
pookkalumaayi kalikkunna kalikal

pushpa sammaanangalodukoodiya charitraparamaayi bandhapetta kavithaasamgharshangalude oru parambarayaayirunnu pushpakayikakal. osittan bhashayil, avarude yadhaartha bhasha, kaattalan enniva avaye jookes floralukal (; aadhunika osittan "jookes floralukal", allengil "florouse") ennu vilikkunnu. franchile avar jeaks fluorox (), bask bhaashayile lore jocock () aayi maari. sasyajaalangalude bahumaanaartham nadakkunna roman floria ("ludy florials") ll ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaakaam yadhaartha malsarangal.
tollus.
1324 muthal parambaraagathamaayi meyy 1 nuu ellah varshavum inn toolouse aanu troubadourukalude yadhaartha pushpa geyimukal samghadippichathu. europile ettavum pazhaya saahitya samoohamaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu. kavithaye ettavum mikachathaayi vilayiruthiyathinu oru malsaraarthikku "violeta dii our", golden violet labikkum. randaam sammanam oru vellivallikazhiyan rosapoovum ("eglanteena"), prathyeka kaavyaroopangalkku nalkunna mattu sammaanangalum samanamaaya pushpangalaayirunnu. 1324 meyy 3nuu kanyaka meriye prashamsichu "sirventus" enna kruthikku arnautt vidal dii castelno dii 'aarikk onnaam sammanam nalki. 1484ll arnot bernart dii tarrascaninu avasana sammanam nalkunnathuvare malsarangal idaykkide nadannu. 160 varshathe eee kaalayalavil ninnu noorolam sammaanangalude record nilanirtthi. paashchaathya kavithakalekkurichulla vyakaranaparavum saahityaparavumaaya grandhamaaya "lease dii amore" anusarichaanu eee malsarangal vilayiruthappettath.
thudakkathil pushpa kalikal ookseettan troubaadorukalude kaavyathmaka bhashayum sailiyum nilanirthaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu, ennaal kaalakramena eee lakshyam marannu. 1471-ll golden violet puraskaaram piyar dii janilhack "enn 'oosthaan kyu' ell phoos frances, perr kyu dictech ell lengaattj dii tholosa" nuu labhichu addeham franch aayirunnengilum, addeham toolouse bhashayil rachichathinaal. 1554-ll koonstistoori, ippol koleju, thante thalamurayile ettavum mikacha franch kaviyaya piyari dii ronsaardinu addehathinte "amourukalkku" oru velli eglaantain rooss nalki. njaanodaya samayat, fabrey dii 'eglaantainu addehathinu nalkia kolajil ninnu naaya rossil ninnu addehathinte peru labhichu. akkadami dess jeaks fluorox enna nilayil kanstettari pravartthikkunnathu thudarunnu.
leida.
1338 meyy 31-leeii penthecostil aragonile peettar naalaaman munbu leydayil oru kavita malsaram nadannu, athil aaa kavithakalkk mikacha reethiyil vilayiruthappettavarkk avaardukal nalki. rajaavu oru nyaayaadhipasamghathe munkootty niyogichu. vijayikalaaya kavikalkku oru "rossa dii oor" (swarnna rosapove), "diasprel" enna vilayeriya swarnna saattin kashanam enniva labhichu. tollus geyimukal anukarikkanulla aadyathe kaattalan sramamaayirunnu eee malsaram, mattu recordukalonnum nammilekku athiyittillengilum ithu otappetta sambhavangalude oru maathrkayude bhagamaayirikkaam.
barsalona.
madhyakaalakhattam.
1393 februvari 20 nuu valencyayil, aragonile joonn onnaaman (john aii ell casador/chuwan loow kaasaattayar) kanyaka meriyude bahumaanaartham oru vaarshika utsavam ("laa festaa dii laa gaya siensia" allengil "gaya siensia") prakhyaapichu. toolouse, paarees, mattu prashastha nagarangal ennividangalil nadannavaye maathrkayaakki oru kaattalan kavita malsaram ulppedunna eee utsavathil samarppicha kavithakale "saahitya" thinte oru paanal vilayiruthum.
joninte kanstori dii barsalona nadatthiya aadyathe record malsaram 1395 march 28 nuu rajaavu pankedutthathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu. eee utsavathe "bella phestta" ennu vilikkunnu... barsalona munisippal gavanment nalkia sammanamaaya "eiii oonar dii laa ditta gaya siensia". vijayikalude perukalo sammaanangalo avarude kavithakalo rekhappeduthiyittil. rund maasathinu sesham joninte maranavum nagaravumaayulla addehathinte samgharshavum pookkaludeyum avayude sammaanathukayudeyum uravidam avasaanichu.
1398 meyy 1 nuu joninte pingamiyaaya martin dhii humane (martle huma, martin aii dii 'aargon) vaarshika utsavathinu subsidy nalkaanum vijayikalkkulla swarnna, velli sammaanangalude chelavu vahikkanum sammathichu, rajaavu namakaranam cheytha "mantenidors" (maintainermaar) thiranjedukkum. maarttinte keezhil 1408ll mathilukalkk thaazhe oru valia "phestta" nadannu, avide mirador dell reyy marty-aduthide royal palas complexes-paalau dell loctant barsalonayile othucherunnu. 1413 march 17nuu maarttinte pingamiyaaya aantekverayile ferdinand, meyy 1naanu pushpotsukal nadannathennu sthireekarichu.
aadhunika yugam.
1859-ll romaantisisathinte unnathiyilethiyappol, kaattalan renixensa samayat, aantoni dii bofaralum victor balagwar meyy maasatthile aadya njaayarazhcha barsalonayil pushpa geyimukal (jookes floralukal allengil jookes dii laa gaya siensia) veendum sthaapichu, "patria, fidez, amore" (raajyam, vishwaasam, sneham) enna prameyathode, moonnu saadhaarana sammaanangale soochippikkunnu ettavum valia desasneha kavithaykku nalkunna "engleendina dii" (swarnna eglaantain), ettavum valia kavithaykku "pushpa prakrithi" (swaabhaavika pushpam, bahumanam, oru yadhaartha rooss), ettavum valia kavithaykku "viola dii" aii aarjent "(svarnnavum velliyum). mattu kuranja sammaanangalum undaayirunnu. moonnu mikacha sammaanangalum nediya oraalkk "mestre enn gaay sabar" ("swavarganuraga shaasthrathinte maasttar") enna bahumaanaartham padavi nalki.
boudhikavum raashtreeyavumaaya varggangal jokes pookkale athivegam samrakshikkukayum avarude pinthuna kaattalan kavithaykku puthiya anthass nalkukayum cheythu. kaattalan saahithyathinte srishtikkaayi upayogikkappedenda maathrkakalekkurichu niravadhi vyathyastha sthaanangal taamasiyaathe prakadamaayi. maria agvilo ellah vividha roopangalum rachayithaakkalum yogyaraaya modalukalaayi prathirodhichu. pathinaram noottaandileyum pathinezhaam noottaandileyum kaattalan ezhuthukaareyum barsalonese bhashayeyum kaattalan kavithayude mikacha maathrkayaayi aantoni dii bofaral vaadichu. oduvil, pathonpathaam noottaandile barsalonian bhaashayile savisheshamaaya kaattalan kavithaye uyarthippidikkunna oru "moonnaam maarggam" undaayirunnu, ennaal jookes pookkalude pinthunakkaaril athil prathirodham kuravaayirunnu. oduvil, jokkukal republican, yaadhaasthithikar, yuvakkal enningane vaividhyamaarnna prathyayashaasthrangale vyakthikale aakarshichu. oduvil, frederic solarum anuyaayikalum bhooribhaagam malsarangalilum pankedukkum. kaastiliyanumaayi bandhappett noottaandukalude thakarchaykku sesham kaattalan bhasha veendum urappikkaan jookes pookkal valareyadhikam munnott pooyi.
valnia.
1879ll barsalonayile pookkalkku rund pathittaandukalkk sesham valencyayil jookes pookkal sthaapichu. parambaraagathamaayi valentian bhashayil loow raatt penat aanu games samghadippichathu. prathivarsham motham pathinezh sammanangal nalkappedunnu; moonnu mikacha sammanangal barsalonan geyimukalkku samanamaayirunnu. naadakavum aakhyaanavum kavitayum ulppedunna saadhaarana malsarangalkku mukalil, valentia raajyathudaneelamulla sthaapanangal nadathunna asaadhaaranamaaya malsarangalum undaayirunnu.
valencyayile jokkukal muppathiyanju "mestress enn gaay sabar" num "floor naachural" (mikacha sammanam, oru yadhaartha rosapove) enna rund vanita vijayikalkkum saakshyam vahichu. blasco ibanese, naisetto alcala-samora thudangiya vyakthikal paripalakaraayi pravarthichittundu.iii. 1914lum 1999lum jokkukalude prasidantumaarum jadjimaarum maintainermaarum sthreekalaayirunnu. kadira dii oor" (swarnna kasera) yill irikkunna "rejeena" (raajnji) moonnu valencian pravisyakalil (alikaant, kaastelon, valencia) ninnum "komaarkkukal" ennivayil ninnum marimari thiranjedukkappedunnu. innu valencian samoohathile ettavum uyarnna vishishtaathidhikalude saannidhyathode teatro principalil jokkukal nadakkunnu.
bask raajyam.
bask rajyath, pushpa geyimukalude ("lore jocock") navothaanam valarthiyeduthathu hendaayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya mikacha bask franch pandithanum shaasthralokathe manushyanumaaya aantoyin dii abbadiyaan (aanton abbadia). bask aaghoshathinu oru othucheral kendram nalkunnathinum bask samskaarathinte saamoohika nila mechappeduthunnathinum franch-spanish athirthiyude iruvashathum (prathyekichu labered, naware, gipuskova) saahitya uthppaadanam prolsaahippikkunnathum eee utsavam lakshyamidunnu. urunayilaanu (1851) ithu aadyamaayi aaghoshichathu.
1897-ll aantoyin dii 'abbadiyude maranam vare sariyaaya pushpa geyimukal neenduninnengilum donostiyayile bask utsavam (nilavil septambar thudakkathil nadakkunna) polulla samrambhangal avarude paarambaryam etteduthu. laspiac baatt" ("ezhu pravishyakal onnine (pradesham) nirmmikkunnu") enna anki aadyamaayi "lore jocock" enna padatthinte pashchaathalatthilaanu nirmmichathu.
esperanto.
barsalonan geyimukal 1909-ll esperaantoyil nadanna internaashyaj floraj ludoj ("jugos florales internaashanalukal" allengil "jookes florals internaashanalukal") enna anukaranathinu prachodanamaayi. randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla kaalaghattatthile ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya esperanto ivantaayirunnu eee geyimukal.
chili.
1914ll chiliyile santiagoyil jugos floralus enna deseeya saahitya malsaram nadannu. desember 22nuu gabriela mistral, oosees kavi frederic mistraalil ninnu thoolikaanaamam sweekarichu, "sonettos dii laa muerte" enna thante kaavyathinu mikacha sammanam nedi. jugos" nediya sesham, avar thante prasidheekaranangalkkaayi loosila godoy enna peru idaykkide upayogichirunnu.

