
coronal radiative nashtangal

jyothishaasthrathilum jyothishaasthrathilum, soura koronayude vikirana nashtangalkku, sooryante baahya anthareekshathil ninnu vikiranam cheiyunna oorjja pravaham (parambaraagathamaayi chromosphere, transition reejian, corona enningane vibhajichirikkunnu), prathyekichu, plasma optikkalaayi nerthathaaya soura coronayilum parivartthana mekhalayilum ninnu varunna vikiranathinte ulppaadana prakriyakal ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. neremarichu, 6000 keey enna photosphere moolyathil ninnu kuranjathu 4400 keey aayi thaapanila kurayunna chromospheres, opttikkal aazham ekadesham 1 umm vikiranam thaapavumaan.
photosphere ninnulla oru soura aaram valare kooduthal vyaapichukidakkunna corona upagrahangal edutha ex-reey chithrangalil valare sankeernavum asamathvamullathumaanennu thonnunnu (board hynodile exrt edutha valathuvashathulla chithram kaanuka).
koronayude ghadanayum chalanathmakathayum sourorjja kaanthikakshethramaanu. dasalakshakkanakkinu digri uyarnna thaapanilaykk kaaranamakunna choodaakkal samvidaanam polum sooryante kaanthikakshethravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave sakthamaaya thelivukalundu.
coronayil ninnu vikiranam cheiyunna oorjja pravaham sajeeva pradeshangalilum, shaanthamaaya sooryanilum, coronal dwaarangalilum maarunnu; yadhaarthathil, oorjjathinte oru bhagam puratthekku vikiranam cheyyappedunnu, ennaal ekadesham athe alavil oorjja pravaham kuthaneyulla parivartthana mekhalayiloode chromospherelake thirike kondupookunnu. sajeevamaaya pradeshangalil oorjjapravaaham ekadesham 107 erji centimeter − 2centic −1, shaanthamaaya sooryanil ithu ekadesham 8 105-106 erji centimeter − 2centic −1, coronal dwaarangalil 5 105-8 105 erji centimeter − 2centic −1, sourakkaattu moolamundaakunna nashtam ulppede.
sooryanil ninnu vikiranam cheiyunna motham flexinte oru cheria bhagamaanu aavashyamaaya oorjjam, ennaal saandrata valare kuravaayathinaal eee oorjjam dasalaksham digri thapanilayil plasma nilanirthaan paryaapthamaan, koodaathe vikirana prakriyakal photosphere sambhavikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, adutha vibhaagathil vishadamaayi kaanichirikkunnu.
soura koronayude vikirana prakriyakal.
sourakoronayil ninnu varunna vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgangal pradhaanamaayum ex-rekalilaanu purathuvarunnathu. eee vikiranam anthareekshathaal filter cheyyappedunnathinaal bhoomiyil ninnu drishyamaakilla. aadyathe rokkatt dauthyangalkku munbu, grahanasamayathu velutha velichathil maathrame corona nireekshikkaan kazhiyoo, kazhinja ambathu varshamaayi soura koronayude foto yoovilum ex-rekalilum niravadhi upagrahangal (pioneer 5,6,7,8,9, helios, skylab, smm, nixt, yohko, soho, trace, hinode) eduthittundu.
puranthallunna plasma eathaandu poornnamaayum ionized aanu, athinte saandrata ekadesham 10−16-10−14 gram/sem. mee. 3 aanu. kanikakal valare otappettathinaal mikkavarum ellah photonukalkkum photospherinu mukalilulla dravyavumaayi edapedaathe sooryante uparithalam vidaan kazhiyum mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, corona vikiranathinu suthaaryamaan, plasmayude udvamanam optikkalaayi nerthathaanu. sooryante anthareeksham ex-reey srothassinte savishesha udaaharanamalla, kaaranam nakshatra corona muthal nerttha gaalaktik halos vare prapanchatthil ellaayidathum choodulla plaasmakal undu. eee nakshatraanthareeksham ex-reey jyothishaasthrathinte vishayamaan.
optikkalaayi nerttha plaasmayil dravyam vikiranavumaayi thermodynamical santhulithaavasthayilalla, kaaranam kanangalum photonukalum thammilulla koottiyidi valare apoorvamaanu, vaasthavathil, photonukal, electronukal, protonukal, ionukal ennivayude vargamoola sharashari vegatha onnalla eee oro kanika janasamkhyaykkum nammal oru thaapanila nirvachikkanam. athinte phalam, emission spectrum oru black body vikiranathinte spectral vitharanathinu anuyojyamalla, pakshe ithu valare apoorvamaaya plaasmayil sambhavikkunna koottiyidi prakriyakale maathram aasrayichirikkunnu ennathaanu.
photosphere ninnu varunna franhofer lineukal agiranam cheiyunna lainukalaanenkilum, pradhaanamaayum uyarnna oorjja thalatthilekkulla parivartthanatthinte athe aavruthiyilulla photonukal agiranam cheiyunna ayonukalil ninnu purappeduvikkunna emission lainukalaanu, loha ionukal ulppaadippikkunna emission lainukalaanu coronal lineukal, avaa koottiyidi prakriyakaliloode mikacha avasthayilekku aaveshabharithamaayirunnu. kaalsyam, irumbu thudangiya uyarnna ionized aattangalaal pala spectral lainukalum purappeduvikkappedunnu, avayude baahya electronukalil bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu; eee emission lineukal chila thaapanilakalil maathrame roopappedaan kazhiyoo, athinaal solar spectrayile avayude vyakthigathathayaan purathuvidunna plasmayude thaapanila nirnnayikkaan paryaptham.
eee spectral lainukalil chilath bhoomiyil nirodhichekkaam vaasthavathil, kanikakal thammilulla koottiyidi ayonukale mettaastabil avasthakalilekku uttejippikkum; oru idathoornna vaathakathil eee ionukal udan thanne mattu kanangalumayi koottiyidikkukayum athinaal avaa intermediat thalatthilekku anuvadaneeyamaaya parivartthanatthode dii-eksaitt cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam coronayile eee ayoon athinte mettaastabil avasthayil thudaraan saadhyathayund, thaazhnna avasthayilekkulla nirodhitha parivartthanatthinte athe aavruthiyilulla oru photonine abhimukeekarikkunnathuvare. eee phottoon uthejippicha udvamanathiloode athe aavruthiyilekku ayoon puranthallaan prerippikkunnu. mettaastabil avasthakalil ninnulla nirodhitha parivartthanangale palappozhum saattalait lineukal ennu vilikkunnu.
koronayude spectroscopy, puranthallunna plasmayude niravadhi bhauthika paaraamettarukal nirnnayikkaan anuvadikkunnu. ore moolakatthinte vyathyastha ayonukalude varikalile theevratha thaarathamyam cheyyumbol, thapanilayum saandrathayum oru nalla ekadesha kanakk upayogichu alakkaan kazhiyum ionisationte vyathyastha avasthakal niyanthrikkunnath saha samavaakyamaan.
doppler shift kaazhchayude rekhayiludaneelamulla vegathayude nalla alavu nalkunnu, pakshe lambamaya thalatthilalla.
line veethi line roopeekaranathinte thapanilayil (thaaparekhayude veethi) vegathayude maiks well-boltsman vitharanathe aasrayichirikkanam, athesamayam ithu palappozhum pravachichathilum valuthaanu.
kanikakal thammilulla koottiyidi pathivayi undaakumbol marddam veethikoottunnathu moolamo prakshubdhatha moolamo veethikoottal undaakaam eee saahacharyathil sooryante uparithalathile macroscopic vegatha kanakkakkaan line veethi upayogikkaam, pakshe valia anishchithathvathode.
seeman prabhavam kaaranam rekha pilarnnathinaal kaanthikakshethram alakkaan kazhiyum.
optikkalaayi-nerttha plasma udvamanam.
optikkalaayi nerttha plaasmaykkulla vikiranathinte ettavum pradhanappetta prakriyakal
avar
athinaal, radiative fluxes moonnu padangalude aakethukayaayi prakadippikkaam
soothravaakyam _ 2 ennathu yoonit voliyathil electronukalude ennam, soothravaakyam _ 3 ayoon nambar saandrata, soothravaakyam _ 4 plank sthiraangam, soothravaakyam _ 5 oorjja jump formula _ 6 nuu anusrithamaayi purappeduvikkunna vikiranathinte aavruthi, soothravaakyam _ 7 ayoon parivarthanavumaayi bandhapetta koottiyidi dii-eksaitteshante gunakam, soothravaakyam _ 8 plasma punasamyojanathinulla vikirana nashtangalum soothravaakyam _ 9 bremstralang sambhaavanayumaan.
oro spectral lineileyum udvamanam moolamaanu aadya padam. oru nalla ekadesha kanakkanusarichu, uyarnna thalatthilulla formula _ 10-leeii adhinivesha avasthakalude ennavum thaazhnna oorjja thalatthilulla formula _ 11-leeii avasthakalude ennavum koottiyidi uthejanavum swaabhaavika udvamanavum thammilulla santhulithaavasthayaanu nalkunnathu.
ivide formula _ 13 ennathu swaabhaavikamaaya udvamanathinte parivartthana saadhyathayaanu.
randaamathe tame formula _ 8 kanakkaakkunnath oru yoonit voliyathil purappeduvikkunna oorjjamaayum ayonukalil ninnu swatantra electronukal pidichedukkukayum neutral aattangalaayi (dialectronic capture) veendum samyojippikkukayum cheiyunna samayamaayum kanakkakkunnu.
moonnaamathe padamaaya formula _ 9 coolomb fozhsu kaaranam protonukalum ionukalum electron chitharal moolamaanu oro accelered charge classical electrodynamics anusarichu vikiranam purappeduvikkunnu. eee prabhavam 10 emm. keey. kku mukalilulla ettavum uyarnna thapanilayil maathram thudarchayaaya spectrathinu prashamsaneeyamaaya sambhavana nalkunnu.
mettaastabil avasthakalil ninnulla upagraha lineukal ulppede ellah prabalamaaya vikirana prakriyakalum kanakkiledukkumbol, optikkali-nerttha plasmayude udvamanam kooduthal lalithamaayi prakadippikkaan kazhiyum
ivide formula _ 17 thapanilaye maathram aasrayichirikkunnu. ellah vikirana samvidaanangalkkum koottiyidi prakriyakal aavasyamaanu, ithu adisthaanaparamaayi square saandrathaye (soothravaakyam _ 18) aasrayichirikkunnu. kaazhcharekhayile chathura saandrathayude avibhaajyaghadakathe "emission alavu" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu palappozhum ex-reey jyothishaasthrathil upayogikkunnu.
function formula _ 17 pala rachayithaakkalum maathrkayaakkiyenkilum vyathyaasangalode
athu plasmayude moolaka samriddhiye shakthamayi aasrayichirikkunnu, theerchayaayum
aattomik paaraamettarukalilum avayude kanakkilum.
optikkali-nerttha plaasmayil ninnulla radiative fluxes kanakkakkaan soukaryapradamaaya reethiyil
vishakalana roopam, rosner thudangiyavar. (1978)
p (t) (erg cm3s−1)-nuu thaazhepparayunna oru soothravaakyam nirddeshichu

