dakshinaafrikkayile mulakupodi

"250 varshathilereyaayi dakshinaafrikkayude bhooprakrithiyude bhagamaaya oru chediyaanu opundiya phicus-indica (mulpadarppulla piyar ennariyappedunnu).
athicherukayum vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil amerikkayil ninnaan mulpadarppulla piyar dakshinaafrikkayilekku konduvannathu. swath verthirikkunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinum oru "jeevikkunna veliyaayi" upayogikkaan nirddeshikkappettirum padinjaaran keppil ithu phalatthil poonthottangalil kooduthal rasakaramaaya oru savisheshathayaayi maari. kizhakkan keppilum kaaruvilum svayam sthaapichappol, varalchaye prathirodhikkunnathum vithukalillaathe punarnirmmikkaanum vipulamaaya vithu chitharalinum kazhiyunnathumayathinaal chuttumulla paristhithiyude niyanthranam athu etteduthu. kudiyettakkaar ithinakam thanne yadhaartha sasyajaalangale shalyappeduthiyirunna eee pradeshangalil ithu abhivridhippettu.
upayogikkunnu.
mulpadarnna piyarinte vyaapanathe sugamamaakkiyathinte oru bhagam athinte upayogamaayirunnu. eee plaant vividha aalukal upayogichirunnu ithu "oru kaalath vellakkachavadakkaar, karshakar, aafrikkan bhoovudamakal, nagara samoohangal ennivarkku praadhaanyamullathaanu". pazhangal kazhikkukayo jaam, prejerve, bear, wine, sopp ennivayaayi maattukayo elakal marunnayi upayogikkukayo cheyyaam. koodaathe, mulakulla piyar upayogapradamaaya kaalitheettayaayirikkum, prathyekichu varalchakkaalath, mattu kurachu sasyangal athijeevikkumbol. mulakulla piyar pradhaanamaayirunna pradeshangalile karuppum veluppum nivaasikalil palarum kazhikkaanum thayyarakkanum vilkkanum kaalittheettayaayi upayogikkaanum upayogapradamaaya oru swathaayi chediye aashrayikkaan thudangi, thalphalamaayi, chediyodu valare kriyathmakamaaya manobhaavamulla oru koottam aalukal undaayirunnu, akkaalathe oru karshakan "eee rajyath ithinekkaal mikachathaayi onnumilla" ennu parayaan vare pooyi.
doshakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal.
pala karshakareyum colonial bharanakoodatheyum sambandhichidatholam piyar oru swathaayittalla, marichu oru aakramanakaariyaayi kaanapettu, kaarshika bhoomi keezhadakkaanum vella karshakare daaridryathilekku nayikkanum vannu. edayakrishikku upayogikkaan kazhiyaatha vidhathil eee chedikku bhoomiye tharamthaazhthaanum stokkine doshakaramaayi badhikkaanum kazhiyum. koodaathe, "pazhavila vilaveduppiloodeyum vilkkunnathiloodeyum karuthavargakkaareyum pavapetta vellakkareyum varshathinte pakuthiyolam vethana thozhilaallikalil ninnu ozhivakkaan anuvadichathinaal" eee plaant thozhilaallikalude labhyathaye prathikoolamaayi baadikkunnathaayi kaanapettu, athil ninnu nirmmicha madyam aalukale "adhwaanathinu ayogyaraakkunnu". koodaathe, moshtaakkalkkum naadodikalkkum chedikalil olichu avarude pazhangalil jeevikkaan kazhiyumennu vishwasichirunnu.
unmoolanam.
melpparanja gadakangal chila karshakare colonial bharanakoodathinu dhanasahayam nalkaanum plaant nirmmarjanam nirbandhamaakkaanum sammarddam cheluthaan prerippichu. ennaal, mattu karshakaril ninnulla ethirppum atharamoru padhathiyude saambathika chelavum kaaranam bharanakoodam athu cheythilla. krishiyidangalile mudikondulla piyar ozhivakkaan karshakarkk arsenic subsidy nalkano dhanasahayam nalkano avar theerumaanichu. ithu vipulamaaya thozhilaallikale vettikkurachu-angane, uyarnna chelavu plaantine illaathaakkunnu. ithu prathyekichu phalapradamaayirunnilla, bhoomi, thozhil, stokku ennivayil arsenic cheluthiya swaadheenam palappozhum angeyattam doshakaramaayirunnu. 1930-kalude thudakkathil, mulpadarnna piyarinte alavu uyarnnappol, jaiva niyanthrana padhathi aarambikkaan sarkkaarin mathiyaya pinthuna labhichu. 1932ll, prathyekichu, kochiniyal, faisittid moth ennivayude roopathil jaiva niyanthranam avatharippikkukayum athu valare phalapradamaavukayum cheythu. cheythu thaarathamyappeduthumbol 2002ll mulpadarnna piyarinte ennathinte patthilonnu avasheshichirunnathu ithinu kaaranamaan.
mulpadarnna piyarinekkurichulla abhipraayangal innu.
echu.jii. simmerman vii. sii. innu atharam niyanthranathinu anumathi nalkillaayirunnuvennu morren vaadikkunnu. kaaranam, plaant pradhaanamaayum niyanthranathilaayathinaal, athinekkurichulla pothujana dhaarana mothatthil anukoolamaanu. ippol chedi athrayadikam bheeshani uyarthathathinaal praanikaliloodeyum vyakthigatha sasyangale lakshyamidunna oru kalanashiniyaaya emm. ezz. emm. eiii (monosodium methanersonate) kuthivayppiloodeyum niyantrikkaan kazhiyumennathinaal mulpadarppulla muthu engane krishi cheyyaanum upayogikkaanum kazhiyum ennathil kooduthal shradha nalkunnu. pazhangal, jaam, samrakshanangal, bear, veenju, marunnu, kaalitheetta, chayam ulppaadippikkaan upayogikkaavunna kochiniyalinte aathidheyathvam ennivaykkaayi. pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil, dablyu. bainart ell. mudikondulla piyar upayogathekkurichu kizhakkan keppile aafrikkan janangalumayi abhimukham nadatthiya votsela, aafrikkan samoohangalkkidayil mulakondulla piyarinte upayogam 21-aamm noottaandil kuranju (abhimukhangal 2000-kalude thudakkathil nadathappettu). ennaal chila pradeshangalil, 2002-ll bear uthppaadanam ippozhum abhivridhi praapichukondirunnu, athupole thanne eee chediyude vyapaaravum upayogavum vaidyashaasthrathinaayi aayirunnu.
thozhil laabhikkal saankethikavidyakalum puthiya uthppannangalude vikasanavum upayogichu plaant kooduthal upayogikkaan kazhiyum, ithu saambathika vikasanathinu sahayikkum. koodaathe, "bulk pickinginte budhimuttukalum kaattupannangalude swabhaavavum, vilaveduppinum anoupachaarika vipananathinum, prathyekichu sthreekalkku, kurachu idam nilanirthaan kaaranamaayi", athinaal, eee plaant grameena vikasanathinum sthreekalude saambathika shaaktheekaranathinum prathyekichum upayogapradamaakum.

