
vilyam levettu (baksttinte rector)

vilyam levettu (sii. eiii. 1495-1554) oru engleesh purohithanaayirunnu. ooksfoord vidyaabhyaasam nediya oru kantri rector addeham irumbu nirmmikkaan spotana choola upayogikkunnathil oru pradhana vyakthiyaayirunnu. engleesh kireedatthinte rakshaakarthruthvathode, levettinte udamasthathayilulla sussexile choolakal 1543-ll englandil aadyathe irumbu mookk-loader peerankikal prayogichu, ithu oru uyarnna naavika senayaayi maarunnathiloode aagola shakthiyude santhulithaavastha aathyanthikamayi punarnirmikkaan englandine praapthamakki. vilyam levettu oru aadyakaala yudhopakarana saamrajyam nirmmikkumbozhum thante shushrushah chumathalakal nirvahikkunnath thudarukayum addeham sambaadicha sambathu addehathinte maranashesham vaividhyamaarnna jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkku vittukodukkukayum cheythu.
jeevitam.
oru kudumba irumbu bisinesses nadathunnathilekku prerippicha buxted, sussex graamatthile eee rector, englandil irumbu foundari vyavasaayam sthaapikkaan sahaayikkunnathin uyarnnuvarunna saankethikavidyakal upayogichu. irumbu peerankiyude pinnile saankethikavidyaye poorttheekarikkunnathiloode athil oru bisinesses kettippadukkunnathiloodu, emm. aarr. levettu aagola shakthiyude santhulithaavasthaye maattikkond englandine athinte athyaadhunika aayudangalodu lokashakthikalude asooyayaakkunna pravartthana sambhavangalkk thudakkamittu. englandil aadyamaayi irumbu peerankikal prayogichathu paarsan levettaanu.
1543ll valarnnuvarunna engleesh aayudha vyavasaayathil vishalamaaya thaalpparyangalulla oru sussex rector paarsan levettile jeevanakkaranaaya ralph hogg aanu englandil nirmmicha aadyathe irumbu peeranki nirmmichathu. henry VIII-yude bharanam paarsan levettinte bisinessinu nallathaayirunnu. samaadhaanathinaayi praarthikkanamennu sabha aavashyappettappol, yudhathinte saadhyathakalil sussex paarsante bisinesses abhivridhippettu.
vilyam levettu eest sussexile hollingtonile "dhaa grove" ll janichu, joyan (adams) levettinteyum joonn levettinteyum makanayi, oru valia bhoovudamayum catsfield levettinte (ippol catsfield) udamasthathayilulla oru naitti anglo-norman kudumbatthinte pingami, athupole sent hollington ulppede sussexiludaneelamulla swathum. kadalil pullippulikal, bulverhite, firley, hashings, bexhill-oonn-zee ennivayum mattidangalum. laurence levettu hollingtonile kudumba seett paarambaryamaayi nedi, thante sahodaranmaarkku revu sthaanam nalki. vilyam levettu shushrooshayil oru currier pinthudarukayum sahodaran joonn bisinessilekkum irumbu sthaapikkunnathilekkum thiriyukayum cheythu.
littil horsted, sussexil thaamasichirunna addehathinte sahodaran joonn, kudumbatthinte bhoovudamakale sussexinte veeldile aadyakaala irumbu foundarikalilonnaayi upayogappeduthi. levettinte aadyakaala sramangalil ninnu thudarnnulla rund noottaandukalaayi irumbu thokku castingil wheeld aasvadichirunna eathaandu samboornna kuthaka udaleduthu, ithu eee pradeshathinu valareyadhikam labham nalkukayum deseeya vediyil athinte swaadheenam vardhippikkukayum loka vyaapaarathilum adhikaarathilum englandinte vardhichuvarunna aadhipathyathin rangam sajjeekarikkukayum cheythu.
irumbu foundarikalkku spotana choolakalile irumbu manakkaan valia alavil thadi aavashyamaayi vannu, athu curry aakki maatti. urukia irumbinte asamskritha vasthukkalaayirunnu thadiyum ayiru oro choolaykkum castinginu sthiramaaya maram varacha kuzhiyaanu aavasyam. levettukalil ulppedunna foundari erinja aadyakaala peerankikal itaaliyan shailiyilullathum venesil ninnu uthbhavichathum engleeshukaar pakarthiyathumaayirunnavayaana. europian shailiyumaayi poruthappettukondu, engleesh suzexine kentineyum europian thokku nirmmaana vyavasaayathinte kendramaakki maatti.
irumbu urukunnath sussex vithinu puthiyathayirunnilla romakkar avarude nanayangal kandethiya baksttilulla pazhaya pradeshangalil oru vyaajarekha undaakki. ennaal valia thothilulla aayudhangalude vyaja nirmmaanam puthiyathaayirunnu. valare churungiya samayathinullil engleeshukaar thokku nirmmaana kalayil svayam praaveenyamullavaraayi. choola thadi, choola kulam, mainpit thadi, cheria forge, kalunkuthadi, slag pultthakidi, huggets choola, hammerpond enningane kothupanikalude perukal kondu sussex landscape thalikkunnu.
aadyakaala peerankikal asamskritha kaaryangalaayirunnu, "verum silindarukal", ennu sussex charitrakaaranaaya thomas wacker hozhsfield ezhuthi, "sledgeukalil gadippichirunna avaa chilappol irumbu baarukal kondu nirmmichavayaayirunnu, oru kosttinte stevukal pole arikil vaykkukayum irumbu valakal kondu orumichu pidikkukayum cheythirunnu."eee aadyakaala peerankikal bhookhandathil nirmmichavayekkaal valare thazhnnavayaayirunnathinaal engleesh board oof oordanans videshathekku peerankikal irakkumathi cheyyaanum europil ninnu vedivaykkaanum polum utharavittu.
ennaal 1540-kalil ellaam maari. "kireedatthinte bodhapoorvamaaya rakshaakarthruthvavum pinthunayum", charithrakaaran enn. eiii. emm. kent, sussex ennivayude manjile sthaapithamaaya irumbu vyavasayamaaya" "roader" "thokku sthaapikkunna irumbu pareekshikkaan prothsaahippikkappettu. aadyathe irumbu mookk-loaderukal 1543-ll buxtil erinju. 1545-ll, paarsan levettinodu thante athyaadhunika peerankikalil 120 ennavum valia alavil vedikkoppukalum nirmmikkaan utharavittu. pettennu engleesh irumbu maastarmaar kavacham alakkunna alavukolaayi maari. thadikku saameepyam, videsha (praadhamikamaayi franch) irumbupanikal irakkumathi cheyyal, phalapradamaaya puthiya vyaja reethikal enniva kaaranam engleesh thokkukal europian bhookhandathil nirmmichathinekkaal mikachathaayirunnu. puthiya engleesh thokkukal valare phalapradamaayirunnathinaal bhookhandathile shathrukkalilekkulla kayattumathi thadayunnathinaayi niyamangal vegathil pasaki.
vilyam levettu 1533 muthal 1554 vare 21 varshathilere athinte vikariyaayi sevanamanushtichu. maargarattinte edavaka palli. (1533-ll levettu essexile stanford nadikalile oru edavakayude pravasi rectoraayum thiranjedukkappettu, avide addeham thante jeevithakaalathu jeevikkunnath thudarnnu, 1545-ll addehathe herstmonsaksinte rectoraayum namakaranam cheythu). levettine baksttinte rectoraayi thiranjeduttha athe varsham thanne oru varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi (1533-34) sussexil raajaavinte varumanam sweekarikkunnayaalkku deputy aayi addehathe niyamichu. sabhayudeyum bharanakoodatthinteyum eee kauthukakaramaaya overlapping-nikuthi shekharikkunnavan enna nilayil vikar-levettinte kazhivukalum abhilaashavum raashtreeyam, bisinesses, matham ennivayude kalankangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla kazhivum prakadamaakki.
1535-ll, levettinte edavaka vikaari enna nilayil rund varshathinusesham, levettinte mootha sahodaran joonn marichu. irumbu sthaapikkunnathilulla kudumbatthinte thaalpparyatthinte sthaapakanaaya joonn levettu thante vilpathram nadappilaakkunnavarkk nirddesham nalki (addehathinte sahodaran revu ulppede). vilyam) thante "iroon miles aandu furnus" pravarthippikkunnathu thudarukayum labham thante kochukuttikalude paripaalanathinaayi neekkivaykkukayum cheyyuka. maranasamayathu, joonn levettu ithinakam thanne irumbupanikal nirmmikkunna niravadhi choolakal sussexil pravarthippichirunnu.
1539 aayappozhekkum, joonn levettinte maranathinu naalu varshathinu sesham, paarsan vilyam levettu thante sahodarante pioneering samrambhathinte niyanthranam etteduthu. addeham landanile board oof oordanansinu irumbum irumbupanikal vilkkukayaayirunnu. rund varshathinusesham, 1541-ll, levettu rajakeeya senaykk shoat vitharanam cheiyukayaayirunnu. rajaavu sainika thadaakathe thante thalavanaaya "gunston nirmmaathaavine" niyamichu. naalu varshathinu sesham, 1545-ll, levettu kireedatthinu athyanthaapekshithanaanne svayam theliyichathinaal privy kaunsil thidukkathil ingane ezhuthi "paarsan levettu ithinakam nirmmicha atharam peerankikal ivide ayaykkaan kathiloode utharavittu."adutha varsham, 1546-ll, duke oof norphokkinte sussex estettukalude khanikalkk melnottam vahikkaan privy kaunsil levettine niyamichu.
paarsan levettu thante irumbu sthaapakathvathe sussexil parimithappedutthukayum cheythilla. rajakeeya aayudhashekharangal sookshichirunna lunden gopurathinaduthulla oru sthalathu levettu aayudangalum aayudangalum nirmmichirunnathaayi samakaalika rekhakal kaanikkunnu.
paarsan levettu thante puthiya sidelinil ethi. prathyakshatthil addeham oru swaabhaavikanum kaaryakshamanumaayirunnu, 1546-ll norphokkinte moonnaamathe ducaya thomas hovaardinte swathuamullathum kireedatthaal pidichedukkappettathu sussex irumbu khanikalkk melnottam vahikkaan privy kaunsil addehathe niyamichu. levettu maasttar gann sthaapakar chaals gaaratt, piyari bowd ennivare thante buxt cheytha choolayil niyamichu, athupole 1543-ll mattu anchu anyagrahajeevikaleyum (orupakshe franchukaar) 1550-ll aarr pere niyamichu. 1543 aayappozhekkum levettu engleesh senaykk kaast-irumbu mookk-loading peerankikalude munnira vitharanakkaaranaayirunnu. 1575ll netherlandsile oodu wateril spanish pidicheduttha 1543-leeii henry VIII raajaavinte monogram adayaalappeduthiya levettinte rund poundu peerankikalilonnu kandethi-levettu thante vanyamaaya swapnangalkkappuram vijayichuvennu theliyichu.
"bejiningil", 1573 leeii oru prasthavanayil ralph hogg paranju, "yoninte gonukalo shottukalo idunnavaraarum undaayirunnilla, marichu ente misttar aaya soonn (paarsan) levatt maathrame undaayirunnulloo. (maasttar), kinges maattiyude (mahathvam) sevanathinaayi maathramaayi mattareyum sahaayikkaatha ente pii 'deser."levettu thante uthppaadanam kireedatthinte prathyeka upayogathil parimithappedutthiyirunnu, videshathu vilkkunnathil ninnulla labham upekshichu, hoginte vishwasthathaykkum videshathu wilkan visammathichathinum pakaramaayi levettinte pingamiyaaya hoginum athe kuthaka aaswadikkaan anuvadikkanamennu hogg elisabath rajnjiyodu nirddeshichu.
1553 aayappozhekkum landanile board oof oordanans 250 ladhikam levettu thokkukal vaangi. oru strockil, kudumbatthil maranam moolam aayudha bisinesses thante mail adichelppicha eee engleesh paazhsan oru poornnavalarnna samrambhakanayi roopaantharappettu. irumbu casting peeranki nirmmanavum englandinte aadyathe aadhunika vyaavasaayika sambadvyavasthayaayi maari. rund noottaandilere neenduninna eee kuthipp muthaledukkaan pazhaya bhoovudamakalaaya sidnikal, kaarillukal, covertukal, graatvikkukal thudangiya kudumbangal thidukkapettu. henry VIII-leeii yudhangal bisinessinu nallathaayirunnu 1549-ll 20 spotana choolakalum 28 forgeukalum 25 varshathinullil erattiyiladhikam vardhichu 50 choolakalum 60 forgeukalum aayi. lamba kaasttinginte engleesh reethiyilayirunnu rahasyam.
madhyakala grameena englandile fudalism maarikkondirikkunna kaalathinu vazhangukayayirunnu. bhoovudamakal nirvachichathupole sambathu orikkal purathana prabhukkanmaarude kuthakayaayirunnu. ennaal irumbu yugathile sambhavavikasangal aadya vyaavasaayika yugathile samrambhakarude abhilaashangalkk aakkam koottukayaayirunnu. eee maattatthinte aadyakaala gunabhokthaakkalil chilar englandile ettavum pazhaya kudumbangalaayirunnu nevilles, sackvilles, sidnikal, bollins, dudleys, howards. avarude valia bhoovudamakal choolakalkkaayi maratthilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum avarude rashtreeya swaadheenavumaayi samyojippikkukayum avare varumkaala irumbu yugathile dhanikarude rankilekku sthaanaarthikalaayi maattukayum cheythu. avarum avarude dasanmarum irumbumaathaavaayi.
ennaal mooladhanathinte labhyathayile vardhanavu, saankethikavidyayude maarikkondirikkunna ozhukk (lohashaasthram), vidagdha videsha thozhilaallikalude labhyatha, vidyaasambannaraaya oru madhyavargathinte uyarcha enniva englandiludaneelam irumbu nirmmaanam maattamundaakkumenn ardhamaakkunnu. ithu pala tharatthil puthiya vyaavasaayika madhyavargathinte uyarchaykku vazhiyorukkum. kooduthalum aayudangal adangiya oru vyapaaram mattu saadhaarana upakaranangalayi parinamikkum fayar back, aandironukal, anvils, chuttika, kalangal, chattikakal, shavakudeerangal polum.
athe samayam 1588leeii spanish navikasenayil kalaashicha scotish, spanish samgharshangalude nirantharamaaya bheeshani irumbu vyaapaarathil thoongikkidakkukayum athinu prathirodhasheshi nalkukayum cheythu oraalkk mathiyaya peerankikal undaayirikkaan kazhinjilla. aaa vastutha, paryaveshanatthinte puthiya yugavum englandinte naavikashakthiyude uyarchayum chernnu, puthiya aayudhangalkk eathaandu paridhiyillaattha aavashyakkaarundaayirunnu ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.
puthiya aavasyam muthaledukkaan suzaxileyum kentileyum wheeld pattanangal nannayi sajjeekarichirunnu. udaaharanathinu, chilath ulkkollunna oru purathana demesne, booksted, aashdoun vanathinte attathu irunnu. thekkan englandile ookkukalumaayi poruthappedunna kurachu vanangal kathikkaan upayogichu. vanapradeshathinte bhooribhaagavum sussexinteyum kent veeldinteyum pazhaya jentry kudumbangalude kaikalilaayirunnu.
eee puthiya saankethikavidya neratthe sweekarichathil ninnu pullu nirmmichukondu pazhaya kaundi prabhukkanmaar vazhi kanikkum. ennaal muthalaalitham srishtiparamaaya naashamaan. puthiya saankethikavidyayude sveekaaryatha aathyanthikamayi pazhaya fudal bhoovudama prabhukkanmaarude pathanam vithachu. oru puthiya varggathile vyapara-saahasikar, kandupiduthakkar, naveenashayakkaar, vyavasayikal ennivar pathukke pazhaya bhoomiyile phaatt kyaattukale sthaanabhrashtaraakkaan thudangum.
oduvil, kuranjuvarunna manjumala puthiya kookk-fayar saankethikavidyayum chernnu englandinte irumbuvalarthal vyavasaayathe vadakku madhyapradeshangalilekkum samriddhamaaya kalkkariyilekkum thalli. wheeldon irumbu vyavasaayathinte thakarchayude uthejakamaaya, veeldinte irumbumaastarmaarekku thante majesteeriyal padanatthil ernest stracker ezhuthunnu, "hoopp vyavasaayathinte malsaravum vardhichuvarunna thozhilchelavum moolamundaaya indhanathinte uyarnna vilayayirunnu athu. rekhappeduthiya ellah akkoundukalilum kalkari ettavum chelaveria inamaanu."
ennirunnaalum, idakkaala rund noottaandukalil, vyaavasaayika pravarthanangalaal pulse cheyyappetta eee manjal, nirantharam maarikkondirikkunna saankethikavidya naavigettu cheyyaan aagrahikkunnavarkk thozhilavasarangalum sambathum nalki. akkaalathe athyaadhunika irumbu nirmmaanashaala, ernest stracker soochippikkunnathu, athinte kaalaghattatthile silikkan thaazhvarayaayirunnu. ennaal ellah saankethika viplavangaleyum pole athu sthaanabhrashtamaayi. "athinte pradhana kaalaghattatthil ithu nivaasikalil ganyamaaya oru vibhaagathe niyamichirunnu, mathramalla graamapradeshangalude samriddhiyude maarggam mathramalla, raajyathin shakthiyude uravidavumaayirunnu... kurachu kulangal maathram avasheshikkunnu, avayil chilath innum kaanaan kazhiyum; oru kaalath tirakkeriya sthalamaayirunna palathum brush vudinteyum brackenteyum idathoornna thikkilum verthirichariyaan prayaasamaan. kettidangal pooyi, mikkavarum ellah vadiyum kallum mattevideyengilum upayogichu.
athinidayil, wheeldon irumbumaasttarmaar avarude divasam sooryaprakaashathil aasvadichu, orupakshe paarsan levettu allathe matonnumalla, avarude currier saahacharyangalaal addehathil adichelppikkappettu. addeham valare sambannanaayitheernnu. addehathinte sahodaran joonn sussexile ettavum valia bhoovudamakalil oraalaayirunnu. joonn levettinte maranasamayathu, levettu sahodaran marichappol, sussexiludaneelam 20 ladhikam maanarukal undaayirunnu. ekadesham 20 varshathinusesham addehathinte maranashesham, vilyam levettinte ishtam addeham kooduthal mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavechuvennu kaanikkunnu. executor enna nilayil aadyathe viscant montagu enna nilayil aanthani braun ennu levettu perittirikkunna valia rekha, varaanirikkunna irumbukaalathe samrambhakarkk labhicha sambathu pradarshippikkunnu.
aadyatheyaaliloraal bybilinum bullattinum idayil pidikkapetta oru paarsan randineyum thiranjedutthathaayi sambhavikkunnu. kaantarbariyile aarch bishop northrop grammante sii. iii. oo aayi moonlaitt cheythathupoleyaayirunnu athu. oru irumbumaasttar aayathinal levettu orikkalum vikaariyenna thante jolie upekshichilla. ennaal sainika-vyaavasaayika samuchayatinum vishudha grandhatthinum edayilulla vidavu levettu vyaapippichath addehathe aswasthanaakkukayaanengil, addehathinte ishtaprakaaram jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkkaayi vipulamaaya sambhavanakal ozhike athinte soochanakal kuravaayirunnu.
aaa rekhayil, paarsan levettu buxt palliyudeyum parsonejinteyum attakuttappanikalkkayi panam upekshichu. ellah njaayarazhchakalilum praadeshika paavappettavarkk maamsam nalkunnathinulla panavum ezhu varshathekku buxt, ukkfield, kaudan ennee daridrarkku kadam koduthukondu nalkunna herringukalum gothambum addeham baakkiyayi nalki. thante suhruthukkalaaya winchesterile bishop, loard chansalar, sarr aanthani braun ennivarude upadesaprakaaram pavapetta pandithanmaarkk nalkaan addeham 100 poundu vittu. 40-ladhikam vyakthigatha swathukkal nalkia levettinte ishtam, niyama birudamullah eee irumbumaasttar purohitan oru saadhaarana raajya vikaariyaayirunnillenn kaanikkunnu.
virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, levettinte bisinesses thalpparyangal raajyathe mathaparamaya kalahangalil ninnu addehathinu samrakshanam nalki. 1545-ll kaantarbariyile aarch bishop thomas cranmer henry VIII raajaavinte keezhil matha parishkaarangal sweekarikkaan levettu visammathichathinal levettine buxtedil thante vikaari sthaanathu ninnu neekkam cheythu. ennaal levettu udan thanne punasthaapichu. "levettu yudhasamayathu cranmerinu prathyekichum aneethiyaaya lakshyamayirunnu, kaaranam (vichithramayi oru canon abhibhaashakane sambandhichidatholam, oru purohitan) addeham sussex aayudha vyavasaayathile sarkkaarinte mukhya ejantumaaril oraalaayirunnu", diarmaid mcculloch thomas kraanmarinte jeevacharithrathil ezhuthunnu.
oduvil, levettu kudumbatthinte irumbu thalpparyangal paarsan levettinte sahodaran joninte anantharaavakaashikalkku, pradhaanamaayum eversfield, chalonar, poppu kudumbangalkk labhichu. (joonn eversfield buxted palliyude chaansalile rector levettinu sameepam samskarikkappettirikku, 1550 august 26-leeii addehathinte vilppathrathil, edamandu poppu oof littil horsted elakal tuu rauf hogg, misttar paarson levetts tenne shillings). misttar levettinte maranathethudarnnu, addehathinte muun sevakanaaya hogg 1585-ll swantham maranam vare irumbinte nirmmaanam thudarnnu. muppath varshathinu munbu, levettu thante yuva jeevanakkaaran naalu poundu panavum 'aarr tonn panni' yum (urukia loham manal achilekku oodichu nirmmicha oru neenda kaast irumbu kashanam) avasheshippichu. aaa lalithamaaya aamgyam avarude asaadhyamaaya sahakaranathinte vijaythe soochippichu. hogginte peru wheeldon irumbu sthaapikkalinte paryaayamaayi maariyengilum paarsan levettaanu athinu vazhiyorukkiyathu.

