
kanyakayude anumaanam (taitiyan)

itaaliyan navothaana kalakaaranaaya taitiyan ennayil varacha oru valia balipeeta paanal paintingaanu "assunda" ennariyappedunna kanyaka allengil frari anumaanathinte anumaanam, ithu 1515-1518 ll varachirikkunnu. ithu venesile basilica dii santa maria gloriosa dee fraariyude uyarnna balipeetathil allengil frari palliyil roopakalppana cheytha sthaanathu thudarunnu. valia palliyude aavasyathinu, balipeetavum sabayum thammil ganyamaaya akalamulla, jeevita valuppathilulla, nagaratthile ettavum valia balipeetamaanithu.
mukalilum thaazheyumulla chithrangal taittiyante kruthikalalla, avaa palma vechiyoyudethaanu.
rafale michelanchaloyum ulppedeyulla kalakaaranmaar florencilum romilum kooduthal thekk uyarnna navothaana chitrakalayile sambhavavikaasangalekkurichulla addehathinte avabodhathe prathiphalippicha taittiyante shailiyil ithu oru puthiya dishaye adayaalappeduthi. apposthalanmaarude prakopithamaaya roopangal veneeshyan chitrakalayilum jiovanni bellini, mattullava ennivayude paarambaryatthilum vishudharude saadhaarana dhyanaparamaaya nisshabdathayode oru edavela adayaalappeduthi.
orupakshe veneeshyan pothujanangale ithu aadyam njettichirikkaam, pakshe taamasiyaathe venesile pramukha kalakaranenna nilayil taittiyante sthaanam sthireekarikkunna oru maastarpees aayi amgeekarikkappettu, koodaathe michelanchaloyudeyum raafelinteyum ethiraaliyaaya italiyile ettavum pradhanappetta onnaanu.
vishayam.
pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil oopshanalaayi thudarnna oru catholica sidhaanthamaayirunnu merii enna anumaanam; 1950 vare ithu oru vishwaasa lekhanamaayi prakhyaapichirunnilla. fraansiskan oordar, athinte sabhayaya frari, ellaayppozhum ithum marian daivashaasthrathinte mattu vashangalum prothsaahippichirunnu, prathyekichu meriyekkurichulla shudhamaaya sangalppavumaayi bandhapetta sidhaantham, appozhum sajeevamaaya vivaadathinte vishayamaayirunnu. kanyaka meriyude shareeram "avalude bhoumika jeevithathinte avasaanathil" "anumaanikkappedukayo shaareerikamaayi swargathilekku neengukayo cheythathayi sidhaantham nireekshichu. mikka catholicar ithu oru saadhaarana maranathinu sheshamaan (saadhaaranayaayi paarambaryatthil moonnu divasam kazhinju) sambhavichathenn vishwasichirunnu, ennaal athu sambhavikkumbol merii jeevichirunna chilar, 1950-ll munifincentisimus dues pariharikkathirikkaan shradhichirunna oru chodyamaayirunnu. chithratthinte adiyil, meriyude kallu shavakudeerathinte oru nottam vivekapoorvvam kaanaan kazhiyum, ithu maranathinu munbulla oru anumaanathil vishwasikkunnavarkku athu avaganikkaano mattenthenkilum aayi kanakkaakkaano anuvadikkunnu.
taishyante chithrakalayude vishalamaaya ghadana, uyarnnuvarunna meriyude thaazhe oru koottam apposthalanmaare, jeevanode kaanikkukayum, svarggathile oru koottam maalaakhamaarilekku neengukayum cheiyunna, atharam oru sangalppa rangam sidhaanthathinte bhaagamallengilum kalayile muun thithreekaranangale pinthudarunnu. svarggathile kanyakayude kireedadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta rangam yadhaartha anumaanathinte nimisham kaanikkunna ramgangalaal maattisthaapikkappettu, ivide, palappozhum athumaayi samyojippikkappettu. ivide valathuvashathulla pithavaaya daivathodoppam varunna maalaakha oru kireedam uyarthippidikkunnu, athu avan avalude thalayil vaykkaan pookunnu.
vivaranam.
eee kanakkukal moonnu mekhalakalilaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu, avaa prakasham maathram niracha edangalaal harikkunnu. oru koottamaayi irukiya, vividha naadakeeyamaaya bhavangalil, mikkavarum kanyakayaaya merii svarggathilekku uyarunnathinte abhoothapoorvamaaya kaazhchayilekku nokkunna apposthalanmar nilathundu. vismayathode nokkunnathu muthal muttukuthunnathum aakaashathekku athunnathum vare vividha posukalilaanu avaa kaanichirikkunnathu... koottaaya prasthaanatthil nirayukayum, nizhalumayi aikyappedukayum cheiyunna veerochithamaaya aamgyangalkku abhoothapoorvamaaya dhairyathinte oru chhaaya nalkunnu.
madhyamekhalayil, kanyaka merii meghangalil nilkkunnu, chuvanna vasthravum neela vasthravum kondu pothinjirikkunnu, oppam athbhuthathinte aamgyavum cheiyunnu. avalude chuttum "swargeeya velichathaal vikiranam cheyyappedunna meghangalaayi malakkukal uruki". mukalil pithaav enna daivamundu, valath vashathulla maalaakha merikkaayi oru kireedam kaimaran pookunnu (mukalil kaanuka).
ellah prakrithidrishya gadakangalum ozhivaakkikkond taitiyan paarambaryam thakarthu, ennirunnaalum apposthalanmaarkk mukalilulla neela-chaaraniratthilulla aakasham aaa rangam purathu sajjeekarichirikkunnave kaanikkunnu. aakasham mukalile mekhalakalile swarnna swargeeya prakashavumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ithu ippozhum saan marcoyil nirmmikkappedunnathu mosaikkukalil parambaraagathamaaya swarnna graundum gothik kaalaghattatthile swarnna graundu paintingukalum oormmippikkunnu.
aake panthrand apposthalanmaarund, avaril chilarkk avarude mukhatthinte oru cheria bhagam maathrame kaanaan kazhiyoo. vishudha peettar praarthanayil kaikal orumichu vechukondu madhyathil irikkunnu, vishudha joonn suvisheshakan thante idathuvashathu chuvapp niratthilulla cheruppakkaaranaanu; mattullava thirichariyaan uddeshichullavayaayirikka. sent peettarinu thaazheyulla shavakudeerathil "titianus" ennu paintingil oppittirikkunnu.
sthalam.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil valare valia gothik palliyaya frari, thudakkathil ishtika kondu nirmmichathaayirunnu, valia janakkoottathinu prasamgikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheythirunna pala fraansiskan pallikalum pole, ennaal ippol vipulamaaya shavakudeerangalum paintingukalum kondu niranjirikkunnu. 19-aamm noottaandile oru valia smaarakathil "anumaanam" ennathinte oru durithaashwaasa pathipp ulppedunna taittiyane thanne avide adakkam cheythittundu, ennirunnaalum addehathe konna playginte araajakathvathinte aasoothrithamaaya falamaanithu.
uyaramulla balipeetam naabhiyil ninnu valare akaleyaan, athinte kazhcha 1475 leeii vipulamaaya kallu gaayaka-screen, madhyathil vrithaakrithiyilulla kamaanavum oro attatthum oru palpittum upayogichu parimithappedutthiyirikku. ithinu thottupinnaale, palliyude pakuthiyolam veethiyilaayi, gaayakasamghathinte nirakalum uyarnna thadi pinthunayum parasparam abhimukeekarikkunnu. ithinu sesham valare aazhamulla, aposil chansalinu munbaayi traansepttukalilekk athunna vishalavum ennaal aazhamillaathathumaaya oru pradesham varunnu. paintinginte vrithaakrithiyilulla mukalbhagam palliyude madhya achuthandil, naabhiyude pinbhaagathu polum nilkkunna oru kaazhchakkaaran gaayaka-screen kamaanam kondu manoharamaayi frame cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu, ennirunnaalum avide ninnu athu cheruthaanennu thonnunnu. ithu swargeeya prakaashatthinte vrithaakrithiyilulla vrithathe gadanayude mukalbhagam poortthiyaakkaanum anuvadikkunnu, niraykkaan vichitramaaya konukalonnumilla.
uyarnna balipeetavum balipeetam roopappeduthunna athinte vipulamaaya redessos orupakshe taitiyan athinte vishalamaaya sangalppathil roopakalppana cheythirikkaam, addehathinte chithrakalayumaayi poruthappedunnu. vishadamaaya roopakalppanayum nirvvahanavum orupakshe lorenzo bregno aayirikkam. marble nirmmichirikkunna balipeetathinteyum swarnnamaniyudeyum vipuleekaranamaanu painting roopappeduthunnathu, ithu gaayakasamghathinte screen kamaanatthinte vrithaakrithiyilulla mukalbhagavumaayi mathramalla, (vishaalamaayi paranjaal) athinu chuttumulla scrolling alankaaravumaayi poruthappedunnu. iruvashathum valia nirakalulla classical shaili, anivaryamaayum vaasthuvidyayude gothik shailiyumaayi oru paridhivare ettumuttunnu, ennaal framinteyum paintinginteyum gadakangalude nilavaaram vaasthuvidyayude mekhalakalumaayi vinyasichukondu ithu kuraykkunnathinulla sramangal nadannittundu. udaaharanathinu, framinte kornisinte mukalbhagam (kaanunna sthaanathe aashrayich) vishaalamaayi moonnaam nira jaalakangalude thaazhathe nilaykk thulyamaanu.
charithram.
kanyakayekkurichulla dhaarana" venesile oru pallikkayi taishyante aadyathe pradhana kammeeshanaayirunnu, ithu addehathinte kalaye valia pothujanashradhaykku konduvannu. 1530 vare poortthiyaakkaan addeham edutha dogeyude kottaaratthinaayi oru valia commissionil addeham pravartthikkunnundena, addehathinte munkaala kruthikalil bhooribhaagavum kottarangalil pothujanagalkk kaazhchayillaathavayaayirunnu. addeham athu palliyil "inn sittu" aayi varachu (orupakshe yadhaarthathil anthima sthaanathalla), carlo redolphy (1594-1658) parayunnathanusarichu, chithrangalude valippathekkurich sanyasimar idaykkide chodikkendivannu, avaa painting doore ninnu rajisttar cheiyunnathinu aavasyamaanennu addeham vishadeekarichu. eee samayat niravadhi chithrakaaranmaar canvassil peyint cheyyaan maariyirunnuvenkilum, taitiyan 1550 vare thadi paanalukalil thante ettavum valia srishtikal peyint cheiyunnathu thudarnnu, cheria srishtikalkku kyanwas upayogichappozhum. paintinginte munbhagam kaanumbol eluppathil kandethaan kazhiyunna thirascheenamaayi sthaapichirikkunna 3 centimeter kattiyulla 21 veethiyulla devadaaru palakakalude oru parambarayilaanu ithu varachathu.
asaadhaaranamaamvidham, 1518 meyy 19-nuu (valia hajar anuvadikkunnathinaayi thiranjeduttha oru pothu avadhi) pothu anaachaadanam dayarist marino sanuto cheruthenkilum vishadaamshangal kuravaayirunnu. oru noottaandinushesham redolphy record cheytha katha, chaals vii chakravartthiyude ambasseder anaachaadana chadangil sannihithanaayirunnu, paintinginte gunanilavaarathekkurichu samshayamulla franciscanmarode athu vaangaan aavasyappettu, athinaal athu sookshikkaan yogyamaanennu avare bodhyappedutthi, akkaalat ambasseder venesil illaathirunnathinaal ithu sariyallennu thonnunnu.
ennirunnaalum, kurachu pathittaandukalkk sesham lodovico doles (1508/10-1568) ezhuthiyathu vishwasikkaamengilum, painting yadhaarthathil varachathinekkaal niravadhi varshangalkk munbu addeham chithram sthaapichathil addehathinte vivaranam samshayathilaanennu thonnunnu. addeham ezhuthi "athuvare jiovanni bellini, gentili, vivarino ennivayude marichathum thanuthathumaaya srishtikalallaathe mattonnum kandittillaatha ophish chithrakaaranmaarum viddikalaaya janangalum... chalanamo modalingo illaathava aaa chithrathe valareyadhikam apakeerthippeduthi. pinne, asooya thanukkukayum sathyam pathukke avarude mail prathyakshappedukayum cheythappol, taitiyan venesil sthaapicha puthiya shailiyil aalukal athbhuthappedaan thudangi."
oru balipeetathinu mukalil painting sthaapichappol mezhukuthiri grease akarshikkappettu, kurachu pathittaandukalkk sesham vasari athu kandappozhekkum athu irundathum kaanaan prayaasamullathumaayirunnu. paintinginu kooduthal prakasham nalkunnathinaayi 1650-ll rund puthiya janalakal vashath chertthittundenkilum 1752-ll sarr joshuva reynolds ithine "ettavum bhayanakamaaya irundathum ennaal maanyamaayi varachathumaya peyint" ennu visheshippichu.
1817-ll ithu akkaadamiyayilekk maattukayum 1919-ll freeyile yadhaartha sthalathekku madangukayum cheythu. galleryude melkoora uyarthendivannu, 1822-leeii udghaadana chadangil kanova ithine lokathile ettavum mikacha paintingayi visheshippichu. academiayil sookshichirikkumbol painting kanda yuva ooskaar wilde "anumaanam" theerchayaayum italiyile ettavum mikacha chithramaanennu abhiprayappettu."
nicolas penni parayunnathanusarichu, kurachu varshangalkk sesham taittiyante studiyoyil hrasvamaayi pravarthicha tintorettoye ettavum kooduthal swaadheenicha taittiyante chithramaayirikkanam ithu.
painting (taitiyan aasoothranam cheythathupole) pothujanagalkk asaadhaaranamaamvidham vidoora pooyintil ninnu maathrame kaanaan kazhiyoo, kaaranam apps eduthirikkunnu.
paintinginte avasthayekkurichulla anweshanangal 2012 ll ettedutha sesham, peyint cheria pradeshangalil uyarthukayum polikkukayum cheiyunnuvennum, pazhaya chikilsakalil ninnulla yadhaartha paalikal (niramillaatha warnish), avashishtangal enniva neekkam cheyyanamennum kandethi. koodaathe, sameepa dashakangalil paintinginu pinnil nerittu veendum instaal cheytha oorgan paippukal balipeetathinte chila bhaagangalil kaaryamaaya vibrationukal undakkunnathaayi kandethi, ithu durbalamaaya pradeshangalkk kooduthal apakadasaadhyatha nalkunnu. 2018 ll, saamskaarika manthraalayathile udyogasthar avayavam neekkam cheyyaanum paintinginte samrakshanam aarambhikkaanum adhikaarappeduthi, laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna samghadanayaaya save venis ink dhanasahayam nalki., thudangi.
"1778 muthal niravadhi varshangalayi venisinte pothu chithrangal punasthaapikkunna director samrakshana charithratthile nirnaayaka vyakthiyumaaya piitroo edwards, eluppathil neekkam cheyyaavunna warnishai maastik upayogikkunnathu janapriyamaakkukayum peyint nashtappedunna pradeshangalil retouching parimithappedutthanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. 1817-ll taishyante "assunda" yude punasthaapanatthinte kaaryatthil eee yaadhaasthithika thathwangal karsanamaayi paalichirunnillennu hays theliyikkunnu. aakashavum 'mahathwavum' vishaalamaayi varnnikkukayum thilangukayum cheythu, speshyal bandhangale maattukayum vairudhyangal kuraykkukayum swarggatheyum bhoomiyeyum kooduthal ekeekrithamaakkukayum cheythu. edwards melnottam vahicha mattangal (chilath innum paintinginte uparithalathil undu) eee kruthiyodum titiyanodum thanne pilkkala prathikaranangale roopappeduthi."
shaili.
chithrathe palappozhum rafale (ippol vaattikkan pinacoteca) ezhuthiya "roopaanthareekaranavumaayi" thaarathamyam cheiyunnu, addehathinte nirvvahana kaalayalav taittiyante kaalaghattavumaayi ovarlaappu cheythu, alppam kazhinju, orupakshe 1517 ll aarambhich, 1520 ll kalakarante maranashesham taamasiyaathe avasaanikkunnu. rachanakalkk vyakthamaaya saamyangalund, vaayuvil otappetta oru pradhana vyakthiyum, thaazhe, poornnamaayum prakaashikkaattha prakopitha anuyaayikalude oru koottavum.
joonn stiyar abhipraayappedunnathu "rund paintingukalum theerchayaayum mahathaaya reethiyilaanu alavilum garbhadhaaranathilum veerochithamaanu. sakthamaaya chalanangaludeyum valia aamgyangaludeyum padavali valia sambhavangalil earppettirikkunna dhaarmmikamaayi unnatharaaya vyakthikalude bodham ariyikkunnu. ... roopavum ulladakkavum onnaanu, rund kruthikalkkum aantharika santhulithaavasthayum bhaagangalude jaiva aikyavumund, ithu uyarnna navothaanatthe europian kalayude charithratthile oru maanadanda kaalaghattamaakkunnu."
avaa thammilulla vyathyaasangal avarude roopathekkurichulla perumaattatthil kaanikkunnu "raafelinte oro roopavum oru prathyeka unitaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, avaa orumichu konduvannaal avaa group shilpam poleyaanu. shareerathinte oru cheria bhagam maathram kaanikkumbol polum... shareerathinte backie bhagam soochippikkunnu, kaaranam raafelinte idam valare vyakthamaayi nirmmichirikkunnathil athu oru shoonyatha srishtikkunnu, athu chithram niraykkunnathayi kanakkaakkanam."ithinu vipareethamaayi", "anumaanathil", aakaashathin nere silautt cheytha apposthalanmaarude samgham, prakaashatthinteyum nizhalinteyum paadukalil ninnu sakthamaaya cross prakaashathiloodeyaanu srishtikkappedunnathu. eee reethi valare shakthamaan, nammude shradha manahpoorvvam kendreekarikkappedaathu, roopangal bhaagikamaayi nashtappedunnu, bodhapoorvamaaya parishramatthiloode maathrame naam aamgyamulla kaikaalukal vyakthigatha sareerangalumaayi bandhippikkukayulloo."
raafelinte roopamaanu praadhamikam, niram, prakasham, nizhal enniva athilekku cherttha adhika gadakangal maathramaan. maruvashathu, taishyane sambandhichidatholam, prakashavum nizhalumaanu roopathinte velippeduthalukal, athu nirmmikkunna padaarthatthinu niram nalkunnu."
ezz. jeey. taitiyan ithuvare nediya muzhuvan kalaa vibhavangalkkum mathiyaya aadyathe velluvili", "jorjiyonodulla bhagikamaaya adimathathinu munbu taittiyante aadyakaala kaalaghattatthile" abhiniveshathilekkum prasthaavanayude shakthiyilekkum "madangivarunnathaayi friedberg eee chitrakala visheshippikkunnu". classical shailiyude mekhalaykku appurathekku, kooduthal boudhika amoorthathayilekkum perumaattareethiyude sankeernathayilekkum nayikkunna oru vazhi choondikkaanikkunna raafelinte "roopaanthareekaranavumaayi" thaarathamyappeduthumbol, "taitiyan" barokkinte saadhyathayilekku viral choondunnu; pakshe athu thirichariyuka ennathu taittiyante oopshanaanu, addeham angane cheiyunnilla."

