
pazhaya mahathvam

1964ll aadyamaayi avatharippikkapetta american kavi roobert loval ezhuthiya oru naadakamaanu dhii ooldu glory. oru thrayam enna nilayil orumichu avatharippikkan uddeshichirunna moonnu kashanagal ithil ulppedunnu. endecot aandu dhii redu cross", "mye kinsman, mejar molineux" ennee aadya rund kashanagal nathaniel hathoninte cherukathakalude steju adaptationukalum moonnaamathe kashanam "benitoo serino" herman melvilleyude novalinte steju adaapteshanumaayirunnu.
ulppaadana charithram.
"1964ll newyork nagaratthile american plays thiyettaril frank langella, rosco liie braun, lesttar rollins ennivar abhinayicha kambaniyude aadya nirmmaanatthil "dhii ooldu glory" oof-broadway nirmmikkukayum 1965ll "mikacha american naadakatthinulla" award langella, braun, rollins ennivaykkulla avaardukalum ulppede anchu obi avaardukal nedukayum cheythu. eee nirmmaanathinaayi, moonnu naadakangalum orumichu valare dairkhyameriyathaayirunnu, samvidaayakanaaya jonathan miller "endecot redu cross" enna aadya bhagam murikkan theerumaanichu."ennirunnaalum, 1968-ll, american plays thiyettar" "endecot aandu dhii redu cross" "enna peril oru poornna nirmmaanam nadatthi," "dhii ooldu glory endecot aandu dhii redu cross" "enna peril, spalding gray, kenneth haay enniva abhinayichu".
1965 januvariyil jeane bii. american plays theaterumaayi sahakarichu webstar oof-broadwayile thiyettar dii lissil benitoo serino nirmmichu. rosco liie braun, maarkk lenard, jaims paattezhsan, jacq ryland ennivar pradhana veshangalilethiya chithratthil jonathan miller veendum samvidaanam cheythu. 
"1976ll american aikyanaadukalude dvishathaabdi aakhoshathodanubandhichu randaamathe oof-broadway uthppaadanathinaayi "ooldu glory" punarujjeevippichu. thudarnnu, 2011-ll, horisoon thiyettar prathinidhiyil oru oof-broadway nirmmaanathinaayi mattu rund naadakangal illaathe "benitoo serino" nirmikkappettu.
"endecot redu cross".
eee naadakatthile kathapaathrangalil shree. blaakkston, thomas morttan, govarnor endecot. 1630kalil merry moundu settilmentilaanu (masaachyusetsile kwinsey nagarathinullil oru ayalpakkamaayi innum nilanilkkunnu) eee naadakam sajjeekarichirikkunnath. blaakkston, morttan, endecot ennee moonnu pradhana kathaapaathrangal yadhaartha charitra vyakthikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ithivritham yadhaartha charitra sambhavangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. prasidheekaricha naadakatthinte aamukhathil, roobert breastein ezhuthunnu, "endecot aandu dhii redu crossil", colonial amerikkayile uyarnna jeevithamulla engleesh-royalstukale abhimukeekarikkunna soumyamaaya perumattamulla purittan sainikan rashtreeya-mathaparamaya thaathparyathaal raktham choriyaan nirbandhithanaakunnu."
"ente bandhu, mejar molineux".
mejar molineux, kenal greeno, robin, robinte sahodaran ennivaraanu eee naadakatthile kathaapaathrangal. american viplavam pottippurappedaan pookunnathupoole bostanilaanu naadakam orukkiyirikkunnath. prasidheekaricha naadakatthinte aamukhathil, roobert breastein ezhuthunnu, "mye kinsman, mejar molineux" enna pusthakatthil, american viplavam bosttanile 'marichavarude nagaram' enna britiish bandhuvine thirayunna rund manfield yuvakkal anubavikkunna akramasakthamaaya oru pediswapnamaayi vikasikkunnu."lovalinte kathayude pathipp hathoninte yadhaartha cherukathayekkaal sarriyalistik, cartoonish aanu.
"benitoo serino".
kyapttan amasa delano, joonn perkins, benitoo serino, babo ennivaraanu eee naadakatthile kathaapaathrangal. 1799ll american kappalaya "president adams", spanish kappalaya "saan dominic" ennivayilaanu ithu sajjeekarichirikkunnath. trinidad theerathu oru spanish adimakkappal thante kappal thuramukhathu aayirikkumbol kandumuttunna oru nyoo englandu sealing kappalinte chumathala amerikkakkaranaaya kyapttan delanoyekkurichaanu naadakatthinte ithivritham. kyapttan spanish kappal sandarshikkukayum (ithu poornnamaayum kuzhappathilaanu) oduvil adimakal, babo enna adimayude neethrthwathil kappal ettedukkukayum kappalinte captaneyum bhooribhaagam jeevanakkareyum kollukayum sheshikkunna eathaanum naavikaril oralaaya benitoo serino aafrikkayilekku madangaan sahayikkaan nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu manassilakkukayum cheiyunnu.
prasidheekarana charithram.
"1965ll farrar, strass, girox ennivar chernnaanu "dhii ooldu glory" aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. 1968ll cheria maattangalode oru puthukkiya pathipp prasidheekarichu. eee pathippil roobert breasteente aamukhavum jonathan millarude directors kurippum ulppedunnu. pazhaya mahathvam" "american kathaapaathrathinte naadakeeyamaaya charithram" ennu breastein visheshippichu, "misttar" koottichertthu. bhoothakaalam thante asthikalil thanne pravarthikkunnathaayi lovalinu anubhavappedunnu...manappoorvvam thanuppikkunnathum alakkunnathum vidooravumaaya oru shaili sweekarichu, addeham thante naadakangalkku parukkan budhiyum kadinamaaya abhiniveshavum nalki, ithu noonn-discursive kavithakalude ellah nirddeshaathmaka shakthiyum upayogichu kaazhchakkaarane pravarthippikkunnu."pusthakatthinte sheershaka pejinu munbu, loval audyogikamaayi abhiprayappettu," "endecot aandu dhii redu cross", "merry moundinte meeii-pooll", "" "mye kinsman, mejar molineux" "; thomas morttante" "nyoo kanaan" "; herman melvilleyude" "benitoo serino" "ennivayaanu ente uravidangal"."
rachanayude charithram.
herman melvilleyude novalaaya benitoo serino newyork nagaratthile metropolittan oopparaykkaayi oru oopparayaayi mattaanulla shramathodeyaanu lovalinte "ooldu glory" enna ashayam aarambhichath. 1960-ll kavi vilyam meriditthinte sahaayathode lovalinu libretto ezhuthaan foord foundeshanil ninnu oru graant labhichu. ennirunnaalum, lovalinu oopparayiloo sangeetha parisheelanatthilo pashchaathalamillaathathinaal, addeham eee projakttumaayi mallidukayum libretto nalkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythu.
oru varshathilereyaayi addeham oru libretto poortthiyaakkaan shramichuvenkilum, 1961 joolaiyil thante cussin haariyat winsloyk ezhuthiya kathil, "ente foord [foundeshan] ooppara graant thripthippeduthaanaanu thaan eee kashanam ezhuthunnathennu addeham sammathichu, ennirunnaalum njaan oru naadakathekkurichaanu chinthikkunnathu."1961 avasaanathode, loval oru libretto ezhuthaanulla ashayam upekshichu pakaram thante oorjjam naadakamaaya 'pazhaya mahathvam' roopappeduthunna moonnu naadakeeya naadakangal ezhuthunnathilekku thirichuvittu. 1962-nte thudakkathil addeham thante naadakatthinte aadya draaft ezhuthunnathu poortthiyaakki, 1963 aayappozhekkum addeham newyorkkil "ooldu glory" samvidaanam cheyyaan thaalparyam prakadippicha engleesh samvidaayakan jonathan millarinoppam pravartthikkaan thudangi.
vimarsanaathmakamaaya prathikaranam.
1964ll lovelinte suhruthaaya kavi randall jaarel benitoo serino "oru maastarpees" ennum kavi dablyu. dii. newyork review oof books" enna pusthakatthil snodegrass eee naadakathekkurichu oru nalla avalokanam ezhuthi. newyork times" enna paripaadiyil (athil "endecot redu cross" ozhivaakkappettu), naadaka niroopakanaaya howard toubmaanum "benitoo serino" yeei prashamsichuvenkilum "ente bandhu, mejar molineux" ennu addeham visheshippicha "oru aadambaravum kalaparamaaya triffle" ennu vimarshichu."1968ll" "endecot aandu dhii redu cross" "nirmmichappol," "dhii newyork timesy" "nte clive barnus ezhuthi, naadakam kavyathmakavum rasakaramaaya ashayangal niranjathumaanenkilum, nirmmaanamo rachanayo vediyil poornnamaayum edapazhakunnuvennu addeham karuthiyilla".
pazhaya mahathvam" enna vishayathekkurichulla oru pandithochithamaaya lekhanathil, barooch hoachman moonnu naadakangaleyum prashamsichu, "naadakakrithu kaviye thaazhthipparayunnu."hochmaante vyaakhyaanathil," eee naadakangal american jeevithathile akramatthinte kendrabinduvinekkur, naagarikathayude hridayabhaagathulla abhipraayavyathyaasangalekku. oru thrayam enna nilayil, adichamarthunna shakthikalum avare attimarikkaan sramikkunna shakthikalum thammilulla bandham naadakangal parishodhikkunnu."
1964-ll rooth hershberger "benitoo serino" yekkurichu "dhaa villej voys" ennathil oru vivaada avalokanam ezhuthi, athil avar loval vamseeyatha aaropikkukayum (herman melville lakshyamit addehathinte noval "benitoo serino" enna novalinekkurichu oru aaropanam uyarthukayum cheythu), addehathinte naadakatthe pouraavakaasha prasthaanathinethiraaya oru prasthavanayaayi avar vyaakhyaanichu. aaropanathil bhayanna loval "graamashabdam" enna edittarmaarkku thaazhepparayunna kathiloode prathikarichu 
 ente naadakamaaya "benitoo serino" yekkurichulla rooth hershbergerinte durudheshyakaramaaya vivaranam enne njettichu. . .paribhraantharaayirikkumbol akramathodulla american pravanathayil njaan bhayappedunnundennu thikachum vyakthamaan, athaanu ente kaliyude avasaanam-adimakaleyum avarude nethaavineyum kalapa kappalil kolluka-ennathinartham. . .njaan kyapttan delano aanennum nilavile neegro kalaapathe thokkukaliloodeyo mattenthenkilum vazhiyo adichamarthaan aagrahikkunnuvennum rooth hershberger paranja dhaarana apavaadamaanu. union dedd" enna ente kavithayil, pazhaya unmoolanavaada manobhaavam nashtappettathil njaan vilapikkunnu; munkaalangalilum varthamaanakaalathum neegroyodulla american perumaattatthinte bhayanakamaaya aneeti oru manushyanenna nilayilum ezhuthukaaranenna nilayilum enikku ettavum adiyanthiramaanu.
virodhabhaasamaaya oru twisttil, hershbergerinte negatteevu lekhanam prasidheekarichathinu sesham oru varsham kazhinju (mukalil soochippichathupole) "grama shabdam" avarude anchu obi thiyettar avaardukal nalki "pazhaya mahathvam" nalkum.

