australian bharanaghadanayude 25-aamm vakupp

australian bharanaghadanayude 25-aamm vakupp australian bharanaghadanayude "vottavakaashamillatha vamshangalekkurichulla vyavastha" enna thalakkettilulla oru vyavasthayaanu, koodaathe "avasana vibhaagathinte aavasyangalkkaayi, eathenkilum samsthaanathinte niyamaprakaaram eathenkilum vamshathile ellah vyakthikalum samsthaana paarlamentinte kooduthal sabhakalilekkulla thiranjeduppil vottu cheiyunnathil ninnu ayogyarakkappettaal, aaa samsthaanathilo komanveltthile janangaludeyum janasamkhya kanakkaakkumbol, aaa samsthaanathu thamasikkunna aaa vamshathile vyakthikale kanakkakkilla."
charithram.
1891 leeii bharanaghadanaa kanvenshanil australian athirthi yudhangalude samapana ghattangalil annathe tasmanian attorni generalaya andrew inglis clarkaanu eee vibhaagam nirddeshichathu. punarnirmmaana kaalaghattatthil us aabhyantharayudhathethudar 1868 ll avatharippicha us bharanaghadanayude pathinalam bhedagathiyude sekshan 2 ll ninnu clark vaakkukal sweekarichu, koodaathe yunaittad stetts oof amerikkayil chila vamshangale vottingil ninnu ozhivaakkunnathil ninnu samsthaanangale thadayaan uddeshichullathaanu. australiyayile sekshan 25 ll ninnu vyathyasthamayi, us vyavastha vamshathekkurichu nerittu paraamarsikkunnilla, koodaathe konfedarettu stetts oof americayumaayi chernnu mattoru uddeshyathinaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu. udaaharanathinu, 14-aamm bhedagathi vivechanaadhikaaramulla vyavasthayaayi ulppeduthiya punarnirmmaana kaalaghattatthil yooniyante janasamkhya 18.5 dashalakshamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, konfedarasiyil, aabhyantharayudhasamayathe janasamkhya 55 laksham swathanthrarum 35 laksham adimakalumaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu-1865 ll unionumaayulla paraajayathinu sesham, vamseeyatha polulla kaaranangalal, samsthaana thalatthil athath pouranmaare ozhivaakkukayaanenkil, federal thalatthilulla praathinidhya samkhyakale baadhikkumenn konfedarettu samsthaanangalkku vyakthamaaya prasthavana nalki.
pathinalam bhedagathiyude randaam vakupp iprakaaramaanu
nikuthi chumathappedaattha indiakkaar ozhikeyulla oro samsthaanathileyum motham vyakthikalude ennam kanakkakki athath samkhyakalkkanusarichu prathinidhikale niravadhi samsthaanangalkkidayil vibhajikkum. ennaal american aikyanaadukalile presidentinum vais presidentinum vendi vottarmaare thiranjedukkunnathinulla eathenkilum thiranjeduppil, kongrasile prathinidhikal, oru samsthaanathile executive, judicial officermaar, allengil athinte niyamanirmmaanasabhayile amgangal ennivarkku vottavakaasham nishedhikkappedumbol, irupathiyonnu vayass praayamulla atharam samsthaanathe purusha nivaasikalkkum american aikyanaadukalile pouranmaarkkum, allengil kalaapathilo mattu kuttakrithyangalilo pankedukkunnathozhike eathenkilum vidhathil churukkiyirikkumbol, atharam purusha pouranmaarude ennam vahikkenda anupaathathil praathinidhyatthinte adisthaanam kuraykkum.
25-aamm vakupp karadil avatharippicha samayat oru prathyeka federal franchisee uddeshichirunnilla. pakaram, samsthaana thalatthil thaazhathe sabha thiranjeduppil vottu cheyyaan anuvadikkunnavar komanvelthu vottavakaashathinte roopeekaranam undaakkum. oru vashath komanvelthu thalatthil oru vamshathile aalukale vottucheyyunnathil ninnu ozhivakkaan oru samsthaanathinu kazhiyillennu urappakkaanum, athesamayam aaa samsthaanam thiranjedukkunna prathinidhikalude ennam nirnnayikkumbol janasamkhyayil avare ulppeduthunnathil ninnu prayojanam nedaanum draftermaar ithu ulppeduthiyittunde oru vaadam. kanvenshanil, padinjaaran australiyayile swath udamasthaavakaasha yogyathakal moolamundaakunna tharatthilulla avakashavanchana thadayunnathinu atharamoru vakupp vishaalamaayirikkanamenn vaadichuvenkilum padinjaaran austreliya federationil kuranjathu anchu prathinidhikale sweekarikkendathaayirunnathil ithinu oru prathirodha phalavum undakumaayirunnilla ennathinaal ithu orikkalum vipuleekarikkappettil. karadu prakriyayil pinneedu, sekshan 30 avatharippichu, komanveltthinu swantham votting avakasham niyamanirmmikkan anuvadichu, angane komanvelthu sarkkaarine federal thiranjeduppukalil vottucheyyunnathil ninnu chila vamshangale saidhaanthikamaayi ozhivakkaan praapthamaakkukayum oro samsthaanatheyum prathinidhikalude ennathil samanamaaya swaadheenam cheluthaathirikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee avyakthatha undaayirunnittum, sekshan 25 nilanirthappettu, 1901 sensus prakaram rekhappeduthappetta australian pouranmaarude puthiya janasamkhyayekkurichulla oohaapohangalkku vidheyamaayi apekshayekkurichulla bhaavi oohaapohangal avasheshikkunnu-sekshan 127 kaaranam 1971 vare sensasil audyogikamaayi ulppeduthaatha aadivaasikale ozhivaakki.
american bharanaghadanayude pathinalam bhedagathiyude aathmaavine pinthudarnnu vamshathinte adisthaanathil bhaaviyile vottavakaasham illaathaakkaanulla sekshan 25-nte uddeshyam undaayirunnittum, praayogikamaayi athu innuvare kaaryamaaya falamundaakkiyitla. janasamkhyayude kanakkukalil aadivaasikale kanakkaakkunnathil ninnu ozhivakkiya bharanaghadanayile 127-aamm vakupp nilanilkkunnath, samsthaana vottavakaashathil ninnu aadivaasikale ozhivaakkunnath, prathinidhikalude sabhayude ghadana nirnnayikkunnathin sekshan 24 prayogikkunnathil oru samsthaana janasamkhyaye baadhikkillenn ardhamaakkunnu. athupole, thaddesheeya, torres kadalidukku dveepukaare ozhivaakkunnathil ithu kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyilla, "aadivaasikalude samrakshanathiloodeyum karupp vilppanayude niyanthranathiloodeyum queensland thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye ozhivaakkiyath 1897, allengil mattu vamshangal, kaaranam avaa vishalamaaya janasamkhyayumaayi bandhappett ennathil apradhaanamaayirunnu allengil" immigration restruction act 1901 "prakaram desheeyathayude adisthaanathil ozhivaakkaamaayirunnu, koodaathe 25-aamm vakupp aarambhikkaatha bhasha parisodhana polulla samanamaaya thadassangal. 1967-ll 127-aamm vakupp audyogikamaayi raddaakkappedumbozhekkum, federal paarlamentil praathinidhyam nirnnayikkunnathil thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye poornnamaayum kanakkakkaan anuvadikkukayum, avasana samsthaanamaaya queensland-rund varsham munbu thaddesheeya vottavakaashathil thaddesheeya aadivaasikale maathrame ulppeduthiyirunnull.
25-aamm vakupp prayogikkunnathumaayi bandhappett nerittu haikodathi vidhikalonnum undayittilla. ithinu kaaranam athinte nilanilpp ellaayppozhum innuvare phalapradamallaathathukondum athinte prayogathekkurichulla eathenkilum tharkkam paarlamentile praathinidhya ennathil oru swaadheenavum undakkaan kazhiyunnathra valia janasamkhyayumaayi bandhappettathukondum aayirikkilla. ennirunnaalum, saarvathrika vottavakaasham, vottavakaashasamathvam, komanveltthile janangalude nirvachanam thudangiya kaaryangalumaayi bandhappett niravadhi kesukalil ithu paraamarshichittundu. vottavakaashathil ninnu vamseeya yogyathakal illaathaakkiyenna nirddeshathe pinthunaykkunnathaayi haikodathi justice kirbi paasakkiyathil ithine paraamarshichu.
parishkkaranam.
sekshan 25 raddaakkiyathu rund thavana hitaparisodhanaykku vidheyamaakkiyittundu. 1967ll, aadivaasikalumaayi bandhapetta hitaparisodhanaykkoppam, prathinidhi sabhayile prathinidhikalude ennavum senattile senattarmaarude ennavum thammilulla bandham neekkam cheiyumaayirunna bharanaghadanayile bhedagathiyude bhaagamaayi ithu radhaakkaan munnottuvachu. 127-aamm vakupp raddaakkunnathumaayi bandhapetta randaamathe chodyathil ninnum 51-aamm vakupp (XXVI) bhedagathi cheytha 'vamshashakthi' yumayi bandhapetta randaamathe chodyathil ninnum vyathyasthamaaya oru chodyamaayathinaal eee koottukettu chodyam raajyavyaapakamaayi bhooripaksham nedunnathil parajayappettu. nexus chodyathinu keezhil 40 sathamaanam maathramaan athe enna vottu labhichathenkil, australian vottukalude <aii. dii. 1>% labhicha randaamathe chodyathinullil nerittu ulppeduthukayum oru federal referendathil ithuvare rekhappeduthiyathil vachu ettavum uyarnna 'athe' vottinte record sthaapikkukayum cheythirunnenkil sekshan 25 raddaakkunna chodyathe eluppathil pinthunaykkaamaayirunnu. 
pinneedu, 1974-ll, samsthaana, federal thalangalil watermar janasamkhyaye adisthaanamaakkiyukallenam bhoomishaasthraparamaaya valippamo mattu reethikalo allennum urappaakkikkond bharanaghadanayil "oru vottu, oru moolyam" enna ashayam ulkkollunna oru bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyude bhaagamaayi 25-aamm vakupp raddaakkendathaayirunnu. veendum, eee hitaparisodhana parajayappettu, deseeya athe vottinte 47 sathamaanam maathram nedukayum nyoo southu veyilsil bhooripaksham nedukayum cheytha sekshan 25 raddaakkunnathumaayi bandhapetta oru nerittulla chodyamaayirunnilla athu. sekshan 25 raddaakkunnathinulla eee rund hitaparisodhanakalum sekshan 25 prayogikkunnathine chuttipattiyulla eathenkilum vivaadangalekkaalum vyaja vaadangalekkaalum valare sankeernamaaya kaaranangalal parajayappettu.
parajayappettu bharanaghadanaa avalokana paarlamentari samyuktha samiti vare 25-aamm vakupp raddaakkaanulla shupaarshakal nilavilundaayirunnu.
nilavilundaayirunnu australian bharanaghadanaa kanvenshan eee vibhaagathe kaalaharanappettathum chelavazhichathum ennu paraamarsikkukayum athu radhaakkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu. athupole, 1988-leeii bharanaghadanaa kammeeshan athu kaalaharanappettathum puraathanavumaanennathinte adisthaanathil raddaakkanamennu nirddeshichu. 2008ll niyamaparavum bharanaghadanaaparavumaaya kaaryangalekkurichulla sabhayude staanding kammitti bharanaghadana parishkarikkunnathinekkur oru vattamesha charchayil-samarppanathinte 5.9-aamm adhyayam prasthaavichu
vamseeya vivechana niyamam 1975" (cth) vamshathinte adisthaanathil aalukalodu vivechanam kaanikkunnathil ninnu samsthaanangale thadayumennathinaal 25-aamm vakupp inii kaaryamaaya niyamaparamaaya phalamone nalkilla. ennirunnaalum, 'vamshathinte adisthaanathil aalukalkk bharanaghadanaaparamaayi vottavakaasham nishedhikkappedaamennu' sekshan 25 amgeekarikkunnu.
2010ll thaddesheeya oostreliyakkaarude bharanaghadanaaparamaaya amgeekaarathekkurichulla vidagdha samithikk samarppichukond, thaarathamya bharanaghadanaa patana kendram sekshan 25 radhaakkaan shupaarsha cheythu.
oostreliyayude bharanaghadanaa charithratthil ninnulla oru avashishtamaayi 25-aamm vakupp palappozhum visheshippikkappettindu, athu neekkam cheyyanam.
samakaalika nirddeshangal.
2015ll aadivaasikaludeyum torres kadalidukkileyum dveepukaarude bharanaghadanaaparamaaya amgeekaarathekkurichulla samyuktha select kammittiyodoppam, vidagdha samiti samiti avarude sambhaavanakale 'avasana vacalla, aadya vaakk' ennu visheshippichu. visheshippichu 2015lum samyuktha select kammittikal 25-aamm vakupp oru vattamesha charchaa chodyamaayi neekkam cheiyunnathinekkurichu charcha cheyyukayum athu radhaakkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu.
aduthide, oru samsthaanam oru janavibhaagathe vottavakaasham nishedhikkaanulla saadhyathayekkurich chinthikkunnathinte adisthaanathil 25-aamm vakupp neekkam cheyyanamennu nirddeshikkappettittund. bharanaghadanayile aadivaasikaleyum torres strait ailandar janathayeyum thirichariyunnathinulla vidagdha samiti, 2012 januvariyil puratthirakkiya oru reportil, mattu karyangalkkoppam, sekshan 25 neekkam cheyyanamennu shupaarsha cheythu. aan tumi soochippikkunnathu pole, sekshan 25 neey chuttipattiyulla chila vaikaarika vimarsanangal orupakshe vazhithettikkappettakam, paanalile chila sambhavakar bhaviyil oru vamshathile aalukale vottucheyyunnathil ninnu vilakkaan sekshan 25 oru samsthaanathe anuvadikkunnuvennu vishwasikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. 25-aamm vakupp atharam nadapadi anuvadikkukayo anuvadikkaathirikkukayo cheiyunnillennum marichu athu amgeekarikkukayo thadayukayo cheiyunnundennum avar vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "vamseeya vivechana niyamam 1975" nilanilkkunnathinaal nilavil praayogika falamillaathathinaal, uchithamaaya bharanaghadanayil ninnu vamshathe neekkam cheiyunnathinulla vishalamaaya shramathinte bhaagamaayi avar ithu neekkam cheyyaan upadeshikkunnu.
vamseeya vivechana niyamam" prayogikkunnathu oru vamshathile aalukale vottu cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayaan oru samsthaanathinu kazhiyillennum eee vakupp 25 kaaranam chelavazhikkunnuvennum vaadangalundu. ennirunnaalum, "vamseeya vivechana niyamam" bharanaghadanaaparamaayi prathishtichittaallathillaathi, atharam samrakshanam shaashvathamaayi urappunalkunnilla. pariganikkathe, austin vii komanveltthilennapole swantham bharanaghadanaaparamaaya kaaryangalil niyamanirmmanam nadathaanulla oru samsthaanathinte kazhivine lamghikkaan komanveltthine anuvadikkaathirikkaan haikkodathiyil eee niyamam eee reethiyil prayogikkunnathil ninnu vaayikkam. koodaathe, 2007 leeii vadakkan pradesha edapedal vazhi aayathupole sekshan 8 (1) prakaram "vamseeya vivechana niyamam" suspended cheythekkaam. hindmarsh ailand bridge cases "vamseeya vivechana niyamatthinte" falaprapti puthiya niyamanirmmanavum 'vamseeya shakthiyum' vazhi eluppathil paraajayappedutthaamenna vastutha eduthukaanichu.

