
islaamika sainika niyamashaasthram

islaamika sainika niyamashaasthram ennathu yudhasamayathu musleengal anusarikkumennu prathekshikkunna sariyaaya islaamika reethiyaayi "ulamakal" (islaamika pandithanmaar) shariat (islaamika niyamam), fikh (islaamika niyamashaasthram) ennivayil amgeekarichathine soochippikkunnu. chila pandithanmaarum muslim mathanethaakkalum islaamika thathwangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla sayudha pooraattatthe cheria jihad ennu visheshippikkunnu.
vidhikalude vikasanam.
onnaam noottaandil mohammed madeenayil oru islaamika raashtram sthaapichathinu sheshamaan aadyathe sainika vidhikal roopeekarichathu. khuraan (islaamika vishudha grandhangal), hadees (rekhappeduthappetta paarambaryangal, pravrithikal (perumattangal), muhammadinte vaakkukal, sammathangal) ennivayude vyaakhyaanangalkkanusamithaayi eee vidhikal parinamichu. yudhathinte neethi (thuramukham), jihaadinte utharavu ennivayaayirunnu eee vidhikalile pradhana vishayangal. eee vidhikalil pothuve kalahangalum sayudha samghattanangalum ulppedunnilla.
musleengalkkethiraya mcca khuraishukalude adichamarthal sanbradaayangalkku sesham jihadinu ("poraattam" ennathinte arabic) oru sainika maanam nalki. muslim samooham daivathinte lakshyathinaayi nadathunna poraattamaayaanu ithine vyaakhyaanichath. jihaadumaayi bandhapetta utharavukal musleem samudaayathinte vyakthigathavum koottaayathumaaya kadamakalayi visheshippikkappettindu. athinaal, aakramanathinte swabhaavam vyaakhyaanathil pradhaanamaan-musleem samooham mothatthil akramikkappettaal jihad ellah musleengaludeyum kadamayayi maarunnu. musleem bharanathilulla raajyangalilum (dhaar alle-islam) amuslim raajyangalilum souhrudaparavum sathrutha niranjathumaaya aavasyakathakalumaayi bandhappett jihad kooduthal verthirikkappedunnu.
niyama professormaaraaya shaheen sardar aliyudeyum javed rehmante abhipraayathil, islaamika sainika niyamashaasthram aadhunika anthaaraashtra niyamangalude niyamangalkk anusrithamaanu. rund niyamavyavasthakaludeyum anuyojyathayude thelivaayi islaamika niyamathodum aikyaraashtrasabhayude charterode islaamika sahakarana (aiosi) amgaraajyangalude (muslim lokathinte bhooribhaagatheyum prathinidheekarikkunna) samghadanayude eratta prathibaddhatha avaa choondikkaanikkunnu.
yudhathinte dhaarmikatha.
niyamaparamaaya svayam prathirodhatthinum mattu muslimkale sahayikkunnathinum oru udambadiyude nibandhanakal lamghichathinu sheshavum poraattam nyaayeekarikkappedunnu, ennaal eee saahacharyangal illaathaayaal athu avasaanippikkanam. poraalikal allaathavare parikkelppikkunnathu ozhivakkaan, aavashyamaaya ettavum kuranja shakthiyode, kopamillaathe, yudhathadavukaarodu manushikamaaya perumaattatthode achadakkathode yuddham nadatthanam.
thante jeevithakaalathu mohammed thante sainyathin vividha utharavukal nalkukayum yuddham nadathunnathinulla sanbradaayangal sweekarikkukayum cheythu. ivayil ettavum pradhaanappettava muhammadinte koottaaliyum aadya khaleefayumaaya abu bucker muslim sainyathinte patthu niyamangalude roopathil sangrahichu
tabari parayunnathanusarichu, abu bucker nalkia patthu "upadesham" usama biinn sayeedinte paryaveshanathinidayilaayinu. sathrukkalkkulla jalavitharanam nirthaan musleengale islam anuvadikkunnillennu siphin yudhathil khaleefa alii prasthaavichu. rashidun khaleefakalkku purame, mohammed thanne paranja hadeesukal soochippikkunnathu, addehathinte maranashesham oduvil nadanna eejipt musleem adhiniveshathekkurichu addeham inipparayunnava prasthaavichathaayi soochippikkunnu
eejipt keezhadakkiya samayatheppole 'aamar ibnu alle-' eee thathwangal uyarthippidichu. ezhaam noottaandile samakalikanaaya oru kristhyan joonn oof nikkiyu, 'aamar' alexandria keezhadakkiyathinekkurichu inipparayunnava prasthaavichu
aadyakaala khaleefamaar sthaapicha thathwangalum kurishuyudhasamayathu aadarikkappettu, udaaharanathinu saladin, alle-kaamil thudangiya sultaanmaarum. udaaharanathinu, kurishuyudhangalil alle-kaamil fraankukale paraajayappedutthiya sesham, olivaras scholasticus islaamika yuddha niyamangale prashamsikkukayum parajayappetta frankish sainyathin alle-kaamil engane bhakshanam nalkiyennu abhipraayappedukayum cheythu.
onpathaam noottaand muthal anthaaraashtra niyamathekkurichulla aadyakaala islaamika prabandhangal islaamika dhaarmikatha, islaamika saambathika niyamashaasthram, anthaaraashtra niyamathinu islaamika sainika niyamashaasthram ennivayude prayogam ulkkollunnu, koodaathe udambadikalude niyamam ulppede niravadhi aadhunika anthaaraashtra niyama vishayangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu; nayathanthranjar, bandikal, abhayaarthikal, yudhathadavukal ennivarumaayi perumaaral; abhayam nedaanulla avakasham; yudhakkalathile perumaattam; sthreekal, kuttikal, pooraadaattha saadhaaranakkaar ennivarude samrakshanam; yudharekhayiludaneelamulla karaarukal; vishaayudhangalude upayogam; shatru pradeshatthinte nasham.
sainikarkkulla maanadandangal.
muslim sayudha senayil aarogyamulla manasse shareeravum ulla kadamillaatha muthirnnavar undaayirikkanamennu musleem niyamanjar sammathikkunnu. koodaathe, poraalikale nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkaruth, marichu avarude kudumbatthinte anumathiyode avarude swatantra ichhaashakthiyode rajisttar cheyyanam.
yudhathinte niyamasadhutha.
niyamaanusrithavum niyamavirudhavumaaya yudhangal thammil verthirichariyaan muslimkal paadupettu. khuraan anusarichu svayam prathirodhatthinaayi pooraadunnathu niyamaanusrithamaanennu mathramalla, musleengalkk nirbandhamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, shathruvinte shathruthaaparamaaya perumaattam avasaanippikkukayaanenkil, shathruvine neridaanulla kaaranavum illaathaakumennu khuraan parayunnu.
prathirodha poraattam.
bhooribhaagam niyamanjarudeyum abhipraayathil, khuraan "casus bellie" (yudhathinte nyaayeekaranam) musleengalkkethiraya aakramanathilum "fitna"-musleengale avarude mathavishwaasam kaaranam peedippikkunnathilum parimithappedutthiyirikku. avishwaasam yudhathinulla nyaayeekaranamallenn avar karuthunnu. athinaal poraalikal, sthreekal, kuttikal, purohithanmaar, prayamaayavar, bhraanthanmaar, karshakar, adimakal, andhar thudangiya poraalikal maathramaayi yudhathil kollappedaruthennu eee niyamanjar vaadikkunnu. athinaal, hanafi ibn najeem prasthaavikkunnu "njangalude [hanaafikal] kazhchappadil jihaadinte kaaranam" kanuham harba "alayana [aksharaarthatthil, avar njangalkkethire yudhathilaanu] ennathaanu."hanafi niyamanjaraaya alle-shaibani alle-saraakhsiyum prasthaavikkunnath" "kufar [daivathilulla avishwaasam] ettavum valia paapangalilonnaanenkilum, athu vyakthiyum sarvashakthanaaya daivavum thammilullathaanu, eee paapathinulla shiksha" "dhaar alle-jaasa" "(kanakkukoottalinte vaasasthalam, paralokam) lake maattivaykkanam"."hanafikalude abhipraayathil, oru raashtrathinte matham kaaranam yuddham nadatthaan kazhiyilla. thante shiyasism pathipp anusarichu yadhaartha jihad prathinjakal lamghichavarkkethire poraadaanulla anuvaadamaayirunnuvennu abdul assies sachedina vaadikkunnu. sathruthayullathum apakadakaravumaaya shakthikalkkethire poraadaan muslimkale anuvadichukondu khuraan prathirodha jihadine nyaayeekarichu.
aakramanathmakamaaya samgharsham.
mohammed ibnu idris ashh-shafee (maama. 820), shafi 'iii chinthaadhaarayude sthaapakan, purajaatheeyaraaya arabikalkkethiraaya eee yudhathe parimithappedutthi, arabikalallaatha amuslimkalkkethire ithu anuvadichilla. bhooripakshathodu yojikkunna vipareeta kazhchappadum alle-shafiyiyodu aaropikkappedunnu enna vastutha alle-shaafiyiyekkurichulla eee kaazhchappaadine laghookarikkunnu.
abdul assies saachenayude abhipraayathil, aakramanathmaka jihad dhaarmika adisthaanathil jihad nyaayeekarikkaanaakumo ennathinekkurichu chodyangal uyarthunnu. khuraanil musleengal neethipoorvakamaaya pothu kramam sthaapikkukayum islaaminte swaadheenam vardhippikkukayum pothu islaamika aaradhana anuvadikkukayum cheyyanamennu addeham parayunnu. ithinaayi, musleengal thangale peedippikkunna avishwaasikalkkethire jihad nadathanamennu khuraan vaakyangal velippeduthi. sunni pandithanmaar jihadai kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum sookshumamaaya parishodhanaykk vidheyamaayi raashtreeyamaanennu nirnnayikkaan kazhiyumennu addeham vaadikkunna aadyakaala muslim vijayangal ithu sankeernamaakki. koodaathe, aakramanathmaka jihad "pusthakatthile aalukalumaayulla" sankeernamaaya bandhatthilekku kooduthal viral choondunnu.
aakramanathmaka jihad" enna ashayam nirasicha chila pradhana aadhunika pandithanmaaril muslim saahodaryathinte sthaapakanaaya hassan alle bannah (1906-1949), "aakramanavum ('udwan) musleengalkkethiraya mathaparamaya peedanavum (fitna) neekkam cheyyaan maathrame sainika jihad anuvadikkoo" ennu karuthiya alle-azhar pandithanaaya mohammed abu sahra (1898-1974), athupole thanne syrian pandithanmaraya mohammed mohammed ramadan alle-boothi (1929-2013), wahba alle-suhayli (1932-2015) ennivar ulppedunnu. anthaaraashtra samadhaanathinte thathwam sthaapikkunna eee kaazhchappaadine 8:61 umm 2:208 umm 4:94 umm pinthunaykkunnuvennu alle-suhayli vaadikkunnu. addehathe sambandhichidatholam, musleengal samadhaanathinum surakshaykkum prathijnjaabadharaayirikkanam (4:90,60:8 ennivayude adisthaanathil)."
anthaaraashtra samgharsham.
oru raajyam mattoru raajyathinethire nadathunna sayudha samghattanangalaanu anthaaraashtra samgharshangal, avaa aabhyanthara yudhangalil ninno oru samsthaanathinullile sayudha samgharshangalil ninno verthirikkappedunnu. shafee polulla chila classical islaamika pandithanmaar pradeshangale vishalamaaya vibhagangalaayi tharamthirichu "dhaar alle-islam" ("islaaminte vaasasthalam"), "dhaar alle-harb" ("yudhathinte vaasasthalam"), "dhaar alle-ahad" ("udambadiyude vaasasthalam"), "dhaar alle-sulh" ("anuranjanathinte vaasasthalam"). asma afsaruddinte abhipraayathil samsthaanangalude atharam vargeekaranangal khuraanilum islaamika paarambaryatthilum paraamarshichittilla.
yudhaprakhyaapanam.
sainika pravartthanangal aarambhikkunnathin munbu sariyaaya yuddham prakhyapikkaan khuraan musleengalodu kalppikkunnu. athinaal, atharamoru prakhyaapanathinu munbulla apratheekshitha akramanangal islaamika niyamashaasthrathinu keezhil niyamavirudhamaanu. hudaibia udambadi lamghicha shathrukkalkk avarude nilapad punaparisodhikkaanum charchakal nadatthaanum naalu maasathe samayam nalkaan khuraan athupole muhammadinodum kalppichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ethiraali ithinakam yuddham aarambhichittundenkil eee niyamam baadhakamalla. mathaparamaya achaarangal nirbandhithamaayi thadayunnathu oru yudhapravarthanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
sayudha senayude nadatthippu.
yudhasamayathu shathruvinethire poraadaan khuraan musleengalodu kalppikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, atharam poraattangalkku niyanthranangalund. mattu maargangaliloode vijayam neduka asaadhyamaanengil maathrame shathruvine cathicano mungikkalayaano anuvadikkoo. mrithadehangal vikruthamaakkunnathu nirodhichirikkunnu. yudhathinu purappedumbol aadambaravum anaavasyamaaya ahankaaravum prakadippikkunnathil ninnu musleem poraalikale khuraan niruthsaahappeduthunnu.
professor sayyid daamaadinte abhipraayathil, eee bheeshanikal nilavillillaathathinaal madhyakala islaamika niyamanjar raasa allengil jaiva yudhangal upayogikkunnathinethire vyakthamaaya utharavukalonnum vikasippicheduthitla. ennirunnaalum, "khaleel alle-maalikkiyude jihad pusthakatthil" parayunnath, gurutharamaaya saahacharyangalilozhike shathruvin anaavasyamaaya parikkukal varuthunna aayudangal upayogikkunnathu poraalikalkku nirodhichirikkunnu ennaanu. udaaharanathinu, vishamulla kunthangalude upayogam pusthakam vilakkunnu, kaaranam ithu anaavasyamaaya vedanayundaakkunnu.
sivilian pradeshangal.
ellah maadhabukaludeyum abhipraayathil, musleengalkkethire pooraadunnillenkil sthreekaleyo kuttikaleyo kollan anuvaadamilla. sanyasimar, karshakar, adimakal, maanasikamayum shaareerikamaayum vaikalyamullavar ennivarulppede yuddham cheyyaan kazhiyaathavare kollunnath hanafi, hanbali, maliki, shafi schoolukal vilakkunnu.
marangal, vilakal, kannukaalikal, krishisthalangal enniva nasippikkunnathu pole sivilian pradeshangalkk kedupaadukal varuthunnathum paarppida pradeshangal kollayadikkunnathum nirodhichirikkunnu. musleem sakthikal yaathrakkaare kollayadikkanidayilla, kaaranam angane cheiyunnathu jihaadinte manobhaavathinu virudhamaanu. thaddesheeyaraayavarude praadeshika soukaryangal avarude sammathamillaathe upayogikkaan avarkk avakashamilla. atharamoru sammatham labhichaal, atharam soukaryangal upayogikkunnathinaayi janangalkk saambathikamaayi nashtapariharam nalkenda badhyatha ippozhum muslim sainyathin undu. ennirunnaalum, sainikarude kyaambukalil ninnum sainika aasthaanangalil ninnum pidicheduttha sainika upakaranangalum saadhanangalum kandukettunnathin islaamika niyamam anuvadikkunnu.
charchakal.
oru madiyumillaathe mattu kakshikalumayi samadhana charchakal nadatthaan musleengal ellaayppozhum thayyaaraayirikkanamenn khuraan vyaakhyaathaakkal sammathikkunnu. moudoodi parayunnathanusarichu, samadhaanam nirasikkaanum rakthachorichil thudaraanum islam musleengale anuvadikkunnilla.
samgharshangal avasanippikkunnathinulla mattoru maargamaayi moonnaam kakshi edapedalukalkku islaamika niyamashaasthram ahvaanam cheiyunnu. tharkkathinu nyayamaaya pariharam nedunnathinaayi iru kakshikalum thammilulla madhyasthatha sthaapikkuka ennathaanu atharam edapedalukal.
vedinirthal.
ezhaam noottaandile arabiyude pashchaathalatthil, arab purajaatheeyar yuddham nirodhicha maasangalil khuraan niyuktharaaya muslimkal pooraadunnathil ninnu svayam samyamanam paalikkanam. khuraan eee vedinirthalinte lamghanathe vilakkunna aadaravum aavashyappedunnu.
ennirunnaalum, amuslimkal aakramanathmaka pravartthanangal nadathukayaanenkil, yadhaartha lamghanathinu thulyamaaya reethiyil prathikarikkaan muslimkalkku swaathanthryamundu. samadhana nibandhanakal lamghikkukayum akramanam nadathukayum cheiyunna oru prathyeka grouppinethire (ennaal udambadi palikkunnavar ozhike) shradha aakarshicha "vaal vaakyam". eee vaakyam mukalil soochippicha athe niyamangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane kroon parayunnu. ivideyum avar angane cheyyumbol oraal nirthanamennu oonnipparayunnu. shathruvine uparodhikkukayum rahasyaanveshana vivarangal shekharikkukayum cheyyuka enna thidukkathilulla dauthyathe eee vaakyam soochippikkunnuvennum athinte falamaayi shathruvinte maranamo anuthaapamo undaakumennum ibnu kathir parayunnu. muun vaakyangalude thudarchayaayi ithu vaayikkappedunnu, ithu "bahudaivavishwaasikalude" athe sathyaprathinjayekkurich.
yudhathadavukaare.
islaamika niyamatthinte parambaraagatha vyaakhyaanangal prakaram purushanmareyum sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum yudhathadavukaaraayi edukkaam. saadhaaranayaayi, oru yudhathadavukaarane sainikanethaavinte vivechanaadhikaarathil vadhikkukayo mochippikkukayo mochanadravyangal nalkukayo musleem thadavukaare kaimaarukayo adimakalaakkukayo cheyyaam. munkaalangalil, mochanadravyam chilappol oru vidyaabhyaasaparamaaya maanam sveekarichirunnu, avide oru saksharathayulla yudhathadavukaaranu patthu muslimkale vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padippichu avarude swaathanthryam urappakkaan kazhiyum. oru thadavukaarane swarnnathino vellico vendi mochanadravyamaayi nalkaathe musleem thadavukaarkku pakaramaayi nalkaamennu chila muslim pandithanmaar karuthunnu. yudhathadavukaaraaya sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum avarude mathavishwaasangal pariganikkathe oru saahacharyathilum kollan kazhiyilla, pakshe avare mochippikkukayo mochippikkukayo cheyyaam. thangalude janangalaal mochippikkappedukayo mochanadravyamaayi nalkappedukayo cheyyaatha sthreekale adimakalaakkanam-"malakka" ennum vilikkunnu.
thante rund vilayeriya sainikaraaya mujasa ibnu thour azz-sadusi, alle-baara ibnu malik ennivarude maranathinu pershyan generaline vadhikkan umar neratthe uddeshichirunnenkilum, subair ibnu alle-avaamum anas ibnu malikkum hormusane shamikkaan umarine engane bodhyappeduthiyennum alle-shaafiyiyude kitab alle-umm rekhappeduthiyittundu. oduvil umar subairinum anasinum hormusane yudhathadavukaaranaayi vittukodukkaan sammathichu, subair, anas, khaleefa umar ennivarude eee charitraparamaaya vidhikal saadhaarana avasthayilulla yudhathadavukaare upadravikkaan anuvadikkillennu shafia pandithanmaarkk maargganirddeshamaayi maari.
chodyam cheyyaanum peedippikkaanum anumathi.
ennirunnaalum, peedanatthe chodyam cheyyal reethiyaayi upayogikkunnathinu prathyeka vyavasthakalundu. 
peedanathekkurichulla eee vidhi islaamika gaveshakan yudhakkuttavaalikalkke chila kesukalil prathyeka sthireekarana nirddeshamaayi saakshyappeduthukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheythu, aadhunika islaamika niyama sidhaanthakar eee nadapadiye manushyan enna nilayil thadavukaarante avakashangal nasippikkunnathinupakaram uyarthippidikkenda niyamatthinte aavasyakathayaayi kaanunnathiloode ithu amgeekarichu.
aabhyanthara samgharsham.
vimatharkkethire aarambhicha "aabhyanthara yudhangal", kollakkarkkethire aarambhicha "shemathinaayulla yudhangal" enniva aabhyanthara samgharshangalil ulppedunnu.
avarude aadya aabhyantharayudhathil musleengal bassora yudhathil poraadi. eee vivaahanishchayathil, alii (khaleefa) mattu muslimkalkkethiraaya yudhathinu mungamiyaayi, athu pilkkala muslimkal amgeekarichu. aaliyude niyamangal anusarichu, parikkettavaro pidikoodappettavaro aaya shathrukkale kollaruth, aayudangal eriyunnavarodu yuddham cheyyaruthu, yudhakkalathil ninnu palayanam cheiyunnavare pinthudararuthu. pidicheduttha aayudangalum mrugangalum (yudhathil upayogicha kuthirakalum ottakangalum) maathrame yudhathil kollayadikkappettathayi kanakkaakkoo. yudhathadavukaareyo sthreekaleyo kuttikaleyum adimakalaakkaruthu, kollapetta shathrukkalude swath avarude niyamaparamaaya musleem anantharaavakaashikalkku pookanam.
sayudha kalaapathekkurichulla vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukal muslim lokath vyathyastha samayangalil nilaninnirunnu. muslim charithratthinte aadya moonnu noottaandukalil, oru rashtreeya vimathane vadhikkaano avante/avalude swath kandukettaano kazhiyillennu niyamanjar abhiprayappettu.
ennirunnaalum, "rahasya akramanangal" upayogikkukayum "bheekaravaadam pracharippikkukayum cheiyunna vimatharkk classical niyamanjar kadutha shikshakal vidhichu. eee vibhaagathil, musleem niyamanjaril thattikkondupokal, kinarukalil visham kalarthal, theeveppu, vazhiyaathrakkaarkkum yaathrakkaarkkumethiraaya akramanangal, raathriyude maravil akramanangal, balaalsangam enniva ulppedunnu. kuttakrithyam cheythayaalude rashtreeya bodhyangalum mathavum pariganikkathe atharam kuttakrithyangalkkulla shiksha vadhasiksha ulppede kadinamaayirunnu.
sivilian janataye upadravikkunna akramanangalil earppedunna vimatharkulla kadinamaaya shikshakalude shaasthreeya maathruka alle khwayda, aii. ezz thudangiya islaamika grouppukal upayogikkunna mathaparamaya nyaayeekaranangal yadhaarthathil islaamika paarambaryatthil adhishtithamallennathinte thelivaayi edukkaamennu chila aadhunika vyaakhyaathaavu vaadichittundu.

