
gastetnar

gestetnar athinte kandupiduthakkaranaaya david gestetnarude (1854-1939) perilulla oru tharam duplicating mesheenaan. irupathaam noottaandil, "gustetnering" enna padatthil "gustetnering" ennathupole "gastetnar" enna padam oru kriyayayi upayogichirunnu. 1879ll aadyathe pettant phayal cheythukondu gesttatnar kambani landanil thangalude adithara sthaapichu. gesttatnar kudumbatthinte niyanthranatthil thudarukayum mattu bisinasukal ettedukkukayum cheythukondu bisinesses valarnnu. 1995ll jappaanile rico korppareshan gesttatnar kambaniye etteduthu.
charithram.
1854ll hangariyil janicha david gesttatnar, viyannayilum newyorkkilum jolie cheytha sesham englandile landanilekku thamasam maari, avide 1879ll thante aadyathe pakarppavakashapathram phayal cheythu. pinneedu 1881ll cyclostyle enna cyclograph pakarppavakasha upakaranathinte bhagamaaya stylasinaayirunnu pettant. athe varsham thanne, thanippakarpp yanthrangal, stensilukal, staili, mashi rollerukal, anubandha uthppannangal enniva nirmmikkunnathinayi addeham gesttatnar cyclograph kambaniyum sthaapichu. 1906ll north landanile tottenham heyilil aarambhicha gasttatnar works 1990 vare 153 vyathyastha rajyangalil pravarthichu aayirakkanakkin aalukale niyamichu. gestetnarude kandupiduthangal ottaraathrikond vijayamaavukayum gestetnar uthppannangal vilkkukayum sevanangal nalkukayum cheiyunna branch offeesukalude oru anthaaraashtra shringhala sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum madhyathilum gesttatnar kambani athivegam vikasichu. david gestetnarude makan sigmund gestetnarinum addehathil ninnu addehathinte makkalaya david, jonathan ennivarkkum niyanthranam kaimari. eee varshangalil gesttatnar mattu kambanikale swanthamaakki nashwa (pinneedu nashuyet ennu maari), rex rottari, hanimex, savin.
1995ll anthaaraashtra gesttatnar kambaniyum athinte brand jappaanile rico kambani etteduthu. kambaniye enrg group plc ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum pradhaanamaayum europe, dakshinaafrikka, middle eest ennividangalil mathramalla lokamembaadumulla dealermar vazhiyum athinte moonnu pradhana brand namangalil vipanikalum sevanangalum rico uthppannangalum nalkukayum cheythu. europil, gesttatnar group enrg groupaayi maari, athu 2007 epril 1 nuu rico europaayi maari. aaa theeyathiyil rico athinte gasttatnar dealer shringalaye vadakke american vipaniyilekku recoic vendi lanier branded uthppannangal vilkkunna lanier dealer shringalayumaayi layippichu. gestetnarum lanier braandukalum varshangalayi ore uthppannangal vipananam cheiyunnu" enna vasthuthaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu layanathinte yukthiyenn rico soochippichu. athinaal, lanier branded uthppannangal rico, savin ennivaykku thulyamaanenkilum gestnarinte american upabhokthaakkalkk munbathe gestnar branded uthppannangalkk pakaram lanier branded uthppannangal upayogikkaan kazhiyum.
gestetnar cyclograph.
mezhuk pothinja nerttha paper sheett upayogichirunna (yadhaarthathil kaitt paper upayogichirunnu) oru stensil-methed duplicatoraayirunnu gestetnar cyclograph, ithu oru prathyeka stailas upayogichu ezhuthiyirunnu, athu stensililoode oru takarnna vara avasheshippikkukayum pepparinte mezhuk coating neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. mashi stensililoode (yadhaarthathil oru mashi roller upayogichaanu) nirbandhikkukayum athu oru velutha kadalaasil athinte mudra pathippikkukayum cheythu.
eee samayam vare, oru bisinesses nadathunnathinu aavashyamaaya eathenkilum "hraswa pakarpp pravartthikkunnu"-udha.jii.karaarukal, karaarukal allengil kathukalude 10-50 pakarppukal nirmmikkunnathin-kaikondu pakarthendathundu. (kooduthal aavashyamundengil, rekha printarukalilekku pokendivarum.) rann pakarthiyathinushesham, bisinesses pankaalikalkk avayellaam krithyamaayi orupoleyaanennum manushya pishak oru vyathiyana pakarppinum kaaranamayillennum urappakkaan oronnum vaayikkendivannu. eee prakriya samayamedukkunnathum niraashaajanakavumaayirunnu. ellah koppikalum yaanthrikamaayi samaanamaayathinaal oru pakarpp maathrame vaayikkendathulloo ennaanu stensil-koppi reethi ardhamaakkunnathu. athinaal oafees pakartthal prakriyayil gasttatnar viplavam srishtichu.
gesttatnar thante kandupidutham vikasippicheduthu, stensil oduvil oru jodi karangunna drummukalkku chuttum pothinja oru screenil sthaapikkukayum athil mashi vaykkukayum cheythu. drummukal karangukayum mashi screeninte uparithalathil oru jodi thuni pothinja rollerukal thulyamaayi parathukayum stensilil nirmmicha murivukaliloode nirbandhikkukayum oru paper sheettilekk maattukayum cheythu, athu duplicatoriloode nalkukayum thaazhathe drumminethire presher rollerukal amarthukayum cheythu. screeninte oro poornnamaaya bhramanavum oru sheett nalkukayum print cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
reymond lovi roopakalppana cheytha ettavum prashasthamaaya gasttatnar mesheenayirikkaam model 66; udaaharanagal nilavil britiish myusiyathilum vaitthaalile charchilinte vaar bankarilum sookshichirikkunnu.
aadyathe typetiter kandupidichathinushesham, type cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru stensil srishtichu, angane kaiyyaksara vasthukkalkk pakaram achadicha pathrangalkkum pusthakangalkkum samanamaaya pakarppukal srishtikkunnu.