
glycosyl transferase

glycosyl traansfarasukal (gtfs, gtfs) swaabhaavika glycosidic bandhangal sthaapikkunna ensaimukalaanu (isi 2.4). sajeevamaaya nucleotide panchasaarayil ninnu (glycosyl daathaakkal ennum ariyappedunnu) nucleophilic glycosyl sweekarthaavu thanmaathrayilekku saccaride moyittikalude kaimaattatthe avaa uthejippikkunnu, athil nucleophile ooksijan-kaarban-, naitrajan-allengil sulfur adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
glycosyl kaimaattatthinte phalam carbohydrate, glycoside, oligosacraride allengil polysacraride aakam. chila glycosyl traansfarasukal ajaiva phosphatilekko vellathilekko kaimaattam cheiyunnathine uthejippikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi tyrosine, serin, thrionin ennivayilekku oo-linked glycoproteinukal nalkunnathino allengil asparajin enn-linked glycoproteinukal nalkunnathino glycosyl kaimaattam sambhavikkam. yookkaariyottukalil thaarathamyena samriddhamaaya sii-mannosil tryptophan uthpaadippikkunnathinu mannosil grouppukal tryptophanilekku mattaam. traansfarasukal lipidukale oru sweekarthaavaayi upayogikkukayum glycolypidukal roopappeduthukayum eucariotic jeevikalile dolicol phosphettukal allengil baakteeriyakalile andekaaprenail phoosphett polulla lipid-linked shugar phoosphett daathaakkale polum upayogikkukayum cheyyaam.
panchasaara nucleotide daathaakkale upayogikkunna glycosyl traansfarasukal luis eph kazhinjaal leloyar ensaimukalaanu. aadyathe panchasaara nucleotide kandethiya shaasthranjanum carbohydrate mettabolisathekkurichu pravarthanangalkku 1970 leeii rasathanthrathinulla nobal sammanam nediya shaasthranjanumaanu leloyar. dolichol allengil polyprinol pyrophosphate polulla nucleotide ithara daathaakkale upayogikkunna glycosyl traansfaresukal noonn-leloyar glycosyl traansfaresukalaanu.
sasthanikal glycosyl traansfarasukalkkaayi 9 panchasaara nucleotide daathaakkale maathrame upayogikkunnulloo udp-glucose, udp-galactose, udp-glukenack, udp-galnack, udp-sailos, udp-glucuronic assid, gdp-mannos, gdp-fucose, cmp-siyalik assid. eee daathaakkalude thanmaathrakalude phoosphett (kall) saadhaaranayaayi manganese polulla dvigunitha kattiyanukalaal ekopippikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum loha swatantra ensimeukal nilavilundu.
pala glycosyl traansfarasukalum single-paas transmembran proteinukalaanu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi golji upakaranathinte stharangalil nankooramidunnu.
samvidaanam.
kaimatta samayat daathaavinte anomeric bondinte stereochemistry nilanirthunnundo (α → α) allengil vipareethamaano (α → β) ennathinu anusarichu glycosyl traansfarasukale "nilanirtthal" allengil "inverting" ensaimukalaayi verthirikkaam. inverting mechanism neraayathaan, stereochemistry vipareethamaakkunnathin sweekarikkunna aattathil ninnu orotta nucleophilic akramanam aavasyamaanu.
nilanirtthal samvidaanam charchaavishayamaanu, ennaal eratta sthaanachalana samvidaanathinethire (stereochemistry nettu nilanirthalinaayi anomeric karbanekurichu rund vyathichalanagalkk kaaranamakum) allengil oru desosiative mechanism (athinte oru nilavilulla vakabhedam snii ennariyappettirunnu) sakthamaaya thelivukal nilavilundu. oru "oorthoogoonal associative" samvidaanam nirddeshikkappettittund, ithu inverting ensaimukalkku samaanamaayi, anomer nilanirtthal nedunnathinu noonn-leanier konil ninnu (pala kristtal gadanakalilum nireekshichathupole) oru sweekarthaavil ninnu orotta nucleophilic akramanam maathrame aavashyamulloo.
prathikarana reversability.
glycosyl traansfarasukal vipareethamaakkunnathiloode uthejippicha niravadhi prathikaranangalude reversibilittiyekkur sameepakaala kandethal eee mekhalayile oru maathrukaa mattamaayi varthikkukayum panchasaara nucleodideukale 'activated' daathaakkalaayi namakaranam cheiyunnathinekkurichu chodyangal uyarthukayum cheiyunnu.
kramam anusarichu vargeekaranam.
anubandha proteinukalumaayulla sequence alainmentine adisthaanamaakki protein pravarthanatthinaayi sidhaanthangal srishtikkunnathinulla sakthamaaya maargamaan sequence adhishtitha vargeekarana reethikal. carbohydrate-active ensime daattaabes 90-ladhikam kudumbangalayi glycosyl traansfarasukalude oru sequence adhishtitha vargeekaranam avatharippikkunnu. oro kudumbatthilum ore trimana madakkam sambhavikkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
ghadana.
glycoside hydrolesukalkkaayi nireekshikkunna 3D gadanakalude vaividhyathin vipareethamaayi, glycosyl traansfaresinu valare cheria gadanayundu. vaasthavathil, protein daattaabesinte gadanaaparamaaya vargeekaranam anusarichu, glycosyl traansfarasukalkkaayi aduthide moonnu vyathyastha madakkukal maathrame nireekshikkappettitlu, peptidoglycante naag-naam polymer nattellinte jaivasamshleshanathil ulppedunna glycosyl traansfarasukalkkaayi oru puthiya glycosyl transferase madakkam kandethi.
inhibittarukal.
glycosyl traansfarasukalude niravadhi inhibittarukal ariyappedunnu. ivayil chilath peptidoglycan glycosyl traansfarasukalude inhibittaraaya monomycin, nicomycinukal, chittin sinthaasinte inhibittarukal, fungus β-1,3-glucan sinthaasukalude inhibittarmaaraaya echinokaandinukal thudangiya prakrithidatha ulppannangalaanu. chila glycosyl transferase inhibittarukal marunnukalaayo antibioticukalaayo upayogikkunnu. valarchaye prothsaahippikkunna oru gadakamaayi mrugangalude theettayil monomycin upayogikkunnu. echinokaandinukalil ninnu vikasippichedutha caspophungin oru antifungal ejantaayi upayogikkunnu. micobacterial arabino traansfaresinte oru inhibittaraanu ethambutol, ithu kshayaroga chikilsaykku upayogikkunnu. praanikalude chittin sinthasisukalude oru inhibittaraanu lufenuron, ithu mrugangalile eechakale niyantrikkaan upayogikkunnu. glycosyl traansfaresukalude imidasolium adisthaanamaakkiyulla synthetic inhibittarukal antimicrobial, aantiseptik ejantukalaayi upayogikkunnathinu roopakalppana cheythittundu.
rakthagroop nirnnayikkunna ghadakam.
shareerathil eathu tharatthilulla glycosyl traansfaresukalaanu prakadippikkunnathennu nirnnayikkunnathaanu abo blud group sisttam.
glycosyl traansfarasukal prakadippikkunna abo jeane locasinu moonnu pradhana allelic roopangalunda eiii, bii, oo. oru aaleel 1-3-enn-asattailgaalaaktosaaminail transferase encode cheiyunnu, athu echu aantijante dii-galactose attavumayi α-enn-asattailgalactosamine bandhippikkukayum oru aantijan uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. bii aaleel 1-3-galactosil traansfaresine encode cheiyunnu, athu echu aantijante dii-galactose attavumayi bandhippichirikkunna α-dii-galactosumaayi cherukayum bii aantijan srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. oo alleelinte kaaryatthil exon 6ll oru illaathaakkal adangiyirikkunnu, athu ensaimatik pravartthanam nashtappedaan kaaranamaakunnu. 261-aamm sthaanathu gwanine enna orotta nucleotide illaathaakkunnathiloode oo alleel alleelil ninnu alpam vyathyasthamaan. illaathaakkal oru frame shifttinu kaaranamaakukayum ensaimatik pravartthanam illaatha eathaandu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya proteente vivarthanathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. ithu oo grouppukalude kaaryatthil echu aantijan maattamillathe nilanilkkunnathin kaaranamaakunnu.
oro vyakthiyilum ulla rund alleelukaludeyum glycosyl traansfaresukalude samyojanam oru abb, eiii, bii allengil oo rakthagroop undo ennu nirnnayikkunnu.
upayogikkunnu.
nirddishta glycoconjugettukalu targettucheytha samanvayathilum marunnukalude kandethalinteyum marunnu vikasanathinteyum pashchaathalatthil marunnukal, biological probukal allengil prakrithi uthppannangalude vyathyastha glycosylated librarikalude samanvayathilum (glycorandomysation ennariyappedunna oru prakriya) glycosyl traansfaresukal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. anuyojyamaaya ensimeukal prakrithi srothassukalil ninnu verthirikkukayo punasamyojippichu uthppaadippikkukayo cheyyaam. oru badal enna nilayil, endogenous glycosyl daathaakkal allengil glycosyl daathaakkalude samanvayathinaayi kloon cheythathum prakadippichathumaaya samvidaanangal adangiyirikkunna sell adhishtitha samvidaanangal upayogichu muzhuvan sell adhishtitha samvidaanangalum vikasippicheduthittundu. kosharahita sameepanagalil, glycoconjuget sinthasisinaayi glycosyl traansfaresukal valia thothilulla prayogatthinu valia alavil glycosyl daathaakkalilekku praveshanam aavasyamaanu. maruvashathu, purathuvidunna nucleotidil ninnu glycosyl daathaakkalude punarsamshleshanathe anuvadikkunna nucleotide recycling samvidaanangal vikasippicheduthittundu. nucleotide recycling sameepanathin oru upolppannamaayi roopappedunna nucleotidinte alavu kuraykkunnathiloode kooduthal nettamundu, athuvazhi thaalpparyamulla glycosyl traansfaresinu kaaranamakunna thadassathinte alavu kuraykkunnu-nucleotide upolppannathinte saadhaaranayaayi nireekshikkappedunna savisheshatha.

