
sankai

pradhaanamaayum thavitt (allengil aambar), pacha, creamy oof-vaitt ennee moonnu nirangalil glaceukalo slipo upayogichu chainees manpathrangalil oru vaividhyamaarnna tharatthilulla alankaaramaanu sankai (). ekadesham 700 oolam kaanapedunna tang rajavamshavumaayum (618-907) athinte shavakudeera roopangalumaayum ithu prathyekichum bandhappettirikkunnu. athinaal, ithine saadhaaranayaayi chainees bhashayil tang sankai ennu vilikkunnu. tang sancay charakkukale chilappol chainayilum padinjaaran chainayilum dealermar "muttayum cheerayum" ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnu, avayude pacha, manja, veluppu ennivayude upayogathinu, prathyekichu oru varakalulla falavumaayi samyojippikkumbol.
purathana chainees seramic firing saankethikavidyakalude nidhiyaan tang rajavamsham moonnu nirangalulla glazed manpathrangal. tang raajavamshathil janapriyamaaya oru tharam kuranja thapanilayulla thilangunna manpaathramaanith. manja, pacha, vella, thavitt, neela, karupp, mattu nirangal ennivayaanu glazinu ullathu. manja, pacha, vella nirangal adisthaanamaakkiyullavayaanu ettavum pradhaanamaayathinaal aalukal ithine "tang sankai" ennu vilikkunnu."tang sankai luvoyangil aadyakaalamaayi kandethukayum luvoyangil ettavum kooduthal kaanappedukayum cheiyunnathinaal ithine" luvoyang tang sankai "ennum vilikkunnu."
ithu ledu-glazed manpathrangal upayogikkunnu, rund firingukal aavashyamaanenkilum, ithu nirmmikkunnath eluppavum athinaal chainees porsaline allengil seladoninekkaal vilakuranjathum aavashyamenkil aadyathe firinginu sesham kootticherttha niravadhi mould cheytha vibhagangal kondu nirmmicha valia roopangal nirmmikkaan anuyojyavumaanu. mikkavarum cheruthum samskarikkunnathinaayi nirmmichathumaaya pathrangal saankethikavidyayilum roopangalilum nirmmichavayaanu. moonnu adii neelamulla cheria plettukal, saadhaaranayaayi ekadesham 18-40 centimeter (7-16 inch) veethiyullava, "oofaring-trekal" ennu vilikkappedunnava, mattu tharatthilulla kashanangale apekshichu kooduthal shradhaapoorvvam niyantrithamaaya alankaarangalulla oru savishesha tharam aanu. 
vediyuthirtha kalimanninte swaabhaavika niratthil ninnu veluthathu vannekkaam, chilappol sutharyamaaya glaze kondu pothinjirikkaam, allengil velutha slip undakam. thavittuniravum pachayum nirangal oru ledu glacylake mettal ooksaidukal cherkkunnathil ninnaan vannath, vaasthavathil neelayum karuppum kaanapedunnu. irakkumathi cheytha cobalt cherkkunnathil ninnaan neela vannath, athinaal kooduthal chelaveriyathum palappozhum cheria kashanangalil mithamaayi upayogichirunnathumaan.
saankethikavidya.
sankai" seraamiksinte body velutha kalimannu kondu nirmmichathum kalar glaze kondu pothinjathum 800 digri selshyas thapanilayil vediyuthirthathum aayirunnu. "sancay" oru tharam ledu-glazed manpaathramaanu ledu ooksaid glazile pradhana fluxes aayirunnu, palappozhum 3:1 anupaathathil quartsinoppam kalarthi. chembu (pachayaayi maarunna), irumbu (thavitt manjayaayi maarunna), manganese, cobalt (neelayaayi maarunna) enniva colouring ejantukalaayi upayogichaanu polychrome prabhavam labhichathu.
hebeyile tongchuwan, neekki kaundi, henanile gongsian ennividangalil sthithi cheiyunna choola saittukalil, shmashaanavasthukkaayi upayogikkunna kalimannu tang kushavanmar upayogikkunnathinu samanamaayirunnu. samakaalika vaitt veyarukalekkaal kuranja thaapanilayilaan shmashana vasthukkal vedivachathu. aalukal, ottakangal, kuthirakal ennivayulla prashasthamaaya tang raajavamshathinte shavakudeera roopangal polulla shavakudeerangalil ("shmashana vasthukkal") shavakudeera vasthukkalkkaayi nirmmicha valia roopangal kaliman slip upayogichu bhagangal orumichu lute cheytha achukalaayi vibhagangalaayi idunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, kaikondu kothupanikaliloode kootticherttha prathimakalk oru paridhivare vyakthithvam nalkiyirunnu.
orumichu upayogikkumbol, glaceukal arikukalil parasparam chernnu alankaarathinte swabhaavam nalkunnu. krithyamaaya peyint cheytha oofaring-trekalkku purame, kooduthalum vyathyastha nirangalil ulla pradeshangalkkaayi roopappeduthiya kondoorukal ullathinaal, mikka kashanangalilum nirangal ayanjathum ashradhamaayi polum prayogikkunnu. splashing spotting palappozhum upayogikkunnu, paathrangalilum chithrangalilum nirangal palappozhum aashwaasa pradeshangalo shareerathinte vividha bhaagangalo pinthudaraan sramikkunnilla. paintingiloo releafilo alankaara roopangal thunitharangal, aabharanangal, lohappani ennivayil ninnu kadameduthathaanu.
vikasanam.
"veluthathum buff-firing dvitheeya kayolinukalum thee kalimannum upayogichaanu vadakkan chainayil "sankaay" vasthukkal nirmmichathu. "hahn kaalaghattatthile (25-220 AD) pacha niratthilulla manpaathrangalude vikasanathe "sancay" pinthudarunnu; thavitt niratthilulla manpaathravum hahn ariyamaayirunnu, pakshe avaa valare apoorvamaayi maathrame iva randum orotta kashanathil kalarthiyulloo. hahn kazhinjaal eee glaceukalude upayogam ekadesham naanoor varshathekku aprathyakshamaakunnu, ithu vidagthare aashayakkuzhappathilaakki. athijeevichavaril bhooribhaagavum shmashana vasthukkalil ninnullavaraan, avaa idakkaala kaalayalavil vedivaykkaatha pigmentukal kondu varachirikkunnu (athinaal ippol kooduthalum kashanathil ninnu veenu). ennaal oru thulli kashanagal "hahn-sui, thaang ennivaye bandhippikkunna durbalamaaya leed-glazing paarambaryam" kaanikkunnu.
sankaay" shailiyude mungaamikale chila vadakkan kii (<aii. dii. 1>) seramic srishtikalilum kaanaan kazhiyum. tang raajavamshathinte keezhil vikasippichathayi munbu karuthiyirunna, splash cheytha pacha designukalulla porsalaneous ware polulla manoharamaaya chila karakaushala vasthukkal vadakkan kii shavakudeerangal velippeduthi.
ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathinu thottumunbu poornnamaaya polychrome "sancay" kompineshan prathyakshappedunnu. ekadesham 70 varshangalkk sesham, 755 leeii valare vinashakaramaaya oru lushan kalapavum 763 ll vadakku tibattan adhinivesavum moolam shavakudeerangalude nirmmaanam eathaandu poornnamaayum avasanichathaayi thonnunnu, ennaal kappalukal ambathu varshamo athil kooduthalo thudarnnu.
mattoru neenda edavelaykku sesham, avasana tangilum liavo raajavamshathilum (vidoora vadakku ninnu verpirinja oru videsha rajavamshamaaya 907-1125) "sancay" veendum nirmikkappettu. shethrangalkkaayi nirmmicha valia vasthukkalkkaayi ithu palappozhum upayogichirunnu. kshethrangalile prathyeka luwahan haalukalil palappozhum sankai luwahan roopangalude oru koottam poornna valippam vare pradharshippichirunnu. avasheshicha ivayil chilath saamskaarika viplavathe athijeevichu. vividha paashchaathya myoosiyangalkkidayil ippol vitharanam cheyyappedunna oru liavo rajavamsha koottamaanu yixian glazed manpathrangal louvehoneukal, athu valare prashasthamaan. asaadhaaranamaamvidham, iva nirmmichathu aantharikamaayi pinthunaykkunna irumbu baarukale chuttippattiyaan. aaraadhanaalayangalkku chuttum valia rakshaadhikaarikalude roopangalum nirmmichu.
kappalukal.
shavakudeerathinte roopangal avarude swantham lekhanathaal moodappettirikkunnu. mattoru tharatthilulla "sankai" kashanagal niravadhi aakruthiyilulla paathrangalaayirunnu, pakshe valare valuthaayirunnilla, ellaam shavakudeerangalil maathram kaanapedunnu, orupakshe avaykkaayi maathrame nirmmichulloo. aakruthikalude savisheshatha kooduthalum "vyathyasthamaaya rooparekhakalum eathaandu athisayakaramaaya vrithaakrithiyum, eathaandu pottitherikkunna ghattathilekku vikasikkunnu" ennathaanu. purathana greak manpathrangalil ninnu kandethaamenkilum, mikkavarum chainees ithara roopangal sweekarikkunnu, avayil chilath amphora (rund kaivashamulla pathrangal), oyinko (thuppal kaippidiyumulla jug allengil ever) ennee greak padangalaal vivarikkaam, avasaanatheth saadhaaranayaayi oru pakshiyude thalayude roopathil oru mulpadarppu allengil "fenguwang" (chainees phoenix) roopathil aayirikkum. oyaasis samsthaanangalileyum padinjaaran maddhya eshyayile nagarangalileyum hellenistic athijeevanangalil ninnaan iva uruthirinjathu. amphora" yude kaippidikal palappozhum oru dragoninte thalayil shareerathil veendum cherunnu. mattu roopangal parambaraagathamaayi chainees aanu, athaayath lidd jaar. purathana greak manpathrangal soochippichathupole, shavakudeerangal dasanmareyum mrugangaleyum aavarthichathupole, marichavar jeevithathil upayogichatho aagrahichatho aaya lohathil, orupakshe velliyil pathrangal samskarikkunnathinu seramic pathrangal vilakuranja pakarppukalaayirunnuvennu saadhyamaan.
kuythukaarante chakratthil ippozhum lalithamaaya roopangal nirmmikkappedunnumdum pala kashanangalkkum onnukil thunnal vazhiyo allengil niravadhi kashanagal nirmmikkaan upayogikkunna pooppal vazhiyo prayogikkunna aashvaasam nalkunna alankaarangalundu.
swaadheenangal.
silk rodiloode sanjaricha sancay pinneedu 13 muthal 15-aamm noottaandinte pakuthi vare syrian, cypriot, thudarnnu itaaliyan manpathrangal ennivayil vyaapakamaayi upayogichu. japanese, nagayo ware polulla mattu kizhakkan eshyan seramic kalakalilum sancay oru janapriya shailiyaayi maari.
kwinginu keezhil punarujjeevanam.
king raajavamshathin keezhil (1644-1910), chakravartthimaarude purathana abhiruchikale prathifalippikkunna uyarnna nilavaaramulla thalatthil punarujjeevippicha niravadhi muun chainees shailikalil onnaayirunnu sancay charakkukal. eee kashanagal jingdeshen porsalainil nirmmichathaanu, saadhaaranayaayi samakaalika roopangal alankarikkaan glaceukalil upayogikkunna sancay paalat, palappozhum "dappled" efakttinaayi boold splashukal upayogikkunnu. avaa valare pazhakkamullavayayi avatharippikkanulla oru shramavum prathyakshatthil nadannilla-chuvadeyulla oru kashanathinu "vyaja" bharanachihnamundu, ennaal onnu pathinanjaam noottaandil maathramaan.
aadhunika prathyulppaadana vyapaaram.
1980kalilum 1990 kalude thudakkathilum tang sancay kashanangalude punarnirmmaanangal chainees sarkkar videsha nethaakkalkku sammaanamaayi ayaykkukayum chainayil valare janapriyamaakukayum cheythu. oru ghattathil 3,000-ladhikam faaktarikal undaayirunnu, avayil bhooribhaagavum cheruthum cheenjathumaan, karakaushalathinte thottilaya luvoyang nagarathinu chuttum thalikkapettu. kuzhappakaramaya oru vilayudhathil parasparam kuraykkaan thudangunnathuvare avar mosham tang shailiyilulla sankaay kashanagal valia thothil kuzhachu. vipaniyil amithamaya saannidhyathode avarude uthppannangalil palathum theruvu kachavadakkaar vilppanaykkethichu.
puthiya saankethikavidyakalude vikasanathil ninnu punarulpadana bisinasinu prayojanam labhichu. violile chilarkk ettavum parichayasambannaraaya annukaleppolum viddikalaakkunna srishtikal nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. vyaja saankethikavidyayude krithyathayaal dhairyappedukayum amithamaya labham aakarshikkappedukayum cheytha chilar paastichukal orijinalukalaayi vilkkunnu.

