
vaidyutha transmission

oru power plaant polulla ulppaadana sthalathu ninnu oru electrical substationilekku vaidyuthorjjathinte bulk chalanamaanu electric power transmission. eee chalanathe sugamamakkunna parasparabandhithamaya lineukal oru "transmission network" roopappeduthunnu. ithu hye-volteju substationukalum upabhokthaakkalum thammilulla praadeshika vayaringil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, ithine saadhaaranayaayi vaidyutha vaidyuthi vitharanam ennu vilikkunnu. electrical grid ennariyappedunna samyojitha transmission, distribution network vaidyuthi vitharanathinte bhagamaanu.
deerghadoora vaidyuthiyude kaaryakshamamaya kaimattatthinu uyarnna voltageukal aavasyamaanu. ithu sakthamaaya pravaahangal moolamundaakunna nashtam kuraykkunnu. transmission lineukal alternating karant (essy) allengil direct karant (dissy) upayogikkunnu. transformerukal upayogichu volteju nila maarunnu. traansmissionaayi volteju vardhippikkukayum pinneedu praadeshika vitharanathinayi kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu.
vadakke amerikkayil "intarkanakshan" ennariyappedunna wide eriya sinkranas grid, essy power nalkunna janarettarukale pala upabhokthakkalkkum ore aapekshika "freekwansi" yumayi nerittu bandhippikkunnu. vadakke americaykku padinjaaran, kizhakkan, cubec, texas enningane naalu pradhana paraspara bandhangalund. oru grid europe bhookhandathinte bhooribhaagatheyum bandhippikkunnu.
charitraparamaayi, transmission, distribution lineukal palappozhum ore kambaniyude udamasthathayilaayirunnu, ennaal 1990-kall muthal pala raajyangalum vaidyuthi vipaniyude niyanthranam udaaravalkkarichu, ithu transmission vitharanavum kaikaaryam cheiyunna prathyeka kambanikalkku kaaranamaayi.
sisttam.
railway vaidyutheekarana samvidaanangalil chilappol single phase essy upayogikkunnundengil mikka vadakke american transmission lainukalum hye-volteju three-phase essy aanu. dissy saankethikavidya deerghadoorangalil, saadhaaranayaayi noorukanakkinu mailukalil kooduthal kaaryakshamathaykkaayi upayogikkunnu. hye-volteju direct karant (echvidisi) saankethikavidya antarvaahini power kebilukalilum (saadhaaranayaayi 30 mylil (50 kilometer) kooduthal), parasparam samanvayippikkaatha gridukal thammilulla vaidyuthi kaimaattatthilum upayogikkunnu. echvidisi linkukal vaidyuthi vitharana shringalakale sthirappeduthunnu, avide oru shringalayude oru bhaagath pettennulla puthiya lodukal allengil aulaakktukal samanvayippikkal prasnangalkkum cascading parajayangalkkum kaaranamakum.
deerghadoora prathirodham moolamundaakunna oorjja nashtam kuraykkunnathinu uyarnna voltejukalil vaidyuthi kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. overhead vaidyuthi lainukaliloodeyaanu vaidyuthi saadhaaranayaayi kaimaattam cheiyunnathu. bhoogarbha vaidyuthi prakshepanatthinu ganyamaayi uyarnna instaaleshan chelavum kooduthal pravartthana parimithikalum undengilum attakuttappanikalkkull chelavu kuraykkunnu. nagarapradeshangalilo paristhithi sensitiivu sthalangalilo bhoogarbha vyaapanam kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu.
vaidyuthi saadhaaranayaayi athu upayogikkunna athe nirakkil uthppaadippikkanam. vaidyuthi uthppaadanam aavashyavumaayi aduthu cherunnuvennu urappakkaan oru noothana niyanthrana samvidaanam aavasyamaanu. demand vitharanathe kaviyukayaanengil, asanthulithaavastha moolam janareshan plaantum (kall) transmission upakaranangalum kedupaadukal undakaathirikkaan yaanthrikamaayi vichedikkappedukayo adachupoottappedukayo cheyyum. ettavum mosham saahacharyathil, ithu oru cascading parambara shattdounukalilekkum oru valia praadeshika aulaakktilekkum nayichekkaam.
1965, 1977, 2003 varshangalil vadakkukizhakkan america iruttadippum 1996,2011 varshangalil mattu us pradeshangalil valia iruttadippum nerittu. vaidyuthi transmission netvarkkukal praadeshika, deseeya, bhookhanda-vyaapee netvarkkukalumaayi parasparam bandhippichirikkunnu, atharam paraajayatthinte apakadasaadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu atharam adachupoottalukal sambhavikkukayaanenkil vaidyuthi ozhukunnathinu onniladhikam anaavashya, badal roottukal nalkunnu. netvarkkinte mattoru bhaagath takaraar sambhavichaal adhika sheshi labhyamaanenn urappakkaan transmission kambanikal oro laininteyum paramavadhi vishwasaneeyamaaya sheshi (saadhaaranayaayi athinte bhauthika allengil taapa paridhiyekkaal kuravu) nirnnayikkunnu.
mukalilekku.
hye-volteju overhead kandakdarukal insulation parirakshayil varunnilla. conductor metteeriyal mikkavarum ellaayppozhum oru aluminium aloy aanu, ithu niravadhi straandukal kondu roopappedukayum orupakshe steel straandukal upayogichu shakthippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. chembu chilappol overhead traansmissionaayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum aluminium bharam kuranjathum vilavu cheruthaayi kuraykkunnathum chelavu valare kuravumaanu. overhead kandakdarukal niravadhi kambanikal vitharanam cheiyunnu. sheshi vardhippikkunnathinaayi conductor metteeriyalukalum aakruthikalum pathivayi mechappeduthunnu.
conductor valuppangal 12 emm2 (#6 american vayar gej) muthal 750 emm2 (1,590,000 vrithaakrithiyilulla mile eriya) vareyaanu, vyathyastha prathirodhavum vaidyuthadhaara vahikkaanulla seshiyum undu. valia kandakdarukalkku (eathaanum centimeteril kooduthal vyaasamulla), charmmatthinte prabhavam kaaranam vaidyuthadhaarayude ozhukk uparithalathinu sameepam kendreekarichirikkunnu. kandakdarinte madhyabhagam cheria vaidyuthadhaara vahikkunnundenkilum bharavum chelavum sambhavana cheiyunnu. athinaal, uyarnna seshikkaayi onniladhikam samanthara kebilukal (bundle kandakdarukal ennu vilikkunnu) upayogikkunnu. corona discharge moolamundaakunna oorjja nashtam kuraykkunnathinu uyarnna voltejukalil bundle kandakdarukal upayogikkunnu.
innu, transmission level voltageukal saadhaaranayaayi 110 keey. vii. yum athil kooduthalumaanu. 66 kevi, 33 kevi thudangiya kuranja voltageukal saadhaaranayaayi sub transmission voltejukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal idaykkide laitt lodukalulla neenda lainukalil iva upayogikkunnu. 33 keviyil thaazheyulla voltejukalaanu saadhaaranayaayi vitharanathinayi upayogikkunnathu. 765 keey. vii. kku mukalilulla voltageukal adhika uyarnna voltejaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, avaykku vyathyastha designukal aavasyamaanu.
overhead transmission vayarukal insulationaayi vaayuvine aasrayichirikkunnu, aaa lineukal minimum clearanceukal nilanirthendathundu. uyarnna kaattum kuranja thapanilayum polulla prathikoola kaalaavasthakal pakarchavyaadhiye thadassappeduthunnu. pravartthana clearanceukal kayyeraan kandakdarmaare anuvadikkunna kaattinte vegatha ethratholam kuranjaalum athu flashworinum vitharanam nashtappedunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu. bhouthikarekhayude andolana chalanathe aandolanathinte aavruthiyum vyapthiyum anusarichu conductor gallop allengil flutter ennu vilikkunnu.
bhoogarbha.
bhoogarbha vaidyuthi kebilukal vazhi vaidyuthi kaimaattam cheyyaan kazhiyum. bhoogarbha kebilukal vazhiyude valathuvashath edukkunnilla, drishyaparatha kuravaanu, kaalaavasthaye baadikkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, kebilukal insulated aayirikkanam. cable, khanana chelavukal overhead nirmmaanathekkaal valare kooduthalaanu. kuzhichitta transmission lainukalile thakaraarukal kandethunnathinum nannakkunnathinum kooduthal samayamedukkum.
chila metropolittan pradeshangalil, kebilukal loha pipe kondu moodappettirikkunnu, koodaathe nischalamaayatho pambukal vazhi vitharanam cheyyappedunnatho aaya dialectric draavakam (saadhaaranayaayi oru enna) upayogichu insulate cheiyunnu. oru vaidyutha takaraar paippin kedupaadukal varuthukayum dialectric chorchayundaakukayum cheythaal, paippinte bhagangal maravippikkanum attakuttappanikal nadatthaanum draavaka naitrajan upayogikkunnu. ithu attakuttappanikalkkull kaalavadhi vardhippikkukayum chelavu vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. attakuttappanikal nadakkunna kaalayalaviludaneelam paippinteyum chuttupaadukaludeyum thaapanila nireekshikkunnu.
bhoogarbha lineukal avayude taapa sheshi kondu parimithappedutthiyirikku, ithu kuranja overload allengil ree-rating lineukal anuvadikkunnu. neelamulla bhoogarbha essy kebilukalkku ganyamaaya kappaasittans undu, ithu upayogapradamaaya vaidyuthi nalkaanulla kazhivu kuraykkunnu. dissy kebilukalkku avayude kappaasittans kondu dairkhyam parimithappedutthiyittilla.
charithram.
lighting mechanical lodukalum upayogikkunna athe voltageilaanu vaanijya vaidyuthorjjam thudakkathil kaimaattam cheyyappettathu. ithu ulppaadana plaantum load thammilulla dooram parimithappedutthi. 1882ll deerghadoora prakshepanatthinaayi dissy volteju eluppathil vardhippikkaan kazhinjilla. vyathyastha tharam lodukalkku (udaaharanathinu, lighting, fixed motorukal, traction/railway samvidaanangal) vyathyastha voltageukal aavasyamaanu, athinaal vyathyastha janarettarukalum sarkyoottukalum upayogikkunnu.
angane, janarettarukal avayude lodukalkku sameepam sthaapichu, ithu pinneedu valia ennam cheria janarettarukal upayogichu distributed janareshan ennariyappettu.
1881ll lucian gaulaardum joonn dixon gibbs secondary janarettar ennu vilicha 1:1 teenn anupaathavum ooppan magnetic surcute nalkia aadyakaala transformer nirmmichathinu sheshamaan alternating karant (essy) prakshepanam saadhyamaayath.
1884ll italiyile tourinil nadanna anthaaraashtra vaidyutha pradarshanathinaayi nirmmicha aadyathe deerghadoora essy line neelamullathaayirunnu. 2 kevi, 130 hearts seamens, halske aaltarnettar enniva upayogichu pravartthikkunna ithil incandesent vilakkukalkku bhakshanam nalkunna shreniyil bandhippichirikkunna praadhamika windingukalulla niravadhi gaulaard transformerukal undaayirunnu. deerghadoora essy electric power traansmishante saadhyatha eee samvidaanam theliyichu.
aadyathe vaanijya essy vitharana samvidaanam 1885-ll italiyile romile deyy serchi vazhi pothu velichathinayi sevanathil praveshichu. 30 echpi (22 kilowatt) rettucheytha rund seamens & halske aaltarnettarukal, 120 hertsil 2 kilowatt rettucheytha 19 kilometer kebilukalum 200 samaantharamaayi bandhippicha 2 kilowatt muthal 20 vii vare steppu-daun traansformarukalum upayogichaanu ithu pravarthippichathu. eathaanum maasangalkk sesham grosvenor galleryil sevanam nalkunna aadyathe britiish essy sisttam vannu. ithil seamens aaltarnettarukalum 2.4 kevi muthal 100 vii vare steppu-daun traansformarukalum-oru upayokthaavin onnu-shund-connectucheytha praimarikalodukoodiyirikku.
addeham apraayogika gollard-gibbs design ennu karuthiyirunnathine mechappeduthunnathinaayi pravartthikkunnu, electrical enchineeyar vilyam staanli, juuniyar. 1885-ll aadyathe praayogika seerees essy transformer vikasippichu. jorjju vesting housinte pinthunayode pravarthicha addeham 1886-ll masaachyusetsile grettu barringtonil transformer adisthaanamaakkiyulla essy lighting samvidaanam pradharshippichu. 500 vii seamens janarettar upayogichaanu ithu pravarthippichathu. 23 bisinassukalil incandesent laambukalkku oorjjam nalkunnathinu staanli transformer upayogichu volteju 100 voltaayi kurachu. oru transformerinte praayogika prakadanavum karant lighting sisttavum aaa varshavasaanam vesting housine essy sisttangal sthaapikkaan prerippichu.
1888ll essy motorinte aadya roopakalppana prathyakshappettu. galilio ferrarikalum nikkola tesla swathanthramaayi kandupidicha polyphace vaidyuthadhaarayil pravartthikkunna induction motorukalaayirunnu iva. westinghouse licensulla teslayude roopakalppana. mikhaayil dolivo-dobrovolsky chaals yujeen lancelot brounum chernnaanu praayogika three-phase motorukal roopakalppana cheythath. vikasana prashnangalum avaykku oorjjam nalkaan aavashyamaaya polyphace power sisttangalude kuravum kaaranam atharam motorukalude vyapakamaaya upayogam varshangalolam vaiki.
1880 kalude avasaanathilum 1890 kalude thudakkathilum cheria electric kambanikal europile ganz, eiji, usile general electric, vesting house electric thudangiya valia korppareshanukalaayi layichu. eee kambanikal essy samvidaanangal vikasippicheduthuve nerittullathum marimari nilavilullathumaaya samvidaanangal thammilulla saankethika vyathyaasathin valare dairkhyameriya saankethika layanam aavasyamaanu. valia ulppaadana plaantukalumaayum deerghadoora prakshepanavumaayum karantinte sambadvyavasthakal marimari varunnath ellah lodukalum bandhippikkanulla kazhivu pathukke vardhippichu. single phase essy sisttangal, poolii-phase essy sisttangal, loow volteju incandesent lighting, hye-volteju arck lighting, faaktarikalilum street kaarukalilum nilavilulla dissy motorukal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. oru saarvathrika samvidaanamaayi maariyappol, eee saankethika vyathyaasangal rottari kanverttarukaliloodeyum motor janarettarukaliloodeyum thaalkkaalikamaayi nikatthi, athu legazy sisttangale essy gridumaayi bandhippikkaan anuvadichu. pazhaya samvidaanangal viramikkukayo naveekarikkukayo cheythathinaal eee stopgaappukal pathukke maatti.
1890ll origonile villamett faalsile jalavaidyutha nilayathil ninnu portland nagaratthilekku vaidyuthi athichappozhaanu uyarnna volteju upayogichu ottakhatta alternating karantinte aadya prakshepanam nadannathu. 1891ll frankfurtil nadanna anthaaraashtra vaidyuthi pradarshanatthil uyarnna volteju upayogichu aadyathe moonnu gattangalulla alternating karant nadannu. ekadesham 175 kilometer neelamulla 15 kevi transmission line nekkarileyum frankfurtileyum lophane bandhippikkunnu.
irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam transmission voltageukal vardhichu. 1914 aayappozhekkum 70 keey. viyil kooduthal pravartthikkunna ambathiyanju transmission samvidaanangal sevanathilundaayirunnu. 150 keey. vii aayirunnu annu upayogicha ettavum uyarnna volteju. vishalamaaya pradeshathu onniladhikam ulppaadana plaantukal parasparam bandhippikkunnath chelavu kurachu. ettavum kaaryakshamamaya plaantukal pakal samayat vyathyastha looad vitharanam cheyyaan upayogikkaam. staand-bye ulppaadana sheshi kooduthal upabhokthaakkalilum vishalamaaya mekhalayilum pankidaan kazhiyumennathinaal vishwaasyatha mechappeduthukayum mooladhana chelavu kuraykkukayum cheythu. vidooravum kuranja chelavilumullathumaya oorjja srothassukalaaya jalavaidyuthiyo mine-mouthu kalkariyo chelavu kuraykkunnathinu upayogikkaam.
irupathaam noottaandile druthagathiyilulla vyavasayavalkkaranam vaidyutha prakshepana lainukaleyum gridukaleyum nirnaayaka adisthaana soukaryamaakki. aayudha nirmmaanasaalakalkk oorjjam nalkunnathinaayi sarkkarukal valia vaidyutha ulppaadana kendrangal nirmmicha onnaam lokamahaayudham praadeshika ulppaadana plaantukaludeyum cheria vitharana shringalakaludeyum paraspara bandhathinu uthejanam nalki.
bulk transmission.
eee netvarkkukal power lineukal, kebilukal, surcuted brakerukal, svichukal, transformerukal thudangiya gadakangal upayogikkunnu. transmission network saadhaaranayaayi oru praadeshika transmission oorganaiseshan allengil transmission sisttam oopparettar polulla oru sthaapanamaanu niyanthrikkunnath.
uyarnna voltejilum kuranja vaidyuthadhaarayilum transmission karyakshamatha mechappedunnu. kuranja vaidyuthadhaara choodaakkal nashtam kuraykkunnu. oorjja nashtam vaidyuthadhaarayude chathuratthinu aanupaathikamaanennu joolinte aadya niyamam parayunnu. athinaal, vaidyuthadhaaraye rund ghadakam kuraykkunnathu conductor prathirodhatthinu nashtappedunna oorjjathe eathenkilum valippathilulla kandakdarinu naalu ghadakam kuraykkunnu.
oru nischitha voltejinum vaidyuthadhaaraykkum oru kandakdarinte opttimal sais conductor saisinaayi kelvin niyamam anusarichu kanakkakkaam, ithu prathirodhatthil pazhaakkunna oorjjathinte vaarshika chelavu conductor nalkunnathinte vaarshika mooladhana chaarjukalkk thulyamaakumbol valuppam opttimal aanennu parayunnu. kuranja palisha nirakkukalum kuranja charakk chelavukalum ulla samayangalil, kattiyulla vayarukal opttimal aanennu kelvin niyamam soochippikkunnu. allengil, nerttha kandakdarukal soochippikkunnu. vaidyuthi lineukal deerghakaala upayogathinaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathinaal, chembinteyum aluminiyathinteyum vilayekkurichulla deerghakaala esttimettukalum palisha nirakkukalum samyojippichaan kelvin niyamam upayogikkunnathu.
steppu-upp transformer" upayogichu essy sarcuteukalil uyarnna volteju kaivarikkunnu. hye-volteju direct karant (echvidisi) samvidaanangalkku thaarathamyena chelaveria parivartthana upakaranangal aavasyamaanu, athu antarvaahini kebilukal, deerghadoora uyarnna sheshiyulla pooyint-tuu-pooyint transmission thudangiya prathyeka padhathikalkku saambathikamaayi nyaayeekarikkam. samanvayippikkaatha gridukalkkidayil oorjjam ayaykkunnathinu echvidisi aavasyamaanu.
power steshanukal, transmission lineukal, substationukal ennivayude shringalayaanu transmission grid. oorjjam saadhaaranayaayi moonnu gattangalulla essy ulla oru gridinullilaanu kaimaattam cheyyappedunnathu. valia polyphace induction motorukalkku upayogikkaan kazhiyaathathinal single-phase essy anthima upayokthakkalkkulla vitharanathinu maathrame upayogikkunnulloo. pathonpathaam noottaandil, rund ghatta prakshepanamaanu upayogichirunnathenkilum naalu vayarukaloo asamamaya vaidyuthadhaarakalulla moonnu vayarukaloo aavasyamaanu. uyarnna oordar ghatta samvidaanangalkku moonnil kooduthal vayarukal aavashyamaanenkilum cheriyatho oru nettamo nalkunnilla.
ulppaadana sheshiyude vila uyarnnathaanengilum, oorjja aavasyam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ithu praadeshikamaayi uthppaadippikkunnathine irakkumathi cheiyunna vaidyuthi palappozhum vilakuranjathaakkunnu. valia pradeshangalil palappozhum bharangal uyarukayum veezhukayum cheiyunnathinaal, vaidyuthi palappozhum vidoora srothassukalil ninnaan varunnath. looad pankidalinte saambathika nettangal kaaranam, wide eriya transmission gridukal raajyangalilum bhookhandangalilum polum vyaapichekkaam. chila linkukal pravartthanarahithamaanenkilum uthppaadakarum upabhokthaakkalum thammilulla parasparabandham vaidyuthi ozhukaan prapthamaakkunnu.
aavashyathinte pathukke maarikkondirikkunna bhaagathe "bays looad" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi sthiramaaya pravarthanachelavulla valia soukaryangaliloodeyaanu sevikkunnath, ithine uracha shakti ennu vilikkunnu. aanava, kalkari, jalavaidyutha ennivayaanu atharam soukaryangal, athesamayam kendreekritha sourorjja taapa, jeothermal oorjjam thudangiya mattu oorjja srothassukalkku uracha vaidyuthi nalkaanulla kazhivundu. sourorjja photovoltaic, kaatt, tharamgam, veliyettam thudangiya punarupayoga oorjja srothassukal avayude edavelakal kaaranam urachathayi kanakkakkappedunnilla. bakkiyulla allengil "peak" vaidyuthi aavasyam, saadhaaranayaayi cheruthum vegathayeriyathum uyarnna chelavilullathumaaya vaidyuthi nilayangal, athaayath samyojitha saikkil allengil jwalana turbine plaantukal, saadhaaranayaayi prakrithivaathakam indhanam nalkunnavayaan.
deerghadoora transmission (noorukanakkinu kilometerukal) vilakuranjathum kaaryakshamavumaan, oru kilovattinu njangalkk $0.005-0.02 (vaarshika sharashari valia uthppaadaka chelavukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oru kilovattinu njangalkk $0.01-0.025, chillaravila oru kilovattinu njangalkk $0.10 nuu mukalilum, pravachikkappedaatha uyarnna demand nimishangalil thalkshana vitharanakkaarkk chillara vilppanayude gunithikalum. kaanadayil ninnu newyork palappozhum 1000 megavaattiladhikam kuranja chelavil jalavaidyuthi vaangunnu. praadeshika srothassukalkku (kooduthal chelaveriyathum apoorvvamaayi upayogikkunnathum) vidoora vitharanakkaare vichedikkaan kazhiyunna kaalaavasthayil ninnum mattu duranthangalil ninnum vaidyuthi vitharanathe samrakshikkaan kazhiyum.
jala, kaatt srothassukal valia nagarangalilekku neekkaan kazhiyilla, praadeshika vaidyuthi aavasyangal naamamaathramaaya vidoora pradeshangalil sourorjja chelavu ettavum kuravaanu. eathenkilum prathyeka punarupayogikkaavunna badal saambathikamaayi yaadhaarthyamaano ennu nirnnayikkaan kanakshan chelavukalkku kazhiyum. transmission lineukalkku chelavu nirodhikkaamenkilum uyarnna seshiyullathum deerghadoora suuppar grid transmission network chelavukal mithamaaya upayoga phees upayogichu veendedukkaan kazhiyum.
grid inputt.
power steshanukalil, yoonittinte valuppathe aashrayich thaarathamyena kuranja voltageil ekadesham 2.3 kilowatt muthal 30 kilowatt vare vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnu. power steshan transformer pinneedu volteju uyarthi uyarnna voltejilekku (115 kevi muthal 765 kevi essy vare) traansmissionaayi uyarthunnu.
amerikkayil, 230 kevi muthal 500 kevi vare power transmission undu, 230 keviyil thaazhe allengil 500 keviyil kooduthal.
padinjaaran intarkanakshanu rund praadhamika interchange voltejukalundu 60 hertsil 500 kevi essy, vadakku ninnu thekkott (columbia nadhi thekkan kaaliforniyayilekku), vadakkukizhakku muthal thekkupadinjaaru (utta muthal thekkan california vare). 500 kevi praayogikamaakunnathin munbu nadappaakkiya praadeshika maanadandangalaanu 287.5 kevi (hoover daam muthal victorville vazhi loss enchals line vare), 345 kevi (arizona public sarvees (aps) line) enniva.
nashtam.
uyarnna voltageil vaidyuthi kaimarunnathu juul heatingiloode nashtappedunna oorjjathinte amsham kuraykkunnu, ithu conductor tharam, karant, transmission dooram enniva anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, 1000 megawatt vaidyuthi vahikkunna 765 kevi vegathayil oru spaanin 0.5 sathamaanam muthal 1.1 sathamaanam vare nashtam sambhavikkam. ore doorathil ore looad vahikkunna 345 kevi line 4.2 sathamaanam nashtamundu. oru nischitha alavilulla oorjjathinu, uyarnna volteju vaidyuthadhaaraye kuraykkukayum angane prathirodhasheshi nashtappedukayum cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, volteju 10 enna ghadakam uyarthunnathu vaidyuthadhaaraye 10 enna anubandha ghadakam kuraykkunnu, athinaal rund saahacharyangalilum ore valippathilulla kandakdarukal upayogichaal 100 enna ghadakam kondu formula 1 nashtam kuraykkunnu. kandakdarinte valuppam (cross-sekshanal eriya) thaazhnna vaidyuthadhaarayumaayi poruthappedunnathinu patthu madangu kurachaalum, uyarnna volteju upayogichu formula _ 1 nashtam ippozhum patthu madangu kuraykkunnu.
vayarinte chalakatha vardhippikkunnathiloode (cross-sekshanal eriya vardhippikkunnathiloode) vaidyuthi nashtam kuraykkaamenkilum, valia kandakdarukal bhaarameriyathum kooduthal chelaveriyathumaanu. chaalakashakti cross-sekshanal eriyaykku aanupaathikamaayathinaal, cross-sekshanal eriya vardhikkunnathinoppam resisteevu power nashtam aanupaathikamaayi maathrame kuraykkaan kazhiyoo, ithu voltejine gunikkunnathiloode nalkunna square reductionekkaal valare cheria aanukoolyam nalkunnu.
115 muthal 1,200 kevi vareyulla voltejukalil overhead lainukaliloodeyaanu deerghadoora transmission saadhaaranayaayi nadathunnathu. kandakdarinum groundinum idayil 2,000 keviyil kooduthal voltageukal ullappol, line kandakdarukalile kuranja prathirodha nashtam nikathaan kazhiyunna tharatthil corona discharge nashtam valare valuthaanu. valia conductor vyaasam, pollayaya korukal allengil conductor bandilukal enniva corona nashtam kuraykkunnathinulla nadapadikalil ulppedunnu.
prathirodhatthe baadikkukayum angane nashtappedukayum cheiyunna gadakangalil thaapanila, sarppila, charmmatthinte prabhavam enniva ulppedunnu. thaapanilaykkanusarichu prathirodham vardhikkunnu. madhyabhaagathu kudungiya kandakdarukal sarppilamaakunna reethiye soochippikkunna surplelling conductor prathirodham vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. charmmatthinte prabhavam uyarnna essy aavruthikalil phalapradamaaya prathirodham vardhippikkaan kaaranamaakunnu. oru ganitha maathruka upayogichu corona prathirodhasheshiyudeyum nashtam kanakkakkaam.
1997ll us transmission, distribution nashtam 6.6 sathamaanavum 2007ll 6.5 sathamaanavum 2013 muthal 2019 vare 5 sathamaanavum aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. pothuve, uthppaadippikkunna vaidyuthiyum (power plaantukal report cheythathupole) vilkkunna vaidyuthiyum thammilulla poruthakkedukal moolamaanu nashtam kanakkaakkunnath; yoottility moshanam nadakkunnillennu karuthuka vazhi transmission vitharana nashtavum undaakunnu.
1980 leeii kanakkanusarichu, dissy traansmishante ettavum dairkhyameriya chelavu kuranja dooram. essic ithu undaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum us transmission lineukal ganyamaayi cheruthaanu.
eathoru essy lineilum, conductor inductance capaasittansum ganyamayirikkum. eee gunangalodulla prathikaranatthil maathram ozhukunna vaidyuthadhaarakal (prathirodhathodoppam impedencine nirvachikkunnava) reactive power phloo roopappeduthunnu, ithu lodilekku oru shakthiyum kaimarunnilla. ennirunnaalum, eee prathipravartthana pravaahangal adhika choodaakkal nashtatthinu kaaranamaakunnu. lodilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedunna yadhaartha powerinteyum apertent powerinteyum anupatham (oru sarkyoottinte voltageinteyum vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum gunanaphalam, ghatta konine paraamarshikkaathe) power faaktaraanu. reactive karant vardhikkumbol, reactive power vardhikkukayum power factor kurayukayum cheiyunnu.
kuranja power factor ulla transmission systengalkku, uyarnna power factor ulla sistangalekkaal nashtam kooduthalaanu. yoottilittikal kappaasittar baankukal, reactors, mattu gadakangal (phase-shifttarukal; staatik vaar kompansettarukal; flexible essy transmission sisttangal, vasthuthakal enniva polullava) enniva systethiludaneelam cherkkunnath reactive power phloo nikathaanum power traansmissionile nashtam kuraykkaanum sisttam voltageukal sthirappeduthaanum sahayikkunnu. eee nadapadikale koottaayi 'reactive support' ennu vilikkunnu.
transposition.
transmission lainukaliloode ozhukunna vaidyuthadhaara oro ghattathinteyum lineukalkku chuttumulla oru kaanthikakshethrathe prerippikkukayum mattu ghattangalude chuttumulla kandakdarukalude inductansine baadikkukayum cheiyunnu. kandakdarukalude paraspara inductance bhaagikamaayi parasparam bandhappett lainukalude bhauthika ooriyanteshane aasrayichirikkunnu. moonnu gattangalulla varikal parambaraagathamaayi lambamaayi verthiricha ghattangalaal kettappettirikkunnu. mattu rund ghattangalude madhyathil oru ghattatthinte conductor kaanunna paraspara inductance mukalil/thaazhe kaanunna inductansil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
moonnu kandakdarukalkkidayillu asanthulithamaaya inductance prasnakaramaanu, kaaranam ithu sanjarikkunna motham pavarinte aanupaathikamallaatha alavu vahikkaan madhyarekhaye nirbandhithamaakkiyekkaam. athupole, oru line sthiramaayi nilathodu ettavum aduthu nilkkukayum kuranja impedencil pravartthikkukayum cheythaal asanthulithamaaya looad sambhavikkam. eee prathibhasam kaaranam, moonnu ghattangalum kaanunna paraspara inductance santhulithamaakkunnathinu oro ghattavum oro aapekshika sthaanathum thulya samayam kaanunnathinaayi kandakdarukal idaykkide lainil transpose cheyyanam. ithu nirvahikkunnathin, vividha transposition skeemukal upayogichu lainil pathivayi edavelakalil prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha transposition towerukalil line position maattunnu.
sub transmission.
thaarathamyena kuranja voltejukalilaanu subtransmission pravartthikkunnathu. ellah vitharana substationukaleyum uyarnna pradhana transmission voltejumaayi bandhippikkunnath saambathikamalla, kaaranam aaa upakaranam valuthum kooduthal chelaveriyathumaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, valia substationukal maathrame eee uyarnna voltejumaayi bandhippikkunnulloo. cheria substationukalilekku vaidyuthadhaara ayaykkunnathinu munbu volteju kuraykkunnu. oru line parajayam pala upabhokthakkalkkum kuranja samayathekku sevanam nirthaathirikkaan subtransmission sarcuteukal saadhaaranayaayi looppukalilaan krameekarichirikkunnathu.
looppukal "saadhaaranayaayi adaykkaam", avide oru surcuted nashtappedunnathu thadassamundaakkilla, allengil substationukalkku oru backup vitharanathilekku marran kazhiyunna "saadhaaranayaayi thurakkaam". subtransmission sarcuteukal saadhaaranayaayi overhead lainukalilaanu nadathunnathu, nagarapradeshangalil kuzhichitta cable upayogikkaam. lover-volteju subtransmission lineukal kuranja raitt-oof-veyum lalithamaaya gadanakalum upayogikkunnu; bhoogarbharekha eluppamalla.
oru nischitha kattofum subtransmission transmission allengil subtransmission vitharanavum verthirikkunnilla. avayude volteju shrenikal ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. 69 kevi, 115 kevi, 138 kevi voltageukal vadakke amerikkayil upaprasaaranathinaayi palappozhum upayogikkunnu. vaidyuthi samvidaanangal vikasichathode, munbu traansmissionaayi upayogichirunna voltageukal subtransmissionaayi upayogikkukayum subtransmission voltageukal vitharana voltejukalaayi maarukayum cheythu. transmission pole, sub transmission thaarathamyena valia alavil vaidyuthi neekkunnu, vitharanam pole, sub transmission pooyint-tuu-pooyintinu pakaram oru pradeshathe ulkkollunnu.
transmission grid eksitt.
substation transformerukal lodukalilekkulla vitharanathinayi volteju thaazhnna nilayilekku kuraykkunnu. sub transmission (33 muthal 132 kevi), vitharanam (3.3 muthal 25 kevi) ennivayude samyojanathodeyaanu eee vitharanam poortthiyaakkunnathu. oduvil, upayogathinte samayat, oorjjam kuranja voltejaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnu.
hye-volteju traansmishante prayojanam.
hye-volteju power transmission deerghadoorangalil kuranja prathirodha nashtam anuvadikkunnu. eee karyakshamatha uthppaadippikkunna oorjjathinte valiyoru bhagam lodukalkku nalkunnu.
lalithamaaya oru maathrkayil, grid volteju formula 3 ulla oru anuyojyamaaya volteju srothassil ninnu vaidyuthi athikkunnu, oru power formula 4) oru resistans formula 5 maathrkayil, vayarukalkku kaaryamaaya resistans formula 6 undaayirikkaan mathiyaya neelamullappol upabhogathinte orotta poyintilekku athikkunnu.
prathirodhangal intervening transformer illaathe seereesilaanengil, surcuted oru volteju devideraayi pravartthikkunnu, kaaranam athe karant formula _ 7 vayar resistansiloodeyum powered upakaranathiloodeyum pravartthikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, upayogapradamaaya oorjjam (upabhoga ghattathil) ithaanu
oru anuyojyamaaya transformer hye-volteju, loow-karant vaidyuthiye formula _ 9 (i) volteju anupaathamulla loow-volteju, hye-karant vaidyuthiyaakki mattanam.iii.praadhamika shaakhayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, voltejine formula _ 9 kondu harikkukayum vaidyuthadhaaraye dvitheeya shaakhayile formula _ 9 kondu gunikkukayum cheiyunnu), thudarnnu surcuted veendum oru volteju deviderinu thulyamaanu, ennaal vayarukalkku ippol formula _ 12 maathram prathirodhamund.
formula _ 14 (i.iii. upabhoga pooyintinadutthulla uyarnna volteju kuranja voltejilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathu), janarettarinte oorjjathinte oru valia bhagam upabhoga poyintilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedukayum oru cheria bhagam juul heatingilekku nashtappedukayum cheiyunnu.
modeling.
ayaykkunna (kalilum) sweekarikkunna (aarr) attangalilulla voltage vaidyuthadhaarayumaanu transmission laininte anthima savisheshathakal. transmission line oru "black boxes" aayi maathrkayaakkaam, koodaathe athinte swabhaavam maathrkayaakkaan 2 bye 2 transmission matricks upayogikkunnu, inipparayunna reethiyil
line oru paraspara, samamita shringalayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athaayath sweekarikkunnathum ayaykkunnathumaaya labelukal oru anantharafalavumillaathe maattaan kazhiyum. transmission matricks tick inipparayunna gunangalunda
aavasyamulla model laininte resistans ("r"), inductans ("l"), kappaasittans ("c"), shund (samaantharamaayi, chorcha) conductance "g" enniva engane kaikaaryam cheiyunnu ennathine aashrayich "a", "b", "c", "d" ennee paaraamettarukal vyathyaasappedunnu.
short line ekadesha kanakk, meediyam line ekadesha kanakk, long line ekadesha kanakk (distributed paaraamettarukalulla), nashtamillaattha varii ennivayaanu naalu pradhana modalukal. atharam modalukalil, "r" polulla oru valia aksharam variyil sangrahicha motham alavineyum "c" polulla cheria aksharam oru yoonit dairkhya alavineyum soochippikkunnu.
nashtappedaattha line.
nashtappedaattha rekhayude ekadesha kanakk ettavum krithyamalla; prathirodhathekkaal inductance valare kooduthalulla hraswa varikalilaanu ithu saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnathu. eee ekadesha kanakk anusarichu, ayaykkunnathum sveekarikkunnathumaaya attangalil voltage vaidyuthadhaarayum samaanamaan.
swabhaavagunamulla impedence shudhamaaya riyal aanu, athaayath aaa impedensinu resisteevu ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ithine palappozhum sarj impedence ennu vilikkunnu. oru nashtappedaattha line sarj impedence upayogichu avasaanippikkumbol, volteju kurayilla. voltejinteyum vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum ghatta konukal karangunnundengilum, voltejinteyum vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum vyaapthi rekhayil sthiramaayi thudarunnu. looad> sil ennathinu, volteju ayaykkunna attathu ninnu kurayukayum line vaarukal "upabhogam" cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. looad <sil, ayaykkunna attathu ninnu volteju vardhikkukayum line vaarukal "srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu.
hrasvamaaya varii.
short line ekadesha kanakk saadhaaranayaayi athinekkaal cheria lainukalkkaanu upayogikkunnathu. avide, oru seerees impedence "z" maathrame pariganikkoo, athesamayam "c", "g" enniva avaganikkappedunnu. anthimaphalam a = d = 1 yoonit, b = z ooms, c = 0. athinaal eee ekadesharekhayude anubandha parivartthana matricks ithaanu
idatharam line.
idatharam line ekadesha kanakk upayogikkunnathu athinidayilulla lainukalkkaanu. seerees impedence shund (karant leak) conductance pariganikkunnu, ithu variyude oro attatthum shund kandakdansinte pakuthi sthaapikkunnu. surcuted diagraminte iruvashathum chorcha chalakatha sthaapikkumbol edukkunna aakruthi (π) kaaranam eee sarkyoottine palappozhum "naamamaathramaaya" π "(paii) surcuted ennu vilikkunnu. idatharam variyude vishakalanam uthppaadippikkunnu
idatharam dairkhyamulla transmission lainukalude ethirbodhajanyamaaya perumattangal
neenda line.
uyarnna alavilulla krithyatha aavasyamullappozho parigananayilulla varii neelatthil kooduthalo aayirikkumbozho neelamulla line model upayogikkunnu. seerees resistansum shund conductance distributed paaraamettarukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athaayath variyude oro deferential neelathinum anubandha deferential seerees impedence shund admittansum undu. formula _ 20 prachaarana sthiraankamaaya transmission lainil eathu ghattathilum inipparayunna phalam prayogikkaam.
neelamulla variyude avasaanathil voltage vaidyuthadhaarayum kandethunnathinu, transmission maatriksinte ellah paaraamettarukalilum formula _ 22 nuu pakaram formula _ 23 (line neelam) upayogikkanam. eee maathruka telegrapherude samavaakyangal prayogikkunnu.
uyarnna volteju nerittulla vaidyuthadhaara.
hye-volteju direct karant (echvidisi) deerghadoorathekku valia alavil vaidyuthi kaimaran allengil asinkranas gridukal thammilulla intarkanakshanukalkku upayogikkunnu. valare deerghadooram vaidyuthorjjam kaimaattam cheyyumbol, essy transmissionil nashtappedunna vaidyuthi prashamsaneeyamaayitheerukayum pakaram nerittulla vaidyuthadhaara upayogikkunnathu chelavu kuranjathaayitheerukayum cheiyunnu. oru neenda transmission line, eee kuranja nashtangalkku (oru dissy laininte kuranja nirmmaana chelavu) oro attatthum aavashyamaaya kanverttar steshanukalude chelavu nikathaan kazhiyum.
cable kappaasittans kaaranam essy upayogikkaan kazhiyaatha neelamulla antarvaahini kebilukalkkaayi echvidisi upayogikkunnu. eee sandarbhangalil prathyeka hye-volteju kebilukal upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, grettu brittan bhookhanda europinum idayil, grettu brittan irelandinum idayil, tasmaniaykkum australian pradhana bhoopradeshathinum idayil, nyoosilandile vadakkum thekkum dveepukalkkidayil, newjezhsikkum newyork nagaratthinum idayil, newjezhsikkum long ailandinum idayil dveepukalude vaidyuthi gridukale parasparam bandhippikkaan antarvaahini echvidisi samvidaanangal palappozhum upayogikkunnu. neelam koodiya antarvaahini kanakshanukal vinyasichittund.
grid prasnangal niyantrikkaan echvidisi linkukal upayogikkaam. sozhs end voltage destination endukalum thammilulla phase angle vardhikkumbol oru essy line vazhi kaimaattam cheyyappedunna power vardhikkunnu, ennaal valare valia oru phase angle iruvashathumulla sisttangale steppinu purathaakaan anuvadikkunnu. oru dissy linkile power phloo athu bandhippikkunna essy nettvarkkukalude ghattangalil ninnu swathanthramaayi niyanthrikkappedunnathi, eee phase angle paridhi nilavililla, koodaathe oru dissy linkinu ellaayppozhum athinte poornna rettucheytha power kaimaran kazhiyum. oru dissy link iru attatthum essy grid sthirappeduthunnu, kaaranam power floy phase aamgilum swathanthramaayi niyantrikkaan kazhiyum.
udaaharanathinu, siyaattilinum bosttaninum edayilulla oru saangalppika variyil essy pavarinte ozhukk krameekarikkaan rund praadeshika electrical gridukalude aapekshika ghattam krameekarikkendathundu. essy sisttangalil ithu oru dainamdina sambhavamaan, ennaal essy sisttam gadakangal paraajayappedukayum griddle apratheekshithamaya lodukal sthaapikkukayum cheyyumbol thadassappedaam. pakaram oru echvidisi line upayogichu, atharamoru parasparabandham
(orupakshe transmission roottile mattu sahakarana nagarangalilum). atharamoru samvidaanathinte chila bhagangal pettennu adachupoottiyaal paraajayappedaanulla saadhyatha kuravaayirikkum. padinjaaran yunaittad stetsil sthithi cheiyunna pasaphik dissy intertyaanu oru neenda dissy transmission laininte oru udaaharanam.
sheshi.
oru transmission lainil ayaykkaan kazhiyunna vaidyuthiyude alavu laininte neelam anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. line nashtam moolam short line kandakdarukal choodaakkunnathu oru taapa paridhi nischayikkunnu. valareyadhikam vaidyuthadhaara valichaal, kandakdarukal nilathodu valare aduthu thaazhekku pathichekkaam, allengil kandakdarukalum upakaranangalum amithamaayi choodaayekkaam. kramatthil intermediat-dairkhya lineukalkku, variyile volteju drope anusarichaanu paridhi nischayikkunnathu. neelamulla essy lineukalkku, sisttam sthiratha parimithappedutthunna gadakamaayi maarunnu. ekadesham, oru essy line mukaliloode ozhukunna power voltejinte ghatta konile cosine attathulla vaidyuthadhaaraykkum aanupaathikamaanu.
sisttam loadingine aashrayich eee koonn vyathyaasappedunnu. prathirodhasheshi nashtappedumbol vaidyuthi ozhukunnathu kurayunnathinaal koonn 90 degreyilekku adukkunnathu abhikaamyamalla. line neelatthinteyum paramavadhi lodinteyum gunanam sisttam voltejinte squarinu ekadesham aanupaathikamaanu. sthiratha mechappeduthunnathinaayi seerees kappaasittarukal allengil phase-shifting transformerukal neelamulla varikalil upayogikkunnu. ghattam angle metteeriyal allaathathinaal echvidisi lineukal taapa, volteju drope paridikalaal maathrame niyanthrikkappedunnu.
cable roottile thaapanila vitharanam manasilaakkunnath kebililudaneelam thaapanila alakkunna distributed temperature sensing (dii. tii. ezz) samvidaanangal avatharippichathode saadhyamaayi. avaa illaathe paramavadhi vaidyuthadhaara saadhaaranayaayi pravartthana saahacharyangalekkurichulla dharana apakadasaadhyatha kuraykkunnathum thammilulla oru vittuveezhchayaayi sajjeekarichirunnu. eee monittaring solution hye-volteju kebilinullil allengil cable insulationil baahyamaayi gadippichirikkunna thaapanila sensarukalaayi nishkriya opttikkal fiberukal upayogikkunnu.
overhead kebilukalkkaayi fiber oru ghatta vayarinte koril samyojippichirikkunnu. integrated dynamic cable rating (dii. sii. aarr)/riyal time thermal rating (aarr. tii. tii. aarr) pariharam network athinte paramavadhi pravarthippikkunnathu saadhyamaakkunnu. transmission sisttathinte swabhaavam pravachikkaan ithu oopparettare anuvadikkunnu, athu athinte prarambha operating avasthakalile pradhana mattangal prathifalippikkunnu.
niyanthranam.
surakshithavum pravachanatheethavumaaya pravartthanam urappaakkunnathin, janarettarukal, svichukal, surcuted brakerukal, lodukal enniva upayogichu sisttam gadakangal niyanthrikkunnu. transmission sisttathinte volteju, power, freekwansi, looad factor, vishwaasyatha kazhivukal enniva chelavu kuranja prakadanam nalkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
looad balancing.
transmission sisttam surakshaykkum thettu sahishnuthaykkum maarjinukalulla bays loadinum peak loadinum sheshi nalkunnu. vyavasaya misritham kaaranam pradeshathinanusarichu peak looad samayangal vyathyaasappedunnu. choodullathum thanuppullathumaya kaalaavasthayil veettile eyar contitioning choodaakkal bharangalum mothatthilulla bhaarathe badhikkunnu. varshathile ettavum chooderiya bhaagath uchakazhinju, varshathile ettavum thanuppulla bhaagath pularche, vaikunneram ennivayil avaa saadhaaranayaayi ettavum uyarnnathaan. vaidyuthi aavasyangal samayavum samayavum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. vitharana samvidaana roopakalppanakal ellaayppozhum adisthaana bharavum peak load kanakkiledukkunnu.
transmission systethinu saadhaaranayaayi uthppaadanavumaayi lodukal poruthappedutthaanulla valia buffering seshiyilla. athinaal, uthpaadanam amithamaayi uthppaadippikkunna upakaranangal thadayunnathinu, uthpaadanam bharavumaayi poruthappeduthendathu.
onniladhikam srothassukalum lodukalum transmission sisttavumaayi bandhippikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe chittayaya vaidyuthi kaimaattam nalkunnathinu avaa niyantrikkanam. kendreekritha vaidyuthi uthppaadanathil uthppaadanathinte praadeshika niyanthranam maathrame aavashyamulloo. ithil janareshan yoonittukalude samanvayam ulppedunnu.
vitharanam cheytha vaidyuthi ulppaadanathil janarettarukal bhoomishaasthraparamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunnu, avaa oonlainilum offlainilum konduvarunna prakriya shradhaapoorvvam niyantrikkanam. looad kantrol signalukal onnukil prathyeka lainukalilo allengil vaidyuthi lainukalilo ayaykkaam. lodukal santhulithamaakkunnathilla signalling samvidaanangalaayi voltage aavruthiyum upayogikkaam.
volteju signalingil, uthppaadanam vardhippikkunnathinu volteju vyathyasthamaan. line volteju kurayumbol eathoru sisttavum cherkkunna power vardhikkunnu. eee krameekaranam thathwathil sthirathayullathaanu. mesh netvarkkukalil volteju adisthaanamaakkiyulla niyanthranam upayogikkunnathu sankeernamaanu, kaaranam oro thavanayum meshilek oru puthiya janarettar cherkkumbol vyakthigatha gadakangalum settu pooyintukalum punarroopakalppana cheyyendathundu.
freekwansi signalingil, uthppaadippikkunna unitukal power transmission sisttathinte freekwansiyumaayi poruthappedunnu. drope speed kantrolil, aavruthi kurayukayaanengil, power vardhikkunnu. (line freekwansiyile idivu vardhicha looad janarettarukalude vegatha kuraykkaan kaaranamaakunnu ennathinte soochanayaanu.)
wind turbineukal, vehicle-tuu-grid, vertual power plaantukal, praadeshikamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna mattu sambharana, ulppaadana samvidaanangal ennivaykku sisttam pravartthanam mechappeduthunnathinaayi gridumaayi samvadikkaan kazhiyum. anthaaraashtra thalatthil, kendreekrithamaaya oru adhikaarasamvidhaanathil ninnu vikendreekrithamaaya oru samvidaanathilekkulla oru mandagathiyilulla neekkam nadannittundu. praadeshikamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna ulppaadana samvidaanangalude pradhana aakarshanam avaa uthppaadippicha sthalathinaduthulla vaidyuthi upabhogathilekku nayikkunnathiloode prasarana nashtam kuraykkunnu ennathaanu.
parajaya samrakshanam.
adhika looad saahacharyangalil, oresamayam allathe vardhichuvarunna reethiyil paraajayappedaan sisttam roopakalppana cheyyaan kazhiyum. vaidyuthi vitharanam aavasyathil ninnu kurayumbozhaanu brounttukal sambhavikkunnath. grid poornnamaayum paraajayappedumbozhaanu aulaakktukal sambhavikkunnath.
vividha lodukalkku vendathra vaidyuthi vitharanam cheyyaan upayogikkunna manappoorvvam enchiniyaring cheytha vaidyutha thakaraarukalaan rolling aulaakktukal (looad shedding ennum ariyappedunnu).
ashayavinimayam.
grid oopparettarmaarkku grid anubandha ulppaadana, vitharana soukaryangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu vishwasaneeyamaaya ashayavinimayangal aavasyamaanu. laininte oro attatthum folt sensing protective relakel power phloo nireekshikkunnathinu ashayavinimayam nadatthanam, angane folt cheytha kandakdarukaloo upakaranangalo vegathil oorjjam illaathaakkaanum sisttathinte balance punasthaapikkaanum kazhiyum. short sarcuteukalil ninnum mattu thakaraarukalil ninnum transmission laininte samrakshanam saadhaaranayaayi valare nirnaayakamaan, saadhaarana carrier telecommunicationul aparyapthamaayi vishwasaneeyamaanu, athesamayam chila vidoora pradeshangalil saadhaarana carrier labhyamalla. oru transmission projakttumaayi bandhapetta ashayavinimaya samvidaanangal upayogichekkaam
apoorvvamaayi, kuranja doorangalil, transmission line pathayil pailat-vayarukal kettunnu. labhyatha oopparettarude niyanthranatthilallaathil saadhaarana carrierukalil ninnulla paattatthinu nalkia sarkyoottukalkk munganana nalkunnilla.
daatta vahikkaan transmission lineukal upayogikkaam ithine power-line carrier allengil power-line communication (pii. ell. sii) ennu vilikkunnu. deerghatharamgathil radio upayogichu pii. ell. sii signalukal eluppathil sweekarikkaan kazhiyum.
opttikkal fiberukal oru transmission laininte trandend kandakdarukalil, overhead sheeled vayarukalil ulppeduthaam. eee kebilukal opttikkal graundu vayar ("opijidablyu") ennariyappedunnu. chilappol transmission line cross aamsil gadippichirikkunna ool-dilectric selph supporting ("aads") cable enna otappetta cable upayogikkunnu.
minesota polulla chila adhikaaraparidhikal oorjja prakshepana kambanikale micha ashayavinimaya bandwidth vilkkunnathil ninno telecommunication pothu carrieraayi pravartthikkunnathil ninno vilakkunnu. niyanthrana ghadana anuvadikkunnidathu, utilitic adhika irunda naarukalulla sheshi oru saadhaarana carrierinu wilkan kazhiyum.
vipani ghadana.
vaidyuthi kaimaattam saadhaaranayaayi oru swaabhaavika kuthakayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, pakshe ulppaadanavumaayi antharleenamaayi bandhamillaattha onnaanu. pala raajyangalum prasaranatthe thalamurayil ninnu vevvere niyanthrikkunnu.
oru praadeshika prakshepana samghadana sthaapicha aadya rajyamaanu spain. aaa rajyath, transmission pravartthanangalum vaidyuthi vipanikalum vyathyasthamaan. transmission sisttam oopparettar redu electrica dii espana (ree) motha vaidyuthi vipani oopparettar oopparadar dell mercado iberico dii energia-pooloo espanol, ezz aanu.eiii. (omel) omel holding | omel holding. speyininte transmission samvidaanam france, porchugal, moroco ennivayumaayi parasparam bandhappettirikkunnu.
pothu yoottilittikal vivechanarahithamaaya transmission sevanangaliloode mothatthilulla malsaram prolsaahippikkuka; pothu yoottilittikal vazhiyum traansmitting yoottilittikal vazhiyum kudungiya chelavukal veendedukkuka" enna federal oordar 888 aanu amerikkayil aarr. tii. oo. sthaapikkunnathinu prachodanamaayathu. 1996 ll puratthirakkiya yunaittad stetsilum kaanadayude chila bhagangalilum electric transmission kambanikal janareshan kambanikalil ninnu swathanthramaayi pravartthikkunnu, ennaal thekkan yunaittad stetsil lambamaya samyojanam kedukoodatheyaanu. verthirikkal mekhalakalil, transmission udamakalum janareshan udamakalum avarude aarr. tii. oykkullil votting avakashamulla vipani pankaalikal enna nilayil parasparam samvadikkunnathu thudarunnu. american aikyanaadukalile aarr. tii. oo. kall niyanthrikkunnath federal energy regulatory kammeeshanaanu.
newyorkkile shoreham muthal nyoo heven, connecticut vareyulla cross soundu cable, nyoojezhsiyile seyarvilleyil ninnu newyorkkile nyoo bridjilekkulla neptyoon arts transmission line, kaaliforniyayile paathu 15 enniva amerikkayile marchant transmission projaktukalil ulppedunnu. itc holdings korppareshan nirddeshikkunna underwater transmission lainaaya lake erii connector ulppede amerikkayiludaneelam adhika padhathikal vikasippikkukayo nirddeshikkukayo cheythittundu.ontaariyoye pii. jeey. emm intarkanakshan mekhalayile sevana sthaapanangal looad cheiyunnathilekku bandhippikkunnu.
australiyaykku oru aniyanthrithamaaya allengil maarkkat interconnector undu-baas link-tasmaniaykkum victoriyaykkum idayil. maarkkat interconnectorukalaayi aadyam nadappilaakkiya direct link, marelink ennee rund dissy linkukal niyantritha interconnectorukalaayi parivartthanam cheythu.
gunabhokthaakkal toll adaykkunnathinaayi eee soukaryathil ninnu aarkkaan prayojanam labhikkunnathenn thirichariyunnathinulla budhimuttaanu vyapara kaimaattam vyaapakamaayi sweekarikkunnathinulla oru pradhana thadassam. koodaathe, kuthakayum niyantritha nirakkum adisthaanamaakkiyulla yoottilittikal badal transmission lineukalkku subsidy nalkumbol oru marchant transmission line malsarikkaan prayaasamaan. amerikkayil, 2010ll purappeduvicha ferkkinte oordar 1000, moonnaam kakshi nikshepathinulla thadassangal kuraykkaanum pothu nayatthinte aavasyakatha kaanapedunna vyapara transmission lineukal srishtikkaanum shramichu.
transmission chelavu.
upabhokthru vaidyuthi billukal ulkkollunna matellaa chelavukalumaayum thaarathamyappeduthumbol uyarnna volteju traansmishante chelavu thaarathamyena kuravaanu. yukeyil, vitharanam cheytha aabhyanthara vilayaya kilovattinu ekadesham 10 pii ennathinekkaal transmission chelavu kilovattinu ekadesham 0.20 pii aanu.
electric power tii & dii upakarana vipaniyile mooladhana chelavinte thoth 2011 ll $<aii. dii. 1> bilyan aanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
aarogyaprasnangal.
kuranja oorjjam, kuranja aavruthi, gaarhika vaidyuthadhaarakalumaayum uyarnna transmission vaidyuthi lainukalumaayum bandhapetta vaidyuthakaanthika vikiranam enniva hraswakaala allengil deerghakaala aarogya apakadamallennu mukhyadharaa shaasthreeya thelivukal soochippikkunnu.
vaidyuthi lineukalkku sameepam thamasikkunnathum kyaansar polulla rogangalo rogangalo vikasippikkunnathum thammil oru bandhavum kandethunnathil chila padanangal parajayappettu. 1997-leeii oru patanam transmission line sameepam thaamasikkunnathiloode cancerino rogathino ulla saadhyatha vardhikkunnillennu report cheythu. ennirunnaalum, mattu padanangal vividha rogangalum vaidyuthi lineukalkku sameepam jeevikkukayo jolie cheiyukayo cheiyunnathum thammilulla sthithivivarakkanakku parasparabandham report cheythu. vaidyuthi lineukalkku sameepam thaamasikkaatha aalukalkk aarogyaparamaya prathikoola phalangalonnum sthireekarichittilla.
vaidyutha mandalangalude aarogyaparamaya prathyaaghaathangal vilayiruthunnathinayi newyork stettu public sarvees kammeeshan oru patanam nadatthi. 765 kevi transmission lainil nilavilulla raitt oof veyude attathulla vaidyutha mandalatthinte shakti patanam alannu. feeld shakti 1.6 kilowatt/meteraayirunnu, ithu newyork samsthaanathe puthiya transmission lainukalude idakkaala paramavadhi shakti maanadandamaayi maari. newyorkkil nirmmicha puthiya transmission lainukalude voltage 345 keey. vii. aayi parimithappedutthi. 1990 septambar 11 nuu kaanthikakshethrathinte shakthiyekkurichulla samanamaaya padanatthinu sesham, enn. aii. ezz. pii. ezz. sii avarude "kaanthikakshethrangalekkurale idakkaala naya prasthavana" puratthirakki. eee nayam shaityakaala-saadhaarana conductor rating upayogichu vazhiyude valathuvashath 200 milligram kaanthikakshethra nilavaaram sthaapichu. dainamdina inangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, oru hair dryer allengil electric blaambett 100 milligram-500 milligram kaanthikakshethram uthpaadippikkunnu.
oru puthiya transmission laininulla prayogangalil saadhaaranayaayi raitts oof veyude arikilulla vaidyutha, kaanthikakshethra nilakalude vishakalanam ulppedunnu. pothu upayoga commissionukal saadhaaranayaayi aarogya prathyaaghaathangalekkurich prathikarikkunnilla.
100 micro tonn (1 gram) (1,000 milligram) nuu mukalilulla kaanthikakshethrangalumaayu uyarnna thalatthilulla sanbarkkathinu jaiva efakttukal sthaapichittundu. oru residential krameekaranatthil, oru patanam "manushyaril carsinogenisityude parimithamaaya thelivukalum pareekshanathmaka mrugangalil carsinogenisityude mathiyaya thelivukalil kuravum", prathyekichu, balyakaala raktarbudam, 0.3 micro tonn (3 milligram) muthal 0.40 micro tonn (4 milligram) vare residential power-freekwansi magnetic feeldumaayi sharashari sanbarkkam pularthunnathil bandhappettirikkunnu. eee alavukal veedukalile sharashari residential power-freekwansi kaanthikakshethrangale kaviyunnu, ithu europil ekadesham 0.07 microde (0.7 milligram) vadakke amerikkayil 0.11 microde (1.1 milligram) aanu.
bhoomiyude swaabhaavika geomagnetic feeld shakti grahatthinte uparithalathil 0.035 mt num 0.07 mt num (35 micro-70 micro allengil 350 millie-700 milligram) idayil vyathyaasappedunnu, athesamayam thudarchayaaya exposurinulla anthaaraashtra nilavaaram pothujanagalkk 40 metrik tonn (400,000 milligram allengil 400 gram) aayi sajjeekarichirikkunnu.
trea groth regulatorukalum kalanaashinikalum transmission line raitt oof vesil upayogikkaam, athu aarogyaparamaya prathyaaghaathangal undakkaam.
raajyam anusarichu nayam.
america.
federal energy regulatory kammeeshan (ferk) american aikyanaadukalile electric power transmission, motha vaidyuthi vilppana ennivayude praadhamika niyanthrana ejansiyaanu. 1920 ll federal power kammeeshanaayi kongras sthaapicha ferk athinusesham onniladhikam perukalilum utharavaaditha parishkaranangalilum vidheyamaayi. vaidyuthi vitharanavum chillara vilppana samsthaana adikaaraparidhiyilaanu.
oordar nambar. 888.
oordar nambar. 1996 epril 24nuu 888 neey ferk sweekarichu. motha bulk power maarkkattile malsarathinulla thadassangal neekkam cheiyunnathinum raajyathe vaidyuthi upabhokthaakkalkk kooduthal kaaryakshamavum kuranja chelavilumulla vaidyuthi konduvarunnathinum roopakalppana cheythathaanu ithu. antharsamsthaana vaanijyathil vaidyuthi arck athikkaanaakumo ennu niyanthrikkunna kuthaka udamasthathayilulla transmission vayarukalilekkulla praveshanathile anaavashya vivechanam pariharikkuka ennathaanu eee niyamangalude niyamaparavum nayaparavumaaya moolakkallu."antharsamsthaana vaanijyathil vaidyuthorjjam kaimaran upayogikkunna soukaryangalude udamasthathayilullatho niyanthrikkunnatho pravartthikkunnatho aaya ellah pothu yootilittikalkkum thuranna praveshanavum vivechanarahithamaaya transmission thaarifukalum undaayirikkanamennu utharavu aavashyappedunnu. eee thaarifukal eathoru vaidyuthi janarettarinum avaa uthppaadippikkunna vaidyuthi kaimaran nilavilulla vaidyuthi lineukal upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnu. pothu sevana sthaapanangalkku avarude vaidyuthi lineukal oru ooppan axus sevanamaayi nalkunnathumaayi bandhapetta chelavukal veendedukkaanum utharavu anuvadikkunnu.
2005leeii oorjjanaya niyamam.
2005leeii oorjja naya niyamam (epact) vaidyuthi kaimaattam niyantrikkunnathinaayi federal adikaaram vipuleekarichu. electric transmission vishwaasyatha maanadandangal nadappaakkunnathum vaidyuthi prakshepanatthile nikshepam prolsaahippikkunnathi nirakk prothsaahanangal sthaapikkunnathum ulppede ganyamaaya puthiya utharavaadithangal epaakt ferzinu nalki.
charitraparamaayi, praadeshika sarkkarukal gridinte mail adikaaram prayogikkukayum swantham samsthaanangalkku purame mattu samsthaanangalkku prayojanam cheiyunna pravarthanangalil kaaryamaaya niruthsaahappeduthalukal nilanirthukayum cheythu. mattu pradeshangalkk aaa oorjjathinaayi malsarikkaanum nirakkukal vardhippikkaanum kazhiyumennathinaal, vilakuranja vaidyuthiyulla pradeshangalkk vaidyuthi vyaapaarathil antharsamsthaana vyapaaram eluppamaakkunnathine prothsaahippikkunnathi oru nirutsaahamundu. udaaharanathinu, maine nirakkukal samrakshikkunnathinaal mainile chila regulatormaar tirakk prasnangal pariharikkan visammathichu.
drishyaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangal, paaristhithika, aarogya aashankakal ennivayilekku viral choondunnathiloode praadeshika niyojakamandalangalkk anumathi thadayaano mandagathiyilaakkaano kazhiyum. amerikkayil, prasaranathekkaal naaliratti vegathil uthpaadanam valarukayaanu, ennaal prasarana naveekaranathinu onniladhikam adhikaaraparidhikalude ekopanam, sankeernamaaya anumathi, grid mothatthil udamasthathayilulla niravadhi kambanikalude ganyamaaya bhagam thammilulla sahakaranm enniva aavasyamaanu. samsthaanangal nadapadiyedukkaan visammathichaal transmission amgeekarikkaan oorjja vakuppinu adikaaram nalkia karaaril transmission mechappeduthunnathinulla us deseeya suraksha thalpparyam prathiphalichu.
prathyeka transmission.
reyilveykkulla gridukal.
electric locomotteevukal allengil electric multiple unitukal kuranja freekwansi essy pavaril pravartthikkunna chila rajyangalil, prathyeka single phase traction power netvarkkukal railwayaanu pravarthippikkunnathu. 162 "/" 3 hearts adisthaanamaakkiyulla essy saankethikavidya upayogikkunna austriya, jarmmani, swittsarland thudangiya rajyangalaanu pradhana udaaharanagal. norway sweeden eee aavruthi upayogikkunnu, pakshe 50 hearts pothu vitharanathil ninnulla parivartthanam upayogikkunnu; sweeden 16 2 "/" 3 hearts traction grid undu, pakshe sisttathinte bhaagathinu maathram.
superconducting kebilukal.
uyarnna thapanilayulla soopparkandaktarukal (echu. tii. ezz) nashtappedaattha transmission nalkikkond vaidyuthi vitharanathil viplavam srishtikkumennu vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. draavaka naitrajante thilaykkunna pooyintinekkaal uyarnna parivartthana thapanilayulla soopparkandaktarukalude vikasanam superconducting power lineukal enna ashayam kuranjathu uyarnna looad aaplikkeshanukalkku vaanijyaparamaayi saadhyamaakki. eee reethi upayogichu maalinyangal pakuthiyaayi kuraykkumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam aavashyamaaya rafrijareshan upakaranangal prathirodha nashtam illaathaakkunnathiloode laabhikkunna pakuthiyolam vaidyuthi upayogikkum. ekeekritha edison, american superconductor thudangiya kambanikal 2007 ll atharam samvidaanangalude vaanijyaparamaaya uthpaadanam aarambhichu.
valia nagarangalile bisinus distrikt polulla uyarnna looad saandrathayulla pradeshangalkk superconducting kebilukal prathyekichum anuyojyamaanu, avide kebilukalkkaayi oru eluppam vaangunnath chelaveriyathaanu.
otta vayar erthu ritten.
vidoora pradeshangalilekku kuranja chelavil ottakhatta vaidyuthorjjam vitharanam cheiyunnathinulla orotta vayar transmission lainaan single vayar erthu ritten (swar) allengil single vayar graundu ritten. ithu pradhaanamaayum grameena vaidyutheekaranathinaayi upayogikkunnu, ennaal vaattar pambukal polulla valia otappetta lodukalkkum ithu upayogikkunnu. antarvaahini power kebilukaliloode echvidisikkaayi single vayar erthu rittenum upayogikkunnu.
wireless power transmission.
nikkola tesla hidetsugu yagiyum 1800 kalude avasaanathilum 1900 kalude thudakkathilum valia thothilulla wireless power traansmissionaayi samvidaanangal aavishkarikkaan shramichu, pakshe vaanijyaparamaayi vijayichilla.
2009 novemberil, lasermotive oru cable parvathaarohakane nilathu adhishtithamaaya lazer traansmittar upayogichu 1 kilometer lambamaayi power cheythukondu naasa 2009 power beaming chalanchu nedi. reseiver attathu sisttam 1 kilowatt vaidyuthi uthppaadippichu. 2010 augustil, bhoomiyude bhramanapathathile thaazhnna upagrahangalkk oorjjam nalkunnathinum lazer power beam upayogichu rokkattukal vikshepikkunnathinum lazer power beaming samvidaanangalude roopakalppana pinthudarunnathinu naasa swakaarya kambanikalumaayi karar cheythu.
sourorjja upagrahangalil ninnu bhoomiyilekku vaidyuthi kaimarunnathinaayi wireless power transmission padichittundu. uyarnna power shreniyilulla microwave allengil lazer traansmittarukal oru rectennayilekku power beam cheyyum. eathoru sourorjja upagraha padhathiyum pradhana enchiniyaring, saambathika velluvilikal neridunnu.
suraksha.
power grid saibar yudhathinu vidheyamaanennu american aikyanaadukalile federal gavanment prasthaavichu. durbalathakal thirichariyunnathinum niyanthrana samvidaana shringalakalude suraksha vardhippikkaan vyavasaayathe sahayikkunnathinum yunaittad stetts department oof holdlined security vyavasayavumaayi pravartthikkunnu.
thangalude electrical grid amerikkayude saibar aakramanathinu vidheyamaakaanulla saadhyathayundennu 2019 juunil russia sammathichu. "american saibar kamaandile american hackermar russian electrical grid thadassappeduthaan saadhyathayulla malveyarukal sthaapichathaayi newyork times report cheythu.

