currency

oru naanayavum baanknottukalum polulla eathu roopathilum, kaimatta maadhyamamaayi upayogikkunnathino prachaaratthilundo ennathino ulla oru maanadandamaanu currency.
kaalakramena oru prathyeka parithasthithiyil, prathyekichu oru deseeya samsthaanathile aalukalkk pothuvaayi upayogikkunna oru "pana samvidaanam" aanu currency ennathinte pothuvaaya nirvachanam. eee nirvachanathinu keezhil, britiish poundu sterling (poundu), euro (€), japanese yenn (¥), yuu.ezz. dollar (us dollar) sarkkar nalkunna phiyatt karansikalude udaaharanangalaan. karansikal moolyathinte sambharanikalayi pravartthikkukayum videsanaanya vipanikalile raajyangalkkidayil vyapaaram nadathukayum cheyyaam, ithu vividha karansikalude aapekshika moolyangal nirnnayikkunnu. eee ardhathil karansikal onnukil upayokthaakkal thiranjedukkukayo sarkkarukal theerumaanikkukayo cheiyunnu, oro tharatthinum sveekaaryathayude parimithamaaya athirukalundu;iii.niyamaparamaaya tender niyamangalkk sarkkar ejansikalkkulla paymentukalkku oru prathyeka yoonit akkoundu aavashyamaayi vannekkaam.
currency" enna padatthinte mattu nirvachanangal athath paryaaya lekhanangalil kaanapedunnu banknot, nanayam, panam. raajyangalude currency samvidaanangalil shradha kendreekarikkunna nirvachanam eee lekhanam upayogikkunnu.
oru karansiyude moolyam urappunalkunnathine aashrayich oraalkk karansikale moonnu dhanavyavasthakalaayi tharamthirikkaam phiyatt munny, charakk munny, praathinidhya panam (sambadvyavasthayum mothatthil. sarkkaarinte bhauthika loha shekharam). chila karansikal chila adhikaaraparidhikalil allengil oru sarkarino (nikuthikal) allengil sarkkar ejansikalkko (phees, pizha) adaykkunnathu polulla prathyeka aavasyangalkkaayi niyamaparamaaya tenderayi pravartthikkunnu. mattullavar avarude saambathika moolyathinu vendi vyapaaram nadathunnu.
computerukaludeyum internettinteyum janapreethikkoppam digital currency uyarnnuvannu. sarkkar pinthunayulla digital nottukalum naanayangalum (udaaharanathinu chainayile digital renminby polullava) vijayakaramaayi vikasippikkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheyyumo ennathu samshayaaspadamaanu. cryptocurrencykal polulla vikendreekritha digital karansikal oru sarkkar dhanakaarya authority nalkaathathinaal vyathyasthamaan; prathyekichu, aadyathe cryptocurrency vipani mooladhanathinte kaaryatthilum munpanthiyilullathumaaya bitcoyinu oru nischitha vitharanamundu, athinaal ithu prathyakshatthil panapperuppatthil ninnu vyathichalikkunnu. vividha rajyangal purappeduvicha niravadhi munnariyippukal thattippukal, ransomware, kallappanam veluppikkal, bheekaravaadam thudangiya niyamaviruddha pravarthanangalkku cryptocurrencykal srishtikkunna avasarangal shradhikkunnu.
2014ll, yunaittad stetts aii. aarr. ezz oru prasthavana puratthirakki, vertual currency federal aadaayanikuthi aavasyangalkkulla swathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe swath ulppedunna edapaadukalkku baadhakamaaya deerghakaala nikuthi thathwangal vertual currensic engane baadhakamaakumennathinte udaaharanagal ithu nalkunnu. 
charithram.
aadyakaala currency.
purathana mesopotemiyayileyum purathana eejipthileyum sumarile kshetra dhaanyashaalakalil sookshichirunna dhaanyathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru raseethaayirunnu yadhaarthathil currency.
karansiyude eee aadya ghattathil, charakkukalude roopathil sambharichirikkunna moolyathe prathinidheekarikkunnathin lohangal chinnangalaayi upayogichirunnu. 1500 varshathilereyaayi phalabhooyishtamaaya chandrakkala vyaapaarathinte adisthaanam ithaanu. ennirunnaalum, kizhakkan vyapara samvidaanathinte thakarcha oru poraaymayilekku viral choondunnu moolyam sambharikkaan surakshithamaaya oru sthalamillaatha oru kaalaghattatthil, oru sanjarikkunna maadhyamathinte moolyam aaa storine prathirodhicha shakthikaleppole maathrame shakthamaakoo. oru vyaapaarathin aaa sainyathinte vishwaasyatha vare maathrame ethaan kazhiyoo. ennirunnaalum, venkalayugathinte avasaanathode, kizhakkan medittareniyanu chuttumulla vyaapaarikalkk surakshithamaaya oru paatha sthaapichu, vadakkupadinjaarulla minovan kreett, myseena muthal thekkukizhakkan elaam, bahrain vare vyaapichu. eee ekschenchukalude karansiyaayi upayogichirunnathu enthaanennu ariyilla, pakshe cypressil uthppaadippikkunna oakshide aakruthiyilulla chembinte ingottukal oru karansiyaayi pravarthichittundaandaa karuthappedunnu.
venkalayugathinte thakarchayumaayi bandhapetta kadalkollayudeyum reydinteyum vardhanavu, orupakshe kadalile janangal srishtichathaakaam, oakshide ingottukalude vyapara sambradaayam avasaanippichathaayi karuthappedunnu. bii. sii. 10,9 noottaandukalil phoeneeshyan vyapaaram veendeduthathu maathramaan samrudhiyilekku madangivarunnathinum yadhaartha naanayangalude roopeekaranathinum kaaranamaayath, orupakshe aadyam lydiayile crosesumaayum pinneedu greekkukaarumaayum pershyakkarumaayum anattoliyayil. aafrikkayil, muthukal, ingottukal, anakkombu, vividha tharatthilulla aayudangal, kannukaalikal, manilla currency, oochar, mattu erthu ooksaidukal ennivayulppede niravadhi moolyanikshepaka vasthukkal upayogichittundu. pathinanjaam noottaand muthal adimakale wilkan upayogichirunna karansikalilonnaanu padinjaaran aafrikkayile manilla valayangal. aafrikkan currency ippozhum athinte vaividhyathin sradheyamaanu, pala sthalangalilum vividha tharatthilulla barterukal ippozhum baadhakamaan.
nanayangal.
loha naanayangalude vyaapanam orupakshe lohathe thanne moolyathinte shekharamaakkunnathilekku nayichu aadyam chembu, pinneedu velliyum svarnnavum, oru ghattathil venkalavum. innu mattu vilayeriya lohangal naanayangalkkayi upayogikkunnu. lohangal khananam cheyyukayum thookkukayum nanayangalil mudrakuthukayum cheythu. nanayam sweekarikkunna vyakthikk ariyappedunna oru nischitha bharam vilayeriya lohamaanenn urappu nalkanayirunnu ithu. nanayangal vyaajamaakaamenkilum saadhaarana naanayangalude nilanilpp bankingilekku nayikkaan sahaayicha oru puthiya akkoundu yoonittum srishtichu. aarkkimideesinte thathwam adutha link nalkki naanayangalkk avayude lohathinte bharam eluppathil pareekshikkaan kazhiyum, athinaal oru naanayatthinte moolyam nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum, athu kshouram cheythatho durbalappeduthiyatho allengil krithrimam cheythatho aanenkil polum (numismattiks kaanuka).
nanayangal upayogikkunna mikka pradhana sambadvyavasthakalilum chembu, velli, svarnnam enniva upayogichu nirmmicha vyathyastha moolyamulla niravadhi thalatthilulla naanayangalundaayirunnu. swarnna nanayangal ettavum moolyavathaayirunnu, avaa valia vaangalukalkkum sainyathinte paymentinum sarkkar pravartthanangalude pinthunaykkum upayogichirunnu. oru prathyeka tharam swarnna naanayatthinte moolyamaayaanu akkoundinte unitukale palappozhum nirvachichirunnathu. idatharam edapaadukalkkaayi velli nanayangal upayogichirunnu, chilappol oru yoonit akkoundum nirvachichirunnu, athesamayam chembu allengil velli nanayangal allengil avayude chila mishrithangal dainamdina edapaadukalkkaayi upayogichekkaam (debassment kaanuka). mahaajanapadangalude kaalam muthal purathana indiayil eee sambradaayam upayogichirunnu. moonnu lohangalude moolyangal thammilulla krithyamaaya anupathangal vyathyastha kaalaghattangalum sthalangalum thammil valareyadhikam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, madhya europile haars parvathanirakalil velli khanikal thurannathu velliye thaarathamyena vilakurachathakki, spanish vijayangalkk sesham puthiya loka velliyude vellapokkam pole. ennirunnaalum, svarnnathinte apoorvatha sthiramaayi velliyekkaal vilayeriyathaakki, athupole vellikkum chembinekkaal vilayundaayirunnu.
paper panam.
aadhunika chainayil, valia ennam chembu naanayangalekkaal shaareerikamaayi budhimuttulla oru vinimaya maadhyamathinte aavasyavum vaaypa nalkunnathum kadalas panatthinte varavilekku nayichu, athaayath.iii. baank nottukal. avarude aamukham avasaanathe tang rajavamsham (618-907) muthal gaana raajavamshathilekku (960-1279) neenduninna oru kramanugatha prakriyayayirunnu. mothakkachavadakkaarude kadakal vaagdaanam cheytha nottukalaayi nalkunna nikshepa raseethukalkkaayi vyaapaarikalkk kanatha nanayangal kaimarunnathinulla oru maargamaayaanu ithu aarambhichath. eee nottukal oru cheria praadeshika pradeshathu thaalkkaalika upayogathinu saadhuthayullathaayirunnu. patthaam noottaandil, soong rajavamsha sarkkar kuthakayulla uppu vyavasaayathile vyaapaarikalkkidayil eee nottukal pracharippikkan thudangi. niravadhi kadakalkku baanknottukal purathirakkaanulla avakasham gaana sarkkar nalkukayum panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkathil sarkkar eee kadakal etteduthu sarkkar nalkia currency nirmmikkukayum cheythu. ennittum puratthirakkiya baanknottukal praadesikamaayum thaalkkaalikamaayum maathrame saadhuthayulloo pathimoonnaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare kadalas panatthinte oru saadhaaranavum ekeekrithavumaaya sarkkar issue raajyavyaapakamaayi sveekaaryamaaya karansiyaayi maari. ithinakam thanne vyapakamaaya wood block printing reethikalum thudarnnu pathinonnam noottaandode bii shenginte chalikkavunna tharam printing aadhunika chainayile paper panatthinte vanthothilulla ulppaadanathinu prachodanamaayi.
ekadesham athe samayathaan madhyakala islaamika lokath, 7-12 noottaandukalil sthirathayulla uyarnna moolyamulla karansiyude (dinar) prachaaratthinte valarunna nilavaaratthinte adisthaanathil sakthamaaya oru saambathika sambadvyavastha srishtikkappettathu. muslim saambathika shaasthranjarum vyaapaarikalum vyaapaarikalum avatharippicha puthumakalil credit, chekkukal, promissory nottukal, savings akkoundukal, edapaadu akkoundukal, vaaypa, trasttukal, exchange nirakkukal, credit, dettu kaimaattam, vaaypakalkkum nikshepangalkkumulla banking sthaapanangal ennivayude aadyakaala upayogangal ulppedunnu.
europil, 1661-ll sweedenil pathivayi paper currency avatharippikkappettu (ennirunnaalum granada keezhadakkiya samayat spanish uparodhathil ithu neratthe adiyantharamaayi upayogichathayi washington irving rekhappeduthunnu). sweeden chembu kondu sambannamaayathinaal, niravadhi chembu nanayangal prachaaratthilundaayirunnu, ennaal thaarathamyena kuranja moolyamullathinaal palappozhum niravadhi kilogram bharamullah asaadhaaranamaaya valia nanayangal aavashyamaayi vannu.
paper karansiyude gunangal niravadhiyaanan ithu svarnnavum velliyum kondupokaanulla aavasyakatha kurachu, ithu apakadakaramaayirunnu; ithu palishaykk svarnnamo velliyo vaaypa nalkaan soukaryamorukki, kaaranam adisthaana inam (nottukalekkaal svarnnamo velliyo naanayangalude roopathilulla panam) mattaarengilum nottu veendedukkunnathuvare vaaypa nalkunnayaalude kaivashappedutthal upekshichilla; koodaathe currency credit, spessy-backed roopangalaayi vibhajikkaan ithu anuvadichu. joyint stokku kambanikalile nikshepam vilkkanum aaa oharikal oru pepparil veendedukkaanum ithu praapthamakki.
ennaal poraaymakalum undaayirunnu. onnamathaayi, oru nottinu aantharika moolyamillaathathinaal, avaykku pinthuna nalkaan prathyekathakalekkaal kooduthal nottukal achadikkunnathil ninnu adhikaarikalkk onnum thadayaanilla. randaamathaayi, ithu panavitharanam vardhippichathinaal, ithu panapperuppa sammarddangal vardhippichu, ithu pathinettaam noottaandil david hume nireekshicha oru vasthuthayaan. athinaal paper munny palappozhum panapperuppa kumilayilekk nayikkum, aalukal kadinamaaya panam aavasyappedaan thudangiyaal athu thakarnnuveezhukayum paper nottukalude aavasyam poojyamaayi kurayukayum cheyyum. paper munny achadikkunnathum yudhangalumaayi bandhappettathum yudhangalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnathumayathinaal oru nilakollunna sainyathe nilanirthunnathinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee kaaranangalal, europilum amerikkayilum paper currency samshayathilum shathruthayilum sookshichirunnu. vyaapaarathinteyum mooladhana srishtiyudeyum oohakkachavada labham valare valuthayirunnathinaal ithu aasakthiyumaayirunnu. pradhana rajyangal panavum naanayangalum achadikkunnathinaayi naanayashaalakalum nikuthi pirikkunnathinum svarnnavum velliyum kaivasham vaykkunnathinumaayi avarude treasuryude shaakhakalum sthaapichu.
akkaalat velliyum svarnnavum niyamaparamaaya tenderayi kanakkakkappedukayum nikuthikalkkayi sarkkarukal sweekarikkukayum cheythirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandil eee lohangalude, prathyekichu velliyude, vyaapaarathil, vitharanathil vardhanavundaayathode iruvarum thammilulla vinimaya nirakkile asthiratha vardhichu. rund lohangaludeyum samanthara upayogathe bimetalism ennu vilikkunnu, svarnnavum velliyum pinthunaykkunna currency prachaaratthil thudarunna oru bimetalic staanderd srishtikkaanulla sramam panapperuppakkaarude shramangale pidichadakki. eee ghattathil sarkkaarukalkk sainika chelavukalkkayi yunaittad stetts greenback polulla paper currency achadichukondu nayatthinte oru upakaranamaayi currency upayogikkaam. vaangunna thukayo veendedukkaan kazhiyunna ettavum kuranja thukayo parimithappedutthikkondu avarkk swarnna nottukal veendedukkunnathinulla nibandhanakalum nischayikkaam.
1900 aayappozhekkum, vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta rajyangalil bhooribhaagavum eathenkilum tharatthilulla swarnna nilavaaratthilaayirunnu, paper nottukalum velli naanayangalum prachara maadhyamamaayirunnu. lokamembaadumulla swakaarya baankukalum sarkkaarukalum greshaaminte niyamam paalichu avarkk labhicha svarnnavum velliyum sookshikkukayum ennaal nottukalil adaykkukayum cheythu. ithu lokamembaadum ore samayam sambhavichilla, pakshe idaykkide sambhavichu, saadhaaranayaayi yudhathinteyo saambathika prathisandhiyudeyo samayangalil, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aarambhich irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare lokamembaadum thudarnnu, appol floating phiyatt karansikalude bharanam praabalyatthil vannu. swarnna nilavaaratthil ninnu avasaanamaayi pinmariya raajyangalilonnaan 1971-ll america, ithu nixon shock ennariyappettirunnu. oru rajyathinum nadappakkaavunna swarnna nilavaaramo velli nilavaaramulla currencio illa.
baank nottu yugam.
oru banknoto notto oru tharam karansiyaanu, ithu pala adhikaaraparidhiyilum niyamaparamaaya tenderayi saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. naanayangalkoppam baanknottukalum oru karansiyude panaroopamaanu. baanknottukal thudakkathil kooduthalum kadalasukalaayirunnu, ennaal oostreliyayude komanvelthu shaasthra, vyaavasaayika gaveshana samghadana 1980-kalil oru polymer currency vikasippichu; 1988-ll raajyathinte dvishathaabdi dinathil ithu prachaaratthilundaayirunnu. 1983-ll polymer baanknottukal ithinakam ail oof maan avatharippikkappettirunnu. 2016-leeii kanakkanusarichu, polymer currency 20-ladhikam rajyangalil upayogikkunnu (smaaraka prasnangal ennukayaanengil 40-ladhikam), ithu baanknottukalude ayuss naadakeeyamaayi vardhippikkukayum vyaajanottukal kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu.
aadhunika karansikal.
eathu karansiyaanu upayogikkendathennu oru paramadhikaara raajyam theerumaanikkunna lexes monatte enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu upayogicha currency. dollar ennum frank ennum vilikkunna niravadhi karansikal ullathinaal undaakunna ashayakkuzhappam neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi, currency soochippikkunnathinu (lalithamaaya perukal allengil currency chinnangalkk vipareethamaayi) anthaaraashtra standerdisation oorganaiseshan moonnu akshara kodukalude (iso 4217) oru samvidaanam avatharippichu. ekadesham oru dasanolam vyathyastha rajyangalil "poundu" polum upayogikkunnu; ivayil bhooribhaagavum poundu sterlingumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, backick vyathyastha moolyangalundu. pothuve, moonnu aksharangalulla coode aadyathe rund aksharangalkk iso 3166-1 raajya code karansiyude perinte aadya aksharavum (udaaharanathinu dollarinu dii) moonnaamathe aksharamaayi upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, yunaittad stetts currency aagolathalathil yuu. ezz. dii ennu vilikkunnu. poundu sterling polulla karansikalkku vyathyastha kodukalundu, kaaranam aadyathe rund aksharangal krithyamaaya raajyanaamathe soochippikkunnilla, marichu raajyathe vivarikkan upayogikkunna oru badal perineyum soochippikkunnu. poundinte coode gbp aanu, avide "jibi" yunaittad kingdatthinu pakaram grettu brittane soochippikkunnu.
muun karansikalil germmaniyilum finlandilum prachaaratthilundaayirunna adayaalangal ulppedunnu.
deseeya karansikale paraamarshikkumbol anthaaraashtra nanaya nidhi mattoru samvidaanam upayogikkunnu.
badal karansikal.
kendra niyantritha sarkkar nalkunna karansikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, swakaarya vikendreekritha vishwaasyatha kuracha netvarkkukal bitcoin, etheriyathinte eedhar thudangiya badal karansikale pinthunaykkunnu, avaye cryptocurrency ennu tharamthirickunnu, kaaranam ellah upayokthaakkalum saadhookarikkunna cryptographic oppukaliloode moolya kaimaattam urappaakkunnu. branded karansikalum undu, udaaharanathinu ardha niyantritha bartercard, loyaltti pooyintukal (credit cardukal, airlineukal) allengil vaanijya uthppannangalude prashasthiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla geyim kredittukal (emmo geyimukal) allengil empesa polulla mobail-munny skeemukal (iii-munny issue ennu vilikkunnu) polulla uyarnna niyantritha 'asattu-backed' 'badal karansikal' polulla 'badhyatha' adisthaanamaakkiyulla moolyamulla storukal.
currency internettu adhishtithavum digital aayirikkam, udaaharanathinu, bitcoin eathenkilum prathyeka rajyavumaayi bandhappettathalla, allengil oru basket karansikaleyum (kaivasham vachirikkunna aasthikaleyum) adisthaanamaakkiyulla aii. emm. ephinte ezz. dii. aarr.
ellah pouranmaarudeyum prayojanathinaayi bharanaghadanaaparamaaya karansiyude niyamasadhutha samrakshikkunnathinaayi badal roopathilulla karansikal kaivasham vaykkunnathum vilkkunnathum palappozhum sarkkarukal niyamavirudhamaanu. udaaharanathinu, yunaittad stetts bharanaghadanayude article I, sekshan 8, closs 5 enniva kongrasine panam naanayamaakkaanum athinte moolyam niyantrikkaanumulla adikaaram nalkunnu. moolyathinte oru ekeekritha nilavaaram sthaapikkunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinum pothu, swakaarya ennee yunaittad stetsile ellah vaangalukalkkum kadangalkkum oru ekeekritha dhanavyavastha urappakkunnathinum vendiyaanu eee adikaaram kongrasinu nalkiyathu. nanayangal undakkaanulla adhikaarathodoppam, bharanaghadanaaparamaaya currency samrakshikkunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinumayi swantham adhikaarathin keezhil nalkaatha panatthinte vitharanam niyantrikkaan yunaittad stetts kongrasinu oresamayam adhikaaramund. american aikyanaadukalude audyogika naanayangalumaayum currencyumaayum malsarikkunnathinu swakaarya naanayamo currency samvidaanangalo srishtikkunnathu vyakthikalkko samghadanakalkko federal niyamatthinte lamghanamaanu.
niyanthranavum uthppaadanavum.
mikka kesukalilum, naanayangalum baanknottukalum (phiyatt munny) ulppede ellaatharam karansikalum puratthirakkaanum swantham prachara mekhalaykku (oru raajyamo raajyangalude groupo) pakaramulla karansikalude pracharanam niyantrikkaanum oru central baankinu prathyeka adhikaaramund; ithu dhananayathiloode baankukal (credit) karansiyude ulppaadanam niyanthrikkunnu.
rund karansikal parasparam kaimaattam cheyyaan kazhiyunna vilayaanu vinimaya nirakk. rund currency sonukal thammilulla vyaapaarathin ithu upayogikkunnu. vinimaya nirakkukale floating allengil fixed ennu tharamthirikkaam. aadyathethil, vinimaya nirakkukalile dainamdina chalanagal nirnnayikkunnath vipaniyaanu; randaamathethil, sarkkarukal vipaniyil edapedukayum sthiramaaya vinimaya nirakkil vitharanavum aavasyavum santhulithamaakkunnathinu avarude currency vaangukayo vilkkukayo cheiyunnu.
oru raajyathin swantham karansiyude niyanthranam ulla sandarbhangalil, aaa niyanthranam oru central banco dhanamantraalayamo aanu prayogikkunnathu. dhananayathinte niyanthranam ulla sthaapanathe dhanaparamaya adikaaram ennu vilikkunnu. dhanakaarya adhikaarikalkk avaa srishtikkunna sarkkaarukalil ninnu vyathyastha alavilulla svayambharanamundu. oru dhanaparamaya adikaaram athinte sponsoring gavanmentaanu srishtikkukayum pinthunaykkukayum cheiyunnathu, athinaal athu srishtikkunna niyamanirmmaana allengil executive authoritic swaathanthryam kuraykkaan kazhiyum.
niravadhi raajyangalkk avarude swantham karansikalkku ore peru upayogikkaam (udaaharanathinu, austreliya, canada, america ennividangalil oru dollar). ithinu vipareethamaayi, niravadhi raajyangalkk ore currency upayogikkaam (udaaharanathinu, euro allengil sii. eph. eiii frank), allengil oru raajyathin mattoru raajyathinte currency niyamaparamaaya tenderayi prakhyapikkaam. udaaharanathinu, panamayum ell salvador yuu. ezz. currency niyamaparamaaya tenderayi prakhyaapichittundu, 1791 muthal 1857 vare spanish dollar amerikkayil niyamaparamaaya tendaraayirunnu. vividha samayangalil rajyangal videsha nanayangalil veendum mudrakuthukayo currency boardukal upayogikkukayo cheiyunnu, nilavil ecavador cheiyunnathupole oru videsha sarkkaarinte oro nottinum oru nottu nottukal nalkunnu.
oro currencic saadhaaranayaayi oru pradhana currency yoonittum (udaaharanathinu dollar allengil euro) oru fraakshanal yoonittum undu, palappozhum pradhana unitaayi nirvachikkappedunnu 100 sent = 1 dollar, 100 sentaim = 1 frank, 100 penz = 1 poundu, ennirunnaalum yoonittukalude allengil idaykkide sambhavikkunnu. chila karansikalkku islandic crona, japanese yenn thudangiya cheria unitukalonnumilla.
mourittaaniyayum madagaskar maathramaan dasaamsha samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkaatha saidhaanthika bhinnaghadakangalulla rajyangal; pakaram, mourittaaniyan oogviyaye sidhaanthathil 5 khoumukalaayi thirichirikkunnu, athesamayam malagazi eriyariye saidhaanthikamaayi 5 iraimbilanchakalaayi thirichirikkunnu. eee rajyangalil, "dollar" allengil "poundu" polulla vaakkukal svarnnathinte bhaarathinu nalkia perukal mathramaayirunnu. panapperuppam kaaranam khoomukalum iraimbilanchayum praayogikamaayi upayogashoonyamaayi. (dashaamshamallaatha divisionukalulla mattu charitraparamaaya karansikalkkaayi dashaamshamallaatha karansikal kaanuka.)
currency parivarthanakshamatha.
lokamembaadumulla vyathiyaanangalkk vidheyamaayi, praadeshika currency mattoru karansiyilekku parivartthanam cheyyaam allengil central baank/sarkkar edapedalo illaathe thirichum. videsanaanyavipaniyilaanu itharam parivartthanangal nadakkunnathu. melpparanja niyanthranangaludeyo swathanthravum eluppathilullathumaaya parivartthana savisheshathakaludeyo adisthaanathil karansikale ingane tharamthirikkunnu
charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum vyapaaram, mooladhana ozhukk, deseeya nayangal ennee moonnu vashangal anusarichu, vividha karansikalude vitharana-aavasyam bandham karansikal thammilulla vinimaya anupatham nirnnayikkunnu.
charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum vyapaaram
chelavu kaimaattatthiloode, rajyath pracharikkunna charakkukalum sevanangalum (hotelukal, tourism, cattering, parasyam cheyyal, gaarhika sevanangal enniva) charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum vyaapaarachelavineyum kayattumathi vyaapaarathinte vila parokshamaayi badhikkum. athinaal, anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathil ulppedunna sevanangalum charakkukalum mathramalla vinimaya nirakkine baadhikkunnath. anthaaraashtra vinodasanchaarikaludeyum videsha vidyaarthikaludeyum valia ennam swadeshathum videshathumulla sevanangaludeyum charakkukaludeyum ozhukkinu kaaranamaayi. aagola charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum malsarasheshi anthaaraashtra vinimaya nirakkukalude maattathe nerittu baadikkunnuvennum ithu prathinidheekarikkunnu.
mooladhana pravaahangal
deseeya karansikal nikshepa aavasyangalkkaayi anthaaraashtra vipanikalil vyapaaram cheyyum. oro raajyatheyum nikshepa avasarangal mattu raajyangale nikshepa paripaadikalilekku aakarshikkunnu, angane eee videsha karansikal oro raajyathinteyum kendra baankukalude karuthal shekharamaayi maarunnu. raajyangalkkidayil karansikal thudarchayaayi udharikkunna vinimaya nirakk samvidaanam, vyakthikal karansikal nikshepikkukayum kendra baankukalum nikshepa sthaapanangalum vyapaaram nadathukayo oohikkukayo cheiyunna videsanaanya vipanikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. koodaathe, palisanirakkukalile mattangal, mooladhana vipaniyile ettakkurachilukal, nikshepa avasarangalile mattangal enniva lokamembaadumulla raajyangalude aagola mooladhana varavineyum puranthallalineyum baadikkukayum athinanusarichu vinimaya nirakkukalil ettakkurachilukal undaakukayum cheyyum.
deseeya nayangal
raajyathinte videsha vyapaaram, dananayangal, dananayangal enniva vinimaya nirakkile ettakkurachilukale badhikkunnu. charakk kayattumathiyude thaarifukalum irakkumathi maanadandangalum polulla nayangal videsha vyaapaarathil ulppedunnu. motham thukayum varumaanavum sambandhicha dhananayathinte swaadheenam anthaaraashtra vinimaya nirakkile maattangale nerittu nirnnayikkunnu. kaimattangal, nikuthi anupathangal, mattu gadakangal thudangiya dananayangal mooladhanathinteyum saambathika vikasanathinteyum laabhakshamathayil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, koodaathe deseeya kadam issue cheiyunnathum kammi nalkunnathum thammilulla anupatham raajyathinte thirichadavu seshiyum credit rating nirnnayikkunnu. atharam nayangal aabhyanthara, videsha karansikale bandhippikkunnathinulla samvidaanam nirnnayikkunnu, athinaal vinimaya nirakkukalude ulppaadanathil kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
currency parivarthanakshamatha saambathika vikasanavumayum dhanakaryavumaayum adutha bandhamullathaan. raajyangalkk currency parivarthanakshamatha kaivarikkunnathinu karsanamaaya vyavasthakalundu, ithu raajyangalkk avarude sambadvyavastha mechappeduthunnathinulla nalla maargamaan. lokathile chila raajyangaludeyo pradeshangaludeyo karansikal us dollar, australian dollar, japanese yenn enniva swathanthramaayi parivartthanam cheyyaavunnavayaanu. currency parivarthanakshamathaykkulla aavashyakathakale ekadesham naalu bhagangalaayi tirikkaam
swathanthramaayi parivartthanam cheyyaavunna currency ullathinaal aabhyanthara sthaapanangalkku avarude videsha athiraalikalumaayi kadutha malsaram nadathendivarum. avar thammilulla malsarathinte vikasanam currency parivartthanakshamathayude nadappaakkal phalathe badhikkum. koodaathe, micro economics macro economic avasthakalkku oru munvyavasthayaanu.
charakkukaludeyum mooladhanathinteyum athirthi kadannulla ozhukkaanu currency parivarthanakshamatha ennathinaal, athu macro sambadvyavasthaye badhikkum. ithinu deseeya sambadvyavastha saadhaaranavum chittayumulla avasthayilaayirikkendathu, athaayath gurutharamaaya panapperuppavum saambathika choodu illa. koodaathe, sambadvyavasthayil currency kaimaattatthinte aaghaatham kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu pakwathayulla krameekaranangal varuthaan sarkkar macro nayangal upayogikkanam.
anthaaraashtra payment baalansinte nilanirtthal nyayamaaya saambathika gadanayude pradhana prakadanamaanu. currency parivarthanakshamatha anthaaraashtra balance oof peymentukalude susthirathayil budhimuttukal srishtikkuka mathramalla, anthaaraashtra saambathika edapaadukalil sarkkaarinte nerittulla niyanthranatheyum badhikkunnu. videsanaanyakshaamam illaathaakkaan sarkkaarin mathiyaya anthaaraashtra karuthal shekharam aavasyamaanu.
currency parivarthanatthinu munbum sheshavum vinimaya nirakkinte sthiratha nilanirthunnathil vinimaya nirakkinte nilavaaram oru pradhana gadakamaanu. swathanthramaayi parivartthanam cheyyaavunna karansiyude vinimaya nirakk valare uyarnnatho valare thaazhnnatho aanu, ithu eluppathil oohaapohangalkku kaaranamaakukayum macro economic, financial maarkkattukalude sthirathaye durbalappeduthukayum cheyyum. athinaal, vinimaya nirakkinte nilavaaram nilanirthunnathinu, sariyaaya vinimaya nirakk vyavastha nirnaayakamaan.
praadeshika currency.
saambathikashaasthrathil, oru deseeya gavanmentinte pinthunayillaathathum oru cheria pradeshathu maathram vyapaaram nadatthaan uddeshichathumaaya oru karansiyaanu praadeshika currency. jaine jacobsinepolulla abhibhaashakar vaadikkunnathu, avide thamasikkunna aalukalkk sevanangalum praadeshikamaayi uthppaadippikkunna charakkukalum kaimaran kazhiyunna oru vinimaya maadyamam nalkunnathiloode saambathikamaayi adhapathicha oru pradeshathe svayam uyarthaan ithu prapthamaakkunnu (vishalamaaya ardhathil, ithaanu ellah panatthinteyum yadhaartha uddeshyam). eee ashayathe ethirkkunnavar praadeshika currency oru thadassam srishtikkukayum athu alavilum thaarathamya nettatthilum saambathika vyavasthaye thadassappeduthukayum chila sandarbhangalil avaa nikuthi vettippinulla oru maargamaayi varthikkukayum cheiyumennu vaadikkunnu.
deseeya currency ulppedunna saambathika prakshubdhatha undaakumbol praadeshika karansikalum nilavil vannekkaam. praadeshika sarkkarukal purappeduvicha 2002 leeii arjanteenan saambathika prathisandhiyaan ithinu oru udaaharanam, athil praadeshika karansikalude chila savisheshathakal vegathil sweekarichu.
1980 kalude thudakkathil vancouver dveepil sthaapithamaaya yadhaartha letts karansiyaanu praadeshika karansiyude ettavum mikacha udaaharanangalilonnu. 1982ll canaden central baankinte vaipa nirakk 14 sathamaanam vare uyarnnathode charted baank vaipa nirakk 19 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu. thathfalamaayundaaya currency vaipa shaamavum dweep nivaasikalkk oru praadeshika currency srishtikkukayallaathe mattu oopshanukal avasheshippichu.
pradhana loka payment karansikalude pattika.
2023 meyy maasathil loka paymentukalil ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna 20 karansikalude kanakkukal chuvade cherkkunnu.
athum kaanuka.
bandhapetta ashayangal
accounting unitukal
pattikakal

