
friedrich ebert

soshyal demookratik party oof germmaniyude (ezz. pii. dii) oru jarmman raashtreeyakkaaranum 1919 muthal 1925 ll adhikaarathilirikke marikkunnathuvare germmaniyude aadya prasidantumaayirunnu friedrich ebert (; 4 februvari 187-128 februvari 1925).
1913ll august bebilinte maranashesham ebert ezz. pii. diyude nethaavaayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1914-ll, addeham neethrthwam etteduthathinushesham, onnaam lokamahaayudhathile jarmman yudhashramangalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi yuddha vaaypakalkku ebert nalkia pinthunayekkurichu party aazhathil bhinnichu. oru mithavaadiyaaya saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadiyaaya ebert, yudhasamayathu rashtreeya partykal thammilulla aabhyanthara prashnangalekkurichulla tharkkangal adichamarthaanum yudhashramathinte vijayakaramaya samaapanathil samoohathile ellah shakthikaleyum kendreekarikkaanumulla rashtreeya nayamaaya "bergfreedene" anukoolichu. yudhathe ethirtha partyilullavare ottappeduthaan addeham sramikkukayum vibhajanathinu vendi vaadikkukayum cheythu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil jarmmani oru republicayitheernnol jarmman viplavathile oru pradhana vyakthiyaayirunnu ebert. addeham athinte aadya chansalaraayi. akkaalathe addehathinte nayangal praadhamikamaayi germmaniyil samadhaanavum kramasamadhaanavum punasthaapikkunnathinum idathupakshathe adichamarthunnathinum janadhipathyam sthaapikkunnathinum lakshyamittaayirunnu. eee lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathinu, addeham yaadhaasthithikavum desheeyavaadavumaaya rashtreeya shakthikalumayi, prathyekichu general wilhem gronerinteyum valathupaksha "frecorpsinteyum" keezhilulla sainyathinte neethrthwavumaayi sakhyamundaakki. avarude sahaayathode, ebertinte sarkkar niravadhi soshyalist, communist, araajakathva prakshobhangaleyum kaapp puchu ulppede valathupakshathuninnullava thakarthu, ithu addehathe oru vivaada charitra vyakthiyakki.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
jarmman saamrajyam roopeekarichathinu thottupinnaale 1871 februvari 4 nuu baadanile grand dachiyile heidelbergil thayyalkkaranaaya kaal ebertinteyum (1834-1892) bhaarya kaatharinayudeyum ("nee" hinkel; 1834-1897) ombathu makkalil ezhaamatheyaalaayi ebert janichu. addehathinte moonnu sahodarangal cheruppatthil thanne marichu. sarvakalashaalayil cheraan addeham aagrahichirunnuvenkila kudumbatthinte fundinte abhavam kaaranam ithu asaadhyamaanennu thelinju. pakaram, 1885 muthal 1888 vare addeham oru saddle nirmmathaavaayi pariseelanam nedi. 1889 ll oru sanjaariyaaya sesham addeham jarmman aachaaramanusarich germmaniyil oridathu ninnu mattoridathekku yaatra cheyyukayum raajyam kaanukayum thante vyaapaarathinte puthiya vishadaamshangal padikkukayum cheythu. manheim enna partyil, oru ammavan addehathe soshyal demookratik partyilekku parichayappedutthi, 1889-ll athil chernnu. kaal maarksinteyum friedrich engalsinteyum rachanakal ebert padichuvenkilum, avidethanne pravartthakarude avastha mechappeduthunna praayogikavum samghadanaaparavumaaya vishayangalekkaal prathyayashaasthrathil addehathinu thaalpparyamillaayirunnu. rashtreeya pravartthanangal kaaranam ebertine police "karimpattika" yill ulppeduthiyathinaal addeham thante thaamasasthalam maattunnath thudarnnu. 1889 num 1891 num idayil addeham cassel, brounshweeg, elberfeld-barmen, remshaid, queckenbruck, bremen ennividangalil thaamasikkukayum avide saatlarvarbaandinte (association oof saddlers) praadeshika adhyayangal sthaapikkukayum adhyakshanakukayum cheythu.
1891-ll bremenil sthirathaamasamaakkiya sesham, ebert vichitramaaya jolikal cheyth upajeevanam nadatthi. 1893ll soshyalist "bremer burgersiteung" enna vishayathil addehathinu oru edittoriyal poost labhichu. veettujolikkariyaayum labeling boxukalilum jolie cheythirunna, union jolikalil sajeevamaayirunna oru kaithozhilukaarante makalaaya luis rampine (1873-1955) addeham 1894 meyy maasathil vivaham kazhichu. pinneedu addeham oru pub udamayaayi maarukayum athu soshyalist, union pravartthanangalude kendramaayi maarukayum bremen ezz. pii. diyude party chairmaanaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. 1900-ll, ebertine trade union sekrattariyaayi ("aarbeettezhsekrettar") niyamikkukayum soshyal demookratik party prathinidhiyayi "bremer bergershaft" (pouranmaarude komishya) amgathe thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. 1904ll bremenil nadanna party deseeya kanvenshanil ebert adhyakshatha vahikkukayum vishalamaaya pothujanagalkk kooduthal ariyappedukayum cheythu. soshyal demookratik party "mitavaada" vibhaagathinte nethaavaaya addeham 1905ll ezz. pii. diyude sekrattari generalayum berlinilekk thamasam maari. akkaalat, party executive amgamaaya party amgangalil ettavum praayam kuranja amgamaayirunnu addeham.
athesamayam, ezz. pii. dick vijayikkaan saadhyathayillaatha mandalangalil "reachstagil" (jarmman paarlament) niravadhi thavana ebert oru seettinaayi malsarichittundu 1898 vechaa (oldenberg), 1903,1906 staad (hannover pravishya). ennirunnaalum, 1912-ll addeham elberfeld-barmen (innu vupperttalinte bhagamaanu) niyojakamandalatthile "reachstagilekku" thiranjedukkappettu. motham 397 amgangalil 110 amgangalumaayi kendra party marikadannu "reachstag" leeii ettavum sakthamaaya party marria thiranjeduppaayirunnu ithu. 1913 august 13nuu aagast bebilinte maranashesham, 473ll 433 vottukal nedi septambar 20nuu jenayil nadanna kanvenshanil ebert joyint party chairmaanaayi thiranjedukkappettu. hugo haas aayirunnu addehathinte saha chairman.
onnaam lokamahaayudham.
1914 joolaiyile prathisandhi pottippurappettappol ebert avadhiyilaayirunnu. august aadyam yuddham prakhyaapichathinushesham, jarmman saamraajyathil ezz. pii. dii. niyamavirudhamaakkappettaal oru videsha samghadana kettippadukkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil party treasurer oottoo brouninodum ezz. pii. diyude panathodum oppam ebert soorichilekku pooyi. august 6 nuu addeham madangiyethukayum, yuddham anivaryamaaya desasnehaparavum prathirodhaparavumaaya nadapadiyaanennu, prathyekichu russiayile saarinte svechaadhipathya bharanathinethire, yuddha vaaypakalkku anukoolamaayi vottu cheyyaan ezz. pii. dii. "reachstag" amgangale nayikkukayum cheythu. 1916 januvariyil haas raajivachu. ebertinteyum philipp skeedeman polulla mattu mithavaadikaludeyum neethrthwathil, germmaniyude samgharsham vijayakaramaayi avasaanippikkunnathil maathram raajyathinte oorjjam kendreekarikkunnathinaayi yudhakaalathe aabhyanthara naya vyathyaasangal adichamarthunnathinaayi "reachstagile" rashtreeya partykal thammilulla kararaya "bergfrieden" ll ezz. pii. dii party pankedutthu. ithu oru vittuveezhcha samadhana lakshyathode party yudhathinu anukoolamaayi nilayurappichu, ithu oduvil ezz. pii. diyil pilarppilekku nayichu, yudhathe samoolamaayi ethirkkunnavar 1917 nte thudakkathil ezz. pii. dii upekshichu "anbhaanjige sojiyal democratische party dutch lands" allengil yuu. ezz. pii. dii roopeekarichu. samanamaaya naya tharkkangal ebertine "reachstagile" niravadhi idathupaksha amgangalumaayulla paarlamentari sakhyam avasaanippikkaanum 1916 ll sentar partyumaayum proogras partyumaayum aduthu pravartthikkaan thudangaanum kaaranamaayi. pinneedu ebert purathaakkiyavar svayam "spaartaasistukal" ennu vilichu. 1916 muthal, ebert thante "reachstag" prathinidhikalude neethrthwam skeedemaanumaayi pankittu. padinjaaran munnaniyil sainika adhiniveshathiloode surakshithamaaya praadeshika nettangalude nayathe addeham ethirthuvenkilum (jarmman samsaarikkukayum eluppathil samyojippikkaan kazhiyukayum cheytha luxemburg ozhike), oru prathirodha poraattamenna nilayil mothatthilulla yudhashramathe ebert pinthunachu. thante naalu puthranmaaril randuper yudhathil kollappettathinte aaghaathakaramaaya nashtam ebert anubhavichu 1917 februvariyil heinrich maasidoniyayil vachu marichu, athesamayam 1917 meyy maasathil fransilvechu jorg kollappettu. 1917 juunil, ebertinte neethrthwathilulla soshyal demokraattukalude oru prathinidhi samgham mattu rajyangalil ninnulla soshyalistukalumaayi charchaykkaayi stockhomilake pooyi, luxemburg ozhikeyulla padinjaaran munnaniyile pradeshangal kootticherkkaathe yuddham avasaanippikkaanum jarmman sarkkaarinte anugrahathode alsesinteyum loraininteyum bhooribhaagavum thirike nalkaanum shramikkumaayirunnu. ennaal, aaa samrambham parajayappettu.
1918 januvariyil berlinile yudhopakarana faaktarikalile thozhilaallikal panimudakkiyappol ebert panimudakku neethrthwavumaayi chernnenkilum panimudakkaare joliyilekku thirike konduvaraan kadinamaayi parishramichu. theevravaadikalaaya idathuvashathu ninnulla chila raashtreeyakkaar addehathe "thozhilaalivarggathinte raajyadrohi" ennum valathuninn "pithruraajyathinte raajyadrohi" ennum parihasichu. kaisar wilhem randaman irubhaagathuninnumulla mikka raashtreeyakkaarum akramarahithamayi jolic thirike konduvannathinu addehathe oru uyarnna vyakthiyum naayakanumayi kanakkakki.
1918-19-nte viplavam.
parliamentism.
yuddham thudarnnappol, naamamaathramaayi pooll voonn hindenberghinte neethrthwathilulla, ennaal addehathinte keezhudhyogasthanaaya eric ludendorfinte niyanthranatthilulla milittari supreme command (oechel) germmaniyude "yadhaartha bharanadhikaariyaayi" maari. 1918-leeii venalkkaalathinte avasaanathilum avasaanathilum yuddham nashtappettuvennu vyakthamaayappol, ludendorff jarmman saamraajyathinte "paarlamentiseshane" anukoolikkaan thudangi.iii. reachstagil (ezz. pii. dii, sentar party, proogras party) bhooripaksham nediya partykalkku adikaaram kaimaruka. sainika paraajayatthinte kuttam oechuellil ninnu bhooripaksha paarttikalude raashtreeyakkaarilekk maattuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam.
1918 septambar 29nuu ludendorff jarmman videshakaaryamanthriyaaya pooll voonn hinsesine padinjaaran munnira eppol venamenkilum thakarumennum vedinirthal vaikathe charcha cheyyendathundennum ariyichu. ennirunnaalum, vedinirthalinulla abhyarthana reachstag bhooripaksham anuvadicha oru puthiya sarkkaaril ninnu varanamennu addeham nirddeshichu. addehathinte kazhchappadil, "mukalil ninnulla viplavam" aavashyamaayirunnu. chansalar jorg voonn heartling kaisar wilhem randaman sammathichenkilum muun chansalar raajivachu. skideman bhooribhaagam ezz. pii. dii prathinidhikalum "oru papparaaya samrambhathil" cherunnathine ethirthuvenkilum "nammal svayam lamghanathilekku thallappedanam" ennum "athu cheyyendathu nammude kadamayaanennum" vaadichukondu ebert thante party bodhyappedutthi. october aadyam, kaisar sakhyakakshikalumayi samadhana charchakalkku neethrthwam nalkunnathinaayi baadanile oru liberal, prins maximiliane chansalaraayi niyamichu. puthiya sarkkaaril aadyamaayi ezz. pii. dii. yill ninnulla mantrimar ulppettu philipp skeedeman, gustav bouvar. vedinirthalinulla abhyarthana october 4nuu puratthirangi. october 5nuu sarkkar eee sambhavangalekkurichu jarmman pothujanangale ariyichu. ennirunnaalum, american president vilson thudakkathil vedinirthalinu sammathikkaan visammathichathinal oru kaalathamasam undaayi. jarmman gavanmentile mattangal aparyaapthamaanennum wilhem randaaman rashtrathalavanaayi thudarnnuvennathu oru prathyeka thadassamaayirunnuvennum addehathinte nayatantra kurippukal soochippikkunnu. oru republicinaayi rajavaazhcha kaimaattam cheiyunnathine ebert anukoolichilla, pakshe mattullavareppole, oru soshyalist viplavathinte apakadathekkurichu addeham aashankaakulanaayirunnu, athu kadannupoya oro divasavum kooduthal saadhyathayullathayi thonni. chakravarthiyekkaal chansalar reachstaaginte aathmavishwaasathe aashrayikkunnathinaayi october 28 nuu bharanaghadanayil maattam varuthi. eee ghattathil, ebertinte ezz. pii. dii. ulppedeyulla reachstagile bhooripaksham kakshikalum eee avasthayil valare samthruptharaayirunnu; oru yudhaviraamavum samadhana udambadiyum charcha cheiyunna prashnam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu avarkk ippol vendathu shaanthathayude oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu.
november viplavam.
october 30 nuu vilhemshaavanil jarmman kappalile udyogastharum jeevanakkarum thammilulla ettumuttal adutha aazhchayil raajyathinte ganyamaaya bhaagathekku vyaapicha 'aii. dii. 1' nte jarmman viplavathinu kaaranamakunna sambhavangalude oru train aarambhichappol puthiya jarmman sarkkaarinte padhathikal kuzhappathilaayi. oru raajyam araajakathvathilekku veezhunna pashchaathalatthil, november 7 nuu ebertinte neethrthwathilulla ezz. pii. dii manthrisabhayil kooduthal sakthamaaya shabdam, prussia samsthaanathekku paarlamentarisam vipuleekarikkal, chakravarty addehathinte mootha makan simhasana upekshikkal enniva aavasyappettu. mattoru bharanaadhikaariyude keezhil rajavaazhcha nilanirthaan ebert anukoolamaayirunnu, ennaal eee samayat maximilian voonn baden rajakumaranodu paranju, "kaisar sthaanathyaagam cheythillengil saamoohika viplavam anivaaryamaan. pakshe enikku athu venda, njaan athine paapam pole verukkunnu."idathuvashathu, spaartaasistukalum (berlinil ekadesham 100 perr) berlinil ninnulla viplavakarikalaaya steevardukal (" "revolutionary obleot" ") ennariyappedunna 80 muthal 100 vare janapriya thozhilaalli nethaakkalude oru samghavum thalasthaanathu oru viplavathinu thayyaaredutthu".
november 9nuu, valia kambanikale sparttaasistukalum viplavakarikalaaya steevardukalum ahvaanam cheytha pothu panimudakku baadhichathum ennaal ezz. pii. dii. yum mukhyadharaa unionukalum pinthunachathum viplavam berlinil ethi. thozhilaallikaludeyum sainikarudeyum kaunsilukal srishtikkukayum pradhana kettidangal adhinivesham cheyyukayum cheythu. samarakkar berlinte madhyabhaagathekku march cheythappol, viplavathil swaadheenam nashtappedumennu bhayann ezz. pii. dii., maximilian raajakumaarante sarkkaaril ninnu raajivaykkukayaanennu prakhyaapichu.
athesamayam, beljiyathile spayile sainika aasthaanathaayirunna wilhem randaaman chakravarty sthaanathyaagam cheyyendathinte aavasyakathayekkurichu bodhyappeduthunnathil maximilian rajakumaran parajayappettu. saamraajyathva kireedam nashtappedunnathuvare wilhem svayam raajivachirunnuvenkilum thanikk prashyayude rajaavaayi thudaraan kazhiyumennu appozhum karuthiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, saamraajyathva bharanaghadana prakaram, saamraajyathva kireedam prussian kireedavumaayi bandhippichirunnu. oru kireedam upekshikkuka ennathalla, matteth upekshikkuka enna vasthuthayekkurichu addehathe bodhyappeduthunnathil maximilian paraajayappettappol, wilhem vaasthavathil rund padavikalum upekshichuvennum kireedavakashi thante pinthudarchaavakaasham upekshikkaan sammathichuvennum addeham ekapaksheeyamaayum asathyamaayum prakhyaapichu. taamasiyaathe, ezz. pii. dii neethrthwam chansalaryil athukayum sarkkaarine thanikk kaimaran ebert maximilian rajakumaranodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. manthrisabhayude oru hraswa yogathinu sesham, chansalar raajivaykkukayum bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya oru neekkathil thante oafees germmaniyude chansalar prashyayude manthriyumaaya ebertinu kaimarukayum cheythu. rund padavikal vahicha aadyathe soshyalistum randaamathe raashtreeyakkaaranum randaamathe saadhaaranakkaaranumaayirunnu addeham. ebert prins maximiliante sarkkaarine maattamillathe upekshichu, pakshe russian yudhamanthrikkum berlin pradeshathe sainika commanderinum vendi ezz. pii. dii pravartthakare niyamichu.
chansalar enna nilayil ebertinte aadya nadapadi janangal shaantharaayirikkaanum theruvukalil ninnu maarinilkkanum samadhaanavum kramasamadhaanavum punasthaapikkaanum aavashyappedunna niravadhi prakhyapanangal purappeduvikkuka ennathaayirunnu. athu pravartthikkunnathil parajayappettu. pinneedu ebert skeedemanodoppam reachstagil uchabhakshanam kazhikkukayum angane cheyyaan aavashyappettappol purathu thadichukoodiya janangalodu samsarikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum skeedeman eee avasaram prayojanappeduthukayum communist nethaavu kaal leabchnech thante anuyaayikalodu ippol pazhaya raajakottaarathil parayaan uddeshichathenthum thadayumenna pratheekshayil germmany oru republicayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. roshakulanaaya ebert udan thanne avane apalapichu "republic prakhyapikkaan ningalkk avakashamilla!"raajavaazhchayude punasthaapanamaayirikkaam aaa theerumaanam, thiranjedukkappetta oru deseeya asamblikku vittukodukkanam ennaanu ithiloode addeham uddeshichathu. aaa divasam pinneedu, ebert maximilian rajakumaranodu reejantaayi thudaraan polum aavasyappettenkilum nirasikkapettu.
wilhem randaaman november 9nuu yadhaarthathil sthaanathyaagam cheyyaathathinaal, november 28nuu chakravarty audyogika sthaanathyaagam oppidunnathuvare jarmmani niyamaparamaayi oru rajavaazhchayaayi thudarnnu. ennaal wilhem sainyathinte paramonnatha command pooll voonn hindenberghin kaimarukayum november 10 nuu raavile netherlandsilekku pookukayum cheythappol raajyam phalapradamaayi raashtrathalavan illaathe pooyi.
thozhilaalli kaunsilukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru poornnamaayum soshyalist thaalkkaalika sarkkar ebertinte neethrthwathil adikaaram ettedukkaan pookukayaayirunnu. ithine peeples deputy kaunsil ("raatt derr volks beaufragten") ennu vilichirunnu. ebert oru aashayakkuzhappathilaan. ezz. pii. dii. yeei adhikaarathil konduvarunnathil addeham vijayichu, ippol saamoohika parishkaarangal niyamavidheyamaakkaanum thozhilaalivarggathinte avastha mechappeduthaanum addehathinu kazhinju. ennittum viplavathinte falamaayi, adhehavum addehathinte party thaan verukkunna idathuvashathullavarumaayi adikaaram pankidaan nirbandhitharaayi spaartaasistukalum swathanthrarum. november 9 nuu uchathirinju, bhaavi sarkkaarinaayi moonnu manthrimaare naamanirddesham cheyyaan addeham yuu. ezz. pii. deod aavasyappettu. ennittum annu vaikunneram viplavakarikalaaya kaavalkkaarude noorukanakkinu anuyaayikalude oru samgham reachstag kettidam kaivashappeduthukayum oru thalkshana charcha nadathukayum cheythu. oru thaalkkaalika sarkkaarin peru nalkunnathinaayi avar pittennu sainikarudeyum thozhilaallikaludeyum kaunsilukale thiranjedukkaan aavasyappettu janangalude prathinidhikalude kaunsil. sambhavangalude niyanthranam nilanirthunnathinum swantham viplava virudha bodhyangalkkethire pravartthikkunnathinum vendi, thozhilaalli kaunsilukale sahakarikkaan ebert theerumaanichu, angane athe samayam jarmman gavanmentinte aupachaarika thalavanayi sevanamanushtikkumbol viplavathinte nethaavaayi.
november 10nuu, puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta thozhilaallikaludeyum sainikarudeyum kaunsilukalil bhooribhaagavum avarude swantham pinthunakkaaril ninnu varunnuvennu urappakkaan ebertinte neethrthwathilulla ezz. pii. dick kazhinju. athesamayam, addehathodoppam pravartthikkaanum puthiya viplava sarkkaraaya peeples deputy kaunsilil adikaaram pankidaanum uspd sammathichu. rund soshyalist paarttikalum thammilulla karar oru ekeekritha soshyalist munnaniye aagrahicha koodiyirikkunna kaunsilukalkku ebert prakhyapikkukayum ezz. pii. dii, yuu. ezz. pii. dii ennivayil ninnu varunna moonnu amgangalude thulyatha amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. yuu. ezz. pii. diyude ebert haz samyuktha adhyakshanmaraakanam. athe divasam thanne, oechel cheef oof staaf wilhem groneril ninnu ebertinu oru telephone kooll labhichu, avar addehavumaayi sahakarikkaan vaagdaanam cheythu. gronerude abhipraayathil, bolshevisathinethiraaya poraattam, sainikarudeyum thozhilaallikaludeyum kaunsilukalude sambradaayam avasaanippikkal, oru deseeya assembly, kramasamadhana nilayilekku madanguka ennee chila aavasyangalkku pakaramaayi addeham sainyathinte vishwasthatha vaagdaanam cheythu. ithu iruvarum thammilulla pathiv aashayavinimayathin thudakkamittathayi groner parayunnu, athil oru rahasya lainiloode dainamdina telephone sambhashanangal ulppedunnu. iruvarum thammilulla karaarukal ebert-groner udambadi ennariyappettu.
janangalude prathinidhikalude kaunsil.
aabhyanthara nayathil, thozhilillaayma aanukoolyangal, ettu manikkoor pravrithi divasam, 20 vayassinu mukalilulla ellaavarkkum saarvathrika vottavakaasham, karshakarude samghadippikkaanulla avakasham, thozhilaallikalude vaardhakya, roga, thozhilillaayma aanukoolyangal enniva vardhikkal ennivayulppede niravadhi saamoohika parishkaarangal ebertinte neethrthwathil peeples deputy kaunsil vegathil avatharippichu.
1918 november 12-leeii oru utharavu jarmman sambadvyavasthaye "samadhana saahacharyangalilekku" kondupookuka enna lakshyathode saambathika vighadanathinaayi reach oafees sthaapichu. 1918 november 22nuu, "ellah kaarshika associationukalum" amgeekaricha "karshakarudeyum thozhilaallikaludeyum kaunsilukalilekkulla" thiranjeduppinaayi raich phudu oafees oru niyanthranam purappeduvichu. 1918 november 23 nuu, saambathika vighadanathinaayulla reach oafees panthrand niyanthranangal purappeduvichu, athu pravrithidivasathinte dairkhyam, asukha avadhi, shambalathodeyulla avadhidinangal, "jarmman sambadvyavasthaykkulle thozhil bandhangalude mattu vashangal" enniva niyanthrikkunna niyamangal nirddeshikkunnu. 1918 desember 9nuu saambathika pirichuvidalinaayi oafees purappeduvicha oru utharavil samsthaana sarkkarukal "pothuvaaya thozhil maarganirdeshathinum aprenteesumaare niyamikkunnathinumayi vakuppukal sthaapikkaan kammyoonukalum saamudaayika unionukalum aavasyappedanamennu vyavastha cheythu.
1918 november 23nuu ratri 10 munny vareyulla bekkarikalil jolie cheiyunnathu nirodhikkunna oru utharavu avatharippichu.emm. oppam raavile 6 munny. 1918 desemberil aarogya insurance parirakshaykkulla varumaana paridhi 2,500 markkil ninnu 5,000 maarkkayi uyarthi. sarkkar jeevanakkarkkum udyogastharkkum polum vyapippicha swathanthramaaya othucheralinteyum samghadanayudeyum avakasham saarvathrikamaakkukayum ellah sensarshippukalum nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. gezindordnang" (1810-ll prashyayil prakhyaapicha sarvants oordinans) raddaakkukayum kaarshika thozhilaalikalkkethiraaya ellah vivechanaparamaaya niyamangalum neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1919 januvari 24-leeii oru thaalkkaalika utharavu kaarshika thozhilaallikalkk vividha avakashangal nalki. koodaathe, thozhil samrakshanathinulla vyavasthakal (yudhasamayathu thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivacha) punasthaapikkukayum maadyama swaathanthryam, mathaswaathanthryam, abhipraaya swaathanthryam, rashtreeya thadavukaarude pothumaapp enniva sthaapikkunna niravadhi utharavukal purappeduvikkukayum cheythu. veettammamaarkkulla samrakshanavum mechappeduthukayum bhawana vyavastha vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
1918 desember 23-leeii oru utharavu, yogyathayulla trade union authorityum yogyathayulla thozhiludamakalude authorityum thammilulla eathenkilum thozhil shaakhayil avasaanicha oru vethana kararinu samboornna saadhuthayundennu vyakthamaakkunna vethana karaarukal niyanthrichu, athaayath oru thozhiludamaykkum swantham samrambhathil mattethenkilum karaaril earppedaan kazhiyillennu ardhamaakkunnu. koodaathe, ellah tharkkangalum theerumaanikkaan vyavahara kodathikalude oru samghadana roopeekarichu. 1919 januvari 4-leeii oru utharavu thozhiludamakale avarude muun thozhilaallikale pirichuvidalil ninnu punaradhivasippikkan nirbandhitharaakki, athesamayam thozhilaallikale ekapaksheeyamaaya pirichuvidalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinulla nadapadikal aavishkarichu. thangalodu anyaayamaayi perumariyennu thonniya thozhilaallikalkk oru vyavahara kodathiyil appeel nalkaam, aavashyamenkil pirichuvidal adhikaarikalkk "aare pirichuvidanamennum aare joliyil nilanirtthanamennum nirnnayikkaan adhikaaramundaayirunnu". 1918 november 29nuu kshemapravarthakarkkulla vottavakaasham nishedhikkal raddaki.
1918 desemberile oru sarkkar prakhyapanam karshakarodu "avarude muun jolisthalathu madangiyethunna sainikare veendum niyamikkaanum thozhillillaathavarkku jolie nalkaanum" utharavittu, athe maasam thanne jugendpiflejine (yuvajanakshemam) pinthunachu oru pradhana utharavu purappeduvichu. 1918 desemberil, mahaa yudhasamayathu avatharippicha prasava alavans thudaraan sarkkar thaalkkaalikamaayi anuvadichu, athesamayam 1919 januvariyil purappeduvicha oru utharavu bhinnasheshikkaarude thozhil nirbandhamaakki. kudiyettam sugamamakkunnathinaayi 100 hectoriladhikam estettukal pidichedukkaanulla saadhyatha" munkootty kaanunna "bhoomiyile thozhilaallikalude vaasasthalathinaayi bhoomi ettedukkunnathinekkur 1919 januvari 29 nuu sarkkar oru settilment utharavu purappeduvichu. ennirunnaalum, 1928 aayappozhekkum 500,000 hectoriladhikam maathrame swathanthramaakkiyittulla, ithu kaarshika janasamkhyayude 2.4 sathamaanathinu gunam cheythu.
koodaathe, ebertinte sarkkar bhakshya vitharanam veendum neekkukayum sivil eviyeshan prolsaahippikkunnathi bandhapetta vividha utharavukal purappeduvikkukayum thokkukal kaivasham vaykkunnathinulla niyanthranangalum purappeduvichu.
aabhyantharayudham.
janakeeya prathinidhikalude kaunsil roopeekarichathinu sheshamulla aazhchakalil, jarmman samoohathile yaadhaasthithikavum desheeyavaadaparavumaaya gadakangalkku (sivil sarvees, sayudha seena, police, judiciary) ethiraayi ebert ezz. pii. diyude neethrthwavum viplavashakthikalkethire nilakondu. thozhilaalli kaunsilukal uyarthunna nilavilulla utharavinulla velluvili ethrayum vegam illaathaakkaan randaamathethu aagrahichu. ennittum thozhilaallikaludeyum sainikarudeyum kaunsilukalile bhooribhaagam perum svayam sarkkaarinte pinthunakkaaraayi kaanunnu. thozhilaallikalude svechaadhipathyam aagrahichathu spaartaasistukal maathramaan. padinjaaran frondil ninnu madangiyethunna sainika unitukal desember 10 muthal 15 vare ellah ardhasainika vibhaagangaleyum niraayudheekarichukondu berlinil kramasamadhanam punasthaapikkunnathinaayi ebert groner oru "paripadi" aavishkarichu. ennirunnaalum, patthu divisionukal athiyathinushesham, oru ekeekritha shakthiyaayi thudarunnathinekkaal avaa chitharippoyi. desember 16 nuu, "reichsretecongress" (kaunsilukalude kongras) berlinil yogam chernnu 1919 januvari 19 nuu deseeya asambliyilekkulla thiranjeduppinte theeyathi nischayichu. ennirunnaalum, sainyam sivilian gavanmentinte karshana niyanthranathilaanennu urappakkaan lakshyamitulla oru prameyavum athu pasaki.iii. janangalude prathinidhikalude kaunsil. professional officer corpsine apekshichu sainikarude kaunsilukalude sakthamaaya sthaanavum athu aavasyappettu. ithu sainika nethaakkalkku asveekaaryamaayirunnu, koodaathe berlin pradeshathu sannadha rejimentukal sthaapikkaan thudangi.
desember 24nuu berlinile shlosplaatsil (berlin shlosinte ettumuttal) poraattam pottipurappettu. desember 23nuu, athrupthi prakadippicha naavikasenamgangal chansalary pidichedukkukayum janangalude prathinidhikale veettuthadankalilaakkukayu cheythu. thalasthaanatthinte praanthapradeshangalil othukoodiya sainyathodum phoniloode ebert sahayam abhyarthichu. raathriyil, ebert eee sainikarodu akramikkaan utharavittu, athu avar desember 24 nuu raavile cheythu. uchakazhinju poraattam nirtthiyappol naavikasena feeld pidichunirtthiyenkilum avar avarude baarakkukalilekku madangukayum prathisandhi avasanippikkukayum cheythu. kaal leabchnech "ebertinte raktharookshithamaaya chrismus" ennu vilicha eee sambhavathinte falamaayi uspd amgangal desember 29nuu peeples deputy kaunsilil ninnu purathupoyi. pittennu, ezz. pii. dii amgangal gustav noske rudolph visellum avarude sthaanam ettedukkukayum athinusesham sarkkar prakhyapanangalil "reachstegierng" (athaayath.iii. federal gavanment) pakaram "janangalude prathinidhikalude kaunsil". athe divasam thanne, spaartaasistukal uspdumaayulla sheshikkunna bandham vichedikkukayum communist party oof jarmmani (kpd) aayi svayam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
1919 januvari aazhcha "spartacus weak" ennariyappettirunnave charitrakaaranmaar ithine oru thettaaya peraayi kaanunnu. november viplavathil nediyathaayi avar karuthiyathum ippol nashtappedunnathaayi thonniyathum veendedukkaanulla berlin thozhilaallikalude sramamaayirunnu "spaartaasist prakshobham". trigger oru nissara sambhavamaayirunnu yuu. ezz. pii. dii amgamaaya berlin poleesinte thalavan addehathinte pirichuvidal sweekarikkaan visammathichu. aikyadaartyam prakadippikkaan yuu. ezz. pii. dii ahvaanam cheythenkilum januvari 5nuu nagaramadhyathil aayudhadhaarikalaaya lakshakkanakkin aalukal othukoodiyathode avar thanne aascharyappettu. avar pathrangalum railway steshanukalum pidichedutthu. yuu. ezz. pii. dii, keey. pii. dii ennivayude prathinidhikal ebert sarkkaarine attimarikkaan theerumaanichu. ennirunnaalum, adutha divasam, sainyathil ninnu pratheekshicha pinthuna yaadhaarthyamaakaathathinaal, othukoodiya janangal sarkkar kettidangal pidichadakkiyilla. ebert kalaapathinte nethaakkalumaayi charchakal aarambhichuvenkilum athodoppam sainika nadapadiykkum thayyaaredutthu. noske "frecorps" (oru valathupaksha ardhasainika samghadana) yude kamaandaraayi niyamikkukayum berlin pradeshathe saadhaarana sayudha senaye sarkkaarinte bhaagathekku aninirathaan ebert pravartthikkukayum cheythu. januvari 9 muthal 12 vare ebertinte utharavanusarichu, saadhaarana sena "frecorps" kalaapathe vijayakaramaayum raktharookshithamaayum adichamarthi.
jarmman president.
1919 februvari 11nuu nadanna aadyathe jarmman president thiranjeduppil, weymaril chernna "naashanal versamlang" (bharanaghadanaa assembly) anchu divasathinu sesham, jarmman republicinte thaalkkaalika presidentaayi ebert thiranjedukkappettu. puthiya bharanaghadana praabalyatthil vannathinushesham addeham aaa sthaanathu thudarukayum 1919 august 21 nuu "reachspressident" aayi sathyaprathinja cheyyukayum cheythu. addeham germmaniyude janaadhipathyaparamaayi thiranjedukkappetta aadyathe raashtrathalavanaayirunnu, koodaathe aadyathe saadhaaranakkaaranum aadyathe saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadiyum aadyathe sivilian aaa sthaanam vahicha oru thozhilaallivargga pashchaathalatthil ninnulla aadya vyakthiyum koodiyaayirunnu. 1871 muthal 1945 vare ekeekritha jarmman raichinte nilanilppinte muzhuvan samayathum, janaadhipathyathodu avyakthamaayi prathijnjaabadhanaaya eaka raashtrathalavan koodiyaayirunnu addeham.
vezhsaay udambadi kaikaaryam cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu president enna nilayil ebertinte aadya chumathalakalilonn. 1919 meyy 7 nuu udambadiyude nibandhanakal parasyamaayappol, jarmmankaar athine ellah rashtreeya shedukaludeyum kadinamaaya "diktaatt" ennu shapichu, prathyekichum germmanic udambadi kaimarukayum charchakalonnumillaathe oppidaan parayukayum cheythathinaal. udambadi "yaadhaarthyamaakaathathum asahaneeyavumaan" ennu ebert thanne apalapichu. ennirunnaalum, udambadi nirasikkaan germmanic kazhiyillenna saadhyathayekkurich ebertinu nannayi ariyamaayirunnu. jarmmani oppidaan visammathichaal sakhyakakshikal padinjaaru ninnu jarmmani aakramikkumenn addeham vishwasichu. pothujanaabhipraayathe samaadhaanippikkunnathinaayi, sakhyakakshikal sathrutha puthukkiyaal pidichunilkkaan sainyathin kazhiyumo ennu addeham hindenberghinode chodichu. sainyathin oru nilapad sweekarikkaan polum saadhyathayillengil udambadi nirasikkaan aavasyappedumennu addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. parimithamaaya thothil polum yuddham punaraarambhikkaan sainyathin kazhiyillennu hindenberg, groneril ninnu kurachu prachodanam ulkkond nigamanam cheythu. ebertinode thanne parayunnathinupakaram, sainyathinte nigamanam presidentinu kaimaran addeham gronere ayachu. juulai 9 nuu valia bhooripakshathode cheytha udambadi amgeekarikkaan ebert deseeya assembly upadeshichu.
ebert prasidantaayathinu sesham communist shakthikalkkum pishaachukkalaaya soshyalistukalkkume sarkkaarinte poraattam thudarnnu. 1919 januvari muthal meyy vare chila pradeshangalil venalkkaalam vare germmaniyil aabhyantharayudham thudarnnu. januvari 19 leeii thiranjeduppu janaadhipathya partykalkku (ezz. pii. dii, centrum, dii. dii. pii) sakthamaaya bhooripaksham nalkiyathinaal viplava shakthikalkk niyamasadhutha avasheshikkunnillennu ebertinu thonni. thozhilaallikalude kaunsilukal pirichuvidunnathinum kramasamadhanam punasthaapikkunnathinum adhehavum noske berlinil neratthe upayogicha athe shakthikale deseeya thalatthil upayogichu.
1920 maarchil chila frecorps gadakangal nadatthiya valathupaksha kaapp attimariyude samayat, ebert ulppedeyulla sarkkaarin berlinil ninnu palayanam cheyyendivannu. ennirunnaalum, svayam prakhyapitha sarkkaarine sweekarikkaan sivil sarvees udyogasthar visammathichathum niyamaanusrithamaaya manthrisabha vilicha pothu panimudakkum attimariyilekku nayichu. athu avasaanichathinusesham, rur mekhalayile panimudakkunna thozhilaallikal joliyilekku madangaan visammathichu. yuu. ezz. pii. dii, keey. pii. dii. amgangalude neethrthwathil avar sarkkar adhikaarathinu oru sayudha velluvili avatharippichu. thudarnnu sarkkar roohar kalaapathe balaprayogathiloode adichamarthaan raikswer, frecorps sainyangale ayachu.
nirnayakamaaya oru samayat oru thiranjeduppu pracharanam ozhivakkaan, 1922 october 24 nuu bharanaghadanaye maattimaricha yogyathayulla bhooripaksha vottil 1925 juun 25 vare reachstag thante kaalavadhi neetti.
presidentenna nilayil, wilhem kuno, hans luther thudangiya madhya-valathupaksha vyakthikale chansalaraayi niyamikkukayum weimer bharanaghadanayude article 48 prakaram thante vishalamaaya adikaarangal karsanamaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, kaapp push, bear haal push enniva kaikaaryam cheyyaan addeham article 48 adikaarangal upayogichu. 1924 vare addeham presidencyude adiyantharaavastha adikaarangal motham 134 thavana upayogichu.
aabhyantharayudhathinusham addeham thante raashtreeyathe idathum valathum thammilulla, thozhilaallikalum bisinesses samrambhangalude udamakalum thammilulla "santulita nayam" aayi maatti. aaa shramathil addeham pottuna sakhyangalude nayam pinthudarnnu. ithu 1923leeii prathisandhi ghattathil adhika nashtapariharam nalkaathe kooduthal jolie samayam anuvadikkunnathu polulla chila prashnangalkk kaaranamaayi, athesamayam yaadhaasthithika kakshikal aathyanthikamayi othutheerppinte mattoru gadakamaaya sambannarkkaayi prathyeka nikuthikal earppeduthunnathu nirasichu.
maranam.
pitthasanchi kallukalum idaykkide collesistitis badhayum ebertinu undaayirunnu. apavaadangalum parihaasangalum ulppedeyulla ebertinte valathupaksha athiraalikalude krooramaaya akramanangal palappozhum kodathi samvidaanathiloode pariharam thedumbol judiciary amgeekarikkukayo pinthunaykkukayo cheythirunnu. aaa akramanangalil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkendathinte nirantharamaaya aavasyakathayum addehathinte aarogyathe durbalapedutthi. 1924 desemberil, 1918 januvariyile panimudakkil ebertine "thante raajyathin raajyadrohi" ennu vilicha oru pathrapravarthakanu magdeburghile oru kodathi pizha chumatthiyenkilum karsanamaaya niyamavaadatthinte kaaryatthil, ebert yadhaarthathil raajyadroham cheythuvennum kodathi paranju. thelivukal nalkaan labhyamakaan aagrahichathinaal eee nadapadikal addehathe kurachukaalathekku vaidyasahaayam thedunnathil ninnu thadanju.
1925 februvari pakuthiyode influvensa ennu vishwasikkappedunna rogam moolam ebert gurutharaavasthayilaayi. thudarnnulla randaazhchaykkullil addehathinte avastha vashalayi, aaa samayat addeham pitthasanchi rogathinte mattoru episode baadhichathaayi karuthappettu. februvari 23 nuu ratri addeham theevramaaya septik aayi maarukayum adutha divasam pularche adiyanthira appendectomic (august bear nadathiyathu) vidheyanaakukayum cheythu, ithu appendicitis aayi maari. naalu divasathinu sesham septik shock baadhichu 54-aamm vayassil addeham marichu.
heidelbergil ebertine samskarichu. niravadhi unnatha raashtreeyakkaarum oru trade union nethaavum addehathinte shavasamskara chadangil prasamgichu, athupole oru protestant mantriyum herman maas, heidelbergile parishudhaathmaavinte palliyile paasttar (1930 vare ithu lutheran, catholica sabhakal upayogichirunnu). angane thudarnadapadikalil pankedukkunnathiloode, maas thante sabhayilum rashtreeya yaadhaasthithikarkkidayilum oru apavaadam srishtichu, kaaranam ebert oru thurannuparayunna nireeshwaravaadiyaayirunnu (ebert oru catholica jnjaanasnaanamettenkilum, thante avasaanathe asukhathinu varshangalkk munbu addeham audyogikamaayi kristheeya aacharanam upekshichirunnu).
friedrich ebert foundeshan.
weimer republicinte kaalath rashtreeya vibhaagangale santhulithamaakkunna ebertinte nayam ezz. pii. diyile oru pradhana aarkkitaippaayi kaanapedunnu. innu, germmaniyile ettavum valuthum pazhayathumaya party affiliated foundeshanaaya espdiyumaayi bandhapetta friedrich ebert foundeshan, mattu karyangalkkoppam, mikacha boudhika seshiyum vyakthithvavumulla vidyaarthikale prothsaahippikkunnathi ebertinte peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath.
rossa luxemburg, kaal leabchnech, communist spaartaasistukal ennivar prothsaahippicha maathrkayil oru soshyalist raashtrathinte srishti thadayanamenkil ebertinte pravartthanangal nirbhagyakaravum ennaal anivaaryavumaanennu chila charitrakaaranmaar vaadichu. maruvashathu sebaastyan hafnerineppolulla mukhyadharaa charitrakaaranmaarum idathu charitrakaaranmaarum, samghaditha communism akkaalat germmaniyil raashtreeyamaayi prasakthamallenn vaadichittundu. ennirunnaalum, kalapakaarikalkkethiraaya ebertinteyum prathirodha mantriyaaya gustav noskeyudeyum nadapadikal thozhilaallikalude theevravalkkaranathinum communist ashayangalkkulla pinthuna vardhippikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
samoohathinte vividha thalangalil thozhilaalli kaunsilukal sthaapikkunnathinu weimer bharanaghadana (1919 augustil ebert niyamamaayi oppuvachu) vyavastha cheythirunnuvenkilum, weimer republicinte rashtreeya jeevithathil avaa oru pradhana punk vahichilla. paarlamentari janaadhipathya sthaapanangale janangalude ichhaashakthiyude kooduthal niyamaanusrithamaaya aavishkaaramaayi ebert ellaayppozhum kanakkakki; viplavathinte uthppannamenna nilayil, oru parivartthana kaalaghattatthilekku adikaaram prayogikkunnathil maathramaan thozhilaalli kaunsilukal nyaayeekarikkapettath. "ellah janangalkkum ellah adikaaravum!"ellah adikaaravum (thozhilaallikalude) kaunsilukalkku!" enna theevra idathupakshathinte mudraavaakyathinu vipareethamaayi addehathinte party mudraavaakyamaayirunnu athu.".
ebertinte abhipraayathil, oru viplavamalla, parishkaarangalkk maathrame janaadhipathyathinteyum soshyalisathinteyum kaaranagal munnott kondupokaan kazhiyoo. athinaal addehathe raajyadrohi ennu vilichittulla idathupakshakkaar, addeham theevra valathupakshathinteyum adolph hitlarinteyum aadhipathyathin vazhiyorukkiyennu avakaashappedunnu, athesamayam addehathinte nayangal nyaayayukthamaanennu karuthunnavar addeham germmany oru janadhipathyam roopeekarikkunnathile bolshevik athikramangalil ninnu rakshichuvennu avakaashappedunnu.

