recombinent dii. enn. eiii

onniladhikam srothassukalil ninnulla janithaka vasthukkale orumichu konduvarunna janithaka punasamyojanatthinte laborattari reethikalaal (molecular cloning polullava) roopappedunna dna thanmathrakalaanu recombinant dna (rdna) thanmathrakal, ithu genomesil kaanappedaattha sequenceukal srishtikkunnu.
vividha srothassukalil ninnulla rando athiladhikamo sakalangal samyojippichu srishticha dnaude oru kashanathinte pothuvaaya peraanu recombinent dna. ellah jeevikalil ninnumulla dna thanmathrakal ore raasaghadana pankidunnathinaal nucleotide shreniyil maathram vyathyasamullathinaal recompinant dna saadhyamaan. pouraanika chimera polulla rund vyathyastha enangalil ninnulla vasthukkal upayogichu nirmmikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal recombinent dna thanmaathrakale chilappol chimeric dna ennu vilikkunnu. rdna saankethikavidya palyndromic sequenceukal upayogikkukayum stikki, bund attangalude ulppaadanathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
recombinent dna thanmaathrakalude nirmmaanatthil upayogikkunna dna sequenceukal eathu speesheesilum ninnu uthbhavichekkaam. udaaharanathinu, plaant dna bacteria dnaumayi bandhippikkam, allengil manushya dna fungus dnaumayi bandhippikkam. koodaathe, prakrithiyil evideyum sambhavikkatha dna sequenceukal dnaude raasasamshleshanathiloode srishtikkaanum punasamyojippikkunna dna thanmaathrakalil samyojippikkaanum kazhiyum. recombinent dna saankethikavidyayum synthetic dna upayogichu eathu dna shreniyum srishtikkaanum jeevajalangalil avatharippikkanum kazhiyum.
jeevakosangalkkullil recombinent dnaude aavishkaarathil ninnu undaakunna proteinukale "recombinent proteinukal" ennu vilikkunnu. oru hoost oorganaiseshanil oru protein encoding cheyyumbol, recompinant dii. enn. eiii uthppaadippikkanamennil. videsha proteinukalude aavishkaarathin prathyeka expression vektarukalude upayogam aavasyamaanu, palappozhum ivayude upayogam kondu kaaryamaaya punasamghadana aavasyamaanu.
videsha coding sequenceukal.
punasamyojana dna janithaka punasamyojanatthil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, aadyathethu krithrima reethikalil ninnulla falamaanu, randaamathethu oru saadhaarana jaiva prakriyayaan, ithu ellah jeevikalilum nilavilulla dna seekwansukalude remixingin kaaranamaakunnu.
dna srishti.
recombinant dna srishtikkaan upayogikkunna laborattari prakriyayaan molecular cloning. pareekshanakaari thiranjeduttha eathenkilum nirddishta dna shreniyude replication nayikkaan upayogikkunna polymerase cheyin reaction (pcr) sahitam ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna rund reethikalil onnaanith. reethikal thammil rund adisthaana vyathyaasangalund. onnu, molecular cloningle oru jeevanulla koshatthinullil dnaude pakarpp ulppedunnu, athesamayam pcr testt tubil dna aavarthikkunnu, jeevanulla koshangalilla. cloningle dna sequenceukal murikkukayum ottikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu mattoru vyathyasam, athesamayam nilavilulla oru sequence pakartthunnathiloode pcr vardhippikkunnu.
recombinent dnaude roopeekaranathinu oru cloning vekttar aavasyamaanu, oru dna thanmatra oru jeevanulla koshatthinullil aavarthikkunnu. vektarukal saadhaaranayaayi plaasmidukalil ninno vairasukalil ninno uruthirinjavayaanu, avaa replicationulla aavashyamaaya janithaka signalukal adangiya dnaude thaarathamyena cheria bhaagangaleyum athupole thanne videsha dna cherkkunnathil soukaryathinaayi adhika gadakangaleyum prathinidheekarikkunnu, recombinant dna adangiya koshangale thirichariyunnu, uchithamenkil, videsha dna prakadippikkunnu. molecular cloninginulla vekttarinte thiranjeduppu hoost oorganaisathinte thiranjeduppu, kloon cheyyenda dnaude valuppam, forin dna engane prakadippikkanam ennivaye aasrayichirikkunnu. restruction ensime/ligase cloning allengil gibson assembly polulla vividha reethikal upayogichu dna segmentukal samyojippikkaam.
saadhaarana cloning protocolukalil, eathenkilum dna shakalathinte cloningle pradhaanamaayum ezhu gattangal ulppedunnu (1) hoost oorganaisathinteyum cloning vektarinteyum thiranjeduppu, (2) vekttar dna thayyarakkal, (3) kloon cheyyaanulla dna thayyarakkal, (4) recombinent dna srishtikkal, (5) hoost oorganaisathilekku recombinent dna avatharippikkal, (6) recombinent dna adangiya jeevikalude thiranjeduppu, (7) aavasyamulla dna inserttukalum biological propertykalum ulla klonukalkkaayi screening.
"eee gattangal bandhapetta oru lekhanathil (molecular cloning) kurachu vishadamaayi vivarichittundu."
dna expression.
dna expression anuyojyamaaya hoost cellukalude transfection aavasyamaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, bacteria, yeest, praanikal allengil sasthanikalude koshangal (manushya bhroona vrukka koshangal allengil choo koshangal polullava) aathidheya koshangalayi upayogikkunnu.
aathidheya jeeviyilekk transplantation cheythathinushesham, recombinent dna nirmmaanathinullil adangiyirikkunna videsha dna prakadippikkukayo prakadippikkaathirikku cheyyaam. athaayath, dna expression illaathe aavarthikkaam, allengil athu traanskript cheyyukayum vivarthanam cheyyukayum oru recombinent protein uthppaadippikkukayum cheyyaam. pothuvaayi paranjaal, oru videsha jeeninte aavishkaarathin aathidheyante vivarthana upakaranathinu (udha.jii. promoter, translation inishyeshan signal, transcription terminator).
ectopic jeeninte aavishkaaram mechappeduthunnathinna aathidheya jeeviyil prathyeka mattangal varuthaam. koodaathe, coding sequenceukalilum mattangal aavashyamaayi vannekkaam, vivarthanam opttimais cheiyunnathinum protein layikkunnathinum recombinent proteine sariyaaya sellular allengil extra sellular sthaanathekku nayikkunnathinum proteine degradationil ninnu sthirappeduthunnathinum.
recombinent dna adangiyirikkunna jeevikalude gunangal.
mikka kesukalilum, recombinent dna adangiyirikkunna jeevikalkk prathyakshatthil saadhaarana phenotypeukal undu. athaayath, avayude roopam, swabhaavam, metabolism enniva saadhaaranayaayi maattamillaathavayaanu, koodaathe recompinant seekwansukalude saannidhyam prakadippikkaanulla eaka maargam dna thanne parisodhikkuka ennathaanu, saadhaaranayaayi polymerase cheyin reaction (pcr) testt upayogikkuka. kaaryamaaya ozhivaakkalukal nilavilundu, avaa chuvade charchacheyyunnu.
rdna sequenceukal prakadippikkunna oru jeenine encode cheiyukayaanenkil, saadhaaranayaayi arty-pcr allengil vestten hybridisation reethikal upayogichu recombinent jeeninte rna koodaathe/allengil protein uthppannangalude saannidhyam kandethanakum. aathidheya jeevikalil jaiva pravartthanam srishtikkunnathinaayi recombinent jeane thiranjedutthu parishkkarichillenkil motham phenotypic mattangal maanadandamalla. recombinent jeane uthppannam prerippikkunna aathidheya jeevajalathinu vishaamsham ulppedunnathaanu adhika phenotypeukal, prathyekichum athu anuchithamaya koshangalkko tissuekalkko ullil amithamaayi prakadippikkukayo prakadippikkukayo cheythaal.
chila sandarbhangalil, recombinent dna prakadippichillenkil doshakaramaaya phalangal undaakkum. ithu sambhavikkunna oru samvidaanam insersional inaaktiveshanaanu, athil rdna oru hoost sellinte jeenil cherkkunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, jeenukalude jaivaparamaaya pravartthanavum praadhaanyavum nirnnayikkaan gaveshakar eee prathibhasam upayogikkunnu. chromosomal dnailake rdna ulppeduthunnathu jeane expressione badhikkunna mattoru samvidaanam munbu prakadippikkappedaathu hoost sell jeenukalude anuchithamaya sajeevamaakkalaan. udaaharanathinu, oru sajeeva promoter adangiya oru recombinent dna sakalam munbu nishabdamaaya hoost sell jeeninu aduthaayi sthithicheyyumbozho allengil jeane expression niyantrikkaan pravartthikkunna oru hoost sell jeane recombinent dna vazhi insersional nishkriyathaykku vidheyamaakumbozho ithu sambhavikkam.
recombinent dnaude prayogangal.
biotechnology, medisin, gaveshanam ennivayil recombinant dna vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. innu, dna saankethikavidyayude upayogathil ninnulla recombinent proteinukalum mattu uthppannangalum ellah paashchaathya farmacy, physician allengil vettarinari oafees, medical testing laborattari, biological research laborattari ennividangalil kaanapedunnu. koodaathe, recombinent dna saankethikavidya upayogichu kaikaaryam cheytha jeevikalum aaa jeevikalil ninnu uruthirinja uthppannangalum gloffish vilkkunnathupolulla pala faamukalilum soopparmaarkkattukalilum hoome medisin kaabinattukalilum valarthumrigangalude kadakalilum polum ethi.
biological, biomedical sciencesile ettavum nilavile pravarthanangalkku saankethikavidya pradhaanamaaya adisthaana gaveshanathilaanu recombinent dnaude ettavum saadhaaranamaaya prayogam. jeenukal thirichariyunnathinum mapp cheiyunnathinum sequence cheiyunnathinum avayude pravartthanam nirnnayikkunnathinum recombinent dna upayogikkunnu. oro koshangalkkullilum muzhuvan jeevajaalangaludeyum koshangalil udaneelavum jeane expression vishakalanam cheiyunnathil rdna probukal upayogikkunnu. laborattari pareekshanangalil reactorukalaayum koshangalkkum jeevikalkkumullile protein synthesis parishodhikkunnathinaayi antibody probukal srishtikkunnathinum recombinant proteinukal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
vyavasaayam, bhakshya uthppaadanam, manushyan mrugasamrakshanavum, krishi, jaiva enchiniyaring ennivayil recombinent dnaude niravadhi adhika praayogika prayogangal kaanapedunnu. chila prathyeka udaaharanagal chuvade thirichariyaan kazhiyum.
charithram.
propha. enn. eyude biruda vidyaarthiyaaya peettar lobban aanu recombinant dii. enn. eiii enna ashayam aadyamaayi nirddeshichathu. stanford yooniversitti medical skoolile biochemistry vibhaagathil dayle kaisar. recombinent dnaude vijayakaramaya ulppaadanavum intra sellular replication vivarikkunna aadya prasidheekaranangal 1972 lum 1973 lum staanfordil ninnum ucsfl ninnum prathyakshappettu. 1980-ll staanfordile biochemistry vibhaagathile professor aadya prabandhangalilonninte rachayithaavumaaya pooll berginu "recombinent dnaumayi bandhappett" nucleic aasidukalekkurichulla addehathinte pravarthanangalkku rasathanthrathile nobal sammanam labhichu. rdna saankethikavidyayude saankethikavidyakal mechappeduthiya restruction endonucleaseukal kandethiyathin verner arber, haamilttan smith, daniel nathans ennivar 1978 leeii physiology allengil medisin nobel sammanam pankittu.
1974ll stanford sarvakalashaala recombinent dnaude us pettantinu apekshichu, kandupiduthakkaare herbert dablyu. boyer (california sarvakalaashaalayile professor, saan francisco), staanli enn. kohen (stanford sarvakalaashaalayile professor); eee pettant 1980-ll labhichu. punasamyojippikkunna dna saankethikavidya upayogichu srishtikkappetta aadyathe licensulla marunnu human insulin aayirunnu, ithu genentech vikasippikkukayum elii lilly kambaniyum licenses nalkukayum cheythu.
tharkkam.
recombinent dna reethikalude prarambha vikasanavumayi bandhapetta shaasthranjar recombinent dna adangiyirikkunna jeevikalkk abhikaamyamallaathatho apakadakaramo aaya gunangal undakaan saadhyathayundennu thiricharinju. 1975-leeii recombinent dnaykurichulla asylomer konfaransil eee aashankakal charcha cheyyukayum prathyekichu apakadakaramennu kanakkaakkappedunna pareekshanangalkkayi recombinent dna gaveshanathinu swamedhayaa moratorium aarambikkukayum cheythu. naashanal instittyoott oof health (usa) rdna jolikkayi aupachaarika maargganirddeshangal vikasippikkukayum purappeduvikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare eee moratorium vyaapakamaayi nireekshikkappettu. innu, recombinent dna thanmaathrakalum recombinent proteinukalum saadhaaranayaayi apakadakaramaanennu kanakkakkappedunnilla. ennirunnaalum, recombinent dna prakadippikkunna chila jeevikalekkurichu aashankakal nilanilkkunnu, prathyekichu avaa laborattari vittu paristhithiyilo bhakshya shringalayilo praveshikkumbol. janithakamattam varuthiya jeevikalekkurichum janithakamattam varuthiya bhakshya vivaadangalekkurichum lekhanangalil eee aashankakal charcha cheythittundu. koodaathe, biopharmaceutical ulppaadanathile upolppannangalekkurich aashankakalundu, avide recompinant dna prathyeka protein uthppannangalil kalaashikkunnu. hoost sell protein ennu vilikkappedunna pradhana upolppannam hoost expression sisttathil ninnaan varunnath, ithu rogiyude aarogyathinum mothatthilulla paristhithikkum bheeshaniyaanu.

