
vazhakkamulla prathikaranam

joonn eph nadappilaakkiya prathirodha thanthramaayirunnu vazhakkamulla prathikaranam. 1961ll kennidi dwait isenhoverinte puthiya roopathekkurichum athinte vanthothilulla prathikara nayathekkurichum kennidi bharanakoodatthinte samshayathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinaayi. aanavaayudhangalil maathram parimithappedutthaathe yudhathinte vividha mekhalakaliludaneelamulla akramanangalodu prathikarikkanulla kazhivu americaykku nalkunna thanthraparavum thanthraparavum parambaraagathavumaaya thalangalil paraspara prathirodham aavasyappedunnathaanu vazhakkamulla prathikaranam.
charithram.
puthiya roopa nayam thudakkathil upayogapradamaanengilum, prathirodha bheeshaniyude vishwaasyathaye durbalappeduthunna bhookhandaanthara vitharana samvidaanangal avatharippichathode athu vegathil kaalaharanapettu. yuu yude moolakkallu.ezz. europian prathirodha thanthram pinneedu yuu. eiii. aayi bheeshanippedutthi.ezz. aanava bheeshanikale aashrayikkaan kazhiyaathe avarkkum sakhyakakshikalkkum suraksha nalkaan kazhiyaathe vannu.
presidential prachaarana velayil joonn eph. republican party yuu. esine anuvadichathaayi kenneddy avakashappettu.ezz. soviyattukalkk pinnil oru misail vidavilekku veezhuka. offeesilekku praveshichappol kennady general maiks well taylorude "dhii insertanted kahalam" enna pusthakam kongrasine udharichu, vanthothilulla prathikaaramaan yuu. esine vittupoyathu enna nigamanatthiletthi.ezz. rund oopshanukal maathrame ulloo nilathu tholkkukayo aanavaayudhangal upayogikkunnathinulla resort cheiyukayo cheyyuka. vanthothilulla thirichadi sweekarichathinushesham saankethikavidya mechappettu. ashayavinimayathilum gathaagathathilum mechappeduthalukal ardhamaakkunnathu yuu.ezz. sainyathe mumbathethinekkaal kooduthal falapradamaayum vegathilum vazhakkathodeyum vinyasikkaan kazhinju. onniladhikam oopshanukal undengil, vardhanavu apakadappeduthukayo badalukal nashtappedukayo cheyyaathe sariyaaya sthalathu uchithamaaya shakti prayogikkaan presidentine anuvadikkumennu upadeshtaakkal kennady bodhyappedutthi. ithu yuu enna nilayil prathirodhatthinulla vishwaasyatha mechappeduthum.ezz. ippol kuranja theevrathayulla oopshanukal undaakum, athinaal vanthothilulla prathikaaratthinte ellaam allengil onnumillaatha oopshanukalekkaal avaa upayogikkaan saadhyathayund.
shathrukkalude aakramanathe vegathil neridunnathinu aanava oopshan ozhikeyulla niravadhi oopshanukal vikasippikkunnathin vazhakkamulla prathikaranam nadappilaakki. koodaathe, thirichadavu sheshiyude athijeevanakshamatha oonnipparayukayum ithu thanthraparamaaya senayude vaividhyavalkkaranathilekkum thanthraparamaaya thrayam vikasippikkunnathilekkum thanthraparamaaya vyomasena command senayude pakuthiye sthiramaaya munnariyipp padaviyil vaykkunnathilekkum nayikkukayum cheythu.
prathirodhatthe durbalappeduthumenno saankethikamaayi pravarthikkaathathaanennum aayudha malsarathinu aakkam koottumennum raashtreeyamaayi praayogikamallennumulla ashayam kaaranam aanavayudhangal neridaanulla kazhivu kennidi sidhaanthathil ulppeduthiyitla.
kalaapathinethireyum paarambaryethara sainika sakthikal, paarambaryethara thanthrangal, "pourapravartthana" paripaadikal ennivayude vikasanathinum praadhaanyam nalki.
gattangal.
aadya akramanam ozhikeyulla eathoru soviyatt sainika nadapadiyeyum prathirodhikkaan oru chittappedutthiya padhathi thayyarakki. 1966 october 7 nuu naatto sainika samithiyude oru anoupachaarika sammelanam vyathyasthamaaya akasmikathakal neridaan thiranjedukkaanulla vazhakkam aavasyappettu. 1967 avasaanathode amgeekaricha puthiya naatto thanthraparamaaya aashayamaaya emm. sii. <aii. dii. 1>, naattoykkethiraaya aakramanathinu moonnu tharam sainika prathikaranangal vibhavanam cheythu 
nerittulla prathirodham oru parambaraagatha soviyatt aakramanathinte kaaryatthil (aanava ithara akramanamaayi kanakkaakkaathathinaal aadya akramanamaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla) parambaraagatha aayudangal upayogichu soviyatt munnettam thadayaan sramikkuka ennathaanu prarambha sramangal. padinjaaran jarmmanikkethiraya munkootty karuthiya soviyatt aakramanathe naattoyude europian seena, sakhyakakshi command europe nirthaan sramikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte ardham.
manahpoorvamaaya vardhana soviyatt aakramanathil parambaraagatha naatto sakthikal keezhadangukayaanengil, athu yadhaarthathil soviyatt vibhajanagal naatto vibhajanangalekkaal kooduthalaanennu soochippikkunna rahasyaanveshanamaayi pratheekshichirunnu. thudarnnu "aanava prathikaranatthinte bheeshani" upayogichu "aakramanathe paraajayappeduthunnathin saadhyamaaya nadapadikal sweekarikkum, pakshe saadhyamaakunnidathellaam niyanthranavum pooraattatthinte vyapthiyum theevrathayum" sweekarikkum. aanava ithara edapedalukal vipuleekarikkukayo theevramaakkukayo cheyyuka, orupakshe mattoru munkai thurakkukayo kuranja theevrathayulla aakramanathinu marupadiyaayi kadalil nadapadiyedukkukayo cheyyuka", "aanavaayudhangalude prakadanaparamaaya upayogam", "nirodhana lakshyangalkk nere thiranjeduttha aanava akramanangal" enniva nalkia udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. eee ghattathil, naatto senaykk aduthide vikasippicha thanthraparamaaya aanavaayudhangal (aanava peeranki polullava) polulla aanavaayudhangalude parimithamaaya upayogathilekku marran kazhiyum.
pothuvaaya aanava prathikaranam avasana ghattamo ghattamo paraspara urappulla naasha saahacharyavumayi erekkure poruthappedunnu. communist lokathinu nereyulla samboornna aanava akramanam ithinakam cheythirunnillenkil soviyatt prathikaranatthinu kaaranamakum.
thanthraparamaaya thrayam vikasippikkuka.
1960 aayappozhekkum americaykku moonnu thanthraparamaaya sakthikal undaayirunnu aii. sii. bii. emm. ezz, ezz. ell. bii. emm. ezz, thanthraparamaaya bomberukal. eee thrayam mattu rund shakthikalil ninnu swathanthramaaya oru thanthraparamaaya shakthiyode soviyatt union asveekaaryamaaya naashanashtangal varuthaan americaykku saadhyamaakki. eee vyathyastha shakthikalkk avayude gunangalum doshangalumundaayirunnu. bomberukalkku valia pelodukal athikkaanum valare krithyathayode adikkaanum kazhiyumenkilum avaa mandagathiyilaayirunnu, nilathu aayirikkumbol durbalamaayirunnu, avaye vedivachu veezhthaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu. aii. sii. bii. emmukal nilathu aayirikkumbol avayude bhoogarbha sailosil surakshithamaan, pakshe bombarukalekkaal krithyathayillaayirunnu, vikshepichappol thirike vilikkaan kazhinjilla. antharvaahinikal ettavum kuranja durbalathayullavayaayirunnum krithyathayillaathavayaayirunnu, koodaathe ashayavinimayam chilappol moshamakaam. eee sakthikal oronnum saahacharyathodulla avarude prathikaranam krameekarikkunnathin americaykku vyathyastha oopshanukal nalki.
randara yuddha sidhaantham.
vividha tharatthilulla yudhangalkkaayi vaividhyamaarnna sakthikal vikasippichukondu akramatthinte muzhuvan spectrathinumel poraadaan kazhiyuka enna thanthramaayirunnu vazhakkamulla prathikaranatthinte bhagam. oresamayam onniladhikam yudhangal nadatthaan kazhiyuka ennathaayirunnu ithinartham; prathyekichum, ore samayam rund valia praadeshika yudhangalum oru cheria brush fayar yudhavum nadathaanulla samadhaanakaala sheshi americaykku undaayirikkanam. ithinte anantharafalamaayi yuu. ezz. fozhsu posturinaayi recruiting, nikshepam, gaveshanam enniva vardhippichu.
urappulla nasham.
kennadiyude vazhakkamulla prathikaranatthinulla thanthraparamaaya sidhaantham urappulla nashamaayirunnu. vazhakkamulla prathikaranam randaam strike seshiye prathirodhatthinte maarganirddesha thathwamaakki. soviyatt aanava akramanamundaayaal, soviyattukalkk athu mathiyaakumenn arian kazhiyum.ezz. avarude nagarangaleyum vyavasaayangaleyum nasippikkunnathinulla avarude aakramanathe aanava sheshi athijeevikkum. 50 sathamaanam vyavasaayangaludeyum 25 sathamaanam janasamkhyayudeyum naashamaayi shathruvin "asveekaaryamaayathu" enna nirvachanathinaayi roobert mcnamara vaadichu. akramavum aakramanavum phalam nalkunnillennu kaanikkan prathirodham swaadheenathe aashrayichirunnu, shathruvin mail adichelppikkaan america thayyaraya naashatthinte thothinekkurichu vyakthamaayi parayuka ennathu eee kaaryam vyakthamakkaanulla oru margamaayirunnu. shiksha, krithyatha, vishwaasyatha ennivayiloode prathirodhikkunnathine aashrayichaayirunnu urappulla nasham.
nagarangalilla enna sidhaantham.
yuu. esinu kedupaadukal parimithappedutthaan prathirodha sekrattari mcnamara shramichu.ezz. aakramanathinum prathirodhatthinum vendi oru prathyeka thanthram vikasippichedukkuka. soviyatt sainika instaaleshanukalum hardwareukalum nasippikkaanum angane eee hardware upayogikkunnathinumbu pravarthanarahithamaakkaanum sramichukondu aakramanathmaka thanthram prathirodhashakthikalilonnaanu. 1962 ll mishigan sarvakalaashaalayile prasamgatthil, aan arber, mcnamara yuu.ezz. aanavayudhathinte thudakkathil thanne ethir moolya lakshyangal (nagarangal) adikkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum soviyattukal samanamaaya niyanthranam kaanikkunnillenkil pinneedu yudhathil atharam shakti neekkivaykkukayum cheyyum. ithu american nagarangale veruthe vidaan soviyattukale prerippikkuka mathramalla, soviyattukal sookshikkaan aagrahikkunna enthengilum bandikalaakki american ikyanaadukalkku vilapeshal nettam urappakkukayum cheyyum.
varunna soviyatt misailukale thadayunnathinulla oru samvidaanam vikasippikkunnath prathirodha thanthrathil ulppedunnu. bomberukal eluppathil vedivachu veezhthaamaayirunnuvenkum misailukal ippozhum vishwasaneeyamaaya bheeshaniyaayi thudarnnu. thalphalamaayi, america oru aanti-baalistik misail prograam vikasippikkaan thudangi, varunna misailukale thadayunnathinaayi athinte naikk misailukal parishkkarichu. ennirunnaalum, aathyanthikamayi, baalistik virudha misail udambadi amgeekarichathode eee paripadi upekshikkappettu.

