
randaam lokamahaayudhathil sader bombing

randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu sakhyakakshikal saadarine bombit aakramichathu 1943 november muthal 1944 october vare neenduninnu. italiyile mattu valia nagarangalilum bombit akramanam nadannengilum aakramanangalude ennavum maranasamkhyayum kaaranam saadarinte bombing verittunilkkunnu. reportukal valare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu; sakhyakakshikal 30 bombaakramanangal rekhappeduthiyittundu, athesamayam samakaalika itaaliyan vivaranagal 54 ennam avakaashappedunnu. nagaratthile 20,000 nivaasikalil 1,000 ll thaazhe muthal 4,000 vare maranangal rekhappeduthiyittundu.
bombaakramanatthinide nagaratthile 80 sathamaanam kettidangalum nashichu. aaa nagaratthile sakhyakakshikalude bombakramanavumaayi saamyamundennu karuthappedunnathinaal saadarine "dresden oof dhii adriatic" ennu vilikkunnu. rund saahacharyangalilum, kalaparavum charitraparavumaaya nidikalaal sambannavum ennaal yudhathinu vyaavasaayikamo sainikamo aaya praadhaanyamillaathathumaaya oru nagaratthe sakhya bombukal nashippichu.
1202ll naalam kurishuyudhathile sainyam sadarine uparodhichathin sheshamulla saadarile ettavum pradhanappetta charitra sambhavamaanith.
pashchaathalam.
saarayude itaaliyan enclave.
muun austro-hungarian pradeshangalude padavi sthireekarikkunna 1920 leeii rapallo udambadiyude falamaayi sader (itaaliyan bhashayil "saara" ennariyappedunnu) itaaliyan raajyathinte bhaagamaayi. valia itaaliyan bhooripakshamulla ithu dalmatiayile oru itaaliyan enclave aayirunnu.
1920 muthal, dubrovnikkil ninnu thante kudumbathodoppam thamasam marria prashastha fashion stailist ottaviyo misoniyeppolulla, yugoslavian daalmattiyayil ninnu avide punaradhivasippikkunna itaaliyan vamshajaraaya italikkaar avarude sthaanam ettedukkumbol niravadhi krottukal nagaram vidaan sammarddam chelutthi. 1910leeii austriya-hankaariyile sensus prakaram itaaliyan janatha janasamkhyayude <aii. dii. 1> aayi uyarnnu, thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil ithu sthiramaayi uyarnnu. pothupravartthakareyum adhyapakareyum poleesukaareyum pradhana bhoopradeshathu ninnu sthalam maatti.
eee samayat sainika udyogastharude ganyamaaya saannidhyavumundaayirunnu.
1941 vare, nagarathinu chuttum itaaliyan kottakal undaayirunnu, athil gassenisinu pinnilulla bankar plose, cronogue pradeshangalumaayirunnu ettavum sradheyamaayathu.
italiyude keezhadangal vare randaam lokamahaayudham (1941-1943).
achuthandu sakthikal 1941 epril 6 nuu yugoslavia raajyathe aakramichu. epril 17 nuu yugoslavian sarkkar keezhadangi. general emilio gileoliyude neethrthwathil 9,000 peradangunna oru seena saarayude kaivashamundaayirunnu, athu epril 15 nuu raktharookshithamaaya poraattatthinu sesham sibenikkil ethi pilarnnu. epril 17nuu dubrovnikkilum mosttarilum ethiya avar albaniayil ninnu aarambhicha sainikare kandumutty.
epril 8 nuu yugoslavian vyomasena sadarine bombit thakarthathaayi ariyappedunnu. ithu kurachu naashanashtangalkk kaaranamaayittundengilum, rund varshathinu sesham nagaram sahikkendivanna bombakramanavumaayi ithine thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyilla. neratthe saadhaaranakkaare ankonayilekkum polayilekkum ozhippichirunnu.
1941-ll puthuthayi roopeekaricha phaasist pavayaya croatia (enn. dii. echu) italiyum thammilulla roome udambadi vadakkan dalmatiayude valiyoru bhagam splitt aandu nine nagarangal ulppede italikku kaimari.
itaaliyan keezhadangal.
musolini adhikaarathil ninnu neekkiya sesham, puthiya pietro badoglio sarkkar vedinirthal prakhyapikkukayum 1943 septambar 8 nuu itaaliyan sainyam thakarukayum cheythu. roome udambadi asaadhuvaayi prakhyapikkukayum jarmman pinthunayode itaaliyan dalmasia pidichedukkukayum cheythukondu enn. dii. echu eee araajakathva sahacharyam muthaledutthu. ennirunnaalum, jarmmankaar aadyam saadaril praveshikkukayum septambar 10 nuu jarmman 114 kaalaalppada division ettedukkukayum cheythu. ithu pilarppinteyum sibenikkinteyum kaaryatthilennapole sadarine thaalkkaalikamaayi mochippikkunnathil ninnu pakshapaathikale (praadeshika sakhyasenakal) thadanju.
roome udambadiyude vyavasthakalkku vidheyamallaathathinaal, athu asaadhuvaayaalum illengilum, endiechil cherunnathil ninnu nagaratthe thadanju. ennirunnaalum, sidraga-ravni kottari kaundiyude thalasthaanamaayi sadaarine enn. dii. echu nethaavu aante pavelic nischayichu, ennirunnaalum athinte prefect nagaratthilekku praveshikkunnathil ninnu thadanju. jarmman sainika samrakshanathodeyum sakhyakakshikalude bombakramanam aarambhicha eee anishchithathva kaalaavasthayilum sader praadeshika itaaliyan bharanathin keezhilaanu thudarnnathu.
bomb spodanam.
saadarinu nereyulla aadyathe valia sakhyasenayude vyomaakramanam 1943 november 2 nuu usaf 12-aamm vyomasena nadatthi, eee samayat mattu kettidangalkoppam oru anaathaalayavum nasippikkappettu. november 28nuu 200 perr kollapetta valia aakramanangalum desember 16num 30num desember 16num 30num kollappettu. eee aadya akramanangal niravadhi sivilian maranangalkk kaaranamaayi, ennaal kedupaadukal undaayirunnittum nagaram pravartthanam thudarnnu. 16-nuu nadanna akramanam prathyekichum kadinamaayirunnu, kaaranam vostaarnikkayileyum nagaratthinte madhyathileyum abhayakendrangal akramikkukayum 150 muthal 200 vare aalukal kollappedukayum cheythu. 90 tonn bombukal pathippicha ambathu american bii-25 meediyam bomberukal aakramanathil pankedutthu.
eee pradhana aakramanangalkk purame, mattu divasangalil nagaram kuranja alavil bombittu. paravatani bombing upayogathiloode, ayal blokkukal muzhuvan nasippikkappettu. nagara madhyabhaagathe, prathyekichu foratthinum kettidangalonnum illaathirunna kalelarga streettinum chuttum, ettavum kooduthal baadhichu. nagara bombaakramanathinte mattu kesukalilennapole naashanashtangal aadya spodanangalalla, marichu athinte falamaayundaaya theepidithamaanu, ithu nagaratthe kathikkarinja veedukalude asthikoodangalude koombaaramaayi maatti. oro aakramanavum nagaratthinte oru prathyeka bhaagathe lakshyamittaayirunnu. 16-nuu, aarogyamulla njangalude lady palli muthal kallergaik kuruke piassa delle erbe (innathe peeples square) vareyulla pradesham lakshyamidukayum 30-nuu "riva nova" waterfrond muthal giuseppe verdi thiyettar vareyulla pradesham akramikkukayum cheythu. desember 31nuu nagaratthile ashupatriyum bhooribhaagam vyaavasaayika yanthrangalum nasippikkappettu. laxardo factory (maraschino cherry madyathinte nirmmaathaav) kathikkukayum moonnu divasathekku kettidam kathikkukayum cheythu.
saadarine poornnamaayum nashippicha akramanangal 1944 januvari muthal march vare nadannu. 1944 januvari 16 nuu libarettar hevi bomberukal saaraye akramikkukayum oru bomber nashtappedukayum ennaal onpathu "luftwaff" poraalikale avakaashappedukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, bhavanarahitharaya janangal kedupaadukal kuranja praanthapradeshangalilekkum (arbanasi, staanovi) sader dveepukalilekkum rakshappettathinal maranasamkhya valare kuravaayirunnu. 1944leeii vasanthakaalath nagaratthil 4,000-ll thaazhe saadhaaranakkaar maathrame avasheshichirunnulloovennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. vyaavasaayika plaantukalum thuramukhangalum thakarnnuvenkilum, 1944-lum bombakramanam thudarnnu. athinaal, niin, rassanc ennivaykku sameepam saattanil oru thuramukham sthaapikkaan jarmmankaar nirbandhitharaayi.
venalkkaalamaayappozhekkum saadarinte kendram praayogikamaayi illaathaayi. bhooribhaagam veedukalum poornnamaayum nasippikkappedukayum avayude avashishtangal theruvukal kuzhichumoodukayum cheythu. nagaram shoonyamaayirunnu. juun muthal october thudakkam vareyulla kaalayalavil valia akramanangalonnum undaayillengilum october pakuthiyode jarmman sainyam nagaram upekshichathode avaa punaraarambhichu. aaa maasam 25,30 theeyathikalil arbanasi, broderica, jassina, "riva nova" theerapradeshangal enniva baadhichathodeyaanu ettavum valia akramanam undaayath.
31-aamm theeyathi yugoslav pakshakkaarude sainyam sadaril praveshicha athe divasamaanu avasana akramanangal nadannathu. aakramanathinide, aakramanathil niravadhi pakshapaathikal aakasmikamaayi kollappettu.
nashavum naashanashtangalum.
12 austro-hangarian kottarangalulla muzhuvan riva nova, foratthinu chuttumulla poost oafees, ayal blokkukal, sent pallikkaduthulla school kalelarga ennivayulppede nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathinte bhooribhaagavum nasippikkappettu. chrysognous, sent pallikal. merii, aarogyathinte njangalude lady, sent cathedralinte snaapanavum. anaestasia. pallikal maathramaan punasthaapichathu. kathikkarinja niravadhi kettidangal punarnirmmikkappedaathe polichumaattukayum avayude kallukal theerapradeshathinteyum rodukaludeyum punarnirmmaanatthinaayi veendum upayogikkukayum cheythu. ithinu oru ariyappedunna udaaharanam giuseppe verdi thiyettar aayirunnu, athu cheruthaayi kedupaadukal varuthiyenkilum communist sakthikal kollayadikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. sarkkar offeesukalum thuramukhangalum sthithicheyyunna upadveepinte padinjaaran bhagathaanu yudhathinum yudhaananthara naashanashtangal kooduthalum sambhavichathu. yudhathinu munbulla roopam nilanirtthiya pradesangalilonnaanu varos.
sakhyakakshikal srishticha naashathinu purame, pinvalicha jarmmankaar riva nova khananam cheyyukayum yudhaananthara veendedukkal mandagathiyilaakkukayum naashanashtangalkk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. sader janasamkhyayil kaaryamaaya maattam kandathinal krithyamaaya samkhyakal orikkalum arian kazhiyilla. croatian pouranmaarude sathamaanam ganyamaayi vardhichu. nagaratthil avasheshikkunna sainika udyogastharude ennam nirnnayikkappettilla.
yudhaanantharam, maranasamkhya oru rashtreeya chodyamaayi maari, prathyekichu nagaram vittu italiyilekku poya itaaliyan samoohathil. thangalkkethire vamshahathya nadannittundennu avakaashappett avar aaa samkhya <aii. dii. 1>, 000 maranangalayi sthaapichu. 1943 leeii sharathkaalathum shaithyakaalathum nadanna aadya aakramanangalkk sesham janasamkhyayude valiyoru bhagam rakshappettathinal mikka srothassukalum 1,000 maranangal rekhappeduthunnu.

