urumbukalude supercoloni

praadeshika athirthikalillaatha oru valia pradeshathu vyaapichukidakkunna orotta urumbukalude (kolaniye bahubhujaakrithiyilullathaayi ardhamaakkunnu) varggathil verthiricheduthathum ennaal saamoohikamaayi bandhappettathumaya koodul ulkkollunna asaadhaaranamaaya oru valia urumbukalude kolaniyaanu urumbukalude supercoloni. muttayidunna niravadhi penn (raajnjikal allengil gainukal) adangiyirikkunna suuparkolanikal saadhaaranayaayi bahubhaaryaathvamullavayaanu. ore supercolonicullil vyathyastha koodukalil ninnulla thozhilaalikalkkum raajnjikalkkum koodukalkkidayil swathanthramaayi sanjarikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe ellah thozhilaallikalum bhakshanam shekharikkunnathilum santhathikale paripaalikkunnathilum parasparam vivechanarahithamayi sahakarikkunnu, koodaathe paraspara aakramanathmakamaaya perumaattam kanikkunnilla.
mathiyaya vibhavangalulla anuyojyamaaya aalillaatha idam labhyamaakunnidatholam kaalam, suuppar kolanikal valarunnathiloode thudarchayaayi vikasikkunnu, kaaranam raajnjikalum chila thozhilaallikalum chernnu kuranja doorathekku kudiyerukayum bandhippicha oru puthiya koodu sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. bhookhandangalkkidayil vyapikkaan saadhyathayulla jump-dispersaliloode supercolonic deerghadooram vikasikkaanum kazhiyum. manushyante madhyasthathayilulla gathaagathatthiloode manappoorvvam aanu jump dispersal saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnath. bhookhandangaliludaneelam supercolonical roopeekarikkunna urumbukalude oru sradheyamaaya udaaharanamaanu arjanteeniyan urumbu ("linepithema humail"). valare aakramanathmakamaaya chuvanna irakkumathi cheytha thee urumbukalum ("solinopsis inviktta") "solinopsis jeminatta" ennivayum classic inacheral vimanangal upayogikkunnu, angane dispersalinte moonnu praadhamika reethikal upayogikkunnu. vivaricha ekadesham 14,000 urumbukalil, suuppar colonialism ellah urumbukalilum oru sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame kaanappedunnulloo.
pothuve, supercolonical roopappeduthunna urumbukal thaddesheeyamallaatha parithasthithikalil aakramanathmakavum doshakaravumaanu. ellah suuppar colonial speesheesukalum aakramanaathmakamallenkilum ellah aakramanathmaka urumbukalum prabalamallengilum, supercolonical saadhaaranayaayi aakramanathmaka janasamkhyayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. chila aakramanathmaka enangal avayude thaddesheeya aavaasavyavasthayilum supercolonical roopappeduthunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. avayude thaddesheeya shreniyil, thaarathamyena cheria supercolonical nireekshikkappedunnu, athesamayam avaa valare valuthum prabalavum avayude aakramanathmaka shreniyil paaristhithika vaividhyathin bheeshaniyumaanu. aakramanaathmakamallaatha supercolonical roopappeduthunna speesheesukalude ozhivaakkalukal pradhaanamaayum "formica" janussil kaanapedunnu. 
thaarathamyena kurachu urumbukalil maathramaan supercolonical pradhaanamaayum kaanappedunnathenkilum, samanamaaya unicolonial janasamkhya chithal janussile "rettikulittarmukalude" chila enangalilum kaanapedunnu.
ekakoloniyaliyum supercolonially.
thudakkathil, unicolonialism ennathu chila urumbukalude savisheshathayaanennu anumaanikkappettirunnu, athil aaa inathile ellah thozhilaallikalum souhaarddaparamaanu, avayude uthbhavam enthuthanneyaayaalum. athinaal, uthbhavathinte koodu pariganikkathe, koodu thammilulla dooram pariganikkathe, eee inathile ellah amgangalum parasparam sweekarikkum. ithinu vipareethamaayi, ore speesheesile vyathyastha kolanikal ulppede ellah kolanikalum parasparam aakramanaathmakamaanennu kaanikkunna urumbukalude pothuvaaya savisheshathayaanu multicolonility. oru supercoloni ennathu saadhaaranayaayi multicolonility prakadippikkunna oru inathinte koodukalude oru valia koottamaanu, ennaal oru supercoloniyude kaaryatthil bandhapetta ellah koodukalil ninnumulla ellah thozhilaallikalum parasparam aakramanaathmakamallaathavarana. praadeshikamaayi vyathyasthamaaya koodukalude megaakolanikal roopeekarikkunna arjanteeniyan urumbu ("linepithema humail"), athinte mikacha udaaharanamaayi karuthappettu.
ekakolonaalitti, orikkalum multy colonality prakadippikkilla. 
giraud thudangiyavar. (2002) ennirunnaalum, "ell. humily "parasparam aakramanathmakamaaya supercolonikalum roopappeduthunnu, athinaal ekakolonilitti parimithamaanennu thelinju. suuppar colonially unicolonially thammilulla vyathyasam vyakthamallennum marichu avaa rund athirukal thammilulla thudarchaye soochippikkunnuvennum avar anumaanichu ellah kolanikalkkum parasparam aakramanathmakamaaya "multicolonility", kolanikal thammilulla aakramanathinte samboornna abhaavamulla "unicolonialisa", athinidayil evideyengilum "supercolonialisa" ennivaykku vipareethamaayi. 
athinaal, pedersonum mattullavarum. (2006) suuppar colonialiattiyeyum unicolonialy inipparayunna reethiyil punarnirvachichu
ell" polulla aakramanathmaka urumbukalude vijayam avar soochippikkunnu. adhinivesha aavaasavyavasthayile saamoohika samghadanayile maattathekkaal supercolonikalude maanam naadakeeyamaayi vipuleekarikkaan anuvadikkunna parichayappedutthiya shreniyile paaristhithika saahacharyangalil ninnaan vinayam "uthbhavikkunnath.
chithalukalile supercolonical.
thaarathamyena kurachu urumbukalil maathramaan supercolonical pradhaanamaayum kaanappedunnathenkilum, samanamaaya unicolonial janasamkhya chithal janussile "rettikulittarmukalude" chila enangalilum kaanapedunnu.
fraansil, oru urumbukalude supercolonic samanamaaya ezhu hector visthruthiyulla "rettikulittarms yurbis" enna aakramanathmaka chithal inathinte supercoloni nireekshikkappettu. kaanadayile torrentoyile "rettikulittarmas flaveyppukalude" aakramanathmaka ekakoloniyal mettaapomuleshanukal 2012 ll vivarichittundu. avaykku pathinaayirakkanakkin kilometerukal sanjarikkaanum lakshakkanakkin vyakthikalude ennam rekhappeduthaanum intercoloni aakramanathinte abhavam kaanikkanum kazhiyum. prathyekichu nagara aavaasavyavasthakalil avaa vistheernnathiludaneellam suuppar kolanikal roopappeduthunnu.
udaaharanagal.
supercolonical roopappedunnathaayi ariyappedunna enangal ivayaanu (aant vikkiyile patikayum kaanuka)
"formica".
"formica" koodukalum 56 dasalaksham vyakthikalude janasamkhyayum ulkkollunna american samsthaanamaaya origonile "formica obscuripukalude" oru supercoloni 1997ll vivarikkapettu.
jappaanile hokkaidoyile "formica yessensis" enna ishikari supercoloniyil 45,000-ladhikam koodukalum, 300,000,000 thozhilaallikalekkaal kooduthalum 1,000,000 raajnjikalekkaal kooduthalum ulppedunnu.
"tapinoma".
tapinoma nigrimum' samuchayathil thiricharinja naalu enangalil moonnennathe supercolonial ennu vilikkunnu 'tii. darrioi, "tii. ibericum ", tii. mahanaaya ". "tapinoma nigerimum" monodomous muthal mithamaaya polydomous, multicolonial, supercoloniality anjjaathamaanu.
"tapinoma sesile" cheria kolanikalil athinte swaabhaavika aavaasavyavasthayilaanu jeevikkunnath. nagarapradeshangalil akramikkukayum ithu angeyattam bahubharyaathvavum bahubharyaathvavum prakadippikkukayum oru prabalamaaya aakramanathmaka keedamaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. kaalathe aashrayich, kolaniyile koodukalude ennam shaithyakaalath onno athiladhikamo aayi marimari samyojippikkukayum venalkkaalath paramavadhi koodu saandrata kaivarikkunnathinu vasanthakaalam muthal valarukayum cheyyaam. avarude aadyakaala seasonile janasamkhyaa valarcha ganyamaanu. pothuve, tii. sesile kolanikal pathivayi neengunnu. avar koodinum bhakshya vibhavangalkkumidayil pathakal sthaapikkukayum puthiya pradeshangal kolanivalkkarikkukayum cheiyunnu.

