madhyakaalakhattavaadam

europile madhyakaalakhattathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondatho allengil vaasthuvidya, saahityam, samgeetham, kala, thathwachintha, paandithyangal, janapriya samskaarathinte vividha vahanangal thudangiya mekhalakalil prakadippichirunna aaa kaalaghattatthile gadakangalodulla bhakthiyiloodeyo prachodanam ulkkonda vishwaasathinteyum parisheelanathinteyum oru samvidaanamaanu madhyakaalakhattam. pathinezhaam noottaand muthal, romantisism, aadhunika purajatheeyatha, gothik punarujjeevanam, pree-raafelaitt, kalakal, karakaushala prasthaanangal, navaa-madhyakala prasthaanangal (palappozhum "madhyakala" thumaayi parasparam maattaavunna oru padam) ennivayulppede vividha prasthaanangal madhyakaalakhattathe srishtiparamaaya pravarthanangalkku oru maathrkayo prachodanamo aayi upayogichu.
jnjaanodayathilekkulla navothaanam.
anchaam noottaandil romile pathanam muthal europian samskaaram nischalamaakukayum thaan "irunda yugam" ennu vilikkunnathilekku neengukayum cheythuvennu 1330-kalil petrarch kaazhchappaad prakadippichu, mattu karyangalkkoppam, niravadhi classical laattin grandhangalude nashtavum samakaalika vyavahaarathile bhaashayude azhimathiyum kaaranam. petrarch vivaricha thakarchayil ninnu mochanam nediya oru puthiya yugathilaanu thangal jeevikkunnathenn navothaana pandithanmaar vishwasichu. charitrakaaranmaaraaya leonardo bruny flavio biondo puraathanavum madhyakalavum aadunikavum chernna charithratthinte tritala rooparekha vikasippichu. media tempestas" (madhyakalam) enna laattin padam aadyamaayi prathyakshappedunnathu 1469-laanu. "meediyam evam" (madhyakalam) enna padam aadyamaayi rekhappeduthunnathu 1604-laanu. "madhyakala" aadyamaayi prathyakshappedunnathu pathonpathaam noottaandilaanu, ithu "meediyam evam" ennathinte engleesh roopamaanu.
16, 17 noottaandukalile parishkaranangalil, protestantukal saadhaaranayaayi navothaana maanavikavaadikal prakadippicha vimarsanaathmaka kaazhchappaadukal pinthudarnnu, pakshe adhika kaaranangalal. laattin saahityam mathramalla, kristhumathatthinte aadyakaala thudakkamayathukondum avar puraathanakaalatthe oru suvarnnakaalamaayi kandu. madhyakala 1000 varshathe madhyakaalakhattam, mathethara laattin saahithyathinte abhavam mathramalla, rajaakkanmaaraayi bharicha poppukal, vishudharude avashishtangalulla purajaatheeya andhavishwaasangal, brahmacharya purohithathvam, sthaapanavalkkaricha dhaarmika kaapatyam thudangiya sabhaykkullile azhimathi kaaranam iruttinte kaalamaayirunnu. mikka protestant charitrakaaranmaarum navothaanatthil ninnu aadhunika yugathinte thudakkathekkurichalla, marichu pinneedu parishkaranatthinte thudakkam muthal theeyathi nalki.
17, 18 noottaandukalile njaanodaya yugathil, madhyakaalakhattathe matham bharichirunna "vishwaasathinte yuga" maayi kaanukayum angane yukthikkum prabudhathayude athmaavinum virudhamaaya oru kaalaghattamaayi kaanukayum cheythu. avare sambandhichidatholam madhyakaalakhattam kroorathayum purohitharude adhvaanavumaayirunnu. avar "eee irunda kaalangal", "anjjathayude noottaandukal", "asambandhamaaya noottaandukal" ennivaye paraamarshichu. edward gibbante "roman saamraajyathinte thakarchayum pathanavum" (1776-89) ulppedeyulla kruthikal madhyakala sabhayekkurichulla protestant vimarshanathe prabudhathayude chinthayilekku kondupoyi. mathaparamaya aadipathyamulla madhyakaalakhattathe saamoohika sthambhanathinteyum thakarchayudeyum kaalaghattamaayi akramikkunnathil voltayar prathyekichum oorjjaswalanaayirunnu, fudalism, scholastisism, kurishuyudhangal, anweshanam, pothuvaayi catholica sabha ennivaye apalapichu.
gothik punarujjeevanam.
punarujjeevanam englandil aarambhicha oru vasthuvidyaa prasthaanamaayirunnu gothik punarujjeevanam. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil athinte janapreeti athivegam valarnnu, navaa-gothik shailikalude gauravameriyavarum vidyaasambannarumaaya aaradhakar akkaalat nilaninnirunna classical shailikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi madhyakala roopangale punarujjeevippikkaan shramichu. eee punarujjeevanatthinte prabhavakendramaaya englandil, mathaparamaya anuroopathayillaaymayude valarchayumayi bandhapetta "unnatha sabha" allengil anglo-catholica aathmavishwaasam (catholica parivartthanam cheytha augustus welby pugin) veendum unarthunnathumaayi bandhapetta aazhathilulla daarshanika prasthaanangalumaayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu. bandhappettirikkunnu addeham birminghamileyum southu warkileyum cathedralukalum britiish paarlament houseukalum polulla pradhana gothik kettidangal nirmmichu. nilavilulla dhaaraalam engleesh pallikalkk kurishukal, screenukal, karayulla glass (parishkarana samayat neekkam cheytha) thudangiya savisheshathakal undaayirunnu, avaa punasthaapikkukayo cherkkukayo cheythu, koodaathe mikka puthiya engleesh, catholica pallikalum gothik sailiyilaanu nirmmichathu. fraansile prasthaanatthile oru pramukha vyakthiyaayirunnu violettu-leeii-duck, mathilukalulla nagaramaya carcuson muzhuvan punasthaapikkukayum paareesile notter-daam, seyant chaappal enniva punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. amerikkayil ralph adams kraam american gothik mekhalayile oru pramukha shakthiyaayirunnu, addehathinte ettavum abhilashakaramaaya padhathi sent cathedral oof sent. newyorkkile joonn dhii devine (lokathile ettavum valia katheedralukalilonnu) prinsettan biruda kolejile collegiate gothik kettidangalum. vishalamaaya thalatthil vadakke amerikkayiludaneelam thadi marappanikkaranaaya gothik pallikalum veedukalum eee kaalayalavil valia thothil nirmikkappettu.
engleesh saahithyathil, vasthuvidyaa gothik punarujjeevanavum classical romantisisavum gothik novalinu kaaranamaayi, palappozhum madhyakala pashchaathalangalilum amanushika gadakangalilum manushyaprakrithiyile irunda prameyangale kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. oorfoordile naalaamathe earl hooras walpaul ezhuthiya "dhii kaasal oof otraanto" (1764) ll ninnu aarambhich, athil merii shelliyude "fraankanstain" (1818), joonn polydoriyude "dhii vampire" (1819) ennivayum ulppedunnu, ithu aadhunika horror vibhaagam kandethaan sahayichu. dhaa phaal oof dhaa house oof asher" (1839), "dhaa pitt aandu dhaa pendulam" (1842), "dhaa ministezhs black wheel" (1836), "dhaa barth maarkk" (1843) ennivayile nathaniel hathon ennivayulppedeyulla kruthikalil edger alaan poyeppolulla ezhuthukaarude irunda romantisisamo american gothik srishtikkaan ithu sahayichu. ithu herman melvilleyeppolulla american novalistukale "mobi-dick" (1851) polulla kruthikalil swaadheenichu. aadyakaala victorian gothik novalukalil emily brondeyude "woothering haitts" (1847), charlot brondeyude "jaine air" (1847) enniva ulppedunnu. roobert luis steevansante "vanden cases oof doow jekillu aandu misttar hyde" (1886), ooskaar vaildinte "dhii picture oof dorian gray" (1890), bram stokkarude "dracula" (1897) thudangiya kruthikal eee noottaandinte avasaanathode punarujeevippikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu.
romantisisamaanu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil padinjaaran europil uthbhavichathum vyaavasaayika, franch viplavangalkkum sheshavum shakti nediyathumaaya oru sankeernamaaya kalaparavum saahityaparavum boudhikavumaaya prasthaanamaayirunnu romanticism. prakrithiye yukthisahamaakkiyathum drishya kalakal, samgeetham, saahityam ennivayil ettavum shakthamayi ulkkollunnathumaaya prabudhathayude kaalaghattatthile rashtreeya maanadandangalkkethiraaya oru kalapamaayirunnu athu. madhyakaalakhattatthile jeevithathinteyum chinthayudeyum punarujjeevanamaayi romantisisathe kaanunnu, ithu madhyakaalakhattatheyum kalayudeyum aakhyaanathinteyum gadakangaleyum uyarthunnathinaayi yuktisahavum klaasikkistumaaya maathrkakalkkappuram athicherunnu, janasamkhya vardhanavu, nagara vyaapanam, vyavasaayavaadam ennivayude parimithikalil ninnu rakshappedaanulla shramathil, vichithravum aparichithavum vidooravumaayava sweekarikkunnu.
romantisism" enna peru thanne madhyakaalakhattatthile dheeramaaya pranayathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. eee prasthaanam atharam pranayakathakalude sakthamaaya swaadheenathinu kaaranamaayi, madhyakala saahithyathil avayude yadhaartha pradarshanatthinu asamamaya madhyakaalakhattatthinte prathichaayayil, oru kuthira, durithatthilaaya oru penkutty, oru draagan enniva samayathe chithraathmakamaayi chithreekarikkaan upayogikkunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile pranaya thaalparyam engleesh kavi vilyam blakinte chithreekaranangalilum 1762ll scotish kavi jaims macferson prasidheekaricha ooshyan saikililum kaanaan kazhiyum, ithu goytheyude "goats voonn berlichingen" (1773), yang walter scott ennivaykku prachodanamaayi. ivenho" (1819), "kventtin durward" (1823) ennivayulppedeyulla randaamathethinte waverley novalukal madhyakaalakhattatthinte kaazhchappaadukal janapriyamakkaanum roopappeduthaanum sahayichu. germmaniyil "nibelungenide" (1782), speyinil "leeii oof dhii sidu" (1799), englandil "beovulf" (1833), fraansil "rolland gaanam" (1837) ennivayulppede aadhunika praadeshika bhaashakalilekku madhyakala deseeya ithihaasangalude vivarthanathilum ithe avesham prakadamaayi, avaa thudarnnulla saahitya, kalaparamaaya kruthikalil vyaapakamaayi vaayikkukayum valareyadhikam swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu.
naasareenukal.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil jarmman romaantik chithrakaaranmaarude oru koottam navaklaasisisathinethire prathikarikkukayum athmeeya moolyangal ulkkollunna kalayilekku madangivarumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheythaanu nazarine enna peru sweekarichathu. pilkkala kalayude upariplavamaaya naipunyam ennu avar kandathine nirasichukondu avar madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanatheyum aadyakaala navothaanatheyum kalakaaranmaaril prachodanam thedi. baibil reethiyilulla vasthradhaaranatheyum mudiyude sailiyeyum swaadheenichathinu avarkkethire upayogicha parihasa padatthil ninnaan nazarine enna peru vannath. 1809ll vienna academyile aarr vidyaarthikalaanu eee prasthaanam roopeekarichathu, athine sent oof saahodaryam ennu vilikkunnu. madhyakala kalakaaranmaarude rakshaadhikaariyaaya vishudhante perilulla luke allengil "lucasband". 1810-ll avaril naaluper, johann friedrich ovarbekku, france phoor, ludwig vogal, johann konraad hottinger ennivar romilek thamasam maari, avide avar upekshikkappetta saan icidoro monastry kaivashappedutthi, philipp veett, peettar voonn cornelius, juuliyas snore voonn carolsfeld, friedrich wilhem shado, mattu jarmman kalakaaranmaarude ayanja grouping ennivarodoppam chernnu. austriyan romaantik landscape aartist joseph aantan kochine (1768-1839) avar kandumutty, avar grouppinte anaudyogika adthyaapakanaayi maarukayum 1827-ll joseph voonn furich (1800-76) avarodoppam cherukayum cheythu. madhyakala kalakarante shilpashaalayude swabhaavam punarnirmmikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi romil eee samgham oru ardha-sanyasi nilanilpp nilanirtthi. mathaparamaya vishayangal avarude ulppaadanathil aadhipathyam pulartthukayum cassa bartholdi (1816-17) (pinneedu berlinile alte naashanal galleryilekku maari), casino massimo (1817-29) ennivaykkulla rund pradhana commissionukal, fresco paintinginte madhyakala kalayude punarujjeevanathinu sramikkaan avare anuvadikkukayum pinneedu anthaaraashtra shradha nedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1830 aayappozhekkum ovarbekku ozhikeyullavarellaam jarmmaniyilekku madangukayum group pirichuvidukayum cheythu. niravadhi naasaranarmaar jarmman art akkaadamikalil swaadheenamulla adhyapakaraayi maarukayum pilkkaalatthe engleesh pree-rafale saahodaryathil valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu.
saamoohika vyaakhyaanam.
oduvil, madhyakaalakhattam vyaavasaayika kaalaghattatthile jeevithathe vimarsikkunnathinulla maargamaayi fictionte parimithikalil ninnu saamoohika vyaakhyaanathinte adutha mekhalayilekku neengi. vilyam kobbettinte "protestant parishkaranatthinte charithram" (1824-6) aanu itharathilulla aadyakaala kruthi, ithu mattu srothassukalil joonn lingaardinte "englandinte charithram" (1819-30) vaayikkunnathiloode swaadheenikkappettu. orikkal ekeekarikkappettathum sambannavumaaya englandine "yajamananmarum adimakalum, valare kurachu aalukal aadambarathinte theevratha aaswadikkukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal durithatthinte theevrathaykku vidheyamaakukayum cheythu" ennu koobbatt parishkaranatthe aakramichu, athesamayam "maamsathinteyum beefinteyum eee bhoomi engane maari, pettennu unangiya appathinteyum oodmeelinteyum kanji" yaayi maari ". victorian kaalaghattatthil, eee vidyaalayathinte pradhana prathinidhikal thomas carlile addehathinte sishyanaaya joonn ruskin aayirunnu.
madhyakala punarujjeevanatthinte engleesh saahithyathile ettavum sradheyamaaya phalam ennu olivar elttan visheshippicha kaarlailinte "bhoothakaalavum varthamaanakaalavum" (1843) enna kruthiyil aadhunika workhouse madhyakala aashramavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnu. joselin dii brackalondinte panthrandaam noottaandile saamsante, tottingtante kuzhichitta sent edmunds abbeyile abhiniveshathekkurichulla vivaranam addeham varaykkunnu, malsarathekkaalum "eaka koottukettinu panamadaykkunnathinum" pakaram sahakaranatheyum saahodaryatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla "adhvaanathinte dheerata" yum pithrthvaparamaaya "vyavasaya medhaavikalude" neethrthwavum addeham aavashyappedunnu.
aadhunika chithrakaaranmaar", vaalyam II (1846), "vaasthuvidyayude ezhu vilakkukal" (1849), "venis kallukal" (1851-3) thudangiya kruthikalile aadhunikathayude yaanthrika vandhyathayumayi madhyakala kalayude moulikathayum swaathanthryavum thaarathamyam cheythukondu ruskin oru raajyathinte vaasthuvidyayude gunanilavaaratthe athinte athmeeya aarogyavumayi bandhippichu. pazhaya sanbradaayathile akramasakthanaaya torry" ennum "pazhaya sanbradaayathile communist" ennum visheshippicha ruskin, kaarlailinte nirddeshaprakaaram, eee prabandhathe "eee avasaanatheth vare" (1860) enna thante rashtreeya sambadvyavasthayude sidhaanthathodum "samayavum veliyettavum" (1867) enna thante "anuyojyamaaya komanvelthu" ennathinodu poruthappedutthi, athinte savisheshathakal madhyakaalakhattathil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu samghavyavastha, fudal samvidaanam, dheerata, sabha.
pree-graafalaittukal.
1848ll vilyam hollman hund, joonn evaratt millays, daante gabriel rossetti ennivar chernnu sthaapicha engleesh chithrakaaranmaar, kavikal, niroopakar ennivarude oru koottamaayirunnu pree-raafelaitt saahodaryam. vilyam maikkal rossetti, jaims collinson, frederic jorjju steefans, thomas woolner ennivar chernnu ezhu anga "saahodaryam" roopeekarichu. rafale, michelanchalo ennivarude pingamikalaaya reethishaasthraparamaaya kalakaaranmaar aadyam sweekaricha yanthrashaasthraparamaaya sameepanam nirasichukondu kalaye parishkarikkuka ennathaayirunnu grouppinte uddeshyam. rafale avatharippicha classical posukalum gambheeramaaya rachanakalum kalayude academic adhyaapanathil azhimathi niranja swaadheenamaanennu avar vishwasichu. athinaal "pree-graphalite" enna peru. prathyekichum, engleesh royal akkadami oof aartsinte sthaapakanaaya sarr joshuva reynoldsinte swaadheenathe avar ethirthu, addehathinte vishalamaaya saankethikavidya academic reethiyude oru sloppy formulikumaaya roopamaanennu vishwasichu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, kwatrosento itaaliyan, flemish kalakalude samriddhamaaya vishadaamshangal, theevramaaya nirangal, sankeernamaaya rachanakal ennivayilekku madangaan avar aagrahichu.
kalayum karakaushala prasthaanavum.
gothik punarujjeevanavum pree-raafelaittukalum nerittu swaadheenicha oru soundarya prasthaanamaayirunnu arts aandu crafts prasthaanam, ennaal kuleena, deseeya, uyarnna gothik swaadheenangalil ninnu maari aadarsha karshakarkum madhyakala samoohathinum oonnal nalkunnathilekku, prathyekichu pathinalam noottaandil, palappozhum soshyalist rashtreeya pravanathakalode 1880 num 1910 num idayil athinte unnathiyilethi. carlileinteyum ruskinteyum rachanakalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda eee prasthaanatthinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu pree-raafelaittukalude suhruthum gothik-referral aarkkitektinte muun aprenteesumaaya vilyam morisinte srishtiyaanu. iii. theruvu. thunitharangalude phine arts, maram, loha varkk, interior design ennivayil addeham shradha kendreekarichu. soshyalist laghulekhakalkkum madhyakala uttopiya "nyoos phram nover" (1890) ennivaykkupurame madhyakala, purathana prameyathilulla kavithakalum morris nirmmichu. morris, marshell, folkner & kambani enniva roopeekarichu. 1861ll, palappozhum madhyakala prameyangalulla furnitureukalum furnitureukalum uyarnnuvarunna madhyavargakkaarkk nirmmikkukayum vilkkukayum cheythu. 1897ll bosttanil nadanna amerikkayile aadyathe arts aandu crafts exhibition, aprathyakshamaaya karakaushalavasthukkal samrakshikkunnathinum poorttheekarikkunnathinum veedinte akathalangal manoharamakkunnathinum samarppichirikkunna raajyathudaneelamulla praadeshika samoohangal. gothik punarujjeevanam sabhaa, sainika vaasthuvidya anukarikkaan pravanatha kaanikkumbol, kalayum karakaushala prasthaanavum grameenavum praadeshikavumaaya madhyakala bhavanangalilekku nokki. soundaryaparamaayi manoharavum thaangaanaavunnathumaaya furnitureukalude nirmmaanam thudarnnulla kalaparavum vaasthuvidhyaaparavumaaya sambhavavikasangalil valareyadhikam swaadheenam chelutthi.
romaantik deseeyatha.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode yadhaarthavum kapada-madhyakala chinnangalum europian raajavaazhchayude prachaaranatthinte oru naanayamayirunnu. jarmman chakravarthimaar madhyakala vasthrangal dharichu abhimaanathode parasyamaayi pradarshippikkukayum avar madhyakaalathe mahathaaya kotta tutonic kramatthinte athmeeya bhavanavum marrienbergil punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. bavaariyayile ludwig randaaman nyoosvaansteenil oru yakshikkadhaasaahithyam nirmmikkukayum madhyakaalakhattatthile mattoru pradhana romaantik imej nirmmathaavaaya wagnerude oopparakalil ninnulla ramgangal kondu alankarikkukayum cheythu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil naasi germmaniyil madhyakala shailiyil vipulamaaya nirmmaanathinulla padhathikalum tutonic naitts, chalmaine, raundu table ennivayude gunangal punarujjeevippikkaanulla shramangalode jarmman deseeya swathuam prothsaahippikkunnathi ithe chithram upayogikkum.
englandil, 1215 leeii magna carta kaaranam madhyakaalakhattam janaadhipathyathinte janmasthalamaayi visheshippikkappettu. victoria raajnjiyude bharanakaalathu madhyakaalakhattathil, prathyekichu bharanavarggangalkkidayil kaaryangalil ganyamaaya thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. thaalpparyamundaayirunnu kuprasidhamaaya eglintan toornament raajavaazhchayudeyum prabhukkanmaarudeyum madhyakala mahathvam punarujjeevippikkaan shramichu. eee kaalaghattatthil rajakeeya, prabhukkanmaarude mukhammoodikalilum panthukalilum madhyakala vasthrangalil vyakthikalum kudumbangalum varaykkukayum madhyakala fancy vasthrangal saadhaaranamaayitheernnu. eee pravanathakal pathonpathaam noottaandile madhyakala kavithakalude oru vibhaagathin prachodanamaayi, athil alfred tennisante "ideals oof dhii king" (1842), phastt baaran tennison, thomas westwoodinte "vaal oof kingship" (1866) enniva ulppedunnu, ithu artherian pranayatthinte madhyakala krameekaranangalile aadhunika prameyangal prathyekamaayi punarnirmmikkunnu.
irupathiyonnaam noottaand.
janapriya samskaaram.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte adisthaanathil europian ithara raajyangalude charithram sangalppikkaan charitrakaaranmaar shramichittundenkilum laattin america, aphrica, eshya ennividangalile pandithanmarkkidayil eee sameepanam vivaadamaayirunnu.
sinima.
irupathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal madhyakaalakhattatthile chithrangalude ettavum pradhanappetta srashtaakkalil oraalaan sinima. 1899-ll jeane dii arkkinekkurichu aadyamaayi nirmmicha aadyakaala chithrangalilonnaayirunna aadya madhyakala chithram, robin hood kaikaaryam cheytha aadyathethu 1908-ll thanne aayirunnu. swaadheenamulla europian sinimakalil, palappozhum oru deseeya ajandayulla, jarmman "nibelanganlide" (1924), aisansteente "alexander nevsky" (1938), bergmante "sevent seal" (1957) enniva ulppedunnu, fraansil niravadhi joonn oof arck seekwals undaayirunnu. hollywood madhyakaalakhattathe oru pradhana vibhaagamaayi sweekarichu, king arther, vilyam valas, robin hood kathakal ennivayude aanukaalika remakeukal puratthirakki, "ivenho" (1952-mgm) polulla charitraparamaaya romaantik novalukal screenil avatharippichu, "ell sidu" (1961) enna sirayil ithihaasangal nirmmichu. robin hood prins oof topezhs" (1991), "dhii 13th warrier" (1999), "dhii kingdom oof heven" (2005) ennivayaanu eee vibhaagangalude ettavum puthiya punarujjeevanangal.
faantasi.
maantrikathaykkum rakshasanmaarkkum vendi faantasi aakarshicha naadodikkadhakal madhyakaalakhattathil maathramaayirunnillenkum, pishachukkal, dragonukal, uniconukal thudangi mattu pala jeevikalum madhyakala naadodikkadhakalil ninnum pranayathil ninnum aakarshikkappettavayaan. dhii princes aandu dhii goblin" (1872) enna chithratthile jorjju mcdonald, "dhii well attu dhii walds end" (1896) enna chithratthile vilyam morris, "dhii king oof elphands dotter" (1924) enna chithratthile loard dansaani thudangiya eee vibhaagathile muun ezhuthukaar avarude kathakal madhyakala srothassukalil ninnu vyakthamaayi uruthirinja faantasi lokangalil sajjeekarichirikkunnu, ennirunnaalum palappozhum pilkkala kaazhchappaadukaliloode filter cheyyappedunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil roobert iii. yeppolulla pulp fiction ezhuthukaar. madhyakaalakhattatthile gadakangalkku purame charitraatheethavum europian itharavumaaya krameekaranangal palappozhum upayogichirunna faantasiyude vaalum maanthrika shaakhayum janapriyamakkaan howard clark aashtan smith sahayichu. neremarichu, iii polulla ezhuthukaar. aarr. edison, prathyekichu jeey.aarr.aarr. tolkian, uyarnna faantasikku tharam sajjeekarichu, saadhaaranayaayi oru "kapada-madhyakala" krameekaranatthe adisthaanamaakki, madhyakala naadodikkadhakalude gadakangalumaayi kalarthi. mattu faantasi ezhuthukaar atharam gadakangal anukarichittundu, sinimakal, roll playing, computer geyimukal ennivayum eee paarambaryam sweekarichu. aadhunika faantasi ezhuthukaar eee kruthikalil ninnu madhyakaalakhattatthinte gadakangal eduthu sameepa varshangalile ettavum vaanijyaparamaayi vijayakaramaya chila fiction kruthikal nirmmichittundu, chilappol terry praachettinte "discweld" novalukalilennapole eee vibhaagathinte asambandhangalilekku viral choondunnu, allengil jeey. keey. roulimginte "haari potter" pusthakangal.
jeevithacharitram.
irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil yuddha punarnirmmaanam, charitraparamaaya samgharsham, kavachangal, aayudangal, vaidagdhyam enniva punarnirmmikkuka, athupole thanne vasthrangal, bhakshanam, karakaushala vasthukkal thudangiya mekhalakalil bhoothakaalathinte saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya jeevitam punarnirmmikkunna jeevithacharitram ennivayulppede punarnirmmaanatthinte roopathiloode madhyakaalakhattathilulla thaalparyam kooduthalaayi prakadippikkappettu. eee prasthaanam 1980 kalude avasaanam muthal, prathyekichu germmaniyilum amerikkayilum, madhyakala vipanikaludeyum navothaana melakaludeyum srishtiyilekku nayichu.
navaa-madhyakaalavaadam.
itaaliyan madhyakaalavaadiyaaya umberto ikko 1973 ll "madhyakaalakhattathe swapnam kaanuka" enna lekhanathil aadyamaayi janapriyamaakkiya oru navaa-madhyakaalapadamaanu navaa-madhyakaalavaadam (allengil navaa-madhyakaalavaadam). eee padatthinu vyakthamaaya nirvachanamillengilum emm. emm. morpugs, sinimakalum television, navaa-madhyakala samgeetham, janapriya saahityam thudangiya computer geyimukalil kaanaanaakunnathupole janapriya faantasiyum madhyakala charithravum thammilulla vibhajanathe vivarikkan ithu upayogikkunnu. samakaalika praathinidyavum munkaala prachodanangalum (kall) thammilulla vibhajanathekkurichulla padanamaaya eee mekhalayilaanu "madhyakalavum" "navaa madhyakalavum" parasparam upayogikkappedunnathu. "navamadhyakaalavaadam" enna padam madhyakala charithrathekkurichulla aadhunikakaalathe padanatthe vivarikkunna oru padamaayum aadhunika anthaaraashtra bandhangalile oru pravanathaye soochippikkunna oru padamaayum upayogikkunnu, 1977 ll headley bull aadyamaayi charcha cheythu, samooham oru roopathilekku neengukayaanennu addeham vaadichu "navamadhyakaalavaadam" athil avakaashangalekkurichulla vyakthigatha ashayangalum "loka pothu nanma" enna vardhichuvarunna bodhavum deseeya paramaadhikaaratthe durbalappeduthunnu.
madhyakaalakhattathekkurichathu patanam.
lessie jeey. madhyakala padanangal" enna vishayathe aspadamaakki, "madhyakala padanangalum academy" enna vishayathe aspadamaakki, (1997) madhyakaalapadanangal (kooduthal gauravameriyathaayirikkaam) moshavum vichitravumaaya bandhamaayi chila madhyakaalavaadikal madhyakaalapadanathe kanakkaakkiyirunnuvennu, kathween verduin, david mettsgar ennivar abhiprayappettu. madhyakaalakhattatthile kembridge companion" (2016) enna pusthakatthil edittar luis dii arsense, aadyakaala madhyakaalavidyaabhyaasathin chila scholarshippukal (athaayath, madhyakala prathibhaasathekkurichulla patanam) alis chandler (avalude monographinoppam "kramatthinte oru swapnam pathonpathaam noottaandile englandile madhyakala aadarsha florence boose, avalude edittad vaalyamaaya" histtari aandu kammyoonitti essays inn victorian medivalism "(landan garland publishing, 1992) ennivayulppedeyulla victorian vidagdhar nalkiyathaayi abhiprayappettu. abhiprayappettu madhyakaalakhattatthinte achadakkam athintethaaya oru academic gaveshana mekhalayaayi maariyennum 1979ll lessie jeey samghadippicha "stadees inn medivalism" jenal prasidheekarikkunnathi madhyakaalakhattathekkurichathu padanathinaayi anthaaraashtra samooham aupachaarikamaakkiyennum dii arsense nirddeshichu. jolie cheiyunnayaal. 2016 aayappozhekkum lokamembaadumulla noorukanakkinu sarvakalashaala kozhsukalekkurichulla oru vishayamaayi madhyakaalavaadam padippikkappettuvennum madhyakala padanangalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna "kuranjathu rund" pandithochitha jenalukalundennum dii arsense abhipraayappedunnu "madhyakala padanangal", "madhyakaalaananthara".
madhyakaalakhattam oru charitra kaalaghattamenna nilayil madhyakaalakhattathekkurichathu padanatthinte bhaagamaano ennu punaraalochikkaan rashtreeya madhyakaalakhattam madhyakala pandithanmaare prerippichuvennu clair monagil vaadichu. 1977ll anthaaraashtra bandha pandithanaaya headley bull, puthiya saankethikavidyakal, deseeya athirthikal kadakkunna adhikaraparidhi, swakaarya sambathile mattangal enniva moolam samsthaanathinte prathyeka adhikaarathe velluvilicha samoohathile (theevravaada grouppukal, korppareshanukal, europian saambathika samooham polulla supra-stettu oorganaiseshanukal) vardhichuvarunna adhikaarangalude falamaayi lokathe visheshippikkaan "puthiya madhyakaalavaadam" enna padam engane srishtichuvennu monagal vishadeekarikkunnu. 2007-ll madhyakala pandithanaaya broose holsinger "neomedivalism, kansarvettivisam, bheekarathaykkethiraaya yuddham" enniva prasidheekarichathaayi monagal vishadeekarichu, ithu jorjju dablyu. alle-khwaydaye "apakadakaramaaya draavakavum avyakthavum raajyamillathathum" ennu thirichariyaan bushinte bharanakoodam madhyakala vaachaadopathe aashrayichu. american historikkal sosaittiyude annathe prasidantaayirunna gabriel spiegel "charitraparamaaya madhyakaalakhattatthile pandithanmaar samakaalika madhyakaalakhattathil edapedaan eathenkilum vidhathil licenses labhichathayi karuthiyekkaamenna aashayathil aashanka prakadippichathaayi monagal rekhappeduthunnu, angane cheiyunnathinu" rund vyathyastha charitra kaalaghattangale samyojippikkunnu ". madhyakala bhoothakaalathekkurichulla ashayam, mattu charitraparamaaya kaalaghattangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhiyunnathum verthirikkappedunnathumaa onnenna nilayil, athu thanneyaayirunnu [...]..] madhyakaalakhattatthinte oru roopam. athinaal, samakaalika vyavahaarathil madhyakaalakhattatthinte upayogavum durupayogavum madhyakaalakhattavaadikal poornnamaayum shradhikkanam ".
brittanile leads sarvakalashaalayil samghadippicha anthaaraashtra madhyakala kongras, mishigaanile kalamaasoovil nadanna madhyakala padanangalekkurichulla anthaaraashtra kongras ennivayile pradhana madhyakala konfaransukalile vaarshika savisheshathakalaan madhyakala vishayangal.

