alfred lande

kwaandam sidhaanthathinu nalkia sambhaavanakalkk peruketta oru jarmman-american bhauthikashaasthranjanaayirunnu alfred lande (13 desember 1888-30 october 1976). lande jii-faaktarinteyum seeman efakttinte vishadeekaranathinteyum utharavaaditham addehathinaanu.
jeevithavum nettangalum.
1888 desember 13 nuu germmaniyile rainlaandile elberfeldil innu wuppertal nagaratthinte bhagamaayaanu alfred lande janichathu.
1913-ll lande myoonichu sarvakalaashaalayile addehathinte theesis upadeshtaavaaya arnold somerfeld bhauthikashaasthrathinte prathyeka sahayiyaayi gottingan sarvakalashaalayil david hilbertinu ayachu, 1912-ll somerfeld ithe sthaanathekku ayacha pooll peettar evaldinu pakarakkaranaayi. avide, land maiks bornumaayi adutha sanbarkkam pulartthi. bhauthikashaasthrathil, athu booar aattam modalinte kaalaghattamaayirunnu. hilbert, edmund lando, kaal runch, ludwig prandell (prashastha aerodynamics saidhaanthikan) ennivarulppede landumaayi sanbarkkam pularthenda niravadhi mahanmaaraayavar gottingan shaasthrathile nethaakkalil ulppedunnu. neels booar, hendrick laurents ennivarum idaykkide gottingan sandarshichirunnu.
onnaam lokamahaayudham aarambhikkunnathin randaazhcha munbu lande myoonichu sarvakalashaalayil somerfeldinte keezhil doktarettu nedi. addeham redu crossil cherukayum kizhakkan frondil rund varsham sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu, sainyathile churukkam chila shaasthreeya vibhagangalilonnaaya peeranki pareekshana commissionil cheraan maiks boonn addehathe kshanichu. shabdaparidhi anusarichu peerankikalude sthaanam sambandhicha avarude pravarthanangalkku purame, avar christalukalude samyojitha shakthikalum compressibilityum parisodhikkaan thudangi. eee pravartthanam anukkalile electron sanjaarapathangal grahangalude bhramanapathangal poleyallenna apratheekshitha falatthilekku nayichu, ithu akkaalat oru aattathile electroninekkurichulla saadhaarana dhaaranayaayirunnu.
lande adutha ezhu varshathekku aattomik gadanayekkurichu sookshumamaayi padichu. 1916ll somerfeld oru pothu alaveduppu niyamam roopappeduthunnathinaayi puthiya aattomik sidhaantham prayogikkaan thudangi. cubic, tetrahedral electron traaktarikal ("cube attangal") ennivayile landeyude pravartthanangal somerfeld, peettar debby, booar ennivarkku valia thaalpparyamaayi.
aattangalude speshyal oriyanteshanekkurichulla padanatthinte thudarcha akkaalathe ettavum pradhanappetta prashnamaayirunnuvenkil 1919 ll land apratheekshithamaayi spectroscopy maari. niravadhi electronukalulla aattangalude prashnathilekku addeham thirinju, prathyekichu ettavum lalithamaaya cases, healium spectrum. heeliyathinte spectroscopy friedrich paschen pareekshanaathmakamaayi parishodhichirunnuvenkilum oru saidhaanthika vyaakhyaanam nilavilundaayirunnilla. spectrum noonn-compining single, double (yadhaarthathil triple, pinneedu maariyathupole) padangal kaanichu, athinaal healium rund vyathyastha padaarthangalaal nirmmichathaanennu thonni (electron spinninte falamaayi innu vishadeekarichirikkunnu).
rund kwaandam-mechanical angular momentaaya momentaaya, jeey1 ennivayude vekttar addition niyamam ulppede niravadhi puthiya pradhana ashayangal landeyude kruthiyil adangiyirunnu. addehathinte kandethalukalum swamedhayaa ulla sidhaanthangalum pinneedu kwaandam sidhaantham sthireekarichu.
landeyude frankfurt anweshanangal (1920 desember muthal 1921 epril vare) ariyappedunna lande jii-formulayude kandethalilum aswaabhaavikamaaya seeman efakttinte vishadeekaranathilum avasaanichu. kanthika kwaandam nambaraaya emje vazhiyaan lande jii-factor ippol nirvachikkappedunnathu.
1923-ll lande lande interwell ruul prasthaavichu, ithu oru electroninte spinn oorbittal angular momentavum thammilulla bandhathe kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru niyamamaan.
1925ll jorjju uhlenbeck saamuval gaudsmittum electron spin enna ashayam avatharippikkunna ralph cronig landeyude sahayiyaayi jolie cheiyukayaayirunnu.
1929 avasaanathode lande kolambasile ohiyo stettu yooniversittiyilekku prabhaashanangalude oru parambara avatharippikkan kshanichu. ohaayoyile columbusil randaam thavana thaamasichathinushesham (1930-1931) addeham amerikkayil svayam sthaapikkaan theerumaanichu. pareekshanaathmakamaayi parishodhikkaavunna vasthuthakalekurichulla vyakthamaaya bhauthika prasthavanakal nadatthaan kazhiyunna kwaandam sidhaanthathinte puthiya vyaakhyaanathinte oru ghattatthile mungamiyaayirunnu lande. sidhaanthathinte vyaakhyaanathinte aadyaghattathil neels booar, verner heisenberg, copenhagen vyaakhyaanathe anukoolicha wolfgang poolii ennivar thammilulla ariyappedunna charchakalkku sesham ithu sambhavichu, ervin shroadinger, luis dii brogley, prathyekichu albert ainsteen ennivar ithine vyathyastha alavukalil ethirthu. kwaandam mechanics akkaalat anweshikkappedaanum theliyikkappedaano nirasikkappedaano niravadhi puthiya pravachanangal nalkukayaayirunnu. vyakthigatha kwaandam samvidaanangal, vyakthigatha attangal, electronukal, photonukal ennivayile puthiya saankethika reethikalulla puthiya pareekshanangalil puthiya thaalparyam prakadippichu.
ennirunnaalum, 1950 nuu sesham (jeevithakalam muzhuvan), ainsteeneppole, bhauthika prakriyakalekkurichulla "vasthunishtamaayi yadhaartha" vivaranam aavasyamulla kwaandam sidhaanthathinte copenhagen vyaakhyaanathinethire lande oorjjaswalathayode thirinju. taranga-kanika dwaithatha ennathu kwaandam prakriyakalude "anaavashya thettaaya avatharanam" aanenna landeyude daaranayaanu eee maattathinu kaaranamaayath, pakaram "tharamgangale" kurichu dwaita paraamarshamillaathe oru puthiya eakaathmaka "kanika" roopeekaranam vikasippichukondu addeham vishadeekarichu. lande thante puthiya roopeekaranam samamithiyudeyum vyathyaasathinteyum alavil allatha thathwangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, bahirakasha-aanukaalika gadanakalumaayulla momentam ekschenchinte alavu alakkunnathinulla "duwains ruul", kwaandam prakriyakalude aantharikamaaya probabilistik swabhaavam vishadeekarikkunnathinu lebnisinte "kaaranam-phalatthinte thudarchayude thathwam" ennivayundu. land vyaakhyaanam kwaandam mekkaaniksinte oru nyoonapaksha vyaakhyaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
1976 october october ohaayoyile columbusil vachu lande antharichu.

