bakhirha

vadakkupadinjaaran syriayile dedd sitti pradeshathe oru purathana vaasasthalamaayirunnu bakhirha, "bakkirha;". roman kaalathe oru kshethrathinte avashishtangalum rund pallikaludeyum aadyakaala baisaantain kaalathe chila vasathikaludeyum avashishtangalum samrakshikkappettittund.
sthalam.
vadakkan syrian chunnaambukallu pindatthinte madhyabhaagathulla harim parvathanirakalude vadakkan charivil idlib govarnarettile "burj bakhirha" (burj arabic <bdi> brj </bdi> "gopuram") enna kunnin mukalilaanu bakhirha sthithi cheiyunnathu. vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath aarr kilometer akale athe kaarstilum marangalillaatha parakkunninumulla purathana vaasasthalamaaya boudayil ninnu turkeyile aleppoyil ninnu anthakyayilekkulla pradhana roadile baab alle-hawah athirthi kadakkunnathu rund kilometerinu thaazhe kaanam. bakhirhaykku eathaanum nooru meter vadakku, rooad moshamaayi samrakshikkappetta ayal gramamaaya dhaar kittaapaastilekku nayikkunnu. thekk dishayil ithu raas ibn hosn enna cheria graamatthile oru koottan roadylake rund kilometerum thekk naalu kilometerum visthruthamaaya aadyakaala baisantain vaasasthalamaaya baarishayilekku pookunnu, athinte takarnna veedukal marangalkkum kuttikkadukalkkum idayil maranjirikkunnu, bahirhayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, athu doore ninnu kaanaan kazhiyum. bakiraykku thekkupadinjaaraayittaanu dehukalude valia vaasasthalam.
bakhirhaykku mukalil kurachu cheria olivu marangal maathrame valarunnulloo, allengil parakal niranja pulmedukal pradhaanamaan, ithu aadukaludeyum kuthirakaludeyum mechilppuramaayi upayogikkunnu. avashishtangal janavaasamillaathathum sameepat niravadhi cheria graamangalund.
charithram.
kshethram.
ettavum pazhaya kettidam roman prosttail shethramaanu, ithu theruvinaduthulla settilmentil ninnu thekke attathu sthithicheyyunnu. valare pazhaya oru sankethathinte sthalathaayirikkaam ithu nirmmikkappettath. eiii. dii 161 muthalulla kshethram pradhana syrian devanaaya baal enna praadeshika naamamaya syoos bomosinu ("syoos, balipeetam") samarppikkappettu. siyasinte shethrangal palappozhum parvathangalil nirmmikkappettirunnu; mattonn jabal sheikh baraakhatthinte (refedinu thekk) kodumudiyude aduthaayirunnu, koodaathe hermon kodumudiye chuttipattiyulla niravadhi shethrangalum. kizhakk rund kilometer akaleyulla babisca kshethrathil eathu devathayeyaan aaraadhichathenn ariyilla.
palmyrayile baal shamin kshethravumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna kshethrathinte adithattinu mukalil, sakthamaaya chunnaambukallu blokkukal kondu nirmmicha oru chathuraakrithiyilulla kettidam uyarnnu, athinu padinjaaru bhaagath naalu thoonukalulla oru praveshana haal avatharippichu. gable vareyulla kizhakke pinmathilum vadakke mathilinte oru bhaagavum samrakshikkappettu. shethrathinu munnil takarnna nirakaludeyum korinthyan thalasthaanangaludeyum bhaagangalund.
moonnaam noottaandile rund veedukal avashishtangalayi samrakshikkappettittund, bakkiyulla avashishtangal naalam noottaand muthal ezhaam noottaand vareyullavayaan. naalam noottaandile mathaparamaya tharkkam kramena bahirhayil kristhumathatthinu anukoolamaayi maathrame theerumaanikkappettitlu. roman chakravarthiyaaya juuliyan (360-363) yude bharanathinushesham taamasiyaathe aadyathe kristhyaanikal rekhaamoolamulla rekhakalil rekhappeduthappettirukku. 384 muthal michaelos enna deaconinu svanthamaayi oru veedu undaayirunnu. athe samayam, anchaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare seeyasine ivideyum dhaar khithayilum aaraadhikkappettu.
padinjaaran palli.
501ll nirmmichathaanennu buttler paranjirunna padinjaaran palliyaan rund pallikalil aadyathethum moshamaayi samrakshikkappettathumaya palli. theeyathi parayumbol, addeham palli kettidatthilalla, marichu temenosinte enclosure mathilinte vadakkan kavaadathinu mukalilulla oru likhithathe aasrayikkunnu. butlerude abhipraayathil naalam noottaandil nirmmicha oru muun kettidam orupakshe avide undaayirunnirikkam. strube eee aadya kettidatthe 416 ennu kanakkakkunnu. thekk vashathulla rund vaathilukalude kizhakk bhaagathulla samarppanathil theeyathi vaayikkam, athaayath.iii. purusha edavakakkaarkkulla praveshana kavaadam. avide moonnu perukal paraamarsikkappettundu oru vaasthushilpiyaayirunna "kyriacos presbyteros", "michaelos diaconos", "crisianos". sthreekalude pinbhaagathekku nayicha padinjaaran vaathilin mukalil ingane ezhuthi "oru daivavum avante kristhuvum parishudhaathmaavum undu. thanne bhayappedunnavare addeham sahayikkatte."
ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla pooppalppalakayude adithara maathrame pazhaya kettidatthil ninnu samrakshikkappettitla. naveekarana samayat, kizhakkan mathilile pooppal oru chathuraakrithiyilulla vipuleekaranamaakki maatti, ithu praadeshika kettida paarambaryavumaayi poruthappedunnu. neraaya kizhakk mathilum adanja padinjaaran mathilum ulla eee moonnu edanaazhikalulla kettidam alankarikkappedaatha sitt err-rumm monastry charchu polulla cheria grama pallikalumaayi saamyamullathaan. kallukalude blokkukal chuttum chitharikkidakkunnu, vadakkum padinjaarum mathilukal bhaagikamaayi samrakshikkappedunnu, thekk mathilinte thaazhathe paali maathrame samrakshikkappettitla. naavile pazhaya nirakalkk ionic capitalukal undaayirunnu, athesamayam korinthyan, tuscan capitalukal orupakshe randaam nirmmaana ghattathil ninnullavayaayirunnu. oro variyilum naalu nirakal naavine pinthunaykkunnu. nagara kettida paarambaryamanusarichu, pookkalude aakruthiyilulla durithaashwaasa baandukal puram mathilukalile kamaanamulla janaalakalkk mukaliloode oodukayum avaa attathu volyoottukalaayi urundupokukayum cheythu. syriayile kristhyan vaasthuvidyayil aadyamaayi-nirmmaana samayam ekadesham 500 aayirikkukayaanenkil-puram mathilukal madhyathilum konukalilum pailastarukal upayogichaanu nirmmichathu. thekkan pradhana kavaadatthil kanatha balj profile, brade baand, leaf faanukal ennivayulla vaathilinte roopeekaranam calb losinte basilikkayude praveshana kavaadatthinte paarambaryatthilaanu.
ila roopangalaal sambannamaayi alankarichirikkunna chuttumulla mathilinte profile portalile alekhanam cheytha theeyathiyum 491 ennu vaayikkam. palli punarnirmmicha athe samayat portal nirmmikkendathilla, athinaal puthiya palli 490-ooo athinusheshamo nirmmikkaamaayirunnu. kizhakk bhagam muzhuvan puthukkippanithuvaan 501 theeyathiyilaanu strube naveekarikkunnath.
palliyude thekk-kizhakkan moolayil ninnu alppam akaleyulla chathura snaanakkoottam valare nannayi samrakshikkappedunnu. palliyude thekk bhaagathulla oru muttathu ithu samyojippikkukayum athu purathu ninnu oru mathil kondu adaykkukayum cheythu. eee mathilinte iruvashathum thooninte pinthunayode oru kolaniyundaayirunnu.
kizhakkan palli.
theruviloode nokkunna poornnamaayum samrakshikkappetta vestt gable vazhi kizhakkan palliye doore ninnu thirichariyaan kazhiyum. shethrathinu ekadesham 100 meter thaazheyaan ithu. avasana nirmmaana ghattatthinte theeyathiyum eee sthalathu aadyathe palli nirmmicha samayavum charcha cheyyappedunnu. padinjaaran portalinte lintalile oru likhitham edii 546 varshathe paraamarsikkunnu, ithu annathe bharanaparamaya jilla aantiocheeninte thalasthaanamaaya anthiyokyayude kaalaghattatthile 595 varshavumayi poruthappedunnu. eee palliyilum, pazhaya pallikalil ninnulla gadakangal ethratholam punarupayogikkappettu ennatho prashastha vaasthushilpi marchianos kairisinte (ekadesham 400) nirmmaana roopangalkku oru stailistik avalambamaano ennatho aaya chodyam budhimuttaanu.
moonnu edanaazhikalulla thoonaaya basilikkayude kizhakkan mathil mukalilathe nilayile cornis vare samrakshichittundu. noottaandukalkku munbu cheythathupole central neval mathilinte aarr nirakal tharayil veenathaayi buttler vivarikkunnu. vivarikkunnu 1900lum addeham avashishtangal hrasvamaayi sandarshikkukayum 1909 eprilil dhaar khithayudeyum bakhirhayudeyum oru bhoopadam nirmmikkukayum cheythu. pullu niranja naabhiyil puram mathilukalil ninnulla aashlaarinte avashishtangal maathrameyulloo. kizhakk bhaagath chathuraakrithiyilulla oru guha padinjaaran munvashath naalu thoonukalum adachitta vashathe mathilukalum oru pentt melkkoora ulla oru westibule gadippichirunnu. athe samayam nirmmicha dhaar kittayile sergius palli pole, padinjaaran portal pazhaya shailiyilulla maasttar kairisine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. punarupayogam cheytha pazhaya lintal oru naveekarana samayat oru adhika cornis cherthathaayi bair thirichariyunnu. thathfalamaayi, palli muzhuvan punarnirmmikkappettirm. anchaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil pallikalil prathyekichum saadhaaranamaayirunna cheria alavukalum ithu soochippikkunnu.
thekk neelamulla bhaagath nirmmicha oru thookkamulla melkoorayulla narthexinu naalu thoonukalundaayirunnu, sergius palliyude samanamaaya vipuleekaranathinu naalu thoonukalaanu pinthuna nalkiyathu. ithu theerchayaayum pinneedu cherkkapettu, orupakshe ekadesham 600.
chunnaambukallu malayidukkile mikkavarum ellah sthalangaleyum pole, bakhirha pradhaanamaayum olivu oayil kayattumathiyiloodeyaanu athinte samriddhi kaivarichathu. chila manyamaaya vasathikaludeyo vyapara sthaapanangaludeyo ippozhum nivarnna thoonukalude porttikkokal eee sthalathinte nagara swabhaavathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu.
innu.
syrian aabhyantharayudhathinte thudakkam muthal, bakhirhayude avashishtangal samgharshathil ninnu palayanam cheytha abhayaarthikal upayogikkaan thudangi. bakhirhayile shethrangal, pallikal, kettidangal enniva idlib pravisyayil abhayam thedunna saadhaaranakkaaraanu upayogikkunnathu.

