
scotish deseeya swathuam

scotish janathayudeyum bhaashakaludeyum pothuvayathum savisheshavumaaya samskaarathil ulkkollunna deseeya swathuabodhathe soochippikkunna oru padamaanu scotish deseeya swathuam.
gailikkinte vividha bhaashaabhedangal, scots bhasha, scotish engleesh enniva vyathirikthamaanenkilum, aalukal avayellaam scotish bhashayaayi oru pankitta swathuathodum praadeshikamo praadeshikamo aaya swathuathodum koodi bandhippikkunnu. skotlandinte bhagangalaaya glasgo, outtar hebrideukal, oorkkni, shetlaand, skotlandinte vadakkukizhakkan bhagangal, scotish athirthikal enniva scotish deseeya swathuathinte aashayathodoppam praadeshika swathuathinte sakthamaaya bodham nilanirthunnu.
charithram.
pree-union.
aadyakaala madhyakaalakhattam.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil, ippol scotland ennu vilikkappedunna pradesham naalu pradhana vamseeya vibhagangalkkum rajyangalkkum idayil vibhajikkappettirunnu. kizhakk kottayile rajaakkanmaarude neethrthwathil vanna piktukal undaayirunnu. ireland dveepumaayi adutha bandhamullah dull riyaattayile gailik (goidelic) samsaarikkunna aalukal padinjaaraayirunnu, athil ninnu avar scots enna peru konduvannu. thekk-padinjaaru bhaagath palappozhum alt clut ennu vilikkappedunna britiish (brithonic) rajyamaaya strathclide undaayirunnu. oduvil aadhunika skotlandinte thekkukizhakkan bhagamaaya bernisia raajyam ulppede grettu brittanil niravadhi rajyangal sthaapicha 'engleesh', konukal, oru jarmman janatha undaayirunnu. ettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil vaikkingukal nadatthiya bheekaramaaya aakramanangalude thudakkathode eee sahacharyam maari, avar oduvil galoway, oorkkni, shetlaand, hebrideukal ennividangalil sthirathaamasamaakki. eee bheeshanikal gaylic bhashayum aachaarangalum sweekaricha chithrangalulla raajyangalude deerghakaala galicisation prakriya vegathilaakkiyirikkaam. gaylic, pictish kireedangalude layanavum undaayirunnu. 900ll samyuktha raajyathinte rajaavaayi addeham marichappol, domnal randaaman (donald randaaman) aayirunnu "rii alban" (i.iii. "albayude rajaavu").
uyarnna madhyakaalakhattam.
uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathil scott enna vaakk videshikalkk svayam vivarikkan maathrame skottukal upayogichirunnulloo, avaril ithu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya padamaayirunnu. avar svayam "albanach" allengil "guidal" ennu vilichu. scott", "guidal" enniva irelandile bhooribhaagam nivasikalumaayum avare bandhippikkunna vamseeya padangalaayirunnu. pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, "dii sittu albani" yude rachayithaav ingane abhiprayappettu "arregathel [aargil] enna perinte ardham skottinte marjin allengil airish ennaanu, kaaranam ellah skottukaleyum irishineyum saadhaaranayaayi 'gateli' ennu vilikkunnu."gaelic, franch, jarmman vamseeya vyathyaasangal marikadanna oru aikyam scotland kaivashappedutthi, aaa kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode, laattin, franch, engleesh padamaaya" "scott" "scotish raajaavinte eathu vishaythinum upayogikkaamaayirunnu". skotlandile bahubhasha scoto-norman rajaakkanmaarum mishrita gaylic, scoto-norman prabhukkanmaarum irelandilum veyilsilum ullathinekkaal vamseeya vyathyaasangal kuravaayirunna "raajyathinte samooham" yude bhaagamaayi maari. raajyathe kootticherkkaanulla engleesh sramangalkkum saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya maattangalude falamaayum eee swathuam nirvachikkapettu. englandinodulla ethirppu pathinanjaam noottaand vare scotish videshanayathil aadhipathyam pularthiyirunnathinaal jaims III, jaims IV thudangiya scotish raajaakkanmaarkk avarude thekkan ayalkkaarodulla samadhana nayangal pinthudarunnathu angeyattam budhimuttaayirunnu. scotland samoohathinte swaathanthryam samrakshikkendathu raajaavinte kadamayaanennu vaadichukondu, engleesh aakramanathe abhimukheekarichu skotlandinte purathana prathyekatha "arbroth prakhyapanam" prathyekichum urappichu. eee rekhaye aadyathe "paramaadhikaaratthinte deseeya sidhaantham" aayi kaanunnu.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathe palappozhum scotish deseeya swathuam thudakkathil vyajamaakkiya kaalaghattamaayi kaanapedunnu, raajyathe kootticherkkaanulla engleesh shramangalkk ethiraayum roobert dhii broose, vilyam valas thudangiyavarude neethrthwathilum saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya maattangalude falamaayum. skotlandile engleesh adhiniveshangalum edapedalukalum deseeya aikyabodhavum englandinodulla vidveshavum srishtichathaayi vilayiruthappedunnu, ithu pathinanjaam noottaand vare scotish videshanayathil aadhipathyam pularthiyirunnathinaal jaims III, jaims IV ennivareppolulla scotish raajaakkanmaarkk avarude thekkan ayalraajyangalodu samadhana nayangal pinthudarunnathu angeyattam budhimuttaayirunnu. prathyekichu "arbroth prakhyapanam" (1320) engleesh aakramanathe abhimukheekarichu skotlandinte purathana prathyekatha urappichu, scotland samoohathinte swaathanthryam samrakshikkuka ennathaayirunnu raajaavinte kadamayennum ithu aadyathe "paramaadhikaaratthinte deseeya sidhaantham" aayi kaanapedunnu ennum vaadichu.
prabhukkanmaar madhya skottukale sweekarikkunnathu bharanaadhikaarikalum bharikkapettavarum thammil deseeya aikyadaardyavum samskaaravum valarthiyedukkunnathaayi kaanapedunnu, ennirunnaalum tay geylikkinte vadakku ippozhum aadhipathyam pulartthunnu enna vastutha uyarnna pradeshangalum thaazhnna pradeshangalum thammilulla saamskaarika vibhajanam vipuleekarikkaan sahaayichittundaakam. madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil srishticha skotlandile deseeya saahityam kireedatthinteyum desheeyathayudeyum sevanathil ithihaasavum charithravum upayogichu, kuranjathu athinte varenya prekshakarkkullil deseeya swathuabodham valarthaan sahayichu. brus", "valas" ennivayude kaavyathmaka charithram engleesh shathruvinethire aikyathode pooraadunnathinte vivaranam roopappeduthaan sahayichu. arther oru villanayum pick raajaavinte makanaaya mordred oru naayakanaayum kanakkakkikkondu arther saahityam aithihyathinte parambaraagatha pathippil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu. skottukalude uthbhava puraanam, fordonile joonn chittappeduthiyirikkunnu (c. 1320-sii. 1384), greak rajakumaaranaaya gathelasil ninnum addehathinte eejipshyan bhaarya skottayil ninnum avarude thudakkam kandethi, ithu engleeshukaarekkaal shreshtatha vadikkaan avare anuvadichu, avar trojanmaaril ninnu thangalude vamshavali avakashappettu, avar greekkukaar parajayappettu.
eee kaalaghattatthilaanu deseeya pathaaka oru pothu chihnamaayi uyarnnuvannathu. sentinte chithram. vilyam onnaamante bharanakaalathu scotland raajyathaan andrew aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath, pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil upayogicha mudrakalil veendum chithreekarichirunnu; 1286-leeii skotlandile rakshaakarthakkal upayogicha oru prathyeka udaaharanam ulppede. sent aandroovumaayi bandhapetta lalithamaaya chinnamaaya saltayarinte upayogam pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathilaanu uthbhavichath; scotland paarlament 1385-ll scotish sainikar thirichariyunnathinaayi avarude vyakthiyude munnilum pinnilum velutha vishudha aandroovinte kurish dharikkan vidhichu. vishudha aandroovinte kurisinaayi neela pashchaathalam upayogikkunnathu pathinanjaam noottaandilethaanennu parayappedunnu. 1503-ll "vienna book oof avars" enna grandhatthil vishudha aandroovinte kurishine oru pathakayaayi paraamarsikkunna aadyakaala paramarsham kaanam.
mikka padinjaaran europian rajavaazhchakaleyum pole, pathinanjaam noottaandile scotish kireedam aupachaarikathayiloodeyum chaaruthayiloodeyum burgundian kottaaratthinte udaaharanam sweekarichu, samskaarathinteyum rashtreeya jeevithathinteyum kendratthil svayam sthaapichu, pradarshanam, achaarangal, pradarshanam ennivayil nirvachikkapettu, vipulamaaya puthiya kottaarangalilum kalakalude rakshaakarthruthvathilum prathiphalichu. navothaana ashayangal gavanmentinekkurichulla kaazhchappaadukale swaadheenikkaan thudangi, ithu puthiya allengil navothaana rajavaazhcha ennu visheshippikkappedunnu, ithu raajaavinte sthaanathinum praadhaanyathinum oonnal nalki. oru rajaavu swantham raajyathil chakravartthiyaakunnu" enna roman niyama thathwam pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal skotlandil kaanaan kazhiyum. 1469ll paarlament jaims moonnaaman "thante raajyathinullil poornna adikaaraparidhiyum saamrajyavum" undennu prakhyaapikkunna oru niyamam pasaki. 1480 muthal raajaavinte velli varakalilulla prathimayil madhyakala rajaakkanmaarude thuranna vrithathinu pakaram adanja, kamaanamulla, saamraajyathva kireedam dharichathaayi kaanikkunnu, ithu orupakshe italikku purathulla itharathilulla aadyathe naanayachitramaanu. taamasiyaathe ithu vamshaparambarayilum rajakeeya mudrakalilum kayyezhuthuprathikalilum shilpangalilum rajakeeya bandhangalulla pallikalude steppilukalilum kaanapedaan thudangi. gails cathedral, eddinberg.
pathinaram noottaand.
saamraajyathva rajavaazhcha enna ashayam kireedatthinte antassinu oonnal nalkukayum deseeya athirthikalum thaalpparyangalum samrakshikkunnathum niyamathinu melulla rajakeeya aadhipathyavum catholica communiyanullil oru vyathirikthamaya deseeya sabayum enna nilayil athinte punk ulppeduthukayum cheythu. madhyakala rajaakkanmaarude thuranna vrithathinu pakaram adacha saamraajyathva kireedam dharicha aadyathe scotish rajaavaayirunnu jaims anchaaman, ithu raajyathinullil samboornna adhikaarathinulla avakaashavaadam soochippikkunnu. 1532-ll addehathinte kireedamanikayil kamanangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi punarnirmikkappettu, 1540-ll punarnirmmichappol avaa skotlandinte kireedamaayi thudarunnu. thante hrasvamaaya vyakthiparamaaya bharanakaalathu merii, scots raajnji franch kodathiyil valarnna niravadhi vipulamaaya kodathi pravartthanangal konduvannu, raajavaazhchayude punarujjeevanathe chithreekarikkunnathinum deseeya aikyam sugamamakkunnathinum roopakalppana cheytha panthukal, maaskukal, aakhoshangal ennivayumaayi. ennirunnaalum, avarude vyakthiparamaaya bharanam aabhyantharayudham, mozhimattam, thadavu, englandile vadhasiksha ennivayiloode avasaanichu. avarude sisumakanaaya jaims araman 1567-ll scots rajaavaayi kireedamaniyappettu.
aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil moonnu noottaandukalaayi bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thakarchayilaayirunna gaelic malambradeshangalilum dveepukalilum maathram othungunna oru randaam klaas bhashayaayi marran thudangi. kramena madhya skottukal athine maatti sthaapikkukayum athu prabhukkanmaarudeyum bhooripaksha janasamkhyayudeyum bhashayaayi maarukayum cheythu. gaylic, franch swaadheenangalulla pazhaya engleeshil ninnaan skottukal ganyamaayi uruthirinjathu. pathinanjaam noottaandil "englishee" ennu vilikkapetta ithu vadakkan englandil samsaarikkunna bhashayumaayi valare aduthaayirunnu, ennaal pathinaram noottaandode ithu englandil vikasikkunnathil ninnu erekkure swathanthramaaya orthographic, saahitya maanadandangal sthaapichu. pathinaram noottaandinte pakuthi muthal, englandumaayulla rajakeeya, rashtreeya edapedalukalile sambhavavikasangal kaaranam thekkan englandile valarunna staanderd engleesh ezhuthu skottukale kooduthalaayi swaadheenichu. englandil achadicha pusthakangalude vardhichuvarunna swaadheenavum labhyathayum kaaranam skotlandile mikka rachanakalum engleesh reethiyilaan nadannathu. thante mungaamikalil palaril ninnum vyathyasthamayi jaims araman pothuve gaylic samskaarathe veruthirunnu.
parishkaranathinushesham skotlandine muzhuvan prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu avakaashappedunna oru deseeya kirkkinte vikasanam nadannu. ithu deseeya abhimaanathinte vishayamaayi maarukayum palappozhum ayalrajyamaaya englandile kurachukoodi vyakthamaayi parishkarikkappedaatha palliyumayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu. englandum france thammilulla brittante aadhipathyathinaayulla malsarathil scots anubhavicha deseeya padavi nashtappettathu avarude mathaparamaya nettangalkku oonnal nalkaan kaaranamaayirikkaamenn jaine dosson abhipraayappedunnu. raajyathe daivavumaayulla udambadiyaayi kaanunna oru daivashaasthram vikasichu. pala skottukalum thangalude raajyathe oru puthiya israelaayum kristhuvinteyum ethirkristhuvinteyum sakthikal thammilulla pooraattatthil earppettirikkunna oru vishudha janathayaayum kandu, randaamathethu punarujjeevippicha maarppaappaasiyumaayum roman catholica sabhayumaayum thirichariyappettu. 1572ll fraansile sent barthalomeu koottakola 1588ll spanish navikasena polulla parishkkaricha matham bheeshaniyilaanennu theliyikkunna mattidangalile sambhavangalaanu eee kaazhchappaadine shakthippeduthiyath. noxinte "parishkaranatthinte charithram", jorjju buchaanante "rerum skottikkaram historiya" thudangiya aadyathe protestant charithrangaliloode eee kaazhchappaadukal janapriyamakki. janapriya achadiyude uyarcha sugamamakkiya desasnehaparamaaya saahithyathinte valarchayum eee kaalayalavil kandu. joonn barberinteyum roobert henrisoninteyum madhyakala kavithakalude prasidheekaricha pathippukalum david lindseyude naadakangalum puthiya prekshakare nedi.
pathinezhaam noottaand.
1603-ll skotlandile jaims araman rajaavu englandinte simhasana avakaashappeduthukayum eddinberg vittu landanilekku pookukayum avide jaims onnamanaayi bharikkukayum cheythu. grettu brittante oru puthiya "saamraajyathva" simhasana srishtikkaan jaims nadatthiya ettavum mikacha shramangalkkidayilum kireedangal vyathyasthavum vyathyasthavumayi nilaninnirunna oru vyakthigatha allengil rajavamsha unionaayirunnu union. grettu brittanile rajaavu" enna shaili sweekarikkunnathinum thante kottaaratthinum vyakthikkum vyakthamaayi oru britiish swabhaavam nalkunnathinum jaims thante rajakeeya adikaarangal upayogikkukayum englandum scotland thammil oru rashtreeya aikyam srishtikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. iru paarlamentukalum oru union charcha cheyyaan oru kammeeshan sthaapikkukayum iru raajyangalum thammilulla union upakaranam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, rashtreeya union enna ashayam janapreeti nediyirunnilla, jaims drutha union enna nayam upekshichappol, vishayam niyamanirmmaana ajandayil ninnu nishabdamaayi aprathyakshamaayi. 1610ll house oof koomans eee nirddesham punarujjeevippikkaan shramichappol, athu kooduthal thuranna sathrutha nerittu.
1637ll chaals onnaamante aaradhanaakrama parishkaarangalkkethire presbetteriyakkaar kalapam nadathukayum deseeya udambadiyil oppidukayum cheythappol, daivavumaayulla oru udambadikku oonnal nalkikkond skotlandine oru "puthiya israel" aayi protestant thiricharinju. thudarnnulla moonnu raajyangalude yudhangalil scotish sainyam sent. matham, kireedam, udambadi, raajyam" thudangiya mudraavaakyangalumaayi simhathekkaal andrew vyaapakamaanu. danbaarileyum (1650) vorsestarileyum (1651) paraajayangalkk sesham scotland adhinivesham cheyyappedukayum 1652ll englandu, scotland, ireland ennee komanveltthinte bhaagamaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. athinu pinthunakkaarundenkilum, 1660-ll stuvartt raajavaazhchayode oru rajyamenna nilayil skotlandinte swaathanthryam punasthaapichu.
aii. dii. 1 leeii mahathaaya viplavathil, catholica jaims VII neey netherlandsile staadtholadaraaya ooranchinte protestant vilyamum jayimsinte makalaaya bhaarya meriyum englandu, scotland, ireland ennivayude simhasanangalil sthaanam pidichu. anthima othutheerppu presbytarianism punasthaapikkukayum jayimsine pothuve pinthunachirunna bishappukale nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. athinte falamaayi raajyam pradhaanamaayum presbytarian thaazhnna pradeshathinum pradhaanamaayum episcopalian malambradeshathinum idayil vibhajikkapettu. jaimsinu laattin (jacobus) ll ninnu jayimsinulla pinthuna, viscant dundyile claverhousile joonn graham muthal thudangi, jayimsinu jacobitism ennariyappettirunna oru parambarayilekku nayichu. 1689-leeii killikranki yudhathil addehathinte sainyamaaya mikkavarum ellah malayora pradeshavaasikalum vilyaminte sainyathe paraajayappedutthiyenkilum avarkk kanatha nashtam sambhavikkukayum yudhathil dundy kollappedukayum cheythu. addehathinte neethrthwamillaathe jacobite sainyam taamasiyaathe dunkled yudhathil parajayappettu. thudarnnulla varshangalil 1700lum 1702lum vilyam scotland paarlamentil oru samboornna union nirddeshichenkilum nirddeshangal nirasikkapettu.
union.
vilyaminte pingamiyaaya meriyude sahodari aan, avarkk makkalillayirunnathil protestant pinthudarchaavakaasham samshayaaspadamaayirunnu. 1701-ll engleesh paarlament settilment niyamam pasaki, ithu hanoverinteyum avarude pingaamikaludeyum sofiyayude pingaamithvam nischayichu. ennirunnaalum, scotish paarlamentinte samanthara suraksha niyamam, oru roman catholica pingami nirodhichu, kireedangal verpiriyaanulla saadhyatha thurannukodutthu. fraansil thaamasichirunna jaims francis edward stuvarttinte thirichuvaravu apakadathilaakkunnathinaparum, engleesh paarlament iru raajyangaludeyum poornnamaaya ikyathinaayi sammarddam cheluthukayum 1705 leeii anyagraha niyamam pasakkukayum cheythu, ithu unionilekkulla neekkangal nadathaathe ellah scotsmanmareyum englandil swath kaivasham vaykkaan kazhiyillennu bheeshanippeduthukayum kannukalikalkkum linan vyaapaarangalkkum saaramaya kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. scotland englandum thammilulla oru rashtreeya union saambathikamaayi akarshakamaayi kaanapettu, englandinteyum valarunna saamraajyathinteyum valia vipanikal thurakkumennu vaagdaanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pothuvarggatthil vyapakamaaya ethirppum avishwaasavum undaayirunnu. scotish kammeeshanarmaarkkum pramukha rashtreeya vyakthithvangalkkum nalkia thuka kaikkooli ennaanu visheshippikkappettilledum nerittulla kaikkooli nilanilkkunnath tharkkavishayamaan. union udambadi hanovarian pinthudarchaye sthireekarichu. scotland pally scotish niyamavum kodathikalum verittuninnappol scotland athinte prathyeka edavaka skoolukalude sambradaayam nilanirtthi. engleesh, scotish paarlamentukalkku pakaram grettu brittante samyojitha paarlament roopeekarikkappettuvenkum athu westminstaril irikkukayum engleesh paarambaryangal thadassamillaathe thudarukayum cheythu. house oof komansile 513 amgangalil naalppathiyanju skottukalum house oof lordsile 190 amgangalil 16 skottukalum chertthu. paarlament deseeya rashtreeya jeevithathinte kendramaayi maariyennum ennaal engleesh counderpart nediya deseeya swathuathinte yadhaartha kendramenna sthaanam orikkalum nediyillennum rosalind michisan vaadikkunnu. scotish currency, nikuthi, vyapaaram niyanthrikkunna niyamangal ennivayude samvidaanangalkku pakaramaayi ithu oru samboornna saambathika union koodiyaayirunnu. swakaarya kaunsil nirthalaakkappettu, athaayath skotlandile phalapradamaaya sarkkar anaudyogika "maanejarmaarude" kaikalilaanu.
aadyakaala union (1707-1832).
jacobitism.
1707-ll englandumaayulla yooniyante janapreeti illaathirunnathode jacobitism punarujjeevippikkappedu. 1708-ll "pazhaya nadi" ennu ariyapetta jaims francis edward stuvartt, jaims aaraamante makan, franch pinthunayode oru adhiniveshathinu shramichu. 1715lum 1745lum undaaya ettavum gurutharamaaya rund uyarchakalilonnaan aadyathethu, anneyude maranathinum aadyathe hanovarian rajaavaaya jorjju onnaamante sthaanaarohanathinum thottupinnaaleyaayirunnu. englandu, weils, scotland ennividangalil oresamayam kalapangal vibhavanam cheythirunnuvenkilum avaa skotlandilum vadakkan englandilum maathramaan vikasichathu. maarsile earl joonn erskine, yaakkobait vamshangale malambradeshangalil valarthi. sheriefmuir yudhathil maar paraajayappedukayum pittennu vadakkan englandilum thekkan skotlandilum uyarchakalumaayi chernna addehathinte sainyathinte oru bhagam preesttan yudhathil paraajayappedukayum cheythu. pazhaya nadi skotlandil athiyappozhekkum rising paraajayappedukayum addeham bhookhanda pravaasatthilekku madangukayum cheythu. boony prins charley" allengil "yuva nadi" ennu palappozhum vilikkappedunna "pazhaya nadi" yude makanaaya chaals edward stwaarttaanu 1745 leeii uyarchaykku neethrthwam nalkiyathu. addehathinte pinthuna mikkavarum malayora vamshangalkkidayil mathramaayirunnu. uyarchayude prarambha vijayam aasvadichu, englandile derbyilethiya oru parajayappetta maarchinu munbu malayora sainyangal hanovarian sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum eddinberg pidichedukkukayum cheythu. scotish wig anuyaayikal aninirannu edinburghinte niyanthranam veendeduthathode skotlandile chaalsinte sthaanam vashalakaan thudangi. 1746 epril 16nuu addeham vadakkott pinwangi, kullodanil parajayappettu. addehathinte anuyayikalkkethire raktharookshithamaaya prathikaarangal nadakkukayum videsha sakthikal yaakkobit lakshyam upekshikkukayum cheythu, naadukadatthappetta kodathi france vidaan nirbandhithayaayi. pazhaya nadi 1766-ll marikkukayum yuva nadi 1788-ll niyamaanusrithamaaya prashnamillathe marikkukayum cheythu. 1807-ll yorkkile cardinal ayirunna addehathinte sahodaran henry marichappol, yaakkobait kaaranam avasaanichu. mechappetta", engleesh, scots samsaarikkunna thaazhnna pradeshangalum avikasithamaya gaelic samsaarikkunna malambradeshangalum thammilulla skotlandinullile saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya bhinnatha jacobite uyarcha eduthukaanichu.
bhasha.
1707leeii union rashtreeya adikaaram englandilekku mattiyathum scotitioness enna ashayam pole thanne adhikaarathilum vidyaabhyaasathilum skotsinte upayogam palarum niruthsaahappedutthi. aaa kaalaghattatthile niravadhi pramukha skottukal, david hume polullavar, scotish ennathinekkaal vadakkan britiish aanennu svayam kanakkakki. puthuthayi roopeekaricha yooniyante audyogika bhashayaayi staanderd engleesh sthaapikkaanulla shramathil avar avarude skottukalil ninnu svayam mochippikkaan shramichu. 1761ll engleesh prasamgathekkurichu niravadhi prabhashanangal nalkia thomas sheridaneppolullavarude pravarthanangaliloode niravadhi sambanna skottukal engleesh padikkaan thudangi. oru samayat oru ginia eedaakkukayum (innathe panatthil ekadesham poundu) avarkk 300-ladhikam purushanmaar pankedukkukayum addehathe eddinberg nagaratthile oru swathanthranaayi maattukayum cheythu. ithinethudarnnu, nagaratthile chila budhijeevikal "skotlandil engleesh bhaashayude vayana samsaaravum prolsaahippikkunnathi select sosaitti" roopeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, skottukal niravadhi grameena thaazhnna pradeshangalile samoohangaludeyum nagara thozhilaallivarga skottukalude vardhichuvarunna ennathinteyum praadeshikabhaashayaayi thudarnnu. malambradeshangalil, gaelic bhashayum samskaaravum nilaninnu, eee pradeshathe mothatthil thaazhnna pradeshakkaar oru "mattu" aayi kandu.
saahityavum romantisisavum.
scotland kooduthalaayi engleesh bhashayum vishalamaaya saamskaarika maanadandangalum sweekarichu, athinte saahityam oru prathyeka deseeya swathuam vikasippikkukayum anthaaraashtra prashasthi aaswadikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. alan ramse (1686-1758) pazhaya scotish saahithyathodulla thaalparyam punarujjeevippikkunnathum athupole thanne idaya kavithayude pravanathaye nayikkunnathinum aditharayittu, ithu habby charanatthe oru kaavya roopamaayi vikasippikkaan sahayichu. purathana bard oosiyan ezhuthiya kavithakal kandethiyathayi avakaashappedunna jaims macferson anthaaraashtra prashasthi nediya aadyathe scotish kaviyayirunnu, addeham anthaaraashtra janapreeti nediya vivarthanangal prasidheekarichu, classical ithihaasangalkku thulyamaaya oru celtic aayi prakhyapikkappettu. "1762-ll ezhuthiya "viral" pala europian bhaashakalilekkum vegathil vivarthanam cheyyappettu, prakrithi soundaryathodulla aazhathilulla vilamathipum purathana ithihaasathodulla athinte perumaattatthinte vishaadapoornamaaya aardrathayum europian, prathyekichu jarmman saahithyathil, kannukaalikaleyum goitheyeyum swaadheenikkunna romaantik prasthaanam konduvaraan mattethoru kruthiyekkaalum kooduthal cheythu. kavithakal gelikkil ninnulla nerittulla vivarthanangalallennum marichu addehathinte prekshakarude soundaryaparamaaya pratheekshakalkk anusrithamaayi nirmmicha pookkalulla parivarthanangalaanennum oduvil vyakthamaayi.
roobert bensum walter scott oosiyan chakram valareyadhikam swaadheenichu. oru ireshire kaviyum gaanarachayithaavumaaya bains skotlandile deseeya kaviyayum romaantik prasthaanatthile oru pradhana vyakthiyayum parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu. yadhaartha rachanakal nirmikkunnathinoppam, bains skotlandiludaneelam ninnu naadodi ganangal shekharikkukayum palappozhum avaa parishkarikkukayo poruthappedutthukayo cheiyunnu. addehathinte kavitayum (gaanavum) "ooldu laang saine" palappozhum hogmanaayil (varshathile avasana divasam) aalapikkappedunnu, koodaathe "scots vaa hayy" raajyathinte anaudyogika desheeyagaanamaayi deerghakaalamaayi pravarthichu. scott oru kaviyayi aarambikkukayum scotish naadodikkadhakal shekharikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte aadya gadya kruthiyaaya 1814-leeii waverley palappozhum aadyathe charitra noval ennu vilikkunnu. scotish saamskaarika swathuathe nirvachikkanum janapriyamakkaanum mattethoru vyakthiyekkaalum kooduthal sahaayicha valare vijayakaramaya oru kariyarinu ithu thudakkam kurichu.
tartanary.
1820kalil, romaantik punarujjeevanatthinte bhaagamaayi, tarton kilttum skotlandil mathramalla, europiludaneelamulla saamoohika varenyavarggathile amgangal sweekarichu. 1822ll jorjju naalaaman raajaavinte scotland sandarshanathinte walter skottinte "staging", rajaavu tarton dharichathu scotish linan vyavasaayathin niravettaan kazhiyaatha kilttukaludeyum tartanukaludeyum aavasyakathayil vann vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi. vyakthigatha vamsha tartanukalude padavi eee kaalaghattatthil pradhaanamaayum nirvachikkappedukayum avaa scotish swathuathinte pradhana pratheekamaayi maarukayum cheythu. oru tourist resort enna nilayil skotlandinte swathwavum tarton faashante janapreethy urappakkaan sahayikkunna victoria raajnjiyaanu scotish fashion paripaalikkunnath. eee "tartanary" scotish swathuathe munbu nindikkappettatho avishwasaneeyo aaya malayora swathuavumaayi thiricharinju, ithu parambaraagatha malayora samoohathinte aprathyakshathaykkum vardhichuvarunna vyavasayavalkkaranathinum nagaravalkkaranathinum ulla prathikaranamayirikkaam.
malambradeshangalude romantikvalkkaranavum mukhyadharaa samskaarathilekku jacobitisathe sweekarikkunnathum englandu, house oof hannover, prabalamaaya wig gavanment ennivayumaayulla unionulla bhishaniye samippikkunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. pala raajyangalilum deseeya swathuangalude vikasanathiloode samoolamaaya swaathanthrya prasthaanangalude aavirbhaavathil romantisisathinu pradhana pankundu. skotlandile romanticism europil mattevideyengilum kaanunna reethiyil vikasichillennu toom nairn vaadikkunnu, englandilekko mattevideyengilum thamasam marria oru "verukalillaatha" budhijeevikale avasheshippichu, athinaal valarnnuvarunna thozhilaalivarggathilekku ashayavinimayam nadatthaan kazhiyunna oru saamskaarika deseeyatha nalkiyilla. pourasamoohathil britiish bharanakoodatthinte edapedalinte abhavam ardhamaakkunnathu madhyavargakkaarkk unione ethirkkaan oru kaaranavumillenn graim morroton lindsey paattezhsanum vaadikkunnu. deseeya swathuathe swaathanthryathinaayulla prasthaanavumaayi thulanam cheyyaan kazhiyillennu attsuko ichijo vaadikkunnu. scotish desheeyathayundaayirunnuvennu ennaal athu "unionist deseeyatha" yude adisthaanathilaanu prakadippichathennum morattan abhipraayappedunnu.
victorian, edwardian kaalaghattangal (1832-1910).
vyavasayavalkkaranam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthi muthal britiish saamraajyathinte vaanijya, vyaavasaayika kendrangalilonnaayi uyarnnuvanna vyavasaya viplava prakriya skotlandine parivartthanam cheythu. colonial amerikkayumaayulla vyaapaarathil ninnaan ithu aarambhichath, aadyam pukayilayilum pinneedu rumm, panchasaara, parutthi ennivayilum. american aabhyantharayudhasamayathe uparodhangal kaaranam parutthi vyavasaayam kshayichu, ennaal eee samayamaayappozhekkum kalkari khananam, enchiniyaring, kappal nirmmaanam, lokkomotteevukalude uthppaadanam ennivayude kendramaayi scotland vikasichu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil urukk uthppaadanam pradhaanamaayum irumbu ulppaadanathe maatti. ithu thekkupadinjaaru muthal vadakkukizhakkan vare raajyathudaneelam vyaapichukidakkunna vyaavasaayika mekhalayil athivega nagaravalkkaranathinu kaaranamaayi; 1900 aayappozhekkum vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta naalu kaundikalaaya lanarkshare, reinfrushare, dunbartonshare, ireshare enniva janasamkhyayude 44 sathamaanam ulkkollunnu. eee vyaavasaayika vikasanangal joliyum sambathum konduvannappol, paarppidam, pattana aasoothranam, pothujanaarogyathinulla vyavasthakal enniva avayumaayi poruthappedaathavidham vegathilaayirunnu, chila pattanangalileyum nagarangalileyum jeevita saahacharyangal kuprasidhamaayirunnu, tirakk, uyarnna sisumarananirakku, vardhichuvarunna kshayaroga nirakk enniva. puthiya kambanikal grameena thozhilaallikaleyum catholica irelandil ninnulla dhaaraalam kudiyettakkaareyum aakarshikkukayum mathaparamaya santhulithaavasthayum deseeya swabhaavavum maattukayum cheythu, prathyekichu padinjaaran nagara kendrangalil. glasgo polulla nagarangalil "saamraajyathinte randaamathe nagaramaayi" vikasichathode poura abhimaanabodham uyarnnuvannu, athesamayam korppareshan pattanatthe punarnirmmikkukayum gathagatham, ashayavinimayam, paarppidam enniva niyanthrikkukayum cheythu.
1832leeii parishkarana niyamatthinte pashchaathalatthil oru puthiya britiish raashtram uyarnnuvannathayi maikkal linch kaanunnu. ithu 5,000-ll thaazhe bhoovudamakalil ninnu thiranjeduppu vottavakaashathinte vishaalathaykk thudakkamittu, ithu 1868lum 1884lum thudarnadapadikalumaayi thudarendathaayirunnu. skottukalkku kendreekrithamaaya swathuangalundaayirunnu linch vaadikkunnu, avide "oru puthiya scotish, oru puthiya britiish, praadeshika abhimaanathinte parishkaricha bodham-avayellaavarekkaalum valia oru prathibhaasathaal orumichu nilanirthappettu-saamraajyathil sthiratha nilanirtthiya oru valia brittan". skotlandinte swathuam samrakshikkunna moonnu pradhana sthaapanangalaaya palli, vidyaabhyaasam, niyamam ennivayellaam eee kaalayalavil pinvaangukayaayirunnuvennu linch vaadikkunnu.
mathaparamaya vibhajanam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandilum parishkaranatthil srishticha scotland sabhayude oru vibhajanam kandu. eee pottalukal sarkkaarinteyum rakshaakarthruthvathinteyum prasnangalaal prachodippikkappettuve aadyathethu mathabhraanthiye bhayappedunnathilum randaamathethu prabudhathayude ashayangal sweekarikkunnathilum suvisheshakarum mitavaada party thammilulla vishalamaaya vibhajanathe prathiphalippichu. praadeshika sabhaa jeevithathilekku thangalkk ishtamulla purohithanmaare avatharippikkanulla saadhaarana rakshaadhikaarikalude niyamaparamaaya avakasham sabhayil ninnulla cheria bhinnathakalkk kaaranamaayi. 1733-ll aadyathe vighadanam ennariyappettirunna aadya vibhajanam vighadanavaada pallikalude oru parambara srishtikkunnathilekku nayichu. 1761-leeii randaamathethu swatantra durithaashwaasa palliyude aditharayilekku nayikkunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathe suvishesha punarujjeevanathilum neenda pooraattatthinum sesham 1834-ll suvisheshakar pothusabhayude niyanthranam nedukayum veetto niyamam pasakkukayum cheythu, ithu rakshaadhikaarikalude anaavasyamaaya "nuzhanjukayatta" avatharanangal nirasikkaan sabhakale anuvadichu. thudarnnulla niyamaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya tharkkangalude "patthu varshathe samgharsham" sivil kodathikalile nuzhanjukayattakkaarallathu paraajayatthil avasaanichu. 1843leeii grettu distruption ennariyappetta doow. thomas chaalmezhsinte neethrthwathilulla nuzhanjukayattakkaarallaath chilarude sabhayil ninnulla bhinnathayude phalamaayirunnu ithu. ekadesham moonnilonnu purohithanmaar, pradhaanamaayum vadakku, malambradeshangalil ninnullavar, skotlandile prathyeka swatantra palli roopeekarichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil pradhana samvaadangal baibilinte aksharaarthatthilulla vyaakhyaanam nirasicha moulikavaadikalaaya kaalvinisttukalum daivashaasthra liberalukalum thammilaayirunnu. 1893ll karkkashakkaraya kaalvinistukal pirinju swatantra presbytarian palli roopeekarikkunnathuvare ithu swatantra sabhayil kooduthal pilarppinu kaaranamaayi. skotlandile sabhaye deseeya swathuathinte mathaparamaya aavishkaaramaayum skotlandinte dhaarmmikathayude rakshaadhikaariyaayum kaanunnathuvare. dhaarmika achadakkam, schoolukal, mosham niyamavyavastha ennivayil ithinu ganyamaaya niyanthranamundaayirunnu, ennaal 1843 nuu sesham ithu oru nyoonapaksha sabhayaayirunnu, dhaarmika adikaaravum daridrarudeyum vidyaabhyaasathinteyum niyanthranavum kuranju.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil sthaapithamaaya palli veendedukkaan thudangi, swatantra palliye ethirkkunnathinaayi oru palli nirmmaana paripadi aarambhichu, 1843-ll 924-ll ninnu 1909-oode 1,437 aayi athinte edavakakalude ennam vardhippichu. 1820-ll chila vighadanavaadi pallikale yunaittad sessation charchilekku ekeekarichathiloode punaradhivaasathilekkulla neekkangalum nadannu, ithu 1847-ll releaf charchumaayi samyojichu yunaittad presbytarian charchu roopeekarichu, athu 1900-ll free charchumaayi chernnu. saadhaarana rakshaakarthruthvathekkurathu niyamanirmmanam 1929-ll bhooribhaagam swatantra sabhayey skotlandile palliyil veendum cheraan anuvadichu. 1900 muthal swatantra presbitteriyanmaarum avasheshikkunna oru swatantra sabayum ulppedeyulla cheria vibhagangal bhinnathakal avasheshichu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
vyaavasaayika viplavavum druthagathiyilulla nagaravalkkaranavum parishkaranathinushesham valarnna scotish sabhaa vidyaalaya samvidaanathinte falaprapthy durbalappeduthukayum vyavasthakalil valia vidavukal srishtikkukayum mathaparamaya vibhajanagal samvidaanathinte aikyathe durbalappedutthaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1834-ll jorjju looyisinte "scotlanda ardhavidyaabhyaasamulla oru raajyam" prasidheekarichathu edavaka school sanbradaayathinte anuyojyathayekkurichu, prathyekichu athivegam vikasichukondirikkunna nagarapradeshangalil, oru pradhana charcha aarambhichu. vyavasthakalile vardhichuvarunna kuravu manassilakki 1824ll kirk oru vidyaabhyaasa samiti roopeekarichu. 1824num 1865num idayil samiti 214 "assembly schoolukal" sthaapikkukayum 120 "sessional schoolukal" pradhaanamaayum pattanangalile kirk seshanukaliloode sthaapikkukayum paavappettavarude kuttikale lakshyamidukayum cheythu. 1843leeii thadassangal kirk school samvidaanathe vighadippichu, skoolukalile 408 adhyapakar verpirinja swatantra palliyil chernnu. rund adhyapaka pariseelana kolejukalum oru manthrithala pariseelana college ulppede puthiya palli 500 schoolukal nirmmichathaayi 1847 meyy aayappozhekkum avakashappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandil dhaaraalam airish kudiyettakkaarude varavu 1817-ll glassgoyil ninnu aarambhich, prathyekichu raajyathinte padinjaaran nagarangalil catholica schoolukal sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu. palli school sambradaayam ippol sthaapithamaaya kirk, swatantra palli, catholica palli ennee moonnu pradhana samghadanakalkkidayil vibhajikkapettu. scotish school sanbradaayathinte sankeernamaaya prashnangalum vibhajanavum, samsthaanam kooduthal niyanthranam etteduthathode mathetharathwa prakriyayilekku nayichu. 1830 muthal samsthaanam kettidangalkk dhanasahayam nalkaan thudangi, pinneedu 1846 muthal skoolukalkku nerittulla sponsorship vazhi dhanasahayam nalkukayaayirunnu. 1861 leeii vidyaabhyaasa niyamam scotish adhyapakar scotland palliyil amgangalaayirikkanam allengil westminstar kuttasammatham sweekarikkanamennu prasthaavicha vyavastha neekkam cheythu. 1872 leeii vidyaabhyaasa (scotland) niyamaprakaaram ekadesham 1,000 praadeshika school boardukal sthaapikkappettu, avaa pazhayathum puthiyathumaaya kirkkukalude schoolukal etteduthu. boardukal oru pradhana paripadi ettedukkukayum athu valia thothil mahathaaya, uddeshyathode nirmmicha schoolukal srishtikkukayum cheythu. mothatthilulla bharanam landanile scoach (pinneedu scotish) vidyaabhyaasa vakuppinte kaikalilaayirunnu.
niyamam.
englandumaayulla union ardhamaakkunnathu scotish niyamam kooduthal kooduthal engleeshaayi kanakkakkappettu ennaanu. prathyekichum pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya moonnilonnil, 1814ll avatharippicha sivil kesukalil juurii vichaarana polulla engleesh sanbradaayathinu anusrithamaayi judicial samvidaanathilum niyama nadapadikramangalilum niravadhi parishkaarangal vannu. 1820kalil hoome sekrattari enna nilayil, scotish sambradaayam "engleesh sanbradaayathil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthavum engleesh vikaarangalodu veruppulavakkunnathumaayu" ennathinte adisthaanathil maattangale roobert peel nyaayeekarichu. pothujanaarogyam, thozhil saahacharyangal, nikshepakarude samrakshanam thudangiya mekhalakalil scotish niyamatthinte bhaagamallaatha pothu nayatthinte puthiya mekhalakal britiish paarlament scotish samvidaanathinte savisheshathaye velluvilikkunna vidhathil niyamanirmmichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, scotish niyamathinu pakaram partnership act 1890, seyil oof goods act 1893 thudangiya engleesh adhishtitha nadapadikal vardhichathode vaanijya niyamam vardhichuvarunna swaamsheekaranam kandu. 1882-ll loard rosberry engleeshuvalkkaranathekku bhayathe samgrahichu, "yunaittad kingdatthinte bhagamaayathinaal yunaittad kingdatthinte ellah bhaagangalum engleesh aayirikkanam" enna thathwathilaanu puthiya niyamanirmmanam roopeekarichathennu prasthaavichu.
aadyakaala deseeya prasthaanangal.
europe bhookhandatthinte pala bhaagangalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi 1840kalil skotlandil valia kalaapangalonnum undaayilla, desheeyathayilekkulla aadyakaala neekkangal union nirmarjanam cheiyunnathinupakaram mechappeduthukayennathu. 1853ll roopeekaricha scotish avakaashangalude nyaayeekaranathinaayulla deseeya samghadanayaayirunnu atharamoru deseeya ajandayulla aadyathe rashtreeya samghadana. athu paraathikal uyarthikkattukayum irelandinode kooduthal udaaramaayi perumarunnathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthukayum westminstaril kooduthal scotish empimar undaakanamenn vaadikkukayum cheythu. kurachu praadhaanyamulla vyakthikale aakarshicha eee association 1856-ll avasaanippikkappettuve thudarnnulla deseeya prasthaanangal varacha oru ajanda nalki. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil airish aabhyanthara bharana charchakalil irelandinaayi charcha cheytha munganana karaarinekkurichulla athrupthi bharanaghadanaa parishkaranathodulla thaalparyam punarujeevippikkukayum raashtreeyamaayi pradhanappetta scotish aabhyanthara bharana prasthaanam srishtikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ithu swaathanthryam lakshyamitta oru prasthaanamaayirunnilla. westminstarine kooduthal kaaryakshamamaakkunnathin scotish bisinesses edinbergilekku kaimaranamennu athu vaadichu, skotlandinte purogathikkum mechappeduthalinum union pradhaanamaanennu nissaaramaayi kanakkakkappettu. athesamayam, irelandile bhooparishkaranathinaayulla prachaaranatthinum airish kudiyaan karshakarude thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinumayi roopeekaricha airish land leagil ninnu scotish hyland croftermaar prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. highlandezhs hyland land leag sthaapichu. malayora mekhalayile bhooparishkaranathinulla sramangal prasthaanatthinte paarlamentari vibhagamaaya croftezhs party vikasichu. eee saahacharyathil, valare vijayakaramaya airish paarlamentari partyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, puthiya rashtreeya party hraswakaalathekku nilanilkkukayum liberal party udan thanne sahakarichu, pakshe liberalukalil ninnu pradhana elavukal nedaan sahaayikkunnathin munbu, ithu krishikkaarude avakashangal niyamathil prathishtikkappedaan kaaranamaayi. ellah skotlandukaarum airish deseeyathayumaayi pothuvaaya kaaranam kandilla-scotish yaadhaasthithikarum liberal unionistukalum layippichukondu 1912-ll uyarnnuvanna vyaapakamaayi prachaarathilulla scotish unionist association 1801-leeii airish unione paraamarsikkunnu, athesamayam scotland englandum thammilulla union nissaaramaayi kanakkakkappedukayum valiyathothil bheeshaniyillaathathumaayirunnu.
lokamahaayudhangal (1914-1960).
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla varshangalil scotland svayam kaimaattatthinte vakkilaayirunnu. liberalukal vaitthaalil adhikaarathilundaayirunnu, scots ithu pradhaanamaayum sthireekarikkukayum avar airish hoome roolil niyamanirmmanam nadatthaan pookukayum cheythu. gaylic samskaaram valarukayum sabhaykkullil deerghakaalamaayi nilaninnirunna tharkkangal oduvil pariharikkappedukayum cheythu.
saambathika saahacharyangal, 1914-1922.
1906num 1908num idayil clyde kappalnirmmaana vyavasaayathinte uthppaadanam 50 sathamaanam kuranju. akkaalat urukk, enchiniyaring vyavasaayangalum maandyathilaayirunnu. skotlandinte vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinte 60 sathamaanavum vahikkunna ettu pradhana vyavasaayangale (krishi, kalkari khananam, kappalnirmmanam, enchiniyaring, thunitharangal, kettidam, urukk, malsyabandhanam) adisthaanamaakkiyulla sambadvyavasthayude ashubhakaramaaya adayaalangalaayirunnu iva. yukeyude uthppaadanathinte 12.5 sathamaanavum janasamkhyayude 10.5 sathamaanavum ulla skotlandinte sambadvyavastha mothatthilulla britiish chithratthinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu. saambathika budhimuttukalkkidayil scotland onnaam lokamahaayudhathil pankedutthu. thudakkathil yudhathekkurichu aaveshabharithanaaya scotland britiish paryaveshana senayude 157 battaliyanukalil 22 ennavum samaaharichathode, kayattumathi sambadvyavasthaykku yudhakaala bheeshaniyekkurichulla aashanka taamasiyaathe munnilethi. padinjaaran munnaniyile jarmman akramanam avasaanichathode vardhicha thozhilillaaymayode yuddham vyaavasaayika mekhalakalkku vinashakaramaaya saahacharyangalilekku nayikkumenna bhayam kuranju. glasgo heraldil" empy vilyam rebarn paranju
yuddham mikkavarum ellah pravachanangaleyum thettayi chithreekarichu. thozhilillaaymayude vardhanavu moolam bhakshyasaadhanangalkk valia vilayundaakumaayirunnu... viplavathe bhayakkendathaayirunnu. vasthuthakal enthokkeyaanu? charakk vipani... ippol sajeeva samriddhavumaanu... bhakshyavila valare kuravaanu uyarnnathu, naipunyamullavarum naipunyamillaathavarumaaya mathiyaya thozhilaallikale neduka ennathaanu nilavil budhimuttu. njangal njangalude swantham vyapaarangal nilanirthuka mathramalla, njangalude shathrukkale pidichedukkunna thirakkilum earppettirikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, charakk, insurance chelavukalil 30 muthal 40 sathamaanam vare vardhanavu thunithara vyavasaayathe udan baadhichu. yudhasamayathu jarmman, baltic vipanikal aprathyakshamayathinaal kalkari khananatheyum baadhichu; jarmman vipaniyil 29 laksham tonn undaayirunnu. bakkiyulla khanithozhilaalikal vaidagdhyam kuranjavaro praayamaayavaro mosham shaareerikaavasthayilullavar aayathinal enlist cheyyal karyakshamatha kurayaan kaaranamaayi. herringinte pradhana irakkumathikkaar germmaniyum russia aayathinal malsyabandhana vyavasaayathe baadhichu, yudhathinte falamaayi dhaaraalam mathsyathozhilaalikal royal neval reservil chernnu.
kappal nirmmanavum aayudangalum aayirunnu yudhathil ninnu prayojanam nediya vyavasaayangal. avaa thozhilavasarangalil nalla swaadheenam chelutthiyenkilum, 1918ll yuddham avasaanichappol avarude uthppaadanathinu parimithamaaya bhaaviyundaayirunnu; athupole thanne clyde kappalshaalakale thirakkilakkiya oordarukalum undaayirunnu. eee yuddham varum varshangalil scotish sambadvyavasthaye thakarthu.
onnaam lokamahaayudham scotish sainyathil ninnu valia thyagam nadathiyirunnu; deseeya yudhasmaaraka dhavalapatram ekadesham 100,000 sainikarude nashtam kanakkakki. purusha janasamkhyayude anchu shathamaanamaaya ithu britiish saraashariyekkaal ekadesham erattiyaayirunnu. vipuleekaricha aayudha vyavasaayathil ninnulla mooladhanam scotish bisinasinte niyanthranathode thekkott neengi. engleesh baankukal scotish baankukal ettedukkukayum bakkiyulla scotish baankukal avarude nikshepathinte bhooribhaagavum sarkkar oharikalilekko engleesh bisinasukalilekko maattukayum cheythu. glasgo herald (saadhaaranayaayi desheeyathayude suhruthalla) parayunnathanusarichu, "deerghakaalam vaanijya samooham thekkan adichamarthalil ninnu avare mochippikkunnathinaayi oru banking vilyam vaalasinaayi neduveerppidum".
eee yuddham scotish malambradeshangalil oru puthiya shoonyatha konduvannu. vanangal murichumaattappedukayum maranavum kudiyettavum parambaraagatha vyavasaayangal avasanippikkukayum cheythu. eee pradesham punasthaapikkunnathinaayi padhathikal aavishkarichu vananaseekaranam, railway nirmmaanam, aazhakkadal malsyabandhanathinu oonnal nalkunna scandinavian maathrkayil dveepukalude vyavasayavalkkaranam. ennirunnaalum, padhathikal nadappaakkunnathu britiish saambathika abhivridhiyude thudarchaye aasrayichirikkunnu.
reyilveyude punasamghadana valare pradhanamaayirunnu. puthuthayi roopeekaricha gathagatha mantraalayam railway oru prathyeka svayambharana scotish mekhalayaayi desasaalkkarikkaan nirddeshichu. eee padhathi scotish railway valareyadhikam budhimuttikkum, yudhakaala deseeya niyanthranatthil kandathupole (mechappetta attakuttappanikalilekkum vethanangalilekkum chelavukalil vardhanavinum kaaranamaayi). engleesh reyilveyude pakuthiyiladhikam charakk vahikkumenkilum oru scotish kambani maanadandangal uyarthippidikkaan nirbandhitharaakum. laber, liberal, kansarvetteevu paarttikalil ninnulla scotish empimaarude sakhyathinte neethrthwathilulla oru kaambeyn scotish, engleesh reyilvekalude samyojanam urappakkaan desheeyathayude vaachaadopangal upayogichu.
deseeyathaye engane saambathikashaasthravumaayi bandhippikkam ennathinte oru udaaharanamaayirunnu ithu; yukeyude mattu bhagangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eathu saambathika poraymayum raashtreeyakkaarkk oru kaimaattam cheyyappettatho swathanthramo aaya bharanakoodatthinte edapedaline nyaayeekarikkan upayogikkaam. onnaam lokamahaayudham aarambhikkunnathin munbu scotland adhikaaravibhajanathekkurachu votteduppinaduthirunnu; saambathika prasnangal puthiyathaayirunnillenkum, 1914 nuu munbu avaa desheeyathayude oru kesayirunnilla. 1832 muthal 1914 vare sarkkar edapedal saamoohika swabhaavamullathaayirunnu, pradhana prasnangal saamoohika shemavum vidyaabhyaasa samvidaanavumaayirunnu. sambadvyavasthaye badhikkunna pravartthanangal 1914 nuu munbu sarkkaarinte pravarthanangalaayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla.
30 vayassinu mukalilulla sthreekalkku vottu cheyyaanulla avakashavum purusha vottarmaarude ennam 50 sathamaanam vardhippichathumaaya 1918 leeii janapraathinidhya niyamam kaaranam 1910 leeii 779,012 ll ninnu 1918 ll scotish vottarmaarude ennam 2,205,383 aayi uyarnnu. thozhilaallikalude padhathiyil aabhyantharabharanam undaayirunnengilum, rund palakakal (scotish janathayude svayam nirnnayavum scotish janathaykku scotland punasthaapikkalum) upayogichu athine pinthunacha yooniyanvaadikalkku komansil 32 seettukal labhichu-1910-ll ezhennam. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalayalav sambadvyavasthayil yuddham cheluthiya aaghaatham kaaranam abhoothapoorvamaaya maandyamaayirunnu.
1922-1960 ll ninnulla saambathika saahacharyangal.
scotish sambadvyavastha anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathe valareyadhikam aashrayichirunnu. vyaapaarathile idivu ennathinartham shippingile sheshi kurayukayum udamayude labham kurayukayum cheyyum. ithu veendum puthiya kappalukalkkulla oordarukal kurayaan idayaakkukayum eee maandyam mattu kanatha vyavasaayangalilekku vyaapikkukayum cheyyum. 1921ll kappalnirmmaana vyavasaayathe, yuu. esinte uthppannangalude michamaaya, aprathyakshamaayikkondir naavikavipaniyude samyojanam baadhichu.ezz. kappalsaalakal, shatru kappalukal enniva pidichedutthu.
skotlandinu prasnangalil ninnu karakayaranulla vazhi aasoothranam cheyyendathundu. 1930ll thozhil sarkkar ithu poornnamaayum soundaryavardhaka neekkamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnum praadeshika vyaavasaayika vikasana grouppukale prolsaahippikkukayum ithu scotish deseeya vikasana kaunsil (ezz. enn. dii. sii) roopeekarikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. ezz. enn. dii. siyude roopeekaranam pinneedu scotish ekkonami kammitti (sekkant) roopeekarikkunnathilekku nayichu. eee samghadanakalonnum skotlandinte thinmakalkk deseeya rashtreeya parihaarangaliloode oru chikitsa thediyittilla, avayil sajeevamaayi earppettirunna palarum eathenkilum tharatthilulla aabhyanthara bharanathe samagramaayi apalapikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, athe samayam kammittiyude sekrattari athinte nilanilppine nyaayeekarichu "skotlandinte deseeya sambadvyavastha thozhil manthraalayathinteyum vyapara bordinteyum kaikalilekku sradhikkappedaathe kadannupokunnu ennathu samshayaatheethamaayi sathyamaan". vardhichuvarunna niyamanirmmaanathinu kooduthal scotish niyamangal aavasyamullathinaal, yudhangalkkidayilulla varshangalil niyamathinteyum bharanathinteyum praadhaanyam vardhichu. bharanakoodatthinte neekkam sent. aandroovinte veedu oru pradhana nadapadiyaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ennaal 1937-ll eee neekkathe swaagatham cheyyumbol, walter eliot-annathe stettu sekrattari-mattangal bhayappettu
"[...] scotish saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya avasthakalile pothuvaaya mechappeduthal aashrayichirikkunna prasnangal avaa svayam pariharikilla...] avarude nilanilppinekkurichulla avabodham cheruthum praadhaanyamillaathathumaaya deseeya partyilalla, marichu ellah kaazhchappaadukalilo raankukalilo ulla mithavaadikalum nyaayabodhamullavarumaaya aalukalkkidayile asamthripthiyilum aswasthathayilum prathifalikkunnu-skotlandinekkurich ippol prasidheekaricha oro pusthakatthilum prakadippichirikkunna athrupthi niravadhi varshangalayi.
sambadvyavasthayil sarkkar kooduthal kooduthal edapedal punk vahikkaan thudangiyathode, skotlandinte thaalpparyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnathenum urappakkaan oru deseeya parihaarathe pinthunaykkunnathu eluppamaayi. 1914 nuu munbatheppole, 1945 nuu sheshamulla loka vyaapaarathinte eluppa saahacharyangal scotish vyavasaayathe abhivridhippeduthi, 1950 kalude avasaanam vare kadutha rashtreeya edapedalukalude aavasyakatha maattivachu, skotlandinte saambathika purogathi vashalakaan thudangi, kappal nirmmaana, enchiniyaring kambanikal adachupoottaan nirbandhitharaayi. ennaal 1950kalude avasaanathile idivu sarkkaarinte edapedal vardhichukondirikkum, mattethenkilum rashtreeya maattathinu thelivukalonnum undaayirunnilla. 1960-ll scotish sambadvyavasthayekkurichu scotish kaunsilinte anweshanam polum prathyekamaayirunnu "oru scotish paarlamentinulla nirddesham [...]..] njangal athine oru parihaaramaayi kanakkakkunnillennu parayunnath nyaayamaanengilum athu njangalude paridikk atheethamaaya oru tharatthilulla bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattangale soochippikkunnu ".
saahitya navothaanam.
1914-nuu sheshamulla kaalaghattam skotlandile saambathika chodyangalkkum prashnangalkkumayi samarppichathayi thonnumbol, 1924-1934 dashakathil scotish saahitya navothaanatthinte jananavum athu kandu.
pathinettaam noottaandinteyum pathonpathaam noottaandinteyum avasaanathil vyavasayavalkkaranam skotlandiludaneelam valia vegathayil vyaapichu. vyavasayavalkkaranam konduvanna vann mattangalumaayi vendathra poruthappedunnathil scotish samooham parajayappetta vyavasaayavalkkaranathinte nirakk athaayirunnu. scotish vyavasaya viplavathinte valarchayum athumaayi bandhapetta puthiya samrambhakathva boorshwasi scotish budhijeevikale amithamaayi swaadheenichu. athinte saadhaarana deseeya punk nashtappettu. [...] athinte saadhaarana sevanangalkkayi oru kolum undaayirunnilla. eee 'sevanangal' saadhaaranayaayi raajyathe rashtreeya swaathanthryathinte padivaathilkkal ethikkum. athinaal, yadhaarthathil skotlandile valare ariyappedunna budhijeevikal thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru ghattathilaanu pravartthikkunnathu, ennirunnaalum athu sarikkum scotish aayirunnilla. ithinu vipareethamaayi, allengil orupakshe ithinulla prathikaranamaayi, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru saahitya "school" pottippurapettu caylard.
tartanriykkoppam, caylard oru "saamskaarika upa-deseeyatha" yeei prathinideekarikkaan vannirikkunnu. caylard saahityavum tartanry garish chinnangalum parasparam shakthippeduthukayum desheeyathaykk pakaramaayi maarukayum cheythu. keylaardinte parochiyalisavum tartanry maattaanaavaatha bhoothakaalathekkurichulla kettukadhakalum raashtreeyamaayi vandhyathayulla deseeyathaye prathinidheekarikkunnu.
eee "pallukalude abhavam" aadyamaayi thiricharinjavaril oraalaayirunnu kavi hyoog mcdiarmid. oru desheeyavaadiyum soshyalistumaaya macdiarmid scotish saahithyathinte parochiyalisatthe engleesh aadhipathyathinte adayaalamaayi kandu, athinaal athu nasippikkendivannu. addeham thante kavithakaliloode ithu cheyyaan sramikkukayum scots gaylic allengil staanderd engleeshinu pakaram roobert bains paarambaryatthil pazhaya scots allengil "lallans" (loland scots) punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. mcdiarmidinte "kurishuyuddham" levis grassic gibbon, edwin muir thudangiya mattu ezhuthukaareyum kavikaleyum konduvannu; ennaal eee saahitya navothaanam ekadesham patthu varsham maathrame neenduninnulloo.
1960-innuvareyulla divasam.
1979ll scotish soshyal aattiveshans sarway nadatthiya gaveshanathil skotlandil thamasikkunnavaril 95 sathamaanathiladhikam perum vyathyastha alavukalil "scotish" aanennum 80 sathamaanathiladhikam perr vyathyastha alavukalil "britiish" aanennum kandethi. scotish, britiish ennee bhaashakalkkidayil orotta deseeya swathuam thiranjedukkaan nirbandhithanaayappol 57 sathamaanam scotish ennum 39 sathamaanam britteeshukaaraanennum thiricharinju. 1979 muthal 1999ll adhikaravibhajanam vare britiish deseeya swathuam skotlandil kuthane idinju. 2000ll scotish, britiish ennivaykkidayil orotta deseeya swathuam thiranjedukkaan nirbandhithanaayappol 80 sathamaanam scotish ennum 13 sathamaanam maathramaan britiish ennum thiricharinjathu, ennirunnaalum 60 sathamaanam ippozhum oru paridhivare britiish aanennu thiricharinjittundu.
2014 muthal nadanna votteduppil "scotish", "britiish" identittikal thiranjedukkaan nirbandhitharaakumbol, skotlandil britiish deseeya aidantitti 31-36% num scotish deseeya aidantitti 58-62% num idayil uyarnnathayi soochippikkunnu. europian", "engleesh" thudangiya mattu deseeya swathuangal 1999 muthal skotlandil 1-2%-nuu idayil valare sthiramaayi thudarunnu.
scotish deseeya swathuathinte uyarchaykkum skotlandile britiish deseeya swathuathinte thakarchaykkum ettavum saadhaaranayaayi udharikkappedunna kaaranangalilonn maargarat thaacharinte pradhaanamantriyum thudarchayaayi joonn mejarinte pradhaanamantriyum aannu skotlandile laber partic pinnil randaam sthaanathethiya yaadhaasthithika pradhaanamanthrimaarum, ennaal yukeyiludaneelam baalat nedukayum skotlandile nirbhagyakaramaaya thiranjeduppu nikuthi polulla janapreethiyillaatha nayangal nadappaakkukayum cheythu. 1999ll oru vikendreekritha scotish paarlament sthaapikkukayum 2014ll scotish swaathanthryathekkurichu oru hitaparisodhana nadathukayum cheythath skotlandile britiish deseeya swathuathil kramanugathamaaya uyarchaykkum 1999 muthal scotish deseeya swathuathil idivu varuthunnathinum kaaranamaaya gadakangalaayi amgeekarikkappettittundu.
scotish naashanal party scotish independence.
scotish naashanal party (allengil ezz. enn. pii) oru swatantra scotish raashtram roopeekarikkunnathinu anukoolamaayi yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu skotlandine neekkam cheyyaan sramikkunna skotlandile oru rashtreeya partyanu. 1945 leeii pothutheranjeduppil motherwell paarlamentari niyojakamandalatthil parajayappettathinushesham 1967 ll laber shakthikendramaaya hamiltonil upathiranjeduppil party vijayikkunnathuvare party skotlandile raashtreeyathinte athirthiyil irunnu. thudarnnulla 1970 leeii pothutheranjeduppil, padinjaaran dveepukalile yuke paarlamentari thiranjeduppil party aadya seett nedi.
1970ll scotland theerathu ninnu valia alavil enna kandethi. snp thangalude valare vijayakaramaya "itts skotlandinte oayil" prachaaranatthiloode ithu upayogappeduthi maandyakaalathu enna oru swatantra skotlandinte athirthikkullil ulppedumennum scotland swathanthramaakukayaanengil skotlandile saambathika maandyathinte prathyaaghaathangal laghookarikkaan sahayikkumennum vaadichu. 1974 februvariyile pothutheranjeduppil 7 seettukalum vottukalude aii. dii. 1 umm nediya party, 1979ll thangalude bhooribhaagam seettukalum thozhilaallikalum yaadhaasthithikarum nashtappeduthunnathinumbu 1974 oktobarile pothutheranjeduppil 11 seettukalum vottukalude aii. dii. 2 umm nedi.
1979ll scotish vibhajanathekkurichu oru hitaparisodhana nadannu, athu oru svayambharana scotish assembly sthaapikkaan kaaranamaayi, ennirunnaalum 52 sathamaanam watermar adhikara vibhajanathe anukoolichu adhikara vibhajana kakshikk neriya leed undaayirunnittum, motham scotish votermaaril kuranja polling [aii. dii. 1] thiranjeduppu phalam saadhuthayullathaayirikkaan yuke paarlament nischayicha 40 sathamaanam polling paridhi niravettunnathil parajayappettu.
1999ll oru vikendreekritha scotish paarlament sthaapichathu skotlandil thiranjeduppil vijayikkaan oru vedhi nalki, 2007 muthal 2011 vare oru nyoonapaksha sarkkarum 2011 muthal 2016 vare bhooripaksha sarkkarum roopeekarichu, eee samayat paarlament amgeekarichu yunaittad kingdom sarkkaarinte sammathathode yukeyil ninnu scotish swaathanthryathekkurichu oru hitaparisodhana nadatthaan. 2014 septambar 18nuu nadanna hitaparisodhanayil swaathanthryathinethire <aii. dii. 2> vottu cheyyukayum <aii. dii. 3> enna uyarnna polyinginu anukoolamaayi <aii. dii. 1> vottucheyyukayum cheythu.
thangalude deseeya swathuathe "britiish" ennu kooduthal thirichariyunnavaril bhooribhaagavum scotland yunaittad kingdatthinte bhaagamaayi thudarunnathine pinthunaykkunnu, avarude deseeya swathuathe "scotish" ennu kooduthal thirichariyunnavaril cheria bhooripaksham perum scotish swaathanthryathe pinthunaykkunnu. ennirunnaalum, pala swaathanthrya pinthunakkaarum thangalude deseeya swathuathe "briteeshukaarekkaal scotish" ennu visheshippikkunnavaril bhooribhaagavum scotish swaathanthryathe pinthunaykkunnavaraanu, avare vyathyastha alavukalil "britiish" ennu visheshippikkunnu.
2016ll snp nyoonapaksha sarkkaraayi adhikaarathil thirichetthi. 2016leeii yuke europian union angathwa hitaparisodhanaykku thottupinnaale scotland 52 sathamaanam leave phalam undaayirunnittum, scotland 62 sathamaanam backie 38 sathamaanam leave enna maarjinil europian yooniyanil thudaraan vottu cheythathinu sesham scotish swaathanthryathekkurichu randaamathe hitaparisodhana "valare saadhyathayulla"thaanennu scotland nikkola starjante aadya mantri paranju, ennirunnaalum 2017leeii pothutheranjeduppil thirichadi nerittathinu sesham avar padhathikal nirtthivachu, avide 2015ll snpk 56 seettukalil 21 ennam nashtappedukayum vottu vihitam 50.0% ll ninnu 36.9% aayi kurayukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 2019 leeii pothutheranjeduppil, skotlandile 59 seettukalil 48 ennavum snp nedi, snpyude prakadanapathrikayil "oru puthiya swaathanthrya hitaparisodhanayil nammude swantham bhaavi thiranjedukkaanulla skotlandinte avakaashathinulla vottaanith" ennu prasthaavichu."
saamskaarika pratheekangal.
noottaandukalaayi skotlandile saamskaarika chinnangal maari.jii.pathinanjaam noottaandil grettu hyland bagpipe pakaram vaykkunnathuvare aadyathe deseeya upakaranam clarsack allengil celtic veenayaayirunnu. tarton, kiltt, baagpaippukal thudangiya chinnangal vyaapakamaayi kaanappedunnundengilum skottukalkku saarvathrikamaayi ishtamalla; scotland muzhuvan, prathyekichu thaazhnna pradeshangalil, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil avaa sthaapikkappettu. ithu kapada-malsarangalude yugamaayirunnu jorjju naalaaman raajaavinte scotland sandarshanam sarr walter scott samghadippichu. oru unionistum torry aaya scott athe samayam thante rachanakaliloode scotish puraanangalude valia janapriyanaayirunnu.

