
charring cross

englandile landanile westminstaril aarr roottukal koodicherunna oru jangshanaanu charring cross (). vadakku ninnu gadikaaradishayil ivayaanu trafalgarh squarinte kizhakk bhagam sent maarttinte sthalathekkum thudarnnu charring cross rodilekkum nayikkunnu; nagaratthilekku nayikkunna straant; tamas karayilekku nayikkunna northumberland avanyoo; paarlament squarilekku nayikkunna whitehall; admiraltti aarch, buckingham palas ennivayilekku nayikkunna maall; paal maalilekku nayikkunna rund cheria roadukal. charitraparamaayi, madhyakaalakhattathil eee pradhana rooad junction pradesham kaivashappeduthiyirunna "charring" ('reverbend') enna kugramathil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathu, orikkal eee saittine adayaalappeduthiya grand elanor "cross" ulppede. athinaal, 19-aamm noottaandile kween elanor memorial crossine aduthulla charring cross steshanile pazhaya kurishine oormmippikkunnathinaayi nirmmichathum eee peru saadhaaranayaayi soochippikkunnu.
1675ll nirmmicha chaals onnaamante venkala kuthirasavaari prathima, madhyakala smaaraka kurish ('charring cross') munbu 353 varshamaayi (1294ll nirmmichathinushesham) 1647ll olivar cromvellinte viplava sarkkar nasippikkunnathuvare ekadesham sthithicheyyunna oru uyarnna aditharayil nilkkunnu. thalavettapetta rajaavu, adhiniveshakkaaranaayi kaanapedunnu, franch shilpi hubert leeii soorinte kruthiyaanu.
madhyakala smarakamaaya kurish, charring cross (1294-1647), linkenil ninnu eee sthalathekku ozhukunna madhyakala elanor kurishukalude shringalayude ettavum valuthum alankarichathumaaya udaaharanamaayirunnu. westminstarile charring kugraamatthinte niravadhi noottaandukalude oru naazhikakkallaayirunnu ithu, athu pinneedu sarkkar swathinum; oru cheria bhagam izhaykkum; trafalgarh squarinum vazhiyorukki. kurishinte vividha charitra roopangal charring cross steshan ulppede athinte pradeshathinu athinte peru nalkiyittundu. 1864ll steshan udghaadanam cheythathinte adayaalamaayi nirmmicha, eee terminus steshante munvashath, orijinalinte uyaramulla anukaranamaaya alankaricha kween elanor memorial cross nilakollunnu.
tapal vilaasangalil oru rooad jangshanaayi samakaalika bhoopadangalil charring cross adayaalappeduthiyittundu maalinte moolayil drummonds baank 49 charring cross 1-4 charring cross nilanirthunnu. grettu scotland yardinum trafalgarh squarinum edayilulla roadinte muzhuvan bhaagathinum munbu eee peru baadhakamaayirunnuvenkilum 1931 januvari 1 muthal roadinte eee bhaagatthinte bhooribhaagavum 'whitehall' roothinte bhaagamaayi nischayichittundu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal, charring cross "landante kendra" maayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ippol landanil ninnulla dooram alakkunna sthalamaanithu.
charithram.
sthaanavum padavyuthpathiyum.
nashtappetta kugraamatthinte peru, charring, pazhaya engleesh padamaaya "searing" ennathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, eee saahacharyathil oru nadhi valavu, athaayath thaamasil.
cross" enna prathyayam, edward onnaaman raajaavinte utharavanusarichu, kaasttilile bharyayaaya eleanorinte smaarakamaayi, 1291-94 samayat nirmmicha eleanor crossine soochippikkunnu. akkaalat, innathe trafalgarh squarinte vadakkan pradeshathe rajakeeya myoosukal sevikkunna vazhiyile kottejukalekkaal alpam kooduthal eee sthalam ulkkollukayum whitehall kottaaratthinaayi (innu vaitthaalinte kizhakk bhaagatthinte bhooribhaagavum) prathyekamaayi nirmmikkukayum cheythu. eee peru "chere raine" (franch bhashayil "priya raajnji") ennathinte apabhramshamaanennu oru nishedikkappetta naadodi padavali parayunnu, ennaal eee peru elanorinte maranathinu kuranjathu nooru varshamenkilum munbullathaanu. pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathile mangiya madhya engleesh aksharashaasthrathile oru vyathyastha roopamaanu "cherringescruch".
abingdonile alexander enna madhyakala shilpiyude srishtiyaayirunnu shilaroham. 1647ll neenda paarlamentinte poornnamaayum paarlamenteriyan ghattathinteyo allengil aabhyantharayudhathil olivar cromvelinteo nirddeshaprakaaram ithu nasippikkappettu. 1865ll nirmmicha charring cross railway steshanu munnilulla oru uyarnna kallu shilpam, madhyakala kurishinte punarnirmmaanamaan, valia thothilullathum kooduthal alankarichathum, yadhaartha saittilalla. aarkkitekt iii aanu ithu roopakalppana cheythath. emm. thomas neythu kothiyeduttha barry portland kallu, mansfield kallu (oru mikacha manalkkall), aberdeen graanait ennivayil ninnu thomas neythathum; yadhaartha kurishinu vadakku-kizhakk 222 yard (203 meter) akale, steshan munvashathe kendramaayi, izhaye abhimukeekarikkunnu.
1675 muthal kurishinte sthalathu kuthirappurathu kayariya chaals onnaaman raajaavinte prathimayundu. mattu alavukolukalkk (grettu brittan rooad numpering skeeminte engleesh, velsh bhaagangalude verayi thudarunna sent pools cathedral polullava) munganana nalki dooram (geodesicalaayaalum rooad network vazhiyum) soochippikkunnathinaayi aadhunika kanvenshan eee saittine landante kendramaayi amgeekarichittundu. aadhunika bhoopadangalil oru rooad jangshanaayi adayaalappeduthiyirikkunna charring cross, grettu scotland yardinum trafalgarh squarinum edayilulla innathe whitehall vibhaagathin theruvu numperingle upayogichirunnu. 1931 januvari 1 muthal eee bhagam vaitthaalinte vadakkan attamaayi kooduthal yukthisahamaayum audyogikamaayum maari.
1864ll brittanile madhyakala punarujjeevanatthinte pradhana kaalaghattatthilaanu cromvellinte loow charchu brittanil nashtappetta smaarakathin samanamaaya oru smaarakathinte punarnirmmaanam nadannathu. adutha varsham smaarakam poortthiyaakkukayum westminstarile aadyathe aarch bishappaya kardinal wiesman 1850 ll niyamikkappedukayum cheythu, noottaandinte avasaanathode niravadhi engleesh pallikal avarude madhyakala alankaarangal punasthaapikkukayo punarnirmmikkukayo cheythu. eee samayat englandu gothik punarujjeevanatthinte prabhavakendramaayirunnu. mathaparamaya anuroopathayillaaymayude valarchayumayi bandhapetta "unnatha sabha" allengil anglo-catholica aathmavishwaasam (catholica parivartthanam cheytha augustus welby pugin) punarujjeevippikkunnathu bandhapetta aazhathilulla daarshanika prasthaanangalumaayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu.
punarujjeevippicha kurishinu oru railway steshan, oru tube steshan, oru police steshan, oru ashupatri, oru hotel, oru thiyettar, oru music haal (railway steshante kamaanangalkk thaazhe kidannirunna) ennivaykku peru nalki. vadakku ninnulla pradhana roottaaya charring cross roadinu (trafalgarh squarinte kizhakk bhaagamaayi maariyath) yadhaartha krosinekkaal gathaagathathinulla pradhana lakshyasthaanamaaya railway steshante peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath.
sent merii raunswal.
1232num 1236num idayil, sent merii rounswaalinte chappal ashupatriyum chaaringil sthaapikkappettu. aadhunika vaitthaalinte moolayilum northumberland avanyoovinte madhyabhaagathum nadikkarayile oru thuramukhathekku ozhukunna bhoomi athu kaivashappedutthi. pyreneesile ronsevaalsile oru maathrubhavanavumaayi bandhippicha oru augusteeniyan veedaayirunnu athu. bhinnagrahajeevikalude bhoomi pidichedukkunnathinaayi" 1379-ll oru niyamaprakaaram rajaavinaayi veedum bhoomiyum pidichedutthu. neenduninna niyamaparamaaya nadapadi munkaalathe chila avakashangal thirike nalkiyengilum 1414-ll henry vii 'anyagraha' veedukal adichamarthi. panatthinte abhavavum sent martin-inn-dhii-feeldile edavaka palliyumayi dasaamsham shekharikkunnathinekkuri tharkkangalum kaaranam prairi deerghakaalamaayi idinju. 1541-ll mathaparamaya puravasthukkal sent maargarattilekku neekkam cheyyukayum chaappal oru swakaarya veedaayi sweekarikkukayum cheythu; athinte daanadharmashaala rajakeeya kottaratthilekku verpeduthi.
1608-09 ll, northaampttanile erl property kizhakkan bhaagath northumberland house nirmmichu. 1874 juunil, charring crossile dukinte muzhuvan swathum northumberland avanyoo roopeekarikkunnathinaayi metropolittan board oof varks vaangi.
1930kalil rooad veethikoottunnathu vazhi theruvinte thekk bhagam punarnirmmikkukayum nilavile vishalamaaya rooad srishtikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare, rainswal property munbhagam charring krosilekkulla whitehall praveshanathinte avasaanathil idungiyathinum munbu charring cross ennariyappettirunna vaitthaalinte bhagam roopeekarikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
yuddham.
1554-ll, charring cross vyaattinte kalaapathinte avasana yudhathinte sthalamaayirunnu. thomas vyaattum mattullavarum englandile merii onnaaman raajnjiye simhaasanathil kayariya udan thanne attimarikkaanum avarkk pakaram lady jaine greye niyamikkanumulla sramamaayirunnu ithu. kentil ninnu vanna vyaattinte sainyam, lunden paalam avare thadanjukondu, hampton courtil appol mukalilulla adutha paalatthiloode nadhi kadannirunnu. avarude surcuted root avare sent martins pathayil ninnu whitehallilekku konduvannu.
charring crossil sarr joonn gejinte keezhil 1000 perr kottaaratthe prathirodhichu; sainyam paksham maariyenn karuthi avar vediyuthirtha sesham vaitthaalinullil pinwangi, ullil paribhranthi srishtichu. vimathar-sent jaimsinu chuttumulla uyarnna nilayilulla peerankikale bhayann-avarude akramanam adichamarthaathe ludgettilekku neengi, avide avare gopura gaarisan kandumuttukayum keezhadangukayum cheythu.
aabhyantharayudham neekkam cheyyuka.
1647ll engleesh aabhyantharayudhasamayathu paarlamentinte utharavanusarichu elanor cross thaazheyirakki, ithu oru janapriya raajakeeyagaanathinte vishayamaayi maari
punasthaapana samayat (1660 allengil athinusesham) sradheyanaaya anchaamathe rajavaazhchakkaaranaaya kenal thomas haarisan ulppede ettu kolapathakangal ivide nadannu. athupole thanne chaals randaamante bharanakaalathum chaals onnaamante oru prathima eee sthalathu sthaapichirunnu. 1633ll chaals onnaamante bharanakaalathu hubert leeii suur ithu nirmmichathaanenkilum 1649ll paarlament ithu nasippikkaan oraalodu utharavittu; ennirunnaalum addeham athu marachuvechu puthiya rajaavaaya chaals randaamanteyum (chaals onnaamante makan) 1675ll ivide prathima sthaapicha paarlamentinteyum aduthekku thirike konduvannu.
kuttakrithyangal cheiyunnavare parasyamaayi chaattavaaradi nalkia oru pramukha thoonaanu noottaandukalaayi nilaninnath. kizhakk ekadesham 200 yard akale pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil sthaapithamaaya hungerford maarkkat undaayirunnu; vadakku raajaavinte muse allengil royal muse, whitehall kottaarathinulla stable, angane paarlamentinte houseukalil (westminstar kottaram) raajaavinte swantham saannidhyam. swakaarya (stable) teenn-oof ulla thrimukha pradhana jangshante vishalamaaya nadappaathakalude muzhuvan pradeshavum theruvu vinodathinte oru janapriya sthalamaayirunnu. saamuval peppi thante dayarikalil bhakshanasaalakal sandarshikkunnathum avide nadanna vinodangalum vadhashikshakalum kaanunnathum rekhappeduthunnu. 1832ll trafalgarh square nirmmichappol ithu myoosinte thekk bhagavumaayi samyojippikkappettu, backie sthiramaaya yard praadhamikamaayi deseeya galleryayi maari.
1643ll aadyamaayi paraamarshicha "golden cross" enna landanile oru pradhana coaching sarvakalaashaalayaanu eee jangshane abhimukeekarichathu. ivide ninnu, pathinettaam noottaandilum pathonpathaam noottaandilum, kochukal vividha terminesukale bandhippichu dover, braittan, baath, bristtol, kembridge, hollyhead, york. chaals dickensinte "skechukal bye booas", "david copperfield", "pickwick pepparukal" ennivayil eee sathram savisheshathakalaan. randaamathethil, sathrathinte coaching yardilekku praveshikkunnathinulla valare thaazhnna kamaanapaathayude pothu surakshaykkulla apakadangal emm. jinkle oormmappeduthunnathaayirnu
"thala, thala-ningalude thala shradhikkuka", aaa divasangalil kochyaardilekkulla praveshana kavaadamaaya thaazhnna kamaanathinu keezhil purathuvannappol aaa aadambarakkaaranaaya aparichithan nilavilichu. "bhayankaramaaya sthalam-apakadakaramaaya jolie-kazhinja divasam-anchu kuttikal-amma-uyaramulla sthree, saandvichukal kazhikkunnu-kamaanam marannu-thakarnnuveenu-muttunnu-kuttikal chuttum nokkunnu-ammayude thala-kaiyil sandwich-athu akathaakkaan vaayayilla-kudumbatthinte thala."
1800 epril 11 nuu golden krosinte kavaadatthil ninnu chaatham, rochasttar coach purathuvarunna oru apakadatthe katha prathidhwanikkunnu, "mukalil irikkunna oru yuvathi, beam adikkunnathu thadayaan thala thirichuvittu; pakshe kochinte melkkoorayil dhaaraalam lagejukal undaayirunnu, athu avale vendathra pinnott kidathunnathinu thadassamaayi, athu avalude mukham pidikkukayum maamsam bhayanakamaaya reethiyil keerukayum cheythu."
sathravum athinte muttavum thoonukalum rajakeeya myoosil avasheshichathum trafalgarh squarilekku vazhiyorukki, 1830-kalil dakshinaafrikkan bhavanathinu munnilulla trikona blockil oru puthiya golden cross hotel nirmmichu. golden cross house enna kettidatthile chila offeesukal ithinu sammathikkunnu.
pakarakkaaran.
1864ll thuranna railway steshan charring cross hotelinte munvashathaanu. 1865-ll iii-yill ninnu oru pakara cross kammeeshan cheythu. emm. steshan munvashathinte kendrabinduvaayi thekkukizhakkan reyilveyude baari. jorjju gilbert skottinte ooksfoord rakthasaakshikalude smaarakathe (1838) adisthaanamaakkiyulla alankaricha victorian gothik roopakalppanayude oru prathiroopamalla ithu. oru ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla padhathiyil moonnu pradhana ghattangalilayi kurish uyarunnu, oru cooney, cross enniva athine marikadakkunnu. aadya ghattatthile paanalukalile parichakal elanor kurishukalil ninnu pakartthukayum englandu, kaastail, liyon, pondiyu ennivayude kaikal vahikkukayum cheiyunnu; randaam paarapettin mukalil raajnji elanorinte ettu prathimakalundu. 1970 februvari 5 nuu crossine grade II * smaarakamaayi namakaranam cheythu. oru maasam munbu, kothiyeduttha portland kallinte peedatthil chaalsinte venkala kuthirasavaari prathimaykku grade I listtucheytha samrakshanam nalki.
kendrabinduvaayi audyogika upayogam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, charring cross distrikt metropolisinte "kendram" aayi (kizhakk nagaratthinte parambaraagatha hridayabhoomiye maattisthaapichu) kooduthalaayi kanakkakkappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal, lunden metropolisinu maathram baadhakamaaya niyamanirmmanam athinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vyaapthi nirvachikkaan charring crossine oru kendrabinduvaayi upayogichu. pinneedu niyamanirmmaanathil praadeshika sarkkar pradeshangalude oru shedule nalkunnathinu anukoolamaayi athinte upayogam kurayukayum 1965 ll grettar lunden roopeekarichathode mikkavarum kaalaharanappedukayum cheythu.
landanil ninnulla rooad dooram charring crossil ninnu alakkunnathu thudarunnu. pothuvaayi amgeekaricha oru kendra daattam pooyintaayi thiranjedukkunnathinu munbu, eee aavashyathinaayi vividha pooyintukal upayogichirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandiludaneelam prasidheekaricha 1675-leeii joonn ogilbiyude "britania", cornhillil "staanderd" (oru muun contuit head) upayogichu; 1798-leeii joonn kaariyude "puthiya yaathraavivaranam" lombard streettile general poost oafees upayogichu. pradhana tenpaikku rodukalile naazhikakkallukal kooduthalum alannathu avayude terminasil ninnu free-pasej arban, lunden roadukal vare aayirunnu. ivayil patthu sradheyamaanu hyde paarkk corner, vaitt chaappal charchu, lunden paalatthinte thekke attathu, westminstar paalatthinte kizhakke attathu, shordich charchu, taiben tenpaikku (marble kamaanam), holbone baarukal, sent gails poundu, hicks haal (grettu north rooad), baroyile kallukalude avasaanam. nagaratthile sent merii-leeii-boow palliyil ninnaan sareyilekkum sussexilekkum chila roadukal alannathu. eee nirmmithikalil chilath pinneedu maattukayo nasippikkappedukayo cheythuvenkilum avayekkurichulla paramarsham avaa ippozhum nilanilkkunnathupole thudarnnu. athishayokthiparavum ennaal nalla ardhamullathumaaya vimarsanam "ellah rodukaludeyum pusthakangal" ennathaayirunnu... prasidheekarikkappetta, mile kallukalude avasthayil vyathyaasamund, yaathrakkaarane nayikkunnathinupakaram, avane aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaan maathram sevikkuka ".
1586ll brittanile roman roadukal lunden kallil ninnaan alakkunnathennu vilyam camden anumaanichu, angane eee avakaashavaadam vyaapakamaayi aavarthikkunnu, pakshe puraavasthushaasthraparamo mattu thelivukaloo pinthunaykkunnilla.
gathagatham.
charring cross rooad jangshante kizhakk bhaagath charring cross railway steshan sthithicheyyunnu. kaalnadayaathrakkaarude suvarnna jubili paalangalal bandhippichirikkunna nadiyude maruvashathu waterloo eest, waterloo steshanukal undu.
charring cross karayumaanu ettavum aduthulla lunden bhoogarbha steshanukal.