cheyin boat naavigeshan

europian nadikalile shippinginte charithratthil ariyappedaatha oru adhyaayamaan cheyin-boat naavigeshan allengil cheyin-ship naavigeshan. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal, oru nadiyude adithattil kidakkunna oru nischitha shringhala upayogichu cheyin bottukal ennu vilikkunna kappalukal mukalilekku baarjukalude charadukal kondupokaan upayogichirunnu. neeravi enchin upayogichu pravartthikkunna kanatha vinch valichidunna steemarinte dekkiloode kadannupokunnathinaayi nadiyude adithattil ninnu shringhala uyarthi. elbe, raine, necker, maine, seyl, haaval, spree, saayn thudangiya nadikalilum beljiathileyum netherlandileyum mattu nadikalilum vividha kambanikal cheyin boat sevanangal nadatthi. amerikkayilum cheyin bottukal upayogichirunnu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil sakthamaaya enchinukalum uyarnna mardhamullah boyilarukalum ulla neeravi kappalukal-nadiyude pravaahatthinte sakthiye marikadakkaan kazhiyunnath-saadhaaranamaayitheernappol eee reethi anukoolamaayirunnilla.
charitraparamaaya vikasanam.
pathonpathaam noottaandinu munbulla aadyakaala saankethika vikasanangal.
cheyin bottinte aadyakaalangalil charakkukalude gathagatham swantham oonn-board power illaathe thadi kappalukalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. thaazhekku sanjarikkumbol, bottukal onnukil vaidyuthadhaarayiloode munnott kondupookukayoo allengil kappalukal kaattil ninnu vaidyuthi upayogikkukayo cheyyum. nadiyude mukalilekku neengaan, neelamulla kayarukalil bottukal valikkaan manushyareyo charakkuneekka mrugangaleyo upayogichu. aazhamillaatha vellathil bottukale neelamulla thoonukalaal mukalilekku nayikkanum kazhiyum. nadeetheerathe oru toppaathil ninnu valikkaan kazhiyaathidathu, warping ennariyappedunna oru reethi upayogichu. bottinu munnil oru kayar nankooramidunnathiloodeyum thudarnnu kroovine upayogichu athu mukalilekku valichidunnathiloodeyum nadiyude eee bhagangal charcha cheyyaan kazhiyum.
1438-leeii oru prakashamulla kayyezhuthuprathiyil, itaaliyan enchineeyaraaya jacopo mariano, pinneedu cheyin boat naavigeshan adisthaanamaakkiyulla adisthaana ashayam chithreekarichu. nadiyude theerathu sthaapichirikkunna oru kebilil boat mukalilekku valichedukkunnu. vashath gadippichirikkunna rund jalachakrangalal nayikkappedunna oru kendra shaftinu chuttum kayar pothinjirikkunnu (mukalile rekhaachithram kaanuka). nadiyude kappalin pinnil oru cheria boat polulla vasthu vaidyuthadhaara valichedukkunnu, athu cable taatt pidichu nilkkukayum angane shafttil aavashyamaaya gharshanam urappakkukayum cheiyunnu.
1595-ll faustoo verancio kooduthal vegatha prapthamaakkunna cable boat naavigeshan samvidaanathe vivarichu, athinu adhika propulsion maargangalonnum aavasyamilla. rund bottukale bandhippikkunnath oru cable vazhiyaan, athu oru kallikk chuttum nayikkunnu, athu nadeethadatthilekku urachu nankooramidunnu. thaazhekku sanjarikkunna cheria boat valare vegathil neengunnu, iruvashathumulla valia vaattar seyilukal oodunnu, athuvazhi valia bottine vaidyuthadhaaraykku nere mukalilekku valichidunnu. chithratthile valia barjinu cable koyil cheyyukayum athinte vegatha kooduthal vardhippikkukayum cheiyunna rund side-moundu cheytha vaattar veelukalundu. ennirunnaalum, eee samvidaanam praayogikamaayi upayogichirunno ennu rekhappeduthiyittil.
1723-ll pooll jacob marperger, pinneedu electoral saaksan "comercientaatt" aayi maariyappol magdeburgil ninnulla ganithashaasthra professor nicolas molvits magdeburghinte paalangalkk thaazheyulla athivega pravaahangale neridaan mechanical sahayam upayogikkaanulla nirddesham vivarichu. aaa samayat, nadiyude eee bhagam charcha cheyyaan 50 pere aavashyamaayirunnu. rund thirashcheena shafttukalulla oru 'mesheen' nirmmikkuka ennathaayirunnu ashayam, toying cable muun shaftinu chuttum athu thudarchayaayi veendum pinn shaftilekku vichedikkappedunna vidhathil thirikkunnu. marperger parayunnathanusarichu, livarukalude adhika upayogam kondu ancho aaroo perkku bottinte kadannupokal vijayakaramaayi nadatthaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. athesamayam, yanthram "nirmmichathaanenkilum" orikkalum upayogathilundaayillena addeham oonnipparanju. addehathinte vivaranathil ninnu, eee adisthaana thathwathinte gadakangal pinneedu cheyin bottukal nirmmikkaan upayogichathinu samaanamaanenn thonnunnu. nadiyude eee bhagam pinneedu germmaniyile aadyathe cheyin bottukalude arambha pooyintaayi maari.
1732ll marshell mouris oof saxonyude preranayodeyaanu cable boat upayogikkaanulla aadya praayogika sramangal nadannathu, pinneedu franch sevanathilaayirunnu. strasburghin sameepamulla raine nadiyilaanu iva nadannathu. vividha vyaasamulla moonnu jody silindarukal thirascheenamaaya oru shafttil krameekarikkukayum rund kuthirakal oodikkukayum cheythu. aavashyamaaya sakthiye aashrayich, silindarukalude oru jody valanjukondu kayar valichidukayum mattu rund jody theerathu pathikkukayum cheythu. variable anupatham shakthiyude mikacha upayogathinu anuvadichu. bhoomiyil ninnulla valikkunnavayumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee samvidaanathinu oru kappalil ore ennam draaft kuthirakalude eratti bharam neekkaan kazhiyum.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyile pareekshanangal.
1820 nuu sesham fraansile niravadhi kandupiduthakkar kebilukaloo changalakalo upayogichu neekkaan kazhiyunna bottukalude saankethika nadappakkalil vevvere pravarthichu. leoninaduthulla soonn nadiyil pareekshanangal nadatthiya enchineeyarmaar, tourassi, courtout ennivar ithil ulppedunnu. avar chanamkondu nirmmicha ekadesham oru valikkunna cable naditirat gadippichu. boatil karangunna oru drummin chuttum ithu murivelppikkukayum athu bottine munnott valichidukayum cheythu. drum karakkan aarr kuthirakale upayogichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandil vyavasayavalkkaranam purogamichathode jalapaathakalil gathagatha sheshiyude aavasyam ganyamaayi vardhichu. ennaal eee vyavasayavalkkaranam gathagatha reethikalil thanne viplavamundaakki. neeravi enchininte kandupidutham ardhamaakkunnathu, aadyamaayi, kaattil ninnum tharamgangalil ninnum swathanthramaayi power kappalukalkk oru motor ippol labhyamaayirunnu ennaanu. ennirunnaalum, aadyathe neeravi enchinukalude shakti thaarathamyena kuravaayirunnu, athesamayam avaa valare bharamullavayaayirunnu. athinaal kappalukal neekkaan athinte shakti ettavum phalapradamaaya reethiyil upayogikkaan shramichu.
kurachu kazhinju tourassie korttouttum enna rund enchineeyarmaar neeravi shakti upayogichu givarukalkkum leone edayilulla ronil pareekshanangal nadatthi. neeravi upayogichu oodunna oru escort kappal chana kayar mukalilekku kondupoyi theerathekku nankooramittu. thudarnnu escort madangiyethi kayarinte kayperiya attam yadhaartha tugg bottilekk kondupoyi. randaamathethu kayariloode mukalilekku valichidukayum athu pookumbool escort kappalile drummilake kaimarukayum cheythu. eee prakriyayil randaamathe kayar nankooramidunnathinaayi randaamathe escort kappal mukalilekku thidukkathil neengukayum angane kaathiripp samayam laabhikkukayum cheythu.
saine nadiyil vinochon dii kwemond pareekshanangal nadatthi, athil kayar oru changala upayogichu maatti. aadyathe pareekshanangalude phalangal 1866 leeii kandupiduthangalude vaarshikapusthakathil vaayikkam "eee [muun] sramangalellaam oru thudarchayaaya shringhala upayogichillengilum, kappal pravarthanakshamamaakkunnathi munbu toow cheyin ellaayppozhum oru boat munnott kondupokendivannu, phalangal valare santhoshakaramaanennu thonniyathinaal 1825 aayappozhekkum edward dii rigniyude neethrthwathil eee samvidaanangale adisthaanamaakki oru kambani roopeekarikkappettu."
ennirunnaalum, thettaaya roopakalppana kaaranam "entreprise dii remorkej" avatharippikkunnath parajayappettu. laa dauphain" enna cheyin steamer tourassiyude savisheshathaykk anusrithamaayi nirmmichathalla. varavu valare valuthaayirunnu, enchin valare kuravaayirunnu. koodaathe, deckil shafttukal valare akaleyaayirunnu. mathramalla, kambaniyude mooladhanam aparyapthamaayirunnu.
1826ll, mii.eph. borden rund neeravi kappalukal upayogichu oru vakabhedam pareekshichu. kappalukalilonnu paddle wheel upayogichu munnott neengukayum ore samayam neelamulla oru kayar azhichumaattukayum cheythu. kayar poornnamaayum vichedicha sesham, kappal nankooramittu, randaamathe tugg bottine athinte baarjukalude shringhala upayogichu valichidukayum, pinn tugg boat athinte swantham shakthiyode prakriya sahayikkukayum cheythu. rund bottukalum pinneedu sthaanam maarukayum nadapadikramam aavarthikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ankering thanthrathil dhaaraalam samayam nashtappettu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyile aaa aadyakaala shramangalude kaalam muthal, cheyin boat saankethikavidya kramanugathamaayi mechappedukayum fraansil cheyin bottukalude aadya vijayakaramaya upayogam nadakkukayum cheythu. athinusesham, mattu franch nadikalkkum kanaalukalkkum changalakal nalki. germmaniyil, elb, necker, maine, spree, havell, warth, danube ennividangalil changalakal sthaapichu. russiayilum cheyin boat naavigeshan vyaapakamaayi. mothatthil, europil ekadesham changala vechirunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil cheyin boat naavigeshanile mattangal.
cheyin bottukal ulnaadan jalapatha gathaagathathil, prathyekichu sakthamaaya pravahangalulla nadikalil viplavakaramaaya maattam varuthi. ithuvare undaayirunna saadhaarana toying reethiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, oru cheyin bottinu kooduthal valuthum valuthumaaya niravadhi bottukal kondupokaan kazhiyum. eathaanum varshangalkkullil oru baarjinte bharam anchiratti uyarnnu. koodaathe, cheyin boat gathagatham valare vegameriyathum vilakuranjathumaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru bottinu cheyyaan kazhiyunna yaathrakalude ennam ekadesham moonnirattiyaanu.
varshathil rund yaathrakalkk pakaram, captanu prathivarsham aarr muthal ettu vare yathrakal nadatthaam allengil cover cheiyunnathinupakaram, addehathinte karakaushalavasthukkalkku varsham thorum sanjarikkaam. delivari samayam athinanusarichu kuravum kooduthal vishwasaneeyavumaayirunnu; athe samayam chelavu kuraykkunnu.
19-aamm noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyilum 20-aamm noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyilum vardhichuvarunna vyavasaayavalkkaranathal nayikkappedunna gathagatha sheshiyude vardhichuvarunna aavasyam niravettaan neeravi enchininte upayogathiloode aadyamaayi saadhyamaayi. reyilveyil ninnulla vardhichuvarunna malsarathinethire malsarikkaan navikarkkum avarude barjukalkkum cheyin boat naavigeshan avasaram nalki.
cheyin bottukal avatharippikkunnathin munbu, paddle steemarukal ithinakam thanne nadiyude chila bhaagangalil taggukalaayum charakk bottukalaayum pravartthikkunnundena bahujana gathaagathathil avaa oru munnettavum nadatthiyilla. nadiyude jalanirapineyum vipani saambathika thaalpparyangaleyum aashrayikkunnathinaal steemarinu sthiramaaya sevanam urappu nalkaan kazhinjilla. athivega kanakshanukalulla pathiv sevanangalum cheyin bottukalude urappullathum kuranjathumaaya gathaagathachelavum nadee barj gathagatham mathsaraadhishtithamaakaan thudangunnathuvare.
irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil scru propeller, deesal enchin thudangiya puthiya tharatthilulla oorjjathinte upayogathil vikasanavum valarchayum undaayathode svayam-niyantritha kappalukal cheyin bottine kooduthal marikadannu. nadee samvidaanangalude vikasanavum rooad, reyil ennivayil ninnulla malsaravum thudarchayaaya toinginaayi roopakalppana cheytha cheyin boat vyavasaayathinte laabhakshamatha kooduthal kurachu. kaalakramena, cheyin bottukalude upayogam nadiyude chila prathyeka budhimuttulla bhaagangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthi.
europile vitharanam.
france.
1839-ll, saankethikamaayum saambathikamaayum vijayakaramaya aadyathe cheyin steamer, "herkule", paarees nagarathinullil saine nadiyil athivegam ozhukunna jalathinte ekadesham oru bhagathaanu nirmmichathu. nadiyude ithe bhagathaanu kurachu varshangalkk munbu saankethika prasnangal kaaranam dii rigni paraajayappettath.
1854-ll paareesil ninnu aarambhich, cheyin boat sevanangal yonumaayulla samgamasthaanathulla montero pattanatthilekkum athupole thaazhekku konflaanukalilekkum (ooyisinte mukhathu) vyaapichu. 1860 muthal seyninte mukhathekku sevanangal vyapippichu. seenil shringalayude paramavadhi motham neelam. koodaathe, 1873-ll yonile thanne mattoru root-monteroic accereykkum idayil-chertthu.
seyninte nadeethadatthinte swabhaavam cheyin bottukalkku anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangal vaagdaanam cheythu. nadhi orepole aazhamullathum thaarathamyena kuthaneyulla charivullathum manal niranjathum thulyavumaayirunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, alpine mekhalayil uravidamulla nadikalkku anuyojyamallaathavayaayirunu. ithinartham, prathyekichu nadikal karakavinjozhukumbol avaa valia alavil manal vahikkunnu ennaanu. kaandaamrigatthil nadatthiya pareekshanangalil, changala palappozhum manalum kallum kondu kuzhichumoodiyathaayi kandethi. sonile pareekshanangalum paraajayappedukayum thaarathamyena vegathil avasanippikkukayum cheythu.
fraansile kanaalukalilum nadikalilum cheyin bottukal nadee gathagathavum nalki. eee kanaalukalude ettavum uyarnna thalatthilulla thurankangal valare neelamullavayaayirunnu, avayiloode bottukal valichedukkaan vaidyuthiyil pravartthikkunna cheyin bottukal upayogichirunnu. turanka samvidaanangalil vaayusanchaarathinte abhavam kaaranam, svayam-niyantritha motor kappalukal avatharippichathinusheshavum vaidyuthiyil pravartthikkunna cheyin bottukal upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu.
beljiyam.
1866ll beljiyam cheyin steemarukal brasselsinum roopalumaayulla kanaalinte samgamasthaanathinum idayil kanal dii willebrock oodichu. francileyum germmaniyileyum cheyin bottukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, beljiyathile cheyin bottukal voonn bookvi samvidaanam upayogichu, athil cheyin kappalinte madhyarekhayilekku nayikkappedunnilla, marichu kappalinte vashathulla oru cheyin veelinu mukaliloode. cheyin slipping thadayunnathinaayi cheyin veelil pallukal gadippichirunnu. oro divasavum anchu cheyin bottukal oro dishayilekkum valichidukayum oronnum 6 muthal 12 vare baarjukalude shringhala valikkukayum cheiyunnu.
jarmman saamrajyavum austriyan saamrajyavum.
elbe sale.
1866ll germmaniyil, elbil oru irumbu shringhala sthaapichukondu cheyin boat naavigeshan aarambhichu. magdeburg-nyoostaad, bakkou ennivaykkidayilulla elbinte oru bhagathaanu cheyin steamer upayogichulla aadyathe pathiv charakk gathagatham nadannathu. eee paathayude neelam oru prussian mailinte naalil moonnu bhaagamaayirunnu (oru nalla-i.iii. yadhaartha neelam). eee samayat, "domfelsen" vazhi nadhi prathyekichum vegathil ozhukunnu. hamberg-magdeburg steamship kambaniyaanu cheyin steamer pravarthippichathu.
monayile aadyathe rund steemshippukal veethiyum neelavumullathum ekadesham motorvalkkaricha enchinukal gadippichathum 250 tonn vare naalu baarjukal valichedukkunnathumaayir. 1871 aayappozhekkum eee shringhala magdeburgil ninnu bohemian athirthiyile shandow vare vyaapippichirunnu. moonnu varshathinu sesham hamberg-magdeburg steamship kambani vadakku padinjaaru hambergilake paatha vyapippichu. 28 cheyin bottukal vare motham neelam uyarnnuvarikayaayirunnu. 1926-27 ll, kaimuttinte valia bhaagangalil ninnu cheyin bottukal pinvalikkukayum changalakal uyarthukayum cheythu. ettavum budhimuttulla bhaagangalil maathramaan cheyin steemarukal upayogichirunnathu. bohemiayile avasana vibhaagam 1948ll adachu.
1873ll seyilil, cheyin bottukal sevanathilekku kondupoyi, athinte nadeemukhathu ninnu calbe vare oodukayum 1903 aayappozhekkum motham sarveesukal haleilek vyaapippikkukayum cheythu. 1921ll saaleyile avasaanathe cheyin boat ippozhum pravarthikkukayaayirunnu.
danube.
1869-ll cheyin boat sevanangal nalkunnathinaayi oru elavu labhicha sesham, danube steamship kambani viyannaykkum presburghin (braattislaavayude muun peru) idayil oru shringhala sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, 1871-ll, nadiyude chila bhagangal ithinakam cheyin shipping nirodhichirunnu. 1881ll spitsil ninnu linsilake danubil cheyin bottukal oodukayaayirunnu. patthu cheyin kappalukal upayogathilundaayirunnu. 1890ll cheyin bottukal tugg bottukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedaanulla kaaranam (oro yaathrayilum sharashari oru thavana) eee shringhala kooduthal kooduthal thakarnnu. 1891ll regensburghin hofkirchan () idayil cheyin boat sevanangal sthaapichu. 1896ll viyannaykkum vaii. bii. bii. esinum edayilulla cheyin boat sarveesukal nirthalaakkukayum 1906ll regensburghin hofkirchan edayilulla sarveesukalum nirthalaakkukayum cheythu.
danubil sakthamaaya pravaham kaaranam, cheyin bottukalkku thaazhekku sanjarikkumbol cheyin upayogikkaan kazhinjilla. athinaal avaykku propulsion, uthppaadanam ennivayude adhika maarggamaayi vashangalil valia paddle veelukal undaayirikkanam.
brah.
lover brahe (polisha brada) visttula nadhiyum padinjaaran europpumaayulla nannayi vikasippicha jalapaathakalude shringalayum thammilulla oru linkai pravarthichu. thadi gathaagathathinu eee jalapatha prathyekichum pradhanamaayirunnu, ennaal brahe nadiyile thadi rafttukal visttulayude mukhathinum bromberg sitti lokkukalkkum idayil mukalilekku valikkendivannu. varshangalayi, nadiyude valare valanjathum thaarathamyena vegathilullathumaaya bhaagatthiloode boardukal valikkaan kuthirakale upayogichirunnu. 1868 november 12 nuu, tovinginte utharavaadithamulla bromberg holeju kambaniyude ("bromberger tribercomptoir") udama, brombergile kaunsilil thaazhathe braheyil oru cheyin boat ooppareshan avatharippikkunathinulla licensinaayi apekshichu.
1869 juun 3 nuu anuvadicha elavu 25 varshathekku parimithappedutthiyirunnu, ithu pradhaanamaayum elbil praabalyathilulla prussian chattangalumayi poruthappedunnu. taamasiyaathe, 1869-leeii venalkkaalath, "maschinenfabric bakkou" nirmmicha oru cheyin steamer upayogichu aadyathe trial rann aarambhichu. ennirunnaalum, bottinu aavashyamaaya prakadanavum vegathayum nalkaan kazhiyaathathinal sarathkaalathaanu ooppareshan avasaanippikkendivannathu. 1870-leeii venalkkaalath mathiyaya oorjjamulla oru pakara boat avatharippichu. ennirunnaalum, prathidinam onno rando trippukal maathrame nadatthaan kazhiyoo. 1871 maarchil ettavum nirnayakamaaya bhaagath oru short katt nirmmikkukayum 1872 leeii vasanthakaalath randaamathe cheyin boat ettedukkukayum cheiyunnathuvare, valia thothil thadi rafttukal cheyin bottukalkku valichedukkaan kazhinjilla.
oru steamboat braaheyude mukhathu rafttukal shekharikkukayum ekadesham oru kilometer mukalilekku valichidukayum cheythu. thudarnnu raafttukalum bakkiyullavayum randaamathe steemarinu brombergile poottukalkku kaimari. gathagatha sevanam laabhakaramaayirunnu, cheyin bottukalude ennam naalayi uyarthi. 1894 epril epril vyapara vyavasaya mantriyum pothumaraamathu mantriyum elavu 25 varshathekku koodi neetti.
nekkar.
1878 aayappozhekkum aadyathe cheyin boat onpathu baarjukal vahichu manheim, hailbron ennivaykkidayilulla necker nadiyil sarveesil praveshichu. nekkarinte cheyin ship kambaniyaanu ("kettenshiffahert ouf deme necker eji") cheyin bottukalude pravartthanam kaikaaryam cheythath. ennirunnaalum, 1930-kalil poottukal vazhi nadiyude ozhukk niyanthrikkukayum athu oru pradhana jalapathayaayi uyarthaan praapthamaakkukayum cheythathode, ithuvare labhakaramaaya nekkar cheyin bottukalude avasaanavum avaykku pakaram valia baarjukalum vannu.
haalum sprey.
nadiyile havelilum cheyin bottukal upayogichu oru cheria kaalayalav pareekshanangal undaayirunnu. haavalinte ozhukk ellaayppozhum kuravaanengilum, oru cheyin steamer upayogichu dhaaraalam boardukal kuranja chelavil valichedukkaan kazhiyum. haaval, spri nadikalil, spaandau nagaratthinaduthulla pitchelsdorfin kireedaavakasha paalatthinum (cronprincenbrook) idayil, berlinte arikilulla "unterboam", rund engleeshukaar 1879 ll sthaapicha berlin barj kambani 1882 juun 16 nuu oru cheyin boat sevanam aarambhichu. havellandil niravadhi ishtika faaktarikal undaayirunnu, avayude uthppannangal mikkavarum kappal vazhi mathramaayirunnu. 1894-leeii venalkkaalath, havalileyum aadambarathileyum cheyin bottukal pinvalichu. scru propellerukalulla neeravi upayogichu oodunna tugg bottinte vikasanam avaye marikadannu.
pradhana.
1886 muthal 1936 vareyulla kaalayalavil pradhana nadiyil cheyin bottukalum upayogichirunnu. mainsinum bamberghin edayilulla nadiyude navigable vibhagathilaanu eee cheyin sthaapichathu. 8 cheyin bottukal vare pradhana sarveesil undaayirunnu. 1938ll meyinil ninnu eee shringhala veendedukkukayum veendum upayogikkukayum cheythu. pradhaanabhaagathulla cheyin bottukale samsaarabhashayil "makuh" allengil "makuh" ("pradhana pashu") ennum vilichirunnu.
russia.
volga-twer cheyin shipping kambani ribinskinum twerinum idayil upper volgayil holeju sevanangal aarambhichu. ekadesham, eee nadiyude neelam moshamaayi niyanthrikkappedukayum palappozhum nadiyude aazham maathrame undaayirunnulloo. ennirunnaalum, nediya labham kuravaayirunnu. 1885ll 10 cheyin steemarukal maathramaan volgayil pravarthichathu, oronninum oru power.
1871ll sheksnayil cheyin boat sevanangalum sthaapichathu cheyin steamship kambaniyaayirunnu. peettezhsburg. nadiyude volgayumaayulla samgamasthaanam muthal sent sitti vare eee shringhala neenduninnu. peettezhsburg. thudakkam muthal, cheyin boat sevanam mosham phalangal nedi. pinneedu, valare cheria gradient ulla ekadesham neelamulla roottinte oru bhaagathe cheyin sarvees kambani avasanippikkukayum pakaram oru tugg boat sarvees nadathukayum cheythu. bakkiyulla vibhaagathil sakthamaaya pravaahangal kaaranam cheyin bottukal ekadesham 30 sathamaanam labham nedi. 1885ll kambani eee bhaagath 14 cheyin steemarukal avatharippichu, oronninum kazhiyum.
koodaathe, moskwayil 4 steemarukalum 17 steemarukalum motham 7 steemarukalumulla veer nadiyil cheyin boat sevanangalum vitharanam cheythu. annathe russian thalasthaanamaaya sent.aaram noottaandil vikasippichedutha peettezhsburg, finald ulkkadalil coatlin dveepumaayi chernnathaanu, pakshe upekshikkappettu.
2022 leeii kanakkanusarichu russian jalathil ippozhum sevanamanushtikkunna oreyoru cheyin boat deesal-electric tugg (1964, project #1111-03) aanu, ithu cyberiayile yenisi nadiyile kazachinsky druthagathiyilulla kappal carvanukal valichidunnu. 
saankethika vivaranam.
cheyin boat.
nadiyude adithattil sthaapicha oru changalayiloode cheyin boat svayam valichedukkukayaayirunnu. ithu cheiyunnathinaayi, kappalinte villil oru kuthichuchaattam vazhi changala vellathil ninnu uyarthukayum kappalinte rekhamsha achuthandine pinthudarnnu madhyathilulla cheyin drivilekku thaazhekku oodukayum cheythu. pradhaanamaayum oru drum vinch vazhiyaan neeravi enchinil ninnu shringalayilekku vaidyuthi kaimariyirunnathu. avide ninnu, shringhala dekkinu kuruke sternile boom vare nayikkukayum veendum nadeethadatthilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. boom paarshwabhaagathu chalikkukayum munnilum pinnilum gadippichirikkunna rund radarukal kaaranam, nadiyude valavil polum nadiyude madhyathil veendum shringhala rile cheyyaan kazhinju.
changala.
shringalaykku cheyin shipping kambanikal thanne panam nalkendivannu, ithu thadassamillaatha steel linkukal kondaanu nirmmichathu. kuranja kaarban ulladakkamulla nalla, veldable baarukalil ninnullathaayirunnu vyakthigatha linkukal. nadiyude bhaagathe aashrayich baarukalkk saadhaarana kanam undaayirunnu. ennittum, idaykkide pottalukal undaayi. rund cheyin bottukal kandumuttumbol thurakkaan kazhiyunna niravadhi edavelakalil changalakal undaayirunnu. eee uyarnna nilavaaramulla shringalakalil bhooribhaagavum englandiloo francillo nirmmichathaanu.
ethir dishakaliloode sanjarikkunna bottukal thammilulla ettumuttal.
rund cheyin bottukal kandumuttukayaanenkil, oru boat oru sahaaya shringhala upayogichu mattoru bottilekk cheyin kadannupokunna sankeernamaaya oru thanthram aavasyamaanu. eee nadapadikramam ardhamaakkunnathu mukalilekku sanjarikkunna bottinu kuranjathu 20 minittengilum vaikukayum athesamayam thaazhekku pookunna kappalin thanthratthinte falamaayi ekadesham 45 minitt vaikukayum cheythu. ooksilari enchinukalude aamukham cheyin bottukale shringhala upayogikkaathe swantham shakthiyil thaazhekku sanjarikkaan praapthamakki, angane eee samayamedukkunna pravartthanangalude aavasyakatha ozhivaakkunnu.
ananthamaaya" changalakalulla pareekshanangal.
oru shringalayo cabillo vaangunnathinulla valia chelavu ozhivakkaan, "ananthamaaya" shringhala upayogichu dupuy dii loam ronil pareekshanangal nadatthi. boat athintethaaya shringhala upayogichu, athu vellathilekku munnottulla kuthichuchaattam vazhi thaazhtthi; athinte bharam athine thaazhekku kondupoyi nadeethadatthil kidakkunnu. sternil, changala veendum vellathil ninnu valichedukkukayum cheyin drive vazhi kappalinte dekkiloode munnott valichidukayum cheythu. bhaarameriyathum svayam niyantrithavumaaya shringalayude thaazhathe bhaagathinu nadeethadatthil thennimaran kazhiyillennu karuthiyal kappalin munnott neengaan kazhiyum. eee tharatthilulla propulsion orikkalum vaanijyaparamaayi upayogichirunnilla, kaaranam vyavasthakalkku sariyaaya neelam cheyin aanenkil maathrame mathiyaya power transfer saadhyamaakoo. vellam valare aazhathilaanengil, nadeethadatthil vishramikkunna shringalayude neelam aavashyamaaya gharshanam srishtikkaan kazhiyaathathra cheruthaanu. vellam valare aazhamillaathathaanenkil, nadiyile shringalayude neelam valare valuthaakukayum athu neendu pookaathe adiyil koyilukalaayi kidakkukayum cheyyum. athinaal nadiyude aazhathile vyathiyanangal kappalinte kaikaaryam cheyyal ganyamaayi sankeernamaakki.
elavukal.
cheyin shipping kambanikalkku cheyin bottukal pravarthippikkaan licenses aavasyamaanu. itharathilulla kappal gathaagathathinulla eaka avakasham eee elavu kambanikku urappunalki. shringalayum cheyin bottukalum vaangunnath oopparettarkku uyarnna saambathika bhaarathe prathinidheekarikkunnathil, elavu oru paridhivare suraksha nalkendivannu. ennaal ithu reyilveyil ninno paddle steemarukalil ninno saadhaarana valikkunna baarjukalil ninno ulla malsaram illaathaakkiyilla. pakaramaayi, naavikarude avakashangalum kadamakalum elavil niyantrikkappettu. udaaharanathinu, oro barje samsthaanam nischayicha nirakkil kondupokendathundu.
paddle steemarukalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
cheyin bottukalkku reyilveyumaayi mathramalla, jalapaathakalilum malsaram neridendivannu. paddle steemarukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, naavigeshan budhimuttulla sthalangalil, raapidukal, nadiyile moorchayulla valayangal, sholukal enniva polulla ellaayidathum cheyin steemarukalkku gunangalundaayirunnu.
pravaahangalum ozhukkum.
oru paddle veelilo scru steemarilo vellam munnott neekkunnathinaayi pinnott thallunnu. oorjjathinte oru pradhana bhagam prakshubdhathayayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnu, athinaal kappalinte propulsion ithu labhyamalla. ennirunnaalum, cheyin steamer oru khara shringalayil munnott valikkunnu, athinaal athinte neeravi shakthiyude valare valia anupaathathe oorjjamaakki maattaan kazhiyum.
athe tractive fozhsil, ithu kalkari upabhogam moonnil rund bhaagavum kurachu.
vegathilulla nadikalude ozhukk nirakkil, aanukoolyam kooduthal kooduthal cheyin steemarinu anukoolamaayi maarunnu. 1892-ll, evald bellingrath inipparayunna pothuvaaya niyamam avatharippichu sharashari 0.25 Â nadiyude gradiantil paddle steemarukal mikachathaanu. 0. 0 25num idayil rund tharatthilulla karakaushalavasthukkalum thulyamaanu. 0. 3 nuu mukalilulla cheyin bottinu gunamundu. 0. 4 nuu mukalilulla gradiantukalil paddle steemarukalkku munneraan kooduthal budhimuttaanu, 0.0 muthal baarjukal kondupokaan poornnamaayum kazhiyunnilla.
swathanthramaayi oodunna, paddle tugg bottukalkku oru nadiyude pravaahathinethire ekadesham vegatha kaivarikkaan kazhiyumennu praayogika anubhavam kaanichu. angane avarkk vaanijyaadisthaanathil labhakaramaaya oru sevanam nalkaan kazhiyum. kurachukoodi akalatthil maathramaayirunnenkil valia gradiantukal koodiyaalochanaykk vidheyamaakkaamaayirunnu. kayarukal mandagathiyilaakkunnathiloodi, paddle steemarukalkku thadassathe marikadakkaan kazhiyum. gadippicha baarjukal vegathil ozhukunna pradeshathu praveshikkumbozhekkum steamer ithinakam thanne athinte mukaliloode sanjarikkukayum athinte muzhuvan traction veendum srishtikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. mukalilulla ozhukk nirakkil, vaidyuthi uthppaadanam poojyamaayi kurayum. nadiyude chenkuthaaya bhaagangalil palathum thaarathamyena cheruthaanu, vivaricha thanthrangal upayogichu paddle steemarukal upayogichu marikadakkaan kazhiyum.
ennirunnaalum, nadikal karakavinjozhukumbol athivega pravaahangalum cheyin bottukalkku prashnamaayekkaam. nadeethadatthinte swabhaavathe aashrayich, avashishtangalude sakthamaaya chalanagal aggraderationilekku nayikkukayum angane charal, kallukal enniva kondu shringalaye moodukayum cheyyum. daanyoobinte chila bhaagangalil polulla valia ledjukalo valia paarakalo ulla oru nadeethadam shringalaye takaraan kaaranamavukayum cheyin bottukalkku valia thadassamaakukayum cheythu.
paddle steemarukal vellam kuzhikkunnathum ganyamaayi valia tharamgapravartthanathinu kaaranamaayi, ithu theerathe naashanashtangal vardhippikkaanulla saadhyathaykk kaaranamaayi. avar srishticha adhika pravaahangalum thiramaalakalum valichidunna baarjukalkk adhika prathirodham srishtichu. oru cheyin bottinu pinnil, neremarichu, vellam shaanthamaayirunnu.
aazham.
chila cheyin bottukalkku valare thaazhnna jalanirappil upayogikkaan roopakalppana cheytha aazhamillaatha draaft undaayirunnu, angane akkaalathe pala nadikaludeyum saahacharyangalumayi poruthappettu. athinte aazhathil polum nekkaril phalapradamaaya sevanam pravarthippikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, steemarukalkku vaanijyaparamaayi pravartthikkaan ganyamaayi kooduthal aazham aavasyamaanu. mathramalla, sakthamaaya pravahangalil, steemarukalude ettavum kuranja jalathinte aazham kooduthalaayirunnu. scru propulsionulla tugg bottukalkku phalapradamaayi pravartthikkaan kooduthal aazhathilulla vellam aavasyamaanu. vellathinadiyil aazhathilulla oru propullerinu maathrame mathiyaya propulsion utppaadippikkaan kazhiyoo.
cheyin kappalukalkk aazhamillaatha draaft undaayirunnuvennu mathramalla, avayude saankethika thathwam thaazhnna jalanirappin prayojanakaramaayirunnu aazhamillaatha vellathil, shringhala aazhamillaatha konilaanu uyarunnathu, neeravi shakthiyude valare uyarnna anupatham oorjjamaakki maattaan kazhiyum. jalathinte aazham valare uyarnnathaanengil, athu shringhala uyarthaan aavashyamaaya oorjjathinte anupatham vardhippichu. shringalayude bharam oru balam prayogikkukayum athu charinjukondu thaazhekku nayikkukayum karyakshamatha kurayukayum cheythu. koodaathe, aazham koodunnathinanusarichu thanthraparamaaya pravarthanakshamathayum kuranju.
nikshepa chelavukal.
eee shringhala thanne shipping kambanikku uyarnna nikshepa chelavu varuthi. pradhana nadiyude bhaagath, ashfenberghin kitsingenum edayilulla aadya shringalayude vila, sthaapikkunnathu ulppede, oru dashalakshathiladhikam maarkkaayirunnuvenn kanakkaakkappedunnu. aaa vibhaagathil upayogikkaanirunna ettu cheyin bottukalude motham vilayumaayi ithu eathaandu krithyamaayi yojikkunnu. shringhala nirantharam paripaalikkendivarikayum ekadesham oro 5 muthal 10 varshathilum puthukkippaniyendivariyum cheythu.
shringalayude vilaykk purame, eee roottil ekadesham 300,000 maarkk varunna ferrikalude parivarthanachelavum undaayirunnu. cheyin bottukal upayogikkunna shringalayum ferrikal upayogikkunna kebilukalum kadakkaan anuvadikkaathathinaal eee parivartthanam aavashyamaayirunnu. athinaal saadhaarana cable ferrikal reaction ferrikalaayi parivartthanam cheyyendivannu.
vazhakkam.
aadyathe cheyin kappalukalkk cheyin gadippikkumbol maathrame pravartthikkaan kazhiyoo; athaayath, mukalilekkum thaazhekkum sanjarikkumbol avar cheyin upayogichu. ethir dishakaliloode sanjarikkunna rund cheyin bottukal kandumuttiyappol avarkk prathyeka passing thanthrangal nadathendivannu, ithu valia samayam nashtappeduthunnathinu kaaranamaayi. ezhu cheyin bottukalulla nekkar nadiyil, athaayath thaazhekku yaatra cheiyunnavarkku kuranjathu anchu manikorengilum chelavaakunna aarr kadannupokunna thanthrangal. eee samayamedukkunna pravartthanam ozhivakkaan, fraansile chila nadikalile baarjukal oru cheyin steemaril ninnu mattonnilekku baarjukalude shringhala kadannupoyi. ennirunnaalum, atharamoru kaimaattatthinum ganyamaaya samayameduthu.
saadhaaranayaayi boardukal mukalilekku maathrame valichirunnulloo. thaazhekku sanjarikkumbol panam laabhikkunnathinaayi baarjukalkk saadhaaranayaayi vaidyuthadhaara upayogichu ozhukaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu, sakthamaaya pravahangalil, neenda baarjukalude pravartthanam valare apakadakaramaayirunnu. oru cheyin boat pettennu nirthaan nirbandhitharaayaal (udaaharanathinu, cheyin thakarnnal), thudarnnulla kappalukal athilekku kayarukayum angane apakadatthinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunna gurutharamaaya apakadasaadhyathayundaayirunnu.
cheyin bottinte aadyakaalangalil, paddle steemarukal cheyin bottukalkku mukalilekku pookunnathil mandagathiyilaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, thaazhekku pookumbool, avaa vegathayullavayaayirunnu, avaykkoppam borjukalum kondupokaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
cheyin bottukalude saankethika parimithikalkk purame, avayude udamakalkku licenses niyamangal parimithappedutthiyirunnu, udaaharanathinu, chalanatthinteyum gathagatha pheesukaludeyum kramam nirnnayichu. athinaal avar paddle steamer kambanikaleppole vitharanathodum aavashyathodum prathikarikkunnathil vazhakkamullavarayirunnilla.
cheyin bottukalude maranam.
puthiya paddle steemarukalude saankethika prakadanatthile mechappeduthalaanu cheyin bottukal illaathaakaanulla oru kaaranam. kuranja kalkari upabhogathinaayi kooduthal traction nalkaan avarkk kazhinju. paddle steemarile komboundu enchinu, athinte oorjja ulppaadanathe adisthaanamaakki, kalkariyude pakuthi maathrame aavashyamulloo. asamamaya pravartthanam kaaranam cheyin steemarukalkku eee samyuktha neeravi enchinukal prayojanappedutthaan kazhinjilla. athesamayam, cheyin shipping kambanikal uyarnna nikshepavum attakuttappanikalum anubhavichu.
nadikalude kanaalvalkkaranamaayirunnu avarude maranathinu mattoru kaaranam. kaimuttil dhaaraalam nilavile niyanthrana jolikal nadannirunnu, ithu gradiantine thulyamaakkukayum nadiyile valavu kuraykkukayum aazhamillathava neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, cheyin shippinte gunangal kuranju.
pradhana, nekkar ennividangalil niravadhi anakkettukalum poottukalum chertthathu cheyin bottukalkku krithrima thadassangal srishtichu. nadiyile anakkett nirmmichathu jalathinte aazham vardhippikkukayum ozhukkinte nirakk kuraykkukayum cheythu. prathyekichum, baarjukalude neenda charadukal poottukalil vibhajikkukayum vyakthigathamayi bhakshanam nalkukayum cheyyendivannu, ithu ganyamaaya samayam nashtappedutthunnu.
saahithyathil cheyin bottukal.
american ezhuthukaaranaaya maarkk twayne germmaniyile nekkar nadiyil cheyin bottukale nerittathinekkurichu rasakaravum charitraparavumaaya oru vivaranam nalki. addeham eee sambhavathe thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vivarikkunnu

