additteev asamathvavum Z sthithivivarakkanakkum

hardy-weinberg santhulithaavasthayil prathekshikkunna nireekshicha genotypic aavruthikalum genotypic aavruthikalum thammilulla vyathyasam kanakkaakkunna oru sthithivivarakkanakkaanu additteev diskilibrium ("dii"). 1 umm 2 umm alleelukalulla oru biolelic locusil, samavaakyangalkkanusarich additteev asamathvam nilanilkkunnu.
janasamkhyayile genotype "ij"-nte aavruthiyaaya "fij", janasamkhyayile alleel aavruthiyaaya "p", additteev asamathva gunakam aaya "d" ennivayil ulppedunnu.
dii"> 0 enna moolyam janasamkhyayil homosaigottukalude adhikavum/hetterosaigottukalude kuravum soochippikkunnu, athesamayam "dii" <0 hetterosaigottukalude adhikavum/homosaigottukalude kuravum soochippikkunnu. d" = 0 aayirikkumbol, genodypeukal hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthayilaanenna kanakkakkunnu. praayogikamaayi, oru saambilil ninnulla kanakkakkiya additteev asamathvam, formula _ 2, apoorvvamaayi maathrame 0 aayirikkum, pakshe athu 0 ll ninnu kaaryamaaya vyathyaasamillenn nigamanam cheyyaan mathiyaya cheruthayirikkaam. additteev asamathva gunakam kandethunnathu oru koottam genotypic freekwansikalil hardy weinberg santhulithaavastha sweekarikkunnathino nirasikkunnathino oru badal vilayiruthal nalkunnu.
genotype alleel aavruthikalum edavelayil (0,1) positteev samkhyakalaayirikkanam ennathinaal, "dii" yude saadhyamaaya moolyangalude shreniyil oru parimithiyundu, athu inipparayunnavayaanu
oru saambilil ninnu "dii" kanakkakkaan, eee soothravaakyam upayogikkuka
ivide "n" 11 ("n" 12) ennathu aaa prathyeka genodypulla saambilile vyakthikalude ennavum "n" ennathu saambilile motham vyakthikalude ennavumaanu. formula 5 umm formula 6 umm janasamkhyaa genodypinteyum alleel aavruthikaludeyum sample esttimettukalaanennu shradhikkuka.
formula _ 2-nte (formula _ 8 nalkiyirikkunna) ekadesha sample vyathiyaanam ithaanu
ithil ninnu 95 sathamaanam aathmavishwaasa edavela kanakkakkaam, athaayath
kurippu formula _ 11 kanakkakkiya staanderd deviation thulyamaanu.
formula _ 2-nte aathmavishwaasa edavelayil poojyavum ulppedunnillengil, hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthaykkulla shoonya sidhaantham namukk nirasikkam. 
z" valuthaayirikkumbol, formula _ 2, athinaal hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthayil ninnulla vyathiyaanavum valuthaanu. z"-nte moolyam mathiyaya valuthaanenkil, vyathiyanangal aakasmikamaayi sambhavikkanulla saadhyathayilla, athinaal hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthayude sidhaantham nirasikkaan kazhiyum.
hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthayil "z" pratheekshichathilum valutho cherutho aano ennu nirnnayikkaan, poojya sidhaanthathinu keezhil nireekshicha "z" pole oru moolyam nireekshikkunathinulla saadhyatha "kandethuka". teyil probability saadhaaranayaayi formula _ 16 ("y"> "z") aanu upayogikkunnathu, ivide "y" staanderd normal random variablaanu. z" positteev aakumbol, teyil probability 1 − formula _ 16 ("y" ≤ "z") aanu. saadhaarana vitharanangal samamithiyayathinaal, mukalilum thaazheyumulla wall saadhyathakal thulyamayirikkum, athinaal ningalkk mukalile saadhyatha kandethaanum samyojitha wall saadhyathakal kandethaan 2 kondu gunikkanum kazhiyum.
z" negatteevu aanenkil, negatteevu teyil probability, formula _ 16 ("y" ≤ "z") kandethuka, koodaathe mukalilum thaazheyumulla vaalukalil samyojitha probability kandethaan 2 kondu gunikkuka.
eee samavakyangalil ninnu kanakkaakkunna probability moolyangal α-yude munkootty vyakthamakkiya moolyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthikkondu vishakalanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. nireekshicha probability "p" ≤ "α" aayirikkumbol, namukk "hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthayude shoonya sidhaantham nirasikkaan kazhiyum". p"> "α" aanenkil, nammal shoonya sidhaantham nirasikkunnathil paraajayappedunnu. α-yude saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna moolyangal 0.05,01,0.001 ennivayaanu.
α" = 0.05 ennathinte praadhaanyatthil, dvimukha parishodhanaykk "z" nte kevala moolyam "nirnaayaka moolyamaaya 1.96 nekkaal valutho thulyamo" aanenkil namukk hardy weinberg santhulithaavasthayude sidhaantham nirasikkaan kazhiyum.

