
exonumia

naanayangalum paper panavum ozhikeyulla naanayavasthukkalaanu (tokkanukal, medalukal allengil skripttukal polullava) exonumia. tokkanukal, baadjukal, kaundarstaambu cheytha nanayangal, neelamulla nanayangal, pothinja nanayangal, suvaneer medalukal, taagukal, thadi nikkalukal, mattu samana enangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. ithu naanayavalkkaranatthinte oru vashamaan, koodaathe niravadhi nanaya shekharanakkaarum exonumistukalaanu.
melpparanja karsanamaaya nirvachanathinu purame, mattullavar chekkukal, credit cardukal, samanamaaya paper enniva polulla niyamaparamaaya tenderukaloo allathatho aaya noonn-coyin ulppeduthunnathinaayi ithu vipuleekarikkunnu. iva notafili allengil scripophily aayi kanakkakkaam.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
exonumia" enna namam rund classical verukalil ninnaan uruthirinjathu greekkil "" exo "" ennartham varunna "" exo "", laattin bhashayil "" nanayam "ennartham varunna" "nammas" "(greekkil ninnu νοικονονος-" "naumos", "nanayam"); athinaal, "" naanayangalude puram [side]-oof [kattagari] ". thathulyamaaya britiish padamaaya paaraanumismattayum upayogikkaam.
exonumist", "exonumia" ennee vaakkukal 1960 joolaiyil eee vishayathil amgeekritha adhikariyum ezhuthukaaranumaaya russell rooloyaanu nirmmichathu, 1965 ll webstarinte nighandu ithu amgeekarichu.
tokkan nanayangal.
sarkkar nalkunna panatthinte shaamam undaayirunnappol niravadhi tokkanukal amerikkayilum mattidangalilum nirmmikkukayum karansiyaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. parasyam cheiyunnathinum vyapaaram sugamamakkunnathinum tokkanukal upayogichittundu, avaykku oru moolyamundaakaam allengil illaayirikkaam.
tokkan authority russell rullo thante 1040 peju tomil exonumiaykku vishalamaaya nirvachanam nalkunnu, "yunaittad stetts tokkanukal 1700-1900" ennaal vibhagangal thammilulla varikal avyakthamayirikkum. udaaharanathinu, oru parasya tokkanine oru medel aayi kanakkakkaam. tokkanukalkk nallath parasyam cheythekkaam. kaundar staambu cheytha naanayangale "littil parasyabordukal" ennu vilikkunnu." 
tokkanukal paazhs cheiyunnathinulla oru maarggam eee moonnu pothuvaaya vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu
saadhaaranayaayi, tokkanukalude kaattalogukal sthalam, samayaparidhi, koodaathe/allengil inathinte tharam enniva anusarichu krameekarichirikkunnu. charitraparamaayi, naanayatthinte aavasyakathayil ninnaan tokkanukalude aavasyam valarnnathu. amerikkayil, chila tokkanukal currensic oppamo pakaram niyamaparamaayi vitharanam cheyyappettu. haard times tokkanukalum aabhyantharayudha tokkanukalum samakaalika centinte valippamaayirunnu. athinusesham, "nallath (thuka)", "oru call paal kudikkaan nallath", "oru bearinu nallath", "oru sawarik nallath" thudangiya moolyathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla enangal..."mattullava prathyekamaayi kadayude vaanijyavumaayo issue cheiyunna sthalavumaayo bandhappettirikkunnu.
medalukal.
medalukal saadhaaranayaayi oru smaaraka uddeshyathodeyulla nanayam polulla kalaparamaaya vasthukkalaan. nettangalude amgeekaarathinu avaa nalkappedaam allengil vyakthikaludeyo sambhavangaludeyo smaranaykkaayi vilppanaykkaayi srishtikkappedaam. avaa smaranikakalo bhakthiparamo poornnamaayum kalaaparamo aakam. medalukal saadhaaranayaayi karansiyaayo kaimattatthino upayogikkunnilla. 
exonumia shekharanam.
exonoomia shekharikkunnavar, nanaya shekharikkunnavareppole, avasthayilum apoorvvathayilum athupole thanne charithram, roopam, tharam ennivayilum sradhaalukkalaanu. exonoomistukal pradesham, vishayam, tharam, aakruthi allengil metteeriyal enniva anusarichu enangal shekharikkaam, ithu tokkanukal rekhappeduthunna reethikale badhikkunnu.
thaazhepparayunna vibhagangal saadhaaranamaanu. ithu ellaam ulkkollunnathalla, marichu exonoomyayude vaividhyathinte oru saambilaanu.
tharam anusarichu.
"parishkaricha/vardhippicha":
"panam/puthuma/vyaja/kala kalikkuka"
"vaanijyathin soukaryamorukkunnathinaayi sarkkar sevanangalum desethara upakaranangalum"
"gathagatha tokkanukal"
"adacha samooham/amgathvam"
"metteeriyal/aakruthikal anusarichu"
"prasthaanangalum aadarshangalum"
"vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavam-vyakthithvam"
"issue cheiyunnayaal"
"medalukal"
"exonumia kudaykku keezhilulla "aadhunika enangal" ivayaanu
pradesham anusarichu.
chaina.
badal karansikal ulppede niravadhi tharam chainees exonoomia undu
koodaathe naanayavalkkarana akarshanangalum
jarmmani.
onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalathum yudhakaalakhattathilum germmaniyilum austriyayilum panatthinte abhavam moolam pattanangalum baankukalum mattu sthaapanangalum notejeld, praadhamikamaayi paper baanknottukalude roopathil puratthirakki. 
laattin america.
laattin american coffey allengil plaanteshan tokkanukal vaanijyathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu. pala thotta udamakalkkum avarudethaaya kammeeshanarmaarundaayirunnu, thozhilaallikal saadhanangalude vila nalkaan thottangalude tokkanukal upayogichu. americayilo europilo niravadhi tokkanukal nirmikkappettu. thottangalude tokkanukalkk niravadhi moolyangalum perukalum undaayirunnu. peru udamayo avarude bandhukkalo krishiyidathinte pero (allengil finka) aakam. tokkanukalil udamaye thirichariyunnathinulla saangalppika chinnangal undaayirunnu. mathiyaya audyogika currency labhyamallaathappol tokkanukal karansiyaayi upayogichirunnu. thozhilaallikalkk shaniyazhchakalil tokkanukal audyogika karansiyaayi parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyum.
ellaatharam adisthaana lohangalilum lohasankarangalilum plaastik, celluloid, bakelite ennivayilum tokkanukal nirmmichirunnu. koostaa rikkayude savisheshatha paper (paper chittukal) kondu nirmmicha tokkanukalaayirunnu. boletto" enna vaakk koostaa rikkayil tokkan enna padatthinum "fitcha" laattin amerikkayude mattu bhaagangalil upayogikkunnu.
yunaittad kingdom.
conder tokkanukal svakaaryamaayi achadicha tokkanukalaayirunnu 
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanabhaagathum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum englandu, anglesi aandu weils, scotland, ireland ennividangalil.
america.
roolau american tokkanukale eee pothu samaya kaalayalavukalayi vibhajikkunnu

