
kandahar dwibhasha paarakkall

ashokante kandahar saasanam ennum chehel sina saasanam ennum ariyappedunna kandahar dwibhasha paara likhitham bisi 260 muthalulla greak, aramic bhaashakalile oru likhithamaanu, ithu afgaanisthaanile kaandahaarinaduthulla parvathapradeshamaaya chehel sinayil mourya chakravarthiyaaya ashoka () kothiyeduthathaanu. addehathinte bharanathinte ettaam varshatholamaayi alekhanam cheyyappettirikkunna ashokante aadyakaala likhithangalil onnaanith, indiayile cheria silaashaasanangalum barabar guhakalum pradhana silaashaasanangalum ulppede addehathinte mattu ellah likhithangalkkum munbullathaanu ithu. eee aadyakaala likhitham greak, aramic bhashakalil maathramaayi ezhuthappettathaanu. 1958ll kandaharinu chuttumulla oru khanana padhathiyil avashishtangalude oru paaliyil ninnu ithu kandethi, ithu kaii 279 ennaanu ariyappedunnathu.
ithu chilappol ashokante cheria shilaashaasanangalude bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu (thalphalamaayi "minor roock edikt nambar. 4 "), addehathinte pradhana silaashaasanangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, athil bhaagangalo allengil addehathinte shaasanangalude mothamo adangiyirikkunnu. greak ezhuthu adangiya afgaanisthaanile rund purathana likhithangalil onnaanu ashokayude kandahar saasanam, mattonn greak bhashayil maathram ezhuthiya kandahar greak likhithamaanu. purathana greak nagaramaya alexandria aracosiayude prakrithidatha kottayude padinjaaru bhaagavum aadhunika kandahaarinte pazhaya nagaravumaan saasanangal kandethiya parvathapradeshamaaya chehel sina.
eee saasanam kandethiya parvathapradeshathaanu avasheshikkunnath. itaaliyan puraavastu gaveshakanaaya umberto skeraattoyude abhipraayathil, "baabarinte prashasthamaaya sehal sina murikkunna kodumudiyude thaazheyulla rund parukkan kunnukalkkidayilulla cheria thadiyude kizhakkan adithattilaanu eee block sthithicheyyunnathu". kaaboolile afgaanisthaan deseeya myoosiyathil likhithathinte oru kaast undu. kandahar shaasanathil, budhamathathinte rakshaadhikaariyaaya ashokan afgaanisthaanile greak samoohathinu bhakti (indian aashayamaaya "dharma" thinaayi "eusebia" enna greak bhasha padam upayogichu) sweekarikkanamennu vaadikkunnu.
pashchaathalam.
mourya saamraajyathinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagath, prathyekichu nilavile paakistaan thalasthaanamaaya islaamaabaadinaduthulla purathana gaandhaarayilum, thekkan afgaanisthaanile aracosia mekhalayilum, bisi 323 oode mahanaaya alexanderinte adhiniveshatheyum kolanivalkkarana sramangaleyum thudarnnu greak samoohangal thaamasichirunnu. alexanderinu ekadesham 70 varshathinu sheshavum ashokante bharanakaalathu eee samudaayangal ippozhum afgaanisthaan pradeshathu praadhaanyamarhikkunnathaayi thonnunnu.
ulladakkam.
thante bharanathinte akramasakthamaaya aarambhathin 10 varshathinusesham ashokan thante vishwaasam prakhyapikkukayum manushyaro mrugangalo aaya jeevikale thante rajyath kollan kazhiyillennu sthireekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. shaasanathinte hellenistic bhaagath, addeham vaadikkunna "dharmam" greekkil "bhakti", "eusebia", ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu. mahanaaya alexanderude keezhadakkal vare aaa bhaagangalil bharichirunna achemenid saamraajyathinte audyogika bhasha armike (audyogika armike ennu vilikkappedunna) aayirunnu enna vastutha armaikkinte upayogam prathifalippikkunnu. aramic poornnamaayum aramic allah, pakshe iranian bhaashayude chila gadakangal ulkkollunnathayi thonnunnu. dii prakaram.dii.kosambi, aramic greekkinte krithyamaaya vivarthanamalla, mathramalla randum akkaalathe indiayude pothu audyogika bhashayaaya magadhiyile oru yadhaartha paatatthil ninnu vevvere vivarthanam cheyyappettathayi thonnunnu, ithu indian bhaashayile matellaa likhithangalilum upayogichirunnu, kalinga polulla bhaashaaparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya pradeshangalil polum. ithu aramic aksharamaalayilaan ezhuthiyirikkunnathu.
12-aamm pathimoonnaam pathittaandile shaasanangalude neenda bhagangal ulkkollunna, kaandahaarile greak ashokathile mattu likhithangal, kaandahaarile greak ashokashasanam ennivayulppede ashokathile mikka pradhana shilaashaasanangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee likhitham yadhaarthathil hraswavum pothuvayathum aanu, koodaathe thudakkathil avasaanichathinusesham ithil kooduthal adangiyirikkaam.
prathyaaghaathangal.
kaandaaharile eee shaasanathinte prakhyapanam saadhaaranayaayi afgaanisthaante aaa bhaagath ashokanu niyanthranamundaayirunne thelivaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, orupakshe bii. sii. 305leeii samadhana karaaril seleucos eee pradesham chandragupta mouryaykku vittukoduthathinu sheshamayirikkum ithu. eee pradeshathu ganyamaaya greak janasamkhyayude saannidhyavum eee saasanam kaanikkunnu, ennaal achemenid saamraajyathinte pathanatthinu niravadhi pathittaandukalkk sesham aramic bhaashayude nilanilkkunna praadhaanyavum ithu kaanikkunnu. athe kaalaghattatthil, diodotus onnaamante bharanathin keezhil puthuthayi srishticha greco-bactrian rajyath prathyekichu afgaanisthaante vadakkan bhaagath adhikam akaleyallaatha athirthi nagaramaya aii-khaanoomilum greekkukal urachuninnu.
sirkar parayunnathanusarichu, shaasanathil greak bhaashayude upayogam ardhamaakkunnathu sandesham kaandahaaril thamasikkunna greekkukaare uddeshichullathaanennum athesamayam aramic bhaashayude upayogam iranian janasamkhyayaaya kambojakale uddeshichullathaanennum ardhamaakkunnu.
transcription.
greak, aramic pathippukal oru paridhivare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, koodaathe praakrithatthile oru yadhaartha paatatthinte swatantra vyaakhyaanangalaanennu thonnunnu. nammude karthaav, rajaavu priyadasin", "nammude karthaav, rajaavu" thudangiya padaprayogangaliloode aramic grandhamaaya ashokante adikaaram vyakthamaayi amgeekarikkunnu, vaayanakkar yadhaarthathil ashokante vishayangalaanennu soochippikkunnu, athesamayam greak pathipp "rajaavu ashoka" enna lalithamaaya padaprayogatthil kooduthal nishpakshamaayi thudarunnu.
kaandahaarile greak bhaashayilulla mattu likhithangal.
mattoru prashasthamaaya greak likhithamaaya, ashokayude greak saasanam, dwibhasha shilaashaasanathin thekk, purathana nagaramaya pazhaya kaandahaaril (paashtoyil soar shaar allengil daariyil shahar-iii-coona ennariyappedunnu), 1963 ll kandaharil ninnu kandethi. bisi naalam noottaandil mahanaaya alexander aanu pazhaya kandahar sthaapichathennu karuthappedunnu, addeham ithinu purathana greak namam αλεxάνδεια aραχωσία (aracosiayude alexandria) nalki. panthrandaam shaasanathinte avasaanathinteyum (dhaarmika pramaanangale vivarikkunna) pathimoonnaam shaasanathinte thudakkathinteyum (kalingayile yudhathinushesham raajaavinte pashchaathaapavum mathaparivarthanavum vivarikkunna) greak pathippaanu eee saasanam. eee likhitham samaantharamaayi mattoru bhashayum upayogikkunnilla. orupakshe oru kettidatthinte bhagamaaya chunnaambukallu kondulla falakamaayirikkaam ithu, athinte valippam. eee khandathinte thudakkavum avasaanavum illa, ithu soochippikkunnathu eee likhitham yadhaarthathil valare neelamullathaanennum indiayile mattu pala sthalangalilethupole ashokante pathinaalu saasanangalum ulppeduthiyittundaam. likhithathil upayogichirikkunna greak bhasha valare uyarnna thalatthilullathum daarshanika parishkkaranam pradarshippikkunnathumaanu. bisi moonnaam noottaandile hellenic lokathinte rashtreeya bhaashayekkurichulla aazhathilulla dharana ithu pradarshippikkunnu. akkaalat kaandahaaril valare samskaaramulla greak saannidhyathinte saannidyamaanu ithu soochippikkunnathu.
greak bhaashayilulla mattu rund likhithangal kaandahaaril ariyappedunnu. aristonaaksinte makan" (bisi moonnaam noottaand) ennu svayam visheshippikkunna oru greak manushyante samarppanamaan onnu. mattonn naattosinte makan sophittos (bisi randaam noottaand) rachicha oru soundaryaathmaka rachanayaan.