
piyar jeane robikwet

piyari jeane robikwet (13 januvari 1780-29 epril 1840) oru franch rasathanthranjanaayirunnu. proteinukalude adisthaana nirmmaana blokkukalaaya amino aasidukal thirichariyunnathinulla adithara addeham sthaapichu. 1806ll vyavasaayathil vyaavasaayika chayangal sweekarikkunnathilum 1826ll alizarin thirichariyunnathilum aadhunika marunnukalude aavirbhaavathilum 1832ll kodine thirichariyunnathilum avayil aadyathethu asparajin, vedanasamhaarika, antidiaryl gunangalulla vyapakamaaya upayogathilulla oru oopiyettu alcaloid padaartham ennivayiloode addeham ithu cheythu.
rennesilaanu robikwet janichathu. franch viplava varshangalil franch sainyathil oru faarmasisttaayirunna addeham paareesile ekkol dii faarmasiyil professoraayi, avide vachu addeham marichu.
mattu kaaryangalil sradheyamaaya shaasthreeya nettangal addeham nediya aasparaaginte (asparagil ninnu thiricharinja aadyathe amino assid) gunangalude verthiricalum swabhaava savisheshathakalum aayirunnu. 1806ll luis nicolas vaakvalin), cantaridine (1810), sigma-1 risapttar agonist noscapin (1817), kafeen (1821), alizarin (pinneedu germmaniyile kaal grabe, kaal theodor lieberman, grettu brittanil vilyam henry perkin ennivar chernnu vanthothilulla vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathilekku maatti), parpurin (1826), oorsin (1829), amigdalin (1830), codin (1832). eee kandethalukalil chilath mattu shaasthranjarumaayi sahakarichaan nadathiyathu.
academic thalakkettukalum vyathyaasangalum.
rajisterdu faarmasist (1808), ekkol polytechnicile (1811) rasathanthrathile lakcharar, farmaceutical kaaryangalude charithratthile deputy professor (1811), thudarnnu professor (1814), pinneedu administrettar-treasurer (1824), amgamaaya annathe sekrattari general (1817), president (1826), akkadami dii medisin (1820) amgam, akkadami dess sciences (1833) amgam, sthaapakariloraalum sosaitti dii previance dess faarmasiyansinte aadya presidentum [6] (1820).
oordar oof dhaa lejian dii oonar (1830) enna perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
ithuvare thiricharinja aadyathe amino aasidaaya asparajin kandethi.
1805 avasaanathode, luis nicolas vaakvalinte laboratariyil jolie cheythirunna oru yuva sahayiyaaya robikwet, asperagus jyoos upayogichu eathu adisthaana reethikal labhyamaayirunnu ennathinekkurichulla vishakalanangal aarambhichu. niravadhi shasthrakriyakalkk sesham addehathinu oru chrystalised velutha dravyam labhichu, athu adhehavum vaakvelinum 1806-ll chithreekarikkaan shramichu, avarude dainamdina sramangal ithu 18-aamm noottaandil classicalaayi labhicha ariyappedunna dhaatu lavanangal pole onnumillaatha, ithuvare anjjaathamaaya gunangalulla orutharam puthiya "raasa thathwam" aanennu kandethi. ithu thikachum puthiya kaaryamaanennu krithyamaayi bodhyapetta avar eee vasthuvine asparagus chediyil ninnu verthiricheduthathin sesham "asparagin" ennu vilikkunnu.
bhoomiyile ellah jeevajaalangaleyum nirmmikkunna 22 amino aasidukalil onnaayitheerum, ithu aadyamaayi thirichariyappedukayum oru puthiya tharam thanmaathrakalil ulppedunnuvennu manassilakkukayum cheiyunnu.
mattu amino aasidukale verthirichedukkunnathile purogathi valare mandagathiyilaayirunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandil mothatthil oru pidi kuravu.
vividha nirangalude kandethal.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyam vare, thuniyil niram nalkaan upayogikkunna ellah chaayangalum prakrithidatha padaarthangalaayirunnu, avayil palathum chelaveriyathum verthirichedukkaan advaanikkunnathumaayirunnu. koodaathe, palarkkum kazhukunnathiloodeyo sooryaprakaasham ealkkunnathiloodeyo vegathayiloodeyo sthiratha illaayirunnu.
udaaharanathinu, purathana kaalam muthal roome, middle eest, eejipt ennividangalil prabhukkanmaarudeyum anthassinteyum adayaalamaayirunna purple niram prathyekichum chelaveriyathum ulppaadippikkaan prayaasamullathumaayirunnu-tyrean purple ennariyappedunna chayam chila molaskukalude grandhi kafatthil ninnaan nirmmichathu. athinte verthirichedukkal variable sankeernnavumaayirunnu, athu verthirichedutha valare prathyeka tharam shellinte (yadhaarthathil rund tharam, ippol onnu bolinus brandaris ennum mattonn hexaplex tranculus ennum ariyappedunnu, innu rund vyathyastha lingangalkkullil tharamthirickunnu) labhyathaye aasrayichirikkunnu.
purathana kaalam muthal upayogichirunna mattoru tharam prakrithidatha chuvanna chayam bii. sii. 1500-ll thanne valarthiya madhya eshyayileyum eejipthileyum madder roottil ninnu labhichu. faravo tudankhaamunte shavakudeerathilum pompeyiyudeyum purathana korinthinteyum avashishtangalilum madder root pigment chayam pooshiya thuni kandethi. madhyakaalakhattathil, chalmagne madder krishiye prothsaahippichu. netherlandsile manal mannil ithu nannayi valarukayum praadeshika sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1804 aayappozhekkum engleesh dye nirmmathaavaaya jorj feeld "lake madder" ennariyappedunna puthiya saankethikavidyakal avatharippichu, athu tincherinte upayogam peyintukalilekku vyapippichu.
madder roottil ninnu labhicha robikwet, chaaya gunangalulla rund vyathyastha thanmathrakal, onnu manoharamaaya chuvapp ulppaadippikkunnu, athine addeham alizarin ennu vilichu, athu valare sthirathayullathaanennu theliyikkukayum mattonn, sthirathayillaatha gunangalullathine addeham parpoorin ennu vilikkukayum cheythu.
ekadesham 30 varshathinusesham 1856 eprilil, landanile royal koleju oof kemistriyil asisttantaayi jolie cheiyunna oru cheruppakkaaranaaya vilyam henry perkin, oru sakthamaaya marunnaaya quinine sinthasisinekkurichu gaveshanam nadatthaan uddeshichulla oru samghathil, anilinil ninnu oru purple dye (addeham mouveen ennu vilichu) nediya oru prakriya kandethi, athu kalkari taaril ninnu eluppathil labikkum; adutha patthu varshathinullil perkin kalkari taaril ninnu sinthasisiloode labhikkuna thanmaathrakalude aadya vyaavasaayika model sthaapichu, addehathinte vijayam europiludaneelamulla niravadhi teamukalil ninnu kalkari taar upolppannangalekkurich theevramaaya gaveshanathinu prerippichu, athesamayam addeham thanne thante vyaavasaayika pravarthanatthinu mukalil atharamoru jolie pinthudarnnu.
1868-ll, basf kambanikkaayi germmaniyil jolie cheiyunna perkin, kaal grabe, kaal theodor lieberman ennivarkku samaantharamaayi aanthraaseenil ninnu alizarin labhyamaanenn theliyikkapettu; nirbhagyavashaal perkinu oru divasathinullil pettant munganana nashtappettu, alisaarinte asaadhaaranamaaya gunangal athine aadyathe vankida vyavasaya uthppaadippikkunna chayamaakki maattukayum rasatantra vyavasaya lokath baasfinte uyarchaye onnaam sthaanathekku praapthamaakkukayum cheythu.
codine kandethalum vyavasayavalkkaranavum.
orupakshe robikvettinte ettavum pradhanappetta sambhaavanayaan codin, athu dainamdina jeevithathil valare sakthamaaya saannidhyavum swaadheenavum innum nilanilkkunnu; phalatthil, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkam vare, lodaanam (thomas dii kwinsiyude "oru engleesh karupp kazhikkunnayalude kuttasammatham" kaanuka), paregoric amrithangal (avayil palathum, pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal englandil valare janapriyamaan) ennariyappedunna vaividhyamaarnna thayyaareduppukalil asamskritha karupp upayogichirunnu, koodaathe anuchithamaya thayyaareduppathilo anuchithamaya upayogathilo ninnu upayokthaakkalkk aarogyamo maranamo vare apakadasadhyathakal pathivaayirunnu.
shudheekaricha morphin verthirichedukkal prakriyakalil pravartthikkumbol karuppinte niravadhi sajeeva gadakangalil ninnu robikwet kodine verthirichedukkunnathu, kodine maathram adisthaanamaakkiyulla, valare surakshithamaaya upayogathilulla nirddishta antitusive, antidierheal marunnukalude oru puthiya thalamurayude vipuleekaranathilekkula paatha thurannu, athu udan thanne valare janapriyamaayi.
lokaarogya samghadanayum athinte leag oof nations mungamikalaaya ejansiyum mattullavarum polulla samghadanakalude varshangalilulla niravadhi reportukal prakaram innu lokath ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna karupp aanu codin, orupakshe mothatthil ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna marunnaan. ithu ettavum phalapradamaaya opioid vedanasamhaarikalil onnaanu, koodaathe ithinu vishalamaaya suraksha maarjinumund. mikka aalukalilum ithu morphinte shakthiyude 8 muthal 12 sathamaanam vareyaanu; mettabolisatthile vyathyaasangalkk mattu marunnukaleppole eee samkhyaye mattaanaakum, athinte paripalana maarggathe aashrayich.
codin ippozhum athinte yadhaartha uravidamaaya karuppil ninnu nerittu verthirichedukkaan kazhiyumenkilum, mikka codin ippol ooo-methylation prakriyayiloode morphinil ninnu samanvayippikkunnu.
farmacology vividha gaveshanangal nadathunnu; 1830-ll benzoil raadikkalinte thricharivu oru mudiyude veethiyil kanunnilla.
vividha sasyangalil ninnu labhikkuna raasa upolppannangal robikwet vishakalanam cheythittunda asperagus, madder root, ithinakam soochippichathupole, pradhana anubandha kandethalukalodoppam, koodaathe mattullavayum, ithu vaividhyamaarnna sasyangalil chila thanmaathrakalude nilanilpp ekeekarikkaan sahayichu. angane, 1809-ll, robikwet madyathinte verukalil ninnu oru madhuramulla dravyam verthirichedukkunnu, athine addeham glycerihisine ennu vilikkunnu, glycerihisayil ninnu, eee janussinte moolyanirnnayathil ninnu madyathil ulppedunnu. ennamayamulla oru amsham (0.8%), oru gumm, albuminic padaarthangal, tannin, annajam, manjaniratthilulla chayam, kayperiya ruchiyulla oru bhagam, aaspaaraagiyil ninnu pole, christalise cheyyaanum asparajinu aduthathaayi thonnanum kazhiyunna oru bhagam, athu 1828 ll plisoon theliyikkum.
robikwet athupole thanne mrugangalude vividha koshangalum vishakalanam cheythu. angane 1810-ll addeham "litta vesicatoriya" enna praaniyil ninnu verthirichu, cantheridine ennu vilikkunna oru thanmatra, aaa praaniyude kadutha prakopanatthinum kumilakalkum kaaranamaanennu addeham theliyikkunnu, koodaathe mrugangalil ninnu muttakalude samrakshanamaayi eee thanmatra upayogikkunna bandhamillaattha vividha enangalil ithu kaanapedunnu [1] (aaa thanmaathrayude kramatthil ulppedunna rund praanikalude kudumbangal melioida oodemerideyum. laitta vesicatoriya enna litta janussilpetta aadya kudumbam aayirakkanakkin enangalaal sambannamaanu)
vaasthavathil, padinjaaran medittareniyanile aadyakaala classical kaalaghattatthile samskaarangalude naalukalil polum, speyinil ninnulla chila tharam eechakalkku unangiyathinu sesham thayyaareduppukalil upayogikkumbol kaamoddeepaka phalangal undakkunnathil prashasthi undaayirunnu. cantaridine atharam eedulla gunangal nalkunnuvennu orikkalum theliyikkappettittilla, athesamayam pathonpathaam noottaandil ariyappettirunna stricknin polulla ettavum akramasakthamaaya vishangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ithinu valare krithyamaaya vishavum vishavumaaya gunangalundennu robikwet theliyichu.
sophtt" reethikal vazhi labhikkuna parambaraagatha prakrithi samyukthathinte yadhaartha phalapradamaaya bhagamaaya "oorjjaswalamaaya" reethikal upayogichu verthirikkaanulla saadhyatha 1810-ll thanne theliyicha eee prathyeka patanam pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil valarnnuvarunna rasathanthranjarude samoohathinu maathrukaaparamaayathaanu, koodaathe kurachu pathittaandukalkkullil europiludaneelamulla vardhichuvarunna gaveshana grouppukalil ninnu avishwasaneeyamaaya ennam thanmathrakal nalkunna samanamaaya shramangalude oru tirakk valare vegathil preripikkum.
athe anweshanathinte chattakkoodil, sasyakoshangale bhakshikkunna pranikalkkullil euric aasidinte saannidhyavum robikwet saakshyappeduthunnu.
ekadesham pathinanju varshathinullil, prunus dalsisil ninnu labhikkuna sankeernamaaya padaarthamaaya kayperiya badaam ennayekkurichum piyari robikwet niravadhi anweshanangal nadatthum. 1816-ll, jeane-jacq kolinodoppam, avarkk "eedhar hydrochloric" (1,2-dichloro eedheyn) ennu vilikkunna oru puthiya ghadakam labikkukayum athu punarujjeevippikkunna marunnayi pracharippikkan avar sramikkukayum cheyyum.
1830-ll robikvettinoppam addeham amigdalin ennu vilikkunna oru puthiya thanmatra labhikkunnu; eee ghadakam vichitramaaya gunangal avatharippikkukayum thelivu labhicha aadyathe glycosidaayirunnu. eee kandethal 6 kaarban benzenoic ghadanaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla sugandha thanmaathrakalude valia kudumbatthilekku vaathil thurakkukayaayirunnu. upolppannangalil amigdalin vibhajikkaanulla avarude vividha sramangalil, robikwet, boutron-charlard ennivaykku benzaldehyde labhichu, pakshe amigdalinte gadanayekkurichu sariyaaya vyaakhyaanam nalkunnathil avar parajayappettu, athinaal benzoil raadikkalinte thirichariyal nashtappettu. eee avasana ghattam kurachu maasangalkk sesham (1832) friedrich vohler justus libig nedi, eee vazhithirivaya phalatthinte ellah kredittum eee randuperkkum labhichu, athu vaividhyamaarnna prayogangalulla raasavasthukkalude vyavasaayathin thikachum puthiya shaakha thurakkukayaayirunnu.
19-aamm noottaandiludaneelam (ernst tii prothsaahippicha) amigdalin, anubandha thanmathrakal enniva upayogichittundu. crebs), 20-aamm noottaandukal cancer virudha marunnukalaayi, ennirunnaalum yadhaartha nettangalekkurichu anischitha falangalulla, 1972-ll sloon-kettaring cancer instittyoottile oru padanatthil amigdalin (palappozhum "latrile" enna brand naamatthil vilkkunnu) shareerathil pottitherikkukayum sionide roopappedukayum cheiyunnathinaal vishaamshamullathaanennu theliyikkapettu.
baahya linkukal.
ekkol dii farmacy", innu paareesile "faakkaltti dii farmacy" (farmaceutical sciences sarvakalashaala), nilakollunnu 4, avanyoo dii observattoyar, paarees 5