
isenhover dollar

1971 muthal 1978 vare yunaittad stetts mint puratthirakkiya oru dollar naanayamayirunnu isenhover dollar; 1935 ll pease dollar seerees avasaanichathinusesham mint puratthirakkiya aaa moolyamulla aadya naanayamayirunnu ithu. maruvashathu isenhover maruvashathu 1969 leeii apollo 11 chandra dauthyathe bahumaanikkunna oru stylised chithravum. bahiraakaashayaathrikanaaya maikkal collins roopakalppana cheytha mission paachine adisthaanamaakkiyulla reverse upayogichu frank gasparoyanu iruvashavum roopakalppana cheythath. ithu valia valippamulla oreyoru yuu aanu.ezz. currency adikkunna dollar naanayathil velliyonnum undaayirunnilla.
1965ll, svarnnavila vardhichathinaal, vellikkupakaram chembu-nikkal dharicha nanayangal mint adikkaan thudangi. muppathu varshamaayi dollar naanayangalonnum purathirangiyittillenge 1969 muthal oru dollar nanayam vaanijyathilekku veendum konduvaraan niyamanirmmathaakkal shramichu. aaa maarchil isenhover marichathinushesham, puthiya nanayam nalki addehathe aadarikkaanulla niravadhi nirddeshangal undaayirunnu. eee billukalkku pothuve vyapakamaaya pinthuna labhichenkilum puthiya nanayam adisthaana lohathilaano atho 40 sathamaanam velliyilaano enna tharkkam moolam niyamam pasakkunnathu vaiki. 1970ll, isenhover dollarine adisthaana lohathil prachaaratthinaayi adikkunnathinum 40 sathamaanam velliye shekharikkaavunna vilayaay adikkunnathinum oru vittuveezhchayil ethi. isenhoverinte keezhil vais presidentaayi sevanamanushticha president richard nixon 1970 desember 31 nuu puthiya naanayatthinte mintejinu amgeekaaram nalkunna niyamanirmmaanathil oppuvachu.
40 sathamaanam velli shekharanakkaarude saadhanangal nannayi vittazhikkappettenkilum, svakaaryamaayi nalkia tokkanukalude sthaanam ettedutha newada kaasinokalilum parisaratthum ozhike puthiya bays mettal dollarukal oru paridhivare prachaaratthilundaayirunnilu. 1975 leeii dollarukalonnumilla; aaa varsham muthal 1976 vareyulla naanayangalkk eratta theeyathi 1776-1976, dennis aarr ezhuthiya prathyeka reverse enniva undu. american swaathanthryathinte dvishathaabdi aaghoshathodulla bahumaanaartham vilyams. 1977 muthal, isenhover dollarinu pakaram cheria valippathilulla oru kashanam upayogikkaan mint shramichu. kongras susanne bii. kku amgeekaaram nalki. 1979ll aarambhicha aanthani dollar, aaa naanayavum pracharikkunnathil parajayappettu. avayude mithamaaya chelavum seereesinte hraswa dairkhyavum kanakkiledukkumbol, poornnamaaya isenhover dollarukal kootticherkkaan chelavukuranjathum nanaya sekharanakkaarkkidayil kooduthal janapriyamaayikkondirikkayu.
pashchaathalam.
velli dollar orikkalum oru janapriya naanayamaayirunnilla, padinjaarozhike valare kurachu prachaaratthilundaayirunnu; ithu lohathinte dhanasambaadanathinulla oru maargamaayi pravartthikkukayum orikkal thattippoyirunnenkil saadhaaranayaayi baank nilavarakalil irikkukayum cheythu. 1935nuu sesham velliyil nirmmicha avasana currency dollaraya pease dollar adichittilla, athinusheshamulla paada noottaandile mikka varshangalilum oru velli dollarinte bullian moolyam 70 centil kaviyunilla. ennirunnaalum, 1960-kalude thudakkathil, velliyude vila uyarukayum baankukaludeyum sarkkaarinteyum kaikalilulla valia vellivila shekharam velli sarttifikkattukalude veendedukkaliloode pothujanagalkk labikkukayum cheythu. ithu vitharanam cheythirunna paashchaathya samsthaanangalil velli dollarinte shaamathinu kaaranamaayi, avideyulla palisha kooduthal dollar nalkanamennu aavasyappettu.
1964 august 3nuu kongras 45 dasalaksham velli dollar adikkaan vyavastha cheiyunna niyamanirmmanam pasaki. velliyude vila aunsinu 1.29 dollar kavinjathode nanayangal prachaaratthil ninnu aprathyakshamaayathode eee niyamanirmmanam nadappaakki, ithu velli dollarinu currency ennathinekkaal bullian moolyamundaakki. newada kaasinokalilum "haard munny" janapriyamaayirunna padinjaaran pradeshangalilum upayogikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu puthiya kashanagal. dollar adikkunnathu vibhavangal paazhaakkunnathaanennu naanayashaasthra aanukaalikangal parathippettu. vellivilakkukal valareyadhikam upayogikkunna oru samsthaanathe prathinidheekarikkunna senatt bhooripaksha nethaavaaya mike maansfeeldinte (demokraat-mondaana) nirddeshaprakaaramaanu niyamam paasaakkiyat. mint director ivaa aadamsinteyum avarude jeevanakkaarudeyum sammarddangalkkidayilum, senattar mansfield oru radhakkal kaalathamasavum pariganikkaan visammathichu, 1965 meyy 12 nuu denver mint 1964-dii samadhana dollar adikkaan thudangi-1965 vare 1964-dettu nanayangal adikkunnathu thudaraan mintinu kongras amgeekaaram labhichu.
1965 meyy 15nuu puthiya kashanangalude oru pothu prakhyapanam nadathukayum ethirppukalude oru kodunkaattu neridendivarikayum cheythu. kadutha naanayakshaamamulla samayat nanaya vibhavangalude mosham upayogamaayi pothujanangalum niravadhi kongras amgangalum eee prashnathe kandu, ithu nanaya vyaapaarikalkk maathrame prayojanam cheiyukayulloo. thidukkathil kongras vaadam kelkkunnathinu oru divasam munbu meyy 24 nuu, aaa kashanagal vichaarana strikkukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnuvennum orikkalum prachaaratthinaayi uddeshichittillennum adams prakhyaapichu. 316, 076 kashanagal thakarnnathayi mint pinneedu prasthaavichu; kanatha surakshaykkidayilaanu ellaam urukiyathayi report cheyyappettathu. aavarthanam undaakillenn urappakkaan, 1965 leeii nanaya niyamathil anchu varshathekku velli dollar nirodhikkunna oru vyavastha kongras chertthu. aaa niyamam naanayathil ninnum paadatthil ninnum velliyum neekkam cheyyukayum araa dollarinte velliyude alavu 40 shathamaanamaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu.
thudakkam.
1969ll nixon administration mint director merii brooks dollar nanayam veendum purathirakkanamennu aavasyappettu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum, vardhichuvarunna bullian vila kennady araa dollarile velliyude thudarchayaaya upayogathe bheeshanippeduthiyenkilum dollarine oru velli naanayamaayi nilanirthumennu brookkukal pratheekshichu. oru puthiya velli dollarinulla brooksinte nirddeshathe house banking kammitti chairman raitt paatmaan ethirthu, niksante mungamiyaaya lyndon jonson thante mikacha theerumaanathinethire, araa dollaril velliyude thudarchayaaya upayogathe pinthunaykkaan avare prerippichu.
1969 march 28nuu muun presidentum randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathe general dwait dii. isenhover marichu. taamasiyaathe, republicanaaya isanhovarineppole nyoojezhsiyude prathinidhi florence dware nirddishta dollar naanayathinu addehathinte saadrushyamundennu nirddeshichu. janadhipathyaparamaaya misauri prathinidhi leonar sullivanumaayi avar samsaarichu, avar dollarinu janadhipathyaparamaaya president joonn eph.-nte saadrishyam vahikkunna pakuthi dollarinu "thulya samayam" aayi isenhoverinte chhaayaachitram undaayirikkanamennu sammathichu. kennidi. connecticut kongras amgam roobert enn aanu oru bill phayal cheythath. oru isenhover dollarinu amgeekaaram nalkaan giamo, velliyude ulladakkamillathe adikkaan. 1969 leeii vasanthakaalath gavanmentil ninnum giamo ulppedeyulla kongrasil ninnum amgangale aakarshikkunna naanayanirmmaanathekkurimmathu samyuktha kammeeshan dollarinu shupaarsha cheythu. araa dollaril ninnu velli illaathaakkaanum treasuryil ninnu general sarveesas administration (gsa) lake kaimaattam cheyyaanum athu aavasyappettu. currency naanayangalude abhaavathil swantham tokkanukal adikkunna kaasinokalilum uyarnna vilayulla enangal wilkan thudangunna vending vyavasaayathilum eee nanayam upayogapradamaakumennu giamo abhiprayappettu.
1969 october 3 nuu house banking kammitti oru bays-mettal isenhover dollarinaayi niyamanirmmanam pasaki, october 14 nuu antharicha presidentinte janmadinathinu krithyasamayathu muzhuvan sabayum ithu amgeekarikkumennu paatmaan paranju. october 6 nuu billinte sponsermaarkku oru nadapadikrama vottu nashtappettu, athu bhedagathikal anuvadikkillaayirunnu. chila prathinidhikal niyamanirmmanam pariganikkenda reethiye ethirthu samsaarichappol, ayowa kongrasmaan echu. aarr. nirddishta naanayatthinte adisthaana lohaghadanaye gross ethirthu "ningal president isenhoverinte oormmaykkaayi orupakshe scrap mettal kondu nirmmicha oru dollar mint cheyyaan oru upakaaravum cheyyilla."isenhoverinte janmadinamaaya october 14 nuu irusabhakalum vottu cheythu. bays mettal dollarinulla bharana pinthunayulla bill sabha paasaakkiyenkilum, colorado senattar peettar dominic bhedagathi cheytha prakaram senatt bill pasaki, eee kashanam 40 sathamaanam velliyil achadikkanamennu aavasyappettu. senatt bhedagathi pasakkunnathil pradhana punk vahichathu, thante bharthaav velli dollarukal memmantokalaayi nalkaan eshtappedunnuvennum 1890 ll janicha varshathil mudra pathippikkaan chila sramangal nadathiyennum oormmippichukondu maami isenhoveril ninnulla oru kathaanu. idaho senattar jaims mcclure prasthaavichu, "naanayathil ninnu velli thadanjuvekkunnathu general isanhovarineppolulla oru mahanaaya presidentinte antassinu thaazheyaan."1969 october 29nuu texas prathinidhi roobert aarr. isenhoverineyum sameepakaalathe apollo 11 moonn landingin aadarikkunnathinaayi kesi niyamanirmmanam avatharippichu. eee vyavasthakal isenhover dollarinu amgeekaaram nalkunna niyamaparamaaya billinte bhaagamaayi maarum. apollo 11-nte dauthya prameyam, "njangal ellah manushyavargathinum samaadhaanathode vannu", naanayathil prathyakshappedaan kesi aadyam aagrahichu; aaa likhithathinu edamillennu mint addehathe ariyichappol, vipareeta roopakalppana aaa prameyathinte pratheekamaayirikkanamenn addeham theerumaanichu.
1970 maarchil irusabhakalum othutheerppil ethi, 40 sathamaanam velli lohathil 150 dasalaksham dollar shekharikkunnavarkkum mattullavarkkum nalkum. ennirunnaalum, currency cheiyunna dollarinu velliyillathathinaal valia alavil adikkum. kalaktarmaarude kashanagal adikkaan aavashyamaaya 47.4 dasalaksham troy auns velli ithinakam sarkkaarinte kaivashamulla bulliyanil ninnu varum. mcclure mattu kongras republicanmaarum oru idaahon enna aruvikalude sahaayathode eee othutheerppu undaakki. raajyam arhikkunnathinekkaal valare kuravaanu, pakshe namukk labhikkumenn thonniyathilum valare kooduthalaanu" ennaanu karaarine mcclure visheshippichathu."velliyodukoodiya oru collectorude pathipp undayirikkaanulla kaaranam kennady araa dollarine prachaaratthil ninnu pinthirippicha hoarding ozhivaakkuka ennathaayirunnu.
1970 maarchil eee othutheerppu senattil paasaakkiyenkilum nanayangalil velli avasaanippikkaan theerumaanicha prathinidhi paatmaan athu sabhayil thadanju. paatmaan aavasyappetta baank holding kambani billil raidarayi senatt septambaril veendum bill pasaki. araa dollaril ninnu velli illaathaakkunnathinum apoorva velli dollar gsailake mattunnathinumulla vyavasthakal ulppedunna bill oru konfarans kammitti amgeekarikkukayum irusabhakalum pasakkukayum cheythu. thante oppillaathe bill niyamamaayi passacan nixon uddeshichirunnu. kongras nirthivachathinaal, billil oppidaathirikkunnath athu veetto cheiyumennu sahaayikal manassilaakkiyappol, 1970 desember 31 nuu ardharaathriyude samayaparidhikk minittukalkk munbu nixon thidukkathil athil oppuvachu.
design.
mint cheef encrover frank gasparo sambandhichidatholam, oru naanayathil isenhover idaanulla avasaram deerghakaala swapnathinte poorttheekaranamaayirunnu. 1945 juun 19nuu europile sakhyakakshikalude vijayam aaghoshikkunna oru paredu kaanaan newyorkkil othukoodiya 4 dashalakshathiladhikam aalukalil oraalaayirunnu gasparo. appol mintile asisttant kethupaathrakkaaranaayirunna gasparo general isenhoverinte oru nerkkaazhcha maathrame kandulloovenkilum, addeham janakkoottathil ninnu pinmaarukayum generalinte savisheshathakal varaykkukayum cheythu. aaa rekhaachithram addehathinte munvashathe roopakalppanayude adisthaanamaayi pravarthichu. naanayatthinte iruvashangalileyum roopakalppanakalekkurichu gasparo antharicha presidentinte vidhavayaya maami isenhoverumaayi koodiyaalochichu; muun pradhama vanithaykku 1971 januvari 1 nuu brookkukalum gasparo oru galwano (nanaya roopakalppana prakriyayil upayogikkunna oru loha maathruka) sammaanichu. 1970 november pakuthiyode aarambhicha jolie poortthiyaakkaan aarr aazhchakal undennum varshangalayi kazhukanmaarekkurichulla vipulamaaya gaveshanam pinbhagam srishtikkaan valia sahayamaayirunnuvennum addehathinte rekhaachitrangal maattamillathe sweekarikkappettuvennum gasparo 1991 ll ezhuthi. mukhya kothupanikkaaranu roopakalppana cheyyaanulla poornna swaathanthryam nalkiyittilla; munvashathe adisthaana leauttu washington kwarterinu samaanamaayirikkaan addehathinu nirddesham nalki.
niyamanirmmanam paasaakkunnathin munbu, gyaas paaro rund reversukal thayyarakkiyirunnu, yadhaarthathil upayogicha onnu, koodaathe kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya heraldic kazhukanodukoodiya oru reverse, ithu naanayavisthritha charitrakaaranum nanaya vyapariyum aanu. 1870kalil thayyarakkiya paatten naanayangale anusmarippikkunnava david bovezhs kandethunnu. kongrasinte nirbandhaprakaaram, bahiraakaashayaathrikanaaya maikkal collins mattullavarum vibhavanam cheytha mission paachine adisthaanamaakki apollo 11 chandra landinginte smaranaykkaayi mukhya kothupanikkaaran oru roopakalppana srishtichu. chandra landinginte thiranjeduppine bouvezhs "prathibhayude oru strock" aayi kanakkakkunnu, ithu vaanijyathil adhikam upayogikkappedaatha dollarine isenhoverinteyum chandra douthyathinteyum smaarakamaayi anuvadikkunnu. chandrante uparithalathinu mukaliloode thaazhekku thuzhayunna oru kazhukane (chandra module "kazhukane" prathinidheekarikkunna), samadhaanathinte adayaalamaaya oru olivu kombu nakhangalil pidichu, maruvashathu chithreekarikkunnu.
kolinsinte mission paachu design upayogikkunnathine chila sarkkar udyogasthar thudakkathil athirthirunnu, kaaranam kazhukante kadutha aavishkaaram kaaranam; gasparoyude prarambha ashayam samanamaaya ethirppukal nerittu. gasparo kazhukanmaare nokkaan philadelphia mrgashaalayil pooyirunnuvennum thirichethiyappol kazhukante kollayadi swabhaavathinu oonnal nalkunna oru roopakalppana thayyarakkiyathaayum mint director oormmippichu. kazhukan "valare ugran valare yudhapriyan alppam aakramanakaariyumaanennu" aruvikal gasparo ariyikkukayum aaa prayogam souhrudaparamaakkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. kazhukane maattunnathil athrupthi prakadippichathaayi report cheyyappetta gasparo, avasana pathippine "manoharamaayi kaanapedunnu" ennu visheshippichu."kazhukante aavishkaaram vranappeduthumennu stettu department bhayappedukayum oru nishpaksha mukham thedukayum cheythu. pakshiyude mukalil vidoora bhoomiye kaananakum, yadhaartha avasthakalude bahumaanaartham 13 nakshathrangalund.
gyaas paaro "nannayi maathrkayaakkiya" isenhoverinte prathimaye bouvezhs kanakkakkunnu, koodaathe pinvashathulla kazhukanu ambukalekkaal (yudhathinte adayaalam) oru olivu kombu maathrame ulloo enna vastutha "pothujanagalkk design eshtappedumennu ardhamaakkunnu."ennirunnaalum, isenhoverinte karkkashamaaya aavishkaaram maanyathaykk peruketta oru manushyante swabhaavamallennu parakke vimarsikkappettathaayi addeham rekhappeduthunnu. naanayashaasthranjanaaya david laang abhipraayappedunnathu "yuu. esil ninnu uthbhavikkunna ettavum mosham uthppannangalilonnaan isenhover dollar.ezz. mint."kennady araa dollarinu vaathakappaarro naanayatthinte oru vasham roopakalppana cheythittundenkilum linkon memorial sentinu reverse aanenkilum" isenhover dollar addehathinte roopakalppana mathramaayirunnu, athu addehathinte kazhivukalude pradarshanamaayi varthikkendathaayirunnu. nirbhagyavashaal, aikkinte mudiyodum kazhukante thoovalukalodum addeham saadhaaranayaayi prakrithivirudhamaayi perumariyathaayi velippeduthunna oru saadhaarana roopakalppanayaanithu."bhoomi poornnamaayum kaanichillennum gyaas paaro mission badge shradhaapoorvvam pinthudarnnuvennu manassilakkiyittillenum chila collectormar mochithanaaya sesham parathippettu. pradhana kothupanikkaaran roopakalppana vyakthamaakkikkond prathikarichu.
mochanam.
1971 januvari 25nuu philadelphia mintil rund prototype dollarukal adichu; avaa pinneedu nasippikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, shekharanakkaar prototypeukalaayi saakshyappeduthiya 1971-kalile rund naanayangalenkilum kandethiyittundu. ithrayum valia kattiyulla chembu-nikkal kashanagal adikkunnathu mintinte daisinu vinaashakaramaanennu thelinju, koodaathe sarkkuleshan strikkukalilum circulated velliyil pothinja naanayangalilum upayogikkenda aashvaasam kuraykkaan gasparo aavarthichu janvier reducing lath upayogichu. pradhana kothupanikkaaran thathfalamaayundaakunna maasttar dye nerittu maatti, refile thaazhthiyathinanusarichu nashtappetta chila vishadaamshangalenkilum punasthaapikkaan. ennirunnaalum, saan fraansiskoyil pathicha thelivu nanayangal uyarnna aashwaasathil thudarnnu. ithinartham 1971lum 1972lum (daikalil mikacha nilavaaramulla urukk upayogikkunnathuvare) proof naanayangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, circulated strikkukalkku kuranja riff, vishadamaaya uparithalam undaayirunnu. poornna vishadaamshangal purathuvidunnathinaayi proof nanayangal pathukke, saadhaaranayaayi onniladhikam thavana adikkunnu. oru chadangumillathe februvari 3 nuu denveril ninnu isenhover dollar prachaaratthinaayi adikkaan thudangi; philadelphiayilum achadi varshathinte thudakkathil aarambhichu, ennirunnaalum bovezhs, velliyudeyum vasthram dharicha dollar naanayangaludeyum samagra vijnjaanakoshathil oru prathyeka theeyathi rekhappeduthiyittil. 40 sathamaanam velliyil aadyathe isenhover dollar, circulated finishillaathe, 1971 march 31 nuu saan francisco aseh offeesil (innu saan francisco mint) adichu; aruvikal aupachaarikamaayi pressukal pravarthippichu. aadyathe nanayam adichathu maami isenhoverinu sammaanikkunnathinaayirunnu; randaamathethu david isenhoverinu (dwaittinteyum maami isenhoverinteyum kochumakan) moonnaamathethu david isenhoverinte bhaaryasahodaranaaya president nixoninu.
1971 januvari 29nuu, saan fraansiskoyil pradarshippikkaanirikkunna 40 sathamaanam vellikkashanangalude vila mint prakhyaapichu vitharanam cheyyaatha saambilukalkku 3 dollar mirror-surfaced proof peasukalkku 10 dollar, juulai 1 muthal meyil vazhi oordarukal edukkanam, oro upabhokthavinum anchu enna paridhi. pothujanagalkkulla oordar foomukal 44,000 poost offeesukalilekkum 33,000 baankukalilekkum ayachu, juun 18 vare avaa kaimararuthennu nirddeshichu. valare neratthe ayachathinu mint chila oordarukal thirike nalki. 1971leeii currency naanayangalude mint settukalil isenhover dollar ulppettirunnilla.
aadyathe proof strike, saan fraansiskoyil joolaiyil nadannu. swarnna kazhukan mudrayullah oru thavitt niramulla pettikkullile plaastik holderil proof kashanagal vittu; vrithiketta vellikkashanangal oru neela kavarinullil pleophilimiladachirunnu. ivaye "braun aikkukal", "blue aikkukal" ennu vilichirunnu, ippozhum avaa aaa padangalaal ariyappedunnu. 1971 juulai 27nuu vaitt house chadangil president nixon adicha aadyathe kashanam maami isenhoverinu sammaanichu. 40 sathamaanam vellikkashanangalude vilppana october 8nuu avasaanichu; aadyathe proof nanayangal president isenhoverinte janmadinamaaya october 14nuu collectormark meyil cheythu.
1971 november 1 muthal yuu. ezz. mint puratthirakkiya ettavum valia naanayamaaya isenhover dollarinte cled sarkkuleshan strikeukal baankukaliloode pothujanagalkk labhyamaayirunnu. palathum collectormar sambharichirunnu; thudakkathil naanayangalkk mathiyaya demand undaayirunnu, pala baankukalum oru upabhokthaavin oru naanayatthinte paridhi earppeduthiyirunnu. kararukar ninnu mint vangiya nanaya strippil ninnaan vasthram dharicha kashanagal adichathu. palarum athra aswastharaayirunnilla, ithu kooduthal mikacha maathrkakalkkaayi collectormar rolukal vaangaan kaaranamaayi. dhaaraalam nanayangalil ennamayamulla oru chithram kandethi; eee nanayangal shekharikkunnavar vrithiyaakki.
thudakkathil shakthamaayirunnenkilum
puthiya dollarilulla pothuthaalparyam, thudakkam muthal thanne nanayam prachaaratthilundaayirunnilu. 1976-ll, oru svakaaryamekhala sthaapanavumaayi chernnu nadatthiya oru treasury padanatthil isenhover dollarinu 100 sathamaanathinaduthulla attrishan nirakk undennu kandethi, athaayath, mikkavarum ellaayppozhum, oru nanayam oru edapaadil maathrame upayogichirunnulloo, thudarnnu pracharanam nirtthi (thaarathamyappeduthumbol, paadatthile attrishan nirakk poojyathinadutthaayirunnu). naanayatthinte valipavum bharavum, athinu saadhyathayulla upayogangalude abhavavum ithinu kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, newada kaasinokalile swakaarya-issue tokkanukal vegathil maattisthaapikkunnathil ithu vijayichu. nyoomistist randy camper parayunnathanusarichu, "currency" cheiyunna isenhover dollarinte 70 sathamaanathiladhikam kaasinokalilaanu upayogichirunnathu. vending mesheen vyavasaayam isenhover dollarinaayi lobby cheythenkilum, nanayangal sweekarikkaan kurachu yanthrangal maathrame parishkkarichulloo. laang oormmippichu, "eee nanayangal orikkalum kaasinokalkkum sameepa pradeshangalkkum purathu pracharichilla ennathaanu vastutha, avaa sweekaricha oru vending mesheen njaan kandathayi oorkkunnilla."
uthppaadanam.
aadya varshangal (1971-1974).
1971ll eee mint 125 dasalaksham dollariladhikam nedi, ithu oru dollar naanayatthinte ettavum valia vaarshika ulppaadanathe erattiyilaakkunnu. 1972ll mintej 170 dashalakshathiladhikam aayi vardhichittum, "nanaya" maasika "mintinte bhaagathuninnu dheeramaaya nadapadikal" ennu visheshippichenkilum, eee kashanam pracharichilla. 1974-ll "nanayangal" enna lekhanathil, nyoomistaattist klement eph. naanayatthinte prachara moolyam poojyamaanu" ennu bailey abhiprayappettu. shekharikkaathavar niravadhi isenhover dollarukal suvaneerukalaayi maatti. ennirunnaalum, vellikkayatangal valare nannayi vitazhikkappettu, 1971 octoberil, 1971-kalile proof dollarinulla oordarukal 1972 vare muzhuvan niraykkillennu mint director brooks munnariyipp nalki. valia pothu aavasyavum ulppaadana budhimuttukalum kaaranamaan kaalathamasam varuthiyathennu avar paranju. 1971-kalile vellikashanangalil 11 dashalakshathiladhikam 4 dashalakshathiladhikam thelivukalode, thelivaayum prachaaratthilillaathayum vittu. 1972 meyy maasathil treasury sekrattari joonn koonli oru senatt kammittikk munnil saakshyappeduthi, isenhover dollarinte velli pathippil mint nediya laabhathe "nyaayeekarikkaanaavaathaana" ennu visheshippichu, oru velli naanayatthinte sharashari labham 3.89 dolaraayirunnu, uthppaadanam kooduthal kaaryakshamamaakumbol vardhikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. vila kurachathu ithinakam saadhanangal vaangiyavare prakopippikkumennu mint udyogastharkku thonni.
1972leeii vellikkash veendum saan fraansiskoyil adichu. vilppana ganyamaayi kuranju, 22 laksham saambilukal circulated allaathathum 18 laksham thelivukalumaanu. 1972-leeii part-silver isenhover dollarukal meyil oordar vazhi vilppanaykku labhyamaayirunnu, meyy 1 muthal juulai 15 vare proof naanayangalkkum august 1 muthal october 16 vare circulated pathippinum oordar kaalayalav undaayirunnu.
isenhover dollarinte mathiyaya vitharanamullathinaal, 1973 ll federal reservinu onnum oordar cheyyenda aavashyamillaayirunnu, koodaathe onnum prachaaratthinaayi adichu. 1973lum 1973lum-dii aayirunnu mint settukalil ulppeduthunnathinaayi adichelppicha aadyathe isenhover dollarukal, sidhaanthathil, aaa reethiyil maathrame labhyamaakoo. varshangalayi, 1973,1973 dollar nanayangal prachaarathilundennu kandethiyittundu, ithu mint pratheekshichathupole niravadhi mint settukal vilkkunnathil paraajayappettathinetthudar urukiyathayi report cheyyappetta 230,798 nanayangal prachaaratthil vannathayi oohaapohangalkku kaaranamaayi. joonn vexler, bill crofford, kevin fline ennivar isenhover dolarinekkurichulla avarude vaalyathil 1974 ll mint phoor public sarveesas royiyude asisttant director ezhuthiya kathu udharichu ithu nishedhikkunnu. 1973ll vittazhikkappedaatha mint settukalil ninnulla isenhover dollarukalellaam urukkiyathayi paranja kaahoon. bays-mettal proof settukalilum saadhaarana "blue aikkukal", "braun aikkukal" ennivayil ulppeduthiyathinum 1973-kall adichu. part-silver kashanangalude vilppana motham 29 lakshathil thazheyaayi kuranju. 1974ll veendum pracharanatthinaayi mudra pathippikkukayum mint settukalilum proof settukalilum ulppeduthukayum saan fraansiskoyil ninnu proof circulated velliyum dharichu labhyamakkukayum cheythu. 1974-kalile velli naanayangalude vilppanayil ninnulla kurachu panam newyorkkile seneca faalsile isenhover collegine pinthunaykkaan upayogikkanamennu kongras utharavittu. ithu oru mosham maathrkayaanu srishtichathennu nanaya shekharanakkaarkk thonni, ennaal 1974 num 1978 num idayil ekadesham 9 dasalaksham dollar colleginu nalkappettu; ennittum, panam ulppeduthiyittum, 1982 ll koleju athinte vaathilukal adachu.
dvishathaabdi issue (1975-1976).
federal pinthunakku yogyamennu karuthappedunna samghadanakalkkaayi dhanasamaaharanathinulla maargamaayi 1892 num 1954 num idayil america smaaraka nanayangal purathirakkiyirunnu. amgeekritha niyamanirmmaanathil oru sponsoring oorganaiseshane niyogikkukayum issue mukhavilaykku vaangaanum pothujanagalkk preemiyathinu vilkkanum vyathyasam pokkattil vaykkaanum anuvadikkukayum cheyyum. vitharanangal thettayi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum pothu nanayangal swakaarya labhathinaayi upayogikkaruthenna paraathikalum ulppedeyulla prashnangalile vividha prasnangal, atharam vishayangalodu treasury vakupp uracha ethirppinu kaaranamaayi, 1954 nuu sesham onnum undaayilla.
american swaathanthryathinte 1976 leeii irunooraam vaarshikathinte ("dvishathaabdi") melnotta samithiyaayi 1966 ll kongras american revolutionary baisenteniyal kammeeshan (aarr. bii. sii) sthaapichu. 1970-ll, athinte naanayangalum medalukalum upadeshaka samiti oru prathyeka araa dollar nalkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum thudarnnu pracharikkunna american naanayangalude thaalkkaalika punarroopakalppana kammitti thedukayum cheythu. eee nirddeshangal nadappakkunnathinulla niyamanirmmaanathe aruvikalum mintum thudakkathil ethirthuvenkilum oduvil naalara, araa dollar, dollar naanayangalude reversukal punarroopakalppana cheiyunnathinum velli dharicha prathyeka collectorude settukal purathirakkunnathinumalla niyamanirmmaanathe aruvikalum pinthunachu. 1973 october 18nuu president nixon ithu adhikaarappeduthunnathinu niyamanirmmaanathil oppuvachu. eee niyamanirmmaanatthinte nibandhanakal anusarichu, 1975 juulai 4nuu sheshavum 1976 desember 31nuu munbum delivari cheiyunnathinaayi achadicha eee moolyamulla naanayangalkk prathyeka reversukal undaayirikkum, koodaathe 1776-1976 theeyathiyum undaayirikkum. motham 15 dasalaksham settukal (45 dasalaksham) velliyil pathicha nanayangal pothujanagalkk preemiyatthil vilppanaykku vaykkum.
moonnu dvishathaabdi naanayangalude vipareeta roopakalppanakal nirnnayichathu pothujanangalkkayi thuranna oru design malsaramaanu. 1974 januvariyil eee malsaram avasaanikkukayum maarchil 22 kaaranaya art vidyaarthi dennis aarr samarppicha oru design samarppikkukayum cheythu. vilyams dollarilekku thiranjedukkappettu. vilyams, oru yuu roopakalppana cheiyunna ettavum praayam kuranja vyakthi.ezz. chandranil adichelppichirikkunna swaathanthryamani chithreekarikkunna oru roopakalppana naanayathil samarppichirunnu. chandra uparithalathil drishyamaakunna savisheshathakal lalithamaakkukayum aksharangalum maniyum maattukayum cheythukondu gasparo roopakalppanayil cheruthaayi maattam varuthi. viliams mattu moolyavarggangalude designermaarum 1974 august 12 nuu aadyathe nanayangal adikkaan pressukal pravarthippichu; eee prototypeukalude oru koottam pinneedu puthiya president jerald fordinu nalki. vilyamsinte roopakalppana pothujanagalkk eshtappettengilum swaathanthrya munny munbu nanayangalil upayogichirunnathinaal chila naanayashaasthranjaril ninnu vimarsanam aakarshichu (udaaharanathinu, franklin araa dollaril). 1975 leeii kuranja vilayulla oru kashanam sambharikkappedumennu bhayann 1974 desemberil mint niyamanirmmanam nedi, dvishathaabdi kashanangalude naanayanirmmaanam aarambikkunnathuvare 1974-leeii kashanagal thudaraan anuvadichu.
pothujanagalkk vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi irakkiya moonnu moolyanirnnayangalil aadyathethaanu dvishathaabdi dollar; iva 1975 februvari muthal roopeekarichu. 1975 epril 23 muthal saan fraansiskoyil velli kashanagal adichu. chembu nikkal dollar avyakthamaayi adikkunnuvennu mint kandethi, ithu velli kashanangalil kaanaatha oru prasnamaanu. gyaas parro dye parishkkarikkan anuvadikkunnathinaayi uthppaadanam nirthalaakkunnuvennu aruvikal vilikkunnu; ettavum sradheyamaaya maattam, puthukkiya prashnam, allengil ariyappettirunna type II, maruvashathu idungiyathum moorchayullathumaaya aksharangalund ennathaanu. ellah vellikkashanangalum (saan fraansiskoyil maathram adichathu) type I aanu; moonnu mintukalum type I, type II chembu nikkal kashanagal adichu. 1975 proof settukalil ulppeduthiyittulla ellah dollarukalum type I aanu; 1976 proof settukalil ulppeduthiyittullava type II aanu. aadyathe dvishathaabdi dollar 1975 october 13nuu prachaarathilirakki. 220 dashalakshathiladhikam dollar adichu. 1976 nuu sesham irunoottaandu roopakalppana upayogichilla; 1986 avasaanathode vilppana avasanikkunnathuvare velli dharicha irunoottaandu naanayangalude settukal mint vittu.
president fordinu nalkia prototype settile dollarinu samanamaaya velliyil pothinjathum mint maarkk illaathathumaaya oru thelivu dvishathaabdi nanayam ariyappedunnu. washingtonile wood ward & lothrop department storile kyash rajisttar droyeril ninnaan eee kashanam vannathennu karuthappedunnu.sii. thomas keey. annu "nanaya loka" thinte reporteraayirunna delori, eee nanayam sarkkaaril ninnu rahasyamaayi labhichathaakaamennaanu karuthiyirunna eee kathayekkurichu samshayikkunna aalkk aaa katha kandethanaayi. athu pidichedukkappedumenna bhayann, athinaal, naanayashaasthranjarkku labhyamallenn bhayann addeham uthbhavathe chodyam cheyyaan visammathichu. 1987ll swakaarya vilppanayiloode eee kashanam ekadesham 30,000 dollar konduvannu.
avasana varshangalum pakarakkaran (1977-1978).
1975 aayappozhekkum, dollar adikkunnathiloode vibhavangal chornnolikkunnathinekku treasury aashankaakulamaayirunnu, athu pracharichilla. yuu enna aarr nilavile moolyanirnayangal padikkaan athu oru swakaarya sthaapanathe niyogichu.ezz. nanayangal undaakkukayum shupaarshakal nalkukayum cheyyuka. isenhover dollar valare valuthum phalapradamaayi sanjarikkaan kazhiyaathathra bhaaramullathumaanennu sthaapanam athinte reportil nigamanam cheythu, ennaal vyaasam moonnilonnu kuraykkukayum bharam moonnil rund sathamaanam kuraykkukayum cheythaal athu upayogikkaam. isenhover dollar athinte valia valipavum bharavum kaaranam pothujanangal vyaapakamaayi sweekarichittilla" ennu aaa report kandethi. 1977 januvariyil, oafees vidunnathinu thottumunbu, fordinte treasury sekrattari vilyam iii. saiman, sent aandu def dollar illaathaakkaanum dollarinte valippam kuraykkaanum nirddeshichu. bouvezhs parayunnathanusarichu, isenhover dollar pole valia oru nanayam amerikkayil pracharikkillenn treasury vishwasichirunnu.
vividha aakruthikalum rachanakalum ulla cheria valippathilulla paatten kashanagal mint adichu. 11 vashangalulla oru nanayam pariganichirunnu, athu kwarteril ninnu verthirikkumaayirunnu, pakshe vending mesheenukalil paattenukal pravartthikkilla. titanium polulla videsha lohangal mint staanderd clad ghadana theerumaanikkunnathinu munbu pariganichirunnu. aadyakaala american naanayangalkk samaanamaayi ozhukunna mudiyulla swaathanthryam kaanikkunna oru roopakalppana, sanjarikkunna kashanangalkkayi thayyarakkiya gasparo.
isenhover dollar athinte pathanatthinaayi kaathirikkumbol, prathivarsham ekadesham 50 dasalaksham adichu, ethirvashathekku kazhukan roopakalppana upayogichu. rund varshangalilum, nirmmicha bhooribhaagavum denverilaayirunnu. silver collectorude pathipp purathirangiyitla; neela, thavitt niratthilulla ekkil 1974 ll avasaanichu.
puthiya treasury sekrattari maikkal blumenthal kongrassinu munbaake saakshyappeduthikkondu gasperoyude roopakalppanaye pinthunachu; visconsin senattar vilyam proxmire blumenthaalinte nilapaadine "koppu-outtu" ennu vilichu. aadyakaala vanita avakasha nethaavu susanne bii. yude smaranaykkaayi swantham niyamanirmmanam avatharippikkunnathinupar, roopakalppanayude thiranjeduppu bluementhalino addehathinte pingamico vittukodukkunna bill avatharippikkan proxmire visammathichu. anthoni. puthiya kongrasilum carter bharanathilum palarum saamoohika purogamanavaadikalaayirunnu, koodaathe sthreekalude swaathanthryathe pinthunachu. ohiyo prathinidhi merii rooss ookkarum oru susanne bii-ykkayi niyamanirmmanam avatharippichu. 1978 octoberil aanthani dollar; athu kongrasiloode athivegam munnott pookukayum president jimmy carter oppidukayum cheythu. gasparoic aanthaniyude photographukal nalkukayum naanayathil avalude roopam krithyamaayi punarnirmikkaan parayukayum cheythu. aanthaniyude karkkashamaaya aavishkaaram chilar ithine "susanne bii" ennu vilikkaan kaaranamaayi. vedanayunarthunna dollar. isenhover dollarinte reverse aanu aanthani dollarinu upayogichathu. pothujanangal puthiya kashanagal sookshikkumennu bodhyapetta mint beuro 1979 juulai 2 nuu pothujanagalkk audyogikamaayi purathirakkunnathinu munbu araa bilyan dollar uthpaadippichu. athu vishamikkendathilla; pavam dollarinu valare aduthulla valupavum bharavum ulla puthiya nanayam pothujanangal pettennu nirasikkukayum 1980 nuu sesham prachaarathinulla uthppaadanam avasanippikkukayum cheythu. mint director stella hackel sims paranju, "aalukal isenhover dollar upayogikkunnu, pakshe kaalakramena avar susanne parichitharakum". tapal edapaadukalile mattamaayi puthiya cheria dollarukal nalkaanum avaa nirbandhapoorvvam upayogikkaanum sramangal nadatthi.ezz. europile sainika udyogasthar; iruvarum parajayappettu.
isenhover dollar velliyil achadicha avasana pathiv-issue dollar naanayamaan (collectorukalum proof ishyukalum 40 sathamaanam eiii. jii. shudhiyode achadichavayaanu), yadhaartha valia valippathil achadicha avasana dollar nanayam, koodaathe currency cheiyunna oreyoru "valia dollar" (athaayath, munbathe 90 sathamaanam dollar naanayangalude athe 38 emm vyaasamullath) capronicalil achadichathaanu.
shekharanam.
theeyathiyum mint mark upayogichu shekharicha isenhover dollar apoorvamalla; thalphalamaayi, nanayangal thaarathamyena vilakuranjathum budhimuttillaathe oru samboornna settu nedaavunnathumaanu. ennirunnaalum, palathum, prathyekichu 1971lum 1972lum, poornna vishadaamshangalillaathe, moshamaayi baadhichu, mikka kashanangalum adichu taamasiyaathe parasparam sanbarkkam pulartthiyathil ninnu nikkukal, poralukal allengil "bagg adayaalangal" nedi. thaazhnna nilavaaramulla velli nanayangal urukkaan kazhiyumenkilum, vilayeriya loha ulladakkathinte abhavam kaaranam isenhover dollarinu ithu praayogikamalla, dealermar palappozhum mukhavilayil kazhiyunna eathu premiyavum nedaan shramikkunnu. oru koottam uyarnna grade saambilukal poortthiyaakkunnathu budhimuttullathum chelaveriyathumaanu, prathyekichu 1971,1972 varshangalil philadelphiyayil ninno denveril ninno, avaa mint settukalil vilkkappedaathathinaal baankukaliloode maathrame collectormark labhikkoo. 1973-dii kashanam, aaa theeyathiyile ettavum mikacha patthu maathrkakalkkoppam bandhippichirikkunnu, koodaathe 2013 juunil ekadesham-prinstain ems-67 avasthayil mint maarkk 12,925 dollarinu vittu. naanayavisthritha ezhuthukaaranaaya steevu reach parayunnathanusarichu, "kooduthal aalukal moonnaam kakshi certificationaayi isenhover dollar polulla aadhunika kaalaghatta nanayangal samarppikkumbol, uyarnna gradukalile pala prashnangaludeyum yadhaartha apoorvatha vyakthamaakunnu."
1971-dii kashanangalil chilath (niravadhi vyathyaasangalkkidayil) kazhukanu brau lineukal illaatha vaividhyangal pradarshippikkunnu, ivaye isenhover dollar vidagdhar "frondly eegil paatten" ennu vilichittundu. 1972ll philadelphiyayil adicha dollarine moonnu inangalaayi thirichirikkunnu, mintinte diesil upayogikkunna mikacha urukk muthaledukkunnathinaayi gasparo design krameekarichathinaal avaa nirmmichu. 1972ll nyoo oorliyansil nadanna american numismetic associationte kanvenshanil brookkukal roopakalppanayil oru madhyavarsha maattam prakhyaapichu, ennirunnaalum enthaanu maattunnathenn avar krithyamaayi paranjilla. purakil bhoomiyude chithreekaranam parishodhichu moonnu enangale verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. type I dollarukal kaanikkunnath bhoomi oru paridhivare parannathayi, florida thekkukizhakkott viral choondunnu, dveepukal kooduthalum upadveepinte attatthinte thekkukizhakkayi. bhoomi vrithaakruthiyilullathum florida type II ll thekkott poyintullathumaanu, thekkukizhakk orotta valia dveep. upadveepinu thekk nerittu rund dveepukalundennathozhike, tharam III tharam II nuu samaanamaan. 1972 maarchil upayogicha orotta reverse dial ninnullathaanu type II, ithu philadelphiyayil thettayi sevichu-ithu saan fraansiskoyile silver proof strikkukalkku samaanamaan, ithu upayogikkanamaayirunnu. type III sevanathil sthaapichu, type I-nuu pakaram, 1972 septambaril. type I ettavum saadhaaranamaanu; type III design 1973-lum athinusheshavum upayogichu. 1972 type II mikacha gradukalil chelaveriyathaanu, athupole thanne philadelphiyayil ninnulla 1776-1976 type I, ithu mint settukalil maathram labhyamaayirunnu.
1971-kalile chila proof peesukalil (1971-kalile chila proof peesukalil) "liberty" ennathil "aarr"-nte chuvattil serifukal kaananilla; ithine "pegg legg" inam ennu vilikkunnu. 1972-kalile ellah serifukalilum circulated allaathathum thelivillaathathum kanunnilla. mint daisinu mikacha urukk labhichathinushesham, backie ellah dvishathaabdi ithara naanayangalkkum, ellah mintukalil ninnum, aarinte legg cheruthaakkiyenkilum, type II dvishathaabdikkum (type i-ll aaril serifukal illa) serifukal madangi. naanayatthinte bharanakaalathu isenhoverinte thalayude vishadaamshangal mechappeduthaan gasparo palappozhum shramichirunnu, athinu ettavum aduthulla aksharam aarr aayathinal, nanayangal adikkumbol lohathinte ozhukk mechappeduthaanulla sramathilaanu eee mattangal varuthiyathennu karuthappedunnu.
1974lum 1977lum denver mint velli pothinja plaanchettukalil allengil shoonyasthaanangalil cheria ennam kashanagal adichu. rund thavanayum, saan francisco aseh offeesil ninnu denverilekku ayacha plaanchettukalil ninnaan iva vannath. 1974ll rund laas vegas black jacq dealermar swathanthramaayi aadyathethu kandethi. 1974leeii plaanchettukal thudakkathil "braun aikku" proof strikingukalkkaayi upayogikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu; appol nirasikkapetta silver proof plaanchettukal circulated cheyyaatha "blue aikkukal"kkayi upayogikkuka ennathaayirunnu mint nayam, ennaal iva nirasikkapetta chembu-nikkal proof plaanchettukalkkayi binnil sthaapichu, denveril sarkkuleshanaayi roopakalppana cheyyaan uddeshichullathaanu. 1977leeii kashanagal randaranoottaandu velliproof upayogathinaayi nirasikkappettathinte falamaayi veendum thettaaya binnil sthaapichu (avaa urukkiyirikkanam, kaaranam mint velliyil karangaatha isenhover dollar adikkunnilla). oro theeyathiyudeyum 10 muthal 20 vare ariyappedunnu. vexler, crofford, fline enniva velliyil apoorvamaaya 1776-1976-d dollar report cheiyunnu, ennaal lelathil onnum vaagdaanam cheythitillennum pradhana nanaya grading sevanangalil samarppichittillennum prasthaavikkunnu.
morgan dollar (1878num 1921num idayil adichathu) akkaalat vyaapakamaayi shekharikkappettirunnil, pinneedu valare janapriyamaayitheernnu, oru divasam isenhover dollarinte oozham varumennu bovezhs soochippikkunnu. 2012ll isenhover dollarinecurich naanayavyaapaaravidagdhaaya chaals morgan paranju,
mintej kanakkukal.
sarkkuleshan strikkukal
sanjarikkaatha velli
thelivu

