seemoundu

samudranirappil ninnu jalanirappil ethaathe uyarunna oru valia antarvaahini bhooprakrithiyaanu seemoundu, athinaal ithu oru dveepo dveepo cliff-roco allah. vamshanasham sambhavicha agniparvathangalil ninnaan kadaltheerathu ninnu uyarathilekku uyarunna samudranirappukal saadhaaranayaayi roopappedunnathu. samudrashaasthranjar avaye nirvachichirikkunnathu kuranjathu samudranirappinu mukalilekku uyarunna, konaakrithiyilulla savisheshathakalulla swatantra savisheshathakalaayaanu. kodumudikal palappozhum uparithalathil ninnu noorukanakkinu muthal aayirakkanakkin meter vare thazheyaayi kaanapedunnu, athinaal avaa aazhakkadalinullilaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kaalathe avayude parinaamathinidayil, ettavum valia samudranirappukal samudra uparithalathil athiyekkaam, avide tharamgapravartthanam kodumudiye nashippichu oru paranna uparithalam roopappeduthunnu. avaa kurayukayum samudra uparithalathinu thaazhe mungukayum cheytha sesham atharam paranna-mukalilulla samudranirappukale "gyotts" allengil "table mounds" ennu vilikkunnu.
bhoomiyude samudrangalil 14,500-ladhikam thiricharinja seemoundukalundu, athil 9,951 seemoundukalum 283 gyottukalum motham vistheernnam ulkkollunnu, ennaal avayil chilath maathrame shaasthranjar vishadamaayi padichittulloo. vadakkan pasaphik samudrathilaanu samudranirappukalum gyottukalum ettavum kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath, avaa pottitheri, nirmmaanam, kshayam, mannolipp ennivayude savisheshamaaya parinaama reethi pinthudarunnu. sameepa varshangalil, niravadhi sajeeva samudranirappukal nireekshikkappettundu, udaaharanathinu havaian dveepukalile kaamaehuvaakkanaalova (munbu loihi).
avayude samriddhi kaaranam, lokathile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya samudra aavaasavyavasthakalilonaanu kadaltheerangal. kadaltheerangalum vellathinadiyile pravaahangalum thammilulla edapedalukalum vellathil avayude uyarnna sthaanavum plankton, pavizhapputukal, malsyangal, samudra sasthanikal ennivaye orupole aakarshikkunnu. vaanijya malsyabandhana vyavasaayam avayude mothatthilulla prabhavam shradhichittundu, koodaathe niravadhi kadaltheerangal vipulamaaya malsyabandhanathe pinthunaykkunnu. kadal aavaasavyavasthayil malsyabandhanam cheluthunna prathikoola prathyaaghaathangalekkurim stokku idivu nannayi rekhappeduthiyittulla kesukalekkurichum aashankakal nilanilkkunnu, udaaharanathinu ooranchu rafiyil (hoplostethus atlaantikkas). 95 sathamaanam paaristhithika nashavum sambhavikkunnath bottom trollingiloodeyaanu, ithu samudranirappil ninnu muzhuvan aavaasavyavasthayeyum polikkunnu.
avayude valia ennam kaaranam, niravadhi seemoundukal shariyaayi padikkappedaanum mapp cheyyaanum polum avasheshikkunnu. bathimetry saattalait altimetry eee vidavu nikathaan pravartthikkunna rund saankethikavidyakalaanu. naavika kappalukal ariyappedaatha seemoundukalumaayi koottiyidicha sandarbhangalundu; udaaharanathinu, 1973 ll athil idicha kappalinte perilaanu muirfield seemoundu ennu perittirikkunnath. ennirunnaalum, seemoundukalil ninnulla ettavum valia apakadam flank thakarukayaanu; avaa pazhakkamullappol, seemoundukalil ozhukunna purampraalangal avayude vashangalil sammarddam cheluthukayum valia sunaamikal srishtikkaan saadhyathayulla mannidichilukalkku kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
bhoomishaasthram.
bahiraakaashathum praayatthilum valare vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna lokathile ellah samudra thadangalilum kadaltheerangal kaanapedunnu. chuttumulla samudranirappil ninnu uyarathil ottappettatho athiladhikamo uyarchayum konaakrithiyilulla parimithamaaya kodumudi pradeshavum ennaanu oru seemoundine saankethikamaayi nirvachichirikkunnathu. 14, 500-ladhikam seemoundukalundu. samudratheerangalkku purame, lokathile samudrangalil 1,000 meettaril thaazhe uyaramulla 80,000-ladhikam cheria kunnukalum malanirakalum kunnukalum undu.
mikka samudratheerangalum uthbhavasthaanath agniparvathangalaanu, athinaal madhya samudra malancherivukal, maanttil plumeukal, dweep kamanangal ennivaykku sameepamulla samudra puramthottatthil kaanapedunnu. mothatthil, vadakkan pasaphik samudrathile samudranirappinte anupaathathil, aaa samudramekhalayude 4.39% nuu thulyamaaya seemoundum gyot kavarej ettavum kooduthalaanu. artic samudrathil 16 kadaltheerangal maathrameyulloo, geotukal illa, medittareniyan, karinkadalukalkku 23 kadaltheerangalum 2 geottukalum maathrameyulloo. mapp cheytha 9,951 seemoundukal oru vistheernnam ulkkollunnu. samudranirappukalude sharashari vistheernnam artic samudrathilum medittareniyan, karinkadal ennividangalilum kaanapedunna ettavum cheria samudranirappukalulla kadaltheerangal indian mahaasamudrathilaanu kaanappedunnath. ettavum valia samudranirappinu vistheernnamund, ithu vadakkan pasafikkilaanu. geotukal motham vistheernnam ulkkollunnu, sharashari vistheernnam undu, sharashari valippathinte erattiyiladhikam. gyott pradeshatthinte 50 sathamaanavum geottukalude ennathinte 42 sathamaanavum vadakkan pasaphik samudrathilaanu. ettavum valia moonnu gyottukal vadakkan pasafikkilaananu cuco gyott (kanakkaakkappedunnu), suico geot (kanakkaakkappedunnu), pallada gyott (kanakkaakkappedunnu).
grouping.
kadaltheerangal palappozhum groupingukalilo vellathinadiyilulla dveepasamoohangalilo kaanapedunnu, havaian dveepukalude vipuleekaranamaaya chakravarty kadaltheerangalaanu oru mikacha udaaharanam. dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangalkk munbu agniparvvathathaal roopappetta avaa pinneedu samudranirappil ninnu valare thazheyaayi. dveepukaludeyum kadaltheerangaludeyum eee neenda shringhala havaay dveepil ninnu aayirakkanakkin kilometer vadakkupadinjaraayi vyaapichukidakkunnu.
atlaantik samudrathekkaal kooduthal samudranirappukal pasaphik samudrathilundu, avayude vitharanathil kramarahithamaya pashchaathala vitharanathil superimpose cheytha niravadhi neelamulla samudranirappukal ulppedunnuvennu vivarikkaam. moonnu pradhana samudra thadangalilum seemoundu shringalakal kaanapedunnu, ettavum kooduthal ennavum ettavum vipulavumaaya seemoundu shringalakal pasafikkilaanu. vadakkan pasafikkile havaian (chakravarty), mariana, gilbert, tumotu, australian seemoundukal (dweep grouppukal), thekkan pasaphik samudrathile louisville, saala vaii gomas malanirakal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. vadakkan atlaantik samudrathil, nyoo englandu seemoundukal american aikyanaadukalude kizhakkan theeram muthal madhya samudranirappu vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. valia atlaantik kadaltheerangalude koottangal valvis ridge, vittoriya-trindade ridge, bermuda dveepukal, keppu verde dveepukal thudangiya hotspot pravartthanatthinte mattu thelivukalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave craig sandwell abhiprayappettu. madhya atlaantik ridge indian mahaasamudrathile vyaapichukidakkunna ridjukalum samriddhamaaya kadaltheerangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. allaathapaksham, indian, thekkan samudrangalil seemoundukal vyathirikthamaya shringalakal roopappeduthukayalla, marichu avayude vitharanam erekkure kramarahithamaanennu thonnunnu.
otappetta seemoundukalum vyakthamaaya agniparvvatha uthbhavamillathavayum saadhaaranamalla; udaaharanangalil booloon seemoundu, iratosthanees seemoundu, axial seemoundu, gorinch ridge enniva ulppedunnu.
ariyappedunna ellah samudratheerangalum oru pradeshathekku shekharikkukayaanenkil, avaa yooroppinte valippamulla oru bhooprakrithiyaakkum. avayude mothatthilulla samriddhi avaye bhoomiyile ettavum saadhaaranavum ettavum kuranjathum manassilakkaavunnathumaaya samudra gadanakalilonnaaya biomukalaayi maattunnu, ithu orutharam paryavekshana athirthiyaanu.
bhoomishaasthram.
jio kemistry parinaamavum.
oostreliyaykkaduthulla chrismus ailand seemoundu pravishya polulla chilath kooduthal nigoodamaanengilum rund agniparvvatha prakriyakalilonnaan mikka seemoundukalum nirmmikkunnath. plate athirthikalkkum madhya samudra malancherivukalkkum sameepamulla agniparvvathangal nirmmikkunnath mukalile aavaranathile paarayude decompression urukiyaanu. kuranja saandrathayulla magma puramthottatthiloode uparithalathilekku uyarunnu. subducting tectonic plate overriding plettilekku volaattailukal cherkkukayum athu athinte dravanaangam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnathinaal subducting sonukalkku sameepamo athinu mukaliloo roopappedunna agniparvvathangal srishtikkappedunnu. oru seemoundinte roopeekaranathil ulppedunna eee rund prakriyakalil eathaanu athinte pottitheri vasthukkalil aazhathilulla swaadheenam cheluthunnathu. madhya-samudra malanirakalil ninnum plate athirthi seemoundukalil ninnumulla laavayude ozhukk kooduthalum basaltic (tholaitic, kshara) aanu, athesamayam subducting ridge agniparvathangalil ninnulla ozhukkukal kooduthalum kaalk-alkaline laavakalaan. madhya-samudra ridge seemoundukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, subduction soonn seemoundukalil saadhaaranayaayi kooduthal soodiyam, kshara, asthiramaaya samriddhiyum kuranja magneeshyavum undu, ithu kooduthal spodanaathmakavum viscos pottitherikalkku kaaranamaakunnu.
ellah agniparvvatha samudranirappukalum valarcha, pravartthanam, kshayam, aathyanthikamayi vamshanaashathinte oru prathyeka reethi pinthudarunnu. oru kadaltheerathinte parinaamatthinte aadya ghattam athinte aadyakaala pravarthanamaanu, athinte vashangal nirmmikkukayum samudranirappil ninnu mukalilekku coor cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. ithinethudarnnu theevramaaya agniparvvathangalude oru kaalaghattamaanu, eee samayat puthiya agniparvvatham mikkavarum ellaam pottitherikkunnu (udha.jii. 98 sathamaanam) athinte motham magmetic voliyathinte. samudranirappinu mukalil valarnnu eee kadaltheeram oru samudra dveepaayi mariyekkaam (udaaharanathinu, (udaaharanathinu hanga tonga pottitheri). samudra uparithalathinaduthulla oru kaalayalavile spotaka pravarthanangalkku sesham, pottitherikal pathukke illaathaakunnu. pottitherikal apoorvamaakukayum samudranirappinu svayam nilanirthaanulla kazhivu nashtappedukayum cheiyunnathode agniparvvatham shayippikkaan thudangunnu. oduvil vamshanasham sambhavichathinusesham (orupakshe oru hrasvamaaya punarujjeevana kaalayalavinusesham), thiramalakalaal avaa veendum nilampathikkunnu. karayile athiraalikalekkaal valare chalanathmakamaaya samudra pashchaathalatthilaanu seemoundukal nirmmichirikkunnathu, ithu tectonic plettinoppam seemoundu oru subduction sonilek neengumbol thirascheenamaaya maandyathinu kaaranamaakunnu. ivide ithu plate maarjinu keezhil thaazhthappedukayum aathyanthikamayi nasippikkappedukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal subduction trenchinte ethir mathililekku oru indentteshan kothivachukondu athinte kadannupokalinte thelivukal avasheshippichekkaam. bhooribhaagam samudranirappukalum ithinakam thanne avayude pottitheri chakram poortthiyaakkiyathinaal gaveshakarude aadyakaala ozhukkilekkulla praveshanam agniparvvatha pravartthanangal vaikunnathiloode parimithappedutthunnu.
prathyekichum samudra-paalam agniparvvathangal pottitherikkunna pravartthanatthinte kaaryatthil oru prathyeka paatten pinthudarunnathaayi nireekshikkappettundu, aadyam havaian seemoundukalil nireekshichuvenkilum ippol samudra-paalam tharatthilulla ellah seemoundukalum pinthudarunna prakriyayayi kaanikkunnu. aadya ghattathil agniparvvatham vividha tharatthilulla bassault pottitherikkunnu, ithu vividha alavilulla maandil urukal moolamaanu undaakunnath. athinte jeevithathinte ettavum sajeevamaaya randaamathe ghattathil, samudra-paala agniparvvathangal aavaranathil urukunna oru valia pradeshatthinte falamaayi tholaitic muthal neriya kshara buselt vare pottitherikkunnu. samudranirappum athinte agniparvvathathinte uravidavum thammilulla bandham krasttal chalanatthiloode murichumaattappedunnathil ithu athinte pottitheri charithratthinte avasaanathil kshara pravahangalaal moodappedunnu. chila kadaltheerangalkk 15 muthal 10 dasalaksham varshathe edavelaykku sesham oru hrasvamaaya "punarujjeevippicha" kaalayalav anubhavappedunnu, avayude ozhukk valare shaaraparavum niravadhi senolithukal ulpaadippikkunnathumaanu.
sameepa varshangalil, niravadhi kadaltheerangal sajeevamaaya samudrathinadiyile agniparvvathangalaanennu bhoomishaasthranjar sthireekarichu; havaian dveepukalile kaamaehuvaakkanova (munbu loihi), manuwa groupile (samova) vailulu 'yuu ennivayaanu rund udaaharanagal.
laava tharangal.
oru kadaltheerathu ettavum prathyakshamaaya laava ozhukunnathu avayude vashangal moodunna pottitherikkunna ozhukkukalaanu, ennirunnaalum daikkukaludeyum silsinteyum roopathilulla agni nuzhanjukayatangalum kadaltheera valarchayude oru pradhana bhagamaanu. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya tharam ozhukk thalayinayude laavayaan, athinte vyathirikthamaya aakruthiyude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. valia thothilulla ozhukkine soochippikkunna, glasullathum naamamaathravumaaya sheett floss saadhaaranamalla. agniparvvatha plaastik avashishta parakal aazhamillaatha jalanirappil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. jalathinte uparithalathinaduthulla seemoundukalude spotaka pravartthanatthinte ulppannangalaanu avaa, koodaathe nilavilulla agniparvvatha paarakalude mechanical veryil ninnu roopappedaanum kazhiyum.
ghadana.
vaividhyamaarnna tectonic krameekaranangalil simoundukal roopappedaan kazhiyum, ithu valare vaividhyamaarnna gadanaaparamaaya bankilekku nayikkunnu. konaakrithiyilullathum parannathum sankeernavumaaya aakruthiyilullathumaaya vaividhyamaarnna gadanaaparamaaya aakruthikalilaanu seemoundukal varunnath. coco gyott, detroit seemoundu enniva pole valare valuthum valare thaazhnnathumaaya chilath nirmmichittundu; mattullava kooduthal kuthaneyullathaanu, athaayath kamehuvakkanova seemoundu, bovi seemoundu. chila seemoundukalkku carbonate allengil sediment cappum undu.
pala kadaltheerangalum nuzhanjukayatta pravartthanangalude lakshanagal kaanikkunnu, ithu panapperuppatthilekkum agniparvvatha charivukalude kuthaneyullathilekkum aathyanthikamayi vashangal thakarunnathilekkum nayichekkaam. niravadhi upa-klaasukalulla seemoundukalum undu. aadyathethu geotukal, paranna topulla seemoundukal. eee mukalbhaagangal kadalinte uparithalathinu thaazheyo athiladhikamo aayirikkanam; eee paranna kodumudikalude vyaasam athil kooduthalaayirikkaam. athinekkaal kuranja alavil alakkunna otappetta uyarathilulla spikkukalaanu nolukal. avasaanamaayi, pinaakkilukal cheria thoonukal poleyulla seemoundukalaanu.
paristhithi.
samudranirappinte paaristhithika punk.
samudranirappukal avayude jaivavyavasthaykk paaristhithikamaayi asaadhaaranamaaya praadhaanyamullavayaanenkilum avayude paristhithiyile punk krithyamaayi manassilakkiyitla. chuttumulla samudranirappinu mukalil avaa puratthekku uyarunnathinaal, avaa saadhaarana jalapravaahathe thadassappeduthukayum, eddikalkkum anubandha jalashasthraparamaaya prathibhasangalkkum kaaranamaakukayum aathyanthikamayi nischalamaaya samudra adithattil jalathinte chalanathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. 0. 9 notts allengil secondil 48 centimeter vare vaidyuthadhaarakal alannittundu. eee uyarnna samudranirappukal palappozhum sharashari plankton janasamkhya vahikkunnathinaal, avaye bhakshikkunna malsyangal mothatthil bhakshikkunna kendrangalaanu samudranirappukal, ithu kooduthal vettayaadalinu irayaakukayum samudranirappukale pradhana jaiva hotspottukalaayi maattukayum cheiyunnu.
niravadhi malsyangal ulppede eee valia mrugangalkku aavaasavyavasthayum muttayidunna sthalavum kadaltheerangal nalkunnu. black oriyo (allocytus niger), blackstrip cardinalfish (apogon nigrophaasiyaattas) ennivayulppede chila enangal samudranirappil mattevidathekkaalum kadaltheerangalil kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu. samudra sasthanikal, sraavukal, tyoona, sephalopodukal ennivayellaam malsyam kazhikkaan kadaltheerangalil othukoodunnu, athupole chila inam kadal pakshikal savisheshathakal prathyekichum aazhamillaathavayaayirikkum.
kadaltheerangalil kaanappedaattha samudrajeevikalkku aavaasavyavastha nalkunna kadaltheerangal palappozhum aazhamillaatha mekhalakalilekku uyarnnuvarunnu, ithu samudrathinte aazhathilulla adithattiloo chuttupaadukalilo kaanapedunnilla. kadaltheerangal parasparam verpeduthiyirikkunnathil avaa ore jaiva bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thaalparyam srishtikkunna "kadalinadiyile dveepukal" roopappeduthunnu. agniparvvatha paarakalil ninnaan avaa roopappedunnathinaal, uparithalathinu chuttumulla avashishta aazhathilulla samudranirappinekkaal valare kadinamaanu. ithu samudranirappil nilanilkkunnathinekkaal vyathyasthamaaya oru tharam janthujaalangal nilanilkkaan kaaranamaakukayum saidhaanthikamaayi uyarnna alavilulla endemisathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, prathyekichum davidson seemoundine kendreekarichulla sameepakaala gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu seemoundukal prathyekichu praadesikamaayirikkilla, koodaathe seemoundukal praadeshikathayil cheluthunna swaadheenathekkurichu charchakal nadakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mattevideyengilum athijeevikkaan budhimuttulla jeevivargangalkk avaa oru aavaasavyavastha nalkunnuvennu aathmavishwaasathode theliyikkappettittund.
kadaltheerangalude charivukalile agniparvvatha paarakalil thookkumarangal, prathyekichu pavizhapputukal, dhaaraalamaayi vasikkunnu, avaa kadaltheerathinu chuttumulla sakthamaaya pravaahangal muthaleduthu avaykku bhakshanam nalkunnu. athinaal eee pavizhapputukal oru pothu bandhatthil mattu niravadhi jeevikalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu, udaaharanathinu pottuna nakshathrangal, avar samudranirappil ninnu svayam erangaan pavizhapputtil kayarukayum avaa ozhukumbol bhakshyakanangal allengil cheria janthujaalangale pidikkaan sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. nikshepam-theetta mrugangal nilathu ninnu labhikkuna bhakshanathe aasrayikkunna saadhaarana aazhakkadal aavaasavyavasthayumaayi ithu thikachum vyathyasthamaan. ushnamekhalaa mekhalakalil vipulamaaya pavizhapputtukalude valarcha seemoundinte jeevithakalam vaikumbol pavizha attolukalude roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
koodaathe, saadhaaranayaayi policheettukal (annelid maraine vemukal) oligocheyttukal (microdryl vemukal), gastropod molaskkukal (kadal sluggukal) ennivayaal niranjirikkunna mriduvaaya avashishtangal kadaltheerangalil adinjukoodunnu. senophoreukalum kandethiyittundu. avaa cheria kanikakal shekharikkukayum angane kidakkakal roopappedukayum cheiyunnu, ithu avashishta nikshepathe maattukayum cheria mrugangalkku aavaasavyavastha srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. pala seemoundukalilum hydrothermal ventu kammyoonittikalum undu, udaaharanathinu suyo, kaamaehuvaakkanova seemoundukal. samudratheerangalum samudrajalavum thammilulla bhooraasaayanika kaimattamaanu ithine sahaayikkunnath.
athinaal chila deshaadana mrugangalkku, prathyekichu thimingalangalkku, kadaltheerangal nirnaayaka nirtthal kendrangalaayirikkaam. thimingalangal avarude kudiyettatthiludaneelam naavigeshanal aidukal polulla savisheshathakal upayogichekkaamennu sameepakaalathe chila gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu. pala pelagic mrugangalum bhakshanam shekharikkunnathinaayi kadaltheerangal sandarshikkunnuvennu valarekkaalamaayi anumaanikkappedunnu, ennaal eee mothatthilulla phalatthinte thelivu illa. eee anumaanathinte aadya pradarshanam 2008-ll prasidheekarichu.
malsyabandhanam.
malsyangalude ennathil kadaltheerangal cheluthunna swaadheenam vaanijya malsyabandhana vyavasaayam sradhichittilla. 20-aamm noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyilaanu mosham maanejment reethikalum vardhicha malsyabandhana sammarddavum moolam saadhaarana malsyabandhana maithaanamaaya kondinental shelfile stokku nambarukal gurutharamaayi kurayunnathu moolam kadaltheerangal aadyamaayi vyaapakamaayi malsyabandhanam nadathiyathu. annumuthal lakshyamitta mathsyabandhanathinte sthalamaanu kadaltheerangal.
spiny lobsttar (palinuridae), macarell (scombriday mattullavarum), redu king crab (paralithodes camtshaticus), redu snapper (lutajanus campecanus), tyoona (scombridae), ooranchu rafee (hoplostethus atlaantikkas), perch (persiday) ennivayulppede ekadesham 80 inam malsyangalum shelfishukalum vaanijyaparamaayi kadaltheerangalil ninnu vilavedukkunnu.
samrakshanam.
labhyamaya vivarangalude lalithamaaya abhavam kadaltheerangalude paaristhithika samrakshanathe badhikkunnu. lokathile kanakkaakkappedunna 100,000 seemoundukalil 350 ennathinu maathrame sample labhichulloo, 100 ll thaazhe aazhamund. vivarangalude eee abhaavathinte bhooribhaagavum saankethikavidyayude abhavavum eee vellathinadiyilulla gadanakalilekku athicheraanulla dushkaramaaya dauthyavum kaaranamaayi kanakkakkaam; avaa poornnamaayum paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinulla saankethikavidya kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi maathrame undaayittulloo. sthiramaaya samrakshana sramangal aarambhikkunnathin munbu, lokathinte samudranirappukal aadyam mapp cheyyanam, ithu ippozhum purogamikkukayaanu.
amita malsyabandhanam paaristhithika shemathinu gurutharamaaya bheeshaniyaanu. malsyabandhana chooshanatthinte niravadhi rekhakal undu, udaaharanathinu australiyayudeyum nyoosilandinteyum theerangalil ooranchu rafee (hoplostethus atlaantikkas), japan russiaykkum sameepam pelagic kavacham (seudopenteseros richardsony). kadaltheerangalil lakshyamidunna malsyangal saadhaaranayaayi deerghakaalam nilanilkkunnathum pathukke valarunnathum pathukke pakwata praapikkunnathum aanu ithinu kaaranam. kadaltheera uparithala samoohangale nasippikkunna trollinginte apakadangalum niravadhi kadaltheerangal anthaaraashtra jalathil sthithicheyyunnu enna vasthuthayum sariyaaya nireekshanam budhimuttaakkunnu ennathum eee prashnathe aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu. prathyekichum bottom trolling kadaltheera paristhithikku angeyattam vinaashakaramaan, koodaathe kadaltheerangalkk 95 sathamaanam paaristhithika naashathinum kaaranamaakunnu.
aabharanangalum alankaara vasthukkalum nirmikkunnathil valareyadhikam vilamathikkappedunnathil kadaltheerangalil ninnulla pavizhapputtukalum durbalamaanu. kadaltheerangalil ninnu ganyamaaya vilavu uthppaadippikkappedunnu, ithu palappozhum pavizhapputukal theerkkunnu.
oro raajyangalum kadaltheerangalil mathsyabandhanathinte swaadheenam shradhikkaan thudangiyirikkunnu, vadakkan atlaantikkile kadaltheera samoohangalil malsyabandhanam cheluthunna phalangalekkurichulla vishadamaaya padanamaaya oyaasis padhathikku dhanasahayam nalkaan europian kammeeshan sammathichu. 2005ll roopeekaricha sensaaminte sensus oof maraine life projakttaanu samrakshanathinaayi pravartthikkunna mattoru padhathi. anjjaathamaayava ganyamaayi kuraykkunnathinum aagolathalathil avayude punk, jaiva bhoomishaasthram, jaivavaividhyam, uthppaadanakshamatha, samudrajeevikalude parinamam ennivayekkurichulla daaranakal vikasippikkunnathinum vendi munganana nalkunnathinum samyojippikkunathinum vipuleekarikkunnathinum naavika gaveshana sramangal sugamamakkunnathinum aavashyamaaya chattakkood nalkaan sensaaminte uddeshyam.
60, 000-thiladhikam speesheesukal nireekshichathaayi aarr pradhana paryaveshanangal rekhappeduthiyittulla davidson seemoundaanu orupakshe lokathile ettavum mikacha paaristhithika padanamulla seemoundu. seemoundum chuttumulla pradeshavum thammilulla vyathyasam nannayi adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. kadaltheerathe praadhamika paaristhithika abhayasthaanangalilonnaanu aazhakkadal pavizhapputt, koodaathe paraamarshichirikkunna niravadhi maathrkakal oru noottaandilere pazhakkamullathaanu. samudratheerathekkurichu arivu vipuleekarichathinethudar ithine oru samudra sankethamaakki maattaan vipulamaaya pinthuna labhichu, 2008 ll monterry bay deseeya samudra sankethathinte bhaagamaayi ithu anuvadichu. paaristhithikamaayi samudranirappinekkurich ariyaavunna kaaryangalil bhooribhaagavum davidsonil ninnulla nireekshanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. paristhithi sambannatha kaaranam canada samudra samrakshitha pradeshamaayi prakhyaapicha bovi seemoundaanu atharathilulla mattoru seemoundu.
paryavekshanam.
saankethikavidyayude abhavam moolam kadaltheerangalekkurichu patanam valarekkaalamaayi thadassappettirikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaand muthal thanne seemoundukal sample cheythittundenkilum, avayude aazhavum sthaanavum ardhamaakkunnathu kazhinja kurachu pathittaandukal vare mathiyaya vishadamaayi seemoundukal paryavekshanam cheyyaanum sample cheyyaanumulla saankethikavidya nilavilundaayirunnilla ennaanu. sariyaaya saankethikavidya labhyamaanengilum, motham samkhyayude oru sathamaanam maathrame paryavekshanam cheythittulloo, sample vivarangalum mukalilekku pakshapathaparamaayi thudarunnu. puthiya enangal nireekshikkukayo shekharikkukayo cheiyunnu, koodaathe kadaltheerangalile mikkavarum ellah mungimarikkunna daivukalilum vilapetta vivarangal labhikkunnu.
samudranirappukalum avayude samudrashaasthraparamaaya swaadheenavum poornnamaayum manassilaakkunnathin munbu, avaa mapp cheyyanam, avayude ennam kaaranam ithu oru budhimutteriya joliyaanu. ettavum vishadamaaya seemoundu mappingukal nalkunnathu multibeam ecosounting (sonar) aanu, ennirunnaalum 5000-ladhikam pothu cruisukalkku sesham, mapp cheytha kadaltheerathinte alavu valare kuravaanu. 13, 000 catalogad seemoundukalulla saattalait altimetry oru vishalamaaya badalaanu, ennirunnaalum athra vishadamaayittalla; ennirunnaalum ithu ippozhum motham 100,000-nte oru bhagam maathramaan. saankethikavidyayile anishchithathvangal savisheshathakalilekko athilum valutho aaya amgeekaarathe parimithappedutthunnu ennathaanu ithinu kaaranam. bhaviyil, saankethika munnettangal valuthum kooduthal vishadamaayathumaaya kaattalog anuvadikkum.
krayosaatt-2-ll ninnulla nireekshanangalum mattu upagrahangalil ninnulla daattayum chernnu munbu ariyappedaatha aayirakkanakkin seemoundukal kaanichittundu, daatta vyaakhyaanikkappedumbol kooduthal varum.
aazhakkadal khananam.
saambathikamaayi pradhanappetta lohangalude bhaaviyile uravidamaanu seemoundukal. bhoomiyude uparithala vistheernnathinte 70 sathamaanavum samudramaanengilum saankethika velluvilikal aazhakkadal khananathinte vyaapthi saaramaayi parimithappeduthiyittundu. ennaal karayile vitharanam nirantharam kurayunnathinaal, chila khanana vidagdhar samudra khananathe nirddishta bhaviyaayi kaanunnu, koodaathe kadaltheerangal sthaanaarthikalaayi verittunilkkunnu.
kadaltheerangal samriddhamaanu, kadaltheerathinte jeevithakaalathu vividha sambushteekarana prakriyakal kaaranam ellaavarkkum loha vibhavasheshiyund. pappuva nyoo giniyayile lihir dveepil ninnu 8 kilometer thekkayi sthithi cheiyunna konaakrithiyilulla samudranirappil epithermal swarnna dhaathuvalkkaranathinte oru udaaharanamaanu. ekadesham 2.8 kilometer vyaasamulla konaakrithiyilulla kadaltheeram samudranirappil ninnu 600 meter uyarathil 1050 meter aazhathil uyarunnu. aadhunika samudranirappil ninnu ithuvare report cheyyappettittullathil vachu ettavum uyarnna swarnna saandrata athinte kodumudiyil ninnulla shekharanangalil adangiyirikkunnu (paramavadhi. 230 gram/tii aou, eviji. 26 gram/tii, n = 40). irumbu-manganese, hydrothermal ayann ooksaid, sulfide, sulfate, sulfur, hydrothermal manganese ooksaid, phosphorite (prathyekichu microneshyayude chila bhaagangalil) ennivayellaam samudranirappilo athinullilo nikshepikkunna dhaatu vibhavangalaanu. ennirunnaalum, aadyathe randennam maathrame adutha eathaanum pathittaandukalil khananam lakshyamidaanulla saadhyathayulloo.
apakadangal.
chila kadaltheerangal mapp cheythitilla, athinaal ithu naavigeshanal apakadamundaakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, 1973ll idicha kappalinte perilaanu muirfield seemoundu ariyappedunnathu. aduthide, uss saan francisco enna antarvaahini 2005ll oru ariyappedaatha seemoundil idichu gurutharamaaya kedupaadukal varuthukayum oru naavikane kollukayum cheythu.
palappozhum, avarude jeevithathinte avasana ghattangalil, kadaltheerathu puranthallalukal ozhukaan thudangunnu ennathaanu oru pradhana kadaltheera apakadasaadhyatha. eee pravartthanam panapperuppatthilekkum agniparvvathathinte vashangalude amithamaya vipuleekaranathilekkum aathyanthikamayi flank thakarchayilekkum nayikkunnu, ithu valia sunaamikalkk kaaranamakunna antarvaahini mannidichililekku nayikkunnu, ithu lokathile ettavum valia prakrithi duranthangalil onnayirikkaam. vashangalude sakthamaaya shakthiyude oru thithreekaranatthil, vlinder seemoundinte vadakkan attathu oru kodumudi thakarnnuveenathinethudarnnu oru thalappavu scarp akaleyulla avashishtangalude vayalum undaayi. detroit seemoundile oru vinashakaramaaya thakarcha athinte muzhuvan ghadanayeyum vyaapakamaayi paratthi. avasaanamaayi, 2004-ll shaasthranjar havaayiyile (dweep) kohala parvathatthinte vashath samudra fossilukal kandethi. subsidy vishakalanathil avayude nikshepa samayat, ithu agniparvvathathinte vashathaayirikkumenn kandethi, ithu oru saadhaarana tharamgathil ethaan kazhiyaathathra uyarnnathaan. eee theeyathi aduthulla mouna lovayile oru valia flank thakarchayumaayi poruthappedunnu, koodaathe urulpottal moolam srishticha oru valia sunamiyaanu fossilukal nikshepichathennu sidhaanthikkappettu.
grandhasoochika.
bhoomishaasthram
paristhithishaasthram
baahya linkukal.
bhoomishaasthravum bhoomishaasthravum
paristhithishaasthram

