
nizhal ozhivakkal

mattoru chediyude nizhalinu vidheyamaakumbol sasyangal prakadippikkunna prathikaranangalude oru koottamaanu nizhal ozhivakkal. ithil palappozhum neelam koottal, pookkalude samayam maattuka, vardhicha appikkal aadhipathyam, vibhavangalude vibhajanam enniva ulppedunnu. eee prathikaranangalude koottatthe mothatthil shade-avoidance syndrome (ezz. eiii. ezz) ennu vilikkunnu.
nizhal prathikaranangal oru thudarchaykkoppam vyathyasthamaaya shakti pradarshippikkunnu. mikka sasyangalum kadutha nizhal ozhivaakkunnavaro sahishnuthayullavaro allah, pakshe rund thanthrangaludeyum samyojanam undu; ithu avayude paristhithiyumaayi poruthappedaan sahayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nizhal thirichariyaanum prathikarikkanumulla kazhivu ellah sasyangalilum valare pradhana punk vahikkunnu avaa swaabhaavikamaayum sesile aanu, koodaathe sasyangalude poshanatthinum valarchaykkum photosynthetic aayi sajeevamaaya vikiranathilekkulla praveshanam athyaavasyamaanu. koodaathe, oru chedi pookkaan thudangunna samayathe baadhikkunnath labhyamaya prakaashatthinte alavaanu.
kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi, dhaanya vilavil valia vardhanavu pradhaanamaayum nadunna saandrata vardhippichathiloodeyaan undaayath. nadunna saandrata vardhikkunnathinanusaricha melaappile vidoora chuvanna prakaashatthinte anupaathavum vardhikkunnu. athinaal, uyarnna saandrathayil uyarnna vilavu uthppaadippikkaanulla sramangalil sasya breedermar kuranja saas lineukal thiranjedutthirikkaam.
nizhal samvedanam.
oru nirjeeva vasthuvinte nizhal thammilulla vyathyasam sasyangalkk parayaan kazhiyum (udha.jii. oru paara), mattoru chediyude nizhal, athupole thanne bhaviyil athumaayi malsarikkaanum nizhal nalkaanum kazhiyunna aduthulla chedikalude saannidhyam. oru chediyude nizhalil, prakaashasamshleshanathil ulppedunna pigmentukal chuvanna prakasham agiranam cheiyunnathinte falamaayi chuvanna prakaashathekkaal uyarnna vikiranathil vidoora chuvanna prakasham kaanapedunnu, athesamayam aduthulla chedi oru idatharam anupatham roopappeduthunnu. ithu vidoora chuvanna sambushteekaranam ennariyappedunnu. valare chuvapp niratthilullathum chuvanna prakashamullathumaaya anupatham alakkaan faittokrom upayogikkaam, angane chedi mattoru chediyude nizhalilaano ennu kandethaam, athinaal athinu athinanusarichu athinte valarchaa thanthrathil maattam varuthaan kazhiyum (photomorphogenesis). arabidopsisil, saas niyanthrikkunna pradhana photoriseptaraanu faittokrom bii. phytochromukal rund roopangalil nilavilunda pii. aarr., pii. eph. aarr. ithu pii. aarr. aayi samanvayippichirikkunnu, ennaal chuvanna prakasham oru roopeekarana maattathinu kaaranamaakukayum pii. eph. aarr. undaakkukayum cheiyunnu. vidoora chuvanna prakasham faittokrom veendum pii. aarr. aakki parivartthanam cheyyaan kaaranamaakunnu. oru nischitha chuvapp vidoora chuvanna prakasha anupaathathinu, nilavilulla pii. aarr, pii. eph. aarr ennivayude aapekshika alavil oru chalanathmaka santhulithaavastha undaakum. valare chuvanna sambushteekaranam pii. aarr. yude nirmmaanathinu kaaranamaakunnu. oru speeshees-nirddishta paridikk mukalilaanu pr undengil, shade avoidance signal transduction pathakal sajeevamakum.
thaikalkkulla prathikaranam.
thanal ozhivaakkunnathinte ettavum nannayi manassilakkappetta gadakamaanu thaikalkkulla prathikaranam. arabidopsis taliana" enna maathrukaa jeeviyil, jeevithachakrathile vyathyastha ghattangalil shade ozhivakkal prathikaranam vyathyaasappedunnu. unangiya, urangikkidakkunna vithukal thanalil aanenkil mulaykkilla. oru thavana nishkriyathvam thakarukayum avayil vellam ulkkollukayum cheythaal, vithukal mulaykkunnathinu prathijnjaabadhamaanu. jala-oorjjam nalkunna vithukal hypocodyl neelam kaanikkunnu; manninte amithamaya aazham moolamaanu nizhal undaayal, ithu thaikal valare vegathil lambamaayi valarukayum nilathu ninnu mukalilekkum puratthekkum thallaanum sahayikkum. oru "arabidopsis" thaikal nizhalakkappettaal, athinte agrabhaagangalum internodukalum neelunnu. rosettu roopaghadana polum nashtamaayekkam.
vazhi.
brassica rapa" upayogikkunna padanangal soochippikkunnathu thaikalkk labhyamaya prakasha gunanilavaaravum anupaathavum kodidedanukalil anubhavappedunnu, ithu ooksin ulppaadanathe niyanthrikkunnu. "ooksin ulppaadanathil piff (faittokrom interacting factor) edapedal prakadippikkaan "arabidopsis" upayogichu. mulaykkunna adichamarthalumaayum nizhal ozhivaakkalumaayum bandhapetta aayirakkanakkin jeenukale niyanthrikkunna transcription gadakangalaanu piphukal, koodaathe piff 4, piff 5, piff 7 enniva ooksin sinthasisinu aavashyamaaya ensaimukalkku coode cheiyunna jeenukale nerittu niyanthrikkunnu. ooksineyum chediyude prathikaranatheyum niyanthrikkunnathil mattu piff proteinukal ulppedunnuvennu karuthappedunnu. nizhal saahacharyangalil, piff proteinukalude defosphorylation prerepikkunnu, ithu dna bandhippikkanulla kazhivu shakthippeduthukayum ooksin, athinte resepterukal ennivayude uthppaadanam ulppede nizhal ozhivakkal prathikaranatthil ulppedunna jeenukalude transcription prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ooksin kidakkunnidathu, chedi aaa vashath valarunnu, ithu ethir dishayil valaraan kaaranamaakunnu. neelam vardhippikkunnathinaayi ooksin hypocotylilekku kondupookunnu, ennirunnaalum athu cheiyunna samvidaanam vyakthamalla. 
muthirnnavarude prathikaranam.
muthirnna sasyangalile thanal ozhivakkal prathikaranam thaikalekkaal saadhaaranayaayi padikkappedunnilla, ennirunnaalum muthirnna "arabidopsis" thaikalekkaal sankeernamaaya prathikarana reethikal kaanikkunnu. shedullah muthirnnavarkk rosettil neelamulla pettiyolukal, cheria ila bladeukal, aaksilari budd valarcha enniva adaykkunnu. ilayude valippathil oru vyathiyaanamundengilum, pettiyoline vashathekku neettiyukondu, chedi kooduthal chuvanna prakasham agiranam cheiyunnathinaayi shading chedikalil ninnu elakal maattisthaapikkunnu. hyponasty ennu vilikkunna oru prakriyayude mukalil ullathinekkaal thaazhathe bhaagath uyarnna valarchayude falamaayi elakalkku prakasha srothassukalilekku mukalilekku valaraan kazhiyum. saadhaaranayaayi churunda elakalulla chedikalile elakal parannupokunnathum prakasha agiranam cheiyunnathinulla uparithala vistheernnam vardhippikkunnu.
oru pakwathayulla chedi nizhalakkappettaal, nizhal ozhivaakkunnathum palappozhum prathyulpaadana thanthrangalil mattangal varuthunnu. kooduthal gadanakal valarunnathu hraswakaalathekku labhakaramaaya poshaka nettatthinu kaaranamakumennathinaal chedikal neratthe pookkal pookkaam. arabidopsis" ennathil, neratheyulla pookkal kuranja vithu uthppaadanam, cheria pazhangal, vithukalude kuranja mulaykkal nirakk enniva kaaranam mothatthilulla kuranja prathyulpaadana vijayavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennirunnaalum mulaykkal vijayam vyakthikal thammilulla janithaka vyathyasatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
vazhi.
thaikal pole, muthirnnavarkkulla sasyangalude nizhal ozhivaakkunnathil orumichu pravartthikkunna niravadhi samvidaanangal ulppedunnu. koshavalarchayudeyum koshavibhajanathinteyum falamaanu pettiyol neelam, ennirunnaalum pettiyolinteyum ilayudeyum roopeekaranathil ore ghattathilalla. puthuthayi valarunna elakalil, koshavibhajanamanu praadhamika ghadakam, athesamayam poornnamaayum roopappetta elakalum dalangalum koshavalarchaye aasrayikkunnu. koshabhithi parishkkarikkunna proteinukalude oru kudumbamaanu cyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolesukal (xths). nizhal saahacharyangalil, xth9, xth15/xtr7, xth16, xth17, xth19 ennivaykkulla jeenukalude coding apgreducheyyunnu, eee proteinukal koshabhithi jalavishleshanam cheyyaanum durbalappedutthaanum pravartthikkunnu, ithu pettiyol koshangalude vipuleekaranathinu anuvadikkunnu.
thaikaleppole, valarchaye prothsaahippikkunna ooksinumaayi bandhappettathum brasinosteroid prathikaranavumaya jeenukal niyanthrikkunnathiloode kuranja rfr kaaranam pettiyolinteyum ilayude valarchayudeyum niyanthranatthil piff 7 ulppedunnu. hyponastic ooksin signalling athyaavasyamaanu, ennirunnaalum athinte punk ithuvare poornnamaayum manassilakkiyitla.
ila valarthal praadhamikamaayi nizhal saahacharyangalil faittokrom bii pii. aarr. aayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinulla prathikaranamaanu, ithu ilayude mukalilum thaazheyumulla vashangalil koshangalude asamamaya vyaapanavum valarchayum prothsaahippikkunnu. ila churuline niyanthrikkunna transcription gadakangalkkulla coode, "aathu bii 4", "haatt 3" ennee rund anaavashya jeenukal, function myoottantukalude nashtam, elakalulla sasyangal thaazhekku churulunnu, eee jeenukalude amithamaya expressive koppikalulla sasyangalkk elakal shakthamayi mukalilekku churulunnu. eee jeenukalude aavishkaaram maattunnathiloode, thanalinodu prathikarikkunnathin sasyangalkk avayude elakal nereyakkaan kazhiyum.

