maikkal gottleab birkner

maikkal gottleab birkner (21 august 1756-1 desember 1798) oru danish purohitan thathwachinthakanumaayirunnu.
abhipraaya swaathanthryathe kurichu birkner prathyekichum paryavekshanam cheythu. american charitrakaaranaaya echu. eee kaalaghattatthile denmarkile theevravaadi ezhuthukaarude koottatthile "ettavum yadhaartha chinthakaril oraal" aayi neels ditlev regalsinoppam birknereyum arnold barton visheshippichittundu. danish niyamanjanaaya peettar jermer thante 'abhipraaya swaathanthryathinte swabhaavam' ('yitringsfriedence vessen', 1973) enna pusthakatthil kaanikkunnath birkarmaarude ashayangal scotish-american thathwachinthakanaaya alexander michelejon thante 'abhipraaya swaathanthryavum svayambharanavumaayulla athinte bandhavum' (1948) enna pusthakatthil nirddeshicha aashayangalkk samanamaayirunnu ennaanu.
jeevacharitram.
maikkal gottleab birkner copenhagenilaanu janichathu. moonnaam vayassil addehathinu amma anna maariye (viborgil janicha) nashtappettu, araa varshathinusesham pithaav brick mesan johann maikkal birkner marichu. nagaratthile mortician anathane sweekarikkukayum yathaasamayam 1772-ll birkner nagaratthile laattin schoolil ninnu birudam nedukayum cheythu. 1784-ll addeham daivashaasthra birudam nedukayum cheythu. sarvakalashaalayil thathwachinthayum bhaashaashaasthravum padikkukayum cheythu, aadhunika bhashakalil addeham prathyekichum mikavu pulartthukayum cheythu, oru swadeshiyeppole jarmman samsaarikkukayum engleeshil vaakyangal ezhuthukayum cheythu. oru purohithanenna nilayil oru sthaanam addeham aagrahichu, pakshe sambannarudeyum shaktharudeyum paarlarukale addeham eshtappettilla, athinaal 1790 vare addehathinu oru kooll labhichilla. akkaalat denmark-norway raajyathinte bhagamaayirunna otappetta dveepaaya foril oru jarmman manthriyaayirunnu aaa sthaanam.
birkner thalasthaanam vidunnathinu munbu addeham immaanuval kaantinte thathwashaasthrathinte vakthavaayi mariyirunnu, athu akkaalat denmarkil janapriyamaayirunnu. ennaal addeham theevramaaya franch purohithaviruddha yukthivaadathinte swaadheenathilum aayirunnu. prabhukkanmaare adichamarthanamo enna chodyathinulla utharamaayi addeham swaadheenamulla danish aanukaalikamaaya 'minerva' yill oru lekhanam prasidheekarichirunnu."(juulai 1790). prabhukkanmaarude aanukoolyangal aneeti aanennum burgerinu "samoohathe mothatthil aswasthappeduthaathe, ippol prabhukkanmaar maathram ulla onnaayi" marran kazhiyumennum vyavastha cheythukondu thalakkettilulla chodyathinulla addehathinte utharam anukoolamaayirunnu. eee lekhanam taamasiyaathe jarmman bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum "gottinjishe jellards aanseejan" (1792, p. 1899) athine valareyadhikam prashamsichu.
foril thaamasikkuka.
foril birkarmaarude thamasam adhehavum suhruthukkalum bhayappettathupole shoonyamaayitheernnilla. padanangal, saamoohika sandarshanangal, "oru yuvaavine uthppaadanakshamanaaya oru pouranaakkuka" ennee lakshyangalodeyaanu addeham thante samayam chelavazhichathu. ellah moonnaam njayarazhchayum addeham nadathunna addehathinte "daarshanika" prasamgangalil dveepile nivaasikal santhushtaraayirunnu. thalasthaanathe saahitya marggangal eluppathil athicheraathathil addeham khedam prakadippichuvenkilum pakaram chinthichu samayam chelavazhikkaan addeham padichu. mattullavar athinekkurichu ezhuthiyathu vaayikkunnathin munbu oru vishayam aadyam manassil chinthikkunnathu addehathinte sheelamaayi maari. addeham prathyekichum maadhyamaswaathanthryatheyum athinte paridhikaleyum kurichulla prashnatthil pravarthichu, mattu karyangalkkoppam aakshepahasya kavi peettar andreas haibarginte sameepakaala bodhyavum danish samvaadathil kaaranamaayi. eakaanthathayil addeham eee vishayathekkurichulla thante chinthakal rekhaamoolam prakadippikkukayum eee vishayathekkurichulla niravadhi udambadikalil aadyathethu 1791 maarchil "minerva" yill prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
chaappal.
adutha varsham corsorile chapplinesicaayi suhruthukkal thanikkuvendi apekshichathaayi arinjappol addeham athbhuthappettu. thudakkathil, sealandile cheria pravishya pattanathilekkulla parivartthanatthil addeham samthrupthanaayirunnilla, kaaranam oro moonnaam njayarazhchaykkum pakaram ellah njayarazhchayum rund thavana prasamgikkendivannu. ennaal eee neekkam nadatthiya sesham kramena addehathinte vikarangal maari. pinneedu phiin bishappaayitheernna vikar frederic pluminte athaazha meshaykkarikiloode addeham pathivayi sannihithanaayirunnu, birkner thante aathmeeyavum daarshanikavumaaya vikarangal pankidunnathinu sahakaranm kandethi. plumsil vachaanu addeham thathwachinthakanaaya kristhyan honmaante sahodariyaaya vikar jacob honmaante makalaaya hentiet kristeen honmaane kandumuttunnath, 1795-ll addeham eee prathibhadhanayaaya yuvatiye vivaham kazhichu.
addehathinte puthiya sthaanathekkulla yaathrayil chumayude asukham anubhavappedukayum athu kaalakramena valare gurutharamavukayum cheythu. addehathinte varumanam valare kuravaayirunnu, palappozhum addeham aavasyathaal valare moshamaayi kashtappettirunnu, oru kaalath oru adhyaapakanenna sthaanathinu anukoolamaayi chaplainsi upekshikkunnathinekkur bharya oru chamber maidaayi sevikkaan anuvadichukondu kudumbatthinu sambhavana cheyyaan anuvadikkunnathinekkurum addeham chinthichu.
maadhyamaswaathanthryathinu poraattam.
ennaal addehathinte rogamo daaridryamo addehathinte daarshanika sramangal thudarunnathil ninnu addehathe thadanjilla. pathra niyamangal lamghichathinu "dhii kaattakkisam oof dhii eraists" ("aristokraattars kattakkismas", 1796) enna pusthakam aduthide adhikritharkku prasidheekarichathaayi kavi maaltha konraad broons aduthide report cheythathayi sealandile bishop nikkolaay baale edincher report cheythappol, birkner anjjaathamaayi oru cheria laghulekha prasidheekarichu, athu bishop thante sabhaparamaaya pravartthanangal manassil vaykkunnathinupakaram police medhaaviyude punk vahichathine vimarshichu.
ennirunnaalum, maadyama swaathanthryathinaayulla addehathinte yadhaartha poraattam anjjaathamaayi nadannilla. eee vishayavumaayi bandhapetta danish niyamangal maadyama swaathanthryathinu poornnamaaya swaathanthryam anuvadikkunnillennu addeham neratthe thanne theliyichirunnu. eee lakshyam nedunnathinaanu addeham "maadyama swaathanthryatheyum athinte niyamatheyum kurichulla" ("oom trickephreheaden oog dense lavu", 1797) thante pradhana kruthi prasidheekarichathu.
ashayangal pracharikkunnathinum athuvazhi thaan ariyaatha kaaryangalekkurichu raajaavine prabudhanaakkunnathinumala sakthamaaya maargamaayi maadhyamaswaathanthryathinth praadhaanyam addeham eee pusthakatthil avakaashappedunnu. manushyante pothu nanmayodulla vikaarangalal niranja" oru "kuleenan desasnehiyumaaya" manushyan "shaktharum niyanthranangalillaathe" thante swantham prathaapavum samboornnathayum thyajikkunna "oresamayam prathyakshappedunna" "mukalil ninnulla viplavam" "aayirikkunnathinekkuri addeham ezhuthunnu". simhaasanathile aadya varshangalil sahishnuthayulla prabudhatha ashayangalil ninnu ganyamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiya bharanakarthaavaaya kireedavakashi fredericine lakshyamittaayirunnu eee vaakkukal.
ennaal birkner sarkkar kaaryangalekkurichu ezhuthaan mathramalla, mathaparamaya kaaryangalil abhipraaya swaathanthryavum aavashyappedunnu. dhaarmika sathyangale" kurichulla ulkkaazhcha nedaanulla vazhi athu thurannuparayunnathiloode maathrame sambhavikkukayulloo ennu addeham kaanikkunnu. maadhyamaswaathanthryathinu chila paridhikal birkner nirddeshikkunnundeng, parasyamaayi kalaapathin ahvaanam cheyyaan athu anuvadikkanamennu addeham karutunnilla, athaayath samsthaanathinte bharanaghadanaye attimarikkaan janangalodu abhyarthikkukayo allengil mattu vazhikalil sarkkaarinte pravartthanangale shaareerika shakthiyode ethirkkukayo cheyyuka. oru vyakthiyude swakaarya kaaryangale apakeerthippeduthaan anuvadikkano ennum birkner parayunnu, athu pothuthaalpparyamillaathum vyakthiyude swakaarya mekhalaye lamghikkunnathumaaya kaaryamaan.
eee pusthakam denmark-norwayil bestt sellaraayi maari. athe varsham thanne randaamathethum parishkarikkapettathum mechappettathumaaya oru pathipp prathyakshappedukayum birknerude "shekharicha kruthikalude" aadya vaalyathinaayi moonnaamathe printing nadathukayum cheythu (prasidheekaranatthinte thudakkathil 2.100 varikkaarundaayirunna oru kruthi, danish saahitya charithratthile valare uyarnna vyakthi). koodaathe, addeham pusthakam jarmman bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum athu jarmman aanukaalikamaaya "baitrag surr veredlung derr menshait", 2. vaalyathil achadikkukayum cheythu., 1. bhagam, 1797, athe varsham "uber dye presfreeheat undu ihre gesetse, voonn deme verfazar selbst oos demm denishen yubersett, durgezehen aandu herasjeben voonn sii" enna thalakkettil oru otappetta kruthiyaayi prasidheekarichu.jeey.aarr. kristiyani, "copenhagen undu leapsig.
eee aashayangalkk samakaalika ezhuthukaaril ninnu ethirppu nerittu. abhipraaya swaathanthryathe pinthunaykkunnathil birkner valareyadhikam munnott poyathaayi chilar karuthi, mattullavar paridhikalonnum paadilla ennu karuthi. ithu adutha varsham (1798) "maadhyamaswaathanthryatheyum athinte niyamangaleyum kurichulla kooduthal prathiphalanangal" ("videre undersogelser oom trickephreheaden oog dense lavu") prasidheekarikkaan birknere prerippichu. professor johann frederic wilhem schlegel unnayicha vimarshanathe lakshyamittaanu addehathinte prathikaranam. eee pusthakatthile oru ghattathil maathrame addeham thante muun kruthiyil ninnu thante nilapad maattunnulloo, athaayath "pakuthi ishtappedaathe" addeham karuthunnath "thangalude malinamaaya bhaavanayiloode thante vaayanakkaaril ashudhamaaya agrahangal unarthaan sramikkunna" ezhuthukaarkku eee vyakthikalkk "uchithamaaya shiksha" nalkanam ennaanu. prathibhakalude vidhikarthakkal niyanthrikkunna atharamoru adhikaarathinte phalam enthaayirikkumennum atharamoru adikaaram ethra eluppathil ettavum krooramaayi durupayogam cheyyappedumennum" addeham kaanunnu enna vasthuthayil ninnaan addehathinte "pakuthi vimukhatha" udaledukkunnathu... ennittum, oru vyakthiye maathram sadgunathinte pathayil ninnu vazhithettikkukayaanenkil ellah kalakalum soundaryavum nasippikkappedanam ".
maranam.
abhipraaya swaathanthryathinaayulla addehathinte poraattam sarkkar vrithangalil anukoolamaayi kaanapettilla. ennirunnaalum, 1798 november 28 nuu vemmalevinteyum hammershojinteyum vikaranaayi addeham niyamithanaayi, eee niyamanam addehathinte daaridryathinte avasaanathe ardhamaakkum. ennaal eee rajakeeya krupa valare vaikiyaan vannath, addehathinte asukham maarakamaayitheerukayum athe varsham desember 1 nuu addeham marikkukayum cheythu. danish saahityathinu addeham nalkia sambhavanakal addehathinte maranashesham aadyamaayi amgeekarikkappettu. addehathinte suhruthukkal addehathinte kathaapaathrathe prashamsikkukayum 2100 varikkaaraan addehathinte shekharicha kruthikalude aadya pathippinaayi saine upp cheythath. koodaathe, dukhithayaaya addehathinte vidhavaykkum kuttikalkkum sambhavana cheytha 2500 rigsdaller avar shekharichu.
shekharicha kruthikal.
birkner maranathinu munbu thanne thante kruthikalude oru shekharicha pathippinte punny aarambichirunnu. bishop balleykkethiraaya rund anjjaatha laghulekhakal ozhikeyulla addehathinte ellah rachanakalum eee samahaarathil ulppeduthendathaayirunnu. eee shekharathinte moonnu vaalyangal prasidheekarikkaan addehathinu kazhinju, naalaamathe vaalyam 1800-ll aandezhs sando oorsted edittu cheyyukayum deane frederic kaal gutfeld ("samlede scrifter", 4 vaalyangal) ezhuthiya birknerude avasana naalukalekkurichulla oru vivaranam avatharippikkukayum cheythu., 1797-1800).

