
thaapatthinte kuravu

jiolajiyilum geophysicsilum, taapa kshayam ennathu maantilinte chaalaka thanupp lithosphere kattiyakkukayum uyaram kuraykkukayum cheiyunna oru prakriyayaan. ithu taapa sankochamaanu kaaranam mantle metteeriyal thanuppikkukayum yaanthrikamaayi karkkashamaaya lithosphere bhagamaakukayum cheyyumbol, athu chuttumulla meteeriyalinekkaal saandrata kaivarikkunnu. lithosphere cherkkunna adhika vasthukkal athine kattiyakkukayum lithosphere uyarathil kuthichuchaattathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. ithu avashishtangal nikshepikkaan kazhiyunna thaamasa idam srishtikkukayum oru avashishta thadam roopappedukayum cheiyunnu.
kaaranagal.
lithospherinte oru bhaagavum athinte chuttupaadukalum thammil thaapanila vyathyasam nilanilkkunna evideyum thaapaprathisandhi sambhavikkam. taapa kshayam aarambhikkaano prakriya thudarunnathinaal athine badhikkano kazhiyunna vividha gadakangalundu.
delimation.
endogenous, exogenous prakriyakal bhoomiyude uparithalathe apakeerthippeduthunnathu kaaranamakunnathinaal, lithosphere thaazhnna, choodulla bhagangal bhaarathilum saandrathayilum aapekshika vyathyaasangalkk vidheyamaakunnu. eee aapekshika vyathyasam kuthichuchaattam srishtikkunnu. isostaattik uyarchaykku lithosphere chaalaka thanuppilekku kooduthal thurannukaattaan kazhiyum, ithu choodullathum saandrata kuranjathumaaya paara paalikal thallukayo uyarthukayo cheyyumbol "uyarchayum veezhchayum" enna prathibhaasathinu kaaranamaakukayum pinneedu thanuppikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu churungukayum veendum thaazhekku mungukayum cheiyunnu.
chalanathmakatha.
taapa nyoonatha srishtikkunnathinulla saahacharyangal vividha tharatthilulla uyarchayum apachayam vazhiyum aarambhikkaamenkilum taapa nyoonathayude yadhaartha prakriya niyanthrikkunnath taapa chaalanatthiloodeyulla thapam nashtappedunnathiloodeyaanu. chuttumulla paarakalumaayo uparithalavumaayo sanbarkkam pularthunnathu lithosphere oru bhaagath ninnu choodu puratthekku ozhukaan kaaranamaakunnu. lithosphere thanuppikkumbol, athu paaraye churukkaan kaaranamaakunnu.
isostasi.
chalanam lithosphere oru bhagam churungunnathinum saandrata vardhippikkunnathinum kaaranamaakumbol, athu paarayilekku nerittu pindam cherkkunnilla. pakaram, ithu vooliyam kuraykkaan kaaranamaakukayum oru nischitha pradeshathe sekshante pindam vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. lithosphere maantilinoppam isostaattik aanu; athinte bharam chuttumulla paarayude aapekshika saandrathayaal pinthunaykkunnu. oru bhagam thanukkukayum athinte saandrata vardhikkukayum cheyyumbol, athu mungukayum aapekshika uyaram kurayukayum cheiyunnu. ithinu avashishtangal nikshepikkunna oru thadam srishtikkaan kazhiyum, ithu lithosphere mungunna bhaagathinu mukalil bharam koottukayum oro yoonit eriyayilum bhaagatthinte motham pindam vardhippikkukayum ithu kooduthal mungaan kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
phalangal.
thaapatthinte kuravu dveepinte roopeekaranathe badhikkum. thadassamillaatha paarakalillaattha dveepukalile mannolippinodu prathikarikkunnathin isostaattik uyarchaye taapa kshayam upayogichu santhulithamaakkaan kazhiyum, ithu taranga mannolippinu vidheyamaakumbol maathrame mungukayulloo. ennirunnaalum, agniparvvatha dveepukalum thadassamaaya paarakalulla kadaltheerangalum taranga, aruvi mannolippil ninnu samrakshikkappedunnu, angane ethir isostaattik uyarcha illaathaakkappedunnu, ithu avaye kuraykkukayum oru attol srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
roopaanthareekaranam.
thaapaparamaaya kshayam paarakalil roopaantharam varuthaan sahayikkum. lithosphere oru bhaagath ninnu thapam puranthallunnathu paara kattiyakkaanum aavaranathil ninnu ozhukunna thaapathilekku kooduthal insulate cheyyaanum kaaranamaakunnu; eee kattiyulla bhagam lithosphere avarohana nirayil kuzhichidunnathinaal, athu uyarnna aapekshika jeothermal gradiantulla chuttumulla paara paalikalilekku erangunnu. thekkan austreliyayil kaanunnathupole eee gradient paarakalil roopaantharathinu kaaranamakum.
yoostasi.
samudranirappile aapekshikamaya maattatheyaanu yoostasi ennu parayunnath. parvathanirakal polulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakalude roopeekarana samayat ithu taapa kshayam badhikkum. karayil himanikal roopappedunnathinu marupadiyaayi samudranirappu palappozhum maarunnu; eee himaanikalude bhaaramo athinte abhaavamo mothatthilulla taapa kshayam nirakk swaadheenikkum.
petroleum roopeekaranam.
lithosphere thanuppikkukayum kurayukayum cheyyumbol, kurayunna pindatthinu mukalil oru avashishta thadam roopappedaam. adithattilulla avashishtangalude savisheshathakalkk kerojane petroleum aakki maattaan anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangal srishtikkaan kazhiyum. eee prakriyayude falamaayaanu loss enchals thadatthile bheeman wilmington ennappaadam roopappettathu.