
scotsboro aankuttikal

1931ll rund vellakkaare balaalsangam cheythathayi alabamayil kuttaropitharaaya onpathu aafrikkan american kaumaarakkaraaya purushanmarayirunnu scotsboro aankuttikal. eee sambhavathil ninnulla niyamaparamaaya kesukal vamsheeyathayum nyayamaaya vichaaranaykkulla avakashavum kaikaaryam cheythu. prathikal kuttaaropitharaakunnathin munbu oru aalkkoottathe aalkkoottamaayi kolappedutthuka, muzhuvan vella joorikalum, thidukkathilulla vicharana, kalapam srishtikkunna janakkoottavum enniva kesukalil ulppedunnu. american aikyanaadukalile niyamavyavasthayile niyamaparamaaya aneethiyude udaaharanamaayi ithu saadhaaranayaayi udharikkappedunnu.
1931 march 25nuu rund dussen aalukal chattanoogaykkum tennessi memphisinum idayil sanjarikkunna charakk trainil "hoboing" cheiyukayaayirunnu. hobos karuthavarudeyum vellakkaarudeyum thulya mishrithamaayirunnu. oru koottam vellakkaraaya kaumaarakkaraaya aankuttikal trainil 18 kaaranaya haywood paattezhsane kaanukayum athu "oru vellakkaarante train" aanennu avakaashappett avane thallikkalayaan sramikkukayum cheythu. oru koottam vellakkaar kallukal shekharikkukayum karuthavarggakkaaraaya ellah purushanmareyum trainil ninnu nirbandhikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. paattezhsaninum mattu karuthavargakkaarkkum samghathil ninnu akannunilkkaan kazhinju. apamanikkappetta vellakkaraaya kaumaarakkaar chaadukayo trainil ninnu nirbandhitharaakukayo cheyyukayum oru koottam karuthavargakkaaraaya kaumaarakkaar thangale akramichathaayi nagaratthile shereefine ariyikkukayum cheythu. sherief oru udyogasthane niyogikkukayum alabaamayile peyint rokkil train nirtthi thirachil nadathukayum karuthavargakkaare arast cheyyukayum cheythu. rund vellakkaraaya yuvathikale jaililekku kondupoyi, avide avar aafrikkan-american purushanmaare balaalsangam cheythathayi aaropichu. alabaamayile scotsboroyilaanu moonnu thidukkathilulla vichaaranayiloode cases aadyamaayi kettathu, athil prathikalkk mosham niyamaparamaaya praathinidhyam labhichu. balaalsangam nadannathaayi soochippikkunna medical thelivukalonnumillenkum 13 vayassulla rooy raitt ozhikeyullavareyellaam balaalsangathinu shikshikkukayum vadhashikshaykk vidhikkukayum cheythu (velutha sthreekale balaalsangam cheythathinu sikshikkappetta karuthavarggakkaarkku akkaalat alabamayil saadhaarana shiksha).
communist party yuu. ezz. eiii (sii. pii. yuu. eiii), naashanal association phoor dhii advaansment oof kalar peeppil (naakp) ennivayude sahaayathode cases appeel cheythu. ettuperil ezhupere shikshicha alabama supreme kodathi 13kaaranaya yujeen vilyamsinu praayapoorthiyaakaathathinaal puthiya vichaarana anuvadichu. cheef justice joonn sii. aandezhsan viyojichu, prathikalkk nishpakshamaaya juurii, nyayamaaya vichaarana, nyayamaaya shiksha, phalapradamaaya upadesham enniva nishedhikkappettuvennu vidhichu. vichaarana kaathirikkave, onpathu prathikalil ettu perum kilby jaililaayirunnu. eee kesukal yunaittad stetts supreme kodathiyil randuthavana appeel cheyyappedukayum ithu vichaaranayude nadatthippil supradhana theerumaanangalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. powell vii. alabama (1932), yuu. ezz. supreme kodathi puthiya vichaaranaykk utharavittu.
cases aadyam keezhkodathiyilekku thirike nalkukayum jadji vedhi maattaan anuvadikkukayum, vichaaranakal decatoor, alabaamayilekku maattukayum cheythu. jadji hortene niyamichu. vichaaranavelayil, balatsanga katha kettichamachathaanennu prathikaliloraal sammathikkukayum scotsboro aankuttikalaarum vellakkaraaya sthreekalil oraaleyum sparshichillenn urappikkukayum cheythu. juurii appozhum prathikal kuttakkaaraanennu kandethiyenkilum jadji vidhi raddaakkukayum puthiya vichaarana anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
jadjiye maattukayum cases veendum pariganikkukayum cheythu. puthiya jadji palappozhum prathirodhatthinethire vidhi prasthaavichu. moonnaamathe thavanayum oru juurii-ippol oru aafrikkan-american amgathodoppam-kuttakkaaranaanennu vidhichu. appeelil cases yuu. ezz. supreme kodathiyilekku ayachu. aafrikkan amerikkakkaare joorikalil ulppeduthanamennu vidhicha ithu veendum vichaaranaykk utharavittu. onpathu prathikalil naluperkkethireyulla kuttangal oduvil pinvalikkapettu. mattu anchu perkku shikshikkukayum 75 varsham muthal vadhasiksha vare labikkukayum cheythu. moonnuper jayil shiksha anubhavichu. 1936ll "aankuttikalil" oralaaya oosi powell jayilil shereefinte deputy offeesarumaayulla tharkkatthinide mukhathu vediyettu sthiramaayi vikalaamganaayi. pinneedu deputy udyogasthane aakramichathinu addeham kuttam sammathichu. 1946 aayappozhekkum moovarum mochitharaavukayo rakshappedukayo cheythu randuper rakshapettu, pinneedu mattu kuttakrithyangalkku kuttaropitharaayi shikshikkappedukayum jaililekku thirichayaykkappedukayum cheythu; avasana vichaaranayil vadhashikshaykk vidhikkapetta ettavum praayam koodiya prathiyum eaka prathiyumaaya clarence norris 1946 ll parolil chaadi olivilayi. 1976ll addehathe kandethukayum govarnor jorjju valas mapp nalkukayum cheythu. norris pinneedu thante anubhavangalekkurichu oru pusthakam ezhuthi. 1989ll avasheshikkunna avasaanathe prathiyaayi addeham marichu.
ulppetta vyakthikalum kesum samagramaayi vishakalanam cheythittundu. samsthaana sarkkar vella joorikalude upayogam eduthukaanikkunna niyamaparamaaya aneethiyaayi ithu parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu. punarnirmmaana yugam muthal alabaamayile karutha amerikkakkaarkk vottarmaarude rolukalil ninnu joorikale thiranjedutthathinaal joorikalil praveshanam anuvadichilla. saahityam, samgeetham, naadakam, sinima, television thudangi niravadhi kruthikalil eee cases paryavekshanam cheyyappettittund. 2013 november 21 nuu, mapp nalkappedaatthatho shikshavidhi raddaakkappedaathatho aaya moonnu scotsboro aankuttikalkku maranananthara mapp nalkaan alabaamayude parol board vottu cheythu.
arasttukalum aaropanangalum.
1931 march 25nuu, chattanoogaykkum tennessi memphisinum edayilulla thekkan railway lainil niravadhi vellakkaranum rund vellakkaaranumaayi onpathu karutha kaumaarakkaraaya purushanmaar charakk trainil sanjarikkukayaayirunnu. lukkoutt parvatha thurankathinu sameepam vellakkarum karuthavarum thammilulla poraattam pottippurappedukayum vellakkaare trainil ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. vellakkaar aduthulla pattanamaya alabaamayile peyint rokkile oru shereefinte aduthekku pooyi, trainil karutha amerikkakkar thangale akramichathaayi avakashappettu. sherief oru samghathe orumichu cherkkukayum "trainile ellah neegro pidikoodaanum" utharavittu."aakramanathinu trainile ellah karutha yaathrakkaareyum police arast cheythu.
karuthavarggakkaaraaya kaumaarakkaar ivaraanu chalikkunna traininte mukalil sigaratt kathikkaan kazhiyunnathra kaalam charakk trainukalil sanjarichathaayi avakashappetta haywood paattezhsan (18 vayass); grameena jorjiyayil patthu sahodareesahodaranmaare upekshicha clarence norris (19 vayass); charley weams (19 vayass); sahodaranmaraaya andy raitt (19 vayass), rooy raitt (12 vayass), aadyamaayi veettil ninnu purappedunnavar; oru jodi glassukalkk panam nalkunnathinaayi jolie labhikkumenn pratheekshichirunna eathaandu andhanaya olin montgomery (17 vayass); oosi powell (16 vayass); thanikk nadakkaan kazhiyaathathra kadinamaaya syphilis baadhicha villi robezhsan (16 vayass); yujeen vilyams (13 vayass); eee ombathu kaumaarakkaarkk oororutharkkum boardinginu munbu naalu perkku maathrame ariyoo.
trainil undaayirunna rund vellakkaraaya sthreekalum, victoria prise rubie bettsum, oru koottam karutha kaumaarakkaar thangale balaalsangam cheythathayi oru udyogasthanodu paranju. prathikal thadavilulla jaililekku udyogasthar sthreekale konduvarikayum avare thangalude akramikalaayi thirichariyukayum cheythu. vila parisodhikkaanum balaalsangatthinte lakshanagal kandethaanum oru doctore vilichuvaruthiyenkilum aarum kandethanaayilla. 1931leeii arast kazhinju taamasiyaathe vyaapakamaayi prasidheekaricha oru photoyil rund sthreekalum undaayirunnu.
prathiyude kuttabodham choondikkaanikkunna thelivukalonnum (sthreekalude sakshyathinappuram) undaayirunnilla, ennirunnaalum akkaalat thekk vyapakamaaya vamseeyatha kaaranam athu aprasakthamaayirunnu, athinanusarichu velutha sthreekalodulla laingika thaalpparyatthinte adayaalangalkkaayi karuthavarggakkaaraaya purushanmaare vellakkaar nirantharam police cheiyukayaayirunnu, ithu alkkootta kolapaathakatthiloode shikshikkappedaam. poleesinte shradha thirikkaanaan thangal balaalsangam cheyyappettathennu prise baattukalum policinode paranjirikkaam. iruvarum veshyakalaanennu samshayikkappedukayum athinte peril arast cheyyappedumennu mathramalla, adaarmika aavasyangalkkaayi oru samsthaanarekha marikadannu maan niyamam lamghichathinu avare vichaarana cheyyaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu."
aalkkoottathe thallunnu.
jiim kaakkayude thekk bhaagath vellakkaare balaalsangam cheiyukayo kollukayo cheythathayi aaropikkappedunna karuthavarggakkaare aalkkoottamaayi kollunnath saadhaaranamaayirunnu; arasttum balatsanga kathayum vegathil pracharichu. taamasiyaathe scotsboroyile jayilil oru aalkkoottam thangale keezhadakkanamennu aavasyappettu othukoodi.
sherief maatt vaan jayilinu munnil nilkkukayum janakkoottathe abhisambodhana cheyyukayum vaathililoode aadyam varunnayaale kollumennu parayukayum cheythu. addeham thante beltt neekkam cheyyukayum thokku thante oru deputic kaimarukayum cheythu. addeham janakkoottathiloode nadannu, janakkoottam addehathe kadannupokaan anuvadichu; aarum addehathe sparsichilla. addeham theruviloode kodathiyilekku nadannu, avide govarnor benchamin emm. jayiline samrakshikkaan alabama armi naashanal gaardine aninirathiya miller. kuttaropithanaakaanum vichaaranaykkaayi kaathirikkaanum vaan prathikale alabaamayile gadsden kaundi seettilekku kondupoyi. alabamayil balaalsangam oru vadhashikshayaayirunnittum, eee ghattathil prathikalkk oru abhibhaashakane sameepikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnilla.
pareekshanangal.
mesheen gannukalumayi 118 alabama kavalkkar thadavukaare kodathiyilekku kondupoyi. scotsboroyile maarkkat divasamaayirunnu, karshakar uthppannangal vilkkanum saadhanangal vaangaanum pattanathilundaayirunnu. taamasiyaathe aayirakkanakkin aalukal aninirannu. prathekshikkunna saakshyathinte ashleelata kaaranam kodathi praveshanathinu anumathi aavashyamaayirunnu. us supreme kodathi pinneedu eee saahacharyathe vivarichathupole, "nadapadikal... pirimurukkavum sathruthayum aaveshabharithavumaaya pothu vikaarathinte anthareekshathilaanu ithu nadannathu."oro vichaaranaykkum, ellah vella joorikaleyum thiranjedutthu. juurii poolil kurachu aafrikkan amerikkakkar maathrame undaayirunnulloo, kaaranam punarnirmmaana kaalaghattatthinu sesham oru puthiya samsthaana bharanaghadanayum velutha vivechanavum moolam bhooribhaagavum vottavakaasham nishedhikkappedukayum angane juurii sevanathil ninnu ayogyaraakkappedukayum cheythu.
prathibhagam abhibhaashakar.
staanding room mathramulla, muzhuvan vella prekshakarkkum munnil pareekshanangalude vegatha valare vegathilaayirunnu. akramam ozhivakkaan jadjiyum prosecuter onpathu vichaaranayude vegatha vardhippikkaan aagrahichu, athinaal aadya vichaarana onnara divasamedutthu, bakkiyullava onninupurake onnaayi, oru divasathinullil nadannu. prathikale sahayikkaan jadji alabama barinode utharavittirunnuvenkum sannadhatha prakadippicha eaka abhibhaashakan pathittaandukalaayi oru kesine nyaayeekarichittillaatha 69 kaaranaya attorni miloo moodiyaanu. jadjiye sahayikkaan steefan roady enna chattanooga, tennessi, riyal estettu abhibhaashakane jadji prerippichu. thayyaredukkaan thanikk samayamillennum alabama niyamam ariyillennum roady sammathichuvenkilum moody sahayikkaan sammathichu.
janakkoottathinte anthareeksham kaaranam, vedhi maattanamenn roady kodathiyil harji nalki, saakshyaadhaara pathrangalilum niyama nirvvahana akkoundukalilum janakkoottathe "kauthukathaal prerippicha" ennu visheshippichu. local surcuted jadji alfred iii. aalkkoottam shathruthayallaatha kauthukamullavaraanennu hockins kandethi.
norris aandu weams trial.
clarence norris charley veem aadyam vichaarana cheyyappettu. prosecution saakshyathil, taanum rubie bettsum poraattatthinu saakshyam vahichathayum karuthavargakkaaril oraalude kaivasham thokkundennum avarellam kathiyude muttilvechu balaalsangam cheythuvennum victoria prais prasthaavichu. rodiyude cross-examination samayat, vila avalude saakshyathe chiriyude garjanam konduvanna njaanamudrakal kondu jeevasuttathakki.
doow. victoria vilayumaayi bandhapetta addehathinte parisodhanayil yoniyil keeral kandethiyittillenum (ithu balaalsangatthe soochippikkumaayirunnu) avalil manikkoorukalolam beejam undaayirunnuvennum bridjukal saakshyappeduthi. cross-examination cheyyappedunnathuvare thano vilayo balaalsangam cheyyappettuvennu rubie betts paraamarsikkunnathil parajayappettu. karuthavarggakkaaraaya yuvakkal vellakkaraaya yuvakkalumaayi yuddham cheyyukayum trainil ninnu avare irakkukayum vellakkaraaya penkuttikalude chumatala ettedukkukayum cheythuvennu avakaashappedunna moonnu perude saakshyathodeyaanu prosecution avasaanichathu. vellakkaraaya yuvaakkale saakshikalaakkaathe prosecution vishramichu.
prathirodha saakshyathil, prathi chaals weams thaan pooraattatthinte bhagamallennum paattezhsante pakkal pisttal undennum train peyint paarayilekku valikkunnathuvare vellakkaraaya penkuttikale trainil kanditillennum saakshyappeduthi.
prathi clarence norris mattu prathikale kudukkikkond kodathimuri njettichu. pooraattatthil pankedukkukayo poraattam nadanna gondola kaaril irikkukayo cheythathayi addeham nishedhichu. ennaal adutha boxes kaarinu mukalilulla thante sthalathu ninnu mattu karuthavarggakkaar balaalsangam cheythathayi thaan kandathayi addeham paranju. prathibhagam kooduthal saakshikale hajaraakkiyilla.
adaykkalinide prosecution paranju, "ningal eee aalukalkk vadhasiksha nalkiyillengil, electric chair nirthalaakkiyekkaam."prathirodham oru samapana vaadavum nadathiyittilla, avarude kakshikalkk vadhasiksha nalkunnathinekkurichu athu abhisambodhana cheythitilla.
juurii aadyathethu charcha cheiyunnathinidayilaanu kodathi adutha cases aarambhichath. aadyathe juurii kuttakkaranaaya vidhi nalkunnathinu rund manikorinullil charcha cheyyukayum veemukalkkum norisinum vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum cheythu.
paattezhsan vichaarana.
norris, weams kesukal juurii parigananayilaayirikkumbo haywood paattezhsante vichaarana nadannathu. juurii aadya vichaaranayil ninnulla vidhi thirichayachappol, randaamathe vichaaranayil ninnulla jooriye kodathimuriyil ninnu purathaakki. kuttakkaarante vidhi prakhyaapikkappettpol kodathimuriyum purathu janakkoottavum aahlaadathode pottipurappettu. purathu foord motor kambani kaarukal pradarshippikkaan oru baand, "aalipazham, samghathe abhinandikkuka", "innu ratri pazhaya pattanatthil oru choodulla samayam undaakum" enniva kalikkaan thudangi. aakhosham valare uchathilayirunnathinaal akathu kaathirunna randaamathe juurii athu kettirikkaam.
pottitherikku sesham, paattezhsante prathirodham oru thettaaya vichaaranayilekku neengi, pakshe jadji hockins prameyam nirasikkukayum saakshyam thudarukayum cheythu. randaam vichaarana thudarnnu. randaam vichaaranayude prosecution saakshyathil, paattezhsan thanne balaalsangam cheythuvennu vyakthamaayi prasthaavichukondu victoria prais kooduthalum avalude kathayil urachuninnu. vellakkaraaya yuvaakkaliloraale paattezhsan vedivachathaayi avar aaropichu. prais sannadhamaayi paranju, "njaan ente bharthaavineyallaathe mattethenkilum vellakkaaranumaayi laingika bandhatthil erppettittilla. athu ningal ariyanamennu njaan aagrahikkunnu."
doow. bridges aadya vichaaranayil ninnu thante saakshyam aavarthichu. neegro" karshakar vilayum panthiyum ulla athe gondola kaaril ninnu purathirangiyathaayi mattu sakshikal saakshyappeduthi; karutha yuvakkalkkoppam vellakkaraaya sthreekale [trainil] kandathayi oru karshakan avakashappettu.
paattezhsan thante pravartthanangale prathirodhichu, gondola kaaril vilayum panthukalum kanduvennum ennaal avayumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillennum veendum saakshyappeduthi. aaa moonnu neegrokkalozhike ellaavarum aaa penkuttiye adhikshepikkunnathu thaan kandirunnuvennum" ennaal pinneedu thante katha maattiyennumaan cross-eksaamineshanil addeham saakshyam vahichathu. trainil paara varaykkaan kazhiyunnathuvare vellakkaraaya sthreekale kandittillenn addeham paranju."
paattezhsan penkuttikalumaayi bandhappettitlennum ennaal onpathu karutha kaumaarakkaar penkuttikalumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppettittundennum ilaya raitt sahodaran saakshyappeduthi. cross-eksaamineshanil, paattezhsan "penkuttikalumaayi bandhappettitla", ennaal "neelamulla, uyaramulla, karutha varggakkaaran pisttal kaivashappeduthiyirunnu" ennu rooy raitt saakshyappeduthi. avan ivideyilla."boxes kaarinu mukalilaanennum clarence norisinte kayyil oru kathiyundennum addeham avakashappettu.
sahaprathipakshangalaya andy raitt, yujeen vilyams, oosi powell ennivarellaam trainil sthreekale kandittillenn saakshyappeduthi. thaan trainil ottaykku irikkukayaanennum paraamarshicha sambhavangalonnum ariyillennum olen montgomery saakshyappeduthi. juurii udan thanne paattezhsane shikshikkukayum electric cheyar upayogichu marikkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu.
powell, robezhsan, vilyams, montgomery, raitt trial.
muun cases kazhinju minitukalkkullil eee vichaarana aarambhichu.
karutha kaumaarakkaar aarr peradangunna rund grouppukalaayi pirinju thanne balaalsangam cheythuvennum rubie baatts aanennum prais thante saakshyam aavarthichu. yujeen vilyams katthi thondayil pidichathaayi prais aaropikkukayum mattu kaumaarakkaarkkellam kathikal undennu parayukayum cheythu. cross-eksaamineshanil avar kooduthal vishadaamshangal nalki, balatsanga samayat aaroo vellakkariyaaya kaumarakkaariyaaya gillick katthi kaivasham vachirunnathayi koottichertthu.
eee vichaarana thadassappedukayum paattezhsan juurii report cheythappol juurii ayaykkukayum cheythu; avar addehathe kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethi. prakhyaapanatthil oru kolahalavum undaayilla. gondola kaaril praveshikkukayum vellakkaare maattivaykkukayum avale "vilamathikkukayum" cheyyukayum cheytha 12 prathikalil anchu pereyum rubie betts thiricharinju.
doow. bridges aayirunnu adutha prosecution sakshi, thante muun saakshyam aavarthichu. cross-eksaamineshanil, iru sthreekalilum kandethiya beejakoshathil chalanangalonnum kandethiyittillenn paalangal saakshyappeduthi, ithu kurachu munbu laingikabandham nadannittundennu soochippikkunnu. prathi villi robezhsan syphilis, gonorrhea ennivayaal rogabaadhithanaanennum addeham saakshyappeduthi, ithu oru mosham kesaanu."balatsanga sambhavangalkk munbu thaan bharthaavumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppettittundennum kaamukanmar neratthe laingika bandhatthil earppettittundennum vila thannodu paranjathaayi chodyam cheyyalil addeham sammathichu.
prathikalkk kandethaan samayamulla oreyoru sakshi prathibhagam vilichu. puthiya thelivukalonnum purathuvannittilla.
robezhsan onnil ninnu mattonnilekku chaadunna train kaarukalkk mukaliloode oodiyennum addeham avakaashappedunnathinekkal mikacha avasthayilaanennum adutha prosecution sakshikal saakshyappeduthi. aaa anchuperil oororuthareyum gondola" thaan kandathayi slim gillie saakshyappeduthi, ennaal sthreekale balaalsangam cheiyunnathu thaan kandathayi sthireekarichittilla.
prathibhagam veendum samapana vaadam ozhivaakki, athbhuthakaramennu parayatte prosecution pinneedu kooduthal vaadangal nadatthi. prathibhagam shakthamayi ethirthengilum kodathi athu anuvadichu.
kuttakrithyatthil sahayikkunna eathoru prathiyum athu cheytha eathoru prathiyeyum pole kuttakkaaranaanennu paranju jadji hockins juric nirddesham nalki. uchakku nalumanic juurii charcha aarambhichu.
rooy raitt vichaarana.
13 vayassulla rooy raitt vadhashikshaykk valare cheruppamaanennum athu aavasyappettillennum prosecution sammathichu. vilayil ninnum vaathilukalil ninnum maathramaan prosecution saakshyam nalkiyathu. annu vaikunneram onpathu manikk addehathinte cases jooriyilekku pooyi. addehathinte juriyum anchu perude vicharana ore samayam charcha cheiyukayaayirunnu.
1931 epril 9 vyaazhazhcha raavile onpathu manikk budhanaazhchathe vichaaranayile anchu prathikalum kuttakkaaraanennu kandethi. rooy raittinte juric shikshavidhi amgeekarikkaan kazhinjilla, annu uchathirinju addehathe thoongimaricha jooriyaayi prakhyaapichu. ellah joorimaarum addehathinte kuttatthinu sammathichu, ennaal ezhu perr vadhashikshaykk nirbandhichu, athesamayam anchu perr jeevaparyantham thadavinu sikshikkappettu (ithupolulla kesukalil, prathi niraparaadhiyaanennu joorikal vishwasichirunnuvenkilum avar samudaaya maanadandangalkku virudhamaayi pookaan thayyarayirunnilla ennathinte soochanayaayirunnu ithu). jadji hockins oru thettaaya vichaarana prakhyaapichu.
vadhasiksha.
1931 epril 9nuu ettu prathikal othucherukayum electric cheyar upayogichu vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum cheythu. jadji hockins onninupurake onnaayi vadhasiksha vidhichathinaal prathikal "saantharum" "dheerarumaayirunnu" ennu anubandha maadyamangal report cheythu.
jadji hockins 1931 juulai 10 nuu vadhasiksha nischayichu, ithu alabama niyamam anuvadicha aadyakaala theeyathiyaayirunnu. appeelukal phayal cheyyumbol, prathikal marikkunnathin 72 manikkoor munbu alabama supreme kodathi vadhashikshaykk anischithakaala stey purappeduvichu. purushanmaarude cellukal vadhasiksha araykku sameepamaayirunnu, 1931 juulai 10 nuu sent will stokkukalil ninnulla oru karuthavargakkaaran will stokkukalude vadhasiksha avar kettu. clair kaundi kolapaathakakkuttam chumatthi sikshikkappettu. addeham "kadinamaayi marichu" ennu avar pinneedu oormmippichu."
communist party naakpinteyum sahayam.
balatsanga cases ettedukkaan eiii. eiii. sii. pii madichu. athinaal, communist party abhibhaashakar aadyam prathikale sahayikkaan vannu. 
harlemile oru prakadanatthinu sesham, communist party yuu. ezz. scotsboro kesil thaalparyam prakadippichu. chattanooga party amgam jaims aalan communist "thekkan pravartthakan" edittu cheyyukayum "aankuttikalude duravastha" pracharippikkukayum cheythu. party avarude niyamaparamaaya vibhagamaaya anthaaraashtra laber defense (aii. aii. ell. dii) avarude kesukal ettedukkaan upayogikkukayum prathikalude maathaapithaakkale avarude lakshyathil party vijayikkaan anuvadikkaan prerippikkukayum cheythu. aild nilanirtthiya abhibhaashakar jorjju dablyu. aadyathe prameyangal samarppicha chamley joseph broadsky.
pinneedu, prashastha criminal defense attorni clarence daroyude sevanangal vaagdaanam cheyth cases kaikaaryam cheyyaanum eiii. eiii. sii. pii. vaagdaanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, scotsboro prathikal avarude appeel kaikaaryam cheyyaan aii. ell. dii. yeei anuvadikkaan theerumaanichu.
ellah prathikalkkumayi puthiya vichaaranayilekku chamli neengi. swakaarya anweshanangal nadannu, vilayum panthukalum tennessiyile veshyakalaayirunnuvennum avar pathivayi karuppum veluppum upabhokthaakkalkk sevanam nalkunnuvennum velippeduthi. athinaayi chamli jadji hockinsinte sathyavaangmoolangal vaagdaanam cheythenkilum avaa uchathil vaayikkunnath jadji vilakki. vichaaranavelayil rund sthreekalum kallam paranjathaakaamennu eee thelivukal theliyikkunnuvennu prathibhagam vaadichu. vidhi prasthaavikkappettappol scotsboroyil undaaya kolahalathe chemli choondikkaanichu, vedhi maattendathaayirunnuvenni kooduthal thelivaayi.
alabama supreme kodathiyil appeel nalkuka.
jadji hockins oru puthiya vichaaranaykkulla prameyangal nirasichathinethudarnnu, attorni jorj dablyu. chamli appeel nalkukayum vadhasiksha stey cheyyukayum cheythu. communist party attorni joseph broadsky ildu attorni irving shwab chamliyodoppam chernnu. thangalude kakshikalkk mathiyaya praathinidhyam illennum avarude kesukal thayyarakkan abhibhashakanu mathiyaya samayamillennum avarude joorikale janakkoottam bhayappeduthiyittunde oduvil, karuthavarggakkaare jooriyil ninnu ozhivaakkunnath bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennum prathirodha samgham vaadichu. nadapadikramatthile pishakukalekkurichulla chodyathil samsthaana supreme kodathi onnum kandethiyilla.
vilyamsinte vidhi.
1932 march 24 nuu, 13 vayassulla yujeen vilyams ozhikeyulla ellaavarudeyum sikshayum vadhasikshayum sthireekarikkunna vidhathil avasheshikkunna ettu scotsboro aankuttikalil ezhuperkkethire alabama supreme kodathi vidhichu. keezhkodathiyude ettu vidhikalil ezhennam athu sharivachu.
alabama supreme kodathi 13 kaaranaya yujeen vilyamsinu praayapoorthiyaakaathathinaal oru puthiya vichaarana anuvadichu, ithu vaidyutha kaserayude pettennulla bheeshaniyil ninnu addehathe rakshichu.
veemas norris bharanam nadathunnu.
kodathi thaazhathe kodathiyude vedhi mattunna theerumaanam sharivaykkukayum rubie bettsinte saakshyam sharivaykkukayum vividha saakshikalude saakshyam avalokanam cheyyukayum cheythu. puthuthayi kandethiya thelivukale" kurichu kodathi vidhichu "irayaanennu aaropikkappedunnayaalamayi laingikabandhathil earppettuvennathil prathikalude bhaagathuninnu oru tarkkavumilla... avalude sammathathode... athinaal prathikalkk oru puthiya vichaarana anuvadikkilla."
praathinidhyathe sambandhichidatholam, "prathikale prathinidheekaricha abhibhaashakan samsthaana saakshikale samagramaayi cross export cheyyukayum labhyamaya thelivukal avatharippikkukayum cheythathayi kodathi kandethi."veendum, kodathi eee kuttangalum sthireekarichu. alabama supreme kodathi ettu kuttangalil ezhennam sthireekarikkukayum vadhasiksha punakrameekarikkukayum cheythu.
viyojip.
cheef justice joonn sii. prathirodhatthinte pala chalanangalilum aandezhsan viyojichu. prathikalkk nyayamaaya vichaarana nalkiyittillennum avarude shiksha sthireekarikkaanulla theerumaanathodu shakthamayi viyojikkunnuvennum aandezhsan paranju. bharanaghadana prathikalkk vegathilulla vichaarana urappunalkumbol, athu neethiyukthavum nishpakshavumaaya juurii," ex vii terminy ("nirvachanam anusarichu"), pakshapaathamo munvidhikaloo illaatha oru juurii, ellaattinumupariyaayi, nirbandhathil ninnum bheeshanippeduthalil ninnum mukthamaaya oru juurii enniva aayirikkanam ennathu kooduthal praadhaanyamullathaanu "."
naashanal gaard ellah divasavum prathikale jayilil ninnu angotum ingottum thadanjuvennum jooriyil nirbandhitha swaadheenam cheluthaan eee vastutha maathram mathiyennum addeham choondikkaatti. prathikal engane prathinidheekarikkappedunna aandezhsan vimarshichu. roady "niyukta upadeshtaavaayi hajarakan visammathikkukayum" amicus curie "aayi maathram hajarakan visammathikkukayum cheythuvennu addeham abhiprayappettu."addeham thudarnnu," eee prathikal mattoru kaundiyile jayilil thadavilaayirunnu... praadeshika abhibhaashakarkku athinu avasaram kuravaayirunnu... avarude prathirodham orukkuka."koodaathe, avarkk" mikacha avasaram nalkiyirunnenkil yogyathayulla upadeshakar prathinidheekarikkumaayirunnu."theekshnathayulla prathirodha praathinidhyatthinte udaaharanamaayi samapana vaadangal nadathunnathile prathirodhatthinte parajayavum justice aandezhsan choondikkaatti. kodathimuriyil undaaya prakopanathekkurichu justice aandezhsan abhipraayappettath "valia kayyadi undaayirunnu... ithu swaadheenam cheluthumennu urappaayirunnu."
balaalsangathinulla shiksha patthu varshathinum maranathinum edayilullathinaal, kaumaarakkaaril chilar "mattullavare apekshichu kuttakkaaralla" ennu kandethanamaayirunnuvennum athinaal avarkk laghuvaaya shiksha labhikkanamaayirunnuvennum aandezhsan abhiprayappettu. aandezhsan upasamharichu, "aaropanathe ethratholam ethirthaalum, thelivu ethratholam vyakthamaanenkilum, allengil ethratholam apamanikkappettaalum krooramaayaalum, kuttavaaliyum bharanaghadanayum niyamavum, anglo-american swaathanthryathinte valare prathibhayum neethiyukthavum nishpakshavumaaya vichaarana aavashyappedunnu."
american aikyanaadukalile supreme kodathiyil appeel nalkuka.
1932 october 10nuu kanatha surakshaykkidayilaanu cases yunaittad stetts supreme kodathiyilekku poyath. appeel kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi ildu walter polaakkine nilanirtthi. alabaamayude attorni general thomas iii. kuthira, samsthaanathe prathinidheekarichu.
prathikalkk uchithamaaya nadapadikramangal nishedhikkappettuvennu polak vaadichu aadyam, aalkkoottathinte anthareeksham kaaranam; randaamathu, vichitramaaya abhibhaashaka niyamanangalum vichaaranayile avarude mosham prakadanavum kaaranam. pathinalam bhedagathiykku virudhamaayi aafrikkan amerikkakkaare juurii dutyil ninnu vyavasthaapithamaayi ozhivaakkiyathaayi addeham vaadichu.
vichaaranaykku janakkoottaanthareeksham illennu ethirtha naitt, vichaarana neethiyukthavum praathinidhyaparavumaanenna alabama supreme kodathi kandethiyathilekku viral choondukayum cheythu."thanikk mapp parayaanillenn addeham kodathiye ariyichu.
oru supradhana theerumaanatthil, yunaittad stetts bharanaghadanayude uchithamaaya prakriya closs oru criminal vichaaranayile abhibhaashakante phalapradamaaya sahayam urappunalkunnuvenna adisthaanathil yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi kuttavimukthikal maatti. associate justice jorjju ezz. ezz ezhuthiya abhipraayathil, prathikalkk phalapradamaaya upadesham nishedhikkappettathaayi kodathi kandethi. cheef justice aandezhsante muun viyojip eee theerumaanatthil aavarthichu udharikkappettu.
thangalude kesukal thayyarakkan samayamillenn iruvarum jadji hockinsinode paranjathaayi choondikkaatti kodathi moodiyeyum roady phalapradamaaya prathirodhatthinte abhaavathinu kuttappeduthiyilla. jadji hockins udan thanne vichaaranayilekku thidukkam koottiya reethiyilaan prashnam ennu avar paranju."eee nigamanathil scotsboro prathikal niraparaadhikalaanennu kandethiyittillengilum anchaamatheyum pathinalam bhedagathikalkku keezhilulla nadapadikramangal avarude avakashangal lamghikkunnuvennu vidhichu. supreme kodathi cases veendum vichaaranaykkaayi hockins judjic thirike ayachu.
decatoor pareekshanangal.
ippol oru "aakhosham" aaya cases hockinsine vidhikkan thirichethiyappol, vedhi mattaanulla abhyarthana addeham amgeekarichu. alabaamayile birmingham nagaratthilekku marran prathirodham aavasyappettirunnuvenkum cases dekaattoorile cheria grameena samoohathilekku maatti. irakalaanennu aaropikkappedunnavarude veedukalkkum kuu cluxes klaan pradeshathinaduthaayirunnu ithu."
newyork criminal defense attorni saamuval leebovitsine nilanirthikkondu american communist party kesinte prathirodhatthil niyanthranam nilanirtthi. addeham orikkalum oru kolapathaka vichaaranayil parajayappettitla, communist partyumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillaatha oru rajisterdu demokraattaayirunnu. avar joseph broadsky vichaaranayude randaamathe chairmaanaayi nilanirtthi.
jilla jadji jaims edwin hortone chumathalappeduthukayum morgan kaundiyil vichaarana nadathukayum cheythu. eee kesilekkulla addehathinte niyamanam praadeshika prashamsa pidichupatti. ennirunnaalum, eee kesukalil adhyakshatha vahikkumbozhellaam jadji thante kaaril looad cheytha pisttal vahichirunnu.
aadya vichaaranakalk sesham kadannupoya rund varshangal scotsboro aankuttikalodulla samooha shathruthaye samippichilla. ennaal mattullavar thangal jiim kakka neethiyude irakalaanennu vishwasikkukayum eee cases niravadhi deseeya pathrangal report cheyyukayum cheythu.
vichaaranaykkide 100 oolam reportermaar pras tableukalil irunnu. noorukanakkinu perr kodathimuriyile pulthakidiyilaanu thadichukoodiyathu. saadhaarana vasthrangal dharicha naashanal gaard amgangal aalkkoottathil koodicherukayum prashnatthinte enthengilum adayaalam thedukayum cheythu. shereefinte vakupp shotganukalumaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya rund kaar looad deputymar kaaval nilkkunna oru patrolling vaaganil prathikale kodathiyil konduvannu.
kodathimuriyil, scotsboro aankuttikal neela jayil denim dharichu oru variyil irunnu, deseeya gardsmanmar kaaval nilkkunnu, rooy raitt ozhike, shikshikkappedaathavar. raitt theruvu vasthrangal dharichirunnu. birmingham nyoos" addehathe "oru jorjia gigoloyepole vasthram dharichavan" ennu visheshippichu."
decatoor, morgan kaundiyile daivabhayamulla janangalil" leebovits thante vishwaasam urappichu; grand jooriyil ninnu karuthavarggakkaare vyavasthaapithamaayi ozhivaakkiyenna adisthaanathil kuttapathram radhaakkaan addeham oru pretrial prameyam nadatthi. prameyam nirasikkappettenkilum, ithu bhaaviyile appeelukalude rekhayil eee prashnam athichu. eee prameyathodu attorni general thomas naitt marupadi nalki, "samsthaanam onnum sammathikkilla. ningalude cases edukkuka."
lebovits scotsboro vaarika pathratthinte edittare vilichu, avar decatoor dharicha oru karutha jurarekkurichu thaan orikkalum kettitlennu saakshyappeduthi, kaaranam "avarellam moshtikkunnu."jaaksan kaundi joorikalil ninnu aafrikkan-amerikkakkaarude abhavam vishadeekarikkaan addeham praadeshika juurii kammeeshanarmaare vilichu. joorikalil ninnu karuthavarggakkaare ozhivaakkiyathaayi leebovits avare kuttappeduthiyappol, avarkk addehathinte aaropanam manassilayilla. ozhivakkal abodhaavasthayilullathupole saadhaaranamaayirunnu. (kurippu alabama bharanaghadanayude vottavakaasham nishedhikkappettathinushesha mikka karuthavargakkaarkkum vottu cheyyaan kazhiyaathathinal, praadeshika juurii kammeeshanarmaar avare orikkalum votermaaril parimithappedutthiya joorimaaraayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla.)
juurii sevanathinu yogyaraanennu kaanikkan praadeshika karuthavarggakkaaraaya professionalukale saakshikalayi lebovits vilichu. vidyaabhyaasamullavanum nannayi samsaarikkunnavanum bahumaanikkappedunnavanu scotsboroyile oru aafrikkan-amerikkakkaranaaya joonn sanfordine libovits vilichu. prathibhagam abhibhaashakan kaanichu "misttar. oru jooriyil pankedukkaanulla sthaanaarthiyenna nilayilulla thante malsarathinte peril ozhike ellah tharatthilum sanford yogyatha nediyirunnu. thudarnnulla cross-examination samayat, naitt sakshi "joonn" enna aadyanaamathil abhisambodhana cheythu."aadyathe rund thavana addeham angane cheythappol, thante perumaattatthil maattam varuthaan leebovits kodathiyodu aavasyappettu. addeham angane cheythilla, eee apamaanamaan oduvil leebovitsine kaalil chaadaan prerippichathu, "ippol kelkkoo, misttar. attorni general, ente saakshiyodulla ningalude perumaattathekkurichu njaan ningalkk rund thavana munnariyipp nalkiyittundu. avasaanamaayi, ippol, pinnott nilkkuka, avante kannil ninnu ningalude viral eduthu "misttar" ennu vilikkuka, ithu galleryil irikkunna pothujanangalil ninnu shwaasammuttal undaakkunnu. jadji pettennu leebovitsine thadanju.
kuttapathram raddaakkaanulla vichaaranaykk munbulla prameyam nirasikkappettappol, leebovits cases appealinu vachirunnu. jooriyude gadanayude prashnam yuu. esinte randaamathe supradhana theerumaanatthil abhisambodhana cheythu.ezz. amerikkayil evideyum jooriyile pankaalithatthinulla sthaanaarthithvathil ninnu aareyum ozhivakkaan rays upayogikkillennu supreme kodathi vidhichu. ithu alabamayileyum mattu pala thekkan samsthaanangalileyum niravadhi nivaasikale athbhuthappeduthukayum (prakopippikkukayum cheythu).
paattezhsan vichaarana.
jadji horttan haywood paattezhsaninethiraaya aadya cases vilikkukayum juurii thiranjeduppu aarambikkukayum cheythu. aafrikkan-american joorimaare juurii poolil ninnu ozhivaakkiyathine leebovits ethirthu. juurii kammeeshanare staandilekku vilicha addeham juurii rolukalil karuthavargakkaar undo ennu chodikkukayum athe ennu parayumbol thante utharam sathyasandhamallenn nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. udyogasthane chodyam cheythathil pradeshavaasikal athrupthi prakadippikkukayum "avarude pukayila dhyaanathode chavaykkukayum cheythu."deseeya gaard annu ratri leebovitsinte vasathikk munnil sthiramaaya bionettukalulla anchu pere vinyasichu. velliyaazhcha divasam avasaanikkumbozhekkum jooriye thiranjedutthu leons hotelil verpeduthi.
epril 2 thinkalaazhcha paattezhsan vichaarana aarambhikkunnathinayi kodathikku purathu oru valia janakkoottam thadichukoodiyirunnu. scotsboro vichaaranaykkaayi avar upayogicha "vyakthamaaya vishadaamshangal" illaathe, victoria prais 16 minittinullil thante akkoundu paranju. aval munbu paranja karyangal pepparil sathyaprathinjayil undayirunnathinaal eathu poruthakkedukalum avale neridaan prathirodhatthinu kazhiyumaayirunnu. balatsanga avakaashavaadathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi naitt thante briefcasil ninnu oru keeriya jody steppu-innukal valichedukkukayum avaye oru jooriyude madiyil eriyukayum cheythathodeyaanu oreyoru naadakam vannath.
aaropanavidheyamaaya sambhavangalil oro kakshikalum evideyaayirunnuvennum thante prathirodhatthinte mattu pooyintukalum chithreekarikkaan sakshi staandinu munnilulla oru meshayil sthaapicha 32 adii model train leebovits upayogichu. munnil nilkkunna model balaalsangam cheyyappettuvennu avakaashappedunna train poleyaano ennu chodichappol, vila idinju, "athu kooduthalaayirunnu. valare valuthaanu. athoru kalippattamaanu."thaan ithuvare parishodhichathil vachu ettavum kadinamaaya saakshikalil oraalaan vila ennu leebovits pinneedu sammathichu."avalude utharangal avyakthavum parihaasyavumaayirunnu. enikku oormmayilla" allengil "njaan parayilla" ennu aval palappozhum marupadi nalki."orikkal lebovits thante saakshyathil oru vairudhyavumaayi avale nerittappol, prathi paattezhsante dishayil oru viral ottichukondu aval paranju," avide irikkunna oraal enne balaalsangam cheythu ennathaanu njaan orikkalum marakkaatha oru kaaryam."hundsvilleyil parasamgatthinum vyabhicharathinum shikshikkappettathinekku abhibhaashakan avale chodyam cheyyaan shramichuvenkilum kodathi prosecution ethirppu nilanirtthi.
balaalsangam cheyyappettuvennu aaropikkappedunnathinu munbulla vaikunneram sreemathikku veettil chelavazhichathaayi prais vaadichu. chattanoogayile kaalii brochi. alabaamayile hundsvilleyile oru "hobo kattil" oru lesttar carterinum jacq tillarinum oppam vaikunneram chelavazhichittundo ennu leebovits avalodu chodichu, pakshe avar athu nishedhichu. kaalii brochi oru saattarde eevaning poost cherukathayile oru saangalppika kathaapaathramaayirunnuvennu leebovits paranju, avarodoppamulla vilayude thamasam orupole saangalppikamaayirunnave nirddeshichu.
charitrakaaranaaya jaims goodman ezhuthiyathupole 
vila [leebovits] neritta aadyathe kadinasaakshiyaayirunnil, theerchayaayum ettavum moshamaaya saakshiyayirunnilla. avane thaazhekku nokkaan shramicha aadya sakshy aval aayirunnilla, paraajayappettappol, aval thante seettil ninnu chaadi avane adikkaan pookunnathupoole thonni. avar ozhinjumaarunnathum parihaasyavum parushayumaaya aadya saakshiyayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, thante mosham oormma, sathyasandhatha, parishkaranatthinte poornnamaaya abhavam, chilappol anjjatha polum valia nettatthinaayi upayogicha aadya saakshiyayirunnu avar.
kammyoonistukaar niyamicha newyorkkil ninnulla oru joothan enna nilayilum oru thekkan vellakkariye, thaazhnna vargakkaariyeppolum, shathruthaaparamaaya saakshiyayi pariganichathilum kodathimuriyile vellakkaaril palarum lebovitsine ethirthirikkaam. dekkaattarine jeevanode vidaan enthengilum vazhiyundo ennu chilar chinthichu. oru vedicope allengil oru manushyan jeevichirippundaakunnathi kaalam leebovitsineyum prathikaleyum samrakshikkumennu naashanal gaard kyapttan joou beuralson jadji hortonin vaagdaanam nalki."oru samgham" "leebovitsine paripalikkaan" "pookunnuvennu kyapttan beuralson arinjappol, avare dekkaattooril ninnu akattinirtthi tennessi nadikku kuruke drobridge uyarthi".
thadavukaar apakadatthilaanennu jadji horttan naattukaaril ninnu manassilakki. orikkal addeham jooriye ayachu kodathimuriykku munnariyipp nalki, "eee thadavukaar eee kodathiyude samrakshanathilaanennu ariyanamennu njaan aagrahikkunnu. eee thadavukaareyum eee vichaaranayile mattethenkilum vyakthikaleyum samrakshikkaan eee kodathi uddeshikkunnu."vadakku bhaagathuninnum akrama bheeshanikal vannu. chikkaagoyil ninnulla oru kathil ingane ezhuthiyirunnu "aaa aankuttikal marikkumbol, aarumaasathinullil ningalude samsthaanathinu 500 jeevan nashtappedum."
oro prosecution saakshiyudeyum katha cross-examinationu keezhil leebovits chittayayi nashippichu. addehathinu doow. muzhuvan kesinekkurichum ningalkk parayaan kazhiyunna ettavum mikachathu eee rund sthreekalum thangal laingikabandhathil earppettuvennu kaanichu ennathaanu" ennu cross-eksaamineshanil sammathikkaan paalangal."peyint roock ticket ejantu dablyu. echu. ore kaaril sthreekaleyum karuthavargakkaaraaya yuvaakkaleyum kandathayi hill saakshyappeduthi, ennaal cross-eksaamineshanil trainil ninnu erangunnathu vare sthreekale kandittillenn sammathichu. sthreekalum yuvaakkalum ore kaaril ninnu erangunnathu kandathayi poses amgam toom russo avakaashappettengilum cross-eksaamineshanil prathikal traininte munvashath vividha kaarukalil chitharikkidakkunnathayi sammathichu. thaan poraattam kandathayi liie adams saakshyappeduthi, ennaal pinneedu tracukalil ninnu call mile akaleyaanennu paranju. sthreekal trainil ninnu chaadaan sramikkunnathu thaan kandathayi oori dobbins aavarthichu, ennaal leebovits paarttikalude sthaanangalude phottokal kaanichu, athu dobinmark thaan avakaashappedunnathellam kaanaan kazhiyillennu theliyichu. penkuttikal sthreekalude vasthram dharichathaayi thaan kandathayi dobbins vaadichu, ennaal mattu sakshikal avar vasthrathilaanennu saakshyappeduthi.
prosecution doow. marvin linch, mattoru parisodhakanaaya doctor, "aavarthikkunnu."varshangalkkusesham jadji horttan paranju doow. sthreekale balaalsangam cheythittillenn linch sammathikkukayum avare parishodhichappol chirichuvennum paranju. prathirodhatthinu vendi saakshyappeduthiyaal jaaksan kaundiyile thante pariseelanam avasaanikkumenn addeham paranju. paattezhsane veruthe vidumennu karuthi jadji horttan doow. saakshyam vahikkaan aalkkoottakkola, pakshe prathikal niraparaadhikalaanennu judjic bodhyamaayi.
prathirodham.
neratthe paraamarshicha hobo kaattinaduthaanu thante veedennu saakshyappeduthiya chattanooga nivasiyaaya dallas ramsey vilichukondaanu leebovits thante prathirodham aarambhichath. balaalsangam cheyyappettuvennu aaropikkappedunna oru vellakkaaranodoppam avide oru trainil kayarunnath thaan kandathayi addeham paranju.
train peyint rokkil nirthiyathinu thottupinnaale rund sthreekalum vandiyude vashath thennimariyathaayi kandathayi train fireman persey ricks saakshyappeduthi, avar posil ninnu rakshappedaan sramikkunnathu poleyaanu. leebovits chattanooga gynaecologist doow. edward eiii. aarr purushanmaar oru sthriye balaalsangam cheythathinu sesham, eee kesil kandethiyathupole, avalkk veeryathinte oru adayaalam maathrame undaakoo ennu raisman saakshyappeduthi.
thaan inakalumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppettathaayi saakshyappeduthiya vellakkaranaaya lesttar carter ennaanu leebovitsine aduthathaayi vilichathu. balaalsangam nadakkunnathinu rund divasam munbu thaan vilaykkoppam laingika bandhatthil earppettathaayi mattoru vellakkaranaaya jacq tiller paranju. arast nadanna divasam raavile thaan trainil undayirunnathaayi addeham saakshyappeduthi. aval balaalsangam cheyyappettuvennu sthireekarikkunnathinaayi vellakkaranaaya oorvil gillie enna yuvavinodu vila chodikkunnathu addeham kettittundu. ennirunnaalum, gillie avalodu "narakatthil pookaan" paranjirunnu."morgan kaundi solisittar vaid raitt cross examined carter. communist party thante saakshyam vaangiyenn cartere sammathippikkaan raitt shramichu, athu carter nishedhichu. ennaal prathibhagam abhibhashakanaaya joseph broadsky thante vaadaka nalkukayum vichaaranaykkaayi oru puthiya cases vaangukayum cheythathayi addeham paranju.
yadhaartha ombathu scotsboro prathikalil anchu perr train peyint rokkil nirthunnathu vare vilayo panthalo kandittillenn saakshyappeduthi. thanikk syphilis baadhichathaayum, nadakkunnathil ninnu thadayunna vranangal ullathayum, traininte pinbhaagathulla oru kaarilundennum villi robezhsan saakshyappeduthi.
yaathrayiludaneelam thaan oru tank kaaril thanichaayirunnuvennum poraattathekkuricho balaalsangathekkuricho ariyillennum olen montgomery saakshyappeduthi. thaan oru pankaaliyallengilum, thaan thoongikkidannirunna oru boxes kaarum oru gondola kaarum thammilulla thante anukoolamaaya pooyintil ninnu vellakkaraaya kaumarakkaarumaayulla poraattam thaan kandathayi oosi powell paranju. vellakkaraaya kaumaarakkaar trainil ninnu chaadunnathu thaan kandathayi addeham paranju. robezhsan, montgomery, powell ennivarellaam aaa divasathinu munbu parasparam allengil mattu prathikale ariyaamenn nishedhichu. andy raitt, yujeen vilyams, haywood paattezhsan ennivar parasparam munbu ariyamaayirunnuvennum ennaal train peyint rokkil nirthunnathuvare sthreekale kanditillennum saakshyappeduthi. scotsboroyile avarude vichaaranayile avarude saakshyathil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennu karuthappedunna sandarbhangalekkurichu naitt avare vishadamaayi chodyam cheythu. avar oru ardhavathaaya reethiyilum svayam athirthilla.
peyint rokkil nirthunnathinu munbu thaan sthreekale kandittillenn haywood paattezhsan thanikkuvendi saakshyappeduthi; "nilavilichu viral kulukki, prathiyude munnil angotum ingottum oodiya kuthirayude cross-examinatione addeham nerittu."oru ghattathil, naitt aavasyappettu," ningal scotsboroyil vichaarana cheyyappetto?"paattezhsan pottichirichu", enne scotsboroyil kudukki."kuthira idimuzhakkathode", aaraan ningalodu angane parayaan paranjathu?"paattezhsan marupadi paranju," njaan ennodu thanne athu parayaan paranju."
prathirodham "reservationsumaayi" vishramichathin thottupinnaale, aaroo lebovitsinu oru kuripp kaimari. abhibhaashakar oru nishabda sambhashanathinaayi benchine sameepichu, thudarnnu oru cheria edavela. libovits oru anthimasaakshiye vilichu. vichaaranayile ithuvare rubie betts kaaryamayirunnilla. puthiya vichaaranaykk aazhchakalkk munbu aval hundsvilleyile veettil ninnu aprathyakshayaayathine thudarnnu alabaamayile ellah shereefukalodum avale tirayan utharavidukayum cheythenkilum falamundaayilla. ippol, bionettukalulla rund kavalkkar kodathimuriyude vaathilukal thurakkukayum, "stailish vasthrangalil, annukal thaazhtthi, battukal akathekku praveshikkukayum cheythu."
avalude naadakeeyavum apratheekshithavumaya praveshanam kodathimuriyile thaamasakkaril ninnu annukal aakarshichu. thirichariyaanaayi baatts konduvanna victoria prais avale nokki. attorni general naitt vilaykk munnariyipp nalki "ningalude kopam nilanirthuka."betts saakshyam vahikkaan munnott pookukayum balaalsangam nadannittillennu vishadeekarikkukayum cheythu. prathikalaarum thanne sparshikkukayo samsaarikkukayo cheythittillenn avar paranju. 1931 march 25nuu balaalsangam cheyyappetto ennu chodichappol betts paranju, "illa sarr."enthukondaanu thaan balaalsangam cheyyappettathennu aadyam paranjathennu chodichappol, purushanmarumaayi oru stettu line marikadannu oru katha kettichamachillenkil njangal jayilil thanne thudarendi varumennu avar paranjathinaal victoria cheythathupole njaan ithu paranjuvennu betts marupadi nalki."alabaamayile ellah neegrokkaleyum jayilil adachaal avalkk prashnamillaayirunnu" ennu prais paranjathaayi betts vishadeekarichu."eee pinvalikkal prosecution kanatha thirichadiyaayi thonni.
aropanangal unnayikkunnathin rund divasam munbu hundsville railway yardle lesttar carterumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppettathaayi betts sammathichu. oduvil, thaan newyork nagarathilaayirunnuvennum revinte nirddeshaprakaaram sathyam parayaan alabaamayilekku madangaan theerumaanichathaayum avar saakshyappeduthi. aaa nagaratthile haari emezhsan fosdick.
thekke jooriyilekku thirinjukondu naitt avale cross-exam cheythu. avan avalude stailish vasthrangal shradhikkukayum avalude mikacha vasthrangal evide ninnu labhichuvennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. communist party thante vasthrangalkk panam nalkiyennu avar prathikarichappol, jooriyumaayi avarkkulla ellah vishwaasyathayum nasippikkappettu. avalude saakshyathil chirikkunnath nirthaan jadji horttan kaanikalkk munnariyipp nalki allengil avare puratthaakkum.
vaadangal avasanippikkuka.
leebovits adachupoottumbozhekkum, prosecution addehathe apakeerthippeduthaan yahooda virudha paraamarshangal nadathiyirunnu. roobiyude kaamukanaaya lesttar cartere "misttar" ennu paraamarshichukondu wade raitt ithilekku chertthu. kaattarinski" addehathe "thaan kandittullathil vachu ettavum sundariyaaya joothan" ennu vilichu. addeham paranju, "eee prathibhagam saakshikale vaangukayum prathiphalam nalkukayum cheiyunnuvennu ningalkariyille? rubie bettsinte aathmaavinod karthaav karuna kaanikatte. ippol eee kesinte chodyam ithaanu-eee kesinte neethi newyorkkil ninnulla jootha panam upayogichu alabamayil vaangukayum vilkkukayum cheyyumo?"
leebovits ethirkkukayum puthiya vichaaranayilekku neengukayum cheythu. jadji horttan oru puthiya vichaarana anuvadikkaan visammathichu, juriyodu "ningalude manassil ninnu [paraamarshangal] neekkam cheyyaan" paranju."oru ezhuthukaaran raittinte samapana vaadathe" "jooriyude ippol prashasthamaaya jootha-biting sangraham" "ennu visheshippikkunnu"."addeham thudarnnu parayunnu," raitt samsaarikkunnathuvare, kuttavimukthanakkaan oru baahya saadhyathayundennu pala pathrapravarthakarkkum thonni, kuranjathu oru thookkiyidappetta jooriyengilum. pakshe... annumuthal prathirodham nissahayamaayirunnu."
kammyoonistukalekkuri samsaram jooriye "aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaan" maathramaanennu avakaashappettukond, thante samaapanathil, libovits raittinte vaadathe praadeshika vargeeyathaykkulla oru abhyarthana ennu visheshippichu. joothanmaareyo vijaatheeyareyo vellakkaareyo karuppineyo kurichu samsaarikkaathappol onnaam lokamahaayudhathil "nakshathrangaleyum varakaleyum" sevicha oru desasnehiyaaya "rooswelt janaadhipathyavaadi" yaayi addeham svayam visheshippichu."jootha panatthe" kurichulla raittinte paraamarshathekkurichu, thaan scotsboro aankuttikale veruthe samrakshikkukayaanennum thanikkoppam undaayirunna bhaaryayude chelavukal vyakthiparamayi vahikkukayaanennum leebovits paranju.
"enikku thaalpparyamund", leebovits vaadichu, "avideyulla aaa pavapetta, dhaarmika niramulla aankuttikkum mattu kesukalil avante saha-prathikalkkum pakarppukalude chathuraakrithiyilulla kulukkam labhikkunnu, kaaranam daivathinu munnil, avar oru bheeruthvaparamaaya framinte irakalaanennu njaan vishwasikkunnu."vilayude saakshyathe addeham" "vrithikettathum nindyavum prakopanaparavumaaya nunayennu" "visheshippichu"."karthaavinte praarthanayodum kuttavimukthanaakkaano vadhasiksha nalkano ulla velluviliyodeyum addeham avasaanippichu-athinidayil onnumilla.
hewood kuttakkaaranallenn juurii kandethiyaal, avar "avante kazhuthil rosaappookkalude oru maala vaykkukayum athaazham nalkukayum newyork nagaratthilekku ayaykkukayum venam" ennu attorni general naitt thante nishedham nalki."thelivukal pariganichu addeham thudarnnu," oru vidhi maathrame undaakoo-victoria vila balaalsangam cheythathinu electric cheyaril maranam."
vidhi.
juurii shaniyazhcha uchathirinju charcha aarambikkukayum pittennu raavile pathumanikku vidhi parayumennum dekaattoorile niravadhi nivaasikal palliyilaanennum prakhyaapichu. juurii foramaan yujeen bailey, horttan judjic kaiyyaksara vidhi kaimari. prathi balaalsangakkuttathinu kuttakkaaranaanennu juurii kandethukayum paattezhsane electric cheyaril vachu vadhashikshaykk vidhikkukayum cheythu. bailey pathinonnu manikkoor jeevaparyantham jayilil kazhinjirunnuvenkilum oduvil vadhashikshaykk sammathichu.
oru vivaranam anusarichu, juurar irvin craig paattezhsan niraparaadhiyaanennu karuthiyathinaal vadhasiksha nadappakkunnathinethire vaadichu.
irvin craig.
irvin "redu" craig (maranam 1970) (mudiyude niratthil ninnu vilipperulla) akkaalat decatoor enna cheria pattanamaayirunna alabaamayile scotsboro aankuttikalil oralaaya haywood paattezhsante punarvichaaranayil vadhasiksha nalkaan visammathicha eaka jooraraayirunnu. addehathinte makan soony pinneedu addehathe ingane paranjathaayi oormmippichu "aaa yuvakkal niraparaadhikalaayirunnu; ellaavarkkum athu ariyamaayirunnu, pakshe avar cheyyaathathinu avar shikshikkappedaan pookunnu."kuu cluxes klaan thante kudumba muttathu kathunna oru kurish sthaapichu.
aaa punarvichaaranayude adhyakshatha vahikkunna jadji jaims hortene kaanaan addehathe vilippichu, addeham thante vottu kuttakkaranaakkaan addehathe udbodhippichu. "ningal angane cheythillengil, avar ningale kollum, chuvapp", jadji paranju. craig prathishedhichu "enikku ente vottu maattaan kazhiyilla, jadji."horttan marupadi paranju" athinekkurichu vishamikkenda, njaan athu nokkaam."
horttan paattezhsanin oru puthiya vichaarana anuvadikkunnu.
prathibhagam oru punarvichaaranaykk neengukayum prathikal niraparaadhikalaanennu vishwasichu, jadji jaims edwin horttan paattezhsante kuttabodham maattivaykkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. bakkiyulla prathikalkk aaa samayat nyayamaaya vichaarana labhikkillenn horttan vidhichu, veendum thiranjeduppil malsarikkumbol thante jolie nashtappedumennu arinjukondu backie vichaaranayude kaalavadhi anischithamaayi maattivachu.
alabaamayile ethansile chunnaambukallu kaundi kodathi hausil oru puthiya vichaaranaykkaayulla prameyathekkurichulla vaadangal jadji horttan kettu, avide addeham thante theerumaanam aascharyappetta prathirodhatthinum roshakulanaaya oru kuthiraykkum vaayichu horttan oru puthiya vichaaranaykk utharavittu-athu paattezhsaninte moonnaamathe vicharanayaayi maarum.
jadji horttan thante theerumaanam prakhyaapichappol, thaan paattezhsane veendum pareekshikkumennu naitt paranju. gondola kaarilulla vellakkaranaaya kaumarakkaaranaaya oorville "carolina slim" gilliye kandethiyennum aaa gillie vilayude katha poornnamaayum sthireekarikkumennum addeham paranju. naittinte abhyarthana maanich kodathi jadji hortene maatti vamsheeyavaadiyaayi visheshippikkappetta jadji vilyam washington kallahane niyamichu. oru vellakkariyum swamedhayaa oru karuthavargakkaaranumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppedillennu adutha raundu vichaaranayile juric addeham pinneedu nirddesham nalki.
kallahanu keezhil puthiya pareekshanangal.
1933 november muthal 1937 juulai vare nadanna decatoor retreal samayat, american pathrangalude onnaam pejukalil ninnu cases neekkam cheyyaan jadji kallahan aagrahichu."kodathimuriyil ninnu photographermare kodathimuriyil ninnu typetiterukaleyum addeham vilakki. "inii ivide oru chithravum varilla", addeham utharavittu. oro vichaaranaykkum vaikunneram vare moonnu divasathe karshana samayaparidiyum addeham earppeduthi. addeham prathirodhatthil ninnulla samrakshanam neekkam cheyyukayum deseeya kaavalkkaare akattinirthaan govarnor benchamin meak millare bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu.
prathikalodu thangalkk kadutha veruppaanennu noorukanakkinu thamasakkaar prasthaavicha sathyavaangmoolangal samarppichukond, avarkkethire "amithamaya munvidhikal" undennu kaanikkunnathinaayi, prathirodham mattoru vedhi maattathinaayi neengi. sathyavaangoolangalile chila udharanikal asathyamaanennum udharichavaril aarr perr marichuvennum prosecution saakshyappeduthi. thangalkk niravadhi vadhabheeshanikal labhichittundennu prathibhagam prathikarikkukayum tanikkum prosecution kammyoonistukaaril ninnu kooduthal labhichathayi jadji marupadi nalkukayum cheythu. prameyam nirasikkapettu.
leebovits nayikkunna kammeeshanar moody jaaksan kaundi surcuted clerk sii.eiii. jaaksan kaundi juurii rollinte oro pejilum aafrikkan-amerikkakkaarude perukalonnumillennu kaanikkan aagrahikkunnu. manikkoorukalolam perukal vaayichathinusesham, kammeeshanar moody oduvil niravadhi perukal aafrikkan-amerikkaakkaarudethaanenna avakaashappettappol, lebovitsinu sannihitharil ninnu kaiyakshara saambilukal labhichu. kaiyaksharam thantethaayi thonnunnuvennu oraal sammathichu. aafrikkan-american ennu thiricharinja perukal pinneedu pattikayil chertthittundennum muun juurii kammeeshanar morgan oppittathaayum saakshyappeduthiya oru kaiyakshara vidagthane lebovits vilichu.
vamseeya adisthaanathil aalukale ozhivaakkunnath bharanaghadanaaparamaannennu jadji kallahan vidhichilla, aafrikkan-amerikkakkaare manahpoorvvam ozhivaakkiyenn prathi theliyikkappettittilla. eee vishayathil leebovitsine rekhaamoolamulla rekhayilekku vittukondu, cases yuu. eiii. iii. kku appeel nalkaanulla kaaranagal jadji kallahan nalki.ezz. randaam thavanayum supreme kodathi. norris vii" enna kesil kodathi kandethiyathinte adisthaanamaayirunnu athu. alabama" (1935), aafrikkan-american grand joorimaare ozhivaakkiyath bharanaghadanayude uchithamaaya prakriya closs lamghikkunnathaanu.
1933 november 27nuu haywood paattezhsante decatoor retreal aarambhichu. muppathiyaaru joorimaaraanu kesil oru "nischitha abhiprayam" undennu sammathichathu, ithu lebovitsine vedhi maattunnathinaayi neekkaan kaaranamaayi. kallahan prameyam nirasichu. horttan sammathicha prathirodha thelivukal kalahan ozhivaakki, oru ghattathil leebovitsinodu "jadji horton ningale sahayikkaan kazhiyilla [ippol]" ennu uchathil paranju."addeham pathivayi prosecution ethirppukal nilanirtthiyenkilum prathirodha ethirppukal marikadannu.
oru dussen sayudha neegro purushanmaar gondola kaaril praveshichathaayi prais veendum saakshyappeduthi. paattezhsan oru vediyuthirthathaayum gillie ozhikeyulla ellah vellakkarodum trainil ninnu erangaan utharavittathaayum avar paranju. neegros thante vasthrangal keerukayum kathikkuthu aavarthichu balaalsangam cheyyukayum cheythathayi avar paranju, koodaathe paattezhsane balaalsangam cheythavaril oralaayi avar choondikkaatti. avar thanne balaalsangam cheythathaayum pinneedu avare vadakkott kondupokumennum allengil nadiyilekku eriyumennum avar paranju. gondola kaaril ninnu erangunnathinidayil thaan veenuvennum kadannupoyi peyint rokkile oru kadayil irikkaan vannuvennum avar saakshyappeduthi. jadji kallahan aaa divasam vaikunneram 6 manikk kodathi nirthunnathuvare leebovits avale chodyam cheythu. pittennu raavile punaraarambhichappol, balaalsangathekkurichulla avalude vividha pathippukal thammilulla niravadhi vairudhyangal addeham choondikkaatti.
jadji kallahan lebovitsinte vilayude cross-examination aavarthichu thadassappeduthi, prathirodha chodyangal "saakshiyumayi vaadikkunnathu" "aprasakthavum" "upayogashoonyavum" "samayam paazhakkunnathum" "niyamavirudhavum" "ennu vilichu."niravadhi vairudhyangal undaayirunnittum, paattezhsan avale balaalsangam cheythuvenna avalude saakshyathil vila urachuninnu.
paattezhsante decatoor retraelil oorvil gilliyude saakshyam oru neriya samvedanamaayirunnu. vangiya sakshi" aanennu addeham nishedhichu, velutha kaumaarakkaare trainil ninnu irakkaan sayudha karuthavarggakkaar utharavittathinekkurichu thante saakshyam aavarthichu. praisinte balatsanga vivaranam addeham sthireekarichu, balaalsangam cheiyunnavare nirthaan thokku upayogichu "neegro" yeei bodhyappedutthi balaalsangam nirtthiyennum "avar aaa sthriye kollunnathinu munbu" ennum addeham koottichertthu."thante vivaranavum praisinte sakshyavum thammilulla vairudhyangalekkurichu leebovits addehathe vishadamaayi chodyam cheythuvenkilum addeham" "anishchithathvathil" "thudarnnu"."balaalsangam cheyyappedunnuvennu aaropikkappedunnavarkku munbu vaikunneram lesttar cartereyum sthreekaleyum kandumuttiyathinum avarkk kappiyum saandvichukalum nalkiyathinum gillie saakshyappeduthi. gillie aaa ratri [sthreekalkkoppam] evideyengilum poyittundo ennu leebovitsinu arian kazhiyunnathinumumbu kallahan thadassappettu.
prosecution niravadhi vellakkaraaya karshakare vilichuvaruthi, avar trainil poraattam kandathaayum penkuttikal "purathukadakkaan oru fixing" kandathaayum saakshyappeduthi, ennaal prathikal avare thirike valichizhakkunnath avar kandu.
prathirodhatthinaayi lesttar carter nilayurappichu. balaalsangam cheyyappedunnuvennu aaropikkappedunnavarkku munbu prise bettum thanneyum gilly chattanoogayile hobo kattil laingika bandhatthil earppeduthiyittunde aadya decatoor vichaaranayilaan addeham saakshyam vahichathu, ithu sthreekalil kaanapedunna veeryathinu kaaranamakum. ennaal atharam eathenkilum saakshyam "aprasakthamaan" ennu prasthaavichu vichaaranavelayil aaa saakshyam aavarthikkaan jadji kallahan addehathe anuvadichilla."
rubie betts yaatra cheyyaan kazhiyaathathra rogiyaayirunnu. avalkk newyorkkil sasthrakriya nadathiyirunnu, oru ghattathil avalude mozhi maranananthara prakhyapanamaayi edukkanamennu leebovits abhyarthichu. vichaaranaykkaayi thante moonnu divasathe samayaparidhi paalich aval marikkaathappol, avalude mozhi edukkaan krameekarikkanulla abhyarthana jadji kallahan nirasichu. prathibhagam avarkk avalude saakshyam aavashyamaanenkilum, oru mozhi athumbozhekkum cases jooriyilekku pooyi, avar athu kettilla.
vellakkaraaya kaumaarakkaare thaan "shalyam" cheythathayi sammathicha haywood paattezhsan, pakshe avar aadyam avane shalyam cheythathukondu maathramaan eee nilapad sweekarichathu. paara varaykkunnathinu munbu vellakkaraaya sthreekale kandathayi addeham nishedhichu. cross-eksaamineshanil naitt thante scotsboro vichaaranayile muun saakshyapathravumaayi thaan sthreekale sparsichittillennum ennaal mattu anchu prathikalum avare balaalsangam cheiyunnathu thaan kanduvennum addehathe nerittu. yuu ennu prasthaavichu leebovits ethirthu.ezz. munkaala saakshyam niyamavirudhamaanennu supreme kodathi vidhichirunnu. peyint rokkinu munbu sthreekale kandittillenn paattezhsan paranjathaayi saakshyappeduthaan addeham anuvadikkillenkilum jadji kallahan athu anuvadichu. paattezhsan thante saakshyathil vairudhyangal vishadeekarichu "njangal bhayapettu, njaan enthaanu paranjathennu enikkariyilla. avar njangale kollumennu sammathichillengil-purathulla aalkkoottathinu njangale nalkuka ennu avar njangalodu paranju."
prathikal jaaksan kaundi jayilil aayirikkumbol kaavalkkaarum sainikarumaan bheeshanikal nalkiyathennu paattezhsan avakashappettu. jadjiyude saannidhyathil polum bheeshanikal uyarnnuvannathayi addeham paranju. paattezhsan echu.jii. thante scotsboro vichaaranayile prosecuter bailey parayunnu, "misttar. bailey avide-ellah niggarukaleyum electric chairilekku ayaykkaan addeham paranju. enthaayaalum lokathil orupaad niggarukal undu."
nandi parayaathe november 29 muthal november 30 vare avasana vaadangal nadatthi. kallahan irupakshatheyum rund manikkoor tharkkatthilekku parimithappedutthi.
prathikal vilakoduthu cheythathinu prosecution prathikaaramallenn naitt thante samaapanathil prakhyaapichu. "avalodu cheytha karyangal pazhayapadiyakkaan kazhiyilla. ningalkk ippol cheyyaan kazhiyunnath athu mattethenkilum sthreek sambhavikkillenn urappaakkuka ennathaanu."eee vaadam" "abhiniveshathinum munvidhikalkkumulla oru appeel" "aanennu ethirtha leebovits oru thettaaya vichaaranayilekku neengi". ithu abhiniveshathodulla oru aakarshanamaanennu naitt sammathikkukayum kallahan eee prameyam thallikkalayukayum cheythu. naitt thudarnnu, "namukkellavarkkum oru abhiniveshamundu, eee kodathimuriyile ellah purushanmaarum alabaamayile sthreethvam samrakshikkunnu."addehathinte sangrahathinaayi, solisittar vaid raitt saakshyam avalokanam cheyyukayum juric munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu," boxes kaarinu pakaram parlor kaaril sanjarikkumbolppolum eathu sthreek eee kuttakrithyam sambhavikkam "."
abhibhaashakan echu. jii. gilliyum prise visheshippichathu "oru manushya naav ennatheyum pole neechamaayirunnu" ennu paranjaalum paattezhsan niraparaadhiyaanennu niyamam anumaanichathaayi bailey jooriye oormmippichu."oduvil, addeham sthreekalude mukham varaykkunnathinupakaram avare prathirodhichu"... chattanoogayil pooyi sathyasandhamaya jolie thedaanulla dhairyam avarkkundaayirunnu."bailey prathirodha cases aakramichu.ithu oru frame-upp aanennu avar parayunnu! eee cases aarambhichathumuthal avar frame-upp ennu nilavilikkunnu! aaraan avare kudukkiyath? oori dobbins avare roopappeduthiyo? sahodaran hill avare roopappeduthiyo? scotsboroyil njangal avide orupaad bhayanakamaaya karyangal cheythu, alle? ente, ente, ente. ippol avar ivide vannu ningalude ayal kaundiyil atharamoru kaaryam sambhavichuvennu ningale bodhyappedutthaan shramikkunnu.
avarude sammatham thadanjuvechukondu vilayum panthukalum balaprayogamillaathe balaalsangam cheyyaamaayirunnuvenn jadji kallahan juric ethire kuttam chumatthi. balaalsangam cheyyappettathayi aaropikkappedunna sthree vellakkaariyaanenkil, aval prathiyaaya neegroyumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppedaan swamedhayaa vazhangillennum niyamaprakaaram sakthamaaya anumathiyundu", addeham avarodu nirddeshichu."eathenkilum vidhathil" "balaalsamgangale" "sahayikkuka, prolsaahippikkuka, sahayikkuka allengil prolsaahippikkuka" "enna uddeshyathinaayi paattezhsan sannihithanaanengil, balaalsangam cheytha vyakthiyeppole thanne kuttakkaaranaanennum addeham juric nirddesham nalki".
vilayude saakshyathinte sthireekaranam kandethenda aavasyamillennu addeham avarodu paranju. avar avale vishwasikkukayaanengil, shikshikkappedaan athu mathiyaayirunnu. rund foomukal nalkunnundennu jadji kallahan paranju-onnu shikshaavidhikk, onnu kuttavimukthanakkaan, ennaal addeham juric shikshavidhi nalkaan oru phoom maathrame nalkiyulloo. thirichedukkaavunna thettu bhayann prosecution thannodu angane cheyyaan aavasyappettathinushesham maathramaan addeham avare kuttavimuktharakkiya phoom nalkiyathu.
samayam" athine vivarichathupole "irupathiyaaru manikkoorin sesham braun thadi juurii room vathilil oru shabdamundaakkunna thadi vannu. jaamyapatram joorimaare (paattezhsan vichaaranaykku sesham) vittayachu. forman nananja oru cheenja nottu azhichu clerkinu kaimari. clark thante moonnaamathe vadhasiksha vaayichappol paattezhsante chundil ninnu oru nerttha punchiri mangi."
1934 meyy maasathil, eee sthaanathekku kazhinja thiranjeduppil athirillaathe malsarichenkilum, surcuted jadjiyaayi veendum thiranjedukkappettappol jaims horttan nannayi parajayappettu. addehathinethiraaya vottu prathyekichu morgan kaundiyil kanathathaayirunnu. athe thiranjeduppil thomas naitt alabaamayude lefttanant govarnoraayi thiranjedukkappettu.
norisinte punavichaarana.
1933 november 30 nuu nandiparayal uchathirinju prathi norisinte vichaaranaykkaayi jadji kallahan juurii thiranjeduppu aarambhichu. eee vichaaranaykkide, akramikalaanennu aaropikkappedunna thante rund prathikalude kaivasham pistalukalundennum avar vellakkaraaya kaumaarakkaare erinjukalanjuvennum aval chaaduvaan shramichenkilum pidikkappedukayum gondola charalkkukalil eriyappedukayum cheythuvennum avaril oraal avalude kaalukal pidichu oraal avalude mail katthi uyarthi ennum oraal avaleyum rubie baattukaleyum balaalsangam cheythuvennum victoria prais saakshyappeduthi. norris mattu anchu perkkoppam thanne balaalsangam cheythathayi avar avakashappettu.
dhaarmika adhapathanathinte eathenkilum kuttakrithyathekkurichu vila chodikkaan lebovitsine kallahan anuvadikkilla."enthukondaanu aval chathanoogayilekku poyathenno, avide ratri chelavazhichathenno, carterino gillico, avalodu chodikkaan addeham leebovitsine anuvadikkukayumilla. aval carterumaayo gilliyumaayo laingikabandhathil earppettittundo enna chodyangalum addeham anuvadikkilla. kooduthal cross-examination samayat, vila kuthiraye nokki, palappozhum libovits signalukalkkaayi thirayukayaanennu avale kuttappedutthi. thante kodathimuriyil itharam thanthrangal anuvadikkillennu jadji kallahan leebovitsinu munnariyipp nalki.
doow. bridjukal oru samsthaana saakshiyayirunnu, oru balaalsangam thaan kandethiyathinekkaal kooduthal parikkukal undaakkumaayirunnuvennu sammathippikkaan sramichukondu leebovits addehathe deerghamaayi cross-examine cheythu. chodyam thelivukalude adisthaanathilallennu vidhichukondu kallahan prosecution ethirppu nilanirtthi."
newyorkkile ashupatri kidakkayil ninnu rubie betts oru mozhi nalkiyirunnu, athu norris vichaaranayile juric vaayikkaan samayabandhithamayi ethi. athinte valiyoru bhaagathe prosecution ethirppu jadji kallahan nilanirtthi, ettavum pradhanamaayi, balaalsangam cheyyappedunnuvennu aaropikkappedunnathinu thaledivasam ratri taanum vilayum chattanoogayil swamedhayaa laingika bandhatthil earppettuvennu avar paranja bhagam.
trainil enthaanu sambhavichathennathinte pathipp ulppede bakkiyulla baattsinte mozhi rekhappeduthiya bhagam leebovits vaayichu. gondola kaaril vellakkaraaya kaumaarakkaar thangalodoppam sanjarikkukayaanennum chila karutha kaumaarakkaar kaaril kayariyittundennum oru tharkkam pottippurappettuvennum velutha kaumaarakkaaril bhooribhaagavum trainil ninnu erangiyennum karuthavargakkaar train nirthunnathuvare aprathyakshamaayennum avar paranju. taanum prise gilliyum arastilaayathaayum aaa vila balaalsangakkuttam chumathiyathaayum jayilil ninnu puratthirangaan kadhayodoppam pookaan nirddeshichathaayum avar saakshyappeduthi. thano vilayo balaalsangam cheyyappettitlenna avar aavarthichu. norisine staandil ninnu akattinirthaan leebovits theerumaanichu.
1933 desember 4-nuu nadanna samapana vaadangal. thante samapana vaadathil, leebovits prosecutionte kesine "rund vanchakarude nindyamaaya chattakkood" ennu vilichu."ningalkk nyayamaaya oru samshayam undengil, pidichunilkkuka" ennu paranju addeham praadeshika munvidhikale marikadakkaan shramichu. nilathu nilkkuka, ningal oru manushyanaanennu kaanikkuka, chuvanna rakthamulla manushyanaan."prosecutionte samapana vaadam paattezhsan kesine apekshichu hraswavum kuranja" "mullulla" "thumaayirunnu". athu kooduthal thelivukaleyum jooriyude praadeshika munvidhikaleyum abhisambodhana cheythu.
kallahaante kuttam juric munnil vidhikkunnathin leebovits niravadhi ethirppukal unnayichu. "newyork times" lebovitsine visheshippichathu "" oru shathrusaakshiyeppole jadjiye sammarddathilaakkuka ennaanu "."newyork sitti mayer fiorello echu. libovitsine samrakshikkaan laa guardia rund burley newyork sitti police udyogasthare ayachirunnu. neenda juurii charchakalil, jadji kallahan rund morgan kaundi prathinidhikale kaaval nirthaan niyogichu.
juurii desember 5 nuu charcha aarambhichu. 14 manikkoor charchaykku sesham juurii kodathiyil phayal cheythu; avar kuttakkaaranaanennu vidhichu norisine vadhashikshaykk vidhichu. norris vaarthaye sthiramaayi eduthu.
leebovitsinte pettennulla appeel vadhashikshayude theeyathi stey cheythu, athinaal paattezhsanum norris kilby jayilil vadhashikshaykk vidhikkapettu. mattu prathikal appeelukalude phalathinaayi birminghamile jefezhsan kaundi jayilil kaathirunnu. kanatha kaavalkkaaranaayi libovitsine railway steshanilekku kondupoyi, addeham newyorkkilekku madangunna trainil kayari.
american aikyanaadukalile supreme kodathi decatoor kuttangal thirichuvittu.
eee cases randaam thavanayum yunaittad stetts supreme kodathiyilekku pooyi "norris vii. alabama."karuthavarggakkaare avarude vamsham kaaranam juurii poolil ninnu ozhivaakkiyathinte adisthaanathil kodathi randaam thavanayum shikshavidhi maatti.
abhibhaashakar saamuval leebovits, walter echu. 1935 februvari 15 muthal 18 vare polaakkum oosmoond frankel cases vaadichu. juurii rolukalil aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude perukal chertthittundennu leebovits jadjimaare kaanichu. bhoothakkannaadi upayogichu jadjimar saadhanangal sookshumamaayi parishodhichu. juurii prakriya varnnaandhathayullathaanenna thomas naitt vaadichu.
krithyasamayathu appeel nalkaanulla saankethika paraajayathetthudarnnu haywood paattezhsante cases thalliyathinaal athu vyathyastha prasnangal avatharippichu. abhibhaashakar oosmoond frankel walter polaakkum avaa vaadichu.
1935 epril 1 nuu yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi alabaamayile punavichaaranaykkaayi kesukal randaam thavanayum thirichayachu.
kodathikku vendi ezhuthiya cheef justice chaals evans hyoos, american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayude thulya samrakshana vakupp pouranmaare avarude vamsham kaaranam maathram joorikalil ninnu ozhivaakkunnathil ninnu samsthaanangale vyakthamaayi vilakkunnuvennu nireekshichu. karuthavargakkaare ozhivaakkiyittillenn avakaashavaadangal amgeekarichathinu kodathi juurii rolukal parishodhichu jadji kallahan alabama supreme kodathiyeyum shikshichathayi addeham abhiprayappettu. yuu prakaram.ezz. supreme kodathikku, "kooduthal enthengilum" aavashyamaayirunnu. kodathi nigamanam cheythu, "raddaakkaanulla prameyam... athu nalkendathaayirunnu."norisinu oru puthiya vichaarana labhikkumbol paattezhsane vadhikkunnath valia aneethiyaanennu kodathi vidhichu, paattezhsante kesum veendum parisodhikkaan alabaamaykk avasaram labhikkanamenn kodathi nyaayeekarichu.
njangalkk theerumaanangal ishtappettaalum illengilum" ennu alabama govarnor bib graves samsthaanathe ellah abhibhaashakarodum jadjimarkkum nirddesham nalki... juurii boxukalil naam neegromaare vaykkanam. amerikkayude paramonnatha niyamam alabama anusarikkaan pookunnu."
avasaanaghatta vichaarana.
cases remant cheythathinushesham, 1935 meyy 1 nuu, victoria prais prathikalkkethire puthiya balatsanga paraathikal eaka paraathikkaaranaaya saakshiyayi prathijnjayedutthu. oru aafrikkan amerikkakkaranaaya, creed conier, punarnirmmaanatthinu sesham alabama grand jooriyil irikkunna aadyathe karutha varggakkaaranaayi thiranjedukkappettu. moonnil rund vottil kuttapathram samarppikkam, grand juurii prathikalkkethire kuttam chumathaan vottu cheythu. thomas naitt, juuniyar. appozhekkum (1935 meyy) lefttanant govarnore kesukalude prathyeka prosecuterayi niyamichu.
thekkekkaar thanne oru purathuninnulla aalayi kaanunnathayi libovits thiricharinju, praadeshika attorni chaals vaattsine pradhana attorniyaakaan anuvadichu; addeham vashathu ninnu sahayichu. rund praayapoorthiyaakaathavar ozhikeyulla ellah prathikaleyum jadji kallahan kuttasammatham nadatthi; avarellam kuttam sammathichilla.
oru pouraavakaasha kesai cases federal kodathiyilekku ayaykkaan whats neengi, athu kallahan udan nirasichu. 1936 januvari 20nuu addeham veendum vichaarana nirtthivachu.
anthima theerumaanangal.
1936 januvari 23 aayappozhekkum, haywood paattezhsan balaalsangathinu shikshikkappedukayum 75 varsham thadavinu vidhikkappedukayum cheythu-alabamayil aadyamaayi oru vellakkariye balaalsangam cheythathil oru karuthavargakkaaranu vadhasiksha vidhikkappettitla.
1937 meyy maasathil thomas naitt marichu.
1937 juulai 15nuu clarence norris balaalsangathinum laingikaathikramathinum shikshikkappedukayum vadhashikshaykk vidhikkappedukayum cheythu.
1937 juulai 22nuu andrew raitt balaalsangakkuttam chumathappedukayum 99 varsham thadavinu shikshikkappedukayum cheythu.
1937 juulai 24nuu charley veemsine balaalsangakkuttam chumatthi 105 varsham thadavinu shikshichu.
1937 juulai 24nuu oosi povaline kodathiyil hajaraakkukayum puthiya prosecuter thomas losan, povalinethiraaya balalsangakkes samsthaanam pinvalikkukayaanennum oru deputy udyogasthane aakramichathinu addeham kuttam sammathikkukayaanennum prakhyaapichu. 20 varshathe thadavushikshayaanu addehathinu vidhichathu. eee harji vilapeshalinte bhaagamaayi samsthaanam balaalsangakkesukal pinvalichu.
1937 juulai 24nuu villi robezhsan, olen montgomery, yujeen vilyams, rooy raitt ennivarkkethiraaya ellah kuttangalum alabama samsthaanam pinvalichu. praayamundaayittum "muthirnnavarayi" naluperum aarr varshathilere vadhashikshaykk vidhikkappettirunnu. bakkiyulla naalu prathikalkkethiraya ellah kuttangalum pinvalikkunnathayi thomas losan prakhyaapichu "shradhaapoorvvam pariganichathinu" sesham roberson montgomery "kuttakkaarallenn" oro prosecutorch bodhyappettuvenn addeham paranju."raittum viliams, avarude kuttabodhamo niraparaadhitthamo pariganikkathe, aaa samayat 12 umm 13 umm vayassayirunnu, avar ithinakam jayil shiksha anubhavicha samayam kanakkileduthu, avareyum mochippikkanamennu neethi aavashyappedunnu.
1937 juulai 26nuu haywood paattezhsane atmor stettu jayil familake ayachu. bakkiyulla "scotsboro aankuttikal", norris, oru raitt, veemukal ennivar eee samayat kilby jaililaayirunnu.
anantharafalangal.
1938ll govarnor shavakudeerangal thadavukaarodu mapp nalkaan padhathiyittirunnuvenkum avarude shathruthayilum kuttam sammathikkaan visammathikkunnathilum avar roshakularaayi. addeham mapp nirasichuvenkilum norisinte vadhasiksha jeevaparyanthamaayi kurachu.
rubie betts oru ildu speakeraayi kurachukaalam paryadanam nadatthi. njaan avarkk varuthiya ellah prashnangalilum khedikkunnu" ennu avar paranju, "scotsboroyile bharanavargathe bhayappettathukondaan thaan ithu cheythathennu avar avakashappettu."pinneedu, 1938 vare avar newyork stettu spinning faaktariyil jolie cheythu; aaa varsham avar hundsvilleyilekku madangi. 1938 vare oru hundsville kottan millilaanu victoria prais pravarthichathu, thudarnnu tennessiyile flintvillilekk maari. victoria prais orikkalum thante saakshyam pinvalichilla.
"scotsboro eiii trajady oof dhii american southu" (1969) daan tii. carter aadhikaarikamaanennu parakke karuthappettirunnuvenkum vilayum baattukalum marichuvennu athu thettayi vaadichu. judges horttan aandu dhii scotsboro boys" (1976) enna enn. bii. sii. television sinima, vilayum panthukalum veshyakalaanennu prathirodham theliyichittundennu vaadichu; iruvarum avarude thithreekaranatthinu enn. bii. sii. kku ethire kesedutthu. 1976ll thante marappanikkaranaaya bharthavinoppam thaamasichirunna washington samsthaanathu betts maranamadayukayum avarude cases kelkkappedathirikkukayum cheythu. praisinte cases thudakkathil thalliyenkilum avar appeel nalki. 1977ll yuu. ezz. supreme kodathi cases kelkkaan sammathichappol, prais thante abhibhaashakante upadesham avaganikkukayum enbisiyil ninnulla oru othutheerppu sweekarikkukayum cheythu. aaa panam aval oru veedu vaangaan upayogichu. 1982ll tennessiyile linkon kaundiyil vachu prais antharichu.
scotsboroyile bhooribhaagam nivaasikalum avarude samoohathil aarambhicha aneeti amgeekarichittundu. 2004 januvariyil jaaksan kaundi kodathi hausil kesinte smaranaykkaayi nagaram oru charitraparamaaya adayaalam samarppichu. oru warta report anusarichu, "aankuttikalude arasttinethudarnnulla alkkootta rangam bhayappeduthunnathaanennum jayilil kazhiyunna prathikalkkethire vadhabheeshanikal uyarthiyirunnuvennum chadangil pankeduttha 87 kaaranaya oru karuthavarggakkaaran oormmippichu. marker sthaapikkaanulla theerumaanathekkurichu samsaaricha addeham paranju, 'ithu malsarangale kooduthal aduppikkumennum parasparam nannayi manassilakkumennum njaan karuthunnu. 
sheela washington 2010 ll scotsboroyil scotsboro boys museum & kalcharal sentar sthaapichu. muun joys chaappal yunaittad methadist palliyil sthithi cheiyunna ithu cases paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinum erakalkkulla neethikkaayulla thirachilinte smaranaykkaayi samarppichirikkunnu.
2013 mapp.
2013 meyy aadyam, alabama niyamasabha maranananthara mappinulla paatha anuvadichu. 2013 november 21 nuu, alabama board oof mapp, parolukal enniva weams, raitt, paattezhsan ennivarkku maranananthara mapp nalki, scotsboro aankuttikalkku avarude kuttakrithyangal asaadhuvaakkukayo mapp nalkukayo cheythitilla.
govarnor roobert jeey. bentli annu maadyamangalodu paranju 
80 varsham munbu scotsboro aankuttikalkku sambhavicha karyangal thirichedukkaan njangalkk kazhinjillengilum, athu sariyaaya reethiyil munnott kondupokaanulla oru maargam njangal kandethi. innu scotsboro aankuttikalkku nalkia mapp valarekkaalamaayi avasheshikkunnu. innathe mapp nalkunnathilekku nayicha niyamanirmmanam ubhaykakshi, sahakarana shramathinte phalamaayirunnu. innu njangalude purogathi thudarunnathinum eee mapp audyogikamaayi nalkunnathinum maappukalum parol board njaan abhinandikkunnu. innu scotsboro aankuttikalkku oduvil neethi labhichu.

