
gushi khaan

oru khoshoot rajakumaran khoshoot khaanettinte sthaapakanum aayirunnu gushi khaan (1582-14 januvari 1655;), addeham dalailaamayudeyum tibattan budhamathathinteyum jelag schoolinteyum pradhana gunabhokthavaayi altan khaante pingaamikale maatti. 1637-ll, gushi khaan ethiraaliyaaya mangolian rajakumaaranaaya chogthu khong taiji, oru kagyu anuyayi, kinkhaay thadaakathinu sameepam paraajayappedutthukayum adutha varshangalil tibattil thante khaanett sthaapikkukayum cheythu. jelag skoolilekkulla addehathinte sainika sahayam anchaam dalaay lamaye tibattil rashtreeya niyanthranam sthaapikkaan praapthamakki.
peru.
gushree khaan, gushihan ennum ithu ucharikkappedunnu. mattu bhashakalil ithha
aadyakaala varshangal.
akhaay khathunteyum khoshuthukalude thalavanaaya khanaayi noyan khongorinteyum moonnaamathe makanayi thorobaikhu enna peril gushi khaan janichu. chenkis khaan khaasarinte ilaya sahodarante pingamiyaayirunnu addeham. 12-aamm vayassil, thurkkisthaankaarkkethiraaya yudhathil thorobaikhu ithinakam prashasthi nediyirunnu. 1625-ll khoshott thalavan chokkoor garbhashaya sahodaran baibaagakalum thammil anantharaavakaasha vishayangalil oru samgharsham pottipurappettu. pooraattatthil baibagakal kollappettu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte ilaya sahodaranmaraaya gushi kondolon ubashi poraattam ettedukkukayum 1630-ll ishim nadhi muthal tabol nadhi vare chokkurine pinthudarukayum addehathinte gotra anuyaayikale akramikkukayum kollukayum cheythu. oyraattukal thammilulla ulkkanda torgut oyraatt enna oru upagrooppine padinjarottu kudiyeraanum oduvil volga nadiyude theerathu sthirathaamasamaakkaanum prachodippichu. ippol gushi khoshoothinte thalavanayi baibaagakalude sthaanathekku ethi.
dalaay lamaykku vendi edapedal.
1615ll oyrattukal appozhum khalkha nethaavu ubasi khong taijiyude aadhipathyathilaayirunnappol, varenyavarggakkaar pradhaanamaayum tibattan budhamathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, eee kaalayalavil tibattinullil, prathyekichu jelag, karmma kagyu schoolukal thammilulla aabhyanthara mathaparamaya sathrutha vardhichu. pradhana jelag mathanethaakkalude sabha dalaay lamayayirunnu, athesamayam karmma kaagyuvine samdrabse (aadhunika shigatse) aasthaanamaayulla sangpa raajavamshathinte pinthuna undaayirunnu. avarkk khaalkhakaludeyum chaaharukaludeyum grouppukalil ninnu pinthuna labhichu.
anchaam dalaay lamayude (1617-1682) youvanakaalathu sonam rapton mukhya paricharakanaayirunnu. jelaginodulla peedanam avasaanippikkaanum gushiyude sahaayathode tibattine ekeekarikkaanum addeham padhathikal thayyarakki. aduthide amdoyil sthirathaamasamaakkiya khalkha rajakumaran chogthu khong thayjiyeppolulla karmappanmaarkkum anukoolikalkkumethire jelag ashramangal sahaayathinaayi abhyarthichu. sainika sathrukkalkkum saadhaaranakkaarkkumethire mongolearch orupole kroorathayude prashasthi undayirunnathinaal ithu valare dheeramaaya oru neekkamaayirunnu. jelugpayodulla bhakthiyude peril ariyappettirunna gushi anukoolamaayi prathikarikkukayum cheythu. mattu oyraathu rajakumaranmar addehathodoppam oru gelugpa anukoola leagil chernnu addehathinte anantharavanmaaraaya saizan, ertis pradeshangalil uchirthu session, ablay taiji; koodaathe ulungur, irtish, emil nadikalkkidayil sunkar, doorbett oyraathu prajakal thaamasichirunna erdeni bathur, aral, caspian kadalukalkk vadakkulla pradeshangale keezhadakkunna prakriyayil earppettirunna torgut medhavi khoo orlukku polum. ennirunnaalum, oru ekeekritha tibattan raashtrathinte thalavanayi "grettu faivanchine" sthaapikkaan niravadhi varshangal vendivarum.
1636ll sungar rajakumaaranaaya erdeni bathoorinte koode 10,000 oyraatt sainikarumaayi gushi khinhaayiyilekku march cheythu. adutha varsham 30,000 shaktharum jelugpa vibhaagathe athirthavarumaaya chogthu khung taijiyude khalkha senaye addeham nerittu. coconor malayidukkilaanu malsaram nadannathu, ithu raktharookshithamaaya kunninte yuddham ennariyappedunnu. chogthu sainyam paraajayappedukayum chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu, athijeevichavarkku keezhadangendivannu. chogthu thanne oru marmot dwaarathil olichuvenkilum kandethukayum sambhavasthalathu thanne kollappedukayum cheythu. aakramanakaarikalaaya maanchu janatha mangoliyayil keezhadakkiyathinu sesham kurachu samayathinullil khalkhakale tibattil adichamarthi.
1638ll oru theerthaadakanaayi gushi uu-saangilekku pooyi. avide addehathinu anchaamathe dalaay laama mathaparamaya nirddeshangal nalki. laasayile oru chadangil addehathe oru simhaasanathil irikkukayum "chogyal sidhaanthathinte udamayaayi" prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum addeham khagan enna perilum ariyapettu, borjigid (chenkis khaante nerittulla pingaamikal) ennathine ethirthu addeham athu sweekarichu.
gushi dalaay lamaye thante pradeshangal sandarshikkaan kshanichuvenkilum uu-saangile asthiramaaya saahacharyangal kaaranam anchaamatheyaalaaya addehathinu athu cheyyaan kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, nalla bandham nilanirthaan addeham oru sthiram prathinidhiye khoshuthilekku ayachu. gushi khaan puthuthayi keezhadakkiya khinhaayiyile thante raajyathekku madangi, avide khoshuthukal sthirathaamasamaakkaan theerumaanichu.
khaamil akramanam.
taamasiyaathe puthiya prashnangalum vannu. khaamil beriyile rajaavaayirunna donio dorje boonn mathathe pinthudarunnavanum jelugpayude shathruvumaayirunnu. addeham sangpa bharanadhikaariyaaya karma tenkyongumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum khaaminteyum saanginteyum sainyam yuyile jelugpa shakthikendrathe akramikkum ennu soochippikkunna oru sandesham ayaykkukayum cheythu. jelugpa unmoolanam cheyyukayum mattu vibhaagangalkk aaradhana swaathanthryam anuvadikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam. sandesham thadanjunirtthi gushi khaanu kaimarukayum addeham athu oru puthiya adhiniveshathinu oru ozhikazhivaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. kooduthal rakthachorichil srishtikkunnathine dalaay laama ethirthathaayi parayappedunnu, ennaal sonam rapton purakil pooyi berry bharanadhikariye nasippikkaan gushi prothsaahippichu. chila tibattanmaarude sahaayathode 1639laanu eee akramanam thayyarakkiyathu. aaa varsham juunil, gushi berikkethire neengukayum donio dorjeyude bhooribhaagam prajakaleyum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. 1641 januvari 6 nuu, anchaam dalailaamayude charithramanusarichu, "beriyude bharanadhikaariyum mattullavarum nannayi prathirodhikkappetta athirthiyilekku palayanam cheythu, pakshe oru vyakthiyude sadgunathinte moorchayulla irumbu pole, kaanthatthinteyum irumbu-fillingukaludeyum prathibhasam sambhavikkunnu, athinaal avarellam pidikkappedukayum oru valia jayil muttathu vaykkukayum cheythu. asanthushtiyude ellah moolakaaranangalum avarude sthalangalil ninnu neekkam cheythu. shakyapa, jelugpa, karmapa, drukpa, taklungpa ennividangalile lamakaleyum bharanadhikaarikaleyum avare paarppichirunna jayil nilavarakalil ninnu purathedutthu avarudethaaya sthalathekku thirichayachu. jung rajaavu vareyulla janangal panamaayi nikuthi adaykkukayum aadaravode addehathe vanangaan aathmaarthamaayi sramikkukayum cheythu."berry bharanadhikariye vadikkukayum khaamil dalailaamayude ellah sathrukkaleyum thakarkkukayum cheythu.
madhya tibatt keezhadakkuka.
1641 aayappozhekkum khaamine poornnamaayum keezhadakkiya gushi saangile karmma tenkyonginte domaine akramikkaan thudangi. oru ajayyanaaya yodhaavenna nilayil addehathinte prashasthi prathirodhatthe durbalamakki. athesamayam, soam rapton sangpayodu vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunna ü-leeii jillakal ettedukkunna thirakkilaayirunnu. karmma tenkyonginte shakthikendramaaya shigatse khoshooth sainyam uparodhichu. oru driksaakshi uparodhathinte bheekarathayekkurichu vivarichu "oraal oru koottam chennaaykkalkku aadukalude koottam nalkiyathinaal [aaa sthalam] jeevan nashtappetta mrithadehangalude koombaarangalaal moodappetta oru valia shmashaanamaayi maari". madhyasthathaykkulla ellah sramangalum paraajayappedukayum sanyasi vaasasthalavum praanthapradeshangalum 1642-leeii jala kuthira varshathile onnaam maasatthile ettaam divasam veezhum. thudarnnu randaam maasatthile 25-aamm divasam (march 25) kotta keezhadangukayum cheythu. karmma tenkyonginte jeevan aaa nimishathekku rakshappedukayum laasayude thekk-kizhakk newill thadavilaakkappedukayum cheythu. anchaam dalailaamayude charithramanusarichu, gushi khaane sambandhichidatholam, "chaitra maasatthile kristtal loard [chandran] niranjappol [epril 14,1642], kalachakramanusarichu varshathile aadya seasonile aaa divasam muthal addeham tibattinte moonnu bhaagangalude rajaavaayi maarukayum lokathinte kodumudiyil thante niyamangalude velutha kuda sthaapikkukayum cheythu". 1642-ll naalam maasatthile anchaam divasam dalaay lamaye shigatse kottaratthilekku nayikkukayum sthaanabhrashtanaaya raajaavinte simhaasanathil irikkukayum cheythu. eee niyamathiloode addeham karmmapanmaarude athiraalikalaaya aadhipathya vidyaalayathe maatti. kizhakk tachianlu muthal padinjaaru ladak athirthi vare dalaay lamaykku tibattinte paramonnatha adikaaram nalkiyathaayi gushi khaan prakhyaapichu. anchaam dalaay laama tibattile dharmarajavayi (allengil chogyal) gushi khaante sthaanam sthireekarichu.
mangolian adhiniveshathinte kalapam kshaamathilekkum kashtappaadukalilekkum nayichu. koodaathe, gushi khaan-dalai laama bharanasamoohathinethire ippozhum ethirppundaayirunnu. karmmappa shreniyile choing dorjayode kooduthal prasnangal undaakkillenn oru aupachaarika karaaril oppuvaykkaan dalaay laama abhyarthichu. thaan munkaalangalil prasnangal srishtichittillennu vaadichu karmapa visammathichu. mangolian, tibattan sainikar pinneedu addehathinte valia chalikkunna campine ("gaar") valanju. avasana nimisham choing dorje olichodiyenkilum sainyam akathekku kadakkukayum camp nasippikkukayum ethirtha aareyum kollukayum cheythu. karmapa srenikkaar thekk parvathangalilekku palayanam cheythu. saangpayudeyum karmma kagyuvinteyum athijeevicha anuyaayikal thekkukizhakkan congpo mekhalayil cheruthunilppu nadatthi. prakopithanaaya gushi khaan thante rajakeeya thadavukaaranaaya karma tenkyongine vadhikkan utharavittu, athesamayam addehathinte sainyam kongpo nasippikkukayum 7,000 vimathare kollukayum cheythu. bakkiyullavar pinmari. raajyathe niravadhi karmma kagyu ashramangal balamaayi jelugpayilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum mangoliyare pinthirippikkunna bhoothochaadana pravartthanangal nadatthiya ningma sanyasimar jayililadaykkappedukayum cheythu.
ekeekaranathinu sesham.
yuwan raajavamshathile shaakyalaamakalum mangolian mahanaaya khaanukalum thammilulla bandhatthil verukalulla "choo-yoon" (rakshadhikaariyum purohita bandhavum) enna pazhaya ashayam puthiya rashtreeya samvidaanam puthukki. athmeeya adhikaarathile ettavum uyarnna vyakthiyaayirunnu dalaay laama, khoshooth bharanadhikaari sayudha senayude niyanthranam nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum addeham madhya tibattinte kaaryangalil kaaryamaaya edapedal nadatthiyilla. shaithyakaalath thaan sandarshicha lasaykku 80 mile vadakkaayi tengri-norr thadaakathinaduthulla anakkettinte mechilppurathaanu addeham venalkkaalam chelavazhikkaan pravanatha kaanichathu. ardha naadodi khoshottukalil bhooribhaagavum avarude koottangalumaayi songon thadaakathinu (kinkhaay thadaakam) chuttum thaamasichu. sonam rapton reejantaayi ("deshee") pravartthikkukayum khoshoot rajaavu addehathe audyogikamaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. ekeekaranathinu thottupinnaale, aduthide tibattan laama ngawang namgyaalinte keezhil ekeekrithamaaya bhoottaanumaayi oru samgharsham pottipurappettu. 1644ll gushi khaanum reejantum noorukanakkinu mangolian, tibattan sainyathe bhoottaanilekku ayachu. ennirunnaalum, mangolian yodhaakkal kaalaavasthaykku upayogashoonyaraakukayum paryaveshanathinu valia parajayam sambhavikkukayum cheythu. ithu ajayyathaykkulla mangolian prashasthiye thakarthu. 1646ll samadhaanam avasaanichenkilum taamasiyaathe athu lamghikkappettu. adutha varshathe puthiya poraattam dalaay laama samsthaanathinu mattoru paraajayatthilekku nayichu.
patthu aanmakkale upekshichu 1655 januvariyil gushi khaan marichu.
koodaathe, gushiyude makal amin daara sungar khaanettinte sthaapakanaaya erdeni bathoorine vivaham kazhichu. tibattile dharmarajavum vishwaasathinte samrakshakanumaayi gushiyude mootha makan dayan addehathinte sthaanaarohanam nadatthi. ennirunnaalum, dorje dalai bathoorinte neethrthwathil avarude gotra anuyayikalumaayi ettu aanmakkal 1648 nuu sesham amdoyile thanthrapradhaanamaaya tsongon thadaaka mekhalayil sthirathaamasamaakki. avar ettu khoshuthukal ennariyappedukayum pradeshathecholli nirantharam tharkkikkukayum cheythu. anchaamathe dalaay laama 1656lum 1659lum niravadhi gavarnarmaare ayachu. mangoliyar kramena tibattanvalkkarikkappedum amdoyil jelag skoolinte swaadheenam vyaapippikkunnathil pradhana punk vahikkukayum cheythu. tibattil oru khoshooth samrakshaka bharanaadhikaariyaayirunna eee sambradaayam 1717 vare naalu thalamurakal neenduninnu.

