stafford ell. vaaran

stafford leak vaaran (juulai 19,1896-juulai 26,1981) oru american vaidyan radiologistum aanava vaidyashaasthra mekhalayile oru thudakkakkaaranum mammogram kandupidichathiloode ariyappedunnayaalumaayirunu. sarvakalashaala oof rochasttar school oof medisinil radiology vibhaagathil jolie cheiyunnathinidayil ex-reey upayogichu sthanaarbudathinte stereoscopic chithrangal nirmmikkanulla saankethikavidya vaaran vikasippichu.
1943ll american armi medical corpsil kenalaayi kammeeshan cheyyappetta vaaran manhattan enchiniyaring distrikttinte medical vibhaagathinte medaaviyaayi niyamithanaayi. manhattan padhathiyil earppettirikkunna aayirakkanakkin udyogastharude aarogyathinteyum surakshayudeyum utharavaaditham addehathinaayirunnu. lokathile aadyathe aanavaayudham pottitherichathinte suraksha vashangalude utharavaadithamulla nyoo meksikkoyile alamogordoyil nadanna trinity aanava pareekshanatthil addeham sannihithanaayirunnu. hiroshimayileyum nagasakkiyileyum aanava bombaakramanangalude phalangal vilayiruthaan manhattan padhathiyil ninnulla oru sarway teamine addeham nayichu. 1946ll bikkini attolile aanava pareekshanamaaya ooppareshan chrostodukalkkaayulla samyuktha task fozhsinte radiological sephtti vibhaagathinte thalavanaayirunnu addeham.
1947ll loss enjalsile (yuu. sii. ell. eiii) california sarvakalaashaalayile school oof medisinte aadya deanayi vaaran maari. addehathinte neethrthwathil puthiya school shoonyathayil ninnu oru pradhana medical skoolaayi valarnnu. jaims brayaant koonaant vivaadaparavum ethirthathum aanenkilum, 1947 muthal aayudha pareekshanangalil ninnulla aanava thakarchayude apakadangalekkurichu vaaran samsaarikkukayum 1954 leeii kaasal bravo pareekshanatthil addehathinte kaazhchappaadukalkk kurachu vishwaasyatha nalkukayum ithu bhagika aanava pareekshana nirodhana udambadiyilekku nayikkunna abhipraayathe ariyikkukayum cheythu. 1962ll vaaran yuu. sii. ell. eiii. yill aarogya sevanangalude vais chansalaraayi. 1963 muthal 1965 vare addeham president joonn eph. yude prathyeka sahayiyaayi sevanamanushtichu. kennady pinneedu lyndon bii. maanasika vaikalyathekkurich jonson. 1965ll yuu. sii. ell. eiii. yilek madangiyethiya addeham 1981ll marikkunnathuvare professor emeritus aayi. 1971ll shaasthrathinum vaidyashaasthrathinum nalkia sambhaavanakalkk addehathinu enrico fermi award labhichu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1896 juun juun nyoo meksikkoyile maxwellil stafford leak vaaran janichu. addeham berkleyile california sarvakalashaalayil chernnu, avide 1918ll baachilar oof arts birudam nedi. 1920 meyy meyy addeham viola lockhartine vivaham kazhichu. avarude vivaahathin rund aanmakkalum oru makalum janichu. saan fraansiskoyile california sarvakalaashaalayile medical schoolil chernna addeham 1922ll doctor oof medisin birudam nedi. thudarnnu johns hopkins school oof medisin, harward yooniversitti ennividangalil poost doctoral jolie cheythu.
yooniversitti oof rochasttar.
1926ll vaaran yooniversitti oof rochasttar school oof medisinil radiology vibhaagathil chernnu, medisin asisttant professoraayi. ebraham flexner thante 1910 leeii flexner reportil munnottuvacha medical vidyaabhyaasathinte aadarshangale adisthaanamaakki 1921 ll maathram sthaapithamaaya oru puthiya vakuppaayirunnu ithu. 1925ll aarambhicha eee medical school 1929 vare onnaam classil birudam nediyirunnilla. puthiya medical schoolil jolie cheyyaan deane jorjju whipple othukoodiya yadhaartha grouppukalil onnaayirunnu vaaran. rochasttaril, gonokoki anubadhakal chikilsikkunnathinulla saadhyamaaya upayogam ulppede krithrima panikk undaakunna prathyaaghaathangalekkurich vaaran anweshichu. radiography addehathinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnu.
1930ll vaaran medisinil associate professoraayi. aaa varsham addeham "sthanathekkurichulla oru rontgenological patanam" prasidheekarichu. 1913ll berlin sarvakalaashaalayile albert salomon aanu sthanaarbudathinte ex-reey imaging aadyamaayi anweshichathu. addeham moovaayirathiladhikam maastektami saambilukalude chithrangal nirmmikkukayum cancerinte vividha roopangalum ghattangalum nireekshikkukayum cheythu. oru valia sistt kaaranam neekkam cheytha oru stanarbudam polum kandethaan addehathinu kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, thante nireekshanangalude jeevan rakshikkanulla kazhivine salomon vilamathichilla. garbhaavasthayudeyum maastittisinteyum falamaayi sthana koshangalile mattangal tracuchaian vaaran radiology upayogichu. saambilukalekkaal rogikale upayogichum pothu aavasyangalkkulla ex-reey upakaranangal thante aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi upayogikkukayum cheythukondu addeham oru stereoscopic saankethikavidya vikasippichu. ex-reey nadathumbol oru kaii uyarthi rogi avalude vashath kidakkunnath addehathinte reethiyil ulppedunnu. pinneedu shasthrakriyaykk vidheyayaya 119 sthreekalil 58 kesukalil 54 ennathilum addeham stanarbudam krithyamaayi kandethi. sasthrakriya koodaathe stanarbudam kandethunnathu saadhyamaakkiyathinaal ithu oru kuthichuchaattatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu. ithu lokamembaadumulla saankethikavidyayil theevramaaya thaalpparyavum srishtichu. innu mammography aayirakkanakkin jeevan rakshikkunnu.
manhattan padhathi.
1943 februvariyil vaaran doow. albert keey. yeei kandumutty. chapman, eestmaan kodakkinte vais presidentum general maanejarumaaya brigadier general lessie aarr. manhattan projakttinte director groves kenal jaims sii. manhattan enchineeyar distrikttinte (medu) kamaandaraaya marshell. radiation isodoppukalum upayogichulla addehathinte pravarthanathekkurichu avar addehathodu chodikkukayum medinte sivilian kansalttantaakaan vaaranodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. 1943 maarchil vaaran mejar himer ell. yeei kandumutty. medinte newyork sitti aasthaanathu friedel. doow. roobert ezz.-nte keezhil radiology gaveshanathil earppettirunna berkleyile california sarvakalashaalayil ninnu 1942 augustil metallurgical laboratariyil friedel chernnu. kallu. radiation ulppedunna suraksha kaaryangalekkurichulla vivarangal friedel abhyarthichu. ellah vivarangalum nalkaan vaaranu kazhinjillengilum rochasttaril gaveshanam aarambikkaan sammathichu.
manhattan padhathiyude vyaapthi kanakkileduthu kooduthal muthirnna udyogasthane chumathalappeduthanamennu friedel shupaarsha cheythu. octoberil, groves american sainyathile sarjan generalaya mejar general norman tii. kku oru kathu ezhuthi. medical saadhanangal nalkunnathilum sainika udyogastharude medical paricharanatthinaayi fund nalkunnathilum vaaraneyum mattu doctormare nirddishta raankukalil nerittu kammeeshan cheiyunnathilum manhattan padhathiyumaayi sahakarikkanamenn kirk abhyarthichu. eee kathil lefttanant general brayhone bii oppittirunnu. somerwell kenal kennathu dii nerittu vitharanam cheythu. marshalinu pakaram jilla enchineeyaraayi nichols. sarjan general enna nilayilulla thante niyamaparamaaya utharavaadithangal pidichedukkunnathaayi thaan kandathil kirk roshaakulanaayirunnu. oru kenalaayi kammeeshan cheyyaan jilla manassil karuthiyirunna vaaran aanennu paranjappol, laingika rogathinu chikilsikkaan radiation upayogichathil ninnu maathram vaarante pravartthanangal vyakthamaayi parichithamaayappol, "ningalkk aaa kayyadi doctore enthinaanu vendathu?"
1943 november 3 nuu yunaittad stetts armi medical corpsil kenalaayi vaaran niyamithanaayi. medinte medical vibhaagathinte medaaviyaayum manhattan projakttinte directorude medical upadeshtaavaayum friedel deputy aayi niyamithanaayi. vaarante oafees thudakkathil newyork nagaratthilaayirunnu, pakshe taamasiyaathe tennessiyile ookku ridjilekku maari. ookku ridge, richland, washington, nyoo meksikkoyile loss alamos ennividangalile aashupathrikalile jeevanakkaarude joliyaayirunnu vaarante prarambha dauthyam. sivilian thozhilaallikal medical inshuransinaayi prathimasam 2.5 dollar (ottaykku) allengil prathimasam 5 dollar (kudumbam) nalki. 
vaaran vibhaagam medical gaveshanathinum medinte aarogya suraksha paripaadikalkkum utharavaadiyaayirunnu. ithu oru valia velluvili avatharippichu, kaaranam thozhilaallikal vividatharam visha rasavasthukkal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum uyarnna sammarddathil apakadakaramaaya draavakangalum vaathakangalum upayogikkunnathum puthiya reethikalil upayogikkunna uyarnna voltageukal upayogichu pravartthikkunnathum sphodakavasthukkal ulppedunna pareekshanangal nadathunnathum radio aaktivitti avatharippikkunna valia anjjaatha apakadangale paraamarsikkendathilla. ennittum 1945 desemberil deseeya suraksha kaunsil manhattan padhathikku athinte suraksha recordinulla amgeekaaramaayi surakshaykkulla vishishta sevanathinulla award nalki aadarichu. 1943 januvarikkum 1945 juuninum idayil 62 maranangalum 3,879 amgavaikalya parikkukalum undaayi, ithu swakaarya vyavasaayathekkaal 62 sathamaanam kuravaanu.
1945 juulai 16 nuu nyoo meksikkoyile alamogordoyil nadanna trinity aanava pareekshanatthinte suraksha vashangalude utharavaaditham vaaran vyakthiparamaayirunnu. radio active veezhchayekkurich ganyamaaya aashankayundaayirunnu, koodaathe veezhcha megham tracucheyyunnathinaayi gaigar kaundarukalude oru shringhala sthaapichu. spodanathinu thottupinnaale bays campil thoppukal vaaran aayi kaanappedukayum kazhinja 48 manikoraayi vaaran unarnnirikkukayaanennu ariyunnathil athrupthi prakadippikkukayum cheythu. vaaranu kurachu vishramam labhikkunnathinaayi yuu. ezz. navikasena kyapttan jorjju leons thoppukal ettedukkaan nirbandhithanaayi. bhagyavashaal, parisodhanayil oru prashnavum undaayilla.
1945 august 6,9 theeyathikalil hiroshimayileyum nagasakkiyileyum aanava bombukal nadatthi. august 11 nuu, thoppukal vaarane vilichu oru sarway team samghadippikkaanum guwamilek pookaanum avide ninnu jappanilekku pookaanum aanava bombukalude phalam vilayiruthaanum nagarangal kaivashamulla sakhyasenayude suraksha urappakkaanulla nadapadikal sweekarikkaanum utharavittu. thudakkathil sarway team jappan adhiniveshathil III amphibius corpsinteyum V amphibius corpsinteyum aakramana sainikare anugamikkanamaayirunnu, ennaal sarway team saan fraansiskoyil ninnu vimaanathil purappetta divasam august 14 nuu jappan keezhadangi. august august sarway samgham tiniyanil ethi, avide athu rund kakshikalayi vibhajikkapettu, onnu vaaran keezhil, mattonn friedel keezhil. portable gaigar kaundarukalulla vaarante party brigadier general thomas eph. yude neethrthwathilulla oru samghathinte bhaagamaayi septambar septambar vimanamaargam hiroshimayilethi. athil brigadier general jaims bii. yum ulppedunnu. neuman juuniyarum japanese rear admiral masavo suzuki oru vivarthakanaayi pravarthichu. septambar 14 vare avar hiroshimayil thaamasikkukayum thudarnnu septambar 19 muthal october 8 vare nagasaki sarway cheyyukayum cheythu. aanava bombukal varuthiya naashanashtangalum american adhiniveshathinulla japanese vipulamaaya thayyaareduppukalum avare aakarshichu.
jappaanile rund aanava bombukalude pottitheri "avar utharam nalkiyathupole niravadhi sainika, vaidyashaasthra chodyangal uyarthi". ooppareshan crossroads enna rahasyanaamathil aanava pareekshanangalude oru parambara aasoothranam cheythu. admiral vilyam echu. yude bhaagamaayi 42,000 tholam udyogasthare bikkini attolilekku vinyasichu. pii. parisodhana nadatthaan blandy joyint task fozhsu 1. avarude aarogyavum surakshyum leonsinte utharavaadithamaayirunnu, ennaal radiological surakshayude prathyeka jolie kaikaaryam cheythath manhattan padhathiyaanu. radiological sephtti sekshan (radsafe) thalavan enna nilayil vaaran, vikiranathinte aaghaatham vilayiruthunnathinum parimithappeduthunnathinum niyanthrikkunnathinumal nadapadikal aasoothranam cheyyukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. radio aaktivitti alakkunnathinulla upakaranangalude pravartthanatthilum avayude readingukalude vyaakhyaanathilum teamukalkk ookku ridjil prathyeka pariseelanam nalki. 1946 juun juun bikkini attolilekkulla yaathraamadhye pariseelanavum nadathukayum avidevechu ekadesham 3,500 udyogasthare radsafil niyogikkukayum cheythu. paristhithiyil radio active malineekaranatthinte phalangal vaarane njettichu. "aanava bombil ninnulla radio active uthppannangalude marakamaaya shreni niyantritha saahacharyangalil vyakthamaayi prakadamaakkiyittundu..."addeham ezhuthi," aattomik bombukalkkethiraaya eaka prathirodham ippozhum shaasthrathinte paridikk purathaanu. athu aanavayudham thadayunnathaanu."
1946 november november vaaran sainyathil ninnu raajivachu. manhattan padhathiyude pingamiyaaya sivilian ejansiyaaya aattomik energy kammeeshante medical vibhaagathinte thaalkkaalika medaaviyaayi. 1947 februvariyil addehathinu pakaram doow. shields vaaran sthaanamettu. manhattan enchineeyar distrikttile addehathinte sevanagalkk. vaaranu armi distingvisioned sarvees medal lejian oof merittum labhichu.
yooniversitti oof california.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathode, california sarvakalashaala thekkan kaaliforniyayil oru medical school sthaapikkanamennu oru koottam doctormar nirddeshichu. avaril oraal eurologist elmer beltt aayirunnu, avarude rogikalil california govarnor erl vaaran ulppedunnu. yooniversitti oof california board oof regents 1945 october 19 nuu loss enchalsil (ucla) california sarvakalaashaalayude bhaagamaayi oru medical school sthaapikkaan vottu cheythu. 1946 ll california samsthaana niyamasabha ekakandamaayi puthiya school sthaapikkaan 7 dasalaksham dollar vottu cheyyukayum erl vaaran athil oppuvaykkukayum cheythu.
1947ll vaarane puthiya skoolinte aadya deanayi niyamichu. orikkalkkoodi addeham oru puthiya medical school srishtikkunnathil earppettirikkunnathayi kandethi. addehathinte aadya niyamanangal rochasttarile moonnu muun asosiyettukalaayirunnu doow. chaals marappanikkaaran pakarchavyaadhiyude aadya professoraayi; doow. andrew echu. radiology aadya professoraayi daudi; doow. joonn ezz. radio active traceraayi phoosphoorus-32 upayogikkunnathinu thudakkamitta laurence medisin professoraayi. doow. vilyam pii. laurence sarvakalashaalayil ninnu sasthrakriya professoraayi recruit cheytha 34 kaaranaya plaastik sarjanaaya longmayer juuniyar puthiya skoolinte "sthaapaka anjuperaayi" maari. thudakkathil, ucla kaambasinu chuttum chitharikkidakkunna yudhakaala kwaansett kudilukalilaanu puthiya school thaamasichirunnathu. vaaran appozhum thante sainikavastrangal dharichirunnu. 1949ll sthiramaaya thaamasoukaryangalude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. 1951 aayappozhekkum aadyathe vidyaarthikalaaya 26 purushanmaarum rund sthreekalum 15 adhyapaka amgangalaayirunnu. 1955ll onnaam klaas birudam nedumbozhekkum 43 faakkaltti amgangal undaayirunnu. undaayirunnu yuu. sii. ell. eiii medical sentar aarambhichath.
vaarante neethrthwathil, dantharogam, nazhsing, pothujanaarogyam ennivayude schoolukal cherthu school kramanugathamaayi valarnnu. swaadheenamulla chila athirppukalkkethire, vaaran thante medical school nagaratthinte mattoru bhaagathekkaal ucla kaambasilaanu sthaapichathu. sarvakalaashaalayude mattu vakuppukalumayi gadanakale mathramalla, adhyapakareyum samyojippikkaan addeham shramichu. life science aarogya shaasthravum thammilulla vyakthamayathum boudhikavumaaya bandhamaayi oru pradhana biomedical libraryude vikasanam addeham valarthi.
1962ll vaaran aarogya sevanangalude vais chansalaraayi. 1963 muthal 1965 vare addeham president joonn eph. kennady pinneedu lyndon bii. maanasika vaikalyathekkurich jonson. 1965ll yuu. sii. ell. eiii. yilek madangiyethiya addeham 1981ll marikkunnathuvare professor emeritus aayi. addehathinte aadya bhaarya viola 1963ll marikkukayum 1970 juulai juulai addeham gertrude tainer hubberty vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. 1971ll vaaranu enrico fermi award labhichu. addehathinte paramarsham ingane
1981 juulai juulai loss enjalsile pasaphik paalisedil vachu addeham antharichu. bharya moonnu makkalum addehathinundaayirunnu. addehathinte prabandhangal prathyeka shekhara vibhagamaaya yuu. sii. ell. eiii libraryilaanu. 
stafford ell. vaaran medel addehathinte bahumaanaartham namakaranam cheyyappedukayum ellah varshavum uclaile david geffen school oof medisinil ninnu mikacha birudam nedunna medical vidyaarthikku nalkukayum cheiyunnu.

