allengil villal thaazhvarayude adithara ettavum aazhathilulla poyintilaanu. villal parvathangalude uyaram idatharam thaazhvarayil ninnu kuraykkunnu, kooduthal thakaraarukal moolam athu aashvaasam vardhippikkunnathinaparum kurayunnu.
aazhathil valichedutha geophysical upakaranangal mikka daivukalum nadanna riftt vaali floor paryavekshanam cheythu. thaazhvarayude madhyabhaagathu krasttal akreeshan mekhala vinyasichirikkunnath eee sramangal nireekshichu. prashasthamaaya thaazhvarayude tharayil, ekadesham 1 muthal 2 kilometer vare uyaravum neelavumulla niravadhi thaazhnnathum neelamullathumaaya agniparvvatha kunnukalaal adayaalappeduthiyiriknu. puramthodu pottuna villalukalulla oru terrananu ivayude athirthi. eee kunnukal pradhaanamaayum avashishtangal illaatha thalayinayulla laavakalaan nirmmichathennu mungal vidagdhar nireekshichu, ithu avaa puthiyathum cheruppavumaanennu soochippikkunnu. eee kunnukalil ninnu akathe thaazhvarayude bhooribhaagavum avashishtangal moodunnu, ithu kunnukalkkapuram vardhanavu nadakkunnillennu soochippikkunnu. thaazhvarayude adithattinullile agniparvvathangal chaakrikamo episodic aanu, 5,000 muthal 10,000 varshathilorikkal agniparvvatha pravartthanangal aavarthikkunnundenn aashayaparamaaya maathrkakal soochippikkunnu. nireekshicha thudarchayaaya bhoochalana pashchaathalam folting thudarchayaayi nadakkunnuvennum anumaanikkunnu.
daivukalum aazhathilulla valicha upakaranangalum paryavekshanam cheytha odivukal ulla mekhalakalil, eathaanum meter veethiyulla shear sonukal kandethi. sameepathulla vyaapippikkunna kendrangalum villal thaazhvarakalum thammilulla parivartthana thakaraarukale iva adayaalappeduthunnu. odivukalkku 10 kilometer vare veethiyullathinaal, eee nireekshanam shear soonn allengil transform foltine soochippikkunnu, ithu kaalakramena odivukalkkullile sonil thanne kudiyerunnu. athirthi odivukal, eiii, bii enniva riftt thaazhvaraykku oorthoganaloo lambamo allah, ithu transform folttukalkkum ridge kanakshanukal pracharippikkunathinum prathekshikkunnu. ithu ivide vyaapikkunnath villal thaazhvarayude pravanathaykku charinjathaanenna daaranayilekku nayichu. ennirunnaalum. plate tectonicsinu aavashyamaayathupole idungiya shear sonukal vaasthavathil villal thaazhvarayude pravanathaykku samakonilaanennu thaazheyum thaazheyumulla nireekshanangal kandethunnu.
vyapakamaaya takarar puramthodinte potalum nireekshichappol spreading sentar pirimurukkatthilaanenna soochippichu; athinaal plate chalanathinulla prerakashakthi thaazheyulla maandilil ninnu akattinirthunnathinekkaal plettukale valichidunnathaayirunnuve velippeduthunnu.
eee nireekshanangal; median thaazhvarayude vaasthuvidyayekkurichum, odivukalude mekhalayekkurichum, krasttal accression soninekkurichum, plate athirukalude aadyathe graundu-trooth daatta adayaalappeduthunnu, ithu mandagathiyilulla vyaapana kendrathinu.

