
mortibus peedanashala

'eiii. dii. 316nuu sesham lattinil ezhuthiya roman thathwachinthakanaaya lactantiasinte charitraparavum kristhyan shamaapanaparavumaaya oru sankara kruthiyaanu '(peedanam nadathunnavarude maranathekkurichu').
ulladakkam.
smaaraka daivika sthaapanangalkku sesham, thaarathamyena hrasvamaaya "dii mortibus sectutorum" orupakshe kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta lactantiasinte ettavum pradhanappetta srishtiyaanu, avar purajaatheeya dioclesianteyum kristhyan konstaantain dhii grettinteyum kottarangalil sevanamanushtichu. eee kruthiyil, kristhyaanikale ettavum kadinamaayi peedippikkunnavarude pathanavum maranavum lactantius idaykkide vishadamaayi vivarikkunnu. aadyakaala kristhyan peedanakarikalaaya neero, domissian, desius, valerian, ooreliyan ennivarude avasanangal aadyakaala eathaanum adhyayangal hrasvamaayi ulkkollunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee kruthiyude bhooribhaagavum tetrarkkiyude pravrithikaleyum maranangaleyum sambandhichathaanu dioclesian, maximian, gallerius, constantius, maximinus, konsttantain, maxinsius. eiii. dii 303-ll dioclesian gallerius aarambhicha kristhyaanikalkkethiraaya valia peedanatthinulla ettavum pradhanappetta praadhamika uravidangalilonnaanithu, athil aaa kaalaghattatthile vyakthikaleyum sambhavangaleyum kurichulla vivarangal mattevideyum kaanapedunnilla. 
thante ezhuthinte kaaranathekkurichu, 1-aamm adhyaayathil lactantius parayunnu "aaa manushyarude avasaanathekkurichu, dooreyullavarellaam, bhaviyil uyarnnuvaraanirikkunnavar, sarvvashakthan thante shakthiyum paramadhikaaravum engane prakadippichuvennu manassilakkaan, thante naamatthinte shathrukkale verode pizhutheriyaanum poornnamaayum nasippikkaanum, oru vivaranam prasidheekarikkunnathu nallathaanennu njaan karuthi." 
eee udharani kruthiyude shamaapana swabhaavam velippeduthumbol, charitraparamaaya praadhaanyathekkurichu lactantiasinum nannayi ariyamaayirunnu, addeham ingane paranju "njaan aaa kaaryangalellam nannayi arivulla vyakthikalude adhikaarathil vivarikkunnu, avaa sambhavichathupole thanne ezhuthaan avare prathijnjaabadharaakkunnathu uchithamaanennu njaan karuthi, angane pradhanappetta sambhavangalude oormma nasikkukayum peedakarekkurichulla bhaaviyile charitrakaaranmaar sathyam dushippikkukayum cheyyaruthu."
niravadhi charitraparamaaya vyakthikal namukk poornnamaayum allengil praadhamikamaayi lactantiasinte "dii mortibus secturethil" ninnulla vivaranathil ninnu ariyaam, avayil dioclesiante bharyayaaya prisca; dioclesiante makalum gaalariyasinte bharyayumaaya galleria valeria; gaalariyasinte makan candidianus; padinjaarile hraswakaala augustus severus; severasinte makan flavius severus.
krosinekkurichulla konstaantaininte swapnam.
dii mortibus secturathile" ettavum pradhanappetta bhagangalilonnu xliv adhyaayathil sambhavikkunnu, athil lactantius milvian paalatthinte yudhatheyum yudhathinu thottumunbu kandeyntain anubhavicha teophany yeyum vivarikkunnu. aakaashat oru kurishinekkurichulla oru darshanam vaakkukal upayogichu prathyekamaayi vivarikkunna eusebius paamphilasinte vivaranathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, hoock signo vincessil, lactantius thante sainikarude parichayil chii-roow varaykkaan konstaantaininu nirddesham nalkunna oru swapnathe vivarikkunnu.
milaante saasanam.
milan saasanam ennu vilikkappedunna eusebius paamphilasinte "sabhacharithram" ennathinoppam eee kruthiyum uravidangalilonnaanu. yadhaartha lattinil lactantius ivide rekhappeduthiyappol eusebiasile pathipp lattinil ninnu greekkilekk vivarthanam cheythathaanu.
kaiyezhuthuprathiyude charithram.
"vishudha jerom thante kruthiyaaya dii viris illustribusil lactantiasinte kruthikalil "dii mortibus sectutorum" paraamarshichittundu. jerom eee kruthiye "dii prosession" ennu vilikkukayum 1678-ll fraansile moyisaakkile augustin konvent libraryil sookshichirikkunna oru kaiyezhuthuprathi kandethunnathuvare noottaandukalaayi eee kruthi nashtappettathayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu. kandethalinushesham pathittaandukalaayi, kruthiyude aadhikaarikathayekkurichu pandithanmaar tharkkatthilaayirunnu. 1902ll franch pandithanaaya rene pinchan, lactantius aanu rachayithaavenn nirnnaayakamaayi theliyichu, eee kaazhchappaad pinneedu mikka pandithanmaarum sweekarichu.
joonn phaal (1680), gilbert burnet (1687), loard hails (1782), emm. eph. mcdonald (1964), jeey. ell. creed (1984). chuvadeyulla grandhasoochikayile pattikakal kaanuka.
vivaadangalum vimarsanangalum.
pathinezhaam noottaandil "dii mortibus secturium" kandethiyathu chila vivaadangalkku kaaranamaayi. udaaharanathinu, neeroyude bharanakaalathu aposthalanaaya peettar romilethiyenna lactantiasinte paramarsham eiii. dii 44-ll peettar valare neratthe athiyenna catholica sabhayude sthaapitha vishwaasathinu virudhamaanennu thonnunnu. tetrarkkiyile adichamarthunna svechaadhipathikale fraansile luis pathinaraman rajaavumaayum englandile jaims randaaman rajaavumaayum thaarathamyam cheyyaan shramicha protestant pandithanmaarum eee kruthi viniyogichu.
thaan rekhappeduthunna sambhavangalekkurichulla pakshapathaparamaaya nireekshakanaayi, charithrathekkaal vivaadaparamaaya rachanakaliloode lactantius valarekkaalamaayi vimarshikkappedunnu. dii mortibus tessachuroomine" kurichu timoti barnus eee nilapad sangrahichu "lactantiasinte munvidhikalum sakthamaaya abhipraayangalum addeham thante prabandhathinu anusrithamaayi vasthuthakal krameekarichirikkanam enna samshayam valarthunnu."

