
protein isophome

orotta jeenil ninno jeane kudumbatthil ninno uthbhavikkunnathum janithaka vyathyaasangalude falamaayathumaaya valare samanamaaya proteinukalude oru koottatthile amgamaanu protein isophome allengil "protein veriyant". palathum ore allengil samanamaaya jaivaparamaaya rolukal nirvahikkumbol, chila isophomukalkku savisheshamaaya pravarthanangalundu. badal vibhajanagal, variable promoter upayogam allengil orotta jeeninte mattu poost-transcription parishkkaranangal ennivayil ninnu oru koottam protein isophomukal roopappedaam; vivarthanaananthara parishkkaranangal saadhaaranayaayi pariganikkilla. (athinaayi, proteophomeukal kaanuka.) aarr. enn. eiii spliesing samvidaanangaliloode, oru jeeninte vyathyastha protein-coding segmentukal (exonukal) allengil aarr. enn. ayil ninnu exonukalude vyathyastha bhagangal polum thiranjedukkaan emm. aarr. enn. aykku kazhiyum. oro athulyamaaya kramavum oru prathyeka tharam protein uthpaadippikkunnu.
manushya genome project velippeduthiya cheria ennam protein coding pradeshangalude jeenukalum oru jeeviyil kaanapedunna proteinukalude valia vaividhyavum thammilulla poruthakkedukal isophomukalude kandethal vishadeekarikkum ore jeane encode cheytha vyathyastha proteinukalkku proteominte vaividhyam vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. rna thalatthilulla isophomukalkku cdna traanskript padanangal eluppathil savisheshatha nalkunnu. pala manushya jeenukalkkum sthireekarikkappetta badal spliesing isophomukal undu. manushyaril ~ 100,000 expressed sequence taagukal (ezz. tii. ezz) thirichariyaan kazhiyumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. protein thalatthilulla isophomukal saadhaaranayaayi proteente uparithalathil sthithicheyyunna muzhuvan domainukaludeyo hraswa lupukaludeyo illaathaakkalil prakadamaakum.
nirvachanam.
orotta jeeninu ghadanayilum ghadanayilum vyathyasamulla onniladhikam proteinukal uthpaadippikkaanulla kazhivundu; eee prakriya niyanthrikkunnath emrnaude badal spliesingiloodeyaanu, ennirunnaalum atharam oru prakriya manushya proteominte vaividhyathe ethratholam baadhikkunnuvenn vyakthamalla, kaaranam mrna traanskript isophomukalude samriddhi protein isophomukalude samriddhiyumaayi bandhappettirikkanamennila. trimana protein ghadana thaarathamyangal upayogichu, eathu isophomukal pravarthanakshamamaaya protein uthppannangale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe manushya proteomile mikka isophomukaludeyum ghadana alfafold pravachikkukayum isophomil parasyamaayi purathirakkukayum cheythittundu.aiyo. vivarthanam cheyyappetta isophomukalude prathyekatha proteente ghadana/pravartthanam, athupole thanne avaa ulppaadippikkunna kosha tharam, vikasana ghattam ennivayaal uruthirinjathaanu. oru protein onniladhikam sabyoonittukalum oro subunitinum onniladhikam isophomukalum ullappol nirnnayikkunna prathyekatha kooduthal sankeernamaakunnu.
udaaharanathinu, manushyakoshangalil vyathyastha rolukal nirvahikkunna 5 'ampere-activated protein kinace (ampike) enna ensaiminu 3 upavibhaagangalund
manushya asthikooda peshikalil, mungananayulla roopam α2β2γ1 aanu. ennaal manushya karalil, ettavum samriddhamaaya roopam α1β2γ1 aanu.
samvidaanam.
protein isophomukal uthppaadippikkunna praadhamika samvidaanangal badal spliesing variable promoter upayogavumaanu, ennirunnaalum janithaka mattangal moolamulla mattangal, mutationukal, polymorphisangal ennivayum chilappol vyathyastha isophomukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
mrna traanskript isophomukal nirmmikkunna pradhana poost-transcriptional modification prakriyayaan alternative spliesing, ithu protein vaividhyathin kaaranamakunna oru pradhana tanmatra samvidaanamaanu. protein ithara coding segmentukal (intronukal) neekkam cheiyunna rna pilarchaykkum bandhanathinum utharavaadikalaaya nucleusinullile tanmatra yanthramaan valia raibo nucleoproteinaya splisiosom.
transcription vivarthanavum thammil sambhavikkunna oru prakriyayaan spliesing ennathinaal, athinte praadhamika phalangal pradhaanamaayum genomics saankethikavidyakaliloodeya padichathu-udaaharanathinu, microare vishakalanangalum rna sequencing badal spliesed traanscriptukal thirichariyunnathinum avayude samriddhi alakkunnathinum upayogichittundu. traanskript samriddhi palappozhum protein isophomukalude samriddhiyude oru proxiyayi upayogikkunnu, ennirunnaalum jell electrophoresis maas spectrometry upayogikkunna proteomics pareekshanangal traanscriptum protein ennavum thammilulla parasparabandham palappozhum kuravaanennum oru protein isophome saadhaaranayaayi prabalamaanennum theliyichittundu. 2015 leeii oru patanam parayunnath eee poruthakkedinulla kaaranam vivarthanathinu sheshamayirikkum, ennirunnaalum samvidaanam adisthaanaparamaayi anjjaathamaanu. thalphalamaayi, vyathyasavum rogavum thammilulla oru pradhana bandhamaayi badal spliesing ulppeduthiyittundile, ithu praadhamikamaayi puthiya protein isophomukal uthppaadippikkunnathiloo pravarthikkunnuvennath nirnnayaka thelivukalonnumilla.
badal spliesing saadhaaranayaayi karsanamaayi niyanthrikkappedunna oru prakriya vivarikkunnu, athil badal traanscriptukal spliesing meshinarikal manappoorvvam srishtikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "shabda spliesing" enna prakriyayile pishakukal splies cheythum atharam traanscriptukal nirmmikkappedunnu, koodaathe protein isophomukalilekkum vivarthanam cheyyappedaan saadhyathayund. multy-exonic jeenukalude ~95% pakaramaayi splies cheythathayi karuthappedunnundengilum, shabdamundaakkunna spliesinginekkurichu oru patanam, kuranja samriddhiyulla traanskripttukalil bhooribhaagavum shabdamaanennu nireekshikkukayum oru koshatthil adangiyirikkunna mikka badal traanscriptum protein isophomukalum pravartthanaparamaayi prasakthamallenn pravachikkukayum cheiyunnu.
mattu transcriptional, poost-transcriptional regulatory gattangalkkum vyathyastha protein isophomukal srishtikkaan kazhiyum. oru koshatthinte transcription meshinari (rna polymerase, transcription gadakangal, mattu ensimeukal) vividha promotermaaril transcription aarambhikkumbozhaanu variable promoter upayogam sambhavikkunnath-oru prarambha binding saittayi varthikkunna oru jeeninu sameepamulla dnaude pradesham-alpam parishkkaricha traanscriptukalum protein isophomukalum.
savisheshathakal.
saadhaaranayaayi, oru protein isophomine athinte vyaapanavum mattu speesheesukalile orthologas allengil functionalaayi analogus seekwansukalumaayulla saamyathayum polulla maanadandangale adisthaanamaakki canonical seekwansaayi label cheiyunnu. isophomukalkku samanamaaya pravarthanaparamaaya gunangalundennu anumaanikkappedunnu, kaaranam mikkavaykkum samanamaaya sequenceukalundu, koodaathe canonical seekwansumaayi chilath mikka exonukalumaayum pankidunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila isophomukal valare valia vyathiyaanam kaanikkunnu (udaaharanathinu, trans-spliesingiloode), koodaathe canonical sreniyumaayi kurachu allengil exonukalonnum pankidaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, avaykku vyathyastha jaivaparamaaya phalangal undakam-udaaharanathinu, oru theevramaaya saahacharyathil, oru isophominte pravartthanam koshangalude athijeevanathe prolsaahippikkum, mattonn koshangalude maranathe prothsaahippikkunnu-allengil samanamaaya adisthaana pravartthanangal undakam, pakshe avayude upa-kosha praadeshikavalkkaranathil vyathyaasamund. ennirunnaalum, 2016 leeii oru patanam 1,492 jeenukalude ellah isophomukalum pravartthanaparamaayi chithreekarikkukayum mikka isophomukalum "pravarthanaparamaaya alophomukalaayi" pravarthikkunnuvennu nirnnayikkukayum cheythu."mikka isophomukaludeyum pravartthanam ovarlaappu cheiyunnillennu nireekshichathinu sheshamaan isophomukal vyathyastha proteinukal pole perumaarunnuvenn rachayithakkal nigamanathiletthiyathu. inn vitro" koshangalil nadatthiya padanamaayathinaal, prakadippicha manushya proteomile isophomukal eee savisheshathakal pankidunnundo ennu ariyilla. koodaathe, oro isophominteyum pravartthanam saadhaaranayaayi vevvere nirnnayikkendathinaal, thirichariyappedunnathum pravachikkappedunnathumaaya mikka isophomukalkkum ippozhum anjjaathamaaya pravarthanangalundu.
bandhapetta ashayam.
glycophom.
gadippichirikkunna glycante ennathino tharatthino maathram vyathyasamulla oru proteente isophomaanu glycophom. glycoproteinukalil palappozhum gadippichirikkunna saccaride allengil oligosacraridil mattangal varuthunnathinoppam niravadhi vyathyastha glycophomukal adangiyirikkunnu. glycosylation prakriyayil biosynthesisile vyathyaasangal allengil glycosidasukaludeyo glycosyl traansfaresukaludeyo pravartthanam moolam eee mattangal undakam. verthiricha glycophomukalude vishadamaaya raasa vishakalanathiloode glycophomukal kandethaamenkilum lekttin affinity chromatography, lekttin affinity electrophoresis ennivayilennapole lektinukalumaayulla deferential prathikaranatthiloode kooduthal soukaryapradamaayi kandethaam. rakthathile aurosomucoid, antitripsin, haptoglobin thudangiya proteinukalaanu glycophomukal adangiya glycoproteinukalude saadhaarana udaaharanagal. polycialic aasidukal ulppedunna enn. keey. emm., pii. ezz. eiii., neuronal sell addition moleculil asaadhaaranamaaya glycophom vyathiyaanam kaanapedunnu.
udaaharanagal.
monoamine ooksides, monoaminesinte ooksideshan uthejippikkunna ensaimukalude oru kudumbamaanu, ithu maavo-eiii, maavo-bii ennee rund isophomukalil nilanilkkunnu.

