thuthaankhaamante ulkkashilakal niranja irumbu kataara

purathana eejipt faravo tudankhaamooninte (sii. 1334-1325 bc). blade ghadanayum ekathaanathayum ulkka gadanayumaayum ekathaanathayumaayum adutha bandhamullathinal, bladinte metteeriyal oru ulkka landingiloodeyaanu uthbhavichathenn nirnnayikkappedunnu. nilavil keyroyile eejipshyan myoosiyathilaan kataara pradharshippichirikkunnathu.
vishakalanam.
vishakalanam muthal, bladile uyarnna nikkal ulladakkam ulkkaashilayude uthbhavathinte soochanayaayi amgeekarikkappettittundu. ex-reey fluorescence spectrometer vishakalanathil ninnu uruthirinja 2016 juunil prasidheekaricha oru sameepakaala patanam kaanikkunnath bladinte ghadana kooduthalum irumbu (phee), 11 sathamaanam nikkal (nii), 0.6 sathamaanam cobalt (qoo) ennivayaanu. ithinartham munbu kandethiya 76 irumbu ulkkakalude oru koottatthinte madhyathilaanu athinte ghadana sthaapichirikkunnathu ennaanu.
mikka irumbu ulkkakaludeyum bulk lohathile nikkalinte alavu 5 sathamaanam muthal 35 sathamaanam vareyaanu, athesamayam pathonpathaam noottaandinu munbu uthppaadippicha bhouma ayirukalil ninnulla charitraparamaaya irumbu karakaushala vasthukkalil ithu orikkalum 4 sathamaanathil kaviyunilla.
koodaathe, eee bladinte nikkal-cobalt anupatham irumbu ulkka vasthukkalumayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha.
ekadesham bii. sii. 1323ll (venkalakaalakhattam) thuthaankhaamun raajaavinte shavakudeera nirmmaana samayat irumbu urukunnathum nirmmanavum apoorvamaayirunnu. kala, alankaara, aacharam, sammanam nalkal, aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangal, pigmenteshan ennivaykku maathramaan irumbu vasthukkal upayogichirunnathu. athinaal, eee kaalaghattatthil irumbu svarnnathekkaal vilappettatho vilayeriyatho aayirunnu. tudankhaamunte bharanathinu thottumumbulla kaalaghattatthilaanu irumbu karakaushala vasthukkal rajakeeya sammaanangalaayi nalkiyathu.iii., amanhotep III-nte bharanakaalathu).
pandithanmaarude thadassangal.
purathana bhoothakaalathiludaneelam irumbinte saannidhyam nirnnayikkunnath-athaayath vividha samskaarangal neduka, urukkuka, parichayappedutthuka-valarekkaalamaayi pandithochithamaaya padanathinteyum charchayudeyum vishayamaan. puthiya shilaayugathinte avasaanam muthal venkala yugam vare, purathana kizhakkan medittareniyan samskaarangal irumbu apoorvamaayi maathrame upayogichirunnulloo. eee kaalayalavil urukia irumbu vasthukkalude nilanilpp asaadhaaranamo apoorvamo aanennu theliyikkappettittund, koodaathe ulkkakalil kaanapedunna ayiru uthppaadippikkappedunnu vishwasikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, irumbu pravartthana reethikalum irumbinte upayogangalum charitraatheetha samoohangalkkullil athinte vyaapanavum prachaaravum arivileyum vivarangalileyum vidavukal kaaranam shaasthra samoohathinullile vivaadaparamaaya prasnangalaanu. eee samvaadangalil irumbu kataara blade nirmmikkunna metteeriyalaayi anumaanikkappedunna ulkkashila uravidam ulppeduthiyittundu.
koodaathe, cheria saambilukalude vinashakaramaaya parisodhanayum vinaashakaramallatha parisodhanayum ulppede purathana eejipshyan karakaushala vasthukkal pareekshikkaan anumathi labhikkunnath ellaayppozhum budhimuttaanu.
kazhinja irupathu varshamaayi nadannukondirikkunna karakaushalavasthukkalude aazhathilulla vishakalanathin upayogikkunna saankethikavidyakalil purogathi aavasyamaanu. athinaal, "kazhinja 20 varshathinidayil, soolid-stettu dittaktar saankethikavidyayile naadakeeyamaaya mechappeduthal puthiya vishakalana prayogangal anuvadichu". athinaal, nondestructive testinginte oru reethiyaaya athyaadhunika ex-reey fluorescence spectrometerukal ippol saadhaaranayaayi mechappetta nirmmaana kazhivukal pradarshippikkunnu, athinte falamaayi targettucheytha karakaushalavasthukkalude raasaghadana avayude ghadaka gadakangale vivarikkunna daattayilekk kooduthal krithyamaayi pariharikkunnu. ippol ariyappedunna eee padanatthil upayogikkunna prathyeka spectrometerukal portable, handheld ennivayaanu.
charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam.
bisi aaram noottaand vare irumbu urukiyathinu eejipshyan puraavastu thelivukalonnum nilavililla. eejiptil loha irumbinte upayogathinte aadyakaala udaaharanam ekadesham bii. sii. 3400-laanu. eejipt oru faravo bharikkunna orotta rajyamaayi maarunnathin munbulla charithraatheethakaalavumaayi ithu poruthappedunnu.
loha muthukal.
aadhunika keyroyil ninnu 70 kilometer thekk gerse semitheriyile oru shavakudeerasthalathu shavakudeerathil kidanna oru manushyante arayilum kazhuthilum loha muthukalum mattu vilayeriya kallukalum kettiyirunnu.
1911ll muthukal kandethiyathin thottupinnaale, shaasthreeya vishakalanathil eee muthukal nikkal sambannamaanennu kandethi. ellah ulkka irumbum nikkal sambushtamaayathinaal ithu oru ulkka uthbhavathe soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum archaeo-metalarjistukalude nirddeshangalethudarnnu nikkal sambannamaaya irumbinte chila aadyakaala udaaharanagal bhouma nikkal sambannamaaya irumbayiru upayogichaanu nirmmikkappettath enna sakthamaaya samshayangal uyarnnu. ulkkayude uthbhavam sthaapikkunnathinu kooduthal parishkrithamaaya vishakalanam aavasyamaanu.
2013-ll, maanchastar myoosiyathil (yuke) ninnulla orotta munny photoyedutthu, muthukalude micro ghadanayum rasathanthravum velippeduthunnathinaayi oru scanning electron microscopinu vidheyamaakki. maniyude oru sidi scan (allengil ex-reey tharam) nadathukayum cheythu. oru cheria nerttha sheetaayi pravartthikkukayum tube aakruthiyilulla maniyilekku valayukayum cheytha irumbu ulkkayumaayi poruthappedunnathaanu muthukalude micro-ghadanayum ghadanayum ennu phalangal soochippikkunnu. athinaal, "aadhunika saankethikavidya upayogichu aadyamaayi gaveshakar eejipthukar irumbinte aadyakaala upayogam oru ulkkayil ninnaanennu nirnnayaka thelivukal rekhappeduthi."
thuthaankhaamun.
eejipthile vaaya thurakkunna chadangil upayogichirunnathinu valare saamyamulla oru koottam bladeukal ulppede (maranananthara jeevitam saadhyamaakkunnathinaayi marichayaalude prayojanathinaayi nadathunna oru aacharam) pathonpathu irumbu vasthukkal tudankhaamunte shavakudeerathil ninnu kandethi. irumbum nakshathrangalumayi sankeernamaayi bandhappettirikkunna eee bladeukal kshetra inventarikalil irumbu kondu nirmmichathaanennum palappozhum nakshathrangal ennu vilikkappedunnathaayum vivarichittundu.
mattu irumbu vasthukkal thuthaankhaamunte mummy kondu pothinjirunnu; swarnna deth maaskinullil adangiyirikkunna oru miniyechar hedrest, swarnna bracelettil gadippichirikkunna oru thaaythala, swarnna haafttulla kataara blade enniva ithil ulppedunnu. vyakthamaayi nirmmikkunna kataara blade ozhike thaarathamyena asamskritha reethikalilaan ivayellaam nirmmichathu.
ayalpradeshathu ninnulla oru rajakeeya sammaanamaayirikkaam kataara eejipthilekk irakkumathi cheythathennu ithu soochippikkunnu (amarna aksharangal oru mithanni rajaavu eejipthin sammaanicha oru irumbu bladine vivarikkunnu), eee samayat eejipthinte irumbu ulppaadanathekkurichulla arivum vaidagdhyavum thaarathamyena parimithamaayirunnuvennu soochippikkunnu. kooduthal vishakalana parishodhanaykk maathrame eee karakaushala vasthukkalellaam ulkka irumbil nirmmichathaano ennu sthireekarikkaan kazhiyoo, ennaal ekadesham bii. sii. 1327 ll tudankhaamunte maranasamayathu uyarnna nilaye soochippikkaan irumbu upayogichirunna oru vasthuvaayirunnu ennu avaa soochippikkunnu.

