milishya (yunaittad stetts)

yunaittad stetts nirvachichathupole american aikyanaadukalile pourasena.ezz. kongras kaalakramena maari. colonial amerikkayude kaalath, oro kolaniyudeyum bharanathe aashrayich oru nischitha praayaparidhiyilulla kazhivulla ellah purushanmaarum milishyayile amgangalaayirunnu. oro pattanangalum swantham prathirodhatthinaayi praadeshika swatantra milishyakal roopeekarichu. american bharanaghadana amgeekarikkappedunnathinna oru varsham munbu, 1787-ll milishiyayekkurichulla sthaapakarude paramapradhaanamaaya kaazhchappaad "federalist pepparukal" vishadeekarichu. puthiya bharanaghadana eee deseeya sainika senaye "samghadippikkaanum aayudhamaakkaanum achadakkam nalkaanum" kongrasine adhikaarappeduthi, oro samsthaana sarkkaarinteyum kaikalil ganyamaaya niyanthranam vittu.
vittu milishya act nirvachichathupole, innu amerikkaykkullil rund vibhaagangale vivarikkan "milishya" enna padam upayogikkunnu
1933 muthal, kongras naashanal gaardine "sainyathe uyarthanum pinthunaykkaanumulla" adhikaarathin keezhil samghadippichu, allathe "milissia samghadippikkaanum aayudangal nalkaanum achadakkam nalkaanumulla" adhikaarathinalla. yooniyante niyamangal nadappilaakkunnathinum kalaapangale adichamarthunnathinum aakramanangale pinthirippikkunnathinum" ennu maathram vilikkaavunna bharanaghadanaa milishyayude mail athinte adhikaarathinte karsanamaaya vinyasathaal parimithappedutthaatha reserve sainika unitukal samghadippikkunnathinulla thalpparyangal kanakkileduthaanu kongras ithu cheyyaan thiranjedutthathu."
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
sainikar (bahuvachanam) ennartham varunna pazhaya engleesh 'millait', 'milishisk' ennartham varunna sainikar, koodaathe classical laattin 'militt-, miles' ennartham varunna pattalakkaar ennivayil ninnaan 'milishya' enna padam uruthirinjathu.
aadhunika engleesh padamaaya "milishya" 1590 muthal nilavilundu, yadhaartha ardham ippol kaalaharanappettathaan "oru paramadhikaariyudeyo samsthaanathinteyo sevanathilulla sainikarude samgham". pinneedu, ekadesham 1665 muthal, "pourasena" enna vaakkinte ardham "oru raajyathilo pradeshatthilo ulla sivilian janasamkhyayil ninnu uyarthiya oru sainika seena, prathyekichu oru adiyantharaavasthayil oru saadhaarana sainyathin anubandhamaayi, palappozhum koolippadayaalikalil ninno professional sainikaril ninno vyathyasthamayi" ennaanu. yuu.ezz. 1879 leeii illinois supreme kodathi kesil ninnu "sajeevamaaya pourasainyam" ennathinu supreme kodathi inipparayunna nirvachanam sweekarichu "sainika dutic pariseelanam labhicha pouranmaarude oru samgham, chila kesukalil vilikkappedaam, pakshe samadhaanathinte samayangalil nilakollunna sainyangaleppole sevanathil nilanirthappedilla '. . . nirddishta kaalayalavil earppedaathappol. . . avar avarude pathiv thozhilukalilekku madangunnu. . . pothu aavasyangal aavashyappedumbol avar vilikkaan vidheyaraanu."
pathinezhaam noottaand muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare ezhuthappettathum achadichathumaaya vasthukkalil "millisia" enna aksharavinyasam palappozhum nireekshikkappedunnu.
charithram.
aadyakaala-madhya colonial yugam (1607-1754).
"lekhanam kaanuka colonial american sainika charithram"
amerikkayude aadyakaala kolanikkaar milissia prathirodhavum pothu surakshyum nalkunnathinu aavashyamaaya oru pradhana saamoohika sthaapanamaayi kanakkakki.
1643 august august plymouth kolanisangham oru sainika achadakkam sthaapikkaanum paripalikkaanum anuvadikkukayum sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
franch, indian yuddham (1754-1763).
"lekhanam kaanuka franch, indian yudhangalile pravishya sainikar"
franch, indian yudhangalil, taunn milishya pravishya senaykkaayi oru recruiting pool roopeekarichu. kolaniyude niyamanirmmanasabha seasonile prachaaranatthinu oru prathyeka seena thalathinu amgeekaaram nalkukayum oro praadeshika pourasenaykkum recruitment kwata nischayikkukayum cheyyum. sidhaanthathil, pravishya regularmark aparyapthamaaya senayundengil milishya amgangale lottu vazhi thayyarakkan kazhiyum; ennirunnaalum, pravishya regularmark uyarnna shambalavum (avarude saadhaarana britiish sainika athiraalikale apekshichu uyarnna shambalavum) apoorvvamaayi maathrame yudhathil earppedukayulloo ennathinaal karadu apoorvvamaayi maathrame avalambikkoo.
1755 septambaril, annathe virgenia milishyayude adjattant generalaya jorjju washington, athirthi indian aakramanathodu prathikarikkaan milissia vilikkanulla nirashaajanakavum vyarthavumaaya sramathinu shesham
 ... sainikarkkidayile anusaranakkedu, pourasenayile vairudhyam, udyogastharude nishkriyathvam, utharavukal avaganikkal, sariyaaya pinthuna nalkaan sivil adikaarikalilulla vimukhatha thudangiya ellah thinmakalum addeham anubhavichu. achadakkam nadappaakkukayo alasathayullavareyum pinmarunnavareyum avarude kadamayilekku nirbandhikkukayo cheythukondu eee thinmakal thiruthaan niyamangal addehathinu adikaaram nalkiyilla ennathaanu addehathinte apakeerthippeduthaline kooduthal shakthippeduthiyath... pourasena samvidaanam samadhana samayangalkk maathramaayi anuyojyamaayirunnu. adhiniveshathe pinthirippikkaan aalukale vilikkaan athu vyavastha cheythu; ennaal athu nadappilakkaan anuvadicha adikaarangal valare parimithamaayirunnu, athu eathaandu pravarthanarahithamaayirunnu.
franch, indian yudhasamayathe oru pravishya yoonittinte charithrathinaayi nyoo hamshire pravishya rejiment kaanuka.
american viplavathinu munbulla yudhakaalam (1763-1775).
american viplava yudhathinu thottumunbu, 1774 october 26 nuu, britiish sainika nirmmaanam nireekshicha masaachyusets pravishya kongras, avarude milishya vibhavangal aparyaapthamaanennu kanakkakki rogikalum hajaraakaathavarum ulppede "sainika shakti" ekadesham pathinezhaayiram purushanmarayirunnu... aavashyamullathinekkaal valare kuravaayathinaal, kuravu nikathaan puthiya englandu sarkkaarukalkk udan apekshikkaan kaunsil shupaarsha cheythu ":
 ... ettavum kuranja ariyippil march cheyyaan sajjar thayyarakunnathumaaya minittukalude kambanikalaayi svayam roopeekarikkaan avar milishyayodu shupaarsha cheythu. eee minittmentil muzhuvan milishyayudeyum naalilonn perr ulppedanam, feeld offeesarmaarude nirddeshaprakaaram avare cherkkukayum kuranjathu ambathu perr veethamulla kambanikalaayi vibhajikkukayum venam. swakaarya udyogasthar avarude captanmaareyum subalternukaleyum thiranjedukkukayum eee udyogasthar kambanikale battaliyanukalaayi roopeekarikkukayum feeld offeesarmaare thiranjedutthu command cheyyukayum venam. athinaal minatt-menn bakkiyulla millisiayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru samghadanayaayi maarukayum sainika vyaayamangalil kooduthal arppanabodham pularthunnathiloode avar aayudhangalude upayogathil vaidagdhyam nedukayum cheythu. pourasenayude parisheelanathinum thurankangalkkum mumbathethinekkaal kooduthal shradha nalkiyirunnu.
american viplava yuddham (1775-1783).
"lekhanam kaanuka american viplava yudhathile yunaittad stetts milishya yoonittukalude pattika"
"lekhanam kaanuka american viplava yudhathile yunaittad stetts milishya garilla pravartthanangalude pattika (1775-1783)"
american viplava yuddham masaachyusetsile bosttaninu sameepam lexington, concord yudhangalumaayi aarambhichu, athil oru koottam praadeshika milishyakal american paksham ("deshasnehikal") roopeekarichu. 1775 epril epril, oru britiish seena 800 perr desasnehikalaaya aayudangalum vedikkoppukalum nasippikkaan uddeshichu bosttanil ninnu puratthekku march cheythu. raavile 5 manikk lexingtonil vachu avar 70 oolam sayudha sainikare kandumutty, avare pirichuvidaan avar utharavittu, pakshe sainikar visammathichu. vedivayppu thudarnnu; eathu bhagamaanu vediyuthirthathennu vyakthamalla. ithu "lokamembaadum ketta shoat" ennariyappettu. ettu sainikar kollappedukayum patthu perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythathine thudarnnu bakkiyullavar parannu. britishukaar samavayam thudarukayum deshasnehikalude aayudangalum vedikkoppukalum kandethaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythu. britishukaar bostanilekku madangiyethiyappol, desasnehikalaaya sainikar vazhiyiloode othukoodi, kallukalkk pinnil olichu, britteeshukaare aakramichu. meriyathinte konil, britiish nirakalkk oru idungiya paalam kadakkaan adaykkendi vannu, ithu kendreekrithavum maarakavumaya theeykku svayam thurannukaattunnu. britiish pinvaangal oru parajayamaayi maari. 900 sainikarude adhika dittaachmentinte sahaayathode maathramaan britiish senaykk bostanilekku madangaan kazhinjathu. ithu yudhathinte thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthi. lexington aandu concord bandham kazhinju moonnu divasathinu sheshamaan oru saadhaarana sainyathe ulppeduthunnathinaayi eathu neekkavum nadathiyathu".
1777-ll, randaamathe kondinental kongras articles oof konfedareshan amgeekarichu, athil 13 samsthaanangalil onpathu samsthaanangalil ninnu sammatham aavasyamulla oru federal milissia uyarthunnathinulla vyavastha adangiyirunnu. articles oof konfedareshante article VI parayunnu,
 ... oro samsthaanavum ellaayppozhum vendathra aayudangalum soukaryangalum ullathum nannayi niyanthrikkappettathum achadakkapoornavumaaya oru sainikasena nilanirthukayum pothu storukalil upayogathinu aavashyamaaya ennam feeld peasukalum koodaarangalum sariyaaya alavil aayudangalum vedikkoppukalum camp upakaranangalum nalkukayum nirantharam thayyarakkukayum venam.
1777 august 26-nuu joonn adams bhaaryaykk ezhuthiya kathil ninnu thelinjathupole, chila milishya unitukal mathiyaya aayudhangalillaathe prathyakshappettu
merilaandilum pensylvaniayilum pourasainyam valia aaveshathodeyaanu munnerunnathu. aayudhangalude abhaavathil avar vishamikkunnu. palarkkum onnumilla, swarggathinte anugrahathaal njangal hovinte bisinesses cheyyaan mathiyaya alavil raike cheyyukayum scrap cheyyukayum cheyyum.
yudhathinte aadyakaalangalil desasnehikalaaya sainikarude aadyakaala avesham taamasiyaathe kuranjuvannu. charitrakaaranaaya gaari wills vishadeekarikkunnu,
ettu varshathe neenda yudhathil punasamghadippicha milishyakalile aadyakaalathe avesham mangi. ippol swantham udyogasthare thiranjedukkaanulla avakasham aaa purushanmaar avarude samsthaanathu ninnu akannu sevikkaruthenn aavasyappedaan upayogichu. purushanmaar sevanam ozhivaakkukayum pazhaya kaalatheppole avarkk pakarakkar vaangukayum eee shramathil cheraan kooduthal kooduthal aanukoolyangal nalki kaikkooli nalkendivarikayum cheythu-athinaalaan jefezhsanum saamuval adams avare valare chelaveriyavar ennu vilikkunnathu. yudhakaalathe panapperuppam karansiyude moolyathakarcha varuthiyathinaal, bhoomi graantukalum yudhaavasaanathil "aarogyamulla adima" enna vaagdaanavum ulppede mattu prathinjakal nalkendivannu. chila purushanmaar oru sammanam edukkukayum varaathirikkukayum cheyyum. allengil avar kurachu samayathekku, marubhoomiyil prathyakshappedukayum thudarnnu, mattoru anugrahathinte aavasyakatha anubhavappedumbol, mattoru sthalathu veendum saine upp cheyyukayum cheyyum. ... eee reethikk athintethaaya saankethika padamaaya "boundi jumping" undakaan mathiyaya saadhaaranamaayirunnu.
yuddham nadathunnathinulla bharam oru valia paridhivare nilakollunna sainyamaaya kondinental armic kaimari. veettil thanne thamasikkunna pourasenakal kramasamadhanam nilanirthunnathinu aabhyanthara poleesinte punk nirvahikkaan pravanatha kaanichu. adima kalapangalkkum indian reydukalkkum prerippichukondu britiish sainyam american samoohangale thadassappeduthaan shramichu. pourasena eee bheeshanikale prathirodhichu. american samoohangalile vishwastharekkurichum milishyakal chaarappani nadatthi. newyorkkile albani kaundiyil, samshayaaspadamaaya vishwasthathayulla aalukale kandethunnathinum anweshikkunnathinumulla goodaalochanakal kandethunnathinum paraajayappeduthunnathinum pourasena oru samiti roopeekarichu.
konfedareshan kaalayalav (1783-1787).
raashtreeyamaayi, yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil pourasainyam valare janapriyamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum oru paridhivare, yaadhaarthyangalekkaal sameepakaala yudhathile vijayathinte abhimaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. deseeya prathirodhatthinaayi pourasenaye ashrayikkunnathum pariseelanam labhicha oru saadhaarana sainyathe ashrayikkunnathum yadhaartha moolyathekkurichulla eee samshayam govarnor morris prakadippichu
oru athirvarambilulla midhyaabodham, pourasainyathinu muthirnna sainikare thuranna maitanath paraajayappedutthaanum yuddham cheyyaanum kazhiyumennu vishwasikkaano swaadheenikkaano, oro manushyan swantham hridayathinte bodhyathinethire, priyappetta palareyum nayikkunnu. bhayappeduthunna janapracharakar nalkunna eee nishkriyamaaya ashayam, ellaavarkkum sambhavikkunna aaa samayathum avasarathilum aval oru valia shakthiyumayi yuddham cheyyendivarumbol, nammude raajyathekkurichu namme aashankappeduthi.
daniel boorstine udharichu roobert spitsar, milishyayude pothu janapreethy sainika moolyavum thammilulla eee rashtreeya vairudhyam vivarikkunnu
pourasenakale aashrayikkunnath raashtreeyamaayi thripthikaramaayirunnuvenkum athu bharanaparavum sainikavumaaya oru pediswapnamaanennu thelinju. samsthaana ditaachmentukal eluppathil valia faitting unitukalaayi samyojippikkaan kazhinjilla; sainikare deerghakaalathekku sevikkaan aashrayikkaan kazhinjilla, palayanam saadhaaranamaayirunnu; udyogasthare thiranjedutthathu anubhavamo pariseelanamo allathe janapreeti adisthaanamaakkiyaayirunnu; achadakkavum ekathayum eathaandu nilavilundaayirunnilla.
general jorjju washington pothusthalathu pourasainyathe prathirodhichu, ennaal kongrasumaayi bandhapetta kathidapaadukalil pourasainyathekkurichula thante abhiprayam nere marichaanu prakadippichathu
pourasenaye aashrayikkunnath theerchayaayum oru takarnna staafil vishramikkunnu. purushanmaar aabhyanthara jeevithathinte aardramaaya ramgangalil ninnu valichizhaykkappedunnu; aayudhangalude kolahalathinu parichitharallaatthavar; ellaatharam sainika vaidagdhyavum poornnamaayum ariyaathavar, thudarnnu thangalil aathmavishwaasakkuravu, pathivayi parisheelippikkappetta, achadakkamulla, niyamikkapetta, arivil unnatharum aayudangalil unnatharumaaya sainikare ethirkkumbol, avare bheerukkalaayum swantham nizhalukalil ninnu parakkaan thayyarayum cheiyunnu... pourasena ettavum kooduthal sevanakshamamaano atho mothatthil vedanippikkunnathaano ennu sathyaprathinja cheyth prakhyapikkaan enne vilichaal, njaan randaamathethinu subscribe cheyyanam.
viplava yudhathinte avasaanathil, praadeshika thalatthil oru rashtreeya anthareeksham vikasichu, avide yudhakkalathil avarude mosham record undaayirunnittum, pourasainyangale snehathode kandu. saadhaaranayaayi, pourasena nannayi pravartthikkumbol, yuddham pourasenayude pradeshathekku varumbol, praadeshika nivaasikal praadeshika pourasenayude prakadanavum bhookhandasainyathinte prakadanavum athishayokthi kaanikkan pravanatha kaanichu. praadeshika samoohangalude mail aadhipathyam pulartthunna shakthiyaayi kaanappettirunnuvenkilum kondinental sainyathe samsthaanangalude samrakshakanaayi kaanapettirunnu. pensylvaniayude president joseph reed, pourasainya sena staanding army thammilulla eee asuya oru thalamura munbu franch, indian yudhasamayathu pourasainyavum britiish saadhaarana sainyavum thammilulla muun samgharshangalkku samaanamaayi kandu. yudhathinte avasaanathil kondinental armi officermaar pension aavasyappedukayum avarude swantham yudhakaala pravartthanangale bahumanikkunnathinaayi sinsinnaatti sosaitti sthaapikkukayum cheythappol pirimurukkangal rookshamaayi. praadeshika pouranmaarkku onnum labhikkaathappol praadeshika samoohangal sainika penshanukalkkaayi deseeya nikuthi adaykkaan aagrahichilla.
bharanaghadanayum avakasha billum (1787-1789).
article 1; federal bharanaghadanayude sekshan 8, closs 15,16 enniva prakaram bharanaghadanaa kanvenshante prathinidhikal kongrasinu "milissia samghadippikkaanum aayudangal nalkaanum achadakkam nalkaanum" adikaaram nalki, athupole thanne oru sainyatheyum navikasena uyarthaanulla adikaaravum nalki. article 1, sekshan 8, closs 15 ennivayil vivarichirikkunnathu, yunaittad stetsile milissia moonnu prathyeka dauthyangalkkaayi upayogikkaan us kongrasinu adikaaram nalkiyittunda "yooniyante niyamangal nadappilakkaanum kalapangal adichamarthaanum aakramanangale pinthirippikkaanum milissia vilikkaan vyavastha vyavastha milishya act pourasenayil aaraanenn vyakthamaakkunnu
samaadhaanakaalathe oru sainyathinte sivilian niyanthranam.
bharanaghadanayude karadu thayyarakkunna samayathum avakasha billinte samayathum, samaadhaanakaalathe sainyangal sivilian niyanthranatthilallenna samshayam ulkkollunna oru rashtreeya vikaaram puthuthayi roopeekaricha amerikkayil nilaninnirunnu. muun noottaandil grettu brittanil olivar cromvellinteyum jaims randaaman rajaavinteyum staanding aarmiyude durupayogathinte oormmayil ninnaan eee rashtreeya vishwaasam udaleduthathennu thiricharinjittundu, ithu mahathaaya viplavathilekku nayikkukayum staanding army paarlamentinte niyanthranathilaakkukayum cheythu.
kongras samvaadangalil, svechaadhipathyathinum adichamarthalinum ethire oru milishyaykku engane swaathanthryam samrakshikkaan kazhiyumennu jaims maadisan charcha cheythu. (kongras 434, juun 8,1789) ennirunnaalum, 1812 leeii yudhathil pourasenayude parajayangal sahichathinusesham, maadisan thante presidencyil sakthamaaya oru sainyathinte paripaalanatthe anukoolichu.
samsthaanangalude adhikaarathil ninnu federal adhikaarathilekku maarunnu.
bharanaghadanayeyum bharanaghadanayude randaam bhedagathiyeyum kurichulla bharanaghadanaa charchakalil vividha prathinidhikalude pradhana aashanka samsthaanangalude kaivashamulla milishya adikaaram (nilavilulla konfedareshan articlesinu keezhil) federal niyanthranathilekku kaimaarunnathine chuttippattiyaan.
samaadhaanavaadikalkku nirbandhitha sainikasevanathekkurichu rashtreeya charcha.
randaam bhedagathiyude bhaashayude aadyakaala drafttukalekkurichulla bharanaghadanaa charchayude rekhakalil pourasenayile sevanam ellah kazhivulla purushanmarkkum nirbandhamaano atho "mathaparamayi vivekamulla" aathmaarthathayulla ethirkkunnavarkku oru elavu undaakano ennathinekkurichulla supradhana charcha ulppedunnu.
federal bharanaghadanayude randaam bhedagathiyil "mathaparamayi vivekapoornamaaya" ozhivakkal vyavasthayude apakadasaadhyathakalekkurichu aashanka masaachyusetsile elbridge jerry prakadippichu (1789 august 17,750 leeii 1 kongrass dinavrithaanthathil ninnu):
milishya vakupp nilanirtthiyenkilum federal bharanaghadanayude randaam bhedagathiyude anthima karadil ninnu "mathaparamaya vivekapoornamaaya" closs aathyanthikamayi thakarkkapettu. sainika sevanathodu aathmaarthamaayi athirkkaanulla avakasham american aikyanaadukalile supreme kodathi sharivachittund.
thiranjeduttha milishyakalekkurichulla aashanka.
vilyam ezz. feeldukal & david tii. hardy ezhuthuka
federalist nambaril. 46, maadisan vaadichathu 25,000 muthal 30,000 vare aalukalulla oru staanding sainyathe "kayyil aayudhangalulla araa dasalaksham pouranmaarude oru milishya" nalkumennum avaril ninnu thiranjeduttha aalukal avare chumathalappeduthumennum..."[119] nirddishta bharanaghadana deseeya sarkkaarin nalkia milishyayude mail niyanthranatthinte alavu kaaranam, eee vaadangalaal federalistukalkku bodhyamaayilla. kooduthal yaadhaasthithika athiraalikalude bhayam cheruthum eluppathil azhimathi niranjathumaaya thiranjeduttha milishyaykku anukoolamaayi general millisiayil ninnu ghattamghattamaayi purathukadakkunnathil kendreekarichaayirunnu. atharamoru thiranjeduttha milishyaykkulla nirddeshangal washington inspector generalaya baaran voonn stuben polulla vyakthikal ithinakam munnottuvachirunnu, avar general milishyaykku sarkkar nalkunna aayudangalum prathyeka pariseelanavum nalki 21,000 sainikarude oru senaye nalkaan nirddeshichu. [120] connecticut jenalile oru lekhanam nirddishta bharanaghadana atharam thiranjeduttha milishyakale srishtikkaan kongrasine anuvadichekkaamenna bhayam prakadippichu "[tii] addehathinte roopam oru nilakollunna sainyathe uddeshichum uddeshichum nirmmicha baaran stoobante milishyayeppoleyaan."[121] pensylvaniayil, joonn smiley amgeekarikkunna kanvenshanil paranju," "kongras namukk thiranjeduttha oru milishya nalkiyekkaam, athu vaasthavathil oru staanding aarmiyaayirikkum", "koodaathe eee seena kayyil undengil, [p. 34]" "pothuve janangal niraayudharaayekkaam". [122] samanamaaya aashankakal virjeeniyayile richard henry liie unnayichu. oru sainyathinte ellah uddeshyangalkkum utharam nalkunna" oru thiranjeduttha milishya roopeekarikkunnathiloode swaathanthryangal durbalappedumennu liie thante vyaapakamaayi vaayikkunna laghulekhayil munnariyipp nalkukayum "milissia ellaayppozhum nannayi samghadippikkukayum aayudangal upayogikkukayum achadakkathode nilanirthukayum samsthaanangalude bhoothakaalathinum pothuvaaya upayogathinum anusarichu aayudangal vahikkaan kazhivulla ellah purushanmareyum ulppeduthukayum cheiyunnathiloode oru thiranjeduttha milishyaykkethire bharanaghadana yadhaarthavum kaavalkkaranumaaya oru pourathvam urappaakkanam" ennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu."
kurippu federalist paper 29-ll haamilttan vaadichathu muzhuvan pourasenayeyum parisheelippikkanulla kazhivillaayma thiranjeduttha corpsine anivaryamaakki, maadisaneppole, athinekkurichu aashankayilla.
federalist kaalayalav (1789-1801).
1794ll pensylvaniayile visky kalapam adichamarthaan ekadesham 13,000 peradangunna oru pourasainyam roopeekarikkukayum president jorjju washington vyakthiparamayi nayikkukayum cheythu. eee anubhavathil ninnu, chittayaya sainika samghadanayude abhavavum enchineeyarmaarkkum udyogastharkkum parisheelanatthinte abhaavavumaan samsthaanangal adisthaanamaakkiyulla poura milishya samvidaanathinte oru pradhana balaheenata. 1799ll marikkunnathuvare jorjju washington eee poraaymakalekkurichu aavarthichu munnariyipp nalki. maranathinu rund divasam munbu, general alexander hamiltoninu ezhuthiya kathil, jorjju washington ezhuthi "maanyavum vipulavumaaya adisthaanathil oru sainika akkadami sthaapikkunnathu eee raajyathin praadhamika praadhaanyamulla oru lakshyamaayi njaan ekkaalathum kanakkaakkiyittund; njaan sarkkaarinte adhyakshanayirikke, ente pothu prasamgangalilum niyamanirmmaanasabhayude shradhayilum ithu shupaarsha cheyyaanulla sariyaaya avasaramonnum njaan ozhivaakkiyilla."
aadyakaala republic (1801-1812).
1802ll, samsthaana adhishtitha milishya samvidaanathil antharleenamaaya kramarahithamaya parisheelanatthinte parajayangal bhaagikamaayi pariharikkunnathinayi vestt pooyintil federal milittari akkadami sthaapichu.
pattika" yuddham (1812-1815).
"lekhanam kaanuka 1812 leeii yudhathile yunaittad stetts milishya garilla pravartthanangalude pattika"
pattika" yudhathil, achadakkamillaathavarum pariseelanam labhikkaathavarum dhanasahaayamillaathavarumaayil american milisia parambaraagathamaayi thuranna yudhathil pooraadukayaanengil chilappol parajayappettirunnu. udaaharanathinu, bladdensburg yudhathil, saadhaarana sainyathil ninnu valare kurachu sahayavum cheriyatho allengil oru entranchum illaathe leanier formationil milishya sthaapikkappettu. angane pourasainyangal eluppathil paraajayappedukayum valia thothil yudhakkalathil ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum cheythu, ithu cheria britiish senaye washington dii. yile vaitt house vijayakaramaayi akramikkaanum nasippikkaanum anuvadichu.sii.
1813 juun 25 nuu hampton villejine prathirodhikkunnath polulla paarambaryethara garilla yudhangalil pooraadumbool american milishyakal valare phalapradamaayirunnu, avide american milishyakal chila vinashakaramaaya pathiyirunnu akramanam nadathukayum maravil vediyuthirkkukayum chila hitt aandu rann ettumuttalukal nadathukayum cheythu. 7 perr kollappedukayum 12 perkku parikkelkkukayum 12 pere kaanaathaavukayum cheythathode pourasainyam paraajayappedukayum pinvaangukayum cheythenkilum britteeshukaarkk 120 perr kollappedukayum 95 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. kuthirappurathu kayarunna aakramanakaarikal enna nilayil american pourasena britiish kaanadayilekk nuzhanjukayattamo reydukaloo nadathunnathil valare phalapradamaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, eathaandu poornnamaayum sainika senayumaayi dunken marther kaanadayilekk vijayakaramaya oru kuthirappada aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalki. vilyam henry haarisan eathaandu poornnamaayum kentakki kuthirasavaari cheytha milishya senayumaayi chernnu thaamasilekkulla oru kadannukayattathinu neethrthwam nalki, athu oru britiish sainyathe muzhuvan pidichedukkukayum techamsay unmoolanam cheyyukayum valare kurachu perkku maathrame parikkelkkukayum cheythulloo.
prathirodha thadakangalkkum nischitha kottakalkkum pinnil ninnu vediyuthirkkuka, saadhaarana sayudha seena upayogichu shakthippeduthuka, allengil aaa gadakangalil alppam polulla garilla thanthrangal upayogikkumbol milishyakal mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkukayum kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaayi theliyikkukayum cheythu. platsburg yudhathil, american pourasainyam kuzhikal kuzhichu, kottakal sthaapichu, roadukal marachuvechu, rodinu kuruke marangal murichu. sthiramaaya sainikarum pourasainikarum britiish sainyathe kallukalkkum marangalkkum pinnil ninnu vedivachu upadravichu, avarude urappulla kottakalulla prathirodhatthilekku pinvaangunnathinumbu avarkk kandethaan kazhiyunna eathu cover. platsburg yudhathil britteeshukaarkk naavika edapedal nashtappettathinaal avar pourasenayude kanatha vedivayppu nerittu. vardhicha naashanashtangal neritta britishukaar pinmari, amerikkakkaare vijayikalakki.
mosham neethrthwamullavarum mosham logistics ullavarum sariyaaya pariseelanam labhikkaathavarum durupayogam cheyyappettavarumaanenkil american pourasainyam parajayappettu. ennaal oru nalla kazhivulla nethaavum mikacha logistics shradhaapoorvvam upayogikkukayum mikacha pariseelanam nedukayum allengil aaa gadakangalude samyojanavum undengil avarkk oru sakthamaaya sakthiyaakaam. ennirunnaalum, yuu.ezz. pourasainyam aparyaapthamaanennu sarkkar appozhum vishwasichirunnu, oru professional sthiramaaya sainyathinayulla aagraham nilaninnirunnu. eee samayat sainika bajattukal valareyadhikam vardhippikkukayum samsthaanangalude milishyakalekkaal cheruthum nilakollunnathumaya oru federal sainyam deseeya prathirodhatthinu mikachathaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu.
antibellum yugam (1815-1861).
1830-kalode american athirthi padinjarottu vyaapichu, kizhakkan american aikyanaadukalile indian yudhangal avasaanichu. pala samsthaanangalum thangalude asamghaditha milissia praadeshika niyama nirvvahanathe sahayikkuka, chadangukalkkum paredukalkkum allengil oru soshyal club enna nilayilum sainikare nalkuka thudangiya pravartthanangal nadathunna sitti gaardukal polulla sannadha milishya unitukalkku anukoolamaayi pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu. kambani valuppathilulla grouppukal saadhaaranayaayi unifom dharichu swantham sambhaavanakaliloode aayudhadhaarikalaayirunnu. mathiyaya valippamulla sannadhapravarthaka unitukalkku avarude swantham udyogasthare thiranjedukkaanum avar thanne thiranjeduttha perukalil oru samsthaana charterinaayi apekshikkaanum kazhiyum.
olivil poya adimakale pidikoodunnathinaayi adima patrolling nadatthi pothu kramam nilanirthunnathinaayi samsthaanangalude pourasainyam sevanam thudarnnu, prathyekichu adima-kaivashamulla samsthaanangalil.
milishyayude paraajayangalekkurichulla vimarsanangalodu prathikarichukondu, adjustant general vilyam sumner 1823 meyy 3 nuu joonn aadamsinu ezhuthiya kathil oru vishakalanavum nishedhavum ezhuthi
pourasainyangalude duranthangal pradhaanamaayum rund kaaranangalal kanakkakkappedaam, athil purushanmaare parisheelippikkunnathile parajayam oru thathwamaanu; ennaal, udyogasthare parisheelippikkunnathile ozhivakkal valare valuthaanu, nirbhaagyakaramaayirunna athinte perumaattatthinte charithram, athinte vaikalyangal kaaranamaanennu theliyikkumennu njaan karuthunnu, avarude arivinte abhavam allengil avarude adhikaarathinu keezhilulla senaye avarude lakshyam nedunnathinu prayogikkunnathinulla ettavum mikacha reethi mattellaavarekkaalum. achadakkamillaatha manushyarude shareeram ethra valuthaano athra vijayasadhyatha kuravaanennu oru sidhaanthamenna nilayil eathaandu parayaam...
pathonpathaam noottaandile eee yudhaanthya kaalaghattatthil, samsthaanangalude pourasainyangal kramarahitavum thayyaaraakaathathumaayitheer.
nammude swantham sainika abhyaasangalude polum niruthsaahappeduthunna swaadheenangal valarekkaalamaayi oru pazhanchollinu kuprasidhamaanu. athu samoohathinu pothuvaaya azhimathikku kaaranamavukayum alasata, vyarthatha, vanchana ennivayude sheelangal roopappeduthukayum cheythu... musterfieldukal saadhaaranayaayi choothaattam, licensius, mikkavarum ellah thinmakaludeyum ramgangalo avasarangalo aayirunnu. ... 1845 vare oru puthiya englandu parisheelanatthinte driksaakshi parayunnu, "mrugangalude madyapaanavum mattu adhaarmikathakalum oru koottatthinte peril thanne nalla manushyare virappikkaan mathiyaayirunnu".
1842ll sainyathinte thakarchayekkurichu joseph vilapichu
ennittum, eee sathyam valare vyakthamaanennu thonnumenkilum, nannayi niyantrithamaaya oru milishyayude praadhaanyam athrayadikam nishedhikkaanaavaathathaayi thonnumenkilum, american janathaykkidayil eathenkilum milishya achadakka samvidaanathodulla vardhichuvarunna nissamgathayum ellah niyanthranangalil ninnum mochanam nedaanulla sakthamaaya manobhaavavum veshammaran kazhiyilla. eathenkilum samghadanayillaathe aalukale engane aayudhangalumaayi nilanirthunnathu praayogikamaanennu kaanaan prayaasamaan. nissamgatha veruppilekkum veruppilekkum avahelanathilekkum nayichekkaavunna cheria apakadamonnumilla; angane nammude deseeya avakasha billile eee khandam uddeshikkunna ellah samrakshanatheyum kramena durbalappeduthunnu.
1838-ll, pilkkala vishudharum avarude missurian ayalkkaarum thammilulla vardhichuvarunna pirimurukkangal kaaranam, general david aarr. vadakkupadinjaaran misouriyile samsthaana milishyayude commander achisan, saamuval bogartinode "saadhyamenkil, aayudhadhaarikalaaya vyakthikal reey kaundiyil nadathunna eathenkilum akramanam thadayaan" utharavittu. muun mormon virudha jagrata samghangalil pankedutthirunna bogart, thaamasakkaraaya pilkkala vishudhare niraayudharaayi nirthalaakkukayum kaundi vidaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. marupadiyaayi david dablyu. oru "aalkkoottam" ennu avar vishwasichathil ninnu pilkkala vishudha nivaasikale rakshikkaan paattan caldwell kaundi milissia nayichu. eee rund kaundi milishyakal (reyum caldwell) thammilulla ettumuttal valachodicha nadiyude yuddham ennariyappettu, govarnor lilben bogs misauri executive utharavu 44 purappeduvikkunnathin ithu oru praadhamika kaaranamaan. palappozhum "unmoolanam utharavu" ennu vilikkappedunna eee utharavu, misauri stettu milishyayude commander general joonn bollock clarkinode paranju, "mormanukale sathrukkalaayi kanakkaakkanam, pothujana samaadhaanathin aavashyamenkil avare unmoolanam cheiyukayo samsthaanathu ninnu puratthaakkukayo venam-avarude prakopanam vivarikkaavunnathalla."thudarnnulla divasangalil misauri pourasainyam 17 pilkkala vishudhare hauns millil vachu kollukayum misouriyude padinjaaru bhaagathekku uparodhikkukayum joseph smith ulppedeyulla pilkkala vishudha sabhaa nethaakkale jayililadaykkukayum cheythu.
cheythu 1857lum mormon milishya, sarkkar pradeshatthinte niyanthranathinaayi yuu. ezz. federal sainikarkkethire yuu. tii. eiii yudhathil poraadi.
kansas pradeshathe adimatha virudha swatantra-bharanaadhikaarikalum adimatha anukoola "athirthi rafian" gadakangalum ulppedunna akramasakthamaaya rashtreeya ettumuttalukalil, niravadhi avasarangalil, prathyekichu vakarusa yuddham ennu vilikkappedunna sambhavangalil, kramam nadappakkaan pourasenaye vilichirunnu.
haarpezhs ferriyile joonn brouninte reydinide, haarpezhs ferriyude 30 mile chuttalavilulla gramangalil ninnulla praadeshika milishya kambanikal brouninte rakshappedal pathakal vichedikkukayum brouninte aalukale ayudhappurayil kudukkukayum cheythu.
american aabhyantharayudham.
american aabhyantharayudhathinte thudakkathil, vadakotto thekotto yudhathinu vendathra thayyaareduppukal nadathiyittilla, yuddham konduvarunna aavasyangalum budhimuttukalum valare kurachu aalukal maathrame sangalppichittulloo. yudhathinu thottumunbu samaadhaanakaalathe motham sainyathil 16,000 perr mathramaayirunnu undaayirunnathu. irupakshavum pourasenayil ninnulla senaye udan vilippikkukayum thudarnnu aayudangal, unifom, pariseelanam labhicha udyogasthar ennivarude kadutha kshaamathekkurichu udanadi avabodham srishtikkukayum cheythu. samsthaana milishya rejimentukal asamamaya nilavaaramullavayaayirunnu, arcum yuddha parisheelanathinu samanamaaya onnum undaayirunnilla. akkaalathe saadhaarana milishya thurankam, ettavum mikacha reethiyil, paredu-graundu marchinginu thulyamaayirunnu. praadeshika samoohangalil ninnulla milishya unitukal orikkalum oru valia rejimentaayi orumichu thuzhanjittilla, athinaal akkaalathe yudhashailikku valare aavashyamaaya, oru march lainil ninnu oru poratta linelake thanthrangal prayogikkaanulla valare pradhanappetta vaidagdhyam illaayirunnu. ennittum irupakshavum orupole thayyarakathe thayyaareduppilekku thidukkapettu.
konfedarettu milishya.
ettavum pradhanappetta kaaryam
union milishya.
aabhyantharayudhathinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthiya konfedarettu fort sumter pidichedutthathinetthudar, president linkon pidicheduttha federal swath veendedukkaan 75,000 samsthaanangalude milishyakkaare vilikkukayum kongras niyamathil nalkiyittullathinekkalum aavashyamullathinekkaalum milishyayude shakti valare kuravaanennu kandethukayum cheythu.
1861-leeii venalkkaalath sainika kyaambukal washington dii. kku chuttum chuttikkarangi.sii. moonnu varshathe puthiya sainika sannadhapravarthakarum 90 divasathe milishya yoonittukalum ithil ulppedunnu. eee sammelanathinte chumathala generalukal munbu valia purushasamghangale kaikaaryam cheythitilla, koodaathe avar kevalam anubhavaparichayamillaatha saadhaaranakkaaraayirunnu, achadakkamillaatha aayudangalum achadakkathinte praadhaanyathekkurichu kuranja daaranayumullavaraayirunnu.
padinjaaru, union stettu, territorial milishyakal avidatthe kudiyettakkaare prathirodhikkunathinulla sajeeva sakthikalaayi nilaninnirunnu. yudhathinte thudakkathil kaaliforniyayil prathyekichum niravadhi sajeevamaaya milishya kambanikal undaayirunnu, avaa yudhathinte avasaanam vare vardhichu. paarakkettukalude padinjaaru ninnu ettavum kooduthal sannadhapravarthakare ithu nalkki ettu rejimentukalum rund battaaliyanukal kaalalppadayum, rund rejimentukalum oru bataaliyan kuthirapadayum. washington pradeshathu ninnulla kaalaalppada rejimentinaayi ithu bhooribhaagam purushanmareyum nalki. origon oru kaalalppadayeyum kuthirappadayude rejimentineyum uyarthi. vighadanavaadikal, chembu thalakal, mormonukal allengil prathyekichu thaddesheeya gothrangal enniva moolamundaakunna konfedarasiyeyum eathenkilum sivil disorderineyum prathirodhikkaan collado territory milishyakal samghadippikkappettu. collado sannadhapravarthakar gloriotta churatthinte yudhathil pankedukkukayum nyoo meksikoo pradeshathe oru konfedarettu adhiniveshathe thirichuvidukayum cheythu. pinneedu avar samathala indiakkaarumaayi collado yuddham aarambikkukayum manalkkallil koottakkola nadathukayum cheythu. california kolatthile california sannadhapravarthakare thekkan marubhoomikalkku kuruke thekkan arizona, nyoo meksikoo, padinjaaran texas ennividangalil ninnu konfedarettukale purathaakkaan ell passoic chuttum ayachu, thudarnnu 1866 vare navajo, appaache ennivaykkethire poraadi. avare karayile paatha samrakshikkanum soult lake sittiyil fort dougless sthaapich mormonukale nireekshanathilaakkaanum karadi nadiyude yudhathil kalaashicha shoshoninethiraya oru poraattam nadatthaanum ayachu. newada, origon, idaho pradeshangal, california, origon, washington ennee pradeshangalile praadeshika sannadhapravarthakar 1864 muthal 1866 vareyulla paambuyudhatthil goshoot, payoott, yoott, shathruthaaparamaaya paambu indiakkaar ennivarumaayi poraadikkondu kudiyettakkaareyum samaadhaanippicha gothrangaleyum samrakshikkaan shramichu. kaaliforniyayil 1864 vare vadakkupadinjaaran vanangalil nadanna kashandiyulla malayora yudhathilum ovens vaali indian yudhathilum sannadhasenakal poraadi.
punarnirmmaana yugam.
yugam 1866num idayil federal punarnirmmaana niyamangal paasaakkiyathode yuu.ezz. sainyam muun vimatha samsthaanangalude niyanthranam ettedukkukayum thiranjeduppu nadatthaan utharavidukayum cheythu. aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkk aadyamaayi vottu cheyyaan kazhinja thiranjeduppaayirunnu ithu. oro samsthaanavum (virgenia ozhike) milishya unitukal samghadippikkunna republican sarkkaarukale thiranjedutthu. bhooribhaagam pouranmaarum karutha vargakkaraayirunnu. vamseeya pirimurukkavum samgharshavum, chilappol theevramaayirunnu, neegro friedmen muun konfedarettu vellakkarum thammil nilaninnirunnu.
thekk bhaagangalil, vella ardhasainika vibhaagangalum raifil klabbukalum eee karutha pourasainyathe prathirodhikkaan roopeekarichu, niyamangalanusarichu drilling, samghadippikkal allengil pareding enniva nirodhichuvenkilum, shariyaayi amgeekrithamaaya pourasainyangal ozhike. louisianayude punarnirmmaanatthil, vaitt kaameliyayude naitts, kuu cluxes klaan, chathupp phoox ranchermaar, mattu rund ardhasainika vibhagangal ennivar audyogika sarkkaarukale neridaan shramichu. eee karuthavargakkaarude sainyathinethire eee grouppukal neenda prathikara, prathikara, shathruthaaparamaaya pravarthanangalil earppettu.
 ... pourasenakal eathaandu poornnamaayum neegrokkal chernnavayaayirunnu, raajyathudaneelam avarude maarchum ethir marching vellakkaare unmaadathilekku nayichu. general jorjineppolulla oru shaanthamanaskan polum neegro milishyaykkethire oru munnaniye nilanirthaan kazhiyunna sainika samghadanakal roopeekarikkaan janaadhipathyavaadikale upadeshichu. pala soochanakalum prashnathilekku viral choondunnu. yudhathinte aadya varsham ozhike thante vyapaaram orikkalum ithra vegathil nadannittillennu wixburghile oru hardware vyaapaari report cheythu. 10, 000 spensor raifilukal samsthaanathekku konduvannathayi parayapettu.
audyogika karuthavargakkaarude sainyathinteyum anadhikritha niyamavirudhamaaya velutha raifil klabbukaludeyum pravartthanam saadhaaranayaayi thiranjeduppinu chuttumulla sharathkaalathil ettavum uyarnna nilayilaayirunnu. 1875 septambaril mississippyile klintanilum adutha maasam mississippyile jaxonilum nadanna rays kalaapathilum ithu sambhavichu. oru driksaakshi vivaranam
nagaram valia aaveshathilaanennu njaan kandethi; unifom dharikkaattha pourasainyangal vella niravumulla theruvukalil paredu cheiyukayaayirunnu. govarnor samsthaanathinte sainikasena samghadippichathinte anantharafalamaayi vellakkaar-janaadhipathyavaadikal-valare aaveshathilaanennu njaan kandethi. ... sainyathe (klintanilekku) aayudhangalumaayi march cheiyunnathine prathirodhikkaan eee aalukal dridanishchayamullavarannu njaan kandethi, avar addehathinte sainikare kollumennu bheeshanippedutthi.
samsthaana pourasenayum vaitt raifil klabbukalum thammilulla samboornna yuddham oru poraaliyude poornnamaaya keezhadangal vazhi maathramaan ozhivaakkappettath, ennirunnaalum thudarnnulla maasangalil samgharshangal vardhikkukayum desemberil mississippiyile wixburgill kalapam pottippurappedukayum rund vellakkarum muppathiyanju karuthavargakkaarum marikkukayum cheythu. eee kalaapathodulla prathikaranam sammishramaayirunnu, thudarnnundaaya federal sainikarude varavinekkurichu praadeshika janaadhipathyavaadikal aswastharaayi, vadakkan maadyamangal rosham prakadippichu "orikkal koodi, ellaayppozhum ennapole, vellakkaar rakshappedumbol neegrokkalaanu vadhikkappedunnathu."
kaanuka valia railway panimudakku.
"lekhanam kaanuka kaanuka valia railway panimudakku"
1877 joolaiyil vestt virjeeniyayile martinsburgill aarambhich midu vestt samsthaanangaliludaneelamulla mattu 15 samsthaanangalilekku vyaapicha 1877 leeii grettu railway panimudakku american aikyanaadukalude charithratthile aadyathe deseeya thozhil samaramaayirunnu. vestt virgenia govarnor henry emm. akramanam adichamarthaan milishya unitukale vilicha aadyathe stettu commander-inn-cheefaayirunnu mathyus, eee nadapadiye samsthaana milishyakalude poraaymakal velippeduthunnathiloode deseeya kaavalkkaare parivartthanam cheiyunna oru nadapadiyaayi thirinjunokkiyal kaanum. mothatthil, ekadesham 45,000 pouranmaare raajyavyaapakamaayi vilippichu.
poses komittaattas act.
1878-ll kongras federal sainyatheyum federal niyantritha milissia thiranjeduppinu melnottam vahikkunnathil ninnu nirodhikkan uddeshichulla poses komittaattas niyamam pasaki. eee niyamam niyama nirvvahanathinaayi 10-aamm thalakkettil sajeeva dutyil sevanamanushtikkunna sainyathe upayogikkunnathinulla federal gavanmentinte adhikaarathe ganyamaayi parimithappedutthunnu, ennaal gardsman 32-aamm thalakkettil allengil samsthaana sajeeva dutyil sevanamanushtikkunnidath kaalam avarude deseeya gaardine niyama nirvvahana rolil upayogikkunnathil ninnu gavarnarmaare thadayunnilla.
spanish-american yuddham.
prarambha sannadhatha, pariseelanam, vitharanam ennivayude abhavam undaayirunnittum, american aikyanaadukalile sainikar spanish-american yudhathil pooraadukayum vijayam nedukayum cheythu.
ludlo koottakkola.
1914ll, coloradoyile ludloyil, oru kalkari khani panimudakkinide sthithigathikal shaanthamaakkaan pourasainyathe vilichuvaruthiyenkilum, pourasainya nethaakkalude anubhavam kambani maanejmentumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum ekadesham 19 muthal 25 vare aalukal marikkukayum cheythu.
samsthaana deseeya gaardine aadyam vilichirunnuvenkilum unifom ithara mine gaardukal vardhippicha deseeya gaard unifomukalil colorado fueval & ayann kambani (cf & aii) gaardukal adangunna oru adhika swakaarya milishya samghadippikkaan kambaniye anuvadichu.
1914 epril 20 nuu colladoyile ludloyil 1,200 kalkari khanithozhilaalikaludeyum avarude kudumbangaludeyum koodaara kolaniyil collado naashanal gard collado fueval & ayann kambani camp gaardukalum nadatthiya akramanamaayirunnu ludlo koottakkola.
ludloic prathikaaramaayi, khanithozhilaalikal adutha patthu divasathinullil svayam aayudangal upayogikkukayum dussen kanakkinu khanikal akramikkukayum cheythu, swathukkal nasippikkukayum trinidad muthal walsenberg vareyulla 40 mile munnaniyil colorado naashanal gaardumaayi niravadhi ettumuttalukalil earppedukayum cheythu. 69 muthal 199 vare aalukalaanu eee panimudakkil kollappettath. american aikyanaadukalude charithratthile ettavum marakamaaya aakramanamaayaanu thomas franklin andruz ithine visheshippichathu.
meksikkan viplavam.
american samghadithavum asamghadithavumaaya milishyakal meksikkan viplavathil poraadi. chilar meksikkoyil vimatha senayaayi pracharanam nadathukayum mattullavar american thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinaayi ambos nogals, columbus thudangiya yudhangalil pooraadukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandum innathethum.
samghaditha pourasena.
oro samsthaanathinum mikka pradeshangalkkum rund nirbandhitha senayundu, athaayath armi naashanal gaard, eyar naashanal gaard. pala samsthaanangalkkum samsthaana prathirodha sena deseeya gaard senakale sahayikkukayum pinthunaykkukayum vardhippikkukayum cheiyunna oru naavika milissia undu.
deseeya kaavalkkaaran.
naashanal gaard (allengil oru samsthaanathinte naashanal gaard) american aikyanaadukalile naashanal gardle ninnu vyathyasthamaan; ennirunnaalum, iruvarum kaikorkkunnu.
50 samsthaanangalile oro samsthaanavum samghadippikkunna oru milishya senayaanu naashanal gaard.ezz.'federal thalasthaana jilla janasamkhyayulla anchil moonnum yuu.ezz. pradeshangal. yuu enna thalakkettinte 10-aamm thalakettum 32-aamm thalakettum prakaaramaan ithu sthaapithamaayathu.ezz. coode, stettu naashanal gaard american aikyanaadukalude phastt-line prathirodhatthinte bhaagamaayi pravartthikkunnu. oru samsthaana allengil praadeshika deseeya kaavalkkaare avarude athirthikalkkullil nilayurappichirikkunna unitukalaayi thirichirikkunnu, avaa athath samsthaana govarnor allengil praadeshika sarkkaarin keezhil pravartthikkunnu. chuzhalikkaatt, vellapokkam, bhookambam thudangiya aabhyanthara adiyantharaavasthakalodum duranthangalodum prathikarikkaan sahaayikkunnathin samsthaana govarnarmaaro territorial commanding generalukaloo deseeya gaardine sajeevamaaya duticayi vilichekkaam.
american aikyanaadukalile federal amgeekritha sajeevamo nishkriyamo aaya sayudha senayude sevanathinu keezhilulla stettu naashanal gaard amgangalo unitukaloo ulkkollunna oru sainika reserve fozhsaanu naashanal gaard oof dhii yunaittad stetts. stetts deseeya prathirodha niyamathile niyamathile bhedagathikalaal srishticha naashanal gaard oof dhii yunaittad stetts aarmiyudeyum yunaittad stetts airforcinteyum samyuktha reserve gadakamaanu. american aikyanaadukalile naashanal gaard rund upaghadakangal paripaalikkunnu sainyathinayulla american aikyanaadukalude armi naashanal gard american aikyanaadukalile vyomasenayude eyar naashanal gard.
nilavile yunaittad stetts coode, taittil 10 (sayudha senakal), sekshan 246 (milishya ghadanayum klaasukalum), khandika (eiii) prasthaavikkunnu "yunaittad stetsile millisiayil kuranjathu 17 vayass praayamulla ellah praptharaaya purushanmaarum ulppedunnu, koodaathe taittil 32 leeii sekshan 313 ll nalkiyittullathozhike, 45 vayassinu thaazheyullavar, allengil yunaittad stetsile pouranmaaraakaanulla uddeshyam prakadippichavar, naashanal gardle amgangalaaya yunaittad stetsile vanita pouranmaar."32-aamm thalakkettile sekshan 313 muun sainika parichayamulla vyakthikale soochippikkunnu. ("second. 313. niyamanangalum niyamanangalum prayaparidhi
eee vyakthikal 64 vayass vare pourasenayil amgangalaayi thudarunnu. khandika (bii) kooduthal prasthaavikkunnu, "pourasenayude vibhagangal ivayaanu (1) deseeya kaaval sena navikasena ulppedunna samghaditha pourasena; (2) deseeya cavalsenayilo navikasenayilo amgangalallaatha pourasenayile amgangal ulppedunna asamghaditha pourasena."
amerikkayile samghaditha federal reserve sainika senakalil ettavum valuthaanu naashanal gaard oof dhii yunaittad stetts. american aikyanaadukalile naashanal gaardine (10, yunaittad stetts coode (mukalil kaanuka) enna thalakkettil) samghaditha federal reserve milittari fozhsaayi tharamthirickunnu. federal niyanthranatthil, american aikyanaadukalude naashanal gaardine american presidentinu sajeevamaaya duticayi vilikkam. vilikkam iraakh adhiniveshathinushesham, niravadhi deseeya gaard unitukal videshathu videshathu motham shakti nayathinu keezhil, ithu deseeya gaardine sayudha senayude federal reserve gadakangalumaayi phalapradamaayi samyojippichu avare saadhaarana sainikarakki. gaard videshathu vinyasikkumbol aabhyanthara adiyantharaavasthakal neridunna samsthaanangalkku ithu prashnangalilekku nayichekkaam. atharam prasnangal pariharikkunnathin, newyork, maryland polulla pala samsthaanangalum oru samsthaana govarnorude niyanthranatthilulla samsthaana "milishya" senakalo stettu gaardukalo samghadippichittundu; ennirunnaalum, eee "milishya" kalil palathum naashanal gaardinte oru reservaayi pravartthikkunnu, athinaal avaa athinte bhagamaanu (ithu oro samsthaanathinum vyathyasthamaan). newyorkkilum ohaayoyilum sajeevamaaya naavika milishyakalundu, mattu chila samsthaanangalkku oonn-kooll allengil nirddishta milishyakalundu. 1990ll yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi perpich vii. enna kesil vidhi prasthaavichu. prathirodha vakupp "federal gavanmentinu naashanal gaardinte mail poornna adikaaram undennu parayunnathiloode (nilavillillaathavidham) federal vinyasangalkkum naashanal gaardinte pariseelana douthyangalkkumulla sammatham thadayaanulla samsthaana gavanmentinte kazhivu valareyadhikam kurayunnu.
asamghaditha milishya.
samghaditha milishyayude bhaagamallaatha 17 num 45 num idayil praayamulla kazhivulla ellah purushanmareyum asamghaditha milishya (10 yuu. ezz. sii) ennu vilikkunnu. reserve milishya poolil ulppeduthaan arhathayillaatha kazhivulla purushanmaar american pouranmaaraakaanulla uddeshyam (10 yuu. ezz. sii 246) prakhyaapikkaatha videshikalum 64 vayass (32 yuu. ezz. sii 313) thikanja sayudha senayile muun sthiram ghadaka vettaransumaanu. naashanal gaard yoonittukalile amgangalaaya ellah vanita pouranmaareyum reserve milishya poolil () ulppeduthiyittundu.
kooll tuu duty () yill ninnu ozhivaakkappettathum athinaal reserve milishya poolil illaathathumaaya mattu vyakthikalil iva ulppedunnu
pala samsthaanangalkkum avarude thaamasakkaare samsthaana milishyayude bhaagamaayi visheshippikkunna adhika niyamangalund; udaaharanathinu, naashanal gardle ninnum washington stettu gardle ninnum vyakthamaayi vyathyasthamayi, pathinettu vayassinu mukalilulla ellah praptharaaya pouranmaareyum allengil uddeshicha pouranmaareyum samsthaana milishyayile amgangalaayi washington niyamam vyakthamaakkunnu. texas polulla samsthaanangalil, samsthaana bharanaghadana 17 num 45 num idayil praayamulla purusha pouranmaare "asamghaditha reserve milishya" yill ulppedunnavaraanennu tharamthirikkunnu. aadyakaala "texas ranchermaar" pole samadhaanam nilanirthaanum adhinivesham cherukkaanum kalapam adichamarthaanum asamghaditha reserve milishyayodu aavasyappedaanulla adikaaravum texas bharanaghadana kaundi sheriefukalkkum samsthaana gavarnarkkum nalkunnu.
samsthaana prathirodha seena.
1903 leeii milishya act muthal, pala samsthaanangalum stettu defense fozhsu ennariyappedunna oru reserve milittari fozhsu srishtikkukayum paripalikkukayum cheythittundu; chila samsthaanangal avare stettu milittari reserve allengil stettu gards ennu vilikkunnu. samaadhaanakaalakhattathil deseeya kaaval senaye sahayikkunnathinum pinthunaykkunnathinum vardhippikkunnathinam avaa srishtichathu. yudhakaala vinyaasathinaayi deseeya gaard senakale vilikkumbol, samsthaanathinte muzhuvan sainika utharavaadithangalum ettedukkaan samsthaana prathirodha senaye upayogikkaam. avarude dauthyathil samsthaanathinte prathirodhavum avarude govarnor utharavidumbol sainika utharavukal nadappaakkunnathum ulppedunnu.
irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam ellah pradhana yudhangalilum samsthaana prathirodha senaye upayogichirunnu. newyork gaard sainikar newyorkkile jalasambharanikalum bahujana gathagatha pradeshangalum patrolling nadathukayum surakshithamaakkukayum cheythu, onnaam lokamahaayudhathile logistic pravarthanangalil sahayikkaan francilake polum vinyasikkapettu. texes stettu gaardinte sainikar randaam lokamahaayudhathiludaneelam oru kalapam adichamarthukayum texacil samadhaanavum kramasamadhaanavum nilanirthukayum cheythu.
innu samsthaana prathirodha seena samsthaanathinte deseeya kaavalkkaare sahayikkukayum pinthunaykkukayum vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. avaa logistic, administrative, medical, gathagatham, suraksha, aachaaraparamaaya sahayam enniva nalkunnu. naashanal gaard serf team pinthunaykkunnathinum vardhippikkunnathinam newyork stettu defense fozhsu (newyork gaard) sainikare nalkunnathu polulla chila samsthaanangal adhika pinthuna nalkiyittundu. california stettu milittari reserve sainika police parisheelanatthe sahayikkaan sainikare naashanal gaardinu nalkunnu, alasca stettu defense fozhsu aaa samsthaanathinte surakshaye sahayikkaan nirantharam sayudha sainika police sainikare nalkunnu. chuzhalikkaatt durithaashwaasa pravartthanangal polulla prakrithi duranthangalil pravarthanaparamaaya pinthuna nalkuka ennathaanu mississippi stettu gaardinte pradhana rolukalilonnu.
swakaarya milishyakalum aadhunika poura-milishya prasthaanavum.
svakaaryamaayi samghadippikkunna pourasainyangale samsthaanathinte audyogika sainika senayude bhagamaakkaan samsthaana sarkkaarukale adhikaarappeduthunna niyamangal vyathyaasappettirikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, newada, "sannadha sainika kambanikalaayo sannadha sainika samghadanakalaayo samghadippikkaanum abhyasam nadatthaanum aayudangal vahikkanum vyakthikalude samghadanakalkku licenses nalkaan govarnore anumathi nalkunnu", athesamayam southu carolina oru groupineyum athinte stettu gardle cherkkunnathil ninnu vilakkunnu. american viplavam muthalulla sainika charithrangalulla samsthaanangal aaa kaalaghattatthil ninnu nilanilkkukayum swathanthramaayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunna milishyakale audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkaam; masaachyusets niyamam deseeya lancermare athinte samghaditha milishyayude bhagamaakkukayum masaachyusetsile puraathanavum manyavumaaya peeranki kambaniyude oru swakaarya samghadanayaayi nilanilkkaanum pravarthikkaanumulla avakasham samrakshikkukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam rooad dweep niravadhi swatantra charted milishyakale athinte mothatthilulla sainika senayude prathyeka bhaagamaayi amgeekarikkunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, bisinassukaarude sainika pariseelana corps havaay eyar dippo volunteer corp ulppede niravadhi swakaarya ardhasainika vibhaagangale pravartthikkaan havaay adhikaarappeduthi.
ekadesham 1992 muthal, amerikkayil svayam milishya allengil asamghaditha milishya ennu vilikkunna niravadhi samsthaana, praadeshika thalatthilulla swakaarya samghadanakalundu, avayil chilath aabhyanthara bheekaravaadavumaayum theevravaada veekshanangalumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu, avaa avarude samsthaana sarkkaarukalude audyogika anumathy licenses illaathe pravartthikkunnu. pravartthikkunnu 2000kalilum niravadhi deseeyathala swakaarya milishya samghadanakal roopeekarikkappettu, avayil ettavum valuth sathyaprathinjaadhikaarikalum moonnu sathamaanam amgangalumaayirunnu.

