
tholinu mukaliloode vediyuthirkkunnu

oru vishayathinte tholinteyum thalayudeyum pinbhaagathinu mukalil camera sthaapikkunna sinimayilum televisionilum upayogikkunna oru camera konaanu ovar-dhii-sholder shoat (oo. tii. ezz allengil short ovar). rund vishayangal thammilulla sambhashanangal munnottum pinnotum avatharippikkan eee shoat saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. oru kathaapaathrathin pinnil camera sthaapichukondu, aaa kathaapaathrathinte veekshanakonil ninnu shoat krameekaranam cheiyunnu. oru shoat-reverse-shoat shreniyil ovar-dhii-sholder shoat upayogikkunnu, avide vishayathinte rund ooo. tii. ezz kaazhchappaadukalum thudarchayaayi edittu cheyyukayum sambhaashanangalum prathikaranangalum pidichedukkukayum cheiyunnu. tholinte pinbhagam ulppeduthunnathu rund vishayangal thammilulla speshyal bandhangal manasilakkaan prekshakare anuvadikkunnu, athesamayam oro vishayathinteyum mukhabhaavathinte adutha shoat pidichedukkaan kazhiyum. sinimayilum televisionilum, chalachithra nirmmathavo chhaayaagraahakano oru ooo. tii. ezz shottinte camera uyaram thiranjedukkunnathu, focusinteyum lensinteyum upayogam prekshakare vishayangale vyaakhyaanikkunna reethiyeyum mattullavarumayulla avarude bandhatheyum sthalatheyum badhikkunnu.
charithram.
photography allengil chalachithra nirmmaanatthinte kandupiduthathinu munbu niravadhi kalaasrishtikalil tholinu mukalilulla angle upayogichirunnu. "dutch chithrakaaranaaya johannes vermeer "dhii art oof painting", oats angle upayogikkukayum 1666-1668-nuu idayil srishtikkukayum cheythu. konile aadyakaala roopangalilonnaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu, athil pinnil ninnu kalakarante svayam chhaayaachitram ulppedunnuvennu parayappedunnu. athupole, pathonpathaam noottaandile jarmman romaantik chithrakaaranaaya casper david fredrichinte 1822-ll varacha "moonrais ovar dhaa zee" enna kalaasrishti, kadalilekku nokkunna moonnu pinn mukhangalulla roopangale chithreekarikkunnu. kalaasrishtiyil pakarthiya oo. tii. ezz kaazhchappaad fredrichinte kruthikalil saadhaaranamaayirunnu, koodaathe chithratthile roopangalumaayi thirichariyaan prekshakare anuvadikkukayum cheythu, kaaranam avar frameile vishayangalude athe drishyaanubhavathil pankedutthu.
nishabda chalachithra nirmmaanatthinte aadya varshangalil, camerakal nischalavum aakshanil ninnu akaleyumaayi sookshikkukayum oru steju production kaanunna oru prekshakare prathifalippikkukayum cheythu. aadyakaala sinimayile ramgangal thadayunnathum steju cheiyunnathum thiyettar kanvenshanukalaal valareyadhikam swaadheenikkappettu. udaaharanathinu, "vanchichukalayuka" ennathukondu prekshakarodu swaabhaavikamaayathinekkaal kooduthal puratthekku abhimukeekarikkuka ennartham. camerayil ninnu thirinjupokunnathinuparam, rund vishayangaludeyum munvashavum vashavum pidichedukkunnathinaayi, oru sambhaashana ramgathil, rund vishayangalum cameraykku nere sthaapikkaan chalachithra pravartthakar eee saankethikavidya upayogichu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, oru ramgathinum pashchaathalatthinumidayil onniladhikam camera konukalum onniladhikam shottukalum upayogikkunna staatik vann shoat tekkil ninnu dairkhyameriya chithrangalayi sinimakal parinamichu. 1900ll jaims vilyamsan nadatthiya "oru chaina mission steshanunereyulla akramanam" chalachithra charithratthile aadyathe reverse angle katt upayogichu. cutting avatharippikkukayum oru ramgathinaayi onniladhikam shottukal upayogikkukayum cheythathinaal abhinethaakkalkku camerayilekku "vanchikkendivannilla". pakaram, vishayangal parasparam abhimukeekarikkaanum chalachithra nirmmaathaavin rund vishayangalude veekshanakonil ninnu rund reverse ovar-dhii-shottukalil sambhashanam pidichedukkaanum kazhiyum. camerakalile saankethika mechappeduthalukal ardhamaakkunnathu avaa cheruthum bharam kuranjathum vishayangalumayi valare aduthu neengaanum prakasham, exposure, focus enniva niyanthrikkunnathil kooduthal paridhi undayirikkaanum kazhiyum.
praayogika prayogam.
cameraykku abhimukhamaayi nilkkunna vishayathe shottinte kendrabinduvaayi maattunnathinaayi dialogue pakarthaan upayogikkumbol oru oats rachikkappedunnu. oru parambaraagatha oats shottinu ellaayppozhum kuranjathu moonnu paalikalenkilum aazhamund munbhagam, madhyabhagam, pashchaathalam. oru vishayathinte tholum palappozhum avarude thalayude pinbhaagavum munvashath ulppeduthunnathu framinu aazham koottunnu. oru vasthu camerayode aduthirikkumbol kooduthal akale kaanunnathinekkaal valuthayi kaanappedunnathinal, vasthukkalum vishayangalum screenil vyathyastha valuppathil drishyamaakunnu, ithu chithreekarichirikkunna sthalathinte aazhathekkurich kaazhchakkaarude bodham vardhippikkunnu. framinte z-aaksisil chalachithra nirmmaathaav vishayam oru overlapping objectaayi sthaapichathinaal ithu sambhavikkunnu, z-axis ennaal munvashath ninnu oru shottinte pashchaathalatthilekku oodunna saangalppika rekha ennaanu ardham.
oru teenn-taking sambhashanam pidichedukkaan, eee oats pinneedu mattoru vishayathinte kaazhchappaad chithreekarikkunna oru reverse oats konilekk thirikkunnu. eee rund shottukaludeyum parasparabandham palappozhum aadya vishayathinte pravrithiyeyum randaamathe vishayathinte anubandha prathikaranatheyum chithreekarikkunnu. rund vishayangalkkidayil munnottum pinnotum chithreekarikkunna rund oats shottukalude eee sreniye shoat-reverse-shoat ennu vilikkunnu. rund vishayangalum thammilulla shaareerika akalavum avarkk chuttumulla sthalathekkulla shaareerika akalavum prekshakar vegathil manassilaakkunnathin speshyal thudarcha urappaakkunnathin oru shoat-reverse-shottinullil oats shottukal 'poruthappedutthuka' ennathaanu chalachithra nirmmathaakkal lakshyamidunnathu. "poruthappedal" ennaal ulppettirikkunna rund aalukal shottinte ore vashangalil thudaruka ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. eee shottukal 'poruthappedunnathinu', chalachithra pravartthakar 180 digri niyamam kanakkiledukkaam, athu rund kathaapaathrangalkkidayil oru saangalppika achuthandinte oru vashath camera sookshikkanamennu nirddeshikkunnu. athupole 30 digri niyamavum upayogikkunnu, ithu ore pratheekatthinteyo vasthuvinteyo rund shottukal orumichu murikkukayaanenkil, vyoopoyintukal parasparam kuranjathu 30 digri akaleyayirikkanam allengil ganyamaayi vyathyastha shoat valuppangal ulkkollanam. samanamaaya rund shottukalkkidayil vyathyasthamaaya oru shoat cherkkunnathiloode eee prashnam ozhivakkaan kazhiyum. vishayathinte nethrarekhayude konumaayi adutha shottile anubandha sthaanavumaayi poruthappeduthunnathini parambaraagatha oats shoat-reverse seekwansukalkkullil oru aii line maachu srishtikkaanum chalachithra pravartthakar lakshyamidunnu. speshyal thudarcha urappaakkunnathin camerayude sthaanavum avayude dishayum eee niyamangal nirnnayikkunnu. matching' shottukalude eee paarambaryam kaazhchakkaare palappozhum abodhaavasthayil, vyathyastha camera konukal arivodeyum, oru vishayathinte tholil ulppeduthunnathiloodeyum, vishayathinte bhauthika kaazhchappaad vyakthamaayi sthaapikkukayum thudarnnu kendra vishayavumaayi samvadikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
sholder shottukalkk mukaliloode marimari shottukal upayogikkunnathu oru sambhaashanathinide ottaykku shottukal upayogikkunnathinu virudhamaanu, oraal pinneedu mattoraale, thudarnnu aadyathethu, thudarnnu randaamathethu muthalaayava kaanikkunnu., oru sambhaashanathiludaneelam. eee reethi rund vyakthikal thammilulla oru speshyal bandham sthaapikkunnilla. (vaasthavathil, itharathilulla sequenceukalile rund speakerukalum rund abhinethaakkalum orumichu kaanikkaathathinaal divasangalo maasangalo vyathyaasathil chithreekarikkaan kazhiyum.) ennirunnaalum, rund reethikalum palappozhum oru shreniyil samyojippichirikkunnu.
moonnaam vyakthi shoottar viidiyoo gamingle ovar-dhii-sholder camera angle anukarikkappedunnu. 3dii gaminginte eee vibhaagathil, framil aayudhathe kendreekarikkukayum pooyint-oof-view immezhseevu angle sweekarikkukayum cheiyunna oru phastt-pezhsan shoottar gaeminu vipareethamaayi, kalikkaarante avatharam screenil drishyamaanu. geyim designermareyum kalikkaareyum avathara kathaapaathrangal kooduthal ishtaanusrithamaakkaanum chuttumulla pradeshathe kooduthal vishalamaaya kaazhchappaad pradarshippikkaanum anuvadikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi moonnaam vyakthi shoottar geyimukalil oo. tii. ezz angle upayogikkunnu. oru kalikkaarante kaazhchappaadile eee vardhanavu geyim speysile bhauthika vasthukkalumayulla vyakthamaaya adutha pooraattatthinum ashayavinimayathinum anuvadikkunnu. viidiyoo geyimukalil upayogikkunna eee oats aamgilinte aadyakaala nilanilpp bahirakasha yudhathilaayirunnu! (1962), masaachyusets instittyoott oof teknolajiyil dii. sii. pii. dii. pii-1 miinii computerinaayi ezhuthiyathaanu.
saankethikavidya.
oru ooo. tii. ezz shoat pakarthaan, oru wide angle, normal allengil telephoto lense upayogikkaam. oru chhaayaagraahakan oru shottinayi upayogikkaan theerumaanikkunna lensinte tharam vishayavum camera allengil munvashathe vishayavum thammil srishtikkaan aagrahikkunna doorathe aasrayichirikkunnu. oru oats shottinte parambaraagatha avatharanathil, chithram oru saadhaarana lense upayogichu pakartthunnu, vishaya akalathinu valare cheria camera munvashathum pashchaathalatthilum aazham kuranja feeld upayogichu pradhana vishayam moorchayulla focusil avasheshikkunnu. oru chithratthil focusil oru cheria pradesham undaakumbol, pashchaathalam mangiyirikkumbol, vishayam maathram focusil avasheshikkumbol aazham kuranja feeld srishtikkappedunnu. camerayude apperchar vardhippikkunnathiloode camerakalude eph nambar kuraykkunnathiloodeyo eee prabhavam kaivarikkunnu.
sinimayilum televisionilum shoat tharangale krithyamaayi tharamthirikkunnathinaayi computer saankethikavidya vikasippichukondirikku. oru ezz. vii. emm laining mesheenil, manushya saannidhyam kandethunna upakaranangalum sandarbha saliency mapping saankethikavidyakalum samyojippichu oru shottil avatharippicha ellah vishwal daattayum athinte sajjeekaranam thirichariyunnathinaayi vishakalanam cheythittundu. eee manushya saannidhyam thirichariyal saankethikavidyakal upayogichu tharamthirikkanulla ettavum budhimuttulla camera konukalilonnaanu oo. tii. ezz, kaaranam cameraykku pinnilulla vishayam oru manushyan enna nilayil eluppathil kandethanavilla. manushya saannidhyam nirnnayikkaan computerinu aavashyamaaya mukham, upper body allengil phul body classifierukal illaathathinaal ithu sambhavikkunnu. eee computer saankethikavidyayude thudarchayaaya mechappeduthal oru oats shottilethupole, bhagikamaayum pinnil ninnum maathram kaanikkumbozhum screenil abhinethaakkalude saannidhyathinte 'vishwal saliency' vardhippikkaan lakshyamidunnu.
vyaakhyaanam.
camera pinnil sthaapichirikkunna vishayathinte kaazhchappaad pidichedukkunnathinulla oru maargamaayaanu oo. tii. ezz shoat upayogikkunnathu. oru kathaapaathravumaayi prekshakarkkulla thirichariyal nilavaaram kaikaaryam cheyyaan eee saankethikavidya palappozhum upayogikkaam allengil screenil rund kathaapaathrangal thammilulla chalanathmakamaaya bandham pradarshippikkaan kazhiyum. focus cheytha vishayavumaayi bandhappett camerayude koonn niyanthrikkunnathiloode ithu nedunnathu. athupole, oru kaazhchappaadinte dairkhyam mattonninekkaal kooduthal oru vishayavumaayi kooduthal bandhappedaan prekshakare nayichekkaam. oru vishayam kooduthal shradhaakendramaayi kaanichaal prekshakarkku avarumaayi kooduthal parichayappedaam ennathukondaakaam prekshakar oru vishayathinte kaazhchappaad kooduthal thavana allengil vipareethamaayi pankidunnathu. camera shottinte vishayathinte kannu variyumaayi kooduthal poruthappedunnathinaal prekshakar kathaapaathrangal thammilulla bandhathe vyaakhyaanikkukayo oru vishayavumaayulla avarude identification nilavaaram mattonninu mukaliloode maattukayo cheiyunna oru margamaakaam. sinimayilum televisionilum oats valareyadhikam upayogikkunnathinaal, ootsinte 'niyamangal' lamghikkunnathu palappozhum prekshakarkku maanasikaavasthayilo swarathilo vanna maattatthinte abodhaavasthayude adayaalamaanu.
akkaalathe production kodukal marikadakkunnathinaayi swavarganuraga chumbanam chithreekarikkaan oats shoat upayogichathaayum abhipraayamund. kathaapaathrangale pinnil ninnu chithreekarikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal eee koonn upayogichu, athinaal chalachithra pravartthakarkku chumbanam nere konil ninnu pakarthunnathinekkaal camerayude kaazhchayil ninnu marachuvecha oru chumbanam anumanikkaan kazhiyum. moshan picture production coode, athinte srashtaavu echu ennu paranjathinu sesham palappozhum "haze coode" ennu vilikkunnu. athu kaanunnavarude dhaarmika nilavaaratthe thaazhthunna oru chithravum nirmikkilla" ennu pullu prasthaavichu. athinaal sadassinte sahathapam orikkalum kuttakrithyathinteyo thettukaludeyo thinmayudeyo paapatthinteyo pakshatthekku thallappedukayilla ". laingika vairudhyamo eathenkilum nigamanamo nirodhichirikkunnu" ennu vyakthamaakkunna swavarganuraga aduppathinte thithreekaranatheyum production coode paraamarsikkunnu. 1960 kalude avasaanathode production coode upekshichuvenkilum, swavarga dambathikal thammilulla aduppam maraykkaan tholinu mukaliloode thudarchayaayi shoat upayogikkunnu. prathyekichum televisionil chithreekaricha ooo. tii. essinte eee upayogam, pettennulla editting murivukalumayi samyojippichu, swavarga aduppathinte aaghaatham kuraykkunnathinu pravartthikkunnu. vishalamaaya kaazhchakkaarum network pinthunayum nilanirthunnathinaayi eee chalachithra nirmmaana saankethikavidya screeninte moolayil oru "minnal ningalkk nashtamaayathum, nissaaravum thadassamillaathathumaaya" peck avatharippikkunnu.
udaaharanagal.
naadakeeyamaaya phalathinaayi oru oats upayogikkunnathinte oru udaaharanam roobert semekkisinte "back tuu dhaa future" (1985) udaneelam rakthasakshikalaaya mcfly (sinimayude pradhana kathaapaathram), biff (oru bheeshanippeduthal) enniva thammilulla chalanathmakatha kaanikkunnu. avayude kaimaattatthil upayogikkunna vyathyastha camera konukal rund pratheekangalum thammilulla oorjja asanthulithaavasthaye chithreekarikkunnu. rakthasaakshiye bifinte veekshanakonil ninnu vishayamaayi edukkumbol, oru uyarnna angle shottil ninnu addehathe kaanikkunnu, biff rakthasaakshiye shaareerikamaayum pratheekathmakamaayum thaazhthunnathu pole. reverse shottil, rakthasaakshiyude veekshanakonil ninnu biff vishayamaayi pakartthukayum, oru loow angle shottil ninnu kaanikkukayum, rakthasaakshiyude veekshanakonil ninnu camera sthaapikkukayum bifilekku nokkukayum cheiyunnu.
oats shottinte orotta shoat udaaharanam sittisan keynil sambhavikkunnu. camerayil ninnu moonnu adii muthal 25 adii vare moorchayulla focus labhikkunnathin chhaayaagraahakanaaya gregg tolland valare aazhathilulla feeldullah prathyekamaayi nirmmicha wide angle lense upayogikkunnu, ithu wide angle lense kaaranam kooduthal thonnunnu. sambhavasthalathu, saambathika thirichadikal kaaranam thante bhaagyathinte niyanthranam vittukodukkaan keyne thayyaaredukkunnu. shottinte valathuvashath idathu tholum keyninte muun samrakshakanaaya bernsteente idathuvashavum nirachirikkunnu, karaarinte nibandhanakal vaayikkunnu. addehathil ninnu oru meshaykk kuruke irunnu karaaril oppidunnathu keyninte bankeraya thunnalkkaaranaan, avan shottil valare cheruthaanennu thonnunnu. oduvil meshappurathu vannu karaaril oppidunnathinu munbu, muriyiludaneelam, keyne angotum ingottum neengunnu, meshaykkarikilekkum puratthekkum neengunnu.
ootsinte niyamangal lamghikkunna oru sinima maattiyo gaaraninte "gomora" (2008) aanu, athil ellaayppozhum poruthappedunna reverse shoat illa. camera manappoorvvam abhimukeekarikkunna vishayam shradha kendreekarikkaathe idathuvashathu pakaram munvashathaanu focus cheiyunnathu. sinimayude thudarchaye aashayakkuzhappathilaakki nigoodathayudeyum asthirathayudeyum bodham prakadippikkunnathinula oru maargamaayi ithu chithrathiludaneelam pradharshippichirikkunnu.