pentapettaale

phylogenetic naamakaranatthil, angiosper phylogeneticsinekkur chila prabandhangalil anoupachaarikamaayi "coor yoodikottukal" ennu vilikkappedunna yoodikottukalude oru valia koottamaanu pentapettaale. seelam, roopaghadana, rasathanthram, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanam, mattu attributeukal ennivayil vishalamaaya vyathiyanangalulla aanjiyospermukalude 65 sathamaanam sambannatha vahikkunna valare valuthum vaividhyapoornavumaaya oru koottam avaa ulkkollunnu. roopaghadanaye maathram adisthaanamaakkiyulla classical systematicsinu eee groupine thirichariyaan kazhinjilla. vaasthavathil, dna molecular analysis daattayil ninnu labhicha sakthamaaya thelivukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu pentapettaleye oru claidaayi chuttikkarangunnath. 
berberidopsidals enna oordar-cariophillalukal, saantaalalukal, saxifragalukal, dilleniasi, vitaasiya ennee kudumbangalum aastaride, rossiday ennee kledukalile ellah amgangalum ulppedunnathaanu pentapettaali cled. 
samboornna chloroplast genome seekwansukalude phylogenetic vishakalanangal pradhana pentapettale vamshaavalikal thammilulla bandhathekkurichu vishwasaneeyamaaya rooparekha nalkukayum nilavilulla aanjiyospermukalude vaividhyathinte valiyoru bhagam srishticha parinaama prakriyakal anweshikkunnathinulla oru chattakoodum nalkukayum cheythu. eee phylogenetic phalangalude velichathil, sasyashaasthrathinte eee mekhalayile shaasthranjarkku nilavile velluvili supersterid, superrosid kledukalkku savisheshamaaya kathaapaathrangalum randilum samaantharamaayi uyarnnuvannavayum thirichariyukayum thudarnnu avayude parinamaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu.
vivaranam.
eee vamshathinte peru soochippikkunnathu pole, pentapettalaykk anchu kashanagalulla churulukal kondu nirmmicha oru savishesha tharam pushpamundu. oru sepaul roopappedunnathaanu perianth, oru corona thikachum vyathyasthamaan. dalangalude rakthakkuzhalukalil ninnu uthbhavikkunna ila paadukal ennu vilikkunna moonno athiladhikamo rakthakkuzhalukalude bandilukal seppalukale aswasthamaakkunnu, athesamayam dalangalkku oru adayaalam maathrameyulloo. saadhaaranayaayi rund chakrangalayi krameekarichirikkunna calix corona ullathinekkaal eratti kashanagal kesarathinundu. kesarangalude ennam periyaantinte kashanangalude erattiyiladhikamaakumbol avaa faasikkalukalilo kendrathyagam cheiyunna sarpililo krameekarichirikkunnu. 
pentapettaleyile koombolakal swabhaavaparamaayi tricholpate aanu. itharathilulla koombola dhaanyathinu "colpose" ennu vilikkunna kuzhikalkkullil moonno athiladhikamo sushirangalundu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, mattu mikka beejakanagalkkum-athaayath jimnospermukal, monocoatukal, paleodicottukal ennivaykku-monoculcate koombolamundu, "sulcus" enna kuzhiyil orotta sushiramundu. 
pentapettale chedikalude ginosiyathil saadhaaranayaayi anchu carpelukal chernnirikkunnu, ennirunnaalum moonnu carpelukal roopappedunna ginosiangalum valare saadhaaranamaanu. ginosiyathil rund carpelukal maathram adangiyirikkunna sandarbhangalil avaa ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. pothuve, avar "kompittam" avatharippikkunnu, vyathyastha kaarpelukalude stylaar kanaalukal orotta arayil samyojippichirikkunna shailiyude oru pradesham, athil koombola tubeukalkku oru carpelil ninnu mattonnilekku valarchayude disha maattaan kazhiyum. andangal saadhaaranayaayi aaksilari marupillakalaanu. pisttil, oduvil, saadhaaranayaayi oru shailiyilum kaalaharanappedaatha kalankathilum avasaanikkunnu. pazham varandathum dehisant aanu, athu oru capsule aayirikkumbol athu loculisidal deheasons kaanikkunnu. koombolayum pisttilum thammilulla prathipravartthanathekkur, pentapetalus sasyangalkk arnez systethe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru gametophytic poruthakkedu samvidaanamundu. pentapettaleyude mattoru shareeraghadana savisheshatha oru clossed root appikkal meristtatthinte saannidyamaanu. phytochemical kazhchappadil, eee koottam sasyangal sionogenesis avatharippikkunnu-athaayath, avaa jalavishleshanathiloode sionide uthbhavikkunna sionogenetic glycosideukale jaivasamshleshanam cheiyunnu-lucine, isolusin, valin thudangiya shaakhakalulla amino aasidukalude upapachayam vazhi. 
vaividhyam.
dillennials.
pallukalilekku nerittu pookunna shakthavum samantharavumaaya dvitheeya sirakalulla elakal dilleniyalukale thirichariyunnu; ithu saadhaaranamaaya thritheeya scalerifom veneshanaanu. ila lamina saadhaaranayaayi parukkanaan. koodaathe, elakal uruttumbol neelamullathaayi maarunnu. thadikku saadhaaranayaayi thelinja thavitt niramaan. pookkal agrabhaagathinaduthu bandhippikkukayum poovu veenathinushesham nilanilkkukayum cheiyunnu; pookkal saadhaaranayaayi prakadamaanu, ruffled dalangalum mukulil prathifalippikkunna niravadhi kesarangalum, saadhaaranayaayi sushiramulla aantharukalumundu. aril vithukal adangiya cheria folliclukalaanu pazhangal, calix sthirathayullathum chilappol ekkar cheruthaanu, koodaathe philamentukalum sthiramaanu. 
berberidopsidals.
chiliyilum kizhakkan australiyayilum vitharanam cheiyunna moonnu janussukalum naalu enangalum maathram ulppedunna rund cheria kudumbangalaaya extoxisy, berberidopsidacy enniva ulppedunna aanjiyospermukalude ettavum puthiya phylogenetic vargeekaranangalil maathram aupachaarikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta oru kramamaanu berberidopsidals. eee kramatthinte vyathirikthamaya pratheekangal pradhaanamaayum athinte shareeraghadanayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, athaayath elakalilum pettiyolukalilum christalukalude saannidhyam-prathyekichu drusen-, pettiyolinte vascular bandilukal oru valayavum ila epidermisinte stomayum "cyclositic" ennu vilikkunna oru prathyeka tharatthilaanu. androsiathinu karkkashamaaya philamentulla kesarangalum vithukal endotestayum undu. 
berberidopsis coralina" yude pookkal seppalukalilum dalangalilum vyathyaasappedunnilla, pakshe cheria baahya teppalukalil ninnu valuthum thilakkamullathumaaya aantharika teppalukalilekkulla kramena parivartthanam prakadamaakkunnu. androcessiathil kesarangalude oru valayavum paariyettal marupilla moonnu kaarpelukalum adangiyirikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, "extoxicani" nuu ekalinga pookkalum pentamerous pookkalum undu. aann pookkalkku vyathyasthamaaya calix corona haplostomus androsesiavum undu. penn pookkalkku ore tharatthilulla perianth undengilum kashanangalude ennam kooduthal vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
ore kudumbatthilppetta rund janussukal thammilulla eee vyathyaasangal kanakkiledukkumbol, berberidopsidaalukale pushpavikasanam gunneriday pushpatthinte parinaamatthile oru "link" aanennum seppalukalude valare variable ennavum vrithaakrithiyilulla dalangalum polulla savisheshathakalulla "extoxiconinte" pushpa roopaghadanayum eee sidhaanthavumaayi poruthappedunnuvennum nirddeshikkappettittund. ennirunnaalum, phylogenetic maratthile berberidopsidelukale sthaanam athumaayi poruthappedunnilla. 
shantalales.
ekadesham 160 janussukalum 2,200 enangalum lokamembaadum vyaapichukidakkunna santalals oordar, gannarideyude adithattil deerghakaalamaayi pariharikkappedaatha sthaanam vahikkunna oru monophylatic grouppaanu. aduthide, poornnamaaya chloroplast genome adisthaanamaakkiyulla phylogenetic padanangal nakshathrangalude adithattil saantaalelukalude sthaanam soochippikkunnu. saanthaalalukal paaristhithikamaayi vaividyamaarnnathaanu, koodaathe "erithropalam" polulla swathanthramaayi jeevikkunna sasyangalum (hemi) paraannabhojikalum ulppedunnu. misodendrum" janussile mistlettos, ariyappedunnathum saambathikamaayi pradhaanappettathumaaya chandanamaram ("santhalam aalbam") ulppedeyulla root paraannabhojikal, sugandhamulla thadi niravadhi sugandhadravyangalude gadakamaanu. eiii. pii. jii. III vargeekarana samvidaanam santhalesile ezhu kudumbangale amgeekarichu balanophorasi, misodendrasy, opiliyesee, scoephiase, loranthesee, santalasy (viscasey ulppede), olaakkesee. ennirunnaalum, 2010-ll, puthiya tanmatra daatta aaa nigamanathil maattam varuthaan saadhyamaakki, angane aptaantaresi, balanophoracy, coolessi, erythropalacy, lorantesi, misodenderacy, octonemacy, olaakkesi, opiliyesi, saantalesi, scoephiasy, strombosiasi, simeniyasi enniva ippol amgeekarikkappedunnu. 
rosids.
ekadesham 70,000 enangal adangiya yoodikodailidonukalude oru valia koottamaanu rosidukal, ithu motham angiosper speesheesukalude naalilonn varum. sweekaricha paridhikaleyum vargeekaranatheyum aashrayich ithu 16 muthal 20 vare oordarukalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu. eee oordarukalil ekadesham 140 kudumbangal ulppedunnu. nakshathrangalumayi chernnu avaa yoodikodailidonukalude rund valia grouppukalaayi maarunnu. 
pushpagrooppukalil thaine, neelamulla bhroonam, vyathirikthamaya musilaginus koshangal enniva polulla mattu grouppukalil ninnu verthirikkunna chila roopaghadana savisheshathakal rosidukal pankidunnu. tanmatra thalatthil, chloroplast "infa" jeeninte pravartthanam nashtappedunnathum "coxy" yude abhaavavumaan rosidukalude savisheshatha.mitocondrianile i3 "introon. 
nakshathrangal.
13 kramangalilum nooriladhikam kudumbangalilum grooppucheythirikkunna ekadesham 80,000 enangal ulppedunna yoodikodailidonukalude oru valia koottamaanu aastaridukal, koodaathe motham angiosper speesheesukalude moonnilonnu muthal naalilonn vare. rosidukalkkoppam, avaa yoodikodailidonukalude rund valia grouppukalaayi maarunnu. avaa aanjiyospermukalude ettavum apotypic kledine prathinidheekarikkunnu, allengil anuchithamayi vilikkunnathupole, "ettavum parinamicha". ekadesham 50 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu senosoicle ninnaan eee group uthbhavichathennum athinte vijayam praanikalude paraganangalumaayulla athinte poruthappedutthalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnavum karuthappedunnu. aanjiyospermukalude ettavum valia naalu kudumbangal eee vamshathil pedunnu aastaresee, rubiyesi, lamiase, aposynase. 
eee vamshathilppetta sasyangal herbuses, hermaphrodite, cygomorphic pookkal ennivayullavayaanu-athaayath, avaa oru samamithiyude thalam maathrame sweekarikkoo-avaa praanikalaal paraganam cheyyappedunnu. koodaathe, kesarangal oru vrithathil krameekarikkukayum koronayude dalangal orumichu chernnu oru tube roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. rund welding carpelukal chernnaanu ginosiyathinte roopam. laabiyattayudeyum plantagenesiayudeyum chevikal allengil kompositteyude kaapittula (thalakal) polulla irukiya pookkalilaanu pookkal palappozhum krameekarichirikkunnathu.
parinaamavum phylogeny.
eee vamshathinte praayam 113 muthal 116 dasalaksham varsham vare kanakkaakkappedunnu. nirbhagyavashaal nilavilulla oru groupinum kaaranamaakaatha yoodikottukalude ettavum pazhaya macrophosilukal verum 96-94 dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamulla cretatius-senomanian vamshathil pedunnu. 
samboornna chloroplast genome seekwansukalude vishakalanangal pradhana pentapettale kledukal thammilulla bandham pariharikkan njangale anuvadichu. gannarelukalil ninnu vyathichalichathin thottupinnaale, pentapettaale moonnu pradhana upavibhagangalaayi verpirinju (i) delaniasi, (ii) saxifragalukal, vitaasiya, rosidukal ennivayulppedeyulla superrosid cled, (iii) berberidopsidalukal, saanthalalukal, cariophillalukal, aastaridukal enniva chernna supersterid cled. saxifragalukal, vitaasiya, rosidukal enniva thammilulla tanmatra skailil prakadamaaya adutha bandham avayude roopaghadanayumaayi poruthappedunnu. vaasthavathil, krokvist, thakhthaajan vargeekarana samvidaanangalil eee kledukal "rosidukalude coor" ennu vilikkappedunnu. avaykkellaam joind aantharukalulla androsesium, steppilukalulla elakal, nuclear roopeekaranamulla endosper, outtar integmentil ninno rund integmentukalil ninno roopappedunna oru micropyl ennivayundu. 
niravadhi oohaathmaka sinapomorphical superrosid kledinte swabhaava savisheshathakalum nalkiyekkaam. angane, "sailulett" koombolam allengil eksaininte oru granular ghadana, elakalil sclerideukalude saannidhyam, androcessiathinteyum fused kaarpelukaludeyum isomerism enniva saanthalalukal, cariophillalukal, nakshathrangal ennivaye onnippikkunnu. athupole, berberidopsidasiac vyavasthakalundenkilum extoxicasiayk avayude abhaavamundengilum vyavasthakalillaatha elakal mattoru synapomorphic swabhaavamaayirikkaam; athinaal, berberidopsidelukalum nakshathrangaludeyum poorvvika nila ippozhum vyakthamalla. 
dilleniyalukal, superrosidukal, supersteridukal enniva thammilulla prarambha vyathichalanagal valare vegathil sambhavichirikkanam, pentapettaliye gannarelukalil ninnu praadhamikamaayi verthirichu oru dasalaksham varshathinullil. athupole, superrosidukalum supersteridukalum adyakaalavum valare vegathilullathumaaya vyathiyaanam kaanikkunnu, kaaranam vitaasiya, saxifragalukal, rosidukal ennivayilekku nayicha vamshavali anchu dasalaksham varshangalkkullil uyarnnuvannu, athupole thanne berberidopsidalukal, cariophillalukal, aastaridukal ennivayude roopathilekku nayichu. 
thaazhepparayunna cladogram pentapettale cladinum eee kledinumulla phylogenetic bandhangale samgrahikkunnu. 
lamideukal (yoosteridukalkku i), campanulidukal (yoosteridukalkku II) ennee perukal bremer mattullavarum nirddeshichu. (2002) pinneedu fabideukal (euroidukalkku i), malvidukal (euroidukalkku II) enniva nirddeshichu.

