anglo-saaksan englandile vishudharude aaradhana

aaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal pathinonnam noottaandinte pakuthi vare anglo-saaksan englandil aacharichirunna roman catholica mathatthinte oru roopamaaya anglo-saaksan kristhumathatthil vishudharude oru aaradhana oru pradhana punk vahichu.
eee vishudharil palarudeyum hagiyographikal sabhaa rachayithakkal nirmmichu. eee grandhangal pradhaanamaayum oru sabhaa sadassine lakshyamittaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum chilath raajakudumbatheyum prabhukkanmareyum lakshyamittullavayaayirunu, koodaathe oru anuyojyamaaya kristhyan jeevitam engane nayikkaamenn rooparekhappeduthi.
nirvachanam.
kurachu ozhivaakkalukalode, anglo-saaksan englandil oru vishudhan aaraanennathin "samboornna nirvachanam" undaayirunnilla. chila sandarbhangalil, prathyekichu onpathaam noottaand muthal, maricha oru vyakthiye vishudhanaayi prakhyapikkaan oru bishopo sabhaa kaunsiloo amgeekaaram nalkiyittundenkilum mattu sandarbhangalil chila pallikaloo mathasamoohangalo maathrame avare vishudhanaayi naamanirddesham cheythittulloo.
eee kaalaghattatthil oru aadaraneeyanaaya vyakthi yadhaarthathil oru vishudhanaano allayo enna kaaryatthil palappozhum "avyakthatha" undaakumenn blair abhiprayappettu. patthaam noottaand muthal aareyaan vishudhanaayi prakhyaapichathennu theerumaanikkunnathil marpappa vardhicha punk vahikkumbol, panthrandaam noottaandil maathramaan avar vishudhathvathinte niyanthranam etteduthathu. aaa samayam muthal, aareyaan vishudharaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyuka ennathinu prathyeka maanadandangal nischayichirunnu avar onnukil rakthasaakshithvam varichavarayirikkanam allengil prathyekichu punyakaramaaya jeevitam nayikkukayum maranananthara athbhuthangal srishtikkukayum cheythirikkanam.
thelivukal.
ekadesham 1000 num 1200 num edayilulla kaalayalavil vividha engleesh vishudharude vishramasthalangal pattikappedutthiya kaattalogukalude oru parambara nirmikkappettu; ivayil aadyathethu, "secon", pree-wiking kaalaghattatthile oru pattika ulkkollunnu.
uthbhavavum vikasanavum.
mungaamikal.
vishalavum pazhayathumaya roman paarambaryatthile oru vikasanamaayirunnu anglo-saaksan praadeshika vishudhan. vishudharude aaradhana kuranjathu naalam noottaand muthal kristhumathatthinte oru kendra pradhana vashamaayi mariyirunnu, roman saamraajyathile avasaanathe purajaatheeya chakravarthiyaaya juuliyan dhii appostettaanu ithine vimarshichath. vishudharaayi kanakkaakkappedunna vyakthikale samskarichirunna shavakudeerangal kristhyan samoohangalude pradhana sthalangalaayi maari. udaaharanathinu, romile peettezhs basilica sent peettarinte avashishtangal ullathayi vishwasikkappedunna oru extraamural semiteriyude mukalilaanu sthaapichathu. vishudharude eee aaraadhanayumaayi bandhappettirunna thirusheshippukalude aaraadhanayaayirunnu; kizhakkan roman saamraajyathil, vividha pallikalkkidayil vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi yadhaartha avashishtangal thakarkkunna sambradaayam aarambikkukayum taamasiyaathe kristheeyalokatthe mattidangalilekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu. ithinu oru saidhaanthika nyaayeekaranamenna nilayil, niravadhi kristhyan chinthakar-prathyekichu rooyante aarch bishop victricius-vishudhar avarude shareerathinte shakalangalil ninnu polum puranthallunna tharatthilulla shakti ulppaadippikkunnuvennu vaadichu. manushyaavashishtangal chitharikkidakkunnathil roome sabha aashankaakulamaayirunnu, athinaal oru badalaayi dvitheeya avashishtangalude-oru vishudhante avashishtangalumayi sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunna vasthukkalude-aaradhanaye prothsaahippichu.
charitrakaaranaaya david rolaasan, chila romano-britiish vishudharude aaraadhanakal anchaam noottaandile anglo-saaksan kudiyettatthe athijeevichuvennum anglo-saaksan purajaatheeyathayude valarchaykkidayil nilanilkkunnuvennum nirddeshichu. ivayilonnu sent oof kaltt aayirikkam. alban sixtasumaayi bandhapetta mattoraalum pinneedu gregori marpappa ezhuthiya kathil paraamarshicha oru vyakthiyaan, pakshe addehathekkurichu onnum ariyilla.
anglo-saaksanukalude parivartthanam.
aadyathe kristhyan missionarymaarude varavinushesham taamasiyaathe anglo-saaksan englandil vishudharude avashishtangal prathyakshappedaan thudangi. ezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, kent raajyam kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathinulla grigorian dauthyathinu neethrthwam nalkia gregory marpappa augustinu ezhuthi-thaan kayyezhuthuprathikal, vasthrangal, vishudha pathrangal enniva mathramalla, mathaparivarthana prakriya sahayikkunnathinaayi "vishudha apposthalanmaarudeyum rakthasaakshikaludeyum avashishtangal" ayaykkunnuvennu addehathe ariyichu. aaa noottaandil pinneedu, vaiteeriyan marpappa vishudharude 'aanukoolyangal' ('aanukoolyangal')-aposthalanaaya peettar, aposthalanaaya pooll, laurence, joonn, pooll, gregory, pancrass ennivayude avashishtangal-north ambriyayile oosviyu rajaavinu ayachu, oosviyu raajnjiye "aposthalanaaya sent peettarinteyum sent polinteyum vishudha changalakalil ninnu nirmmicha swarnna thacol ulla oru kurish" ayachu. valarnnuvarunna anglo-saaksan palliye romile sabhayumaayi bandhippikkanulla maarppaappayude aagrahathe eee sammanangal prathifalippichirikkaam.
niravadhi anglo-saaksanukalum romil ninnu kooduthal avashishtangal nedaan utsukaraayirunnu. 761-ll, maamkvermouthum jaroyilum ashramangal sthaapicha benedict biscop roome sandarshikkukayum "anugraheeta apposthalanmaarudeyum kristhyan rakthasaakshikaludeyum vishudha avashishtangal" englandilekku thirike konduvarikayum cheythu. steefaanas ezhuthiya ettaam noottaandile jeevacharithramanusarichu, hexam abbiyudeyum ripon abbiyudeyum sthaapakanaaya wilfried, 680,704 itali sandarshanangalkku sesham romil ninnu englandilekku niravadhi avashishtangal konduvannu. benedict biscop wilfried frankish gaulil ninnu englandilekku avashishtangal konduvannirikkamennum rolaasan karuthi, avarkk randuperkkum adutha bandhamullathum avashishtangal srishtikkunnathinulla samriddhamaaya uravidavumaayirunnu. eee avashishtangal eathutharathilaanennu velippeduthunna vivarangalonnum njangalude pakkallengilum, marpappa vitharanam cheyyaan eshtappedunna dvitheeya avashishtangalaayirikkumenna rolaasan karuthi.
anglo-saaksan englandile puthiya pallikalude samarppanathin vishudharude avashishtangal pradhaanamaanennu kanakkakkappettirikkam, prathyekichum-mellittasin ayacha kathil mahanayavan upadeshichathupole-aadyakaala pallikal palathum purajaatheeya shethrangalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettirunnenkil. pakaramaayi, mattu sandarbhangalil puthuthayi nirmmicha pallikalkkayi avashishtangal upayogichirikkaam; bishop akka avashishtangal shekharikkukayum avarude aaraadhanaykkaayi balipeetangal sthaapikkukayum, palliyude chuvarukalkkullil ithinaayi vividha chaappalukal sthaapikkukayum cheythathayi bede oru prasthavanayil parayunnu."
ezhaam noottaandum ettaam noottaandum.
anglo-saaksan englandil ezhaam noottaandineyum ettaam noottaandineyum "vishudharude yugam" ennu visheshippichittundu. 850 nuu sesham, "vishudharude nirmmaanam swabhaavathil vyathyasthavum valare parimithavumaayirunnu" ennu blair abhiprayappettu."
pothu bhakthiyil ninnu swaabhaavikamaayi uthbhavikkunnathayi hagiyograaphikal palappozhum vishudharude aaraadhanakale avatharippikkumbol, atharam aaraadhanakalude sthaapanathinu hagiyograaphikal kammeeshan cheyyaanum, aaropanavidheyamaaya athbhuthangal pracharippikkanum, oru kshethram nirmmikkanum alankarikkaanum, oru virunnu divasam samghadippikkaanum, aavashyamenkil vishudharude sthalam theerthaadana sthalamaayi samghadippikkaanum kazhiyunna oru sabhaa nirddeshangal aavashyamaayirunnu.
raajakudumbangalil janicha niravadhi vishudharum raajakudumbangal sthaapicha niravadhi pallikalum ulppede rajakudumbavum vishudharude aaradhanayum thammil niravadhi bandhangalundaayirunnu. kent saamraajyathil, vishudharude aaraadhanakal saadhaaranayaayi rajakeeya villukalaayirunna madangalilum rajakeeya bharanathinte kendrangalilumaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. simhaasanathile athiraalikalkkethire niyamasadhutha avakaashappedunnathinu raajakudumbaamgangalkk atharam aaraadhanakalumaayulla avarude affiliation upayogikkaam. oru rajavamsham athinte kudumbatthil oru vishudhan undaayathinte peril anthass nediyirikkaam. oru prathyeka aaradhanaye prothsaahippikkunnath oru pradeshathil rashtreeya aadhipathyam avakashappedaan oru raajakudumbathe sahaayichittundaakam, prathyekichu athu aduthide keezhadakkiyittundengil.
raashtreeyavum sabhaparamaayathumaaya sathruthakal vividha vishudharude aaraadhanakale swaadheenichu; udaaharanathinu, kuthbertinteyum wilfriedinteyum aaraadhanakal thammil malsaram undaayirunnu.
anglo-saaksan kaalaghattatthinte avasanakaalam.
onpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, anglo-saaksan raajaakkanmaarkk avarudethaaya avashishta shekharangalundennathin thelivukalundu.
patthaam noottaandinte avasaanathile sabhaa parishkarana prasthaanam vishudharude aaraadhanayodulla thaalparyam vardhippichu. eee sabhaa parishkarthaakkalkku vishudharude sabha mahatwatinum anthassin avasaram nalki. eee kaalayalavil haagiyograafikal vardhikkukayum pathinonnam noottaandinte pakuthi muthal avasaanam vare avayude uthppaadanam thudarukayum cheythu. vishudharude avashishtangalumayi bandhapetta sthalangalilekku saadhaaranakkaar theerthaadanam nadathiyathinte aadya rekhakalum patthaam noottaandil saakshyam vahichu, ithu soochippikkunnathu aaa kaalaghattatthil saadhaaranakkaarkkidayil vishudharude aaraadhanayude janapreeti valia thothil vardhichuvennaanu. muun karolingyan saamraajyathinte mekhalayile samakaalika sambhavavikaasangalkk samaantharamaayirikkum eee vipuleekaranam. vishudharude janakeeya aaraadhanayude valarcha saadhaaranakkaarkkuvendi swaabhaavikamaaya bhakthiyil ninnu mathramalla, saadhaaranakkaare athinte swaadheena mekhalayumaayi kooduthal samyojippikkaanulla sabhayude aagrahathil ninnum undakaamaayirunnu. vishudharude uthsavangal kalandarilekku sweekarikkunnathu purohithanmareyum rajakkanmareyum saadhaaranakkaarude pravartthanangal niyantrikkaan sahaayikkumaayirunnu.
vishudharude aaraadhanayude rashtreeya chooshanam pathinonnam noottaand vare thudarnnu, ithu kanttinte pravarthanangalil prathifalikkunnu.
1066-ll englandile norman adhiniveshathethudarnnu, vishudharude aaradhana puthiya norman bharanakoodatthinethiraaya ethirppinte uravidamaayi vikasikkaamaayirunnu, pakshe ithu sambhavichathayi thonnunnilla. saadhaarana virudha kalapangalilonnil, avar sthaapicha pradeshathe oru praadeshika vishudhanaaya sent ethelthrithinte shareerathil vimathar thangalude uddeshyathodu vishwasthatha prathinjja cheythu-ennaal ethelthrithu anglo-saaksan prathirodhatthinte shaashwatha pratheekamaayi maariyathin thelivukalonnumilla. keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnu englandilekku konduvanna norman bishappumarum mattu sabhaa pramukharum avarude swantham ashramangalum pallikalum prothsaahippikkunnathi munbu nilaninnirunna vishudharude aaraadhanakal upayogichu. koodaathe, norman kaalaghattatthil, vividha pazhaya anglo-saaksan roopangal vishudhanmaaraayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu; udaaharanathinu kentile rochasttarile sabhaa adhikaarikal bedeyude "sabhaacharithrathil" oru cheria vyakthiyayi prathyakshappetta rochasttarile muun bishappaya ithaamarine oru vishudhanaayi prakhyaapichu.
1100 aayappozhekkum niravadhi praadeshika sanyasimar avarude swantham pallikalil sthaapakarum rakshaadhikaarikalumaayi amgeekarikkappettuvennum ennaal athinappuram avarekkurichu valare kuravo mattoo ariyamaayirunnuvennum blair vaadichu.
nirvachanam anusarichu sanyasimar manthrimaare adisthaanamaakkiyullavarille pathinonnam noottaandode niravadhi pradhana parishkaricha veedukal avarude swantham shekharangalkkaayi sanyasimaarkkulla avashishtangal nediyirunnu.
vishudhar.
vishudhare irakkumathi cheythu.
anglo-saaksan englandile peettar, pooll thudangiya vividha vishudhar ithinakam thanne roome sabha aaraadhichavaraayirunnu.
eee kanakkukalkk thelivukal ezhaam noottaandilum ettaam noottaandilum ullathinaal avaa neratthe gregorian douthyathodoppam anglo-saaksan englandilekku konduvannathaano ennu vyakthamalla. itaaliyan vishudharude jeevithavumaayi pradhaanamaayum bandhappettirunna romile gregory dhii grettinte "dialogukal" anglo-saaksan englandil swaadheenam chelutthi, athil nalkia athbhuthangalude vivaranagal bede polulla chila anglo-saaksan hagiographermar pakarthi. ekadesham 700 ll nirmmicha lindisfarne suvisheshangal, rund thekkan itaaliyan vishudharaaya januvarius, steefan ennivarude uthsavangal pattikappedutthunnu, utsava pattikakal orupakshe munbundaayirunna neopolitan pattikayil ninnu pakartthiyathaakaam. onpathaam noottaandil rachicha "pazhaya engleesh rakthasaakshithvam" enna grandhatthil dhaaraalam thekkan, madhya itaaliyan vishudharum adangiyirikkunnu.
vishudharude anglo-saaksan aaradhanayil eee itaaliyan swaadheenam padinjaaru sanjaricha grandhangaliloodeyaano atho europile rund pradeshangal thammilulla nerittulla sanbarkkathiloodeyaanu uyarnnuvannathennu vyakthamalla. englandilekku vanna itaaliyan sabhaa pramukharkku chila thelivukalundu-oru itaaliyan aashramathinte muun madaadhipathiyaayirunna hadrian, 669-ll taarsasinte greak theodorine englandilekku anugamichu, athesamayam vesexine suvisheshavathakaricha birinus italiyil ninnullayalaayirunnu-eee vyakthikal vishudharude anglo-saaksan aaraadhanayude vikasanathe swaadheenichathaakaam.
anglo-saaksan englandile vishudharude thiranjeduppine frankish gaul swaadheenichathinu thelivukalundu. vividha anglo-saaksan pallikal frankish sent martin oof toorukalkkaayi samarppichirunnu. anchaam noottaandil romil rachicha "hyronemian shahirolaji" yude oru anglo-saaksan pakarpp gaul vazhi englandilethiyirikkaam, avide vividha vishudhar athil chertthirunnu. onpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil anglo-saaksan kalandar-bodalian libraryile ems digby 63-athil vividha frankish vishudharude divasangal ulppedunnu, prathyekichu flandezhs pradeshathu ninnullava, oru swaadheenathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu.
vishudharude anglo-saaksan aaradhanayil airish swaadheenathinu thelivukal kuravaanu. patrick, briggid, kolumba thudangiya pramukhavum vyapakavumaaya vishudha vyakthikalozhike, airish vishudhar anglo-saaksan paata srothassukalil kaanapedunnilla. anglo-saaksan hagiography airish swaadheenathinu thelivukal kuravaanu, anjjaathamaayi rachicha anglo-saaksan "life oof sent cuthbert" ennathil airish "life oof sent kolamba" yude anumanaparamaaya swaadheenam maathramaan ithil ninnu ozhivaakkaavunna eaka prathyekatha.
apposthalanmar ozhike, "anglo-saaksan englandile ettavum valuthum saarvathrikavumaaya aaradhana aasvadichathu mahanaaya mahanaaya aalaanenn" grettsh prasthaavichu. bede aldelm avarude grandhangal ezhuthumbozhekkum, kuranjathu rund balipeedangalum oru chappal englandil gregoric samarppichirunnu.
rajakeeya vishudhar.
vadakkupadinjaaran europile ayalpradeshangale apekshichu kooduthal rajakeeya vishudhare anglo-saaksan englandu srishtichu. eee vishudharil chilarude jeevitam anglo-saaksan kaalaghattatthil ezhuthiya srothassukalil ninnu saakshyappeduthunnu, mattullava norman adhiniveshathinu sesham nirmmicha hagiographic vivaranagalil maathrame nilanilkkoo.
eee rajakeeya sanyasimaaril chilar mathaparamaya pravarthanangalkkaayi jeevitam samarppikkunnathinaayi viramicha rajaakkanmaaraayirunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, seolwolf polullavayil, rashtreeya athiraalikal eee nadapadi sweekarikkaan avar nirbandhitharaayittundaam. anglo-saxonukal rajakeeya vishudharkku nalkia oonnal samoohathil raajaakkanmaarkk pavitramaaya pankundennu purajaatheeya aashayangalude swaadheenathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu ennathaanu oru nirddesham.
oru vishudhanumaayi kudumbabandham pularthunnathiloode avarkk anthass labhikkumenn vishwasichu raajakudumbangal avare prothsaahippichathaakaam rajakeeya vishudharude vyaapanathinulla vishadeekaranathinte oru bhagam. pala pramukha sabhaaprasamgikalum raajakudumbaamgangalaayirunnu, avarkk thanne swantham kudumbamgangale vishudharaayi prothsaahippikkunnathil thaalpparyamundaayirunniru. saamoohika sthirathayum sakthamaaya gavanmentum prolsaahippikkunnathi sthaapitha raajakudumbangalude anthass shakthippeduthaanum sabha aagrahichittundaakam, athil ninnu sabhaykku thanne prayojanam labhikkumaayirunnu.
rakthasakshikalaaya rajakeeya sanyasimar.
vividha sandarbhangalil, eee rajakeeya sanyasimar mattu kristhyaanikalaal vadikkappettu. rakthasaakshithvamunarnna raaja sanyasimaaril, ezhaam noottaandil ninnulla aadyakaala theeyathi, ettaam noottaandil udaneelam valare kurachu maathrame prathyakshappettulloo, thudarnnu onpathaam noottaandinte ettaam pakuthiyilum aadya pakuthiyilum northambriya, mercia ennee rajyangalil oru ennam uyarnnuvannu, avasaanathe ariyappedunna udaaharanam vesexil ninnaan. rakthasaakshithvamulla vishudharude vividha hagiyographikalil roopangalum tropukalum aavarthikkunnu enna vastutha rolasane vividha ezhuthukaar ariyappedunna hagiographic paarambaryatthilaanu pravarthikkunnathennum munkaala kruthikalil ninnu kadamedukkunnuvennum soochippikkaan prerippichu. udaaharanathinu, shareerathinte sthaanam velippeduthunna divyaprakaashathinte oru kiranatthinte rooparekha eee rakthasaakshikalil ettu perumaayi avarude hagiyographikalil bandhappettirikkunnu; onpathu kolapathakangal avarude yajamanan athu nadatthaan utharavitta oru dassen nadatthiya kolapaathakatthe soochippikkunnu; kolapaathakathinu sesham oru mathaparamaya adithara sthaapikkappettuvennu ezhu avakaashappedunnu.
rakthasakshikalaaya oru rajakeeya sanyaasiyude aadyakaala udaaharanam thante ethiraaliyaaya bernisiayile oosviyuvinte utharavanusarichu kollapetta deerayile ooswain aayirunnu. bede addehathe vivarikkunna swaravum ettaam noottaandile sent villibroardinte kalandaril addeham ulppeduthiyathum ooswain udan vishudheekarikkappettuve soochippikkunnu. rakthasaakshithvamulla oru rajakeeya sanyaasiyude ettavum mikacha rekhappeduthiya udaaharanam 978 allengil 979 ll thante ardhasahodaranaaya ethered, thayyaarallaathavare sandarshikkumbol kollapetta edward rakthasaakshiyaan. 995 num 1005 num idayil ramseyude bairherth ezhuthiya 'vitta ooswaaldi' addehathinte jeevithakaalathu eathenkilum prathyeka gunangal prakadippichathaayi visheshippikkaatha vidhathil addeham vishudheekarikkappettuve nirddeshikkunnu. north ambriyayile moonnu rajakeeya purushanmaarum rakthasaakshikalaayirunnu rajaakkanmaaraaya eerdwolf, elph wald, rajakumaran eelmandu. rakthasaakshithvam varicha mattu rajakeeya sanyasimaaril ninnu eerdwolf vyathyasthamaanennu thonnunnu, kaaranam addeham thante vadhashikshaye athijeevichathaayi thonni. historiya regum" charithratthil paranjirikkunna katha anusarichu, rippon minsttarinte kavaadangalkk purathu eerdwalfine vadhichu, athinusesham sanyasimar addehathinte mrithadeham oru palliyilekku kondupoyi, avide raathriyil addeham punarujjeevippichu.
ezhaam noottaandile rund kentish rajakumaaranmaaraaya ethelred, ethelbert ennivare pathinonnam noottaandilum pinneedulla srothassukalilum rakthasakshikalaaya vishudharaayi avatharippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum ettaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal avare vishudharaayi aaraadhichirunnuvennathi thelivukalundu. onpathaam noottaandile mercan rajakumaaranaaya wigstaante aaraadhanaykk dhaaraalam thelivukalundu, madhyakala srothassukal anusarichu adhehavum rakthasaakshithvam varichirunnu. eee kathayil, thante pithaavinte maranashesham simhasana avakashamaakkaan vigstaan visammathichuvenkilum 849-ll mattoru rajakumaaranaaya bairhtfrith, swantham ammayaya elfledinode vigstaan ethirthathinu prathikaaramaayi, bairhtfrithinte pithavaaya puthiya rajaavaaya bairhtwalfine vivaham kazhichu. vishudheekarikkappetta mattoru mersian rajaavu kizhakkan aamgliyayile ethelbert randaamanaayirunnu, addeham-anglo-saaksan chronicle anusarichu-794 ll merseayude oofayaal kollappettu. wigstaanilennapole, addehathinte kolapaathakatthinte vishadaamshangal pilkkala madhyakala srothassukalil maathrame kaananakoo. kenelm oru vishudhanaayitheernna oru kolayali merchian koodiyaanu, ennirunnaalum addehathinte kolapathakavumaayi bandhapetta srothassukal madhyakaalathinte avasaanamaan, merkkiyanile rajakeeya pinthudarchayekkurichu charcha cheiyunna aadyakaala madhyakala srothassukalumaayi chila vairudhyangal kaanikkunnu. mersian rajakumaaranmaaraaya wolfled, rufinus ennivarude kolapathakangal, kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheythathinu avare shikshikkaan sramichathaayi avarude pithaav aaropikkunna madhyakala srothassukal maathrame saakshyappeduthiyitlu. ezhaam noottaandile oru sambhavathinte nilanilppine durbalamaaya roopathil prathinidheekarikkaamenkilum eee vivaranathil vividha poruthakkedukalundu.
kollapetta vividha raajakudumbaamgangal enthukondaanu vishudheekarikkappettathu ennathinulla oru saadhyatha, atharam kolapathakangal thadayaanum angane saamoohika sthiratha prolsaahippikkaanum sabha sramikkukayaayirunnu ennathaanu. atharamoru saahacharyathil, kolapaathakatthinte falamaayi shathrukkalum shathrukkalum sajeevamaayi vishudheekarikkappedumenna bhayappedunnuvenkil rajaakkanmaar avarude athiraalikaleyum sathrukkaleyum kollunnathinekkurichu punarvichinthanam cheythirikkaam. rajaakkanmaarudeyum rajakumaaranmaarudeyum kolapaathakatthe shakthamayi apalapicha maarppaappayude 786 leeii englandu sandarshanathinu thottupinnaale ettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum onpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum rakthasakshikalaaya rajakeeya vishudharude prathyakshamaaya vyaapanam nadannuvennathu orupakshe prasakthamaanu. rakthasaakshithvamulla raajakudumbangalude aaradhana pracharippikkunnathinulla mattoru saadhyatha sabhaaparamaayathinekkaal rashtreeyamaayirikkaam. eee aaraadhanakal kolayaalikalude sathrukkal valarthiyeduthirikkaam, avar aaraadhanakal prakadippikkukayum randaamathethinu ethiraayi shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyumennu pratheekshichirunnu. udaaharanathinu, edwardinte kolayaliyum kanttinte pradhana athiraaliyumaayirikkaavunna, thayyaarallaathavare ethirvashathaakkaan rakthasakshiyaaya edwardinte aaradhanaye kanttu prothsaahippichirikkaam.
hagiography.
anglo-saaksan englandil, hagiographikal-allengil oru vishudharude jeevithathekkurichulla rekhaamoolamulla vivaranagal-krithyamaaya jeevacharitrangalaayi roopakalppana cheythitilla, marichu mattullavarkk anukarikkanulla oru vishudha jeevithathinte rooparekhayaayittaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. anglo-saaksan hagiographikalil kaanapedunna samarppanangalil ninnulla thelivukal soochippikkunnathu avaa pradhaanamaayum matha samoohangalkkum chila sandarbhangalil rajaakkanmaarkkum vendiyaayirunnu ennaanu. avaa palappozhum laattin bhaashayilaan ezhuthappettathennum chilappol sankeernamaaya laattin padangal upayogichirunnuvennum avarude praadhamika prekshakar sabhaashaasthrakkaaraayirunne anumaanikkunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, chila pazhaya engleesh vivarthanangal nirmikkappettu-felixinte "life oof sent gutlack", bedeyude "life oof sent chaad" ennivayude pazhaya engleesh udaaharanangalund-ithu eee hagiographermare kooduthal prekshakare anuvadikkum.
udaaharanathinu, "sent guthlaakkinte jeevitam", bedeyude "sent kathbarttinte jeevitam" enniva oru nalla sanyasio sanyasio aakunnathinekkurichulla vivaranam nalkunnu. saadhaaranakkaarkku, prathyekichu raajakudumbaamgangalkkum prabhukkanmarkkum kooduthal prasakthiyulla mattu kathakalum haagiyographikalkkullil undu.
patthaam noottaandil anglo-saaksan hagiography vishudharude adhikaarathilum vishudharum rajaakkanmaarum thammilulla adutha bandhatthilum vardhichuvarunna shradha prakadippikkaan thudangi.
106 pazhaya engleesh hagiographical kruthikalil 66 ennam (ekadesham moonnil rund) ainshaamile madaadhipathiyaaya elphric ezhuthiyathaanu. ithil 6 ennam maathramaan engleesh allengil britiish vishudharumaayi bandhappettirikkunnath, bhooribhaagavum videshikalodu maathramullavaraanu. eee metteeriyal padicha grettsh, raashtreeyavum daarmmikavumaaya parigananakal eathu vishudharekkurichaanu ezhuthendathu ennathinekkurichulla elfricinte theerumaanangale swaadheenichittundaaku nirddeshichu.
avashishtangal.
oru praadeshika vishudhan enna aadyakaala madhyakala ashayam vishudhanu bhauthika saannidhyam undakamenna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.
oru palliyil oru vishudhante bhouthikaavashishtangal undengil, athu sthaanamaanathinte adayaalamaayum aaraadhakarkk bhakthiparamaya sradhaakendramaayum pravarthichu.
vishudharude shareerangal.
anglo-saaksan englandil oru vyakthiye vishudhanaayi kanakkaakkunnathin oru pallikkullil samskarikkuka ennathu oru munvyavasthayaayirunnu. ariyappedunna oreyoru apavaadam crollandile sent gutlack aayirunnu, addehathinte hagiographer felix thante shareeram oru smaarakathin keezhil samskarichathayi avyakthamaayi vivarichu, athinte swabhaavam vyakthamakkiyittilla.
oru vishudharude mrithadeham oru palliyil sthaapichathu sabhaa samoohathe vishudharude aaraadhanayude mail niyanthranam pularthaanum avashishtangalum avayude shakthiyum kaivasham vaykkaanum praapthamakki. angane cheiyunnathu vishudhante avashishtangal oru balipeetathinu sameepam sthaapikkaanum balipeetathinte pavithratha vardhippikkaanum vishudharkku janakkoottathe sugamamakkaanum sahayichu.
sent sebi, beverleyile sent joonn thudangiya chila vishudhare avarude maranashesham pallikkullil nerittu samskarichu. mattu sandarbhangalil, vishudharennu vyaakhyaanikkappedunna vyakthikale aadyam nilathu, saadhaaranayaayi oru pallithottatthil, samskarikkukayum pinneedu avarude mrithadehangal palliyilekku maattukayum cheythu. avashishtangal neekkam cheiyunna eee pravartthanatthe "vivarthanam" ennu vilikkunnu. 679ll eliyude madaadhipathiyaaya ethelthrithu marichappol, avalude nirddeshaprakaaram marichupoya mattu kanyaasthreekalkkidayil oru thadi shavappettiyil avale samskarichathayi bede vivarikkunnu. pathinaar varshathinu sesham avarude pingami sahodariyumaaya seaksburg, edhelthrithinte mrithadeham kuzhikkanum upekshikkappetta oru roman kottayil kandethiya velutha marble shavappettiyil vaykkaanum thudarnnu athu eleeyile palliyilekku mattaanum elie sanyasimarodu utharavittu. thudakkathil sent cathedralinte tharayil kuzhichitta lindisfarnile bishop sent cuthbertinte vichedanam, punarsamskaaram ennivayekkurichum bede oru vivaranam nalki. peettezhs palli. kuthbertinte pingamiyaaya eedbert pinneedu addehathinte mrithadeham neekkam cheyth palliyude tharayilo athinu mukaliloo kooduthal uyarnnathum praadhaanyamullathumaaya sthalathu sthaapikkaan utharavittu.
vishudhapadaviyilekkulla oru saadhaarana prakriyayillaattha oru saamoohika pashchaathalatthil oru vishudhanenna nilayil marichayaalude vyakthithvam adayaalappeduthaan sabhaykkullil vichedikkukayum pinneedu punarsamskaaram nadathukayum cheiyunna pravartthanam sahaayikkumenn rolaasan nirddeshichu. vividha anglo-saaksan vivaranagal oru vishudhante shareeram verpeduthi puthuthayi nirmmicha palliyil sthaapikkunnathine paraamarsikkunnu; eee saahacharyathil vishudhante saannidhyam palliye vishudheekarikkaan sahaayikkaamaayirunnu, athu thanne vishudhante aaraadhanaykk oru sandarbhavum sthalavum nalkum. frankish gaulil ninnulla anglo-saxonukal eee vichedanam sweekarichittundaakanum addeham oonnipparanju, atharam sanbradaayangal akkaalat roome sabhayil chunnaambilaayirunnillum ezhaam noottaandilum ettaam noottaandilum vishudharude avashishtangalude vichedanam sambandhicha ethirppu thudarnnuvennum addeham abhiprayappettu.
maricha oru vyakthiyude shareeravum vasthrangalum vittuveezhchayude samayat samrakshikkumenna ashayam gaulil undaayirunnathupole anglo-saaksan englandilum vishudhiyude adayaalamaayi kaanapettu. sent edhelthrithinteyum sent kathbarttinteyum verthirikkalinidayil avarude mrithadehangal athbhuthakaramaayi samrakshikkappedukayum kedupaadukal sambhavikkathirikkukayum cheythathayi kandethiyathayi bede rekhappeduthiyittundu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, sent cuthbertinte avashishtangalude vaidyaparisodhanayil, shaareerika samrakshanathinu ippozhum chila thelivukal undennu kandethi, angane anglo-saaksan avakaashappedunnathil vishwaasyatha nalkunnu, thante shareeram athinte yadhaartha shavasamskaarathethudarnn samrakshikkappettirikku. atharam samrakshanam avane sthaapicha manninte prathyeka avasthakalude falamaayirikkaam, allengil shareeram manappoorvvam sugandham purattiyathaakam; randaamathethu anglo-saaksan englandil ariyappettirunnu, udaaharanathinu bede oru paraamarshatthil prathyakshappettu.
shavappettikalum shavakudeerangalum.
1827ll sent kathbarttinte thadi shavappettiyude maravil kanyaka meriyudeyum sisuvaaya yesuvinteyum vashangalile doothanmaarudeyum apposthalanmaarudeyum adappilum yesuvinteyum chithreekaranangal pathichittundu.
alankaricha niravadhi kallu shavappettikal anglo-saaksan kaalaghattatthil nilanilkkunnundenkil avar aaraan pothinjathennu vyakthamalla. chilar vishudharude avashishtangal kuzhichittirikkaamenkum mattullavar sambannaraaya saadhaaranakkaarude avashishtangal adangiyirikkaam.
anglo-saaksan kaalaghattatthil nirmmicha jedbergilum sent andrewilum sthithicheyyunna veedukalude aakruthiyilulla shakalangalulla kallu pettikal recari-kophinukale prathinidheekarichirikkaam. sent andruzil sent ruul palliyude palli muttathu kandethiyathinal orikkal eee prathimayude shavakudeeram maranjirikkaam.
anglo-saaksan shailiyilulla alankaarangalulla paarakkettukalum undakaan saadhyathayund-udaaharanathinu peterbo cathedralil ninnulla hedda kallum sent. sent leonardinte school kshethram. andruz-vishudharude shavakudeerangal marachirikkaam. pilkkaalakhattatthil hedda kallinte malancherivukal podi shekharichathaayi rekhakal soochippikkunnu, athu athbhuthangal konduvaraan shakthamaanenn kanakkaakkappettirunnu; eee vishwaasathinu anglo-saaksan uthbhavam undakaan saadhyathayund.
cheria avashishtangal.
cheria avashishtangal palappozhum oru kallu allengil loha plate kondu moodappetta oru kallu balipeetathinullile oru cheria araykkullil sthaapichirikkaam. padinjaaran germmaniyile peettezhsburg-beyy-fuldayil samanamaaya oru udaaharanam kaanaamenkilum ithinu oru engleesh udaaharanavum nilanilkunnilla.
mattu sandarbhangalil, cheria avashishtangal avashishtangalkullile pettikalil adangiyirikkaam. anglo-saaksan udaaharanagal europe bhookhandathil samrakshikkappettittund. ettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil vaalras anakkombu kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, ithu brunswickile herzog aantan alrichu-myoosiyathilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. mattonn svarnnamulla chembu ulla thadiyum athil engleesh roonukalum engleesh naamamaya édan umm adangiyirikkunnu, orupakshe srashtaavaayirikkaam; ithu normandiyile mortainile sent evroltilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
central bosil oru arra adangiya svarnnavum gaarnett krosumaanu saadhyamaaya oru avashishtam-athu sent. kuthbertinte avashishtangal.
saamoohika upayogangal.
patthaam noottaandilum pathinonnam noottaandilum nirmmicha pontificalukal eee ghattathil, oru palli samarppikkunnathinulla chadangukalil avashishtangal upayogichirunnuvennu theliyikkunnu.
sathyaprathinja cheiyunna samayat chilappol vishudharude avashishtangal upayogichirunnu. 876ll, mahanaaya alfred rajaavu atharam avashishtangalkkaayi danish sainyathe prathijnjayedutthu. oru avashishtathinmel normandi prabhuvaya vilyamsinodu harrold gooad vinson sathyaprathinja cheiyunnathinte oru chithreekaranam biakes tapestriyilundu. adimakalude vimochanam adayaalappeduthunna chadangukalil vishudharude avashishtangal chilappol oru punk vahichirunnathayi aaa kaalaghattatthile niravadhi rekhakal soochippikkunnu. oru prathi niraparaadhiyaano atho oru prathyeka kuttakrithyatthil kuttakkaaranaano ennu nirnnayikkaan uddeshichu nadatthiya niravadhi rekhappeduthiya judicial pareekshanangalilum avaa ulppedunnu. eee kaalaghattatthile agnipareekshayude achaarangal vivarikkunna avasheshikkunna pathinaar grandhangalil anjilum avashishtangalude saannidhyam nirddeshikkappettittund.
outtdoor praayashchittha ghoshayaathrakalil avashishtangal upayogichathaayum rekhakal soochippikkunnu. bhoomiye anugrahichukondu athinte phalabhooyishtatha prolsaahippikkunnathi roopakalppana cheytha rogeshan dhina ghoshayaathrakal ithil ulppedunnu. oru prathyeka bhishaniye prathirodhikkaan roopakalppana cheytha ghoshayaathrakalilum avar prathyakshappettu; udaaharanathinu, kulimuriyile thante kaunsilil, wiking bhishaniye prathirodhikkaan ethelred rajaavu avashishtangal ulppedunna ghoshayaathrakalkk utharavittu.
vishudharum rogashanthiyum.
vividha hagiyographikalil, vishudhar rogashanti pravartthanangal nadathiyathaayi vivaranangalund. eee vivaranagalil bhooribhaagavum, sukham praapichavar sabhaaprasangi allengil prabhukkanmaarude amgangalaayirunnu.

