
thubattulabaal bhasha

yunaittad stetsile kaaliforniyayile kernn kaundiyil parambaraagathamaayi samsaarikkunna oru utto-astecan bhaashayaan tubatulabaal. engleeshinu purame ippozhum parambaraagatha bhasha samsaarikkunna thubattulaabalinte parambaraagatha bhaashayaanith. bakalanchi, pakanapul, palegavan enningane moonnu pradhana bhaashaabhedangal eee bhaashaykk thudakkathil undaayirunnu.
engleeshil, thubattulabaal enna peru thubattulabaal janathayeyum avarude bashayeyum soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhashayil thanne, thubattulabaal enna padam thubattulabaal janataye maathrame soochippikkunnulloo. ithinte uthbhavam vyakthamallengilum ithu "pine nutts" enna naamavumayi bandhappettirikkam. tubadulabal bhaashayude tubadulabal padam "ennaanu."
phonology.
segmental phonology.
svaraaksharangal.
thubattulaabalil aarr shabdaswarakalundu
oro swaraaksharathinteyum hraswavum neelamullathumaaya virudha pathippukal sammarddamullathum sammarddamillaathathumaaya aksharangalil kaanapedunnu. svaraaksharangalkku vyathyastha parithasthithikalil sambhavikkunna vividha allophoneukal undu, prathyekichu svaraaksharangal hraswavum sammarddamillaatha aksharangalil sambhavikkumbol kooduthal central laxes allophoneukal. "i", "u" enniva mattethenkilum swaraaksharathodoppam oru difthonginte randaamathe amgamaayi sambhavikkam, athinte falamaayi patthu saadhyamaaya difthongukal undakam ("ιu" apoorvamaanennu vogelin report cheiyunnu). shabdashaasthraparamaayi, oru difthongile amgangale vyathyastha vibhagangalaayi kanakkakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, aadyathe stem swaraaksharam pakartthunna saadhaarana prarambha raduplikkeshan prakriya, oru difthonginte aadya amgathe maathram pakartthunnu, udha.jii.:
swaraaksharathinte neelam vipareethamaanu. ennirunnaalum, morphology enna prathyayashaasthrathil dairkhyam saadhaaranayaayi pravachikkaavunnathaan. mikka kesukalilum, aadya suffix hraswavum randaamathe suffix neelamullathum moonnaamathe suffix hraswavumaanu. udaaharanathinu, 'kazhikkanam' enna vaakkalulla thandu 'namukk pooyi bhakshanam kazhikkunnuvennu nadikkaam' ennathilekku vipuleekarikkaam. eee vakkil, oro prathyayavum athinte ayalkkaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol neelatthil marimari varunnu. vyathyasthamayi krameekarikkumbol, ore prathyayangalkk vyathyastha neelamundaakum. angane 'namukk pookaam' enna athe roopabhaavathinte thiricharivumaayi 'namukk pookaam' ennathumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
tubatulabal vyanjanaksharangal oru adisthaana shabda vyathyasam kaanikkunnu, mikkavarum ellah thadassangalkkum anubandhamaayi marimari shabdamullah shabdamundu. thubattulabaal shabdamillaatha vyanjanaksharangal aadya/s/, e nuu sesham engleeshil ullathupole aakaamkshayillaathathaanu.jii. spin', 'stiph', 'skin' ennivayil ullathupole.
ellah swaraaksharangaludeyum virudhamallaatha allophoneukal sambhavikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi oru swaraaksharam oru nassel vyanjanaaksharathe pinthudarumbol, prathyekichu athu oru glottel vyanjanaaksharathin munbaayirikkumbol.
vyanjanaksharangal.
glottel stopp ozhikeyulla ellah vyanjanaaksharangalum jeminettukalaayi sambhavikkam. jemination palappozhum shabdashaasthraparamaayi pravachikkaavunnathaan. prathyekichum, oru hraswa swaraaksharam pinthudarumbol shabdamullah stoppukalum glottel stopp jeminettum ozhikeyulla ellah vyanjanaaksharangalum. muun swaraaksharathinte neelam pariganikkathe ellah stoppukalum africateukalum avasana sthaanathu jeminettu cheyyappedunnu.
prosody.
thubattulaabalin pravachanatheethamaaya padaprashnam undu, ithu roopaghadana mandalavumaayum aksharabharavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. praadhamika sammarddam thandinte avasana aksharathilaanu. avasana aksharathil ninnu valathottu edathottu secondary stress nalkunnu, ithu matellaa morakalilum veezhunnu
vːcvcv roopathilulla vaakkukal βvːcv3cv aayi oonnipparayum
stress assainmentinte aavasyangalkkaayi, oru glottel stopp kondu maathram verthirikkappedunna rund samana hraswa svaraaksharangal ore morphimilaanengil maathram avaa orotta svaraaksharamaayi kanakkaakkum
roopaghadana.
tubatulabalil moonnu adisthaana padha tharangalunda kriyakal, namangal, kanikakal. vaakkalulla kaandangalil ninno vaakkalulla roopaghadanayil ninno naamatthil ninno kriyakal roopappedaam; athupole, naamatthil ninno naamathmaka roopaghadanayil ninno namangal roopappedaam. kanangalkk avarudethaaya thandukalundenkilum avaykku thaarathamyena cheria prathifalanamundu, athesamayam kriyakalum namangalum roopashaasthraparamaayi valare sankeernamaanu.
tubattulaabalil naalu padha-roopeekarana prakriyakalundu prathyayam, raduplikkeshan, samyojanam, compounting.
prathyayam.
agglutinative padaghadanayile ettavum saadhaaranavum uthppaadanakshamavumaaya prakriyayaan suffixation. prathyayangal oru clossed klaas roopappeduthukayum vaakkinte tharam anusarichu oru nischitha kramatthil sambhavikkukayum cheiyunnu.
reduplication.
rund tharatthilulla raduplikkeshanukal undu poornna raduplikkeshan, bhagika raduplikkeshan. poornnamaaya raduplikkeshan ennathu saadhaaranamallaatha tharamaan, ithu kriyakalile aavarthana vashathe adayaalappeduthunnu.
bhagikamaaya reduplication prarambha allengil avasana reduplicationaayi sambhavikkam. anthimamaaya punarnirmmaanam valare apoorvamaanu, ellaayppozhum bahuvachana vishwasthatha enna ashayam prakadippikkunnu. ithu avasaanikkunna naamatthilo prathyayatthilo sambhavikkunnathilum parimithappedutthiyirikku. oru udaaharanathiloode vogelin vishadeekarikkunnu
prarambha reduplication valare kooduthal uthppaadanakshamamaanu. namangalil koottaaya bahuswarata prakadippikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu.
koodaathe kriyakalil vasha vipareethaavastha prakadippikkuka. prarambha punarvinyaasam oru nischithathinu munbu kaandatthinte aadya swaraaksharathinte (athupole thanne mookkine thottupinnilulla eathenkilum) oru pakarpp prefix cheiyunnu. adisthaana stem-iniishyal vyanjanaaksharathilum (enthengilum undengil) maattangalkk vidheyamaayekkaam, prathyekichu shabdathilum neelatthilum. chila udaaharanagal raduplikkeshan prakriya vyakthamaakkunnu
samyojanam.
oru kanika mattoru tharatthilulla vaakkinte samyojanamaanu samyojanathil ulppedunnathu. vojelin parayunnathanusarichu, kanangalude swabhaavam mattu youto-astecan bhaashakalile encliticsinodu saamyamullathaanenkilum avayil ninnu vyathyasthamaanenkilum athu orutharam cliticisationaayi kanakkaakkaruth.
compounting.
bhaashayude aadya ghattathil compounting valare kooduthal uthppaadanakshamamaaya prakriyaayirunnuvennu thonnunnu. ippol athinte uthppaadanakshamatha valare parimithamaanu, pala kesukalilum athu sambhavikkukayaanenkil athu poornnamaayum lexicalise cheythathayi thonnunnu.
kriyayude roopaghadana.
oro kriya steminum pravachanatheethamaaya antharleenamaaya veekshana moolyamundu (telec allengil attelik; swathave, oru bair stem antharleenamaayi attelik aanu), koodaathe traansittivitikk (traansitteevu, intraansitteevu allengil almaratom) antharleenamaaya moolyavumundu. saadhyamaaya mattethenkilum moolyangalumaayi oru kriyayude thandu nalkunnathinu roopaghadanayude kootticherkkal vazhi antharleenamaaya moolyangal maattaan kazhiyum. prarambha reduplication aanu vasham rivezhsal soochippikkunnathu. kriyakal nirmmikkunna niravadhi derivative suffixukalil onno athiladhikamo upayogikkunnathu traansittivitti maattathe soochippikkunnu.
muzhuvan kriya ghadanayum (eiii) + bii + (sii) + (dii) aayi sangrahikkaam, ivide bii ennathu kriyayude moolamaanu, mattu sthaanangal (ellah oopshanalukalum) morphimukalude klaasukale prathinidheekarikkunnu. a ennathu prarambha rduplicatione soochippikkunnu, ithu oru vakkil oru thavana maathrame sambhavikkoo. sii ennathu derivetteshan morphimukalude oru classine soochippikkunnu, avaye patthu kramappeduthiya sthaanangalaayi thirikkam, avaa oronnum oro wack paramavadhi oru morphim anuvadikkunnu. dii anthima sthaanamaanu; anthima sthaanathu onpathu saadhyamaaya morphimukalundu, ennaal orotta vakkil maathrame sambhavikkaan kazhiyoo.
sii klaas morphimukal chuvadeyulla pattikayil udaaharanangalode nalkiyirikkunnu. eee morphimukal oru vakkil sahavarthikkumbol, avaa nalkiyirikkunna kramatthil sambhavikkanam. parivartthanasheshi maarunna morphimukal * ennu adayaalappeduthiyiriknu. kriyayude verukalude antharleenamaaya parivarthanakshamathayeyum athupole thanne mattu parivartthana-maarunna roopaghadanayude saannidhyatheyum aashrayich avaykku vyathyasthamaaya falamundu.
saadhyamaaya vaakkalulla avasana morphimukal (klaas dii) chuvade kaanichirikkunnu. klaas sii morphimukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, eee anthima-sthaana morphimukalil onnu maathrame orotta vakkil sambhavikkukayulloo. athinaal, eee pattikayile morphimukalude kramam morphimukal thammilulla oru rekheeya bandhathekkurichu onnum soochippikkunnilla.
naamapada roopaghadana.
ellah namangalum (kriyayude kaandangalil ninno naamatthinte kaandangalil ninno uruthirinjathaanenkilum) nirbandhamaayum kevalamo aapekshikamo aayi adayaalappeduthunnu. namangal moonnu adisthaana kesukalil onnu kondu adayaalappeduthanam vishayam, vasthu allengil janithaka. aapekshika namangal suus, eejus vasthukkalum janithakavasthukkalum thammil mikacha vyathyasam nalkunnu. eee nirbandhitha roopaghadanaykku purame, namangalkk niravadhi dvitheeya kesukalum (insessive, ablative, aletive, instrumental) mattu niravadhi derivative suffixukalum soochippikkunna prathyayangalum labhichekkaam.
naamangale avayude kaandatthinte aakruthiyum roopaghadanayude swabhaavavum anusarichu chilappol avayude ardhaparamaaya sambhavanayum anusarichu moonnu adisthaana vibhagangalaayi thirikkam. namam kevalamaakumbol athu engane sambhavikkunnu ennathaanu vargeekaranathinulla adisthaana parisodhana. eee klaasukalil oronnil ninnum oru naamavumayi varumbol kevala prathyayathinu vyathyastha alomorph undu. oru naamathe klaas cheyyuka, ellaavarkkum swaraakshara-anthima thandukalundu, koodaathe kevala prathyayam-"l" aayi cherkkuka. klaas bii naamatthinte kaandangal swaraakshara-anthimamo vyanjanakshara-anthimamo aakam, ennaal rund saahacharyangalilum kevala prathyayam-"tii" aanu. klaas sii ennathu oru cheria klaas naamangalaan, avayil palathum bandhutwa padangalo mattu verthirikkaanaavaatha naamangalo aanu. klaas sii namangalil sambhavikkumbol kevala namam shabdashaasthraparamaayi poojyamaanu.
naamatthinte moolatthile shabdashaasthraparamaaya vyathyaasangale aashrayich oro klaasukaleyum rando athiladhikamo klaasukalaayi vibhajikkaam, ithu chila cases roopangalil vyathyasthamaaya perumaattatthilekku nayikkunnu. prathyekamaayi, klaas eye a1 naamangalaayi (neenda swaraaksharathil avasaanikkunna kaandangal), a2 naamangalaayi (oru hraswa swaraaksharathil avasaanikkunna kaandangal) thirichirikkunnu. oru hraswa swaraaksharathilo neelamulla swaraaksharathilo "n", "m", allengil shabdamillaatha vyanjanaaksharathilo avasaanikkunnundo ennathine aashrayich klaas b-yeei anchu upavibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. klaas sii yeei sii 1 (oru thuranna aapekshika prathyayam edukkunna namangal), sii 2 (vyakthamaaya aapekshika prathyayam illaatha namangal) enningane thirichirikkunnu.
kanika roopaghadana.
kriyakalilum namangalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi kanika vibhagathilppetta morphimukal valare kurachu allengil oru prathiphalanatthinum prathyayavartthanathinum vidheyamaakunnu enna vasthuthayal verthirichariyappedunnu. kanika vibhaagathil thikachum vyathyasthamayi pravartthikkunna morphimukalude rund upavibhagangal ulppedunnu conjunctive kanangalum swatantra kanangalum.
conjunctive kanikakal orikkalum swathanthramaayi prathyakshappedaathe ellaayppozhum mattoru vakkil aashrayikkunnathinaal avaa clitixinode saamyamullathaan. ennirunnaalum, klittiksil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, conjunctive kanikakal saadhaaranayaayi avarudethaaya sammarddam vahikkunnu, avaa chaayunna vaakkinte sammarddathe mattunnilla. conjunctive kanangalil vividha prabhaashanangalum model morphimukalum athupole kriyakalumaayi sambhavikkunna saadhaarana pronominal karar morphimukalum ulppedunnu.
swatantra kanikakal poornnamaayum swathanthramaaya vaakkukalaanu. avayil prepositional, model, ekslamettari morphemes, akkangal, oru klaas sarvanaamangal enniva ulppedunnu.
chuvadeyulla pattika tubaadulaabalinte pronominal morphimukal kaanikkunnu. namangal pole, sarvanaamangal moonnu kesukal thammil verthirikkunnu vishayam, vasthu, swathuaparamaaya. (sarvanaamangal kevalavum aapekshikavumaya gadakangal thammil verthirikkunnilla.) phastt, second, therd pezhsan entittikalkku vyathyastha roopangal nilavilundu. randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum vyakthikalude roopangal ekavachanavum bahuvachanavum maathram verthirikkunnu, ennaal aadya vyakthikalude roopangal ekavachanam, eratta ulkkollunna, eratta exclusive, bahuvachanam enniva thammil verthirikkunnu. ellah sarvanaamangalum conjunctive kanikakalaal prakadippikkappedaam. oru swatantra kanikayaal prakadippikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal vishaya sarvanaamangal savisheshamaan.
aadya vyakthi vishayamaaya conjunctive roopangalkku prathyeka alomorphukal undu, avaa "maa" enna bodhavalkarana suffix upayogichu sambhavikkumbol
moonnaam vyakthiyude conjunctive roopam saadhaaranayaayi poojyamaanu, ennaal ithu prabodhana allengil permitteevu suffixukalkku sesham-"d̃za" aanu prakadippikkunnathu. (prathyayam palappozhum syncopin devoisinghin vidheyamaakunnu, ithu-"t̃s" nalkunnu.) second-pezhsan conjunctive plueler subject roopavum syncopate cheythekkaam, medial swaraaksharavum pinneedu cheruthaakkunnu-"bumm". aadya-vyakthi conjunctive singular subject roopavum syncopate cheythekkaam, ithu devoisinginu kaaranamaakumenkilum kramarahithamaya phonologyilla suffixinu appol "k" enna roopamundu.
vishaya sarvanaamangal saadhaaranayaayi kriyakalilekku (samyojithamaanengil) chaayukayum vyaakarana vishayavumaayi poruthappedukayum cheiyunnu "iwikkːinki" "i upekshikkappettu (ithu)" (devoisinginoppam); "anabːhachta" "avarkk athu eriyanakum" (africatinte gadakangalude metathesisum "s"> "ch" enna maattavum upayogichu).
object sarvanaamangal kriyakalil aasrayikkukayum traansitteevu objectukal, dietransitive objectukal allengil benefictives, imperative kriyakalude vasthukkal, matricks kriyayude vishayathin thulyamallengil subordinate kriyakalude vishayangal ennivayulppede eathenkilum noonn-possessive charinja functione soochippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
udamasthaavakaasha sarvanaamangal saadhaaranayaayi 'ente veedu'; 'addehathinte bhaarya' enna udamasthathayilulla padatthilaanu aashrayikkunnath.
vaakyaghadana.
vaakkinte kramam pothuve vazhakkamullathaan. vaakk kramam pothuve nirbandhathekkaal sailiyaanu."(pii. 185)
aksharavinyasam.
eee lekhanathile traanscriptionukal anthaaraashtra phoonetik aksharamalaye (aii. pii. eiii) pinthudarunnu. tubattulabaalinekkurich valareyadhikam prasidheekaricha metteeriyal american oorthoograafi upayogikkunnu. koodaathe, bhaashayude yadhaartha vyaakarana vivaranamaya thubattulabalinekkurichulla ettavum pradhanappetta bhashaaparamaaya kruthi kurachu vyathyasthamaaya aksharavinyasam upayogikkunnu.
vogelin 'aas aandu aas' ennu ezhuthunnu. addeham 'aas', 'aas', 'aas', 'aas', 'aas' ennivayum ezhuthunnu. vocalic alomorphukalkkaayi addeham niravadhi prathyeka chinnangalum upayogikkunnu. ithu alomorph aanu, alomorph aanu, (aii. pii. eiii ') yude alomorph aanu, koodaathe ithu randum alomorph aanu.
thubattulaabal enna perilulla aksharam kendra vrithaakruthiyillaatha swaraaksharathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.

