timir

kumbriyayile allerdale baroyilum engleesh thadaaka jillayilum sthithicheyyunna oru jalasambharaniyaan thirlemayer. therlmearinu kizhakkayi helvelin ridge sthithicheyyunnu. therlmearinu padinjaaru niravadhi veezhchakalundu; udaaharanathinu, kaiveezhchayum kaakkayude idivum thadaakathinteyum athinappurathulla helvelinteyum kazhcha nalkunnu.
ekadesham thekk muthal vadakkott ozhukunna ithu kizhakk bhagathaayi eiii591 road padinjaaru bhagathaayi oru cheria road athirthi pankidunnu. munkaala prakrithidatha thadaakatthinte sthaanam ithu ulkkollunnu ithinu idungiya arakkett undaayirunnu, ithu chilappol rund thadakangalaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu (koodaathe). pathonpathaam noottaandil maanchastar korppareshan vadakkan attathu oru anakkett nirmmikkukayum jalanirapp uyarthukayum thaazhvarayude adithattil vellapokkam undaakkukayum valarunna vyaavasaayika nagaramaya maanchasttarin 96 mile neelamulla thirlmer akwadakt vazhi jalavitharanam nalkunnathinaayi oru reservoir srishtikkukayum cheythu. reservoir akwadakt ippozhum maanchastar pradeshathekku vellam nalkunnu, ennaal 1973 leeii vaattar act prakaram udamasthaavakaasham north vestt vaattar authoritic kaimari; thudarnnulla svakaaryavalkkaranathinum samyojanathinteyum falamaayi avaa (reservoirinum chuttumulla vrishtipradeshavum) ippol oru swakaarya jala, malinajala kambaniyaaya yunaittad yoottilittikalude udamasthathayilullathum niyanthrikkunnathum aanu.
prakrithidatha thadaakam.
njangal ippol vaiben thadaakathe, allengil thirlmer ennu vilikkappedunna thadaakathe sameepichu; chuttumulla shoonyathayude aashayangalkk anuyojyamaaya oru vasthu, oru pachappu niranja pachappu theerangal, thoongikkidakkunna marangal enniva uparithalathil sambannamaaya prathiphalanangal eriyunnilla pakshe athu soochippikkunna ellah roopangalum krooravum shoonyavumaanu. 
jalasambharaniyude nirmmaanathinu munbu leets vaattar, vaithben vaattar threel vaattar, thirlemayer ennivayulppede vividha perukalil ariyappedunna oru cheria prakrithidatha thadaakam undaayirunnu. (thadaakam sthithicheyyunna thaazhvara, (athinte thalayil vaithben kugramathinu sesham), 'thirlemayer' orupakshe 'idungiya thadaakam' ennathil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, oii 'thyral' 'aperture', thulacha thula 'plus oii' verum 'thadaakam') 1867 leeii oordanans sarway aarr inch mapp, wath paalatthil ettavum idungiya pooyintulla orotta thadaakam (thirlemayer) kaanikkunnu, ekadesham kaikondu thulyamaanu; eee samayat "vellam aazhamillathathum oru palathal kadakkunnathumaanu, athinaal thuramukhangal eluppathil nirmmikkukayum cheria thadi paalangalumayi bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu, enchineeyaringile aaa budhimuttulla prashnam-oru thadaakam kadakkunnathu-mapp kaanikkunnu. (kumbrian sthalanaamangalil 'wath' = 'foord': pree-reservoir thaazhvarayude oru photoyil 'paalam' thanne kaanaan kazhiyum ithu aavarthichu vellapokkam moolam neengippoyi (udha.jii. 1861 novemberil)) eee sankochathethudarnnu "praayogikamaayi thaazhnna jalathil rund thadakangal undaayirunnu, avaye bandhippikkunna nadhi idungiya sthalangalil oru cheria maravum kallum kondu kadakkunnu", prakrithidatha thadaakathe chilappol rund thadakangalaayi visheshippikkunnu. thadaakathil ninnu (sent johns beck) purathukadakkunna aruvi vadakkott gretta nadiyilekku ozhukukayum athu keswikkiloode padinjaaru ozhuki kumbrian derventil cherukayum cheythu.
thirmer skeem'.
nirddeshikkappetta oru jalasambharaniyayi upayogikkuka.
1863ll, thirlmer haav water reservoirukalaayi maattanamennum avayude vellam (ulsvaattar vazhi (vitharana reservoiraayi upayogikkunnu)) 240 mile landanil athichu oru divasam irunooru dasalaksham gaalan shudhajalam nalkanamennum oru laghulekha abhyarthichu; padhathiyude chelavu oru dasalaksham poundaayirunnu. richmond raajakumaarante adhyakshathayil oru royal kammeeshan eee padhathi pariganichuvenkilum 1869 leeii report atharam deerghadoora padhathikal thallikkalanju, jalasambharanikalil ninnu pump cheyth lunden vitharanam cheyyaan munganana nalki. padhathi nirddeshikkappedunnathu thudarnnu; 1876 aayappozhekkum, ithu baalaa thadaakathil ninnulla oru branch feeder ulppeduthikkondu valarukayum athinanusarichu chelavu 13.5 dasalaksham poundaayi uyarukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum athil ninnu onnum undaayilla.
duke oof richmandinte royal commission nirddishtamaaya yadhaartha paridhi landanileyum mattu valia nagarangalileyum jalavitharanamaayirunnu, ennaal metropolittan jalavitharanathinte pariganana kammeeshan poornnamaayum kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. mattidangalile jalavitharanathinaayi, athinte report pothuvaaya shupaarshakal maathrame nalkiyirunnulloo.. viniyogathe nyaayeekarikkunna prathyeka saahacharyangalilallathe, swaabhaavikamaayum bhoomishaasthraparamaayum atharam srothassinode aduthulla oru pattanatthino jillayko avakashappetta oru vitharana srothass viniyogikkaan oru pattanattheyo jilla anuvadikkaruthu. 
eathenkilum pattanatthino jillayko akale ninnu oru lino vazhiyo vitharanam cheyyumbol, atharam lainukalilulla ellah sthalangaludeyum vitharanathinu vyavastha cheyyanam. 
eathenkilum pravishya jala bill paarlamentil avatharippikkumbol, aaa prathyeka pattanatthinu mathramalla, kazhiyunnathra vishalamaaya oru jillaykku eee nadapadi baadhakamaakkunnathinulla praayogikathayilekku shradha kendreekarikkanam.
maanchastar thiramalayilekku nokkunnu.
maanchastar, livarpool korppareshanukal ithinakam thanne avayude valarchaye pinthunaykkunnathinaayi (longdendeyilile maanchasttarile revingtonile livarpool) jalasambharanikalude oru parambara nirmmichuvenkilum avide kooduthal jalasambharanikal undakanulla saadhyatha kandilla. thangalude nilavilulla jalavitharanam avarude valarcha moolam aparyapthamaakumenna aashankayil, avar ippol kooduthal saadhanangal thedukayaayirunnu royal kammeeshante "vettayaadal illa" enna shupaarsha paalikkunnathin kooduthal jalasambharanikal valare akaleyayirikkanam. 1875-ll joonn frederic baatmaan maanchastarum livarpool oru samyuktha samrambhamaayi haav wateril ninnum ulsvaattaril (nirmmitha reservoirukal) ninnum vellam nalkanamennu nirddeshichu. thangalude nagaratthinte thaalpparyangalkk jalavitharanam mattethoru nagaratthil ninnum swathanthramaayirikkanamenna karuthiya livarpool maanchastar corporation ithu nirasichu. pakaram 1877-ll, livarpool north veyilsile virnviyude uthbhavasthaanath oru jalasambharanikkayi oru padhathi aarambhichu; avarude chairmaante (dervent waterile portinskelil randaamathe veedulla comberland swadeshiyaaya) nirddeshaprakaaram, maanchastar korppareshante vaattar works kammitti maanchasttarin oru thirmer reservoiril ninnu vellam nalkaan nirddeshichu. 
1855ll prathidinam 8 dasalaksham gallen, 1865ll prathidinam 11 dasalaksham gallen, 1874ll prathidinam sharashari 18 dasalaksham gallen, prathidinam 21 dasalaksham gallen enninganeyaanu jala upabhogam ennu poornna kaunsilinu nalkia reportil paraamarshichirunnu. varalchaa kaalaghattatthil deerghakaala jalasambharanikalil ninnulla vishwasaneeyamaaya vitharanam prathidinam 25 dasalaksham gallen mathramaayirunnu, ennaal kazhinja rund varshathinide aavasyam prathidinam 2.4 dasalaksham gaalan vardhichu. athinaal ekadesham ezhu varshathinullil demand vishwasaneeyamaaya vitharanathe kaviyumennu pravachikkapettu; aruviyil eathenkilum pradhana adhika jalavitharanam konduvaraan kuranjathu athenkilum edukkum. adutha muppatho ambatho varshathekku mathiyaya vitharanam urappakkaan eathoru pradhana puthiya joliyum lakshyamidanam; iva vadakkan lancashire, vestt moreland allengil cumberlandile parvathangalilum thadaakangalilum maathrame kaanaan kazhiyoo. guruthwaakarshana pravaahatthiloode maanchasttarin vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyunnathra uyaramulla ulsvaattar, haav vaattar, therlmeier enniva maathrame undaayirunnulloo; moonninteyum swaabhaavika drainage vadakkottaayirunnu, ennaal thirlmear danmeyil raisinte churatthinu thottaduthaayirunnu, koodaathe neerthadatthinu thekk vellam konduvarunnathinulla enchiniyaring (udaaharanathinu) ulsvaattar ennathinekkaal valare eluppamaayirikkum. professor rosco therlmayer vaattar vishakalanam cheythu, addeham ithu loach kaatrinekkal mikachathaanennum athinaal ariyappedunna ettavum mikacha vellangalilonnaanennum paranju.
reportinode samsaaricha vaattar works kammitti chairman, vrishtipradeshathu 11,000 ekkariladhikam (200 ll koodaattha nivaasikal) undennum vaarshika mazha ekadesham 110 inch aanennum abhiprayappettu; oru divasam ambathu dasalaksham gallen shekharichu maanchastarilekku ayaykkaamaayirunnu; long dendailile valia anakkettukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru malayidukkinu kuruke ambathu adii uyaramulla mathil maathrame aavashyamulloo. soundaryaparamaaya ethirppukale sambandhichidatholam "eee vellam kandethenda jillayile swadeshiyaayirunnu addeham... prakrithidrishyangalude soundaryathe thannekkaal aaveshathodeyum theekshnathayodum koodi samrakshikkunna oru manushyan jeevichirunnilla, ennaal saamaanyabudhiyulla oru manushyan avar chinthichirunna kruthikalil avar aaa sthalathe soundaryangaleyonnum nasippikkukayaanennu parayilla."
eee padhathikku cheria ethirppu maathrame report pravachichirunnulloo, athiloode "thadaakatthinte soundaryam mattenthinekkaalum vardhikkum" ennu athu vaadichu. mattu kaunsilarmaarkku ithinekkurichu athra urappillaayirunnu, oraal paranju, "avar oru padhathikku pookukayaayirunnu, athu avarkk svayam athine marachuvekkaan kazhiyumenkilum, kaunsilinu sangalppamillaatha oru vikarathekkurichulla chodyathil orutharam vikaaram unarthum, athinaal avar valare kanatha paarlamentari malsarathinu thayyarakanam"."
therlmayer defense association.
thirlmer jalathinte shudhatha samrakshikkunnathinaayi, maanchastar korppareshan athinte vrishtipradeshathe muzhuvan bhoomiyum vaangaan theerumaanichu; athu vaagdaanam cheytha vilaykk padhathikku yadhaartha praadeshika ethirppu undaayirunnilla. ettavum aduthulla pattanamaya keswickil, 90 sathamaanathiladhikam nirakk nalkunnavar anukoolamaayi oru nivedanathil oppuvachu (thirlemayer pradeshathu kanatha mazhayethudarnnu keswickinu aavarthichu vellapokkam neridendi vannirunnu). thekk, vestt morlandile (kendell) eaka taunn kaunsil eee padhathiye pinthunaykkaan vottu cheythu (allengil aavasyamulla puthiya jalanirmmaanangale apekshichu jalasambharaniyil ninnulla vitharanam avarude jalavitharana prashnangalkk vilakuranja parihaaramaakumenn prathekshikkunnu): oru praadeshika pathram "vestt morlandile nivaasikal ithil adhikam aashankappedunnilla" ennu abhiprayappettu...ithuvare avar thangalude kopam nashtappedutthaano athinaayi niravadhi vaakkukal pazhakkano polum urachuninnilla ". eee mekhalayile vinodasanjaaram prolsaahippikkunnathi oru thadaaka jilla association roopeekarikkunnathinulla oru yogathil, thirlmer schemil oru veekshanam edukkendathillennu udan thanne sammathichu; allengil association nyaayamaayi aarambhikkunnathin munbu thakarnnupokum.
ennirunnaalum, jalagathagatham kadannupokunna bhoomiyude udamakal ithine ethirthu saadhaarana nadapadikramaprakaaram padhathikku amgeekaaram nalkunnathinu aavashyamaaya swakaarya billinethire kelkkaan mathiyaya adikaaramulla oreyoru ethirppukaaran avarayirikkum. thadaakathinte roopathilulla maattathe ethirthavarkku (soundaryathinte naashamaayi avar kandathinal) eee vishayathil saambathika thaalparyam prakadippikkaan kazhiyilla. athinaal padhathikkethire abhiprayam samaaharichukond avar padhathi nirthendivannu; 1876-ll ithu-saambathika dushkaramaaya samayangalkoppam-keswickilum windermearilum nilavilulla railway hedukale therlmiyarinoppam oodunna oru railway vazhi bandhippikkanulla oru padhathikku kaaranamaayi. "thadaaka jilla sandarshicha oro vyakthiyum, yadhaartha prakrithiye snehikkunna manobhaavathode, sariyaaya samayam varumbol, padhathikkethire roshakulamaaya prathishedhatthil oppuvaykkaan thayyaaraanengil, theerchayaayum kurachu pratheekshayundaakam..."paarlament bill nirasikkumennu oru lekhakan abhyarthichu, sarr joonn labbok allengil amerikkayile yelloston eriyaykkaayi purathana smaarakangalkkayi nirddeshichathupole prakrithi soundaryathinu niyama pariraksha aavasyappedukayum cheythu. phalapradamaaya oru ethirppu samghadippikkaanum (athinaayi panam shekharikkaanum) okdaaviya hill oru samitiye aavasyappettu. 1877 septambaril grassmeyeril nadanna oru yogathil echu. jeey. marten sieyil ninnulla thirlemayer skeeminekkurichulla oru report pariganikkukayum 1000 poundiladhikam subscriptionukal vaagdaanam cheytha oru thirlemayer defense association (tda) roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1878 februvariyode thomas carlile, maathyoo arnold, vilyam morris, thomas voolanar aarr. ennivar tii. dii. ayile amgangalaayi.eiii., joonn gilbert aarr.eiii. oppam colridge.
maanchastar korppareshan prakrithiyil mechappedumenna nirddeshavum swarathilum chinthayilum vaividyavumullathumaaya eee padhathikkethiraaya soundaryaathmaka ethirppu kooduthal vashalaayi "thadaaka jillayude mahathvam roopappeduthunna prakrithi savisheshathakale nasippikkukayo apakeerthippeduthukayo cheyyaruthu" ennu maathram vyavastha cheythukondu, aavashyamaaya ellah vellavum edukkaan maanchasttarine swaagatham cheiyumennu carlisal desasnehi karuthi, koodaathe maram nattukondu kuttakrithyam laghookarikkaanulla eathoru sramathinum ethire upadeshichu..nirddeshikkappetta krithrimathvathe asahaneeyamaakkunna athintethaaya oru swabhaavam. athine chuttikkarangunna paarakkettukalude mathilukal pachappillaathathaayi abhimaanikkunnu vanapradeshangal, avayude vandhyathayude kaadinyatthil gambheeramaayava, avayude vanyathayiloode munisippal alankaara upakaranathe scatt cheiyunnu.." 
maanchasttaril niravadhi souhaarddaparamaaya vyakthikalum valare pothu budhiyumundennu joonn ruskin pothuve maanchasttarine apalapichu. ennaal, mothatthil nokkumbol, maanchasttarin oru nalla kalayum nalla saahityavum nirmmikkaan kazhiyillennu njaan manassilakkunnu; athu athinte parutthiyude gunanilavaarathil polum veezhunnu; athu rashtreeya sambadvyavasthayude ellah adisthaana thathwangalum vipareethamaakkukayum uchathil nunakaliloode apakeerthippeduthukayum cheythu; athu yudhathil bheeruthvavum samadhaanathil kollayadikkunnathumaanu... maanchastar korppareshane "labhathinaayi moshtikkaanum vilkkanum" anuvadikkunnathinupakaram therlmairinteyum hevlin meghangaludeyum vellam therlmeyaril mukki kalayunnathu kooduthal nyaayamaayirikkumenn addeham karuthi. paal maall gasatt polulla pathrangal edittoriyal cheythappol samanamaaya (kuranjathu nagnamaanengil) munvidhikalum 'adisthaanaparamaayi kokni prakshobhavum' kandethiyathayi mancoonian maadyamangal karuthi, "drishya prapancham durbalamaaya nirmmaanathinulla vasthukkal vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi mathramalla srishtikkappettathu" 
maanchasttarile puthiya taunn haalinte udghaadana velayil samsaaricha maanchasttarile bishop, padhathiyude athiraalikalude bhashayil svayam athbhuthappettu, avaril palarkkum, thirlmer evideyaanennu ariyillennu addeham karuthi, ennaal avarude soundaryaparamaaya vidhi thettaanenn addeham karuthiyenkilum addehathinte ethir vaadam soundaryaathmakamalla, marichu raashtreeyamaanu..ettuperil oraalkk maanchasttarinte supradhana thalpparyangalil erekkure thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, landanile chila club amgangal avarude chelavil earppettirikkumbol-cumberlandil ninno westmoreland thadaakathil ninno vellam edukkaan avarkk avakaashamillenn-ezhunnettu nilkkanum avarude anantharaavakaasham avakaashappedaanum englandinte eathu bhaagathuninnumulla jeevithathinte aavasyangalkku rund dasalaksham aalukalkk avakaashamundenn avakaashappedaanum avarkk avakaashamundenn addeham karuthi.
karuthi swakaarya bill.
1877 novemberil maanchastar athinte varaanirikkunna billinekurichu aavashyamaaya ariyipp nalki. thirmmaril ninnulla puranthallal thadayunnathinum ithinakam athilekku ozhukaatha niravadhi ayalvaathilukal athilekku vazhithirichuvidunnathum thirmmaril ninnu maanchastarilekku oru jalasambharani nirmmikkunnathinum thirmariyil ninnu vellam verthirichedukkunnathum adikaarangal thedi. koodaathe, vaithbeninu vadakkulla nilavilulla keswick-ampleside tenpaikkinte oru bhagam uyarnna thalatthil oodunnathinaayi vazhithirichuvidukayum therlmeyarinte padinjaaru bhaagath oru puthiya kyarej rooad nirmmikkukayum venam. eee pravrithikal nadatthaan anuvadikkunnathinum maanchastar korppareshane thirmer vrishtipradeshathu bhoomi vaangaanum sookshikkaanum anuvadikkunnathinum nirbandhitha vaangal adikaarangal thedi.
ithinu marupadiyaayi tda thangalude kesinte prasthavana puratthirakki. chuttupadukalumaayulla saamyam moolam aadhunika nirmmanangalil ninnu poornnamaayum mukthamaaya 'thirlmeyarinte savisheshamaaya manoharita eee padhathi nasippikkum, eee nila uyarthunnathu padinjaaran theerathinu athinte swabhaavam nalkia niravadhi cheria ulkkadalukale nasippikkum, kizhakk bhaagathulla nilavilulla roadinte' manoharamaaya windingukal 'oru dedd level rooad upayogichu maattisthaapikkanam, vadakku attathu' cumberlandile ettavum madhuramulla glensukalilonnu 'oru valia karayude sthalamaayirikkum. ettavum moshamaayi, varanda kaalaavasthayil, thadaakam athinte pazhaya nilayilekku valichidukayum munnoorolam ekkariladhikam 'cheenja cheliyum azhukiya sasyangalum' thurannukaattukayum cheyyum. "poornnamaayum vidyaabhyaasamillaathavar, atharamoru ramgathinte madhuryam vardhippikkaanulla avarude shakthiyil jalasamithiyude aathmavishwaasam pankidunna churukkam chila vyakthikal maathrame undaakoo, allengil enchiniyaring naipunyathinte ettavum dheeramaaya upakaranangal avar maattisthaapikkunna prakrithi soundaryangalkku dayaneeyamaaya pakarakkaaranallenn chinthikkum." 
koodaathe, eee padhathi anaavashyamaayirunnu maanchasttarin ithinakam thanne mathiyaya jalavitharanam undaayirunnu; vyaavasaayika upayokthaakkalkk vellam vilkkunnathinaal athinte prathyaksha upabhogam valare kooduthalaayirunnu, koodaathe maanchastarinum maanchastarinum purathulla pradeshangal laabhakaramaayathinaal atharam vilppana vardhippikkaan shramichu. puthiya chuvanna manalkkall jalasambharaniyil kuzhikkunna kinarukalil ninnu maanchasttarin eluppathil kooduthal (uyarnna nilavaaramullath) nedaan kazhiyum; avaa ippozhum thripthikaramallenkil lancashireile moorlandukalil sparshikkappedaatha vishalamaaya shekharana maithaanangal undaayirunnu. kooduthal pothuvaaya oru kaaryavumundayirunnu; eee threllmayer padhathi amgeekarikkappettaal munisippaalittikal thadaaka jillayile muzhuvan thaazhvarakalum vaangunnathin oru maathruka srishtikkukayum praadeshika karyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil paryapthamaaya vaidagdhyavum utsaahavumulla, ennaal dainamdina pravartthana mekhalaykku atheethamaaya vishayangalude praadhaanyam vilamathikkanulla sheshi kuravaaya purushanmaarude shareerangalude kaarunyatthil avare vidukayum cheyyum, avarude prakrithi soundaryathinu vedanaajanakamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum.
randaam vaayana charcha.
1878 januvariyil, eest cumberlandinte emm. pii. edward howard, lancashireilekkum yorksheyarilekkum jalavitharana prasnangal parishodhikkunna oru select kammittikk ahvaanam cheytha oru prameyathekkurichulla notice nalki (ithu select kammitti report cheiyunnathuvare thermer billinte purogathi thadayumaayirunnu), randaam vaayanayil thermer bill paraajayappedunnathuvare prameyam avatharippikkunnath vaikumennu prakhyaapichu. saadhaaranayaayi, swakaarya billukale randaam vaayanayil athirthilla; avayude vijayamo paraajayamo nirnnayikkunnath thudarnnulla kammitti gattamaanu. ennirunnaalum, thirlmer billinte randaam vaayana avatharippichappol, howard athinethire samsaarikkukayum vestt morlandile empy vilyam lother athine pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. rund maanchastar empimar billinaayi samsaarichu, athupole vestt comberland mine udamayum vyavasayiyumaaya kokkarmoutthinte empy. oru saadhaarana swakaarya bill kammittikk bill pariganikkunnath asaadhyamaanennu vazhikalum maargangalum chairman paranju, ithu oru hibrid kammittiyilekku ruffer cheyyanamennu nirddeshichu, avide "saadhaaranayaayi oru swakaarya kammittikk munnil prathinidheekarikkunna moorchayulla nirvachikkapetta thaalpparyangalillaatha vyakthikale parisodhikkaam. atharamoru samithikk eee chodyam pothu, swakaarya vishayangaliloode pariganikkaam; koodaathe janasamkhyayulla jillakalile jalavitharanavumayi bandhapetta bhaavi chodyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil sabhayude maarganirdeshathinaayi avarkk ellah sambhavangalilum oru thathwam nischayikkaam."ithu vaagdaanam cheyyappettaal maathrame addehathinu randaam vaayanaykk vottu cheyyaan kazhiyoo; mattu prabhashakar addehathinte munganana pinthudarnnu, eee adisthaanathilaanu bill athinte randaam vaayana paasaakkiyat.
kammitti ghattam.
liyon playfairinte adhyakshathayilulla oru samithiyaan bill pariganichatha athinte nibandhanakal (vyakthathaykkayi bulleting chertthu) 
maanchasttarinte cases.
paarlamentari baarile pramukha pariseelakanaaya sarr edmund bekkatt kyu. siyude neethrthwathilulla oru niyama samghathe maanchastar ramgathirakki avar eee padhathikkaayi cases phayal cheyyaan saakshikale vilichu. 800, 000 nivaasikalulla oru pradeshathinu maanchastar waterworkkukal vitharanam cheythu, avaril ekadesham 380,000 perr nagara athirthikkullil thaamasichirunnu. varanda venalkkaalath, stokku samrakshikkunnathinaayi raathriyil jalavitharanam nirthendivannu. 1868-ll, long dendelinte jolikal poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu, ithu 75 divasathekku sambhavichirunnu. oru vyakthikk prathidinam ekadesham 22 gallen jala upabhogam undaayirunnu, ennaal maanchastar thozhilaallivarga bhavanangalile jala-klosattukalum kulimuri niruthsaahappeduthiyathinaal athu valare kuravaayirunnu, waterworkkukal labham undakkiyilla; paarlamentinte niyamaprakaaram nagarathinullil motham jalanirakk oru poundu vaadakaykku 10d kavian paadilla; nagarathinu purathulla vitharanam cheiyunna pradeshathu 12d (thulya nirakkukal undaayirikkunnathu valare valia mooladhanachelavinu guaranderaayi nilakollunna nirakk nalkunnavarodu aneethiyaanu) maanchastar athinte nilavile jalavitharanathil ninnu laabhamundaakkukayo padhathiyil ninnu laabhamundaakkukayo cheythilla akwadakt ruttilulla pradeshangal vitharanam cheyyaanulla eathu baadyathayum (koodaathe/allengil nagarathinu purathulla vilppanayude vila paridhi) kammitti sweekarikkunnathu uchithamaanennu thonni.
long dendelil kooduthal jalasambharanikal cherkkaan saadhyathayilla, luninu thekk anuyojyamaaya avakaashappedaatha cytukalonnumilla; looninte moola jalam chunnaambukallaayirunnu, ithu jalathinte gunanilavaaravum (gaarhika upabhokthakkal mriduvaaya vellathinu munganana nalkukayum thunithara samskaranathinu aavasyappedukayum cheythu) reservoir nirmmanavum prashnakaramaakkunnu. thirmer vellam asaadhaaranamaamvidham shudhamaayirunnu, athesamayam manalkkallil ninnu pump cheiyunna vellathinu saadhaaranayaayi kudikkaan kazhiyumbol polum sthiramaaya kaadinyam undaayirunnu.
thirlmarinekkaal ulsvaattar vellathil ninnu vellam edukkunnathinu ekadesham 370,000 poundu kooduthal chelavaakum. long dendelinekkaal (ettavum varanda varshathil polum, 72 inch prathekshikkanam) uyarnna mazhayum (jalanirapp uyarthunnathiloode) nyayamaaya reethiyil nilanilkkunna varalchayiloode oru divasam ambathu dasalaksham gaalan vitharanam anuvadikkaan paryapthamaaya sambharanavum therlmearil undaayirunnu long dendelil ninnulla vishwasaneeyamaaya vitharanam athinte pakuthi mathramaayirunnu. maanchastarilekkulla jalasambharani (athinte vazhiyile vividha sthalangalil) paarakaliloodeyulla oru thurankam, katt aandu cover upayogichu nirmmicha kuzhichitta kalunkukal allengil kaast irumbu paippukal (udaaharanathinu, jalasambharani oru nadhi kadakkumbol, athu saadhaaranayaayi paippukalil oru vipareeta siphon upayogichu cheyyum) aayirikkum. prathidinam 50 dasalaksham gallen edukkaan anchu 40 inch vyaasamulla paippukal nalkumenkilum thudakkathil oru pipe maathrame sthaapikkoo-aavasyam vardhichathode mattullava cherkkum.
richmandinte royal kammeeshante dukinte muun sekrattari avar pariganicha padhathiyude thelivukal nalki, athil therlmeyarinte alavu 64 adii uyarthunnathu ulppedunnu. autlettinu chuttumulla pradesham parishodhichappol, nilavil ullathinekkaal 65 adii uyarathil thirlmear neratthe karakavinjozhukiyirunnathi kandethi.
 athinaal "nilavile outlettu anakkett cheyyendathu maathrame aavashyamulloo... thadaakathe athinte yadhaartha nilayilekku uyarthaan "; ithu cheythaal" thadaakam nirayumbol chuttumulla kunnukalude mahatwatinu anusrithamaayi kooduthal aayirikkum "reservoir jalanirappile vyathiyanangal oru charal allengil shinkle theeram maathrame thurannukaattukayullu (ippol nilayile swaabhaavika ettakkurachilukal sambhavichathu pole): cheli theerangalude roopeekaranathe pinthunaykkaan vellathil onnum undaayirunnilla. vyaavasaayika vadakku bhaagatthinte aavasyangal pariganikkathe thadaakangalilninn vellam edukkunnathu landanu yukthirahithamaanennu kammeeshan karuthiyirunnu; cheria pattanangal samyojippikkunnathiloode avarude swantham parishramatthiloode kazhiyunnathinekkaal mikacha vitharanam engane nedaam ennathinte oru udaaharanamaayi aduthulla pattanangalkk maanchastar vitharanam cheiyunnathinekkurichu avar anukoolamaayi abhipraayappettirunnu. jalagathagatha paathayile pattanangalkk vitharanam cheiyunnathinu ithe thathwam baadhakamaan.
swatantra sakshikal.
thudarnnu samiti niravadhi swatantra saakshikale vilippichu. grettu brittante geological sarway director general professor ramse thadaakatthinte muun uyarnna nila sthireekarikkunnu 'malayidukku thurannathiloode thadaakatthinte apachayathinte' thelivukal ettavum pradhaanamaanennu thaan karuthunnuvennu playfair paranju. praadeshika sarkkar boardile cheef enchiniyaring inspector roobert rollinson thirlemayer padhathiye anukoolikkukayum (muppath varsham munbu addeham baalaa thadaakathil ninnu livarpool vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi samanamaaya oru padhathi nirddeshichirunnu) baattmaante kazhivu urappikkukayum cheythu.
soundaryaparamaaya kaaranangalal ethirppu.
swakaarya billukalkku keezhil neraaya "locus staandi" upayogichu saakshikale vilichathinushesham utharavukal nalkukayum avarude ethirppukal kelkkukayum cheythu (vellappokkavum spettukalum illaathaakkiyaal grettayile saalman malsyabandhanathinu dosham, akwadakt pottitherikalil ninnu maanyanmaarude veedukalkku apakadangal, prakrithidatha drainage upayogichu akvaadakttinte edapedal, maanyanmaarude swakaarya aanandasthalangaliloode akwaadakt nirmikkunnathil ninnulla abhikaamyamallaatha thadassangal (paippukal upayogicha anchu avasarangalil angane cheiyunnathu).) soundaryaparamaaya athirppukalulla saakshikale kettu. oru veedum 160 ekkar gramavum kaivashamulla oru storbridge abhibhaashakan eee jalagathaagathathinte adayaalathe 'bhooprakrithiyile oru valia paadaayi' ethirthu; veedukalude nirmmaanathinaayi plottukal vilkkamenna pratheekshayil addeham thante bhoomiyile roadukal nirmmikkunnathin 1000 poundu neekkivechirunnu 'ningalkk jilla roopabhedam varuthaathe veedukal nirmmikkam', pakshe jalagathagatham jillayude avashya praadeshika savisheshathaye nasippikkum. sent johns valil palathavana anubhavapetta anakkett oru waterspout badhikkaan saadyathayullathinaal oru keswick baank maanejar ethirthu. raidalile jalanirappinekkurichu samsaaricha vilyam wordsworth (kaviyude eaka makan) addehathe pinthunachu, koodaathe thrermiyarinte alavu uyarthunnathu athinte swaabhaavika indentationukal neekkam cheiyumennu ethirthu thadaakatthile kavikalumayulla bandhathekkurichu vyaapippikkanulla addeham aavarthichulla sramangal maanchastarinulla upadesham anubhaavamillathe pariganikkukayum oduvil kammitti chairman avasanippikkukayum cheythu. therlmerinu cheli niranja aditharayundennu driksaakshikal pinneedu saakshyappeduthi (ennaal panthrand adiyil kooduthal thazheyaayi maathrame ithu kandethiyulloo ennu oraal paranju.) kottaaratthinte yajamanante sahodaran (anantharaavakaashiyum) mattu thadaakangale apekshichu thirlmeyarinte soundaryam kooduthal ottappettathaanennu thelivukal nalkki vaattar works skeem parajayappettaal kettida plottukal vilkkuka enna lakshyathode maanchastar korppareshan amithamaya bhoomi vaangukayaanennu nirddeshikkaan addehathinte abhibhaashakan addehathinte parisodhana upayogichu. oru grassmere villa udama eee padhathiye deseeya galleryile oru chithratthil 'chila aadhunika kokni' dubbing paintumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum athu oru mechappeduthalaanennu avakaashappedukayum cheythu; thralmerinte arikukalil durgandhamulla cheli undaakumenn addeham pravachichu, kaaranam grassmarinu chuttum athaanu kandethiyathu. maanchasttarin vellam aavashyamaanenkil athu thirmmarallathe mattevideyum labhikkillengil, padhathi munnott pokanamennu dablyu. iii. forsttar abhiprayappettu; ennaal-angane cheythaal-varaanirikkunnatho varaanirikkunnatho aaya eathoru chithrathekkaalum vilapetta soundaryam englandile janangalkk nashtappedum, avarkk bhoovudamakalkku oru nashtaparihaaravum nalkilla soundaryam anaavashyamaayi nashtappedunnillennu paarlament urappaakkanam. (forsttar ambelside sameepam oru veedulla oru pramukha raashtreeyakkaaran mathramalla, ettavum moshamaaya oru padinjaaran sawari nirmmaathaavinte pankaali koodiyaayirunnu, koodaathe padinjaaran sawari thaazhvarakalile podiyum pukayum srishtikkunnathum 'nadikale mashiyaki mattunnathum' enthukondaanennu bekkatt addehathe sammarddathilaakki.)
threllmayer skeeminte aavasyakatha chodyam cheyyappettu.
maanchasttarinte nilavilullathum bhaviyilullathumaaya jalathinte aavasyangal pinneedu tharkkathilaavukayum thirlmer padhathiyude paryapthatha chodyam cheyyappedukayum maanchastarilekkulla jalavitharanam vardhippikkunnathinulla badal padhathikal nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. geological sarveyude airish vibhaagam director edward hull, maanchasttarin chuttumulla puthiya chuvanna manalkkall jalasambharaniyil ninnu jalathinte labhyathayekkurichu thelivukal nalki. oru chathurashra mylinu prathidinam 139,000 gaalan vare utppaadippikkaan kazhiyumennu addeham kanakkakki; oru kinner prathidinam rund dasalaksham gaalan vare nalkum. maanchasttaril ninnu 25 mile akaleyulla delamier vanamekhalayil 126 chathurashra mile manalkkall undaayirunnu, athu upayogikkappedaathe kidannu athil ninnu oru divasam 16,500,000 gaalan verthirichedukkaan kazhiyanam. jorjju simons mazhayekkurichu thelivukal nalki. ettavum varanda varshathil, therlmeyarile mazha 60 injil koodillennu addeham pravachichu; ithil ekadesham patthu inch baashpeekaranathil nashtappedum, koodaathe maanchastar sent johns bekkil ninnu mattoru ombathu injinu thulyamaaya ozhukk nilanirthumennu vaagdaanam cheythu. 1866 muthal thante mazhayude alavu thante mazhayude alavil undaayirunnuvennum athu rekhappeduthiya ettavum kuranja vaarshika mazha 82 inchaanennum addeham cross-eksaamineshanil sammathichu; veendum parishodhichappol maanchasttarin oru divasam 50 dasalaksham gaalan labhikkaan kazhiyillennu addeham karuthi; avarkk aashrayikkaan kazhiyunnath oru divasam 25 dasalaksham gaalan aayirunnu. 1874 muthal jala upabhogam kuranjuvennum adutha patthu varshathekku maanchasttarinte nilavile vitharanam paryaapthamaanennum padhathikkethire vottu cheytha eaka maanchastar alderman alderman king report cheythu. baatmaan aadyam oru reservoiraayi thirmer ennathinekkaal ulsvaattar upayogikkaan nirddeshichirunnuvennum long dendell skeeminte thudakkathil athinte chelavum vilavum kanakkaakkunnathil amithamaya shubhaapthivishvaasam undaayirunnuvennum addeham choondikkaatti; athinaal maanchastar nirakk nalkunnavarude kazhchappadil ninnu thirmer padhathi vivekashoonyamaanennu addeham karuthi.
1870 kalude thudakkathil maanchasttarinte uyarnna upabhogam paazhaayathaan kaaranamenn henry marten elikal karuthi; maanchasttarin kooduthal vellam aavashyamaayi varaan pathinanju varshamedukkum ennaanu addehathinte kanakkukoottalukal. angane cheyyumbol, athu longdendelil reservoir sheshi vardhippikkum; nilavil avide peiyunna mazhayude bhooribhaagavum paazhayi. thaazhnna nilayilulla millukalkk bhakshanam nalkunnathinaayi deerghakaala jalasambharanikalil ninnu puranthallunna 'compensation vaattarinte' alavu kuraykkunnathum varalchayude samayat manalkkall jalasambharaniyil ninnu vellam pump cheyyaan aakasmika krameekaranangal nadathunnathum vivekapoornamaayirikkaam, maanchastar svayam oru jala srotassaayi avakaashappedunnathine addeham ethirthu, koodaathe thermer vellam aagrahikkunna mattu pattanangalumayi ithu nyaayamaayi edapedumo ennu addeham samshayichu; angane cheythaal, padhathi pothujana nettatthinu kaaranamakum. maanchastar upabhogam engane kuraykkumennathinte nalla udaaharanamaaya livarpool athra vrithiyulla oru pattanamaano ennum jalavitharanam vardhippikkunnathiloode maanchasttaril nilavilulla upabhoga niyanthranangal laghookarikkendathille ennum playfair 'orupakshe oru shuchithvabodham enna nilayil kooduthal samsaarikkunnu' ennu chodichu marten viyojichu (livarpool shuchithvamillaathathaanegil, athu videshikalude saannidhyam moolamaayirunnu, athu oru thuramukhamaayirunnu.) 
badal srothassukal nirddeshichu.
maanchasttarile upabhogathinulla niyanthranangal valare karsanamallennum longdendelil anuyojyamaaya reservoir sittukal illenna baattmaante avakaashavaadathil aascharyappettuvennum edward eesttan martanode sammathichu; oru vaaraanthyathil addeham anuyojyamaaya naalo ancho sittukal thiricharinjirunnu. long dendelinu sesham mattu saadhyamaaya sthalangal undaayirunnu, dervent headwaterile thomas fenwick derventil reservoirukal upayogikkunnathinte praayogikathayekkurichu thelivukal nalki, ennaal oru vaaranthya sandarshanathinte adisthaanathil thaan angane cheythuvennum, dervent vrishtipradesham swaabhaavikamaayi maanchastarintethallenum dervent chaattswartthinte kadannupokunnathaayum, athinaal athinte swaabhaavika ozhukkile eathenkilum edapedal deventire dukinu sveekaaryamaayirikkumennume sammathikkendivannu. thadakangal pole thanne manoharamaayirunnu dervent thaazhvara, pakshe oru thadaakam illaayirunnu; oru reservoir vazhi athinte soundaryam mechappeduthum. orikkal nirmmicha jalasambharanikal (duesburic vendi addeham nirmmichathupoleyullava) valare apoorvamaayi maathrame kaananakoo, ippol anakkettukal nirmikkunnathil kooduthal shradha cheluthappettu; anakkett thakaraaraayath munkaalathe kaaryamaayirunnu.
dervent vrishtipradeshathu ninnu vellam labhikkunnathin maanchasttaril ninnulla kooduthal thelivukalude vaagdaanam playfair nirasichu, kaaranam athinte vakthaakkal yadhaartha vishadaamshangalo ethirkkaan saadhyathayullavarkk ariyippo nalkiyittilla baattmaante oru hraswa abhiprayam mathiyakum.
long dendelil sambharanam vardhippikkaanulla saadhyathayekkurich baatmaane veendum parishodhichu. adhika cytukalekkurichulla eesttante nirddesham 'thikachum asambandhamaayirunnu'; praayogikamaaya ellah saittukalum ithinakam eduthittunda "addeham ekadesham muppath varshamaayi eee thaazhvarakalil jolie cheiyukayaayirunnu, oru divasam kondu avayiloode kuthichukayariya oru manushyanekkaal kooduthal thanikk avayekkurichu enthengilum ariyaamenn addeham karuthi". dervent vrishtipradeshathu ninnu vellam edukkunnathinu onpathu mile neelamulla oru thurankam aavasyamaanu, koodaathe vilavinte pakuthikk thirlmarinte athra chelavaakum.
samarpikkalukal adaykkuka.
maanchasttarin vellam aavashyamaanenkil athu undaayirikkanamennu tdaude abhibhaashakan sammathichu; ennaal thadaakatthinte soundaryam valareyadhikam nasippikkumennu kaanichirunnu, athinaal athinte aavasyangal niravettaan mattu maargamillenn maanchastar kaanikkendathundu ethirkkunnavarkku oru badal padhathi nalkendathilla. athinte aavasyamillennu theliyikkapettu; varum varshangalil maanchasttarin kooduthal vellam aavasyamilla. maanchastar korppareshanteyum athinte enchineeyaraaya misttar batmaanteyum abhilasham thripthippeduthunnathinna padhathi munnott konduvannathu. thirlmearinu chuttum bhoomi vaangunnathil avar thangalude adikaaram lamghichu, kaaranam avar varshangalayi thangalude jillaykku purathu vellam vitharanam cheythukondu, oru munisippal samrambhamalla, marichu oru vaanijya jala kambaniyeppoleyaanu. varanda varshathil aavasyam poornnamaayum niravettukayenna lakshyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu baattmaante kanakkukoottalukal, ennaal angane cheiyunnathil paraajayappedunnathu thaalkkaalika asoukaryathinu kaaranamakum line manjil thadassappedillennu urappakkaan oraalkk oru thurankathil poornnamaayum oru railway nirmmikkam. enthaayaalum longdendelilum dervent head vaattarukalilum kooduthal sambharanam nalkaanum manalkkallil ninnu kooduthal vellam verthirichedukkaanum kazhiyum.
ayal adikaarikalkkum akvidakt pasakia jillakalkkum nyayamaaya vilaykk vellam nalkaan maanchasttarin oru baadhyathayumillaathe bill pasakkunnathinethire vividha praadeshika adhikaarikalkk vendi abhibhaashakar addehathe pinthudarnnu. tdaude abhibhaashakan ethirthathupole, eee 'ethirkkunnavar'-perozhike matellaa kaaryangalilum-padhathikku anukoolamaayi samsaarikkunna pinthunakkaaraayirunnu.
soundaryaprashnathe nerittu aakramich bekkatt aarambhichu. svayam panditharum parishkritharum soundaryamullavarumaanenna svayam vilikkunnavarum thangalallathe arcum abhiprayam parayaan avakaashamillenn karuthunnavarumaaya aalukal" ennathinte thettaaya vaikaarikathayeyum, prathyekichu deseeya vikarathekkurichum britiish thaalpparyangalekkurichum samsarikkaan arhathayundennu karuthiya forstarineyum addeham ethirthu. thadaakam munkaalangalil uyarathilaayirunnuvennu mathramalla, 350 ekkar visthruthiyullathinekkaal 800 ekkar visthruthiyullathaayi thonnillennu chinthikkaan oru kaaranavumilla. paarlament prakrithi soundaryathe samrakshikkaan edapedunnathinekkurichu forsttar samsaarichu, athu saadhaaranakkaare samrakshikkaan edapettathupole, pakshe saamyam parajayappettu forsttar janangalude swantham swath upayogikkunnathinulla avakaashathil edapedaan ('deseeya vikaarathinte' adisthaanathil) aagrahichu; ithu communisamaayirunnu. forsttar sthiratha pulartthiyirunnilla thirlmeril kambili millukal nirmmikkunnath thadayunnathinum athinte jalam warf pole inky akkunnathinum paarlamentinu adhikaaramundaakanamenna aavasyamillennu addeham kandu. soundaryashaasthram theerppaakkiyathode cases lalithamaayi maari. vaidyuthi eshtappettathukondu maanchastar padhathi etteduthilla billile onnum athinte vitharana vistheernnam oru ekkar vardhippichilla; paarlament pratheekshichathinaal athu mattu adhikaarikalkk vellam vittu; maanchasttarile taunn clerkinu angane cheiyunnathinte niyamasaadhuthayekkurichu nirddesham aavasyamaanennu nirddeshikkunnathu viddithamaanu. thekkan lancashireile janasamkhya vardhikkunnathu thudarumennu vyakthamaayirunnu; bhaviyil maanchasttarin kooduthal vellam aavashyamaanenna vaadathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla anaavasyamaaya anumaanamaayi ithine ethirkkunnathu tdaude abhibhashakanu asambandhamaayirunnu. long dendelil kooduthal vellam labikkumenna nirddeshathe sambandhichidatholam, thaazhvarayil muppath varshathe parichayamulla oru enchineeyarude sthirathaamasamaakkiya kaazhchappaadukal muppathu manikorinullil neenduninna avasana nimisha sarveyiloode attimarikkunnathilaanu ithu aashrayichirunnath, addehathinte perumaattam lajjakaravum apakeerthikaravumaayirunnu. mattu padhathikal ozhukippoyi; dervent, cheshire manalkkall, pakshe avaa aashrayikkaan kazhiyaathathra saangalppikamaayirunnu. varum varshangalil dakshina lancashireilekku vilakuranjathum samriddhavumaaya vellam urappakkiya dheerathayode thirmer padhathi sariyaaya pariharamaayirunnu. athu nirasikkappettal, maanchastar 'avideyum ivideyum cheria padhathikal, cheria vellam kudikkaan', paarlament avarude manass maarunnathuvare kaathirikkumaayirunnu.
kammittiyude kandethalukalum billinte nashtavum.
thathwathil bill passacan samiti ekakandamaayi sammathichu, jalagathagatha paathayile soundaryaprashnangalil madhyasthatha anuvadikkunna oru vyavastha avatharippichu, koodaathe pattanangalkkum praadeshika adikaarikalkkum bulk jalavitharanam (nyayamaaya vilaykk) aavasyamulla onnu, avaa jalagathaagathathin sameepamaanengil (maanchastarum athinte vitharana pradeshavum therlmeyaril ninnum longdendelil ninnum janasamkhyayude oru thalaykku 25 gaalan vare aadya kooll nadathunnu.) anuyojyamaaya vakuppukal chertthathode billinte kammitti ghattam 1878 epril epril vijayakaramaayi poortthiyaayi.
1878 meyy 10-nuu billinu athinte moonnaamathe vaayana labhichu (ennirunnaalum, prabhumaarkkidayil kooduthal ethirppinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi tda athinte pinthunakkaarodu 2,000 poundu abhyarthichu.) puthiya khandangalkku aavashyamaaya ariyipp nalkiyittillaathathinaal, bill, pothusabhayil ninnu purathupoyathinaal, house oof lordsinte staanding oordarukal paalikkunnillenn tda ethirthu. eee ethirppu sharivaykkappedukayum house oof lordsinte staanding oordezhs kammitti bill nirasikkukayum cheythu.
cheythu bill.
adutha sessionil mattoru threllmayer billumayi maanchastar thirichetthi angane cheyyaanulla kaunsilinte theerumaanam oru taunn meating amgeekarikkukayum athiraalikal aavashyappedumbol, nirakk nalkunnavarude vottu (43,362 vottu; 3524 ethirthu) aadyam parasyam cheythathupole 1879 leeii bill adisthaanaparamaayi 1878 leeii billaayirunnu, kaaranam athu koomans vittu, tdaic chila adhika elavukal (prathyekichu threllmayer orikkalum athinte swaabhaavika pree-reservoir nilavaarathinu thazheyaakilla) pinneedu nalki. 1879 februvariyil edward howard lankshareilekkum yorksheyarilekkum jalavitharana prasnangal parishodhikkunna oru select kammittiye aavashyappedunna oru prameyam avatharippichu (select kammitti report cheiyunnathuvare ithu thirmer billinte purogathi thadayumaayirunnu). angane cheyyumbol, 1878 leeii hibrid kammittiyude perumaattatthe addeham (munkootty ariyikkathe) vimarshichu. 
praadeshika sarkkar board president oru royal kammeeshan anaavasyamaanennu karuthi (dhaaraalam vivarangal ithinakam shekharikkukayum soujanyamaayi labhyamavukayum cheythu), koodaathe hovaardinte prameyam valare suthaaryamaayi thirmer billine thadayaanulla sramamaayirunnu. hibrid kammittiyude theerumaanatthil forsttar khedam prakadippichu, pakshe athu oru kazhivulla samithiyaayirunnu, athinte nigamanangal maanikkanam. playfair kammittiye prathirodhichu; praadeshika, pothuthaalpparya prasnangal (pothusamoohatthinte aavasyakatha anusarichu) athu shradhaapoorvvam parishodhichu, athu ippol oru royal kammeeshan shariyaayi veendum parishodhikkendathundenn karuthappedunnu. ithinte falamaayi, billine phalapradamaayi oru pothu billakia oru vakupp avatharippichu; adhika khandangal poornnamaayum swakaarya billinte aavashyakathakale thettayi baadhichathinaal bill pariganikkaan prabhukkanmaar visammathichu. howard thante prameyam pinvalichu. kammitti ghattathil aamukham athirillaathe nilkkukayum khandangale ethirtha eaka vyakthi paraajayappedukayum cheythu. 1879 march march kammitti ghattam poortthiyaayi; loards select kammittiyil ithe ethirppu unnayichu, veendum parajayappettu; 1879 meyy maasathil billinu rajakeeya amgeekaaram labhichu. sii. 36 "
maanchasttarinte reservoirilekku parivartthanam cheyyuka.
padhathi nirtthalaakkunnu.
eee niyamam punny poortthiyaakkunnathinu samayaparidhi nischayichittilla, ennaal 1886 avasaanathode nirbandhitha vaangal adikaarangal avasaanikkendathaayirunnu. jalakshaamamillayirunnu, vasthuvakakalum vazhithadangalum vaangunnathuvare enchiniyaring ettedukkaan theerumaanichilla. ennirunnaalum, iva valia adiyanthirathayode pinthudarnnilla (prathyekichu vaattar works kammitti chairmane mattisthaapichathinushesham, alderman kallara), 1884 leeii kallara kooduthal adiyanthiratha aavashyappedunna pathrangalkk kathukalude oru parambara aarambhichu. eee padhathiye deerghakaalamaayi athirthirunna alderman king addehathinu utharam nalki, athu upekshikkanamennu abhyarthicha addeham, 1881-ll sharashari dainamdina jala upabhogam prathidinam 19 dasalaksham gaalanil thazheyaayirunnuvennum 1875-neey apekshichu prathidinam 2 dasalaksham gaalanil kuravaayirunnuvennum choondikkaatti; athinte adisthaanathil 1901 vare sharashari dainamdina upabhogam long dendelil ninnulla vitharana paridhiyiletthilla. athaakatte, baatmaan ("mikkavarum ellah prasthaavanakalum thettaanennum athinaal nigamanangal thettaanennum, nyayamaaya kombasinullil ellaavareyum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu budhimuttaanennum" paraathippedunna) marupadi nalkki urappunalkunna kanakkukoottal sameepakaalathe vyapara maandyathinteyum eerppamulla venalkkaalathinteyum kaalaghattatthe prathifalippikkunnu; chodyam varshathile sharashari upabhogathekkurichalla, marichu choodullathum varandathumaaya venalkkaalath aavasyam niravettunnathinulla vitharanathinteyum sambharanathinteyum kazhivinekkurichaayirunnu; jalasamithiyude professional upadeshtaavu enna nilayil ithrayum kaalam jolie aarambhikkunnath vaikippikkunnathiloode angane cheiyunnathil paraajayappedaanulla saadhyatha addeham dhairyappeduthumaayirunnu. vaattar works kammitti oru madhyagathiyil nayichu; thirlmer padhathi avaganikkaruthenn avar 1884 joolaiyil vaadichu, pakshe-nilavile vyapara maandyam kanakkileduthu-athu anaavashyamaayi thidukkappedutharuthu.
ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum venalkkaalam neenduninna varalchayude kaalamaayirunnu. juulai thudakkathil, cheria mazhayulla moonnu maasangalkk sesham, reservoirukalil 107 divasathe vitharanam undaayirunnu; october thudakkathil 21 divasathil kooduthal undaayirunnilla "valia reservoirukal... onno rando ozhike, shoonyamaanu-aksharaarthatthil varandathaanu. theerangal varandathaanu, valia thadangalude kidakkakal pala sthalangalilum vellam illaathathinaal oru vashath ninnu mattonnilekku nadakkaan kazhiyunnathra kadinamaanu, allengil oraalude boottukal mikkavarum mannillathe avasaanam muthal avasaanam vare."
koodaathe, jalasambharanikalil ninnu valicheriyappetta vellathinu octoberil pottippurapetta varalcha 'asahaneeyavum ettavum aakramanathmakavumaaya manam' undaayirunnu; athu 1868 nekkaal oru maasam kooduthal neenduninnu, pakshe raathriyil jalavitharanam nirthendivannilla; kaunsilinu ithinekkurichu svayam abhinandikkaan kazhiyumennu vaattar works kammitti karuthi, pakshe 1885 januvariyil kammitti aavasyappettu, kaunsil (alderman raajaavinte kooduthal vaadangalkkidayilum) thirmer jolikal aarambikkaan anumathi nalki.
nirmmaana pravartthanangal.
prathidinam pathinayiram gallen sheshiyulla eee jalapatha nirmmikkuka, vadakkottulla swaabhaavika purathekkulla anakkett nirmmichu chuzhalikkaattinte thoth uyarthuka ennivayaayirunnu aadya ghattam. jorjju hill aayirunnu padhathiyude enchineeyar. 
 (munbu oru sahayiyum pinneedu baattmaante pankaliyum). 1885 leeii sharathkaalathil jalagathagathathinulla karaarukal tenderinaayi purappettu; 1886 eprilode thurankangalude khananam aarambikkukayum navikasena (manikkooril 4 dii shambalam labhichavarkku) paarppikkunnathinaayi (velutha mossilum mattidangalilum) kudilukal niranja kyaambukal roopappedukayum cheythu yadhaartha kararukaaran 1887 februvariyil jolie nirtthivachu, karar veendum nalkendivannu. 1889ll mattoru bill (lake distrikt defense sosaittiyum kaanon ransley pinthunaykkunnu) aadyam 20 adii maathram uyarathil thirlemer uyarthaan anuvadikkunnathinum thadaakatthinte padinjaaru bhaagathulla roadinte mechappeduthal maattivaykkunnathinum pariganichu, pakshe athu munnott kondupoyilla. 1890 joolaiyil danmeyil uyarthalinu keezhilulla thurankatthinte nirmmaanam poortthiyaayi, thudarnnu therlmeyarinte vadakke attathulla anakkettinte pravartthanangal aarambhichu. appol anchaayirathinum arinum idayil aalukal thirlmer padhathiyil jolie cheiyukayaayirunnu.
thirlmeril ninnulla eathenkilum vitharanam labhyamaakunnathin munbu, rund varanda venalkkaalangalil maanchastar oru 'jalakshamam' anubhavichu. anubhavichu venalkkaalam varshangalile ettavum varandathaayirunnu, august thudakkathil stokku 14 divasathekku kurayukayum thathfalamaayi vaikunneram 6 muthal raavile 6 vare jalavitharanam nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. 1888-nte thudakkathil stokkukal muun varshangale apekshichu valare kuravaayirunnu, 1888 maarchil thanne ottaraathrikond (ratri 8 munny muthal pularche 5 munny vare) jalavitharanam veendum nirtthivachu, ennaal vasanthakala mazha taamasiyaathe sthiramaaya vitharanam punaraarambhikkaan anuvadichu. 1893 ll mattoru varanda venalkkaalam kandu, septambar thudakkathil stokkukal irupathinaalu divasathe vitharanamaayi kuranju, oru kaunsilar parathippettu-tapp vellathil 'nagnanethrangalkk drishyamaakunna mrugangalude samriddhi' ullathinaal gunanilavaaram kuravaanennu. appozhekkum, jalasambaraniyum anakkettum poortthiyaayi, ennaal 1879 leeii niyamaprakaaram thirlmerinu chuttumulla roadukal athil ninnu vellam edukkunnathinu munbu poortthiyaakkendathundu. 1894-leeii venalkkaalam nananjathaayirunnu, thirmer vellam upayogikkaan thudangiyaal prathivarsham 10,000 poundu charge eedaakkum; athinaal udghaadanam october 1894 vare vaiki. rund udghaadana chadangukal undaayirunnu; onnu thirmmaril, thudarnnu maanchasttaril albert squareile oru jaladhaarayilekk vellam thirikkukayum cheythu.
maanchasttarinte reservoiraayi thirlmer.
aadya ghattam prathidinam 10 dasalaksham gallen, thadaakam prakrithidathamaayathil ninnu 20 adii uyarathil.
adutha patthu varshathekku, pazhaya thadaakatthinte irupathu adii uyarathilaayirunnu chuzhalikkaattinte alavu thaazhnna pradeshangalile mechilppurangal nashtappettu, pakshe paarppidam kuravaayirunnu. thadaakangalile saikling toorukal sambandhicha kanakkukal prakaram kizhakkan theerathe nerttha paatha anukoolamaayi abhiprayappettu, ithu vyaapakamaayi chinthikkappettu-jaims lother (penrithinu empy, 1878 billinethire samsaaricha vestt moreland empiyude makan) athinte randaam vaayanayil 1878 billinethire) oru velsh swakaarya billinte moonnaam vaayanayil paranju-"thirlmiyarinte soundaryam mechappeduthi" padhathi.
40 inch vyaasamulla kaast irumbu paippiloode therlmer vellam maanchastariletthi; chorcha kaaranam, prathidinam uddeshicha 10 dasalaksham gaalanukalil 80 sathamaanam maathramaan maanchasttarilethiyathu. 1895 meyy maasathil thanne adhika vitharanathinte pakuthiyiladhikam upabhogam vardhichathaanu. 1891 leeii oru niyamam maanchasttarine ellah puthiya kettidangalkkum vaattar klosattukal vyakthamakkaanum nilavilulla veedukalude parishkkaranatthinum anuvadichirunnu; maanchastar ippol vaattar klosattukal back phitting prolsaahippikkukayum kulikkanulla adhika charge kuraykkukayum cheythu.
1899-ll sharashari dainamdina upabhogam prathidinam 32.5 dasalaksham gallen aayirunnu, 1900 juun avasaanam august avasaanathode 41 dasalaksham gaalan oru divasam upayogichu, maanchastar korppareshan athinte vaattar works kammittiyude shupaarsha sweekarichu, randaamathe pipe sthaapikkanam therlmeril ninnu; jalavitharanathil enthengilum kuravu undakaan saadhyathayundengilum oru 'vaattar kloosat' nayam thudaranamennu athu nirbandhichu. randaamathe paippinte aadyabhaagam 1900 octoberil troutbeckil sthaapichu. randaamathe pipe poortthiyaakkaan moonno naalo varshamedukkumennu hill abhiprayappettu, nilavile upabhoga vardhanavu nirakkil randaamathe pipe poortthiyaayaaludan moonnaamathethu aarambikkaan samayamakum.
1901 eprilil, long dendell reservoirukal 'praayogikamaayi niranjirunnu'; juulai pakuthiyode avarkk 49 divasathe vitharanam maathrame undaayirunnulloo, raathriyil jalavitharanam nirthalaakkunnathu vivekapoornamaanennu karuthappettu; oktobarode stokkukal 23 divasamaayi kuranju, 1902 ll thiramalayil vellam paazhaayippoyengilum, venalkkaalathudaneelam sthiramaaya vitharanam nilanirthukayum long dendell stokkukal orikkalum 55 divasathil thazheyaayilla, ennaal 1904 veendum raathriyil vitharanam nirtthivachu, randaamathe pipe upayogathinu thottumunbu november thudakkathil stokkukal 17 divasathe vitharanam vare kuranju.
thudarnnulla ghattangalum thudarnnulla vimarsanangalum.
randaamathe paippin prathidinam 12 dasalaksham gallen vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu prathidinam irupathu dasalaksham gaalan jalagathagatha sheshi nalkunnu. jalanirapp prakrithidathamaayathil ninnu 35 adii uyarthi; thadaakatthinte vistheernnam ippol 690 ekkaraayi uyarnnu. therlmerinu chuttumulla ekkar nashtam nikathunnathinaayi ezhupathombathu ekkar sholtwaite moss (therlmairinu vadakku) shaityakaala mechilppuramaayi veendeduthu. 1906ll moonnaamathe paippin amgeekaaram nalki.
1908 octoberil nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum 1915ll poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu ithu sharashari dainamdina aavasyathil ninnu oru divasam muppath dasalaksham gaalanaayi vardhippichu, athu ippol naalppathiyanju dasalaksham gaalanilethi 1911 venalkkaalath raathriyil jalavitharanam thaalkkaalikamaayi nirthivaykkendathu aavashyamaayirunnu. thadaakam pinneedu prakrithidathamaayathil ninnu ambathu adii uyarathilekku uyarthi; naalaamatheyum avasaanatheyum pipeline 1927 ll poortthiyaayi, onnaam lokamahaayudham muthal 1921 vare athinte amgeekaaram vaikukayum 1918 ll thanne maanchastar korppareshan kooduthal jalasrothassukalude aavasyakatha thirichariyukayum haav vaattarine aaa uravidamaayi thirichariyukayum cheythu. maanchasttarinte 1919 leeii tapp vaattar billinte kammitti ghattathil, 1917 ll maanchasttarinte jalavitharanathinte sharashari dainamdina aavasyam prathidinam 51.2 dasalaksham gaalanaayirunnuvenn parayappedunnu, long dendelil ninnulla vishwasaneeyamaaya vitharanam prathidinam 20 dasalaksham gaalanukalil kaviyaathathum therlmerinu prathidinam 30 dasalaksham gaalan vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyunnathumayathinaal naalaamathe pipe idumbol ithu oru divasam 40 dasalaksham gaalanaayi uyarthum. anchaamathe pipe sthaapikkunnathiloode jalagathagatha sheshi prathidinam ambathu dasalaksham gaalanaayi uyarthaan kazhiyumenkilum maanchastarilekku vellam ethikkaan jalagathagatham upayogikkumbol athinappuram vardhippikkaan kazhinjilla.
havs vaattar billinte kammitti ghattathil, thirmer billukalkkethire uyarthiya soundaryaparamaaya aashankakalekkurichu ethirkkunnavar paraamarshichilla "annu prakadippicha pala bhayangalum valare viddithangalaanennum oru saahacharyathilum orikkalum saakshaathkarikkappedilnum lokathinu ippol ariyaam, allengil evideyum" yorkshare poost paranju, maanchastar athu havs vaattar kootticherkkaruthu enna nirddeshathe ethirthuvenkilum pakaram thirmmarinte alavu kooduthal uyarthunnu, kaaranam "thadaaka jillaykku atharamoru parikk undakumennathinaal avar raajyatheyaake avarkkethire uyarthumennu ardhamaakkunnu"
1962ll ulsvaattaril ninnu vellam amoorthamaakkunnathinulla maanchasttarinte billine prabhukkanmaar paraajayappedutthiyappol, pala prabhashakarum maanchasttarinte therlmeyarinte melnottatthilekku viral choondukayum enthukondaanu billine paraajayappeduthendathenna kaanikkukayum cheythu
maanchasttarin sesham chuzhalikkaatt.
1973 leeii jala niyamaprakaaram udamasthaavakaasham maanchasttaril ninnu north vestt vaattar authoriticu kaimari; ithu 1990 ll svakaaryavalkkarikkappedum thudarnnulla layanam yunaittad yoottilittikal, oru swakaarya jala, malinajala kambani srishtikkukayum cheythu, athu ippol reservoir athinte vrishtipradeshavum svanthamaakkukayum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. keswickinu ippol thirlemayer vellam (anakkettin vadakkulla paalatthinte attathulla jalasamskarana pravartthanangal vazhi) vitharanam cheiyunnu, (2017 leeii kanakkanusarichu) 2022 oode thirlmeyaril ninnu padinjaaran kumbria vitharanam cheyyaanum ithu uddeshikkunnu, angane enerdale vellathil ninnulla jalathinte amoortheekaranam avasaanippikkaan ithu anuvadikkunnu. 1980 ll pravartthanam aarambhicha danmeyil raisinu keezhil (raisinu keezhil thurankatthinte thekk eksittil oru vaattar treatment plaant anaavasyamaakkiya) thurankatthinte vadakke attathulla yadhaartha 'straining kinner' sthithicheyyunna cranalated kettidam ippol grade II listtucheytha kettidamaanu.
puthiya jalasamskarana plaant thadaakathilekku pothujanagalkk kooduthal praveshanam anuvadikkukayum thadaakatthinte iruvashathumulla roadukalil ninnulla kazhchakal avaykkum thadaaka theerathinum idayil thaddesheeyarallaatha marangal vettikkollunnathiloode punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. reservoirude vadakkan attatthinum eiii591 roadinum idayil sthithi cheiyunna grettu houvu () enna kodumudiyilekku praveshanam anuvadikkunna oru anuvadaneeya paatha. jalathinte gunanilavaaram samrakshikkaan uddeshichulla bhooprakrithi bhooprakrithiye valareyadhikam swaadheenikkunnu; 1999 epril-meyy maasangalil livarpoolilum grettar maanchasttarilum 282 cryptosporidiosi kesukal undaayirunnu, koodaathe thirlmer vrishtipradeshathe kannukaali mechilppurathu cryptosporidium paraannabhojiyude saannidhyam moolamaanu eee pottippurappettath.
thadaakathinu thekk, urukk attathu idaykkide kunnukadanna krishiyidamaanu eaka vaasasthalam. thadaakatthinte thekke attathu ninnu anakkett vare, jalasambharani poornnamaayum kuthaneyulla idungiya thaazhvarayude tharaye moodunnu, athinte vashangalil vishalavum pradhaanamaayum coniferous vanavanangalund, veedukalo vaasasthalangalo illa. varanda kaalaavasthayude kaalaghattangalil jalanirapp kurayunnathu thurannukidakkunna paarakalude vishalamaaya baand velippeduthunnu. thadaaka jilla desheeyodyaana authority parayunnathanusarichu
thaazhvarayile anakkettum rund cheria thadaakangalude vipuleekaranavum oru valia reservoiraayi maarunnath valia thothilulla bhooprakrithiyile maattamaanengil, mannolipp thadayunnathinum jalathinte gunanilavaaram samrakshikkunnathinum vilavedutha thadikalil ninnu labham nedunnathinumaayi ekadesham 800 hector bhoomiyile vanavalkkaranavum angane thanneyaayirunnu. ithu ettavum valia kuttakrithyamaayi palarum kanakkakkunnu. thaddesheeyarallaatha konifarukalude valia blokkukalum varanda kaalaghattatthil reservoir valichedukkunnathiloode avasheshikkunna paadukalum theermmeyarinte prakrithi soundaryathil ninnu vyathichalippikkunna gadakangalaanennathil samshayamilla. ennirunnaalum, thaazhvarayil ippozhum athinte uyarnnuvarunna theerangal, oru valia jalashayavum jalasambharaniyude vadakku thaazhvarayile sent jonsinte grameena manoharitayum undu. athishayippikkunna prakrithidrishyamaanithu. 

