
nepolian yudhasamayathu britiish sainyam

nepolian yudhangalil britiish sainyam athivega maattatthinte oru kaalam anubhavichu. 1793-leeii franch viplava yudhangalude thudakkathil, 40,000 purushanmaar mathramulla oru cheria, vichithramayi bharikkapetta sainyamayirunnu sainyam. eee kaalayalavinte avasaanathode eee ennam ganyamaayi vardhichu. 1813-ll athinte ettavum uyarnna samayat, saadhaarana sainyathil 250,000-thiladhikam purushanmaar undaayirunnu. britiish kaalaalppada "nepolian fraansinte kaikalil valia thirichadi neridendi varaatha eaka sainika senayaayirunnu."
ghadana.
1793-ll, britiish franch viplava yudhangalil earppedunnathinu thottumunbu, sainyathil gaarhika kuthirappadayude moonnu rejimentukal, kuthirappadayude 27 line rejimentukal, moonnu rejimentukalilulla ezhu battaaliyanukal, 77 ennam varunna line infantry rejimentukalile 81 battaaliyanukal, rund colonial corps (nyoo southu veyilsil onnu, kaanadayil onnu) enniva ulppettirunnu. avarude kyapttante peril ariyappedunna amgavaikalyamullavarude 36 swatantra kambanikal grettu brittaniludaneelam gaarisanukalilum kottakalilum chitharikkidakkunnundaayu.
board oof oordanans vevvere bharikkunna peerankikalkku naalu battaliyanukalilaayi 40 kambanikalum asaadhuvaaya battaliyanilaayi 10 kambanikalum indiayile rund swatantra kambanikalum kedattukalude oru kambaniyum undaayirunnu. rajakeeya kuthira peerankikalude rund sainikare samghadippikkukayaayirunnu. royal enchineeyarmaarude corps royal enchineeyarmaarude asaadhuvaaya corps udyogastharude prathyeka sthaapanangalaayirunnu. aarr kambanikal ulppettathaayirunnu rajakeeya sainika karakaushala vidagtharude corps. karakaushala vidagtharude rund swatantra kambanikalum undaayirunnu.
aupachaarika command ghadana illaayirunnu, vividha sarkkar vakuppukal avar nilayurappichirikkunna sthalathe aashrayich sainika unitukale niyanthrichu; udaaharanathinu, irelandile sainikare landanile yuddha offeesinupakaram airish sthaapanamaanu niyanthrichirunnathu. 1793ll englandileyum veyilsileyum sainika jillakalkku command cheyyaan pathinanju general offeesarmaare niyamichathodeyaanu aupachaarika samghadanayilekkulla aadya chuvadukal sweekarichathu.
niyamanangal.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil brittane moonnu recruiting mekhalakalaayi vibhajichu-englandum weils saadhaaranayaayi southu brittan ennu vilikkapettu-avaa svanthamaayi aasthaanamulla jillakalaayi thirichirunnu. irelandinu prathyeka jillakalum samghadanayum undaayirunnu, scotland allengil north brittan oru bharanamekhalayaayirunnu. aabhyanthara prathirodham, niyamam nadappaakkal, kramasamadhanam paripaalikkal enniva praadhamikamaayi pourasena, rajakeeya muthirnna battaaliyanukal, sainikar, sainikar ennivarude utharavaadithamaayirunnu. jillakaleyum sub divisionukaleyum recruit cheiyunna mattoru ghadana ithinoppam nilaninnirunnu.
britiish sainyam brittanile ettavum thaazhnna vibhagangalil ninnulla asamskritha recruitmentukalil palareyum aakarshichu. sainika jeevitam kadinavum kuranja shambalamullathumaayi ariyappettirunnathinal, athu pradhaanamaayum sivilian jeevitam moshamaayavare aakarshichu. vellington prabhukkan thanne paranju, purushanmaaril palarum "thendikalaaya kuttikale labhichathil ninnu-chilar cheria kuttakrithyangalkku-chilar madyapikkaan" rajisttar cheiyunnu. avar, addeham orikkal paranju, "bhoomiyude azhukk; avar nalla koottukaaraakkappedendathu ennathu sarikkum athbhuthakaramaanu."ennirunnaalum, skotlandil neythu vyaapaarathinte thakarchayethudarnnu niravadhi purushanmaar chernnu, avar vidagtharaaya karakaushalathozhilaalikalil ninno madhyavarga kudumbangalil ninno polum vannavaraan. akkaalathe mikka sainikarum 23,17,6d poundinte "sammanam" ennathinupakaram aajeevanantha karar oppittu, athil bhooribhaagavum "aavasyakathakal" sajjeekarikkunnathinulla chelavu ulkkollunnu, ennaal recruitmentukal aakarshikkunnathinayi 1806 ll 'parimitha sevana' samvidaanam (kaalaalppadaykk ezhu varsham, kuthirappadaykkum peerankikkum patthu) avatharippichu. 1800 muthal sainikar avarude pathiv vethanathinu purame dainamdina bear munny alavans sweekarikkaan thudangi; york raajakumaarante utharavanusarichu eee sambradaayam aarambhichu. koodaathe, dhaaraalam cheria kuttakrithyangalkkulla shaareerika shiksha neekkam cheyyukayum (dutyil gurutharamaaya veezhchakalkkayi ithu nilanirthukayum cheythappol) 1803 ll laitt infantric shonkliff samvidaanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu, ithu ettumuttal, swaashrayathwam, munkaiyedukkal enniva padippichu. akkaalathe mattu sainyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, britishukaar sainikarude ennam vardhippikkaan nirbandhitha sainikasevanam upayogichilla, koodaathe praveshanam swamedhayaa aayirunnu.
deerghakaala sevana kaalayalavil, battaaliyanukal saadhaaranayaayi shakthiyode pravarthichirunnu; pala dischaarjukalum maranangalum murivukalum rogangalum moolamaayirunnu. upadveep prachaaranatthinide, sainyathin murivukalum rogangalum moolam ekadesham 25,000 pere nashtappettu, athesamayam 9,000 ll thaazhe perr nerittu kollappettu; ennirunnaalum 30,000-thiladhikam perkku aakramanathil parikkettu, thudarnnulla divasangalilo aazhchakalilo palarum marichu. gurutharamaaya shakthiyillaatha battaaliyanukal pirichuvidukayo mattu avashishtangalumayi "thaalkkaalika battaliyanukalaayi" layippikkukayo allengil thaalkkaalikamaayi mattu rejimentukalilekku karadu thayyarakkukayo cheyyaam.
udyogastharum pashchaathalatthilundaayirunu. avar saakshararaayirikkumenn pratheekshichirunnuvena vyathyastha vidyaabhyaasa, saamoohika pashchaathalangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu. oru udyogasthan oru "maanyan" aayirikkanamenn karuthappettirunnuvenkum, ithu oru udyogasthante saamoohika nilavaarathekkaal addehathinte swabhaavatheyum manyamaaya perumaattattheyum soochippikkunnu. kammeeshanukalude vilppana sambradaayam udyogastharude thiranjeduppineyum sthaanakkayattatheyum audyogikamaayi niyanthrikkunnundeng yudhasamayathu eee sambradaayam ganyamaayi laghookarikkappettu. saadhaarana bataaliyan udyogastharil irupathiloraale (5 sathamaanam) raankukalil ninnu uyarthukayum aadya kammeeshanukalude 20 sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame vaangukayum cheythirunnulloo. kammeeshan vilppanayude parishkaranatthinu york duke melnottam vahichu, ithu udyogastharkku sthaanakkayattathino kyapttane vaangunnathino munbu rund varsham muzhuvan sevanamanushtikkendathum mejar aakunnathin munbu aarr varsham sevanamanushtikkendathum aavasyamaakki, ithu nediya anubhavathiloode udyogastharude gunanilavaaram mechappeduthi.
udyogastharil oru cheria anupatham maathrame prabhukkanmaril ninnullavarayirunnulla; 1809ll 140 udyogasthar maathramaan samaprayakkaarudeyo samaprayakkaarudeyo puthranmaar. udyogastharil valiyoru vibhaagam pourasenayil ninnu vannavarum oru cheria vibhaagam sannadhapravarthakarumaayinu, avar swakaarya sainikaraayi pariseelanam nedukayum pooraadukayum cheythuvenkilum udyogastharumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilakukayum kammeeshanukalkku ozhivukal (vaangaathe) labhyamaakunnathuvare angane thanne thudarukayum cheythu.
pramoshan pradhaanamaayum seeniority aayirunnu; 20 sathamaanathil thaazhe line pramoshanukal vaangunnathiloodeyaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum eee anupatham gaarhika vibhaagathil kooduthalaayirunnu. yogyathayude adisthaanathil maathram sthaanakkayattam labhichuvenkilum athu saadhaaranamaayirunnilla. 1814 aayappozhekkum pathinaayiratthiladhikam udyogasthar sainyathilundaayirunnu.
sivilian support network.
britiish sainyam thangalude 10 laksham sainikare pinthunaykkunnathinaayi vishalamaaya oru sivilian pinthunaa shringhala roopeekarichu. charitrakaaranaaya jenni uglo (2015) sainyavum athinte pinthunaa shringalayum thammilulla niravadhi bandhangal paryavekshanam cheiyunnu, kristeen heynsinte pusthakatthinte avalokanathiloode sangrahichathupole
kaalaalppada.
oronnilum rando moonno battaliyanukalulla moonnu kaalnadakkaarkkulla rejimentukal undaayirunnu. pashchaathalatthilum swaabhaavikamaaya savisheshathakalilum, kaalnadakkaarkkulla recruitmentukal mattu rejimentukalilekku recruit cheythavaril ninnu valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu, pakshe avarkk mikacha pariseelanam labhichu, mikacha shambalavum uyarnna prachodanavum karsanamaaya achadakkam nilanirthumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheythu.
oduvil 104 rejimentukal lainil undaayirunnu. 1781 muthal avarkk praadeshika padavikal nalkukayum avaa sainikare aakarshikkunna pradeshathe prathinidheekarikkukayum cheythu. ithu poornnamaayum karkkashamaayirunnilla, chila manappoorvvamaaya prathyeka rejimentukal ozhike mikka rejimentukalilum engleesh, airish, scots, velsh ennivayude ganyamaaya anupatham undaayirunnu. bhooribhaagam rejimentukalilum rund battaaliyanukal undaayirunnu, chilath oru battaaliyanumaathramaayirunnu. oru prathyeka cases, 60th phoott, aathyanthikamayi ezhu battaaliyanukal undaayirunnu. sainyathiludaneelam battaaliyanukal chitharikkidannu; oru rejimentile rund battaaliyanukal ore brigadil sevikkunnath apoorvamaayirunnu.
oru line infentry bataaliyan athinte rejimental kenalo lefttanant kenalo aanu command cheythath, athil ettu "sentar" kambanikalum rund "flank" kambanikalum ulppedunna patthu kambanikal ulppedunnu onnu grenadier onnu specialist laitt kambaniyum. kambanikale nayikkunnath captanmaaraayirunnu, addehathinu keezhil leftanantumaarum chinnangalum (allengil subaltainukal) undaayirunnu. oru battaliyanil 1000 perr (enn. sii. oo. kall, sangeethanjjar, udyogasthar ennivar ozhike) undaayirunnuvenkilum sajeevamaaya sevanam aaa ennam kurachu. saadhaaranayaayi, oru rejimentinte aadya (allengil seeniyar) bataaliyan athinte shakti nilanirthunnathinaayi randaam battaliyanil ninnu yogyaraaya recruitmentukale aakarshikkum. sajeeva sevanathinaayi ayachaal randaam bataaliyan durbalamaakum.
thanthrangal.
american swaathanthryasamarathinum, britiish kaalaalppada mumbathethinekkaal ayanja roopangalil pooraadiyappol, karkkashamaaya closs-oordar leanier formationukalkku mejar general david dundas pinthuna nalkiyirunnu. 1792-ll addehathinte "addehathinte raajaavinte sainyathinte roopeekaranangal, feeld-vyayaamam, chalanagal ennivaykkulla niyamangalum niyanthranangalum" kaalaalppadayude staanderd drill bukkayi maari. yudhangal purogamikkumbol commandinum niyanthranathinum kooduthal vazhakkam anuvadikkunnathinaayi line infantry thanthrangal vikasippikkukayum pettennulla prathikaranangalkkayi udyogasthare sthalathu thanne kooduthal aasrayikkukayum cheythu.
minittil 1000 muthal 1500 vare vediyundakal vare paramavadhi vedivayppu vaagdaanam cheythathinaal line formationaanu ettavum priyappettath. moonnu raankukalaayi varikal roopappedanamennu maanuvalil paranjittundengilum, palappozhum rund raankukal maathrame aazhathil roopappettirunnulloo, prathyekichu upadveepil. franchukaar nira roopeekaranathe anukoolichappol, line roopeekaranam shathruvin nere vedivaykkaan labhyamaya ellah thokkukalum praapthamakki. ithinu vipareethamaayi, nirayude aadya varikalile kurachu sainikarkk (ekadesham 60) maathrame vedivaykkaan kazhinjulloo. britiish kaalaalppadaykk bhookhandathile mikka sainyangalekkaalum (udaaharanathinu, parisheelanatthil oraalkk 30 raundu, austriyan sainyathil 10 raundu maathramullappol) thokkupaathrathil mikacha pariseelanam labhichirunnathinaal avarude volikal sthiravum phalapradavumaayirunnu.
britiish kaalaalppadayude saadhaarana ayudham braun bess maskattinte "india paatten" pathippaanu. ithinu 100 yard vare phalapradamaaya paridhi undaayirunnu, ennaal oru charging shatru 50 yardinullil athunnathuvare thee palappozhum neekkivachirunnu. franch kaalalppadayum (neratthe amerikkakkarum) avarude thokkukalil buck bolum pathivayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum britiish kaalaalppada saadhaarana booal vedikkoppukal maathrame upayogichirunnulloo.
riflemanmaarum laitt infantry.
niravadhi kaalaalppada rejimentukal puthuthayi roopeekarikkappedukayo, samarppithamaya saadhaarana laitt infantry rejimentukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayo cheythu. franchukaarkkethiraaya aadyakaala yudhathil, germmaniyilum thaazhnna raajyangalilum ninnulla laghu kaalaalppada koolippadayaalikal britiish sainyathe shakthippeduthiyirunne britiish laghu kaalaalppada kambanikal flandezhs prachaarana velayilum 1799-ll netherlandsilum parichayasambannarum athilum kooduthal franchukaarkkethire aparyaapthamaanennu thelinju, koodaathe laghu kaalaalppada vikasanam adiyanthiramaayi.
aadyathe raifil-armed unitaaya 60-aamm rejimentinte 5-aamm bataaliyan pradhaanamaayum 1795-nuu munbu jarmman kudiyettakkaaril ninnaan roopeekarichathu. 1800-ll britiish infentry raifil upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya riflemante oru pareekshana corp, saadhaaranayaayi baker raifil ennariyappedunnu, 1802-ll 95-aamath rejiment oof phoott (rifles) aayi linelake konduvannu. raajaavinte jarmman sainyathinte chila laitt yoonittukalum ithe aayudangal upayogichaayirunnu. raifil aayudhadhaarikalaaya unitukal vipulamaaya sevanam kandu, ettavum pradhanamaayi upadveep yudhathil parvathapradeshangal avaye avayude gadakamaayi kandu.
1803-ll sarr joonn muur rund rejimentukale (43-aamm foottum swantham rejimentaaya 52-aamm foottum) laitt infantricayulla puthiya prathyeka pariseelana campaya shonkliff campil ilam kaalalppadayaayi maatti. mattu anchu rejimentukal (51,68,71,85,90) pinneedu laitt infantriyaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. moorinte keezhil, eee roll maattathodoppam parisheelanathinteyum achadakkathinteyum reethikalil maattam varuthukayum munkaiyedukkal prolsaahippikkukayum cheria lamghanangalkulla shikshaykk pakaram nalla perumaattathinulla pratiphala samvidaanam earppeduthukayum cheythu.
laitt infentry, raifil battaaliyanukal enniva ettu kambanikal chernnathaayirunnu. raifil aayudhadhaarikalaaya unitukal irunda pacha unifom sweekarichappol, maskatt aayudhadhaarikalaaya laitt infentry unitukal parambaraagatha chuvapp niratthil teyil less jacketukal dharichirunnu. laitt infentry dutykalkku purame, avarkk adutha kramatthil roopeekarikkaanum aavashyamenkil line infantriyaayi pravartthikkaanum kazhiyum. avarkk staanderd maskattinte "puthiya laitt infantry land paatten" undaayirunnu, athu vyakthigatha krithyathaye sahaayikkunnathin adisthaana pinveekshanamundaayirunnu, bionet lugg oru deerghaveekshanamaayi upayogichu.
line rejimentukal volikalil vediyuthirkkumbol, laitt infantry ettumuttalukal lakshyangal shradhaapoorvvam lakshyamidunna reethiyil ishtaprakaaram vediyuthirthu.
unifom.
eee kaalaghattatthiludaneelam bhooribhaagam rejimentukaludeyum saadhaarana unifom parambaraagatha chuvanna kottaayirunnu. unifomukalkku staanderd supply undaayirunnilla, koodaathe thante aalukalkk unifom vaangaanum vaangaanum karar undakkaanum rejimental kenalinu saadhaaranayaayi vittukoduthirunnu, ithu chila rejimental vyathiyanangal anuvadichu. saadhaaranayaayi, ithu prathyeka rejimental baadjukaludeyo prathyeka flank kambanikalkkulla alankaarathinteyo roopathilaayirunnu, ennaal idaykkide valia vyathyaasangal nilaninnirunnu. 1809ll eee rejimentukalil aarr ennam regulation trouserukaloo tarton truecalo aayi kiltt maatti. hyland rejimentukalile udyogasthar idathu tholil ninnu valath iduppu vare dharikkunna chuvapp niratthilulla silk saash dharichirunnu. rejimental tartanukal dharichirunnuvenkilum avayellaam black vaachu tartanil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. rejimentukal thammil verthirichariyaan vella, manja, chuvapp lineukal chertthu. rankinum fayalinumulla trouserukal saadhaaranayaayi venalkkaala upayogathinaayi velutha kottan duck canvas shaityakaala vasthrangalkkayi chaaraniratthilulla kambili trouserukalum aayirunnu, ennirunnaalum kambili trouserukalude niratthil ganyamaaya vyathyaasamund. thudakkathil, rankum file dharikkunna vilayeriya breachukalum gaittarukalum samrakshikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha velutha trouserukal ovarolukalaayi murichirunnu, prachaarana velayil avaa palappozhum svayam dharichirunnuvenkilum paredil ozhike pinneedu anuvadicha oru parisheelanamaayirunnu ithu. 1803 muthal pattaalakkaarkk chaaraniratthilulla grettu kottukalum nalki.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasana varshangal muthal, baikon toppikk pakaram 1800 paatten infantry thoppi, pinneedu 1806 paatten infantry thoppi (innu "stouvaippu" ennariyappedunnu) enniva sthaapichu. 1812-ll, ithinu pakaram thettaaya munvashamulla 1812 paatten infantry cap (innu "beljik" ennariyappedunnu) sthaapichu. laitt infantry (raifil rejimentukal ulppede) aadhunika saahitya avakaashavaadangal undaayirunnittum, 1813 epril muthal 1812 paatten infentry capilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu, 95-aamm raifilukalile kenal sarr andrew barnardinte kathil ingane parayunnu-"onnaam baattinte roopathe sahayikkaan enikku mathiyaya thoppikal sambharichittund. pandattheppole thanne randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum kaayika thaarangalkk 52-aamm vibhaagathile sainikar avare dharippichathil aadyathethaayathinaal avarkk peru nalki.."1814 eprilode ellah rejimentukalum chattangal paalikkumenn pratheekshichirunnuvena grenadierukalkkum kaalnadakkaarkkum bearkin nalkunnathu thudarnnu, pakshe prachaarana velayil iva dharichirunnilla.
1802-ll, ekeekritha parivartthanatthinte eee kaalaghattatthilaanu, chevronukal aadyamaayi sainika rank chinnathe naamanirddesham cheythath. avarude aamukham sarjantumaareyum corporalukaleyum swakaarya sainikaril ninnu athivegam verthirikkaan anuvadichu. kalar sarjant, lans corporal raankukalum taamasiyaathe vikasichu.
udyogastharkku avarude swantham unifom nalkunnathinum (panam nalkunnathinum) utharavaadithamundaayirunnu. thalphalamaayi, udyogasthante swakaarya maargangalkkanusarichu vyathyastha shailikalum alankaarangalum undaayirunnu. kaalaalppadayile udyogasthar tenbaakku kondu neenda vaalukalulla chuvapp niratthilulla kottikal dharichirunnu. uyaramulla hessian allengil riding boottukalil gadippichirikkunna closs phitting velutha paantaloonukal dharichirunnu, palappozhum prachaarana velayil chaaraniratthilulla kambiliyum thukal ovarolukalum kondu moodappettirunnu, koodaathe irunda neela, pinneedu chaaraniram, eratta breasted grettu kottum. 1811 nuu sesham, short teyil kotti, gray paantaloon allengil trouser, loow feeld boottukal enniva dharikkan udyogastharkku anuvaadamundaayirunnu. udyogasthar saadhaaranayaayi rank nirnnayikkaan rejimental badjullah velli allengil swarnna epolettukal (rejimental nirangale aashrayich) dharichirunnu. 1810leeii oru utharavu prakaram subaltains valath tholil oru epolattu dharikkan vyavastha cheythu, athesamayam captanmaar valath tholil kooduthal alankaricha paatten dharichirunnu. feeld officermaar oro tholilum oru nakshatram (majermark), oru kireedam (lefttanant kenalukal) allengil nakshatravum kireedavum (kenalukal) upayogichu badge cheytha orennam dharichirunnu. grenadier, fusilier, laitt infentry officermaar avarude aalukal rund tholukalilum dharikkunna thool chirakukalude kooduthal alankaricha pathippukal dharichirunnu; laze, cheyin allengil bullian upayogichu vetti. 1812 muthal generalukal valath tholil oru aigvillett dharichirunnu, kottiyile battanukalude akalam raankine soochippikkunnu mejar generalukal avarude buttonukal jodikalaayi dharichirunnu, moonnu lefttanant generalukal, phul generalukal avarude buttonukal ottaykkaayirunnu dharichirunnathu.
1812ll 1812 paatten infentry cap (allengil "beljik") purathirangunnathu vare, kambani officermaar baikon thoppikal dharichirunnu; athinusesham, avar saadhaaranayaayi prachaarana velayil avarude aalukalude athe shirovastram dharichirunnu, udyogasthar enna padavi kettiya charadukal kondu soochippikkappedunnu. generalmaarum feeld offeesarmaarum staaf offeesarmaarum saadhaaranayaayi baikon thoppikal dharichirunnu.
1796-leeii mosham maathrkayilulla britiish kaalaalppada udyogasthante vaal udyogastharkku saadhaaranayaayi undaayirunnu. laitt infentry unitukalilum line yoonittukalude flank kambanikalilum avar pakaram 1803 sabar paatten vahichu. malayora rejimentukalil, basket-hilttad kaliman saadhaaranayaayi dharichirunnu.
nirangal.
mikka britiish battaaliyanukalum "nirangal" ennariyappedunna pathaakakal vahichirunnu aadyathethu allengil "raajaavinte niram", randaamathethu allengil "rejimental niram". aadyathethinu kendratthil rejimentinte nambarulla union pathaaka undaayirunnu, athinu chuttum pushpachakramundaayirunnu. randaamathethu moolayil oru cheria union pathakayum madhyathil rejimental number ulla rejimental facingukalude niratthilaayirunnu. (chuvappo vellayo nirangalulla unitukal sent jorjinte cross design upayogichirunnu).
nirangal thirichariyalinulla yudhathilekkum oru raali pooyintaayum sarjantumaarudeyo chinnangaludeyo samrakshanathilekkum kondupoyi. shathrukkalude peerankikaludeyum aakramanathinteyum lakshyamayathinaal yudhathil pankedukkunnathu apakadakaramaayirunnu. nirangalude pratheekathmaka praadhaanyam kaaranam, avayude nashtam oru gurutharamaaya prashnamaayirunnu, atharam avahelanangal sambhavikkunnath thadayaan palappozhum kadutha nadapadikal sveekarichirunnu. laitt infantry nilanirthunna ettumuttalukalum forwade positionukalum palappozhum nirangalude bhaarathe asoukaryathilaakki. ekkaaranathaal, puthuthayi uyarthiya 95-aamath raifilukalkku nirangalonnum labhichillengilum parivartthanam cheytha line rejimentukal avayude nilavilulla nirangal nilanirtthi. chila laitt infentry rejimentukal avare upadveepil kondupokaruthennu theerumaanichu.
medalukal.
prachaarana medalukalude vyapakamaaya upayogam nepolian yudhangalil aarambhichu. sainika swarnna medel ("peninsular medel"), raundu, cross enangalil, bataaliyan commandermark upadveep yudhathil yuddha sevanathinaayi uyarnna raankukalkkum nalkiyirunnu. medel baarukalude aadya upayogavum kurishil kandu. yudhathethudarnnu aaa ettumuttalil pankeduttha ellah sainikarkkum waterloo medel nalki. pathittaandukalkk sesham, 1793-1814 kaalayalavil pracharanangalil sevanamanushticha ellah raankukalkkum sainika general sarvees medel nalki.
kuthirappada.
franch viplava yudhangalude thudakkathil, "kanatha" kuthirappada franchileyum mattu sainyangalileyum dragonukal allengil "idatharam" kuthirappadaykku thulyamaayirunnu. gaarhika kuthirappadayude moonnu rejimentukal, draagan gaardukalude ezhu rejimentukal, dragonukalude aarr rejimentukal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. pathinettaam noottaandil dragon gaardukal kanatha kuthirappadayude rejimentukalaayirunnuve panam laabhikkunnathinaayi avare dragonukalaayi parivartthanam cheythirunnu. kanatha kuthirappada chuvanna unifom baikon thoppikalum dharichirunnu. 1796 muthal, avar 1796 leeii kanatha kuthirappada vaal, thallaan upayogashoonyamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunna kanatha hacking vaal, neelamulla carbine enniva vahichirunnu. (scots grays oru karadi charmma shirovastram dharichirunnu, kooduthal valanja vaal undaayirunnu.)
pathinettaam noottaandil scoutinginteyum patrollinginteyum chumathalakal nirvahikkunnathinaayi roopeekaricha laitt dragonukalude pathinaalu rejimentukal laitt kuthirappada yoonittukalil ulppettirunnu. pala kesukalilum, rejimentukal avaril ninnu verpeduthi vipuleekarikkunnathinumbu, yadhaarthathil kanatha rejimentukalil gadippichirunna sainikaraayirunnu. videshathu sevikkunnathinaayi chila rejimentukal prathyekamaayi uyarthappettu; 19,25 (pinneedu 22) laitt dragonukal indiayil savic, 20 jamaikkayil savic. ilam dragonukal cheria neela brade jaakkattukalum kattiyulla kambili cheeppulla lether taarlattan helmettum dharichirunnu. avar 1796 leeii laitt kuthirappada sabar paatten upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaayirunnu, athu valare moorchayulla valanjathum saadhaaranayaayi murikkan maathram upayogikkunnathumaanu. pinneedu aaa kaalaghattatthil, laghuvaaya kuthirappada hrasvamaaya "pejatt" carbine vahichirunnu, athu soukaryapradamaaya upayogathinaayi oru karakkathaal gadippicha oru ramroad undaayirunnu.
1806ll, naalu laitt draagan rejimentukal (7,10,15,18) husaarukalude rejimentukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu, avarude rolil mattamonnumilla, pakshe avarude unifominte chelavil valia vardhanavundaayi. 1812 muthal, bakkiyulla britiish kuthirappadayude unifomukal franch shailikal pinthudarnnu maari. kanatha kuthirappada (oru pramukha kambili cheeppulla helmettum scats gray avarude bearkin nilanirtthiyathum ozhikeyullavar) franch dragonukaludeyo curasiersinteyo pole kuthirakkannukalulla oru helmettum laitt dragonukalum franch chaasiyezhsinte shevalinu samanamaaya oru jacket shacko sweekarichu. raathriyilo akaleyo franch, britiish kuthirappadaye verthirichariyaan prayaasamaayengilum vijayichilla ennathinaal vellington prabhuvu eee maattangale ethirthu.
mikka yudhangalilum, britiish kuthirappada mattu europian sainyangale apekshichu eee mekhalayile sainyangalude kuranja anupathamaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum kaalnada sainikarekkaal kappaliloode kuthirakale kondupokunnathu budhimuttaayathinaalum kuthirakalkk saadhaaranayaayi rakshappedaan aazhchakal vendivannathinaalum. britiish kuthirapadayum brittanilum irelandilum rajyath patrolling nadatthaan kooduthal upayogapradamaayirunnu. 1813-ll vellington nadatthiya vittoriya kaambeyn, aakramanathinu nirnnayaka phalam urappakkaan addehathinu dhaaraalam kuthirappada aavashyamaayi vannappol, kuthirappadaye engleesh chaanaliloode maathram kondupokenda waterloo kaambeyn ennivayaayirunnu chila apavaadangal.
britiish kuthirappadaye saadhaaranayaayi brigedukalaayi samghadippichirunnu, pakshe uyarnna formationukal illaayirunnu. (kuthirappada division oru sainyathinte ellah kuthirappada yoonittukaleyum soochippikkunnu.) brigedukal kaalaalppada divisionukaliloo nirakalilo gadippikkappedukayo chilappol oru sainyathinte kuthirappada commanderude neethrthwathil nerittu pravartthikkukayo cheythirunnu.
britiish kuthirappadaye mikacha reethiyil kayattukayum schwadronukal ettumuttukayaanenkil franch kuthirappadayekkaal mikachathaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythirunnuvenkilum yudhakkalathile thanthrangalilum thanthrangalilum brigedukalum rejimentukalum polum apoorvamaayi maathrame parisheelichirunnulloo ennathinaal avaa valia ennathil thaazhnna nilayilaayirunnu. vellington prathyekichum addehathinte niravadhi kuthirappada udyogastharude gunanilavaaravum budhiyum valareyadhikam aakarshikkappedaathe pooyi. addeham paranju
britiish sevanathil videsha unitukal.
yudhasamayathu, france kaivashappedutthiya rajyangalil ninnulla abhayaarthikalil ninnum franch sainyathil ninnulla palayanam cheiyunnavarkkum yudhathadavukaarennumal ninnum niravadhi kudiyetta unitukal roopeekarichu.
ivayil ettavum pazhayath 1756ll amerikkayil sevanathinaayi valarthiyathum deerghakaalamaayi praadhamikamaayi jarmmankaaraayirunnu. nepolian yudhangalil, eee rejimentile ezhu battaliyanukalil bhooribhaagavum vestt indees polulla pradeshangalil gyaarisan sainikaraayi sevanamanushtichuvenkilum 1797-ll mattu rund emigray yoonittukalil ninnu (hompeshinte mounded rifleman, lovensteins chassures) baker raifil upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya ettumuttalukalude oru prathyeka korppaayi anchaam bataaliyan uyarthappettu, koodaathe 1812-leeii yudhathil vadakke amerikkayil sevanamanushtikkaan ezhaamathe bataaliyan prathyekamaayi roopeekarichu.
1803ll roopeekaricha raajaavinte jarmman sainyamayirunnu ettavum valia kudiyetta seena, pradhaanamaayum hannoveril ninnum mattu vadakkan jarmman samsthaanangalil ninnumulla jarmman naadukadatthappettavar chernnathaanu ithu. mothatthil, rund draagan rejimentukal (pinneedu laitt dragonukalaayi maariyath), moonnu husar rejimentukal, ettu line, rund laitt infantry battaaliyanukal, anchu peeranki baattarikal enniva roopeekarichu. orikkalum oru swatantra senayaayi poraadiyittillenkilum, athinte unitukal palappozhum orumichu brigade cheyyappettirunnu. sainyathinte unitukal ettavum mikacha saadhaarana britiish unitukalkku thulyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
1798ll menorcayile corsican naadukadatthappettavaril ninnaan royal corsican ranchermaar roopeekarichathu. amiens samaadhaanakaalath pirichuvittathinushesham, 1803-ll korsikkaanukalil ninnum itaaliyanmaaril ninnum rejiment parishkarichu (korsikkanukalkkidayil samsaarikkunna pradhana bhasha itaaliyan aayirunnu). ithu meditareniyanil sevanamanushtikkukayum 1817 vare pirichuvidappedaathirikkum cheythu.
dutch republicine baattaaviyan republic attimarichathinu sesham jarmmaniyilekkum brittanilekkum kudiyeriya dutch stetts aarmiyile muun udyogastharil ninnum baattaaviyan sainyathil ninnulla palayanam cheythavaril ninnum 1799-ll hollandile anglo-russian adhinivesha velayil vliyattar sambhavathil royal neviykku keezhadangiya baattaaviyan neval schwadronile kalaapakaarikalil ninnum raajaavinte dutch brigade roopeekarichu. 1793-95-nte flandezhs prachaarana velayil sakhya kamaandaraayirunna ooranchu paarambarya rajakumaran samghadippichathinu sesham 1799 october 21 nuu brigade ail oof vaitil kammeeshan cheyyappettu. sainikar britiish kireedatthodum, dutch republicile muun paramadhikaara sakthiyaaya netherlands general oof deck stetsinodum vishwasthatha prathinjja cheythu. dutch maathrkaykku sesham raajaavinte nirangalum rejimental nirangalum sainikarkk labhichu. 18 kambanikal veethamulla naalu kaalaalppada rejimentukal, 1 chasser rejiment (18 kambanikal), 6 kambanikalude 1 peeranki bataaliyan, enchineeyarmaarude oru corps (motham 96 kambanikal) ennivaye brigade enniyittundu. 1801ll irelandilum pinneedu chaanal dveepukalilum eee brigade upayogichu. 1802 juulai 12 nuu amiens samaadhaanathin sesham ithu nirthalaakkappettu, athinusesham mikka udyogastharum (ennaal ellaavarum allah) aaa udambadiyumaayi bandhappett pothumaapp prakaram baattaaviyan republicilekku madangi.
franco-dutch yoonittukalude avashishtangalil ninnu 1795ll hannoveril dutch kudiyetta peeranki roopeekarichu. moonnu kambanikal ulppetta ithu 1796num 1803num idayil vestt indeesil kottakalil thokkukal upayogichu. 1803ll ithu rajakeeya videsha peerankikalil samyojippikkappettu.
1801-ll franch rajakeeya kudiyettakkaaril ninnaan chaasiyezhs britanics roopeekarikkappettathu, yudhangaliludaneelam sevanamanushtichu. upadveep yudhathinte pilkkala ghattangalil pankedukkunnathuvare 1811 vare eee yoonit pradhaanamaayum meditareniyanil sevanamanushtichu. yudhathil ithinu nalla record undaayirunnuvenkilum pinneedu upekshikkunnathinu kuprasidhamaayi, pikkattukal olichodippokumenna bhayathaal outpost duty nadatthaan polum anuvadichilla.
1812ll vadakke amerikkayile sevanathinaayi franch yudhathadavukaarkkidayil ninnu videshikalude swatantra kambanikal roopeekarikkappettu. chesapeak ulkkadalile achadakkathinteyum athikramangaludeyum abhaavathil kambanikal kuprasidhamaavukayum pirichuvidappedukayum cheythu.
1798ll seylanile dutch eest india kambaniyil ninnu naamamaathramaaya swis rejiment dii miyooron sthalammaattam cheyyappettu. mishra desheeyathakalulla sainikare aadyam sthalam maattukayum pinneedu yudhathadavukaarkkidayil ninnum europinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla palayanam cheiyunnavaril ninnum recruit cheyyukayum cheythappozhum ithu ulppettirunnu. pinneedu ithu vadakke amerikkayil sevanam cheythu. franch sevanathilulla rund swis yoonittukalum ekadesham ore samayam britiish sevanathilekku kondupoyi. fraansinte shambalathil pirichuvitta swis gaardukalil ninnaan rejiment dii roll yadhaarthathil srishtichathu. franch sarveesil ninnulla swis kudiyettakkaaril ninnaan dillante rejimentum roopeekarichathu. upadveep yudhathinte oru ghattathil eee rund rejimentukalum roll-dillan bataaliyan ennu vilikkunna orotta thaalkkaalika battaaliyanaayi layippichu. rejiment dii vaatville naamadheyamaayi mattoru swis unitaayirunnu, athil yadhaarthathil niravadhi deseeyathakal ulppettirunnu. 1801ll austriyan sevanathinaayi britishukaar roopeekaricha naalu swis rejimentukalude avashishtangalil ninnaan ithu roopeekarikkappettathu, 1814ll kaadisinteyum kaanadayudeyum uparodhathil ithu sevanamanushtichu.
brittanumaayi sakhyamundaakkiyatho britiish sainyam kaivashappeduthiyatho aaya pradeshangalil britiish sainyam unitukal roopeekarichu. ithil rajakeeya sisilian sannadhapravarthakarum greak laitt infantriyude rund battaaliyanukalum ulppedunnu. thudakkathil onnaam rejiment greak laitt infentry roopeekarikkappettu, ithu 1812 aayappozhekkum onnaam (duke oof yorks) greak laitt infentry rejimentaayum 1813 ll 454 greekkukaarude randaam rejiment greak laitt infentry ulkkollunna randaamathe rejimentaayum maari. eee rejimentukalil theodoros colocotronis polulla swaathanthryasamarathile greekkukaarude nethaakkalil palarum ulppettirunnu.
upadveep yudhathinte aadyakaalathu, chila porchugees sainikare vishwasthanaaya lucitanian lejian ennariyappedunna oru korppaayi samghadippikkukayum athu oduvil porchugees sainyam ulkkollukayum cheythu.
canadian unitukal.
1803 nuu munbu canadayilo maaridaim pravishyakalilo (newfoundland, nova scotia, nyoo brunswick) vadakke amerikkayile sevanathinaayi naalu rejimentukal sthaapikkappettu. (puthiya brunswick fencibles pothusevanathinaayi sannadharaayi 104-aamath rejiment oof foottaayi maari, pakshe bhookhandathinu purathu sevanamanushtichilla.) american ikyanaadukalumaayulla yuddham anivaaryamaanennu thonniyappol anchaamathe fencible rejiment (glengari laitt infentry) uyarthappettu. mishigan fencibles, mississippi volunteer peeranki thudangiya adhock yoonittukalum undaayirunnu, avaa oru prathyeka thiyettaril pravarthichu, athaayath prairi duu chien, credit ailand ennivaykku chuttumulla padinjaaru.
1812leeii yuddham pottippurappettappol, pourasenayil ninno sannadhapravarthakaril ninno muzhuvan samaya sevanathinaayi thiranjeduttha embodid milishyayude aarr (pinneedu ettu) battaaliyanukal roopeekarichu. eee unitukalilonnaaya canadian volttigiyezhsine mikka aavasyangalkkum oru saadhaarana unitaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. dragonukaludeyo rencharmaarudeyo niravadhi sannadha kambani valippathilulla yoonittukalum peerankikalude dittaachmentukalum undaayirunnu. poornnamaayum neegros ulkkollunna oru milishya kambani pinneedu oru muzhuvan samaya pioneer unitaayi maari.
1815-ll yuddham avasaanichathinusesham, mikkavarum ellah fencible, sannadhapravarthaka yoonittukalum pirichuvittu. kaanadayil ninnu discharge cheyyappetta pala sainikarum britiish sainikarum bhoomi graantukal nedukayum kudiyettakkaaraakukayum cheythu.
dainamdina jeevitam.
prachaarana velayil purushanmaar thuranna sthalathu urangukayum avarude puthappukal allengil grettu kottukal choodu nalkunnathinaayi upayogikkukayum cheiyunnathu pathivaayirunnu. rund puthappukal upayogichu lalithamaaya puthapp koodaarangal nirmmikkam, oru ramroad, firelockukal upayogichu pinthunaykkukayum bionettukal upayogichu nilathu sthaapikkukayum cheyyaam. mattu samayangalil, fernukal, vaikkol allengil puthappukal enniva kondu pothinja shaakhakal upayogichu kudilukal nirmmikkam. udyogasthar palappozhum koodaarangal upayogichirunnuvenkilum 1813 vare avaa purushanmaarkk nalkiyirunnilla.
sainikarkk vivaham kazhikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnuve bharyamaar sainika niyamangalkkum achadakkathinum vidheyamaakanamennum athupole thanne alakkal, paachakam, mattu chumathalakal enniva nirvahichukondu rejimental kaaryangalil sambhavana nalkanamennum pratheekshichirunnu. oru kambanikku aarr sthreekal audyogikamaayi "shakthiyil" aayirunnu, avarkk avarude bharthaakkanmaare sajeeva sevanathil anugamikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, ration sainika gathaagathathinulla sthalangalum labikkum. eee sthaanangalkkaayi malsaram undengil baalat vazhiyaayirikkum thiranjeduppu. praadeshika janangalil ninnulla bhaaryamareyo koottaalikaleyo pala sainikarum kandethi, avarude saannidhyam kwattaykku atheethamaanengilum sainika trainil pothuve sahikkappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, upadveep yudhathinte samaapanathil bharthakkanmaarodoppam audyogikamaayi brittanilekku madangaan anuvadicha bhaaryamaarkk maathrame avarude bharthakkanmaarodoppam madangaanaakoo, athinte falamaayi dhaaraalam sthreekalum kuttikalum fraansil upekshikkappettu, avarude veedukalilekku madangaanulla vyavasthakalo maargangalo illaayirunnu.
udyogastharkku avarude commanding offeesarmaaril ninnu vivaham kazhikkaanum avarude bhaaryamaarkk avare anugamikkaanum anumathi aavashyamaayirunnu, pakshe avar kwattaykku vidheyamaayirunnilla, ennirunnaalum udyogasthante prayamo seenioritiyo kaaranam niyanthranangal earppeduthiyekkaam.
prachaaranangal.
1802 muthal 1803 vare (1814 muthal 1815 vare, bonapart aadyamaayi sthaanathyaagam cheythathinushesham) oru hraswa edavelayode franch viplava yudhangalilum nepolian yudhangalilum britiish sainyam niravadhi munnanikalil poraadi.
franch viplava yudhangal.
mysur, 1789-1792.
viplava kaalaghattatthil britiish sainyam ulppetta aadyathe pradhana ettumuttal fraansinte pinthunayum tippu sulthaante neethrthwathilulla mysur raajyavum praadeshika sakhyakakshikalude pinthunayulla britiish eest india kambaniyum thammilulla moonnaamathe anglo-mysur yudhamaayirunnu. britiish general loard kornavaalisinte neethrthwathil sevanamanushtichirunna eest india kambani aarmiyude kaathalaya bhaagamaayirunnu britiish pathiv kaalalppadayum peeranki rejimentukalum. chila prarambha thirichadikalkku sesham, cornavalis aathyanthikamayi vijayikkukayum mysur thalasthaana nagaramaya seringapatnam pidichedukkukayum brittanu anukoolamaaya nibandhanakalil samadhaanam sthaapikkaan mysoorine nirbandhikkukayum cheythu.
tooloon.
1793-ll, toolonile franch rajakeeyakkaar avarude thuramukhavum nagravum vais admiral saamuval hudinte keezhil oru britiish kappalppadaykku keezhadakki. franch republican prathyaakramanathil ninnu toolonine samrakshikkaan 2,000 britiish (pradhaanamaayum royal mareenukal) ulppede 18,000 mishra desheeyathakalude karasena othukoodi. britiish samghathinte kamaandaraaya lefttanant general chaals oo 'haraye oru cheria ettumuttalil kyapttan nepolian bonapart pidikoodi, addeham thuramukhathe uparodhakare prachodippichu. pattanatthinum thuramukhathinum neethrthwam nalkunna supradhana kottakal franchukaar pidichedutthathinushesham briteeshukaarum avarude sakhyakakshikalum thuramukham ozhippichu.
britiish sainyavum kappalukalum corsica dweep pidichadakki, athu thaalkkaalikamaayi anglo-corsican rajyamaakki maatti. briteeshukaarum korsikkaanukalum thammilulla bandham vashalaakukayum spain brittanethire yuddham prakhyaapichathinethudar dweep ozhippikkappedukayum cheythathinaal royal nevikku dveepumaayi ashayavinimayam nilanirthunnathu asaadhyamaayi.
flandezhs, 1793-1796.
eee thiyettaril york raajakumaarante neethrthwathil oru britiish sainyam hanovarian, dutch, hessian, austriyan, prussian samghangalumaayi chernnu oru sakhyasenayude bhaagamaayi roopeekarikkukayum avaa franch republican armi duu nord, armi dess ardense, armi dii laa moselle ennivaye abhimukeekarikkukayum cheythu. sakhyakakshikal niravadhi aadyakaala vijayangal aasvadichu (linsellasile britiish-poraadiya yuddham ulppede), pakshe franch athirthi kottakalkkappuram munneraan kazhinjilla, oduvil vijayakaramaya franch prathipravartthanangalude oru parambara pinwangan nirbandhitharaayi.
sakhyakakshikal pinneedu thekkan hollandilum germmaniyilum oru puthiya frond sthaapichu, ennaal mosham ekopanavum vitharana parajayavum kaaranam 1794/5 enna kadinamaaya shaithyakaalath pinwangan nirbandhitharaayi. 1795 leeii vasanthakaalathode britiish sainyam dutch pradesham poornnamaayum upekshichu breman thuramukhathu ethi, avide avare ozhippichu. american swaathanthryasamarathinum samaadhaanakaalathe avagananayude patthu varshathinide vikasicha britiish sainyathile, prathyekichu achadakkathilum logistiksilum, niravadhi poraaymakal eee pracharanam thurannukaatti.
vestt indees, 1793-1798.
aadyakaala franch viplava yudhangalile mattoru pradhana britiish sramam vestt indeesile franch swathukkalkkethire nadannu. ithu pradhaanamaayum vyapara parigananakalkullathaayirunnu; franch vestt indian dveepukal avayude thotta adhishtitha sambadvyavastha kaaranam vilappettavayaayirunnave mathramalla, britiish vyapara kappalukale irayaakkiya franch svakaaryakkaarude aditharayaayi avaa pravarthichu.
thathfalamaayundaaya anchu varshathe pracharanam rogathiloode, prathyekichu manjappani moolam britiish sainyathe muzhuvan amgavaikalyathilaakki. vestt indeesil sevanamanushticha 89,000 britiish sainikaril 43,747 perum manjappani allengil mattu ushnamekhalaa rogangal moolam marichu. sevanathinu yogyamallaatha 15,503 pere discharge cheiyukayo upekshikkukayo cheythu. martinic dveepukal, gwadelop, sent dominguvile niravadhi thuramukhangal enniva 1794lum 1795lum general chaals greyude keezhilulla paryaveshana seena pidichadakkiyenkilum britiish unitukal rogathaal eathaandu unmoolanam cheyyappettu. britteeshukaare sakhyakakshikalayi aadyam swaagatham cheytha haishyan vimathar avarkkethire thirinju. 1796ll gwadelop vijayikalaaya aalimganangalaal thirichupidichu, avar pinneedu 865 franch raajakeeyavaadikaleyum mattu thadavukaareyum vadhichu.
1796ll lefttanant general sarr ralph abercromby keezhil ettaayiram sainikabalangal ethi, niravadhi franch pradeshangalum spainileyum netherlandileyum (ippol baattaaviyan republic ennu vilikkappedukayum fraansumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum cheythirunna) pradeshangalum surakshithamaakki. ennirunnaalum, takarnna britiish sainyam haitiye ozhippikkukayum gwadelop orikkalum thirichupidikkaathirikkumku oru pradhana swakaarya thaavalamaayum karinchantha emporiumaayum maarukayum cheythu.
1795ll musenberg seylon.
1795ll mejar general jaims kraiginteyum admiral elphinstaninteyum neethrthwathil britiish sainyavum royal neviyum chernnu dutch keppu kolaniye pidichedutthu. ameens samadhaanam undaakunnathuvare ezhu varshatholam ithu britiish kaivashamundaayirunnu. athe samayam mattoru britiish seena 1948 vare britiish kaivashamundaayirunna trincomali, seyloninte dutch kolaniyum pidichedutthu.
ireland 1798.
oru rahasya samoohathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda oru kalapam, aikya airish janathayude samooham, irelandil pottipurappettu. irelandile britiish sainyathil bhaagikamaayi saadhaarana sainikar undaayirunnuvenkilum kooduthalum protestant milishyayudeyum airish yomanri unitukaludeyum aayirunnu. kalaapathin iruvashathumulla athikramangal adayaalappeduthi.
kalapam ithinakam parajayappettathinushesham, general humbertinte keezhilulla oru franch paryaveshanam irelandinte padinjaaru bhaagathekku ethi. casilbar yudhathil oru britiish milishya senaye naanamketta tholwick vidheyamaakkiya sesham, humbertinte ennathil kooduthalulla sainyathe valayukayum keezhadangan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu.
mysur, 1798-1799.
eest india kambaniyum mysur raajyavum thammilulla avasaanathe yudhamaayirunnu ithu. britiish general jorjju haarisinte neethrthwathil britiish regular rejimentukal veendum eest india kambani aarmiyude bhaagamaayi. britiish sainyam mysoorine avasaanamaayi paraajayappeduthi, seringapatnam pidichedukkukayum tippu sultane kollukayum cheythu.
holland 1799.
randaam sakhyathinte yudhathinte bhaagamaayi oru samyuktha anglo-russian sainyam netherlands aakramichu. britiish sainyam dutch kappalpadaye pidichadakkiyenkilum kaastrikatthile paraajayathinu sesham, paryavekshanam paraajayappedukayum britiish commander inn cheef, duke oof york oru keezhadangal charcha cheyyukayum athu britteeshukaare thadassamillaathe kappalmaran anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
eejipt.
1798ll nepolian bonnepart eejipt akramikkukayum brittanile vyaapaarathinteyum sambathinteyum uravidamaaya indiayilekkulla oru chuvaduvayppaayi eejipt akramikkukayum cheythu. vais admiral nelson nail yudhathil franch kappalpadaye nashippichappol addeham avide kudungi.
automan saamraajyavumaayi sakhyamundaakki, eejiptil ninnu franchukaare purathaakkaan brittan oru paryaveshanam nadatthi. turkish aankarejukalile shradhaapoorvamaaya thayyaareduppukalum rehearsalukalum kazhinju, sarr ralph abercromby neethrthwathilulla oru britiish sainyam abukir yudhathil (1801) vijayakaramaayi ethir landing nadatthi. alexandria yudhathil abercrombic maarakamaayi parikkettu, avide britiish sainyam avarude thokkukalude falapraptiyum mechappetta achadakkavum valarunna anubhavavum prakadippichu. franchukaar keezhadangukayum britiish kappalukalil eejiptil ninnu ozhippikkukayum cheythu.
amiyanmaarude samadhaanam.
brittante sakhyakakshikalellaam fraansumaayi udambadiyil oppuvachathinusesham, brittan amiens udambadiyil oppuvachu, athinte keezhil brittan pidicheduttha niravadhi pradeshangal francinum athinte sakhyakakshikalkkum punasthaapichu. irubhaagathum yuddham puthukkunnathinulla aasoothranavum thayyaareduppukalum thudarunnathinaal "samadhaanam" oru edavela maathramaanennu thelinju.
nepolian yudhangal.
maraatha, 1803-1805.
bhookhandathil yuddham punaraarambhichathinu thottupinnaale, eest india kambani orikkalkkoodi oru indian shakthiyumayi yudhathil earppettu, ithavana fraansinte pinthunayulla maraatha saamraajyavumaayi. britiish janaralmaraya gerard lekkinteyum arther vellesliyudeyum neethrthwathil britiish rejimentukalaaya kaalaalppada, peeranki, kuthirappada enniva veendum kambani aarmiyude kaathal roopeekarichu. assaeyilum dalhiyilum maraatha seena nirnnaayakamaayi paraajayappedukayum kooduthal nashtangal oduvil samadhaanam sthaapikkaan avare nirbandhitharaakkukayum cheythu.
vestt indees, 1804-1810.
yuddham punaraarambhichappol, vestt indeesile franch swathukkale brittan veendum aakramichu. 1803ll haiti veendedukkaan ayacha franch sainyangal, neratthe britiish sainyatheppole, rogathaal nasippikkappettathinaal otappetta sainikavibhagangal maathramaan britiish senaye ethirthathu. 1805-ll, aathyanthikamayi trafalgarh yudhathilekku nayicha thanthrangalude bhaagamaayi, 6,500 sainikarumaayi oru franch kappal dominica mattu dveepukalum hrasvamaayi pidichadakkiyenkilum pinneedu pinmari.
1808-ll britishukaar porchugalumaayum speyinumaayum sakhyamundaakkiyappol, avarude sainyathe kendreekarikkaanum 1809-ll keyne, martinic, 1810-ll gwadelop enniva oronnaayi pidichedukkaanum avarkk kazhinju. haiti vimatha sainyathin vittukoduthu.
1805-ll.
1805ll nepolian boolognile thante adhinivesha camp thakarkkukayum jarmmaniyiludaneelam march nadathukayum cheythathayi landanil vaartha vannu. yunaittad kingdatthinte pradhaanamantri vilyam pitt udan 15,000 sainikarude oru sainyathe sajjamakki, general vilyam kaathkaarttinte neethrthwathil mattoru sakhyakakshiyaya russian sainyavumayi bandhappedaanum austriyaykku anukoolamaayi oru vazhithirichuvidal srishtikkaanum uddeshichu athine vinyasichu, pakshe cathcart valare valia franch sainyathinte vashathe akramikkaan sramichilla. cathcart thante aasthaanam bremenil sthaapikkukayum hannover pidichedukkukayum munkaisaril oru cheria yuddham nadathukayum thudarnnu vaarthakalkkaayi samaadhaanaparamaayi kaathirikkukayum cheythu. pittinte maranathinum franco-prussian karar haanovarinte niyanthranam prashyaykku kaimaria vaarthaykkum sesham, mantraalayam germmaniyil ninnu kaathkaarttinte sainyathe thirichuvilichu.
1805 nepples.
medittareniyanile britiish thaalpparyangalkk pradhaanamaayirunna rund sisilikalil oralaaya ferdinand onnamanaayirunnu brittante sakhyakakshikaliloral. 1805ll general jaims kreyginte neethrthwathil britiish sainyam naples raajyam surakshithamakkaan uddeshichulla oru anglo-russian senayude bhaagamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru hrasvamaaya adhiniveshathinu sesham, ulm yudhathile vinashakaramaaya austriyan paraajayathekkurichulla vaarthayode sakhyakakshikalude nilapad asthiramaayi.
cicilyum medittareniyanum.
1806-ll franch sainyam thekkan itali akramikkukayum britiish sainyam veendum prathirodhakkaare sahayikkaan pookukayum cheythu. general joonn stuvarttinte neethrthwathil oru britiish sainyam maida yudhathil ekapaksheeyamaaya vijayam nedi. yudhathinte backie samayangalil britiish sainyam cicily prathirodhichu, ithu ferdinandine udaaramaaya parishkaarangal varuthaan nirbandhithanaakki. 1808ll pradhaanamaayum korsikkaanukal, malties, sisilians enniva ulppedunna oru sakhyasenaye kaapriyil ninnu purathaakki. adutha varsham britiish sainyam niravadhi greak, dalmatian dveepukal kaivashappedutthi, ennirunnaalum corfuvile franch kavalsena akramikkaan kazhiyaathathra shakthamaayirunnu. yudhangalude avasaanam vare britishukaar avarude greak dveepukal nilanirtthi.
dakshinaafrikkayum plettum.
keppu oof good hoppile dutch kolaniyaanu indiayilekkulla neenda kadal yaathrayude oru pradhana thuramukham. 1805ll ithu pidichedukkaan oru paryaveshanam ayachu. (1796ll ithu aadyamaayi pidichedukkappettenkum amean udambadi prakaram thirike nalkappettu.) 1806 januvariyil lefttanant general sarr david bairdinte neethrthwathilulla britiish sainyam blouberg yudhathil vijayichu kolaniye keezhadangan nirbandhitharaakki.
paryaveshanatthinte naavika kamaandaraaya admiral hoome riggs popham spanish plate rivar kolanikal kaivashappedutthuka enna ashayam aavishkarichu. mejar general vilyam kaar beresfordinte neethrthwathilulla oru vibhaagam aarr aazhchathekku buenos airs kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve spanish sainyavum praadeshika milishyakalum avare purathaakki.
general ookmutti 1807-ll eee pradeshathe randaamathe adhinivesham nadatthi, montevideo pidichadakki. eee mekhalayil command ettedukkaan lefttanant general sarr joonn vaitt lokkine brittanil ninnu ayachu, mejar general roobert crofurdinte athe samayathaan addeham athiyathu, addehathinte lakshyasthanam sarkkar niravadhi thavana maattukayum niravadhi maasangalaayi kappalil sainikar undaayirikkukayum cheythu.
1807 juulai 5 nuu vaitt loock buenos airsinu nere oru akramasakthamaaya akramanam nadatthi, athil britiish sainikarkk kanatha naashanashtangal sambhavikkukayum avar nagaratthil kudungukayum cheythu. oduvil addeham keezhadangukayum sainikar apamaanakaramaayi brittanilekku madangukayum cheythu. vaitlokku kodathi martling nadathukayum cashier cheyyukayum cheythu.
denmark.
1807 augustil, danish kappal franch kaikalilekku veezhaathirikkaan koppenheganilekku oru paryaveshanam nadatthi. general loard cathcart aanu paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu. arther vellasliyude neethrthwathil oru britiish karasena oru danish milishya senaye paraajayappeduthi. niravadhi divasathekku nagaram bombit thakarnnathin sesham, danes avarude kappalpadaye keezhadakki.
alexandria.
1807-ll general alexander mccansey fraasarinte neethrthwathil oru sainyavum navikasena ottoman saamraajyathe thadassappeduthunnathinu oru ooppareshan bays surakshithamaakkunnathinaayi eejipshyan nagaramaya alexandria pidichedukkuka enna lakshyathode ayachu. eejipthile mohammed aliyodu asanthushtaraaya alexandriayile janangal britiish senaykk nagaratthinte kavaadangal thurannu, ithu nepolian yudhangalil britiish sainyam oru nagaratthe eluppathil keezhadakkaan anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, saadhanangalude abhavavum eejipshyan senaykkethiraaya anishchithathvamulla pravartthanangalum kaaranam paryaveshanam veendum aarambhikkaanum alexandria vidaan nirbandhithamaayi.
walcheren.
1809ll austriya fraansinethire yuddham prakhyaapichu. oru vazhithirichuvidal nalkunnathinaayi, pradhaanamaayum koroonayil ninnu aduthide ozhippicha sainikar adangunna oru britiish senaye dutch thuramukhangalaaya flushing, aant verp enniva pidichedukkaan ayachu. niravadhi kaalathaamasangal undaayi, sainyam kappal kayattiyappol thanne austriyakkaar keezhadangiyirunnu. avar erangiya walcheren dweep mahamari niranjathum rogangal niranjathumaayirunnu (pradhaanamaayum malaria allengil "ague"). flushing pidichedukkappettenkum, sainyathe pinvalikkunnathin munbu moonnilonnil kooduthal sainikar marikkukayo kazhivillaayma neridukayo cheythu.
indian mahaasamudravum eest indies.
franch swakaaryarudeyum aakramanakaarikaludeyum koodukal neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi, sainyam indian mahaasamudrathile franch aashrithathvangal moureeshyas prachaaranatthil pidichedutthu. eest india kambaniyude ganyamaaya samghangalumaayi, britiish sainyam 1810-ll sugandhavyanjana dveepukalude vijayakaramaya adhiniveshathodeyum 1811-ll jaavayude pathanathodeyum vidoora kizhakk dutch kolanikal pidichedutthu.
upadveep yuddham.
1808-ll, bonapart spainileyum porchugalileyum rajaakkanmaare attimarichathinushesham, maddhya amerikkayile spanish swathukkale akramikkaan uddeshichulla sarr arther vellasliyude neethrthwathilulla oru paryaveshanam porchugalilekk thirichuvittu. aduthulla masira ulkkadalil sainyathe irakkiyappol vellesley vimeyro yudhathil vijayichu. vellesley sarr haari barrard, sarr hevu dalrymple ennee rund meludyogasthar marikadannu, avar kooduthal akramanangal vaikippichu. pakaram, avar syntra kanvenshanil oppuvachu, athiloode franchukaar britiish kappalukalil porchugaline (avarude ellah kollakalodum koodi) ozhippichu. ithu lisbanil britiish pidimurukkiyirunnuvel, moonnu generalukale englandilekku thirichuvilikkaan ithu kaaranamaayi, britiish sainyathinte command sarr joonn moorinu kaimari.
octoberil muur sainyathe spainilekku nayichu, salamanga vare ethi. desemberil, sarr david bairdinte keezhil englandil ninnulla 10,000 sainikar avare shakthippeduthi. moorinte sainyathinte aake ennam ippol 36,000 aayirunnu, ennaal nepolian spaanishine paraajayappeduthi madrid pidichadakkukayum 200,000 peradangunna sainyavumayi aduthethukayum cheythuvenna vaartha addehathinte munnettam thadassappeduthi. muur parvatha rodukaliloodeyum kadutha shaityakaala kaalaavasthayiloodeyum koroonayilekku pinwangi. franch kuthirappada yaathrayude dairkhyathil britiish sainyathe pinthudarukayum dhaaraalam poraattangalil earppettirunna britiish sainikarkk reargard samrakshanam nalkaan oru reserve division sajjeekarikkukayum cheythu. ekadesham 4,000 sainikar pradhana senayil ninnu verpett vigoilek march cheythu. franchukaar korunnayil pradhana sainyathe pidikoodukayum thudarnnu 1809 januvariyil nadanna korunna yudhathil muur kollappedukayum sainyathinte sheshippukale englandilekku ozhippikkukayum cheythu.
1809-ll vellesley puthiya sainyavumayi porchugalilekk madangukayum portoyude randaam yudhathil franchukaare paraajayappedutthukayum avare rajyath ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. addeham veendum spainilekku munnerukayum thalavera yudhavum kovayude yudhavum nadathukayum cheythu. adhehathinum spanish commandermark sahakarikkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum addeham porchugalilekk pinvaangukayum avide lisbone samrakshikkunna torres vedraasukalude prathirodha lineukal nirmmikkukayum athesamayam addeham thante anglo-porchugees sainyathe divisionukalaayi punasamghadippikkukayum cheythu, athil mikkavaykkum rund britiish brigedukalum oru porchugees brigade undaayirunnu.
adutha varsham, marshell andrey maasenayude neethrthwathilulla oru valia franch sainyam porchugal aakramichappol, vellesley busaco yudhathil oru kaalathamasam varuthiya nadapadiyumaayi poraadi, abhedyamaaya lineukalkku pinnil ninnu pinmari, maasenayude sainyathe avarude munnil pattini kidathaan vittu. masena pinmariyathinushesham, 1811-ll porchugalinte athirthikalil bhooribhaagavum poraattam nadannirunnu, athupole thanne valeslie nirnaayaka kottakettya pattanangal veendedukkaan shramichu. beresfordinte keezhilulla oru britiish, spanish sainyam valare raktharookshithamaaya albuvera yudhathil poraadi, athesamayam vellesley thanne eprilil sabugal yudhathilum meyy maasathil fuentus dii onoro yudhathilum vijayichu.
1812 januvariyil, oru apratheekshitha neekkathinu sesham vellesley siudad rodrigo pidikoodi. epril 6 nuu, britteeshukaarkk munbu vahikkaan kazhiyaatha mattoru sakthamaaya kottayaaya badajos addeham aakramichu. valare uyarnna naashanashtangalode kanatha poraattam nadakkukayum vellesley pinwangan utharavidukayum cheythu, ennaal oru vazhithirichuvidal akramanam escalade vazhi kaalukuthukayum lamghanangaliloodeyulla pradhana akramanam puthukkukayum cheythu. valia chelavil (5000-ladhikam britiish naashanashtangal) kotta pidichedukkukayum moonnu divasathekku sainyam achadakkamillaatha prathikaaratthinaayi nagaram kollayadikkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu.
badajosinethiraaya aakramanathinu thottupinnaale, vellesley (ippol markwas vellington enna perilulla peerejilekku uyarthappettu) vadakkan spainilekku munneri. oru maasatholam britiish, franch sainyangal salamaankaykku chuttum parasparam march cheyyukayum ethir march nadathukayum cheythu. juulai 22nuu, vellington oru shanikamaaya franch chitharal muthaledukkukayum salamanga yudhathil samboornna vijayam nedukayum cheythu. madrid kaivashappedutthiya sesham vellington bargosine paraajayathode uparodhichu. octoberil sainyam porchugalilekk pinwangi. mosham vitharanam, kadutha kaalavastha, regard pravartthanam ennivayaal budhimuttunna eee "shaityakaala retreat" koroonayilekkulla muun retreatumaayi saamyamund.
1813 leeii vasanthakaalath vellington porchugal vittu speyiniloode vadakkott march cheyyukayum lisbanilekkulla ashayavinimaya marggangal upekshikkukayum biscay ulkkadalile spanish thuramukhangalilekku puthiyava sthaapikkukayum cheythu. vittoriya yudhathil franch sainyathe paraajayappeduthi, valia alavil kollayadikkukayum ithu britiish sainyathe pinthudarunnathu upekshikkanum kollayadikkaan raankukal thakarkkanum kaaranamaayi. pinneedu speyinile avarude sheshikkunna kottakale mochippikkaanulla franch shramangale vellington sainyam paraajayappeduthi. sharathkaalathum shaithyakaalathum avar franch prathirodha lainukale pyreenikalil nirbandhitharaakkukayum francilake kadakkukayum cheythu, 1814 februvariyil neevel yuddham, neevu yuddham, oorthes yuddham ennivayil vijayikkukayum cheythu. fraansil, vellingtoninte britiish, porchugees sainikarude achadakkam spaanishinekkaalum valare mikachathaayirunnu, kadal vazhi vitharanam cheytha dhaaraalam saadhanangal kaaranam franchukaarudethu polum.
1814 march 31nuu sakhyasena paareesil praveshikkukayum epril 6nuu nepolian sthaanathyaagam cheyyukayum cheythu. epril 10 nuu toolousinte anishchithathva pooraattatthil pankeduttha vellingtonil vaartha pathukkeyaayirunnu.
samadhana karaarukal oduvil othutheerppaakkiya sesham sainyam upadveep vittu. kaalaalppada avarude puthiya posttingukalilekku (niravadhi vadakke amerikkayilekku) gathaagathathinaayi bordoilek march cheythu. niravadhi spanish bharyamaarum kaamukimaarum pothuvaaya durithatthil avasheshichu. kuthirappada fraansiloode boulognilekkum kaaleyilekkum sanjarichu.
holland 1814.
1814ll britiish sarkkar bergen oopu suum kotta pidichedukkaan sarr thomas graahatthinte keezhil hollandlake oru cheria senaye ayachirunnu. 1814 march 8-nuu nadanna akramanam paraajayappedukayum britteeshukaare kanatha nashtatthode pinthirippikkukayum cheythu.
vadakke amerikkayile yuddham.
american aikyanaadukal fraansumaayi sakhyathilaayirunnille, vyapara uparodhangal, american naavikare royal neviyil ulppeduthuka thudangiya vishayangalil america brittan thammil yuddham pottipurappettu, iva randum neritto allaatheyo bandhappettirunnu nepolian yudhangal (ithil randaamathethu ghent udambadiyil polum uyarthiyirunnilla). yudhathinte aadya rund varshangalil, oru cheria ennam britiish regular unitukal canaden milishya aninirannathinte pradhana ghadakam roopeekarichu. athirthikku vadakkulla onniladhikam us akramanangal thirichadichu; 89,49 rejimentukalude battaaliyanukal montriyalilekku pookunna ganyamaaya valia american senaye akramikkukayum paraajayappedutthukayum cheytha chryslerude phaam yudhathil atharamoru udaaharanam kaanaan kazhiyum.
1814-ll nepolian sthaanathyaagam cheythathinushesham kooduthal britiish pathiv aalukal labhyamaayi. ennirunnaalum, dairkhyameriyathum aparyapthavumaaya vitharana lineukal britiish yudhashramathe thadassappeduthi. chesapeak ulkkadalil oru britiish sainyam washington pidichedukkukayum kathikkukayum cheythenkilum baltimoril ninnu avare pinthirippichu. anukoolamaaya nibandhanakal vittukodukkaan mattoraale nirbandhitharaakkunna nirnnayakamaaya oru praharam adikkaan irupakshathinum kazhinjilla, koodaathe ghent udambadi oppuvaykkukayum cheythu. atlaantik samudrathinte maruvashathulla sainyangalil ithu sambandhicha vaartha athunnathinumumbu, vellingtoninte bhaaryaasahodaran sarr edward packenhaminte keezhilulla oru britiish seena nyoo oorliyans yudhathil kanatha kottakalulla sthaanangale viddithathode aakramichu.
waterloo kaambayin 1815.
oduvil yuddham avasanichathaayi thonnukayum vienna kongrasil samaadhaanathinulla krameekaranangal charcha cheyyappedukayum cheythu. ennaal 1815 februvari 26nuu nepolian elbayil ninnu rakshappett francilake madangukayum avide oru sainyathe roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. march 20 aayappozhekkum addeham paareesil athiyirunnu. sakhyakakshikal mattoru sainyathe koottichertthu venalkkaala aakramanathinu padhathiyittu.
beljiyathil svayam adhishtithamaaya sakhyakakshikal rund sainyangal roopeekarichu, vellington prabhuvu anglo-sakhyakakshikale nayikkukayum prashyakkaare gebard leberect voonn bluecher nayikkukayum cheythu. nepolian avare neridaan fraansiloode athivegam munnerukayum thante sainyathe vibhajichu dvimukha akramanam nadathukayum cheythu. 1815 juun 16 nuu, ligniyil blacharinethire nepolian thanne aalukale nayichu, athesamayam kwatre brass yudhathil vellingtoninte forwade sainyathinethire marshell nee oru aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalki. vellington kwatre brakal vijayakaramaayi kaivasham vachirunnuvenkilum prashyakkaar ligniyil athra vijayamaayirunnilla, athinaal avar vaaverilekk pinwangan nirbandhitharaayi. juun 17 nuu raavile blacharinte paraajayathekkurichu ketta vellington thante sakhyakakshiyodu samanthara pathayil pinmaran thante sainyathodu utharavittu; briteeshukaarum beljiyakkarum beljian gramamaaya waterloovinu sameepam sthaanam pidichu.
juun 18 nuu raavile, britiish aayudhangalude ekkaalatheyum valia nettangalilonnu aarambhichu waterloo yuddham. britiish, dutch, beljian, nassaavu, jarmman sainikar waterloovinu thekk uyarnna nilangalil vinyasikkapettu. raathriyil kanatha mazha peythathinaal uchavare aakramikkendennu nepolian theerumaanichu. kaalathamasam ardhamaakkunnathu prashyakkaarkk yudhathilekku march cheyyaan avasaram labhichuvenkilum athinidayil vellington pidichunilkkendivannu. peeranki bombaakramanathodeyaanu franchukaar akramanam aarambhichath. aadyathe franch akramanangal pinneedu pradhana malancherivil ninnu hougmondinte kottaarathinu nere nirddeshikkappettu. ivide britiish, nassav sainikar divasam muzhuvan hougomond kettidangale dhaarshtyathode prathirodhichu; oduvil oru muzhuvan franch corpsine ulppeduthiya nadapadi chaatto pidichedukkunnathil parajayappettu. pakuthi kazhinjappol, anglo-sakhyasenaye britiish idathu vibhaagathin nereyulla dii 'erloninte kaalaalppadayude akramanam aakramichuvenkilum franchukaar kanatha nashtatthode thirichupokaan nirbandhitharaayi. uchakazhinju, kuthirappadayaalikalude thiramaalakal thangalilekku neengunnathu kandu britiish sainyam athbhuthappettu. britiish sainyam, saadhaarana abhyaasamanusarichu, kaalaalppada squareukal (pollayaya boxes-formation naalu raankukal aazhathil) roopeekarichu, athinusesham franch kuthirappadaye thurathi. laa hayy seyntinte pathanathinushesham britteeshukaarude sthaanam nirnaayakamaayirunnuvenkilum bhagyavashaal prashyakkaar yudhakkalathilekku praveshikkaan thudangi. kizhakk ninnu prussian advanced gaard varaan thudangiyappol, nepolian thante valathupakshathe sthirappeduthaan franch unitukale ayachu. ekadesham ezhu manikk, nepolian thante pazhaya, madhyanira kavalkkaranodu ippol durbalamaaya sakhyasenaye avasaanamaayi niraashaajanakamaayi akramikkaan utharavittu. akramanam thirichadichu. aaa samayat vellington ezhunnettu nilkkukayum oru pothu munnettatthinu soochana nalkunnathinaayi thante thoppi vaayuvil uyarthukayum cheythu. pinvaangunna franchukaarkkethire poornnamaaya akramanavumaayi addehathinte sainyam nirakalil ninnu munnott kuthichu. nepolian yudhathil parajayappettu.
pinneedulla charithram.
yudhangal avasaanichathinethudarnnu sainyam kuranju. eee samayat, 104 adii vare kaalaalppada rejimentukal nilaninnirunnu, ennaal 1817 num 1819 num idayil, 95 adii uyarnna rejimentukal pirichuvittu, 1821 aayappozhekkum sainyathil 101,000 poraalikal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, athil 30 sathamaanavum kolanikalil, prathyekichu indiayil nilayurappichirunnu. thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil, sainikamo colonial aavashyangalo niravettunnathinaayi vividha rejimentukal cherkkappedukayo neekkam cheiyukayo parishkarikkappedukayo cheythuvenkilum onnaam lokamahaayudham vare athu veendum valia thothil valarnnilla, koodaathe prathirodhavum kramavum nilanirthaan saamrajyam praadeshika senaye kooduthal aasrayikkukayum cheythu.
paraamarshangal.
attribution

