
rhinanthus minor

orobaankesee kudumbatthile (broomareppukal) "rhinanthus" janussile oru herbasius kaattu poovaanu yello raattil ennariyappedunna rhinanthus minor. europe, russia, padinjaaran eshya, vadakke america ennividangalil ithinu vrithaakrithiyilulla vitharanamundu. oru vaarshika chediyaaya manja raattil uyaram vare valarunnu, neraaya thandukalum nere, lalithamaaya elakalum. ayanjathum pottunnathumaya vithukalulla oru varanda gulikayaanu eee pazham.
kaandaamrigangalude cheria" ishta aavaasavyavastha varanda vayalukalo pulmedukaloo aanu; ithu vaividhyamaarnna manninte tharangale sahikkunnu. meyy muthal septambar vareyulla venalkkaalath ithu pookkunnu. ithu hemiparasitic aanu, prathyekichu poyesi (pullukal), fabasy (payarvarggangal) ennivayil, karshakar ithine oru keedamaayi kanakkakkunnu, kaaranam ithu pullinte valarcha kuraykkunnu. 
manja raattil kaattu pookkalude pulmedukal srishtikkaano punasthaapikkaano upayogikkunnu, avide ithu prabalamaaya pullukale adichamarthunnathiloodeya manninte poshakangalude punarulppaadanatthiloodeyum speeshees vaividhyam nilanirthunnu. august muthal november vare pulmedukalil vithu cheruthaayi vithaykkunnu-adutha vasanthakaalath mulaykkunnathinu, vithukal shaityakaala maasangalil udaneelam mannil thanne nilanilkkendathundu.
vivaranam.
valia manja raattil ("rhinanthus angustifolius") poleyulla oru sasyasasyamaan manja raattil. chedi uyaram vare valarunnu, nere vipareethamaayi, lalithamaaya elakal x alakkunnu. 
elakal sesile (avaa kaandatthil ninnu nerittu valarunnu), adiyil oru paridhivare hridaya aakruthiyilullavayaanu, allengil oovatt (oval aakruthiyilulla) muthal lansolate (lans tipp pole aakruthiyilulla), dentate (pallulla), scabrid (sparsikkaan alppam parukkan). nivarnnu nilkkunna thandu lalithamo shaakhakalullatho aakam, naalu konukalullathum palappozhum varakalullatho karutha niratthilullatho aanu.
manja pookkalkku kuruke dalangalkku neraaya tube undu. vellivarnnamulla pazham oru varanda gulikayaanu, athil paakamaakumbol ayanjathum pottunnathumaya vithukal adangiyirikkunnu, ithu chedikku athinte pothuvaaya perukalil onnu nalkunnu.
herbel vidagthanaaya nicolas kulpeppar thante 'dhii engleesh physician' (1652ll aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu) enna pusthakatthil manja raattil "chumaykko kazhchakkuravino nallathaanu" ennu ezhuthi. mrugangalkku vishaamsham nalkunna sasyamenna prashasthi eee chedikkundu. vithukalil iridoyidukal adangiyittundu, ithu avaykku kayperiya ruchiykku kaaranamaakunnu.
vargeekaranam.
"orobaankesee kudumbatthile "rhinanthus" janussile oru poochediyaanu "rhinanthus minor". sweedish taxonomist kaal linnaeus "amoinatets academic" (1756) enna kruthiyude moonnaam vaalyathil ithu vivarichittundu. purathana greekkil ninnu uruthirinja eee inathinte peru 'mookk pushpam' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ithu korolayude mukal chundinte aakruthiye soochippikkunnu. "cheria" ennaal "cheria" ennaanu ardham.
paryaayapadangalil iva ulppedunnu
vitharanavum paristhithiyum.
"europe, padinjaaran russia, padinjaaran cyberia, vadakkan america, canada ennividangalil "renanthus minor" kaanapedunnu. meyy muthal septambar vareyulla venalkkaalangalil pookkunna varanda vayalukalo pulmedukaloo aanu "renanthus minor"-nte ishta aavaasavyavastha, ennaal ardha-prakrithidatha enangalaal sambannamaaya jalameghangalil ithu thazhachuvalaraan kazhiyum. vaividhyamaarnna manninte tharangal sahikkaan kazhiyumenkilum manninte piechu 5ll thaazhe ullidathu valarunnilla. manja raattil pookkal venalkkaalath theneechakalaal paraganam nadathappedunnu; chedikku svayam beejasankalanathinum kazhiyum. 
manja raattil oru vaarshika kaattu poovaanu. ayalpakkathulla pacha chedikalude verukal swantham verukal upayogichu thulachukayarunnathiloode poshakangal nedaan kazhiyunnathinaal ithu hemiparasitic aanu, ennaal oru facultative paraannabhojiyaan, kaaranam ithu oru verumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthumbol avasaraparamayi pravartthikkunnu. manja raattilsinte hemiparasitic swabhaavam valarcha kuranjathum shaakhakalillaathathumaaya vyakthigatha maathrkakalkku kaaranamakum. eee sasyathinu poyesi (pullukal), fabasy (payarvarggangal) thudangi niravadhi aathidheya inangalumaayi bandhappedaan kazhiyum.
irelandilum skotlandilum, manja raattil palappozhum theeradesha pulmedukal ulkkollunna mesheer aavaasavyavasthayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. parambaraagatha pullu nirmmaana reethikaliloodeyaanu vithukal phalapradamaayi vyaapikkunnath. pulline durbalappeduthunnathiloodu vilavu baadikkunnathinaal karshakar ithu neekkam cheyyaan shramikkunnu; ithu mosham pulmedukalude soochakamaanu.
sasyasamoohaghadanayil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
manja raattil sasya samoohangalude ghadanaye athinte paraannabhojikaliloode maattaan kazhiyum. aathidheya taxayiludaneelam aakramanathinulla durbalata vyathyaasappedunnu, parannabhoji thadassappeduthunnathinayi forbukal lignified thadassangal vikasippikkunnu.
yukeyile sentar phoor ekkolaji aandu hydrology ulppedeyulla gaveshanangal kaanikkunnath pullu pulmedukalil valaraan prothsaahippikkunnath pullu valarchaye niyanthrikkunnathiloode athuvazhi mattu jeevajaalangale abhivridhippeduthaan anuvadikkunnathiloodeyum jaivavaividhyam valareyadhikam vardhippikkunnu ennaanu. 2021 leeii kanakkanusarichu bhooribhaagam padanangalum "rhinanthus" spp avatharippikkunnathinte positteev allengil neutral efakttukal kandethi. pulmedukalile enangalude sambannathayum vaividhyavum, mikathum pullukalil prathikoola swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
samrakshana nila.
"kaandaamrigam minor" mosham nilavaaramulla thaazhnna vayalukalil kaanapedunnu. nilavil ithu bheeshaniyilalla; athinaal ithu ettavum kuranja aashankayaayi (elsie) vilayiruthappedunnu.
vaarshikamaayathinaal, vithukalkku nilathu vyapikkaan avasaram labhikkatha pathivayi murikkunnatho meikkappedunnatho aaya pulmedukalil ithu kaanapedunnilla. manja raattil vithu baankukalude abhavam ardhamaakkunnathu athu muun varshathil sasyangalil ninnu uthppaadippicha vithine aasrayichirikkunnu ennaanu.
mechilppuravum pullu vayalilum anubadha.
vadakkukizhakkan yunaittad stetsil, manja raattil oru keedamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam ithu pullinteyum pullinteyum vilavu kuraykkunnu. chedikku krishibhoomi baadhichathaayi kandethumbol athu adichamarthendathundu; athu neekkam cheiyunnathinulla sasyanaashakamallatha thanthrangalil badhita mechilppurangalil maram chaaravum marathadiyum prayogikkunnathu ulppedunnu.
upayogavum krishiyum.
manja raattil munkootty vanyapushpa pulmedukal srishtikkaano punasthaapikkaano upayogikkunnu. poshakasamriddhamaaya uparithala mannu neekkam cheyyuka, allengil mechil samayavum theevrathayum maattuka thudangiya apraayogika reethikal upayogikkaan kazhiyaathappol pullukalude aadhipathyam kuraykkaan ithu upayogikkunnu. ithu mattu inam pookkal sthaapikkappedaanulla saadhyatha mechappeduthunnu. swaabhaavika englandinte abhipraayathil, mattu enangale avatharippikkan praapthamaakkunnathin aavashyamaaya manja raattil sasyangalude opttimal saandrata chathurashra meterinu 100 muthal 200 vareyaanu. padanangal kaanikkunnath, speeshees vaividhyam nilanirthunnathil chediyude punk deferential valarcha adichamarthal falangaliloodeyum mechappetta mannu poshaka punarulppaadanathiloodeyum.
manja raattil vithu vidavukal srishticha pulmedukalilo allengil ellah pullukalum murichu clippingukal neekkam cheytha sthalatho nerttha reethiyil vithaykkunnu. pacha pullu parathunnathiloodeyum vithukal avatharippikkam. march arambham vare pullu cheruthaakki vaykkukayum athinusesham thaikal sthaapikkappedukayum venam.
manja raattil chedikal mulachu pakwata praapichathinushesham pazhangal avayude vithukal choriyunnu. kaattupookkalude valarchaye prolsaahippikkunnathi pulmedukal murichu neekkam cheiyunnu. aaa varsham vilavedutha vithu upayogichu sarathkaalathaanu hraswakaalathe vithu vithaykkunnathu. vasanthakaalath mulaykkunnathinu vithukal shaithyakaalathe thanutha maasangalil udaneelam nilatho thaazheyo nilanilkkanam.

