
madhyakala scandinavian niyamam

vadakkan jarmman niyamam ennum ariyappedunna madhyakala scandinavian niyamam, vadakkan jarmman janatha pinthudarunna jarmman niyamatthinte oru upavibhagamaayirunnu. ithu aadyam niyamaprabhashakar ormmippichirunnuvelum wiking yugathinte avasaanathinu sesham avar ezhuthunnathil prathijnjaabadharaayirunnu, kooduthalum scandinaviayude kristheeyavalkkaranathinu sesham kristhyan sanyasimar. thudakkathil, avaa bhoomishaasthraparamaayi cheria adhikaaraparidhikalil ("logsogur") parimithappedutthiyirunnu, vividha vyapara pattanangalumayi bandhapetta bajarki niyamangal, ennaal pinneedu muzhuvan scandinavian rajyangalkkum baadhakamaaya niyamangal undaayirunnu. oro adikaaraparidhiyeyum niyanthrikkunnath oru θing ennu vilikkunna swatantra purushanmaarude oru sabhayaan.
kodathi assembly, "kaaryam", niyamam upayogikkukayum prathi kuttakkaaranaano allayo ennu theerumaanikkaan saakshikale kelkkukayum cheythu. niyamavirudhavum pizhayum enningane saadhaaranayaayi rund tharatthilulla shikshayundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ettavum saadhaaranamaaya neethimaarggam pizhakalaayirunnu; kuttakrithyatthinte kaadinyatthe aashrayich thuka vyathyaasappedunnu. eee samvidaanam valare sankeernamaayirunnu, mathramalla pizhayum, ottaykku oru "mulked", prathiyudeyum/allengil irayudeyum saamoohika nilaykk anusarichu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. niraparaadhithvathekkurithu tharkkangal palappozhum vichaaranayiloode pariharikkapettu. eee pareekshanangalil purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkumulla vyathyastha parisodhanakal ulppettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kuttakrithyathekkurichu kodathikale bodhavalkkarikkaathidathom kaalam athu shikshikkappedaathirikku niyamaparamaaya paridikk purathu panamadachu theerppaakkukayo cheyyaam. wiking yugam vare rekhaamoolamulla niyamasamhithayonnum undaayirunnillengilum pizha, yudhayudhangal, kuttavaalikale nirasikkal enniva scandinavian lokamembaadumulla maanadandamaayirunnu.
island.
wiking niyamavyavasthayekkurichu vivarangalkk ettavum mikacha uravidangal ettavum kooduthal rekhappeduthappetta islaandilaanu. udaaharanathinu, irbigja saaga ellah kaaryangalilum undakkiya vittuveezhchakalekkurichu vivaranagal chithreekarikkunnu. kathayude 46-aamm adhyaayathil, madhyasthanum juriyum inipparayunna othutheerppu sugamamakkunnu
"alfta fjordil ninnu labhicha thord bling enna murivu thorod snorasaninu nalkia murivu raddaakkanamennu sammathichu. maar halwardsonte murivum blow steyintharum purohitanu snorry nalki, alfta fjordil kollapetta moonnu perude maranathinu thulyamaanennu parayappedunnu. irubhaagathum oraal stair nadatthiya kolapaathakangalum, athupole thanne bergthorinte kolapaathakangalum, vigra fjordile pooraattatthile thorbraandsansinte murivukalum parasparam raddaki. alfta fjordil steyintharinte aalukaliloraale vadhichathinaan freesteen bofiyude vadham kaaranamaayath. thorleaf kimbiykk nashtappetta kaalinu nashtapariharam labhichu. alfta fjordil snoriyude aalukaliloraalude kolapathakam thorleaf kimbi yuddham aarambhich nadatthiya niyamaviruddha akramanavumaayi poruthappettu. matellaa parikkukalum thulyamaayi, ellah mikacha vyathyaasangalum prathiphalam nalki, athinaal avar souhrudaparamaaya nibandhanakalil pirinju. steyintharum snorry jeevichirikkunnidathom kaalam ellaavarum eee vaasasthalathe aadarichu."
1117-ll, ellah niyamangalum ezhuthanamennu ellaam theerumaanikkukayum aaa shaithyakaalath haflidi maassante krishiyidathil ithu poortthiyaakkukayum adutha varsham prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayundaakunna codex "gray goose niyamangal" (islandica "gragas") ennariyappedunnu, avaa islandic komanvelthu kaalaghattatthile islandic sivil niyamangalum aislaandile kristhyan sabhaye niyanthrikkunna niyamangalum ulkkollunna niyamangalude oru shekharamaayirunnu.
norway.
madhyakaalakhattatthile mattu scandinavian raajyangaleppole, norway niyamaanusrithamaaya tharkkangal pariharikkan niravadhi rajaakkanmaar yogam cherunna oru samvidaanathaal bharikkappettirunnu. madhyakaala norway naalu purathana praadeshika sammelanangal vikasippichu frostetting, gulating, eedsivetting, borgarting. pradhana niyamanirmmaana yogangalayi vikasikkaatha, hougating polulla cheria "thingukalum" undaayirunnu. oru jooriyil saadhaaranayaayi panthrand amgangal, irupathinaalu amgangal allengil muppathiyaaru amgangal enniva ulppedunnu.
oru kesinte phalam nirnnayikkunnathinulla aadyakaala madhyakala norwayile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya sanbradaayangalilonnu, kuttaaropithanum prathiyum thammilulla yudhayudhamaaya holngaamgaayirunnu. vijayi daivangalkku anukoolamaayi kanakkaakkukayum angane niraparadhiyaaya kakshiye kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. athra saadhaaranamallengilum, purushanmaare niyamavirudharaakkunnathum nadannirunnu. kettil phlait-nosinte makanaaya bijonine irbigja kathayude thudakkathil thanne harrald rajaavu kootticherttha oru vasthu niyamavirudhanaayi prakhyaapichu.
pathinonnam noottaand muthal norwegian raajyathile rajakeeya shakti ekeekarikkappettathode niyamangal kooduthalaayi ezhuthappedukayum pinneedu rajakeeya utharaviloode purappeduvikkukayum cheythu. angane pattanangalile vyapaaram bajarki niyamangalal niyantrikkappettu; pathimoonnaam noottaandil naalu "θing" kalile niyamangal krodeekarikkappedukayum "frostaatting niyamam" polulla grandhangal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. norwayile magnus I ("nallath") ithil oru pradhana punk vahichu. thudarnnu, 1274num 1276num idayil norwayude muzhuvan bhaagathinum aadyathe samsthaana niyamam puratthirakki. ithu "magnus lagabots land love" ennariyappedunnu; 1276 muthal raajyathe nagarangalkkayi "magnus lagabots bailov" ennariyappedunna kooduthal niyama kodukal ithinu anubandhamaayi nalki.
"1688ll denmarkile kristhyan vii purappeduvicha norwegian coode oof denmark vare "magnus lagabots land love" norwegian niyamatthinte oru pradhana vibhaagamaayi erekkure maattamillathe ninnu. ennirunnaalum, norwayude nilavile niyamatthinte niravadhi savisheshathakal purathana norwegian swathavakaasha niyamangalil ninnu varachathayi ippozhum karuthappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, udal niyamathinu itharathilulla purathana uthbhavamundennu karuthappedunnu.
perth udambadi outtar hebrideukaleyum ail oof maan dveepukaleyum scots niyamathilekku maatti, athesamayam shetlaandinum oorknikkum norse niyamavum bharanavum ippozhum baadhakamaan.
denmark.
madhyakala denmarkine moonnu adhikaaraparidhikalaayi vibhajichu; scanian rajyangalil upayogikkunna scanian niyamam, sealandilum lolandilum upayogikkunna sylandic niyamam, jutlandilum (vadakkum thekkum) funanilum upayogikkunna jutlandic niyamam. pathinezhaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare scanian bhoomi danish aayirunnu, scanian niyamam sweedante samanamaaya pravishya niyamangalkk munbullathaanu. 1200-ll ezhuthappetta ithu niravadhi niyama kayyezhuthuprathikalil nilavilundu. nilavilulla ettavum pazhaya kayyezhuthuprathiyaaya "ezz. keey. bii. bii. 74" <aii. dii. 1>-nuu idayil srishtichathaanu, ippol sweedish royal libraryil sookshichirikkunnu. 1300 oode poornnamaayum runik aksharangalil ezhuthiya codex runicus enna mattoru pakarpp ippol copenhagen sarvakalaashaalayile arnamagnian instittyoottil sookshichirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum eee kayyezhuthuprathikal pazhaya niyamagrandhangalude pakarppukalaan, athinaal nordic raajyangalile ettavum pazhaya pravishya niyamangalilonnayi scanian niyamam kanakkaakkappedunnu.
moonnu pravishya niyamangalum nalkiyathu vijayi waldemar rajaavaanu. moonnil ettavum ilaya niyamamaya jutlandic niyamam 1241-ll nalkappettu. pinneedu sealandinu rund adhika niyamangal nalkki king erikkinte sealandic niyamavum sealandic ecclistical niyamavum. muun niyamam eathu rajaavineyaanu soochippikkunnathennu vyakthamalla.
1683ll eee moonnu niyamangalkk pakaram kristhyan vii raajaavinte danish niyamam konduvannu, ennaal eee niyamam schleswiggle orikkalum avatharippikkappedaathil eee adhikaaraparidhikkaayi jutlandic niyamam praabalyatthil thudarnnu. jutlandic niyamatthinte ettavum pazhaya pakarppaya "codex holmiensis 37" nilavil sweedish royal libraryude udamasthathayilaanu. pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil eee pusthakam danish udamasthathayilaayirunnuvenna thonnunnathinaal, eee pakarppine 1657 muthal 1660 vareyulla yudhangal muthal sweedish yuddha kollayadichathaayi visheshippicha muun avakaashavaadangal sameepakaala gaveshanangal nirasichu.
sweeden.
ippol sweedenil ninnulla aadyakaala likhitha niyamam halsinglandile forza palliyude vathilil ninnulla oru irumbu mothiramaaya "forsaringen" aanennu thonnunnu, athil oru runic likhitham undu, ithu uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathil ninnullathaanennu valarekkaalamaayi karuthappedunnu, ennaal aduthide onpathaam noottaandiletho patthaam noottaandiletho aanu. likhithathinte krithyamaaya ardham anishchithathvathilaanenkil oro puthiya kuttatthinum pizha erattiyaayi nalkunna pizha pattikayilund.
madhyakaalakhattathil sweedenil niyamathe nilanirthunnathinulla maargangalaaya pravishya niyamangalaan (sweedish bhashayil "landscapslag") aadyakaala ganyamaaya sweedish niyama-paadangal. landscaplagerinecture rekhaamoolamulla srothassukal 1280 nuu sheshamullathaan. sweeden pravishyakal allengil landscap praayogikamaayi vyathyastha raajyangalum vyakthigatha niyamangalumundaayirunnu. wastergotland, austergotland, dalarna, halsingland, sodermanland, upland, wastmanland, warmland, naarkk ennee pravisyakalil pravishya niyamangal nilavilundennu ariyappedunnu. gotlandinaayi gutalajen enna oru pravishya niyamavum nilavilundaayirunnu. finlandil praadeshika pothu niyamangal krodeekarikkappettirum finlandinte chila bhaagangalil prayogicha niyamam halsingland niyamathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.
pazhaya kaalath niyamangal oru prabhashakan ("lagman") oormmippichirunnu. 1200 oode niyamangal rekhaamoolamulla roopathilekku maattaan thudangi. orupakshe purohitharude swaadheenamaayirikkaam ithinu kaaranam. padinjaaran sweedante westogothic niyamam allengil westgotalajan aanu sweedish pravishya niyamangalil ettavum pazhakkam chennath, ithu padinjaaran sweedante wastergotland pravisyayil upayogichirunnu. gutalajeneppole, 1220 oode athinte ettavum pazhaya pathippil ithu ezhuthappettu. chila niyanthranangalkk wiking kaalaghattatthil uthbhavam undakaan saadhyathayund. udaaharanathinu, "greasil irikkumbol oru manushyan anantharaavakaashamaayi labikkilla" enna vyavastha wiking yugathil niravadhi sweedish pouranmaar varanchiyan gardle sevanamanushtichirunnappol upayogapradamaakumaayirunnu, ennaal niyamangal krodeekarichappol, atharam sevanam ellaam nirtthiyirunna samayat athu kuravaayirunnu.
pizhayil moonnilonnu anyayamullavarkkum moonnilonnu noorinum moonnilonnu rajaavinum nalkanam.
1347-ll sweedish pravishya niyamangalkk pakaram magnus eriksante raajya niyamam konduvannu. 1595 vare gatalajan upayogathilundaayirunnu, 1683 vare scanian niyamam upayogathilundaayirunnu.
kristhumathavum norse niyamavum.
thudakkathil sharlemaneyude bharanakaalathaanu scandinavian janathayilekku kristhumatham vannathennu karuthappedunnu, ennaal 11-aamm noottaandilo 12-aamm noottaandilo olaaf triguason norwayude audyogika mathamakki maattunnathuvare athu nilaninnirunnilla. scandinaviayile mattu pradeshangalkoppam pharoo dveepukal, island, greenland ennividangalilekku matham vyaapippichathinte bahumati addehathinundu.
kristhyaanikalkkoppam puthiya niyamangalum ashayangalum vannu, jaarnbardar polullava, athu "theeyude pareekshanam" aayirunnu. thilaykkunna vellathil ninnu oru irumbu eduthu 9 vegathayil kondupookuka ennathaayirunnu athil ulppettirunnathu. oraazhchaykk sesham, vaahakam baadhichillaayirunnuvel avare niraparaadhikalaayi prakhyaapichu. pinneedu kristhyaanikalum eee niyamam nirthalaakki. scandinaviayile adimathavum "aaraadhanakalude" shekharanavum athu nirthalaakki. orupakshe wiking samskaarathin kristhumathatthinte ettavum valia sambhavana athu avatharippicha shakthiyaayirunnu. wiking yugam kooduthal raajavaazhchayude yugathilekku neengiyappol athu athivegam avasaanichu. olaaf triguason, swayne forkbird, sweyninte makan knattu dhii grettu thudangiya rajaakkanmaar angeyattam shaktharum kristhyaanikalumaayirunnu.
scandinaviayude kristheeyavalkkaranathinum, prathyekichu oru kodathi mathramalla, oru saamoohika sammelanamaayirunna aislaandil, vaarshika thing aacharam thudarnnu.