
saaraa maps dougless

oru american adthyaapikayum unmoolanavaadiyum ezhuthukaariyum pothu prabhashakayumaayirunnu saaraa maps dougless (septambar 9,1806-septambar 8,1882). avarude rekhaamoolamulla kathukalil varacha chithrangal oru aafrikkan-american sthreeyude oppitta paintingukalude aadyatheyo aadyatheyo udaaharanangalaayirikkaam. pathonpathaam noottaandile oru koottam sthreekal thammilulla sauhruda kathukalude apoorva shekharamaaya kaasi dikkezhsan aalbathilaanu eee paintingukal adangiyirikkunnathu.
aadyakaala jeevithavum kudumbavum.
pensylvaniayile filadelfiyayil oru pramukha unmoolanavaada kudumbatthil janicha saaraa dougless, adimatha virudhavaadikalaaya baker roobert daglasinteyum milliner adhyapikayumaaya grays basttil daglasinteyum eaka makalaayirunnu. daglasinte muthachan, oru bekari udamasthanum veettil ninnu oru school nadathunna kwekarumaaya siras basttil, aadyakaala aafrikkan-american chaarity oorganaiseshanaaya free aafrikkan sosaittiyile aadyakaala amgangalil oraalaayirunnu. dougless filadelfiyayile varenyavargathinidayilaanu valarnnathu, sii. kuttikkaalathu addehathinu vipulamaaya [swakaarya] tution labhichu."
avar filadelfiyayile basttil kudumbatthinte bhagamaanu. avarude sahodaran aartist roobert dougless juuniyar aayirunnu. avarude kudumbam thaamasichirunna aarch streettile addehathinte kadayil avar parasya idam pankittu. avalude cussin aartist david basttil bousaraayirunnu.
vidyaabhyaasavum thozhilum.
1820-kalude thudakkathil avar collegil cherukayum pinneedu newyork nagaratthil hrasvamaayi padippikkukayum cheythu. 1825-ll, dougless filadelfiyayil thante amayum sambannanaaya aafrikkan-american paaykkappal nirmmathaavaaya jaims forten samghadippicha oru schoolil padippikkaan thudangi, avar kuttikkaalathu avide pankedutthirunnu. 1833 muthal, aafrikkan-american penkuttikalkkayi svanthamaayi oru school sthaapikkunnathinu munbu avar penkuttikalkaayulla soujanya aafrikkan schoolil hrasvamaayi padippichu. shaasthrathilum kalayilum kazhivulla adhyapikayaayum vidyaarthikale uyarnna nilavaaratthilekku uyarthiyathinum avar taamasiyaathe amgeekarikkappettu. 1838-ll, philadelphia vanita adimatha virudha samooham school ettedukkukayum dougless hedmaastaraayi nilanirthukayum cheythu. 1854-ll school lombard streettile instittyoott phoor kalar yoothu (ippol cheyni stettu yooniversitti)-maayi layichu, 1877-ll viramikkunnathuvare dougless praadhamika vakuppinte thalavanayi. oru adthyaapika enna nilayil, munbu ganithavum shaasthravum ulppede aankuttikalkkayi samvaranam cheythirunna vishayangal padikkaan penkuttikalkku thulya avasarangal nalkaan avar prathijnjaabadhayaayirunnu. vividha shaasthrangalil thanne thaalpparyamulla avar vidyaarthikalkku padikkaan vividha shellukaludeyum daathukkaludeyum shekharam ulkkollunna avarude vyakthigatha prakrithicharithra kaabinat avarude klaas muriyil sookshichu.
oru aaktivist enna nilayil daglasinte punk 1831 ll thanne aarambhichu, irupathiyanchaam vayassil, "libarettare" pinthunaykkunnathinaayi vilyam lloyd gaarisanin ayaykkunnathinaayi avar panam shekharichu, athil avar oru sambhavanakkaariyaayum sevanamanushtichu.
1831ll thangalude kazhivukal mechappeduthunnathinum adima sahodarimaarumaayulla avarude aidantitti kooduthal aazhathilaakkunnathinum samarppichirikkunna oru koottam aafrikkan-american vanithakalude vanita saahitya association (eph. ell. eiii) sthaapikkaanum dougless sahayichu. 1820kalude avasaanathilum 1830kalude thudakkathilum nagara vadakkan nagarangalil ithupolulla karutha saahitya samoohangal roopeekarikkaan thudangi. eee samoohangal arivu nedunnathinum ezhuthu, vyakthithvam urappikkunnathinum vivarangal rekhappeduthunnathinum saksharathayullavar muthal ardha saaksharar vare niraksharar vareyulla karuthavargakkaarumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinumulla oru maargamaayi vaayanayilekku maari. samoohathinte shemathinum nilanilppinum, vyakthikal valia grouppukalaayi othucheranam enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu samoohangal, athu deseeya swathuathinteyum koottaaya manobhaavathinteyum oru bodham srishtikkukayum swathanthravum adimakalumaaya karutha samoohathinu avashya arivu nalkukayum cheyyum.
dougless flayude nethaakkaliloraalaayirunnu, prathyekichu aafrikkan-american sthreekalkkulla aadyathe saamoohika librarikalaayirunnu phla. karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekalkku avar kandethiya pradhana vaayanakalum avarude swantham rachanakalum pankidaan fla oru idam nalki. sthree saahitya association saaksharathayullavarkkum nirakshararkkum swathanthrarkkum adimakalkkum vidyaabhyaasathiloode svayam mechappeduthal prothsaahippichu. aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude boudhikamaaya keezhchappadilulla vellakkaarude vishwaasangale velluvilikkuka ennathaayirunnu vidyaabhyaasam. daivam aaa shakthikalum kazhivukalum nalkiyathinaal "boudhikashakthikalude krishi" aanu ettavum valia manushya pinthudaral ennu dougless associationte sthreekalum vishwasichu. aafrikkan amerikkakkarum vellakkarum thammilulla nilavilulla vibhajanam takarkkaan sramikkaanum avarude vamshathe munnott nayikkunnathinulla thulya avakaashangalkkaayi poraadaanum aaa kazhivukale upayogikkendathu sthreekalum aafrikkan amerikkakkarum enna nilayil avarude kadamayaayirunnu.
dhaarmikavum saahityaparavumaaya pravarthanangalil paraspara mechappeduthal" enna lakshyathode vaayanaykkum paaraayanatthinumaayi samarppichirikkunna yogangalumaayi vanita saahitya association amgangal ellah chovvazhchayum yogam cherunnu. avarude pinthunakkaaranaaya vilyam lloyd gaarisan parayunnathanusarichu, mikkavarum ellah amgangalum aazhchathorum yadhaartha kashanagal ezhuthukayum anjjaathamaayi oru pettiyil idukayum cheiyumaayirunnu, athu pinneedu oru samiti vimarshichu. dougless thanne palappozhum gadyavum kavitayum ezhuthiyittundu, athil bhooribhaagavum "libarettar", "kalar american", "sillah" enna thoolikaanaamathil "anglo-aafrikkan magazin", orupakshe "sophonisba" ennee "ladys department" ennivayil prasidheekarichu.
1832-ll oru "maanasika virunnil" associatione abhisambodhana cheythukondu dougless, vanita saahitya samghadanayumaayi aakdivisathinulla ahvaanam engane vannuvennu pankittu
oru varsham munbu adimathathekkurichulla ente vikarangal ethra vyathyasthamaayirunnu! athu sariyaanu, thadavukaarude karachil chilappol ente santhoshathinidayil ente cheviyil varikayum avante thettukalkk ente hridayam rakthasraavam undaakkukayum cheythu; pakshe, kashtam! neratheyulla meghavum prabhatha manjum pole eee bhavam aprasakthamaayirunnu. njaan svanthamaayi oru cheria lokam roopeekarichu, athinte paridhikkapuram neengaathirikkaan njaan shradhichu. ennaal ente samadhaanaparamaaya veedinte athirthiyil olichirikkunna adichamarthalukaarane njaan pidichappol rangam engane maari! enne irayaakkaan avante irumbukai neettiyathu njaan kandu, adimayude kaaryam entethaayitheernnu. njaan thudangi, oru sakthamaaya parishramatthiloode varshangalolam enne oru kavachamayi moodiyirunna alasata ennil ninnu erinju; sarvvashakthante sahaayathode, ente shakthiyile ellah parisramavum upayogichu ente anyaayavum avaganikkappettathumaya vamshathinte swabhaavam uyarthaan theerumaanichu.
ammayodoppam, avar bireshyal philadelphia vanita adimatha virudha samoohathinte sthaapaka amgamaayirunnu (1833). dougless polulla aafrikkan-american vamsajarum lucressia mottu polulla vellakkaraaya vanita amgangalum ulppede samooham thudakkam muthal vamsheeyamaayirunnu. adimakkaarkku oru nashtaparihaaravum nalkaathe ethrayum vegam adimatham poornnamaayum nirthalaakkuka, athupole thanne amerikkayile vellakkaarumaayi thulya poura, mathaparamaya avakashangal neduka ennivayaayirunnu samoohathinte lakshyam.
1833 desember 14nuu samooham avarude bharanaghadanaykku anthimaroopam nalki, athu "aikyavum oorjjaswalavumaaya parishramangaliloode adimathathinte kadutha papavum nagnamaaya aneethiyum [avarude] veruppum prakadippikkendathu kristhyaanikale avakashappedunnathinaal" avarude kadamayayi kanakkakkunnuvennu prasthaavichu. eee kaazhchappaadukal sweekarikkukayum samoohathinu sambhavana nalkukayum cheiyunna eathoru sthreek samoohathile amgathvam labhyamaayirunnu.
amgangalum avarude suhruthukkalumkkidayil pracharippikkunnathinaayi sosaittiyile amgangal gaarisaninte "libarettar", "dhii eminisipettar" thudangiya niravadhi adimatha virudha jenalukalil varikkaraayi. adimatha virudha pusthakangaludeyum laghulekhakaludeyum oru cheria library samooham pracharippikkunnathinaayi shekharichu. "aadya varshathinullil, aafrikkan-american kuttikalkkayi oru school sthaapichu. adimakal nirmmikkunna charakkukalude bahishkaranavum vimochanathinaayi lobby cheiyunnathum samooham prothsaahippichu. columbia jillayilum mattu federal pradeshangalilum adimatham nirthalaakkunnathinum american samsthaanangal thammilulla adimakkachavadam adichamarthunnathinumaayi kongrasinu ayacha harjikal ithil ulppedunnu."1840 aayappozhekkum dougless groupil director board amgamaayum vaarshika melakalkkaayulla kammittiyilum vidyaabhyaasa kammittiyilum recordingle anubandha sekrattariyaayum librarian, manejaraayum sevanamanushtichu.
1853 muthal 1877 vare dougless shareeraghadana, sthree aarogyam, shuchithvam enniva padikkukayum pensylvaniayile vanita medical collegil medical adisthaana pariseelanam nedukayum aadyathe aafrikkan-american vanita vidyaarthiniyaayitheerum pensylvania medical yooniversittiyile ladys instittyoottil cherukayum cheythu. physiology, shuchithvam ennee vishayangalil bannekar instittyoottinte yogangalil aafrikkan-american sthreekalkku sayahna klaasukal prabhashanam nadatthaanum padippikkaanum avar edutha theerumaanathe medical instittyoottukalile avarude pravartthanangal swaadheenichu.
1855-ll avar sent sentar oof aafrikkan episcopal churchinte aafrikkan-american rector vilyam daglasine vivaham kazhichu. onpathu kuttikalulla vidhava thomas. 1861-ll bharthaavinte maranashesham, dougless thante adimatha virudha pravartthanangalum muzhuvan samaya adhyapanavum punaraarambhichu.
1882ll philadelphiyayil vachu avar marikkukayum pensylvaniayile collingdalile eedan semitheriyil adayaalappeduthaatha oru shavakudeerathil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu.
paraamarshangal.
kurippukal