
pathiv theepiduttham

crude oayil verthirichedukkumbol anaavasyamaaya alavil anubandha petroleum vaathakam (epiji) neekkam cheiyunnathinulla oru reethiyum nilavile reethiyumaanu production flairing ennum ariyappedunna pathiv flairing. vaathakam aadyam kinarinte thaazheyulla draavakangalil ninnum kharapadaarthangalil ninnum verthirikkukayum pinneedu oru jwaalayilekku vidukayum bhoomiyude anthareekshathilekku (saadhaaranayaayi oru thuranna defusion flamil) kathikkukayum cheiyunnu. nirvahikkumbol, anaavashya vaathakam (kooduthalum meedhane aadhipathyam pulartthunna prakrithivaathakam) laabhakaramallathathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithine kudungiya vaathakam, jwalikkunna vaathakam allengil "maalinya vaathakam" ennu vilikkam. saadhaarana flairing ennathu suraksha flairing, maintainance flairing allengil kuranja dairkhyamullatho kuranja alavilulla vathaka nirmaarjanamo ulla mattu flairing reethikalumaayi thettidharikkaruthu.
2018ll lokamembaadum prakrithivaathakam kathikkappettathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ithil bhooribhaagavum aayirakkanakkin kinarukalil pathivayi kathikkappedunnu, ithu thekk, madhya amerikkayile prakrithivaathaka upayogathinu thulyamaaya maalinyamaan. 2014nuu sesham russia, iraakh, iraan, america, aljiriya, veneswella, naijeeriya ennivayaanu ettavum kooduthal pariseelanam nediya ezhu rajyangal. russiayude vidoora pradeshangalile pravartthanangal ettavum valuthaanu, rashtreeya samgharshangal mattu raajyangalile nilavaaram uyarthunnu. yuu.ezz. 2018leeii loka motham vihithathinte 10 shathamaanatholam sambhavana cheythu.
manahpoorvamaaya vathaka nirgamanam, manappoorvamallaatha olichodal vathaka udvamanam ennivaykkoppam pathiv jwalikkunnathum aazhathilulla prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu. oru praadhamika vibhavam paazhaakkunnath nilavile saambathikamo bhaaviyile sambathu aanukoolyangalo nalkunnilla, athesamayam harithagriha vaathakangalum mattu doshakaramaaya malineekaranavasthukkal jaivamandalathil kettippadukkunnathiloodi baadyathakal srishtikkunnu. ennayudeyum vaathakathinteyum upayogam bhaviyil vardhikkunnathaayi mikka pravachanangalum kaanikkunnathinal, 2002 ll loka baank anthaaraashtra aagola vathaka flairing reduction partnership (jii. jii. eph. aarr. pii) aarambhichu; paazhaya reethi pinvalikkuka enna lakshyathode oru pothu-swakaarya pankaalittham. 2015ll, 2030oode seero rutin flairing aarambhichu; 2019 avasaanathode 32 raajyangalum 37 kambanikalum 15 banking sthaapanangalum ithu amgeekarichu.ezz. yuu aayirunnu.ezz. federal gavanment, california samsthaanam, loka baank. aagolathalathil vivarasaankethikavidyayil ninnulla kanakkukal soochippikkunnathu vaathakathinte alavu 10 sathamaanam kuranjappol enna uthppaadanam 40 sathamaanam uyarnnu ennaanu.
kaaranagal.
1850kalude avasaanathil aadyathe ennakkinarukal vaanijyavalkkarikkathalppedu eiii. pii. jiyude pathiv flairing venting parisheelikkappedunnu. draavaka, vathaka hydrocarbonukalkku "pindam anusarichu" samanamaaya oorjja saandrathayundengilum, draavaka indhanangalude "alavu anusarichu" 1000 kooduthal oorjja ulladakkathinte ghadakam sambharanatheyum gathaagathatheyum kooduthal labhakaramaakkunnu. petroleum vaathakathinte eee aapekshika poraayma marikadakkunnathinulla vyapakamaaya marggangal kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalkkullil maathrame saakshaathkarikkappettil. udaaharanathinu, praadeshika shekharana vitharana shringalakalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna bhookhandaanthara vathaka pipelineukal ippol lokathinte bhooribhaagathum vyaapichu. kinattile draavaka allengil compress cheytha indhanangalaayi epiji prosess cheiyunnathinulla flair gyaas recovery sisttangalum (fgrs) kooduthal chalanakshamavum avayude kazhivukalil vaividhyapoornavumaanu.
aadhunika kaalath eiii. pii. jii. paazhaayippokunnathilekk nayikkunna theerumaana prakriyakal praadeshika saahacharyangale valareyadhikam aasrayichirikkunnu. pothuve, theerumaanamedukkunnavarude sameepakaala saambathika, risk maanejment lakshyangal phalam nirnnayikkum. mikka adhikaaraparidhiyilum eathenkilum tharatthilulla permitting allengil flairing, venting pravartthanangalude mattu niyanthranangal nilavilundu, pakshe vishadaamshangal vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. paazhaakkal pravartthanam vardhippikkunna gadakangalil iva ulppedunnu (samagramaya oru pattikayalla):
2018leeii sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
2018ll lokamembaadum 100 dasalaksham tonn (145 bilyan cubic meter) anubandha vaathakam kathichu, ithu enna, vathaka kinarukalil ninnu ulppaadippikkunna ellah vaathakathinteyum <aii. dii. 1> prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee maalinyangal ekadesham 350 dasalaksham tonn harithagriha vaathakangalude thulyamaaya kaarban dye ooksaidinte (sioo2) puranthallal allengil ellah phoosil indhanangaludeyum cathicalil ninnu purathuvidunna 33 bilyan tonn kaarban dye ooksaidinte (sioo2) oru sathamaanam nalki. eee vaathakangalude nirmmaanam grahangalude kaarban chakrathe ganyamaayi thadassappeduthunnu, koodaathe naashanashtatthinte vyaapthi vilayiruthunnathinum shekharikkunna saambathika chelavukal alakkunnathinum vishalamaaya anthaaraashtra sramangal nadakkunnu.
theepiduttham illaathaakkunnathinulla chelavukal nannayi manassilakkukayum oro sandarbhathilum vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedukayum cheiyunnu. motham laghookaranachelavu 100 bilyan dollaranennu locabank kanakkakkunnu. america polulla vikasita sambadvyavasthayil prakrithivaathaka vipaniyilekku konduvannaal, 30 trilyan cubic adii yuu. esile 17 sathamaanam indhanavum eee vaathakathin vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyum.ezz. upabhogam, ekadesham 20 bilyan dollar moolyamullathaayirikkaam. vikasithamallaatha rajyangalil, aanukoolyangal kooduthal prabhavam chelutthiyekkaam. udaaharanathinu, thekke amerikkayilum madhya amerikkayilum udaneelam nilavilulla ellah upayogangalum ithu nalkum. 750 bilyan kilowatt vaidyuthi ulppaadippikkaan upayogikkukayaanenkil, aafrikkan bhookhandathinte muzhuvan aavasyangalum niravettaan ithinu kazhiyum.
thee koluthunnathu paazhakukayum mattu phoosil indhanangal kathikkunnathu pole doshakaramaaya upolppannangal ulppaadippikkukayum cheyyumbol, praadhamikamaayi meedhane adangiya anubandha vaathakam puranthallunnathinekkaal sameepabhaviyil ithu kuravaanu. kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte 25 sathamaanavum anthareekshathile meedhane nirmikkunnathiloodeyaan undaakunnath, kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte falamaayi undaakunna mattangalil ithu 100 madangu kuravaanu. anthaaraashtra oorjja ejansi parayunnathanusarichu, kuranjathu 75 dasalaksham tonn meedhane enna, vathaka vyavasaayam venting, fugitive emission ennivayiloode purathuvidukayum ekadesham 4 dasalaksham tonn theepiduttham moolam puranthallappedukayum cheythu. manushyarude phoosil indhanangalude upayogam motham meedhane udvamanathinte 20 sathamaanathinum enna, vathaka vyavasaayathil ninnullava 25 sathamaanathinum kaaranamaakunnu. aagola praadhamika oorjjathinte ettavum vegathil valarunna vitharanamaayi prakrithivaathakam thudarumennu pratheekshikkunnathinaal eee srothassukalkku kooduthal vipulamaaya tracking, laghookarana sramangal aavasyamaanu.
itharamaarggangal.
asamskritha ennaykku samaanamaayi, aadhunika loka sambadvyavasthayil uyarnna antharleenamaaya moolyamulla vathaka indhanathinteyum draavaka indhana charakkukaludeyum praadhamika oorjja srothassaanu epiji. epiji verthiricheduthathinushe, upabhogathinulla sheshikkunna logistic thadassangal chelavu kuranja parishkkaranavum upabhokthru vipanikalilekkulla vitharanavumaanu. uyarnna moolyamulla ennayude ulppaadanathe thadassappeduthaathe anubandha vaathakathinulla eee thadassangal neekkam cheiyunnava enna kambanikal eshtappedunna flairing, venting badalukalil ulppedunnu.
parambaraagatha upayogangal.
2012leeii aagola kanakkukal soochippikkunnathu anubandha vaathakathinte 15 sathamaanavum pottitherichatho vent cheythatho aanennum 85 sathamaanam thaazhepparayunna saambathika nettangalkkaayi upayogikkukayo samrakshikkukayo cheythuvennum soochippikkunnu
mattu upayogangal.
thaazhepparayunna pattikayil cytilo sameepatho nadatthaan kazhiyunna pathiv flairingin ventinginum vaanijyaparamaayi praayogikamaaya mattu badalukal ulppedunnu
yuu. esil ninnulla 2019 leeii oru report.ezz. nilavilullatho noothanamo aaya eph. jii. aarr. ezz saankethikavidyakal sweekarikkaan enna kambanikal mandagathiyilaakaanulla oru kaaranam "niyamaparavum niyantrithavumaaya flairing ettavum apakadasaadyathayulla oopshanaanu, koodaathe puthiya saankethikavidyakal engane prayogikkaamennu padikkukayo nilavilulla karaarukalum pravartthana reethikalum parishkkarikkukayo cheyyendathilla" ennu oorjja vakupp parayunnu."
cryptocurrency "khanithozhilaalikal" aduthide avarude oorjja-theevramaaya computinginulla kuranja chelavil oru uravidamaayi flair vaathakam thiricharinju. asaadhaaranamaamvidham vyathyasthamaaya eee rund khanithozhilaalikalkkidayil niravadhi pankaalitthangal uyarnnuvannittund, avarude oro kaarban kaalppaadukalum kuraykkuka enna lakshyathode.
falaprapti.
defusion flameukal upayogikkunna vaathakajvaalakal pradhaanamaayum dahanam paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinu puranthallappetta vathaka pravaahathiludaneelam samagramaya vaayu-vathaka mishrithathe aasrayichirikkunnu. vaathakam jwaalayude agrathil ninnu purathukadakkumbol athinte vegathayum mardhavum vendathra prakshubdhamaaya vyaapanam urappaakkunnathin opttimal renchukalkkullil nilanirtthanam. eee shrenikal samrakshikkunnath enchiniyaring design prakriyayudeyum anubandha niyanthrana thanthrathinteyum pradhana lakshyangalaan. ganyamaaya alavil eerppam, naitrajan, kaarban dye ooksaid allengil epijiyodoppamulla mattu hydrocarbon ithara vasthukkal enniva jwalanathe thadassappeduthum. maruvashathu, choodulla vaayuvinteyum neeraavinteyum shariyaayi roopakalppana cheyyukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna kuthivayppukalkku jwalanavum falapraptiyum mechappeduthaan kazhiyum.
eiii. pii. jii. yill praadhamikamaayi meedhane, kuranja alavil eedheyn, propain, beautain, mattu alkkeynukal enniva adangiyirikkunnu. oru jwaalayude pravartthanam phalapradamaayi nadakkumbol, dahana upolppannangalil praadhamikamaayi vellavum kaarban dye ooksaidum, cheria alavil kaarban monoxide naitras ooksaidukalum (nox) ulppedunnu. atharam jwaalakal uyarnna parivartthana karyakshamatha kaanikkunnu, sharashari 2 sathamaanam maathramaan eiii. pii. jii. yill ninnu rakshappedunnathu. oru jwaalayude pravartthanam phalapradamaayi nadakkaathappol, ganyamaaya alavil epiji rakshappedaan kazhiyum, chilappol 40 sathamaanam vare uyarnna alavil. asthiramaaya jaiva samyukthangal (vox), visha samyukthangal, mattu doshakaramaaya malineekarana vasthukkal ennivayum srishtikkappedaam. vaayuvinte gunanilavaara maanadandangal kaviyunna thalangalil bhoothalathilulla oosoon ulppaadippikkaan vokkukalkkum noxinum kazhiyum. pukayude saannidhyam mosham pravartthanatthe soochippikkunnu, thathfalamaayundaakunna hraswakaala karutha carboninu manjum manjum urukunnath thwarithappeduthaan kazhiyum.
epiji streamile mattu malineekaranavastukkalil bhooribhaagavum trace alavukalilaanu sambhavikkunnath. avayil swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna merkuri, raadon thudangiya visha moolakangal ulppedaam. hydrolic odivukal polulla mechappetta enna veendedukkal sramangal mattullavaykku parichayappedutthiyekkaam. saadhaarana prakrithidatha malineekaranamulla hydrajan sulfide vaathakajvaalakalil sulfur dye ooksaidum sulfuric assid srishtikkaan prapthamaakkunnu. uyarnna saandrathayil, ithu naashanathinum mattu vaayuvinte gunanilavaara velluvilikalkkum kaaranamaakukayum "pulicha vaathakam", "assid flair" thudangiya swabhaavasavisheshathakalkk kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. praayogikamaayi, kuranja saambathika moolyam kaaranam upayogikkunnathinekkaal uyarnna sulfur malineekarana alavulla vathaka pravaahangal anuvadaneeyamaaya sthalangalil jwalikkaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu.
nireekshanam.
gyaas flairing volyangalekkurichulla labhyamaya aagola daatta 1995 vare valare anishchithathvamullathum vishwasaneeyamallaathathumaanu. 2002 ll jii. jii. eph. aarr roopeekarichathinethudarnna, novayil ninnulla gaveshakar, academic sthaapanangal ennivayil ninnulla gaveshakar daatta shekharanam lalithamaakkunnathinum alaveduppinte krithyatha mechappeduthunnathinum upagraha nireekshanangal upayogichu. shaasthreeyavum saankethikavumaaya purogathikal undaayirunnittum, vyavasaya pankaalikal report cheyyukayum regulatory udyogasthar upayogikkukayum cheiyunna thukakal ippozhum chilappol krithyathayillaathathaanu. anuchithamayi pravartthikkunna jwaalakal, manappoorvamaaya vathaka venting pravartthanangal, mattu upakarana chorcha ennivayil ninnulla meedhane udvamanam alakkukayum kandethukayum cheiyunnathu jii. jii. eph. aarr pankaalitthatthinum aagola meedhane samrambathinum saambathikavum paaristhithikavumaaya vyaapthi ulkkollunna mattu grouppukalkkum uyarnna mungananayaan.
upagraha sarvekal.
mikka jwaalakalum thuranna theejwaalakalaayi pravarthikkunnathinaal, puranthallappedunna prakaashatthinte alavu alakkunnathiloode aakasha sarvekalil volyangal anumanikkaan kazhiyum. prathirodha kalavastha upagraha paripadiyum (dii. emm. ezz. pii) google erthu daattayum upayogichu 2006laanu 1995 vare neenduninna aagola daattayude aadya koottam srishtichathu. 2010 nuu sesham, nova-20, suyomi enn. pii. pii upagrahangalile iir upakaranagalil ninnulla daattayum naasa erthu obsarvettariyude akwa, terra upagrahangalile modis upakaranangalum upayogichu vyakthigatha alavukalude krithyatha +/- 10 sathamaanathekkaal mechappeduthi. mattu academic, mission-nirddishta grouppukalil ninnulla sambhaavanakalode daatta vishakalanam kooduthal parishkarikkappedunnu. mesheen laining polulla noothana reethikal upayogichu aagola pravartthanangalude bhoopadangal ippol yaanthrikamaayi srishtikkappedunnu, koodaathe edavittulla claude cover polulla thadassangalkkaayi krameekarichirikkunna anumaanikkappedunna volyangal.
meedheynum mattu sakthamaaya harithagriha vaathakangalum mechappetta resolutionode alakkaanulla sheshiyode adhika upagrahangalum upakaranangalum oonlainil varunnu, thudarnnum varunnu. europian bahirakasha ejansi 2017ll vikshepicha tropomy upakaranathinu bhoomiyude troposphere meedhane, sulfur dye ooksaid, naitrajan dye ooksaid, kaarban monoxide, aerosol, oosoon saandrata enniva niravadhi kilometer resolutionil alakkaan kazhiyum. kaanadayile kambaniyaaya ghgsatt 2016ll vikshepicha clair upagrahathin kaarban dye ooksaidum meedheynum ethratholam kuranja alavil pariharikkaanaakumennathil athinte upabhokthaakkale udvamanathinte uravidam krithyamaayi nirnnayikkaan praptharaakkunnu.
bhoomi, vyoma sarvekal.
vitharanakkaaril ninnulla flir sisttangal, picaro thudangiya portable upakaranagalkk anuchithamayi pravartthikkunna jwaalakalil ninnulla adrishyamaaya chorchayum udvamanavum kandethaan kazhiyum. deerghakaalathekku meedheynum mattu vookku saandrathakalum nireekshikkunnathinu avaa praayogikamallenkilum vyavasaya attakuttappanikal nadathunna saankethika vidagdhar, niyanthrana udyogasthar, mattu anweshakar ennivare thalsamayam udvamana srothassukal kandethaanum rekhappeduthaanum praaptharaakkum.
paristhithi prathirodha fundile gaveshakar yuu. esile enna, vathaka pravarthanangalil ninnulla meedhane udvamanam vipulamaayi mapp cheythittundu.ezz. varshangalolam neendunilkkunna permian thadam. avayude phalangal oopparettarmaar report cheythathinekkaal kuranjathu moonnirattiyengilum kooduthal puranthallalukalum 10 sathamaanathiladhikam jwaalakal oru paridhivare thakaraarilaanennum kaanikkunnu. pravarthanakshamamallaatha jwaalayude staakkukalil pakuthiyolam kedupaadukalillathe avayude vaathakangal purathuvidunnathaayi kandethi.
purogathi kuraykkuka.
ikyaraashtrasabhayum anthaaraashtra oorjja ejansiyum lokabank ganyamaaya saambathika, paaristhithika, manushya-aarogya nettangal kanakkileduthu pathiv flairing reduction sramangal kuranja thoongikkidakkunna falamaayi amgeekarikkunnu. vikaswara rajyangalil phalangal prathyekichum valuthaanu, avide theepidittha theevratha (i.iii. uthppaadippikkunna ennayude oru yoonittin vaathakam) palappozhum kooduthalaanu, pradhaanamaayum avayude vikasanam kuranja adisthaana soukaryangalum prakruthivaathakathinulla vipanikalum kaaranam. indonesia, iraakh, kazakhstan, meksikoo, naijeeriya, khatthar, russiayile khanthi-mansi svayambharana ookrag-yugra mekhala ennivayaanu kuraykkaan lakshyamitta chila pradhana rajyangal.
1996 muthal 2018 vareyulla kaalayalavil aagola enna uthppaadanam 40 sathamaanam uyarnnappol aagola flairing alavil (cubic meter-cubic meter 3 ll alakkunnu) 10 sathamaanam kuravu undaayi. aagola flairing theevrathayil 35 sathamaanam kuravundaayi (baralinu enna uthppaadippikkunna cubic meettaril alakkunnu-emm 3/bii. bii. ell). russia, naijeeriya thudangiya jii. jii. eph. aarr pankaali raajyangalile munkaala kuraykkunnathinulla shramangalkk ithu prathyekichum kaaranamaayi. 2018 leeii kanakkanusarichu, canada, brazeel, niravadhi middle eest rajyangal enniva aagola sharashariyaaya 4.1 emm. 3/bii. bii. ellinekkaal 1 emm. 3/bii. bii. ellil thaazheyaan. cameroon ulppede niravadhi aafrikkan rajyangal 10 chathurashra meter/bii. bii. ellil 40 chathurashra meter/bii. bii. ellil jwalikkunnathu thudarunnu.
russia, iraakh, iraan, america ennee naalu rajyangal maathramaan motham vathaka spodanathinte 50 sathamaanathinum utharavaadikal. avayude jwalikkunna theevratha ekadesham 3 muthal 10 meter/bii. bii. ell vareyaanu, kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi avaa ganyamaayi mechappettitla. oro rajyathinum vipulamaaya adisthaana soukaryangalum noothana saankethikavidyakalilekkal praveshanavumundu, mathramalla maattathe kooduthal prathirodhikkunna sankeernamaaya bisinesses, rashtreeya samskaarangalum undu.
amerikkayil valarcha.
yuu. yill pottitherikkunnathum venting cheiyunnathum report cheythu.ezz. yuu. esil ninnulla daattayude adisthaanathil randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla pathittaandukalil ithu kuranju.ezz. oorjja vivara bharanasamvidaanam. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, ithu verthirichedukkunna apgyude 1.5 shathamaanathinaduthum enna, vathaka kinarukalil ninnu verthirichedukkunna vaathakathinte 0.5 shathamaanathinaduthum thaazhnna nilayiletthi.
ennirunnaalum, 2005 muthal, gyaas flairing pravartthanam veendum vardhichukondirikkanu, anugamikkunna chaarttukalil kaanichirikkunnu. 32 samsthaanangal gyaas flairing koodaathe/allengil venting nadathukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1990 nuu sheshamulla ettavum valia vooliyam mattangal padinjaaran texassileyum nyoo meksikkoyileyum permian thadam, vadakkan dakotta bucken roopeekaranam, thekkukizhakkan texasile eegil foord group ennivayilaanu.
voliyavum sathamaanavum anusarichu alannathupole amerikkayil vaathakajwalanathil vardhanavundaayi. 2018ll, 500 bilyan cubic adii vaathakam pottitherichu 50 varshathe ettavum uyarnna nilayiletthi, ithu apgyude 10 shathamaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. prakruthivaathakathinte negatteevu uthppaadaka vilayekkurichulla reportukalum permian mekhalayile pravartthanam kooduthal erattiyaayathum 2019 ll amerikkayil eee vinashakaramaaya sanbradaayathil thudarchayaaya valarchaykku kaaranamaayi. 2018-2019 ll, permiyanil maathram prathidinam pazhaakkunna vaathakathinte alavu texas samsthaanathinte muzhuvan paarppida aavasyangal niravettaan prapthamaayirunnu.
eee mekhalayil ninnulla anchu puthiya deerghadoora gyaas pipe lineukal nirmmaanathilaanu, aadya entry sarvees 2019-leeii kyu 3-lum mattullava 2020-2022 samayat oonlainil varumennu shedule cheythittundu.
oru elavu.ezz. 2017 muthal aarambhicha federal niyanthranangal pothu, swakaarya bhoomikalil ninnulla eiii. pii. jii maalinyangal kooduthal vardhippikkaan praapthamakki. yuu. esil ninnulla 2019 juun reportil iva samgrahichirikkunnu.ezz. ettavum anantharafalamaayundaakunna mattangal thaazhepparayunna reethiyil thirichariyunna oorjja vakupp

