
seeks oof beagnoth

patthaam noottaandile anglo-saaksan seeks (ekamukha katthi) aanu seeks oof beagnoth (tamas scramasax ennum ariyappedunnu). 1857ll thaamasinte ulnaadan azhimukhathu ninnu kandethiya ithu ippol landanile britiish myoosiyathilaan. chembu, pichala, velli vayar ennivayude vipulamaaya paattenukalaal alankarichirikkunna ithu oru antassullah aayudhamaan. bladinte oru vashath irupathiyettu aksharangalaya anglo-saaksan runic aksharamaalayude ariyappedunna oreyoru samboornna likhithavum athupole thanne runic aksharangalile "beagnoth" enna perum undu. runik aksharamaalaykk oru maanthrika pravarthanamundennu karuthappedunnu, koodaathe beagnoth enna peru onnukil aayudhathinte udamayudetho allengil athu vyajamaakkiya smithintetho aanennu karuthappedunnu. pala anglo-saaksan, wiking vaalukalum kathiyum avarude bladeukalil laattin aksharamalayile likhithangal undengilum, allengil hilttiloo scubbardillo runic likhithangal undengilum, beegnothinte seeks athinte bladil oru runic likhithamulla churukkam chila kandethalukalil onnaanu.
kandethal.
henry jeey. briggs enna thozhilaalliyaanu 1857-nte thudakkathil baattarsiyaykkaduthulla thaamasinte ulnaadan azhimukhathu kadal kandethiyirunnathu. briggs athu britiish myusiyathinu vittu, 1857 meyy 21-nuu ithu sosaitti oof antiquieries oof landanil augustus volaasttan franks (britiish myoosiyathile antiquities departmentil jolie cheythirunna oru puraavastu) pradharshippichu, ithu fraankukalude "scramasaxinode" saamyamullathaanennu visheshippikkappettpol, athinte udaaharanagal englandil valare apoorvamaanu; svarnnathil kothivachirikkunna runik aksharangalude oru varii vahikkunnu. athinusesham aayudhathe saadhaaranayaayi "tamas scramasax" ennu vilikkunnu; ennaal "scramasax" enna padam (pazhaya frankish * "scramasasil" ninnu) toorukalude grigory vazhi "fraankukalude charithratthil" oru thavana maathrame saakshyappeduthiyitlu, koodaathe "scrama-" gadakathinte ardham anishchithathvathilaanu, athinaal sameepakaala scholarship itharathilulla aayudhathin "long seeks" allengil "long sax" enna padam eshtappedunnu.
vivaranam.
orotta cutting edj neelamulla tapering pooyintumulla oru irumbu kathiyaanu seeks. 72. 1 centimeter neelamulla ithil tanginu 17 centimeterum bladinu 55.1 centimeterumaanu. tang oru handle gadippichirikkumaayirunu, athu athijeevichittilla.
blade oru anthassinaayulla aayudhamaan, valanja chembu, pichala, velli vayar ennivayude strippukal bladil muricha kuzhikalaayi chuttikkarangunnathiloode roopappeduthiya jyaamitheeya paattenukal upayogichu rund mukhangalilum alankarichirikkunnu, athupole thanne chembu, pichala, velli ennivayude trikonangalum losenchukalum. alankaara paattenukalum likhithangalum srishtikkunnathinulla vayar pothiyunna saankethikavidya onpathaam noottaandilum patthaam noottaandilum jarmman, anglo-saaksan seexukalilum kunthangalude thalakalilum vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu, athe kaalaghattatthile wiking vaalukalilum ithu kaanapedunnu.
kadalinte iruvashathum bladinte neelatthil oodunna aazhathilulla median grove undu, athinu mukalil mukalilum thaazheyum pothinja chembu strippukalulla neelamulla chathuraakrithiyilulla paanal undu. paatten welding anukarikkaan uddeshichulla velliyilum chembilum oru losench paatten kondu seeksinte oru vashathulla paanal nirachirikkunnu. maruvashathulla panalil pichalayum vellithumbiyum pathicha rund runik likhithangalundu. idathuvashathulla likhithathil anglo-saaksan runic aksharamalayile irupathiyettu aksharangal allengil "fautharkku" adangiyirikkunnu. velliyilum pichalayilum herringbone design upayogichu mattonnil ninnu verthirikkunna valathuvashathulla likhitham, bladinte nirmmathaavinteyo yadhaartha udamayudeyothaanennu karuthappedunna beagnoth allengil beagnoth ennaanu purushante vyakthiparamaaya peru.
silashasana.
foutharkkinte" likhitham iprakaaramaanu
eee likhithathekkurichu niravadhi asaadhaarana savisheshathakalundu. onnamathaayi, roonukalude kramam munbathe irupathinaalu akshara runik aksharamaalayudeyo vienna codexil samrakshichirikkunna irupathiyettu akshara ngal anglo-saaksan "fautharkku"-nteyo parambaraagatha kramavumaayi krithyamaayi poruthappedunnilla. aadyathe pathonpathu roonukal sariyaaya kramathilaanu, ennaal adutha naalu (20-23:) mattethenkilum srothassil kaanappedunnathumayi poruthappedaattha oru ashayakkuzhappamulla kramathilaanu. avasaanathe rund roonukal (27-28:) vienna codexile avayude kramavumaayi bandhappett maattunnu, ennaal iva yadhaartha irupathinaalu akshara runic aksharamaalayilekku pinneedu kootticherkkappettathil avayude kramam sthiratha kuranjathaayirikkaam, prathyekichum avasaanathe aksharam anglo-saaksan likhithangalil valare apoorvamaayathinaal (mattidangalil ithu doveril kaanapedunna kallil jezzlehard enna peril kaanapedunnu).
randaamathaayi, 16-aamathe roonukal () valare cheruthaanu, avaa oru pinchinthayayi amarthiyathaayi thonnunnu.
moonnaamathaayi, niravadhi roonukalude akshararoopangal asaadhaaranamaanu
eee savisheshathakal soochippikkunnathu likhitham roopakalppana cheytha karakaushala vidagthanu runik ezhuthu parichayamillaayirunnuvel chila asaadhaarana akshararoopangal roonukal roopappeduthunnathinu vayar gadippikkunnathinte budhimuttu moolamundaaya pishakukalaayirikkaam.
beagnoth enna perinte likhitham iprakaaramaanu
perinte likhithathil asaadhaaranamaaya savisheshathakalonnumilla, pakshe perinte mukalil valathuvashath aksharangal pole kaanapedunna rund vichitramaaya designukal undu, athu arcum vishadeekarikkaan kazhinjittilla.
theeyathiyum uthbhavavum.
europil kadaltheerangalude kandethalukal ezhaam noottaand muthal pathinonnam noottaand vare neelunnu, englandile aadyakaala udaaharanagal ezhaam noottaandile shavakudeerangalil ninnullathaanu. englandil otappetta kadaltheerangal onpathaam noottaandilum patthaam noottaandilum kandethiyathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. beegnothinte kadal patthaam noottaandilethaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
samanamaaya niravadhi kadaltheerangal thekkan englandil ninnu ariyappedunnu (landanil ninnu moonnu, safolikkil ninnu onnu, berkshareile kyoott edju ferriyile tamas nadiyil ninnu onnu), englandinte vadakku kaundi durhamile harbakkil ninnu onnu. berkshare seeks nirmmaanatthilum roopakalppanayilum beegnothinte seexinodu valare saamyamullathinaal randum ore varkshoppil ninnayirikkaam.
anglo-saaksan "foutharkkinte" yadhaartha irupathiyettu aksharangal maathram ulkkollunnathinaal akkaalat northambrian runic likhithangalil upayogichirunna adhika aksharangalonnum ulppedaathathinaal eliot kadalinte uthbhavam thekkan, orupakshe kentish aayirikkaamenn soochippikkunnu.
kadalile beagnoth enna perum kentish uthbhavathe pinthunaykkunnu, kaaranam kayyezhuthuprathi srothassukalil eee perinte rund udaaharanagal maathrame kentish aakunnulloo. kentile rochasttarile sent andrew palliyude mechil avakashangal nalkunna kent raajaavinte oru chaarttarin (ezz 30) oru beagnoth saakshiyayirunnu, athu 748-760 aanennu parayappedunnu, mattoru beagnoth (beenoth ennum ucharikkappedunnu) 803 ll cloveshoyude sinadil sannihitanum 844 ll vesexile rajaavaaya ethelvulfinte oru chaarttarin saakshiyumaya kentil ninnulla oru sanyaasiyaayirunnu. "beagnoth" enna peru "mothiram, bracelet, tork allengil kireedam" ennartham varunna "bagg" allengil "behu" enna pazhaya engleesh padangalil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, "ringbold" ennartham varunna "noth" ennu vivarthanam cheyyaavunnathaanu.
praadhaanyam.
runic-incrypt cheytha anglo-saaksan aayudhathinte apoorva udaaharanamaayum, prathyekichu athinte runic likhithathinum, irupathiyettu aksharangalulla anglo-saaksan "fautharkku" ennathinte savisheshamaaya shilashasana udaaharanamaayum beegnothinte kadal pradhaanamaan.
runik alekhanam cheytha bladeukal.
aayudangalil, prathyekichu vaalukalil roonukal ezhuthunna oru vyapakamaaya paarambaryam vadakkan europiludaneelam undaayirunnu. athinaal, eddaic kavithayaya "sigardrifumaalinte" 6-aamm khandathil, maanthrika samrakshanam nalkunnathinaayi thante vaalil runs engane kothivaykkaamennu valkairi sigardrifa nayakanaaya sigardine padippikkunnu
eee kavita pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare (codex regiousil) ezhuthaan prathijnjaabadhamaayirunnil, ennirunnaalum ithu valare munbathe theeyathi muthal gadakangal samrakshichekkaam. ennirunnaalum, vaalukalil roonukal kothivaykkunnathinulla samanamaaya oru munnariyipp pazhaya engleesh kavithayaya "beovulfinte" varikalil kaanapedunnu, ithu ekadesham seeks oof beegnothinte samakaalikamaan
vaal udamayude peru thadiyile roonukalil kothivaykkunna reethiyekkurich eee kavita paraamarsikkunnu. aaram noottaandile kentil ninnulla vaal pommal aaram noottaandile chessel daun, ail oof vaitt ennivayil ninnulla velli scabbard mouthu pease eee sanbradaayathe sthireekarikkunnu, iva randum sakalangalaaya runic likhithangal samrakshikkunnu. kentinu purathu ninnulla oru aayudhathil anglo-saaksan runic likhithathinte ariyappedunna oreyoru udaaharanamaanu randaamathethu. mattu niravadhi anglo-saaksan aayudangalil otappetta runic aksharangalund. udaaharanathinu, anglo-saaksan yudhadevanaaya tiv ("sigardrifumal" ennathil ninnulla muun udharaniyil "tyre") yeei pratheekappeduthunna oru "tiv" ruun, kentil ninnulla rund vaal-pomelukalilum oru kuntha bladilum kaanapedunnu. athinaal, aayudhangalekkurichulla chila anglo-saaksan runic likhithangal ariyappedunnundengilum, beegnothinte kadalile runic likhithangal pole vipulamo pradhaanamo allah. koodaathe, bladil oru runic likhithamulla ariyappedunna eaka anglo-saaksan aayudhamaan seeks oof beagnoth, theerchayaayum, scretshime vaal ozhike, athinte bladil cross roopathilulla naalu roonukal adangiya oru nigooda runic likhitham undu, europil evideyum ninnu oru vaalinteyo katthi bladinteo runic likhithathinteyo mattu chila udaaharanangalonnumilla. ithinu vipareethamaayi, laattin aksharamalayile likhithangal wiking vaalukalil pathivayi kaanapedunnu. udaaharanathinu, nirmmaathaavinte perilulla "ulfbert" enna perilulla noorolam vaalukal ekadesham 300 varshathe kaalaghattatthil ariyappedunnu.
beovulf" udharaniyude adisthaanathil "beagnoth" ennathu seeksinte yadhaartha udamayude perayirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, wiking, anglo-saaksan aayudangalil palappozhum udamayude perinupakaram allengil udamayude peru (thaazhe kaanichirikkunna sitboon seexil ullathupole) kothivachirikkunnathu aayathinal athu urappalla. muun ellington kembridge sarvakalaashaalayile anglo-saaksan professorumaaya reymond peju naalu saadhyathakal pariganikkunnu
1. irunda kaalaghattatthile vaalukalil palappozhum avayude nirmmaathaavinte peru kothivachirunnathinaal kadal kettichamacha smithinte peraanu eee peru.
2. fautharkku" ezhuthiya rune-maasttarude peraanu. rune-maasttarude peru cherkkunnath aayudhathin adhika maantrikashakthi nalkumennu peju karuthunnu.
3. kadaltheerathinte yadhaartha udamayude peraanu athennum, kaaranam addeham soochippikkunnathu pole, "[tii] avan oru aakarshakamaaya upakaranamaan, oru udama thante peru kaanumbol abhimaanikkunna onnaanith".
4. nalkunnayaalude peru vahikkunna oru mikacha sammanam undakkaan paryapthamaaya"tinal seeks mattoraalkk sammaanamaayi nalkia oraalude peraanu.
eathu saadhyatha sariyaanennu namukk arian kazhiyillennu peju nigamanam cheiyunnu.
alekhanam cheytha fautharkku.
kadaltheerathe runic likhitham kadaltheerathinte nirmmathavineyo udamayeyo thirichariyuka mathramalla, irupathiyettu aksharangalaya anglo-saaksan runic aksharamaalayude apoorva udaaharanavum nalkunnu. munkaalathe irupathinaalu aksharangalulla elder futhaarkkinteyum pathinaar aksharangalulla ilaya futhark aksharamalayudeyum udaaharanagal kondinental, scandinavian runic likhithangalil thaarathamyena saadhaaranamaanu, ennaal charitraparamaayi pilkkala anglo-saaksan "foutharkkinte" likhithangal englandil apoorvamaanu, anglo-saaksan "foutharkkinte" mikka udaaharanangalum kayyezhuthuprathi srothassukalil ninnu ariyappedunnu. anglo-saaksan runic aksharamalayile adisthaana irupathiyettu aksharangalude ariyappedunna eaka silaashaasanathe eee seeks prathinidheekarikkunnu, ennirunnaalum "futherkinte" aadya pathinaar aksharangalude apoornnamaaya likhitham braandan, safolkkil ninnulla oru madhya saaksan pinninte disk aakruthiyilulla thalayil kaanapedunnu, koodaathe "futherkinte" aadya ezho etto aksharangal vadakkan yorkshareile maltonil ninnulla oru pinninte thalayil alekhanam cheythittundu.
foutharkkinte" likhitham eathu uddeshyamaanu niravettiyathennu vyakthamalla, ennaal peju soochippikkunnathu athu kevalam alankaaramaayirikkilla, pakshe oru maanthrika praadhaanyamundaayirikkanam ennaanu. maanthrika samrakshanathinte oru roopamaayi vaalukalil runika aksharangal kothivaykkunnathu oru purathana sanbradaayamaayirunnuvenna addeham abhipraayappedunnu, ennaal onpathaam noottaandode rune lore kent raajyathil kshayichukondirikkaam, koodaathe seeksinte udama anthassinaayi oru purathana runika likhitham kammeeshan cheythirikkaam. runika aksharangalude kramatthilum roopakalppanayilum pishakukal undenna vastutha soochippikkunnathu kadal nirmmicha smith thaan nirmmicha aayudangalil atharam runika likhithangal cherkkaan upayogichirunnilla, avaa oru kaiyezhuthuprathi vaachakathil ninnu thettayi pakartthiyirikkaam.

