pukayillaatha podi

thokkukalilum peerankikalilum upayogikkunna oru tharam propellantaanu pukayillaatha podi, ithu thokkumaayi ("karutha podi") thaarathamyappeduthumbol kuranja pukayum kuranja malineekaranavum srishtikkunnu. karutha podiyude 55 sathamaanam khara uthppannangalumayi (kooduthalum pottasyam carbonate, pottasyam sulfate, pottasyam sulfide) thaarathamyappeduthumbol jwalana uthppannangal pradhaanamaayum vaathakamaanu. koodaathe, pukayillaatha podi karutha podiyumaayi bandhapetta hygroscopic vasthukkalude kattiyullathum kanathathumaaya malineekaranam baralinu thurumbedukkunnathinu kaaranamakunnilla.
peru undaayirunnittum, pukayillaatha podi poornnamaayum pukayillaathathalla; cheria aayudha vedikkoppukalil ninnu sradheyamaaya puka kuravaayirikkaamenkilum, peeranki vedivayppil ninnulla puka ganyamayirikkaam.
1884 ll pooll viyille kandupidicha ettavum saadhaaranamaaya formulationukal nitrocellulosine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ennaal naitrettu, klorettu allengil dicromate ooksidaisarukalulla vividha pickerate mishrithangale vivarikkaanum eee padam upayogichirunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, nitrocellulosinte gunangal vyakthamaakunnathin munbu.
apakadakaramaaya charakkukalude gathaagathathekkurichulla shupaarshakal-model niyanthranangal, praadeshika niyanthranangal (adr polullava), deseeya niyanthranangal enniva prakaram pukayillaatha podikale saadhaaranayaayi division 1.3 sphodakavasthukkalaayi tharamthirickunnu. ennirunnaalum, avaa khara proppallantukalaayi upayogikkunnu; saadhaarana upayogathil, avaa pottitherikkunnathinum deflagration vidheyamaakunnu.
pukayillaatha podi chalikkunna niravadhi bhaagangalulla autoloading thokkukal saadhyamaakki (allengil kanatha karutha podi malineekaranathinu keezhil ithu jaam cheiyukayo pidichedukkukayo cheyyum). aadhunika ardha, poornnamaayum automatic thokkukalum peerankikalkkaayi bharam kuranja brechukalum baaralukalum vikasippikkaan pukayillaatha podi anuvadichu.
charithram.
pukayillaatha podi vyaapakamaayi avatharippikkunnathin munbu thokku podiyudeyo karutha podiyudeyo upayogam yudhakkalathil niravadhi prasnangal srishtichu. nepolian yudhangal muthalulla sainika commandermar vedivayppinte puka kondu maranjirikkunna oru yudhakkalathil utharavukal nalkunnathil budhimuttu report cheythu. thokkukal upayogikkunna vedimarunnil ninnulla kattiyulla pukayiloode drishya signalukal kaanaan kazhinjilla. sakthamaaya kaatt undaayirunnillengil, kurachu vediveyppukalkku sesham, vedimarunnu upayogikkunna sainikarkk avarude kazhcha oru valia pukamegham maraykkum. snippermaro mattu maranjirikkunna shootermaro vedivayppu positionil oru puka megham vazhi vittayachu. thokku kuranja marddam srishtikkukayum pukayillaatha podiyude moonnilonnu shakthiyullathayirikkukayum cheiyunnu. thokku podiyum hygroscopic aanu (i.iii.ithu vaayuvil ninnu eerppam aakarshikkunnu), oro upayogathinum sesham vrithiyaakkunnathu nirbandhamaakkunnu. athupole, kadinamaaya malineekaranam srishtikkaanulla vedimarunninte pravanatha pravartthanangal jaam cheyyaan kaaranamaakukayum palappozhum reload cheiyunnathu budhimuttaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
nitroglycerine, gankottan.
nitroglycerine 1847-ll itaaliyan rasathanthranjanaaya ascanio sobrero samanvayippichu. pinneedu ithu oru vyaavasaayika sphodakavasthuvaayi alfred nobal vikasippikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu, pakshe appozhum ithu oru propellant enna nilayil anuyojyamallaayirunnu oorjjaswalavum pukayillaathathumaaya gunangal undaayirunnittum, athu sugamamayi pottitherikkunnathinum pottitherikkunnu, ithu oru thokku pottitherikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund, athil ninnu oru project puranthallunnathinekkaal. nitroglycerine valare shock sensitiivu aanu, ithu yudhakkala saahacharyangalil kondupokaan yogyamalla.
1846ll jarmman rasathanthranjanaaya kristhyan friedrich sconbean nitrocellulose adisthaanamaakkiyulla vasthukkalaaya gankottan kandupidichu. addeham athinte upayogam spodanaathmakamaaya oru sphodakavasthuvaayi prolsaahippikkukayum austriyan saamraajyathin ulppaadana avakasham vilkkukayum cheythu. thokku podiyekkaal shakthamaayirunnu, ennaal athe samayam veendum alppam kooduthal asthiramaayirunnu. joonn tailor gankottaninu engleesh pettant nedi; joonn haalum sansum favershamil nirmmaanam aarambhichu.
1847-ll oru spodanathil faversham factory nashichathinethudarnnu engleeshile thaalparyam kshayichu. austriyan baaran wilhem lenk voonn wolfsberg peeranki propellant uthppaadippikkunna rund gankottan plaantukal nirmmichu, pakshe athum feeld saahacharyangalil apakadakaramaayirunnu, koodaathe karutha podi upayogichu aayirakkanakkin roundukal vedivaykkaan kazhiyunna thokkukal kooduthal sakthamaaya gankottan upayogichu eathaanum noorukanakkinu shottukalkk sesham avarude sevana jeevithathinte avasaanathilethum. thokku kondulla parutthi moolamundaakunna sammarddathe cherukkaanaakaathe cheria aayudhangalkk.
1862ll austriyan faaktarikalilonnu pottitherichathinusham, thomas prentis & kambani 1863ll stomaarkkattil gankottan nirmmikkaan thudangi; britiish vaar oafees rasathanthranjanaaya sarr frederic aabel vaaltham abbe royal ganpoudar millukalil samagramaya gaveshanam aarambhichu, ithu nitrocellulosile maalinyangal illaathaakkunna oru nirmmaana prakriyayilekku nayichu, ithu ulppaadippikkaan surakshithavum kaikaaryam cheyyaan surakshithavumaya oru sthirathayulla uthppannamakki. 1865ll randaamathe austriyan thokku parutthi factory pottitherichappol aabel eee prakriyaykku pettant nedi. 1871-ll stomaarkkatt factory pottitherichathinusham, waltam abbe torpedoic mine vaarhedukalkkumaayi thokku parutthiyude uthpaadanam aarambhichu.
mechappeduthalukal.
1863ll prussian peeranki kyapttan johann eph. iii. saltpeettar allengil beriyam naitrettu upayogichu ulchertha nitrated haard vudinte oru cheria aayudha propellantinu shults pettant nedi. stomaarkkattil nirmmicha nitrated pepparinte sporting podiykku 1866-ll prentisinu pettant labhichu, ennaal paper anthareekshathile eerppam agiranam cheythathinaal baalistik ekaroopatha baadhichu. 1871-ll frederic wolkman sports thokkukalil upayogikkunnathinaayi viyannaykku sameepam nirmmicha "colloadin" enna shults podiyude koottupalisha pathippin austriyan pettant nedi. aaa samayat austriyan pettantukal prasidheekarikkappettilla, austriyan saamrajyam eee pravartthanatthe sphodakavasthukkalude nirmmaanatthile sarkkar kuthakayude lamghanamaayi kanakkaakkukayum 1875 ll wolkman factory adachupoottukayum cheythu.
1882-ll stomaarkkattile sphodakavasthukkalude kambani pottasyam, beriyam ennivayude naitrettukal upayogichu eedhar-alcohol upayogichu nitrated kottan jelattinais cheytha mechappetta roopeekaranathinu pettant nedi. eee proppallantukal shotganukalkku anuyojyamaayirunnu, pakshe raifilukalalla, kaaranam raifil vaathakathinte sugamamaya vipuleekaranathe prathirodhikkunnu, ithu smoothboar shotganukalil kuraykkunnu.
1884-ll pooll viel, 68.2% layikkaatha nitrocellulose, 29.8% layikkunna nitrocellulose gelatinised eedhar, 2 sathamaanam paraphine enniva upayogichu nirmmicha poudar bii ("poudar blanch" ennathinte churukkapperaaya velutha podi, karutha podiyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi) enna pukayillaatha podi kandupidichu. kandupidichu lebelil arayulla lebel raifilinaayi ithu sweekarichu. aavasyamulla valippathilulla kattakalayi muricha paper nerttha sheettukal roopappeduthunnathinaayi ithu rollarukaliloode kadannupoyi. thathfalamaayundaakunna propellant, innu "pyrosellulose" ennariyappedunnu, gankottaninekkaal kurachu naitrajan adangiyirikkunnu, ithu asthiratha kuravaanu. proppallantinte oru prathyeka savisheshatha athu compress cheythillengil athu pottitherikkilla ennathaanu, ithu saadhaarana saahacharyangalil kaikaaryam cheyyaan valare surakshithamaakkunnu. viyilinte podi cheria thokkukalude falapraapthiyil viplavam srishtichu, kaaranam athu pukayonnum puranthallunilla, karutha podiyekkaal moonniratti shakthiyullathaayirunnu. uyarnna mookk vegatha ardhamaakkunnathu paranna pathayum kuranja kaatt ozhukkum bullatt drope aanu, ithu shottukal praayogikamaakkunnu. oru vediyundaye munnott nayikkaan kuranja podi aavasyamullathinaal vediyunda cheruthum bharam kuranjathumaakki mattaam. ithu ore bhaarathinu kooduthal vedikkoppukal kondupokaan sainikare anuvadichu. koodaathe, nananjaalum athu kathikkum. karutha podi vedikkoppukal varandathaayi sookshikkendivannu, mikkavarum ellaayppozhum vellam kettiyitta vediyundakalil sambharikkukayum kondupookukayum cheythu. mattu europian rajyangal athivegam pinthudarukayum poudre biyude swantham pathippukal upayogikkaan thudangukayum cheythu, aadyathethu germmaniyum austriyayum aayirunnu, ithu 1888 ll puthiya aayudangal avatharippichu. thudarnnu, poudre biye niravadhi thavana parishkkarikkukayum vividha samyukthangal cherkkukayum neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1888ll krup oru stabiliseraayi diphenylamine cherkkaan thudangi.
athesamayam, 1887-ll alfred nobal baalistaitt ennu vilikkunna pukayillaatha thokkinulla engleesh pettant nedi. eee proppallantil parutthiyude (naitro-cellulose) naarukalulla ghadana oru laayakathin pakaram nitroglycerine layani upayogichu nashippichu. 1889ll englandil samanamaaya oru podiykku hiram maxim 1890ll amerikkayil hudson maxim pettant nedi. 1891ll amerikkayil baalistaittin pettant labhichu. 1898ll jarmmankaar naavika upayogathinaayi baalistaitt sweekarichu, athine dablyu. pii. sii/98 ennu vilichu. itaaliyakkaar ithu flake roopathinu pakaram charadukalil "philait" ennu sweekarichu, ennaal athinte poraaymakal manassilakki nitroglycerine upayogichulla oru formulationilekku maari, avar "solanait" ennu vilichu. 1891ll russiakkaar rasathanthranjanaaya mendeleevine anuyojyamaaya oru propellant kandethanulla chumatala nalki. poudar biyile franch naitro-kottanukalude upayogathekkaal kooduthal naitrajan ekeekritha colloidal ghadanayum uthppaadippikkunna eedhar-alcohol upayogichu nitrocellulose jelaattinukal addeham srishtichu. addeham athine pyrocolodian ennu vilichu.
avarude shradhayilppeduthiya vividha tharatthilulla proppallantukalil brittan pareekshanangal nadathiyenkilum avayil ellaavarodum asamthriptharaakukayum nilavilulla ellah tharangalekkaalum mikacha enthengilum thedukayum cheythu. 1889-ll sarr frederic aabel, jaims dewar, doow. dablyu. kelner ennivar waltam aabeyile royal ganpoudar faaktariyil nirmmicha oru puthiya formulation pettant nedi (aabelinteyum devarinteyum peril 5614,11,664 ennam). 1891ll cordite maarkk 1 aayi britiish sevanathil praveshicha ithinte pradhana ghadana 58 sathamaanam nitroglycerine, 37 sathamaanam gankottan, 3 sathamaanam mineral jellie ennivayaayirunnu. 1901ll cordite emm. dii. enna parishkaricha pathipp sevanathil praveshichu, gankottan sathamaanam 65 sathamaanamaayum nitroglycerine 30 sathamaanamaayum vardhichu. eee maattam jwalana thaapanila kuraykkukayum athinaal mannolipum barrel kshayichupokukayum cheythu. thokku podiye apekshichu kordaittinte gunangal arayile paramavadhi marddam kuranju (athinaal bharam kuranja breachukal muthalaayava).) ennaal kooduthal uyarnna sammarddam. cordite aavasyamulla aakruthiyilo valuppathilo nirmmikkam. kordaittinte srishti britiish pettant lamghanathecholli nobal, maxim, mattoru kandupiduthakkaaran ennivar thammilulla neenda kodathi poraattatthilekku nayichu.
anglo-american sphodakavasthukkalude kambani 1890-ll nyoojezhsiyile ookklaandil shotgan podi nirmmikkaan thudangi. 1891-ll nyoojezhsiyile carnese pooyint tounshippil dupond gankottan nirmmikkaan thudangi. chaals iii. 1891ll rooad dveepile newporttile naavika torpido steshante manroo nitrobenzene koottiyinakkiya "induraitt" enna gankottan roopeekaranathinu pettant nedi. winchester aavarthikkunna aayudha kambani 1893ll sphodakavasthukkal kambani podi upayogichu sports vediyundakal looad cheyyaan thudangiyappol niravadhi yunaittad stetts sthaapanangal pukayillaatha podi utppaadippikkaan thudangi. california podi jolikal nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose ennivayude amonium pikkrett ennivayude misritham "paittan podi" aayi utppaadippikkaan thudangi, leonard pukayillaatha podi kambani nitroglycerine-nitrocellulose "rubie" podi nirmmikkaan thudangi, laflin & rand "baalistaitt" nirmmikkanulla licenses charcha cheythu, dupond pukayillaatha shotgan podi nirmmikkaan thudangi. american aikyanaadukalude sainyam 25 inam pukayillaatha podikal vilayiruthukayum cragg-jorjenson sarvees rifilil upayogikkaan ettavum anuyojyamaaya "rubie", "paittan podikal" enniva thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. "paittan podiyile" picrick aasidil ninnu pichala vediyundakal samrakshikkaan tinn-plating aavasyamullathinaal "rubie" yaanu munganana nalkiyathu. baalistaitt" ennathinu aavashyamaaya royaltti nalkunnathinupakaram, american pukayillaatha podi kambaniyaayi leonardinte punasamghadanaykku laflin & rand dhanasahayam nalki. yunaittad stetts armi lefttanant wisler american pukayillaatha podi kambani factory suuprand aaspinvaaline dablyu enna mechappetta podi roopappeduthunnathil sahayichu.eiii. avarude parisramangalkku. dablyu.eiii. 1897 muthal 1908 vare yunaittad stetts milittari sarvees raifilukalude maanadandamaayirunnu pukayillaatha podi.
1897-ll yunaittad stetts nevi lefttanant joonn bernadow eedhar-alcoholumaayi koottiyinakkiya oru nitrocellulose podi pettant nedi. naavikasena eee formulationte pettantukal dupontinu licenses cheiyukayo vilkkukayo cheythu, 1900 ll nirmmicha indian head merilaandile neval poudar faaktariyude nirmmaana avakasham nilanirtthumbol california poudar pravartthikkunnu. yunaittad stetts sainyam 1908 ll nevi single bays formulation sweekarikkukayum pikkattinni aazhsanalil nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. appozhekkum laflin & rand avarude nikshepam samrakshikkunnathinaayi american podi kambani ettedukkukayum 1902-ll laflin & rand dupond vaangukayum cheythu. 1903-ll sphodakavasthukkalude kambaniyude 99 varshathe paattatthinu labhicha sesham, dupond amerikkayile ellah pradhana pukayillaatha podi pettantukalum upayogikkukayum pukayillaatha podiyude uthppaadanam opttimais cheyyaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. 1912ll sarkkar vishwaasa virudha nadapadi moolam ohari vitazhikkaan nirbandhithanaayappol, yunaittad stetts sainyam upayogikkunna nitrocellulose pukayillaatha podi formulationukal dupond nilanirthukayum kaayika vedikkoppukalil upayogikkunna eratta-bays formulationukal punasamghadippicha herculese podi kambanikku nalkukayum cheythu. puthiyathum shakthavumaya eee proppallantukal kooduthal sthirathayullavayaayirunnu, athinaal poudre biyekkal kaikaaryam cheyyaan surakshithamaayirunnu.
savisheshathakal.
proppallantinte gunangale athinte kashanangalude valipavum aakruthiyum valareyadhikam swaadheenikkunnu. proppallantinte nirddishta uparithala vistheernnam kathunna vegathaye swaadheenikkunnu, kanangalude valupavum aakruthiyum nirddishta uparithala vistheernnam nirnnayikkunnu. aakruthiyil krithrimam kaanikkunnathiloode kathunna nirakkineyum athinaal jwalana samayat marddam vardhikkunna nirakkineyum swaadheenikkaan kazhiyum. pukayillaatha podi kashanangalude uparithalathil maathrame kathukayulloo. valia kashanagal kooduthal pathukke kathikkukayum thee alppam kathunnathu thadayunna jwala-prathirodha coatingukal vazhi kathikkal nirakk kooduthal niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu. ettavum uyarnna vegatha nedunnathinaayi baaralil ullidatholam kaalam propuld projectylil kooduthalo kuravo sthiramaaya marddam cheluthunna tharatthil kathikkal nirakk niyanthrikkuka ennathaanu uddeshyam. sushirangal pollal nirakk sthirappeduthunnu, kaaranam puram bhagam akathekku kathumbol (angane kathunna uparithala vistheernnam churungunnu) akam puratthekku kathunnu (angane kathunna uparithala vistheernnam vardhikkunnu, pakshe vegathil, purappedunna projectile avatharippicha baaralinte vardhichuvarunna alavu niraykkunnathinu). vegathil kathunna pisttal podikal undaakkunnath adarukalulla aakruthikaliloode allengil golaakrithiyilulla kanikakal parathukayo cheiyunnu. saadhaaranayaayi oru vaakvam keezhil unakkal nadathappedunnu. layakangal ghaneebhavippikkukayum punarupayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. staatik electricity theepporikal anaavasyamaaya ignitionukal undaakkunnath thadayunnathinaayi granuelukal graafait kondu pothinjirikkunnu.
pukayillaatha podi baaralil thurumbedukkunnathinu kaaranamakunna karutha podiyumaayi bandhapetta hygroscopic vasthukkalude kattiyullathum kanathathumaaya malineekaranam undakkunnilla (chila primer samyukthangalkk samanamaaya falamullah hygroscopic lavanangal avasheshippikkaamenkilum; 1920 kalil noonn-corrosive primer samyukthangal avatharippichu).)
vegathil kathunna proppallantukal uyarnna thapanilayum uyarnna mardhavum srishtikkunnu, ennirunnaalum avaa thokku baaralukalil kedupaadukal vardhippikkunnu.
nitrocellulose kaalakramena vashalaakukayum acidity upolppannangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu. aaa upolppannangal kooduthal kshayam vardhippikkukayum athinte nirakk vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. podiyude bulk storeju allengil soolid proppallantinte valare valia blokkukal undengil purathuvidunna choodu metteeriyalinte svayam jwalanathinu kaaranamakum. single-bays nitrocellulose proppallantukal hygroscopic aanu, avaa apachayathinu ettavum vidheyamaan; double-bays, triple-bays proppallantukal kooduthal pathukke vashalaakunnu. vediyundakaludeyum thokku baaralukaludeyum lohangalkk naashamundaakkunna vighadana uthppannangale nirveeryamaakkunnathin, chila formulationukalil kaalsyam carbonate cherkkunnu.
kedupaadukal sambhavikkunna uthppannangal nirmmikkunnath thadayaan, stabiliserukal cherkkunnu. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya stabiliserukalil onnaanu diphenylamine. vighadippikkunna podiye sthirappeduthunna prakriyayil roopappedunna diphenylaamaininte nitrated analogukal chilappol stabiliserukalaayi upayogikkunnu. formulationte motham thukayude 0.5-2% alavil stabiliserukal cherkkunnu; uyarnna alavu athinte baalistik gunangale tharamthaazhthunnu. stabiliserinte alavu samayathinanusarichu kurayunnu. sambharanathilulla proppallantukal sthirathayude alavu kaalaakaalangalil parisodhikkanam, kaaranam athinte ksheenam proppallantinte yaanthrika jwalanathilekku nayichekkaam.
rachana.
nilavil, nitrocellulose (dittaneshan velosity, ree factor 1.10) (saadhaaranayaayi nitrocellulosinte eedhar-alcohol colloid) eaka spotaka propellant gadakamaayi upayogikkunna proppallantukale single-bays poudar ennu visheshippikkunnu.
spotaka propellant cheruvakalaayi nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine (dittaneshan velosity, ree factor 1.54) adangiya propellant mishrithangale double bays poudar ennu vilikkunnu. chamber marddam upekshikkathe kuranja jwaalayude thaapanila pradhaanamaakumbol diethylene glycol dainaitrett (dittaneshan velosity, ree factor 1.17) nitroglycerine pakarakkaranaayi upayogikkaam. jwaalayude thaapanila kurayunnathu barrell mannolipp ganyamaayi kuraykkukayum athinaal shayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
cheiyunnu, nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine allengil diethylene glycol dainaitrett adangiya "triple-bays propellant", spotaka propellant cheruvakalaayi ganyamaaya alavil nitrogwanidine (dittaneshan velosity, ree factor 0.95) enniva vikasippichu. eee "colled propellant" mishrithangal kooduthal pukayude chelavil aanenkilum single, double bays proppallantukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol chamber marddam thyajikkathe flash, flame thaapanila kurachittundu. praayogikamaayi, triple bays proppallantukal pradhaanamaayum (naavika) peerankikalilum tank thokkukalilum upayogikkunna valia caliber vedikkoppukalkkaayi neekkivachirikkunnu, avaa booar mannolipp ettavum kooduthal anubavikkunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu britiish peerankikal ithu upayogichu. aaa yudhathinushesham cheria aayudangal ozhikeyulla ellah britiish valia caliber vedikkoppukalilum ithu saadhaarana propellantaayi maari. america ozhikeyulla mikka paashchaathya raajyangalum samanamaaya paatha pinthudarnnu.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil puthiya propellant formulationukal prathyakshappedaan thudangi. iva nitrogwanidine, ardx tharatthilulla uyarnna sphodakavasthukkal (pottitheri vegatha, ree factor 1.6) ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
pottitherikkaathirikkaan roopappeduthiya nitrocellulose proppallantukalude prathikarana nirakk vilayiruthunnathil pottitheriyude vegathaykku parimithamaaya moolyamundu. uyarnna thapanilayil samanamaaya vathaka anthima uthppannangal kaaranam mandagathiyilulla prathikaranatthe palappozhum kathunnathayi visheshippikkappedunnum, vighadanam oru ooksijan anthareekshathile jwalanathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. nitrocellulose proppallantukalude uyarnna mardha vaathakathilekkulla parivartthanam piobertinte niyamamanusarichu thuranna prathalatthil ninnu oro kharakanathinteyum ulbhaagathekku neengunnu. soolid single, double bays propellant prathikaranangalekkurichu padanangal soochippikkunnathu, uparithalathil ninnu solidilekku prathikaranam purogamikkumbol sonukaludeyo ghattangaludeyo oru parambarayiludaneelamulla thaapanila gradiantiloode taapa kaimaattathiloodeyaanu prathikarana nirakk niyanthrikkunnath ennaanu. choodu kaimaattam anubavikkunna kharathinte ettavum aazhameriya bhagam uruki oru "nura mekhalayil" kharathil ninnu vaathakathilekkulla ghattam parivartthanam aarambikkunnu. vathaka propellant chuttumulla "phis sonil" lalithamaaya thanmathrakalaayi vighadikkunnu. thilangunna oru baahya "flame sonil" oorjjam purathuvidunnu, avide lalithamaaya vathaka thanmathrakal prathipravartthichu neeravi, kaarban monoxide thudangiya parambaraagatha jwalana uthppannangal roopappeduthunnu. flame soonn" oru insulettaraayi pravartthikkunnu, ithu "flame sonil" ninnu prathikarikkaattha kharavasthuvilekku taapa kaimaattatthinte nirakk mandagathiyilaakkunnu. prathikarana nirakkukal marddathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu; kaaranam kuranja marddathil kuranja phalapradamaaya taapa kaimaattam nura anuvadikkunnu, uyarnna marddangal aaa nurayude vaathakathinte alavu churukkunnathinaal kooduthal taapa kaimaattam anuvadikkunnu. kuranja taapa kaimatta marddathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha proppallantukal kuranja marddathil "flame soonn" nilanirthunnathil paraajayappettekkam.
pukayillaatha proppallantukalil upayogikkunna oorjja gadakangalil nitrocellulose (ettavum saadhaaranamaayath), nitroglycerine, nitrogwanidine, dhina (biss-nitroxyethylnitramine; dietanolamine dainitrett, dedden; dihe), fivenite (2,2,5,5-tetramethylol-cyclopentanon tetranitrate, saip), dgn (daithileen glycol dainitrett), asattail cellulose enniva ulppedunnu.
kathunna nirakk kuraykkaan dittarntukal (allengil moderantukal) upayogikkunnu. centraliteukal (cemetrical diphenyl euria-praadhamikamaayi diethyl allengil dimethyl), dibutyl thaalett, dinitrotoluyin (vishavum arbudavum undaakkunna), accardite (asymmetrical diphenyl euria), oortho-tolail yuritheyn, polisttar adippettu enniva prathirodhangalil ulppedunnu. munbu karppooram upayogichirunnuvenkilum ippol kaalaharanappettirikkunnu.
stabiliserukal svayam vighadippikkunnathine thadayukayo mandagathiyilaakkukayo cheiyunnu. diphenylamine, petroleum jellie, kaalsyam carbonate, magneeshyam ooksaid, soodiyam bicarbonate, beetaa-naftol methyl eedhar ennivayil amail alcohole anilyn ulppedunnu.
decopering aditteevukal gann barrell raifilingil ninnu chembu avashishtangal nirmmikkunnathine thadassappeduthunnu. ithil tinn lohav samyukthangalum ulppedunnu (udha.jii.tinn dye ooksaid), bismat lohav samyukthangalum (udha.jii., bismat trioxide, bismat subcarbonate, bismat naitrettu, bismat antimonide); urukia bismathil chembu layikkukayum pottunnathum eluppathil neekkam cheyyaavunnathumaaya aloy roopappedukayum cheiyunnathinaal bismat samyukthangal eshtappedunnu. vishaamsham kaaranam ledu foyilum ledu samyukthangalum ghattamghattamaayi neekkam cheythittundu.
thokku barrell linerukalude kshayam kuraykkunnathinu mezhuk, talk, titanium dye ooksaid ennivayulppedeyulla ware reduction metteeriyalukal cherkkunnu. valia thokkukal podi bagukalkku mukalil poliyuritheynu jacketukal upayogikkunnu.
ethyl asattett (golaakrithiyilulla podi nirmmikkunnathinulla layakam), rossin (golaakrithiyilulla podiyude dhaanya aakruthi nilanirthunnathinulla oru sarfaktant), graafait (daanyangale moodunnathinum avaa orumichu ottippidikkunnathu thadayunnathinum sthiramaaya vaidyuthi illaathaakkunnathinum ulla oru lubricant) ennivayaanu mattu aditteevukal.
flash reduction.
flash reducerukal mangiya mookk flash, choodulla propellant vaathakangal mookkinu sameepam purappeduvikkunna prakasham, vaathakangal chuttumulla vaayuvumayi kalarumbol thudarnnulla raasapravarthanangal. projectylukal purathukadakkunnathinu munbu, projectylukalkku mukaliloode chornnolikkunna vaathakangalil ninnu neriya pree-flash sambhavikkam. mookkil ninnu purathukadakkunnathinnethu, vaathakangalude choodu saadhaaranayaayi drishyamaaya vikiranam purappeduvikkaan paryaapthamaana praadhamika flash. vaathakangal vikasikkunnundenkilum avaa mack diskiloode kadannupokumbol, oru intermediat flash srishtikkaan avaa veendum compress cheiyunnu. choodulla, jwalanakshamamaaya vaathakangal (udha.jii. hydrajan kaarban-monoxide) chuttumulla vaayuvile ooksijanumaayi kalarnnu secondary flash, ettavum thilakkamullathu ulppaadippikkaam. secondary flash saadhaaranayaayi cheria kaikalilalla sambhavikkunnath.
carbon hydrajan poornnamaayum ooksidais cheyyaan nitrocellulosil aparyapthamaaya ooksijan adangiyittundu. graafaittum oorgaanik stabiliserukalum cherkkunnathiloode ooksijan kuravu vardhikkunnu. thokku baaralinullile jwalana uthppannangalil hydrajan, kaarban monoxide thudangiya kathunna vaathakangal ulppedunnu. uyarnna thapanilayil, thokkinte mookkinu appurathu anthareeksha ooksijanumaayi prakshubdhamaayi kalarthumbol eee kathunna vaathakangal kathikkum. rathrikaala edapazhakalukalil, ignition vazhi ulppaadippikkunna flashinu thokkinte sthaanam shatru senaykk velippeduthaanum foto-bleaching vishwal purple vazhi thokku jeevanakkarkkidayil thaalkkaalika ratri andhathayundakkaanum kazhiyum.
flash signature kuraykkunnathinu flash suppressorukal saadhaaranayaayi cheria aayudangalil upayogikkunnu, ennaal eee sameepanam peerankikalkku praayogikamalla. peeranki mookk mookkil ninnu mukalilekku minnunnath nireekshikkappettundu, ithu meghangalil ninnu prathifalikkukayum doorangalil vare drishyamaakukayum cheyyum. peerankikale sambandhichidatholam, ettavum phalapradamaaya reethi, jwalana vaathakangale nerppicha thaarathamyena kuranja thapanilayil nishkriya naitrajante valia anupatham ulppaadippikkunna oru propellantaanu. nitroguanidinile naitrajan kaaranam triple adhishtitha proppallantukal ithinaayi upayogikkunnu.
pottasyam chloride, pottasyam naitrettu, pottasyam sulfate, pottasyam bitaartrett (pottasyam hydrajan tartretta munbu franch peerankikal upayogichirunna veenju ulppaadanathinte oru upolppannam) enniva flash reducerukalil ulppedunnu. triple adhishtitha proppallantukal upayogikkunnathinu munbu, pottasyam chloride polulla ajaiva lavanangal cherkkuka ennathaayirunnu flash reductionte saadhaarana reethi, athinaal avayude nirddishta taapa sheshi jwalana vaathakangalude thaapanila kuraykkukayum avayude sookshumamaayi vibhajicha kanika puka drishyamaaya tharamgadairkhyathe thadayukayum cheyyum.
ellah flash reducerukalkkum oru poraaymayundu pukayude uthppaadanam.
nirmmaanam.
pukayillaatha podi eedhar polulla layakangal upayogichu cheria golaakrithiyilulla panthukalaayi koorn cheyyaam allengil niravadhi cross-sekshanal aakruthikalulla silindarukalaayo strippukalaayo (vividha chathuraakrithiyilulla anupaathamulla strippukal, single allengil multy-hole silindarukal, sloat cheytha silindarukal) puranthallaam. eee puramthallalukal cherutho ("flakeukal") neelamulla kashanangalo ("charadukal" niravadhi inch neelamulla) aayi murikkam. peeranki podiyilaanu ettavum valia kashanagal ullathu.
1900 muthal american aikyanaadukalude naavikasena merilaandile indian thalayil naavika peerankikalkkaayi single bays tubular podi nirmmichu. 1907 muthal pikkattinni ayudhappurayil american sainyathinte ulppaadanathinum 1914 nuu sesham cheria daanyangal adangiya mechappetta sainika raifil (imr) podikal nirmmikkunnathinum samanamaaya nadapadikramangal upayogichu. pachakkari mezhuk neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi short fiber kottan lintar soodiyam hydroxidinte laayaniyil thilappichu, pinneedu saandramaaya naitrik, sulfuric aasidukalumaayi kalarthi nitrocellulosilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathinu munbu unakki. nirmmaana prakriyayude eee ghattathil nitrocellulose ippozhum naarukalulla parutthiyodu saamyamullathaan, saadhaaranayaayi pyrosellulose ennu thiricharinju, kaaranam prathikarikkaattha assid neekkam cheiyunnathuvare ithu vaayuvil swamedhayaa kathikkum. gankottan enna padavum upayogichirunnu; ennirunnaalum chila paraamarshangal tnt upayogikkunnathinu munbu torpidoyilum mine warheadukalilum upayogikkunna kooduthal vipulamaaya nitrated, shudheekaricha ulppannamaayi gankottanine thirichariyunnu.
raasa marappulinte ulppaadana samayat paper millukalil upayogikkunnathinu samanamaaya oru multy steju draining, vaattar washing prakriyayiloode pyrosellulose palppil ninnu prathikarikkaattha assid neekkam cheythu. sammarddamulla madyam eetharumaayum diphenylamine kalarthunnathinu munbu vattunna pyrosellulosil ninnu sheshikkunna vellam neekkam cheythu. aavasyamulla neelamulla daanyangalaayi murikkan oru neenda tubular coord roopam puranthallunna oru pressiloode misritham nalki.
alcohole eetharum pinneedu "pacha" podi daanyangalil ninnu raifil podikalkku 3 sathamaanavum valia peeranki podi daanyangalkk 7 sathamaanavum aayi sheshikkunna layaka saandrathayilekku bashpeekarikkappettu. kathikkal nirakk laayakathinte saandrathaykku vipareeta anupaathathilaanu. thudarnnulla mishrita samayat staatik vaidyuthiyude uthppaadanam kuraykkunnathinu daanyangal vaidyutha chaalaka graafait kondu pothinju. "baalistik vyathyaasangal kuraykkunnathinaayi hopparukal kalarthunna oru gopura krameekaranatthiloode patthu tanniladhikam podi daanyangal adangiya "lottukal" kalarthi. aavasyamulla prakadanatthinu sariyaaya loading charge nirnnayikkaan oro blended lottum parishodhanaykk vidheyamaakki.
pazhaya pukayillaatha podiyude sainika alavu chilappol puthiya proppallantukalaayi punarnirmikkappettu. punarnirmikkappettu fred oolsan onnaam lokamahaayudhathinaayi nirmmicha tonn kanakkinu single bays peeranki podi rakshikkunnathinulla vazhikal pareekshichukondu pikkattinni ayudhappurayil pravarthichu. 1929ll vestten catridge kambaniyaaya oolsan 1933 aayappozhekkum golaakrithiyilulla pukayillaatha podi nirmmikkunnathinulla oru prakriya vikasippichu. punarnirmmicha podiyum kazhukiya pyrosellulose cheria alavil aavasyamulla stabiliserukalum mattu aditteevukalum adangiya ethyl asattettil laikkam. syrup aavasyamulla valippathilulla cheria golaakrithiyilulla golangalude emulsion roopappeduthunnathuvare jalavum sarfaktantukalum samyojippichu oru sammarddamulla kandeynaril choodaakkaanum prakopippikkaanum kazhiyum. nitrocellulosinteyum aditeevinteyum cheria golangal avasheshippikkunnathinaayi marddam pathukke kurayumbol ethyl asattett vaattiyedukkunnu. oorjjam vardhippikkunnathinu nitroglycerine cherkkunnathiloodeyum rollerukalkkidayil oru ekeekritha minimum alavilekku parannukidakkunnathiloode ignition mandagathiyilaakkaan thaalett dittarantukal upayogichu pooshunnathiloodeyum koodaathe/allengil mishrita samayat ozhukk savisheshathakal mechappeduthunnathinaayi graafait upayogichu glazing cheiyunnathiloodeyum golangal pinneedu parishkkarikkam.
aadhunika pukayillaatha podi amerikkayil nirmmikkunnath sent. maarkk poudar, ink. general dynamicsinte udamasthathayilullathaanu.

