
pohatan

pouhathaan janatha (; povathaan ennum ucharikkappedunnu) parambaraagathamaayi kizhakkan virjeeniyayil ninnulla eathenkilum thaddesheeya algongian janataye soochippikkaam. ellah pouhattan grouppukalum pouhattan konfedarasiyil ninnullavaraan. chila sandarbhangalil, pouhathaan janangalude nethaakkalil oraale soochippichekkaam. engleesh colonial vivaranagalil ninnulla charitra rekhakalil ithu saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu. virgenia algongian ennum ariyappedunna oru kizhakkan-algongian bhashayaayathinaal pohatan bhasha virgenia algongian ennum ariyappedunnu. 1607ll engleesh kolanikkaar jaimstown sthaapichappol kizhakkan virjeeniyayil ekadesham 1,000 pouhattan janathayundaayirunnuvennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum, vahunsenakoh enna "mamanatovic" (paramapradhananaaya thalavan) 30 poshaka janataye affiliate cheythukondu oru samghadana srishtichu, avarude pradesham kizhakkan virjeeniyayude bhooribhaagavum aayirunnu. avar eee pradeshathe "senacomaca" ("janasaandrathayulla bhoomi") ennu vilichu. engleesh kolanikkaar "dhii pohatan (cheef)" ennaanu vaahunsenaakaav ariyapettath. eee samghadanaykkullile oro gothrathinum athintethaaya "verons" (nethaavu, commander) undaayirunnu, ennaal ellaavarum pouhattanu (medhavi) adaranjali arppichu.
1618-ll vaahunsenaakkaav marichathinushesham, engleesh kolanikkaare kayyerunnavare purathaakkaan vyarthamaayi shramicha addehathinte sahodaran opchanaakkaanofinte medhaavithvathin keezhil kolanikkarumaayulla sathrutha vardhichu. 1622lum 1644lum addehathinte valia thothilulla akramanangal kolanikkaar sakthamaaya prathikaarathinu vidheyamaakkukayum athinte falamaayi gothram eathaandu illaathaavukayum cheythu. 1646 aayappozhekkum aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar pouhathan paramapradhana thalavan ennu vilikkunna raajyam nasippikkappettu. engleesh colonial vaasasthalangalumaayulla samgharshangalekkaal pradhaanappettath measles, vasuri thudangiya europianmaar vadakke amerikkayilekku konduvanna puthiya pakarchavyaadhikal moolam pohatanmaar anubhavicha uyarnna marananirakkaayirunnu. noottaandukalaayi europilum eshyayilum thaddesheeyamaayirunna ivayodu thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarkk prathirodhasheshi undaayirunnilla. mothamaranangal thaddesheeya american samoohangale valareyadhikam durbalappeduthukayum pollayakkukayum cheythu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode, kolaniyile nethaakkal bhoomi vikasippikkunnathinulla adhvaanathinaayi niraasharaayi. virjeeniyayilekkulla europian kudiyettakkaaril pakuthiyolam perum karar cheytha sevakar aayi ethi. kudiyettam thudarnnathode, kolanikkaar vardhichuvarunna adimakalaaya aafrikkakkaare thozhilaallikalaayi irakkumathi cheythu. 1700 aayappozhekkum, kolanikalil ekadesham 6,000 aafrikkakkaare adimakalaakki, janasamkhyayude panthrandilonnu. adimakalaakkappettavar chilappol rakshappedukayum chuttumulla pohathaanil cherukayum cheyyum. chila velutha karar adimakalum palayanam cheyth thaddesheeya janathayil chernnathayi ariyappettirunnu. aafrikkan adimakalum kararulla europian sevakar palappozhum orumichu jolie cheyyukayum thaamasikkukayum cheythirunnu, vivaham ellaayppozhum niyamaparamallengilum, chila thaddeshiyar avarodoppam thaamasikkukayum jolie cheyyukayum kuttikalundaavukayum cheythu. 1676-leeii bekkan kalapathinushesham kolanikal indiakkaare niyanthranathinaayi adimakalaakki. 1691-ll, burgessinte veedu thaddesheeyarude adimatham nirthalaakki; ennirunnaalum, pathinettaam noottaand vare niravadhi pohathaanukal adimakalaayi nilaninnirunnu.
21-aamm noottaandil, ettu thaddesheeya gothrangalkk pohatan konfedareshanumaayi poorvvika bandhamundennu virgenia audyogikamaayi amgeekarichu. pathinezhaam noottaand muthal samvarana bhoomi nilanirtthiya rund janathayaan pamunkiyum mattapony. povahattan, engleesh kudiyettakkaarude malsaraadhishtitha samskaarangal amgangalude unionukaliloodeyum vivaahangaliloodeyum onnichu, athil ettavum ariyappettirunnath pocahondasinteyum joonn rolfinteyum samskaaramaayirunnu. avarude makan thomas rolph niravadhi kanyakakalude poorvvikanaayirunnu; kanyakayile aadya kudumbangalil palathinum engleesh, kanyaka algongian vamshaparambarayundu.
pohatan konfedarasiyil ninnu rakshapetta chilar mattevideyengilum thamasam maari. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, pohatan renape raajyam ennu koottaayi thirichariyunna vyakthigatha aalukal nyoojezhsiyile pensocan tounshippil morisville aandu delair ennariyappedunna oru cheria upavibhaagathil sthirathaamasamaakki. avarude poorvvikar kooduthalum virjeeniyayile rappahannokk gothrathil ninnum delawareile anubandha nanricock gothrathil ninnumaanu. nyoojezhsi samsthaanam avare oru gothramaayi amgeekarichittundu. 
namakaranam, padavali.
thaddesheeya american graamathinteyo vaahunsenaakauhu pattanatthinteyo peraanu "pohatan" (paakwachoung ennum staarechi lipyantharanam cheythirikkunnu). engleesh kolanikkaar upayogikkunna "cheef" allengil "king" pouhathaan enna padavi eee sthalathinte peril ninnaan uruthirinjathennu vishwasikkappedunnu. addehathinte swantham graamatthinte prathyeka sthalam anjjaathamaanengilum, aadhunika kaalath aadhunika nagaramaya richmandinte kizhakke attathulla pohatan kunnin parisaram, virgenia yadhaartha graamatthinte pothuvaaya sameepathaanenn palarum karuthunnu. kizhakk henrico kaundiyodu chernnu kurachu akale sthithi cheiyunna trea hill famum saadhyamaaya oru sthalamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
"nagaram naavikasenayude thalappathu irikkunna nadiye soochippikkaan nattukaar upayogicha peru "pouhathaan" aayirunnu. engleesh kolanikkaar thangalude nethaavaaya jaims onnaaman raajaavinte perilaanu ithinu peru nalkaan thiranjedutthathu. engleesh kolanikkaar virgenia kolaniyude aadya varshangalile rajaavinteyum addehathinte moonnu makkalaya elisabath, henry, chaals ennivarude bahumaanaartham niravadhi savisheshathakalkk perukal nalki.
kolambiyayil ninnu mukalilekku ozhukunna virjeeniyayile ettavum neelam koodiya nadiyude chila bhaagangalkk pinneedu grettu brittanile raajnji aanninte perunalkiyenkilum aadhunika kaalath ithine jaims nadhi ennu vilikkunnu. innathe klifttan forge pattanathinaduthulla jaaksan, kaupaaschar nadikalude samgamasthaanathu ithu roopappedukayum kizhakk hampton rodukalilekku ozhukukayum cheiyunnu. (jaims nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya rivanna nadhiyum fluevenna kaundiyum kween aanninte perilaanu ariyappedunnathu). villyamsbarginaduthulla jaims sitti kaundiyil sthithi cheiyunna pohatan kreekkaanu pohatan janathayumayi bandhapetta peru nilanirthunna virjeeniyayile eaka jalashayamaanu.
pohatan kaundiyum virjeeniyayile pohathaanile kaundi seettum varshangalkk sesham, pohatan janatha adhivasikkunna pradeshatthinte padinjaarulla sthalangalil sthaapithamaaya bahumanaarhamaaya perukalaayirunnu. 1777 maarchilaanu kaundi roopeekarichathu.
charithram.
sankeernamaaya paramapradhaanamaaya thalavan.
vividha gothrangalkk oororutharkkum praadeshikamaayi chila vyakthigatha adikaarangal undaayirunnu, oororutharkkum "verons" (purushan) allengil "commander" ennartham varunna "veronskwa" (sthree) ennariyappedunna oru thalavan undaayirunnu.
joonn smithinte kaalaghattatthil thanne, eee groupile vyakthigatha gothrangal pohathante thalavante neethrthwathilulla kendreekritha adhikaarathinte valia adhikaarathin keezhilaanennu engleesh kolanikkaar amgeekarichirunnu (c. 1545 juun 17-sii. 1618), addehathinte sariyaaya peru vahunsenako allengil (pathinezhaam noottaandile engleesh spellingle) vaahunsunaakokk ennaayirunnu.
1607-ll vadakke amerikkayile aadyathe engleesh colonial settilment jaimstownil sthaapithamaayappol addeham pradhaanamaayum york nadiyude vadakkan theerathulla verovocomocoyil ninnaan bharichathu. 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil verovocomocoyude eee sthalam veendum kandethi; ithu konfedarasiyile gothrangalude kendramaayirunnu. puraavastu gaveshanathinide eee sthalathu kandethiya mechappeduthalukal pavahattan adhikara shreniyile mattu gothrangalekkaal paramapradhaanamaaya aadhipathyamundenn sthireekarichu. naravamshashaasthranjanaaya roobert ell. carnairo thante "dhii cheefdom precursor oof dhii stettu" enna kruthiyil parayunnu. puthiya lokathile samsthaanapadaviyilekkulla parivartthanam (1981), medhaavithvathinteyum konfedarasiyudeyum rashtreeya ghadanaye aazhathil paryavekshanam cheiyunnu.
pandithanmaar pouhathan paramapradhananaaya thalavan ennu vilikkunna sankeernamaaya thalavan ennu vilikkappedunna raajyam pouhathanum (addehathinte niravadhi pingaamikalum) bharichu. verovocomocoyilum mattidangalilum pohatan lokathekkurichulla dhaarana aazhathilaakkunna gaveshana pravartthanangal thudarunnu.
pouhathan thante thalavante sthaanam nirmmikkunnu.
aarr gothrangalude niyanthranam vaahunsenaakkaav paarambaryamaayi nediyirunnuvenkilum 1607 aayappozhekkum engleesh kudiyettakkaar jaimstownil avarude virgenia koolani sthaapichappol muppathiladikam aadhipathyam sthaapichu. vaahunsenaakkaavinte keezhilulla yadhaartha aarr gothrangal ivayaayirunnu pohatan (sariyaaya), arohatech, appamaattakk, pamunki, maattaponi, chiskick.
1598 aayappozhekkum addeham kekkottane thante koottatthil chertthu. rappahannokk, morottakand, veyyanokku, paspaheg, kviohkohanokku, warascoyack, nansmond enniva mattu anubandha grouppukalil ulppedunnu. ithe bhasha groupile adutha bandhamullah mattoru gothram chickahomini aayirunnu, pakshe pouhathan paramadhikaara medhaavithvathil ninnu avarude svayambharanaavakaasham samrakshikkaan avarkk kazhinju. chesapeak ulkkadalinu kuruke kizhakkan theerathu sthithi cheiyunna akkawak, pouhathan medhaavithvathinte naamamaathramaaya poshakanadikalaayirunnuvenki avarude swantham paramapradhananaaya thalavan allengil "chakravarty", "debedavon" ("chirikkunna rajaavu" ennu vilikkappedunnu) ennathinu keezhil svayambharanaadhikaaram aasvadichirunnu. 1600-oode araa dasalaksham thaddesheeya amerikkakkar algheni parvathanirakalil thaamasichirunnu. aaa 500,000 peril 30,000 perr pohathaante bharanathin keezhilulla chesapeak mekhalayil thaamasichirunnu, 1677 aayappozhekkum addehathinte janasamkhyayude anchu sathamaanam maathrame avasheshichulloo. europianmaarumaayulla sanbarkkavum sanbarkkavumaanu maranangalude vann kuthichuchaattathinu kaaranam.
virjeeniyayude avasthayekkurichulla kurippukal" (1781-82) enna thante kurippil thomas jefezhsan kanakkaakkunnath, ekadesham 8,000 janasamkhyayulla, 2400 yodhaakkalulla, ekadesham oru pradesham pohatan konfedarasi kaivashappeduthiyirunnu ennaanu. pilkkala pandithanmaar paramapradhaanamaaya janasamkhya 15,000 aanennu kanakkakki.
pouhathaan deshathe engleesh kudiyettakkaar.
vadakke amerikkayil engleesh kolanikkaar avarude aadyathe sthiramaaya vaasasthalam sthaapicha sthalamaanu pohatan konfedarasi. pohatan janathayum engleesh kolanikkaarum thammil udan thanne samgharshangal aarambhichu; kolanikkaar athiyayudane vediyuthirthu (avarude varavinu munbu spanishumaayi avarkk undaaya mosham anubhavam kaaranam). engleesh kolanikkaar jaimstownil ethi randaazhchaykkullil maranangal sambhavichu.
kudiyettakkaar souhrudaparamaaya bandhangal pratheekshikkukayum virjeeniyan indiakkaarumaayi bhakshanathinaayi vyapaaram nadatthaan padhathiyidukayum cheythirunnu. 1607ll kyapttan christopher newport jaims nadiyile aadyathe colonial paryaveshana samghathe nayichu, addeham pohathaante "verons" enna parahand kandumutty. engleesh kolanikkaar thudakkathil addehathe konfedarasi bharichirunna addehathinte pithaav vaahunsenaakkaav enna paramapradhananaaya pohatan (mamanatovic) ennu thettidharichu. eee pradeshathekku varunna kudiyettakkaarkku bhoomiyumaayi parichayamillaathathinaal kazhiyunnathra thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarumaayi sauhrudam pularthendathundu. thamasam maari adhikam taamasiyaathe pukayilayude valia saadhyathakal avar thiricharinju. kooduthal kooduthal pukayila valarthaan avarkk thaddesheeya pradeshathu thadassam nilkkendi vannu. 14 varshathe yudhathinu kaaranamaaya pettennulla prashnangalundaayirunnu.
1607 desemberil chickahomini nadiyile oru vettayaadal, vyapara dauthyathil, kyapttan joonn smith opechaankaanofil oru cheria yuddham nadathiyennum eee yudhathil addeham thante thaddesheeya guidine thante shareerathil kettukayum manushya parichayayi upayogikkukayum cheythuvennum ezhuthi. smithinte kaalinu parikkelkkukayum vasthrathil niravadhi ambukal pathikkukayum cheythenkilum opechancanoff pidikoodiyathinu thottupinnaale addehathinu maarakamaayi parikkettitla. smithine pidikoodiya sesham, avar avane kollathirikkaanum pakaram kooduthal janapriyanaya oru medhaaviyude aduthekku kondupokaanum oru chadanginushesham souhrudathinte adayaalamaayi avar kanda oru dishayilekku avan avare kondupokunnathuvare nattukaar avane vadhathinu thayyaaraayitheerthu. gothratthinte oru cheria bhagam bharikkan povatthante keezhil oru thalavanaayirunna povatthante sahodaranaanu smithine aadyam parichayappedutthiyathu. pinneedu smithine pohatan thanne parichayappedutthi. vahunsenaakkaavinte ilaya sahodaranaaya opechaankaano aanu smithine pidikoodiyathu. paramapradhananaaya pohathaane kandumuttya aadyathe engleesh kolanikkaaranaayi smith maari. smithinte vivaranamanusarichu, cheef pouhathante makal pocahondas smithine vadhikkunnathil ninnu pithaavine thadanju.
chila gaveshakar smithine parihasichu vadhikkunnath gothrathilekku smithine datthedukkaan uddeshichulla oru aachaaramaanennu vaadichuvenkilum mattu aadhunika ezhuthukaar eee vyaakhyaanathe tharkkikkunnu, smithinte pala kathakalum ariyappedunna vasthuthakalumayi poruthappedunnillenna shradhikkunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandile pouhathaan datthedukkal chadangukalekkurichu onnum ariyillennum oru vadhasikshakal ariyappedunna achaarangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennum avar choondikkaanikkunnu. helen roundree polulla mattu charitrakaaranmaar vadhashikshaykk enthengilum apakadasaadhyathayundo ennu chodyam cheythittundu. 1608lum 1612lum smith ithu paraamarsikkunnathil parajayappettuvennum pocahondas prashasthanaayathinusesham maathram 1624ll addeham ezhuthiya ormmakkurippukalil ithu chertthuvennum avar shradhikkunnu.
1608-ll kyapttan newport, cheria jaimstown kolaniyude nilanilppin pouhathaante sauhrudam nirnaayakamaanennu manassilakki. aaa varshathe venalkkaalath, paramapradhananaaya medhavi oru aachaaraparamaaya kireedatthode "kireedamaniyikkaan" addeham shramichu, addehathe oru "saamanthan" aakki maatti. oru kudam, thooval metha, bedd frame, vasthrangal thudangi niravadhi europian sammaanangalum avar pouhathaanu nalki. kireedadhaaranam moshamaayi nadannu, kaaranam kireedamedukkaan avar pouhathanodu muttukutthi nilkkaan aavasyappettathinaal addeham athu cheyyaan visammathichu. oru sakthamaaya nethaavenna nilayil, pouhathan rund niyamangal paalichu "mattullavarekkal thala uyarthunnayal uyarnna raankilaanu", "swantham nilapaadil maattam varuthaathe mattullavare durbalamaaya sthaanathu nirthunnayaal uyarnna raankilaanu."kireedadhaaranam" poortthiyaakkaan, niravadhi engleesh colonicarc pohathaante tholil aashrayikkendivannu, kaaranam addeham uyaramulla oru manushyanayathinaal thalayil kireedam vaykkaan paryapthamaayirunnu. pinneedu, engleesh kolanikkaar pouhathaan jaims rajaavinu keezhadangiyathayi karuthiyirikkaam, ennaal pouhathaan atharathilulla onnum chinthichirikkilla.
joonn smith kolaniyude prasidantaayathinu sesham, kyapttan maarttinte keezhil oru sainyathe ayachu nansemont pradeshathe oru dweep kaivashappeduthukayum nivaasikale thurathukayum cheythu. athe samayam, jaims nadeethadatthil oru kotta nirmmikkaan addeham francis vesttumaayi chernnu mattoru sainyathe ayachu. aduthulla kottakettya pohatan gramavum (richmond, virjeeniyayude ippozhathe sthalam) kurachu chembinu vendi addeham paaraahandil ninnu vaangi, koodaathe pohatan jeevithareethikalekkurichu apoorvamaaya oru prathyaksha vivaranam ezhuthiya henry spellman enna engleesh kolanikkaaranum. smith pinneedu graamathe "nonsachu" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum padinjaaran aalukale athil thaamasippikkan sramikkukayum cheythu. pohatan prathirodham kaaranam jaimstouninappuram sthirathaamasamaakkaanulla eee rund sramangalum taamasiyaathe parajayappettu. 1609 octoberil verginiayil ninnu englandilekku poya smith oru vedimarunnu apakadatthil parikkettathinaal orikkalum madangiyittilla. taamasiyaathe, engleesh kolanikkaar kekkottan pradeshathu fort aljernon enna randaamathe kotta sthaapichu.
anglo-pohatan yudhangalum udambadiyum.
1609 novemberil kyapttan joonn raatklifine pohathaante puthiya thalasthaanamaaya oraappekkukalilekk kshanichu. avide vyapaaram nadatthaan addeham pamunki nadiyilekku kappal kayariya sesham, kolanikkaarum pohathanmaarum thammil oru poraattam pottipurappettu. gothratthile sthreekalaal peedippikkappetta ratcliffe ulppede ellah engleesh kolanikkaarum kollappettu. pinesil undaayirunnavar rakshappedukayum jayimstounilvechu katha parayukayum cheythu.
adutha varsham aaa gothram niravadhi jaimstown nivaasikale akramikkukayum kollukayum cheythu. nivaasikal thirichadichu, pakshe irupathu pere maathrame konnulloo. ennirunnaalum, 1610 juunil thomas vestt, 3rd baaran dii laa vaar (loard delaware) enna puthiya govarnorude jaimstownile varavu aadyathe anglo-pohatan yudhathinte thudakkathe soochippichu. pocahondas pidichedukkukayum avalude snaapanavum 1614-ll pukayila thottakkaranaaya joonn rolfumaayulla vivaahavum kazhinju maathramaan oru hraswakaala samadhaanakaalam vannath. eathaanum varshangalkkullil, povahottan pocahondas marichu. pohatan virjeeniyayil vachu marichuvenkilum pocahondas englandilvechu marichu. athesamayam, engleesh kudiyettakkaar pohatan pradeshathu kayyettam thudarnnu.
vaahunsenaakkaavinte maranashesham addehathinte ilaya sahodaran opichapam hraswakaalathekku medaaviyaayi, thudarnnu avarude ilaya sahodaran opechaankaanofum. kudiyettakkaarude varavu, parambaraagatha kaarshika bhoomiyil puthiya graamangalude vipuleekaranam, thudarnnu kudiyettakkaaril ninnu bhakshanam vaangendathinte aavasyakatha, indian yuvaakkale kolejukalil nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkal ennivayil pouhattanmaar bhayapettu."1622 maarchil avar jaimstown thottangal akramikkukayum noorukanakkinu pere kollukayum cheythu. noorukanakkinu gothravargakkareyum avarude kudumbangaleyum kollukayum vayalukal kathikkukayum vasuri parathukayum cheythukondu kudiyettakkaar vegathil prathikaram cheythu. 1644ll pohathanmaar veendum engleesh colonial vaasasthalangale akramikkukayum pohatan pradeshangalil ninnu avare nirbandhikkukayum cheythu, athu veendum kolanikkaaril ninnu sakthamaaya prathikaarathinu vidheyamaavukayum aathyanthikamayi gothratthinte naashathinu idayaakkukayum cheythu. 1644leeii sambhavathe thudarnnundaaya randaamathe anglo-pohatan yuddham 1646ll virjeeniyayile rajakeeya govarnor vilyam berkleyude sainyam 90num 100num idayil prayamullathaayi karuthappedunna opechancanoff pidichedutthathinetthudar avasaanichu. oru thadavukaaranaaya opechaankaano kollappedukayum kaaval nilkkaan niyogikkappetta oru sainikan purakil vedivaykkukayum cheythu. addehathinushesham necotovans pinneedu totopotomoy makal kokakoskeyum "verons" aayi.
vella colonicarc york, black vaattar nadikalkkidayil oru prathyeka enclave anuvadichathinaal 1646 leeii udambadi yunaittad konfedarasiyude phalapradamaaya pirichuvidaline adayaalappeduthi. ithu thekkott pinwangia naansmondukal, veyanokkukal, apometox ennivare madhya upadveep vadakkan kazhuthum kaivashappeduthiyirunna mattu pohatan gothrangalil ninnu shaareerikamaayi verthirichu. 1646ll verthirichedutha thekkan athirthi pathinezhaam noottaandinte sheshamulla kaalayalavil bahumaanikkappettappol, 1649 septambar 1nuu burgesukalude veedu vadakkan athirthi uyarthi. puthiya kudiyettakkaarude thiramaalakal pettennu upadveep mekhalaye vellathinadiyilaakkum, pinneedu "chikkakovan" ennariyappedukayum, kuranjuvarunna gothrangale cheria bhoopradeshangalilekku parimithappedutthukayum cheythu, athu aadyakaala indian reservationukalil chilathayi maari.
1665ll house oof burgezes govarnor niyamicha thalavanmaare sweekarikkaan pouhathaanu aavashyappedunna karsanamaaya niyamangal pasaki. 1684leeii albani udambadikku sesham, pouhathaan konfedarasi aprathyakshamaayi.
samoohathe mattunnathum engleesh vipuleekaranavum.
1691ll vilyam aandu merii collegil indian school roopeekarichathiloode sthaapithamaaya vidyaabhyaasa paripaadikal saamskaarika maattathinu pinnile prerakashakthiyaayirunnu. koleju pouhathaan aankuttikalkku avarude janangalkk prayojanakaramallaathathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna kazhivukal nalki, ennirunnaalum, saaksharathaye pothuve eee paashchaathya vidyaabhyaasathinte nettamaayi kaanukayum vilyathilum meriyilum vidyaabhyaasam nediya pouhathaan aankuttikal avarude aanmakkale schoolilekku ayakkukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandil thaddesheeyarallaathavarumaayi pohathaanukalude vardhichuvarunna vivaahavum saamskaarika maattathinu kaaranamaayathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode pouhathanmaar choothaattam, pukayila valikkal, vinodathinaayi madyam kazhikkal enniva aarambhichu.
savisheshathakal.
vellachaattarekhayude kizhakk tidewater virjeeniyayilaan pouhathanmaar thaamasichirunnathu. thaikal valachu thaikalkk mukalil neytha paayakalo puramtholiyo vechukondu avar "yehakins" ennu vilikkunna veedukal nirmmichu. vilakal, prathyekichu cholam valarthunnathiloodeyaanu avar praadhamikamaayi svayam paripaalichathenkilum avarude pradeshathe valia vanathil avar malsyabandhanavum vettayaadalum nadathukayum cheythu. oru medhaaviyude neethrthwathil gothrangalil samghadippikkappetta niravadhi anubandha kudumbangal gramangalil ulppedunnu ("verons/verovence" allengil "veronskwa" sthree aanenkil). avar paramapradhananaaya ("mamanatovic") pouhathanu adaranjali arppichu.
pohatan adhinivesha mekhalayude vadakku potomac nadhiyum padinjaaru phaal line thekk virgenia-vadakkan carolina athirthiyum kizhakk atlaantik samudravum aayirunnu. padinjaaran, vadakkan athirthikal kooduthal tharkkavishayamaayirunnappol thekke athirthiyil pamlicos, chovanox ennivayumaayulla samadhaanaparamaaya edapedalukal saadhaaranayaayi nadannu. padinjaaran athirthiyil monakkan, mannaahokkukal, vadakkan athirthiyil koottakkolakal ennivayumaayi samgharshangal nadannu.
pouhathanmaar praadhamikamaayi avarude urakkamuri choodaakkaan thee upayogichu. thalphalamaayi, kidakkakal kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe kidakka saamagrikal pakal samayat eluppathil sambharikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. dambathikal saadhaaranayaayi thalayuyarthi urangumaayirunnu.
naashanal paarkk sarveesinte gaveshanamanusarichu, purushanmaar yodhaakkalum vettakkaarum aayirunnappol sthreekal thottakkaarum shekharikkunnavarumaayirunnu. shathrukkaleyo kaliyeyo pinthudarnnu kaattiloode vyaapakamaayi oodukayum nadakkukayum cheytha purushanmaare uyaramullavarum melinjavarum sundaramaaya shareeraghadanayullavarumaanenna engleesh colonial vivaranagal vivarichu. vilakal paripalikkunnathinum daanyangal bhakshanathilekku koottunnathinum andipparippu shekharikkunnathinum mattu veettujolikal cheiyunnathinum chelavazhicha manikorukal kaaranam sthreekal cheruthum shaktharumaayirunnu. purushanmaar vipulamaaya vettayaadal nadathiyappol, sthreekal vettayaadal kyaambukal nirmmikkaan avarekkaal munnott pooyi. pohatan aabhyanthara sambadvyavastha iru lingakkaarudeyum adhwaanathe aashrayichirunnu."pouhattan sthreekal jolikal kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayi nirvahikkunnathinaayi varkk partykal roopeekarikkum. sthreekal barbermaaraayum veedukal alankarikkukayum alankaara vasthrangal nirmmikkukayum cheiyumennu vishwasikkappettirunnu. mothatthil, pouhathan sthreekal avarude thozhil jeevithathilum laingika jeevithathilum ganyamaaya svayambharanaavakaasham nilanirtthi. oru neenda divasathinushesham, pouhathan janatha nritham cheiyunnathiloodeyum paadunnathiloodeyum thangalkk undaayirunna avasana oorjjam aaghoshikkukayum kathikkukayum cheyyum. mattullavarumayi pravartthikkunnathil ninnu avarkk undaakunna eathu pirimurukkavum ozhivaakkaanum ithu avare anuvadichu.
virjeeniyayile thaddesheeya janathayellam krishi cheythirunnu. avar idaykkide avarude gramangal oru sthalathuninnu mattoru sthalathekku maatti. gramavaasikal adithattil marangal vettukayo valayukayo vediyuthirkkukayo thudarnnu vetalum stambukalum kuraykkaan thee upayogikkukayo cheythukondu vayalukal vrithiyaakki. manninte uthppaadanakshamatha kramena kurayukayum praadeshika malsyangalum kalikalum kurayukayum cheythathinaal oru graamam upayogashoonyamaayi. kshayicha pradeshathe punarujjeevippikkanum mannu niraykkaanum elakal valarukayum malsyangaludeyum kalikaludeyum ennam vardhippikkaanum nivaasikal thudarnnu. oro sthalavum maarunnathinanusarichu aalukal puthiya bhoomi neekkam cheyyaan thee upayogichu. avar kooduthal shudhamaaya bhoomi upekshichu. kizhakkan mekhalayiludaneelam thuranna kalikalude aavaasavyavasthayude vipulamaaya pradeshangal nilanirthaanum thaddesheeyaraaya aalukal thee upayogichu, pinneedu europian kolanikkaar ithine "baaralukal" ennu vilichu. pohathaanil sambannamaaya malsyabandhana sthalangalum undaayirunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kaattukuthira eee pradeshathekku kudiyeriyirunnu.
sooryodayasamayathu pouhathanmaar suryanodu vazhipaadukalum praarthanakalum nadathumennu vishwasikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, vilaveduppinte niyanthranathilaanennu vishwasikkappedunna prathyeka daivangalodu avar praarthikkukayum vazhipaadukal nadathukayum cheythu. avar aaa bhoomi vyathyasthamayi upayogichu, avarude matham thaddesheeyamaayirunnu. kaalavastha niyanthrikkuka ennathaayirunnu pouhathan purohithanmaarude pradhana karthavyangalilonnu.
paramapradhaanamaaya medhaavithvathinteyum avarude pradeshangaludeyum gothrangal.
pattikappedutthiya gothrangalude ennavum yodhaakkalude ennavum kooduthalum kyapttan joonn smith (1580-1631), vilyam stratchi (1572-1621) ennivarude kanakkukaleyo reportukaleyo adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, oro gothrathileyum yodhaakkalude ennam maathrame ariyoo, athinaal thandinte ennam 1:3,1:3,3, allengil avasana 1:4 enna anupaathathil nirnnayikkappedum, koodaathe kristheeya uthsavathekkurichulla padanangal nirnnaayakamaan. avasaanamaayi soochippicha kanakkukal athath gothrangalude aadya paraamarshatheyum avasana paraamarshatheyum soochippikkunnu-udha.jii. chesapeekkinulla <aii. dii. 1> (uravidam vadakke american indiakkaarude kaippustakam).
innathe pouhathaan janatha.
samsthaana, federal amgeekaaram.
2014 leeii kanakkanusarichu, virjeeniyayile ettu pouhathan indian vamshajarkk virgenia samsthaanam amgeekaaram nalkiyittundu. mothatthil, gothrangalkk nilavil 500 rajisttar cheytha gotra amgangal undu. ennirunnaalum, athinte 3 muthal 4 madangu vare ennam gotravarga amgathvathinu arhathayullavaraanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee gothrangalil randennam, mattaponi, pamunki ennivar ippozhum pathinezhaam noottaand muthal avarude samvaranam nilanirthunnu, avaa virjeeniyayile king vilyam kaundiyilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
1990kall muthal, samsthaana amgeekaaramulla pouhathan indian gothrangalum samsthaana amgeekaaramulla mattu virgenia indian gothrangalum federal amgeekaaram thedunnu. paithrukathe parishodhikkunnathinulla audyogika rekhakalude abhavavum 1930 kalilum 1940 kalilum kudumbaamgangalude charitraparamaaya thettaaya vargeekaranavum moolam thadassappettathinaal aaa amgeekaara prakriya budhimuttaanennu theliyikkapettu, ithu pradhaanamaayum audyogika rekhakalil virjeeniyayude vamseeya vargeekaranathinte samsthaana nayatthinte falamaanu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil virgenia karsanamaaya vamseeya verthirikkal niyamangal paasaakkiyathinusesham, aathyanthikamayi 1924 leeii vamseeya samagratha niyamam eathenkilum aafrikkan paithrukamulla oro vyakthiyeyum "karuthavan" aayi kanakkaakkanamenn nirddeshichappol, supradhana statistiks offeesinte thalavanaaya walter plecker, audyogika rekhakalil vamshathe soochippikkunnathinu "vella" allengil "niram" ennee padangal maathram upayogikkaan ellah samsthaana, praadeshika rajistreshan offeesukalodum nirddeshichu. ithu virgenia indiakkaarude kandethaavunna ellah rekhakalum illaathaakki. janana certificattukal, marana certificattukal, vivaha licensukal, nikuthi foomukal, bhoomi karaarukal ennivayulppede ellah samsthaana rekhakalilum kanyaka indiakkaarude rekhakalilla. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aarambhicha 30 varshathilereyaayi samsthaanathe supradhana sthithivivarakkanakku offeesinu melnottam vahicha plecker, kanyaka indiakkaarude adayaalangal illaathaakkunnathil vyakthiparamaaya thaalparyam prakadippichu. vivaahathinte varshangal "vamshathe durbalappeduthiyathinaal" yadhaartha kanyaka indiakkaar avasheshikkunnillennu plecker anumaanichu. thante sevana varshangalil, atharam vyakthikal thangalude vamsham indiakkaarano vellakkaarano aanennu avakashappedaan vanjanaaparamaayi sramikkunnuvennu vishwasichu, ellah dvi-vamseeya, bahu-vamseeya vyakthikaleyum karuthavarggakkaaraayi punarvarggeekarikkunnathu oru pracharanam addeham nadatthi. addehathinte punarvarggeekaranatthinte phalathe gothravargakkaar "paper vamshahathya" ennu visheshippichittundu.
american aikyanaadukal randaam lokamahaayudhathil praveshichathinushesham niravadhi pouhathaanmaar sainyathil sevikkaan sannadharaayi. thiranjedukkappetta sevanathiloode karutha samoohathil ninnu verittunilkkaan poraadiyavaraanu pouhathan purushanmaar. 1954ll, naalilonno athiladhikamo indian vamsajarum pathinaro athiladhikamo aafrikkan vamsajarum ullavare gotra indiakkaaraayi amgeekarikkanamennu oru niyamathiloode potusabha pouhathanmaarkku bhagika niyamaparamaaya amgeekaaram nalki.
thudakkathil, amgeekaaram labhichaal avarude bhoomiyil choothaattam sthaapikkumo ennathinekkurichulla federal niyamanirmmaathaakkalude aashankakal kaaranam federal amgeekaaram nedaanulla virgenia gothrangalude shramangalkk ethirppu neridendivannu. kanyakayil kaasinokal niyamavirudhamaanu, nikuthi prathyaaghaathangalekkurich aashankakal prakadippichu. 2009 maarchil, samsthaana amgeekaaramulla anchu pouhathan indian gothrangalum mattu samsthaana amgeekaaramulla virgenia indian gothravum kongras niyamathiloode federal amgeekaaram nedunnathinaayi oru bill avatharippichu. bill, "thomas iii. jordan indian tribes oof virgenia federal recognission act, "virjeeniyayil kaasinokal niyamavidheyamaayaalum kaasinokal thurakkunnathil ninnu gothrangale vilakkunna oru vibhaagam ulppeduthi. prakrithivibhavangalekkuri house kammitti epril avasaanathode us house oof representatives bill pariganikkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum 2009 juun 3 nuu house bill amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. bill senattinte indian kaarya samithiyilekku ayachu, athu octoberil senatt mothatthil kelkkaan shupaarsha cheythu. 2009 desember 23nuu, bill senatt legislative kalandaril pothu utharavukal prakaram avatharippichu, avideyaanu bill ippol ullathu. gotra amgeekaarathinulla abhyarthanakal beuro oof indian afayezhs vazhi prosess cheyyanamennu senattar toom koobarn (aarr-oke) vishwasikkunnathinaal "adhikaaraparidhiyilulla aashankakal" kanakkileduthu billinu oru pidi undaayirunnu. walter plekkarude vamseeya vivechanaparamaaya sanbradaayangalkku keezhil thadassappetta rekhakal sookshikkunnathu charitraparamaaya swathuathinte thudarcha prakadippikkaanulla avarude kazhivine nasippichuvennu virgenia gothrangal parayunnu. senattil vechaanu bill paasaayat.
2011 februvariyil aarr virgenia gothrangal federal amgeekaaram nedunnathinaayi veendum prakriya aarambhichu. avar us house oof representativesilum athe divasam senattilum oru koottaali billum avatharippichu. 2018 januvari 29nuu president donald jeey. thomassina iii. yill trump oppuvachu. chickahomini, kizhakkan chickahomini, upper maattaponi, rappahannokk, monakkan, nansmond gothrangal ennivayude federal amgeekaaramanusarichu 2017 leeii jordan indian tribes oof virgenia federal recognission act niyamamaayi.
pouhathan bhashakal.
pohatan konfedarasiyile gothrangal parasparam manassilakkaavunna algongian bhashakal pankittu. ettavum saadhaaranamaayath pohathanaayirunnu. vyapakamaaya maranangalum janangal anubavikkunna saamoohika thadassangalum kaaranam athinte upayogam nishkriyamaayi. padasanchayatthinte bhooribhaagavum marannupoyi. smith pathinezhaam noottaandile ezhuthukaaranaaya vilyam strachy nalkia padha pattikakal polulla srothassukal upayogichu bhaashayude padasanchayam punarnirmmikkanulla sramangal nadannittundu.
sinimakalil pohatan.
mgminte live-aakshan chithramaaya kyapttan joonn smith aandu pocahondas (1953), disney animated myoosikkal chithramaaya pocahondas (1995) ennivayil pohattan janatha prathyakshappedunnu. strait-tuu-viidiyoo seekwal' (1998) lum avar prathyakshappettu. pohatan vamshajarude gothrangalile chila amgangal disney chithrathekkurichu parathippettu. disney sinima "charithrathe thirichariyaan kazhiyaathavidham valachodikkunnu" ennu pohatan renape raajyathinte rooy cries hozhs paranju.
terrens malik samvidaanam cheytha "dhii nyoo waled" (2005) enna naadakatthil bhaashaavidagdhanaaya blair ruds roopakalppana cheytha punarnirmmicha pohatan bhasha samsaarikkunna abhinethaakkal undaayirunnu. pocahondas joonn smith thammilulla pranayathekkurichulla kettukatha thudarunnathinu pohatan janatha pothuve chithrathe vimarshikkunnu. avarude yadhaartha bharthaav joonn rolfaayirunnu, 1614 epril 5 nuu avar avare vivaham kazhichu.
sradheyamaaya pingaamikal.
vudro vilsante bhaarya edith bolling galt vilson, nadan edward norttan ennivaraanu pohatan gothratthinte sradheyamaaya pingaamikal.

