
chaals lafondane

rogangal sukhappeduthunnathino laghookarikkunnathino ulla oru ejantu enna nilayil mrugangalude kaanthikathayil thaalpparyamundaayirunna" oru prashastha franch "pothu kanthika pradarshakanaayirunnu" chaals leonard lafondane (27 march 1803-13 august 1892).
kudumbam.
1803 march 27 nuu fraansile lloyer-ettu-cherr vendomil chaals lafondane janichu. prashastha fabulist jeane dii laa fontaine (1621-1695)-maayi bandhappettirunna addeham oru naadaka kudumbatthil pettayalayirunnu, cheruppam muthal thanne naadakavumaayi bandhappettirunnu. 1892 august 13nuu swittsarlandile jineevayil vachu addeham antharichu.
roopam.
5 '9' (175 centimeter) uyarathil addeham idatharam uyarathilaayirunnu. ayaalude irunda mudi munnott thuzhachuvechu, ayaalude aavishkaaram "valare kaduppameriyathum orupakshe chinthaneeyavum", addehathinu "athisayakaramaaya" thaadiyundaayirunnu. vrithiyaayi shave cheytha mukhathinu annathe engleesh fashion kanakkiledukkumbol, laaphondeyninte thaadi englandil athiyappol ganyamaaya kuprasiddhiyude vishayamaayirunnu-1841-ll oru "kanversasonil" lafondeyninekkurichu spensor timothi haalinte vivaranam savisheshamaanu
richard hart, "newyork telegramile" muun pathrapravartthakan, theosophical sosaittiyile oru thavana amgamaaya adayar (1877-1893), muun edittarum pathiv sambhavanakkaaranum (palappozhum "noom dii gyoore" dii.sii.keey.")" "theosophist" "ennathinum" "puthiya manahshaasthra" "thinte rachayithaavinum, nireekshichathupole,
mrugangalude kaanthikatha.
1831-ll beljian lithographer kandupiduthakkaaranum pandithanumaaya jeane baptist ambroise marsellin jobard (1792-1861) addehathe brasselsile mesmerisathilekku parichayappedutthi, addeham pinneedu brasselsile royal museum oof industry director. thudarnnu addeham markvis dii puisegger (1751-1825), joseph-philipp-francois deluce (1753-1835) ennivarude kruthikal padikkukayum thiyettar mothatthil upekshichu yooroppinte chila bhagangal sandarshikkaan thudangukayum cheythu.
laaphondeyninte kaanthikavalkkarana saankethikavidyayude vishadamaaya vivaranam, addehathinte "ell art dii magnettaisarinte" anchaam (1886) pathippinte vaachakathil ninnu nerittu vivarthanam cheyyappetta hartle (1903), pipi avatharippikkunnu. 66-69.
yunaittad kingdom.
1841 juunil englandilekku varaan theerumaanicha addeham taamasiyaathe landanil prabhashanam aarambhichu. svarnnappanikkaarante abhipraayathil (1934, p. 225), lafondane "lunden mrgashaalayile oru simhathe vismayippichukondu ganyamaaya shradha aakarshichu".
lafondaininu eathaandu engleesh illaayirunnu, koodaathe vyaakhyaathaavine upayogikkendivannu; koodaathe, addeham yuva sahayikalumaayi yaatra cheythu, avaril oraale 'yujeen' (allengil emm. yujeen), ekadesham 18 vayassulla oru franch yuvavum, idaykkide addehathe sahaayicha niravadhi yuva (engleesh) sthreekalum. lunden vittasesham addeham "birmingham, maanchastar, leads, shefield, nottingham, leasester, livarpool, ireland, scotland enniva sandarshichu pravisyakalil oru neenda paryadanam nadatthi" (gauldu, 1992, peju. 204). kaalaakaalangalil lafondane vyakthikalodu 'perumariya' aalaanengilum addeham pradhaanamaayum enthoru goldaayirunnu (1992, peju. 203) oru "magnetic demonstrator" ennu visheshippikkunnu; addeham 'chikitsa' nalkia mikka avasarangalilum, sambhavangal oru professional therappisttinte pravartthanangalude prakadanathekkaal prakadanangalkkayi uddeshichullathaayirunnu.
jaims braid.
1841 november 13 nuu laaphondeyninte moonnaamathe maanchastar "kanversashiyon" yilaanu jaims bridinte mruga kaanthikathayekkurichulla sasthrakriyayeyum anubandha prathibhasangaleyum kurichulla maanchastar sarjan aadyamaayi nerittu nireekshichathu. thelivukal parisodhikkaanum thudarnnu laaphondeyninte pravarthanathekkurichu oru abhipraayamundaakkaanum aakamkshayulla oru thuranna manassukaranaaya samshayavaadiyaayi thaan laaphondeyninte prakadanatthilekku poyathaayi bride ellaayppozhum vaadichu. lafondaine nasippikkunnathinulla adanja manassukaraaya nindyamaaya uddeshyamo, ithinakam roopeekaricha thante vishwaasathinu amgeekaaram thedunna vanchitharum nishkalankarumaaya vishwasio aayirunnilla addeham.
lafondane platfomilekku kshanicha medical purushanmaaril oraalaayirunnu braid. laaphondeyninte kaanthikavasthukkalude (prathyekichu avarude annukalum kanbolakalum) shaareerikaavastha parisodhikkukayum avaa theerchayaayum thikachum vyathyasthamaaya shaareerikaavasthayilaanenna nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. hypnotisathinte sidhaanthangal, saankethikavidyakal, sanbradaayangal ennivayude vikasanathil laaphondeyninte "kanversasonil" pankedukkunnathinte praadhaanyam bride ellaayppozhum oonnipparanju. neuripnology" yill (1843, pp. lunden medical gasattil" prasidheekaricha mrugangalude kaanthikathayekkurichulla naalu bhaagangalulla anweshanathil thanikk neratthe poornnamaayum bodhyappettathaayi addeham parayunnu.iii., anoon, 1838) kanthika ejansiyude thelivukalonnum illa. avasana lekhanathinte samapana khandika iprakaaramaanu 
koodaathe, "medical gasatt" lekhanam vezhppil varuthiya sakthamaaya swaadheenavum, joonn eliyatsante vishayangalaaya ookki sahodarimaarude samagramaya thattippinekkurichu thomas wackley thurannukaattiya sameepakaala abhipraayangalum undaayirunnu.
laaphondeyninte "kanversashiyon" (naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum) rund bhagangal koodi braid pankedutthu. anchaamathode (1841 november 20 shaniyazhcha), laaphondeyninte chila efakttukaludeyum prathibhaasangaludeyum sathyasandhathayekkurichu breadinu bodhyappettu; prathyekichum, samsarikkaan, contition 1 ll ninnu contition 2 lake contition 1 lake oru parivartthanam yadhaarthathil nadannuvennu breadinu bodhyappettappol, eee veridical sambhavangalkk oru tharatthilulla "magnetic ejansiyum" utharavaadiyallennu (lafondane avakaashappettathupole) addehathinu bodhyamaayi. eee parivartthanam "mattoru [vyakthi] yill ninnu [prachodanam ulkkond] pravarthanatthilekku neengukayo [aaveshabharithanaakkappedukayo cheythu" enna avakaashavaadavum addeham nirasichu ("neuripnology", p. 32).
1841 november 20 shaniyazhcha vaikunneram veettilekku madangiyethiyappol, brade thante "pareekshanathmaka cruis" nadatthi; koodaathe, okkaaminte razer ('entittikal aavasyathinappuram gunikkaan paadilla') enna thathwathil pravartthikkukayum, entittikale gunikkunnathinupakaram kuraykkaan kazhiyumennu amgeekarikkukayum, oru roll-rivezhsal nadatthaanum oopparettar-subject edapedaline vishayam-aantharika, oopparettar-guided nadapadikramamaayi kanakkakkaanum brade asaadhaaranamaaya theerumaanam edukkukayum cheythu; lafondane karuthiyathupole, oru oopparettar-kendreekritha, vishayam-baahya nadapadikramam. mukalilekkum akathekkumulla squint" upayogichu svayam pareekshanatthiloode brade thante kaaryam urappichu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oopparettarude thaazhekkulla nottinte charismetic swaadheenathinu kaaranam, oopparettar vazhi, oopparettar karsanamaayi pidichirunna vishayathinte thallaviralukaliloode kaimaattam cheiyunnathaayi karuthappedunna kanthika draavakathinte kaimaattam koottikkondu, athu vishayathinte mukalilekkulla nottam uthppaadippikkunna lalithamaaya biophysiological reflexaayirunnu.
koodaathe, 'svayam' allengil 'svayam-hypnotism' ('hettero-hypnotism' ennathinekkaal)), poornnamaayum tanikkum tanikkum ullilum swantham veedinullilum, ithinu oopparettarude 'nottam', 'karisma' allengil 'kaanthikatha' ennivayumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillenn vyakthamaayi theliyichu-athinu aavasyamullathu oru vishayathinte 'eakaagrathayude vasthu' yilulla 'kaazhchayude sthiratha' mathramaayirunnu, avarude mookkinte paalatthil ninnu athra akalam, aagrahicha 'mukalilekkum ullilekkum' squint nediyedukkukayum cheythu. athesamayam, svayam oru vishayamaayi upayogichukondu, laaphondeyninte prathibhasangalonnum kanthika ejansi moolamallennu brade nirnnaayakamaayi theliyichu. svayam hypnotysation upayogichu niravadhi pareekshanangal nadatthiya braid, eee yadhaartha falangalkku adisthaanamaaya swaabhaavika saiko-physiological samvidaanam kandethiyennu ippol bodhyappettappol, kyapttan thomas braun (1785-1862) ulppede niravadhi saakshikalkk munbu 1841 november 22 nuu swantham vasathiyil hettero-hypnotysation enna thante aadya pravrithi nadatthi-addehathinte aadyathe hypnotic vishayam shree. jeey. eiii. nadathakkaaran. ("neuripnology", pp.16-20 kaanuka.)
adutha shaniyazhcha (1841 november 27), maanchastar eadheniyathil thante aadya pothu prabhashanam nalkia brade, mattu karyangalkkoppam, oopparettarum vishayavum thammil oru tharatthilulla shaareerika sanbarkkavum aavasyamillaathe, lafondane ulppaadippikkunna phalangal aavarthikkaan kazhiyumennu theliyikkaan addehathinu kazhinju.
neelinte "saattaanik ejansiyum mesmerisavum" prabhashanam.
1842 epril 10 njaayarazhcha vaikunneram vivaadamaaya livarpool purohithanaaya hyoog emm neel thonnooru minittiladikam "mesmerisathinethire" oru keppasitti sabhayil prasamgichu. pilkkaalatthe" kurichu addeham samsarikkaan thudangi-thudarnnu, kristhu bhoomiyilekku madangukayum samadhaanam 1,000 varsham bharikkukayum cheyyum-randaam varavu aduthathode, "manushyarkkidayile paishachika ejansi" engane kooduthal vyakthamaakum; thudarnnu, philippic (lafondane, braid ennivaykkethireyum, mattu karyangalkkoppam, "necromensormaar"), polmic (mruga kaanthikathaykkethireyum) ennivayude aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna mishrithathilekku neengunnu, avide ellah mesmic prathibhaasangalum "satan ejansi" moolamaanennu addeham nigamanam cheythu.
rund divasathinu sesham "livarpool staanderdil" prabhashanam kurachukoodi report cheyyappettu; matellaa pathra reportukalum livarpool staanderd reporterude akkoundil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu. oru stenographer (7,500-ladhikam vaakkukal) pakarthiya thante yadhaartha prabhaashanatthinte muzhuvan vaachakavum 1842 meyy 4 budhanaazhcha prasidheekarikkaan emm 'nail anuvadichu. emm' nailinte prasidheekaranam 1842 juun 4 shaniyazhcha addeham cheytha oru laghulekhayaayi thante swantham prathikaranam prasidheekarikkaan bridine nirbandhithanaakki. lafondane achadiyilo prabhaashanangalilo prathikarichathaayi samakaalika rekhakalonnumilla.
1866-ll, 1842-ll livarpool muthal, lafondane oru katha avatharippichu-athu samakaalika pathra vivaranagalil onnilum report cheythitilla-athil addeham avakashappettu, "mack neelinte valia apakeerthippeduthalikka", (eiii) livarpool pothujanangal (prathyekichu sthreekal) addehathinte epril 12 prabhaashanatthilekku koottamkoodi; (bii) (addehathinte vyaakhyaathaavu) emm 'nail prakadippicha vishwaasyatha, andhavishwaasam, anjjatha ennivayekkurichulla parihaasatthil nottingam angeyattam kadinanaayirunnu; (sii) "prekshakarude santhoshathinaayi", nottingam uchathil emm' nailinte saannidhyam aavasyappettirunnu, oppam audyogika palli rekhakalum laaphondeyninte kanthika reethikal moshamaanenn saakshyappeduthunnu (1866, aii, pii. 342).
thante ormmakkurippukalile (mattethenkilum srothassil ninnu theliyikkappedaatha) mattoru vivaranathil, varshangalkk sesham, thaan paareesil "baaronett sarr richard dennisinoppam" bhakshanam kazhikkukayaayirunnuvennu addeham avakaashappedunnu. thudakkathil, [laaphondeyninte] saannidhyathil prakopithanaaya "emm 'nail, lafondane" baaranattinte rund marumakkalude rakshakanaanennu "dennis" vishadeekarichappol alppam shaanthanaayenn aaropikkappedunnu. lafondane oru somnambulistinekkur niravadhi pareekshanangal nadatthi (addehathe addeham 'soukaryapradamaayi' thannodoppam konduvannu); lafondane parayunnathanusarichu, addehathinte pareekshanangalude vijayam "pavapetta shree. mack neel, "oduvil, mrugangalude kaanthikathayude sathyam kaanaan addehathe anuvadichu.
saambathika durantham.
mothatthil, laaphondeyninte yunaittad kingdom paryadanam oru saambathika duranthamaayirunnu; orupakshe, maama 'nailinte prabhaashanatthinte aaghaatham kaaranam, laaphondeyninte thudarnnulla vadakku prabhaashana paryadanam poornnamaayum saambathika parajayamaayirunnu, francilake madangunnathinumumbu, leads ulla oru pinthunakkaaranu oru kathu ayaykkaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi, pinneedu 1842 septambar 17 leeii "leads mercuriyil" prasidheekarichu, panam abhyarthichu.
1843-ll ezhuthiya joonn eliyatsan, lafondane "saambathika" kaaranangalal englandilekku vannuvennum oduvil "aaa bandham parajayappettathaayi" kandethiyathinal addeham poyathaayum vyakthamaanennu nireekshichu. naalu varsham munbu englandu sandarshicha jools duu pottatt dii sennoviekkaal lafondane "vidyaabhyaasamillaatha oru manushyan" aanennu eliyatsan abhipraayappettenkilum, laaphondeyninte sandarshanam "valare nannayum" duu pottatt dii sennoviekkaal "kooduthal prakadamaaya nanmayum" cheythuvennu addehathinu thonni "kaaranam [lafondane] vannath [mesmerisathinte] sathyathekkurichulla bodhyabodham valare vyaapikkukayum aalukal eee vishayathil kooduthal shradhikkukayum cheytha oru kaalaghattatthilaanu".
france europe.
1842-nte avasaanathil addeham francilake madangukayum thudarnnu europilum medittareniyanilum vyaapakamaayi sanjarikkukayum cheythu.
nepples.
addehathinte swantham vivaranamanusarichu, 1849-ll lafondane naples sandarshikkukayum chilarkk kazhchayum kelviyum punasthaapikkukayum cheythathinu kristhuvinte athbhuthangal daivanindayode aavarthichathayi aaropikkappedukayum cheythu. ithu addehathe vivaadaparamaaya saahacharyangalil athichu, franch koonsal raajaavinte mantrisabhaa kaunsilil thanikk vendi edapettathu addehathinte bhagyamaayirunnu; lafondane parayunnathanusarichu, konsalinte praathinidhyam kaaranam, rajaavaaya ferdinand randaaman (1810-1859) oduvil oru rajakeeya utharavu purappeduvichu "njaan emm. andharkk kazhchayum badhirarkk kelviyum punasthaapikkaathirikkaalanu vyavasthayil lafondane naplesil avasheshikkunnu.
piyus onpathaam marpappa.
nepples vittayachaaludan, 1849 november 14 nuu romil jiovanni maria masthaay-ferretti (1792-1878) allengil piyas ikes maarpaappayumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthaan addehathinu anumathi nalki. avarude charchayude thudakkathil, 'vaidyuthi', 'kaanthikatha' thudangiya karyangal swaabhaavikamaanennu sammathikkukayum ferdinand raajaavinte utharavu vaayich, 'mruga kaanthikatha' yude apakadasaadhyathakalekkurichu marpappa unnayichu. lafontainumaayulla chila charchakalkku sesham (ithil lafondane pakshaaghaatham, apasmaram ennivayulppede niravadhi 'chikilsikkaan kazhiyaatha' rogangal sukhappeduthiyathaayum sthiramaayi badhirar, nishabdar, andhar ennivarkku kazhivukal punasthaapikkunnathaayum avakashappettu) shaareerika edapedalukalum athinte anantharafalangalum ulppedunna chila vipulamaaya prakadanangalum (atharam prekshakarkku anuvadicha saadhaarana naalu muthal anchu minitt vare chelavazhicha samayam valare kooduthalaanennu lafondane paraamarsikkunnu) marpappa abhiprayappettu "nannayi! emm. ennirunnaalum, manushyaraashiyude nanmaykkaayi mruga-kaanthikatha udan thanne pothuve upayogikkappedumennu namukk ashamsikkukayum pratheekshikkukayum cheyyaam ".
swittsarland.
1850 januvariyil addeham francilake madangukayum taamasiyaathe swittsarlandilekku thamasam maarukayum avide addeham maranam vare thudarukayum cheythu.
mahanayavan.
1859 muthal 1872 vare addeham "leeii magnettisyura jenal duu magnettisme animal inn jeneeva" enna jenal prasidheekarichu.
luis lade, francois-auguste lade.
1868 eprilil, 18 vayassulla ameli paattoniyar, swis doctor francois-auguste lade (1841-1866) nalkia kazhivillaatha chikilsayude anantharafalamaayi marichu. pariseelanam labhicha faarmasistum doctorude pithavumaaya luis lade thayyarakkiya oru mishrithathinullil marakamaaya morphin amita alavil yuvathikk nalkiyirunnu.
penkuttiyude maranam valare thripthikaramallaatha reethiyil anweshichu, rund penkuttikaludeyum kazhivillaaymayum durupayogavum choondikkaanikkunna dhaaraalam thelivukal undaayirunnittum, avare vichaarana cheythilla. penkuttiyude pithaav jeane-piyari paattoniyar, neethinyaaya samvidaanathinte paraajayatthe apalapikkunna, maranananthara parishodhanaykk nalkia thelivukalude krithyamaaya vishadaamshangal nalkikkond oru laghulekha prasidheekarichu.
paattoniyarinte laghulekhayude vaachakam lafondane veendum achadichu, 1868 septambarile leeii magnetteesiyarinte pathippil "ann scandell medical" enna peril chila adhika pinthunaykkunna edittoriyal vyaakhyaanangal; lafondaininethire apakeerthikkes phayal cheyyappettu, pakshe 1869 epril 9 leeii sivil vidhiyiloode doow. ladeyude avakaashavaadam thallappettu, prathyekichu jadji bellamy "misttar" ennu karuthiyathinaalaan. lafondane addehathinte avakaashangalkkanusrithamaayirunu.
maranam.
thaarathamyena sambannanaaya lafondane 1892 august 13 nuu swittsarlandile jeneevayil vachu marichu.

