
macedonia sarkkar (purathana raajyam)

purathana kaalaghattatthil (bisi ettaam-anchaam noottaand) macedonian rajaakkanmaarude arged rajavamshamaanu purathana macedoniayude aadya sarkkar sthaapichathu. purathana macedonia raajyathinte aadyakaala charithram charitraparamaaya rekhakalile poraaymakal kaaranam avyakthamaanu; classical kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil (480-336 bisi) philipp randaamante bharanathinu munbulla sarkkar sthaapanangalekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. eee bureaucratic samghadanakal addehathinte pingamiyaaya alexander dhii grettinteyum thudarnnulla hellenistic greasinteyum (336-146 bisi) antipatrid, antigonid raajavamshangaludeyum keezhil sankeernathayode parinamichu. bisi 168-ll macedoniayile persiasinethiraaya moonnaam macedonian yudhathil roman vijayathethudarnnu macedonian rajavaazhcha nirthalaakkukayum pakaram naalu klayant stettu republicukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. yill raajavaazhchayude hrasvamaaya punarujjeevanathinu sesham, naalaamathe macedonian yuddham mattoru roman vijayathin roman pravisyayaaya macedoniayude sthaapanathinum kaaranamaayi.
purathana macedonian gavanmentil niyamangal, samghadana, adhikara vibhajanam enniva nirnnayikkunna aupachaarikamaayi sthaapithamaaya oru bharanaghadanayundo ennu vyakthamalla, ennirunnaalum chila prathyaksha thelivukal ithu soochippikkunnu. rajaavu () rashtrathalavanaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum addehathinte kuleena koottaalikalum rajakeeya pejukalum addehathe sahayikkukayum cheythu. macedoniayude judeeshyariyekkurich valarekkurache ariyoovenkilum rajaakkanmaar raajyathinte mukhya jadjimarayi sevanamanushtichu. rajaakkanmaar thangalude sambathu upayogichu vividha mathaparamaya aaraadhanakale sponsor cheiyunnathinaayi raajyathe pradhana purohithanmaaraayi sevikkumennum pratheekshichirunnu. khananathil ninnulla svarnnavum maramvettalil ninnulla thadiyum polulla chila prakrithivibhavangalude mail macedonian raajaakkanmaarkk aadhipathyamundaayirunnu. swarnam, velli, venkalam ennee naanayangalkulla avakasham kendra, praadeshika sarkkarukal pankittu.
macedonian rajaakkanmaar macedoniayude sayudha senayude commander-inn-cheefaayi sevanamanushtichappol, sainyathe yudhathilekku vyakthiparamayi nayikkunnath avarkk saadhaaranamaayirunnu. raajyam bharikkunnathin vyakthamaaya anantharaavakaashikalillaathu rajakeeya pinthudarcha polulla kaaryangalil purathana macedonian sainyam adikaaram prayogichathaayi avasheshikkunna likhitha thelivukal soochippikkunnu. macedonian komanveltthinakathu orupidi munisippal gavanmentukalil maathram nilaninnirunna oru janaadhipathya sthaapanamaaya oru janakeeya asambliyude chila pravartthanangal sainyam uyarthippidichu maasidoniyakkaarude koyinoon. khananam, nikuthi varumanam enniva upayogichu, philipp randaaman sthaapikkukayum antigonid kaalaghattatthil vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha oru naavikasena ulppedunna sainyathin dhanasahayam nalkunnathinte utharavaaditham rajaakkanmaarkkaayirunnu.
srothassukalum charithralekhanavum.
purathana macedoniayile ettavum aadyakaala sarkkar avarude rajavaazhchayaayirunnu, athu bisi 167 vare nilaninnu, athu romacar nirthalaakki. macedonian bharanakaalathe philipp randaamanu munbu nirmmicha macedonian sarkkar sthaapanangalekkurichulla rekhaamoolamulla thelivukal apoorvavum macedonian itharavumaaya uthbhavamaan. bisi anchaam noottaandile charitrakaaranmaaraaya herodotus, thusidides, onnaam noottaandile aadu diodorus sikulas, randaam noottaandile aadu justin ennivarude kruthikalaanu aadyakaala macedonian charithralekhanatthinte pradhana uravidangal. demosthenes polullavar nalkia samakaalika vivaranagal palappozhum sathruthayullathum vishwasaneeyamallaathathumaayinu; maasidoniyayil thaamasichirunna aristottil polum athinte bharana sthaapanangalekkurichulla hrasvamaaya vivaranagal nalkunnu. macedoniayekkurichu ezhuthiya samakaalika charithrakaaranaayirunnu polybius, pilkkala charitrakaaranmaaril livi, kvintas curtius rufus, plutarch, arian enniva ulppedunnu. eee charithrakaaranmaarude kruthikal macedoniayile paarambarya rajavaazhchayeyum adisthaana sthaapanangaleyum sthireekarikkunnu, ennittum macedonian gavanmentinaayi oru sthaapitha bharanaghadana undaayirunno ennu vyakthamalla. alexander dhii grettinte keezhil nilaninnirunna macedoniayude sainyathinte samghadanayude pradhana praadhamika uravidangalil aaraan, kvintas curtius, diodorus, plutarch enniva ulppedunnu, athesamayam aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar antigonid-kaalayalavile sainyathinte vishadamaaya vashangal manasilakkaan polybius, livi ennivaye aasrayikkunnu.
adhikara vibhajanam.
macedonian sarkkaarinte thalavan rajaavaayirunnu (). philipp randaamante bharanakalam muthal raajaavine sahayikkaan rajakeeya pejukal (), amgarakshakaraaya (), koottaalikal (), suhruthukkal (), hellenistic kaalaghattatthil sainika amgangal, majistrettukal ennivar ulppetta oru sammelanam undaayirunnu. eee grouppukal oronnum rajaavumaayi ethratholam adikaaram pankittu ennathino avarude nilanilppin aupachaarikamaaya bharanaghadanaa chattakkoodinu adisthaanamundo ennathino thelivukalude abhaavamund. philipp randaamante bharanathinu munbu, paataparamaaya thelivukalaal pinthunaykkappedunna eaka sthaapanam raajavaazhchayaan. 1931ll, philipp randaamante bharanakalamaayappozhekkum, macedoniaykku chila grouppukalkku, prathyekichu pouranmaarkku avakashangalum parambaraagatha aanukoolyangalum nalkunna niyamangalulla oru bharanaghadanaa gavanment undaayirunnuvennu aadyamaayi nirddeshichathu friedrich graaniyaraan, ennirunnaalum oru puthiya raajaavine niyamikkunnathinum raajyadroha kesukal vidhikkunnathinumulla sainyathinte avakaashathinu bhooribhaagam thelivukalum alexander dhii grettinte bharanakaalathaanu. pietro dii fransisky eee ashayangal nishedhikkukayum macedonian gavanment raajaavinte ishtaprakaaram bharikkunna oru svechaadhipathyamaanenna sidhaantham munnott kondupookukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum eee raajathvavum bharanavum sambandhicha prashnam academica thalatthil ippozhum pariharikkappettilla.
sthaapanangal.
rajabharanavum rajasabhayum.
purathana greasinte kaalam muthal, orupakshe oru gothravyavasthayil ninnu parinamichathum, mysenian greasil verukalullathumaaya macedonian paarambarya rajavaazhcha nilaninnirunnu, athinte homerick prabhukkanmaarude savisheshathakal kanakkileduthu. munkaalangalil macedonia cheria gothramekhalakalaayi vibhajikkappettirunnuve oronninum athintethaaya cheria raajaavundaayirunnuvennum thusidides ezhuthi. thaazhnna macedoniayile gothrangal oduvil oru mahanaaya raajaavinte keezhil othuchernnu, avar mukalile macedoniayile cheria rajaakkanmaarude mail oru melnottakkaaranaayi adikaaram prayogichu. maasidonile perdicas onnaamante bharanam muthal maasidonile alexander naalaamante bharanam vare argeed rajavamsham nilaninnu, hellenistic kaalaghattatthil antigonid rajavamsham ithu maatti. bisi 396-ll maasidonile ooresttas ()-neey addehathinte reejantum maasidonile pingaamiyumaaya aeropus randaaman () kolappeduthiyathinu sesham pithaav-makan pinthudarchayude nerittulla rekha thakarnnu, ithu jyeshtaavakaasham sthaapithamaaya aachaaramaano atho mattoru raajaavine thiranjedukkaan sainyathinteyo janangaludeyo oru sammelanathinu bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakaashamundo enna prashnathe mangiyirunnu. chila aann santhathikale mattullavare apekshichu kooduthal niyamaanusrithamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunno ennum vyakthamalla, kaaranam maasidonile () archalos onnaaman maasidonile perdicas randaamante makan oru adima sthreeyumaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum archalos thante pithaavinte niyukta anantharaavakaashiye kolappedutthi simhaasanathinte pingamiyaayi.
philipp randaamanu munbulla macedonian rajaakkanmaar videsha nayathanthranjarkku aathidheyathvam vahikkuka, raajyathinte videsanayangal aarambikkuka, videshashakthikalumaayulla sakhyangal polulla charchakal nadatthuka thudangiya aanukoolyangalum utharavaadithangalum uyarthippidichathayi charitraparamaaya srothassukal sthireekarikkunnu. bisi 480-leeii salamis yudhathile greak vijayathin sesham, pershyan commander mardonius maasidonile alexander onnaamane achemenid saamrajyavum ethansum thammilulla sakhyam samghadippikkunnathinaayi oru mukhya doothanaayi ethansilekku ayachu. alexanderine ayaykkanulla theerumaanam oru kuleena pershyan kudumbavumaayulla addehathinte vivaahabandhatheyum ethans nagara-samsthaanavumaayulla addehathinte muun aupachaarika bandhatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. svarnnam, velli, thadi, rajakeeya bhoomi ennivayulppedeyulla prakrithivibhavangalude udamasthathayode aadyakaala macedonian raajaakkanmaarkk videsha, aabhyanthara kakshikalkk aakarshakamaaya sammanangal nalki kaikkooli nalkaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu.
rajaavu raajyathinte mukhya jadjiyaayi pravarthikkukayallaathe purathana macedoniayile neethinyaaya samvidaanathekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. greco-pershyan yudhangalil alexander onnaamante punk mathramalla, bisi 432 ll delian leag oof eadhansinethiraaya kalaapathinide maasidonile perdicas randaamane thangalude kamaandaraayi sweekarichu sitti stettu oof pottidia ulppedeyulla aadyakaala thelivukal ulppede macedonian rajaakkanmaar sainyathinte paramonnatha kamaandarmaaraayirunnu. macedoniayude paramonnatha senadhipanaayi sevanamanushtichathiloode nediya bahumaanathinu purame, philipp randaaman raashtrathinte mahaapurohithanaayi sevanamanushtichathile bhakthiparamaya pravarthanangalkkum valareyadhikam aadarikkappettu. addeham dainamdina aachaaraparamaaya yagangal nadathukayum mathaparamaya uthsavangalkk neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu. vishwastharaaya prabhukkanmaarkk bhoomiyum sammaanangalum nalkunnathu polulla thante pithaavinte bharanathinte vividha vashangal alexander anukarichu. ennirunnaalum, oru pershyan raajaavinte chila kenikalaaya "prabhuvum yajamanan" karol jeey aayi sweekarichathinu addehathinu avarkkidayil chila pradhana pinthuna nashtappettu. macedonian rajaakkanmaarude avarude koottalikalumaayulla parambaraagatha bandham pole oru "comed-inn-arms" ennathinu pakaram rajaavu nirddeshikkunnu. philippinte kottaaratthil pershyan swaadheenathinte thoth sambandhichu chila pandithochithamaaya charchakal nadakkunnundengilum, addehathinte pithaav philipp randaaman oru royal sekrattari, royal archive, royal pejukal, oru simhasana thudangiya samanamaaya sthaapanangal sweekarichappol pershyan saamraajyathinte swaadheenathinte adayaalangal kaanichirunnu.
rajakeeya pejukal.
rajasabhayil avarude saannidhyathin kooduthal sakthamaaya thelivukal mahanaaya alexanderinte bharanakaalathe aanenkilum, raajakudumbangalil ninnu nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkappedukayum orupakshe philipp randaamante bharanakalam muthal macedoniayile rajaakkanmaare sevikkukayum cheytha kaumaarakkaraaya aankuttikalum yuvaakkalum aayirunnu rajakeeya pejukal. uyarnna raashtreeyathil rajakeeya pejukalkku nerittulla pankillaayirunnu, avare rashtreeya jeevithathilekku parichayappeduthunnathinu oru maargamaayi nirbandhithamaayi niyamichu. oru kaalayalavile parisheelanathinum sevanathinum sesham, pejukal raajaavinte koottaalikaludeyum vyakthiparamaaya anucharanmaarudeyum amgangalaakumennu pratheekshichirunnu. avarude pariseelana samayat, rajaavu urangumbol pejukal samrakshikkumennum kuthirakal nalkumennum kuthirappurathu kayaran sahayikkumennum rajakeeya vettakalil avane anugamikkumennum (athaayath) samayat avane sevikkumennum pratheekshichirunnu.iii. aupachaarika madyapaana partykal). nirbandhitha pejukal kodathiyil aajeevanantha careorino govarnor enna nilayil oru abhimaanakaramaaya tastikayino polum kaathirikkumbol, avarude prabhukkanmaraaya pithaakkanmaarude vishwasthathayum anusaranavum urappakkunnathinaayi avare rajasabha kaivashamulla bandikalaayi kanakkakkaam. chila samayangalil rajaavu nadatthiya adii polulla pejukalude adhikshepakaramaaya shiksha kireedatthinethire goodaalochanaykkum goodaalochanaykkum kaaranamaayi, athupole pejukalum varenyavargavum thammilulla swavarggalaingikabandham, chilappol rajaavumaayi. antigonid kaalaghattatthiludaneelam rajakeeya pejukalkku thelivukal kuravaanengilum, bii. sii. 168 ll romakkarodu paraajayappettathinetthudar avaril oru samgham persues oof maasidonumaayi () samothresilekku palayanam cheythathayi ariyappedunnu.
amgarakshakar.
kottaaratthilum yudhakkalathilum rajavinodu ettavum adutha amgangalaayi rajakeeya amgarakshakar sevanamanushtichu. avaye rund vibhagangalaayi vibhajichu saadhaaranayaayi noorukanakkinu varunna oru tharam purathana prathyeka seena, allengil, rajaavu thiranjeduttha oru cheria koottam purushanmaar, avarude vyakthigatha yogyathakalkko avar ulppetta kuleena kudumbangale bahumaanikkunnathino yathaakramam. athinaal, ennathil parimithavum raajaavinte aantharika vritham roopappeduthunnathumaaya amgarakshakaralla yudhakkalathilum puratthum raajaavinte jeevan samrakshikkunnathinulla utharavaaditham ellaayppozhum vahichirunnathu; avarude padaviyum padaviyum kooduthal vyathyaasathinte adayaalamaayirunnu, orupakshe prabhukkanmaar thammilulla shathruthaye adichamarthaan upayogichirikkaam.
koottaalikal, suhruthukkal, kaunsilukal, sammelanangal.
unnatha koottaali kuthirapadayum kaalalppadayum ulppedeyulla koottaalikal raajaavinte amgarakshakarekkaal ganyamaayi valia samghathe prathinidheekarichu. philipp randaamante bharanakaalathu uyarnna macedonian prabhukkanmareyum greekkukaareyum ulppeduthunnathinaayi addeham eee sthaapanam vipuleekarichappol koottaalikalkku valia thothil vardhanayundaayi. ettavum vishwasaneeyamo uyarnna raankullatho aaya koottaalikal raajaavinte upadeshaka samithiyaayi pravartthikkunna oru kaunsil roopeekarichu, athine syndrion ennu vilikkunnu. purathana maasidoniyayil yudhasamayathu oru sainyathinte sammelanavum samaadhaanakaalath oru janakeeya sammelanavum nilavilundaayirunnuvennu cheria alavilulla thelivukal soochippikkunnu. bii. sii. 359ll philipp randaaman niravadhi sammelanangal vilichu avare prasamgikkukayum macasedonile () perdicas moonnaaman illriyakkaarkkethiraaya yudhathil marichathinethudarnnu avarude manoveeryam uyarthukayum cheythathaanu aadyathe rekhappeduthiya udaaharanam.
kaunsil amgangalkku avarude manass swathanthramaayi samsarikkaan avakashamundaayirunnu, avar samsthaana kaaryangalil vottu cheythuvennathino avarude ashayangal nadappakkaan rajaavu baadhyasthanaanennathino thelivukalonnumillenkum, idaykkide addehathinte mail sammarddam cheluthiyittundennu vyakthamaan. alexander moonnaaman vichaaranayil prosecuterayi pravartthikkukayum philipp randaamane vadikkaanulla goodaalochanayil goodaalochana nadathiyennu aaropikkappedunna moonnu pere aathyanthikamayi shikshikkukayum cheythathupolulla uyarnna raajyadroha kesukal vidhikkanum avarkk shiksha nalkaanum niyamasabhaykku avakasham nalkiyirunnu (mattu palareyum veruthe vittu). ennirunnaalum, kaunsilukalum niyamasabhakalum pathivayi uyarthippidikkappeduka bharanaghadanaaparamaayi adisthaanappeduthappedu avarude theerumaanangal ellaayppozhum rajaavu shradhichuvenno oru nigamanathil ethaan mathiyaya thelivukal illaayirikkaam. mahanaaya alexanderude maranashesham, koottaalikal udan thanne addehathinte saamraajyathinte niyanthranam ettedukkaan oru kaunsil roopeekarichu; ennirunnaalum, athinte amgangal thammilulla thuranna sathruthayum samgharshavum moolam athu taamasiyaathe asthiramaayi. rashtreeya lakshyangal nedunnathinulla oru upakaranamaayum sainyam kalaapathe upayogichu. udaaharanathinu, maasidonile swantham makal euridise randaamane maasidonile philipp moonnaamane vivaham kazhikkunnathil ninnu thadayaan perdicas philipp randaamante makal sainane kolappeduthumbol, sainyam kalapam nadathukayum vivaham nadakkunnuvennu urappakkukayum cheythu.
majistrettukal, komanvelthu, praadeshika sarkkar, anubandha samsthaanangal.
macedonian raajyam samsthaanathinte karyangal nadatthaan vividha praadeshika udyogasthare aashrayichirunnuvenn hellenistic kaalaghattatthil ninnum antigonid raajavamshathil ninnum likhitha thelivukal undu. ithil sainikavum, athaayath, sainikavum ulppede niravadhi unnatha munisippal udyogasthar ulppedunnu.iii. oru valia nagaratthinte thiranjedukkappetta govarnor (), mathramalla oru valia nagaratthinte rashtreeya-mathaparamaya oafees. ivar praadeshika, praadeshika gavanmentile valare swaadheenamulla amgangalaayirunnuvenkilum karol jeey. macedonian raajaavinte adhikaaratheyo addehathinte bharanathinulla avakaashatheyo aupachaarikamaayi velluvilikkaan avar koottaayi shaktharaayirunnillenn rajaavu avakaashappedunnu. eee udyogastharude vyakthiparamaaya pashchaathalathekkurichu thelivukalonnumillennu roobert malcom erington sthireekarikkunnu, ennirunnaalum avaa labhyamaya prabhukkanmaarude kulangalil ninnu thiranjedutthirikkaam, avaa sainyathile udyogastharude ozhivukal nikathaan upayogichirikkaam.
bii. sii. 322ll aantipettar nagaram aadyamaayi keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnu purathana ethansil moonnu vyathyastha avasarangalil ethaniyan janadhipathyam punasthaapikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, ithu macedonian bharanathin keezhil aavarthichu vannappol, nagara-samsthaanathile ettavum sambannaraaya amgangal ulkkollunna macedonian adichelppicha oru kuleenavargamaanu ithu bharichirunnathu, avarude amgathvam avarude swathinte moolyathe aasrayichirikkunnu. ennittum mattu nagara-samsthaanangal valare vyathyasthamayi kaikaaryam cheyyappedukayum kooduthal svayambharanaavakaasham anuvadikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 357ll philipp randaaman amphipolis keezhadakkiyathinushesham, athinte bharanaghadana, janakeeya assembly, sitti kaunsil (), puthiya udyogastharkkulla vaarshika thiranjeduppu ennivayulppede janadhipathyam nilanirthaan nagaratthe anuvadichu, ennaal nagaratthinte rashtreeya karyangal nireekshikkaan oru macedonian royal kammeeshanarinoppam nagaratthinte mathilukalkkullil oru macedonian gaarisan sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, philipp randaaman sthaapicha philippi, macedonian komanveltthile janapriya asamblikalulla oru janaadhipathya sarkkar undaayirunna oreyoru nagaramaayirunnu, kaaranam thessalonikiyude assemblic () praayogikamaayi oru nishkriya pravartthanam maathrame undaayirunnulloo. chila nagarangal avarude swantham munisippal varumaanavum nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum ithu praadeshika nikuthiyil ninnaano atho rajasabhayil ninnulla graantukalil ninnaano ennathinu thelivukalilla. macedonian rajaavum kendra sarkkarum mattu nagarangal bharikkunna saambathika kaaryangalil, prathyekichu shethrangalum aaraadhanaaparamaaya pourohithyangalum undaakkunna varumaanathil karshana niyanthranam nilanirtthi.
macedonian komanveltthil, allengil maasidoniyakkaarude koynonil, bii. sii. moonnaam noottaandil ninnulla chila shilashasana thelivukal videsha bandhangal kaikaaryam cheythath kendra sarkkaaraanenn parayunnu. macedonian nagarangal naamamaathramaayi avarude swantham sammathathode panhelenic sambhavangalil pankedutthuvenkilum, vaasthavathil chila nagarangalkk (udha.jii. anatoliayile kaisikos) rajaavo allengil munpu nilavilundaayirunna niyanthranamo nerittu kaikaaryam cheythirunnu. athupole, samakaalika greekkinullile nagara-samsthaanangal (i.iii.federation oof sitti-stetts, dhii) avarude leagile amgangal koottaayi vottu cheytha federal utharavukal anusarichu. oru leagilo komanveltthilo ulppedunna nagara-samsthaanangalil, (i.iii. videsha ambasadermark aathidheyathvam vahikkunnath) saadhaaranayaayi praadeshika, kendra adhikaarikal pankitta oru avakashamaayirunnu. ayalrajyamaaya epirottu leagile kendra adhikaarikalude eaka prathyekaavakaasham nalkunnathaayirunnuvennath dhaaraalam thelivukal nilanilkkunnundenkil, macedonian komanveltthilum ithe krameekaranam undennu oru cheria alavilulla thelivukal soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, macedonia rajyavumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum macedoniaykku purathu nilanilkkukayum cheytha nagara-samsthaanangal ithinekkurichu swantham utharavukal purappeduvichu. videsha leagukal macedonian raajaakkanmaarumaayi sakhyam roopeekarichu, athaayath kreettan leag demetrius randaaman aetolicus, antigonus moonnaaman dosson ennivarumaayi karaarukalil oppuvachu macedonian sainyathilekku kreettan koolippadayaalikale cherkkunnath urappakkukayum philipp vii oof maasidonine leaginte oonarari protectoraayi () thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
pattalakkaar.
aadyakaala macedonian sainyam.
vividha sakhyasenaamgangal, videsha sainikar, koolippadayaalikal ennivar vardhippichukondu koottaali kuthirappadaye () kaalnadayaathrakkaarumaayi () vibhajikkuka ennathaayirunnu sainyathinte adisthaana ghadana. maasidonile alexander onnaamante bharanakalam muthal orupakshe call koottaalikal nilaninnirunnu, athesamayam bisi 479-ll plaateeya yudhathil greekkukaarod poraadiya pershyan saamraajyathinte prajakalayi macedonian sainikar herodotasinte charithratthil kanakkaakkappedunnu. massedonian kuthirappada, mussecled curasukal dharichu, peloponneshyan yudhathil (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii) pankeduttha samayathum athinusheshavum greasil prashasthamaayi, chilappol ethansumaayo spartayumaayo paksham cherukayum massedonian kaalalppadaye aasrayikkunnathinupakaram praadeshika greak kaalalppadayum avaykku anubandhamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. eee kaalaghattatthil macedonian kaalalppadayil mosham pariseelanam labhicha edayanmaarum karshakarum ulppettirunnu, athesamayam kuthirappadayil mahathvam nedaan aagrahikkunna prabhukkanmaar undaayirunnu. bii. sii. naalam noottaandinte thudakkathil pellayil ninnu kallukondu kothivacha oru shilpathil helmet dharicha oru macedonian kaalalppadayaliyum philipp randaamanu munbu macedonian sainyathil vyakthamaaya sparten swaadheenam kaanikkunna oru cheria vaal kaivasham vaykkunnathum kaanikkunnu. bii. sii. 359ll philipp randaamante bharanathinte thudakkathil 10,000 kaalalppadayum 600 kuthirapadayum ulppetta macedonian sainyamayirunnu bii. sii. anchaam noottaandil rekhappeduthiyathinu samanamaaya randaamathe sainyamenn nicolas victor sekunda parayunnu. ennirunnaalum, purathana ezhuthukaar nalkia macedonian sainika valippathinulla eathoru kanakkineyum oru paridhivare samshayavaadathode pariganikkanamennu malcom erington munnariyipp nalkunnu, kaaranam aadhunika charitrakaaranmaarkku avayude aadhikaarikatha sthireekarikkaan kazhiyunna marggangal valare kuravaanu, yadhaartha ennam paranjathinekkaal kuravo athilum kooduthalo aayirikkam.
philipp randaman alexander dhii grettum.
ayodhana vyaayaamangaludeyum pourasainyathinulla saadhaarana upakaranangalude vitharanathinteyum greak udaaharanam anukaricha philipp randaaman, macedonian sainyathe professionalallaatha karshakarude oru senayil ninnu nannayi pariseelanam labhicha oru poratta senayaayi maatti. philipp randaamante kaalaalppada orupakshe maasidonile amintas moonnaamante bharanakaalathe oru kaatharini shavakudeerathinte shilppa kalaasrishtikalil ulppeduthiyirikkunna stail sheeldil ninnu ithinakam vyathichalicha parichakal upayogichu. addehathinte aadyakaala kaalalppadayil samrakshana helmettukalum greevukalum paikkukalum undaayirunnu, ennittum bii. sii. 341-ll demosthenes "moonnaamathe philippic" avare bharam kuranja peltaastukalkk pakaram hoplaittukalaayi visheshippichathinaal sekunda abhipraayathil avarkk oduvil curasukal polulla bharameriya kavachangal undaayirunnu. alexander shavakudeerathil ninnu thelinjathupole, mahanaaya alexanderine sevikkunna sainikarum hooplait reethiyil kavachitharaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, philipp randaamanteyo philipp vinteyo bharanakaalathe (mathiyaya thelivukal nilanilkkunna) falks paikkamen breast plettukal dharichirunnillennu erington vaadikkunnu. pakaram, sainika udyogasthar maathramaan breast plettukal dharichirunnathennu addeham avakaashappedunnu, athesamayam pikemen avarude helmettukalum greevukalum upayogichu vayarile baandukal dharichirunnu, avarude parichaykkoppam oru kataarayum dvitheeya aayudhamaayi upayogichu.
orupakshe munkaalangalude paryayamaaya raankukalil ninnu thiranjeduttha purushanmaar ulkkollunna elaitt infentry philipp randaamante bharanakaalathu roopeekarikkappedukayum mahanaaya alexanderude bharanakaalathu thudarnnum upayogikkukayum cheythu. rajakeeya amgarakshakarudeyum rajakeeya pejukaludeyum () sthaapanathinum philipp randaaman utharavaadiyaayirunnu. koolikkarakkappetta kreettan ambeythukaarum orupakshe chila thaddesheeya maasidoniyakkaarum ulppede ambeythukaare feeld cheyyaanum philipp randaamanu kazhinju. philipp randaamante bharanakalam muthal macedonian sainyathil sevanamanushtichirunna javelin throvermar, slingermar, ambeythukaar enningane pooraadunna thrassians, pioneans, illrians ennivare oru udambadi vazhi sakhyakakshikalayi nirbandhitharaakkiyathaano atho veruthe koolippadayaalikale niyamichittundo ennu vyakthamalla. philipp randaaman thessaliyile polydus, diades oof pella thudangiya enchineeyarmaare niyamichu, avarkk athyaadhunikamaaya uparodha enchinukalum peerankikal valia bolttukal vedivaykkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. crinidsile (philippi ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta) labhakaramaaya khanikal etteduthathinethudarnnu, rajakeeya treasuric sthiravum professionalumaaya oru sainyathe nirthaan kazhinju. samsthaana varumaanathile vardhanavu maasidoniyakkaare aadyamaayi oru cheria naavikasena nirmmikkaan anuvadichu, athil triramukal ulppedunnu. ellah yudhangalilum vijayikkaanaayillenkilum, philipp randaamante sainyathin (i.iii. 'flying vedju') skithiyan roopeekaranam. ithu kuthirappadaykku valare kooduthal thanthraparathayum munbu classical greak lokath nilavilillaattha yudhathil oru munnilum vaagdaanam cheythu.
mahanaaya alexanderude bharanakaalathu, yudhathil saakshyappeduthiya oreyoru macedonian kuthirappada unitukal koottaali kuthirappadayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pershyan saamrajyathinethiraaya eshyayile prachaarana velayil addeham oru (i.iii. poornnamaayum pershyan vamshajaraaya koottukaarude kuthirappadayude (noorukanakkinu kuthirappadayaalikalude) yoonit. alexander thante sainyathe eshyayilekku nayikkumbol maasidoniyayil ninnu 1,800 kuthirappadayaalikaleyum tessaliyil ninnu 1,800 kuthirappadayaalikaleyum greasinte mattu bhaagangalil ninnu 600 kuthirappadayaalikaleyum threysil ninnu 900 kuthirappadayaalikaleyum konduvannu. bii. sii. 323ll aarambhicha lamian yudhathil poraadaan 600 thaddesheeya macedonian kuthirappadaye vegathil eedaakkaan aantipettarin kazhinju. addehathinte kaalalppadaye sambandhichidatholam addehathinte ettavum unnatha amgangale bii. sii. 331leeii gaugamela yudhathinushesham oru puthiya padam uyarnnuvannu dhii ('silver shields'). randaamathethu mahanaaya alexanderude bharanathinushesham sevanamanushtikkunnathu thudarnnu, eshyan vamshajanaayirikkam. mothatthil, addehathinte paikk-wheelding kaalalppadayil ekadesham 12,000 purushanmaar undaayirunnu, athil 3,000 perr varenyarum 9,000 perr unnatharumaayirunnu. alexander kreettan ambeythukaarude upayogam thudarnnu, ennittum eee samayat thaddesheeya macedonian ambeythukaarude upayogathekkurichu vyakthamaaya paramarsham undaayirunnu. gaugamela yudhathinushesham, pashchimeshyan pashchaathalatthilulla ambeythukaar saadhaaranamaayitheerukayum avare (aayiratholam purushanmaar veethamulla unitukal) aayi samghadippikkukayum cheythu.
antigonid kaalaghattatthile sainika.
macedonian sainyam antigonid raajavamshathin keezhil vikasikkunnath thudarnnu. mahanaaya alexanderude bharanathinte avasaanathil ettu pere niyamichirunna ethra pere niyamichu ennu vyakthamalla, athesamayam avar swantham nilayil oru prathyeka unitinupakaram avarude sahayikalaayi marph cheythathayi thonnunnu. bii. sii. 197-leeii sinosephale yudhathil, maasidoniyakkar ekadesham 16,000 fallenx pickamensinu neethrthwam nalki. bii. sii. 219leeii saamoohika yudhathil maasidonile philipp vinte neethrthwathil 'vishudha schwadronile' (laattin λειπτιν; greeka λειπιπ φιλιπ φιπ φιριπ φιπ φεριπ φεριπ φεντεν) 800 kuthirappadayaalikku samaanamaayi mahanaaya alexanderinte 'royal schwadron' enna koottukettan kuthirappadaye kanakkaakkiyirunnu. bisi 171-leeii calinicus yudhangaleyum bisi 168-leeii paidna yudhangaleyum kurichulla roman charitrakaaranaaya liviyude vivaranagal kaaranam, macedonian kuthirappadaye alexanderude kaalath undaayirunnathupole samanamaaya perulla udyogastharulla grouppukalaayi vibhajichathayi ariyappedunnu. vishudha schwadron', 'royal kuthirappada' ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya kaalinikkasil saadhaarana macedonian kuthirappadayude ennam 3,000 aayirunnu. bisi naalam noottaandile macedonian kuthirappada parichakalillathe pooraadiyappol, madhya anatoliayile galashyayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya bisi 270 kalile celtic aakramanakaarikalil ninnu kuthirappadayude parichakalude upayogam sweekarichu.
yathaakramam 218,181 theeyathikalil amphipolis, greya ennivayil ninnulla samakaalika likhithangalkk nandi, philipp vii nuu keezhilulla antigonid sainyathinte samghadanaye bhaagikamaayi orumichu nirthaan charitrakaaranmaarkku kazhinju, athaayath (i.iii. secreterimaar allengil clarkkukal). antigonus III dosoninte kaalathe ettavum unnatha, muthirnna antigonid-kaalayalavile macedonian kaalaalppada pelttastukalum, jaavalinukalum vaalukalum, macedonian falnax paikkamenekkaal cheria venkala parichayum upayogichu kooduthal bharam kuranjathum kooduthal thanthrapradhaanavumaaya sainikaraayirunnu, ennirunnaalum avar chilappol aaa seshiyil sevanamanushtichu. peltaastukalil, ekadesham 2,000 purushanmaare elaitt vangaardil sevikkaan thiranjedutthu, mattu peltaasttukalude ennam ekadesham 3,000 aayirunnu. peltaasttukalude ennam kaalakramena vyathyasappettu, orupakshe 5,000 purushanmaaril koodaruthu (purathana charitrakaaranmaar paraamarshicha ettavum valia samkhya, bii. sii. 219 leeii saamoohika yudhathil nilaninnirunna thuka). bii. sii. 168ll raajyathinte avasaanam vare peltaastukal falks pickamenoppam poraadi, ippol 'brons sheeled' (venkala kavacham), 'vaitt sheeled' (vella kavacham) rejimentukalaayi vibhajikkapettu.
philipp randaamante munkaiyethudarnnu, macedonian rajaakkanmaar naavikasenayude vipuleekaranavum sajjata thudarnnu. cassender paidnayil oru cheria kappalpadayum, maasidonile demetrius onnaaman () pellayil orennam undaayirunnu, antigonus randaaman gonattaas (), greasile demetriusinte generalayi sevanamanushtikkumbol, navikasena upayogichu demetrias, chokkis, pireyas, corinth ennividangalile macedonian holdingukal surakshithamaakki. chremonidian yudhathil (bisi1) naavikasena ganyamaayi vipuleekarikkappedukayum bisi 255 leeii koos yudhathilum bisi 245 leeii andros yudhathilum tolomic eejipshyan navikasena paraajayappeduthaan macedonian navikasena anuvadikkukayum cycledukaliludaneelam macedonian swaadheenam vyaapippikkaan praapthamaakkukayum cheythu. antigonus III dosson macedonian navikasena carria akramikkaan upayogichu, athesamayam philipp vii irunooru kappalukale ayachathaayi aaropikkappedunnu, avayil chilath tolamikalil ninnu pidichedukkukayum bii. sii. 201 leeii (parajayappetta) chios yudhathil pooraadukayum cheythu. bisi 197leeii samadhana udambadiyil sammathichathupole macedonian naavikasena verum aarr kappalukalayi churungi, athu roman republicumaayulla randaamathe macedonian yuddham avasaanippichu, ennirunnaalum bisi 171-ll moonnaamathe macedonian yuddham pottippurappettappol maasidonile persius chilath vegathil koottichertthu.
currency, dhanakaryam, vibhavangal.
alexander onnaamante bharanakaalathaanu rajakeeya chelavukalkkulla oru maarggamaayi velli nanayangal achadikkaan thudangiyathu. videsha, aabhyanthara vaanijyam prolsaahippikkunnathi chembu nanayangal achadikkunnathinupurame aarkkalaus onnaaman thante naanayangalude velliyude alavu vardhippichu. aadyakaalangalil thanne vipulamaaya oru dhanavyavastha kaanikkunna oru sankeernamaaya sameepanamaaya aantharikavum bahyavumaaya chalanathinaayi vyathyastha nanayangal purathirakkiyathu maasidoniyakkaaraan. macedonian sainyathile sainikarkk yudhathil kollayadikkappettathallathe mattenthenkilum nalkunnathinaayi, philipp randaamanteyum alexander dhii grettinteyum bharanakaalathu naanayangalude achadi ganyamaayi vardhichu, prathyekichu pangayon kunnukal pidichedutthathinetthudar samsthaana varumaanathil vardhanavundaayathinu sesham. hellenistic kaalaghattatthil macedonia, tolomic eejipt, pergamon raajyam ennividangalile raajakudumbangal khanana pravarthanangalil poornna kuthaka niyanthranam prayogichu, pradhaanamaayum avarude sainyathinte dhanasahayam urappakkaan. mahanaaya alexanderude vijayangalude avasaanathode, macedonia muthal baabilon vare vyaapichukidakkunna ekadesham muppatholam nanayangal eathaandu samanamaaya saadhaarana nanayangal nirmmikkukayayirunnu. ennittum nanayangal nirmmikkanulla avakasham kendravum chila praadeshika sarkkaarukalum pankittu.iii. macedonian komanveltthinakathulla thessalonikiyude svayambharana munisippal gavanmentukal, pella, amphipolis.
khananathinu purame, krishiyogyamaaya bhoomiyil ninnulla uthppannangal, vanangalil ninnulla thadi, thuramukhangalile irakkumathikkum kayattumathiykkumulla nikuthi enniva shekharichukondu kireedavum kendra adhikaarikalum varumanam vardhippichu. macedonian samsthaanathinte khanikal, thoppukal, kaarshika bhoomi, vanangal enniva chooshanam cheyyaan rajaavinu kazhivundaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum iva palappozhum swathukkalaayi paattatthinu nalkukayo prabhukkanmaraaya aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu aandu macedonian thuramukhangalilekkum purathekkumulla charakkukalude thaarifukal kuranjathu amintas III-nte bharanakalam muthal aarambhichu, athesamayam suedo-aristottil vazhi soochippikkunnathu enganeyaanu affidnayude calistraattas (marichupoyathu) perdicas III-neey kasttams theeruvayude raajyathinte vaarshika labham 20-ll ninnu 40-thalantaayi erattiyaakkaan sahaayichath.
bisi 168-ll paidna yudhathil maasidonile persiyasinte paraajayathinu sesham, roman senatt irumbu, chembu khanikal veendum thurakkaan anuvadichu, ennaal macedonian raajavaazhchaye maattisthaapicha puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya naalu svayambharana kakshi rajyangal svarnnathinteyum velliyudeyum khananam nirodhichu. ennirunnaalum, bisi 1 ll simhaasanathilekkulla andriscus raajavaazhchaye hrasvamaayi punarujjeevippichu, thudarnnu naalam macedonian yudhathil roman vijayavum roman pravisyayaaya macedonia sthaapikkukayum cheythu. swarnna, velli khanana pravarthanangalil ninnu nediya bhauthika sambathu maasidoniyakkaare sayudha kalaapathin dhanasahayam nalkaan anuvadikkumenna bhayamaan senatt aadyam vibhavanam cheythathennu roman kaalaghattatthile charitrakaaranmaaraaya livi, diodorus sikulas ennivar vaadichu. macedonian velli khananathil ninnulla vardhicha panavitharanam moolamundaakunna panapperuppam thadayunnathilum romakkar aashankaakularaayirikkaam. bisi 167 num 148 num idayil maasidoniyakkar velli nanayangal achadikkunnathu thudarnnu, bisi 158 ll romakkar macedonian velli khananathinulla nirodhanam neekkiyappol senattinte utharavu pariganikkathe eee niyamavirudhamaaya aacharam thudarunnathinte praadeshika yaadhaarthyam maathrame prathiphalippichulloo.