
akwa maarshya

roome nagarathinu vitharanam cheytha pathinonnu jalasambharanikalil ettavum neelam koodiyathaanu akwa marsia (). bii. sii. yill roman republicinte kaalath <aii. dii. 1> kaalayalavilaanu eee jalapatha nirmmichathu. 1586 muthal ippozhum pravartthikkunna akwa felis akwa maarshyayude paathayiloode neendunilkkunnu.
akwa anoe vettas, akwa anoe novas, akwa cladia ennivaykkoppam ithu oru asaadhaaranamaaya saankethika nettamaayirunnu, koodaathe romile naalu valia jalasambharanikalil onnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."
91 kilometer dooramullah ithu roome vitharanam cheytha pathinonnu jalasambharanikalil ettavum neelam koodiyathaanu, athinte uravidam anoe novasinekkaal thaazhekkaayirunnuvenkilum, saankethika purogathi pilkkala anoe novasinu marsia pole kondoor lineukal pinthudarunnathinupakaram athinte paatha hraswamaakkaan kooduthal paalangal upayogikkaan anuvadichu.
avasaanathe 11 kilometer upayogichirunna kamaanangalil aadyamaayi romil praveshichathum pinneedu akwa tepula, akwa juuliya ennivayumaayi samyojippichathum ithaanu.
charithram.
bii. sii. randaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, romile aadyathe rund jalasambharanikal (akwa appiya, akwa anoe vettas) jeernnaavasthayilaavukayum niravadhi niyamavirudhamaaya vazhithirichuvidalukal ozhukk kuraykkukayum cheythathinaal bii. sii. 184-ll "sensor" kaatto dhii elder niyamaprakaaram anadhikritha paippukalum swakaarya vyakthikalkkulla vitharanangalum neekkam cheythu.
ennirunnaalum vardhichuvarunna aavasyam niravettaan ozhukkinte nirakk ippozhum valare kuravaayirunnathinaal, munpathethinekkaal neelameriyathum kooduthal abhilashamullathumaaya oru puthiya jalasambharani nirmmikkaan senatt theerumaanichu, ithu capitolin kunninte uyaram kaaranam akkaalathe oru saankethika nettamaayirunnu. juuliyas seaserinte poorvvikanaaya praiter kvintas maarshyas rexine (juuliyas seaserinte poorvvikan) joliyude melnottam ealppichu, aarkkaan ithu namakaranam cheyyappettathu, aarude judiciary punk jolie poortthiyaakkunnathinu vipuleekarichu. bisi 146-ll aduthide nadanna roman corinth keezhadakkalukalil ninnulla kollayum athe varsham moonnaam punic yudhathinte avasaanathil kartej nasippichathum ithinu valia thuka nalki.
thalasthaana kunninte vipuleekaranam vivaadathinu kaaranamaayi, kaaranam avide vellam konduvarunnathinethire "sibilin bukkukalile" oru bhagathekkurichu paarambaryavaadikal aashankaakularaayirunnu, bisi 140-ll cases senattinu munnil konduvarikayum athu nirasikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. 33ll agrippa aadyamaayi attakuttappanikal nadatthiya sesham koonsal kvintas eliyas tuberoyudeyum pollas fabius maximasinteyum reportinethudarnnu bii. sii. 11num 4num idayil augustus ithu punarnirmmichu. tibertina vazhi vyaapichukidakkunna kamaanathil sthaapichirikkunna oru likhitham eee punarudhaaranatthe anusmarikkunnu, pinneedu ithu ooreliyan mathilumayi samyojippichu. augustus vitharanathinte eratti vardhippichukondu, anio thaazhvarayile 600 meter mukalilulla augusta ennu vilikkappedunna oru adhika srothassumaayi bandhippichu. 
athinte vitharanathinte bhooribhaagavum oduvil swakaarya pouranmaar avarude swantham upayogathinaayi durupayogam cheythu, ithu neeroyude kaalamayappozhekkum nagaratthil phalapradamaayi oru thulli mathramaayirunnu. pilkkala chakravarthimaar veendum vitharanam vardhippichu. eiii. dii 97 oode akwa maarshyayude uravidathile ozhukk 4690 kwinaariyayaayi frontinus alannu, ithu nagaratthile randaamathe valia jalasrothassayi maari. oru kwinariyayude valippathekurichulla aadhunika kanakkukal oru divasam vellam muthal vellam vare vaividyamaarnnathaanu, ithu akwa marsiaykku oru divasam vellathinte ozhukk nirakk nalkunnu.
pinneedu kooduthal attakuttappanikal thudarnnu.
vazhi.
aadhunika pattanangalaya arsoli, marano ikwo ennivaykkidayilulla anio thaazhvarayil rund neeruravakalaal cheria thadakangal roopappetta sthalathinaduthaayirunnu eee jalasambharaniyude purathana uravidam. rominu kizhakkulla kunnukalile eee pothu pradesham, anio vettas, anio novas, akwa cladia ennivayulppedeyulla mattu jalasambharanikalkkum upayogichirunnu. akwa marsia athinte thanuthathum shudhavumaaya vellathinu perukettathaayirunnu, athe uravidam innu aadhunika jalasambharaniyude vitharanathinayi upayogikkunnu.
aadyathe 80 kilometer paatha pradhaanamaayum bhoogarbhamaayirunnu, athinusesham romil vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi nalla jala "thala" (marddam) undennu urappakkaan valia smaaraka kamaanangalil ithu uyarnnuvannu. akvaadakttinte prarambha bhagam anio nadiyude valathu theerathu veekovaaroykku thottumunbu oru paalatthiloode kadannu akwa anio vettasinte (thaazhnna uyarathil) pathayil cherunnu. ithu tivoliyilekkum thudarnnu, tibertini parvathanirakale marikadannu, nilavile munisippaalitti jericomioic sesham galicano pradeshavum lassioyile prainestina vazhiyum marimari paalangalum (avayil palathum drishyamaanu) bhoogarbha bhaagangalum kadannu. kappanel pradeshathinu sesham athu nerittu romilek neengukayum lattina vazhi ezhaam mylil oru "limeria" kulatthil (settilment basin) prathyakshappedukayum cheythu. ivide ninnu ekadesham 9 kilometer neelamulla kamanangal lattina vazhi chuttum porta magiorinu sameepamulla "aadu spem vettaram" pradeshathu romilethi, avide mattu jalasambharanikal koodicherunnu. 
ivide ninnu bhaaviyile ooreliyan mathilukale pinthudarnnu tibertinayiloode oru kamaanathiloode kadannupokukayum pinneedu porta tibertinayayi maarukayum cheythu. innu terminy steshan nilakollunna viminal gettiloode kadannupoya eee root, vitharanathinulla pradhana "kaastellam akway" nilakollunna kolina gettinu sameepam, xx settambre vazhi vaidyuthadhaaraykku sameepam avasaanichu. thudarnnulla shringalayude pradhana shaakha (nagaratthinte moonnil rund bhaagavum ulkkollunna) vichitramaaya thalatthilum thudarnnu thalasthaanathum ethi, athesamayam tibertina gettil ninnu aarambhicha oru dvitheeya shaakha (rivas herculaneous) selian avantaineyum sevichu.
paalangal.
innu drishyamaakunna akwadakt maarshya paalangalil iva ulppedunnu ponde saan pietro, ponde lupo, ponde kaipoli, ponde della bullica, ponde degli aarsi.
ponde saan pietro.
16 meter veethiyulla athinte vishalamaaya madhya kamaanamulla ithu molah aruvikk mukalilulla oru aakarshakamaaya paalamaan. praadeshikavum sushirangalumulla kaalsyam kallukalude aashlaarukalilaan ithu aadyam nirmmichathu. adibhaagathu 3.84 meter veethiyulla eee sameepapradeshangal kramena 2.77 meteraayi kuranju, athu manoharamaaya falamundaakkiyirikkanam. vadakku-padinjaaru bhaagath oru cheria kamaanavum thekk-kizhakk bhaagath moonnu cheria kamaanangalum undayirikkaam. poornnamaayum simant kondu moodukayum thekk-kizhakk attam muzhuvan punarnirmmikkukayum cheythappol taittas allengil hadrian keezhil ithu shakthippeduthappettu.
ponde lupo.
roman jalasambharanikalile ettavum prashasthavum rasakaravumaaya paalangalilonnayi ponde lupo kanakkaakkappedunnu; romilekkulla vazhiyil aazhathilulla aanin thaazhvara kadakkaan akwa marsia anuvadikkunnathinu ithinu 30 meettaril kooduthal uyaravum 80 meettaril kooduthal neelavum undaayirikkanam. athinte mukalil iruvashathum cherunna oru rooad undaayirunnu. bisi 144ll akwa maarshyayude bhagamaayaanu eee paalam nirmmichathu.
campo oraasiyoyile saan jiovanni swakaarya estettilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
ponde kaipoli.
bii. sii 144 muthal orotta valia kamaanathilaanu ponde kaipoli eee jalasambharani vahichirunnathu, pinneedu 13 meter uyarathil kaipoli aruvikk mukalilulla eratta ishtika kamaanam ithu maatti. thudarnnulla noottaandukalil paalam niravadhi punarudhaaranangalkku vidheyamaayi, avaa ippozhum thottaduttha bhagangalilum nilavarayilum vyakthamaayi kaanapedunnu. ponde kypolikkum ponde della bullikkaykkum idayil ekadesham 1.2 meter veethiyum 200 meter neelavumulla thurankam kuzhikkappedunnu, ippozhum oru tirakkeriya paatha pinthudarnnu kaanaan kazhiyum.
ponde della bullica.
5. 5 meter uyaravum 3 meter veethiyum 10.6 meter neelavumulla radial tuff aashlaarukalil orotta vrithaakrithiyilulla kamaanathode ponde della bullica collafrey aruvi kadakkunnu. orikkalum samoolamaaya punasthaapanangalkk vidheyamaakaathe ithu august yugathilethaanu. attakuttappanikalkkayi paalatthil ninnu 30 meter akale iruvashathumulla tuff theerangalil roman murikalundu. 
thekkupadinjaaran theerathu oru sarvees tunnel (bullica tunnel) undu. ekadesham 230 meter neelavum vaahanangalkk mathiyaya veethiyumulla eee thurankam jalagathaagathathinte athe samayathaan nirmmichathu. oro 30-40 meterum chuvadeyulla jalasambharaniyilekkulla praveshanathinaayi lambamaya parisodhana shaafttukalaan ("puttee"), ithu uparithalathil athunnathinekkaal hraswamaakki, koodaathe collafrey kunnu kadakkunna vaaganukal vazhi vasthukkal eluppathil verthirichedukkaanum attakuttappanikal nadatthaanum anuvadichu.