
celtic luxemburg

ekadesham bii. sii. 600 muthal eiii. dii. 100 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil celtic luxemburg nilaninnirunnu, selttukal ippol grand duchy oof luxemberghinte pradeshamaaya selttukalil vasichirunnu. avarude samskaaram nannayi vikasichu, prathyekichu bii. sii. onnaam noottaand muthal, raajyathinte thekkupadinjaarulla vipulamaaya titleberg saittinte avashishtangalil ninnum moselle thaazhvarayileyum chuttupaadukalileyum niravadhi shavakudeerangalilum shavakudeerangalilum ninnulla sradheyamaaya kandethalukalil ninnum kaanaan kazhiyum.
bii. sii. aaram noottaand muthal onnaam noottaand vare danube muthal raine, roonn vareyulla europile valia pradeshangalil selttukal adhivasichirunnu, 1857 ll celtic avashishtangal kandethiya swittsarlandile oru saittinte peril chilappol laa tenne ennu vilikkappedunna oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu. bii. sii. 100 oode celtic gothrangalilonnaaya trevery samriddhiyude kaalaghattatthilekku praveshichu. ippol thekkan luxemburg, padinjaaran jarmmani, kizhakkan france ennividangalil mossel thaazhvaraykku sameepam avar niravadhi kottakettya vaasasthalangal allengil "opida" nirmmichu.
aadyakaala nivaasikal.
ippol luxembergile grand duchy ulkkollunna pradeshathu, 35,000 varshangalkk munbu paleolithic allengil vaardhakyakaala shilayugam vare aadima nivaasikalude thelivukal undu. eee kaalaghattatthile ettavum pazhaya karakaushala vasthukkal ootranchil kaanapedunna alankaricha asthikalaanu.
ennirunnaalum, naagarikathayude aadyathe yadhaartha thelivukal puthiya shilaayugathil ninno bisi anchaam sahasraabdathil ninno veedukal prathyakshappedaan thudangiyathaanu. luxemberghinte thekk aaspelt, weiler-laa-touur, grevenmature, daikirch ennividangalil avashishtangal kandethiyittundu. adisthaana gadanaykkaayi maratthinte thumbukal, cheli pothinja wickerwork mathilukal, melkkoorakalulla kalakaludeyo vaikkol allengil vaikkol ennivayude melkkoorakal enniva upayogichaanu veedukal nirmmichathu. eee kaalaghattatthile manpathrangal remershenu sameepam kandethiyittundu.
venkalayugathinte thudakkathil luxembergile samoohangalekkurichu valia thelivukalonnumillenkum, bisi 13-num 8-num edayilulla kaalaghattatthile niravadhi sittukal veedukalude thelivukal nalkukayum manpathrangal, kathikal, aabharanangal thudangiya karakaushala vasthukkal velippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. nospelt, dalheim, mompach, remersion enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
halstaatt samskaaram.
1846ll austriyayile haalstaattil oru charitraatheetha semiteriyude kandethal puthiya shilayugam muthal bisi 600 muthal 450 vareyulla aadyakaala irumbu yugam vareyulla savisheshamaaya karakaushala vasthukkal velippeduthi. iva celtic naagarikathayude aadya thelivukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe yooroppinte mattu bhaagangalil selttukal adhivasikkunna pradeshangalil sambhavikkenda samanamaaya kandethalukalkk oru maathrkayaayi ithu pravarthichu. luxembergilum, eee aadyakaala kaalaghattatthinte thelivukal pradhaanamaayum neederanvenil kandethiyathupolulla valare mithamaaya shavakudeerangalil ninnaan labhikkunnath. ennirunnaalum, thekkukizhakkan luxembergil grossbus, flaxweiler, alterior ennividangalil ninnu kandethiya shavakudeerangalil bisi 450 num 250 num idayil kandethiyathinekkaal sambannamaaya kandethalukal undaayirunnu.
altieril ninnu kandethiya vasthukkalil ninnu nokkumbol, bisi 450 muthalulla shavakudeeram oru unnatha thalavane aayirikkanam. athil oru venkala etruscan staamnos, oru irumbu vaal, alankaricha venkalavum pavizhaputtum (broach), oru swarnna valayam enniva undaayirunnu. oru cheria semiteriyude bhagamaaya grossbus shavakudeeram prathyekichum rasakaramaan, kaaranam mrithadeham iruchakrangalulla radhathil sthaapichirunnathu selttukal atharam vahanangal engane nirmmichuvennathinte soochanakal nalkunnu.
pradhana celtic sittukal.
bii. sii. 54ll roman adhiniveshathinu munbu bii. sii. 300ll celtic nagarikatha athinte unnathiyilaayirunnu. akkaalathe bhooribhaagam thelivukalum shavakudeerangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu, avayil palathum akkaalathe vaasasthalangaleyum karakaushala vasthukkaleyum kurichu kooduthal velippeduthunna 50 hector sthalamaaya titlebergumaayi adutha bandhamullavayaan.
titleberg.
luxemberghinte thekkupadinjaaru rodanchinum differendenchinum sameepam oru valia celtic settilment allengil oppidam sthithicheyyunna sthalamaanu titleberg. bii. sii. 300 muthal ivide janavaasamundaayirunnuvena bii. sii. onnaam noottaandode eee samooham nagaravalkkaranatthinte uyarnna thalathilethukayum theerchayaayum trevery janathayude thalasthaanamaavukayum cheythu. thekk ninnu ronine moselle thaazhvarayilekkum vadakkottum bandhippikkunna rund pradhana celtic rodukalude saameepyathinte falamaayi akkaalathe trevery vaasasthalangalil ettavum valuthaayirunnu ithu, mattonn reamsilekkum padinjaarilekkum nayikkunnu. aduthuthanne khananam cheyyaan kazhiyunna irumbayiru, kathikal, eettikal, vaalukal, paachaka paathrangalum upakaranangalum enniva nirmmikkunnathinayi kooduthal urukki.
ekadesham 50 hector visthruthiyulla oval aakruthiyilulla titleberg peedabhoomikku ekadesham 1 kilometer neelavum (enn. dablyu muthal seey vare) 500 meter veethiyumundu. niravadhi vaasasthalangalude adithara, mathaparamo raashtreeyamo aaya aavasyangalkkulla oru pothu idam, innum swittsarland praveshana kavaadatthil nilkkunna 9 meter uyaramulla kothalangal ennivayude thelivukal, roman adhinivesham vare trevery thalavanmaarude aasthaanamaayirunnathaayi thonnunna "athirvashathinte" praadhaanyam vyakthamaayi theliyikkunnu.
titalbergil kandethiya ettavum pradhanappetta naanayangalilonn trevery mathramalla, mattu niravadhi celtic gothrangalil ninnum varunna dhaaraalam celtic naanayangalaanu, ithu nagaravalkkaranatthinte adayaalangal kaanikkunna vyapara, vaanijya kendramaayi maariyenn soochippikkunnu. residential pradeshathinaduthu nanayangal achadikkunnathinulla soukaryangal khananam cheyyappettittund, selttukal roman samskaaram sweekarikkaan thudangiyappol poornnamaayum celtic kaalaghattatthilum romanmaarude bharanakaalathum ithu deerghakaalathekku upayogichathayi thonnunnu.
celtic, gallo-roman faibulakal valare valia thothil eee sthalathu kandethiyittundu. vividha aakruthikalilum valuppangalilum, eee venkala claspukal, chilappol keelppichirikkunnu, alankaara brochukalaayo vasthrangal orumichu pinnilaakkaano upayogichirunnu.
thudakkathil, romakkar celtic vaasasthalangale kallu aditharayulla veedukalaayi maatti. ennaal bii. sii. onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathode romakkar trairil avarude thaalpparya kendram sthaapichu, athu traveriyude puthiya thalasthaanamaayi maari. vaasthavathil, romakkar kothalangal thakarkkukayum ethirbhaagam oru vikasayi kuraykkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum athu 400 varshatholam janavasam thudarnnu.
daya kaanikkuka.
ithuvare kandethiyathil vachu ettavum valia gallic shavakudeeramaaya 4.3 meter muthal 4.20 meter vare neelamulla oru celtic shavasamskara arra 1987 ll dayaamaranakendrathil kandethi. shavakudeerathile vazhipaadukalil ninnu, athu oru celtic prabhuvinte shavakudeeramaayirunnu. kuranjathu patthu wine aamphorakal, oru itaalik venkala thadam, campaniyayil ninnulla oru enna vilakku, oru irumbu grill, ekadesham 30 gallic kalangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. irumbu ulppaadanavumaayi marichayaalkku bandhamundennu saakshyappeduthunna oru irumbu urukkiyathil ninnulla oru chimaniyum arayil undaayirunnu.
nospelt.
nospelt graamatthinte vadakku-padinjaaru bhaagathulla "creculbeargil" khananam cheytha shavakudeerangalil veenjile flagonukal, manpathrangal, sparukal, kathikal, eenangal, kuzhichittavarude prabhukkanmaarkk saakshyam vahikkunna oru vilakku ennivayulppede aakarshakamaaya niravadhi vasthukkal adangiyirikkunnu. shavakudeerangal titleberg vaasasthalathe thalavanmaarudethaayirikkaanna karuthappedunnu. uyaramulla ampora ulppedeyulla chila karakaushala vasthukkal medittareniyan vare doore ninnu vannathaan, ithu akkaalathe mattu pradesangalumaayulla vyaapaarathinte vyaapthi kaanikkunnu.
kehlen.
1970 kalude thudakkathil mamarinum kehlen edayilulla "jakkalbosh" peedabhoomiyil onnaam noottaandil ninnulla oru shavakudeeram kandethi. avide kandethiya daanangalil oru manoharamaaya irunda neela glass pathravum ulppedunnu.
goblench.
1993-ll naashanal museum oof histtari aandu art bisi 50 muthal 30 vare pazhakkamulla celtic shavakudeerangal khananam cheythu, avaa 1966-ll "skierheck" ennariyappedunna pradeshathu roma avashishtangalude ekadesham 1 kilometer munbu kandethi. avide kandethiya karakaushala vasthukkalil ninnu vilayiruthunna naalu purushanmaarum oru sthriyum ulppedunna prabhukkanmaarude vishramasthalamaayirunnu shavakudeerangal ennathil samshayamilla. ithil ulppedunnava 1 amphoric wine flagon, 4 kuppikal, 7 plettukal, 5 kalangal, 7 pathrangal, 5 kapp, 1 phlait plate, 1 goblet, 1 madyapaana kombu, 1 irumbu katthi, 2 eettupottikal, 2 sparukal, 3 venkala broachukal, 1 jody kathrika, kaattupanni ulppedeyulla shavasamskara avashishtangal.
fellow.
1996ll fuelanil kandethiya 133 shavakudeerangal bii. sii. randaam noottaand muthal gallo-roman kaalam vareyullathaanu. avar niravadhi faibulakal, irumbu kondu nirmmicha aayudangalum upakaranangalum, rund aamphorakal ulppedeyulla manpaathrangalude oru valia shekharavum velippeduthi.
bii. sii. moonnaam noottaandile prathisandhi.
bii. sii. 250 muthal 150 vareyulla noottaandil, chila prathisandhikal mikka janavaasathinteyum adayaalangale hansrakkinte uyarangalilekku nirbandhithamaakkiyathinaal kaandaamrigathinum musine edayilulla pradesham kadutha punasamghadanaykku vidheyamaayi. eee prathisandhiyethudarnnu, classical grandhangalil ninnu njangalkk ariyaavunna gaulish gothrangalude roopathil janangal thaazhnna pradeshangalilekku madangi.
trevery.
laa tenne kaalaghattatthilum athinusheshavum ippol luxembergilulla celtic gothram trevery ennariyappettirunnu. bhashayil celtic aanenkilum, thangalude yudhasamaanamaaya prashasthi vardhippikkunnathinaayi jarmman vamshajaraanenn avar avakashappettu. bii. sii. 53ll juuliyas seaserinte keezhil thangalude adhinivesham poortthiyaakkiya romanmaarumaayi sahakarikkunnathil mikka gallic gothrangalekkaalum trevery kooduthal vijayakaramaayirunnu. onnaam noottaandile rund parasya kalapangal romumaayulla avarude souhaarddaparamaaya bandhathe shaashvathamaayi nasippichilla, koodaathe trevery roman samskaaravumaayi eluppathil poruthappettu.

