
vidyaarthi

kanninte airisinte madhyabhaagathu sthithi cheiyunna oru thamogarthamaanu puple, ithu rettinayil prakasham adikkaan anuvadikkunnu. pupililekku praveshikkunna prakashakiranangal onnukil kanninullile tissukal nerittu agiranam cheyyappedukayo allengil idungiya pupilil ninnu purathukadakkaan kazhiyaatha kanninullile defuse reflectionukalkku sesham agiranam cheyyappedukayo cheiyunnathinaal ithu karuthathaayi kaanapedunnu. puple" enna padam srishtichathu crimonayile jerardaanu.
manushyaril, puple vrithaakruthiyilullathaanu, pakshe athinte aakruthi oro inathinum vyathyaasappedunnu; chila poochakalkkum uragangalkkum kurukkanmaarkkum lambamaya slitt pupilukal undu, aadukalkku thirascheenamaayi ooriyantad pupilukal undu, chila catfishukalkku vaarshika tharangalundu. opttikkal padangalil, anatamical puple kanninte appercher airis apperchar stoppumaanu. kannin purathu ninnu kaanunnathupole pupilinte chithram praveshana pupilaanu, ithu cornia valuthakkunnathinaal physical pupilinte sthaanavum valuppavumayi krithyamaayi poruthappedunnilla. bhroonathinte purambhaagatthe moodunna bhroona pupillary membraininte junction adayaalappeduthunna sigaratt enna oru pradhana gadanayaanu akathe attathu sthithicheyyunnathu.
ghadana.
kanninte airisinte madhyabhaagathu sthithi cheiyunna oru dwaaramaanu puple, athu rettinayil prakasham adikkaan anuvadikkunnu. pupililekku praveshikkunna prakashakiranangal onnukil kanninullile tissukal nerittu agiranam cheyyappedukayo allengil idungiya pupilil ninnu purathukadakkaan kazhiyaatha kanninullile defuse reflectionukalkku sesham agiranam cheyyappedukayo cheiyunnathinaal ithu karuthathaayi kaanapedunnu. 
pravartthanam.
pradhaanamaayum minusamarnna peshikal adangiya, pupilinu chuttumulla oru churungunna gadanayaanu airis. prakaashatthinte purambhaagam vazhi prakasham kannilekku praveshikkukayum, purambhaagam valippam niyanthrikkunnathiloode airis prakaashatthinte alavu niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithine pupillary laitt reflex ennu vilikkunnu.
airisil minusamarnna peshikalude rund grouppukal adangiyirikkunnu; spinktar pyooppille ennu vilikkunna oru vrithaakrithiyilulla group dailettar pyooppille ennu vilikkunna oru radial group. spinktar pupillakal churungumbol, airis pupilinte valuppam kuraykkukayo churukkukayo cheiyunnu. suuppar servical gangliyanil ninnulla sahaanubhoothiyulla njarambukalaal aswasthamaaya dailettar pupilla, avaa churungumbol puple vikasippikkaan kaaranamaakunnu. eee peshikale chilappol aantharika netra peshikal ennu vilikkunnu.
censory paatha (vadi allengil koonn, bipolar, ganglian) oro kanninteyum naarukalude bhagika crosswor vazhi marukannile athinte prathiroopavumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. ithu oru kanninte prabhavam mattonnilekku kondupokaan kaaranamaakunnu.
prakaashatthinte prabhavam.
iruttil puthapp veethiyum velichathil idungiyathum aayi maarunnu. edungumbol, vyaasam 2 muthal 4 millimeter vareyaanu. iruttil ithu aadyam athethayirikkum, pakshe 3 muthal 8 milleemettar vare veethiyulla oru pupilinu paramavadhi dooram sameepikkum. ennirunnaalum, eathoru manushya praaya vibhaagathilum paramavadhi puple valuppathil ganyamaaya vyathyaasamund. udaaharanathinu, 15-aamm vayassil, irunda-anuyojyamaaya puple vyathyastha vyakthikalumaayi 4 millimeter muthal 9 millimeter vare vyathyaasappedaam. 25 vayassinu sesham, sharashari puple valuppam kurayunnu, ennirunnaalum sthiramaaya nirakkilalla. eee ghattathil vidyaarthikal poornnamaayum nischalamaayi nilkkunnilla, athinaal ithu aandolanathilekku nayichekkaam, ithu theevramaavukayum hippus ennariyappedukayum cheyyum. pupilinte sankochavum sameepa kazhchayum adutha bandhithamaan. prakashamulla velichathil, prakaashakiranangalude vyathiyanangal thadayunnathinaayi vidyaarthikal churungukayum angane avayude pratheekshicha theekshnatha kaivarikkukayum cheiyunnu; iruttil, ithu aavasyamilla, athinaal ithu pradhaanamaayum kannilekku mathiyaya prakasham sweekarikkunnathilaanu shradha kendreekarikkunnathu.
kannil thilangunna prakasham prakaashikkumbol, vadi, koonn photoriseptarukal, melanopsin ganglian koshangal ennivayulppede rettinayile prakasha-sensitiivu koshangal okkulomottar naadiyilekku, prathyekichu edenture-westphaal nucleusil ninnu varunna parasympathetic bhaagathekku, signalukal ayaykkum, ithu vrithaakrithiyilulla airis sphinker peshiyil avasaanikkunnu. eee peshi churungumbol, athu pupilinte valippam kuraykkunnu. ithu pupillary laitt reflex aanu, ithu brainsteminte pravartthanatthinte oru pradhana parisodhanayaanu. koodaathe, oru vyakthi thaalpparyamulla oru vasthu kaanukayaanengil puple vikasikkum.
klinikkal praadhaanyam.
marunnukalude prabhavam.
pylocarpine marunnu nalkiyaal, vrithaakrithiyilulla peshi naarukalile parasympathetic pravartthanam kaaranam pupilukal churungukayum thaamasakshamatha vardhippikkukayum cheyyum, neremarichu, atropin aavaasavyavasthayude pakshaaghaathatthinum (cycloplagia) pupilinte valippathinum kaaranamakum.
opiyoyidukal polulla chila marunnukal moothrakoshangalude churukkatthinu kaaranamaakunnu. atropin, elsd, mdma, mescallin, silocybin koonn, kokkeyn, amphetamines thudangiya mattu marunnukal puple dilation kaaranamakum.
spinktar peshiykk oru parasympathetic interveshan undu, dailettarinu oru sympathetic intersion undu. pylocarpine moolamundaakunna pupillary kanstrakshanil, spinktar naadi vitharanam sajeevamaakkuka mathramalla dailettarinte vitharanam thadayukayum cheiyunnu. neremarichu sariyaanu, athinaal oro peshiyudeyum sangocha theevrathayile vyathyasangalaal puple valuppathinte niyanthranam niyanthrikkappedunnu.
pupilinte churukkatthinte mattoru padam myosis aanu. myosisinu kaaranamakunna padaarthangale myotic ennu visheshippikkunnu. pupilinte dilation mydriasis aanu. tropicomide adangiya aii drope layani polulla midrietic padaarthangal moolamaanu dilation undaakunnath.
rogangal.
opttik njarambukalkku bhaagikamaayi kedupaadukal sambhavikkumbozhaanu "benn dialitatism" enna avastha undaakunnath. prakaashathodu prathikarikkanulla opttik njarambukalude kazhivu kurayunnathinaal deerghakaalamaayi veethiyulla pupilukalaanu eee avasthaye tharamthirikkunnath. saadhaarana velichathil, eee avastha baadhicha aalukalkk saadhaaranayaayi valichidunna kudalukal undaakum, thilakkamulla velicham vedanaykku kaaranamakum. spektrathinte maruvashathu, eee avasthayulla aalukalkk iruttil kaanaan budhimuttaanu. vasthukkale poornna kazhchappadil kaanaan kazhiyaathathinal raathriyil vaahanamodikkumbol eee aalukal prathyekichum shradhikkendathu aavasyamaanu. eee avastha apakadakaramalla.
valippam.
pupilinte valippam (palappozhum vyaasamaayi alakkunnu) oru adisthaana rogathinte lakshanamakaam. pupilinte valippam mydriasis ennum sankochathe myosis ennum vilikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, valippathile ellah vyathiyaanangalum rogathe soochippikkunnilla. prakashavum iruttum moolamundaakunna valipavum sankochavum koodaathe, lalithamaaya gunana prasnangal pariharikkunnath pupilinte valuppathe baadhikkunnuvenn theliyikkappettittund. oormmappeduthalinte lalithamaaya pravarthanatthinu pupilinte valuppam vikasippikkaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum thalachorinu athinte paramavadhi sheshiyekkaal kooduthal vegathil prosess cheyyendivarumbol, puples churungunnu. oru vyakthi anubavikkunna positteev allengil negatteevu vaikaarika uthejanathinte vyapthiyumaayi vidyaarthiyude valippam bandhappettirikkunnave thelivukalundu.
mrugangal.
ellah mrugangalkkum vrithaakrithiyilulla vidyaarthikalilla. chilarkk muthala, wiper, poocha, kurukkan thudangiyavayilethupole lambamaayi allengil chila kiranangalilennapole thirascheenamaayi, parakkunna thavalakal, mulakukal, aadukal, elkku, chuvanna maan, kaattukazhutha, hypopotamus thudangiya artiodaaktilukal, athupole gaarhika kuthira ennivaye abhimukeekarikkunna cheettukalo andaakrithikalo undu. aadukal, todukal, octopus pupilukal enniva vrithaakrithiyilulla konukalulla thirascheenavum chathuraakrithiyilullathumaanu. chila skettukalkkum kiranangalkkum chandrakkala aakruthiyilulla pupilukalundu, geco pupilukal vrithaakruthiyilullathu muthal oru slitt vare, pinholukalude oru parambara vare, cuttlefish puple sugamamayi valayunna dablyu aakruthiyaanu. manushyante pupilukal saadhaaranayaayi vrithaakruthiyilaanenkilum, kolabomakal polulla asaadhaaranathakal tear drope, keyhole allengil oval puple aakruthikal polulla asaadhaarana puple aakruthikalkku kaaranamakum.
adutha bandhamullah mrugangalkkidayil polum puple aakruthiyil vyathyaasangal undakam. felidukalil, cheruthum valuthumaaya kannu enangal thammil vyathyaasangalund. valarthumrigamaaya poochaykku (felis sylvestries domesticus) "lambamaya cheenja pokkilikalundu, athinte valia bandhu cyberian kaduvaykku (panthera tigris alteykka)" vrithaakrithiyilulla pokkilikalundu, eurasian links "(links links) valarthumrigamaaya poochaykkum cyberian kaduvaykkum edayilulla idatharam aanu. cheruthum valuthumaaya enangal thammilulla samanamaaya vyathyasam naaykkalil undakam. cheria chuvanna kurukkanu (vulps vulps) "lambamaya cheenja kullikalundu, athesamayam avarude valia bandhukkalaya chaara chennayaykkum (canis lupus lupus) valarthumrigangalkkum (canis lupus femilaris)" vrithaakrithiyilulla kullukalundu.
parinaamavum poruthappedutthalum.
vrithaakrithiyilulla pupilekkaal kooduthal phalapradamaayi prakasham ozhivakkaan avaykku kazhiyum ennathaanu slitt pupilukalude parinaamathinulla oru vishadeekaranam. pakal samayat annukale samrakshikkenda crypuscular allengil noctornal jeevithashailiyulla mrugangalude kannil cheenja pokkilukal kaanappedunnath enthukondaanennu ithu vishadeekarikkum. vrithaakrithiyilulla oru pupilinte (valaya aakruthiyilulla peshi) sankochathinu, pupiline vashathayi amarthunna rund adhika peshikal upayogikkunna oru slitt puple adaykkunnathinekkaal kuravaanu. udaaharanathinu, poochayude cheenja pokkilinu rettinayile prakasha theevratha manushyaril 10 madangu aayi maattumbol 135 madangu maattaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, eee vishadeekaranam valare cheria valippathil (udha.jii., tarsieril 0.5 millimeter), thilangunna velichathil idungiya pilarppinu aduthillaatha niravadhi ungulettukalude chathuraakrithiyilulla pupilukal. oru badal vishadeekaranam, bhaagikamaayi churungiya vrithaakrithiyilulla puple lensinte peripheral sonukale sheducheyyunnu ennathaanu, ithu prasakthamaaya tharamgadairkhyangalil mosham focus cheytha chithrangalilekku nayikkum. lambamaya slitt puple lensinte muzhuvan vyaasathiludaneelamulla ellah tharamgadairkhyangalum, thilangunna velichathil polum upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnu. chila paambukal polulla pathiyirunnu vettayaadunna mrugangalil, lambamaya cheenja pokkilukal kanninte vrithaakrithiyilulla rooparekhaye thakarth maraykkaan sahayikkumennum abhipraayamund.
pravartthanareethiyum perumattavum.
australian paambukalekkurichulla oru padanatthil, puple aakruthikal dyle pravartthana samayangalumaayum chaara swabhaavavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. lambamaya kuntham ulla mikka paambukalum rathrikaalavum pathiyirunnu vettayaadunnavayumaayirunnu, vrithaakrithiyilulla kuntham ulla mikka paambukalum dainamdinavum sajeevavumaaya vettakkaraayirunnu. mothatthil, vrithaakrithiyilulla punchirikalulla sajeevamaaya chaaramulla paambukal dainamdinamallaathathinaal, meikkal swabhaavam kooduthal kesukalil pravartthana samayathekkaal krithyamaayi moochile roopathe pravachichu. mukalil charcha cheytha feliday caniday thammil chaara swabhaavavum puple aakruthiyum thammil samanamaaya oru bandhamundennu nirddeshikkappettittund.
2015-leeii oru patanam neelamulla vidyaarthikal chalanathmaka paridhi vardhippichuvennum dial pravarthanavumaayulla parasparabandham vardhippichuvennum sidhaantham sthireekarichu. ennirunnaalum mattu sidhaanthangalkku vidyaarthikalude ooriyanteshan vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyillennu athu abhiprayappettu. lambamaya pupilukal, pathiyirunnu vettayaadunna mrugangale avarude aazhathilulla dhaarana opttimais cheyyaan praapthamaakkunnuvennum thirascheenamaaya kondoorukalude kaazhchayudeyum chithrathinteyum gunanilavaaram opttimais cheiyunnathinu thirascheenamaaya pupilukal praapthamaakkunnuvennum avar kaanichu. neelamulla kudalukal mrugathinte uyaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnath enthukondaanennu avar vishadeekarichu.
samoohavum samskaaravum.
bandhamillaattha niravadhi bhashakalil, vidyaarthi enna padatthinte padavyuthpatthi ardham "cheria vyakthi" ennaanu. udaaharanathinu, "puple" enna vaakkinte kaaryatthilum ithu sariyaanu ithu engleeshilekku varunnath laattin "pooppilla" ennathil ninnaan, athaayath "paava, penkutty", ithu "pupa", "penkutty" ennathinte cheria roopamaanu. (laattin bhaashayile eratta ardham engleeshil samrakshikkappettittund, avide "vidyaarthi" ennaal "school kutty", "airisinullile kanninte irunda madhyabhagam" ennaanu ardham.) ithu orupakshe oraalude prathichaayayude prathiphalanam oraalude aathmaavinte oru cheria pathippayirikkaam. pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthil (c. 1800-1600 bc) purathana mesopotemiyayil, "kanninte samrakshanaathmaav" enna prayogam saakshyappeduthunnu, orupakshe ithe prathibhaasatthil ninnu uthbhavichathaakam.
apple oof mye aii" enna engleesh vaachakam oru pazhaya engleesh upayogathil ninnaan uthbhavichath, athil "apple" enna vaakkinte ardham pazham mathramalla, puple allengil aibol ennum ardhamaakkunnu.

