
pisakkile inca complexes

kaarshika terresukal, thaamasasthalangal, kaaval posttukal, vaachu towerukal, peru thaazhvarayile aadhunika pattanamaya pisakinu mukalilulla oru parvathanirayil sthithi cheiyunna oru aachaaraparamaaya/mathaparamaya kendram ennivayude oru valia incan samuchayamaan pisaakkile inca complexes. samuchayathinte avashishtangalude praadhaanyam thirichariyunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinumayi 1983-ll pisac deseeya puraavastu paarkk sthaapichu.
charithram.
pradeshathu kandethiya luker, kilkke manpaathrangalude avashishtangal soochippikkunnathu eee sthalam kurachukaalamaayi niranjirikkukayaanennu.
vilkanotta nadiyude poshakanadikalaaya kvuthamaayoykkum chongoikkum edayilulla kunninpuratthu inca orupakshe munkaalathe oru aadyakaala vaasasthalam nilaninnirunnu. samudaayam avarude vilakal terresukalilum vellapokka samathalathilum valarthi. pinneedu mattu gothrangalil ninnulla bheeshanikal kuranjathode gramavaasikal kuskoyilekkum yurkosilekkum pradhana roadylake neengi.
innu avasheshikkunna samuchayam eppozhaanu nirmmichathennu ariyilla, ennaal inkakalude sambhavanakal 1440 nuu munballa inca chakravarty pachakutty (1438-1471/1472) nirmmichathennaanu samavayam.
pala gadanakaludeyum mikacha avastha undaayirunnittum, saittinte yadhaartha uddeshyathekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. padinjaaran praveshana kavaadatthe chokwekwiraavoyum vadakku ollantaittaamboyum samrakshichappol, pavitra thaazhvarayude thekkan praveshana kavaadatthe pisac prathirodhichuvennu chila gaveshakar vishwasikkunnu. inca saamraajyathe mazhakkaadukalude athirthiyumaayi bandhippikkunna oru paatha athinte sthaanam niyanthrichirunnu, athinaal antisue mekhalayil (inca saamraajyathinte kizhakkan bhagam), innathe pachakuttekk, manuu kaadu ennividangalil thaamasichirunna aantisikalude (ashaninga, tsimen thudangiya niravadhi theevra vamseeya grouppukalkkulla oru koottaaya inca padam) akramanangalil ninnu kusko samrakshikkaan kazhiyum.
theerchayaayum eee sthalam oru nireekshanakendravum mathaparamaya sthalavumaayirunnu, oru valia kottayude kothalangal upayogichu ithu shakthippeduthiyenkilum, inkakakal spaniardukalil ninnu thangalude saamraajyathe samrakshikkaan orikkalum ivide pinmariyilla. 1534ll manco inca spaanishinethire kalapam nadathiyappol, ollandaittaampoyilekku pinvaangunnathinumbu 18 kilometer (11 mile) thaazheyulla calcoyil addeham aadyam sthaanam etteduthu. ithu soochippikkunnathu pisac kuskoyumaayi valare aduthaayirunnuvennu addeham kanakkakki ennaanu.
innu pala pandithanmaarkkidayilum (avaril kiim makwari ulppedunnu) samavayam pachakootty ithu vividhodheshya vaasasthalamaayum kottayaayum nireekshanaalayamaayum mathaparamaya sthalamaayum nirmmichathaanu. eee rolil athu addehathinte panakka (kudumbatheyum pingaamikaleyum) pinthunaykkukayum kuskoyil ninnu valare akale sthithi cheiyunna oru otappetta rajakeeya pinvaangal nalkukayum cheyyum, avide adhehathinum prabhukkanmarkkum sainika prachaaranangalkkidayil visramikkaanum achaaraparavum mathaparavumaya chadangukal nadatthaanum apakadasamayangalil oru abhayasthaanamaayi varthikkaanum athupole thanne cuyosinethiraaya addehathinte vijayangale anusmarikkaanum kazhiyum.
pisakinu purame pachakutty sthaapichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna mattu rajakeeya estettukal ollantaittaambo, maachu pichu (wilkabamba thaazhvarayude adhinivesham) ennivayaayirunnu. pachakkutty vadikkaanulla goodaalochanayil kuyos ulppettirunnu, athu mikka kuyos kollappedunnathuvare krooramaayi adichamarthappettu.
valipavum kuskoyude saameepyavum undaayirunnittum inca komplexinekkurichu spanish charitrakaaranmaaril aarum paraamarshichittilla.
1570kalil viceroi toledoyanu inca complexinte avashishtangalkk thaazheyulla thaazhvarayil aadhunika pattanamaya pisac nirmmichathu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil peruvile us kammeeshanaraaya ephraim jorjju squier (1821-1888) pisac sandarshikkukayum 1877 ll addehathinte "peru-incas deshathe yaathrayudeyum paryavekshanatthinteyum sambhavangal" enna pusthakatthil inca avashishtangalekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkukayum cheythappozhaanu inca samuchayathinte aadya aadhunika vivaranam sambhavichathu. squier thante pusthakatthil samuchayathekkurichu inipparayunna aamukham nalkki
engleesh samsaarikkunna lokathinte shradhayilppeduthunnathu skviyarinte pusthakam valareyadhikam sahayichu. austriyan-franch shaasthranjanum paryaveshakanumaaya chaals weiner (1851-1919) pisac sandarshikkukayum "perau ettu boleevi" (paarees, 1880) enna pusthakatthil thante paryaveshanangalekkurichu oru vivaranam ezhuthukayum cheythu.
2016 februvari 12 nuu, 10 vayassulla valeria aarlett garzia escobar thante peruvian kudumbathodoppam samuchayam paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinide paarakkett veenu marichu. thaledivasam ratri peytha kanatha mazhayum sakthamaaya sooryaprakaashavum paarakale ayanjathaakkiyathaakaamennu vishwasikkappedunnu. mattu rund kudumbaangalkk parikkettu. apakadamundaaya pradesham inca kettidangalkk sameepamallathathinaal attakuttappanikalkk sesham 2016 septambar 1 vare pisaakh archaeological paarkkukal adachu.
ellah varshavum august 24 nuu vilkka ramiyude bahumaanaartham samuchayathil aakhoshangal nadakkunnu.
archaeological paarkk sthaapikkuka.
maachu pichuvum kusko yuneskoyude loka paithruka pattikayil ulppeduthiyathinu marupadiyaayi 23765-leeii niyamam ollanteytaambo, pisac, pickillacta, tippon ennee puraavastu paarkkukalum raajyathinte saamskaarika paithrukathinte bhagamaaya vishudha thaazhvarayile mattu puraavastu sthalangalum prakhyaapichappozhaanu eee sthalam aadyamaayi samrakshikkappettath. 1983 desember 15nuu niyamasabhaayogam ekakandamaayi eee niyamam amgeekarikkukayum aaa varsham desember 30nuu executive prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. pisac archaeological paarkk ulkkollunna pradesham pinneedu 2002 meyy 17 nuu deseeya nirddesha prameyamaaya nambar. 429-2002.
9, 063 hector visthruthiyilaanu desheeyodyaanam sthithicheyyunnathu.
vivaranam.
vishudha thaazhvarayude praveshana kavaadatthil sthithi cheiyunna incan samuchayam samudranirappil ninnu 3,446 meter muthal 3,514 meter vare uyarathil kidamayu nadikkum (padinjaaru) chongo nadikkum (kizhakk) edayilulla oru parvathanirayiloode ekadesham oru kilometer neendunilkkunnu.
eee samuchayathe ezhu vasthuvidyaa mekhalakalaayi (vadakku ninnu thekkott) thirichirikkunnu-quandus raakhaay, khallaakh 'aasa, inca concorina, indivaathaana, pisaakha, hospitalniyak, kanchis raake. ivaye prakrithidatha bhoopradeshathaal verthirikkappedunnu, ennaal idungiya paathakaliloode athicheraavunna reethiyil malancheriviloode kaatt veeshunnu, rund sthalangalil kanaalukal vitharanam cheiyunna vellamulla rund thurankangaliloode kadannupokunnu. samuchayathinte vividha pradeshangalude mikkavarum ellah yadhaartha perukalum nashtappettu; innu ariyappedunna perukal paarambaryavum charitrakaaranmaarum puraavastu gaveshakarumaanu sthaapichathu.
motor vaahanathil varunna sandarshakar athunna samuchayathinte aadya bhagam samuchayathinte vadakkukizhakkan moolayilulla canches rekkaanu. canches raysake thekk niravadhi terresukalil (andeans) aadyathethaanu, athesamayam padinjaaru oru peedabhoomiyil kittamayu nadikku sameepam naalu shudheekarana kulikalulla oru kulimuri samuchayamundu.
kittamayu nadiyude ethir karayil kramarahithamaya eathaandu lambamaya parvatha charivil eee mekhalayile ettavum valia pree-hyspanic semiteriyude kollayadikkapetta shavakudeerangalude aasthaanamaaya thaa 'antana maarkkayaan.
kulimuriyude thekk bhagathaayi kunnin charivukalil veedukalum sambharanikalum ulkkollunna oru paarppida pradeshamaaya khallaakh 'aasayund. chila srothassukal anusarichu ithu haanam pisaakh (upper pisaakh) ennum ariyappedunnu.
eee pooyintil ninnu thekk moonnu vazhikalundu. kittamayu nadikku mukalilulla malancherivinte padinjaaran bhaagathukoodi tianayokkilekkulla oru paathayiloode oraal thudarunnu, athil ninnu 3 meter neelamulla thurankatthiloode inca kongorinayilethunnu, ithu oru bharana pradesamaanu. ithinu thaazhe samuchayathinte aachaaraparamaaya-mathaparamaya pradesamaanu, athinte pradhana savisheshatha indivaathanayaanu (khechuvayil, sooryante bandhanam, intihuvaadana ennum ariyappedunnu).
randaamathe paatha kizhakkan chariviloode khallaakh 'aasayude adithattilekku veezhukayum thudarnnu kunnin mukaliloode thekkott thudarukayum oru bhagika mathilil amaru panku (sarppa kavaadam, kechuva ettimolaji) enna trapasoidal kavaadatthiloode thudarnnu paarayil ninnu pollayaya 16 meter neelamulla thurankatthiloode tianayokkil ninnu inthivaathanayilekku nayikkunna paathayumayi bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. moonnaamathe paatha valia terresinte thekk bhaagathekku thaazhekku erangukayum thudarnnu lintal illaatha oru kavaadatthiloode kadannupokukayum kizhakk vashathe kunninvashathu thekkott pookukayum avide vazhi inthivaathanayilekko nere pisaakha pradeshathekko shaakhakal thurakkukayum cheiyunnu.
inthivaathanayil ninnu athinte thekkukizhakkan moolayil ninnu aarambikkunna oru paatha parvathatthinte silauttine pinthudarnnu ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla pisaakha pradeshathekku thaazhekku pathikkunnu. pisaakha pradeshathu ninnu kunnin mukaliloode bhaagikamaayi thaazhekku erangunna oru pathayum undu, athil rund gadanakal maathrame ulloo.
inthivaathanayil ninnu oru paatha malancherivinte mukaliloode thekkott koriveraachina pradeshathe vaachu gopurangalkkum (pukkara) hospitalniyak pradeshathe storhouseukalkkum (kulkhaas) pookunnu. pinneedu kuthaneyulla terresingiloode thaazhekku erangunna paatha, piscayil ninnulla oru paathayumayi layikkunnathinayi chuvadukalude attathekku athunnu. eee junctionil ninnu paatha ridge kresttiloode kadannupokukayum kooduthal kaarshika terresukaliloode erangukayum cheiyunnu, kithamayu nadiyude idungiya thaazhvara nirachu oduvil pattanatthilekku pookunna vishalamaaya kallu paathayumayi bandhippikkunnu.
padapattayokkum pisac pattanavum sthithicheyyunna ettavum thaazhnna terresukal ulppeduthiyaal samuchayam muzhuvan 65.5 hector visthruthiyullathaanu. mukalbhagam ulkkollunna terresukalum kettidangalum maathram aanenkil, samuchayathinte valippam 24 hector kurayunnu, athil ezhu vasthuvidyaa samuchayangal motham 4.3 hector ulkkollunnu.
paalangal.
niravadhi thookumara paalangal eee sthalathundu. athilonnu ippozhum aditharakal nilanilkkunna paachayokkilaayirunnu. mattonn indivaathana pradeshatthinte padinjaaru bhagathaanu sthithicheythirunnathu.
koriveraachina pradesham.
inthivaathanayude thekk ridjil "swarnna sifttar" ennartham varunna eee pradeshathu aashayavinimayathino nireekshanatthino upayogikkunna niravadhi gopurangalum ("pukkara") prathirodhatthinaayi upayogikkunna chila kuthaneyulla terresukalum undu.
hospitalniyak eriya.
hospitalniyak eriya ennariyappedunna koriverachinaykku thaazheyulla kizhakkan charivil adob kondu nirmmichathum thulya valippamullathumaya aarr sambharanikalundu ("kulkhaas", colca, colca, colca, colca, colca ennum ucharikkappedunnu). khulkhakal palappozhum grouppukalaayo blokkukalaayo nirmmichavayaayirunnu, avaa chathuraakrithiyilullatho (pisaakkilennapole) vrithaakruthiyilullatho aakam, pakshe ellaavarkkum oru murii maathrame undaayirunnulloo. avaa palappozhum kunnukalkkidayilanu sthithicheyyunnathu, athinaal avaa kooduthalum nizhalilaanu, athesamayam uyarnna uyaram avaykku nalla vaayusanjaaravum kuranja thapanilayum urappakkukayum avayude kedupaadukal undaakunnathil ninnu samrakshikkukayum cheythu. under flooring drainage kanaalukalum aantharika anthareeksham varandathaakkunnathinum daanyangal, urulakkizhangu thudangiya charakkukal rund varshamo athil kooduthalo sambharikkaan anuvadikkunnathinum adhika sahayangalaayirunnu.
inca kongorina pradesham.
inthivaathanathinu thottumukalilulla malancherivile oru bharanapradeshamaanith.
indivaathana pradesham.
iruvashathum vishalamaaya kaazhchakalulla oru cheria malancherivil sthithi cheiyunna samuchayathinte achaaraparavum mathaparavumaya pradesamaanu, ithu "indivathaana" yude madhyabhaagathulla saannidhyam kaaranam indivathaana allengil intihuvaadaana pradesham ennu vilikkappedunnu. engleeshil "sooryante adikkunna-poost" ennartham varunna oru kothiyeduttha aachaaraparamaaya paarayaanit. inthi" (suuryan), "vathana" (faasttanar) ennartham varunna kvechuva padamaaya inthivaathanayude hyspanic spellinganu intihuvaadana. 
dii" enna aksharathinu samanamaaya oru ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla kettidatthilaanu indivaathana sthithicheyyunnathu, oru paarshwaakrithiyilulla neraaya mathilulla pradhana kavaadam thekk bhagathaayi mikacha pink graanaittinte blokkukal kondu nirmmichirikkunnu. sooryante chalanagal nireekshikkunnathinum prathyekichu valarunna pradhana kaalangalude varavu nirnnayikkunnathinum ithu oru jyotishaasthra nireekshanaalayamaayi upayogichathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. juun 21 nuu suuryan kodumudiyude krithyamaayi mukalil kizhakode desember 21 nuu mattonnin mukalilum udikkunnu.
thaddesheeya vishwaasa sanbradaayathe thudachuneekkaan aagrahicha spanish vamshajar kothiyeduttha paaraykk kedupaadukal varuthi. kurachu varshangalkk munbu athinte oru bhagam nashippicha akramikal kaaranam eee bhagam ippol pothujanangalkkayi adachittirikkukayaanu.
inthivathaanayude vaasasthalamaaya kettidatthinu chuttum mattu anchu kettidangalundu, avayilonnu chandrane aaraadhikkunnathinaayi neekkivachathaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. inthivathanathinu munnil oru vishudha "chaakana" (inca cross) undu. bhoogarbha kanalilekku ozhukunna niravadhi aachaaraparamaaya kulangalum undu.
chandrane aaraadhikkunnathinaayi samarppichirikkavunna onnu ulppede mattu anchu kshethrangalude mathilukal indivathanathe chuttippattiyaan. indivathaanaykku munnil oru vishudha chaakana (inca cross) undu.
pisaakh.
200 meter akale indivaathanaykku thottaduthaayi oru valia ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla arikil sthithi cheiyunna 30 oolam kettidangalulla eee paarppida mekhalayaanu. swantham kulimuri koodaathe mattu paarppida pradeshangale apekshichu mikacha ishtika panikalum ivideyundu, ithu varenyarude vaasasthalamaayirunnuvennu soochippikkunnu.
samrakshana mathil.
naalu kavadangalaal thulachukayariya valia vasthrangal kondu nirmmicha oru valia mathil khallakhaasaa pradeshatthinte vadakkan aditharaye samrakshikkunnu. ippozhum athinte linttal nilanirthunna oreyoru paatha thekkott inthivaathaanayilekkum pisaakhayile elaitt residential eriyayilekkum nayikkunnu. amaru" (paambu), "pank" (vaathil) ennee kvechuva padangalil ninnu vanna amaru panku enna perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu, athinaal "sarppathinte vaathil" ennathinte pothuvaaya engleesh vivarthanam. keel ippozhum drishyamaanu.
khallaakh 'aasa pradesham.
samudranirappinu mukalilulla khallaakh 'aasa residential eriyayude peru varunnath intivathanayumaayi bandhippikkunna oru thurankathe paraamarsikkunna "khallaa" (murichathu), "khaasaa" (paas) ennee kvechuva padangalil ninnaan.
kunninte vashath ninnu thaazhekku pathikkunna athinte 23 kettidangal parukkan feeld kallil nirmmichavayaanu, adobumaayi chernnu kudungiyirikkunnu, ithu orupakshe thaazhnna nilayilulla thozhilaallikalaanu avar thaamasichirunnathennu soochippikkunnu.
quandus raakhaay (khanchis raakhaay) pradesham.
samudranirappil ninnu 3,446 meter uyarathil oru malayidukkaaya quandus raakhaayiyude (kvechuva padangalaaya "kwanches" (ezhu), "raakhaay" (enclosure) ennivayil ninnu) sthithicheyyunna eee pradesham "kaanthuraakhaay" ennum ariyappedunnu. samuchayathile moonnu paarppida pradeshangalil onnaaya ithu moonnu nilakalilaayi vyaapichukidakkunnu, kothupanikalillaattha cheli bandhita cheruthum idatharavumaaya kallukal kondu nirmmicha "pirka" tharam mathilukalulla parukkan kallu kettidangal ulkkollunnu. chuvarukalil aadyam kaliman stakko upayogichirunna ovartoppu undaayirunnu, ithu orupakshe thaazhnna nilayilullavar adhivasichirunnuvennu soochippikkunnu. pocartambo mekhalayilekkum antisuyoyilekkum pookunna roadine abhimukeekarikkunnathil ninnum samuchayathinte vadakkukizhakkan moolaye niyanthrikkunnathilum ithu orupakshe sainika kaavalkkaarante vaasasthalamaayo yudhasamayangalil praadeshika graamavaasikalkk abhayasthaanamaayo pravarthichirunnu.
maarkkattaan.
kidamayu nadhi ozhukunna kuliyude maruvashathulla inca kulangalkk ethirvashathu aduthulla parvathatthinte kuthaneyulla malancherivilekku muricha shavakudeerangalundu. columboic munbulla lokathile ettavum valia smashaanangalilonnaaya ithu, vividha naashanashtaavasthakalilaayi 3,500-ladhikam shavakudeerangal undaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum chila srothassukal 10,000 shavakudeerangal vare avakaashappedunnu. vikshepana saitt ennu vivarthanam cheyyaavunna "tanke" (push cheyyaan), "marca" (sthalam) ennivayil ninnaan ithinte peru vannath. inkanmaar punarjanmatthil vishwasichirunnathinaal avarude puthiya jeevithathinu aavashyamaaya ellah vasthukkalum bhakshanavum upayogichu avarude mammikale garbhapindatthil kuzhichittirunnu. spaaniyaardukalude varavinushesham, "huwakweros" (shavakudeera moshtaakkal) shavakudeerangale apavarthippeduthaanum aabharanangal, lohangal, vilayeriya kallukal enniva kollayadikkaanum madichilla. innu apavarthanathinte falamaayi cheria dwaarangal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo.
terresukal.
malanirakalude aakruthiye pinthudarunna chila sthalangalil uyaramulla "andeans" ennu vilikkunna ekadesham 500 kaarshika terresukalaal parvathatthinte uparithalam moodappettirikkunnu. mannidichilil ninnulla mannolippinte bheeshani avar kurachuvenkilum krishiyogyamaaya bhoomiyude alavu vipuleekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu avarude praadhamika lakshyam. saadhaaranayaayi 600 muthal 750 millimeter (23 muthal 30 inch) vare kattiyulla ekadesham parasparam cherunna feeld kallukalude mathilukalaal terresukal adangiyirikkunnu. 
oru samathulithamaaya nadeel srishtikkunnathinoppam eerppam nilanirthunnathinoppam, kallu nilanirthunna mathilukal pakal samayat choodaakukayum raathriyil thaapanila kurayumbol aaa choodu pathukke mannilekku vidukayum cheiyunnu, manju samayat sensitiivu chediyude verukal choodaayi nilanirthukayum angane valarunna season vikasippikkukayum cheiyunnu. uyarnna manobhaavathil vilakal valarthaanum avar anuvadichu, padanangal kandethiyathupole, terrous cheytha pradeshangalude anthareeksha thaapanila malanirakalekkaal 3 digri selshyas kooduthalaanu, koodaathe ekadesham uyarathil oru thazhottumulla maattavum. terresukalude thaazhathe nilakal backfill cheyyaan charal upayogikkunnathu vellam samrakshikkunnu, ennittum kanatha mazhayethudarnnu vellam ozhukunnundennum athinullil nirmmikkunnillennum mannu vikasippikkaanum mathilukal puratthekku thallaanum kaaranamakumennum urappaakkunnu.
samudranirappil ninnu meter uyarathil kuranjathu 14 vyathyastha aakruthiyilulla terresukalundaakum. avayil palathum innum upayogathilundu.
thaazhvarayude adithattilekkum nadiyilekkum vyaapichukidakkunna 40 vyakthigatha terresukal ulkkollunna andeans achapaattayaanu aadhunika pisakinu ettavum aduthulla terresukal.
tianuc.
rund perkku thamasikkaan kazhiyunna orotta paarayil ninnu muricha inca kongorina pradeshathinaduthulla oru seettaanith. athinaal "athinu irippidamundu" ennartham varunna "tianayuk" enna peru.
kittamayu malayidukkinte eee bhaagath orikkal aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna oru gopuratthinte avashishtangalum ivideyundu.
gopurangal.
eee samuchayathil 20-ladhikam gopurangalundu ("pucarus" ennu vilikkunnu, avaye rund tharangalayi tirikkaam "habitakulo" gopurangalum "attalaya" gopurangalum; aadyathethinu nannayi kothiyeduttha kallukalulla oru konaakrithiyilulla aakruthiyundu, avaa jalasambharanikalumayi bandhippichirikkunnu. attalaya gopurangal eathaandu konaakrithiyilullavayaanennum avaa kaaval gopurangalaayi upayogichirunnuvennum thonnunnu. innathe pisac pattanatthil ninnu mukalilekkulla paatha samrakshikkunna koriveraachina pradeshathaanu ettavum pradhaanappettava. gopurangalkku thaazhe terresukal (andeans) undu.
thurankangal.
khallaakh 'aasayude thaazhathe pradeshathe inthivaathaanayumaayi bandhippikkunna paathayile ridjinte kizhakkan charivil inca enchineeyarmaar paarayile swaabhaavika villal vipuleekarichu muzhuvan malancheriviloodeyum oru neenda thurankam srishtichu. tear drope aakruthiyilulla slitt oraalkk orotta phayal kadannupokaan paryapthamaaya veethiyullathaanu, ithu oru mikacha prathirodha sthalamaayi pravartthikkum.
khallaakhaasayil ninnu tianayuk vazhi malanirakalude mukal bhaagathukoodiyum moonnu meter neelamulla thurankatthiloode inthivaathanayilekkum oru paatha kadannupokunnu.
jalavitharanam.
samuchayathil kuranjathu anchu jalavitharana chaanalukalum randil kooduthal jalasechana chaanalukalum moonnil kooduthal kaarshika drainage chaanalukalum undu, ennaal gaarhika malinajala drainageilla.
samudranirappil ninnu oru cheria thadaakathil ninnu vellam shekharikkukayum oru kanal vazhi canches rakeykkum khallaakhaasaykkum edayilulla paranna pradeshathe nadikku sameepamulla naalu shudheekarana kulangalilekku athikkukayum mattoru kanaaliloode kadannupokukayum canches reke pradesham vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
mattoru jalasrothassaan kittamayu nadiyude idathu theerathulla oru neerurava, athu oru thadatthil shekharikkukayum thudarnnu tantana maarkkayude paadabhaagatthukoodi ozhukunna oru kanaalil athikkukayum cheiyunnu, thudarnnu athu nadhi kadannu neenda uyaramulla anthachaara akwadakt vazhi maruvashathekku kadakkukayum avide athu malancheriviloode mattoru neelamulla uyarnna akwaadakt (moonnu valia thoonukalil uyarthippidichirikkunnathu) vazhiyum thudarnnu oru kanaalil indivathaanaykku chuttumulla aachaaraparamaaya mathaparamaya pradeshathekkum kadannupokunnu. aantaa" (kooppar), "chaka" (bridge) ennee kvechuva padangalil ninnaan aantaachaakka enna peru vannath. inca kongorina pradeshathu ninnu kunnin mukaliloode ozhukunna oru cheria kanal uravakal vazhi pradhana kanalilekku ozhukunnu, ithu anthachaarayil ninnu indivaathana pradeshathekku vellam konduvarunnu.
indivaathana pradeshathu ninnu mattoru chaanal pisaakha pradeshathekku thaazhekku pathikkunnu.

