
majistrettukalkkul kannaadi

vividha charithrakaaranmaarude jeevithavum daarunamaaya avasaanangalum aavarthikkunna tudor kaalaghattatthile vividha ezhuthukaarude engleesh kavithakalude samaahaaramaan dhii mirror phoor majistretts.
pashchaathalam.
pathinanjaam noottaandile kavi joonn lidgate "raajakumaaranmaarude pathanatthinte" thudarchayaayaanu eee kruthi vibhavanam cheythath. jiovanni bokkaashiyoyude "dii cassibus vairoram ilastriyam" ("prashastharaaya purushanmaarude veezhchayekkurich"), jiophree chausarinte "dhii monk 's stoli" enna engleeshile maathrukaaparamaaya saahithyathinte mattu pradhana kruthikalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondaanu lidgettinte rachanakal. prashastharude pravrithikalkku oru kannaadi pidikkukayum avarude pravrithikal prathifalippikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode majistrettukalkkum pradhana sthaanangalile mattu aalukalkkum avarude thettukalil ninnu padikkaan kazhiyum. mikka kavithakalum oru kannaadiyude munnil thangaleyum avarude pravarthanangaleyum parishodhikkunna prethangalude roopathilaanu. samanamaaya sheershakangal madhyakaalakhattathil janapriyamaayirunnu, koodaathe akkaalat jeevichirunna vinsent dii beauveysinte "speculum maiyas" enna "mirror" ennathinte laattin "spectulum" aayi svayam avatharippikkunna mattu niravadhi kruthikal undaayirunnu.
sambhavakar.
vilyam baldwin, jorjju ferrezhs ennivaraayirunnu kruthiyude aadya edittarmaarum pradhana sambhaavakarum. 1559ll thomas marsh prasidheekaricha pathonpathu jeevithangalil pathinanju rachanakalum avarkkidayil nadannuvenkilum chila jeevithangal oppittathallathathum avar ezhuthiyathaanennu maathram anumaanikkappedunnathum. thomas fair, thomas chalonar, thomas charchu yard ennivar ulppedunna mattu sambhavanakal nalkunna kavikalil joonn skelton muppath varsham munbu marichenkilum oru kavita ezhuthiyirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu. kavithakal thammilulla gadyathilum, kavikal thammilulla sambhashanangalilum mattu niravadhi shreshta jeevithangalekkurichu paraamarsikkunna chila bandhangalund. eee punny aarambikkunnathinulla kaaranangalum baldwin vyakthamaakkunnu
printar raajakumaaranmaarude pathanathekkurichulla lidgettinte pusthakam print cheyyaan sthuthigeethathode uddeshikkukayum, bahumaanyarum aaraadhanayullavarumaaya palarum athu svakaaryamaakkukayum cheythappol, avaril ninnulla diverukal addehathe upadeshichu, bochas [bokashiyo] leftte enna nilayil storiye eee varthamaanakaalam vare, pradhaanamaayum eee ylandale bhagyam ivide nashippichirunna sthalavumaayi bandhippikkaan... eathu upadesamaanu addehathinu eshtappettathu, athil panam edukkaan addeham ennodu aavasyappettu.
pathippukal.
1555ll thanne prasadhakanaaya joonn weyland eee kruthiyude aadya pathipp samaaharichuvenkilum addehathinte lidgate pathippumayi chertthirikkunna sheershaka peju maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. loard chansalar steefan gardiner prasidheekarikkaanulla licenses weylandinu nishedhikkukayum aaa kruthi phalapradamaayi adichamarthukayum prasaadhakane bisinessil ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. baldwin pinneedu oru achadikkurippil ingane abhiprayappettu "woork aarambhich athinte oru bhagam moonnirandu varshangalkk munbu achadichuvenkilum annathe chansalar prabhuvinaal pracharippikkapettu."
athe varsham thanne thottakkaaran marichuvenkilum aaa kruthi udan prasidheekarichirunnil. merii onnaamante bharanakaalathu englandil ithu oru budhimuttulla samayamaayirunnu, mikka kruthikalkkum rashtreeya upasheershakamundenn samshayikkappettu. bharanavargathinte poorvvikare apamaanikkukayo vimarshanathinte peril bharanakoodatthinte rashtreeya shathrukkale sookshumamaayi prashamsikkukayo cheythukondu munkaalathe prabhukkanmaarude thettukal kaikaaryam cheiyunna kavithakal vivaadamaakumaayirunnu.
elisabath onnaaman raajnjiyude adhikaaramettathode raajyathinte mathathil maattam vannu, ithu 1559-leeii pathipp prasidheekarikkaan anuvadichu. puthiya raajnjiyude keezhil pathra niyanthranangal laghookarichenkilum vishayam ippozhum budhimuttaayirunnu. nilavilulla kavithakalile soochanakalil ninnu anumaanikkappedunna baldwinte yadhaartha padhathi, edward VI-nte bharanakalam vare, englandile richard III-nte bharanakalam vare, oduvil meriyude bharanakalam vare moonnu vaalyangal ezhuthuka ennathaayirunnu. eee kruthikku mikacha sveekaaryatha labhichathayi thonnumenkilum baldwin padhathi thudarnnilla. ithu anaarogyam moolamaano-1563-ll addeham marichirikkaam-allengil sameepakaala jeevithangal kooduthal vivaadaparamaayathinaal, anishchithathvathilaanu, ennaal kruthiyude adutha pradhana vipuleekaranam pradhaanamaayum purathana bhoothakaalathil othungi ennathu pradhaanamaan.
parambaraagathamaayi muzhuvan srishtiyudeyum prachodanavum aasoothranavum thomas saakvilleyaanennu aaropikkappedunnu. aadya pathippinte samayat addehathinu pathinettu vayass maathramaayirunnathinaal ithu asambhavyamaanennu thonnunnu, 1563-leeii moonnaam pathippil maathrame addeham oru sambhavanakkaaranaayi pattikappeduthiyittulla. eee kruthiyude bhooribhaagavum credit labhikkunnathin kaaranam "kannaadiyil" pravarthicha ezhuthukaaril ettavum prashasthanaaya addeham ennathukondumaathramalla, addehathinte sambhavanakal, "induction", "henry duke oof buckingham" ennivayude parati enniva palappozhum shaashvathamaaya saahitya yogyathayullathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. chaakvilleyude rachanakalkk pilkkala pathippukalkk vidheyamaaya punasamghadanakal chaakvilleyude vibhaagangalkk aakasmikamaaya praadhaanyam nalkukayum pilkkala vaayanakkaare aashayakkuzhappathilaakkum cheythathaanu chaakkvilleyilekkulla vivaranathinu mattoru kaaranam.
1563-leeii pathippil ettu adhika jeevithangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ivayil onnengilum muun kavithakalude kaalathaanu ezhuthappettathennu ariyappedunnu, pakshe avaa prasidheekarichappol ozhivaakkappettu. 1574-ll thomas marsh edittarum pradhana ezhuthukaaranumaaya joonn higgins aanu adutha pathipp veendum achadichathu. muun pathippukalude kavithakalkk munbulla valare munkaala jeevithangale kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaal puthiya pathippin "majistrettumaarude kannaadiyude aadya bhagam" ennu perittathu aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunu. kaavyathmaka shaili mattu kavithakalumayi valare saamyamullathaanenkilum, higgins valare thaazhnna kaviyayi kaanapedunnu, addeham kruthiyude shradhaakendrathe valareyadhikam maatti.
sameepakaala charithratthil ninnulla aalukalude jeevithathekkurichulla vimarsanaathmaka vilayiruthal baldwinteyum samakaalika ezhuthukaarudeyum rachanakalil vyakthamaayirunnu, ithu aadyakaala britteeshukaarude vidoora ithihaasangalekkurichulla prashamsaneeyamaaya vivaranagalkk vazhiyorukki. munkaalangalile pishakukalekkurichu varthamaanakaalathekk munnariyippukal nalkunna jeevithangal parishodhikkunna oru rashtreeya vivaadaathmaka pusthakamaayirunnu ippol englandinte charithratthil deseeya abhimaanam prakadippikkunna oru kruthiyaayirunnu; avayil palathum valiyathothil puranamaaya "historiya regum britania" yill ninnu eduthathaanu. englandinte mahathaaya bhoothakaalathekkurichulla eee shradhayum palappozhum romine dhikkarikkunnathum protestant matham kaaranam raajyam yooroppinte mattu bhaagangalil ninnu anyavalkkarikkappetta valareyadhikam bandhappettirikkunnu.
1578-ll thomas blennerhasset purathana britteeshukaarude jeevithangalude mattoru samahaaram ezhuthaan svayam chumathalappeduthiyenkilum ithu mattoru printaraayirunnathinaal athil muun kavithakal ulppeduthiyirunnil. eee kruthi addehathinte adutha pathippinaayi britiish metteeriyalukal kollayadichathinaal, 1587-ll achadicha puthiya jeevithangalil bhooribhaagavum kuleena romacar aayirunnu. francis dingliyude "floadden feeld", "vilapangal jaims IV" ennee rund kavithakalum addeham ulppeduthiyittundu. 1610-leeii pathippode orikkal janapriyamaayirunna "kannaadi" faashanil ninnu illaathaavukayum richard nikkolukalude mosham editting kazhivukal athinte prashasthiye kooduthal kalankappeduthukayum cheythu. blennerhasettinte mikka kruthikalum addeham ulppeduthiyenkilum niravadhi jeevithangalum kavithakal thammilulla gadyathile mikka bandhangalum addeham neekkam cheythu. enthukondaanu chila jeevan neekkam cheythathennu vyakthamallengilum chilath puthiya rajaavaaya jaims onnaamante puthiya scotish bharanavarggathe naanamkedutthiyirikkaam. alfred kamathal nasippikkappedunnathine kendreekaricha blennerhasettinte kavithaykkum antharicha raajnjikkulla aadaranjaliyaaya "englandinte elisa" ykkum pakaramaayi alfred dhii grettinekkurichulla kooduthal desasnehaparamaaya vivaranam ulppede addeham swantham patthu kavithakal chertthu.
nichols pathippinte ozhivaakkalukal avaganichukondu, bii. sii. 1085-leeii albanact muthal 1603-leeii elisabath vareyulla 60 varshathilere neenda kaalaghattatthe ulkkollunna noorolam jeevan eee kruthiyil ulppedunnu. 1610 nuu sesham eee kruthi thallikkalayukayum erekkure marakkukayum cheythappol, tudor kaalaghattatthil baldwin kaalaghattatthile jeevithangal janapriyavum uyarnna bahumathiyullathumaayirunnu. manoharamaaya bhagangalaal alankarichirikkunnu" ennu paranjukondu philipp sidney thante "kavithaye prathirodhikkunna" kruthiyekkurichu paraamarsikkunnu. kavi vilyam warnerude "aalbiyons englandu", maikkal dreytante "cromwell" thudangi 1610-leeii pathippil ulppeduthiya samakaalika kruthikalil eee kruthiyude swaadheenam prakadamaayirunnu. engleesh saahithyathile duranthatthinte roopathinte vikasanathinum ithu pradhanamaayirunnu, higginsinte learinteyum cordilayudeyum katha shakespeareude "king lear" enna kruthiyude uravidam nalki.
aadhunika sweekaranam.
mikka pilkkala vimarshakarum eee kruthiyekkurichu paraamarshikkukayaanenkil athinte niravadhi thettukal choondikkaanikkunnathu ozhivakkaan kazhiyilla. palappozhum saakvilleyude sambhavana maathrame samrakshanathinu yogyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnulla. mattu pala kavithakalum mangiya, upadeshathmaka swarathil parayappedunnu, 1913 ll edmund gose, kaaval prashamsa nalkumbol, "achanchalaraaya kaviyitranmaar avarude ekathaanamaaya raim royalil arachedukkunnu" ennu paranju.
vividha pathippukalude jeevithangal.
majistrettukalkkul kannaadi" yude pradhana pathippukalil cherttha jeevithangalude pattika chuvade
1559.
roobert tressilian, rogger mortimer, thomas, duke oof glousestar, thomas moubri, richard randaaman, oovain glinder, henry persey, richard, kembridge, thomas, salisburyile erl, skotlandile jaims onnaaman, vilyam dii laa pooll, jacq cade, richard, duke oof york, joonn clifford, joonn tippopht, richard, erl oof warwick, henry VII, jorj, duke oof clarence, edward IV
glocesterile duke humphreyudeyum bhaarya elanor kobhaaminteyum gadyathile katha
1563.
aanthani vudville, vilyam hussings, henry, duke oof buckingham, vilyam collingbone, richard III, shorinte bhaarya (jaine shoar), edmund beaufort, blacksmith (loard oodli)
1574.
albanactus, humber, locrinus, estrilidis, estrilidisile sabrin makal, maddan, madaante makan malin, memprisius, bladud, cordila, morgan, forex, porex, kimaras, morindus, nenius, 1575-leeii oru pakarppil irenglass
1578.
guidericus, carasus, helena, vortigar, udhar pendragon, cadvalador, sigert, lady ebe, allurade, egelred, edric, harrold
1587.
aigo, pinnar, staattar, rudac, brennes, emirianus, chirinnas, varianus, juuliyas seaser, tiberius, kaligula, guiderious, lelius hamo, cladius, neero, galba, otho, vitelius, laundricus, severus, fuljensius eiii piktt, getta, karakkala, nicolaus burdet, jaims IV, floadden feeld, cardinal volsey
1610.
arther, edmund ironside, alfred, godwin, roobert karthos, richard onnaaman, joonn, edward randaaman, edward anchaaman, richard moonnaaman, elisabath

