
petka

aadyathe republic oof checoslovakiayude rashtreeya budhimuttukale neridaan roopakalppana cheytha oru anaudyogika anaudyogika paarlamentari ardha-bharanaghadanaa rashtreeya foramaayirunnu petka allengil anchu anga samiti. 1920 septambaril sthaapithamaaya ithu checoslovac sarkkar roopeekaricha sakhyakakshikalude nethaakkalude oru kaunsilaayirunnu. anchu" enna check padatthil ninnaan athinte peru vannath, ithu "paitka" ennu ucharikkappedunnu. athu raajyathinte raashtreeyathil nirnaayaka punk vahichu.
sthaapanam.
oru ventrilocvistinte dammiyodu saamyamullathayi parayappedunna athinu svanthamaayi rashtreeya ichhaashakthiyo shabdamo illaayirunnu" ennu parayappedunna jaann serniyude durbalamaaya manthrisabhaykk maarganirddesham nalkunnathinaayi 1920laanu petka sthaapithamaayathu. petka roopeekarichappol, checoslovakia onnaam lokamahaayudhathil ninnu karakayarukayum yudhaananthara europil oru puthiya rajyamenna nilayil abhimukheekaricha prasnangal kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu. checoslovakiayude aadya president tomas masaric puthiya europine "lokamahaayudhathinte smashaanathinu mukalil nirmmicha oru laborattari, ellaavarudeyum jolie aavasyamulla oru laborattari" aayi kandu. yudhaananthara europil, masaric "paarlamentari gavanmentinu aavashyamaaya anubhavaparichayavum sahishnutayum thante janangalkk ippozhum illennu thiricharinju", niyanthranam nilanirthaan oru paarambaryethara rashtreeya sthaapanam aavasyamaanennu ariyamaayirunnu. checoslovakia bharikkanamenkil oru svechaadhipathiyaayi bharikkunath masaarikkin eluppamaakumenkilum thaaf addehathinte janaadhipathya aadarshangalkku virudhanaayirunnu. pakaram, addeham bharanaghadanaaparamallenkilum dheeramaayi pravartthikkukayum 1920 septambaril vidagtharude oru sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. thante aathmakadhayil, "bharanakoodathileyum sarkkarileyum vidagdha gadakangal urappakkaan" thaan athramaathram uthkandaakulanaanennu masaric prasthaavichu.
anchu prathinidhi vidagtharum avarude rashtreeya paarttikalum aantonin shwela (kaarshika party), alois rassin (naashanal demookratik party), rudolph bechine (soshyal demookratik party), jiirii stribrini (soshyalist party), jaann shramek (peeples party) ennivayaayirunnu. 1922 muthal 1926 vareyum 1926 muthal 1929 vareyum checoslovakiayude pradhaanamanthriyaayi sevanamanushticha aantonin shwela aayirunnu petkaykku pinnile pradhana shakti.
1920 ll kaarshika party nethaavu srishticha, swehla, paarlamentile pramukha partykalkku oru bharana sakhyam roopeekarikkaanulla kazhivillaayma kaaranam roopappedunna oru prathisandhi ozhivakkaanulla oru maargamaayaanu ithu aadyam roopakalppana cheythath. puthuthayi roopeekaricha checoslovakia republicile mattu naalu pramukha rashtreeya paarttikalude nethaakkalaayirunnu petkayil pankedukkaan shanikkappettathu.
lakshyangal.
serney manthrisabhayude "rashtreeya shabdathinte" abhavam nikathaanaanu petka roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. manthrisabhaykk maarganirdesam nalkunnathinum pradhaanamantriye upadesikkunnathinum anchu pradhana rashtreeya paarttikalude nethaakkal idaykkide yogam chernnu. njangal sammathikkumennu njangal sammathichu" enna thathwathilaanu anchu amgangalil oororutharum pravarthichathu. ellah pradhana tharkkangalum pothujanangalude kannil ninnu nadakkunnuvennu petka urappakkukayum pothu upabhogathinaayi sarkkar oru aikyamunnani nilanirthukayum cheythu. checoslovac rashtreeya samvidaanathinte savisheshathayaanu karkkashamaaya party achadakkam, petka prathinidhikale avarude party oro amgangaleyum niyamasabhayil niyantrikkaan praaptharaakkukayum athinaal avarkk manthrisabhaye niyantrikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. vaasthavathil, "raajyathinte yadhaartha gavanment" ennaanu petkaye visheshippichirikkunna.
adhock adisthaanathil roopeekaricha thirasseelaykku pinnile phooram valare phalapradamaanennu theliyikkukayum anchu paarttikalude nethaakkal (kaarshikar, deseeya soshyalistukal, deseeya janaadhipathyavaadikal, saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadikal, catholica party) thudarnnulla rund pathittaandukalaayi niravadhi avasarangalil petka veendum samghadippikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, athinte shakthiyude yadhaartha manangal enthuthanneyaayaalum, thiranjedukkappedaatha pakaram nizhalulla petka yudhakaalakhattathil valareyadhikam adikaaram upayogichuvennu urappaan. 1921 septambaril edward benezine pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkaan theerumaanichathinte utharavaaditham petkaykkaanennu thonnunnu. oru varshathinusesham, benez rajivachathinushesham, petka thante pingamiyaayi sevanamanushtikkaan swehla thiranjedutthu. 1920kall purogamikkumbol, checoslovakia thaarathamyena sthirathayode thudarnnappol, aadyakaala petkayude praadhaanyam kurayukayo manthrisabhayil ulppeduthukayo cheythu.
nettangal.
1922num 1923num idayil europiludaneelam uyarnna panapperuppatthinu kaaranamaaya saambathika prathisandhi niyanthranavidheyamaakkaan petka sahayichu. 1924ll, oru deseeya insurance niyamam passacan deseeya asambliyodu nirddeshichu, athu akkaalat lokathile ettavum purogamanaparamaaya oru saamoohika kshema samvidaanam srishtichu. aadyathe republic oof checoslovakia bharanakoodatthinte sthiratha nilanirthappettu, ithu kuranjathu bhaagikamaayi, petkaykku kaaranamaakanam, kaaranam ithu bhooribhaagam chamber oof deputymark sveekaaryamaaya oru mithamaaya gathi pinthudarnnu, ithu saamoohika aswasthathayude samayangalil oru kaabinat prathisandhi thadanju. petka deseeya assemblic achadakkam nalkukayum vittuveezhchakalil athicheraanum checoslovakiayude sthiratha urappakkaanum praapthamaakkukayum cheythu.
checoslovakia athinte sthirathayude adisthaanathil yudhakaalakhattathil mattu madhya, kizhakkan europian rajyangalil ninnu verittuninnirunnu. eee mekhalayile mattu pala raajyangalum svechaadhipathyathinu keezhilaayi, deerghakaala asthiratha anubhavichu allengil angeyattatthe idathuvashatho angeyattatthe valathupakshathilo ulla paarttikalude niyanthranatthilaayi.
checoslovakiayile yudhaanthya kaalaghattatthil, oru manthrisabhayilum idathu orikkalum aadhipathyam pulartthiyilla, kammyoonistukaar orikkalum oru sarkkaaril pankedutthittilla, sakhyathinu orikkalum adikaaram ettedukkaan kazhivulla athiraalikalude samghaditha prathipaksha samghathe neridendi vannilla. petkayude nilanilpp checoslovakia "aantharikamaayi susthiravum baahyamaayi bahumaanikkappedunna" rajyamaayi visheshippikkaan praapthamakki.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham raajyathe rashtreeya jeevithathinte rund pradhana vashangal petkayude sthaapanavum falapraptiyum prathifalippikkunnu. onnamathaayi, yudhathinte avasaanathil austriya-hangariyude thakarchayode maathram oru swatantra raashtramaayi nilavil vanna puthuthayi roopeekaricha checoslovakiayile nethaakkalkkidayile samavaayathilekkulla avesham ithu prakadamaakkunnu. njangal sammathikkumennu njangal sammathichu" enna swehla roopeekaricha sakhyangalude mudraavaakyathil aaa vikaaram ulkkollunnu. avarude abhipraayavyathyaasangalum vyakthiparamaaya nethaakkalum enthuthanneyaayaalum, raajyam araajakathvathilekku veezhaathirikkaan pothuvaaya adithara kandethaan checoslovac nethaakkalkku baadhyathayundaayi. randaamathaayi, petkayude saannidhyavum shakthiyum checoslovakian janaadhipathyathinte durbalata pakwathayillaaymayum prakadamaakkunnu.
petkayude paarambaryam valare sammisramaanu. oru vashath, hraswakaala onnaam republicinte ettavum pradhanappetta nettangalil ithu oru pradhana punk vahichathayi thonnunnu. 1918num 1923num idayil nadappaakkiya bahubhooripaksham saamoohika parishkarangalkkum ithinu credit nalkaam. ettu manikkoor pravrithi divasam, asukham, thozhilillaayma aashvaasam, sthree, baalavelaykkulla niyanthranangal enniva petka roopakalppana cheythathayi karuthappedunna chila parishkaarangalaayirunnu. austriya-hangariyude avashishtangalil ninnu kothiyeduttha mattu rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, checoslovakia sambannavum surakshithavumaya oru abhayakendramaayirunnu. kurachu credit petkaykku pookanam.
maruvashathu, petkayeyum baakkroom charchakaleyum aashrayikkunnath raajyam neritta budhimuttukal vittuveezhchaye avaganichappol raajyam sajjamallenn vadikkam. prathyekichum, germmaniyil naasisatthinte uyarchayum checoslovakiayile jeevithathe badhikkunna vividha prathyaaghaathangalum uyarnnuvarunna sathruthayulla jarmman nyoonapakshavum uyarthunna bhishaniye neriduka asaadhyamaanennu nethaakkal kandethi.
vimarsanangal.
bharanaghadanaa virudhavum janaadhipathyavirudhavumaanne petka vimarsanangal nerittu. petka poornnamaayum janaadhipathyaparamallenn masaric polum amgeekarikkukayum 1925 leeii oru prasamgatthil ingane parayukayum cheythu
"njaan oru vishwastha janaadhipathyavaadiyaanu, janaadhipathyathinte antharleenamaaya budhimuttukal njaan amgeekarikkunnu. rashtreeya ardhathil yadhaarthathil vidyaabhyaasam nediya pouranmaarude oru samghavum sthreepurushanmaraaya budhiyulla oru vottar samghavum aavasyamulla janaadhipathyathinte uyarnna aavasyangalil ninnaan nammude budhimuttukal uyarnnuvarunnathu. athinaal vidagtharudeyo udyogastharudeyo sarkkaarine njaan anukoolikkunnilla. theerchayaayum njangalkk ithinakam rund udyogastharude manthrisabhakal (petka) undaayirunnu. athu enthaanu soochippikkunnathu? athinartham rajavaazhchayil ninnu janaadhipathyathilekkula parivartthanam njangalkk budhimuttulla onnaanu ennaanu. ennirunnaalum, chinthikkukayum arivu kaivasham vaykkukayum cheiyunna aalukalaanu prasnangal pariharikkunnath, mathramalla thiranjedukkappettavalla.
avasaanichu.
ithu sthaapithamaayappol, petka hrasvamaayi maathrame nilanilkkoo ennu karuthiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, "thaalkkaalikam palappozhum nilanilkkunnathayi theliyikkunnu", ithu aadya republic oof checoslovakiayude avasaanam vare eathenkilum roopathil nilaninnu. petka pirichuvittathode sakhyathile achadakkam avasaanichu. check, slovac raashtreeyakkaar tharkkikkan thudangi, deerghakaalamaayi adichamarthappetta samgharshangal taamasiyaathe thurannukattappettu.

