
pinas longewa

california, newada, utta ennividangalile uyarnna parvathanirakalil kaanapedunna deerghakaalamaayi jeevikkunna oru inam bristalkon pine maramaan pinas longewa (saadhaaranayaayi grettu basin bristalkon pine, intermoundan bristalkon pine allengil vestten bristalkon pine ennu ariyappedunnu). varshangal pazhakkamullathum bhoomiyile ettavum pazhakkamulla jeevajalangalil clonel ithara jeeviyaayi ariyappedunnathumaaya oru bristalkon painaan methusela. eee maratthinte krithyamaaya sthaanam athine samrakshikkunnathinaayi rahasyamaayi sookshikkunnu. 1987ll nevadayile samsthaana marangalilonnaayaan bristalkon pine ariyapettath.
vivaranam.
uyaramullathum thandinu vyasamullathumaaya oru idatharam valippamulla maramaanith. puramtholikku thilakkamulla ooranchu-manja, nertthathum thumbikkaiyude adiyil paadukalullathumaanu. soochikakal puram mukhathu anchu, kattiyulla, neelamulla, aazhathilulla pacha muthal neela-pacha vareyulla faasikkalukalilaanu, stomaatta akathe prathalangalil thilakkamulla velutha bandle parimithappedutthiyirikku. elakal eathoru chediyudeyum ettavum dairkhyameriya nilanilpp kaanikkunnu, chilath 45 varshathekku pachayaayi avasheshikkunnu (everse & schmid 1981).
konukal andaakrithiyilullathum adaykkumbol neelamullathum veethiyullathum aadyam pachayo purple niramo ullathum 16 maasam praayamaakumbol ooranchu niratthilullathum, nertthathum durbalavumaaya niravadhi skeyilukalullathum, oro scalinum bristtal polulla nattellu neelamullathumaanu. poortthiyaakumbol konukal vishaalamaayi thurakkukayum vithukal thurannayudane purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. vithukal neelamullathum chirakukalullathumaanu; avaa kooduthalum kaattil chitharikkidakkunnu, ennaal chilath klaarkkinte natkrakkarukalaal chitharikkidakkunnu.
eee purathana marangalkk, prathyekichu uyarnna uyarangalil kaanappedunnavaykku, valarcha kuranjathum valarcha kuranjathumaaya roopamundu, koodaathe chuvapp-thavitt niratthilulla puramtholiyum aazhathilulla villalukalumundu. maratthinu praayamaakumbol, athinte vascular cambium paaliyude bhooribhaagavum marichekkaam. valare pazhaya maathrkakalil, palappozhum jeevanulla tissuevinte oru idungiya strip maathrame verukale oru pidi jeevanulla shaakhakalumaayi bandhippikkunnulloo.
grettu basin bristalkon pine paarakkettukalulla parvathamaaya bristalkon painil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam aadyathethinte soochikalkku ellaayppozhum thadassamillaatha rund resin kanaalukalund, athinaal randaamathethinte soochikalil drishyamaakunna savisheshamaaya cheria velutha resin fleckukal ithinu illa. grettu basin bristalkon pine foxteyil painil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam aadyathethinte koonn bristtilukalkk neelamundu, koodaathe konukalkku kooduthal vrithaakrithiyilulla (conic allah) aditharayundu. pacha pine soochikal valanja shaakhakalkku kuppi-brush roopam nalkunnu. bristalkon pine' enna peru avayude uparithalathil chulivukal vahikkunna irunda purple penn konukale soochippikkunnu.
vitharanavum paristhithiyum.
udah, newada, kizhakkan california ennividangalil eee inam kaanapedunnu. kaaliforniyayil, mono, inoo kaundikalile velutha parvathangal, inoo parvathangal, panaamint parvathanirakal ennivayil ithu parimithappedutthiyirikku. nevadayil, thadatthinte uyarnna parvathanirakalil bhooribhaagathilum ithu kaanapedunnu, vadakku laas vegaasinaduthulla vasanta parvathangal muthal rubie parvathangal vareyum, udayil, vadakku kizhakk muthal thekk vare vaasach shreniyile koodaaratthilum ithu kaanapedunnu. eee inam ulkkollunna pala sthalangalum labhyamallathathinaal, avayude sthaanatheyum samriddhiyeyum kurichulla vivarangal apoornnamaanu, athinaal ithu aavasyamaanu.  bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vivara samvidaanathil (gis) ninnu kanakkakkiya topographic, spectral variableukal upayogichu grettu basin bristalkon paininte vitharanam mikacha reethiyil mapp cheiyunnathinu paristhithi nikhe modeling upayogichittundu.
idathoornna vanangal roopeekarikkunna anubandha foxteyil painil ninnu vyathyasthamayi eee maram valia thuranna staandukalil valarunnu. "pinas longewa" marangal saadhaaranayaayi adanja kanopikal undakkunnilla, saadhaaranayaayi 15-50% maathram moodunnu. "pinas longewa" ponterosa pine, vaitt phir, prathyekichu, samanamaaya deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna uyarnna uyarathilulla inamaaya limber pine ennivayulppede niravadhi pine inangalumaayi aavaasavyavastha pankidunnu. puthiya thuranna maitanath vegathil valarunna oru "oorjjaswalamaaya" praadhamika pinthudarcha inamaanu eee maram. ennirunnaalum, nalla mannil ithu oru "mosham malsaraarthi" aanu, kadinamaaya bhoopradeshathu eee inam mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnu. "valare kurachu sasyangalkk maathrame valaraan kazhiyoo ennathinaal uyarnna uyaramulla dolomite mannil "pinas longewa" aanu pradhaanamaayum kaanappedunnath.
kaaliforniyayile velutha parvathanirakalile purathana bristalkon pine vanam, nevadayile grettu basin desheeyodyaanam thudangi yunaittad stetts federal gavanmentinte udamasthathayilulla niravadhi pradeshangalil bristalkon pines samrakshikkappedunnu. eee pradeshangal maram murikkunnathum shekharikkunnathum nirodhichirikkunnu.
klaarkkinte nattu crackerukal "pii" yude vithu vitharanathil oru punk vahichekkaam. longewa, "eee vithukale vettayaadunna pakshikalekkurichulla nerittulla nireekshanangal report cheythitilla. noottu crackerukal conifer vithukal oru bhakshya vibhavamayi upayogikkunnu, avayil palathum pinneedu upayogathinaayi nilathu sambharikkunnu, eee sambharicha vithukalil chilath upayogikkappedaathe puthiya sasyangalayi valaraan kazhiyum; eee marangal palappozhum ore samayam mulaykkunna niravadhi vithukalil ninnulla "multy-trunk" valarchaa roopam pradarshippikkunnu. multy-trunk "pii" yude vyaapanam. klaarkkinte natkrakkarukal ulla pradeshangalile "longewa" vyakthikal pakshikal chitharunnu ennathinte thelivaayi upayogichittundu. longewa vithukal.
vaitt pine blisttar rust ("chronarsium ribicola") ennariyappedunna oru fungus rogam chila vyakthikale baadhikkumenn vishwasikkappedunnu. eee inathe 1998 ll iucn redu listtil ulppeduthukayum "durbala" allengil bheeshani neridunna "inamaayi pattikappedutthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 2011 ll, oru janasamkhyaa sarveyil" pinas longewa "yude janasamkhya sthiramaanennu kandethi, ariyappedunna upajanasankhyakal valippathil kurayunnilla. velutha pine kumilakal janasamkhyayil valare kuranja swaadheenam cheluthunnathaayi kandethi. thalphalamaayi, eee inam "ettavum kuranja aashanka" yilek neengi.
agni paristhithi.
theepiduthatthinu valare vidheyamaaya eee maratthinu kuranja theevrathayil pollalelkkunnathumoolam polum kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnu. resinus puramtholikku vegathil kathikkaan kazhiyum, oru kireeda thee mikkavarum theerchayaayum maratthe kollum. ennirunnaalum, "pinas longewa" yude janasamkhya valare prathirodhasheshiyullathayi ariyappedunnu, koodaathe oru praadhamika pinthudarcha inamenna nilayil, theepiduthatthinu sesham maratthinte janasamkhya vegathil svayam punasthaapikkumennu vishwasikkappedunnu. jeevivarggangal valarumbol valia thothilulla theepidutthangal valare asaadhaaranamaanu, mathramalla avaa jeevajaalangalude deerghakaala pravarthanakshamathayude pradhana gadakamalla. charitraparamaayi, "pinas longewa" kuranja theevratha muthal uyarnna theevratha vare anubhavappedunnu, koodaathe uyarnna gradiantukaliludaneelam indhana gadanakal ganyamaayi maari. thaazhnna uyarathil, mishrita enangal nilakollumbol, indhanangal palappozhum bhaarameriyathum naravamshajanya ignition srothassukalumaayi aduthullathumaanu. ennittum treline sameepamulla uyarnna pradeshangalil, "pinas longewa" saadhaaranayaayi chunnaambukallu puramthallalukalil valarunnu, athu kaattuthee pracharippikkan uparithala indhanangal kuravo illayo cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, choodulla thaapanila theeyude kaaladairkhyam vardhippikkaan saadhyathayund, athinaal thaazhnna, madhya uyarangalile "pinas longiwa" samvidaanangalile theeyude aavruthi staandukal saadhaaranayaayi saandravum uparithala indhanam ettavum valuthumaaya sthalangalil vardhikkum. apoorvamaaya kaattuthee, thekkan nevadayile (juulai 2013) marappanikkaaran 1 theepiduttham, grettu basin naashanal paarkkile (septambar 2000) phillips theepiduttham enniva thaazhnna uyarathilulla indhana tharangalil aarambhich marangalude kireedangaliloode neengunnu.
praayam.
kaaliforniyayile velutha parvathanirakalil sthithi cheiyunna oru maathruka trea-ring gaveshana laborattariyile gaveshakanaaya toom harlan 2010 leeii kanakkanusarichu 5,062 varsham pazhakkamullathaanennu alannu. ithu lokathile ettavum pazhakkam chenna noonn-clonel vrukshamaayi maarum. maathrkayude aidantitti harlan rahasyamaayi sookshichu. harlan 2013-ll antharichu, padicha maramo coor harleno kandethiyitla, ithu eee maratthinte prayamo asthithvamo sthireekarikkaan kazhiyathathaakkunnu.
eee inathile ettavum pazhakkam chenna vrukshamaaya "methussela" yum velutha parvathanirakalile purathana bristalkon pine vanathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. methuselakku varshangal pazhakkamund, oru increment borrer upayogichu edutha oru cheria koril vaarshika ring kaundu alakkunnu. athinte krithyamaaya sthaanam rahasyamaayi sookshikkunnu.
velutha parvathanirakalil ettavum pazhakkamulla marangal vadakkott abhimukeekarikkunna charivukalil kaanapedunnu, thekkan charivukalile 1,000 varshathe sharaashariyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol sharashari 2,000 varsham. kaalaavasthaykkum maratthinte eedu nilanilkkunnathinum maranashesham valarekkalam avaye samrakshikkaan kazhiyum, 7,000 varsham vare pazhakkamulla chattha marangal jeevichirikkunnavaykku aduthaayi nilanilkkunnu.