
ahikarinte katha

bisi anchaam noottaandil eejipthile aanakalil ninnulla pappiriyekkurichu saamraajyathva araamya bhashayil aadyamaayi saakshyappeduthiya oru kathayaanu ahikkarinte vaakkukal ennum ariyappedunna ahikkarinte katha, ithu madhyathilum sameepa kizhakkilum vyaapakamaayi pracharichu. lokasaahithyathile aadyakaala 'anthaaraashtra pusthakangalil' onnaayi ithine visheshippichittundu".
pradhana kathaapaathramaaya ahikkar assyrian rajaakkanmaaraaya sanhereebinteyum ezharhaddonteyum chansalarayirikkaam. urukkil (warka) ninnulla avasaanathe babylonian cunifom gulikayil maathrame "aaaa shuu 'akkar" enna aramic peru paraamarshikkunnullu. saamraajyathva aramic bhashayilum syriac bhashayilum ezhuthiyirikkunna addehathinte peru ahikkar, arabic (haikkar), greak akiacharos, slavonic akirios enningane lipyantharanam cheyyappedunnu, aaa prameyathil armeniyan ("sicker"), purathana sameepa kizhakk kaalaghattatthil addehathinte mikacha njaanathinu peruketta ottoman turkish khikkar thudangiya vyathyastha roopangalundu.
ithu taad sii1.1 ennariyappedunnu, berlin pii ennu kaattalog cheythittundu. 13446eiii-echu, keey-ell (eejipshyan museum oof berlin), papp. illa. 3465 = jeey. 43502 (eejipshyan museum oof keyro).
vivaranam.
kathayil, assyrian rajaakkanmaaraaya sanhereebinteyum ezharhaddonteyum oru puraana chaansalaraan ahikar. svanthamaayi makkalillaathathinaal addeham thante anantharavan nadab/nadin dathedukkukayum addehathe thante pingamiyaayi valarthukayum cheythu. nadab/nadin thante prayamaaya ammavane kolappeduthaan nandiyillaathe goodaalochana nadathukayum ahikar raajyadroham nadathiyennu ezharhaddone bodhyappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. ithinu marupadiyaayi ahikarine vadhikkan ezarhaddon utharavidukayum athinaal shiksha kaathu ahikarine arast cheyyukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, sanhereebinte keezhil samanamaaya vidhiyil ninnu ahikar vadhasiksha nalkiyayaale rakshichuvennu ahikar vadhasiksha nalkunnayaale oormmippikkunnu, athinaal vadhasiksha nalkunnayal pakaram oru thadavukaarane kollukayum athu ahikkarude shareeramaanenn ezarhaddone kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu.
aadyakaala grandhangalil bakkiyullava eee ghattathinappuram nilanilkkunnillenkilum ahikar punaradhivasippikkumbol yadhaartha avasaanam nadab/nadin nadappilaakkiyathaakaamenn karuthappedunnu. eejipt raajaavine upadesikkaan ahikar olivilavukayum pinneedu vijayathode esarhaddonilekku madangukayum cheiyunnathaayi pilkkala grandhangal chithreekarikkunnu. pilkkala grandhangalil, ahikar madangiyethiya sesham, addeham nadab/naadinumaayi kandumuttukayum addehathodu valare deshyappedukayum nadab/nadin marikkukayum cheiyunnu.
uthbhavavum vikasanavum.
urukkil (warka), bisi randaam noottaandil ninnulla oru babylonian cunifom paatam kandethi, athil oru "umman" muni "abaa-enlil-daariyude (orupakshe babylonian bhashayil" mannu-kima-enlil-rhaattin "ennu vaayikkappedaam)" aaaa-ruu-yuu '-qaa-eiii-rii "enna aramic peru paraamarsikkunnu. bisi ezhaam noottaandil esraaddante keezhil. ahikar rishiyude eee saahithyagrandham mesopotemiyayil aramic bhashayil rachichathakaam, orupakshe bisi ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathilo aaram noottaandinte thudakkathilo. eejipthile aanaa dveepile jootha sainika kolaniyude avashishtangalil ninnulla bisi anchaam noottaandile niravadhi papirus sakalangalaanu aadyathe saakshyappeduthal. ahikkarine thante anantharavanumaayi samsaarikkunnathayi chithreekarichirikkunna dhaaraalam njaanaparamaaya vaakkukaludeyum pazhanchollukaludeyum saannidhyathaal kathayude prarambha bhaagatthinte vivaranam valareyadhikam vikasikkunnu. eee vaakkukalum pazhanchollukalum yadhaarthathil oru prathyeka rekhayaayirunnuvenn mikka pandithanmaarum samshayikkunnu, kaaranam avaa ahikharine paraamarsikkunnilla. chila vaakkukal baibil "pazhanchollukalude pusthakam" ennathinte bhagangalkkum mattullava duterocanonic "siraakkinte njaanam" ennathinteyum mattullava ippozhum babylonian, pershyan pazhanjollukalkkum samaanamaan. vaakkukalude samahaaram saaraamshathil akkaalathe middle eesttile pothuvayavayil ninnulla oru thiranjeduppaanu.
koyin greak "book oof toobit" (bce randaamatheyo moonnaamatheyo noottaand) ll, tobittinu achiacharos (toobit 1:21) enna anantharavan ninewayile rajakeeya sevanathilaanu. 1880-ll pandithanaaya jorjju hofmann athicherthathu ahikar tobittinte achiacharas samaanamaanenn. W-nte sangrahathil. sii. kaisar, juuniyar.:
puthiya parishkaricha staanderd pathipp pinthudarunna codex sainaittikkas greak vaachakathil "nadab" undu."kodisukalude greak grandhamaaya vaattikkanas, alexandrinus enniva eee vyakthiye" "amaan" "ennu vilikkunnu".
puthiya niyamathil polum eee aithihyathinte adayaalangalundennum maximus plaanyoodukalude (ch. xxiii-xxxii). oru kizhakkan rishi achaaykaarasine strabo paraamarsikkunnu. athinaal, vividha pathippukalude bandham veendedukkaan prayaasamaanengilum, eee aitihyam uthbhavam theerchayaayum ooriyantal aanennu thonnunnu. ahikar kathayude gadakangal demotic eejiptilum kandethiyittundu. britiish klaasikkist stephaani vestt vaadichathu, siras dhii grettinte upadeshtaavenna nilayil herodotusile krosasinte katha ahikhar kathayude mattoru prakadanamaanennu. ahikarinte katha" yude poornnamaaya greak vivarthanam oru ghattathil nirmmikkappettuvenkum athu nilanilkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, pazhaya slavonic, romanian bhaashakalilekkulla vivarthanangalude adisthaanam athaayirunnu.
katha" yude anchu classical syriac resensionukalum pazhaya syriac pathippin thelivukalum nilanilkkunnu. randaamathethu armeniyan, arabic bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu. arabic parivartthanangalil chila ahikhar moolakangal lukhmaanilekku maatti. georgian, pazhaya turkey vivarthanangal armeniyan bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athesamayam ethiopic arabiyil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, athinte swaadheenam ippol urappulla pathippukalilum prakadamaanu.