
pukiniya horiana

krisanthimam" janussile sasya enangalude oru rogamaaya krisanthimam vaitt thurumbinu kaaranamakunna oru inam fangasaanu pukiniya horiana.
uthbhavavum vyaapanavum.
1895ll jappanilaanu krisanthimam vaitt rust (sii. dablyu. aarr) aadyamaayi kandethiyathu. ithu ippol eshya, europe, austreliya, thekke america ennividangalil udaneelam sthaapikkappettittundu. ithu amerikkayil niravadhi thavana kandethiyittundengil neratheyulla kandethalum unmoolanam cheyyalum eee rogam sthaapikkappedaathirikkaan sahaayichittund.
lakshanagal.
krisanthimam vaitt thurumbu baadhicha sasyangal elakalude mukal prathalatthil paadukal kaanikkunnu. thudakkathil ilam pacha muthal manja niravum 5 millimeter vare vyaasavumulla eee paadukal tissue necrotic aakumbol thavitt niramaakum. ila, thandu, pushpam ennivayude adibhaagathu, paadukal pink allengil velutha mezhukulla teleyal klasttarukal/pustyoolukalaayi vikasikkukayum avide teleosporukal vikasikkukayum cheiyunnu. chediyude eathu pacha tissuevilum pottalukal roopappedaan kazhiyumenkilum ilaya elakalilum pookkalude shaakhakalilum iva saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu.
rogachakram.
"pukiniya horiana" oru microcyclic, autosius thurumbu aanu, athaayath fangasinu ariyappedunna rund beejaanukkalude ghattangalundu teleosporukal, basidiosporukal, athupole ariyappedunna ithara hosttukalilla. mattu microcyclic thurumbukalkku samaanamaayi, rund sell teleosporukal yooni sellular basidiosporukal uthpaadippikkunnu, avaa pinneedu vaayu pravaahangaliloode chitharikkidakkunnu. valarchaykku sesham 3 muthal 6 manikkoor vare kaatt allengil vellathiloode basidiosporukal vyaapikkunnu. oru laborattari krameekaranatthinu keezhil, rund beejakangalkkum mulaykkaan uyarnna eerppavum (50-90% rh) kuranjathu 5 manikkoor nirantharamaaya ila eerppavum aavasyamaanennu theliyikkappettittund. basidiosporukalkku kaattil 700 meteriladhikam sanjarikkaan kazhiyumennu reportukal theliyichittundu. pii" yude beejaanukkal. 90 sathamaanathil thaazhe arh thalatthil horiana "vattivaralikkaan saadhyathayund. eee swabhaavam kaaranam, manushya sanbarkkam, anuchithamaya shuchithva saankethikavidyakal allengil beejaanukkale laabhakaramaakkunnathin sthiramaaya uyarnna eerppam nilanirthuka thudangiya vaayuvinekkaal harithagriha malineekaranathiloodeyaanu krisanthimam vaitt thurumbu padaraan kooduthal saadhyatha. baahyacharmmathilekku thulachukayari divasangalkku sesham rogalakshanangal sambhavikkaan thudangunnu. ila paadukal prathyakshappettaaludan, thandukalilum pookkalilum abaxial ila prathalangalilum teleyal klasttarukal roopappedaan thudangum. ivideyaanu teleosporukal vikasikkunnath. eee teleosporukal oru puthiya chakratthinu thudakkamidunna basidiosporukale utppaadippikkum. 
rogakaaranam.
mikka thurumbukalkkum samaanamaayi, sii. dablyu. aarinu anubaadhayude 4 ghattangalundu 
(i) basidospore apakadasaadyathayulla chediyil pathikkunnu. jerm tubinteyum anubadha peginteyum vikasanam aarambikkunnu.
(ii) aathidheya epidermisinullil cheria vesikkilukal roopappedunnu.
(iii) aathidheya epidermisinullil neelamulla fungus vesikkilukalude roopeekaranam
(iv) shaakhakalulla hyphyotoppam septtett fungus vesikkilukalude roopeekaranam. ivide fungus neengi chediyude backie bhaagangale badhikkum. 
saambathika praadhaanyam.
alankaara pushpamenna nilayil krisanthimamsinu janapreeti ullathinaal, sii. dablyu. aarinte vyaapanam thadayunnathinu valia sramangal nadannittundu. amerikkayil sii. dablyu. aarr.-nethire faittosaanittari kwaarantain sthaapichittundu. ithinartham ariyappedunnathum koodaathe/allengil samshayikkappedunnathumaaya "p" hosttukalude ellah irakkumathiyum. raajyathekku praveshikkumbol horiana parisodhikkanam. vividha kandethal reethikaliloode sii. dablyu. aarr kandethiyaal, chedikal udan thanne unmoolanam cheyyappedum. rogakaariye sthaapikkukayaanenkil nirmmarjanam ganyamaaya saambathika nashtam thadayunnu, yuu.ezz. rogabadhithamaaya chedikal labhikkuna karshakarkk ganyamaaya nashtam sambhavikkunnu. 1990 muthal 1999 vare eshyayil ninnum meksikkoyil ninnum irakkumathi cheytha sasyangalil ninnu sii. dablyu. aarr kaaliforniyayil undaayirunnu. lottinte valipavum aadya unmoolanam shramathinte vijayavum anusarichu unmoolanam cheiyunnathinulla sharashari chelavu oru saittin 5,000 muthal 7,000 dollar vareyaanu. 2014ll unmoolanam cheyyaanulla chelavu yathaakramam 788 dollar muthal 11,000 dollar vare kanakkaakkappettirunnu. yuu. esile sii. dablyu. aarr anubaadhakalil ninnulla nerittullathum parokshavumaaya saambathika nashtam.ezz. 1992 muthal 1997 vare ithu 2 dasalaksham dolaraayirunnu. sii. dablyu. aarr sthaapikkunnathu vinashakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal undakkiyekkaam, turkey polandum 80 sathamaanam muthal aii. dii. 1 vare vila nashtam anubhavikkunnuvenn theliyikkappettittund, ithu krisaanthimangalude mikacha uthppaadakaraanu ennathinaal pradhaanamaan. 
maanejment.
sii. dablyu. aarinte anubadha vyavasthaapithamaanu. atharamoru vyavasthaapitha anubadha srishtikkunnathiloode, "p. horianaykku oru samrakshana roopamaayi sasyangalil shaithyakaalam koodaanulla saadhyathayund. sii. dablyu. aarinte prathirodhatthinte ettavum nalla maarggam "pii" ozhivakkaan prashasthamaaya srothassukalil ninnu sasyangal, vithukal, vasthukkal enniva vaanguka ennathaanu. horiana "eppozhengilum soukaryathilekku praveshikkunnathil ninnu. harithagriham allengil poonthotta upakaranangaludeyum vasthukkaludeyum sariyaaya shuchithvavum oru pradhana prathirodha nadapadiyaanu. 
propiconasol phalapradamaaya oru fangastik aanennu theliyikkappettittund. propiconasolinte pravartthana reethi ergosterolukalude jaivasamshleshanathe thadayunnu, ithu fangasukalude koshabhithikalude roopeekaranathinu nirnaayakamaan. ithu fangasinte valarchaye thadayukayum kooduthal anubadhayum koodaathe/allengil aathidheya koshangalude kadannukayattavum phalapradamaayi thadayukayum cheiyunnu. 
sii. dablyu. aarinu moonnu vyathyastha vibhagangalilaayi maanejment sanbradaayangal aphis roopappeduthunnu. 

