
thudarchayaaya track

rando athiladhikamo chakrangal oodikkunna track cheytha vahanangalil thudarchayaaya tread bandilo track plettukaliloo oodunna vahana propulsion samvidaanamaanu condinues track. tracukalude valia uparithala vistheernnam vaahanathinte bharam steel allengil rubber tayarukalekkaal nannayi thulyamaaya vaahanathil vitharanam cheiyunnu, ithu thudarchayaaya track cheytha vaahanangalkk mungunnathumoolam kudunganulla saadhyatha kurravulla mriduvaaya nilathukoodi kadannupokaan prapthamaakkunnu.
bharam kuranja kaarshika yanthrangalude kaaryatthil steel vayarukal upayogichu shakthippeduthunna synthetic rabbarinte sophtt belttukal upayogichu aadhunika thudarchayaaya trackukal nirmmikkam. kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya classical tharam steel plettukal (rubber paadukalullatho illaathatho) kondu nirmmicha soolid cheyin trackaanu, ithine kaattarpillar tread allengil tank tread ennum vilikkunnu, ithu karuthuttathum bhaarameriyathumaaya nirmmaana vaahanangalkkum sainika vaahanangalkkum eshtappedunnu.
loha phalakangalude pradhana treadsukal kadinamaayi dharikkunnathum kedupaadukal prathirodhikkunnathum aanu, prathyekichu rubber tayarukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol. tracukalude aakramanathmaka tread mriduvaaya prathalangalil nalla traction nalkunnu, pakshe pakka prathalangalkk kedupaadukal varuthiyekkaam, athinaal chila loha tracukalil pakka prathalangalil upayogikkunnathinaayi rubber paadukal sthaapikkaam. sophtt rubber belttukal ozhike, mikka cheyin traakkukalum kuranja roopabhedathinaayi chakrangalkkidayilulla muzhuvan sthalathum looad thulyamaayi vitharanam cheiyunnathinu oru kadinamaaya samvidaanam prayogikkunnu, angane ettavum bharameriya vaahanangalkk polum athinte nerr tracukalile oru train pole eluppathil neengaan kazhiyum.
1904 ll hoonbi & soons aanu eee steef mekkaanisathinu aadyam oru bhauthika roopam nalkiyathu, thudarnnu onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu taankukal uyarnnuvanna kaattarpillar tractor kambani ithu janapriyamakki. innu, snomobileukal, tractorukal, buldosarukal, excovatorukal, taankukal ennivayulppede vividha vahanangalil avaa saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, thudarchayaaya trackukal enna ashayam 1830 vare kandethanakum.
charithram.
britiish polimathu sarr jorjju kayley 1825-ll "saarvathrika railway" ennu vilikkunna oru thudarchayaaya trackinu pettant nedi. poolish ganithashaasthranjanum kandupiduthakkaaranumaaya joseph maria hoonn-ronsky 1830-kalil reyilveyumaayi malsarikkunnathinu kaattarpillar vahanangal roopakalppana cheythu. 1837-ll russian armi kyapttan demetry andreavich sagriassky (1807-1860-nuu sesham) mobail tracukalulla oru vandi roopakalppana cheythu, athu athe varsham pettant nedi, ennaal nirmmaathaakkalil ninnulla fundinteyum thaalpparyathinteyum abhavam kaaranam addehathinu oru pravartthana prototype nirmmikkaan kazhinjilla, 1839-ll addehathinte pettant raddaki.
heathcoatinte neeravi kalappa.
1832ll joonn heathcoat (heathcoat ennum ariyappedunnu) emm pettant nedi.pii. 1837-ll heathcoat neeravi kalappa pradharshippicha eee asaadhaarana track cheytha vaahanathinte oru thadi murichu bhagyavashaal pathra kavarej nalki. oro attatthum 'drum' upayogichu nayikkappedunna thudarchayaaya irumbu baandukalilekku boult cheytha maratthinte bhagangal upayogichaanu thudarchayaaya trackukal nirmmichathu. sakthamaaya oru chassis drummukalkku bairingukal nalkukayum steem enchin, indhanam, vinch enniva vahikkukayum cheythu. thaazhathe irumbu baandukalil oodunna "niravadhi cheria chakrangal allengil rollerukal" chesiye pinthunaykkunnu, ithu "platfominu thikachum portable minusamarnnathumaaya rooad undaakkunnu". drummukal vyaasathil, verittathaayirunnu. oro trackin veethi undaayirunnu, athinidayil oru vidavu undaayirunnu, mothatthilulla veethi nalkunnu. eratta silindar steem enchin onnukil kalappa vinch oodikkunnathinoo allengil vahanam oodikkunnathinoo upayogikkaam. 6 tonn indhanathode 30 tonn bharamullah yanthrathinte bhoothaapam oru manushyanekkaal valare kuravaayirunnu. 1837 epril 20 nuu bolton-leeii-moorsil chuvanna mossil vijayakaramaya prakadanam nadatthi. neeravi kalappa aakasmikamaayi oru chathuppilekku mungiyathine thudarnnu athu nashtappedukayum pinneedu kandupiduthakkaarante vikasanam thudaraan panamillaathathinaal upekshikkappedukayum cheythu.
boydell (1846) ezhuthiya dreadnote wheel.
innu abhimukeekarikkunna roopathil oru thudarchayaaya track allengilum, oru dreadnote wheel allengil "ananthamaaya railway wheel" 1846 ll britiish enchineeyar jaims boydell pettant nedi. boydellinte roopakalppanayil, paranna paadangalude oru parambara chakratthinte chuttalavil gadippichirikkunnu, bharam vyaapikkunnu. 1853 octoberinum 1856 februveric idayil nadanna crimean yudhathil kuthiravandikal, vandikal, thokku vandikal enniva vijayakaramaayi vinyasikkapettu, voolvichu nirmmaana dreadnote veelukalile rajakeeya ayudhashala. sebastopolile sainikarude commander general sarr vilyam codrington oru shupaarsha kathil oppuvachu.
1854ll boydell thante chakratthinte mechappeduthalukalkku pettant nedi (nambar. 431)-addehathinte dreadnote wheel aadyamaayi oru neeravi enchinil prayogicha varsham-1858 (nambar. 356), randaamathethu tirikkaan soukaryamorukkunnathinaayi driving chakrangalil onno athiladhikamo uyarthunnathu ulppedunna praayogikamallaatha oru upasamana nadapadiyaanu.
richard baachu, richard gaaratt & soons, chaals barel & soons, kleydan & shattilworth ennivarulppede niravadhi nirmmathaakkal licensinu keezhil boydell pettant apekshichu. britiish sainyam aadyakaalam muthal thanne boydellinte kandupiduthathil thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. vikasippichukondirunna 36 inch valippamulla aayudhamaaya maalettinte mortar kondupookuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyangalilonn, ennaal crimean yudhathinte avasaanathode mortar sevanathinu thayyarayilla. board oof oordanansinte select kammitti nadatthiya neeravi tractionecurichulla parishodhanakalude vishadamaaya report 1856 juunil prasidheekarichu, aaa theeyathiyilaanu crimean yuddham avasaanichathu, thalphalamaayi mortarum athinte gathagathavum aprasakthamaayi. aaa pareekshanangalil, plumsted komanil oru gaaratt enchin athinte vegathayiloode sthaapichu. landanile loard meyarude shoyil avatharippicha gaaratt enchin adutha maasamaan oostreliyayilekku ayachathu. baachinte birmingham varkkukalil dreadnote veelukal upayogikkunna oru steem tractor nirmmikkukayum 1856 num 1858 num idayil thettfordil uzhuthumarikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu; aadyathe thalamura barel/boydell enchinukal sent. crimean yuddham avasaanichathinu sesham 1856-ll nicolas veendum pravartthikkunnu.
1856-nuu sheshavum 1862-num idayil barel dreadnote veelukal gadippicha enchinukalude oru skoril kurayaathe nirmmichu. 1858 eprilil, "enchineeyar" enna jenal dreadnote veelukal gadippicha oru kleydan & shattilworth enchinekkurichu oru hraswa vivaranam nalki, athu paashchaathya sakhyakakshikalkk allah, marichu russian sarkkaarin yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil krimiyayil kanatha peeranki sambharanathinayi vitharanam cheythu. dreadnote veelukal gadippicha steem tractors niravadhi poraaymakalundaayirunnu, 1850 kalude avasaanathil srishtichenkilum orikkalum vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnilla.
joonn foller (1858) ezhuthiya ananthamaaya railway.
1858 augustil, crimean yuddham avasaanichu rund varshathilereyaayi, joonn foular britiish pettant nambar phayal cheythu. 1948-ll "ananthamaaya railway" yude mattoru roopathil. kandupiduthathekkurithu thante thithreekaranatthil, foular thante vaahanathinte iruvashathum thulya vyaasamulla oru jodi chakrangal upayogichu, athinu chuttum pallukalulla oru jodi chakrangal ettu joyintad segmentukalude oru 'track' oodichu, oro jodi chakrangalkkum idayil oru cheria jokey/drive wheel, 'track' pinthunaykkaan. ettu vibhagangal maathram ulkkollunna 'track' vibhagangal boydellinte prarambha roopakalppanayilennapole adisthaanaparamaayi 'rekhamsha' thilaanu. 1825-ll sarr jorjju kaalii nirddeshichathupole thaarathamyena valia ennam hraswa 'transwers' treadukal upayogikkunna multy-sekshan kaattarpillar trackinte munnodiyaanu foular krameekaranam, thaarathamyena neelamulla 'longityoodinal' treadukalude cheria ennathekkaal.
1858-leeii foularude pettantilekku, 1877-ll, oru russian, feoder blinov, "ananthamaaya reyilukalil vaagan neengi" enna peril oru track cheytha vahanam srishtichu. ithinu svayam-pranodanam illaayirunnu, kuthirakal valichedukkukayum cheythu. 1878-ll blinovinu thante "vaagani" nuu pettant labhichu. 1881 muthal 1888 vare addeham neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna kaattarpillar tractor vikasippichu. svayam sanjarikkunna eee croller 1896-ll oru karshakarude pradarshanatthil vijayakaramaayi pareekshikkukayum pradarshippikkukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandile sramangal.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil boyer yudhangalil neeravi traction enchinukal upayogichirunnu. ennaal dreadnote veelukalo thudarchayaaya tracukaloo upayogichilla, pakaram "roll-outtu" thadi plank roadukal aavasyaanusaranam chakrangalkk keezhil erinju.
churukkatthil, thudarchayaaya trackinte vikasanam 18,19 noottaandukalil niravadhi kandupiduthakkaarude shradha pidichupattiyappol, thudarchayaaya trackinte pothuvaaya upayogavum chooshanavum irupathaam noottaandilethaanu, pradhaanamaayum amerikkayilum englandilum.
ariyappedaatha american kandupiduthakkaranaaya henry thomas stithu (1839-1916) 1873,1880,1900 varshangalil pettant nediya oru thudarchayaaya track prototype vikasippicheduthirunnu. avasaanatheth thante makanu vendi nirmmicha oof-rooad saikkil prototypilekku track prayogikkunnathinullathu. 1900-leeii prototype addehathinte athijeevicha kudumbam nilanirthunnu.
saadhaarana ariyappedaathathum ennaal pradhaanappettathumaaya britiish kandupiduthakkaranaaya frank bimond (1870-1941), kaattarpillar trackukal roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu, 1900 lum 1907 lum niravadhi rajyangalil avaykku pettant labhichu.
aadya vaanijya vijayam (1901).
aadyathe phalapradamaaya thudarchayaaya track kandupidichu ennu mathramalla, lombard steem logue hollarinaayi alvin orlando lombard sarikkum nadappaakkukayum cheythu. 1901ll addehathinu pettant labikkukayum athe varsham thanne mainile watervilleyile waterville irumbu varkkil neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna aadyathe logue holler nirmmikkukayum cheythu. mothatthil, uthppaadanam poornnamaayum aantharika jwalana enchinil pravartthikkunna yanthrangalilekku marria 1917 vare 83 lombard steem logue hollarukal nirmmichathaayi ariyappedunnu, 1934 ll fairbankukal deesal power yoonittil avasaanichu. alvin lombard tractor krolarinte aadyathe vaanijya nirmmaathaavaayirikkaam.
lombaardinte neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna yanthrangalilonnenkilum pravartthana kramatthil thudarunnu. augustayile maine stettu myoosiyathil petrolil pravartthikkunna oru lombard hollar pradarshippichittundu. koodaathe, lombardil ninnulla licensinu keezhil nirmmicha steem logue hollarinte erattiyolam phoenix sentipped pathippukal thirashcheena silindarukalkku pakaram lambamayirikkaam. 1903-ll holt maanufaakcharinginte sthaapakanaaya benchamin holt thante pettantinu keezhil vahanangal nirmmikkanulla avakaashathinaayi 60,000 dollar nalki.
honsby & sansu (1904) ezhuthiya steef cheyin.
ekadesham athe samayam thanne oru britiish kaarshika kambaniyaaya hoonbi inn graandam 1905-ll pettant nediya oru thudarchayaaya track vikasippichu. roopakalppana aadhunika tracukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu, athu oru dishayil maathram valanju, athinte falamaayi linkukal orumichu pootti rooad chakrangal oodunna oru soolid reyil roopappeduthi. 1905num 1910num idayil britiish sainyam niravadhi thavana honbiyude track cheytha vahanangal peeranki tractorukalaayi pareekshichuvenkilum avaa sweekarichirunnilla. 
aadhunika croller pravartthanatthinte adisthaanamaaya track-stiyar clutch krameekaranatthinu hoonbi tractorukal thudakkamittu. pettant holt vaangi.
holt caterpillarum.
hoonbi crollerile pareekshanangalil ninnu "kaattarpillar" enna peru oru sainikanil ninnaan vannath, 1907 joolaiyil aldershottil pareekshanangal aarambhichu. sainikar udan thanne 70bhp nambar 2 mesheenu 'kaattarpillar' ennu perittu."
holt thante "croller" tractors aaa peru sweekarichu. holt neeraavil ninnu gasoline upayogichu pravartthikkunna designukalilekku neengaan thudangi, 1908 ll "holt model 40 kaattarpillar" puratthirakki. holt holt kaattarpillar kambani samyojippichu, 1910-nte thudakkathil, aaa varsham thanne thudarchayaaya trackukalkku "kaattarpillar" enna peru vyaapaaramudrayaayi.
1925ll holt nirmmaana kambaniyum sii. sii. yum layippichaan kaattarpillar tractor kambani aarambhichath. ell. croller tractorukalude aadyakaala vijayakaramaya nirmmathaavaaya mikacha tractor kambani.
1977-ll kaattarpillar dii10 upayogichu, kaattarpillar holt aandu bestt, hye-prokkatt drive, hye drive ennariyappedunna oru roopakalppana punarujjeevippichu, ithu pradhana drive shaftine graundu shokkukalil ninnum azhukkukalil ninnum akattinirthunnathinte nettamaayirunnu.
avaa ippozhum avayude valia doserukalil upayogikkunnu.
manjumoodiya vahanangal.
1908-leeii oru memmoraandatthil, antartic paryavekshakanaaya roobert faalkkan scott dakshinadhruvathilekku manushyane kondupokunnathu asaadhyamaanennum motor traction aavasyamaanennum thante kaazhchappaad avatharippichu. ennirunnaalum, manju vahanangal ithuvare nilavilundaayirunnilla, athinaal addehathinte enchineeyar reginald skelton manju prathalangalkkayi oru kaattarpillar track enna ashayam vikasippichu. swittsarlandilum norwayilum pareekshicha eee track cheytha motorukal birminghamile volsley toolum motor kaar kambaniyum nirmmichathaanu, herbert pontinginte 1911 leeii skottinte antartic terra nova paryaveshanatthinte documentary chithratthil ithu kaananakum. 1912-leeii paryaveshanatthinide scott marichu, ennaal paryaveshana amgavum jeevacharitrakaaranumaaya apsley cherry-garrard skottinte "motorukal" britiish onnaam lokamahaayudha tankukalkku prachodanamaayathaayi ezhuthi "scott orikkalum avarude yadhaartha saadhyathakal arinjirunnilla; kaaranam avar fraansile 'taankukalude' nerittulla poorvvikar aayirunnu."
ennirunnaalum, kaalakramena, skee slope grooming mesheenukal, snomobileukal, ennamatta vaanijya, sainika vahanangal ennivayulppede manjinum manjinum vendi vipulamaaya vahanangal vikasippichu.
sainika aaplikkeshan.
britiish prototype tank littil villiyile oru sainika vaahanathilaanu thudarchayaaya track aadyamaayi prayogichathu. britiish armi officermaaraaya kenal ernest swintan, kenal mouris hankey ennivarkku mesheen gann vedivayppil ninnu samrakshanam nalkaan kazhiyunna oru poratta vahanam vikasippikkaan kazhiyumennu bodhyappettu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, britiish, austro-hangarian sainyangal kanatha peerankikal valichedukkaanum niravadhi rajyangalil taankukalude vikasanathinu uthejanam nalkaanum holt tractorukal upayogichu. grettu brittan nirmmicha maarkk I, aadyam muthal roopakalppana cheythathum holtil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathum ennaal nerittu adisthaanamaakkiyumlathallathu taankukalaanu. alpam kazhinju franch, jarmman taankukal parishkaricha holt running gearil nirmmichu.
pettant charithram.
thudarchayaaya tracukalude "srashtaavu" aaraanennathinecholli pettantukalude oru neenda nira tharkkangal. track idunna samvidaanam nedaan shramicha niravadhi designukal undaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum eee designukal saadhaaranayaayi aadhunika track cheytha vaahanangalumaayi saamyamullavayalla.
1877-ll russian kandupiduthakkaranaaya feoder abramovich blinov kuthiravandi valikkunna "vaagan moved oonn intiliyent reyilukal" enna track cheytha vahanam srishtichu, athinu adutha varsham pettant labhichu. 1881-1888 ll addeham neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna kaattarpillar tractor srishtichu. svayam sanjarikkunna eee croller 1896-ll oru karshakarude pradarshanatthil vijayakaramaayi pareekshikkukayum pradarshippikkukayum cheythu.
scientific american", vaaranile chaals dinsmoor parayunnathanusarichu, pensylvania ananthamaaya tracukalil oru "vahanam" kandupidichu, pettant illa. 1886 november 2nuu 351,749. eee lekhanam ananthamaaya gaanangalekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkunnu. 
alvin oo. vadakkukizhakkan american ikyanaadukalilum canadayilum marapattakal valikkunnathinayi munvashath sled steerejum pinnil chrollerukalum ulla oru saadhaarana railway steem locomotivinu samanamaaya lombard steem logue hollarinu 1901 ll maine lombard steem logue hollarinu pettant nalki. shaithyakaalath pulp nadikalilekku kondupokaan hollermar anuvadichu. athinumumbu, manjinte aazham kondupokaan asaadhyamaakkunnathuvare maathrame kuthirakale upayogikkaan kazhiyoo. lombard vaanijya uthppaadanam aarambhichu, athu 1917 vare neenduninnu, appol focus poornnamaayum gasoline power mesheenukalilekku maari. mainsile augustayile mine stettu myoosiyathil petrolil pravartthikkunna oru hollar pradarshippichittundu.
lombard pravartthanam aarambhichathinusesham, englandile hoonbi kuranjathu rund poornna neelamulla "track stiyar" mesheenukalenkilum nirmmichu, avayude pettant pinneedu 1913 ll holt vaangi, ithu croller tractorinte "kandupiduthakkaaran" ennu avakashappedaan holtine anuvadichu. tank" oru britiish aashayamaayathinaal, avarude sainyathin nirmmikkukayum paraajayappedukayum cheytha honbiyaanu prachodanam.
ethiraaliyaaya croller builder bestt ulppetta oru pettant tharkkathil, lombard ulppedeyullavaril ninnu holt oru padinjaaran samsthaanathekku ayacha lombard logue hollar parishodhichathaayi saakshyam nalki, avar pinneedu lombardil ninnulla licensinu keezhil visconsinile yuu clairil phoenix logue hollar nirmmikkum. phoenix centipeedil saadhaaranayaayi oru fancier wood kyab undaayirunnu, steering wheel thirashcheena silindarukalkku pakaram 45 digri konilum lambamaayum munnott pooyi.
lyne.
athinidayil, pazhaya pattanatthile hollman haari (flannery) linninayi lombard oru petrolin power motor hoome nirmmichu, thante naayayudeyum kuthirayudeyum shoyude upakarana vaagan valikkaan, oru trolley kaarinu samaanamaayi, munnil chakrangalum pinnil lombard chrollerukalum maathram. ithinu munbu petrol, neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna vaahanangalum aarr wheel driveukalum pareekshicha lyne oru ghattathil demonstrator, mechanic, sails ejantu ennee nilakalil lombaardinte joliyil praveshichu. pazhaya manoharamaaya thadi paalangalile prasnangal kaaranam 1909-ll valia motor hoome maattisthaapikkunnathina trisikil krameekaranatthinte orotta rear track cheytha gasoline power rooad enchin nirmmichathinu sesham pettant avakaashangalude udamasthaavakaashathekkurichu chodyathinu ithu kaaranamaayi. eee tharkkam lyne maine vidukayum haff track tharam, gasoline, pinneedu deesal power ennivayude swatantra suspensionodukoodiya flexible laag tread allengil crollerine thudarnnu mechappetta kondoor nirmmikkunnathinayi newyorkkile morisilekku maarukayum cheythu. 1917num 1946num idayil sainika upayogathinaayi niravadhi saadhanangal vitharanam cheythenkilum linnin orikkalum valia sainika utharavukalonnum labhichilla. 1917num 1952num edayilulla uthppaadanathinte bhooribhaagavum, ekadesham 2500 unitukal, haiway vakuppukalkkum kararukaarkkum nerittu vittu. steel traakkukalum payload seshiyum eee yanthrangale bhoopradeshathu pravartthikkaan anuvadichu, ithu 1930 kalude madhyathinu munbu nilavilundaayirunna mosham gunanilavaaramulla rubber tayarukal upayogashoonyamaayi karangano poornnamaayum keerano kaaranamakum.
graamapradesangalil eee sambradaayam sweekarikkunnathinumbu onpathu adii steel vii-ploy iruvashathum pathinaar adii krameekarikkavunna leveling chirakukalumulla lyne manju neekkam cheiyunnathil oru thudakkakkaaranaayirunnu. haiway samvidaanam nadappaathayaakkikkazhinjaal, tayar designukal mechappeduthi sajjeekarichirikkunna naalu wheel drive trekkukalkku manjuveezhcha nadatthaam, koodaathe maram murikkal, khananam, anakkett nirmmaanam, artic paryavekshanam muthalaayavaykkaayi lyne oru oof haiway vaahanamaayi maari.
enchiniyaring.
nirmmanavum pravartthanavum.
aadhunika trackukal nirmmichirikkunnathu modular cheyin linkukalil ninnaan, avaa orumichu oru clossed cheyin roopappeduthunnu. linkukal oru keel upayogichu bandhippichirikkunnu, ithu track vazhakkamullathakkaanum ananthamaaya oru lupe undakkaan oru koottam chakrangal chuttaanum anuvadikkunnu. cheyin linkukal palappozhum vishaalamaan, uyarnna shakti, kaadinyam, urachilinulla prathirodham ennivaykkaayi manganese aloy steel upayogichu nirmmikkam.
track nirmmanavum assembly nirnnayikkunnath aaplikkeshanaanu. track bharam kuraykkunnathinu sainika vahanangal shringalayude gadanayude avibhaajya gadakamaaya track shhoo upayogikkunnu. bharam kurayunnathu vaahanathe vegathil neengaan anuvadikkukayum gathagatham eluppamaakkunnathinu vaahanathinte mothatthilulla bharam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. trackinte bharam poornnamaayum kurayaathathinaal, trackinte aakkam ganyamaaya vegathayil ithu kuraykkunnathu suspension prakadanam mechappeduthunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, kaarshika, nirmmaana vahanangal bolttukal upayogichu shringalayil gadippikkukayum shringalayude gadanayude bhagamaakaathirikkukayum cheiyunna shoos ulla oru track thiranjedukkunnu. ithu vaahanathinte neengaanulla kazhivine vittuveezhcha cheyyaathe track shoos takarkkaan anuvadikkukayum uthppaadanakshamatha kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal trackinteyum vaahanathinteyum mothatthilulla bharam vardhippikkunnu.
niravadhi rooad veelukal allengil bogikal ennu vilikkunna chakrangalude koottam vazhi vaahanathinte bharam trackinte thaazhathe neelatthilekku maattunnu. track cheytha nirmmaana upakaranagalil saadhaaranayaayi kuranja vegathayil maathram sanjarikkunnathinaal suspension illengilum, sainika vahanangalil rooad veelukal saadhaaranayaayi eathenkilum tharatthilulla suspensionil gadippichu parukkan nilatthinu mukaliloode sawari cheiyunnu. sainika vaahanangalile suspension design vikasanathinte oru pradhana mekhalayaanu; valare aadyakaala designukal palappozhum poornnamaayum aprasakthamaayirunnu. pinneedu vikasippicha rooad wheel suspension springs upayogichu eathaanum inch yaatra maathrame vaagdaanam cheythirunnulloo, athesamayam aadhunika hydro-numatic samvidaanangal niravadhi adii yaatra anuvadikkukayum shock absorberukal ulppeduthukayum cheiyunnu. tortion-baar suspension sainika vahana suspensionte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya tharamaayi mariyirikkunnu. nirmmaana vaahanangalkk cheria rooad veelukalundu, avaa praadhamikamaayi track paalam thettunnath thadayunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheythittullavayaanu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi nishkriya chakravum chilappol sprokkattum ulppedunna orotta bogiyil adangiyirikkunnu.
overlapping rooad veelukal.
randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathe pala jarmman sainika vaahanangalum, thudakkathil (1930kalude avasaanam muthal), yadhaarthathil haff tracukalaayum pinneedu ellah tank designukalaayum roopakalppana cheythirunna ellah vaahanangalum (pancer IV nuu sesham), slack track samvidaanangal undaayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi munvashath sthaapicha drive sprocket, track ovarlaappinginte roopakalppanayude mukaliloode madangukayum chilappol parasparam liv cheytha valia vyaasamulla rooad veelukal, tiger I, paanthar taankukalude suspension sisttangalil pole, jarmman bhashayil saadhaaranayaayi "scatchtelloufwerk" (interleave allengil overlapping running gear) enna peril ariyappedunna haff track, poornnamaayum track cheytha vahanangal. trackinte akathum puratthum marimari pinthunaykkunna, oro axilinum otta allengil chilappol eratta chakrangalulla suspensionukalum oro axilinum rando moonno rooad chakrangalulla interleave suspensionukalum trackiloode looad vitharanam cheiyunnathaayirunnu.
overlapping/interleave rooad veelukalude thiranjeduppu alppam kooduthal transwers-ooriyanteshan tortion baar suspension amgangale upayogikkaan anuvadichu, atharam sajjeekaranamulla eathu jarmman track cheytha sainika vahanathinum velluvili niranja bhoopradeshathu sradheyamaaya sugamamaya sawari nadatthaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu ksheenam kuraykkunnathilekku nayikkunnu, ithu kooduthal traction kooduthal krithyamaaya theeyum urappaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, russian frondil, overlapping chakrangalkkidayil cheliyum manjum kettikkidakkukayum vahanam maravippikkukayum nischalamaakkukayum cheyyum. oru track cheytha vahanam neengumbol, oro chakratthinteyum looad trackinu mukaliloode neengunnu, bhoomiyude aaa bhaagamo athinu thaazheyulla manjo thaazhekku thallunnu, chakrangalulla vaahanathin samaanamaayi, pakshe oru paridhivare tread looad vitharanam cheyyaan sahayikkunnathinaal. chila prathalangalil, vaahanathinte vegatha ganyamaayi kuraykkaan ithu mathiyaya oorjjam upayogikkum. ovarlaappu cheythathum interleave cheythathumaaya chakrangal track kooduthal thulyamaayi looad cheiyunnathiloode prakadanam (indhana upabhogam ulppede) mechappeduthunnu. ithu tracukaludeyum orupakshe chakrangaludeyum ayuss vardhippichirikkanam. chakrangal shathrukkalude theepidutthatthil ninnu vaahanathe nannayi samrakshikkukayum chila chakrangal illaathaakumbol chalanathmakatha mechappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusesham thaarathamyena sankeernamaaya eee sameepanam upayogichittilla. ithu yadhaartha chelavinekkaal attakuttappanikalumaayi bandhappettirikkam. tortion baarukalum bairingukalum varandathum vrithiyullathumaayi thudaraamenkilum chakrangalum tread cheli, manal, parakal, manju, mattu prathalangal ennivayil pravartthikkunnu. koodaathe, akathe chakrangalilekku praveshikkaan puram chakrangal (avayil onpathu vare, chilath eratta) neekkam cheyyendivannu. moonnaam lokamahaayudhathil, vahanangal nasippikkappedunnathino pidichedukkunnathino munbu kurachu maasangal paripaalikkendivannuvel samaadhaanakaalath, pathittaandukalude kaalayalavil vahanangal niravadhi jeevanakkaare parisheelippikkendathundu.
train oodikkuka.
traakkilekkulla power kaimaattam cheiyunnathu motor oodikkunna oru drive wheel allengil "drive sprocket" vazhiyaan, track linkukalile dwaarangalilo track oodikkaan avayil pegukalilo edapazhakunnu. sainika vahanangalil, drive wheel saadhaaranayaayi nilatthe kondaakt eriyaykku mukalil gadippichirikkunnu, ithu sthaanathu urappikkaan anuvadikkunnu. kaarshika ezhayaduppangalil ithu saadhaaranayaayi bogiyude bhaagamaayi ulppeduthunnu. sprokkattil suspension sthaapikkunnathu saadhyamaan, pakshe yaanthrikamaayi kooduthal sankeernamaanu. oru noonn-power wheel, oru "ideler", trackinte ethir attathu sthaapikkunnu, praadhamikamaayi trackine pirimurukkathilaakkaan, kaaranam ayanja track chakrangalil ninnu eluppathil eriyanakum (vazhuthippokum). eriyunnathu thadayunnathinaayi, track linkukalude aantharika uparithalathil saadhaaranayaayi lambamaya guide honukal edapazhakunna kuzhikalo eratta roadinum nishkriya/sprocket chakrangalkkum edayilulla vidavukaloo undu. pinn sprokkattulla sainika vahanangalil, thadassangal marikadakkaan anuvadikkunnathinu nishkriya chakram rooad chakrangalekkaal uyarathil sthaapikkunnu. chila track krameekaranangal trackinte mukalbhagam drive sprockettinum idelarinum idayil nere pravarthippikkaan ritten rollerukal upayogikkunnu. slack track" ennu vilikkappedunna mattullava, valia rooad chakrangalude mukaliloode track thaazhekku pathikkaan anuvadikkunnu. ithu kristee suspensionte oru savisheshathayaayirunnu, ithu slock track sajjeekarichirikkunna mattu vaahanangale idaykkide thettayi thirichariyaan kaaranamaayi.
steering.
thudarchayaaya track vahanangal vaahanathinte oru vashath mattethinekkaal kooduthalo kuravo drive tork prayogichukondu nayikkunnu, ithu vividha reethikalil nadappilakkaan kazhiyum.
"live", "dedd" track.
traakkukale "live" allengil "dedd" track ennu vishaalamaayi tharamthirikkaam. "oro track plettum backie hinch-type pinnukal upayogichu bandhippichirikkunna oru lalithamaaya roopakalppanayaanu "dedd" track. eee dedd trackukal nilathu sthaapichaal parannukidakkum; drive sprocket trackle ninnulla sahayamillaathe track chakrangalkk chuttum valikkunnu. "live" track alppam kooduthal sankeernamaanu, oro link aduthathilekku oru bushing vazhi bandhippichirikkunnathil track cheruthaayi akathekku valayunnu. nilathu avasheshikkunna live trackinte dairkhyam oro attatthum cheruthaayi mukalilekku churungum. drive sprocket ippozhum chakrangalkk chuttum track valikkendathundenkilum, track thanne akathekku valayunnu, ithu sprokkattine cheruthaayi sahayikkukayum chakrangalumaayi oru paridhivare poruthappedukayum cheiyunnu.
rubber track paadukal.
nadappaathakalilulla prathalangalile yaatra kooduthal vegathilum sugamamaayum nishabdamaayum mechappeduthunnathinna tracukalil palappozhum rubber paadukal sajjeekarichirikkunnu. eee paadukal oru vaahanathinte cross-kantri traction cheruthaayi kuraykkumbol, avaa eathenkilum nadappaathaykku kedupaadukal varuthunnathu thadayunnu. chila paadu samvidaanangal cross-kantri sainika poraattatthinu eluppathil neekkam cheiyunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
rubber trackukal.
1980kalude avasaanam muthal pala nirmmaathaakkalum urukkinu pakaram rubber trackukal nalkunnu, prathyekichu kaarshika aavasyangalkkaayi. link cheytha steel plettukal kondu nirmmicha trackinu pakaram, chevron treadukalulla oru shakthippeduthiya rubber beltt upayogikkunnu.
urukk tracukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, rubber trackukal bharam kuranjathum aantharika gharshanathil kuranja vaidyuthi paazhakkunnathum shabdam kuraykkunnathum pakka roadukalkk kedupaadukal varuthaathathumaan. ennirunnaalum, mardhavum track plettukalude kadinamaaya samvidaanavum, prathyekichu spring loducheytha "live" trackukal thulyamakkaan kazhiyaathathinal avaa chakrangalkk thaazhe "kooduthal" graundu marddam adichelppikkunnu. mattoru poraayma, avaa tracukalil verpeduthaan kazhiyaathathinal attakuttappanikal nadatthaan kazhiyilla ennathaanu, orikkal kedupaadukal sambhavichaal avaa mothatthil upekshikkendathundu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathil pakuthi tracukalkkaayi upayogichirunnathupola muun beltt polulla samvidaanangal athra shakthamallaathavayaayirunnu, sainika pravarthanangalil avaa eluppathil kedupaadukal varuthi. aadyathe rubber track adolph kegres kandupidichu nirmmikkukayum 1913 ll pettant nedukayum cheythu; charitraparamaaya pashchaathalatthil rubber traakkukale palappozhum kegres trackukal ennu vilikkunnu. rubber track cheytha aadyathe kaarshika track 1945-1948 leeii olivar phaam upakaranangal aayirunnu, athu athinte kaalathekkaal munnilaayirunnu, cheria thothilulla uthppaadanam maathrame kandulloo.
poraaymakal.
tracukalude poraaymakal kuranja topp speed, valare valia mechanical sankeernnatha, hrasvamaaya ayuss, avaa kadannupokunna uparithalathinu avayude ellah steel pathippukalum undaakkunna kedupaadukal ennivayaanu avaa palappozhum pultthakidikal, charal roadukal, kaarshika paadangal thudangiya uracha bhoopradeshangalkk kedupaadukal varuthunnu, kaaranam trackinte moorchayulla arikukal turfine eluppathil marikadakkunnu. athanusarichu, vahana niyamangalkkum praadeshika oordinansukalkkum palappozhum rubber tracukaloo track paadukalo aavasyamaanu. ellah steelukalum ellah rubber traakkukalum thammilulla oru vittuveezhcha nilavilunda vyakthigatha track linkukalilekku rubber paadukal gadippikkunnathu thudarchayaaya track vaahanangalkk pakka prathalangalil kooduthal sugamamaayum vegathilum nishabdamaayum sanjarikkaan kazhiyumennu urappaakkunnu. eee paadukal oru vaahanathinte cross-kantri traction cheruthaayi kuraykkumbol, sidhaanthathil avaa eathenkilum nadappaathaykku kedupaadukal varuthunnathu thadayunnu.
koodaathe, oru trackile orotta segment nashtappedunnathu muzhuvan vahanatheyum nischalamaakkunnu, ithu uyarnna vishwaasyatha pradhaanamaaya saahacharyangalil oru poraymayaayirikkum. trackukalkku avarude guide veelukal, idelerukal allengil sprokkattukal ennivayil ninnu oodikkaan kazhiyum, ithu avaye jaam cheyyaano guide sisttathil ninnu poornnamaayum akannupokaano kaaranamakum (ithine 'throw' track ennu vilikkunnu). gathagathakkurukku anubhavappedunna trackukal valare irukiyirikkaam, attakuttappanikal saadhyamaakunnathin munbu track thakarkkendivannekkaam, ithinu sphodakavasthukkalo prathyeka upakaranangalo aavasyamaanu. udaaharanathinu, 8 x 8 sainika vahanangal, adisthaana chakra paatten, drive train ennivaye aashrayich onno athiladhikamo noonn-sequential chakrangal nashtappettathinusheshavum palappozhum oodikkunnathu thudaraam.
deerghakaala upayogam drive transmissionilum tracukalude mechanicsilum valia sammarddam cheluthunnu, avaa pathivayi naveekarikkukayo maattisthaapikkukayo venam. tank transporter allengil train polulla chakravaahinikkappal vazhi deerghadooram track cheytha buldosarukal allengil taankukal polulla vahanangal saadhaaranamaanu, ennirunnaalum saankethika purogathi track cheytha sainika vaahanangalkkidayil eee reethi mumbathethinekkaal kuravaanu.
nilavile nirmmathaakkal.
agco, liber group, joonn deere, yanmar, nyoo holland, kubota, cases, kaattarpillar ink thudangiya valia tractor kambanikalaanu munnira nirmmaathaakkalkk pakaram vaykkunnathu., klaas. koodaathe, nikhe maarkkattukalil vaidagdhyamulla chila croller tractor kambanikalum undu. udaaharanagal oottar emm. eph. jii. aanu. qoo. korppareshane aakramichu.1990 kalude pakuthi muthal american matrex sthaapanamaaya minnesottayil ninnu niravadhi chakra vahana parivartthana kittukal labhyamaan.
russian oof-rooad vahanangal nirmmikkunnath isadjidi, vityas thudangiya kambanikalaanu.

