soviyatt russiayudeyum soviyatt yooniyanteyum charithram (1917-1927)

patthu varshathinide russian saamrajyam oru soshyalist rajyamaaya soviyatt unionaayi samoolamaaya parivartthanam kandu. soviyatt russia aii. dii. 2 ulkkollunnu, soviyatt union 1922 muthal 1991 vareyulla varshangalil ulkkollunnu. russian aabhyantharayudhathinu sesham (aii. dii. 1) bolshevikkukal niyanthranam etteduthu. vladymyr lenin vikasippichedutha maarksisathinte oru pathippin avaa samarppikkappettu. soviyatt unionile communist party neethrthwathil thozhilaallikal uyarnnuvarumennum muthalaalithathe nasippikkumennum oru soshyalist samooham srishtikkumennum athu vaagdaanam cheythu. parimithamaaya vyavasaayangalum valare cheria madhyavargavumulla oru karshaka samoohathile cheria thozhilaalivarggamaayirunnu maarksist viplava sidhaanthathe sambandhicha vichitramaaya prashnam. vardhichu russiayile nicolas randaamane sthaanabhrashtanaakkiya februvariyile viplavathethudarnnu, october viplavathil oru hraswakaala thaalkkaalika sarkkar bolshevikkukalkku vazhimari. bolshevik party russian communist party (arcp) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
aarr. sii. pii. thozhilaallivarggathe prathinidheekarikkunnu ennathum party vishwaasangalkku virudhamaaya ellah pravartthanangalum "viplava virudha" allengil "soshyalist virudha" ennathum adayaalappeduthi aarr. sii. pii. karsanamaayi aarr. sii. pii. allatha ellah raashtreeyavum manobhaavangalum adichamarthappettu."mikka sambanna kudumbangalum naadukadatthaanaayi palayanam cheythu. 1917 muthal 1923 vare leninte keezhilulla communist bolshevikkukal 1918ll germmaniyodu keezhadangukayum thudarnnu onniladhikam shathrukkalkkethire prathyekichu velutha sainyathinethire theevramaaya russian aabhyantharayudham nadathukayum cheythu. avar russian hridayabhoomiyil vijayichuvenkilum saamraajyathva russiayude bhagamaayirunna mikka russian ithara pradeshangalum nashtappettu. oro ethiraaliyeyum oronnaayi paraajayappedutthiya aarr. sii. pii russian hridayabhoomiyiloodeyum ukraine, cocusus thudangiya chila russian ithara pradeshangaliloodeyum svayam sthaapichu. 1922ll soviyatt union (yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr) roopeekarichathinethudarnna ithu soviyatt yooniyante (sii. pii. ezz. yuu) communist party maari. 1924ll leninte maranathethudarnnu, sii. pii. ezz. yuvinte general sekrattari joseph staalin staalin thudakkam muthal 1953ll addehathinte maranam vare yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte nethaavaayi.
vardhichu russian viplavam.
onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu saarist russia sainika apamaanavum shaamavum saambathika thakarchayum anubhavichu. niraashappedutthiya saamraajyathva russian sainyathin kadutha sainika thirichadikal neridendivannu, pidikoodiya niravadhi sainikar munnira upekshichu. rajavaazhchayodum yuddham thudarunnathinulla nayathodumulla athrupthi russian janathaykkidayil vardhichu. vardhichu februvari viplavathethudarnnu (1917 march n.ezz. nokkuka soviyatt kalandar.), petrogradilum mattu pradhana russian nagarangalilum vyapakamaaya kalaapathin kaaranamaayi.
1917 march aadyam samsthaana dumayude thaalkkaalika samiti saarinte pathanathetthudarnnu udan thanne russian thaalkkaalika sarkkaarine sthaapikkukayum menshevikkukalude vyavasthaapitha pinthuna nedukayum cheythu. aadyam jorji elvov rajakumaran, thudarnnu alexander kerensky ennivarude neethrthwathil, saar nicolas randaamanodoppam attimarikkapetta russian saamraajyathinte stettu dumayilekk aduthide thiranjedukkappetta paarlamenteriyanmaaraanu thaalkkaalika sarkkaaril pradhaanamaayum undaayirunnathu. puthiya thaalkkaalika sarkkar yudhathodulla prathibaddhatha nilanirtthi, brittanumaayum fransumaayum triple enttentil thudarnnu. bolshevikkukal aavasyappetta bhooparishkaranam thaalkkaalika sarkkar maattivachu.
leninum bolshevik prathyayashaasthrathe ulkkollunna addehathinte sahaayi joseph staalinum padinjaaran europileyum americayileyum muthalaalitha rajyangalumaayulla sakhyathe saamraajyathva yudhathinu nirbandhithanaaya thozhilaalivarggathinte swamedhayaa ulla adimathamaayi kandu. lenin kandathupole, russia saarinte bharanathilekku madangukayaayirunnu, soshyalisatheyum thozhilaalivarggatheyum yadhaarthathil prathinidheekaricha maarksist viplavakaarikalude joliyaayirunnu atharam virudha soshyalist aashayangale ethirkkukayum mattu raajyangalile soshyalist viplavangale pinthunaykkukayum cheyyuka.
sainyathinullil, kalapavum upekshikkalum nirbandhitha sainikarkkidayil vyaapakamaayirunnu. saamoohika parishkaarangalude mandagathiyil budhijeevikal asamthriptharaayirunnu; daaridryam vashalayikkondirikkukayum varumaana asamathvangalum asamathvavum niyanthranaatheethamaakukayum cheythappol thaalkkaalika sarkkar kooduthal svechaadhipathyaparavum kaaryakshamamallaathathumaayi valarukayum cheythu. oru sainika "bharanakoodathinu" keezhadanganulla vakkilaan sarkkar ennu thonni. upekshicha sainikar nagarangalilekku madangukayum roshakularum angeyattam shathrukkalumaaya soshyalist factory thozhilaallikalkk avarude aayudangal nalkukayum cheythu. pradhana russian kendrangalile dayaneeyavum manushyathvarahithavumaaya daaridryavum pattiniyum viplavakaarikalkk ettavum anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangal srishtichu.
1917 februveric octoberinum edayilulla maasangalil, thaalkkaalika sarkkaarinte adhikaarathe mikkavarum ellah rashtreeya paarttikalum nirantharam chodyam cheythu. eratta adhikara" thinte oru samvidaanam uyarnnuvannu, athil thaalkkaalika sarkkar naamamaathramaaya adikaaram kaivashappeduthiyirunnu, avarude pradhana ethiraaliyaaya petrograd soviyatt kooduthal ethirthuvenkilum menshevikkukalum soshyalist viplavakaarikalum (rund janaadhipathya soshyalist paarttikalum raashtreeyamaayi bolshevikkukalude valathuvashath) niyanthrikkunnu. februvari viplavam boorshwakale russia attimarichathinte "koorkkamvaliyaanu" enna vishwaasathethudarnnu soviyatt sarkkaaril kooduthal mattangal varutharuthennu theerumaanichu. puthiya thaalkkaalika gavanmentine janaadhipathya parishkaarangal nadappakkaanum oru thozhilaallivargga viplavathinu vazhiyorukkaanum chumathalappeduthumennum soviyatt vishwasichu. oru roopathilum thozhilaallivarggathinte svechaadhipathyathe adisthaanamaakkaatha oru gavanmentinte roopeekaranathe vladymyr leninte epril prabandhangalil oru "pinthirippan nadapadiyaayi" kaanapettu. ennirunnaalum, thaalkkaalika sarkkar appozhum valare sakthamaaya bharanasamithiyaayi thudarnnu.
1917 venalkkaalathe parajayappetta sainika aakramanangalum pradhana russian nagarangalile valia thothilulla prathishedhavum kalaapangalum (lenin thante prabandhangalil vaadichathupole, juulai days ennariyappedunnu) kramasamadhanam punasthaapikkaan august avasaanathode sainikare vinyasikkunnathilekku nayichu. juulai dinangal adichamarthappedukayum bolshevikkukale kuttappeduthukayum cheythu, ithu lenine olivil pookaan nirbandhithanaakki. ennittum, balam prayogikkunnathinuparam, vinyasikkapetta sainikaril palarum kalapakaarikalumaayi chernnu, ithu sarkkarineyum sainyatheyum mothatthil apakeerthippeduthi. eee samayathaan bolshevikkukalkkulla pinthuna vardhikkukayum nagaratthinte prathirodhatthil, pradhaanamaayum nagaratthinte sainika senayil poornna niyanthranamulla petrograd soviyattinte chairmaanaayi liyon trotsky thiranjedukkukayum cheythath.
october october, october viplavathinte aadya divasangalil, thaalkkaalika sarkkar bolshevikkukalkkethire neengukayum aaktivisttukale arast cheyyukayum communist anukoola prachaaranangal nasippikkukayum cheythu. ithu janangalude soviyatt unionethiraaya akramanamaayi chithreekarikkaan bolshevikkukalkku kazhiyukayum petrograadile redu gaardinu thaalkkaalika sarkkar ettedukkaan pinthuna nedukayum cheythu. bharanaparamaya offeesukalum sarkkar kettidangalum cheria ethirppo rakthachorichilo illaathe pidichedukkappettu. soviyatt soshyalist republicukalude (yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr) roopeekaranathilekku nayikkunna eee parivartthana viplava kaalaghattatthinte pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappetta avasaanam 1917 october 26 nuu vaikunneram moshamaayi prathirodhikkappetta shaityakaala kottaram (parambaraagatha bhavanavum saarinte adhikaarathinte pratheekavum) akramikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
redu gard bolshevikkukalum nadatthiya adhikshepakaravum balaprayogaparavumaaya pravarthanangalil prakopitharaaya menshevikkukalum soshyalist viplavakaarikalude valathupakshavum petrogradil ninnu palayanam cheythu, bolshevikkukaludeyum sheshikkunna idathu soshyalist viplavakaarikaludeyum kaikalil niyanthranam vittu. 1917 october october 25nuu russian bharanaghadana prakaram soviyatt yooniyante akhilenthyaa russian kongrasinte bharanavibhagamaayi sovnaarkkam sthaapithamaayi. 1918 januvari 6 aayappozhekkum, volshevikkukal pinthunacha vitsik, 1918 januvari 5,6 theeyathikalil nadanna petrograd sessionil sthaapithamaaya sthiramaaya gavanmentaayi noonn-bolshevik russian demookratik federative republicine sthaapikkaan uddeshicha russian bharanaghadanaa asambliyude pirichuvidal amgeekarichu. 1918 januvari 25 nuu nadanna ool-russian kongras oof soviyatsinte moonnaamathe yogathil, amgeekarikkappedaatha samsthaanathe russian soviyatt republic ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
russian aabhyanthara yuddham.
viplavathinu munbu, janaadhipathya kendreekaranatthinte bolshevik sidhaantham, karsanamaayi bandhippichathum rahasyathmakavumaaya oru samghadanaykku maathrame sarkkaarine vijayakaramaayi attimarikkaan kazhiyoo ennu vaadichu; viplavathinu sesham, atharam oru samghadanaykku maathrame videsha, aabhyanthara shathrukkalkkethire vijayikkaan kazhiyoo ennu avar vaadichu. aabhyantharayudham neridunnathu yadhaarthathil eee thathwangal prayogatthil varuthaan party nirbandhithamaakkum.
viplavathinu oru paarlamentari samghadana mathramalla, marichu oru shaasthreeya nirddesha samghadana, aaktivisttukalude oru munnira, kendra niyanthrana samghadana enningane pravartthikkunna oru pravartthana party aavasyamaanennu vaadicha patthaam party kongras, thudakkathil kronstaad kalaapathinte njettalinusesham oru thaalkkaalika nadapadiyaayi maathram uddeshichukondu paarttikkullile vibhaagangale nirodhichu. thangalude jeevitam eee lakshyathinaayi samarppikkukayum thangalude theerumaanangal achadakkathode nadappaakkukayum cheiyunna professional viplavakaarikalude oru unnatha samghadanayaayirikkanam party ennum angane vishwastha party pravartthakare puthiyathum pazhayathumaya rashtreeya sthaapanangal, sainika unitukal, faaktarikal, aashupathrikal, sarvakalashaalakal, bhakshya vitharanakkaar ennivayude chumatala ealppikkunnathilekku neenganamennum vaadikkappettu. eee pashchaathalatthil, "nomenclathura" sambradaayam (party amgeekaarathode maathram pradhana sthaanangal nalkappetta oru vibhaagam aalukal) vikasikkukayum saadhaarana sambradaayamaayi maarukayum cheyyum.
sidhaanthathil, ellah pramukha party samghadanakalum thaazhe ninnu thiranjedukkappedumennathil eee samvidaanam janaadhipathyaparamaayirikkanam, ennaal thaazhnna samghadanakal uyarnna samghadanakalkku utharavaadikalaayirikkumenathiril kendreekrithavum. praayogikamaayi, "janaadhipathya kendreekaranam" kendreekrithamaayirunnu, uyarnna avayavangalude theerumaanangal thaazhathe avayavangale bandhippikkukayum thaazhathe shareerangalude ghadana pradhaanamaayum uyarnna avayavangalude amgangalaal nirnnayikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. kaalakramena, party pravartthakar kooduthal kooduthal kariyaristum professionalumaayi valarum. party amgathvathinu pareekshakal, prathyeka kozhsukal, prathyeka kyaambukal, schoolukal, nilavilulla moonnu amgangalude naamanirddeshangal enniva aavasyamaanu.
leninte vadhashramathe thudarnnu 1917 desemberil bolshevikkinte aadyathe aabhyanthara suraksha senayaayi chekka sthaapikkappettu. pinneedu athu gpu, oogpu, emvidi, enkivdi, oduvil kgb enningane perukal maatti. puthiya samoohathinte "sathrukkal" ennu nirvachikkapetta grouppukale illaathaakkaanulla upakaranamaayi chuvanna bheekaravaadam maari. deculacisation (sambannaraaya karshakaril ninnulla sambathu punarvitharanam) ulppede churukkamaya vadhasiksha vyaapakamaayirunnu. liyon trotsky chuvanna sainyathe nayichu, "boorshwas janaadhipathyathe" verukkukayum sambannavum raashtreeyavumaaya athiraalikale nirbandhithamaayi neekkam cheyyaan prathijnjaabadharaakukayum cheythu, palappozhum samkshiptha vadhashikshayiloode. thadankalppaalayangal, thozhilppalayangal, thozhilaallikalude mail sainika niyanthranam, trade yooniyanukalude samsthaana niyanthranam enniva addeham aarambhichu.
athesamayam, cosac aattamaans grigory semenov allengil boris annenkov polulla yudhaprabhukkanmaar kooduthalum aniyanthrithavum cheythathumaaya velutha bheekaratha bolshevik anubhaavikalenn samshayikkunnavare lakshyamakki.
russian aabhyantharayudhakaalathu ukrainileyum oru paridhivare belarasileyum jootha samoohangal durithamanubhavichu.
eee pradeshangalil ithuvare nadannathil vachu ettavum valia vamshahathyayaanith. vividha sayudha yoonittukalaan avaa nirvvahichathu aantan denikkinte velutha sainyam, saiman pettilyoorayude neethrthwathilulla ukraine peeples republicile sainikar, yudhaprabhuvaaya aattamaanukaludeyum "harita" vimatha karshakarudeyum samghangal, chila chuvanna armi unitukal polum.
soviyatt sarkkaarin kramena aadyam madhya russiayil thangalude pidi urappikkaanum thudarnnu shathrukkalumaayi vijayakaramaayi poraadaanum kazhinju. sakhyakakshikalude edapedalum poolish adhinivesavum bolshevikkukale deseeyavaada card kalikkaan anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, vashalaaya saambathika saahacharyangal vanthothilulla saamoohika prakshubdhatha srishtichu. 1920-leeii sharathkaalathil tambov kalapam polulla vanthothilulla karshaka kalaapangalode samghaditha velutha sainikarude avasana paraajayathinu sheshamaan ithu thalakeezhaayi maariyath. avare krooramaayi adichamarthi.
poolish-soviyatt yuddham.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna asthiramaaya oru swatantra sarkkar sthaapicha polandum muun saarist saamrajyavum thammilulla athirthikal russian viplavangaludeyum aabhyantharayudhathinteyum onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathinteyum prathyaaghaathangalaal araajakathvathilaayi. polandile joseph pilsudsky oru puthiya federation (midsimores) vibhavanam cheythu, russiaykkum germmanikkum ethire oru bullwark roopeekarikkunnathinaayi poolish neethrthwathilulla oru kizhakkan europian block roopeekarichu, athesamayam russian ezz. eph. ezz. aarr viplavam padinjarottu balaprayogathiloode kondupokunnathinekkur aalochichu. 1920ll pilsudsky ukrainilekku oru sainika akramanam nadathiyappol, oru chuvanna sainika akramanam addehathe nerittu, athu poolish pradeshathekku eathaandu varso vare oodichu. ennirunnaalum, varso yudhathil soviyatt munnettam pilsudsky nirthukayum akramanam punararambhikkukayum cheythu. 1921-nte thudakkathil oppuvacha "riga samadhaanam" belarasinteyum ukraininteyum pradesham polandinum soviyatt russiaykkum idayil vibhajichu.
yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte srishti.
1922 desember desember russian ezz. eph. ezz. aarr, transcocatian ezz. eph. ezz. aarr, ukraine ezz. ezz. aarr, bilorasian ezz. ezz. aarr ennivayil ninnulla plenipottanshyari prathinidhikalude oru sammelanam ussrinte roopeekaranathekkurichulla udambadikkum ussrinte roopeekarana prakhyaapanathinum amgeekaaram nalki, soviyatt soshyalist republicukalude union roopeekarichu. 1922 desember desember ussrinte soviyatt yooniyante onnaam kongras eee rund rekhakalum sthireekarikkukayum prathinidhi samghangalude thalavanmaraya mikhaayil kalinin, mikhaayil tskakaya, mikhaayil phrans, grigory petrovsky, alexander cherviakov ennivar oppidukayum cheythu.
prachaaranavum maadyamangalum.
1917ll adhikaarathil vanna chila pramukha bolshevikkukalil lenin, trotsky, staalin, bukhaarin, synovieve ennivarulppede laghulekhakaro edittarmaaro aayirunnu. lenin 1912 januvariyil "pravda" enna dinapathram sthaapichu. 1914ll sarkkar adichamarthunnathinumbu ithu "ottaykku phalapradamaaya prachaaranavum vidyaabhyaasa upakaranavumaayirunnu, ithu bolshevikkukale peettezhsburg thozhil prasthaanatthinte niyanthranam nedaanum avarude samghadanaykku oru bahujana adithara kettippadukkaanum praaptharakki."leninte keezhil keezhil sesham ellah maadyamangaleyum bolshevikkukal (kammyoonistukaar) niyanthrichu. pradhana deseeya pathrangal iswestiya (sarkkaarinte shabdam), prathyekichu pravda (party shabdam) ennivayaayirunnu. "thithreekaranatthinulla aadyathethum mikachathumaaya achadi upakaranam "pravda" nedi. mukalil ninnu poornnamaaya sathyam purathuvarunnathum thaazhnna thalangalile vrithiketta byoorokraattukalil ninno muthalaalithathinu vendi pravartthikkunna vanchakarilum chaaranmaarilum ninno undaakunna ellaatharam dushta pishakukalum ulkkollunna samoohathinte eakaadhipathya ghadana vardhippikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha oru prathyeka vaachaadopa padavali pramukha pathrangal vikasippichu.
achadicha prachaaranatthilaanu communist neethrthwam veroonniyirunnathu. 90 sathamaanam perkkum vaayikkaan kazhiyaatha oru raajyam etteduthu, pathrangaliloodeyum maasikakaliloodeyum achadicha pathrapravartthanavum prachaaranavum, nirakshararaya pazhaya thalamurakalilekku ethiya posttarukalum opttimais cheiyunnathinaayi avar skoolukalkkum saaksharathaykkum uyarnna munganana nalki.
aarr. ezz. eph. ezz. aarr janasamkhyaykkidayile niraksharatha nirmmarjanam cheiyunnathinulla" ("" ooo liquidatisi bejgraamotnosti shreedy nasselenia aarr. ezz. eph. ezz. aarr "") soviyatt gavanmentinte utharavil vladymyr lenin oppuvachathodeyaanu 1919 desember 26 nuu likebess (niraksharatha nirmmarjanam) kaambeyn aarambhichath ". eee utharavu prakaram 8 muthal 50 vayass vare praayamulla ellah aalukalum avarude maathrubhaashayil saksharatha nedanam. vidyaabhyaasa kendrangalaayi pravartthikkunnathinum saksharatha kaivarikkunnathinumaayi 40,000 liquidation pooyintukal (linkti) krameekarichu. thudarnnulla russian aabhyantharayudhathil samayathinum dhanasahaayathinum vendi poraadiya soviyatt vidyaabhyaasa manthraalayamaaya narcomprose, saaksharata adhyaapakarude parisheelanathinum saaksharata kaambayin samghadippikkunnathinum pracharippikkunnathinumalu utharavaadithamulla chekka likebess ("niraksharathayude nirmmaarjjanathinaayulla asaadhaarana kammeeshan" ennathinte churukkapper) vegathil koottichertthu.
radio avaganikkapettilla-ithu oru pradhana puthiya saankethikavidyayirunnu, rashtreeya prasamgangalkkaayi ithu upayogichirunnu. haam" oopparettar valare vyakthivaadiyaanennu soviyatt adhikaarikal manassilakkukayum swakaarya samrambhathe prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu-eakaadhipathya bharanakoodathinu ithu valare kooduthalaanu. criminal shikshakal earppeduthiyenkilum pravartthana pariharam vaayuviloode prakshepanam cheiyunnathu ozhivaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. pakaram, oru hubb, spoke samvidaanam upayogichu chembu vayar vazhi oru faaktariyude "redu" corner polulla amgeekritha shravana steshanukalile uchabhaashakalilekku radio prograamukal prakshepanam cheythu.
pouranmaar party nethaakkale kelkkuka, vyakthiparamaaya prasamgangal, radio prabhashanangal allengil achadicha prasamgangal enniva upayogikkuka enniva soviyatt shailiyil ulppedunnu. paatam sangrahikkunnathino vyaakhyaanikkunnathino pathrapravarthakanu cheria pankaayirunnu; vyaakhyaanamo pashchaathalamo charchayo undaayirunnilla. aarum neethrthwathe chodyam cheiyukayo velluvilikkukayo cheythilla. pathrasammelanangalonum undaayirunnilla, vaarthakalude prakshepanatthil cheria thothil maathrame undaayirunnulloo.
audyogika vakthakkalkkappuram videsha pathrapravartthakare praveshikkunnathil ninnu karsanamaayi thadanju. thadanju khrushchevu staalinte bheekarathakal thurannukaattunnathinumbu paashchaathya maadyamangalil soviyatt jeevithathekkurichulla oru rossie thithreekaranamaayirunnu phalam. ettavum prashasthamaaya udaaharanam newyork timesinte walter durantiyaanu."
yuddha communism.
aabhyantharayudhakaalathu (1917-21) bolshevikkukal yuddha communism sweekarichu, athil bhoovudamakalude thakarchayum kaarshika micham nirbandhithamaayi pidichedukkalum ulppedunnu. nagarangalil kadutha bhakshyakshaamavum panavyavasthayude thakarchayum undaayirunnu (akkaalat pala bolshevikkukalum "moolya" thinte kaimaattam enna nilayil panatthinte punk avasaanippikkunnath athivegam adukkunna communist yugathinte adayaalamaanennu vaadichu). niravadhi nagaravaasikal graamapradeshangalilekk palayanam cheythu-palappozhum bolshevik vibhajanam moolam bhoovudamakal karshakarkk kaimaria bhoomi paripalikkuvaanaayi. cherukida "muthalaalitha" uthppaadanam polum adichamarthappettu.
kronstaad kalapam graamapradesangalil yuddha kammyoonisathinte vardhichuvarunna janapreethikk soochana nalkki 1921 maarchil, aabhyantharayudhathinte avasaanathil, bolshevikkukalude sakthamaaya pinthunakkaaraayirunna naavikar, pradhaanamaayum karshakar, puthiya bharanakoodatthinte saambathika paraajayangalkkethire kalapam nadatthi. leve trotskyude neethrthwathil chuvanna sainyam kalaapathe vegathil adichamarthunnathinaayi thanuthuranja baltic kadalinu mukaliloode aise kadannu. viplavakaramaaya thozhilaallivarggathinte thaalpparyangale maathram prathinidheekarikkunna oru bharanakoodatthe anukoolicha partyile idathupaksha vibhaagangalkkidayilum vardhichuvarunna asamthripthiyude adayaalam thozhilaalivarggathinteyum karshakarudeyum (janasamkhyayude 80 sathamaanam) vishalamaaya oru sakhyam valarthiyedukkaan party nirbandhitharaakki.
dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal pattini kidannu marichappol, saadhaarana shathrukkale kuttappedutthaan kazhiyaathathinal communist udyogastharkku russian shaamam moolam pakshaaghaatham sambhavichu. bhakshanam videshathu ninnu vaangiyirunnuvenkilum ellaam nagarangalilekkaayirunnu, karshakarkalla. oduvil herbert hoovarinte 62 dasalaksham dollar moolyamulla american bhakshanavum 8 dasalaksham dollar vaidyashaasthravum sweekarichu, ithu 11 dasalaksham aalukalkk bhakshanam nalki. mattu baahya ejansikal moonnu dasalaksham perkku koodi bhakshanam nalki.
puthiya saambathika nayam.
patthaam party kongrasil, yuddha communism avasaanippikkaanum puthiya saambathika nayam (nep) sthaapikkaanum theerumaanichu, athil samsthaanam oru parimitha vipani nilanilkkaan anuvadichu. cherukida swakaarya bisinasukal anuvadikkukayum rashtreeya pravarthanangalkkulla niyanthranangal oru paridhivare laghookarikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, pradhana maattam kaarshika michathinte avastha ulppedunnu. nagaravaasikale poshippikkunnathinaayi (yuddha kammyoonisathinte mukhamudra) kaarshika micham aavasyappedunnathinupakaram, karshakare avarude micha vilavu thuranna vipaniyil wilkan neppu anuvadichu. athesamayam, sambadvyavasthayude "supradhana uyarangal" ennu lenin karuthiyathinte samsthaana udamasthaavakaasham samsthaanam ippozhum nilanirtthi kalkari, irumbu, lohashaasthra mekhalakal thudangiya kanatha vyavasayangalkkoppam sambadvyavasthayude banking, saambathika gadakangalum. commanding haitts" nagarapradeshangalile bhooribhaagam thozhilaallikaleyum niyamichu. neppinu keezhil, atharam samsthaana vyavasaayangalkk avarude swantham saambathika theerumaanangal edukkaan valiyathothil swaathanthryamundaakum.
nagarangalilum nagarangalkkum graamapradeshangalkkumidal, nep kaalaghattatthil muzhuvan samaya vyaapaarikalude kaikalil vyaapaarathinte valia vipuleekaranam kandu-avare saadhaaranayaayi idathupakshakkaar "oohakkachavadakkaar" ennu apalapikkukayum pothujanangal palappozhum verukkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vyaapaarathile valarcha saadhaaranayaayi nagaratthileyum graamapradeshangalileyum uyarnnuvarunna jeevithanilavaaravumaayi poruthappedunnu (ekadesham 80 sathamaanam soviyatt pouranmaarum eee samayat graamapradeshangalilaayirunnu).
aabhyantharayudhavum mooladhana moolyathakarchayum moolam saaramaayi takarnna faaktarikalude uthppaadanam valare kuravaayirunnu. koodaathe, sambadvyavasthayude oru prathyeka mekhalaye prathinidheekarikkunna trasttukaloo sindikkettukalo aayi samrambhangale samghadippikkunnathu kuthakakalumaayi bandhapetta vitharanavum aavasyavum thammilulla asanthulithaavasthaykku kaaranamakum. vipani malsaram konduvanna prothsaahanangalude abhavam kaaranam, avarude aabhyanthara nayangalil samsthaana niyanthranam kuravo illayo ennathinaal, trasttukal avarude uthppannangal uyarnna vilaykk wilkan saadhyathayund.
vyavasaayangalude mandagathiyilulla veendedukkal janasamkhyayude 80 sathamaanam varunna karshakarkk chila prasnangal srishtikkum. kaarshika mekhala thaarathamyena kooduthal ulppaadanakshamamaayathinaal, vyaavasaayika vasthukkalude aapekshika vila soochikakal kaarshika uthppannangale apekshichu kooduthalaayirunnu. ithinte falamaayi trotsky "kathrika prathisandhi" kanakkaakkiyath, kaaranam graafinte kathrika polulla aakruthi aapekshika vila soochikakalile maattangale prathinidheekarikkunnu. lalithamaayi paranjaal, nagarapradeshangalil ninnu upabhokthru uthppannangal vaangaan karshakarkk kooduthal daanyangal uthppaadippikkendi varum. thalphalamaayi, chila karshakar uyarnna vila pratheekshichu kaarshika micham thadanjuvechu, angane nagarangalil neriya shaamathinu kaaranamaayi. ithu theerchayaayum oohakkachavada vipani perumattamaanu, ithu nagara upabhokthaakkale chooshanam cheiyunnathaayi kanakkakkiya niravadhi communist party pravartthakar ithine parihasichu.
athesamayam, avashya vyaavasaayika uthppannangalkk vila niyanthranam earppeduthukayum saambathika karyakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinaayi trasttukal thakarkkukayum cheythukondu, nirmmitha charakkukalude vila kuraykkaanum panapperuppam sthirappeduthaanum party srishticha nadapadikal sweekarichu.
leninte maranavum neppinte vidhiyum.
leninte moonnaamathe strokkinethudarnnu, soviyatt unionileyum raajyathileyum communist party dainamdina neethrthwam ettedukkaanum trotsky adikaaram ettedukkunnathil ninnu thadayaan sramikkaanum joseph staalin, grigory synovieve, leve kamenev ennivarulppetta oru thrikal uyarnnuvannu. ennirunnaalum, lenin staalinekkurich kooduthal utkandaakulanaakukayum 1922 desemberile strokkinethudarnnu, partic oru kathu (lenins testament ennariyappedunnu) nalkukayum addehathe vimarsikkukayum general sekrattari sthaanathuninnu neekkam cheyyanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu, eee sthaanam partyil ettavum shakthamaayathaayi uyarnnuvaraan thudangi. leninte niyamathe kurichu ariyunna staalin aarogyaparamaya kaaranangalal lenine ottappeduthaanum party samvidaanathil thante niyanthranam vardhippikkaanum pravarthichu.
sinoviev nikkolaay bukhaarinum staalinte vardhichuvarunna adhikaarathekkurichu aashankaakularaakukayum staalin nayikkunna oorgbyooro nirthalaakkanamennum sinoveevineyum trotsky party sekratteriyattil cherkkanamennum nirddeshikkukayum angane general sekrattari enna nilayil staalinte punk kurayukayum cheythu. staalin roshakulanaayi prathikarikkukayum oorgbyooro nilanirthukayum cheythenkilum bukhaarin, trotsky, synovieve enniva shareerathil chertthu.
1923 avasaanathode trotskyumaayum addehathinte idathu prathipakshavumayum vardhichuvarunna rashtreeya abhiprayavyathyaasangal kaaranam staalin, synovieve, kamanev ennivarude thrikal veendum onnichu. 1923-leeii panthrandaam party kongrasil, party sthirathaye apakadappeduthumenna bhayathaal staalinu ethiraaya oru upakaranamaayi leninte udambadi upayogikkunnathil trotsky parajayappettu.
1924 januvariyil lenin marikkukayum meyy maasathil addehathinte udambadi kendrakammittiyil urakke vaayikkukayum cheythuvenkilum leninte ethirppukal adisthaanarahithamaanennu theliyikkappettuvennum staalin general sekrattariyaayi thudaranamennum sinoviev camen vaadichu. niyamapatram prasidheekarikkendenna kendrakammitti theerumaanichu.
athesamayam, trotskikkethiraaya pracharanam theevramaavukayum varshaavasaanathin munbu addehathe peeples kammeeshanar oof vaar sthaanathu ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1917-ll leninte kalapa padhathikale thudakkathil ethirthathinu sinoveevineyum kamanevineyum vimarshicha "oktobarile paadangal" enna lekhanathinu 1925-ll trotsky apalapichu. lokamembaadumulla viplavamillathe oru rajyamaaya russiayil soshyalisam kettippadukkaamenna staalinte nilapaadinu virudhamaaya sthiramaaya viplava sidhaanthathinum trotsky apalapichu. apalapichu europil, prathyekichu germmaniyil oru viplavathinulla saadhyathakal kooduthal mangiyathinanusarichu, russian soshyalisathinte vijaythe sambandhichidatholam trotskyude saidhaanthika nilapad kooduthal niraashaavaadiyaayi kaanaan thudangi.
1925ll soviyatt union akkaalat afghan pradeshamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna urtathagay dweep kaivashappedutthi, kaaranam eee dweep basmachi prasthaanam athirthi reydukal aarambikkaan oru thaavalamaayi upayogichirunnu. 1926ll afgaanisthaan raajyam basmachi niyantrikkaan sammathichathine thudarnnu soviyatt union dveepil ninnu pinmari.
sainika, naavika kaaryangalile peeples kammeeshanar enna nilayil trotsky raajivachathode trikoneeyarude aikyam villal veezhaan thudangi. sinoviev kamanev veendum staalinte sakthiye bhayappedaan thudangi, avarude sthaanangalkku bheeshaniyundennu thonni. puthiya saambathika nayathe pinthunaykkukayum vyavasaayavalkkarana shramangalile maandyathe prolsaahippikkukayum vipani prothsaahanangaliloode uthppaadanam vardhippikkaan karshakare prolsaahippikkunnathi neekkathe prolsaahippikkukayum cheytha bukhaarin, party valathupakshathulla addehathinte sakhyakakshikal ennivarumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan staalin neengi. sinoviev kamanev eee nayathe muthalaalithathilekkulla thirichuvaravu ennu vimarshichu. 1925 desemberil nadanna pathinalam party kongrasil sinoviev kamanev staalinte svechaadhipathya nayangalil prathishedhikkukayum avar munbu kuzhichitta leninte niyamathe punarujjeevippikkaan sramikkukayum cheythathodeyaanu samgharsham pottippurappettath. sinoveevineyum kamanevineyum paraajayappeduthunnathinum sthaanabhrashtaraakkunnathum vyacheslaavu molotov, kliment voroshilov, mikhaayil kalinin thudangiya sakhyakakshikale konduvarunnathinum staalin ippol trotskyude muun vimarsanangal upayogichu. 1926ll trotsky politt beuroyil ninnu poornnamaayum ozhivaakki. pathinalam kongrasil staalinte vyakthithva aaraadhanayude aadya sambhavavikasangal kaanukayum addehathe aadyamaayi "nethaavu" ennu vilikkukayum prathinidhikalil ninnu prashamsaykku vidheyanaakkukayum cheythu.
trotsky, synovieve, kamanev ennivar staalin, bukhaarin nayangalkkethire oru aikya prathipakshatthe roopeekarichuvenkilum party aantharika tharkkangalude falamaayi avarkk swaadheenam nashtappedukayum 1927 octoberil trotsky, synovieve, kamanev ennivare kendrakammittiyil ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. novemberil, pathinanjaam party kongrassinu munbu, trotsky sinoveevineyum communist partyil ninnu thanne purathaakki, kaaranam staalin avarude poraattam parasyamakkaanulla oru avasaravum prathipakshathinu nishedhikkaan shramichu. aaa samayamaayappozhekkum, oduvil 1927 desemberil kongras yogam chernnu. synovieve staalinu keezhadangukayum prathipakshathodulla addehathinte munkaala anusaranathe "leninist virudha" ennu apalapikkukayum cheythu, prathipakshatthodu ippozhum vishwastharaaya sheshikkunna kurachu amgangal apamaanathinum apamaanathinum vidheyaraayi. 1928-nte thudakkathil trotskick mattu pramukha idathupaksha prathipaksha amgangalkkum aabhyanthara naadukadatthal shiksha vidhichu.
trotskyude valathupaksha nayangalekkurichulla vimarsanangal viniyogichukondu staalin ippol bukhaarinethire neengukayum karshakarude koottaayavalkkaranathinum druthagathiyilulla vyavasayavalkkaranathinum anukoolamaayi party oru puthiya pothurekha prolsaahippikkukayum bukhaarineyum anuyaayikaleyum valathupakshathilekku nirbandhikkukayum cheythu.
1928 joolaiyil nadanna kendrakammitti yogathil bukhaarinum anuyaayikalum vaadichathu staalinte puthiya nayangal karshakarude mail oru lamghanathinu kaaranamaakumenn aayirunnu. leninte niyamathekkurichum bukhaarin soochippichu. moscoyile party samghadanayil ninnum niravadhi kammeeshanarettukalude neethrthwathil ninnum addehathinu pinthuna undaayirunnengilum, sekratteriyattile staalinte niyanthranam nirnnayakamaayirunnu, athu raajyathudaneelamulla party thasthikakalilekkulla thiranjeduppukal kaikaaryam cheyyaan staalinu avasaram nalkukayum kendrakammittiyile oru valia vibhaagathinte niyanthranam addehathinu nalkukayum cheythu. valathupaksha prathipaksham paraajayappedukayum bukhaarin kamanev, synovieve ennivarumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan sramikkukayum cheythenkilum appozhekkum valare vaikiyirunnu.
deseeyathakal.
russian saamraajyathil niravadhi deseeyathakal, bhashakal, vamseeya grouppukal, mathangal enniva ulppettirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandile europil valare sakthamaaya desheeyathayude manobhaavam russia, ukraine, finland ennividangalil prathyekichu 1900 nuu munbu praadhaanyamarhichirunnu. valare pinneedu madhyeshyayil, prathyekichu musleem janasamkhyaykkidayil desheeyathayude manobhaavam prathyakshappettu. saamraajyathvathinethire pooraadunnathinum russian ithara deseeyathakalkkidayil pinthuna valarthunnathinum bolshevikkukal "svayam nirnaya" enna mudraavaakyam upayogichu. viplavathinushesham ellah deseeyathakalkkum soviyatt russiayude bhagamakano swathanthramaakaano thiranjedukkaan swaathanthryamundaakumenu leninte nilapad. varggasamgharshathekkaal valare kuravaayirunnathum soshyalisathinte vijayathode aprathyakshamakunnathumaaya oru thettaaya bodhamaayi idathupaksha bolshevikkukal, prathyekichu jeorji pyattakovu, deseeyathaye parihasichu.
leninte kaazhchappaadukal nilanilkkukayum party desheeyathakalil vidagdhanaayitheernna staalin avare pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. 1917 november november purappeduvicha "russiayile janangalude avakaashangalude prakhyapanam" puthiya soviyatt raashtrathe nirvachikkappedaatha athirthikalode vidukayum mattu raajyangale athil cheraan shanikkukayum cheythu. 1918 januvariyil purappeduvicha "advaanikkunnavarudeyum chooshanam cheyyappedunnavarudeyum avakaashangalude prakhyapanam", ellah deseeyathakalkkum puthiya samsthaanathinte federal gavanmentil eathu adisthaanathil pankedukkanamennu nirnnayikkaan avakaashamundenn prakhyaapichu. mosco aasthaanamaayulla peeples kammeeshanarettu phoor naashanaalittees (narcomnats) enna oru puthiya ejansi sthaapikkappettu. 1918 muthal 1924 vare pravarthicha ithu soviyatt janasamkhyayude 22 sathamaanam utharavaadithamullathaayirunu. russian ithara janangalkkayi svayambharana pradeshangal sthaapichathinaal athirthi tharkkangal pariharikkukayum athinte neethrthwam staalin nalkukayum cheythu. praadeshika bhashakalil pathrangal sthaapikkukayum saksharatha valarthukayum cheythu. athu "pinnokkam" allengil "aadima janatha" yodu oru pithrthvaparamaaya veekshanam sweekarichu. soviyatt naravamshashaasthravum vamshashaasthravum eee aalukale manassilakkunnathil vaidagdhyamullavayaanu. evcom jootha kammisariyatt aayirunnu; maskam musleem kammisariyatt aayirunnu.

