
north carolina general assembly

vadakkan carolina samsthaana sarkkaarinte dvisabha niyamanirmmaana sabhayaan vadakkan carolina potusabha. niyamasabhaykku rund chembarukalundu senattum house oof representatives. amerikkayile north karolinayile raliyile north carolina legislative kettidatthilaanu potusabha yogam cherunnathu.
general staatyoottukal" ennum ariyappedunna vadakkan karolinayile samsthaana niyamangal general assembly thayyarakkukayum niyamanirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu. vadakkan carolina house oof representatives (1868 vare munbu north carolina house oof koomans ennu ariyappettirunnu) vadakkan carolina senattum ulppedunna oru dvisabha niyamanirmmaana sabhayaan general assembly. 1868 muthal sabhayil 120 amgangalum senattil 50 amgangalumaanu undaayirunnathu. rund chamberukalkkum kaalaavadhiyude paridiyilla.
veettoye marikadakkaan aavashyamaaya anchil moonnu bhooripakshathode rund chamberukalum nilavil republican party niyanthranathilaanu.
charithram.
colonial kaalaghattam.
1665ll govarnor vilyam drummond vilicha "kaundi oof albemarle" yude aadya asambliyil ninnaan vadakkan carolina niyamasabhayude verukal kandethunnathu. 1729ll oru rajakeeya pravisyayaayi maarunnathin munbu britiish kolaniyaaya karolinayude (loards udamastharude niyanthranatthilulla) bhaagamaayirunnu albemarle kaundi, athu oduvil vadakkan karolinayayi maari.
ekadesham 1666 muthal 1697 vare govarnor addehathinte kaunsilum purusha swatantra udamakal thiranjeduttha vividha pradeshangalileyum pattanangalileyum prathinidhikalum oru ekasabha niyamanirmmaanasabhayaayi orumichu irunnu. 1697 aayappozhekkum ithu oru dvisabhayaayi parinamichu, govarnor addehathinte kaunsilum uparisabhayaayum house oof burgesses thiranjedukkappetta adhosabhayayum. chilappol "assembly" ennu vilikkappedunna sabhaykku govarnor vilikkumbol maathrame yogam cheraan kazhiyoo, pakshe athintethaaya niyamangal nischayikkaanum swantham speakere thiranjedukkaanum anuvadichirunnu. govarnorude shambalavum sabha niyanthrikkukayum govarnor sabhayude bhooribhaagatheyum athrupthippeduthiyappol aaa shambalam nirtthivaykkukayum cheythu. swaabhaavikamaayum govarnor niyamanirmmanasabhayum thammilulla samgharshangal pathivaayirunnu.
vadakkan karolinayude niyamangal" ennathinte aadyakaala samahaaram anusarichu, aadyathe "pothu dvivatsara sammelanam" kyapttante vasathiyil nadannu. richard saandezhsan 1715 november 17-nuu aarambhicha littil rivar 1715 januvari 19-aamm divasam vare niravadhi thavana maattivachu. aaa sammelanathil, irupathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum praabalyatthil thudarnna englandile niravadhi niyamangal assembly amgeekarichu. 1997 joolaiyil potusabha ekeekritha vanchanaa kaimatta niyamam sweekarikkunnathuvare raddaakkappedaatha elisabath niyamam allengil thattippukalude niyamam eee vibhaagathil sradheyamaanu.
viplavavum aadyakaala samsthaanapadaviyum.
1774lum 1775lum american viplavam aarambhichathode kolaniyile janangal royal govarnoril ninnu swathanthramaayi oru pravishya kongrasine thiranjedutthu. athinte amgangalil bhooribhaagavum burgesukalude avasaanathe bhavanathile amgangalaayirunnu. anchu pravishya kongrasukalundaakum. 1776ll anchaam kongras aadyathe bharanaghadana amgeekarichu.
american aikyanaadukalude swaathanthryaprakhyaapathil oppuvachathode, oro kolaniyilum vyathyastha niyamanirmmaanasabhakalulla oru swatantra raashtramaayi america maari. eksikyootteevinekkurachu avishwaasathinte charithram kaaranam, vadakkan carolina bharanaghadana samsthaana sarkkaarinte ettavum sakthamaaya shaakhayaayi general assembly urappichu. ellah amgangaleyum janangal thiranjedukkunna dvisabha niyamanirmmanasabha, executive, judicial shaakhakalile ellah udyogasthareyum svayam thiranjedukkum. vilyam ezz. north carolina eiii histtari" ennathil powell ezhuthi, inii muthal niyamanirmmaana shaakhaykku melkkai undaayirikkum. govarnor niyamasabhayude srishtiyaayirikkum, athu thiranjedukkukayum athu neekkam cheyyukayum cheyyum. ... kaunsil oof stettu'-nte upadeshavum sammathavum illaathe gavarnarkk oru supradhana nadapadiyum edukkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla, koodaathe [kaunsil oof stettu membarmaare] niyamikkunnathilo neekkam cheiyunnathilo addehathinu shabdamundaayirunnilla."
eee bharanaghadana janangalude vottinu samarppikkappettathalla. kongras athu sweekarikkukayum puthiya niyamanirmmanasabha thiranjedukkappedukayum irikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare kongrasinte avasana presidentaaya richard caswelline acting govarnoraayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. swathanthraraaya aalukalkkum swatantra vargakkaraaya aalukalkkum kooduthal avakashangal bharanaghadana nalki. 1776leeii bharanaghadanayude onpathaam bhedagathi prasthaavikkunnath, "oru swathanthran oru kuttatthinum shikshikkappedukayilla, marichu munbu upayogichathupole thuranna kodathiyil nalla niyamaparamaaya purushanmaarude jooriyude ekakandamaaya vidhiyiloodeyaanu."mathiyaya swathukkalulla swatantra vargakkaraaya purushanmaarkk vottu cheyyaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu.
aadyathe north carolina general assembly 1777 epril 7 nuu north karolinayile nyoo bernil vilichu. nilavilulla 38 kaundikalil oro kaundiyil ninnum oru amgavum oru jilla (pinneedu thekkupadinjaaran pradeshatthinte bhagamaaya washington jilla) nilavilulla 38 kaundikalil ooronnine prathinidheekarikkunna rund amgangalulla oru house oof komansum, koodaathe oro valia pattanangalil ninnum/jillakalil ninnum (edentan, halifax, hillsburo, nyoo bernn, salisbury, wilmington jillakal) oro amgavum ulppedunna senattum ithil ulppedunnu. 1835 vare senattil jillakale prathinidheekarikkunnath thudarnnu. bhoomi udamasthathayil (house oof komansinum senattinum) protestant purushanmaarkk maathrame sevanam cheyyaan kazhiyoo.
aadyathe 18 pothusabhakal nyoo bernn, hillsboro, halifax, smithfield, fayattvilleyile wake court house ennivayulppede vividha sthalangalil yogam chernnu. 1794 vare puthiya samsthaana thalasthaanamaaya raaliyil potusabha yogam chernnilla.
1831leeii naatt tenarude adima kalaapathethudarnn, 1776leeii bharanaghadana prakaram karuthavargakkaarkku nalkiyirunna pala avakashangalum samsthaana niyamasabha niyanthrichu, ithu oru adimaye vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padippikkunnathu niyamavirudhamaakki. varnnaswaathanthryamulla aalukalude avakashangal avar churukukayum avarude vottavakaashavum aayudangal kaivasham vaykkaanulla avakashavum raddaakkukayum schoolil pookunnathil ninno vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padikkunnathil ninno avare vilakkukayum pothusthalathu prasamgikkunnathil ninnu avare vilakkukayum cheythu.
1835leeii bharanaghadanaa kanvenshan 1776leeii bharanaghadana nilanirtthiyenkilum athil niravadhi bhedagathikal varuthi. munnott pookumbool, govarnore janangal thiranjedukkum, pakshe us senattarmaar ulppede matellaa udyogasthareyum niyamanirmmanam thiranjedutthu. bhedagathikal senattarmaarude ennam 50 umm saadhaaranakkaarude ennam (sabhayile prathinidhikal) 120 umm aayi nischayichu. senattarmaare bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kaundikalekkaal ekadesham thulya ennam pouranmaare prathinidheekarikkunna jillakalil ninnaan thiranjedukkendathu. sabhayile amgangal appozhum kaundi vazhi thiranjedukkappettirum kooduthal janasamkhyayulla kaundikalkku kooduthal prathinidhikalkk arhathayundaayirunnu.
1861 muthal 1865 vare konfedarettu stetts oof amerikkayude bhaagamaayi north carolina general assembly yogam chernnu.
punarnirmmaana yugam.
1868-ll republicanmaarude aadipathyamulla oru dviraashtra sthaapanamaaya punarnirmmaana kaalaghattatthile niyamanirmmanasabha oru puthiya bharanaghadana pasaki. athu house oof komansinte peru house oof representatives ennu maatti. athu lefttanant govarnorude oafees sthaapichu. munbu, maranamo raaji vaykkukayo cheythaal govarnorude bharanaghadanaa pingamiyaayirunnu senatt speaker. avasaram vardhippikkunnathinaayi padavi vahikkunnathinulla swath yogyathakal nirthalaakki. oduvil, niyamanirmmanasabha executive offeesarmaareyum jadjimareyum niyamanirmmaanasabhayude niyamanathinu pakaram janakeeya thiranjeduppinu vidheyamaakki.
1868ll henry eps, ebraham echu ennivarulppede aafrikkan-american purushanmaar aadyamaayi samsthaana niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkappettu. galoway joonn eiii. senattile haiman parker dii. robins, vilson kaari, bii. dablyu. morris, eiii. dablyu. steevans, joonn ezz. leary, isham swett, henry sii. cherry, joonn echu. vilyamsan, eiii.eiii. crofford, kaphi maayo, dablyu. tii. jeey. hays, aivi hutchings, joonn ezz. dablyu. eagles, jorjju dablyu. vila, thomas eiii. saiks, jaims echu. harris, vilyam kaavthon, richard fackner ennivar veettilundu. republican yogangal thadassappeduthunnathinum janadhipathyaparamaaya ettedukkal urappakkunnathinaayi karutha votting adichamarthunnathinum redu sharttukalum mattu velutha janaadhipathya ardhasainika vibhaagangalum shramichenkilum, 19-aamm noottaandil chila aafrikkan amerikkakkar thiranjedukkappedunnathu thudarnnu, prathyekichu praadeshika offeesukalilekku. jorjju henry vaitt 1894-ll yuu. ezz. kongras amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu. ennaal noottaandinte thudakkathinu thottumunbu, demokraattukal samsthaana niyamanirmmaanasabhayude niyanthranam veendedukkukayum (republicanmaarum janakeeyarum thammilulla oru dviraashtra sakhyam hrasvamaayi adikaaram kaivashappeduthiyathinu sesham) thiranjeduppu nikuthi, saaksharata parisodhanakal, mattu upakaranangal ennivayiloode vottar rajistreshanu thadassangal srishtikkunnathinulla niyamangal pasakkukayum cheythu.
vella bharanadhikaarikal aathmanishtamaayi prayogicha eee reethikal samsthaanathe mikka karuthavargakkaarkkum phalapradamaayi vottavakaasham nishedhikkukayum cheythu. 1904 aayappozhekkum karutha vottarmaare illaathaakki. ekadesham 75,000 karuthavargakkaaraaya purusha pouranmaarkku vottu nashtappettu. kongrassukaaranaaya vellakkaaran moonnaam thavana malsarichilla, mattu kazhivulla karuthavarggakkaareppole vadakku mechappetta avasarangalkkayi samsthaanam vittu. aafrikkan amerikkakkar pathittaandukalaayi vadakkan karolinayile raashtreeyathil ninnu akannu, 1965 leeii votting avakasha niyamam pasakkunnathuvare bhooribhaagathinum vottavakaasham veendedukkaan kazhinjilla, federal avalokanavum nadapakkalum.
irupathaam noottaand.
1921ll lilian exum klement pothusabhayile aadya vanita amgamaayi.
samsthaana janasamkhyaashaasthrathil mattangal undaayirunnittum grameena niyamanirmmathaakkal adhikaarathil thudarnna mattu samsthaanangalilennapole, vadakkan karolinaykkum oduvil house amgangale thiranjedukkunnathinum kongras seettukal veendum vibhajikkunnathinumulla reethi punarnirvachikkendivannu, ithu oro dashaka sensessinum sesham nadathendathaayirunnu. verthirikkal (1964 leeii pouraavakaasha niyamam) avasanippikkunnathinum aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkkum mattu vamseeya nyoonapaksha vibhagangalkkum (1965 leeii votting raitts act) vottavakaasham nalkunnathinum pouraavakaasha niyamanirmmaanatthinte samayat, us supreme kodathi niravadhi samsthaanangalil samsthaana niyamanirmmaana praathinidhyathilum vibhajanathilum thiruthalukal varuthunna vidhinyaayangal purappeduvichu.
1966 ll thudangi (reynolds vii. sims, "oru manushyan, oru vottu) enna thathwam sthaapikkunna oru us supreme kodathi cases, vadakkan carolina stettu housile amgangal bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kaundikalil ninnu thiranjedukkunnathinupara ekadesham thulya janasamkhyayude adisthaanathil nirvachikkapetta jillakalil ninnu thiranjedukkappedendathu. kaundi adithara niyamanirmmanasabhayil deerghakaalamaayi grameena pakshapaathatthinu kaaranamaayi. nyoonapakshangalum kudiyettakkaarum ulppedeyulla puthiya nagara janasamkhya, samsthaanathinte janasamkhyaashaasthravum janasamkhyayum kooduthal nagaravalkkarikkappettavum, niyamanirmmaana seettukaludeyum dhanasahaayathinteyum kaaryatthil charitraparamaayi praathinidhyam kuravaayirunnu. kodathiyude vidhiyil samanamaaya sanbradaayangalulla mattu samsthaanangalilum mattangal aavashyamaayirunnu. chila nagarangalil ninnum kooduthal janasaandrathayulla pradeshangalil ninnum aadyamaayi poornna praathinidhyam eee mattangal anuvadichu. kuranja janasamkhyayulla kaundikalkku niyamanirmmaanasabhayilekk oru resident amgathe thiranjedukkaanulla avasaram nashtappettu ennum ithu ardhamaakkunnu.
sameepakaala charithram.
irusabhakalileyum niyamasabhaamgangal rund varshathe kaalavadhi vahikkunnu. 2002 leeii thiranjeduppu muthal, oro niyamasabhaamgavum oru anga sabhayeyo cenetatorial jilla prathinidheekarikkunnu; 2002 nuu munbu, chila jillakal onniladhikam niyamasabhaamgangale thiranjedutthu.
2013ll, landmark shelby kaundi vii. 1965leeii votting avakasha niyamathile oru vibhaagam us supreme kodathi asaadhuvaayi, athuvazhi oro samsthaanathinum "munkoor federal amgeekaaramillaathe avarude thiranjeduppu niyamangal maattaan" swaathanthryam nalki. 2013 august 12 nuu republican govarnor paatt macrori oomnibas elakshan loow billil oppuvachu-house bill 589, foto identification polulla votting aavasyakathakal chertthu. 2016 joolaiyil naalam surcuted appeel kodathi niyantritha thiranjeduppu niyamangal raddaki.
nilavile ghadana.
senattil 50 amgangalundu. sabhayile thangalude sahapravarthakarekkaal valuthaya jillakale athinte amgangal prathinidheekarikkunnumdum, govarnorude kaabinat naamanirddeshakarkku upadesham nalkaanum sammathikkaanumulla adikaaram (2017 muthal) ozhike athinte prathyekaavakaashangalum adikaarangalum valuthalla.
senattinte president vadakkan karolinayile lefttanant govarnoraanu, ennaal lefttanant gavarnarkk valare parimithamaaya adhikaaramund, oru samanila takarkkaan maathrame vottu cheyyaan kazhiyoo. 1868ll lefttanant govarnorude oafees srishtikkunnathinu munbu, senattil oru "speaker" adhyakshatha vahichu. 1988ll punarnirmmaanatthinu sheshamulla aadyathe republican lefttanant gavarnaraaya jaims kaarsan gaardnarude thiranjeduppinu sesham, senattinte niyanthranatthilulla demokraattukal lefttanant govarnorude kaivashamulla bhooribhaagam adikaaravum "president proo tempore" (allengil "proo-temm") aayi thiranjedukkappedunna senattarkk maatti. president proo tempore" senattinte staanding kammittikalilekku amgangale niyamikkukayum billukalil valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheiyunnu.
oru senattar aakanulla yogyathakal samsthaana bharanaghadanayil kaanapedunnu "oro senattarum, thiranjeduppu samayat, 25 vayassil kurayaathavaraayirikkanam, samsthaanathe yogyathayulla vottaraayirikkanam, rund varshathekku oru pouranenna nilayilum thiranjeduppinu thottumunbu oru varshathekku thiranjedukkappetta jillayilum thaamasichirikkanam."
samsthaana bharanaghadana anusarichu, "impeachmentukalude vichaaranaykkulla kodathi" koodiyaanu senatt. samsthaana udyogasthare impeach cheyyaan prathinidhi sabhaykku adhikaaramund, athinusesham federal samvidaanathilennapole senatt oru vichaarana nadathunnu. impeach cheyyappetta udyogasthan governoro lafttanant governoro aanenkil, vadakkan carolina supreme kodathi cheef justice adhyakshatha vahikkunnu.
senatt presidentinte proo-teminu samanamaaya adikaarangalulla oru speakeraanu 120 amgangale nayikkunnath.
sabhayile amgamaakaanulla yogyathakal samsthaana bharanaghadanayil kaanapedunnu "oro prathinidiyum, thiranjeduppinte samayat, samsthaanathe yogyathayulla vottaraayirikkanam, koodaathe thiranjeduppinu thottumunbu oru varshathekku thiranjedukkappetta jillayil thaamasichirikkanam."mattidangalil, thiranjedukkappetta oru udyogasthanum irupathonnu vayassinu thazheyaakillennum thiranjedukkappetta oru udyogasthanum daivathinte nilanilpp nishedhikkillennum bharanaghadana vyakthamaakkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee vyavastha yuu. esinu keezhil nadappakkaan kazhiyilla.ezz. bharanaghadana (kaanuka).
sessionukal.
nilavil, oro ottasamkhyayulla varshathinteyum januvariyil aarambikkunna pathiv sessionil (allengil "neenda session") potusabha yogam cherukayum "hraswa session" ennu vilikkappedunnathinu adutha erattasamkhyayulla varsham veendum vilikkaan maattivaykkukayum cheiyunnu. eathenkilum sessionte dairkhyathinu paridhiyillengilum, "dairkhyameriya session" saadhaaranayaayi 6 maasavum "hraswa session" saadhaaranayaayi 6 aazhchayum neendunilkkum. idaykkide, oru prathyeka aavashyamundengil, potusabha oru varshathekku maattivachathinu sesham gavarnarkk prathyeka sammelanam vilikkam.
1957 nuu munbu, vadakkan karolinayude bharanaghadana nischayicha samayat januvariyil potusabha yogam chernnirunnu. 1957 muthal 1967 vare bharanaghadana nischayicha samayat februvariyil sessionukal vilichu. bharanaghadanaaparamaayi nischayicha theeyathi illaathaakkiya sesham niyamam nischayicha theeyathiyil aadyamaayi yogam chernnathu 1969leeii pothusabhayaan. november thiranjeduppinu sheshamulla januvariyile randaamathe thinkalaazhchaykku sheshamulla moonnaamathe budhanazhchayaanu niyamasabha ippol yogam cherunnathu.
thiranjeduppu.
irusabhakalileyum ellah seettukalilekkum thiranjeduppu oro erattasamkhyayulla varshathilum nadakkunnu. thiranjeduppinumidayil oru seett ozhinjukidakkukayaanenkil, upathiranjeduppo prathyeka thiranjeduppo illa. pakaram, seett ozhinja vyakthiyude rashtreeya party praadeshika nethaakkal adutha thiranjeduppu vare sevanamanushtikkaan pakaram oru vyakthiye naamanirddesham cheiyunnu. govarnor saadhaaranayaayi naamanirddesham sweekarikkukayum aaa vyakthiye niyamikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1982 vare, oru niyamasabhaamgatthinte kaalavadhi addehathinte allengil avarude thiranjeduppinushesham udan thanne aarambhichu. athinusesham oru niyamasabhaamgatthinte thiranjeduppinu sesham januvari onninu kaalavadhi aarambikkunnu.

