
raktham ozhukunnu.

rogavum rogavum thadayunnathino sukhappeduthunnathino oru rogiyil ninnu raktham pinvalikkunnathaanu blud letting (allengil blud letting). oru doctoro allengil leechukalo rakthasraavam nadathunnathu, rakthavum mattu shaareerika draavakangalum aarogyam nilanirthaan sariyaaya santhulithaavasthayil thudarenda "humour" aayi kanakkaakkappedunna oru purathana vaidyashaasthra sanbradaayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. purathana kaalam muthal pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare, 2,000 varshathilere neenduninna, shasthrakriya vidagdhar nadatthiya ettavum saadhaaranamaaya vaidyashaasthra sanbradaayamaanithennu avakaashappedunnu. europil, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare eee sambradaayam thaarathamyena saadhaaranamaayirunnu. valare prathyekamaaya chila medical avasthakal ozhike ellaavarkkumaayi aadhunika reethiyilulla vaidyashaasthram ippol eee sambradaayam upekshichu. bhooribhaagam kesukalilum, rakthachorichilinte charitraparamaaya upayogam rogikalkku doshakaramaayirunnu.
innu, "flebotamy" enna padam laborattari vishakalanathino rakthappakarchaykko vendi raktham varaykkunnathine soochippikkunnu. "hemochromatosis, polycytemia vera, porpheria katteniya tarda thudangiya prathyeka kesukalil oru yoonit raktham varaykkunnathine "therapeutic flebotamy" ennu vilikkunnu., chuvanna rakthaanukkalude ennam kuraykkunnathinu. rakthasraavam enna parambaraagatha vaidyashaasthra reethi innu oru kapadashaasthramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
purathana lokathil.
ebers paappirasil ninnulla bhagangal soochippikkunnathu scarfication vazhi raktham ozhikkunnathu purathana eejiptil amgeekarikkappetta oru sanbradaayamaayirunnu ennaanu.
eejipthile shavakudeerangalil rakthasraavam nadathunna upakaranangal adangiyirikkunnathaayi reportund.
chila vivaranagal anusarichu, eejipthukar hippopottamasinekkuritu nireekshanangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee ashayam, athinte chuvanna sravangale rakthavumayi aashayakkuzhappathilaakkum durithangal ozhivakkaan athu svayam porunnuvennu vishwasikkukayum cheythu.
greasil, bii. sii. anchaam noottaandil eee sanbradaayathekkurichu paraamarsikkunna hippocraattasinte jeevithakaalathu rakthachorichilukal upayogichirunnuvenkilum avar pothuve bhakshana saankethikavidyakale aashrayichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pala rogangalum rakthathile plethorakal allengil amithamaya alavil undaakunnuvenn iraasistraattas sidhaantham konduvarikayum thudakkathil vyayaamam, vearp, bhakshanam kazhikkunnath kuraykkuka, chharddi enniva vazhi eee plethorakale chikilsikkanamennu upadeshikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte vidyaarthi herophilus rakthachorichiline ethirthu. ennaal samakaalika greak vaidyanaaya archagathus, romil aadyamaayi practies cheythavaril oralaaya addeham rakthachorichilinte moolyathil vishwasichirunnu.
"rakthasraavam" enna rogiyude aarogyam aarthava prakriyayude maathrkayilaanu. aarthavaviramam "sthreekale mosham narmmangalil ninnu shudheekarikkunnathinaayi" pravarthikkunnuvennu hippocratus vishwasichu. roman saamraajyathinte kaalath, hippocraattasinte padippikkalukal amgeekaricha greak vaidyan gallen, vaidyan aarambhicha rakthachorichiline vaadichu.
classical medittareniyan lokath rakthasraavam enna aashayathinte janapreeti balappedutthi, sirakal mathramalla dhamanikalum raktham kondu niranjirikkunnuvennu addeham kandethiyathinethudarnn, akkaalat saadhaaranayaayi vishwasichirunnathupole vaayuvalla. addehathinte rakthasraavam enna sanbradaayathil rund pradhana aashayangalundaayirunnu. aadyathethu raktham srishtikkappedukayum pinneedu upayogikkukayum cheythu; athu sanjarichilla, athinaal athu kaikalude attathu "nischalamaakum". randaamathethu, yathaakramam vaayu, jalam, bhoomi, agni ennee naalu greak classical gadakangalumaayi bandhapetta raktham, kapham, karutha pittham, manja pittham ennee naalu haasyangalaan rogathinteyo aarogyathinteyo adisthaanam. rakthamaan pradhana narmamennum niyanthranam ettavum aavasyamaanennum gallen vishwasichu. rathimoorchayude santhulithaavasthaykkaayi, oru doctor onnukil rogiyil ninnu "adhika" raktham (plethora) neekkam cheiyukayo chharddi undakkaan oru emettik nalkukayo allengil moothramozhikkaan prerippikkunna oru moothravisarjjana marunnu nalkukayo cheyyum.
rogiyude praayam, ghadana, season, kaalavastha, sthalam ennivayude adisthaanathil ethra raktham neekkam cheyyanam ennathinte sankeernamaaya oru samvidaanam gallen srishtichu. "eee samvidaanangal pinthudarnnu "svayam cheyyuka" enna rakthasraavam nirddeshangal vikasippicheduthu. panii, apoplexy, thalavedana enniva plethorayude lakshanangalil ulppedunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu. vittukodukkenda raktham rogam nirnnayikkunna oru prathyeka swabhaavamullathaayirunnu dhamanikalo sirakalo, koodaathe baadhicha shareerathinte bhaagathodu akaleyo adutho. vividha rakthakkuzhalukale avayude drainage anusarichu addeham vyathyastha avayavangalumayi bandhippichu. udaaharanathinu, karal prashnangalkk valathukaiyile sira pleehayude prashnangalkk idathukaiyile sira anuvadikkum. rogam ethratholam gurutharamaakumo athratholam raktham ozhukippokum. panikk dhaaraalam rakthasraavam aavasyamaanu.
cross-kalcharal blud letting.
janavaasamulla ellah bhookhandangalilum ulla ehraf daattaabesil 60 vyathyastha samskaarangalilum vamseeya grouppukalilum rakthachorichilinte chikitsa upayogangal report cheyyappettittund. probability sample fayalukalude (pii. ezz. eph) listtile 60 samskaarangalil 15 ennathilum rakthasraavam report cheyyappettittund. lokamembaadumulla 60 macro-kalchar pradeshangalil oronnil ninnum oru samskaaram maathram ulppedunna ehraf daattayude oru upavibhagamaanu pii. ezz. eph. saadhaarana vamshaavaliyumaayi bandhapetta kapada pakarppinulla pii. ezz. eph niyanthranangalil rakthasraavam undaakunnathinte vyaapanam, rakthasraavam palathavana swathanthramaayi uyarnnuvannittundenn soochippikkunnu. rakthasraavam athinte achaarangalil saamskaarikamaayi vyathyasthamaan, udaaharanathinu, thaddesheeya alascan samskaarathil rakthasraavam vyathyastha soochanakalkkaayi, vyathyastha upakaranangal upayogichu, vividha shareera bhaagangalil, vyathyastha aalukal parisheelichirunnu, ithu vyathyastha medical sidhaanthangal vishadeekarichu.
helena maittan thudangiyavar parayunnathanusarichu.'ehraf daattaabeseyum mattu srothassukaleyum kurichulla vishakalanathil, rakthachorichilil niravadhi cross-kalcharal paattenukal undu.
aamason mechanical turk vazhi amerikkayil thamasikkunna aalukalil nadatthiya oru transmission cheyin pareekshanatthil, rogabaadhithamallaatha pradeshathu raktham ozhukunnathinekkurichu kathakal vedanayode pradeshathinu sameepam raktham ozhukunnathinekkurichu kadhakalilekku marran saadhyatha valare kooduthalaanu. ithu soochippikkunnathu collocalised blud letting oru saamskaarika aakarshanamaakaamennum collocalised allatha blud lettingumaayi kooduthal parichitharaya usile aalukalkkidayil polum saamskaarikamaayi pakaraan saadhyatha kooduthalaanennum soochippikkunnu. 
oru ashayamenna nilayil rakthachorichil oru saamskaarika akarshakamaayi allengil antharleenamaayi aakarshakamaaya/saamskaarikamaayi pakaruna aashayamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. rakthachorichilinte swathanthramaaya paraspara-saamskaarika aavirbhaavatheyum pothuvaaya paraspara-saamskaarika swabhaavasavisheshathakaleyum ithu vishadeekarikkum.
madhyakaalakhattam.
shabbat laghulekhayil rakthasraavam nadatthaan aazhchayile oru prathyeka divasavum maasatthile divasangalum talmud shupaarsha cheythu, samanamaaya niyamangal, kurachumaathram krodeekarichathaanenkilum, eathu vishudharude divasangal rakthasraavam nadatthaan anukoolamaanennu upadeshikkunna kristhyan rachanakalil kaanam. madhyakaalakhattathil rakthasraavam charttukal saadhaaranamaayirunnu, ithu grahangalumaayum raashichakrangalumaayum yojichu shareerathil prathyeka rakthasraavam kaanikkunnu. islaamika medical rachayithakkal rakthasraavam, prathyekichu panii ennivaykku nirddeshichu. chandra kalandarile rithukkalkkum chandrante chila gattangalkkum anusrithamaayaanu ithu parisheelichirunnathu. purathana grandhangal arabiyilekku vivarthanam cheythukondu greekkukaar orupakshe eee sambradaayam paasaakkiyirikkam, ithu muhammadinte paarambaryangalil paraamarshichirikkunna cupping vazhi rakthachorichilil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. europile laattin samsaarikkunna rajyangalil musleem sidhaanthangal ariyappettappol rakthachorichil kooduthal vyaapakamaayi. arabic shasthrakriyayude kendramaayirunnu ithu; pradhana grandhangalaaya "kitab alle-khaanun", prathyekichu "randum ithu shupaarsha cheythu. sushruta samhithayil vivarichirikkunna ayurveda vaidyashaasthrathilum ithu ariyappettirunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaand vare upayogichu.
rakthasraavam veerochitha vaidyashaasthrathinte oru pradhana saankethikavidyayaayi maari, pathinettaam noottaandil uyarnnuvanna aaghaathakaravum vinashakaravumaaya medical sanbradaayangalude shekharamaanithu.
humoural sisttam upayogashoonyamaayathinusheshavum, sarjanukalum barber sarjanukalum eee sambradaayam thudarnnu. palappozhum doctormar rakthasraavam shupaarsha cheythirunnuvenkilum barbermaaraanu ithu nadathiyathu. ithu doctormaarum sarjanukalum thammilulla vyathyaasathilekku nayichu. innum upayogathilulla barbershoppinte chuvappum veluppum varakalulla thoon eee sanbradaayathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu chuvapp rakthathe pratheekappeduthumbol vella baandejukale pratheekappeduthunnu. rakthasraavam vaividhyamaarnna rogangalkk "chikilsikkaan" upayogichirunnu, ithu mikkavarum ellah rogangalkkum oru saadhaarana chikilsayaayi maari, koodaathe rogaprathirodhaparamaayum chikilsaaparamaayum parisheelichirunnu.
niravadhi vyathyastha reethikal upayogichu. ettavum saadhaaranamaayath "flebotamy" allengil "venesection" (palappozhum "breathing eiii weyin" ennu vilikkunnu) aayirunnu, athil kaithandayilo kazhuthilo ullava polulla onno athiladhikamo valia baahya sirakalil ninnu raktham edukkunnu. arteriotamy" yill, oru dhamani panchar cheyyappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum saadhaaranayaayi shethrangalil maathram. scarficationil" (shareera parishkkaranatthinte oru reethiyaaya scarficationumaayi thettidharikkaruthu), "upariplavamaaya" pathrangal akramikkukayum palappozhum oru syrinch, spring loducheytha lancet allengil choodulla vaayu adangiya oru glass kapp enniva upayogichu akathu oru vaakvam srishtikkukayum cheythu (fayar cupping kaanuka). pathonpathaam noottaandile vaidyashaasthrathil praadhamikamaayi upayogikkunna "scarfificator" enna prathyeka rakthasraavam upakaranavum undaayirunnu. munvashathe kavarilulla slittukaliloodeyum pinnilekku vrithaakrithiyilulla chalanathilum bladeukal purathedukkunna gearukalulla oru spring-loducheytha samvidaanamundu ithinu. cases kaast brass aanu, mechanisavum bladeukalum steelaanu. oru katthi baar gear pallukal thennimari, mattu baarukalil ullathinekkaal vyathyasthamaaya dishayilekku bladeukal thirikkunnu. avasaanathe foto rekhaachithravum pinbhaagatthum vashangalilum depth adjustment baar kaanikkunnu.
leachukalum upayogikkaam. syncope (bodhakshayam) undakkaan kazhiyunnathra raktham pinvalikkunnath prayojanakaramaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu, koodaathe rogi mayangaan thudangumbol maathrame pala sessionukalum avasaanikkoo.
1628-ll vilyam harvy eee sanbradaayathinte adisthaanam nishedhichu, shaasthreeya vaidyashaasthramaaya "laa methode numeric" avatharippichathu 1830-kalil pneumoniayudeyum vividha panikaludeyum chikilsayil flebotamy poornnamaayum phalapradamallennu theliyikkaan piyar chaals alexander louisine anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, 1838-ll, royal koleju oof physiciansile oru lakcharar ippozhum "raktham ozhikkunnathu oru parihaaramaan, athu vivekapoorvvam upayogikkumbol, valare uyarnna alavil kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla", koodaathe louisine oru samayam ambathu leachukal shupaarsha cheyyaan kazhiyunna bhasha brousise valarthiyeduthu. chila doctormar looyisinte pravartthanatthe ethirthu, kaaranam avar 'mattoraalude ennam kaaranam paarambaryavum swantham anubhavavum saadhookaricha chikilsakal upekshikkaan thayyarayirunnilla'."
eee kaalaghattatthil, mikkavarum ellah rogangalkkum chikilsikkaan rakthasraavam upayogichirunnu. oru britiish medical grandhamiloode mukhakkuru, aasthma, cancer, collara, cooma, aarthavaviramam, prameham, apasmaram, gangreen, sandhivatham, herpus, dahanakked, bhrant, manjappitham, kushtam, nethrarogam, playg, pneumonia, scurvy, vasuri, strock, tetanus, kshayarogam thudangi noorolam rogangalkk raktham ozhikkaan shupaarsha cheythu. mookkil ninnu raktham varunnath, amithamaya aarthavaviramam, hemoroidal rakthasraavangal thudangiya mikka tharatthilulla rakthasraavathinum polum rakthasraavam upayogichirunnu. shasthrakriyaykk munbo prasavatthinte thudakkathilo veekkam thadayunnathinaayi raktham neekkam cheythirunnu. vichedikkunnathinu munbu, neekkam cheyyenda avayavathil sanjarikkunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunna alavinu thulyamaaya alavil raktham neekkam cheiyunnathu pathivaayirunnu.
rakthasraavam "hridayasthambhanavum" "hridayasthambhanavum" sukhappeduthumennu sidhaanthangalum undaayirunnu. oru franch vaidyanaaya jackwus ferrand 1623-ll oru hridayam thakarnnathine sukhappeduthunnathinaayi rakthasraavam upayogikkunnathinekkur oru pusthakam ezhuthi. hridayasthambhanam vare (aksharaarthatthil) raktham ozhikkaan addeham shupaarsha cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil leachukal prathyekichum janapriyamaayi. 1830kalil franchukaar vaidyashaasthra aavasyangalkkaayi prathivarsham ekadesham 40 dasalaksham leachukal irakkumathi cheyyukayum adutha dashakathil fraansil ninnu maathram prathivarsham 6 dasalaksham leakukal irakkumathi cheyyukayum cheythu. noottaandinte aadya dashakangalil europiludaneelamulla doctormar dasalakshakkanakkinu leachukal upayogichirunnu.
1824 juulai 13 nuu raavile oru saadhaarana vaidyachikitsa aarambhichu. orotta pooraattatthil earppettirikkumbol oru franch sarjant nenjil kuthappettu; minitukalkkullil, raktham nashtappettu addeham bodham nashtappettu. praadeshika ashupathriyil ethiya udan thanne "veekkam thadayunnathinaayi" addehathinu irupathu auns (570 millie) rakthasraavam sambhavichu. raathriyil addehathinu 24 auns (680 millie) koodi rakthasraavam sambhavichu. pittennu athiraavile cheef sarjan rogiye 10 auns (285 millie) koodi rakthasraavam cheythu; adutha 14 manikorinullil addehathinu anchu thavana koodi rakthasraavam sambhavichu. sarjant abodhaavasthayilaakaan kaaranamaaya prarambha rakthakshaamathin purame, medical attandantukal rogiyude saadhaarana rakthavitharanathinte pakuthiyiladhikam manappoorvvam neekkam cheythu. thudarnnulla divasangalil rakthasraavam thudarnnu. juulai 29 aayappozhekkum murivu veerthirunnu. murivukalude ettavum sensitiivu bhaagath doctor 32 leachukal puratti. adutha moonnu divasathinullil kooduthal rakthasraavam undaakukayum motham 40 leachukal koodi undaakukayum cheythu. sarjant sukham praapikkukayum october 3nuu discharge cheyyukayum cheythu. addehathinte doctor ezhuthi, "170 auns [ekadesham pathinonnu pints] (4.8 littar) rakthathinte valia alavu nashtappedukayum, leachukal [orupakshe mattoru rund pints] (1.1 littar) prayogichathiloode undaakunna rakthathinte alavu koodaathe rogiyude jeevan samrakshikkappedukayum cheythu". pathonpathaam noottaandile maanadandamanusarichu, oru maasathe kaalayalavil edutha pathimoonnu pint raktham valia alavilaanengilum asaadhaaranamaaya alavilaayirunnilla. akkaalathe medical saahithyathil samanamaaya niravadhi vivaranagal adangiyirikkunnu-chilath vijayakaramaan, chilath allah.
rakthasraavam cheruppakkaaraaya american ikyanaadukalilum janapriyamaayirunnu, avide benchamin rush (swaathanthrya prakhyaapanatthil oppittayal) dhamanikalude avasthaye rogathinte thacolacki kaanukayum akkaalat polum uyarnna rakthasraavam shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu. kaalaavasthayude swaadheenathil ninnu thondayil anubaadhayundaayathine thudarnnu jorjju washington kanatha rakthasraavam aavasyappedukayaayirunnu. 1799ll thondayile anubadha moolam addeham marikkunnathin munbu patthu manikorinullil motham aii. dii. 1 auns (3.75 littar) raktham pinvalichirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaand muthal europil shareeraghadana, sasthrakriya, roganirnaya kazhivukal enniva valareyadhikam vardhichuvenkilum, rogam chikilsikkunnathinulla thacol avyakthamaayi thudarnnu, adisthaana vishwaasam onnumillaathathinekkaal eathu chikitsa nalkunnathaanu nallath ennathaayirunnu. rogikk raktham ozhikkunnathinte maanasika prayojanam (oru placibo prabhavam) chilappol athu undaakkunna shaareerika prasnangalekkaal kooduthalaayirikkaam. pathonpathaam noottaandil franch doctor doow. pneumonia rogikalil rakthasraavam undaakkunnathinte falathekkurichu padikkunna oru pareekshanam piyar luis nadatthi. mesmerism, vaidyuthiyude puthiya saankethikavidya ulppedunna vividha prakriyakal, niravadhi aushadhangal, tonix, amrithangal enningane niravadhi phalapradamallaathatho doshakaramo aaya chikilsakal placebose aayi labhyamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 19-aamm noottaandil rakthachorichil bhaagikamaayi thudarnnu, kaaranam ithu eathu saamoohika saambathika nilayilulla aalukalkkum eluppathil labhyamaayirunnu.
rakthachorichilinteyum veerochitha vaidyashaasthrathinteyum janapreeti pothuve medical billingine nyaayeekarikkendathinte aavasyakatha moolamaanennu barbera ehrenteechum daredre engleesh ezhuthunnu. parambaraagatha rogashanti saankethikavidyakal kooduthalum oru vaanijyethara kudumbatthilo graamaparisaratthilo ulla sthreekalaanu parisheelichirunnathu. purusha doctormar eee saankethikavidyakal adichamarthiyathinaal, vividha "alavukal" alakkaan budhimuttaanennum athinu panam nalkaan rogikale bodhyappedutthaanum avarkk budhimuttaayirunnu. rakthasraavam sajeeva naadakeeyavumaanennu thonniyathinaal, doctorq wilkan enthengilum undennu rogikale bodhyappedutthaan ithu sahayichu.
irupathaam noottaandile vivaadangalum upayogavum.
pathonpathaam noottaandil rakthachorichilinte janapreeti kramena kurayukayum athinte saadhuthayekkurich samagramaya charchakal nadakkunnathinu munbu mikka sthalangalilum ithu asaadhaaranamaayitheerukayum cheythu. edinburghile medical samoohathil, rakthachorichil sidhaanthathil velluvilikkappedunnathu praayogikamaayi upekshikkappettu, ithu doctor physiologistumaaya joonn hugues bennatt eduthukaanicha vairudhyamaanu. austin flint I, hiram coursen, vilyam oaslar thudangiya adhikaarikal 1880kalilum athinusheshavum rakthachorichilinte pramukha pinthunakkaaraayi maari, rakthachorichilinte upayogam pravarthikkaathathinaal athu upayogashoonyamaayenna bennattinte prameyathe tharkkikkukayum cheythu. eee abhibhaashakar rakthachorichiline pothuvaaya janapreeti illengilum upayogikkaan oru yaadhaasthithika medical sambradaayamaayi roopappeduthi. rogabaadhithamo durbalamo aaya raktham "neekkam cheyyuka" allengil "rakthasraavathinu kaaranamakunna" rakthasraavam nirthaanulla kazhivu polulla parimithamaaya aavasyangalkku rakthasraavam upayogapradamaanennu chila doctormar karuthi-1871-ll "oru parihaaramaayi raktham ozhikkunnathinulla nyayamaaya pareekshanam" enna aahvaanathil ithu thelinjittundu.
chila gaveshakar rakthasraavam niruthsaahappeduthunnathi chikilsayude falaprapti vilayiruthunnathin sthithivivarakkanakku reethikal upayogichu. ennaal athe samayam, philipp paii-smithinteyum mattullavarudeyum prasidheekaranangal shaasthreeya adisthaanathil rakthachorichiline nyaayeekarichu.
rakthachorichil irupathaam noottaand vare thudarukayum 1923-ll "vaidyashaasthrathinte thathwangalum prayogavum" enna paatapusthakatthinte pathippil shupaarsha cheyyappedukayum cheythu. sarr vilyam oaslar ezhuthiya eee paatapusthakam 1919-ll ooslarude maranathethudarnnu puthiya rachayithaakkalude keezhil puthiya pathippukalil prasidheekarikkappettu.
flebotamy.
hemochromatosis, polycytemia ennivayulppede chila rogangalude chikilsayil innu blud letting upayogikkunnu. aashupathrikalil prathyeka pariseelanam labhicha pariseelakar aadhunika saankethikavidyakal upayogichu ithu pariseelikkunnu, ithu oru chikitsa flebotamy ennum ariyappedunnu.
mikka kesukalilum, roganirnaya aavasyangalkkaayi "cheria" alavil raktham neekkam cheiyunnathine flebotamy ippol soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, hemochromatosisinte kaaryatthil, rakthasraavam (venipanchar vazhi) pradhana chikitsa maargamaayi mariyirikkunnu. yuu. eiii. yill.ezz.2010ll prasidheekaricha vivarangalodukoodiya "jenal oof infusion nazhsing" ll prasidheekaricha oru academic lekhanam anusarichu, oru divasam oru vyakthiyilekku veendum infuse cheyyappedunna raktham edukkuka ennathaayirunnu flebotamy praadhamika upayogam.
badal vaidyathil.
pothuvaaya aarogya nadapadiyenna nilayil rakthasraavam kapadashaasthramaanennu theliyikkappettilettum, ayurveda, yunani, parambaraagatha chainees badal vaidyashaasthra samvidaanangalile vaividhyamaarnna avasthakalkku ithu ippozhum saadhaaranayaayi soochippikkunnu. yunani oru tharatthilulla narmmathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athinaal aaa samvidaanathil, narmmaparamaaya asanthulithaavastha sariyaakkaan rakthasraavam upayogikkunnu.