choppi aalukal

mosambik vamshajaraaya oru vamshavibhaagamaan chopi. inhambaane pravishyayile thekkan mosambikkile sawala mekhalayilaanu avar pradhaanamaayum thaamasichirunnathu. 1975ll porchugees colonial bharanathil ninnu mosambic mochithanaayathinethudarnnu aabhyantharayudhathil palarum kudiyozhippikkappedukayo kollappedukayo cheythuvenkilum parambaraagathamaayi grameena nilanilppumaayi avar upajeevana krishiyude jeevitam nayichu. koodaathe, varalcha palareyum avarude janmanaattil ninnu raajyathinte nagarangalilekku maattukayum cheythu.
bandu kudumbatthile oru tonel bhashayaaya chichopi samsaarikkunna chopi, palarum chitsonga porchugees dvitheeya bhashakalaayi samsaarikkunnu. avar mosambik, dakshinaafrikka ennividangalile songa janathayumayi bandhappettavaraan, avarude ayalkkaaril padinjaaru ghaza pravisyayil thamasikkunnathum pathonpathaam noottaandil choppi pradesham aakramichathumaaya shangaon vamseeya vibhaagavum ulppedunnu. charitraparamaayi, chila chopikale porchugees samrakshanathinu keezhilum mattullavar dakshinaafrikkayil kudiyetta thozhilaallikalaayum maatti.
choppi saamskaarikamaayi, oru janathayayi, aanayumaayi thirichariyunnu.
charithram.
janangalude thanne vaakkalulla paarambaryamanusarichu, 100 edii muthal 200 edii vare madhya aafrikkayil ninnu kudiyeri tanzania, malawi, vadakkan sambia, mosambik ennivayude bhaagangalil sthirathaamasamaakkiya yadhaartha bandu janathayude bhagamaanu choppi janatha, koodaathe thekkukizhakkan aafrikkayile saan janathayumayi sanbarkkam pularthiya aadya bandu gothrangalaayi ariyappedunnu. sitsonga bhashayumaayi shradheyamaayi saamyamulla choppi bhashayil janangalude peru "bacopy" allengil "vacopy" ennu shariyaayi ucharikkunnu. thaansaaniyaykkum mosambic edayilulla pradeshathu ninnulla aadyakaala saan bushmaanukalumaayi aadyamaayi samvadichathinaal saan janathayil ninnu avar sweekaricha villukalum ambukalum upayogichathil ninnaan choppi janathayude peru vannath.
simbabwe, malawi, sambia, mosambik, dakshinaafrikka thudangiya rajyangalil dakshinaafrikkayil vividha kolanikal roopeekaricha aadyathe tonga (tonga) janathayude bhagamaanu choppi janatha. thadi, irumbu, kalimannu enniva upayogichu nirmmikkunna kalayil janangal valare aadya ghattam muthal thanne praaveenyam nedi. avar thadi upakaranangalum urukia irumbum aanakaleyum mattu mrugangaleyum vettayaadi. aafrikkayilethiya aadyathe yooropyanmaaraaya porchugees naavikar 1400-kalil mosambik theerathu choppi janataye nerittu. porchugees janatha choppi pradeshathu vyapara pravartthanangal sthaapikkukayum samayam kadannupokumbol choppi janathayil palareyum porchugees sainyathil nirbandhithamaayi ulppeduthukayum cheythu. 1640-kalil eee bhaagangalil ninnu kudiyeriya pirinjupoya samghangal dakshinaafrikkayil sthirathaamasamaakki, avide avar puthiya rajyangal sthaapichu (choppi rajaavaaya gunyuleyude enn 'vanatti raajyam polullava). mosambikkile ariyappedunna karakaushala nirmmaathaakkalaayirunna choppi janatha 1700-kalil simbabwe rajyangalumaayi vyapaaram nadathukayum rosvi-kalanga saamrajyam polulla mahathaaya saamraajyangalkk roopam nalkukayum cheythu. montlane, chiwambu, mbande, maavila, masinghisa, chirinda, makwakwa thudangi niravadhi perukal choppi gothrangalil ulppedunnu.
1820-kalil naadal mekhalayil ninnu dakshinaafrikkan pradesham vitta enguni yudhaprabhukkanmaar choppi janataye aakramichu. 1815 muthal enguni gothrangal thammil yudhangalil earppettirunnu, avide shaaka sulu polulla prabala yudhaprabhukkanmaarudeyum sivaidinte neethrthwathilulla gothrangaludeyum kaiyil ninnu niravadhi gothrangal kollappettu. enguni yudhangalude swaadheenam emphecane choppi pradeshathetthi, avide manukosi soshangan saidinte raajyathil ninnulla mattullavarum kazhiyunnathra gothrangale keezhadakkuka, swarnam, irumbu, anakkombu, nikuthi ennivaykkaayi bhoomiyude vishalamaaya vibhavangal niyanthrikkuka ennee uddeshyathode mosambikkinte vividha bhagangal keezhadakki. akkaalathe choppi janatha appozhum porchugees bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu, porchugees sainikaril ninnulla raifilukal aayudhamaakkiyathinaal shoppy janataye akramikkaan shangaon adhiniveshakkaar bhayapettu, avaril palarum villum visham kalarthiya ambukalum upayogichu. puthiya ghaza bharanadhikaariyaaya (nghungunyaana) 1888ll lympopo nadikku sameepamulla avarude pradesham akramikkukayum avare keezhadakkaan sramikkukayum cheythappol, choppi janathayum ghaza sena thammil oru yuddham pottipurappettu, athu 1889 muthal phalapradamaayi neenduninnu, 1895ll porchugeesukaarum choppi sainikarum nghungunyaanaye paraajayappedutthiyappol avasaanichu. choppi janathaykku avarude muthirnna parambaraagatha neethrthwam adhiniveshathil ninnu nilanirthaan kazhinju, athu innu inhambaane, bileni, mappay pradeshathe lympopo nadhi vare nilanilkkunnu.
samgeethavum nrithavum.
choppi janatha avarude parambaraagatha samgeethathinu prashastharaan, avarude upakaranagalil ettavum prashasthamaayath valia grouppukalil vaayikkunna cylophone "embila" (bahuvachanam "timbila") aanu. 2005ll unesco eee samgeethathe manushyaraashiyude vaakkaalullathum adrishyavumaaya paithrukathinte oru maastarpees aayi prakhyaapichu. timbilayude samgeethavum nrithavum oru valia oorkkastrayil avatharippikkukayum narthakar dakshinaafrikkayile songa janathayude nritha shailiyumaayi, prathyekichu sibelani nrithavum mattu kaalnada nritha shailikalum valare saamyamulla oru shoyum nrithavum nadathukayum cheiyunnu. tsonga parambaraagatha samgeethathil bhooribhaagavum samanvayippicha marimba upakaranangal avatharippikkunnu, eee sangeetha paarambaryam choppi janangalil ninnaan kaikkondathenn thonnunnu.
mosambik pravishyayile baa-chopi theerchayaayum mikacha samgeethajnjaraanu" ennu henry-alexandre junode thante 'dhaa life oof eiii southu aafrikkan triba dhaa saikkik life' enna pusthakatthil choppi janataye thiricharinju-ithu choppi janathayude marimbas, sailophonukal, mattu thaddesheeya upakaranangal ennivayile vaidagdhyathe paraamarsikkunnu. addeham kootticherkkunnu, "oru oorkkastra roopeekarikkunna sangeethanjjar palappozhum niravadhi timbilakal orumichu vaayikkunnu. thongayil ithu apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloovenkilum eee upakaranathinte yadhaartha "maastezhs" aaya baa-chopikkidayil ithu palappozhum sambhavikkunnu (junode 1913, peju. 254). paanpaippukal, visilukal, mrugangalude kombukal, raattils, vividha valuppathilulla drummukal, sangeetha villukal, "encuso" pazhatthinte (bush ooranchu) unangiya shellil ninnu nirmmicha moonnu dwaarangalulla oru golaakrithiyilulla pullaankuzhal ennivayaanu choppi upayogikkunna mattu upakaranangal.
paachakareeti.
choppiyude parambaraagatha bhakshanangalil kasava (manioch), kashuvandi enniva ulppedunnu. pulippicha tanjerine allengil kashuvandi ennivayil ninnu uthppaadippikkunna niravadhi parambaraagatha madyapaana paaneeyangalum avar uthppaadippikkunnu.

