
sentinam

italiyile maarche mekhalayile innathe sasopheratto pattanatthinu oru kilometer thekkayi sthithi cheiyunna oru roman pattanamaayirunnu senttinam.
nagaratthile rund pradesangalaaya phooram/arban baath, suburban baath enniva innu oru puraavastu paarkkayi samrakshikkappedunnu.
praadeshika myoosiyathil sentinathil ninnulla niravadhi kandethalukal adangiyirikkunnu.
charithram.
sentinam yadhaartha vaasasthalam evideyaanennu anjjaathamaanengilum athu orupakshe kuntham uthbhavam aayirikkam. bisi 390 muthal senon gaulukal eee pradeshathu (ariminathinum ankonaykkum idayil) thamasikkunna kudakale purathaakki avide sthirathaamasamaakki. adriattikkilekku ethaan ambriyayil ninnu vanna purathana rodukalude samgamasthaanathaanu senttinam sthithicheyyunnathu.
bii. sii. 295-ll nadanna moonnaam sumnite yudhathil romacarc 8,700 pere nashtappettengilum samnaittukaludeyum senonukaludeyum sakhyathe paraajayappedutthiya senttinam yudhathinu eee pattanam prashasthamaan. bii. sii. 283ll niravadhi vijayangalkk sesham romakkar senonukale eee mekhalayil ninnu puratthaakkukayum athinusesham athu "gallia togata" aayi maarukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. 40kalile aabhyantharayudhangalil sentinam maarkk aantaniyude paksham chernnenkilum bii. sii. 41ll okdaaviyan sainyathe nayichirunna kvintas salvidianus rufus athine pidichedukkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. hypodamian oorthoogoonal padhathiyum roman concretinu mukalilulla "oopas vittattathil" augustan mathilukalum upayogichu eee pattanam taamasiyaathe punarnirmikkappettu. saamraajyathinte keezhil oru "munisippiyam" aayi ithu abhivridhippettu.
puraavastu rekhakalil ninnu purathana nagaratthinte ganyamaaya sambathu vyakthamaan, athil mathilukalkkum puratthum pothu, swakaarya kettidangalil ninnu kandethiya dhaaraalam mosaikkukal undu.
alaric I-nte adhinivesha samayat sentinathile pourajeevitham thakarnnuvennum veendedukkaanaayillenum thonnunnu.
puraavasthushaasthram.
1890-leeii puraavastu khananangalil nagara kavaadangal, oru rooad, kulangal, veedukalude avashishtangal enniva kandethi. audyogika rakshaadhikaarikalude niyamaparamaaya niyamanangalude rekhakalaaya moonnu pradhana "tabule portanettas" ulppede eiii. dii moonnaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil ninnulla niravadhi mosaik nadappaathakalum likhithangalum sradheyamaaya saamskaarika kandethalukalil ulppedunnu.
cardo maximus", "decumanus maximus" ennivayude koottan roadle oru valia vrithaakrithiyilulla jaladhara 2005-8 leeii sameepakaala khananangalil kandethi. pradhanappetta kandethalukalil rund marble thalakalum undaayirunnu, onnu juulioo-cladian kaalaghattatthil ninnu ippol archaeological myusiyathilum valare mikacha oru yuva kaalaghattatthilumaanu.
kandethiya niravadhi mosaikkukalil chilath ippozhum "inn sittuvil" kaanapedunnu, santa luciayile puraavastu mekhalayile kulimuriyile kulimuriyil kaanapedunnu, kooduthalum karuppum veluppum niratthilulla teserayotoppam, mattullava myoosiyangalil samrakshikkappettittund.
ettavum prashasthamaaya mosaik ayoon aanu, idathuvashathu nilkkunna cheruppakkaaran, raashichakrathinte vrithathil sthaapichirikkunna samayathinte nithyathaye vyakthamaakkunnu, koodaathe terra, bhoomi maathaav, naalu rithukkalumaayi valath moolayil irikkunnu. 1806ll insulayaya dell posoyil (oru purathana kinarinu sameepam) ithu kandethukayum myoonikkile glyptothekkil samrakshikkukayum cheythu. ayoon rashichakravumaayum rithukkalumaayum bandhappettirikkumbol, "nithyatha" ennathu sambhavangaludeyum vasthukkaludeyum oru chaakrikavum thadassamillaathathumaaya thirichuvaravaayaanu manassilaakkunnath kaikorkkunna oru ashayam.
sekkulam ooriyam (suvarnakaalam), prathyulppaadanakshamathayum samriddhiyudeyum vitharanakkaaran. eiii. dii. 1 muthal 2-aamm noottaand vare neenduninna, ennaal mosaik theeyathi nischayikkaan kazhiyunna antoninus payasinte (<aii. dii. 1> eiii. dii) samayat oru prathyeka poovu anubhavicha "lettu stoisism" aanu nithyamaaya thirichuvaravu enna ashayam. roman saamraajyathile ayoninte mattu chithreekaranangalil naalennam ariyappedunnu
samudradevante kendra chihnamullah mattoru vilayeriya polychrome mosaik athe samayam aduthulla oru muriyil kandethi, pakshe mosham avasthayilaanu, athil oru vaattar kalar maathrame samrakshikkappettitla. 1922-ll samudra rakshasanmaarulla valia mosaik neekkam cheyth 1943-ll bomb spodanathil kedupaadukal sambhavicha anconayile deseeya puraavastu myoosiyathil punasthaapichu. velutha pashchaathalatthil karutha tesserayile roopangal athisayakaramaaya jeevikalude sambannamaaya oru parambarayaanu, ivayellaam shareerathinte pinbhagam niravadhi koyilukalulla oru fish teyilil avasaanikkumbol munbhagam oru newtinteyo griffinteo kuthirayudeyo thalayaanu. mosaik padikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythath annathe suuprand jii. roopangalude shailiyilulla asamathvam nireekshicha moretty, avayil chilath shradheyamaayirunnu, udaaharanathinu kaalayude munbhaagamullath (nirbhagyavashaal nashtappettu), eiii. dii randaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil niravadhi kaikalkk addeham ithu nalki, pilkkala attakuttappanikalkk.
1956 ll mosaik nilakalulla murikalude oru samuchayavum insula kandethi, orupakshe niravadhi gadanakalil pettathayirikkaam, athil ettavum sradheyamaayathu checkerboard paattenil sthaapichirikkunna jyaamitheeya roopangalulla oru polychrome aanu, koodaathe oru phaan motif kondu arikukalullathaanu, nilavil kuzhichittirikkunnu, pakshe kandethal samayam muthalulla oru kalar droying vazhi rekhappeduthiyittundu.
pothu kulimuri.
mathilukalkkullile pothu kulimurikal (therma) cardo bii ykkaduthaan, republican kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil nirmmichathum eiii. dii moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkam vare niravadhi punarnirmmaanangalkk vidheyavumaan. ithinu chuttum oru peristtail kondu valayam cheytha oru valia chathuraakrithiyilulla neenthalkkulam undaayirunnu. padinjaaru bhaagath polychrome maarbilukal kondu alankaricha oru frigidariavum thekk, kizhakk vashangalil sooryante choodu pidichedukkaan oru kaalideriyavum undu.
kulimuriyil oru valia aakruthiyilulla mosaik undaayirunnu, athu ippol kulimuriyil sookshichirikkunnu. randaam noottaandile mitra-solinte oru varnna mosaik myoonikkile glyptothekkil samrakshikkappettittund; thudakkakkaarante purogathiyude ghattangale prathinidheekarikkunna mrugangalude mitra baas-releaf santa cross palliyil veendum upayogikkukayum mitra likhithangal rekhappeduthukayum cheythu.
ezz palliyude sameepamulla puraavastu mekhalayile mathilukalkk purathu. janasamkhya vardhanavum nagara idathinte kuravum kaaranam pattanatthinte vipuleekaranathinullil nirmmicha mattu smaaraka kulimuri thekk pradhana roman rodinaduthulla luciayaanu. 7000 chathurashra meter visthruthiyil, 3000 chathurashra meter visthruthiyil "westibulam" (vasthram mattunna murii), atrium, peristailulla oru valia "palestra" (vyayaama pradesham), niravadhi "apoditteriya", kulangalulla "frigidaria", "tepidaria", "calderia" ennivayulla kulangal undaayirunnu.

