englandile edward III

1327 januvari muthal 1377ll marikkunnathuvare englandile rajaavaayirunnu edward III (13 november 1312-21 juun 1377). sainika vijayathin pithaav edward II-nte vinashakaravum paarambaryetharavumaaya bharanathinu sesham rajakeeya adikaaram punasthaapikkunnathinum addeham prashasthanaan. edwardy englandu raajyathe europile ettavum sakthamaaya sainika shakthikalilonnayi maatti. addehathinte ambathu varshathe bharanam engleesh charithratthile ettavum dairkhyameriya bharanangalilonnaayirunnu, niyamanirmmaanathilum sarkkaarilum, prathyekichu engleesh paarlamentinte parinaamatthilum karutha maranatthinte naashangalilum supradhana sambhavavikasangal kandu. addeham thante mootha makanaaya karuthavargakkaaranaaya edwardine marikadannu jeevichu, simhasana addehathinte kochumakanaaya richard randaamanu kaimari.
pathinalam vayassil fraansile isabella avalude kaamukiyaya rogger mortimer pithaavine sthaanabhrashtanaakkiyathinu sesham edward kireedamaniyikkappettu. pathinezhaam vayassil addeham raajyathe "yadhaartha" bharanadhikaariyaaya mortimarinethire vijayakaramaya oru attimarikk neethrthwam nalkukayum thante vyakthiparamaaya bharanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. skotlandile oru vijayakaramaya prachaaranatthinu sesham addeham franch simhaasanathinte sariyaaya anantharaavakaashiyaayi svayam prakhyaapichu, nooru varshathe yuddham aarambhichu. chila prarambha thirichadikalethudarnnu, yudhathinte eee aadya ghattam englandinu asaadhaaranamaamvidham nannayi pooyi, athu edwardian yuddham ennariyappettu cressiyileyum poyattiyezhsileyum vijayangal valare anukoolamaaya brettigni udambadiyilekku nayichu, athil englandu praadeshika nettangal undaakki, edward franch simhasanathinaayulla thante avakaashavaadam upekshichu. edwardinte pilkkala varshangal anthaaraashtra parajayavum aabhyanthara kalahangalum adayaalappeduthi, pradhaanamaayum addehathinte nishkriyathvavum mosham aarogyavum moolamaanu.
addeham swabhaavamullayaalaayirunnu, chila muun engleesh raajaakkanmaareppole rajakeeya sparshanathiloode rogashanti polulla nettangalkku svayam praapthanaanennu karuthi, pakshe asaadhaaranamaaya daya kaanikkan addehathinu kazhivundaayirunnu. sainikamallaatha thaalpparyangalude vishalamaaya shreniyundenkilum, yudhamaayirunnu pradhana thaalpparyamulla oru parambaraagatha rajaavaayirunnu addeham. swantham kaalathum athinusheshamulla noottaandukalilum prashamsikkapetta addehathe pinneedu wig charitrakaaranmaar nirutharavaadaparamaaya saahasikanayi apalapichu, ennaal aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar addehathe supradhana nettangalkku credit cheiyunnu.
pashchaathalam.
englandile edward randaaman rajaavinu piers gaavesttan, hyoog desensor dhii ilaya, thudangiya thante prabhukkanmaarkk janapreethiyillaatha kottara priyankararundaayirunnu. 1312-ll edvaardinethiraaya munkaala kuleena kalaapathinide gaavesttan kollappedukayum engleesh prabhukkanmaar avahelikkunnavare verukkukayum cheythu. skotlandil shambalamillaatha sainika sevanathinaayi aavarthichulla aavashyangalude peril edward saadhaaranakkaarkkidayil janapreeti nediyirunnilla. avideyulla addehathinte pracharanangalonnum vijayamayilla, ithu addehathinte janapreeti, prathyekichu prabhukkanmaarude idayil, kooduthal kurayaan kaaranamaayi. 1322-ll laankaastarile erl enna thante bandhuvaya thomasine vadikkukayum laankaastar estettukal pidichedukkukayum cheythappol addehathinte prathichaaya kooduthal kshayichu. charitrakaaranaaya kriss givend-vilson ezhuthiyittundu, 1325 aayappozhekkum prabhukkanmaar engane vishwasichu, bharanathin keezhil oru bhoovudamaykkum surakshithathvam anubhavappedillennu. edvaardinekkurichulla eee avishwaasam addehathinte bhaarya fraansile isabella pankuvachu, avar raajaavinte manassine thanikkethire vishalipthamaakkiyathin utharavaadiyaaya nindakanaanennu vishwasichu. 1324 septambaril sarkkar isabella raajnjiye anyagrahajeeviyaayi prakhyaapichappol avar parasyamaayi apamaanikkappedukayum rajaavu udan thanne avarude estettukal veendum pidichedukkukayum cheythu, orupakshe nindakante nirddeshaprakaaram. edward avalude anuyaayikale pirichuvittu. eddu wardinu munbathe rund avasarangalil avasarangalil (1310lum mozhi nalkumennu bheeshanippeduthiyittundu. edwardumaayulla sathrutha saarvathrikamaayirunnuvenna charitrakaaranmaar sammathikkunnu. dablyu. echu. dunham sii. tii. wood ithine edwardinte "kroorathaykkum vyakthiparamaaya thettukalkkum" kaaranamaayi visheshippichu, "valare kurachu perr, addehathinte ardhasahodaranmaaro makano polum, durbalanaaya manushyanekkurichu shradhikkunnillennu thonnunnu" ennum aarum addehathinu vendi pooraadillennum soochippikkunnu. oru samakaalika charithrakaaran edwardine "upayogashoonyanaaya rajaavu" ennu visheshippichu.
aadyakaala jeevitam (1312-1327).
1312 november 13 nuu windor kottayil janicha edwardine samakaalika pravachanatthil "vindoril ninnu purathuvarunna panni" ennu visheshippichu. addehathinte pithaav edward randaamante bharanakalam engleesh charithratthile prathyekichu prasnakaramaaya oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu. rajaavu adhikaarametta udan thanne skotlandumaayulla pithaavinte yuddham upekshichu niravadhi engleesh prabhukkanmareyum scotish sakhyakakshikaleyum anyavalkarikkukayum skottukalkkethiraaya yudhangalil idaykkide paraajayappedunnathu thudarukayum cheythu. rajaavu pothuve thante prabhukkanmaarekkaal ishtappetta oru cheria koottam raajakeeyare samrakshichathum vivaadamaayirunnu. ithu "rajakeeya rakshaakarthruthvathinte muzhuvan samvidaanatheyum asanthulithamaakki" ennu charitrakaaranaaya maikkal prestwich parayunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1312-ll oru purusha anantharaavakaashiyude jananam-bhaaviyile edward III-taamasiyaathe franchukaarumaayulla edwardy bandham mechappeduthukayum prabhukkanmaarkkulle mithamaaya ghadakam baronial ethirppine thaalkkaalikamaayi adichamarthukayum cheythu. panthrand divasam maathram praayamullappol yuva rajakumaran chesttarinte erl aayi srishtikkappettu, adutha varsham januvariyode oru kudumbam muzhuvan nalki. puthiya rajaavil aadyakaala swaadheenam cheluthiyathu noottaandile pradhana grandhalekhakaril oralaaya durhaaminte bishop richard dii gray aayirunnu. thudakkathil oru adthyaapakanaayirunna addeham raajaavinte upadeshtaavaayi mariyathaayi thonnunnu. shavakudeerathinte samrakshanathin keezhil edward ezhuthaanum franch, laattin vaayikkanum padichu. anglo-normanilekku vivarthanam cheyyappetta vejishyasinte "dii reey milittari", athupole "rajakumaaranmaarkkulla kannaadi", vividha sankeerthanangalum mathagrandhangalum polulla samakaalika prasidhamaaya kruthikal addehathinu labhikkumaayirunnu.
norman adhinivesham duchy athinte franch estettukalum kireedavum englandinte bhoomiyumaayi onnippichathinaal, engleesh raajaakkanmaarkk pooyitoo, eksittain, normandi, anjou, maine ennivayulppede niravadhi bhoo thalpparyangal undaayirunnu, oru ghattathil franch rajaakkanmaarude kaivashamullathinekkaal kooduthal france ulkkollunna eee kaivashangal munkaalangalil palappozhum samgharshathilekku nayichirunnu. 1325-ll edward randaaman thante bhaaryasahodaranaaya fraansile chaals naalaamante engleesh dachiyaaya akvitteyninu adaranjali arppikkanamenna aavasyam nerittu. aabhyantharamaayi veendum athrupthi padarnnupidichathinaal, prathyekichu priyappetta hugg nindakanumaayulla bandhathecholli, raajyam vidaan edward vimukhatha kaanichu. pakaram, addeham thante makan edwardine thante sthaanathu duke oof akvitteyn aayi srishtikkukayum adaranjali arppikkan francilake ayaykkukayum cheythu. yuva edwardinoppam chaals raajaavinte sahodariyaayirunna amma isabella franchukaarumaayi samadhana udambadi charcha cheyyaan uddeshichullayaalumaayir. fraansil aayirikkumbol, naadukadatthappetta rogger mortimarumaayi chernnu edwardine sthaanabhrashtanaakkaan isabella goodaalochana nadatthi. eee samrambhathin nayatantra, sainika pinthuna kettippadukkunnathinaayi isabella thante makane heynoltile panthrand vayassulla philippayumaayi vivaahanischayam nadatthi. englandine akramikkukayum edwardy sainyam addehathe poornnamaayum upekshikkukayum cheythu. isabella mortimer oru paarlament vilikkukayum simhasana thante makanu vittukodukkaan rajaavu nirbandhithanaakukayum 1327 januvari januvari landanil rajaavaayi prakhyaapikkappedukayum cheythu. februvari februvari 14-aamm vayassil westminstar aabiyilvechu puthiya rajaavu edwardiyaayi kireedamaniyappettu.
aadyakaala bharanam (1327-1337).
mortimarinte bharanavum pathanavum.
edwardinte aadya pravrithikalilonnu-"yadhaartha" mortimarinte-1327 joolaiyil skotlandilekkulla mattoru prachaaranatthinu neethrthwam nalkuka ennathaayirunnu. puthiya bharanakalam mortimer kottaaratthile kendra sthaanam moolamundaakunna mattu prashnangalum neridaan adhikam samayamaayilla, ippol englandinte yadhaartha bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnu. mortimer thante adikaaram upayogichu kuleena estettukalum padavikalum nedi, durham kaundiyile stanhop paarkk yudhathil skottukal neritta apamanakaramaaya paraajayathode addehathinte janapreeti vardhichu, thudarnnulla eddinberg-northaamptan udambadi 1328 ll skottukalumaayi yojichu. yuva rajaavum thante rakshaadhikaariyumaayi samgharshathilaayi. rajaavumaayi bandhappett thante sthaanam anishchithathvathilaanennum edwardine anaadaravinu vidheyanaakkunnuvennum mortimerinu ariyamaayirunnu. 1328 januvari juun york minsterilvechu vivaham kazhicha edwardinum philippaykkum 1330 juun juun woodstock edward enna oru makan janichathinethudarnnu pirimurukkam vardhichu. oduvil, mortimarinethire nerittu nadapadiyedukkaan rajaavu theerumaanichu. ithuvare edward oru thaazhnna profile nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum, svayam shradha aakarshichillengilum, mortimarinte perumaattam edwardinte swantham jeevan apakadathilaakkumennu addeham kooduthal samshayichu, kaaranam munpathe nilapad kooduthal janapreeti nediyilla. edwardinte ammavan kentile erl edmundine vadhichathu ithu kooduthal vashalakki. samakaalika charitrakaaranmaarum, simhaasanathil mortimerinu designukal undennu samshayichu, eee kimvadanthikalaanu karyangal thalakeezhaayi konduvannatha avante amayum mortimer pookaanirikkukayaayirunnu. sarr thomas gray thante "scalachronica" yill parayunnath shariyaanenkil, edward "thante ammayude raajnjiyude bharanathe veruthirunnu, koodaathe maarchinte arline veruthirunnu, kaaranam raajnji ellaam addehathinanusarichu cheythu".
thante adutha koottaaliyaaya vilyam montagu, moonnaamathe baaran montagu, mattu kurachu vishwastharude sahaayathode edward 1330 october october nottingam kottayil vachu mortimarine athbhuthappeduthi. mortimer vadhikkappedukayum edwardinte vyakthiparamaaya bharanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. eee ghattathil edwardinu "rajathwa kalayil cheria prabodhanam" maathrame undaayirunnulloovennum philippayumaayulla vivaahanishchayathekkurich eee vishayathil niravadhi pusthakangal labhichittundenkilum "addeham eee kruthikal vaayikkukayo manassilaakkukayo cheytho ennathu angeyattam samshayakaramaan" ennum charitrakaaranaaya maarkk ormode vaadichu. addehathinte bharanakalam saidhaanthikamaaya anubhavathekkaal praayogikamaaya anubhavathaal nayikkappedanamennu ormroad thudarunnu. 
skotlandile yuddham.
edward III thante peril undakkiya samadhana karaaril samthrupthanaayirunnillenga skotlandumaayulla yuddham puthukkiyath rajakeeya samrambhathekkaal svakaaryamaayaanu. samadhana udambadi prakaram skotlandil bhoomi nashtappettathayi ariyappedunna oru koottam engleesh dhanikaraya vamshajar scotland akramikkukayum 1332-ll duplin muur yudhathil valia vijayam nedukayum cheythu. sisuvaaya davidyude sthaanathu edward baaliyoline skotlandile rajaavaayi sthaapikkaan avar shramichu, pakshe baaliyoline udan puratthaakkukayum edwardy sahayam thedaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. engleesh rajaavu pradhana athirthi pattanamaya berwick uparodhikkukayum videsha akramanangalil ninnu bheeshani neridumbozhum haalidan kunnin yudhathil oru valia sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, uparodhikkapetta skottukal pattanatthinu theeyittathinethudarnnu berwick edukkappettu, ithu avare chikilsikkaan nirbandhitharaakki; oru ghattathil edwardinte raajnji bamberg kottayil uparodhathilaayirunnuvena skottukalude prachaaranatthe rakshikkaan ithu valare vaikiyirunnu. addeham simhaasanathil balliol punasthaapikkukayum thekkan skotlandil ganyamaaya bhoomi nedukayum cheythu. daaveedinodulla vishwastha sakthikal kramena raajyathinte niyanthranam veendeduthathinaal eee vijayangal nilanirthaan prayasamaayirunnu. 1344-leeii scotish prakshobhatthinu mattoru sainyavum pinthunaykkunna navikasena aavashyamaayi vannu. edward, roxburg kotta nannakkiya sesham, skottukalkkethire niravadhi phalapradamallaatha akramanangal nadatthi, 1338-ll edward skottukalumaayi oru vedinirthal karar amgeekarichu.
skotlandinekkurichulla thanthram mattunnathinulla oru kaaranam englandum france thammilulla bandhathekkurichulla vardhichuvarunna aashankayaayirunnu. scotland france oru sakhyathilaayirunna kaalatholam engleeshukaar rund munnanikalilayi yuddham cheyyaanulla saadhyathaye abhimukeekarichirunnu. franchukaar engleesh theeradesha pattanangalil reydukal nadathukayum ithu englandil oru samboornna franch adhiniveshathekkurichulla abhyoohangalkku kaaranamavukayum cheythu.
oru puthiya prabhukkante srishti.
edward adhikaarathinte niyanthranam etteduthappol, thante kudumbam "poornnamaayum kuzhappathilaaya" mennu ormroad parayunnu, thante pithaavinte prasnakaramaaya bharanathinushesham addehathinte prabhukkanmaar pakshapathaparamaaya reethiyil pirinju, koodaathe pala kudumbangaludeyum saahacharyangalil line paraajayathaal durbalamaayi. udaaharanathinu, kuranja baranej-baaranukalum baanarattukalum-avarude muthirnnavareppole rashtreeya dursaahasangalaal kurachumaathram baadhichittundenkilum, avarude avakashangal kooduthal durbalamaayathinaal avar durbalaraayirunnu. edwardinu rund kuleena paarttikale samaadhaanippikkendivanu onnu thudakkam muthal pithaavin athiraayirunnathum mattonn mortimarinteyum isabellayudeyum nyoonapaksha bharanathe ethirthathum. rakthasammardhamillaathe, kuranja tharkkathode kakshikale anurajanam cheyyaan addehathinu kazhinjuvenna vastutha ellaavarkkum ariyaamenkilum, addehathe ottaykku surakshithanakkaan athu paryaapthamallenn jaims boatwell vaadikkunnu addeham prathipakshatthe pinthunachuvenkilum avare oru vishwastha kedarakkiyilla. vividha vibhagangal thammilulla samadhana charchakal nadatthaanum rajakeeya adikaaram pettennu punarujjeevippikkappedu pratheekshikkaanum addehathinu kazhinjilla"; theerchayaayum, rajavaazhchayodulla bahumanam samadhaanam nilanilkkaan saadhyathayillaathavidham thaazhnna nilayilethiyirunnu. arandal, ooksfoord, warwick ennivayude karkkashangale maathrame vishwastharaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyoo, allengil oru samakaalikam parayukayaanengil, edwardine "kadinamaayum vishwasthathayodeyum" savic... avar marikkunnathuvare. ithine prathirodhikkaan, 1337 march paarlamentinethudarnnu, edward oru dukineyum ettu puthiya earlukaleyum srishtichu. thante bharanakaalathudaneelam, saadhaaranayaayi summons ritt vazhi, kuranja padavikalulla 61 puthiya aalukale addeham prabhukkanmaarude aduthekku vilippichu. eee srishtikal-chelaveriyathaanenkilum-rajakudumbam ulppedeyulla nilavilulla prabhukkanmarkkidayil valare kurachu ichhaashakthi maathrame labhichulloo "bharanavargathinte ellah mekhalakalum edwardinte ishtaprakaaram bisinesses cheyyaan thayyarayirunnu", addeham abhipraayappedunnu. 1337-leeii srishtikal glousestarinte aadyakaalathe hyoog dii oodli, northaampttan vilyam dii bohun, huntingdon vilyam dii klintan, grossmontinte henry muthal laankaastar, vilyam dii montagu muthal salisbury, roobert dii ufford muthal safolk ennivayaayirunnu. ivayil bohun, klintan, montagu, ufford ennivar mortimarinethire edwardinte attimariyil pradhana punk vahichirunnu; athupole thanne graantukaludeyum estettukaludeyum kaaryatthil avar ettavum valia gunabhokthaakkalaayirunnu. mattoru pothu vibhajanam, avaril bhooribhaagavum attimarikk munbu edwardinte vishwastha koottaalikalaayirunnu ennathaanu; udaaharanathinu, ufford addehavumaayi ettumuttukayum fraansile philipp aaraaman munbulla addehathinte adaranjaliyil pankedukkukayum cheythu, athesamayam montagu addehathinte "ettavum adutha pinthunakkaaranaayirunnu", koodaathe attimarikk munbu maarppaappaykk rahasya nayatantra dauthyangal nadathukayum cheythirunnu. sthaanakkayattam labhikkunnathin munbu eee aalukalkk nalla sambathu kuravaayirunnirikkaamenkume raashtreeyamaayo sainikamaayo avarkk parichayasambatthu kuravaayirunnilla ennu jaims boatwell abhiprayappettu. sambathu, anubhavam, koodaathe/allengil prachodanam ennivayude oru misritham avaye edwardylake adayaalappeduthiyathaayi thonnunnu", addehathinte ellah sthaanakkayattangalum addehathinu pradhaanamaayirunnuvenkilum, aaa sthaanangal prathyekichum anganeyaayirunnuvennu addeham vaadikkunnu. kaaranam, pithaav niravadhi kayperiya shathrukkale srishtichathu karkkasangalil ninnaan, athinaal janasamkhyaashaasthramaanu edward addehathinu anukoolamaayi punasamghadippikkaan aagrahichathu. addeham thante swantham sthaanavum kireedatthinte sthaanavum shakthippeduthuka mathramalla, yuddham aduthathode, aaa pradeshangalil ninnu nerittu rajakeeya sainyathilekku aarr puthiya recruitment vazhikal addeham srishtichu. ennirunnaalum, eerlukale sambandhichidatholam, prateeksha athra anukoolamaayirunnilla rajakeeya dhanakaaryathinte dayaneeyaavastha, avaril mikkavarkkum vaagdaanam cheyyappettirunnuvenkum, avarude puthiya estettu uyarthippidikkaan prathivarsham kuranjathu 1000 maarkk labhikkaathepoyirunnu; edwardinu atharam thukakal nalkaan kazhinjilla. glossester ozhikeyulla ellaavarkkum avarude varumanam vardhippikkunnathinu kramarahithamaya bhoomi graantukalil samthruptharaakanamaayirunnu, ennaal avar rajaavinu vittukodukkukayum avar marikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare iva palappozhum labhyamakumaayirunnilla.
madhya bharanakalam (1337-1360).
slues.
1337-ll fraansile philipp araman engleesh raajaavinte dachiyaaya akvittainum pontiyoo kaundiyum pidichedutthu. thante pithaav cheythathupole franch rajaavinu adaranjali arppichu samgharshathinu samadhaanaparamaaya pariharam thedunnathinupakaram, philipp naalaamante kochumakanaayi franch kireedatthinu avakaashavaadam unnayichu edward prathikarichu. prathikarichu 1316lum nischayicha anjjeya pinthudarchayude mungaamikalude adisthaanathil franchukaar ithu nirasichu. pakaram, philippivinte anantharavanaaya philipvi raajaavinte (france bhavanathinte anjjeya pingamiyaaya) avakashangal avar uyarthippidichu, athuvazhi nooru varshathe yudhathinu vediyorukki (chuvade kudumbavrikshangal kaanuka). yudhathinte aadyaghattangalil, mattu bhookhanda bharanaadhikaarikalumaayi sakhyam sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu edwardinte thanthram. 1338-ll vishudha roman chakravarthiyaaya luis naalaaman vishudha roman saamraajyathinte edward vikar general ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum thante pinthuna vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1373-leeii anglo-porchugees udambadi oru anglo-porchugees sakhyam sthaapichu. eee nadapadikal valare kurachu phalangal maathrame nalkiyittulloo.
yudhathinte eee ghattatthile eaka pradhana sainika vijayam 1340 juun juun engleesh chaanalinte niyanthranam nediya engleesh naavikasenayude vijayamayirunnu. kaalaavasthayudeyum mikacha thanthrangaludeyum sahaayathode oru engleesh kappalppada oru mikacha franch kappalpadaye thudachuneekkukayum angane cheiyunnathiloode englandile franch adhiniveshathinte bheeshani kuraykkukayum fraansine akramikkaanulla engleesh agrahangal vardhippikkukayum cheythu. eee sahacharyam oru varshathil thaazhe maathrame neenduninnulloo. ennirunnaalum, thante thudarchayaaya saambathika prashnangalude velichathil, sloosile vijayathil rajaavu santhushtanaayirikkaan saadhyathayilla, ennirunnaalum oru aadhunika vyaakhyaathaavu eee yudhathe "aadhunika yugam vare naashatthilum nirnnaayakathayilum samaanathakalillaathath" ennu visheshippichittundu. sainika paraajayathinu purame, engleeshukaar 166 franch vyaapaarikale pidikoodi, ithu thekkan theerathu "varshangalolam nadatthiya reydinu mathiyaya thirichadavaayirunnu" ennu kushwe soochippikkunnu. varshangalayi eee franch reydukal engleesh naavikarkkidayil ithihaasamaayirunnu, franchukaar avarude sthreekalodu enthaanu cheythathennathinekkurichu mithya kathakal pracharikkunnund. thalphalamaayi, franch naavikark naalilonn polum nalkiyittilla, ithu 16,000 perr marikkaan kaaranamaayittundaakam. rajaavum karunayude maanasikaavasthayilaayirunni; franch captanaaya nicolas behushettine-allengil mochippikkappedumennu pratheekshikkaamaayirunnu-swantham muttathu thookkikkonnu. edward thante vijayathil daivathinte kaii kandu; oru samakaalikan ezhuthi, inii muthal, addeham "kadalinte nathan" aanennu; oru vijayakaramaya nanayam smaarakamaayi adichu-oru kappalil edward kaanikkunnu, orupakshe behuchettinte swantham aayirikkam-oru naavika yodhaavu enna nilayil raajaavinte prashasthi yadhaarthathil arhathayillengilum undakkappettu.
yudhathinte chelavu.
athesamayam, edwardinte chelaveria sakhyangal moolam raajyathin melulla saambathika sammarddam veettil asamthripthiyilekku nayichu. vardhichuvarunna deseeya kadathil raajyathe regency kaunsil niraashanaayirunnu, athesamayam englandile sarkkar mathiyaya fund nalkunnathil parajayappettathil rajaavum bhookhandathile addehathinte commandermar roshakularaayi. eee sahacharyam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi edward thanne englandilekku madangukayum 1340 november november landanilethukayum cheythu. saamraajyathinte karyangal kramakkedilaanennu kandu addeham dhaaraalam manthrimaarudeyum jadjimaarudeyum rajakeeya bharanathe shudheekarichu. eee nadapadikal aabhyanthara sthiratha konduvannilla, koodaathe rajaavum kaantarbariyile aarch bishop joonn dii stratford thammil oru samgharsham udaleduthu, eee samayat straattfordinte bandhukkalum chichasttarile bishop roobert stratford henry dii stratford yathaakramam padavi thaalkkaalikamaayi eduthukalayukayum thadavilaakkappedukayum cheythu. rajakeeya udyogasthare arast cheythukondu edward raajyathe niyamangal lamghichathaayi stratford avakashappettu. 1341 eprilil paarlamentil oru nischitha thalatthilulla anurajanam undaayi. nikuthi anuvadikkunnathinu pakaramaayi thante saambathika, bharanaparamaya swaathanthryathinu kadutha parimithikal amgeekarikkaan edward nirbandhithanaayi. ennittum athe varsham octoberil rajaavu eee niyamam nirasikkukayum aarch bishop straattfordine raashtreeyamaayi bahishkarikkukayum cheythu. epril paarlamentinte asaadhaarana saahacharyangal raajaavine keezhadangan nirbandhithanaakkiyenkilum saadhaarana saahacharyangalil madhyakala englandile raajaavinte adikaarangal phalatthil paridhiyillaathathaayirunnu, ithu edwardinu chooshanam cheyyaan kazhinju.
henrivinte (1413-1422) bharanathinu munbu rajakeeya navikasenayonnum undaayirunnillenn vaadikkunna charitrakaaranaaya nicolas roader edwardiyiyude "samudrangalude paramadhikaaram" enna avakaashavaadathe chodyam cheythu. rodjarude kaazhchappaad undaayirunnittum, joonn rajaavu ithinakam thanne oru rajakeeya kappalppada vikasippikkukayum arast cheyyappetta eee kappalukalkkum mattullavarkkum (swakaarya udamasthathayilulla kappalukal rajakeeya/deseeya sevanathilekku valichizhakkapettu) oru bharanam sthaapikkaan sramikkukayum cheythirunnu. addehathinte pingamiyaaya henry eee pravrithi thudarnnu. adhehavum thante mungami chernnu shakthavum kaaryakshamavumaya oru naavika bharanam vikasippikkumennu pratheekshichirunnuvena, avarude sramangal anoupachaarikavum kooduthalum thaathkaalikavumaaya oru bharanathe srishtichu. edwardinte bharanakaalathu vilyam dii clever, maathyoo dii torxy, joonn dii hatefield ennivarude neethrthwathil "raajaavinte kappalukalude clark" enna padavi thudarchayaayi vahikkunna oru aupachaarika naavika bharanakoodam uyarnnuvannu. edwardy bharanakaalathu eee sthaanam avasaanamaayi niravettiyathu roobert dii kraal aayirunnu, eee sthaanathu ettavum kooduthal kaalam addeham thudarnnu. henry VIII-yude "kaunsil oof maraine", "nevi board", chaals I-nte "board oof admiraltti" thudangiya pingaamikalude bharanakaalathu vikasichathinte aditharayaayi edwardinte naavika bharanam maarunnath addehathinte bharanakaalathaanu. pathinalam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum 1340-leeii sluis orupakshe 1350-leeii winchelsia ozhike franchukaarkku melkkai undaayirunnuvennum roadger vaadikkunnu. ennittum, franchukaar orikkalum englandine aakramichittillennum fraansile joonn randaaman rajaavu englandil thadavilirikke marichuvennum vaadikkunnu. ithil oru punk vahikkanum anglo-airish prabhukkanmaarude kalapam, kadalkkolla pravartthanangal thudangiya mattu karyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanum oru engleesh naavikasenayude aavasyamundaayirunnu.
command ghadana.
edwardinte sainika command ghadana kendratthil ninnu aarambhichu, thudarnnu kottaaratthile amgangal addehathinte generalukalaayi pravarthichu. ithil rajakudumbavum ulppedunnu, edward thante puthranmaarude, prathyekichu karutha raajakumaarante, sainikasheshi upayogichu. avarellam nalla yodhaakkalaayirunnuvenni ithu praayogikam mathramalla, franch simhasanathinaayulla edwardinte avakaashavaadathinte paarambarya swabhaavam prakadippikkunnathinte prachara moolyavum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, command ellaayppozhum prabhukkanmaarude prathyekaavakaashamaayirunnil. mattu kuthirakale nayikkaan kazhiyunna naitts baanaratukal-sainyangaludeyo divisionukaludeyo nethaakkalaayi ishtappettirunnu, kaaranam avar rajaavumaayi ithinakam aduppathilaayirunnathil, addehathinte kudumbatthinteyum amgarakshakanteyum bhaagamaayirunnu. edwardinte "chevochis" kaalaghattatthil avar prathyeka utharavaadithangal vahichirunnu, palappozhum pradhana sainyathe cheria sainyangalayi vibhajikkendivannu, oronninum athintethaaya kyapttan aavasyamaanu. ithu chilappol abhipraayavyathyaasathinu kaaranamaayi. udaaharanathinu, 1369 leeii lloyer prachaaranatthil, pembrokkile erl sarr joonn chandosumaayi command pankittu; randaamathethu karutha rajakumaran fraansinte seneshalaayi niyamichuvenkilum, pembrock addehathinte uyarnna saamoohika padavi kaaranam addehathinu keezhil pravartthikkaan visammathichu. ennirunnaalum, aathyanthikamayi, avar nayikkunna sainyangale uyarthaanulla chumatala randinum veenu prabhukkanmaarkk rajaavinu sesham ettavum kooduthal kudiyanmareyum nilanirthalkkaareyum uyarthaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, ennaal thazhnnavaraayirunnu eee pradeshangalil sarjantumaare niyamikkunnath. skotlandile pithaavinteyo muthachanteyo pracharanangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, bhoovakaashangalkku pakaramaayi soujanyamaayi sainika sevanam nalkunna fudal levi-nooru varshathe yuddham pottippurappettathode ellah raankukalileyum purushanmaarkk avarude sevanathinu rajaavil ninnu panam nalkendathu oru saadhaarana kaaryamaayi maari. pakaramaayi, bhooribhaagam upakaranagalkkum panam nalkaanulla utharavaaditham kireedatthinu chumalilayi. sainika charitrakaaranaaya andrew aydan eee parivartthanatthe oru "sainika viplavathinu" thulyamaanennum rajaavu thanne neethrthwam nalkiyathaanennum visheshippichu.
cressy poydiyezhsum.
1340-kalude thudakkathil, edwardinte sakhyangalude nayam valare chelaveriyathaanennum valare kurachu phalangal maathrame nalkiyirunnulloovennum vyakthamaayirunnu. thudarnnulla varshangalil brettan pinthudarchaavakaasha yuddham ulppede engleesh sainyathinte kooduthal nerittulla pankaalittham kaanappettuvenkilum eee edapedalukalum thudakkathil nishfalamaayi. florentil ninnulla aii. dii. 1 florin vaaypakal edward thirichadaykkaathe thirichadachathu vaaypa nalkunnavarude naashathinu kaaranamaayi.
1346 joolaiyil 15,000 sainikarumaayi edward normandiyilekku kappal kayarumbol oru maattam sambhavichu. addehathinte sainyam seane nagaram kollayadikkukayum vadakkan fraansiludaneelam sanjarichu flandezhsil flemish sainyathe neridukayum cheythu. franch sainyavumayi edapazhakaanulla edwardinte prarambha uddeshyam athayirunnilla, pakshe somminu vadakkulla kresiyil addeham anukoolamaaya bhoopradesam kandethukayum philipviyude neethrthwathilulla oru sainyavumayi poraadaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. august august engleesh sainyam valare valia oru franch sainyathe craisy yudhathil paraajayappeduthi. ithinu thottupinnaale, october 17 nuu, oru engleesh sainyam nevilleyude kurish yudhathil skotlandile rajaavaaya david raajaavine paraajayappedutthukayum pidikoodukayum cheythu. thante vadakkan athirthikal surakshithamaakkiyathode, fraansinethiraaya thante valia akramanam thudaraan edwardinu swaathanthryam thonni, callays pattanam uparodhikkukayum cheythu. 32, 000 sainikarude oru sainyam ulppetta nooru varshathe yudhathile ettavum valia engleesh samrambhamaayirunnu eee ooppareshan. 1346 septambar septambar aarambhicha uparodham 1347 august august nagaram keezhadangunnathuvare neenduninnu.
kaaleyude pathanathinushesham, edwardinte niyanthranathinu purathulla gadakangal yudhashramam avasaanippikkaan addehathe nirbandhithanaakki. 1348ll englandile karuthavarggakkaarude maranam raajyathe janasamkhyayude moonnilonno athiladhikamo pere kollukayum cheythu. manushyashakthiyude eee nashtam kaarshika thozhilaallikalude kurravinum vethanathil samanamaaya vardhanavinum kaaranamaayi. valia bhoovudamakal manushyashakthiyude kuravinodum athinte falamaayundaaya thozhilchelavu panapperuppathodum mallittu. vethanavardhanavu thadayunnathinaayi rajaavum paarlamentum 1349ll thozhilaallikalude oordinansum 1351ll thozhilaallikalude niyamavum konduvannu. vethanam niyantrikkaanulla eee sramangal deerghakaalaadisthaanathil vijayikkanaayilla, ennaal hraswakaalathekku avaa valia oorjjathode nadappaakki. mothatthil, playg sarkkaarinteyum samoohathinteyum poornna thothilulla thakarchayilekku nayichilla, mathramalla veendedukkal shradheyamaayi vegathilaayirunnu. treasurer vilyam edington, cheef justice vilyam dii shershell thudangiya rajakeeya bharanaadhikaarikalude yogyathayulla neethrthwathinu ithu oru paridhivare nandi.
nandi madhyam vare bhookhandathil valia thothil sainika pravartthanangal punaraarambhichu. 1356-ll edwardinte mootha makan weils rajakumaaranumaaya edward poyattiyezhs yudhathil oru pradhana vijayam nedi. valare kooduthal engleesh sainyam franchukaare paraajayappeduthuka mathramalla, franch rajaavaaya johni addehathinte ilaya makan philippineyum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. thudarchayaaya vijayangalkk sesham, engleeshukaar fraansil valia swathukkal kaivashappedutthi, franch rajaavu engleesh kasttadiyilaayirunnu, franch kendra sarkkar eathaandu poornnamaayum thakarnnu. franch kireedatthinaayulla edwardinte avakaashavaadam yadhaarthathil yadhaarthamaayirunno atho franch sarkkaaril sammarddam cheluthaanulla oru rashtreeya thanthramaayirunno ennathinekkurichu charitraparamaaya oru charcha nadannittundu. yadhaartha uddeshyam enthuthanneyaayaalum, prasthaavicha avakaashavaadam ippol athicheraanaakumennu thonni. ennittum 1359-ll eee samrambham poortthiyaakkaan uddeshichulla oru pracharanam anishchithathvathilaayirunnu. athinaal, 1360-ll edward french simhasanathinaayulla avakaashavaadam upekshikkukayum ennaal thante vipuleekaricha franch swathukkal poornna paramaadhikaaratthil surakshithamaakkukayum cheytha brettigni udambadi sweekarichu. taanum thante captanmaarum birudadaanachadangukal, lunden nagaram, aarch bishappukal ennivayulppede vividha autlettukalilekku pathivayi nalkunna reportukal vazhi videshathulla rashtreeya, sainika sambhavavikaasangalekkurich edward thante prajakale poornnamaayum ariyikkukayum cheythu. iii. ottaykku eduthaal, eee reportukal sarkkaarinullile oru ekeekritha public relationsine prathinidheekarikkunnille rajakumaran sammathichu, orupakshe, mothatthil, rajaavu aabhyanthara manoveeryam vardhippicha oru "lalithamaaya prachaarana samghadana" yude nilanilppine avaa soochippikkunnu. vaarthaakkurippukalo pothu kathukalo aayalum vaakkaalullatho bhaagikamo aaya janapriya charithrarekhakalude bhaagamaayi iva avasaanichu. 
sarkkar.
niyamanirmmanam.
edwardinte bharanathinte madhyavarshangal ganyamaaya niyamanirmmaana pravartthanangalude kaalaghattamaayirunnu. orupakshe ettavum ariyappedunna niyamanirmmaanatthinte bhagam 1351 leeii thozhilaallikalude niyamamaayirunnu, ithu karutha maranam moolamundaakunna thozhil shaamam pariharichu. eee niyamam avarude pleginu munbulla thalatthil vethanam nischayikkukayum karshakarude sanjaarasheshi niyanthrikkukayum cheythu, avarude purushanmaarude sevanangalil karshakarkk aadyam avakaashamundenn urappichu. niyamam uyarthippidikkaanulla samagramaya sramangal undaayirunnittum, bhoovudamakal thammilulla thozhil mathsarathethudarnnu athu parajayappettu, eee niyamam "vitharana-aavashya niyamathinu ethire niyamanirmmikkanulla sramamaayi" visheshippikkappedukayum athu paraajayappedaan vidhikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, thozhil shaamam house oof komansile cheria bhoovudamakalum house oof lordsile valia bhoovudamakalum thammil oru thaalpparya samooham srishtichu. thathfalamaayundaaya nadapadikal karshakare prakopippikkukayum prakopippikkukayum karshakarude kalaapathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
edward moonnaamante bharanam babylonian adimatham ennu vilikkappedunna avinonile maarppaappayude bharanakalavumaayi poruthappettu. fransumaayulla yudhasamayathu, franch kireedatthinte niyanthranatthilulla oru maarppaappayude aneethikalkkethire englandil ethirppu uyarnnuvannu. engleesh sabhayude maarppaappayude nikuthi raajyathinte shathrukkalkk dhanasahayam nalkunnuvennu samshayikkappedunnu, athesamayam vyavasthakalude sambradaayam (purohithanmaarkk marpappa aanukoolyangal nalkunnathu) engleesh janathayil athrupthi srishtichu. yathaakramam 1350,1353 varshangalile provisermaarudeyum primuniorinteyum chattangal maarppaappayude aanukoolyangal nirodhikkunnathiloodeyum engleesh vishayangalil maarppaappayude kodathiyude adikaaram parimithappeduthunnathilum ithu bhedagathi cheyyaan lakshyamittu. parasparam thulyamaayi aasrayikkunna rajaavum marpappa thammilulla bandham eee chattangal vichedichilla.
pradhanappetta mattu niyamanirmmanangalil raajyadroha niyamam 1351 ulppedunnu. eee vivaadaparamaaya kuttakrithyatthinte nirvachanathil samavayam anuvadichathu krithyamaayi bharanathinte ikyamaanu. ennittum ettavum pradhanappetta niyamaparishkaranam orupakshe samadhaanathinte jadjimaare sambandhichathaayirikkaam. edwardy bharanathinu munbu aarambhicha eee sthaapanam 1350 aayappozhekkum kuttakrithyangal anweshikkaanum arast cheyyaanum mathramalla, kuttakrithyangal ulppedeyulla kesukal vichaarana cheyyaanum jadjimark adikaaram nalkiyirunnu. ethodoppam praadeshika engleesh neethiyude bharanathil oru shaashvathamaaya sthaanam srishtikkappettu.
paarlamentum nikuthiyum.
edwardy kaalamayappozhekkum oru praathinidhya sthaapanamenna nilayil paarlament ithinakam thanne nannayi sthaapithamaayirunnuvenki bharanam athinte vikasanathinte kendramaayirunnu. eee kaalayalavil, munbu oru paridhivare avyakthamaaya grouppaaya engleesh baaranejile amgathvam paarlamentilekku vyakthiparamaaya summons labhichavaril maathramaayi parimithappettu. paarlament kramena oru dvisabhayaayi vikasichathode ithu sambhavichu, oru house oof loards, house oof koomans enniva ulkkollunnu. ennittum, karthaakkanmaarilalla, marichu pothusamoohatthilaanu ettavum valia mattangal sambhavichathu, pothusamoohatthinte rashtreeya punk vardhichathode. oru rashtreeya prathisandhikk thudakkamittathin aadyamaayi pothusamooham-manyamaaya pinthunayode-utharavaadikalaaya nalla paarlamentaanu vivaradaayakam. eee prakriyayil impeachment nadapadikramangalum speakerude offeesum srishtichu. rashtreeya nettangal thaalkkaalikamaaya kaalayalav maathramaayirunnenkilum, eee paarlament engleesh rashtreeya charithratthile oru nirnaayaka gadakathe prathinidheekarichu.
pothusamoohatthinte rashtreeya swaadheenam yadhaarthathil nikuthi nalkaanulla avarude avakaashathilaanu. nooru varshathe yudhathinte saambathika aavasyangal valare valuthaayirunnu, rajaavum addehathinte manthrimaarum chelavukal nikathaan vyathyastha reethikal pareekshichu. rajaavinu kireedabhoomiyil ninnu sthiramaaya varumaanamundaayirunnu, koodaathe itaaliyan, aabhyanthara dhanakaaryakkaaril ninnu ganyamaaya vaaypakal edukkaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu. yudhathinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathinu addehathinu thante prajakalude nikuthi earppeduthendivannu. nikuthi rund praadhamika roopangal sweekarichu levi, kasttams. saadhaaranayaayi pattanangalkk patthilonnu, krishisthalathinu pathinanjilonnu enningane ellah neekkaan kazhiyunna swathinteyum anupaathathil nalkunna oru grantaayirunnu levi. ithu valia thukakal undaakkaamaayirunnu, pakshe atharam oro levyum paarlament amgeekarikkendathundu, rajaavinu athinte aavasyakatha theliyikkendathundu. athinaal sthiravum vishwasaneeyavumaaya varumaana srotassaayi kasttams oru swaagathaarhamaaya supplement nalki. 1275 muthal kambili kayattumathikk oru "purathana theeruva" nilavilundaayirunnu. edward njaan kambilikk oru adhika theeruva earppeduthaan shramichirunnuvenkilum eee janapreethiyillaatha "maltolt" allengil "anyayamaaya prayogam" taamasiyaathe upekshikkappettu. thudarnnu, 1336 muthal, kambili kayattumathiyil ninnulla rajakeeya varumanam vardhippikkukayenna lakshyathode niravadhi padhathikal avatharippichu. chila prarambha prasnangalkkum asamthripthikkum sesham, puthiya achaarangal paarlament amgeekarikkanamennu 1353 leeii pradhana niyamathiloode sammathichu, ennirunnaalum avaa yadhaarthathil sthiramaayi.
edwardy bharanakaalathe sthiramaaya nikuthiyiloode paarlamentum prathyekichu komansum rashtreeya swaadheenam nedi. oru nikuthi neethipoorvakamaakanamenkil rajaavu athinte aavasyakatha theliyikkendathundennum athu raajyathile samooham nalkendathundennum athu nikuthi chumathunnathinupurame aaa samudaayathinte prayojanathinaayirikkanum oru samavayam uyarnnuvannu, paarlamentum rajaavinu paraathikal pariharikkunnathinulla harjikal avatharippikkum, mikkappozhum rajakeeya udyogastharude thettaaya bharanathekkurichu. eee reethiyil eee samvidaanam iru kakshikalkkum prayojanakaramaayirunnu. eee prakriyayiloode pothusamoohavum avar prathinidheekarikkunna samoohavum raashtreeyamaayi kooduthal bodhavaanmaaraakukayum prathyeka engleesh brandaya bharanaghadanaa raajavaazhchaykk aditharayittukayum cheythu. raajaavinte mantrimar paarlamentil thante cases vaadikkuka, rajaavinu addeham aavasyappetta nikuthi nalkuka, thudarnnu paarlamentinulla raajaavinte elavukal athinte avasaanam prakhyapikkuka enniva saadhaaranamaayi maari.
1338ll kambilikk nirbandhitha vaaypa nalkaan shramichathupole nikuthi uyarthaan paarlamentine aashrayikkunnath ozhivakkaan rajaavu idaykkide shramichirunnu. ithu taamasiyaathe thakarnnu-iii yude vaakkukalil. bii. athu oru "khedakaramaaya parajayamaayirunnu"-orikkalkkoodi edwardinu paarlamentilekku madangendivannu. ellah charakkukalum kuttavaalikalude swathukkalum kireedatthilekku thirike nalkunnathum scutage, athupole thanne kadangal kireedatthinu thirichadaykkendathupola puthiya nirddeshangalum, vardhichuvarunnathinekkal oru paymentilaanu, thante purathana avakashangal ennu thaan vishwasichathine shakthippeduthaanum edward shramichu. ennirunnaalum, eee padhathikalellaam thakarnnu, randaamathethu, atharam nikuthi reethi avarude parambaraagatha avakashangal lamghikkunnuvennu prabhukkanmaar avakashappettathinaal. fried parayunnathanusarichu, 1339 februvariyil englandinte mahathaaya kireedam trierinte aarch bishappin phalapradamaayi panayam vachappol edwardinte ettavum kadinavum paazhayathumaaya baadhyathakalilonn vannu, athinaayi rajaavu 16,650 poundu thirichadaykkumennu vaagdaanam cheythu. rajaavu 1340 ll ghentil thante kadam kodukkunnavare kandumutty, pakshe avarude aavasyangal udan niravettaan kazhiyaathe, berty wilkinson kurikkunnu, "nadakkaan aagrahikkunnuvennu nadichu addeham rahasyamaayi oodippoyi".
dheerathayum deseeya swathwavum.
yudhathinum bharanathinum uyarnna prabhukkanmaare aashrayikkuka ennathaayirunnu edward III-nte nayam. edward randaaman thante samapraayakkaarude valiyoru bhagavumaayi pathivayi samgharshathilaayirunnappol, addehathinte makan taanum thante ettavum valia prajakalum thammil souhrudathinte oru manobhaavam vijayakaramaayi srishtichu. edvardiyudeyum edvardiyudeyum bharanathinu munbulla arupath varshangalil kurachu puthiya peerejukal srishtikkaan anuvadichukondu edwardy edwardy prabhukkanmaarodulla avarude nayathil parimithamaayirunnu. 1337-ll asannamaaya yudhathinulla thayyaareduppaayi addeham ore divasam aarr puthiya earlukal srishtichappol edwardy eee pravanathaye maatti.
athe samayam, raajaavinte adutha bandhukkalkk duke enna puthiya padavi avatharippichukondu edward piyarejinte raankukal mukalilekku vipuleekarichu, udaaharanathinu, 1351-ll laankaasttarinte erl laankaasttarinte ducodamaayi uyarthappettu. koodaathe, oru puthiya dheerathayude kramam srishtichukondu addeham eee grouppinullile samoohabodham shakthippeduthi. 1344 januvariyil windor kottayil oru valia virunnu nadannu, athilekku dhaaraalam pere kshanichu; prabhukkanmaar mathramalla lunden nagravum oru samghathe ayachu. aadyaraathriyil oru virunnorungi, athil pankeduttha sthreekalellaam, avarude idayil rund kuthirakal maathram, bhakshanam kazhichu, mattullavar avarude koodaarangalil bhakshanam kazhichu. ithinethudarnnu adutha moonnu divasathekku josting nadannu, avide edward-"rajapadavi kaaranam allah, marichu addehathinte valia parisramangal kaaranam", aadam murimathu thante charithratthil aavarthikkunnu-chaambyanaayi kanakkakkappettu. ithinethudarnnu arther raajaavinte vattamesha sthaapikkunnathinekkur raajaavinte prakhyapanam nadannu, athinodu "chila prabhukkanmaar" prathijnjayedutthu. puthiya adhyaayathinte aadya yogam adutha vitsaninu krameekarichu. ennirunnaalum, padhathiyil ninnu onnum varaanilla; murimathu abhipraayappedunnathupole, "eee jolie pinneedu vividha kaaranangalal nirtthivachu".
pakaram, ekadesham naalu varshathinu sesham, edward oordar oof garter sthaapichu, orupakshe 1348-ll. puthiya oordar gaarttarinte vrithaakrithiyilulla roopathil aithihyathil ninnulla ardhangal vahichu. craisy prachaaranasamayatthe edwardinte yudhakaala anubavangal (1346-7) raundu table padhathi upekshikkunnathil nirnnayaka gadakamaanennu thonnunnu. 1346-ll craysiyil engleeshukaar upayogicha motham yudhathanthrangal artherian aadarshangalkku virudhamaayirunnuvennum aartharine edwardinu, prathyekichu garter sthaapikkunna samayat, oru prasnakaramaaya maathrkayaakkiyennum vaadikkappettittundu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil nilanilkkunna garter chattangalude pakarppukalil arther rajavineyum raundu tableyum kurichu aupachaarika paraamarshangalonnumillenga 1358 leeii garter virunnil oru raundu table geyim ulppettirunnu. angane, project cheytha raundu table fellowship gaarttarinte yadhaartha kramavum thammil chila ovarlaappu undaayirunnu. akkaalat rajaavinu priyappettavanayi karuthappedunna kentile yuva joonn abadhathil thante garter oru panthil kaaleyil erinjathinekkurichu polydor verjil parayunnu. janakkoottathe thudarnnundaaya parihaasathodu prathikaricha edward rajaavu "hooney soyitt kvi maal vaii penz" (athinekkurichu moshamaayi chinthikkunnavarkk naanakked) enna vaakkukal kondu swantham kaalmuttil garter kettiyittu.
prabhukkanmaarude eee shakthippeduthalum uyarnnuvarunna deseeya swathwabodhavum fraansile yudhavumaayi samyojippichu kaanendathundu. skotlandumaayulla yuddham cheythathupole, oru franch adhiniveshathekkurichulla bhayam deseeya ikyabodham shakthippeduthaanum norman adhinivesham muthal pradhaanamaayum anglo-norman ayirunna prabhukkanmaare desasaalkkarikkaanum sahayichu. edwardy kaalam muthal, engleesh bhasha illaathaakkaan franchukaar padhathiyittirunnuvennum muthachan cheythathupole edwardy eee bhayam paramavadhi prayojanappedutthiyennum janapriya puranangal soochippikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, engleesh bhasha sakthamaaya punarujjeevanam anubhavichu; 1362-ll, oru vaadi niyamam niyama kodathikalil engleesh upayogikkaan utharavittu, athinusheshamulla varsham, paarlament aadyamaayi engleeshil thurannu. athesamayam, vilyam langland, joonn gover, prathyekichu jiophree chosarinte "kaantarbari kathakal" ennivayude kruthikaliloode oru saahitya bhashayaayi praadeshika bhasha oru punarujjeevanam kandu. ennittum eee engleeshuvalkkaranathinte vyaapthi athishayokthi parayendathilla. 1362-leeii niyamam yadhaarthathil franch bhashayil ezhuthappettathum udanadi praabalyatthil varathathum 1377-ll paarlament aaa bhashayil thurakkappedukayum cheythu. gaarttarinte kramatthil, oru vyakthamaaya engleesh sthaapanamaanenkilum, joonn naalaaman, brittani duke, roobert oof naamoor thudangiya videsha amgangalum ulppettirunnu.
pinneedu bharanam (1360-1377).
fraansilum bharanathilum kooduthal prachaaranangal.
edwardinte aadyakaala bharanam oorjjaswalavum vijayakaravumaayirunnu, ennaal addehathinte pilkkala varshangal jadathvam, sainika parajayam, rashtreeya kalahangal ennivayaal adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. samsthaanathinte dainamdina kaaryangalkk sainika prachaaranathekkaal kuravaayirunnathinaal kuravaayirunnathinaal edward thante keezhudyogastharude sahaayathe kooduthalaayi aashrayikkukayaayirunnu, prathyekichu vilyam vaikaham, 1363ll vaikkahamine privy sealinteyum 1367ll chansalarudeyum sookshippukaaranaakki, ennirunnaalum addehathinte anubhavaparichayavumayi bandhapetta rashtreeya budhimuttukal kaaranam paarlament 1371ll chansalar sthaanam raajivaykkaan addehathe nirbandhithanaakki. edwardinte budhimuttukal koottikkondupoyathu addehathinte ettavum vishwasthanaaya aalukalude maranamaayirunnu, avaril chilar playginte aavarthanathilninnu. aavarthanathilninnu attimariyile edwardinte koottaaliyaaya salisburyile aadya erl vilyam montagu 1344-ll thanne marichu. nottinghamil rajaavinoppam undaayirunna hundingdonile erl vilyam dii klintan 1354-ll marichu. 1337-ll srishticha erlukalilonnaaya northaampttanile aadya erl vilyam dii bohun 1360-ll marichu, adutha varsham grossmondile henry, orupakshe edwardinte ettavum valia captanmaar, pleginu keezhadangi. avarude maranangal bhooribhaagam dhanikar rajaavinodullathinekkaal cheruppavum raajakumaaranmaarumaayi kooduthal swaabhaavikamaayum yojippichavarumaakki.
kooduthal kooduthal, edward sainika pravartthanangalude neethrthwathinaayi thante puthranmaare aashrayikkaan thudangi. raajaavinte randaamathe makanaaya aant verppinte simham irelandile svayambharanamulla anglo-airish prabhukkanmaare balamaayi keezhadakkaan shramichu. aaa samrambham parajayappettu, 1366-ll kilkkenniyude adichamarthal chattangal maathramaan addeham avasheshicha eaka adayaalam. athesamayam, fraansil, brettini udambadiye thudarnnulla dashakam aapekshikamaya shaanthathayudethaayirunnu, ennaal 1364 epril 8 nuu johni englandil thadavilaanu, swantham mochanadravyam veettil ninnu samaharikkaan shramichenkilum parajayappettu. 1369ll fraansile konstabilaaya bertrand duu gyoosklinte sahayam sweekaricha oorjjaswalanaaya chalsev addehathe pinthudarnnu, franch yuddham veendum aarambhichu, edwardinte makan joonn oof gaundinu oru sainika prachaaranatthinte utharavaaditham nalki. aaa sramam paraajayappedukayum paraajayappedukayum bruggase udambadiyiloode fraansile mahathaaya engleesh swathukkal theeradesha pattanangalaya kalais, bordo, bion ennivayaayi churungukayum cheythu.
alis perers.
1359-ll niyamikkapetta philippayude veettammamaaril oraalaayirunnu alis perezhs. anchu varshathinullil, aaa samayat avalkk 18 vayass thikayumaayirunnu, bharthaavinte maranashesham aval prayamaaya raajaavinte kaamukiyaayitheernnuvennu anumaanikkappedunnu. raajakudumbathile thante kariyarinu purathu, prathyekichu oru panamidapadukaariyenna nilayil, sajeevamaaya oru bisinesses jeevitam avar nilanirtthi, athesamayam thante rajakeeya bandhangal paramavadhi prayojanappeduthukayum, kottarakkaaril ninnum rajaavumaayulla thangalude aavasyangal munnott kondupokaan agrahikkunnavarkkum sammanangal sweekarikkukayum cheythu. bhoomi, maanarukal, aabharanangal ennivayulppedeyulla sammanangal edward avalkk sammaanichu, 1371-ll ithil ippol maricha philippayude sammaanangalum ulppedunnu. raajaavinte maranashesham thante puthiya estettukal nilanirthaanulla sramamaayirikkaam alis, avaye niravadhi thattippukalil kettiyidunnathu. ithinartham avaa niyamaparamaayi rajakeeya sammaanangalaayi avasaanichu, athu kireedatthinu veendum nalkaan kazhiyum, pakshe aval thiranjedukkumbol avalude pheophikalil ninnu sweekarikkanam. 25 kaundikalilaayi 50 maanarukalum 20,000 poundu aabharanangalum eee sammanangalil ulppedunnu. samakaalika charitrakaaranaaya thomas walsingham avare oru thaazhnna janicha sthriyaayi kandu, swantham abhilaashathiloode, rajaavil ninnu sambathu sambaadichu; 1376 leeii nalla paarlamentil avatharippicha janapriya kaazchappaadaayirunnu ithu, athil rajakeeya khajanaavil ninnu prathivarsham 2000 muthal 3000 poundu vare svarnnavum velliyum eduthathaayi avar aaropikkapettu. mattoru samakalikanaaya anonymale charithrakaaran ithellaam "sradheyamaaya labhamonnum illaatheyum nammude karthaavaaya rajaavinu valia nashavum" varuthiyennum addeham jeevichirippundengil raajaavinte vrithathil ninnu alisine neekkam cheyyanamennu vaadichu. aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar avarude bisinessinum niyamathinum thalavedana nalkikkond, swantham vazhi nedunnathinu 'sthreethvaparamaaya thanthrangal' upayogikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal ejansi nalkiyathinte bahumati avarkk nalkiyittundu. rajaavu marichathinushesham thante swantham sthaanathinte anishchithathvam aval aval athu ellaavarkkum vyakthamaayirunnu"-thante sambathinte bhooribhaagavum thante rund penmakkalkku nalkaan uddeshichirunnuvennum avarkkundaakunna adutha bharanakaalathu avarude jeevitam kooduthal apakadakaramaakumennum both well abhipraayappedunnu. avar thante anumaanathil sariyaayirunnu nalla paarlament yogam cherumbozhekkum, edward valare durbalanaayirunnu, pakshe avalude naadukadatthal amgeekarikkaan kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, ithu valarekkalam neenduninnilla; aaa varshavasaanam aval addehathinte aantharika vrithathilekku madangukayum addehathinte maranam vare avide thudarukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1378-ll avarude muun bhayangal veendum uyarnnuvarikayum ithavana richard randaamante bharanathinte aadya varshathil paarlamentinu munnil vichaarana nadathukayum cheythu. aval kuttakkaariyaanennu kandethukayum naadukadatthappedaan vidhikkappedukayum cheythu. koodaathe, avalude swath kireedatthinu nashtamaayi. 
veettil asamthripthi.
videshathu sainika parajayavum thudarchayaaya prachaaranangalude saambathika sammarddavum englandil rashtreeya asamthripthiyilekku nayichu. nayichu munbu ithu oru prashnamaayi apoorvvamaayi maathrame uyarnnuvannittulloovile, athinusesham raajakudumbathinte chelavukalekkurichulla paraathikal pathivayi vannu. vannu nalla paarlament ennu vilikkappedunna paarlamentil prasnangal thalayuyarthi. nikuthi anuvadikkaan paarlamentine vilichenkilum prathyeka paraathikal pariharikkan house oof koomans avasaram upayogichu. prathyekichum, raajaavinte ettavum adutha chila upadeshtaakkalkkethireyaakku vimarsanam. chamberline prabhu vilyam laattimar, naalaamathe baaran laattimar, kudumbakaaryakarthaavu joonn neville, moonnaamathe baaran neville dii raabi ennivare avarude sthaanangalil ninnu pirichuvittu. prayamaaya raajaavinte mail valareyadhikam adikaaram kaivashamullathayi kaanapetta edwardinte yajamanathiyaaya alis perezhsine kottaaratthil ninnu purathaakki. ennittum maarchinte moonnaamathe earl aaya vaikaham, edmund mortimer thudangiya shaktharaaya aalukalude pinthunayode komansinte yadhaartha shatru joonn oof gaundaayirunnu. woodstokkile rajaavum edward eee samayat asukham moolam kazhivillaathavaraayirunnu, ithu gavanmentinte vertual niyanthranatthil vittu. paarlamentinte aavasyangalkku vazhanganamenn gaundu nirbandhithanaayenkilum 1377-ll athinte adutha birudadaanachadangil nalla paarlamentinte mikka nettangalum thirichupoyi.
rogavum maranavum.
edwardinu ithumaayi valia bandhamonnumillaayirunnu; 1375 nuu sesham addeham eee raajyathinte gavanmentil parimithamaaya punk vahichu. 1376 septambar 29-nuu addeham oru valia kurukkukondu rogabaadhithanaayi. 1377 februvariyil oru hraswakaala rogamukthikk sesham, juun 21 nuu rajaavu sheenil vachu strock baadhichu marichu.
pinthudarcha.
1376 juun juun woodstock thanne marichathinaal edward III-nte pingamiyaayi addehathinte pathuvayassulla kochumakan, woodstock edwardinte makan richard randaaman rajaavu adhikaaramettu. 1376-ll edward kireedatthinte pinthudarchaavakaasha kramatthil aksharangalude pettantil oppuvachu, randaam sthaanathu 1340-ll janicha joonn oof gaundu udharichukondu, ennaal 1338-ll janicha leonelinte makal philippa avaganichu. philippayude ozhivakkal 1290-ll edward onnaamante theerumaanathinu virudhamaayirunnu, athu kireedatthinu avakaashappedaanum athu avarude pingaamikalkk kaimaranumulla sthreekalude avakaashathe amgeekarichu. 1376-ll nirnnayicha pinthudarchaavakaasha kramam 1399-ll laankaastar bhavanathe simhaasanathilekku nayichu (joonn oof gaundu laankaastar rajakumaaranaayirunnu), athesamayam edward I theerumaanicha bharanam philippayude pingaamikale anukoolikkumaayirunnu, avaril york bhavanavum, avarude cherumakanaaya yorkkile richaardil ninnu aarambichirunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandil rosaappookkalude yudhangalkku aditharayittathaayi chilappol vaadikkappedunnu.
kudumbam.
edward III num addehathinte bhaarya heynoltile philippaykkum 25 varshathinide ettu aanmakkalum anchu penmakkalum janichu. samakaalikar ithu vijayamaayum daivakripayude adayaalamaayum kanakkakki. shakthavum ikyamullathumaaya oru raajakudumbathinte" praadhaanyam edward manassilakkiyathaayi ormroad vaadikkunnu. avarude vivaahangaliloode swantham prabhukkanmaarkkullil bhookhanda raajavamshangalumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan athu addehathe anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, noottaandinte avasaanathode englandinte europian swathukkal kramena nashtappedunnathiloode randaamathe nayam kramena thakarnnu. udaaharanathinu, 1332-ll netherlands anukoolavum franch virudhavumaaya nayatthinte bhaagamaayi addeham thante sahodari elanorinte woodstock vivaham samghadippichu. ennittum 1340-ll sakhyam thakarnnappol, aaa prathyeka vivahavipaniyil avale nashtappettuvenna vastutha anukoolamaayirunnu. eee samayam muthal, "nooru varshathe yuddham oru kudumba samrambhamaayi maari": karutha rajakumaran kresiyil oru senaye nayichu, patthu varshathinu sesham addehathinte ilaya sahodaranmaraaya lionel, joonn, edmund ennivar yudhathil chernnu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte puthranmaar fraansil pooraadumbool, avarkk rajakeeya vamshathe srishtikkaan kazhinjilla; 1358 aayappozhekkum, lionel maathramaan vivaham kazhikkukayum edwardinu oru kochumakane nalkukayum cheythath. cheythath madhyathode addehathinte kudumbam nayathanthraparamaayum sainikamaayum addehathinte bhookhanda nayam munnott kondupoyi, madhyakaalakhattatthile apoorvamaaya karyangal cheyyaan karutha rajakumaran mootha makal isabelle addeham anuvadichu snehathinaayi vivaham kazhikkuka. kentile jonumaayulla aadyathethinteyum bedfordile engurand dii koosiyumaayulla randaamathethinteyum malsaram edwardinu prathyekichum prayojanakaramayirunnilla; aadyathethu oru rahasya vivahamaayirunnu, athesamayam dii coursey oru franch bandiyaayirunnu. 1376 aayappozhekkum ormroad ingane nigamanam cheiyunnu
naalaamathe makanaaya thomas oof windser 1347ll janikkukayum adutha varsham marikkukayum cheythathayi chilappol abhipraayappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, charitrakaaranaaya catherine warner abhipraayappettath, vilyam oof woodstockum athe varsham janikkukayum marikkukayum cheythathinaal, bhauthika thelivukalude abhavavumaayi samyojippichu, eee thomas oru samyukthamaayirikkam. chila aadhunika pusthakangalilum websaittukalilum 'thomas oof winder' yude muzhuvan nilanilppum 1347 august aadyam kaalii bergermarkayi madhyasthatha vahichappol philippa garbhiniyaayirunnuvenna rund charithrakaaranmaarude vyaja kathaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane thonnunnu". cheruppatthil thanne maricha vilyaminu, "addehathinte shavasamskaarathino shavakudeerathino allengil jananathinushesham raajnjiyude shudheekaranathino allengil mattoru rajakeeya kuttiyude jananathodanubandhichu nadathunna eathenkilum tharatthilulla aaghoshathino" ulppede niravadhi thelivukal undennum avar rekhappeduthunnu. madhyakala charitrakaaranmaar rajakeeya jananagal rekhappeduthunnathil prathyekichum krithyathayullavaraayirunnuvnu madhyakala nicolas oorme abhipraayappettittund.
janithakashaasthranjanaaya aadam ratherford kanakkaakkunnath eddu wardinu 300-ladhikam muthumuthasshimaarum 1600-oode 20,000-ladhikam pingaamikalum undaayirunnu. athinaal, 21-aamm noottaandode, pradhaanamaayum britiish vamshajaraaya oru vyakthi eddu ward III-ll ninnu vannavaralla ennathu "phalatthil asaadyamaanu", kaaranam avarkk 1600 muthal ekadesham 32,000 poorvvikar undaayirikkum. neremarichu, ratherford kanakkukoottunnath sthithivivarakkanakusaricha, irupathaam noottaandile oru britiish vyakthi eddu ward III-ll ninnu vannavarallennathaan.
vyakthithvam.
eee kaalaghattatthil raashtreeyam palappozhum raajaavinte vyakthithvavum swabhaavavum anusarichaayirunnu nirnnayichirunnathenna maarkk ormode abhiprayappettu. ennirunnaalum, oru rajaavu nannayi njaanapoorvvam bharikkanamenn mathramalla, avan angane cheiyunnathu kaananamennum manassilakkappettu. eee kazhivukalodeyalla thaan thante bharanam aarambhichathenkilum, thante pala saha plaantajenatt rajaakkanmaaril ninnum vyathyasthamayi, thaan avaa nediyathaayi ormroad vaadikkunnu. addehathinte charithrasrishti, chila sandarbhangalil addeham avarude rachayithaakkalumaayi koodiyaalochichenkilum charithrathodulla thaalpparyathe soochippikkunnu. swantham ayodhana vaidagdhyavum vijayavum addehavumaayi prathidhvanichirunna henry randaamaneyum edward onnaamaneyum anukarikkaan addeham prathyekichum utsukanaayirunnirikkaam. addehathinte abhiruchikal parambaraagathamaayirunnu, ormroad parayunnu, jeey. aarr. ithu thante hobikalil prathifalikkunnuvennum lander vaadichittundu. marappani, mechilppurangal, roying ennivayulppedeyulla kaikondu cheiyunna jolikalodulla pithaavinte abhiniveshathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, edward III "prabhukkanmaarude parambaraagatha abhiruchikalum anandavum poornnamaayum pankittu", addehathinte pradhana thaalparyam vaasthuvidyayaayirunnu. eee yaadhaasthithikatha addehathinte mathaparamaya kaazhchappaadukalilum prathifalikkunnu, athu sanyaasimaarude rakshaakarthvathiloodeyum aaraadhanaalayangalude sandarshanathiloodeyum prakadippikkappedunna oru parambaraagatha mathathe prakadamaakkunnu. ithu addehathinte daanadharmmathilum prathifalikkunnu. henry III polulla poorvvikar palappozhum avar nalkia thukayude kaaryatthil kramarahitavum utsaahabharitharumaayirunnuvum avar angane cheyyumbol, edward III paavappettavarkk nalkunnathinaayi aazhchayil 366 bhakshanam pathivayi paripalikkukayum naalu pradhana virunnukalil vitharanam cheyyaan 25 poundu koodi nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, thante parambaraagathathaykkoppam oru janakeeyamaaya parambarayum ormode addehathe oru "swaabhaavika shoman" ennu visheshippichu, prathyekichu thante rajakeeya sparshanathiloode scrofula baadhichavare sukhappeduthaanulla thante theekshnathayil. rund varshathinullil, 1338 num 1340 num idayil, englandilum fraansilum prachaaranatthinide addeham scrofulakkaayi sparshichu; 1340 novemberinum adutha varsham athe maasathinum idayil 355 ennam koodi sambhavichu. amithamaya alavilekku addeham udaaranaayirunnu. mattoru kazhchappadil, norman kaantor edwardine "athyagrahiyum krooranumaaya oru gunda" ennaanu visheshippichathu.
edwardinte swabhaavathekkurichu ariyappedunnathil ninnu, staattfordinum manthrimaarkkumethiraaya pravarthanangalil kaanunnathupole, addeham aavegabharitanum swabhaavamullavanumaayirunnu. mattu rakshappedalukal aavegabharithamaayirunnilla, marichu apakadakaramaayirunnu, 1349 ll addeham oru cheria amgarakshakanumaayi maathram kalaisilekku kappal kayariyappol. athe samayam, addeham thante dayaykku perukettayalaayirunnu; mortimarinte kochumakan kuttavimukthanaakkappedu ennu mathramalla, franch yudhangalil oru pradhana punk vahikkaan addeham varikayum oduvil gaarttarinte oru kuthirayayi maarukayum cheythu. addehathinte priyappetta pinthudarcha yudhakalayaayirunnu, ithil addeham nalla raajathvam enna madhyakala ashayavumaayi poruthappettu. oru yodhaavenna nilayil addeham valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, oru aadhunika sainika charithrakaaran addehathe engleesh charithratthile ettavum mikacha generalayi visheshippichu. bhaarya philippa rajnjiyodu addeham asaadhaaranamaayi arppanabodhamullayaalnu thonnunnu. edwardinte laingikathayekkurichu dhaaraalam karyangal parayappettittund, ennaal alice perers addehathinte kaamukanaakunnathin munbu addehathinte bhaagathuninnu oru avishwasthathayudeyum thelivukalilla, appozhekkum raajnji maarakamaayi rogabaadhithayaayirunnu. eee bhakti kudumbatthile mattu amgangalilekkum vyaapichu; thante mungaamikalil palaril ninnum vyathyasthamayi, edwardinu thante muthirnna anchu puthranmaaril arcum ethirppu anubhavappettitla.
paarambaryamaayi.
edward III, pandithanaaya maikkal eiii vaadikkunnu.aarr. shavakudeerangal, oru "eratta paarambaryam" avasheshippichu. addeham upekshichupoya makkaludeyum kochumakkaludeyum valia santhathikalum franch simhasanathinaayulla avakaashavaadavum ivayaayirunnu. aadyaghattathil, clarence, laankaastar, york rajakumaranmar enna nilayil thante puthranmaare addeham nalkia dhanasahayam raajakudumbathinteyum prabhukkanmaarudeyum bhagamaayirunna swantham rajavamshangal srishtikkaan avare anuvadichu, avaa edwardinte kochumakanaaya richard randaamane henry bollingbrok pidichadakkiyathinethudnar lancastrian raajavamshathe "thakarthu". randaamathaayi, fraansil edwardinte avakaashavaadangalum yudhavum punaraarambhichathu thudakkathil vijayamaayirunnuvenkilum-samakaalikar ajinkorttile henry vii-yude nirnnayaka vijaythe eddu vaardinte craisy aandu poyattiyezhsumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu-fraansile veliyettam engleeshukaarkkethire maariyappol, rajavamshavum durbalamaayi. fraansile yuddham yadhaarthathil house oof yorkinum lancasterinum prashnamaayirunnu. 1475-ll fraansine aakramichappol edward naalaaman bodhapoorvam thante perilulla aalude kaalppaadukal pinthudarukayaayirunnu, thudarnnulla pickwigny udambadi poornnamaayum aasoothrithamallengilum. yorkkist rajaavu edward III-nte bharanakaalathekku thirinjunokki-athinte ayodhana, bharanaparamaya purogathi-avarude swantham maathrkayaayi, morgan vaadikkunnu. edward naalaamante swantham "gaarhika pusthakangal", "njangal kooduthal anuyojyamaaya oru puthiya veedu ettedukkunnu" enna sameepanathe samgrahikkunnu, theerchayaayum avarude pala graantukalilum vaarantukalilum charcha cheyyappettathenthum edward moonnaamathe avasana varshathil undaayirunnathupole aayirikkanam enna anthima vyavastha adangiyirikkunnu. 1485-ll bosworthil plaantajenettukalude anthima nasham polum edward moonnaamante maranananthara prathichaayaye baadikkunnathil parajayappettu; henry VII-nuu vamshaparambara avakashappedaan kazhinja ettavum puthiya rajaavu koodiyaayirunnu addeham.
charithralekhanam.
edward moonnaaman swantham jeevithakaalathu abhoothapoorvamaaya janapreeti aasvadichu, addehathinte pilkkala bharanathile prasnangal polum orikkalum raajaavine nerittu kuttappedutthiyittilla. addehathinte samakaalika jeane frozart thante "chroniclesil" ezhuthi "arther raajaavinte kaalam muthal addehatheppoloraal kanditilla."dii. eiii. ell. 1500 aayappozhekkum edward III englandu bharicha ekkaalatheyum mikacha rajavenna nilayil thante munnettathilekku nannayi praveshichu" ennu nireekshichu morgan shradha aakarshichu, henry VII-nekkurichulla "grettu chronicle oof lunden" udharichu, thante athyagrahathinu vendiyallengil ", edward thairdinte tymaya englandil reggind siin enna princis allesil maigt aprapyamaayirunnu". eee veekshanam kurachukaalam nilaninnengilum kaalakramena raajaavinte prathichaaya maari. pilkkaalatthe wig charitrakaaranmaar videsha adhiniveshathekkaal bharanaghadanaa parishkaranatthinu munganana nalkukayum swantham raajyathodulla thante utharavaadithangal edward avaganikkunnuvennu aaropikkukayum cheythu. bishop stubs thante "englandinte bharanaghadanaa charithram" enna kruthiyil ingane parayunnu
irupathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum eee kaazhchappaadine velluvilikkukayum, nilavilulla hagiography prathirodhikkanulla avarude sramangalil irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathile charitrakaaranmaar kooduthal vimarshanaathmakaraayirunnavi "oru aadhunika vaayanakkaranum eee abhinandanangalellaam mukhavilaykku gauravamaayi sweekarikkaan kazhiyillennu" ormroad nireekshikkukayum cheythittundu. 
pilkkala scholarship, ormroad soochippikkunnathu, "kooduthal dayayullavaraayirunnu" ennaanu. 1960 leeii oru lekhanathil, stabbukalude vidhiyude teleological swabhaavam mekisak choondikkaanikkunnu. oru madhyakala rajaavu oru paarlamentari raajavaazhchayude bhaaviyile chila aadarshangalkkaayi pravartthikkumennu pratheekshikkanaavilla; pakaram, addehathinte punk praayogikamaayirunnu-kramam nilanirthukayum prasnangal uyarnnuvarunnathupole pariharikkukayum cheyyuka. ithil edward mikavu pulartthi. thante ilaya puthranmaare valare udaaramaayi nalkukayum athuvazhi rajavamsha kalahangal prolsaahippikkukayum cheythathaayum edwardinethire aaropikkapettu, athu rosaappookkalude yudhangalil kalaashichu. eee avakaashavaadam keey nirasichu. bii. ithu aaa kaalaghattatthile pothuvaaya nayam mathramalla, ettavum mikachathum aanennu vaadicha mcfarlan. maarkk ormode, iyaan mortimer thudangiya raajaavinte pilkkala jeevacharitrakaaranmaar eee charitraparamaaya pravanatha pinthudarnnu. pazhaya nishedhaathmaka veekshanam poornnamaayum aprathyakshamaayitla; edward oru "vinashakaravum nishkarunavumaaya shakthiyaanenn" kaantor vaadichu. stubsian maathrkaye attimarikkunnathil, charitrakaaranmaar ethir dishayilekku valareyadhikam neengiyittundaakamennum, thanikk pariharikkenda prashnangalum karyangal poortthiyaakkaan addehathinu ulkkollenda vividha vibhaagangalude ennavum kanakkiledukkathe aanennum ormroad vaadikkunnu. 1999ll york sarvakalaashaalayile sentar phoor middle stadees konfaransinte nadapadikramangalkku aamukham nalkia kriss givend-willson maikkal prestvichum, addeham mothatthil oru sakthanaaya rajaavaayirunnu, neethimanaaya rajaavum nalla yodhaavum thanthranjanumaayirunnu; adisthaanaparamaayi akkaalathe oru nalla rajaavaayirunnu enna aadhunika samavaayathe phalapradamaayi samgrahikkunnu. edward III-nekkurichulla aadhunika paandithyathekkurichu ettavum pradhanappetta poyintaanitha muun samavayam attimarikkendathilla, marichu oru bahumukha raajaavinte ellah vashangalum parisodhikkaanum addeham eee vijayam engane nediyuvennu parisodhikkaanum. raajaavinte prathyulpaadanakshamatha vijayathinte adayaalamaanenna kazhchappadil aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar samakaalikarekkaal akaleyaan; mikkappozhum, parimithamaaya vibhavangal illaathaakki oro vaayaykkum panam nalkendivarunnathinaal ithu oru baadhyathayaayi kaanapedunnu. koodaathe, ithu kireedavum athinte kedatt shaakhakalum thammilulla pakshapaathatthilekku nayichirikkaam. 
pinneedulla sambhavangal.
edwardinte kochumakanaaya yuva richard randaaman raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya prasnangal nerittu, avayil palathum 1381-ll englandinte thekk bhagathaayi pottippurapetta karshakarude kalapam ulppede karutha maranatthinte falamaayi. varum dashakangalil, richard prabhukkanmaarude grouppukalum fraansinodulla adhikaarathinum nayatthinte niyanthranathinum vendi malsarichu, 1399-ll bollingbrokkinte henry paarlamentinte pinthunayode simhasana pidichedukkunnathuvare. henry naalamanaayi bharicha addeham raashtreeyavum mathaparavumaya anuyojyatha nadappilakkaan shramikkumbol oru rajakeeya kaunsililoodeyum paarlamentiloodeyum adikaaram prayogichu. addehathinte makan henry anchaaman fransumaayulla yudhathe punarujeevippikkukayum 1422ll marikkunnathin thottumunbu thanthraparamaaya vijayam nedunnathinu aduthethukayum cheythu. henry araman onpathu maasam maathram praayamullappol rajaavaayi, engleesh rashtreeya samvidaanavum fraansile sainika sahacharyavum vichedikkaan thudangi.
pinneedu rosaappookkalude yudhangal ennu vilikkapetta raktharookshithamaaya aabhyanthara yudhangalude oru parambara oduvil 1455-ll pottipurappettu, ithu oru saambathika prathisandhiyum daridra sarkkaarinekkurichulla vyapakamaaya dharana moolam prachodippikkappettu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathe rosaappookkalude yudhangalkku edward utharavaadiyaanennu 19-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathode pracharichirunnuvenkilum 20-aamm noottaandil ithu velluviliyaayi.

