
rival ghadakam

kaarban dye ooksaidil () thalkshana maattavum motham alinja ajaiva carbonil (dic) varunna maattavum thammilulla anupaathamaan rival factor (buffer factor), ithu samudra uparithala paali agiranam cheiyunna anthareeksha kaarban dye ooksaidine prathirodhikkunnathinte alavaanu. anthareekshathinum samudrathinum idayil kaarban dye ooksaidinte vitharanam parisodhikkaanum mishra uparithala paaliyil layikkan kazhiyunna kaarban dye ooksaidinte alavu alakkaanum buffer factor upayogikkunnu. samudrashaasthranjanaaya rogger rivalinte peraanu ithinu nalkiyirikkunnath. rival ghadakam anthareekshathile kaarban dye ooksaid ulkkollanulla samudrathinte kazhivine vivarikkunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi aagola kaarban bajatt vishakalanathilum naravamshashaasthraparamaaya kalavastha vyathiyana padanangalilum paraamarshikkappedunnu. 
δ []/[] ennathu p-leeii thalkshana maattavum δ [dic]/[dic] ennathu samudra uparithalathil layikkunna ajaiva carbonile thalkshana maattavumaan.
thermodynamics.
samudrathil praveshikkunnathinu, kaarban dye ooksaid vaathakam carbonic aasidinte gadakangalilonnaaya carbonate ayoon, bicarbonate ayoon allengil protonated carbonic assid aayi vibhajikkendathundu, koodaathe eee niravadhi raasa vighadana sthiraangangalude uthppannam kaarban dye ooksaidinu uparithala samudrathil praveshikkaan kazhiyunna vegathaye parimithappedutthunna oru "back marddam" aayi maarunnu.
dii. sii.
samudrajalathil kaanapedunna dick enangal sisttathinte piechine aasrayichirikkunnu, chuvadeyulla berum plott (chithram 1) ithu chithreekarikkunnu. uyarnna piechu (adisthaana) parithasthithikalil carbonate prabalamaanu, athesamayam kuranja piechu (acidity) parithasthithikalil kaarban dye ooksaid prabalamaanu. bicarbonate ionukal thaarathamyena manikkoorinte madhyathilulla vellathil daaraalamundu. piechu kurayumbol, mikka dixes qoo2 aayi kaanappedukayum athinaal athinte bhagika marddam (pii. sii. oo2) vardhippikkukayum buffer ghadakam vardhikkukayum cheyyum. vardhicha buffer ghadakam buffering prabhavam kuraykkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu, ithu anthareekshathil ninnu kooduthal kaarban dye ooksaid agiranam cheiyunnathilekkum piechu kuraykkunnathilekkum nayichekkaam.
chithram 1: samudrajalathil 5,000 ppm lavanathayum thaapanila 25 digri selshyasumaayi sthithicheyyunna carbonate enangalude mollar bhinnasamkhyaye chithreekarikkunna valavukal. thapanilayum lavanathvavum nilavilulla carbonate enangale baadikkukayum sthalavum kaalaavasthayum anusarichu vyathyaasappedukayum cheiyunnu.
loka samudrangalile carbonate, assid-bays rasathanthrathe dick, kshaarathvam enniva niyanthrikkunnu, avayude rivalil gadakathil cheluthunna swaadheenam ithil ninnu vyathyasthamalla. motham kshaarathvavumaayulla dii. aii. sii. yude anupaathavum pii. sii. oo. 2-leeii maattangalumaan rivalil factor vyathiyaanathinte pradhana kaaranam. uyarnna alavilulla dii. aii. sii. kuranja rival gadakathinum thalphalamaayi valia buffering efakttinum kaaranamaakunnu. uyarnna alavilulla pii. sii. oo. 2 uyarnna rival gadakathinum positteev feedback lupinum thalphalamaayi cheria buffering efakttinum kaaranamaakunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, buffer ghadakam 8 num 13 num idayilaanu.
naravamshajanyamaaya CO2.
samudrajalathinte micham (anthropogenic) kaarban dye ooksaid edukkaanulla sheshi rival gadakathinte moolyathinu vipareeta anupaathathilaanu. athinaal, aadhunika samudrangalil, rival ghadakam alakkunnathiloode naravamshajanya kaarban dye ooksaidinte saandrata kaanaan kazhiyum; rival ghadakam kuravaayathinaal, naravamshajanya kaarban dye ooksaidinte alavu kooduthalaanu. kuranja rival gadakangal saadhaaranayaayi choodulla ushnamekhalaa muthal uposhnamekhalaa jalangalil kaanapedunnu, athesamayam uyarnna rival gadakangal vadakkan atlaantikkile thanutha uyarnna akshamsha jalathil kaanapedunnu. vadakkan pasafikkil uyarnna rival gadakangalundu, koodaathe kuranja naravamshajanya gadakangalumundu. vadakkan pasafikkile kshaaramoolyangal vadakkan atlaantikkine apekshichu 100 micromol/kilogram vare kuravaayathaanu ithinu kaaranam.
rival prabhavam.
anthareekshathilekku valare valia alavil cherkkumbol samudrajalathil pii. sii. oo. 2-nte oru cheria bhagam maathrame ulloo ennu rival ephakt vivarikkunnu. jalathinte kshaarathvathe aashrayich, dick onnukil qoo3, echsio3, allengil qoo2 aayi kaanapedunnu. piechu uyarnna (adisthaana) aayirikkumbol rival ghadakam ettavum valuthaanu, ithu dixinte bhooribhaagavum qoo2 allah, echsio3 allengil qoo3 aayi nilanilkkunnu. athinaal, buffering prabhavam (kuranja rival ghadakam) kooduthal qoo3 allengil echsio3 aayi sambhavikkunnu, ithu anthareekshathilum samudrathilum pco2 alavu phalapradamaayi kuraykkunnu.

