memory maanejment yoonit

memory basile ellah memory referenceukalum parisodhikkukayum vertual memory adrus ennariyappedunna eee abhyarthanakal pradhana memmariyile physical vilaasangalilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheiyunna oru computer hardware yoonittaan peju cheytha memory maanejment yoonit (pmmu) ennu chilappol vilikkappedunna memory maanejment yoonit (emmu).
aadhunika samvidaanangalil, prograamukalkku saadhaaranayaayi computer aarkkitekcharinte saidhaanthika paramavadhi memory, 32 allengil 64 bittukal axus cheiyunna vilaasangalund. emmu oro prograamil ninnumulla vilaasangal physical memmariyile prathyeka mekhalakalaayi mapp cheiyunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi saidhaanthika paramavadhi ennathinekkaal valare cheruthaanu. prograamukal oru samayathum valia alavil memory upayogikkunnathu apoorvamaayathinaal ithu saadhyamaan. mikka aadhunika operating sisttangalum (oesu) vertual memory (vm) pinthuna nalkunnathinu emmuvumaayi chernnu pravartthikkunnu. pejukal" ennariyappedunna nischitha valippathilulla blokkukalil emmu memory upayogam tracucheyyunnu, oru prograam physical memmariyillaatha oru pejile oru lokkeshane paraamarshikkukayaanenkil, emmu operating systethinu oru thadassamundaakkum, athu physical memmariyil oru swatantra peju-sais block kandethum, kuranja upayogamulla block swathanthramaakkukayum aavashyamenkil, haard drive pole backing storejilekku ezhuthukayum, aavashyamenkil backing storejil ninnu aaa pejinulla daatta vaayikkukayum, peju aaa blokkilekku mapp cheyyaan emmu sajjamaakkukayum, interapttil ninnu prograamilekku madangukayum cheiyunnu, angane athu ippol memmariyilulla lokkeshane paraamarsikkaan kazhiyum. ithine demand paging ennu vilikkunnu.
aadhunika emmus saadhaaranayaayi memoryumaayi bandhapetta adhika jolikalum cheiyunnu. memory protection, munbu abhyarthichittillaatha memory axus cheyyaanulla oru prograaminte shramangale thadayunnu, ithu oru mosham perumattamulla prograam mattoru prograamil ninnulla daatta vaayikkunnathil ninnu ellah memory kshudra code upayogikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnu. avar palappozhum oru prosessor kaashe kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, ithu aduthide axus cheytha daatta valare vegathayeriya memmariyil sambharikkukayum angane mandagathiyilulla pradhana memoryumaayi samsaarikkendathinte aavasyakatha kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. chila nadappaakkalukalil, axus aagrahikkunna computerinte pala bhaagangalkkidayilum memory bassilekkulla axus niyanthrikkunna buzz aarbitreshan utharavaadithavum avarkkaan.
avarkkaan vm samvidaanangal vyaapakamaakunnathin munbu, munkaala emmu designukal kooduthal vaividhyamaarnnathaayirunnu. ivayil pothuvaaya peju cheytha vivarthanam, aadhunika demand pejinginu samanamaayirunnu, athu nischitha valuppathilulla blokkukal upayogichirunnuvenkilum memory vibhajikkunna pejukalude oru nischitha valuppathilulla pattika undaayirunnu; ithinartham block valuppam pejukalude ennathinteyum instaal cheytha memmariyudeyum pravartthanamaayirunnu ennaanu. kooduthalum valia yanthrangalil kaanapedunna mattoru saadhaarana saankethikavidya, vibhajicha vivarthanamaayirunnu, ithu prograam abhyarthanakalil nannayi mapp cheiyunna memmariyude variable-sais blokkukal anuvadichu. ithu kaaryakshamamaayirunnu, pakshe vertual memmariyilekku mapp cheythilla. chila aadyakaala samvidaanangal, prathyekichu 8-bitt samvidaanangal, baank switching nadatthaan valare lalithamaaya mmus upayogichu.
avalokanam.
aadhunika emmus saadhaaranayaayi vertual adrus space (prosessor upayogikkunna vilaasangalude shreni) pejukalaayi vibhajikkunnu, oronninum 2 power valuppamund, saadhaaranayaayi kurachu kilobaittukal, pakshe avaa valare valuthayirikkaam. aadhunika samvidaanangalil saadhaaranayaayi 32 allengil 64-bittukal ulla mesheente swaabhaavika vilasa valuppam upayogichu prograamukal reference memory upayogikkunnu. vilaasathinte thaazheyulla bittukal (oru pejinullile offset) maattamillathe avasheshikkunnu. mukalile vilasa bittukal vertual peju nambarukalaanu.
mikka emmyukalum pradhana memmariyile bhauthika peju nambarukalilekku vertual peju nambarukal mapp cheiyunnathinu oru pejil oru peju table entry (pte) adangiyirikkunna "peju table" enna enangalude inn-memory table upayogikkunnu. oru vertual vilasam mapp cheiyumbozhellaam pradhana memory axus cheyyendathinte aavasyakatha ozhivakkaan upayogikkunna oru associative kaashe oof ptesine translation luxide buffer (tlb) ennu vilikkunnu.
mattu emm. emm. yuvil oru koottam mapping vivarangal sookshikkunna memory, rajisttarukal allengil staatik raam ennivayude oru swakaarya shreni undayirikkaam.
vertual peju nambar peju tableilo mattu mapping vivarangalilo nerittu oru soochikayaayi upayogikkaam, allengil athu kooduthal vibhajikkaam, oru nischitha thalatthilulla bittukal soochikayaayi thaazhathe thalatthilulla pattikakalilekku upayogikkunnu, athilekku adutha level thaazheyulla bittukal rando athiladhikamo thalatthilulla soochikayumaayi oru soochikayaayi upayogikkunnu.
poornnamaaya bhauthika vilasam nalkunnathinu physical peju nambar peju offsettumaayi samyojippichirikkunnu.
oru peju table entrio mattu peju vivarangal ("durty bitt"), avasaanamaayi eppol upayogichuvenno ("axus cheytha bitt", ettavum aduthide upayogicha (elru) peju replacement algoritam), eathu tharatthilulla prakriyakal (user mooad allengil supervisor mooad) vaayikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheyyaam, athu kaashe cheyyanamo ennathinekkurichulla vivarangalum ulppettekkaam.
chilappol, oru peju table entrio mattu oro peju vivarangalo oru prathyeka vertual pejilekkulla axus nirodhikkunnu, orupakshe aaa vertual pejilekku physical random-axus memory (raam) anuvadichittillaayir kaaranam. eee saahacharyathil, emmu sipiyuvin oru peju folt signal cheiyunnu. orupakshe raaminte oru spare frame kandethaanum abhyarthicha vertual vilaasathilekku mapp cheiyunnathinu peju mapp sajjeekarikkanum sramichukondu operating sisttam (oesu) sahacharyam kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. raam soujanyamallengil, chila replacement algoritam upayogichu nilavilulla oru peju ('ira' ennariyappedunnu) thiranjedukkukayum athu diskill save cheyyukayum cheyyendathundu ('paging' enna prakriya). kurachu emmus ullappol, ptesinte kuravum undakam, eee saahacharyathil oesu puthiya maappinginaayi orennam swathanthramaakkendathundu.
emmu yathaakramam niyamavirudhamaaya allengil nilavilillaattha memory aaksasukalil niyamavirudhamaaya axus pishak vyavasthakal allengil asaadhuvaaya peju thakaraarukal srishtikkukayum ithu operating sisttam kaikaaryam cheyyumbol segmenteshan thakaraarilekko buzz pishak vyavasthakalilekko nayikkukayum cheyyum.
aanukoolyangal.
chila sandarbhangalil, oru peju folt oru software bugg soochippichekkaam, ithu oru ememyuvinte pradhana nettangalilonnayi memory pariraksha upayogichu thadayaan kazhiyum oru prathyeka prograaminu axus cheyyaan paadillaattha memmariyilekkulla axus anuvadikkunnathiloode thettaaya prograamukalil ninnu samrakshikkaan oru operating systethinu ithu upayogikkaan kazhiyum. saadhaaranayaayi, oru operating sisttam oro prograaminum athintethaaya vertual adrus space nalkunnu.
oru emmu memory vighadippikkal prashnavum laghookarikkunnu. memory blokkukal anuvadikkukayum swathanthramaakkukayum cheythathinushesham, swatantra memory vighadichupokaam (vichedikkappedaathe), angane swatantra memmariyude ettavum valia thudarchayaaya block motham thukayekkaal valare cheruthayirikkaam. vertual memory upayogichu, thudarchayaaya vertual vilaasangalude oru shreni physical memmariyude niravadhi noonn-contigues blokkukalilekku mapp cheyyaan kazhiyum; eee noonn-contigues alokkeshan pejinginte gunangalilonnaanu.
chila aadyakaala microprosessor designukalil, vilsi teknolaji vi475 (1986), mackintosh II-leeii motorola 68020 cpu upayogichu upayogikkunna motorola 68851 (1984), allengil silog silog prosessor kudumbathodoppam upayogikkunna upayogikkunna, isad8010 (1985) thudangiya prathyeka samyojitha sarkyoottaan memory maanejment nadathiyathu. pinneedu microprosessorukal (motorola 68030, silog z280 enniva polullava) emmu sipiyuvumayi chernnu intal 80286, pinneedu x86 microprosessorukal pole athe integrated sarcutil sthaapichu.
pazhaya ashayangal.
eee lekhanam aadhunika emm. emm. yuvil shradha kendreekarikkunnunde, saadhaaranayaayi demand pejingine adisthaanamaakkiyulla aadyakaala samvidaanangal adisthaanavum athirukalum upayogichirunnu, athu vibhajanamaayi vikasichu, allengil aavasyathinanusarichu loducheyyunnathinupakaram oru nischitha koottam blokkukal upayogichu. eee rund sameepanangalum thammilulla vyathyasam memmariyude thudarchayaaya blokkinte valuppamaan; peju cheytha sisttangal pradhana memory thulya valuppamulla blokkukalude oru parambarayaayi vibhajikkunnu, athesamayam segmented sisttangal saadhaaranayaayi variable valuppangal anuvadikkunnu.
vibhajicha vivarthanam.
palappozhum softweyaril nadappilaakkunna aadyakaala memory maanejment sisttangal, maappingukalude oru parambara nilanirthaan memmariyude oru bhagam maattivaykkunnu. mattu niravadhi padangal upayogichittundengilum ivayil "bays", "limitt" ennee moolyangalude jody ulppedunnu. oru prograam looad cheyyaan operating sisttam memory abhyarthikkukayo allengil oru fayalil ninnulla daatta sookshikkaan oru prograam kooduthal memory abhyarthikkukayo cheyyumbol, athu memory handling library vilikkum. abhyarthana nilanirthaan paryapthamaaya pradhana memmariyile oru pradesham tirayan ithu mappingukal parishodhichu. atharamoru block kandethiyaal, meshayil oru puthiya entry nalkum. athinusesham, aaa prograam memory axus cheythappol, athinte ellah vilaasangalum adisthaana moolyathaal offset cheyyappettu. prograam abhyarthicha memory upayogichu prograam poortthiyaakkukayum release cheyyukayum cheyyumbol allengil prograam purathukadakkumbol, athumaayi bandhapetta entrikal release cheiyunnu.
kaalakramena, eee reethiyilulla praveshanam mainframe vipaniyil saadhaaranamaayitheernnu, ithu "segmented translation" ennariyappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum ivideyum vividha padangal upayogikkunnu. eee shailikk laalithyathinte gunamundu; memory blokkukal thudarchayaayathinaal adisthaanavum paridhiyum enna rund moolyangal maathrame sambharikkendathulloo. oro entriyum orotta prograam upayogikkunna memory blokkumaayi poruthappedunnu, vivarthanam prograaminu adrishyamaanu, ithu pradhana memory vilasam poojyathil aarambhich chila nischitha moolyathilekku vyaapikkunnath kaanunnu.
eee sameepanathinte poraayma, ithu "baahya vighadanam" ennariyappedunna oru falatthilekku nayikkunnu ennathaanu. memory alokkeshanukal purathuvarikayum ennaal avaa aduthillaathavayaayirikkum cheiyumbozhaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. eee saahacharyathil, oru abhyarthana kaikaaryam cheyyaan mathiyaya memory labhyamaayekkam, pakshe ithu vyaapichukidakkunnu, athu anuvadikkaan kazhiyilla. kaalakramena prograamukal aarambikkukayum nirthukayum cheiyunna sisttangalil, ithu oduvil memory valare vighadippikkunnathilekkum valia blokkukal avasheshikkunnathilekkum nayichekkaam. eee prashnam pariharikkunnathin niravadhi algorithangal vikasippicheduthu.
vikasippicheduthu microcomputer plaattphomukalil segmenting vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. eee ashayam upayogicha emm. emm. yuvukalil motorola 68451, signatics 68905 enniva ulppedunnu, ennaal mattu niravadhi udaaharanagal nilavilundu. software nadappaakkalukalilum ithu pinthunaykkappettu; 1987 ll mackintosh plaattfominaayi puratthirakkiya aappilinte multifinder oru udaaharanamaanu. oro prograaminum finderil munkootty thiranjeduttha memory anuvadikkukayum handilukal upayogichu prograamukalkkullil vertualil ninnu physicalilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
ibm pcyil upayogikkunna intal 8088 aanu kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya udaaharanam. ithu sipiuvinullil valare lalithamaaya oru emmu nadappilaakki, naalu prosessor rajisttarukal prograam nerittu axus cheiyunna adisthaana moolyangal kaivasham vaykkunnu. iva 20-bitt vilaasathinte mukalile 4 bittukal maathrame mapp cheythulloo, koodaathe oru paridhiykk thulyamaaya oru paridiyumilla, athu vilaasathinte thaazhathe 16-bittukalum angane oru nischitha 64 kb aayirunnu. x86 vasthuvidyaa shreniyile pilkkala entrikal vyathyastha sameepanagal upayogichu.
vibhajanavum demand paging.
ge 645 umm athinte pingaamikalum polulla chila samvidaanangal vibhajanavum demand paging upayogichu. segmentukalude pattikayil, segmentinte adisthaana vilaasavum dairkhyavum nalkunna oro segmentileyum entrikal adangiyirikkunnathinaparum, segmentinte dairkhyathinu purame, segmentinaayi oru peju tableinte bhauthika adisthaana vilasam nalkunna entrikal adangiyirikkunnu. physical memory nischitha valippathilulla pejukalaayi thirichirikkunnu, koodaathe peju adisthaanamaakkiyulla demand pejinginu upayogikkunna athe saankethikavidyakal segment-aandu-peju adisthaanamaakkiyulla demand pejingin upayogikkunnu.
peju cheytha vivarthanam.
memory kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla mattoru sameepanam pradhana memory sthira valuppathilulla blokkukalude thudarchayaaya sreniyaayi vibhajikkuka ennathaanu. ithu aadhunika demand paging samvidaanathinu samaanamaan, phalam pejukalude oru parambarayaanu, ennaal eee muun sisttangalil pejukalude listt valuppathil nischayikkukayum prakadanam mechappeduthunnathinaayi staatik raam polulla eathenkilum tharatthilulla phaast memmariyil saadhaaranayaayi sambharikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee saahacharyathil, emmu sambharichirikkunna vilaasathinte rund bhaagangale "segment nambar", "peju indux" ennu vilikkunnu.
yadhaartha motorola 68000 pole 24-bitt vilaasamulla oru prosessor design pariganikkuka. atharamoru sisttathil, emmu vertual vilaasathe bhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, peju soochikayude ettavum kuranja praadhaanyamulla 13 bittukalum segment nambaraayi sheshikkunna 11 ettavum pradhanappetta bittukalum. ithu 8 keey. bii. veethamulla 2048 pejukalude oru pattikaykku kaaranamaakunnu. eee sameepanathil, memory abhyarthanakal aaa prograaminu onno athiladhikamo pejukal anuvadikkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu, athu pradhana memmariyil aduthaayirikkilla. prograam aadyam prakadippicha peju nambarinteyum pradhana memmariyile yadhaartha peju nambarinteyum oru listt emmu paripaalikkunnu. memory axus cheyyaan shramikkumbol, emmu prosessorinte memory basil ninnulla segment nambar vaayikkukayum aaa prograaminte anubandha entry athinte aantharika memmariyil kandethukayum memmariyude basil moolyathinte mapp cheytha pathipp prakadippikkukayum cheyyumbol yadhaartha vilaasathinte thaazhathe bittukal maattamillathe kadannupokunnu. segmented cases pole, prograamukal athinte memory orotta contigues blocayi kaanunnu.
eee sameepanathin rund poraaymakalundu. aadyathethu, vertual adrus space vikasikkumbol, mapping nilanirthaan aavashyamaaya memmariyude alavum vardhikkunnu ennathaanu. udaaharanathinu, 68020-ll vilaasangal 32-bitt veethiyullathaanu, athaayath athe 8 kebi peju valuppathinte segment nambar ippol mukalile 19 bittukalum mapping table valuppathil 512 kbyayi vikasikkunnu, ithu 1980-kalil nyayamaaya chelavil hardwareil nadappilakkaan kazhiyunnathilum valare kooduthalaanu. pejukal valuthaakkunnathiloode eee prashnam kuraykkaan kazhiyum, 8 nuu pakaram 64 kebi ennu parayuka. ippol peju soochika 16 bittukal upayogikkunnu, thathfalamaayundaakunna peju table 64 kebi aanu, ithu kooduthal tractable aanu.
ithu "aantharika vighadanam" enna randaamathe prashnathilekku nayikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru prograam phayal varkk nadatthaan 1 kebi buffer abhyarthikkukayaanenkil, oru pejil vrithiyaayi mapp cheyyaatha oru memory block oru prograam abhyarthikkumbozhaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. eee saahacharyathil, 1 peju maathrame upayogikkaavoovenkilum 64 keey. bii peju muzhuvan maattivaykkaan abhyarthana kaaranamaakunnu. itharathilulla niravadhi cheria vihithangal nalkiyittundenkil, memmariyude bhooribhaagavum shoonyamaayi avasheshikkunnundenkil athu upayogikkaam.
peju cheytha vivarthana sameepanam sameepanam 1970kalilum emmus vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu, signatics 68905 ulppede (ithu eathenkilum modil pravartthikkaan kazhiyum). signatics phillips 68000-nte oru pathipp nirmmichu, athu 68905-neey ore physical chippil samyojippichu, 68070. 
vertual vilasam valare cheruthaanenkil physical vilaasathinte valuppam vipuleekarikkuka ennathaanu eee saankethikavidyayude mattoru upayogam. udaaharanathinu, udaaharanathinu yadhaarthathil 16-bitt vilasam undaayirunnu, athu 1970-kalil memory valuppangal vardhichathinaal valare cheruthaakki. physical memory buzz 18-bittukalayi vipuleekarikkukayum prosessor basile mattu pinnukale adisthaanamaakki rund bittukal koodi cherkkaan oru emmu upayogichu eathu prograam memory axus cheiyunnundennu soochippikkunnathiloodeya ithu abhisambodhana cheythu.
paging ennaal baank switching ennu vilikkappedunnillengum ithe saankethikavidyayude mattoru upayogam, moss 6502 polulla aadyakaala 8-bitt microprosessorukal vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. udaaharanathinu, attaari emmu adrus basil adhika bittukal prakadippichu niravadhi "baankukalil" ninnu thiranjedukkum. attaari 130xe-ll labhyamaya memory 128 keey. bii. aayi vikasippikkaan ithu upayogichu. comodore 128 samanamaaya sameepanam upayogichu.
paging aavashyappeduka.
intenal hye-speed memmariyil ninnu maappingukalude pattika pradhana memmariyilekku neekkunna peju cheytha vivarthana aashayathinte parishkkaranamaan demand paging. ithu mapping tablinte valippathilulla parimiti neekkam cheyyukayum sisttathinte haard driveukalude disk sectorinte valuppam allengil aantharika inputt/outtputtu bafarukalude valuppam polulla mattu paaraameettarukale adisthaanamaakki oru peju valuppam thiranjedukkaan systethe anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. mapping tableinu nischitha valuppamillathathinaal, ethra entrikal venamenkilum anuvadikkunnathinu aavashyamullathra vipuleekarikkaan kazhiyum. eee maappinginaayi pradhana memory axus cheiyunnathu avaye aantharika memmariyil nilanirthunnathinekkaal valare mandagathiyilaanu ennathaanu poraayma, athinaal eee mappingukal ganyamaaya overhead avatharippikkunnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi translation lukaside buffer upayogichaanu abhisambodhana cheiyunnathu, ithu oru kashai pravartthikkukayum oro vilasa thirayalinoppavum pradhana memmariyil ninnulla mapping vaayikkendathinte aavasyakatha ozhivaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
udaaharanagal.
mikka aadhunika samvidaanangalum memory valuppamulla pejukalaayi vibhajikkunnu, palappozhum valuppathilullatho valuppathilullatho aaya pejukal upayogikkaan kazhiyum (palappozhum rund vakabhedangalum saadhyamaan). peju vivarthanangal oru translation luxide bufferil (tlb) kaashe cheiyunnu. chila samvidaanangal, pradhaanamaayum pazhaya risk designukal, tlbyil oru peju vivarthanam kandethaathappol oesil kudungunnu. mikka samvidaanangalum hardware adisthaanamaakkiyulla trea wacker upayogikkunnu. mikka sisttangalum emmu pravarthanarahithamaakkaan anuvadikkunnu, ennaal chilar oesu kodilekk trap cheyyumbol emmu pravarthanarahithamaakkunnu.
ibm sisttam/360 model 67, ibm sisttam/370, pingaamikal.
1965 august maasathil avatharippicha ibm sisttam/360 model 67ll dynamic adrus translation (daatt) boxes enna emmu ulppeduthiyittundu. peju tableinu purathu axus cheythathum vrithikettathumaaya bittukal sambharikkunnathinte asaadhaarana savisheshatha ithinu undu (ellah ezz/360 prosessorukalkkumulla naalu bitt protection keeykkoppam). avaa vertual memoric pakaram physical memmariyeyaan soochippikkunnathu, prathyeka uddeshya nirddeshangal vazhi axus cheyyappedunnu. ithu oesinte overhead kuraykkunnu, allaathapaksham peju tableukalil ninnu axus cheythathum vrithikettathumaaya bittukal kooduthal bhouthikamaayi ooriyantad cheytha dattaa gadanayilekku pracharippikkendathundu. ithu pinneedu paravirchvalaiseshan ennu vilikkappedunna oesu-level vertualisatione eluppamaakkunnu.
1972 august muthal, ibm sisttam/370 nuu samanamaaya emmu undu, ennirunnaalum ithu thudakkathil sisttam/360 model 67 nte 32-bitt vertual adrus spacinu pakaram 24-bitt vertual adrus spacine maathrame pinthunaykkunnulloo. ithu peju tableinu purathu axus cheythathum vrithikettathumaaya bittukal sambharikkunnu. 1983-nte thudakkathil, sisttam/370-xa architecture vertual adrus space 31 bittukalayi vipuleekarichu, 2000-ll, 64-bitt z/architecture avatharippichu, adrus space 64 bittukalayi vikasippichu; avaa peju tableinu purathu axus cheythathum vrithikettathumaaya bittukal sambharikkunnath thudarunnu.
vaaks.
vaaks pejukal 512 baittukalaan, ithu valare cheruthaanu. oru oesu onniladhikam pejukale orotta valia peju pole kanakkakkaam. udaaharanathinu, vaaxile linux ettu pejukal orumichu grouppucheyyunnu. athinaal, eee samvidaanathinu pejukalullathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. vaaks memory naalu nischitha-uddeshya mekhalakalaayi vibhajikkunnu, oronnum valuppathil. awar
peju tableukal valia leanier arekalaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, saadhyamaaya shreniyude iruvashathum vilaasangal upayogikkumbol ithu valare paazhayirikkum, ennaal p0, p1 sthalangalkaayulla peju tableukal peju cheytha s0 sthalathu sambharichirikkunnu. athinaal, upayogikkaatha peju table entrikalil dhaaraalam sthalam paazhaakkaathe viralamaaya memory leauttu nadatthaan aaplikkeshanukale anuvadikkunna oru rund-level trea phalapradamaayi undu. mikka emyessukalileyum peju table entrikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vaaks emmuvile peju table entrikalkku axus cheytha bitt illa. paging nadappilaakkunna oo. ezz. eiii. kall kaaryakshamamaayi pravarthippikkanamenkil axus cheytha bitt anukarikkaan enthengilum maargam kandethanam. saadhaaranayaayi, oesu idaykkide pejukal anmaapp cheyyum, angane peju-illaatha pishakukal upayogichu oesu oru axus bitt sajjamakkaan anuvadikkum.
kaii.
aam architecture adisthaanamaakkiyulla aaplikkeshan prosessorukal aam vertual memory sisttam architecture nirvachicha oru emmu nadappilaakkunnu. nilavile vaasthuvidya pejukal, vibhagangal, suuppar-sekshanukal enniva vivarikkunnathinum nirvachikkunnathinum ptes nirvachikkunnu; legazy pathippukal oru cheria pejum nirvachichu. upayogikkukayaanenkil rund thalatthilulla peju table pejukalum allengil vibhagangalkkum vibhagangalkkum oru level peju table maathramaan aam upayogikkunnathu.
peju table wacking hardware vazhiyaan tlb apdettukal yaanthrikamaayi nadathunnathu. privileju, cashability vivarangal, oru enx bitt, surakshithamallaatha bitt ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla reed/raitt axus anumathi enniva pitteyil ulppedunnu.
deck alfa.
deck alfa prosessorukal memory,,,,, allengil; peju valuppam prosessorine aasrayichirikkunnu. pejukal. oru tlb missinu sesham, loow-level fameware mesheen coode (ivide palcode ennu vilikkunnu) oru peju tableylake neengunnu.
oppanvms axp palcode deck osf/1 palcode moonnu-level trea-structured peju tableiloode nadakkunnu. upayogashoonyamaaya oru koottam bittukal (maratthinte root levelilekku soochikayude ettavum mukalilulla bittinte athe moolyam adangiyirikkunnu), maratthinte root level soochika cheiyunnathinulla oru koottam bittukal, maratthinte madhyanira soochikayaakkaan oru koottam bittukal, maratthinte ila level soochikayaakkaan oru koottam bittukal, parishkkaranamillathe bhauthika vilaasathilekku kadannupokunna bakkiyulla bittukal enningane vilaasangal vibhajikkunnu, pejinullil oru baitt soochika cheiyunnu. feeldukalude valuppangal peju valuppathe aasrayichirikkunnu; moonnu trea indux feeldukalum ore valuppamaan. oppanvms axp palcode upayokthaav, supervisor, executive, kernel modukal ennivaykkaayi poornna reed aandu raitt permission bittukale pinthunaykkunnu, koodaathe reed/raitt/execute bittukalile faultin pinthunaykkunnu. deck osf/1 palcode upayokthaavinum kernel modukalkkumaayi poornna reed aandu raitt permission bittukale pinthunaykkunnu, koodaathe reed/raitt/execute bittukalile faultin pinthunaykkunnu.
windos enty axp palcodine onnukil oru vertual adrus speysil single level peju tableilo allengil physical adrus speysil rund level peju tableilo nadakkaan kazhiyum. oru vilaasathinte mukalile 32 bittukal avaganikkappedunnu. oru single level peju tableinaayi, peju table soochikayaakkunnathinaayi vilaasangal oru koottam bittukalayi vibhajikkukayum backie bittukal parishkkaranamillathe physical vilaasathilekku kadannupokukayum pejinullil oru baitt soochikappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. rund level peju tableinaayi, vilaasangal oru koottam bittukalayi thaazhekku bork cheyth maratthinte root level soochika cheiyunnu, maratthinte mukalile level soochikayaakkaan oru koottam bittukal, maratthinte ila level soochikayaakkaan oru koottam bittukal, parishkkaranamillathe bhauthika vilaasathilekku kadannupokunna bakkiyulla bittukal, pejinullil oru baitt soochika cheiyunnu. feeldukalude valuppam peju valuppathe aasrayichirikkunnu. kernel modil ninnu maathram axus cheyyaavunnatho upayokthaavil ninnum kernel modil ninnum axus cheyyaavunnatho aaya oru pejine windos enty axp palcode pinthunaykkunnu, koodaathe raitt bittile oru thakararineyum pinthunaykkunnu.
mip.
tlbyile onnu muthal 64 entrikale mips architecture pinthunaykkunnu. synthesis cheiyunnathinu munbu cpu konfigareshanil tlb entrikalude ennam krameekarikkavunnathaanu. tlb entrikal erattayaanu. oro tlb entriyum peju maaskinte bhaagamallaatha vertual vilaasathinte ettavum kuranja praadhaanyamulla bittine aashrayich rund peju frame nambarukalil nambarukalil allengil allengil onnil oru vertual peju nambar nambar mapp cheiyunnu. eee bittum peju mask bittukalum bittukalum sambharichittilla. oro tlb entrich athintethaaya peju valuppamund, athu naalinte gunithangalil ninnu eathu moolyavum aakam. oru tlb entriyile oro pfn oru kaashe attribute undu, oru vrithikettathum saadhuthayullathumaaya staattas bitt undu. oru oru oru aagola staattas bittum oru oesu assaind idyum undu, athu aagola staattas bitt poojyamaayi sajjeekarichittundel vertual adrus tlb entry malsarathil pankedukkunnu. peju mask bittukal illaathe oru pii. eph. enn. bhauthika vilasam sambharikkunnu.
mapp cheytha vertual vilaasavumaayi poruthappedunna entrikal tlbyil illaathirikkumbol oru tlb reefil exption srishtikkappedunnu. oru poruttham undaakumbol oru tlb asaadhuvaaya exption srishtikkappedunnu, pakshe entry asaadhuvaayi adayaalappeduthiyiriknu. oru store nirddesham oru mapp cheytha vilasam paraamarsikkukayum poruthappedunna entriyude vrithiketta nila sajjamakkaathirikkukayum cheyyumbol oru tlb modified exption srishtikkappedunnu. oru tlb exption prosess cheyyumbol oru tlb exption sambhavikkukayaanenkil, oru eratta folt tlb exption, athu athinte swantham exption handlerilake ayaykkum.
32 bitt vertual adrus spays 36 bitt physical adrus spays vare mps 32, mps mps 2 enniva pinthunaykkunnu. 64 bitt vertual adrus spays 59 bitt physical adrus spays vare emm. aii. pii. ezz. 64 pinthunaykkunnu.
suuryan emmu.
motorola 68000 microprosessorinu chuttum nirmmichathum 1982ll avatharippichathumaaya orotta board computeraanu yadhaartha sann-1. ithil vilasa vivarthanam, memory samrakshanam, memory pankidal, cpuvil pravartthikkunna onniladhikam prakriyakalkkayi memory alokkeshan enniva nalkunna yadhaartha sann 1 memory maanejment yoonit ulppedunnu. swakaarya oonn-board raam, ekstenal multibus memory, oonn-board aii/oo, multibus aii/oo ennivayilekkulla sipiyuvinte ellah axus emmuviloode kadannupokunnu, avide vilasa vivarthanavum samrakshanavum oru ekeekritha reethiyilaan cheiyunnathu. cpu boardile hardwareilaanu emmu nadappilaakkunnathu.
emmuvil oru sandarbha rajisttar, oru segment mapp, oru peju mapp enniva adangiyirikkunnu. cpuvil ninnulla vertual vilaasangal segment mapp vazhi intermediat vilaasangalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu, avaa peju mapp vazhi physical vilaasangalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu. peju sais aanu, segment sais aanu oro segmentinum 16 pejukal nalkunnathu. 16 sandarbhangal vare oresamayam mapp cheyyaan kazhiyum. oru sandarbhathinte paramavadhi logical adrus space allengil oresamayam mapp cheyyaan kazhiyunna paramavadhi physical adrus 
oru multitasking operating sisttathil kontekst rajisttar pradhaanamaan, kaaranam ithu ellah vivarthana avastha vivarangalum veendum looad cheyyaathe thanne prakriyakalkkidayil marran sipiyuvine anuvadikkunnu. 4-bitt kondakst rajisttarinu supervisor niyanthranatthilulla segment maappinte 16 vibhaagangalkkidayil maachu cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu 16 sandarbhangal oresamayam mapp cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu. oro sandarbhathinum athintethaaya vertual adrus space undu. vyathyastha sandarbhangalude segmentilo peju maappukalilo ore moolyangal ezhuthi vertual adrus spays inter-kontekst communicationukalum pankidaam. segment maappine oru kondakst kashai kanakkaakkukayum kaalaharanapetta sandarbhangal ettavum kuranja reethiyil upayogikkunna adisthaanathil maattisthaapikkukayum cheythukondu adhika sandarbhangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyum.
sandarbha rajisttar upayokthaavum supervisor samsthaanangalum thammil oru vyathyasavum kanikkunnilla. thadassangalum kenikalum sandarbhangal mattunnilla, athinaal saadhuvaaya ellah interapt vektarukalum ellaayppozhum sandarbhathinte peju 0-lum saadhuvaaya supervisor staakkilum mapp cheyyendathundu.
sann-2 varkksteshanukal samaanamaan; avaa motorola 68010 microprosessorinu chuttum nirmmichirikkunnu, koodaathe pejukalum segmentukalum ulla samanamaaya memory maanejment unitundu. sandarbha rajisttarinu supervisor avasthayil upayogikkunna 3-bitt sisttam sandarbhavum upayokthru avasthayil upayogikkunna 3-bitt upayokthru sandarbhavumundu.
sandarbhavumundu, sann-aidi4, sann-aidi1, sann-aidi2 enniva ozhikeyulla sann-3 varkksteshanukal motorola 68020 nuu chuttum nirmmichirikkunnu, avaykku samanamaaya memory maanejment unitundu. pejinte valippam vardhippichu. (pilkkala modalukal motorola 68030 nuu chuttum nirmmichirikkunnu, koodaathe 68030-nte oonn-chipp emmu upayogikkunnu.)
vividha spark microprosessorukalkku chuttum nirmmichirikkunna sann-4 varksteshanukalkku sann-3 varksteshanukalkku samanamaaya memory maanejment unitundu.
power pisi.
powerpisy thiranjeduthekkaam, kazhiyum, jii2, aadyakaala pejukalil saadhaaranayaayi oru tlb missinu sheshamulla staanderd powerpisy emmu oresamayam rund thirayalukal aarambikkunnu. naalo etto dattaa block adrus translation (dii. bii. eiii. tii) rajisttarukalil onno naalo etto instruction block adrus translation rajisttarukalo (aii. bii. eiii. tii) anuyojyamaaya reethiyil vilaasavumaayi poruthappedutthaan oru thirayal shramikkunnu. baatt rajistarukalkku memmariyude leanier bhagangal mapp cheyyaan kazhiyum, saadhaaranayaayi oesu kernalinte swantham upayogathinaayi vilasa sthalathinte valia bhagangal mapp cheyyaan oru oesu upayogikkunnu. baatt thirayal vijayikkukayaanenkil, matte thirayal nirthukayum avaganikkappedukayum cheiyunnu.
eee kudumbatthile ellah prosessorukalum nerittu pinthunaykkaattha mattoru thirayal, tlbyude haash oof-chipp ekstenshanaayi pravartthikkunna "inverted peju table" ennu vilikkappedunna vazhiyaan. aadyam, vilaasathinte aadya naalu bittukal 16 segment rajisttarukalil onnu thiranjedukkaan upayogikkunnu. segment rajisttaril ninnulla 24 bittukal aaa naalu bittukal maattisthaapikkukayum 52-bitt vilasam srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. segment rajisttarukalude upayogam onniladhikam prakriyakale ore haash table pankidaan anuvadikkunnu.
52-bitt vilasam haash cheyyukayum pinneedu oof-chipp table soochikayaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. avide, ettu pejulla table entrikalude oru group poruthappedunna onninaayi scan cheiyunnu. amithamaya haash koottiyidi kaaranam onnum poruthappedunnillengil, prosessor alpam vyathyasthamaaya haash functionumaayi veendum shramikkunnu. ithum parajayappettaal, prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi cpu oesil (emmu apraapthamaakkiyirikkunnu) kudungunnu. oru puthiya entricaayi oesu haash table ninnu oru entry upekshikkendathundu. kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya trea polulla peju table ninno allengil mandagathiyilullathum kooduthal sthalakshamathayullathumaaya oro mapping daatta gadanakalil ninno oesu puthiya entry srishtikkaam. noow-execute niyanthranathinulla pinthuna segment rajisttarukalil undu, ithu granulaarittiyilekk nayikkunnu.
haash function moolamundaakunna mosham kaashe lokkeshanaan eee roopakalppanayile oru pradhana prashnam. sameepathulla pejukalkkaayi peju table entrikal aduthulla sthalangalil sthaapikkunnathiloode trea adhishtitha designukal ithu ozhivaakkunnu. powerpisiyil pravartthikkunna oru operating sisttam eee prashnam kuraykkunnathinu haash tableinte valuppam kurachekkaam.
oru prakriyayude peju table entrikal neekkam cheiyunnathum alppam mandagathiyilaanu. ithu neridunnathu vaikippikkunnathin oesu segment moolyangal veendum upayogikkunnathu ozhivakkaam, allengil perr-prosess haash tableukalumaayi bandhapetta memory paazhaakkaan athu thiranjeduthekkaam. thiranjeduthekkaam chippukal peju table entrikalkkaayi tirayunnilla, pakshe oru oesu software vazhi staanderd haash table thirayumenna pratheekshayode avaa haash srishtikkunnu. oo. essinu tii. ell. biyilekk ezhuthaan kazhiyum. kazhiyum, jii2, aadyakaala aadyakaala chippukal haash table tirayan hardware upayogikkunnu. ettavum puthiya chippukal oessine eathenkilum reethi thiranjedukkaan anuvadikkunnu. ithu oopshanalaakkunnatho ottum pinthunaykkaathatho aaya chippukalil, oesu oru trea adhishtitha peju table maathram upayogikkaan thiranjedukkaam.
iaa-32/x86.
oesu codil polum poornna software anuyojyatha nilanirthikkondu valarekkaalamaayi x86 architecture vikasichittundu. athinaal, saadhyamaaya niravadhi operating modukalulla emmu valare sankeernamaanu. parambaraagatha 80386 cpuvinteyum athinte pingaamikaludeyum (iaa-32) saadhaarana pravartthanam ivide vivarichirikkunnu.
cpu praadhamikamaayi memory pejukalaayi vibhajikkunnu. pazhaya 8088,80286 emmu designukalude adisthaanamaaya segment rajisttarukal aadhunika oosukalil upayogikkunnilla, oru pradhana apavaadam ozhike aaplikkeshanukalkkaayulla thread-nirddishta daattayilekko oesu kernalukalkkaayulla cpu-nirddishta daattayilekko ulla praveshanam, ithu efs, gs segment rajisttarukalude vyakthamaaya upayogathodeyaanu cheiyunnathu. ellah memory aaksasilum execute cheiyunna coode anusarichu thiranjeduttha oru segment rajisttar ulppedunnu. segment rajisttar oru table soochikayaayi pravartthikkunnu, ithu vertual vilaasathilekku cherkkaan oru offset nalkunnu. efs allengil gs upayogikkumbol ozhike, offset poojyamaanennu oesu urappaakkunnu.
offset cherthathinushesham, vilasam 32 bittukalil kooduthal valuthallennu marachuvekkunnu. vrukshathinte gadanayulla oru peju table vazhi phalam nokkaam, vilaasathinte bittukal thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vibhajikkaam vrukshathinte shaakhaykku 10 bittukal, shaakhayude elakalkku 10 bittukal, ettavum thaazhnna 12 bittukal enniva falatthilekku nerittu pakartthunnu. chila operating sistangalaaya, athaayath, W ^ x savisheshathayulla openbsd, execute sheeled allengil paiks paachukal ulla linux ennivayum, cs rajisttar vyakthamaakkiyathupole, coode segmentinte dairkhyam parimithappedutthukayum, adrus spacinte parishkkarikkaavunna pradeshangalil coode nadappilaakkunnathu anuvadikkaathirikkukayum cheythekkaam.
pentiyatthinoppam avatharippicha ememyuvinte cheria parishkaarangal maratthinte thaazhathe nila ozhivaakkikkond valare valia pejukal anuvadichu (ithu peju shreniyude aadya thalathe soochikayaakkunnathinu 10 bittukal avasheshikkunnu, backie 10+12 bittukal falatthilekku nerittu pakartthunnu). pentiyam proo upayogichu avatharippicha ememyuvinte cheria parishkaarangal physical adrus ekstenshan (payy) savisheshatha avatharippichu, ithu moonnu level peju tableukalkku 2 + 9 + 9 bittukalulla 36-bitt physical vilaasangal praapthamaakkukayum 12 ettavum thaazhnna bittukal falatthilekku nerittu pakartthukayum cheiyunnu. valia pejukal () vrukshathinte thaazhathe nila ozhivaakkunnathiloodeyum labhyamaan (rund-level table srenikkaayi 2 + 9 bittukalum backie 9+12 ettavum thaazhnna bittukalum nerittu pakartthunnu). koodaathe, peju attribute table oru cheria oonn-cpu table kurachu uyarnna bittukal nokki cashabilityude specification anuvadichu.
noow-execute pinthuna yadhaarthathil oro vibhaagathinum maathram nalkiyirunnu, ithu upayogikkaan valare budhimuttaanu. ettavum puthiya x86 chippukal payy modil oro pejinum noow-execute bitt nalkunnu. mukalil vivarichirikkunna dablyu. ex, execute sheeled, paiks samvidaanangal enniva enn. ex bitt illaatha x86 prosessorukalil perr-peju noonn-execute pinthuna anukarikkunnu, coode segmentinte neelam krameekarikkukayum, prakadana nashtavum labhyamaya vilasa idam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu.
x 86-64.
386 allengil puthiya prosessorukalkkaayi mikkavarum ellah operating sisttangalum upayogikkunna phlait memory modalinu anukoolamaayi vibhajanam mikkavarum poornnamaayum neekkam cheiyunna x86-nte 64-bitt extensionaanu x 86-64. long modil, efs, gs segmentukal ozhikeyulla ellah segment offsettukalum avaganikkappedunnu. pejukal upayogikkumbol, peju table treak moonninu pakaram naalu levalukalundu.
vertual vilaasangal thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vibhajichirikkunnu upayogikkaatha 16 bittukal, naalu trea levelukalkku (motham 36 bittukalkk) ombathu bittukal veetham, ettavum kuranja 12 bittukal falatthilekku nerittu pakartthunnu. pejukal ullappol, paging cheiyunnathinu upayogikkunna 27 bittukalkkum 21 bittukal offsettinum moonnu level peju table maathrame ulloo. chila puthiya sipasukal paging offsettum rund thalangalulla oru pejine pinthunaykkunnu.
pejukal pinthunaykkunnundo ennu nirnnayikkaan sii. pii. yuu. aii. dii upayogikkaam. moonnu saahacharyangalilum, bittukal 48-aamm bittinu thulyamayirikkanam, allengil mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, thaazhnna chinnangal uyarnna bittukalilekku vyaapippichirikkunnu. pinnoca anuyojyathayil vittuveezhcha cheyyaathe, abhisambodhana cheyyaavunna shreniyude bhaavi vipuleekaranam anuvadikkunnathinaanu ithu cheiyunnathu. peju tablinte ellah thalangalilum, peju table entriyil noow-execute bitt ulppedunnu.
itharamaarggangal.
baros baros seerees, baros/unisis emcp sisttangal.
1961 muthal baros baros aayirunnu vertual memory pinthunaykkunna aadyathe vaanijya samvidaanam (atlasinu sesham), athinu emmu illengilum. ithu, athinte pingaamikal, baros baros ennivayum athinte pingaamikalum oru ememyuvinte rund pravartthanangal nalkunnu-vertual memory vilaasangalum memory samrakshanavum-vyathyasthamaaya vasthuvidyaa sameepanathode.
aadyam, vertual memory vilaasangalude mappingil, oru emmu aavasyappedunnathinupakaram, aaa yanthrangal discriptar adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. baros b5000/b5500/b5700 sisttangalile 48-bitt memory vaakkinte ettavum mukalilulla bitt soochippikkunnathu aaa vaakk oru oopparand (samkhyaa allengil logical moolyam) aano atho oru discriptar/kantrol vaakk aano ennaanu; discriptarukal upayokthru prakriyakalkku maathram vaayikkaan kazhiyunnavayanu, mathramalla sisttam (hardware allengil operating sisttam) maathrame update cheyyaan kazhiyoo. baros baros systethileyum athinte pingaamikalileyum memory vaakkukalkk 48 dattaa bittukalum 3 tagg bittukalum undu; ottasamkhyayulla tagg ulla vaakkukal upayokthru prakriyakalkku maathram vaayikkaan kazhiyunnavayanu-discripterukalkku 5 tagg undu, coode vaakkukalkk 3 tagg undu.
oro anuvadicha memory blockinum blokkinte gunangalulla oru maasttar discriptar nalkunnu (i.iii.athinte bhauthika vilasam, valippam, athu oormmayil undo ennu). kodineyum daattayeyum kurichulla ellah paraamarshangalum oru discriptar upayogichaanu cheiyunnathu; vaayanaykko ezhuthino vendi block axus cheyyaan oru abhyarthana nadathumbol, discriptarile presence bitt (pibit) vazhi hardware athinte saannidhyam parishodhikkunnu.
1 nte oru pii. bitt blokkinte saannidhyathe soochippikkunnu. eee saahacharyathil, discriptarile physical vilasam vazhi block axus cheyyaan kazhiyum. pii. bitt poojyamaanengil, block avatharippikkunnathin emm. sii. pii. (operating sisttam) kku oru interapt srishtikkappedunnu. adrus feeld poojyamaanengil, eee blokkilekkulla aadya axus ithaanu, athu anuvadikkunnu (oru init pbit). vilasam feeld poojyamallengil, athu blokkinte oru disk vilaasamaan, athu munbu uruttiyathaan, athinaal block diskill ninnu konduvarikayum pii. bitt onnilekku sajjeekarikkukayum memmariyile blokkilekku (mattoru pii. bitt) pooyint cheiyunnathinu physical memory vilasam update cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. ithu oru emmu sisttathile peju-table entriykku thulyamaaya vivaranagal nalkunnu. pii. bittukalude ennathiloode sisttathinte prakadanam nireekshikkaan kazhiyum. init mattu prarambha alokkeshanukale soochippikkunnu, ennaal uyarnna thalatthilulla mattu mattu soochippikkunnathu sisttam thakarnnukondirikkaam ennaanu.
athinaal ellah memory allocation poornnamaayum yaanthrikamaanu (aadhunika samvidaanangalude savisheshathakalilonn), eee samvidaanamallaathe blokkukal anuvadikkaan oru margavumilla. memory blokkukalum yaanthrikamaayi upekshikkappedunnathil mallock allengil delock polulla kolukalonnumilla. oru block yadhaarthathil paraamarshikkunnathuvare anuvadikkukayillaathinal eee padhathiyum madiyullathaanu. memory eathaandu nirayumbol, emcp working settu parishodhikkunnu, kompaakshan shramikkunnu (sisttam peju cheyyaathe segmentayathinaal), reed-onli segmentukal (avarude yadhaartha pakarppil ninnu punasthaapikkaan kazhiyunna coode-segmentukal polullava) neekkamcheyyunnu, avasana resortaayi, vrithiketta daatta segmentukal diskilekku roll cheiyunnu.
eee samvidaanangal oru emmuyude pravartthanam nalkunna mattoru maarggam samrakshanathilaanu. ellah aaksasukalum discriptar vazhiyullathinaal, ellah aaksasukalum paridhikkullilaanennum oru raittinte kaaryatthil, prakriyaykku ezhuthu anumathiyundennum hardwarein parisodhikkaan kazhiyum. emcp samvidaanam swaabhaavikamaayi surakshithamaan, athinaal eee thalatthilulla memory samrakshanam nalkunnathinu oru emmu aavasyamilla.
prosess staakkile koppi discriptarukal vazhi blokkukal prakriyakalkkidayil pankidaan kazhiyum. athinaal, chila prakriyakalkku ezhuthu anumathi undayirikkaam, mattullavaykku illa. oru coode segment vaayikkaan maathramullathaan, athinaal veendum praveshikkukayum prakriyakalkkidayil pankidukayum cheiyunnu. koppi discriptarukalil maasttar discriptar shreniyile maasttar discriptarinte soochika nalkunna 20-bitt adrus feeld adangiyirikkunnu. ithu valare kaaryakshamavum surakshithavumaya aii. pii. sii samvidaanavum nadappilaakkunnu. blokkukalude staattas maarumbol maasttar discriptarinu maathrame update aavashyamulloo ennathinaal blokkukal eluppathil maattisthaapikkaan kazhiyum.
emmu adisthaanamaakkiyullatho allathatho aaya samvidaanangal mikacha prakadanam nalkunnundo ennathaanu mattoru vasham. emmu ulla staanderd hardwarein mukalil (udaaharanathinu, oru staanderd pisi) emcp sisttangal nadappilaakkaam. sisttam nadappaakkal eathenkilum vidhathil emmu upayogichittundengilum, ithu emcp thalatthil ottum drishyamaakilla.

