
konstaans II (konstaantain III-nte makan)

407 muthal 409 vare thante pithavaaya konsttantain moonnaaman chakravartthiyude seaser allengil anantharaavakaashiyum 409 muthal maranam vare konsttantain, padinjaaran roman chakravarty oonariyas ennivarude saha-chakravartthiyumaayirunnu koonstans randaaman (411-nte thudakkathil marichu). 407-nte thudakkathil brittanil sainyam thante pithaavine prashamsikkunnathin munbu koonstans oru sanyaasiyaayirunnu. konsttansine gaulile puthiya saamraajyathva kottaratthilekku vilippikkukayum seaser sthaanathekku niyamikkukayum oru rajavamsham sthaapikkunnathinaayi vegathil vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. hispaniyayil, 408-ll oonariyasinte bandhukkal uyarnnuvarikayum konstantaininte bharanathe puratthaakkukayum cheythu. ithu kaikaaryam cheyyaan general konstaansinteyum gerontiasinteyum keezhil oru sainyathe ayaykkukayum konstaantaininte adikaaram veendum sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 409-nte thudakkathil oonariyas konstaantaine saha-chakravarthiyaayi amgeekarikkukayum udan thanne konstaantine qoo-chakravartthiyude sthaanathekku uyarthukayum cheythu, saidhaanthikamaayi oonariyasinum konstaantaininum thulyamaaya rank. pinneedu 409-ll gerontius kalapam nadathukayum thante kakshiyaya maximus chakravarty prakhyapikkukayum gaulile kattana vibhaagangale uyarnnuvaraan prerippikkukayum cheythu. kalapam attimarikkaan konsttansine ayachuvenkilum paraajayappedukayum aarlasilekku pinvaangukayum cheythu. 410-ll konstaans veendum hispaniayilekku ayachu. gerontius thante sainyathe barbariyanmaarumaayi shakthippeduthukayum konstaanmaare paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu; konstaans vadakkott pinvaangukayum veendum paraajayappedukayum 411-nte thudakkathil viyanil kollappedukayum cheythu. gerontius pinneedu aarlessile thadankalppaalayam uparodhichu.
pashchaathalam.
395-ll roman chakravarthiyaaya theodosius onnaamante maranathethudarnnu roman saamrajyam addehathinte rund puthranmaarkkidayil vibhajikkappettu arcadius kizhakkan roman saamraajyathinte chakravarty padinjaarile pathuvayassulla oonariyasum aayi. oonariyas praayapoorthiyaakaanathavanu, pramukha general stilicho valareyadhikam swaadheenamullavanum padinjaaran roman sainyathinte yadhaartha commander-inn-cheef aayi. kizhakkan, padinjaaran saamrajyangal jarmman gothrangalil ninnulla valia grouppukalude kadannukayattathaal kashtappedukayaayirunnu, avare romakkar pothuve "barbarians" ennu vilichirunnu. eee kaalayalavil roman brittan scotty, saxonukal, pikkttukal ennivayude reydukal anubhavichirunnu. 401 allengil 402 ll stilikkoykk visigothukalumaayum ottakappakshikalumaayum yudhathinu sainika manushyashakthi aavashyamaayirunnu, athinaal haadriyante sainika mathilukal neekkam cheythu.
munkootty.
406ll roman brittan aasthaanamaayulla roman feeld aarmiyile ekadesham 6,000 sainikar asamthriptharaayirunnu. varshangalayi avarkk shambalam labhichirunnilla, naalu varsham munbu bhookhandathil poraadaan oru valia samgham purappettu, thirichethiyilla, theeradesha prathirodham thakarth puthiya feeld armi roopeekarikkukayum avarude kamaandare maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu. avar kalapam nadathukayum swantham nethaavine thiranjedukkaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. avarude aadya choys marcus enna oru manushyanaayirunnu, addehathe avar chakravarthiyaayi niyamichu. kurachukaalathinushesham, addehathinte prakadanatthil asanthushtanaaya avar addehathe kollukayum sahaiye niyamikkukayum cheythu. sainyathinte prathekshakal niravettunnathil parajayappetta addeham naalu maasathinu sesham kollappettu. thudarnnu avar thangalude nethaavaayi naalam noottaandinte thudakkathile prashastha chakravartthiyude perilulla oru vyakthiye thiranjedutthu, brittanil oru sainika attimariyiloode svayam adhikaarathil uyarnna mahanaaya aale nirbandhithanaakki. oru saadhaarana sainikanaayirunnu flavius claudius konstantinas, 407-nte thudakkathil, orupakshe februvariyil, addehathinte sahapravarthakar addehathe chakravarthiyaayi prashamsichu.
roman brittanile kalapam asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla, oru samakaalikan ithine "pidichadakkalukalaal sambannamaaya pravishya" ennu visheshippichu. athu saamraajyathinte chuttupaadilaayirunnu, vibhavangaludeyum rakshaakarthruthvathinteyum kaaryatthil athu avaganikkappedunnu enna pothuvaaya kaazchappaadaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, atharam kalapangal saadhaaranayaayi hraswakaalamaayirunnu; shaashvathamaaya oru adhikara adithara sthaapikkunnathilum thante kalapam vijayakaramaayi pradhana bhoopradeshathekku kayattumathi cheiyunnathilum sthiratha asaadhaaranamaayirunnu. konstaantain vegathil neengi addeham gaulil generalmaare niyamikkukayum bononiayil (aadhunika boulogne) chaanal kadakkukayum cheythu. brittanil avasheshikkunna 6,000 tholam sanjarikkunna sinikareyum avarude kamaandaraaya general gerontiasineyum addeham koode kondupoyi. gaulinte roman sainyam addehathinaayi prakhyaapichu, thudarnnu hispaniayile sivilian bharanakoodam (aadhunika spain porchugal). jarmman adhiniveshathodu kendra roman adhikaarikal prathikarichilla, athesamayam konstaantaininte sainyam akramikalumaayulla oru ettumuttalinenkilum marikadannu. fraankukal, alamani, burgundians ennee jarmman grouppukalumaayi karaarukal charcha cheyyukayum angane kaandaamrigatthinte rekha surakshithamaakkukayum cheythu. pradhana naseekarana sena avarude sakhyakakshikalum vadakkan gaulilekku (aadhunika beljiyam) neengi.
padinjaaran roman chakravarthiyaaya oonariyasum addehathinte commander-inn-cheef stilichoyum kizhakkan roman saamraajyavumaayi samgharshathilaayirunnu, koodaathe alaarikkinte keezhil visigothukalude oru valia sainyavumayi avarkk durbalamaaya sakhyamundaayirunnu. stilichoyude pradhana sainyam sambhavangale kaathirikkumbol konstaantaininte kalapam adichamarthaan avar goth vestt saarasinte neethrthwathil oru cheria sainyathe ayachu. saaras oru yudhathil konstaantaininte sainyangaliloraale paraajayappeduthi. konstaantain pinneedu saarukalkkethire vyakthiparamayi neengiyengilum velansil uparodhikkapettu. puthuthayi recruit cheytha fraankukalum alamani ulppetta gerontiasinteyum edobichasinteyum neethrthwathilulla mattoru sainyam oraazhchathe uparodhathin sesham valence ozhivakkaan ethi. saaras italiyilekku pinwangan nirbandhithanaayi. eee vijayathode golinte bhooribhaagathilum niyanthranam sthaapikkukayum alpine italiyilekku kadannupokukayum cheythu.
jeevitam.
seaser.
pithaavine chakravarthiyaayi prakhyaapikkunnathin munbu konstantaininte mootha makanaaya konstaansinekkurich valarekkurache ariyoo. konstaantaininte mootha makan pithaav kalapam nadatthiya samayat oru sanyaasiyaayirunnu, pakshe addehathe puthiya saamraajyathva kottaratthilekku vilippichu. konstaantain addehathe seesara seeniyar sthaanathekku niyamichu, athu addehathe prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashiyaayi amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. oru rajavamsham sthaapikkaanaayi addeham pettennu vivahithanaayi. 408 meyy aayappozhekkum konstaantain arles pidichedukkukayum athine thante thalasthaanamaakki maattukayum, nilavilulla saamraajyathva bharanakoodavum udyogastharum ettedukkukayum apolynarisine mukhyamantriyaayi (padavi) niyamikkukayum cheythu. praadeshika athirppukalkkidayilum heerokale aarlessinte oru aarch bishappayi niyamichu. konstaantain aarlasil valia alavil nalla nilavaaramulla nanayangal achadikkaan thudangukayum padinjaaran, kizhakkan chakravartthimaarkku thulyaraanennu kaanikkukayum cheythu.
408-nte thudakkathil konstantumaareyum gerontiasineyum oru sainyatheyum hispaniayilekku ayachu. theodosiusinte bhavanathinte shakthikendramaayirunnu hispania, ennaal konstaantain bhookhandathil aadyam erangiyappol, oonariyasinte pakshapathikalkk addehathinte niyanthranam ettedukkunnathine ethirkkaan thaalpparyamillaayirunnu allengil sainikamaayi kazhinjilla. saaras konstaantaininte kalapam avasanippikkunnathinulla vakkilaanenn thonniyappol, oonareeyasinte kudumbatthile rund amgangalaaya didimus verinianusarum hispaniayile konstaantaininte bharanathe attimarichu. saaras italiyilekku pinvaangiyappol, taamasiyaathe thadankalil earppeduka enna uddeshyathode puthiya valia sainyam tisinathil othukoodunnathinekkuri arivu avare thudaraanum pyrenian churangal adaykkaan polum prerippichu. oonariyasinte cussins aaa dishayil ninnu akramanam samghadippikkumennu konstaantain bhayapettu, athesamayam saarasinteyum stilichoyudeyum keezhilulla sainikar italiyil ninnu oru pincer thanthrathil addehathe aakramichu. addeham aadyam hispaniyayil adichu. konstansinteyum gerontiasinteyum sainyam oru paas nirbandhikkukayum shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. koonstans saragosa svayam sthaapikkukayum sivilian bharanam punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. gerontius sainyathe pidichedukkukayum ddmasineyum veriniyanasineyum pidikoodiya lucitaniyayile oru yudhathil oonariyasinte anuyaayikale nirnnaayakamaayi paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. konstaantaininte niyanthranatthilulla hispaniyayil konstaans thante puthiya bharya saragosa upekshichu pithaavine ariyikkaan aarlasilekku madangi. didaimas verinianus addehathe anugamikkukayum sivilian vimatharaayi avide vadhikkappedukayum cheythu.
408 meyy 1nuu kizhakkan saamraajyathinte chakravarthiyaaya arcadius maranamadayukayum ezhuvayassulla theodosius randaaman anantharaavakaashiyaayi avasheshikkukayum cheythu. padinjaaran saamraajyathinte thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkunnathini kizhakkan saamraajyathinte thalasthaanamaaya konstantinoplilekk pookaan aagrahicha stilichoyum oonariyasum thammil abhipraayavyathyaasamundaayi. stilichoykku vazhi kitti addeham kizhakode pookukayum oonariyas padinjaaran saamraajyathinte thalasthaanamaaya ravennayil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. ennaal adhehavum oonariyasum thammilulla villal vyakthamaayirunnu. muthirnna bureaucrat olimbiyasinte neethrthwathilulla roman sthaapanam theodosiusine sthaanabhrashtanaakkaanum swantham makanaaya eucheriusine simhaasanathil nirthaanum kizhakode pookaan aagrahikkunnuvennu kimvadanthikal pracharippichu stilikkoye ethirkkaan pravarthichu. august 13nuu honorheous konstaantaininethire tisinathil ninnu purappedaan pookunna sainyathe aupachaarikamaayi avalokanam cheiyukayaayirunnu. padinjaaran saamraajyathile niravadhi muthirnna udyogastharum udyogastharum addehathodoppam undaayirunnu. chakravartthiyude vyakthithvathe bahumaanichukondu stilichoyude anuyaayikale vadhich sainyam kalapam nadatthi. stilicho sanketham thedukayum pinneedu keezhadangukayum august 22 nuu vadhikkappedukayum cheythu.
saha chakravarty.
olimpiyasinte prothsaahanam labhicha itaaliyan sainyathinte janmanaadukal gothukale vadhikkan thudangi itaaliyan nagarangalil thaamasichirunna avarude sahasainikaraya bhaaryamaarudeyum makkaludeyum, chilappol bharthaakkanmaarudeyum pithakkanmaarudeyum nalla perumaattathinu adimakalaayi prathyakshatthil, eluppathil lakshyamittirunnavayirnu avaa. vadakkott palayanam cheyth alarikkil cheraan kazhiyunna aaa gothukal addehathinte poratta shakti valareyadhikam vardhippichu. alaric udan thanne alps kadannu italiyiloode thekkott neengukayum graamapradeshangale nasippikkukayum cheythu. addeham rominu purathu thante sainyathe camp cheyyukayum oru valia mochanadravyam aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
408-ll konsttanteyn oru embassy raavennayilekku ayachu. addehathe samaadhaanippikkendivanna, oonariyas addehathe saha-chakravarthiyaayi amgeekarikkukayum aupachaarika amgeekaaramaayi oru purple anki ayaykkukayum cheythu. 409 kaalaghattatthil iruvarum samyuktha konsalmaaraayirunnu. eee samayat konsttanteyn qoo-empraattar sthaanathekku konstaansine uyarthi, saidhaanthikamaayi oonariyas allengil theodosius rankinu thulyavum athupole thanne konsttanteyn cheiyunnathumaayirunnu. addeham imperator seaser flavius koonstans augustus enna peril rajapadavi sweekarichu. alarikkumaayi oru karaarilethaan oonariyas visammathichu. prathikaaramaayi visigothukal italiyiludaneelam karangukayum roome nagaratthil ninnu valia thuka thattiyedukkukayum cheythu. alaric swantham chakravarthiyaaya senattar priscus attaalasine uyarthiyengilum falamundaayilla. august 24,410-nuu visigothukal romil praveshichu moonnu divasathekku nagaram kollayadichu.
vasanthakaalatho venalkkaalatho 409 konstaans hispaniayilekku thirichayachu. koonstans arles vidunnathinu munbo yaatra cheiyumbozho gerontius kalapam nadathukayum thante kakshi maximus chakravarthiyaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. maximus swantham nilayil oru pradhana vyakthiyaayirunnu, pakshe addeham jerondiasinte niyanthranathilaayirunnu vyakthamaayirunnu. avar taracoyil (aadhunika taragona) kodathi sthaapichu. konstaans konduvaraan kazhiyunna sainika sakthiye thangaan kazhiyillennu gerontius aashankaakulanaayirunnu, athinaal 406 ll avasaanathode gaulil praveshicha kaattaanakkaare thadankalil ninnu prakopippikkaan shramichu. pradeshatthinte vadakku bhagathaayi iva shaanthamaayirunnu, ennaal ippol golinu kuruke akvitteyn, narbonances (aadhunika thekk, thekk-padinjaaru france) ennee sambanna pradeshangalilekku purappettu. avar eee pradeshangaliludaneelam nasham vithachu, ithu janangalude bheethiyundaakki. konstaansil ninnulla bheeshaniyil shradha kendreekarichu, gerontius pyrenian churangalile thante gaarisanukale durbalappeduthukayum 409 sharathkaalathil barbarian senayude bhooribhaagavum hispaniyayil praveshikkukayum cheythu. oduvil gerontiusinu eee grouppukalil chilathumayi oru pravartthanareethiyil ethaan kazhinju, athiloode avar addehathinu sainika seena nalki, ithu konstaansinethire akramanam nadatthaan addehathe praapthanakki.
maranam.
athesamayam, justus enna generalinte neethrthwathilulla oru sainyathodoppam koonstans gerontiusine keezhadakkaan shramichu. vishadaamshangalonnum ariyillengilum addeham paraajayappedukayum, ekadesham athe samayam thanne, italiyile parajayappetta adhiniveshathil ninnu madangiyethiya konsttantain, 410-leeii vasanthakaalath aarlasilekku madangukayum cheythu. italiyil visigothukal srishtikkunna budhimuttukal kanakkiledukkumbol, gerontiusine oonariyasinekkaal valia bheeshaniyaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. fraankukalil ninnu sainyathe uyarthaan edobichasine veendum vadakkott ayachappol konstaans oru puthiya sainyavumayi gerontiusine neridaan madangi. vishadaamshangal veendum vyakthamalla, pakshe gerontius oresamayam aarlasil munnerunnathaayi thonnunnu. iru sainyangalum ettumutti, koonstans parajayappettu. edobichus shakthippeduthumenna pratheekshayil addeham thante sainyathil avasheshichathumaayi vadakkott madangi. ennaal gerontius addehathe viyenneyil pidikoodi, orupakshe 411-nte thudakkathil, thante sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum konsttanmaare kollukayum cheythu. jerondiasinte sainyam pinneedu arleysilekku munnerukayum thadankal uparodham earppeduthukayum cheythu.
anantharafalangal.
411-ll honorious oru puthiya generalaya flavius konstanshyasine niyamichu, addeham itaaliyan sainyathe alpsinu mukaliloode kondupoyi gerontius nagarathinu purathaayirikkumbol aarlasil ethi. jerondiasinte pala sainikarum konstanshyasilekku palayanam cheyyukayum gerontius bakkiyullavarumaayi hispaniayilekku pinvaangukayum cheythu. avide, pratheekshayillaatha avasthayil, gerontius aathmahathya cheythu. konstanshyasinte sainyam uparodham etteduthu. athesamayam, edobichus vadakkan gaulil fraankukalkkum alamaanikkumidayil sainyathe uyarthukayum avare ippozhum thadankalil nilkkunna gaul sainyavumayi samyojippikkukayum thadankalinte sahaayathinaayi march cheyyukayum cheythu. constantius eee senaye oru pathiyirunnu paraajayappeduthi. saamraajyathva simhaasanathinte mattoru avakaashavaadiyaaya gallic roman jovinasine pinthunaykkaan kaandaamrigatthe kaaval nirthunna sainyam addehathe upekshichathinethudarnn addehathinte prathekshakal mangi, athijeevicha makan juuliyanoppam konstanshyasinu keezhadangi. thante jeevante vaagdaanavum purohithapadaviyilekkulla ettedukkalum undaayirunnittum, konstantiyas 411 augustilo septambariloo muun sainikan julien shirachhedam cheythu. addehathinte thala oru thoonil gadippichu septambar 18nuu honorious chakravarthikku samarppichu.
jovinasinte sainyathe neridaan konstantiyas pinmari. 413ll ippol oonariyasumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya oru visigot sainyam jovinasinte kalapam adichamarthi. padinjaaran saamraajyathilum generalysimoyilum pradhana sakthiyenna nilayil stilichoyude punk konstantiyas etteduthu. kendra adhikaarikalkk sahacharyam veendedukkaanum punarnirmmaanam saadhyamaakkaanum addehathinu vishaalamaayi kazhinju. gaul samaadhaanippikkappettu, hispaniayile anaachaarikal valia thothil keezhadakkappettu, visigothukal roman sakhyakakshikalayi akvitteynil karayil sthirathaamasamaakki. konstaantain prathirodham eduthukalanjathinethudarnna roman bharanam orikkalum brittanilekku madangiyethiyilla.
ithihaasam.
monmouthinte janapriyavum saangalppikavumaaya "historiya regum britania" konsttantain III brittanile konsttantain II ennum ariyappedunnu, konstantaininte maranashesham brittens konstantainsine avarude rajaavaayi thiranjedukkunnu. athinaal koonstans, thante ilaya sahodaran udhar pendragoniloode, itihaasa rajaavaaya aartharinte ammaavanaayi maarunnu.