purathukadakkuka

oru cathedral nagravum thekkupadinjaaran englandile devon kaundi pattanavumaanu eksettar (). plaimouthinu ekadesham vadakkukizhakkum bristolinu thekkupadinjaarum ex nadiyilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
roman brittanil, vespaasiyante vyakthiparamaaya commandinu keezhil lejio randaaman augustayude aditharayaayi eksattar sthaapikkappettu. madhyakaalakhattathil eksattar oru mathakendramaayi maari. pathinonnam noottaandinte madhyathil sthaapithamaaya eksattar cathedral pathinaram noottaandile engleesh parishkaranatthil engleeshaayi maari. onnaam lokamahaayudhathode nagaram kshayichukondirunnave eksittar kambili vyaapaarathinte sambannamaaya kendramaayi maari. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, nagarakendratthinte bhooribhaagavum punarnirmmikkukayum ippol devonileyum konvaalileyum vidyaabhyaasam, bisinesses, tourism ennivayude kendramaayi maarukayum cheythu. streetham, sent lukes ennee rund ghadaka kaambasukalaanu ivide sthithicheyyunnathu.
kaundi kaunsilinte bharanathinu keezhil metropolittan ithara jillayude padavi eksattarinte bharana mekhalaykku undu. devon kaundi kaunsilinte aasthaanavum devon kaundi pattanavumaanu ithu. ithu sakhyasarkkaar nagarathinu ekakendra adhikara padavi nalkaanulla padhathi raddaki.
peru.
ippol exe ennariyappedunna nadiyude engleesh roopathil ninnum (dorchester, glousester ennivayil ullathupole) pradhana kottakaleyo kottakalulla pattanangaleyo adayaalappeduthaan upayogikkunna pazhaya engleesh prathyayam (dorchester, glousestar) muthal pazhaya engleesh "eksaansaastar" enna vaakkinte vikasanamaan eksittarinte aadhunika peru. (nagaratthinte velsh namam, athupole thanne "kerr" allengil exeyile kotta ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.) "vellam" allengil kooduthal krithyamaayi paranjaal "malsyam niranjathu" (cf.) ennartham varunna britonic perinte oru prathyeka vikaasamaan "exe" enna peru. velsh "pisg", "fish")-athu engleesh kodali, esk, velsh usk () ennivayilum kaanapedunnu.
charithram.
charitraatheethakaalam.
malsyangal niranjathum phalabhooyishtamaayathumaaya bhoomi aduthullathumaaya oru navigable nadiye abhimukeekarikkunna oru sparil avasaanikkunna oru varanda ridjile vaasasthalangalaayi eksittar aarambhichu. charithraatheethakaalatthe pradhana kandethalukalonnum undaayittillengilum, eee nettangal soochippikkunnathu eee sthalam neratthe thanne kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve.
meditareniyanumaayi oru settilment vyapaaram valare neratthe thanne nilaninnirunnathayi soochippikkunna nanayangal hellenistic rajyangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu. juuliyas seaser thante vyaakhyaanangalil vivarichathupole atharam aadyakaala pattanangal pree-roman gaulinte oru savisheshathayaayirunnu, avaa brittaniyayilum nilaninnirunnathayi karuthappedunnu.
eiii. dii. 49ll vespassian nagaram uparodhichappol athinte celtic peru 'uyarnna marathinadiyilulla kunnin mukalilulla pattanam' ennartham varunna 'kerpenhuelgoit' ennaanu ennu monmouthile vishwasaneeyamallaatha uravidamaaya jiophree prasthaavichu.
roman kaalangal.
romacar eiii. dii 55-ll iska ennu peritta oru 'play card' aakruthiyilulla (vrithaakrithiyilulla konukalum rund cheruthum neelamullathumaaya vashangalulla deerghachathuram) kotta sthaapichu. phoos vazhiyude thekkupadinjaaran terminasaayirunnu (aantonain yaathraavivaranathinte root 15), pinneedu roman chakravarthiyaaya vespassian nayikkunna maan second augustan lejiyante () aditharayaayi adutha 20 varshathekku pravarthichu, avar iska ennum ariyappettirunna veyilsile serlionilekku thamasam maarunnathin munbu. iva randum verthirichariyaan, romakkar eksittarine "dumnoniyude vaattartaun" ennum kerliyonine iska augusta ennum vilikkunnu. topshamil oru cheria kotta paripalikkappettu; 2010 ll topsham roadle iruvarkkumidayilulla vazhiyile oru vitharana dippo khananam cheythu.
kottayude saannidhyam kooduthalum kottayude vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath thaddesheeyarum sainikarude kudumbangalum ulppedunna aasoothrithamallaatha oru sivilian samoohathe (allengil) roopappeduthi. eee vaasasthalam dumnoniyude gotra thalasthaanamaayi () pravartthikkukayum tolami thante "bhoomishaasthrathil" avarude naalu nagarangalil onnaayi () pattikappedutthukayum cheythu (ezhaam noottaandile "ravenna cosmography" ithu prathyakshappettu, avide ithu aashayakkuzhappathilaya oru entriyaayi kaanapedunnu). 75-aamm varsham kotta upekshikkappettappol, athinte maithaanangal sivilian aavasyangalkkaayi parivartthanam cheythu oru foratthinum basilikkaykkum vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi athinte valare valia kulimuri polichumaatti, thekkukizhakk bhaagath oru cheria thothilulla kulimuri sthaapichu. sthaapichu khananam cheytha eee pradesham innathe cathedralinu sameepamullathinaal pothujana kaazhchaykkaayi paripalikkaan kazhinjilla. 2015 januvariyil, kulimuri punasthaapikkunnathinum sandarshakarkkaayi oru bhoogarbha kendram thurakkunnathinumulla sramam eksittar cathedral aarambhichathayi prakhyaapichu.
randaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, pazhaya kottaykku chuttumulla kuzhiyum kothalavum maatti pakaram oru theeravum mathilum oru valia pradeshathe valayam cheythu. drishyamaaya gadanayude bhooribhaagavum pazhakkamullathaanenkilum, roman mathilinte gathi eksittarude thudarnnulla nagara mathilukalkkayi upayogichirunnu. angane roman mathilinte 70 sathamaanavum avasheshikkunnu, athinte paathayude bhooribhaagavum kaalnadayaayi kandethanakum. naalam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil devonian iska ettavum sambannamaayirunnuvennu thonnunnu nagarathinu chuttum aayirathiladikam roman nanayangal kandethiyittundu, koodaathe chembu, venkalam ennivayude pravartthanatthinum oru stokku yardinum chuttumulla graamapradesangalil uthppaadippikkunna kannukaalikal, vilakal, manpathrangal ennivayude vipanikalkkum thelivukalundu. ennirunnaalum, ithuvare kandethiya naanayangalude theeyathi athivegamaaya idivu soochippikkunnu 380-nuu sheshamulla kaalaghattam vare onnum kandethiyitla.
madhyakaalakhattangal.
brittanukalude charithram" prakaram brittanile 28 nagarangalil pattikappedutthiyirikku keyarine bishop asher iska ennu thiricharinju, ennirunnaalum david naash foord ithu penselvudine paraamarshikkunnathaayi vaayikkukayum athu lindinis (aadhunika ilchesttar) aayirikkaanaanu saadhyatha kooduthal ennu karuthukayum cheythu. ekadesham 410 muthal ezhaam noottaand vare brittanil ninnu roman pinmariya kaalam muthal puratthekku pokunnathinekkurichu onnum ariyilla. appozhekkum, 658ll somersettile piyonathil britiish dumnoniyanmaare paraajayappeduthi purathukadanna saxonukal nagaram kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. muun nivaasikalude smaranaykkaayi 1637 vare "brittain" street ennariyappettirunna innathe barthalomeu streetinu chuttum braattanukalkk vendi avarude swantham niyamangalkkanusrithamaayi saxonukal nagaratthinte naalilonn nilanirthiyathaayi thonnunnu.
eksaanstar ennaanu eksittar saaksanukalkk ariyappettirunnath. 876ll danish wikingukal ithu akramikkukayum hrasvamaayi pidichedukkukayum cheythu. adutha venalkkaalath alfred dhii grettu avare purathaakki. adutha kurachu varshangalil, addeham devonile naalu "burhukalil" onnilekku eksittarine uyarthi, roman nirayil athinte mathilukal punarnirmmichu. 893ll densinte mattoru aakramanavum uparodhavum thadayaan iva nagaratthe anuvadichu. 928 oode athalsthaan rajaavu veendum mathilukal shakthippeduthukayum athe samayam bakkiyulla britteeshukaare nagaratthil ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. (ennirunnaalum, roman kaalaghattam muthal avar nagaratthil thudarchayaayi thaamasichirunno atho alfred athinte prathirodham shakthippeduthiyappol graamapradesangalil ninnu madangiyethiyathaano ennathu anishchithathvathilaanu.) malmesburyile vilyam parayunnathanusarichu, devoninte athirthiyaayi nischayichirunna tamar nadikkappurathaanu avare ayachathu. (ennirunnaalum, ithu muun dumnonia raajyathinakathum oru praadeshika athirthiyaayi pravarthichittundaam.) mattu paraamarshangal soochippikkunnathu britishukaar ippol eksittarude mathilukalkk valare akaleyallaatha pradeshathekku maari ennaanu. brittan ozhinjukidakkunna quarter "dhii earls barh" ennu prathyakshatthil sweekarikkappedukayum panthrandaam noottaandil ippozhum irlesberry ennu namakaranam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. 1001-ll, dains veendum nagaratthilekku praveshikkunnathil parajayappettu, pakshe 1003-ll avarkk athu kollayadikkaan kazhinju, kaaranam anjjaathamaaya kaaranangalal, normandiyile emmayude franch reeve avare praveshippichu, kazhinja varsham ethelradumaayulla vivaahathil sthreedhanathinte bhaagamaayi nagaram nalkiyirunnu.
englandile norman adhiniveshathinu rund varshathinu sesham, vilyam raajaavinethire eksattar kalapam nadatthi. kollapetta rajaavaaya haaroldinte ammayaya gitta thorkelsdottir akkaalat nagaratthil thaamasikkukayaayirunnu, vilyam udan thanne padinjarottu march cheyyukayum uparodham aarambikkukayum cheythu. 18 divasathinu sesham, nagarathinu dosham cheyyillennum purathana kappam vardhippikkillennum prathijnjayeduthu vilyam nagaratthinte manyamaaya keezhadangal sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, pradeshathe norman niyanthranam shakthippeduthunnathinaayi vilyam vegathil roogmond kotta nirmmikkaan krameekarichu. saaksan bhoovudamakalude udamasthathayilulla swathukkal norman kaikalilekku maattukayum 1072-ll bishop leophricinte maranashesham norman oosbern fitsosbernine addehathinte pingamiyaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu.
1136-ll, araajakathvathinte thudakkathil, rougmond kotta steefan raajaavinethire baldwin dii redvezhs pidichedutthu. moonnu maasathe uparodhathin sesham maathramaan redwormar keezhadangiyathu, kottayile moonnu kinarukal unangiyappozhalla, marichu kavalkkar kudikkunnathinum baking cheiyunnathinum paachakam cheiyunnathinum thee anaykkunnathinum upayogikkunna valia veenjinte vitharanam theernnathinu sesham maathramaan. uparodhakaalath, steefan rajaavu ippol (thettayi) danes kotta ennariyappedunna sthalathu oru munn kotta nirmmichu.
kuranjathu 1213 muthal nagaratthile pouranmaarude prayojanathinaayi aazhchathorum oru vipani undaayirunnu, 1281 aayappozhekkum thekk-padinjaaru bhaagath aazhchayil moonnu vipani divasangalulla eaka pattanamaayirunnu eksittar. ezhu vaarshika melakalude rekhakalum undu, avayil aadyathethu 1130 muthalullathaanu, avayellaam kuranjathu pathinaram noottaandinte arambham vare thudarnnu.
1290ll englandile joothanmaare purathaakkunnathinu munbu, englandile ettavum padinjaaran jootha samoohathinte aasthaanamaayirunnu eksittar.
uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathil, cathedral purohithanmarkkum pouranmaarkkum sameepathulla sent sidwells edavakayile neeruravakalil ninnu shudhamaaya kudivellam nagaratthilekku konduvarunna noothanamaaya jalasambharanikalilekkulla praveshanam aasvadichirunnu. avayude neelatthinte oru bhagam, eee jalasambharanikal sradheyamaaya thurankangalude shringalayiloodeyo bhoogarbha paathakaliloodeyo athichu, avaa valia thothil kedupaadukal koodaathe nilanilkkukayum innum sandarshikkappedukayum cheiyunnu.
madhyakala englandile aadyathe record cheytha pothu kaunsilinu eksettarum bristolum aathidheyathvam vahichu. athinte nilanilppinteyum pravartthanatthinteyum aadyathe vishadamaayathum thudarchayaayathumaaya thelivukal 1345 nuu sesham sthaapikkappettu. oro varshavum veendum thiranjedukkappedunna panthrand "kooduthal vivekamulla purushanmaar" (laattin bhashayil "duoodesim meliorus") roopeekarichu, ithu yadhaarthathil mejarinteyum addehathinte naalu steevardukaludeyum durupayogam niyanthrikkunnathinaan roopakalppana cheythirunnathu, yathaakramam baroo kodathiyudeyum provost kodathiyudeyum adhyakshatha vahichu. general kaunsilile amgangal, mejarmaarum steevardukalum cheythathupole sambannaraaya pouranmaarude ore varenyavarggathil ninnaan varunnath, eee aashanka nagaratthile sarkkar samvidaanathil randaamathe thaalpparya samgharsham konduvannu.
aadhunika kaalam.
1537ll eee nagaram oru kaundi korpparettu aayi maari. 1549-ll, edward araman raajaavinte theevramatha nayangalil prakopitharaaya, praarthanaapusthaka vimathar ennu vilikkappedunna, devan, cornish janathayude oru maasam neenduninna uparodhathe nagaram vijayakaramaayi nerittu. kalaapakaarikal eksittarinte praanthapradeshangal kaivashappeduthukayum nagaratthinte rund kavaadangal kathikkukayum nagara mathilukal durbalappedutthaan sramikkukayum cheythuvenkilum raajaavinte sainyavumayulla raktharookshithamaaya yudhangalude parambarayil avar ettavum moshamaayi paraajayappettathinetthudar uparodham upekshikkaan nirbandhitharaayi. uparodhathin thottupinnaale niravadhi vimathar vadikkappettu. 1591 maarchil sthaapikkappetta hevitriyile livery doll bhikshaalayangalum chappal 1594ll poortthiyaayi.
1561ll joonn hookerey sitti payrolilekku niyamichappol, avarude pradhana saambathika srothassinte akalamaranam moolam takarnna kudumbangalkkayi oru munisippal gavanmentaayi addeham anaatharude kodathi srishtichu. 21 vayass thikayunnathuvare, bhaagikamaayi thirichadaykkunnathinayi, naadukadatthappettavarude anatha kuttikalkk vittukodukkunna eathoru estettinteyum niyamaparamaaya udamayaayi addehathe pothu kaunsilaayi niyamichu. eksittar kanaalinte nirmmaanathinu anatha nikuthi upayogichu.
1588-ll spanish navikasena paraajayappeduthaan sahaayikkunnathin nagaratthinte kappalukalude sambhavanaye amgeekarikkunnathinaayi "semper fidelis" enna nagaratthinte mudraavaakyam parambaraagathamaayi elisabath onnaaman nirddeshichathaayi karuthappedunnu; ennirunnaalum athinte aadya rekhaamoolamulla upayogam 1660-laanu. engleesh aabhyantharayudhathil eksittarude punk kaaranam 1660-ll chaals randaamanaanu punarudhaarana velayil eee mudraavaakyam nalkiyathennu eksittarile schoolukal padippikkunnu.
1638-ll masaachyusets bay kolanil ninnu naadukadatthappetta joonn veelraitt pinneedu schwamscoat nadiyude theerathu oru samooham sthaapichappol addeham eee pradeshathinu athinte devonian kaundarpaarttinte peril eksattar ennu perittu. american viplavakaalath ithu nyoo hamshareinte thalasthaanamaayi maari.
engleesh aabhyantharayudhathinte thudakkathil paarlamentinaayi eksittar surakshithamaakki, athinte prathirodham valare sakthippettu, ennaal 1643 septambaril mouris raajakumaarante neethrthwathilulla cornish rajakeeya sainyam ithu pidichedutthu. athinusesham, yuddham avasanikkunnathuvare nagaram raajaavinte niyanthranatthil urachuninnu, paarlamenteriyanmaarude kaikalilekku veezhunna avasaanathe rajakeeya nagarangalilonnaayirunnu ithu. 1646 eprilil thomas fairfax poultimore housilvechu purathukadakkunnayaal keezhadangunnathinekkurichu charcha nadatthi. eee kaalayalavil, sakthamaaya kambili vyapaaramulla saambathikamaayi sakthamaaya oru nagaramaayirunnu eksittar. 26-aamm vayassil nagaram sandarshicha kaundu lorenzo magalotti parayunnathanusarichu "muun divasathekkaal kooduthal phalabhooyishtavum mikacha janavasamullathumaaya" chuttupaadukal ithinu kaaranamaayirunnu. vestt indees, spain, france, itali" ennivaykku vitta charakkukalaaya kambili, thuni vyavasaayangalude bhaagamaayi muppathinaayirathiladhikam aalukal devon kaundiyil jolie cheythirunnathaayi magalotti ezhuthunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil selia fience eee kaalayalavil eksittar sandarshichu. vishalamaaya vyapaaram", "avishwasaneeyamaaya alavu" ennivayekkurichu avar abhiprayappettu, "englandile oru aazhchayile ettavum kooduthal panam", 10,000 poundinum 15,000 poundinum idayil ennu avar rekhappeduthunnu.
vyaavasaayika viplavathinte thudakkathil, praadeshikamaayi labhyamaya kaarshika uthppannangalude adisthaanathil eksettar vyavasaayam vikasichu, athivegam ozhukunna nadiyil nagaratthinte sthaanam jalavaidyuthikku thayyaraya praveshanam nalkiyathinaal, nagaratthinte padinjaaru vattivaranda chathuppunilatthil vikasippicha aadyakaala vyavasaya saitt, exe dveepil. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandil neeravi vaidyuthi jalathe maattisthaapichappol, kalkari (allengil irumbu) srothassukalil ninnu puratthekku pookaanulla dooram kooduthal vikasikkaan kazhiyathathaayirunnu. thalphalamaayi, nagaratthinte aapekshika praadhaanyam kurayukayum 19-aamm noottaandile druthagathiyilulla vikasanam niravadhi charitraparamaaya europian nagarangale maattimarichu. eee kaalayalavile vipulamaaya kanal punarvikasanangal eksattarinte sambadvyavasthaye kooduthal vipuleekarichu, "15 muthal 16 tonn vare kappalukal topshamil ninnu sitti keyy vare charakkukalum charakkukalum [konduvarunnu]". 1778-ll pazhaya madhyakala paalathinu pakaramaayi exeic kuruke oru puthiya paalam thurannu. 30, 000 poundu chelavil nirmmicha ithinu moonnu kamaanangalum kallukondum nirmmichathaanu.
1832ll europiludaneelam pottithericha collara purathekkuyarnnu. pakarchavyaadhi samayat sannihitharaya medical doctormaaril oralaaya doow thomas shapper aanu eee sambhavathinte eaka rekhaamoolamulla rekhappeduthiyathu.
1844ll padinjaaran attathulla sent davids enna sthalathu oru steshan thuranna bristtol, eksittar railway aayirunnu eksittarilethiya aadyathe railway. southu devon railway kambani paatha padinjarottu plaimouthilekku vyaapippikkukayum covic streetinu mukalilulla sent thomasil svanthamaayi cheria steshan thurakkukayum cheythu. kween streettile oru central railway steshan 1860 ll landanilekkulla badal root thurannappol lunden aandu southu vestten railway thurannu. mamsa uthppannangal landanilekku kondupokunnathinaayi grettu vestten reyilveyilekku mikacha praveshanam nedunnathinaayi kashaappukaaraaya lloyd monder 1915 ll avarude ippozhathe thaavalatthilekku maari.
maari avasaanathil roopeekaricha eksittar electric laitt kambaniyaanu eksittarile aadyathe vaidyuthi nalkiyathenkilum 1896ll ithu munisippalais cheyyukayum eksittar electricity kambaniyude nagaramaayi maarukayum cheythu.
1896ll malinajala samvidaanam nirmmikkaan 88,000 poundu chelavazhichu, ithu pakarchavyaadhikalude saadhyatha kurachu.
nagaratthinte kizhakkan kavaadatthil ninnu 3 lineukal vikiranam cheiyunna eksittarile aadyathe kuthira valikkunna tramukal 1882-ll avatharippichu. oru line nyoo north rooad, obelisk (clock tower ippol nilkkunna sthalam), sent davids hill ennivayiloode sent davids steshanilekku pooyi. randaamathe varii hevitree rodiloode livery dolilekkum moonnaamathethu side well streettiloode manoharamaaya parvathatthilekkum pooyi. nyoo north roadle oru dippo undaayirunnu.
irupathaam noottaand.
muun georgian paalathinu pakaram 1905 march 29 nuu exeic kuruke oru puthiya paalam thurannu. moonnu keel kamana roopakalppanayulla kaast-irumbu, steel enniva upayogichu nirmmicha ithinu 25,000 poundu vilavarum sarr joonn wolf baari roopakalppana cheythathumaanu. 1905-ll, electric tramukal kuthira tramukalkku pakaram hye streettiloodeyum thaazheyulla streettiloodeyum puthiya exe bridgin mukaliloodeyum kadannupoya oru puthiya root upayogichu. orikkal exeic kuruke oru root alfington roadle mattonn covic streettilum vibhajikkapettu. sent davids steshanilekkulla paatha puthiya north rodinupakaram kween streettiloodeyaanu sanjarichirunnathu, koodaathe hevitriyilekkulla paatha vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. 1917 march 17 nuu, oru tram niyanthranam vittu theruvilirangi, kuthiravandi vandiyil idikkukayum pinneedu exe bridjil marinjuveezhukayum cheythu; oru vanita yaathrakkaaran kollappettu. 1920 aayappozhekkum tramukal moolamundaakunna tirakk, chelaveria track naveekarana pravartthanangal, eksittarinte idungiya theruvukalile traamukalude vegatha kurayal enniva prashnangalaayirunnu. eare charchakalkku sesham, tram sarveesinu pakaram double decker basukal sthaapikkaan kaunsil theerumaanichu, avasana tram 1931 august 19 nuu oodichu. sevanathil avasheshikkunna eaka eksittar tram kaar 19 aanu, ippol seettan tramwayilaanu.
tramwayilaanu 1940num idayil motham 18 reydukal nagara madhyathinte bhooribhaagavum paratthiyappol randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu jarmman luftwaff eksittar bombittu. 1941 eprilinum 1943 eprilinum idayil, eksittarine shatru bombermaaril ninnu nambar nambar prathirodhichu. 307 poolish naitt faittar schwadron, 'lvo eegil ouls' ennu vilipperullavar, eksittar airportil aayirunnu. eksittar nagaratthinte athe mudraavaakyam lvo nagaram pankittu-'semper fidelis' (ellaayppozhum vishwasthan).
1942 eprililum meyy maasathilum, beedekar blitsinte bhaagamaayi, prathyekichu lubekkinteyum rostokkinteyum raaf bombinginu marupadiyaayi, nagaratthinte theepiduttha bombing nadatthi. madhyabhaagathe niravadhi charitraparamaaya kettidangal-prathyekichu hye streettinum side well streettinum sameepamullava-nasippikkappedukayum cathedral ulppedeyullavaykku kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum cheythu. meyy 4 nuu ratri, poolish 307 schwadron naalpat jarmman jankarukalkkethire labhyamaya naalu vimanangal ayachu, juulai 88 bomberukal, naalu jarmman vimanangal avarude bombukal puratthekku vidunnathil ninnu thadanju. 156 perr kollappettengilum squadroninu aaa prakriyayil arcum parikkilla.
307 schwadron eksittarum thammil roopappetta souhrudathinte smaranaykkaayi, schwadron 1942 november 15 nuu (aaa bahumati labhicha aadyathe britiish nagaram) eksittar cathedralinu purathu nagarathinu oru poolish pathaaka sammaanichu. 2012 muthal, november 15 nuu nagaratthile gildhallinu mukalil oru poolish pathaaka uyarthunnu; eee divasam ippol '307 schwadron day' ennu ariyappedunnu. 2017 november 15 nuu, schwadroninte smaranaykkaayi oru phalakam poolish ambasseder arcady resgoki eksattar cathedralile sent jaims chappalil anaachaadanam cheythu.
charitraparamaaya kettidangal samrakshikkunnathino punasthaapikkunnathino ulla sramangal cheruthayirunnathinaal 1950-kalil nagara madhyathinte valia pradeshangal punarnirmikkappettu. gathagatham mechappeduthaanulla shramathil theruvu padhathi maattukayum sent laurence, koleju oof dhii vikezhs corell, bedford sarkkas thudangiya muun landmarkkukal aprathyakshamaakukayum cheythu. aadhunika vaasthuvidya minnalkkaalathe athijeevicha kettidangalude chuvanna manalkkallukalil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaan.
1960 october october, kanatha mazhayethudarnnu, exwick, sent thomas, alfington ennivayulppede valia pradeshangal vellathinadiyilaayi. sthalangalilellaam vellam bhoonirappil ninnu 2 meter vare uyarnnu, praadeshika sthaapanamaaya beach brossile 150 jeevanakkar onpathu manikkoorolam kudungi. 2, 500 swathukkal vellathinadiyilaayi. athe varsham thanne desember desember nadiyude jalanirapp veendum uyarnnu, 1,200 swathukkal vellathinadiyilaayi. eee vellapokkam puranthallalinaayi puthiya vellapokka prathirodhatthinte nirmmaanatthilekku nayichu. 1965ll aarambhicha punny poortthiyaakkaan 12 varshameduthu, ithinu 8 dasalaksham poundu chelavayi. prathirodhatthil moonnu vellapokka durithaashwaasa chaanalukal ulppedunnu, koodaathe nadiyude ozhukk thadassappeduthukayum vellapokkam kooduthal vashalaakkukayum cheytha pazhaya ex bridginu pakaram rund puthiya konkreett paalangal (1969,1972 ll nirmmichathu) nirmmichu.
1997ll nagaratthil nadanna oru unnathala, kramarahithamaya kolapathakam innu yukeyile ettavum uyarnna thothilulla pariharikkappedaatha kolapaathakangalilonnayi thudarunnu. ippol vestt exe skoolilulla vidyaarthiniyaaya 14 kaariyaya kettu bushell 1997 november 15 nuu exvikkile exwick leynil thante nayaye nadakkumbol anjjaathanaaya oru akrami kazhuthu murichu. kolayali praadeshikanaayirikkanamenna police nirbandhikkukayum "crimewatch" sambandhicha vivarangalumayi munnott varaan pradeshavaasikalodu aavarthichu abhyarthikkukayum cheythenkilum, aakramanakaariye orikkalum thiricharinjittilla. oru varshathinusesham 1998ll konvaalile dogwaker lyne brayaant kollappettathumayi bushellinte kolapaathakathinu bandhamundennu police vishwasikkunnu. brayaant kesil poleesinu dna thelivukal undu, rund kesukalilum vivarangalkk 10,000 poundu prathiphalam avasheshikkunnu.
21-aamm noottaand.
katheedralinaduthulla princeshe shopping sentarum hye streetum praadeshika athirppukalkkidayilum 2005 num 2007 num idayil punarnirmmichu. ithil 123 vyathyastha residential unitukal ulppedunnu.
parimithamaaya chalanasheshiyulla aalukale nagaram aaswadikkaan praaptharaakkunnathin, eksittar community transport association, hraswakaala allengil deerghakaala chalana vaikalyamulla arcum sitti sentar shopping soukaryangal, evantukal, suhruthukkalumaayulla metingukal enniva axus cheiyunnathinaayi maanuval, powered veelcheyarukalum skoottarukalum ('shope mobility') nalkunnu.
2008 meyy maasathil prinsesheyile jiraf kafeyil bheekaraakramanam nadatthaan shramichenkilum bomber mathramaayirunnu parikkettathu.
2015 maarchil vellapokka prathirodhatthinaayi 30 dasalaksham poundinte mechappeduthal padhathikku amgeekaaram nalki. ozhukk mechappeduthunnathinaayi check veyarukalum drainage chaanalukalude madhyabhaagathu aazhathilulla "valanja aruviyum" neekkam cheyyuka ennathaanu padhathikal. nilavile prathirodhatthile balaheenatakal velippeduthiya paristhithi ejansiyude padanatthe thudarnnaanu padhathikal. nagaratthinte community karansiyaaya eksittar poundu 2015 ll avatharippikkukayum 2018 ll pirichuvidukayum cheythu.
2016 october october central eksittarile kettidangalil gurutharamaaya theepidittham undaayi. royal clarence hotel, 18 cathedral yard, well house towern ennivaykku theepidutthatthil saaramaayi kedupaadukal sambhavichu. 2017 joolaiyil punarudhaarana padhathikal audyogikamaayi anaachaadanam cheythu, punarnirmmaanam 18 maasathinullil poortthiyaakumennum 2019ll hotel veendum thurakkumennu prathekshikkunnu. 2018 navambarode 18 cathedral yard attakuttappanikal nadathiyenkilum kinner veedinte attakuttappanikal poortthiyaakkunnathinum 74 kidappumurikalulla hotelayi royal clarence hotel punarnirmmikkunnathinnum randaam ghatta lelam undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2021 avasaanathode hotel padhathi "ganyamaayi asaadyamaanu" ennum royal clarence saitt irupathimoonnu adambara appaartmentukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyumennum thaazhathe nila oru ozhivusamayavum aathidhyamaryaadayumulla sthalamaayi pravartthikkumennum prakhyaapichu. 2022 october 11 nuu padhathikalkku audyogikamaayi anumathi nalki. bakkiyulla thunitharangal polikkunnathum punarnirmikkunnathum ulppedunna pravartthanangal pathinettu maasathil thaazhe neendunilkkukayum 2023 venalkkaalath aarambikkukayum cheyyum.
2021 februvari 27 nuu randaam lokamahaayudha bomb oru nirmmaana sthalathu kandethukayum 2,600-ladhikam aalukale ozhippikkukayum cheythu. bomb nirveeryamaakkal schwadukal ekadesham 400 tonn manal upayogichaanu ithu surakshithamaakkiyath. march 1 aayappozhekkum noorukanakkinu aalukal veettil ninnu akale moonnaam ratri chelavazhichirunnu, ennirunnaalum, bomb pottitherichu aduthulla kettidangalkk kedupaadukal sambhavichathinal. march 2 nuu eksittar sitti kaunsil thaamasakkaare avarude swathukkalilekku madangaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi suraksha corden pinvalichuvenkilum palarum "eee ghattathil vaasayogyamalla" ennu paranju. ozhippicha 1,400 vidyaarthikalil 300 perr ithuvare madangiyittillennu eksattar sarvakalashaala ariyichu.
bhavanarahitar.
englandile ellah praadeshika adikaarikaleyum apekshichu (2020 leeii sharathkaalathile kanakkanusarichu) oru raathriyil ettavum kooduthal ruff sleeparmaarulla aaraamathe rajyamaanu eksittar, ithu 2019 neey apekshichu 19 sathamaanam vardhanavu adayaalappeduthunnu. 2014 ll, eksittar undaayirunnu...landanu purathu ettavum uyarnna prathiseersha urakka nirakk ullathinte asaadhyamaaya avastha ". covid-19 mahamari samayat, sarkkaarinte 'ellaavarkkum' nirddeshathinte bhaagamaayi 102 perr urakkamillaaymayil allengil urakkamillaaymayude apakadasaadhyathayil kazhiyunnu. eksittar sitti kaunsilinte sameepakaala 'ruff sleeping delivari plaanil', 2020-2021 kaalayalavile ruff sleeping kuraykkunnathinaayi motham £ 3,351,347 anuvadichu. sarkkaarinte adutha ghatta thaamasa paripadi eksittar sitti kaunsilinu 440,000 poundu nalki, eksittar theruvukalile ruff sleepparmaarude ennam kuraykkaan sahayikkunnu. 2021 march 31 nuu munbu samarppita pinthunayode 31 yoonit puthiya deerghakaala neengal thaamasoukaryangal srishtikkunnathinaayi" 3 dasalaksham poundu mooladhana padhathi lelam nadathikkondu deerghakaalaadisthaanathil parukkan urakkam kuraykkunnathinulla shramangalilum kaunsil shradha kendreekarichu.
bharanam.
paarlamentari.
rund paarlamentari mandalangalilaanu eksittar, nagaratthinte bhooribhaagavum eksittar niyojakamandalathilaanu, ennaal rund vaardukal (sent loyse topsham) eest devenilaanu. randaam lokamahaayudham muthal adutha kaalam vare, eksittar thaarathamyena naamamaathramaayirunnu, athinte paarlament amgam saadhaaranayaayi bharanakshiyil ninnaan. innu eksittar seett kooduthalaayi thozhilaallikalude shakthikendramaayi maarukayaan. eksittar empy benn bradshaayaanu, yoothu empy jorjia howell aanu, saiman jup eest devene prathinidheekarikkunnu. 2020 ll brexitinu munbu, 6 empikale thiranjeduttha thekkupadinjaaran englandu europian niyojakamandalatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu eksittar.
praadeshika sarkkar.
oru jilla authorityaanu eksettezhs sitti kaunsil, devon kaundi kaunsilumaayi praadeshika sarkkaarinte utharavaaditham pankidunnu. 2012 meyy maasathil laber party kaunsilil bhooripaksha party. nagaratthe oru ekeekritha adhikaarasthaanamaakkaanulla eksittar sitti kaunsilinte sramathinu 2010 februvariyil mantrimar aadyam amgeekaaram nalki. devon kaundi kaunsil oru judicial avalokanam vilikkukayum athe samayam purathukadakkaan ekeekritha padavi nalkunnathil mantri niyamavirudhamaayi pravarthichuvennu kodathi vidhikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum, 2010 leeii pothutheranjeduppinethu puthiya sakhya sarkkar punasamghadana thadayumennu 2010 meyy maasathil prakhyaapichu.
saaksan kaalam muthal, ithu nooru oof vonfordilaayirunnu. 1207 muthal oru mayer undaayirunna eee nagaram 2002 vare englandile ettavum pazhaya 'sariyaaya aaraadhanayulla' mayer aayirunnu. elisabath randaamante suvarnna jubiliyude bhaagamaayi loard mayer padavi sweekarikkaan eksattare thiranjedutthu. kaunsilar granville baldwin 2002 meyy 1 nuu raajnjiyude sandarshana velayil nagarathinu lettezhs pettant nalkiyappol eksattarinte aadyathe loard meyaraayi.
ellah varshavum 39 sitti kaunsilarmaaril ninnu thiranjedukkappedunna mayer adhikaarakaalathekku raashtreeyamallaathayaalanu.
pothusevanangal.
nagaratthinte kizhakk middlemooril aasthaanamulla devon, konvaal constaabulariyaanu eksittarile policing nalkunnathu.
eksattarinaduthulla klist sent jorj aasthaanamaayi pravartthikkunna devon, somerset fayar aandu rescue sarveesaanu agnishamana sevanam nalkunnathu. dains kottayilum middlemoorilum rund fayar steshanukal sthithicheyyunnu.
royal devon yooniversitti health cair enhs foundeshan trasttinu nagara madhyathinte thekk-kizhakk bhaagath oru valia aashupathriyund. southu vestten ambulance sarvees enhs trasttaanu eksittarile ambulance sevanangal nalkunnathu. vestt trastt divisional aasthaanavum 999 niyanthranavum devon, konvaal, somerset, ails oof skilly ennivaykku cover nalkunna eksittarilaanu.
bhoomishaasthram.
kuthaneyulla kunnin mukalilulla oru bhoopradeshathaanu exe nadiyude kizhakkan theerathu eksettar nagaram sthaapikkappettathu. eee ghattathilaanu nadiyude creedy chernna exe, vishalamaaya vellapokka samathalathilekkum azhimukhathilekkum thurakkunnathu, ithu valare saadhaarana vellappokkathin kaaranamaakunnu. charitraparamaayi ithu ex nadiyude ettavum thaazhnna bridging pooyintaayirunnu, ithu charithratthil pinneedu veyarukalude nirmmaanam vare nagaram vare veliyettavum navigable aayirunnu. ithu eluppathil prathirodhikkaavunna malancherivinte uyarnna nilavumaayi samyojippichu nagaratthinte nilavile sthaanam vaasasthalathinum vyaapaarathinum swaabhaavika thiranjeduppaayi maatti. jorjju olivarinte "dhii histtari oof dhii sitti oof eksittar" enna kruthiyil, aadhunika eksittaraayi maarunnavayude yadhaartha sthirathaamasathinulla ettavum saadhyathayulla kaaranagal "chuttumulla graamapradeshangalude phalabhooyishtatha" yum pradeshatthinte "manoharavum aadhipathyamullathumaaya uyaravum [koodaathe] athinte druthagathiyilullathum sanjarikkaavunnathumaaya nadhiyum" aayirunnu.
prakrithivibhavangalkkum vettayaadunnathinum anuyojyamaaya vanapradesangalaayirikkum ivideyullathu.
chuttumulla pradeshangalude ghadana vyathyasthamaanenkilum eksittar pradhaanamaayum manalkkallilum samyojitha bhoomishaasthrathilumaanu sthithicheyyunnathu.
nagaratthinte nattellaya ridjinte bhooprakrithiyil oru agniparvvatha plug ulppedunnu, athil roogmond kotta sthithicheyyunnu. eee malancherivinte attathaanu cathedral sthithicheyyunnathu, athinaal ithu ganyamaaya doorathekku drishyamaanu.
salisbury padinjaaru-thekk padinjaaru, landante padinjaaru-thekk padinjaaru, torkwake vadakku, plaimouthinu vadakkukizhakku, truroyude kizhakk-vadakkukizhakku ennividangalilaanu eksittar sthithicheyyunnathu.
kaalavastha.
saadhaaranayaayi hraswakaalathekku nilanilkkunna thanuppulla shaithyakaalangalaal viraamachihnamulla neriya eerppamulla saithyakaalamaanu eksittarinu ullathu. choodullathum maaravunnathumaaya kaalaavasthayum choodullathum thanuppullathumaya mazhakkaalavumaan venalkkaalathinte savisheshatha. eee akshaamshatthile mattu sthalangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol varsham muzhuvanum thapanilayil valia vyathyasamilla; ennirunnaalum, nadiyude thaazhvarayile pradesangalaaya quaiside, sent thomas, exwick ennivayil thanutha raathrikalum choodulla pakalukalum kaanappedunnathinal, varshathiludaneelam thapanilayil valia vyathyasamilla; shaithyakaalath moodalmanjum thanupumulla kaalavasthayaanu ithil ninnu vyathyastham, pakal muzhuvan moodalmanjum pakal thapanilayum niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. athupole, athe kaalaavasthaareethikalkk paramavadhi dainamdina thaapanila uyarthaan kazhiyum, ettavum chooderiya maasam joolaiyilaanu, sharashari uyarnna thapanilayulla ettavum thanuppulla maasam januvariyaanu. october maasamaan mazha ettavum kooduthal eerppamulla maasam. eee readinginulla kalavastha kendram eksittar vimaanathaavalathilaanu; paramavadhi dainamdina thapanilayil ninnu readingukalilekku oru digri selshyas cherkkukayum raathriyile minimayil ninnu oru digri kuraykkunnathu sthala asamathvam vishaalamaayi ulkkollunnu. dartmooril ninnulla abhayam moolamaanu plymouth polulla thekkupadinjaaran pradeshangale apekshichu eksittar kooduthal manju saadhyatha kooduthal. ithe kaaranathaal venalkkaalath ithu kooduthal varandathum choodullathumaanu. 1976 juunil rekhappeduthiya ettavum uyarnna thaapanila, 2010 desemberil rekhappeduthiya ettavum kuranja thaapanilayaan.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
2011 leeii sensus prakaram deseeya sthithivivarakkanakkukalkal oafees prasidheekaricha prakaram 2001 leeii avasana sensus prakaram eksattar jillayilulla janasamkhya 117,773 aayirunnu; 6,697 perr kooduthalaayirunnu, ithu soochikkunnathu 2011 leeii yuke sensus samayat eksattar jillayilulla janasamkhya 111,076 aayirunnu. thurannu sensus prakaram vella britiish, velutha airish, mattu vamseeya vibhaagangalude ennam (yathaakramam-1 sathamaanam,-6 sathamaanam,-10 sathamaanam) kuranju. athesamayam, chainees, "mattu eshyakkaar" ennivarkku ettavum kooduthal vardhanavu undaayi (yathaakramam 429%, 434%). thaamasikkunnath jipsy allengil airish sanjaarikaludeyum arabikaludeyum sensasil cherttha rund puthiya vamseeya vibhaagangale ithu ozhivaakkunnu. purathukadakkunna 10 valia kudiyetta grouppukal chuvadeyundu.
2011ll, eksattar nagaratthile janasamkhya 117,773 aayirunnu, athesamayam athinte aantharika nagara upavibhaagathile janasamkhya 113,507 aayirunnu. eksattar yuu. ezz. dii (nagara upavibhagam) topsham pattanatthe ulppeduthiyitla, ithu bharanaparamaayi nagaratthinte bhaagamaanenkilum, ithu palappozhum oru prathyeka vyakthigatha vaasasthalamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athupole thanne nagaratthinte niyojakamandalatthil ninnu ozhivakkappetta vasthuthayum.
2011ll, yadhaartha nagaratthinum chuttumulla baroo oof eksittarinum 11.7% ennathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, eksittar usd janasamkhyayude 11.9% vellakkaarallaatha briteeshukaaraayirunnu.
thaamasikkunnath aii. dii. 1. neey apekshichu 2009ll purathukadakkunna nagaram velutha briteeshukaaraayirunnu.
2014ll nagaratthilum nagarapradeshathum 124,328 janasamkhyayundaayirunnappol purathekkulla nagarapradeshathu 124,079 janasamkhyayundaayirunnu. athe varsham thanne 467,257 janasamkhyayulla eksittar metropolittan pradeshathu tegenbridge, midu devon, eest devon ennivaykkoppam eksittarum ulppedunnu. ellah devon jillakalil ninnum, eest devonil ninnu ettavum kooduthal yaathrakkaare eksittar sweekarikkunnu, thudarnnu teagenbridge. nagaratthile vamseeya nyoonapaksha janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum nagaratthinte madhya, vadakkupadinjaaran, kizhakkan praanthapradeshangalilaan thaamasikkunnath. thaamasikkunnath kanakkanusarichu pinho, covic, topshaaminte chelaveria praanthapradeshangal ennivayellaam 95 sathamaanam vellakkaraaya briteeshukaaraanu.
vamseeyatha.
1991 muthal 2021 vareyulla kaalayalavil nagaratthile vamshavali thaazhe kodukkunnu
sambadghadana.
yunaittad kingdatthile pradhana kalavastha pravachana samghadanayum lokathile ettavum pradhaanappettathumaaya mettu oafees 2004 nte thudakkathil berkshareile bracknellil ninnu purathukadakkaan maatti. ithu pradeshathe ettavum valia thozhiludamakalil onnaanu (yooniversitti oof eksattar, devon kaundi kaunsil, royal devon, eksattar enhs foundeshan trastt enniva ulppede).
sameepa pattanangalil ninnu prathidinam ekadesham 35,000 aalukal puratthekku pookunnu. nagaraparidikkullile praadeshika nivaasikalkkum sameepa pattanangalaya teagenbridge, midu devon, eest devon ennivayil ninnum eksattar sevanangalum thozhilum shopping nalkunnu, ithu chilappol eksattar & hart oof devon eriya (eehod) ennum ariyappedunnu. athinaal eehod pradeshathe janasamkhya 457,400 aayi eksattar nalkunnu.
oru bisinesses adisthaanamaakkiyulla ettavum labhakaramaaya patthu sthalangalil eksittar kandethiyittundu. purathupokunna thozhilaallikalil 39 sathamaanavum professional thozhilukalilaanu, ithu deseeya sharashariyaaya 26 sathamaanathekkaal valare kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, muzhuvan samaya thozhilaallikalude sharashari shambalam grettu brittante mothatthilulla kanakkinekkaal kuravaanu, ennirunnaalum thekk padinjaaran englandinte kaaryatthil ithu kooduthalaanu.
nagara kendram ganyamaaya shopping soukaryangal nalkunnu. hye street pradhaanamaayum deseeya shringalakalude shaakhakalkkaayi neekkivachirikkunnu 2005 leeii oru neph sarway, nagaratthile hye streettil orotta swatantra store maathram ulla yukeyile oru kloon touninte ettavum mosham udaaharanamaayi eksattarine vilayiruthukayum, sarveyil pankeduttha mattethoru pattanathekkaalum kuranja vaividhyavum (vividha vibhaagangalude kadayude kaaryatthil). 2010-ll samanamaaya oru sarveyil eee nagaram ippozhum ettavum mosham kloon pattanamaanennu report cheythu. 2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu, hye streettile avasaanathe swatantra store adachirikkunnu. hye streettumaayi bandhippikkunna moonnu pradhana shopping eriyakal kurachukoodi vaividhyamaarnna menu nalkunnu. 2007ll punarvikasanatthinu munbu hye streettinte thekk bhagavumaayi bandhippikkunna yudhaananthara chillara vilppana pradeshamaaya princessiae niravadhi swatantra storukalude aasthaanamaayirunnu, ennaal ippol ithu pradhaanamaayum deseeya shringalakalude kaivashamaan. niravadhi puthiya unitukal praadeshika swatantra storukalilekku anuvadikkaan ippozhum uddeshikkunnu. melkoora baarum retail shoppukalum ulla moonnu nilakalulla hotelayi kettidam punarnirmmikkanulla padhathikal puratthirakkiya praadeshika welth perfomence maanejment sthaapanamaaya pridis hye streettile fraser kettidatthinte veedu vaangi.
hye streettinte maruvashathu, bhaagikamaayi maranjirikkunna gildhall shopping sentaril deseeyavum kooduthal praadeshikavumaaya kadakalude oru misritham undu, koodaathe cheria bisinasukal prabalamaaya poornnamaayum adacha harlekwin sentarumaayi bandhippikkunnu. hye streettil ninnulla gandy street polulla cheria theruvukalum niravadhi swatantra kadakal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
2004 juun juun eksittarinu fairtrade sitti padavi nalki.
eksittaril niravadhi vinodasanjaara akarshanangal undengilum, nagaratthil vinodasanchaarathinte aadipathyamilla, motham devon 13 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 7 sathamaanam thozhil maathramaan vinodasanchaarathe aashrayikkunnath (2005 kanakkukal).
eksittar groth pooyint" thanthratthinte bhaagamaayi eksittarinte athirthikalodu athirthi pankidunna teagenbridge, eest devon pradeshangalil bhoomiyil nirmmikkanum padhathiyundu. 2011ll nirmmaanam aarambhichathum ippol aayirakkanakkin nivaasikal thaamasikkunnathumaya kizhakkan devenil nagarathinu kizhakkayi sthithi cheiyunna puthiya pattanamaya cranbrook ithil ulppedunnu.
adayaalangal.
eksittarile sradheyamaaya kettidangalil iva ulppedunnu
vadakkan pullu thottangal.
kottaykku thottupurathu sthithi cheiyunna northenhe gardens englandile ettavum pazhaya pothu thurassaaya sthalamaanu, 1612 ll puratthekku pookunnavarkkulla oru ullaasayaathrayaayittaan ithu aadyam sthaapichathu.
gathagatham.
kaar.
bristolilekkum eksittarilekkum ulla nalkunnu motorway birminghamil ninnu aarambhich bristtoline bristtoline southu veyilsumaayum bandhippikkunnu. pazhaya eiii30 rooad eiii303, eiii303 vazhi landanilekku kooduthal nerittulla paatha nalkunnu. nalkunnu aanu nadiyude aadhunika ettavum thaazhnna bridging pooyint. padinjarottu pookumbool, eiii38 eksittarine plaimouthumaayum thekkukizhakkan konvaalumaayum bandhippikkunnu, athesamayam eiii30 ookkehaamptan vazhi konvaalilekku thudarukayum pensancil avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. bristtol, plymouth, baath, salisbury, truro ennee nagarangalilellaam rund manikorinullil athicheraanaakum.
exe bridjukal kendreekarichu pathivayi undaakunna jaam kaaranam nagaratthil kaariloodeyulla yaatra palappozhum budhimuttaanu. charitraparamaayi, thekkupadinjaaran englandilekkulla avadhikkala gathaagathathinu paalangal oru pradhana thadassamaayirunnu, ithu 1930 kalude madhyathil kaundes ware bridginu mukaliloode aadyathe baippasinte nirmmaanatthilekku nayichu, thudarnnu 1977 ll emm 5. nagara madhyathile tirakk prashnam kooduthal pariharikkunnathinayi, devon kaundi kaunsil moonnu paarkkukalum raidu saittukalum thurannu, 2006 ll tirakk chaarjukal earppeduthunnathu pariganichu.
buzz.
nagaratthile mikka sarveesukalum nadathunna steju coach thekk padinjaraanu local basukalude pradhana oopparettar. dartline, nagaratthile oru cheria oopparettaraanu. muun oopparettar paachakakkaarude kochukal steju coach roopeekarikkunna thekk padinjaaru steju coach etteduthu. 2015 maarchil phastt devon & konvaal, plymouth citibus, steju coach southu vestt enniva sevanangal ettedukkunnathuvare vestten greyhound konvaalumaayi eksittarine bandhippikkunna oru pradhana oopparettar koodiyaayirunnu. oru buzz steshan undu.
railway.
thekk padinjaaran mekhalayile pradhana reyil kendramaaya eksittar, paagandan, eksmouthu, baanstappil, ookkehaamptan ennivayulppede devenile mikka branch lainukalumaayum bandhippichirikkunnu. ithu devonile mikka steshanukalilum eksittar sent davidil ninnu nerittu athicheraan sahayikkunnu.
moonnu pradhana railway steshanukalaanu eksittarinu sevanam nalkunnathu. eksittar sent davids ellah sevanangalum nalkunnu, ithu thekk padinjaaran upadveepinte reyil shringalaykkullile oru pradhana interchange steshanaanu, athesamayam eksittar central sitti sentarinu kooduthal soukaryapradamaanu, pakshe praadeshika sevanangalum lunden waterloovilekkulla pradhana line rootum maathrame nalkoo. nagaratthinte thekk-padinjaaru bhaagath, nagaratthinte padinjaaran bhagathaanu eksettar sent thomas sevanam nalkunnathu. topsham, sent jaims paarkk, polslo bridge, pinho, digby & souttan, marsh barton, nucourt ennee ezhu suburban steshanukalum praadeshika sevanangal maathram nalkunnu.
eksittar muthal lunden vareyulla rund pradhana railway roottukalund, toundan vazhiyulla vegathayeriya rootum lunden paadingtanilekkulla reading englandinte pradhana paathayude padinjaaru bhaagathulla salisbury, basingstock vazhi lunden waterloovilekkulla vegatha kuranja pathayum. mattoru pradhana paatha, cross kantri root, eksittarine bristtol, birmingham, derby, leads, nucasil, eddinberg, aberdeen ennivayumaayi bandhippikkunnu. grettu vestten railway cross kantri sarveesukalum eksittar muthal plymouth line vare padinjarottu thudarunnu, torkway, plymouth, konvaal ennivaykku vividha sevanangal nalkunnu. praadeshika branch lineukal paagandan (reviera line kaanuka), eksmouthu (avoset line kaanuka), baanstaapal (tarca line kaanuka), okehaamptan (dartmoor line kaanuka) ennividangalilekku oodunnu.
lunden aandu southu vestten reyilveyude (ell. ezz. dablyu. aarr) plymouth lainil ninnulla eksittar, north konvaalineyum plaimouthineyum bandhippikkunna oru badal root nalkaan upayogichirunna ookkehaamptan vazhiyum backie yuke railway samvidaanavum 1968 ll adachupoottunnathuvare. plaimouthilekkulla oru throo sarveesinaayi tavistokku vazhi ookkehaamptanil ninnu diyari aalstanilekkulla line veendum thurakkaanulla nirddeshangalundu. 2014 februvari 4 nuu ratri, sakthamaaya kaattinum angeyattam prakshubdhamaaya kadalinum idayil, daulish samayat southu devon railway kadal mathilinte oru bhagam thakarnnu, mathilinu chuttum ozhuki, railwake thaazheyulla baalast udan thanne purakil ozhuki, plymouth laininulla eksittar adachu. network reyil attakuttappanikal aarambikkukayum 2014 epril 4 nuu line veendum thurakkukayum cheythu. 2014 februvariyil theeradesha kodunkaattukal moolam dovlishil mainline trackinu kedupaadukal sambhavichathinethudarnn vyapakamaaya thadassathinte pashchaathalatthil, network reyil theeradesha paathaykk pakaramaayi muun ell. ezz. dablyu. aarr laininte dier aalstan tuu ookkehaamptan, eksittar sekshan enniva veendum thurakkunnathinekkurichu aalochikkunnu.
vaayu.
nagarathinu kizhakkayi sthithi cheiyunna eksattar airport, munbu jezhsi europian, britiish europian ennum pinneedu flybe ennum vilikkappettirunna praadeshika airline, 2020 ll thakarunnathuvare oru pradhana praadeshika thozhiludamayaayirunnu. phaaro, mallorka, lancerot ennividangalilekkum mattidangalilekkum vimaanangalulla thuyi airwayude thaavalam koodiyaanithu. britiish, airish praadeshika vimaanathaavalangalilekkum charter vimaanangalilekkum shedule cheytha vimaanangalude oru shreni vimaanathaavalam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. 2005ll paarees-chaals dii gaulil ninnu anthaaraashtra kendrangalilekkulla kanakshanukal aarambhichu, pinneedu aamstardaam shifaul vimaanathaavalathilekkulla dainamdina sarvees 2020ll flybe thakarnnathode avasaanichu. 2019ll rayanair lukha, napples, malaga ennividangalilekku vimanangal aarambhichu. taamasiyaathe alikaant cherkkukayum ennaal napples lukhayum nirthukayum cheiyunnu.
kanal.
1566ll brittanile ettavum pazhaya krithrima jalapathakalilonnaaya joonn true aanu eksittar kappal kanal ennum ariyappedunna eksittar kanal aadyamaayi nirmmichathu. kaundes ware graamamaayi marria northbrookkinte samgamasthaanathinu thottaduthaayi nirmmicha oru millinu oru leett nalkunnathinaayi duck marshil nadikku kuruke nirmmicha sent jayimsinte veyarine marikadakkaan ithu murichu. purathekkulla nagaratthil jalajanya vyapaaram thadayunnathinte falamaayi, purathekkulla charakkukal kondupokunnathinum purathekkulla charakkukal kondupokunnathinum valia toll eedaakkaan devonte erlukalkku kazhiyunna topshamil bottukal kayattaanum irakkaanum nirbandhithamaayi.
yadhaarthathil aazhameriyathum veethiyullathumaaya kanal matford aruviyude samgamasthaanathu ninnu, kaundes veyarile bridge roadinu thottumukalil, eksittarinte madhyabhaagathodu chernnu theerangal sthaapikkunnathinaayi ozhukunnu. sthiramaaya jalanirapp nilanirthunnathinaayi, kanal nadiyil cherunna sthalathinu thottaduthaayi true aanu mattoru ware nirmmichathu. kanal pinneedu thekk topsham loock vare vyaapippikkukayum aazhathilaakkukayum pinneedu podarhaaminaduthulla turf loock vare vyaapippikkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare kanaalinte upayogam kramena kurayunnathu vare eee kanal vijayakaramaayirunnu-avasana vaanijya upayogam 1972 layirunnu. ennirunnaalum ithu ippol vinoda aavasyangalkkaayi vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu, koodaathe sitti basin 24 dasalaksham poundinte punarvikasana padhathiyude bhagamaanu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
nagaratthil rund kaambasukalulla eksattar sarvakalashaalayil bisinus school, bill dougless sinima museum, biocatalysisinaayulla henry velkkam kettidam, 2018 septambarile kanakkanusarichu vrithaakrithiyilulla sambadvyavasthayude eksattar sentar enniva ulppedunnu.
eksattar koleju oru unnatha vidyaabhyaasa kolejaanu. nagaratthile muzhuvan paripaalikkunna school mekhalayudeyum eaka aaraamathe roopamaayi ithu munbu pravarthichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2014-ll ganithashaasthrathil specialisamulla oru soujanya school aaram roopamaaya eksittar mathematics school sthaapichu.
ekadesham 30 varshatholam sitti oof eksattar oru paripalita school samvidaanam nadatthi, athil yunaittad kingdatthinte mikka bhagangalilum ninnu gattangal thammilulla vibhajanam sisukkal, juuniyar, secondary skoolukalkku pakaram phastt, middle, hye enningane vyathyastha praayangalil vannu, angane kuttikal 7,11 vayassinu pakaram 8,12 vayass praayamulla skoolukalkkidayil maari. ennirunnaalum, 2005 muthal, yuke deseeya paatyapadhathiyude sammarddam kaaranam ithu kooduthal saadhaarana paatten sweekarichu. kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya gadanayilekkulla maattam nagaratthiludaneelam, pii. eph. aii dhanasahaayathode, haiskoolukalude punarnirmmaana paripaadiyilekku nayikkukayum chila skoolukalude perukal maattunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. punasamghadanayetthudarnnu 25 primery schoolukalum naalu referral schoolukalum moonnu prathyeka schoolukalum anchu secondary schoolukalum undu. iska akkadami (munbu priyari haiskool), sent jaims school (munbu sent jaims haiskool), sent luke charchu oof englandu school (munbu vinsent thompson haiskool), sent peettezhs charchu oof englandu aided school (penkuttikalkaayulla muun bishop blackaal haiskoolinteyum aankuttikalkkayulla hells haiskoolinteyum ekeekaranam), vestt exe school (munbu sent thomas haiskool) ennivayaanu secondary schoolukal.
eksittar school, eksittar cathedral school, mainard school, sent wilfrieds school ennivayulppede niravadhi swatantra schoolukal nagarathilundu.
badhira vidyaabhyaasathinaayulla eksittar royal academy bhaagikamaayi kazhchayullavarkkaayi englandinte padinjaaran school ulppede censory aavasyangalulla vidyaarthikalkkaayi specialist skoolukalundu.
kodathikal paricharikkukayo remant cheiyukayo cheiyunna kuttikalkkulla surakshithamaaya specialist residential, vidyaabhyaasa samuchayamaan atkinsan yoonit.
matham.
niravadhi pallikalum mattu mathaparamaya kettidangalum eksittaril undu. bhooribhaagavum oru charchu oof englandu cathedral ulppede vyathyastha kristhyan vibhagangalil pettavaraan. madhyakala nagaramaya eksittaril ekadesham 70 pallikal, chaappalukal, ashramangal, daanashaalakal ennivayundaayirunnu.
eksattar cathedral eksattar bishappinte aasthaanamaanu. nilavile kettidatthinte nirmmaanam ekadesham 1400-ll poortthiyaayi, englandile ettavum dairkhyameriya thadassamillaatha nilavarayum mattu sradheyamaaya savisheshathakalum undu. engleesh pallikalude oru koottam eksattar deanary roopeekarikkunnu.
rund catholica pallikalunda vishudha hridayavum anugraheethamaaya koodaashayum, sabhakal pazhayathum sameepakalavumaaya kudiyettatthinte swabhaavam prathifalippikkunnu.
merii arches streetinu sameepamulla eksettar sinagog 1763-ll poornnamaayum nirmikkappettu.
eksettezhs pally islaamik sentarum york rodilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1977ll aadyathe palli thurannu. 2011ll nirmmicha palli thurannu.
thurannu sensus prakaram, purathukadakkunnavarude janasamkhyayude% thangalude matham kristhyaaniyaanennu prasthaavichu, ithu praadeshika sharashariyaaya 73.99% nekkaalum deseeya sharashariyaaya 71.74% nekkaalum alpam kuravaanu. ithokkeyaanengilum, matellaa mathangalum praadeshika saraashariyekkaal oru sathamaanathil thaazhe mathramaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, budhamatham ozhivaakkappettathode avaa deseeya saraashariyekkaal valare kuravaayirunnu. 20.puratthekku pookunnavarude janasamkhyayude 45 sathamaanam thangalkk oru mathavumillenn paranju, ithu praadeshika sharashariyaaya <aii. dii. 2>% nekkaalum deseeya sharashariyaaya <aii. dii. 1>% nekkaalum kooduthalaanu.
engleesh pallikal.
joonn betjemaan (1958-ll ezhuthunnathu) sent davids (karoyude ettavum mikacha palli), sent martins ("savisheshamaaya cheria sitti charchu, pathinanjaam noottaand"), sent merii steps ("madhyakala sitti charchu; phondu"), sent michaels ("victorian, oru mikacha saittil"), sent thomas ("fittings") enniva thiranjedukkunnu. sent merii kamaanangalude kavarej kooduthal vishadamaayirikkunnu "kaanendathaanu... devonile ettavum poornnamaaya norman palliyaayi 1942 leeii bombaakramanatthil ninnu punasthaapichathinu sesham manoharamaaya velichavum vaayusanjaaravumulla. pathinettaam noottaandile balipeeta krameekaranangal. 16 muthal 18 vare noottaandukalile yogyathakal ozhivaakkunnathinulla smarakangal."
melpparanja engleesh pallikalude koottatthil sent davids steshanu sameepam sthithi cheiyunna sent davids charchu ulppedunnu. sabha vibhavanam cheythath dablyu. dii. kempe gopuravum nirmmicha janalakal pinneedu pinneedu 1897num idayil nirmmicha karoi. vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath oru gopuram nilakollunnu, mothatthilulla roopakalppanaye nicolas pevsner "valare manoharam" ennu visheshippichu.
exe paalatthilaanu sent edmund-oonn-dhii-bridge nirmmichathu. paalatthinte rund kamanangal undercroftinu keezhil avasheshikkunnundenkil pazhaya vasthukkal upayogichu 1835-ll lambamaya shailiyil palli punarnirmmichu.
sent martins cathedralinu sameepathaan; padhathi vichithramaan, koodaathe uyarnna soundarya moolyamillaatha niravadhi palli furnitureukal undu. edanaazhikalulla oru norman palliyaan sent merii arches. sent merii steppukal yadhaarthathil nagaratthinte padinjaaran kavaadathinaduthaayirunnu; phondu norman aanu, koodaathe sradheyamaaya oru aadyakaala gadikaaravumundu. sent maikkal, hevitree 1844-46 ll nirmmikkappedukayum pinneedu noottaandil vipuleekarikkappedukayum cheythu. 13-aamm noottaandile sent pancrassinu oru naavum chansal maathrameyulloo; phondu norman aanu. sent petrock palliyude padhathi valare asaadhaaranamaanu randaamathe chansaline vadakkott abhimukheekarichu chertthittundu, athesamayam yadhaartha chansalinu mattoru upayogamundu, kizhakode abhimukeekarikkunnu. thekk rund edanaazhikalundu, onnu onnu mattonn pathinaram noottaandilumaanu.
sent sidwells charchu W. burgus, 1812, lambamaya shailiyil. sent steefans palli bhaagikamaayi pathimoonnaam noottaandil nirmmichathaanenkilum gadanayude bhooribhaagavum 1826 ll punarnirmmichathaanu. sent maikkal, dinham parvathatthile ellah maalaakhamaarude pallikalkkum eksettar cathedralinte gopurangalude uyaram kaviyunna oru cooney undu.
kaayika.
rugby union.
nagaratthile professional rugby union teamaanu eksittar medhaavikal. 1871 ll sthaapithamaaya, eksattar rugby club enna nilayil, 1905 muthal nirantharam upayogichirunna kaundi groundile avarude muun stadiyathil ninnu marria sesham 2006 muthal cheiyunnu junction 30-nodu chernnulla sandy paarkk stadiyathil team avarude hoome geyimukal kalichu. 2010 muthal engleesh ragbiyude ettavum uyarnna vibhagamaaya premiyarshippil avar thudarchayaayi amgangalaanu. 2017 lum 2020 lum avar rund thavana engleesh chaambyanmaaraayirunnu. 2014 lum 2018 lum rund thavana anglo-velsh kapp jethaakkalaayirunnu. 2020 ll, club avarude charithratthil aadyamaayi europian chaambyanmaaraayi, bristtolinte aashtan gettu stadiyathil nadanna finalil paarees aasthaanamaayulla club racing 92 neey paraajayappeduthi.
nagarathinu mattu rund klabbukalum undu exvikkil sthithi cheiyunna vessex rugby club, vipttanil sthithi cheiyunna eksettar sarasense rugby club.
football.
eksittar sittiyaan eksittarinte eaka professional association football club. nilavil leag vann amgangalaaya avar 1904 ll roopeekarichathumuthal sent jaims parkkil avarude hoome geyimukal kalichittundu. 1920 ll football leaginte moonnaam division (southu) sthaapaka amgangalaayirunna club, pakshe engleesh football leag samvidaanathinte moonnaam nirayekkaal uyarnna purogathi orikkalum nediyittilla, 2003 ll konfaransilekku tharamthaazhthappettu.
mattu kaayika enangal.
devon krikkatt leagil kalikkunna moonnu teamukale eksittar krikkatt club niyanthrikkunnu. ithil aadyathethu onnaam xi levelil premiier divisionilum aduthathu randaam xi levelilum kalikkunnu. 180 varshathilereyaayi nilanilkkunna kaundi groundilaanu club avarude hoome geyimukal kalikkunnathu.
eksattar roying club praadesikamaayum deseeyamaayum malsarikkunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil uthbhavicha oru charithramund. eksittar roying regata nagaram ellah varshavum joolaiyil pravartthikkunnu, thekk padinjaaran mekhalayile ettavum pazhakkameriyathum valuthumaaya regaattayaan, 1860 kalil nadiyil aadyamaayi racing rekhappeduthiyittundu.
eksattarinte speedway team, eksattar faalkkans, 1929 ll sthaapithamaayathum 2005 ll sthiramaayi adachupoottunnathuvare kaundi groundilaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. team 2015 ll punarujjeevippikkappedu, pakshe nilavil plymouth aasthaanamaakkiyaanu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham alphingtonileyum peemorileyum tracukalil hrasvamaayi speedway avatharippichu.
samskaaram.
saahityam.
anglo saaksan kavithakalude samahaaramaaya "eksittar book" eksittar cathedralinte nilavarakalil samrakshichirikkunnu. patthaam noottaandil ninnu uthbhavicha eee eksittar book, avaykkidayil pazhaya engleeshil rachicha avasheshikkunna ellah kavithakalum ulkkollunna naalu kayyezhuthuprathikalil onnaanu. pradhaanamaayum, eee pusthakatthil hraswa kavithakalum niravadhi mathaparamaya kruthikalum orupidi vichitramaaya kadankadhakalum ulppedunnu. 2005 march 30 nuu hye streettil sthithi cheiyunna uyarnna poolish cheytha steel obeliskil melpparanja kadankadhakalil chilath alekhanam cheythittundu.
mattoru prashasthamaaya saahityam 1086-leeii samyojitha land aandu taxes rajistaraaya "exon domsday" aanu. konvaal, devon, dorset, somerset, viltshayar ennee kaundikalekkurichulla vividha bharanaparamaya vasthukkal eee lekhanathil adangiyirikkunnu. eee kashanam eksittar cathedralilum samrakshikkappettittund.
2019ll eee nagaram unesco saahitya nagaramaayi maari.
thiyettar.
eksittarinu niravadhi theaterukalundu. eksittar sarvakalaashaalayude straitham kaambasilaanu northcoat thiyettar sthithicheyyunnathu, svanthamaayi repertery kambani nilanirthunna thaarathamyena kurachu pravishya engleesh theaterukalil onnaanith.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil eksittar litareri sosaitti baanfeeld haalayi nirmmicha baanfeeld thiyettar 1972 ll oru theateraakki maatti.
signet pariseelana thiyettarinte aasthaanavum naadaka skoolukalude konfaransile amgavumaanu friyezhs vaakkile signet thiyettar.
koodaathe, kooduthal noothanavum samakalikavumaaya prakadanangal, naadaka nirmmanangal, nrithangal enniva maarkkat streettile eksattar koonn ekschenchil prograam cheiyunnu.
samgeetham.
eksittar aasthaanamaayulla ettavum valia orkkastrayaanu emji symphany oorkkastra.
anthaaraashtrathalathil prashasthamaaya baand colled pleyude pradhana gayakanaaya kriss martin aduthulla vaittston graamatthile ettu ekkar maitanath randaam grade listtucheytha georgian housilaanu valarnnathu.
radio.
bii. bii. sii radio devon eph. emm (95.8), eiii. emm (990 eiii. emm/emm. dablyu) ennivayil praadeshikamaayi purathukadakkaan prakshepanam cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum prograaminginte bhooribhaagavum plaimouthil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. vaikunnerangalil, bbc radio devon thekk padinjaaran praadeshika sevanathil cherunnu. hart vestt munbu jemini efm, devonaire enniva 97 efm-ll prakshepanam cheiyunnu, eest devon torbay avarude swantham aavruthikal upayogikkunnu. hart vestt, bbc radio devon enniva sent thomas traansmittaril ninnu prakshepanam cheiyunnu. cheiyunnu emm5-nte sthithi cheiyunna piers kunnin mukalil ninnaan aam radio prakshepanam cheiyunnathu.
mattu radio steshanukalil radio exe, phonic, 107.3 efmil prakshepanam cheiyunna eluppathil kelkkunna steshan ulppedunnu.efm, ithu 106.8 efm allengil oonlainil "parasyangalilla playlist illa" enna badal nalkunnu.phoon.efm, vii, 1386 AM/MW nuu englandinte school aandu colleginte padinjaaru ninnu prakshepanam cheiyunna oru steshan.
koodaathe, nagaratthinte vadakku bhagathaayi ithu kelkkaamenkilum, kuranja oorjjamulla rund traansmittarukal upayogichu 87.7 efm-ll prakshepanam cheiyunna expression efm enna oru mikacha vidyaarthi steshan eksattar sarvakalaashaalaykkund.
praadeshika vaanijya radio steshan radio exe aanu. praadeshika community radio steshan phonic efm aanu.
television.
bbc spotlaittum aidivi vestt kantriyum praadeshika warta aouttputtukal nalkunnu. bbc spotlight plaimouthil ninnum aidivi vestt kantri bristtolil ninnum prakshepanam cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum rund sevanangalkkum eksittaril nyoos roomukalundu. sent thomas stockland hill traansmitting steshanum digital swichoavar poortthiyaakkiya rund traansmittarukalum nagaratthinte kavarej nalkunnu.
eratta pattanangal.
fraansil rennukalum germmaniyil baad homberg italiyil terrassina chernnathaanu eksettar. 2022ll russiayile yaroslavumaayulla erattapperu nirthalaakkiyathaanu eksettar sitti kaunsil.
nagaratthinte swaathanthryam.
thaazhepparayunna janangalkkum sainika unitukalkkum nagaratthinte swaathanthryam labhichu.

