
walter siin

walter henry siin (desember 10,1906-februvari 14,2000) 1946 muthal 1956 vare aargon naashanal laboratariyude aadya directoraayirunna oru american nuclear physixistaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu manhattan projakttinte metallurgical laboratariyil jolie cheyyukayum 1942 desember 2 nuu chikkago sarvakalashaalayil nirnayakamaaya lokathile aadyathe nuclear reactor chikkago pail-1 nte nirmmaanathinu melnottam vahikkukayum cheythu. argonil addeham vaidyuthorjjam uthppaadippikkunna aadyathe aanava reactor pareekshanathmaka breeder reactor I ulppede niravadhi puthiya reactors roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu, athu 1951 desember 20 nuu sajeevamaayi.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1906 desember 10 nuu ontaariyoyile berlinil (ippol kichanar) oru tayar faaktariyil jolie cheythirunna joonn sinninteyum maria anna stoscophinteyum makanayi walter henry siin janichu. addehathinu oru factory thozhilaalliyaaya albert enna oru mootha sahodaran undaayirunnu.
1927ll ganithashaasthrathil baachilar oof arts birudavum 1930ll maasttar oof arts birudavum nediya siin kweens sarvakalashaalayil praveshichu. 1930ll columbia sarvakalashaalayil praveshichu avide bhauthikashaasthram padikkukayum "keey ex-reey agiranam parimithikalude ghadanayeyum veethiyeyum kurichulla rund-kristtal padanatthe" kurichu doctor oof philosophy prabandham ezhuthukayum cheythu. ithu pinneedu "physical review" yill prasidheekarichu.
svayam paripalikkunnathinaayi, 1927 muthal 1928 vare kweens sarvakalaashaalayilum 1931 muthal 1932 vare kolambiyayilum padippicha siin 1932 ll newyork sitti collegil oru instructoraayi. kweensilvechu addeham jenni eye kandumutty. (jeane) smith, oru saha vidyaarthi. 1933ll vivahitharaaya avarkk joonn eric, roobert jaims ennee rund aanmakkalundaayirunnu. 1938ll siin oru swaabhaavika yunaittad stetts pouranaayi.
manhattan padhathi.
1939-ll, siin jolie cheythirunna kolambiyayile pupin physics laborattarikal aduthide liss maitnar, oottoo hahn, fritts strassman ennivar kandethiya euranium, nuclear fission ennivayude gunangalekkurichulla theevramaaya gaveshanathinte kendramaayirunnu. columbia, siin, enrico fermi, herbert ell. aandezhsan, joonn aarr. fermi vishwasichathupole euranium-238 pathukke neutronukal upayogichu vighadippikkappedunnu atho euranium-235 isotope maathramaano ennu neels booar vaadichathupole danning lioo sylard anweshichu. shudhamaaya euranium-235 labhyamallathathinaal fermy sylard prakrithidatha yureniyavumayi pravartthikkaan theerumaanichu. oru aanava shringhala prathikaranam aarambikkaan kazhiyumo ennathil avarkk prathyeka thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. shringalayude prathikaranam thudarunnathinu ithinu oro vighadanathinum sharashari onniladhikam neutronukal purappeduvikkendathund. 1939 maarchode, oro vighadanathinum sharashari randennam puranthallappedunnuvennu avar sthaapichu. oru nyootron agiranam cheiyunna oru aattavum undaakunna vighadanavum thammilulla kaalathamasam oru shringhala prathikaranam niyanthrikkunnathinulla thacolaanu.
eee ghattathil siin fermicaayi pravartthikkaan thudangi, pareekshanathmaka euranium lattisukal nirmmichu. neutronukalude vegatha kuraykkaan oru nyootron moderator aavasyamaanu. vellam fermiyude aadya choys aayirunnu, pakshe athu neutronukale agiranam cheyyukayum avaye mandagathiyilaakkukayum cheythu. joolaiyil, graafaittinte roopathil kaarban upayogikkaan syllard nirddeshichu. oru golaakrithiyilulla reactorinte nirnaayaka aaram ingane kanakkakki
svayam nilanirthunna oru aanava shringhala prathikaranam sambhavikkunnathin, avarkk k> 1 aavasyamaanu. oru praayogika reactor konfigareshanu vendi, athu kuranjathu 3 allengil 4 shathamaanamenkilum kooduthalaayirikkanam; ennaal 1941 augustil sinninte prarambha pareekshanangal 0.87 enna nirashaajanakamaaya moolyathe soochippichu. mechappetta konfigareshanilum shudhamaaya yureniyathilum graafaittilum mikacha phalathekkurichulla thante prathekshakal fermi pinn cheythu.
1942-nte thudakkathil, america ippol randaam lokamahaayudhathil earppettirikkunnathil, arther compton manhattan projakttinte vividha teamukale chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile metallurgical laboratariyil plutoniyatthil pravarthippichu. upayogikkaatha staag feeldinte staandukalkku keezhil fermiyude vardhichuvarunna valia pareekshanathmaka konfigareshanukal nirmmikkaan siin athlattukale upayogichu. 1942 joolaiyil fermi oru euranium ooksaid laattisil ninnu oru keey = 1.007 alannu. ithu shudhamaaya euranium k-yude anuyojyamaaya moolyam nalkumenna prateeksha uyarthi.
1942 disambarode sinnum aandezhsanum puthiya konfigareshan staag feeldil thayyarakki. neelavum veethiyum uyaravumulla chilathil graafaittum euranium lohav euranium ooksaidum adangiyirunnu. 1942 desember 2 nuu uchathirinju pareekshanam nadathiyappol, chikkago pail-1 ennariyappedunna reactor oru sambhavavumillathe nirnnaayakaavasthayilethi. reactorinu radiation sheeled illaathathinaal, oru laitt bulbinu oorjjam nalkaan paryapthamaaya paramavadhi 200 vaatt pavaril pravartthikkukayum moonnu maasam maathram pravartthikkukayum cheythu. janasaandrathayulla chikkago nagarakendrathinu sameepam oru apakadam apakadappeduthaan us sainyam aagrahikkaathathinaal 1943 februvari 28 nuu ithu adachupootti.
saitt eiii" ennariyappedunna cook kaundi phoorast prijarvukalil onnu sainyam manhattan projectinum "kantri club" nooro athiladhikamo shaasthranjarkkum gaardukalkkum avide jolie cheythirunna mattullavarkkum paattatthinu nalki. fermiyude keezhil sinnine saitt eyude chumatala ealppichu. chikkago pail-1 verthirichu punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu, ithavana oru radiation sheeled upayogichu, saittil a. ippol chikkago pail-2 ennariyappedunna reactor 1943 march 20 nuu veendum pravarthanakshamamaayi. eathaanum masangalkkullil fermi oru puthiya reactor roopakalppana cheyyaan thudangi, athu chikkago pail-3 ennariyappettu. ithu valare vyathyasthamaaya oru reactoraayirunnu. vyaasavum uyaravum mathramullathinaal ithu valare cheruthaayirunnu. 120 euranium loha vadi upayogichum kanatha vellathaal mithamaayum ithu pravarthichirunnu. 1944-ll puthuvalsara dinathil aarambhicha nirmmaanatthinte chumatala orikkalkkoodi sinninaan. chikkago pail-3 1944 meyy 15-nuu nirnaayakamaavukayum juun 23-nuu 300 kilowatt poornna shakthiyil pravartthanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. fermi hanford saittilekk purappettappol, siin saittile eaka adhikaariyaayi maari.
1944 septambar 29nuu metallurgical laborattari director saamuval aalisanil ninnu sinninu adiyanthiramaayi oru kooll labhichu. hanfordile bii reactor poornna vaidyuthi athichernnathinu thottupinnaale adachupootti, kurachu manikkoorukalkk sesham veendum sajeevamaayi. nyootron visham kaaranamaanennu norman hilberry samshayichu. anganeyaanengil, ekadesham 9.7 manikkoor ayuss undaayirunnu. senon-135nuu athinaduthulla ardhaayuss undaayirunnu, pakshe argonilo tennessiyile ookku ridjile ex-10 graafait reactorilo ithu kandethiyitla. siin vegathil chikkago pail-3 poornna shakthiyilekku konduvannu, panthrand manikorinullil hanford phalangal sthireekarikkunna alavukalude oru parambara nadatthi.
thudarnnulla maasangalil, ekadesham 175 saankethika udyogasthare metallurgical laboratariyil ninnu hanfordilake loss alamosilekkum maatti. sinninte aargon laborattari oru asthikooda staaf aayi churukkiyenkilum compton athu adachupoottunnathu amgeekarichilla.
aargon naashanal laborattari.
1946 juulai 11 nuu aargon laborattari audyogikamaayi aargon deseeya laborattariyaayi maari, siin athinte aadya director. alvin weinberg sinnine visheshippichathu "annathe uyarnnuvarunna deseeya laborattarikalude director enthaayirikkanam ennathinte oru maathrkayaanu kararukaranudeyum fund daathaavinteyum abhilaashangalodu samvedanakshamathayullavan, ennaal ithu aavashyamullappol vijayikkaan paryapthamaaya aathmavishwaasam."
siin neridunna aadyathe prashnangalilonn thaamasoukaryamaayirunnu. yudhathinushesham, yuddha sekrattariyaaya roobert pii. yude edapedal undaayirunnittum, cook kaundi phoorast reservukalilekku saitt eiii punasthaapikkumennu federal sarkkar vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. paattezhsan, cook kaundi phoorast preserves kammeeshan ettavum kooduthal sammathikkunnath oru puthiya saitt kandethunnathuvare aargon naashanal laboratoric paattatthinte oru bhagam thudarnnum kaivashappeduthaam ennathaayirunnu. siin chikkago pradeshathinu purathulla ithara sthalangal nirasikkukayum laboratariyude sthiramaaya veedinaayi sainyam illinoyisile dupage kaundiyil oru puthiya sthalam kandethukayum athu saitt dii ennariyappedukayum cheythu.
sinninte keezhil, aargon deseeya laborattari mattu samakaalika sthaapanangale apekshichu alpam kooduthal purogamanaparamaaya niyamana reethikal sweekarichu. moonnu aafrikkan american sthreekalum ezhu purushanmaarum, avaril aarr perr manhattan padhathiyil pravarthichirunnu, loss alamos naashanal laboratariyil aafrikkan american shaasthranjar illaathirunna samayat argonile gaveshanathil jolie cheythirunnu. maria goppert-mayer saidhaanthika bhauthikashaasthra vibhaagathil oru vibhaagam nethaavaayum hoylande yung saankethika vivaravibhaagathinte director adhikaarasthaanangalilekku sthreekale niyamichu.
1947 januvari 1 nuu aattomik energy kammeeshan (eiii. iii. sii) manhattan padhathikku pakaram vaykkukayum 1948 januvari 1 nuu aargon deseeya laborattari "reactor vikasanathinte prasnangalil pradhaanamaayum shradha kendreekarikkumennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu."siin adhika utharavaaditham thediyittilla, athu laboratory gaveshanathil ninnu vyathichalippikkumennum phaast breeder reactor roopakalppana cheiyunnathu polulla mattu utharavaadithangalil ninnu thanne vyathichalippikkumennum addeham manassilakki. addeham caroll ell-ll ninnu oru rekhaamoolamulla urappu polum nedi. athu nadakkillennu eiii. iii. siyude general maanejar vilson paranju. athinaal ookku ridge deseeya laboratory reactor roopakalppanayil earppedaan anuvadikkunnathinu alvin weinbergumaayi sahakarikkaan addeham thayyarayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1949 leeii laboratariyude bajattinte pakuthiyolam reactor gaveshanamaayirunnu, athinte gaveshanathinte 84 sathamaanavum tharamthirichathaanu.
kyapttan haiman jiyumaayi sinninu nalla aduppam undaayirunnilla. american naavikasenayude naavika reactorukalude director recover aanava samudra propulsion vikasippikkunnathil sahaayichuvenkilum aargon oduvil rund reactors, oru karaa adisthaanamaakkiyulla prototype maarkk I, oru propulsion reactor, maarkk II enniva nirmmichu. argonil roopakalppana cheytha strey (antarvaahini taapa reactor) pressurised vaattar reactor aadyathe aanavorjamulla antharvaahinikk karuth pakarukayum yudhakkappalukalil sthaapichittulla mikkavarum ellah reactorukaludeyum adisthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu.
aargon naashanal laborattariyile reactor vikasanathinte mattoru shaakhayum sinninte hridayathodu aduthullathum phaast breeder reactoraayirunnu. euranium oru viralamaaya vibhavamaanennu akkaalat vishwasichirunnathinaal athu ettavum nannayi upayogikkunnathu budhiparamaayirikkum. breederukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu avar upayogikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal villal vasthukkal srishtikkunnathinaanu. 1948 aayappozhekkum, chikkagoik sameepam valia pareekshanathmaka reactors nirmmikkunnath budhishoonyamaanennu addehathinu bodhyamaayi, koodaathe ayke arco, idahoic chuttumulla bhoomi ettedukkukayum athu aargoninte autposttaayi maarukayum cheythu. pareekshanathmaka breeder reactor i (ibar-aii, ennaal argonil "sipp"-sinninte narakakkinar ennariyappedunnu) draavaka lohatal thanuppicha aadyathe reactor vaidyuthi uthppaadippicha aadya reactorumaanu. athu breeder ashayam theliyichu. aanava charithratthile oru pradhana naazhikakkallayi eiii. iii. sii chairman gorden deane ithine visheshippichu.
idahoile aargon naashanal laborattari nadatthiya thilaykkunna jala reactorukalude vinashakaramaaya parishodhanakalude oru parambarayaayirunnu borax pareekshanangal. 1954ll sinninte melnottathilaanu borax-1 testt nadathiyathu. reactor prashnamillathe adachupoottumennu theliyikkaan addeham kantrol vadi neekkam cheyyukayum athu udan thanne uchathilulla spodanavum irunda pukayum kondu pottitherikkukayum cheythu, ithu addeham pratheekshikkaattha sambhavangalude oru vazhithirivaayirunnu. kantrol vadi veendum akathekku konduvaranamennu addeham harrold lichenberghinode nilavilichuvenkilum onnu ithinakam vaayuviloode parakkukayaanennu lichenberg choondikkaatti. pinneedu anushakthiyekkurichulla samyuktha samithikk munnil pareekshanathekkurichu sinninu saakshyam vahikkendivannu.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
1956ll aargon deseeya laborattari vitta sesham siin floridayilekku thamasam maari, avide addeham floridayile dunedinilaanu aasthaanam sthaapicha general nuclear enchiniyaring enna swantham consulting sthaapanam sthaapichu. sammarddamulla jala reactorukalude roopakalppanayilum nirmmaanatthilum kambani earppettirunnu. 1964ll combussion enchiniyaring ithu ettedukkukayum addeham athinte aanavavibhaagathinte vais presidentum medhaviyum aakukayum cheythu. 1970ll addeham eee sthaanathu ninnu pinmaariyenkilum 1986 vare board amgamaayi thudarnnu. 1960 muthal 1962 vare presidentinte shaasthra upadeshaka samiti amgamaayum 1972 muthal 1975 vare eiii. iii. siyudeyum athinte pingamiyaaya oorjja gaveshana, vikasana bharanasamvidhaanathinteyum pothu upadeshaka samiti amgamaayum addeham sevanamanushtichu.
1956ll eiii. iii. sii. yill ninnulla prathyeka prashamsa, 1960ll aattams phoor pease award, 1969ll enrico fermi award, 1970ll franklin instittyoottil ninnulla eliot kresson medel ennivayulppede niravadhi avaardukal sinninu varshangalayi labhichu. 1955ll american nuclear sosaittiyude (aans) aadya presidentaayi addeham thiranjedukkappettu.
sinninte bhaarya jeane 1964-ll marichu. addeham 1966-ll merii terreza praattine vivaham kazhichu, athuvazhi vaaran, roobert jonson ennee rund stepsanmaare nedi. 2000 februvari 14 nuu floridayile sephtti harberile mease grameena ashupathriyil vachu masthishkaaghaathathe thudarnnu addeham marichu. bhaarya merii, makkalaya joonn, roobert, stepson vaaran ennivar addehathinundaayirunnu. roobert yaale sarvakalashaalayil jyotishaasthra professoraayi.
walter echu. siin award.
1976 muthal american nuclear sosaittiyude ooppareshans aandu power division walter echu varsham thorum avatharippikkunnu. parakke amgeekarikkappedaatha aanavorja vyavasaayathin shradheyavum susthiravumaaya sambhaavanakalkk" oru vyakthiye amgeekarikkunnathinulla siin award."

