
belem jayil

meksikkoyile meksikoo sittiyil sthithi cheiyunna belem jayil 1886 muthal 1930 kalude arambham vare pravarthichu. 1857 leeii udaraparishkaara samayat eee kettidam aadyam palli upayogichirunnu. jayil pradhana jayilayi lecumberry jayil maatti, ithu oru kaundi allengil sitti jayilinu thulyamaayi maari. valare pothu vichaaranakalulla ariyappedunna niravadhi kuttavaalikalkk thaamasikkaanaayi.
vaasthuvidyaaparavum sabhaparavumaaya paithrikam.
oduvil belen jayilayi maarunna kettidam padrey domingo perez dii barsiayaanu kammeeshan cheythath. 1683ll nirmmicha ithu 1908ll nagaratthile ettavum pazhaya kettidangalilonnayi pattikapedutthi. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathile eee prashastha purohitan collegio dii saan migual dii belem (vivarthanam koleju oof sent. bethlahemile maikkal). saadhaaranayaayi "collegio dii laas mochas" (vivarthanam vilaveduthavarude koleju) ennu vilikkappedunna eee kettidam kaalakramena oru konventum oru abhaykendravum daridra matha vanithakalude aashupathriyumaayirunnu.
1857ll, udaaraparishkaranam ennariyappettirunna kaalaghattatthil, eee swath samsthaanam kanduketty.< 1886ll eee kettidam belen jayilayi veendum thurannu.
jayil charithram.
1886ll meksikoo nagaratthile pradhana jayilayi belen maari. eee varshamaan ellah thadavukaareyum kodathikaleyum munisippal kottaaratthil ninnu maatti muun konventil thaamasippichathu. meksikoo sittiyude thekkupadinjaaran pradeshathaanu eee kettidam sthithicheyyunnathu. eee jayil nagaratthiludaneelam azhukkukaludeyum kuttakrithyangaludeyum kendramaayi ariyappettirunnu. oru kuttavaaliyaakunnathinekku nannayi manassilakkaan bakkiyulla kuttavaalikal. belinil praveshichappol aarenkilum niraparaadhikalaanenkil avar oru samboornna kuttavaaliyaayi puratthuvarum.
1900 nuu sesham lecumberry jayil thurannappol, belen oru kaundi jayil poleyaayi maari, cheria shiksha labhikkuna kuttavaalikale maathram ulkkollukayum vichaarana kaathirikkunnavare 1900 ll thurakkukayum cheythu.
oduvil kettidam thakarnn oru school nirmmikkaan vazhiyorukki. takarnna jayilinte pratheekamaanu belen ennu pala jayil parishkartthaakkalum aavasyappettirunnu. punaradhivasa sthalathekkaal vinodathinte uravidamaanu jayilennu avar vaadichu.
meksikkan viplavakaalath jayil aakramikkappedukayum niravadhi thadavukaare mochippikkukayum cheythu.
leauttu.
kettidatthinu moonnu nilakalum oru basement undaayirunnu. meksikoo nagaratthile varenyavargakkaar/prabhukkanmarkkaayi mukalilathe nila neekkivachirunnu. oru pandithan abhipraayappedunnu, "orikkal oru maanyan, ellaayppozhum oru maanyan, jayilil polum". eee pradeshathe "department oof disttinshan" ennu vilikkukayum unnatha niyamalamghakarkku avar veettil kandethunna athe sukhasoukaryangal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
randaamatheyum onnaam nilakalilum jayil shiksha anubhavicha sthreekalkkum kuttikalkkumulla sthalangal undaayirunnu. avarkk prathyeka thaamasoukaryam nalkiyengilum eee verthirivukal nadappakkiyilla ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. eee nilakalil administrative offeesukalum kodathi murikalum undaayirunnu.
belante adithara kuprasidhamaaya oru sthalamaayirunnu. basementil, idaykkide vellapokkam sambhavichu, thadavukaare apakadakaramaaya malinamaaya vellathil avarude cellukaliloode nadakkaan anuvadichu. basementile ettavum kuprasidhamaaya rund sellukalkk "narakam", "shudheekaranashaala" ennu perittirunnu, iva eakaantha thadankal sellukalaayirunnu, cellukalil prakasham praveshichilla.
thadavukaarkku svayam aashwasikkaan cellukalil nilathu orotta dwaaram undaayirunnu, ithu vellappokkathinte prasnangal koottukayum apakadakaramaaya oru veruppulavaakkunna vasham cherkkukayum cheythu.
jeevaparyantham thadavo vadhashikshayo shikshikkappettavarkkayi samvaranam cheytha basementile cellukal. vadhashikshaykk vidhikkapetta oraal nilavarayile avasthakal moolam marichillengil avar oru firing schwadine abhimukeekarikkum.
firing squad thadavukaarane kettidatthinte pinvashathulla mathilukalulla "poonthottatthilekku" kondupokum. thadavukaarane mathilinu nere nirtthi vadhasiksha nadappakkaan alkkaar munnott pookum. noottaandinte thudakkathil vadhashikshayude upayogam kuranju; thadavukaarkku "poonthottatthe" bhayamundaayirunnilla, kaaranam avarude shiksha irupathu varshathe shikshayaayi mattaanum saadhyathayund.
jayil utharavu.
jayilinte melnottam vahikkaan kurachu udyogasthare maathrame jayilil niyogichittulloo. thadavukaarkku soukaryathinte dainamdina nadathippinte chumathalayundaayirunnu. eee nivaasikale "prasidantumaar" ennu vilikkukayum pravartthanangal nadakkunnundennu urappakkaanulla chumatala vahikkukayum cheythu. eee "prasidantumaar" kku melnottam vahicha churukkam chila jeevanakkaare "mejarmar" ennu vilikkukayum thadavukaarude achadakkam polum "adikkunna presidentinu" vittukodukkukayum cheythu.
jayil samskaaram.
jaile thadavukaar palappozhum belem kaardukalude muttathu irikkunnathu kaanaan kazhiyum. jayil parishkaranatthinte vakthaakkal belene mosham reethiyil oodichukalayukayum chinthikkukayum cheytha jayilinte pratheekamaayi udharichu. kuttavaalikalil palarum avar praveshichathinekkaal criminal pravrithikal engane cheyyaamennathinekkurich mikacha daaranayumaayi pookum. jayilil pathivayi sandarshikkunna thadavukaar engane samvidaanathe kaikaaryam cheyyanamennu vegathil padichu.
jayilil upayogichirunna bhaashayude srishtiyude utharavaaditham thadavukaarkkaayirunnu. purathuninnullavarkku avar enthaanu samsaarikkunnathenn manassilakaathirikkaan saadhaarana enangal thadavukaar punarnaamakaranam cheythu. eee bhasha sambradaayam thadavukaare mayakkumarunnu polulla nirodhitha vasthukkal konduvaraan anuvadichu. pala prathikalum upayogikkunna oru saadhaarana marunnaan marijuwana.
niyamaviruddha bandhangalude oru choodulla kidakka" koodiyaayirunnu eee jayil. pala jayilukaleyum pole, thadavilaayirunna purushanmaar laingika pankaali muthal velakkaaran vareyulla bandhangalil thadavilaayirikkumbol swavarganuraga bandhangalilekku madangi. jayilinte bhashayil, mattu thadavukaarude gaarhika sevanamanushticha vyakthiyaan "gaattero", mattu thadavukaarodu laingikatha prakadippicha oru swavarganuragi vivarikkunnathinulla padamaayirunnu "mula".
1903num 1906num idayil carlos roomagnak jaile swavarggalaingikathayekkura niravadhi abhimukhangal nadatthi. meksikkoyile akkaalathe pramukha jayil parishkarana criminal shaasthranjaril oraalaayirunnu roomagnak. pederastiye dhaarmmikamaayi ettavum mosham doshamaayi kanakkakkiya roomagnak saamoohika perumattavum laingika chaayvukalum thammilulla bandham manasilakkaan aagrahichu. jayilil chelavazhicha samayat jaile bandhangal samoohathe valare aduthu pinthudarunnathaayi addeham kandethi. durbalaraayavare sakthamaaya reethiyil keezhadakkiyathum swavarggaanuraagabandhangal jayil mathilukalkk pinnilulla parambaraagatha lingaparamaaya veshangalude thudarchayumaayirunnu.
samoohavum belan.
akkaalathe samoohathinte mothatthilulla ashayangal shradhikkendathu pradhaanamaan. enthukondaanu jayil ithra kuprasiddhavum amita janasamkhyayullathum ennu nannayi manasilakkaan, athu niracha aalukal nammal aakarshicha samoohathilekku naam nokkanam.
garsayude muzhuvan pusthakavum, "dhii imaginated underweld", vidhi thammilulla yaadhaarthyathile edavelayil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
unnathavum thaazhnna varggavum. niyamavirudhamaaya pravarthanangalkku puram kaaranagal enthaanennu manasilakkaathe bharanavargathile varenyavarggakkaar daridrareyum avarude pravarthanangaleyum apamaanichu enna aashayathilaanu ithu shradha kendreekarikkunnathu. athishayokthi eee kaazhchappaadinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu, athu akkaalathe maadhyamangaliloode nadappakkappettu.
uyarnna vargakkaar kuttakrithyangalkku rund kaaranagal kandu, madyapaanam allengil marijuwana mayakkumarunnu upayogam. eee rund padaarthangaludeyum paishachikavalkkaranam varenyavargathe niyamaviruddha pravartthanangalude sakthamaaya uravidam nedaan anuvadichu, daridraraaya purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum pravarthanangalkku kuttappeduthaavunna onnu, avarude saambathika nilavaaram kaaranam avar anubhavikkan nirbandhitharaaya bhayanakamaaya avasthakal ulppedunnilla.
jayilil marijuwana prachaarathilundaayirunnum marijuvaanayude upayogam avarude pravarthanangalkku prachodanamaayennu pothujanangalil palarum vishwasichirunnuvennum. praadeshika pathratthil ninnulla oru chithreekaranam thadavukaaril oraalude akramasakthamaaya nadapadiye chithreekarikkunnu, addeham kanjaavu upayogikkunnathu bhraanthilekku nayichuvennu vishadamaayi vishadeekarikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathiludaneelam meksikkan pathrangalilum pothujana prathikaranagalilum eee pothu nool kaanaan kazhiyum.
jayil oru neecha sthalamaayi kaanappettirunnuvenkilum pothujanagalkk vannu thadavukaare kaanaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil uyarnna vargakkaar vannu vadhasiksha, touur jayilukal, maanasika abhayakendrangal enniva kaanuka ennathaayirunnu oru saadhaarana sambhavam. sandarshakarkku jayil kaananum athinte soukaryangal sandarshikkaanum kazhiyumennu videsikalkkaayulla oru samakaalika touur guide soochippikkunnu, pakshe athinethire munnariyipp nalkunnu.
prashastha thadavukaar.
maria villa.
irupathu varsham belem jayilil sikshikkappetta oru veshyayaayirunnu villa. katha oru melodrama pole vaayikkunnu. maria mattoru veshya ore manushyane snehichirunnu. mattoru veshya villa parasyamaayi apamanikkukayum avalude bahumaanathe chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu. aaa manushyanecholli iruvarum palathavana parasyamaayi vazhakkundaayi. villa mattoru veshya kollunnathiloodeyaanu katha avasaanikkunnath. eee cases vivaadaparavum choodulla vishayavumaayirunnu, kaaranam villa thanne mattoru veshya konnu thante bahumanam punasthaapikkaan oru thokku upayogichirunnu. aaa kaalaghattatthil, veshyakal nirvachanam anusarichu bahumaanamillaatha sthreekalaayirunnu. thangalude bahumanam chodyam cheyyappedumbol athu punasthaapikkaan bahumanamullah sthreekal purushanmaare aashrayichu. villa akkaalathe saamoohika maanadandangal lamghikkukayum avalude kuttatthinu kadinamaayi shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. kodathiyil svayam prathirodhikkaan shramicha villa kolapaathakakkuttangalil ninnu rakshappedaan irayude card kalikkunnathil parajayappettu. oru sthreek nalkia ettavum kadinamaaya shikshayaayirunnu avalude shiksha; jadjimar munbu oru sthriyeyum vadhashikshaykk vidhichitilla, avarkk irupathu varsham belemil labhichu.
edwardo velasquez.
diasinte jeevanu bheeshaniyaayi mardhanamettu kollapetta arnalpho aroyoyude vivaadamaaya maranathinu pinnil belemile thadavukaaranaayirunna muun police medhaaviyaayirunnu. thadavilaayirikkumbol velasquez svayam thalaykku vedivachathaayi parayappedunnu, ennaal ithu pracharippicha nunayaanennum meksikkan janatha ithu vishwasichillennum garza vishadeekarikkunnu.
yeshu bruno martinus.
belem jayilil ninnu purathukadanna thadavukaaran. samvidaanathe engane kaikaaryam cheyyanamennu padikkaanum jayilil ninnu mochanam labhikkaan jadjimarkkum presidentinu kathukal ezhuthaanum mattu thadavukaare sahayichu.
pakarchavyaadhiyum belen.
beleynile jeevita saahacharyangal pakarchavyaadhikal pakaraan praapthamaakkunnathil kuprasidhamaayirunnu. pakarchavyaadhikalil palathum typhus aayirunnu. meksikoyum yuu. esum thammilulla niravadhi aashayavinimayangalkk kaaranam belen aayirunnu.ezz. pakarchavyaadhikalude vyaapanam kaaranam athinte pravartthana samayat.
janasamkhyayude vardhanavum jayilinte mothatthilulla malinamaaya avasthayumaanu typhus, influvensa thudangiya rogangalude vyaapanathinte onnaam nambar uravidam. jayililadacha aalukal saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna vibhagangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu, avarude dainamdina jeevita saahacharyangal athra mechappettirunnilla ennathaanu mattoru prashnam.

