
naatt tenarude adima kalapam

1831 augustil virjeeniyayile southaamptan kaundiyil nadanna adimakalaakkiya kanyakakalude kalapamaayirunnu charitraparamaayi southaamptan kalapam ennariyappettirunna naatt tenarude kalapam. naatt tenarude neethrthwathil vimathar 55 num 65 num idayil vellakkaare konnu, ithu yuu. esile ettavum marakamaaya adima kalapamakki.ezz. charithram. august 23 nuu raavile belmond thottatthil eathaanum divasangalkkullil kalapam phalapradamaayi adichamarthappettuvenkum pinneedu 30 divasathiladhikam tainer olivil kazhiyukayaayirunnu.
kalaapathethudarnn vellakkarkkidayil vyapakamaaya bhayam undaayirunnu. pourasenayum janakkoottavum 120 adimakale kollukayum prathikaaramaayi aafrikkan amerikkakkaare mochippikkukayum cheythu. vichaaranaykk sesham, komanvelthu oof virgenia kalaapathil pankedutthuvennu aaropich 56 adimakale vadhichu, turner ulppede; pankedutthitlaattha niravadhi karuthavargakkaarum unmaadathil peedippikkappettu. tainer vidyaasambannanum prasamgakanumaayathinaal, adimakaludeyum swatantra karuthavargakkaarudeyum vidyaabhyaasam nirodhikkunnathinum swatantra karuthavargakkaarkku othucheraanulla avakashavum mattu pouraswaathanthryangalum niyanthrikkunnathinum velutha mantrimar ellah aaraadhanaasamayangalilum haajaraakanamenn aavasyappedunnathinum thekkan samsthaana niyamasabhakal pinneedu puthiya niyamangal pasaki.
naashanal museum oof aafrikkan american histtari aandu kalcharinte director loonny bunch paranju, "naatt tainer kalapam orupakshe american charithratthile ettavum pradhanappetta kalaapamaan."
turnerude jeevitam.
1831ll virjeeniyayile southaamptan kaundiyil adimakalaakkappetta swatantra karuthavargakkaarude naalu divasathe kalapam samghadippikkukayum nayikkukayum cheytha oru aafrikkan-american prasamgakanaayirunnu naatt turner (october 2,1800-november 11,1831). vellakkaarekkaal kooduthal karuthavarggakkaarulla grameena thottapradeshamaaya southaamptan kaundiyil adimathathil turner janichu. tainer kuttiyaayirikkumbol adimathathil ninnu rakshappettathayi vishwasikkappedunna thante pithaavinte pashchaathalathekkurichu tenarinu adhikam ariyillaayirunnu.
naadineyum kudumbatheyum adimakalaakkiya benchamin tainer thante rekhakalil shishuvine naadennu vilichu. addeham naatt ennaanu ariyappettirunnathenkum 1831 leeii kalaapathin sesham addehathe naatt turner ennu parakke paraamarsikkappettu. 1810-ll benchamin tainer marichappol, addehathinte makan saamuval tainer adimatham niyamavidheyamaakkiya akkaalathe niyamangal prakaram naatt swathaayi paarambaryamaayi nedi.
cheruppatthil thanne vayana ezhuthum padichayaalaanu turner. swaabhaavika budhiyum bhayathinte vegathayum ullathayi addehathe thiricharinju, athu kurachuper maathrame marikadannittulloo."addeham aazhathilulla mathavishwaasathode valarnnu, palappozhum upavaasam, praarthana allengil bybilile kathakal vaayikkunnathil muzhukunnathu kaanapettu. daivathil ninnulla sandesangalaayi addeham vyaakhyaanikkukayum athu addehathinte jeevithathe swaadheenikkukayum cheytha darshanangal addehathinu pathivayi undaayirunnu. daivam prakrithi lokathe oru pashchaathalamaayi upayogichuvennum athinu munnil adayaalangalum sakunangalum sthaapichuvennum naatt turner karuthi" ennu patrick breen charcha cheiyunnu."thanikk pravachanatthinte oru sammaanamundennu naatt tainer avakaashappedukayum daivathil ninnulla eee velippeduthalukale vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythathenganeyennu breen kooduthal parishodhikkunnu. 21-aamm vayassil addeham saamuval tenaril ninnu rakshapettu. vishappil ninnu vyathichalikkukayum "ente bhoumika yajamanante sevanathilekku madangaan" paranja oru darshanam sweekarikkukayum cheytha addeham oru maasathinu sesham madangi. 
naatt turnerude bhaarya aaraanenn charitrakaaranmaar ippozhum tharkkikkunnundenkilum, chaari ennum ucharikkappedunna cherry enna adimayaaya sthriye turner vivaham kazhichu. 1820-kalude thudakkathil saamuval turnerude thottatthil vachaanu turner cheriyum kandumuttiyathum vivaham kazhichathum ennu pradhaanamaayum anumaanikkappedunnu. cherick kuttikalundennu parakke vishwasikkappedunnu, pakshe ethraper undennu nischayikkappettilla. avarkk onno moonno kuttikalundennu vishwasikkunnathil charitrakaaranmaar vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. eee dambathikalkku rando moonno kuttikalundaayirunnu-oru makalum onno rando aanmakkalum. avarude kuttikalil oraal ridic enna aankuttiyaayirunnuvennu charitrakaaranmaar vishwasikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1823-ll saamuval tenarude maranashesham kudumbam verpirinju; tainer thomas moorinu vittu, addehathinte bharya makkaleyum gails reesinu vittu.
1824ll muur vayalukalil jolie cheiyunnathinidayil tenarinu randaamathe darshanam undaayirunnu. athil, "manushyarude paapangalkkayi thaan vahicha nukam rakshaakarthaav idaan pookukayaayirunnu, nyaayavidhiyude mahathaaya divasam aduthirunnu".
turner palappozhum mathaparamaya sevanangal nadathukayum "pravaachakan" ennu vilichirunna thante saha adimakalodu baibil prasamgikkukayum cheythu. karuthavarkku purame, turner etheldred tii polulla vella anuyaayikale nedi. thante dushtathayilninnu pinmaran" bodhyappeduthiyathinte bahumati tainer nediya braantlikk labhichu.
david olmendingerude abhipraayathil, 1822 muthal 1828 vare naatt tenarinu 10 vyathyastha amanushika sambhavangal undaayirunnu. ithil oru mathabhaashayiloodeyum thiruvezhuthukaliloodeyum ashayavinimayam nadathunna aathmaavinte roopavum vishudhaathmaavinte darshanangalum ulppedunnu. 1828 leeii vasanthakaalathode, thaan "sarvvashakthante kaikalil eathenkilum valia uddeshyathinaayi niyogikkappettavanaan" ennu tenarinu bodhyamaayi. meyy 12nuu moorinte vayalukalil jolie cheiyunnathinide addeham "svarggathil oru valia shabdam kettu", aathmaav thalkshanam enikku prathyakshappedukayum sarppam ayanjuvennum manushyarude paapangalkkayi thaan vahicha nukam kristhu ittuvennum njaan athu dharichu sarppathinethire pooraadanamennum paranju, kaaranam aadyathethu avasaanathethum avasaanatheth aadyathethum aayirikkenda samayam athivegam aduthuvarikayaayirunnu. charitrakaaranum daivashaasthranjanumaaya joseph dreys pinneedu ezhuthi "eee kaazhchappaadine thante kalaapathinulla prachodanavumaayi bandhippikkumbol, daivaraajyavum thante saamoohika-charitraparamaaya pashchaathalatthinte savisheshathayaaya raajyavirudhathayum thammilulla ettumuttalil thaan pankedukkunnathaayi thaan kaanunnundenn tainer vyakthamaakkunnu."
1830-ll, joseph travis turner vaangi; thaan "ettavum valia aathmavishwaasam thannil sthaapicha oru" dayayullah maasttar "aanennu turner pinneedu oormmippichu. 1831-ll naatt turner grahanam kandathinushesham, kalapam aarambhikkanamenn daivam aagrahikkunnuvennu thanikk urappundennu patrick breen parayunnu.
kalapathinushesham, oru reward notice addehathe ingane visheshippichu 5 adii 6 allengil 8 inch [aii. dii. 2] uyaram, 150 muthal 160 poundu vare bharam [aii. dii. 1] kilogram, pakaram "thilakkamulla" [ilam niramulla] niram, pakshe oru mulatto allah, vishalamaaya tholukal, valia paranna mookk, valia annukal, vishalamaaya paranna kaalukal, pakaram muttunna [sii. sii.], vegathayeriyathum sajeevavumaaya nadattham, thalayude mukalilulla mudi valare nerthathaanu, thaadiyilla, mukalile chundilum thaadiyilum ozhike, addehathinte oru kshethrathil oru paadum, kazhuthinte pinbhaagatthum onnu, kaithandaykku sameepam, addehathinte valathu kaiyude asthikalil onnil oru valia mudi, adii moolam undaakunnu.turner thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan southaamptan kaundiyilaanu chelavazhichathu.
thayyaareduppukal.
turner thante padhathikal vishwastharaaya saha adimakalude oru cheria vrithathodu ariyikkaan thudangi. "addehathinte aadyakaala recruitmentukalellaam addehathinte ayalpakkathuninnulla mattu adimakalaayirunnu". goodaalochana velippeduthaathe ayalvaasikalkk avarude uddeshyangal ashayavinimayam nadathaanulla vazhikal kandethendivannu. pattukal ayalvaasikale chalanangalilekku nayichirikkaam. "prathyeka gaanangalude upayogathiloodeyaanu saha goodaalochanakkaare vanathilekku vilichuvaruthiyathennu vishwasikkappedunnu."ezhuthukaaran terry bison parayunnathanusarichu," "thante ettavum rahasyamaaya padhathikalum rekhakalum" "upayogichu turner thante bharya vishwasichu". kalaapathethudarnn jaims tresvaantinte oru reportil, varshangalayi kalapathinaayulla oru padhathi "dahippicha" kaaryam cherry sammathichathayi paraamarsikkappettu.
ente shathrukkale avarude swantham aayudangal kondu kolluka" enna daivathinte soochanaye thiriyunnayal aakaamkshayode kaathirunnu. southaamptan kaundiyile adimakalkkethire oru kalaapathinulla thayyaareduppukal addeham aarambhichu. enikku ettavum kooduthal aathmavishwaasamulla naaluperaaya saha adimakalaaya henry, hark, nelson, saam ennivarumaayi njaan cheyyaan nischayicha mahathaaya pravartthanangal ashayavinimayam nadatthi" ennu tainer paranju.
kalapam.
1831 februvariyil aarambhicha tainer, chila anthareeksha saahacharyangal adimakalkkethire avarude adimakalude kalaapathinulla thayyaareduppukal aarambikkunnathinulla oru adayaalamaayi kandu. 1831 februvari 12nuu virjeeniyayilum thekkukizhakkan american aikyanaadukalude bhooribhaagathum vaarshika sooryagrahanam drishyamaayi. kalaapathinulla samayamaayathinte adayaalamaanu grahanamennu addeham vishwasichu. sooryante mail athunna oru karutha manushyante kaii aayittaan turner ithu vibhavanam cheythath.
1831 juulai 4 nuu swaathanthryadinathil kalapam aarambikkaan tainer aadyam padhathiyittirunnuvenkum addeham rogabadhithanaakukayum kaalathamasam thante saha-goodaalochanakkaarumaayi chernnu kooduthal aasoothranathinaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. august 13 nuu, oru anthareeksha aswasthatha virgenia sooryane neela-pachayaayi thonnippichu, orupakshe sisili theerathu ferdinandia dweep pottitherichu ulppaadippicha agniparvvatha pluminte falamaayirikkaam ithu. maasangalkk munbulla grahanam pole, oru divya soochanayaayi turner ithu edukkukayum oraazhchaykk sesham august 21 nuu addeham thante kalapam aarambikkukayum cheythu.
niravadhi vishwastha saha adimakalil ninnu aarambhich, aathyanthikamayi ezhupathiladhikam adimakaleyum swathanthraraaya karuthavargakkaareyum addeham chertthu, avaril chilar kuthirappurathaayirunnu. vimathar veeduthorumulla yathrakal nadatthi, adimakale mochippikkukayum avar neritta niravadhi vellakkaare kollukayum cheythu.
thokkukalum mattu thokkukalum shekharikkaan valare budhimuttaayirunnathil anaavashya shradha pidichupattunnathinaal vimathar kathikal, kuthakakal, moorchayulla upakaranangal enniva upayogichu. kalapam prayamo lingabhedamo anusarichu vivechanam kaanichilla, vimathar vellakkaraaya purushanmareyum sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum konnu. maargarat whitehead enna oraale maathramaan thaan kolappeduthiyathennu naatt tainer sammathichu, avane veli posttiloode adichu konnu.
charitrakaaranaaya steefan bii. ellah vellakkareyum kollan" turner thante samghathodu ahvaanam cheythathayi oats parayunnu. oru pathram ingane ezhuthi 'avar kaalukuthiyathinu sesham vivechanarahithamayi vadikkuka ennathu avarude uddeshyamaayirunnillenum aadyam bheekarathayum munnariyipum srishtikkaan avar upayogichuvennum tainer prakhyaapichu.'samgham kurachu veedukal ozhivaakki', kaaranam pavapetta vellakkaar 'neegrokkalekkaal mikachathaayi thangalekkurichu chinthikkunnillennu' tainer vishwasichu.'gails reez thottavum vimathar ozhivaakki, athu vazhiyilaayirunnenkilum, orupakshe turner thante bharya kuttikaleyum surakshithamaayi nilanirthaan aagrahichathukondaakam. karuthavarggakkaar samsthaana milishyayodu paraajayappedunnathinumbu ekadesham arupatholam pere konnu. moonnu kambani peerankikal shakthippeduthiya vimatharude eratti manushyashakthiyode kaalaalppada kalaapathe paraajayappeduthi.
viplavakaramaaya akramam adimathvathil antharleenamaaya kroorathayude yaadhaarthyathodu vellakkaarude manobhaavathe unarthumennu turner karuthi. vellakkarkkidayil "bheethiyum munnariyipum" pracharippikkan thaan aagrahikkunnuvennu turner paranju.
prathikaram.
kalapam adichamarthi oru divasathinullil, praadeshika milissia moonnu kambani peerankikalum chernnu norphokkil ninnum norphokkil ninnumulla purushanmaarude sainyavum southhaamptan kaundiyude athirthiyilulla virjeeniayileyum north carolinayileyum mattu kaundikalil ninnulla milishyakalum chernnu.
southaamptan kaundiyil, kalaapathil pankedutthathaayi samshayikkunna karuthavarggakkaare milishya shirachhedam cheyyukayum "avarude muricha thalakal bheeshaniyude bhayanakamaaya roopamaayi crostodukalile thoonukalil sthaapikkukayum cheythu". eee sambhavangale paraamarshichu oru praadeshika roadine (ippol virgenia stettu root 658) "blackhead sainpost rooad" ennu vilichirunnu.
adima kalapam southaamptan kaundiyil maathram othungunnathallennum thekk alabama vare vyaapichuvennum kimvadanthikal athivegam vyaapichu. vadakkan carolinayil adimakalude "sainyangal" haivekalil kaanappettathaayum avar vadakkan karolinayile wilmingtonile vellakkaarkk theekoluthukayum koottakkola nadathukayum samsthaana thalasthaanathekku march nadathukayum cheythathaayum reportukalkku kaaranamaayi.
atharam bhayavum munnariyipum thekk muzhuvan vellakkaar karuthavare durbalamaaya kaaranathaal akramikkaan kaaranamaayi. richmond wig" edittar eee ramgathe "vichaaranayillathe niravadhi karuthavarggakkaare vadikkukayum valia kroorathayude saahacharyangalil vadikkukayum cheiyunnu" ennu visheshippichu. kalapam adichamarthappettathinum randaazhchayolam karuthavargakkaarkkethiraaya velutha akramam thudarnnu. general eppes sainyathodum vella pouranmaarodum kolapathakam nirthaan utharavittu
thaan vishwasikkaan baadhyasthanaaya ellah sambhavangalum addeham vyakthamakkilla, marichu orotta athikramathe nyaayeekarikkan eathoru aavasyakathayum nilaninnirunnuvennu karuthanam enna thante agadhamaaya dukhathinte prakadanatthode enthaanu sambhavichathenn nishabdamaayi kaimarunnu. ennaal eee utharavu purappeduvichathinushesham samanamaaya akrama pravarthanangalkku oru ozhikazhivum anuvadikkillennu prakhyapikkaan addeham baadhyasthanaanennu thonnukayum sainikarodum pouranmaarodum prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
reverend jii. dablyu. ellah divasavum niravadhi neegros kollappedunnu" ennu prasthaavichu powell "newyork eevaning poost" nuu oru kathu ezhuthi. krithyamaaya ennam orikkalum ariyilla."vadakkan karolinayile hertford kaundiyil ninnulla oru koottam pourasenakal oru divasam kondu naalpat karuthavargakkaare kollukayum marichavaril ninnu 23 dollar oru swarnna vaachum edukkukayum cheythu. vadakkan karolinayile merfreesboroyil ninnulla oru samghathe kyapttan sooloon borland nayichu, "adimakalude vellakkaarude udamakalil ninnulla moshanathinu thulyamayathinaal" addeham eee pravartthanangale apalapichu.
kalaapathil earppedaatha 120 oolam karuthavargakkaare pourasenakalum janakkoottavum vadhichathayi aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar sammathikkunnu.
pidikkuka.
tainer aarr aazhcha pidichedukkunnathil ninnu rakshappettengilum southaamptan kaundiyil thudarnnu. tenarinaayulla thirachilil adhikrithar addehathinte bharyayaaya cheriyilekku thirinju. ezhuthukaaran terry bison ezhuthunnu, "adima kalaapathin sesham, thante padhathikalum sthalavum velippeduthaanulla shramathil avale marddikkukayum peedippikkukayum cheythu."1831 septambar 26nuu, reez thottatthil nadatthiya reydinu sesham" "richmond constitutional wig" "oru vaartha prasidheekarichu," "chila pepparukal addehathinte bhaarya kokkutthil upekshichu"."1831-ll prasidheekaricha" aadhikaarikavum nishpakshavumaaya vivaranam ", naatt rakshappettathinusesham tenarinte jenal entrikal avalude kaivashamundenn rekhappeduthi."
october 30 nuu benchamin phips enna karshakan veli reyilukal kondu pothinja oru valia maram srishticha bhoomiyile oru nyoonathayil olichirikkunna tainer kandethi. ithu oru prakrithidatha guhayallengilum praadeshikamaayi naatt turner guha ennaanu ithine visheshippichirunnathu. ekadesham 1 pii.emm. october 31nuu tainer jarusalemile jayilil ethi.
vichaarana kaathirikkave, kalaapathekkurichulla thante arivu turner abhibhashakanaaya thomas raffin greyod sammathichu.
vichaaranakalum vadhashikshakalum.
kalaapathethudarnn, adimakalkkethiraaya kesukal kelkkaan prathyekamaayi vilicha kodathikalil dussen kanakkinu samshayaaspadamaaya vimathar vichaarana cheyyappettu. kalaapathin goodaalochana nadathiyathinum kalapam nadathiyathinum" 1831 november 5 nuu tainer vichaarana cheyyappedukayum shikshikkappedukayum vadhasiksha vidhikkappedukayum cheythu. thaan cheythathil khedikkunnundo ennu chodichappol addeham marupadi nalki, "kristhu krooshikkappettille?"1831 november 11nuu virjeeniyayile (ippol kottarabhoomi) jarusaleminte kaundi seettil turnere thookkiletti. chila srothassukal anusarichu, mattu vimathare bhayappeduthunnathinulla oru udaaharanamaayi addehathe shirachhedam cheythu.
tenarude goodaalochanakkaarude vichaaranayude bhooribhaagavum southhaamptan kaundiyilaanu nadannathu, ennaal chilath ayalrajyamaaya sussex kaundiyiloo mattu aduthulla kaundikaliloo nadannu. avarude vichaaranaykkide, adimakalaakkappetta mikka aalukalum kuttakkaaraanennu kandethi; pathinanju pere maathrame veruthevittulloo. sikshikkappetta muppath peril pathinettupere thookkilettukayum panthrandupere samsthaanathinu purathu vilkkukayum cheythu. kalaapathil pankedutthathinu shramicha anchu swatantra karuthavargakkaaril oraale thookkilettukayum mattullavar kuttavimuktharaakukayum cheythu.
manushya trophy shekharam.
vadhashikshaykk sesham, turnerude shareeram vichedikkukayum charmmam smoonir pezhs nirmmikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu. 1897 octoberil, virgenia pathrangal naatt turnerinte asthikoodam doow. echu. yuu. virjeeniyayile tonayile steefenson. steefansan doow. ezz. bii. keller; doow. jayilil kazhiyumbol thante mrithadehathinu 10 dollar nalkiyirunnathayi keller avakashappettu. vadhashikshaykk sesham, keller turnerinte asthikal pottiyidukayum medical maathrkayaayi thookkiyidukayum cheythu.
2002ll richard jii. kku oru thalayotti nalki. indiaanayile gaariyile muun meyaraaya hatcher oru pouraavakaasha myoosiyathinte shekharathinaayi avide nirmmikkaan padhathiyittu. 2016ll hatcher thalayotti tenarude pingaamikalil randuperkku thirike nalki. thalayotti labhichathinushesham, kudumbam athu thaalkkaalikamaayi smithsonian sthaapanathil sthaapichu, avide ithu naatt turnerinte aadhikaarikamaaya avashishtangalaano ennu nirnnayikkaan dna parisodhana nadatthum. parisodhana phalam positteev aanenkil, addehathinte bhouthikaavashishtangal addehathinte pingaamikalude aduthu samskarikkaan kudumbam padhathiyidunnu.
1866ll ohaayoyile voosttar koleju roopeekarichathinushesham tainers ennu parayappedunna mattoru thalayotti sambhavana cheythu. 1901ll skoolinte eaka academic kettidam katthi nashichappol doow. echu. enn. mettar. 1866ll southaamptan kaundiyile oru doctor oppitta thalayottiyude aadhikaarikatha saakshyappeduthunna oru certificat kandathayi sandarshakar oormmippichu. oduvil thalayotti nashtamaayi.
niyamanirmmaanaparamaaya prathikaranam.
kalaapathinte samayat, virjeeniyayile niyamanirmmathaakkal swatantra karuthavargakkaare lakshyamit oru kolanivalkkarana billum avare aafrikkayilekku neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi puthiya fund anuvadikkukayum juurii karuthavargakkaare swathanthramaayi vichaarana cheiyunnathu nishedhikkukayum oru kuttakrithyatthil sikshikkappetta swathanthraraaya karuthavargakkaare adimathathilekkum sthalammattathilekkum wilkan vidheyamaakkukayum cheytha oru police billum konduvannu.
kalaapasamayatho athinusheshamo vichaaranakalillathe thangalude adimakale nashtappettathinu nashtaparihaaratthinaayi kuranjathu ezhu adimakalenkilum virjeeniyayude pothusabhayilekku niyamanirmmaana harjikal ayachu. avarellam nirasikkapettu.
adutha vasanthakaalath virgenia general assembly adimathathinte bhaviyekkurichu charcha cheythu. chilar kramena vimochanam abhyarthichuvenkilum virjeeniyayile pramukha budhijeeviyaaya thomas aarr. vilyam aandu merii koleju president due "adimathathinte jnjaanatheyum kaarunyatheyum athinte nirmaarjanatthinte viddithatheyum samrakshikkunna oru laghulekha" prasidheekarichu. adimakalaayo swathanthraraaya karuthavargakkaareyo vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padippikkunnathu niyamavirudhamaakkunna niyamanirmmanam potusabha pasakkukayum licensulla vella manthriyude saannidhyamillaathe ellah karuthavargakkaareyum mathaparamaya yogangal nadathunnathil ninnu niyanthrikkukayum cheythu.
thekk mattu adima-udamasthathayilulla samsthaanangal adimakaludeyum swatantra karuthavarudeyum pravartthanangal niyanthrikkunna samanamaaya niyamangal nadappaakki. virjeeniyayilum mattu thekkan samsthaanangalilum udaneelam, niyamanirmmathaakkal vellakkarkko karuthavarggakkaarkko unmoolanavaada prasidheekaranangal kaivasham vaykkunnathu niyamavirudhamaakki. mattoru adima kalapam undaayal aayudangal labhyamaakumenn urappakkaan southu carolina niravadhi aayudhashekharangal nirmmichu.
anantharafalangal.
1831 septambar 3nuu vilyam lloyd gaarisan "libarettar" enna vimochanavaada pathratthil "inserruption" enna peril oru lekhanam prasidheekarichu."1831 septambar 10 nuu" "libarettar" "edittarkku ezhuthiya kathil ninnulla bhagangal prasidheekarichu, thekk palarum eee pathratthinu kalapavumaayi bandhamundennu vishwasikkunnuvennum thekk kaaval seena poyaal addehathe" "deerghakaalam jeevikkaan anuvadikkilla"...avan kondupokappedum, aarum athil budhiyullavaralla...misttar aanenkil. thekkott kaaval seena pookanam, avane udan ayaykkum...[a] thekk ninnulla vyakthikal aavarthichu prakadippicha abhiprayam."
1831 novemberil thomas raffin gray "dhii confessions oof naatt turner" prasidheekarichu. tainer olivilaayirikkumbol nadatthiya gaveshanathil ninnum bhaagikamaayi vichaaranaykk munbu tenarumaayulla jailhouse sambhashanangalil ninnum addehathinte srishtikal uruthirinjathaanu. greyude laghulekhakal 40,000 muthal 50,000 vare koppikal vittazhichu, ithu akkaalathe kalaapathekkurichulla oru sradheyamaaya uravidamaakki. ennirunnaalum, 1831 november 25nuu "dhii richmond inquirer" prasidheekaricha prasidheekaranathekkurichu oru avalokanam ingane parayunnu laghulekhaykku oru poraaymayundu-njangal ardhamaakkunnathu athinte sailiyaanu.  kuttavaaliyude kuttasammatham swantham chundil ninnu nalkunnu-(vaayikkumbol, athinte prasthavanakal sariyaanennu addeham sammathichu)-ennaal bhasha naatt turnerk upayogikkaan kazhiyunnathilum valare mikachathaanu-athinte chila bhagangal vaakchaathuryathodeyum classicalaayum prakadippikkunnu. - aakhyaanathinte aadhikaarikathayekkurichu chila samshayangal srishtikkunnathinum kollakkaaran arhamallathathum sweekarikkaan paadillaathathumaaya budhikkaayi oru kathaapaathram nalkunnathinum ithu kanakkakkunnu. - matellaa kaaryangalilum, kuttasammatham vishwasthavum sathyavumaanenn thonnunnu.naatt turnerinecurichulla praadhamika charitra rekhayaanu greyude kruthikal, ennaal chila aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar, prathyekichu david eph. olmendinger juuniyar., addehathinte tainer chithreekarichathinte saadhuthaye chodyam cheythittundu.
kalaapathethudarnn, vellakkaar tenarude uddeshyangalum ashayangalum vyaakhyaanikkaan sramichilla. kolapathakangalil antibellum adimakal njettippoyi, kalaapangalekkurichulla avarude bhayam vardhichu; avaril, tenarude peru "theevravaadatthinteyum akramasakthamaaya prathikaaratthinteyum pratheekamaayi" maari."vadakkan samsthaanangal thekkan janatha kaanicha pala bhayangalum pankittu; puthiya abhayakendramaaya connectikkattil aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkkaayi oru koleju srishtikkaanulla nirddesham ippol puthiya abhayakendram ennu vilikkappedunna aaveshathil valareyadhikam nirasikkapettu.
naatt tenarude kalapam moolamundaaya bhayavum thudarnnulla vimochana samvaadangalil uyarnnuvanna aashankakalum adimathathe "nalla nanma" ennu nirvachichukondu raashtreeyakkaarum ezhuthukaarum prathikarikkaan kaaranamaayi. atharam rachayithaakkalil mukalil soochippicha thomas roderic due ulppedunnu. mattu thekkan ezhuthukaar atharam kalapangal ozhivakkunnathinaayi adimakalodulla mechappetta kristheeya perumaattatthinte pithrthvaparamaaya aadarsham prolsaahippikkaan thudangi. manjum mattullavarum adimathathiloode karuthavarggakkaare (eee ghattathil kooduthalum american vamshajar) samskaaravalkkarikkukane vishwasichu. 1853laanu eee rachanakal shekharichathu.
mattu kaazhchappaadukal.
niravadhi africakkaarkkum aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkkum kaaranamaaya kashtappaadukalkk adimakale panam nalkia turnere pothuve prathirodhatthinte naayakanayi aafrikkan amerikkakkar kanakkakkunnu.
jaims echu. karutha sabhayude charithrathekkurichu vipulamaayi ezhuthiya harris parayunnath eee kalapam "vimochanathinaayulla karuthavargakkaarude pooraattatthile vazhithirivayi" adayaalappeduthi ennaanu."oru vinashakaramaaya pravrithikku maathrame akramam akramathinu kaaranamaakunnuvenn akramasakthamaaya oru saamoohika kramatthinte shilpikale bodhyappedutthaan kazhiyoo ennu turner vishwasichirunnuvennu harris paranju."
1843 leeii deseeya neegro kanvenshanile oru prasamgatthil, munbu adimakalaayirunnathum sajeevamaaya unmoolanavaadiyumaaya henry hyland gaarnett naatt tenarine "desasnehiyaaya" ennu visheshippichu, "bhaavi thalamurakal addehathe kuleenarudeyum dheerarudeyum idayil oorkkum" ennu paranju."
1861-ll vadakkan ezhuthukaaranaaya thomas gowarth higginson "atlaantik maasika" yill prasidheekaricha oru lekhanathil tenarine prashamsichu. baibilallathe oru pusthakavum ariyaatha, thante vamshathinte lakshyathinaayi athmaavum shareeravum samarppicha hridayamulla oru manushyanaayaan addeham tenarine visheshippichathu."
1988ll terry bison ezhuthiya "naatt turner slave rebult leader" enna pusthakathode kuttikalkkayulla black americans oof acheevment biography seereesil ulppeduthunnathinaayi turnere thiranjedutthu. koretta scott kingaanu pusthakatthinte aamukham ezhuthiyathu.
paraamarshangal.
kooduthal vaayana