
thomas guteeras alia

oru cuban chalachithra samvidaayakanum thirakkathaakruthumaayirunnu tomas guteeras alia (desember 11,1928-epril 16,1996). viplavaananthara kyoobayekkurichulla moorchayulla ulkkaazhchaykk peruketta irupathiladhikam featureukal, dokyumentarikal, hraswachithrangal enniva guteeras alia ezhuthukayum samvidaanam cheyyukayum cheythu, koodaathe viplavathodulla samarppanavum raajyathinte saamoohika, saambathika, rashtreeya saahacharyangalekkurichulla vimarsanavum thammil athilolamaaya santhulithaavasthayundu.
1960kalilum 1970kalilum nadanna oru sinima prasthaanatthe prathinidheekarikkunna guteerasinte srishtikal koottaayi puthiya laattin american sinima ennariyappedunnu. moonnaam sinima", "sini libre", "apoornna sinima" thudangiya prathyeka perukalil vividha ezhuthukaar paraamarsikkunna eee koottaaya prasthaanam navakoloniyalisathinteyum saamskaarika swathuathinteyum prasnangalumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu. raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya maattathinulla oru upakaranamaayi srishticha oru sinimaykku hollywood shailiyude vaanijyaparamaaya poornathayum, ooriyantar adhishtitha europian art sinimayum prasthaanam nirasichu. chalachithra pravartthakarude vibhavangalude abhavam kaaranam oru cheria bhagam allaathathinaal, soundaryathinu sinimayude saamoohika pravarthanatthinu dvitheeya praadhaanyamundaayirunnu. sinimayude prabhaashanatthil kaazhchakkaaran sajeeva svayam bodhavanumaaya pankaliyaayi maarunna sinimakal srishtikkuka ennathaayirunnu prasthaanatthinte pradhana lakshyam. akkaalat vyakthamaaya parihaaramillaattha samoohathinullile oru nilavile prashnathekkurichulla vishakalanam kaazhchakkaarkk avatharippichu, eee prashnathekkurichu prekshakare bodhavaanmaaraakkaanum saamoohika maattatthinte abhinethaakkalaakaan thiyettar upekshikkanum aagrahichu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1928 desember 11nuu havanayil janicha guteeras valarnnathu sambannavum raashtreeyamaayi purogamanaparavumaaya oru kudumbathilaanu. 1951ll hawanah sarvakalashaalayil ninnu niyama birudam nediya sesham guteeras romile centro sperimental dii cinematography sinima padikkukayum 1953ll birudam nedukayum cheythu. itaaliyan navormmikatha addehathe valareyadhikam swaadheenikkukayum bhaaviyile cuban sahapravarthakayaya juulioo garzia espinosaykkoppam romil thante aadya chithrangal srishtikkukayum cheythu.
1959-ll phidal kaastroyude neethrthwathilulla cuban viplavathinte vijayathin thottupinnaale, guteeras espinosa mattu niravadhi yuva chalachithra nirmmaathaakkalum cubano dell arte iii industria cinematrophicos (icic) enna sthaapanam sthaapichu. viplavathinte theevra pinthunakkaaranenna nilayil, ettavum pradhanappetta aadhunika kalaaroopavum viplava chinthakal janangalilekku vitharanam cheiyunnathinulla ettavum mikacha maadhyamavumaanennu vishwasichirunna oru chalachithra nirmmaathaavinte koottamaayirunnu isaikk. viplava vijayathin sesham nirmmicha aadyathe dokyumentariyaanu guteerasinte "estaa teara newstra" ("nammude eee naadu"). aisaik athinte roopeekarana varshangalil dokyumentarikalilum nyoos reelukalilum kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu, pakshe oduvil guteeresinte aadyakaala "historiyaas dii laa revolution" ("viplavathinte kathakal") (1960), aisaikkinte aadya fiction chithram, "doses sillas" ("panthrand kaserakal"), (1962) ennivayulppede feature philimukalude nirmmaanatthilekku vyaapichu. "viplavathinte kathakal" randaam mosco anthaaraashtra chalachithrothsavathil ulppeduthukayum "panthrand chairukal" moonnaam mosco anthaaraashtra chalachithrothsavathil ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
ettavum janapriyamaaya kruthikal.
guteerasinte aadyathe vyaapakamaayi vijayakaramaya savisheshathayaaya "muerte dii anaan burocrata" ("oru byoorokraattinte maranam") (1966) cinematic komadiyude charithrathodulla orutharam aadarasoochakamaayi svayam parichayappedutthunnu, koodaathe basttar keettan, loral & hardy, luis boonuval thudangi niravadhi chithrangale nerittu soochippikkunnu. marichupoya ammavane purathedutthu mrithadeham thirichariyal card upayogichu kuzhichumoodiya sesham punarsamskaaram cheiyunnathinaayi bureaucratic offeesukaliloode oru yuvaavinte aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna duravasthayaanu katha pinthudarunnathu.
addehathinte adutha chithramaaya "memorias dell subdesarrolo" ("vikasanakkuravinte oormmakal") (1968) viplavathinu sesham amerikkayil pradharshippicha aadyathe cuban chithramaayirunnu. edmondo desnosinte "oormmayillaatha oormmakal" enna novaline adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee chithram, pannikalude ulkkadal aakramanathinum cuban misail prathisandhikkum edayilulla kaalaghattatthil havanayil thamasikkunna dhaarmmikamaayi avyakthanaaya oru boorshwa budhijeeviyude ormmakkurippaanu. oru tharatthil allengil mattoru tharatthil rashtreeya nilapad sweekarikkaan naayakan thayyaarallengilum pinnokkavum avikasithavumayathinaal thanikk chuttumulla raajyathe avahelikkunnathu thudarunnu. addehathinte jeevitam oduvil shoonyathayilekku mangukayum eee puthiya cubayil oru prayojanavumillaatha oru vyakthithvamaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu.
svayam-prathifalippikkunna athidhi veshathil, guteeras chithrathe oru "kolash" ennu vilikkunnu...ellaam kurachu koode ". kaiyyil pidicha camerakalil ninnu edutha neenda thakarkkappedaatha shottukal muthal serji aisanstain polulla aadyakaala soviyatt chalachithra pravartthakarude sinimakale anusmarippikkunna prakshobha mondej sequenceukal vare documentary shailiyilulla aakhyaana sequenceukal muthal "oormmakalil" guteeras metteeriyalukaludeyum chalachithra shailikaludeyum oru vichitramaaya nira upayogikkunnu. "nerittulla documentary footej shoat, sttil phottokal, archive, nyoosreel footej, hollywood sinimakalude klippukal, phidal castroyudeyum joonn efudeyum record cheytha prasamgangal ennivayulppede vividha tharatthilulla maadhyamangale oormmakal upayogikkunnu. kennidi, neraaya hollywood shailiyil ninnu nerittu vyathyasthamaaya oru chalachithra bhasha srishtikkaan.
viplavatheyum cuban samoohatheyum kurichulla vimarsanam "oormmakal" mathramalla, guteerasinte ellah kruthikaludeyum hridayamaayirunnuvenkilum, guteeras cuban soshyalisathinte samarppita pinthunakkaaranaayi thudarnnu. ennaal addehathinte kruthikale prachaaranamaayi visheshippikkaan polum kazhinjilla. guteeras thante parasparavirudhamaaya sameepanathinte prachodanam ingane vivarichu "...viplava prakriyayil pankaalittham uthejippikkunna sajeeva samaharikkunnathumaaya oru ghadakam sinima nalkunnu. appol, harangineyum upadeshatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla dhaarmika sinima mathiyaakilla. vimarsanaathmaka manobhaavam prolsaahippikkukayum vikasippikkukayum cheiyunna oru sinimayaanu namukk vendathu. ennaal nammal muzhukiyirikkunna yaadhaarthyathe engane vimarsikkukayum athe samayam shakthippeduthukayum cheyyaam?"
thante shailiyekkurich abhiprayappetta guteeras svayam visheshippichathu "viplavathinullil vimarsanam unnayikkunna, prakriya mechappeduthaanum poorttheekarikkaanum aagrahikkunnavan, pakshe athine nasippikkaanalla" ennaanu.
kaalaharanapetta currier paarambaryavum.
thudarnnulla dashakangalil, guteeras thante samayam svanthamaayi sinimakal nirmmikkunnathinum aii. sii. aii. sii. vazhi yuva chalachithra pravartthakare upadesikkunnathinum idayil vibhajichu.
1972lum 1976lum guteeras "unaa pelia cubana kontraa loss demonios" ("bhoothangalkkethiraaya cuban poraattam"), "laa ültima cena" ("avasana athaazham") ennee rund charitraparamaaya feature philimukal poortthiyaakki. spanish colonial cubayude pashchaathalatthilulla eee chithrangal cubayude saamraajyathvam, matham, adimatham ennivayile vairudhyangalum kaapatyavum padikkunnu.
"hasta sierto pundo" ("oru nischitha ghattam vare") (guteerasinte bhaarya mirtha ibara abhinayichu.) eee chithram kurachu sensorshippinu vidheyamaayi, cuban niroopakar addehathinte cheria kruthikalilonnaayi kanakkakkunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu ippozhum valareyadhikam bahumaanikkappedunnu. oru nischitha ghattam vare maathramaan chithram vijayichathenn samvidaayakan thanne thamaashayode paranju."
1990 kalude thudakkathil, guteeras aarogyaprashnathil akappedukayum thante suhruthu juvan carlos tabioicoppam thante avasana rund sinimakal samvidaanam cheyyaan nirbandhithanaakukayum cheythu. aadyathethu, "freza vaii choklettu" ("stroberry choklettum") (1993) mikacha videsha chithrathinulla akkadami awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappetta aadyathe cuban chithramaayi maari. prathibaddhathayulla oru maarksist vidyaarthiyum aadambaramulla oru swavarggaanuraagiyaaya kalakaran thammilulla palappozhum samgharshabharithamaaya bandhathe kendreekarichaanu chithratthinte katha. guteerasinte avasana chithramaaya "gwandanamera" (1994) guteerasinte pazhaya lakshyangalodu kooduthal sookshumamaaya sameepanam sweekarikkaan oru koottam abhinethaakkalum romaantik comedy polulla parambaraagatha gadakangal upayogikkunnu avarkk vikasanam illaaymayum bureaucrasy undu. 44-aamath berlin anthaaraashtra chalachithrothsavathil eee chithram velli karadi-prathyeka juurii sammanam nedi.
suhruthukkalkku ariyaavunnathupole titon 1996 epril 16 nuu 67 aam vayassil havanayil vachu marichu. havanayile collen semitheriyil addehathe samskarichu.
guteerasinte moonnu sinimakal-"deth oof eiii bureaucrat", "unaa pelia cubana kontraa loss deminos", "loss sobrevients"-2017lum 2019lum akkadami philim archive samrakshichirunnu.