
maram kondulla irumbupanikal konduvarika

vadakku fordshireile oru curry irumbupanikal aayirunnu lavood irumbupanikal. oru spodanaathmaka choola, oru sookshumamaaya forge, pinneedu blackplatinaayi (tinplatil tinn cheyyendathu) oru rolling mill ennivayulla nadee temm upayogichaanu ithu pravarthippichathu.
1590kalil leasesterile aadya earl roobert dudlicayi nirmmichathaayirikkaam ithu, ennaal addehathinte aandarile kireedatthilekku thirichetthi, thudarnnu sarr henry vaaloppin vittukoduthu. ennirunnaalum, addeham athu jolie cheiyunna irumbumaasttarmaarkku nalki. 1623 aayappozhekkum francis wacker nadathiyirunna ithu 1695-ll job wacker paapparakunnathuvare addehathinte pingaamikal thudarnnu. avar thekkan, central shropshireile mattu niravadhi irumbu panikalilum earppettirunnu.
1695 oode, oru spodanaathmaka choolayum oru forge ulkkollunna irumbupanikal richard naitt (1659-1745) etteduthu. adhehavum thudarnnu addehathinte puthranmarum kramena avarude pravartthanangal vipuleekarikkukayum nadeethadatthile irumbupanikal nedukayum cheythu. 1733ll richard naitt viramikkukayum athinusesham addehathinte makan ralph naitt thante sahodaran edwardumaayulla (1699-1780) kudumba pankaalithatthinaayi eee srishtikal kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu. addehathinte maranashesham, eee kruthikal edwardinu kaimari, addeham thante makkalaya joonn (1740-1795), jaims ennivarumaayi sahakarichu avaa nadatthi, randaamathethu kaikaaryam cheythu. 1778-ll edwardinte maranathode kruthikalodulla avarude thaalparyam avasaanichu.
richard naittin mattu rund aanmakkalundaayirunnu, mattoru richard naitt (1693-1765), thomas naitt (1697-1764), randaamathethu richard paine naitt empy (1750-1824), thomas andrew naitt efrs (1759-1838) ennivarude pithaavaayirunnu. ganithashaasthrathekkurishulla prasidheekaranathil sajeevamaayirunna thomas naittinte (1775-1853) pithaavaayirunnu joonn naitt, prathyekichu "landanile royal sosaittiyude daarshanika edapaadukalil" (ezhu prabandhangal, allengil shaanthamaaya kaalaghattatthile oru record). eee pingaamikalaarum irumbu vyavasaayathil nerittu edapettittilla. ennirunnaalum, naitt kudumbatthinullile anantharaavakaasham kaaranam, richard paine naittin kudumbatthinte irumbupanikal vikasippikkunnathil swaadheenam cheluthiya oru saambathika thaalpparyamundaayirunnu; irumbu vyavasaayathe ellaayppozhum surakshithamaakkaatha varumanam nedunnathinulla thaalpparyangalkkanusarichanu theerumaanangal eduthathu.
1782ll attakuttappanikal nadathukayum vilyam vividha pankaalikalumaayi chernnu pembridge thaazheyirakkukayum aathyanthikamayi saamuval jorjinu kaimarukayum cheythu. 1782leeii paattatthinu 1815ll kaalavadhi avasaanichu. ithu nepolian yudhathinte avasaanathil irumbu vyavasaayathile maandyavumaayi poruthappettu. ithu athinte adayaalamaayi thonnunnu. 1790kalil taittarston klee hill aduthulla nobariyile choolayil saamuval jorj nirmmichappol choola adachirikkaam.
ekadesham 1740 muthal, choolaykkum forgin purame, thaazhekku oru rolling millum undaayirunnu, athu blackplate nirmmikkukayum athu mittanile (ippol storporttilulla) tinplettilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. aduthulla oru maratthinte peru soochippikkunnathu tinplate konduvarunna maratthil nirmmichathaakaam ennaanu. ennirunnaalum, ithu kuthirakalude pravrithikalude kaivashamulla kaalayalavinusesham maathrame undaakoo, kaaranam avasheshikkunna akkoundukal (1733-78-nuu) black plate maathrame nirmikkunnulloo.
maram (karikk) aduthulla maram, mooktri, darwal ennivayude pinthudarchayil ninnaan vannath. chila paattapatrangalil praadeshikamaayi khananam cheyyaanulla saadhyatha paraamarshichittundengilum, ayiru pradhana uravidam taittarston klee hill aayirikkam. nirmmanangalil nirmmicha pigg irumbu, baar irumbu, black plate enniva praadeshikamaayi vilkkathavidham vilppanaykkaayi bhoomi vazhi kondupoyi. kaadinyamullathayi uyarnna prashasthi nediyathaayirunnu lalcal baar ayann.

