
nicolas ekstan

madhyakala engleesh vyaapaariyaayirunnu sarr nicolas ekstan (maranam 1402). mathsyathozhilaali kambaniyile pramukha amgavum lunden nagaratthile pouranumaaya addeham richard randaaman raajaavinte bharanakaalathe durithapoornamaaya varshangalil aaa nagaratthinte meyaraayi randuthavana thiranjedukkappettu. addehathinte vyakthiparamaaya pashchaathalathekkurichum yuvathvathekkurichum valarekkurache ariyoovenkilum chila ghattangalil addeham thante samghathinte avakaashangalkk sakthamaaya prathirodham nalkunnayalaayi ariyapettu. ithu oduvil annathe nilavile meyarine aakramichathinu addehathe chila prasnangalil athikkukayum athinte falamaayi addehathinu pizha chumathukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythu. addehathinte adutha sakhyakakshiyaya nicolas brembreyude meyaraayi thiranjedukkappettathode sahacharyam taamasiyaathe addehathinu anukoolamaayi. eee kaalayalavil raajaavinte vishwastha pinthunakkaaranaayirunna brembre, eee samayat thante chila prabhukkalumaayi (koottaayi loards appeel ennu ariyappedunnu) kadutha samgharshathil earppettirunnu. raajaavinte adhikaarathil chilath keezhadakkaan avarkk raajaavine prerippikkaan kazhinju, ithu brembray durbalapedutthi, oduvil rajaavinu pinthuna nalkiyathinu appeelkaar addehathe vadhichu.
appozhekkum ekstan meyaraayi thiranjedukkappettirunnu. kurachukaalam adhehavum brembray lunden oodikkunnathil orumichu pravarthichuvenkilum, addehathinte mungamiyude swaadheenathil ninnu veenappol, brembreyude aathyanthika thookkikkollalin bhaagikamaayi utharavaadiyaayitheerunnathu ekstan addehathe phalapradamaayi upekshichu. mayer enna nilayil rund kaalaghattangaliludaneelam ekstante praadhamika nayam orupakshe sathruthayulla partykal thammilulla nagaratthinte nishpakshatha nilanirthaanulla aagrahathe adisthaanamaakkiyukaallathaayir. maruvashathu, appeelkkaarude bharanakaalathu ninnu addeham vyakthiparamayi labham nediyathaayi thonnunnu, thudarnnu paarlament eathenkilum thettu cheythathil ninnu addehathe ozhivakkiyaalum landanil addehathodu kurachu athrupthi undayirunnathaayi thonnunnu. addehathinte pilkkala varshangal addehathinte youvanam pole avyakthamaanu; kuranjathu rund thavanayenkilum vivaham kazhichathaayi ariyappedunna addehathinu kuttikalundaayirunnilum anjjaathamaaya praayatthil 1402-ll addeham marichuvennum thonnunnu.
pashchaathalavum uthbhavavum.
lunden.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil landane "ettavum valia thuramukham, aadambarangalkkum nirmmaanathinumulla ettavum valia vipani, chillara vilppana kendram, pathinanjaam noottaandile englandile ettavum valia thozhiludama" enningane visheshippichittundu.
deseeyamaayum saambathikamaayum raajyathe ettavum pradhanappetta vyaapaarakendramaayirunna ithu eathaanum varshangalkk sesham videshathu engleesh vyaapaarathinte 60 sathamaanathiladhikam kaikaaryam cheythu. pilkkala madhyakaalakhattatthiludaneelam landanile niyanthranam nilanirthunnathu (swaadheenavum) oro rajaavinum adisthaanaparamaaya praadhaanyamaayirunnu. lunden ennaal rajakeeya bharanam, neethi, rakshaakarthruthvam ennivayude kendrathilekkum westminstarile paarlamentilekkum raajasabhayilekkum aduthulla saameepyavum praveshanavum ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, raajaavinte thiranjeduppu nikuthiyaaya aii. dii. 1 eee nagaratthe ettavum kooduthal baadhichu, ithu landankaarkk kooduthal "prakopanavum advaanavum" nalki.
landanile bharanavum kireedavumaayulla bandhavum.
athath vyapaarangal vazhi vividha samghangalaayi (allengil "mistarikal") samghadippikkappetta vijayakaramaya vyapara vibhagamaanu lunden bharikkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheythath. nagaratthil oru rashtreeya uyarnna varggam roopeekarikkaan vaanijya samghangal thangalilum avarude amgangalilum mathiyaya sambannaraayirunnu. avar pothusabhayiloodeyum alderman, shereefukal, mayer ennivarude vyakthithvathiloodeyum bharichu. kaunsil "sarvvashakthamaayirunnu... rajaavumaayum raajabharanasamvidhaanavumaayumalla edapaadukal ulppedunna budhimuttulla karyangal pathivayi paraamarsikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, eee samayat nagaram raashtreeyamaayi prakshubdhamaayirunnu. raajyathinte backie bhagangal nashtappedutthi richard randaaman landane anukoolichuvennu oru samakaalikanengilum (frozart) vishwasichirunnuvenkilum, landankaare avar eshtappettathupole thanne avarkk ishtappettillaayirikkam. pakshe, avarkk parasparam jeevikkendivannu kireedadhaaranam landanile vyaapaarikalude sambathine aashrayichirunnu-avar nalkia subsidikal, avar nalkia vaaypakal-videsha vyapaaravum naattile swaathanthryavum samrakshikkaan nagaram raajaavine aashrayichu. ennirunnaalum, 1380kaliludaneelam, lunden nagaratthinte raashtreeyam westminstarinte raashtreeyathe pinthudarnnu, yadhaarthathil englandu "aabhyantharayudhathinte vakkilaayirunnuvenkil", rajavineyum addehathinte athiraalikaleyum pinthunachavarkkidayil lunden nivaasikalum vibhajikkapettu. ennittum landanile rashtreeya samoohathinullile eee vibhajanagal uyarnna raashtreeyamalla kaaranam. nagaratthinte adisthaana bharanathinum pourasamoohathinte dishaykkumaayi rashtreeya vibhagangal thammilulla aazhathilulla pooraattatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu avaa.
eee prathisandhi ghattathilaanu samakaalika rekhakalil nicolas ekstan aadyamaayi prathyakshappedunnathu. 1380kalude thudakkathil lunden sarkkaarinullile vibhageeya kalahangal, araa thalamurayayi nagara raashtreeyathe swaadheenichathinu (extoninte mayer padavi kaalayalav ulppede), chila landankaare yadhaarthathil valia kalaapathil cheraan prothsaahippichathinu samanamaaya kaaranangalundaakam.
rashtreeya jeevitam.
nicolas extoninte jananatheeyathiyekkuricho youvanathekkuricho onnum ariyilla, addehathinte aadyakaala varshangalekkurichu valare kuravaanu. 1364ll loard bergershinte bandhuvaya sambannanum shakthanumaaya sarr roobert turkine ethirtha oru vibhaagathilaayirunnappol mathsyathozhilaalikalude samghathinullil addeham oru aabhyanthara tharkkathil earppettirunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. nirbhagyavashaal, samghathinte aabhyanthara rekhakalude kuravu kaaranam, charitrakaaranmaarkku dainamdina rashtreeya pravarthanangalekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. 1369 juunil westminstaril nadanna sessionil pankedukkunnathinaayi addeham middlesexinte paarlament amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
vaarshika aldermanic thiranjeduppukal ulppede nagaratthil samoolamaaya bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattathinu kaaranamaaya 1376 leeii nalla paarlament (ekstan pankedutthathu) muthal lunden rashtreeya prakshubdhatha anubhavichukondirikku. carolin baaran eee pirimurukka kaalaghattatthe samgrahichirikkunnu
1377ll edward moonnaaman rajaavu marikkukayum appozhekkum ekstan nagaratthile oru pramukha pouranaayi maarukayum cheythu. karyangal kooduthal vashalakkaan, 1381-ll karshakarude kalapam pottipurappettu. raajyathudaneelam munborikkalum kandittillaatha oru paridhivare kalaapangalude oru parambarayaayirunnu ithu. thalasthaanamenna nilayil lunden vimatharude kendramaayirunnu, avar kentil ninnum essexil ninnum athilekku munneri. ennaal vimathar landanu purathu ninnu mathramalla, avar ithinakam nagarathinullil undaayirunnu. vaasthavathil, extoninu avaril chilare vyakthiparamayi ariyamaayirunnu. nagara kavaadangalkk purathu vimathare nagaratthilekku praveshikkaan anuvadichavar ekstans gild oof fish monchersile saha amgangalaayirunnu.
kalaapathil earppettirunna chila lunden nivaasikalkk ekstan rajakeeya mapp nediyathaayi ariyappedunnu, avaril chilare nagaratthile nethaakkalaayi apalapichirunnu. ettavum shradheyamaayi, gildhall kathikkaan shramicha-allengil kuranjathu bheeshanippeduthiya-walter attu qee ithil ulppedunnu. maruvashathu, 1381 juun 14 nuu vimathare neridaan oru sayudha senaye roopeekarikkunnathil mayer niravadhi aldermenukalum rajaavu richaardine sahayichu. mayer vilyam walworth (vimatharude mothatthilulla nethaavaaya vaatt tailare vyakthiparamayi konna) extonineppolulla oru mathsyathozhilaaliyaayirunu, oppam nicolas brember avare anugamichu. vaasthavathil, vimathar keezhadangiyathinu sesham valvarthum brembray naitt padavi nalkappettu; ennaal, rajaavil janapriyamaayirunnuvenkilum, avarkkum avarude samghathinum kramena lunden raashtreeyathile adhikaarathinmelulla pidi nashtappettu. aantharika sammarddangalaal kooduthal durbalamaaya avar naamamaathramaayi maathrame chumathalayelkkukayulloo. kalapam adichamarthiyathinethudnar, ekstan nagara sarkkaaril nerittu edapedaan thudangi. 1382 march 12nuu billingsgate wardlake addeham aldermaanaayi thiranjedukkappettu, 1392 vare addeham ezhu thavana koodi vahikkenda oru padavi.
1380kalude thudakkathil addeham amgamaayirunna mathsyathozhilaali samghathinte "sajeeva" vakthavaayi. motha malsyavipaniyil addehathinte samghathinu kuthakayundaayirunnu. pradhana bhakshanavilppana niyanthrikkunnath avare lunden raashtreeyathil valareyadhikam shaktharakki. raajaavinte rakshaakarthruthvam kaaranam exton vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyamullathaayi maarukayum thuramukhatthinte kambili kasttams, subsidikal ennivayude collector, myoorejinte surveyor, westminstar steppilinte mayer ennivarulppede niravadhi prathiphaladaayakamaaya offeesukal nedukayum cheythu. eee sthaanangal saambathikamaayi laabhakaravum raashtreeyamaayi swaadheenamullathumaayirunnu. oraalude samghathinte vihithathinapuram charakkukalil vyapaaram nadathaanulla niyamaparamaaya avakashamulla lunden nagaratthile oru pouranenna nilayil addeham atharamoru avakasham poornnamaayum prayojanappeduthiyumdum saadhyathayund.
jiophree chosarumaayulla bandham.
oru thuramukha subsidy allengil nikuthi shekharanakkaaran enna nilayil extoninte niyamanam asaadhaaranamaaya onnalla "ettavum mikachavarum chila sandarbhangalil ettavum kuprasidharumaaya" lunden vyaapaarikale eee samayat eee sthaanathekku niyamichu. kavi jiophree chausarine 1374-ll kasttams kantrolaraayi niyamichirunnu, athinaal nikuthi shekharanakkaaranenna nilayil addeham extoninte kaalavadhi melnottam vahichuvennu eathaandu urappaan; theerchayaayum brembre kambili aachaarathil chausarinte sahapravarthakanaayirunnu. avar iruvarum raajaavine pinthunaykkunnavaraayirnu-allengil orupakshe nagara bharanathinullil oru "rajakeeya" party srishtikkunnathinaayi addeham "randupereyum valarthiyeduthirunnu". brimbreyudeyum pinneedu extoninteyum meyarmaare pinthunacha richard rajaavu ithinakam thanne raajasabhayude oru amgamaayi chausare niyamichirunnu. vaasthavathil, "chosarinte prekshakarkku nannayi ariyaavunna oru yadhaartha manushyan"-ekstan polulla oraale ("vyaapaariyude katha" yill ninnu) chosar thante vyaapaariye maathrkayaakkiyathaayi abhipraayappedunnu. chausar ithinakam thanne kooman kaunsilile extoninte vibhaagathilekku munkootty nilkkunnathayi thonnunnu, athisayakaramaaya paarlamentinte falamaayi 1386-ll avar veendum orumichu nirthappettu. ivide, offeesil aayurdairkhyam anuvadicha ellah kasttams kantrolarmaareyum neekkam cheyyanamennu aavasyappettu koomans oru harji samarppichu (athaayath.iii., chosar pole).
northaamptan parishkaarangalkk ethirppu.
kalaapathethudarnn, govarthinteyum nilavile pothu kaunsilinteyum prashasthi kalankappeduthukayum ithu oru theevravaadi joonn northaamptan thiranjedukkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. 1381num 1382num idayil meyaraayirunna northaamptaninu valare janakeeyamaaya ajanda undaayirunnu. mathsyathozhilaalikalude kuthaka thakarkkanulla aagrahathil addeham prathyekichum shabdamuyarthi. ithu oru janapriya nayam koodiyaayirunnu, kaaranam ithu landanile pouranmaarkku malsyathinte vila kuraykkukayum landanile vipanikal sambannarallaathavarkku thurakkukayum cheyyum. maruvashathu, nagaratthinte nilavilulla vila niyanthranangal samrakshikkaan ekstan aagrahichu. mattu bhakshanangalum (udaaharanathinu, appam, veenju, bear) kuthakayaanennum athinaal avarude prathyeka sanbradaayangal-niyanthrithamo allathatho-enthukondaanu avaril ninnu maathram neekkam cheyyendathennu manasilakkunnathil parajayappettuvennum adhehavum saha mathsyathozhilaalikalum abhiprayappettu. akkaalathe lunden raashtreeyathile "muthalaalitha party" ennaanu extoninte party visheshippichathu. maruvashathu, udaaharanathinu, karakaushalavum uthppaadanavum sambandhicha cheria nigoodathakal swatantra vyaapaarathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. thangalude kuthaka nilanirthaanulla vijayikalaaya samghangalude aagraham avare videsha vyaapaarikalodu sathruthayullavaraakki, mathsyathozhilaalikal anya mathsyathozhilaalikalil ninnu puthiya malsyam pidichedukkukayum uyarnna vilaykk vilkkukayum eppol, ishtamullathu maathram thirichadaykkukayum cheiyunna sheelathilaayirunnu. vasthra nirmmaana samghangalile amgangalum aprenteesukalum vijayikalude samghangalumaayi pathivayi ettumuttunnathinaal kalaapangalum theruvu yudhangalum saadhaaranamaayathinaal northaamptan mayer padavi akramathaal chuttapettu. ennaal 1382 leeii paarlamentil lunden malsyathil swatantra vyapaaram avatharippikkan northaamptaninu kazhinju. ekstan thante samghathe prathinidheekarichu rajavinodu abhyarthichu "ainti amoor aandu concord" yill ninnu nagaratthe thadayunna landanile oreyoru kaaryam mathsyathozhilaalikalaane northaamptan udan thanne apalapichu. walter sibillineppole northaampttanum thante party thangalkkethire munvidhikalullavaraanennu ekstan avakashappettu; mathsyathozhilaalikalum sibilum 1381-ll landanile karshaka kalaapathil pankedutthathaayum vimathare sahayichathaayum pinneedu aaropikkapettu.dablyu
northaamptan mayer padavi mathsyathozhilaalikalkk oru duranthamaayi visheshippikkappettindu puthiya mayer avarude chillara vilppana avakashangal nishedhikkukayum nagaratthil sivik oafees vahikkaanulla avarude yogyatha raddaakkukayum cheythu. exton northaampttanum appozhekkum ettavum kadutha shathrukkalaayirunnu. swaabhaavikamaayum, vimatharkkethire neratthe vilyam vaalvarthinoppam undaayirunna nicolas brembre ayirunna northaamptaninte rashtreeya athiraalikalumaayi ekstan chernnu. melpparanja mayer [northaamptan]-nuu upayogichirunna nindyamaaya vaakkukal" ekstan cheythathayi 1382 leeii lettar bookil rekhappeduthiyittulla, samghathinaayulla ekstante vaadangal athiraalikalekkurichu shakthavum oorjjaswalavumaaya abhipraayangal parayaan addehathe prerippichathaayi thonnunnu. ithinaayi, oraazhchaykkullil thanne ekstan addehathinte aldermanaryil ninnu neekkam cheythathayi thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, addeham ithinakam thanne oru "gross somme" panam vaagdaanam cheythathinaal, addeham svayam neekkam cheyyaan abhyarthichittundaakam. ennaal ithu addehathinte muzhuvan shikshayayirunnilla. nagara pourathvam nishedhikkukayum oru varshathe thadavinu shikshikkukayum (ithu udan raddaakkiyenkilum) kanatha pizha chumathukayum nagaram vidaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. eee avasaanatheth oru hraswakaalathekku mathramaayirunnu. eee shikshakalellaam northaamptaninte thanne nerittulla kramathilaayirikkaam. mothatthil, addehathinu iruvarkkum alderman padavi nashtappedukayum paarlamentil mayer alderman kurichu moshamaayi samsaarichathin deerghakaala thadavil ninnu rakshappettengilum oru kaalayalavilekku nagaram videndi varikayum cheythu. athe varsham, 1382-ll addeham oru joonn rothine thante pradhana parisheelakanaayi niyamichu, oru bondsmane aavasyamullathu orupakshe eee samayathe addehathinte prasnakaramaaya saahacharyangale prathifalippichathaayirikkam.
ennaal oru maasathinushesham, 1382 septambaril, ekstan thirichetthi, paarlamentil athe karyangal aavarthichu. mattu kambanikaleppole thanne prathyeka avakaashangalkk mathsyathozhilaalikalkkum (mattu vijayikkunna samghangalkkum) avakaashamundenn ekstan vaadichu "malsyathile chillara vilppana saadhaarana dukkinfieldinaayi videsikalkkaayi thurakkukayaanenkil", extoninte paraamarshangalekkurichu oru kamantettar vyaakhyaanikkunnu, "appol mattellaavarum angane thanne cheyyanam". eee vaadaprathivaadam northaamptan anukoolikalkku nagaratthinte parambaraagatha swaathanthryangal lamghichuvennu ekstan aaropikkan avasaram nalki. ithu landanile ellah pouranmaarkkum prakadamaaya parikkaanennu avar avakashappettu (aaa varshathe kathu pusthakam nammodu parayunnathupole).
theerchayaayum, extoninte saha samghaamgangal vyathyasthamaaya kazhchappaadaanu sweekarichathu. northaamptaninethiraaya addehathinte uthsaahapoornamaaya nilapaadinu avar addehathe prashamsichu. pinneedu, avaril oraal kodathiyil prasthaavichathu "adhehavum landanile matellaa mathsyathozhilaalikalum nigoodathaykku vendi nicolas cheythathinum vaakkukalkkum vendi nicolaasinte paadangalkku keezhil kaikal vekkaan baadhyastharaanu" ennaanu. nagaratthile aksharapusthakathil ekstan thante samghathinu vendi "nalla pravrithikalum vaakkukalum" nadathiyathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu.
nicolas brembreyude mayer.
joonn northaamptan rund thavana adhikaarathilundaayirunnu. 1383-ll adutha moonnu varshathekku meyaraayirunna nicolas brembreod mayer thiranjeduppil addeham parajayappettu. addeham mikkavarum eee thiranjeduppu oru lalithamaaya reethi vazhi gildhaalinte pradhana haal (thiranjeduppu nadanna sthalam) swantham (sayudha) anuyaayikal kondu niraykkukayum avare kettidatthinu chuttum maraykkukayum cheythu. nagaratthil pothu niyamalamghanam thudarnnu, viyojip adichamarthunnathinaayi richard randaaman brembre thiranjeduppine sahayichathaayi abhipraayamund. raajaavinte pinthunayode eathaandu udan thanne oru cordwainer oru udaaharanamaayi churukkipparanjaal vadikkappettu. eathaanum masangalkkullil northaamptan raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi (1384 februveric august maasathinum idayil) vichaarana cheyyappettu, veendum brebre pinthunachukondu ekstan pankedutthu. grosezhs kambaniyile amgamaaya brembre mathsyathozhilaalikalodu sahathapam prakadippichirunnu. brembreyude mayer padaviyude thudakkathil, 1382-ll thante apalapikkunnathinethire ekstan pothu kaunsilinu apeksha nalki. addehathinte appeel athisayakaramennu parayatte, vijayakaramaayirunnu, koodaathe extoninte muun shikshavidhi sambandhicha ellah rekhakalum kaunsilinte lettar bookil rekhappeduthiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, 1384-ll addeham (vilyam meppilinoppam) kaantarbariyile bhaavi aarch bishop rogger walden iruvarum thammilulla oru southaamptan koginekkurichulla tharkkam pariharikkunnathinayi 80 maarkk nalki.
taamasiyaathe lunden sherifai thiranjedukkappetta ekstan 1385-ll billingsgettinaayi aldermaanaayi veendum thirichetthi. 1385 octoberil thuranna paarlament, "pleno paarlamentoyil" ekstan thiranjedukkappettappol, raashtreeyamaayi pirimurukkatthilaayirunnu, kaaranam richard randaamante priyappetta chansalar maikkal dii laa polinethire impeachment artikkilukal koomans ittirunnu. joonn northaamptaninte vadhasiksha abhyarthikkaan raajaavine kanda vyaapaarikalude oru prathinidhi samghathinte bhaagamaayirunnu ekstan. athesamayam rajaavu oru subsidy allengil yudhanikuthi abhyarthichirunnu; thalphalamaayi, kaunsil abhyarthicha ellah paymentukalum adhikaarappeduthunnathina karthaavil ninnulla nikuthi, laukika, athmeeya karthaavil ninnulla rund samyuktha supervisormaare niyamichu. adutha varsham januvariyil, subsidy "edukkaanum sweekarikkaanum sookshikkaanum" nirddeshangalode, athu sainika pravarthanangalkkaayi maathram chelavazhikkunnundennu urappakkaanum thudarnnu athu adhosabhaykku saakshyappeduthaanum extone nikuthi kalaktaraayi niyamichu. eesttar aayappozhekkum adhehavum saha collector ekadesham 29,000 poundu nikuthi pirikkukayum cheythirunnu. eee jolikkayi addehathinu 20 poundu vethanavum chelavukalkkayi 46 poundum koodi labhichu. koodaathe, tamas nadiyil soujanya boat upayogikkaanum addehathinu kazhinju. 1386 octoberil brembre thante moonnu kaalavadhi avasanippikkukayum addehathinu pakaram ekstan thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. ekstan thiranjedukkappedunnathi thottumunbu (orupakshe kurachu divasathinullil), brembre ainsham aabiyil raajaavine sandarshichirunnu, avide loards appeelkkaaranethiraaya raajaavinte pooraattatthil landante pinthuna pratheekshikkaanum aashrayikkaanum addeham richaardine prothsaahippichirikkaam.
rund thavana lunden mayer.
1387 muthal 1390 vareyulla varshangal lunden charithratthil nirnaayakamaanennu visheshippikkappettindu, nagara sarkkaarile ettavum pradhanappetta vyakthiyaan mayer. ennittum mayer enna nilayil ekstan thiranjedukkappettathu nagaram anubhavicha ettavum manoharamaaya chila pradarshanangalude oru avasaramayirunnirikkanam, avaa ingane vivarikkunnu
fransumaayulla yuddham moshamaayi nadakkukayaayirunnu, oru saambathika prathisandhi undaayirunnu (oru paridhivare rajaavu rakshaakarthruthvam durupayogam cheythathayi aaropikkapettu), rajaavu janapreeti nedaathe valarukayaayirunnu. yuddham valare moshamaayi nadakkukayaayirunnu, meyaraayi thante aadya varsham aarambhichathupole, franch adhiniveshathinu gurutharamaaya bheeshaniyundaayirunnu. 1386 septambarode englandil oru franch kappalppada kappalyaathrayude vakkilaanenn kanakkakkappedukayum pratheekshicha adhiniveshathil ninnu lunden nagaratthe samrakshikkunnathinaayi 10,000 sainikar athine valayukayum cheythu.
aadya padam, 1386-7.
1386 october 13nuu lunden meyaraayi thiranjedukkappetta ekstan, thante kaalavadhi kazhinja aadya eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil, nagaratthe prathinidheekarichu 4,000 poundinte oru valia thuka adutha varsham aadyam thirichadaykkendivanna kireedatthinu vaaypa nalki. kambili subsidy shekharanathil mathsyathozhilaaliyude niyanthranam kooduthal urappaakkunnathinte paarshwafalavum extoninte thiranjeduppinu undaayirunnu. engleesh raashtreeyathile prathyekichu prakshubdhamaaya oru samayathiloode nagaratthe nayikkendivannu. aaa varsham novemberil "athbhuthakaramaaya paarlamentil" raajaavinte rashtreeya athiraalikalaaya karthaavinte appeelkaar rajaavu richaardinte adikaaram niyantrikkaanum prabhukkanmaarude oru kaunsilinu utharavaadiyaakkaanum shramichu. aaa paarlamentil, sent albans charitrakaaranaaya thomas walsingham report cheiyunnathu, oru avasarathil, avaril chilare arast cheyyaano pathiyirunnu aakramikkukayo kollukayo cheyyaan rajaavu padhathiyittirunnu ennaanu. eksttan, eee padhathi kandethukayum westminstarilekk oru sandeshavaahakane ayachu pothusamoohathinu munkootty munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythathayi charithrakaaran parayunnu. ekstan athil kakshi cheraan visammathichathinal maathramaan goodaalochana maattivachathennu naittan parayunnathil vare pookunnu. eathuvidhenayum, appeel vaadikalodu pakshapathaparamaaya samakaalika srothassukal "kottara goodaalochanakalude" paraajayathinu kaaranam extoninte sahakarikkaathathaan ennu report cheiyunnu. 1387 octoberil ekstan meyaraayi thiranjedukkappettu aazhchakalkkullil appeelkkarkkethiraaya goodaalochana nadannathaayirikkanam.
aduthide oru jeevacharithrakaaran abhipraayappettathupole, exton brembray avarude adutha sahakaranm thudarnnu. prathyekichu, ekstan avarude paraspara shathrukkale vichaarana cheyyukayum thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. ippol lunden sarkkar nadathunna ekstan deseeya raashtreeyathinaayi svayam samarppikkaan swathanthranaayirunnu. orupakshe anivaryamaayum addeham westminstaril nagaratthinte prathinidhiyayi pravarthichu. joonn northaamptanineyum addehathinte paarambaryatheyum nasippikkaanulla pracharanam anivaryamaayum thudarnnu. 1387 maarchil ekstan northaamptanineyum koottaalikaleyum jayililadachu. epril aayappozhekkum, rajaavu northaamptaninu mapp nalkunnathinte vakkilaanenn thonniyappol, dayaykkethiraaya ethirppil ekstan munpanthiyilaayirunnu. athe varsham, extoninte melnottatthil, joonn northaamptaninte parishkarana niyamanirmmanam kathikkaan pothu kaunsil amgeekaaram nalki. gildhallinu purathu thanne ekstan ithu parasyamaayi cheythirunnu. jubili book ennariyappettirunna orotta vaalyamayirunnu ithu; annathe bharanasamvidhaanathinte rashtreeya niratthe aashrayich, athil onnukil "nagaratthinte nalla bharanakoodavumaayi bandhapetta ellah nalla lekhanangalum" allengil "nagaratthinte purathana aachaarangalkk virudhamaaya oordinansukal" ulppedunnu. pusthakatthinte nasham chilarude kaazhchayil brembreyude mayer padaviyude amithamaya pravarthanangalumaayi ekstan pankaliyaayi maarukayum, "krooravum athishayakaravumaya asahishnutha" exton brembray pankittathaayi visheshippikkukayum cheythu. 1381 leeii vimathar, walter atte keeyude keezhil, rittukal, charterukal, nagara sarkkaarinte mattu upakaranangal ennivaykkethiraaya avarude prachaaranatthinte bhaagamaayi jubili book pidichedukkaanum nasippikkaanum shramichuvenkilum shereefinte konptarmaare akramikkunnathil parajayappettu. ennaal aalkkoottam paraajayappettappol ekstan vijayichu. saadhyamaakumbozhellaam addeham pothuve pothu samvaadangalo melnottamo ozhivaakkiyathaayi thonnunnu (udaaharanathinu, oru samakaalikan parayunnathanusarichu, jubili pusthakam, udaaharanathinu, "treve mente kaunsilli" kathichu), thanteyum sakhyakakshikaludeyum samghangalude shakti vardhippikkunnathil shradha kendreekarichu. nagaratthil videsikalkkethiraaya thudarchayaaya aakramanangalum ithil ulppedunnu. 1387 joolaiyil, "lunden nagarathinu nanakkedum azhimathiyum" ozhivaakkuka enna prakhyapitha uddeshyathinaayi, oru videshiyum oru samghathinullil apprentis aakunnath nirodhichu. jubili pusthakam kathikkunnathinu oru maasam munbu, extoninte nirddeshaprakaaram, aakasmikamaayi, rajaavil ninnu mapp labhichirunnu.
1387 septambaril rajaavu extoninu kathezhuthi, raajaavinte swantham vaakkukalil, "nallavarum aadaraneeyarumaaya purushanmaar" (hugg faastolfum vilyam weiner) aduthide landanile shereefukalaayi thiranjedukkappettuvenna brebrail ninnu arinjukondu samthrupthi prakadippichu. iva pakshapaathaparavum sathyasandhavumaya rashtreeya niyamanangalayi-prathyekichu faasttolfinte-vyaapakamaayi kaanappettathinal ithu katlarmaarude gildinte pinneedu extoninethiraaya harjiyil prathyeka abhiprayam nalki.
randaam padam, 1387-8.
1387 octoberil ekstan veendum meyaraayi thiranjedukkappettu. nagaram nannayi bharikkaanillenn" rajaavu karuthunna eathenkilum sthaanaarthiyude audyogika prathijnjayedukkunnathil ninnu thante khajanaavinte bharanaadhikaarikale vilakkumennu bheeshanippeduthiya rajaavu-"rege aanvent"-ithu veendum praapthamakki. 1387 januvariyil rajaavu westminstar vidukayum varshathinte bhooribhaagavum madhyapradeshangaliludanilam sanjarikkukayum cheythu. novemberil addeham landanilekku madangiyethiyappol rajaavu prathikaram cheiyukayaayirunnu, athu nedunnathinulla niyamaparamaaya pinthunayumaayi (addeham karuthi). nagara kavadangalkkappuram mayer chuvappum vella niratthilulla rajakeeya vasthrangal dharicha alderman kaanaan ekstan raajaavine sandarshichu. raajaavinte sweekaranam aaveshathekkaal aupachaarikamaayirunnirikkaam. ennaal rajaavinu lunden nagaratthinte pinthuna neduka pradhanamaayirunnu, ellah kraaft gildukalum richardinoppam "jeevikkukayum marikkukayum" cheiyumennu prathijnjayedukkanamennu abhyarthichukondu ekstan ithu nedaan sramichathaayi thonnunnu. eee sathyaprathinjayil joonn northaamptan pothusabhayude mattoru apalapanam koodiyundaayirunnu. ithu kireedatthinaayulla ekstante thaalkkaalika pinthunaye addehathinte samghathinte kuthakayumaayi vyakthamaayi bandhippichu. ennaal rajaavinoppam nilkkumennu landankaarude prathinjja konduvaraan extoninu kazhinjenkilum, rajaavu adiyanthiramaayi oru sainyathe uyarthaan aagrahichappol meyarinu richaardine kooduthal bhouthikamaayi sahayikkaan kazhinjilla. aaa senaye uyarthaan rajaavu thanne nagaratthe nirbandhippikkaan sramichathaayi naittante "kaalakramam" soochippikkunnu. athinaayi addeham orupakshe extoninte nerittulla sahayam thediyirikkaam. november 28nuu, extoninu windseril svayam hajarakendivannu, nagarathinu ethra sainikare nalkaan kazhiyumennu rajaavu aavasyappettu. ithinodu prathikarichukondu, nivaasikal "valia sainika parichayamillaattha pradhana karakaushalathozhilaalikalum vyaapaarikalumaanu" ennum avare aayudhangalkk keezhil nirthaan kazhiyunnath nagaratthe thanne prathirodhikkuka maathramaan ennum ekstan addehathe ariyichu. ennirunnaalum, vimatha prabhukkanmaare arast cheiyunnathinaayi rajaavu oru vaarant ayachu, athu landanil nadappilaakkendathu extoninte utharavaadithamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, jonathan sumption parayunnu, ekstan "atharamoru dauthyathinu munbu [angane] nagarathinu itharathilulla oru vaarant nadappilaakkunna oru bisinus illennu theerumaanichu". desember 20nuu ooksfordshayarile radcoat bridge yudhathil loards appeelkkaaran kodathi kakshiye thakartha paraajayappeduthi. rashtreeya adikaaram vimatharkk nere maariyathinte anantharafalavum pettennullathumaya maattam eee nilapaadil naadakeeyamaaya maattam varuthi. swaabhaavikamaayum, "orikkal maathrame avarude vijayam (rajaavinethiraaya) urappaayulloovenkilum", nagara kavaadangal karthaakkalkkaayi thurakkaan ekstan adhikaarappeduthiyirunnu. nagara kavaadangalkk purathu (rajaavumaayi cheythathupole) ekstan vyakthiparamayi prabhukkanmaare abhivaadyam cheyyukayum avare landanilekku anugamikkukayum cheythirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, pinneedu appeelkaar extonineyum landankaareyum avarude cardio-virudha vibhaagathe sajeevamaayi pinthunaykkaanum prathijnjaabadharaakkaanumalu sramangal parajayappettu.
sent aalbante charithramanusarichu, nagaratthe vijayathinte kollayayi kanakkaakkunnathil ninnu avare pinthirippikkaanulla shramathil ekstan prabhukkalude paalayatthile sookshippukaare audyogikamaayi bhakshanapaneeyangal vitharanam cheythu. valia veedukal aadyam lakshyamidunna sambannare sambandhichidatholam ithu oru prathyeka aashankayaayirunnu. nagaratthinte vishwasthathayekkurichulla extoninte prathinjakal ketta pramukha appeelkkaaranaaya glossester rajakumaran abhiprayappettathaayi anukoola reportukal parayunnu, "nuna parayunnavar nunakalallathe mattonnum parayunnillennu ippol enikku sathyathil ariyaam, avarodu parayaathirikkaan arcum kazhiyilla". eee paramarsham eratta edapaadukalkku extoninu thante samaprayakkaarkkidayil ethratholam prashasthi undaayirunnu ennathinte prathifalanamaayirikkaam. appeel nalkunnavarodu ekstan nadatthiya aadaravil rajaavu athrupthi prakadippikkukayum athuvare apamaanathilaayirunna extoninteyum brebreyudeyum pazhaya ethiraaliyaaya joonn northaampttaninteyum mapp manappoorvvam nalkukayum cheythu, prathikaaramaayi ekstan thanne aaa varsham aadyam northaamptaninte lunden pourathvam vyakthiparamayi raddaakkiyirunnu.raajaavinte rashtreeya sakhyakakshikalayi karuthiyavare vichaarana cheyyaan appeelkaar thudarnnu. ithil nicolas brembre ulppedunnu, 1388 leeii nishkarunam paarlamentil addehathe vadhashikshaykk vidhichu. thante muun sakhyakakshikkethiraaya (thudarnnu thookkilettappetta) nadapadikalkku ekstan sammathichathayi thonnunnu. brembreyude lunden "ricardian vibhaga" thile oru pramukha amgamaayirunnu ekstan, kazhiyunnathra kaalam brembreotoppam thaamasichu. 1387 maarchinu sesham addeham addehathe nirnnaayakamaayi upekshichu. ekstan "prathyekichu budhimuttulla oru sthaanathaayirunnu" ennu parayappedunnu. adhehatheyum mattu aldermanukaleyum paarlamentile appeel prabhukkanmaarude oru sammelanathinu munnil chodyam cheythu; avar, brembreyude keezhil, joonn northaampttaninu mapp nalkunnathinulla dukinte pinthunayethire joonn oof gaundinu apeksha nalkia athe koottam purushanmarayirunnu. thante pravrithikal raajyadrohamaanennu brembray manassilaakkiyittundo enna chodyathinu, "avayekkurichu ariyaathathinekkaal thanikk [brembrake] ariyaamenn karuthunnu"-allengil, mekisak paranjathupole, "kuttakkaranaakaan saadhyathayilla" ennu ekstan marupadi nalkiyirikkanam. enthaayaalum, eee vidhiyaan brembray apalapikkaan appeel karthaakkale prerippichathu. brembreyude vidhi, appol, exton "addehathe nannayi ariyaavunnavarum", avar ethra vimukhathayode abhipraayappettaalum, mudrakuthi.
kireedatthodulla brembreyude vishwasthathayude paarambaryam thudaraan ekstan sramichathaayi thonnunnu, pakshe, shradheyamaayi, "paridhikkullil orikkalum thalayuyarthiya brembre amgeekarichittilla". richaardinulla addehathinte pinthuna theerchayaayum addehathinte mungamiyaaya jeey. yekkaal nishkriyamaayirunnu. eiii. tuck paranju, lunden "orupakshe vibhajikkappettirikkam, brembre athu raajaavinte bhaagathekkum extonilekkum kaimaran shramichu... athine raashtreeyathil ninnu akattinirthaanaanu sramikkunnathu. athesamayam, prathisandhiyil ninnu ekstan saambathikamaayi labhamundaakki. raajaavinte puthiya udyogastharkku (athbhuthakaramaaya paarlamentinu sesham addehathinte mail chumathiya) utharavaadithangalilonnu appeelkaar apalapichavarude nashtappetta estettukal theerppaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. eee utharavaaditham avar theekshnathayode aarambhichu, "aakarshakamaaya vilayil" ennu njangal samshayikkam. professor chaals rooss parayunnathanusarichu, avarude ettavum valia vaangunnavaril oraalaayirunnu ekstan. chila dii laa pooll estettukalkku addeham 500 mark (udaaharanathinu, 1389-leeii dedhaam maanar, essex) sarr joonn holtinte oru maanarin 700 mark nalki. 1388 meyy maasathil appeel niyantritha sarkkaarin ekstan 1,000 poundu vaaypa nalki. eee kanakk sandarbhathil vaykkunnathinu, avarude bhaagathuninnu, nagaram muzhuvan 5,000 poundu vaaypa nalki.
sahavyaapaarikal aakramichu.
1388 octoberil extoninte kaalavadhi avasaanichappol, richard randaaman 1389 vare (paarlament amgangale vadikkaanulla rajakeeya padhathikale addeham paraajayappedutthiyirunne) ekstan meyaraayi thudaraan thayyaaraayirunnuvenn westminstar chronicle report cheiyunnu. ennaal extoninte vyakthiparamaaya, svakaaryamaanenkil, richaardinulla pinthuna, landankaarude avishwaasam addehathinu nedikkoduthirikkaam. extoninte mayer padavi avasaanikkunnathin thottumunbu, paarlament cambridgil vijayikalaaya loards appeelkkaaran audyogikamaayi mapp nalki-swantham nivedanathil-muun varshangalil addeham cheytha eathenkilum raajyadrohangalkko kuttakrithyangalkko. nagaratthinte swaathanthryathe avahelikkunnuvennu aaropikkappedunnathil addehathe vimarsikkunnathil ninnu eee paarlament landankaare vilakkukayum cheythu. muun paarlamentil (februvari 1388), roobert nolsine nagaratthinte captanakkaan paarlamentinodu apekshichukondu nagaratthinte swaathanthryathe apakadappeduthaan ekstan shramichuvenna nilavil pracharikkunna oru kimvadantiye ithu paraamarshichu."cuttlers kambani extonineyum addehathinte bharanathile mattu amgangaleyum pirichuvidanamennum thudarnnu brembreyude sahakaarikalaayathin vichaarana cheyyanamennum apekshichu. avane maattisthaapikkaanum nagaratthil brebreyude "vyaajavum vanjanayum" thudaraanum brembre vyakthigathamayi extone thiranjedutthirunnuvennu cuttlermar nirddeshichu. walsingham paranju, ithinartham lunden bharanam "paar kankvast ettu maistry" aayi thudarnnu, ithu nagaratthinte meyarmaarude swathanthravum thurannathumaaya thiranjeduppinte paarambaryatthinu adisthaanaparamaayi virudhamaayirunnu. cordweinermaarude samghavum samanamaaya oru harji samarppichu, koodaathe lunden kraaft samghangal avatharippicha mattu niravadhi harjikalum undaayirunnu. ithil pathimoonnu perr innum nilanilkkunnu. brembre yadhaarthathil thiranjedukkappettathu addehathinte "sakthamaaya kaii" moolamaanennum aaa ekstan thante pathayil thudarnnuvennum thiranjeduppukale dushippikkukayum angane cheyyaan krooramaaya shakti upayogikkukayum cheythuvennum mersermar avakashappettu. mattullavar kooduthal vishaalamaayi joonn northaamptaninte 1382 leeii niyamatthinte punarujjeevanathinaayi aavasyappettu, athu vijayikale (athinaal mathsyathozhilaalikale) nagaratthil (theerchayaayum mayer ulppede) padavi vahikkunnathil ninnu vilakki. dashakathinte thudakkathil thante samghathinte avakashangal valare shabdathode prathirodhichathinaal, krooramaaya pakshi kuprasidhamaayirunnuvennu ekstan choondikkaanikkunnu.
eee vishayathekkurichu extonineyum mattullavareyum chodyam cheythittundennum [karthakkanmaar] apekshayo mattoo vazhi ekstan ithu cheyyaan sramichillennu nigamanam cheythittundennum" karthakkanmaar marupadi nalki. nilavilullathum sammarddapoornavumaaya rashtreeya prasnangal extoninethire cases amarthunnathil ninnu prabhukkanmaare vyathichalippichirikkam. ellaathinumupari, "extoninte 'rajakeeya' yogyatha brembreyude swantham yogyathayekkaal kuravaanennu thonni, theerchayaayum avar krooramaayi avare neekkam cheythu". orupakshe addeham appozhum-neethimaanaayi-adhikaarathilirunnathukoni, karthakkanmaar extoninode "krooramaayi praayogika" sameepanam sweekarichathu. addehathinethiraaya avarude nadapadiyude abhavam, addeham brembre upekshichathinu pakaramaayi extone samrakshikkunna oru karaarinte falamaayirikkaam. thante bhaagathuninnu, addeham landanile swaathanthryathe "avahelikkukayum raddaakkukayum cheythu" enna abhyooham orupakshe appeel karthaakkalude samrakshanam thedaan extoninu mathiyaya gauravamullathaayirikkaam. vaasthavathil, rajaavumaayulla thante munkaala nalla bandham vimathare thanikkethire tirikkaan paryaapthamaakumenn bhayappedaan addehathinu nalla kaaranamundayirikkaam.
pinneedu currier.
extoninu rajakeeya preethi labhikkunnath thudarnnu. udaaharanathinu, kentil niravadhi maanarukalude wardship 1387-ll raajaavinte vishwastha sevakanaaya vilyam morezinu pakaram northaamptan kottayude constableshippum addehathinu labhichu. ithu pinneedu 6 dii enna rajakeeya pensionaayi maattaan addehathinu kazhinju. prathivarsham, "kaunsilinte sammathathode". brembre nalkia kadangalude theerppukalum extoninu labhichu, randaamathethu nadappilaakkiyathinusesham adaykkappedaathe. ithu thaarathamyena valia thukayaya 450 poundu aayirunnu-mattu vyaapaarikalkkulla brembreyude kadangalil bhooribhaagavum saadhaaranayaayi 100 poundil kooduthalalla, palappozhum orotta kanakkilaayirunnu. rajaavil ninnu oru spanish vaalum labhicha addehathinu brembreyude pala vyakthigatha vasthukkalum swathukkalum vaangaan anumathi labhichu. ennirunnaalum, 1392-ll, mattu pramukha lunden pouranmaarodoppam addeham orikkalkkoodi richaardinte "nagaravumaayulla kalahathil" raajaavinte kopam anubhavikkukayum thaalkkaalikamaayi apakeerthippeduthappedu cheythu. eee kaalayalaviludaneelam addeham brembreyude koode undaayirunna padavi vahikkukayum kasttams kalaktaraayi thudarukayum cheythu.
1388ll adutha meyarine "vishwastan vishwasthanumaaya" oralaayi thiranjedukkaan richard randaaman nagaratthe upadeshichu-theerchayaayum, rajaavu ayaalodu vishwasthanaanennu ardhamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nicolas twifordinte yadhaartha thiranjeduppu orupakshe addehathinu athrupthikaramaayirunnu 1384-ll twiford munbu brembreod parajayappettirunnu; orikkalum joonn northaampttanine pinthunaykkunnillenkum addeham pathivayi extonine athirthirunnu. aaa varsham "nishkarunam paarlament" aaa varsham thanne, oduvil, charakkukalude chillara vilppanayude kuthakaykkulla landante avakasham eduthukalanju.
1390-ll, 1386 muthal thaan kaivashappeduthiyirunna kambili subsidyude collector enna sthaanam addehathinu oduvil nashtappettu, aadyam brembrake vadhashikshaykk sesham vilyam veenarinum oppam.
1383ll addehathinte samghathinu avarude audyogika pouraavakaashangal veendedukkaan kazhinjenkilum, 1399ll ekstan adhikaarathil ninnu pinmaarunnathuvare avarude vaayanaavakaasham punasthaapikkappettath avar kandilla.
1397 septambar vare ekstan mayer padavikku sesham nagaratthil ninnu kireedatthinu kooduthal vaaypakal undaakilla.
pinneedu, 1390-ll, oru saha vyaapaariyumaayi samadhaanam nilanirthaan meppilin vendi 200 poundu addeham vaagdaanam cheyyum.
1392ll rajaavu nagaratthinte swaathanthryathinu nere thudarchayaaya akramanangal aarambikkum.
maranavum avalokanavum.
lunden raashtreeyathil "vyakthamaayi pakshapathaparamaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu" ekstan, ennirunnaalum addeham "bharanasakhyathilppetta oru kuleenavarggathil pettayaalaayirunnuvennum aaa raashtreeyathil pankitta thalpparyangal palappozhum athine sthirathaykkulla shakthiyaakkiyirunnuvennum" addehathinte ettavum puthiya jeevacharithrakaaran abhipraayappettittund. eathaayaalum, vyathyastha avasarangalil kireedavumaayum athiraalikalumaayum sakhyamundaakkiyittundum, taniko thante meyarpadaviyilulla nagaratthino cheria dosham varuthikkond budhimuttulla oru rashtreeya kaalaghattathekkurichu charcha cheyyaan addehathinu kazhinju. brebreyude kaazhchappaadukalod raashtreeyamaayi anubhavamullathaayi ekstan palappozhum kaanappedunnundengilum, avaa thammilulla vyathyasam "thante mungamiyude hyperpartison chikkaneri thurannukaattaan paadupedaathirunna sathyasandhan boardinu mukalilullathumaaya kalikkaranayirunnu", avarude nayangal erekkure onnuthanneyaayirunnuve brebreyude "criminal amithamaya" karyangal illaayirunnu ennathaanu pooll stroham abhipraayappettath. athesamayam, summeption meyare "prasnangalil ninnu vittunilkkuka enna pradhana lakshyamulla oru samarthanaaya trimmer" ennu samgrahikkunnu, athesamayam munkaala jeevacharithrakaaran ekstan rajavinodu vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunnuvennum ennaal thante naattukaarude pothuvaaya vikaarathin virudhamaayi pookaan kazhinjillennum vishwasichu. mattoru sameepakaala charithrakaaran valare irunda kaazhchappaad edukkunnu "swakaarya thalpparyangal pothuthaalpparyangalekkaal uyarthippidikkunnathi anantharafalangalekkurichu oormmippikkenda apakadakaariyum shakthanumaaya oru manushyanaayirunnu", appeelkaar svayam vadhichirunna thomas youskineppole "oro kaaryavum asthiravum neethibodhamillaathathum".orupakshe oru "avasaravaadaparamaaya nishpakshatha" aanenkil, extoninte nayam chericheralallaattha onnaayirunnu. 1380kalude arambham muthal pakuthi vare (udaaharanathinu, brembre) lunden raashtreeyathil oru ricardian vibhaagam kettippadukkaan rajaavu shramichuvennathaayirunnu extoninte prashnatthinte adisthaanam. athesamayam, yadhaarthathil, nagaratthinte bhooribhaagavum (theerchayaayum brembreyumaayi aduthirunna palarum ulppede) palappozhum karthaavinte appeelkaaranodu anukamba kaanichirunnu. landante charithratthil ganyamaaya praadhaanyamulla cross-karant" aayirunnu ekstan ennu parayappedunnu. rashtreeya prakshubdhathaykku kaaranamakunna saamoohika chalanaathmakathayude kooduthal vishalamaaya udaaharanavum addehamaayirunnu 1382-ll addeham phalapradamaayi oru pariyayirunnu, jayilvasam ozhivaakkuka maathram cheythu, ennaal naalu varshathinu sesham nagaratthile ettavum uyarnna padavi vahichu. lunden bharanathil rajakeeya edapedalinu vahikkaan kazhiyunna pradhana pankum extoninte currier vyakthamaakkunnu. rajaavu ithinakam brebrey pinneedu extoninte sthaanaarthithvatheyum pinthunachirunnu; ithinethudarnnu thanikk anukoolamaaya oru meyarine thiranjedukkanamennu landanu munnariyipp nalkukayum 1392-ll nagaratthinte swaathanthryam richard pidichedukkunnathilke nayikkukayum cheythu. anchu varshathinu sesham, oru mayer adhikaarathil vachu marichu; oru thiranjeduppu anuvadikkunnathinupakaram, addeham swantham sthaanaarthiye-oru richard vittingtan-adichelppichu.
shakespeareude athe perilulla naadakatthil richard randaamante kolayaaliyude perum ekstan aayirunnu, ennirunnaalum shakespeare thante kathaapaathrathinte aadya peru piers ennu maatti. rafale hollinshed, edward haal thudangiya muun charitrakaaranmaaril ninnu naadakakrithu thante vivarangal eduthu-avar kolayaaliyude peru parayaan aadyathe charithratthil ninnu avarude vivarangal eduthirikkaam. 1401num 1402num idayil salisburyile erlinte commissionil nadannathaayi manassilakkiya jeane krettan aanu kuttaaropithanathekkurim kolapaathakathekkurichum ("oreyoru yadhaartha vivaranam") oru vivaranam ezhuthiyathu. ennirunnaalum, nikkola, empy, mayer, mathsyathozhilaali, addehathinte saadhyathayulla bandhukkal enniva maathramaan eee samayat nilanilkkunna eaka eksattanukal, avaril aarum kolapaathakamaanennu anumaanikkappedunnil. addehathinte bandhukkalil, addehathinu mattoru piyar undaayirunnuvennu asaadhyamallenn mikkavarum anumaanikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum akkaalat atharam oru kuthira undaayirunnilla. rajaavu maricha pontefraakttil ninnu valare akaleyallaatha kanberbaro kottayile konstabilaayirunnu sarr peettar bucton ennathinaal "ekstan" yadhaarthathil "bucton" ennathinte apabhramshamaanennu nigal soul abhiprayappettu.
thudarnnulla sambhavangal.
deseeya raashtreeyam akkaalatheppole thanne extoninte meyarpadavikalkku sheshamulla varshangalilum dhruveekarikkappedukayum asthiramaavukayum cheythu, avaa ethratholam bandhappettirunnuvo athratholam landanile pouraraashtreeyavum cheythu.
kudumbam.
1402-ll nicolas ekstan marichathaayi ariyappedunnu; addehathinte jeevithathinte avasaanathe kurachu varshangalekkurichu addehathinte youvanam pole (allengil athramathram) ariyappedunnu. addehathinte swakaaryajeevithathekkurivi samanamaaya enthengilum parayanakum. addeham randuthavana vivaham kazhichathaayi ariyappedunnu, ekadesham 1382 ll oru catherine pinneedu oru johanna (joonn ennum ariyappedunnu). 1389-ll extoninum joninum thedan parvathatthile hill haalinte maanar labhichu, ithu richard dii northaamptaninte pheophical avare ariyichu. 1390ll nikkolanmarkkum joninum praadeshika palliyil oru chantry sthaapikkaanulla licenses labhichu, araa ekkar bhoomiyum patthu maarkk vaadakayum nalki.(HTTP:// Ww.britiish charithram.essy.yuke/vh/essex/wall 4/pipi 276-281 #highlight-aadyam)
addehathinu kuttikalundo enna kaaryatthil vyakthathayilla. onnum rekhappeduthiyittilne pooll strome nirddeshikkunnu. maruvashathu, thanikk oru makal undaayirunnuvennum aval joonn vedinte vaardaayitheernnuvennum karol rockliff parayunnu. 1399ll addeham oru vilpathram thayyarakki, athil addeham swathukkal thante sahodaran backie janakkoottathinum praarthanakalkkumaayi rectorq vittu. addeham oru samakaalika emm. yumayi bandhappettirikkam.pii.1384 juun muthal 1386 march vare aaldezhsgett vaardinte pothu kaunsilaraayirunna thomas ekstan, addehathinte samghathilum pramukhanaayirunnu (addeham oru pramukha svarnnappanikkaaranaayirunu, aaa kambaniyude property sookshippukaaranaayirunnu). joonn vaardinte bisinus associate koodiyaayirunna oru peettar extonumaayi ekstan bandhappettirikkam. nicolas ekstan wardine thante executermaaril oralaayi namakaranam cheythu; 1369 leeii hilari kaalavadhi muthal exton vaadum bisinus asosiyettukalaayirunnu. extoninte maranam vare addeham thudarnnum vahichirunna oru veshamaayirunnu ithu, addehathe extoninte "adutha suhruthum bisinesses sahapravartakanum" ennu visheshippichittundu. ekstan oru sambannanaayirunnu, agnesinu vendi vishwaasathil sookshichirunna anantharaavakaasham ganyamaaya onnayirikkanam. athesamayam, thomas ekstan vedinte pradhana parisheelakanaayi pravarthichu. richard paaviyude makane agnez pinneedu vivaham kazhichirikkaam; 1404-ll paaviyude ail oof vaitt maanoril ninnu avalkk 20 poundu graant labhichu.