
chalanaseshi

aalukalude chalanam (manushya kudiyettam, vyakthigatha chalanathmakatha, yaatra, gathagatham), ashayangal (iii kaanuka.jii. meeme), saadhanangal (gathagatham), athupole aaa prasthaanangalude vishalamaaya saamoohika prathyaaghaathangal. saamoohika varggangal, saamoohika chalanathmakatha allengil varumanam, varumaana chalanathmakatha ennivayiloode aalukalude chalanamayum chalanaathmakathaye kanakkakkaam. 
vyakthikalilum samoohathilum prasthaanatthinte charitraparavum samakalikavumaaya praadhaanyam vardhichuvarunna thiricharivinu marupadiyaayi 1990-kalil saamoohika shaasthrathil oru chalanathmakatha "teenn" (allengil parivartthanam) aarambhichu. saadhaaranayaayi vardhicha chalanaseshiyum shareerangal vivarangalumaayum chalanatthinte vyathyastha reethikalumaayum samyojippikkunna puthiya chalanaseshiyum eee vazhithirivine nayikkunnu. eee chalanasheshikal engane "adhikaarathinte nakshathrasamoohangalude kendratthilum swathuangalude srishtiyilum dainamdina jeevithathile sookshumabhookhandangalilum" kidakkunnu ennathinekkurichulla sidhaantham aavishkarikkunnathinulla puthiya vazhikal chalanaseshi maathrkayil ulkkollunnu."(cresswell, 2011,551)
saamoohika shaasthrangal parambaraagathamaayi sthiramaayirunna reethiyodulla prathikaranamaayaan chalanaseshi valarnnathu, prasthaanatthe oru black boxai kaanukayum "jolic kudumbajeevithatthinum, ozhivusamayathinum anandathinum, rashtreeyathinum prathishedhatthinum vendi aalukalude chittayaya prasthaanangalude praadhaanyam avaganikkukayo nissaaramaakkukayo cheiyunnu" (sheller yooriyum, 2006,208). saamoohika shaasthrathile nischalathvathodum prathirodhaathmakathayodum ulla parasparavirudhamaaya aabhimukhyangalude vimarshanamaayi chalanaseshi uyarnnuvannu. prathyeka sthalangalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna sthiramaaya asthithvangalaayo allengil unmathavum aagolavalkkarikkappettathu nilanilppil naadodikalaayum shaantharallaathavarumaayum aalukale palappozhum kandirunnu. chalanangalum aaa chalanangalaal srishtikkappedukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna shakthikalum chalanangalum chalanaseshi nokkunnu.
vaividhyamaarnna chalanaseshi vyakthamaakkunnathin niravadhi typologykal roopappeduthiyittundu. ettavum shradheyamaayi, joonn yoori chalanaseshi anchu tharangalayi vibhajikkunnu vasthukkalude chalanathmakatha, shaareerika chalanathmakatha, saangalppika chalanathmakatha, vertual chalanathmakatha, ashayavinimaya chalanathmakatha. pinneedu, leopoldina laxkathy sakari taipal vyakthiyeyum manushyashareeratheyum oru reference pooyintaayi edukkunna oru badal typology nirddeshichu. avaa 'macro-mobilittikal' (sthiramaaya shaareerika sthaanachalanangal), 'micro-mobilittikal' (cherukida sthaanachalanangal), 'media mobility' (parambaraagathamaayi nischitha maadyama roopangalil cherttha mobility), 'desembedy mobility' (saamoohika kramatthile parivartthanam) enniva thammil verthirikkunnu. vibhagangal saadhaaranayaayi parasparabandhithamayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athinaal avaa prathyekamalla.
vyaapthi.
chalanaseshi saadhaaranayaayi saamoohyashaasthravumaayi bandhappettirikkumbol, chalanaseshi saahityathinulla sambhavanakal naravamshashaasthram, saamskaarika padanangal, saambathikashaasthram, bhoomishaasthram, kudiyetta padanangal, shaasthra saankethika padanangal, vinodasanjaaram, gathagatha padanangal ennivayile pandithanmaaril ninnaan. (sheller yooriyum, 2006,207)
oru prathyeka gaveshana samgham enna nilayil chalanaseshi britiish gaveshakarude oru cheria grouppumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, prathyekichu joonn yoori, mimi sheller, peettar addi, timm edensor, david bissell, timm cresswell. ennirunnaalum, "mobility vishayangalekkurichulla gaveshanathil earppettirikkunna palarum svayam oru puthiya maathrkayudeyo thirivukaludeyo bhaagamaayi kanunnilla" (udha.jii. noval bii. salazar). mobility gaveshakarude samoohavum avar gaveshanam nadathunna mekhalakalum lokamembaadum vyaapichittund.
mobilitiis" enna perilulla jenal mobilitiis maathrkayil paryavekshanam cheytha saadhaarana vishayangalude oru pattika nalkunnu (tailor aandu francis, 2011):
uthbhavam.
sheller yooriyum (2006,215) chalanasheshiyude aadima sidhaanthakane jorg simmal (1858-1918) ennu nirvachichukondu saamoohika paarambaryatthil chalanaseshi sthaapikkunnu. bridge aandu doorr" (simmal, 1909/1994), "dhii metropolis aandu mental life" (simmal, 1903/2001) ennee simmalinte lekhanangal bandhappedaanulla savisheshamaaya oru maanushika ichhaashakthiye thirichariyunnu, athupole thanne chalanakshamathayil samthrupthiyulla vegathayudeyum krithyathayudeyum nagara aavasyangal thirichariyunnu.
samakaalika mobility gaveshanathinte ettavum adutha mungaamikal 1990-kalil uyarnnuvannu (cresswell 2011,551). charitrakaaranaaya jaims clifford (1997) prathyeka sthalangalude aazhathilulla vishakalanathil ninnu avaye bandhippikkunna paathakalilekku maaranamenn vaadichu. maarkk aage (1995) sthiramaaya parivartthanavum thaalkkaalikathayum savisheshathayulla vimaanathaavalangalum motorvekalum polulla "sthalangalallaatha" oru naravamshashaasthrathinte daarshanika saadhyathakale pariganichu. saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya maanuval castels oru "network sosaitti" rooparekhappeduthukayum "sthalangalude idam" oru "ozhukkinte idam" marikadakkunnuvennu nirddeshikkukayum cheythu."feminist pandithanaaya carren cuplan (1996) saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya sidhaanthathil yaathrayude roopakangalude lingabhedathekkurichulla chodyangal paryavekshanam cheythu.
mobilitiis" enna perinu keezhilulla samakaalika maathruka uthbhavichath saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya joonn yooriyude kruthiyil ninnaan. samoohangalkkappuramulla saamoohikashaasthram-irupathiyonnaam noottaandile chalanaseshi" enna thante pusthakatthil, yoori (2000,1) "janangal, vasthukkal, chithrangal, vivarangal, maalinyangal ennivayude vaividhyamaarnna chalanaseshi parishodhikkunna oru saamoohikashaasthrathinulla prakadanapathrika avatharippikkunnu; eee vaividhyamaarnna chalanasheshikal thammilulla sankeernamaaya paraspara aashrithathvavum saamoohika prathyaaghaathangalum."
lokamembaadumulla aalukal, vasthukkal, mooladhanam, vivarangal ennivayude valia thothilulla chalanangalum dainamdina gathaagathatthinte kooduthal praadeshika prakriyakalum, pothu, swakaarya edangaliloodeyulla chalanavum dainamdina jeevithathile bhauthika vasthukkalude yathrayum" (tailor aandu francis, 2011) parishodhikkunna "mobilitiis" enna perilulla jenalinte lakshyangalum vyapthiyum ithu poruthappedunnu.
2006-ll mimi sheller joonn yooriyum palappozhum udharicha oru prabandham prasidheekarichu, athu mobility maathrkaye parisodhikkukayum athinte prachodanangal, saidhaanthika aditharakal, reethikal enniva paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheythu. praadeshika pothu edangalilum orumichu varunnathinulla avasarangalilum mathramalla, lingaparamaaya aathmanishtathakal, kudumba, saamoohika shringalakal, praadeshikamaayi verthiricha nagara parisarangal, deseeya prathichaayakalum aadhunikathayilekkulla abhilaashangalum, anthardesheeya kudiyettam muthal bheekaravaadam, ennayudhangal vareyulla aagola bandhangal ennivayude roopeekaranathilum swaadheenam cheluthunna sakthamaaya saamoohika-saankethika samvidaanamenna nilayil automobilityil sheller yooriyum prathyekamaayi shradha kendreekarichu (sheller yooriyum, 2006,209). mobilitiis" (hannam, sheller aandu yoori, 2006) enna jenalaanu ithu kooduthal vikasippichath. 
1980kalil kalayilum shaasthrathilum "speshyal teninte" vipuleekaranamaayi chalanaseshi kaanaan kazhiyum, athil pandithanmaar "oru vashath kaalatthinum charithrathinum (manushyajeevithatthinte charithravum) parambaraagathamaayi nalkiyittulla athe vimarsanaathmaka ulkkazhchayum vyaakhyaana shakthiyum upayogichu bahiraakaashatheyum manushyajeevithatthinte specialityeyum vyaakhyaanikkaan thudangi, maruvashathu saamoohika bandhangalkkum samoohathinum (manushyajeevithatthinte saamoohikatha)" (sheller yooriyum, 2006,216; engal nyoojentum, 2010,1; soja, 1999/2005,261).
1980-kalile maathrukaaparamaaya maattathinaayi frederic jaimson eee padatthinte yugantia upayogam srishtichathaayi thonnumenkilum, engel aandu nyoojant (2010) speshyal teninte aashayaparamaaya verukal ernst kaasirar aandu henry lefebwar (1974) lake kandethunnu. jaimson (1988/2003,154) abhipraayappedunnathu, "speshyal teenn" enna ashayam "aadunikathayil ninnu aadhunikathaye verthirichariyunnathinula kooduthal uthppaadanakshamamaaya vazhikalilonnu vaagdaanam cheiyunnuvennu palappozhum thonnunnu, avarude laukikathayude anubhavam-asthithwa samayam, aazhathilulla oormmaykkoppam-uyarnna aadhunikathayude aadhipathyamaayi kaanunnath inii muthal parambaraagathamaanu."
oosvin & yoo (2010) mobility aadhunikathayude avasaanavum rashtra-samsthaanathinte avasaanavumaayi verthirikkaanaavaathavidham bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu. sanjaarasheshi enna bodham deshaadana, vinodasanjaara pravaahangalekkurichum athupole thanne aaa sthaanachalanathinu aavashyamaaya adisthaana soukaryangalekkurichum chinthikkaan namme prerippikkunnu. aarr. aadunikatha manushya vikaarangale, prathyekichu aaghaathathe, avayude kaaranam enthuthanneyaayaalum, oru kaazhchayude yukthi srishtikkunnathinaayi punarupayogichuvennu tsanelli (2014) vishadeekarikkunnu. madhyasthathayum upabhogavum nadathunna eathoru sambhavavum munkaala samgharshangaludeyum pilarppukaludeyum avasthakale nasippikkuka mathramalla, sandarshakarkku ekapaksheeyamaaya prathyayashaasthra sandesham nalkukayum cheiyunnu. vinodasanjaaram niyantrikkaanulla oru samvidaanathekkaal kooduthal tsaanellikkullathaanu, athu prathyayashaasthrathinte oru upakaranamaan. pouranmaarude vairudhyavum asamthripthiyum kuraykkunnathinulla samsthaanathinte falaprapti manushyarude kashtappaadukale thaangavunna vilaykk uthppannangalakki maattunnathil ulppedunnu.
pii. vannini (2012) jeevithashailikale soochippikkunna nilavilulla saamskaarika moolyangal, prathekshakal, gadanakal ennivayude oru prakshepanamaayi chalanaseshi kaanaan theerumaanichu. chalanathmakatha aalukalude perumaattatthil mathramalla, prathyeka jeevithashailikalilum swaadheenam cheluthum. kaanadayude theerathu, dveepukaarude moolyangal janasamkhyayulla nagarangalile shrenivyavasthaye pala kaazhchappaadukalil ninnu dhikkarikkunnuvenn vaannini bodhyappeduthunnu. mega-sittikal anyavalkkarikkappedunnathu munbu dweep nivaasikal avarude samoohangalude saamoohika aikyathinum vishwaasathinum munganana nalkunnu. nagarathwavum graamavaasithvavum thammilulla athirthikal adayaalappeduthunna vyakthamaaya shaareerika ottappedal undu. ennirunnaalum, mattoru kazhchappadil, aadhikaarikathayum anyavalkkaranavum thammilulla eee prathyayashaasthraparamaaya vairudhyam thaamasakkaare avarude edangal purathuninnullavarumaayi vaanijyavalkkarikkan prerippikkunnu. vinodasanjaara vyavasaayam eee samoohangalil oru pravartthanamaayi sweekarikkappedunnumdum, niravadhi pradeshavaasikal charitraparamaayi nagara janasamkhyayulla nagarangalil ninnu kudiyeri.
chalanaseshiyum gathagatha bhoomishaasthravum.
20-aamm noottaandinte madhyathil posittivist speshyal sayansil uracha verukalulla parambaraagatha gathagatha padanangalil ninnum gathagatha bhoomishaasthrathil ninnum saamoohikashaasthrathile chalanasheshiyude boudhika verukal ithine verthirikkunnu.
kudiyettathekkuricho gathaagathathekkuricho ulla padanatthinulla muun sameepanagalil ninnu chalanaseshi verthirikkunna aarr savisheshathakal cresswell (2011,551) avatharippikkunnu
prakrithivaadaparavum saarvathrikavumaaya vishadeekaranagalekkurichum ekaswara charitra vivaranangalekkurichum ulla gadanaaparamaaya anjeyavaadathekkurichum, arivinte ellah nirmmaanangalilum sthaanavum sandarbhavum kendreekrithamaayum anivaryamaayum ulppettirikkunnuvennu paraspara amgeekaaravumaayi" (kosgrove, 1999,7; warf eriyaasum, 2009) bandhapetta speshyal teninte swaadheenathode aadhunika gathagatha padanangalude oru postmoden pingamiyaayi chalanaseshi kaanaan kazhiyum.
eee sathaasaahithyaparavum jnjaanashaasthraparavumaaya vyathyaasangal undaayirunnittum, chalanaseshiyum gathagatha bhoomishaasthravum poruthappedaattha athirukalekkaal oru thudarchaye prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu shaayum hesse (2010,207) vaadichittundu. theerchayaayum, parambaraagatha gathagatha bhoomishaasthram poornnamaayum alavukolalla, chalanaseshi poornnamaayum gunanilavaaramullathaan. chalanasheshiyude saamoohika paryaveshanangalkk anubhavaparamaya saankethikavidyakal ulppeduthaan kazhiyum, athesamayam model adisthaanamaakkiyulla anweshanangalkku modalukalil antharleenamaayi ulcherthirikkunna ardhangal, praathinidyangal, anumanangal ennivayekkurichulla sambannamaaya daaranakal upayogichu samyojippikkaan kazhiyum.
gathagathavum saamoohika shaasthravum punarnirmikkaan mobilitiis maathrkayile gaveshanam shramichuvenkilum, vishalamaaya academic bhoomishaasthra samoohathinte mukhyadhaaraykk purathu thudarunnathil parambaraagatha gathagatha bhoomishaasthrathinu samanamaaya vidhi mobilittikal pankidunnuvennu shhaa aandu sideaway (2010,505) vaadikkunnu.
chalanasheshiyude saidhaanthika adithara.
sheller yooriyum (2006,215-217) chalanaseshi maathrkaykku adivarayittu aarr sidhaanthangal avatharippichu
20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil "bandhappedaanulla" oru savisheshamaaya manushya ichhaashakthi thirichariyukayum chalanavum bhouthikathayum thammilulla saidhaanthika bandham nalkukayum cheytha saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya jorg simmalinte pravarthanamaanu chalanasheshiyude pradhana saidhaanthika adithara. nagarajeevithatthinte vardhicha vegathayil simmel shradha kendreekarichu, athu "athinte saamoohika, saambathika, adisthaana soukarya roopeekaranangale mathramalla, nagaravaasikalude maanasika roopangaleyum nayikkunnu."eee vegathaykkoppam kuzhappangal thadayunnathinu samayavum sthalavum krithyathayode kandethendathundu, ithu sankeernavum puthumayullathumaaya bandha samvidaanangalil kalaashikkunnu.
manushyarudeyum manushyetara gadakangaludeyum hibrid bhoomishaasthrangal ulkkollunna mobail soshyoteknikkal sisttangale nokkunna shaasthra saankethika padanangalil ninnaan randaamathe sidhaantham varunnath. automobile, reyil allengil vyoma gathagatha samvidaanangalil samoohathe baadikkukayum samoohathe baadikkukayum cheiyunna sankeernamaaya gathagatha shringalakal ulppedunnu. eee netvarkkukalkku chalanathmakavum nilanilkkunnathumaaya bhagangal undayirikkaam. gathagatha ithara vivara shringalakal shaareerika chalanaathmakathaye prolsaahippikkunnathilo adichamarthunnathilo pravachanatheethamaaya phalangal undaakkum (pellegrino 2012).
sthalangalude padaartham nirantharam chalanathilaayirikkukayum sthiramaaya punarnirmmaanatthinum punarroopakalppanaykkum vidheyamaakukayum cheiyunna (thriftt 1996), speshyaalittiyekkurittu postmoden sangalppathil ninnaan moonnaamathe sidhaantham varunnath.
sthalavum chalanavum naam manassilakkukayum vaikaarika bhoomishaasthrangal nirmmikkukayum cheiyunna oru vikaara vaahakamenna nilayil sareerashareerathinte sameepakaala valayamaanu sidhaanthathinte naalaamathe body". udaaharanathinu, kaar "indriyangalude samyojanathiloode anubhavikkukayum chalanatthinteyum vikaarathinteyum onniladhikam rajisttarukaliloode manassilakkukayum cheiyunnu" (sheller yuri 2006,216).
soshyal nettvarkkukalude topologykal sankeernamaaya paattenukal roopappedunnathum maarunnathum engane bandhappettirikkunnu ennathine anchaam sidhaantham ulkkollunnu. samakaalika vivarasaankethikavidyakalum jeevithareethikalum palappozhum kaalathum sthalathum vishalavum ennaal durbalavumaaya saamoohika bandhangal srishtikkunnu, saamoohika jeevithathil kuranja avasara yogangalum kooduthal network kanakshanukalum ulppedunnu.
avasaanamaayi, "poornnamaayum kramappeduthukayo araajakathvamo illaatha sankeernamaaya gathagatha samvidaanangalude vishakalanamaan sidhaanthathinte avasana body."udaaharanathinu, karkkashamaaya speshyal coupling, pravartthana samayangal, reyilveyude charitraparamaaya bandhangal enniva pravachanatheethamaaya paaristhithika saahacharyangalodum eppozhum maarikkondirikkunna rashtreeya kaattinodum vyathyasthamaan. ennittum, "cheria aavarthanangalude shekharanathiloode maarunnu...kaar samvidaanathe postkaar samvidaanathilekku tipp cheyyaan kazhiyumennu karuthaam."
chalana reethikal.
mimi sheller joonn yooriyum (2006,217-219) mobility gaveshanathil ulppedunna ezhu reethishaasthra mekhalakal avatharippichu