marad

marad (sumerian marda, aadhunika tell vannaatt ezz-sadhum allengil tell azz-sadoom (vaana-sedaum ennum ariyappedunnu), iraakh) kizhakkan nagaratthinaduthulla oru purathana nagaramaayirunnu. aadhunika iraakhile nippoorinu padinjaaru upper euphrates nadiyude padinjaaran shaakhayude padinjaaran theerathum kishinu ekadesham 50 kilometer thekkukizhakkayi arathu nadiyilumaayirunnu marad sthithicheyyunnathu. kshethrathinte punarudhaaranathekkurichu soochippikkunna nebuchaadresarinte muricha silindarile oru navaa-babylonian likhithathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu 1912 ll eee sthalam thiricharinjathu. silindar khananam cheythitilla, marichu pradeshavaasikal kandethiyathinal athinte uthbhavam urappayirunnilla, kaaranam oru paridhivare saitt marad aayi thiricharinju. purathana kaalath babylone isinum idayil ozhukunna abgal kanalilaayirunnu ithu.
nagaratthile pradhana shethramaaya siggurat iii-iggy-kalaama (bhoomiyude kannu) aanu. maradinte samrakshaka devanayum bhoomiyudeyum kalappayudeyum devanayum naaramsinte puthranmaaril oraal nirmmichathumaaya lugal-maradaykku (ninoortthayude aavirbhaavamaayi chilar karuthunnu) ithu samarppikkappettu.
charithram.
bii. sii. moonnaam sahasraabdam.
sii. eiii. maarad sthaapikkappettu. bii. sii. 2700, sumerian aadyakaala rajavamsha kaalaghattatthil. sumerian raajaavinte pattikayilum aadyakaala nagara pattikakalilum marad paraamarshichittillenkum, maraadinte nagaradevanaaya lugal-marada sthuthikkunna aadyakaala rajavamsha kaalaghattatthile kshetra sthothrangalil ithu kaanapedunnu. aduthulla mattoru pattanamaya kiritabinu athinte naamamaatra devanaayi numushda undayirunnathinaal ithu urappallengilum, kasaalluvinte nagaradevanaaya numushda chilappol karaarukalil paraamarshikkaarundu. oru govarnorude keezhil akkaadile sargon pidichedutthathinu sesham acadian saamraajyamaan ithu bharichathu. tell aas-sadoomile khananathinide kandethiya naalu alekhanam cheytha vaathil sokkattukalumaayaan marad ennu saitt sthireekarikkappettathu. maraadile lipitt-ile govarnor acadian saamraajyathile naalaamathe bharanadhikaariyaaya naaram-siin raajaavinte makan maraadile lugal-marda devanu oru kshethram nirmmichathaayi avar rekhappeduthunnu
aaa saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham marad veendum oru govarnor vazhi moonnaam yur saamraajyathinte adeenathayilaayi. aadyathe yur III bharanadhikaariyodoppam elaam yoorinte keezhilaayi veezhunnathuvare nagaram hrasvamaayi elam niyanthranathilaayirunnu, urr-nammu ezhuthi "pinne umma, marda, subur, kasallu, avarude vaasasthalangal, ansan adichamarthiyathenthum, theerchayaayum, njaan avarude swaathanthryam sthaapichu". 1920-ll oru gaveshakan urr-3 saamraajyathinte moonnaamathe bharanadhikaariyaaya amar-sinte moonnaam varshathile "baabiloninte avashishtangalile oru arab baalanil ninnu" oru cheria gulika vaangi. amar-siin anchaam varshathil oru anjjaatha nagaratthinte govarnoraayi oru drehem phalakathilum lishanuvine paraamarshichittundu.
pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattam.
baabilon pidichadakkunnathinu munbu oru kaalathekku aisinte niyanthranathinu sesham maradinu oru hraswakaala swaathanthryam undaayirunnu. eee kaalaghattatthil ninnu vyaajamaayi khananam cheytha chila falakangal puraavastu vipaniyil prathyakshappettu, praadhamikamaayi saambathika swabhaavathinte oru kudumba archive. aaa swatantra kaalaghattatthile ariyappedunna rajaakkanmaar halun-pii-umoo, sumu-ditana, sumu-atthar, sumu-namhim, yaami-ell ennivaraanu. pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthil maradine palappozhum kasaluvinoppam paraamarshikkaarundu. avar ore raajyathinte bhaagamaayirunnuvenn vishwasikkappedunnu. navaa-babylonian kaalaghattatthilum marad adhiniveshathilaayirunnu. nebuchadnesar randaaman (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii.) lugal-marada kshethram punarnirmmichathaayi report cheiyunnu
ekadesham babylonian bharanadhikaariyaaya sumu-laa-ell kaalam muthal ariyappedunna marad bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnu alumbiu. alumbiu rajaavaaya varsham", "alumbiu pidichadakkiya dilbat varsham" ennee rund varshathe perukal ariyappedunnu. sumu-laa-elinte naalam varsha perum kisurayile oru anjjaatha bharanaadhikaariyude poruthappedunna varsha perum "alumbiyumil aayudhangalaal adichu" ennaanu. alumbiyuminte oru rajakeeya makale sumu-laa-elinte bharanakaalathu sippaaril vachu naaduvaayi niyamichu.
pinneedu thozhil.
kassaittilum (lugal-marda kshethrathil pravarthichathaayi ariyappedunna bharanadhikaariyaaya kadashman-turgu) paarthiyan kaalaghattatthilum neriya adhinivesham nadannu. darius onnaaman (sii. 550-486 bc) maradil ezhuthiya iii-iggy-kalaama enna devante kshethrathinulla vilppana record cheiyunnu.
puraavasthushaasthram.
marad pradesham ekadesham 50 hector visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkunnu, pradhana kunnin mukalil, saittinte vadakkan attathu, praadeshikamaayi bint ishh-sheikh ennu vilikkappedunnu, ithu samathalathil ninnu 14 meter uyarathilaanu.
iraakhi general dayaraktarettu oof antiquities, khaadisiya sarvakalashaala ennivayil ninnulla oru samgham 1990 ll neyl hannooninte neethrthwathilum neethrthwathilum 2005lum abbas alle-hussaininte neethrthwathilumaanu marad khananam cheythath. pradhana kunnin mukalil oru kshethramaayi karuthappedunna oru haal pradhana kunnin mukalil khananam cheythu. pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthile kunninte padinjaaru vaasasthalangal kandethi. pinneedulla khananathil niravadhi cunifom gulikakal kandethi, pradhaanamaayum aisin-larsa, pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattangalil ninnullava, ennaal chilath navaa-babylonian kaalaghattatthil ninnullavayaan. ettavum aduthideyulla khananam 2019 leeii sarathkaalathilaanu nadannathu. kurachu cunifom gulikakal koodi (5 poortthiyaayi, 3 eathaandu poortthiyaayi, 8 cheria kashanagal), kaliman taagukal, cover sakalangal enniva kandethi. saambathikavum niyamaparavumaaya swabhaavamulla silaashaasanangalil marad bharanadhikaariyaaya sumu-namhim, baabilon bharanadhikaariyaaya sumu-laa-ell (27,28 varshangal) ennivarude theeyathikal ulppedunnu. oru surveik sesham, saittinte padinjaaran attathulla oru cheria bhaagath oru kuzhal khananam cheythu, athil aadyakaala rajavamshaparamaaya III muthal acadian, isin-larsa, ooldu-babylonian vareyulla moonnu adhinivesha paalikal kaanichu. paarthiyan kaalaghattatthile niravadhi shavakudeerangal eee sthalathudaneelam kandethi.
kooduthal vaayana.
7.randilonnu, pipi. <aii. dii. 1>, 1987

