
siderius nunsius

 
1610 march 13 nuu galilio galeeli neo-lattinil prasidheekaricha oru hraswa jyotishaasthra grandhamaanu (allengil laghulekha) siderius nunsius (saadhaaranayaayi cydrial messenture, staari messenture allengil cydrial sandesham). oru dooradarshiniyiloode nadatthiya nireekshanangale adisthaanamaakki prasidheekaricha aadyathe shaasthreeya kruthiyaanithu, koodaathe apoornnavum parvathanirakalumaaya chandranekkurichum ksheerapathatthilum chila nakshathrasamoohangalilum nagnanethrangalaal drishyamaakaatha noorukanakkinu nakshathrangalekkurichum medician nakshathrangalekkurichum (pinneedu galilian upagrahangal) jalipi vrithaakruthiyil kaanappedunnathinte phalangal ithil adangiyirikkunnu.
sandeshavaahakane" soochippikkaan laattin padamaaya "" nunsius "saadhaaranayaayi eee kaalayalavil upayogichirunnu; ennirunnaalum, ithu (kurachumaathram aanenkilum)" "sandesham" "aayi vivarthanam cheyyappettu". cydrius nunsius" enna thalakkett saadhaaranayaayi "cydrial messenture" ennu engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunnundenkum, pusthakatthinte aadyakaala draafttukalum pinneedulla anubandha rachanakalum soochippikkunnathu pusthakatthinte uddeshyam "jyothishaasthrathile sameepakaala sambhavavikaasangalekkurichulla vaarthakal report cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu, svarggathil ninnulla oru ambasseder enna nilayil svayam aathmaarthamaayi kaimaarukayalla" ennaanu."
dooradarshini.
1608ll middleberg kazhcha nirmmathaavaaya hans lippers orennathinu pettant nedaan shramichappol netherlandil aadyathe dooradarshinikal prathyakshappettu. 1609 aayappozhekkum galilio ithinekkurichu kelkkukayum svanthamaayi mechappetta pathipp nirmmikkukayum cheythu. ratri aakaashat puthiya kandupidutham lakshyamitta aadya vyakthi addehamaayirikkilla, pakshe athu upayogichulla aakaashagolangalekkurichulla aadyathe chittayaya (prasidheekaricha) padanamaayirunnu addehathintethu. gaaliliyoyude aadyathe dooradarshinikalilonninu 8x muthal 10x vare leanier magnification undaayirunnu, addeham svayam nilamparisaakkiya lensukal upayogichaanu ithu nirmmichathu. addeham "siderius nunsiyasil" nireekshanangal nadatthaan upayogicha mechappetta dooradarshiniyil ithu 20x leanier maagnifikkeshanaayi vardhippichu.
ulladakkam.
"siderius nunsiyasil chandrante ezhupathiladhikam chithrangalum rekhaachithrangalum, ooriyoon, pleades, edavamsham thudangiya chila nakshathrasamoohangalum jupittarinte medician nakshathrangalum adangiyirikkunnu. galeeliyoyude grandhatthil addehathinte nireekshanangalude vivaranagal, vishadeekaranangal, sidhaanthangal ennivayum ulppedunnu.
chandran.
chandrane nireekshikkumbol, chandrante irunda pradeshangal kadakkumbol chandranile pakaline raathriyil ninnu (terminator) verthirikkunna rekha minusamaarnnathaanenkilum thilakkamulla pradeshangal kadakkumbol valare kramarahithamaanennu gelilio kandu. irunda pradeshangal parannathum thaazhnna pradeshangalaanennum thilakkamulla pradeshangal parukkan parvathanirakalumaanennum ithil ninnu addeham anumaanichu. terminettaril ninnu sooryaprakaashamulla parvathashikharangalude doorathe adisthaanamaakki addeham chandraparvathangalkk kuranjathu naalu mile uyaramundennu krithyamaayi vilayiruthi. chandra uparithalathile geliliyoyude kothupanikal chandranile bhauthika savisheshathakalekurichulla padanamaaya celenography mekhalaye roopappeduthunnathinupura drishya praathinidhyatthinte oru puthiya roopam nalki.
nakshathrangal.
nagnanethrangal kondu kaanunnathinekkaal pathuvattiyenkilum kooduthal nakshathrangal dooradarshiniyiloode thaan kandathayi galilio report cheythu, koodaathe ooriyoon belttinteyum staar clusterinteyum staar charttukal addeham prasidheekarichu, puthuthayi nireekshicha chila nakshathrangal kaanikkunnu. nagnanethrangal kondu nireekshakarkk edavam rashiyil aarr nakshathrangal maathrame kaanaan kazhiyoo; ennirunnaalum, thante dooradarshiniyiloode, gelelioic muppathiyanju nakshathrangal kaanaan kazhinju-eathaandu aarinte eratti. addeham thante dooradarshini ooriyoon oonaakkiyappol, munbu nireekshicha onpathinekkaal enpathu nakshathrangal kaanaan addehathinu kazhinju-eathaandu onpathiratti kooduthal. siderius nunsiyasil", dooradarshiniyillaathe kaanunna nakshathrangalum avaa upayogichu kaanunna nakshathrangalum thammil verthirichariyunnathiloode galilio eee rund nakshatra grouppukalum parishkarikkukayum punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, tolomic nakshatra pattikayile chila "avyaktha" nakshathrangale addeham nireekshichappol, meghaavrithamaakunnathinuparam avaa niravadhi cheria nakshatrangalaal nirmmichathaanennu addeham kandu. ithil ninnu niharikayum ksheerapathavum "koottangalaayi koottiyittirikkunna ennamatta nakshathrangalude roopangalaanu" ennu addeham oohichu, ithu nagnanethrangalaal oro nakshathrangalayi pariharikkaanaakaathathra cheruthum akaleyullathumaanu.
medician nakshathrangal (jupittarinte upagrahangal).
siderius nunsiyasinte avasana bhaagath, jupittarin sameepam nakshathrangalude nerrekha roopappedunnathaayi thonnunna naalu vasthukkalekkurich galilio report cheythu. aadyaraathriyil jupittarin samaantharamaayi moonnu cheria nakshathrangalude oru varii addeham kandethi; pittennu raathrikal vyathyastha krameekaranangalum mattoru nakshatravum addehathinte kaazhchayilekku konduvannu, jupittarin chuttum naalu nakshathrangal. paatatthiludaneelam, januvari avasaanam muthal 1610 march aadyam vare raathriyil prathyakshappetta jupittarinteyum athinte prathyakshamaaya koottaali nakshathrangaludeyum aapekshika sthaanangalekkurichulla chithreekaranangal gelilio nalki. avaa jupittarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol raathriyil ninnu raathriyilekku avarude sthaanangal maattukayum ellaayppozhum athinaduthulla ore nerrekhayil prathyakshappedukayum avaa jupittarine parikramanam cheiyunnuvennu gelilio bodhyappedutthi. naalu raathrikalude nireekshanatthinu sesham januvari 11nuu addeham ezhuthi
thante chithrangalil, naalu nakshathrangale prathinideekarikkaan jupittareyum nakshathrashikharangaleyum prathinideekarikkaan oru thuranna vritham upayogichu. eee rund tharatthilulla aakasha pindangal thammil yadhaarthathil vyathyaasamundennu kaanikkanaanu addeham eee vyathyasam varuthiyathu. galilio "graham", "nakshatram" ennee padangal parasparam maattikkond upayogichuvennum nilavilulla aristotaliyan padaavaliyil "rund vaakkukalum sariyaaya upayogamaayirunnu" ennathum sradhikkendathaanu."
siderius nunsiyas prasidheekarana samayat, paduva sarvakalaashaalayile ganithashaasthranjanaayirunnu galilio, kooduthal sakthamaaya dooradarshinikal nirmmikkunnathinulla pravarthanatthinu aduthide aajeevanantha karar labhichirunnu. florencylake madangaan addeham aagrahichu, avide rakshaakarthruthvam nedaamenna pratheekshayil addeham "siderius nunsius" thante muun vidyaarthiyaaya ippol tuscanyile grand duke aaya cosimo II dii medisic samarppichu. koodaathe, naalu rajakeeya medisi sahodaranmaarude bahumaanaartham addeham kandethiya naalu upagrahangalkk "medician nakshathrangal" ennu perittu. pisa sarvakalaashaalayile medisic mukhya ganithashaasthranjanum thathwachinthakanumaaya sthaanam nedaan ithu addehathe sahayichu. aathyanthikamayi, upagrahangalkk peridaanulla addehathinte sramam parajayappettu, kaaranam avaa ippol "galilian upagrahangal" ennu vilikkappedunnu.
sweekaranam.
vilayiruthalum sathruthayum muthal avishwaasam vareyulla "siderius nunsiyasinodulla" prathikaranangal taamasiyaathe italiyilum englandilum vyaapichu. jyothishaasthrathinte puthiya roopathodulla sneham prakadippikkunna niravadhi kavithakalum grandhangalum prasidheekarichu. gaaliliyoyude pusthakathinu marupadiyaayi moonnu kalaasrishtikal polum srishtikkappettu aadam elshaimarinte "egypthilekkulla parakkal" (1610; kaith andruz malsarichu), lodovico sigoliyude "kanyakayekkurichulla anumaanam" (1612), andrea saachiyude "divya njaanam" (1631). koodaathe, medician nakshathrangalude kandethal mattu jyothishaasthranjare aakarshichu, avar chandranmaare svayam kaanaan aagrahichu. avarude sramangal "swatantra gaveshakarude pareekshanathmaka punarulppaadanakshamathayude aadhunika shaasthreeya aavasyakathaykku vediyorukki. sthireekaranavum vyaajathvavum...siderius nunsiyasinte prakhyaapanathilaanu avayude uthbhavam kandathu.""
ennaal pala vyakthikalum samoohangalum samshayaalukkalaayirunnu. dooradarshiniyil lense thakaraarundennum prakaashatthinteyum chithrangaludeyum mithya pooyintukal srishtikkunnundennum parayuka ennathaayirunnu medician nakshathrangalodulla oru saadhaarana prathikaranam; ithu parayunnavar chandranmaarude asthithvam poornnamaayum nishedhichu. eee kaalayalavile opttikkal sidhaanthathinu "upakaranam indriyangale vanjikkunnillennu vyakthamaayi theliyikkaan kazhinjilla" enna anumaanathe pinthunachukondu chilarkk maathrame thudakkathil gelilio nireekshicha karyangal kaananum parisodhikkaanum kazhinjulloo."medisi sahodaranmaarude peril naalu upagrahangalkk peridukayum grand duke cosimo randaamane thante kandethalukalekkurichu bodhyappeduthukayum cheythathiloode, geliliyoyude reportukale prathirodhikkunnath oru samsthaana vishayamaayi maari. morren abhipraayappedunnu, "europile pradhana kodathikalilekku ambasadorial chaanalukaliloode ayaykkaan kazhiyunna spiglassukal nirmmikkunnathin gaaliliyoyude treasuryil ninnu panam nalki gaaliliyoyude nireekshanangal sthireekarikkunnathil kodathi thanne sajeevamaayi earppettu."
geliliyoyude kandethalukale parasyamaayi pinthunacha aadyathe jyothishaasthranjan 1610 eprilil oru thuranna kathu prasidheekaricha johannes keplaraanu, addeham geliliyoyude vishwaasyathaye aaveshathode amgeekarikkunnu. mathiyaya sakthamaaya dooradarshinikalude abhavam kaaranam 1610 august vare keplarinu geliliyoyude kandethalukalekkurichu thante swatantra sthireekaranam prasidheekarikkaan kazhinjilla.
thomas haariyat, joseph goltier dii laa vaattelle, nicolas-claude fabri dii pieresk, saiman marius thudangiya niravadhi jyothishaasthranjar 1610 leeii sharathkaalathil jupittar veendum drishyamaayathinu sesham medician nakshathrangalekkurichulla sthireekaranam prasidheekarichu. tyco braaheyumaayi padicha jarmman jyothishaasthranjanaaya marius aanu addehathinte nireekshanangalude oru pusthakam aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. 1614ll prasidheekaricha mundus jovialis enna pusthakatthil, thaan gelelioic munbu jupittarinte naalu upagrahangal kandethiyittundennum 1609 muthal avaa nireekshikkunnundenum urappichu kondu marius gelilio aakramichu. athinaal avaykku peru nalkaan thanikk avakaashamundenn marius vishwasichu, athu thaan cheythu jupittarinte pranaya vijayangalude peril addeham avaykku peru nalkki ayoo, europa, ganimeed, kaalistoo. ennaal galilio aashayakkuzhappathilayilla; sabhaykku purathaayathinaal, marius ithuvare grigorian kalandar sweekarichittillennum ippozhum juuliyan kalandar upayogikkunnundennum addeham choondikkaatti. athinaal, jooppittarinte upagrahangal aadyamaayi nireekshicha ratri gelilio 1610 januvari 7 nuu grigorian kalandaril-juuliyan kalandaril 1609 desember 28 nuu (1609 desember 29 nuu jooppittarinte upagrahangal aadyamaayi nireekshichathaayi marius avakaashappedunnu). marius, ayoo, europa, ganimeed, kaalistoo enniva ippol geliliyoyude naalu upagrahangalude perukalaanennu ariyunnathinu munbu jupittarinte naalu upagrahangal galilio kandethiyirunnu.
1626 aayappozhekkum jarmman jesuit jyothishaasthranjanaaya johann aadam shall voonn bell chainees, laattin bhashakalil yuwan jing shuvo (dooradarshiniyude vishadeekaranam) prasidheekarichappol dooradarshiniyekkurichulla arivu chainayilekku vyaapichu.
catholica sabhayumaayulla tharkkam.
apoornnamaaya oru chandranekkurichulla geliliyoyude chithrangal tolamiyudeyum aristottilinteyum prapanchashaasthraparamaaya vivaranagalkk virudhamaanu, avayil shudhatha kondu nirmmichathum maattamillaathathumaaya swargeeya vasthukkalekurichulla vivaranagal (purathana, madhyakala thathwashaasthrathile anchaamathe moolakam, athil khagola vasthukkal roopappettirikkunnu).
siderius nunsius" prasidheekarikkunnathinnum, catholica sabha copernicus suryakendra samvidaanathe karsanamaayi ganithashaasthraparavum saangalppikavumaanennu amgeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, copernicus sanbradaayathe sidhaanthathekkaal vasthuthayayi galilio visheshippikkaan thudangiyappol, athu "kooduthal araajakathvamulla oru samvidaanam, daivathinte abhavam illaatha oru samghadana" avatharippichu."vaasthavathil, suuryan 'udikkunna' vum bhoomiye 'chalikkaatha' vum ennu visheshippikkunna thiruvezhuthine galilio yadhaarthathil vishwasicha copernicus sisttam velluvilichu.
1633ll catholica sabha galilio oru tharatthilulla veettuthadankalilaakkiyathode samgharsham avasaanichu.

