
optogenetics

neuronukaludeyo mattu kosha tharangaludeyo pravartthanam velichathiloode niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru jaiva saankethikavidyayaanu optogenetics. laitt sensitiivu ayoon chaanalukal, pambukal allengil ensimeukal enniva taargett cellukalil prakadippikkunnathiloode ithu nedunnathu. vyakthigatha koshangalude thalatthil, laitt-activated ensaimukalum transcription gadakangalum biochemical signalling paathakalude krithyamaaya niyanthranam anuvadikkunnu. sisttam neuro sayansil, janithakamaayi nirvachikkapetta oru koottam neuronukalude pravartthanam niyantrikkaanulla kazhivu theerumaanamedukkal, patanam, bhayam, oormma, inacheral, asakti, bhakshanam, chalanam ennivaykkulla avayude sambhavana manasilakkaan upayogikkunnu. optogenetic saankethikavidyayude aadya medical prayogatthil, oru andha rogiyude kazhcha bhaagikamaayi punasthaapichu.
thalachorinte pravarthanaparamaaya connectivity mapp cheiyunnathinaayi optogenetic teknikkukalum avatharippichittundu."janithakamaayi label cheytha neuronukalude pravartthanatthil prakasham upayogichu maattam varuthunnathiloodeyum mattu koshangalude pravartthanam rekhappeduthunnathinu imaging, electrophysiology saankethikavidyakal upayogikkunnathiloodeyum, koshangalum mastishka pradeshangalum thammilulla sthithivivarakkanakku aashrithathvangal gaveshakarkk thirichariyaan kazhiyum. 
vishalamaaya ardhathil, janithaka encode cheytha soochakangal upayogichu sellular pravartthanam rekhappeduthunnathinulla reethikalum optogeneticsil ulppedunnu. 
2010-ll, shaasthrathinteyum enchineeyaringinteyum ellah mekhalakalilum optogenetics "prakrithi reethikal" enna interdisiplinary gaveshana jenal "varshathile reethi" aayi thiranjedutthu. athesamayam, academic research jenalaaya sayansile "dashakathile munnettangal" enna lekhanathil optogenetics eduthukaanichu.
charithram.
1979-ll francis crick nirddeshichathu thalachorile oru tharatthilulla ellah koshangaleyum niyanthrikkunnath, mattullavaye erekkure maattamillathe vidunnathu neuro sayansinu oru yadhaartha velluviliyaanennu. neuronukalude pravartthanam thaalkkaalikavum speshyal krithyathayumaayi niyantrikkaan prakasham upayogikkunna oru saankethikavidya upayogapradamaakumennu francis crick anumaanichuvenkilum akkaalat neuronukale prakaashathodu prathikarikkunna saankethikavidyayonnum undaayirunnilla.
1990kalude thudakkathil elsie kaatsum iii collaway velichathinu glutamatine akattaan kazhiyumennu theliyichirunnu. 1994-ll heberl bulled ithinakam yeesttile laitt-activated ayoon floycayi oru bacteriorohodopsine pravarthanaparamaaya bhinnaroopathilulla aavishkaaram kaanichirunnu. pinneedu 1995ll jorg nagal mattullavarum. ernst bamberg microbial rhodopsinukalude (bacteriorohodopsin, koodaathe noonn-neural sisttam, senopus oosaittukal) (nagel muthalaayava) bhinnaroopathilulla aavishkaaram pareekshichu., 1995, febs lettu.) velicham-induced karant kaanichu.
rhodopsin-sensittaisd neuronukale niyantrikkaan prakasham upayogicha aadyakaala janithaka targettucheytha reethi 2002 januvariyil boris semelman jero missenbock report cheythu, avar "drosophila" rhodopsin kalchar cheytha sastani neuronukal upayogichu. 2003-ll, semelman measenboke neuronukalude prakaashatthe aasrayikkunna sajeevamaakkalinaayi randaamathe reethi vikasippichu, athil otta ionotropic chaanalukalaaya trpv1, trpm8, pii2x2 enniva prakaashathodulla prathikaranamaayi photokeju cheytha ligandukalaal gettu cheyyappettu. 2004 muthal, cramer, isacoff grouppukal janithakamaayi avatharippicha ayoon chaanalukalumayi samvadikkaan kazhiyunna truner grouppumaayi sahakarichu oorgaanik photosvichukal allengil "reversibily caged" samyukthangal vikasippichu. prakasham prachodippikkaathe, pinneedu niravadhi laborattarikal laborattari mrugangalile bhakshanam, chalanaseshi, perumatta prathirodhasheshi ennivayil maattam varuthaan trpv1 reethishaasthram upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, neuronal pravartthanatthil maattam varuthunnathinulla prakasha adhishtitha sameepanagal yadhaartha laborattarikalkk purathu prayogichilla, kaaranam chanelrodopsin upayogikkaan eluppamullathu athinusesham kloon cheythirikkaam.
regensburg sarvakalashaalayil pacha aalgakalude neriya prathikaranathekkurichu padicha peettar hejiman, classic jii-protein-cuppled mruga rhodopsinukal vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyaathathra vegathayulla photokarantukal kandethiyirunnu. frankfurtile maiks plank instittyoottile electrophysiologist jorg nagalumaayi chernnu, algayil ninnulla oru jeane "chlamydomonas" thavalayude koshatthil prakadippikkumbol valia photokarantukal uthpaadippikkunnuvennu avarkk theliyikkaan kazhinju. koshangal prakadippikkunna koshangale thirichariyunnathinaayi, avaa algal proteente cytoplasmic wall oru fluorescent protein vaii. eph. pii upayogichu maattisthaapichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi baadhakamaaya aadyathe optogenetic upakaranam srishtikkunnu. oosaittukalilo sasthanikalilo ulla chr2-nte aavishkaaram cytoplasmic ca2 + saandrata vardhippikkunnathino kosha stharathe depolarise cheiyunnathino oru sakthamaaya upakaranamaayi upayogikkaam, prakaashatthiloode" ennu avar 2003 leeii prabandhatthil prasthaavichu.
staanfordile bio enchiniyaring vibhaagathile kaal deseroth 2004 juulai aadyam muthal thante prarambha pareekshanatthinte notebook pejukal prasidheekarichu, ithu chanelrodopsin prakadippikkunna neuronukalude prakasha sajeevamaakkal kaanikkunnu. 2005 augustil, biruda vidyaarthikalaaya eddu boyden, feng shang ennivarulppedeyulla addehathinte laborattari staaf, jorg nagalumaayi sahakarichu, nagalil ninnum hejimaanil ninnumulla chanelrodopsin-2 (echu134aarr)-ifp nirmmaanam upayogichu neuronukalil single-komponant optogenetic sisttathinte aadya prakadanam prasidheekarichu.
kaazhchayilekkulla andhatha punasthaapikkunnathinekku gaveshanam nadatthiya weyne stettu yooniversittiyile shuvo-huwa paan, ganglian koshangalil chanelrodopsin pareekshichu-nammude annukalile neuronukal thalachorumaayi nerittu bandhippikkunnu. paante aadya nireekshanam chanelrodopsin upayogichu rettina neuronukalude opttikkal aaktiveshanekkurichullathu, paan parayunnathanusarichu, deserothinte prarambha nireekshanatthinu oru maasam kazhinju 2004 augustilaanu. theerchayaayum, transfected neuronukal prakaashathodulla prathikaranatthil vaidyuthaparamaayi sajeevamaayi, 2005 ll shuvo-huwa paan elikalude rettina ganglian koshangalil chanelrodopsin vijayakaramaayi inn-vivo transfection cheythathaayum rettina slies kalcharile photosttimuleshanodulla vaidyutha prathikaranangalum report cheythu. eee sameepanam oduvil oru manushya rogiyil botond roska sahapravarthakarum 2021 ll saakshaathkarichu.
2005 eprilil, oru mrugathinte swabhaavam niyantrikkaan janithakamaayi lakshyamitta pii2x2 photostimulation aadyamaayi upayogichathayi susanna lima measenboke report cheythu. dopaminergic sisttam polulla janithakamaayi parimithappedutthiya neuronukalude koottangalude photostimulation, pazha eechakalil swabhaavaparamaaya perumatta mattangal konduvannuvennu avar kaanichu.
2005 octoberil lyne landmesser stephaan herlitsum chernnu, valarnnuvarunna bhroonangalile kalchar cheytha hippocampal neuronukalilum chikkan sushumna naadi sarkyoottukalilum neuronal pravartthanam niyantrikkaan chanelrohodpsin-2-nte upayogam prasidheekarichu. koodaathe, hippocampal neuronukalilum kedukoodaathe vikasichukondirikkunna chikkan bhroonathilum intra sellular signalling paathakale recruit cheiyunnathiloode neuronal pravartthanatthe thadayunnathinulla oru upakaranamaayi avar aadyamaayi kasherukkalkkulla rhodopsin, oru laitt-activated jii protein cuppled risapttar avatharippichu.
alexander gotshaakkinteyum jorg nagalinteyum grouppukal aadyathe chr2 mutent (h134r) nirmmikkukayum kedukoodaattha oru mrugathile neuronal pravartthanam niyanthrikkunnathin chanelrodopsin-2 aadyamaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu, ithu raundu vormile motor paattenukal kaanikkunnu. janithakamaayi thiranjeduttha neural sarkyoottukalude prakasha uthejanathiloode (2005 desemberil prasidheekarichathu) elegans "uthbhavikkan kazhiyum. elikalil, joou isad neuro sayansinaayi vikasippichedutha sell-type-specific kree/loxp reethikal upayogichu optogenetic upakaranangalude niyantritha aavishkaaram palappozhum kaivarikkunnu. 1990kalil "inn vivo" enna prathyeka mastishka pradeshangalum kosha tharangalum sajeevamaakkaano thadayaano vendi.
2007ll, boyden, diseroth ennivayude laabukal (gotshack, nagel grouppukalodoppam) oresamayam neuronukalile pravartthanatthe vijayakaramaayi optogenetic thadayunnathaayi report cheythu.
2007ll nagalinteyum hejimaninteyum samghangal campil optogenetic krithrimathvam aarambhichu. 2014ll avelar thudangiyavar. fungazil ninnulla aadyathe rhodopsin-gwanilil saikles jeane report cheythu. 2015ll, skeeb thudangiyavar. oppam gavo mattullavarum. rhodopsin-gwanilil saikles jeeninte pravartthanatthe ithu savisheshamaakkunnu. shiang gavo mattullavarum. jorg nagel, alexander gotshack ennivar ithine aadyathe 8 tm ensime rhodopsin ennu thiricharinju.
avaardukal.
mastishka gaveshanathil optogenetic saankethikavidyayude sakthamaaya swaadheenam eee mekhalayile pradhana kalikkaarkku niravadhi avaardukal labhichittund.
2010ll jorg nagel, peettar hegeman, ernst bamberg ennivarkku biomedical sciencesile villi sammanam labhichu, 2010ll kaal hains becurts sammanam labhichavaril avar ulppedunnu. athe varsham thanne, kaal deserothine "neuronal nettvarkkukalude pravartthanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla perumaattathekkurichu padanatthinulla optogenetic reethikal vikasippikkunnathinulla addehathinte pioneering pravarthanangalkku" udghaadana echfsp nakason award labhichu.
2012-ll, bamberg, deseroth, hejiman, nagel ennivarkku maiks plank sosaitti sulch sammanam nalki, koodaathe "neuronal pravartthanam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum mrugangalude perumaattam niyanthrikkunnathinum optogenetic sameepanagalkk thudakkamittathin" measenbokinu bailot laattar health sammanam labhichu."
2013ll nagal hejiman vaidyashaasthrathinulla luis-jaandett sammanam nediyavaril ulppedunnu. aaa varsham, bamberg, boyden, deseroth, hejiman, missenbock, nagel ennivarkku samyukthamaayi "optogeneticsinte kandupiduthathinum parishkaranatthinum" mastishka sammanam labhichu."
2017-ll, "optogenetics, hydrojel-tissue rasathanthram ennivayile kandethalukalkkum vishaadathinte neural surcuted adisthaanathekkurichulla gaveshanathinum" deserothine else croner fresinius gaveshana sammanam labhichu."
2018ll inamori foundeshan "optogenetics nayikkunnathinum" "systems neuro sayans gaveshanathil viplavam srishtikkunnathinum" disserothinu kyotto sammanam nalki."
2019ll, bamberg, boyden, deseroth, hejiman, missenbock, nagel ennivarkku american akkadami oof arts aandu sciences "optogeneticsinte kandupiduthavum parishkaranavumayi bandhapetta asaadhaarana sambhavanakalkkulla amgeekaaramaayi" rumford sammanam nalki."
optogenetics, hydrojel-tissue kemistry enniva vikasippichathin 2020 ll royal netherlands akkadami oof arts aandu sayansil ninnu disserothinu heneken prais labhichu. athe varsham thanne, mysenbock, hejiman, nagel ennivarkku samyukthamaayi life sayans, medisin ennivayil shhaa sammanam labhichu.
2021ll hejiman, deseroth, dieter austerhelt ennivarkku adisthaana medical gaveshanathinulla albert lasker award labhichu.
vivaranam.
optogenetics millisecond skeyil temporal krithyatha nalkunnu, ithu pareekshanakaariye vegathayeriya biological information prosessingumaayi vegatha nilanirthaan anuvadikkunnu (udaaharanathinu, nirvachikkapetta neuronukalile nirddishta aakshan pottensial paattenukalude kaaryakaarana punk anweshikkunnathil). vaasthavathil, neural coode anweshikkunnathinu, sasthanikal ulppedeyulla kedupaadukal illaatha mrugangalude thalachorile nirddishta kosangalkkullil krithyamaaya pravartthana paattenukal chercano illaathaakkaano anuvadikkunnathinu nirvachanam anusarichu optogenetics millisecond samayaparidhiyil pravartthikkanam (chithram 1 kaanuka). thaarathamyappeduthumbol, parambaraagatha janithaka krithrimathvangalude (koshangalkkullile nirddishta jeenukalude kaaryakaarana punk anweshikkaan upayogikkunna, eee jeenukalile "pravartthana nashtam" allengil "pravartthana nettam" mattangal vazhi) thaalkkaalika krithyatha manikorukalo divasangalo muthal maasangalo vare mandagathiyilaanu. opttikkal niyanthranavumayi vegatha nilanirthaan kazhiyunna optogeneticsil vegathilulla reedtukalum undaayirikkendathu pradhaanamaan. vaidyutha recordingukaliloodeyo ("optrodukal") biosensorukalaaya reporter proteinukaliloodeyo ithu cheyyaan kazhiyum, avide shaasthranjar fluorescent proteinukal dittaktar proteinukalumaayi samyojippichu. koodaathe, athinte shaasthreeya swaadheenathinappuram optogenetics paaristhithika samrakshanathinte moolyathe prathinidheekarikkunnu (optogeneticsinte pradhana upakaranangal palathum prathyeka paaristhithika edangal kaivashamulla sookshumajeevikalil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath), koodaathe eee opsinukal biophysistukalum microbiologistukalum pathittaandukalaayi padichathinaal shudhamaaya adisthaana shaasthrathinte praadhaanyatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu, neuro sayans, neuro psychiatric rogangal ennivayekkurichulla ulkkazhchakal nalkunnathil avayude saadhyathayulla moolyathe pariganikkathe.
laitt-activated proteinukal chaanalukal, pambukal, ensimeukal
athinaal, nirddishta targetting samvidaanangalude upayogathiloode sell-type resolution nilanirthunnathinoppam vaidyutha, biochemical sambhavangal thaalkkaalikamaayi krithyamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaan anuvadikkunna athivega laitt-activated chaanalukal, pambukal, ensimeukal ennivayude aamukhamaanu optogeneticsinte mukhamudra. neural sisttangalude pravartthanam anweshikkaan upayogikkaavunna microbial opsinukalil neuronukale uthejippikkunnathinu chaanalrodopsinukalum (chr2, chr1, vchr1, sfos) prakasha-preritha prathirodhatthinaayi ayoon-contecting chaanalrodopsinukalum ulppedunnu. neela velichathinte prakaashatthinte samayat neuronukalil pravarthanasaadhyatha srishtikkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi parokshamaayi prakasha niyantritha pottasyam chaanalukal aduthide roopakalppana cheythittundu. neuronal pravartthanatthe thadayunnathinum laitt-drivend ayoon pambukal upayogikkunnu, udha.jii. halorohodopsin (enn. eph. aarr), mechappeduthiya halorohodopsin (<aii. dii. 1>, <aii. dii. 2>, chithram 2 kaanuka), archaerohodopsin (kamaanam), fangal opsinukal (mack), mechappeduthiya bacteriorohodopsin (ebr).
perumatta sasthanikalkkullil nannayi nirvachikkapetta biochemical sambhavangalude optogenetic niyanthranavum ippol saadhyamaan. kasherukkale opsinukal nirddishta jii-protein cuppled resepterukalumaayi samyojippikkunna munkaala pravartthanatthe adisthaanamaakki, chimeric single-komponant optogenetic upakaranangalude oru kudumbam srishtichu, ithu sasthanikalkkullil camp, aipi 3 polulla nirvachikkapetta intra sellular sandeshavaahakare kendreekarikkaan gaveshakarkk anuvadichu. optojenettiksilekku mattu biochemical sameepanagal (nirnaayakamaayi, iruttil kuranja pravartthanam pradarshippikkunna upakaranangal) taamasiyaathe pinthudarnnu, niravadhi vyathyastha laborattarikalil ninnulla puthiya thanthrangal upayogichu kalchar cheytha koshangalil cheria jidipesukaludeyum adenylil cyclasinteyum opttikkal niyanthranam kaivarichu. fangasukalil foto activated adenilil saiklesukal kandethukayum sasthanikalude neuronukalile camp level niyantrikkaan vijayakaramaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. optogenetic aakyuvettarukalude eee uyarnnuvarunna shekharam ippol kosha-tharam-nirddishtavum thaalkkaalikamaayi krithyavumaaya sellular pravartthanatthinte onniladhikam achuthandukale kedukoodaattha mrugangalkkullil niyantrikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
laitt aaplikkeshanulla hardware
mattoru pradhana ghadakam hardware (udha.jii. samyojitha fiber opttik, soolid-stettu prakasha srothassukal) masthishkathinullil polum aazhathilulla prathyeka kosha tharangale swathanthramaayi perumaarunna mrugangalil niyantrikkaan anuvadikkunnu. 2007ll avatharippicha fiber opttik-cuppled diode saankethikavidya upayogichaanu randaamathethu ippol kaivarikkunnath, implaant cheytha electrodukalude upayogam ozhivakkaan, syrconia kondu nirmmicha oru "vindo" incrypt cheyyaanulla vazhikal gaveshakar roopakalppana cheythittundu, athu suthaaryamaayi parishkkarikkukayum elikalude thalayottiyil sthaapikkukayum cheythu, vyakthigatha neuronukale uthejippikkunnathino thadayunnathino opttikkal tharamgangale kooduthal aazhathil thulachukayaraan anuvadikkunnu. cerebral courtex polulla upariplavamaaya mastishka bhagangal uthejippikkunnathinu, opttikkal fiberukal allengil elidikal mrugathinte thalayottiyil nerittu gadippikkaam. kooduthal aazhathil sthaapicha opttikkal fiberukal thalachorinte aazhathilulla bhaagangalilekku prakasham ethikkaan upayogichittundu. fiber-tethered sameepanagalkk poorakamaaya, swathanthramaayi perumaarunna jeevikalile sankeernamaaya perumaattangalekkurich thadassamillaathe padikkunnathinaayi wireless aayi nalkunna power upayogichu poornnamaayum wireless saankethikavidyakal vikasippicheduthittundu. 
optogenetic aakyuvettarukalude aavishkaaram
jeevajaalangalude thalachorile neuronukalude nirddishta janasamkhyayilekku (udha.jii. puzhukkal, pazha eechakal, elikal, elikal, kurangukal). puzhu, pazham thudangiya akasherukkalil kurachu alavil ool-trans-rettinal (eiii. tii. aarr) bhakshanathodoppam nalkunnu. mukalil soochippichathupole microbial opsinukalude oru pradhana nettam kasherukkalil exogenous qoo-faaktarukal cherkkathe avaa poornnamaayum pravartthikkunnu ennathaanu.
saankethikavidya.
optogenetics upayogikkunnathinulla saankethikavidya vazhakkamullathum pareekshanakaarante aavasyangalkku anuyojyavumaanu. kaatteshan-selective chanelrodopsins (udha.jii. neuronukale uthejippikkaan chr2) upayogikkunnu, ayoon-contecting chaanalrodopsinukal (udha.jii. jii. tii. eiii. sii. aarr. 2) neuronal pravartthanatthe thadayunnu. eee upakaranangale orotta nirmmaanatthilekku samyojippikkuka (udha.jii. bipolukal) prakaashatthinte tharamgadairkhyathe aashrayich thadassappeduthunnathinum uthejanathinum anuvadikkunnu.
oru prathyeka upakoshathilekku microbial oopsin avatharippikkunnath velluviliyaanu. eksaittettari neuronukalil sajeevamaaya kmkya polulla oru prathyeka promoterumaayi gadippichirikkunna optogenetic aakyuvettar jeane adangiya oru enchiniyaring vairal vekttar avatharippikkuka ennathaanu oru janapriya sameepanam. ithu oru paridhivare prathyekatha anuvadikkunnu, iii thadayunnu.jii. glia koshangalile aavishkaaram.
oru prathyeka upasett koshangalil rund loaks-pii sittukal thammilulla punasamyojanatthe uthejippikkunna ensaimaaya kree recombinase prakadippikkunna transgenic "driver" elikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu kooduthal nirddishta sameepanam.jii. parvelbumin-expressing interneuronukal. rund loaks-pii sittukalkkidayil optogenetic aakyuvettar jeane adangiya oru enchiniyaring vairal vekttar avatharippikkunnathiloode, kree recompinase ulppaadippikkunna koshangal maathrame microbial oopsin prakadippikkoo. oro thavanayum oru puthiya microbial oopsin aavashyamullappol transgenic mrugangalude oru muzhuvan nirayum srishtikkenda aavasyamillaathe onniladhikam parishkkaricha optogenetic acuvatorukal upayogikkaan eee saankethikavidya anuvadichu.
microbial oopsin avatharippikkukayum prakadippikkukayum cheythathinushesham, computer niyantritha prakasha srothass thalachorile pradeshavumaayi optikkalaayi bandhippikkendathundu. laitt emitting diodeukal (elidi) allengil fiber-cuppled diode-pumped soolid-stettu laserukal (dps) pathivayi upayogikkunnu. sameepakaala munnettangalil wireless head-moundu cheytha upakaranangalude varavu ulppedunnu, athu targettucheytha pradeshangalilekku nayikkukayum thalphalamaayi mrugangalkku neengaan kooduthal swaathanthryam nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
opttikkal stimuleshanum kaalsyam imajing samyojippikkaanum fiber adhishtitha sameepanagal upayogikkaam. unarnnirikkunna mrugangalile single neuronukalude pravartthanam drishyavalkkarikkaanum kaikaaryam cheyyaanum ithu gaveshakare praptharaakkunnu. opttikkal fiber vazhi baahyamaayi sthaapichirikkunna foto dittaktarilekkum photostimulettilum bandhippichirikkunna grin lensukal upayogichu onniladhikam aazhathilulla mastishka pradeshangalil ninnu record cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
saankethika velluvilikal.
selective expression.
optogeneticsinte pradhana prashnangalilonn, samshayaaspadamaaya ellah koshangalum microbial oopsin jeenine ore thalatthil prakadippikkilla ennathaanu. athinaal, nirvachikkapetta prakasha theevrathayodukoodiya prakasham polum vyakthigatha koshangalil variable efakttukal undaakkum. prakasha srothassil ninnu prakasha theevratha ganyamaayi kurayunnathinaal thalachorile neuronukalude optogenetic uthejanam niyanthrikkappedunnath kuravaanu (udha.jii. opttikkal fiber).
nirvachikkapetta subsellular compartmentukalilka oopsin taargettucheyyunnathu budhimuttaanu, udha.jii. plasma membran, synaptic vesicles allengil mitocondria. dendraittukal, somaatta allengil aakson terminalukal polulla plasma membranile prathyeka pradeshangalilekku oopsin parimithappeduthunnathu neuronal sarkyoottariyekkurich kooduthal sakthamaaya dhaarana nalkunnu.
nirddishta kosha tharangalil opsin thiranjeduttha prayogam neural sarkyoottinte chalanathmaka swabhaavathe naadakeeyamaayi maattumenn ganithashaasthra modeling kaanikkunnu. prathyekichum, inhibittari koshangale mungananayode lakshyamidunna optogenetic stimuleshanu neural tissuevinte aaveshathe parivartthanam cheyyaanum, traansfakt cheyyaatha neuronukaleyum badhikkaanum kazhiyum.
kainetiksum synchronisation.
courtical neuronukalude saadhaarana kaatteshan chaanalukalekkaal pathukkeyaayirunnu yadhaartha chanelrodopsin-2, ithu deerghakaala depolarisationilekkum kaalsyatthinte ozhukkilekkum nayichu. kooduthal anukoolamaaya gathikolppaadanamulla niravadhi chanelrodopsin vakabhedangal athinusesham roopakalppana cheythittundu.][56]
swaabhaavika spike paattenukalum optogenetic aaktiveshanum thammilulla vyathyasam pulsed laitt stimuleshan neuronukal prakadippikkunnathinte sinkranas aaktiveshan srishtikkunnu ennathaanu, ithu uthejippicha janasamkhyayil thudarchayaaya pravarthanatthinulla saadhyatha illaathaakkunnu. athinaal, baadhicha janasamkhyayile koshangal engane parasparam ashayavinimayam nadathunnu allengil avayude sajeevamaakkalinte phasic gunangal surcuted pravartthanavumaayi engane bandhappettirikkunnave manasilakkaan prayaasamaan.
masthishkathinte neural kanakshanukalude samagramaya bhoopadamaaya connectom vyakthamaakkunnathin optogenetic aaktiveshan functional magnetic resonance imajingumaayi (ifmr) samyojippichirikkunnu. kaalathamasam varuthiya hemodynamic signal (boold) ifmr adisthaanamaakkiyulla kaalibrett cheyyaan krithyamaaya samayabandhithamaya optogenetic aaktiveshan upayogikkunnu.
prakasha agiranam spectrum.
nilavil upayogikkunna oopsin proteinukalkku vishwal spektrathiludaneelam agiranam cheyyappedunna kodumudikalundengilum neela velichathodu ganyamaayi sensitiivu aayi thudarunnu. eee spectral ovarlaappu janithaka encode cheytha soochakangalumaayi (jevis, gessis, gluesenfer, sinapto-fluorin) oopsin aaktiveshan samyojippikkunnath valare budhimuttaakkunnu, avayil mikkavaykkum neela velicham eksaitteshan aavasyamaanu. infrared aaktiveshanulla opsinukal oru saadhaarana vikirana moolyathil prakaashatthinte nuzhanjukayattam vardhippikkukayum prakasha chitharal kuraykkunnathiloode resolution vardhippikkukayum cheyyum.
speshyal prathikaranam.
chitharal kaaranam, neural tissuevinte oru paachil neuronukale uthejippikkunnathinu oru idungiya prakasha beam uttejaka beemyekkaal valare vishalamaaya oru prathikarana profile srishtikkum.<eee saahacharyathil, neuronukal manappoorvvam sajeevamaakkappedaam (allengil thadayappedaam). prakaashatthinte vyathyastha tharamgadairkhyangalkkaayi uthejippicha tissuevinte alavu kanakkakkaan computational simuleshan upakaranangal upayogikkunnu.
aaplikkeshanukal.
inn vivo" polulla neural sarcuteukal polulla jaiva koshangalude pravarthanatthinu nirddishta kosha tharangal engane sambhavana cheiyunnu ennathinekkurichulla adisthaana shaasthreeya dhaarana optogenetics mekhala munnott kondupoyi. klinikkal vashath, optogenetics nayikkunna gaveshanam paarkkinsans rogathekkurichum oottisam, schisophrenia, mayakkumarunnu durupayogam, uthkanda, vishaadam thudangiya mattu neurological, cycatric disordezhsinekkurichum ulkkaazhchayilekku nayichu. andhathaykkulla oru pareekshanathmaka chikilsayil enchiniyaring cheytha kannadayil ninnulla prakasha paattenukal upayogichu uthejippicha ganglian koshangalil prakadippikkunna oru chaanal rhodopsin ulppedunnu.
prathyeka neuronukaludeyum netvarkkukaludeyum thirichariyal.
amigdala.
bhayam niyanthrikkunnathin kaaranamakunna amigdala neural sarcuteukal mapp cheyyaan optogenetic sameepanagal upayogichittundu. neural sarkyoottinte atharamoru udaaharanam baasolaattaral amigdala ninnu dorsal-medial prefrondal courtexumaayi nirmmicha bandhamaan, avide 4 hearts neuronal aandolanangal elikalil bhayam moolamundaakunna freesing perumattangalumaayi parasparabandhithamayi nireekshikkappettundu. transgenic elikalkku parvelbumin-kree promoterumaayi gadippicha chanelrodoposin-2 upayogichu parichayappedutthi, ithu basolaattaral amigdala 4 hearts aandolanangalkk kaaranamakunna dorsal-medial prefrondal courtexilum sthithicheyyunna interneuronukale thiranjedutthu. interneuronukal optikkalaayi uthejippikkappedukayum oru freesing swabhaavam srishtikkukayum thalphalamaayi dorsal-medial prefrondal courtexilum baasolaattaral amigdala neuronal poppuleshanukal ulppaadippikkunna adisthaana bhaya prathikaranatthinu eee 4 hearts aandolanangal kaaranamaakumennathin thelivukal nalkukayum cheythu.
ghraana bulb.
gandhasamskaranathil samayam prakadippikkunnathinum neuromodulatory mediated oolfaaktari guided perumaattangalude samvidaanathinum (udha.jii. aakramanathmakatha, inacheral) koodaathe, optogeneticsinte sahaayathode, durgandhathinte "after imej" ghraana risapttar neuronukal sthithicheyyunna chuttupaadinekkaal ghraana bulbinu chuttum kooduthal kendreekrithamaanennu kaanikkunnathinulla thelivukal punarnirmmichittundu. chaanal-rhodopsin thaii1-chiaar2 baadhicha transgenic elikale, 473 enm lazer transcranial aayi ghraana bulbinte dorsal vibhaagathil sthaapichukondu uthejippichu. ghraana bulbile mitral koshangalude dairkhyameriya photostimulation photostimulation avasaanichathinu sesham eee mekhalayile deerghakaala neuronal pravarthanathekkurichu nireekshanangalilekku nayichu, athaayath ghraana censory systethinu deerghakaala maattangalkk vidheyamaakaanum pazhayathum puthiyathumaaya durgandhangal thammilulla vyathyaasangal thirichariyaanum kazhiyum.
nucleus akambans.
optogenetics, swathanthramaayi neengunna sasthanikalude swabhaavam, inn vivo electrophysiology, slies physiology enniva nucleus akumbanukalude collinergic interneuronukale nerittulla eksaitteshano inhibitiono vazhi anweshikkaan samyojippichittund. akambal neuronukalude motham janasamkhyayude oru sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame prathinidheekarikkunnum, eee collinergic koshangalkk nucleus akumbanukalile idatharam spiny neuronukale (emsns) ulavaakkunna dopaminergic terminalukalude pravartthanam niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. kokkeyn athinte phalangal cheluthunna neural pathayil eee akambal emsns ulppettirikkunnuvennu ariyappedunnu, kaaranam eee neuronukalude pravartthanatthil kokkeyn moolamundaakunna mattangal kurayunnathu kokkeyn contitioning thadayumennu theliyikkappettittund. nucleus akumbansil adangiyirikkunna kurachu collinergic neuronukal kokkeyn aashrithathvathinte chikilsayil pharmacotherapic praayogikamaaya lakshyangal theliyikkum.
prefrondal courtex.
"inn vivo", "inn vitro" ennivayil donald sii. yude boulder optophysiology laborattariyile colorado sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla recordingukal. kooppar piechu.dii. 20 hertsil (chithram 1) neela velichathinte hraswa pulsukalulla uyarnna fidility aakshan pottensial outtputtu pradarshippikkunna prefrondal courtexinullil pyramid neuronukal prakadippikkunna vyakthigatha kamki aavu-chiaar 2 kaanikkunnu.
motor courtex
"inn vivo" aarogyamulla mrugangalil aavarthichulla optogenetic uthejanam oduvil pidichedukkaline prerippikkaan kazhinju. eee modaline opttoo kindling ennu vilikkunnu.
pyriphom courtex
"aarogyamulla mrugangalile pyriphom courtexinte pyramid koshangalude aavarthichulla optogenetic uthejanam oduvil pidichedukkaline prerippikkaan kazhinju. "inn vitro" padanangal, gaba synthesis thakararilaayathinaal pyriphom sarkyoottile feedback inhibition nashtappedunnuvennu velippeduthi.
hridayam.
atrial fibrilationil prakaashatthode sambhavikkunnathayi kaanapedunna sarppila taranga aritmiyas avasaanippikkunnathin atrial cardiomyocytukalil optogenetics prayogichu. eee reethi ippozhum vikasana ghattathilaanu. arithmiyaykk pariharam kaanunnathinum hridayathinte vegatha punakrameekarikkunnathinum oru maarggamaayi optogeneticsinte saadhyathakal aduthide nadanna oru patanam paryavekshanam cheythu. transgenic elikal hridayathinte ventricular bhaagangalil cardiomyocytukalilekka chanelrodopsin-2 avatharippikkukayum ooppan-kaavity, clossed-kaavity elikalil photostimuleshanekku "inn vitro" padanangal nadathukayum cheythu. photostimulation koshangalude sajeevamaakkal vardhippikkunnathilke nayichu, angane hridayamidippu vardhikkunnathilekku nayikkunna ventricular sankochangal vardhichu. koodaathe, electrode adhishtitha-crtic pakaramaayi oru puthiya biological pays makeraayi cardiac resinchronisation therappiyil (crt) eee sameepanam prayogichittundu. sameepakaalath, ventricular aritmiya praadeshika epicardial prakasham, oru saamaanyavalkkaricha muzhuvan hridaya prakasham allengil defibrillation oorjjam kuraykkunnathinu arithmogenic samvidaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla ishtaanusritha uttejaka paattenukal enniva upayogichu defibrilate cheyyaan hridayathil optogenetics upayogikkunnu.
sarppila gaangliyon.
badhira elikalil sarppila gaangliyante optogenetic uthejanam shravana pravartthanam punasthaapichu. cochlear mekhalayile optogenetic prayogam sarppila ganglian koshangalude (sgn) uthejanam allengil thadassam anuvadikkunnu. koodaathe, ezz. jii. enn.-nte vishrama sheshikalude savisheshathakal kaaranam, protein chanelrodopsin-2-nte vividha vakabhedangalaaya chronos, catch, eph-krimson enniva upayogichittundu. chronos catch veriyantukalum avayude nirjeevamaaya avasthakalil kurachu samayam chelavazhikkunnathinaal prathyekichum upayogapradamaanu, ithu kuranja neela velicham purappeduvikkunna kooduthal pravarthanangalkku anuvadikkunnu. koodaathe, eph-krimson aayi enchiniyaring cheytha redu-shift chaanalukal upayogikkunnathu dairkhyameriya tharamgadairkhyangal upayogichu uthejippikkaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu gating vegathayil vittuveezhcha cheyyaathe deerghakaalaadisthaanathil phototoxisityude apakadasadhyathakal kuraykkunnu. prakaashatthe uthppaadippikkunna ell. iii. dick kuranja oorjjam aavashyamaayi varum, foto-stimuleshanumaayi sahakarichu cochlear prosthettiks enna ashayam kooduthal praayogikamaakum.
masthishkam.
mukhathe motor nucleusil prakadippichirikkunna parishkaricha chuvanna velichathil eksaittabil chanelrodopsin (ritter) nte optogenetic uthejanam elikalil viskar chalanagal nayikkunnathil phalapradamaaya motonuronukalude kuranja aakramanathmaka sajeevamaakkal praapthamakki. oru puthiya patanam ventral tegmental eriyayil dopaminergic release sajeevamakkunnathinum thadayunnathinum dorsal raaf nucleusil optogenetics upayogichu. aaktiveshan undakkunnathinaayi transgenic elikale oru th-cre promoter upayogichu chanelrodopsin-2 baadhichathaayum nirodhanam srishtikkunnathinaayi hyperpolarising oopsin nphr th-cre promoteril cherthathaayum kandethi. optikkalaayi sajeevamaaya dopaminergic neuronukal saamoohika edapedalukalude vardhanavinu kaaranamayennum avayude nirodhanam oru kaalayalavinusesham maathrame saamoohikavalkkarikkendathi aavasyakatha kuraykkunnuvennum phalangal kaanichu.
vishwal sisttam.
optogenetics upayogichu vishwal sisttam padikkunnathu velluviliyaakum. vaasthavathil, optogenetic niyanthranathinaayi upayogikkunna prakasham praadhamika vishwal sarkyoottukalum eee photoriseptarukalum thammilulla saameepyathinte falamaayi photoriseptarukal sajeevamaakkunnathilekk nayichekkaam. eee saahacharyathil, speshyal selectivity nedaan prayaasamaan (prathyekichu fly opttik lobinte kaaryatthil). athinaal, drishyavyavasthayekkurichu padanatthinu photoriseptarukalkula rhodopsinukalekkaal vyathyastha tharamgadairkhyamulla prakaashathaal sajeevamaakunna chaanalukal upayogichu spectral verthirikkal aavasyamaanu (drosophilayile rhodopsin 1 nuu 480 enm enna ettavum uyarnna aaktiveshan). neuronukalude optogenetic aaktiveshanaayi (athaayath, chuvapp-shifted scrimson allengil bistable chanelrodopsin) upayogikkunnu.iii. depolarisation), kaaranam randum spectral verthirikkal anuvadikkunnu. neuronal nishabdatha kaivarikkunnathinu (i.iii. hyperpolarisation), cryptophyte alga inamaaya "gillardia theetta" (jii. tii. eiii. sii. aarr 1 ennu peritta) yill kandethiya oru ayoon chanelrodopsin aanu. upayogikkaam. chlorid pambukalude halorohodopsin klaas polulla mattu inhibittari chaanalukalekkaal kooduthal laitt sensitiivu aaya jii. tii. eiii. sii. aarr. 1 sakthamaaya chalakatha nalkunnu. athinte aaktiveshan peak (515 enm) rhodopsin 1 nuu aduthaayathinaal, optogenetic prakashavum vishwal stimulasum shradhaapoorvvam kaalibrett cheyyendathu aavasyamaanu. optogenetic prakaashatthinte tharamgadairkhyam (orupakshe jii. tii. eiii. sii. aarr. 1-nte aaktiveshan peekkinekkaal kooduthal), uthejakathinte valuppam (uttejaka velicham vazhi chaanalukal sajeevamaakaathirikkaan), optogenetic prakaashatthinte theevratha ennivayaanu kanakkiledukkenda gadakangal. tii4/tii5 neuronukalude aavishkaaram nishabdamaakkunnathiloode drosophilayude vishwal systethekkurichulla optogenetic padanatthil jii. tii. eiii. sii. aarr1 oru upayogapradamaaya inhibittari upakaranamaanennu theliyikkappettittund. eee padanangal kedupaadukalillaatha mrugangalekkurichum nayikkam, udaaharanathinu optomottar prathikaranam anweshikkaan.
censorimotor sisttam.
optogeneticalaayi thadayukayo sajeevamaakkukayo cheiyunna neuronukal oru swabhaavam srishtikkunnathil yathaakramam avayude aavasyakathayum paryapthathayum parishodhikkunnu. eee sameepanam upayogichu, motor outtputtu niyanthrikkunna neural sarcutary gaveshakarkk vichedikkaan kazhiyum. censorimotor sisttathile vividha sthalangalil neuronukale aswasthamaakkunnathiloode, stereotype cheytha perumattangal kandethunnathil neuronukalude thaazhekkulla punk, praadeshika sparsana censory inputum interneuronukalude pravartthanavum chalanathe engane maattunnu, chalanam srishtikkunnathilum modulate cheiyunnathilum purkinje koshangalude punk ennivayekkurichu gaveshakar padichu. mrugangalude chalanatthinteyum chalanatthinteyum neural adithara kooduthal vishaalamaayi manasilakkunnathinulla sakthamaaya saankethikavidyayaanithu.
edapedalukalude krithyamaaya thaalkkaalika niyanthranam.
nilavil labhyamaya optogenetic acuvatorukal aavashyamaaya edapedalinte krithyamaaya thaalkkaalika niyanthranam anuvadikkunnu (athaayath.iii. taargett neuronukalude inhibition allengil eksaitteshan) krithyathayode pathivayi millisecond nilayilekku pookunnu. ennirunnaalum, optogenetic aakyuvettarukaliludanilam thaalkkaalika krithyatha vyathyaasappedunnu, ithu uthejanathinte aavruthiyeyum theevrathayeyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
edapedalinu upayogikkunna prakasham perumaattatthinte oru prathyeka ghadakam (perumaattatthe thadayunnathinu), oru prathyeka nirupaadhikamaaya uthejanam (aaa uthejanavumaayi enthengilum bandhappeduthunnathinu) allengil thalachorile oru prathyeka andolana sambhavam (sambhavathe thadayaan) ennivayaal prachodippikkappedunna pareekshanangal ippol aavishkarikkam. itharathilulla sameepanam ithinakam thanne thalachorinte niravadhi bhaagangalil upayogichittundu
hippocampus.
sharp tharamgangalum reple complexukalum (ezz. dablyu. aarr. ezz) hippocampasile vyathyasthamaaya uyarnna aavruthi andolana sambhavangalaanu, ithu memory roopeekaranathilum ekeekaranathilum oru punk vahikkunnuvennu karuthappedunnu. oonlainil record cheytha praadeshika feeld pottanshyalinte andolana chakrangal pinthudarnnu eee sambhavangal eluppathil kandethaan kazhiyum. eee reethiyil evantinte arambham oru laitt flaashinte trigger signalayi upayogikkaam, athu hippocampasilake thirike nayikkukayum neuronukale thadayukayum, prathyekichu swir samayat, aandolanathe thanne optogeneticalaayi thadayukayum cheiyunnu. itharathilulla "clossed-lupe" pareekshanangal ezz. dablyu. aarr complexukalum memmariyile avayude pankum padikkaan upayogapradamaanu.
sellular biology/sell signalling pathakal.
neuro sayansil prathyekichum upayogapradamaaya ayoon flexinte opttikkal niyanthranam chanelrodopsin-2 polulla prakrithidatha laitt-gated ayoon chaanalukal anuvadikkunnathinu samaanamaayi, prakrithidatha laitt-niyantritha signal transduction proteinukal second-messenture generation protein-protein edapedalukalum ulppede biochemical paathakalude opttikkal niyanthranavum anuvadikkunnu, ithu koshatthinteyum vikasana jeevashaasthrathinteyum padanatthinu prathyekichum upayogapradamaanu. 2002-ll, oru biochemical paatha niyanthrikkunnathin mattoru jeeviyil ninnulla photoproteinukal upayogikkunnathinte aadya udaaharanam yeesttile jeane transcription niyanthrikkunnathin plaant faittokrom, faittokrom-interacting factor (pif) enniva thammilulla prakasha preritha edapedal upayogichu pradharshippichu. faittokrom oru dna-binding domainilekkum pif oru transcriptional aaktiveshan domainilekkum samyojippikkunnathiloode, dna-binding domaine thiricharinja jeenukalude transcriptional aaktiveshan prakaashathaal prerippikkaan kazhiyum. eee patanam thalachorile optogeneticsinte pilkkala vikasanathinte vashangal munkootty nireekshichu, udaaharanathinu, "fiber optiks vazhi directed laitt deliveric thiranjeduttha koshangaleyo tissuekaleyo lakshyamidaanulla kazhivundu, valuthum kooduthal aparavumaaya jeevikalkkullil polum."photoproteinukallu sellular biochemistry niyanthranam optogeneticsinte nirvachanathil ulppeduthanamo enna kaaryatthil saahityam asthiramaanu, kaaranam saadhaarana upayogathil optogenetics ennathu opsinukal upayogichu neuronal fayaringinte niyanthranatheyum opsinukal upayogichu neuronal fayaringinte niyanthranatheyum postdettukal enna nilayilum photoproteinukallu sellular biochemistry niyanthranatthil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya samvidaanangal upayogikkunnathineyum soochippikkunnu.
vividha sell signalling pathakalil upayogikkunna foto sensitiivu proteinukal.
sasyangalilum cyanobacteriakalilum kaanapedunna phytochromukalkku purame, sasyangalil ninnulla lavu domainukalum (laitt-ooksijan-volteju-sensing domaine) sasyangalil ninnulla yeest, cryptocrom domainukalum koshangalile biochemical paathakalude opttikkal niyanthranathinaayi upayogichirikkunna mattu prakrithidatha photosensary domainukalaanu. koodaathe, biochemical paathakalude opttikkal niyanthranathinaayi fluorescent protein dronpayil ninnu oru synthetic photosensary domaine roopakalppana cheythittundu. photosensary domainukalil, prakasha agiranam onnukil protein-protein edapedalukalile maattavumaayi (phytochromukal, chila lavu domainukal, cryptochromukal, dronpa mutentukal ennivayude kaaryatthil) allengil link cheytha protein vibhaagathe thurannukaattunna allengil link cheytha protein domaininte pravartthanatthe mattunna oru conformation maattavumaayi (phytochromukaludeyum chila lavu domainukaludeyum kaaryatthil) jodiyaakkunnu. laitt-regulated protein-protein edapedalukal dnailake proteinukal recruit cheyyaan upayogikkaam, udaaharanathinu jeane transcription allengil dna parishkkaranangal prerippikkaan, allengil plasma membranilekku, udaaharanathinu residant signalling proteinukal sajeevamakkaan. kraay 2 sajeevamaakumbol klasttarukalum undu, athinaal signalling domainukalumaayi samyojippikkukayum pinneedu clustering adisthaanamaakkiyulla sajeevamaakkal anuvadikkunnathinu foto aaktivett cheyyukayum cheythu. hraswa pepttaidukalo sajeevamaaya protein domainukaloo prakaashatthe aasrayikkunna reethiyil thurannukaattaan "avena saattiva" (saadhaarana oottu) yude lavu 2 domaine upayogichittundu. eee lavu domaine mattoru proteinilekku avatharippikkunnath laitt induced pepttaid disorderiloode pravartthanatthe niyanthrikkum. optogeneticalaayi oru peptaidine thurannukaattunna aslov 2 protein, niravadhi synthetic laitt induced dimerisation laitt induced desosiation sistangalkkum (yathaakramam ilid, lovetrap) oru scarfolda upayogichittundu. protein vibhajana thanthrathiloode proteinukal niyantrikkaan eee samvidaanangal upayogikkaam. iruttil oru protein sajeeva saittine kenj cheyyaanum sian laitt illuminationushesham athu ankeju cheyyaanum violet laitt illuminationushesham athu recage cheyyaanum photodisoshable dronpa domainukal upayogichittundu.
prakaashathodukoodiya signal traansdakshante thaalkkaalika niyanthranam.
sell signalling pathakal signal dairkhyatheyum vyathyastha auttputtukalodulla prathikaranatheyum engane parivartthanam cheiyunnuvennu vyakthamakkaan vividha samaya dairkhyangalil signalukale optikkalaayi niyantrikkaanulla kazhivu paryavekshanam cheyyappedunnu. swaabhaavika signalling cascadeukalkku uttejaka samaya dairkhyathileyum chalanathmakathayileyum vyathyaasangalodu vyathyastha aouttputtukal upayogichu prathikarikkaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, pisi 12 koshangale epidermal valarchaa ghadakam upayogichu chikilsikkunnathu (udah erc pravartthanatthinte shanikamaaya profile prerippikkunnath) sellular vyaapanathilekku nayikkunnu, athesamayam naadi valarchaa ghadakam (erc pravartthanatthinte susthira profile prerippikkunna engf) neuron polulla koshangalilekkulla vyathyaasathilekku nayikkunnu. eee swabhaavam thudakkathil egf, engf aaplikkeshanukal upayogichaanu chithreekarichathenkilum kandethal bhaagikamaayi opttikkal inputtukal upayogichu aavarthichittundu. koodaathe, foto disosiable dronpa domainukal upayogichu roopakalppana cheytha photoswichable raafinte pulsettail aaktiveshan upayogichu raaf-meck-erc pathayil oru drutha negatteevu feedback lupe kandethi.
optogenetic shabda-photostimulation.
professor elias manjaresinte gaveshana samgham optogenetic noys-photostimulation avatharippichu. ithu kramarahithamaya shabda prakasham upayogichu chr2 prakadippikkunna neuronukale sajeevamaakkunna oru saankethikavidyayaanu. thalachorile optogenetic-noys photostimuleshante opttimal level somattosensari uthbhavicha feeld pottanshyalukal vardhippikkum, somattosensari stimuleshanilekkulla pyramid neuronukalude firing freekwansi prathikaranam, soodiyam karant amplitude enniva vardhippikkum.

