anthaaraashtra bandhangalile aadarshavaadam

videsanaya pashchaathalatthil aadarshavaadam oru rashtra-raashtram athinte aabhyanthara rashtreeya thathwachinthaye anthaaraashtra kaaryangalile perumaattatthinteyum vaachaadopathinteyum lakshyamaakkanamenn karuthunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru aadarshavaadi, swantham nattil daaridryam avasanippikkunnathum videshathu daaridryam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum chernnupokanamennu vishwasichekkaam. american aikyanaadukalkkullilum puratthum, american president vudro vilson aadarshavaadathinte aadyakaala vakthavaayum athinte praayogika ardhathinte krodeekaranakkaaranaayum parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu; udharicha nirddishta pravarthanangalil prashasthamaaya "pathinaalu pooyintukal" purappeduvikkunnathu ulppedunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham "sthaapana nirmmathaakkal" ennu vilikkappedunnavarkkil uyarnnuvanna prathyeka kazhchappaadukalaaya liberal internaashanal relations sidhaanthathinte munnodiyaayirunnu vilsante aadarshavaadam. yudhathinte phalatthinte nerittulla falamaayi roopappetta samghadanakalil anthaaraashtra dananidhiyum (aii. emm. eph) ikyaraashtrasabhayum (yuu. enn) ulppedunnu. yuu yude outsise roll nalkunnu.ezz. atharam sthaapanangalude karadu thayyarakkunnathilum paripaalikkunnathilum, bandhapetta sidhaanthangalil american asaadhaaranavaadam enna ashayavum paiks americana enna bodhavum ulppedunnu, ennirunnaalum american aikyanaadukalude videsanayam raajyathinte chumathala udyogasthare adisthaanamaakki vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
vishalavum daarshanikavumaaya ardhathil, eee anthaaraashtra thalatthilulla kaazhchappaad "prabudhathayude yugathilum athinusheshavum" vividha chinthakar vaadicha dhaarmika aadarshavaadathinte vipuleekaranamaayi kanakkakkaam. aaa prathyeka kaalaghattatthil onniladhikam pramukha vyakthikal ulppettirunnu, sakthamaaya vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla pothunanmayum sarkkarum prolsaahippikkukayum anthaaraashtra samgharshangal yukthiyude thathwangalkku virudhamaanennu vimarsikkukayum cheythu.
kooduthal pothuve, academic maikkal dablyu. mattu raajyangalude prasthaavicha nalla uddeshyangale aashrayikkaan kazhiyumenna vishwaasathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu aadarshavaadamennu doyil visheshippichittunde chinthakanaaya joonn echu vivaricha suraksha aashayakkuzhappathin deerghakaalaadisthaanathil uddeshyangal vidheyamaanennu realism abhipraayappedunnu. herse. videshakaaryangalude pashchaathalatthil yaadhaarthyavaadathe parambaraagathamaayi aadarshavaadathinte vipareethamaayi kaanunnundengilum, vividha raajyangalude chumathala niravadhi pandithanmaarum vyakthigatha nethaakkalum rund chinthaadhaarakale samanvayippikkaan sramichittundu.
pandithanaaya headley bull ezhuthiyittundu
charithram.
charithram muthal, anthaaraashtra bandhangalil eee aadarshavaada paarambaryatthinte pradhana ezhuthukaarekkurichu sarr alfred simmern, norman eanjal, joonn mainard cains, joonn eiii. ennivarulppede padanangal vardhichuvarikayaanu. hobson, leonard woolf, gilbert murey, florence staaval (melian staaval ennariyappedunnu), philipp henry kerr, lothiyante 11-aamm markwas, arnold jeey. toinbee, lesttar piyarsan, david davis.
eee rachanakalil bhooribhaagavum eee aadarshavaadikalaaya ezhuthukaare iii enna paarambaryatthile 'yaadhaarthyavaadikalumaayi' thaarathamyam cheythittundu. echu. irupathu varshathe prathisandhi (1939) srishticha kaar, 'aadarshavaadi' enna padam upayogikkukayum yudhaanthara aadarshavaadikalkkethiraaya kadinavum phalapradavumaaya akramanamaayirunnu.
yudhathil earppedunnathinupakaram shaashvathamaaya samadhaanavum surakshyum urappakkaan kazhivulla yukthisahamaya abhinethaakkalaanu rajyangal enna aashayathilaanu aadarshavaadam kendreekarichirikkunnathu.
nayaroopeekaranam enna aashayathil anthaaraashtra niyamavum anthaaraashtra samghadanakalum vahicha pradhana pankum aadarshavaadathe adayaalappeduthunnu. aadhunika aadarshavaada chinthayude ettavum ariyappedunna thathwangalilonnaanu janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaantham, ithu samanamaaya janaadhipathya bharanareethikalulla rajyangal parasparam pooraadunnillennu vishwasikkunnu. vilsante pathinaalu pooyint prasamgatthilum leag oof neshansinte srishtiyilum vilsante aadarshavaada chintha ulkkollichirunnu.
aadarshavaadam idathu-valath rashtreeya spectrathe marikadakkunnu. aadarshavaadikalil manushyavakaasha pravartthakarum (parambaraagathamaayi oru lakshyathinaayi vaadikkunnavarum, pakshe ellaayppozhum allah, idathupakshavumaayi bandhapettavarum) american niyokonsarvettisathinte promotermaarum ulppedaam, randaamathethu saadhaaranayaayi valathupakshavumayi bandhapetta prathyayashaasthra prasthaanamaanu.
oru raashtrathinte deseeya thaalparyam dhaarmikamo dhaarmikamo aaya parigananakalekkaal pradhaanamaanennu vaadikkunna oru lokaveekshanamaaya realisathinu virudhamaayi aadarshavaadam svayam kandethiyekkaam; ennirunnaalum, iva randum thammil samgharshamundaakanamennilla (iva randum samgamikkunnathinte udaaharanathinu neoconservatism kaanuka). hans morgenthou, nicolo machiyavelli, oottoo voonn bismark, jorjju eph. ennivar realist chinthakaril ulppedunnu. kennan mattullavarum. american aikyanaadukalile sameepakaala aadarshavaadikalaaya ronald reegan, jorjju dablyu ennivar ithil ulppettittund. bush.
daivathinte sarvvashakthiyilum prapanchatthinte dhaarmmikathayilum prathiphalangaludeyum shikshakaludeyum oru samvidaanathilum raashtrangalum manushyarum thangalude apakadasaadhyathakalil daivathinte niyamangal lamghichu enna aashayathilum-vilson thante aadyakaalangal muthal thante moolyanirnnayathinte vishwaasangal ulkkondathayi link kandethunnu. blum (1956) vaadikkunnathu, anglo-saaksanukalude menmayil, lokathe avarude prathichaayayil mattaanulla avarude neethiyukthamaaya kadamayilulla oru nigoodamaaya bodhyathe vilyam ewart gladstonil ninnu thaan padichuvennu. dhaarmika thathwam, bharanaghadanaavaadam, daivathilulla vishwaasam enniva manushyarude kalahangal laghookarikkunnathinulla munvyavasthakalaayirunnu. atharamoru pottunnathum daarmmikavumaaya jathikkullil anthaaraashtra niyamathe addeham vyaakhyaanichappol, vilson irupathaam noottaandile puthiyathum maarikkondirikkunnathu saamoohika shakthikalodum saahacharyangalodum shradheyamaayi samvedanakshamathayillaayma thudarnnu. paarlamentukaludeyum thanneppolulla raashtrathanthranjarudeyum svayam neethinishtamaaya prameyangale avaganicha dhaarmmikamaayi krooramaaya oru lokath addeham valareyadhikam neethi pratheekshichirunnu. janikkaatha thalamurakalilekku anthaaraashtra dhaarmmikathayude adhyaapakan enna nilayilaayirunnu vilsante vijayam. mathavishwaasathil adhishtithamaaya "vivekathinte vishudha pretham" vazhi nilanilkkunna lokakramathekkurichulla vilsante kaazhchappaad, manushyathvam pratheekshichathaayi danielle patrick moinihan kaanunnu.
vilsante kaazhchappaadukal manushyaraashiyude bhaavi kshemathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. raashtreeyavum saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya maanadandangalkkanusrithayi samghadippikkappetta surakshithamaaya oru loka janaadhipathyathin addeham ahvaanam cheythu. eee thathwangal addehathinte 14-pooyint samadhana padhathiyil prasthaavichittundu. manushyan swaathanthryathinte vazhi kaanikkanulla american prathibadhathayaayaanu vilson eee paripadiye kanakkaakkiyath. samaadhaanathinaayi prathijnjaabadhamaaya raajyangalude oru leag, yudhathinte moolamennu karuthappettirunna svechaadhipathyam illaathaakkuka ennivayaayirunnu vilsante paripaadiyude kaathal. janadhipathyam vyaapakamaayirikkukayaanel samadhaanavum samriddhiyum nilanilkkumennaayirunnu ashayam.
vilsante nayatantra nayangal lokathe roopappeduthunnathil aazhathilulla swaadheenam chelutthi. nayatantra charitrakaaranaaya walter russell meed vishadeekarichu
franklin delano roosvelttum henry kissinger prathinidheekarikkunna "realism" vazhi oru paridhivare krameekarichaalum 1914 muthal american videshabandhangal vilsonian aadarshavaadathil adhishtithamaanennu charitrakaaranaaya david kennidi parayunnu. vilson muthal oro presidentum "vilsonianism adisthaana thathwangal sweekarichu" ennu kenneddy vaadikkunnu. nixon thanne vaitt house kaabinat roomil vilsante chhaayaachitram thookkiyidukayaayirunnu. irupathiyonnaam noottaandil american videshanayathil vilsante ashayangal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. 9/11 nuu sesham avarkk, enthengilum undengil, athilum kooduthal oorjjaswalatha labhichu."
revisionist aakhyaanamanusarich, aadarshavaadavum yaadhaarthyavaadavum thammil orikkalum oru 'valia samvaadam' undayittilla. lucian emm. aadarshavaadavum yaadhaarthyavaadavum thammil oru yadhaartha samvaadam nadakkunnu enna aashayathinte sthiratha akkaalathe yadhaartha charchakalekkurichu kuravaanu, yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil anthaaraashtra bandhangalil udaaravum maanadandaparavumaaya chinthayude paarshwavalkkaranathekkur kooduthal parayunnu. richard devetak thante anthaaraashtra bandhangalude paatapusthakatthil ezhuthi kaarinte maastarpeesinte ghadana yaadhaarthyavum udaaravaadavum thammilulla vairudhyathe chuttippattiyaan. vaasthavathil, puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya achadakkam yaadhaarthyavaadavum udaaravaadavum thammilulla samvaadathaal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu enna dhaarana srishtikkaan addeham sahayichu. ithu pinneedu 'aadyathe valia samvaadam' ennariyappettu, ennirunnaalum-andreas oseander (1998), peettar vilson (1998), lucian ashworth (1999), kwirk aandu vigneswaran (2005) enniva kaanikkunnath pole-yadhaarthathil oru samvaadavum nadannilla, athiloode nammal yadhaarthavaadikalum liberalukalum thammilulla kaimaattangalude oru parambaraye uddeshikkunnundengil. theerchayaayum, achadakkathinte charithrathe 'mahathaaya samvaadangalude' oru parambarayaayi vivarikkuka enna ashayam thanne samshayaaspadamaanennu sameepakaala padanangal soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, vidyaarthikalkku achadakkam thannekkurichu paranja kathakal padikkukayum abhinandikkukayum cheyyendathu pradhaanamaan, athinaalaan njaan aakhyaanathil thudarunnathu.
pingaamikalude sidhaanthangal.
sariyaaya aadarshavaadam thaarathamyena hraswakaala chinthaagathiyaanennu vaadikkappedunnu, leag oof neshansinte paraajayatheyum randaam lokamahaayudhathinte pottippurappedalinneyum abhibhaashakar prathyekichum aathmavishwaasathinte prathisandhi nerittu. ennirunnaalum, anthaaraashtra bandhangalude thudarnnulla sidhaanthangal avarude lokaveekshanangal nirmmikkumbol vilsonian shailiyilulla aadarshavaadathil ninnu gadakangal ganyamaayi aakarshichittundu. koodaathe, thangaletthanne aadarshavaadikalaayo chinthagathiyodu anubhavamullavaraayo visheshippikkunna pandithanmaar anthaaraashtra bandha padanangalil sajeevamaayi thudarunnu.
liberalism.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte pashchaathalatthil vilsante aadarshavaadathinte oru mithamaaya pathippayi udaaravaadam prakadamaayi. onnaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna chila mekhalakalil puthiyathayi ottappedal thadayunnathil aadarshavaadathinte paraajayangalekkurichum oru puthiya yuddham pottippurappedunnathu thadayunnathinaayi europile adhikara santhulithaavastha kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla kazhivillaaymayekkurichum bodhavaanmaraaya udaarachinthakar niyamavazhchayeyum kramamaya edapedalineyum adisthaanamaakki oru koottam anthaaraashtra sthaapanangal aavishkarichu. ikyaraashtrasabhayum naattoyum polulla eee anthaaraashtra samghadanakalum brettan woods sisttam polulla anthaaraashtra bharanakoodangalum thaarifukalum vyapaaravum (gaatt) sambandhicha pothu karar polum adhikara santhulithaavastha nilanirthunnathinum rajyangal thammilulla sahakaranm kramappeduthunnathinum kanakkakkappettu.
neoconservatism.
navasarvvathaavaadam charitraparamaaya udaaravaadathil ninnu "saarvathrika moolyangal" prothsaahippikkunnathil theevramaaya shradha kendreekarikkunnu, eee saahacharyathil janadhipathyam, manushyaavakashangal, swatantra vyapaaram, sthreekalude avakashangal, nyoonapaksha samrakshanangal. ennirunnaalum, dhaarmmikamaayi yogyamennu karuthunna dridamaayatho aakramanaathmakamo aaya nilapaadukal pinthudarumbol anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalum udambadikalum samrakshikkunnathinte praadhaanyavumaayi athu bandhappettirikkunnil ennathilum aavashyamenkil ekapaksheeyamaayi balaprayogamo balaprayogamo nadatthaan thayyaranennathilum ithu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.

