pathinezhaam noottaandile paarees

pathinezhaam noottaandile paarees europile ettavum valia nagaramaayirunnu, araa dasalaksham janasamkhyayulla, valippathil landanodu maathram yojichathaan. henry IV, luis XIII, luis XIV ennee moonnu rajaakkanmaar bharicha eee nagaram pondu neuf, palays royal, puthuthayi chernna lauvar, tularies kottaram, dess vosjas sthalam, luxemburg garden ennivayulppede nagaratthile ettavum prashasthamaaya chila parkkukaludeyum smaarakangaludeyum nirmmaanam kandu. franch shaasthrathinteyum kalayudeyum abhivridhi praapicha kendram koodiyaayirunnu ithu; paarees obsarvettari, franch akkadami oof sciences, paareesile aadyathe botanical garden ennivayude sthaapanam nadannu, ithu paareesile aadyathe paarkkayi pothujanangalkkayi thurannu. aadyathe sthiramaaya thiyettar thurannu, comedy-francise sthaapikkappettu, aadyathe franch oopparaykkum franch balek avarude premiyarukal undaayirunnu. paarees puthiya royal akkadami oof paintinginteyum shilpathinteyum aasthaanamaayi maari, koodaathe piyari corneyil, jeane racine, laa fontaine, mollier ennivarulppede fraansile ettavum prashastharaaya chila ezhuthukaarudeyum aasthaanamaayi maari. nagaratthile nagara naveekaranagalil aadyathe theruvu vilakkukal, aadyathe pothugathagatham, aadyathe kettida coode, roman kaalathinu sheshamulla aadyathe puthiya akwadakt enniva ulppedunnu.
henry IV-nuu keezhil paarees.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil, speyinile raajaavinte sainikarum theevramaaya catholica janangalum samrakshicha uparodhikkapetta catholica leaginte avasana kottayaayirunnu paarees. henry naalaamante rajakeeya sainyam yudhakkalathil catholica leegine paraajayappedutthiyirunnu, henriyude sainikar montmartre, montfocon ennivayude uyarangalil ninnu paareesine bombit aakramikkunnundaayirunnu, pakshe kanatha peerankikal illaathirunnathinaal nagaratthinte valia mathilukal takarkkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. pakaram pareesukaare keezhadakkanulla naadakeeyamaaya oru aamgyathil addeham theerumaanichu; 1593 juulai 25 nuu sent-denisinte madatthil vachu henry naalaaman thante protestant vishwaasam aupachaarikamaayi upekshichu. thudarnnulla aazhchakalil catholica leeginulla pinthuna illaathaayi. paarees govarnor vyaapaarikalude provostum rahasyamaayi henriyude pakshathu chernnu, march 2 nuu leag nethaavu chaals dii mayen nagaram vittu palayanam cheythu, thudarnnu addehathinte spanish sainikar. 1594 march october henry naalaaman nagaratthilekku vijayakaramaayi praveshichu muppath varshamaayi nadanna oru yuddham avasaanippichu.
paareesil sthaapithamaayappol, henry catholica sabhayile nethaakkalumaayi anurajanam sthaapikkaan pravarthichu. addeham naantasinte shaasanathiloode protestantumaarude sahishnutha prakhyapikkukayum speyinumaayum vivekikalumaayum yuddham avasanippikkukayum cheythu. nagaram bharikkan, vishwastan oorjjaswalavumaaya bharanadhikaariyaaya francois mirone 1604 muthal 1606 vare chaatlettinte (phalapradamaayi police medhavi) puthiya lafttanantaayum pinneedu 1606 muthal 1612 vare ettavum uyarnna bharana padaviyaaya vyaapaarikalude provostaayum addeham namakaranam cheythu. 1606 muthal 1612 vare vyaapaarikalude provostaayi addeham mattoru phalapradamaaya bharanadhikaariyaaya jackwus sanguinine namakaranam cheythu.
mathayudhangalil paarees valareyadhikam durithamanubhavichirunnu; paareesile moonnilonnu perr palayanam cheythu; 1600ll janasamkhya 300,000 aayirunnuvennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. niravadhi veedukal nasippikkappettu, koodaathe lauvar, hotel dii ville, tularies kottaram ennivayude mahathaaya padhathikal poortthiyaakaathe pooyi. nagaratthinte pravartthanavum roopavum mechappeduthunnathinum paareesine thante pakshatthekku pidichedukkunnathinumaayi henry niravadhi pradhana puthiya padhathikal aarambhichu. henry naalaamante paarees nirmmaana padhathikal kaikaaryam cheythath addehathinte sakthamaaya kettidangalude suuprandum protestantum salliyude duke maximilian dii bethoon enna generalumaanu.
1578ll henry moonnaaman aarambhicha pondu newfinte nirmmaanam henry naalaaman veendum aarambhichu, pakshe mathayudhangalil athu nirtthi. 1600 num 1607 num idayil poortthiyaaya ithu veedukalillaathathum nadappaathakalullathumaaya aadyathe paarees paalamaayirunnu. paalathinu sameepam addeham kudivellam nalkunna oru valia pumping steshanaaya "laa samaritain" (1602-1608) nirmmichu, athupole thanne lauvarinteyum tularykaludeyum poonthottangalkku vellavum nalki.
itaaliyan navothaana nagarangalude maathrkayil paarees nagaradrishyathil oru puthuma cherkkaan henry nirmmaathaakkalum theerumaanichu; moonnu puthiya residential squareukal. henry randaamante pazhaya rajakeeya vasathiyaya "hotel dess tournellus" enna ozhinja sthalathu addeham ishtika veedukalum oru arcade kondu chuttapetta oru manoharamaaya puthiya residential square nirmmichu. nirmmichu srishtichu idayil nirmmicha ithu 1800ll plays royal ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum plays dess vosjas ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. 1607ll addeham "aile dii laa sitti" yude avasaanathodu chernnu muppathirandu ishtikayum kallum kondu nirmmicha oru puthiya residential trikonatthinte punny aarambhichu. pazhaya shethrathinu sameepam oru sthalathinaayi moonnaamathe chathuram, plays dii france aasoothranam cheythirunnuvenkilum orikkalum nirmikkappettilla.
paarees nagaratthinaayulla henriyude avasana padhathiyaanu plays dauphain. romileyum francileyum catholica shreniyile kooduthal theevramaaya vibhagangal orikkalum henriyude adikaaram amgeekarichilla, addehathe vadikkaanulla pathinezh sramangal parajayappettu. 1610 meyy october ryoo dii laa ferronaryil raajaavinte vandi gathaagathathil thadanjappol catholica mathabhranthanaaya francois raavillaakkinte pathinettaam sramam vijayakaramaayirunnu. naalu varshathinu sesham, kollapetta raajaavinte venkala kuthirasavaari prathima addeham "aile dii laa sitte" padinjaaran pooyintil nirmmicha paalatthil sthaapichu, dauphain sthalathekku nokki.
luis pathinaaraamante keezhil paarees.
luis pathinaraman thante onpathaam janmadinathinu eathaanum maasangal maathram seshikke pithaav vadikkappettu. addehathinte amma merii dii medisi reejant aakukayum addehathinte peril france bharikkukayum cheythu. henry naalaamante pala mantrimaareyum avar nilanirtthiyenkilum ettavum kalivullavanum dushichavanumaaya addehathe addehathinte urachilulla vyakthithvam kaaranam avar thallikkalanju. pakaram aval rajakeeya kaunsilil thante janmanaadaaya florencil ninnulla prabhukkanmaare nirachu, kaathirunna avalude sthreekalil oraalude bharthaavaaya konsino konsini, prethavaanchippukalum shaapangalum maanthrikavidyayum illaathaakkaan velutha maanthrikathayum nadatthi andhavishwaasiyaaya raajnjiye sevicha leonora dorry ulppede. konsini royal kaunsilinte thalavanayi.
janavasam kuravaaya idathu theerathu luxemburg kottaram enna peril oru vasathi nirmmikkaan merii dii medisin theerumaanichu. theerumaanichu 1612num idayil nirmmicha ithu florencile pitti kottaaratthinte maathrkayilaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. aaa kaalaghattatthile ettavum prashasthanaaya chithrakaaranaaya peettar pooll rubensine, thante jeevithathile valia kaanvaasukal upayogichu interior alankarikkaan avar niyogichu (ippol lauvaril pradharshippichirikkunnu). thante kottaarathinu chuttum oru valia itaaliyan navothaana poonthottam nirmmikkaan avar utharavidukayum florentine jaladhara nirmmathaavaaya tomasso franciniye medisi jaladhara srishtikkaan niyogikkukayum cheythu. idathu theerathu vellam kuravaayirunnathinaal nagaratthinte oru bhagam valath theerathekkaal pathukkeyaanu valarnnathu. thante poonthottangalkkum neeruravakalkum vellam nalkunnathinaayi, maari dii medisinte rangisil ninnulla pazhaya roman jalasambharani punarnirmmichu. idathu karayile avalude saannidhyathinum jalathinte labhyathaykkum nandi, kuleena kudumbangal idathu karayil veedukal nirmmikkaan thudangi, athu fouborg sent-jermaine ennariyappettu. 1616-ll, avar valath theerathu florencinte mattoru oormmappeduthal srishtichu; tularies gardensinu padinjaaru seynil marangalude nizhalulla neenda oru viharayaathrayaaya coorse laa raine.
1614-ll luis pathinaraman thante pathinalam varshathil praveshichu, audyogikamaayi oru muthirnnayalaayirunnu, pakshe addehathinte amayum avarude priyappetta konsiniyum addehathe rajakeeya kaunsiline nayikkaan anuvadichilla. 1617 epril septambar luis thante kaavalkkaarude kyapttane luverilvechu konsiniye vadhikkan prerippichu. konsiniyude bhaaryaykkethire maanthrikavidya kuttam chumatthi shirachhedam cheyyukayum pinneedu sthalam dii gravil aaa sthambhathil kathikkukayum cheythu. konsiniyude anuyaayikale paareesil ninnu pinthudarnnu. luis thante ammaye lloyer thaazhvarayile chaatto dii bloisilekku naadukadatthi. kaunsilinte puthiya thalavanaaya louins prabhuvaya chaals dii albertine luis svanthamaayi ishtappeduthukayum protestantumaare peedippikkunnathinaayi oru puthiya pracharanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. mondaubaanile protestantukalkke parajayappetta sainika prachaaranatthinide louins prabhuvu marichu.
maari dii medisic chaatto dii boyisile pravaasatthil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhinju, avalude makanumaayi anurajanam nadathukayum cheythu. 1624 eprilil thante ammayude rakshaadhikaariyaaya kardinal dii richelyoovine thiranjedukkunnathinu munbu luis niravadhi vyathyastha sarkkar medhaavikale pareekshichu. 1628ll laa roshelil protestantukale paraajayappedutthiyathiloode thante adhikaarathe velluvilicha niravadhi unnatha prabhukkanmaare vadhikkukayo naadukadatthukayo cheythum richelieu thante sainika vaidagdhyavum rashtreeya goodaalochanaykkulla sammaanavum vegathil prakadippichu. 
1630-ll maari dii medisi richeliyuvumaayi veendum tharkkichu, thante makan richeliyuvino avalco idayil thiranjedukkanamennu aavasyappettu. oru divasathekku (charitrakaaranmaar "doopukalude divasam" ennu vilikkunnu) aval vijayichathayi thonni, ennaal pittennu luis pathinaraman richeli chaatto dii vinsenasilekku shanikkukayum addehathinu poornna pinthuna nalkukayum cheythu. maari dii medisi kompeeganilekku naadukadatthappedukayum pinneedu brassels, aamstardaam, koloon ennividangalil naadukadatthappedukayum avide vachu 1642ll marikkukayum cheythu. paarees mechappeduthunnathinulla puthiya padhathikal poortthiyaakkunnathilum aarambhikkunnathilum richeliu thante shradha thirikkukayum cheythu. cheythu thalavanaayirunnu idayil, pondu maari, pondu dii laa tournal, pondu ooo double, pondu barbier enningane naalu puthiya paalangal seyninu mukalil nirmikkappettu. kannukaalikale meikkaanum viraku sambharikkaanum upayogichirunna seynile rund cheria dveepukalaaya aile nottre-daam, aile-ooks-vaachukal enniva samyojippichu aile seyint-luis nirmmichu, ithu paareeshyan financiermaarude gambheeramaaya "hotelukal" nirmmikkunna sthalamaayi maari.
luis pathinaraman richeliyoovum henry naalaaman aarambhicha louver padhathiyude punarnirmmaanam thudarnnu. valia vrithaakrithiyilulla gopuram undaayirunna pazhaya madhyakala kottayude madhyathil, addeham athinte silppangalulla munvashangalode yojicha coor kaari allengil chathuraakrithiyilulla muttam srishtichu. 1624-ll, richeliu nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathu thanikkayi oru kottara puthiya vasathiyude nirmmaanam aarambhichu, "palays-cardinal", athu addehathinte maranashesham rajaavinu nalkukayum "palays-royal" aayi maarukayum cheythu. hotel dii ramboylettu enna oru valia bhavanam vaangi addeham aarambhichu, athil addeham oru valia poonthottam chertthu, innathe paalay-royal gardenekkaal moonniratti valuthaanu, madhyathil oru jaladhara, pushpashala alankaara marangalude varikalum kondu alankarichirikkunnu, koodaathe aarkkedukalum kettidangalum kondu chuttappettirikkunnu. 1629-ll, puthiya kottaaratthinte nirmmaanam nadannukazhinjaal, bhoomi neekkam cheyyukayum portt seyint-oonareykku sameepam quartier richilyoo enna puthiya paarppida parisaratthinte nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. vasthrathile prabhukkanmaril mattu amgangal (kooduthalum sarkkar kaunsilukalileyum kodathikalileyum amgangal) royal sthalathinu sameepam maraayikalilaan avarude puthiya thaamasasthalangal nirmmichathu.
romile prashasthamaaya pallikalil, prathyekichu jesyoottukaarude palliyil ninnum sent peettarinte basilikkayil ninnum prachodanam ulkkond paareesil oru puthiya matha vasthuvidyaa shaili avatharippikkan richeliu sahayichu. jesuit shailiyil nirmmicha aadyathe munbhagam seyint-gervise palliyude (1616) aayirunnu; puthiya shailiyil poornnamaayum nirmmicha aadyathe palli seyint-pooll-seyint-luis aayirunnu, 1627 num 1647 num idayil maraayisile "ruu seyint-antoin" ennathil. luis pathinaramanteyum luis pathinaramanteyum hridayangal avide samskarichu.
richeliu sorboninayi oru puthiya chappal nirmmichu, athinu addeham "provisor" allengil kolejinte thalavanaayirunnu. thalavanaayirunnu 1635num idayil nirmmicha eee thaazhikakkudam romile sent peettezhsinte thaazhikakkudatthil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanu, ithu wall-dii-grays, less invalides pallikalile thazhikakkudangalkkum prachodanamaayi. mattoru roman palliyaya saan carlo aii kathinaariyil ninnaan padhathi eduthathu. richeliu marichappol, palli addehathinte avasana vishramasthalamaayi maari.
luis pathinaaraamante bharanathinte aadyaghattathil paarees abhivridhi praapikkukayum vikasikkukayum cheythuvenkilum vishudha roman saamrajyathinum habsburghin ethiraaya muppath varshathe yudhathil 1635ll franch pankaalittham kanatha puthiya nikuthikalum budhimuttukalum konduvannu. 1636 august meyy franch sainyathe habsburg bharikkunna spanish paraajayappedutthukayum niravadhi maasangal oru spanish sainyam paareesine bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. rajaavum dhanikan paarees janathayil kooduthal janapreeti nediyilla. richeliu 1642-ll marikkukayum aarr maasathinu sesham 1643-ll luis pathinaraman marikkukayum cheythu. naadakakrithum kaviyumaaya piyari corneyil raajaavinte maranashesham taamasiyaathe ezhuthiya oru sonattil rajaavinodum addehathinte sarkkarinodum paareesiyakkar pulartthunna vikarangal vivarichu; "addehathinte peril, abhilasham, ahankaaram, dheerata, athyagraham enniva nammude niyamangal undaakki addeham thanne rajaakkanmaaril ettavum neethimaanaayirunnappol, aneeti addehathinte bharanathiludaneelam bharichu."
luis pathinaalaamante keezhil paarees.
prakshubdhathayum frond.
1642ll richeliyu 1643ll luis pathinaraman marichu. pithaavinte maranasamayathu luis pathinalaman anchu vayass maathrame undaayirunnulloo, addehathinte amma aastriyayile aanne reejantaayi. richelyoovinte pingamiyaaya kardinal masarin, nadannukondirikkunna yudhathinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi paareesukaarkk kanatha puthiya nikuthikalude oru parambara vidhichu. 1644-leeii oru puthiya niyamam nagara mathilukalkk sameepam veedukal nirmmichavar kanatha pizha adaykkanamennu aavashyappedunnu; 1646-ll samsthaanathinu 500,000 poundu vaaypa nalkunnathinaayi madhyavargathinu puthiya nikuthi chumatthi, nagaratthilekku konduvanna ellah pazhangalkkum pachakkarikalkkum nikuthi chumatthi. 1647-ll oru puthiya niyamam prakaram raajaavinte swathil veedukal panithavar bhoomiyude avakasham veendum vaangendivarum. 1648ll nagaratthile moonnu paramonnatha sivil kaunsilukalaaya grand kaunsil, chambre dess compts, coor dess assistus ennivayile kuleena amgangale adutha naalu varshathekku thangalkk shambalam labhikkillenn masarin ariyichu. eee nadapadikal paarees paarlamentinullil oru kalaapathin kaaranamaayi, athu oru thiranjedukkappetta niyamasabhayalla, marichu pramukha prabhukkanmaar ulkkollunna oru haikkodathiyaayirunnu. 1648 meyy meyy paarlament "samsthaanathinte durupayogangal parishkarikkunnathinayi", aile dii laa sittiyile kottaaratthinte pradhana haalaya chambre seyint-louisil oru yogam vilichu.
paareesile nethaakkalude aikya ethirppu neritta masarin pinmaarukayum avarude pala nirddeshangalum amgeekarikkukayum thirichadikkaanulla avasarathinaayi kaathirikkukayum cheythu. lense yudhathil spaanishine marikadannu konde rajakumaaranaaya luis dii borbante neethrthwathilulla franch sainyathinte vijayam addehathinu aavashyamaaya avasaram nalki. vijayaghoshathinaayi yuvaraajaavinte saannidhyathil notter daamu cathedralil oru prathyeka kurbbana samghadippikkukayum chadanginu munbulla ghoshayaathraykkaayi theruvil varivariyayi nilkkaan pattaalakkaare nagaratthilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. nottte-damil chadangu avasaanichayudane, masarin paarlamentile moonnu pramukha amgangale arast cheythu.
arasttukalude vaartha paareesinu chuttum vyaapichappol, theruvukalil kalapam pottippurappedukayum panthrandunooriladhikam baarikkedukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu, ail dii laa sitteyil, plays dii gravinu sameepam, less haalukal, sarvakalaashaalaykk chuttum, fouberg sent-jermainil. sainikarum paareeskaarum thammil theruvukalil niravadhi akramasakthamaaya ettumuttalukal nadannu. austriyayile aaneyum yuvarajavum thaamasichirunna palays-royalil paarlamentinte nethaakkale sweekarichu, kurachu madikkalinushesham, paarlamentile thadavilaayirunna amgathe mochippikkaan avar sammathichu.
ithu frondeyude thudakkamaayirunnu, masarin, paarees paarlament, athinte anuyaayikal enniva thammilulla neenda poraattavum pinneedu masarin, raajakudumbathile rund rajakumaranmar thammilulla neenda pooraattavumaayirunnu. 1648 meyy meyy westfaaliya samadhana karaaril oppuvachathode muppath varshathe yuddham avasaanichathode konde raajakumaarante neethrthwathilulla thante sainyathe paareesilekk thirike konduvaraan masarin anuvadichu. januvari 5 muthal 6 vare ratri, masarin, reejant, yuva rajaavu ennivare paareesil ninnu chaatto dii seyint-jermaine-enn-leyilekk kadathi. paarlament masarine pothu shathruvaayi prakhyapikkukayum paareesikalod aayudangal uyarthaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. dii kondeyude keezhil rajakeeya sainyathinte varavu aadyathe kalaapathe adichamarthiyenkilum masarinum paarlamentum thammilulla poraattam thudarnnu. februvari 6-7 raathriyil, maruvashathu masarin paareesil ninnu leeii haavarilekk purappettu. februvari aagast, rajakeeya sainyathinte kamaandaraaya konde paksham maarukayum frondeyude netaavaakaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. fronde pettennu athiraalikalaaya vibhagangalaayi pilarnnu, athesamayam athine paraajayappeduthaan oru sainyam roopeekarikkaan masarinte pakkal panamundaayirunnilla. masarinum frond thammilulla samgharsham 1648 muthal 1653 vare thudarnnu. chila samayangalil, yuva luis pathinaalaaman "palays-royal" enna peril vertual house thadankalil parppikkappettu. adhehavum amayum rund thavana nagaram vittu sent-jermaine-enn-leyile rajakeeya palliyilekku palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaayi.
1652ll franch sainyathinethire pooraadunnathinaayi swantham panatthil ezhaayiram muthal ettu vare jarmman koolippadayaalikale ulppeduthunnathil masarin thettu cheythu. frand veendum uyarnnu, ithavana rund pramukha prabhukkanmaraaya prins dii konde, gyaastan, duke oof oorliyans, paarees govarnor, raajaavinte ilaya sahodaran ennivar masarinethire nayichu. meyy maasatthinte thudakkathil, paareesil ninnu adhikam akaleyallaatha étampes-ll konde keezhil turrenninte rajakeeya sainyam "frontureukale" paraajayappeduthi; avar epril 10,12 theeyathikalil sent denisil veendum poraadi. kondeyeyum sinikareyum nagaratthilekku anuvadikkaan paarlament visammathichu. juulai 2 nuu kondeyude sainikar nagarathinu thottupurathu, baasttilinte mathilukalkk thaazhe rajakeeya sainyavumayi pooraadukayum paraajayappedukayum cheythu. thante sainyathinte avashishtangal paareesilekk konduvaraan kondeykk kazhinju. addeham paarlamentineyum pramukha vyaapaarikaleyum purohithanmareyum vilichu nagaratthinte nethaavaayi amgeekarikkanamennu aavasyappettu. paarlamentinte nethaakkalum paareesile vyaapaarikalum purohithaprathinidhikalum hotel dii villil othukoodi kondeyude nirddesham nirasichu; avar masarinte vidavaangal maathramaan aagrahichathu. roshakularaaya kondeyile sainikar sabhaye akramikkukayum chila amgangale kollukayum pareesukaare kooduthal anyavalkarikkukayum cheythu.
august august masarin ardennesile bouylanilekku pinvaangukayum avide ninnu paarees thirike nedaanulla goodaalochana thudarukayum cheythu. vardhichuvarunna vilakalum paareesile bhakshyakshaamavum frondezhs sarkkaarine kooduthal janapreeti nediyathaakki. septambar februvari, kondeykkethire aayudangal uyarthaan masarin pareesukaare prothsaahippichu. septambar septambar raajaavine thirike konduvaranamennu aavasyappettu palayisariyalinu purathu oru valia prakadanam nadannu. kondeykkethire thirinj gaasttan dii oorliyans paksham maari. septambar septambar paareesile nethaakkal raajaavinte aduthekku oru prathinidhi samghathe ayachu nagaratthilekku madanganamennu aavasyappedukayum nagaratthil thambadichirikkunna konde sainikarkk panam nalkano bhakshanam nalkano visammathikkukayum cheythu. october october paarees upekshicha konde spanish netherlandil abhayam thedi. october october yuvarajavu, loovreyilvechu, paarees paarlament samsthaanathinteyum rajakeeya dhanakaaryathinteyum kaaryangalil edapedunnathu nirodhikkunna oru utharavu purappeduvichu. vijayicha masarin 1653 februvari februvari paareesilekk madangukayum veendum sarkkaarinte chumatala ettedukkukayum cheythu.
"" "puthiya roome".
frondeyude falamaayi, luis pathinalaman paareesikalod aajeevanantha avishwaasam undaayirunnu. addeham thante paarees vasathi palays-royalil ninnu kooduthal surakshithamaaya lauvarilekku maatti thudarnnu, 1671-ll addeham rajakeeya vasathi nagarathinu purathu versilekku maatti, kazhiyunnathra apoorvamaayi paareesilekk vannu.
paarees janataye ishtappedaathe poyappol, purathana rominte pingamiyaakkunna oru mahathaaya mahathvam paareesinu nalkaan luis pathinaalaaman aagrahichu. rajaavu jeane-baptist colbertine thante puthiya kettidangalude sooprandaayi namakaranam cheyyukayum colbert oru abhilasha nirmmaana paripadi aarambikkukayum cheythu. thante uddeshyam vyakthamakkaan luis pathinaraman 1661 januvariyil tuilerikalude muttathu oru caroosal utsavam samghadippichu, athil addeham kuthirappurathu oru roman chakravartthiyude vesham dharichu prathyakshappettu, thudarnnu paareesile prabhukkanmaar. luis lauvarinte coor kaari poortthiyaakkukayum athinte kizhakkan munvashath (1670) oru gambheera nira nirakal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. loovarinullil addehathinte vaasthusilpiyaaya luis leeii vouyum alankarikkunna chaals leeii broon apolloyude gallery srishtichu, athinte melkkoorayil sooryante radhathe aakaashat nayikkunna yuva raajaavinte oru saangalppika roopam ulppeduthiyirunnu. addeham tularies kottaram oru puthiya vadakkan pavaliyan upayogichu vipuleekarikkukayum kottaravumaayi chernnu oru manoharamaaya puthiya thiyettar, thiyettar dess tularies nirmmikkukayum rajakeeya thottakkaranaaya andrey leeii nottare tulariesukalude poonthottangal oru franch aupachaarika poonthottamaayi punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. ennaal mattoru abhilasha padhathi, lauvarinte kizhakkan mukhabhaagathinaayi bernini roopakalppana cheytha oru aaveshakaramaaya roopakalppana orikkalum nirmikkappettilla; athinu pakaram kooduthal kadinavum chelaveriyathumaaya oru colonade sthaapichu, athinte nirmmaanam fundinte abhavam kaaranam valare pathukkeyaanu munnott poyath. luis kooduthal kooduthal shradha versilekku thirikkukayum cheythu.
1671 februvari februvari luis paareesil ninnu purappett vezhsaayilil sthirathaamasamaakki. thante bharanathinte sheshikkunna naalppathimoonnu varshangalil, audyogika chadangukalkkayi irupathinaalu thavana maathramaan addeham paarees sandarshichathu, saadhaaranayaayi irupathinaalu manikkooril koodaruthu. thante mahathwathinaayi addeham puthiya smarakangal nirmmikkumbol, thante ishtathinu ethiraaya ethirppukal undaakaathirikkaanulla nadapadikalum rajaavu sweekarichu. 1667 march 15 nuu addeham gabriel nicolas dii laa raineye oru puthiya sthaanathekku, lefttanant general oof police, nagaram kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayi pravartthippikkuka enna pravarthanathodoppam rajaavinekkurichulla ethirppukaloo vimarshanangalo adichamarthukayum cheythu. poleesukaarude ennam naalirattiyayi. raajaavine vimarshikkunna oru laghulekhayo flyero pracharippicha eathoraalkkum chattavaaradiyum naadukadatthalum gaalikalkk sikshayum nalkendivannu. october october rajaavu naanthasinte saasanavum protestantumaarodulla mathaparamaya sahishnutayum raddaki; athe divasam thanne chaarantanile protestant palli thakarkkal aarambhichu. vimatha vibhaagangalude adichamarthal punaraarambhichu.
addehathinte abhaavathil paareesinullil addehathinte nirmmaana padhathikal thudarnnu. aduthide fraansumaayi chernna naalu pravisyakalil ninnu paareesilekk varunna arupath yuva kuleena vidyaarthikalkku thamasikkaan naalu barok kottaarangalum oru thazhikakkudamulla pally (innu ithu instittyoott dii france) nirmmikkunnathinulla koleju dess kwatre-nations (naalu raajyangalude koleju) (1662-1672) nirmmikkunnathinulla thante ichhaashakthiyil masarin panam avasheshippichu. paareesinte madhyathil, colbert plays dess victoires (1689), plays vendom (1698) ennee rund smaaraka puthiya chathurangal nirmmichu. paareesinaayi addeham oru puthiya ashupatri, laa salpetrier, parikketta sainikarkkaayi rund pallikalulla oru puthiya ashupatri samuchayam, less invalids (1674) enniva nirmmichu. kettidangalkkayi luis chelavazhicha irunooru dasalaksham "liverukalil" irupathu dasalaksham paareesilum, oru dasalaksham lauvarilum tularykalilum, 3.5 dasalaksham puthiya royal gobelins factoric savonaryilum, 2 dasalaksham sthalavipaniyilum, ekadesham less invalideukalude pallikalilum chelavazhichu. 1704ll luis pathinaalaaman avasaanamaayi paareesilekk sandarshanam nadatthi, less inveldise nirmmaanatthilaanennu kaanunnathinaayi.
nagaram vikasichukondirunnu. 1786ll karshaka generalinte mathilaya luis pathinaraman nirmmicha bhaavivaathilinte sthalathekku nagaratthinte aupachaarika athirthikal vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi 1672ll colbert puthiya "letrus pettantukal" puratthirakki. prabhukkanmaar fouborg sent-jermainil avarude tounhouseukal nirmmichu, athu less invalides vare vyaapichu. 
paarees eathu aakramanathilum surakshithamaanennum athinte pazhaya mathilukal inii aavasyamillennum luis pathinaalaaman prakhyaapichu. addeham pradhana nagara mathilukal thakarkkukayum aaa sthalam srishtikkukayum athu oduvil grands boulevaardukalaayi maarukayum cheythu. pazhaya mathilukalude nasham aaghoshikkunnathinaayi addeham porte seyint-denis (1672), porte seyint-martin (1676) ennee rund cheria vijaya kamanangal nirmmichu.
noottaandinte avasana varshangal paareesukaarkk kooduthal asanthushtiyundaakki. 1688-ll, europil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaanulla raajaavinte mahathaaya roopakalppanaye englandile puthiya protestant rajaavaaya ooranchu vilyam, europian raajyangalude oru puthiya sakhyam enniva velluvilichu. yuddham paareesukaarkk kooduthal nikuthi konduvannu. <aii. dii. 1> ll, graamapradeshangal mosham vilaveduppu moolam baadhichu, ithu nagaratthil vyapakamaaya pattinik kaaranamaayi. 1693 octoberil lefttanant general oof police laa reyne paareesile paavappettavarkkaayi appam pakam cheiyunnathinaayi muppath aduppukal nirmmichu. lauvar, dess tularies, baastil, luxemburg kottaram, ruu dii enfer ennividangalil rund sosinu appam vittu. appam vaangaanulla avasarathinaayi janakkoottam thallikkalayukayum poraadi. 1693-94-nte shaithyakaalath bhayanakamaaya avasthakal aavarthichu. oru dayarist, roobert challes, kshaamatthinte uchathil, hotel dii diu aashupathriyilum purathulla theruvukalilum ellah praayathilumulla pathinalinum pathinanchinum idayil aalukal pattiniyum rogavum moolam divasena marikkunnundennu ezhuthi. 1694 march avasaanathode maadam dii sevigne suhruthukkalkku nagaram videndivannuvennu ezhuthi; "namukk ivide vaayuvinteyum durithatthinteyum idayil jeevikkaan oru margavumilla."
nagaram valarunnu.
1610-leeii paarees ekadesham anjooru hector visthruthiyullathum ekadesham golaakrithiyilullathum saine kondu vibhajikkappettathumaayirunu. nagaratthinte vadakke attathu ninnu thekkott ekadesham moonnu kilometer akale, ekadesham araa manikorinullil, vegathayeriya vegathayil nadakkaan kazhinju.
nagaratthiloode rund pradhana vadakku-thekk theruvukalundaayirunnu; onnu pondu nottte-damil saine kadakkunna porte seyint martin muthal porte seyint-jacks vareyum pondu ooo chemj, pondu seyint-mishel enniva kadakkunna porte seyint-denis muthal porte seyint-mishel vareyulla randaamathe veethiyulla theruvum. kizhakk baasttilil ninnu aarambhich padinjaaru porte seyint-oonaril avasaanikkunna oru pradhana kizhakk-padinjaaran achuthandu undaayirunnu, ruu seyint aantoyin, ruu dess ballays, ruu rooy-dii-sisili, ruu dii laa vereri, ruu dess lombards, ruu dii laa ferronery, oduvil ruu seyint-oonare ennivayiloode.
nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathulla pradhana theruvukalkkidayil idungiyathum valanjathumaaya theruvukalum naalo ancho nila uyaramulla thadi veedukalum raathriyil iruttukalum pakal samayat tirakkum shabdavum niranja oru chittayaayirunnu. raathriyil pala theruvukalum valia changalakalaal adaykkukayum konukalil drummukalil vaykkukayum cheythu. cheria enna vilakkukal kondu avaa mangiya thothil kathichu.
rajakudumbam saadhaaranayaayi nagarathinu kizhakkayi louver allengil vinsensinte chaatto aayirunnu. kottaarangalum rajakeeya bharanaparamaya offeesukalum pazhaya kottaaratthil Île de l cité-layirunnu. raajaavinte gavarnaraaya paarees prabhuvinte offeesukal oru jailaayum pravarthicha chaatlett kottayilaayirunnu. vyaapaarikalude provost nadathunna nagarabaranam hotel dii villilaayirunnu. nagaratthinte vaanijya kendram nagaratthinte kendra vipaniyaya less haalasil ninnu valare akaleyallathe plays dii gravinum kway seyint polinum idayil valath theerathu sthithi cheiyunna nadeethadamaayirunnu. sarvakalaashaalayile collegeukal idathu theerathulla moundu seyint-jeneveevinte vashathulla kettidangal kaivashappedutthi.
valath karayil paareesinte athirthi 1566ll chaals vii aarambhicha mathilaayirunnu, pinneedu 1635ll luis XIII poortthiyaakki. mathil naalu meter uyaravum rund meter kattiyumullathum 30 muthal 290 meter vare valippamulla pathinaalu kothalangalum 25 muthal 30 meter vare veethiyulla oru kuzhiyum ellaayppozhum vellam niranjathaayi nilanirtthi. pathinaalu kavaadangaliloodeyaanu nagaratthilekkulla praveshanam, oronninum kuzhikku mukaliloode oru drobridge undaayirunnu. raathriyil saadhaaranayaayi vaikunneram ezhu munny muthal raavile anchu munny vare gettukal adachirunnu, season anusarichu shedule maarunnu. idathu theerathu sameepakaala kottakalonnum undaayirunnilla; philipp augustus raajaavinte pazhaya mathilukalaal athu ippozhum samrakshikkappettu.
nagarabhithi nagaratthinte yadhaartha attathe adayaalappeduthiyilla; mathilukalkkullil poonthottangalum poonthottangalum ulla chila graamapradeshangal undaayirunnu, koodaathe purathu niravadhi kettidangalum veedukalum undaayirunnu. mathilukalkk purathu niravadhi fouborgukalo praanthapradeshangalo undaayirunnu; idathu karayil, sent-jarman-dess-prasinte madam svanthamaayi melayum krishiyidangalumulla oru vertual tounaayirunnu. idathu theerathulla vishudha jaakkukalude fouborg, pradhaanamaayum aashramangalaal adhiniveshikkappettirunnu. fouborg seyint-victor fouborg seyint-marsel thirakkeriyathum valarunnathumaayirunnu. valathu theerathu karakaushalathozhilaalikalum varkshoppukalum niranja seyint-oonare, montmarter, seyint-denis, duu temple, fouborg seyint-aantoyin ennivayude fouborgukalundaayirunnu.
valarunna nagaratthinte arikukal 1638 vare vyakthamaayi nirvachikkappettitla, rajabharana sarkkar oru puthiya line varaykkunnathuvare, athil valath, idathu theerangalile fouborgukalum ulppedunnu. idathu karayil athu bhaaviyile nireekshanaalayatthinte sthalam vare thekk ethi, aadhunika anchaamatheyum aaraamatheyum arontismentukalude muzhuvan pradeshavum ulppeduthi. valathukadalil, aadhunika bowlewards dii laa madeline, dess capusins, dess itaaliyans, montmarter, poisoniyar ennivaykkoppam luis pathinaraman nirmmicha puthiya kottakalude variye puthiya athirthi pinthudarnnu.
1670-ll, france aakramanathil ninnu surakshithamaanennum mathilukal inii aavasyamillennum luis pathinaraman prakhyaapichu, avaykku pakaram kramena marangalaal varivariyayi nilkkunna boulevaardukal sthaapichu. nagaratthinte vistheernnam noottaandinte thudakkathil undaayirunnathinekkaal ekadesham erattiyaayi 500 ll ninnu 1100 hector. 1674ll bharanadhikaarikal athirthi kooduthal krithyamaayi adayaalappeduthi, muppathiyanju marble allengil muricha kallu thoonukalum adayaalangalum nattupidippichu, valathukadalil irupathirandum idathuvashathu pathimoonnum. valathukadalil, ithu deey laa konkorde enna sthalathu ninnu aarambhich, bhaaviyile gaare duu nord, dii ell 'esttu ennee sthalangaliloode kadannupoyi, aadhunika avanyoo dii laa republicilekkum plays dii laa neshanilekkum ethi, veendum nadiyilekku thirichetthi. idathu karayil, nagaratthinte arikukal kizhakk ruu dii tolbiakkilum padinjaaru aadhunika pondu dii almayilum aayirunnu.
paarees.
pathinezhaam noottaandil nagaratthile janasamkhyayekkurichu audyogika sensus undaayirunnilla, ennaal nikuthi rekhakal, gothambinte upabhogam, palli snapana rekhakal enniva upayogichu, aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar kanakkaakkunnath athu 1600-ll ekadesham 300,000-ll ninnu 1637-ll 415,000-ll ninnu 1680-ll ekadesham 500,000 aayi uyarnnuvennu kanakkakkunnu. 1665-ll lemair prasidheekaricha oru vivaranam paareesil 23,000 veedukalundaayirunnuvennum oronnil sharashari irupathu perr thaamasichirunnuvennum kanakkakkunnu.
paarees samooham aupachaarikavum karkkashavumaaya oru shreniyil roopappeduthiyirunnu. karakaushalathozhilaalikalum vyaapaarikalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi avarkk oru thozhilum illa ennartham varunna "pezhsans dii kwaalitte" ennariyappedunna prabhukkanmaar mukalil undaayirunnu. avare naalu vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu; ettavum uyarnnavar prabhukkanmaar, rajakeeya chamberile manyanmaar, fraansile maarshalukal, duke, markvis, komte, baaran ennee padavikal undaayirunnu. avaykku thottumukalil "shevelier" allengil "seegnoor" enna kuranja rankullavar undaayirunnu.
samsthaanathinte ettavum uyarnna sthaapanangalile amgangal, paareesile "paarlament", grand kaunsil, "chambre dess comptess", "coor dess assistus" ennee sthaanangalil thangalude padavi vahicha moonnaamathe thalatthilulla prabhukkanmaar. aachaaraparamaaya vasthrangal kaaranam avar "nobels dii laa grand vasthrangal", vasthrathinte uyarnna prabhukkanmaar ennu ariyappettirunnu. avar saadhaaranayaayi avarude thalakkettukal vaangunnundenkilum orikkal nediyukazhinjaal avaa paarambaryamaayi maari. avarkk thaazhe "cheria vasthra" thinte prabhukkanmaar undaayirunnu, praadhaanyamillaatha sarkkar sthaapanangalil uyarnna sthaanangalum aakarshakamallaatha aachaaraparamaaya vasthrangalum undaayirunnu. avaykku thaazhe, prabhukkanmaarude ettavum thaazhnna attathu, chilar purathana prabhukkanmaril ninnullavaraayirunnu, ennaal aduthide vanna niravadhi perr kottaaratthil oru padaviyo padaviyo vaangiyirunnu. ellah thalatthilumulla prabhukkanmaarkk saadhaaranayaayi avarudethaaya taunn houseukal undaayirunnu, avaril bhooribhaagavum maraayikalilum pinneedu puthuthayi srishticha ail seyint-louisilum fouborg seyint-jermainilum thaamasichu.
prabhukkanmaarkk thottumumbum boorshwakalkku mukalilum "pramukhar" undaayirunnu, avar pradhaanamaayum thaazhnna sarkkar gadanakalile udyogastharaayirunnu; treasuryile udyogasthar, rajakeeya akkoundantumaar, paarlamentilo mattu haikkodathikalilo abhibhaashakar. shradheyar" ennathil pramukha doctormaarum claude vignon, saiman vauttu ennivarulppede valare vijayakaramaya chila kalakaaranmaarum ulppedunnu. thaazhe maathram 
"pramukhar" "maitre" ennu vilikkaan arhatayullah paarees pouranmaaraayirunnu; abhibhaashakar, nottarikal, "" shekharikkunnavar ".
shradheyarkkum" maitrukalkkum thaazhe boorshwasio madhyavargamo enna oru valia varggam undaayirunnu, avar thulyamaayi vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirunnu. ettavum vijayakaramaya vyapaarikal, patho pathinanjo jeevanakkarulla karakaushalathozhilaalikal, ganyamaaya ennam vijayikalaaya chithrakaaranmaar, shilpikal, kothupanikal enniva ulppedunna oru vibhagamaaya "manyamaaya homukal" aayirunnu mukalil. avarkk thaazhe "maarchandukal" allengil vyapaarikal, vividha thozhilukalile vijayakaramaya amgangal undaayirunnu. irupathu sathamaanam perkkum svanthamaayi kadakalundaayirunnu. avarkk thaazhe "mitress", thudarnnu "compagnanukal", aprenteeshippukal poortthiyaakkiya karakaushala vidagdhar undaayirunnu. avar saadhaaranayaayi oru muriyil thaamasichirunnu, palappozhum daaridryathinu valare mukalilaayirunnilla.
karakaushalathozhilaalikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum ettavum valia vibhaagam paareesikalaayirunnu; veettujolikkaar, prathyeka yogyathayillaatha kaithozhilukaar, thozhilaallikal, veshyakal, theruvu vilppanakkaar, chavattukuttakal edukkunnavar, nischitha varumaanamillaatha mattu nooru vyapaarikal. avar valare apakadakaramaaya oru nilanilppilaan jeevichirunnathu.
yachakarkkum pavappettavarkkum.
dhaaraalam paarees nivaasikal praayamaayavaro rogikaloo parikkukal kaaranam jolie cheyyaan kazhiyaathavaro aayirunnu. oro edavakayileyum catholica sabhayude utharavaadithamaayirunnu avaa; edavakayile oru udyogasthan avarude track sookshikkukayum avarkk oru cheria thuka nalkukayum venam. venam shaamam allengil pakarchavyaadhikal polulla bhakshyakshaamathinte samayangalil, edavakayile aalukalude ellah aavasyangalum niravettaan sabhaykku palappozhum kazhinjilla. nagarathinu purathu ninnu paareesilekk vannavarum ennaal thozhilum veedum illaathavarum avare paripalikkaan oru ghadanayum illaayirunnu.
paareesile theruvukalil valare valia thothil "bhikshakkar" allengil yachakar undaayirunnu. luis pathinaaraamante bharanathinte thudakkathil avarude ennam naalpathinaayiramaayirunnuve oru kanakk parayunnu. mattu nagarangalil ninnulla yachakar nagaratthilekku pakarchavyaadhikal konduvarumennu prathyekichum bhayappettirunnu. 1631ll nagaratthil bubonic playg pottippurappedukayum paareesil kushtam, kshayarogam, syphilis enniva pathivayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. janeeva, venis, milan, aant verp, aamstardaam ennivar thangalude yaachakare aaa aavashyathinaayi srishticha aashupathrikalil othukkaan theerumaanichathaayi paarees nivaasikal manassilakki. 1611ll nagara beuro naadodikale theruvukalil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan utharavittu. paareesil janichavaraanennu kaanikkan kazhiyaathavar nagaram videndivannu. thaddesheeya paarees nivaasikale jolikkayachu. utharavinte vaartha parannappol pala naadodikalum yaachakarum vegathil nagaram vittu. baakkiyullavare police arast cheyyukayum fouberg seyint-viktarile oru valia veettil jolie cheyyaan kazhiyunna purushanmareyum fouberg seyint-maarsalile mattoru valia veettil sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. chikilsikkaan kazhiyaatha rogangalo jolie cheyyaan kazhiyaathavaro aayavare fouborg sent-jermmainile oru moonnaam veettilekku kondupoyi. raavile anjumanikku unarnnu raavile anchara muthal vaikunneram ezhumani vare jolie cheyyanamaayirunnu. gothamb araykkal, bear undaakkal, maram murikkal, mattu cheria jolikal enniva ulppedunna jolikalil ettu vayassinu mukalilulla sthreekalum penkuttikalum thayyal jolikalilaayirunnu. nagaram eee paripadi vijayakaramaayi vilayiruthukayum yaachakarkkaayi moonnu valia puthiya kettidangal ettedukkukayum cheythu. ennaal naalu varshathinullil paripadi upekshikkappettu; jolie moshamaayi samghadippikkappedukayum niravadhi yachakar rakshappedukayum cheythu.
chaarittikal-renodot, vinsent dii pooll.
paareesile paavappettavarude kashtappaadukalum vaidyashaasthraparamaaya aavasyangalum aadyathe paarees jeevakaarunya pravartthakaril oralaaya theophraast renodot oorjjaswalathayode abhisambodhana cheythu. protestantum vaidyanumaaya renodot 1631ll fraansile aadyathe prathivaara pathramaya "laa gasatt" sthaapichu. pathratthe adisthaanamaakki, thozhiludamakaleyum jolie anweshakareyum poruthappeduthunna aadyathe employment beuro paareesil sthaapichu. pothuthaalparya vishayangalil addeham pothusammelanangal samghadippichu. paavappettavarkk nyayamaaya nirakkil saadhanangalkk panam labhikkunnathin addeham paareesil aadyathe pothu kaalalkkadayaaya "mondu-dii-peett" thurannu. paavappettavarkkaayi aadyathe soujanya medical kansaltteshanum addeham samghadippichu. ithu addehathe apalapicha paarees sarvakalaashaalayile medical schooline ethirthu. addehathinte rakshaadhikaarikalaaya richaliyu, luis pathinaraman ennivarude maranashesham sarvakalashaala addehathinte medical licenses eduthukalanjuvenkilum oduvil sarvakalashaala thanne paavappettavarkk soujanya medical kansaltteshanukal nalkaan thudangi.
aaa kaalaghattatthil paareesile pavappettavare sahayikkunnathil mattoru pioneer vinsent dii pooll aayirunnu. cheruppatthil kadalkkollakkar pidikoodukayum rund varshatholam adimayaayi sookshikkukayum cheythirunnu. oduvil francilake madangiyethiya addeham purohitharude aduthekku praveshikkukayum paareesile franch thadavukaarude chaplineakukayum cheythu. samghadanayilum prachodanatthilum addehathinu oru kazhivundaayirunnu; 1629-ll addeham vishudha-saavoor edavakayile sambannaraaya thaamasakkaare paareesile paavapettavarkkulla jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkku dhanasahayam nalkaanum pankedukkaanum prerippichu; athinte vijayathode, addeham vishudha-yoostaache, vishudha-benoit, vishudha-merry, vishudha sulpise edavakakalkkaayi samanamaaya "konfrikal" sthaapichu. 1634-ll addeham kooduthal velluvili niranja oru chumatala etteduthu; nagaratthile ettavum pazhakkameriyathum valuthumaaya aashupathriyaaya hotel-deeyuvile rogikalkku sahayam nalkuka, athu valare thirakkeriyathum kuranja dhanasahaayavumaayirunnu. rogikalkku irachi chaaru thayyarakkanum vitharanam cheyyaanum rogikale avarude aavasyangal niravettaan sahayikkaanum addeham kuleena kudumbangalil ninnulla sambannaraaya sthreekale prerippichu. ashupatri sandarshikkunna sthreekalkku lalithamaaya vasthram dharikkanum paavappettavarod "thaazhmayodum soumyathayodum souhaarddathodum" samsarikkaanum addeham nirddeshichu."kaalam kadannupokumbol, chila sambannaraaya sthreekal jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkkaayi dasanmare niyogikkunnathaayi addeham kandethi. 1633-ll addeham paavappettavarkk bhakshanam nalkunnathinulla pravartthanangal thudarunnathinaayi kooduthal elimayulla kudumbangalil ninnulla yuvathikalkkayi filles dii laa charitte enna oru puthiya jeevakaarunya oordar sthaapichu. chaaraniratthilulla pavadayum velutha "kornattukalum" dharicha yuvathikal ayalpakkathe paavappettavarkk suupp paathram kondupoyi. laa chaappalilaayirunnu oordarinte aadya veedu. veedu 1638num idayil paavappettavarkk bhakshanam vilambunnathinaayi eee kramatthil ettu veedukal koodi thurannu.
1638-ll addeham mattoru abhilasha padhathi etteduthu; paareesile upekshikkappetta sisukkalkku bhakshanavum paricharanavum nalkunna "enfants trouves". oro varshavum naanoor anaavashya shishukkale maisan dii laa kauche allengil prasava ashupathriyil upekshichirunnu, avide mikkavarum valare churungiya samayathinullil marichu. naalo ancho kuttikalkk oru nazhs maathrame undaayirunnulloo, avar karayathirikkaan avarkk laudanam nalkukayum avar palappozhum professional yachakarkku vilkkukayum cheythu, avar avare anukambaykkum sambhavanakalkkum prachodanam nalkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu. 1638-ll, porte seyint-viktarinu sameepam ryoo dess boulaancharil kandethiya kuttikalkkayi oru veedu sthaapikkaan panam sambhavana cheyyaan addeham sambannaraaya pareesukaare prerippichu. dii polum oordarile sahodarimaarum pallikal sandarshichu raathriyil avide upekshikkappetta kunjungale puthiya veettilekku konduvannu. 1645ll vishudha lazarinu sameepam upekshikkappetta kuttikalkkayi oru valia puthiya veedu nirmmikkaan dhanasahayam nalkia rajaavinteyum raajnjiyudeyum shradhayil addehathinte pravartthanam vannu. dii pooll 1660-ll marichu. 1737-ll catholica sabha addehathe vishudhanaayi vishudhanaakki.
moshtaakkalum athbhuthangalude muttavum.
yachakarkkum pavappettavarkkum purame paareesil moshtaakkal adangunna mattoru thaazhethattilppettavar undaayirunnu. sambannaraaya paarees nivaasikal kazhuthil kondupoyi oodippookunna pezhsukalude charadukal murikkunnathil avar palappozhum vidagtharaayirunnu. paareesil ninnu jeevakaarunyapravarthangal aakarshikkan avar chilappol andharo mudantharo aanennu nadichirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil atharam moshtaakkalude ettavum prashasthamaaya vaasasthalam nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathulla phillus-daiyuvinte konventaaya ryoo montergweyilinum ryoo new-seyint-saverinum idayil sthithi cheiyunna "coor dess athbhuthangal" allengil athbhuthangalude muttamaayirunnu. theruvukalil irikkumbol palappozhum andharo mudantharo aayi kaanappettirunnuvenkilum veettilekku madangumbol poornnamaayum poornnaraayirunnathinaal ithinu eee peru nalki. 18-aamm noottaandile paarees charitrakaaranaaya saaval, thante pithaavinte muttatthe sandarshanathekkurichulla vivaranathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu ithu vivarichathu. "avide praveshikkunnathinu ningal valanjathum asamavumaaya oru neenda charivil ninnu eranganam. praayavum azhukkum anusarichu thakarnnuveezhunna oru veedu njaan kandu, athinte melkoora tailukalude oru bhagam maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ennaal ambathiladhikam kudumbangal thaamasichirunnu, avarude niyamaanusrithavum niyamavirudhavum nischayikkaathathumaaya ellah kuttikalum. eee veettilum athinte ayalvaasikalilum anjooriladhikam valia kudumbangal onninu mukalil mattonn thaamasikkunnathayi enikku urappu labhichu. muttam kuttakrithyangalude oru skoolaayirunnu; pezhsukal moshtikkunnathinum rakshappedunnathinumulla mikacha saankethikavidyakal kuttikale padippikkukayum, vishudharude-aprasaktharude semiteri polulla pothusthalathu avarude adhyaapakarude parishodhanaykk keezhil pezhs moshtikkunnathinekkur anthima parisodhana nadathukayum cheythu. muttathinu athintethaaya rajaavum niyamangalum udyogastharum chadangukalum undaayirunnu. cheruppakkaar moshtikkunnathil mathramalla, andhatha, gangreen, pevishabaadha, vaividhyamaarnna bhayanakamaaya murivukalum rogangalum anukarikkunnathilum vidagtharaayi. 1630-ll, ruu seyint-saviorineyum ruu new-seyint-saviorineyum bandhippikkunnathin muttatthiloode oru theruvu nirmmikkaan nagaram aagrahichu, ennaal thozhilaallikalkk kallukal choriyukayum muttatthe nivaasikal akramikkukayum marddikkukayum cheythu, padhathi upekshikkappettu.
1668-ll, lefttanant general oof police aayi niyamikkappettathin thottupinnaale, deey laa reyne oduvil muttam avasaanippikkaan theerumaanichu. mathilukal takarkkaan addeham nootti ambathu sinikareyum sainikareyum sapermareyum shekharikkukayum thaamasakkaril ninnulla oru anakkettinteyo paarakaludeyo keezhil muttathu athikramichu kayarukayum cheythu. nivaasikal oduvil oodippoyi, avarude veedukal thakarthu. shoonyamaaya sthalam lottukalaayi vibhajikkukayum veedukal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. ippol benne-nowell kwaarttarinte bhagamaanu. hugo pathinezhaam noottaandil ninnu madhyakaalakhattathilekku eee kaalaghattatthe maattiyengilum, "notter-daam dii paarees" enna novalile victor hyoogoyude athbhuthangalude muttatthinte uravidamaayirunnu muttathekkurichulla saavalinte vivaranam.
nagara sarkkar.
palappozhum panakkuravulla henry naalaaman rajaavu oru theerumaanam eduthu, athu adutha rund noottaandukalolam paareesinu nirbhagyakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum. thante raajakeeyakaaryakaaryakarya sekrattari chaals poulettinte nirddeshaprakaaram fraansile paarambarya prabhukkanmaar avarude padavikku vaarshika nikuthi nalkanamennu addeham aavasyappettu. sekrattariyude "laa poult" ennu vilikkappedunna eee nikuthi valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, athu vipuleekarikkappettu, angane kuleenarallattha sambannaraaya paareesukaarkk avarkk manyamaaya padavi nalkunna sthaanangal vaangaan kazhinju. raajaakkanmaarkk kooduthal panam aavashyamullappol avar kooduthal sthaanangal srishtichu. 1665 aayappozhekkum luis pathinaaraamante bharanakaalathu 45,780 samsthaana sthaanangal undaayirunnu. paarees paarlamentinte prasidantaakaan 60,000 "liverukalum" grand kaunsilinte prasidantaakaan 100,000 "liverukalum" chelavayi.
luis pathinaaraamante bharanakaalathu, paareesile raajaavinte audyogika prathinidhi "prevot" allengil paareesinte provost aayirunnu, avarkk chaatlett kottayil offeesukalundaayirunnu, ennaal nagaratthinte dainamdina bharanathinte bhooribhaagavum aduthide poortthiyaakkiya hotel dii villeyil ninnaan, paareesile boorshwa allengil uyarnna madhyavargakkar thiranjeduttha vyaapaarikalude provosttinte nirddeshaprakaaram. oru veedu svanthamaakkiya, nikuthi adacha, deerghakaalamaayi paareesil thamasikkunna, majistrettumaarum abhibhaashakarum vaanijyathil earppettirikkunnavarum ulppedunna "manyamaaya thozhil" ulla, ennaal bhakshanam nalkunna bisinesses nadathunnavare ozhivakkiya paarees pouranmaarkku boorshwas padavi nalkappettu. thalamurakalayi mikkavarum ellah provostukalum ambatholam sambanna kudumbangalil ninnaan vannath. rund varshathilorikkal provostinum naalu sthaanangal allengil deputy sthaanangalkkumaayi thiranjeduppu nadannirunnu. aagast aagast nadanna thiranjeduppinu sesham, puthiya prabhukaneyum puthumukhatheyum vandiyil lauvarilekku kondupoyi avide avar rajaavinum raajnjikkum nerittu sathyaprathinja cheythu.
vyaapaarikalude provost sthaanathinu shambalamundaayirunnillum athinu niravadhi aanukoolyangal undaayirunnu. provostinu chelavukalkkayi prathivarsham 250,000 "liverukal" labhichu, chila nikuthikalil ninnu addehathe ozhivaakkukayum nagaratthilekku nikuthiyillathe saadhanangal irakkumathi cheyyaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. addeham oru velver vasthravum pattunool sheelavum chuvapp niratthilulla vasthravum dharichirunnu, koodaathe thante kuthira veettujolikkaareyum oru prathyeka chuvanna niratthil moodaanum addehathinu arhathayundaayirunnu. boorshwaasiyil ninnu thiranjeduttha panthrand purushanmaar adangunna svanthamaayi oonar gaard addehathinu undaayirunnu, audyogika bisinessil nagarathekkurichu parayumbol eee gaardukalil naalu perr ellaayppozhum addehathodoppam undaayirunnu.
oru thurakkal nadakkumbol provost thiranjeduttha irupathinaalu "konsilezhsu dii ville" enna sitti kaunsil provostine sahayichu. provosttinte keezhilum boorshwaasiyil ninnu thiranjedukkappetta niravadhi munisippal udyogastharum undaayirunnu; rund procurermaar, moonnu reseavermar, oru graphier, patthu huseermar, paalangalude maasttar, kwaayisile oru kammeeshanar, sitti gettukalude pathinaalu guardianmar, clock towerinte govarnor. nagaratthile beuroyude mikka thasthikakalum valia thuka upayogichu vaangendivannuvenkilum orikkal nediyukazhinjaal avayil palathum aajeevanaanthamaayi nilanirthaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. nagaratthinte pathinaar kwartezhsilo ayalpakkangalilo oronninum "quartaineer" ennu vilikkappedunna swantham administrettar undaayirunnu, avarkk "disignairs" ennu vilikkappedunna ettu deputymar undaayirunnu. eee thasthikakalil cheria shambalamundaayirunnuvena avaa abhimaanakaravum udaaramaaya nikuthi elavukalodeyumaanu undaayirunnathu.
nagara beuroic svanthamaayi kodathikalum jayilukalum undaayirunnu. nagaratthile kramam, agni suraksha, paarees theruvukalile suraksha ennivayude utharavaaditham nagara udyogastharkkaayirunnu. raathriyil vaathilukal adaykkukayum poottukayum cheiyunnuvennum theruvukalil changalakal sthaapichittundennum avar urappu nalki. nagaratthile cheria sayudha senayaaya "millis munisippaalitti", "chevaliyezhs dii laa gute" allengil ratri kaavalkkaarude utharavaaditham avarkkaayirunnu. oro quarterileyum praadeshika udyogasthar avarude ayalpakkangalile oro veettileyum thaamasakkaarude pattika sookshikkunnathinum aparichitharude track sookshikkunnathinum utharavaadikalaayirunnu. oru hotelil thaamasichaalum murikalulla oru cabareyil thaamasichaalum oru swakaarya veettil thaamasichaalum kwarterilekku varunna oru yaathrakkaarante peru avar record cheythu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil paarees boorshwakalude mikka swatantra sthaapanangalum avarude adikaarangal apaharikkukayum rajaavinu kaimarukayum cheythu. 1667 maarchil rajaavu police lefttanant general sthaanam srishtikkukayum 1667 muthal 1697 vare muppath varshatholam athu vahicha laa raineye aaa sthaanam nalkukayum cheythu. poleesinu mathramalla, bharavum alavukalum, theruvukalude shucheekaranavum velichavum, vipanikalilekkulla bhakshana vitharanam, korppareshanukalude niyanthranam, munbu paareesile vyapaarikal melnottam vahichirunna ellah kaaryangalum ennivaykkum addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu. paareesile purathana korppareshanukalil avasaanathethaaya jalavipanithozhilaalikale korppareshan 1672ll nadeekkachavadatthinte mail adikaaram pidichedukkukayum kireedatthinu nalkukayum cheythu. 1681ll luis pathinaraman munisippal gavanmentinte mikkavarum ellah yadhaartha adikaarangalum eduthukalanju. vyaapaarikaludeyum vyaapaarikaludeyum prabhukkanmaare appozhum boorshwakal thiranjedutthirunnuvenkum avarkk yadhaartha adikaaram undaayirunnilla. nagara sarkkaarile sthaanangal vilkkunnath rajakeeya treasuric fund swaroopikkunnathinulla phalapradamaaya maargamaayi maari. provostinu thaazheyulla matellaa munisippal padavikalum rajaavil ninnu nerittu vaangendivannu.
vyavasaayavum vaanijyavum.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, nagaratthile ettavum pradhanappetta vyavasaayam thunitharangal, neythu, chayam pooshal, bonnetukal, belttukal, ribanukal, mattu vasthrangalude shekharam enniva aayirunnu. beaver nadiyude theerathulla fouborg sent-marsalil chayam pooshal vyavasaayam sthithicheyyukayum athinte theerathulla varkshoppukalum dye vaattukalum vegathil malinamaakkukayum cheythu. pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil gobelin, kaanaay, leeii puelter kudumbangalude bhagyam vardhippicha avidatthe ettavum valia varkshoppukal prathivarsham aarayiram thunitharangal chayam pooshukayaayirunnu, ennaal vardhichuvarunna videsha malsaram kaaranam avayude uthppaadanam pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil oru lakshamaayi kuranju, muzhuvan thunithara vyavasaayavum budhimuttukayaayirunnu. sambannaraaya paarees nivaasikal flandezhs, spain, itali, turkey ennividangalil ninnu putt, vasthrangal, glass ware thukal saadhanangal, paravathaanikal enniva irakkumathi cheyyaan valia thuka chelavazhikkunnuvennu henry nalaman luis pathinaraman nireekshichu. paareesil athe adambara uthppannangal nirmmikkaan avar franch bisinasukaare prothsaahippichu.
rajakeeya faaktarikal.
eee rajakeeya prothsaahanathode, dhanakaaryasthaapanamaaya moiset svarnnam, velli, putt ennivayude noolukal kondu neytha thuni nirmmikkunnathinulla oru samrambham aarambhichu. athu paraajayappettenkilum mattu vijayakaramaya samrambhangalkk pakaram vannu. aadyathe vasthranirmmaana shilpashala rajakeeya sahaayathode lauvarilum pinneedu savonaryilum cheylottilum thurannu. 1601ll gobelins enterprise rund flemish tapestry nirmmaathaakkale konduvarikayum flemish shailiyil svanthamaayi tapesterykal nirmmikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. speyinil ninnum italiyil ninnumulla vidagdha karakaushala vidagdhar uyarnna nilavaaramulla thukal uthppannangal nirmmikkunnathinayi cherukida samrambhangal aarambhichu. mikacha furnitureukal nirmmikkunna silpashaalakal fouborg sent-antoyinil jarmman karakaushalathozhilaalikal udghaadanam cheythu. veneeshyan glass nirmmaathaakkalumaayi malsarikkunnathinu 1601 ll seyint-jermaine-dess-pressil oru royal glass factory thurannu. vishudha gobain nirmmicha kannaadikal nirmmikkunnathinum minukkunnathinum ruyliyil oru valia factory thurannu.
luis pathinaalaamanteyum addehathinte dhanakaaryamantriyaaya jeane-baptist colbertinteyum keezhil rajakeeya nirmmaanashaalakal vipuleekarichu. europile ettavum vaidagdhyamulla karakaushalathozhilaalikale recruit cheyth paareesilekk konduvannu. 1665-ll bois dii boulognile pazhaya chaatto dii madridil sthithi cheiyunna hindrett enterprise aadyathe franch silk stockings nirmmichu. gobelinmaarude varkshoppukal rajakeeya vasathikalkkum vasthrangalkkumulla furnitureukal nirmmikkaan thudangi, athesamayam savoneri factory rajakeeya kottarangalkkaayi manoharamaaya paravathaanikal nirmmichu. paravathaanikal, vasthrangal, furnitureukal, glass, mattu uthppannangal ennivayude gunanilavaaram samaanathakallillaathathaayirunnu; prashnam athellam oru upabhokthavaaya rajaavinum vezhsaayilile addehathinte puthiya thaamasasthalathinum vendiyaayirunnu. rajakeeya khajanaavil ninnulla valia subsidikal vazhiyaan rajakeeya faaktarikal thudarnnukondirunnathu.
karakaushala vidagtharum korppareshanukalum.
paarees sambadvyavasthayude ettavum valia vibhavam aviduthe dhaaraalam vidagdha thozhilaallikalum karakaushala vidagtharum aayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattam muthal, oro thozhilinum athintethaaya korppareshan undaayirunnu, athu thozhililekku praveshikkunnathinu karsanamaaya thozhil niyamangalum aavashyakathakalum nischayikkunnu. drapermar, thayyalkkaar, mezhukuthiri nirmmathaakkal, palacharakk-faarmasistukal, thoppi nirmmathaakkal, boonnet nirmmathaakkal, riban nirmmathaakkal, saddle nirmmathaakkal, kallu kothupanikal, sugandhavyanjana bread bakermar thudangi niravadhi prathyeka korppareshanukal undaayirunnu. doctormaarum barbermar ore korppareshanile amgangalaayirunnu. pala thozhilukalileyum praveshanam malsaram kuraykkunnathinu karsanamaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu, koodaathe karakaushalathozhilaalikalude puthranmaarkk munganana undaayirunnu. praveshikkunnavarkku aprentisil ninnu koottaali-thozhilaalliyilekku maasttar worker allengil "maithre" yilek munnerendivannu. 1637ll paareesil 48,000 vidagdha thozhilaallikalum 13,500 "maittarukalum" undaayirunnu.
adambara saadhanangal.
pathinalam noottaand muthal undaayirunna pazhaya raajakottaarathinte vishalamaaya galleryile Île-de-La-cité yilaanu aadambaravasthukkalude ettavum pradhanappetta vipani sthithicheythirunnathu. rajaavu inimel kaivashappeduthaatha eee kottaram kodathikalum treasury mattu sarkkar offeesukalum kaivashappeduthiyirunna raajyathinte bharana aasthaanamaayi maari. galleryile cheria kadakal vilayeriya gaunukal, anki, sugandhadravyangal, thoppikal, bonnetukal, kuttikalude vasthrangal, kayyurakal, mattu vasthrangal enniva vittu. pusthakangal avide vilkkunna mattoru adambara inamaayirunnu; avaa kaikondu achadichathum chelaveriyathum apoorvavavumaayirunnu.
paarees kadakalil nirmmicha mattoru pradhana adambara saadhanamaayirunnu klokkukalum vaachukalum. thozhililekkulla praveshanam karsanamaayi niyanthrikkappettirunnu; pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, "horlogarmaarude" samghathil irupathiyanchu amgangal undaayirunnu. oro horlogarinum onniladhikam aprenteesukal anuvadikkappettirunnathil apprenteeshipp aarr varsham neenduninnu. 1646 aayappozhekkum, samghathinte puthiya niyamangal prakaram, maastezhsinte ennam ezhupathirandaayi parimithappedutthukayum apprenteeshipp ettu varshamaayi neettukayum cheythu. hotel dii ville, samaritteyn pump ennivayulppede mikka pradhana pothu kettidangalkkum gild nirmmicha swantham klokkukal undaayirunnu. maarttinettum bidauldum enna rund kudumbangal eee thozhilil aadhipathyam pulartthi; avarkk uyarnna vaidagdhyamulla niravadhi kalakaaranmaarkkum karakaushala vidagtharkkumoppam lauvarinte gaalarikalil avarude varkshoppukal undaayirunnu. 1685ll luis pathinaalaaman naantasinte saasanam raddaakkiyappol, mikka horlogarmaarum avarude vishwaasam upekshikkaan visammathikkukayum jineeva, englandu, holland ennividangalilekku kudiyerukayum cheythu, france vyavasaayathil aadhipathyam sthaapichilla.
matham.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum paarees bharichirunnathu richeliu, masarin ennee rund kardhinalmarum paarees roman catholica vishwaasathinte oru kottayumaayirunnu, ennaal athu ullil ganyamaaya mathaparamaya prakshubdhathaykku vidheyamaayirunnu. 1622-ll, aarch bishop oof sensinte niyanthranatthilulla oru bishoper aaya noottaandukalkku sesham, paareesinu oduvil oru kuleenav sambannavumaaya florent-franch kudumbatthil ninnulla swantham aarch bishappaya jeane-francois dii gondi labhichu. addehathinte mootha sahodaran addehathinu munbu paareesile bishappayirunnu, addehathinte anantharavan addehathinte pingamiyaayi aarch bishappayi. gondi kudumbatthile amgangal 1570 muthal 1662 vare ekadesham oru noottaandolam paareesile bishappumarum aarch bishappumaarumaayirunnu. paareesile sabhayude shreniyellaam prabhukkanmaarude unnatha thalangalile amgangalaayirunnu, raajakudumbavumaayi adutha bandhamundaayirunnu. oru aadhunika charithrakaaran soochippichathupole, avarude pradhana savisheshathakal swajanapakshapaathamaayirunnu...aadambaravum ahankaaravum vyakthiparamaaya perumattavum avar prasamgicha daarmikathayil ninnu valare akaleyaan."
paareesile sabhayile nethaakkal uyarnna rashtreeya kaaryangalil kooduthal shradhaalukkalaayirunpol, thaazhathe thalatthilulla purohithanmaar parishkaranatthinum daridrarumaayi kooduthal edapazhakunnathinum vendi prakshobham nadathukayaayirunnu. purohithanmaarkk kooduthal pariseelanam nalkunnathinaayi paareesil seminaarikal srishtikkaan vaattikkan theerumaanichirunnu; 1611-ll sent-nicolas-dii-chaardonettinte seminary 1624-ll saant-maagliyorinte seminary 1642-ll sent-salpisilekku maarunnathin munbu 1641-ll vaggiraardinte seminary; 1642-ll boons-enfaantukalude seminary thurannu. seminaarikal parishkaranatthinum maattathinumulla kendrangalaayi maari. vinsent dii polinte parisramangalkku valia pankum nandi, pavappettavarkkum rogikalkkum sahayam nalkunnathilum kochukuttikalkku school vidyaabhyaasam nalkunnathilum edavakakal kooduthal sajeevamaayi edapettu. "paareesile pavappettavare sahayikkunnathinum protestant mathaparivarthanam nadathunnathinum puthiya franch kolanikalil thaamasikkunnavare mathaparivarthanam cheiyunnathinaayi videshathekku dauthyangal ayaykkunnathinum kompagni duu seyint-saakrment polulla sambanna prabhukkanmaarude "konfararikal" allengil saahodaryangal roopeekarichu.
enpathiladhikam mathavibhagangal paareesil svayam sthaapichu; sthaapichu; 1600num idayil sthreekalkku naalppathum purushanmaarkk irupathumaayi arupath oordarukal sthaapikkappettu. 1600ll pickasil fraansiskanmaarum 1602ll tulieri kottaaratthinte kavaadangalkk sameepamulla fuyilantukalude sabayum 1604ll athe sthalathulla dominican oordarum 1604ll speyinil ninnulla carmeliteukalum notter-daam dess chaambyansilum ulppedunnu. italiyil ninnu maari dii medisi kapuchinukale shanikkukayum fouborg seyint-oonareyilum maraayisilum konventukalum fouborg seyint-jaakkukalil oru novishyattum thurakkukayum cheythu. nepolian oru aupachaarika agnishamana vibhaagam roopeekarikkunnathinu munbu avar nagaratthile pradhana agnishamana senaamgangalaayirunnathil avaa prathyekichum upayogapradamaayi. sorbonile clermont koleju sthaapicha dominikkanmarum jesuitukalum avarodoppam chernnu, koodaathe avarude aasthaanathinu sameepam seyint-pooll-seyint-looyisinte sambannamaaya puthiya palli ruu seyint-antoyinil nirmmichu. romil ninnu nayikkappedukayum paarees aarch bishappinte niyanthranathinu poornnamaayum puratthaavukayum cheytha eee puthiya utharavukalude varavu paarees sabhaa sthaapanathinte bheethiyundaakkukayum oduvil shathruthayundaakkukayum cheythu.
1638ll maricha cornelius jansen enna dutch daivashaasthranjan sthaapicha jansenism enna puthiya daivashaasthra prasthaanam paareesile sabhayude anuyaayikale vibhajichu. ithu portt-royal-dess-champs abbi adisthaanamaakkiyullathum jesuitukal shakthamayi ethirtha yadhaartha paapatthinteyum munkootty nischayichathinteyum sidhaanthangalude vyathiyaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathumayu. jaansenisttukalude anuyaayikalil thathwachinthakanaaya blaise pascal, naadakakrithaaya jeane racine ennivar ulppedunnu. 1638ll paareesile jaansenisttukalude nethaavine jayililadakkukayum 1653ll jaansenisathe oru mathavidveshamaayi apalapikkaan niraparaadhikalaaya X marpappa prerippikkukayum cheythenkilum eee sidhaanthangal vyaapippikkukayum jansenism mikka paarees nivaasikalum vishaalamaayi sahikkukayum pathinettaam noottaandil thudarnnuvanna sabhayude chodyam cheyyappedaattha adhikaarathe durbalappeduthunnathinna sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu.
1598-ll naantasinte shaasanathil fraansile protestantumaarott sahishnuthayude nayam henry naalaaman prakhyaapichirunnu. 1606 august 1-nuu, thante chansalaraya sulie, henry naalaamante abhyarthana maanich paareesile protestantumaare nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathu ninnu valare akaleyaayirikkunnidathom kaalam oru palli nirmmikkaan anumathi nalki. baasttilil ninnu aarr kilometer akaleyulla chaarantanilaanu puthiya palli nirmmichathu. 1680ll nagaratthil ekadesham enpathinaayiram anjooru protestant vamshajar athawa janasamkhyayude rund sathamaanam undaayirunnu. 1685-ll luis pathinaraman naantasinte saasanam raddaakkukayum ithu protestantumaarude nagaratthil ninnulla oru pradhana palayanam nayikkukayum rahasyathil thangalude vishwaasam aacharikkan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu.
noottaandukalude peedanatthinum puratthaakkalinum sesham pathinezhaam noottaandile paareesile jootha janasamkhya valare cheruthaayirunnu; itali, madhya europe, spain allengil porchugal ennividangalil ninnu vanna oru dasanolam jootha kudumbangal maathrame nagaratthil undaayirunnulloo.
dainamdina jeevitam.
pothugathagatham.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, prabhukkanmaarum sambannaraaya paareesukaarum vandiyilo kuthirayilo allengil oru kaserayilo bhrithyanmaar vahikkunna manoharamaaya pettikkullil sanjarichu. 1660ll nagaratthil munnooru vandikalundaayirunnu.
bhaagyamillaatha yaathrakkaarkk kaalnadayaayi pokendivannu. muppath minittinullil kaalnadayaayi paarees kadakkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, athu valare asukhakaramaaya oru nadathamaayirikkaam; idungiya theruvukalil vandikal, vandikal, vaaganukal, kuthirakal, kannukaalikal, aalukal enniva niranjirunnu; nadappaathakalonnum undaayirunnilla, koodaathe melkkallukal cheli, maalinyangal, kuthirakal, mattu mrugangalude thullikal ennivayude durgandhamulla suupp kondu moodappettirunnu. shoos nalla vasthrangalum pettennu nashichu.
1612-ll hraswa yaathrakalkkaayi vaadakaykku edukkaavunna oru kochum driver aaya fiacker enna peril oru puthiya pothugathagatha reethi prathyakshappettu. ryoo seyint-martinil savej enna amiyansil ninnulla oru samrambhakanaan eee bisinesses aarambhichath. vishudha chakravartthiyude chithramulla kettidatthile "ensign" allengil thoongikkidakkunna adayaalathil ninnaan ithinu eee peru labhichathu. 1623 aayappozhekkum niravadhi vyathyastha kambanikal eee sevanam vaagdaanam cheythu. 1657-ll paarees paarlamentinte oru utharavu raajaavinte "karshakan" piyari huganinu vaadakaykku kochukal pravarthippikkaanulla prathyeka avakasham nalki. 1666-ll, paarlament aadya manikkoorin irupathu sose oro adhika manikorinum pathinanju sose nirakkukal nischayichu; oru araa divasathekku moonnu "liverukalum" patthu "solum", yaathrakkaaran paareesinu purathulla graamapradeshangalilekk pookaan aagrahikkunnuvenkil naalu "liverukalum" patthu "solum", athinu randaamathe kuthira aavasyamaanu. 1669ll, kochinte vashangalilum pinbhaagatthum manja niratthil valia ennam varaykkendathundu.
1662 januvariyil ganithashaasthranjanum thathwachinthakanumaaya blaise pascal, aadyathe kanakkukoottal yanthrangalilonninte kandupiduthakkaaran, nagaratthinte oru bhaagath ninnu mattonnilekku pathiv roottukalil shedyulil sanjarikkunna vandikalil seettukal vaangunna kooduthal yadhaarthavum yukthisahavumaya gathagatha maarggam nirddeshichu. addeham oru padhathi thayyarakkukayum enterprisasinu moonnu suhruthukkal dhanasahayam nalkukayum 1662 maarchil sarvees aarambikkukayum cheythu. oro vandiyilum ettu yaathrakkaarum oru irippidathinu anchu solukalum chelavaakum. vandikalude vaathilukalil paarees nagaratthinte chihnamundaayirunnu, pariseelakar nagaratthinte nirangalaaya chuvappum neelayum dharichirunnu. ryoo seyint-aantoyin muthal pondu neuf vazhi luxemburg vare, luxemburg muthal ryoo montmarter vare, touur dii paarees ennu vilikkunna oru vrithaakrithiyilulla line ennivayulppede anchu vyathyastha yaathraavivaranangal kochukal pinthudarnnu."thudakkathil paaskalinte kambani valia vijayamayirunnu, pakshe varshangalayi athinu panam sambaadikkaan kazhinjilla; paaskalinte maranashesham 1677-ll athu pravarthanavimukthamaayi.
pathonpathaam noottaand vare eee faker pothugathaagathatthinte pradhana maarggamaayi thudarnnu, kramena oomnibas, kuthirakal valikkunna tramway, oduvil motor cheytha faker allengil taxi kyab enniva upayogichu ithu maatti.
theruvu vilakkukal.
noottaandinte thudakkathil paareesile theruvukal raathriyil irundathaayirunnu, mezhukuthirikalo enna vilakkukal kondo avideyum ivideyum maathram prakaashippichirunnu. 1662-ll, raathriyil theruvukaliloode sanjarikkaan aagrahikkunnavarkk torch-kaariyarukalum vilakku-kaariyarukalum nalkunna oru sevanam sthaapikkunnathinaayi abeh laudaattikku rajakeeya pettant kathukal labhichu. pradhana theruvukalil ennooru padikal akaleyulla posttukalil vilakku vahikkunnavar sthaapikkukayum upabhokthakkal upayogicha torchinte oro bhaagathinum allengil pathinanju minitt vilakku vilakku upayogikkunnathinu anchu "solukal" nalkukayum cheythu. 1789 vare torch, lantherner vahikkunnavarude kambani bisinassilaayirunnu.
1667-ll, rajakeeya sarkkar kooduthal munnott pookaanum oro paadatthilum ellah theruvukalilum sthalangalilum vilakkukal sthaapikkaanum aaa theruvile kettidangalude udamakalude chelavil theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. aadya varsham moovaayiram enna vilakkukal sthaapichu. 1698-ll engleesh sanjaariyaaya martin listtar eee samvidaanathe vivarichu "shaithyakaalath muzhuvan theruvukal prakashikkunnu, poornnachandran polum! theruvinte madhyathil ninnu irupathu adii uyarathilum oro vilakkum thammil irupathu padikal akaleyumaan vilakkukal thookkiyidunnathu."rund adii uyaramulla oru glass koottil vilakkukal pothinjirunnu, athinu mukalil oru loha falakamundaayirunnu. chumarukalil sthaapicha irumbu baarukalil kayarukal gadippichirunnu, athinaal avaa thaazhtthi enna niraykkaan kazhiyum. nagaratthinte surakshaykkum prakaashatthinum" "(nagaratthinte surakshaykkum velichathinum)" "arbis securitas ettu nittor" "enna mudraavaakyathode rajaavu eee paripadi aaghoshikkunnathinaayi oru smaaraka medel nalki".
vellam.
pathinezhaam noottaandil paareesile kudivellam kooduthalum seenil ninnaan vannath, sameepathulla charmakkashanashaalakalil ninnum kashap kadakalil ninnum nadhi malinamayirunnittum. pathinettaam noottaandil nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathulla nadiyil ninnu kudivellam edukkunnathu oduvil nirodhichu. sanyasimar nirmmicha jalasambharanikaliloode valath theerathulla aashramangalilekku kondupookunna bellevilleyile neeruravakalil ninnum jalasambharanikalil ninnum kurachu vellam nagarathinu purathu ninnu vannu. iva loovarinteyum tularykaludeyum kottarangalkk vellam nalkukayum avaa orumichu paareesile jalavitharanathinte pakuthiyolam upayogikkukayum cheythu.
1607-ll, kottarangalkkulla jalavitharanam vardhippikkunnathinaayi louverinu aduthulla seenil oru valia pump nirmmikkaan henry naalaaman theerumaanichu. jacobinte kinarukalil yesuvinteyum samarittanteyum bays-releaf kondu alankaricha oru uyarnna kettidatthil pondu newfinte randaamathe kamaanathilaanu pump sthithicheythirunnathu, ithu pambinu samaritteyn enna janapriya namam nalki. 1608 octoberil pump poortthiyaayi. ettu bakkattukalulla oru chakram vellam uyarthi. ithu oru divasam 480,000 littar vellam uyarthanamaayirunnu, pakshe, niravadhi thakaraarukal kaaranam, ayal kottaarangalum poonthottangalum upayogikkunna 20,000 littar maathramaan ithu oru divasam nalkiyathu.
1670ll pondu notter-damil randaamathe pump nirmmikkaan nagaram samaridaininte chumathala enchineeyarumaayi karar cheythu, athe varsham athe paalatthil moonnaamathe pump nirmmikkukayum cheythu. rund puthiya pambukalum 1673-ll sevanamarambhichu. oru koottam chakrangal vellam uyarthi oru uyaramulla chathura gopuratthinte mukalilekku athikkukayum avide athu paippukalilekku maattukayum guruthwaakarshanathaal kottaarangalilekku ozhukukayum cheythu. puthiya pambukalkku prathidinam rund dasalaksham littar vitharanam cheyyaan kazhinju.
merii dii medisic avalude puthiya kottaaratthinum idathu theerathulla poonthottangalkkum dhaaraalam vellam aavashyamaayirunnu, avaykku kurachu jalasrothassukalundaayirunu. purathana romakkar idathu karayil rangis muthal avarude kulimuri vare oru neerchaalukal nirmmichathaayi oormmippicha pothumaraamathu mantri sulie pazhaya neerchaalukalude paatha kandethaan enchineeyarmaare ayachu. ayachu 1613lum pathimoonnu kilometer neelamulla oru puthiya jalasambharani nirmikkappettu, innathe nireekshanaalayathinu sameepam avasaanikkukayum prathidinam 240,000 littar vellam konduvarikayum cheythu, ithu dovajar raajnjiyude poonthottangalkkum neeruravakalkum mathiyakum. innu paareesile ettavum prashasthamaaya jaladhaarakalilonnaaya medisi jaladhara nirmmikkaan ithu avare praaptharakki, florencile pitti kottaaratthile luxemburg kottaaratthinte poonthottangalil avalude kuttikkaalatthe oormmappeduthal.
kottarangalkkum ashramangalkkum purathullavarkkum svanthamaayi kinarukalulla prabhukkanmaarude veedukalkkum paareesile uravakalil ninnaan vellam vannath. aadyathe pothu jaladhara 1183-ll philipp augustus rajaavu central maarkkattile less halsilum randaamathethu 13-aamm noottaandilaanu nirmmichathu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathu oru dussen neeruravakal pravarthichirunnu. pravarthichirunnu 1624num idayil lui pathinaraman pathimoonnu puthiya neeruravakal nirmmichu, notter daaminte cathedralinte paarvisil vellavum alankaaravum nalki, plays dii grave, plays moubert, sent severin, plays royal, ruu dii busi, porte sent maikkal, mattu kendra pooyintukal ennivayil.
jaladhaarakalil ninnu paareesile thaamasthalangalilekku vellam gaarhikabhrithyanmaaro jalavaahakaro kondupoyi, avar oru chaarjinaayi, oru strappil gadippichirikkunna rund moodiya thadi bakkattukalayi chumalilum oru frameilum kondupoyi. jaladhaarakalil ninnu vellam edukkaan sramikkunna veettujolikkaarum jalavaahakar thammil idaykkide tharkkangalundaayirunnu. palappozhum jaladhaarakalile lineukal ozhivaakkukayum seenil ninnu vellam edukkukayum cheythu.
bhakshanavum paaneeyavum.
pathinezhaam noottaandil paarees bhakshanathinte adisthaanamaayirunnu appam, maamsam, veenju enniva. thozhilaallivargga paareesile varumaanathinte arupath sathamaanavum appathinaayi maathram chelavazhichu. 1600ll yeest avatharippichathode paarees appatthinte ruchi maari, appatthil paal chertthathode athu mriduvaayi. mosham vilaveduppum dhaanya vilayekkurichulla oohaapohangalum appatthinte shaamathinu kaaranamaakukayum vishappum kalapavum srishtikkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu 1693-1694 shaithyakaalath.
1634ll paarees nivaasikal 50,000 kannukaalikalude maamsam kazhichu, athu noottaandinte avasaanathode 60,000 aayi uyarnnu, oppam 350,000 aadukalum 40,000 pannikalum. mrugangale ayalpakkathe kashap kadakalude muttangalilekku thalsamayam kondupoyi, avide avaa arukkukayum maamsam thayyarakkukayum cheythu. ettavum mikacha irachi murivukal prabhukkanmarkkum uyarnna vargakkaarkkum nalkappettu, athesamayam thozhilaallivargga paareesukaar sosejukal, trip, vilakuranja murivukal enniva kazhikkukayum "bouyloon" allengil irachi chaaru undaakkukayum cheythu. prathyekichu velliyazhchakalilum catholica avadhidinangalilum valia alavil malsyavum kazhichirunnu.
paarees nivaasikalkk veenjaayirunnu moonnaamathe avashyam; appathinteyum maamsathinteyum vila vardhikkukayum jeevitam kooduthal dushkaramaakukayum cheythappol veenjinte upabhogavum vardhichathil athishayikkanilla. bordo, bargandi, shampain, lloyer thaazhvara ennividangalil ninnu hotel dii villeykkaduthulla thuramukhangalil valia kegukalilaayi bottilaanu veenju athiyathu. montmarterileyum chuttumulla ail-dii-francileyum munthirithottangalil ninnu vaaganiloodeyaanu vilakuranja vainukal vannath. veenjinte nikuthi rajakeeya sarkkaarinte pradhana varumaana srothassaayirunnu; thuramukhathu athiyayudane veenjinu nikuthi chumatthi; 1638-ll oru "muid" allengil barrell veenjinu moonnu "liverukalil" ninnu nikuthi 1680-ll karamargam varunna veenjinu 15 "liverukalilum" vellathiloode varunna veenjinu 18 "liverukalilum" aayi uyarnnu.
kaaberukal.
pathinettaam noottaand vare prathyakshappedaatha restorantinte poorvvikanaayirunnu caber. bhakshanamillathe paathram veenju vilambunna oru bhakshanashalayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru caber bhakshanathodoppam veenjum meshappurathu vilambukayum cheythu. upabhokthakkal mathiyaya veenju kudichirunnenkil paadiyekkaam, pakshe eee kaalaghattatthil kaaberettukalil aupachaarika vinoda paripaadikal undaayirunnilla. paarees kalakaaranmaarudeyum ezhuthukaarudeyum janapriya samgamasthalangalaayirunnu avaa; laa fontaine, mollier, racine ennivar ruu duu viex-kolambiyarile mouttan blankilum pinneedu aadhunika ruu dii borg-tibergile croix dii lorainilum pathivayi sandarshichirunnu.
kappiyum aadyathe kafekalum.
1643-ll konstantinoppilil ninnu paareesil kaappi parichayappedutthi; leventil ninnulla oru vyaapaari ruu seyint-jackukalkkum pettitt-pondinum edayilulla moodappetta pathayil "kahov" kapp vittu; ithu masarinteyum chila kuleena bhavanangaludeyum puthumayayi upayogichu, pakshe 1669-ll turkish sulthaante ambasadaraaya mahomet naalaamante soliman agaa mustafa aagayude varavode ithu fasionabilaayi. 1672ll pascal enna armeniyakkaaran foyer-seyint-jermainil oru coffey house thurannu, rund sosukalkku kappiyum oru kappinu aarr nishedhikkunnavarkk kappiyum vilambunnu. athu vaanijyaparamaayi vijayichilla, pascal landanilekku purappettu. oru puthiya kaphe thuranna gregoire enna pershyakkaaran ryoo masarinil komadi-fraansaisinte theaterinu sameepam oru coffey house thurannu. 1689ll thiyettar ryoo dess phoosas-seyint-jermmainilekku maariyappol addeham kaphe avarodoppam maatti. 1672ll pascalil aadyamaayi jolie cheythirunna oru sisilian francesco procopio dee coltelli ettedukkunnathuvare kaphe valia vijayamayilla. addeham kaphe vaangukayum kaappi, chaaya, choklettu, madyam, iscream, konficharukal enniva nalkaan thudangukayum cheythu. puthiya kaphe procop fasionable vijayakaravumayi maari, taamasiyaathe nagaratthile mattu kafekal ithu pakarthi.
ghoshayaathrakal, carosalukal, vedikkettu enniva.
pathinezhaam noottaandile paarees nivaasikalude jeevitam saadhaaranayaayi kadinavum hraswavumaayirunnu, orupakshe eee kaaranathaalaanu kalandar avadhidinangalum aakhoshangalum kondu niranjirunnathu. mathaparamaya ghoshayaathrakal madhyakaalakhattathileppole annamattavayaayirunnille avaa varnnabhavum akarshakavumaayirunnu. ettavum pradhaanappettath nagaratthile rakshaadhikaari vishudhanaaya sent jeneeveevinte bahumaanaartham, idathu karayilulla palli muthal avarude shavakudeeram muthal notre-daaminte cathedral vare aayirunnu. paareesile aarch bishop seyant-genevieve aashramathile abey avarude poornna raajabharanathilum nagnaputhuvashathum nootti ambathu sanyasimaarum kanyaasthreekalum munpaayi ghoshayaathraykk neethrthwam nalki. irupathu purushanmaar nagnaputhan velutha vasthram dharichavan aabharanangal dharicha "chassie" vahichavanumaaya vishudhante avashishtangal avarude purakil vannu, thudarnnu paris paarlamentile amgangal avarude aachaaraparamaaya chuvapp vasthrangalil, karakaushalathozhilaalikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum pramukha samghangalude nethaakkal. niravadhi vyathyastha vishudharkkum avadhi dinangalkkumaayi ghoshayaathrakal nadannirunnu, ithu chilappol vyathyastha vibhaagangalile sanyasimar thammilulla ettumuttalukalilekku nayichu. maadam dii sevigne parayunnathanusarichu, 1635-ll oru anugraha sanyasi ghoshayaathra oru ghoshayaathraykk vazhiyorukkaan visammathichu, ithu theruvil oru poraattatthilekku nayichu, athil rund sanyaasimaarkk krooshichu, abodhaavasthayil veenu.
kristhuvinu munbulla oru chadangaaya sent-jeeninte thee, venalkkaala ayanaanthathinte adayaalamaayi juun 23 nuu paareesil aaveshathode aakhoshichu. hotel dii villeykku munnil irupathu meter uyarathil kathunna oru valia theepidutthamo theepidittha parambarayo aayirunnu athu. pathinalam noottaand muthal parambaraagathamaayi rajaavu thanneyaanu thee kathichirunnathu. vilakku thelichathinushesham munisippal sarkkar janakkoottathinu veenjum appavum nalki. henry nalaman luis pathinaraman pathivayi pankedutthappol, paareesikalod asamthripthanaaya luis pathinaalaaman oru thavana maathrame thee koluthiyittulloo, athu orikkalum luis pathinaramano luis pathinaramano kathichirunnilla. 
prabhukkanmaare sambandhichidatholam, noottaandinte thudakkathile ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavam kuthirappuratthe vyaayaamangaludeyum kalikaludeyum oru parambarayaaya "caroosal" aayirunnu. 1559ll henry randaaman rajaavu oru josting apakadatthil kollappettappol nirodhicha toornamentinu pakaramaan eee malsarangal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. puthiya, apakadakaramallaatha pathippil, ridermark saadhaaranayaayi oru mothiratthinte ulbhaagathukoodi avarude eetta kadannupokukayo medusa, moors, turkukal ennivayude thala upayogichu puthappukal adikkukayo cheyyendivannu. 1605ll chadangukalkkayi upayogikkunna lauvarinte anubandhamaaya hotel pettitt-borbaninte grand haalil paareesile aadyathe "carosal" nadannu. 1612 epril 5 muthal 7 vare royal (ippol dess vosjas) enna sthalathu athinte poorttheekaranam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi oru vipulamaaya "carosal" nadannu. luis pathinaalaamante makanaaya "dauphin" nte jananam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi 1662 juun 5-6 theeyathikalil ithilum valia "carosal" nadannu. tularies kottaaratthil ninnu louverine verthirikkunna chathuratthilaanu ithu nadannathu, athu pinneedu plays duu caroosal ennariyappettu.
paareesilekkulla raajaavinte aachaaraparamaaya praveshanavum aakhoshangalude avasaramaayi maari. 1660-ll kireedadhaaranathinushesham luis pathinalaman merii-tereza raajnjiyum paareesilekk madangiyethiyathu nagaratthinte kavaadangalile oru melayil oru mahathaaya paripaadiyiloode aakhoshichu, avide puthiya raajaakkanmaarkkaayi valia simhasanangal nirmikkappettu. 1880ll eee sthalam raajyathinte sthalamaakunnathuvare, chadanginushesham eee sthalam simhaasanathinte sthalam athawa sthalam ennariyappettu.
mattoru parambaraagatha paarees aakhoshamaaya mahathaaya vedikkettu pradarshanam pathinezhaam noottaandil janichu. 1581ll paareesil aadyamaayi vedikkettu paraamarsikkappettu, 1598ll sent jeeninu thee koluthiya sesham henry naalaaman hotel dii villeyil oru cheria pradarshanam nadathiyirunnu, ennaal 1612 epril epril royal sthalathinte udghaadanavum luis pathinaraman aan oof austriyayumaayi nirddeshicha vivaahavum adayaalappeduthunnathinayi carselinu sesham aadyathe valia pradarshanam nadannu. 1615-ll puthiya kandupiduthangal avatharippikkappettu; oru kazhukanteyum raajaavine prathinidheekarikkunna herculesinteyum rooparoopangal, seeninte aduthulla scarfoldukalilum lauvarinte balconyilum padakkam upayogichu srishtichu. 1618-ll, shhow kooduthal manoharamaayirunnu; aakaashathekku rokkattukal vikshepichu, oru saakshiyude abhipraayathil, marolukalude madaadhipathi nakshathrangalilum theeyude sarppangalilum pottitherichu."athinusesham seeninte theerangalil ninnu vikshepicha vedikkettu, avadhidinangaludeyum prathyeka paripaadikaludeyum aakhoshangalude pathiv savisheshathayaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandil chainayil ninnu niramulla vedikkettu avatharippikkunnathuvare avarkk nirangalaayirunnu kuravu; ellah vedikkettum vellayo ilam svarnnamo aayirunnu.
kaayika enangalum kalikalum.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte aadyabhaagathu franch prabhukkanmaarkk ettavum janapriyamaaya kaayika vinodam handball allengil tenneesinte oru roopamaaya "jiyu dii poume" aayirunnu, ithu henry IV-nte keezhil nagaratthiludaneelam 250-ladhikam courtukal undaayirunnappol janapreethiyude unnathiyilethi. ennirunnaalum, luis pathinaalaaman billiardukalkku munganana nalkukayum "jeey dii poumi" nulla kodathikalude ennam 114 aayi kurayukayum cheythu. kodathikalude udamakal athijeevikkaan oru yadhaarthavum phalapradavumaaya thanthram kandethi; 1667-ll avar avarude parisarathu billiards tableukal sthaapikkaan apekshikkukayum anumathi nedukayum cheythu, 1727-ll avar pothu billiards parlorukal pravarthippikkaanulla prathyeka avakashangal aavasyappedukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu.
paareesile shaithyakaalam innathethinekkaal valare thanuppaayirunnu; phroosan seynil paarees nivaasikal aise scating aasvadichirunnu. 
pras cheyyuka.
paareesil pathrangalkk budhimuttulla oru jananam undaayirunnu; ellah prasidheekaranangalum rajakeeya adhikaarikal shradhaapoorvvam nireekshikkukayum sensor cheyyukayum cheythu. aadyathe pathiv prasidheekaranam "merkur frankays" aayirunnu, athu aadyam 1611-lum pinneedu 1648 vare varshathil orikkal prathyakshappettu. thudarnnu 1631 januvariyil "novellus oordinarees dii diverse androids" enna neenda thalakkettode kooduthal pathiv prasidheekaranam nadannu. athe varsham thanne pramukha paarees doctor jeevakaarunya pravarthakanumaaya theophraast renodot "laa gasatt" enna prathivaara pathram aarambhichu. kardinal richeliyoyumaayi renodotinu nalla bandhamundaayirunnu, addehathinte puthiya pepparinu rajakeeya rakshaakarthruthvam nalkappettu; "laa gasatt" munbathe pathram ettedukkukayum parasyam cheiyunna aadya vyakthiyaavukayum cheythu. pinneedu, 1762-ll, "gasatt dii france" enna peril ithu videshakaarya manthraalayathinte audyogika pathramaayi maari. 1665ll "leeii jenal dess saavants" enna puthiya vaarikayum 1672ll "leeii merkur gaalant" enna puthiya vaarikayum puratthirangi. 1724ll ithu "merkur dii france" aayi maari. merkur gaalant" fashionecurich report cheytha aadyathe paarees aanukaalikamaayirunnu, koodaathe kavithakalum lekhanangalum prasidheekaricha aadyathe saahitya maasikayaayi ithu maari. athu prasidheekaricha saahityam ellaavarkkum eshtappettilla; upanyasakanaaya jeane dii laa bruyer athinte saahitya gunanilavaaratthe "onnumillaathathinekkaal pettennu thaazheyaanennu" visheshippichu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
akkaadamikal.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal paareesile yuva prabhukkanmaar akkaadamikal enna prathyeka skoolukalil chernnu, avide avare kuthirasavaari, veli, markmanship, kottakal sthaapikkunnathum uparodham samghadippikkunnathum, athupole thanne kottaaratthil vijayikkaan aavashyamaaya saamoohika kazhivukal nritham, samgeetham, ezhuthu, ganithashaasthram, varaykkal, vamshaparambarayum kottukalum manassilakkal. oro vidyaarthikkum onno rando valetukal undaayirunnu, vidyaabhyaasa chelavu prathivarsham 700 muthal 1,000 vare "iii. keey. ezz" aayirunnu. 1650 aayappozhekkum nagaratthil aarr akkaadamikal undaayirunnu, avayil bhooribhaagavum itaaliyanmaaraayirunnu. rajaavu paareesil ninnu vezhsaayililekku purappettappol, tularies kottaaratthile valia riding school, "manej", akkaadamikalilonnaaya laa gyoorineerinte bhaagamaayi. 1789-leeii franch viplavakaalath ithu franch deseeya asambliyude aasthaanamaayi maari.
sarvakalashaala.
paarees sarvakalaashaalayude kettidangalil kardinal richelly kardinal masarinum panam sambaadichu; richeliu sorbon kolejinaayi oru manoharamaaya puthiya chaappal nirmmichu, athinte neethrthwam addeham vahichu, athesamayam kardinal masarin aarr raajyangalude thulyamaaya mahathaaya koleju nirmmichu, fraansile ettavum aduthide cherttha pravisyakalil ninnulla prabhukkanmaare paarppikkunnathinaayi, ennaal praadhamikamaayi oru daivashaasthra vidyaalayamaayirunna sarvakalaashaalayude vidyaabhyaasa sambradaayam, nirantharam prathisandhiyilaayirunnu, puthuthayi vanna mathaparamaya utharavukalil ninnu onniladhikam mathavidveshangaleyum velluvilikaleyum neridaan shramichu. pramukha kolejaaya sorbone jesuit oordar nadathunna puthiya koleju oof clermont velluvilichu. majistrettumaarum samsthaana udyogastharum pankedukkunna oru pariseelana vidyaalayamaakki maattaan sarvakalashalaye rajakeeya sarkkar shramichuvenkilum adhyaapakarkk canon allengil sabhaa niyamathil maathrame pariseelanam labhichirunnulloovennu kandethi. 1670-leeii oru theepiduttham pazhaya sorboninte bhooribhaagavum nashippichuvenkilum bhagyavashaal thazhikakkudamulla chaappal rakshapettu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode sarvakalaashaalayile kolejukalil moonnilonnu adachupootti, backie muppathombathu kolejukalil athijeevikkaan mathiyaya vidyaarthikal undaayirunnilla.
praadhamika vidyaabhyaasam.
pathinaram noottaandil, protestantumaarum catholicar thammilulla kadutha pooraattatthinte madhyathilum paarees sabhayude shreniyum paareesile puthiya mathakramangalum thammilulla pooraattatthinte madhyathilum, paarees sabhayude adhikaarikal oro edavakayilum samghadippikkappedunna paarees kuttikalkkayulla skoolukalude vardhichuvarunna ennam niyantrikkaan sramikkukayum penkuttikalude vidyaabhyaasam parimithappedutthaan sramikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pathinezhaam noottaandiludaneelam, aankuttikalkkum penkuttikalkkumaayi nagaratthiludaneelam dussen kanakkinu puthiya schoolukal sthaapikkappettu. pathinettaam noottaandode paareesile bhooribhaagam kuttikalum vividha tharatthilulla skoolukalilaayirunnu; sabha niyanthrikkunna 316 swakaarya schoolukal vidyaarthikalkku shambalam nalkunnathinaayi undaayirunnu, koodaathe paavappettavarkkaayi enpathu soujanya schoolukalum undaayirunnu, penkuttikalkaayulla irupathiyaaru schoolukalum paareesile puthiya mathakramangal sthaapicha adhika schoolukalum ulppede.
poonthottangalum neenthalkkaadukalum.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil paareesil oru rajakeeya franch navothaana udyaanamundaayirunnu, jardine dess tularies, 1564 ll catherine dii medisicaayi avarude puthiya tularies kottaarathinu padinjaaru srishtichu. avarude thaddesheeya pushpathottangalil ninnu, prathyekichu boboli thottangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda eee poonthottatthe lambamaya edanaazhikalaal vibhajicha pazhavrikshangaludeyum pachakkarithottangalum chathurangalayi vibhajichu, boxes wood velikalum cypress marangalude varikalum. boboli pole, athil oru guha prethangalum undaayirunnu."
henry IV-nte keezhil, prashastha garden aarkkitektinte pithavaaya piyari leeii notreyude pankaalitthatthode claude molettinte roopakalppana pinthudarnnu pazhaya poonthottam punarnirmmichu. vadakku bhaagath oru neenda terrous nirmmikkukayum poonthottatthilekku thaazhekku nokkukayum madhya akshatthil oru ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla thadathodoppam oru vrithaakrithiyilulla thadavum nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
henry naalaamante vidhavayaya maari dii medisi, poonthottangalodum, prathyekichu prabhukkanmaarkk kaalnadayaayi, kuthirappurathu, vandikalil sawari cheyyaanum kaananum kazhiyunna neenda marachaayayulla edanaazhikalodum, florencile ullasayaathrakalodum, nostaaljik aayirunnu. 1616-ll, avar seenil naaluvari elm marangalaal nizhalitta onnara kilometer neelamulla coorse-laa-reyne nirmmichu.
merii dii medisi thante puthiya veedaaya luxemburg kottaarathinu chuttum jardine duu luxemburg srishtichu. srishtichu 1612num idayil randaayiram elm marangal nattukondu avar aarambhichu, koodaathe florentile oru thottakkaranaaya tomasso franciniye terresukalum paarttarukalum nirmmikkaan niyogichu, koodaathe vrithaakrithiyilulla thadavum madhyabhaagathu. medisi jaladhara orupakshe fraansiniyude srishtiyaayirunnirikkaam, ennirunnaalum chilappol kottaaratthinte silpiyaaya salomon dii brosintethaanu ithu. yadhaartha jaladhaaraykk (valathuvashath 1660-leeii kothupanikal kaanuka) prathimakaloo thadangalo undaayirunnilla; iva pathonpathaam noottaandil cherthathaanu.
jardine royal dess herbus medicinalus" ennu aadyam vilikkapetta jardine dess plaantas 1626 ll ayal seyint viktarinte abbeyil ninnu vangiya bhoomiyilaanu thurannathu. rajaavaaya luis pathinaaraamante vaidyanaaya gaii dii laa brosinte melnottathilaayirunnu ithu, athinte yadhaartha uddeshyam kodathikku marunnukal nalkuka ennathaayirunnu. 1640ll pothujanangalkkayi thuranna aadyathe paarees garden aayi ithu maari.
1664-ll, luis pathinaalaaman tuilleries garden classic franch aupachaarika udyaanathinte shailiyil andrey leeii notre punarroopakalppana cheythu, paarttarukalude athirthikal thaazhnna kuttichedikalum vishalamaaya madhya achuthandil samghadippichirikkunna jalashayangalumaanu. poonthottatthinte kizhakke attathulla vrithaakrithiyilulla thadatthinu chuttum "grand kaare", padinjaaran attathulla kuthirakkoonayude aakruthiyilulla ramp enniva addeham chertthu, ithu poonthottatthinte muzhuvan kaazhchayilekkum nayikkunnu.
1667-ll sleeping beauty mattu prashasthamaaya yakshikkadhakaludeyum rachayithavaaya chaals perolt, poonthottam chilappol pothujanangalkkayi thurakkanamennu luis pathinaalaamanod nirddeshichu. addehathinte nirddesham amgeekarikkappedukayum pothujanagalkk (unifom dharicha sainikar, sevakar, yachakar enniva ozhike) chila divasangalil parkkil nadakkaanulla anuvaadam nalkukayum cheythu.
samskaaravum kalayum.
pathinezhaam noottaandil paareesil samskaaravum kalayum abhivridhi praapichuvenkilum, prathyekichu luis pathinaalaamante keezhil, kalakaaranmaar raajaavinte rakshaakarthruthvatheyum ruchiyeyum aashrayichirunnu. 1721-ll thathwachinthakanaaya montesque thante "letrus persons" enna pusthakatthil ingane ezhuthi "rajakumaran kottaaratthil thante swabhaavatheyum athmaavineyum, nagaratthile kottaaratheyum, pravishyakalile nagaratheyum swaadheenikkunnu."
saahityam.
noottaandile pramukha franch ezhuthukaaril mollier, markvis dii sevigne, laa rochefocold, chaals peralt ennivarellaam paareesilaanu janichathu. piyari corneyil normandiyil ninnullavanaayirunnu, tourainil ninnulla descart, shampainil ninnulla jeane racine, laa fontaine ennivayaayirunnu; avarellam nagaratthile prasidheekarana sthaapanangal, theaterukal, saahitya saloonukal ennivar paareesilekk aakarshichu.
aadyathe saahitya academiyaaya akkadami francise, 1635 januvari 27 nuu aupachaarikamaayi cardinal richeliu fraansile saahitya vyakthikale aadarikkunnathinum avarude mail niyanthranam cheluthunnathinum aayirunnu. rajaavineyo kottaarattheyo vimarshikkunna eathoru prasidheekaricha wack paareesil ninnulla avarude naadukadathalinu kaaranamaakumenn ezhuthukaarkku ariyamaayirunnu. 1660ll luis pathinaalaamante kottaaratthile jeevithathekkurichu apakeerthikaramaaya oru aakshepahasya noval ezhuthiya academyude sthaapaka amgangaliloraalaaya rogger dii busi-raabuttinte kaaryatthilum ithu sambhavichu, athu suhruthukkale rasippikkunnathinaayi svakaaryamaayi pracharippikkapettu. athu orikkalum prasidheekarikkappettilkum, addehathe paareesil ninnu burgandyile addehathinte kottaratthilekku naadukadatthi.
thiyettar.
pathinezhaam noottaand paareesile naadakavediye sambandhichidatholam sajeeva ujjwalavumaaya oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu; komadi-francise sthaapikkappedukayum piyari cornaily, mollier ennivayude srishtikalude aadya nirmmaanangalkk saakshyam vahikkukayum cheythu. noottaandinte thudakkathil, 23 ryoo seyint-etteenil hotel dii borgogneyude kettidangalilonnil pioneer paareeshyan thiyettar kambaniyaaya konfree dii laa paashan svayam sthaapichu; engleesh, itaaliyan thiyettar kambanikal sandarshikkunnathinulla sthalavum vaadakaykku eduthu.
paareesile aadyathe sthiramaaya thiyettar 1635 ll kardinal richeliu thante palays-kardinaalkkullil srishtichu. ryoo seyint-oonareyudeyum ryoo dii valoyisinteyum moolayilaan ithu sthithicheythirunnathu. 1641ll austriyayile raajnjiyaaya luis pathinaraman aan raajnjiyum richeliyumaanu jeane desmerets dii seyint-sorlin rachicha "mirami" nte aadya prakadanam kaazhchakkaarumaayi nadathiyathu.
1643ll mollier mudlin bejart chernnaanu "elastre thiyettar" enna puthiya naadaka kambani sthaapichathu. svanthamaayi oru thiyettar illaathirunna avar porte dii nesleykkaduthulla tennies courtaya "jiyu dii poume dess metteyarsil", thudarnnu 32 kway dess celestinsile mattoru tennies courtil prakadanam nadatthi. paareesil naadakangal nirmmikkaan thangalkk prathyeka avakaashamundenn avakaashappett konfree dii laa paashan thiyettar group adachupoottaan shramichuvenkilum puthiya kambani thudarnnu. mattoru puthiya kambani maraayisile tennies courtil, ruu viel-duu-tempilil prathyakshappettu, mattoru puthiya naadakakrithaaya piyari corneylinte classical duranthangalaaya "leeii sidu", "hooras", "sinna", "poliyoottu" ennivayulppede addehathinte kruthikal avatharippichu. 1644 januvariyil tennies court theepidutthatthil nasippikkappettuvenkum 1644 octoberil paareesil aaa aavashyathinaayi maathramaayi roopakalppana cheytha aadyathe puthiya thiyettar thurakkunnathil kambani vijayichu.
komadi francise.
1661-ll, palays-royalil kardinal richeliu nirmmicha theaterilekku mollier thante kambaniye maatti. 1673-ll moliyarinte maranashesham samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya jeane-baptist lillie moliyarinte abhinethaakkale theaterilninnu puratthaakkukayum oopparakalude prakadanatthinaayi athu upayogikkukayum cheythu. avarude veettil ninnu pinthudarnna moliyarile abhinethaakkal aadhunika ruu jackwus-kalottile laa kauttille enna mattoru theaterilekku thamasam maari, avide avar avarude pazhaya athiraalikalaaya hotel dii borgogneyude kambaniyumaayi layichu. 1680ll puthiya kambani rajaavu audyogikamaayi "comedines dii rooy" ennu charter cheythu, athu komadi-francise ennariyappettu. 1689-ll, koleju dess kwatre-neshanukalile ayal kuleena vidyaarthikalil abhinethaakkal mosham swaadheenam chelutthiyenna paraathikal kaaranam avar pookaan nirbandhitharaayi. nirbandhitharaayi 1786num idayil palays-royalil avarude ippozhathe veettilekku madangunnathinumumbu avar idathu karayil ninnu kooduthal thekkott aadhunika ruu dii ell ansian-komadiyilekku maari, avide 1770 vare thudarnnu.
samgeethavum oopparayum.
rajasabhayilum paarees samoohathilum samgeetham oru pradhana punk vahichu. raajnjiyum prabhukkanmaarum sambannaraaya boorshwaasikalum aaya luis pathinaraman kacherikalum paaraayanangalum samghadippikkukayum sangeetha paadangal padikkukayum cheythu. kardinalmaraya richeliyoovum masarinum itaaliyan shailiyude sthaanathu franch samgeethathinte vikasanathe prothsaahippichu. saadhaaranakkaare catholica sabhayude pakshatthekku athikkunnathinulla barok kalaykkoppam ethir-naveekaranatthinte oru pradhana aayudhamaayum samgeethathe kandu. pallikal gambheeramaaya avayavangalal sajjeekarichirunnu, harpsicordist jackwus chaambyan dii chamboniyezhsum koopparin kudumbavum chernnaanu gambheeramaaya puthiya samgeetham rachichathu. luis pathinaalaamante keezhil, vezhsaayile rajasabha kramena sangeetha paripaadiyude chumatala etteduthu; jeane-baptist lillie thante janmanaadaaya florencil ninnu shanikkappedukayum vezhsaayilileyum pareesileyum samgeethathile prabalanaaya vyakthiyaya raajasabhaasamghaadakanaayi maarukayum cheythu.
paareesile oru itaaliyan oopparayude aadya prakadanam, marco marasoliyude "laa phinta passa", 1645 februvari 28 nuu palays-royalinte thiyettaril nadannu, thudarnnu 1647 ll louvreyude aduthulla pettitt-borbon thiyettaril luigi rossiyude kooduthal prashasthamaaya "oorfiyoo" nadannu. beysinteyum laguverinteyum "leeii triomph dii ell aamoor" enna aadyathe franch ooppara, duu marais thiyettaril avatharippichu. 1669-ll, oru ooppara samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya piyari perin, italiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna samgeethathilum franch padyatthilum oopparakal nirmmikkaan rajaavu charter cheythu."aadhunika ruu jacks-kalottile pazhaya tennies courtinte sthalathulla maraayisile perin aanu aadyathe ooppara house nirmmichathu. 1670ll athu aarambhichu. perinte ethiraaliyaaya kottaarasamgeethanjanaaya lillick svanthamaayi oru ooppara house venamennu aagrahamundaayirunnu; 1672ll addeham thante aadya oopparaykkaayi ruu dii vaugiraardile oru tennies court upayogichu; pinneedu, 1673ll moliyarinte maranam muthaleduthu, moliyarinte abhinethaakkale palis-royal thiyettaril ninnu puratthaakkaanum athu svanthamaayi ettedukkaanum addehathinu kazhinju. 1763 epril 6 nuu kathicherunnathuvare ithu paareesile pradhana ooppara hausaayi pravarthichu.
louverinte puthiya kolanikkaayi 1660ll polichuneekkunnathuvare louverinte aduthulla pettitt-borbon theaterum oopparakal avatharippikkunnath thudarnnu, ennaal tularies gaardanukalkk aduthulla saale dess mesheens enna valia puthiya haal athinu pakaram vannu. eee haalil shabdashaasthram valare moshamaayirunnuvenkilum ithu athisayakaramaaya nritha prakadanangalkkayi upayogichirunnu.
baale.
madhyakaalakhattam muthal franch kottaaratthil nritham janapriyamaayirunnu, ennaal "akkadami royal dii dance" sthaapithamaayathode 1661 march 30 vare baleik aupachaarika padavi nalkiyirunnilla. aadyathe franch komadi-baalat, "less fashaks", mollier beauchamb samgeethasamvidhaayakan lully thammilulla sahakaranamaayirunnu; ithu 1661 august 17 nuu avatharippikkappettu. 1669 ll baale akkadami audyogikamaayi royal akkadami oof myusikkil layippikkukayum oopparayude bhagamaavukayum cheythu. 1697ll paareesile aadyathe ooppara-baalat, "ell europe gaalante", camprayude samgeethavum luis pekkorinte nrithasamvidhaanavum avatharippichu.
vaasthuvidya.
franch navothaanatthinte vasthuvidyaa shaili paareesil maari dii medisiyude regencyiloode aadhipathyam thudarnnu. mathayudhangalude avasaanam pathinaram noottaandil aarambhicha louvreyude vipuleekaranam polulla niravadhi nirmmaana padhathikal thudaraan anuvadichu, pakshe yuddham kaaranam upekshikkappettu. luis pathinaramanteyum mantrimaaraaya richeliu, masarin ennivarude adhikaarathilethiyathode italiyil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha oru puthiya vasthuvidyaa shailiyaaya barok paareesil prathyakshappedaan thudangi. barok samgeethavum chitrakala pole, protestant parishkaranatthinte karkkashamaaya shailikalkk virudhamaayi athinte mahathwavum alankaaravum kondu pareesukaare vismayippikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte lakshyam. paarisile puthiya shaili sambannatha, kramarahitata, alankaarathinte samriddhi ennivayaal savisheshamaayirunnu. kettidangalude nerr jyaamitheeyarekhakal valanjatho thrikonaakrithiyilullatho aaya "frontonukal", prathimakal allengil "kaariyattaidukal", kaarttouchukal, vasthrangalude maalakal, kallil kothiyeduttha pazhangalude cascadeukal ennivayaal moodappettirunnu.
alankaricha barok shaili prathyakshappetta athe samayat, aarkkitekt salomon dii broze (1571-1626) parambaraagatha vaasthuvidyayude kramangale (doric, ionic, corinthian) adisthaanamaakki oru puthiya classical franch shaili avatharippichu, onnine mattonnin mukalil sthaapichu. sent-gervise-ettu-esttu-protaise palliyude (1616-1620) munvashathaanu addeham aadyamaayi eee shaili upayogichathu, moonnu superimposed oordarukalude shaili paareesile puthiya jesuit palliyaya eglis sent-pooll-seyint-louisil veendum prathyakshappettu, jesuit aarkkidekttukalaaya ettiyen martalanch francois derand roopakalppana cheythu.
1568ll nirmmicha romile jesuitukalkkulla palliye anukarichukondu ithe kaalaghattatthil mattoru tharatthilulla palli mukham prathyakshappettu. eee munvashathinu rund nilakalundaayirunnu; thaazhathe nila chaappalukalude uyaramaayirunnu, athesamayam mukalile nilayil vaathilukalkk mukalil uyarnna "frandan" undaayirunnu. rund thalangalum ezz aakruthiyilulla "voluetukal", "kansolukal" ennivayumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, koodaathe muzhuvan mukhavum nichukalum mattu alankaara gadakangalum kondu moodappettirikkunnu. pallikkullil chathuraakrithiyilullathum iruvashathum chappalukalullathum uyarnna nilavarayullathumaya melkoora undaayirunnu. navothaana vaasthuvidyayile aadarshathinte pratheekamaaya oru thaazhikakkudamaanu eee shailiyilulla palliyil saadhaaranayaayi undaayirunnathu. eee shaili sorbon chappalinaayi jackwus lemersier (1635-1642), luis pathinaaraamante vidhavayaya aan oof austriyaykkaayi nirmmicha wall-dii-grays pallikkayi francois mansart upayogichu. oru palli, oru konvent, raajnjiyude appaartmentukal enniva samyojippicha speyinile escorialinte maathrkayil nirmmicha oru valia samuchayathinte bhaagamaayirunnu ithu.
puthiya vasthuvidyaa sailiye chilappol adambara gothik allengil franch barok ennu vilichirunnu. nottte-daam dii bonne-nauvele (1624, viplavathinu sesham kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum pinneedu polichuneekkukayum cheythu), nottte-daam-dess-victoire (1629), seyint-sulpis (1646), seyint-roach (1653) ennivayulppede niravadhi puthiya pallikalil ithu prathyakshappettu.
janalakalkkum vaathilukalkkum chuttum velutha kallumaayi marimari chuvanna ishtikayum vyathyastha nilakal adayaalappeduthunnathum karutha slettinte uyarnna melkkoora aaa kaalaghattatthile sivil vaasthuvidyayude savisheshathayaanu. prathyekichu mansart upayogikkunna uyarnna melkoora, oru adhika thaamasasthalam anuvadikkukayum mansart melkoora ennariyappedukayum cheythu. jackwus lemersier (1620-1624) ezhuthiya pavaliyan dii horlog oof dhii lauvar, salomon dii brosinte (1615 muthal) luxemburg kottaram, dess vosjas enna sthalathinu chuttumulla veedukal enniva eee kaalaghattatthile sradheyamaaya sivil kettidangalil ulppedunnu.
maraayikalile prabhukkanmaar nirmmicha kottaaratthile puthiya vasathikalil puthiyathum yadhaarthavumaaya rund prathyeka murikal undaayirunnu; daining room "saloon". puthiya thaamasasthalangal saadhaaranayaayi theruvil ninnu oru mathilum gettu hausum upayogichu verthirichirikkunnu. gettukalkkullil iruvashathum gaalarikalulla oru valia court oof oonar undaayirunnu, avaa sweekaranangalkkum sevanangalkkum stabilukalkkum upayogichu. veedu thanne muttatthum oru prathyeka poonthottatthilum thurannu. jeane aandu rooratt duu serso nirmmicha hotel dii salli (1624-1629) athinte yadhaartha roopathile oru nalla udaaharanamaanu.
luis pathinaalaamante keezhil, paareesile vasthuvidyaa shaili kramena barokkinte ullaasathil ninnu kooduthal gambheeravum aupachaarikavumaaya klaasikkisathilekku maari, paareesine "puthiya roome" ennu raajaavinte kaazhchappaadinte shilayile shilayile sthaapithamaaya puthiya akkadami oof architecture, kalayudeyum saahithyathinteyum akkaadamikal neratthe cheythathupole oru audyogika shaili earppeduthi. 1690ll sarkkaarin panakkurav anubhavappettathode puthiya padhathikalkku valia thothil kuravaayathinaal eee shaili veendum parishkarichu.
mathaparamaya vaasthuvidyayil, pallikalude chathuraakrithiyilulla aakruthiye greak cross upayogichu maatti, madhyabhaagathu thaazhikakkudam. vyathyastha classical oordarukal onninu mukalil mattonn munvashath pradharshippichirunnu, ennaal munvashathekkaal swarnnamkondu kothivacha thaazhikakkudamaayirunnu pradhana alankaara savisheshatha. jools hardwin-mansart ezhuthiya charchu oof less invalids (1679-1691) aayirunnu ettavum valia udaaharanam.
sivil vaasthuvidyayile ettavum pradhanappetta padhathi lauvarinte puthiya kolaniyaayirunnu (1670). itaaliyan aarkkitekt bernini avatharippicha oru design rajaavu nirasikkukayum pakaram sleeping beauty, syndrella ennivayude rachayithavaaya chaals perolttinte sahodaran clad perolttinte design thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. perrolttinte neenda munvashath oru balastrade marachuvecha oru paranna melkkoora chaaruthayum shakthiyum ariyikkaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunna valia nirakalum thrikonaakrithiyilulla munnanikalum undaayirunnu. dess victoire (1685-1686), plays luis-leeii-grand (ippol plays vendom) (1687-1700) ennivaykku chuttumulla kettidangalude munvashangal ithe sandesham prathidhvanichu.
chitrakala shilpavum.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil paareesile chithrakaaranmaare pradhaanamaayum kalakaaranmaaraayittalla, karakaushalathozhilaalikalaayidu kanakkaakkiyirunnath. mattu karakaushalathozhilaalikaleppo, avarkkum svanthamaayi professional gild undaayirunnu, "imaajiyezhs-painterukal", athil kothupanikal, ilyuminettarukal, shilpikal ennivarum ulppedunnu. 1391-ll paarees provost amgeekarichathum 1619-ll puthukkiyathumaaya gild niyamangal prakaram, avar nalla nilavaaramulla peyint upayogikkendathundu, videsha malsarathil ninnu avaa samrakshikkappettu; sent-jarmman melayudeyum mattu pradhana vyapara melakaludeyum kaalayalavilozhike germmaniyilo europile mattidattho flandezhsil ninnu kalaasrishtikal irakkumathi cheiyunnathu vyakthamaayi nirodhichirunnu. nirodhichirunnu oru oordinans prakaram nagna purushanmaarudeyo sthreekaludeyo chhaayaachithrangal "kaamasakthavum sathyasandhathayillathathumaaya bhaavangal, avarude pavithrathaye vranappeduthunna mattu vichithrathakal" enniva varaykkunnathu nirodhichirunnu."
1609 muthal, chithrakaaranmaar, shilpikal, karakaushalathozhilaalikal ennivar thaamasikkukayum avarude varkshoppukal sthaapikkukayum cheytha lauvar gallery srishtichu. luis pathinaalaamante keezhil, vezhsaayile kottaaratthinum paareesile prabhukkanmaarude taunn houseukalkkumaayi niravadhi puthiya commissionukal labhichathode eee thozhil valarnnu. samghathile maastezhsinte ennam 1672ll 275ll ninnu 1697ll 552 aayi uyarnnu.
gildinu purame, 1391-ll bhooribhaagam chithrakaaranmaarum professional, saahodarya samghadanayaaya akkadami dii seyint-lookil pettavaraayirunnu. 1648-ll, karakaushalathozhilaalikal ennathilupari kalakaaranmaaraayi amgeekaaram aagrahicha ettavum vijaykaravum abhilashamullathumaaya chithrakaaranmaarum shilpikalum orumichu chernnu akkadami dii peancher ettu dii shilpamenna mattoru groupine kandethi. 1667ll akkadami athinte amgangalude kalaasrishtikalude aadya audyogika pradarshanam samghadippichu. rund varshathilorikkal nadakkunna eee pradarshanangal august 25 nuu sent luis dinathil aarambikkunnu. avaa aadyam palais-royalinte kottaaratthilum pinneedu lauvarinte grand galleryilum pinneedu 1699 muthal lauvarinte saloon kaareyilum nadannu, athu paripaadikku "saloon" enna peru nalki. franch kalaakaaranmaarkk amgeekaaravum vijayavum nedaanulla pradhana maargamaayi ithu maari.
aaa kaalaghattatthil paareesil jolie cheythirunna ettavum prashasthanaaya chithrakaaran peettar pooll rubens aayirunnu, 1622-ll luxemburg kottaaratthinaayi chuvarchithrangalude oru parambara varaykkaan nagaratthilethiyathu, avaa ippol lauvarilaanu. noottaandinte thudakkathil paareesil prashasthi nediya mattu chithrakaaranmaar claude vignon, nicolas pousin, philipp dii shampain, saiman voyatt, yoostaache leeii suur ennivaraayirunnu. luis pathinaalaamante bharanakaalathu paareesilum vezhsayililum pravarthicha pramukha chithrakaaranmaaril chaals leeii brann, nicolas dii largillier, piyari mignard, hayasinte rigad, aantoyin vaatto ennivar ulppedunnu.
barok shilpathil ninnu klaasikkisathilekkulla parivarthanatthinu neethrthwam nalkia francois maikkal angier aayirunnu noottaandinte aadyakaalathe ettavum pradhanappetta shilpikal. luis pathinaalaamante keezhil pradhana vyakthikal aangiyarinte oru vidyaarthiyaaya jiraardan, aantoyin coisevox ennivaraayirunnu. luis-laa-grand (ippol vendominte sthaanam) enna sthalathinte madhyabhaagathinaayi kuthirappurathu luis pathinaalaamante oru smaaraka prathima jiraardan srishtichu. viplavakaalath prathima valicheriyukayum nasippikkukayum cheythuvenkilum yadhaartha maathruka lauvaril pradharshippichirikkunnu. colbertinte (ippol seyint-yoostaache palliyil), andrey leeii notre, racine (seyint-roach palliyil), curdinal masarin (lauvaril) ennivaykkulla mahathaaya shavasamskara smarakangal (ippol tularies gaardanukalil), marleyude kottaaratthinte prashasthiyaayi koysevox luis XIV-nte oru veerochithamaaya prathima nirmmichu.

