
stockhomil charitraparamaaya kolapaathakangalum vadhashikshakalum

simhasanathinethiraaya raajyadroha pravartthanangal" aaropich privy kaunsilile moonnu dhanikare vadhikkan king magnus ladulase utharavitta 1280 muthal sweeden stockholm, kolapaathakangalum vadhashikshakalum rekhappeduthiyittundu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathinum pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathinum edayilulla nagaratthile kolapathakangal stockholm sitti courtinte rekhakalil nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. 1700-kalude thudakkathode pakuthiyiladhikam kuranja oru pravanathayaaya madhyakaalakhattathilaanu marakamaaya falamullah akramam ettavum saadhaaranamaayath. manushyahathyayudeyum kolapaathakatthinteyum ettavum saadhaaranamaaya kesukalil saadhaaranayaayi madyam ulppettirunna purushanmaar thammilulla vazhakkukalaan ulppettirunnathu.
gustav III-nte bharanakaalathu vadhashikshayude upayogam kurayukayum chila kuttakrithyangalkku nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. avasaanathe vadhasiksha 1818-ll hummerbihojdenil nadannu, avasaanathe pothu vadhasiksha 1862-ll nadannu. sweeden, stockholm ennividangalil avasaanathe vadhasiksha 1910 november 23-nuu nadannu, moshtaavum kolapathakiyumaaya alfred aandarine oru gillattinil shirachhedam cheyth vadhichu.
stockholm sradheyamaaya niravadhi rashtreeya kolapathakangal anubhavichittundu, ettavum sradheyamaaya kesukal 1520 november 7 num november 9 num idayil stockholm rakthachorichilaanu, raajakudumbathile chila bhaagangalum prabhukkanmaarum avarude niravadhi athiraalikaleyum vimarsakareyum ozhivakkaan aagrahichu. sameepa varshangalil raashtreeyakkaarude rund valareyadhikam prashamsikkapetta kolapathakangalil 1986 ll pradhaanamantri olof paam kollappedukayum 2003 ll anna lind kollappedukayum cheythu. koodaathe, nagaratthil niravadhi theevravaada akramanangal nadannittundu, athaayath 1975 leeii padinjaaran jarmman embassy uparodham, 2010 leeii stockholm bombakramanam, 2017 leeii stockholm truck akramanam.
kazhinja 250 varshamaayi kolapaathakangalum narahathyakalum vardhichittilla.
madhyakaalakhattam.
janangalkkidayil kolapaathakavum narahathya.
stockholm "tankeboker" parayunnathanusarichu, marakamaaya falamullah akramam innathethinekkaal madhyakaalakhattathil nooriratti kooduthalaayirunnuvennu karuthunnath nyaayamaan. saadhaaranayaayi, narahathyayude mikka kesukalilum madyalahariyilulla rund purushanmaar parasparam vazhakkidukayum athu iru kakshikaludeyum maranathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. athijeevicha kakshi sambhavam report cheyyukayum svayam edapedukayum cheythaal, addehathinte shiksha kuravaayirikkum. kolapathakam kooduthal gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyamaayirunnu, prathyekichu kuttavaali vastutha marachuvekkaan shramikkukayaanenkil.
cappling kolapathakangal.
jarmman vyaapaarikalum stockholm janathayum thammilulla sathrutha cappling kolapathakangal ennu vilikkappedunnavayilka nayichu. 1389 juun 14 nuu jarmman hatebroder sainikarum vyaapaarikalum stortorjettilekk march cheyyukayum cackbringen sameepam othukoodukayum cheythu. jarmmankaar kastadiyiledukkenda 76 sweedish "raajyadrohikalude" perukalude oru pattika urakke vaayichu. avaril palareyum tre chronor kottaykkullil poottiyidukayum mattullavar gramungeholmenilekku (redarholemen) kondupookukayum cheythu. thadavukaare arakal kondu peedippichu. juun 17 nuu tre chronor kottaykkullile thadavukaare capplingeholmenilekk (blassiholmen) kondupoyi avide avare thiitta oru kettidatthinullil poottiyirunnu. cappling kolapathakangalil ettavum kuranja erakalude ennam 15 aanennu rekhappeduthiyittundu, ettavum uyarnnathu 76 aayirunnu.
madhyakala niyamanirmmanam.
moshtaakkalkk vadhasiksha niyamavidheyamaakkiya magnus eriksans stadslag, magnus eriksans landlag enniva ulkkollunna valare kadinamaaya niyamanirmmanam appozhum kuttavaalikale thadayaan kazhinjilla. 1474num 1492num idayil stockhomil 140 pere vadhichu. narahatya, kolapathakam, akramanam thudangiya akramasakthamaaya kuttangalkk 50 perr sikshikkappettu. 90 perr moshtaakkalum moshtaakkalumaayirunnu. magnus eriksante mannidichilile moshanathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna adhyayam oru thoongimaricha chithram avatharippikkunnu. kuttikal kuttavalikalaayi maarunnath thadayunnathinaayi avarkkethiraya shaareerika shikshaye eee vaachakam prothsaahippikkunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil oru manushyajeevanu valia vilayillaayirunnu. innu athe thalatthil sweeden vadhasiksha nadappaakkukayaanenkil, prathivarsham ekadesham 1,560 pere allengil prathidinam naalu pere vadhashikshaykk vidheyaraakkum.
poraattangalum bahumaanavum.
saadhaaranayaayi madyapichirunna rund purushanmaar thammilulla vazhakkaayirunnu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya sambhavangal. mikkavarum ellah manushyarum kaivashamullathupole ettavum saadhaaranamaaya kolapathaka ayudham oru kathiyaayirunnu. thadi marakattakal, steyin (bear maggukal), kodali, chuttika, furnitureukal enniva saadhaaranamallaatha aayudangalil ulppedunnu. oraalude bahumaanathe apamaanikkunnath marakamaaya akramathinu nyaayeekaranamaakaam. 1500kalile kolapathaka, narahatya kesukalil moonnilonnu saadhaaranayaayi bahumanavumaayi bandhapetta samgharshangalaayirunnu. cheria samgharshangal chilappol kolapaathakathinu kaaranamaayi. 1589 juun 9nuu aandezhs ennariyappedunna oru kuthiraye famhand bengt personte kolapaathakathinu kuttappedutthi. avar dartukal vedivaykkukayaayirunnu, aandezhs lakshyam nashtamaayappol, bengt visilukal kondu addehathe parihasichu. aandezhsinu katthi varaykkaanum bengttine thalayil kuthaanum ithu mathiyaayirunnu. ithrayum cheria kaaranathaal oru kolapathakam sariyallennu kodathi vidhichu, athinaal andermark vadhasiksha vidhichu.
chila kodathi shikshakal innu manassilakkaan prayaasamaan. kolapaathakamo narahatyayo cheytha vyakthikalkk ellaayppozhum vadhasiksha vidhikkappedunnilla, 1492 juun 18 nuu henrique ennariyappedunna oru kolayali thante velakkaarane kolappeduthiyathinu narahathyaykk shikshikkappettathaan oru udaaharanam. ennaal aaa dassen paapamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna henriquinode asooyappedunnuvennu thelinjathinaal henrique pinneedu ellah kuttangalil ninnum mochithanaayi. 1498 desember 17nuu utsunda graamatthil ninnulla klaas laarsan kolapaathakakkuttam chumathappettu. addeham kuttakkaaranaanennu juric addehathinte kannil kaanaan kazhiyumennu paranjathukondaanu addehathinu vadhasiksha vidhichathu.
rashtreeya kolapathakangal.
saadhaarana janangalkkidayil kolapaathakavum narahathya koodaathe, rashtreeya kolapathakangal stockhomil asaadhaaranamaaya sambhavangalayirunnilla. athiraalikale ozhivaakkaano vimarshakare shikshikkaano aagrahicha raashtreeyakkaaraayirunnu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya kesukal. eee vibhaagathile ettavum pazhaya rekhappeduthiya kesukal 1280 muthalaan, rajaavu magnus ladulas niravadhi "simhasanathinethiraaya raajyadroha pravartthanangal" aaropich privy kaunsilile moonnu amgangale vadhikkan utharavittathu.
mattoru sradheyamaaya cases 1306 februvari 10 nuu torkel natsante vadhashikshayaan. vadhashikshaykk vidhikkapetta sesham, "pelarbacken" (gottgatsbacken) shirachhedam cheyth kollappedukayum graphriors aashramathil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. torkel pidichedukkukayum thudarnnu nirvahikkukayum cheythath birger maagnasan rajaavum addehathinte sahodaranmaarum thammilulla sarkkaarinte torkel aadhipathyam thadayunnathinulla oru karaarinte phalamaayirunnu.
birger maagnasante makan magnus birgerson swaabhaavika maranavum anubhavichilla. addeham oru rajakumaaranaayirunnu, simhaasanathe bheeshanippeduthaan kazhivullavanaayirunnu. 1320 october 21nuu addehathinu vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum oraazhchaykk sesham helgensholmanil vachu vadikkukayum cheythu. redarholm palliyil addehathinu manyamaaya shavasamskaram labhichu.
raajaavinethire parasyamaayi nirasha prakadippichathinetthudar 1436-ll naitt broader swansan jurhuwood thante jeevan nalkaan nirbandhithanaayi. oru kotta oru kottayaayi labhikkaathappol addeham chaals VIII raajaavine kadinamaaya vaakkukaliloode apamaanichirunnu. addehathe arast cheyth vadikkukayum cheythu.
rajaavinodulla vanchana sveekaaryamallaathathinaal vadhashikshaykk vidheyamaayirunnu. 1520kalil sweedante ettavum pramukha vyakthikaliloralaaya mans brundesson lillihock 1529ll gustav vaasa raajaavinethire westrogothian kalaapathil pankedutthappol vadhasiksha anubhavichu. kalapam paraajayappedukayum rajaavu lillihockinode karuna kaanikkukayum cheythu. ennaal, thanne kuttappeduthunna ellah thelivukalum nasippikkappettuvennu vishwasicha lillihock nirasikkukayum oru vichaarana nadathanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. adhikaarikalude pakkal thelivukal undaayirunnu, 1529-ll strangnassile ricksdag addehathe vadhashikshaykk vidhichu. lillihock custadiyilirikke rakshappedaan shramichenkilum veenu thudayude thudayil pottitherichu. nagaratthil ninnu puratthekku izhanjuneengiya sesham oru vayalil olicha nilayil addehathe kandethi. 1529 septambar 7nuu lillihokkine shirachhedam cheyth vadhichu. addehathinte thala kunthatthil kuthiyidukayum mrithadeham redarholm palliyil samskarikkukayum cheythu.
chila sandarbhangalil rajaakkanmaar aalukale vyakthiparamayi kolappeduthiyittundu. 1568ll eric pathinaalaaman rajaavu thante sekrattari martin olaay helsinghiyasine oru stau pokkar upayogichu adichu konnu. raajaavinte valare vishwasthanaaya upadeshtaavum suhruthumaaya martin rajaavinu mapp nalkaruthennu martin raajaavine upadeshichirunnuvennum ennaal sweedish janatha addehathe veruthirunnuvennum aaropikkappedunnu. 1567ll swartsjo kottaram kollayadikkukayum athe varsham thanne kolapathakangal nadathukayum cheythathayi pezhsan kuttaaropithanaayirunnu. 1568 septambar 28nuu addehathinu vidhi labikkukayum "bahumaanamillaathavanum vishwaasamillaathavanum vanjanaaparanumaaya raajyadrohiyum dushichavanum villanumaayi" shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. maarttinte shiksha krooramaayirunnu. addehathinte rund chevikalum addehathinte prabhukkanmaarude pettantinoppam thookkikkollalinure nakki. pinneedu addehathe thookkilettiyenkilum maranathinu munbu addehathe veendum thaazheyirakki. brankebergstorgilve breaking wheel peedanatthinu vidheyanaayi. oduvil addehathinte shirachhedam cheyyukayum mrithadeham oru thoonilekku nakki, avide addehathinte mrithadeham parasyamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. 1841ll ithu niyamavirudhamaakkunnathu sweedenil madhyakaalakhattathil ithu oru pathiv sanbradaayamaayirunnu.
stockholm rakthachorichil.
stockhomil ettavum valia rashtreeya kolapaathakakkesukalude koottam stockhomil nadanna rakthachorichilaanu, ithu 1520 november 7num 9num idayil nadanna kollayeyum thudarnnulla vadhashikshakaleyum chuttippattiyaan. sweeden rajaavaayi kristhyan randaaman kireedadhaaranam cheyth moonnu divasathinu sheshamaan sambhavangal nadannathu. kireedadhaarana party athidhikale tre chronor kottayil oru yogathilekku vilichappol. aarch bishop gustav trollukal thante kotta thakarthathinu saambathika nashtapariharam aavashyappedunnathu muun reejant sten styoor ilayavanum anuyaayikalum mathavidveshathil kuttakkaaraanennu kandethanamo vendayo enna chodyathilekku nayichu. canon niyamatthinte pinthunayode, thudarnnulla divasangalil ekadesham 82 pere vadhichu. november 8 nuu uchathirinju bishappumaraaya mattiyaas ooo vinsentinte shirachhedam cheythukondu vadhasikshakal aarambhichu. athinusesham prabhukkanmaril 15 pere vaal kondu shirachhedam cheyyukayum thudarnnu stockholm mayer addehathinte upadeshtaakkalum thoongimarikkappedukayum cheythu. november 9nuu prabhukkanmaarude ippol vadikkappetta bhagangalilppetta dasanmareyum vadhichu. november 10 nuu catherina shmashaanathil sthaapikkunna athe pradeshathe sodermaalil thee koluthukayum cheythu. karutha sanyaasimaarude aashramathile ilaya sten stoorinte shavakudeeram kuzhichu pelarbacken theeyil erinju. stockholm nagaratthinte ariyappedunna ettavum pazhaya chithreekaranangalilonnaaya "bloadbadstaavlaan" (aksharaarthatthil "rakthachorichil painting") 1524-ll eee sambhavangal anashwaramaakki.
sweedish saamrajyam.
1500kalude madhyathinum 1700kalude madhyathinum idayil europinte mattu bhagangalilum sweedanteyum shiksha kooduthal kadinamaayitheernnenkilum 1700kalude madhyathinushesham eee pravanatha shikshayude laghuvaaya roopangale lakshyamitirunnu. karsanamaaya shikshaykkulla breaking pooyintukal protestant parishkaranamaayirunnuvennu thonnunnu, athesamayam prabudhathayude yugathil laghuvaaya shikshaaprakaarangalilekkul pravanathakal ulppettirunnu.
1600-kalilum sweedish saamraajyathinte bharanakaalathum marakamaaya kuttakrithyangalude ennam kuranju. 1600num 1750num idayil stockholm pradeshathe janasamkhyayude valippavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kuttakrithyangalude alavu 90 sathamaanathiladhikam kuranju. eee kuravu karsanamaaya niyamanirmmaanamaan kaaranamaayathenn vyakthamalla.
oru saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranam sweeden yudhangalaayirikkaam. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, kolapathaka, narahatya kesukalil 30 sathamaanavum stockhomil sweedish sainikaraan nadathiyathu. ennirunnaalum, eee sainikar yudhakkalathilaayirunpol, marakamaaya kuttakrithyangal kramanugathamaayi kuranju. dhaaraalam purushanmaar marikkukayum theruvukalil karangunna yuvaakkaludeyum aakramanakaarikaludeyum ennam kurayukayum cheythu. koodaathe, theepidutthavum praadeshika pakarchavyaadhikalum undaayi. 1635ll nagara sarkkar pothusthalangalil patrolling nadatthaanum kramasamadhanam nilanirthaanum chumathalappedutthiya kaavalkkaare niyamikkaan thudangi. 1667ll 70 ladhikam audyogika sitti gaardukal undaayirunnu, sitti gaard stockholm poleesinte mungamiyaayirunnu. akramam kurayaan kavalkkar kaaranamaayirikkam.
pathinezhaam noottaand.
kolapaathakavum narahathya appozhum vadhashikshayude upayogathinu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya kaaranamaayirunnu. chilappol, oru executor mattoru executore execute cheyyendivarum
1650 march 20nuu addehathinte pingamiyaanu vadhashikshaykk vidheyanaaya (maasttar maikkal ennum ariyappedunnu). 1635 muthal 1650ll marikkunnathuvare sodermalmile oru nischitha vadhasthalathu maasttar maikkal thante pariseelanam nadatthi. oru kadathekkurichulla tharkkathetthudarnnu maikkal 1650ll thante suhruthaaya paaval aandezhsane vadhichu. maikkal kuttam sammathikkukayum pavel "abadhathil maikkelinte vaalinte arikilekku oodiya" ennu prasthavikkukayum cheythu. kodathi addehathe vishwasichilla, addehathe vadhashikshaykk vidhikkukayum addehathinte pingaamikal vadikkukayum cheythu.
nirbhagyavaan" ennum ariyappedunna prashastha kavi lassie lucidorinu (addehathinte yadhaartha peru larse johanson) 1674 august 12 nuu ratri oru samgharshathil pidikkappedukayum lefttanant arvid kristhyan stoom vaal thulachukayarukayum cheyyumbol 36 vayassayirunnu. innathe kindstugattan 14nte gamla staan basementilaanu kolapathakam nadannathu. eee sayudha samghattanangal, allengil "dvamdvayudhangal" ennu vilikkappedunnathu saadhaaranayaayi madyavumaayi samyojippicha cheria kaaryangalude phalamaayirunnu. panam nalkiyillengil thanikk veenju nalkunnathu thudaraan visammathicha bartenderumaayi lucidor vazhakkittu. samgharsham thadassappeduthaanulla shramathil, armi lefttanant kodunkaattu lucidorine sameepichu, aaa samayat lucidor thante vaal valichedukkukayum kodunkaattinte kaii keerukayum cheythu. kodunkaattu swantham vaal valichedukkukayum lucidorine kuthukayum cheythu. maria magdalana shmashaanathinte vadakke attathulla adayaalappeduthaatha oru paavatthinte shavakudeerathilaan lucidorine samskarichathu. 1674 august 22nuu kodunkaattinethire narahatya kuttam chumatthiyenkilum rajyathuninn palayanam cheyyanaayi ammayude sahaayathode kastadiyilirunnavar rakshapettu.
1400kalil ninnulla aksharangal innu vichithramayi thonniyekkaam. ennaal 1600kalil police anweshanangalum vicharana innatheppole thanne adhikaarikalum pravartthikkaan thudangi. kuttakrithyangal punarnirmmikkukayum saakshikale abhimukham nadathukayum cheythu. 1626 eprilil nadanna oru kodathi cases, akkaalathe sweedish niyamavyavasthaye chithreekarikkaan sahaayikkunnathaan thaazhepparayunna udaaharanam.
haggerstein' ennariyappedunna sthalathu oraale krooramaayi kolappeduthiyathaayi kandethiyirunnu. adhikrithar udan thanne pothujanangalodu sahayam abhyarthikkukayum kolayaliyodu svayam keezhadangan aavasyappedukayum cheythenkilum addeham athu cheythilla. shhoo nirmmathaavaaya hans skechtelfochumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthaan ekeroyile oru krishiyidathilekku poya thozhilillaatha thayyalkkaranaaya hans putestaadaanu irayennu oru pouran avakashappettu. thante jeevithathile muzhuvan sambaadyavum thante vasthrangalil nerittu thayyal cheythukondu konduvarunnathil puttestaad prashasthanaayirunnu. kooduthal parisodhana nadathiyappol addehathinte vasthrathil panamonnum kandethanaayilla. sechtelhocht prathyakshatthil phaam udama thottakkaaranaayirunnu, chodyam cheyyalinaayi addehathe kondupoyi. thayyalkkaaran jolie vaagdaanam cheythittundennum athinusesham addehathil ninnu onnum kettitillennum sketchtelfocht kodathikku munnil prasthaavichu.
vasthrangal maattaan mathiyaya samayam illaayirunnathinaal shirtle raktham undaayirunnu. sharttinte pinbhaagathu maathrame raktham kaanaanaakoovenkilum thanikk mookkil ninnu raktham ozhukiyathaayi sketchtelfocht paranju. kodathi addehathe samshayaaspadamaayi kaanukayum addehathinte katha parisodhikkukayum cheythu. mrithadeham kandethiya vyakthikalkk puttestads paants maattisthaapichathaayi sthireekarikkaan kazhinju, ithu irayude yadhaartha vasthrangalum athinaayi panam kaivasham undaayirikkanamennu kodathi vishwasikkaan kaaranamaayi. skitchelfocht thante kathayude vishadaamshangal nirantharam maattukayum oduvil sathyam upekshikkaan kodathi addehathodu parayukayum allengil addehathinte aathmaavine pishach ettedukkukayum cheyyum. hans puttestaadinte kolapaathakatthil addeham kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethukayum vadhikkappedukayum cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaand.
prabudhathayude kaalaghattatthil, europile pravanatha laghuvaaya sikshaareethikal lakshyamidunnu.
1750kalile stockholm dayayum swaagathaarhavumaaya pouranmaarulla shaanthamaaya oru nagaramaayi visheshippikkappedunnu. kramatthinteyum daarmmikathayudeyum asaadhaaranamaaya maanadandangalulla oru nagaramaayi stockholm parivartthanam cheyyappettathayi kodathi chansalaryude oru sekrattari prasthaavichu. mattu europian thalasthaanangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol stockholm ippozhum oru cheria nagaramaayirunnu enna vastutha, avide ellaavarum ithinu sambhavana nalkiyittundennu ellaavarkkum ariyamaayirunnu.
1800kalil stockholm raathriyil valare irunda nagaramayathinaal stockholm pouranmaar raathriyil veedukalil ninnu purathirangunnathu ozhivaakkiyirunnu. theepidittha saadhyatha kaaranam torchukalum mattu thuranna prakasha srothassukalum nirodhichu, koodaathe veedukal vidaan aagrahikkunna aalukale avarude vilakkukal marakkaruthenn oormmippichu.
1720 aayappozhekkum 148 audyogika gaardukal adangunna phalapradamaaya oru gaard fozhsu stockholm pravarthippichu.
1776-ll, tessin kottaarathinullil aasthaanamaayi "kunkiliga polyscommeren" (aksharaarthatthil "royal police chamber") sthaapikkappettu. police chamberinu melnottam vahikkendathu stockholm gavarnaraayirunnu, pothu kramam sambandhicha nagara niyanthranangalum niyamangalum purappeduvikkunnathinum cheria kuttakrithya kodathi kesukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum chumatala nalkiyirunnu.
1700kalude avasaanathil, stockhomil marakamaaya akrama kesukal apoorvamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, koodaathe oru pouranu kolapaathakatthinteyum narahathyayudeyum kesukal prathivarsham 100,000 ll 2 mathramaayirunnu. athinaal, innathe stockhomil ullathinekkaal uyarnna anupaathamaayirunnilla annu. pathinettaam noottaandile ellah akramasakthamaaya kuttakrithyangalilum pakuthiyiladhikam sisudina kesukalaayirunnu.
gustav III prakaram peedanam nirthalaakkiyittundi shiksha thaarathamyena kadinamaayirunnu. kuprasidhamaaya 'rosenkammaren' (aksharaarthatthil 'rooss chamber') addeham adachu, koodaathe vadhashikshaye verukkunnathilum shikshaanadapadikal maattunnathino chila kesukalil kuttavaalikalkk mapp nalkunnathino aavashyamaaya ellah maargangalum upayogichathilum addeham ariyappettirunnu. sthithivivarakkanakkukal anusarichu, gustav III-nte bharanakaalathu vadhasiksha orikkalum upayogichirunnilla. thookkikkollal ettavum apamanakaramaaya maranamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ithu palappozhum moshtaakkalkkum vyaajarekha chamaykkal nadathunnavarkkum upayogichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, vaalkond shirachhedam cheiyunnathu uyarnna padavi nilanirtthi.
gustav III-nte kolapathakam.
gustav moonnaaman akkaalat "soumyanaaya rajaavu" ennariyappettirunnave, 1792 march 16 nuu nadanna oru vadhasramathinu addeham irayaayi, athu pathimoonnu divasathinu sesham addehathinte maranathilekku nayichu.
gustav III umm prabhukkanmaarum addehathinte bharanakaalathu niravadhi tharkkangaliloode kadannupoyittundu. prabhukkanmaarude chila bhagangal rajaavu avarude adikaarangal vettikkuraykkunnath amgeekarichilla. mattu bhagangal addehathinte raashtreeyathodu yojichilla, chila bhaagangalkk gustav III nethiraaya vidveshathinu vyakthiparamaaya adisthaanamundaayirunnu. ithu vyakthiparavum raashtreeyavumaaya lakshyngalulla jacob johann angaarstraaminte neethrthwathilulla addehathinte jeevithathinethiraaya goodaalochanayilekku nayichu.
kaal frederic peclin, adolph ludwig ribbing, klaas frederic hoonn aff aminne ennivarodoppam ancarstrom, hyoovudsta gamla slottil raajaavinethire goodaalochana nadatthi. gustav III-nte swantham theateraaya "gustavianska operahoosett" kuttakrithyam nadanna sthalamaayi thiranjedutthu.
1792 march 16 nuu, oru mukhammoodi dharichukondu ankerstrom thiyettaril praveshichu, athu addehathinu aprasakthamaaya marachuveppu nalkukayum gustav III vedivaykkukayum cheythu. vediyunda aduthuninnu vediyuthirkkukayum raajaavinte idathu eduppinu sameepam pinnil idikkukayum cheythu. voonn essen kudumbatthile amgamaaya raajaavinte kambani udan thanne ellah eksittukalum adaykkaan utharavittu, koodaathe "polismaasttar" nills henrique liljenspare ellah party athidhikaleyum mukhamoodiyilaakkukayum avarude perukal rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. kolapaathakatthinte pittennu thanne angarstrom arasttilaayi.
gustav moonnaaman thalkshanam marichilla, pakaram addehathinte murivelkkunnathu vare rashtrathalavanaayi pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu, athu pathimoonnu divasathinu sesham march 29 nuu addeham marichu. thaan marikkukayaanennu ariyaathe, goodaalochanayil ulppetta 40 perudeyum jeevan rakshikkanamenn addeham utharavittu, kolayali ozhike.
angarstrominu pothu avahelanathinum vadhashikshaykkum sikshikkappettu. 1792 epril 27nuu shirachhedam cheyyappedunnathuvare moonnu divasam addehathe parasyamaayi chaattavaaradi kondu vettukayum addehathinte valathu kaii murichumaattukayum cheythu. paarambaryatthinte bhaagamaayi addehathinte shareerathinte bhagangal vadhasthalathu nakki.
oru kudumbam muzhuvan, vadhashikshaykk vidhikkapettu.
1756-ll maria riyal gundlack, kaamukan johann wilhem falkerumaayi chernnu bharthaav ebraham gundlakkinu visham nalki. 1756 juulai 16nuu valathu kaiyude shirachhedam cheythathinusheshamulla addehathinte shirachhedam aayirunnu falcarinte shiksha. 1757 februvari 21nuu aval kathichathu ozhike maria realinum samanamaaya shiksha labhichu. falcarinte kunjine garbham dharichathinaal vadhasiksha kurachu maasathekku maattivaykkendivannu. abrahaminteyum mariyayudeyum aadyajaathanaaya makan jacob gundlakkinu 12 vayassullappol ammaye vadhichu. jacob valarnnu oru kallanum thattippukaaranumaayi maarum. naalu thavana vadhashikshaykk vidhikkappettenkilum moonnu thavana custadiyilirikke rakshapettu. 1769 avasaanathode addeham thirichupidikkappeduka oduvil 1771 januvari 16nuu vadhikkappedukayum cheythu. vadhashikshaykk rund varsham munbu addeham thante jeevacharitram ezhuthi, nya smedjegaardanil thadavilaayirunnappol.
jeevacharitram ezhuthiyathu jacob thanneyaanennu karuthappedunnu, ennaal ithine pinthunaykkunna thelivukalonnum hajarakkiyittilla. akkaalat eee pusthakam parakke prashasthamaayathum mattu bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettathumaayirunnu. 1771 januvari 16nuu pothusthalathvechu gundlack vadikkappettu.
pathinettaam noottaandile sisumaranangal.
1751num 1765num idayil shishuhathyaykk 138 pere vadhichu, athesamayam kolapaathakathinu 132 pere vadhichu.
aaa samayat oru kuttiyude sharashari kolayali saadhaaranayaayi 20-kalude avasaanathil kutty nilanirthaanulla ichhaashakthiyo maargangalo illaatha oru yuvathiyaayirunnu.
saadhaaranayaayi, ira oru shishuvaayirunnenkil, kutty marichupoyathaanennu amma parayumaayirunnu, 1765 leeii shaithyakaalath oru britta engstrom kuttakrithyatthil samshayikkappettappol anganeyaayirunnu. britta kooduthal thadichathaayi ayalvaasikal shradhikkukayum pettennu aval valare melinjavalaakukayum cheythu. thanikk yadhaarthathil oru kunju undaayirunnuvennum ennaal athu oru marichupoya kuttiyaayirunnuvennum britta sammathichu. ennaal adhikrithar shishuvinte mrithadeham parishodhichappol, kunju janikkumbol jeevichirippundennathi thelivukal kandethi. kunjinte kazhuthil neela paadukal undaayirunnu, ithu kazhuthu njerichu konnathaanennu soochippikkunnu. taanum britta orumichu thaamasichirunnuvenkilum thanikk onnum ariyillennu pithaav simson paranju. kodathi dambathikale vishwasichilla, brittaykku vadhasiksha vidhikkappettappol simson 14 divasathe jayil shikshaykk vidhikkapettu.
eee prashnathe cherukkunnathinaayi, 1778-ll gustav III sisumarana niyamam pasaki, avivahita ammamaarkk anjjaathamaayi prasavikkaan anuvadikkunna oru niyamam. pithaavinte peru chodikkunnathilninnu nazhsumaare ippol vilakkiyirunnu. sthriye avalude peru parayunnathinupakaram mattoru pattanatthilekku yaathracheyyaanum avide prasavikkanum anuvadichu sisumaranam thadayuka ennathaayirunnu ashayam.
niyamaprakaaram, manappoorvamallaatha shishuvine kollunnathinu vadhasiksha nirthalaakki.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
gustav III-nte bharanakaalathu chila kuttakrithyangalkku vadhasiksha nirthalaakkukayum mapp nalkukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandil mapp nalkal upayogam kooduthal vardhikkukayum 1800kalude madhyathil muthal vadhashikshayo aajeevanantha thadavo thiranjedukkaan kodathikalkku audyogikamaayi anuvaadam nalkukayum cheythu.
1818ll hummerbihojdenil avasaanamaayi thookkikkollukayum 1862ll annaa sophiya forsberghinte balaalsangathinum kolapaathakatthinum (thaazhe kooduthal vaayikkuka) vendi perr victor gotheye shirachhedam cheythappol hummerbihojdenil avasaanamaayi pothu vadhasiksha nadappaakkukayum cheythu. 1877-ll pothu vadhasiksha poornnamaayum nirthalaakkukayum 1890-ll kuprasidhamaaya youngsjo kolapaathakatthil pankedutthathinu anna mansdotter enna sthreeyude avasana vadhasiksha nadappaakkukayum cheythu.
axel voonn fersonte linching.
1810 juun 20 nuu gamla staan boond kottaarathinu purathu marshell oof dhii rilayim axel voonn ferson kollapettathodeyaanu stockhomil raktharookshithamaaya pathonpathaam noottaand aarambhikkunnath. gustav moonnaamante maranatheyum addehathinte anantharaavakaashiyaaya gustav naalaaman adolphinte naadukadatthalineyum thudarnnu undaaya rashtreeya kramakkedilanu eee sambhavathin pinnile katha kaanaan kazhiyunnath. saamraajyathinte marshell enna nilayil, voonn ferson gustav III-maayi adutha bandham pulartthiyirunnu, thudarnnu puthiya kireedavakashi chaals augustinte maranathethudarnnu roshakularaaya oru janakkoottam addehathe marddichu kolappedutthi. kottaarathinu purathu niyogichirunna kavalkkar edapettilla.
gustav phoon ferzon addehathinte sahodari sophi voonn ferzon gustavian vishwastharaayirunnu, avar gustav naalaaman adolphinte makanaaya naadukadatthappetta rajakumaran gustaavine kireedaavakaashiyaayi sthaapikkaan shramichu. 1810ll kireedavakashi chaals august pettennu strock baadhichu marichappol aaa sthaanam veendum ozhinjukidakkukayaayirunnu. gustav naalaaman adolphine naadukadatthiya prabhukkanmaarude bhagangal naadukadatthappetta raajaavinte makane pingamiyaayi kaanaan aagrahichilla. chaals august marichappol, chaals augustinu vishabaadhayundaakaan saadhyathayundennum voonn fersense utharavaadiyaanennum kimvadanthikal pracharichu.
anna sophiya forsberginte kolapathakam.
1861ll 34 kaariyaya anna sophiya forsberginte kolapathakam aaa samayat valareyadhikam senseshanalaayi mariyirunnu, kaaranam 21 kaaranaya gardsman perr victor goth sthreeyude shareerathe ashudhamaakki enna vasthuthayude cheria bhagamonnumilla. 1861-ll eesttar dinathil forsberg thaamasichirunna hongaattanile kadayilvechu godhe kuthikkonnu. godhe vadhashikshaykk vidhikkukayum 1862 februvari 8-nuu vadikkukayum cheythu. 4000 kazhchakkaar vadhashikshaykk saakshyam vahichu. vadhashikshayiludaneelam gothe shanthan anusarikkunnathumaayirunnu ennu parayappedunnu. hammarbihojdanile galgbacken keezhil vadikkappetta avasaanathe kuttavaliyaayirunnu perr victor gothe.
irupathaam noottaand-varthamaanakaalam.
1900kalil sweedenil vadhasiksha nirthalaakkappettu. raavile 8 manikk.emm. 1910 november 23nuu kuttavaaliyum kolayaliyumaaya alfred aandarine langolmen jayilil gillattin upayogichu vadhichu. sweedish charithratthil nadanna avasaanathe vadhashikshayaayirunnu ithu, aadyathethum avasaanathethumaaya oru gillattin upayogichirunnu. samaadhaanakaalathe kuttakrithyangalkku 1921ll vadhasiksha audyogikamaayi nirthalaakki. ennirunnaalum, yudhakaalathe kuttakrithyangalkkulla vadhasiksha 1972 vare nirthalaakkappedumaayirunu. vadhasiksha nirthalaakkiyathinethudnar kuttakrithyangal vardhichilla ennathu sradheyamaanu.
irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam sweedenil moonnu pradhana kolapathaka vibhagangal prabalamaayirunnu. aadya vibhaagathil mayakkumarunnu samayat mattu purushanmaar prakopanamillaathe purushanmaare kollunnath ulppedunnu. randaamathe vibhaagathe "parajayappetta kootta aathmahathya" ennu vilikkam, kaaranam athil oru amma thante kuttikalkk visham nalkukayum pinneedu visham nalkaan sramikkukayum cheythuvenkilum randaamathethil parajayappettu. moonnaamathe vibhaagam "abhiniveshathinte kuttakrithyam" aanu, avide oru purushan bhaarya thanne upekshikkaanulla aagraham prakadippikkumbol asooya moolam avale kollunnu. asooya" ennathu vyakthiye kolapathakam cheyyaan prerippikkunna aniyanthrithamaaya vikaaramaanennu parayappedunnu, eee aniyanthrithamaaya vikaarathin kaaranam irayude pravrithikalaanu. athinaal iraye kuttappeduthunna kuttavaali, chodyam cheyyalinidayilum kodathiyilum erayodulla aazhathilulla sneham palappozhum prakadippikkunnu.
prins kaal" enna kappalile koottakkola.
akkaalathe sweedish charithratthile ettavum marakamaaya koottakolayodeyaanu irupathaam noottaand aarambhikkunnath. stockhomil sambhavichathalla eee sambhavam, pakshe akkaalathe sambhavangal broadside baaladukalil engane achadichuvennu ithu vyakthamaakkunnu. 1900 meyy 16nuu ratri arbogayil ninnu stockhomilake pookunna steamer "prins kaal" enna kappalilaan koottakkola nadannathu. 25 kaaranaya joonn philipp nordlund aduthide langolmen jayilil shiksha anubhavichirunnu. ippol oru swathanthranaaya manushyanaaya addeham adambara jeevitam nayikkaan panam aagrahichu, athinaal prins carlile ellah yaathrakkaareyum kollayadikkaanum kollanum addeham oru kollayadi aasoothranam cheyyaan thudangi."
nordlandinte aadya ira kappalinte kyapttan olof rongran aayirunnu. johann philipp oru sthriye kuthumbol, addeham valare shakthanaayirunnathinaal blade pottitherichu. anchu perr marikkukayum onpathu perkku parikkelkkukayum cheytha addeham oru life boatil rakshapettu. oru divasam kazhinju nordlandine arast cheyyukayum vadhashikshaykk vidhikkukayum cheythu. 1900 desember 10 nuu vadhasikshakanaaya gustaf dalman addehathe vasteraasil vadhichu.
malaredramatt enn sangbar beraattalse oom dii grassliga ogerningerna aaa aamgbattan prins kaal", "enn aldeless nee visa oom dettu hemska malaredramat" thudangi niravadhi broadside baaladukalil eee sambhavam vyaakhyaanikkappettindu.
alfred ander.
1907 nuu munbu maanuval shirachhedam vazhi vadhasiksha nadappakkiyathinaal, sweedenil vadhashikshaykk vidheyanaaya avasana vyakthiyum gillattin upayogichu vadikkappetta eaka sweedish pouranumaayirunnu johann alfred ander. 1910 januvari 5 nuu gustav adolphs torginaduthulla malmtorgsgattanile kyash exchange ejansiyaaya "jerals waxelconder" ander kollayadichu. kavarchaykkide, victoria helsttan enna clark gurutharamaayi marddikkappedukayum pinneedu aval parikkettu marikkukayum cheythu. anderinu kuranjathu 5,200 kireedangalengilum moshtikkaan kazhinju, chila nottukal rakthathil pothinjathinaal pinneedu avarkkethire thelivaayi upayogikkappettu. kolapathaka ayudham, oru steelyaard balance anderumaayi bandhippichirunnu, koodaathe ander hotel temperencil upekshicha oru boxinu purame, athil addehathinte kolla, raktham, aandarinte photography, thirichariyal phoom enniva ulppedunnu. 1910 meyy 14nuu anderinu kolapaathakakkuttam chumatthi vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum 8ayil vadhasiksha nadappaakkukayum cheythu.emm. november 23nuu. ander orikkalum thante kuttakrithyangal sammathichittilla.
voonn sido kolapathakangal.
1932 march 7 nuu, raashtreeyakkaaranaaya halmar voonn sidovine 24 norr malstrandile voonn sido appaartmentil rund vanita jeevanakkarkkoppam marddichu kolappeduthiyathaayi kandethi. voonn sido antharicha bhaaryayude ilaya anantharavalaanu mrithadehangal kandethiyathu. voonn sidovinte vasathiyil thaamasichirunna anantharaviyude saakshyam, voonn sidovinte makaneyum bhaarya frederic, ingun voonn sido ennivayeyum kuttavalikalaayi police samshayikkaan kaaranamaayi. dambathikale kandethukayum ratri 8 maniyode upsala oru restorantil kandethukayum cheythu.emm. police kaathirunna idanaazhiyil praveshikkaan frederic voonn sidovinode aavasyappedaan restorant jeevanakkaarkk nirddesham nalki. dambathikal haalil praveshichappol ingun irunnu. avalude bharthaav kuninj, avale chumbikkunnathinaayi, frederic bharya pinneedu svayam vedivachu. dambathikal udan thanne marichu, sambhavathinte vyakthamaaya kaaranam orikkalum sthaapikkappettilla. irumbu paippaya halmar voonn sido kolapaathakathinu upayogicha ayudham innu sweedish police myoosiyathile oru pradarshanatthinte bhagamaanu.
rashtreeya kolapathakangal.
1900kalude avasaanavum 2000kalude thudakkavum rund kuprasidhamaaya rashtreeya kolapathakangalaal moodappettirikkunnu 1986leeii olof paam vadhavum 2003leeii anna lindinte kolapaathakavum.
lokathile ettavum pradhanappetta criminal anweshanangalilonnaaya olof paam ennayaale vadhicha sambhavam 2018 vare pariharikkappettilla. ennaal, anna lindinte kolayaliyaaya mijailo mijailovichine kolapaathakathinu randaazhchaykku sesham arast cheyyukayum nireekshana camerakalil ninnum dna poruthappedutthalil ninnumulla kaaryamaaya thelivukal kaaranam jeevaparyantham thadavinu shikshikkukayum cheythu.
bheekarakramanangal.
1975 epril 24nuu nayathanthranjanaaya staadadanil nadanna padinjaaran jarmman embassy uparodhathil theevra idathupaksha theevravaada samghadanayaaya redu armi vibhaagathile amgangal embasikkullil svayam barricade cheyyukayum padinjaaran germmaniyil thadavilaaya niravadhi raaf amgangale mochippikkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. avarude aavashyangalude gauravam ariyikkunnathinayi, sainika attaashe andreas voonn mirback vyapara udyogasthanaaya hains hillegart vediyettu kollappettu. embassyil undaaya spodanathil embassy kaivashamulla rund perr marichu. embassyil ninnu rakshappedaan shramichappol athijeevicha theevravaadikale arast cheyyukayum thudarchayaayi rund jeevaparyantham thadavinu shikshikkukayum cheythu. oduvil 1994num 1996num idayil avarkk mapp nalkukayum vittayakkukayum cheythu.
2010 desember 11nuu olof pams streettilum briggergattenilum rund spodanangal nadannappozhaanu 2010 stockholm bombakramanam nadannathu. spodanangal nadanna sthalangalkku sameepam aayirakkanakkin chrismus shopermar undaayirunnu. briggergattenile spodanathil eaka theevravaadiyaaya taimur abdulwahab kollappedukayum mattu parikkukalonnum report cheyyappedathirikkukayum cheythu. raasa ulppaadana niyanthranangaleyum akramasakthamaaya theevravaadam thadayunnathinulla thettaaya sweedish samvidaanatheyum kurichu eee sambhavam charchakalkku kaaranamaayi.
ekadesham 3.53 munny.emm. 2017 epril 7 nuu, oru hijack cheytha laurie drottingattanil janakkoottathilekku manappoorvvam oodichukayarukayum oru ahlens department storinte oru moolayil thakarnn anchu perr kollappedukayum 14 perkku gurutharamaayi parikkelkkukayum cheythu. soviyatt yooniyanil janicha 39 carren usbekistan pouranumaaya rakhaamath akilov, "kolapaathakatthiloode theevravaada kuttakrithyangalkku" kaaranamenn samshayikkunna athe divasam thanne arasttilaayi."aii. ezz polulla theevravaada samghadanakalodu sahathapam prakadippicha akilovinu 2018 juun 7 nuu jeevaparyantham thadavum sweedenil ninnu aajeevanantha puratthaakkalum vidhichu.