
daim suber

suberinte camp" ennu saadhaaranayaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedunna arabic bhaashayilulla "dheem alasbier" ["daim aas-subair"] enna padatthil ninnulla dheem subair, charitraparamaayi sthaapithavum ennaal valare vivaadaparavumaaya thekkan sudan republicinte padinjaaran bahr ell gazal pattanatthinte peraanu, ithu raajyathinte padinjaaran bahar ell gazal bhaagath sthithicheyyunnu, central aafrikkan republicinte (kaar) athirthiyil ninnu 70 kilometer akale chell nadiyude poshakanadiyodu chernnu.
arabiyil ninnulla vyathyastha lipyantharanangal kaaranam, peru gadakangal yathaakramam deme, dhem, daim, daam, diam allengil daim, subair, subair, subair, subair, subair, subair, subair, subair, sibar, seber allengil subier ennee vividha kombineshanukalilum ezhuthiyittundu.
adima kyaambinte charitraparamaaya avashishtangal yuneskoyude loka paithruka kendramaayi prakhyaapichittundu. thekkan sudanile janangalude koottaaya oormmayil, kuranjathu pharonic kaalam muthal sahasraabdangalude adimathathinte paryaayamaayi daim suber enna peru thanne valarunnu.
stephaano santandriya (1966) daim subairil samsaarikkunna biri bhaashayude emboto bhaashaabhedathinte oru nighanduvum vyaakarana rekhaachithravum ezhuthiyittundu.
charithram.
dhaar pharr sulthaanettinte aadhipathyam (18-aamm noottaand muthal 19-aamm noottaandinte pakuthi vare).
pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiykk munbulla eee sthalathe charitraparamaaya sambhavavikaasangalekkurich valarekkurache ariyoo. athinte yadhaartha peru polum vyakthamalla sudan charithratthile pioneering pandithanaaya richard lessie hill parayunnathanusarichu, ithine "baiyu" ennu vilichirunnu, ithu suber rahma oormmippicha athe peraanu. 
alpam vyathyasthamayi, pazhaya peru "baaya" ennum dougless echu ennum gerasimos makri ezhuthunnu. jonson ithine "gbaya" ennu paraamarsikkunnu. kresh" ennathinte mattoru peraanu "gabaaya" ennu edward thomas vishadeekarikkunnu, ithu "padinjaaran bahar alle-gazalinteyum innathe kaarileyum uthbhava kathakalulla niravadhi grouppukalude peraanu"."
pathinettaam noottaand muthal bahr ell gazal nadeethadatthinte padinjaaran bhaagathulla aalukal baahya sammarddangal kaaranam nirantharam neengukayaayirunnuvennu charithralekhanam sthaapichittundu. ithinakam europian aayudangal kaivashamulla sakthamaaya ayalkkaaril ninnulla akramanangal ozhivaakkaanum chembu, anakkombu, ottakapakshiyude thoovalukal, adimakal enniva chooshanam cheiyunnathinaayi trans-saharan, nilotik vyapara shringalakal ulnaadukalilekku balamaayi vyaapippikkaanum saamoohika grouppukal cheruthaayirunnu.
vadakku bhaagath ninnu, pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil dhaar pharr sulthaanettinte uyarchayode eee sammarddam vardhichu, kaaranam ithu thaazhnna pradeshangalil rakshadhikaariyum kakshiyum thammilulla bandham sthaapikkukayum athu dhaar ferttitt ennariyappedukayum cheythu. dhaar" ennaal "veedu" ennaanartham, "ferttitt" ennathu oru vamseeya vibhaagatheyum vivarikkunnilla, ennaal akkaalat padinjaaran bahr ell gazal enna groupile phur, arab, dinga, luu ithara grouppukal ennivaykku apamanakaramaaya "catch-ool" enna padamaayirunnu. darfer charitrakaaranaaya rex seane oo 'fahe chalanathmakamaaya athirthikale inipparayunna reethiyil vivarikkunnu "athu athrayadikam sthalamalla, marichu oru maanasikaavasthayaayirunnu. adima aakramanakaarikal thekkott neengiyappol dhaar faarttitt thekkott neengi."athesamayam, thekk-padinjaaran bhaagath ninnu, dhaar fertittil aalukal sande thalavanmaarudeyum rajaakkanmaarudeyum chittayaya reydukalil ninnu sammarddathilaayi.
turkia (1821-1884/5).
1821ll eejipt-automan sainyam funch raajyam keezhadakkiyathinekkurichu sudanese charitrakaaranaaya ahamed sikainga daar ferttitt bhoomiyil cheluthiya swaadheenathe thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vivarikkunnu "neelotik pradeshangale valarunna muthalaalitha sambadvyavasthayilekku aakarshikkunnathinulla aadyathe valia thothilulla shramangale ithu prathinidheekarikkunnu. 1840 kalude thudakkathil vella nail jalam naavigeshanaayi thurannathinethudarnnu, europian, leventain, vadakkan sudanese vyaapaarikalude samghangal thekkott tirayan thudangi. eee kanyaka bhoomikalude vibhavangal viniyogikkaan utsukaraaya eee vyapaarikal sainika shakti, rashtreeya sakhyangal, adima samyojanam, "sariba" samvidaanam ennariyappedunna vivekapoornamaaya samghadana enniva samyojippichu eee mekhalayil aadhipathyam pulartthi. mulpadarnna chuttupaadukal' ennartham varunna arabi padamaaya sudanis pashchaathalatthil sariba vyapaarikal sthaapicha cheria kottakettya vaasasthalangale soochippikkunnu."
vadakkan sudanile vyaapaarathe eejipshyan sarkkar kuthakayaakkiyirunnathil vadakkan sudanile vyaapaari alle-subair rahma mansoor 1856-ll oru bandhuvinoppam oru pradhana vyaapaari alii amooriyiyude dauthyathinaayi aadyamaayi bahar ell gazalil ethi, ithu samsthaana niyanthranatthinappuramallu vaanijya vipuleekaranathe prothsaahippichu. ethra bodhapoorvam aayalum, vishalamaaya aagola vipani sakthikal bahar alle-gazalil", athaayath grettu brittan, france ennivayil eejipthiloode svayam prakadippikkunna oru purathana ejantaayi vpaniye pinthudarunna oru saamraajyathvavaadiyaaya "bookeniyar" aayirunnu suber ennu sachari berman vaadikkunnu. europil adambara saadhanangalkk valareyadhikam aavasyamulla anakkombu, ottakapakshiyude thoovalukal, gumm arabic enniva addeham aadyam vaangi. ennirunnaalum, mattu vyaapaarikaleppole, swantham kambaniyude aavashyamaaya mooladhanathinu labham paryaapthamallenn addeham kandethukayum athinaal adimakkachavadathilekku neengukayum cheythu.1865-ll subairinte adimakalude sainyam adoo shukkoo enna praadeshika raajaavine kollukayum addehathinte cheria pradeshatthinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum vyaapaariye oru rajaavaayi maattukayum cheythu. daar fartittil ninnu sandlaantilekkulla vadakku-thekk caravan paatha vau, meshra ell-rekku, rumbek, shambe vazhi naililekkulla kizhakk-padinjaaran pathayil chernna sthalam" enna sthalathinte thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyam jonson oonnipparayunnu. eee nirnaayaka sthalam mattu vyaapaarikale apekshichu kooduthal swaadheenam cheluthaan thanne anuvadichuvennum laurence myre vaadikkunnu.munbu thekkan yudhaprabhukkanmaar adima-akramanam nadathiyittundengilum, vyapaaram subeyrinte keezhil abhoothapoorvamaaya valia thalangalilekku kondupoyi. sudan academyude mattoru pioneeraaya richard greyude abhipraayathil, "1867 aayappozhekkum prathivarsham 1800 adimakale subair vadakkott ayaykkunnathayi vishwasaneeyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu". ippol thekkan sudanayi ariyappedunna pradeshathu verum pathinaalu varshathinullil 400,000 aalukal adimakalaayi ennu parakke anumaanikkappedunnu. avar ethirthappol aayirakkanakkin aalukalum kollappettathayi karuthappedunnu. lokathinte aaa bhaagathe adima vyavasaayathinte metropolis clearing hausum aayi deyim suber maari."
thante bharanam sthaapikkunnathu islaaminte peril oru nagarika douthyamaayirunnuvennum munkaala daaridryathinum arakshithaavasthaykkum vipareethamaayi addeham nalkia sthiramaaya saahacharyangal kaaranam pradeshavaasikal jeevithasevanathinaayi thante aduthekku ozhukiyethiyirunnuvena suber thanne pinneedu niravadhi abhimukhangalil avakashappettu. adimathathinte mattoru roopam maathramaan unmoolanam enna peril europian colonialism ennum addeham vaadichu.
1871-ll, thante adhikaarathinte unnathiyilayirikke, bahr ell gazal mekhalayudeyum innathe chaadinteyum central aafrikkan republicinteyum bhagangalaaya suber addehathe deam suberil sandarshichirunnu, eee sthalam kanda aadyathe europianaaya sasyashaasthranjanum ethnolajistumaaya jeorg schweenforth addehathe sandarshichu. smithsonian librarikalude oru blogg seerees jarmman saamraajyathinte colonial abhilaashangalude oru pramukha vakthavaayi marria baltic jarmman pandithanteyum unmoolanavaadiyudeyum daaranakal samgrahikkunnu "subayarinte sainyam, sarkkar udyogasthar, vyapaarikal, avarude sainyangal, avarude bharyamaar, veppaattikal, kuttikal, vyakthigatha adimakal, avarude kudumbangal, koodaathe oru koottam matha adhikaarikalum (ulamakal) ulppede aayirakkanakkin aalukalulla oru cheria pattanamayi addeham ithu kandethi. athijeevikkaan, eee paraannabhojikal chuttumulla gramangalil raid cheyyukayum kannukaalikalum bhakshyavilakalum moshtikkukayum saribayile sevanathinaayi mathramalla, vadakkan sudanil vyaapaarikalude swantham faamukal pravarthippikkaanum videsha vipanikalkku vilkkanum adimakale edukkukayum cheythu. avishwasaneeyamaaya adhapathanathinum kroorathaykkum' vidheyamaaya naalu tharam adimakale schweenforth kandathayi report cheythu sainikaraayi sevanamanushticha muthirnna purushanmaar; thokkukalum vedikkoppukalum vahikkunna ezhu muthal patthu vayassuvareyulla aankuttikal; sthreekal, bharyamaarum veppaattikalum veettujolikkaarum enna nilayil 'dollar pole kaikondu kadannupoyi'; purushanmaarum sthreekalum feeld varkk cheyyaanum mrugangale paripalikkaanum. subairinte rajasabha 'naatturaajyathekkaal alpam kuravaanennum' addeham report cheythu.'1873-ll sudanile automan bharanadhikaarikal subairinte adikaaram amgeekarikkukayum bahr ell gazalinu mail govarnor enna padavi addehathinu nalkukayum cheythu. oru varshathinusesham addeham thante bussinger adima sainikarude sainyavumayi darfur sulthaanettu keezhadakki. sachari berman upasamharichathupole, daim subair "oresamayam saamraajyathvavum saamraajyathvavum nediyathum thanikkulla oru saamrajyavum athupole thanne vipulamaaya shakthikalude bhagavumaayirunnu."eee ghattathil, keyroyile khedivu bharanadhikaari subairinte abhilaashangalkkethire neengukayum 1876 muthal anishchithakaalathekku thadankalil vaykkukayum cheythu. pakaram, subairinte makan sulaiman chumathalayettu, deyim subairine deyim sulaiman ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu (deme soliman, deyim sulaiman thudangiya vividha aksharavinyaasangalilekk lipyantharanam cheyyappettu.). uyarnna nikuthikalum khaarthoomile sarkkar adimatha virudha sramangalkkum kaaranam vadakkan sudanese vyaapaarikalkkidayil valarnna asamthripthi sulaiman muthaledukkukayum aii. dii. 1-nte kalaapathil oru kalapam aarambikkukayum cheythath hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu. 1878lum 1879lum itaaliyan romolo gesiyude keezhil eejipshyan sainyam addehathinte sainyathe paraajayappeduthi. praadeshika thekkan sakhyakakshikaludeyum sande rajaavu tomburayudeyum gollo medhavi kayongoyudeyum neethrthwathilulla avarude paroksha senayudeyum pinthuna yudhathil pradhana punk vahichu. sulaiman keezhadangiyengilum pariganikkathe vadikkappettu. gessy thante muun vasathiyilekku thamasam maarukayum avide aasthaanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte aadya chuvadukalilonnu, addehathinte swantham kanakkanusarichu, "sulaimaante sainyathekkaal crurer kroorarumaaya thante thanne pala sinikareyum niraayudharaayi nirthalaakkuka ennathaayirunnu."1879 novemberil austriyan photographer ezhuthukaaranum shaasthranjanumaaya richard buchta gessy sandarshichu, addeham deyim sulaiman enna peru nilanirtthi. schweenforthin ezhuthiya kathil, thaan prathinidhikalayi aayudangal dharichirunna praadeshika thekkan poraalikalude pinthunayode gessy "adimakkachavadakkaare thurathuka mathramalla, avare yadhaarthathil unmoolanam cheyyukayum cheythu. oru dayayum koodaathe, noorukanakkinu jellaabakale "kaattumrigangaleppole kuttikkaadukalilekk valichizhachu kollukayum cheythu"."
buchthaykku thottupinnaale daim sulaiman sandarshicha russian-jerman paryavekshakanaaya wilhem junker ingane abhiprayappettu "soliman bay saibar eee sthalathe, prathyekichu sameepakaalath, valareyadhikam shakthippeduthiyittundu ennathil samshayamilla. seribike chuttum 26 adii uyaramulla eratta, treble palisade undu; eee enclosurinullil niravadhi courtukal bordukalaayi eathaandu kadinamaayi maatt cheythukondu verthirikkunnu, avaykku pinnil conic melkkoorakalaal chuttapetta uyarnnathum vishalavumaaya vaasasthalangal tharamthirickunnu. ippol gessy thamasikkunna solimaante vasathi kharthumile rund nilakalulla veedinte sailiyilaanu nirmmichathu; avayude aavasyathinu anuyojyamaaya maasikakalkk purame mattu niravadhi sakthamaaya ishtika gadanakalum undaayirunnu." 
janasamkhyaashaasthrathe sambandhichidatholam, junker nireekshichu "arab bharanathinte falamaayi gothrangalude oru valia misritham undaayittund, athinaal niravadhi janasamkhyakalkkidayil krithyamaaya athirthikal nischayikkaan inii saadhyamalla.""
sulaimaante yudhathil mochithanaaya ettavum pramukhanaaya adima, hotashil maasha katish aayi. addeham thanne thante janmanamam ezhuthiyathu inganeyaanu, mattu srothassukal athine hotashil mccar asiethic allengil adobhil mccar kathik ennu ucharikkunnu. 1859-ll innathe kyoobettil oru gokk dinka medhaaviyude makanayi janicha addeham 1876-ll adimakalaal pidikkappedukayum addeham "salim" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. 1880-ll addeham charchu missionary sosaitti missionarymaaraaya chaals tii. yeei kandumutty. daim sulaiman enna chithratthile willson roobert felkinum vilsante sevakanaavukayum englandilekkulla madakkayaathrayil addehathodoppam cherukayum cheythu. avidevechu 1882ll salim chaals vilson enna peril njaanasnaanametta addeham pinneedu yorkshareilum linkanshayarilum missionary pravartthanangal aarambikkukayum "vadakku karutha suvisheshakan" ennu ariyappedukayum cheythu.
daim sulaiman bahar ell gazalinte audyogika thalasthaanamaayi thudarnnu, koodaathe vau valia vaanijya kendramaayi maariyengilum avarude kazhivukalkk peruketta karakaushala vidagtharulla niravadhi kadakal undaayirunnu. verona pithaakkanmaarude pithaav stephaano santhandriayude abhipraayathil, pravishyayile kathicha ishtikakalude aadya kettidangal gesiyude bharanathin keezhilum aadyathe schoolilum nirmikkappettu, athilekku 17 medhaavikal ithinakam thanne kuttikale ayaykkukayaayirunnu. praadeshika sainikarude nooriladhikam kuttikalodoppam avarkk (arabiyil) prabodhanam labhikkunnundaayirunnu. eathaanum varshangalkk sesham thaddesheeya birudadhaarikalil ninnu sarkkar klaarkkukale aakarshikkamenna prateeksha gessy prakhyaapichu.
oru manoharamaaya puthiya palli nirmmikkappedukayaayirunu, eee pravrithiyaal gessy palarudeyum hridayam nedi" ennum shantandriya report cheiyunnu. bahar ell gazal muzhuvan sthithicheyyunna aadyathe palliyaayirunnu ithu.
automan govarnor (bay) enna nilayil gessiyude pingamiyaaya engleesh vamshajanaaya frank miller lupttan 1881 desemberil avide ethiya sesham daim sulaiman ennathinu pakaram daim subair enna audyogika namam punarujjeevippichu. ennirunnaalum, oru britiish pakshishaasthranjante abhipraayathil, pradeshavaasikal eee pattanatthe "juku" ennu vilichu.
mahdia (1884/5-1898).
1884-nte thudakkathil, muun vyaapaariyaaya ameer karam allah kurkusaviyudeyum praadeshika thekkan senayudeyum neethrthwathilulla mahdis vimatharude samyuktha akramanam kharthoom pathanatthinu ekadesham oru varsham munbu bahr ell gazalil turkish-eejipshyan bharanathe paraajayappeduthi. austriyan rudolph kaal voonn slaattin paashayude abhipraayathil, kurkusaviyude sahodaranmaaril oraal lupttan beyude keezhil oru kamaandaraayi sevanamanushtikkukayum athinaal mikka automan offeesarmaareyum sinikareyum koorumaattaan prerippikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. 1884 eprilil, islaamika kalapakaarikalkkethire pathinettu maasam poraadiya sesham, lupttan deyim subeyarile kurkusaviykku keezhadangan nirbandhithanaayi.
eee vijayathin sesham kurkusavi taamasiyaathe praadeshika thekkan grouppukalkkethire pooraadunnathil earppettu. ennirunnaalum, 1885 juunil mahdis thhu nethaavu mohammed ahammadinte maranathethudarnnu addehathe thirichuvilichu, ahammadinte pingaamikal bahr ell gazal upekshichu. angane, eee vaasasthalam eathaandu oru pathittaandolam svayam vittukoduthirunnu, "asamskritha ishtikakalude takarnna kettidangalude thettaaya oru shekharamaayi churungi", ennaal pinneedu "aafrikkaykkuvendiyul poraattam" ennathine chuttipattiyulla saamraajyathva malsarathinte aagola ghattathilekku veendum uyarthappettu
beljian colonial paryaveshanangal (1892-1894).
beljian rekhakal anusarichu, 1892-ll vaadayiyile sultaanaaya fakki ahammadil ninnulla oru abhyarthanayaanu mahdist senakalkkethiraaya sahaayathinaayi, ithu brassalile colonial thanthranjarkku rund varsham munbu padinjaaran bahr ell gazal vare thallithudangiya avarude sande sakhyakakshikalil ninnulla proxy sainikarude pinthunayode deam subair vare congo free stettu vipuleekarikkaanulla "uddeshyathinaayi" edapedaan avasaram nalki. 1892ll felix fouloninte neethrthwathilulla oru paryaveshanam deyim subairilekku march cheyyukayum niravadhi praadeshika medaavikalumaayi udambadikal oppidukayum cheythu. chila srothassukal anusarichu, addeham deyim subeyarine sameepichuvenkilum mattu vivaranagal addeham angane cheythillennu avakaashappedunnu. 
seviyar-ernest donkier dii donseelinte keezhilulla randaamathe dauthyam 1894 eprilil daim subairilekku march cheythenkilum mahdist senayude sammarddathe thudarnnu avide ninnu pinmari. eathaanum maasangalkk sesham, 1894 augustil beljiyathile leopold randaaman rajaavu bahr ell gazalinte mail ellah pradeshika avakaashavaadangalum fraansinu kaimari. pinvalikkalinide, beljian officer florent colmant "swantham annukal kondu kaananulla deerghakaala aagraham niravettaan aagrahichu", desember 24 nuu 80 oolam sainikarumaayi sthalathethi pittennu purappettu "sooryaprakaashathil chutta ishtikakalude pakuthi takarnna veedukal maathramaan addeham kandathu"."
franch colonial paryaveshanangal (1897-1900).
rund varshathinu sesham, victor leotardinte keezhilulla senagali sainikarude franch sainika dauthyangal ippol kaarilulla bahar-alle-gazalil nuzhanjukayarukayum 1897 eprilil daim suber kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu. franch dauthyathile oru amgathinte vivaranathe paraamarshichu santandria "100 meter akaleyulla oru kuzhiyude (kuzhiyude) adayaalangal ozhike avashishtangal polum kaanaatha oru upekshikkappetta sthalam" kandethiyathayi paraamarshichu.
colonial offeesaraaya adolph luis curo oru puthiya poost sthaapikkukayum daim subeyrine fort duplexes ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. addehathinte pingamiyaaya leotard oru puthiya kottakettya kettidam nirmmichu. general jeane-baptist maarchinte paryaveshana senayude pradhana kendramenna nilayilum nail vare fraansinte pradeshatthinte niyanthranam vipuleekarikkaanulla anweshanathilum eee sthalathinte thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyavumaayi bandhappettaan ithu cheythath.
fashoda sambhavatheyum 1899leeii franco-eejipshyan udambadiyeyum thudarnnu bahr ell gazal anglo-eejipshyan sudanu vittukodutha franch sainyam 1900ll aaa poost vittu.
anglo-eejipshyan contominium (1899-1955).
1900-ll eejipt, sudanese sainikarude oru anglo-eejipshyan "punarnivesha" sainyam bahar ell gazalil praveshichu. avaril bhooribhaagavum parajayappetta mahdist sainyathil ninnu recruit cheyyappettavarum "pradhaanamaayum pravishyayile muun adima swadeshikalumaayirunnu", ithu janangalkkidayil aswasthathayundaakki.
1901-nte thudakkathil deyim subeyrinaayi patrolling nadatthiya aadyathe britiish udyogasthan mejar vilyam bolnoyisaayirunnu. "janasamkhyayude churungiya sheshipp, aasaande mathramalla mattu grouppukalum nirantharam raid cheythathinaal, kannukaalikale paripaalikkunnathino krishi cheiyunnathino ulla ellah sramangalum niraashayode upekshichu" ennu addehathinte dauthyam kandethi. aadima 'vettakkaarum shekharanakkaarum' enna thalatthilekku nirbandhitharaaya avar ippol 'pradhaanamaayum vanathile prakrithivibhavangalaaya verukal, vithukal, kaattumrigangal, pazhangal, kaattumrigangal' ennivayil nilaninnirunnu." 
oru varshathinusesham, kyapttan arther murey pairi bahr ell gazal kootticherkkunnathinulla sthalam audyogikamaayi "kaivashappedutthi", pakshe taamasiyaathe oru shiksha paryaveshanathinaayi thirichuvilichu.
eee thasthikayilekku neethrthwam nalkia aadyathe inspector oru eejipshyan offeesaraayirunnu, taamasiyaathe scotish lefttanant david comin addehathinte pingamiyaayi. saanthaandriyayude abhipraayathil, comin "paraamarshikkappedenda oru kettidam maathrame kandethiyulloo, athaayath franchukaarude puthuthayi nirmmicha kotta". ennirunnaalum, sulaimaante kottakalude "kathikkarinja avashishtangal" thaan kandathayi comin thante ormmakkurippukalil ezhuthunnu. oru pathittaandinusheshavum, komiyude pingamikaliloraal ezhuthi, "addehathinte stokkedinte kathikkarinja stambukalum veedukalude cheli mathilukalum ippozhum drishyamaayirunnu".
thekkan sudaante niyanthranathinaayi congo free stettumaayulla malsaram ithuvare avasaanichittillaathil, addehathinte varavinushesham taamasiyaathe, "franchukaar nirmmicha pacha ishtikayude sthaanam ettedukkaan" oru puthiya kotta nirmmikkaan comin utharavittu. 1902 muthal, landanum brassels thammil "prakopanaparamaaya sambhavangal"kkoppam charchakal nadannu
eee pashchaathalatthil, 1902ll beljiyathile rajaavaaya leopold randaaman chaals lemairinteyum luis royaxinteyum keezhil bahar ell gazalil oru "shaasthreeya" dauthyathinu utharavittu. kyapttan andrey landeheminte neethrthwathilulla athinte munnira 1903 februvariyil daim subeyarilethiyenkilum sudanile contominium sarkkar eee paryaveshanatthe chembu sambannamaaya pradeshamaaya hoophraat enn nahasilekku neengunnathil ninnu thadanju, landegem dauthyam nirthalaakki. thante bharanakaalathekku lado enclavaayi athinte oru bhagam nilanirtthiyathinu pakaramaayi 1906ll maathramaan leopold thekkan sudaaninodulla thante avakaashavaadam upekshichathu.
1903ll deyim suber padinjaaran jillayaya bahr alle-gazalinte thalasthaanamaayi maari. 1905ll oru syrian medical doctor oru eejipshyan police offeesarum oru ezhuthukaaranum komine sahayichu. akkaalat "kramarahithamaya sainikarude" ennam ekadesham 120 aayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum praadeshika janasamkhyayil ninnaan avare niyamichathu. thante neethrthwathil deyim suber "thekkan sudanile chuvanna ishtika kettidangalude thudakkakkaaranaayi" maariyenn comin thanne avakashappettu. thekkan sudan charithrakaaranmaarude abhipraayathil emm.dablyu. dally oysteenum echu. rollandsen, "" saaribakalude "sambharicha anakkombu kandukettunnathiloodeyum vilkkunnathiloodeyum udanadi labham labhichu.""
1904ll comin keezhil nikuthi piriv earppeduthunnathu prathyekichum janapreeti nediyirunnuvennum ayal jillakalilethinekkaal kadinamaaya saahacharyangal prayogichirunnuvennum oru thekkan sudanis charithrakaaran nadatthiya doctoral prabandham kandethi. nikuthi adaykkaan kazhiyaatha pradeshavaasikal pakaram rooad nirmmaana pravartthanangal nadatthaan nirbandhitharaayi. itharathilulla 'bharanathinte' ettavum sradheyamaaya phalam nalkiyavarude pinmaattamaayirunnuvennu dally nigamanam cheiyunnu."thante ormmakkurippukalil, comin thante samakaalika vimarsakarkkethire svayam prathirodhikkunnath iprakaaramaanu" "ayal jillayaya vouvil deme subiyaril nirasikkappettathellam kaaranam uyarnnuvanna budhimuttukalum asamthripthiyum aayirunnu ennu enikku urappund-athaayath".iii. raifilukal, vedikkoppukal, spirittukal, panam & sii. - swathanthramaayi chitharikkidakkukayaayirunu.""
chila srothassukal anusarichu, padinjaaran jillayaya bahr alle-gazalinte bharana aasthaanam 1906 ll dheem subeeril ninnu rajayilekku maatti, mattullavar parayunnathanusarichu 1907-loow 1908-nte thudakkathilo praadeshika nethaakkalude ethirppinu ethire. akkaalathe deyim subair nivaasikalil ganyamaaya ennam muun sainikarum muun adimakalum ulppettirunnu, avarkk vamseeya bandhangal nashtappedukayum arabiyil bhashayaayi islam mathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. franch ekvattoriyal aafrikkayil (efea) ninnulla abhayaarthikal eee samayathum daim subeyaril sthirathaamasamaakkiyenkilum 1912-ll britiish neethrthwathilulla colonial bharanakoodam avare naadukadatthi. daim subair pradeshathu urakka rogam pakaruna setts eechakal kooduthalaayi baadhichirunnathinaal akkaalathe jeevita saahacharyangal prathyekichum budhimuttaayirunnu.
athesamayam, britiish rekhakal prakaram-"orupakshe anakkombu ozhike eee bhaagangalil panamulla oreyoru vyapaaram" aayathinal, bahr ell gazalil adimakkachavadam thudarnnu, chila varshangalil "saambathika kaaranangalal" adima virudha posttukalonnum sthaapikkappettilla."ennirunnaalum, dheem suber chuttumulla pradeshangalum ippozhum athinte bhaagamaayirunno ennu vyakthamalla. enthaayaalum, sudanil greekkukaarude aadhipathyamullathinaal daim subeyiril greak vyaapaarikalude saannidhyam undaayirunnu.
1923-ll, verona pithakkanmaar ennum ariyappedunna yeshuvinte hridayathile compony missionarymar, daim subeyiril oru mission steshan sthaapikkunnathinulla adithara thayyaaraakkikkond "padinjaaru vipuleekaranathinte deerghakaala swapnam kanda padhathi" saakshaathkarikkaan neengi. 1905ll avarude jarmman bishop france saavar geyar thante paryadanatthil missionary saadhyathakalekkurich vilayiruthunnathinayi nagaram sandarshichirunnu. 18 varshangalkk sesham, pravishya unnatha pithaav aanjalo arpe oru thekkan sudanese mathabodhanapandithanaaya baptist mufigi subeyrine ayachu "ithu verona pithaakkanmaarude oru pradhana chuvaduvayppaayirunnu. aadyakaalangalil, musleengalkkidayil suvisheshapravarthanagal nadathunnathil dauthyam valare madikkukayaayirunnu. mufigi deyim subairil oru school aarambhichuvenkilum avidatthe sakthamaaya musleem samoohathil ninnu valia ethirppu nerittu. snaapanakkaaran thante skoolinaayi kuttikale shekharichappol, musleem schoolinte chumathalakkaranaaya tawan, snaapanakkaarante school adachupoottaan utharavidukayum ellah kuttikaleyum veettilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. mufigi visammathichu. aadyam thanne arast cheyyanamennu addeham prakhyapikkukayum jilla kammeeshanaraaya mejar [mervin] veetlikk munnil svayam avatharippikkukayum cheythu. puthiya school anuvadikkanamennu veetli vidhichu."
vyaapakamaayi islaamisamvalkkarikkatpe vadakkupadinjaaran bahar ell gazalinte thekkan attathu oru missionary steshan sthaapikkunnathinulla sarkkar amgeekaaram lilian pasmore saandezhsan "thekk islaaminethiraaya audyogika nayam kadinamaakkunnath" prathifalippikkunnuvennu kanakkakkunnu."avar oonnipparayunnu" oru mission steshanulla oru pradeshamaaya dheem suber valare sensitiivu aayirunnathinal patthu varsham munbu anumathi mikkavarum theerchayaayum nirasikkappedumaayirunnu."aadya varshangalil, mufikhiye varshathil niravadhi thavana arpe, pithaav giuseppe pagliani ennivar nyoosant steshanil sandarshichirunnu. 1926 maarchil pithavaaya luigi bernhard giacomo gubert chernnu audyogikamaayi eee dauthyam sthaapikkukayum avar oru sarkkar komboundil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. aaa varsham desemberil oru pathittaandilere avide thaamasicha pagliani avarodoppam chernnu, "-palarudeyum abhipraayathil-thante hridayathinte oru bhagam avide avasheshichu"."savona sankethamaaya" "ouvar lady oof kaarashya" "ykkayi samarppichathaayirunnu eee poost". eee pashchaathalatthil, mattu dauthyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi sthreekalude valia varavu undennu bernhard abhiprayappettu. athinaal, 1936-ll compony sahodarimaarude oru douthyathiloode steshan vipuleekarichu. sahodarimaaril oraal ithine "manoharamaaya oru dauthyam, manoharamaaya prakrithidrishyangalil, prakrithi ellaam abhivridhippeduthunnathi thonnunnu namukk nallathum samriddhavumaaya vilaveduppukal, chedikal, pazhangal, pookkal, nirangal muthalaayava undaayirunnu."1953ll italiyil ninnulla naalu compony sahodarimaar daim subeyiril undaayirunnu.
eee pradeshathe naravamshashaasthrathinteyum bhaashaashaasthrathinteyum pramukha pandithanaaya stephaano santandriya irupathu varshathe vau douthyathinushesham 1948 muthal 1955 vare daim subair dauthyathil sevanamanushtichu. sykkilil steshanu purathu yaatra cheyyumbol, prathyekichu kushtarogikale paricharikkunnathinayi, addeham academic jenalukalil niravadhi lekhanangalum niravadhi monographic pusthakangalum gaveshanam cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu, ettavum pradhanamaayi "padinjaaran bahar ell gazalinte oru gothracharitram" enna addehathinte sramam. 1950-kalude thudakkathil, saanthaandriyayil pothu antharvivaahathiloode layicha vividha vamseeya bandhangalulla 500 oolam janasamkhya eee vaasasthalathum sameepapradesangalilumaayi kanakkakkappettu. sikanga parayunnathupole "eee athirthi mekhalayil, maarikkondirikkunna saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya saahacharyangalkk marupadiyaayi vamseeya label ettakkurachilukal undaayi."athupole, dhaar ferttitt pradeshathe prathyeka parigananayode oonnipparayunnu," "sudane gothrangalude oru sthira mosaik enna nilayil lalithamaaya dhaarana, oororutharum avarude swantham cheria lokathinullil sthiramaayi jeevikkunnath chalanathmakamaaya yaadhaarthyathinte parihaasamaan"."
1950 kalude thudakkathil deyim subair sandarshana velayil, prathyekichu sarkkar udyogastharkkum jeevanakkarkkum idayil madyapaanam vardhichathaayi bahr ell gazalinte britiish govarnor thomas richard hoonbi ooven nireekshichu.
thekkan sudanil aadhunika sivilian raashtreeyathinte thudakkakkaaril oralaaya fausttino roro 1923 ll daim subeyaril janichu. 1940 kalude thudakkathil addeham juba aasthaanamaayulla thekkan sudan saamoohika, rashtreeya association sthaapichu. 1950 kalude thudakkathil keyroyile american sarvakalashaalayil polittikkal sayans padanatthinide addeham eejipt gasattinaayi thekkan sudanekurichu niravadhi lekhanangal ezhuthi, athinaal thekkan (ernn) sudanese pathrapravartthanatthinte thudakkakkaaranaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. thekkan sudanile charitrakaaranaaya kuok elisol kuyokkinte abhipraayathil, federalism aavasyappedunnathinulla thathwangal thayyarakkunnathil buth diyuvinte liberal partyile amgamenna nilayil addeham nirnaayaka punk vahichu, athu annumuthal oru pradhana prasnamaanu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, thekkan (ern) sudanile pourethara raashtreeyathinte aadhunika pioneermaaril oralaaya camillo camin sharf alle-dhiin, 1955 augustil kizhakkan madhyarekhayile toorit pattanatthile kalaapakaarikalil oralaaya daim subeyiril ninnulla 23 kaaranaya sainikan. raktharookshithamaaya kalaapathin sesham addeham keniyayilekkum thudarnnu ugaandayilekkum palayanam cheythu.
sudan swaathanthryam (1956-2011).
1956 januvari 1nuu anglo-eejipshyan kondominiyatthil ninnu sudan swaathanthryam nediyappol, khaarthoomile bharana vadakkan partykal thekkan sudanile kristhyan missionarymaarkkethire videsha ejantumaaraayi aazhathilulla samshayangal nilanirtthi. atharam desheeyavaadavum niyamaparavumaaya vaadangal-mathaparamaayavayekkaal-1957 ll deyim subeyarile combony school ulppede ellah missionary schoolukalum desasaalkkarikkaanulla abdullah khaalil sarkkaarinte theerumaanathinu upayogichu. praadhamika vidyaalayathil ninnu musleem vidyaarthikale ozhivaakkiyenna aaropanam pithaav shantandriya pinneedu nishedhichu. pathivayi pankedukkunnavaril oralaaya addeham, "madhya aafrikkayile mahanaaya adimakkachavadakkaaril avasaanatheyaalaaya" dhaar alle-kudiyude sultan mohammed alle-saanusiyude kochumakanaayirunnu ennu oonnipparanju."
1958 avasaanathode adhikaarathil varikayum thekk arabivalkkaranathinteyum islaamikavalkkaranathintam thanthram pinthudarukayum cheytha general ibrahim abboodinte sainika bharanakaalathu aaa nayangal kooduthal adichamarthal niranjathaayi maari. 1962lum 1963lum sainika bharanadhikaarikal mikka missionarymaareyum thekkan sudanese mekhalayil ninnu purathaakki, athinaal daim subeyarile compony dauthyavum baadhichu prathyakshatthil oru purohitan oru sahodariyum maathrame avide avasheshichulloo, missionte meludhyogasthanaaya pithaav aanjalo maattords, sahodari prasede samperini.
anyanya-prakshobham (1963-1972).
athe samayam-1963-ll-anyaanya vimatha prasthaanam sthaapikkappettu, ennirunnaalum athinte aadya varshangalil ayanja bandhamullah grouppukal ulppedunnu. 1955leeii toorit kalaapathile muthirnnayalum daim suberil ninnullavanumaya camillo camin sharf alle-dhiin thudakkathil thanne kalapakaarikalumaayi chernnu. grettar daim suber pradeshathe ferttitt kammyoonittikalil ninnulla mattu vyakthikalum chernnu sainika samghangale akramikkunnathil earppettu.
koodaathe, pithaav saattarnino lohareyude vighadanavaadi sudan aafrikkan clossed distrikt naashanal union (sakdu)-alexes mbale-daim subairinode chernnulla oru graamatthil ninnu uthbhavich avideyulla combony mission schoolil vidyaabhyaasam nediya pramukha amgamaayirunnu. eee affiliationukal aayirikkam deyim subeyarile sarkkar seena thaamasakkaarum kalaapakaarikalum thammilulla sahakaranm samshayichathinte kaaranangal
vimatharkk bhakshanam nalkiyenna aaropanathil vichaaranayo anweshanamo koodaathe arast cheyyappedukayum vadhikkappedukayum cheytha oru deyim suber nivaasiyekkurichu khaarthoomile sarkkaarin oru "audyogika report" labhichathayi 1964 ll newyork times report cheythu. 1964 februvariyil addehathe adakkam cheytha bandhukkal parayunnathanusarichu, daim subeyarile school adthyaapakanaaya albino bambala mrithadeham krooramaaya peedanatthinte adayaalangal kaanikkunnuvenn scotish pathrapravartthakanaaya sessil eprily oru pusthakatthil ezhuthi. bambala peru "southu sudan namukk nashtappettavare oormmikkunnu" enna oonlain padhathiyil ulppeduthiyittundu.
samanamaaya oru sambhavathil, athe samayam compony mission sthaapikkunnathinu aditharayitta mathabodhana baptist mufigi anyaanya vimatharude pinthuna undennu samshayikkunna "suraksha" police peedippikkukayum kollukayum cheythathayi palli vrithangal report cheythu. eee reportukal prakaram, pothu anusmaranangal nirodhikkukayum mrithadeham samskarikkunnathil ninnu addehathinte kudumbatthe thadayukayum cheythu. avasaanathe missionarymaare pothu puratthaakkiyathinte pashchaathalatthil eathaanum divasangalkku sesham dauthyam adachu.
1964 octoberil, suden aafrikkan naashanal union president joseph oduhu, daim subeyarile catholica palliye sudanese sayudha senayile sainikar kollayadichathaayi report cheythu. oru sainika kyapttan oru school adhyaapikaye balaalsangam cheythathaayum addeham aaropichu. mattoru catholica purohithanaaya pithaav barnaba deng, 1960-kalude thudakkathil deyim subeyiril sevanamanushtikkukayum kalaapathe pinthunaykkukayum cheytha 1965 augustil kollappettu.
sudanile aabhyanthara mantraalayam pinneedu missionarymaare purathaakkunnathinekkur oru "neela pusthakam" prasidheekarichu, athil belanda garilla nethaavu alphons dinia deyim subeyarile dauthyavum thammilulla kathidapaadukal adangiyirunnu. nagarathinu ekadesham 50 mile thekk-kizhakk dinia pravartthikkukayum steshanile oru amgam sandarshikkukayum cheythathayi aaropikkappedunnu. kathukal aadhikaarikamaanennu saandezhsan sammathikkunnu, pakshe avar upasamharikkunnu "oru samghadana enna nilayil vii. eph. emm garillakale sahaayikkunnathin rekhakal theerchayaayum oru thelivum nalkunnilla. theerchayaayum, ellah thelivukalum soochippikkunnathu eee reethiyil svayam ulppeduthunnathu ozhivakkaan dauthyam valare uthkandaakulamaayirunnavum samshayaaspadamaaya srothassukalil ninnu varunna ellah abhyarthanakalum nirasikkuka enna dauthya nayamayirunnuvennum soochippikkunnu. ennaal missionarymaarum purohithanmaarum prathirodhatthil chernna avarude aattinkoottathile amgangalumaayulla ellah bandhangalum pettennu vichedikkunnathu praayogikamaayo maanushikamaayo daivashaasthraparamaayo polum eluppamaayirikkilla. oru missionaric oru edavakakkaaran-garillayayi maariyavaril ninnu (palarum samshayamillathe cheythathupole) sahaayathinaayi oru abhyarthana labhichaal, aduthulla police posttil saahacharyangal report cheythukondu thante karsanamaaya niyamaparamaaya kadama nirvahikkaan addeham dhaarmmikamaayi baadhyasthanaano?"voyile catholica roopathayude abhipraayathil, 1965-ll daim subeyarile bhooribhaagam nivaasikalum kaarinte athirthikkaduthulla thamburayilekku palayanam cheyyukayum dauthyam upekshikkukayum cheythu. anyaanya kalaapakaarikal pishaachukkalaaya saadhaaranakkaarkkethireyum athikramangal nadathiyathaayi reportukal undaayirunnuvenkilum, atharam vivechanarahithamaaya nadapadi daim suber pradeshathum nadannittundo ennu ariyilla.
1967 juunil philipp nanga maarikkinte neethrthwathil maathramaan bahr alle-gazal vimatha senaykkidayil aikyam kaivarichathennu thekkan sudanile charitrakaaranaaya scopass pogo muun anyaanya udyogastharumaayulla abhimukhangaliloode kandethi.
addis ababa karar (1972-1983).
1972ll khaarthoomile jafar nimeriyude bharanakoodavum anyaanya vimatharum thammilulla addis ababa kararinu sesham, ayal kaarilulla abhayaarthikalum aabhyantharamaayi kudiyozhippikkappett vyakthikalum (aii. dii. pii. ezz) taamasiyaathe thirichupoyi. ennirunnaalum, dinka varenyavargakkaarkk aanupaathikamallaatha sarkkar jolikal labhichuvennu ferttitt nethaakkal vaadichathinaal puthiya pirimurukkangalum taamasiyaathe uyarnnu.
compony missionarymaarum daim subairilekku madangi, ennirunnaalum krithyamaayi eppozhaanennu vyakthamalla. 1978ll pithaav peettar nenebubu deyim subeyrinte edavaka purohithanaayirunnu.
athesamayam, nagaratthinte peru mattaanulla aavasyangalum uchathilaayi. ettavum pradhanamaayi, 1979-ll pioneering thekkan sudanis pathrapravartthakanaaya aattem yack oru lekhanathil ingane prathishedhichu "bhoopadatthile yadhaartha prashnam [...]..] athukondaanu sudanile aadhunika bhoopadangalil chila perukal thudarnnum prathyakshappedunnathu. njaan prathyekichum dheem subairine paraamarsikkukayum bundas ennu parayukayum cheiyunnu. durgandham vamikkunna paper undaakkunna perukal sudaanile bhoopadatthil ninnu maaykkanam "."
spla-inserection (1983-2005).
1983leeii booar kalaapathin thottupinnaale, daim suber pradesham veendum yuddham baadhichu. gothranethaakkalude abhipraayathil, 1985lum 1986lum daim subeyarileyum chuttumulla gramangalileyum saadhaaranakkaarkku vimatha sudan peeples liberation armi (spla) akramanangal neridendi vannu. 1980kalude madhyathil "ferttitt pradeshangalil nadatthiya aaa reydukal" sathruthayullathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna sivilian janataye akramikkunnathinulla oru thanthratthinte bhaagamaayirunnuvenn jonson parayunnu, ithu bhaagikamaayi garillakalk pradesham kaivashappeduthaanulla kazhivillaayma moolamaayirunnu ". koodaathe, 1987-ll chrismus samayat ayal pattanamaya rajaykku nereyum vau, dheem suber ennivarkkidayilulla roadile vaasasthalangalkkum nereyundaaya spla akramanangal saadhaaranakkaare vanthothil kudiyozhippikkan kaaranamaayi.
ithinulla prathikaranamaayi, ithu deyim subeyiril kalaapavirudha gothrasainyangalude roopeekaranathilekku nayichu. 2005 nuu sesham vouvil yuu. enn. sainika nireekshakanaayirunna dutch pandithanaaya danielle block, "praadeshika samgharshangalil ninnum samgharshangalil ninnum uthbhavicha oru thaazhethattil ninnulla prathibhasamaayirunnu ferttitt milishyayude aavirbhavam" ennu vaadikkunnu, atharam grouppukale prathirodhatthinaayi khaarthoomile thudarchayaaya bharanakoodangalude sainika rahasyaanveshana vibhaagam thiranjedukkukayum aayudangal upayogikkukayum cheiyunnathinu munbu. raashtrashaasthrathile pramukha thekkan sudanis pandithanaaya saamsan vaassaarayude abhipraayathil, yudhathiludaneelam eee pradeshathu pravarthichirunnathu deseeya samadhana seena enna soumyavaakyamulla oru milishyayaayirunnu. splayeppole, salaam fozhsu allengil jaish azz-salaam ennum ariyappedunna eee groupine aamnasti internaashanal polulla manushyavakaasha pravartthakar noorukanakkinu saadhaaranakkaare konnathayi aaropichu.
yudhavum valia dooravum undaayirunnittum, raagathinte edavaka purohithanenna nilayil combony pithaav salvattor pasafico 1980 kalude madhyathil deyim subeyrilekku varumaayirunnuvennu avide janichathum valarnnathumaya pithaav elwanga cornelio parayunnu.
1990 novemberil, ferttitt milishya senakal sarkkaaril ninnu splayilekk koorumari, daim subair pattanatthe "marikadannu" ennu bbc report cheythu. gotra, upa-gotra vibhagangal mangiyathaanennum iruvashathum ferttitt poraalikale kandethaamennum block oonnipparayunnu.2001 juunil spla daim subeyrine keezhadakki, ithu oru gaarsan taunn enna nilayil khaarthoomile sarkkaarin ganyamaaya nashtamaayirunnu. 400 sarkkar sainikare vadhichathayi vimathar avakashappettu. deyim subeyaril kudiyozhippikkappettvakar oru sainika camp spla bombit thakarthathaayi" akkaalathe bbc monittaring sarvees reportukal shradhichu. eee akramanam sainikarude kudumbangal ulppedeyulla sivilian janataye daim suberil ninnum vadakkum vadakkum padinjaarum sarkkar niyantritha pradeshangalilekku valia thothil palayanam cheyyaan prerippichu. ekadesham 30,000 iddikal timsahayilekkum ekadesham 8,000 iddainilekkum oodippoyi. thangalude sainika vijayathin sesham, vaividhyathil aikyathinte sudanu vendi spla nethaavu joonn garamginte kaazhchappaadinte adisthaanathil pattanatthe "daim nyoo sudan" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythathaayum vimathar prakhyaapichu.
daim subair thirichupidikkaan khaarthoom sarkkar oru thirichadikkalin thayyaaredutthappol, "2001 octoberil daim subairile airstrip samrakshikkaan spla aanti pezhsanal khanikal upayogichathayi ann ooppareshan lifeline sudaanilulla oru suraksha udyogasthanu spla munnariyipp nalki". 2001 novemberil sarkkar sainyam athinte thekkan proxy milishyakalilonnaaya southu sudan defense fozhsinte (ssdf) pinthunayode veendum deyim subair etteduthu. pinneedu, aaa khaarthoom anukoola sakthikal vishalamaaya pradeshathu ninnu spla purathaakkaanulla oru sainika prachaaranatthil earppettu, ithu orikkal koodi saadhaaranakkaare vadakkan bahar ell gazal mathramalla, padinjaaran madhyarekhayilekkum valia thothil maattippaarppichu.
samagra samadhana karar (2005-2011).
2005leeii khaarthoomum spla thammilulla samagra samadhana karaaril (sii. pii. eiii), bahr ell gazalil sudanese sayudha senayude anchu assembly sthalangalil onnaayi daim subeyrine thiranjedutthu. vouvile catholica "voys oof hoopp" radio steshan parayunnathanusarichu, miseria pashchaathalamullathum daim subair pradeshathu pravarthikkunnathumaaya mejar general elttam elnoor daldoomile salaam sainyam sudan sayudha senayil cherukayum idakkaala kaalayalavil vouvile samyuktha samyojitha yoonittukalude bhagamaavukayum cheythu. addehathinte poraalikalude ennam 400 aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
sthalammaattappetta aalukal valare vegam thanne muzhuvan pradeshathekkum, prathyekichu vouvilekkulla rooad khananam cheythathinaal, deyim subairilekku madangaan thudangi. 2005 augustil, padinjaaran madhyarekhayil ninnu 350 kilometer yaathraykk sesham 5,000 oolam aii. dii. pii. kalude oru samgham daim subeyrinaduthulla bailil oru idakkaala campil ethi. waled phudu prograam, oocha, unicef, waled vision, emm. ezz. eph spain, compony missionarymar ennivarude pinthunayode internaashanal oorganaiseshan phoor migration (aii. oo. emm) avarude thirichuvaravine sahayichu. ennaal, thirichethiyavarkkulla bhoomi vihitam thudarnnulla varshangalil nadannilla.
2008-ll, anchaam sudan janasamkhyayum bhawana sensus yabulu, kuru, sopoi, deyim suber pattanathodoppam uyujuku ennivayude bharana boma upa unitukal ulppedunna uyujuku paayaamile motham janasamkhya 8,474 aayi kanakkakki. kanakkukal sradheyamaaya lingavyathyaasam velippeduthi 4,765 (56.23%) purushanmaar, athesamayam 3,709 (43.73%) sthreekal maathramaan. 67.oru sathamaanam purushanmaarum oru sathamaanam sthreekalum 30 vayassil thaazheyullavaraan. yuyujuku bomayil thanne 3,025 nivaasikale kanakkakki.
lunden school oof economicsinte (ell. ezz. iii) 2009 leeii oru feeld-stadi prakaram chila daim suber nivaasikal "pattanatthinte yadhaartha gothranamamaaya 'yuyuku' thirike venamennathil kooduthalum aashankaakularaanu. athesamayam, chila nivaasikal vadakkan bahr ell-gazalil vismayathinaduthulla aroyo kaundiyil cheraan aagrahichappol mattullavar samanamaaya bhasha (louver) samsaarikkunnathinaal padinjaaran bahr ell gesalil thamasikkaan aagrahichu."2003 leeii bhaashaashaasthrathinte oru feeld padanatthil vadakkan luu bhashayaaya" "thoori" "padinjaaran bahr ell-gazal, dheem subir, borah pattanangalkk chuttumulla cheria bhaagangalil ekadesham 6000 vyakthikal samsaarikkunnathayi kandethi"."
2010 januvari 31 nuu, roman catholica roopathayile bishop rudolph deng daim subair edavaka veendum thurannu. 2011 januvariyil thekkan sudanine sudanile verpiriyal sambandhicha hitaparisodhanayil, deyim subeyarile 1,100 watermar vottu cheythu. audyogika phalangal anusarichu 1,084 (98.91%) perr verpiriyaline anukoolikkukayum 12 perr (1.09%) vadakkan sudanumaayulla aikyathin 4 asaadhuvaaya vottukal nalkukayum cheythu. thekkan sudan referendum kammeeshante (ssrc) kanakkukal prakaram 1,113 perr neratthe votermaaraayi rajisttar cheythittundu, athaayath audyogikamaayi polling 97.35% aayirunnu.
2011 maarchil, thekkan sudan swaathanthryam nedunnathinu thottumunbu, padinjaaran bahr ell gazal samsthaana sarkkar "yuyujuku (deme-subair)" yill oru television steshan aarambhichathayi prakhyaapichu. daim suber pattanatthinte kresh peraanu yuyujuku. compony missionarymar "yuyu-juku (munbu daim suber ennu vilichirunnu)" enna vaakk upayogikkunnu. ssrc "ujuku" enna peru ucharikkumbol else paper "uyuku" ennu ucharikkunnu. 1884 muthalulla oru britiish pathram anusarichu, pradeshavaasikal ithine "juku" ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnu. daim subeyrinte peru maattanamenn thekkan sudanese budhijeevikal nirantharam ahvaanam cheythirunnathinaal, peru audyogikamaayi maattiyittundo ennu vyakthamalla.
thekkan sudan swaathanthryam (2011 muthal).
2011 augustil, dakshina sudan oru swatantra rajyamaayi maari aazhchakalkk sesham, loards resistans armi (elra) daim suber/uyujukkuvil oru school adthyaapikaye thattikkondupoyathaayi report cheyyappettu.
2012 madhyathil, texes aasthaanamaayulla oru ivaanchalikkal oorganaiseshanil ninnulla patthu missionarymaarude oru samgham daim suber/yuyujuku sandarshikkukayum pradhaanamaayum "aanimisttukalil" ninnum musleengalil ninnum 2,700 "kristhuvinulla theerumaanangal soochippichu" ennu rekhappeduthukayum cheythu.
1980kalil roopeekarikkappedukayum 2005 sii. pii. eiii. kku sesham samyuktha samyojitha yoonittukalil khaarthoom sarkkaarinte sudan sayudha senayil aupachaarikamaayi cherukayum cheytha general daaldaminte salaam fozhsu milishya, voyile spla division faivil chernnathayi 2012 septambaril vovile catholica "voys oof hoopp" radio steshan report cheythu.
2013leeii oru iom sarveyil mobail phoon netvarkkukal daim suber/yuyujuku ulkkollunnathayi kandethi. malsyabandhanavum sorgam, ellu, nilakkadala, kasava ennivayude krishiyumaayirunnu pradhana upajeevanamaargam. ennirunnaalum, sharashari 60 vidyaarthikalkku oru adhyaapakan maathrame undaayirunnulloo. athe varsham octoberil, catholica radio network "mikkavarum ellah veedukalilum" kuttikal apasmaram baadhichathaayi report cheythu. koodaathe, juulai muthal septambar vare 120 malaria kesukal rajisttar cheyyappedukayum niravadhi kuttikal marikkukayum cheythu.
akramasakthamaaya spla-power poraattam (2013 muthal).
2013 avasaanathode dakshina sudanil president salva keerinu vishwastharaaya sainyavum addehathinte rashtreeya athiraalikalude milishyakalum thammilulla sayudha samgharsham pottippurappettathin thottupinnaale, daim subair/yuyujuku, ayal pradeshangal enniva orikkal koodi yuddham baadhichu. 2014ll, daim suber/uyujukkuvil ninnulla grouppukal "ferttitt simhangalude aabhimukhyathil" bahar ell gazalil prathipaksha cellukalil chernnu.
2015-nte thudakkathil, yuvakkal kalaapakaarikal nagaratthile waled phudu prograam (dablyu. eph. pii) storukalil athikramichu kayarukayum avarkk labhikkuna ration vitharanathinethiraya prathishedhathetthudarnnu bhakshana baagukal moshtikkukayum cheythathayi report cheyyappettu.
2016leeii yuu. dii. pii sarveyil deyim subair/uyujukkuvil karshakarum naadodi edayanmaarum thammilulla sayudha samghattanangalekkurichum paraamarsikkunnu.
2016 eprilil, president kiir oru utharavu purappeduvichu, athu daim subair/yuyujuku bhagamaayirunna raaga kaundiye moonnu kaundikalaayi vibhajichu. athinusesham yuyujuku kuru kaundiyude bharana aasthaanamaayi maari. rund maasathinu sesham loll samsthaana govarnor risik hassan sacharia lafttanant general aayi niyamithanaayi. kooll. kaundi kammeeshanaraayi arcanchalo vesttas nimore.
athe samayam, daim suber/yuyujuku veendum sudanese milishyakalude thanthraparamaaya kendramaayi maari, athaayath darfooril ninnulla neethi, samathwa prasthaanam (jemm). jubayile sarkkaarinte sainyathinte pinthunayulla jemm unitukal prathipaksha senayumaayi ettumuttukayum avarude sainika thaavalam pidichedukkukayum cheythathayi 2016 meyy maasathil sudan tribune report cheythu. pradeshathe pradeshavaasikal avarude olithaavalangalekkurich oru vivaravum nalkaathe sayudha grouppukalumaayi sahakarikkunnu" ennu vouvile oru sainika rahasyaanveshana udyogasthane udharichu prathyeka warta websait aaropichu."dakshina sudanese vimathar nasippichathinu sesham daim subair pradeshathe oru jemm campil ninnu 11 thadavukaar rakshappettathayi 2016 juunil sudanese sarkkar avakashappettu. dakshina sudanian sarkkarum jemum atharam avakaashavaadangal aavarthichu nishedhichittundu, ennaal 2016 desember muthal sudanile vidagtharude paanalinte anthima reportil aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha samithiyodu prasthaavichathu "chila srothassukal raaja pradeshathum daim suberilum jemm thaavalangalude asthithvathekkurichu paanaline ariyichu" ennaanu."
2016 juunilum 2017 eprililum nadanna ettumuttalukalkku sesham rajayil ninnu niravadhi idpkal deyim suber/uyujukkuvil ethi. 2017 augustil, redu krosinte anthaaraashtra kammitti, deyim suberinte janasamkhya 54,000 aanennum athil 18,000 perr rajayil ninnu mathramalla, korogana, sopo ennividangalil ninnum palayanam cheythavarum ulppedunnundennum report cheythu.
2018 eprilil, nagaram aasthaanamaayulla sarkkar sainikarum muun vais president raike macharinte vimatha sena thammil daim subeyrinu chuttum kooduthal ettumuttalukal nadannu. irupakshavum poraattatthinu utharavaaditham ettedukkukayum parasparavirudhamaaya ennam naashanashtangal report cheyyukayum cheythu. yuu. enn. suraksha samithiyude oru report anusarichu, sarkkar senaye jemm poraalikal pinthunakkukayum ettumuttalukal kooduthal sivilian sthaanabhrashtathaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
2023 eprilil, 200-ladhikam thekkan sudaanikal munbu abhayam thediya kaaril ninnu deyim subairilekku madangi. thottupinnaale kizhakkan kaaril nadanna akramasakthamaaya ettumuttalukalil ninnu rakshapetta kaar, drc pourathvam ulla ekadesham aidi1 aalukal avare pinthudarnnu. praadeshika samoohathinte maanushika sahacharyam neratthe thanne moshamayathinaal, puthiya abhayaarthikalude varavu bhakshanam, shudhajalam, vaidyachikitsa, paarppidam ennivayude abhaavathil ninnu rakshapettu.
yuneskoyude loka paithruka saitt.
2017 october 3 nuu, thekkan sudan sarkkar slave kyaambinte charitraparamaaya sthalathinte peru unesco waled heritteju sentarinu samarppichu, ithu saadhyathayulla loka paithruka sthalangalude aadya thaalkkaalika pattikayil ulppeduthum. unesco report thaazhepparayunnava vishadeekarichu "suber rahma oru kuzhiyum kotta nirmmichu, avide adimakale vadakkott nailile vividha lakshyasthaanangalilekk kondupokunnathinaayi kaathirunnu. ekadesham naalu meter aazhavum moonnu kilometer neelavumulla eee kuzhiyude nirmmaanathinu maravum cheliyum upayogichirunnu. adimakale thadavilaakkaan jayilukalayi upayogikkunna murikalum athinte arikil thattikkondupokaan shramicha adimakalkku thookkikkollunna sthalamaayi ariyappedunna oru maravumundu. [..] innu, daim suber slave trench sthithi cheiyunnathu vau kaundiyile vau muthal raaja vareyulla innathe pradhana rodilaanu. ithu nannayi paripaalikkappedunnilla, oru saamskaarika paithruka saitt enna nilayil athinte praadhaanyam samrakshikkunnathinu adiyanthira samrakshanam aavasyamaanu. adimakale thookkikkollunna sthalam ennu kuprasidhamaayirunna maram kuzhiyude aduthaanu."
aadhikaarikathayeyum samagrathayeyum kurichulla prasthavanayil unesco koottichertthu "paayaamile samoohathinte medhaavikal muun nivaasikalude jeevithashailiyumaayum samskaarangalumaayum engane bandhappettirunnuvennathu ulppede saittinekkurichulla vivarangalum vivarangalum shekharikkunnathil earppettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nilavil bhoogarbhavum khananam cheyyaathathumaaya kuzhiyude aakruthiyum ulladakkavum parisodhikkaan charitrakaaranmaaril ninnum naravamshashaasthranjaril ninnum adhika pinthuna aavasyamaanu."daim suberil ninnulla charitraparamaaya vasthukkal europian myoosiyangalil chitharikkidakkunnu. romolo gessy trophiyayi edutha karakaushala vasthukkal addehathinte vidhava romile ethnography aandu pree histtari myusiyathinu vittu. shekharathinte chila bhagangal pinneedu italiyile mattu myoosiyangalilekk maatti. 
2019 juunil, ooral histtari research nadathunnathil vaidagdhyamulla deseeya sarkkarithara samghadanayaaya likkikiri koottukettinte director koodiyaaya thekkan sudanile vidagthanaaya elfati atteminte suberine deeminedukkunnathinulla oru feeld missione unesco pinthunachu. loka paithruka pattikaykkulla saadhyathayulla maanadandangale nyaayeekarikkaanulla dakshina sudaante shramangalude bhaagamaayi bhauthika thelivukal, bhooprakrithiyude phottokal, adimakkachavadathekkurichu vivaranagal, adimathathinte paarambaryam enniva shekharikkunnathinaayi aattem pravarthichu. thante koodiyaalochanakalil addeham loka paithruka kanvenshaninekkurichum loka paithruka padaviyumaayi bandhapetta utharavaadithangaleyum avasarangaleyum kurichum avabodham valarthi. avarude kathakal, oormmakal, saittile anubavangal ennivayum addeham rekhappeduthiyittundu."