
yaadrishchika surcuted

bhauthikashaasthrathilum electrical enchineeyaringilum, oru aouttputtum rund (allengil athil kooduthal) inputtukalum ulla oru electronic upakaranamaan considence surcuted allengil considence gettu. ore samayam" ennu amgeekarikkappetta oru samaya jaalakathinullil sarkyoottin signalukal labhikkumbol maathrame outtputtu sajeevamaakoo. kanika dittaktarukalilum shaasthra saankethikavidyayude mattu mekhalakalilum considence sarcuteukal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. 
1954ll bhauthikashaasthrathinulla nobal sammanam walther both pankittu...yaadrishchikathayude reethiyekurichum pinneedu athu nadatthiya kandethalukalekkurichum addeham kandethiyathin."bruno rossie yaadrishchika reethi nadappilakkunnathinaayi electronic considence surcuted kandupidichu.
charithram.
both, 1924.
1924-ll compton chitharalinekkurichulla oru pareekshanatthil aakasmika reethi engane nadappaakkiyuvennu thante nobal sammana prabhaashanatthil both vivarichu. chitharikkidakkunna gamma kiranathodoppam compton chitharal oru recoyil electron ulpaadippikkunnundo ennu parisodhikkaan lakshyamittaayirunnu pareekshanam. iruvarum vyathyastha fiber electrometerukalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna rund pooyint discharge kaundarukal upayogikkukayum chalikkunna photographic philimil fiber vyathichalanagal rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. chalachithra recordil ekadesham 1 millisecond samaya resolutionodukoodiya aakasmikamaaya dischaarjukal thirichariyaan addehathinu kazhinju.
both aandu colhorster, 1929.
1929-ll walther bothum verner colhorsterum 1928-ll hans gaigar wilhem mullar kandupidicha tubular discharge kaundarukalumaayulla oru yaadrishchika pareekshanatthinte vivaranam prasidheekarichu. both-colhorster pareekshanam cosmic kiranangalil charjju cheytha kanikakal thulachukayarunnathaayi kaanichu. oresamayam dischaarjukal record cheiyunnathinu avar ore mechanical-photographic reethi upayogichu, eee pareekshanatthil, rund kaundarukaliloodeyum kaundarukalkku chuttumulla ledinteyum irumbinteyum kattiyulla mathililoodeyum charjju cheytha cosmic reey kanika kadannupokunnathinte soochana nalki. daas vessen derr hohenstralang" enna thalakkettil avarude prabandham "seatscrift pharr physic" vii. 56, <aii. dii. 1> (1929) ll prasidheekarichu.
rossie, 1930.
24-aamm vayassil florence sarvakalaashaalayile physics instittyoottil asisttant aayi thante aadya joliyilaayirunna bruno rossie both-colhorster paper vaayichu. cosmic kiranangalekkurichu svanthamaayi gaveshanam aarambikkaan ithu addehathe prachodippichu. prasidheekaricha paachakakkuripp anusarichu addeham gaigar tubeukal nirmmikkukayum aadyathe praayogika electronic konsidant surcuted kandupidikkukayum cheythu. ithu niravadhi triode vaakvam tubeukal upayogichu, koodaathe samaya resolutionil pathiratti mechappeduthalode ethra kaundarukalil ninnum yaadrishchika pulsukal rajisttar cheyyaan kazhiyum. nechar" v.125, p.636 (1930) enna prasidheekaranathil "niravadhi gaigar kaundarukalude oresamayam onniladhikam aavegangal rajisttar cheiyunna reethi" enna thalakkettilulla oru prabandhatthil rossie thante kandupidutham vivarichu. lokamembaadumulla pareekshanakaaranmar rossie considence surcuted athivegam sweekarichu. electronic computerukalude lojik sarkyoottukalude munnodiyaaya aadyathe praayogikavum surcute aayirunnu ithu. 
oru yaadrishchika sambhavam sambhavikkumbol considence surcuted ulppaadippikkunna volteju pulse kandethaan, rossie aadyam eayarphonukal upayogikkukayum 'klikkukal' ennukayum cheythu, taamasiyaathe considence pulsukal yaanthrikamaayi kanakkakkaan oru electro-mechanical rajisttar upayogichu. 1930 muthal 1943 vareyulla kaalayalavil cosmic-reyudeyum kanika bhouthikashaasthrathinteyum aditharayude anivaarya bhagamaaya niravadhi pareekshanangalil geiger kaundarukalude vividha konfigareshanukalulla thante sarkyoottinte triple-coincidence pathipp rossie upayogichu. 
ekadesham athe samayam, rossic swathanthramaayi, iruvarum praayogikamallaatha oru electronic yaadrishchika upakaranam aavishkarichu. ithu orotta pentode vaakvam tube upayogichu, eratta yaadrishchikathakal maathrame rajisttar cheyyaan kazhiyoo.
saadhyatha.
signal prosessingile 'considence dittakshan' enna pradhana ashayam, dittaktaril antharleenamaaya kramarahithamaya shabda palsukalkkidayil oru dittaktar oru signal pulse kandethukayaanengil, kandethiya pulse yadhaarthathil oru shabda pulse aanennathin oru nischitha saadhyatha, formula 1 undu ennathaanu. ennaal rund dittaktarukal oresamayam signal pulse kandethukayaanengil, athu dittaktarukalile oru shabda pulse aayirikkanulla saadhyatha formula _ 2 aanu. formula _ 3 ennu karuthuka. appol formula _ 4. angane yaadrishchika kandethal upayogichu thettaaya kandethalinte saadhyatha kuraykkunnu.