
seemoundukal kandethuka

thekkan atlaantik samudrathile kandupidutha seemoundukal ulppedunna seemoundukalude oru shringalayaanu discovery seemoundukal. goff dveepinu kizhakkayi sthithi cheiyunna eee kadaltheerangal orikkal samudranirappil ninnu uyarnnirunnu. vividha agniparvvatha paarakalum himanikalile drope stonukalum avashishtangalum kadaltheerangalil ninnu azhukki.
samudrathil arambha pooyint, thekkan nameebiyayile cretatius kimberlight feeldukal allengil kaaroo-ferrar valia agni pravishya ennivayulla discovery hotspot niyanthrikkunna oru agniparvvatha seemoundu shringalayaanu eee kandupidutha seemoundukal. 41 muthal 35 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu roopamkonda seemoundukal; nilavil hotspot seemoundukalude thekkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnuvennu karuthappedunnu, avide madhya atlaantik ridjil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vairudhyangalundu, athu ayal hotspottinte saannidhyam prathifalippichekkaam.
perum kandethalum.
1936ll gaveshana kappalaya "aarr. aarr. ezz. discovery II" aanu discovery seemoundu kandethiyathu, jarmman gaveshana kappalaya aarr. vii. "schwabenlandile" kroo aanu ithinu yadhaarthathil discovery baank ennu namakaranam cheythath. 1963ll eee seemoundinu discovery tablemound enna mattoru peru labhichu. 1993ll samudrangalude general bathemetric chart "discovery baank" enna peru kergwelanile mattoru seemoundilekku maatti, seemoundukalkku "discovery seemoundukal" enna peru vittu.
bhoomishaasthravum geomorphology.
goff dveepinu kizhakkum cape tounil ninnu thekkupadinjaarum kizhakk-padinjaaru pradeshathu vyaapichukidakkunna 12 kadaltheerangalude oru koottamaanu discovery seemoundukal. samudranirappukal aazhathilekk uyarukayum geottukalude aakruthiyundaakukayum cheiyunnu; ithu soochippikkunnathu avaa munbu samudranirappinu mukalil uyarnnuvennum dveepukal oru paranna peedabhoomiyilekku mannolikkumbol geotukal roopappedukayum pinneedu lithospherinte taapa thaazhnna avasthayiloode vellathinadiyilaakukayum cheiyunnu. ettavum aazhamillaatha pradesham aazhathil athunnu; ettavum uyarnna seemoundu aazhathil athiyekkaam. eee samudranirappukale kandethal uyarcha ennum vilikkukayum vadakkupadinjaaran, thekkukizhakkan pravanathayayi vibhajikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
eee samudranirappil ettavum valuth discovery seemoundu ennaanu ariyappedunnathu, athinte aakruthi kanakkiledukkumbol ithu oru dweep aayirunnirikkam. plistoseen kaalaghattatthil eee mekhalayile paaliyoklaimettu avasthakal anumanikkaan upayogicha phoosil adangiya avashishtangalaal moodappettathaanu eee kadaltheeram. chila avashishtangal aise-kraaft avashishtangalaanennu thonnunnu, mattu thelivukal plistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil kadaltheeram ekadesham kuranjuvennu anumanikkaan upayogichittundu. thekkukizhakkan shaanon seemoundum thekk ninnu kandethiya herman seemoundum aanu mattu perulla seemoundukal. samudranirappu kulangal niranja avashishtangal, manal thiramaalakal, parakal, avashishtangal, jaiva nikshepangal ennivayaal moodappettirikkunnu; manninte bhooribhaagavum avashishtangalaal moodappettirikkunnu.
kandupidutha seemoundinu thaazheyulla puramthodinu ekadesham 67 dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamund, athinaal ithu critatius yugathinte avasaanamaan. oru odivukal ulla mekhala, athinaal krasttal balaheenathayude oru sthalam, aduthaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. 
bhoomishaasthram.
thekkan atlaantik samudrathil kandupidutha seemoundukal, rioo grande rais, shonah ridge, valvis ridge thudangi niravadhi agniparvvatha samvidaanangal adangiyirikkunnu, eee vyaakhyaanam velluvilikkappettavile hotspottukalkku kaaranamaakunnu. kandethalinte hotspot uthbhavavum valvis-tristaan daa kunha seemoundu shringalakalum aadyamaayi nirddeshikkappettathu 1972laanu. shona ridjudeyum discovery seemoundukaludeyum kaaryatthil, aafrikkan plate shona hotspottin discovery hotspottin mukaliloode neengumbozhaanu avaa roopappettathennu sidhaantham anumaanikkunnu.
oru kandethal hotspot nilavilundo, allengil athu oru tharatthilum goff dveepumaayo tristaan hotspottumaayo bandhappettirikkunno ennu vyakthamalla. pakaram oru odivukalulla mekhalayiloodeyo mattu krasttal balaheenathayiloodeyo magmayude kayattamaan kandupidutha seemoundukalude roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaayath. hotspot nilavilundenkil, maantilil kuranja bhookamba vegathayile vairudhyangal kandethiya kandupidutha seemoundukalude thekkupadinjaraayi athu sthithi cheyyendathundu. madhya atlaantik ridjinode chernnulla cheria ridge avarude thudarchayaayirikkaamenna nirddeshikkappettindum aaa dishayilulla kandupidutha seemoundukal eathaandu kshayikkunnu. madhya atlaantik ridjinode chernnulla discovery ridge hotspottinte uthppannamaayirikkam. magma kandethal hotspottil ninnu madhya atlaantik ridjilekku ozhuki, agulas-faclands fracture sonumaayulla kavalayil adhika krasttal vasthukkalude ulppaadanathinu bhakshanam nalkum. pakaramaayi, kandethal hotspot munkaalangalil ridjumaayi samvadichittundaakam, innathe maanttil thapanilayum ridjinu aduthulla neodymium isotope apaakathakalum eee munkaala edapedalukalil ninnu avasheshippikkaam. kandethal hotspottil ninnulla vasthukkal thekke amerikkayile patagoniya vare ethi, avide athu agniparvathangalil prathyakshappedunnu.
malancherivukalude vyaapanathile petrological vairudhyangal palappozhum malancherivinu sameepam maanttil ploomukalude saannidhyathin kaaranamaakunnu, koodaathe kandethal hotspottin ithu nirddeshichittundu. samudranirappil mattevideyengilumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol bhookambangal kuravullathum, malancherivinte madhya thaazhvara illaathirikkunnathum, dred cheytha parakal kandupidutha seemoundumaayi jio kemikkal swabhaavasavisheshathakal pankidunnathumaaya samudranirappinte thekkupadinjaarulla atlaantik ridjil oru pradeshamundu; athaayirikkam kandethal hotspottinte sthaanam. atlaantik malanirakalude madhyabhaagathinum kandupidutha seemoundukalkkum idayil ekadesham pakuthiyolam oru sthaanam anumaanikkappettittund. aavaranathinte aazhathil, kandethal hotspot shona, tristaan hotspottukalumaayi orotta ploomumaayi bandhippikkunnathayi thonnunnu, athu aafrikkan superplumil ninnu uthbhavikkunnu.
thekkan atlaantik bhoomiyude ettavum valia parivartthana thakararukalilonnaaya agulhaz-fackland fracture sonaanu avatharippikkunnath. eee transform foltinu aafrikkan plettil oru asaadhaarana gadanayundu, avide athu agulhaz ridge pradarshippikkunnu, uyarnna ridge segmentukalil randennam parasparam samaantharamaanu. eee asaadhaaranamaaya ghadana kandethal hotspottil ninnulla magma aayirikkam, athu agulhaz ridjilekku nayikkappedumaayirunnu.
rachana.
lavakal, thalayinayile lavakal, agniparvvatha plaastik parakal enniva kadaltheerangalil ninnu azhikkunna paarakalil ulppedunnu. jio kemikkalaayi avaye alkali bassault, bassault, phonolyte, tephriphonolyte trachiandesite, trachibasalt, traachait enningane tharamthirickunnu. alkali feldspar, appaattait, biotite, clinopyroxine, irumbu, titanium ooksaidukal, olivain, plagioclase, spheen, spinnel ennivayaanu paarakalil adangiyirikkunna daathukkal. kadaltheerangalil thuzhachedukkunna bhookhanda puramthodu parakal glacial dropstonukalaayirim, manganese kandethiyittundu.
tristaan daa kunha-goff dweep hotspottinu samanamaaya vyathyastha rachanakalulla rund vyathyastha magma settukal vadakku-thekk paattenil eee kandethal hotspot pottitherichathaayi thonnunnu. kandupidutha seemoundu paarakalude ghadanaye goff dveepumaayi thaarathamyam cheythittundu. mattu atlaantik samudra dveepukalile felsic paarakalkk samaanamaayi magma chamber prakriyakalil ninnaan kooduthal felsic parakal kandethiyathenn thonnunnu.
jeevashasthram.
kadaltheerangal kadaljalathil ninnulla bhakshya srothassukal kendreekarikkukayum angane niravadhi mrugangale aakarshikkukayum cheiyunnu. mulla pavizhapputukal, brachiopodukal, syripeedukal, kadal faanukal, kadal archinukal, kadal chaattavaaradikal enniva avayil ulppedunnu. mattu mrugangalil sephalopodukal ulppedunnu, athesamayam avideyulla malsya enangalil pigmi flounder ulppedunnu; aazhakkadal hatchetfish "mourolicus invention", codling "gutigadus neuderostre" enniva seemoundu kandethunnathinulla thaddesheeyamaanu. 2019 leeii anweshanathil kallu pavizha kolanikalonnum report cheyyappedaathe, azhukkuchaalukalil ninnu phoosil pavizhapputukal kandeduthittundu.
1970kalilum 1980kalilum soviyatt malsyabandhanavum mattullavarum 150 inam malsyangale kandupidutha seemoundil kandethiyittundu. akkaalat japanese, soviyatt ennee rajyangal kadaltheerangaliloode sanjarichuvenkilum vibhavangal vaanijyaparamaayi chooshanam cheythilla. 2019 leeii nireekshanangal malsyabandhanam allengil kadal archin pottippurappedal moolamundaakaavunna seemoundu aavaasavyavasthayile mattangal kandethi.
pottitheriyude charithram.
41 muthal 35 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbulla niravadhi theeyathikal aargon-aargon dettinginte adisthaanathil seemoundukalil ninnu dred cheytha saambilukalil ninnu labhichittund, ennaal seemoundile kandethalil ithu 7-6.5 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbum thudarnnirikkaam. valvis ridjinu samaanamaayi thekkupadinjaaran dishayilum samanamaaya nirakkilum seemoundukalude praayam kurayunnu. ekadesham 20 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu kandupidutha seemoundu vadakkum thekkum bhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkam.
endeca flood basaltukalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna valvis ridjil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, kandupidutha seemoundukal kadaltheera agniparvvatha savisheshathakalumaayi bandhappedunnilla. ennirunnaalum, thekkan nameebiyayile dasalakshakkanakkinu varsham pazhakkamulla neela kunnukal, gibiyon, gross brookeros kimberlight feeldukal enniva kandethal hotspot roopappettathaakaamennu nirddeshikkappettittund, chila plate punarnirmmaanangal athu sthaapikkunna samayat karoo-ferrar valia agni pravishyaykk thazheyaayi sthaapikkunnu. 60 muthal 40 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu thekkan atlaantik samudranirappil vyaapichukidakkunna malancherivinu sameepamaan ithu sthithicheythirunnathu.