
pinara

pinara (lysian <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> "pilenni", orupakshe "raundu" enna naamavaachakatthil ninnu;, munbu "artimness" allengil oru akkoundu anusarichu "artimness") cragus parvathatthinte (ippol babadagh parvvatham) thaazhvaarathulla purathana lysiayile oru valia nagaramaayirunnu, koodaathe santos nadiyude padinjaaran theerathu ninnu valare akaleyalla, purathana nagaramaya santosinu (ippol essen stream) samaananaamamaan.
niravadhi purathana kshethrangalude avashishtangal pinaarayil kaanam, koodaathe oru "rajakeeya shavakudeeram", oru mukalilum thaazheyumulla acropolis, oru thiyettar, oru oodiyoon, oru agora, oru palli ennivayulppedeyulla paara shavakudeerangalum kaanam. turkkiyile mull pravishyayile fethiye jilla aashrayich avashishtangalkk araa manikkoor thaazheyulla innathe minar graamatthinte perumaayi pinara enna peru oru paridhivare swaamsheekarikkappettindu.
peru.
trojan yudhathile lysian nayakanaaya paandaarukalude oru aaradhana pinarayil undaayirunnu, ithu addeham nagaravaasiyaanennu nigamanathiletthaan chila srothassukale nayichu.
baisaantiyathile steefaanas udharicha lysian menekrettukalude charithram anusarichu, nagaram saanthosinte oru kolaniyaayirunnu, athinte yadhaartha peru "artimnesos" () aayirikkum. draavaka vyanjanaaksharangalude kaimattathekkurichulla oru sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakki "vrithaakrithiyilulla kunnu" allengil lalithamaayi "vrithaakrithiyilulla" ennartham varunna "pilenni" allengil "pinal" enna roopathil ninnu uruthirinja lysian bhaashayile peru pinaaraykk munbaayirikkum eee peru. atharamoru valia vrithaakrithiyilulla paarakkettilum avashishtangalkk mukalilulla vrithaakrithiyilulla cragg gopurangalilumaanu eee pattanam sthithi cheiyunnathu. mattoru srothassaaya paniasis, tremilesinteo chithalanteyo makanaaya pinaras enna perilulla oru sthaapakanekkurichum paraamarsikkunnu, eee vivaranathe chila srothassukal perukalude mungananayumaayi bandhapetta mattullavayeppole aprasakthamaayi kaanunnu.
charithram.
purathana ezhuthukaar palappozhum paraamarshikkunnillenkum, nagaram athinte vishalavum manoharavumaaya avashishtangalil ninnu, leesiyayile ettavum valia thuramukha nagarangalilonnayi, thuramukham cheli niranjathum innathe naanal niranja thanneerthadangal roopappedunnathuvare strabo avakaashappedunnu.
purathana srothassukalil eee nagarathekkurichulla mattoru apoorva paramarsham mattu niravadhi lysian nagarangalkoppam kaariyayile pixodarasinum nalkia sahaayavumaayi bandhappettathaan.
moonnu vottukal nediya lysian leagile amgamaayirunnu pinara. bii. sii. iii 334ll nagaram mahanaaya alexanderinu keezhadangi. alexanderude maranashesham nagaram pergamam raajyathin keezhilaayi. bii. sii. 133ll pergaamathe athinte avasaanathe rajaavaaya atalus moonnaaman roman republicilekku vittukoduthappol pinara oru roman nagaramaayi maari. roman bharanakaalathu nagaram abhivridhi aaswadichirunnuvenkilum pothuvarsham 141,240 kaalaghattangalil undaaya bhookambangalaal ithu moshamaayi nasippikkappettu. pothu kettidangalude attakuttappanikalkkayi nagarathinu opramovakalil ninnu oru sambhavana labhichathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu.
pinara neratthe kristhumathavalkkarikkudpu. anchu bishappukal ariyappedunnu 359-ll selyushya kaunsilil acasius oof siseriyayude soothravaakyathil oppuvacha yoostattiyas; leesiyayile bishappumaril ninnu chakravarthiyaaya lioo oy dhii thrassian (458) nuu ezhuthiya kathil oppitta heliodorus; trullen kaunsilil (692) sannihithanaya senas; nikkeeyayude randaamathe kaunsilil (787) theodor; 879-ll konstantinoppilinte (fottian kaunsil) pathriarchese fotius oy punasthaapicha sinadil athanasius. pinara myrayile nikkolakalude janmasthalamaayirunnu. aakramanasenakalude aavarthichulla sammarddathe thudarnnu onpathaam noottaandil nagarathinu athinte nivaasikale nashtappettu.
shaasthreeyamaaya kandethal.
pinaarayude avashishtangal thiricharinjathu sarr chaals phelos aanu. purathana nagaratthinte naduvil ninnu aksharaarthatthil shavakudeerangalaal chuttapetta oru eaka vrithaakrithiyilulla paarakkall (laishyanmaarude "pinara") uyarnnuvarunnundennu addeham parayunnu. eee malancherivinu thaazhe vishalavum gambheeravumaaya nagaratthinte avashishtangal sthithicheyyunnu. thiyettar valare mikacha avasthayilaanu; ellah seettukalum avasheshikkunnu, rangabhoomiyilekku charinja vashangalum athinte niravadhi vaathilukalum. mathilukalum niravadhi kettidangalum cyclopian kallukalullavayaanu, moonnu valia kallukal kondu nirmmicha valia kavaadangalundu. shavakudeerangal ennamattathaanu, likhithangal lysian aksharangalilaanu, ennaal greak palappozhum ore shavakudeerangalil kaanapedunnu. eee paaramalakalil chilath mikachathum sambannavumaaya silpangalaal alankarichirikkunnu.
inii oru residential zee allatha pinaarayile kristhyan bishoperic catholica sabhayude taittilar seekalude pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu.

