ephrin

ephrin resepterinte ligandukalaayi varthikkunna proteinukalude oru kudumbamaanu ephrins (ephrin ligandukal allengil eph famili risapttar interacting proteinukal ennum ariyappedunnu). risapttar protein-tyrosine kainaasukalil (artks) ariyappedunna ettavum valia upakudumbamaanu eph resepterukal.
ephrin ligandukalum (ephrins) eph resepterukalum (effs) membran-boundu proteenukalaayathinaal, eph/ephrin intra sellular signalling paathakalude binding aaktiveshanum nerittulla sell-sell edapedaliloode maathrame sambhavikkukayulloo. bhrunavikasana samayat aakson valarchaa konukalude maargganirddesham, tissue athirukalude roopeekaranam, koshangalude migration, vibhajanam ennivayulppede vividha jaiva prakriyakale eph/ephrin signalling niyanthrikkunnu. koodaathe, deerghakaala pottenshyeshan, angiogenesis, stem sell deferentiation ennivayulppede praayapoorthiyaaya samayat niravadhi prakriyakal nilanirthunnathil nirnaayaka punk vahikkunnathayi eph/ephrin signalling thiricharinjittundu.
vargeekaranam.
ephrin ligandukale avayude ghadanayeyum kosha stharavumayulla bandhatheyum adisthaanamaakki ephrin-eiii, ephrin-bii ennee rund upavibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. ephrin-ezz oru glycosylphosphatilistine (gpi) linkej vazhi membranilekku nankooramidukayum cytoplasmic domaine illaathathinaal, ephrin-bs oru cheria cytoplasmic pds-binding motif adangiya orotta transmembran domaine vazhi membranumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. ephrin-eiii, ephrin-bii proteinukal encode cheiyunna jeenukale yathaakramam "ephna", "ephnab" enningane namakaranam cheiyunnu. ephrin-eiii allengil ephrin-bii ligandukalumaayulla bandhathe adisthaanamaakki eph resepterukale ephas allengil effs ennu tharamthirikkunnu.
manushyaril thiricharinja ettu ephrinukalil ariyappedunna anchu ephrin-eiii ligaandukalum ligaandukalum ombathu ephaasukalumaayi (epha 1-8, epha 10) edapazhakunna moonnu ephrin-bii ligaandukalum ligaandukalum anchu efbukalumaayi (efby 1-4, efby 6) edapazhakunnavayaanu. oru prathyeka upavibhaagathile ephins anubandha upavibhaagathile ellah ephrinukalumaayum uyarnna aduppathode bandhippikkanulla kazhivu prakadippikkunnu, pakshe pothuve ethir upavibhaagathile ephrinukalumaayi cross-binding kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, eee intrasabclass binding specifialitic chila apavaadangalundu, kaaranam aduthide kaanichirikkunnathu ephrin-bii 3 nuu eph risapttar eiii 4-maayi bandhippikkanum sajeevamakkaanum kazhiyumennu, ephrin-eiii 5 nuu eph risapttar bii 2-maayi bandhippikkanum sajeevamakkaanum kazhiyumennu. ephas/ephrin-saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna aduppavumaayi bandhippikkunnu, ithu ligand bindingle ephaasinte cheria anuroopa maattam aavasyamulla oru "loock-aandu-qee" samvidaanam vazhi ephreenakalumaayi edapazhakunnu enna vasthuthaykk bhaagikamaayi kaaranamakaam. ithinu vipareethamaayi, efbukal saadhaaranayaayi ephas/ephringinekkaal kuranja aduppathode bandhippikkunnu-kaaranam avaa ephrin-bii-kalle bandhippikkunnathin efbukalude valia roopeekarana maattam aavasyamulla oru "induced phitt" samvidaanam upayogikkunnu.
pravartthanam.
aaksan maargganirddesham.
kendra naadeevyavasthayude vikasana samayat, vividha tharatthilulla neuronal aaksonukalude sell-sell madhyastha kudiyettatthil eph/ephrin signalling nirnaayaka punk vahikkunnu. eph/ephrin signalling neuronal aaksonukalude maargganirddeshathe niyanthrikkunnu, axonal valarchaa konukalude athijeevanathe thadayaanulla kazhiviloode, ithu eph/ephrin aaktiveshan cheiyunna sthalathu ninnu migrating axonine pinthirippikkunnu. migrating aaksonukalude valarchaa konukal avaa sanbarkkam pulartthunna koshangalile efukaludeyo ephrinteo kevala alavukalodu prathikarikkunnilla, marichu efukaludeyo ephrin expressionukaludeyo aapekshika alavukalodu prathikarikkunnu, ithu efukaludeyo ephrinteo gradiantukaliloode ayaykkaan anuvadikkunnu.
eph-ephrin aaktiveshan saadhaaranayaayi valarchaa koonn athijeevanam kurayunnathumaayum migrating aaksonukalude vikarshanavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnavum, valarchaa koonn athijeevanam eph-ephrin sajeevamaakkaline maathram aashrayikkunnillenn aduthide theliyikkappettittund, marichu valarchaa koonn athijeevanathil eph risapttar allengil ephrin ligand nalkunna "reverse" signalling vazhi "forwade" signalling enna deferential efakttukale aasrayichirikkunnu.
retinotopic mapping.
suuppar colliculusil (essie) oru samghaditha retinotopic mapp roopappeduthunnathinu (thaazhnna kasherukkalil opttik tectum ennu vilikkunnu) rettinayile ganglian koshangalude (arjisi) aaksonukalude rettinayil ninnu essiyile nirddishta pradeshangalilekku sariyaaya migration aavasyamaanu, ithu essiyile iff, ephrin expression ennivayude gradiantukal vazhiyum rettinayil ninnu purathupokunna aarjisikalude migratingilum madhyasthatha vahikkunnu. mukalil charcha cheytha aaksanal valarchaa konukalude athijeevanam kurayunnathu uyarnna pinbhaagathe thaazhnna munbhaagathe ephrin-rettinayude thaalkkaalika mekhalayil ninnu uyarnna thothilulla epha resepterukal munbhaagathe ezz. sii. yilum nassel rettinayil ninnu aarr. jii. sii. yilum ulla lakshyangalilekk uyarnna thothilulla epha resepterukal posttiyor ezz. sii. yill avasana lakshyasthaanathekku nayikkaan ezz. sii. yile oru ligand expression anuvadikkunnu. athupole, essiyude medial-ventral axisilulla ephrin-bii 1 eksprashante gradient yathaakramam dorsal, ventral efb-expressing arjisi-kalude laattaral, medial essiyilekkulla kudiyettatthe nayikkunnu.
angiogenesis.
ephrinukal physiological, paatholajikkal avasthakalil angiogenesis prothsaahippikkunnu (udha.jii. cancer angiogenesis, cerebral arteriovanus vaikalyathile neovascularisation). prathyekichum, koodaathe, ephrin-bii2 enniva yathaakramam endothelial koshangalude dhamanikaludeyum sirakaludeyum vidhi nirnnayikkunnu, ennirunnaalum vejaf signalling paathayile aavishkaaram laghookarichukondu angiogenesisinte niyanthranam. koodaathe sasya-resepterukale badhikkunnu badhikkunnu munnottum pinnotum signalling paathakaliloode. koodaathe paatha lymphangiogenesilec vyaapikkunnu, ithu kalchar cheytha lymphatic endothelial koshangalil koshangalil aantharikavalkkaranathilekk nayikkunnu. vikasanaparamaya angiogenesisil ephrinukalude punk vyakthamaakkiyittunde tumour angiogenesis avyakthamaayi thudarunnu. signalingil kurravulla elikalil nadatthiya nireekshanangale adisthaanamaakki, tumour angiogenesisil forwade signalingil signalingil pravarthichekkaam; ennirunnaalum, eee ephrin vikasana samayat rakthakkuzhalukalude vaikalyangalkk kaaranamakunnilla. koodaathe, koodaathe, ephrin-bii2 ennivayum tumour angiogenesisinu kaaranamakum, avayude vikasana sthaanangalkku purame, krithyamaaya samvidaanam avyakthamaanu. ephrin eiii8/ephrin-bii2, ephrin ephrin risapttar jodikal angiogenesisinu purame vasculogenesinum kooduthal sambhavana cheiyunnu, athesamayam ephrin ephrin angiogenesisinum maathramaayi sambhavana cheiyunnu.
stanarbudam, vankudal, karal arbudam ennivayulppede manushya arbudangalil niravadhi tharam ephrinukalum eph resepterukalum niyanthrikkappedunnu kandethiyittundu. athisayakaramennu parayatte, mattu tharatthilulla ephrinukaludeyum avayude resepterukaludeyum niyanthranam kurayunnathu tumerigenesinum kaaranamakum; athaayath, vankudal kaansarukalil eefa 1 umm melanomyil eefbi 6 umm. samanamaaya upayogakshamatha pradarshippikkunna vyathyastha ephrinukal vyathyastha gadanakalude valarchaykku anubandhamaayi samanamaaya yanthra pathakal ulkkollunnu.
kudal epithelial sell migrationile migration ghadakam.
eiii, bii klaasukalile ephrin protein kudumbam efby kudumbatthile sell-uparithala resepterukalulla ligaandukale kripttil ninnu villasilekku kudal epithelial koshangalude sthiravum kramappeduthiyathum nirddishtavumaaya kudiyettam nalkunnathinu nayikkunnu. doubluenty protein kripttinullil aazhathil efby resepterukalude aavishkaarathe prerippikkunnu, ithu effsher expression kurayunnathilekkum ephrin ligand expression vardhippikkunnathilkum nayikkunnu, ithu oru projenittar sellinte sthaanam kooduthal upariplavamaakkunnu. ephine ligand ephine resepterumaayi edapazhakunnathu aaktin cytoskelittan dynamics niyanthrikkukayum "vikarshanam" undaakkukayum cheiyunna oru dvi-dishasoochana samvidaanamaanu migrationk kaaranamaakunnath. edapedal nirthiyathinushesham koshangal nilanilkkunnu. sravikkunna kapham sravikkunna goblettu koshangalum agiranam cheiyunna koshangalum lumenilekk neengumbol, pakwathayulla paneth koshangal ethir dishayilekku, avaa vasikkunna kripttinte thaazhekku neengunnu. epha 5-maayi bandhippikkunna ephrin ligand ozhike, eiii, bii klaasukalil ninnulla matellaa proteinukalum kudalilaanu kandethiyathu. ennirunnaalum, ephrin proteinukalaaya eiii4, eiii8, eiii8, bii2 ennivaykku garbhapindatthinte ghattathil ettavum uyarnna alavu undu, praayathinanusarichu avaa kurayunnu.
eph risapttar nokkautt elikal upayogichu nadatthiya pareekshanangal vividha tharam koshangalude vitharanathile thakaraarukal velippeduthi. vividha vyathyaasangalude agiranam cheiyunna koshangal villikkullile stem cellukalumaayi kalarthi. risapttar illaathe, sariyaaya sell placementinaayi ephrin ligand aparyaapthamaanennu theliyikkapettu. vankudal cancerine adichamarthunnathil ephrin-iff edapedalinte paroksha punk sambandhicha thelivukalum nokkautt elikalkkethiraaya sameepakaala padanangal kaanichittundu. epithelial koshangalude aniyanthrithamaaya valarchayal srishtikkappedunna adenomatus poolipukalude vikasanam ephrin-iff edapedaliloodeyaanu niyanthrikkappedunnath. ephrin-bii protein illaathe eiii. pii. sii mutation ulla elikalkku kriptt-villi jangshaniludaneelam efby positteev tumour cellukalude vyaapanam thadayunnathinulla marggangal illa.
reverse signalling.
ephrin ligandukalude oru savishesha savisheshatha, eph risapttar-expressing cellukalil sajeevamaaya intra sellular signalil ninnu vyathyasthavum vyathyasthavumaya oru "reverse" signal aarambhikkaanulla sheshi palarkkum undu ennathaanu. reverse" signalling sambhavikkunna samvidaanangal poornnamaayum manassilakkappettillettim, ephrin-aas, ephrin-bii enniva avayude anubandha resepterukal sajeevamakkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya sellular prathikaranangalkk madhyasthatha vahikkunnathayi theliyikkappettittund. prathyekichum, prathyekichum sushumna motor neuronukalil valarchaa koonn vyaapanathe uthejippikkunnathaayi kaanikkukayum kaanikkukayum dendritik nattellu pakwathaye prolsaahippikkunnathayi kaanikkukayum cheythu.

