
rodeshya

1970 muthal audyogikamaayi republic oof rodeshya ennariyappettirunna rodeshya 1965 muthal 1979 vare dakshinaafrikkayile aadhunika simbabweik thulyamaaya oru amgeekrithamallaatha samsthaanamaayirunnu. 1923ll utharavaadithamulla sarkkar nediyathinushesham svayambharanaadhikaaramulla thekkan rodeshyayile britiish kolaniyude "yadhaartha" pingamiyaayirunnu rodeshya. thekk dakshinaafrikka, thekkupadinjaaru bechuwanaland (pinneedu botswana), vadakkupadinjaaru sambia (munbu vadakkan rodeshya), kizhakk mosambik (1975 vare porchugees pravishya) ennivayaayirunnu rodeshyayude athirthikal. 1965 muthal 1979 vare, europian vamsajarum samskaravumulla vella nyoonapakshathaal bharikkapetta aafrikkan bhookhandathile rund swatantra rajyangalil onnaayirunnu rodeshya, mattonn dakshinaafrikkayaayirunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, transwallinu vadakkulla pradesham sessil roads nayikkunna britiish dakshinaafrikkan kambanikku charter cheyyappettu. roads addehathinte pioneer nirayum 1890-ll vadakkott march cheyyukayum 1920-kalude arambham vare kambani bharikkenda oru valia pradesham svanthamaakkukayum cheythu. 1923-ll kambaniyude charter raddaakkukayum thekkan rodeshya svayambharanam nedukayum oru niyamanirmmanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1953num 1963num idayil thekkan rodeshya vadakkan rodeshya, nyasaland ennivayumaayi chernnu federation oof rodeshya aandu nyasaalaandil chernnu.
1950kalude avasaanathilum 1960kalude thudakkathilum aafrikkayude druthakaala kolanivalkkaranam thekkan rodeshyayile vellakkaarude janasamkhyayude ganyamaaya anupaathathe aashankappeduthi. karutha bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla parivartthanam vaikippikkanulla shramathil, pradhaanamaayum velutha thekkan rodatian sarkkar 1965 november 11 nuu yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu svanthamaayi ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthrya prakhyapanam (yuu. dii. aii) purappeduvichu. rodeshya ennu lalithamaayi thirichariyappedunna puthiya raajyam thudakkathil komanvelthu oof neshansinullil oru svayambharana rajyamaayi amgeekaaram thedi, ennaal 1970 ll svayam oru republicayi punasamghadippichu. rund aafrikkan deseeya partykalaaya simbabwe aafrikkan peeples union (saappu), simbabwe aafrikkan naashanal union (saanu) ennivar yoodiyile sarkkaarinethire sayudha kalapam aarambhichu, ithu rodatian bush yudhathinu kaaranamaayi. vardhichuvarunna yuddha ksheenam, nayatantra sammarddam, ikyaraashtrasabha earppeduthiya vipulamaaya vyapara uparodham enniva 1978ll bhooripaksham bharanam amgeekarikkaan rodatian pradhaanamantri iyaan smithine prerippichu. ennirunnaalum, thiranjeduppukalum mithavaadiyaaya aabel musorevayude pingamiyaaya smithinoppam oru bahujaatheeya thaalkkaalika sarkkarum anthaaraashtra vimarshakare samaadhaanippikkunnathilo yuddham thadayunnathilo parajayappettu. 1979 disambarode musoreva saappuvumaayum saanuvumaayum oru karar undaakki, britiish melnottatthil puthiya thiranjeduppukal nadakkunnathuvare hrasvamaayi colonial padaviyilekku madangaan rodeshya anuvadichu. 1980ll saanu oru thiranjeduppu vijayam nedukayum 1980 eprilil simbabwe enna peril raajyam anthaaraashtra thalatthil swaathanthryam nedukayum cheythu.
salisbury (athinte thalasthaana nagaram, ippol harare ennariyappedunnu), bullavio ennivayaayirunnu rodeshyayile ettavum valia nagarangal. 1970 nuu munbu, ekasabhaasamithiyilulla niyamasabha pradhaanamaayum vellakkaaraayirunnu, karuthavargakkaarkkaayi kurachu seettukal neekkivachirunnu. 1970ll oru republic prakhyaapichathinethudar, ithinu pakaram oru dvisabha paarlamentum oru niyamasabayum senattum sthaapichu. 1980 nuu sesham simbabweyil dvisabha sambradaayam nilanirtthi. vamseeya vottavakaasham ozhike, rodeshya yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha oru parambaraagatha westminstar sambradaayam nireekshichu, oru president aachaaraparamaaya rashtrathalavanaayi pravartthikkukayum oru pradhaanamantri manthrisabhaye nayikkukayum cheythu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
1965 novemberil yudiyumayi oresamayam amgeekaricha bharanaghadana anusarichu raajyathinte audyogika namam rodeshya ennaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, britiish niyamaprakaaram ithu anganeyayirunnilla, ithu pradeshatthinte niyamaparamaaya peru thekkan rodeshyayaayi kanakkaakkukayum, 1898 ll britiish dakshinaafrikkan kambaniyude rhodesias bharanakaalathu raajyathin nalkappetta peru, 1923 ll kambani bharanam avasaanichathinusesham thekkan rodeshyayile svayambharana kolaniyaal nilanirthappedukayum cheythu.
1964 octoberil vadakkan rodeshya brittanil ninnu swathanthramaakukayum athe samayam athinte peru sambia ennu maattukayum cheythathodeyaanu eee naamakarana tharkkam aarambhichath. vadakkan" rodeshyayude abhaavathil "thekk" enna vaakkinte thudarchayaaya upayogam anaavasyamaanennu salisburyile thekkan rodatian colonial sarkkaarin thonni. athu rodeshyayaayi maarunnathinulla niyamanirmmanam pasaki, ennaal britiish niyamanirmmanam raajyathinte peru nirvachichathinaal colonial sarkkaarin maattaan kazhiyillennathinaal britiish sarkkar ithu amgeekarikkaan visammathichu. salisbury hrasvamaaya peru audyogika reethiyil upayogichukondirikkum britiish sarkkar raajyathe thekkan rodeshya ennu paraamarshikkunnath thudarnnu. eee sahacharyam yuu. dii. kaalaghattatthiludaneelam thudarnnu. britiish gavanment ulppede niravadhi aalukal house oof komansil eee hraswanaamam upayogichirunnu.
charithram.
pashchaathalam.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham vare, karayal chuttapetta britiish kaivashamulla thekkan rodeshya oru thaddesheeya aafrikkan pradeshamaayi vikasippichilla, marichu athinte bahujaatheeya swabhaavathe prathifalippikkunna oru savishesha samsthaanamaayi vikasippikkappettu. eee sahacharyam theerchayaayum colonial bharanathin keezhil nilaninnirunna mattu rajyangalil ninnu valare vyathyasthamakki, kaaranam niravadhi europianmaar sthiramaaya veedukal nirmmikkanum pattanangale vyaapaarikalaayi janavasam vardhippikkaanum ettavum uthppaadanakshamamaaya mannu krishi cheyyaanum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythirunnu. 1922ll, anchaam pravisyayaayi dakshinaafrikkan yooniyanil cherano eathaandu poornnamaaya aabhyanthara svayambharanaavakaasham sweekarikkaano ulla theerumaanathe abhimukheekarichu, watermar dakshinaafrikkan ekeekaranathinethire vottu cheythu.
hitaparisodhanayude phalam kanakkileduthu 1923 septambar 12nuu eee pradesham yunaittad kingdom pidichadakki. kootticherkkalinu thottupinnaale 1923 october 1nuu thekkan rodeshyayude puthiya kolaniyude aadya bharanaghadana praabalyatthil vannu. eee bharanaghadana prakaram, thekkan rodeshyaykku swantham muppath anga niyamanirmmanasabha, pradhaanamantri, manthrisabha enniva thiranjedukkaanulla avakasham nalkappettu-ennirunnaalum britteeshukaarude kireedatthinu thaddesheeyareyum videsanayatheyum badhikkunna nadapadikalil aupachaarika veetto nilanirthukayum aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
adutha moonnu pathittaandinide, thekkan rodeshya oru paridhivare saambathika vipuleekaranavum vyavasayavalkkaranavum sub-saharan aafrikkayil eathaandu samaanathakalillathathaayi anubhavapettu. kromiyathinteyum maamganeesinteyum valia nikshepangal ulppede athinte swaabhaavika daathukkalude samriddhi parambaraagatha saambathika valarchayude uyarnna nirakkin kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, aafrikkayile mikka kolanikalum, prakrithivibhavangalaal sambannamaayavar polum, saankethikavum maanejmentumaaya kazhivukalude abhavam kaaranam samanamaaya vikasana nirakk kaivarikkunnathil budhimuttu anubhavichu. praadeshika sambadvyavasthayil thangalude kazhivukal nikshepikkaan cheria prachodanam labhicha colonial sivil sarveesukaarude cheruthum karangunnathumaya kedarukal eee poraayma nikathaan paryaapthamalla. thekkan rodeshya videshathu ninnu nerittu oru vidagdha thozhil sakthiye irakkumathi cheythukondu eee prashnam nirasichu, athinte asamamaya valia europian kudiyettakkaarudeyum pravasi janasamkhyayudeyum roopathil. udaaharanathinu, 1951ll 90 sathamaanathiladhikam velutha thekkan rodeshyakkaarum britiish sarkkar "vidagdha thozhilukal" allengil professional, saankethika vyapaarangalil earppettirunnu. ithu sakthamaaya ulppaadana mekhalayum irumbu, urukk vyavasaayangalum upayogichu vaividhyamaarnna sambadvyavastha sthaapikkaanum videsha kolanikalile vyavasaayathe niruthsaahappeduthumpol metropolile aabhyanthara vyavasaayathe pinthunaykkunnathinulla saadhaarana britiish samrakshana nayathe marikadakkaanum saadhyamaakki. vellakkaarude janasamkhya vardhichathode, prathyekichu randaam lokamahaayudhathinte pashchaathalatthil mooladhana irakkumathiyum vardhichu. eee pravanathayum mattu colonial pradeshangalil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaayirunnu, varumanam metropolylake thirichayachathinaal valia mooladhana kammi nerittu, praadeshikamaayi nikshepikkaan kurachu mooladhanam avasheshichu. sambadvyavasthayil vella rodeshyakkaar nadatthiya ganyamaaya nikshepam thekkan rodeshyayude kayattumathi vyavasaayangalude vikasanathinum anthaaraashtra vipanikalumayi kooduthal samyojippikkunnathin aavashyamaaya adisthaana soukaryathinum dhanasahayam nalki.
1953 augustil, thekkan rodeshya mattu rund britiish madhya aafrikkan pradesangalaaya vadakkan rodeshya, nyaasaalaandumaayi layichu federation oof rodeshya, nyasaland enniva roopeekarichu-prathirodhavum saambathika dishayum oru kendra sarkkaarin keezhil konduvannathum ennaal niravadhi aabhyanthara karyangal athinte ghadaka pradeshangalude niyanthranathilaakkiyathu oru ayanja association. kolanivalkkaranam anivaaryamaanennum thaddesheeya karuthavarggakkaar maattathinaayi valareyadhikam sammarddam cheluthukayaanennum thonnithudangiyappol, 1963 desember avasaanathode federation pirichuvittu.
ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam (1965).
thekkan rodeshyaykku (ippol rodeshya) aupachaarika swaathanthryam nalkaan thayyaaraanengilum, britiish sarkkar "bhooripaksha bharanathinu munbu swaathanthryam illa" (nibamr) enna nayam sveekarichirunnu, europian kudiyettakkaarude ganyamaaya, raashtreeyamaayi sajeevamaaya janasamkhyayulla kolanikalkku bhooripaksha bharana vyavasthakalilallaathe swaathanthryam labhikkillenn nirddeshichu. vella rodeshyakkaar nibbmarinte pashchaathalatthil ninnu pinmari; thaarathamyena cheria ennam undaayirunnittum, thalkkalam, thangalkk samboornna rashtreeya niyanthranathinulla avakaashamundenn palarum karuthi. demookratik republic oof congo polulla akkaalat mattu aafrikkan rajyangalil nadanna colonial-uthara rashtreeya parivartthanangalude araajakathvavum avare aswastharaakki. vellakkaarude oru vibhaagam karutha rodeshyakkaare kramena sivil samoohathilekku ulppeduthuka enna ashayathinum sidhaanthathil kooduthal samyojitha rashtreeya gadanaykkum thurannuparanjirunnu, ennirunnaalum yogyathayum thettidhaaranayum illaathe. karuthavargakkaarkku uyarnna vidyaabhyaasa, thozhil nilavaaram labhichukazhinjaal kooduthal saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya samathvam sveekaaryamaanennu avar vaadichu. karuthavargakkaarkku thulyatha enna thathwam, valare kuranja sanbradaayathil, amgeekarikkaan velutha samudaayathile randaamathe vibhaagam poornnamaayum thayyarayilla. sameepabhaviyil iruvibhaagangalum bhooripaksha bharanathe ethirthu. ennirunnaalum, rodeshya anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalil charcha cheiyunnathinulla oru vishayamaayi avatharippichukazhinjaal, nilavile avasthayude vipuleekaranam britiish sarkkaarine sambandhichidatholam aashankaajanakamaaya oru vishayamaayi maari, athu sookshumaparishodhanaye yunaittad kingdatthinu gurutharamaaya naanakkedaayi kandu.
1963 desemberil federation pirichuvittathinushesham, annathe britiish pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna sarr alak dougless-hoome, swaathanthrya charchakalekkurichulla munvyavasthakal "anchu thathwangal" ennu addeham visheshippichathil adhishtithamaanennu urappichu-bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla thadassamillaatha purogathi, karutha thaalpparyangalkk hanikaramaaya bhaaviyile eathenkilum niyamanirmmaanathinethiraayi urappu, praadeshika aafrikkakkaarude "rashtreeya padaviyil purogathi", audyogika vamseeya vivechanam avasaanippikkal, "muzhuvan janangalkkum sveekaaryamaaya" oru rashtreeya othutheerppu. swaathanthryathinulla oru samayakramam nischayikkunnathinu munbu eee vishayangal niyamaanusrithamaayi abhisambodhana cheyyanamennu aavashyappedunnathil harrold willson varaanirikkunna thozhil sarkkarum kooduthal karsanamaaya nilapad sweekarichu.
1964ll nadannukondirikkunna charchakalodulla veluthavarude vardhichuvarunna athrupthi thekkan rodeshyayude pradhaanamanthriyaayi vinsttan feeldine purathaakkunnathil pradhana punk vahichu. yaadhaasthithika rodatian frond party chairman bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla eathoru adiyanthira parivartthanatheyum thurannuparayunna vimarsakanumaaya iyaan smith feeldinte pingamiyaayi. kolaniyile aadyathe rodatian vamshajanaaya nethaavaaya smith taamasiyaathe britiish sarkkaarile liberalukalkkum veettil maattathinaayi prakshobham nadathunnavarkkumethiraaya cheruthunilppine vyakthamakkaan vannu. 1964 septambaril smith lisbone sandarshichu, avide porchugees pradhaanamantri antonio dii olivira salazar swaathanthryam prakhyaapikkukayaanenkil "paramavadhi pinthuna" vaagdaanam cheythu. dakshinaafrikkayil suraksha bandham nilanirthunnathinulla pothu thaalpparyathinupurame, 1961ll india gova pidichadakkiya samayat porchugaline pinthunaykkaan brittan visammathichathil salazar valia rosham prakadippikkukayum britiish sarkkaarine vishwasikkaruthennu smithine upadeshikkukayum cheythu. aaa varsham avasaanam ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam pratheekshicha uparodhangal lamghikkunnathinaayi lisbonil oru rodatian trade oafees thurannu, ithu vittuveezhcha cheyyaathirikkaan smithine prothsaahippichu. athaakatte, lisbanile rodatian trade oafees oru "yadhaartha" embasiyaayi pravartthikkukayum landanumaayi pirimurukkam srishtikkukayum cheythu, ithu rodeshya swantham videsanayam nadathunnathine ethirthu. karayal chuttapetta rodeshya porchugees kolaniyaaya mosambikkinte athirthiyilaayathinaal, pratheekshicha uparodhangal lamghikkunnathil portugalil ninnu "paramavadhi pinthuna" nalkumenna salaasarinte vaagdaanam landanumaayulla charchayil smithinu aathmavishwaasathinu kooduthal adithara nalki. anchu britiish thathwangalum avaa nilakollunnathupole amgeekarikkunnathine smith thallikkalanju, pakaram rodeshyaykku ithinakam thanne niyamaparamaayi swaathanthryathinu arhathayundennu soochippikkunnu-oru hitaparisodhanayil pradhaanamaayum vella watermar valareyadhikam amgeekaricha oru avakaashavaadam.
eee hitaparisodhanayudeyum thudarnnulla pothutheranjeduppintayum phalangalil dhairyapetta rodatian sarkkar britiish sammathamillaathe swaathanthryam prakhyaapikkumenn bheeshanippedutthi. atharamoru kramarahithamaya nadapadikramam raajyadrohiyaayi kanakkaakkumenn munnariyipp nalkikkond harrold vilson ethirthu, ennirunnaalum engleesh "kith aandu kansan" allengil pradhaanamaayum britiish vamsajarum uthbhavamulla vella rodeshyanmaarude kalapam adichamarthaan sayudha senaye upayogikkunnathu addeham prathyekamaayi nirasichu, avaril palarkkum ippozhum ikyanaadukalodu anubhavavum kudumba bandhavum undaayirunnu. oru sainika oopshan pariganikkaan vilson visammathichath smithine thante padhathikal thudaraan kooduthal prothsaahippichu. charchakal pettennu paraajayappedukayum octoberil oru othutheerppu nedaanulla anthima sramangal paraajayappedukayum cheythu; swaathanthryathinte anchu thathwangal amgeekarikkaan smith sarkkar thayyarayilla, britiish sarkkar athil kuranjathonnum pariharikkillenn vaadichu.
1965 november 11nuu rodeshya manthrisabha ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam (yuu. dii. aii) purappeduvichu. yunaittad kingdatthil udiye "kireedatthinethiraaya kalapam" ennu apalapikkukayum niyamavirudhamaaya nadapadi hraswakaalathekku neendunilkkumennu vilson vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, svayambharana padavi kanakkiledukkumbol rodeshya kurachukaalamaayi yunaittad kingdatthinte nerittulla swaadheena mekhalayilaayirunnilla, thudarnnukondirikkunna britiish bharanathinte mukham oru bharanaghadanaa fictionaayi yudi maatti. eee saahacharyangalude velichathil, nilavile rodatian gavanmentinu mail nerittulla swaadheenam cheluthaanulla thante kazhivu parimithamaanennu vilson pettennu manassilakki.
1965 october 12 nuu ikyaraashtra potusabha rodatian adhikaarikalude aavarthichulla bheeshanikal "nyoonapaksha bharanam nilanirthunnathinaayi thekkan rodeshyayude swaathanthryam ekapaksheeyamaayi prakhyaapikkumenn" shradhikkukayum rodatian frond swaathanthryam urappikkathirikkaan thante pakkalulla ellah maargangalum (sainika shakti ulppede) upayogikkaan vilsoninode aavasyappedukayum cheythirunnu. yudi prakhyaapichathinushesham, yuu. enn udyogasthar rodatian sarkkaarine "niyamaviruddha vamseeya nyoonapaksha bharanakoodam" ennu mudrakuthukayum rodeshyayumaayulla saambathika bandham swamedhayaa vichedikkaan amgaraajyangalodu aavasyappedukayum petroleum ulppannangalkkum sainika hardwareukalkkum uparodham earppeduthaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu. 1966 desemberil, eee uparodhangal nirbandhamaanennum pukayila, chromium, chembu, aasbattos, panchasaara, beef thudangiya rodatian kayattumathi saadhanangal vaangunnathil ninnu amgaraajyangale vyakthamaayi vilakkiyathaayum aavarthichu.
britiish sarkkar, ithinakam thanne vipulamaaya uparodhangal sweekarichu, mosambikkile beira thuramukhathu enna vitharanam nireekshikkaan oru royal nevi schwadronine ayachu, athil ninnu oru thanthraparamaaya pipeline rodeshyayile umathaliyilekku oodi. aavashyamenkil, (thekkan) rodeshyayilekku uddeshichittulla enna vahikkunnuvennu nyayamaayum vishwasikkappedunna kappalukal" balaprayogathiloode thadayuka ennathaayirunnu yudhakkappalukalude chumatala.
amgaraajyangalallaatha swittsarland, padinjaaran jarmmani thudangiya chila paashchaathya rajyangal rodeshyayumaayi parasyamaayi vyapaaram thudarnnu-randaamathethu 1973 vare padinjaaran europile smith gavanmentinte ettavum valia vyapara pankaliyaayi thudarnnu, athu yuu. ennil cherkkapettu. aafrikkan bhookhandathinu purathulla rodatian kayattumathiyude pradhana sweekarthaavaayi jappan thudarnnu, uparodham lamghichu iraan rodeshyayilekku enna vitharanam cheythu. vyaja uthbhava sarttifikkattukalode mosambik vazhi kayattumathi cheytha rodatian charakkukalude oru vazhiyayi porchugal pravarthichu. dakshinaafrikkayum yuu. enn uparodham palikkaan visammathichu. 1971ll amerikkayil baitt bhedagathi pasaki, ithu american kambanikale rodatian chromium, nikkal uthppannangal saadhaaranapole irakkumathi cheyyaan anuvadichu.
uparodhangal moshamaayi kaanichittum, videshathu nayatantra amgeekaaram labhikkunnath rodeshyaykku asaadhyamaayi. 1970ll yunaittad stetts yuu. dii. yeei "oru saahacharyathilum" amgeekarikkillennu prakhyaapichu. rodeshyayude ettavum valia vyapara pankalikalaaya dakshinaafrikkayum porchugal nayatantra amgeekaaram nalkaan visammathikkukayum rodatian thalasthaanamaaya salisburyil embassykal thurakkathirikkukayum "amgeekritha prathinidhikal" vazhi nayatantra pravartthanangal nadatthaan thaalpparyappedukayum cheythu. ithu dakshinaafrikkan, porchugees sarkkaarukalkk britiish paramaadhikaaratthe maanikkunnath thudarumennum smith bharanakoodatthinte praayogika adikaaram amgeekarikkunnathaayum nilanirthaan anuvadichu.
thudakkathil, rodatian raajyam elisabath randaaman raajnjiyodulla prathijnjaabadhamaaya vishwasthatha nilanirtthi, avare rodeshyayude raajnjiyaayi amgeekarichu. smith upapradhaanamanthri clifford dupond thekkan rodeshyayile gavarnaraaya sarr humphry gibsine sandarshichu yoodiyekkurichu audyogikamaayi ariyichappol gibbs athine raajyadroha nadapadiyaayi apalapichu. smith radioyil audyogikamaayi yudi prakhyaapichathinushesham, vaitthaalile colonial offeesil ninnulla utharavanusarichu govarnor gibbs smithineyum muzhuvan manthrisabhayeyum offeesil ninnu pirichuvidaan thante karuthal adikaaram upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, niyamaparamaaya colonial gavanmentilekku madangiyethaan vyakthamaaya nadapadikalonnum sweekarikkaan gibbukalkku kazhinjilla. udi thante oafees kaalaharanappettathakkiyenna vaadichukondu rodatian mantrimar addehathinte ariyippukal avaganichu. ennirunnaalum, republic prakhyaapanathetthudarnnu 1970 ll rodeshya vidunnathuvare gibbs salisburyile thante audyogika vasathiyaya sarkkar bhavanathil thudarnnu. athinu munbu addehathe phalapradamaayi sthaanabhrashtanaakkiyirunnu; raajnji oru govarnor generaline niyamichillengil, "sarkkar bharikkunna udyogasthan" ennu dupontinte peru nalkumennu smith sarkkar prasthaavichu. erattappaalikale govarnor generalayi niyamikkaan smith uddeshichirunnuvenkilum elisabath raajnji randaaman eee upadesham pariganikkukapolum cheythilla. kurachu ozhivaakkalukalode, gibbs raajnjiyude eaka niyamaanusritha prathinidhiyaanenna vaitthaalinte avakaashavaadathe anthaaraashtra samooham pinthunachu, athinaal rodeshyayile eaka niyamaanusritha adikaaram.
1968 septambaril rodeshya haikkodathiyude appeel division, iyaan smithinte bharanam kevalam "yadhaartha" gavanmentalla, marichu raajyathe "dii juur" gavanmentaayi maariyenn vidhichu. thante theerumaanathe pinthunaykkaan, cheef justice sarr hugg beedle hugo grotius nadatthiya niravadhi prasthavanakal upayogichu, oru raajyathin oru prathyeka pradesham bharikkunnuvennu avakashappedaan oru maargavumillenn addeham vaadichu-aaa pradeshathinethire yuddham nadathukayaanenkil. rodeshyaykkethiraaya brittante saambathika yuddham kaaranam, avale (athe ghattathil) "gavening" rodeshya ennu visheshippikkaan kazhiyillennu beedle vaadichu. yudi undaayirunnittum, nilavile smith sarkkaarin "athinte mungaamikalkk niyamaparamaayi cheyyaan kazhiyunnathokke niyamaparamaayi cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu" ennathinu eee vidhi oru maathruka srishtichu.
pramukha abhibhaashakan dablyu. yude adhyakshathayil oru salisbury kammeeshan.aarr. 1968 epril muthal bhooripaksham bharanam ulppede rodatian adhikaarikalkk thurannukidakkunna bharanaghadanaaparamaaya oopshanukal padikkaan vaaliye niyamichu, ennaal oru othutheerppil britteeshukaarumaayi charchakal veendum thurakkunnathu neratthe thanne thallikkalanju. praayogikamaayum niyamaparamaayum, "europianmaar sthiramaaya europian aadipathyathilulla eathu vishwaasavum keezhadakkanam" ennu vaali kammeeshan kandethi, nyoonapaksha bharanam shaashwathamallennu choondikkaatti. ennirunnaalum, bhooripaksha bharanam udanadi abhikaamyamallennum vaali saakshyappeduthi.
rodeshya yunaittad kingdow thammilulla vyathyaasangal laghookarikkukayenna lakshyathode 1966 desemberilum 1968 octoberilum orikkal royal nevi kappalukalil charchakal nadatthi. rund sramangalum karar nedunnathil parajayappettu, ennirunnaalum harrold vilson munbu paranja anchil aaraamathe thathwam cherthu "vamsham pariganikkathe, nyoonapakshatheyo [eathenkilum] nyoonapakshatheyo bhooripakshatheyo adichamarthunnillenna urappaakkendath aavasyamaanu."oru puthiya othutheerppilethaarnathu rodatian dridanishchayam karsanamaayi, rodatian munnaniyude kooduthal samoola gadakangal oru republican bharanaghadanaykku ahvaanam cheythu.
1969ll nadanna rund nirddeshangalulla oru hitaparisodhanayil britiish kireedavumaayulla bakkiyulla ellah bandhangalum vichedikkaanulla nirddesham 14,327 nethire 61,130 vottukalkku pasaki. 1970 march 2 nuu rodeshya svayam oru republicayi prakhyaapichu. puthiya bharanaghadana prakaram, oru president aachaaraparamaaya rashtrathalavanaayi sevanamanushtichu, pradhaanamantri addehathinu naamamaathramaayi report cheythu. oru republicinte prakhyapanam oduvil mattu raajyangale amgeekaaram nalkaan prerippikkumennu rodatian sarkkaarile chilar pratheekshichirunnu.
udyude swaadheenam.
rodeshyayude udiye thudarnnulla varshangalil rajyath saambathikavum sainikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sammarddangalude oru parambara prathyakshappettu, athu oduvil bhooripaksha bharanam konduvannu, maattam konduvarunnathinu kaaranamaaya mattethoru gadakathekkaalum eee gadakangalude mothathilullathaanu. 2005ll lunden school oof economicsil nadanna oru konfaransil rodeshyayude swaathanthryam charcha cheythukondu sheethayudha goodaalochanakalaal sankeernamaaya nilavilulla vamseeya samgharshamaanu udikk kaaranamaayathenn nigamanam cheythu.
daridraraaya karutha varggakkaarude chelavil oru colonial bharanavarggathinte prathyekaavakaashangal samrakshikkaan iyaan smith uddeshichirunnuvennu udiyude vimarshakar abhiprayappettu. samakaalika aafrikkan nilavaaramanusarichu nyayamaaya vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta oru samsthaanathinte sankeernamaaya bharana prakriyayil pankedukkaan karutha rodatian bhooripakshathinu akkaalat anubhavaparichayamillaayirunnu avakaashappett smith thante pravartthanangale prathirodhichu.
mothatthil, yudi bhooripaksham bharanathodum yukeyumaayulla bandhathodumulla vellakkaarude manobhaavathe kooduthal kadinamaakki. vella rodatian nivaasikalil bhooribhaagavum britiish kudiyettakkaaro britiish vamshajaraayavaro aayirunnu, palarum britiish saamraajyathod prathyeka sneham pulartthiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, avarude nibandhanakalkkanusarichu swaathanthryam nalkaan yuke visammathichath britiish nibandhanakalilulla oru rashtreeya othutheerppinulla avarude ethirppu sthireekarikkukayum rodatian raashtreeyathil britiish edapedalinodulla avarude nishedhaathmaka manobhaavam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. udikk munbulla varshangalil, vella rodeshyakkaar thangaletthanne kooduthalaayi budhimuttunnavarum bheeshanippeduthunnavarum metropol moolam nirantharam arakshitharum durbalarumaayavarumaayi kaanukayum thangalethanneyallaathe mattareyum aashrayikkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythu. bhooripaksha bharanathinu munbulla swaathanthryam illa" enna nayam vellakkaarante yukeyumaayulla bandhathe mattimarikkukayum britiish gavanmentinte colonial kaaryangalil vishwaasyathayillaaymayum erattathaappineyum kurichulla samshayam vardhippikkukayum cheythu, prathyekichum colonial kaaryangalil britiish gavanment nimber oru aupachaarika nayamaayi sweekarichathinaal-sahacharyam ozhivakkaan nadappilaakkiyathum, kolanivalkkaranatthinte thudakkam muthal velutha rodeshyakkaar ethirkkaan paadupedunnathumaaya avastha.
karutha deseeyavaada partykal udiyil roshathode prathikarichu, oru saanu udyogasthan paranju, "...swaathanthryavum ardhavathaaya jeevithavum vilamathikkunnavarkkellam, maattaan kazhiyaatha oru koottiyidi paathayaan udi orukkiyirikkunnath. 1965 november 11 aaa raajyathe bharanaghadanaaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya swaathanthryasamarathil ninnu praadhamikamaayi sainikasamarathilekkulla vazhithirivayi adayaalappeduthi."ennirunnaalum, rashtreeya adikaaram nedunnathinulla praadhamika thanthramaayi desheeyavaadikal sayudha poraattam sweekarikkaan niravadhi varshangal vendivarum. rodatian suraksha senaye gauravamaayi durbalappeduthunnathinum anthaaraashtra samoohathino britiish sarkarino baahya edapedalinu avasarangal srishtikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu eee samayathe akramasakthamaaya thanthrangal.
rodatian kayattumathi pothuve mathsaraadhishtithavum munbu britiish vipaniyil munganana parigananaykk arhathayullathumayathinaal, swaathanthryathinu munbu vaividhyavalkkaranathinte vegatha vardhippikkendathinte aavasyakatha muun koolani thiricharinjilla. ennirunnaalum, yudiyethudarnn, rodeshyaykku kooduthal saambathika svayamparyaapthatha vikasippikkanulla kazhivundennu theliyikkaan thudangi. rodatian frond aabhyanthara uthppaadanathinu nalkia prothsaahanangal avatharippikkan thudangiya sesham vyaavasaayika uthppaadanam naadakeeyamaayi vikasichu. uparodhangale cherukkunnathinaayi nadappaakkiya karsanamaaya prathirodha nadapadikal kuranjathu oru pathittaandolam avayude swaadheenam mangikkunnathil vijayichu. adutha onpathu varshathinullil rodatian kambanikal avarude swathukkal maravippikkukayum videsha akkoundukal thadayukayum cheythukondu, praadeshika, videsha anubandha sthaapanangaliloode uparodham ozhivakkaanulla thanthraparamaaya saankethikavidyakalum poortthiyaakki, avaa rahasya vyapara shringalayil pravarthichu.
1968 muthal 1970 vare rodeshya ukyum thammil kooduthal charchakal nadannilla. 1969-leeii oru hitaparisodhanayil, vella watermar oru puthiya bharanaghadanaykkum oru republic sthaapikkunnathinum amgeekaaram nalki, athuvazhi 1970 maarchil britiish kireedavumaayulla rodeshyayude avasana bandham vichedichu. charchakal punaraarambhicha edward heathinte thiranjeduppinu thottupinnaale ithu maari. ippol videshakaarya sekrattariyaaya alak dougless-hoome nirddeshicha yadhaartha "anchu thathwangal" parasyamaayi paalikkunnath thudarunnathil niraashayundengilum anglo-rodatian bandhangal pariharikkan heath paramavadhi sramikkumennu smith shubhaapthivishvaasam prakadippichu. 1971 novemberil dougless-hoome salisberryumaayulla bandham puthukkukayum irupakshathinum thripthikaramaaya oru nirddishta karar prakhyapikkukayum cheythu-rodeshyayude 1969 leeii bharanaghadanaye sarkkaarinte niyama chattakkoodayi athu amgeekarichu, athesamayam kramena niyamanirmmaana praathinidhyam bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla thadassamillaatha munnettathinulla sveekaaryamaaya soothravaakyamaanennu sammathichu. ennirunnaalum, puthiya othutheerppu amgeekarikkappettaal, karuthavargakkaarude rashtreeya nilayil udanadi mechappeduthal nadappaakkukayum vamseeya vivechanam avasanippikkunnathinulla oru maarggam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum pinthirippan bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikalkkethire sakthamaaya urappu nalkukayum cheyyum.
nirddishta othutheerppu nadappaakkunnathu janakeeya sweekaaryathaye aasrayichirunnuvenkilum rodatian sarkkar athu oru saarvathrika hitaparisodhanaykku samarppikkaan sthiramaayi visammathichu. athinaal, prashastha niyamanjanaaya loard piyarsinte neethrthwathilulla irupathinaalu anga kammeeshane eee vishayathil pothujanabhipraayam kandethanulla chumatala nalki. 1972ll kammeeshan thaalpparyamulla grouppukalumaayi abhimukham nadatthaanum abhipraayangal sample cheyyaanum thudangi-ennirunnaalum vyapakamaaya nissamgathayekkurichu aashanka prakadippichu. kammeeshan parayunnathanusarichu, vellakkaar kudiyettatthe anukoolichu, niramullatho eshyan vamshajaraayatho aaya rodeshyakkaar pothuve santhushtaraayirunnu, athesamayam kudiyettatthinte nibandhanakalodulla karutha prathikaranam valare nishedhaathmakamaayirunnu. muppatholam karutha rodatian medhaavikalum raashtreeyakkaarum ethirppu prakadippikkukayum kammeeshante reportinte adisthaanathil nirddeshangalil ninnu pinmaran brittane prerippikkukayum cheythu.
bush yuddham.
aadyakaala theevravaada pravartthanangal.
1960 muthal, joshuva encomo, nandabani sithol thudangiya karutha aafrikkan desheeyavaadikalude neethrthwathil vardhichuvarunna rashtreeya akramangal thekkan rodeshyayile nyoonapaksha bharanathe ithinakam velluvilikkukayayirunnu. 1960num 1965num idayil nilaninna aabhyanthara aswasthathayude oru kaalayalav sarkkarum vardhichuvarunna theevravaadikalaaya karutha desheeyavaadikalum thammilulla bandhathe kooduthal dhruveekarichu. thangalude pothu prachaaranangal thudakkathil adichamarthappettathinum, pala karuthavargakkaaraaya desheeyavaadikalum thangalude abhilaashangal niravettaan charchakalkku poornnamaayum kazhivillennu vishwasichu. 1961ll "simbabwe avalokanam" nireekshichathode, raashtreeyavalkkarikkatpe theevravaadikalude petrol bombukal kooduthal saadhaaranamaayitheernnu, "aadyamaayi salisburyile swaathanthryasamarasenaanikal kudiyetta sthaapanangalkkethire veettil nirmmicha petrol bombukal upayogichu."1962 januvarikkum septambarinum idayil desheeyavaadikal 33 bombukal pottitherichu, 28 theepiduthangalilum ashayavinimaya adisthaana soukaryangalkkethiraaya 27 attimari pravarthanangalilum ulppettu. suraksha senayumaayi sahakarichuvennu aaropich niravadhi karutha rodeshyanmaareyum desheeyavaadikal kolappedutthi. encomoyude partyaya simbabwe aafrikkan peeples union (saapu) aaa varsham oru sainika vibhaagam, simbabwe peeples revolutionary armi (sipra) roopeekarichathaayum "aayudangalum vedikkoppukalum konduvaraan thudangaanum yuvaakkale attimari parisheelanathinaayi ayaykkanumulla theerumaanam" ithinakam nadappaakkiyittundennum prakhyaapichu. 1960-ll thanne saappuvinte mungamiyaaya naashanal demookratik party (enn. dii. pii) soviyatt unionumaayum checoslovakiayumaayum anoupachaarika bandhangal sthaapikkukayum athinte amgangalkku kizhakkan europil sainika pariseelanam nedaanulla saadhyatha charcha cheyyukayum cheythirunnu. 1962 joolaiyil, encomo mosco sandarshikkukayum rodeshyayil saappuvinte neethrthwathilulla sayudha kalaapathinulla padhathikal charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. eee aavasyangalkkaayi saappuvin aayudangal, sphodakavasthukkal, revolverukal enniva aavasyamaanennu vishadeekarichukondu addeham soviyatt dhanasahaayathinum sipraykkulla aayudhangalkkumaayi aupachaarika abhyarthanakal nadatthi...pradhana sthaapanangalude kaaval nilkkunna vyakthikalkk kaikkooli nalkaanum attimari nadatthaanum partic panam aavasyamaanu ". 1963 muthal parimithamaaya fund upayogichu saappuvin vitharanam cheyyaan soviyattukal sammathikkukayum udikku sesham athinte saambathika pinthuna vardhippikkukayum cheythu. 1963ll sipra sainika parisheelanathinaayi soviyatt unionode aadyathe aupachaarika abhyarthana nadatthi. 1964-nte thudakkathil soviyattukal sipra theevravaadikale garilla yudhathil parisheelippikkaan thudangi.
akramasakthamaaya oru thanthrathe encomo parasyamaayi amgeekarichathode vellakkaraaya raashtreeyakkaar saappuvinod ethirppu prakadippikkukayum karuthavargakkaaraaya desheeyavaadikalodulla avarude nishedhaathmaka manobhaavam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. siprayude roopeekaranathinu marupadiyaayi, rodatian sarkkar saappuvine nirodhichu, aaa party anuyaayikale olivil paarppichu. othucheraanulla avakasham niyanthrikkunnathinum samshayaaspadamaaya rashtreeya attimarikalkkethire nadapadiyedukkaan suraksha senaykk vishalamaaya adikaarangal nalkunnathinum athu krooramaaya suraksha niyamanirmmanavum pasaki. theeveppino sphodakavasthukkalude upayogathino ulppedunna rashtreeya prerithamaaya eathenkilum bheekarapravarthanathinu aadyamaayi vadhasikshayum earppeduthi.
garilla yudhathinteyum rodeshyayile karutha deseeya paarttikalude nagara kalaapathinteyum aavirbhavam vamseeya raashtreeyathe velutha rodatian pothu vyavahaarathil kramasamadhana prashnamaayi uyarthaan anuvadichu. smithineyum addehathinte sarkkarineyum sambandhichidatholam, karutha desheeyavaadikal raajyamillaatha vimatharaayirunnu, avarude praadhamika uddeshyangal raashtreeyamalla, marichu kuttakrithyavum araajakathvavum nilanirthunnathaayirunnu; udaaharanathinu, smith thante vyaakhyaanathil kalaapakaarikale "gundakal" ennu visheshippikkaan eshtappettu. karutha desheeyavaadikal communist rajyangalil ninnu konduvanna aayudangalum sphodakavasthukkalum upayogikkunnathu samgharshathinte vamseeya chalanathmakatha marachuvekkukayum, oru aabhyanthara rashtreeya prasthaanathekkaal soviyatt nayikkunna communist prakshobhakarude lakshyangalaanennu avakashappedaan velutha rodeshyakkaare anuvadikkukayum cheythu. karutha desheeyavaadikalaaya theevravaadikalkkulla soviyatt yooniyante pinthunayiloodeyum paashchaathyarude saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya thakarchayiloodeyum prakadamaaya anthaaraashtra kammyoonisathinte eratta bheeshanikalkkethire britiish saamraajyathinte parambaraagatha moolyangalude koottaaya prathirodhakkaraayi smith anuyaayikalum svayam kandu. swathanthralokathe samrakshikkunnathilum" "paashchaathya nagarikatha" nilanirthunnathilum avarude pioneer poorvvikarude kristhyan paithrukathodu aavarthichulla abhyarthanakal eee vishwaasangale prathiphalippichu. akkaalat dakshinaafrikkayile vella nyoonapakshangalkkidayil ithu asaadhaaranamaaya oru abhiprayamaayirunnilla; eee vishayathil yunaittad stetts intelligence udyogasthar samaaharicha oru dossier kandethithi
1962num 1963num idayil partikkullil vibhageeyatha srishticha sayudha poraattam nadappakkaanulla saappuvinte sramangal thadassappettu. niravadhi saappu vimathar encomoyude adikaaram nirasikkukayum swantham samghadanayaaya simbabwe aafrikkan naashanal union (saanu) roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1964 augustode, rhodician sarkkarum saanuvine nirodhichu, athil amgangalkku vyapakamaaya akramasakthamaaya bheeshanippeduthalukal undennu choondikkaatti. bahubhooripaksham bharanamulla oru party raashtram, swakaarya swath nirmarjanam enniva aavasyappettukondu daanuvinte ajanda idathupakshavum paan-aafrikkanistumaayirunnu. vamseeya pirimurukkangalum vibhajanathe kooduthal vashalaakki rodeshyayile shonah samsaarikkunna janangalil ninnu maathram saanuvine niyamichu. mashonaland graamapradesangalile grameena karshakar aayirunnu athinte pradhana pinthuna. vibhajanathethudarnnu muthirnna neethrthwathil polum saappu shona amgangale nilanirtthi. ennirunnaalum, athinusesham athu pradhaanamaayum nendebele vamseeya vibhaagathil ninnaan recruit cheythath. soviyatt unionumaayulla saappuvinte adutha bandham kaaranam, soviyatt block thannodu thanne bahishkarichathaayi kaanappettengilum taamasiyaathe peeples republic oof chainayil oru puthiya sakhyakakshiye kandethi. athinte rashtreeya prathyayashaasthram saappuvinekkaal maavoyisathinte thathwangalaal kooduthal swaadheenikkappettu, anubhaavamulla oru chainees sarkkar taamasiyaathe saanuvinte swantham yudhashramathinu aayudangalum pariseelanavum nalkaan sammathichu.
udikk sesham, saanu simbabwe aafrikkan naashanal liberation armi (sanla) enna swantham sainika vibhaagam roopeekarichu. sanla sipra rodatian sarkkaarinethire oru sayudha poraattatthinu padhathiyittappol, kalaapamundakkaanulla maargangalil athath neethrthwathinu viyojippundaayirunnu. dien bienfuvile viyatt miin polulla oru parambaraagatha yudhathil vijayikkaamenna pratheekshayil athyaadhunika aayudangal nedunnathinu oonnal nalkikkond sipra soviyatt chinthaye anukoolichu. sanla athu pravartthikkunna pradeshangalile praadeshika janathayude raashtreeyavalkkaranathinu kooduthal oonnal nalkukayum kooduthal kramarahithamaya yudhashailiye anukoolikkukayum cheythu.
1966 epril aadyam, nanjingile oru chainees sainika kendratthil aduthide pariseelanam nediya sanla kalaapakaarikalude rund grouppukal sambiyayil ninnu rodeshyayilekku kadannupoyi, pradhana instaaleshanukal attimarikkaanum vella karshakare kollanum avyakthamaaya nirddeshangal nalki. anchupere rodatian suraksha seena udan thanne arast cheythu. mattu ezhu perr thudakkathil pidichedukkunnathil ninnu rakshappedukayum sinoyaykk sameepamulla oru electric pailon nasippikkaan padhathiyidukayum cheythu. avarude sphodakavasthukkal pottitherikkunnathil paraajayappedukayum epril 28 nuu aduthulla oru krishiyidathilekku kalaapakaarikale pinthudarnna suraksha seena avaa kandethukayum cheythu. ezhu perum oru hrasvamaaya vedivayppinu sesham valanjuveezhukayum kollappedukayum cheythu; eee sambhavam rodatian bush yudhathinte aadya ettumuttalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. sinoyayile pravartthanam garillakalude anuyaayikal "chimurenga dinamaayi" anusmarikkukayum saanu hagiography abhimaanakaramaaya sthaanam vahikkukayum cheiyunnu.
1967 augustil, ekadesham ezhupatholam sipra vimatharude oru valuthum mikachathumaaya oru nira sambiyayil ninnu rodeshyayilekku nuzhanjukayari, sakhyakakshiyaya dakshinaafrikkan theevravaada samghadanayaaya umkhondo vii siswe (emm. keey) yill ninnulla recruitmentukal avare shakthippeduthi. praadeshika janangalumayi munkootty bandhappedunnathil kalaapakaarikal parajayappettu, athu avarude saannidhyam rodatian udyogasthare udan ariyichu. oru maasathinullil, rodatian police sainyavum nikkal enna rahasyanaamathil oru ethir akramanam aarambhichu, naalppathezhu vimathare vadhichu, irupathu pere koodi pidikoodi, athijeevichavare athirthi kadannu botswanayilekku oodichu. nooriladhikam kalaapakaarikalude ithilum valia sipra nira 1968 nte thudakkathil thadayappedukayum suraksha seena nasippikkukayum cheythu. 1969 joolaiyil moonnaamathe sipra nuzhanjukayatta sramam samanamaaya vinashakaramaaya phalangal nedi. athinusesham, cheria aayudangal maathram sajjeekarichirikkunna valia koottam kalapakaarikalumaayi raajyathekku nuzhanjukayaraan sramikkuka enna ashayam sipra upekshichu; oru pradhana parambaraagatha adhinivesham nadatthaan mathiyaya kanatha aayudangal sambharikkunnathuvare athu kooduthal kramarahithamaya yuddha roopangalil parimithappedutthi. thangalude bhaagathuninnu, oru pradhana parambaraagatha ettumuttal vijayikkunnathiloode siprayude thudarchayaaya nischayadaarthyathe sanla neethrthwam vimarshichu, parajayappetta kadannukayatangal rodatian sainyathe tharkkamillaatha nettamundaakkunna tharatthilulla yudhangalil earppeduthunnathinte vyarthatha prakadamaakkunnuvennu vaadichu. pradeshavaasikalil ninnu pinthuna nedunnathil siprayude parajayavum sradhikkappettu, bhaaviyile pravartthana mekhalayiludaneelam sivilian pinthuna valarthiyedukkunnathiye sanla oru deerghakaala rahasya raashtreeyavalkkarana paripadi nadappakkaan thudangi.
sainikavum raashtreeyavumaaya vardhanavu (1972-1976).
1972 disambarode sanla aayudangal kaashe cheyyukayum vadakkukizhakkan rodeshyayil vivaradaathaakkaludeyum pinthunakkaarudeyum oru vishalamaaya bhoogarbha shringhala sthaapikkukayum cheythu. mosambik swaathanthryasamaram moolam mosambikkinte athirthi pravishyakalile porchugees adikaaram illaathaayathinte falamaayi, avide baahya sankethangal sthaapikkaanum sanlaykku kazhinju. mosambikkinte (frelimo) vimochanathinaayulla munnaniyaya mosambikkile pramukha karutha deseeya prasthaanavumaayi oru sainika sakhyam valarthiyedukkunna prakriyayilum ithu undaayirunnu. desember 21nuu rex nongoyude keezhil oru koottam sanla kalaapakaarikal mosambikkil ninnu rodeshyayilekku kadannu otappetta oru vaanijya phaam aakramichu. thudarchayaaya maasangalil, eee aakramanathe thudarnnu raajyathinte vadakkukizhakkan jillakaliludaneelamulla vella karshakarkkethire thudarchayaayi reydukal nadathukayum suraksha senayil niravadhi perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. eee reydukalude prachaarana moolyavum sanlayude raashtreeyavalkkarana prachaaranatthinte vijayavum suraksha senaykk rahasyaanveshana vivarangal nishedhikkukayum kalapakaarikalkkaayi kooduthal recruitmentukal nalkukayum cheythu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, rodatian suraksha seena athirthi kadakkunnathinu munbu sanla kalaapakaarikale thadayaan porchugees sainyavumayi mosambikkil pravartthanangal ekopippikkaan thudangi.
sipra emm. keey. yum thammilulla praayogika sakhyangalum pinneedu sanla frelimo sajeeva sahaayathinaayi dakshinaafrikkayilekkum porchugalilekkum kooduthal kooduthal nokkaan rodeshya prerippichu. rodatian raashtreeyakkaar mattu rund rajyangalileyum udyogasthare avarude aswasthamaaya aabhyanthara saahacharyangalude samaanathayude adisthaanathil pothu suraksha thaalpparyangalekkurich palappozhum oormmippichu. karutha deseeya kalapangalaal bheeshani neridunna thangalude raajyathinte nilayum mosambikkile frelimoyumaayulla porchugees durithavum oru paridhivare dakshinaafrikkayileyum thekk padinjaaran aafrikkayileyum kalaapangalum thammil sakthamaaya samanathakal avar kandu. alcora abhyaasathinte aabhimukhyathil, moonnu rajyangalileyum bureaucrassikal pathivayi vivarangal pankidaanum pothu nayatantra sthaanangal thedaanum thudangi. dakshinaafrikkan prathirodha senayile muthirnna thanthranjanaaya lefttanant general alan fraser 1970-ll ezhuthi, "namukk oru pothu shatru undennathil nammude manassil oru samshayavumilla nammal, athaayath.iii. porchugal, aarr. ezz. eiii, rodeshya. paraajayappedaanulla saadhyathayekkurich vishadamaayi thurannuparayaathe, eee shathruvinodu naam orumichu pooraadanam-oresamayam allengilum."ennirunnaalum, rahasyaanveshana vivarangal pankidunnathum mosambikkile pravartthana thalatthile chila parimithamaaya ekopanavum ozhike, porchugeesukaarkku rodeshyaykku nirnnayakamaaya cheria sahayam nalkaan kazhinju. mosambikkile porchugees sainika vibhavangal frelimoyil muzhukiyirikkukayum oru pathittaandinte yudhathaal oru paridhivare kshayichupokukayum cheythu, oru videsha sakhyakakshiye sahayikkaan valare kurachu maathrame avasheshikkaan kazhinjulloo. kooduthal sainika vibhavangalum videshathu ananthamaaya nayatantra swaadheenavumulla dakshinaafrikkayil ninnu rodeshya kooduthal pratheekshichirunnu.
mosambikkile porchugees bharanam thakarnnathinusesham, velutha nyoonapaksha bharanam anischithamaayi nilanirthunnathu smith bharanakoodathinu praayogikamayirunnilla. appozhekkum dakshinaafrikkayile vorsttar polum eee kaazhchappaadilekk athiyirunnu. swantham raajyathe karuthavargakkaarkku elavukal nalkaan vorsttar thayyaarallengilum, karuthavarggakkaar vellakkaarekkaal 22:1 ennam kooduthalulla oru rajyath velutha nyoonapaksha bharanam susthiramallennu addeham nigamanam cheythu. 1976 ll, europian vamshajaraaya 270,000 rodeshyanmaarum aarr dasalaksham aafrikkakkaarum undaayirunnu.
rajyath ulppettirikkunna anthaaraashtra bisinus grouppukal (udha.jii. lonro) rodatian sarkkaaril ninnu karutha deseeya partykalkku avarude pinthuna kaimari. europe sandarshana velayil vyapara nethaakkalum raashtreeyakkaarum encomo swaagatham cheythu. bhaaviyile sambhavangalkk saadhyathayulla gathi kanda bisinesses pinthunakkaareyum saanu aakarshichu. 1970kalude avasaanathil pinthunakkaar, prathyekichu soviyatt union athinte sakhyakakshikalil ninnum nalkia dhanasahayavum aayudha pinthunayum sipra sanla kooduthal sankeernamaaya aayudangal nedaan anuvadichu, athuvazhi garillakalk rodeshyayil sainika sammarddam cheluthaan kazhinju.
1972 vare garillakale niyanthrikkunnath oru police nadapadiyekkaal alpam kooduthalaayirunnu. 1975 august vare dakshinaafrikkayudeyum sambiayudeyum madhyasthathayil nadanna charchakalkkaayi rodatian sarkkarum karuthavarga desheeyavaadikalum victoria faalsil koodikkaazhcha nadathiyappol polum charchakal orikkalum nadapadikrama ghattathinappurathekku poyilla. bhooripaksha bharanam thadayunnathinaayi oru samboornna yuddham nadatthaan thangal thayyaaraanenn rodatian prathinidhikal vyakthamakki. ennirunnaalum, 1975ll mosambikkile porchugees colonial bharanam avasaanichathinusesham sthithi naadakeeyamaayi maari. rodeshya ippol eathaandu poornnamaayum shatru rashtrangalaal chuttappettirikkukayum athinte eaka yadhaartha sakhyakakshiyaya dakshinaafrikka polum oru othutheerppinaayi sammarddam cheluthukayum cheythu.
eee ghattathil, frelimoyumaayulla saanuvinte sakhyavum mosambic kizhakkan rodeshya thammilulla sushira athirthiyum valia thothilulla parisheelanathinum saanu/sanla poraalikale nuzhanjukayattathinum praapthamakki. sambiayileyum botswanayileyum sarkkaarukalkk avarude pradeshangalil prathirodha prasthaana thaavalangal sthaapikkaan mathiyaya dhairyam labhichu. 1976ll roadukal, railway, saambathika lakshyangal, otappetta suraksha senayude sthaanangal enniva aakramich garillakal rodeshyaykkullil aazhathil pravartthanangal aarambhichu.
grameena mekhalayile janasamkhyayil kalaapakaarikalude swaadheenam niyantrikkunnathinaayi mallayilum viyatnaamilum upayogichirunna tharatthilulla oru thanthraparamaaya grama nayam sarkkar sweekarichu. vimatharude athikramangalil ninnu sarkkar karsanamaayi niyanthrikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheytha samrakshitha graamangalilekku (pivi) thamasam marran pradeshavaasikal nirbandhitharaayi. samrakshitha graamangale garillakal thadankalppaalayangalumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. praadeshika nivaasikalude jeevithathile eee edapedal munbu nishpaksharaayirunna palareyum garillakale pinthunaykkaan prerippichathaayi chila samakaalika vivaranagal avakaashappedunnu.
yuddham ulppetta moonnu kakshikalil ninnum (saanu, saappu, rodatian sainyam) vardhichuvarunna kroorathayaayi adhapathichu. 1980ll rodeshyayile muun enn. ezz. aarr. armi vedinirthal nireekshakanaaya mike subritsky yudhathe "raktharookshithavum krooravum" ennu visheshippikkukayum moonnu vashathumulla ethir poraalikalil ettavum moshamaayath purathedukkukayum cheythu."
bush yudhathinethire pooraadunnathil rodatian samsthaanathinu oru pradhana prashnam ellaayppozhum manushyashakthiyude kuravaayirunnu. 1973ll nirbandhitha sainikasevanathinu baadhyastharaaya 3,000 vellakkaaril, vilichuvaruthiyappol ekadesham 1,000 perr maathramaan report cheythath. 1978 februvariyil, poratta pravartthanangal thudaraan kuranjathu 1,041 pere aavasyamaanennu rodatian sainyam prasthaavichu, vilichavaril 570 perr maathramaan dutic report cheythath, bakkiyullavar dakshinaafrikkayilekku marran theerumaanichu. yuddham thudaraan kooduthal kooduthal aalukale samsthaanam vilichuvaruthiyathode velutha kudiyettam vardhichu, ithu oru dushicha vritham srishtichu, ithu kramena yuddham thudaraanulla rodatian samsthaanathinte sheshi parimithappedutthi. vellakkaarude kudiyettam thadayunnathinaayi, 1975-ll smith sarkkar rodatian pouranmaar videsha currency kaivasham vaykkunnathu nirodhikkunna oru niyamam konduvannengilum niyamam vyaapakamaayi lamghikkappettu. vellakkaarude kudiyettam prolsaahippikkunnathi, sanuvileyum sapuvileyum garillakal raajyathudaneelam saambathika moolyamulla enthum akramikkunnathinulla oru thanthram pinthudarnnu, kooduthal aalukale vilikkaan bharanakoodatthe nirbandhitharaakkukayum vella pouranmaare kollukayum cheythu. oru vella pouran kollappedunnathin 20 oolam perr rodeshya vidaan kaaranamaayathaayi sanuvum sappuvum oororutharum kanakkakkiyathinaal rodatian vella pouranmaare kollunnath oru "prathidhwani prabhavam" undaakkunnu.
bush yudhathinte avasaanam.
rodeshyaykku dakshinaafrikkayil ninnulla supradhana saambathika, sainika pinthuna nashtappedaan thudangi, athu vella nyoonapaksha sarkkarinodu anubhavam prakadippichenkilum orikkalum nayatantra amgeekaaram nalkiyilla. dakshinaafrikkan sarkkar rodatian sainyathin vitharanam cheiyunna indhanathinum aayudangalkkum paridhi nischayichu. rahasya sainika pinthuna thudarnnuvenkilum yudhashramathe sahayikkaan munbu nalkia udyogasthareyum upakaranangaleyum avar pinvalichu.
1976ll dakshinaafrikkan sarkkarum american aikyanaadukalile sarkkaarukalum orutharam bhooripaksha bharanathinu sammathikkaan smithinethire sammarddam cheluthunnathinaayi orumichu pravarthichu. us stettu sekrattari henry kissingerude munkaiykk marupadiyaayi 1976 ll iyaan smith rund varshathinullil karutha bhooripaksha bharanathinte thathwam sweekarichu. rodeshyakkaar ippol kooduthal elavukal vaagdaanam cheythuvenkilum mithavaadikalaaya karutha nethaakkalumaayi oru "aabhyanthara othutheerppil" athicherunnathil shradha kendreekarichirunna aaa elavukal yuddham avasaanippikkaan paryapthamaayirunnilla.
britiish aadipathyamulla rodeshya aafrikkan aadipathyamulla dakshinaafrikkayum thammilulla ippozhum kayperiya charithram dakshinaafrikkan sarkkaarine rodeshyayilekkulla sahayam pinvalikkaan bhaagikamaayi nayichathaayi chila rodeshyakkaar akkaalat paranju. niravadhi vellakkaraaya dakshinaafrikkakkaar rodeshya pinthunachenkilum, dakshinaafrikkan pradhaanamantri joonn vorstarinte karutha aafrikkan rajyangalumaayulla dettant nayam dakshinaafrikkaykku kooduthal samayam vaangunnathinaayi "bully kunjaadaayi" rodeshya vaagdaanam cheythathayi iyaan smith thante ormmakkurippukalil paranju. dakshinaafrikkayil thanne bhooripaksha bharanathilekku nayicha prakriyayile aadyakaala neekkamaayaanu rodeshyayil ninnu dakshinaafrikka svayam akalam paalikkunnathenn mattu nireekshakar karuthi.
1970kalude avasaanathil theevravaadikal rodeshyayude sambadvyavasthaye ganyamaaya sammarddathilaakkiyappol rajyath garillakalude ennam kramanugathamaayi vardhichukondirunnu. athirthikal samrakshikkaan sramikkunnathinulla aadyakaala thanthram dakshinaafrikkayumaayulla pradhana saambathika mekhalakalum ashayavinimaya maargangalum samrakshikkaan sramikkunnathinu anukoolamaayi sarkkar upekshichu, athesamayam backie graamapradeshangal "noow-goo eriyakalude" oru paachu varkkayi maari.
1970kalude avasaanathil.
1970kalude avasaanathode, rodeshyayude munnira senayil ekadesham 25,000 saadhaarana sainikarum police undaayirunnu-thaarathamyena sakthamaaya sainyathinteyum police reservinteyum pinthunayode. yudhathinte avasana varshathil vitharanam cheytha ettu taankukal (poolish nirmmitha tii-55eldie taankukal) poorttheekaricha laitt kavachitha kaarukalum mechappetta mine-samrakshitha kavachitha pezhsanal kaariyarukalum athinte yaanthrika samghathil ulppedunnu. canbera laitt bomberukal, hocker hunder faittar bomberukal, pazhaya dii havilland vampire jettukal, kurachu puraathanavum ennaal ippozhum shakthavumaya helikopttar aarm ennivayude oru shekharam rodatian vyomasena pravarthippichu. 1977leeii ooppareshan dingoyilum samanamaaya mattu pravarthanangalilum cheythathupole, uyarnna pariseelanam labhicha special ooppareshan unitukal ulppedeyulla eee senakalkku raajyathin purathulla prathirodha prasthaana kyaambukalil vinashakaramaaya reydukal nadatthaan kazhinju.
ennirunnaalum, 1970kalude avasaanathil raajyathinullile garilla sammarddam kramanugathamaayi vardhichukondirunnu. aii. dii. 1 aayappozhekkum, rodatian bharanakoodatthinum pourasamoohathinumel nirantharam vardhichuvarunna sammarddam cheluthunna garilla yudhavum mithavaadikalaaya karuthavargakkaarumaayulla oru vittuveezhcha rashtreeya othutheerppinu baahya amgeekaaram labhikkunnathuvare theevravaadikale thadayaan sramikkunna rodatian sarkkaarinte thanthravum thammilulla oru malsaramaayi yuddham maari.
eee samayamaayappozhekkum, oru edapaadu vettikkuraykkendathindi aavasyakatha mikka rodeshyakkaarkkum vyakthamaayirunnu, pakshe ellaavarkkum allah. iyaan smith thante prathirodha mantriye pirichuvittu. keey. 1976 muthal thanne vaan derr byle, udikk munbu muthal aabhyanthara prathipakshavumaayo anthaaraashtra samoohavumaayo eathenkilum tharatthilulla vittuveezhchayude kadutha athiraaliyaayirunnu.
vaan derr byle oduvil cape touninu purathulla thante kantri estettilekku viramichu, pakshe rodeshyayil gadakangal undaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum muun suraksha senaamgangale prakopippichu, avar bhooripaksha bharanam sthaapikkunnathinappuravum bhooripaksha bharanathe nirbandhithamaayi ethirthu. bhooripaksham bharanathinte thaledivasam vare puthiya vella kudiyettakkaar rodeshyayilethunnathu thudarnnu.
bush yudhathinte theevratha.
salisburyile aaraamathe maarkkasinte makanaaya loard richard sesilineppolulla pathrapravartthakarude pravartthanangal rodeshyakkaarudeyum avarude videsha pinthunakkaarudeyum manoveeryam shakthippeduthi. loard richard athinaayi warta reportukal nirmmichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi "kazhivillaatha" kalaapakaarikale "mikacha professional" sarkkar sainikarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnu. 1978 epril 20nuu agnishamana senayude pravarthanangalil jolie cheiyunna rodatian airbone unitinoppam loard richaardine oru koottam sanla poraalikal vadhichu.
1978 septambar 3 nuu sivil eyar rodeshya vimanamaaya "hunyani" enna vikkezhs viscant kariba pradeshathu sipra poraalikal uparithalathil ninnu vaayuvilekku misail upayogichu vedivechittathum athil ninnu rakshapetta 18 peril 10 perude koottakola oduvil yuddham thudaraanulla rodeshyakkaarude ichhaashakthiye nashippicha sambhavamaayi parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu. sainikamaayi nissaaramaanengilum, eee vimaanathinte nashtam (1979-ll "umnanitti" ennu peritta randaamathe wiscond) rodatian sivil samoohathilekku vyaapichukidakkunna prathirodha prasthaanangalude vyaapthi prakadamaakki.
yuddham thudaraanulla rodeshyanmaarude maargangalum athivegam illaathaakukayaayirunnu. 1978 desemberil, oru sanla yoonit salisbury praanthapradeshangalil nuzhanjukayarukayum raajyathe ettavum kanatha saambathika swathaaya pradhana enna sambharana depoylake rokkattukalum theepidippikkunna upakaranangalum prayogikkukayum cheythu. anchu divasathekku sambharana taankukal katthi, kaananakunna oru puka nira puranthallunnu. petroleum uthppannangalude (rodeshyayude thanthrapradhaanamaaya enna shekharam ulppedunna) nashtam sambhavichu.
1971 muthal 1972 vareyulla kaalayalavil deseeya bajattinte 8.8 shathamaanamaayirunna 30 dasalaksham dollaril ninnu 1978 muthal 1979 vareyulla kaalayalavil deseeya bajattinte 47 shathamaanamaaya 400 dasalaksham dollarayi sarkkaarinte prathirodha chelavu vardhichu. 1980ll simbabweyile swaathanthryaananthara sarkkaarin 500 dasalaksham us dollar deseeya kadam paarambaryamaayi labhichu.
udyude avasaanam (1979).
rodatian sainyam noow-goo pradeshangalilum ayal raajyangalilum reydukal nadathumbol pradhana sthaanangal ("supradhana asattu graundu") kaivasham vaykkunnathinulla "mobail ethir-aakramana" thanthram thudarnnu. kanatha garilla naashanashtangal varuthunnathil palappozhum asaadhaaranamaayi vijayichuvenkilum atharam reydukalkku avarude lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathil parajayappettu. 1979 eprilil prathyeka seena joshuva encomo vadhikkanamenna prakhyapitha uddeshyathode luzakayile (sambia) vasathiyil raid nadatthi. raid varunnathayi vyakthamaayi munnariyipp nalkappettathinaal reydinu eathaanum manikkoorukalkk munbu encomo kudumbavum thidukkathil pooyi.
1979ll, chila prathyeka seena unitukal anakkombu vettaykkum kallakkadathinum marayayi kalaapavirudha pravartthanangal upayogichathayi aaropikkapettu. kenal raid-dally (selas skauttukalude commander) thante phoon bagged cheythathayi kandethukayum eee vishayathil oru unnatha udyogasthane velluvilichathinu sesham avagananaykk kodathi marshell cheyyukayum cheythu. saadhyamaaya ettavum cheria shiksha, oru munnariyipp addehathinu labhichu, pakshe addeham thante shikshaavidhikkethire pooraadunnathu thudarukayum oduvil thante kammeeshan raajivachu sainyathil ninnu purathupokukayum cheythu.
aii. dii. 1 aayappozhekkum saadhaarana sainyathinte 70 sathamaanam vare karuthavargakkaaraaya sainikar aayirunnu (sainyathinteyum police karuthal shekharathinteyum bhooribhaagavum vellayay thudarnnu). 1979 aayappozhekkum 30 karuthavarggakkaaraaya kammeeshand offeesarmaarum saadhaarana sainyathil undaayirunnu. pradhaanamaayum karutha vibhagangalil ninnulla sainikarkkidayil (prathyekichu selas skauttukal allengil rodatian aafrikkan raifilukal-raar) vishwaasamillaaymayekkur orikkalum oru soochanayum undaayirunnillengilum, 1980 leeii thiranjeduppu samayat, pala raar sainikarum roobert mugabeik vottu cheythathayi chilar vaadikkunnu.
1978 march 3 nuu rodatian sarkkarum naadukadatthappedaathathum yudhathil earppedaathathumaaya mithamaaya aafrikkan deseeya paarttikalum thammil oppuvacha oru aabhyanthara othutheerppinte falamaayi 1979 eprilil thiranjeduppu nadannu. yunaittad aafrikkan naashanal kaunsil (yuu. enn. sii) party eee thiranjeduppil bhooripaksham nedi, athinte nethaavaaya aabel musoreva (oru yunaittad methadist charchu bishop) 1979 juun 1 nuu raajyathe aadyathe karutha pradhaanamanthriyaayi. raajyathinte peru simbabwe rodeshya ennu maatti. aabhyanthara othutheerppu raajyathe police, suraksha seena, sivil sarvees, judiciary ennivayude niyanthranam thalkkalam velutha kaikalilekku vittu. paarlamentile moonnilonnu seettukal vellakkaarkk labhikkumenn athu urappu nalki. ithu pradhaanamaayum vellakkarum karuthavarum thammilulla adikaaram pankidal krameekaranamaayirunnu, palarudeyum, prathyekichu kalaapakaarikalude kaazhchayil, athu bhooripaksha bharanathinu thulyamaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, simbabwe rodeshyaykkethiraaya saambathika uparodham avasaanippikkaan yunaittad stetts senatt juun 12 nuu vottu cheythu.
1979leeii thiranjeduppine rodatian sarkkar vamsheeyamallathathum janaadhipathyaparavumaanennu visheshippichenkilum athil pradhana deseeya partykalaaya sanuvum sappuvum ulppettirunnilla. iyaan smithinte vaagdaanangal undaayirunnittum, avarude rashtreeya nilapad arakshithamayirikkukayum karadu thayyarakkunnathil avarkk oru pankumillaatthathum sakthamaaya velutha nyoonapaksha padavi nilanirthunnathaayi kanakkakkappettathumaaya nirddishta bharanaghadanaykku keezhil oru thiranjeduppil pankedukkaan pinneedulla partykal visammathichu.
bishop musorevayude sarkkaarin anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram labhichilla. bush yuddham thadassamillaathe thudarukayum uparodhangal pinvalikkathirikkukayum cheythu. pradhana deseeya paarttikale ulppeduthaatha oru karaarinteyum saadhuta amgeekarikkaan anthaaraashtra samooham visammathichu. britiish sarkkar (aduthide thiranjedukkappetta maargarat thaacharude neethrthwathil) laankaastar hausil nadakkunna samadhana sammelanathil pankedukkaan ellah kakshikalkkum kshanam nalki. 1979 avasaanathode landanil nadanna eee charchakal. bhooparishkaranathekkurichu abhiprayavyathyaasangal kaaranam moonnu maasam neenduninna sammelanam eathaandu nigamanathiletthaan paraajayappettuvenkilum laankaastar house karaaril kalaashichu. udi avasaanikkukayum rodeshya thaalkkaalikamaayi oru britiish kolaniyude ('thekkan rodeshyayude colonia') padaviyilekku madangukayum cheythu. karar prakaram, loard soams poornna niyamanirmmaana, executive adikaarangalulla govarnoraayi.
laankaastar house karar vedinirthalinu kooduthal vyavastha cheythu, thudarnnu 1980 februvariyil nadanna anthaaraashtra melnottatthilulla pothu thiranjeduppum nadannu. roobert mugabeyude neethrthwathilulla saanu eee thiranjeduppil vijayichu, laankaastar house karar prakaram niyukta garilla assembly pooyintukalil othungaathe kazhinja muun kalaapakaarikal vazhi saappuvine pinthunaykkunnavarulpe rashtreeya prathipakshatthe bhayappedutthi ennu chilar aaropichu. nireekshakarum somez mattoru reethiyil nokkiyathaayi aaropikkappedukayum mugabeyude vijayam saakshyappeduthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, mugabeyude bhooripaksha shona gothravibhaagathinulli pinthuna valare shakthamaayirunnuvenn chilarkk samshayikkam. raajyam pidichedukkunnathil ninnu saanu thadayunnathinaayi moshticha thiranjeduppinethire ("ooppareshan quarts") oru attimari nadatthaan rodatian sainyam gauravamaayi pariganichu. mugabeyude vadhavum raajyathudaneelamulla garilla assembly poyintukalkkethiraaya ekopitha aakramanangalum ulppeduthunnathaayirunnu attimari. vottarmaarude bheeshanikkidayilum mugabeik karutha bhooripakshathil ninnu vyapakamaaya pinthuna labhichuvennum attimarikk baahya pinthuna labhikkillennum raajyathe vizhungiyekkaavunna oru samgharsham anivaaryamaanennum vyakthamayathinaal padhathi oduvil parajayappettu.
republic oof simbabwe (1980).
mugabe (addehathinte bharanathe pinthunacha desheeyavaadikalum) anchu varsham munbu mosambikkil araajakathvam srishticha tharatthilulla vellakkaarude kootta palaayanathinulla saadhyathayekkaal ooppareshan kwartsinekkurichu aashankappettirunnilla. atharamoru palayanam dakshinaafrikkan gavanmentaanu thayyarakkiyathu. rodeshyayile britiish govarnorude karaaranusarichu, bait bridge athirthi crossing pooyintilekkulla rooad sameepanagal surakshithamakkaan dakshinaafrikkan sainyam raajyathekku praveshichirunnu. transwall abhayaarthi kyaambukal thayyarakkiyirunnu. thiranjeduppu phalam ariyapetta divasam, mikka vellakkarkkum kaarukalum suitcaseukalum paakk cheiyunnathadakkam vimanayaathraykkulla aakasmika padhathikal thayyarakkiyirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, roobert mugabeyumaayum (pii. eph) saanu kendrakammittiyumaayum (pii. eph) nadatthiya koodikkazhchaykku sesham, vellakkaarkk puthiya simbabweyil thudaraamennum thudaranamennum iyaan smithinu urappu nalki. laankaastar house karaarile nibandhanakal karsanamaayi palikkumennum simbabweyile mattangal kramena sariyaaya niyama prakriyayiloode nadathumennum mugabe vaagdaanam cheythu. oru cbs nyoos abhimukhathil mugabe rodatian vellakkaar ennu avakashappettu...avar ippozhum sambadvyavasthayude niyanthranathilaanu, avaril bhooribhaagavum vaanijya karshakaraanu."ennirunnaalum, mugabe kurachu varshangalkk sesham eee karaarukalodulla thante prathibaddhatha pinvalichu; bharanakoodam vellakkaarude udamasthathayilulla kaarshika bhoomi kandukettithudangi. innu raajyathe badhikkunna simbabwe sambadvyavasthayude thakarchayilekku nayichathinu ithu vyaapakamaayi kuttappeduthappedunnu.
1980 epril 18 nuu raajyam komanvelthu oof nationsil republic oof simbabwe enna peril swathanthramaayi, athinte thalasthaanamaaya salisbury rund varshathinu sesham harare ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
bhoomishaasthram.
aadhunika simbabweyude pradeshathinu thulyamaanu rodeshya. 15° muthal 23°seey vareyulla akshamshangalkkum 25° muthal 34°seey vareyulla rekhaamshangalkkum idayil sthithicheyyunna dakshinaafrikkayile karayal chuttapetta oru rajyamaayirunnu ithu. thekk dakshinaafrikkayum padinjaarum thekkupadinjaarum bechuwanaland protectorate (pinneedu botswana), vadakkupadinjaaru sambia, kizhakkum vadakkukizhakkum mosambik ennivayaayirunnu athirthikal. athinte vadakkupadinjaaran koonn ekadesham thekk padinjaaran aafrikkayil (innathe namibia), dakshinaafrikkayil ninnu ekadesham naalu raajyangalude kwaadripoyint roopappeduthunnu. thekkupadinjaaru ninnu vadakkott vyaapichukidakkunna oru madhya peedabhoomi (uyarnna veli) ulkkollunna raajyathinte bhooribhaagavum uyarthappettu. raajyathinte angeyattatthe kizhakk parvathapradeshamaayirunnu, eee pradesham kizhakkan malanirakal ennariyappedunnu, ettavum uyaram koodiya sthalamaayi inyaangaani parvvatham.
kaalavastha.
rodeshyayil niravadhi praadeshika vyathiyanangalulla ushnamekhalaa kaalaavasthayaayirunnu. thekkan pradeshangal choodinum varandathinum perukettathaayirunnu, madhya peedabhoomiyude chila bhaagangalil shaithyakaalath manju anubhavapettu, sambasy thaazhvara athishakthamaya choodinu perukettathaayirunnu, kizhakkan malambradeshangalil saadhaaranayaayi thanutha thapanilayum raajyathe ettavum uyarnna mazhayum anubhavapettu. october avasaanam muthal march vareyulla kaalayalavilaayirunnu raajyathe mazhakkalam, uyarnna thaapanila moolam choodulla kaalavastha mithamaayirunnu. raajyam aavarthichulla varalchaye abhimukeekarikkukayum kadinamaaya kodunkaattukal apoorvamaayirunnu.
jaivavaividhyam.
eerppamullathum parvathanirakalullathumaaya kizhakkan malambradeshangal ushnamekhalaa nithyaharitha, kaadinyamulla vanangalude pradeshangale pinthunaykkunnundena raajyam kooduthalum savannayaayirunnu. thekku, mahogani, kazhuthu njerichu kollunna athippazhathinte valia maathrkakal, phoorast neutonia, valia ila, velutha durgandhamulla thadi, chirinda durgandhamulla thadi, nobthron thudangi niravadhi marangal eee kizhakkan malambradeshangalil kaanapedunnu.
raajyathinte thaazhnna pradeshangalil panii marangal, moppaane, combrettam, bawab enniva daaraalamundu. brackisteejiya enangalum mattu jeevajaalangalum aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna miombo vanapradeshangalaal raajyathinte bhooribhaagavum moodappettirunnu. niravadhi pookkalkkum kuttichedikalkkum idayil hybiscus, flame lillie, paambu lillie, chilanthi lillie, leonotus, cassia, trea visteeriya, dombeya ennivayundaayirunnu. rodeshyayil ekadesham 350 inam sasthanikale kaananakum. niravadhi paambukalum pallikalum 500-ladhikam inam pakshikalum 131 inam malsyangalum undaayirunnu.
sarkkarum raashtreeyavum.
komanvelthu raajyangalude ullil thekkan rodeshya orikkalum poornna dominian padavi nediyillengilum, 1923-ll 'utharavaadithamulla gavanment' nediyathil ninnu thekkan rodeshyakkaar svayam bharichu. athinte thiranjeduppu rajisttarinu swathum vidyaabhyaasa yogyathakalum undaayirunnu. varshangalayi deseeya, munisippal thalangalil nadatthiya vividha thiranjeduppu krameekaranangal eee maanadandangal uyarthippidichu. udaaharanathinu, 1899-leeii aadyathe thekkan rodatian legislative kaunsil thiranjeduppinulla vottavakaashathil inipparayunna aavasyakatha adangiyirunnu
watermar britiish prajakalayirikkanam, 21 vious athil kooduthalumulla purushanmaar, avarude vilaasavum thozhilum ezhuthaanum thudarnnu inipparayunna saambathika aavasyakathakal niravettaanum kazhiyum (eiii) thekkan rodeshyayil rajisttar cheytha khanana kleyiminte udamasthaavakaasham, allengil (bii) 75 poundu moolyamulla sthaavara swath kaivashappedutthuka, allengil (sii) thekkan rodeshyayil prathivarsham 50 poundu vethanamo shambalamo sweekarikkuka. yogyathakal (bii), (sii) ennivaykku aarumaasathe thudar thaamasavum aavashyamaayirunnu.
ellah parishkritha purushanmarkkum thulya avakashangal" enna sessil roadsinte aajnjayethudarnnu, vottavakaashathin vyakthamaaya vamseeya gadakangalonnum undaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, bhooribhaagam thaddesheeya karuthavargakkaare eee aavasyakatha votermaaril ninnu ozhivaakki.
1950kall vare, valathupaksha, idathu partykal adhikaarathinaayi malsaricha thekkan rodeshyaykku oorjjaswalamaaya rashtreeya jeevithamundaayirunnu. 1920kalilum 1930kalilum rodatian laber party niyamasabhayilum munisippal kaunsilukalilum seettukal nilanirtthi. 1953 muthal 1958 vare, vidyaabhyaasam, paarppidam, aarogya samrakshanam ennivayile nikshepathiloode karuthavargakkaarude vikasanam prothsaahippikkunnathi valareyadhikam pravarthicha oru liberal garfield tooad aayirunnu pradhaanamantri. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte nirddishta parishkaarangal pala vellakkarum valare theevravaadikalaayi kandathinal sarkkar kutty adhikaarathil ninnu purathaakki.
1958 muthal, velutha kudiyetta raashtreeyam bhooripaksha bharanathodulla cheruthunilppine chuttipattiyulla ekeekaranavum asthirathayum undaakki, ithu udikku vediyorukki. 1961leeii bharanaghadana 1969 vare thekkan rodeshya swatantra rodeshya bharichu, westminstar paarlamentari samvidaanam upayogichu vyathyastha swathukkalum vidyaabhyaasa yogyathakalum ulla prathyeka vottar roll samvidaanam upayogichu vamshathe pariganikkathe parishkarichu. bhooripaksham niyamasabha seettukalum vellakkaar nedi.
1969 leeii republican bharanaghadana parokshamaayi thiranjedukkappetta senattum nerittu thiranjedukkappetta niyamasabayum ulkkollunna oru dvisabha paarlament sthaapichu, ithu bhooribhaagam seettukalum vellakkarkkaayi phalapradamaayi neekkivachu. presidentinte padavikku aachaaraparamaaya praadhaanyam maathrame undaayirunnulloo, pradhaanamanthriyude bharanaparamaya adikaaram undaayirunnu.
aadyamaayi thiranjedukkappetta karuthavarude neethrthwathilulla sarkkar kanda hraswakaala simbabwe rodeshyayude bharanaghadana 100 paarlamentari seettukalil 28 ennavum vellakkarkkaayi neekkivachu. laankaastar hausil swaathanthryaaniyamam sammathikkukayum aaa vyavasthakal kuraykkukayum niyamasabhayile 100 seettukalil 20 ennam vellakkarkkum senattile 40 seettukalil 8 ennam vellakkarkkum samvaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. simbabwe adhikaarikalkk ekakandamaaya sammathamillaathe ezhu varshathekku bharanaghadanayil maattam varuthunnathil ninnu bharanaghadana vilakkukayum moonnu varshathekku paarlamentil mukkal bhagam vottu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. vellakkarkkaayi neekkivacha seettukal nirthalaakkunnathinum pradhaanamanthriyude padavikku pakaram oru executive president sthaapikkunnathinum 1987ll sarkkar bharanaghadana bhedagathi cheythu. 1990ll sarkkar senatt nirthalaakki.
bharanaparamaya divisionukal.
rodeshyaykku oru kendreekritha sarkkaarundaayirunnu, bharanaparamaya aavasyangalkkaayi ezhu pravisyakalaayum pravishya padaviyulla rund nagarangalayum vibhajichu. oro pravisyaykkum oru pravishya thalasthaanam undaayirunnu, avide ninnaan saadhaaranayaayi sarkkar bharanam nadathunnathu.
pattalakkaar.
britiish aashritharkkidayil thekkan rodeshya valarekkaalamaayi savisheshamaayirunnu, kaaranam athu swantham suraksha senaykkum command gadanaykkum dhanasahayam nalkukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythirunnu. udikku sesham, ithu britiish gavanmentine sambandhichidatholam oru prathyeka ashayakkuzhappam srishtichu, athu rodeshyayude kalapavastha balaprayogathiloode avasaanippikkaan lakshyamitulla vividha nirddeshangal pariganikkukayum nirasikkukayum cheythu. rodatian swaathanthryam avasaanippikkunnath "oru attimari vyakthiye arast cheiyunna kesalla" ennu harrold vilson orikkal abhiprayappettu. athu oru raktharookshithamaaya yudhathe ardhamaakkum, orupakshe oru raktharookshithamaaya yuddham raktharookshithamaaya aabhyanthara yudhamaayi maarum."rodatian suraksha senayude shakthiyeriya swabhaavavum, dushta kolaniye prathinidheekarichu nerittulla dakshinaafrikkan edapedalinekkurichulla britiish bhayavum sainika oopshanukalude kooduthal parigananaye munkootty nirtthi.
rodeshya athinte nilanilppinte bhooribhaagavum 3,400 sainikarude oru cheria professional staanding sainyathe nilanirtthi, avaril moonnilonnu karutha sannadhapravarthakaraayirunu. pala colonial sainyangaludeyum paarambaryatthil, ithu praadhamikamaayi laghuvaaya kaalaalppada battaliyanukalaayi samghadippikkappedukayum, theevravaada virudha yudhathino aabhyanthara suraksha pravartthanangalkko pariseelanam nalkukayum, peerankikalo kavachangalo kuravaayirunnu. royal rodatian vyomasenayil (aarr. aarr. eph) 1,000 udyogastharum naalppat muthal ambathu vare hocker hunder, dii havilland vampire strike aircraft, engleesh electric canbara laitt bomberukal ennivayulppede aarr schwadronukalum undaayirunnu. oru helikopttar schwadron, oru transport schwadron, oru laitt reconnissance schwadron ennivayum ithinu undaayirunnu. britiish dakshinaafrikkan kambaniyude niyama nirvvahana vibhaagathil ninnu uruthirinja nannayi sajjeekarichirikkunna police senayaaya britiish dakshinaafrikkan poleesinte (bii. ezz. eiii. pii) pinthunayaanu rodatian sainyathin undaayirunnathu. bspk svanthamaayi kavachitha vaahanangalum sakthamaaya ardhasainika sheshiyumundaayirunnu. aabhyantharavum bahyavumaaya rahasyaanveshana shekharanam kendra rahasyaanveshana samghadanayil (sii. aii. oo) nikshipthamaayirunnu.
vardhichuvarunna grameena kalaapathinte falamaayi, rodatian suraksha seena pradeshika senayudeyum praadeshika karuthal shekharathinteyum vella nirbandhitha sinikareyum reservistukaleyum kooduthal aashrayikkaan thudangi. rodatian bush yudhathiludaneelam saadhaarana unitukal cheruthaayi thudarnnenkilum kooduthal prathyekathayullavayaayi maarukayum palappozhum avayude valippathin thikachum asamamaya prabhavam undakkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. aadyathe malayan adiyantharaavasthayilum eadan adiyantharaavasthayilum nadapadiyeduttha asamamaya ennam udyogasthar suraksha senayil ulppettirunnu, avarude anubhavam rodeshyayude prathirodha sthaapanathinu theevravaada virudha yudhathilum cheria yoonit thanthrangalilum sakthamaaya adithara nalki. ennirunnaalum, pravartthana mekhalayude vishalathayum rodeshyayude parimithamaaya manushyashakthi shekharavum karasena vyomasena bsp nirantharam vipuleekarichu. bajatt, vibhava niyanthranangalum manushyashakthiyude kuravum ardhamaakkunnathu garilla neekkangalumaayi poruthappedunnathra vegathil vipuleekarikkaan suraksha senaykk kazhinjilla, mikkavarum ellaayppozhum ennathil kooduthalaayirunnu. rodatian unitukal aakramanathmakamaaya munkaruthal, prathirodha thanthram pinthudarnnu ayal samsthaanangale aakramich avarude baahya sankethangalile garilla senaye nasippichukondu ekkaaryathil avarude poraaymaykku nashtapariharam nalki.
pathinettu muthal irupathimoonnu vayass vare praayamulla ellah vellakkaraaya purusha nivaasikalum naalara maasam (pinneedu onpathu maasamaayi neetti) muzhuvan samaya deseeya sevanam poortthiyaakkaan baadhyastharaayirunnu. ithine thudarnnu moonnu varshathe reserve baadhyathayundaayi. 1974 aayappozhekkum deseeya sevana upabhogam erattiyaayi, irupathimoonnil kooduthal vellakkareyum nirbandhithamaayi niyamichu. 1978ll rodatian sainyathil ekadesham 14,000 vella deseeya sainikarundaayirunnu, ennaal thudarchayaaya manushyashakthiyude kuravu karuthavargakkaare kooduthal ennam niyamikkunnathinum arupath vayass vare praayamulla ellah vellakkaraaya purushanmarkkum nirbandhitha sainika sevanam nalkunnathinum nirbandhithamaakki. rodatian bush yudhathinte avasaanathode phalatthil ellah velutha purusha nivaasikalum sainyathilo policillo muzhuvan samaya allengil part time seshiyil sevanamanushtikkukayaayirunu. rodatian sainyathinte valippam ekadesham 20,000 udyogastharaayum reservistukal ulppede 40,000thiladhikam udyogastharaayum vardhichu.
jaiva, raasa yudhangal.
1975 muthal 1980 vare rodatian sarkkar raasa, jaiva ejantumaare aayudhamaakkaan niravadhi sramangal nadatthi. suraksha senayile amgangal garilla kaashukalil maattisthaapikkunnathino reydukalil garillakal moshtikkunnathinaayi grameena storukalil sthaapikkunnathino munbu saadhanangal malinamakki. rodatian athirthiyile ariyappedunna nuzhanjukayatta paathakalile jalasrothassukalil avar visham kalarthi, athiraalikale kooduthal varanda pradeshangaliloode sanjarikkaano avarude trekkingle kooduthal vellam kondupokaano nirbandhitharaakki.
rodatian kemikkal aandu biological warfare (sii. bii. dablyu) prograamil ettavum kooduthal upayogicha raasa ejantukal paaraatthiyon (oru orgaanophosphettu keedanashini), taaliyam (elikalude kolliyil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunna oru kanatha loham) ennivayaayirunnu. rodeshyakkaar upayogathinaayi thiranjeduttha aayudangalil "vibrio collara" (kolarayude kaaranakkaaran), orupakshe "basilus anthrasis" (aanthraaksinte kaaranakkaaran) ennivayum ulppedunnu. rikkatsiya provaseki" (pakarchavyaadhi typhasinte kaaranakkaaran), "salmonella typhi" (typhoid panikk kaaranakkaaran), risin, botulinum toxin thudangiya vishavasthukkal ennivayum avar upayogichu.
vibrio collara" enna jaiva ejantukal sanlayude poratta seshiyil chila swaadheenam chelutthi. 1970kalude avasaanathil anthrax rahasyamaayi upayogichirunnuvennu rodatian suraksha senayile chila muun udyogasthar aaropichenkilum ithu tharkkavishayamaan. pramukha garilla kamaandarmaarude vadhasramangalil "anthrasis", "risin" allengil "botulinum toxin" ennivayude upayogam anukoolamaayirunnu.
sambadghadana.
saambathikamaayi, thekkan rodeshya chila praadhamika uthppannangalude, prathyekichu chromium, pukayila ennivayude ulppaadanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru sambadvyavastha vikasippichu. athinaal athu saambathika chakratthinu irayaakunnu. 1930kalile aazhathilulla maandyam yudhaananthara kuthippin vazhiyorukki. 1945num 1970num idayil ekadesham 200,000 vellakkaarude kudiyettatthinu eee kuthichuchaattam kaaranamaayi, vellakkaarude janasamkhya 307,000 aayi uyarnnu. eee kudiyettakkaaril valiyoru vibhaagam britiish thozhilaallivargathil ninnullavaraayirunnu, mattullavar beljian congo, kenia, tanzania, pinneedu angola, mosambik ennividangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu. avar thaarathamyena santhulithamaaya oru sambadvyavastha sthaapichu, oru kaalath marakkashanangalude krishiye aasrayikkunna praadhamika uthppaadakaraayirunna oru vyavasaya bheemanayi parivartthanam cheythu, ithu sakthamaaya ulppaadana mekhala, irumbu, urukk vyavasaayangal, aadhunika khanana samrambhangal ennivaykku kaaranamaayi. eee saambathika vijayangal vidagdha thozhilaallikalude kudiyettatthinu purame videsha sahaayathin kadappettirunnilla.
rodeshya samsthaanathinte sambadvyavastha athinte swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathinethudar oru pathittaandolam anthaaraashtra uparodhangal nilanirtthi, kooduthal thekkan aafrikkan rajyangal swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum bhooripaksha bharanam prakhyapikkukayum rodatian bush yudhathinte nashavum moolam eee prathirodham kuranjuvannu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
janasamkhya.
rodeshyayile vellakkaarude oru kendra savisheshatha athinte shanikathayaayirunnu, kaaranam vellakkaar sthirathaamasamaakkiya eathaanum varshangalkk sesham rodeshya vidaan saadhyathayund; udaaharanathinu, 1890-ll ethiya aadyathe vellakkaar thamasikkunna 700 britiish kudiyettakkaaril 15 perr maathrame 1924-ll rodeshyayil thaamasichirunnulloo. rodeshyayile vellakkaarude janasamkhyayude janananirakk kuravaayathinaal (1,000-ll 18 perkku aafrikkan nirakkaya 48-neey apekshichu), veluthavarude janasamkhyayude valarcha nilanirthaan pradhaanamaayum puthiya vella kudiyettakkaare sweekarikkunnathine aashrayichirunnu, 1955-num 1972-num idayil velutha rodatian janasamkhyayude valarchayude 60 sathamaanavum kudiyettamaayirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, 1955 num 1979 num idayil rodeshyayil motham 255,692 vellakkaar kudiyeriyappol athe kaalayalavil motham 246,583 vellakkaar kudiyeriyathinaal rodeshyayile vellakkaarude vittuvarav nirakk valare uyarnnathaanennu american charitrakaaranaaya josia braunal abhiprayappettu. 1950kalude avasaanathil, rodeshya prathivarsham sharashari 13,666 vellakkaar kudiyeriyappol, kooduthalum yunaittad kingdatthil ninnum dakshinaafrikkayil ninnum, prathivarsham sharashari 7,666 vellakkaar kudiyeri. 1961num 1965num idayil rodeshya prathivarsham sharashari 8,225 vella kudiyettakkaare sweekarikkukayum prathivarsham sharashari 12,912 vella kudiyettakkaare sweekarikkukayum cheythu. rodeshyayile varaanirikkunna niravadhi vella kudiyettakkaar saambathika avasarangal thedi ethi, bush yuddham rookshamaayathode suraksha saahacharyathile ettakkurachilukalumaayi purappettu. sthiramaayi avide sthirathaamasamaakkaan thaalpparyamillaatha ganyamaaya ennam, 1967 leeii oru pracharanam avare angane cheyyaan prerippichenkilum rodatian pourathvathinu apekshichilla.
pradhaanamaayum pravasa swabhaavam kaaranam velutha samoohathile desasneham "aazhamillaatha"thaanennu braunal vaadichu. 1960 kalude avasaanathilum 1970 kalude thudakkathilum bhooribhaagam vella kudiyettakkaarum raajyathe karutha aafrikkan thozhilsakthiyumaayi malsarichathum raajyathin venda saankethikamo professionalo aaya kazhivukal nalkaathathumaaya avidagdha thozhilaallikalaannennum addeham avakashappettu, velutha kudiyettatthe "kazhiyunnathra thiranjedukkaathathaakku", oro vella kudiyettakkaaranum jolie urappaakkuka enniva lakshyamitulla sarkkar nayamaan ithinu kaaranamennum addeham vaadichu. 1960 kalude avasaanathil kudiyettavum karuthavargakkaarkkidayil asaadhaaranamaaya swaabhaavika vardhanavum kaaranam rodeshyayile janasamkhya vardhichu, akkaalat sub-saharan aafrikkayil ithu ettavum kooduthalaayirunnu.
bhasha.
velutha rodeshyakkaar kooduthalum engleesh samsaarikkunnu, nyoonapakshamaayavar africans samsaarikkunnu. ekadesham 70 sathamaanam karutha rodeshyakkaarum shona 20 sathamaanam nendebele samsaarichirunnu. rodeshyayile indian samoohathil bhooribhaagavum gujaratiyum oru nyoonapakshavum hindi samsaarikkunnu.
matham.
rodeshya pradhaanamaayum kristhumathathodu chernnunilkkukayum protestantism ettavum valia vibhagamaavukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi thaddesheeya aafrikkakkaar ippozhum parambaraagatha aafrikkan mathangal pinthudarnnu.
videsha bandhangal.
ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthrya prakhyaapanatthinte (1965 muthal 1979 vare) kaalaghattatthiludaneelam, rodeshya oru swatantra rajyamenna nilayil amgeekaaram nedaanulla oru videsanayam pinthudarukayum athinte rashtreeya samvidaanathil 'bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla kramanugathamaaya nadapadikal' ulppedumennu urappikkukayum cheythu.'theevramaaya communist virudhathayode rodeshya aafrikkayile communist vipuleekaranathinethire oru munnira rajyamaayi svayam avatharippikkan shramichu, pakshe prayojanam undaayilla.
rodeshyaykku athinte nilanilppil anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram labhichilla; 1980 leeii thiranjeduppinum bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla parivartthanatthinum sesham maathramaan amgeekaaram labhichathu.
rodeshya athinte saambathika samriddhi nilanirthaan aagrahikkukayum vimatha shakthikalile communist gadakangale bhayappedukayum cheythu, athinaal karutha bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla avarude kramena purogathi nayathe nyaayeekarikkunnathaayi thonni. ennirunnaalum, thangalude nayangal vamsheeyathaye nilanirthunnuvennu vishwasichu anthaaraashtra samooham eee yukthi amgeekarikkaan visammathichu. eee manobhaavam valia kolanivalkkarana pashchaathalatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu, eee samayat yunaittad kingdom, france, beljiyam thudangiya paashchaathya sakthikal aafrikkayile avarude kolanikalkku swaathanthryam nalkaan thidukkapettu.
yuu. keyilum yuu. dii. yilum.
rodeshya yadhaarthathil oru britiish kolaniyaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham aafrikkayil kolanivalkkaranam aarambhichenkilum 1960kalude thudakkathil athu thwarithappeduthaan thudangi, ithu brittan athinte niravadhi kolanikalkkoppam athivegam swaathanthryam charcha cheyyaan kaaranamaayi. eee kaalayalavil, bhooripaksham aafrikkan bharanathinu munbu nibbar allengil swaathanthryam illa enna videsanayam sweekarichu, bhooripaksham karutha aafrikkakkaarude kaikalil bharanam ealppikkunna janaadhipathya parishkaarangal nirbandhamaakki. iyaan smithinte neethrthwathilulla rodeshyayile bharanakakshiyaya vella nyoonapakshangal eee nayatheyum athinte prathyaaghaathangaleyum ethirthu. 1965 november 11 nuu rodeshyayile nyoonapaksha vella sarkkar yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthrya prakhyapanam nadatthi, kaaranam charchakal velutha bharanathinu keezhil swaathanthryathilekku nayikkillenn vyakthamaayirunnu.
yunaittad kingdom sarkkar udan thanne niyamanirmmanam nadatthi (thekkan rodeshya niyamam 1965) ithu ellah rodatian sarkkar sthaapanangalum aupachaarikamaayi nirthalaakki. rodeshyayude yudi bharanakoodam nalkia pasportukal saadhuthayullathaayi amgeekarikkappedaathinaal anthaaraashtra thalatthil yaatra cheyyaan aagrahikkunna rodatian pouranmaarude jeevitam eee neekkam budhimuttaakki; 1966 januvariyil, britishukaar swaathanthrya prakhyaapanathinu munbu nalkia eathenkilum pasport saadhuthayullathaanennu amgeekarikkukayum aarr maasathe yunaittad kingdom pasportukal avayude kaalavadhi kazhiyumbol anuvadikkukayum cheythukondu oru prasthavana purappeduvichu-vahikkunnavar thangalkk yudi rodatian sarkkaarine sahayikkaan uddeshamillennu prakhyaapichaal.
britiish gavanmentinte swaathanthrya lakshyangale thadassappeduthiyathinu ethirppu prakadippichenkilum 1969 avasaanathode vare rodeshya elisabath raajnjiye rashtrathalavanaayi amgeekarichu. ennirunnaalum "rodeshyayude raajnji" enna padavi sweekarikkaan avar visammathikkukayum oduvil britiish kireedatthodu vishwasthatha pularthaanulla avarude sramangal smith sarkkar upekshikkukayum cheythu. 1969leeii oru hitaparisodhanayil bhooribhaagam votermaarum rodeshya oru swatantra republicayi prakhyapikkaan vottu cheythu. eee neekkam anthaaraashtra samooham oru swatantra rashtramenna nilayil amgeekaaram nalkumenna pratheekshayundengilum velutha nyoonapaksha bharanathinte prashnam eee shramathe thadassappeduthukayum thudarnnu, athinu munbulla yudiyeppole, oru republicinte prakhyaapanathinum anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram illaayirunnu.
uparodhangal.
swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathinusheshavum, vaasthavathil athinte nilanilppinte muzhuvan kaalayalavilum, rodeshyaykku oru samsthaanathil ninnum audyogika amgeekaaram labhichilla, ennirunnaalum varnnavivechanathinu keezhilaayirunna dakshinaafrikkayumaayi nayatantra bandham nilanirtthi. mattu rajyangalumaayi durbalamaaya sthaanangal nilanirthaan dakshinaafrikka rodeshya amgeekarichillenkilum rodatian raashtrathe palappozhum sahaayichirunnu. 1974leeii carnation viplavam vare porchugal anoupachaarika bandhangal nilanirtthi. swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathinte pittennu, aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil oru prameyam (ezz/rez/216) pasaki, rodeshya amgeekaaram nalkaruthennum oru sahaayathil ninnum vittunilkkanamennum ellah samsthaanangalodum aavasyappettu. suraksha kaunsil thiranjeduttha nirbandhitha saambathika uparodhangalum earppeduthi, avaa pinneedu samagramaakki.
malawi, israel, dakshinaafrikka, porchugal, iraan enniva rodeshyaykkethiraaya saambathika uparodhangal paalichilla. yuu. ezz., yuu. ezz. enn. esile uparodhathin anukoolamaayi vottu cheythenkilum, rodeshyayil ninnu chromium ayiru vaangaan avaa lamghichu. uparodham lamghichu rodeshyaykku enna vilkkunnuvennu sambia president kenneth kaundayum paashchaathya enna kambanikale kuttappedutthi.
anthaaraashtra kaazhchappaad.
1965 november 11nuu yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu rodeshya ekapaksheeyamaayi swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathine anthaaraashtra samooham udan apalapichu. 1965 november 12leeii aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil prameyam 216 "thekkan rodeshyayile eee niyamaviruddha vamseeya nyoonapaksha bharanakoodatthe amgeekarikkaruthennu ellah samsthaanangalodum aavasyappettu."
rodeshya anthaaraashtra sveekaaryathaykkaayi pracharanam nadathukayum aabhyanthara nayangalekkurichulla baahya vimarshanathe saasikkunnathinulla nyaayeekaranamaayi aabhyanthara kaaryangalil edapedaathirikkuka enna sidhaantham prayogikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, colonial saahacharyangalil svayam nirnnayathinte uyarnnuvarunna sidhaantham ardhamaakkunnathu rodeshyayude svayam prakhyapitha swaathanthryathe mikka raajyangalum niyamavirudhamaayi kanakkakkunnu ennaanu.
munbu vadakkan rodeshya ayirunna sambia rhodesiayodu praayogika sameepanam sweekarichu. thante raajyathinte chembu ayiru kayattumathi, indhanam, oorjja irakkumathi ennivaykkaayi rodeshya vazhiyulla praveshanathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkunna kenneth kaunda rodatian sarkkaarumaayi anaudyogikamaayi pravarthichu. sambian gavanmentinte audyogika sathrutha nayavum yudi-smith bharanathinu sheshamulla amgeekaaravum illengilum, rhodisia sambia athinte pradeshathiloode mosambik thuramukhangalilekku charakkukal kayattumathi cheyyaanum irakkumathi cheyyaanum anuvadichu.
matellaa paashchaathya rajyangaleyum pole america rodeshya amgeekarikkaan visammathichuvenkilum mattullavaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi washington disiyile us sarkkarum salisburyile rodatian sarkkarum thammilulla ashayavinimaya maarggamaayi pravartthikkaan konsulettu generaline anuvadichu. washington dii. siyil rodeshya rodatian information oafees sthaapichappol oaas rajyangal urakke prathishedhichu. rodatian dauthyathinum athinte jeevanakkarkkum audyogika nayatantra padavi illennum us niyamangal lamghichittillennum us sarkkar prathikarichu.
porchugal rodeshyayumaayi oru madhya paatha pinthudarnnu. iyaan smithinte keezhil rodeshya audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkaathappol, antonio salazar sarkkar lisbonil oru prathinidhi dauthyam sthaapikkaan rodeshya anuvadikkukayum avarude mosambik koolani vazhi rodatian kayattumathiyum irakkumathiyum anuvadikkukayum cheythu. akkaalat adhikaarathilirunna porchugees sarkkar, svechaadhipathyavum theevramaaya communist virudhavumaaya garilla grooppukalkkethiraaya rodeshyayude pooraattatthil thirasseelaykku pinnile sajeeva pinthuna nalki.
oru velutha nyoonapaksha sarkkar enna nilayil anthaaraashtra sammarddathinu vidheyamaaya dakshinaafrikka akkaalat karutha aafrikkan rajyangalumaayi shaanthathayude nayam pinthudarnnu. dakshinaafrikkayude aabhyanthara kaaryangalil edapedillenna prathijnjaykku pakaramaayi rodeshyayile bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla druthagathiyilulla parivartthanam sweekarikkaan dakshinaafrikkayaan smithine sammarddathilaakkanamenna eee rajyangal aagrahichu. rodeshyayile bhooripaksha bharanam dakshinaafrikkayude anthaaraashtra sveekaaryathayilekku nayikkumennu vishwasicha pradhaanamantri joonn vorsttar smithine sammarddathilaakkaan niravadhi thanthrangal upayogichu. dakshinaafrikkan sarkkar indhanathinteyum vedikkoppinteyum kayattumathi nirthukayum rodeshyayil ninnu souhaarddaparamaaya dakshinaafrikkan sainyathe pinvalikkukayum cheythu. mosambikkinte koottaaya nashtavum dakshinaafrikkayil ninnulla pinthunayum rodatian sarkkaarin nirnaayaka praharangal varuthi.
nayatantra bandhangal.
udic sesham, rodeshya niravadhi videsha dauthyangal nadatthi, athil pretory 1975 vare porchugalile lisban mosambikkile lurenzo maarkkukalum (ippol maputo) ulppedunnu.
1961 muthal, rodeshyaykku dakshinaafrikkayumaayi oru "amgeekritha nayatantra prathinidhi" undaayirunnu, avar oru "rodatian nayatantra dauthyam" allengil "yadhaartha" embassic neethrthwam nalki. aaa varsham dakshinaafrikka komanveltthil ninnu purathupokunnathinu munbu, annathe thekkan rodeshya annathe union oof dakshinaafrikkayumaayi hicommissionermaare kaimariyirunnuvenkilum padavi maariyathinethudarnnu republicinu ippol salisburyil oru "dakshinaafrikkan nayatantra dauthyam" undaayirunnu.
1965-ll, porchugees mosambikkinte thalasthaanamaaya lurenzo maarkkukalil svanthamaayi konsulettu sthaapikkaan kazhinjirunna swantham amgeekritha prathinidhiyumayi britiish embassyil ninnu verittu lisbanil oru dauthyam sthaapikkaan rodeshya sarkkar neekkam nadatthi. ithu britiish sarkkaaril ninnu prathishedhatthinu kaaranamaayi, prathinidhi haari reedman britiish ambaasadarude staafil naamamaatra amgamaayirikkanam ennu theerumaanichu. thangalude bhaagathuninnu, porchugees adhikaarikal oru swatantra prathinidhiyayi reedmane sweekarikkukayum ennaal addehathinu nayatantra padavi nishedhikkukayum cheiyunna oru vittuveezhcha thedi.
washingtonile rodatian information oafees yudi thudarnnu thurannirunnenkilum athinte director kenn tossic addehathinte staafinum avarude nayatantra padavi nashtappettu. munbu, washingtonile britiish embassy aabhimukhyathil pravartthikkunna oru "rodatian kaarya mantri" yum tokyoyileyum bonileyum prathinidhikalum undaayirunnu. simbabwe enna nilayil raajyathinte swaathanthryathethudarna, tossy puthiya embassyil charge dii afayezhsaayi.
salisburyile "britiish sheshikkunna douthyathodoppam" raajyathe oru republicayi mattaanulla hitaparisodhanayil velutha rodeshyakkaarude theerumaanathetthudarnnu 1969 ll adachupoottunnathuvare landanile rodeshya house ennariyappedunna hicommission pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu. adachupoottunnathinu munbu, videshakaarya oafees niyamavirudhamaayi kanakkakkiya rodeshyayude puthuthayi amgeekaricha pathaaka mission parathiyathinaal laber empy villi haamilttan athu neekkam cheyyaan aavasyappettu.
austreliyayil, federal sarkkar sidneyile rodeshya information sentar adachupoottaan shramichuvenkilum athu nyoo southu weils samsthaanathinte adikaaraparidhiyil pravartthikkunnu. 1973ll goff vaitlaaminte thozhil sarkkar kendrathilekkulla posttum telephone linkukalum vettikkurachuvenkilum ithu niyamavirudhamaanennu haikodathi vidhichu. paareesil oru offeesum sthaapikkappettenkilum 1977ll franch sarkkar ithu adachupootti.
athupole, american aikyanaadukal thangalude konsulettu generaline salisburyil ninnu thirichuvilikkukayum consular jeevanakkaare kuraykkukayum cheythu, ennaal 1970ll oru republic prakhyaapikkunnathuvare konsulettu adachupoottaan neengiyilla. ennirunnaalum, dakshinaafrikka, udic sesham athinte "amgeekritha nayatantra prathinidhiye" nilanirtthi, ithu britiish paramaadhikaaratthe amgeekarikkunnathum iyaan smith sarkkaarinte "yadhaartha" adhikaaravumaayi edapazhakunnathum thudaraan anuvadichu.
1970 meyy maasathil salisburyile konsul generaline thirichuvilicha porchugal, 1970 meyy maasathil salisburyile konsul generaline thirichuvilichathinusham, porchugal thangalude dauthyam konsul thalatthilekku tharamthaazhthiya 1975 nuu sesham salisburyile dakshinaafrikkan nayatantra dauthyam rajyath avasheshikkunna oreyoru dauthyamaayi maari. simbabweyude swaathanthryathinu sesham, puthiya sarkkar pretoriyayileyum keppu tounileyum dauthyangal adachu, johannesburgil oru vyapara dauthyam maathram nilanirtthi, athesamayam salisburyile dakshinaafrikkan nayatantra dauthyavum adachu.
phalangal.
aabhyantharayudhathinte vardhichuvarunna theevrathayum anthaaraashtra pinthunayude abhavavum oduvil 1979ll rodatian gavanment yukeyumayi oru kararinu vidheyamaakaan kaaranamaayi. ithu anthaaraashtra melnottatthilulla thiranjeduppukalilekku nayichu, simbabwe aafrikkan naashanal union-desasnehiyaaya munnaniyum roobert mugabe vijayichu anthaaraashtrathalathil amgeekarikkappetta simbabwe sthaapichu.
paarambaryamaayi.
swaathanthryaanantharam patthu varshathinullil simbabweyile vellakkaraaya janasamkhyayude 60 sathamaanavum dakshinaafrikkayilekkum pradhaanamaayum vellakkaraaya engleesh samsaarikkunna mattu raajyangalilekkum kudiyeri, avide avar pravasi samoohangal roopeekarichu. simbabweikkullil raashtreeyamaayi, roobert mugabeyude adhikara ekeekaranam 1980kalolam thudarnnu. 1987-ll raajyathinte bharanaghadanayile bhedagathikalethudarnnu vellakkarkkaayi neekkivacha paarlamentari seettukal nirthalaakkukayum mugabe vahichirunna oru executive presidency srishtikkukayum cheythu. simbabweyil thaamasichirunna niravadhi pravaasikalum chila vellakkarum rhodesiayodu aazhathilulla nostaaljiyaayi maari. eee vyakthikale "roadykal" ennu vilikkunnu. puthiya kramatthe kooduthal sweekarikkunna thaddesheeya vellakkaare "simbos" ennu vilikkunnu.
samskaaram.
maadyamangal.
salisburyile "rodeshya herald", bullaaviyoyile "chronicle" ennivayaayirunnu pradhana pathrangal. 1976ll sarkkar udamasthathayilulla rodatian broadcasting korppareshan (aarr. bii. sii) neratthe 51 sathamaanam ohari svanthamaakkiya swakaarya udamasthathayilulla rodeshya television (aarr. tii. vii) sevanam etteduthu.
udiyude keezhil rodeshyayil prasidheekaricha warta maasikakalil "elastrated life rodeshya" undaayirunnu, athesamayam beryl saltinte "dheeramaaya varshangal" 1890 muthal 1978 vareyulla rodeshyayude charithram poornnamaayum rodatian pathrangalil ninnulla lekhanangaludeyum thalakkettukalinteyum faksimail punarnirmmaanatthiloode paranju.
sports.
rodeshya yunaittad kingdatthinte muun kolaniyaayirunnathinaal, yunaittad kingdatthil janicha ellah kaayika enangalum rodeshyayil ganyamaaya janapreeti nedi; prathyekichu krikkatt, rugby, vaattar pooloo, football, nettbol, goalf, rodatian ooppan tennies chaambyanshippukal, loonn boulukal, feeld hockey muthalaayava ulppedeyulla tennies. ayalrajyamaaya dakshinaafrikkayeppole, komanvelthu amgaraajyangalumaayi malsarikkunnathinum pankedukkunnathinum rodeshya vilakkiyirunnu.

