
anthareekshamardhitha railway

oru anthareekshamardhamulla railway oru railway vaahanathinte propulsionu shakti nalkaan deferential eyar marddam upayogikkunnu. mobail vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna upakaranangal vahikkendathinte aavasyakatha ozhivaakkikkond oru staatik power sozhsinu eee reethiyil vaahanathilekku motive power kaimaran kazhiyum. vaayu marddam, allengil bhagika shoonyatha (i.iii.negatteevu aapekshika marddam) oru thudarchayaaya paippil vaahanathilekku ethikkaan kazhiyum, avide vahanam tubil oodunna pisttan vahikkunnu. pisttan vaahanathil gadippikkaan praapthamaakkunnathin eathenkilum tharatthilulla ree-seal cheyyaavunna sloat aavasyamaanu. pakaramaayi muzhuvan vahanavum oru valia tubile pisttanaayi pravartthikkukayo pisttanumaayi vaidyuthakaanthikamaayi bandhippikkukayo cheyyaam.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil eee thathwathinte niravadhi vakabhedangal nirddeshikkappedukayum niravadhi praayogika roopangal nadappilaakkukayum cheythuvenkilum apratheekshithamaya poraaymakalaal avayellaam marikadannu eathaanum varshangalkkullil nirthalaakkappettu.
oru aadhunika udamasthaavakaasha samvidaanam vikasippikkukayum hraswadura aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. brazeelile porto alegreyile porto alegre metro airport kanakshan athilonnaanu.
charithram.
reyilveyude aadyakaalangalil, otta vaahanangalo samghangalo manushyashakthiyo kuthirakalo upayogichaayirunnu sanjarichirunnathu. mechanical shakti manassilaakkappettathode, locomotive enchinukal vikasippichu; "irumbu kuthira". ivaykku gurutharamaaya parimithikalundaayirunnu, prathyekichum upayogathilulla vaaganukalekkaal valare bharamullathinaal avaa reyilukal thakarthu; irumbu muthal irumbu vare wheel-reyil interfacil otticherunnathu oru parimithiyaayirunnu, udaaharanathinu kilmarnock, trone reyilveyile pareekshanangalil.
pala enchineeyarmaarum oru staatik power srothassaaya "nischala enchin" ll ninnu chalikkunna trainilekk vaidyuthi kaimaarunnathilekku shradha kendreekarichu. atharamoru enchin kooduthal shakthavum kooduthal labhyamaya sthalavum kooduthal shakthavumayirikkum. praayogika vaidyuthiyude divasangalkku munbu vaidyuthi kaimarunnathinulla pariharam onnukil cable samvidaanathinteyo vaayu marddatthinteyo upayogamaayirunnu.
medarst.
1799-ll landanile jorjju medharst kaast irumbu paippukaliloode numetic aayi saadhanangal neekkunna ashayam charcha cheyyukayum 1812-ll oru thurankatthiloode yaathrakkaarude vandikal paratthaan addeham nirddeshikkukayum cheythu.
medharst rund badal samvidaanangal nirddeshichu onnukil vahanam pisttan aayirunnu, allengil tube thaarathamyena cheruthaanu, oru prathyeka pisttan. addeham orikkalum thante aashayangalkk pettant nediyittilla, avaa addeham kooduthal munnott kondupoyilla.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
valence.
1824-ll, valence ennayaal oru pettant eduthu oru hraswa demonstration line nirmmichu; addehathinte samvidaanathil vyaasamulla kaast irumbu tube ulppedunnu, thaazhathe bhaagath reyilukal idunnu; vahanam tyoobinte muzhuvan valupavum karadiyude charmmavum vaarshika idam adaykkaan upayogichu. vaahanathinte vegatha kuraykkunnathinu vaahanathinte oro attatthum vaathilukal thurannirunnu. vaalansinte samvidaanam pravarthichuvenkilum vaanijyaparamaayi sweekarikkapettilla.
pinkas.
1835-ll henry pinkas kuranja alavilulla vaakvam ulla oru chathuraakrithiyilulla tube ulla oru samvidaanathinu pettant nedi, ithu chorchayude nashtam parimithappedutthi. pinneedu addeham oru cheria booar vaakvam tubilake maari. pisttanine thudarchayaaya kayar upayogichu vaahanavumayi bandhippikkaan prapthamaakkunna sloat adaykkaan addeham nirddeshichu; vaahanathile rollerukal pisttan kanakshanu munnilulla kayar uyarthi pinneedu thirike nalki.
addeham kensington kanaalinaduthu oru demonstration line nirmmikkukayum thante "naashanal numatic railway associationaayi" oru prospectus purathirakkukayum cheythu. nikshepakaril thaalparyam prakadippikkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla, kayar neettiyappol addehathinte samvidaanam parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, reeseel cheyyaavunna slottulla oru cheria booar pipe enna addehathinte ashayam pala pingaamikalude samvidaanangaludeyum prototyppaayirunnu.
samuda clegg.
oru praayogika padhathi vikasippikkuka.
kappal nirmmaathaakkalum enchineeyarmaarumaayirunnu jacob joseph samuda, southwaarkku irumbupanikal svanthamaakkiyavarum iruvarum sivil enchineeyarmaarude sthaapanathile amgangalumaayirunnu. oru gyaas enchineeyaraayirunna saamuval clegg avarude anthareekshamandalathil sahakarichu pravarthichu. 1835-ll avar medharsttinte rachanakal vaayikkukayum oru cheria booar vaakvam pipe samvidaanam vikasippikkukayum cheythu. paippile sloat seal cheiyunnathinaayi clegg oru longityoodinal flap vaalvil jolie cheythu.
1838-ll avar "vaalvukalude puthiya mechappeduthalinaayi" oru pettant edukkukayum southvaarkkil oru poornna thothilulla model nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1840-ll jacob samuda clegg vestt lunden reyilveyile railway laininte araa mile railway line railway ithuvare pothujanangalkkayi thurakkaatha wormholt scrubbukalil (pinneedu waremwood scrubukal ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) paattatthinu nalki. aaa varsham clegg porchugalilekk pooyi, avide addeham vathaka vyavasaayathil thante currier pinthudarukayaayirunnu.
oru railway trackinte reyilukalkkidayil sthaapichirikkunna thudarchayaaya (joyintad) kaast irumbu pipe samudrayude samvidaanathil ulppedunnu; paippin mukalil oru sloat undaayirunnu. oru trainile munnira vahanam oru "pisttan vandi" aayirunnu, athu tubil cherttha pisttan vahichirunnu. slottiloode kadannupokunna oru bracket sistamaanu ithu kaivasham vachirunnathu, yadhaartha pisttan bracket slottil ninnu purathupoya pooyintinu munbulla oru dhruvathilaayirunnu. pisttan brackettinu thottumunbu thuranna thudarchayaaya lether flap vazhi sloat anthareekshathil ninnu adachu, athu thottupinnaale veendum adachu. traininu munnilulla oru pumping steshan tubil ninnu vaayu pump cheyyukayum pisttanin pinnile vaayu marddam athine munnott thallukayum cheyyum.
waremwood scrubbukalude pradarshanam rund varshatholam neenduninnu. traction paippin 9 inch vyaasavum 16 echpi nischala enchinum vaidyuthikkaayi upayogichu. 115-ll 1 enna nilayilaayirunnu eee paathayile gradient. thaazhe vivarichirikkunna thante grandhatthil, pipe oru dishayil maathrame upayogikkaavoo ennu samudra soochippikkunnu, oru pumping steshan maathrame sthaapichulloo enna vastutha soochippikkunnathu, pinneedu daakki lainil (thaazhe) cheythathupole, anthareeksha kayattathinu sesham trainukal oodathinte thaazhathe attathekku thirichukonduvannuvenna. oottangalil palathum pothuparamaayirunnu. chila ransukalude shoonyathayudeyum vegathayudeyum bharavum alavum samudra udharikkunnu; cheria parasparabandham undennu thonnunnu; udaaharanathina
malsaraadhishtitha pariharangal.
anthareeksha railway chuttipattiyulla ashayangalil valia pothuthaalpparyamundaayirunu, samudra thante padhathi vikasippichukondirikkum thanne mattu ashayangalum munnottuvachu. avayil iva ulppedunnu
samudrayude grandham.
1841-ll, joseph samuda "reyilveyile chalanatthinte uddeshyangalumaayi anthareeksha marddam poruthappeduthunnathukinnu oru prabandham" prasidheekarichu.
athu 50 pejukalolam neelukayum samudra thante samvidaanathe vivarikkukayum cheythu; aadyam traction paippu
reyilukalkkidayil sthaapichirikkunna oru thudarchayaaya pipe allengil maine vazhi chalikkunna shakti trainilekk ashayavinimayam nadathunnu, ithu roadinte vashath sthaapichirikkunna nischalamaaya steem enchinukal pravartthikkunna eyar pambukal upayogichu theernnupokunnu, avaa thammilulla dooram roadinte swabhaavathinum gathaagathathinum anusarichu onnu muthal moonnu mile vare vyathyaasappedunnu. eee paippil avatharippikkunna oru pisttan, oro trainileyum munnira vandiyil, oru laattaral ooppaningiloode gadippikkukayum athinu munnil srishtikkappetta ksheenam vazhi munnott sanjarikkukayum cheiyunnu. thudarchayaaya pipe reyilukalkkidayil gadippikkukayum avaa vahikkunna sleeparukalilekku boult cheyyukayum cheiyunnu; tyoobinte akathalathil thalarchayilla, pakshe uparithalathe thulyamaakkunnathinum athiloode sanjarikkunna pisttan kadannupokunnathil ninnu anaavasyamaaya gharshanam thadayunnathinum oru inch kattiyulla tallo 1/10 kondu varachirikkunnu allengil pothinjirikkunnu.
closher vaalvinte pravartthanam nirnaayakamaayirunnu
paippinte mukalile uparithalathil ekadesham rund inch veethiyulla oru thudarchayaaya cheenja allengil kuzhiyundu. eee kuzhal oru valve kondu moodappettirikkunnu, reyilveyude muzhuvan neelavum neelunnu, irumbu plettukalkkidayil revate cheytha thukal strip kondu roopappedunnu, mukalile plettukal kuzhiyekkaal veethiyullathum vaakvam roopappedumbol thukal paippilekku nirbandhithamaakkunna baahya vaayu thadayaan sahaayikkunnathumaan; valve adaykkumbol thaazhathe plettukal kuzhiyilekku gadippikkukayum paippinte vritham undaakkukayum pisttan kadannupokunnathil ninnu vaayu thadayukayum cheiyunnu; eee vaalvinte oru attam irumbu baarukalal surakshithamaayi pidikkukayum paippil kaast cheytha oru rekhamsha vaariyellilekk scru bolttukal kondu urappikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe plettukalkkum baarinum edayilulla thukal oru keel pole pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu, oru pothu pump vaalvinu samaanamaayi; vaalvinte matte attam theneecha mezhukudeyum uyarathinteyum ghadana adangiya oru kuzhiyilekku veezhunnu eee ghadana anthareekshathinte khara thapanilayil, kurachu digri thapanilayil choodaakkukayum cheiyunnu. eee vaalvinu mukalil oru samrakshana cover undu, ithu manjil ninno mazhayil ninno samrakshikkaan sahayikkunnu, ekadesham anchu adii neelamulla nerttha irumbu plettukal kondu roopappetta thukal kondu keeriyirikkunnu, oro plettinteyum attam pisttaninte chalanatthinte dishayil aduthathinu thazheyaayi gadippikkunnu, angane oronninum thudarchayaayi uyarthal urappaakkunnu.
pisttan vandi thurakkukayum thudarnnu valve adaykkukayum cheyyum
oro trainileyum aadya vandiyude adibhaagathu pisttanum athinte sameepabhaagangalum gadippichirikkunnu; pisttanil ninnu thirascheenamaayi kadannupokunna oru vadi pisttanin ekadesham aarr adii pinnilulla oru bandhippikkunna kaiyumayi gadippichirikkunnu. eee bandhippikkunna kaii paippile thudarchayaaya kuzhiyiloode kadannupokunnu, koodaathe vandiyil gadippichirikkunnathu, tube theernnupokumbol traininu chalanam nalkunnu; pisttan vadikku naalu steel chakrangalum gadippichirikkunnu, (rund munkootty, rund bandhippikkunna kaikk pinnil) ithu valve uyarthunnathinum bandhippikkunna kaii kadannupokunnathinum pisttaninte pinbhaagathekku vaayu praveshikkunnathinum oru idam undaakkunnu; mattoru steel wheel vandiyil gadippichirikkunnu, ithu oru spring niyanthrikkunnu, ithu valve poottunnathu urappakkaan sahayikkunnu, kaii kadannupoya udan thanne mukalile plettukalkku mukaliloode oodunnu. ekadesham patthu adii neelamulla oru chembu tube allengil heater, oru cheria stau upayogichu nirantharam choodaakki, vandiyude adibhaagathu sthaapikkukayum, kadannupokukayum gadanayude uparithalam urukukayum cheiyunnu (valve uyarthunnathiloode thakarkkapettu) athu thanuppikkumbol kharamaavukayum valve hermetic aayi mudrayidukayum cheiyunnu. angane kadannupokunna oro train adutha train labhikkunnathinaayi pipe anuyojyamaaya avasthayil upekshikkunnu.
paippilekku praveshikkunnathum purathupokunnathum vivarichirunnu
thudarchayaaya pipe (sthira neeravi enchinukalude athath dooram anusarichu) vaalvukal verthirikkunnathiloode anuyojyamaaya vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu, avaa train thurakkumbol thurakkunnu eee vaalvukal nirmmichirikkunnathu oru vibhaagathil ninnu mattonnilekku kadannupokunnathinu vegatha nirthalo kuravo aavasyamilla. eksitt serpering valve, allengil athinte steem enchininu ettavum aduthulla sekshante avasaanam, pisttanin munnilulla vaayu compression vazhi thurakkunnu, ithu eyar pambumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathunna shaakha kadannathinu sesham anivaryamaayum sambhavikkunnu; praveshana verthirikkal valve, (paippinte adutha bhaagatthinte thudakkathinaduthullathu) oru santhulithaavastha allengil balance valve aanu, pisttan paippilekku praveshicha udan thanne thurakkunnu. pradhana pipe aazhathilulla sokkatt sandhikalumayi orumichu vaykkunnu, athil oronninum paakkinginte madhyathil oru vaarshika idam avasheshikkunnu, koodaathe oru ardha-draavakam kondu niraykkunnu athinaal paippilekku vaayu chornnolikkunnathu thadayunnu.
akkaalat railway athivegam vikasichukondirikkum annathe saankethika parimithikalilekkulla pariharangal aakaamkshayode thedukayum ellaayppozhum yukthisahamaayi vilayiruthappedaathirikkum cheythu. samudrayude grandham addehathinte sanbradaayathinte gunangal munnottuvachu
vyapakamaaya thante samvidaanathekkurichulla vimarsanangalum samudra nishedhichu
pettant.
1844 eprilil jacob joseph samuda avarude samvidaanathinu pettant nedi. ithinu thottupinnaale, joseph samuda marikkukayum jolie thudaraan sahodaran yacobinu vittukodukkukayum cheythu. pettant moonnu bhagangalilaayirunnu aadyathethu anthareeksha paippineyum pisttan samvidaanatheyum vivarikkunnu, randaamathethu dhaaraalam jalavitharanamulla pradeshangalil, vyathyastha thalangalil jala taankukal upayogichu shoonyatha engane srishtikkaamennu vivarikkunnu; moonnaamathe vibhaagam anthareeksha reyilveyude level crossingukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu.
dalky atmospheric railway.
1834ll dabin, kingstaun railway thuramukhathe (annu kingstaun ennu vilikkappettirunna) dablinumaayi bandhippikkunna dabin, kingstaun railway aarambhichu; ithu oru staanderd gej lainayirunnu. 1840ll ekadesham rund mile dooramullah dalky vare eee paatha vyaapippikkaan aagrahichu. eee roottile oru kuthira tramway ettedukkukayum parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu thuramukhathinte nirmmaanathinaayi oru kwaariyil ninnu kallu konduvaraan ithu upayogichirunnu. ithu kuthane tharamthirikkappedukayum (115ll 1 enna nilayil, 57ll 1 enna 440 yard strechode) kanatha valanjathum ettavum moorchayullathum 570 yard radius ullathumaayirunnu. ithu annu upayogichirunna locomotteevukalkku kaaryamaaya budhimuttukal srishtichu. kambaniyude treasurer jaims pim lunden sandarshikkukayum samudrayude padhathiyekkurichu kelkkukayum cheythu. thante kambaniyude aavasyangalkku anuyojyamaanennu addeham kanakkaakkukayum 26,000 poundu vaaypaykkaayi sarkkarinodu apekshicha sesham athu daakki lainil sthaapikkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. angane dalky atormospheric railway aayi maari.
2, 400 yard oottathinte mukal attathu dakkiyil orotta pumping steshanulla 15 inch traction pipe upayogichu. enchin 110 aiechpi srishtikkukayum 36 adii vyaasamulla oru flywheel undaakkukayum cheythu. kingstaunil ninnu oru train purappedunnathinu anchu minitt munbu, pumping enchin pravartthanam aarambhichu, rund minittinullil 15 inch vaakvam srishtichu. pisttan paippil praveshicha sthaanathekku train swamedhayaa thallukayum train aarambikkaan thayyarakunnathuvare breakkukalil pidikkukayum cheythu. aaa samayam vannappol breakkukal vidukayum train nirthukayum cheythu. (enchin pravarthanatthinulla samayakramathe aashrayikkunnath ozhivaakkikkond electric telegraph pinneedu sthaapichu.)
1843 august 17nuu tube aadyamaayi theernnu, pittennu oru trial rann nadatthi. august 19 shaniyazhcha, line pothujanangalkkayi thurannu. sevanathil, manikkooril 30 mile vegatha kaivarikkapettu; gradient thaazhekku guruthwaakarshanathiloodeyum mandagathiyilumaayirunnu kingstounilekkulla madakkam. 1844 maarchode, prathidinam 35 train sarveesukal nadakkukayum aazhchayil 4,500 yaathrakkaar eee pathayil yaatra cheyyukayum cheythu, kooduthalum puthumaykkaayi maathram.
frank ellington enna cheruppakkaaran orikkal trainil gadippikkaatha pisttan vandiyil undayirunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. break vittayachappol, laitt vahanam uyarnna vegathayil 75 secondinullil sharashari 65 mile vegathayil dooram kadakkunnu.
vaanijyaparamaayi pravartthikkunna aadyathe anthareekshamaadhyama railway aayathinal, isambard kingdom brunal, roobert steefansan, sarr vilyam cubit ennivarulppede akkaalathe niravadhi pramukha enchineeyarmaarude shradha aakarshichu.
paarees-sent jermaine line 1860 vare thudarnnenkilum britiish lainukalil anthareeksha samvidaanathe marikadannu eee line patthu varshatholam vijayakaramaayi pravarthichu.
1855ll eee samvidaanam nirthalaakkiyappol, rajakumariyennu vilikkunna oru 2-2-2 neeravi locomotive upayogichu, ithu aakasmikamaayi irelandil nirmmicha aadyathe neeravi enchinaanu. oru cheria samvidaanamaanenkilum, neeravi enchin kurachu varshathekku kuthane graducheytha lainil vijayakaramaayi pravarthichu.
paarees-sent jermaine.
1835-ll sahodaranmaraaya perior "kompagni duu chemin dii ferr dii paarees eiii seyint-jermainil" ninnu oru elavu nedi. 1837-ll avar avarude 19 kilometer line thurannu, ennaal seyninte idathu karayilulla oru nadeethadamaaya leeii peck vare, sent-jarman-enn-leyil ethaan bhayappeduthunna charivu aavashyamaayirunnu, akkaalathe locomotteevukal aavashyamaaya gradient kayaran kazhivillathathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, adhession parimithappedutthunna gadakamaayi kanakkakkappettu.
dalky reyilveyude vijayathekkurich ketta franch pothumaraamathu mantri (emm. testte), under sekrattari oof stettu (emm. leeii grande) emm. maalett, inspector general oonarayar dess ponts ettu chausees, tuu dalky. avide sthaapicha samvidaanathekkurichum athinte saadyathakalekkurichum addeham samagramaya saankethika vilayiruthal ezhuthi, athil joseph samudayumaayi nadatthiya alavukalude phalangal ulppedunnu.
addehathinte thaalpparyathiloodeyaanu perere sahodaranmaar vishudha jermaininte thanne vipuleekaranathinaayi eee samvidaanam sweekarikkunnathu, 1845 ll oru thadi paalavum thudarnnu irupathu kamaanamulla kallu vioduct kottaykku keezhil rund thurankangalum nirmmaanam aarambhichu. vipuleekaranam 1847 epril 15 nuu thurannu; 28 ll 1 (35 millimeter/meter) gradiantil ithinu 1.5 kilometer neelamundaayirunnu.
traction pipe reyilukalkkidayil sthaapichu; athinu mukalil oru sloat ulla oru vyaasamundaayirunnu. rund thukal flaappukalaal sloat adachu. sent-jermainile rund thurankangalkkidayil sthithi cheiyunna 200 echpi sheshiyulla rund neeravi enchinukalaanu pambukalkku karuth pakarunnath. kayattatthil traininte vegatha undaayirunnu. erangunna samayat train guruthwaakarshanathaal peck vare oodi, avide neeravi locomotive paareesilekkulla oottathinaayi etteduthu.
eee samvidaanam saankethikamaayi vijayakaramaayirunnu, ennaal kooduthal sakthamaaya neeravi lokkomotteevukalude vikasanam 1860 juulai 3 muthal athu upekshikkunnathilekku nayichu, neeravi locomotive paareesil ninnu sent jermainilekku oodiyappool, gradient vare oru pashar locomotive sahayichu. laininte vaidyutheekaranam vare eee krameekaranam arupath varshathilere thudarnnu.
ohiyo stettu jenalinte" oru lekhakan chila vishadaamshangal vivarichu; rund tube vibhagangal undayirunnathaayi thonnunnu
trackinte madhyathil oru irumbu tube sthaapichittundu, athu athinte vyaasathinte moonnilonnu roadinte adithattil mungikkidakkunnu. 5, 500 yard doorathil tubinu 13 adii maathram vyaasamund.iii. 21 inch], ivideyulla kayattathinu kuthaneyulla gradil aavasyamulla athe alavilulla balam aavasyamillaathathinaal, 3,800 yard doorathekku pipe 2 adii 1 inch [athaayath.iii. 25 inch] vyaasamund.
neeravi enchinukalkku shekharana yanthrangal undaayirunnu
oro enchinum rund valia silindarukal gadippichirikkunnu, avaa secondil pathinaalu cubic adii vaayu puranthallunnu. sheenippikkunna yanthrangalil gadippichirikkunna eyar coldronile (claudierukal) marddam aarr samboornna anthareekshathinu thulyamaanu.
addeham valve vivarichu
tubinte muzhuvan neelatthilum, ekadesham anchu inch thurassaaya idam avasheshikkunna oru bhagam mukalil nirmmikkunnu. sekshante oro katt edjilum oru offset undu, athil cherunna oru vaalvinte arikukal pidikkaan. araa inch kattiyulla eaka thukal kashanam kondaanu valve nirmmichirikkunnathu, athinu shakti nalkunnathinaayi mukalilum thazheyumaayi bandhapetta irumbu plettukal gadippichirikkunnu... orupakshe oru inch kanathinte naalilonn aanith... ekadesham onpathu inch neelamulla plettukalkku mukalilum thaazheyumulla attangal naalil moonnu inch akalatthil sthaapikkukayum thukal vaalvinu laalithyavum athe samayam dridathayum nalkunnathinaayi sandhikal roopappedukayum cheiyunnu.
pothumaraamathu inspector janaralaayirunna enchineeyar maalettinte peru kleydan rekhappeduthukayum alpam vyathyasthamaaya oru vivaranam nalkukayum cheiyunnu slut adaykkaan maalett oru plate cheytha kayar upayogichathayi kleydan parayunnu. oottangalkkidayil oru vaakvam chembaril neeravi ghaneebhavippichaanu vaakvam srishtichathennum addeham parayunnu, pakshe athu presher akyumulettarukalude thettaaya daaranayaayirikkaam.
lunden aandu croydon railway.
thudakkathil oru neeravi railway.
lunden aandu croydon railway (ell & sii aarr) 1835-ll lunden aandu greenwich railway (ell & jii aarr) yumayullah junctionil ninnu chroidonilekkulla paatha nirmmikkaan paarlamentinte amgeekaara niyamam nedi. akkaalat ell & jii line nirmmaanathilaayirunnu, landanile ore kwarteril rund railway terminikal nirmmikkunnathine paarlament ethirthu, athinaal ell & sii arck ell & jii aarr lunden bridge steshan pankidendivarum. saadhaarana locomotive pravarthanatthinaayi nirmmichathaanu eee line. moonnaamathe kambaniyaaya lunden aandu braittan railway (ell & bii. aarr) prothsaahippikkappedum ell & sii. aarr. vazhi landanilekkulla paatha pankidukayum cheythu.
1839ll lineukal thurannappol, praadeshika croydon lainil pathivayi nirthunna sevanangal kaaranam tirakk undayathaayi kandethi; puthiya crossil ninnu dartmouth aayudhangalilekkulla 100 ll 1 kayattatthil ithu prathyekichum oru prashnamaayirunnu. ell & sii aarr enchineeyar vilyam cubit eee prashnathinu oru pariharam nirddeshichu nilavilulla eratta track maine laininte kizhakk bhaagath moonnaamathe track sthaapikkukayum iru dishakalileyum ellah local trainukalum athu upayogikkukayum cheyyum. vegathayeriya braittan trainukal nirthunna traininethudarnnulla kaalathaamasatthil ninnu mochithamaakum. daakki line sandarshana velayil cubit mathippulavaakkukayum puthiya ell & sii aarr moonnaam track anthareeksha shakti upayogikkukayum cheythu. praadeshika paatha epsom vare vyapippikkum, koodaathe orotta track anthareeksha rekhayaayum. eee krameekaranangal sweekarikkukayum 1843 juulai 4 nuu paarlamentari adikaarangal nedukayum cheythu, koodaathe ishtikakalude tholil oru terminalilekku oru line anuvadikkukayum cheythu. avarude roottinte pothu vibhaagathil oru adhika track cherkkunnathinaayi ell & jii aarr-yumayi krameekaranangalum nadatthi. 1844 meyy 1 nuu, ishtika paalikalkkulla aayudha terminus thurakkukayum lunden bridge trainukalkku purame athil ninnu pathivayi sarvees nadathukayum cheythu.
ippol anthareekshavum.
ell & sii aarr line norwood junctionil thekk-padinjarottu vyathichalikkukayum (pinneedu oru sathrathin sesham "jolii sailer" ennu vilikkappedukayum cheythu) ell & bii aarr line kadakkendivarikayum cheythu. anthareeksha pipe flaattil ithu asaadhyamaakki, crossing praapthamaakkunnathin oru melppaalam nirmmichu ithu railway lokathile aadyathe udaaharanamaayirunnu. 50ll 1 enna aproach gradiantukalulla oru thadi vayadakttinte roopathilaayirunnu ithu. corbets leyne junctionil samanamaaya oru melppaalam nirmmikkendathaayirunnu, avide ell & sii aarr adhika line nilavilulla laininte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathaayirikkanam, pakshe ithu orikkalum nirmikkappettilla.
vanaa kuninum (pinneedu oru praadeshika sathrathinte perilum "dartmouth ams" ennum ariyappettirunnu) vestt croydon idayil 15 inch vyaasamulla traction pipe sthaapichu. anthareeksha upakaranangalude instaaleshan samuda melnottam vahichenkilum, daakki instaaleshanil lether sloat valve moodunna oru kalavastha flap, oru keel irumbu plate ozhivaakki. ell aandu sii aarinu jaims piyarsan enna oru anthareekshamanthranjan undaayirunnu. dartmouth arms, jolii sailer, croydon (pinneedu vestt croydon) ennividangalil 100 echpi sheshiyulla moonnu steem enchinukalum pambukalum moudsley, soonn aandu feeld vitharanam cheyyukayum avaykkaayi vipulamaaya enchin houseukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. doubleuech break piyar upayogichu gothik sailiyilaanu avaa roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu, koodaathe uyarnna chimminikalum undaayirunnu, avaa uyarnna thalatthil ozhippicha vaayu theerkkukayum cheythu.
oru train aarambikkaan thayyaaraanenn remot enchin housilekku soochippikkaan steshan staafukale praptharaakkunna rund soochi electric telegraph samvidaanam lainil sthaapichu.
dartmouth arms muthal croydon vareyulla eee vibhaagam 1846 januvariyil anthareeksha vyavasthayil pravartthanam aarambhichu.
traction pipe sloat pisttan bracket kaimari; athaayath sloat closher flap thudarchayaayi oru vashath keeriyirunnu, koodaathe flaappinte aavashyamaaya thurakkal kuraykkunnathinu pisttan support bracket krunk cheythu. ithinartham oru yaathrayude avasaanathil pisttan vandi oru table oonaakkaan kazhiyilla ennaanu. pakaram athu eratta attamaayirunnu, pakshe pisttan puthiya leading endelake swamedhayaa maatti. pisttan vandi thanne traininte munvashathekku (allengil kuthirashakthiyiloode) swamedhayaa neekkendivannu. dartmouth aarmsile steshan plaattphom neeravi pravartthikkunna rund lainukalkkidayilulla oru dveepaayirunnu. anthareeksha pisttan vandiye saadhaarana trackilake praveshikkaan prapthamaakkunna oru prathyeka pooyint varkk samvidaanam cubit roopakalppana cheythu.
1845 november 1 nuu board oof trade inspector general pasley line sandarshichu line muzhuvan thurakkunnathinulla amgeekaaram nalki. times pathram sambhavam report cheythu; oru prathyeka train neeravi locomotive valichidunna lunden paalatthil ninnu purappettu; phoorast hill locomotive verpeduthi;
pisttan vandi pakaram vaykkukayum avide ninnu train anthareeksha marddam moolam pravarthanakshamamaavukayum cheythu. trainil patthu vandikal undaayirunnu (pisttan gadippichirikkunnava ulppede) athinte bharam ambathu tonn vare aayirunnu. randara munny kazhinjappol ezhara minittinu train dartmouth tholil vishramakendram vittu, ettara moonnara minitt kazhinjappol pisttan vaalvil praveshichu, appol thanne sisttathinte oru sradheyamaaya nettam soumyavum eathaandu adrishyavumaaya chalanamaanennu njangalkk thonni. locomotive lainukalil steshan vidumbol njangalkk palappozhum oru "jarkk" anubhavapettittund, ithu chilappol oru samboornna "shock" aayi maarukayum paribhranthanum bheeruthvamullathumaaya yaathrakkaarane alattukayum cheiyunnu. ennaal, ivide atharam anubhavangalonnum undayittilla. paippilekku praveshikkunna pisttaninte naalilonn minittinullil, sakthamaaya kaattil ninnu labhicha vegatha manikkooril panthrand mile enna nirakkilaayirunnu; adutha minittil, athaayath. pathinonnu minitt kazhinjittu rund, irupathiyanchu mile oru manikkoor; pathimoonnu minitt kazhinjittu rund, muppathinaalu mile oru manikkoor; pathinaalu minitt kazhinjittu rund, naalppat mile oru manikkoor; pathinanju minitt kazhinjittu rund, ambathirandu mile oru manikkoor, ithu pathinaar minitt kazhinjittu rund vare nilanirthappettu, vegatha kurayaan thudangiyappol, pathinezhara minittinu randara, train croydon terminasil ethi, angane dartmouth aayudangalil ninnu anchu mile, ettu minittilum moonnil moonnu minittilum yaatra cheythu. pisttan vandiyile baarometer 25 inch vaakvam soochippikkukayum enchin hausil 28 inch vaakvam soochippikkukayum cheythu.
vijayakaramaya audyogika pothugathagatham vyaapakamaayi report cheyyappedukayum anthareeksha samvidaanathil deerghadoora reyilveykkulla puthiya padhathikal udan prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu; southu devon reyilveyude oharikal ottaraathrikond vilamathikkapettu.
thurakkunnu.
november 8leeii pasleyude report anukoolamaayirunnu, line thurakkaan vyakthamaayirunnu. munkootty kurachukoodi anubhavam nedaan aagrahikkunna samvidaayakar madichu. 1845 desember 19nuu phoorast hill steshanari enchinte crank shaaft pottukayum enchin upayogashoonyamaavukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee bhagam vegathil maattisthaapikkukayum 1846 januvari 16 nuu line thurakkukayum cheythu.
annu raavile <aii. dii. 1> nuu croydon enchinukalilonninte crank shaaft thakarnnu. rund enchinukal nalkiyirunnathinaal ratri 7.20 vare gathaagathathinu mattonn upayogikkaan kazhinju.emm. aaa enchinum ithe vidhi nerittu. 1846 februvari 10 vare rund croydon enchinukalum paraajayappedunnathuvare attakuttappanikal nadatthi.
ithu anthareeksha samvidaanathinte anuyaayikalkk kadutha praharamaayirunnu; oru prashastha enchin nirmmathaavil ninnu vangiya nischala enchinukalude nirmmaanatthile poraaymakal anthareeksha samvidaanathinte praayogikathayekkurichu onnum paranjilla, marichu samudra bordinode paranjathupole
"thadassangalude kaaranam pothujanagalkk vivechanam kaanikkan kazhiyilla (kaaranam avarkk arian kazhiyilla), ellah kramakkedukalum anthareeksha samvidaanathinu kaaranamaakunnu."
rund maasathinu sesham, vanathile oru hill enchininte beam pottitherichu. eee samayat directormaar epsom vipuleekaranathinaayi padhathikal thayyarakkukayayirunnu; avar moudsleyil ninnu enchinukal vaangaan uddeshichirunnava vegathil parishkarikkukayum tenderukal shanikkukayum cheythu; bolton, vaatt oof birmingham ennivaykku karar nalki, avayude vila avarude athiraalikale apekshichu valare kuravaayirunnu.
samyojanam.
lunden, braittan railway 1846 juulai 6 nuu ell & sii aarumaayi samyojippichu lunden, braittan, southu koost railway (elby & sr) roopeekarichu. thalkkalam valia kambaniyude directormaar anthareeksha samvidaanam upayogikkaanulla ell & sii aarinte uddeshyangalumaayi thudarnnu.
saankethika prasnangal.
1846-leeii venalkkaalam asaadhaaranamaamvidham choodullathum varandathumaayirunnu, traction pipe flap vaalvile gurutharamaaya budhimuttukal svayam kaanikkan thudangi. thukal flap adaykkumbol oru nalla mudrayidendathu athyaavashyamaayirunnu, kaalavastha thukal kaduppamullathakki. oro trainine sesham joyint adaykkenda tallo, beaves samyukthathe kurichu samudra aadyam paranjirunnathu "eee ghadana anthareekshathinte thapanilayil kharamaanu, athinu kurachu digri mukalil choodaakkumbol draavakamaayi maarunnu" ennum choodulla kaalaavasthaykku aaa prabhavam undaayirunnu. thante samvidaanathekkurichulla samudayude yadhaartha vivaranathil flappinu mukalil adanja oru loha kalavastha valve ulppettirunnu, ennaal ithu ell & sii aaril ozhivaakkukayum valve kaalaavasthaykku thurannukaattukayum avashishtangal ulppede ulkkollaan prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu, oru nireekshakan report cheythu, oru sthree trackilake oru thoowala veeshi. flappinte irippidathil avasheshikkunna eathenkilum avashishtangalkk athinte falaprapti kuraykkaan maathrame kazhiyumayirunnulloo.
koodaathe, mrugangalude kozhuppayi vivarthanam cheyyappetta tallo elikalude janasamkhyaye aakarshikkunnu. 1859-leeii oru srothass report cheiyunnathu elikal raathriyil irumbu kuzhalilekku kayarukayum aadyathe traininayi pump sajeevamaakkiyappol ellah divasavum raavile noorukanakkinu elikal kollappedukayum cheiyunnu ennaanu. trainukal neekkaan mathiyaya shoonyatha srishtikkaan kazhiyaathathinal kaalathamasam pathivayi sambhavichu, koodaathe melppaalathe kuthaneyulla sameepathulla charivukalil stoppukal saadhaaranamaayirunnu, pathrangalil vyaapakamaayi report cheyyappettu.
directormark ippol anthareeksha samvidaanathekkurichu aswasthatha anubhavappedaan thudangi, prathyekichu moonnu enchinukalulla epsom extensionekkurichu. 1846 desemberil avar padhathi raddaakkunnathinekkuri boltanode vaattinodum chodikkukayum oru varshathekku vitharana karar thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkunnathinu 2,300 poundu chelavaakumenn parayukayum cheythu. directormaar ithu sammathichu.
1846/7 leeii shaithyakaalam puthiya kalavastha prasnangal konduvannu asaadhaaranamaaya thanutha kaalavastha thukal flap kadinamaakkukayum manju tubilake praveshikkukayum cheythu, ithu anthareeksha sevanam kooduthal radhaakkaan kaaranamaayi. 1847 februvariyil neeravi pakarakkaaran pravartthikkumbol oru track thozhilaalli kollappettu. ithu nirbhaagyakaramaayirunnu, pakshe anthareeksham veendum pravartthanarahithamaanennu vyapakamaaya reportinginte phalamaayirunnu ithu.
pettennulla anthyam.
eee deerghakaala kaalayalavil, lunden paalatthilekku athu vyaapippikkunnathin panam chelavazhikkumbozhum, anthareeksha samvidaanavumaayi munnott pookaanulla prathibaddhatha directormaar kuranju kondirikkanam. (ithu dartmouth aayudangalil ninnu puthiya crossilake 1847 januvariyil guruthwaakarshana vadakku vashathum dartmouth aayudha pumping steshan thekk bhaagathum upayogichu thurannu.) pothujanangalude aathmavishwaasam pradhaanamaaya oru saahacharyathil, anthima theerumaanam edukkunnathuvare directormark avarude samshayangal parasyamaayi prakadippikkaan kazhinjilla. croydon anthareeksha paippukal valichedukkukayum padhathi upekshikkukayum cheythathayi" 1847 meyy 4 nuu directormaar prakhyaapichu.
kaaranam udan parasyappedutthiyittille thonnunnu, pakshe braittan, epsum lainukalude vyathichalanathil randaamathe junctionil trade inspector bordinte nirbandhamaanu trigger ennu thonnunnu. ithu enthineyaanu soochippikkunnathennu vyakthamalla, mathramalla vedanaajanakamaaya oru theerumaanatthinte samayathinte yukthisahamaya oru nirddeshamaayirikkaam ithu. kaaranam enthuthanneyaayaalum, elby & srhil anthareeksha pravartthanangal undakanamennilla.
southu devon railway.
anumathi labhikkunnu.
grettu vestten railway (gdabluar) bristtol, eksittar railway orumichu pravartthikkunnathu 1844 meyy 1 nuu nagaratthe landanumaayi bandhippikkunna broad gej reyilveyumaayi eksittarilethi. devonshireile thaalpparyamulla kakshikal plaimouthilekkulla bandham vipuleekarikkendathu pradhaanamaanennu karuthi, pakshe bhoopradesam ganyamaaya budhimuttukal srishtichu eluppamulla vazhikalillaatha uyarnna nilam undaayirunnu.
ganyamaaya vivaadangalkku sesham, southu devon railway kambani (sdr) 1844 juulai 4 nuu oru line amgeekaaram nalki paarlamentinte niyamam nedi.
vazhi nirnnayikkuka.
kambaniyude enchineeyar innovative enchineeyar isambard kingdom brunal aayirunnu. addeham daakki line sandarshichirunnu, aaa lainile anthareeksha samvidaanathinte kazhivukalil addeham mathippulavaakkiyirunnu. kooduthal mechappetta malaa kayaral kazhivukalum trackle bharam kuravum ulppedunna thante samvidaanathinte gunangal samudra ellaayppozhum munnottuvachirunnu. ithu malayora bhoopradeshathu saadhaarana gradiantukalekkaal uyarathil oru line aasoothranam cheyyaan praapthamaakkukayum nirmmaanachelavu ganyamaayi laabhikkukayum cheyyum.
aasoothrana ghattathil anthareeksha samvidaanam theerchayaayum upayogikkaan brunal theerumaanichirunnenkil, annathe locomotive saankethikavidya upayogichu asaadhyamaaya oru root adikkaan athu addehathe anuvadikkumaayirunnu. innum upayogathilulla southu devon reyilveyude paathaykk kuthaneyulla gradiantukalundu, ithu pothuve "budhimuttulla" maarggamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. anthareeksha tractionaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu ithinu kaaranamenn vyaakhyaathaakkal palappozhum kuttappeduthunnu; udaaharanathina
variyude bhooprakrithi vivarikkunna sekkon parayunnath nyoottan madaadhipathiykku appurathaanu,
nalla gradiantukalulla oru railway nirmmikkunnathin raajyathinte ghadana valare anuyojyamalla. eee poraayma akkaalat prasnamaayirunnilla misttar. southu devon railway kambaniyude enchineeyaraaya brunal, anthareeksha thathwathil line pravartthikkaan nirddeshichathinaal, kuthaneyulla baankukal oru level pole pravartthikkaan eluppamaayirunnu ennathaanu eee samvidaanathinu avakaashappedunna oru nettam.
vaasthavathil, paarlamentinte amgeekaarathinu sheshamaan anthareeksha samvidaanam sweekarikkaanulla theerumaanam "pariganikkuka" ennathum paarlamentinu samarppikkunnathin munbu paathaykk anthimaroopam nalkiyirikkanam.
niyamam pasaki ettu aazhchakalkk sesham, "niyamam paasaakkiyathinusesham oru nirddesham labhichittund" ennu ohari udamakal kettu... messerukalil ninnu. samudra sahodaranmaar... thekkan devon lainil avarude traction samvidaanam prayogikkaan."brunalinode directormaarude oru prathisthaanathodum daakki line sandarshikkaan aavasyappettirunnu. athinte falamaayi report thudarnnu,
laininte pala pooyintukalilum gradiantukalum karvukalum eee thathwathinte prayogam prathyekichum prayojanakaramaakkunnuvenna vastutha kanakkileduthu, electric telegraph ulppedeyulla anthareeksha samvidaanam southu devon reyilveyude muzhuvan lainil sweekarikkanamennu ningalude directormaar theerumaanichu.
nirmmanavum udghaadanavum.
eksittar muthal nyoottan abot vareyulla vibhaagathil (aadyam "nyoottan" ennu vilikkapettu) nirmmaanam udan aarambhichu; eee aadya bhagam vishaalamaayi nilavaaramullathaan newtonil ninnu mukalilulla bhaagamaayirunnu malayora mekhala. pumping enchinukaludeyum yanthrangaludeyum vitharanathinulla karaarukal 1845 januvari 18 nuu avasaanikkukayum athe varsham juulai 1 nakam vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu. traction paippukalude nirmmaanam budhimuttukal nerittu avaa sloat roopappeduthiyathinoppam kaast cheyyendathaayirunnu, valachodikkal thudakkathil gurutharamaaya prashnamaayirunnu.
yanthrangalude vitharanavum paippukal sthaapikkunnathum valare vaikiyenkilum 1846 august 11 nuu aaa jolie ippozhum purogamikkunnathinaal newtoninu purathulla malayora bhaagath aavashyamaaya enchinukalkkaayi oru karar anuvadichu. iva kooduthal shakthavum, oru saahacharyathil, traction pipe valia vyaasamullathayirikkanam.
1846 meyy 30 nuu eksittarinum teagnmouthinum idayil train sarvees aarambhichuvenkilum ithu jii. dablyu. aaril ninnu vaadakaykku edutha neeravi enchinukalilaanu pravarthippichathu. deerghakaalathekku, 1847 septambar 13 nuu aadyathe passenture trainukal anthareeksha samvidaanathil pravartthikkaan thudangi. anthareeksha charakk trainukal kurachu divasangalkku munbu pravarthichittundaam.
parasyam cheytha neeravi sevanathinu purame naalu anthareekshamandala trainukal divasavum oodunnundengilum kurachu samayathinu sesham avaa neeravi trainukal maatti. thudakkathil tegnmouth vare maathrame anthareeksha samvidaanam upayogichirunnulloo, avide ninnu oru neeravi enchin pisttan vandi ulppedeyulla train newtanilekku valichidukayum avide ninnu pisttan vandi neekkam cheyyukayum train athinte yaatra thudarukayum cheythu. november 9 muthal newtanilekkulla chila anthareeksha pravartthanangal nadannu, 1848 march 2 muthal eee vibhaagathile ellah trainukalum anthareekshamaayirunnu.
1847-8-nte aaa shaithyakaalath teagnmouthilekku oru pathiv sevanam nilanirtthi. record cheytha ettavum uyarnna vegatha ovar hollinginteyum hollinginteyum sharaashariyaayirunnu.
eee kaalayalavil anthareeksha vyavasthayude rund pradhana parimithikal marikadannu. aadyathethu steshanukalil oru sahaaya traction pipe nalki; athu trackinu purathu sthaapichu, athinaal pooyint varkkine thadassappeduthunnilla. oru kayar vazhi bandhippichirikkunna pisttan vandi-paippin athintethaaya pisttan undaayirikkanam-train oru steshanilekkum mukalilekkulla pradhana paippinte thudakkathilekkum valichidaam. randaamathe vikasanam paippinulla oru level crossing krameekaranamaayirunnu rooad upayogathinaayi paippin kuruke oru keel cover plate kidakkunnu, ennaal traction pipe theernnappol, oru branch pipe oru cheria pisttan pravarthippikkukayum athu cover uyarthukayum pisttan vandiye surakshithamaayi kadannupokaan praapthamaakkukayum rooad upayokthakkalkkulla oru munnariyippayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. samakaalika saankethika droingukal traction pipe saadhaaranayekkaal valare kuravaanennum athinte mukalbhagam railway hedukalodoppavum madhyabhagam transomukalude madhyabhaagathaanennum kaanikkunnu. track gej engane paripalikkappettu ennathinekkurichu soochanakalonnum kanikkunnilla.
under power traction sisttam.
trainukal thripthikaramaayi oodunnundengilum saankethika kanakkukoottalukal thettayirunnu. nyoottan vareyulla level vibhaagathinum roottinte malayora bhaagathe paippukalkkum vendi brunal aadyam vyakthamakkiyathaayum nischalamaaya enchin power vaakvam pambukalum vyakthamakkunnathil addeham avaye ganyamaayi kurachuvennum thonnunnu. paippukal polikkukayum avayude sthaanathu paippukal sthaapikkukayum malayora bhaagangalil paippukal sthaapikkaan thudangukayum cheythathayi thonnunnu. roopakalppana cheythathinekkaal 50 sathamaanam vegathil pravarthikkunnathinu enchin kantrol govarnorukalil mattangal varuthi. kalkari upabhogam pravachanathekkaal valare kooduthalaanennu report cheyyappettu, oru train mylinu 1s 0d-nuu pakaram 3s 11⁄2d (koodaathe paattatthinu nalkia GWR steem lokkomotteevukalude vaadaka charjaaya 2s 6d-nuu pakaram). oru train vaikiyekkaamenkilum timetable anusarichu pumping aavashyamaayi varunna electric telegraph ithuvare sthaapikkappedaathaanu ithinu kaaranam. telegraph thayyarayappol, august 2 nuu, thudarnnulla aazhchakalil kalkari upabhogam 25 sathamaanam kuranju.
sloat adaykkunnathil prasnangal.
1847-1848-nte shaithyakaalath, traction pipe sloat seal cheytha lether flap valve prasnangal srishtikkaan thudangi. shaithyakaalathe thanutha divasangalil, mazhayil poorithamaayathinu sesham thukal manju kondu kadinamaayi maravichu. ithu oru train kadannupoyathinu sesham shariyaayi irikkaan kazhiyaathathin kaaranamaayi, paippilekku vaayu anuvadikkukayum pambinginte falaprapti kuraykkukayum cheythu. adutha vasanthakaalathum venalkkaalathum choodullathum varandathumaaya kaalaavasthayundaayirunnu, thukal valve vattukayum eathaandu athe phalam labikkukayum cheythu. vazhakkam nilanirthaanulla shramathil brunal thukal timingala enna upayogichu samskarichu. thukalile tanninum paippile irumbu ooksaidum thammil raasapravarthanam nadannathaayi parayappedunnu. pisttanukalil lether kapp seal cheiyunnathilum budhimuttukalundaayirunu.
flap valve maraykkaan daakki lainil upayogichirunna irumbu kalavastha flap southu devon sisttam ozhivaakkiyathaayi kamantettarmaar nireekshikkunnu. aaa variyil irumbu falakangal pisttan brackettinu thottumunbu thirikkukayum cheythu. enthukondaanu ithu southu devonil ozhivaakkiyathenn rekhappeduthiyittil, ennaal vegathayil aaa krameekaranatthil ganyamaaya mechanical shakti ulppettirikkanam, koodaathe paaristhithika shabdavum srishtichirikkanam.
meyy, juun maasangalil, flappinte bhagangal athinte fixing ozhivaakkukayum bhagangal vegathil maattisthaapikkendivam cheythappol athilum gurutharamaaya prashnam nerittu. eee samvidaanam paripalikkunnathinaayi samudaykku kambaniyumaayi kararundaayirunnu, addeham oru kalavastha cover sthaapikkaan upadeshichu, pakshe ithu sweekarichilla. ithu udanadi prashnam pariharikkillaayirunnu, thukal flap poornnamaayum maattisthaapikkendathunu; ithinu 32,000 poundu chelavaakumenn kanakkaakkappettirunnu-athu annu valare valia thukayaanu-samudra nadapadiyedukkaan visammathichu.
upekshikkal.
thettaaya oru samvidaanam pravarthanakshamamaakkaanulla poraattangalil kararparamaaya oru sthambhanamundayaal, avasaanam aduthuvarikayennathu anivaryamaayirunnu. 1848 august 29 nuu nadanna oru ohari udamakalude yogathil, ellah budhimuttukalum report cheyyaan directormaar baadhyastharaayirunnu, koodaathe anthareeksham upekshikkaan brunal upadeshichirunnu; grettu vestten reyilveyumaayi neeravi locomotteevukal nalkunnathinulla krameekaranangal nadakkunnundaayirunnu, 1848 septambar 9 muthal anthareeksham upekshikkappedum.
ippol koodikkazhchayekkurichu kaanicha directormaarkkulla brunalinte report samagramaayirunnu, koodaathe swantham athilolamaaya nilapaadinekkurichum samudrayude karar baadhyathakalekkurichum addeham shradhaaluvaayirunnu. moonnu vitharanakkaaril ninnu labhicha nischala enchinukalekkurichu addeham vivarichu "eee enchinukal mothatthil vijayakaramallenn thelinjittilla; avayilonnum ithuvare valare saambathikamaayi pravarthichittilla, chilath indhanathinte upayogathil valare amithamaan."kaalavastha, choodu, manju, kanatha mazha ennivayude theevrathakalil thukal valve ulla budhimuttukalekkurichu,
vaalvinte thukal ennayil pothinju warnish cheyth vellathilekku praveshikkaathathaakkuyam, allengil eerppamulla kaalaavasthayil athiloode kuthirkkukayum thanuppil athu maravippikkukayum cheiyunnathu, athu adaykkaan kazhiyaathavidham kadinamaakkukayum cheiyunna athe pariharangal moonninum baadhakamaan; athe munkaruthal thukal choodil vattunathum churungunnathum thadayunnu; kaaranam, ghadana urukunnathalla, choodu moolamundaakunna pradhana asoukaryamaanu. pisttan vandiyile oru tankle ninnu vaalvil parannukidakkunna oru cheria vellavum valare varanda kaalaavasthayil upayogapradamaanennu kandethiyittundu, ithu choodil allah, varalchayaan chorchaykku kaaranamenn kaanikkunnu.
ennaal athilum gurutharamaaya oru prashnamundaayirunnu "plettukalkkidayilulla sandhikalile thukal keeriyathinaal rekhamsha vaalvinte ganyamaaya alavu parajayappettu. eee sthalangalil aadyam thukal bhaagikamaayi pottukayum ithu ganyamaaya chorchaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheythu, prathyekichu varanda kaalaavasthayil. kurachu samayathinu sesham athu poornnamaayum keerunnu."
traction paippinteyum vaalvinteyum paripalanam samudrayude karar utharavaadithamaayirunnu, ennaal ashradhamaaya sambharanathinu kambaniye kuttappeduthukayaanennum trainukal upayogikkunnathinu munbu kurachu kaalamaayi valve sthaapichirunnuvennum brunal soochippichu; saadhyamaaya palliative nadapadikale soochippichu brunal badhyatha chodyathilekku pookaan visammathichu, pakshe upasamharichu
nirmmaanachelavu nammude pratheekshakale marikadannu, yaathrakkaarum thozhilaallikalum ellaavarum upayogikkunnathil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru samvidaanam pravarthippikkunnathinu budhimuttu valare valuthayi theliyikkapettu; athinaal, kurachu kooduthal pareekshanangalkk sesham, ippol nischayichirikkunna bhagam pravarthippikkunnathinu chelavil valia kuravundaayirikkumennathil samshayamilla, nyoottaninappuram samvidaanam thudaraan oru pralobhanavum undaakumenn enikku pratheekshikkan kazhiyilla.
chila ohari udamakalkkidayil valia sathrutha srishtikkappettu, samudra prathyekichu brunal kadutha vimarsanangal nerittengilum eee lainile anthareeksha samvidaanam avasaanichu.
nilanirtthal shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
thomas gill southu devon bordinte chairmaanaayirunnu, anthareeksha samvidaanathil thudaraan aagrahichu. ithinaayi sammarddam cheluthunnathinaayi addeham thante sthaanam raajivachu, 1848 novemberil addeham eee samvidaanam nilanirthanamennu abhyarthichu oru laghulekha prasidheekarichu. 1849 januvari 6nuu kambaniyude asaadhaaranamaaya oru pothuyogam nadannathinu addeham mathiyaya pinthuna srishtichu. deerghamaaya saankethika charcha nadannu, athil clark warley anthareeksha samvidaanam poortthiyaakkaanum laininte oru bhaagath nilanirthaanum karar cheyyaan thayyaaraanenn gill prasthaavichu. thangalude srishtikal pareekshikkaan aakamkshayulla mattu irupathiyanchu kandupiduthakkar undaayirunnuvennu gill paranju. yogam ettu manikkoor neenduninnengilum oduvil oru vottu edukkappettu pankeduttha bhooribhaagam ohariyudamakalum 645 muthal 567 vare oharikal eee samvidaanam thudaraan anukoolamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, yogathil pankedukkaan aagrahikkaatha ohariyudamakalude pakkal proxikalude oru valia block undaayirunnu, avarude vottukalkkoppam 5,324 muthal 1,230 vare upekshikkappettu.
southu devon reyilveyile anthareeksha vyavasthayude avasaanamaayirunnu athu.
elikal.
thukal flappinte paraajayatthinte oru ghadakam elikalaayirunnuvennum avaye kuthiyirakkunnathupole thavalakalilekku aakarshikkappettirunnuve palappozhum utsahi samghangalkkidayil avakaashappedunnu. aadyakaalangalil elikale traction paippilekku valicheduthathaayi parayappedunnundengilum mukalil vivaricha prathisandhi yogathil ithinekkurichu paraamarsamundaayirunnilla. reyilveyil itharam prasnangal srishtikkunna elikalkku "oru rekhaamoolamulla thelivum illa" ennu charitrakaaranaaya collin dival vishwasikkunnu.
saankethika vishadaamshangal.
waremwood scrubs demonstration line.
demonstreshan lainile pisttan vandi oru thuranna naalu chakrangalulla trackayirunnu. oru droingle oru tharatthilulla niyanthranangalum kanikkunnilla. pisttan vahikkunna beam "perch" ennu vilikkapettu, athu achuthandukalumaayi nerittu gadippikkukayum athinte madhyabhaagathu pivatt cheyyukayum cheythu; attaachment braakkattinte pinbhaagathu ithinu oru kaundar veytt undaayirunnu ("coolter" ennu vilikkunnu).
daakki line.
gaardinte compartmentum moonnaam klaas thaamasavum ulppedunna pisttan vandiyum pinnil end observation vindokalulla randaam klaas vandiyum ulppedunna rund kochukalaanu pathiv trainil undaayirunnathu. phastt klaas vandikal undaayirunnilla. gaardinu oru scru break undaayirunnu, pakshe mattu niyantranangalonnumilla. thirichuvaravu (avarohanam) guruthwaakarshanathin keezhilaayirunnu, kaavalkkaaran oru liver undaayirunnu, athu pisttan assembly oru vashathekku swing cheyyaan addehathe praapthanakki, angane tubinu purathulla pisttan upayogichaanu irakkam.
sent jermaine line.
dulky laininte eathaandu athe neelamullathum guruthwaakarshanathaal thaazhekku erangunnathu tubile pisttan upayogichaanu, vaayu marddam vegatha kuraykkaan sahayikkunnathum ozhike pravarthippichathumaaya vibhagamaayirunnu leeii peck tuu seyint jermaine. mukalile terminalil kayarukal upayogichu niyanthrikkunna swichingukalulla sidingukal undaayirunnu.
landanum croydon.
rund attangalullathinaal oro attatthum driverude plaattfomulla aarr chakrangalulla vaanukalaayirunnu pisttan vandikal. driverude sthaanam vandikkullilaayirunnu, thuranna sthalathalla. madhya achuthandu vindukeeraathathum pisttan assembly athumaayi nerittu bandhippichathumaanu. driverk oru vaakvam gej (merkuri maanomeettar, oru mettal tube upayogichu pisttaninte thalayumayi bandhippichirikkunnu. chila vahanangalil mosse recardo kandupiduthamaya speedometerukal gadippichirunnu. oru breakinoppam, driverk oru bye-paas valvum undaayirunnu, athu pisttanin munbulla bhaagikamaayi theernna traction tubilake vaayu praveshippikkukayum tractive fozhsu kuraykkukayum cheythu. flyovaril ninnulla 50ll 1 erangunnathil ithu upayogichathayi thonnunnu. samudrayude "grandhatthil" oru rekhaachithrathil liverinteyum vaalvinteyum krameekaranam kaanichirikkunnu.
variable sais pisttan.
samudrayude pettantinte bhaagamaayi variable vyaasamulla pisttan ulppedunnu, ithu ore pisttan vandiye vyathyastha traction tube valuppangalulla root vibhagangal charcha cheyyaan prapthamaakkunnu. kleydan ithu vivarikkunnu chalanathilaayirikkumbol driverk maattam niyantrikkaan kazhiyum; oru liver pisttan headinte pinbhaagathu kuda pole oru upakaranam pravarthippikkunnu; athinu steel vaariyellukal undaayirunnu. pistaninaayulla bracket ulkkollunnathin, traction tube sloat tyoobinte mukalilum tyoobinte vyaasam enthuthanneyaayaalum ore thalatthil aayirikkanam, angane seal cheyyenda adhika idam thaazhekkum vashathekkum aayirikkum; "kuda" krameekaranam asamathvathilaayirunnu. vaasthavathil ithu southu devon reyilveyil orikkalum upayogichirunnilla, kaaranam avideyulla 22 inch tubeukal orikkalum thurannitilla; vanaa kunninte maattam avidatthe anthareeksha vyavastha avasaanikkunnathin naalu maasam munbu maathrame neenduninnulloo. nantere muthal leeii peck vareyulla 15 inch paipum thudarnnu moonnara sathamaanam gradil 25 inch paipum sent-jerman reyilveyil upayogikkaanaan uddeshichirunnathu. 25 inch bhagam maathramaan poortthiyaakkiyathu, athinaal oru lalithamaaya pisttan upayogichu.
enchin house lokkeshanukal, southu devon railway.
dainton enchin hausil, pambukalilekkulla inlettu paippil oru vaakvam reseiver sthaapikkendathaayirunnu. traction paippilekku valichedukkaavunna avashishtangalkulla oru interseptaraayirunnu ithu; kaalaakaalangalil avashishtangal neekkam cheyyaan jeevanakkaarkk thurakkaavunna oru vaathil undaayirunnu.
mattu aadyakaala aaplikkeshanukal.
oru pisttan maathram allathe muzhuvan kaarum tubinullil vechaanu rund demonstration railway nirmmichathu. rund saahacharyangalilum kaarukal oru dishayilekku anthareeksha mardhavum maruvashathu vardhicha mardhavum moolam thallappettu, rund saahacharyangalilum neeravi lokkomotteevukalude pukayum vaathakavum illaathe kaarukal bhoogarbhathil oodikkuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam.
aeromoval.
pathonpathaam noottaandil oru praayogika anthareeksha samvidaanam (mukalil vivaricha) nirmmikkanulla sramangal saankethika poraaymakalaal parajayappettu. innathe kaalath, aadhunika vasthukkal oru praayogika samvidaanam nadappakkaan praapthamakki.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode brazeelile aeromoval korppareshan anthareekshathil pravartthikkunna oru automated peeppil mover vikasippichu. eyar daktt roopappeduthunna uyarnna pollayaya konkreett boxes guarderil gadippichirikkunna reyilukalilaanu bharam kuranja trainukal sanjarikkunnathu. oro kaarum oru chathuraakrithiyilulla plettumaayi-pisttan-dakttinullil gadippichirikkunnu, rubber flaappukal upayogichu seal cheytha oru rekhamsha slottiloode oodunna oru maast bandhippichirikkunnu. positteev marddam srishtikkunnathino allengil bhagika shoonyatha srishtikkunnathino dakttil ninnu vaayu puranthallunnathino vendi nischalamaaya electric eyar pambukal lainil sthithicheyyunnu. pisttan plettil pravartthikkunna mardha vyathyasam vaahanathe neekkaan kaaranamaakunnu.
vahanangal oodunna trackiloode kuranja volteju (50 vii) vaidyuthadhaarayiloode laittinginum breakinginumulla vaidyutha vaidyuthi traininu vitharanam cheiyunnu; ithu oonboord baattarikal charge cheyyaan upayogikkunnu. steshanukalil krithyamaayi nirthaan trainukalkku parambaraagatha brekkukalundu; plettil mardha vyathyaasamillengil eee breakkukal yaanthrikamaayi prayogikkunnu. poornnamaayum looad cheytha vaahanangalkk pelodinteyum dedd veyttinteyum anupatham ekadesham 1:1 aanu, ithu parambaraagatha badalukale apekshichu moonniratti mikachathaanu. lineside kantrolukal nirnnayikkunna chalanathode vahanangal driverillaathavayaanu. 1970kalude avasaanathil brazeelukaaraanu aeromoval roopakalppana cheythath.
1989ll indoneshyayile jakkaarthayile thaman miinii indoneshya indayilaanu eee samvidaanam aadyamaayi nadappaakkiyathu. aarr steshanukalum moonnu trainukalum ulla oru looppaan oru theem paarkk nalkunnathinaayi nirmmichirikkunnathu. 2010 kalude avasaanathil eee samvidaanam oru kaalayalavilekku adachupoottukayum 2019 ll veendum thurakkukayum cheythappol deesal pavarakki maattiya oru train maathrame pravarthichirunnulla.
randaamathe instaaleshan, metro-airport kanakshan 2013 augustil thurannu. eee line porto alegre metroyile estaakko aeroporto (airport steshan) salgado filho anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathinte terminal 1-neyum bandhippikkunnu. 90 second yaatra samayamulla orotta varii neelamullathaanu. aadyathe 150 yaathrakkaarulla vahanam 2013 eprilil vitharanam cheyyukayum 300 yaathrakkaarulla randaamathe vahanam pinneedu vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
aeromovalum chaina railway enchiniyaring group (kregg) sahakarichaan 2018 desemberil chainayil oru numatic railway gaveshana vikasana kendram anaachaadanam cheythath. 2017-nte thudakkam muthal kanovakalkkaayi nirddeshichittulla oru aarambhichathum ennaal nilachathumaaya samvidaanam ulppede padhathikalil sthaapanangal orumichu pravarthikkukayaayirunnu.
ghaanayude thalasthaanathu nirddishta akra skytraine, anchu line, elevated laitt reyil shringhala ennivayum saankethikavidya upayogikkum. 2019ll ghaana sarkkar 26 laksham kodi dollar chelavil padhathi vikasippikkunnathinayi dakshinaafrikkan kansorshyavumaayi build-oopparettad-transfer kanseshan karaaril oppuvachu. 2021 juun vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram padhathi saadhyataa patana ghattam kadannittilla.
saavo poulo/gwarulhose anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathil kroo airport peeppil mover sthaapikkaan aeromoval saankethikavidyayude udamasthathayilulla aeromine thiranjedutthathaayi 2020 desemberil prakhyaapichu. 4 steshanukalulla eee paatha neelamullathaayirikkum.
hye speed ashayam.
flaitt reyil korppareshan. amerikkayil uyarnna guidewayiloode passenture moduleukal neekkaan vaakvam, eyar marddam enniva upayogikkunna athivega anthareekshamardha train enna ashayam vikasippicheduthittundu. nischalamaaya oorjja samvidaanangal oru truss asamblikkullil reyilukalkk thazheyaayi sthithicheyyunna oru thudarchayaaya numatic tubinullil vaakvam (pisttanin munnil), marddam (pisttanin pinnil) enniva srishtikkunnu. free pisttan mukalilulla passenture modyoolukalumaayi kaanthikamaayi jodiyakkiyirikkunnu; chorcha ozhivaakkikkond eee krameekaranam power tube adaykkaan anuvadikkunnu. oru jodi samanthara steel reyilukalil power tubinu mukalilaanu gathagatha yoonit pravartthikkunnathu.
kambanikku nilavil outtdoor testt guidewayil pravartthikkunna aarilonn skeyil pailat model undu. 2 sathamaanam, 6 sathamaanam, 10 sathamaanam gradeukal ulkkollunna eee maarggarekha neelamullathaanu. pailat model vegathayil pravartthikkunnu. oru poornna thothilulla nadappakkalinu athinekkaal vegatha kaivarikkaan kazhiyumennu korppareshan avakaashappedunnu.