soviyatt janadhipathyam

soviyatt janadhipathyam allengil kaunsil janadhipathyam ennathu nerittu thiranjedukkappetta "soviyattukal" allengil thozhilaalli kaunsilukal janangalude bharanam nadappilaakkunna oru rashtreeya samvidaanamaanu. kaunsilukal avarude votormarode nerittu utharavaadithamullavarum oru prathinidhi maathruka upayogichu avarude nirddeshangalkku vidheyarumaanu. atharamoru anivaryamaaya utharavu thiranjedukkappetta prathinidhikal avarude manassaakshiyodu maathram utharavaadikalaaya oru swatantra utharavaadikku virudhamaanu. athanusarichu prathinidhikale eppol venamenkilum avarude sthaanathu ninnu pirichuvidaam allengil vottu cheyth purathaakkaam (thirichuvilikkuka).
oru soviyatt janaadhipathyathil, watermar adisthaana unitukalaayi samghadippikkappedunnu; udaaharanathinu, oru kambaniyile thozhilaallikal, oru jillayile nivaasikal allengil oru baarakkile sainikar. avar prathinidhikale nerittu pothupravartthakaraayi ayaykkunnu, avar niyamanirmmathaakkalaayum sarkkaraayum kodathikalaayum pravartthikkunnu. munkaala janaadhipathya maathrkakal "eiii laa" joonn lokke, montesque ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi adhikaarangalude vibhajanamilla. kaunsilukale pala thalangalil thiranjedukkunnu residential, bisinus thalangalil, prathinidhikale pleanary asamblikalil praadeshika kaunsilukalilekku ayaykkunnu. ithuvazhi, ivarkku amgangale adutha ghattathilekku niyogikkaan kazhiyum. samsthaana thalatthil soviyatt kongrasil prathinidhi samgham thudarunnu. angane thiranjeduppu prakriyakal thaazhe ninnu mukalilekku nadakkunnu. thalangal saadhaaranayaayi bharanaparamaya thalangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
nirvachanam.
soviyatt janadhipathyam "palarkkum, prathyekichu yuvathalamurayil, vichithramayi thonniyekkaamenkilum, pazhaya thalamurayile mattullavarkk avar soviyatt soshyalist janaadhipathyathinethire udara janaadhipathyathe pinthunacha 'nalla pazhaya' sheethayudha varshangalude oormmakal thirike konduvannekkaam, allengil thirichum. udara janaadhipathyathekkaal soviyatt janaadhipathyathinte menmayekkurichulla soviyatt gavanmentinte avakaashavaadam vishwasikkunnillengil sheethayudhakaalathe samakaalikaril palarum soviyatt janaadhipathya sidhaantham ennoru kaaryam undennu karuthi."
sheethayudhakaalathu prabalamaayirunna soviyatt, communist padanangalude charithralekhanatthinte "eakaadhipathya maathruka" soviyatt janadhipathyam oru prahasanamaayirunnuvennum "soviyatt bharanakoodam kevalam adichamarthalum eakaadhipathyavumaayirunnu, janaadhipathyaparamallaavethaayinum" ulla kaazhchappaad pinthudarunnu."rashtreeya pankaalitthatthinte ardhathe durbalappeduthunna swaathanthryakkuravinu soviyatt bharanakoodatthe sibignive brasesinsky, kaal jochim friedrich thudangiya vimarshakar palappozhum kuttappedutthi."ennirunnaalum," "revisionist school" "charitrakaaranmaar uyarnna thalatthilulla nayathe swaadheenichekkaavunna thaarathamyena svayambharana sthaapanangalil shradha kendreekarichu," "loka aadhipathyathil valanjirikkunna oru eakaadhipathya rashtramenna nilayil soviyatt yooniyante pazhaya prathichaaya amithamaayi lalithamaakkiyatho lalithamaayi thettaayirunnatho aanennu vaadichavare prathinidheekarikkunnu". saamoohika charithratthil thaalpparyamullavarum communist party neethrthwam saamoohika shakthikalumayi poruthappedendathunde vaadikkunnavarumaayirunnu avar."
soviyatt sarkkar thozhilaallikalaaya janangale samsarikkaan prothsaahippichu" ennu casuco ezhuthunnu. niravadhi padanangal kaanikkunnathupole, soviyatt pouranmaar avarude aavasyangal saakshaathkarikkunnathinum avarude abhyarthanakalude falapraapthikkum paridhikal undengilum kathukal ezhuthukayum adhikaarikale abhisambodhana cheyyaan sarkkar offeesukal sandarshikkukayum cheythu."kasukoyude abhipraayathil, eee padanangal kaanikkunnath" aalukal kelkkanamennu aavasyappedukayum adhikaarikal prathikarikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum aparyapthamaayirunnu, kaaranam janaadhipathyathinte ashayangal avare angane cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakki nirbandhitharaakki soviyatt bharanaghadanayilekku nayikkunna prakriyaykku ithrayum samayameduthathinte kaaranam, kasukoyude abhipraayathil ekadesham irupathu varsham," soviyatt janaadhipathyathinte ashayangalil aazhathil veroonniyathaanu. soviyatt bharanakoodam athintethaaya ardhathil janaadhipathyaparamaayirunnu, eee lekhanam saadhaaranayaayi sangalppikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal janaadhipathya mukham nalkunnu, prathyekichu paashchaathya janathaykkidayil. ennirunnaalum, bharanakoodatthinte savisheshamaaya janaadhipathya swabhaavam vendathra pravartthikkunnathu budhimuttaakkunnathayi thonni."
charithram.
russiayilum soviyatt unionilum.
samghadippikkappedunnu russian viplavathinu sheshamaan thozhilaalli kaunsilukal ennum vilikkappedunna aadyathe soviyattukal roopeekarikkappettathu. vladymyr leninum bolshevikkukalum oru soshyalist samvidaanathil samoohathinte adisthaana samghaadaka unitaayi soviyattine kaanukayum aadyam eee tharatthilulla janaadhipathyathe pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. februvari, october viplavangalilum soviyattukal ganyamaaya punk vahichu. akkaalat avar bolshevikkukalkku purame vividha soshyalist paarttikaleyum prathinidheekarichu. audyogika soviyatt charithralekhanam anusarichu, 1905 meyy maasathil russian viplavathinte ("ivanovsky soviyatt") samayat ivaanovoyil (moscoyude vadakkukizhakku) aadyathe soviyatt roopeekarikkappettu. 1905 januvariyil sent peettezhsburg soviyattinte thudakkathinu thaan saakshyam vahichathayi russian araajakavaadi volin thante ormmakkurippukalil avakaashappedunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil russian thozhilaallikal pradhaanamaayum samghaditharaayi, ithu sarkkar sponsor cheytha trade union neethrthwathilekku nayichu. 1905-ll, russian-japanese yuddham (1904-1905) russian vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinmelulla sammarddam vardhippichathode, thozhilaallikal panimudakkaanum kalapam nadatthaanum thudangi. thozhilaalisamghangalude melnottatthil ninnu sarkkar mochithamaaya oru svayambharana thozhilaalisanghadanaye soviyattukal prathinidheekarichu. russiayile vyaavasaayika kendrangaliludaneelam soviyattukal valarnnu, saadhaaranayaayi factory thalatthil samghadippikkappedunnu. samghadippikkappedunnu viplavathinushesham soviyattukal aprathyakshamaayenkilum russian viplavakaalath soshyalist neethrthwathil avar veendum uyarnnuvannu. boorshwas bharanakoodatthinte adithara nasippikkunnathinum paarees kammyooninte samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thozhilaallivarggathinte "angeyattam janaadhipathya" svechaadhipathyamaayi david purohitharajyam visheshippichathinu pakaram athine mattunnathinum lenin vaadichu.
viplavaananthara russiayil praadeshika thozhilaallikalude soviyattukal praadeshika soviyattukal roopeekarikkunna prathinidhikale thiranjedukkum, avar uyarnna soviyattukal roopeekarikkunna prathinidhikale thiranjedukkum, angane soviyatt kongras vare. pinneedu soviyatt unionile paramonnatha soviyatt raajyam muzhuvan ettavum uyarnna niyamanirmmaana sthaapanamaayi maari. leninte partic sesham, bolshevikkukalkku russian bharanaghadanaa asambliyilekkulla thiranjeduppil nyoonapaksha vottukal maathrame labhichulloo, soviyatt janaadhipathyathinte paramaadhikaaratthe manikkaan valathupaksha soshyalist viplavakaarikalum (srs) menshevikkukalum visammathichathine udharichu, aadya yogathinu sesham addeham athu balamaayi pirichuvittu, paarlamentari janadhipathyam paramadhikaaramulla oru samvidaanathinu boorshwaasiyude aadhipathyam praayogikamaayathinaal thozhilaallikale nyaayamaayi prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyillennum aanupathika praathinidhyam sr vibhajanam kanakkiledukkunnillenum, soviyattukal (bolshevikkukalkku "bhooripaksham labhicha") soviyatt niyamasabhayilekkulla thiranjeduppilum aadya asambliyude yogathilum kaanichathupole janangalude abhipraayathe kooduthal krithyamaayi prathinidheekarichuvennum vaadichu. boorshwaasikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnavare janaadhipathyathil ulppeduthiyittillenum addeham vyakthamaayi prasthaavichu.
viplavathinushesham, onnaam lokamahaayudhathilum russian aabhyantharayudhathilum puthuthayi roopeekaricha sarkkaarine prathirodhikkendivannu. chila vimarshakarude abhipraayathil, puthiya soviyatt gavanmentil yudhangalude pala prathyaaghaathangalum russiayile soviyatt janaadhipathyathinte thakarchayilekkum (yudhakaalathu samsthaanam ettedutha adikaaram kaaranam) soviyatt yooniyante charithrathiludaneelam valareyadhikam niyanthranam nilanirtthiya bureaucratic gadanayude aavirbhavathilekkum nayichathinte bhagamaayirikkaam. 1918 maarchil thanne soviyatt janaadhipathyathinethiraaya oru pradhana praharam nadannathaayi chilar vishwasikkunnu, vasanthakaalath thiranjedukkappetta pathonpathu nagara soviyattukalum thozhilaallikal menshevik-shree bhooripakshangal allengil bolshevik ithara soshyalist bhooripakshangal thirichunalkiyathinaal bolshevik attimarikalude oru parambarayil pirichuvittu.
ennirunnaalum, 1921 maarchil kronstaad kalaapathil russiayile soviyatt janaadhipathyathinte oru pradhana vikasanam sambhavichu. yuddha communism roopeekaricha nayangalude phalangalilulla athrupthi kaaranam, varshathinte thudakkathil moscoyilum petrogradilum graamapradesangalilum panimudakkukalum prakadanangalum nadannu. prathishedhatthinu marupadiyaayi bolshevikkukal sainika niyamam nadappaakkukayum thozhilaallikale pirichuvidaan chuvanna sainyathe ayakkukayum cheythu. ithine thudarnnu chekka kootta arast nadatthi. aaa varsham maarchil petrograd prathishedham thudarunnathinaal adichamarthalum cheria elavukalum asamthripthi thaalkkaalikamaayi shamippichu. ithavana factory thozhilaalikalkkoppam aduthulla kronstaadt dweep kottayil nilayurappicha naavikar ethi. bolshevik gavanmentinte nirddeshathil niraasanaaya vimathar bolshevik aanukoolyangal kuraykkuka, soshyalist, araajakathva grouppukale ulppeduthunnathinaayi puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta soviyatt kaunsilukal, karshakarkum thozhilaalikalkkum saambathika swaathanthryam, aabhyantharayudhakaalathu srishticha bureaucratic sarkkar avayavangal pirichuvidal, thozhilaallivargathinulla thozhilaallikalude avakashangal punasthaapikkal ennivayulppede niravadhi parishkaarangal aavasyappettu. kronstaad kalaapathinte thozhilaallikaleyum naavikareyum chuvanna sainika seena udan adichamarthukayum ayiram vimathar yudhathil kollappedukayum thudarnnulla aazhchakalil ayiram pere vadikkukayum cheythu, koodaathe niravadhi perr videshathekkum graamapradeshangalilekkum palayanam cheythu. russian communist party (bolshevikkukal) pathaamathu kongrasumaayi eee sambhavangal poruthappettu. avide, bolshevik paarttikkullile soviyattukalum janaadhipathya kendreekarana thathwavum ippozhum janaadhipathyathin urappu nalkunnuvennu lenin vaadichu. ennirunnaalum, bolshevik rankukalkkullil kronstaadinu pinthuna labhicha lenin russian communist partyile vibhaagangalkk "thaalkkaalika" nirodhanavum purappeduvichu. purappeduvichu viplavangal vare eee nirodhanam nilanilkkukayum chila vimarshakarude abhipraayathil paarttikkullile janaadhipathya nadapadikramangal shoonyamaaya aupachaarikathayilaakkukayum partic keezhil kooduthal adikaaram ekeekarikkaan staaline sahayikkukayum cheythu. soviyatt yooniyante charithratthinte backie kaalam muzhuvan nilaninnirunnathum party udyogastharudeyum poolit beuroyudeyum poornnamaayum niyanthranathilaayirunnathu bureaucratic gadanayaayi soviyattukal parivartthanam cheyyappettu.
roobert dablyu. yeppolulla mattu charitrakaaranmaar. soviyatt samvidaanathinte melnottam pradhaanamaayum byoorokraattaayi maariyappol, samoohathinte praadeshika thalangal pradhaanamaayum pankaalitthatthode thudarnnuvennu tharsttan vaadikkunnu. addeham ezhuthunnu "vivekavum shaanthavum shaanthavumaayirikke, soshyalisam oru mosham samvidaanamaayirunnenno staalin oru viddiyaayirunnenno parayaan oru thozhilaalliyum dhairyappedumaayirunnil", ennaal eee paridhikal pouranmaarkku avarude adiyanthira saahacharyathil ardhavathaaya pankaalittham anuvadikkunnuvennum eee praadeshika pankaalittham ardhamaakkunnathu "aathyanthikamayi sarcaro party utharavo thaarathamyena kurachumaathrame niyanthrichirunnulla" ennum vaadikkunnu.
chila charitraparamaaya vivaranagal ithine pinthunaykkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru soviyatt thiranjeduppil pankedutthathinekkurichu paatt sloninte charitraparamaaya vivaranathil addeham ezhuthi
germmaniyilum weimer republicilum.
1918 octoberil, thiranjedukkappetta paarlamentinu kooduthal adikaarangal nalkunnathinaayi jarmman saamraajyathinte bharanaghadana parishkarichu. october october keelil naavikarkkidayil kalapam pottipurappettu. avide naavikar, sainikar, thozhilaallikal ennivar russian viplavathinte soviyatt maathrkayil thozhilaallikaludeyum sainikarudeyum kaunsilukal ("aarbittar undu soldattentaatt") thiranjedukkaan thudangi. viplavam jarmmaniyiludaneelam vyaapikkukayum athil pankedutthavar oro nagarangalilum sainika, sivil adikaarangal pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
akkaalat, kooduthalum thozhilaallikale prathinidheekarikkunna soshyalist prasthaanam rund pradhana idathupaksha partikalkkidayil vibhajikkappettu udanadi samadhana charchakalkku ahvaanam cheyyukayum soviyatt shailiyilulla command sambadvyavasthaye anukoolikkukayum cheytha swatantra soshyal demookratik party oof jarmmani (yuu. ezz. pii. dii), yudhashramathe pinthunaykkukayum paarlamentari samvidaanathe anukoolikkukayum cheytha "mejority" soshyal demookratik party oof jarmmani (emm. ezz. pii. dii) ennum ariyappedunna soshyal demookratik party oof jarmmani (ezz. pii. dii). kaunsilukalude viplavakaramaaya abhilaashangal kaaranam eee kalapam sthaapanangalilum madhyavargangalilum valia bhayam srishtichu. raajyam oru thozhilaallivarga viplavathinte vakkilayathinaal athu sambanna vibhaagangale bhayappedutthi.
yadhaarthathil yuu. ezz. pii. diyude bhagamaayirunna spartacus leag, communism sthaapikkunnathinaayi akramasakthamaaya thozhilaallivargga viplavathinu vendi vaadikkunna kooduthal samoolamaaya oru groupaayi vibhajikkapettu. parajayappetta spaartaasist prakshobhathinushesham spaartaasist leag communist party oof jarmmani (keey. pii. dii) aayi maari. communist varkkezhs party oof jarmmani (kapd) oru prathyeka kaunsil communist pravanathayayi keey. pii. diyil ninnu pirinju. boorshwas janadhipathyam udanadi nirthalaakkukayum thozhilaalli kaunsilukal adikaaram pidichedukkunnathiloode thozhilaallivarggathinte svechaadhipathyam roopeekarikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu avarude pradhana lakshyam. pradeshavyaapakamaaya thozhilaalli kaunsilukalude adisthaanamaayi factory samghadanakal roopeekarikkaan shramicha capdi kammyoonistukaar general varkkezhs union oof jarmmani (aadu) roopeekarichu.
thozhilaalli kaunsilukalkkidayil kooduthal samoolamaaya parishkarangalkkulla bahujana pinthuna kanakkileduthu, moonnu emm. ezz. pii. diyum moonnu us. pii. dii amgangalum adangunna "kaunsil oof peeples deputies" ("raatt derr volks beaufragten") enna sakhya sarkkar sthaapikkappettu. emm. ezz. pii. dii. kku friedrich ebertinteyum yuu. ezz. pii. dii. kku hugo haasinteyum neethrthwathil oru thaalkkaalika manthrisabhayaayi pravartthikkaan shramichu. ennaal adhikaarathinte chodyathinu utharam labhichilla. berlin worker sainika kaunsilum puthiya sarkkaarine sthireekarichenkilum spartacus leag athine ethirthu. 1918 desember 16 muthal 20 vare nadanna oru "naashanal kongras oof kaunsilukal" ("reichsretecongress"), athil emm. ezz. pii. dick bhooripakshamundaayirunnu. angane, paarlamentari gavanmentinaayi oru janaadhipathya bharanaghadana ezhuthaanulla chumatala nalkappedunna oru thaalkkaalika deseeya asamblikkaayi thiranjeduppu nadatthaan ebertinu kazhinju, ithu oru soshyalist republicinaayi ahvaanam cheytha prasthaanatthe paarshwavalkkarichu.
januvariyil, spartacus leagum berlin theruvukalile mattullavarum spaartaasist prakshobham ennariyappedunna communism sthaapikkaan kooduthal sayudha sramangal nadatthi. sannadha sainikar adangunna ardhasainika vibhagamaaya "frecorps" yoonittukalaan aaa sramangal adichamarthiyathu. januvari 15 nuu arasttilaaya rossa luxemberghinteyum kaal libechnechinteyum mardhanathilum vedivayppilum raktharookshithamaaya theruvu poraattangal paryavasaanichu. ebertinte sthireekaranathode, utharavaadikalaayavare oru court-maarshyalin munbu vichaarana cheythilla, ithu udaaramaaya shikshakalilekku nayichu, ithu theevra idathupakshakkaarkkidayil ebertine janapreeti nediyilla.
1919 januvari januvari deseeya assembly thiranjeduppu nadannu. eee samayat, yuu. ezz. pii. dii, keey. pii. dii ennivayulppedeyulla theevra idathupaksha partykalkku svayam samghadippikkaan kazhinjilla, ithu emm. ezz. pii. dii mithavaadikalkku sakthamaaya bhooripakshathilekku nayichu. berlinil nadannukondirikkunna poraattangal ozhivakkaan, deseeya assembly weimer nagaratthil yogam chernnu bhaavi republicinu athinte anaudyogika namam nalki. wimer bharanaghadana aanupathika praathinidhyathiloode thiranjedukkappedunna "reachstag" ulla oru ardha-presidential samvidaanathinu keezhil oru republic srishtichu. paarlamentari partykalkku 80 sathamaanam vottu labhichu.
veymarile samvaadangalil poraattam thudarnnu. bavarian soviyatt republicine myoonikkil prakhyaapichuvenkilum "frecorps" saadhaarana sainyathinte avashishtangalum athine pettennu thakarthu. theevra valathupakshathulla eee unitukalilekkulla munichu soviyatt republicinte pathanam, oorganaiseshan koonsal, naasi party, naadukadatthappetta russian raajavaazhchakkaarude samoohangal ennivayulppede bavaariyayile theevra valathupaksha prasthaanangaludeyum samghadanakaludeyum valarchaykku kaaranamaayi. raajyathudaneelam edaykkideyulla poraattangal thudarnnu. kizhakkan pravisyakalil, germmaniyude takarnna raajavaazhchayod vishwastharaaya sakthikal republicinethire poraadi, athesamayam poolish desheeyavaadikalude milishyakal swaathanthryathinaayi poraadi prussian pravisyayaaya posante valia polandu kalapavum upper saileshyayile moonnu saileshyan kalaapangalum.

