
besa (albanian samskaaram)

vaagdaanam palikkuka", "" "bahumana vaakk" "ennee ardhangalulla" vishwaasam "allengil" prathinjja "ennu saadhaaranayaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedunna oru albanian saamskaarika kalppanayaan besa (bahumana prathinjja). eee ashayam paryaayamaan, koodaathe hofmann, traimer, shmidt ennivarude abhipraayathil, purathana, madhyakala laattin bhashakalil innu nilanilkkunna (pinneedu albanian bhashayil "feja" enna peril kadamedutha) "vishwaasam, (mathaparamaya) vishwaasam" enna kristhyan ardham sweekaricha classical laattin padamaaya "fidez" ennathumaayi vyuthpathiyaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennaal yadhaarthathil ithinu dhaarmika/niyamaparamaaya vyaapthiyundaayirunnu. besayil ninnu uruthirinja "besnick" enna albanian naamavachakam "vishwasthan", "vishwasaneeyan", athaayath "vishwaasayogyan" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.iii. thante "vaakk" palikkunna oraal. purushanmaarkk besnick, sthreekalkku besa enniva albeniyakkaarkidayil valare janapriyamaaya perukalaayi thudarunnu. "vyakthiparavum saamoohikavumaaya perumaattatthinte moolakkallaayi albanian parambaraagatha aachara niyamathil ('kanun') 'besa' pradhana praadhaanyamullathaanu.
saamskaarika ashayavum sthaapanavum.
"bahumana prathinjja" ennartham varunna albanian bhaashayile oru padamaanu "besa". 
vishwasthathayude roopathilo vishwasthathayude urappaayo oraalude vaakkinodulla vishwasthathaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee ashayam. kudumbathodum suhruthinodum ulla kadamakal, mattullavarumayi svayam perumaarumbol aantharika prathibaddhatha, vishwasthatha, aikyadaartyam enniva undaayirikkanamenna aavasyam, purathuninnullavarumaayi bandhappett rahasyathmakatha enniva besayil ulppedunnu. oru vyakthiyeyum thalamurakaleyum marikadakkunna aikyam, deseeya swaathanthryam, swaathanthryam ennivayumaayi bandhapetta saahacharyangalil oru lakshyathodulla vishwasthathaykkulla aavasyam prathekshikkunna poorvvikante ishtam allengil prathinjja ("amanett") enna aashayathinullile pradhana ghadakam koodiyaanu besa.
albanian janathayude parambaraagatha niyamamaya kanunil besa enna ashayam ulppeduthiyittundu. albanian maalisorukalude (malayorakkar) gothrasamoohathinullile oru pradhana sthaapanamaayirunnu besa. sarkkaarinethire samyukthamaayi pooraadumennu albanian gothrangal prathijnjayedutthu, eee kaaryatthil gotra svayambharanaavakaasham uyarthippidikkaan besa sahayichu. albanian gothrangalkkidayilum avaykkakathum gothrakaaryangal niyantrikkaan besa upayogichirunnu. samsthaana nayangale pinthunaykkunnathino karaarukal oppidunnathino albanian gothrangale thiranjedukkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi ottomaan sarkkar besa upayogichu.
automan kaalaghattatthil, albanian aswasthathayekkurichulla sarkkar reportukalil, prathyekichu gothrangalumaayi bandhappett, besa udharikkumaayirunnu. sainikavum raashtreeyavumaaya adikaaram srishtikkunnathumaayi bandhappett albanian samoohathinullil besa oru kendra sthaanamaayi maari. besas albeniyakkaare orumichu nirtthi, avare onnippichu, avare nadappilakkaanulla ichhaashakthi illaathaakumbol athu illaathaakum. ottoman janathaykkethiraya albeniyakkaarude kalaapathinte samayat, vividha vibhagangalkkum gothrangalkkumidayillu oru kanniyayi besa pravarthichu.
charithram.
skoottaariyude chattangalil, ardian clossy, ardian vehibiu enniva anusarichu, "bessare" (trans. oru prathinjja cheyyuka) eee aashayathinte aadya rekhayaanu. pinneedu joonn busuku vivarthanam cheytha misalil ithu vishwaasam anusarichu upayogikkunnu () "ooo groo, eiii maadhe aashte besa jotte" (; mathaayiyude suvishesham 15:28). pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, marcos bottaris thante greak-albanian nighanduvil, albanian "besa" ("microphesa" ennu ezhuthappettirikkunnu) "matham" allengil "vishwaasam" ennartham varunna greak "θρησκεία" ennu vivarthanam cheythu. 1896-ll, "kosova salnamesi" enna peril kosovoyude ottomaan gavanmentinte pravishya almaanakkil besayil rund pejulla entry undaayirunnu, athine franch aashayamaaya "parol dii oonar" (bahumaanaartham) enna ashayavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu.
automan kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil.
mahathaaya kizhakkan prathisandhiyude samayat, albaniakkaar kosovoyile prisranil (1878) othukoodukayum ayal balcan rajyangal albanian bhoomikalude vibhajanam thadayunnathinaayi ottomaan praadeshika samagratha uyarthippidikkukayenna lakshyathode oru rashtreeya sakhyam (leag oof prisran) roopeekarikkunnathinaayi oru besa undaakkukayum cheythu. 1881ll albaniakkaar oru besa prathijnjayedukkukayum automan sarkkaarinethire kalapam nadathukayum cheythu. abdul hameed randaaman albanian gothrangalude rakthachorichilukale ethirkkukayum (1892-1893) oru besa undakkaanum eee sambradaayam nirasikkaanum abhyarthikkunna iscodra (schoder) pradeshathe janangalkk oru prakhyapanam purappeduvikkukayum cheythu, prathikaaratthe uyarthippidicha sthaapanam (besa) athinethire upayogikkaamenna pratheekshayil.
1907-ll saamrajyam kosovoyilekku oru sainika parisodhanaa kammeeshane ayachu, athinte vastutha kandethal lakshyangalilonn automan sarkkaarinethire oru "general besa" thadayunnathumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu. 1908 joolaiyile yuva turke viplavakaalath, firzovicle (ferizaj) othukoodiya kosovo albaniyakkaar bharanaghadanaa sarkkar punasthaapikkaan sultan abdul hameed randaamane sammarddathilaakkunnathu oru besaykku sammathichu. 1908 novemberil albanian aksharamalayile chodyathekkurichulla manaastir kongrasil, prathinidhikal 11 peradangunna oru samitiye thiranjedutthu, athu oru anthima theerumaanathinu munbu onnum velippeduthillennu vaagdaanam cheyth oru besa prathijnjayedukkukayum aaa sathyathin anusrithamaayi rund aksharamalakal munnott kondupokunnathinu sammathikkukayum cheythu. 1910leeii albanian kalaapasamayath kosovo albanian thalavanmaar firzovicle othukoodukayum ottomaan yuva turke sarkkaarinte kendreekritha nayangalodu poraadaan oru besa prathijnjayedukkukayum cheythu. 1912leeii albanian kalaapathil, 1908ll adikaaram nedaan sahaayicha yuva turke sarkkaarinethire albaniakkaar oru besa vaagdaanam cheythu. 1899ll epekkil (peje) ninnulla bhoovudamayaaya hakshi sekka 450 kosovo albanian pramukharude oru yogam samghadippikkukayum ottomaan sarkkaarinethire pooraadunnathinaayi besa-bese (leag oof peja) roopeekarikkaan avar sammathikkukayum ellah rakthachorichilum nirtthivaykkaan oru besa prathinjja cheyyukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu jarmman adhiniveshathin keezhil, aavasyamulla samayangalil aalukale sahayikkunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinum oonnal nalkunna besayude saamskaarika sthaapanathil ninnu bhaagikamaayi prachodanam ulkkond 2000-ladhikam joothanmaare naasi peedanatthil ninnu albaniakkaar rakshikkukayum olippikkukayum cheythu.
aadhunika kaalaghattam.
montenegroyil, oru paripadi "beslidja eiii malesis" (malambradeshangalude prathinjja) tusiyil (28 juun 1970) catholica, musleem purohitharude saannidhyathil nadannu. maleshya mekhalayile kudumbangalum mattu bandhukkalum oru besa undaakkukayum rakthachorichil avasaanippikkaanum erakalkkum kuttavaalikalkkum samsthaana judicial phalangal sweekarikkaanum sammathikkukayum cheythu.
saamskaarika paraamarshangal.
vaakkukal.
besayumaayi bandhapetta vaakyangalil iva ulppedunnu 
saahityam, kala, raashtreeyam.
1874-ll saami frashery oru albanian vamseeyatha, vamseeya adhishtitha pradesavumaayulla bandham, automan aikyam, bahumanam, vishwasthatha, aathmathyagangal ennivaykku adisthaanamaaya vamseeya-saamskaarika vaividhyam ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla prameyangalulla oru naadakam "besahut-ahde wef" (oru sathyaprathinjayodulla bahumanam allengil vishwasthathayude prathinjja) ezhuthi. asooyayulla oru graameenan thattikkondupoya oru vivaahanischaya penkuttiye chuttippattiyaan naadakam, athu avalude pithaavine kollukayum kuttavaaliyude pithaavine prathikaaramaayi thiranjedukkumennu avante amma prathinjja cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, avan thante makanaanennu ariyaathe sahayikkaan thante besa nalkukayum pinneedu avane kollukayum kudumba anuranjanathil avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. aaa samayat besayekkurichulla naadakatthinte charcha kooduthal samartharaaya automan prekshakarkku eee aashayathinte rashtreeya prathyaaghaathangaleyum bhaaviyile upayogathil saadhyamaaya attimari ardhangaleyum soochippichappol oru deseeya paripaadikku chuttum sainikamaayum raashtreeyamaayum aninirakkaan albeniyakkaare sahayichu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, maathrraajyathinte aathmathyagam uyarthikkaattunna naadakatthinte prameyangal raajyathe ekeekarikkaanum maathrraajyathe samrakshikkanum lakshyamidunna albeniyakkaarkk oru vinashakaramaaya sandesham nalki, ithu automan adhikaarikal deseeya vikarangal valarthunnathayi kanakkakkunnu.
frashery albanian chodyathil "albania aval enthaayirunnu, aval enthaanu, aval enthaayirikkum" (1899) enna oru rashtreeya grandham ezhuthukayum saamrajyam aavasyappedaan albaniakkaar oru besa undaakkanamennum europe albanian deseeya avakashangal amgeekarikkanamennum nirddeshikkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu aaa lakshyangal nedunnathinu automanmaarkku mail sammarddam cheluthunnathiloode.
albanian novelist ismaayil kaadare ezhuthiya kush iii soolii dorandinen (saadhaaranayaayi engleeshil dorrentein ennu churukkatthil) (1980) enna novalile oru pradhana prameyamaanu besa.
1980kalil 1994 vare greasile arvaanait samooham "besa" enna peril oru dwaimaasika pathram prasidheekarichu. 
2010-kalil photographer norman echu. besayude 'besa eiii coode oof oonar' enna peril oru anthaaraashtra pradarshanatthil besayude saamskaarika sthaapanam pradharshippichu. jershmann, holocoast samayat albaniayile joothanmaarude athijeevanathekkurichulla oru award nediya documentary chithramaaya "bessa dhii prime" ennivayil.
2015ll republic oof maasidoniyayil oru sthaapana virudha, azhimathi virudha plaattfomumaayi levisja besa (besa prasthaanam) enna albanian rashtreeya party sthaapikkappettu.
greekkil upayogikkuka.
greekkil, eee vaakk "πέσα" aayi sweekarikkappedukayum vishwaasyatha allengil "philotimo" ennathinte anoupachaarika paryaayamaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.