
pitt thadaakathinte nashtappetta swarnna khani

oru noottaandilereyaayi lokamembaadumulla aalukalude bhavana nilanirtthiyirunna britiish kolambiyayile pitt thadaakathinaduthullathaayi parayappedunna pitt thadaakatthinte nashtappetta swarnna khaniyaanu pitt thadaakatthinte nashtappetta swarnna khani. fraser kaanyon gold rush prospectormaarum saahasikarum khaniye tirayukayum gold rush kimvadanthikal kaalakramena aavarthikkukayum sambannamaakkukayum cheytha ithihaasangalaayi parinamikkukayum cheythu. nigoodamaaya eee sambathu slamachinte nashtappetta khani allengil nashtappetta creak khani ennariyappedunnu.
uthbhavam.
britiish kolambiyayile svarnnappaadangale prothsaahippikkunna niravadhi bhoopadangal saan fraansiskoyil prasidheekaricha 1858-ll fraser kaanyon gold rushinte varshamaaya pitt lake goldinte katha aarambikkunnu. eee bhoopadangalil randennam pitt thadaakathinu mukalilulla raajyathe "svarnnam", "indian kuzhichedukkal" ennee vaakkukal kaanikkunnu. akkaalathe mattoru bhoopadatthil pitt thadaakatthinte vadakku bhaagath "quarts paara vahikkunna svarnnam" enna vaakkukal kaanikkunnu, avide oru pathittaandin sesham 1869-ll oru indiakkaaran konduvannu... svarnnathinte nalla prateeksha...pitt thadaakathinte vadakku bhaagathulla nyoo westminstar vareyulla oru cheria aruviyil thaan kandethiyathayi addeham parayunnu. report nagaratthil "valia avesham" srishtichu, partykal kuzhikal kandethaan purappettu.
1903ll, bii. sii. nyoo westminstarile oru pathram jorjju moody ennayaal pitt thadaakathil sambannamaaya oru placer nikshepam kandethiyathayi avakaashappedukayum athu theliyikkaan 1,200 dollar parukkan svarnnavumaayi nagaratthilekku madangukayum cheythathayi report cheythu. moodiyude kandethalinekkurichu prasidheekarichathu athrayeyulloo. 
1902ll oru indiakkaaran nyoo westminstaril 1,600 dollar nottukalkku swarnna podi kaimariyathaayi 1905ll parayapettu. maasangalkk sesham addeham 1,800 dollar swarnna podiyumaayi thirichetthi, ippol veendum 1,400 dollar svarnnavumaayi. athu evide ninnu labhichuvennu parayaan addeham aagrahichilla, thanne pinthudaraan nadatthiya sramangal parajayappettu. appol indiakkaaran rogabaadhithanaayi, orupakshe parvathangalile paryaveshanangalil mosham kaalaavasthaykku vidheyanaayathinaal, oru doctor addeham marikkaan pookukayaanennu paranju. indiakkaaran thante svarnnathinte rahasya uravidam-pitt thadaakatthile sambannamaaya oru placer-oru bandhuvinodu parayukayum athinte sthaanam vivarikkukayum landmarkkukal nalkukayum pradeshatthinte oru asamskritha bhoopadam kandethukayum cheythu. peru velippeduthaatha indiakkaaran marichathinushesham, panamillaatha addehathinte bandhu oru vellakkaarante sahayam thedi. swarnam kandethiyathayi indiakkaaran paranja sthalam kandethaan avarkk kazhinjilla. rahasyam ippol puratthaayathode "nigoodamaaya placer kandethanulla shramathil ellah varshavum paryaveshanangal nadannittundu." 
1906ll atharathilulla mattoru paryaveshanathinu veendum swarnam kandethanaayilla. oru vrudhan pitt thadaaka rajyath vilapetta chila placer graundu kandethiyathayum oru paaraykkadiyil ganyamaaya alavil swarnna naggettukal olippichuvechathayum pankedutthavarkku vivaram undaayirunnu. marikkunnathin munbu, nidiyum placer graundum kandethenda dishakal addeham vittupoyi. kaalavastha mazhayullathinaal athoru dushkaramaaya yaathrayaayirunnu, purathu urangunnathu dutch thoovalukalkkidayilulla swapnangale oormmippichilla." 
jaaksan enna shotwell.
oru pathittaandolam washington prospector wilber amstrong pitt thadaakatthinte thalayil ninnu 20 mylinullil sthithicheyyunna aithihaasika nidhi kandethaan pitt thadaaka pradeshathekku thirachil samghangale nayichu.1915ll abhimukham nadathiyappol 1901ll walter jaaksan enna vellakkaaran khani kandethiyathayi amstrong paraamarshichu. mattu kadhakalilennapole, swarnam kandethiyathin sesham jaaksan gurutharamaayi rogabaadhithanaayi, marikkunnathin munbu thante kandethalinte sthaanavum nidhikalekkurichulla eee vivaranavum vivarichu oru suhruthinu oru kathu ezhuthi "adithara nagnamaaya oru sthalam njaan kandethi, adithara svarnnathodoppam manjayaanennu njaan ningalodu parayumbol ningal enne vishwasikkilla. eathaanum divasangalkkullil njaan aayirakkanakkin aalukale shekharichu, aayirakkanakkin aalukal koodi avide kaanapettu. chila naggettukal walnut pole valuthaayirunnu...praayogikamaayi dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal uparithalathil undennu njaan kandu. mukhathu oru adayaalam muricha oru koodaaraakrithiyilulla paaraykkadiyil njaan svarnnathinte oru bhagam kuzhichu.pitt thadaakatthile swarnam kandethiya oru vellakkaarante katha thudakkathil amerikkayile pathrangalil maathrame prathyakshappettulloo. 
pathuvarshatthinushesham "vancouver pravishya" yill oru lekhanam prasidheekarichu, 24 varshamaayi dussen kanakkinu anweshakar pitt thadaakathinu pinnilulla evideyengilum svarnnathil "parayappedaattha sambathu" vyardhamaayi kaanukayaanennu report cheythu. shatt well enna oru anweshakan oru paaraykkadiyil kuzhichitta svarnnathinte oru nidiyum avar thirayukayaayirunnu-aamstronginte kathayil walter jaaksan enna manushyan. 1901 avasaanathode pitt thadaaka pradeshathu ninnu shotwell purathuvannu saan franciscoilekku pooyi, avide yunaittad stetts mintile rekhakal prakaram addeham 8,000 dollariladhikam placer svarnnathil nikshepichu. parichithamaaya paatten pinthudarnnu shotwell rogabadhithanaakukayum addeham kooduthal kaalam jeevikkaan kazhiyillennu doctor addehathodu parayukayum cheythu. spector marikkunnathin munbu addeham thante alasca kaalaghattatthile oru peru velippeduthaatha pankaalikku oru kathu ayachu, pitt thadaakatthinte pinbhaagathulla parvathangalil thaan athisayakaramaaya sambannamaaya placer graundu kandethiyathayi ariyichu.shotwell paranju, oru koodaaraakrithiyilulla paaraykkadiyil, moonnu parvathashikharangal aduthu nilkkunna oru thaazhvarayil addeham oru chaakk swarnam kuzhichidukayundaayi.swarnna kaashe" evideyaanu kuzhichidiyathennum shotwell pravarthicha sthalangal enthaanennum kathil nirddeshangal nalki.
1939-ll oru abhimukhathil, nyoo westminstarile hyoog murey oru velutha prospectorekkurichum addehathinte sambannamaaya placer swarnna kandethalukalekkurichum koodaaraakrithiyilulla paaraykkadiyil swarnna shekharathekkurichum katha aavarthichu. murreyude vivaranathil, 1903-ll pitt thadaaka pradeshathekku purappetta slamach ithihaasathekkurichu ketta aaa manushyane alaskayile oru muthirnna anweshakanaaya joonn jaaksan ennu vilichirunnu, moonnu maasathinu sesham valare kanatha paaykk-saakkumaayi addeham madangi. jaaksan 8,700 dollar swarnam saan fraansiskoyile britiish vadakke american baankil nikshepichu-oru canadian baankinte anubandha sthaapanam. maranathinu munbu, thirachilinte budhimuttukal anubavikkunna jaaksan, shotwell enna siyaattilile oru suhruthinu nidhiyude sthaanathekkurichulla vivarangalulla oru kathum oru bhoopadavum ayachu. oru vrudhanaayathinaal, shotwellinu thanne swarnam tirayan kazhinjilla, koodaathe jaaksante creak thedi pitt thadaaka mekhalayilekku poya oru saha siyaattil manushyan addeham oru punk vittu, pakshe bhoopadam bhaagikamaayi kedaayathine thudarnnu vijayamillathe madangi." 
kedupaadukal sambhavicha bhoopadam valia prayojanamundaakkilla, jaaksante kathum valia sahayamaayirunnilla. ennaal mattullavarkoppam mureyum vishwasikkukayum tirayukayum cheythu. koodikkazhchaykku sesham addehathinte vishwaasam sakthippettu... 1903ll jaaksan thangalkkoppam thaamasichathaayi oormmippicha pitt thadaakatthinte thalayilulla indian campile oru vrudhayaaya indian sthree..avan kaazhchayil ninnu vittukodukkaatha thante valare bharameriya pothiyumaayi.
eee kathakalil mattevideyum jaaksan allengil shotwell nilavilundennathinu thelivukalilla.
slamach.
pitt thadaakathil ninnu pitt nadhi ozhukunna sthalathu thaamasichirunna oru muthirnna kaatsi aadya raashtrapurushanaayirunnu slamach. pitt nadiyude theerathu luis allengil luis theneecha ennariyappedunna oru "pakuthi inathe" kolappeduthiyathinu sikshikkappettu. 1891-ll nyoo westminstaril thookkumaratthil slamach marichu. maranathinu thottumunbu snaapanametta addehathinu "peettar" enna aadyanamam nalkappettu, eee peru addehathinte jeevithakaalathu orikkalum upayogichirunnilla. addehathinte adayaalappeduthaatha shavakudeeram sent. saapparttanile peettarude semiteri.
1915ll amerikkayil mattu pathrangal punarmudranam cheytha visconsin pathratthile oru lekhanathil washington prospector wilber amstrong pitt thadaakatthinte aithihaasika swarnam aadyamaayi kandethiyathayi slamaachine aadyamaayi paraamarsikkunnu. 1926-leeii oru lekhanathilaanu pitt thadaakatthile svarnnavumaayi sahakarichu slamachinekkurich aadyamaayi paraamarshikkappettath "slamach marichu, addehathodoppam aaa kaattupoottal thadaaka raajyathil evideyo oru valia swarnna khaniyude rahasyam marichu.slamaachinteyum pitt thadaakathinteyum swarnnathinteyum katha akkaalat anweshakarkkidayil pracharikkukayaayirunnu. 
1939ll jacq mahoni pioneer hyoog mureyumaayi abhimukham nadathiyappol pitt lake gold legendinte sthiramaaya bhaagamaayi slamach maari. eee lekhanathil kooduthalum "romaantik fiction" undengilum cheriyekkurichum pitt thadaakatthile nidhiyekkurichum niravadhi kadhakalude uravidamaayi ithu maari.mattoru "pakuthi inam" anweshakane mungimarichathinu thookkilettiya oru madhyavayaskanaya "pakuthi inam chuvanna nadeethada indiakkaaranaanu" eee lekhanathile saangalppika "slummock". hugg mureykk yadhaartha vasthuthakal ariyamaayirunnu. nyoo westminstaril ninnu adhikam akaleyallaatha portt moodiyilaanu addeham valarnnathu, cheri marikkumbol addehathinu muppathukalaayirunnu.
gothik kathakal.
thante lekhanathil mahni kooduthal kolapaathakangalum olippicha svarnnavum kanyakakalum thookkikkollappetta oru manushyante kathayil chertthu. parvathangalil swarnam tirayan ippozhum kazhivulla oru madhyavayaskanaya manushyanaayi addeham itihaasa "slammokkine" avatharippichu, thonnoorukalude avasaanathil addeham athine sambannanaakkukayum "nannayi niracha 'pokku' naggettukalumaayi" nyoo westminstarilekk idaykkide varikayum cheythu, thante panam swathanthramaayi chelavazhikkukayum ennaal athinte uravidam rahasyamaayi sookshikkukayum cheythu.
mahni athu paranju...[thante swarnna khaniyude] sthaanam velippeduthunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi addeham thante moonnu indian 'bhaaryamare' pitt thadaakathinte mukhathulla shivash paaraykk sameepam mukkichathaayi vishwasikkappedunnumdum orikkalum theliyikkappettittilla.aaa avasana prameyam" "nashtappetta creak khaniyude neelappalaka", "" "ombathu britiish columbian sthreekalude swarnna khaniyile kolapathakangal" "thudangiya gothik kathakalaayi valarnnu".oru praadeshika doktaraaya doow. haal thante marana sellile "slummock" sandarshikkaan shramichuvenkilum "samoohathinte kathunna chodyathinu utharam labhikkathe addeham maranathilekku pooyi.vichaaranayude samayat aaa samudaayathile praadeshika pathrangalonnum cherikalkku svarnnathekkurichu ariyaamaayirunnuvenn soochana nalkiyirunnilla. emm. vichaaranayude samayat kodathi vyaakhyaathaavaayirunna allardinum slamachinte svarnnathekkurichu onnum ariyillaayirunnu. 1891ll kolapaathakakkuttam chumatthi thookkilettappetta vrudhanaaya slamachinu innu thante peru vahikkunna anugrahathekkurichu ariyillaayirunnuvennu ithu soochippikkunnu.
maranavum aprathyakshathayum.
1926ll prospector stanford koorii paranju, muppathu varshathinide thaan avide praveshicha mattoru vyakthiyude adayaalangalum kanditilla.[25] ennirunnaalum, pathrangalkk vyathyasthamaaya kaazhchappaadaayirunnu jeevan apakadathilaakkukayum nashtappetta nidhikkayi avayavangal vettayaadukayum cheiyunna saahasikathakalude oru pravaham. 
pitt thadaaka mekhalayile paryaveshanatthinte apakadangal adivarayittu, 1900 muthal pitt thadaakatthinte swarnam thirayunna rund dussen anweshakarkkum nidhi vettakkarkkum swaabhaavika kaaranangalal jeevan nashtappedukayo cheriyude shaapathin irayaakukayo cheythathayi pathrangal avakashappettu.anchu perude maranamo kaanathaakalo maathramaan report cheyyappedendathu.
nilanilppinulla saadhyatha.
puraana khaniyude sthaanam avyakthamaayi thudarunnu. parichayasambannanaaya oru nireekshakanum pitt thadaakathinum schwamishinum edayilulla pradeshathu varshangalolam daathukkalkkaayi thiranjirunnathumaaya stanford koriyeppolulla samshayavaadikal ellaayppozhum undaayirunnu. aaa mekhalayil valia panimudakkinu saadhyathayundennu koorii vishwasichilla. 1965ll oru geologist athu sammathichu...pitt thadaakathinu chuttumulla pradesham swarnna-kwartsinu anukoolamalla, ithihaasathinte placer svarnnathinu athilum kuravaanu."ennirunnaalum thirachil thudarukayaanu.

