
nukak

gwavier, inirida nadikalkkidayil, ushnamekhalaa eerppamulla vanathinte aazhathil, aamason thadatthinte arikilum, republic oof kolambiyayile gwavier departmentilum nukak janatha (nukak-maku ennum ariyappedunnu) thaamasikkunnu. avar kaalaanusritha naadodi maathrkakalulla naadodi vettakkaaraan, koodaathe cheria thothilulla shifting hortikalchar pariseelikkunnu. 1981 vare avare "sanbarkkamillaatha aalukal" ennu tharamthirichirunnu, athinusesham avarude janasamkhyayude pakuthiyum praadhamikamaayi rogam moolam nashtappettu. avarude pradeshatthinte oru bhagam kokka karshakarum krishikkaarum mattu kudiyettakkaarum upayogikkunnu, athupole thanne garillakalum sainyavum ardhasainika vibhaagangalum avaye kaivashappeduthiyittundu. eee prathisandhiyodulla prathikaranangalil prathishedhangal, swaamsheekaranathinulla abhyarthanakal, nethaavu maav-bii 'yude aathmahathya enniva ulppedunnu. ekadesham oru ennam 210-250 nukak aalukal saan jose dell gwaviyarile thaalkkaalika vaasasthalangalil thaamasikkunnu, athesamayam ekadesham athrayere aalukal nukak reservationil ("resgardo") naadodikkaaraayaanu thaamasikkunnath.
vettayaadal.
vidagdha vettakkaaraan nukak. vividha sasyangalil (kararukal) ninnu nirmmicha vishamaaya "manyi" ennu pothinja dartukal vedivaykkunna bloganukal upayogichaanu purushanmaar vettayaadunnathu. avar prathyekichum niravadhi inam kurangukale ("alowata" spp) vettayaadunnu., "sebus" spp., "saimiri" ezz. pii., "lagothrics" spp., "attales" sp., "sagvinus" spp.calisbus torquatus"), pakshikal (maskovi taaraav, chachalakka, gwanukal, curasso, chaaraniratthilulla chirakulla kahalam, tuckens). rund inam pekkarikale ("tayassu pekari", "tii") vettayaadaan avar "sokrattiya exorisa" panamaram upayogichu nirmmicha jaavalinukalum upayogikkunnu. tajaku), kannadayulla kaimans, avarude muttakal avar kazhikkunnu. nukak brokkatt maan, "odocoilius virginianus", tappirukal ("tapirus terrestries") enniva vettayaadukayo bhakshikkukayo cheiyunnilla; eee mrugangale manushyarumaayi oru pothu poorvvikan pankidunnathaayi avar kanakkakkunnu.
elikale ("cooniculus" ezz. pii.) nukak pidikkaarund., "diasprocta" spp.), armadillos ("dasaipas" ezz. pii.), amakal (jiochelon ezz. pii.), thavalakal (valia alavil), njandukal, chemmeen, ochukal, eenthappanayude laarvakal (mojojoy, munn, rhinecophorus ezz. pii. pii.).) koodaathe niravadhi inam kuttichedikaludeyum kaattarpillarukaludeyum laarvakal.
malsyabandhanam.
hoplias" ezz. pii. polulla niravadhi inam malsyangale nukak malsyangal bhakshikkunnu., "myeloplus" spp., "myelosoma" spp., "hydrolycus" sp., "sikla" ezz. pii., surubi ("syoodoplattistoma faasiyaattam"), catfishukal ("braachiplaattistom" spp.), piranhas ("serasalmus" spp., "pygosentress" spp.), nadeekiranangal ("pottaamotrigon" sp.). malsyabandhanam bhaagikamaayi charadukalum loha malsya hukkukalum upayogichaanu cheiyunnathu, ennirunnaalum nukkaakkukal ippozhum parambaraagathamaayi villum ambum allengil haarpoonukal, kenikal allengil baskettukal ("meyy", vaattar koodukal) upayogichu malsyam pidikkunnu. niravadhi samskaarangalil report cheyyappetta oru sankeernamaaya saankethikavidyayum avar upayogikkunnu ithu "longocarpus" espiyude veraaya "nyoon" upayogikkunnu. vellachattangalil layikkumbol malsyathe viraykkunna niravadhi padaarthangal ithil adangiyirikkunnu, ithu avaye pidikkaan eluppamaakkunnu.
othucheral.
avar irupathu inam theneechakaludeyum niravadhi pazhangaludeyum thaine shekharikkunnu paam fruitukal ("jessenia battaava"), "oenocarpus" spp., "attalia" spp., "moureeshya" ezz. pii., phenacospermum gayanens", "akmiya" ezz. pii.., "inga" ezz. pii., kooma macrocarpa", "iriyaanthera" sp., "theobroma" spp., "pouroma" spp., "parinari" ezz. pii., "microndra" ezz. pii., "helicostylis" sp., "kariyokaar" ezz. pii., "talisia" ezz. pii., "hymenia" sp., "dacryodes" spp., "abuta" ezz. pii., "eugenia" spp., "touralia" ezz. pii., "perebia" spp., "proteum" sp., "secropia" sp., battocarpus" ezz. pii. "., hyronyma "ezz. pii."., brosimum "sp"., dialium "sp"., garsinia "ezz. pii."., manilkara "ezz. pii."., nocleopsis "spp"., pradosia "ezz. pii."., poutteriya "ezz. pii"., salasia "ezz. pii."., paciphlora "spp"., duroya magwary, duroya hirsuta, mouriri "ezz. pii".," alibertia "" sp ".
mupabat" ("lakunal" sp) ennathil ninnu nukkak madhuramulla resin edukkunnu.), raattan vaattar ("doliocarpus" ezz. pii.).). avar thangalude paalayangal ("voppi") "phenacospermum gayanens" elakalum kaippathikalum kondu moodukayum kumare paam "aastro kaariyam" ezz. pii. yude naarukal upayogichu avarude oonjaalinte nirmmaanam nadathukayum cheiyunnu.; "heteropsis tenuvispadics", "eshveelera" sp ulla mooringukal., koodaathe "anthurium" sp.ireartella stigara", "bactris maraja" ennivayulla bloganukal; "duguisia quueterrensis" ulla villukal; kodali "aspidosperma" sp-ll avasaanikkunnu.; "vanocarpus" spiyude mulpadarppukal.; "kaalaathiya" spiyude elakal upayogichu dart kvivarukal.; "pachira nukaakika", "seeba" ezz. pii. ennivayulla milkweed., koodaathe "seudobombax" sp.courtary gianensis" ulla purushanmarkkulla arakkett; "heteropsis" spp ulla baskettukal.; "ischnosiphone aroma", "heliconia" ezz. pii. ennivayulla dispossible baagukal.; "sedrellinga" ezz. pii. ulla sopp.; "myroxylone" sp ulla sugandhadravyangal. neethi pectoralis"; koodaathe vaividhyamaarnna vasthukkalum.
iriyanthera
piranhayude pallukal upayogichu avar bladeukal nirmmikkunnu, pakshe lohangal upayogikkunnathinum avaa poruthappettittundu. 1990 vare avar cheria thothilulla manpathrangal abhyasichu, avarude yaathrakalil avarodoppam kondupokaan oru cheria tharam kalavum randaamathe valia tharam avarude camping saittukalil saadhanangalaayi upekshikkukayum cheythu. innu avar loha kalangal vaangaan eshtappedunnu. avarkk theeyundaakkaan prathyeka maram ("pausaandra triane") upayogikkumbol avarkk theeo laittarukaloo illa. avar inii "traatinikkiya glassiovi" yudeyo kallu kodaalikaludeyo resin upayogichu kannaadikal nirmikkunnilla.
krishi maattuka.
avarude pradeshathu, avarude vazhikalil vilakalundu. avar parambaraagathamaayi bhakshanathinaayi madhurakkizhang ("ipomia battaattaas"), taros ("santosoma violesium", "kolokkeshya" ezz. pii. thudangiya kizhanguvargangal krishi cheiyunnu.), yams ("dioscoria" sp.), manioch ("manihot esculanta"). peechu eenthappana (bactris gassipays), pinaple (ananus comosus), kurumulak (capsicum chainans), niravadhi pazhavrikshangal ennivayum undu. ellah poonthottangalilum vaazhappazhavum ("moosa paradysiaca") karimbum ("sackerum oofisinaaram") undu. dainamdina jeevithathinulla upakaranangal ("cresentia kujettu", "laganeriya siseraria" ennivayude pathrangal polullava); allengil chayangal nirmmikkunnathinum avaa nattuvalartthunnu. (shareeram varaykkunnathinaayi "akkiyot" "bixa orelaana", "kaarayooru" "arabidaea chikka" enniva pole); ambukalum haarpoonukalum nirmmikkaan oru churalum ("ginerium saagittaattam"). pukayila ("nikottiyaana tabakkam") aachaaraparamaaya upayogangalkkayi vilavedukkunnu.
saamoohika vashangal.
purushan sthreek sweekaricha sammanangal nalki aupachaarikamaayi vivaham kazhikkukayum aval avanodoppam thamasikkaan sammathikkukayum cheythathinu sheshamaan vivaham nischayikkappedunnathu. oru jodiye thirayunnathin, oru manushyan pareekshanangal sahikkukayum oru halusinojan ("virola" ezz. pii.) kazhikkukayum cheiyunna oru deeksha chadangiloode kadannupoyirikkanam.).
cross cheytha cussins undaakkunna dambathikalaanu ettavum anuyojyamaaya dambathikal. samanthara bandhukkal thammilulla vivaham nirodhichirikkunnu. sthree ippozhum pithaavinte veettilaanu thaamasikkunnathenkil, sammanangalil avan ulppedanam. sthree sammathikkukayaanenkil, aval purushante paalayatthil sthirathaamasamaakkunnu; avarkk oru kuttikalundengil avare oru aupachaarika jodiyaayi kanakkakkunnu, ithu paraspara bandhatthinte paraspara bandhangal sthaapikkukayum paraspara avakaashangalilum kadamakalilum prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru purushanu niravadhi bhaaryamare vivaham kazhikkaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum orotta bhaaryayaan ettavum saadhaaranam, moonno athiladhikamo udaaharanagal apoorvamaanu. kunjinte gunangal mechappeduthunnathinaayi garbhakaalath eee bahubhaaryaathvam oru thaalkkaalika bahubhaaryaathvavumaayi sahavarthikkunnu. oro aabhyanthara group oru praadeshika groupinteyum vividha steshanukalkkum saahacharyangalkkum anusarichu suraksha nadapadikal polulla prathyeka chumathalakal nirvahikkaan sthaapithamaaya mattu grouppukaludeyum bhagamaanu. maruvashathu, oro nukkakkum oru mrugathinteyo chediyudeyo peril "nuwai" enna pithruvamshatthinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
kuranjathu 50 allengil 60 perulla oororutharum, varshathil bhooribhaagavum orumichu thaamasikkaathavarum kalavastha kaalavyathiyanangalkkum suraksha saahacharyangalkkum anusrithamaayi vilaveduppinum/allengil vettayaadalinumaayi vyathyastha grouppukal roopeekarikkunnavarumaaya patthu praadeshika nukak grouppukale ("wuun") thiricharinjittundu. oro group athinte pradeshathe naalu pradeshangalil onninte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. chila avasarangalil vyathyastha grouppukal cherunnu, avide avar oru prathyeka aacharam, "enttivathu" pariseelikkunnu, athil grouppukal mukhaamukham nritham cheyyukayum, adikkukayum, vaakkukond parasparam parikkelppikkukayum cheiyunnu, aacharam oru charama nimishatthilethunnathuvar avarellam aalinganam cheiyunnu, karanjukondu avar avarude poorvvikare oorkkukayum vaalsalyam prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah vibhavangalum ore pradeshathallaathappol, grouppukal "ihinahat" enna oru tharam kaimaattam nadathunnu.
marichavarekkurichu charcha cheiyunnathu nukakkinu nishidhamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
bhasha.
nukak aalukal oru tonel bhasha samsaarikkunnu. ithu kakwa bhashayumaayi valare adutha bandhamullathaan.
vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna aalukal.
1981ll aarambhicha puthiya gotra dauthyavumaayum mattu purathuninnullavarumaayuma sanbarkkam pularthiyathinushesham malaria, measles, pulmonary rogangal ennivayil ninnu nukak janasamkhya kuranju. innu kokka karshakar, idathupaksha phaark garillakal, valathupaksha ooku ardhasainika vibhagangal, columbian sainyam ennivar avarude bhoomi kaivashappeduthiyittundu. 2006ll 80 oolam nukakkukalude oru samgham kaadu vittu avarude samskaaram samrakshikkunnathinaayi swaamsheekaranam thedi. kudiyettakkaaril oralaaya piya-peey ingane paranju "njangal vella kudumbatthil cheraan aagrahikkunnu, pakshe nukakkinte vaakkukal marakkaan njangal agrahikkunnilla."2006 octoberil nethaavum nukkak spanish speakerumaaya moow-bii visham kazhichu aathmahathya cheythu. suhruthukkalum kolambiyayude deseeya thaddesheeya samghadanayum (ooniku) yukthi kaanichathu saadhanangal surakshithamaakkaano nukkaakkin veettilekku surakshithamaayi madangaano kazhiyaathathil niraashayodeyaanu addeham angane cheythath ennaanu.

