
maathyoo iii. velsh

1961 muthal 1965 vare sevanamanushticha indiaanayile 41-aamath govarnor demookratik party amgavumaaya oru american raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu mathyoo empson velsh (septambar 15,1912-meyy 28,1995). govarnor enna nilayil addehathinte kaalavadhi aadyathe samsthaana vilppana nikuthi ulppede samsthaanavyaapaka nikuthiyil valia vardhanavu kandu, koodaathe niravadhi pradhana pouraavakaasha billukal pasakkukayum akkaalat vamseeya, matha nyoonapakshangalkk ettavum souhrudaparamaaya samsthaanangalilonnaayi indianaye maattukayum cheythu. addehathinte nikuthi vardhanavu samsthaanathu nikuthiyodu chernnulla kalaapathilekku nayichu, aalukal avarude licenses plettukalilum samsthaanathilekkulla praveshana kendrangalilum kadakalilum mattu pothu sthalangalilum "indiana-nikuthiyude naadu" ennu ezhuthaan thudangi. eee sahacharyam addehathinu uyarnna padavi thedaanulla ellah avasarangalum illaathaakkukayum "sails taxes maatt" enna perilekku addehathe nayikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi parishkaarangalum demookratik paarttikkullile janapreethy undaayirunnittum, 1972ll veendum govarnarilekku malsarichappol addeham parajayappettu. sthaanam vittathinushesham, addeham indiana demookratik party chairmaanaayum 1964 muthal 1968 vare demookratik naashanal kammitti amgamaayum 1966 muthal 1970 vare anthaaraashtra joyint commissionil federal commissioneraayum sevanamanushtichu. velsh thante jeevithathiludaneelam thante vyakthiparamaaya mudraavaakyathinu perukettirunnu, "oru maanyanaayirikkaan ningalkk onnum chelavaakilla."1972ll viramicha sesham addeham indianpolisilekku madangukayum avide 1995ll marikkunnathuvare thudarukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
kudumbavum pashchaathalavum.
1912 septambar 15 nuu mishiganile detroyittil maathyoo vilyaminteyum ines empson velshinteyum makanayi maathyoo velsh janichu. addehathinte maathaapithaakkal iruvarum indiaanayile jaaksan kaundi swadeshikalaayirunnu, aduthide detroitilekku thamasam mariyirunnu, avide pithaav oru insurance kambaniyil sekrattariyaayum leagal kaunsilaraayum jolie cheythu. addehathinu merii, joonn, maargarat ennee moonnu ilaya sahodarangal undaayirunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol, addehathinte pithaavine federal gavanment oru vyavasaya paryaveshakanaayi niyamikkukayum palappozhum yaatra cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. velsh amayum avarude maathaapithaakkal thaamasichirunna indiaanayile brounstounilekku thamasam maari. yuddham avasaanichathinusesham, velshinte pithaav brounstounilvechu avarodoppam chernnu, avidevechu addeham oru praadeshika baankinte presidentaayi. 1926-ll kudumbam veendum vinsenasilekku thamasam maari, avide velshinte pithaav oru nikshepa sthaapanathinte presidentaayi oru puthiya jolie etteduthu.
velshinte pithaav varshangalolam praadeshika janaadhipathya raashtreeyathil sajeevamaayirunnu, cheruppam muthal thanne velshinu raashtreeyathilum thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. vinsennasile public schoolil chernna addeham 1930-ll linkon haiskoolil ninnu birudam nedi. pensylvania sarvakalaashaalayile warton schoolil chernnu 1934-ll birudam nedi. athe varsham thanne addeham indiana yooniversitti school oof loyil chernnu. avidevechu, niyama professor (bhaavi aiyu dean) frank horakkumaayi chernnu addeham oru lekhanam rachikkukayum, indian niyamatthinte "twilight soonn" aayi prathyeka niyamanirmmanam nadappaakkunna indian sanbradaayathe vivarikkukayum cheythu. aii. yuvil pankedukkumbol velsh merii virgenia homane kandumuttukayum dambathikal oru bandham aarambikkukayum cheythu. aii. yuu. yill rund varshathinusesham, velsh chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile niyama schoolilekku maari, avide 1937-ll niyamathil birudam nedi. athe varsham thanne addeham meriye vivaham kazhikkukayum dambathikal vinsenasil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu.
raashtreeyavum randaam lokamahaayudhavum.
vinsenasil velsh oru niyamapariseelanam aarambikkukayum oru puthiya veedu vaangukayum cheythu. 1942ll adhehathinum bhaaryaykkum catherine, jaanett ennee eratta penmakkalundaayirunnu. velsh raashtreeyathil earppedukayum indiana house oof representativesil oru seettilekku malsarikkukayum 1940leeii thiranjeduppil vijayikkukayum cheythu. 1942ll addeham thante seettilekku veendum thiranjedukkappettuve randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathode navikasenayil cherunnathinayi pothusabhayude aadya sammelanathinu sesham addeham raajivachu. yudhasamayathu velsh cheria pravartthanangal kaanukayum athinte bhooribhaagavum american theerapradeshathe patrollinginaayi chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. 1946ll navikasenayil ninnu discharge cheyyappetta addeham veendum niyamapariseelanam punaraarambhikkaan veettilekku madangi. 1950ll president haari truman addehathe yuu. ezz. aayi niyamichu.ezz. 1952ll raajivachu thante niyamaparipaalanathilekku madangunnathuvare addeham vahichirunna thekkan jillayaya indianayude abhibhaashakan.
velsh raashtreeyathil veendum praveshikkillennu theerumaanichenkilum 1954ll addeham manass maattukayum indian senattilekku malsarikkukayum thiranjeduppil vijayikkukayum cheythu. akkaalat republican party aadhipathyam general asambliyilaayirunnathil, senattar ayirunna kaalath velshinu valare kurachu swaadheenam maathrame undaayirunnulloo. 1956ll samsthaana janaadhipathya kanvenshanil govarnor sthaanathekkulla sthaanaarthiyaayi addehathinte peru nalkiyengilum votteduppil terre howt mayer ralph tucker addehathe paraajayappeduthi. 1957ll samsthaana senattile nyoonapaksha nethaavaaya addeham 1959 vare aaa sthaanam vahichu.
govarnor.
thiranjeduppu.
thante puthiya sthaanathinte adikaaram upayogichu, 1960 leeii samsthaana kanvenshanil veendum govarnor sthaanaarthiyaayi svayam marran velshinu kazhinju. ithavana addehathinte janapreeti valare uyarnna nilayilekku uyarnnathinaal addeham thante ethirppine eluppathil marikadannu naamanirddesham nedi. pothutheranjeduppil addeham lefttanant govarnor crofford ephine nerittu. parker, republican nominiyaanu. prachaarana paripadi pradhaanamaayum bajatt kammi, randaamathaayi desheeyathalathil charcha cheyyappedunna pouraavakaasha vishayangal ennivayilaanu shradha kendreekarichathu. president thiranjeduppil addehathinte party indiaanayil paraajayappettenkilum, votteduppil velsh oru cheria vijayam nedi, 21 laksham polyingle ekadesham 23,000 vottukalkku vijayichu.
nikuthi vardhanavu.
adhikaaramettayudane, samsthaanathinte 18.2 dasalaksham dollarinte bajatt kammi velsh nerittu. addehathinte mungamiyaaya harold handley nikuthi sambradaayam parishkarikkukayum petrol nikuthiyil vardhanavu varuthukayum cheythukondu kammi kaikaaryam cheythirunnu. ennirunnaalum, nikuthi vardhanavil pothujanangal santhushtaraayirunnilla, 1958-ll yunaittad stetts senattine sambandhichidatholam handleyude paraajayathinu ithu oru kaaranamaayirunnu. muun pothu prathikaranam undaayirunnittum, kammi nikathaan velsh adhika nikuthi vardhanavu shupaarsha cheythu. ennirunnaalum, republican party sabhaye shakthamayi niyanthrikkukayum senattil rund vottu bhooripaksham maathram ulla demokraattukal indiana general asambliyil bhinnikkukayum cheythu. ithu velshinte mikka nikuthi nadapadikalilum anishchithathvam srishtichu. ravanyoo vakuppinte karyakshamatha mechappeduthunnathinum bharanaparamaya sambaadyathil sarkkar panam nedunnathinum oru cheria samsthaana swathavakaasha nikuthi veendum chumathunnathinum 1961 leeii swathavakaasha nikuthi vilayiruthal niyamam passacan addehathinu kazhinju; samsthaana swathavakaasha nikuthi aduthide samsthaanathu raddaakkiyirunnu. samsthaanathudaneelam swath nikuthikal avalokanam cheyyaanum punarmoolyanirnayikkaanum adikaaramulla nikuthi avalokana vibhajanam srishtikkunna randaamathe parishkarana bill pasaki. ooditt vibhajanavum srishtichu, ithu aadyamaayi nikuthi daatta ooditt cheyyaanum nirbandhithamaayi shekharikkaanum federal taxes retainukal upayogichu samsthaana nikuthi retainukal cross check cheyyaanum sarkkaarine anuvadichu. oru praadeshika shereefinte sahaayathode, kuttakkaranaaya nikuthi kadangal adaykkunnathinu panavum swathum pidichedukkaan kazhiyunna vaarant offeesarmaare niyamichu. ithu samsthaanathudaneelam aayirakkanakkin vyakthikalkk avarude adaykkaatha nikuthikal sarkkar pidichedukkaan kaaranamaayi. ellah pravartthanangalum undaayirunnittum, samsthaana varumanam kuranju, sarkkaarine reserve fandukal upayogikkaan nirbandhitharaakki; 1958leeii nikuthi varshathil ithilum valia kammi pravachikkapettu.
1962leeii idakkaala thiranjeduppil republicanmaar sabhayil bhooripaksham shakthippeduthukayum senatt veendum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. avare pravarthanatthilekku konduvaraan velsh rund bajattukal avarkk samarppichu. oru "santulita bajatt" vidyaabhyaasathilum samsthaana sevanangalilum ganyamaaya vettikkurav varuthi. randaamathe "aavashyangalude bajatt" samsthaana sarkkaarinte mathiyaya dhanasahayam thudarukayum vividha mekhalakalil dhanasahayavum chelavum vardhippikkukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi rund dvivatsara bajattukalkkidayil 44.7 kodi dollarinte vyathyasamundaayi. niyamasabhaykku rund mosham thiranjeduppukal nalkikkond bajatt prakriya raashtreeyamaakkaan addeham sramikkunnuvennu avakaashappett velshinte rund bajattukalum potusabha upekshichu; mikacha moonnaamathe oopshan undennu avar vishwasichu. avar swantham bajatt pasaki, athu chelavil ganyamaaya vettikkurav varuthiyenkilum puthiya nikuthikalonnum amgeekarichirunnilla. deseeya sambadvyavastha veendedukkunnathuvare kammi nikathaan reserve fund upayogikkaan niyamasabha nethaakkal shupaarsha cheythu.
potusabha nirthivachathinushesham, nikuthi vardhippikkanamennu vaadichu velsh oru pracharanam aarambhichu. sambadvyavastha veendedukkunnathinaayi kaathirikkunnathu samsthaanathinu apakadakaramallennum deerghakaala kammi muzhuvan reserve fund upayogikkukayum samsthaanathe nirashaajanakamaaya avasthayil athikkukayum cheyyumennum addeham vaadichu. 2-2-2 plan" ennu thaan vilikkunna oro mekhalayilum nikuthi vardhanavinulla oru padhathi addeham vaadichu. ithu samsthaanathu aadyamaayi 2 sathamaanam vilppana nikuthi chumathukayum vyakthikalude motham varumaanathin samsthaana aadaayanikuthi 2 sathamaanamaayum korppareshanukalude motham varumaanathin 2 sathamaanamaayum uyarthukayum cheyyum. koodaathe, samsthaanathu rund puthiya paalam nirmmikkunnathinayi sigarattinte nikuthi vardhippikkanamennum addeham vaadichu. thante padhathi prakhyaapichathinushesham, thante padhathi pariganikkunnathinum sweekarikkunnathinumaayi addeham 1963 march 12 muthal pothusabhayude 38 divasathe prathyeka sammelanam vilichu. randaazhchayaayi eee vishayathil sabha tharkkathilaayathode avar padhathi pasaki. senattil, bodic oru tye vottu undaayirunnu, athil republican lefttanant govarnor break vottu cheyyukayum nadapadi pasakkukayum cheythu. velshinte yadhaartha nirddeshathil ninnu bill valiyathothil maattamillathe velshinte bahumaanaartham puthiya paalangalilonnin mathyoo iii ennu namakaranam cheythu. velsh paalam.
pothujanangal eathaandu saarvathrikamaayi ethirtha vilppana nikuthi kaaranam, valia nikuthi vardhanavu paasaakkiyathin velsh, lefttanant govarnor, party nethaakkal ennivarellaam kanatha rashtreeya vila nalki. velshinte athiraalikal addehathe "vilppana nikuthi maatt" ennu mudrakuthukayum oru rajyavyaapaka nikuthi kalapam nadakkukayum cheythu. samsthaanathudaneelam "india-nikuthikalude naadu" enna mudraavaakyam kaar licenses plettukalilum bumper stikkarukalilum, samsthaanathekkulla praveshanasamayathu valia parasyabordukalilum, niravadhi bisinassukalilum, mattu niravadhi uyarnna sthalangalilum pradarshippikkaan thudangi.
sarkkar punasamghadana.
samsthaana ejansikalilum vakuppukalilum niravadhi parishkaarangal varuthaan republicanmaare prerippikkaan velshinu eluppamaayirunnu. niravadhi samsthaana ejansikale kaaryakshamamaakkunnathinaayi indiana stettu sekrattariyude niyanthranatthilulla puthiya bharana vakupp srishtichu. samsthaana haiway vakupp punasamghadippikkappettu, athu nadatthiya commission pakaram oru sivil enchineeyaraaya oru executive directore niyamichu, koodaathe athinte rakshaakarthruthva sthaanam oru merrit niyamana samvidaanam upayogichu maatti.
samsthaanathe ettu maanasikaarogya aashupathrikalude nadatthippu eaka board oof trasttikalkku keezhil ekeekarikkunnathinaayi maanasikaarogya vakupp roopeekarichu. maanasika vaikalyamullavarkkulla vidyaabhyaasam, samsthaana madyapaana chikitsa kendram ennivayulppede niravadhi mekhalakalil boardinu melnottam nalki. thadavukaarude punaradhivaasatthil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinaayi thiruthal vakuppilum maattam varuthi. puthiya punaradhivasa nayatthinte pradhana savisheshathayaayi oru puthiya juvenile jayil nirmmichu. 1964ll oru executive utharaviloode roopeekaricha samsthaanathe aadyathe art kammeeshan indiaanayile kalakale prolsaahippikkunnathi chumathalayilayirunnu.
1959ll aarambhicha samsthaana vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathinte ekeekaranam vegathilaakkukayum velshinte bharanakaalathu poorttheekarikkukayum cheythu. thante vidyaabhyaasa upadeshtaavinte shupaarshaprakaaram addeham ekeekarana ajanda shakthamayi pinthudarnnu. addeham adhikaarathil ninnu viramikkumbozhekkum, indiaanayile pothu skoolukalude ennam 966 ll ninnu 466 aayi kurachirunnu. samsthaanathe unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinulla labhyathayude abhaavathil addeham aashankaakulanaayirunnu, koodaathe prashnam anweshikkaanum sahacharyam mechappeduthunnathinna shupaarshakal nalkaanum oru kammeeshan roopeekarikkanamennu addeham abhyarthichu. general assembly nirbandhikkukayum kammeeshan roopeekarikkukayum samsthaana scholarship prograam srishtikkaanum samsthaanathudaneelam saattalait kaambasukal ulppeduthunnathinum niravadhi puthiya vokkeshanal schoolukal nirmmikkunnathinum purdue, indiana sarvakalashaala enniva vipuleekarikkanum shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu. thante bharanakaalathe avasana varshathil niyamanirmmanam nadappaakkiya padhathi velsh amgeekarichu.
pouraavakaashangal.
thante bharanakaalathudaneelam, aafrikkan amerikkakkaarudeyum mattu nyoonapakshangaludeyum pouraavakaashangalkkaayi thurannuparayunna abhibhaashakanaayirunnu velsh. 1960ll nyoonapakshangale niyamikkunnathilum joliyilum vivechanam kaanikkunnillenn urappakkaan nyayamaaya thozhil samrakshana niyamam paasaakkanamenn addeham vijayakaramaayi vaadichu. nilavilulla niyamangalude lamghakarkkulla shikshakal vardhippichu. executive sthaanangalkku niyamanam nalkunnathile vivechanam avasaanippikkaanum ellah samsthaana karaarukalilum vivechanam virudha closs cherkkanum velsh samsthaana sarkkaariludaneelam oru executive utharavu purappeduvichu.
1963ll indiana pouraavakaasha kammeeshan roopeekarichukondu randaamathe niyamam pasakkukayum vivechana aropanangal anweshikkaanum vedinirthal utharavu purappeduvikkaanum kuttavaalikale arast cheyyaanum pizha chumathanum adikaaram nalkukayum cheythu. athe varsham juunil, velsh oru executive utharavu purappeduvichu, ellah samsthaana vakuppukalum avarude licensing karaarukalil vivechana virudha vyavasthakal cherthu vivechanam nirodhikkan avarude licensing adikaarangal upayogikkanamennu aavasyappettu.
1964 leeii janaadhipathya presidential primery thiranjeduppil, nilavile president lyndon jonson naamanirddesham nedaan cocus naamanirddesham cheiyunna samsthaanangalil ithinakam mathiyaya prathinidhikal undayirunnathinaal thanikkuvendi pracharanam nadathunnathinaayi oru praadhamika malsarathilum pankedukkaan visammathichu. praadhamika thiranjeduppu nadatthiya samsthaanangalil indiana jonsante velluviliyum alabaamayude segregationist govarnorumaaya jorj sii. vadakkeyar thante vighadanavaada vediye pinthunachirunnuvennu kaanikkan valas indiana primeryil praveshichu. oru nadapadiyum edukkaan jonson velshine sameepichillengilum, samsthaana primeryil vijayichaal samsthaana demookratik party baadhikkumenn velsh bhayapettu-addeham athirillaathe malsarikkunnathinaal theerchayaayum vijayikk. naamanirddesham nedaan cocus samsthaanangalil jonsoninu mathiyaya pinthunayundennu arinjukondu, indiaanayil addehathinu vijayam nishedhikkaan maathram vaalasinethire malsarikkaan velsh theerumaanichu. velsh thante pouraavakaasha yogyathaye apakeerthippeduthukayum raajyathe naanamkedutthukayum cheythu. ell. bii. jeey. kku vazhi thelicham, meyy anchinu velsh vottu cheyyuka" ennathaayirunnu addehathinte mudraavaakyam."praadhamika prachaarana velayil, velsh oru aabhyantharayudhathinte shatabdi paryadanatthil pankedutthirunnu, avide addeham alabama ozhikeyulla oro thekkan samsthaanangaludeyum thalasthaanangal sandarshikkukayum american aabhyantharayudhasamayathu hoosier sainikar pidicheduttha yuddha pathaakakal audyogika chadangukalil thirike nalkukayum cheythu. atharamoru chadangu nadatthaan valas visammathichu, alabaamayude pidicheduttha yuddha pathaakakal ippozhum indiana lokamahaayudhasmaarakathil pradarshippichittundu. praadhamika thiranjeduppil, velsh vaalasinethire 376,023-nuu 172,646 enna nilayil vijayichu. indiaanayile vadakkupadinjaaran aadyathe kongras jillayaya gaariyil vijayichappol valas rund prathinidhikale nedi. ennaal, deseeya kanvenshanil hoosier prathinidhi samgham rund vottukal nalkaan visammathichu. aadya baalattil avar velshinu vottu cheythu; pinneedu, jonsoninu vottu cheyyaan velsh thante anuyaayikalodu nirddeshichu.
federal gavanmentil ninnu panam sweekarikkunnathile samsthaanathinte nilapad mattaanulla addehathinte kramanugathamaaya sramamaayirunnu velshinte ettavum phalapradamaaya deerghakaala maattangalilonn. 1947 muthal, general assembly prathyekamaayi anuvadicha kesukalilozhike federal gavanmentil ninnu panam sweekarikkunnathil ninnu thadayunna oru niyamathinu keezhilaayirunnu indiana. mahaamaandyatheyum federal gavanmentil ninnu valia thuka sweekarichu aadhipathyathin keezhilaaya sarkkaarinte bhayatheyum athumaayi bandhapetta charadukaleyum thudarnnaanu eee niyamam nadappaakkiyathu. cheria aarbhaadathode niyamam asaadhuvaakkaan velshinu kazhinju.
luis, luis.
1963-leeii luis, luis enna hitt gaanam athinte drishyarachanakalkk vendi indiaanayile radio steshanukal play cheiyunnathil ninnu velsh vilakkiyathilum prashasthamaan.
pinneedulla varshangal.
thudarchayaayi kaalavadhi thedunnathil ninnu bharanaghadanaaparamaayi thadanja velsh 1965 januvariyil sthaanam raajivachu vinsenasil thante niyama parisheelanathilekku madangi. addeham demookratik partyil sajeevamaayi thudarukayum 1964ll deseeya kammittiyil amgamaayi 1968 vare sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. 1965ll president jonson addehathe canada america badhikkunna niravadhi prashnangalkk melnottam vahikkunna anthaaraashtra samyuktha kammeeshanaayi niyamichu, 1970 vare commissionil thudarnnu. 1969ll addeham indiana bharanaghadanaa punaravalokana samithiyilum sevanamanushtichu, athu samsthaana kodathikale punasamghadippikkukayum gavarnarmaarude adikaaram vipuleekarikkukayum niravadhi puthiya bharanaghadanaa sthaapanangal nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
1972ll velshine addehathinte party randaam thavana govarnoraayi malsarikkaan naamanirddesham cheythu. eee pracharanam kadinamaayi pooraadukayum govarnor enna nilayil velshinte recordil kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte republican ethiraaliyaaya doow. oottis aarr. addeham nadappaakkiya nikuthi padhathiyil athu oru parajayamaanennum samsthaanam ippozhum athinte prathyaaghaathangalaal kashtappedukayaanennum paranju addehathe aakramichu. velsh thante anubhavavum pouraavakaasha pinthunayum prakadippichenkilum aathyanthikamayi thiranjeduppil nirnnayakamaaya bhooripakshathil parajayappettu.
velsh thante avasana varshangal vinsenasil chelavazhichuvenkilum 1995 meyy 28 nuu indianpolisil vaidyasahaayam thediya sesham enpathirandaam vayassil marichu. oru maanyanaayirikkaan ningalkk onnum chelavaakilla" enna thante mudraavaakyam addeham jeevithathiludaneelam aavarthichu, addehathinte suhruthukkalum parichayakkaarum palarum athu paalichuvennu parayunnu. addehathinte avashishtangal vinsensinte memorial paarkk semitheriyil samskarichu.
paraamarshangal.
kurippukal
grandhasoochika

