
merii maargarat ooo 'railey

1924 muthal 1938 vare yunaittad stetts beuro oof mintinte asisttant director sevanamanushticha oru american sivil sarvees udyogasthayaayirunnu merii maargarat oo 'railey (october 14,1865-desember 6,1949). akkaalathe yunaittad stetts gavanmentile ettavum uyarnna raankulla vanita jeevanakkaril oralaaya avar 34 varsham mintil jolie cheythu, eee kaalayalavil avar palappozhum mint directorude abhaavathil acting director sevanamanushtichu.
masaachyusetsile springfieldil oru airish kudiyetta kudumbathilaanu ooo 'railey janichathu. aaa samsthaanathu valarnna avar vidhavayaya ammaye sahodarangaleyum sahayikkunnathinaayi 14-aamm vayassil school vittu. praadeshika tekstail millukalil jolie aarambhicha avar pathinettu varsham vorsestaril clerkaayi jolie cheiyunnathinu munbu ratri schoolil clerical pariseelanam nedi. 1904-ll ooo 'railey mint beuroyil oru sthaanam nedi, athinte falamaayi washingtonilekku thamasam maari.sii. beuroyude shreniyil avar athivegam uyarnnu-akkaalat oru sthreeyude asaadhaaranamaaya nettam-yunaittad stetts kongrassinu munnil saakshyam vahikkaan avar pathivayi vilikkapettu. mintinte directormaaril palarum raashtreeyamaayi niyamikkappettavarum beuroyude pravarthanangalil arivo thaalpparyamo illaathavarumaayathinaal sthaapanam nadathaanulla chumatala palappozhum avarkkaayirunnu. 1924ll avar audyogikamaayi asisttant director niyamithayaayi.
1933-ll mint athinte aadya vanita samvidaayakayaaya nellie teylo rosine nedukayum avalum ooo 'raily thammilulla prarambha avishwaasam undaayirunnittum avar sakthamaaya oru bandham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1935ll nirbandhitha viramikkalin shedule cheythittundenkilum, beuroyude pravarthanangalkku oo 'railey valare anivaaryamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu.ezz. president franklin dii. rooswelt ithu 1938 vare maatti. avarude pilkkala varshangalil, ooo 'railey washington dii yill thudarnnu.sii.avar mint kaaryangalil svayam earppettilla, pakaram catholica jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalil kooduthal shradha chelutthi.
aadyakaala jeevithavum currier.
merii maargarat ooo 'railey 1865 october 14 nuu masaachyusetsile springfieldil janichu. avalude maathaapithaakkal jaims eiii. jovana ooo raily irelandil ninnulla kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu, merii anchu makkalil oraalaayirunnu. jaims oo 'railey madyathinte mothakkachavadakkaaranaayinu masaachyusetsile springfieldlum aduthulla chikkopiyilumaanu kudumbam thaamasichirunnathu. 1873-ll oru asukhathethudarnnu addeham marichu. kudumbatthinu varumanam nashtappedunnathinoppam addehathinte maranam kudumbatthinu niyamaparamaaya prasnangal srishtichu ippol adacha oo 'railey bisinessile oru clerkaaya austin oo' railey, bakkiyulla madyam vitt estettu theerppaakkaan shramichu, pakshe angane cheyyaan licenses illaayirunnu. bisinus kaaryangalekkurichu oru arivum jovana oo railey nishedhichu. licencillaathe madyam kadathiyathinu oosttinte shiksha masaachyusets supreme judicial kodathi sharivachu.
kudumbatthe pottaan avalude sahayam aavashyamaayi vannathinaal merii onpathaam klaasinusesham, 14-aamm vayassil allengil athinusesham taamasiyaathe school vittu. praadeshika tekstail millukalilonnil jolie cheythirunna avar oru clerkaayum stenographeraayum pariseelanam nedunnathinaayi ratri schoolil chernnu. 1885 muthal 1903 vare avar oru clarkayi jolie cheythu, oru sahodaranodoppam avarude ammayude udamasthathayilulla oru boarding hausil thaamasichu.
mint currier (1904-1938).
praadhaanyathilekku uyaruka.
1904ll yunaittad stetts beuro oof dhii mint, mikka puthiya jeevanakkaarekkaalum prayamaaya 38 vayassullappol, klaas dii thaalkkaalika clerkaayi ooo 'raileye niyamichu. avar washington dii. yill sevanamanushtichu.sii. mint director jorjju iii. ulla mint beuroyude aasthaanam. avarude bisinesses anubhavavum kazhivum robertsine aakarshichu. thudakkathil thaalkkaalika padavi mathramulla avar 1905-ll oru sthiram jeevanakkariyaayi niyamikkappedukayum aaa varsham 1,200 dollar shambalathil onnaam klaas clarkayi veendum sthaanakkayattam nedukayum cheythu. 1911-ll maargarat kelliye beuro oof mintinte examineraayi niyamichappol, avarude pashchaathalatthil sthaanakkayattangalude tharamgathil akkoundukalude adjusteraaya ooo 'railey ulppedunnu. ithu avare ellah karaarukalum avalokanam cheyyaanulla utharavaadithathode mint beuroyude cheef clerkaayi maatti. thewa jeey. skir, nellie teylo rosinte (viramikkunnathin munbu ooo 'reyliyude avasana mint director) jeevacharithrakaaran "[ooo' railey] purusha aadipathyamulla thozhil anthareekshathil samghadanayiloode ithuvare uyaran abhoothapoorvamaaya prachodanavum budhiyum aavashyamaayirunnu".
1910kalil, ooo 'railey examineraayum computer oof bulliyanaayum sevanamanushtichu sthaanakkayattam nedunnathu thudarnnu. kongrassinu munnil saakshyam vahikkaan avale palappozhum vilichirunnu. 1915ll roobert dablyu. wooley mint director niyamikkapettu, orupakshe mintil thante moonnaam noottaandil aaa sthaanathu sevanamanushtichavaril ooo 'reyliyude priyappettavalaayirunnu. avar palappozhum vyakthiparamaaya aashamsakalode oormmakkurippukal avasanippikkukayum wooley prathikarikkukayum cheythu. 1916 augustil wooley rajivachathinushesham, voolinte pingamiyaaya friedrich johannes hugo voonn engelkan adutha maasam adhikaaramelkkunnathuvare ooo 'railey oru bhagam acting director sevanamanushtichu, ennirunnaalum mint fred echu beuroyude adjuster aayirunnu. edavelayude bhooribhaagavum chafflin abhinaya sthaanam vahichirunnu.
asisttant director.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil mintile mikka directormaarum rashtreeya niyamanakkaraayirunnu, beuroyil munparichayamillaayirunnu. 1916lum 1917lum director enna nilayil aarr maasathe kaalayalavil voonn engelkan mintukaludeyum asey offeesukaludeyum mikkavarum ellah melnottavum ooo 'railikku vittu. 1916ll kalaktarmaarkkidayil prachaaratthilundaayirunna proof naanayangalude nirmmaanam mint nirthalaakki. ennirunnaalum panam nashtappetta prathyeka nanayangal beuro neekkam cheyyanamenna nirddesham philadelphia mint suuprand aadam emm. joys, voonn eamgalkkan amgeekaaram nalki, ooo 'railey naanayashaasthranjarkku ezhuthiya pala kathukalilum oppuvachu, athinaal nayathile maattathinu addehathe kuttappedutthi.
1917 februvariyil voonn eamgalkkan raajivachappol addehathinte pingamiyaayirunnu reymond tii. sthreekal vardhichuvarunna sarkkar sthaanangal vahikkumennu munkootty kanda baker, ooo 'railic kooduthal pothupank nalki. oro varshavum, beuroyude viniyoga abhyarthanakale prathirodhikkaan baker kongrasinu munnil hajaraakukayum ooo 'railey addehathinte pinnil irikkukayum cheythu. 1920lum 1921lum, executive clerk enna padavi vahicha ooo raileye asisttant director audyogikamaayi naamanirddesham cheyyaan baker kongrasine prerippikkaan shramichuvenkilum vijayichilla. harding bharanakoodam adhikaaramettathinusesham 1922ll bakerinu pakaram frank iii. hardinginte ohiyo samghathile oralaaya scoby. puthiya directorq mint kaaryangalil thaalpparyamillaayirunnu, beuroyude pravarthanangalkku melnottam vahikkuka mathramalla, 1922 ll kongrassinu munbaake mukhyasaakshiyaayirunna addeham, viniyoga abhyarthanayeyum svayam asisttant director niyamikkanulla thudarchayaaya neekkatheyum prathirodhichu. ithavana kongras kooduthal anukoolamaayirunnu, 1924 muthal avar eee padavi nedi.
1921 desemberil, baker padinjaaran theerathekku trainil moonnu divasathe yaathraykkide puthiya samadhana dollarinte roopakalppanayecholli oru public relations prathisandhi pottipurappettu. naanayatthinte designaraaya aanthani dii fransisky, pinvashathu oru takarnna vaal ulppeduthiyirunnu, athu yudhathinte avasaanathinte adayaalamaayi addeham uddeshichirunnuvenkilum palarum apamaanathinte pratheekamaayi vyaakhyaanichu. onnaam lokamahaayudham kaaranam atharam kaaryangalil aazhathil sensitiivu aaya oru rajyath atharamoru roopakalppanayodulla rosham prathidhvanichu. baker athicheraanaavaathathinaal, vaal neekkam cheyyendathundennu ooo 'railey manassilakki, treasury under sekrattari seamore parker gilbertine sameepikkukayum addeham acting sekratariyenna nilayil oru puthukkiya roopakalppanaykku amgeekaaram nalkukayum cheythu. mintinte mukhya kothupanikkaaranaaya jorjju tii. morgan, thaan kandittillaatha puthukkiya roopakalppanaykku baker swantham amgeekaaram nalkunnathinumumbu thanne ithinakam thayyarakkiya nanaya nirmmaana kendrangalil ninnu vaal naipunyathode neekkam cheythu.
scoby, addehathinte pingamiyaaya roobert jeey. ennivarude keezhil ooo 'railey mikka mint ooppareshanukalum nadatthi. graant. 1920 kalile kuthichuyarunna sambadvyavasthayil mint beuro valare thirakkilaayirunnuvenkilum, naanayacharithrakaaranaaya rogger burdet choondikkaanikkunnathu pravarthanangalil kuravukalundaayirunnu-udaaharanathinu, philadelphia mint udyogasthar, vaarshika aseh kammeeshan parisodhikkunnathinum parisodhikkunnathinum vitharanam cheiyunna oro baachil ninnum swarnna nanayangal maattivaykkunnathinupara, ellah aseh naanayangalum varshathinte thudakkathil neekkivacha oru bagil ninnu eduthu, ithu nilavaaramillaatha nanayangal kandethappedathirikkaalanu saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. nanaya nirmmaana pravarthanangalil ooo 'railey sookshumamaayi shradha chelutthi, 1931 novemberil saan francisco mint 200,000 nikkalukalil thaazhe maathrame uthppaadippichittulla ennu munnariyipp nalki, ithu nilkkaan anuvadikkukayaanenkil eee prashnam collectormar sookshikkaan idayaakkumaayirunnu. varshathile backie samayangalil nikkalukalallathe mattonnum adikkaan avar mintinode nirddeshichu, athinte falamaayi 1931-kalile motham mindej 1,200,000 aayi, ithu pothu nikkal shreniyile randaamathe ettavum kuranja mint maarkk aanu.
rooswelt bharanavum viramikalum.
1933ll janaadhipathya rooswelt bharanakoodam adhikaaramettappol, graantinte rajikk sesham ooo 'railey acting director sevanamanushtikkukayaayirunu. president franklin rooswelt (fdr) muun weong govarnor nellie teylo rosine mint director niyamichu, aaa sthaanam vahikkunna aadya vanitha. appozhekkum, ooo 'railic 67 vayassayirunnu, "treasuryude priyathama" ennu vilikkappedunna oru cheria, muthasshiyaayi prathyakshappettu-avalude maanasika shakthiyum nischayadaartyavum marachuvecha oru roopam. rosinte pezhsanal sekrattari ednez wilkins, mintinte asisttant directore "cruren" ennaanu visheshippichathu.
rossin ooo 'railic paraspara samshayangal marikadakkaanundaayirunnu. efdiaarinte prachaaranatthil aduthide elanor roosvelttumaayum mattullavarumaayum mosham bandham pulartthiyirunna rooss, currier staafukale vishwasichilla. directorshippin munbu denver mint sooprandaayirunna graantinu pakaram mint beuroyil parichayamillaattha mattoru rashtreeya niyamanathe ooo 'railey kandu. oru cheria kaalayalavinusesham, rund sthreekalum parasparam gunangale vilamathikkaan vannu.
1933lum 1934lum mint beuroic abhimukeekarikkendivanna prasnangalil bhooribhaagam swarnna naanayangaludeyum viliyum ulppedunnu. federal reserve baankinte shaakhakalil atharam nanayangal samarppikkaan treasury vakupp niyanthranangal purappeduvichappol, ooo 'railey acting director enna nilayil avarude oppinmel oru memmoraandam ayachu, sarkkar staambulla baarukalallathe svarnnamallaathe mattonnum sweekarikkaan feedinu soukaryamillennu choondikkaatti. akkaalat, treasury sekrattariyude keezhil varunna rahasya sevanathekkaalum mattu niyama nirvvahanavumaayi bandhapetta ejansikalekkaalum valare kuravaanennu kanakkaakkappedunna treasury vakuppinte ettavum thaazhnna nilayilulla shaakhakalilonnaanu mint beuro. roosvelttinte niyamanakkaarum hoover bharanakoodatthile muthirnna udyogastharum adisthaana mint arivinte abhavam swarnna niyanthranangal kaanikkunnuvenn burdet choondikkaanikkunnu.
director asisttantum thammilulla saadhaarana thozhil vibhajanathilekku roses ooo raily taamasiyaathe ethi director pothukaaryangal kaikaaryam cheyyukayum aavasyaanusaranam nayaparamaaya theerumaanangal edukkukayum cheyyum, athesamayam asisttant beuroyude dainamdina bisinesses kaikaaryam cheyyum. rooss oru kanatha yatra shedule ettedukkukayum, mint soukaryangal sandarshikkukayum, roosvelttine pinthunaykkunna prasamgangal nadathukayum, vyomingile janaadhipathya sthaanaarthikalkkaayi pracharanam nadathukayum cheythu. ithu oo 'raileye acting director washington oafees nadatthaan anuvadichu. eee samayangalil rund sthreekalum bisinesses poleyullathum ennaal ooshmalavumaaya kathidapaadukal nadatthi, ooo 'railey rosinu (mints touur aarambhicha) ezhuthi, "ivideyulla [washingtonile] offeesinekkurichu ningalude manass shaanthamaakkaan njaan valare aakaamkshaakulanaanu, njaan pathivayi telegraamukal upayogichu. avaa aksharangalekkaal valare nerittullathum kaalikavumaanu... ningalkk ente snehavum njangalude priyappetta mint sthaapanangalilekkulla ningalude sandarshanangalude vijayathin ellah aashamsakalum."ooo 'reyliyude feeldil ninnulla reportukal vilappettathaanennu skeer soochippikkunnu; maandyathinte prarambha varshangalil ninnu, thaarathamyena kurachu nanayangal nirmmichappol, 1930 kalude pakuthi vare, naanayangalude sakthamaaya aavasyam beuro rando moonno shifttukalode mintukal pravarthippikkaan nayichappol, mint engane veendeduthuvennu avaa kaanichu.
1935-ll, ooo 'railey nirbandhitha federal viramikkal prayamaaya 70-ll ethi. beuro kaaryangalekkurichulla avalude arivu valare vipulavum valare aavashyamullathumaayirunnu, rosinte abhyarthana maanich president roosvelttinte prathyeka utharaviloode nirbandhitha viramikkalil ninnu avale ozhivaakkukayum mint sevanathil oru varsham koodi nalkukayum cheythu. eee vipuleekaranathe rooss pinthunachenkilum, ooo 'reyliyude sahayamillaathe thante jolie cheyyaan kazhiyaathe vannathayi kaanaan kazhiyaathe varikayum accountingil pashchaathalamulla virgenia sarvakalaashaalayile frank leyland howardine ooo' reyliyude pakarakkariyaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1936-ll rooswelt samanamaaya oru vipuleekaranathinu amgeekaaram nalki, ithu treasury sekrattari henry morgenthou juuniyar enna nilayil valare praadhaanyamarhikkunna oru vyathyaasamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. avalude bahumaanaartham oru uchabhakshanam samghadippichu. 1937 avasaanathode rooswelt veendum avarude federal sevanam oru varshathekku neetti, ennirunnaalum thaan avare veendum ozhivaakkillenn munnariyipp nalki. thante kaalavadhi kooduthal neettaanulla morgenthouyude sramam adutha joolaiyil president nirasikkukayum 1938 october 29 nuu avar viramikkukayum pakaram howard niyamikkappedukayum cheythu.
ooo 'reyliyude abhyarthanaprakaaram, avalude viramikkal adayaalappeduthunnathinu oru chadangum undaayirunnilla, ennirunnaalum avalude sahapravarthakar avalkk oru vajra-pothinja vaachu vaangaan shramichu, athu sweekarikkaan avar avale prerippichu. president roosvelttum sekrattari morgenthouyum avarude sevanathinu abhinandana kathukal ayachu. "newyork times" avarude viramikkalinekkurichula vaarthakal nalki, pakshe abhimukhamonnum undaayilla, oraazhchaykk sesham "ivideyum aadhunikathayund" ennu edittoriyal cheythu. sthreekalkkulla amerikkayude velluvilikkulla utharam. sthreekal jeevithathil ninnu enthaanu aagrahikkunnath, sthreekalkku enthaanu nedaanum nalkaanum kazhiyuka ennathilekku ithu viral choondunnu."
viramikalum maranavum.
viramichathinusesham, ooo 'railey washingtonile hayy-aadamsile vasathiyile murikalil thaamasikkunnath thudarnnu. aval mint kaaryangalil svayam earppettirunnilla; morgenthou avalkk kurachu kathukal ayachuvenkilum avar bisinasinekkurichu paraamarshichilla. catholica jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkkaayi dhanasamaharanam samghadippikkunnathil ooo 'railey thirakkilaayirunnu. orikkalum audyogikamaayi purathirangaattha 1933-leeii niravadhi eratta kazhukanmaar engane vipaniyilethiyennu 1944-ll mint anweshichappol avale abhimukham nadatthiyilla, oru ozhivakkal bharam asaadhaaranamaanennu kandethunnu.
1949 desember 6nuu washingtonil vachu ooo 'railey antharichu. rooswelt thanikk aadyathe kaalavadhi neettikkodukkaan anumathi nalkiyappol, reportermaar avale abhimukham nadatthaan sramichuvennum, inipparayunna prasthavana maathrame labhichulloovennum avarude "newyork times" anushochanam anusmarichu