
afghan samadhana prakriya

1978leeii soar viplavam muthal thudarunna afgaanisthaan samgharshathinte niravadhi ghattangalil samadhana prakriyakal nadannittundu.
1980kalude madhyam muthal 1992 vare karmal, najibullah sarkkaarukalude deseeya anuranjana nayam mithamaaya phalangal nalki.
afgaanisthaan american adhiniveshathe thudarnnu 2001leeii boonn karaarile 'victors pease'. hameed karsai presidencyude kaalath (2004-2014), praadeshika samadhana karaarukal unnathala pinthunayillaathe nadannu, durbalamaaya phalapradamaaya niraayudeekaranam, vighadanam, punarekeekarana paripaadikal enniva samghadippichu, koodaathe afghan swatantra manushyavakaasha kammeeshan 2005 ll afghan sarkkar aupachaarikamaayi amgeekaricha parivartthana neethikkaayi "samadhaanam, anurajanam, neethi ennivaykkaayi oru karma padhathi" nirddeshichu, athu praayogika phalathinu kuravaayirunnu. ashraf ghaani presidency kaalayalavil, 2015 leeii tabassam prasthaanam, 2017 leeii maattathinaayulla prakshobham, 2018 maarchil janangalude samadhana prasthaanam ennivayulppede afgaanisthaanile ahimsaathmaka prathirodha prasthaanangal sajeevamaayirunnu, koodaathe sarkkar sena taliban thammilulla hrasvamaaya vedinirthal juun 1 nuu irupakshavum oresamayam nadatthi. 2018ll dohayil aarambhicha charchakalude falamaayundaaya us-taliban karar afgaanisthaanil ninnu us seena pinvaangunnathilekkum afghan sainyathinte thakarchayilekkum 2021 augustil kaabool thaalibaante keezhilekku veezhunnathilekkum nayichu.
2021ll taliban pidichadakkiyathinethudnar akramasakthamaaya prathirodham thudarnnu. oru samadhana prakriya thudarnnum aavasyamaanennu yunaittad stetts instittyoott oof pease (yuu. ezz. aii. pii) vaadichu. 2021 septambar 5 nuu, afgaanisthaanile republican kalaapathil earppettirikkunna afgaanisthaante deseeya prathirodha munnaniyude ahamed masood kalapavum taliban thammil paraspara vedinirthalinu ahvaanam cheythu.
janaadhipathya republic.
afgaanisthaanile peeples demookratik party sarkkaarinte kaalath, 1980 kalude pakuthi muthal 1992 vare thudarchayaayi rund afghan nethaakkalaaya babrack karmal, mohammed najibullah ennivar deseeya anuranjana nayam vikasippichu, mujahiddeenukalumaayulla sayudha samgharsham avasaanippikkaanum mujaahidine oru multy-party rashtreeya prakriyayilekku samyojippikkaanum lakshyamittu; soviyatt union suraksha senaye afgaanisthaanil ninnu pinvalikkaanum oru puthiya bharanaghadana vikasippikkaanum.
praadeshika kamandarmaarumaayulla aakramanamo mattu samadhana karaarukalo, jilla thalatthil nirddishta karaarukalekkurichulla charcha, niraayudeekaranam, vighadanam, poraalikale avarude praadeshika samoohangalilekku punarekeekaranam thudangiya nirddeshangal enniva sarkkarum mujaahiddeenukalum thammilulla charchakalkku upayogikkunna samadhana prakriyakalil ulppedunnu. afghan rahasyaanveshana ejansiyude muun thalavan enna nilayil najeebullayodulla afghan avishwaasam; naadukadatthappetta prathipaksha nethaakkalkku praadeshikavum aagolavumaaya shakthikalude pinthuna; samadhaanathinum anuranjana prakriyakalkkum aavashyamaaya samayaparidhi enniva budhimuttukal srishtikkunna gadakangalil ulppedunnu. 1988leeii jeneeva udambadikalkku eee praadeshika samadhana krameekaranangalumayi bandhippikkunnathin rashtreeya prakriyakal aavashyamillaayirunnu; athu afgaanisthaanil ninnu soviyatt senaye pinvalikkunnathil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu.
1990kall.
1990kalil aarambhicha praadeshika samadhana kaunsilukalumaayum parambaraagatha jirga, shoora yogangalumaayum bandhappett afghan, anthaaraashtra sarkkarithara samghadanakal (engo) samadhana prakriyakalil earppettirunnu. deseeya thalatthilulla topp-daun prakriyakalkku adithattilulla poorakamenna nilayil eee praadeshika samadhana prakriyakal aavasyamaanennu enn. jii. oo. kall avakashappettu.
boonn karar (2001).
2001 desemberil nadanna boonn konfaransil oppuvacha 2001 boonn karar talibane ozhivaakkukayum american aikyanaadukalude (us) sainika lakshyangalaal parimithappeduthappeduka cheythathinaal "vijayiyude samadhaanam" aayi parakke kaanapettu. niraayudeekaranam, vichedanam, punarekeekaranam, parivartthana neethi, manushyavakaasham enniva 2001leeii boonn samadhana prakriyayil kuranja mungananakalaayi kaanapettu. bharanaghadanaa asambliyiloodeyum thiranjeduppukaliloodeyum ulcherkkal vipuleekarikkunathinulla aavarthana nadapadikal eee prakriyayil ulppedunnu. vadakkan sakhyavum moonnu naadukadatthal adhishtitha grouppukalum charcha cheytha naalu afghan grooppukalaayirunnu; onnu roome aasthaanamaayullathum afgaanisthaanile muun rajaavaaya mohammed sahir shaayumayi bandhappettathum; onnu cypress aasthaanamaayullathum iraanumaayi bandhappettathum; onnu pradhaanamaayum peshwar aasthaanamaayulla pashthoon group. karaarile pradhana madhyasthan lakhdar brahimiyaayirunnu.
boonn karaarinte rund anantharafalangal taliban kalapavum yudhaprabhukkanmaarude shaaktheekaranavumaayirunnu. boonn karaaril ninnu talibane ozhivaakkiyath 2003 aayappozhekkum taliban kalaapathilekku nayichu. 2006 ll, talibane ozhivaakkiyathine "nammude yadhaartha paapam" ennaanu brahmi visheshippichathu. samadhana prakriya yudhakkuttangaludeyum mattu gurutharamaaya manushyavakaasha lamghanangaludeyum track recordukalulla yudhaprabhukkanmaarkku sakthamaaya sthaanangal nalkunnathinum kaaranamaayi. aastri surke parayunnathanusarichu, boonn karaarinteyum karaarinte anantharafalangaludeyum oru pothu kaaranaghadakam american aikyanaadukalude rashtreeya, sainika mungananakalaayirunnu. 2018 aayappozhekkum manushyaavakaashangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla samadhana prakriyakal manushyaavakaashangale adisthaanamaakkaathe akramam avasaanippikkunna prakriyakalekkaal susthiramaanennu anthaaraashtra samavayam undaayirunnuvennu surke vaadikkunnu.
karsai presidency.
hameed karsaiyude (2004-2014) presidency kaalayalavil helmond pravishyayile praadeshika samadhana prakriyakal, 2010 kalude madhyathil thaazhethattil ahimsaathmaka prathirodha prasthaanangalude aavirbhavam, thudarchayaayi phalapradamaaya niraayudeekaranam, vichedanam, punarekeekaranam, "anadhikritha sayudha grouppukalude pirichuvidal" paripaadikal ennivayulppede niravadhi samadhana prakriyakal nadannu. afgaanisthaan samadhana, punarekeekarana paripadi 2010 ll aarambhichu. karsai presidencyude kaalath samadhana prakriyakalil parivartthana neethi ulppeduthiyitla.
eiii. aii. echu. aarr. sii. traansishanal justice plan.
afghan swatantra manushyavakaasha kammeeshan (eiii. aii. echu. aarr. sii) 1978 muthalulla yudhathekkurichulla afghan anubhavathekkurichum parivartthana neethi engane nadappaakkanamenn avar aagrahichathinekkurichum oru sarway nadatthi. 2005 januvariyil eiii. aii. echu. aarr. sii. "neethikkaayulla ahvaanam" enna peril phalangal prasidheekarichu. presidentinte oafees, unama, europian union, netherlants ennivayude pinthunayode, eiii. aii. echu. aarr. sii. parivartthana neethikkaayi "samadhaanam, anurajanam, neethi ennivaykkulla karma padhathi" prasidheekarichu. 2005 desemberil afghan sarkkar eee karmapadhathi audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkukayum 2006ll sthaapithamaaya "afghan karaaril" oru maanadandamaayi ulppeduthukayum cheythu. karmapadhathikkaayi 2006 avasaanathode anchanga upadeshaka samiti roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 2013leeii kanakkanusarichu, karmapadhathikku valare kurachu praayogika phalangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo.
praadeshika helmond samadhana prakriyakal (2006,2010).
2006ll moosa khaalayilum 2010ll saamginilum praadeshika sarkkaarukalum taalibaanumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya praadeshika sayudha grouppukalum thammil praadeshika samadhana prakriyakal nadannu. moosa khaalaa karaaril 14 pooyint rekhaamoolamulla karar ulppedunnu. deseeya sarkkaarinte ethirppum charcha cheytha samadhana karaarinte mekhalaykku sameepam oru praadeshika taliban kamaandare anthaaraashtra suraksha sahaaya seena (aii. ezz. eiii. eph) kollunnathum samadhana karar avasaanippicha gadakangalil ulppedunnu.
upper sangin thaazhvarayil (yuu. ezz. vii) 2010 meyy maasathil oru samadhana karar charcha cheyyappettu. praadeshika britiish pravishya punarnirmmaana samgham (prt) athine pinthunachilla, 2010 augustil oru praadeshika kamaandare lakshyamitulla parajayappetta drone akramanam karaarinte paraajayatthilekku nayichu. 2010 desemberil yuu. ezz. vii. yill oru puthiya samadhana karar kaivarikkukayum us maraine corps prt prathinidhikalum athinu saakshyam vahikkukayum cheythu. randaamathe yuu. ezz. vii samadhana karaarinte paraajayathinulla gadakangalil yuu. ezz. sainyathinte asthirathayum deseeya sarkkaarinte pinthunayude abhavavum ulppedunnu.
moosa khaalayum upper sankin thaazhvara samadhana karaarukalum nilavil vannappol akramatthil ganyamaaya kuravundaayi. 
afghan samadhana prasthaanam.
2010 kalude madhyathil, 1930 kalil britiish colonial gavanmentine ethirtha ahimsaathmaka prathirodha prasthaanamaaya khudaay khidmatgarh muthalulla afgaanisthaanile ahimsaathmaka prathirodha prasthaanangal yunaittad stetts instittyoott oof pease researchermaarude abhipraayathil punarujjeevichu. vedinirthalinaayi afghan samadhana grouppukal afghan sarkkarinum taliban mail sammarddam cheluthaanum samadhana prakriyayile mattu nadapadikal nadappakkaanum thudangi. 2015ll tabassam prasthaanam uyarnnuvannu, 2017ll maattathinaayulla prakshobham, 2017ll samadhana prasthaanam thudangi. janangalude samadhana prasthaanam praadeshika, aagola shakthikale thudarchayaaya yudhathinu kaaranamaayi kandu.
ddr, diag, eiii. pii. aarr. pii.
afghan milishya fozhsu (eiii. emm. eph) ennu vilikkappedunna mujaahiddeenukale mukhyadharaa sivil samoohathilekku niraayudheekarikkuka, niraayudheekarikkuka, punarekeekarikkuka enniva lakshyamit 2003 october muthal 2005 februvari vare afgaanisthaanil niraayudeekaranam, vichedikkal, punarekeekaranam (dii. dii. aarr) ennivayude oru paripadi nadannu. 2004ll berlinil chernna afghan sivil sosaitti grouppukal dii. dii. aarr. padhathiye "yadhaartha samadhana prakriya" ennu visheshippikkukayum dii. dii. aarr. prakriya yadhaarthathil sambhavikkumo ennathinekkurichu samshayam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. jappan udyogastharaanu paripadi ekopippichirunnathu. 2003 meyy maasathil aarambikkaan uddeshichirunna eee paripadi prathirodha mantraalayam (mooad) ekopippicha eiii. emm. eph. senayude annathekkurichulla tharkkam moolam vaiki. mooad 250,000 eiii. emm. eph amgangal undennu avakaashappettappol prarambha dii. dii. aarr padhathi 100,000 eiii. emm. eph amgangale niraayudheekarikkukayum vichedikkukayum punarekeekarikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. adhika shambalam shekharikkunnathinaayi commandermark saangalppikamaayi nilaninnirunna prethasainikaraayirunnu eee vyathyasam. pirichuvidappetta amph amgangalil patthu sathamaanam puthiya afghan sayudha senayaayirikkumenn mooad thathwathil amgeekarichu.
aamril ninnu police senayilekkum swakaarya milishyakalilekkum (ddr prograaminte paridhiyil varaatha) senayude parivartthanam ddrinte phalangale durbalappeduthunna oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu. kanatha aayudangal kandukettukayum sambharikkukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnu dii. dii. aarinte pradhana vijayam. idatharam commandermar avarude sena thammilulla command, niyanthrana gadanakal athu thakarthilla ennathaayirunnu oru pradhana parajayam. 2005 februvariyil dii. dii. aarr. poortthiyaaya sesham 1496 anadhikritha sayudha samghangal thudarnnu.
ddrine thudarnnu, 2006 muthal 2011 march vare, "anadhikritha sayudha grouppukale pirichuvidal" (diag) enna puthiya paripadi nadannu. videsha udyogastharude pinthunayode karim khaaliliyude neethrthwathilulla "niraayudheekarana, punarekeekarana samithiyile" afghan udyogastharaanu diag nerittu niyanthrichirunnathu. valia sayudha samghangalekkaal cheruthum shakthiyillathathumaaya sayudha samghangale niraayudheekarikkunnathil diag pothuve falapradamallaathathaayi kaanapettu. sayudha samghangal pathivayi saadhaarana pouranmaaril ninnu pazhaya aayudangal shekharikkukayum swantham aadhunika aayudangal upekshikkunnathinuparam adhikaarikalkk nalkukayum cheythu; ithu pourasainyangale yadhaarthathil niraayudheekarikkaathirikkum saadhaarana pouranmaare niraayudheekarikkukayum cheythathinte eratta phalamaayirunnu, ithu pourasainyangale eluppathil lakshyamidunnu.
2011ll diag afgaanisthaan samadhana, punarekeekarana padhathiyil (eiii. pii. aarr. pii) samyojippikkappettu. audyogika kanakkukal prakaram 759 anadhikritha sayudha samghangale niraayudharaayi nirthukayum 737 anadhikritha sayudha samghangal aayudhaarikalaayirikkukayum cheythu.
samadhaanavum punarekeekaranavum prolsaahippikkunnathum samaadhaanathin anuyojyamaaya rashtreeya saahacharyangal vikasippikkunnathinum samadhaanathinum sthirathaykkum deseeya, praadeshika, aagola pinthuna shakthippeduthunnathinum administrative, suraksha sthaapanangale shakthippeduthukayenna lakshyathode 2010 ll afghan samadhana jirgayude shupaarshakale adisthaanamaakki roopeekaricha oru samadhana paripaadiyaanu afghan samadhana, punarekeekarana paripadi (eiii. pii. aarr. pii). taliban pankaalithatthinulla vyavasthakalil akramam avasanippikkuka, anthaaraashtra theevravaada grooppukalumaayulla bandham vichedikkuka, sthreekalude avakashangalkkum nyoonapakshangalkkumulla bharanaghadanayude samrakshanam ulppede 2004 leeii afgaanisthaan bharanaghadana amgeekarikkuka enniva ulppedunnu. thaazhathe thalatthilulla commandermareyum poraalikaleyum punarekeekarikkaan samaantharamaayi taalibaanumaayi charcha nadathaanaanu eiii. pii. aarr. pii lakshyamittath. 2016 maarchil eiii. pii. aarr. pii. poortthiyaayi.
eiii. pii. aarr. pii nadappaakkunnathinu melnottam vahikkunnathinaayi 70 anga samithiyaayi (onpathu sthreekal ulppede) oru "joyint secretariyatt" aayi afghan hye pease kaunsil roopeekarichu. taliban mattu vimatha grooppukalumaayulla saamoohika thalatthilulla sanbarkkathinte oru ghattam; niraayudheekaranavum vichedikkalum; susthira vikasanavum saamoohika neethiyum enna lakshyathode "deseeya samoohathinte veendedukkal" enniva ulppeduthaanaanu samadhana prakriya uddeshichathu.
praayogikamaayi, eiii. pii. aarr. pii rashtreeya, gotra, mathanethaakkaleyum anoupachaarika praadeshika rashtreeya sthaapanangaleyum ozhivaakkukayum sthreekal, yudhathinu irayaayavar, sivil sosaitti grouppukal ennivare ozhivaakkunnath shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. eiii. pii. aarr. pii. yude roopakalppanayil ninnum nadappakkalil ninnum sthreekale ozhivaakkiyirunnu.
desheeyathalathil eiii. pii. aarr. pii. prakriyakalil, joyint sekratteriyattum sthreekalum thammilulla yogangal vilayiruthunnathu samadhana prakriyayil yogangalude yadhaartha swaadheenathinalla, marichu nadanna yogangalude ennathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu. samadhana prakriyayil sthreekalude ganyamaaya pankaalithatthodulla afghan sarkkaarinte ashradha talibane sthreekale aprasaktharaayi kaanaan anuvadikkunnathaayi kaanapettu. eiii. pii. aarr. pii. design teamile churukkam chila sthreekalil palarkkum akrama bheeshanikalum vaakkaalullatho laingikamo aaya durupayogavum labhichu; munnariyipp nalkiyathine thudarnnu chilarkk parikkettu. ashraf ghaani presidencyil, samadhana prakriyayil sthreekale poornnamaayum ulppeduthumennu ghaani vaagdaanam cheythuvenkilum sariyaaya samayam vare avare shalyappeduthillennu addeham paranju. 2005 muthal 2014 vareyulla 23 samadhana charchakalil rund roundukalil maathramaan sthreekal pankedutthathu.
eiii. pii. aarr. pii. roopakalppana cheythathinu sesham samyuktha secretariyatt manushyavakaasha pravarthakarumaayum mattu pourasamooha prathinidikalumaayum koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. yogangalude ennam kanakkaakkukayum yogangalude swaadheenam nireekshikkukayum cheythilla.
praadeshika samoohangaleyo deseeya sarkkar samvidaanatheyo vishwasthatha pularthaathathaayi karuthappettirunna gadanakalil munbu nirayudharaaya poraalikale veendum aayudhamaakkunna apakadasaadyathayulla praadeshika samoohangale samrakshikkunnathinaayi afgaanisthaan local poleesine aayudhappeduthunnathu eiii. pii. aarr. piyude "deseeya samooha veendedukkal" ghattathil ulppedunnu. niraayudharaayi thudarnna muun poraalikal "irupakshavum" prathikarikkunnathil ninnu swantham surakshaye bhayapettu. taliban poraalikalude vanita pankaalikalkk praadeshika samoohangalumaayi punarekeekaranam nadathunnathil oru avakashavum nalkiyittilla. pravishya samadhana samithikal" (pii. pii. sii) oro kammittiyilum kuranjathu moonnu vanita pankaalikalenkilum audyogikamaayi aavashyappedunnu. aathmavishwaasam valarthunnathinayi konfaransukalilum seminaarukalilum echpisiyileyum ppcyileyum vanita amgangal pankedutthu. 
2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu, pothumaapp prakaram yudhakkuttangalkkulla shikshavidhi parivartthana neethiye prolsaahippikkunnathi samadhana prakriyayude anivaarya bhaagamaanenn oru dhaarana nalkunnathinu eiii. pii. aarr. pii sambhavana cheythu.
ghaani presidency.
ashraf ghaaniyude (2014-2021) presidency kaalayalavil niravadhi samadhana prakriyakal nadannu, eiii. pii. aarr. pii. avasaanippikkal, afghan unnatha samadhana kaunsilil ninnu samsthaana samadhana manthraalayathinu adikaaram kaimaaral, gulbuddin karar, janangalude samadhana prasthaanatthinte helmond samadhana vaahanavyoohathodoppam 2018 juunil moonnu divasathe sarkkar-taliban vedinirthal enniva ulppede. 2018ll dohayil aarambhicha charchakalude falamaayundaaya us-taliban karar afgaanisthaanil ninnu us seena pinvaangunnathilekkum afghan sainyathinte thakarchayilekkum 2021 augustil kaabool thaalibaante keezhilekku veezhunnathilekkum nayichu.
eiii. pii. aarr. pii. yum samaadhaanathinaayulla samsthaana manthraalayavum.
2017ll ghaani presidentinte kaalath eiii. pii. aarr. pii. paripadi poortthiyaayi. eiii. pii. aarr. pii. 11,074 kalapakaarikaleyum commandermareyum audyogikamaayi sivilian jeevithathilekku punarekeekarichu. 2019 joolaiyil afghan unnatha samadhana kaunsil adaykkukayum athinte adikaaram samadhana manthraalayathinu kaimarukayum cheythu.
gulbuddin udambadi.
2006lum 2010lum praadeshika samadhana karaarukal oppuvachappol, 2016 septambar 22nuu afghan sarkkarum hesb-iii-islami gulbuddin theevravaada group thammil deseeya thalatthilulla samadhana karaarinte karadu oppuvachu.
2018-august 2021.
2018 march 23nuu lashkargaahil 14 perr kollapetta kaar bomb spodanathinu marupadiyaayi 2018 epril muthal juun vare janangalude samadhana prasthaanam afgaanisthaaniludaneelam "helmond samadhana vaahanavyooham" ennu vilikkunna samadhana march nadatthi. kuranjathu rund divasamenkilum vedinirthal venamennu maarchukaar aavasyappettu. taliban niyanthranatthilulla pradeshathiloode avar sanjarichu. juun 18nuu kaaboolil ethiya avar unama offeesukalkkum sameepathulla embassykalkkum purathu prathishedhikkukayum president ashraf ghaaniyumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum cheythu.
2018 juun 5nuu ghaani ramadaan avasaanikkunna juun 20 vare taalibaanumaayi nirupaadhikamaaya vedinirthal prakhyaapichu. juun 1nuu irupakshavum oresamayam vedinirthal nadatthi.
2018ll dohayil aarambhicha njangalum taliban charchakkaarum thammilulla charchakaletthudarnnu 2020 februvari 29nuu thadavukaarude kaimaattatthinum us senaye pinvalikkunnathinum ahvaanam cheytha us-taliban kararaya us-taliban karar oppuvachu. eee karar afgaanisthaanil ninnu us senaye pinvalikkunnathilekkum afghan sainyathinte thakarchayilekkum 2021 augustil kaabool taliban senayude keezhilaakkunnathilekkum nayichu.
islaamik emirate.
2021ll taliban adikaaram etteduthathinethudarnnu, oru samadhana prakriya thudarnnum aavasyamaanennu yunaittad stetts instittyoott oof pease (yuu. ezz. aii. pii) vaadichu. purathaakkappetta muun sainika nethaakkal, vamseeya milishya commandermar, islaamik samsthaanathinte praadeshika shaakha polulla theevravaada grouppukal ennivar thaalibaante adhikaarathinethire malsarikkaan thaalpparyappedunnathil raajyathudaneelam akramasakthamaaya cheruthunilppu vyaapichittundennu usip prasthaavichu."
taliban pidichadakkiyathinethudnar aarambhicha afgaanisthaanile republican kalaapathil ulppetta afgaanisthaante deseeya prathirodha munnaniyude nethaavaaya ahamed masood, ulema mathapanditharude kaunsilinte madhyasthathayil kalapavum taliban thammil paraspara vedinirthalinu ahvaanam cheythu.

