
verra figner

vera nikolayevna figner philipova (ечера ничолаеена φигнер φиличер φиличер φиличето; juulai 7 [o.ezz. 25 juun] 1852-25 juun 1942) oru pramukha russian viplava rashtreeya pravartthakanaayirunnu.
russian saamraajyathile cassan govarnarettil jarmman, russian vamshajaraaya oru kuleena kudumbatthil janicha figner, sarkkaarine viplavakaramaaya reethiyil attimarikkaan bheekaravaadam upayogikkunnathine pinthunacha rahasya narodnaaya vooliya (janangalude ishtam) grouppinte neethaavaayirunnu, 1881 ll russiayile alexander randaamane vijayakaramaayi vadhikkan padhathiyil pankedutthayaalaayirunnu figner. 
figner pinneedu arast cheyyappedukayum vichaaranaykk munbu 20 maasam eakaantha thadavil kazhiyukayum cheythu, athil avalkk vadhasiksha vidhichu. shiksha pinneedu kuraykkukayum fignere aabhyanthara pravaasatthilekku ayaykkunnathinu munbu 20 varsham schlisselberg kottayil thadavilaakkukayum cheythu.
avalude anubhavangalude oormmakkurippukal vyaapakamaayi vivarthanam cheyyappettathinaal figner valia thothil anthaaraashtra prashasthi nedi. 1917 leeii februvari viplavathinu sesham viplavaparamaya thyaagathinte veerochitha pratheekamaayi avar kanakkakkappedukayum aaa varsham oru janapriya pothu prabhashakayumaayirunnu. 1935ll soviyatt union pirichuvidunnathuvare muun rashtreeya thadavukaarudeyum soviyatt unionile naadukadathappettavarudeyum samoohathil figner pinneedu pramukhanaayi.
1942ll moscoyil vachu 89-aamm vayassil figner swaabhaavika kaaranangalal marichu.
jeevacharitram.
aadyakaala varshangal.
viramicha sainika staaf captanaaya nikkolaay alexandrovich fignerinteyum addehathinte bharyayaaya muun ekkattereena kristoforovna kupriyanovayudeyum aarr makkalil moothavalaayi 1852 juulai 7 (juun 25) nuu vera figner janichu. avalude maathru muthachanu 17,000 ekkariladhikam bhoomiyundaayirunnu, ardha adimathathil nilavilulla adimakal jolie cheythirunnu, 1861 leeii vimochanam vare kudumbam rund velakkareyum nilanirtthi. avalude pithaav samsthaana vanasevanathil sevanamanushtichu, vimochanathinu sheshamulla varshangalil "samadhana madhyasthan" ennu vilikkappedunna oru praadeshika bharana udyogasthanaakaan aaa sthaanam raajivachu. lidija fignerinteyum prashastha russian tenor nikkolaay fignerinteyum sahodariyaayirunnu avar.
verra fignerude kuttikkaalathu, avalude kudumbatthile muthirnnavar avale "oru manoharamaaya paava" yaayi karuthi... nokkaan kollaam... ennaal shoonyamaaya "aval samoohathilekku pooyi praayamaayavarum sambannarumaaya oraale vivaham kazhikkumennu pratheekshichu. 1863-ll pathinonnam vayassil fignere cusson nagaratthile kuleena penkuttikalkaayulla rodionovsky instittyoottilekk ayachu, athil avar adutha aarr varshathekku pankedutthu. oru sarvakalaashaalaykk aathidheyathvam vahicha russian saamraajyathile aarr nagarangalil onnaayi, cassan pravishya thalasthaanam samskaarathinteyum aashayangaludeyum nagaramaayirunnu, koodaathe figner kramena chodyam cheyyappedukayum aathyanthikamayi radionovsky instittyoott vidyaarthikalil ulppeduthaan shramicha nishkriyavum vidheyavumaaya lingaparamaaya punk nirasikkukayum cheythu. klosttar instittyoottile boudhika bharanam adichamarthappettengilum, hraswa sandarshanangalil labhicha nirodhitha pusthakangal rahasyamaayi vaayichukond figner thante boudhika chakravaalangal vipuleekarichu. charithratthilum saahithyathilum prathyeka thaalparyam prakadippicha avar oru mikacha vidyaarthiniyaanennu theliyikkukayum 1869 ll birudam nediya sesham mikacha academic perfomerc nalkunna sammanam nedukayum cheythu.
sent oof dhaa s threes adachupoottiyathinethundar russiayil anuvadaneeyamallaatha vaidyashaasthram padikkaan figner aagrahichu. 1860kalude thudakkam muthal peettezhsburg medical-sarjikkal akkadami. ithinartham videshathu padikkaan russia viduka ennathaayirunnu, koodaathe "jimnasium" diplomakalude abhavam undaayirunnittum russian sthreekale sweekarikkunna soorich sarvakalaashaalayilekk verra figner annukal thirikkukayum cheythu. 1870-ll avar pusthakangalodulla sneham pankuvaykkukayum sarvakalashaalayil pookaanulla avalude abhilaashathe pinthunaykkukayum cheytha anweshana majistrettaaya alexey philippovine vivaham kazhichu. pithaavinte maranashesham, thante sthaanam upekshikkanum vaidyashaasthram padikkaan soorichilekku pookaanum avar philippovine prerippichu.
1872 muthal 1875 vare avar soorich sarvakalaashaalayile medisin vibhaagathil vidyaarthiniyaayirunnu. 1873-ll figner pathimoonnu yuva russian radical sthreekal ulppetta frishe sarkilil chernnu, avaril chilar ool-russian soshyal revolutionary oorganaiseshanile pradhana amgangalaayi. oru nalla, niraparadhiyaaya vyakthi enna nilayil svayam munkaala kazhchappaadumaayi oru parannabhojiyaaya oru prabhuvinekkurichulla thante puthiya rashtreeya veekshanam samanvayippikkunnathil avarkk budhimuttundaayirunnu. ellah russian vanita vidyaarthikalum soorichil thaamasikkunnath nirodhikkunna oru nirddesham 1873-ll "gavanment herald" prasidheekarichu, garbhachhidram nadatthaan avarude medical arivu upayogichuvennu avar aaropichu.
viplavakariyaaya nethaavu.
russiayilekku madangaanum russian karshakarkkidayil soshyalist pracharanam pracharippikkanum bhooribhaagam briteeshukaarum theerumaanichuvenkilum patanam poortthiyaakkaan figner swittsarlandil thudaraan theerumaanichu. 1875-ll maarkk naattansan russiayil avarude sahayam aavasyamaanennu avarodu paranju. birudam nedaathe aaa varsham avar russiayilekku madangiyethiyenkilum sarkiline sahayikkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum oru paramedic enna nilayil licenses nedukayum bharthaavine vivaahamochanam cheyyukayum cheythu, avide avar semlya iii vooliya (bhoomiyum swaathanthryavum) samghadanayile mattu viplava budhijeevikalumaayi sajeevamaayi.
sent cassan pradarshanatthil figner pankedutthu. 1876-ll peettezhsburg. 1877 muthal 1879 vare doctorude sahayiyaayi jolie cheytha avar samaraykkum saaraattovinum chuttumulla gramangalil viplavakaramaaya pracharanam nadatthi. 
1879 leeii vasanthakaalath theevravaadathekkurichulla chodyathil semlya iii vooliya samghadana aazhathil bhinnichu, party oru vibhaagam gramangalil viplavakaramaaya prachaaranatthe pinthunaykkukayum mattonn saarist sarkkarileyum rajavaazhchayileyum pradhana vyakthikale vadhikkunnathiloode viplavakaramaaya sahacharyam srishtikkunnathine anukoolikkukayum cheythu. aaa varsham juunil eee abhiprayavyathyaasangal pariharikkanulla anthima shramathil party pravartthakar voronesh kongrasil othukoodi. sthiramaaya oru pariharavum kaivarikkaan kazhinjilla, sharathkaalathode semlya iii vooliya samghadana rund swathanthramaayi pravartthikkunna grouppukalaayi vibhajikkappettu cherney peredel (black repartition) ennu vilikkunna proto-maarksist jeorji plekhanovinte neethrthwathilulla oru theevravaada virudha vibhaagam, athil paaval axeload, leve deach, vera sasulich, mattullavar enniva ulppedunnu; narodnaaya vooliya (janangalude ishtam) enna theevravaada anukoola vibhaagam. 
verra figner randaamathethaaya theevravaada vibhagavumaayi sakhyamundaakki, grouppinte executive kammittiyil amgamaayi, pinneedu 1879 ll oru prakhyaapanatthil russian saamraajyathile janangalkkethire nadatthiya kuttakrithyangalkku saar alexander randaamane vadhikkanamenn aavasyappettu. narodnovoltsy" (narodnaaya vooliya amgangal) sent. peettezhsburg, mosco, odesa, keevu, khaarkov ennivayum raajyathe sarvakalaashaalakalile vidyaarthikalkkidayil prachaarana sramangal ekopippikkukayum cheythu. laghulekhakal nirmmikkunnathinayi achadisaalakal sthaapikkukayum athinte viplavakaramaaya padhathikku pinthuna nalkaanulla shramathil oru maasikayum pathravum purathirakkukayum cheythu.
executive kammitti amgamenna nilayil, narodnaaya voliyayude ardhasainika vibhaagathinte roopeekaranathilum figner pankedukkukayum athinte pravartthanangal ekopippikkukayum cheythu. 1880-ll odesayil nadanna parajayappetta shramavum 1881 maarchil sent സെൻ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റർസ്റ്റ peettezhsburg.
saarinte kolapaathakathinu utharavaadikalaaya theevravaada samghadanayile amgangale kandethaan samsthaana rahasya police ashraanthamaayi pravarthichu, 1882 leeii vasanthakaalathode narodnaaya voliyayude executive kammittiyil ninnu verra figner maathramaan russiayil avasheshichathu. eee padavi fignerine grouppinte ksheenita senayude kendrabinduvaayum nethaavaayum maatti. 1882 maarchil odesayil rahasya police amgathe vedivachukonna oru kolapathakam avalude nireekshanatthil nadannu. 1882 ll narodnaaya vooliya oorganaiseshante yadhaartha thalavan enna nilayil fignerude pradhana pravartthanam rahasya police arasttukalum upakaranangalum pidichedutthathiloode takarnna bhoogarbha upakaranangalude punasthaapanavumaayi bandhappettathaan. narodnovoltsy" aaa kaalaghattatthil oru puthiya bhoogarbha pras sthaapikkaanum sarvakalashaala vidyaarthikalkkidayil prachaarana pravartthanangal nadatthaanum kazhinju.
odesa aasthaanamaayi pravartthikkunna figner pinneedu khaarkkovilekk thamasam maari, avide 1882 desember 20-leeii arasttinu sesham shiksha kuraykkunnathinaayi saha executive kammitti amgam serji degave avale vanchichu. 1883 februvari 10nuu, "theevravaadikalude kendrakammittiyil ettavum apakadakaarikaliloral" ennu police visheshippikkunna fignere avarude khaarkov appaartmentil vachu arast cheythu. eee sambhavam puthiya saar alexander moonnaamane thante dayariyil ezhuthaan prerippichu, "oduvil aval pidikkapettu."fignerude jeevithathinte adutha adhyayam, oru rashtreeya thadavukaarante adhyayam, aarambhichu.
rashtreeya thadavukaaran.
arasttinethudarnnu, vichaaranaykk munbulla adutha 20 maasam verra figner peettar, pooll kottayile eakaantha thadavil chelavazhichu. 1884-ll pathinaalinte vichaaranaykkide fignerinu vadhasiksha vidhichu. nico nicoladseyude madhyasthathayiloode eee shiksha cyberiayile shaashwatha shikshaanadapadiyaayi maatti. pakaram aval 20 varsham schlueselbergile kottayil thadavilakkappettu. 
1904-ll fignere arkhaangelsk guberniayilekkum pinneedu cassan guberniayilekkum oduvil nisni novgorodilekkum aabhyanthara pravaasatthilekku ayachu. 1906ll avarkk videshathekku pookaan anuvaadam labhichu, avide avar russiayile rashtreeya thadavukaarkkaayi oru pracharanam samghadippichu. avar europian nagarangalil samsaarikkukayum panam shekharikkukayum russian jayilukalekkurichu niravadhi bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheytha oru laghupathrika prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. 1907ll figner soshyalist revolutionary partyil (pii. ezz. aarr) chernnenkilum asef vivaadathe thudarnnu 1909ll samghadana vittu. 1915ll avar russiayilekku madangi.
viplavathinu sesham.
october viplavathinushesham (athu sambhavicha reethi avar orikkalum amgeekarichilla), figner thante pusthakam "саπечатляныыя трут" (engleesh thalakketta "oru viplavakaariyude oormmakkurippukal") prasidheekarichu, ithu ippozhum russian ormmakkurippu vibhaagathinte mikacha udaaharanangalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee pusthakam avale lokamembaadum prashasthayaakkukayum niravadhi bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 
muun rashtreeya thadavukaarudeyum naadukadatthappetta kudiyettakkaarudeyum samoohathile oru pramukha amgamaayirunna figner, samoohathinte audyogika maasikayaaya "kattarga aii silka" (kadinaadhvaanavum naadukadatthalum) yill sajeeva punk vahichu. 1870 muthal 1880 vareyulla russian viplava prasthaanatthinte charithrathekkurichulla niravadhi narodnikalude jeevacharithrangalum lekhanangalum figner rachichittundu.
1932ll fignerude shekharicha kruthikal soviyatt yooniyanil muun rashtreeya thadavukaarudeyum naadukadathappettavarudeyum sosaittiyude prasidheekarana sthaapanam ezhu vaalyangalayi prasidheekarichu.
maranavum paarambaryavum.
1942 juun 15nuu moscoyil vachu vera figner antharichu. marikkumbol avarkk 89 vayassayirunnu.

