
yunaittad kingdatthile banking niyamam

yunaittad kingdatthile banking niyamam baankukalude pravartthanangal niyanthrikkunnathinulla yunaittad kingdatthile banking niyamathe soochippikkunnu.
charithram.
fraansile rajaavaaya luis pathinalaamanumaayulla yudhathinaayi panam swaroopikkunnathinaayi baank oof englandu act 1694 prakaram swakaarya ohari udamakalulla oru korppareshanaayi baank oof englandu aadyam sthaapithamaayi. 1720ll oru oohakkachavada kumilayil southu zee kambani thakarnnathinethudarnnu baank oof englandu prabalamaaya dhanakaarya sthaapanamaayi maarukayum yuke sarkkaarinteyum mattu swakaarya baankukaludeyum bankeraayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
ettavum valia dhanakaarya sthaapanamenna nilayil, mattu baankukal bisinasukalkkum upabhokthakkalkkum eedaakkunna palisha nirakkukale baankukalude baank akkoundukalude palisha nirakkil maattam varuthunnathiloode baank oof englandinu swaadheenikkaan kazhiyum. 1716leeii baank oof englandu niyamam athinte vaaypayedukkal shakti vipuleekarichu. 1797leeii baank niyanthrana niyamam nottukal aavashyamenkil svarnnamaakki maattendathinte aavasyakatha ozhivaakki. 1844leeii baank charter act nottukalum naanayangalum purathirakkaanulla eaka avakasham baankinu nalki. 19-aamm noottaandil thakarcha neridunna baankukalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnathinulla adiyanthara saahacharyangalil ithu oru vaaypakkaaranaayum pravarthichu. athinte shakti kaaranam, baank oof englandinu kooduthal pothu chumathalakalum melnottavum undaayirikkanamennu palarum vishwasichu. 1946leeii baank oof englandu act ithu deshasaalkkarichu. athinte nilavile bharanaghadanayum sarkkaaril ninnulla pravartthana swaathanthryathinte oru paridhiyude urappukalum baank oof englandu act 1998 ll kaanapedunnu.
central baank.
yuke bankinginu rund pradhana bhaagangalund. onnamathaayi, baank oof englandu dananayam niyanthrikkukayum palisanirakku, panapperuppam, thozhil ennivaye swaadheenikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe ithu echhem treasury, vivekaparamaaya niyanthrana authority, saambathika perumatta authority ennivayiloode banking vpaniye niyanthrikkunnu. randaamathaayi, upabhokthavinum bisinesses klayantukalkkum vaaypa nalkunna swakaarya baankukalum chila ohari udamakalallaatha baankukalum (sahakarana samghangal, paraspara allengil kettida sosaittikal) undu. aalukalkk oru bisinesses vipuleekarikkunnathinum oru puthiya samrambhathil nikshepikkunnathinum allengil laabhikkunnathinekkaal vegathil vilayeriya asthikal vaangunnathinum vaaypayil ninnu panam kadam vaangunnathum (pinneedu kadam thirichadaykkunnathum) pradhaanamaan. ellah divasavum, baankukal oru vaaypakkaaran vijayikkumenno paraajayappedumenno kanakkaakkukayum apakadasaadhyathayekkurichulla (allengil athupolulla samrambhangalude sharashari apakadasaadhyatha) pravachanangalkkanusarich kadam thirichadavinulla palisha nirakkukal nischayikkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah baankukalum orumichu kooduthal panam vaaypa nalkiyaal, ithinartham samrambhangal kooduthal pravartthikkukayum kooduthal aalukalkk thozhil nalkukayum cheyyum, deerghakaalaadisthaanathil bisinesses samrambhangal uthppaadanakshamamaanenkil, samoohathinte abhivridhi vardhikkum. janangalkk thangaan kazhiyaatha palisha baankukal eedaakkukayo allengil ulppaadanakshamamallaatha samrambhangalkk baankukal valareyadhikam panam kadam nalkukayo cheythaal, saambathika valarcha mandagathiyilaakukayum sthambhikkukayum chilappol thakarukayum cheyyum. baank oof englandu ozhikeyulla yuke baankukal ohari udamakalo paraspara udamasthathayilullatho aanenkilum, pala raajyangalum pothu retail baankukalum (upabhokthakkalkkaayi) pothu nikshepa baankukalum (bisinassinaayi) pravarthippikkunnu. upabhokthakkalkkaayi jirobank nadathunna yuke, koodaathe oru "britiish investment baankinu" (nordic investment baank allengil germmaniyile keey. eph. dablyu pole) niravadhi nirddeshangal <aii. dii. 1> saambathika prathisandhi muthal undaayittund, ennaal eee nirddeshangal ithuvare amgeekarikkappettilla.
central baank bharanam.
baank oof englandu act 1998 sekshan 1 prakaram, baankinte executive bodiyaaya "court oof directormaare" niyamikkunnath avarude mahathvamaanu, athu phalatthil pradhaanamantriyaanu. ithil baank oof englandinte govarnor (nilavil andrew bailey) motham 14 directormaarum (nilavil 12,9 purushanmaarum 3 sthreekalum) ulppedunnu. gavarnarkk paramavadhi 8 varshavum deputy gavarnarmaarkk paramavadhi 10 varshavum sevanamanushtikkaam, ennaal avar oru rashtreeya padavi nedukayum baankil jolie cheyyukayum 3 maasathiladhikam hajaraakaathirikkukayum paapparaakukayum allengil "oru amgamenna nilayil thante chumathalakal nirvahikkaan kazhivillaathavaro ayogyaro aanenkil maathrame avare neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyoo". ithu neekkam cheiyunnathu budhimuttaakkukayum kodathi avalokanathinu saadhyathayumullathaakkukayum cheiyunnu. paarlament polulla samgharshangalillaatha oru sthaapanathekkaal ellah directormaarkkum shambalam nalkunnathaanu directormaarude oru upasamithi.
palisha nirakkukal.
baank oof englandu dhanakaryavum pinthunayum nalkunnu, koodaathe dhananayathiloode swakaarya baankukalude palisha nirakkukale swaadheenichekkaam. orupakshe baankinte ettavum pradhanappetta pravartthanam dananayam kaikaaryam cheyyuka ennathaanu. ithu valarchayeyum thozhilavasarangaleyum badhikkunnu. 1998 leeii sekshan 11 prakaram (eiii) vila sthiratha nilanirthuka, (bii) athinu vidheyamaayi, valarchaykkum thozhilinum vendiyulla lakshyangal ulppede avarude gavanmentinte saambathika nayathe pinthunaykkuka ennivayaanu athinte lakshyangal."sekshan 12 prakaram, treasury ellah varshavum panapperuppa lakshyathodoppam" "vila sthiratha", "" "saambathika nayam" "ennivayekkurichulla vyaakhyaanam purappeduvikkunnu". panapperuppam maattaan baank oof englandinu moonnu pradhana naya oopshanukalundu. aadyam, ithu "ooppan maarkkat pravartthanangal" nadathunnu, baankukalude bondukal vyathyastha nirakkil vaangukayum vilkkukayum cheiyunnu (athaayath.iii. discounting" ennariyappedunna uyarnnatho kuranjatho aaya palishaykk baankukalkku panam vaaypa nalkuka, sarkkar bondukal ("rippo") thirike vaangukayo vilkkukayo cheyyuka, vyathyastha nirakkil baankukalkku vaaypa nalkuka. ithu sambadvyavasthayile panatthinte alavine swaadheenikkunnathiloode baankukal eedaakkunna palisha nirakkine badhikkum (central baankinte kooduthal chelavu ennaal kooduthal panavum kuranja palishayum) ennaal anganeyalla. randaamathaayi, vaaypa nalkunnathinu aanupaathikamaayi uyarnnatho thaazhnnatho aaya vividha karuthal shekharangal nilanirthaan baank oof englandu baankukalodu nirddeshichekkaam. moonnaamathaayi, baank oof englandinu swakaarya baankukalkku nirddishta alavilo palisha nirakkilo nirddishta nikshepam edukkal allengil vaaypa nalkal nayangal sweekarikkaan nirddeshikkaam. ennirunnaalum, "angeyattatthe saambathika saahacharyangalil" baank oof englandinu oordarukal nalkaan maathramaan treasury uddeshikkunnathu. dhananayathile mattangal nishpakshamaayi ettedukkunnuvennum thiranjeduppinu munbu krithrima kuthichuchaattangal nirmmikkunnillennum ithu urappaakkanam.
swakaarya baank bharanam.
central baankinu purathu, upabhokthaakkalkk ardhavathaaya praathinidyamillaathe laabhamundaakkunna korppareshanukalaayaanu baankukal kooduthalum pravartthikkunnathu. ithinartham, 2006 leeii kambani niyamathile staanderd niyamangal baadhakamaan.
directormaarum shareholdermaarum.
oru kambaniyude amgangal (sthiramaayi ohari udamakal) bhooripaksha vottukalaal avare neekkam cheiyunnillenkil naamanirddesha samithiyile nilavilulla directormaaraanu directormaare niyamikkunnath. baank directormaar pradhaanamaayum avarude swantham shambalam nischayikkukayum bordinte oru prathiphalam samithikk chumatala nalkukayum cheiyunnu. mikka ohariyudamakalum asattu maanejarmaaraan, pensionukal, life insurance allengil myoochwal fandukal ennivayiloode varunna mattullavarude panam upayogichu vottu cheiyunnu, avar bordukalumaayi edapazhakaan uddeshichullavaraanu, pakshe aathyanthika nikshepakare prathinideekarikkaan vyakthamaaya marggangal kuravaanu. derivative kleyimukaliloode directormaarude chumathalakal lamghichathinu (ashradhaykko thaalpparya vairudhyangalkko) asattu maanejarmaar apoorvvamaayi maathrame cases phayal cheiyunnulloo.
ohari vipanikalile hraswakaala deerghakaala chinthayekkurichulla keeii review (2014), baank bharanathekkurichulla wacker review (2009) enniva "hraswakaala" thekkurichulla aashankakalekkurichu ezhuthiyittundu. sthaapana nikshepakarudeyum mattullavarude panam upayogichu vottu cheiyunna asattu maanejarmaarudeyum utharavaaditham ivar ithuvare parishodhichittilla.
jeevanakkaarude avakashangal.
credit institutions directive 2013 muthal, pothuvaaya chattakkoodinapuramulla chila adhika bharana aavasyakathakalundu udaaharanathinu, directormaarude kadamakal vyakthamaayi nirvachikkanam, koodaathe linga, vamseeya santhulithaavastha urappaakkunnathin board vaividhyathekkurichu oru nayam undaayirikkanam. yukeyile bordukalil jeevanakkaarude praathinidhyam undaayirunnengil, kuranjathu oru jeevanakkaaranengilum prathiphalam kammittiyil irikkendathundaayirunnu, pakshe eee nadapadi ithuvare sweekarichittilla. credit institutions directive 2013 (2013/36 eu article 95 "jeevanakkaarude praathinidhyam undengil" ennu parayunnu... deseeya niyamaprakaaram vyavastha cheythittullathil, prathiphalam kammittiyil onno athiladhikamo jeevanakkaarude prathinidhikal ulppedum."
licenses pasport.
baank licensing samvidaanathiloode chila pothu melnottangalundu. financial sarveesas aandu maarkkats act 2000 sekshan 19 prakaram, adhikaaramillathe pothujanangalil ninnu nikshepam sweekarikkunnathu ulppedeyulla oru "niyantritha pravartthanam" nadathunnathinu "pothu nirodhanam" undu. vivekaparamaaya niyanthrana authorityum saambathika perumatta athorittiyumaan rund pradhana yuke regulatormaar. oru baankinu ukeyilo mattoru amgaraajyatho amgeekaaram labhichukazhinjaal, aathidheya samsthaanathinte niyamangalude nibandhanakalkku keezhil europian yooniyaniludaneelam pravartthikkaam aabhyanthara vipaniyil sthaapikkaanulla swaathanthryam nalkunna oru "pasport" athinu undu.
upabhokthru avakashangal.
pothusthaapanangalude pinthunayode baankukal oru avashya saambathika pravartthanam nadathumbol, baank upabhokthaakkalude avakashangal saadhaaranayaayi karaaril parimithappedutthiyirikku.
upabhokthru akkoundukal.
pothuvaayi, nibandhanakalum vyavasthakalum anusarichu upabhokthaakkalkk valare parimithamaaya parirakshayaanu labhikkunnath. 1974 leeii upabhokthru credit act 140 eiii muthal 140 dii vareyulla vakuppukal pidichedukkal palisanirakku ulppedeyulla anyayamaaya credit bandhangal nirodhikkunnu. 2015leeii upabhokthru avakasha niyamam 62 muthal 65 vareyulla vakuppukal sadbhaavanaykku virudhamaayi srishtikkukayum ganyamaaya asanthulithaavastha srishtikkukayum cheiyunna nibandhanakale nirodhikkunnu, ennaal kodathikal ithuvare eee niyamangal upabhokthakkalkkaayi ardhavathaaya reethiyil upayogichittilla. ettavum pradhanamaayi, "phooli vii hill" ennathinaal, baank akkoundil panam nikshepikkunna upabhokthaakkalkk swathavakaasham nashtappedumennu kodathikal vidhichittund thirichadaykkenda panatthinu kadathil avarkk karar avakaashavaadangal maathrameyulloo. upabhokthaakkalkk avarude nikshepangalil swathavakaashamundengil, oru baankinte paapparatthatthil avarude panam thirike claim cheyyaanum athu thettayi adachittundenkil panam kandethaanum (kararinu vidheyamaayi) panatthil ninnulla labham claim cheyyaanum kazhiyum. ennaal baank upabhokthaakkalkk swathavakaashamundennu kodathikal nishedhichu. ithe nilapad aagolathalathil banking sanbradaayathilum vyaapikkukayum upabhokthru panam swathaayi samrakshikkappedunna akkoundukal baankukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnuvennu urappakkaan paarlament ithuvare avasaram prayojanappedutthiyittil.
nikshepa samrakshanam.
oru swathavakaashamaayi (karar maathram) panam veendedukkaan papparaaya baankukal upabhokthaakkale praaptharaakkaathathinaal, nikshepakarude sambaadyathinu parasyamaayi urappu nalkendathu aavasyamaanennu sarkkarukal kandethi. ithu mahaamaandyathil aarambhicha maathruka pinthudarunnu, baank pravartthanangal thadayunnathinaayi us federal deposit insurance korppareshan sthaapichu. 2017ll, yuke 85,000 poundu vare nikshepam urappu nalki, ithu 100,000 euroyude europian union wide minimum gyarandiye prathifalippikkunnu.
vipanikal.
paapparattham.
eathenkilum baank paraajayatthinte anantharafalangal kaaranam, baank kadangal anthaaraashtra dhanakaarya shringalayil poottiyirikkunnathinaal, baankukal paapparaakunnath thadayunnathu praayogikamaayi aavasyamaanennu sarkkar kandethi. vadakkan paarayude deshasaalkkaranathinaayulla adiyanthara niyamanirmmanamaaya banking (prathyeka vyavasthakal) niyamam 2008 ll ninnaan eee samvidaanam aarambhichath, athu adutha varsham punarnirmikkappettu. 2009 leeii banking niyamaprakaaram oru baank paapparathatthilekku pookukayaanengil, sarkkaarin (saadhaaranayaayi saambathika samvidaanangalude sthiratha apakadatthilaanenkil) moonnu "stabilisation oopshanukalil" onnu pinthudaraam. baank oof englandu onnukil parajayappetta baank mattoru svakaaryamekhalayile vaangunnayaalkk vilkkunnuvennu urappakkaanum parajayappetta baankinte asthikal (oru "bridge-baank") pravarthippikkunnathinni oru anubandha kambani sthaapikkaanum allengil yuke treasuric "thaalkkaalika pothu udamasthathayil" oharikal nerittu edukkaanum sramikkum. ithu ohari udamakale thudachuneekkumenkilum kadam kodukkunnavarude avakaashavaadangal kedukoodaathe nilanirtthum.
thettaaya vyapara vyavasthakalum kambani director ayogyatha niyamam 1986 leeii niyamangalum ulppede 1986 leeii insolvency aaktinte matellaa staanderd niyamangalum baadhakamaan.
mooladhana aavasyangal.
anthaaraashtra banker grouppinte "basel III" paripadi pinthudarnnu baank insolvensikal thadayunnathinulla oru aadhunika maarggam, baankukal avarude vaaypa ethratholam apakadakaramaanu ennathinte adisthaanathil kooduthal panam reservil sookshikkendathundu ennathaanu. mooladhana aavasyakathakal niyanthrikkunna 2013 leeii europian union niyamangalil ithu kurachu vishadamaayi nedunnu, udaaharanathinu, nalla sarkkar kadam undengil aanupaathikamaayi kurachu karuthal shekharam aavasyamaanu, ennaal mortgage pinthunayulla securitykal undengil kooduthal. baankukalude basel kammitti ithine pinthunaykkunnundena mooladhanathinte abhaavamaan prashnatthinte moolakaaranamennu vyakthamalla.

