
saif alle-dhiin salar

mamluk sultan alle-nasser muhammadinte randaam bharanakaalathu (1299-1310) vaisroyiyaayirunnu saif alle-dhiin salar alle-mansuri (-septambar allengil october 1310). 1277-ll elbistan yudhathil balanayirikke addehathe bandiyaakkukayum ameer alle-salih aliyude mamluk (adima sainikan) aayitheerukayum pathinonnu varshathinu sesham ameerinte pithaav sultan kalaavun addehathe adimakalaakkukayum cheythu. mansooriya vibhaagathile (kalaavooninte mamlukkukal) mattu mamlukkukalkkidayil oru vidagdha kuthirappadayaliyaayi pariseelanam nalkumbol salar svayam verthirichu. 1299ll addehathinte suhruthaaya sultan lajin addehathe "ustadar" (majordomo) padaviyilekku sthaanakkayattam nalki. aaa varsham avasaanam lajinte kolapaathakatthil pankeduttha sesham addeham baibers alle-jashnakarinoppam sulthaanettinte sakthanaaya vyakthiyayi. athath vibhagangal thammilulla samgharshangalum sambhavangalum undaayirunnittum, sathaa pankidal krameekaranatthiludaneelam salar bebaarukalum nerittulla samgharsham ozhivaakki. 1309ll alle-nasser mohammed sthaanamozhiyukayum naadukadatthappedukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu beybaarukal sulthaanaayitheernnappol salar vaisroyiyaayi thudarnnu. 1310ll beybaarukale sthaanabhrashtaraakkiya sesham alle-nasser mohammed adhikaarathil thirichethukayum thalphalamaayi salarine jayililadaykkukayum pattini kidannu marikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte puthranmarum perakkuttikalum alle-nasser mohammadinteyum addehathinte pingaamikaludeyum madhyanira ameermaraayi.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
oru vamseeya oyraatt mangoliyaayirunnu salar. 1277ll mangolian ilkhaanettine manlookkukal paraajayappedutthiya anatoliayile elbistan yudhathil patthinum pathinanchinum idayil prayamaaya addehathe thadavilaakki. addehathinte pithaav anatoliayile muthirnna ilkhaanidu ameeraayirunnu. athinusesham addeham sultan khalaavooninte makanaaya alle-salih aliyude mamluk (adima sainikan) aayi. 1288-ll alle-salih aliyude maranathethudarnnu, salar kalaavooninte udamasthathayilekku maatti. alle-salih aliyude udamasthaavakaasham muthal kalavooninte sulthaanettiloode addeham sulthaante unnatha "mamluk" corpsaya mansooriyaykkoppam thaamasikkukayum pariseelikkukayum cheythirikkaam. vidagthanaaya kuthirappadayaaliyaayirunna addeham athe varsham thanne "amir ashara" (patthu maamlukkukalude commander) padavi nediyirunnu.
viceroi.
salarinu adutha souhrudamundaayirunna lajin ()-nte bharanakaalathu, sulthaante "ustadar" (majordomo) enna nilayilaanu salar aadyamaayi praadhaanyam nediyathu. ennirunnaalum, 1299ll lajinte kolapaathakatthilum pinneedu kalaavooninte ilaya makan alle-nasser muhammadine sultaanaayum niyamikkunnathilum salar pankedutthu. pinneedu, aaa varsham septambaril, palastheenil mamluk sainyathile oru oyraathu samghathinte kalapam adichamarthaanum salar sahayichu. oyrattukal raaja maamlukkukalile asanthushtaraaya amgangalumaayi sahakarikkukayum ghazayk sameepam alle-ajjulinode parayumbol salarine vadhikkan sramikkukayum cheythirunnu.
alle-naasirinte randaam bharanakaalathu, salar ulppede mansooriyayile ettu maamlukkukal yadhaartha adikaaram upayogichu. addeham "nayib alle-saltana" (viceroi) enna audyogika punk vahikkukayum baibars alle-jashnakarinoppam sulthaanettile ettavum shaktharaaya rund nethaakkalil oralumaayirunnu. samsthaanathinte mikka kaaryangalum avar thammil vibhajichappol salar bebaarukalum sultanu thaarathamyena cheria thuka nalkaan krameekarichu. pathinalam noottaandile charitrakaaranaaya alle-makhrisiyude abhipraayathil, salar beybaarukalum pramukha maamlukkukaleyum udyogasthareyum aazhchayil randuthavana sulthaante munnil othukoodukayum avide "salar thanikk aavasyamullathu addehathinu sammanikkukayum ameermaarumaayi koodiyaalochikkukayum 'sultan angane thanne utharavittu' ennu parayukayum addeham (alle-nasser mohammed) athil oppidukayum cheythu". 
vargaparamaaya kalahangal undaayal randinum marakamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakumenn arinjukondu salar bebaarukalum parasparam samgharshangal ozhivaakkiyirunnu. sultan palappozhum thangalum avarude anuyaayikalum thammil atharam kalahangal valarthaan shramichirunnu. saalarinte 'turkish' vibhaagam bhooribhaagam mansooriyakkaarum pazhaya salihia maamlukkukalude avashishtangalum ulkkollunnathaayirunnu, athesamayam beybaarukale pinthunaykkunnathu mansooriyaykkullil kooduthal ennamullathum shakthavumaya vibhagamaaya syrcassian burjia maamlukkukalaanu. 
1299ll thante makale moosaa ibnu alle-salih alii ibnu kalaavoonumaayi vivaham kazhippichappol salar kalaavooninte kudumbavumaayi vaivaahika bandham sthaapichu. 1304-ll avar vivaham poortthiyaakki, adutha varsham, salar thante ammaye rund sahodaranmaraaya juba daavoodineyum mattu 200 oolam oyrattukalkkoppam eejipthilekk konduvannu. saalarinte mattu sahodaranmaraaya aadam, mugalte, lajin, samukk ennivar eejiptil ithinakam thanne sthaapitharaayirunnu. taamasiyaathe salar thante bandhukkalkkum koottaalikalkkum sthaanakkayattam nalki, sahodaranmaarkkum marumakan moosaykkum suhruthu sanjar alle javlik emirate nalki. 
upper eejipthile bedooyinethiraaya pracharanam.
1303ll mamluk adhikaarathe nirantharam dhikkarichathinu upper eejipthile beduin gothrangalkkethire salar bebaarukalum valia thothilulla sainika aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalki. beduin deerghakaalamaayi nikuthi ozhivaakkukayum asyoothileyum manfaloottileyum vyaapaarikalkk nikuthi chumathukayum praadeshika gavarnarmaarude utharavukal avaganikkukayum cheythirunnu. beduin aashcharyappedukayum niravadhi gothravargakkaar kollappedukayo thadavilaakkappedukayo cheythu. kanatha marananirakk undaayirunnittum, gotra kalapangal mamluk bharanathiludaneelam oru niranthara prashnamaayi thudarnnu. 
sultaanumaayulla ettumuttal.
1307-nte avasaanathilo 1308-nte thudakkathilo alle-nasser mohammed addehathinte rajakeeya maamlukkukalum avarude veedukalil salarin bebaarukaleyum vadhikkan shramichu. amirmar eee goodaalochanayekkurichu arivu nedukayum sulthaante pramukha hitmaanaaya ameer bakthamoorinte rahasya koorumaattatthe surakshithamaakkukayum cheythu. pinneedu sultan maamlukkukalum uparodhikkaan salar thante sahodaran samukkine ayachu, oduvil saalarumaayi oru karaarilethaan alle-nasser muhammadine nirbandhithanaakki. sultan keyroyil thudarnnenkilum thante chalanangalkkum bajattinum kanatha niyanthranangalundaayi. thalphalamaayi, 1309-ll transjordanile alle-karaakkinte marubhoomi kottayilekku addeham rakshapettu, avide addeham thante sulthaanettu upekshichu.
oru puthiya sultane thiranjedukkunnathinulla muthirnna amirmar thammilulla koodiyaalochanakalil, muun dashakathil vaisroyiyaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum pazhaya mansuri ameermaarude pinthuna nedukayum cheytha salar thudakkathil pramukha sthaanaarthiyaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, sakthamaaya burjia vibhaagam sulthaanettin bebaarukale anukoolikkukayum salar addehathinu pinthuna nalkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla baibar bharanakaalathu salar vaisroyiyaayi thudarnnu.
veezhcha.
1310 maarchil alle-nasser mohammed adikaaram veendedukkukayum taamasiyaathe salar ulppedeyulla mansooriyakalkkidayilulla thante athiraalikalkkethire neengukayum cheythu. beiber alle-jashnaakkirinte naadukadatthalinetthudarnnu sultanu randaamathethu parasyamaayi thante poornna pinthuna prakadippichirunnu. akkaalat, keyro kottayude kamaandaraayirunnu salar. sultan keyroyil athiyappol, salar addehathe samaadhaanippikkaan niravadhi kuthirakalum adimakalum vilayeriya thunitharangalum vaagdaanam cheythu. sathlaanettinte thalasthaanamaaya keyroyil salar durbalanaanennu thonniyathinaal, transjorden marubhoomiyile shahbak kottayilekku alle-nasser mohammadil ninnu addeham oru punarniyamanam abhyarthikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. nooru "mamluk" kuthirappadakalude ameer padaviyilekkum sultan addehathe sthaanakkayattam nalki.
eprilil alle-nasser mohammed bayebars alle-jashnakarine vadhichathinusesham, thante moonnu sahodaranmaraaya samukk, juba, davood ennivarulppede saalarinte irupathu adutha koottaalikale addeham arast cheythu. salar keyroyilekku summons ayaykkaan visammathichuvenkilum suhruthu sanjar alle-jawli addehathe bodhyappeduthiyathinu sesham sammathichu. salar rakshappedaan saadyathayullathinaal elkhaanettilekkulla roadukal oresamayam thadanju. keyroyil athiyappol, salarine nagaratthinte kottayil thadavilaakki, avide septambariloo octoberilo 1310 ll pattini kidannu marichu. athinusesham, addehathinte niravadhi swathukkalum panavum sultan kanduketty. addehathinte sahodaranmaraaya juba daavood 1315ll jayililninn mochitharaayi.
sanjar alle-jawli salarinum tanikkum vendi keyroyil oru eratta shavakudeeram nirmmichu. randilum valuth saalarinte shavakudeeramaayirunnu. eee samuchayam oru "khaankha" (soofi lodge), madrasa ennivayaayum pravarthichu.
pingaamikal.
saalarinte makan aliye alle-nasser mohammed oru "ameer ashara" aayi niyamikkukayum "ameer thablkhaana" (naalpat maamlukkukalude commander) aayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum cheythu. 1338ll eejipthile ameeril addeham rekhappeduthappedukayum naalu varshathinu sesham marikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte sthaanam addehathinte makan khaleel (maama. 1368), salaarinte "awaf" (mathaparamaya daanangal) nte melnottakkaaran koodiyaayirunnu. alle-nasser muhammadinte bharanathinte thudakkathil saalarinte makan nasser ithinakam thanne patthu vayassulla ameeraayirunnu. salaarinte mattoru makanaaya saif alle-dhiin abu bucker oru ameer addehathinte makan moosa (maama. 1395) patthu perulla ameeraayirunnu, "ameer tabar" (kodali vahikkunnavarude thalavan) sthaanam vahichirunnu.
vasthuvidyaa paarambaryam.
1303-leeii bhookambathil undaaya naashanashtangalethudarnnu salar keyroyile alle-azar palliyude "mihrab" (praarthana sthalam) punasthaapikkukayum athinte spaandralukalude alankaaram maattukayum cheythu. eejipthile ettavum pazhaya palliyaya aamar ibnu alle-asinte palliyude purathu addeham oru "mihrab" nirmmichu. mihrab" nilavilillengilum palliyude pazhaya photographukalil ithu kaanaan kazhiyum. jyaamitheeya paattenukalum arabikkukalum kondu kothivacha onniladhikam varikalulla edangalaanu rund mihraabukalum roopakalppana cheythath.
palastheenil salar majdal askhalaante (aadhunika ashkelonil) valia pally hebronile sheikh alii alle-bakka palliyude minaaravum nirmmichu. khaan alle-hamra allengil khaan alle-ahmer (randum "chuvanna khaan" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu) ennu vilikkunna beisanu sameepam "khaan" (caravancerai) nirmmichathinte bahumati addehathinundu. sanjar alle-javliyaanu salaarinaayi khaan nirmmichathennu mamluk charithrakaaran alle-makhrisi ezhuthi.

