
pookkalude krameekaranatthinte charithram

pookkalude krameekaranatthinte charithram purathana eejipshyan kaalaghattam muthalullathaanu.
purathana eejipt.
purathana eejipt muthalullathaanu ariyappedunna ettavum pazhakkam chenna pookkal. bisi 2,500 muthal eejipthukar pookkal kondu alankarikkukayaayirunnu. avar pathivayi muricha pookkal paathrangalil sthaapikkukayum shavasamskara velakalilum ghoshayaathrakalilum mesha alankaarangalaayum uyarnna shailiyilulla krameekaranangal upayogikkukayum cheythu. eejipthile kothupanikalulla kallu kothupanikalilum peyint cheytha mathilukalude alankaarangalilum krameekaricha pookkalude chithrangal kandethiyittundu.
mathaparamaya praadhaanyathinu oonnal nalkikkond pratheekathmaka ardhathinanusarichaanu pookkal thiranjedutthathu. thamarapovu allengil vaattar lillie, udaaharanathinu, "airis sibirika", "delphinium", "narsisus", "paam trea", "papirus", rooss enniva. icisinu pavithramaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna ithu palappozhum krameekaranangalil ulppeduthiyirunnu. purathana eejipthukaarude shavakudeerangalil mattu niravadhi pookkal kandethiyittundu, priyappettavar pookkalude maalakal dharichu shavakudeerangalil avasheshippichirunnu. neela "skilla", poppi-pookkalulla "aneemon", "airis cbric" ennee krameekaranagalilum iva ulppeduthiyittundu."bii anchaam noottaandile shavakudeerangalil eejipt chuvarchithrangal kandethiyittundu.sii. cleopatrayude kaalathekku.
purathana grease purathana romum.
greekkukaarum romakkarum pookkal upayogichirunnu. purathana greekkukaar alankaarathinum kalaasrishtikalil ulppeduthiyittulla alankaarangalkkumaayi pookkalum aushadhasasyangalum upayogichirunnu. avar palappozhum pathrangal upayogichilla, pakaram maalakalilum pushpamaalakalilum shradha kendreekarichu. avar olivu shaakhakal polulla sasya vasthukkal terracotta sthaapikkum. elakkarikal orupakshe vivaahangalkkayi upayogichirikkaam. avar dalangal nilakalilum kidakkakalilum erinju. eejipthukaareppole, greekkukaarum romakkarum avar upayogicha pookkalodum elakalodum munganana nalki.
greekkukaarum romakkarum upayogichirunna ettavum janapriyamaaya elakal akkoon, ookku elakal, loral, aivi, bay, parsley ennivayaayirunnu. purathana olimbiksil athlattik malsarangalile vijayikalkk loral pushpachakrangal sammaanichu; kaavyathmaka meettukalil malsarathil vijayikkunna vyakthikalkkum eee pushpachakrangal sammanikkappettu, athesamayam romil avaa oru sainika vijaythe pratheekappeduthukayum vijayiyaya kamaandare kireedamaniyikkukayum cheythu. adikaaram, bahumanam, vishwasthatha, samarppanam ennivayude pratheekamaayirunnu maala maala; athlattukal, kavikal, pouranethaakkal, sainikar, veeranmaar ennivarude bahumaanaartham ithu nalkappettu.
rosaappookkal, hayaasinthukal, honeysuckle, violet, lillie ennivayaanu ishtamulla pookkal. tulips, larkspur, marigolds thudangiya mattu pookkalum avayude aakruthi, niram, roopam ennivaykku thiranjedukkappettu.
sambathum adikaaravum romakkareyum greekkukaareyum eejipthukaareppole mathaparamaya achaarangalil upayogichirunna pookkalude upayogathil kooduthal aadambarathilekku nayichu. virunnil rosaappookkal oru adii vare aazhathil tharayil chitharikkidakkukayum melkkoorayil ninnu pookkal "mazha" peiyukayum cheythu. ethrayo rosaappookkalude manam eathaandu shwaasammuttunnathaayirunnu. romacar pala bhakshanangalilum rosaappookkal upayogichirunnu, athinte amithamaya sugandham kaaranam ithu "rosaappoovinte manikkoor" ennariyappettu.
purathana chaina.
purathana chainayile hahn kaalaghattatthil bii. sii. 207 muthal sii. iii. 220 vare chainakkar pookkal krameekarikkukayaayirunnu. mathaparamaya adhyaapanathinteyum vaidyashaasthrathinteyum avibhaajya gadakamaayirunnu pookkal.
budhamatham, thavoism, confucianism enniva pinthudarunnavar avarude balipeedangalil muricha pookkal sthaapichu, ithu 618-906 CE muthalulla oru sanbradaayamaanu. avar paintingukal, kothupanikal, pookkalude thithreekaranamulla embroidery vasthukkal enniva srishtichu. chithrarachanakal pathrangal, falakangal, churulukal, putt ennivayil kaananakum, athesamayam maram, venkalam, jaid, anakkombu ennivayil kothupanikal cheythu.
budhamatha padippikkalukal oru jeevan edukkunnathu nirodhichathinaal mathavishwaasikal chedikalil ninnu murikkal edukkumbol mithamaayi pravarthichu. kotta krameekarikkaan upayogichirunna pookkalum elakalum avayude pratheekathmaka ardhathinte adisthaanathilaanu thiranjedutthathu. udaaharanathinu, mulla, peechu maram, piyar maram enniva deerghaayussine pratheekappeduthunnu. kaduva lillie, maathalanaaranga, oorkkid enniva phalabhooyishtathaye pratheekappeduthunnu. ellah pookkalilum ettavum bahumaanikkappettath pioniyaayirunnu. pookkalude rajaavu" aayi kanakkaakkappedunna ithu sambathu, bhagyam, uyarnna padavi ennivayude pratheekamaanu.
europe.
 pookkalude krameekaranam ekadesham 1000 sii. iii. yill europil ethi, bhakshanathinum alankaarathinum pookkalum chedikalum upayogichirunna pallikalilum aashramangalilum ithu prathyekichum janapriyamaayirunnu. kurishuyudhakkaar middle eesttil ninnu madangiyethiyappol avar puthiyathum rasakaravumaaya sasyangal konduvannu. thalphalamaayi, europian rajyangal munbu ariyaatha sasyangal pareekshikkaan thudangi.
baisaantain saamrajyam (500-1453)
500 muthal 1453 vareyulla kaalayalavil, baisantain saamrajyam pushpa krameekaranangalil sambhavana nalki, athil saadhaaranayaayi oru koonn aakruthiyilulla roopakalppana ulppedunnu. elakal chaalisukalilum kalappukalilum sthaapichu, avaa thilangunna niramulla pookkalum pazhangalum kondu alankarichu. eee krameekaranangalil saadhaaranayaayi ulppeduthiyirunna pookkal daisikal, lillie, cypress, kaarneshanukal, pine ennivayaayirunnu. ribanukalum saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnu, koodaathe elakalum cheria pookkalum maalakalkk valanja prabhavam nalkunnathinaayi kamana varikalil sthaapichu.
laattin madhyakaalakhattam (ad 476-1400)
eee kaalaghattatthil, sanyaasimaarkk sasyangalum kaattupookkalum niranja poonthottangal undaayirunnu. gothik kaalaghattatthinte pilkkaalakhattatthil, balipeedachithrangal, kayyezhuthuprathikal, paintingukal ennivayil pookkal pookkaan thudangunnath polulla pookkal kooduthal prabalamaaya punk vahichu.
aashrama padhathiyude oru pradhana vasham oru aushadha sasyathottam ulppeduthuka ennathaayirunnu, athu "doctorq addehathinte rogashaanthikkaayi aavashyamaaya aushadha uthppannangal nalkum. ennirunnaalum, sasyangalude sakthiye avayude srashtaavine [daivathe] paraamarshikkaathe aashrayikkunnath oru christiani sambandhichidatholam anuchithamayi kanakkakkappettu. daivam "aushadhasasyangal valarthunnathinaal", avayude vaidyopayogam adisthaanaparamaayi aathmeeyamaan. koodaathe, sanyasimaarum kristhyaanikalum pothuve vishudha achaarangalilum chadangukalilum niravadhi sasyangal upayogichirunnu. athmeeya aditharakalodum aushadha phalangalodum aakarshikkunna associationukal avarkk palappozhum undaayirunnu.
navothaanam (1400-1600)
italiyil aarambhicha pookkalude roopakalpana europiludaneelam valarnnu. paathrangalile aakarshakamaaya pushpasamvidaanangalude paintingukal janapriyamaayirunnu. paintingukalil, pazhangalude pookkalum elakalum chuvarukalum valayam cheytha melkkoora alankarikkunnathinaayi maalakalil neythedukkukayum dalangal kottakalaayi koombaaramidukayo nilakalilum theruvukalilum chitharikkidakkukayo baalkkanikalil ninnu thaazhekku pongikkidakkaan anuvadikkukayo cheythu.
itaaliyan navothaanam europil krameekarikkunna pushpakalaykk oru adhika theeppori nalkaan sahayichu. eee kaalayalavilaanu vaividhyamaarnna krameekarana shailikal vikasikkaan thudangiyathu. pathinanjaam noottaandilum pathinaram noottaandilum pookkalude krameekaranangal saadhaaranamaayirunnu, marble, hevi veneeshyan glass, venkalam ennivayulppede vividatharam vasthukkal kandeynarukal nirmmikkaan upayogichu.
eee samayat cheytha pookkal krameekaranam oru puthiya ghadakam avatharippichu-ushnamekhalaa pazhangalude upayogam. eee krameekaranangal varnna vairudhyam srishtikkunnathilum shradha kendreekarichu. lilium candidum (allengil prathyulppaadanakshamathayum pavithrathayudeyum pratheekamaayi upayogikkunna madona lillie), narsisus, pink, airis, jasmine, paansikal, franch marigolds, konflavarukal, rosemary enniva janapriya pookkalil chilathaanu.
barok (1600-1775)
eee kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil pookkalude roopakalppanakal samamitiyum oval aakruthiyumullavayaayirunnu, asamamaya chandragrahanangalum ezz-aakruthikalum pinneedu janapriyamaayi.
flemish krameekaranangal (1600-1750)
dutch-flemish shailiyilulla barok krameekaranangal kooduthal othukkamullathum aanupaathikavumaayirunnu. poochediyile vaividhyamaarnna pookkalaayirunnu avarude pradhana savisheshatha.
franch krameekaranangal (1600-1814)
franch barok kaalaghattatthil, mriduvum eathaandu durbalavumaaya aakarshanam pushpa roopakalppanayude oru pradhana savisheshathayaayi maari. sii-krasent allengil ezz-aakruthi upayogichu krameekaranangal asamathvathilaayirunnu. saamrajya kaalaghattatthil avar trikona aakruthiyilulla lalithamaaya rekhakalum sakthamaaya varnna vairudhyavum upayogichu. sambannamaaya niramulla pookkalude samriddhiyulla oru kalathil saadhaarana saamrajya roopakalppana krameekarikkum.
georgian krameekaranangal (1714-1760)
eee kaalaghattatthile roopakalppanakal aupachaarikavum samamithiyumullathum palappozhum vaividhyamaarnna pookkalaal chittappeduthiyathumaanu. sajeevamaaya vyapaaram kaaranam ooriyantal design swaadheenamullathaayi maari. rogangalil ninnu vaayuvine mochippikkumennu vishwasikkappedunna pookkalude sugandham kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnathil eee kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil designukal kooduthal anoupachaarikamaayi maari. madhuramulla sugandhangal vahikkaan nosgase allengil tussy-massikal ennu vilikkunna cheria, kaikondu pidikkunna krameekaranangal upayogichirunnu, koodaathe kulikkunnath anaarogyakaramaanennu palappozhum vishwasichirunna samoohathinte durgandham maraykkaan ithu sahayichu.
victorian krameekaranangal (1820-1901)
eee kaalaghattatthil pookkal fasionabilaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. asamathvavum irukiya adukkalumulla othukkamulla krameekaranangal srishtikkunnathinaayi valia pookkal kandeynarukalil irukiyirunnu. krithyamaaya shailiyonnum undaayirunnillengilum niravadhi vyathyastha pookkalum nirangalum eee krameekaranatthe eathaandu aasoothrithamallaathathayi thonnippichu. tussy-massi poochedikal ippozhum durgandham illaathaakkaan sahaayikkunnundaayirunnu. eee kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil pookkal sariyaaya reethiyil krameekarikkunnathinulla niyamangal roopappeduthaanulla sramangal nadannu, appozhaan athu europil oru kalaparamaaya naipunyamo thozhilo aayi maariyath.

