
string kwaarttett nambar. 1 (jerhard)

1951num 1955num idayil roobert gerhard rachicha vayola, cello ennee rund vayalin kashanangalkulla oru kashanamaanu string kwaarttett nambar 1,1956ll dartingtonil pradharshippichu. eee kruthi gerhardinte shailiyilum ghadana prakriyakalilum oru vazhithirivayi adayaalappeduthunnu, kaaranam oru kaiyil, aadya chalanatthile sonaatta phoom polulla chila pazhaya saankethikavidyakal addeham veendedukkunnu, mattullava 12-toonn saankethikavidya pole pazhayathalla. gerhard eee vibhavangal svayam srishticha puthiya chittayaya prakriyakalodoppam vikasippikkukayum samyojippikkukayum parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, angane athu pinneedu addehathinte samgeethathinu anivaryamaaya puthiyathum vishalavumaaya saidhaanthika chattakkoodilekku nayikkunnu.
pashchaathalam.
roobert gerhard 1951ll cambridgil eee string kwaarttett ezhuthaan thudangi, avide addeham francoyude svechaadhipathyathinte falamaayi 1939 muthal naadukadatthappettu, oru supradhana charitraparavum vyakthiparavumaaya pashchaathalatthil. 1951-ll athe varsham maricha arnold skonberginte ettavum pradhanappetta shishyanmaril oraalaayirunnu addeham (jeevichirippundaayirunna churukkam chilaril ninnu). athe samayam, sconberg prathirodhicha antharyudha kaalaghattatthile avant-gaardinte panthrand toonn compositional technic piyar boulasinte neethrthwathilulla integral serialism upayogichu maattisthaapichu.
taamasiyaathe, gerhardinte avasaanathe rund kruthikalkku niroopakarude mosham sveekaaryatha labhichu. aadyathethu, videshathu purathirangiya ooppara dhii duna, "janapriya gaanangale durupayogam cheythathinu" nirasikkapettu, ithu premiier barsalonayilaayirunnenkil sambhavikkumayirunnilla. avide, pothujanagalkk eee kathayilum raashtreeyatheyum samoohatheyum kurichulla paraamarsangalilum kooduthal earppedaamaayirunnu. vayolaykkum pianoykkum vendiyulla sonaatta" enna randaamathe bhagam "moulikathayude abhavam" ullathayi parayappedunnu. ithu gerhardine prathisandhiyude oru kaalaghattatthilekku nayichu. panthrand toonn samvidaanathilekkulla aadya chuvaduvayppinu sesham, onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil, samgeethasamvidhaanathinte lokathile randaamathe valia njettalin addeham saakshyam vahikkukayaanu.
athinusesham, addeham thante rachanaajeevithathinte moonnaam ghattam aarambhichu, serialism enna aashayathekkurichulla paryaveshanatthinte savisheshatha, pakshe boulas allengil messian ennathil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaaya dishayilaanu. athinusesham, addeham serialisation enna ashayam pichilum thaalkkaalikathayilum prayogikkunnu, pakshe kooduthal ayanja reethiyil addeham muzhuvan chrometic skeyilum upayogikkendathilla, koodaathe orotta sereesinullil chila block ekschenchukalum nadathunnu, ithu vyakthathaykku kooduthal idam nalkunnu. samayam-ezhu enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakki addeham samayathinte adisthaanathil serialisavum vikasippikkunnu jerhard anupaathangalilekkum (thaalathekkaal) sambhavangal thammilulla doorathilekkum (angane uchaaranam, thaalam, dairkhyam, metrik, roopam enniva ore spectrathil ulppeduthunnu) svayam nayikkaan chaayvullavanaanu.
ennirunnaalum, eee puthiya seeriyalisathinaayulla vimarsanangalum addehathinte munganana undaayirunnittum, kaattalan naadodi samgeethathil ninnulla gadakangal thaalam, oorkkastreshan allengil toonn-rokalude aakruthiyil upayogikkaan gerhard orikkalum athiraayirunnilla. eee nimisham muthal, 12-toonn adhyapana, prabhashanangal, lekhanangal ezhuthal ennivayude upadesaparamaaya mekhalayilum addeham sconbergill ninnu chumathalayettu.
eee ardhathil, athu nilanirthunnathinulla paarambaryatthe parivartthanam cheyyaanulla aagraham addeham bartokkumaayi pankidunnu. vaasthavathil, "piano concerto" (1951) allengil harpsicord concerto (1956) polulla gerhard srishticha eee puthiya kaalaghattatthile chila bhagangal unarthiya soundaryam oru paridhivare hangarian samgeethasamvidhaayakante vyakthamaaya swaadheenathe soochippikkunnu. ithinupurame, roopam, thaalam, reethikal allengil niram thudangiya vashangal thaarathamyam cheiyunnathiloode, oro samgeethasamvidhaayakarudeyum athath pradeshangalil ninnulla naadodi samgeethathinte upayogathil samaanathakalude nilanilpp vyakthamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum.
rund varshathinu sesham, symphany nambar. 1 "(1953) baden-badenile samakaalika samgeethathinte anthaaraashtra samoohathinte utsavathil ganyamaaya vijayam nedi. mattu puthiya sangeetha pravaahangal gerhard pinthudarnnillenkilum, britiish samgeethasamvidhaayakaraaya puthiya thalamurakalude pravarthanangalekkurichum pothuve anthaaraashtra ramgathekkurichum addehathinu nannayi ariyamaayirunnu. eee saahacharyathil rund ozhivaakkalukalund oru vashath, 1950-kalil addeham bbc seereesinaayi ("john dii serellonga" enna thoolikaanaamam upayogichu) upakarana samgeetham ezhuthi; maruvashathu, addeham electronic samgeethathekkurichu (prathyekichu konkreett samgeetham) gaveshanam nadathukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythu, pinneedu addehathinte electro-acoostic rachanakalkk kaaranamakunna vibhavangalum vasthukkalum nedi. eee dauthyathil leopoldina fiketegger oru pradhana punk vahichu (poldy, gerhardine vivaham kazhichu). vivaahathin joliyum paarppidavum vaagdaanam cheytha alice ruftonte rakshaakarthruthvamillaathe avar eee purogathi kaivarikkumayirunnilla ennum parayaam akkaalathe budhijeevikal thammilulla sahayathinteyum punarekeekaranatthinteyum oru pradhana sthalamaayirunnu aleesinte thamasam.
string kwaarttett nambarinekkurichulla oru pradhana vastutha. 1, yadhaarthathil addeham rachicha aadyathe chathushkolam athalla, kaaranam addeham munbu 3 ennam koodi ezhuthiyittundu, ennaal mattullavaye thante kaattalogil ulppeduthaanulla ashayam gerhard thallikkalanju. aadya rund theeyathikal yathaakramam 1917 (felip pedralinte vidyaarthiyaayirikke), 1922 (svayam padippicha). moonnaamathethinu kooduthal sankeernamaaya charithramunda addeham 1927 ll skonberginte vidyaarthiyaayirunnapol ithu rachichu, ennaal ithu sarikkum akkadami derr kanstteyude professork addeham avatharippicha oru kruthiyaano allayo ennu charcha cheyyappedunnu, kaaranam ithu addehathinte mattu kruthikalil ninnu shailiparamaayi vyathyasthamaan. ennirunnaalum, eee randaamathe chathurbhaagatthinte oru bhagam "charadukalkkaayulla kacheriyil" (1929) kaanapedunnu. koodaathe, 1929-ll kaattaloniyayilekk madangivarunnathinu rund varsham munbu, amgeekaarathinteyum saambathika svayambharanathinteyum kaaryatthil thante kariyaril oru uthejanam nedunnathinaayi addeham eee chathushkonam barsalonayile oru composition malsarathil avatharippichu.
vishakalanam.
naalu chalanangalilayi ezhuthappetta eee kruthiyude ekadesham 20 minitt dairkhyamundu (premiyaril 19 umm cruitser kwaarttettinte recordingle 23 umm, athil thaazhepparayunna kaalayalavukal rekhappeduthiyittundu):
srishtiyude ghadana prakriyayude thudakkavum avasaanavum thammilulla thaalkkaalika vyathyasam, athe panthrand-nottu sreniye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane, chalanagal 1-2 num 3-4 num idayil oru stailistik verthiriv srishtikkunnu. avasana rund chalanagal shrenikaliloode uyarangalum anupaathangalum bandhapetta "kompinettari coode" nte aadya paryaveshanangalilonnaanu."" [i] 12-nottu sreniyumaayi oresamayam upayogikkuka, ithu samkhyaaparamaayi prakadippicha anupaathangalude oru koottamaanu. uyaram-ghadana bandham kaikaaryam cheiyunna compinatoric kanakkukoottalukalkulla oru kodaayi eee parambaraye kanakkakkaam."" "roobert gerhard", "panthrand-toonn saankethikavidyayile vikasanangal" "(1956)
koodaathe, aakasmikamaayi, avasana chalanangalude kaalayalavil suvarnna anupatham avyakthamaanenn oraalkk sradhikkaam ithu recordingine aashrayich vyathyaasappedaam, pakshe naalaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum chalanagal thammilulla anupatham aduthuvarikayaanennum athupole avasana rund chalanagal thammilulla recordinginte aakethukayum namukk kaanaan kazhiyum.
chalanangalude vishakalanam.
mooviment I ("algro assai").
thante rachanakalil upayogikkunna stailistik vibhavangalumayi sonaatta roopathinte prayogam kalarthi punarnirmikkaan gerhard kadinamaayi parishramichu, eee prasthaanam ithinu vyakthamaaya udaaharanamaanu. ennirunnaalum, tonalytic purathu, theemattik, harmonic paaraameettarukalkullil oru sonaattaye roopappeduthaan anuvadikkunna puthiya sangeetha prakriyakal nirvachikkendathu aavasyamaanu. prameya ghadakam panthrand swara prathyayashaasthrathinulla samrakshikkappedunnathil, athintethaaya madhurarekhakal upayogikkunnathinappuram ekkaaryathil saankethikavidya mattendathilla. saamarasyatheyum swarathinte abhaavatheyum sambandhichidatholam, addeham uyarangalude swara-variye rund shadbhujangalayi vibhajikkukayum munbu purathana reethikalum svarangalum adayaalappeduthiyirunna harmonic vairudhyam nedaan eee dwaithatha upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. hexacordukal munbu sconberg upayogichirunna oru vibhavamaan, koodaathe gerhard "voonn hyoot ouf morgan" polulla thante maasttarude rachanakal padikkaan kurachu samayam chelavazhichathaayi ariyappedunnu.
kwaarttettinte thudakkathil toonn-roye eee rund pooraka hexacordukalaayi vibhajikkunnath eee kruthiyil hexacordal bandham vahikkunna praadhaanyatthe munkootty soochippikkunnu. ithinupurame, yadhaartha shreniyile oro hexacord essie 6-22 (012468)-nte bhagamaanu, athu svayam poorakamaanu. thalphalamaayi, oro hexacord, variyude thudakkathil ninno avasaanathil ninno verthirichedukkunnathu, athinte transposition retrograde inversion vazhi bandhappettirikkunnu. pothuvaayi anchu pitch klaasukal pankidunna hexacordal toonn-rokale bandhappedutthaan thiranjedutthu gerhard ithu oru padi koodi munnott kondupookunnu. ithinartham oro hexacordal variyilum parasparam anchu pitch klaasukal pankidunna mattu rund hexacordukal undaakum ennaanu. gerhard eee bandhangal chathushkonangal maathramaayi chooshanam cheiyunnathinaal, eee bandham "adutha bandhamullah" ennu prakadamaakkunna hexacordukale njangal paraamarsikkum.
oro hexacordinum athinte pradhana roopathil aarr pitch klaasukal pankidunna oru anubandha koottaali maathrame ulloovenkilum, bandhapetta aarr-nottu segmentukalil oronninum rund hexacordal parivarthanangalundu. eee govani aakruthiyilulla bandham chithram 2 ll kaanaan kazhiyum, athil oru "hexacordal matricks" undu, avide shreniyude oro prime aakruthiyum athinte rund hexacordal paridikalkkullil ettavum thaazhnnathil ninnu (pitch klaasinte kramatthil ninnu) uyarnnathilekku punakramekarikkunnu. oro hexacordil ninnum mattonnilekku varaykkunna varikal avayude ettavum adutha bandhuvumaayi jodiyaakkunnu.
eee bandham kaaranam, oro hexacordinum idayil kuranjathu anchu nottukalenkilum pothuvaayi sookshichu seereesinte onniladhikam parivarthanangalkkidayil jerhardinu thikachum neengaan kazhiyum, ithu vyakthavum thadassamillaathathumaaya harmonic yojippinu kaaranamaakunnu.
prameyangalil eee hexacordukalude upayogathekkurichu, addeham eee rund gadanakalum thammilulla bandhangal vikasippikkunnu, retrogradeukalum inversionukalum upayogichu exposion, development, recapitulation, primery, subordinate theemukal ennivayumaayi poruthappedunna mekhalakal vikasippikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, addehathinu oru hexacord (athath traansposishanukalode) maathrame expositionil avatharippikkan kazhiyoo, koodaathe valare nirddishta roopangalude sambhavangalkkayi traansposishanukalude chila kombineshanukal reserve cheyyaan kazhiyum. inipparayunna schema eee parambaraagatha vibhajanangalude bandhatheyum jerhard seerees traansposishanukalum hexacordukalum (yathaakramam p, h enniva upayogichu encode cheythirikkunnu) engane nadappilaakkunnuvennum soochippikkunnu.
harmonic gadanayude eee puthiya veekshanam baabittinte chinthayumaayi erekkure poruthappedunnu, 12-toonn saankethikavidyayude adisthaana ashayam tonality thathwathinte naveekaranamaanu. vaasthavathil, baabittinte gaveshanathekkurichu addehathinu valareyadhikam ariyaamaayirunnuvenn gerhardinte rachanakalil anumaanikkappedunnu.
koodaathe, eee aadya chalanatthil "aadima iberian thaalangalude prathidhwani" undu. prathyekichum, "austinaatto" yile chila poliritham salamaankayile "charada" kaleyum oru paridhivare fandango soochippikkunnu.
randaamathe chalanam ("koonn vaivaasitta").
eee chalanatthil addeham hexacordukale muthaleduthu toonn-royude parivartthanangalum athinte vyathiyaanangalum thammil oru bandham sthaapikkunnu. eee reethiyil, oru vashath addeham yadhaartha shreniyude oro transposition athinte retrogradeumaayi jodiyaakkunnu, maruvashathu, mattoru vipareethavum athath retrogradation.
moonnaamathe chalanam ("grave").
eee chalanatthil addeham hexacordukale muthaleduthu toonn-royude parivartthanangalum athinte vyathiyaanangalum thammil oru bandham sthaapikkunnu. eee reethiyil, oru vashath addeham yadhaartha shreniyude oro transposition athinte retrogradeumaayi jodiyaakkunnu, maruvashathu, mattoru vipareethavum athath retrogradation.
thaalkkaalikathaye sambandhichidatholam, athe toonn-roow nottukal svayam edukkaan anuvadikkunnu modulo 12 ll oru lalithamaaya kuraykkuka, athaayath, edavela formula _ 1 leeii phalangal kuraykkuka, pariganikkuka, angane oru samkhya avasheshikkukayaanenkil, ningalkk aavashyamullathra 12 ennam chercano kuraykkaano kazhiyum. eee nadapadikramam srishtiyude ghadanaye valareyadhikam swaadheenikkunnu, kaaranam ithu oru varii pravartthikkunna 78 formula _ 2 ettu nottukal nirnnayikkunnu. koodaathe, avayude dairkhyam 33 umm 45 umm aayirikkunnathinayi addeham eee sreniye rund hexacordukalaayi vibhajikkunnu. 33:45 anupaathathinu chalanatthiludaneelam oru pradhana ardhamundu, kaaranam addeham athine 4 gadanaaparamaaya vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkum 11 baarukalil (33 x 3 x 11) 3 vibhaagangalund, avasaanatheth 12 baarukalaan (12 x 45-33). formula _ 3.
athinaal, varikalkk purame, juuliyan vaittinte vaakkukalil "motham shabda sambhavangalude chalanam, dairkhyam, thaalkkaalika pinthudarcha" enniva niyanthrikkunna oru thaala parambarayundu.
naalaamathe chalanam ("molto algro").
eee chalanatthil munbathevayude athe ghadana thathwangal adangiyirikkunnu, ennaal chaakrika meter trainukalude saankethikavidyayum avatharippikkunnu, ithu oru metrik alavil vyathyastha alavilulla oru nischitha ennam beettukalulla sangeetha gadanakal avatharippikkunna pravarthanamaanu, ithu oru nischitha ennam aavarthanangalkk sesham vare metrik kurayunnathinum prathyeka gadanaykkum kaaranamaakunnu (ithu rund gadakangalum nirmmikkunna pulsationukalude ettavum kuranja saadhaarana gunithamayirikkum).
prathyekichum, oro ghadanayum (yathaakramam 9/8,7/8) yathaakramam 9,7 aavarthanangalil 2/8 baarumaayi krameekarichukondu engane shabdamundaakkunnuvennu inipparayunna rekhaachithram (chithram 6) kaanikkunnu.
seeriyalisathekkurichula vimarsanam.
aadyamaayi, gerhard eee chathushkonatthil thaala parambara sidhaantham samoolamaayi prayogichu moonnaamathe chalanam anupaathangalude padanamaayi manassilakkaam, athu phalapradamaakanamenkil shrothaakkalkk avabodham urappaakkendath aavasyamaanu. eee anupathangal, bhaagikamaayi, ore toonn-variyil ninnu uruthirinjekkaam, eee avyakthathayode kalikkaam. samgeethathe sangalppikkukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheytha reethiye valareyadhikam swaadheenicha shaasthra saankethikavidya, kalaaroopangalile puthumakalumaayi nirantharam update cheyyaan gerhard shramichu."chathushkonatthinte avasaanathe rund chalanangalil, atharam kathidapaadukal yukthisahamakkaanum munkootty vibhavanam cheytha kriyaathmaka padhathiyil ninnu uruthirinja pitch, time-dimensionukal thammilulla krithyamaaya bandham thante samgeethathil sthaapikkaanum gerhard shramikkunnu. athinaal, hexacordal sisttathile 'root-nottu' ll ninnu semitonukalil alakkunna shreniyile oro kurippinum, samayathinte scalineo alavukol moolyangaleyo thulyamaayi soochippikkaan kazhiyunna oru samkhya undaakkunnu. atharamoru samghadanayude padhathi valare karkkashamaanennu thonniyekkaam. ennaal roberto gerhard oru pedant allah. eathu sangeetha prashnatheyum neridunnathil thante pravarthanaswaathanthryam engane samrakshikkanamennu addehathinu ellaayppozhum ariyaam."ellah thaalangalkkum oru samkhya kramam nalkunnathinupakaram (ithu thaalam paatten oru mungananayai nirnnayikkum), kooduthal pothuvaaya sandarbhangalil (metrik, thaalam) seerees pravartthikkaanum pinneedu cheria thothil vyakthamakkaanum addeham eshtappettu. swaathanthryathinteyum avabodhathinteyum abhaavathil vimarsikkappetta ithu addehathe mattu serialism shailikalil ninnu verthirichu. mattoru savisheshatha, addeham oru maarganirddeshakanaayi varthikkunna vyathyastha samaya anupaathangalil pravartthikkunnu ennathaanu.
premier recording.
1955ll poortthiyaaya eee chathushkonam (parenin chathushkodinu samarppichirikkunna) adutha varsham augustil dartington summer schoolil motham 19 minitt dairkhyathode pradharshippichu.
cruitser kwaarttettum ardity kwaarttettum sradheyamaaya recordingukalil ulppedunnu.