vivahitharaaya sthreekalude swath niyamam 1870

vivahita vanithakalkk avar sambaadicha panatthinte niyamaparamaaya udamakalaakaan anuvadikkukayum swath avakaashamaayi labikkukayum cheiyunna yunaittad kingdatthile paarlamentinte oru niyamamaayirunnu 1870 leeii vivahita vanithakalude swathavakaasha niyamam (33 & 34 vii. sii. 93).
pashchaathalam.
1870 nuu munbu, sthreedhanam ozhike, oru sthree (vethanam, nikshepam, sammanam allengil anantharaavakaasham ennivayiloode) sambaadicha eathu panavum aval vivahithayaaya udan thanne bharthaavinte swathaayi maari. oru vadhuvinte pithaav nalkunna sthreedhanam makalude vaivaahika jeevithathiludaneelavum vidhavayaakunnathilum avalude saambathika sahaayathinaayi upayogikkukayum, vadhuvinte pithaavil ninnu varante pithaavil ninnu uddeshicha vivaahathodum athinte falamaayundaakunna kuttikalodum saambathika prathibaddhatha nedaan kazhiyunna oru maarggam koodiyaanu. purushante wall ulla oru entile upayogichukondu jyeshtaavakaasham nadappaakkunna oru upakaranam koodiyaayirunnu ithu. angane, bhaaryayude vyakthithvam bharthaavinte vyakthithvathil niyamaparamaayi ulcherkkappedukayum niyamaprakaaram avare phalapradamaayi oru vyakthiyakkukayum cheythu.
oru sthree vivaahithayaayikkazhinjaal, bharthaavinu swathil poornna niyanthranamullathinal avalkk swathil avakaashavaadamundaayirunnil, athinaal swathil thanikk anuyojyamaayathenthum cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu "angane, oru sthree, vivaham kazhichathinushesham, thante swakaarya swath-panam, stokkukal, furnitureukal, kannukaalikal thudangiya chalikkavunna swath-bharthaavinte udamasthathaykku upekshichu; niyamaprakaaram vivaahathil eppol venamenkilum athu nirthalaakkaan addehathinu anuvaadamundaayirunnu, athu maranasamayathu polum illaathaakkaan kazhiyum". udaaharanathinu, pakarppavakashamulla eathoru meteeriyalinum vivaahathil bharthaavinu pakarppavakasham undaayirikkum. thozhiludamayude udamasthathayilulla thozhilinte bhaagamaayi cheiyunna joliyude pakarppavakaashathinu samanamaayirikkum ithu. maranasamayathum oru sthreeyude bharthaavinu avalude muun swathinte niyanthranam thudarnnu. niyamam paasaakkunnathin munbu, sthreekalkku vivaahitharaakumbol avarude swathinte ellah udamasthaavakaashavum nashtappettu "pathimoonnaam noottaandinte arambham muthal 1870 vare, engleesh pothu niyamam oru bhaarya oru sthriyaayi svanthamaakkiya swathinte bhooribhaagavum bharthaavinte niyanthranathilaanennu vidhichu.
vivahita sthreekalkku kurachu niyamaparamaaya avakashangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, niyamaprakaaram avar oru prathyeka niyamaparamaaya jeeviyaayi amgeekarikkappettirunna-oru "sthree eaka". ithinu vipareethamaayi, eakaakikalum vidhavakalumaya sthreekale pothu niyamathil "eaka vanithakal" aayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu, avarkk ithinakam thanne avarude peril swath swanthamaakkaan avakashamundaayirunnu. oru sthree vivaahithayaayikkazhinjaal, avalkk niyamaparamaayi thante bhoomiyudeyo veettudamasthayudeyo udamasthaavakaasham undaayirunnittum, thante udamasthathayilulla oru veedu vaadakaykku edukkaano thante oru bhagam vilcano polulla onnum cheyyaan avalkk avakashamillaayirunnu "athinaal, oru bhaarya thante yadhaartha swathinte niyamaparamaaya udamasthaavakaasham nilanirtthi-bhavanavum bhoomiyum polulla sthaavara swath, pakshe avalkk athu niyanthrikkaano niyanthrikkaano kazhinjilla; bharthaavinte sammathamillaathe avalkk thante yadhaartha swath vilcano vaadakaykku edukkaano panayam vaykkaano kazhinjilla". addehathinte anumathiyillathe avalkk karaarukal undaakkaano kadangal vahikkano kazhiyumaayirunnilla. avalkk kodathiyil cases kodukkaano cases kodukkaano kazhinjilla. valare sambannare maathrame eee niyamangalil ninnu ozhivaakkiyirunnullu-ikvitti niyamangal prakaram, oru vivahita sthreeyude swathinte oru bhagam avarude upayogathino avarude kuttikalude upayogathino vendi oru trasttinte roopathil mattivekkaam. ennirunnaalum, trasttukal sthaapikkunnathinulla niyamaparamaaya chelavukal janasamkhyayude bahubhooripakshathinum avaa labhyamallathaakki.
labhyamallathaakki sthreekal niyamam passacan sramikkaan thudangi, oru koottam sthreekal niyamam bhedagathi cheyyanamennu pracharanam nadathiyenkilum vijayichilla. barbera bodichon (1827-1891) aayirunnu eee kaaranam ettedutha oru pradhana sthree. avar sthreekalude avakashangal prolsaahippikkukayum 1854-ll "sthreekalekkurichulla englandile niyamangalude oru hraswa sangraham prasidheekarikkukayum athil chila nireekshanangal ulppeduthukayum cheythu". vivahita sthreekalude swathavakaasha niyamangal parishkarikkaan avar kadinamaayi parishramichu. oru kalakariyenna nilayil, 1857ll vanita kalakaaranmaarkkaayulla sosaitti sthaapikkaanum avar sahayichu. 1865ll avar sthreekalkku mathramulla kensington sosaitti sthaapichu, athinaayi 1866ll "sthreekalude vottavakashathinulla kaaranagal" ennu avar ezhuthi. "middlemark" ezhuthiya jorjju eliyattinte (merii aan ivaansinte thoolikaanaamam) uttasuhrithum koodiyaayirunnu avar.
1868-ll, niyamam pasakkanulla sramangal punarujjeevippikkappedu; aaa varsham, vivahita vanithakalkk avivahitharaaya sthreekalkku thulyamaaya swathavakaasham labhikkanamenn nirddeshikkunna oru vivahita vanita swathavakaasha bill paarlamentil avatharippichu. vanita samghangaludeyum chila purushanmaarudeyum deerghavum oorjjaswalavumaaya pracharanam eee niyamam paasaakkunnathilekk nayichu.
1870 leeii vivahita vanithakalude swathavakaasha niyamam oru bhaarya swantham joliyiloodeyo paarambaryamaayi labhichatho aaya vethanavum swathum avalude prathyeka swathaayi kanakkakkumennum 1882 leeii vivahita vanithakalude swathavakaasha niyamam prakaram eee thathwam athinte uravidamo ettedukkunna samayamo pariganikkathe ellah swathukkalilekkum vyaapippikkumennum vyavastha cheythu. bharthaavinte swathinte niyanthranam nedunnathil ninnu mathramalla, addehathinte kadakkaranaaya addehathinu vendi jolie cheythavaril ninnum eee niyamam oru sthriye samrakshikkukayum cheythu, "eee niyamangal saadhaaranayaayi vivahita sthreekalude swath avarude bharthaakkanmaarude kadam kodukkunnavarude attaachmentil ninnu ozhivaakkunnu".
ithu vivahita sthreekalkku prathyeka niyamaparamaaya estettu nalkukayum avare maravil ninnu mochippikkukayum cheythu. aadyamaayaanu vivahita sthreekalkku bharthaakkanmaaril ninnu akannu jeevikkanum kuttikale pottaanum saidhaanthikamaayi kazhiyunnath. kuttikalulla vidhava sthreekalkku, "sthreekalkkulla adivire" enna nilayil, swath swanthamaakkaanum kuttikale paripalikkaanum ithinakam avakashamundaayirunnu.
niyamathile ulladakkangal.
niyamathile ettavum pradhanappetta vakuppukal ivayaayirunnu
poraaymakal.
eee niyamam kooduthalum vivahita sthreekalude varumaanathekkurichaan kaikaaryam cheythirunnathu, koodaathe vivahita sthreekalude swathavakaashathekkurichu valare vyakthamaayi paranjirunnilla. vivaahathin munbu oru sthreeyude swantham peril undaayirunna yadhaartha swathinu vipareethamaayi eathenkilum swakaarya swath (vyakthigatha) niyamaparamaayi bharthaavinte swath, panam, furnitureukal, stokkukal, kannukaalikal ennivayaayi maarunnu ennathaanu oru pradhana pazhuthukal. athinusesham vivaham kazhicha sthreekalkku avarude adutha bandhukkalil ninnu avarude peril ("theerchayaayum") nalla swath (200 poundu) vare arhathayundaayirunnu. 200 poundil kooduthal thukaykku athu samsaarichilla. niyamam munkaala praabalyamullathaayirunnil-athinu munbu vivaham kazhicha ellah sthreekalkkum vivaahathin munbu kaivasham vachirunna swath (avarkk enthengilum undengil) avarude eakanaamathil veendedukkaan kazhinjilla. ithu phalathe valareyadhikam parimithappedutthi.
paarambaryamaayi.
britiish charithratthil aadyamaayi, puthuthayi vivahitharaaya sthreekalkku avarude swantham varumanam niyamaparamaayi nilanirthaanum swath anantharaavakaashamaayi nedaanum ithu anuvadichu ennathaanu niyamatthinte poornna praadhaanyam. bharthavinoppam kuttikale paripaalikkenda niyamaparamaaya kadamayum vivahita sthreekalkku nalkiyittundu. niyamathinu munbu vivaham kazhicha sthreekal ippozhum avarude swathinte udamasthaavakaasham vittukoduthu. vivaahasamayath avar prasavicha oru kuttikaludeyum mail avarkk adikaaramundaayirunnilla, ithu "avalude makkalude mail ellah adikaaravum [bharthaavinte] jeevithathil eathenkilum karar seshiyum avalkk nishedikkappettu". eee niyamam paasaakkiyappol sthreekalkku valare kurachu avakashangal maathramundaayirunna oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu athu. paarlamentari thiranjeduppil sthreekalkku vottu cheyyaan anuvaadamundaayirunnilla; sthreekalude swathavakaasham vipuleekarichathinaal eee niyamam sthreekalude vottavakaashathin vazhiyorukkiyennu vadikkam. sthreekalkku avakasham nishedhikkappedaanulla oru kaaranam athu ozhivaakki "vivahithayaaya oru sthriye bharthaav prathinidheekarikkumenna anumaanam kaaranam sthreekalkku vottukalum pothu padavikalum nishedhikkunnathinulla oru kaaranamaayi marachuveppum upayogichu. sthreekalude svayambharanathinum vyakthithvathinum pothujana amgeekaarathinte [thudakkam] aayi marachuveppinte avasaanam theerchayaayum vottavakaashathodoppam sthaanappeduthunnu. munbu sthreekale swantham vottu nedaan kazhiyunna vyakthikalayi kaanapettirunnilla; avarude bharthakkanmaar paarambaryamanusarichu atharam kaaryangalude niyanthranam ettedukkumaayirunnu. ettedukkumaayirunnu vivahita vanita swathavakaasha niyamathinum niyamathinum janangalude praathinidhya niyamathinum adithara paakunnathin eee niyamam sahayichu, ithu yunaittad kingdatthil muppath vayassinu mukalilulla niravadhi sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalki.
vimarsanam.
1870ll vivahita vanithakalude swathavakaasha niyamam paasaakkiyappol paarlamentinodu valareyadhikam prathikoola prathikaranangal vannu. chila aalukal eee niyamam sthreekalkku prayojanam cheiyunnathil shradha kendreekarichillennum yadhaarthathil vivahita dambathikal cheiyunna thattippilaanu shradha kendreekarichirikkunnethum paranju "britiish niyamam paasaakkiyathin vivahita sthreekalude avakaashangalekkaal vivahita dambathikal (kadam niyamathe paraajayappeduthaan koottuchernnavar) nadatthiya vanchana niyanthrikkunnathumaayi kooduthal bandhamundennu kodathi kesukal vaadikkunnu". eee abhiprayam vivaadamaayirunnu, kaaranam pala feministukalum eee niyamam vivahitharaaya sthreekalkku oru valia vijayamayi kandu. eee chintareeti sthreekalil ninnu dambathikalilekku mothatthil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
sthreekalum purushanmaarum thammilulla samathvathekkurichu adhikam charcha nadannilla ennathaanu mattoru vimarsanam. eee puthiya niyamam paasakkiyathil ninnu undaakunna vaadangalil shradha kendreekarichu "vivahita sthreekalude swath billukalekkurichulla charchakalude ettavum sradheyamaaya savisheshatha laingika samathvathinte thathwam charcha cheyyaan athramaathram samayam chelavazhichu ennathaanu, vivahita sthreekalkku swathavakaasham nalkunnathu veettil kalahathinu kaaranamakumenna aashayathekkurichu charcha cheyyaan ethra samayam chelavazhichu ennathaanu". thulyathayekkurichu adhikam charchakal nadannittillennathil athishayamund, kaaranam niyamam paasaakkiyappol athu vivahitharaaya sthreekalude swathukkalude melulla avakaashathe vivahitharaaya purushanmaarkk avarude swathukkalude melulla avakaashathinu thulyamaakki. oro pankaliyum parasparam thulyaraakumenna ashayam akkaalathe chila purushanmaarkk thikachum asambandhamaayi thonni "arther raakhaam cleveland, jeey. iii. jii. vivaahamochanavum vivaahamochanavum, vivaahamochanavum enna pothu niyama sidhaanthathe 'krooratha' allengil 'ardha-parishkritha' ennu apalapichu."samathvathekkurichulla samsaarathin pakaram, eee niyamam kudumbatthinu ethratholam nishedaathmakamaanu ennathinekkurichu charcha cheyyappettu, kaaranam athu veettil tharkkangalkk kaaranamakum. bharthaavinu chumathalayundenkil maathrame oru veedu yadhaarthathil santhushtamaaya oru veedaakaan kazhiyoo ennum bhaarya vidheyayaanengil maathrame oru veedu yadhaarthathil santhushtamaaya oru veedaakoo ennum parayappettirunnu "bharthaavinu abhayam nedaan kazhiyunna 'ettavum maduravum santhoshakaravumaaya sthala' maanengil bharthaakkanmaarum bharyamaarum thammilulla tharkkangalkk victorian veettil sthaanamilla. prathyeka mekhalakalile prathyayashaasthrathinte adisthaanathil, sthreekale bharthaakkanmaarkku poornnamaayum keezhppeduthunnathiloode maathrame eee gaarhika aikyam kaivarikkaan kazhiyoo ".

