
vrishana rogaprathirodhashasthram

vrishanathinullile rogaprathirodha samvidaanathekkurichulla padanamaanu vrishana rogaprathirodhashasthram. vrishanangalude pravartthanatthil anubadha, veekkam, rogaprathirodha gadakangal ennivayude phalangalekkurichulla anweshanam ithil ulppedunnu. vrishana rogaprathirodhashaasthrathinthi rund savisheshathakal vyakthamaan (1) rogaprathirodha prathikaranangal adichamarthunna rogaprathirodha savisheshathayulla sthalamaayi vrishanathe visheshippikkunnu; (2) saadhaaranayaayi veekkathilekku nayikkunna chila gadakangal vrishanathil uyarnna alavil kaanapedunnu, avide avaa veekkam prolsaahippikkunnathi beejathinte vikaasathe niyanthrikkunnu.
vrishanathil kaanapedunna rogaprathirodha koshangal.
pareekshanatthinu labhyamaya saadhaarana manushya vrishanangalude apoorvatha kaaranam manushya vrishanangalude rogaprathirodha koshangal elikalil ninnullavayeppole savisheshamalla. bhooribhaagam pareekshanangalum elikalude vrishanathe athinte soukaryam kaaranam padichu ithu thaarathamyena valia valippamullathum pareekshanathmaka mrugangalil ninnu eluppathil verthirichedukkaavunnathu.
macrophageukal.
aakramanakaarikalaaya sookshumajeevikalkkethiraaya pooraattatthilum lymphocytukale sajeevamaakkunna aantijan avatharippikkunna koshangalayum macrophageukal nerittu edapedunnu. elikalude vrishanathile maakrofejukalude saannidhyam elikalude vrishanathile rogaprathirodha koshangalude ettavum valia janasamkhyayaanu ennu aadyakaala padanangal theliyichu. manushyar, ginia pannikal, haamstarukal, pannikal, kuthirakal, kaalakal ennivayude vrishanangalilum macrophageukal kandethiyittundu. vrishanathilekku neengunna raktha monocytukalil ninnaan avaa uthbhavikkunnath, pinneedu maakrofejukalaayi parinamikkunnu. eliyil, vrishana macrophageukale rakthavitharanathil ninnu "residant" allengil "puthuthayi vanna" ennu visheshippichittundu. praayapoorthiyaaya elikalil vrishana maakrofejukalude praayapoorthiyaaya janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum prasavaananthara pakwathaykkide vrishanathil praveshicha aadyakaala mungaamikalude valare druthagathiyilulla vyaapanathinte falamaayirikkaam
vrishana macrophageukalkku pakarchavyaadhiyodulla prathikaranathodu prathikarikkaanum sajeevamakaanum kazhiyum (aakramanakaarikalaaya sookshumajeevikale kollan prapthamaakkunna maattangalkk vidheyamaakukayum cheiyunnu), ennaal mattu tharatthilulla macrophageukale apekshichu oru paridhivare athu cheiyunnu. sajeevamaaya elii vrishana macrophageukal vazhi koshajwalana cytokainukal tnfa, ail-1baa ennivayude ulppaadanamaanu oru udaaharanam eee macrophageukal sajeevamaaya elii perittoniyal maakrofejukalekkaal tnfa, ail-1baa enniva ganyamaayi kuravaanu. pakarchavyaadhi uthejakangalodu prathikarikkunnathinupurame, vrishanathinte saadhaarana pravartthanam nilanirthunnathil vrishana macrophageukalum ulppedunnu. leadig koshangalkk testostiron aayi parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna stirolaaya 25-hydroxy collustroll sravikkunnathaayi avaa theliyikkappettittund. vrishanathile testostiron uthppaadippikkunna koshangalaaya leadig koshangalude saadhaarana vikasanathinum pravartthanatthinum avayude saannidhyam aavasyamaanu.
bii-lymphocyteukal.
bii-lymphocyteukal adaptive rogaprathirodha prathikaranatthil pankedukkukayum aantibodikal uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. koshajwalana saahacharyangalil polum eee koshangal saadhaaranayaayi vrishanathil kaanapedunnilla. rogaprathirodha samvidaanathinte antibody uthppaadippikkunna koshangalayathinaal vrishanathile bii-lymphocytukalude abhavam pradhaanamaan. aanti-sperm aantibodikal vandhyathaykk kaaranamakumennathinaal, antibody uthppaadippikkunna bii-lymphocyteukal vrishanathil ninnu verthirikkendathu pradhaanamaan.
tii-lymphocyteukal.
koshangalude madhyastha prathirodhasheshiyil pankedukkunna velutha rakthaanukkalaan tii-lymphocyteukal (tii-cellukal). anubaadhaykk sesham aantijan avatharippikkunna koshangalkk sajeevamakkaan kazhiyunna tissukalkkullil avaa palappozhum kaanapedunnu. elikalilum manushya vrishanangalilum avaa kaanapedunnu, avide avaa rogaprathirodha koshangalude ekadesham 10 muthal 20 sathamaanam vare, athupole elikaludeyum raminteyum vrishanangal. elikalil cytotoxic tii-cellukalum helper tii-cellukalum kaanapedunnu. elikalil ninnum manushyaril ninnum vrishanangalil kaanapedunna koshangal swaabhaavika kolayali koshangalaan, koodaathe elikalil ninnum elikalil ninnum swaabhaavika kolayali koshangal kandethiyittundu.
maast cellukal.
maast koshangal rogaprathirodha prathikaranangalude niyanthrakaraan, prathyekichu paraannabhojikalkkethirava. svayam rogaprathirodha rogangaludeyum allergyudeyum vikaasathilum avar earppettirikkunnu. manushyar, elikal, elikal, naaykkal, poochakal, kaalakal, pannikal, maan ennivayude vrishanangalil maast koshangal thaarathamyena kuranja alavil kandethiyittundu. sasthanikalude vrishanathile maast koshangal testostiron ulppaadanathe niyanthrikkunnu. koshajwalanatthinte chikilsayil vrishanathile maast sell aaktiveshan niyanthrikkunnath prayojanakaramaakumennathin rund thelivukalundu; (1) vrishana veekkayude pareekshanathmaka modalukalil, maast cellukal 10 madangu kooduthal ennam undaayirunnu, sajeevamaakkalinte lakshanagal kaanichu, (2) maast sell aaktiveshan sthirappeduthunna marunnukal upayogichulla chikitsa chila tharatthilulla purusha vandhyathaykk gunam cheiyunnu.
eosynophillukal.
eosynophillukal paraannabhojikalude anubaadhakalodu nerittu pooraadukayum allergy prathikaranangalil earppedukayum cheiyunnu. elikal, elikal, naaya, poocha, kaala, maan ennivayude vrishanangalil thaarathamyena kuranja ennathilaanu ivaye andethiyittullath. vrishanathile avayude praadhaanyathekkuricho pravarthanathekkuricho mikkavarum onnum ariyilla.
dendraitik koshangal.
dendraitik koshangal adaptive rogaprathirodha prathikaranangal aarambikkunnu. manushyarudeyum elikaludeyum vrishanangalilum thaarathamyena cheria alavil dendraitik koshangal kandethiyittundu. vrishanathile dendraitik koshangalude pravarthanaparamaaya punk nannayi manassilakkappettillettim mrugangalude pareekshanangalil avaa svayam rogaprathirodha oorkkaittisil ulppedunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund. elikalil svayam rogaprathirodha oorkkaittis undaakumbol vrishanathile dendraitik koshangalude ennam valareyadhikam vardhikkunnu. mattu tharatthilulla svayam rogaprathirodha veekkangalil dendritik koshangalude susthaapitha punk kanakkiledukkumbol ithu vrishana veekkaykk kaaranamakum.
neutrophillukal.
rakthathil adangiyirikkunna, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi koshangalil illaatha velutha rakthaanukkalaan neutrophillukal. anubaadhayo kedupaadukalo undaayal avaa rakthathil ninnu koshangalilekkum avayavangalilekkum neengunnu. bacteria polulla aakramanakaarikalaaya rogakaarikalodu avaa nerittu pooraadunnu. saadhaarana avasthakalil elikalude vrishanathil neutrophillukal kaanappedunnillenkilum anubaadhayo koshajwalanamo moolam rakthavitharanathil ninnu praveshikkaan kazhiyum. rogaprathirodha prathikaranam srishtikkunnathinaayi baakteeriyal sell vaal gadakangal kuthivachathinu sesham eliyil ithu theliyikkappettittund. rakthakkuzhalukalude praveshanakshamatha vardhippikkunna hormonukal upayogichulla chikilsaykku sesham neutrophillukal elikalude vrishanathilekku praveshikkunnu. manushyaril, chila tumourukalumaayi bandhappettirikkumbol vrishanathil neutrophillukal kandethiyittundu. elikalude pareekshanangalil, vrishanathile neutrophil praveshanathilekku vrishanathile tortion nayikkunnu. vrishanathile neutrophil pravartthanam oru koshajwalana prathikaranamaanu, ithu shareeram karsanamaayi niyanthrikkendathundu, kaaranam vrishanathinu veekkam moolamundaakunna kedupaadukal vandhyathayilekku nayichekkaam. vrishanathinte rogaprathirodhasheshi niyanthrikkunna anthareekshathinte punk beejam vikasikkunnathine veekkathil ninnu samrakshikkuka ennathaanu ennu anumaanikkappedunnu.
vrishanathile rogaprathirodha sheshi.
beejangal rogaprathirodhasheshiyullavana-athaayath vrishanathil ninnu shareerathinte mattoru bhaagathekku mattiyaal avaa svayam rogaprathirodha prathikaranatthinu kaaranamakum. landsteiner (1899), mechinicoff (1900), elikal, ginia pannikal ennivar elikale upayogichulla pareekshanangalil ithu theliyichittundu. rogaprathirodhasheshi sthaapithamaayathinu sesham, praayapoorthiyaakumbol beejam aadyam pakwata praapikkunnu ennathaanu ithinu saadhyathayulla kaaranam, athinaal shareeram avaye videshamaayi thirichariyukayum avaykkethire rogaprathirodha prathikaranam nadathukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, svayam rogaprathirodha prathikaranam thadayunnathinu avayude samrakshanathinulla samvidaanangal eee avayavathil undaayirikkanam. rakthaparisodhana thadassam beejathinte athijeevanathinu kaaranamakum. ennirunnaalum, vrishana-testis barrierinu vrishanathile ellah rogaprathirodha adichamarthalinum kaaranamaakillenn vrishana-rogaprathirodha mekhalayil vishwasikkappedunnu, kaaranam (1) rette testis ennariyappedunna oru pradeshathe apoornnatha, (2) beejakoshathinte uparithalathil raktha-testis barrierinu purathulla rogaprathirodha thanmaathrakalude saannidhyam. vrishanathile rogaprathirodha prathikaranangal adichamarthuka ennathaanu beejathe samrakshikkaan saadhyathayulla mattoru samvidaanam. rogaprathirodha prathikaranangalude adichamarthalum vrishanathile graafttukalude vardhicha athijeevanavum rogaprathirodhashaasthraparamaayi savisheshathayulla oru sthalamaayi athinte amgeekaarathilekku nayichu. kannu, masthishkam, garbhaashayamukham ennivayaanu rogaprathirodhasheshikk prathyekaavakaashamulla mattu sthalangal.
elikalude vrishanathile rogaprathirodha savisheshathayude rund pradhana savisheshathakal ivayaanu
vrishanathile uyarnna alavilulla koshajwalana cytokainukal rogaprathirodha sheshi vardhippikkunnuvennum pravachikkappedunnu.
elikalilum mattu pareekshanathmaka mrugangalilum rogaprathirodha sheshi.
vrishanathilekku parichunadunna koshangalude nilanilpp, allengil mattevideyengilum parichunadunna vrishana koshangalude nilanilpp enniva theliyikkunna niravadhi pareekshanangal kaaranam elikalude vrishanangalil rogaprathirodha savisheshathayude nilanilpp nannayi amgeekarikkappedunnu. elikal, elikal ennivayile vrishana graafttukalude sahishnutha, athupole vrishanangalil ninnulla koshangal (sertoli koshangal) traansplaant cheytha vasthukkalilekku cherkkumbol elikalile pancreatic insulin uthppaadippikkunna koshangalude traansplaantukalude vardhicha athijeevanam enniva thelivukalil ulppedunnu. elikalkku purakil panniyeyo aadukaleyo vrishanakoshangal graafttucheyyunnathiloo poornnamaaya beejananasheshi sthaapikkaan kazhiyum-ennirunnaalum, rogaprathirodhasheshi kuranja elikal upayogikkendathundu.
manushyaril rogaprathirodha sheshi.
manushya vrishanathil rogaprathirodha-avakaashathinte saannidhyam vivaadaparamaanu, eee prathibhasam sthireekarikkaano thallikkalayaano mathiyaya thelivukal nilavililla.
manushyaril sambhavikkumbol vandhyathayilekku nayikkunna svayam rogaprathirodha aakramanathil ninnu beejam samrakshikkappedunnu. manushyaril phine-needilinte biopsykal moolamundaakunna seminiferous tubulukalude praadeshika parikk vrishana veekkam (oorkkittis) undakkunnilla. koodaathe, manushya vrishanakoshangal neratheyulla echuaivi anubaadhaye cheria prathikaranatthode sahikkunnu.
traansplaant pareekshanangalil, primate vrishanangal kurangan thyroid tissuevinte graafttukale pinthunaykkunnathil paraajayappedunnu. eliyil parichunadappetta manushya vrishana tissue rogaprathirodha prathikaranam nedukayum nirasikkappedukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum, eee rogaprathirodha prathikaranam mattu tharatthilulla graafttad tissukalkkethire ullathra vipulamayirunnilla.
vrishanangal rogaprathirodha prathikaranangale engane adichamarthunnu?
vrishanaanthareeksham rogaprathirodha prathikaranatthe engane adichamarthunnu ennathu bhaagikamaayi maathrame manassilaakkiyittulloo. elikalude vrishanangalile rogaprathirodha savisheshathaykk kaaranamakunna niravadhi jaiva prakriyakal sameepakaala pareekshanangal kandethiyittundu
beejam vikasippikkunathinte samrakshanam oru jeevivargathinte athijeevanathinu valare pradhaanamaayathinaal, onniladhikam samvidaanangal upayogathilundengil athil athishayikkanilla.
rogaprathirodha gadakangal vrishanathinte saadhaarana pravartthanatthe niyanthrikkunnu.
kauthukakaramennu parayatte, vrishanathil cytokainukal polulla gadakangal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi anubaadhayilum tissue kedupaadukalilum maathrame ulpaadippikkappedukayul. interleukin-1α (il-1α), il-6, aaktivin a ennee cytokainukal vrishanathil kaanapedunnu, palappozhum uyarnna alavil. mattu koshangalil, eee saitokin veekkam prolsaahippikkum, pakshe ivide avaa vrishanathinte pravartthanatthe niyanthrikkunnu. koshavibhajanavum athijeevanavum niyanthrikkunnathiloode avaa beejatthinte vikaasathe niyanthrikkunnu.
vrishanathil kaanapedunna mattu rogaprathirodha gadakangalil indussible naitrik ooksaid synthase (ainos) enna ensime, athinte ulppannamaaya naitrik ooksaid (illa), valarchaa gadakamaaya beetta (tgfba), cycloxyjanes-2 (cox-2) enna ensime, athinte ulppannamaaya prostaglandin iii2 ennivayum mattu palathum ulppedunnu. vrishanathile eee rogaprathirodha gadakangalude pravarthanaparamaaya punk nirvachikkaan kooduthal gaveshanam aavasyamaanu.
vrishanathil anubaadhayudeyum rogaprathirodha prathikaranangaludeyum phalangal.
mumps.
umineer grandhikaludeyum vrishanangaludeyum veekkam undaakkunna oru vairal rogamaanu mumps. mumps vairas mukalile shwasananaalathil vasikkukayum umineerumaayulla nerittulla sanbarkkathiloode vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. vyapakamaaya prathirodha kuthivayppu paripaadikalkk munbu, ithu kuttikkaalatthe oru saadhaarana rogamaayirunnu. kuttikalil mamps saadhaaranayaayi gurutharamalla, pakshe vrishanathil beejam pakwata praapikkunna muthirnnavaril ithu vandhyatha polulla kooduthal gurutharamaaya sankeernathakalkku kaaranamakum.
laingikamaayi pakaruna rogangal.
vrishana vedanaykkum veekkathinum kaaranamakunna "neeseriya gonorrhea" enna bacteria moolamundaakunna laingikamaayi pakaruna rogamaanu gonorrhea. garbhaashayamukhathinum garbhaashayathinum chuttumulla sthree prathyulpaadana samvidaanatheyum gonorrhea badhikkunnu, ithu vaaya, thonda, annukal, maladvaaram ennivayil valaraam. antibioticukal upayogichu ithu phalapradamaayi chikilsikkaam, ennirunnaalum, chikilsichillenkil, gonorrhea purushanmaaril vandhyathaykk kaaranamakum. jananendriyangale badhikkunna laingikamaayi pakaruna baakteeriyaya chlamydia trachomatis moolamaanu chlamydia undaakunnath. ithu kooduthalum sthreekale badhikkunnu, chikilsichillenkil, pelvik inflammatory rogathilekkum vandhyathayilekkum nayichekkaam. purushanmaaril gurutharamaaya lakshanagal apoorvamaanu, ennaal veekkam varunna vrishanangalum lingathil ninnulla asaadhaaranamaaya sravavum ulppedunnu. antibioticukal upayogichu ithu phalapradamaayi chikilsikkunnu.
antiserm aantibodikal.
vandhyathayulla dambathikalil ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> vandhyathaykk kaaranamakunna antiserm aantibodikal (eiii. ezz. eiii) kanakkaakkappedunnu. beejathile uparithala aantijanukalkkethire aasaa uthppaadanam nayikkappedunnu, ithu beeja chalanathe thadassappeduthukayum sthree prathyulpaadana naaliyiloode kondupookukayum cheyyum, kappaasitteshanum acrosome prathikaranavum thadassappeduthunnu, beejasankalanathil thakararundakunnu, implaanteshan prakriyayil swaadheenam cheluthunnu, bhroonathinte valarchayum vikaasavum thadassappedunnu. purushanmaaril antiserm aantibodikal roopappedunnathinulla apakada gadakangalil rakthathile vrishana thadassam, aaghaathavum sasthrakriyayum, oorkkittis, vericosel, anubadhakal, prostaattis, vrishana arbudam, rogaprathirodhasheshi paraajayappedal, purushanmarumaayulla surakshithamallaatha grahana guda allengil ooral sex enniva ulppedunnu.
vrishanangalude tortion.
vrishanathinte shaareerika valarchayude avasthayaanu vrishanangalkku raktha vitharanam thadassappeduthunnathu. eathaanum manikkoorukalkullil chikilsichillenkil vrishanakoshangalude maranathinu kaaranamakunna kedupaadukalilekku ithu nayikkunnu, gangreen thadayunnathinu vrishanangal neekkam cheyyendathundu, athinaal vandhyathaykk kaaranamakum.
oottoo immyoon oorkkittis.
veekkam, veekkam, anubadha enniva ulppedunna vrishana vedanayude avasthayaanu oorkkittis. prathyulppaadanakshamatha kuraykkunnathilekku nayikkunna svayam rogaprathirodha prathikaranam (svayam rogaprathirodha oorkkaittis) moolamaanu oorkkaittis undaakunnath. aanti-sperm aantibodikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol manushyaril oottoo immyoon oorkkittis apoorvamaanu. vrishanathile oorkkittis padikkaan, elikalude vrishanathil svayam rogaprathirodha oorkkittis undaakkiyittund. vrishana aantibodikalude roopathil ninnaan rogam aarambhikkunnath, thudarnnu rakthapravaahathil ninnu vrishanathilekku macrophageukaludeyum lymphocytukaludeyum chalanam, vikasichukondirikkunna beejavum sertoli koshangalum thammilulla shaareerika edapedalukal thakarkkal, neutrofillukaludeyo eosinophilukaludeyo praveshanam, oduvil vikasichukondirikkunna beejathinte maranam enniva vandhyathayilekku nayikkunnu.
elikalile veekkam modalukal.
elikalile pareekshanangal oru bacteria anubaadhayude samayat vrishana sambhavangalude gathi sookshumamaayi parishodhichittundu. hraswakaalathekku (3 manikkoor) testicular macrophageukal onniladhikam koshajwalana gadakangal ulppaadippikkukayum purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. mattu koshangale apekshichu kuranja alavil aanenkilum prostaglandin iii2, inducble naitrik ooksaid synthase (ainos), tnfa, ail-1bitta ennivayaanu udaaharanagal. vrishanathile rogaprathirodha koshangalaaya sertoli koshangalkkum leadig koshangalkkum baakteeriyakalod prathikarikkaan kazhiyum. bacteria anubaadhayude samayat, testostiron alavum vrishana interstishyal draavakathinte alavum kurayunnu. anubaadhaykk ekadesham 12 manikkoor kazhinju neutrophillukal vrishanathilekku praveshikkunnu. pradhanamaayi, vikasichukondirikkunna beejathinu kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnu, avaa gurutharamaaya anubaadhayil marikkaan thudangunnu. saadhaarana vrishana paaraamettarukalil bacteriayude phalangalekkurichulla ellah vivarangalum undaayirunnittum, elikalude prathyulpaadanakshamathayil athinte phalathekkurichulla pareekshanathmaka vivarangal valare kuravaanu.
vrishana veekkam oru lakshanamaakavunna mattu rogangal.
vrishana veekkam inipparayunna rogangalude lakshanamaakaam koksasaki eiii vairas, verisella (chickenpox) human immuno deficiency vairas (echuaivi), denkippani, epsteen baar virusumaayi bandhapetta pakarchavyaadhi mono nucleosis, syphilis, kushtam, kshayarogam.

