
shwaasakosham

shwaasanaalam ennum ariyappedunna trackia, shwaasakosharamgathe shwaasakosharamgavumaayi bandhippikkukayum vaayu kadannupokaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunna oru cartilaginus tubaanu, athupole thanne shwaasakoshamulla mikkavarum ellah mrugangalilum ithu kaanapedunnu. shwaasanaalam swarakkuzhalilum shaakhakalilum ninnu rund praadhamika shwaasanaalangalilekkum vyaapikkunnu. shwaasanaalathinte mukalil cricoid tarunaasthi athine swarakkuzhalumaayi bandhippikkunnu. kuthirakkallinte aakruthiyilulla niravadhi valayangal, asthibandhangalkku mukaliloode lambamaayi bandhippichukondu, avayude attathulla trachialis peshi ennivayaal trackia roopappedunnu. vizhungumbol epiglottis swarakkuzhalilekkulla dwaaram adaykkunnu.
bhroonathinte vikaasathinte randaam maasathil trackia roopappedaan thudangukayum kaalakramena athinte sthaanathu kooduthal sthiratha kaivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. silia ennariyappedunna mudi polulla vipuleekaranangalulla nira aakruthiyilulla koshangalal varachirikkunna ithu epithelium aanu, koodaathe chitharikkidakkunna goblettu koshangal samrakshana myoosinukal uthpaadippikkunnu. shwaasanaalathinte mattu bhagangalaaya crop ennariyappedunna swarapedika, bronkey ennivaye badhikkunna vairal rogathinte falamaayi veekkam allengil anubadha shwaasathadassam badhikkaam, ithu chumaykku kaaranamakum. bakteeriyakalumaayulla anubadha saadhaaranayaayi shwaasanaalathe maathrame baadhikkukayulloo, ithu idungunnathino thadassappeduthunnathino kaaranamakum. shwasananaalathinte oru pradhana bhagamenna nilayil, trackia thadassappedumbol shwaasakosham vaayuvilekku praveshikkunnathu thadayunnu, athinaal trackia thadassappettaal tracheostomy aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. koodaathe, shasthrakriyaykkide oru vyakthikk myakkam varumbol mechanical ventilation aavashyamaanenkil, intubation ennu vilikkunna oru tube shwaasanaalathilekku cherkkunnu.
kasherukkalil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaaya oru avayavathe nirvachikkaan "trackia" enna vaakk upayogikkunnu. koshangalilekkum avayil ninnum upapachayam vaathakangal kondupokunnathinaayi praanikalk sarpilangal, traakkikal, trachyolukal enniva chernna oru thuranna shvasanavyavasthayundu.
ghadana.
muthirnnavarude shwaasanaalathinu ekadesham ekadesham vyaasavum neelavumundu, sthreekalil purushanmaaril ithu kooduthalaanu. aaraamathe servical kasherukkal (sii6) thalatthil swarapedikayude cricoid tharunaasthiyude thaazhathe attathu ninnu aarambhich shwaasanaalam idathu, valath pradhana shwaasakosharamgathekku shaakhakal cherunna kaarinayil avasaanikkunnu., naalaamathe thorassic kasherukkalude (tii 4) thalatthil, ennirunnaalum shwasanathodoppam athinte sthaanam mariyekkaam. shwaasanaalathinu chuttum hyline tharunaasthiyude <aii. dii. 1> valayangalundu; eee 'valayangal' muthirnnavaril 4 millimeter uyaramullathum apoornnavum sii aakruthiyilullathumaanu. asthibandhangal valayangale bandhippikkunnu. tracalis peshi apoornnamaaya valayangalude attangale bandhippikkukayum trackiayude pinmathililoode oodukayum cheiyunnu. hyline tharunaasthikk chuttumulla connective tissuevinte ettavum puram paaliyaya adventishya, chalanathodoppam valayaanum neettaanumulla shwaasanaalathinte kazhivine sahayikkunnu.
shwaasanaalam oru madhyarekha gadanayaanenkilum, iortic kamaanam vazhi ithu saadhaaranayaayi valathuvashathekku maattisthaapikkaam.
aduthulla gadanakal.
kazhuthinteyum nenchinteyum (thorax) niravadhi gadanakaliloodeyaanu shwaasanaalam kadannupokunnathu.
mukalile shwaasanaalathinu munnil connective tissuevum charmmavum sthithicheyyunnu. mattu niravadhi gadanakal shwaasathadassathiloode kadannupokukayo irikkukayo cheiyunnu; rund munbhaagathe jagular sirakalil cherunna jagular kamaanam shwaasanaalathinte mukal bhaagathinu munnilaanu irikkunnathu. sternohyoid, sternothyroid peshikal athinte neelatthil neendu nilkkunnu. thyroid grandhi mukalile shwaasanaalathiludaneelam vyaapikkunnu, isthmas randaamathethu muthal naalaamathe valayangal vare neelunnu, lobukal anchaamatheyo aaramatheyo tharunaasthiyude nila vare vyaapikkunnu. thyroydinte rakthakkuzhalukal isthmasinu aduthulla shwaasanaalathilaanu vishramikkunnath; uyarnna thyroid dhamanikal athinu thottumukalil cherunnu, koodaathe thaazheyulla thyroid sirakal athinu thaazheyaan. thaazhathe shwaasanaalathinu munnil muthirnnavaril thymasinte avashishtangalaaya sternathinte manubrium sthithicheyyunnu. munvashath idathuvashathu valia rakthakkuzhalukalum iortic kamaanavum athinte shaakhakalum idathu saadhaarana caroted damaniyum brachaeosephalic thumbiyum idathu brachaeosephalic sira undu. aazhathilulla cardiac plexes lymph nodukalum thaazhathe shwaasanaalathinu munnil sthaapichirikkunnu.
shwaasanaalathinu pinnil, athinte neelatthil, annanaalavum thudarnnu connective tissuevum vertebral kolavum irikkunnu. athinte vashangalil caroted dhamanikalum thaazhnna thyroid dhamanikalum pravarthippikkunnu; athinte pinbhaagathu athinte vashangalil mukalile shwaasanaalathile aavarthichulla swarapedika njarambukalum thaazhathe shwaasanaalathile vagus njarambukalum pravarthippikkunnu.
chumaykkide trachialis peshi churungukayum trackiayude lumente valuppam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu.
rakthavum lymphatic vitharanavum.
shwaasanaalathinte mukal bhagam thaazhnna thyroid dhamanikaliloodeyum sirakaliloodeyum raktham sweekarikkukayum ozhukukayum cheiyunnu; thaazhathe shwaasanaalathinu bronchial dhamanikalil ninnu raktham labhikkunnu. shwaasanaalathinu vitharanam cheiyunna dhamanikal vashangalil ninnu shwaasanaalathinu vitharanam cheiyunna cheria shaakhakaliloodeyaanu ithu cheiyunnathu. shaakhakal shwaasanaalathinte mathiline sameepikkumbol, avaa thaazhnnathum uyarnnathumaaya shaakhakalaayi vibhajikkappedunnu, avaa mukalilum thaazheyumulla dhamanikalude shaakhakalumaayi cherunnu; iva pinneedu shwaasanaalathinte munbhaagavum pinbhaagavum nalkunna shaakhakalaayi vibhajikkappedunnu. thalakeezhaaya thyroid dhamanikal undaakunnath shwaasanaalathinu mukalil irikkunna thyroydinte isthmasinu thottaduthaanu. eee dhamanikal () shwaasanaalathilekku raktham vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi iortayil ninnulla nerittulla shaakhakalaaya bronchial dhamanikalude aarohana shaakhakalumaayi cherunnu. shwaasanaalathinte lymphatic naalangal shwaasanaalathinu munnilulla pretraashyal nodukalilekkum athinaduthulla paaraatrashyal lymph nodukalilekkum ozhukunnu.
vikasanam.
manushya bhroonathinte vikasanathinte naalam aazhchayil, shwasana mukulam valarumbol, malancherivukalude roopeekaranathiloode shwaasanaalam munkoottil ninnu verthirikkunnu, ithu oduvil shwasanaliye annanaalathil ninnu verthirikkunnu, ithu trachaeosophageal septamaanu. ithu bhaaviyile shwaasanaalathe annanaalathil ninnu verthirikkukayum forgut tubine laryngotrashial tubai vibhajikkukayum cheiyunnu. anchaam aazhchayude thudakkathil, idathu, valath pradhana bronkey roopappedaan thudangi, thudakkathil shwaasanaalathinte avasana attathu mukulangalayi.
jeevithathinte aadya varshathil shwaasanaalathinu 4 millimeteril koodaattha vyaasamund, kuttikkaalatthinte avasaanathode ithu praayapoortthiyaayavarude vyasamaaya ekadesham 2 centimeteraayi vikasikkunnu. muthirnnavare apekshichu kuttikalil shwaasanaalam kooduthal vrithaakruthiyilullathum kooduthal lambavumaan, valippathil kooduthal vyathyaasappedunnu, koodaathe chuttumulla gadanakalumaayi bandhappett athinte sthaanathu kooduthal vyathyaasappedunnu.
micro anattami.
siliyayodoppam nira aakruthiyilulla koshangalude chitharikkidakkunna paalikalude oru paali shwaasathadassam varachirikkunnu. kafatthinte pradhana gadakamaaya myoosinukal ulppaadippikkunna grandhiparavum nira aakruthiyilullathumaaya koshangalaaya goblettu koshangal eppitheeliyathil adangiyirikkunnu. shwaasanaalangal nanaykkaanum samrakshikkanum kapham sahayikkunnu. shwaasanaalathile siliated koshangale shwasikkunna forin kanangale keniyil pedutthaan kapham varaykkunnu, athu silia pinneedu swarapedikayilekku mukalilekku neengunnu, thudarnnu athu vayarilekk vizhungaano kafamaayi puranthallaano kazhiyunna forinksilekku. eee svayam-clearing samvidaanathe mucosiliary clearance ennu vilikkunnu.
shwaasanaalathinu chuttum 16 muthal 20 vare hyline tarunaasthi valayangalundu; eee 'valayangal' apoornnavum sii aakruthiyilullathumaanu. rando athiladhikamo tharunaasthikal palappozhum bhaagikamaayo poornnamaayo onnikkukayum chilappol avayude attangalil vibhajikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. valayangal saadhaaranayaayi valare ilaastik aanenkilum praayathinanusarichu avaa calcify cheythekkaam.
pravartthanam.
shwaasakoshathinte alvioliyilekko puratthekko pokumbozho vaayu kadannupokunnathinulla oru vazhiyaan shwasana vrukshathinte oru bhagam. ithu shareerathilekku ooksijan kaimarukayum kaarban dye ooksaid neekkam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
klinikkal praadhaanyam.
veekkavum anubadhayum.
saadhaaranayaayi anubadha moolamundaakunna shwaasanaalathinte veekkam trackitis ennariyappedunnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi vairal anubadhakal moolamaanu undaakunnath, bacteria anubadhakal mikkavarum poornnamaayum kuttikalil sambhavikkunnu. crop ennariyappedunna swarapedika, bronkey thudangiya shwaasakoshathinte mattu bhaagangalude veekkam moolamaanu anubadhakal saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnath, ennirunnaalum bacteria anubadhakal shwaasanaalathe maathram baadhichekkaam, ennirunnaalum avaa palappozhum sameepakaala vairal anubaadhayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. cropinu kaaranamakunna virusukal saadhaaranayaayi parainfluenza virusukalaanu, 1-3, influvensa virusukal eiii, bii ennivayum cropinu kaaranamaakunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi kooduthal gurutharamaaya anubaadhakalkk kaaranamaakunnu; bakteeriyakal cropinu kaaranamaayekkam, koodaathe "staphylococcus ooriyas", "haemophilus influvensa", "streptococcus pneumonia", "moraxella cataraalis" enniva ulppedunnu. shwaasanaalathile bacteria anubaadhayude kaaranagal saadhaaranayaayi "staphylococcus ooriyas", "streptococcus pneumonia" ennivayaanu. ashupathriyil kazhiyunna rogikalil, "escherichiya koolii", "clebsyella pneumonia", "seudomonas erujinosa" enniva trackaitisinu kaaranamakunna adhika bakteeriyakalil ulppedunnu.
shwaasathadassam baadhicha oru vyakthi chuma, thondavedana, mookkolipp polulla corrisal lakshanagal thudangiya mukalile shwaasakosha anubaadhaye soochippikkunna lakshanangalil ninnu aarambhikkam. panii undaakukayum baadhicha kuttikk shwasikkaan budhimuttum sepsis undaakukayum cheyyaam. shwaasanaaliyile veekkam shwaasanaalam edungunnathinum stridor enna shwaasathadassa shabdathinum kaaranamakum allengil poornnamaaya thadassathinum kaaranamakum. baakteeriyal tracketitis baadhicha 80 sathamaanam aalukalkkum mechanical ventilation aavasyamaanu, koodaathe kalcharinum sensittivitikkum vendi microbiological saambilukal nedunnathinum anubaadhayumaayi bandhapetta eathenkilum chattha tissue neekkam cheiyunnathinumaayi endoscopy ulppedaam. atharam saahacharyangalile chikilsayil saadhaaranayaayi antibioticukal ulppedunnu.
idungunnu.
saadhaaranayaayi aduthulla lymph nodukal, shwaasanaalathinteyo aduthulla gadanakaludeyo arbudangal, valia thyroid goydarukal, allengil asaadhaaranamaayi veertha rakthakkuzhalukal polulla mattu prakriyakalude falamaayi undaakunna sankeernamo churukkiyatho aaya oru shwaasanaalathinu ithu sambhavichekkaam. trachaeobrongial parikk allengil intubation ennivayil ninnulla paadukal; allengil polyanchitisumaayi bandhapetta granulomatosisumaayi bandhapetta veekkam enniva trackiayude (trackle stenosis) idungalinum kaaranamakum. thadassangal sthiramaayi stridor ennariyappedunna kadinamaaya shwasana shabdathinu kaaranamaakunnu. oru thadassathinte kaaranam anweshikkaan broncoscopy ennu vilikkunna oru camera vaayiloode shwaasanaalathilekku cherkkaam. thadassangalude maanejment kaaranatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. maarakathvathinte falamaayundaakunna thadassangal sasthrakriya, chemotherapy allengil radiotherapy ennivayiloode kaikaaryam cheyyaam. thadassathinu mukalil oru stent cherkkaam. paadukal moolam undaakunna idungal polulla haanikaramallaatha murivukal shasthrakriyayiloode neekkam cheyyaan saadhyathayund.
edungiyathinulla oru kaaranam trachaeomalasianu, ithu baahya marddam vardhikkumbol, athaayath shwasana samayat vaayupravaham vardhikkumbol, anusaranakkurav kaaranam, shwaasathadassam undakanulla pravanathayaanu. ithu janmana undaakunna kaaranagal kondo allengil jananathinushesham vikasikkunna karyangal kondo aakam, athaayath aduthulla pindangalil ninnulla compression allengil veekkam allengil aaghaatham. konjenittal trachaeomalasia svayam allengil broncomalasia allengil laringomalasia polulla mattu asaadhaaranathakalumaayi sahakarichu sambhavikkam, koodaathe trackia annanaalavum thammilulla asaadhaarana bandhavum undakam. janmana undaakunna trachaeomalasia palappozhum prathyeka edapedalillaathe mechappedunnu; aavashyamullappol, edapedalukalil beetaa agonistukalum mascarinic agonistukalum ulppedaam, ithu shwaasanaalathinu chuttumulla minusamarnna peshikalude toonn vardhippikkunnu; positteev presher ventilation allengil sasthrakriya, athil oru stent sthaapikkukayo shwaasanaalathinte baadhicha bhagam neekkam cheiyukayo ulppedaam. naaykkalil, prathyekichu miniyechar naaykkal, kalippaatta naaykkal, trachaeomalasia, broncomalasia enniva shwaasanaaliyile thakarchayilekku nayichekkaam, ithu palappozhum hohning goose polulla chumaykku kaaranamaakunnu.
parikk.
oru vahana apakadatthil polulla aaghaatham moolamo allengil chila aayodhanakalakalil parisheelikkunnathupole manappoorvvam kedupaadukal varuthunna mattoru aaghaatham moolamo shwaasanaalathinu parikkelkkaam.
intubation.
trackiayude thaazhekku oru tube cherkkunnathine trackial intubation soochippikkunnu. oru vyakthikk mayakkathil aavasyathinu ooksijan labhikkunnundenn urappakkunnathinaayi shasthrakriyaykkidayilaanu eee nadapadikramam saadhaaranayaayi nadathunnathu. vaayupravaham, ooksijan, mattu niravadhi alavukal enniva nireekshikkunna oru yanthravumayi katheettar bandhippichirikkunnu. shasthrakriyaykkide oru anaesthesiayude utharavaadithangalilonnath.
oru adiyanthiraavasthayil, allengil trackle intubation asaadhyamaanennu karuthumbol, vaayusanchaarathinaayi oru tube cherkkaan palappozhum oru tracheotamy nadathunnu, saadhaaranayaayi shwaasanaalam thurannirikkaan prathyeka tharatthilulla sasthrakriya nadatthaan aavashyamullappol. tracheotamy vazhi dwaaram nalkunnathine tracheostomy ennu vilikkunnu. mattoru reethi nadapadikramam, adiyanthira saahacharyathil, nadatthaam, ithu oru cricothyrotamy aanu.
janmana undaakunna vaikalyangal.
trackia vikasippikkunnathil paraajayappedunna apoorva janana vaikalyamaan trackial ajenisis. chilappol sasthrakriya vijayakaramaanengilum eee vaikalyam saadhaaranayaayi maarakamaan.
shwaasanaalavum annanaalavum asaadhaaranamaayi bandhappettirikkunna oru janmana ulla vaikalyamaan trachaeosophageal fisttula (eiii). vikasana samayat shwaasanaalavum annanaalavum thammilulla verthirivile asaadhaaranathakalaanu ithinu kaaranam. ithu ekadesham 3,000 jananangalil onnil sambhavikkunnu, ettavum saadhaaranamaaya asaadhaaranathakal annanaalathinte mukalilum thaazheyumulla attangal verthirikkukayum mukalile attangal adanja sanjiyil avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. hridayasambandhamaaya asaadhaaranathakal allengil vactoral syndrome ulppede mattu asaadhaaranathakal ithumaayi bandhappettirikkam. amithamaya amneotic draavakam kaaranam oru kunju janikkunnathin munbu atharam fisttulakal kandethaam; jananashesham, bhakshanathinte alavu kaaranam avaa palappozhum pneumonitisumaayum pneumoniayumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. janmana undaakunna fisttulakal palappozhum shasthrakriyayiloode nannaakkiyaan chikilsikkunnathu. muthirnnavaril, aduthulla marakamaaya tumourukalil ninnu shwaasanaalathilekkulla mannolipp kaaranam fistulaas sambhavikkam, ithu shwaasanaalathilekkum annanaalathilekkum kshayikkunnu. thudakkathil, iva palappozhum shwaasanaalathiloode aspirated aaya annanaalathinte vizhungiya ulladakkangalil ninnu chumaykku kaaranamaakunnu, palappozhum marakamaaya pneumoniayilekku neengunnu; apoorvvamaayi maathrame rogashanti chikilsayulloo. shwaasanaalathinte swarapedika neekkam cheytha oru vyakthiyil shwaasanaalathinum annanaalathinum idayil shasthrakriyayiloode srishtikkappedunna dwaaramaanu trackio-oosoofejiyal panchar. shasthrakriyayil ninnu mukalile annanaalathilekkum forinxilekkum vaayu mukalilekku sanjarikkunnu, ithu shabdamundaakkunna vibrationukal srishtikkukayum athu samsaarathin upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. swarakosham neekkam cheythathinushesham oru vyakthiyude samsaarikkanulla kazhivu punasthaapikkuka ennathaanu pancharinte uddeshyam.
chilappol shareeraghadanayude vyathyaasamaayi onno athiladhikamo traashyal valayangal kuthirakkallinte aakruthiyilulla valayangalekkaal poornnamaaya valayangalayi roopappedunnu. eee "ooo" valayangal saadhaarana sii aakruthiyilulla valayangalekkaal cheruthaanu, ithu shwaasanaalathinte idungalinu kaaranamaakukayum shwasana budhimuttukalkku kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. slide trachaeoplasty" ennu vilikkunna oru shasthrakriyaykk valayangal thurakkaanum vishalamaaya valayangalayi veendum cheraanum kazhiyum, ithu shwaasanaalathinte neelam kuraykkum. trackial stenosis chikilsikkunnathinulla ettavum mikacha oopshanaanu slide trachaeoplasty ennu parayappedunnu.
ilaastik naarukalude abhavam, masilukal kanamkurayal, aavarthichulla shwaasakosha anubadhakal undakanulla pravanatha ennivayaal savisheshamaaya asaadhaaranamaayi vikasippicha shwaasanaalathinte apoorva janmana undaakunna rogamaanu mouniyar-kuhn syndrome.
pakarakkaaran.
2008 muthal, sasthrakriyakal pareekshanaathmakamaayi traakkiyakale stem cellukalil ninnu valarthunnatho synthetic pakarakkaarukalo upayogichu maatti, ennirunnaalum ithu pareekshanaathmakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe staanderd reethiyum illa. maattisthaapicha trachiayilekku mathiyaya raktha vitharanam urappaakkunnathile budhimuttukal eathoru maattisthaapikkunnathinum oru pradhana velluviliyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. koodaathe, tissue punarujjeevanathe uthejippikkunnathinu oru maargamaayi asthimajjayil ninnu edutha stem cellukal trackiayil sthaapikkunnathine pinthunaykkunna thelivukalonnum kandethiyitla, atharamoru reethi saangalppikamaayi thudarunnu.
2021 januvariyil newyorkkile moundu sinaay aashupathriyile shasthrakriya vidagdhar aadyathe samboornna trackia transplantation nadatthi. 18 manikkoor dairkhyamulla prakriyayil oru daathaavil ninnu oru shwaasanaalam vilavedukkukayum athu rogiyil sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnathu ulppedunnu, ithu avayavathilekku mathiyaya rakthayottam nalkunnathinu niravadhi sirakaleyum dhamanikaleyum bandhippikkunnu.
mattu mrugangal.
kazhuthinte neelatthil vyathiyanangal anuvadikkunna mattu sasthanikalile shwaasanaalam pothuve manushyaril ullathinu samaanamaan. saadhaaranayaayi, ithu uragangalude shwaasanaalathinu samaanamaan.
kasherukkal.
pakshikalil, shwaasanaalam faarinksil ninnu syrinxilekku ozhukunnu, athil ninnu praadhamika bronkey vyathichalikkunnu. hamsangalkk asaadhaaranamaayi neelamulla swaasanaaliyundu, athinte oru bhagam sternathinu thaazhe churundirikkunnu; ithu shabdam vardhippikkunnathinulla oru resonatoraayi pravarthichekkaam. chila pakshikalil, shwaasanaala valayangal poornnamaanu, avaa ossified polum aakam.
ubhayajeevikalil, shwaasanaalam saadhaaranayaayi valare hraswamaanu, ithu vyakthamaaya praadhamika bronkiyillaathe nerittu shwaasakoshathilekku nayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, neelamulla shwaasanaalangal chila neelamulla kazhuthulla salamanderukalilum sisiliyanukalilum kaanapedunnu. ubhayachara shwaasanaalathil kramarahithamaya cartilagenous noduleukal undengilum, iva amniyottukalil kaanapedunna valayangal roopappeduthunnilla.
shwaasakosham ullathum ennaal shwaasanaalamillaathathumaaya oreyoru kasherukkal shwaasakosha malsyavum forinxil ninnu nerittu shwaasakoshangal uthbhavikkunna "polypterus" aanu.
akasherukkal.
kasherukkalil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaaya oru avayavathe nirvachikkaan "trackia" enna vaakk upayogikkunnu. koshangalilekkum avayil ninnum upapachayam vaathakangal kondupokunnathinaayi praanikalk sarkkilukal, traakkikal, trachyolukal enniva chernna oru thuranna shvasanavyavasthayundu. praanikalude pala shrenikalilum sarkkilukalude vitharanam valareyadhikam vyathyaasappedaam, pakshe pothuve shareerathinte oro vibhaagathinum oru jody sarkkilukal maathrame undaakoo, avaa oronnum oru aatriyavumayi bandhippikkukayum athinte pinnil thaarathamyena valia trackle tube undaayirikkukayum cheiyunnu. shareerathiludaneelam shaakhakalaayi (anastomos) pravartthikkunna cuticular exoskelittaninte aakramanangalaan shwaasanaalam, kurachu micrometer muthal 0.8 millimeter vare vyaasamund. koshangalilekkum indant vyakthigatha koshangalilekkum polum thulachukayarunna tracolukal ennariyappedunna ettavum cheria tyoobukalude mathilukaliludaneelam ooksijanum kaarban dye ooksaidum vyaapikkunnu. sajeeva vaayusanjaaram allengil nishkriya vyaapanam vazhi shvasanavyavasthayiloode vaathakam nadatthaam. kasherukkalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, praanikal saadhaaranayaayi avarude haemolymphil ooksijan vahikkunnilla.
ivayude valippam parimithappedutthunna gadakangalilonnaanithu.
looppukal allengil helixukal polulla vividha jyaamithikalil oru trackle tubil teynidiyayude ridge polulla sarkkamenshyal ringukal adangiyirikkaam. teynidiya shwaasanaalathinu shakthiyum vazhakkavum nalkunnu. thala, thonda, wier, shwaasanaalam ennivayum eyar saakkukalumayi bandhippichirikkaam. vayarile vaayu sanjikal sajeevamaayi pump cheiyunna vettukkilikal, theneechakal thudangiya niravadhi praanikalk avarude shareerathiloode vaayuvinte ozhukk niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. chila jalajeevikalil, traakkikal shareerabhithi vazhi nerittu vaathakam kaimarunnu, oru gillinte roopathil, allengil oru plaastron vazhi saadhaaranapole pravartthikkunnu. aantharikamaanenkilum, aarthropodukalude shwaasanaalam cuticular tissue kondu varachirikkukayum moulting (ecdisis) samayat ozhukukayum cheiyunnu.