
cambria irumbu kambani

1852ll sthaapithamaaya pathonpathaam noottaandile irumbinteyum urukkinteyum pradhana vyaavasaayika nirmmaathaavaayirunnu pensylvaniayile jonstaunile cambria irumbu kambani. 1870kalil raajyathe ettavum valia urukk foundari undaayirunna kambanikku 1898ll cambria steel kambani ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. vilyam kellie, henry bessemer ennivayulppede urukk nirmmaana prakriyayil kambani niravadhi puthumakal upayogichu. 1923ll bethlahem steel kambani eee kambaniye etteduthu. konmog, cheria konmog nadikal ennividangalilaayi vyaapichukidakkunna kambaniyude charitraparamaaya soukaryangal oru deseeya charitraparamaaya naazhikakkallaan.
sthaapanathinte niravadhi srishtikal charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttaril pattikappedutthiyittundu.
peru charithram.
1898ll cambria irumbu nirmmanangal punasamghadippikkukayum cambria steel kambani ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1916-ll midu vaale steel aandu oordanans kambani cambria steel kambani vaangukayum 1923-ll bethlahem steel kambanikku vilkkukayum cheythu.
soukaryangal.
pensylvaniayile jonstaunilum parisaratthum anchu vyathyastha sthalangal kaambriyayile vyaavasaayika soukaryangal ulkkollunnu. lover varks ennariyappedunna athinte aadyakaala soukaryangal konmog nadiyude kizhakkan theerathu, dauntaun jonstauninteyum littil konmog nadiyudeyum vadakku bhagathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 
jonstaun nagarakendratthinte vadakkukizhakkaayi cheria konmoginte thekk bhagathaanu gauttiyar plaant sthithi cheiyunnathu. aaa nadikku mukalilaayi vipulamaaya franklin plaantum wheel plaantumaanu, athesamayam konmog nadiyude padinjaaru bhagathaanu rooad aandu vayar plaant sthithi cheiyunnathu. eee soukaryangal oronnum urukk vyavasaayathinte vikasanathinteyum valarchayudeyum vyathyastha ghattathe prathinidheekarikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, thaazhnna jolikalkku urukk nirmmaanatthil upayogichirunna aadyakaala soukaryangalude kaaryamaaya adayaalangalilla. 1989ll niyukthamaaya deseeya charitraparamaaya naazhikakkallaya jillayaan eee anchu pradeshangalum.
kambaniyude charithram.
reyilveyude nirmmaanathinaayi irumbu nalkunnathinaayi 1852laanu cambria irumbu kambani sthaapithamaayathu. 1854-ll, spodanathil ninnu purathupoya irumbu nirmmithikal mathyoo nyookirkkinte neethrthwathilulla oru koottam philadelphia vyapaarikal vaangi. 1857-ll oru theepidutthatthil pradhana rolling mill nashichathinethudarnnu, newkirk thante sahanikshepakare athu valia thothil punarnirmikkaan prerippichu.
kambani athivegam valarukayum 1870-kalode urukk nirmmaanatthil munnirayilulla oru uthppaadakarum urukk nirmmaana saankethikavidyayude purogathiyil oru puthumayulla vyakthiyumaayirunnu. ithu kellie kanverttarumaayi aadyakaala pareekshanangal nadatthi, aadyathe pookkunna millu nirmmichu, ingottukalude chalanathinaayi hydrolics upayogicha aadyathe plaantukalil onnaanith. valia thothil urukk nirmmikkunnathin bessemer prakriya upayogicha aadyathe plaantukalilonnu ithu nirmmichu. kambaniyude puthumakal, reethikal, prakriyakal enniva urukk vyavasaayathiludaneelam vyaapakamaayi swaadheenam chelutthi.
1870-kalil general maanejar daniel jonson moralinte deerghakaala neethrthwathil kambani athinte unnathiyilaayirunnu, addeham british railway nirmmaana irakkumathiye aashrayikkunnath avasaanippikkaan sahaayichukond amerikkayile ettavum valia reyil nirmmaathaakkalil oralaayi pravartthanangal vipuleekarikkaan melnottam vahichu. 40-aamath yunaittad stetts kongrasilum 41-aamath yunaittad stetts kongrasilum addeham amgamaayirunnu.
jonstauninteyum cambria irumbu kambaniyude soukaryangaludeyum mukalil konmog thadaakam roopeekaricha southu fork anakkettinekkurichu moral aashankaakulanaayi. anakkett nireekshikkunnathinaayi, morel anakkettinte udamasthathayilulla southu fork fishing aandu hunding clubble chernnu. swantham enchineeyarmaarum pensylvania railroad parishodhicha anakkett mechappeduthunnathinaayi morel club udyogastharodu pracharanam nadatthi. bhaagikamaayi swantham chelavil attakuttappanikal nadatthaan polum moral vaagdaanam cheythenkilum club president benchamin eph nirasichu. ruff. 1885ll morel marikkukayum addehathinte munnariyippukal sradhikkappedaathe pookukayum cheythu.
1889 meyy 31nuu anakkett paraajayappedukayum jonstaun vellapokkam pottippurappedukayum cheythu. vellappokkathil 2,200-ladhikam aalukal marichu-yuu. esile ettavum valia durantham.ezz. charithram-cambria irumbu kambaniyude soukaryangal moshamaayi nashippichu. 1889 juun 6 nuu kambani veendum thurakkukayum vellappokkathethudar mattu nirmmathaakkal valippathil avaganichenkilum swathanthramaayi pravartthikkunnathu thudarukayum cheythu.
klabbile moralinte amgathvam cambria ayann kambaniyude cheef leagal kaunsilaraaya siras elder vaangi. muun warta edittaraaya muthirnnayaalkk clubble amgamaayirunna eaka jonstaun swadeshiyaayirunnu, vellappokkathil bharya makaleyum nashtappettu. addeham oru sradheyamaaya pouranethaavaayirunnu, pusthakangalum kavithakalum ezhuthukayum cheythu.
1916ll midu vaale steel aandu oordanans kambani eee kambaniye etteduthu. 1923ll midu vaale kambani bethlahem steelinu vilkkukayum 1992 vare thudarchayaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
1906ll cambria steel kambani clevelandile franklin steamship kambaniyum 1916ll beaver steamship kambaniyum enna peril oru udamasthaavakaasha subsidiary shipping kambaniyum roopeekarichu. 1924ll rund kambanikalum bethlahem steamship kambanikku vittu.
nirmikkappetta jolikal.
cambria kambani nirmmicha bhaagangalude adisthaana soukaryangalil (aatribyooshanile vyathiyaanangalode) ulppedunnu

