premoter courtex

praadhamika motor courtexinte munvashath thalachorinte frondall lobinullil sthithicheyyunna motor courtexinte oru pradesamaanu premoter courtex. broadmaante pradesham 6-nte bhagamaanu ithu. kurangukalum manushyarum ulppedeyulla praimettukalilaanu ithu pradhaanamaayum padikkappettittullath. premoter courtexinte pravartthanangal vaividyamaarnnathum poornnamaayum manassilaakkappedaathumaanu. ithu sushumna naadiyilekku nerittu prakshepanam cheiyunnu, athinaal shareerathinte thumbikkai peshikalkk aapekshika oonnal nalkikkond perumaattatthinte nerittulla niyanthranatthil oru punk vahichekkaam. chalanatthinte aasoothranathilum chalanatthinte speshyal maargganirddeshathilum chalanatthinte censory maargganirddeshathilum mattullavarude pravartthanangal manasilaakkunnathilum nirddishta jolikal nirvahikkaan amoortha niyamangal upayogikkunnathilum ithu oru punk vahichekkaam. premoter courtexinte vyathyastha upavibhaagangalkk vyathyastha gunangalundu, avaa vyathyastha pravarthanangalkku oonnal nalkunnundaakaam. primery motor courtexil srishtikkappedunna naadi signalukal primery motor courtexil srishtikkunna vyathiriktha paattenukalekkaal valare sankeernamaaya chalana reethikalkku kaaranamaakunnu.
ghadana.
cerebral ardhagolathinte parshwa uparithalathil sthithi cheiyunna broadman eriya 6-nte bhagamaanu premoter courtex. ardhagolathinte madhyanira uparithalathile eriya 6-nte madhya vipuleekaranam, supplementary motor eriya allengil smaude sthalamaanu.
rund pradhana shareeraghadana maarkkarukale adisthaanamaakki, premoter courtexine praadhamika motor courtexil ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhiyum, broadman eriya 4, athinu thottupinnilaayi. aadyam, praadhamika motor courtexil lair vii-yill betts cellukal ennariyappedunna bheeman pyramid cellukal adangiyirikkunnu, athesamayam bheeman pyramid cellukal premoter courtexil saadhaaranamallaathathum cheruthumaanu. randaamathaayi, praadhamika motor courtex agranular aannu ithinu granuel koshangalude saannidhyam adayaalappeduthiya oru paali IV illa. premoter courtex disgranular aannu athil oru mangiya paali IV adangiyirikkunnu.
premoter courtexine prefrondal courtexinte broadman eriya 46 ll ninnu, athinte munvashath, eriya 46 ll poornnamaayum roopappetta granular lair IV-nte saannidhyathaal verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. athinaal premoter courtex shareeraghadanayude adisthaanathil agranular motor courtex granular, aarr paalikalulla prefrondal courtex thammilulla parivarthanamaanu.
saitto architecture (microscopinu keezhilulla courtexinte roopam), cytohistochemistry (vividha rasavasthukkalaal karayullappol courtex prathyakshappedunna reethi), mattu mastishka pradesangalumaayulla shareeraghadana, shaareerika gunangal ennivayude adisthaanathil premoter courtexine mikacha upavibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. eee divisionukal premoter courtexinte divisionukalil chuvade samgrahichirikkunnu.
premoter courtexinte connectivity vaividyamaarnnathaanu, kaaranam bhaagikamaayi premoter courtex thanne bhinnaroopathilullathum vyathyastha upapradeshangalkk vyathyastha connectivityumaanu. saadhaaranayaayi premoter courtexinu praadhamika motor courtex, supplementary motor eriya, superior, inferior paariyettal courtex, prefrondal courtex ennivayumaayi sakthamaaya afferent (inputt), epharant (outtputtu) connectivity undu. subcortically ithu sushumna naadi, straittam, motor thaalamas ennivayilekku mattu gadanakalkkoppam prakshepanam cheiyunnu.
neurolingvistics padanatthil, ventral premoter courtex samsaarathilum maanuval aamgyangalilum motor padavalikku vidheyamaayittundu. oru bhashayil ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna aksharangalkkulla gesttaral skorukalude oru shekharamaaya oru mental silabari-functional imaging padanangalude valia thothilulla mettaa vishakalanathil ventral premoter courtexumaayi bandhippichittundu. motor kodukalile phonemic, syllable praathinidyangal verthirichariyaan roopakalppana cheytha sameepakaalathe oru ifmr patanam ventral premoter courtexil aavarthichulla silabilukalumaayulla poruthappedutthal phalangal prakadippichukondu eee kaazhchaykk kooduthal thelivukal nalki.
premoter courtex ippol saadhaaranayaayi naalu vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. aadyam ithu oru upper (allengil dorsal) premoter courtexa lover (allengil ventral) premoter courtexa thirichirikkunnu. iva oronnum thalachorinte munvashathekku (rostral premoter courtex) kooduthal pradeshamaayum pinbhaagathekku (kaudal premoter courtex) kooduthal pradeshamaayum thirichirikkunnu. oru koottam churukkezhuthukal saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu pii. emm. dii. aarr (premoter dorsal, rostral), pii. emm. dii. sii (premoter dorsal, kaudal), pii. emm. vii. aarr (premoter ventral, rostral), pii. emm. vii. sii (premoter ventral, kaudal). chila gaveshakar, prathyekichu ventral premoter mekhalakalekkurichu padikkunnavar, vyathyasthamaaya oru padaprayogam upayogikkunnu. feeld 7 allengil eph 7 ennathu pii. emm. dii. aarine soochippikkunnu; eph 2 = pii. emm. dii. sii; eph 5 = pii. emm. vii. aarr; eph 4 = pii. emm. vii. sii.
premoter courtexinte eee upavibhagangal yadhaarthathil vivarikkappedukayum praadhamikamaayi kurangante thalachoril padikkukayum cheiyunnu. manushya masthishkathinte bhagangalumaayi avaa engane poruthappedumenno manushya masthishkathile samghadana alppam vyathyasthamaano enno ithuvare vyakthamalla.
pii. emm. dii. sii sii.
athicheral nayikkunnathil pii. emm. dii. sii vahikkunna pankinekkurichu palappozhum padikkappedunnu. pii. emm. dii. siyile neuronukal athumbol sajeevamaan. oru kendra sthaanathu ninnu oru koottam lakshyasthaanangalilekk ethaan kurangukale parisheelippikkumbol, pii. emm. dii. siyile neuronukal athicheraanulla thayyaareduppilum athicherumbol thanne sajeevamaan. avaa vishaalamaayi tyoon cheythirikkunnu, athicheraanulla oru dishayilekku mikacha reethiyil prathikarikkunnu, vyathyastha dishakalilekku nannayi prathikarikkunnilla. perumatta samaya skailil pii. emm. dii. siyude vaidyutha uthejanam thool, kaii, kaii ennivayude sankeernamaaya chalanathinu kaaranamaakumenn report cheyyappettu, ithu pidikkaan thayyaaredukkumbol thuranna kaii kondu athicherunnathinu samaanamaan.
pii. emm. dii. aarr aarr.
ekapaksheeyamaaya censory stimulikale nirddishta chalanangalumayi bandhappeduthunnathino ekapaksheeyamaaya prathikarana niyamangal padikkunnathino pii. emm. dii. aarr. pankedukkaam. eee ardhathil ithu mattu motor courtex feeldukalekkaal prefrondal cortexinode saamyamullathaayirikkam. kanninte chalanavumaayi ithinu chila bandhamundakaam. pii. emm. dii. aarile vaidyutha uthejanam kanninte chalanangalkk kaaranamaakukayum pii. emm. dii. aarile neuronal pravartthanam kanninte chalanatthiloode modulate cheyyaan kazhiyukayum cheyyum.
pii. emm. vii. sii sii.
chalanatthinte censory maargganirddeshathil athinte pankinekkurichu pii. emm. vii. sii allengil eph 4 palappozhum padikkunnu. sparsana uthejakangal, drishya uthejakangal, shravana uthejakangal ennivayodu prathikarikkunnavayaan ividathe neuronukal. eee neuronukal sareerathinu chuttumulla peripezhsanal space ennu vilikkappedunna sthalathulla vasthukkalodu prathyekichum sensitiivu aanu. eee neuronukalude vaidyutha uthejanam shareerathinte uparithalathe samrakshikkunnathupole vyakthamaaya prathirodha chalanathinu kaaranamaakunnu. sareerathinu chuttum surakshayude oru marjin nilanirthunnathinum aduthulla vasthukkalumayi bandhappett chalanathe nayikkunnathinum eee premoter mekhala oru valia sarkyoottinte bhagamaayirikkaam.
pii. emm. vii. aarr aarr.
pidikkumbozhum kaiyum vaayayum thammilulla edapedalukalilum kaii roopappeduthunnathil athinte pankinekkurichu pii. emm. vii. aarr allengil thalachorile palappozhum padikkunnu. oru perumatta samaya skailil uthejanam prayogikkumbol, prayogikkumbol chila bhaagangalenkilum vaidyutha uthejanam, kaii vaayilekk neengukayum oru pidippil adaykkukayum, pidi vaayaykk abhimukhamaayi, kazhuthu kaikk nere vinyasikkaan thiriyukayum, vaaya thurakkukayum cheiyunna oru sankeernamaaya chalanathe unarthunnu.
kurangante thalachorile thalachorile pradeshathu resolaty sahapravarthakarum chernnaanu mirror neuronukal aadyamaayi kandethiyathu. kurangan oru vasthuvine pidikkumbol eee neuronukal sajeevamaan. ennittum oru pareekshanakaari oru vasthuvine athe reethiyil pidikkunnathu kurangan kaanumbol athe neuronukal sajeevamaakunnu. athinaal neuronukal censory, motor ennivayaanu. swantham motor kantrol sarcuteukal upayogichu aantharikamaayi pravartthanangal anukarikkunnathiloode mattullavarude pravartthanangal manasilakkunnathinulla oru adisthaanamaayi mirror neuronukal nirddeshikkappedunnu.
charithram.
motor courtaxinecurichulla aadyakaala pravarthanangalil, motor niyanthranatthil ulppedunna oru courtical feeld maathrame gaveshakar thiricharinjittulloo. 1905-leeii campbellanu oru "primery" motor courtex oru "intermediat presentral" motor courtex enningane rund feeldukal undaakaamenn aadyamaayi soochippichathu. addehathinte kaaranagal pradhaanamaayum saitto architecturonicsine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. praadhamika motor courtexil "betts cellukal" ennariyappedunna bheeman koshakosangalulla koshangal adangiyirikkunnu. aduthulla courtexil betts koshangal apoorvamo illaatheyo aanu.
samanamaaya maanadandangalil 1909-ll broadman thante eriya 4 (primery motor courtexumaayi coextensive), eriya 6 (premoter courtexumaayi coextensive) enniva thammil verthirichu.
motor courtexine oru praadhamika motor courtexa (eriya 4) athinaduthulla uyarnna oordar motor courtexa (eriya 6) vibhajichirikkukayaanennum 1919-ll vogtum vogtum nirddeshichu. koodaathe, avarude akkoundil, eriya 6 neey 6a (dorsal bhagam), 6b (ventral bhagam) enningane vibhajikkaam. dorsal bhaagathe bhaagathe (praadhamika motor cortexinode chernnulla oru pinbhagam), pinbhagam) (prefrondal cortexinode chernnulla oru munbhagam) enningane veendum vibhajikkaam. eee courtical feeldukal oru shreni roopeekarichu, athil 6a-beetta ettavum sankeernamaaya thalatthil chalanathe niyanthrichu, 6a-alfaik intermediat gunangalundaayirunnu, praadhamika motor courtex ettavum lalithamaaya thalatthil chalanathe niyanthrichu. athinaal vogtum vogtum oru kaudal kaudal, oru rostral rostral premoter courtex ennivayude aashayathinte yadhaartha uravidamaanu.
1935-ll fulttan 4-aamm eriyayile shareerathinte praadhamika motor mappum 6-aamm eriyayile uyarnna oordar premoter courtex thammilulla vyathyasam urappikkaan sahayichu. kurangukalile kshata padanangalil ninnaan addehathinte pradhana thelivukal labhichathu. premoter" enna padam evide ninnaan vannathenno aaraan ithu aadyam upayogichathenno vyakthamalla, ennaal fulttan eee padam janapriyamakki.
premoter courtaxinecurichulla oru munnariyipp, athinte padanatthinte thudakkathil sradhichittullathaanu, premoter courtex primery motor courtex thammilulla shreni kevalamalla ennathaanu. pakaram premoter courtex primery motor courtex sushumna naadiyilekku nerittu prakshepanam cheiyunnu, mattonninte abhaavathil polum chalanathe niyantrikkaanulla chila kazhivukal oronninum undu. athinaal, rund courtical feeldukalum karsanamaaya shreniyil pravarthikkunnathinekkaal bhaagikamaayi samaantharamaayi pravartthikkunnu. eee samanthara bandham 1919 ll thanne vogtum vogtum rekhappeduthukayum fulttan oonnipparayukayum cheythu.
1937-ll penfield oru premoter courtex enna ashayathodu viyojichu. oru primery motor oru premoter eriyayum thammil pravarthanaparamaaya vyathyaasamillenn addeham nirddeshichu. addehathinte kazhchappadil randum ore bhoopadatthinte bhagamaanu. bhoopadatthinte ettavum pinbhagam, eriya 4 ll, kaiykkum viralukalkkum oonnal nalki, eriya 6 ll ettavum munbhagam, purakinteyum kazhuthinteyum peshikalkk oonnal nalki.
1956ll kurangukalile motor mapp padicha woolsey primery motor premoter courtex thammil vyathyaasamillenn vishwasichu. praadhamika motor courtex premoter courtex ulkkollunna nirddishta single maappin addeham emm 1 enna padam upayogichu. ippol supplementary motor eriya ennariyappedunna medial motor courtexinu addeham emm 2 enna padam upayogichu. (chilappol aadhunika avalokanangalil m1 praadhamika motor courtexumaayi thettayi thulyamaakkunnu.)
manushya masthishkathekkurichula penfieldinteyum kurangante thalachorinekkurichulla voolsiyudeyum eee kruthi kanakkiledukkumbol, 1960-kalode praadhamika motor courtexil ninnu vyathyasthamayi oru laattaral premoter courtex enna ashayam pradhaanamaayum saahithyathil ninnu aprathyakshamaayi. pakaram pakaram ennathu shareerathinte orotta bhoopadamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, orupakshe sankeernamaaya gunangalullathum, central salkkasinoppam krameekarichirikkunnathikum.
punarjanmam.
oru prathyeka premoter courtexinte sidhaantham sidhaantham veendum uyarnnuvarikayum athu yaadhaarthyamaavukayum cheythu. aduthulla praadhamika motor courtexil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya gunangalundennu kaanichukondu premoter courtex sthaapikkaan niravadhi pradhana gaveshanangal sahayichu.
rolandum sahapravarthakarum dorsal premoter courtex manushyarile supplementary motor eriyayum padichu, athesamayam thalachorile rakthayottam poositroon emission scanneril nireekshichu. aalukal vaakkalulla nirddeshangal paalikkunnath polulla sankeernamaaya censory-guided chalanagal nadathumbol, dorsal premoter courtexil kooduthal rakthayottam alakkapettu. aalukal aantharikamaayi chalanangalude vegathayulla kramangal nirmmikkumbol, supplementary motor eriyayil kooduthal rakthayottam alakkapettu. oru vasthuvine kaikondu sparshikkunnath polulla cheria aasoothranam aavasyamulla lalithamaaya chalanagal aalukal nadathumbol, rakthayottam praadhamika motor courtexil kooduthal parimithamaayirunnu. praadhamika motor courtex lalithamaaya chalanatthinte nirvvahanathil kooduthal ulppettirunnu, premoter courtex censory guided chalanatthil kooduthal ulppettirunnu, koodaathe anubandha motor eriya aantharikamaayi srishtikkappetta chalanangalil kooduthal ulppettirunnu.
njaaniyum sahapravarthakarum kurangukalude dorsal premoter courtexinecurich padichu. oru censory nirddeshathinu marupadiyaayi oru chalanam nadathikkondu kaalathamasam varuthiya prathikarana dauthyam nadatthaan kurangukale parisheelippichu. task samayat, censory cuvinode prathikarikkunnathin dorsal premoter courtexile neuronukal sajeevamaavukayum kurangan nirddeshicha chalanam nadathunnathinumumbu kurachu second kaalathaamasatthilo thayyaareduppilo palappozhum sajeevamaayi thudarukayum cheythu. praadhamika motor courtexile neuronukal thayyaareduppu kaalayalavil valare kurachu pravartthanam kaanikkukayum chalana samayat maathram sajeevamakaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. soochippikkunnathanusaricha, dorsal premoter courtex chalanathinaayi aasoothranam cheiyunnathilo thayyaaredukkunnathilo kooduthal earppettirunnu, koodaathe praadhamika motor courtex chalanatthil kooduthal earppettirunnu.
resolatty sahapravarthakarum premoter courtexine saitto architectonics, rund dorsal feeldukal, rund ventral feeldukal ennivaye adisthaanamaakki naalu bhagangalaayi allengil feeldukalaayi vibhajichu. avar pinneedu ventral premoter feeldukalude gunangal padikkukayum sankeernamaaya swabhaavamulla sparsana, drishya, motor gunangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu (premoter courtexinte divisionukalil mukalil kooduthal vishadamaayi samgrahichirikkunnu).
motor courtexil kuranjathu moonnu praathinidhyangalenkilum kaii report cheyyappettu, onnu praadhamika motor courtexilum onnu ventral premoter courtexilum onnu dorsal premoter courtexilum. soochippikkunnathanusaricha, kuranjathu moonnu vyathyastha courtical feeldukalenkilum nilanilkkaam, oronnum viralukalumayum kaithandayumaayum bandhappett athintethaaya prathyeka pravartthanam nadathunnu.
ivayum mattu kaaranangalum kaaranam, laattaral motor courtexil shareerathinte orotta, lalithamaaya bhoopadam adangiyittillennum pakaram praadhamika motor courtex niravadhi premoter feeldukalum ulppede onniladhikam upavibhagangal adangiyirikkunnuvennum ippol oru samavayam uyarnnuvannittund. eee premoter feeldukalkku vyathyasthamaaya gunangalundu. chilath sushumna naadiyilekku project cheyyukayum chalana niyanthranatthil nerittu punk vahikkukayum cheythekkaam, mattullavar cheiyunnilla. eee courtical pradeshangal oru shreniyil krameekarichirikkunnathaana atho mattethenkilum sankeernamaaya bandham pankidunnundo ennathu ippozhum charcha cheyyappedunnu.
praadhamika motor courtexin premoter courtexinte codal bhaagathinum, sushumna naadiyilekku nerittu prakshepanam cheiyunna ellah pradeshangalkkum, emm 1 nte penfield, woolsey nirvachanathil ulppeduthiyittullavum, oru badal thathwamaanu grassiano sahapravarthakarum nirddeshichathu. eee badal nirddeshathil, motor courtex swaabhaavika perumatta shekharathinte oru bhoopadamaayi krameekarichirikkunnu. perumatta shekharathinte sankeernavum bahumukhavumaaya swabhaavam courtexile sankeernavum vaividhyapoornavumaaya oru bhoopadatthinu kaaranamaakunnu, athil chalana shekharathinte vividha bhagangal vividha courtical upavibhagangalil oonnipparayunnu. athicheral allengil kayattam polulla kooduthal sankeernamaaya chalanangalkk shareerabhaagangalkkidayil kooduthal ekopanam, kooduthal sankeernamaaya niyanthrana veriyabilukalude prosessing, shareerathinaduthulla sthalathe vasthukkalude nireekshanam, bhaaviyilekku niravadhi sekkantukal aasoothranam enniva aavasyamaanu. oru vasthu nediyukazhinjaal viralukal upayogichu oru vasthuvine kaikaaryam cheiyukayo vaayile oru vasthuvine kaikaaryam cheiyukayo cheyyuka polulla chalana shekharathinte mattu bhaagangalil kuranja aasoothranam, speshyal tractoryude kuranja kanakkukoottal, vyakthigatha joyint bhramanangaludeyum peshi shakthikaludeyum kooduthal niyanthranam enniva ulppedunnu. eee kazhchappadil kooduthal sankeernamaaya chalanagal, prathyekichu multy-segmental chalanagal, motor maappinte kooduthal munbhagathu oonnipparayunnu, kaaranam aaa courtex purakinteyum kazhuthinteyum peshikalkk oonnal nalkunnu, ithu sareerabhaagangal thammilulla ekopana linkai varthikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, vidooramaaya peshikalil kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkunna chalana shekharathinte lalithamaaya bhagangal kooduthal pinbhaagathe courtexil oonnipparayunnu. eee badal kazhchappadil, praadhamika motor courtexil kuranja sankeernathayude chalanangalkk oonnal nalkukayum kaudal premoter courtexil kooduthal sankeernathayude chalanangalkk oonnal nalkukayum cheiyunnundenkilum, eee vyathyasam oru niyanthrana sreniye soochippikkunnilla. pakaram, pradeshangal parasparam vyathyasthamaan, koodaathe vyathyastha swabhaavangalulla upapradeshangal adangiyirikkunnu, kaaranam swaabhaavika chalana shekharam thanne vaividyamaarnnathaanu.

