
paanttan, lessie & kambani

pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum bahamasilum ippol thekkukizhakkan american aikyanaadukalile thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarumaayum vyapaaram nadathunna scotish vyaapaarikalude oru kambaniyaayirunnu paanttan, lesley & kambani.
1774ll vilyam paantan pankaliyaaya jorjiyayile savannayile muur, paantan ennee sthaapanangalilaanu paanttan, lesley & kambaniyude uthbhavam. 1763leeii paarees udambadiyude nibandhanakal prakaram florida nediya britishukaar 1775ll aruvikalumaayulla vyapaaram nadatthaan addehathe thiranjedutthu. thudarnnu addeham joonn forbesumaayi chernnu paantanum forbus srishtichu.
raashtreeyamaayi, paantan oru vishwasthanaayirunnu; addeham american swaathanthryathe anukoolichirunnilla. 1783ll brittan american swaathanthryam amgeekarichappol addehathinu raajyam videndi vannu, amerikkayilulla addehathinte swath kandukettappettu. thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarumaayulla vyapaarathinulla oru puthiya adithara enna nilayil addeham oru britiish kolaniyaayi 20 varsham poortthiyaakkiya florida thiranjedutthu. athinte thalasthaanam sent. augustin, savannayil ninnu adhikam akaleyaayirunnilla. 1783ll vilyam paanttan, joonn lessie, joonn forbes, chaals mcclachy, vilyam alexander ennee vishwasthar floridayile indiakkaarumaayum spain avakaashappedunna sameepa pradesangalumaayum vyapaaram nadathunnathinaayi avide paanttan, lessie & kambani roopeekarichu. ithinakam floridayilum bahamasilum svayam sthaapicha kambanikku 1783 ll koolani spainilekku madangiyethiya sesham floridayil pravartthanam thudaraan kazhinju, kaaranam mekhalayile thaddeshavaasikalumaayi bisinesses cheyyaan spanish vyaapaarikalkk thaalpparyamundaayirunnil. kizhakkan floridayile eee vyaapaarathil paanttan, lesley & kambanikku kuthaka nalkukayum oduvil padinjaaran floridayile indian vyaapaarathil aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1783ll spanish kambanikku athinte kolanikalil udaneelamulla thaddesheeyarumaayulla vyaapaarathil kuthaka nalkiyathaayi mattoru srothass parayunnu.
varshangalolam paanttan, lesley & kambani aruvikalumaayum seminolukalumaayum vyaapaarathil aadhipathyam pulartthi. oduvil avar choktto, chicaso ennivayumaayulla vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum pidichedukkukayum cherokkikalumaayulla vyaapaarathil pradhaanamaavukayum cheythu. pankaalikal americayode valia vidvesham prakadippikkukayum thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarumaayulla avarude swaadheenam upayogichu amerikkaykkethire spanish praadeshika avakaashavaadangal munnott kondupookukayum athupole thanne vella kudiyettakkaareyum gothrangalil ninnu bhoomi ettedukkaanulla amerikkayude sramangaleyum prathirodhikkaan indiakkaare prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu.
parutthiyudeyum mattu praadeshika uthppannangaludeyum shipping samghadippikkukayum brittanile vyaapaarikalude ejantumaaraayi pravartthikkukayum cheythukondu paanttan, lesley & kambani bahaamakalil vyaapaarikalaayum pravarthichu.
1801ll vilyam paantaninteyum 1803ll joonn lesliyudeyum maranashesham 1804ll joonn forbes & kambani enna peril kambani punasamghadippikkappettu.
charithram.
scots kudiyettakkaarum maan vyapaaravum.
aberdeenshareil ninnulla scots kudiyettakkaaranaaya joonn gorden 1760-kalil colonial southu carolina, jorjia, florida ennividangalil oru vishalamaaya vyapara shringhala sthaapikkukayum angane paantan, lesley, kambani ennivaykku aditharayittathu thekkan athirthiyile ettavum valia vyapara kambaniyaayi maarukayum cheythu.
american kolanikalilekku kudiyeriya sesham, vilyam paantanum thomasinte ilaya sahodaran joonn forbus jaims spaldingumaayi (sent. saimans dweep) 1776 nuu munbu gordante chaalsttan sthaapanathiloode addehathinte pankaalikalum. 1765 muthal 1772 vare gordante clarkayi paanttan sevanamanushtichu, appol gorden addehathe thante abhibhaashakaril oralaayi niyamichu.
gordante maathru anantharavanaayirunnu forbes.
kambaniyude anchu sthaapaka pankalikalaaya vilyam paanttan, thomas forbes, joonn lessie, vilyam alexander, chaals mcclachy ennivar sent paanttan, lessie & kambani roopeekarichu. 1782-nte avasaanathilo 1783-nte thudakkathilo britiish eest floridayude thalasthaanamaaya augustin. avarellam american viplavathinu munbum sheshavum southu karolina, jorjia, eest florida ennividangalile kolanikkarumaayum indiakkaarumaayum vyapaaram nadatthiya skottsmaanmaaraayirunu. grettu brittan rajyathodu vishwasthatha pulartthuka ennathu avarkk athijeevana vishayamaayirunnu, kaaranam avarude vyapara charakkukalil bhooribhaagavum, prathyekichu thokkukal, eeyam, vedimarunnu enniva maathrraajyathu ninnaan vannath, briteeshukaarkkethire kalapam nadatthiyaal aaa vitharanangal nirthalaakkumaayirunnu.
1710num 1714num idayil, europian kannukaalikale marakamaaya kannukaali rogangalaal nasippikkappedukayum, europil ninnulla pashukkalude irakkumathikal brittan nirodhikkukayum cheythu. aaa vitharanangal kuranjathode, britiish vadakke amerikkayil ninnum spanish floridayil ninnumulla maankalkkulla vipani athivegam vikasichu. saddles, leggings, shoos, glouse, harnesukal, vippukal, breachukal, aapranukal enniva nirmmikkaan kauhaidinu pakaram buckskin upayogichirunnu; pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode, munbu saadhaarana thozhilaallikalude jolie cheiyunna vasthramaya manja buckskin breachukal englandile ellah saamoohika vibhaagathileyum amgangal dharichirunnu.
american viplava yudhathinushesham thekkan maan vyapaaram kramena kuranju, ennaal thekkan carolinayileyum jorjiayileyum muun britiish kolanikalil raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya swaadheenam nashtappettappol polum scotish vyapaarikal indiakkaarumaayi vyapaarathinulla puthiya avasarangal kandethi. paanttan, lesley & kambaniyum athinte pingamiyaaya joonn forbes & kambaniyum indian kaaryangalil sajeevamaayi edapedukayum mekhalayile anthaaraashtra nayathanthrathil swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu. yadhaartha pankaalikalellaam vadakkan skotlandil ninnullavaraayirunnu. moreh firthinu abhimukhamaayi invernessinu kizhakkulla theerathaanu paantan, lesley, forbes ennivar janichathu; mlaachiyudeyum alexanderinteyum janmasthalangal anjjaathamaanu. kadutha vishwasthar enna nilayil scotsmanmar sent. yudhasamayathu augustin, 1783 leeii paarees udambadiyude nibandhanakalanusarichu spain florida veendeduthappol thamasikkaan anuvadichu. spanish kireedam kreekkukalumaayum seminolukalumaayum paanttan lesley & kambaniyude vyapaaram anuvadikkunnathu upayogapradamaanennu kandethi, koodaathe eee thekkan gothrangalumaayulla spaaniyaardukalude sakhyam urappikkunnathinulla maargamaayi britiish thokkukal, vedikkoppukal, rumm, vividha dry goods enniva wilkan sthaapanathe anuvadichu.
1776-ll thanne, paantanil 32,000 maankal addehathinte pradhana warehouseil sookshichirunnu addehathinte mattu samrambhangalil naavika storukal, maram, arrie, indigo thottangal, bhoomi enniva ulppedunnu. 1780kalil adhehathinum addehathinte pankaali thomas forbsin innathe palatkaykku padinjaaru aayirakkanakkin ekkar bhoomi anuvadichu; ivide avar adimavelaye upayogichu oru nelthottatthinaayi drainage kanaalukalum daikkukalum nirmmikkukayum turpentine, pitch, taar, rossin thudangiya naavika storukalkkaayi indigo tapp pine marangalum valarthukayum cheythu.
indian vyaapaarathinte kuthaka.
1783 januvariyil sent. britiish kireedatthinte prathinidikalaaya govarnor patrick tonin, brigadier general archibald marther, indian kaaryangalude sooprandaaya thomas braun ennivarkkum mukalileyum thaazheyumulla aruvikalile pattanangalile thalavanmaarum pradhana yodhaakkalum thammilulla oru neenda edavela avar saadhanangal nediya kadakalilekku yaatra cheyyanamennu parathippettu. thangalude kadakal thangalude pradeshathinaduthulla sthalangalilekku mattunna vyaapaarikalkk indiakkaar samrakshanam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum oru vyaapaarasthaapanathinu anuyojyamaaya sthalamaayi apalaachikkola nadhi choondikkaanikkukayum cheythu. ithu thangalkk kooduthal soukaryapradamaanennu mathramalla, choktto, chicaso, cheroki indiakkaar ennivarumaayi valare aduthaanennum aruvikal paranju, koodaathe paanttan, lesley & qoo enna veedu venamennu abhyarthichu.avarkk saadhanangal vitharanam cheythirunnavarodu aaa aavashyathinaayi avide sthirathaamasamaakkaan abhyarthikkanam.
vilyam paantan konfaransil sannihithanaayirunnu, adhehathinum pankaalikal vilyam alexander, joonn lessie, thomas forbes, chaals maclachi ennivarkkum licenses kathukal nalkiyirunnenkil, ayalco addehathinte saha pankaalikalkko apaalachikkola nadiyil anuyojyamaaya oru sthalathu oru store sthaapikkaan indiakkaarumaayi sammathichu. karar kireedatthaal sthireekarikkukayum vyaapaarikalkk aavashyamaaya licenses nalkukayum cheythu. 1784ll thuranna avarude store, appozhekkum spain floridayude kaivashappedutthal veendeduthu, fort saan marcos dii apaacheyil (aadhunika sent. marks, florida). 1792-lum 1800-lum saahasikanaya vilyam augustus bowls eee kada akramikkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu, aaa samayat athu pravartthanam nirtthi.
niravadhi vyathyastha vyaapaarikalum vyapara sthaapanangalum thekkan athirthiyil indian vyaapaarathinte oru vihithathinayi malsarichirunnuvenkil avayil chilath maathrame deerghakaalam nilaninnirunnulloo. paanttan, lesley & kambani upper kreekkukalude quarter-blud leader alexander mcgillivreyumaayi oru sakhyam undaakki, avar eee aashankayil oru vertual nishabda pankaliyaayi. vilyam paantanin thante pithavaaya lachlan mcgillivre ariyamaayirunnu, addeham oru sambannanaaya scots plaantarum maan vyapariyum aayirunnu, alexanderinte kazhivine kuttikkalam muthal thanne addeham thiricharinjirunnu.
1786 aayappozhekkum, kizhakkan floridayileyum padinjaaran floridayileyum indian vyaapaarathil paanttan, lesley & kambanikku spain kuthaka nalkiyappol, sthaapanathinu 250 adimakalum 12,820 ekkar visthruthiyulla floridayil pathonpathu vyakthigatha bhoomi graantukalum undaayirunnu. adimakalil bhooribhaagavum kambani thottangalilum kannukaali valarthukalilum jolie cheythirunnuvenkilum chilarkk prathyeka jolikal undaayirunnu udha.jii.kambani thangalude adimathvam oru indian vyaakhyaathaavaayi spanish sarkkaarin vaadakaykku nalki.
alexander mcgillivray, paanttan, lesley & kambaniyumaayi sahakarichu pravarthichathinu kizhakkan florida, bahamas ennividangalil ninnu mississippi nadhi vare avarude pravartthanangal vipuleekarikkaan kazhinju. spanish amgeekaaram labhichukazhinjaal kambaniyude laabhathinte anjilonnu vihitam mcgillivrake paantan vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. spanish pensacola aasthaanamaayathode 1795 aayappozhekkum thekkukizhakkan mekhalayile thaddesheeya american gothrangalumaayi vyaapaarathil kambanikku kuthakayundaayi, pensacola aasthaanam muthal innathe memphisinte sthalathulla fort saan fernando (munbu chicaso bluffs ennariyappettirunnu) vare vadakkottum padinjaaru nyoo oorliyans vare, mobail posttukalode florida, bahamas, caribean ennividangalile niravadhi sthalangalilum athinte saannidhyam ethi.
indian vyapaaram pothuve kolanikalkkum thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarkkum idayil oro kakshiyum aagrahichathum ennaal uthppaadippikkaathathum charakkukalude kaimattamaayirunnu. pannikaludeyum kannukaalikaludeyum indiakkaaril ninnu kambani oru pradhana vaangunnayaalaayirunnu onnukil kulambiloo, pukachatho uppuvechatho aaya maamsatthilo allengil tholiyilo jeevikkunnu. aayudangal, thokkukal, upakaranangal, thunitharangal, chayangal, madyam, vividatharam chillukal ennivaykku pakaramaayi indigo chedikal, charmmatthinte romangal, cholam, kannukaalikal, tallo, pitch, taar, hickery nattu oayil, pukayila, mirtle mezhuk, uppuvellamulla kaattupothu, saassaafrakal, chooral, truck uthppannangal ennivayum avar vaangi. pensacola kambaniyude mattu warehouseukalilum europian nirmmitha charakkukal-praadhamikamaayi thokkukal, podi, flint, rumm, vividha dry goods enniva upayogichu pikehozhs trainukal sajjeekarikkukayum thudarnnu akathe indian graamangalilekku ayaykkukayum avide ninnu maan, romangal, karadi enna, thaine, bhakshyavasthukkal ennivayumaayi madangukayum cheythu. kambaniyude ejantumaar sent muthal chitharikkidakkunna indian gramangalil kadakal nadatthi. kizhakkan floridayile johns nadhi mississippi vareyum gulf theerathu ninnu tennessi vareyum. pensacola depoyil oru storum warehouseukalum ulppedunnu, avide romangalum tholikalum tharamthirikkukayum sthaapanathinte pathinanju kappalukalude kappalukalil petta scoonerukalilo brigentinukalilo videsha vipanikalilekku kayattumathi cheiyunnathinaayi paaykk cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
thaddesheeya amerikkakkaare chooshanam cheiyunnathum aafrikkan adimakalude upayogavum.
athinte pradhana sathruvum svayamprathishtayulla "muskogee raashtrathinte director generalum" ayirunna vilyam augustus bolsine 1783ll havanayile mooroo jaililekku ayachathinushesham, paanttan, lessie & kambani thaazhnna thekk thottangalile yajamaananmaarumaayi chernnu pravartthikkunna oru bahurashtra power brokeraayi uyarnnuvannu. ekadesham irupathu varshamaayi, aruvikalilum seminolukalilum ninnu nediya maankal kambaniyude kappalukalil nassavuvile athinte valia warehouseilekku kayatti ayachirunnu, avide thekkukizhakkan vipanikalil ninnu vangiya mattu vyapara charakkukalumaayi vadakkulla pradhana vipanikalilekku punarvitharanatthinaayi avaa sambharichirunnu. chila bulk saadhanangal praadesikamaayum puram dveepukalilum chillara vilppanaykkaayi bahamian vyaapaarikalkk vittu; eee bahamian vyapaaram kaikaaryam cheythath joonn forbes aayirunnu. providence dveepile uppu nirmmaanatthinte bhagika udamayaayirunnu kambani, athinte uthppannam pensacolayilekku ayaykkukayum avide athu uyarnna laabhathin indiakkaarkku vilkkukayum cheythu.
sent floridayude irukarakalilum anchu posttukal ulppede oru dussen posttukalulla kizhakkan florida vyapaaram kambani niyanthrichu. johns nadhi. vestt floridayil pensacola store maathram oru tirakkeriya varshathil 250,000 thoppikal eduthu. paantans salt unangiya malsyavum tanned thoppikalum pravarthippikkunnu; sent lesliyude maramurikkaar. maram kuravaayirunna vestt indeesil vilppanaykku johns thadi murikkukayum uppu beef vendi arukkunnathinayi addehathinte kannukaalikale valarthukayum cheythu. nadiyude padinjaaran theerathulla almassen dii newstra senora dii laa kansepsiyoon polulla vyapara storukalil, adimakal kambaniyude cholam, pachakkari vilakal, kannukaalikale valarthal, indian pattanangalil ninnulla tanned maan enniva paripaalikkunnu. mattu adimakal sent. iii. sile warehouseil kayattumathi cheiyunnathinaayi thoppikal samskarichu. aagasttin.
1790ll american aikyanaadukalude thekkan, padinjaaran pradeshangal sandarshicha sanjaara ezhuthukaaranaaya joonn poppu, indian vyapaaram srishticha laabhathinte kanakkukoottalinekkurichu anweshikkukayum vilyam paantan saadhaaranayaayi thante saadhanangal 500 sathamaanam vilaykk vilkkunnuvennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. aadyakaalam muthal vyapaaram uyarnna varumanam nalkiyirunnu prathyakshatthil valia labham chila sarkkar udyogastharkkum aruvikalile nethaakkalkkum aashankayundaakkunna vishayamaayirunnu. ennittum eee bisinessil apakadasaadhyathayum ganyamaaya niyamaanusritha chelavukalum ulppettirunnu.
louisianayilennapole, spanish sarkkar ithinakam nilavilundaayirunna samvidaanathe prayojanappedutthi, athu swantham uddeshyangalumaayi poruthappedutthi. spanish veekshanakonil ninnu valare udaaramaaya padangalkku keezhil, paanttan, lesley & kambani, spanish florida niyanthrikkunnidatholam kaalam avarude kuthaka nilanirtthi; vividha gothrangalumaayulla bandhatthil spanish nayathinu indiakkaarumaayulla avarude swaadheenam anivaryamaayirunnu, 1821 ll florida muzhuvan american ikyanaadukalkku keezhadangunnathinumbu eee mekhalayile spanish thalpparyangal nilanirthunnathinulla oru pradhana maarggamaayirunnu.
chicaso, chokdaavukal, aruvikal enniva apoorvvamaayi maathrame ennavum vilayum kaikaaryam cheythirunnulloo; avarude thoppikalude vilppana vedikkoppukal, aayudangal, madyam, mattu saadhanangal enniva vaangunnathum barter samvidaanathilaanu nadannathu. kuranja vilaykk vaangukayum uyarnna vilaykk vilkkukayum cheyth labham undaakkaanaan paanttan, lesley & kambani avide undaayirunnathu. avarkk kuthaka undayirunnathinaal, vilakal avar aagrahichathupole thanneyaayirunnu. pazhaya thaddesheeya jeevitareeti erekkure illaathaayi; nattukaar europian shailiyilulla uthppannangale aashrayichirunnu. paanttan, lesley, kambani ennivarkku nalkiyirunna thuka (barterilekkulla credit), charmmatthinte thuka kuravaayirunnu, nattukaar vangiya saadhanangalkk vila kooduthalaayirunnu, athinte falamaayi nattukaar kambani store polulla kadathilekku pooyi, athu vanthothil valarnnu. eee kadam adaykkunnathinaayi dasalakshakkanakkinu ekkar (dasalakshakkanakkinu hector) bhoomi kambanikku vittukodukkaan naattukaare prerippichu. eee bhoomi nilavile samsthaanangalaaya alabama, mississippi ennivaykkullil aayirunnu.
kizhakkan floridayileyum padinjaaran floridayileyum adimakkachavadathil pankedukkunna ettavum sajeevamaaya sthaapanangalilum vyaapaarikalilum paanttan, lesley & kambani, aradondo aandu sann, sephania kingsley, joonn fraser ennivaraayirunnu. 1802num 1811num idayil avar kuranjathu 1,260 peradangunna patthu koottam aafrikkakkaare vyakthigathamaayum samyukthamaayum floridayilekku irakkumathi cheythu. floridayil ninnu avaa vadakkott, jorjiyayilekkum karolinayilekkum kayattumathi cheythu.
archival metteeriyal.
oru gaveshana padhathi 517 microphilim reelukalum 31 cubic adii paper recordukalum paanttan, lesley & kambaniyumaayi bandhappettava shekharichu. ivayude udamasthan joonn sii aanu. pensacola vestt florida sarvakalaashaalayile pays library. sthaapanathinte abhibhashakanaaya joonn innaraarittiyude rekhakalum aaa libraryil undu. joonn forbsinte prabandhangal mobail public libraryude kaivashamund.

