
igrephuyil-dii 'aunis

thekkupadinjaaran fraansile nauvele-akvitteyn mekhalayile chaarent-maaridaim departmentile oru kammyoon aanu igrephuyil-dii 'aunis.
nivaasikale "igrephuilis" allengil "igrephuilis" ennu vilikkunnu.
janasamkhyayudeyum saambathika bhaarathinteyum adisthaanathil, "sarjarees", "marans" ennivaykkoppam "pays dii 'aunis" enna moonnu pradhana nagara kendrangalil onnaanith.
pookkunna nagarangaludeyum graamangaludeyum malsarathil" "pookkunna pattanangaludeyum graamangaludeyum deseeya kaunsil" communinu oru pushpam nalkiyittundu.
bhoomishaasthram.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vivaranam.
"4, 037 nivaasikalulla (2017) oru cheria pattanamaan igrephuyil dii 'aunis, chaarent-maaridaim vakuppinte vadakkupadinjaaran paadatthil, aunis mekhalayil, laa roshellinu 25 kilometer kizhakkum, rochefortinu 22 kilometer vadakkum, sarjarikalkku 15 kilometer padinjaarum sthithicheyyunnu.
nagaratthe sevikkunnu.
igrephuyil dii 'aunis" kammyoon metropolittan pradeshatthinte thekk bhaagathukoodi kadannupokunnathu dii939 haiveyaanu, ithu shasthrakriyakaliloodeyum angulemiloodeyum laa roshaline periguexumaayi bandhippikkunnu.
pazhaya railway lainine pinthudarunna (1953 ll adacha) pradhana rooad dii5 vazhi kammyoon rochefortumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu.
nagarapradeshatthinte thekk bhaagath poyittezhs-laa roshell railway line vazhi igrephuyil dii oonis kadannupokunnu. ithu eratta track cheythirikkunnu, 1993 ll tii. jii. vii. yill ninnu laa roshell steshanilekku kadannupokaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi vaidyutheekarichu.
kammyoonile gramangal, pradeshangal, doorangal.
1982leeii janasamkhyaa sensasinu sesham igrephuyil dii 'aunisinte kammyoon audyogikamaayi oru nagara communaayi maari. pathonpathaam noottaandil pradhana pattanatthil ninnu vyakthamaayi verthirichedutha niravadhi pradeshangalilekkum pradeshangalilekkum graamangalilekkum nagaram kramena vyaapichuvenna vasthuthayil ninnaan eee vargeekarana maanadandam sthaapikkappettathu.
athinaal, addeham igrefuelinu vendi purappeduvicha thante saamudaayika ariyippil, emm. eiii. 1839ll nilaninnirunna oru saahacharyamaya eee kammyoonil pattanatthinu purame patthu graamangalum ettu graamangalum undennu gauttiyar thante samakaalikare ariyichu.
innu, igrefuelinu chuttum virson aruviyude valath theerathu "laa tailey", "bois-gaylard" ennee gramangal koottamaayi kaanapedunnu. thekk-padinjaaru idathu karayil "laa fragney" enna valia gramavum valath karayil "leeii pere" graamavumund.
thekk, "leeii grand chemin" graamam "igrephuyil" enna nagara paarppida pradeshavum "feef-giraardinte" vyaavasaayika pradeshavum "avanyoo dii 'aunisinu" sameepamulla steshan jilla thammil oru bandham sthaapikkunnu, athu "grand chemin" vikasippicheduthaanu.
nagarapradeshatthinte thekkukizhakk bhagathaayi cheria naadan vanaa thazhvarayaaya virson verthirikkunna eee paarppida pradeshangal purathana gramamaaya "ell 'angle"-nuu chuttum vyaapichukidakkukayum "bois-gaylard", "laa tailey" ennee graamangalumaayi layippikkukayum cheythu.
igrephuyilinte vadakkukizhakkaayi thadaakathinu athinte peru nalkia "frash" graamam undu, kramena rund pradhana nagara bhawana estettukalaal ("leeii hamyoo duu laaku", "leeii feef dess damase") vellathinadiyilaayi.
madhya nagarapradeshathu ninnu akale, thekk-kizhakk, "laa plaantari" enna mattoru valia graamamund. ayal communaaya forjukalile oru valia gramamaaya "pudroward" num "igrephuyil dii 'aunisinte" nagarapradeshathinum idayilaanu randaamathethu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
kammyooninte vadakkan attathu kammyoon athirthiyil vyaapichukidakkunna "panonier" enna oru cheria pradeshamundu. ayalpakkathulla cheria communaaya virsone abhimukeekarikkunna oru cheria kunnin mukalilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
communinu padinjaarum croix-chapiyoyodu chernnullathumaaya muun naatto sainika ashupatri samuchayam 1967 ll adachupoottukayum athinusesham oru bisinus eriyayaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu 56 hectoriladhikam visthruthiyulla "grands chaambyans" soonn.
sthalavum chuttumulla samoohangalum.
aarr kammyoonukalkk "igrephuyil dii 'aunisumaayi" athirthikalundu, eee communeukalellaam "chaarent-maaridaim" vakuppilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu.
igrephuyil dii 'aunisinu" ettavum aduthulla moonnu pradhana nagarangal padinjaaraa "laa roshell", thekka "rochefort", kizhakk ooneesile ellah nagarangalum chaarande-maaridaim nagaratthinte vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnu.
bhoomishaasthram, bhooprakrithi, prakrithidrishyangal.
1676 hector visthruthiyulla eee saamudaayikameghalayude vyaapthi poornnamaayum rochefort chathuppukalude bhagamaaya "littil flandezhs chathuppinu" vadakku sthithi cheiyunna "aunisinte" chunnaambukallu samathalathilaan.
igrephuyil dii 'aunisinte" kammyoon muzhuvan jurassic avashishtangalil sthithicheyyunnu, avaa "aunisinte" muzhuvan samathalatheyum ulkkollukayum chaarande nadiyude vadakku "angomois" vare vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. kammyooninte malayora bhaagatthinte uparithalathil avasaanathe jurassic chunnaambukallukalum maarl puramthallalukalum vyakthamaayi kaanapedunnu, athesamayam virson thaazhvarayude mukalile bhagavumaayi poruthappedunna cheria nyoonamarddatthil kwaattenari kaalaghattatthile nikshepangalaanu. jaladhaarakalude tirakkum sthambhanavum kaaranam kooduthal roopeekaranangalaal, prathyekichu peett kondu moodappettirunna flandrian lamghanathil ninnulla fluvio-maraine uthbhavathinte avashishta nikshepangalaaniva. saamudaayika pradeshathinu kizhakkayi ayal kammyoon oof forjukalilekku vyaapichukidakkunna niravadhi peett bogukal undu.
lake fraasile" ettavum thaazhnna 12 meter muthal cheria kunnin mukalile 38 meter vare, "pannoniyar" enna sthalathinum "seyint-christoph" kammyoonile thaazhnna kunnukalkkum idayil, "igrephuyil dii 'oonisinu" vadakku, sharashari uyaram 25 meter aayathinal pattanatthinu valare kurachu aashwaasamundu.
kammyoon muzhuvan vishalamaaya chakravalangalulla oru paranna pradeshathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, europile krishiyude savisheshathayaaya ooppan feeld systethe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru bhooprakrithi nalkunnu. "aunisinte" dhaanya samathalathinte hridayabhaagathaanu "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu soundaryathe anusmarippikkunnu.
kammyoon ippozhum bhagangalaayi marangalaal chuttappettirikkunnu-udha.jii. lake frash" enna vinodasanjaara kendram, "laa fragney", "leeii pere" ennee graamangalkkidayilulla virson aruviyude vanatheerangal, "laa tailey" enna vinodasanjaara kendram.
hydrography.
igrephuyil dii 'aunis" nagaram oru nyoonamarddam ulkkollunnu, ithu madhyakaalakhattathil oru vellapokka samathalamaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum nananja anthareeksham (prathyekichu alder chaaravum) eshtappedunna marangal kondu nirmmicha chathuppukalum peettum vanangalkk anuyojyamaayirunnu. thekk-padinjaaru muthal vadakkukizhakku vare muzhuvan neelatthilum "virson" enna cheria aruviyude shaakhakalaal kammyoon kadannupokunnu. ithu aunis samathalathinte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathekku athinte gathi thudarukayum mattu niravadhi aruvikalude vellam veerkkukayum cheiyunnu, "virson" enna perilulla graamatthile oru cheria jalapathayaayi maarukayum athinte idathuvashathu cure enna cheria theeradesha nadiyumaayi cherukayum cheiyunnu.
igrephuyil dii 'aunis" kammyooninullil, "virson" ennathinte niravadhi shaakhakal oru cheria nadiyude uthbhavasthaanamaanu, athinte oru shaakha kizhakkulla forjukalude communeumaayi saamudaayika athirthi roopappeduthunnu, mattoru shaakha athinte uravidam "thadaakatthinte fraize" enna thadaakapradeshathu ninnu edukkunnu. nagaratthinte vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithi cheiyunna eee thadaakatheerathu yadhaarthathil parasparam bandhippichirikkunna rund kulangal undu.
avasaanamaayi, madhyakaalakhattam muthal kammyoonile aavaasavyavasthayum manushya pravartthanangalum surakshithamakkaan ithu upayogichirunnuvenna vasthuthayil ninnaan eee aruviyude praadhaanyam varunnath. angane, "igrephuyil" pattanavum "laa fragney", "leeii pere", "laa tailey", "bois-gaylard", "frash" ennivayude graamangalum graamangalum nadiyude iruvashathum athinte gathiyiludaneelam vikasichu.
kaalavastha.
kaalavastha oru samudra kaalaavasthayaana sharathkaalathum shaithyakaalathum thaarathamyena uyarnna mazhayum shaithyakaalam mithavumaan. venalkkaalam kadalkkaatt kondu shaanthamaan. samudrathil ninnulla "noroit", "suroyitt" ennee rund kaattukal departmentinte theerathu veeshunnu. medittareniyan theeratthinte chila bhagangal anubavikkunna sooryaprakaashavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol "chaarent" theerathe sooryaprakaasham prathivarsham sharashari 2,250 manikkooraan.
1946num 2000num edayilulla laa roshell kalavastha nilayathinte rekhakal "chaarent-maaridaim" enna kalavastha veekshanathinaayi chila pradhana theeyathikal nirnnayikkaan anuvadikkunnu
1953 ettavum varanda varshavum 2000 ettavum eerppamulla varshavumaayirunnu.
1999 desember 27nuu martin chuzhalikkaatt ettavum kooduthal baadhicha franch vakuppaan "chaarent-maaridaim". olaron dveepil manikkooril 198 kilometerum royaanil 194 kilometerum vegathayil kaatt veeshiyadichathaayi deseeya rekhakal rekhappeduthiyittundu.
toponymi.
vanathinte uthbhavam prakadamaakkunna yadhaartha graamathe "agripholio" "madhyakala" ennu vilichirunnu, athinte toponymyile adayaalangal kammyooninte pala pradeshangalilum kaanaam "frash", "laa fragney", "laa tailey", "leeii bois-gaylard", "leeii bois-dii-laa-touch", "leeii kweraks-fresney".
hollie ennartham varunna laattin "acrapholium" enna bhaashayude yukthisahamaya bhashaaparamaaya parinaamatthil ninnaan nagaratthinte aadhunika peru uruthirinjathu. yadhaartha kugramathile aadya veedukal dhaaraalam hollie undaayirunna oru marathinaduthaanu nirmmichathu.
graamatthinte eee vananirmmaana uthbhavam pazhaya edavaka purathana "aarjensan vanathil" pettathaanennu oormmippikkunnu. benon vanam eee vanathinte aadhunika avashishtamaan.
mattoru soochanayil, kammyooninte peett landle dhaaraalamaayi kaanapedunna assid pullil ninnaan nagaratthinte peru uthbhavichathu "samudrathinte ibu eee sasyangale vellathil padaraan anuvadichu. jaivavasthukkalude vighadanam pinneedu peettinte kattiyulla oru paali roopappeduthi, athil pulicha assid pulla mulpadarnna ilayulla marangalum valarnnu, athinaal "igrephuyil" enna peru labhichu.
charithram.
madhyakala uthbhavam.
gallo-roman kaalaghattatthil, "igrephuyil"-nuu thekkott oru roman rooad sanjarichirunnuvenkilum, akkaalathe manushyarude adhiniveshathinte thelivukalonnum avide rekhappeduthiyittil. uyarnna madhyakaalakhattam vare aadyathe adayaalangal kandethaan kazhinjirunnilla. leeii grand chemin" (mahathaaya vazhi) ennu vilikkapetta eee roman rooad putingerinte meshayil nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu, puraavastu khananagal "aanjeeriyakkam" neey nilavile "seyint-jeane dii 'aamgliyumaayi" bandhippikkunnu, ithu muron, leeii thoo vazhi ell' homyoovile "portt duu plomb" ennu karuthappedunna sthalamaanu.
athinaal, "igrephuyil dii 'aunisinte" aadyakaala soochanakal madhyakaalakhattatthinte aadyakaalakhattathil ninnullathaanu.iii. panthrandaam noottaanda 1130-ll chaattelillan thakarnnathinethudarnnu laa roshellinte athe samayam. madhyakaalakhattatthile valia vananirmmarjana kaalaghattatthe pinthudarnnu oru madhyakala srishtiyaanu "igrephuyil dii 'aunis".
kanatha vanapradesamaaya aunis pradesham 11 muthal 12 vare noottaandukal vare valare vaikiyaan vrithiyaakkiyathu, ithu janasamkhya vardhanavinteyum munthirithottangalude samriddhiyudeyum alavukolaayirunnu. eee parinaamathinu saakshiyaya sent-ettiyen palli, 12-aamm noottaandinte madhyathil yadhaartha graamatthinte hridayabhaagathu nirmmichuvenkilum madhyakaalakhattathil niravadhi thavana punarnirmmichu, prathyekichu 1360-lum prathyekichu pathinanjaam noottaandilum, nooru varshathe yudhathinu sesham athu punasthaapikkukayum shakthippeduthukayum cheythu.
madhyakaalakhattathil, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" vanathile oru valia azhukkuchaalukalude kendramaayirunnu. aunis", "poytou" ennee pazhaya pravishyakale verthirikkunna purathana "aarjensan vanam" kramena kuraykkappedukayum "igrephuyil", "aunis" samathalathinte thekkan paridiyilulla munthirithottangalkki vipulamaaya shudheekaranam nadathukayum cheythu.
pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, "igrephuyil" "aunisil" ithinakam thanne oru prathyeka praadhaanyam nediya oru prabhuvayi maari, koodaathe gillom maingot enna prabha "sarjarees" nte sarr aayirunnu. igrephuyil" enna kruthiyude aadya prabhuvum addehamaayirunnu. "igrephuyil" "aunisukalude ganyamaaya edavakayum" "chasto" "enna avakashamulla sarjarikalude baaraniyile ettavum pazhaya chaattalainukalil onnaayum uyarnna, idatharam, thaazhnna adhikaaraparidhiyilulla oru kotta, bahumanappetta avakashangalum sabhayile aadya bench aayirunnu". pathinanjaam noottaandinu munbu oru haal nirmmikkanulla anumathi labhichirunnathinaal eee samayam muthal graamathinu tirakkeriya vipaniyayi maari.
ennirunnaalum, "igrephuyil" oru vitrikkalcharal edavakayaayi maari, athu laa roshellinte saameepyathil ninnu athinte bhagyavum samriddhiyum aakarshichu, athu annu oru puthiya vaanijya thuramukhamaayirunnu, avide ninnu "aunisukalude" velutha vainukal flandersilekkum englandilekkum nordic raajyangalilekkum kayattumathi cheythu. eee velutha vainukal pathimoonnaam noottaandil thanne prashasthamaayirunnu.
aadhunika yugam.
16-umm 17-umm noottaandukal graamatthinte vipuleekaranathil oru edavela adayaalappeduthi, athu deerghakaalamaayi alasathayudeyum thakarchayudeyum kaalaghattatthilekku pooyi.
1560kalil aarambhicha mathayudhangal, aii. dii. 1ll laa roshell uparodhathinte vinashakaramaaya anantharafalangal, 1685ll naantas saasanam raddaakkiyathinethudarnnu protestantumaarude naadukadatthal enniva igrefuelilum pradeshathum shaashvathamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi.
bordo" yill ninnullavayumayi malsarikkunna "aunis" vainukalude vilppanayil idivundaaya saambathika maandyathinte kaalam koodiyaayirunnu athu. karakaushalathozhilaalikalum wine nirmmaathaakkalumaaya protestant kudumbangal aunis mekhalayil ninnu palayanam cheythu. mathaparamaya peedanavum luis pathinaalaaman rajaavu aarambhicha bahishkarana nayavum kaaranam, "igrephuyil" polulla "aunisile" niravadhi graamangale protestantumaarude palayanam baadhichu. pathinezhaam noottaandil jeernichathum nasippikkappedumennu bheeshanippeduthiyathumaaya palliyeppole eee gramavum eathaandu upekshikkappedukayum valia daaridryathilaavukayum cheythu.
deerghakaalamaayi takarnna eee mekhalayile saambathika veendedukkal pathinettaam noottaand vare nadannilla.
munthirithottangalude puthiya valarchayode nagaram veendum oru sambannamaaya pattanamayi maari. aunis" munthirithottangal uthppaadanathinte sradheyamaaya parivartthanam aaswadikkukayum oru valia saambathika sambathaayi maarukayum cheythu "" paraathikalude pattikayil "ninnu, purathana bharanathinte avasaanathil, aunisile mikka edavakakaludeyum moonnilonnu munthirithottangal kaivashappeduthiyirunnathi kanakkaakkappedunnu".
pathinaram noottaand muthal pravarthichirunna "aunis" enna munthirithottangalude parivartthanatthil ninnu brandy ulppaadanathilekku eee valarcha vannu "bordo" veenjil ninnulla sakthamaaya malsaram moolamundaaya "aunis" veenjinte maandyam dachukaaril ninnu padicha aadyathe vaattiyedukkalukalkk kaaranamaayi. netherlandukalum baltic rajyangalumaayirunnu "aunisil" ninnu "winn broole" (dutch bhashayil "muld wine" allengil "brandwijn") aadyamaayi vaangunnath. munthirithottathinte uthppaadanam pradhaanamaayirunnenkil, athu mikkappozhum mattu uthppannangalude chelavil valarnnu "samudra pravarthanangalkku chuttumulla bhoomi uthppaadanathe uthejippikkunnu, eee oohakkachavada pravartthanangalude bhooprakrithiye adayaalappeduthunna oru sambanna samoohathil ninnulla (laa roshell boorshwaasiyil ninnulla) mooladhanam pinthunaykkunnu. pathinaram noottaandil janicha prethangalude vyaapaarathinte valarchayude vegathayil, anuyojyamaaya ellah bhoomiyilum sthirathaamasamaakkiya munthirivalliye chuttippattiyaan eee oohakkachavadangal vikasikkunnath, chilappol mattu bhakshya ulppaadana mekhalakalkku dosham cheyyum.
munthirivalliyude vipuleekaranathinu purame, daanyangal, gothamb, barley enniva valarthunnathu pathinettaam noottaandil nannayi vikasichu. eee noottaandil graamatthilum virsanilekkulla roadle ulppede niravadhi kaattaadiyanthrangal nirmikkappettu. pathinettaam noottaandil mattoru kaattaadiyanthram kallil nirmikkappettu "moulin duu viex-feef", akkaalathe millarmaarude korppareshante oru nischitha alavil sambannatha prakadamaakki.
eee kaalayalavil "igrephuyil" yude uyarcha "laa roshell" muthal "sarjarees" vareyulla vazhiyile avasthayil ninnaan; graamathinu oru phastt klaas rooad undaayirunnu, ithu "aunis", "santong" ennivayude generalite rooad shringalayile oru pakka rodumaayi poruthappedunnu.
franch viplavathinte thudakkathil aayirathiladikam nivaasikalulla oru valia grameena edavakayaayirunnu "igrephuyil". 1793ll ividuthe janasamkhya 1,290 nivaasikalaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1801 vare sir ayirunna kantoninte thalasthaanamaayi 1790-ll bharanaghadanaa assembly ithu amgeekarichirunnilla.
pathonpathaam noottaand, valia maattangalude noottaand.
kantoninte thalasthaanamaaya igrephuyil.
1800-ll eee pradeshatthinte bharanaparamaya bhoopadam punarvitharanam cheythathinetthudarnnu pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil "igrephuyil" pattanam kantoninte thalasthaanamaayi maari. eee bharanaparamaya pravartthanam sireyil ninnum benonil ninnum pinvalichu. 1801ll eee rund kantonukalum athirthikal punarnirvachichukondu oru kantonaayi samyojippikkappettu.
eee pattanam kantoninte kendramallaathathinaal "igrephuyil" thalasthaanamaayi thiranjedukkunnathil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya maanadandam kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyilla. janasamkhyayude bharavum saambathika pravartthanangalude vaividhyavum kaaranamaan pathinaalu communeukalulla oru jillayude puthiya thalasthaanamaayi eee pattanatthe thiranjedutthathu. eee puthiya punk pattanatthile samadhaanathinte neethipeetatthe ealppikkukayum muun constabulary kettidam nepolian kaalaghattatthilennapole veendum oru police steshanaayi maarukayum cheythu.
aadya saamraajyathinte avasaanathil, "igrephuyil" nte sambathu praadhamikamaayi krishiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. munthirithottangalude vipuleekaranam valare valuthaayirunnu, 1876 ll aunisile munthirithottangalil ethiya philoxerayude prathisandhi vare ithu oru yadhaartha ekakrishiyaayi maari. veenju communinum "aunisile" graamapradesangalkkum valia abhivridhi konduvannu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil eee pattanam veenju ulppaadanathinte oru pradhana kendramaayi maarukayaanengil, naalu kaattaadiyanthrangal, rund thunithara faaktarikal, oru chunnaambu choola, oru peett boginte pradhana khananam ennivayulla cherukida grameena vyavasaayangalude kendram koodiyaayirunnu ithu. rosttarukalil" saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunna thadi "aunisile" oru apoorva charakkayi mariyathinaal kammyoonile peett bogukal "igrephuyil" niravadhi kognak disttilarikal vitharanam cheyyaan prathyekichum upayogichirunnu.
randaam saamraajyathinte thudakkathil, "igrephuyil" 1,664 nivaasikalundaayirunnu-eee noottaandinte thudakkam muthal 1,367 nivaasikalulla pattanatthinte janasamkhya aarilonn vardhichu. athesamayam, 1836ll 1,720 nivaasikalulla eee nagaram janasamkhyayude aadya kodumudiyayi rekhappeduthi.
randaam saamraajyathinte "suvarnnakaalakhattam".
randaam saamraajyakaalathaanu igrephuyil oru boom tounaayi maarukayum oru yadhaartha "suvarnna yugam" anubhavikkukayum cheythath."
1857ll reyilveyude varavode athinte vyaavasaayika pravartthanangalum prathyekichu spirittukalude vyapaaravum uthejippikkappettu. chila supradhana mattangal varuthaan railway sambhavana cheythu.
1857 septambar muthal, "igrephuyil" othucherukayum thudarnnu neortilekkum pareesilekkum thudarunna trunk linelake cherukayum cheiyunna rund lineukalkku nandi, ithu rund valia nagarangale (rochefort, laa roshell) thalasthaanavumaayi bandhippikkunnu ". moonnu railway lineukal "igrephuyil" vazhi "aunis" kadannupoyi "loha melappinu keezhil" igrephuyil "steshan valareyadhikam pravartthanangal nadatthi, kaaranam ithu laa roshell, roshefort lainukalude samgamasthaanamaanu, pareesilekkum laa roshell-roshefort lainilekkum; aduthulla oru cheria locomotive dippo motive power aavasyangal niravettunnu".
reyil yaathrakkaarude gathagatham sajeevamaaya charakk gathaagathathekkaal erattiyaayirunnu, kammyoonil valia kaalppaadukal aavasyamaanu. "neeravi locomotteevukal ulkkollunna valia ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla kettidamaaya raundu hausil lokkomotteevukalude paripaalanatthinum attakuttappanikalkkumal varkshoppukalulla oru pradhana railway kendramaayi "igrephuyil" athivegam maari. oru gyaas plaantum oru gasometerum sthaapikkukayum thudarnnu oru vaattar tower sthaapikkukayum cheythaanu oru junction, railway dippo ennivayude eee pravartthanam poortthiyaakkiyathu. igrephuely" yile steshan prathyekichum thirakkeriyathum pradhaanappettathumaayirunnu. moonnu kaathiripp murikalum oru bufe oru library polum athilundaayirunnu. ithu taamasiyaathe kammyooninte oru puthiya vinoda sthalamaayi maari.
randaam saamraajyathinte kaalaghattatthiludaneelam, kantonile mattu bhaagangalilennapole "igrephuyil" vittikkalchar prabalamaaya pravartthanamaayi thudarnnu. 1865ll sellaarukalum warehouseukalum sthaapikkukayum philoxerayude prathisandhikk sheshavum valia munnettangal nadathukayum cheytha oru puthiya kognak disttilariyude sthalamaayirunnu eee pattanam. eee valia disttilari athinte brandy vazhi pattanatthinte prashasthikk sambhavana nalki, athu pinneedu "igrephuyil" ennu vilikkapettu.
randaamathe saamraajyathinte kaalath, kammyoon, saambathika samriddhi undaayirunnittum, athinte vikasanam athinte janasamkhyaashaasthravumaayi vyathyasappettathaayi kandethi. angane, 1851 muthal 1861 vare, "igrephuyil" janasamkhya valare shakthamayi valarukayum 1861 ll 1,821 nivaasikalulla janasamkhyayude randaamathe uyarathilethukayum cheythu.
eee valarcha kantoninum lover chaarant vakuppinum anusrithamaayirunnu, ennaal adutha sensasil kammyoon janasamkhyayil sradheyamaaya idivu rekhappeduthi. ennirunnaalum, "igrephuyil" appozhum athinte kantanile aadyathe communaayirunnu, moonnaamathe republicinte thudakkathil "aunisinte" ettavum valia grameena kammyoonukalil onnaayirunnu ithu.
thaarathamyena sthirathayulla janasamkhya undaayirunnittum, oru puthiya nagara thuni vikasikkaan thudangi, prathyekichu puthiya steshan pradeshathinu chuttum. madhyakala uthbhavam muthal randaam saamrajyam vare, gramajeevitam praadhamikamaayi pallikkum sameepathulla squarinum chuttum samghadippikkappettu, nilavile "plays dii laa republic".
pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil "igrephuyil" nirmmicha aadyathe kettidangalilonnaya 1857 ll oru matha boarding school sthaapichathu nagaraasoothrana pravarthanangalkku vazhiyorukki, athu moonnaam republicinte kaalathum thudarnnu.
randaam saamraajyakaalath graamatthinte kendram marran thudangi. kannukaalikalkkaayi oru pradarshanabhoomi sajjeekarikkunnathinaayi chestnut marangalaal chuttapetta oru puthiya chathuram sthaapichu, eee bisinesses "igrephuyil" "aunisile" ettavum valia vipanikalilonnayi maatti.
1870-ll aankuttikalude skoolumaayi chernnu oru puthiya tounhaal nirmmichu. eee kallu kettidam samadhaanathinte neethipeetavum graamavaasikalude abhimaanavumaayirunnu.
avanyoo dess maroniyers", "avanyoo dii 'aunis" ennivayulppede puthiya theruvukalum railway steshante valia kallu kettidatthilekku thuranna "avanyoo dii laa geyar" umm kadannupoyi. rund nilakalil nirmmicha muzhuvan neelamulla aakarshakamaaya kettidamaaya randaamathethu motor vaahanangaludeyum kuthiravandi vaahanangaludeyum parkinginaayi upayogikkunna oru valia chathuratthinu chuttum sthaapichathaanu. steshan athivegam oru puthiya aakarshana sthalamaayi maari, prathyekichu "frairikalude" samayath saittil samghadippikkukayum chuttumulla kammyoonukalil ninnu valia janakkoottathe aakarshikkukayum cheytha vaarshika uthsavangal.
1876 leeii philoxera prathisandhi.
randaam saamraajyathil ninnu uyarnnuvanna oru puthiya nagaraghadanayude rooparekha, kuranjathu pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare moonnaam republicil thudarnnu. puthiya pothu, mathaparamaya kettidangalude nirmmaanathode yadhaartha graamathe oru valia grameena pattanamakki parivartthanam cheythu.
1875ll mathaparamaya boarding skoolinaayi oru chaappal nirmmikkukayum oru varshathinusesham puthiya police steshan nirmmikkukayum cheythu. oduvil, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil gopuram punarnirmmikkukayum praadeshika sambathinte adayaalamaaya uyaramulla oru kodumudi kondu mukalil nilkkukayum cheythappol palli poornnamaaya punarudhaaranatthinu vidheyamaayi. 1896ll punny poortthiyaayi.
1891 septambar 11 nuu kammyoon "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" enna peru sweekarichu.
akkaalat 1,648 nivaasikalulla eee kammyoonil oru pathittaandilereyaayi janasamkhya kurayunnundengilum kantonile ettavum valia pattanamayi thudarnnu.
1875ll santonch munthirithottangalil phyloxerayude prathisandhi varikayum adutha varsham "aunis" ll athukayum cheythu. ithu munthirithottangal kramena upekshikkappetta "aunis" samathalathil aazhathilulla saambathika maattangalilekku nayichu.
ksheerakrishikkaayi avaykku pakaram mechil vilakal upayogichu. 1888ll sent-jorjas-duu-bois kammyoonile cheyleyil aarambhicha sakthamaaya ksheera sahakarana prasthaanam kaaranam aunisil eee puthiya kaarshika pravartthanam athivegam valarnnu, athu irupathaam noottaandinu munbu saandongilekkum poydouvilekkum vyaapichu.
ksheerakrishiyodoppam dhaanyakrishiyum valarnnu, ithinu "aunis" samathalathile krishibhoomi prathyekichum anuyojyamaanu. eee pradeshathe valare puthiya vilayaaya shugar beatoot pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil "aunis", prathyekichu "igrephuyil dii aunis kantoon" ennivayil abhivridhi praapichu.
angane sahakarana ksheeravum panchasaara beettoottinte vyaavasaayika distilariyum upayogichu oru kaarshika-bhakshya vyavasaayam vikasippichukondu nagarathinu athinte vittikkalchar sambadvyavasthaye vijayakaramaayi parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhinju, athesamayam athinte kognak disttilari nilanirthukayum eee mekhalayil uyarnna sthaanam nedukayum cheythu.
inseeyil ninnulla janasamkhyaaparamaaya kanakkukal prakaram, janasamkhyayude ettavum uyarnna nila 1876ll 1,881 nivaasikalumaayaanu. pathonpathaam noottaandile kammyoonile paramavadhi janasamkhyaye ithu adayaalappeduthi, athu ekadesham oru noottaandinu sesham 1968 vare kaviyunilla.
20-aamm noottaandile alasathayum naveekaranavum.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshavum, igrephuyil dii 'aunis deerghakaalathe thakarchayilekku neengukayum saambathika pravartthanangalude sthambanathinum janasamkhyayil eathaandu thudarchayaaya idivinu kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
"igrephuyil dii 'aunis" nuu oru railway junction enna nilayil athinte sthaanam nilanirthaan kazhinjilla. 1933 octoberil, "rochefort", "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" ennivaykkidayilulla yaathrakkaarudeyum charakkukaludeyum gathagatham oduvil nirtthi. locomotive dippoyude pravartthanangal kramena kurayukayum pinneedu dippo polichuneekkukayum cheythu.
paarees-laa roshellil ninnulla railway lainil yaathrakkaarude gathagatham ulkkollaan steshanu ippozhum kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe athinu athinte praadhaanyam nashtappettu, athesamayam enr139 haiway kooduthal thekkott neekkukayum pattanatthinu purathulla gathagatham vazhithirichuvidukayum cheythu. "angane "igrephuyil" oru yadhaartha reyil, rooad intersection vikasippikkanulla avasaram nashtappettu.
koodaathe, vyaavasaayika pravartthanangalude vaividyavalkkaranam kammyoonil nirtthi. beatoot panchasaara vyavasaayam upekshichathode 1930kalude avasaanathode disttilari avasaanichu.
phyloxerayude neenda prathisandhi moolam grameena palayanam aarambhichathinusesham eee idivu vardhichu. "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" grameena thakarchayude eee pravanathayil ninnu rakshapettilla, randaam lokamahaayudham vare neenduninna tounshippinte janasamkhya kurayunnathu thadayaan kazhinjilla. puthiya saambathika pravartthanangal thozhilavasarangal kuravaayirunnappol munthirithottangalkku dhaaraalam thozhilaallikal aavashyamaayirunnu.
angane, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" kammyooninteyum athinte kantoninteyum maarikkondirikkunna janasamkhyaashaasthram gurutharamaaya veenju prathisandhiyude aaghaathathe thudarnnu 1876 muthal 1946 vare eathaandu thudarchayaaya janasamkhyaaparamaaya idivinu kaaranamaayi. eee kaalayalavil, janasamkhyayil naadakeeyamaaya idivu rekhappeduthi, janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu kuranju (-32.3%).
koodaathe, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil aasoothrana pravartthanangal avasaanippichappol eee janasamkhyaaparamaaya idivu vyakthamaayi anubhavapettu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" alasathayude kaalaghattatthilekku praveshikkukayum kammyoon sthambhikkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil ettedutha pradhana nagara pravartthanangalude aadambarakaalam, athu pattanatthe sambandhichidatholam oru "suvarnna kaalaghattamaayirunnu".
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" pattanatthinu ganyamaaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum athinte faaktarikal (millukal, ksheera factory, beatoot disttilari), gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangal (railway lineukalkkum railway steshan jillaykkum mukalilulla paalangal, roadukal, electric power grid) enniva valia thothil nasippikkappedukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthilaanu saambathikavum nagaraparavumaaya vikasanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru punarujjeevanam nagaram anubhavichathu, ithu communine ganyamaayi maattimarichu.
sambadghadana.
"" "payis dii 'aunisile" "oru cheria nagravum nagara kendravumaanu igrephuyil dii' aunis". ithu shasthrakriyakalkk poorakamaanu, koodaathe athinte valia ayalrajyamaaya laa roshell pala tharatthil aasrayikkunna oru rile sentaraayi pravartthikkunnu.
aunis raajyathe oru gadanaaparamaaya nagara kendram.
shasthrakriyakalulla (ekadesham 6000 nivaasikal) maaranmarum (ekadesham 5000 nivaasikal) ulppede aunis raajyathinte ghadana roopappeduthunna moonnu nagara kendrangalil onnaanu igrephuyil dii aunis.
kammyoonile thozhil thaazhepparayunna pattikayil kaanichirikkunnu
melpparanja pattikayil kaanichirikkunnathupole, "vyavasaya kendram" ennu vilikkaavunna "igrephuyil dii ooni" ll vyaavasaayika thozhil pradhaanamaan, ennirunnaalum 2017 ll nagaratthile bhooribhaagam jolikalum (vyapaaram, sevanangal, sarkkar, aarogyam, vidyaabhyaasam) aii. dii. 1> upayogichu ettedukkunnu. vyavasaayavalkkaranathinte thaazhnna nilavaaram kaaranam mikka vakuppukalileyum mattu nagarangale apekshichu moonnaamkida vyavasaayangalude anupatham kuravaanu.
saamoohika-professional vibhagangal 2017
2017ll 'thozhilaallikal' enna vibhaagam aadhipathyam nilanirtthi. igrephuyil dii 'aunis" oru vyaavasaayika kendramaanennathinte soochanayaanithu. thozhilillaayma nirakk 9.3 shathamaanamaayirunnu (168 perr).
vyaavasaayika paarambaryamulla oru nagaram.
pathonpathaam noottaandil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha chila vyaavasaayika paarambaryamulla eee nagarathinu randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham pazhaya vyavasaayangal (millukal, phaam peett, chunnaambu choolam, thunitharangal, "brandy, shugar beatoot" ennivaykkulla disttilarikal) aprathyakshamaayi. randaam lokamahaayudhathil nasippikkappetta millukal punarnirmmikkappettil, avaa polichumaatti bhavanamakki maatti. vimochanathethudarnnu shugar beatoot disttilari athinte pravartthanangal nirthukayum athinte kettidangal 1960 ll vilkkukayum cheythu. brandy disttilari 1989 ll avasana kuppi vitta oru veenju vyaapaariyaayi maari.
ksheera samuchayathe (chees, venna, keysin) sambandhichidatholam, 1960 kalilum 1970 kalilum ithu pradhaanamaavukayum aunisile pramukha ksheera ulppaadana kendrangalilonnaayi maarukayum cheythu. athe samayam "1958ll, departmentil 15-ladhikam valia sahakarana ksheera faaktarikalundaayirunnu, prathivarsham 30,000 echu. lii.-ll kooduthal paal samskarichu". druthagathiyilulla vikasanathinte eee kaalaghattatthil, "igrephuyilile" ksheera factory sakthamaaya praadeshika ksheera unionaaya uclal chernnenkilum fraansile paaku dayari kwaattakalkku vardhichuvarunna malsaravum europian niyanthranangalum nerittu. 1958ll ksheera factory poornnamaayum punarnirmmikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythenkilum 1981ll fraansinte maddhya padinjaarulla ellah ksheera ulppaadanathinteyum pradhana kendramaayi marria "sarjarees" nuu anukoolamaayi ellah pravartthanangalum nirthendivannu.
vyaavasaayika mekhalakalude vikasanam.
valia faaktarikal illaatha eee nagaratthil vyaavasaayika mekhalakal sthaapichittundu.
56 hector bhoomiyum 90,000 chathurashra meter kettidangalum muppathiyanju sthaapanangalum irupathu dippokalum ulkkollunna oru vyaavasaayika mekhalayundu. laa roshellil ninnulla handling aandu traansit kambani (settu) barley gothambum sambharikkunna 22,500 chathurashra meter visthruthiyulla oru warehouse kaivashappeduthiyittundu.
1970 kalude thudakkam muthal, railway line sameepam pattanatthinte thekk 35 hector puthiya vyavasaya pradesham sthaapichu. vinoda boating vyavasaayam, thadi samskaranam, lohappani, plaastik, konkreett uthppannangal ennivayil prathyekathayulla bisinasukalundu.
vinoda boating vyavasaayam.
"igrephuyil aunis" "cruising kaattaamaaranukalude lokathile pramukha nirmmaathaavinte aasthaanam sthithicheyyunnu" "foundeyn pajot". 1976 muthal "feef-girard" vyavasaya mekhalayil sthaapithamaaya foundeyn pajot ippol 250 oolam jeevanakkarulla pattanatthile ettavum valia thozhiludamayaanu. 1983 muthal 21 vyathyastha modalukalulla 1,668 kaattaamaraanukal kambani vitharanam cheythittundu.
vividha vyavasaayangal.
mattu sradheyamaaya vyavasaya plaantukalil iva ulppedunnu
oru kaarshika sevana kendram.
"melakalum thuranna vipanikalum niranja oru maarkkat pattanathilundaayirunna madhyakaalakhattam muthal "aunis" samathalathil sevanam nalkunnathinu "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" nuu oru kaarshika vipani undaayirunnu. innu ivide prathivaara kaarshika vipaniyum prathimasa melakalum undu.
"pazhaya railway steshan pradeshathu valia dhaanya sailos ulla daanyangalude pradhana gathagatha kendramaayi "igrephuyil dii oonis" maari. kaarshika sahakarana sthaapanamaaya "emm. sii. eiii" dhaanya sambharanathilum vithukalude vyaapaarathilum kannukaalikalkk bhakshanam nalkunnathilum vaidagdhyam nediyittundu. ambathiladhikam thozhilukalulla nagaratthile ettavum valia thozhiludamakalil onnaanith. eee dhaanya vyapara kambani 1960-ll muun shugar beatoot sahakarana disttilariyude parisaram ettedukkukayum pinneedu parisaram vipuleekarikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu.
sajeevamaaya oru vaanijya nagaram.
laa roshelli" nteyum oru paridhivare "rochefort", "sarjarees" ennivayude sakthamaaya swaadheenamundaayittum, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" "ryoo dii ell' aunis", "avanyoo dess maaroniyers" ennivayile mattu shopping eriyakalumaayi "plays dii laa republicinu" chuttumulla kadakalum storukalum vipuleekarikkunnathiloode oru sajeeva vyapara kendramaayi thudarunnu. nagaratthinte praanthapradeshathu oru intermaarchu maall, bigg-maatt building meteeriyals maall, gumm-green gardening, dii ennivayundu.
pravartthanangalum vinodasanjaara soukaryangalum.
lake frash" theerathu ettu hector visthruthiyulla oru ozhivusamaya park "laa tailey" enna peril oru resort undu. ekadesham naalu ekkar visthruthiyulla randaamathethil oru neenthalkkulam, oru avadhikkala graamam, 82 sthalangalulla oru camp graundu enniva ulppedunnu.
bharanam.
igrephuyil-dii 'aunisinte thudarchayaaya meyarmaarude pattika
kantoon.
1801 muthal, nepolian onnaaman konsulettu sthaapichappol, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" kammyoon oru kantoninte pradhana pattanamayi maari, ippol 11 pattanangalum 12,866 nivaasikalum undu (2007 ll). rochafortinte arrontisentinte bhaagamaanith.
paraspara saamudaayikatha.
"igrephuyil dii 'aunis" 2001 octoberil "kammyoonisukalude communisile" "playne dii' aunisil chernnu. communic aathidheyathvam vahikkunnath 17 communisukal kaikaaryam cheiyunna kammyoonisathinte bharanaparamaya aasthaanamaanu".
eee vargeeya ghadana corconilulla aasthaanam "pays dii 'aunisinte" bhagamaanu. kammyoonisukalude samooham oof playne dii 'aunis" aanu "pays dii' aunisinte" ettavum janasamkhyayulla bhagam.
mandalam.
1986 novemberile thiranjeduppu punarvitharanam muthal (pascwa niyamaprakaaram), "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" nagravum athinte kantonum "paise dii' aunis" ennathinte "rochefort riding" ennum vilikkappedunna chaarant-maaridaim randaamathe niyamanirmmaana jillayilaan.
2012 juun 17 muthal, aytreyude mayer koodiyaaya, jeane-luis leonardinte pingamiyaaya sussain tallard aanu deputy.
nikuthi.
swath nikuthiyude praadeshika vihitam baadhakamalla.
igrephuyil dii 'aunis kammyoon bisinus nikuthi pirikkunnilla ithu "kammyoonisukalude kammyoonisaaya playne dii' aunis" aanu shekharikkunnathu. 2010ll bisinus nikutiye maatti kambani land premium (sii. eph. iii) swathinte vaadaka moolyathinum enterprises taxinte (guha) adhika moolyathinum (randum territorial economic contribution (sii. iii. tii) roopappeduthunnu, ithu 2010leeii finance act avatharippicha praadeshika nikuthiyaanu).
police steshan.
1875ll nirmmicha pazhaya kettidam upekshichu puthiyathum kooduthal pravarthanakshamavumaaya oru kettidatthil "avanyoo dess maaroniyezhsil" sthithi cheiyunna oru police steshan nagarathilundu. athinte pravartthana paridhi "igrephuyil dii oonisinte kantoon" muzhuvan ulkkollunnu.
cob sarjarees/igrephuyil" enna churukkapperil ariyappedunna "igrephuyil dii" police yoonit "sarjarees" ennathumaayi chernnu pravartthikkunnu, avide police senayude rund unitukal "cob sarjarees/igrephuyil" enna churukkapperil ariyappedunna "cob sarjarees/igrephuyil" enna peril ariyappedunna community brigedukalkkullil avarude sramangal ekopippikkunnu. 28, 000thiladhikam nivaasikalulla eee yoonit 23 communeukalilaayi rund kantonukalilaayi pravartthikkunnu. "cob sarjarees/igrephuyil"-nuu aalukaleyum vaahanangaleyum thadayukayum tirayukayum cheythukondu kuttakrithya virudha pravartthanangal (eiii. dii. oo) nadatthaan adhikaaramund, idaykkide adhika mayakkumarunnu virudha yoonittukalude (eyar support helikopttar, naaya, rochefortinte sigil ninnulla patrolling) sahayavum labhikkunnu.
2011 meyy 20 nuu nagaram oru puthiya police baarakkukal thurannu, avide 11 poleesukaareyum avarude kudumbangaleyum ulkkollunnathinayi offeesukalum puthiya veedukalum naveekarichu.
erattakal.
igrephuyil-dii 'aunisinu erattakalumaayi bandhamunda
1985 muthal, myoonichil ninnu 60 kilometer vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithi cheiyunna germmaniyile bavaariyayile landshut jillayile oru pattanamaya veldanumaayi "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" pattanatthe bandhippichirikkunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu pattanatthile oru nivasiyaaya pooll mettaayisinte thadavil ninnaan eee jody uthbhavichath.
janasamkhyayum nagaravalkkaranavum.
janasamkhya.
laa roshell nagarapradeshatthinte bhagamaaya oru nagara communaanu igrephuyil-dii 'aunis. 1946num 2007num idayil janasamkhya erattiyiladhikamaaya randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusesham janasamkhyayil naadakeeyamaaya vardhanavu kanda oru cheria nagaramaanith.
1946ll 1278 aaya janasamkhya ekkaalatheyum thaazhnna nilayilaayirunnu. 1975ll aadyamaayi janasamkhya 2,000 kavinju. 1982leeii adutha sensus prakaram ithu 2,843 aayi uyarnnu, appozhaan ithu oru nagara communaayi audyogikamaayi tharamthirichathu. athinusesham, 1999ll ithu 3,000thiladhikam janasamkhya vardhippikkukayum valarcha thudarukayum cheythu.
prayaparidhi vitharanam.
nagaratthile janasamkhya vakupputhala saraashariyekkaal kuravaanu.
2017ll igrephuyil-dii 'aunisilum chaarent-maaridaim vakuppilum praayaparidhiyilullavarude sathamaanam vitharanam
uravidam inse
community nagaravikasana.
2007ll, chaarant-maaridaim mekhalayile 19-aamathe valia nagara unitaayirunnu "igrephuyil dii 'aunis". randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusesham eee cheria pattanam nagara bhooprakrithiyil aazhathilulla maattangalkk vidheyamaayittundu, oru valia grameena graamatthinte oru nischitha kachettu ippozhum nilanirthunnundengilum athu vikasichukondirikkunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" appozhum oru cheria grameena pattanamaayirunnu, adhinivesha pradeshathe ozhippikkunnathinaayi laa roshell pokkattil sainika akramanangalil kanatha bomb spodanangal nadannathinaal eee pattanam punarnirmmaana ghattathilaayirunnu. 1946ll pattanatthile janasamkhya (1,278) rekhappeduthiya ettavum thaazhnna nilayilekku thaazhnnu. graamakendrathinu bhoothakaalathinte dhaaraalam adayaalangal nashtappettu, pazhaya kuttasammatham boarding school, muun police steshan, taunn hotel thudangiya kurachu pazhaya veedukal maathrame rakshikkappettittull, uyarnna gopurathode palli nagaratthe aadhipathyam pulartthunnu.
yudhathinu munbulla "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" ll ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha sakthamaaya grameena, grama swabhaavam kramena kurayukayum paarppida pradeshangalude vikasanavum nagara aavaasavyavasthayude naveekaranavum ulppede kammyoon kooduthal sradheyamaaya nagara swabhaavam prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
1970-kall muthal, prathyekichu 1980-kalude dashakathil, feef allengil praanthapradesham enna pothuvaaya padatthinu keezhil grooppucheytha veedukalude niravadhi upavibhagangal swanthamaakki kammyoon nagaravalkkaranatthinte oru sannadha paripadi aarambhichu. eee kaalaghattatthilaanu nagaram ettavum kooduthal valarukayum ettavum kooduthal mattangal neridukayum cheythath, 1968 num 1982 num idayil aayirathiladikam aalukale aakarshichu. eee puthiya sambhavavikasangal ippol nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathe chuttipattiyum nagara kendrathilekkulla pradhana praveshana paathakaliloode vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. arupathukalilum ezhupathukalilum aarambhicha praanthapradeshangaludeyum sahakarana upavibhaagangaludeyum nirmmaanam padinjaaru "laa fragney", kizhakk "langley" ennivayulppede pazhaya graamangaludeyum pattanatthinteyum vidhi adaykkaan sahayichu.
1970kalilum 1980kalilum puthiya paarppida mekhalakal sthaapich pazhaya gramamaaya "pere" nagaravumaayi samyojippikkappettu, athesamayam vyaavasaayika mekhalakal nagarathinu thekk, rooad, reyil ashayavinimaya maargangaliloode, prathyekichu steshan pradeshathinu chuttum vyaapichu. grand chemin" enna pazhaya graamam oru paarppida mekhalayaayi valarukayum "igrephuyil" enna nagara paarppida pradeshatheyum "feef-girard" enna vyaavasaayika pradeshatheyum bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. vadakkukizhakku "lake frashinu" sameepamulla nagaratthinte puthiya vinodasanjaara aakarshanathilekkum "virson" graamathilekkum kooduthal idathoornna bhavanangalude ("feef dess damase", "hameh duu laaku") oru paarppida pradesham vyaapippikkunnu. nagaratthinte kizhakk bhagathaanu nagaravalkkaranam oonnipparayunnathu, pazhaya vanapradesamaaya "laa tailey" enna graamam thudakkathil vinodathinteyum vinodasanchaarathinteyum oru sthalamaayi maari. nagaratthinte eee bhagam 1960 kalude thudakkathil bhoopadangalil apoorvvamaayi report cheyyappetta oru cheria kugramamaayirunna "laa plaantari" enna valia graamathilekku valarukayaanu. eee niyantritha nagaravalkkaranam poortthiyaakkunnathinaayi nagara madhyathinte padinjaarum vadakkum residential parkkil swakaarya thaamasasthalangalude chila aadhunika kettidangal nadannittundu.
samskaaravum paithrukavum.
poura paithrikam.
kammyoonil charitra smarakangalaayi rajisttar cheythittulla moonnu kettidangalum gadanakalum undu
mathaparamaya paithrikam.
sent-ettiyen palli.
panthrandaam noottaandinte madhyathil nirmmicha sent-ettiyen palli athinte charithratthil niravadhi maattangalkk vidheyamaayittundu. soubis adhyaayathinte thudakkathil aashrayichirunna pazhaya palli oru mithamaaya romanesk gadanayaayirunnu. pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathil nadanna niravadhi prachaaranangal, paranna chevatt ulla ribbed nilavarakalaal chuttappettirunna eee sankethathinte vipuleekaranathilekku nayichu, koodaathe pazhaya romanesk absiyolukalude sthaanathu chathuraakrithiyilulla side chaappalukalude nirmmanavum nadannu.
rund valia batrasukalulla nilavile munbhagam pathinettaam noottaandil valareyadhikam parishkarikkapettu. adutha noottaandil nadatthiya oru puthiya pravartthana pracharanam traansepttinte kavalayil munbu sthaapicha pazhaya madhyakala gopuratthinu pakaramaayi nayichu naalu thulachunilkkunna kodumudikalulla kallil ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla gopuratthinu mukalil oru neo-romanesk bell gopuram. palappozhum campnardukal ulkkollunna "aunisile" niravadhi pallikalil ninnu eee krameekaranam vyathyasthamaayirunnu.
panthrandaam noottaandil ninnulla takarnna aditharakalum niravadhi nilakalulla thalasthaanangalum upayogichu avarude nilavarakal nilanirthunna yadhaartha kettidatthinte eaka thelivaaya romanesk "krosilanukal" sradheyamaaya savisheshathakalil ulppedunnu. naavinte ribbed nilavarakal kothiya aditharayilaanu. pathinettaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil nirmmicha oru thadi koodaaram vishudhamandirathil sookshichirikkunnu.
palliyude thottaduthulla "plays dii laa republic" (munbu "plays dii ell 'eglis" ennum pinneedu adhinivesha samayat "plays duu maarechal pettan" ennum ariyappettirunnu) niravadhi maattangalum alankaarangalum kandu. ithu nagaratthinte hridayamaayi thudarunnu, koodaathe vanyajeevi sankethathekkurichu rasakaramaaya oru kaazhchappaad nalkunnu. 1920ll aarkkitekt "berod" aanu avidatthe yudhasmaarakam nirmmichathu.
vishudha kurbbanayude koleju.
1857ll laa roshell bishappinte abhyarthana maanichaanu eee mathasthaapanam sthaapithamaayathaa "jeane-francois landriet". irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil noorolam vidyaarthikalulla sthaapanathinte nadathippinte utharavaaditham oottun enna vishudha kurbbanayile naalu sahodarimaarkkaanu. onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu koleju oru aashupathriyaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu.
muricha kallilaanu kettidangal nirmmichirikkunnathu, avaa oru prathyeka akkaadamikathayude savisheshathayaanu. 1885-ll aadyathe prabhaashanaalayathinu pakaram oru puthiya neo-gothik chaappal sthaapichu.
soukaryangal.
anthar nagara gathagatham.
rooad praveshanam.
less mouttes" ennu vilikkunna inter-arban buzz transport departmental network "igrephuyil dii 'aunis", "laa roshell", "roshefort", "sarjarees" ennivaykkidayil pathivayi pravartthikkunnu.
pradhana sarvees 11 "laa roshell-sarjarees", pathiv secondary sarveesas nambarukal enniva nagarathinu divasena sevanam nalkunnu. aadyathethu "rochefortumaayi" bandhippikkukayum "igrephuyil" tounshippinu thekkulla kantonukalil sevanam nalkukayum randaamathethu "laa jaari" vazhi "laa roshell"-maayi bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
reyil sarvees.
tii. jii. vii. sevanam nalkiyathinu sesham 1993ll "igrephuyil" steshan yaathrakkaarude gathaagathathinaayi adachu. ennittum "chaarant-maaridaim" ll nirmmicha aadyakaala railway steshanukalilonnaanith. vaasthavathil, paarees oorliyans kambani (pioo) ykku nandi paranju 1857-ll railway "igrephuyil" ethi.
taunn sentaril ninnu 15 kilometer akale sthithi cheiyunna "sarjarees" aanu "igrephuyil"-lake ettavum aduthulla railway steshan. yaathrakkaarude gathagatham anusarichu chaarant-maaridaim railway steshanile moonnaamathe railway steshanaanu sarjaras railway steshan, paarees-laa roshell lainil pooyittiyar vazhi tii. jii. vii. sevanam nalkunnu.
eyar sarvees.
laa roshell-ail dii reey vimaanathaavalamaanu ettavum aduthulla vimaanathaavalam. kammyoonil ninnu 30 kilometer padinjaaraayittaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. yaathrakkaarude ennathil (prathivarsham 220,000-thiladhikam yaathrakkaar) novele-akvitteyn mekhalayile ettavum valia vimanathavalavum lloyer thaazhvarayileyum girondeyileyum ettavum valia vimaanathaavalavumaanith.
medical sevanangal.
nagara madhyabhaagathu sthithi cheiyunna rund sasthrakriyakal nagarathilundu. eee medical sentaril naalu gps undu, athesamayam sitti sentarinte praanthapradeshathu randaamathe shasthrakriyayaan.
eee kendratthil rund danthachikithsakalum undu.
"igrephuyil dii 'aunis" nuu radiologio emm. aarr. aii sentaro illa. ettavum aduthathu shasthrakriyayilaan.
igrephuyil dii 'aunisinu" irupathu kilometeriladhikam thekk rochefortilaanu ettavum aduthulla ashupatri sthithicheyyunnathu, ennirunnaalum padinjaaru irupathu kilometeriladhikam akaleyulla "laa roshelli" nte central ashupatri "chaarande-maaridaim" vakuppile ettavum valia aashupathriyaayathinaal valare vishalamaaya chikilsakal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
medical sevanangal.
naalu theraappistukal, rund speach theraappistukal, oru podiatrist ennivarulppedunna oru nazhsing hoome nagarathilundu. nagarakendratthinte praanthapradeshangalil niravadhi nazhsing, physiotherapy reethikalundu.
"igefueyil dii 'aunis" nuu rund faarmasikalum oru optishyanum undu, randum nagara madhyathil sthithicheyyunnu. oru dental prostasis laboratory undu.
nagarathinu oru medical laborattari illa, ettavum aduthullathu "sarjarees" aanu.
taunn sentarinte praanthapradeshathaanu oru ambulance sevanam sthithi cheiyunnathu. adiyanthira saahacharyathil idaykkide edapedendivarunna agnishamana senaamgangal ithine pinthunaykkunnu. charant-maaridaim ezz. dii. aii. yeei aasrayikkunna oru rakshaapravarthana kendravum ivideyundu.
igrephuyil dii 'aunisinte muzhuvan kantonum" ulkkollunna oru vettinari clinic nagaratthil sthithicheyyunnu, athesamayam krithrima beejasankalana kendram "chaarent-maaridaim" nte vadakku muzhuvan ulkkollunnu.
vaardhakyakaala saamoohika sevanangal.
chaarent-maaridaim" vakuppinu keezhilulla oru viramikkal vasathiyil arupath thaamasakkaare vare ulkkollaan kazhiyum. nagara kendratthil ninnu 300 meter akale sthithi cheiyunna eee pothu viramikkal graamatthil 10 ashupatri kidakkakalulla oru prathyeka alsheimer yoonittum undu.
oru valia vakupputhala gadanaykkullil oru hoome help sevanam nagaratthil oru branch thurannu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
igrephuyil dii ooneesil" sthithicheyyunna skoolukalilum kolejukalilum 1,050-ladhikam vidyaarthikal padikkunnu.
schoolukal.
"igrephuyil dii ooni" ll swakaarya, pothu vidyaabhyaasa skoolukalundu.
pothumekhalayile kindergarten primery school nagara kendrathinaduthulla "ruu dess ekkolsil" sthithicheyyunna oru school samuchayathilaan. 1958ll nirmmicha eee school group 1962lum 1977lum thudarchayaayi vipuleekarichu.
swakaarya mekhalayil, "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" enna peril vishudha kurbbanayude seminari undu, ithu nagara madhyabhaagathinaduthulla virson streetilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. oru kindergarten oru praadhamika vidyaalayavum ithil ulppedunnu.
collegeukal.
aadhunika nirmmaana koleju, vishudha-christophilekkulla rodilaanu nirmmichathu. general kaunsil oof chaarant-maaridaim muun presidentum "igrephuyil dii 'aunis" mayer aaya sess andrey dulin ennaanu ithinu peru nalkiyirikkunnath. kramamaya vardhanavu kaaranam eee school niravadhi ghattangalilayi vikasippichukondirikku. 1955ll nirmmichathinushesham 1964lum 1972lum ithu vipuleekarichu. ambathu adhyaapakarude melnottatthilulla 715 vidyaarthikalulla ithu cheral vazhi charantt-maaridaim mekhalayile ettavum valia kolejukalil onnaanu.
koleju vrishtipradesham igrephuyil dii ooni kantanile pathinonnu kammyoonukale ulkkollunnu, ithu academic inspection departmentinte rochefort jillaykkullil varunnu.
igefueyil dii ooni" kantoninte paridikk appurathekku recruitment nadathunna oru swakaarya kolejaanu koleju oof dhii hollie saakrament. 1990kall vare ithu oru boarding skoolaayirunnu, athinusesham aathidheya kudumbangalude oru shringhala sthaapichu. pazhaya chaappal 1991 ll naveekarikkukayum konfaransukalkkum koleju gaayakasamghathinum manoharamaaya oru murii nalkukayum cheythu.
chaarent-maaridaim" vakuppile patthu swakaarya skoolukalil onnaanu eee swakaarya school. sarjarees", "maarans" ennivayile swakaarya skoolukalude shringalayumaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu.
sports.
kammyoonil oru football stadium, oru rugby stadium, oru athlattiks track, oru intercommunal neenthalkkulam, oru puthiya intercommunal dojo, niravadhi tennies courtukal, oru jiim ennivayundu.
2010 muthal, nagara madhyathinte vadakkupadinjaarulla "sent-christophilekkulla" roadle oru puthiya sports complexes thurannu. ithu 45,000 chathurashra kilometer visthruthiyullathaanu. oru sweekarana pradesham, oru pariseelana maithanam, oru games eriya, kuttikalkkulla kalisthalam, staandukal, vasthradhaarana murikal enniva ulppedunnu.
samskaaram.
saamskaarika soukaryangal ivayaanu
praadeshika jeevitam.
matham.
igrephuyil dii 'aunis roman catholica roopatha laa roshell aandu seyints, metropolittan archdiosis oof poyattiyezhs (2002 nuu munbu bordo athiroopathayil) ennivayil pedunnu.
igrephuyil dii aunis catholica sabha mathaparamaya sevanangal nalkunnu.
communinu oru protestant palliyilla, ennirunnaalum laa roshell allengil rochefortil aaradhana aaghoshikkaam.
maadyamangal.
igrephuyil dii 'aunis" nagaratthil "laa roshell" enna bhashayil oru shaakhayulla praadeshika dinapathramaaya "sudd ooyest", "sarjaras" aasthaanamaayi pravartthikkunna "chaarent-maaridaim-hebdo" ennee prathivaara maasikakal sevanam nalkunnu.
tii. vii.
laa roshell-sup dii myrooyil" (analog, digital tivi) traansmittaanu pattanatthinu sevanam nalkunnathu. neort-mysonnyoovu" (chaarant-maaridaim chila pradeshangalil signal valachodikkal report cheyyappettu) enna traansmittarinte kurravukal marikadakkunnathinaayi 2006 octoberil eee traansmittaril ninnulla digital prakshepanam sajeevamakki. france 3, france 3 pooyittoo-chaarantas, france 3 atlaantik ennivayude praadeshika pathipp ulppede ellah deseeya chaanalukalum prakshepanam cheiyunnu.

