yunaittad stetts vii. purogamana, ink.

yunaittad stetts oof america vii. purogamana, ink., ervin noll, saamuval day, juuniyar., howard moreland, 467 eph. sup. 990 (dablyu.dii. budhiyullavar. 1979), 1979 ll yunaittad stetts department oof energy (doow) "purogamana" maasikaykkethire konduvanna oru kesaayirunnu. hydrajan bombinte "rahasyam" velippeduthaan uddeshichulla aaktivist howard moreland ezhuthiya oru lekhanam prasidheekarikkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi "purogamanavaadikal"kkethire oru thaalkkaalika utharavu anuvadichu. pothuvaayi labhyamaya srothassukalil ninnaan vivarangal samaaharichathenkilum 1954 leeii aattomik energy aaktinte "boonn secrut" clossinu keezhilaanennu doow avakashappettu.
padinjaaran jillayaya visconsinilaanu cases phayal cheythathenkilum avidatthe jadji maasikayude suhruthaayi svayam pinmari. athinaal cases jadji roobert dablyu. kizhakkan viskansin jillayile jadjiyaanu vaaran. vichaaranayile vivarangalude sensitiivu swabhaavam kaaranam, rund vyathyastha hearingukal nadatthi, onnu pothusthalatthum mattonn camerayilum. prathikalum morland "purogamanavaadikalum" edittarmaarum suraksha anumathikal sweekarikkilla, kaaranam avarude abhipraaya swaathanthryathinu (ganyamaayi, rekhaamoolamullathulppede) niyanthranam earppeduthunna velippeduthaatha karaarukalil oppuvaykkendivarum, athinaal "camerayil" vaadam kelkkunnathil avar hajaraayirunnilla. avarude abhibhaashakar pankedukkunnathinaayi anumathi nediyengilum avide kettathenthum avarude kakshikalkk kaimaran avare vilakkiyirunnu.
mattu vivarangal swathanthramaayi prasidheekarichathinu sesham sarkkar abhibhaashakar appeel prakriyaykkide avarude cases upekshichu vivaadamennu vilichathinu sheshamaan lekhanam oduvil prasidheekarichathu. anishchithathvaparamaaya nigamanathil athippettengilum, niyama vidyaarthikal ippozhum cases padikkunnu, ithu "munkaruthalukalumayi bandhapetta bharanaghadanaa virudhathayude anumaanathinte paridhikal parisodhikkaan roopakalppana cheytha oru loow school saangalppikamaayirikkaam".
pashchaathalam.
rahasyathmakathayum velippeduthalum.
yudhakaalathe manhattan padhathiyaanu aadyathe aattam bombukal vikasippichath. athinte kandethal achuthandu shakthikale, prathyekichu germmany, avarude swantham aanava padhathikal thwarithappeduthaano padhathikkethire rahasya pravartthanangal ettedukkaano prerippikkaathirikkaana ithu rahasyamaayi nadathiyathu. manhattan padhathiyude sainika, shaasthra nethaakkal avarude yudhakaala nettangalude vishadaamshangal purathirakkendathinte aavasyakatha, pradhaanamaayum rahasyamaayi pravarthicha pankaalikalkulla amgeekaaramaayi, pratheekshichirunnu. hiroshimayileyum nagasakkiyileyum aanava bombaakramanangalkk munnodiyaayi pathrakkurippukal thayyarakkukayum athinte rachayithavaaya bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya henry deolph smithinte peril smith report ennariyappedunna oru audyogika vivaranam 1944 eprilil pothu prakaashanathinaayi padhathiyude charithram nalkunnathinaayi kammeeshan cheyyukayum cheythu. manhattan projakttinte director, mejar general lessie groves, addehathinte shaasthra upadeshtaavu, richard tollman, smith ennivar eee padhathi manasilakkaan athyaavashyamaanengilo ithinakam pothuvaayi ariyappedukayo oohikkappedukayo cheythittundenkilo aanava bombukalude nirmmaanathinu yaathoru praadhaanyavumillenkilo vivarangal parasyamaayi purathirakkaamennu sammathichu. 1945 august august aadya pakarppukal vilppanaykkethi.
1945 october october lakkathil, "puthiya republic" eee nilapad sweekarichu, ": oru aattam bomb engane nirmmikkam ennathinekkurichulla arivu" kazhinja anchu varshamaayi lokamembaadumulla shaasthranjarude pothu swathaanu "ennu itaalik bhashakalil oonnipparanju. president haari ezz. aanava kaaryangalekkurichulla kongrasil aaa maasam nadatthiya aadya prasamgatthil truman samanamaaya oru nilapad sweekarichu, "kandethal adisthaanamaakkiyulla avashya saidhaanthika arivu ithinakam thanne parakke ariyappedunnu" ennu prakhyaapichu."1945 novemberil manhattan padhathiyude rekhakal tharamthirikkunnathinaayi oru nayam thayyarakkan groves tolmanode nirddeshichu. tollman oru samiti roopeekarichu, athu manhattan padhathiyude pravartthanangalude oru pattika edukkukayum oororutharkkum oru vargeekaranam nalkukayum cheythu. naalu niroopakar rekhakal vilayiruthukayum varshaavasaanathode avayil 500 ennam tharamthirikkukayum cheythu.
aattomik energy act.
rahasyamonnum illengil, surakshaykk oru kaaranavum undaayirunnilla. shaasthranjar, prathyekichu, yudhakaala niyanthranangalil chennu, avaa jappaante keezhadangaliloode pinvalikkappettilla. 1945 septambar 1 nuu saamuval keey. aanavorjam gaveshanam cheyyaanum vikasippikkaanum swaathanthryam aavasyappedunnathinaayi aanava patana instittyoott sthaapichathaayi aalisan prakhyaapichu. niyanthranangal neekkam cheythillengil aanava shaasthranjar chithrashalabhangalude chirakukalude nirathekkurichulla padanatthilekku thiriyumenn addeham maadyamangalodu paranju. gaveshanam swathanthravum niyanthranathinu puratthumallengil, americaykku shaasthreeyamaaya parishramatthil athinte shreshtatha nashtappedum" ennu enrico fermi munnariyipp nalki.
manhattan padhathi niyamaparamaaya oru authority marikadakkumennu yuddha vakupp vibhavanam cheythu. kennathu sii enna rund yudhavibhaaga abhibhashakaraanu ithu srishtikkunnathinulla niyamanirmmanam thayyarakkiyathu. royal, vilyam ell. marberry. avarude karadu billinu sakthamaaya ethirppu nerittu, prathyekichu swaadheenamulla senattar arther echu. wandenberg. 1945 desember 20 nuu senattar bryan mcmohan aanavorjjathekkurichula oru badal bill avatharippichu, athu vegathil mcmohan bill ennariyappettu. ithu thudakkathil shaasthreeya gaveshanathinte niyanthranathinaayulla valare udaaramaaya oru billaayirunnu, shaasthranjar ithine vishaalamaayi pinthunachu. meyy-jonson billil sivilian niyanthranavum nalkiyittundenkilum, sainikavum aanavorjjathinte sivilian niyanthranavum sambandhicha oru chodyamaayi mcmohan eee vivaadathe roopappeduthi. sekshan 10 aanavorjavumaayi bandhapetta eathenkilum kandupiduthathinulla pettant commission nalki.
bill charcha cheyyappedumbol, 1946 februvari 16 nuu kaanadayil igor gausengo koorumaattappettathaayum thudarnnu 22 pere arast cheythathaayum vaarthakal pracharichu. soviyatt aanava chaaranmar "aanava rahasyangal" chittayayi moshtikkukayaanennu billinekurichu charcha cheytha kongras amgangal bhayapettu. federal beuro oof investigation director jeey. mcmohan oru executive session vilichu. edger hoover, stettu sekrattari jaims eph. bairnukalum thoppukalum prathyakshappedaan vilichirunnu. britiish bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya alan nann manhattan padhathiyekkurichulla vivarangal soviyatt ejantumaarkku kaimariyirikkamennu groves velippeduthi. kongrasile kooduthal yaadhaasthithika gadakangal ippol niyamam karshanamakkaan neengi. munbu "vivarangalude vitharanam" ennu perittirunna 10-aamm vakupp ippol "vivarangalude niyanthranam" aayi maari. sabhayil mcmohan billine sponsor cheytha prathinidhi helen gahagan dougless ethir vaadangalkkethire eee vibhaagathe shakthamayi prathirodhichu. aanavaayudhangalil amerikkayude nettam thaalkkaalikam maathramaayirikkumennum ennaal billinu americaye nilanirthaan kazhiyumennum avakaashappettukond bombinte rahasyam athu velippeduthumenna ethirppukal avar thalli.ezz. shaasthreeya gaveshanathil neethrthwam nalkuka. nalkuka aattomik energy act enna peril truman othutheerppu billil oppuvachu. athu aattomik energy kammeeshane (aec) aattomik energy niyanthrikkunna sthaapanamaayi sthaapichu.
hydrajan bomb.
aanavaayudham nirmmikkunnathinulla oru crash prograamaayirunnu manhattan padhathi. vazhiyil, vagdana ashayangal maattivachu. jeey. kku pakaram norris bradbury. 1945 avasaanathode loss alamos naashanal laboratariyude director roobert ooppenheimer, shaasthranjare loss alamosil thudaraano madangaano pralobhippikkunnathinaayin atharam padhathikal punarujjeevippichu. eee padhathikalil onnu aanava fusion upayogikkunna "suuppar" aanavaayudhamaayirunnu, ithu edward tellarude eph-1 group fermiyude nirddeshaprakaaram pravarthichirunnu. oru fission bomb upayogichu maathram nediyedukkaan kazhiyunna thaapanila aavasyamulla oru fusion prathikaranam aarambikkunnathinum pracharippikkunnathinumalu oru maargam kandethuka ennathaayirunnu saankethika prashnam. ulppettirikkunna hydrodynamic kanakkukoottalukal bhayappeduthunnavayaayirunnu, 1945 desemberilum 1946 januvariyilum soopparinte computer simuleshan pravarthippikkaan eniac upayogichu.
poolish ganithashaasthranjanaaya staanislo ulavum kanakkukoottalukal nadatthiya bhaarya francois ulavum avarude sahakariyaaya cornelius evarattum 1949 vare suuppar designil pravarthichu. aayudhathinaayi sainyathil ninnu oru sammarddavum undaayilla, kaaranam swantham sainika licenses kammittiyeyo sayudha senayude prathyeka aayudha padhathiyeyo ariyikkunnath valare rahasyamaanennu aec kanakkakki. 1949 septambaril soviyatt union oru aanava upakaranam pottitherichu. ithinu marupadiyaayi america suuppar vikasippikkanamo ennu theerumaanikkendathu eiii. iii. sii general advisory kammitti (jii. eiii. sii) chairman enna nilayil openheimerinaanu. suuppar design valia alavil trittiyam upayogichu, athu oru reactoril maathrame nirmmikkaan kazhiyoo, athinaal cheria aayudhangalkkaayi plutonium uthppaadippikkunnathinta chelavil, athinaal gaak athinethire upadeshichu. ennirunnaalum, 1950 januvari 31 nuu truman soopparinu amgeekaaram nalki. theerumaanathe chuttipattiyulla rahasyathmakatha kaaranam, 1950 kalil prasidheekaricha akkoundukal rashtreeya adisthaanathil ooppanhaimarine athinte vikasanathe thadassappeduthunnuvenna thettayi chithreekarichu, 1954 leeii ooppenheimer suraksha hearingle ithu oru gadakamaayirunnu.
1950 februvariyil, "aii. dii. 1" enna peril oru vijayasadhyatha maathramaan ulam designinu nalkiyathu. march avasaanathode athu ottum nadakkillennu addeham report cheythu. hans bethe, jorjju gamo ennivareppolulla shaasthranjarkku, thettaanenn thanikkariyaavunna oru modalinte adisthaanathil chelaveria crash prograaminaayi teller raajyathe prathijnjaabadhamaakkiyathaayi thonni. ennirunnaalum, 1951 februvariyil, ulathinu oru puthiya ashayam undaayirunnu, athil oru aattomik bomb "primery" ghattathil ninnulla shock tharamgam, addeham "hydrodynamic lensing" ennu vilikkunna oru krameekaranatthiloode, oru plutonium vadi allengil "spark plug" nuu chuttum pothinja dutarium fusion indhanathinte "secondary" ghattathe amarthum. vivaram labhicha udan thanne, praadhamika spodanam uthppaadippikkunna ex-reey hydrodynamic lensinghinaayi upayogikkunnathinulla saadhyatha teller udan manassilakki. thermo nuclear aayudangal saadhyamaakkiya eee krameekaranam ippol teller-umm design ennariyappedunnu. truman amgeekarichathallengilum, design pravartthikkukayum multy-megaattan spodanangal srishtikkaan praapthamaavukayum cheythu. "saankethikavidyayude charithratthil apoorvvamaayi maathrame itharamoru bheethippeduthunna prashnathinu atharamoru niftti pariharam undaayittulloo", ennu howard moreland ezhuthi."
1950ll, hydrajan bombinekkurichulla rahasya vivarangal velippeduthiyennu avakaashappedunna oru lekhanam prasidheekarikkaruthennu aattomik energy kammeeshan "scientific amerikkakkaaranodu" aavasyappettu. "scientific american" achadisaalakal nirthaanum lekhanathil mattangal varuthaanum ithinakam achadicha 3,000 koppikal thirichuvilikkaanum kathikkaanum vimukhathayode sammathichu. 1951ll closs futues, haari gold, david greenglass, morttan sobel, juuliyas, ethel rosenberg ennivare arast cheythathayi eph. bii. aii director jeey. aanava vighadanathinte adisthaana rahasyangal moshtichu" enna edger hoover valia aashanka srishtichu. president dwait dii. avarude pravartthanangal "aayirakkanakkin niraparaadhikalaaya pouranmaarude maranathinu kaaranamakum" enna adisthaanathil isenhover rosenberginte daya nishedhikkukayum avare vadikkukayum cheythu. 1953 augustil soviyatt union joou 4 pottitherichathinusham, soviyattukal oru hydrajan bomb pareekshichathaayi pathrangal prakhyaapichu. vaasthavathil ithu oru boost cheytha fission upakaranam mathramaayirunnu, ennaal thermo nuclear prograam moodunna rahasyathinte moodupadam pothujanangale ariyikkunnathil ninnu shaasthranjare thadanju.
munkoor niyanthranam.
munkoor niyanthranam saadhaaranayaayi ningal pariganichittundu.ezz. kodathikal, prathyekichu yuu.ezz. onnaam bhedagathiyile niyanthranangalil "ettavum gauravameriyathum ettavum sahikkaanaavaathathumaaya" kodathi enna nilayil. blaakkston vyaakhyaanangal maadhyamaswaathanthryathe nirvachichathu "prasidheekaranathinu oru niyanthranavum nalkaathirikkuka, prasidheekarikkumbol criminal kaaryangalude vimarshanathil ninnu swaathanthryam nalkaathirikkuka" ennaanu."ennirunnaalum, munkoor niyanthranam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu supreme kodathi orikkalum vidichirunnilla. neremarichu, "vii kku sameepam". minnesota "283 yuu.ezz. 697 (1931), cheef justice chaals iii. yudhakaalathu, "aarum chodyam cheiyukayilla, pakshe oru sarkkar athinte recruiting sevanathino gathaagathatthinte kappal theeyathikal prasidheekarikkunnathino allengil sainikarude ennavum sthalavum yadhaarthathil thadassappeduthunnathu thadayiyekkaam" ennu hyoos abhiprayappettu."ashleelathayo kalaapathin preripicallo munkoor niyanthranathinulla samanamaaya adisthaanangalaayirikkumanum addeham abhiprayappettu. cox vii. leeii prakadanangalkkulla niyanthranangal polulla abhipraaya swaathanthrya apavaadangal kodathi pinneedu sharivachu. nyoo hamshire, "312 yuu.ezz. 569 (1941), times philim korppilulla chalachithrangalude sensorship. vii. chikkago nagaram, "365 yuu.ezz. 43 (1961).
newyork times qoo. vii. yunaittad stetts '403 yuu.ezz. 713 (1971)-pentagon paper cases ennariyappedunna-"newyork times" classified metteeriyal prasidheekarikkunnathu thadayaan sarkkar shramichirunnu. eee kesil, munkoor niyanthranathe nyaayeekarikkunnathin "adutha" maanadandatthil sarkkar athiyittillennu supreme kodathi 6-6 nuu vidhichu, ennaal rekha evidekku varaykkanam ennathinekkurichu yojikkunna jadjimar vyathyastha abhipraayangal nalki. panchabhuja pepparukal" prasidheekarikkunnathu deseeya thaalpparyathe doshakaramaayi baadhikkumenkilum athu "nammude raajyathino avidatthe janangalko neritto udaneyo pariharikkaanaavaathatho aaya dosham" undaakkillenn justice potter steevartt thante abhipraayathil ezhuthi. vyakthamaaya oru rekha nalkaatthathinte ardham kodathikku oro kesinte adisthaanathilum munkoor niyanthranam neridendivannu ennaanu. nebrasca pras association vii. stuvaartt, "427 yuu.ezz. 539 (1976), nebrascayile oru cheria pattanatthile oru koottakkolakkesinekkur warta reporting, nyayamaaya vichaaranaykkulla prathiyude avakasham samrakshikkunnathinaayi munkoor niyanthranathe nyaayeekarikkumo ennu theerumaanikkaan kodathiye vilichirunnu. eee kesil, angane cheyyillennu kodathi ekakandamaayi vidhichu. mikka jadjimaarum "adutha" ennathu munkootty niyanthrikkunnathinulla eaka adisthaanam maathramaayi kaanukayum athinte vyaapthi kooduthal vipuleekarikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythu.
vichaarana.
morlandinte gaveshanam.
"dhii progressive" ennathu raashtreeyavum samskaaravum abhipraayavum sambandhicha oru idathupaksha american prathimasa maasikayayirunnu, 1978 ll athinte managing edittar saam day juuniyar juuniyar prachaaratthilundaayirunnu.bullattin oof dhii aattomik sayantists" enna pusthakatthinte muun edittar, athinte edittar ervin noll ennivar amerikkayile aanavaayudha nirmmaanatthe chuttipattiyulla rahasyathekkurichu oru lekhanam ezhuthaan freelance pathrapravartthakanaaya howard morlandine niyogichu. 1978 octoberil morlandinu prathinidhi ronald vii. labhichu. plutonium ulppaadanathekkurichulla niravadhi chodyangal eiii. iii. siyude pingamiyaaya oorjja vakuppinu (dii. oo. iii) samarppikkaan dellums. chodyangal tharamthirichukondu doow marupadi nalki. 1978 septambarilum octoberilum house ammed sarveesas kammitti nirddishta samagra aanava-pareekshana-nirodhana udambadiyil vaadam kettu. aanavaayudhangale chuttipattiyulla prashnangalekkurichum anubandha paaristhithika aashankakalekkurichum vyapakamaaya pothu anjjatha undaayirunnu. aanavaayudhangale rahasyamaayi chithreekarikkunnathiloode, avaa kooduthal nirnayakamaaya pothu samvaadam prolsaahippikkumennum aanava niraayudheekaranathinulla saadhyathakal mechappeduthumennum daye morland pratheekshichu. aadya bhedagathi samrakshikkaan uddeshicha vyakthiyude tharamaan njaan ashayangal pothujanangalil janapreeti nedaathathum sarkkaarine bheeshanippeduthunnathumaaya oru rashtreeya abhibhaashakan" ennu moreland avakashappettu."
aarumaasathinide moreland oru hydrajan bombinu chittayayi oru roopakalppana thayyarakki. addeham niravadhi aanavaayudha kendrangal sandarshikkukayum sarkkar jeevanakkaare abhimukham nadathukayum cheythu, doyude anumathiyode, saadhaaranayaayi taanum thante uddeshyavum thirichariyunnu. chila rahasya vivarangalo ashayangalo abadhathil allengil manappoorvvam chornnupoyathaayirikkaam ennengilum addehathinu suraksha anumathi undaayirunnilla, koodaathe classified aanavaayudha rekhakalilekku orikkalum praveshanam undaayirunnilla. addehathinte shaasthreeya pashchaathalam valare kuravaayirunnu; emory sarvakalashaalayil saambathikashaasthrathil baachilar oof arts birudatthinte bhaagamaayi addeham bhauthikashaasthrathilum rasathanthrathilum anchu biruda kozhsukal nadathiyirunnu. pollayaya kandeynarinte ethir attangalil oru fission primery fusion secondary ullathum pottitherikkunna primeryil ninnulla vikiranam secondary compress cheyyaano pottitherikkaano upayogikkunnathumaanu teller-ulam roopakalppanayude savisheshathakale staging ennu moreland thiricharinju. "aayirakkanakkin tonn dainamaittinte shakthiyode khara vasthukkale neekkaan ex-rake kazhiyumenna dhaarana akkaalathe shaasthrakadhayaagraahakarkku manassilaakaathathaayirunnu", moreland abhiprayappettu."
masaachyusets instittyoott oof teknolajiyile biruda vidyaarthiyaaya roonn seagal ulppede 1978 avasaanathilum 1979 aadyathilum morlandinte lekhanathinte karadu pakarppukal niroopakarkk day ayachu. 1979 februvariyil seagal thante karadu pakarpp avidatthe polittikkal sayans professoraaya jorjju rathjensinu nalki. varshangalolam rathjens thante biruda vidyaarthikalkku oru hydrajan bombinu praayogikamaaya roopakalppana nirmmikkaan velluvili nalkiyengilum aarum vijayichilla. rathjens "purogamanavaadikale" vilichu lekhanam prasidheekarikkaruthennu abhyarthichu. edittarmaar addehathinte nirddesham nirasichappol addeham karadu doik ayachu. "prathyakshatthil", "moreland ezhuthi," "njaan rathjens chalanchil oru passing grade nediyirunnu".
niyamaparamaaya vaadangal.
1979 maarchil edittarmaar abhipraayathinaayi oru anthima karadu doik ayachu. aanavorja niyamam nirvachichirikkunnathupo "rahasya niyantritha daatta" adangiyirikkunnuvennathu adisthaanathil aadyam phoon kolukalilum pinneedu vyakthiparamaayum udyogasthar lekhanam prasidheekarikkunnathil ninnu "purogamanavaadikale" thadayaan shramichu. "purogamana" edittarmaare bodhyappedutthaathe, morlandinte lekhanam prasidheekarikkunnathumaayi munnott pookaan uddeshikkunnathaayi udyogastharodu paranju. 1979 march 8 nuu maadisanile padinjaaran jillayaya visconsinile yunaittad stetts jilla kodathiyil eee lekhanam adichamarthunnathinaayi doow oru prameyam phayal cheythu. aaa samayat padinjaaran jillayaya visconsinil oru jadji maathrame undaayirunnulloo, jadji jaims edward doyil, pakshe addeham maasikayude suhruthaayi svayam pinmari. athinaal cases jadji roobert dablyu. kizhakkan viskansin jillayile jadjiyaya vaaran, milwakiyile vaaran aanu ithu kettathu.
purogamanavaadikalude" abhibhaashakar swamedhayaa suraksha avalokanangalkk vidheyaraavukayum niyantritha aanava vivarangal axus cheyyaan anuvadikkunna kyu clearanceukal nalkukayum cheythu. morland "purogamana" edittarmaarum anumathi nedaan visammathichu, kaaranam avarkk lekhanam prasidheekarikkunnathil ninnu thadayunna velippeduthaatha karaarukalil oppuvaykkendivanne. ithu abhibhaashakarkku avarude kakshikalumaayulla ashayavinimayathil niyanthranam earppeduthunnathinu kaaranamaayi.
oru thaalkkaalika niyanthrana utharavu thedumbol, "purogamanavaadikal" niyamam lamghikkaan pookukayaanennum ithu nikathaanaavaattha dosham varuthumennum sarkkar abhibhaashakar vaadichu. lekhanathile daatta classified aayi janichathinaal athu rachayithaavinte yadhaartha kruthiyaanennullathu prashnamalla. deseeya surakshayude kaaryangalil kodathikal munkoor niyanthranam sharivachittundennu avar abhiprayappettu, aanavorja niyamam prathyekamaayi nirodhanaajnjaykku anuvadikkunnathinaal "panchabhuja pepparukal" theerumaanam baadhakamallenn avar vaadichu. koodaathe, panchabhuja pepparukal charithraparamaayirunnu, athesamayam hydrajan bomb nilavile sainika aayudhamaayirunnu. oduvil, aanavaayudhangal nedunnathil aanava niraayudheekarana udambadi prakaram aanava ithara raajyangale sahaayikkaathirikkaanulla badhyatha sarkkaarinundenn avar choondikkaatti. march 9 nuu thaalkkaalika niyanthrana utharavu nalkumbol, "idii ameenu hydrajan bomb nalkunnathinumumbu deerghavum kadinavumaaya chinthikkendivarumennu vaaran paranju."
jaims aarr. oorjja sekrattari schlessinger pramukha pathrangale vilichu "purogamanavaadikale" pinthunaykkaruthennu munnariyipp nalki. maadyamangal sarkkaarinte kesine pinthunachathinaal ithu orupakshe anaavashyamaayirunnu. newyork times" niyama lekhakanaaya fred graham, sarkkar kesil vijayikkumennu pravachichu. 1979 march 11 nuu oru edittoriyalil, "washington poost" ezhuthi, "purogamanaparamaaya" cases, oru pras-vezhsas-gavanment onnaam bhedagathi malsaram enna nilayil, joonn michellinte swapna kesaanu-nixon bharanakoodathinu orikkalum bhagyamundaayilla oru yadhaartha onnaam bhedagathi parajayappettayaal."athu prasidheekarikkunnathinu marakkaan pathram" "purogamanavaadikalodu" "aavasyappettu". pentagon pepparukal" kesil, american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayekkurichulla vidagdhanaaya professor alexander bikal, munkoor niyanthranam eppozhengilum nyaayeekarikkan kazhiyumo ennu saangalppikamaayi chodichappol, hydrajan bombil thaan rekha varaykkumennu kodathiye ariyichu. pentagon pepparukal chorthiya daniel elsberg, aanavaayudhangalude roopakalppanakal rahasyamaayi sookshikkanamennu thaan vishwasikkunnuvennu morlandinode paranju. thermo nuclear aayudhangalude bhayanakamaaya swabhaavavum "purogamanavaadikal" cases nashtappedumenna pratheekshayum kaaranam, athinte phalam maadyama swaathanthryathinte kshayam aayirikkumenn mukhyadharaa maadyama samghadanakal bhayapettu.
ennirunnaalum, prasidheekaranam niyamaparamaano allathe athu budhiparamaano ennu theerumaanikkuka ennathaayirunnu kodathiyude chumatala. kazhiyunnathra churungiya samayathekku oru thaalkkaalika niyanthrana utharavu praabalyatthil vaykkuka enna saadhaarana sanbradaayathinu anusrithamaayi, march 9-leeii thaalkkaalika niyanthrana utharavinu oraazhchaykk sesham praadhamika utharavanusarichu vaadam kelkkaan vaaran utharavittu. march 16 nuu, purogamanavaadikalude abhibhaashakar oorjja vakuppinte aargon naashanal laborattariyile jeevanakkaranaaya theodor posttolil ninnu oru sathyavaangmoolam phayal cheythu, moreland lekhanathil adangiyirikkunna vivarangal "encyclopedia americana" yile hydrajan bombinekkurichulla tellarude lekhanathil ninnu yogyathayulla eathoru bhauthikashaasthranjanum nedaamennu prasthaavichu. irupakshathinteyum abhyarthana maanich, avarude vishadaamshangalum sathyavaangmoolangalum phayal cheyyaan kooduthal samayam labhikkumennathinaal vaadam kelkkal march 26 lake maatti. athinaal praadhamika utharavinulla sarkkaarinte abhyarthanayil vaadam kelkkunnathinayi march 26 nuu kakshikal veendum kodathiyil hajaraayi. vidagtharude ethir teamukale cross examination cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru thelivu vaadam kelkkaruthenn vaaran theerumaanichu. federation oof american sayantistukalude "amicus curie" enna hraswalekhanathil eee prashnam parisodhikkaan vidagtharude oru paanaline chumathalappeduthanamenna nirddeshavum addeham nirasichu. rekhaamoolamulla sathyavaangmoolangaleyum samkshiptha vivaranangaleyum ethir abhibhaashakarude vaakkalulla vaadangaleyum aashrayichaayirunnu cases.
saakshyam poornnamaayum sathyavaangmoolangalude roopathilaanu avatharippichathu, avayil ettavum pradhaanappettava tharamthirikkappettathayi kanakkaakkukayum "camerayil" kodathiyil avatharippikkukayum cheythu. vargeekarana udyogasthar, aayudha laab shaasthranjar, oorjja, samsthaana, prathirodha secreterimaar, bhauthikashaasthrathinulla nobel jethaav hans bethe ennivar sarkkar affiyantukalil ulppedunnu, avare jadji vaaran vaadiyude staar saakshiyayi udharichu. laurence livermore naashanal laborattariyile aanavaayudha designaraaya reey kiddarinte apratheekshitha roopam vare prathirodha vibhaagathin aanavaayudha roopakalppanayekkurichu nerittu arivulla vidagdhar undaayirunnilla. ooppareshan dominikkil pareekshicha 29 thermo nuclear upakaranangalude roopakalppanakal vilayiruthuka ennathaayirunnu 1962-leeii kiddarude jolikalilonnu. sathyavaangmoolangalude pooraattatthil sarkkar vaadangale vishwasaneeyamaayi tharkkikkan kiddarinu kazhinju, saankethika kalisthalam samanilappeduthi. sivilian fusion gaveshanathil radiation pottitheriyude praadhaanyam kaaranam, purogamanaparamaaya kesinu munbu kurachu varshangalayi kidder athine parasyappeduthunnathinu oru pracharanam nishabdamaayi nadathukayaayirunnu.
"munkoor niyanthranathinethiraaya aadya bhedagathiyude anumaanam marikadakkaan sarkkar mathiyaya oru cases sthaapichittillennu purogamanavaadikalude niyama samgham vaadichu". eee lekhanam pothusanchayatthile vivarangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, athinaal athu deseeya surakshaykk bheeshaniyo aanavorja niyamatthinte paridhiyil varaatheyo aayirunnilla, athu oru saahacharyathilum munkoor niyanthranathinu amgeekaaram nalkiyirunnilla, allengil angane cheythaal athu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayirunnu. ithil, kaunsil yunaittad stetts vii. yeei aashrayichu. pothusanchayatthile vivarangal vivarangal chaarapravarthana niyamatthinte paridhiyil varuthaan kazhiyillennu vidhicha heyne 'enna jadji, marichu, lekhanathil sensitiivu vivarangal undennum athu pothusanchayatthillennum prasidheekarichaal aayudha niyanthrana shramangalkk dosham cheyyumennum sarkkar abhibhaashakar vaadichu.
niyar", "pentagon pepparukal" maanadandangal prayogikkaan shramikkumbol, aanavaayudhangalude vyaapanathin kaaranamakunna prasidheekaranatthinte saadyathayekkurichum aagola aanava vamshahathyaykk saadhyathayullathinekkurim kodathi aashankaakulamaayirunnu. prasidheekaranam udanadi allengil anivaryamaaya apakadamundaakkumennu avakashappedaan sarkkar ithuvare poyittilla, athu "thermo nuclear aayudangal ippol illaathavarkku munkootty labhyamaakukayo labhyamaakukayo cheiyunnathinulla apakadasaadhyatha ganyamaayi vardhippikkum. ithu sambhavikkukayaanenkil, athu nammude aanava nirvyaapana nayathe durbalappeduthukayum amerikkayude deseeya surakshaye pariharikkaanaavaathavidham durbalappeduthukayum lokathinte samadhaanathinum surakshaykkum bheeshaniyaakukayum cheyyum."ennirunnaalum," amerikkaykkethiraaya vidhiyile oru thettu namukkellavarkkum thermo nuclear naashathinu vazhiyorukkumennu kodathi ippozhum kandethi. aaa saahacharyathil, nammude jeevikkanulla avakasham illaathaakkappedukayum prasidheekarikkaanulla avakasham vivaadamaavukayum cheiyunnu, aaa prasidheekaranam theerchayaayum "americaykku gurutharamayathum nerittullathum udanadi pariharikkaanaavaathathumaaya dosham" undaakkukayum athuvazhi supreme kodathi "panchabhuja pepparukal" kesil paranja pareekshanam neridukayum cheyyum. athinaal praadhamika utharavu anuvadichu.
morlaandinte lekhanathil adangiyirikkunna vivarangal ithinakam thanne pothusanchayatthilaanennathi adisthaanathil "purogamanavaadikalude" abhibhaashakar theerumaanam ozhiyaan oru prameyam phayal cheythu. laurence livermore naashanal laborattari yuu. sii. aarr. ell-4725, "1956 juun maasatthile aayudha vikasanam", yuu. sii. aarr. ell-5280, "1958 juun maasatthile aayudha vikasanam" ennee rund reportukalil thermo nuclear aayudha roopakalppanayekkurichulla vishadamaaya vivarangal adangiyirunnu. athilonnaaya yuu. sii. aarr. ell-4725 1956ll ooppareshan redwingle pareekshicha moonnu gattangalulla thermo nuclear upakaranamaya "baassoonine" kurichulla vishadaamshangal nalki. american sivil liberties yooniyante gaveshakanaaya demetry roto loss alamos libraryude shelfukalil ithu kandethi. reportukal ashradhamaayi velippeduthiyathaayi sarkkar ariyichu. athinaal juun 15 nuu, atharamoru pishak rekhakal pothusanchayatthil sthaapichittillennathi adisthaanathil vaaran prameyam nirasichu. rund rekhakalum ganyamaaya kaalayalavaayi alamarayil undennu avakaashappett appeelkaar udan thanne chikkagoyile ezhaam surcuted appeel kodathiyil appeel nalki. saankethika daatta" onnaam bhedagathiyiloode samrakshikkappedunnilla enna vaadam sarkkar ippol munnott kondupoyi. maasikayude abhibhaashakar aaa avakasham ozhivaakkiyathinaal vegathilulla avalokanathinulla prameyangal nirasikkapettu-morland "purogamana" edittarmaarum kodathiyil ninnu maathram kandethiya onnu. athinaal praadhamika utharavu aarumaasathekku praabalyatthil thudarnnu.
cases pinvalichu.
1979 epril 25 nuu aargon naashanal laboratariyil jolie cheythirunna oru koottam shaasthranjar oorjjam, aanava vyaapanam, federal sevanangal ennivayekkurichulla yunaittad stetts senatt upasamithi chairman senattar joonn glenninu kathezhuthi. vivarangal chornnathinekkurichu avar aashankaakularaayirunnu, prathyekichu morlandinte bomb roopakalppana ganyamaayi sariyaanenna sarkkaarinte mounaabhipraayam, tharamthirikkappedaatha vivarangalil ninnu oohikkaan kazhiyaatha onnu. american prathirodha sekrattari harrold brouninteyum sarkkar vidagdha sakshi jacq rosengrenteyum sathyavaangmoolangal ithil ulppedunnu. kathinte pakarppukal pradhana pathrangalilekku ayachuvenkilum athu pashchaathala vivarangalkk vendiyullathaanennum prasidheekaranathinallennum vishadeekarikkunna oru cover nottodeyaanu. ekadesham naalu aazhchakalkk sesham, glen upasamithi athu doik kaimari, athu athine tharamthirichu.
ithu ariyaathe, laurence livermore nuclear weapons laborattariyile bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya hyoog duit oru pakarpp chuck hansen kaimari. kaaliforniyayile parvatha veekshanathil ninnulla oru computer prograamaraayirunnu hansen, addeham aanavaayudhangalekkurichula vivarangal oru hobiyaayi shekharichu. oru echu-bomb roopakalppana cheiyunnathinaayi addeham oru malsaram nadathiyirunnu, athil vijayikkunnayal doow prakaram avarude roopakalppana tharamthirikkunna aadya vyakthiyayirikkum. thante hobby niyamaparamallenn ippol ayalkku anubhavappedaan thudangi. august august addeham senattar chaals echu. kku oru kathu ezhuthi. pothuvaayi labhyamaya srothassukalil ninnu addeham ethra vivarangal kandethiyennu vishadeekarikkunna persey. hansen kandittillaatha morlaandinte roopakalppana pole mikachathallaatha swantham roopakalppana ithil ulppedunnu. edward teller, tedu tailor, jorjju rathjens ennivarulppedeyulla sarkkar shaasthranjar thermo nuclear aayudhangalekkurichulla sensitiivu vivarangal chortthiyennum athinaayi oru nadapadiyum sweekarichittillennum hanson aaropichu. ithil hansen thettidharikkappettu tailorine sarikkum saasikkappettu, hansen thannodu aaropikkunna vivarangalude uravidam teller aayirunnilla. hansen thante kathinte pakarppukal niravadhi pathrangalil labhyamakki.
dhii daili californian" (berkleyile california sarvakalaashaalayude vidyaarthikal nadathunna koleju pathram) juun 11 nuu aargon kathil ninnulla bhagangal prasidheekarichappol, kooduthal prasidheekaranam thadayunnathinaayi doik kodathi utharavu labhichu. dhii daili californian" juun 13 nuu aargon kathu poornnamaayum prasidheekarichu. septambaril doow hansen kathu tharamthirikkunnathayi prakhyapikkukayum "dhii daili californian" athu prasidheekarikkunnathil ninnu vilakkunna oru thaalkkaalika niyanthrana utharavu nedukayum cheythu, ennaal hansen kathu septambar 16 nuu "maadisan pras kanakshan" prasidheekarichu. thudarnnu "purogamana", "dhii daili californian" ennivaykkethiraaya kesukal vivaadamaayi thallikkalayaan sarkkar neengi.
paarambaryamaayi.
morlandinte lekhanam 1979 novemberile "purogamana" enna lakkathil prasidheekarichu. oru maasathinushesham yuu. sii. aarr. ell-4725, chuck haansante kathu, mattu srothassukal ennivayil ninnu vichaaranaykkide shekharicha vivarangalude adisthaanathil addeham "dhii progressive" enna pusthakatthil oru apdettukal prasidheekarichu. morlandinte abhipraayathil, 1970 kalude avasaanathilum 1980 kalude thudakkathilum aanava virudha pravartthanatthinte oru tharamgathinu eee lekhanam kaaranamaayi, athinte falamaayi, mattu karyangalkkoppam, denverinaduthulla paarakkettukalulla phlait plaant adachupootti. chuck hansen "yuu" enna oru pusthakam prasidheekarichu.ezz. aanavaayudhangal rahasya charithram, 1988-ll. ithu pinneedu "armagedoninte vaalukal" enna peril svayam prasidheekaricha anchu vaalyangalilekkulla kruthiyaayi vipuleekarichu. ennirunnaalum, pala mukhyadharaa maadyama samghadanakalum prasidheekarikkunnathi niyamam pareekshikkaan vimukhatha kaanichu. 1980 septambar septambar neethinyaaya vakupp "dainamdina california" allengil "purogamana" kesukalil aanavorja niyamatthinte lamghanangal aaropich vichaarana cheyyillennu prasthavana purappeduvichu.
glenninte upasamithiyum sarkkar vivarangalum vyakthigatha avakashangalum sambandhicha house upasamithiyum eee kesinte vaadam kettu. aanava vyaapanavumayi bandhappett theerumaanatthinte prathyaaghaathangal upasamithikal parishodhichu. jananasamayath tharamthiricha" enna sidhaanthavum avar parishodhichu, ennaal atharam vyavasthakal neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi aattomik energy act bhedagathi cheyyaan avar theerumaanichilla. ithuvare, thermo nuclear vyapanathekkurichulla aashankakal sthaapichittilla; 1979 muthal eathenkilum raajyam hydrajan bomb vijayakaramaayi vikasippichittundo ennathu tharkkavishayamaan.
niyamaparamaaya kazhchappadil, cases "arcum vijayamallenn thelinju", athinte nigamanatthinte anishchithathva swabhaavam kaaranam. ennirunnaalum ithu oru prashasthamaaya kesai thudarunnu. 2004ll benchamin enn. sii. yill nadanna academic konfaransiloode theerumaanatthinte 25-aamm vaarshikam aakhoshichu. cardoso school oof loyil pankeduttha niravadhi pepparukal avatharippichu. niyama vidyaarthikal ippozhum cases padikkunnu, ithu "munkaruthalukalumayi bandhapetta bharanaghadanaa virudhathayude anumaanathinte paridhikal parisodhikkaan roopakalppana cheytha oru loow school saangalppikamaayirikkaam."

