isak dusher

randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappedunnathi munbu yunaittad kingdatthilekku kudiyeriya oru poolish maarksist ezhuthukaaranum pathrapravartthakanum rashtreeya pravarthakanumaayirunnu isak dusher (1907 epril 3-1967 august 19). liyon trotskyudeyum joseph staalinteyum jeevacharitrakaaranaayum soviyatt kaaryangalekkurichulla niroopakanaayum addeham kooduthal ariyappedunnu. trotskyude moonnu vaalyangalulla jeevacharitram jeevacharitram 1960kalilum britiish navaa idathupakshathinidayil valareyadhikam swaadheenam chelutthi.
polandile aadyakaala jeevithavum communist pankaalitthavum.
austro-hungarian saamraajyathile (ippol thekkan polandilulla) galeeshya mekhalayile oru pattanamaya charsaanovil mathaparamayi nireekshikkunna joothanmaarude oru kudumbathilaanu dusher janichathu. addeham oru hasidic rabbil padikkukayum torayeyum talmoodineyum kurichulla padanatthil oru prathibhayayi prashamsikkappedukayum cheythu. 1918ll austro-hungarian saamraajyathinte thakarchayethudarnnundaaya moonnu vamshahathyakaliloodeyaanu addeham kadannupoyathu. ennirunnaalum, thante baar mittswayude samayat addehathinu thante vishwaasam nashtappettirunnu. yomu kippoorile oru tsaadikkinte (vishudha vyakthi) shavakudeerathil kosher ithara bhakshanam kazhichukondu addeham daivathe "pareekshichu". onnum sambhavikkathe vannappol addeham oru nireeshwaravaadiyaayi. pathinaram vayassil poolish saahitya aanukalikangalil kavithakal prasidheekarikkaan thudangiyappozhaan kaviyenna nilayil dusher aadyamaayi shradha aakarshichathu. yiddish, poolish bhaashakalilulla addehathinte vaakyam jootha, poolish mistisism, charithram, puraanam ennivayekkurichaayirunnu, koodaathe poolish, yiddish samskaarangal thammilulla vidavu kuraykkaan addeham shramichu. hebru, laattin, jarmman, yiddish bhashakalil ninnulla kavithakalum addeham polishilekku vivarthanam cheythu.
cracovile jagiallonian sarvakalashaalayil oru extraamural vidyaarthiyaayi dusher saahityam, charithram, thathwachintha enniva padichu. taamasiyaathe addeham krakov vittu warsoilek pooyi, avide addeham thathwachintha, saambathikashaasthram, marxism enniva padichu. 1927 oode addeham polandile anadhikritha communist partyil (keey. pii. pii) cherukayum party rahasya maadhyamangalude edittaraayi maarukayum cheythu. addeham jootha "naas presglad" ("njangalude avalokanam"), maarksist "miseesnik littarakki" ("saahitya maasika") ennivaykkaayi ezhuthi. 1931ll addeham soviyatt yooniyanil paryadanam nadatthi, aadya panchavatsara padhathikku keezhilulla saambathika saahacharyangal kandu. mosco sarvakalashaalayum minsk sarvakalashaalayum addehathinu soshyalisathinteyum maarksist sidhaanthathinteyum charithrathinteyum professoraayi tasthikakal vaagdaanam cheythenkilum addeham aaa vaagdaanangal nirasikkukayum polandilekku madangukayum cheythu. naasisavum saamoohika janadhipathyavum "ethirvaadikalalla, erattakalaanu" enna party kaazhchappaadine ethirthu polandile communist partyile aadyathe staalinist virudha groupine dusher sahasthaapichu."ithu annathe audyogika communist nayathinu virudhamaayirunnu, athinanusarichu soshyal demokraattukal communist party ettavum valia sathrukkalaaya" "soshyal faasisttukalaayirunnu". " europile kroorathayude apakadam" enna lekhanathil, naasisatthinethire soshyalistukaludeyum kammyoonistukaludeyum oru aikyamunnani roopeekarikkanamennu dusher aavasyappettu. naasisatthinte apakadatthe athishayokthi paranjathinum communist raankukalil paribhranthi paratthiyathinum" 1932ll addehathe keey. pii. piyil ninnu audyogikamaayi purathaakki."
brittanilekkum pathrapravartthanathilekkum maaruka (1939-1947).
1939 eprilil dusher pathinaalu varshamaayi proof readeraayi pravarthichirunna oru poolish-jootha pathratthinte lekhakanaayi polandilekku pooyi. eee neekkam addehathinte jeevan rakshikkukayum bhaavi kariyarinu vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu. addeham orikkalum polandilekku madangukayo thante kudumbatthil aareyum kaanukayo cheythilla. 1949 meyy meyy vishwasthathayude sathyaprathinja cheythukondu addeham 1949ll oru britiish prajayayi.
1939 septambaril jarmmani polandine akramikkukayum dutiorinte pathravumayulla bandham vichedikkappedukayum cheythu. addeham svayam engleesh padippikkukayum engleesh maasikakalkkayi ezhuthaan thudangukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe addeham pramukha vaarikayaaya "dhii economisty" nte sthiram lekhakanaayi. addeham trotskist viplava thozhilaalli leagil chernnu. 1940ll addeham skotlandile poolish sainyathil chernnenkilum apakadakaramaaya oru attimariyayi thadavilakkappettu. 1942ll mochithanaaya addeham "dhii economisty" nte staafil cherukayum soviyatt kaaryangalilum sainika prashnangalilum vidagthanum athinte mukhya europian lekhakanum aayi maarukayum cheythu. peregrin" enna thoolikaanaamathil oru karangunna europian correspondent enna nilayil addeham "nireekshakanu" vendi ezhuthi. sebaastyan haffner ("nireekshakan") ulppedunna idathu chaayvulla, kudiyetta pathrapravartthakarude shanghoy club (sohoile oru restorantinte peru) ennu vilikkappedunnavaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. echu. kaar, jorjju oorvel, barbera ward, joonn kimche.
pusthakangal ezhuthunnathinaayi addeham aii. dii. 1 ll pathrapravarthanam upekshichu. 1949 maarchil thozhil sarkkar videshakaarya offeesil sthaapicha oru prachaarana unitaaya information research departmentinaayi (aii. aarr. dii) jorjju oorvel thayyarakkiya aalukalude (niravadhi ezhuthukaarum pathrapravartthakarum ulppede) pattikayaya oorvellinte pattikayil dutiorinte peru ("anubhaavi maathram" enna paraamarshatthode) pinneedu prathyakshappettu. listtucheytha aalukalkk communist anukoola chaayvullavaraayum athinaal irdic vendi ezhuthaan anuyojyamallennum oorvel kanakkakki.
jeevacharitrakaaranum academica vidagthanum (1947-1967).
1949ll dusher thante aadyathe pradhana kruthiyaaya "staalin, eiii polittikkal biology" prasidheekarichu. soviyatt yooniyanil soshyalisathinte oru roopam kettippadukkunnathinna thaan arhanaanenn karuthunna staalin, dutiorinte kazhchappadil vladymyr leninteyum liyon trotskyudeyum kaazhchappaadinte oru vyathiyaanamaanenkilum, eee pusthakatthil addeham nalki.
staalin jeevacharitram soviyatt kaaryangalilum russian viplavathilum dutiorine oru pramukha adhikaaramaakki. trotskyude moonnu vaalyangalulla jeevacharitramaaya "dhii pravaachakan ammed" (1954), "dhii pravaachakan unarmed" (1959), "dhii pravaachakan autkaast" (1963) ennivayumaayi addeham thudarnnu. harward sarvakalaashaalayile trotsky aarkkaivukalekkurichulla vishadamaaya gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee pusthakangal. moonnaam vaalyathil adangiyirikkunna metteeriyalinte bhooribhaagavum munbu anjjaathamaayirunnu, kaaranam trotskyude vidhavayaya natalia sedova aarkkaivukalude adacha vibhaagathilekku dutiorinu praveshanam nalki. leninekkurichulla oru padanathode thante parambara avasaanippikkaan dusher padhathiyittirunnuvenkum dutiorinte maranasamayathu "leninte jeevitam" apoornnamaayi thudarnnu, bhaagikamaayi rashtreeya prerithamaaya oru yooniversitti padavi addehathinu nishedhikkappettath kaaranam. pinneedu velippeduthiyathupole, dutiorinte academic yogyathakal vilayiruthaan aavasyappetta isaiah berlin, sthaanaarthiyude aazhathilulla communist anukoola theevravaadam kaaranam atharam sthaanakkayattathinethire vaadichu.
vaadichu vietnaam yudhathodoppam undaaya idathupaksha vikaarathinte uyarcha ducherine brittanileyum americayileyum sarvakalashaala kaambasukalil oru janapriya vyakthiyakki. eee samayamaayappozhekkum dusher parambaraagatha trotskisavumaayi bandham thakartthuvenkilum addeham orikkalum trotsky nirasikkukayum prathibaddhathayulla maarksistaayi thudarukayum cheythu. 1965ll berkleyile california sarvakalashaalayil viyatnaaminekkurichu aadyathe "teach-inn" paripaadiyil dusher pankedutthu, avide aayirakkanakkin vidyaarthikal sheethayudhathekkurichulla addehathinte kuttapathram kettu. addeham jii. emm. trevalian cambridge sarvakalaashaalayile lakcharar, koodaathe stettu yooniversitti oof newyorkkil aarr aazhcha prabhashanavum nadatthi. 1967 leeii vasanthakaalath addeham newyork sarvakalashaala, prinsettan, harward, columbia ennividangalil athidhi prabhashanam nadatthi. jii. emm. poortthiyaakaattha viplavam" enna thalakkettil trevalian prabhashanangal 1967 ll romil dutiorinte pettennullathum apratheekshithavumaya maranathinu sesham prasidheekarichu, avide addeham oru itaaliyan television prakshepanatthinu pooyi. trotskyude pathanathekkurichulla marco letto rachana samvidaanavum nirvahicha eee naadakatthil trotskyayi franco paaranttiyum staalinaayi renzo jiovampiyatroyum abhinayichu. maarksist paarambaryatthilo athinekkuricho ettavum mikachathum noothanavumaaya puthiya rachanakalkk udaaharanamaaya "oru pusthakathinu dusher memorial prais ennu vilikkunna oru smaaraka sammanam ellah varshavum nalkunnu. thante kruthikalil dusher classical marxisavum vulgar marxisavum thammilulla vyathyasam vivarichu.
yoodaayisavumaayum seonisavumaayum ulla bandham.
oru nireeswaravaadiyaayirunnidum, dusher thante jootha paithrukathinte praadhaanyam oonnipparanju. tanikkum mattu jootha maanavikavaadikalkkum baadhakamaakkunnathinaayi addeham "joothanmaarallaatha juthanmaar" enna prayogam srishtichu. eiii. dii randaam noottaandile jootha mathavirudhayaaya elisha benn abuvaaye dusher prashamsichu. ennirunnaalum, addeham prathyekamaayi jootha raashtreeyathil earppettirunnilla. vaarsoyil addeham communist partyil chernnu, jootha bundle allah, avarude "yiddishist" kaazhchappaadukale addeham ethirthu.
dusher ezhuthi "matham? njaan oru nireeshwaravaadiyaanu. jootha desheeyathayo? njaan oru anthaaraashtravaadiyaanu. athinaal oru ardhathilum njaan oru joothanaanu. ennirunnaalum, peedippikkappedunnathil unmoolanam cheyyappedunnathilum ente nirupaadhikamaaya aikyadaartyam sakthamaakki njaan oru joothanaanu. joothacharithrathinte naadimitipp anubhavappedunnathinaal njaan oru joothanaanu; kaaranam joothanmaarude yadhaarthavum vyaajamallaathathumaaya surakshyum aathmaabhimaanam urappakkaan njaan aavunnathellam cheyyanam."
randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu, dutcher seonisathe saambathikamaayi pinnokkam povunnathum anthaaraashtra soshyalisathinu haanikaravumaanennu ethirthu. ennaal holocoastinu sesham addeham thante yudhaananthara kaazhchappaadukalil khedam prakadippichu, prakadippichu "1920kalilum seonisathinethire vaadikkunnathinupakaram, europian joothanmarodu palastheenil pookaan njaan abhyarthichirunnenkil, hitlarude gyaas chembarukalil keduthenda chila jeevan rakshikkaan njaan sahaayichene."europile athijeevichirikkunna juthanmaarkku oru vaasasthalam nalkunnathinaayi israeline oru" "charitraparamaaya aavasyakatha" "aayi sthaapikkunnathinulla cases addeham vaadichu;" "theerchayaayum, njaan valarekkaalamaayi upekshichupoya thante seonism virudhatha" "addeham paranju"... europian thozhil prasthaanathilulla aathmavishwaasatheyo allengil kooduthal vishaalamaayi paranjaal, aaa samoohavum samskaaravum nyaayeekarichittillaatha europian samoohathilum samskarathilumulla aathmavishwaasatheyo adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, palastheenikale puratthaakkiyathine amgeekarikkaathathil israeline addeham kooduthal vimarshichu, vimarshichu aarr divasathe yudhathinu sesham adhinivesha pradeshangalil ninnu israel pinmaaranamenn addeham aavasyappettu. "aarr divasathe eee athbhutham", addeham abhiprayappettu, "israeli aayudhangalude ettavum puthiya, valare eluppathilulla vijayam oru divasam kaananakum... israelinu thanne aadyaghattathil oru duranthamaayirunnu."
israel-palasteen samgharshathekkurichu dusher thaazhepparayunna upamayaan ezhuthiyirikkunnathu "oru manushyan orikkal kathikkondirunna oru veedinte mukalilathe nilayil ninnu chaadi, athil thante kudumbatthile niravadhi amgangal ithinakam marichirunnu. thante jeevan rakshikkaan addehathinu kazhinju; ennaal veezhumbol thaazhe nilkkunna oraale adichu aaa vyakthiyude kaalukalum kaikalum thakarthu. chaadunna manushyan mattu maargamillaayirunnu; ennittum kaikaalukal odinja manushyan avanaayirunnu nirbhagyam. iruvarum yukthisahamaayi perumariyaal avar sathrukkalaakilla. theepidicha veettil ninnu rakshapetta aal sukham praapichukazhinjaal, matte iraye sahayikkaanum aashwasippikkaanum shramikkumaayirunnu; avarkk arcum niyanthranamillaatha saahacharyangalude ira thaan aanennu randaamatheyaal manassilakkiyirikkaam. ennaal eee aalukal yukthirahithamayi perumaarumbol enthaanu sambhavikkunnathenn nokkuka. parikketta aal thante durithatthinu mattoraale kuttappeduthukayum athinu panam nalkaamennu prathijnjayedukkukayum cheiyunnu. matoraal, amgavaikalyamulla manushyante prathikaaratthe bhayann, avane apamanikkukayum adikkukayum avar kandumuttumbozhellaam adikkukayum cheiyunnu. chavittunna manushyan veendum prathikaram cheiyumennu prathijnjayedukkukayum veendum kuthukayum shikshikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. thudakkathil valare aakasmikamaaya eee kayperiya sathrutha kadinamaavukayum rund manushyarudeyum muzhuvan nilanilppineyum maraykkukayum avarude manassine vishalipthamaakkukayum cheiyunnu."
israeli arab yuddham, juun 1967" (1967) ll dusher inipparayunna bhagangal ezhuthi
"ennittum naam nammude vidhi nadappaakkanam, athu ethra aazhathilullatho bhayappeduthunnatho aaya vikaarangalum oormmakalum kondu moodappedaan anuvadikkaruthu. thettaaya lakshyathe pinthunaykkaan njangale blackmayil cheyyaan ooshvitsinte abhyarthanakale polum naam anuvadikkaruthu."(" "purathaakkappetta pravachakanmaar" "enna lekhanathil udharichirikkunnu, p. 184, neshan books, 2004.)
"arabikalkkethiraaya israayelinte yudhangale nyaayeekarikkukayo amgeekarikkukayo cheyyuka ennathu israeline valare mosham sevanamaakki maattukayum swantham deerghakaala thaalpparyathe doshakaramaayi baadikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. njaan aavarthikkatte, aavarthikkatte 1956leyum yudhangal israayelinte suraksha vardhippichilla; avar athine durbalappeduthukayum vittuveezhcha cheyyukayum cheythu. israayelinte suhruthukkal' yadhaarthathil israeline vinashakaramaaya paathayilekku nayichu."(" "purathaakkappetta pravachakanmaar" "enna lekhanathil udharichirikkunnu, p. 184, neshan books, 2004.)

