
russiakkaar

russiakkaar (rushyakkaar) kizhakkan europil thaddesheeyamaayi jeevikkunna oru kizhakkan slavik vamseeya vibhagamaanu, avar oru pothu russian vamshaparambara, samskaaram, charithram enniva pankidunnu. ettavum kooduthal samsaarikkunna slavik bhashayaaya russian bhasha rashyakkaarude pothuvaaya maathrbhaashayaanu; eiii. dii 988 muthal avarude charitraparamaaya mathamaan yaadhaasthithika kristhumatham. avar ettavum valia slavik raajyavum ettavum valia europian rajyavumaanu.
kizhakkan slavik gothrangalil ninnaan russiakkaar roopappettathu, avarude saamskaarika poorvvikar keevan ruz adisthaanamaakkiyullavaranu. janithakaparamayi, bhooribhaagam russiakkaarum vadakkan europian baltic jeane poolil ulppedunna vadakkan rashyakkaaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi avarude kizhakkan slavik athiraalikalumaayi valare saamyamullavaraan. rashyakkaarkkulla russian vaakk urusile janangalil ninnum roosinte pradeshathu ninnum uruthirinjathaanu. russiakkaar mattu europian janathayumayi, prathyekichu mattu kizhakkan slavik vamseeya vibhagangalumaayi, prathyekichu belarasian, ukreniyan janathayumayi niravadhi charitraparavum saamskaarikavumaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakal pankidunnu.
lokathile motham 258 dasalaksham russian samsaarikkunnavaril ekadesham 13.5 kodi perr vamseeya rashyakkaaraan. bhooribhaagam russiakkaarum thaddesheeya russiayilaanu thaamasikkunnath, ennaal bellarus, kazakhstan, moldova, ukraine, baltic samsthaanangal thudangiya soviyatt kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla mattu samsthaanangaliludaneelam sradheyamaaya nyoonapakshangal chitharikkidakkunnu. ekadesham 25 dasalaksham aalukal kanakkaakkappedunna oru valia russian pravaasikal (chilappol russian samsaarikkunna rashyakkaarallaathavar ulppede) lokamembaadum vikasichittundu, america, jarmmani, brazeel, canada ennividangalil sradheyamaaya ennam undu.
vamsheeyanaamam.
russiayile pouranmaare paraamarshikkaanulla saadhaarana maargam engleeshil "russiakkaar" aanu. russiakkaar" ennu saadhaaranayaayi engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunna rund russian padangalundu. athilonnaanu aadhunika russiayil "vamseeya russiakkaar" ennaanu palappozhum ardhamaakkunna "ruski" ("ruski"). mattonn "rossiane" ("rossiane") aanu, ithu vamsheeyathayo mathaparamaya bandhamo pariganikkathe "russian pouranmaare" soochippikkunnu.
baltic kadalinu kuruke ninnu thamasam maarukayum pinneedu keevan ruz aayi marria novgorod kendreekarichu oru samsthaanam sthaapikkukayum cheytha oru koottam norse vyaapaarikalum yodhaakkalumaaya aadyakaala madhyakala russian janathayil ninnaan rashyakkaarude peru uruthirinjathu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal, russian desheeyathayekkurichulla niravadhi rashtreeya charjju sidhaanthangal vikasippikkappettu, avayil, kizhakkan slavik janataye ulkkollunna orotta "ool-russian raashtram" allengil moonnu saahodaryamulla "grettu russian", "littil russian", "vaitt russian" janathayude "traiyoon neshan" enna ashayangal ulppedunnu. innu chilar ithine russian aadhipathyathinte colonial prakadanamaayi kanakkakkunnu. kizhakkan slavukalekkurichulla innathe pothu veekshanam belarasian, russian, ukreniyan rajyangalekkurichaanu.
charithram.
purathana charithram.
aadhunika rashyakkaarude poorvvikar slavik gothrangalaan, avarude yadhaartha veedu europile ettavum valia thanneerthadangalilonnaaya pinsk chathuppukalude vanapradeshangalaanennu chila pandithanmaar karuthunnu. kizhakkan slaavukal kramena padinjaaran russiayil rund tharamgangalaayi sthirathaamasamaakki onnu keevil ninnu innathe susdal, murom ennividangalilekkum mattonn polotskil ninnu novgorod, rostov ennividangalilekkum neengunnu. ezhaam noottaand muthal, padinjaaran russiayile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum kizhakkan slaavukalaayirunnu, chila pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil, merria, muromian, meshchera ennivayulppedeyulla thaddesheeya finnic janataye pathukke ennaal samaadhaanaparamaayi swaamsheekarichu.
puraavastu avashishtangalkk purathu, eiii. dii 859 nuu munbu, praadhamika charithrarekha athinte rekhakal aarambhikkunnathin munbu rashyakkaarude mungaamikalekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. eiii. dii 600 aayappozhekkum slaavukal bhaashaaparamaayi thekk, padinjaaru, kizhakk shaakhakalaayi vibhajikkappettathayi vishwasikkappedunnu.
madhyakala charithram.
862ll wikingukal bharicha vadakku russian raashtram sthaapithamaayathaanu russian charithratthinte parambaraagatha thudakkam. scandinaviayil ninnulla kudiyettakkaarude puthiya unionile aadyathe pradhana nagarangalayi staraaya ladoga novgorod maari. 882ll novgorodile rajakumaran oleg keevu pidichadakki, athuvazhi kizhakkan adimakalude vadakkan, thekkan pradeshangal oru adhikaarathinu keezhil onnippichu. adutha sahasraabdathile yaadhaasthithika slavik samskaarathe nirvachikkunna baisaantain, slavik samskaarangalude samanvayathinu thudakkamittukond 988-ll baisaantain saamraajyathil ninnu eee samsthaanam kristhumathatthe sweekarichu. keevan ruzz 'aathyanthikamayi oru samsthaanamaayi thakarnnu, kaaranam athu koottaayi bharichirunna naatturaajyatthile amgangal thammilulla akalchayaanu.
pathimoonnaam noottaandinu sesham mosco oru rashtreeya, saamskaarika kendramaayi maari. russian bhoomikalude ekeekaranathinte kendramaayi mosco maari. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, mosco vadakkukizhakkan, vadakkupadinjaaran russian naatturaajyangale onnippikkukayum 1480-ll mangolian nukatthe attimarikkukayum cheythu. 1547ll moscoyile grand dachiyude pradeshangal russiayude saardamaayi maari.
aadhunika charithram.
1721-ll saar peettar dhii grettu thante samsthaanathe russian saamrajyam ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu, purathana russiayude charitraparavum saamskaarikavumaaya nettangalumayi ithine bandhappeduthaamennu pratheekshichukondu-padinjaaran europine kendreekarichulla addehathinte nayangalkk vipareethamaayi. eee samsthaanam ippol poolish-lithwanian komanveltthinte kizhakkan athirthikal muthal pasaphik samudram vare vyaapippikkukayum oru valia shakthiyaayi maarukayum neppoliyanethiraaya vijayathin sesham europile ettavum sakthamaaya rajyangalilonnaayi maarukayum cheythu. karshaka kalapangal saadhaaranamaayirunnu, avayellaam shakthamayi adichamarthappettu. 1861ll alexander randaaman chakravarty russian adimatham nirthalaakkiyenkilum karshakar moshamaayi pravartthikkukayum viplavaparamaya sammarddangal vardhikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla dashakangalil, aii. dii. 2-nte stolipin parishkaarangal, 1906-leeii bharanaghadana, stettu duma (aii. dii. 1) thudangiya parishkarana sramangal sambadvyavasthayum rashtreeya samvidaanavum thurakkaanum udaaravalkkarikkaanum shramichuvenkilum chakravarthimaar svechaadhipathya bharanam upekshikkaan visammathikkukayum avarude adikaaram pankidunnathine ethirkkukayum cheythu.
saambathika thakarcha, yuddha ksheenam, svechaadhipathya sarkkarumaayulla athrupthi ennivayude samyojanam 1917ll russiayil viplavathinu kaaranamaayi. raajavaazhchayude attimari thudakkathil liberalukaludeyum mithavaadikalaaya soshyalistukaludeyum oru sakhyathe adhikaarathil konduvannu, ennaal avarude parajayappetta nayangal 1917 october 25nuu (november 7 puthiya shaili) communist bolshevikkukal adikaaram pidichedukkunnathilke nayichu. 1922ll soviyatt russia, soviyatt ukraine, soviyatt bellarus, transcocatian ezz. eph. ezz. aarr ennivaykkoppam yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr roopeekarikkunnathinulla udambadiyil oppuvachu, naalu republicukaleyum audyogikamaayi layippichu soviyatt union oru rajyamaayi roopeekarichu. 1922num 1991num idayil russiayude charithram pradhaanamaayum soviyatt yooniyante charitramaayi maari, 1918leeii breast-littovsk udambadikku munbu russian saamraajyavumaayi ekadesham avasaanicha oru prathyayashaasthra adhishtitha raashtramaayirunnu ithu. 1918 march muthal bolshevikkukal svayam vilichathupole, aadya varshangal muthal soviyatt unionile sarkkar kammyoonistukalude eaka kakshi bharanathe adisthaanamaakkiyaayirunnu. soshyalisam kettippadukkunnathinulla sameepanam soviyatt charithratthile vyathyastha kaalaghattangalil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu 1920 kalile sammishra sambadvyavasthayum vaividhyamaarnna samoohavum samskaaravum muthal command sambadvyavasthayum joseph staalin kaalaghattatthinte adichamarthalukalum 1960 muthal 1980 vare "sthambhanathinte yugam" vare. eee kaalayalavil, soviyatt union (athinte sakhyakakshikalumayi chernnu) randaam lokamahaayudhathil vijayikkukayum sheethayudhasamayathu paashchaathya raajyangale ethirkkunna oru mahashakthiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. oru bahiraakaashayaathrikane bahiraakaashathekku vikshepikkunnathu ulppede vividha 'phastt' nettangal kaivarichu yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr oru vijayakaramaya bahirakasha paripadi vikasippichu.
1980kalude madhyathode, soviyatt saambathika, rashtreeya balaheenatakal rookshamaayathode, soviyatt nethaavu mikhaayel gorbachev pradhana parishkaarangal aarambhichu; iva soviyatt union pirichuvidunnathilekku ethi, russia veendum ottappeduthukayum soviyatt-sheshamulla russian kaalaghattatthinte thudakkam kurikkukayum cheythu. russian soviyatt federative soshyalist republic russian federation ennu svayam punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum soviyatt yooniyante niravadhi pingaamikalil oralaayi maarukayum cheythu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanam.
charitraparamaayi muun russian saamraajyathinteyum soviyatt unionudeyum pradeshangalil kudiyeriya vamseeya russiakkaare chilappol saaristum pinneedu soviyatt sarkkarum athirthi pradeshangalil veendum sthirathaamasamaakkaan prothsaahippichenkilum. chilappol danube deltayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya lippovaanukal allengil kaanadayile daukhoborukal polulla vamseeya russian samoohangal kendra adhikaarathil ninnu palayanam cheytha mathavidveshikalaayi kudiyeri.
1917ll aarambhicha russian viplavathinum russian aabhyantharayudhathinum sesham niravadhi russiakkaar bolshevik bharanathil ninnu palayanam cheiyunnathinaayi swantham raajyam vidukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal abhayaarthikalaavukayum cheythu. niravadhi vella kudiyettakkaar vella prasthaanatthil pankedutthirunnuvenkilum bharanathile maattam kaaranam raajyam vitta eathoraalkkum eee padam vyaapakamaayi baadhakamaan.
soviyatt union pirichuvittathinushesham, ekadesham 25 dasalaksham russiakkaar russian federationu purathu thamasikkaan thudangi, kooduthalum muun soviyatt republicukalil. mikka russian punaradivaasangalum ukraine (ekadesham 8 dasalaksham), kazakhstan (ekadesham 3.8 dasalaksham), bellarus (ekadesham 785,000), baltic rajyangal (praadhamikamaayi laatviyayil 520,000 ulppede), usbekistan (ekadesham 650,000), kyrgyzstan (ekadesham 419,000) ennividangalilaanu nadannathu. moldovayile transnistria mekhala (janasamkhyayude aii. dii. 1> rashyakkaaraan) raajyam udan thanne romaniyayumaayi veendum onnikkumenna bhayathil sarkkar niyanthranatthil ninnu pirinju.
madhya europian rajyangalaaya jarmmani, polandu thudangiya danube delttayile lippovaanukal ulppede cheria russian samoohangalum chaina, jappan, dakshina korea, meksikoo, brazeel, arjanteena, austreliya ennividangalil sthirathaamasamaakkiya russiakkaarum baalkkanukalund. eee samudaayangal russiakkaar, eee raajyangalile pouranmaar allengil randum enningane vyathyastha alavukalil svayam thirichariyunnu.
canada, austreliya, america ennividangalilekku ganyamaaya ennam russiakkaar kudiyeri. newyork nagaratthile braittan beach, brooklin, southu beach, staattan ailand enniva sameepakaalathe russian, russian-jootha kudiyettakkaarude valia samoohangalude udaaharanangalaan. sanni ailans beach, miyaamiyude vadakkan praanthapradesham, loss enchals pradeshathe vestt hollywood ennivayaanu mattu udaaharanagal.
1917leeii russian viplavathinushesham, vella sainyavumayi parichayapetta niravadhi russiakkaar chainayilekku thamasam maari-avaril bhooribhaagavum harbinilum shanghayilum sthirathaamasamaakki. 1930kalode harbinil 100,000 russiakkaar undaayirunnu. eee rashyakkaaril palarum randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham soviyatt unionilekku madangi. innu, vadakkan chainayile oru valia vibhaagam ippozhum russian bhasha randaam bhashayaayi samsaarikkunnu. peeples republic oof chaina audyogikamaayi amgeekaricha 56 vamseeya grouppukalil onnaanu russiakkaar ("elusisu") ("ruz"); ekadesham 15,600 russian chainakkar kooduthalum vadakkan sinjiangilum akathe mangoliayilum hailongjiangilum thaamasikkunnu.
ethnographic grouppukal.
rashyakkaarkidayil, niravadhi vamseeya grouppukal verittunilkkunnu, udaaharanathina vadakkan russiakkaar, thekkan russiakkaar, kosaakkukal, goryoonukal, kaamchadalukal, polkkukal, pomorukal, russian chainakkar, cyberiakkaar ("cyberiakkaar"), staarosili, pazhaya vishwaasikalude chila grouppukal (kaamanshikkukal, lipovans, semiskisky) thudangiyava.
vadakkan, thekkan russian grouppukalaanu pradhaanappettath. athesamayam, vamsheeyashaasthranjanaaya demetry selenin 1927-leeii thante pradhana kruthiyaaya "russian (eest slavik) ethnography" avare prathyeka kizhakkan slavik janathayayi kanakkakkaanulla nirddesham shaasthreeya vrithangalil pinthuna labhichilla.
janithakashasthram.
russian, eestoniyan janithakashaasthranjarude 2008 leeii gaveshana phalangal anusarichu, rashyakkaarude rund grouppukale verthirichirikkunnu vadakkan, thekkan janasamkhya.
vaii chromosome aarr1eiii anusarichu, russian janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum ulppedunna madhya, thekkan russiakkaar, pothuvaaya "kizhakkan europian" jeane klasttaril ulppedunnu, backie kizhakkum padinjaarum slaavukal (dhruvangal, chekkukal, slovaakkukal), athupole thanne slavik ithara hangeriyanmaarum aromaniyanmaarum. janithakaparamayi, kizhakkan slaavukal padinjaaran slavukalumaayi valare saamyamullavayaan; atharam janithaka saamyam slaavukalude, prathyekichu rashyakkaarude, vishalamaaya adivaasamulla janithakashaasthrathinu asaadhaaranamaanu. kizhakkan slavik janasamkhyayude autosomal maarkkarukalude uyarnna aikyavum ayal finnic, turkeek, kakkeshyan janathayil ninnulla avayude pradhana vyathyaasangalum velippettu.
vadakkan russiakkaar, mdna, vaii chromosome, autosomal marker ccr5dii132 enniva prakaram, "vadakkan europian" jeane klasttaril (dhruvangal, baltukal, jarmman, baltic finnic aalukal) ulppedunnu.
thalphalamaayi, ithinakam nilavilulla biologo-janithaka padanangal russiakkaare slavik ithara vamseeya grouppukalumaayi kalarthunnathinekkuricho avarude "noonn-slavism" kaalaharanappettatho kapadashaasthraparamo aakkunnathinekkuricho ulla ellah sidhaanthangalum undaakkiyittund. athesamayam, vadakkan russian, thekkan russian ethnographic grouppukale deerghakaalamaayi vamsheeyashaasthranjar thiricharinjathaayi sthireekarichu. purathana novgorod slaavukalude saameepyathekkurichum avarude bhasha kizhakottalla, marichu padinjaaran baltic slaavukalude saameepyathekkurichum bhauthika naravamshashaasthranjar, charitrakaaranmaar, bhaashaashaasthranjar (prathyekichu, academic vidagthanaaya vaalantin yaaninte kruthikal kaanuka) ennivarude muun nigamanangal. janithaka vibhavangalil ninnu kaanaan kazhiyunnathupole, samakaalika vadakkan russiakkaarum janithakaparamayi ellah slavik janangalodum dhruvangalodu maathram aduthum baltukalkku samaanavumaan. ennirunnaalum, vadakkan russiakkaar baalttukalil ninno dhruvangalil ninno uthbhavichavaraanennu ithinarthamilla, nordic jeane poolile ellah janangalum baltic kadalinu chuttum avasheshikkunna palio-europian janasamkhyayude pingaamikalaan.
bhasha.
russiayile audyogikavum pradhaanamaayum samsaarikkappedunna bhaashayumaan russian. europil ettavumadhikam samsaarikkunna maathrbhaashayum bhoomishaasthraparamaayi eurasiayile ettavum vyapakamaaya bhashayum lokathile ettavum vyaapakamaayi samsaarikkunna slavik bhaashayumaan ithu. engleesh kazhinjaal internettil ettavumadhikam upayogikkunna randaamathe bhaashayaan russian, anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayathile rund audyogika bhashakalil onnaanith, athupole thanne aikyaraashtrasabhayude aarr audyogika bhashakalil onnaanith.
samskaaram.
saahityam.
russian saahityam lokathile ettavum swaadheenamullathum vikasithavumaya saahithyangalilonnayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. purathana kizhakkan slavik ithihaasangalum charithrangalum rachicha madhyakaalakhattathil ithu kandethanakum. jnjaanodayathinte kaalaghattatthode, mikhaayil lomonosov, denis phonvisin, gavrila dershavin, nikkole karamsin ennivarude kruthikal saahityathinu praadhaanyam nalki. 1830 kalude thudakkam muthal, russian kavithayude suvarnna kaalaghattatthil, saahityam kavita, gadyam, naadakam ennivayil athisayakaramaaya oru suvarnna kaalaghattatthinu vidheyamaayi. romanticism kaavyathmaka kazhivukalude poovidal anuvadichu vasily sukovsky pinneedu addehathinte anuyayiyaaya alexander pushkin munnilethi. pushkinte kaalppaadukal pinthudarnnu, mikhaayil lermondov, nikkole nekrasov, alexei konstaantinovichu tolstoy, feoder tuchev, aphanesi phettu ennivarulppede oru puthiya thalamura kavikal janichu.
aadyathe mahanaaya russian novelist nikkolaay gogol aayirunnu. pinneedu cherukathakalilum novalukalilum praaveenyam nediya ivaan turgenev vannu. feoder dasthayevsky lioo tolstoyiyum taamasiyaathe anthaaraashtra prashastharaayi. ivaan goncharov pradhaanamaayum oblomov enna novalinte perilaanu ormmikkappedunnathu. mikhaayil saltikov-shedrin gadya aakshepahasyam ezhuthumbol nikkolaay leskov addehathinte hraswakadhayiloodeyaanu ettavum kooduthal ormmikkappedunnathu. noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil aantan chekov cherukathakalil mikavu pulartthukayum oru pramukha naadakakrithaayi maarukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandile mattu pradhana sambhavavikasangalil fabulist ivaan krilov, niroopakanaaya visaariyon belinskiyeppolulla noonn-fiction ezhuthukaar, aaleksaandar griboyedov, aleksaandar austrovsky thudangiya naadakakrithukkal enniva ulppedunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte arambham russian kavithayude velli yugamayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee kaalaghattatthil alexander block, anna akhmathova, boris paastarnaakk, konstaantin ballmond, maarina swetteva, vladymyr mayakovsky, osip mandelshtam thudangiya kavikal undaayirunnu. alexander kuprin, nobel sammana jethaav ivaan bunin, leonid andrave, yevgeni samyaattin, demetry mereskovsky, andrey belii thudangiya chila pradhamanira novalistukalum cherukathaakrithukkalum ithu srishtichu.
1917leeii russian viplavathinushesham russian saahityam soviyatt, vaitt immigray bhagangalaayi vibhajikkapettu. 1930kalil soshyalist realism russiayil prabalamaaya pravanathayayi maari. eee shailiyude adithara pakia maxim gorkkiyaayirunnu athinte pradhana vyakthi. soviyatt kaalaghattatthile pramukha ezhuthukaaril oraalaayirunnu mikhaayel bulgakov. nikkole austrovskyude steel engane temper cheythu enna noval russian saahithyathile ettavum vijayakaramaya kruthikalilonnaanu. swaadheenamulla kudiyetta ezhuthukaaril vladymyr nabokov, isak asimov ennivar ulppedunnu; "bigg three" sayans fiction ezhuthukaaril oralaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. gulag kyaambukalile jeevithathekkurichu ezhuthiya nobel sammana jethaavaaya novelist aleksaandar solshenitsin polulla chila ezhuthukaar soviyatt prathyayashaasthrathe ethirkkaan dhairyapettu.
thathwachintha.
russian thathwachintha valareyadhikam swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. kaarshika janakeeyathayude pithakkanmaaril oralaayi alexander herson ariyappedunnu. araajakathvathinte pithaav ennaanu mikhaayel bakunine visheshippikkunnathu. peettar cropotkin araajakathva-kammyoonisathinte ettavum pradhanappetta sidhaanthakanaayirunnu. mikhaayil bakhthinte rachanakal pandithanmaare ganyamaayi prachodippichittundu. theosaphy pramukha saidhaanthikayaayi helena blaavaatski anthaaraashtra prashamsa nedukayum theosophical sosaitti sthaapikkukayum cheythu. oru pradhana viplavakariyaaya vladymyr lenin leninism ennariyappedunna kammyoonisathinte oru vakabhedam vikasippichu. maruvashathu liyon trotsky trotskisathinu aditharayittu. irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyile oru pramukha thathwachinthakanaayirunnu alexander synovieve.
shaasthram.
aabhyanthara gaveshanathinum vikasanathinumaayi ekadesham 422 bilyan rubles chelavittu russiayude gaveshana vikasana bajatt lokathile onpathaamathe uyarnnathaan. 2019ll shaasthra prasidheekaranangalude ennathil russia lokamembaadum patthaam sthaanathaayirunnu. aagola naveekarana soochikayil 2021ll russia 45-aamm sthaanathaayirunnu. 1904 muthal bhauthikashaasthram, rasathanthram, vaidyashaasthram, sambadvyavastha, saahityam, samadhaanam ennivayil irupathiyaaru soviyatukalkkum russiakkaarkkum nobel sammanam nalki.
mikhaayil lomonosov rasapravarthanangalil pindatthinte samrakshanam nirddeshikkukayum shukrante anthareeksham kandethukayum aadhunika bhoomishaasthram sthaapikkukayum cheythu. euclidean ithara jyaamithiyude thudakkakkaranaaya nikkole lobachevskyudeyum pramukha adthyaapakanaaya paffneuty chebishevinteyum kaalam muthal russian ganithashaasthranjar lokathile ettavum swaadheenamullavaril oralaayi. aadhunika rasathanthrathinte pradhana chattakkoodaya aavarthanappattika demetry mendeleave kandupidichu. pathonpathaam noottaandil ganithashaasthrathil sthreekalkkidayil oru thudakkaariyaayirunnu sophiya kovalevskaaya. onpathu soviyatt/russian ganithashaasthranjarkku fiields medel labhichittund. 2002-ll poincare anumaanathinte anthima thelivinaayi grigori perelman kaliman sahasraabda prashnangalude aadya sammaanavum 2006-ll fiields medal vaagdaanam cheythu, iva randum addeham kuprasidhamaayi nirasichu.
radioyude kandupiduthakkaaril oraalaayirunnu alexander popov, athesamayam nikkolaay basov alexander prokhorovum laserinteyum maasarinteyum saha-kandupiduthakkarayirunnu. aadhunika hetterostructure physixinteyum electronixinteyum srishtiyil sooras alferov ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki. ardhachaalaka jangshanukalude mekhalayil oleg losvu nirnaayaka sambhavanakal nalkukayum prakasham purappeduvikkunna diodeukal kandethukayum cheythu. jiochemistry, bio jiochemistry, radio jiyolaji ennivayude sthaapakaril oralaayi vladymyr wernadsky kanakkaakkappedunnu. immunologyil nadatthiya supradhana gaveshanathinu perukettayaalaan elii methnicoff. classical contitioningile pravarthanangaliloodeyaanu ivaan pavlov pradhaanamaayum ariyappedunnathu. saidhaanthika bhauthikashaasthrathinte pala mekhalakalilum leve laandau adisthaanaparamaaya sambhavanakal nalki.
krishi cheytha sasyangalude uthbhava kendrangal thiricharinjathil nikkolaay vavilov ettavum prashasthanaayirunnu. trophim lysengo pradhaanamaayum lysencoisathinu perukettayalaayirunnu. niravadhi prashastha russian shaasthranjarum kandupiduthakkaarum kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu. igor sikorsky oru vyomayaana pioneeraayirunnu. iconoscopinteyum kinescope television samvidaanangaludeyum kandupiduthakkaaranaayirunu vladymyr sworikkin. aadhunika synthesis roopappeduthunnathile theodosius dobsansky pravarthanatthinu parinaama jeevashaasthra mekhalayile kendra vyakthiyaayirunnu. mahavisfodana sidhaanthathinte munnira vakthaakkalil oraalaayirunnu jorjju gamo. leonard euler, alfred nobal thudangi niravadhi videsha shaasthranjar russiayil deerghakaalam thaamasikkukayum pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
bahirakasha paryavekshanam.
russiayude deseeya bahirakasha ejansiyaanu roscosmos. bahirakasha saankethikavidyayilum bahirakasha paryaveshanatthilum raajyathinte nettangal saidhaanthika bahiraakaashayaathrikarude pithavaaya konstaantin seolkovskyil ninnu kandethaam, avarude kruthikal pramukha soviyatt rokkatt enchineeyarmaaraaya serji koroliyov, vaalantin glushko, bahirakasha malsarathinte aadyaghattangalilum athinappurathum soviyatt bahirakasha padhathiyude vijayathin sambhavana nalkia mattu palarum.
1957ll bhoomiye parikramanam cheiyunna aadyathe krithrima upagrahamaaya "sputnik 1" vikshepichu. 1961ll yoori gagarin bahiraakaashathekkulla aadya manushya yaatra vijayakaramaayi nadatthi. mattu niravadhi soviyatt, russian bahirakasha paryaveshana rekhakal pinthudarnnu. 1963ll vosttokk 6ll ottaykku oru dauthyam nadatthiya valentaina tereshkova bahiraakaashathe aadyathethum ettavum praayam kuranjathumaaya vanithayayi. 1965ll, voscode 2 samayat bahirakasha capsulil ninnu purathukadannukondu alexey leonov bahiraakaashath nadanna aadyathe manushyanaayi.
1957ll soviyatt bahirakasha naayayaya lyca, sputnik 2ll bhoomiye parikramanam cheiyunna aadya mrugamaayi. 1966ll chandranile oru khagola pindatthil athijeevikkaan kazhiyunna landing nediya aadyathe bahirakasha pedakamaayi luna 9 maari. 1968ll, soondu 5 chandrane parikramanam cheyyaan aadyathe mannukuttikale (rund aamakalum mattu jeevajaalangalum) konduvannu. 1970ll, venus enna mattoru grahathil erangunna aadyathe bahirakasha pedakamaayi venera 7 maari. 1971ll chovvayil erangiya aadyathe bahirakasha pedakamaayi maars 3 maari. ithe kaalayalavil, "lunokhode 1" aadyathe bahirakasha paryavekshana roveraayi maari, athesamayam "salute 1" lokathile aadyathe bahirakasha nilayamaayi maari. 2021ll russiayk 176 sajeeva upagrahangal bahiraakaashath undaayirunnu, ithu lokathile moonnaamathe uyarnna upagrahamaan.
samgeetham.
pathinettaam noottaand vare russiayile samgeethathil pradhaanamaayum palli samgeethavum naadodi gaanangalum nrithangalumaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, classical samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya mikhaayel glinka mattu shaktharaaya amgangalum samgeethasamvidhaayakaraaya aantan, nikkolaay rubinsteen ennivarude neethrthwathilulla russian sangeetha samoohavum thammilulla pirimurukkamaanu ithine nirvachichathu. romaantik kaalaghattatthile ettavum mikacha samgeethasamvidhaayakariloraaya piottar ilichu chaikovsky pilkkala paarambaryam irupathaam noottaand vare europian classical samgeethathinte romaantik shailiyile avasaanathe mikacha chaambyanmaaril oralaaya serge rachmaninoff thudarnnu. irupathaam noottaandile lokaprashasta samgeethajnjaril alexander scriabin, alexander glasunov, igor stravinsky, serji procofeave, dimitri shostakovichu, jeorji swiridov, alfred snitke ennivar ulppedunnu.
soviyatt, russian kansarvettarikal lokaprashasta solovaadikalude thalamurakale srishtichu. vayalinistmaaraaya david oyistraakh, gidoon cremer, sellist mistislaavu rostropovich, piyaanist vladymyr horovits, swiyaattoslaav rictor, emil gilles, gaayika galeena vishnevskaaya ennivaraanu ettavum ariyappedunnavaril ulppedunnathu.
soviyatt kaalaghattatthil, janapriya samgeetham rund baaladeyarukalaaya vladymyr vaisotsky, bulaatt okudsaava, allah pugacheva thudangiya kalakaaranmaar thudangi niravadhi prashastha vyakthikale srishtichu. soviyatt adhikaarikalude uparodhangalkkidayilum jasses abhivridhi praapikkukayum raajyathe ettavum janapriyamaaya sangeetha roopangalilonnaayi parinamikkukayum cheythu. kaanantanantal europile free-jaassile ettavum valia samghamaayi ganalin thrayam vimarsakaraal visheshippikkappettindu. 1980kalode roock samgeetham rashyayiludaneelam janapriyamaakukayum eriya, aquarium, ddt, kinoo thudangiya baandukal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1960kall muthal russiayile poppu samgeetham thazhachuvalarukayum tii polulla aagolathalathil prashasthamaaya pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheythu.eiii.tii.yuu. sameepakaalath, littil bigg, oru rave baand, russiayilum europiludaneelavum janapreeti nedi.
sinima.
russian, pinneedu soviyatt sinimakal kandupiduthangalude kendramaayirunnu, athinte falamaayi "yudhakkappal podemkin" polulla lokaprashasta sinimakal vannu. soviyatt kaalaghattatthile chalachithra pravartthakar, prathyekichu serji aisanstain, andrey tarkovsky ennivar lokathile ettavum noothanavum swaadheenamullathumaaya samvidaayakaril oralaayi maari. lokathile aadyathe philim skoolaaya ool-union instittyoott oof cinematography philim edittinginte viplavakaramaaya soviyatt mondej sidhaantham vikasippichedutha leve kuleshovinte vidyaarthiyaayirunnu aisanstain. dijiga vertovinte "kinoo-aii" sidhaantham documentary chalachithranirmmaanathinu sinima realisathinteyum vikasanathil valia swaadheenam chelutthi. chapev", "kreyinukal parakkunnu", "oru sainikante balled" ennivayulppede niravadhi soviyatt soshyalist realism sinimakal kalaaparamaayi vijayichu.
1960kalilum 1970kalilum soviyatt sinimayil kalaparamaaya shailikal kooduthal vaividhyapoornamaayirunnu. akkaalathe eldar ryasanovinteyum leonid gaidaayiyudeyum komadikal valareyadhikam janapriyamaayirunnu, niravadhi catchfresukal innum upayogathilundu. soviyatt yooniyanil nirmmicha ettavum chelaveria chithramaaya lioo tolstoyiyude ithihaasamaaya "vaar aandu pease" enna chithratthinte ooskaar jethaavaaya chalachitraavishkaaram serji bonderchuk samvidaanam cheythu. 1969-ll vladymyr mottilinte "vaitt sann oof dhaa desert" puratthirangi, ithu oru tharam oostten enna vibhaagathil valare janapriyamaaya oru chithramaanu; parambaraagathamaayi bahiraakaashathekkulla eathoru yaathraykkum munbu bahiraakaashayaathrikar eee chithram kaanunnu. 2002ll 'russian arck' enna chithram otta tekkil chithreekaricha aadya feature philimaayirunnu. innu russian sinima vyavasaayam vikasichukondirikkukaya.
vaasthuvidya.
purathana slaavukalude aadyakaala maram nirmmaana kettidangalilum keevan rusinte vaasthuvidyayilumaanu russian vaasthuvidyayude charithram aarambhikkunnath. keevan rusinte kristheeyavalkkaranathethu niravadhi noottaandukalaayi ithu pradhaanamaayum baisaantain saamrajyathaal swaadheenikkappettu. aristottil feoravanthiyum mattu itaaliyan vaasthushilpikalum russiayilekku navothaana pravanathakal konduvannu. pathinaram noottaandil athulyamaaya koodaaram polulla pallikalum russian vaasthuvidyayude savishesha savisheshathayaaya ulli thaazhikakkuda roopakalppanayum vikasichu. pathinezhaam noottaandil, moscoyilum yaroslavlilum alankaarathinte "agnisaili" thazhachuvalarnnu, kramena 1690 kalile narishkin barokinu vazhiyorukki. peettar dhii grettinte parishkaarangalkk sesham russiayude vaasthuvidya padinjaaran europian shailikal swaadheenichu. pathinettaam noottaandile rococo vaasthuvidyayude abhiruchi bartolomio rastrelliyudeyum anuyaayikaludeyum gambheeramaaya srishtikalilekku nayichu. catherine dhii grettinte bharanakaalathu, sent peettezhsburg neoclassical vaasthuvidyayude oru outtdoor myoosiyamaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. alexander onnaamante bharanakaalathu saamraajyashaili "yadhaartha" vasthuvidyaa shailiyaayi maarukayum nicola onnaaman russiayk ekleksikkisathinte kavaadam thurakkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil neo-baisantain, russian punarujjeevana sailiyaanu aadhipathyam pulartthiyathu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil russian neoclassical punarujjeevanam oru pravanathayayi maari. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathile prachalitha shailikal art noview, constructivism, soshyalist classicism ennivayaayirunnu.
matham.
russiayile ettavum valia matham kristhumathamaanu-lokathile ettavum valia yaadhaasthithika janasamkhyayulla raajyamaanith. mathaparamaya anusaranathekkurichulla vyathyastha saamoohika sarvekalude adisthaanathil russiayile motham janasamkhyayude ekadesham 41 muthal 80 sathamaanam vare russian oorthadoox sabhayil vishwasikkunnu.
mathaparamallaatha russiacarkku saamskaarika kaaranangalal yaadhaasthithika vishwaasavumaayi svayam bandhappedaam. chila russian janatha pazhaya vishwaasikalaanu pathinezhaam noottaandil avatharippicha aradhana parishkaarangal nirasicha russian yaadhaasthithikathayude thaarathamyena cheria bhinnatha niranja oru koottam. 18-aamm noottaandil mathethara sarkkaarine nirasicha dakhoborukal, russian yaadhaasthithika purohithanmaar, aikkanukal, ellah sabhaa aachaarangalum, divya velipaadinteyum yeshuvinte daivathvathinteyum paramonnatha uravidamaayi baibil, pinneedu kaanadayilekk kudiyeri. 1550ll roopeekarikkappetta molocanukal, saarinte bharikkanulla daivika avakasham, chinnangal, niseen matham, yaadhaasthithika upavaasangal, sainika sevanam, jalasnaanamulppedeyulla sanbradaayangal ennivayaal vivarikkapetta trimoorthikal enniva nirasicha oru munvibhagamaayirunnu.
mattu lokamathangalkk vamseeya rashyakkaarkidayil praathinidhyam valare kuravaanu. deseeya nyoonapakshangalil ninnulla 100,000-thiladhikam anuyaayikalulla islam 85,000-thiladhikam russian anuyaayikalulla snaapanavaadikalumaanu eee grouppukalil ettavum valuth. mattullavar kooduthalum penthakosthalanmaar, suvisheshakar, ezhaam divasathe saahasikar, lutheranmaar, yahovayude sakshikal ennivaraanu.
soviyatt yooniyante pathanathinushesham vividha puthiya matha prasthaanangal uyarnnuvarikayum vamseeya rashyakkaarkidayil oru anuyaayikale shekharikkukayum cheythu. ivayil ettavum pradhanam rodnovery, mattu slavik rajyangalkkum pothuvaayulla slavik thaddesheeya mathatthinte punarujjeevanam, mattu puthiya mathangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valare cheruthaanu mattoru prasthaanam, yaadhaasthithika kristhyan pashchaathalamulla oru samanvaya grouppaaya visarionism aanu.
sports.
russiayile ettavum janapriyamaaya kaayika vinodamaanu football. 1960ll euro nediya soviyatt union deseeya football team 1988ll euroyude finalilethia aadya europian chaambyanmaaraayi. 1956lum 1988lum olimbiku football toornamentil soviyatt union swarnam nedi. russian klabbukalaaya sii. ezz. keey. mosco senitt sent peettezhsburg 2005lum 2008lum yuvefa kapp nedi. russian deseeya football team 2008 euroyude semifinalilethi. 2017 fifa konfedareshan kapp, 2018 fifa lokakapp ennivayude aathidheyathvam vahichathu rashyayaayirunnu.
russiayil aise hockey valare janapriyamaan. soviyatt union purushanmaarude deseeya aise hockey team athinte nilanilppiludaneelam anthaaraashtra thalatthil aadhipathyam pulartthi, aadhunika russian purushanmaarude deseeya aise hockey team eee kaayika inathile ettavum vijayakaramaya teamukalil onnaanu. russiayude deseeya kaayika vinodamaaya bandy charitraparamaayi eee kaayika inathil ettavum kooduthal nettamundaakkiya rajyamaanu. russian deseeya basketball team 2007ll euro basket nedi, russian basketball club pbc csc mosco ettavum vijayakaramaya europian basketball teamukalil onnaanu. vaarshika formula vann russian grand prix sochi olimbiku paarkkile sochi autodrome aanu nadakkunnathu.
charitraparamaayi, russian athlattukal olimbiku gamesile ettavum vijayakaramaya malsaraarthikalil oraalaan, ekkaalatheyum olimbiku games medel ennathil randaam sthaanathaanu. thaalaparamaaya jimnaastiksil russia munnirayilulla rajyamaanu; russian samanvayippicha neenthal lokathile ettavum mikachathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. russiayile mattoru janapriya kaayika vinodamaanu figure scating, prathyekichu jody skating aise nrithavum. russia niravadhi prashastha tennies kalikkaare srishtichittundu. lokathile mikacha chess kalikkaaril palarum pathittaandukalaayi rashyakkaraayathinaal chess rajyath vyaapakamaayi prachaarathilulla oru vinodamaanu. 1980leeii venalkkaala olimpiks moscoyilum 2014leeii sheetakaala olimpiks, 2014leeii sheetakaala paralympics enniva sochiyilum nadannu.

