jackwus saadaul (raashtreeyakkaaran)

oru franch abhibhashakanum communist raashtreeyakkaaranum ezhuthukaaranum communist internaashanalinte sthaapakaril oralumaayirunnu kyapttan sadol (, "jhaakk sadol"; meyy 22,1881-november 18,1956) ennariyappedunna jackwus numa sadol. viyennile varkkezhs internaashanalinte (ezz. eph. aii. oo) franch vibhaagathil addeham thante currier aarambhichu, onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu aayudha mantriyaaya albert thomasinte keezhil sevanamanushtikkukayaayirunu. oru franch armi captanaaya addeham russian republicile thomasinte prathinidhiyaayirunnu, soshyalist vrithangalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthukayum avare adhikaarathilekkulla shakthikalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. october viplavathinushesham, addeham bolshevikkukalumaayi adutha bandham nilanirtthi, aii. dii. 1-nte prathisandhi ghattathil kendrashakthikalkkethire thante pinthuna vaagdaanam cheythu. bolshevist russia breast-littovsk udambadiyil oppuvekkunnathil ninnu thadayaan addehathinu kazhinjilla, athu avale yudhathil ninnu purathaakki, pakshe liyon trotskyumaayum mattu communist nethaakkalumaayum adutha bandham sthaapicha addeham svayam oru kammyoonistaayi.
russian aabhyantharayudhasamayathu francilake madangendennu theerumaanicha sadol russiayil franch communist grouppinte sahasthaapakanaayi, piyari pascalinum henry gilbioxinumethire athinte niyanthranathinaayi poraadi. chuvanna sainyam sthaapikkaan sahaayicha addehathe ukrainilekku ayachu, avide addeham franch edapedal sainikarkkidayil kalaapangalkk prerippichu, thudarnnu jarmmaniyilekku communist cellukal sthaapichu. franch communist party (pii. sii. eph) aayi maariyathin amgangale aakarshikkukayum "ell 'hyoomaanitte" yill upadesaparamaaya lekhanangal nalkukayum cheythukondu anthaaraashtravum ezz. eph. aii. oyude idathupakshavum thammil sadol madhyasthatha vahichu. oru franch sainika kodathi addehathe "asaannidhyathil" vadhashikshaykk vidhichappol, 1919 leeii thiranjeduppil ezz. eph. aii. oo addehathe pratheekaathmakamaayi oru sthaanaarthiyaayi avatharippichu.
oduvil 1924ll francilake madangukayum veendum vichaaranaykk sesham kuttavimukthanaakkappedum cheytha sadol vivaadathinte kendramaayi thudarnnu. addeham pii. sii. ephil chernnenkilum thiranjeduppil vijayikkunnathil paraajayappedukayum party neethrthwam addehathe paarshwavalkkarikkukayum cheythu. prachodippichu staalinist mapp parayukayum "iswestiya" karaspondantaaya addeham franch sthaapanavumaayi bandham nilanirthaan soviyatt unione sahayikkukayum fraansile soviyatt thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu vichi fraansumaayi sahakarikkaan addeham sammarddathilaayenkilum 1944 ll parasyamaayi kammyoonisathilekk madangukayum seyint-maximinte mayer enna nilayil raashtreeyathile thante currier avasanippikkukayum cheythu.
jeevacharitram.
aadyakaala currier.
oru majistrettinte makanaaya sadol 1881 meyy 22 nuu paareesil janichu. addeham laisi contorsettinte poorvva vidyaarthiyaayirunnu. avide padikkumbol, ell 'ooriyal soundaryavardhaka saamraajyathinte bhaavi sthaapakanaaya yujeen shellere addeham kandumuttukayum sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. marsell kaachinumaayi chernnu avar laa chappelle settilmentil oru soshyalist peeples yooniversitti sthaapichu. 1903-ll sadol baar associationil rajisttar cheyyukayum paareesile appeel kodathiyil pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
poyattiyezhs appeel kodathiyil niyogikkappetta oru pravishya abhibhashakanum reserve offeesarumaaya sadol charitrakaaranaaya ernest renanumaayi vidoora bandhamullah yavon mesara (jananam 1889) vivaham kazhichu. avarude makan aarii 1908-ll janichu. jackwus taamasiyaathe party raashtreeyathil praveshichu ezz. eph. aii. oyil chernnu. chernnu viyennile athinte sekrattariyaayirunna addeham praadeshika thozhil konfedareshante thalavanayum sevanamanushtichu. 1912 augustil montmorillanile ozhinjukidakkunna deseeya assembly seettilekku malsarikkaan sf addehathe thiranjedutthu. addeham ekadesham 3,900 vottukal nediyengilum theevravaadi party sthaanaarthiyodu parajayappettu. 1914 meyy maasatthile niyamasabha thiranjeduppil addeham randaam thavana malsarichu-onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappedunnathi munbulla avasaanathe vottu aaa venalkkaalath. adutha moonnu varshakkalam addeham ezz. eph. aii. oyude kendratthil nilkkukayaanenkilum athinte theevra idathupaksha vibhagamaaya "anthaaraashtra bandhangal punaraarambhikkunnathinulla samiti" yodu anubhavam prakadippichu.
1916ll ezz. eph. aii. oo. aayudha mantri albert thomas sadoline peerankikalude undersecretory oof stettu aayi niyamichu. 1917 septambar avasaanathode bharya makaneyum upekshichu petrograadile general henry neeselinte franch sainika douthyathilekku saadooline niyogikkaan thomas theerumaanichu. tornioyiloode scotland, sweeden vazhi addeham rashyayilethi. russian thaalkkaalika gavanmentine pinthunaykkukayo ethirkkukayo cheytha vividha soshyalist grouppukalum ezz. eph. aii. oyum thammilulla nerittulla ashayavinimaya maarggamaayirunnu saadoolil ninnu thomas pratheekshichirunnathu, angane russia ethirvashathu nilanirthukayum cheythu. thomas-sadool bandham prathyekichum shakthamaayirunnu, nireekshakaraal addehathe "thomasinte vyakthigatha vivaradaayakan" allengil "thomasinte srishti" ennu vilikkapettu. adutha varsham, charitrakaaranaaya aadam ulam "thante franch samrakshakan saha soshyalistumaaya albert thomasine abhisambodhana cheythukondu manoharamaayi ezhuthiya kathukalude roopathil" ennu visheshippicha oru rashtreeya dayari saadool sookshikkendathaayirunnu."lefttanant piyar (" "piottar carlovic" ") pascal ulppede mattu franchukaarum addehathinte nayatantra shramathil sadolinoppam chernnu". oru russian stadees pandithanum, oru kristhyan soshyalist, thoomist ezhuthukaaranumaayi ariyappettirunna addeham sainika douthyathilekku niyamikkappedunnathinu munbu padinjaaran munnaniyil savisheshathayode poraadi.
october viplavam.
avide athiyappol, "eathu vila kodutthum udanadi samaadhaanathinaayulla [rashyakkaarude] aagraham" sadol shradhichu. 1917 october viplavathil thaalkkaalika sarkkar attimarikkappedukayum athinu pakaram poornnamaayum bolshevik vibhaagathinte niyanthranatthilulla peeples kammeeshanarmaarude oru kaunsil konduvarikayum cheythu. november 8 nuu, rajakumaran tumanov ulppedeyulla athiraalikale redu gaardukal aalkkoottakkolappeduthu yuddha balaalsangathekkurichulla kimvadanthikalum sadol record cheythu. puthiya russian soviyatt republic "saamraajyathva" yudhathil ninnu pinmaranulla uddeshyam prakadippichu kamyoonisathilekkum thozhilaallivargga anthaaraashtravaadathilkum neengi. sambhavangalil ninnu pinthirinjillenkilum, neesel sadol sakhya francisil franch yudhashramathekkurichu swatantra prabhashanangal nadatthi. viplavam nadannu divasangalkku sesham, videshakaaryathinaayulla peeples kammeeshanaraaya liyon trotskyumaayi sadol bandham sthaapichu. idathuvashathulla menshevik prathipakshatthe samaadhaanippikkaanulla sramangalekkurichum kerensky-krasnov prakshobhatthe adichamarthunnathinekkura trotsky addehathodu samsaarichu. menshevikkukalumaayi adikaaram pankidaan trotsky uddeshichirunnuvennu saadool vishwasichu. trotskyude elimayulla perumaattam record cheythukondu, konsiyarj thanne kollumennu bheeshanippeduthiyathinaal kammeeshanar thante veettil ninnu mariyathaayi addeham avakaashappedunnu.
shaithyakaalath, bolshevik sarkkar oru samadhana karaarinaayi kendrashakthikale sameepichenkilum shathrukkalude aavasyangalumaayi bolshevikkukal nerittappol charchakal nilachu. prathirodhamillaathathiloode samaadhaanathekkurich aaveshabharithanaayirunna sadol pinneedu jarmmankarkkethiraaya pakshapathaparamaaya yudhathe pinthunaykkunnathilekk maari. anthaaraashtra amgeekaarathinu pakaramaayi trotsky thante sevanangal upayogichu samanthara oofarukal ayachu. 1918 februvariyil jarmman sainyam petrogradil shikshaanadapadikal aarambhichappol, sainika attimarikkaaranenna nilayil thante vaidagdhyam sadol kammeeshanarmaarude chairman vladymyr leninu vaagdaanam cheythu. lenin soochippichathupole, "germmaniyude parajayam surakshithamakkaan" oru communist baanarin keezhil poraadaan sammathicha gaii luis jeane dii lubersack ulppedeyulla franch rajavaazhcha udyogasthareyum sadol thannodoppam konduvannu. saadolinte edapedalukal undaayirunnittum, franch videshakaarya mantri stephan pichoninte vyakthiparamaaya prathinidhiyaya chaals dumasinoppam pravartthikkaan lenin visammathichu.
oduvil, march 3 nuu bolshevikkukal kizhakkan munnaniyil jarmman vijayam sammathicha breast-littovsk udambadiyil oppuvachu. eee udambadiyude pradhana kaaranam aaa udambadiyude "hraswadrishti" yaanennu sadol karuthi. general neeselinte dauthyam petrogradil ninnu ozhippikkappettilla, pakshe sainika, naavika kaaryangalil janangalude kammeeshanaraayi chumathalayetta trotskyumaayi pinvaangal charchakal thudarnnu. atharam charchakalil, sadol bolshevikkukalkku franch bhauthika pinthuna vaagdaanam cheythu, ithu thante keezhudyogasthan kammyoonistaayi maarukayaanennu samshayikkaan neeseline prerippichu, trotskyude valareyadhikam swaadheenathilaanu."david aarr. sadol bolshevik gavanmentinte ejantaanennu vishwasicha american ambasadaraaya francis, neeselinekkaal samshayaaspadanaayirunnu.
neesel purappettu.
neesel francilake madangaan theerumaanichathinaal addehathodoppam pookaan sadol nirbandhichathaayi reportund, ennaal neeselinu pakarakkaranaaya general bernard laverne sahayikkaan addehathodu utharavittu. saadoolinte theevravalkkarikkappett soshyalisathe lavergne ethirthu. ennirunnaalum, kizhakk jarmman munnettatthinu vishwasaneeyamaaya eaka thadassam chuvanna sainyamaanenn soochippichukondu addeham trotskiykk sahayam vaagdaanam cheythu. bolshevikkukale fraansinte swaabhaavika sakhyakakshikalaakkiya "russian boorshwasi" jarmmankaarum thammilulla daaranaykkaanu vedhi orukkiyathennu trotsky sadol vishwasichu. thomassinu ayacha kathil, bolshevik bharanakoodam breast-littovsk pazhayapadiyakkaan pratheekshichirunnuvennum athinaal padinjaaran munnaniyile jarmman vasanthakala aakramana samayat anglo-american-franch senaye prothsaahippichuvennum sadol vaadichu. pathittaandukalkk sesham addeham abhiprayappettu "avar [...]..] [trotsky sahayikkaan niyogikkappetta] eee udyogastharil bhooribhaagavum [bolshevik] bharanakoodathodulla jaathi vidvesham ippozhum bhouthikamaaya upayogakshamatha manassilakki...] jarmmanikkethiraya poraattam punaraarambhikkaan kazhivulla oru puthiya russian sainyathinte nirmmaanatthil oru sakhyakakshiyayi pankedukkuka."
ulam parayunnathanusarichu, atharam ashayangal saadooline "lokathile ettavum valia shubhaapthivishwaasikalil oralaayi velippeduthunnu chila sakhya sainika vidagtharkku engane nilavilillaattha oru sainyathe punasamghadippikkaan kazhiyum?"ulum saadooline" "vidditham" "ennu visheshippikkukayum thaalkkaalika franco-russian sakhyathekkurichulla addehathinte vayana" "vidditham" "aayi kaanukayum cheiyunnu". varthayekkurichulla leninte swantham vyaakhyaanavum charithrakaaran eduthukaanikkunnu "anglo-franch saamraajyathva moshtaakkalil ninnu bhakshanavum aayudangalum sweekarikkunnathinu anukoolamaayavarkku dayavaayi ente vottu cherkkuka."bolshevik prathinjja trotskyude vyakthithvathil maathram adhishtithamaayirunnuvennu pandithanaaya jeane delmas abhipraayappedunnu" "lenin eathenkilum sainika saahasikathaye ezhuthithalliyathaayi sadol polum sammathichu"."gaveshakanaaya dominic lejyoon parayunnathanusarichu, neesellinte sahayam vaagdaanam thanne avishwasaneeyamaayirunnu, russian vidoora kizhakk japanese landingukal paraspara vishwaasam attimarichu.
sadol douthyathinte backie bhaagangalum march 13 nuu moscoylake maari. kammeeshanarmarkkethiraaya theevravaada nadapadiyilekkulla maria spiridonovayude ahvaanam ulppede idathu sr kalaapathinte thudakkam addeham avide kandu. 1918 eprilode, sadol mosco araajakavaadikale avarude koottaaya pravarthanangaleyum irippida reethikaleyum prashamsichukondu pathivayi sandarshikkukayaayirunnu. bolshevisathe "ashudhavum apakadakaravumaaya gadakangal" baadhikkunnundenn avarodu paranja avarude vakthavaaya alexander geyumaayi addeham sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum, thante thanne araajakathva kalapam aasoothranam cheyyukayum cheythathayi sadol avakaashappedunnu.
bolshevik virudha velutha prasthaanatthe pinthunachu sakhyakakshikalude (franch ulppede) edapedalinethiraaya prathishedhamaayi taamasiyaathe thomassinulla saadolinte kathukal erattiyaayi. august august addeham samaadhaanavaadiyaaya roman rolaantine abhisambodhana cheyth oru franch virudha kathu ezhuthukayum bolshevik pathrangalil athu ettedukkukayum cheythu. swis lekhakanaaya roobert vauchar athu vaayikkukayum ingane nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu "[sadol] franch unifomil irreducible bolshivistaanu."ennirunnaalum, oru swis pathramaya laa fueil ithu veendum achadikkukayum 1918 octoberil ezz. eph. aii. oo kongrasile prathinidhikalkk munnil jeane longuit athu vaayikkukayum cheythu.
franch communist group.
american olivar emm. veluthavarudeyum soshyalist viplavakaarikaludeyum mattu "paattukaarude" naashathe athirviplavathinethiraaya rashtreeya prayojanamaayi nyaayeekarichu bolshevik, franch viplavangale thaarathamyam cheytha aadyathe videsha nireekshakariloraalaan sadol. araajakathvathekkaalum udara janaadhipathyathekkaalum bolshevik "svechaadhipathyamaanu" nallathennum addeham abhiprayappettu. abhiprayappettu france kalaapathile "mootha makal" ennaanu addeham rolaantinu ezhuthiya kathil bolshevik kalaapathe paraamarshichathu. atharam sidhaanthangal bolshevikkukalude samshayam shamippichilla lenin saadoolinekkurichu "adhikam chinthichilla", koodaathe "franch saamraajyathvathinte" ejantaayi addehathe paraamarshichu. trotsky mattu unnatha bolshevikkukalum "virodhabhasa punchiriyode sadaulinekkurichu samsaarikkunnu" ennaal "avane nannayi upayogappeduthuka" ennu vauchar avakaashappedunnu."trotskyepolulla vivekamulla raashtreeyakkaarkk munnil saadoolinte balaheenata" lejyoon shradhikkunnu.
thudarnnulla varshangalil, joliyilum boudhika nettangalilum thante mahathaaya kazhivu aakhoshichukondu sadol trotskyude oru pradhana aaraadhakanaayi thudarnnu. addehathinte kazhchappadil, trotsky viplavathinte "urukkinte aathmaavine" prathinidheekarikkunnu. yakov swerdlove, alexandra kolondaay ennivarulppede mattu sradheyamaaya bolshevikkukaleyum muun franch kyapttan kandumutty. addeham kollondayiye "aakarshaka" maayi visheshippikkukayum "krooranaaya" bolshevik paaval debengoyumaayulla avalude bandhathekkurichu "aavashyappedunna" rekhakal avasheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. laingika samoohangalude vyaapanam rekhappeduthikkondu kollondaayiyude swatantra pranaya prasthaanatthil sadolinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, ennaal ivaye "gauravamaayi edukkendathillennu trotsky urappu nalki."addehathinte mattu kathukalil samskaaram, kala, shaasthram ennivayile bolshevik nayangalekkurichu dhaaraalam prashamsakalund. atharam vishayangalekkurichulla addehathinte mattu aaveshakaramaaya prathiphalanangal 1918-ll "soviyatt yooniyante vimochanam!" enna peril prasidheekarichu."(" soviyatt republic deerghakaalam jeevichirikkatte!").
aaa maasangalil, franch sainyathil thante sevanam poortthiyaakkaan sadol visammathichu, ennirunnaalum pinneedu thante utharavukal thanikk orikkalum labhichittillenn addeham avakashappettu. peeples kammeeshanarmaar franch dauthyam pirichuvittuvenkilum sadol moscoyil thudarnnu, paaskalumaayi oru villa pankittu (avarude bhoovudama oru abhimaanakaramaaya vaasthushilpiyaayirunnu). mattu naadukadathappettavarumaayi chernnu avar raashtreeyamaayi asthiramaaya franch communist group sthaapichu. naamamaathramaayi pascal nayikkunna athinte pradhana aanimettarin sadaul undaayirunnu.
1918 avasaanathode, saadool pascal, inesa armand, marsell body ennivaykkoppam, rashtreeya vaarikayaaya "troiseem internaashanal" puratthirakkaan thudangi. shaamam kaaranam, thudakkathil oro lakkathinum rund pejukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ithu rapping pepparil achadichirunnu. moscoyile franch kammyoonistukaarude samghadana" aayi avatharippikkappettenkum, athu poornnamaayum bolshevik tonayirunnilla. communist grouppinte sessionukalil pankedukkaan samayam chelavazhicha viplava vijayiyaya serj, araajakavaadikaleyum kolondaayiyude "thozhilaallikalude ethirppineyum" pinthunaykkaan pascal kooduthal chaayvullavanaayirunnu. body anusarichu, addehathinte typographermaaril kammeeshanarmaarude sarkkaarinte menshevik athiraalikalum ulppedunnu. iva vyaajamaanenn pascal kandethiyathinethudarnn edittoriyal staaf audyogika bolshevik sthithivivarakkanakkukal prasidheekarikkaan visammathichu. eee madiyukal grouppinullil villal srishtichu paaskalinethire neethrthwathinaayi poraadiya saadool, chekka oru menshevik, catholica vimathan ennu apalapichu.
kominthen kongrasum odesa episode.
1918 avasaanathode, luis fraanchatt dii esperiyude neethrthwathilulla oru franch paryaveshana corps ukrainil praveshikkukayum bolshevik nuzhanjukayattam niyantrikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu (thekkan russia edapedal kaanuka). russian sarkkar appozhekkum redu aarmiyile oru udyogasthanaaya saadooline yudhavirudhavum kalapaparavumaaya prachaaranangal ("vaivu laa republic dess soviyats!") franch sainikarkkidayil. atharam pravartthanangalude phalam vyaapakavum prakopippikkunnathumaayunu franch commandermar rekhappeduthukayum ithu communist grouppinte jeane laberday pidikoodaanum vadhikkanum avare prerippikkukayum cheythu.
moscoylake madangiyethiyappol, communist internaashanal (kominten, allengil "moonnaam internaashanal") sthaapikkaanulla shramathil sadol nerittu ulppettu. desember 5 nuu oru pothu raaliyil eshyan prathinidhikale swaagatham cheytha addeham fraansil oru soshyalist viplavathinulla prateeksha prakadippikkukayum moscoyile franch thaalpparyangalude praathinidhyam communist group ettedukkanamennu nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. berlin, hamberg, bremen ennividangalil bolshevik "akkaadamikal" sthaapich jarmman viplava soviyattukale sahayikkaan mattullavarumayi chernnu addehathe ayachu. 1919 maarchil, anthaaraashtrathalathil aadyamaayi nadanna yogathil janikkaan pookunna franch communist party (pii. sii. eph) prathinidheekarikkukayum thante ezz. eph. aii. oo maandett nashtappedutthukayum cheytha kominteninte sahasthaapakanaayirunnu sadol. avide nadatthiya prasamgatthil addeham longuit, aalphons merheim, liyon jouhox ennivarulppede franch soshyalisathile parishkaranavaada nethaakkale aakramichu. mothatthil, addehathinu russian allengil jarmman (komintheninte rund pravartthana bhashakal) samsarikkaan kazhiyaathathinal addehathinte pravartthanam valare kuravaayirunnu.
puthiya nethaavaayi sthireekarikkappetta saadooline henry gilbiox pinthunachu, ennirunnaalum addeham addehathinte "bonapartisatthe" ethirkkukayum athu communist groupine vibhajikkukayaanennu paraathippedukayum cheythu. gilbux-sadaul samgharsham grouppinte "poornnamaayum niraashappedutthi" ennu serj oorkkunnu. addeham iva randum poruthappedaanaavaatha kathaapaathrangalaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu gilbux oru "parajayam" aayirunnu, athesamayam sadol "oru mikacha aakarshakan, mikacha rancure, oru sibaarit, boot cheyyaan oru thanutha kariyarstine" ulkkollunnu."aaa varsham thanne, thomas dayarikal paareesile editions dii laa sireyn prasidheekarichu," "notts surr laa revolution bolchevik" "(" "notts oonn dhii bolshevik revolution" ")-thomasinteyum henry baarbasinteyum aamukhangal". yaadruchikamaaya oru veettuthadankalinushesham sadaulil ninnu kathukalude pakarppukal pidichedutthathinetthudar lenin thanne prasidheekaranathinu upadesham nalki. ennirunnaalum, kammyoonisathinu keezhilulla russian jeevithathinte oru rekha enna nilayil, "nottukalkku" fraansilum swittsarlandilum thanutha prathikaranam labhichu.
oduvil, sadoline communist groupil ninnu puratthaakkiyenkilum bolshevisathilulla vishwaasam nashtappedaathe. 1919-ll addeham sarjinte oru prachaarana laghupathrikaykku munkaiyedutthu, athil addeham franch thozhilaallivargathodu ingane prakhyaapichu "muthalaalitha samooham theerchayaayum nasippikkappettirikku. yudhavum athinte anantharafalangalum, namukk labhyamaya vibhavangal nalkikkond, puthiya prasnangal pariharikkunnathinulla asadhyatha, moonnaam anthaaraashtra vijayakaramaya munnettatthinu vazhiyorukki."adhehathinteyum pascalinteyum atharam mattu kashanagal boris suvaarinte" "bullattin kammyooniste" "yill ulppeduthiyittundu; komintharnekkurichulla suvaarinte lekhanathinu sadaul oru aamukham nalki". russian bolshevikkukalude prashamsathmaka chhaayaachithrangal prasidheekarikkumbol, paarlamentile ezz. eph. aii. oo prathinidhikalkethire addeham thante tharkkangal kendreekarichu avare azhimathiyum mithathwavum aaropichu.
redu armikkum komintarninum vendiyulla saadolinte pravartthanangal fraansil, prathyekichu ukrainile addehathinte pravarthanangalekkurichu velippeduthalukalkk sesham, raajyadrohaparamaaya oru pravrithiyaayi mudrakuthappettu. 1919 januvariyil, russiayile franch bandikale thirichayakkunnathil sadolinu veendedukkal sambhavanakalonnum illennu "leeii pettitt paareesan" udharicha oru srothass abhiprayappettu. markvis delafere enna mattoru pravaasiyodoppam, pidikoodiya franch sainikarkkidayil oru redu armi recruiter addeham pravarthichu. joolaiyil, ukreniyan kaunsil oof peeples kammeeshanarmaarude thalavanaaya kristhyan rakovsky, odesayil franch navikasenayumaayi thadavukaare kaimarunnathinulla charchakal nadatthaan saadooline niyogichu. franco-russian charchakalil, franch thadavukaar chuvanna sainyathile sannadhapravarthakaraanennum avarude kadama nirvahikkunnathin munbu avare mochippikkillennum addeham avakashappettu. atharam vaarthakal fraansil azhimathi puthukki, octoberil sadol oru sainika anweshanathinu vishayamaayi. shathruvine sahayichathinum raajyadroha pravarthanangalkkum addehathe "asaannidhyathil" vichaarana cheythu, "bolshevikiye sahaayicha mattu pouranmaarodulla sakhyakakshikaludeyum anubandha adhikaarangaludeyum manobhaavathinu oru maathruka" ennaanu "newyork tribune" visheshippichathu."saadoolinte sauhruda saakshiyayi thomas nadapadikalil pankedutthu.
vadhasikshayum anubandha azhimathikalum.
1919 november november sadaulinu aathyanthikamayi vadhasiksha vidhichu. paareesile randaam mekhalayude pattikayil franch niyamasabha thiranjeduppil addehathe oru mikacha sthaanaarthiyaayi nirthunnathil ninnu ithu ezz. eph. aii. oye thadanjilla. bhooribhaagam praadeshika soshyalistukalum addehathe nirasichuvenkilum brack-desruzio, andrey berthon, kooduthal parokshamaayi liyon blum ennivar addehathe pinthunachu. eee samrambham deseeya rosham srishtichu. sisttaron jenal" anusarichu, ezz. eph. aii. oo athinte vottarmaare "kabalippikkukayum" leninukaludeyum trotskikaludeyum vidvesha thathwangal "sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnundennu ithu kaanichu. charitrakaaranaaya nicolas texier soochippichathupole, fraansil sadolin mattu bolshevikkukalkkum yogyamaaya sthaanangal nalkikkond "idathupakshathinte aikyam nilanirthaanulla chila soshyalistukalude ichhaashakthi" oru "chuvanna apakadam" enna ashayam urappichu.
viplavakariyaaya syndicalist jorjas goal akkaalat ingane abhiprayappettu "saadool konduvarunnathil, [soshyalistukal] kooduthal nettamundaakkathe, vamseeya abhiniveshangalude lakshyamaayi svayam avatharippikkunnu; russiayil thaamasichillengil eee saadool paareesil aarumayirunnilla."bolshevisavum saadoolinte sthaanaarthithvavum deseeya blokkile mukhyadharaa yaadhaasthithikarumaayi chernna yuva republic leagil ninnulla mithavaadikalaaya idathupakshakkaare anyavalkkarichu. thalphalamaayi, block raajyathudaneelam onnaamathethi-sadol thanne 41,300 vottukal nedi, paridikk kuravaanu. europile valathupaksha vrithangalil eee vaartha swaagatham cheyyappettu roman dii. rajyadrohiyaaya saadooline" uyarthikkaattunnathil soshyalistukalude "" lajja "" namm naanu paraamarshichu; phalangal, addeham vaadichathu, "pithruraajya aadarsham" komintharnekkaal prabalamaanennu kaanikkunnu ".
athesamayam, sadol thante ukreniyan poost upekshichu veendum berlinilekk pooyi, avide spaartaasist prakshobhatthinte pashchaathalatthil jarmman kammyoonistukaare punasamghadippikkaan shramichu. 1920-nte aadya maasangalil, randaam koomintan kongrasil pankeduttha ezz. eph. aii. oo amgangalude, prathyekichu marsell kaachin, ludovic-ooskaar frarzard ennivayude parisheelakanaayi addeham pravarthichu. saadool maarganirddeshakanaayi pravarthicha reymond lefebray leninu parichayappedutthiya soshyalist samghaadakanaaya lucian deslineers avarodoppam chernnu. kizhakkan janathayude kongras samghadippikkunnathil addeham oru punk vahichuvenkilum kammyoonistukaare mathramalla, colonial virudha desheeyavaadikale ulppeduthaan prathinidhikale anuvadichathinu communication sekrattari kaal radekkine vimarshichu.
ezz. eph. aii. oyumaayulla communication charchakalil, party aikyam nilanirthunnathinum mithavaadikale avarude amgathvathil ninnu pinvalikkaathirikkunnathi sadol amgeekaaram nalki. ennirunnaalum, russiayil ninnu ezz. eph. aii. oyude ernest lafondine purathaakkunnathil addeham oru punk vahichu-varso yudhathil poolish thanthrangalekkurichu thanikk labhicha vivarangal velippeduthaan lafond aagrahikkunnillenn addeham aaropichu. addeham paranjathupole "[lafondinekkaal] manassakshi vyakthathayulla palarkkum vedivaykkendi vannittundu."sadol thanne komintarnile prathinidhi sthaanathu ninnu, gilbuxinu anukoolamaayi, oru consultative offeesilekku tharamthaazhthappettu. executive kammittiyil irikkunna alfred rosemer, sadol ippozhum aupachaarikamaayi oru ezz. eph. aii. oo amgamaayirunnuvennum addehathinte mattu yogyathakal communist groupil ninnullavayayirunnuvennu vishadeekarikkunnu. eee theerumaanam radekkine prakopippichu, addeham "vyakthiparamaaya kaaranangalal gulbioxine veruthirunnu". oduvil, sadolin gilbioxin pakuthi maandettukal nalki.
niyamaparamaayi vivaahithanaayirunnenkilum, sadaul oru audyogika yajamanathiye sweekarichu. eee bandhathekkurichu ariyaathe, 1920 meyy maasathil yvon moscoylake purappettu, saadoolinte russian makan janikkaan pookunna samayat avide ethi. 1921 januvariyil, franch bharanakoodam saadoolinte vasthukkal kandukettiyathumoolam thanikk varumaanamillaathaayenn choondikkaatti avar paareesil niyamaparamaaya verpiriyalinaayi cases phayal cheythu. jaakvisinte sahodaran marsel vyaapaarathinaayi moscoyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum russian thalasthaanathu beljian prathinidhiyayi jolie cheyyukayum cheythirunnu. swantham vaakkukal prakaram addeham "bolshevisathodu sahathapam niranjavanaayirunnu, pakshe oru communistaayirunnilu". ennirunnaalum, soviyatt bharanakoodatthe athinte bureaucrasiyekkurichum "janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagatheyum durithathilaakkiyathinu" addeham vimarshichu; jackwus saadaulum piyari pascal atharam nireekshanangale thallikkalanju.
touur kongrasil (1920 desember) pii. sii. eph audyogikamaayi sthaapikkappettu, athil yvon sadol sekrattariyaayirunnu. aaa samayat, kyapttan sadol jarmmaniyilaayirunnu, 1921-ll radek, enver paasha, curt geyar, pooll levi ennivarude athe vaahanavyoohathil moscoylake madangi. 1922ll communication addehathe athinte executive kammittiyil praveshippichu.
mosco shhow trialil soshyalist revolutionary party "second group"-nte prathirodhakanum sadol aayirunnu, ithu antonio gramsic avasana nimisham pakarakkaranaayirunnu. oru esrsay vadhikkunnillenn urappaakkunna addehathinte edapedal, "praadhaanyamulla eee karshaka party" niryaanathekkurichu serjineppole addehathinu vaikaarikamaayi thonni. septambaril, turkish communist party punasthaapikkenda ankaarayilekkulla oru yaathraykk sadol thayyaaredutthu. ithil edapedaruthennu mustafa kemal kamantaninu munnariyipp nalkiyathode padhathi parajayappettu. 1923 oode addeham veendum berlinile groonvaaldilaayirunnu, serjin nikkola bombachikkum aathidheyathvam vahichu.
thirichuvarikayum veendum vichaarana nadathukayum cheyyuka.
aaa kaalayalavil, franch colonial saamraajyathil kalapam pottippurappeduthinnathu communication nalkia 14 laksham chervonsev saadaul paazhaakkiyathaayi vaitt immigray paper "diny" aaropichu. videshathu ninnu, franch vyavasaya lobiyude thanthramaayi rur adhiniveshathe apalapichu pii. sii. ephinte "ell 'hyoomaanitteyil" sadol prasidheekarichu. aikyamunnani" thanthratthinte adisthaana ashayangal roopappeduthunna addehathinte mattu lekhanangal 1923 leeii ezz. eph. aii. oo kongrasil longuit pracharippikkukayum pii. sii. eph. avishwaasam kaanikkunnu ennathinte thelivaayi edukkukayum cheythu. 1924 meyy maasathe thiranjeduppil saadoolineyum gilbioxineyum pradhana sthaanaarthikalaayi avatharippikkan pii. sii. eph uddeshichirunnuvenkilum adhikaarikal eee neekkathe apalapichu; thalphalamaayi aljeeriyan swaathanthryasamarasenaaniya hajjali abdulkadarine ulppeduthunnathinaayi communist pattikayil maattam varuthi.
eee thiranjeduppu idathupaksha sakhyamaaya cartle dess gauchasinte nirnnayaka vijayamayi adayaalappeduthi. saamoohika parishkaarangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinupakaram, pii. sii. ephinte pradhana aavasyangalilonnaaya saadoolinu pothumaapp nalkal ulppedeyulla pratheekathmaka kaaryangalil cartle shradha kendreekarichu. pradhaanamantri edward herriet soviyatt unionumaayulla bandham saadhaarana nilayilaakkunnathinekkur chinthichukondirunnathu, desember 3 nuu sadol beljiyathiloode fraansil veendum praveshichu. lokamahaayudhathinu munbu muthal addehathinte suhruthaayirunna vyavasayiyaaya albert vidaalinte veettilekku addehathe swaagatham cheythu.
oru kadannakramanathethudarnna, "soorett" paareesil saadooline arast cheyyukayum (avide addeham pii. sii. ephinte jackwus doriot sandarshikkukayaayirunnu) cherche-middy jaililekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. appozhekkum, neethinyaaya mantriyaaya rene renault senattil prathirodhicha oru pothumaapp niyama padhathi sarkkar munnott kondupovukayaayirunnu. senatt niyamam passacan visammathichaal mapp nalkaanulla adikaaram upayogikkaan herriet thayyaaraanenn akkaalat renault prakhyaapichu. vichaarana nilakollanulla thante uddeshyam sadol thanne vyakthamaakkukayum berthanine thante abhibhashakanaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu.
addeham oru party anubhaavi maathramaanennum addehathinte madangivaravu swaabhaavikamaanennum avakaashappettukond, ennaal pothu kolahalathe abhimukheekarichu, addehathinte amgathvam amgeekarichukondu pii. sii. eph thudakkathil saadoolil ninnu akalam paalichu. 1925-nte thudakkathil, oorliyansile anchaam armi corpsinte yudhasamithi sadauline upekshikkaan veendum shramichu. thomas rakovsky prathirodha saakshikalayi sannihitharaayirunnu. saadool "orikkalum soviyatt bharanathil pankedutthittilla" ennu randaamathethu prasthaavichu. sainika dauthyathile eaka "nalla vishwaasamulla amgam" saadool aanennu avakaashappedunna trotskyil ninnulla oru kathum prathirodham avatharippichu.
sadoline aathyanthikamayi kuttavimukthanaakkukayum franch-soviyatt charchakalil pankedukkendivarikayum cheythathayi reportund. 1925 augustode, muun captanethire "sathruvumaayulla sahakaranm" enna randaamathe kuttatthinu "sooratt" phayal adachu. addehathe sainyathilekku thirike sweekarikkukayum paareesile sainika govarnorude aduthekku niyamikkukayum cheythenkilum addeham aswasthanum apamanithanumaayi thudarnnu. baar associationil veendum praveshanam nediya addeham thante communist virudha sahapravarthakaril chilarumaayi oru mushti pooraattatthil earppedukayum thudarnnu angle-surr-ell-aamglinil oru rashtreeya raaliyil shaareerikamaayi aakramikkappedukayum cheythu. 1926 maarchil franch pandita samoohangalude russian boudhika jeevithathekkurichu addeham samsaarichu. jeane tixier nayicha "camlots duu royi" yude theevra valathupaksha yuvakkal prakopippicha oru kalahathilaanu sambhavam avasaanichathu. randaamathethu aakramanathinu kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethukayum aarr maasam thadavinu shikshikkukayum cheythu.
taamasiyaathe, franch bharanathinethire raajyadrohakkuttam chumathiya syrian desheeyavaadikalude abhibhashakanaayi jolie cheyyaanirunna grettar lebananilekku pookaan sadol thayyaaredutthu. ennirunnaalum, joolaiyil, oru koottam abhibhaashakarum yudhaveeranmaarum nalkia paraathiyetthudarnnu baar association addehathinte amgathvam eduthukalanju. 1927 februvariyil addehathe veendum praveshippichu, addehathinte prachaarana laghulekhakalude rachayithaav chodyam cheyyappedumennu baar theerumaanichu (athupole 1924 leeii pothumaapp).
stalinism.
1927 juunil sadol grandus-kaariyezhsile sitti kaunsil seettil pii. sii. eph. maan aayi malsarichenkilum moonnaam sthaanathethi. taamasiyaathe, soviyatt raashtreeyathil nerittu earppettirunna pravartthakare sthaanakkayattathil ninnu ozhivakkiya pii. sii. eph.-ll sadol paarshwalkkarikkappettu. pinneedu, addeham pradhaanamaayum iswestiyayude videsha lekhakanaayi pravartthikkukayum october viplavathinte aakhoshavelayil soviyatt unionilekku hrasvamaayi madangukayum cheythu. addeham vokkukalude audyogika athidhiyaayirunnu, mathramalla "amis dii ell ourse" sosaittiyude prathinidhi koodiyaayirunnu, athil addehathe kliment voroshilov chuvanna baanarinte kramatthil alankarichu.
moscoyil, trotskyude idathu prathipakshatthinethiraaya joseph staalinte aakramanangalude nerittulla saakshiyayi addeham maari. trotskikkoppam ninna addehathinte muun suhruthu serj, prathipaksha nethaakkalodu addehathinte parihasam udharichu sadool azhimathikkaaranaanennu avakashappettu "avar ningale jeevanode bhakshikkaan pookunnilla, [pakshe] enthukondaanu svayam peedippikkappedunnathu? jeevitam ethra manoharamaanu!"1930-ll pascal academic mekhalayil karsanamaayi pravartthikkaan francilake madangi. addeham svakaaryamaayi soviyatt bharanathe apalapichu, ingane vaadichu "oru bharanakoodavum ithrayum nunakal paranja oru bharanamayirunnilla."
1928 eprilil 18-aamm arontismentile deputy seettinaayi nadanna thiranjeduppil parajayappetta sesham, sadol kardinal serettikkethire rashtreeya aropanangal unnayichu. randaamathethu addehathinethire apakeerthikkes phayal cheyyukayum 4,000 frank nashtapariharam nedukayum cheythu. 1930ll sadol aljeeriyayilayirunnu, avide addeham railway thozhilaallikale abhisambodhana cheythu. eee niyamatthinte shikshayaayi avarude trade unione boars duu travelil ninnu vilakkiyathayi reportund.
sadoolinte pravartthanangal addehathe toolonilekku kondupoyi, avide 1931-ll addeham kalaapathin utharavaadikalaaya oru koottam naavikare kodathiyil prathirodhichu. pradhaanamaayum franch nadiyil thaamasikkukayum sent tropessinte praadeshika thiranjeduppil pii. sii. eph. naayi pracharanam nadathukayum cheytha sadol 1932 leeii malsarathil veendum pii. sii. eph sthaanaarthiyaayirunnu, ithavana draggignanil. 1800 vottukal maathramaan addeham nediyathu. seyante-maximil oru adambara villa mattu swathukkalum sadol swanthamaakki, athinu pathrangalil oru kapadavaadiyenna nilayil addeham akramikkappettu. addeham eee veedu samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya serji procofiavinu vaadakaykku nalki. vellakkarumaayulla bandham vichedikkaanum leninte prasamgangal avatharippikkanum procofiavinode abhyarthicha sadol, "october viplavathinte 20-aamm vaarshikathinaayulla kaantatta" ezhuthaan addehathe prachodippichu.
prachodippichu yovon aarii sadol vokkukalude athidhikalaayi russiayilekku madangi. iruvarum kalakaaranmaaraayum prakrithidrishya designermaaraayum pravarthichu. jeane vigoykkoppamulla thante munkaala pravartthanangalude peril prashasthanaaya aarii 1936 desemberil 28-aamm vayassil cancer allengil kshayarogam baadhichu marichu. kalacharithrakaaranaaya elii fourinte ilaya makalum bhoomishaasthranjayaaya elisi reklasinte kochumakalumaanu bhaarya merii-selin. aarinte shavasamskara shushroosha samghadippikkunna pii. sii. ephilum avar svayam earppettirunnu.
earppettirunnu madhyathil, soviyatt nayathanthranjarum franch pradhaanamantriyum franco-soviyatt paraspara sahaaya udambadiyil oppuvachavarumaya piyari laval thammilulla nerittulla bandhamaayi sadol pravarthichu. appozhekkum sadol staalinisathinte thuranna pinthunakkaaranaayirunnu, trotskyodulla thante munkaala prashamsa poornnamaayum parishkarichu. 1934 februvariyile kalaapathethudarnn, doriottinteyum yoojan friedinteyum paksham chernnu addeham oru janakeeya munnaniyude roopeekaranathe amgeekarichu-phaasist virudha paarttikalude eee vargeeyaprakshobham thoresinu eshtappettilla, addeham appozhum thante prabhashanam ezz. eph. aii. oye vimarsikkunnathil kendreekarichaayirunnu. trotskyude pakshapaathikaleyum valathupaksha prathipakshatheyum vichaarana cheytha mosco vichaaranaykkide addeham soviyatt unionilekku madangi. nikkolaay bukhaarinte swantham sambhashanangal bukhaarinte "boorshwas" aashayangalude thelivaayi prosecution upayogichirunnu. 1937 februvariyil gaasttan bergeric ezhuthiya kathil, prathikal "saadhaarana kuttavaalikalaanu" ennathinu "nishedhikkaanaavaatha thelivu" udharichu sadool vichaaranayude niyamasaadhuthayeyum krithyathayeyum prathirodhichu.
ell humaniteikku" vendi ezhuthukayum serjinu nereyulla aakramanangaliloode staalinist virudha idathupakshathe apalapikkukayum cheythu. akramasakthamaaya franch araajakathvathe pinthunacha oru kariyaristaayirunnu addeham ennathulppede saadoolinte aaropanangalkkethire randaamathethu svayam prathirodhichu. serjinode aikyadaartyam prakadippichukondu trotsky saadooline "adima philishtian" ennum kapadaviswaasiyaaya "kominten naashathinu vidhikkappettirikkunnu" ennum visheshippichu. saadolukal mungunna kappal elikaleppole upekshikkum."1918-ll saadoolinte pravartthanangale prashamsicha rosemer, moscoyil ninnulla 1937-leeii sandeshangal" "angeyattam nunayullavayaanennu" "nireekshichu".
randaam lokamahaayudha vivaadangalum avasana varshangalum.
1939 augustil, randaam lokamahaayudham aarambhikkunnathin thottumunbu, france pii. sii. efum naasi-soviyatt udambadiyude vaartha kandu njettippoyi. pii. sii. eph nethaavu mouris thorez soviyatt nayangale prathirodhikkaan ettedukkukayum thalphalamaayi pii. sii. eph yeei edward daladier manthrisabha nirodhikkukayum cheythu; athesamayam, mattu kammyoonistukaar swamedhayaa stalinism thakarkkukayum sakhyakakshikalude paksham cherukayum cheythu. sadul oru anuranjana nilapad sweekarichu. nayathanthranjanaaya anaattol dii monsikku ayacha kathil (daladiyarude ariyippinaayi uddeshichulla), soviyattukalodulla fraansinte "amithamaya avishwaasam" karaarine kuttappedutthi. naasisatthinethire "samboornna yuddham cheyyaanulla sannadhatha" prakadippichukondu sakhyakakshikalkk moscoyude pinthuna thirike nedaanaakumennu addeham nirddeshichu. charitrakaaranaaya stephaan courtois vaadikkunnathu, saadoolinte sahaayathode, staalin thante naasi sakhyathe oru "reversible straattaji" aayi kurachukaanaanum athinaal heriyattinteyum daladiyarinteyum bhayam laghookarikkaanum shramichu ennaanu.
fraansinte jarmman parajayam sadoline "soonn libre" yill pidichedutthu, athu naasi anukoola rump samsthaanamaaya "vichi france" aayi maari. svakaaryamaayi, swatantra fraansile anyadesha sainyangalodu addeham thante vaalsalyam prakadippichu, athu "namukkidayile ettavum vyakthavum abhimaanakaravumaaya sainyathe" kendreekarichirunnavennu addeham vaadichu."addehathinte bhaarya raajyam vittupoyi, kaaliforniyayilekku maarunnathin munbu oru swatantra franch abhayakendramaaya thaahithiyilaayirunnu. aanjalo tasca kodathiyil nalkia mozhi prakaram, saadooline naasikal arast cheythenkilum vichi dignittariyude (muun pii. sii. eph cader) edapedalil pooll maariyante edapedaline thudarnnu vittayachu. ithinu pakaramaayi, vichiyumaayi sahakarikkaan sadol sammathikkunnuvennu marioninu labhichu.
dakshinenthyayile sakhyakakshikalude landingin paareesinte vimochanathinum sesham, sadol thante pazhaya nilapaadukalilekku madangi. 1944 desemberil france soviyatt union thammilulla oru puthiya karaarine pinthunachu addeham samsaarikkukayum munbathethu lamghichathinu lavalineyum addehathinte bharanakoodatheyum vimarsikkukayum cheythu. ell hyoomaanitte" ennathil addeham aikyaraashtrasabhayude padhathiye swis nishpakshathaye apalapikkunnathuvare pinthunachu. ennirunnaalum, "laa kaagaul" ennariyappedunna oru phaasist prasthaanatthinu dhanasahayam nalkiyennu aaropikkappedunna thante pazhaya suhruthu yujeen shellere kodathiyil sadol prathirodhichu.
1945 epril epril seyante-maximinte meyaraayi sadol thiranjedukkappettu. eee padaviyil, oru sahakarana samghathinte udamasthathayilulla villa masilia addeham pidichedukkukayum athu ethirppinum paraspara sahaayathinumaayi joothanmaarude union nalkukayum athu holocoastinte anaatharude abhayasthaanamaakki maattukayum cheythu. addeham thante avasaanathe rashtreeya lekhanamaaya "naisans dii lyu" ennathil pravarthikkukayaayirunnu.aarr.ezz.ezz."(" "yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte jananam" ")". edition charlot 1946-ll prasidheekaricha ithu 1917-leeii sambhavangalil addeham nalkia sambhavanakal punaparisodhikkukayum general neesel petrogradil ninnu purathupoyathinte bahumati saadool ettedukkukayum cheythu. études" enna catholica maasikayude abhipraayathil, soviyatt rashtreeya adichamarthalukalekkurillu velippeduthalukal ariyappedunnathinusaricha soviyatt raashtrathekkurichulla athinte vivaranam "sathyamakaan kazhiyaathavidham manoharamaayirunnu". "ttuds" "bhaagikavum" "lalithavumaaya" "srishtiye thallikkalanju".
1947ll mayer padavi nashtappetta sadol onpathu varsham koodi viramichu. 1956 november november addeham antharichu. pathrapravartthakanaaya dominic desanthiyumaayulla addehathinte sambhashanangal desanthiyude 1969 leeii pusthakamaaya "ell 'internaashanal communist" enna pusthakatthil uravidangalaayi upayogichu. addehathinte 1919 leeii "nottukal" 1971 ll francois maspero veendum prasidheekarichu. 1978 ll editions graasattil swantham oormmakkurippukal prasidheekaricha vaivon, bharthaavine ekadesham anchu pathittaandolam athijeevichu, 1993 ll 103 allengil 104 vayassil marichu. avarude nerittulla pingaamikalil oottisathil vaidagdhyamulla paarees cycatristaaya cherumakan eric lemonier ulppedunnu; lemoniorinte amma 13-aamm arontismentile republicinaayulla yaadhaasthithika raliyile raashtreeyakkaariyumaayiru, pithaav france 3-nte nirmmaathaavaayirunnu.

