
oloda ikviano

oloda ikviano (; c. 1745-march 31,1797), jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum gustavas vaasa () ennariyappedunna addeham aadhunika thekkan nigeriayile essaca graamatthile ezhuthukaaranum unmoolanavaadiyumaayirunnu. kuttikkaalathu aafrikkayil adimayaaya addehathe caribean raajyathekku ayakkukayum oru royal nevi officerkku vilkkukayum cheythu. 1766ll swaathanthryam vaangunnathin munbu addehathe randuthavana koodi vittu.
landanile oru swathanthranaaya vyakthiyenna nilayil, ikviano britiish unmoolana prasthaanatthe pinthunachu. brittanil thamasikkunna aafrikkakkaaraayirunna aafrikkayude puthranmaraaya adimatha virudha grouppinte bhaagamaayirunnu ikviano, 1780kalil addeham adimatha virudha prasthaanatthinte neethaavaayirunnu. 1789-ll addehathinte aathmakadhayaaya "dhii reserting narettari oof dhii life oof oloda ikviano", britiish slave trade act 1807 passacan sahayichu, ithu adimakkachavadam nirthalaakkukayum nannayi vilkkukayum cheythu, addehathinte jeevithathil ombathu pathippukal prasidheekarikkappettu. "rasakaramaaya vivaranam" irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil pandithanmarkkidayil puthiyathayi janapreeti nedukayum upayogapradamaaya oru praadhamika uravidamaayi thudarukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala jeevithavum adimathavum.
addehathinte ormmakkurippu anusarichu, ikviano 1745-ll innathe thekkan nigeriayile igbo gramamaaya esekayilaanu janichathu. thante veedu benin raajyathilaanennu addeham avakashappettu, pakshe ithu oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pizhavaayirikkam, koodaathe thante veedum beninum thammil oru bandhavum illaayirikkaam.
thante igbo graamatthil kuttikale thattikkondupokaan shramicha oru sambhavam ikviano vivarichu, athu muthirnnavar paraajayappeduthi. pathinonnu vayassullappol, muthirnnavar jolic veettil ninnu purathupokumbol saadhaaranapole, kudumba parisaram paripalikkaan adhehavum sahodariyum thanichaayirunnu. avare thattikkondupoyi veettil ninnu valare akale kondupoyi verpeduthi adimakkachavadakkaarkku vittu. rakshappedaan shramichenkilum parajayappettu. niravadhi thavana udamasthar marria sesham, ikviano thante sahodariye kandumuttiyengilum avar veendum verpirinju. thattikkondupoyi aaroo ezho maasangalkk sesham addeham theerathetthi, avide addehathe oru europian adimakkappalil kondupoyi. atlaantik samudrathiludaneelam mattu 244 adimakalumaayi britiish vestt indeesile barbadosylake addehathe kondupoyi. adhehatheyum mattu chila adimakaleyum virgenia kolaniyil vilppanaykku ayachu.
saahityapandithanaaya vinsent kaaretta 2005-leeii thante jeevacharithrathil, 1759-leeii edavaka snaapanarekhayude adisthaanathil, ikviyaanoyude janmasthalam karolina 1773-leeii kappalinte masttar dakshina karolina pattikappedutthunnu, aafrikkayekkaal colonial thekkan karolinayilanu aaktivist janichathennu vaadichu. aafrikkayil ninnu vannathinekkurichulla ikviyaanoyude vivaranathe thelivukalude bharam pinthunaykkunnuvennu vishwasikkunna mattu pandithanmaar kaarettayude nigamanathe tharkkikkunnu.
virjeeniyayil, ikviyaano royal neviyile leftanantaaya maikkal henry pascal vaangi. sweedenil protestant parishkaranatthinu thudakkamitta pathinaram noottaandile sweeden rajaavaaya gustav vaasayude peril pascal aankutty "gustavas vaasa" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. ikviyaano ithinakam rund thavana punarnaamakaranam cheythirunnu amerikkayilekku konduvanna adimakkappalil aayirikkumbol addehathe maikkal ennum aadya udama jacob ennum vilichirunnu. ithavana, ikviano visammathikkukayum jacob ennu vilikkappedaan thaan aagrahikkunnuvennu thante puthiya udamayodu parayukayum cheythu. thante nirasikkal, "enikku orupaad cuff nedi" ennu addeham parayunnu, oduvil addeham puthiya perinu keezhadangi. ellah audyogika rekhakalilum ulppede jeevithakalam muzhuvan addeham eee peru upayogichu; addeham thante aathmakadhayil ikviano maathramaan upayogichathu.
englandilekku madangiyethiyappol pascal ikviyaano koode kondupookukayum fransumaayulla ezhu varshathe yudhathil (1756-1763) oru velakkaranaayi addehathe anugamikkukayum cheythu. louisburg uparodham (1758), lagos yuddham (1759), belle ail pidichedukkal (1761) ennivayekkurichulla saakshyaarthangal ikviano nalkunnu. naavikathvathilum pariseelanam nediya ikviano yudhasamayangalil kappalinte jeevanakkaare sahaayikkumenn pratheekshichirunnu; thokku dekkukalilekku thokku podikkuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte kadama. pascal ikviyaano anukoolikkukayum schoolil pookaanum vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padikkaanum grettu brittanile bhaaryaasahodariyude aduthekku ayaykkukayum cheythu.
ikviano kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum 1759 februvari 9 nuu westminstarile sent maargarattil snaapanamelkkukayum cheythu, edavaka rajisttaril addehathe "12 vayassulla carolinayil janicha karuthavan" ennu visheshippichu. merii guerine, avalude sahodaran mainard ennivaraayirunnu addehathinte daivapithaavaaya guru paaskalinte cussins. avar addehathil thaalparyam kaanikkukayum engleesh padikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu, addehathinte pusthakam prasidheekarichathinushesha ikviyaanoyude uthbhavam chodyam cheyyappettappol, addeham aadyamaayi landanil vannappol addehathinu engleeshinte abhavam undennu garinukal saakshyappeduthi.
1762 desemberil pascal gravesendile "aakarshakamaaya saliyude" kyapttan jaims dorren ikviano vittu, avide ninnu addehathe kareebiyanilekk, leaward dveepukalile montserradilekku thirike kondupoyi. avidevechu caribean vyapaaram nadatthiya philadelphiyayil ninnulla american kwekar vyaapaariyaaya roobert king ennayaalkku addehathe vittu.
mochanam.
roobert king thante shipping roottukalilum storukalilum jolie cheyyaan ikviyaano niyogichu. 1765-ll, ikviyaanoykku ekadesham 20 vayassullappol, 40 poundu () enna thante vaangal vilaykk thante swaathanthryam vaangaamenn rajaavu vaagdaanam cheythu. rajaavu addehathe kooduthal nannayi vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padippikkukayum mathatthinte paathayiloode addehathe nayikkukayum swantham akkoundinum udamaykkum vendi labhakaramaaya vyaapaarathil earppedaan ikviyaano anuvadikkukayum cheythu. jorjiaykkum caribean dveepukalkkumidayil eekviyano pazhangal, glass tumblerukal, mattu vasthukkal enniva vittu. 1766ll nediya swaathanthryam vaangaan rajaavu ikviyaano anuvadichu. oru bisinesses pankaliyaayi thudaraan vyaapaari ikviyaanoyodu abhyarthichu. ennirunnaalum, oru swathanthranaaya manushyanaayi britiish kolanikalil thudarunnathu apakadakaravum parimithavumaanennu ikviano kandethi. jorjiyayil oru kappal kayattumbol, addehathe eathaandu thattikkondupoyi adimathathilekku thirichukondupoyi.
swaathanthryam.
1768 aayappozhekkum ikviano brittanilekku pooyi. addeham kadalil jolie cheiyunnathu thudarnnu, chilappol englandu aasthaanamaayulla oru decandaayi yaatra cheythu. 1773ll royal nevi kappalaya echms "racehourse" ll addeham utharadhruvathilekkulla oru paryaveshanathinaayi aarttikkilekk yaatra cheythu. aaa yaathrayil addeham doow. chaals irvinginoppam pravarthichu, addeham kadaljalam vaattiyedukkunnathinul oru prakriya vikasippikkukayum pinneedu athil ninnu oru bhagyam nedukayum cheythu. rund varshathinu sesham, irving madhya amerikkayile kothukukadalil oru padhathikkaayi ikviyaano niyamichu, avide addeham thante aafrikkan pashchaathalam upayogichu thiranjedukkappetta adimakale sahayikkaanum karimbu thottangalil thozhilaallikalaayi avare kaikaaryam cheyyaanum shramichu. irvinginum ikviyaanoykkum oru pathittaandilereyaayi thozhil bandhavum sauhrudavum undaayirunnu, pakshe thotta samrambham parajayappettu. ikviano "maskitto raajaavinte makan" jorjumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi.
1776ll kothuk theeram vitta ikviano 1777 januvari 7nuu englandile plaimouthil ethi.
unmoolanam cheyyal lakshyathinte thudakkakkaaran.
ikviano landanil sthirathaamasamaakki, avide 1780-kalil addeham unmoolanaacharana prasthaanatthil earppettu. adimakkachavadam avasanippikkunnathinulla prasthaanam bhookambakkaarkkidayil prathyekichum shakthamaayirunnu, ennaal adimakkachavadam nirthalaakkunnathinulla samooham 1787 ll oru noonn-demonicational groupaayi sthaapithamaayi, engleesh amgangal paarlamentine nerittu swaadheenikkaanulla sramathilaanu. testt act prakaram, englandile sabhayude aachaarangalkkanusarich karthaavinte athaazham sweekarikkaan thayyaaraayavare maathrame emm. pii. ezz aayi sevikkaan anuvadichirunnulloo. jorjju vaittfeeldinte suvisheshavaadam ikviyaano swaadheenichirunnu.
1783-ll thanne, ikviano granville polulla adimakkachavadathekkurichu theevravaadikale theekshnamaayi ariyichu; aaa varsham insurance kleyimukalkkaayulla vyavahaaramaayi landanil vichaarana cheyyappettirunna "soong" koottakkolayekkurichu aadyamaayi moorchayode paranjathu addehamaayirunnu. athu unmoolanaavaada prasthaanatthinte oru "seleb" aayi maarukayum athinte valarchaykku sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu.
1785 october 21nuu landanile grays charchu streettil nadanna oru yogathil bhookambakkaarkku 'nandi prasangam' nalkia amerikkayile aafrikkakkaaril ninnulla ettu prathinidhikalil oraalaayirunnu addeham. niyamavirudhamaayi adimathathil kazhiyunna swatantra neegrovargakkaarude aashwaasathinaayi sosaittiyude sthaapakanaaya aanthani benesettu "grettu brittaninum avarude kolanikalkkumulla munnariyipp" ennu paraamarshichaayirunnu prasangam.
ikviyaano unmoolanam cheiyunnavar souhrudamaakkukayum pinthunaykkukayum cheythu, avaril palarum addehathinte jeevithakatha ezhuthaanum prasidheekarikkaanum addehathe prothsaahippichu. eee shramathil jeevakaarunya nirmmaarjjanavaadikalum mathaparamaya gunabhokthaakkalum addehathe saambathikamaayi pinthunachu. addehathinte prabhaashanangalum pusthakathinulla thayyaareduppukalum mattullavarulppede, kaundas oof huntingdon aaya selena haastings prothsaahippichu.
oormmakkurippukal.
dhii reserting naretteshan oof dhii life oof oloda ikviano, allengil gustavas vaasa, dhii aafrikkan" (1789) enna thalakkettilulla eee pusthakam addehathinte jeevithakaalathu ombathu pathippukaliloode kadannupoyi. englandil vyaapakamaayi vaayikkappedunna oru aafrikkan ezhuthukaaran prasidheekaricha rachanakalude aadyakaala udaaharanangalilonnaanithu. 1792 aayappozhekkum ithu bestt sellaraayi russia, jarmmani, holland, america ennividangalil prasidheekarikkappettu. oru valia saahitya vibhaagamaayi maariyathinekkurichulla aadyathe swaadheenamulla adima vivaranamaayirunnu ithu. ennaal ikviyaanoyude adimathathile anubhavam mikka adimakalil ninnum thikachum vyathyasthamaayirunnu; addeham feeld varkkil pankedutthilla, addeham thante udamakale vyakthiparamayi sevichu kadalil pooyi, vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padippichu, vyaapaarathil jolie cheythu.
ikviyaanoyude adimathathekkurichulla vyakthiparamaaya vivaranam, addehathinte purogathi yaatra, oru karutha kudiyettakkaaranenna nilayilulla addehathinte anubavangal enniva prasidheekaranathil oru vikaaram srishtichu. grettu brittan, europe, puthiya lokam ennividangalil adimatha virudha prasthaanam valaraan eee pusthakam kaaranamaayi. addehathinte vivaranam athinte prathichaayayudeyum vivaranathinteyum saahithyashailiyudeyum gunanilavaaram kondu palareyum athbhuthappeduthi.
thante vivaranathil, ikviano thante janmanaadinekkurichum ibo janathayude niyamangaleyum achaarangaleyum kurichulla vishadaamshangal nalkunnu. kuttikkaalathu pidikoodappetta sesham, thaan kadaltheerathekkulla yaathraamadhye kadannupoya samoohangale oru thadavukaaranaayi addeham visheshippichu. adimakkappalile addehathinte yathrayum vestt indees, virgenia, jorjia kolanikalil adimathathinte kroorathayum addehathinte jeevacharitram vishadeekarikkunnu.
ithe sthalangalil varnnaswaathanthryamulla aalukalkk undaayirunna avakashangal kurayunnathinekkurichum avar thattikkondupokalinteyum adimathathinteyum apakadasadhyathakal neridunnathinekkurichum ikviano abhiprayappettu. ikviano 14-aamm vayassil kristhumatham sweekarichu, addehathinte aathmakadhayil athinte praadhaanyam aavarthichulla vishayamaan. 1759-ll addeham englandile sabhayil jnjaanasnaanamettu; addeham thante aathmakadhayil "charchu oof englandinte protestant" ennu svayam visheshippichuvenkilum methodism upayogichu pranayichu.
ikviyaanoyude jeevithathile niravadhi sambhavangal addehathinte vishwaasathe chodyam cheyyaan addehathe prerippichu. 1774ll thante suhruthaaya joonn annis enna karuthavarggakkaaranaaya paachakakkaarane thattikkondupoyathil addeham aswasthanaayi, avar randuperum sevichirunna britiish kappalaya "anglikkeniya" yill ninnu avane nirbandhithamaayi kondupoyi. englandileyum veyilsileyum sthaapanathe pothu niyamam pinthunaykkaathathinaal avarude anumathiyillathe adimakale englandil ninnu kondupokaan kazhiyillenna somerset kesile (1772) theerumaanam addehathinte suhruthinte thattikkondupoya vilyam kirkpatrick paalichilla. kirkpatrick aannisine vishudha kittukalilekku kondupoyi, avide addeham kadinamaayi shikshikkappedukayum marikkunnathuvare thotta thozhilaalliyaayi jolie cheyyukayum cheythu. granville shaarppinte sahaayathode, englandil ninnu ayaykkunnathinu munbu aneesine mochippikkaan ikviano shramichenkilum parajayappettu. adimathathil marikkunnathuvare annis kashtappaadukalil ninnu mochithanaayirunnilla ennu addeham kettu. chodyam cheyyappettenkilum, pravachakanaaya meekha () neey udharikkunna thante kruthiyude avasana vaakyathil kaanunnathupole, kristhumathatthilulla thante vishwaasam addeham sthireekarikkunnu "eathoru sambhavatheyum athinte nireekshanatthiloode naam mechappedukayum vivekamullavaraayi maarukayum 'neethipoorvvam pravartthikkaanum karunaye snehikkaanum daivathinte munbaake thaazhmayode nadakkaanum' padichillengil enthaanu pradhaanamaakkunnath?'"
thante vivaranathil, landanile thante sthirathaamasathekkurichum ikviano paranju. addeham oru engleesh sthriye vivaham kazhikkukayum avarodoppam kembridjshayarile sohaamil thaamasikkukayum avide avarkk rund penmakkalundaayirunnu. 1780kalil adimakkachavadathinethire niravadhi nagarangalil prabhashanangal nadatthiya addeham oru pramukha unmoolanavaadiyaayi maari. adima virudha vyapara prasthaanatthil adhehathinteyum granville sharpinteyum pradhana pankum 1783ll ariyapetta "soong" koottakolaye pracharippikkanulla avarude shramavum ikviano rekhappeduthunnu.
adimathathinte manushyathvarahithatha pole thanne aafrikkakkaarude poornnavum sankeernavumaaya manushyathvam addehathinte pusthakam pradarshippichathaayi niroopakar kandethiyittundu. oru puthiya aafrikkan ezhuthukaaran eee pusthakatthe engleesh saahithyathinte maathrukaaparamaaya kruthiyaayi kanakkakki. ikviano vilppanayil valare nannayi pravarthichathinaal addeham thante gunabhokthaakkalil ninnu swaathanthryam nedi. englandilum skotlandilum irelandilum udaneelam addeham sanjarichu pusthakatthinte prachaaranatthil earppettu. aafrikkayile saambathikavum saamoohikavum vidyaabhyaasaparavumaaya saahacharyangal mechappeduthunnathinaayi addeham pravarthichu. prathyekichum, padinjaaran aafrikkayil brittan mochippicha adimakalkkaayi 1792ll sthaapithamaaya siyera liyon enna kolaniyil addeham pravarthichu.
pinneedulla varshangalil, samoolamaaya bandhangal.
american viplava yudhasamayathu, vimatha yajamananmare upekshichavarkk swaathanthryam vaagdaanam cheythukondu brittanumaayi poraadaan karuthavargakkaare niyamichirunnu. praayogikamaayi, athu sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum mochippikkukayum aayirakkanakkin adimakale athu kaivashappedutthiya newyork nagaratthilekkum thekk, thekkan karolinayile chaalsttan sainyam kaivashappedutthiya thekkan nagaratthilekkum aakarshikkukayum cheythu. yudhathinte avasaanathil britiish sainyathe ozhippichappol, avarude udyogastharum eee muun american adimakale ozhippichu. caribean, nova scotia, aafrikkayile siyara liyon, lunden ennividangalil avare punaradhivasippichu. samadhana charchakalil america aavasyappetta adimakale thirike nalkaan brittan visammathichu.
1783ll america swaathanthryam nediyathinetthudarnnu, landanile karutha vargakkaraaya daridrare sahayikkunnathil ikviano earppettu, avaril bhooribhaagavum britiish american viplavasamayathum athinusheshavum mochippicha muun aafrikkan-american adimakalaayirunnu. caribean rajyangalil ninnu mochitharaaya chila adimakalum undaayirunnu, chilare avarude udamakal englandilekku konduvarikayum adimathathinu brittanu pothu niyamathil adisthaanamillenna theerumaanathinu sesham mochippikkukayum cheythu. karutha samoohathinte ennam ekadesham 20,000 aayirunnu. viplavathinushesham ekadesham 3,000 muun adimakale newyorkkil ninnu nova skottiyayilekku kondupoyi, avide avar karutha vishwasthar ennu ariyapettu, mattu vishwastharkkoppam avide punaradhivasikkukayum cheythu. pala swathanthrarum landanilo canadayilo puthiya jeevitam nayikkaan budhimuttaayirunnu.
1786 novemberil "siyara leonelake pookunna karuthavargakkaarkkulla saadhanangaludeyum kadakaludeyum kammeeshanaraayi" ikviyaano niyamichu. innathe siyara leone aafrikkayude padinjaaran theerathu sthaapithamaaya puthiya britiish kolaniyaaya freedounile landanile karuthavargakkaaraaya daridrare punaradhivasippikkunnathinu oru paryaveshanamaayirunnu ithu. landanil ninnulla karuthavargakkaarkoppam 1,200-ladhikam karuthavarggakkaar nova scotia vidaan theerumaanichu. adimatha nirmmaarjjanavaadiyaaya thomas klaarksante ilaya sahodaran joonn clarkson avare sahayichu. adimakkachavadam brittan nirthalaakkiyathinu sesham jamaikkan meroonukalum adimakalum anadhikritha adimakkachavada kappalukalil ninnu mochitharaayi, aadya dashakangalil freedounilum sthirathaamasamaakki. saambathika thettaaya maanejmentinethire prathishedhichathine thudarnnu ikviyaano puthiya othutheerppil ninnu pirichuvidukayum addeham landanilekku madangukayum cheythu.
landanile oru pramukha vyakthiyaya ikviano palappozhum karutha samoohathinte vakthavaayi sevanamanushtichu. landanile swatantra aafrikkakkaar ulppetta oru cheria unmoolanavaada grouppaaya aafrikkayude puthranmaarude munnira amgangalil oraalaayirunnu addeham. adimakkachavadam nirthalaakkunnathinaayi avar samoohavumaayi adutha bandham pulartthiyirunnu. vishayangalekkurichulla ikviyaanoyude abhipraayangal "pothu parasyadaathaav", "prabhatha charithram" thudangiya pathrangalil prasidheekarichu. 1788-ll jaims tobinu addeham marupadi nalki, "pothu parasyadaathaav" ennathil, addehathinte rund laghulekhakaleyum 1786-ll ninnulla oru anubandha pusthakatheyum gorden tenbul aakramichu. mikka aafricakkaareyo karuthavargakkaareyokkaal kooduthal pothushabdam ikviyaanoykku undaayirunnu, athu upayogikkaan addeham vividha avasarangal upayogichu.
janaadhipathya parishkaranatthinaayi pracharanam nadatthiya theevra thozhilaallivargga lunden anubandha samoohathile sajeeva amgamaayirunnu ikviano. aii. dii. 1ll, thante aathmakadhayumaayi britiish dveepukalil paryadanam nadathukayum unmoolanaacharana shringalakale adisthaanamaakki addeham ell. sii. kalkkaayulla bandhangalkk madhyasthatha vahikkukayum cheythu, athil aikya airish janathayumaayulla samoohathinte aadya sanbarkkangal ulppedaam. belfaasttil, 1791 meyy maasathil addehathinte saannidhyam aakhoshichirunna, anchu varsham munbu madhyabhaagathekku thuramukhathu kappalukal kammeeshan cheyyaanulla padhathikale paraajayappedutthiya unmoolanavaadikal, ikviyaanoykku aathidheyathvam vahichathu avarude painite pathramaya "northen staar" enna prasadhakanaaya pramukha yunaittad irishmaanaanu. viplavakaramaaya fransumaayulla yuddham aarambhichathinethudarnnu, 1792ll eekviyano thaamasichirunna thomas hardy ulppedeyulla ell. sii. siyile pramukha amgangalkkethire raajyadrohakkuttam chumathukayum 1799ll pramukha amgangalum kalapakaarikalaaya aikya airish janathayum thammilulla aashayavinimayathinte thelivukaletthudarnnu samooham adichamarthappedukayum cheythu.
vivaahavum kudumbavum.
1792 epril 7 nuu ikviano kembridjshayarile soham sent andrew palliyil susanna kallan enna praadeshika sthriye vivaham kazhichu. vaasa, kallan ennivayude entry adangiya yadhaartha vivaha rajisttar innu cambridgeshire aarkkaivukalum praadeshika padanangalum nadathunnu. 1792 muthal addeham thante aathmakadhayude ellah pathippukalilum thante vivaham ulppeduthi. eee dambathikal eee pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkukayum anna maria (1793-1797), jovana (1795-1857) ennee rund penmakkal soham palliyil snaapanamelkkukayum cheythu.
1796 februvariyil 34-aamm vayassil susanna oru varshathinusesham 1797 march 31-nuu ikviyaanoyum marichu. taamasiyaathe, mootha makal naalu vayassil marichu, ilaya kuttiyaya jovana vasaye 21-aamm vayassil ikviyaanoyude estettu avakaashamaayi vittu; athinte moolyam 950 poundu () aayirunnu. kembridjile chesttarttanile sent andruz palliyil oru phalakam kondu anna maria anusmarikkunnu. 1821-ll jovana vaasa oru sabhaa mantriyaaya aadaraneeyanaaya henry bromley vivaham kazhichu. avare randupereyum landanile stokku newingtonile noonn-demonitional abni paarkk semitheriyil samskarichu; bromleasinte smaarakam ippol grade II listtucheytha kettidamaanu.
avasana naalukalum ichhaashakthiyum.
1796 meyy 28nuu addeham thante vilpathram thayyarakki. eee vilpathram thayyaaraakkumbol addeham lunden nagaratthile aldermanbariyile playsterezhs haalilum pinneedu aadil streettilum thaamasikkukayaayirunnu. tottenham court roadile vaittfeeldinte koodaarathinu sameepamulla joonn streettilekk (ippol whitefield street) addeham maari. 1797 march 31nuu maranamadayumbol addeham westminstarile paddington streettilaayirunnu thaamasichirunnathu. ikviyaanoyude maranam american, britiish pathrangalil report cheyyappettu.
epril 6nuu vaittfeeldinte thirunivaasathil ikviyaano samskarichu. rajisttarile entry "gasttas vaasa, 52 varsham, sent merii leeii boonn" ennaanu. addehathinte shavakudeeram nashtappettu. cheria shmashana nilam chaappalinte iruvashathum sthithicheyyunnu, ippol whitefield poonthottangalaanu. chaappalinte sthalam ippol american anthaaraashtra palliyaan.
21 vayass thikayunnathinumumbu thante penmakkal marichupoyaal ikviyaanoyude ishtam, thante sambathinte pakuthi siyara leone oru skoolinaayi siyara liyon kambanikkum pakuthi lunden missionary sosaitikkum nalki.
ormmakkurippukalumaayi bandhapetta vivaadam.
1967ll pooll edwards addehathinte oormmakkurippinte puthuthayi edittu cheytha pathipp prasidheekarichathinethu ekviyaanoyodulla thaalparyam punarujjeevichu. nigeriayil ninnulla pandithanmaarum addehathe padikkaan thudangi. udaaharanathinu, ezz.ezz. thante kaalathe vellakkaarante samoohathil aafrikkan jeevithathinte anthass" urappikkunnathile oru thudakkakkaaranaayi ogede ikviyaano thirichariyunnu.
addehathinte jeevithathekkurichu gaveshanam nadathumbol, irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthalulla chila pandithanmaar ikviyaanoyude uthbhavathekkurichulla vivaranathe tharkkikkunnu. 1999-ll ikviyaanoyude oormmakkurippinte oru puthiya pathipp edittu cheyyumbol, merii land sarvakalaashaalayile engleesh professoraaya vinsent kaaretta, aafrikkayil janichathinekkurichulla muun adimayude vivaranathe chodyam cheyyaan addehathe prerippicha rund rekhakal kandethi. adimathavum nirmarjanavum" enna jenalilaanu addeham aadyamaayi thante kandethalukal prasidheekarichathu. 2003ll englandil nadanna oru konfaransil, "kapada-kandethal pravrithi" yum "vishalamaaya prachaarana kaliyil" earppettirikkukayum cheythathayi obivuvineppolulla nigerian academic vidagtharkkethire kaaretta svayam prathirodhichu. 2005-leeii thante jeevacharithrathil, kaaretta soochippikkunnathu ikviano aafrikkayil janichathukondalla, marichu dakshinaafrikkayil janichathaayirikkaam, kaaranam avide ninnu addeham randuthavana rekhappeduthappettathaanu. kaaretta ezhuthi
vamshavali prakaram ikviano theerchayaayum aafrikkakkaaranaayirunnu. ikviano jananam kondu aafrikkan-amerikkakkaaranum thiranjedukkal vazhi aafrikkan-britiish aayirunnuvenna saahacharyaparamaaya thelivukal nirnaayakamaanenkilum poornnamaayum nirnnaayakamalla. saahacharyaparamaaya thelivukal thelivinu thulyamallengilum, ikviyaanoyude jeevithavum kalayum kaikaaryam cheiyunna eathoraalum athu pariganikkanam.
kaarettayude abhipraayathil, ikviano/vaasayude snapana rekhakalum oru naavika masttar rollum addehathe thekkan carolinayil ninnullayalaayi rekhappeduthunnu. eevyaano thante aafrikkan uthbhavathekkurichulla vivaranam undaakkukayum mattullavaril ninnulla vasthukkal sweekarikkukayum cheythuvennathinte saadhyamaaya thelivukalaayi kaaretta eee vairudhyangale vyaakhyaanichu. ennaal pooll lovejoy, alexander ex. aafrikkayil ninnu virjeeniyayilekkulla yathrakal, 1754-ll pascalinu vilppana, mattullava ennivayulppede 1750-kalil adimakkachavadavumaayi bandhapetta srothassukalil ninnu kaarettaykk ethra pothuvayathum nirddishtavumaaya vishadaamshangal rekhappeduthaanaakumenna byrd, dougless chembarukal rekhappeduthunnu. oru saangalppika vivaranam srishtikkunnathinupakaram addeham vasthuthayayi manassilakkiya karyangal parayukayaayirunnuvennu avar nigamanam cheiyunnu; addehathinte kruthi oru aathmakadhayaayi roopappeduthiyittundu.
lovejoy ingane ezhuthi
thaan evideyaanennu paranjappol addeham janichuvennum vaasthavathil, "rasakaramaaya vivaranam" athinte vishadaamshangalil nyayamaayum krithyamaanennum saahacharya thelivukal soochippikkunnu, ennirunnaalum, theerchayaayum, aathmakadhayude vibhaagathe savisheshamaakkunna thiranjeduppineyum swaartha thaalpparyamulla valachodikkalineyum kurichulla athe vimarsanangalkk vidheyamaan.
snaapanathilum naavika rekhakalilum vivaha certificattilum ichhaashakthiyilum" aaa manushyan thante jeevithathiludaneelam upayogichirunnathinaal, lovejoy thante lekhanathil vaasayude peru upayogikkunnu. vaasa thante aathmakadhayil thante aafrikkan peru maathrame upayogichulloovennu addeham oonnipparayunnu.
ikviyaanoyude vivaranathinte pala bhaagangalum theliyikkaan kazhiyumenna vastutha addehathinte aafrikkan jananathekkurichulla vivaranam amgeekarikkunnathinu praadhaanyam nalkunnuvennu mattu charitrakaaranmaarum vaadikkunnu. charitrakaaranaaya aadam hoach child ezhuthiyittundu
sathyathe valachodikkukayo athishayokthi parayukayo cheiyunna aathmakathakalude deerghavum aakarshakavumaya charithratthil. ... aathmakathaakaaranmaarkkidayil oru oormmakkurippinte nirnaayaka bhagam apoorvvamaayi maathrame poornnamaayum kettichamachathum bakkiyullava krithyathayullathumaanu... bhinnatha kaanikkunnavarum sathyam parayunnavarum sthirathayullavaraayirikkum.
1960kalil vaasayude vivaranam 'veendum kandethiya' sesham, pathinettaam noottaandile oru adimayude jeevithathekkurichum adimathathil ninnu swaathanthryathilekkulla budhimuttulla kadannupokalinekkurichum ettavum vipulamaaya vivaranamaayi pandithanmaar ithine vilamathikkunnu" ennum addeham abhiprayappettu.
paarambaryamaayi.
mattu maadhyamangalile praathinidhyam.
2007ll brittan adimakkachavadam nirtthalaakkiyathinte dvishathaabdikku sheshavum athinusheshavum ekviyaanoyekkurichulla niravadhi kruthikal nirmmikkappettittund