
jaann smutsinte aadyakaala jeevitam

jaann kristhyan smutts (jaann kristhyan smutts), oom, chii, eddu, kessy, efrs (24 meyy 1870-11 septambar 1950) oru pramukha dakshinaafrikkan, komanvelthu raashtrathanthranjanum sainika nethaavum thathwachinthakanumaayirunnu. addeham boyer yudhasamayathu oru boyer generalayum onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu oru britiish generalayum sevanamanushtichu, randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu jorjju araman rajaavu feeld marshalaayi niyamithanaayi. vividha kaabinat niyamanagalkk purame, 1919 muthal 1924 vareyum 1939 muthal 1948 vareyum dakshinaafrikkan yooniyante pradhaanamanthriyaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1917 muthal 1919 vare britiish yuddha manthrisabhayile anchu amgangalil oraalaayirunnu addeham. rund lokamahaayudhangaludeyum avasaanathil yudhaananthara othutheerppukalil addeham oru pradhana punk vahikkukayum leag oof nationsinteyum ikyaraashtrasabhayudeyum roopeekaranathinu ganyamaaya sambhavanakal nalkukayum cheythu. brittan dominiyanukalum kolanikalum thammilulla bandhathe punarnirvachikkaan addeham valareyadhikam cheythu, ithu britiish komanveltthinte roopeekaranathilekku nayichu.
1870ll oru parambaraagatha bower karshaka kudumbatthile randaamathe makanayi jaann smutts janichu. grameena paarambaryamanusarichu, mootha makan poornna aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasam nedunna eaka kuttiyayirikkum; ennirunnaalum, 1882-ll mootha sahodarante maranashesham, 12 vayassulla jaanine aadyamaayi schoolilekku ayachu. naalu varshathe vidyaabhyaasathinu sesham stellanboshile victoria collegil padikkaan praveshanam nedi addeham asaadhaaranamaaya purogathi kaivarichu. 1891ll saahithyathilum shaasthrathilum phastt klaas bahumathikalode addeham birudam nedi. eee sakthamaaya academic pashchaathalatthode, videsha padanatthinulla eben scholarshippin addeham apekshikkukayum cambridgile krists collegil niyamam vaayikkaan thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. kooduthal academic vijayathin niravadhi abhimaanakaramaaya academic avaardukalkkum sesham, addeham 1894 ll eratta phastt klaas bahumathikalode birudam nedi. birudam nediya sesham, smutts kodathi sathrangalude pareekshakalil vijayikkukayum madhyakshethrathilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu. 1895-ll, yunaittad kingdatthil oru ujjwalamaaya bhaaviyude prateeksha undaayirunnittum, homesic smuttukal dakshinaafrikkayilekku madangi.
dakshinaafrikkayil.
kuttikkalam.
1870 meyy 24nuu keppu kolaniyile malmesbury jillayile bovenplatsile smutts famili faamil jacobus smutsin bhaarya kaatharinaykkum oru kutty janichu. naalu aanmakkalum rund penmakkalum ulla kudumbatthile avarude randaamathe makanaaya eee kuttikk, ammayude muthachanaaya jaann kristhyan dii vreesinte peril jaann kristhyan ennu namakaranam cheythu.
eee pradeshathu deerghakaalamaayi sthirathaamasamaakkiya sambannaraaya yoman karshakaraayirunnu smutts kudumbam. 1786 muthal naalu thalamurakalayi avar malmesbury jillayil krishi cheythu, 1818-ll bovenplats oru bhagamaayirunna oongegandil thamasamaakki. keppu kolaniyude pradhana gothamb valarunna pradeshamaaya swartland ennu vilikkappedunna pradeshatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu eee pradesham.
1870ll jacobus ebraham smutsinteyum bhaarya catherina petronellayudeyum samrakshanathil bovenplaattukal kandethi. jacobus smutts thante poorvvikareppole thanne jeevichu-kadinaadhvaaniyaaya oru karshakan, sabhayude stambham, ayalpakkathinte saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya kaaryangalil munnirayil pankeduttha oraal. pinneedu keppu paarlamentil malmesburyile amgamaayi thiranjedukkappedumennu addeham vilayiruthiya kaaryamaayirunnu athu. smutsinte amma, catherina petronella dii vrees enna peril janicha, bovenplaattil ninnu ekadesham moonnu mile (5 kilometer) akaleyulla aduthulla rebeak vestt pattanatthile predicant boudevijn homberg dii vreesinte sahodariyaayirunnu. keppu kolaniyaaya vorsestarinu chuttumulla pradeshathu ninnaan dii vrees kudumbam uthbhavichath. rebeak vesttil thante niyamanam etteduthappol katharina thante sahodarane veettujolikkaariyaayi anugamichu, oduvil 1866-ll thante bharthaavine kandumuttukayum vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. cape tounil samgeethavum franch padicha avar ganyamaaya vidyaabhyaasavum samskaravumulla oru sthreeyaayirunnu.
jaann aarr vayassullappol kudumbam bovenplaattil ninnu ekadesham pathimoonnu mile (19 kilometer) akaleyulla oru puthiya krishiyidathilekku maari. pithaavinte melnottatthil svanthamaayi oru phaam venamenna aagrahamulla jacobus smutsinu oru vasvathaanu clipfondane enna eee phaam, 1876-ll thante kudumbatthe avidekku maatti.
kudumbajeevitam.
parambaraagatha aafrikkan karshakaraayirunnu smutts kudumbam. athinaal, swath, kudumbakaaryangal ennivayekkurichulla chodyangal vyaapakamaayi aachaarangalaal niyantrikkappettu. kudumba prathekshakal veenathu aadya makanaanennu aacharam nirddeshichu; oru thozhililekku praveshikkunnathinu vazhiyorukkuka enna lakshyathode kudumbam avarude marggangal anuvadikkunnidatholam mikacha vidyaabhyaasam nalkaan sramikkum. mattullavare sambandhichidatholam, avare krishiyidathil jolic nirtthum, athe samayam oru praadhamika gruha vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum cheyyum. randaamathe makanenna nilayil ithu jaaninte veshamaayirikkanam. addeham krishiyidathil thaamasikkumbol, addehathinte mootha sahodaran mishiyeline rebeak vesttil school vidyaabhyaasam aarambikkaan ayachu, ammavan boudwaineppole, dutch parishkaricha palliyile oru predicant enna nilayil bhaaviyilekku.
krishiyum ammayil ninnulla paadangalum chernnu adutha kurachu varshathekku jaaninte jeevithakramam anganeyaayirunnu. kuttikkaalathu, krishiyidathil aupachaarika utharavaadithangal nalkaan kazhiyaathathra cheruppamaayirunna jaann, niramulla karshaka thozhilaallikal avarude dainamdina jolikal cheyyumbol avarodoppam pooyi. eee samayat yajamanan bhrithyanum thammilulla, karuppum veluppum thammilulla bandham theerchayaayum saamoohika samathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu; ennirunnaalum, eee chathuppunila krishiyidangalil dakshinaafrikkayil mattevideyengilum ithinakam uyarnnuvarikayum pinneedu atharam aazhathilulla prathyaaghaathangal undaakkukayum cheytha karsanamaaya verthiriv kuravaayirunnu. 1828 muthal keppu vamshangal thammilulla karsanamaaya niyamaparamaaya samathvathinte thathwam niyamathil ulppeduthiyirunnu. dakshinaafrikkayude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ellah muthirnna purushanmarkkum, oru swath yogyathaykku vidheyamaayi, colonial niyamanirmmaanasabhayilekk vottucheyyaanum thiranjeduppil nilkkanum arhathayundaayirunnu. athinaal eee raajyangalile jillakalil karshaka udamakalum avarude thozhilaallikalum thammil oru prathyeka aduppam nilaninnirunnu. vilaveduppu samayat vilakal shekharikkaan iruvarum orumichu pravartthikkunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu, koodaathe krishiyidathile kuttikal vamshabhedam pariganikkathe parasparam kalikkunnathum saadhaaranamaayirunnu.
thaarathamyena udaaramaaya eee anthareekshathil, avarude kathakal kelkkukayum graamapradeshangalude vazhikal padikkukayum kazhiyunnathra sahayikkaan sramikkukayum cheythukondu, aalkkarkkoppam avarude joliyil jaann undaayirunnu. addehathinte arivum aathmavishwaasavum vardhichathode, thanikk chuttumulla kunnukalum thaazhvarakalum paryavekshanam cheyth jaann ottaykku graamapradeshangalilekk pookaan thudangi. pinneedu, oru muthirnna kuttyenna nilayil, addehathinte pradhana utharavaaditham oru koottam enna nilayilaayirunnu-aadyam faamyaardile pannikaludeyum kozhikaludeyum, pinneedu pashukkalude veli. oru karshakanenna nilayil jaaninte punk munkootty nischayicha athe aachara niyamangalkkum avayude prayojanakaramaaya vashamundaayirunnu; bower karshakar avarude paripaalanatthilulla mrugangalude swaabhaavika vardhanavil oru punk avarude makkalkk anuvadichu. kaalam kadannupokumbol jaann kramena manyamaaya kannukaalikale valarthi.
veettil, krishiyidathinte joliyilninnu akannunilkkumbol addehathinte vidyaabhyaasam avaganikkapettilla. praadhamika hoome schoolingil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyittundum, ammayude swantham sradheyamaaya vidyaabhyaasam addehathe samanamaaya saahacharyangalile mattu kuttikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol sahodarangale oru nettatthilekku athichu.
baahya swaadheenam.
mikkavarum ekapaksheeyamaaya oru aafrikkan lokathaanu smutts kudumbam thaamasichirunnathu. ennirunnaalum, eee saamskaarika swathuam, vadakkulla boyer republicukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, britaino britishukaarkko ethiraaya reethiyil svayam nirvachikkappettitla. muun varshangalile asamthripthiyude kaaranangalil ninnu chathuppunila karshakare pradhaanamaayum akattinirthiyirunnu, athrupthi oduvil grettu trekkinte bahujana boyer kudiyettatthil kalaashichu. thalphalamaayi, revu sthaapicha africanar boond polulla samghadanakal prasamgicha africanar deseeyathayaal jacobus valiyathothil achanchalanaakunnu. 1877-ll ezz. jeey. duu toyitt. 1884-nuu sesham, jaann hendrick hofmeyarinte neethrthwathil vannathode, eee bandham smutsinte abhiruchiyilekku kooduthal maari. hofmare samghadanayude adisthaana aditharaye, aafrikkan vighadanavaadam prasamgikkunnathil ninnu keppu karshakarkum avarude uthppannangalkumulla saambathika samrakshanavaadathinte praayogika nayathe samyojippichathum engleesh, dutch samsaarikkunna janangal thammilulla aikyathinum colonial adikaarikalumaayulla sahakaranatinum ahvaanam cheythathumaayi maatti. keppu niyamanirmmaanasabhayile amgamenna nilayil jacobus smutts hofmairinum parishkaricha bondinum thante pinthuna vaagdaanam cheythu.
dakshinaafrikkayude pala bhaagangalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, jaann smutsinte aadyakaala jeevithathil samgharsham valia thothil illaathirunna oru gadakamaayirunnu. brittan boyer thammilulla samgharshamaayaalum, allengil karuppum veluppum thammilulla samgharshamaayaalum-eee bhoopradeshathe karshakarkk avarude vaathilppadiyil prakshubdhatha neridendivannu niravadhi varshangal kazhinjirunnu. samgharshangalude abhavavum anivaryamaaya ethiraaliyaaya munvidhikalude vikaasavum kalankangalil swaadheenam chelutthi.
pilkkala varshangalil eee samayathe ettavum snehathode nokkanamennaayirunnu smutts. addehathinte kuttikkaalatthe ellah anubhavangalilum, kannukaalikale paripaalikkunnathino swantham vinodangalkko vendi veldil chelavazhicha samayamaayirunnu athu, ithu addehathil ettavum sradheyamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnathaayi thonni, eathaandu athmeeya swabhaavamulla oru aduppam vikasippichu. 1902ll 32-aamm vayassil addeham ezhuthiyatha
saadhaarana saahacharyangalil, jaann smutts kaalakramena kudumba krishiyidathinte nadatthippu ettedukkukayum, thante pithaav, muthachan, muthumuthachan ennivarkku munbu undaayirunnathupole oru karshakanayi jeevitam chelavazhikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum ithu sambhavikkaan paadillaayirunnu; munkootty nischayicha eee vidhi maattaan goodaalochana nadathaanaayirunnu sambhavangal.
school dinangal.
1882-ll durantham smutt kudumbatthe baadhichu. avarude mootha makan mishiyel rebeak vesttile schoolil padikkumbol typhoid baadhichu pettennu marichu. kudumba dukhathinteyum kalaapathinteyum eee samayam jaanine nerittu baadhichu; ippol, mootha makanenna nilayil, kudumba pratheekshayude bharam addehathinte chumalukalil veenu.
aazhchakalkkullil clipphondeyninte parichithamaaya chuttupaadukalil ninnu rebeak vesttile oru boarding housilekku jaann misttar tii. sii. stofberg schoolil thante sahodarante sthaanam ettedukkaan ayachu. sahodarante kaaryatthilennapole, maathaapithaakkal ithinakam thanne addehathinte bhaavi mapp cheythirunnu; addehathinte sahodaran jaann dutch parishkaricha sabhayil oru bhaavikkaayi vidhikkappettathupole, padanatthinte avasaanathil oru pridikantaayi niyamikkappedum. eee thozhil, maathaapithaakkal addehathinte mail adichelppichathaanenkum, sabhayodulla anusaranavum karmmangalude bhakthiyum oru nalla idapaadaayi kanakkaakkappedunna oru anthareekshathil valarnnathupole, oru tharatthilum jaann adichelppichathaayi kanakkakkappettilla. eee valarthal panthrand vayassulla jaanine aazhathilulla mathaparavum gauravamullathumaaya oru aankuttiyayi maatti. ippol, aadyamaayi schoolil pookunna addeham niravadhi thadassangal nerittu. vishalamaaya keppu samoohathil oru punk vahikkaan aagrahikkunna eathoru aafrikkakkaaranum pradhana prabodhana maadyamavum nirnayakavumaaya oru samayat engleeshinekkurichulla addehathinte praadhamika dhaaranayaayirunnu ivayil ettavum pradhanam. ammayude parishramathinu nandi. ithilum mattu vishayangalilum, samanamaaya saahacharyangalil mikka kuttikaleyum apekshichu addeham mikacha thayyaareduppaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum thannekkaal kurachudooram praayamulla kuttikalodoppam school vidyaabhyaasam aarambhikkendathaayirunnu, niravadhi varshathe patanam addehathe samakaalikaril ninnu verthirikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, eee poraaymakalkkidayilum, jaann svayam oru mikacha pandithanaanennu theliyichu. swathasidhamaaya kazhivilum thante joliyodulla samarppanathilum addeham mattu kuttikale marikadannu. thaan padippichathil vachu ettavum midukkanaaya vidyaarthikalil oralum thaan kandittullathil vachu ettavum kadinaadhvaaniyaaya ankuttiyum" ennaanu addehathinte headmaster misttar stofberg addehathe visheshippichathu."moonnu varshathinullil jaann thante praayaparidhiyumaayi poruthappedaan mathiyaya purogathi kaivarichu, patthu varsham vare aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasam nediya kuttikal avare pinnilakki. 1885ll keppu kolaniyile praadhamika pareeksha ezhuthaan samayam vannappol addeham eee sradheyamaaya nettam koottukayum kolaniyil onpathaam sthaanathethukayum cheythu. adutha varsham school hier pareekshayil randaam sthaanathethiya addeham ithum marikadannu.
eee kurachu varshangalil rebeak vestt jaann thante padanatthil aathmaarthamaayi pravarthichu-vyakthamayum, addehathinte nettangal kanakkiledukkumbol. addehathinte academic kazhivukal taamasiyaathe addehathinte headmaster shradhichu, addeham jananu kooduthal paatyapadhathi vaayana nalkaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, arivinu erekkure theeraatha daahamaayi marikkondirunnathine neridaan ithu aparyaapthamaanennu theliyikkapettu. jaann hedmaasttaril ninnu pusthakangalum kooduthal pusthakangalum kadameduthu, mattu kuttikalude baalisamaaya anweshanangalil earppedunnathinupakaram ellaayppozhum avaye kadamvechu, thante sakthamaaya thozhil daarmmikathayaal avaril ninnu verpeduthi. school unnatha pareekshaykk eathaanum aazhchakalkk munbu ithinu anantharafalangal undaayirunnu-jaann rogabaadhithanaayi, addehathinte nirantharamaaya patanam moolam rogam vashalayi. jolic vaayanaykkum samboornna nirodhanathode poornna vishramathin utharavittu doctorude karsanamaaya utharavode, jaanine kattilil kidatthi. ennirunnaalum, doctorude nirddeshangal undaayirunnittum, nirodhanam ozhivakkaan jaann kadinamaayi parishramichu. eee nirbandhitha rogamukthiyude samayat addehathekkurichu paranja oru katha, engane addeham headmasterude ilaya makane thante pithaavinte padanatthil ninnulla pusthakangal konduvaraan naaluvayassukaaran kaikkooli nalki, thante subterfujukalil ulppeduthiyirunnuvennu vivarikkunnu. headmasterude bhaaryayude aprakhyapitha sandarshana divasam vare ithu ganyamaaya vijayam nedi. viralamaayi sajjeekarichirunna muriyil saadhyathakal kuravaayirunnuvenkilum thante pusthakangalude ganyamaaya shekharam marachuvekkaan jaann kazhiyunnathra mikacha jolie cheythu. muriyil praveshichappol headmasterude bhaarya pratheekshichathupole jaanine kidakkayil kandethi. ennirunnaalum, kutty vendathra sukhamaayi visramikkunnathaayi thonniyilla, vaasthavathil avan aswasthanaayi kaanapettu. aval jaaninte kidakka avanu vendi undakkaan vaagdaanam cheythu, avan nirasichu, avan thikachum sukhakaramaanennu urappichu; aval nirbandhichu, headmasterude bharyayenna nilayil avalkk vazhi kitti. aval kandethiya dayayude pravrithikku thudakkam kurikkumbol, aval aascharyappettu, jaaninte aswasthathayude yadhaartha kaaranam-thante kidakkakkashanagalkk keezhil, nirodhitha pusthakangalude oru valia koombaaram maraykkaan addeham dheeramaaya sramam nadathukayaayirunnu!
mattoru aankuttiyil vaayanaykkum padanathinumulla eee samarppanam varaanirikkunna pareekshakalodulla prathikaranamallathe mattonnumayirikkilla-pakshe jaaninte kaaryatthilalla. addehathinte kidakkakkashanagalkk keezhil kandethiya pusthakangalkk addehathinte padanavumaayi valia thothil bandhamillennathaan eee prathyeka episode velippeduthaan kaaranamaayath. rebeak vesttil addeham oru aajeevanantha seelam vikasippichu, nirddishta paatyapadhathikku purathu uthsaahathode vaayikkukayum swantham aavashyathinaayi arivu thedukayum cheyyuka.
1886-ll pathinaram vayassil jaann thante vidyaabhyaasathinte adutha ghattathilekku praveshichu. keppile unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinte ettavum pramukha sthaapanangalilonnaaya stellanboshile victoria collegil jaann apekshikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 1886 avasaanathode addeham jeevithathile oru puthiya ghattathilekku kadakkaan thayyaraya rebeak westinode vida paranju.
stellanboshile jeevitam.
misttar stofberginte school thangalude vidyaarthikale secondary vidyaabhyaasathinte avasana ghattathilekku kondupoyilla. jaann thante school dinangal pinnott vekkukayum unnatha vidyaabhyaasam aarambikkukayum cheiyunnathinu munbu addeham metrikkuleshan pareeksha ezhuthendivarum. 1886-nte thudakkam muthal 1886-nte avasaanam vare eee pareekshanatthinu thayyaaredukkunnathinaayi chelavazhicha jaann rebeak padinjaaru ninnu stellenboshilekku maari.
rebeck vestt jaann kadinamaayi parisramikkunna, aazhathilulla mathavishwaasiyaaya, sakthamaaya karuthalulla, eathaandu eakaanthamaaya swabhaavamulla kuttiyaayirunnu. addehathinte punyavum grameenavumaaya valarthalinte paarambaryamaaya eee manobhaavam addehathinte athijeevichirikkunna aadyakaala kathil prakadamaanu. victoria kolejile adthyaapakanaaya professor sii. mureykk ezhuthiya eee kathu mikkavarum varaanirikkunna kaalaavadhiyile bharanaparamaya krameekaranangalekkurichu oru anweshanam aayirunnu. ennittum paatapusthakangalum school fease polulla kaaryangalekkurichulla vivarangalkkayulla eee laukika abhyarthanayil, jaann thante aantharikamaaya prerakashakthikale eee aparichithanodu vishwasikkunnathaayi kandethi. addeham ezhuthiyathu ingane
eee saahacharyathil, "ente vilayeriya samayam sariyaaya reethiyil upayogappeduthuka" enna smutsinte theerumaanam stellenbosh polulla oru cheria pattanatthinu nalkaan kazhiyunna atharam dhaarmikavum mathaparavumaya pralobhanangale marikadannu. mathavum addehathinte padanavum-metrikkuleshan varshathil addehathinte nilanilppinte eratta dhruvangalayi iva chodyam cheyyappedaathe thudarnnu. misttar akkarmaante boarding hausil eakaanthathayil jaann uthsaahathode padikkukayum uthsaahathode palliyil hajaraakukayum "praayapoortthiyaakunna ghadakam" ennathinte mlechathakal avaganikkukayum cheythu.
matriculation pareekshayil laattin, greak, kanakk, shaasthram, engleesh saahityam ennee anchu vishayangalil udyogaarthikale pareekshichu. pareekshaasamayamaayappozhekkum addehathinte padanathodulla eee samarppanam athisayakaramaaya phalam nalki; 1887leeii cape listtukal greak kolaniyile ettavum uyarnna marcode jaann moonnaam sthaanathethi. eathoru maanadandatthilum oru varsham valia vijayamaayirunna eee nettam prathyekichum shradheyamaayirunnu; varshathinte thudakkathil undaaya oru thettidhaarana thanne greak pareekshayil ninnu ozhivaakkumenn vishwasikkaan jaann kaaranamaayi-thalphalamaayi athu addeham erekkure avaganicha oru vishayamaayirunnu. pareekshaykk aarr divasam munbu eee vinashakaramaaya melnottam thurannukattappettu-oru varshathe patanam poortthiyaakkaan ippol oraazhchayil thaazhe maathrame undaayirunnulloo. taamasiyaathe pareekshikkappedenda vyaakaranathilum padaavaliyilum praaveenyam nedaanulla shramathil, jaann udan thanne thante murikalil svayam adachu, adutha divasangal poornnamaayum eakaanthathayil chelavazhichu, sooryodayathil ninnu sooryaasthamayam vare jolie cheythu. pareekshayude samayat eee kadinaadhvaanam phalam kandu. thaarathamyena churungiya samayathinullil jaann thante pusthakangal pradhaanamaayum manapaatamaakkukayum greak bhashayil sradheyamaaya alavil praaveenyam nedukayum cheythu.
smutsinte nischayadaartyamulla thozhil dhaarmikatha eee vijayangalil oru pradhana punk vahichu, ennittum addehathinte sakthamaaya ormmashakthi addehathe sahayichu. aaa praayatthil pusthakatthinte valia bhagangal vaayikkunnathiloode avaa manapaatamaakkaan jaann svayam kandethi, varshangal kadannupokumbol eee kazhivu kramena kuranjuvenkilum athu orikkalum poornnamaayum illaathaayilla. addehathinte makan pinneedu vivarikkendathu ingane
metrikkuleshan thadassappettathode 1887leeii kaalavadhi avasaanichappol smutts victoria kolejile vidyaarthiyaayi praveshikkukayum keppu oof good hoopp sarvakalashaalayil birudadhaariyaayi cherukayum cheythu.
victoria koleju.
victoria koleju smutsinte bhaavanaykk phalabhooyishtamaaya aditharayaayi maari. addehathinte jeevacharitrakaaranaaya dablyu. keey. hancock ezhuthunnathu ingane
eee anthareekshathil smuttukal thazhachuvalarnnu. arivukaludeyum padanathinteyum eee puthiya kaazhchakaliloode, avayil praaveenyam nedaanulla sramangalil addeham oru shramavum ozhivaakkiyillenn ippol velippeduthi. eee kaalaghattatthil avasheshikkunna addehathinte notebukkukal addehathinte padanangalude vyapthiyum vyapthiyum velippeduthunnu laattin, greak, jarmman, klaasikkukal, opttikkal physics, ajaiva rasathanthravum lohashasthravum, jaiva rasathanthravum krishiyum, jiyolaji-perukal maathram. orikkalkkoodi, rebeak vesttil sambhavichathupole, ithu pareekshakalkk vendiyulla patanam mathramaayirunnilla-ennatheyum pole, smutts paatyapadhathiyude paridikk purathu uthsaahathode padikkunnathu thudarnnu.
victoria kolejile adutha kurachu varshangalil smutsinte matham nirnaayaka praadhaanyamullathaayi thudarnnu. njaayarazhchakalil addeham ravileyum vaikunneravum nadakkunna palli shushrooshakalil pankedukkukayum praadeshika niramulla aankuttikalkkayi oru baibil patana klaas nayikkukayum aazhchayil vaikunnerathe praarthanaa yogangalil shradhaapoorvvam pankedukkukayum cheythirunnu. victoria kolejinullil addeham roopeekaricha ettavum sakthamaaya souhrudangalilonnu daivashaasthra faakkalttiyude thalavanaaya professor jii maaraisumaayittaayirunnu.
baibil padippikkalukalil maathram adhishtithamaaya dhaarmika veekshanam pulartthiyirunnavanum sabhayil oru bhaavikkaayi vidhikkappettavanumaaya oraalil smutsinte mathaparamaya aacharanam athishayakaramalla. ennirunnaalum, matham eee kendrapankuvahikkunnathu thudarnnenkilum, stellanboshile addehathinte padanangal, avarude nischayadaartyamulla shaasthreeya pakshapaathatthode, addehathinte vishwaasathe kooduthal vimarsanaathmakamaaya parishodhanayilekku nayichu. eee samayam muthal, kramena, addeham valarthappetta vittuveezhchayillaatha kaalvinist veekshanathil ninnu akannupokaan thudangi.
stellenbosh smutsinte boudhika unarvu adayaalappeduthukayaanenkil, avideyaanu addeham saamoohikamaayi pakwata praapichathu. ivide addeham thanne alattiya lajja karuthalum upekshikkanum praadeshika millisiayil cheraanum koleju maasikayil sthiramaayi sambhavana nalkaanum victoria koleju debating sosaittiyude nethaavaakaanum thudangi. aadyamaayi, vaakkaalullathum saahityaparavumaaya samvaadangalil, dakshinaafrikka abhimukeekarikkunna raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya prasnangalumaayi smutts edapedaan thudangi.
thante lajja karuthalum ozhivakkaan smutts valareyadhikam cheythenkilum stellanboshil addeham kadinavum vegathilullathumaaya souhrudangal undaakki. ennittum avideyaanu addeham thante jeevithathil oru pradhana punk vahikkenda sthriye kandumuttiyath. aisi ennariyappedunna sibella maargaretha crigg, pramukha praadeshika veenjum sheerakarshakanumaaya jappy kriginte makalaayirunnu. smattukalekkaal aarumasam ilaya avar samanamaaya swabhaava savisheshathakalulla samanamaaya valarthal pankittu. avarude makan, jaann kristhyan ennum pinneedu ezhuthappettu
smaattukaleppole, metrikkuleshan pareekshayil uyarnna maarkk nediya oru budhimaanaaya yuvathiyaayirunnu aisi. oru penkuttiyenna nilayil unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinte bhaavi avalkk erekkure adanjukidakkukayaanennu karuthappettirunnu. kavita vaayikkukayum pianoyil orumichu paadukayum cheiyukayo victoria kolejilekkum purathekkumulla yaathrayil ravileyum vaikunneravum orumichu nadakkukayo cheiyukayo cheytha avalude koottatthil chelavazhicha samayam smutsinte saamoohika ottappedal takarkkaan valareyadhikam sahayichu, ithu "praayapoorthiyaaya ghadakam" ennathinekkurichu addeham pulartthiyirunna chila samrakshana munvidhikal, athaayath samaprayakkaar ennu parayaan addehathe praapthanakki. kurachu varshangalkk sesham addeham thante dayariyil ezhuthiyathupole "[aval], ennekkaal kurachumaathram aadarshavaadiyaaya, ennaal kooduthal manushyathvamulla, enne boudhika ottappedaliloode oormmippikkukayum enne ente koottukaarude aduthekku thirike konduvarikayum cheythu."
rashtreeya unarvu.
1888ll sessil roads victoria koleju sandarshichu. koleju debating sosaittiyude nethaavenna nilayil, vidyaarthi samghadanaye prathinidheekarichu swaagatha prasangam nadatthaan smutsine kshanichu. keppu kolaniyude pradhaanamanthriyaakunna vakkilulla roads, dakshinaafrikkan rashtreeya, saambathika aikyathinte shabdamuyarthiya vakthavaayirunnu. ippol, eee sandarshana velayil, paan-aphricanism enna vishayathil smutts thante prasangam nadatthaan theerumaanichu.
stellanboshile addehathinte kaalatthinte oru uthppannamaayirunnu smutsinte raashtreeyavumaayulla edapedal. maathaapithaakkalude rashtreeya mithathwavum aafrikkan exclusivisathe nirasikkunnathum addehathe swathasidhamaaya munvidhikalonnum moolam valia thothil akattinirthiyirunnavirum victoria kolejile addehathinte kaalamaayirunnu addehathinu svanthamaayi oru swatantra rashtreeya veekshanam vikasippichedukkaan kaaranamaayath. eee kaazhchappaadukal smutsinte mattoru nischayadaartyavumaayi chernnu vikasichu, aikyathinte aalroopathekkurichulla addehathinte daarshanika pinthudaral. eee boudhika anweshanam pinneedu addehathinte vishudhiyude thathwachinthayaayi vikasichuvenkilum eee aadyakaala avikasita ghattathil polum addeham eee ashayangal thante rashtreeya abhipraayangal roopappeduthunnathil konduvannu. athinaal thekke aafrikkan aikyathinte thuranna pinthunakkaaranaayum, vipuleekaranathiloode, rodukalude pinthunakkaaranaayum smutts uyarnnuvannu.
eee samayat ezhuthiya rund lekhanangal smutsinte pilkkala kazhchappaadukalaaya raashtreeyavum daarshanikavumaaya kaazhchappaadukalkk munkootty kaanikkunnu. ivayil aadyathethu, "southu aafrikkan kasttams union" enna thalakkettil 1890 ll keppu oof good hoopp sarvakalashaala vaagdaanam cheytha jebi ebden sammanathinaayulla malsarathil ezhuthappettu. dakshinaafrikkayile kolanikalkkum samsthaanangalkkum edayilulla saambathika bandhangalekkurichulla oru parisodhanayaaya eee lekhanam jadjimar 'valareyadhikam prashamsicha'uvenkilum sammanam nedunnathil parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, mithamaaya vijayam maathram nediyengilum, eee samayat smutsinte rashtreeya kaazhchappaadinte vyakthavum aadhikaarikavumaaya prasthavanayaayi ithu athishayakaramaan.
dakshinaafrikkayile kolanikalkkum samsthaanangalkkum edayilulla rashtreeya, saambathika bandhangalekkurichulla vishamakaramaaya chodyam smutts eee lekhanathil pariganichu. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya saameepyathinte kaaryatthil aduthaanengilum, kazhinja kaalnoottaandile avarude prasnakaramaaya bandhangal rashtreeya bhinnathayude anthareeksham srishtikkaan valareyadhikam sahayichu. dakshinaafrikkayile mothathilullathinekkaal swantham parochiyal aashankakalil kooduthal thaalpparyamulla raashtreeyakkaar valarthiyedutha cheria asooyakalude falamaanu eee verpiriyal pradhaanamaayum sambhavichathenn smutts karuthi. dakshinaafrikkaye mothatthil smutts aayirunnu; addeham oru kolaniyudeyo samsthaanathinteyo paksham mattethinu mukalilalla, marichu eee pradeshathe orotta ikyamaayi kanakkakki. swantham vaakkukalil addeham ithu sangrahichu
ikyathinaayulla ahvaanam eee chodyathinulla addehathinte vaikaarika prathikaranamaayirunnu. bhoomiyilekku erangiya addeham, athinte aathyanthika saakshaathkaarathilekkallu chuvaduvayppukalaayi rund vyakthamaaya nayangal nirddeshichu-oru paan-southu aafrikkan railway samvidaanathinte vipuleekaranam, kooduthal vaanijya bandhangal valarthal, eee pradeshathe bandhippikkal, ellah praadeshika thaarifukalum vyapara thadassangalum illaathaakkal enniva oru southu aafrikkan kasttams union roopeekarikkunnathinoppam.
eee lekhanathinte rachana smattukale sambandhichidatholam oru pradhana roopeekaranaanubhavamaayirunnu. aadyamaayi addeham samakaalika raashtreeyathekkurichu chodyangal gauravamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyukayum angane cheyyumbol avaa pariharikkunnathil thante swantham rashtreeya punk entho manassilakkukayum cheythu. addeham ezhuthendathu ingane
eee nimisham adisthaanaparamaayirunnenkum, athu oru thudakkam mathramaayirunnu. addehathinte jeevacharitrakaaranaaya dablyu. keey. hancock abhipraayappettath polen "ennirunnaalum, [smutts] rajyangal bharanaparamaya krameekaranangalal mathramalla nirmmikkappedunnathenna ariyamaayirunnu". bhaaviyile dakshinaafrikkan saahithyathinte saahacharyangal" enna thante adutha lekhanathil, raashtranirmmaanathile mattoru pradhana gadakathe-oru aikya samooham roopeekarikkunnathinu aavashyamaaya saamskaarikavum vaikarikavumaaya bandhangale-addeham kaikaaryam cheythu. prathyakshatthil oru rashtreeya vishayathe kurichu ezhuthiya eee lekhanathil, oru yadhaartha dakshinaafrikkan raashtram janikkunnathuvare oru yadhaartha dakshinaafrikkan saahityam nilavilundaayirunnillum nilanilkkillennum smutts prakhyaapichu. appol chodyam uyarnnu-enthaanu eee vikasanathe thadassappeduthiyathu? brittan boyer thammilulla bandhamaan thadassappeduthunna gadakamennu smutts thiricharinju-prathyekichu traansvaalinte swarnna khanikalilekkulla britiish kudiyettakkaarude varavu aazhathilulla yaadhaasthithika aafrikkan janasamkhyayil cheluthiya swaadheenam. eee rund vibhaagangalum thammilulla bandham niranjathaayirunnu; svarnnathinte kandethalum traansvaalinte druthagathiyilulla vyavasayavalkkaranavum bower janasamkhyayude sthirathaamasamaakkiya vazhikale thadassappeduthaan valareyadhikam sahayichu. vishalamaaya dhaatu sambathu ullathinaal transwall athivegam dakshinaafrikkayile ettavum pradhanappetta saambathika unitaayi maarukayayirunnu, ennaal praadhamikamaayi britiish kudiyettakkaarude pettennulla veliyettam valia aswasthathaykku kaaranamaayi, puthiya khanithozhilaalikalil avar manassilakkiya adaarmikathayum adhapathanavum sthaapitha janasamkhya apalapichu. transwall ettavum shakthamaayirunnenkilum eee divisionukal dakshinaafrikkayiludam oru paridhivare nilaninnirunnu. pazhaya janathayude aashankakalodu anubhavam prakadippichenkilum, avarude sthaapithamaaya vazhikalum paarambaryangalum kudiyettatthinte vellappokkathil chathuppunilamaakumenn bhayann, puthiya kudiyettakkaar kuthivaykkunnathu kanda chalanaathmakathayude puthiya manobhaavam sweekarikkaan africakkarode smutts abhyarthichu. athupole, bhaaviyile oru dakshinaafrikkan rajyathinaayi vellakkaare ekeekarikkunnathinum, mathramalla valareyadhikam kooduthal thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude munnil avarude athijeevanam surakshithamakkunnathinum pazhayavarumaayi samyojippikkaanum addeham puthiya janasamkhyaye udbodhippichu.
puthiya disha.
pilkkala varshangalil smutts eee kaalayalav sangrahichu
1891leeii pareekshakalil saahithyathilum shaasthrathilum smutts eratta onnaamathethi. keppu oof good hoopp sarvakalashaala vaagdaanam cheiyunna videsha padanatthinulla ebden scholarshippin addeham apekshikkukayum vijayikkukayum cheythu. 1891 septambar 23nuu addeham keppil ninnu purappettu, roslin kotta enna kappalil, yunaittad kingdatthilekkum kembridge sarvakalaashaalayile oru sthalathekkum pooyi.
kembridge.
smutsine kristhuvinte collegil praveshippikkukayum avidevechu niyamam padikkaan thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
niyamatthinte thiranjeduppu smattukalkkayulla oru puthiya adhyaayathinte thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthi. stellanboshile muun varshangal valia boudhika vikasanamaayirunnu. thante valarthalinte idungiya kendreekaranatthil ninnu, addehathinte veekshanam ippol vikasikkukayum, ippol addehathinte munnil thurannirikkunna arivinte vishalathayekkurichulla oru avabodham addehathinte ullil unarukayum cheythu. smutts sabhayude anuyayiyaayirikke bybilineyum athinte padippikkalukaleyum bahumaanikkunnundengilum, padanakaalatthu kooduthal chodyamcheyyunnathum vimarsanaathmakavumaaya veekshanam vikasippicheduthu. thante sarvakalashala jeevithathinte thudakkathil maathaapithaakkalude agrahangal pinthudarukayum sabhayilekku niyamikkappedukayum cheiyunnathil addeham samthrupthanaayirunnu, victoria kolejile samayam avasaanichathode eee pathayil prathijnjaabadhanaakaan addeham kooduthal kooduthal thayyarayilla. samanvayamenna ashayam addeham ithuvare poornnamaayum nirasichittillenkilum, aaa theerumaanam edukkunnathinu munbu kooduthal vaividhyamaarnna patana kaalayalav addeham aagrahichu. athinaal daivathvamo thathwashaasthramo thiranjedukkunnathinekkaal niyamam thiranjedukkaan smoottukal vannu-bhaaviyile oru mathamanthriyude yukthisahamaya thiranjeduppukal.
kembridjile kaalath smutts thante pazhaya suhruthum adthyaapakanumaaya professor maaraisumaayi pathivayi kathidapaadukal nadathiyirunnu. smutsinte niyamaparamaaya thiranjeduppu iruvarum thammilulla sajeevamaaya oru charchaykku kaaranamaayi, maraayikal smutsinte thiranjeduppinodu khedam prakadippikkukayum niyamam 'lalithamaayi tharamthirikkappetta humbug' aanennu prakhyapikkukayum 'niyamaparamaaya tomukale marikadakkunnavar' 'jeevithathekkurichulla karar veekshanam' ullavaraanennu aaropikkukayum cheythu. ithinu marupadiyaayi smutts niyamathe prathirodhikkunathinulla oru lekhanam kristhuvinte koleju maasikayil prasidheekarichu. niyamam-oru udaarapatanam' enna thalakkettil, eee vimarshanangale thallikkalayaan sramichukondu, moshe muthal abhibhaashakar 'sabhayude mahathaaya velichangalum aabharanangalum' aanennum niyamathinullil thirichariyunnuvennum prakhyaapichu...manushyacharithrathinte yugangaliloode athu vikasichukondirikkunnu...purogamanaparamaaya manushyaraashiyude ettavum aazhameriyathum sathyasandhavum sthiravumaaya chinthayum saamoohika nettavumaanu.'
eee boudhika thalatthilulla souhrudathinu purame, vichitramaaya oru prathisandhi ghattathil smutsine rakshikkaanum maraaysinu kazhinju.
saadhaarana sarvakalashaala birudadhaariyekkaal moonno athiladhikamo vayass praayamulla irupathiyonnaam vayassil smutts kembridjil vannu. vyathyasthamaaya saamoohika pashchaathalam, vyathyasthamaaya valarthal, vyathyasthamaaya manobhaavangal ennivayaal addeham thante varshathe mattu purushanmaaril ninnu otappettu. nissaarathayodum alasathayodumulla smutsinte avaganana kaayikarangathodulla thaalpparyakkuravum colleginu purathu thamasam ettedukkaanulla theerumaanavum addehathe mattu vidyaarthikalil ninnu bhinnippikkan valareyadhikam sahayichu. kembridjile aadya varshathil, smutts 'thikachum vijananaya' svayam visheshippichukondu valareyadhikam homesic anubhavichu. ennittum eee samayat smutsinu saamoohika avasarangal illaayirunnu-addehathinte jeevacharitrakaaranaaya dablyu. keey. hancock ezhuthiyathu polen
ithu theerchayaayum smutsinte vyathyaasathinteyum puthiyathum aparichithavumaya chuttupaadukalkk munnil svayam veendum urappikkunnathumaaya oru kesayirikkaam; ennirunnaalum smuttsinte jeevacharitrakaaranmaar eee aadya varshathil sahicha daaridryathe eathaandu saarvathrikamaayi visheshippikkunnu.
ebden scholarshippin saadhaaranayaayi prathivarsham 200 poundu moolyamundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1891-ll, fundinte nikshepangalude parajayam kaaranam, athinte moolyam 100 poundu mathramaayirunnu. kudumba faamile smutsinte vyakthigatha kannukaali valarthumrigangalude vilppana addehathe kadal vazhi adaykkaan praapthanaakkukayum baankil oru cheria avashishtam avasheshikkukayum cheythu, ennittum oru vidyaarthiyenna nilayil addehathinte vibhavangalum avashya aavasyangalum thammil ganyamaaya vidavu nilaninnu. addehathinte aadya kaalayalavil kristhuvinte koleju addehathinu oru cheria scholarship nalkiyengilum aaa vidavu nilaninnu. ithu smuttukalkku oru durbalamaaya bhaaramaayirunnu, ennittum professor maraayisaan addehathe rakshikkaan varendathu. 1891 avasaanathode 50 poundinte check udan thirike nalkikkond smutts thante budhimuttukal maraisinode ariyichu. thanikk aavasyamundennu thonnumbozhellaam thanikk ezhuthaan marais smutsinode abhyarthichu, athinu pakaramaayi smutts maraayisine gunabhokthavaayi namakaranam cheytha oru life insurance poolisi eduthu. smutts marichirunnenkil eee poolisi vaaypakal ulkkollumaayirunnu, pakshe addeham jeevichirunnappol smuttinte samagratha mathramaayirunnu maraayisinte cover.
maarisinte vaaypakalum eben scholarship chernnu smutts oru paridhivare saambathika suraksha aaswadikkaan thudangi. sambannaril ninnu valare akaleyaanengilum kuranjathu thante adisthaana chelavukalenkilum vahikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. randaam varsham muthal smutts sarvakalaashaalayude saamoohika mekhalayilekku kooduthal praveshikkaan thudangi. addeham eakaanthatha avasaanippichu, mattu colonial vidyaarthikalkkidayil niravadhi suhruthukkaleyum parichayakkareyum undaakki. thante aadyavarshathil undaayirunnathupole ottappedal illengilum, addeham valare gauravathodeyum thante joliyodu arppanabodhathodeyum thudarnnu; engleesh birudadhaarikalil ninnu addehathe verthirikkunna oru thadassamaayi pravarthicha oru manobhaavam, kembridjile sahapravarthakaril ninnallengilum, avaril palarumayum addeham sauhrudam sthaapichu.
thante padanatthinte kaaryatthil, niyama tripoyude rund bhaagangalum ore varsham irunnu phastt klaas bahumathikalode vijayichathinte savisheshamaaya prathyekatha addeham nedi. kembridge smutsile padanakaalatthu niravadhi academic avaardukalum amgeekaarangalum nedi, 1893-ll roman niyamathilum niyamashaasthrathilum abhimaanakaramaaya jorjju long prais nalki, eee prathyeka bahumati nalkappettath valare apoorvamaayi maathrame nalkiyittulloo ennathinaal aavashyamaaya karsanamaaya academic nilavaaram valare apoorvamaayi maathrame paalikkappedunnulloo. kavita, thathwachintha, sasyashasthram, puraavasthushaasthram ennivayulppede vividha vishayangalekkurichulla vipulamaaya paatyethara vayana swakaarya gaveshanavum ithellaam samyojippichu. addehathinte jeevacharitrakaaranaaya dablyu. keey. hancock ezhuthiyathupole
anantharafalangal.
kembridjile smutsinte samayam mikacha vijayangalilonnaan; akkaalathe ettavum pramukha niyamabodhamulla addehathinte adthyaapakanaaya professor efdablue maitlaand thanne smutsine thaan padippicha ettavum mikacha niyama vidyaarthiyaayi visheshippichu. ithupolulla saakshyapatrangal upayogichu, 1894 venalkkaalath smutsinu oru varshathe padanatthinu 100 poundu nalkaan eben trasttikale prerippikkaan kazhinju. strasburgill oru cheria avadhikkaalathinu sesham, engleesh conveyancing jarmman thathwachinthayum padichukondu smutts englandilekku madangi. kurachu samayathekku addeham dutch birudam nedunnathinaayi netherlandsilekku pookaan aalochichenkilum 1894 oktobarode addeham baarinaayi vaayikkaan theerumaanichu. 1894 desemberil addeham court insinte oonar pareekshayil vijayichu thante varshathil onnaam sthaanathethi. smutsine madhyakshethrathilekku vilikkukayum taamasiyaathe addehathinte pazhaya kolejaaya kristtasil ninnu niyamathil oru fellowship vaagdaanam labikkukayum cheythu. englandil, athu praayogikamaayaalum akkaadamikamaayaalum, oru vishishtamaaya niyamajeevithathinulla saadhyatha ippol addehathinte munnilundu. pakaram, addeham rund vazhikalum nirasichu; 1895 juunil, addehathinte saambathika sahayam avasaanichappol, thante bhaavi avide nirmmikkaan dridanishchayathode homesic smuttukal keppilekku madangi.