
thirachilum pidichedukkalum

oru kuttakrithyam nadannittundennu samshayikkunna police mattu adhikaarikalum avarude ejantumaarum oru vyakthiyude swath thirachil aarambikkukayum kuttakrithyavumaayi bandhappett kandethiya prasakthamaaya thelivukal kandukettukayum cheiyunna pala sivil niyamangalilum pothu niyama niyama samvidaanangalilum upayogikkunna oru nadapadikramamaanu thirachilum pidichedukkalum.
chila raajyangalkk avarude bharanaghadanayil "yukthirahithamaya thirachilukalil ninnum pidichedukkalukalil ninnum" pothujanagalkk mochanam nedaanulla avakasham nalkunna chila vyavasthakalundu. ellaavarkkum svakaaryathaykkulla nyayamaaya avakaashathinu arhathayund enna adisthaanathilaanu eee avakasham pothuve. 
nirddishta vyaakhyaanam vyathyaasappedaamenkilum, eee avakaashathinu palappozhum eathenkilum tharatthilulla thirachililum pidichedukkalilum earppedunnathinu munbu niyamapaalakare thirayal vaaranto udamayude sammathamo nedendathundu. thirachilil thelivukal pidicheduttha kesukalil, ozhivakkal niyamathinu keezhilulla thelivukal adichamarthaanulla prameyam polulla kodathi nadapadikramangal vazhi thelivukal nirasikkappedaam.
itali.
italiyil thirachilil ninnum pidichedukkalil ninnumulla samrakshanam bharanaghadanayude article 14 ll ulppeduthiyittundu, athu iprakaaramaanu
"veedu lamghikkaanaavaathathaanu. vyakthiparamaaya swaathanthryam samrakshikkunnathinulla nadapadikal palikkunna kesukalilum perumaattatthilum ozhike veettupakaranangalile parisodhanakal, thirayalukal allengil pidichedukkalukal enniva sveekaaryamalla. pothujanaarogyavum surakshyum kaaranamo saambathikavum saambathikavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayulla niyanthranangalum parishodhanakalum uchithamaaya niyamangalal niyanthrikkappedum."
nyoosilaand.
yukthirahithamaya thirachilil ninnum pidichedukkalil ninnum mochitharakaanulla avakasham anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha samooham nannayi amgeekarikkunnu. nyoosiland bill oof raitts act 1990 (ensbora 1990) leeii sekshan 21 eee avakasham nyoosiland niyamathil ulppeduthunnu, ithu prasthaavikkunnu "vyakthiyude, swathinte, kathidapaadukaludeyo allengil mattethenkilum yukthirahithamaya thirachililo pidichedukkalilo ninnu surakshitharayirikkaan ellaavarkkum avakaashamund."
1990 leeii ensbora yukthirahithamaya thirachilil ninnum pidichedukkalil ninnum muktharakaanulla mothatthilulla avakasham sthaapikkumbol, 2012 leeii thirayal nireekshana niyamam nyoosilandil eee mekhalayil niyamatthinte praayogika prayogatthinu niyamaparamaaya chattakkood nalkunnu.
yunaittad kingdom.
charitraparamaayi, engleesh pothu niyamam vividha kaaranangalal pidichedukkalukal nadatthaan vividha tharam niyamaparamaaya rittukal upayogichu. udaaharanathinu, udamasthaavakaasham theerppaakkunnathinaayi oru kodathi kesil saadhanangal shariyaayi paripalikkappedillenna kandethiyappol avaa pidichedukkunnathinu "arast cheyyal bonis neey disipentar" enna ritt vyavastha cheythu. kadam thirichupidikkunnathina vyakthigatha swath pidichedukkaan "attaachiyaamenta bonoram" enna ritt anuvadichu.
criminal anweshanangalumaayi bandhappett, aadyam arast cheyyaathe aalukalilum sthalangalilum tirayan poleesinu niravadhi adhikaarangalund, palappozhum "stopp aandu serch" ennu visheshippikkappedunnu. yunaittad kingdatthinu niravadhi vyathyastha niyama samvidaanangalundu, koodaathe adhikaaraparidhiye aashrayich stopp aandu serchinte adikaarangalum nadapadikramangalum vyathyaasappedunnu
america.
american bharanaghadanayude naalam bhedagathi iprakaaram prasthaavikkunnu
bhedagathiyude vaachakam hraswamaanu, niyamavirudhamaaya thirachilum pidichedukkalum enthaanennu nirnnayikkunna mikka niyamangalum kodathi vidhikalil kaanapedunnu. thirayal", "pidichedukkal" ennee padangalude hraswa nirvachanangal "yunaittad stetts vii." ennathil samkshipthamaayi samgrahichittundu. jacobsen, "naalam bhedagathi ingane paranju
vaarant aavasyakatha.
american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanaykku keezhilulla pothuvaaya niyamam thirachilinu saadhuvaaya vaarant aavasyamaanu ennathaanu. ennirunnaalum, janangal surakshitharaayirikkanamenna naalam bhedagathiyude bhasha adisthaanamaakki eee niyamathinu niravadhi ozhivaakkalukalund... yukthirahithamaya thirachilukalkkum pidichedukkalukalkkum ethire ".
udaaharanathinu, samshayaaspadamaaya vasthuvinte udama thirachilinu sammathichekkaam. sammatham swamedhayaa ullathayirikkanam, pakshe athu undo illayo ennu nirnnayikkaan vyakthamaaya parisodhanayilla; pakaram, sammatham swamedhayaa ullathaano ennu vilayiruthunnathil oru kodathi "saahacharyangalude samagratha" pariganikkum. police udyogasthar oru samshayikkappedunnayaal nirasikkaamenn upadeshikkenda saankethikamaayi aavasyamilla, ennirunnaalum eee nayam vakuppinte prathyeka niyamangale aasrayichirikkunnu. thulya niyanthranamulla oru moonnaam kakshi, athaayath, chila saahacharyangalund.iii. swathinu melulla pothu authority thirachilinu sammathichekkaam. yukthirahithamaya thirachilinteyum pidichedukkalinteyum mattoru udaaharanam kodathi kessaaya "mapp vii. ohiyo ".
oru vyakthikk oru prathyeka swathil samooham amgeekarikkaan thayyaaraanenn "svakaaryathayude nyayamaaya prateeksha" illengil, aaa svavumaayi bandhappett sarkkaarinte eathu edapedalum naalam bhedagathi aavasyangalkkaayulla thirachilaayi kanakkakkilla, oru vaarant orikkalum aavasyamilla. udaaharanathinu, oru vyakthikk oru moonnaam kakshikk kaimaria vivarangalil svakaaryathayekkurichu nyayamaaya pratheekshayillenn kodathikal kandethi, athaayath meyil vazhi ayacha oru kavarinte purathu ezhuthukayo mattullavarkk athu kaanaan kazhiyunna oru pradeshathu pikkappinaayi vidukayo cheyyuka. aaa kavarile ulladakkathil vyakthiyude svakaaryathayekkurichu nyayamaaya pratheekshayillenn ithinarthamillengilum, oru veedinte kudilkkinarinu purathu avasheshikkunna maalinya ulladakkangalil samooham amgeekarikkaan thayyaaraanenn oraalkk svakaaryathayekkurichu nyayamaaya pratheekshayillenn kodathi abhiprayappettu.
motor vaahanangalude ullil svakaaryathayude pratheekshayum kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, "koolidj vii. automobile' enna vaakk oru tallisman allennum athinte saannidhyathil naalam bhedagathi mangukayum aprathyakshamaakukayum cheiyunnuvennum nyoo hamshire "nirddeshikkunnu."
vaarand aavasyakathayil ninnulla ozhivaakkalukal.
vaarand aavasyakathaykku "adiyanthira saahacharyangal" ozhivaakkaanum kodathikal theerumaanichittundu. "adiyanthira saahacharyangal" ennathinartham udyogasthar vegathil pravartthikkanam ennaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, thelivukal neekkam cheyyappedaano nasippikkappedaano saadhyathayulla apakadasaadhyathayundenn poleesinu nyayamaaya vishwaasamullathinaal, ennirunnaalum ippozhum oru kaaranatthinte aavasyakathayundu. thudarchayaaya apakadasaadhyathayo sahayam aavasyamulla aalukal undennu udyogastharkku nyayamaaya vishwaasamo ulla saahacharyangalum nilanilkkaam. olichodippokunna oru kuttavaaliye police chooderiya thirachilil earppedunnathum ithil ulppedunnu."eee saahacharyathil, saadhyathayulla kaaranam ullidatholam kaalam, police prathiye oru vasathiyil pinthudarukayum vyakthamaaya kaazhchayil eathenkilum thelivukal pidichedukkukayum cheyyaam.
oru anweshana stopp allengil arast cheiyunnathinulla sambhava samayat chila parimithamaaya thirayalukalum anuvadikkunnu. eee thirayalukale parishkaricha thirayalukal ennu paraamarshikkaam.
athesamayam yuu-yude vyaakhyaanangal.ezz. yuu. yeei vyaakhyaanikkunna ellah federal kodathikalkkum supreme kodathi baadhyasthamaanu.ezz. bharanaghadana prakaram rund kaaranangalal oro samsthaanathinum prathyekathakalil chila vyathyaasangalund. onnamathaayi, oru prashnam yuu. ezz theerumaanichittillengil.ezz. supreme kodathi, thudarnnu oru keezhkodathi eee vishayathil "aadya mathipp" enna vidhinyaayamundaakkunnu, chilappol rund vyathyastha keezhkkodathikal vyathyastha vyaakhyaanangalil ethum. randaamathaayi, phalatthil ellah samsthaana bharanaghadanakalilum thirachilum pidichedukkalum sambandhicha vyavasthakalum adangiyirikkunnu. aaa vyavasthakalkku yuu. ezz vaagdaanam cheiyunna samrakshanangal kuraykkaan kazhiyilla.ezz. bharanaghadana, ennaal yuu. esinu keezhil oru thirayal "nyayamaaya" ennu kanakkaakkunna tharatthilulla adhika parirakshakal nalkaan avarkk kazhiyum.ezz. ennirunnaalum oru prathyeka samsthaanathinte niyamaprakaaram bharanaghadana yukthirahithamaayirikkam.
vaarand aavashyakathayude lamghanam.
oru thirachil bharanaghadanaaparamaaya samrakshanangal lamghichittundo ennu nirnnayikkaan kodathikal upayogikkunna vishakalanathinte niravadhi mekhalakalundu. thaazhepparayunna naalu sidhaanthangalude ettavum kuranja alavedutha aavasyakathakalil oronnum urappode niravettunna thirayalukal maathrame kodathiyil chodyam cheyyappedaathe nilkkaan saadhyathayulloo. nyaayabodham, saadhyathayulla kaaranam, judicial adikaaram, prathyekatha ennivayaanu aaa yogyathayulla sidhaanthangal. oru thirachilinteyo arasttudeyo thottumumbo sheshamo police vidhi saadhaaranayaayi nyaayabodham nirnnayikkunna gadakangal nalkunnundengilum, saadhyathayulla kaaranagal, judicial adikaaram, prathyekathakal enniva saadhaaranayaayi oru kodathi jadjio majistretto melnottam vahikkunna police nadapadikramangaliloode niravettunnu. saadhyathayulla kaaranathinu sveekaaryamaaya nyayamaaya samshayam aavasyamaanu. prathyekathakalude aavasyakathakal bharanaghadanayude paatatthil thanne vyakthamaakkiyittund. oru audyogika judicial authority oru vaarant purappeduvikkunnathino nirasikkunnathino munbu aaa aavasyakathakalumaayulla niyama nirvvahana palanam sookshumaparishodhana nadathunnu.
ozhivakkal niyamam.
niyamavirudhamaaya thirachil kesukalile praadhamika prathividhi "ozhivakkal niyamam" ennariyappedunnu. ithinartham niyamavirudhamaaya thirachililoode labhicha eathenkilum thelivukal ozhivaakkappettathaanennum prathikkethire ayaalude allengil avalude vichaaranaykkaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyillennum. eee niyamathinu chila idungiya apavaadangalundu. udaaharanathinu, police udyogasthar nalla vishwaasathode pravarthikkukayaanenkil-orupakshe asaadhuvaaya oru vaarant anusarichaayirikkaam, ennaal thirachil samayat udyogasthar saadhuthayullathaayi vishwasichirunnuvenkil-thelivukal sweekarikkaam.
administrative thirayalukal.
korpparettu, bharanaparamaya niyamangalil, anweshana adhikaaravumaayi bandhappett sakthamaaya gavanmentine anukoolichu supreme kodathi vyaakhyaanathinte parinamam undaayittund. federal trade kammeeshan vii. american pukayila kambani.", eph. tii. sick vishalamaaya summons adikaaram nalkiyittundenkilum, enthengilum varaamenn pratheekshichukondu prasakthavum aprasakthavumaaya thirachilukalkkaayi swakaarya pathrangalil oru pothu" "malsyabandhana paryaveshanathinu" "avakaashamillenn supreme kodathi vidhichu". ithu naalam bhedagathiyude "athmaavinum aksharathinum" virudhamaanennu justice holms vidhichu.
1946leeii oklahoma pras pabinte kesil. qoo. vii. oru" "aalankaarikamo kriyaathmakamo aaya thirachilum" "yadhaartha thirachilum pidichedukkalum thammil oru vyathyasam undaayirunnu". saadhyathayulla kaaranam" adisthaanamaakki yadhaartha thirachilinum pidichedukkalinum oru vaarant aavasyamulla naalam bhedagathiyiloode kriyaathmaka thirayalukal parimithappedutthiyittunne kodathi nireekshichu. aavasyappetta rekhakalum rekhakalum korpparettu swabhaavamulla oru kriyaathmaka thirachilinte kaaryatthil, swakaarya vyakthikalude avakashangal samrakshikkunnathinaayi srishticha ellah bharanaghadanaa samrakshanagalkkum korppareshanukalkk arhathayillaathathinaal naalam bhedagathi baadhakamallenn kodathi vilayiruthi.
athum kaanuka.
njangalkk prathyekamaayia

