
marakamaaya paniyekkurichulla oru hraswa vivaranam

1793ll amerikkayile philadelphiyayil manjappani pakarchavyaadhi pottippurappettathine maathyoo kerii (januvari 28,1760-septambar 16,1839) prasidheekaricha oru laghulekhayaanu marakamaaya panii (1793). 12 pejukalulla aadya laghulekha pinneedu thudarnnulla moonnu pathippukalayi vipuleekarichu. praadeshika karuthavargakkaaraaya nethaakkalaaya absalom johnsum richard alanum, pottippurapetta samayat nazhsumaraayi sannadhapravarthicha karuthavargakkaarkku keriyude akkoundu mathiyaya credit nalkunnillennu karuthukayum, "filadelfiyayile (1794) avasaanathe bhayanakamaaya duranthasamayathu karuthavargakkaarude nadapadikalekkurichulla oru vivaranam" enna oru ethir-vivaranam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. avarude vilayiruthalinodu yojicha kaari aaa kaazhchappaad avatharippikkunnathinaayi thante laghulekha naalam thavanayum parishkarichu.
pashchaathalam.
american aikyanaadukalude ettavum valia nagravum thaalkkaalika thalasthaanavumaaya philadelphia nagaratthil 1793-ll kadutha manjappani pakarchavyaadhi anubhavapettu, ithu kudiyetta abhayaarthikalum sent dominguevil ninnulla kappalukalum konduvannathaakam, avide rogam vyaapikkukayum adima prakshobham nadakkukayum cheythu. ekadesham 50,000 thaamasakkarulla eee nagaram delaware nadiyile oru pradhana thuramukhamaayirunnu. samsthaana sarkkaarinte aasthaanavum athaayirunnu.
aaa samayat, rogathil ninnu rakshappedaan sramikkunnathinaayi careyum mattu niravadhi maargangalodoppavum aazhchakalolam nagaram vittu. 1787ll swatantra aafrikkan samoohamaaya pradhama paraspara sahaaya samooham sthaapicha 2,000 swatantra karuthavargakkaarude oru valia janasamkhya eee nagaratthilundaayirunnu. adutha varsham oororutharum thangalude pallikal thuranna nagaratthile aadyathe rund swatantra karutha sabhakal samghadippikkukayaayirunnu athu.
1793 joolaiyil philadelphiyayil pakarchavyaadhi aarambhichu. 1690kalkk sheshamulla aadyathe valia american manjappani pakarchavyaadhiyaanithu. oro aazhchayum erakalude ennam vardhichathode october vare ithu thudarnnu.
vellakkarum avarude adimakalum swatantra varggakkaarum aaya niravadhi franch samsaarikkunna kudiyettakkaareyum vishudha-dominguevil ninnulla abhayaarthikaleyum nagaram aakarshichu.
septambar thudakkathil thomas jefezhsan jaims madisoninu kathezhuthi, pakarchavyaadhi nagaratthiludaneelam undaakkunna duranthathekkurichu upadeshichu. akkaalat, filadelfiyayile janasamkhya ekadesham 45,000 aayirunnu. (mattu kanakkukal 50,000 aanu.) nivaasikalil 17,000 perr rogabaadhitharaayirunnuvennum ekadesham 5,000 perr marichuvennum kanakkaakkappedunnu.
niravadhi pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil doow. benchamin rush karuthavarggakkaaranaaya prasangakanum swatantra aafrikkan samoohathinte nethaavumaaya richard alanu kathezhuthi, thannodum thante janangalodum sahaayathinaayi abhyarthichu. blacks eee rogathodu prathirodhasheshi undaayirikkaamenn rush vishwasichu, kaaranam chaalstanile pakarchavyaadhiyile manjappani sambandhicha mattoru doctorude vivaranagal addeham vaayichirunnu, athil avar vellakkaarekkaal uyarnna nirakkil athijeevikkunnathayi report cheyyappettu. pakarchavyaadhiyil sahaayathinaayi addeham alanode abhyarthichu.