
boudhika vaikalyavum yunaittad stetsile unnatha vidyaabhyaasavum

muun varshangalil, boudhika vaikalyangal (aidi) undennu kandethiya yunaittad stetsile vidyaarthikalkku secondary vidyaabhyaasathinu sheshamulla (pse) praveshanam labhikkano budhimuttu undaakaano kazhiyilla. eee vidyaarthikal vidyaabhyaasam thudarunnathil ninnu paarshwalkkarikkappettitnathe oru pradhana kaaranam avarkk federal vidyaarthi sahayam nishedhikkappedukayaanu. haiskool diploma illaathathinaal palareyum ayogyaraakkiyappol mattullavarkk staanderd testtukalil vijayikkaan kazhinjilla, ithu sahayam nedaanulla avarude avakaashavaadam nyaayeekarikkappedunnu ennu soochippikkunnu. 2008leeii unnatha vidyaabhyaasa avasara niyamam prakaram, aii. dii ulla vidyaarthikalkku ippol vidyaarthi graantukalkkum varkk-stadi programukalkkum yogyatha nedaam.
kazhinja 20 varshamaayi, aidi ulla vidyaarthikalkkaayulla pse prograamukal amerikkayiludaneelam prachaaratthilundu (plotner & marshell, 2015). 2010ll poost secondary ejyukkeshan oafees graantukaliloode pii. ezz. iii. prograamukalude vikasanathinu saambathika pinthuna nalki.
ideyulla pala vidyaarthikalkkum eathenkilum tharatthilulla academic birudam nedunnathu saadhyamallengilum, pii. ezz. iii prograamukalil pankedukkunnathiloode avarkk prayojanam labikkum. eee nettangal academic nettangalude parambaraagatha nadapadikalilekku nayikkanamennilla. pakaram, vidyaarthikalkku vardhicha swaathanthryam, svayam nirnnayabodham, kriyathmakamaaya saamoohika anubavangal, svayam vaadikkal, prashnapariharam, svayam nireekshanam, lakshyanirnayam, samaya maanejment kazhivukal enniva labhikkunnu. eee kazhivukalellaam vidyaarthikale kooduthal swathanthraraakaanum avarude maanasika kshemam mechappeduthaanum thozhil kandethanulla sakthamaaya avasarangal nalkaanum sahayikkunnu.
roses sahapravarthakarum nadatthiya oru padanatthil, boudhikavum vikasanaparavumaya vaikalyangalulla vidyaarthikalkkaayi roopakalppana cheytha taaftt koleju parivartthanatthil ninnu swatantra jeevita (till) prograamilekku 125 birudadhaarikalude thozhilum swatantra jeevita phalangalum idyum vikasana vaikalyangalumulla aalukalude pothu janasamkhyayil ninnulla falangalumaayi gaveshakar thaarathamyam cheythu. birudadhaarikalil 94 sathamaanavum avarude pankaaliyodoppamo roomettukalodoppamo vaadakaykko udamasthathayilullatho aaya oru veettil ottaykku thaamasichirunnathaayi gaveshakar kandethi, athesamayam saadhaarana janasamkhyayil ithu 16 sathamaanam maathramaan. koodaathe, 95 sathamaanam birudadhaarikalum hoome sandarshanangaliloodeyo phoon kolukaliloodeyo imeyililoodeyo saha poorvva vidyaarthikalumaayi edapazhakunnathu thudarunnathaayi patanam kandethi.
thozhil.
aidi ulla vidyaarthikalkku ellah vaikalyamulla janasamkhyayekkaalum mosham thozhil falangalundu (griggle, hart & ware, 2013). 2009ll 21num 25num idayil praayamulla cheruppakkaaril 35 sathamaanam perr maathramaan jolie cheythirunnathu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, ithe kaalayalavil, sharashari thozhil nirakk <aii. dii. 1> aayirunnu (muur & shelling, 2014). athe varsham thanne, ideyulla jeevanakkaarude aidi1 federal minimum vethanam kurachirunnu (muur aandu shelling, 2014). haiskoolinu sesham eathenkilum tharatthilulla vidyaabhyaasam aavasyamulla vardhichuvarunna jolikalude ennavum unnatha vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathil ninnu avare ozhivakkiya charithravum eee nigamanatthilekku nayichu. munkaalangalil, thirichariyal rekhayulla aalukalkkulla thozhil oopshanukal pinthunaykkunna thozhililum abhayasthaanamulla varkshoppukalilum (phooli muthalaayavar) parimithappedutthiyirunnu.2012).
collegil pogunnathu palappozhum nalla shambalamulla jolikalum uyarnna thozhil nirakkukalum nedunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. aidi ullavar ulppedeyulla vaikalyamulla vidyaarthikalkku (buttler, sheppered-johns, vaali, haarisan & oosnes, 2015) eee aamukham baadhakamaan. haiskool (buttler thudangiyavar) maathram poortthiyaakkunnavarekkaal oru pii. ezz. iii prograamil pankedukkunna vidyaarthikalkku jolie labhikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund.2015). smith, griggle & sulevsky (2012) american community sarway (acs) anweshichu. yuu. ezz nadathunna oru deseeya sarveyaanu acs.ezz. maarikkondirikkunna samoohangale manasilakkaan roopakalppana cheytha sensus beuro. vaikalyamullavarum vaijnjaanika vaikalyamullavarum vaikalyamillathavarumaaya alukalekkurichulla kandethalukal gaveshakar thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. haiskool vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya 31 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol cognitive vaikalyamullavaril 43 sathamaanavum chila koleju creditukalum ullavar jolie cheiyunnuvennu avar kandethi.
koodaathe, oru pii. ezz. iii. prograamil pankedukkunna aii. dii ulla vidyaarthikalkku uyarnna vethanam nedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu (hart, griggle & ware, 2010). udaaharanathinu, roses sahapravarthakarum (2012) kandethiya prakaram jolie cheiyunna birudadhaarikalil 87 sathamaanavum minimum vethanamenkilum nedunnu. oru padanatthil, muur aandu shelling (2015) rund pii. ezz. iii prograamukalil ninnulla poorvva vidyaarthikalude thozhil phalangalum pankedukkunnavare sarway cheythukondu oru prograamil orikkalum pankedukkaattha aalukal adangunna oru niyanthrana group thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. oru pii. ezz. iii. prograamil pankeduttha vidyaarthikalkku oafees sapporttil 58 sathamaanavum vilppanayil 17 sathamaanavum adthyaapanathil 17 sathamaanavum uyarnna freekwansikalilaanu jolie cheythirunnathennu avar kandethi.
ulppeduthal.
koleju oru niyamaanusrithamaaya oopshanum aidi ulla vidyaarthikalkku oru yaadhaarthyavumaakkunnathu shramangalkk neethrthwam nalkunnathu dream partnership aandu think koleju (griggle, hart & ware, 2013) polulla abhibhaashaka grouppukalaanu. pii. ezz. iii. yill praveshikkunnathinte gunangal dhaaraalamaanengilum, aii. dii ulla vidyaarthikalil 37 sathamaanam maathramaan haiskoolinu sesham vidyaabhyaasam thudarunnathu (hart thudangiyavar.2004). collegil orikkal, vaikalyamulla vidyaarthikal campus paripaadikalilum vidyaarthikalude jeevithathilum pankedukkunnundenkum, avarkk vidyaarthikalallethavar eakaanthatha anubhavappedunnu (buttler thudangiyavar.2015). ennittum purogathi kaivarichu. udaaharanathinu, keey-12 vidyaabhyaasathil, vaikalyamulla vidyaarthikal mukhyadharaa klaas murikalilekku kooduthal samyojippikkappedukayum nyayamaaya pinthunayode vijayikkukayum cheiyunnu (hart, griggle & ware, 2010).
thaamasoukaryangalum pinthunayum.
bhinnasheshikkaarkk avarude schoolil nyayamaaya thaamasoukaryam labhikkunnundenn urappaakkunna niravadhi niyamangal amerikkayil nilavilundu. udaaharanathinu, 1973 leeii punaradhivasa niyamathile sekshan 504 federal fund prograamukal, sevanangal allengil aanukoolyangal (griggle, hart & ware, 2013) ennivayil pankedukkaanulla bhinnasheshikkaarude avakashangal samrakshikkunnu. eee niyamathinum americans vithu disabilities niyamathinum keezhil vidyaarthikalkku thaamasoukaryam labikkum (hart, griggle & ware, 2010). thaamasoukaryangal oro collegilum vyathyaasappedaam, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi oru niyukta nottu edukkunnayaalude sahayam, pareekshakalkk deerghaneram, nischayicha nishabda sthalathu testtukal edukkal, prabhashanangalkkulla voys recorderukal, tekst-tuu-speach, speach recognission software (griggle, hart & ware, 2013) polulla assistive teknolaji computer software enniva ulppedunnu.
vidyaarthikale avarude assainmentukal manasilakkunnathinum campus vibhavangal kandethunnathinum campus pravarthanangalil earppedunnathinum sahayikkunna piyar mentarmaar, pariseelakar allengil ambaasadarmaarude upayogam oru pothu pinthunayaanu (griggle, hart & warer, 2013).
poost secondary vidyaabhyaasa paripaadikal.
haiskoolinu sesham vidyaabhyaasam thudaraan thaalpparyamulla aidi ulla vidyaarthikalkku rund pradhana vazhikalundu. ulkkollunna, vyakthigatha pinthunaa model (hart thudangiyavar) ennariyappedunna oru paatha.2004; plotner & marshell, 2015), praveshana pareekshakal, apekshakal, thaamasoukaryangal upayogichu poortthiyaakkuka (hart, griggle & ware, 2015). randaamathe maarggam metrikkulettu cheyyukayalla, pakaram aidi ulla vidyaarthikalkkaayi roopakalppana cheytha pse prograamilekku praveshikkuka ennathaanu. eee prograamukalil, vidyaarthikalkku credit allengil noonn credit kozhsukal, ooditt kozhsukal allengil extended stadi kozhsukal (hart, griggle & ware, 2010) edukkaam. oru pii. ezz. iii. prograamil praveshanam nedaanulla ettavum kuranja aavasyakathakal kuranjathu moonnaam classil vaayikkukayum pinthunayode birudam nedaan kazhiyillennu kanakkaakkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu (muur & shelling, 2015).
nilavil amerikkayil 220-ladhikam pii. ezz. iii. prograamukalundu (plotner & marshell, 2015). prograamukalkkidayil vishalamaaya vyathiyanangal nilanilkkumbol, avaa niravadhi savisheshathakal pankidunnu. udaaharanathinu, avar academic praveshanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnilla; swatantra jeevita naipunyangalilum thozhil vikasanathilumaan shradha kendreekarikkunnathu (griggle, hart & ware, 2013; muur & shelling, 2015). praadeshika school jillakal, punaradhivasa vakupp, praadeshika laabhechayillaatha community oorganaiseshanukal (griggle, hart & ware, 2013) thudangiya baahya samghadanakalumaayi prograamukal saadhaaranayaayi sahakarikkunnu. koodaathe, vidyaarthikale avarude lakshyangal nedaan sahayikkunna oru ghadana vikasippikkunnathin prograamukal vyakthi kendreekritha aasoothranam upayogikkunnu.
pii. ezz. iii prograamukale moonnu tharangalayi tharamthirikkaam eratta entolment model, adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyastha model, mixed model. yunaittad stetsile moonnilonnu pii. ezz. iii prograamukalum eratta entolment model pinthudarunnu (plotner & marshell, 2015). eee maathrkayilulla paripaadikalkk dhanasahayam nalkunnathu 2004leeii bhinnasheshikkaarude vidyaabhyaasa niyamathiloodeyaanu. 21 vayass vare aii. dii ulla vidyaarthikalkku collegil cherunnathinu prathyeka vidyaabhyaasa parivartthana sevanangal eee niyamam nalkunnu (hart, griggle & ware, 2010). eee paripaadikalil vidyaarthikal oresamayam haiskool, koleju kozhsukalil pankedukkunnu. koleju kozhsukal credit ithara, thudar vidyaabhyaasa allengil aidi (hart, griggle & ware, 2010) ulla vidyaarthikalkkaayi prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha kozhsukalil parimithappedutthaam.
adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya sameepanam pinthudarunna prograamukal vidyaarthi kozhsukalum saamoohika pravartthanangalum kaambasil nadathunnundengilum kozhsukal avarude prograamil parimithappedutthiyirikku (plotter & marshell, 2015). eee prograamukal mixed prograamukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol (hart muthalaayava) valia vidyaarthi janasamkhyaykku sevanam nalkunnu.2004). koodaathe, itharathilulla prograamukalil pankedukkunna vidyaarthikalkku saadhaaranayaayi prograaminu purathulla mattu vidyaarthikalumaayi valare kurachu ashayavinimayam maathrame undaakoo (hart thudangiyavar.2004). mixed model prograamukal avarude vidyaarthikale backie vidyaarthi samghadanayil ulppeduthaan shramikkunnu. campus pravarthanangalil valare sajeevamakaan vidyaarthikale prolsaahippikkukayum thozhil nirmmaana vaidagdhyathil shradha kendreekarikkunna avarude prograam kozhsukal poortthiyaakkumbol avar kooduthalum ulkkollunna kozhsukal edukkukayum cheiyunnu (plotner marshel, 2015).