vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi

vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi prakrithi samrakshana kendram (neknar) (spanisha "reserva naachural correder ecologico dell noreste") puerto recoyude vadakkukizhakkan theerathu lukvillo, fajardo munisippaalittikalkkilkil sthithicheyyunna oru samrakshitha prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi niyukthamaaya pradeshathe soochippikkunnu. prathyekichum, padinjaaru lukvilloyude taunn squarinum kizhakk ezhu kadaltheerathinum idayilaanu enisi ulppedunna bhoomi sthithicheyyunnathu, thekk pr root #3 umm vadakku atlaantik samudravum upayogichu chithreekarichirikkunnu. muun puerto rico govarnor anibal ezz aanu ithu oru samrakshitha pradeshamaayi prakhyaapichathu. 2008 eprilil govarnor luis jii. edutha theerumaanam asevedo-vila maatti. 2009 octoberil fortuno-barsett, pinneedu 2012 juunil oru niyamam paasaakkiyenkilum, theevramaaya lobic pothu sammarddathinum sesham prakrithi reserve ennu punarnaamakaranam cheytha bhoomiyude moonnil rund bhaagavum. pinneedu, 2013-ll govarnor alejandro garzia-padilla, enn. iii. sii. yile ellah bhoomikalum prakrithi samrakshana kendrangalaayi prakhyaapikkunna oru niyamathil oppuvachu. vanam, thanneerthadangal, beechukal, pavizhapputukal, idaykkide bioluminisent thadaakam thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthakal ulppedunna 2,000 ekkar (<aii. dii. 2> hector) visthruthiyaanu eee pradeshathu ulppedunnathu. 866 inam sasyajanthujaalangalum eee idanaazhiyil kaanapedunnu, athil 54 ennam nirnaayaka gadakangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athaayath apoorvavum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathum praadeshikavumaaya enangal, puerto rico prakrithi, paristhithi vibhava vakupp (dii. enn. aarr) tharamthirickunnu, chilath prakrithi, prakrithi vibhavangalude samrakshanathinaayulla anthaaraashtra union (aii. yuu. sii. enn) gurutharamaaya vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathaayi polum visheshippikkunnu. ivayil, playin praav, snoi plover, puerto rican bowa, hoxbill kadalaama, vestt indian manatti thudangiya federal vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna enangal ulppedunnu. 8. 74 kilometer (5.43 mile) neelamulla enn. iii. sii. yile kadaltheerangal letherback kadalaamayude ("dermochelis koreasia") pradhana koodundaakkunna sthalangalaanu, ithu ellah varshavum eprilil koodundaakkunna season aarambikkunnu.
90 kalude avasaanathil bandhapetta pouranmaar aarambhicha oru thaazhethattil pracharanam, oduvil siyara klabbinte puthuthayi roopeekaricha puerto rico chapterinteyum 2004 muthal mattu anga samghadanakaludeyum neethrthwathil, enisiyude samrakshanamaanu athinte lakshyam. eee samghadanakal 2005 ll vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhikkaayi sakhyam roopeekarikkunnathinaayi orumichu chernnu, 2011 octoberil oru aupachaarika ghadana sweekarichu. nirmmanangal nirthunnathinum 2008 ll enn. iii. sii. kku reserve padavi nedunnathinum vendi sakhyathile amgangal vipulamaaya maadyama prachaaranavum vyavahaarangalum upayogichu, 2009 ll athu pinvalikkapettu. 2010 novemberil puerto rico planning board (prpb) grand north eestten paaristhithika idanaazhi reserve prathyeka aasoothrana mekhalaykkulla padhathi anaavaranam cheythu, athinte padavi rekha anusarichu samrakshitha pradesham vardhippikkum. ennirunnaalum, vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhikkaayulla sakhyathile amgangal, 2010 leeii padhathiyil prpb nirddeshikkunna puthuthayi samrakshithamaaya chila pradeshangal vellappokkathin vidheyamaakumennum ithinakam samrakshitha padavi aaswadikkunnundennum allengil ithinakam vikasippicheduthathaane eee pradeshangalude samrakshanam anaavasyamaakkunnuvennum prasthaavichu. athesamayam, puthiya padhathi, developermar neratthe megaarorttukal nirmmikkaan uddeshichirunna paaristhithikamaayi sensitiivu bhoomiye surakshithamallathathaakkumnam avar vaadichu. 2012 januvariyil puerto rico appeel kodathi oru vidhi purappeduvichu, kodathi anthima vidhikal purappeduvikkumbol raddakia reservinullil nirddishta padhathikalkku nirmmaana anumathi nalkunnathil ninnu eathenkilum puerto rican ejansiye thaalkkaalikamaayi vilakki. eee vidhi udan thanne puerto recoyude supreme kodathi asadhuvaakki, 2012 ll oppuvacha oru niyamamaayi academic aaya oru theerumaanam pothu domaininulla (ulppedunna) allengil athinte yadhaartha padaviyude moonnil rund bhaagavum ulppedunna (ulppedunna) bhoomikk samrakshanam nalki, 2013 ll oppuvacha mattoru niyamam, enisic prakrithi samrakshana padavi nalki.
samrakshana prachaaranavum samrakshana sramangalum.
us koosttal soonn maanejment aakdinu keezhil puerto rico koosttal maanejment prograamil sthaapichathupole 1978 muthal praadeshika, federal sarkkarukal eee nexine oru prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi naamanirddesham cheyyaan nirddeshichittundu. 1990ll yuu. ezz. koosttal barrier resources act prakaram enn. iii. siyude valiyoru bhaagathe theeradesha thadassamaayi prakhyaapichu. 1992ll, enn. iii. sii. yile ellah bhoomikaleyum prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi naamanirddesham cheiyunnathinaayi pr planning boardinu pr denair oru audyogika padavi rekha samarppichu. ennirunnaalum, 1992 leeii thiranjeduppinu sesham, aduthide thiranjedukkappetta pedro jeey. sarkkar bharanam. pradeshathe vinodasanjaara vikasanam prolsaahippikkaan agrahikkunnathinaal enn. iii. siye oru prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi amgeekarikkaruthennu rosello-gonsaalas aasoothrana bordinode abhyarthichu. puthiya bharanakoodatthinte enn. iii. sii. ykkaayulla bhoomi upayoga kaazhchappaad 1996 leeii vadakkukizhakkan theera vinodasanjaara vikasana aashaya padhathiyil amgeekarikkappettu, ithu vanthothilulla paarppida, vinodasanjaara vikasanangalum goalf kozhsukalum anuvadikkunnathinaayi eee pradeshathe soonn cheythu.
prarambha sramangal.
1996 leeii vadakkukizhakkan theera vinodasanjaara vikasana aashaya padhathikku amgeekaaram labhichathinushesham, rund megaarorttukal nirmmikkaan nirddeshikkappettu (1) 3,450 residential, tourist unitukal, 18-hole goalf kozhs, 9-hole goalf kozhs enniva ulppedunna doses maaras maariyat resort, (2) 1,450 residential, hotel yoonittukalum yathaakramam 18 holukalum 9 holukalumulla rund goalf kozhsukalum ulppedunna saan migwal phoor season resort.
rund padhathikalum nirddeshicha yoonittukalil 80 sathamaanathiladhikam paarppida maathramaanennum iva vinodasanjaara padhathikalaanenna davalapparmaarude avakaashavaadathe ithu gurutharamaayi durbalappeduthunnuvennum padhathiyude ethirkkaar vaadichu. eee padhathikal vananaseekaranam, bhoopradesam sanjarikkal, thanneerthadangal niraykkal, nadikalude chaanalaiseshan, theeradesha sasyajaalangalude neekkam ennivaykku kaaranamakumennum ithu jeevajaalangaleyum mattu jeevajaalangaleyum ganyamaayi badhikkumennum avar vaadichu. uparithala, bhoogarbha, theeradesha jalathinte jalathinte gunanilavaaratthe badhikkunna kalanaashinikal polulla vishavasthukkalude upayogam goalf kozhs attakuttappanikalil ulppedumennum avar vaadichu. koodaathe, rund padhathikalum enisiyude beechukal, pothu bhoomi, mattu pothu prakrithi vibhavangal ennivayilekkulla pothu praveshanam karsanamaayi parimithappedutthumennum praadeshika samoohangalkku aavashyamaaya parimithamaaya jalavitharanam kooduthal kurayumennum mekhalayile aayirakkanakkin aalukalude jeevithanilavaarathe badhikkumennum vaadikkappettu.
1998ll pii. aarr. envayonmental kwaalitti board pii. aarr. planning board yathaakramam rund projakttukaludeyum envayonmental impact stettmentukalkkum (iii. aii. ezz.) saitt permittukalkkumayi nadatthiya pothu hearingukalil, padhathiyude iii. aii. ezz, saitt permittukal ennivayude amgeekaaram nirthalaakkunnathil sahakarikkunnathinaayi vividha pankaalikal kondaakt vivarangal kaimaran thudangi. padhathiyude vakthaakkal avatharippicha audyogika rekhakal ganyamaayi durbalav apoornnavumaanennu avar karuthi. udaaharanathinu, saan migewell resortinte aii. aii. ezz soochippikkunnathu enn. iii. siyude nadikal "atlaantik samudram" ennathinupakaram "pasaphik samudrathilekku" ozhukunnu ennaanu. eee rund samghadanakalum theerathekkulla pothujanangalude praveshanamo prathyekichu puerto recoyude vadakkukizhakkan theerathe jalavitharanathil kaaryamaaya paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangalo pariganikkunnillennum eee grouppukal vaadichu. nirddishta residential, tourism padhathikal engane pookunnu ennathil praadhamika enn. iii. sii. kaambeyninte sandesham shradha kendreekarichu (1) praadeshika samoohangalkku aavashyamaaya parimithamaaya jalavitharanam illaathaakkuka, puerto recoyude kizhakkan mekhalayile aayirakkanakkin pouranmaarude jeevithanilavaarathe badhikkuka; (2) ell yunk deseeya vanathinte theeradesha buffer soniludaneelam kooduthal nagaravyapti prolsaahippikkuka; (3) praadeshika beechukal, pothu bhoomi, mattu pothu prakrithi vibhavangal ennivayilekkulla pothu praveshanam karsanamaayi parimithappedutthuka.
mekhalayile parimithamaaya jalavitharanathinte kaaryatthil, puerto rican sarkkar aduthide puerto rico vaattar plan prasidheekarichu, ithu eee pradeshathu ithinakam prathidinam 36 laksham gaalan (emjidi) jalakshamam undennu soochippikkunnu. 2004 leeii yuu prakaram ell yunkinte buffer soninekkurich.ezz. phoorast sarveesinte internaashanal instittyoott oof tropical forestry padanatthil, 1985 num 2001 num idayil ell yunk prathyeka aasoothrana mekhalayil sthaapithamaaya ellah puthiya nagarapradeshangalilum 86 sathamaanavum nilavile bhoomi upayoga soaning niyanthranangal palikkunnilla, ithu ell yunkinte theeradesha buffer sonine bhakshikkunna nagara vyaapanathe prolsaahippikkukayum vadakkukizhakkan theerathe thudarchayaaya, vikasithamallaatha, pradhaanamaayum vanamekhalayude praadhaanyam vardhippikkukayum cheythu vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi. nirddishta rund padhathikalla doses marse naalu seasonukalulla resortukalum, eee pradeshatthinte paaristhithika samagrathayil kooduthal vittuveezhcha cheiyumennu avar vaadichu, kaaranam rund projakttukaludeyum developermaar chila pradeshangalil bhoomi upayoga mattangal pii. aarr. planning bordinode abhyarthikkunnu; prathyekichum "prakrithi vibhava samrakshana" soaning jillayil ninnu "tourism vikasana" soaning jillayilekku punarnaamakaranam cheiyunnathinulla abhyarthanayaayirunnu.
koodaathe, rund padhathikalum aavashyamaaya anumathiyillathe vananaseekaranavum karagathagatha pravartthanangalum nadatthi, athinte falamaayi swaabhaavika paattenukalil maattam varikayum pradhana paaristhithika mekhalakale nerittu baadikkukayum cheiyunnu. doses maars padhathiyude (enisic sameepamulla) onnaam ghattatthinte nirmmaanam aguas priyattas thadaakatthinte (enisic ullil sthithicheyyunna) chila poshakanadikale baadikkukayum edaykkideyulla bioluminisense sambhavikkunna eee nikathaanaavaattha jalaashayathilekku avakshepana nila vardhippikkukayum cheythu. eee niyamaviruddha pravarthanangalkku doses maarsinte vakthaakkalkk pr dner yunaittad stetts fish aandu wildlife sarvees 140,000 dollar pizha chumatthi.
sakhya nirmmaanam.
20-ladhikam vyathyastha thaalpparya grouppukal (mathsyathozhilaali associationukal, thamasakkaar, community grouppukal, bisinus associationukal, vinodasanchaarikal, yooniversitti professormar, vidyaarthikal, samrakshana samghadanakal, mattullavar enniva) 2004-ll roopeekarichu, ithu vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhiyude sakhyam ennariyappettu. sakhyam samghadippikkumbol, siera klabbinte puerto rico adhyaayathin 2005 februvari 19 nuu deseeya charter amgeekaaram nalki. siera club community oorganaiseshanilum kaambeyn designilum adhika sheshi nalkukayum sakhyathinte thanthrangalum thanthrangalum aupachaarikamaakkunnathinaayi niravadhi varkshoppukal samghadippikkukayum cheythu, 2005 epril 25 nuu sakhyam audyogikamaayi nilavil vannu.
ekkodoorisatheyum prakrithi tourisatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla vikasana pravarthanangalumaayi enn. iii. siye oru prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi prakhyapikkuka ennathaanu sakhyathinte pradhana lakshyangal. seeba proo development alayans (spanish bhashayil aprodec), fajardoyile professionalukaludeyum vyaapaarikaludeyum association (spanish bhashayil acompro), puerto recoyile malsyathozhilaalikaludeyum defendezhs oof dhaa zee, ink. (spanish bhashayil fedemar), rosendo maattiyenso sintroon kalcharal house, house clubbukal, fortoona community, barrio juvan martin, vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi ennivayude prathirodhakar, anubandha inter disciplinary paristhithi grouppukal (spaanishil gaya), kizhakkan karakaushalathozhilaalikalude saahodaryam, kizhakkan puerto recoyile mrugangale samrakshikkal (pere esttu, ink.), aantharika toorisathinte carolina adhyaayathile puerto rico sarvakalaashaalayile siyara klabbinte puerto rico chaapttar; athesamayam susthira vikasana samrambham oru upadeshaka groupaayi pravartthikkunnu. puerto recoyude kansarveshan trastt, puerto rico planning sosaitti, puerto recoyude camping association, ecumenical, interfaith sakhyamaaya puerto rico thudangiya mattu swakaarya, professional samghadanakalum sakhya sramangalil chernnu. 2008ll aikyadaardyathinulla miranda foundeshan award eee sakhyathinu labhichu.
niravadhi american aikyanaadukaludeyum anthaaraashtra samrakshana samghadanakaludeyum pinthunayum eee sakhyathinu undaayirunnu. praadeshika theerumaanamedukkunnavarkku ayacha vyakthigatha kathukal, deseeya aakshan alerttukal, vidyaabhyaasa saamagrikalkulla cheria graantukal (laghupathrikakal), us pras kavarej ennivayiloodeyaayirunnu avarude pinthuna. siyera club, naashanal wildlife federation, whaterkeeper alayans, surfrieder foundeshan, koosttal alayans, waled wildlife fund enniva ulppedunnu. nadanmaaraaya benesio dell toro, edward jaims oolmoos, paristhithi abhibhaashakan roobert eph ennivarum enisiyude prachaaranatthe pinthunachu. kennidi, juu. kaasa pueblo sthaapakan alexes massol-gonsaalas. audyogika pothu prasthaavanakaliloodeyum puerto rico sarkkaarile unnathala theerumaanamedukkunnavarume vyakthiparamaaya aashayavinimayangaliloodeyum avar avarude pinthuna nalki.
2006 muthal vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhikkaayulla sakhyam letherback aamayude koodundaakkal seasoninte thudakkam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi ellah varshavum eprilil lukvillo taunn squareil letherback aama utsavam nadathunnu. vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna eee jeevivargathe samrakshikkunnathinulla praadhaanyavum vadakkukizhakkan puerto recoyile ettavum pradhanappetta koodundaakkunna sthalavum prolsaahippikkunnathi eee utsavam oru vidyaabhyaasa, lobying vediyaayi upayogikkunnu.
niyamaparavum niyamaparavumaaya nadapadikal.
enn. iii. siyil oru sthiramaaya reserve sthaapikkaanum paristhithi-hospitalukal, saikkil pathakal, beechukalilekkulla praveshanam enniva sthaapikkaanum padhathikal undaayirunnuvenkilum, oru prakrithi reserve srishtikkunna nirddishta bill (2007 leeii pii. aarr bill 2105) edanaazhikkullil swakaarya udamasthathayilulla bhoomi ettedukkaan sarkkarinum bandhapetta grouppukalkkum pathinettu maasam maathrame nalkoo. bhoomi ettedukkaan kazhiyunnillengil, prakrithidatha reserve padavi raddak. eee bhedagathikal "visham gulikakal" aayi kanakkakkikkondu muun govarnor annibal ezz. asevedo-vila niyamam veetto cheyyaan theerumaanikkukayum 2007 october 4 nuu executive oordar oii-2007-37 vazhi, oru prakrithi samrakshana kendram sthaapikkaanum bhoomi upayogathinum maanejment planinum oru karadu edittu cheyyaanum reservinte athirthikal vivarikkaanum pr planning boardinu nirddesham nalkukayum cheythu. pr planning board athinte prameyam nambar. puu-<aii. dii. 1> (23) 2008 februvari 6 nuu, enn. iii. siyude paridhikalum 2008 epril 24 nuu govarnor asevedo-vila executive oordar oii-2008-22 ll oppuvachu, ithu vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi prakrithi samrakshana kendram audyogikamaayi sthaapichu. eee theerumaanam pinneedu govarnor luis jii. pinvalichu. 2009 october october oii-2009-42 vazhi fortuno-vitharanam cheythu.
2011ll puerto rico planning board grand north eest ecological corridor reserve special planning eriyaykku amgeekaaram nalkaanulla padhathikal prakhyaapichu. reservil ulppeduthiyirunna yadhaartha 2,970 ekkarinekkaal kooduthal pradeshangal samrakshikkukayaanennu fortuno bharanakoodam urappichuvenkilum, yadhaarthathil nischayicha 437 ekkariladhikam pradeshangalude samrakshitha padavi raddaakkiyathaayi paristhithi pravartthakar choondikkaanikkunnu. koodaathe, prathyeka aasoothrana mekhalaykku keezhilulla chila pradeshangal nilavilulla reservukaludeyo vellapokka samathalangaludeyo bhagamaanu, avide nirmmaanam pariganikkathe nirodhikkum.
nirddishta residential, tourist padhathikalil chilath pothubhoomiyil nirmikkumennathinaal, vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika edanaazhikkulla sakhyathile amgangal puerto rico prakrithi, paristhithi vibhavangal, puerto rico naashanal paarkk kambani, puerto rico industrial development kambani, puerto rico land authority enniva bharikkunna eee sarkkar udamasthathayilulla bhoomikalude samrakshanathilekku avarude lobying sramangal maattaan theerumaanichu. eee aavashyathinaayi, senattarmaar lorna sotto-villanuyeva, laari salehammer-rodrigues, loose emm. santiago-gonsaalas, rogger jeey. 2011 septambar 22 nuu eglasius-suuras senatt bill 2282 samarppichu, ithu 2012 epril 23 nuu senatt ekakandamaayi amgeekarichu, ellah senattarmaarum saha-rachayithakkalaayi. 2012 meyy 21 nuu, prathipakshamillathe prathinidhi sabha bill amgeekarikkukayum chila cheria bhedagathikalkku sesham, 2012 juun 18 nuu oppinaayi gavarnarkk ayaykkukayum cheythu. puerto rico govarnorude oppode bill niyamamakki, ithu niyama nambar 1 aayi maari. 2012 juun juun 126-aamm theeyathi, vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika edanaazhikkullile ellah pothu bhoomikalilum 1,957 ekkar allengil athinte yadhaartha niyukta pradeshatthinte 66 sathamaanam ulkkollunna oru prakrithi samrakshana kendram srishtikkunnu. 2012 november thiranjeduppile bharanamaattathetthudarnnu, muzhuvan idanaazhiyudeyum samrakshanathinaayulla lobying sramangal shakthamaavukayum ithu niyama nambar oppittathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. 2013 epril 13 govarnor alejandro garzia-padilla.
sthaapithamaayathumuthal, sakhyathinte vyavahara sramangal puerto rico sarvakalaashaalayude paristhithi niyama clinic, pedro saadi lorenz, ezz. keey. yuu. kku keezhilaanu.puerto recoyude aadyathe paristhithi abhibhashakariloraal. doses marse saan maigwal resortukalum nirmmaanam aarambhikkunnathin sarkkar anumathi nediyittillennu urappakkunnathinulla sakhyathinte prachaarana thanthrangalil klinikkinte soujanyavum sannadhavumaaya niyama sevanangal pradhana punk vahichittundu. eee padhathikalkku sarkkar ejansikal nalkia ellah paristhithi allengil bhoomi upayoga permittukalum 2012 januvari vare ellaayppozhum sakhyathinu anukoolamaayi vidhicha kodathikalil chodyam cheyyappettu. aaa theeyathi vare, puerto rico planning bordinethire susthira vikasanathinaayi laabhechayillaathe nadathunna oru cases phayal cheytha mattu pravarthanangalkkoppam, rund padhathikalkkum orotta paristhithi allengil bhoomi upayoga permitt polum amgeekrithamaayirunnilla. 2012 januvari 4 nuu, puerto rico appeel kodathi oru vidhi purappeduvichu, athu nirddishta vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika edanaazhikkullil nirmmaana anumathi nalkunnathil ninnu komanvelthu oof puerto rico ejansiye thaalkkaalikamaayi vilakki. 2012 januvari 23 nuu puerto recoyude supreme kodathi eee theerumaanam maatti, ennirunnaalum idanaazhiye muzhuvan prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi nirnnayikkunna niyamam paasaakkiyathinusesham cases pradhaanamaayum academic aayi maari. niyamaprakaaram nambar. 2013 epril 13 nuu puerto rico sarkkaarin enisikkullile ellah swakaarya bhoomikalum vangano ettedukkaano pidichedukkaano ettu varshathe samayamundu.
paristhithi.
nirnnaayakavum apoorvavum thaddesheeyavum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathumaaya ambathinaalu jeevajalangal eee pradeshathu vasikkunnu, avayude upajeevanathinaayi eee mekhalayude swaabhaavika samagrathaye aasrayikkunnu. ell yunk deseeya vanathil kaanapedunna parvathanirakalile mazhakkaadukalum theeradesha thaazhvarakalil kaanapedunna varanda vanangalum thammilulla parasparabandham urappunalkunnathinaal eee idanaazhi paaristhithikamaayum pradhaanamaan. valare parimithamaaya pradeshathu, lokamembaadumulla eathenkilum sthalathu atharamoru sambhavam valare apoorvamaanu. aikyaraashtrasabhayude jaivamandala samrakshanakendravum deseeya vanangalude yuu. ezz. vanaa sevana samvidaanathinullile eaka ushnamekhalaa mazhakkadumaaya ell yunk deseeya vanathinte thaazhvaraykkullil enn. iii. siyude sthaanam athinte swaabhaavika moolyavum savisheshathayum vardhippikkunnu.
pavizhapputt samoohangal, kadal pullu, kandalkkaadukal, terrocarpus vanangal, chathuppukal, chathuppukal, theeradesha pazhaya valarchaa vanangal, aguas priyattas thadaakam ennivaykku purame piaaril kaanapedunna ellah theeradesha thanneerthadangaludeyum praathinidhyam enisiyil adangiyirikkunnu, avide lavanathvathe aashrayich bioluminisense prathibhasam sambhavikkam. holdridge life sonukalude vyavastha anusarichu, enn. iii. siyil uposhnamekhalaa eerppamulla vanangalum uposhnamekhalaa varanda vanamekhalayum adangiyirikkunnu. pradhanamaayi, puerto recoyil thiricharinja aarr paaristhithika jeevajala mekhalakalum vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi, laas kabesas dii saan juvan prakrithi samrakshana kendram, ell yunk deseeya vanam enniva roopeekaricha oru pradeshathaanu prathinidheekarikkunnath. mazha, thaapanila, uyaram ennivayile mattangal eee pradeshathu muzhuvan nireekshikkappedunnu, ithu kareebiyaniludaneelamulla ettavum vyakthamaaya paaristhithika gradiantukalilonnaanu.
moonnu bhouma kalavastha mekhalakal enn. iii. sii. yill thiricharinjittundu avaa mezhukuthiriyilum mattu ekeekarikkappedaatha avashishtangalilum uposhnamekhalaa varanda vanangal, mezhukilum mattu ekeekarikkappedaatha avashishtangalilum uposhnamekhalaa eerppamulla vanangal, agniparvvatha paarakalil uposhnamekhalaa mazhakkaadukal enniva jalathaapaniyathil maattam varuthi. lugoile vivaranagal anusarichu, eiii. eiii, enn. iii. siyil naalu vanavibhaagangalund agniparvvatha uparithalathile theeradesha varanda vanam, melvial thaazhvarakalile eerppamullathum varandathumaaya vanam, manal uparithalathile theeradesha mazhakkaadukal, agniparvvatha uparithalathile thaazhnna pradeshathe mazhakkaadukal.
dveepinaayi nirvachichirikkunna 70 bhoopradesha vibhagangalil 29 ennathil thiricharinja puerto rico gapp vishakalana padhathi, athil 26 ennam prakrithidatha sasyajaalangalude pradhana vibhagangalumaayi poruthappedunnu. pradhanamaayi, theeradesha samathalangalilum thaazhnna kunnukalilum sthithi cheiyunna aavaasavyavasthakal puerto recoyile naravamshashaasthraparamaaya pravartthanangal ettavum kooduthal baadhicha pradesangalilonnaanu. innu, eee physiographic soonn dveepile ettavum kuranja samrakshitha mekhalayaanu. athinaal, 2013-ll prakrithi samrakshana nilayilekku nayikkunna pradhana vaadangalilonnaaya aavaasavyavasthayude vighadanam thadayunnathinoppam eee pradhana aavaasavyavasthayude paaristhithika samagratha samrakshikkaan oru prakrithi samrakshana padavi avasaram nalkunnuvennu enisic samrakshitha padaviyude vakthaakkal vaadikkunnu.
sasyajaalangal.
prakrithidatha sasyajaalangale varanda vanam, kuttichedikal, pulmedukal, thanneerthadangal ennivayude savisheshathayaayi tharamthirichittundu. 96 sasyakudumbangalilaayi ulppetta naanootti enpathiyettu enangale kurichu enn. iii. siyil vivarichittundu. ivayil onpathu ennam thaddesheeyavum 400 ennam thaddesheeyavum 77 ennam thaddesheeyavumaanu. fabasey kudumbatthil 65 enangal undu, thudarnnu 41 enangalulla poyesee. pathinonnu enangale daanarinte prakrithi paithruka paripadi nirnaayakamaayi tharamthirickunnu arana ("scopia araneria"), black cobana ("staahliya monosperma"), manoharamaaya goyatsee (allengil praadeshikamaayi "maattaabyoo") ("goyatsee elegans"), fajardo gwayaabaakon ("eugenia fajardensis"), nilavil weak dweep, kulebra dweep, kizhakke neck ennividangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku oru thaddesheeya inam.
kizhakkan enn. iii. siyude theeradesha thalapradeshangalil theerapradeshangalil saadhaarana kaanunna kullan kuttichedikal polulla uppukadal prathirodhikkunna sasyajaalangal kaananakum. enn. iii. siyude beechukalil chila inam kallichedikal, velutha indigoberry (praadeshikamaayi "boxes briar plaant" allengil "tintillo" ennum ariyappedunnu) ("randia akulia"), kaattarpillar trea (praadeshikamaayi "pagoda trea" allengil "aleli" ennum ariyappedunnu) ("plumeria alba"), seagrape (praadeshikamaayi "begrape" allengil "yuva dii pleya" ennum ariyappedunnu) ("cocoloba yuvifera"), mattu mulpadarnna beach sasyangal ennivayum vasikkunnu. puerto recoyil ninnulla naalu tharam kandalkkaadukalum eee thalabhoomiyil kaanapedunnu chuvanna kandalkkaadukal (rhizophora mangle), velutha kandalkkaadukal (lagunkularia resmosa), karutha kandalkkaadukal (avisenia germinance), buttonwood kandalkkaadukal (conocarpus erectus).
ell konvento ennariyappedunna eee vibhaagathil enisiyude padinjaaran bhaagath ezhupathu varshathiladhikam pazhakkamulla (eee pradeshathe vananaseekaranam kaaranam apoorvamaayi) oru inam ozhikeyulla ellah enangalum thaddesheeyamaanu. gambo-limbo (barsera simaruba), velutha devadaaru (tabia hetterophilla), oorttegon (cocoloba rugosa) ennivayaanu ivide kaanapedunna chila enangal. padinjaaru bhagathaayi laas polynas sector sthithicheyyunnu, avide theeradesha thaazhvarayiloode juvan martin nadiyude theerathu oru gallery vanam kadannupokunnu. eee nadiyude theerathu puerto recoyil avasheshikkunna churukkam chila "terrocarpus" vanangalil onnaanu, draagan blud trea ("terrocarpus ophysinalis") aanu nilavilulla inam.
fungus laikkanukalum.
vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhiyude choodulla kaalavastha fangasukalkku anuyojyamaaya prajnana sthalamaanu, avaa aalgakalumayi samyojippikkumbol laikkanukal roopappedunnu. enn. iii. siyile mikka vanangalum thaarathamyena cheruppamaanu (orupakshe 20 num 60 num idayil prayamullava) koodaathe puerto recoyude mattu bhaagangalil aswasthamaaya theeradesha mazhakkaadukalude savisheshathayulla enangalude gadanayundu. krishi, vananaseekaranam, nekkil veendum theepiduttham enniva polulla naravamshajanya pravarthanangalaanu eee mekhalayile pakwathayulla vanangalude vikasanavumayi bandhapetta ettavum parimithappedutthunna gadakangal.
eee gadakangal crustos lycan enangal aadhipathyam pulartthunna pradeshathe lycan sasyajaalangale swaadheenichittundu, thudarnnu elakal. ramalina" janussil ninnulla oru fruiticos lycan maathramaan enisiyil nireekshikkappettitlathu. elakalile laikkanukalil "parmotrema", "pikesin", valare saadhaaranamaaya "physia atrostriyaatta" ennee janussile niravadhi enangal kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnu.
corticolus crustos laikkanukalaan ettavum kooduthal enangal enn. iii. sii. yile lycan sasyajaalangalkk sambhavana cheiyunnathu. graphis, arthonia, glyphis, opegrapha, chrysothrics, cryptothesia, trypethelium ennee janussukalile enangalaanu ivayil ettavum vyathyasthamaayath. lecanora" enna inavum niravadhi "pikesin" enna inavum ulppede niravadhi inam saxicolus laikkanukal enisikkullile prakrithidatha pradeshangalil kaanappettittund. oru "bassedia" inam nekkinte chila pradeshangalil, prathyekichu kunnukalilum uyarnna pradeshangalilum ila maalinyangalil valarunnathu nireekshikkappettundu. soochi kuttikkaadukalude (vacalia farnaciana) shaakhakal crustos lycan kondu sambannamaanu, prathyekichu graphidasy kudumbatthile aaa enangal.
janthujaalangal.
sasthanikal, pakshikal, uragangal, ubhayajeevikal ennivayude niravadhi enangal vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhiye vaasasthalamaayi vilikkunnu. puerto rican bowa, vestt indian manatti, letherback aama thudangiya avayil chilath vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna enangalaanu. pyrodenium bahamens" enna oru denophlagelet inam aguas priyattas thadaakathil vasikkunnundennum eee jalaashayathile nischalamaaya bioluminisense sambhavangalkk kaaranamakumennum eduthuparayendathaanu. pyrodenium bahamens" kaaranam, padinjaaru enisic purathu sthithi cheiyunna laguna grande (thadaakam) varsham muzhuvanum bioluminisent aanu.
akasherukasamoohathe prathinidheekarikkunnath anchu failakalum 89 kudumbangalum 188 enangalum aanu, athil 13 ennam thaddesheeyavum 98 thaddesheeyavum 12 videshavum; 65 ennam anjjaathamaaya uthbhavamaan. akasherukkalude ettavum vaividhyamaarnna grouppukal chithrasalabhangalaanu (lepidoptera), 34 enangalil moonnu enangal thaddesheeyamaanu, koodaathe 30 inam araaknidukalum athil aarr enangal thaddesheeyavumaanu. upagrooppukale sambandhichidatholam, nekkil kaanapedunna 188 inam akasherukkale inipparayunna reethiyil vibhajikkaam sponchukal 1, sinidaria 12, molaskukal 9, aanalidukal 1, araaknidukal 30, krasteshyanukal 18, millipeedukal 6, audonetta 8, paattakal 5, chithalukal 1, oorthooptera 5, stikku praanikal 2, yadhaartha bagukal 11, vandukal 9, hymenoptera 18, eechakal 15, chithrashalabhangalum nishaashalabhangalum 34, mayflykal 1, ekkinodermukal 2.
kandalkkaadukal praayapoorthiyaakaatha malsyangalude nazhsarikalaayi pravarthikkunnathinaal enn. iii. siyile mikka malsyangalkkum vaanijyaparavum vinodaparavumaaya moolyamundu. eee groupil 36 thaddesheeya enangalundu, athil naalu shudhajalavum 32 samudravumaanu. moundan mullatt ("agonostomous monticola"), sirajo gobi ("ccdium plumiary") enniva polulla chilath amphidromic enangalaanu, athaayath praayapoorthiyaakaathavar shudhajalathil bhakshanam nalkunnathinum prajananam nadathunnathinum mukalilekku sanjarikkunnu, koodaathe avayude laarvakal thaazhekku sanjarichu azhimukhangalilekko samudrathilekko athunnu, avide avayude vikasanam poortthiyaakkunnu.
ubhayajeevikalude moonnu kudumbangale enisiyil kaanapedunnu bafonidae, raniday, ettavum vaividhyamaarnna leptodactylidae. nireekshicha ezhu enangalil anjennam thaddesheeyavum randennam parichayappedutthiyathum aayi tharamthirickunnu. aadya groupil leptodactylidae kudumbatthil ninnulla naalu inam kokvi thavalakalum (eleutherodactylus janussil ninnulla) velutha lipped thavalayum (leptodactylus albilabris) ulppedunnu; randaamathe groupil karimbu tooad (maraine tooad ennum ariyappedunnu) ("bufo marinus"), bulfrog ("raana kattsbiyaana") enniva ulppedunnu. eee enangalellaam saadhaaranayaayi puerto recoyude thaazhnna pradesangalilaanu kaanappedunnath.
nekkil kaanapedunna ettu uraga kudumbangalil ettavum kooduthal enangal jeco, anol ennivayaanu. aadyathethil rund gecos moonnu salamaankvitta gecos ulppedunnu, randaamathe kudumbatthil anchu pallikal ulppedunnu. enn. iii. siyil rekhappeduthiyittulla uragangalude aake ennathil 11 ennam thaddesheeyavum anchu thaddesheeyavum rund ulppeduthiyathum aanu. parichayappedutthiya iguana inavum rund tharam bova kaanappettittund. rund shudhajala aamakalum rund inam kadalaamakalum eee pradeshathu vasikkunnu hoxbill ("etatmochelis imbrikkatta"), letherback ("dermochelis koreasia"), randaamathethu enisiyude prateeka inamaayi maari. nekkil kaanapedunna videsha enangalil pacha iguana ("iguana iguana") verittunilkkunnu. madhya, thekke american thaddesheeyamaaya eee uragathe 1970 kalude thudakkathil valarthumrigangalude kadakal puerto recoyil avatharippichu. nilavil ivaye oru keedamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
rekhappeduthappetta enangalude ettavum valia vaividyamulla bhouma kasherukkalude koottam pakshikalaanu. eee taxonine prathinidheekarikkunnath 16 oordarukal, 43 kudumbangal, 123 enangal ennivayaanu. ithuvare report cheyyappetta 123 enangalil 9 ennam thaddesheeyavum 59 perr adhivasikkunnavarum 39 perr deshaadanakkaarum 16 perkku jeevan nalkiyavarumaanu. passeriformous oordaril bhooribhaagam kudumbangalum ulppedunnu, athesamayam scholopasidae kudumbatthil 15 inam theerapakshikal ulppede ettavum kooduthal enangalundu. vestt indian wisling duck ("dendrosigna arboria"), vaitt-keaked pinteyil ("anas bahamensis"), kentish plover ("charadrius alexandrinus"), piping plover ("charadrius melodus"), rosate tern ("sterna dogalli"), american koott ("phulika americana"), puerto rican playin praav ("paattajiyonaas inornaatta vetmori"), velutha kireedamulla praav ("paattajiyonaas lecosephala") ennivayulppede motham 16 nirnaayaka gadakangal eee groupil kanakkaakkappedunnu. grettu egrettu ("ardia alba"), grettu blue heron ("ardia herodias") ennivayaanu enisiyude beechukalil kaanapedunna mattu pakshi enangal. melpparanja vestt indian wisling thaaravinum velutha kavilulla pinteyilinum purame neela chirakulla teal ("anas discarukal"), rudy duck ("ooksira jamaisensis") ennivayum ulppedunnu. thavitt niratthilulla pelican ("pelecanus osidentaalis") eee pradeshathu vasikkunnu.
aarr kudumbangalilayi ulppedunna aarr enangalaanu sasthanikale prathinidheekarikkunnath. eee enangalil moonnu thaddesheeyamaanu velvetti free-tailed baatt ("molosus molosus"), jamaikkan fruit baatt ("artibius jamaisensis"), vestt indian manatti ("tricheckas manaattas manaattas"). randaamathethu vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru samudra sasthaniyaan, athu kadalpuli abhayam nedunnathinum bhakshanam nalkunnathinum upayogikkunnu. videsha enangalil keedangale niyantrikkunnathinaayi spaaniyaardukal avatharippicha cheria eshyan mungoosinte (herpestus javanicus) saannidhyam thaddesheeyavum thaddesheeyavumaaya janthujaalangalkk bheeshaniyaayi mariyirikkunnu. poochakal (felis domesticus), elikal (raattas norvegicus) ennivayum enn. iii. sii. groundinullil nireekshikkappettundu.
letherback aama.
letherback kadalaama ("dermochelis coriasia") ellah jeevajaalangalilum ettavum valuthum moonnu muthalakalkk pinnilulla naalaamathe valia aadhunika uragavumaan. asthi shellinte abhavam moolam mattu aadhunika kadalaamakalil ninnu eluppathil verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. pakaram, athinte carapace charmmavum ennamayamulla mamsavum kondu moodappettirikkunnu. "dermochelidae kudumbatthile nilavilulla eaka inamaanu "dermochelise coriasia".
letherback kadalaamakalude nirnaayaka koodundaakkunna aavaasavyavasthayum yuu. ezz. fish aandu wildlife sarvees sthireekarichathupole americayileyum athinte pradeshangalileyum eee inathinte ettavum pradhanappetta moonnu koodundaakkunna sthalangalilonnumaanu enn. iii. sii. 1993 muthal 2007 vare nadatthiya puerto rico prakrithi, paristhithi vibhava vakupp shekharicha daatta prakaram prathivarsham sharashari 233 letherback koodukalulla 3,188 koodukal undu. ettavum kuranja ennam 1993-ll motham 79-umm ettavum kooduthal ennam 2007-lum 411 koodukal report cheyyappettu. sarway kaalayalavil motham 1,181 ennam nediya saan migwal beach ettavum kooduthal ennamulla sthalamaayirunnu, thudarnnu 1,159 ennam nediya laas polynas 848 ennam nediya ell konventoyum.
lokathile ettavum valia samudra aamayaan letherback aama, 1970 muthal vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathaayi federal pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu.
bhoomi.
vishalamaaya karimbu thottangalil orikkal ippol deseeya thalasthaanathinakathulla chila bhoomi ulppettirunnu. atharam bhoomi upekshichathinusesham, puerto recoyile panchasaara vyavasaayam kshayichathode, vananaseekaranam sambhavichu. ennirunnaalum, ell konvento beechinaduthulla oru kunnin mukalil kuranjathu ezhupathu varsham pazhakkamulla pazhaya valarchaa vanavumayi poruthappedunna sasyangal undu. enisic vividha beechukalundu, avayil chilath beechilekku pookunnavar aashvaasam thedukayum surferukal tirayukayum cheiyunnu; avayil ulppedunnu saan mygual, laas polynas, ell konvento (vadakku), ell konvento (thekk), laa selva, escontida, collara, ezhu kadalukal.
ell yunk deseeya vanathinu vadakkaayi sthithi cheiyunna eee desheeyodyaanam aavashyamaaya eerppathinte oru bhagam srishtikkunnathinaal vyaapaaravaathakangal vahikkunnathinaal ithu oru ushnamekhalaa mazhakkadaayi thudarumennu anumaanikkappedunnu. vadakkukizhakkan paaristhithika idanaazhi, cabezas dii saan juvan prakrithi samrakshana kendram, ell yunk deseeya vanam enniva ulppedunna pradeshathu puerto recoyil thiricharinja aarr jeevajaalangalum adangiyirikkunnu, ithu oru apoorva prakrithi prathibhaasamaan. eee mekhalayil kaanapedunna mazha, uyaram, thaapanila ennivayile mattangal caribean mekhalayile ettavum saaramaya paaristhithika gradiantukalilonnaanu. ithu eee mekhalayil asaadhaaranamaaya jaivavaividhyathin uthejanam nalki.
agniparvvatha uparithalathile mazhakkaadukal theeradesha thaazhvarakalile eerppamullathum varandathumaaya vanangalkkidayilulla parivartthana mekhalakalaanu, avaa enn. iii. siyile thaazhnna pradeshangalil kaanappedunnathin samaanamaayi vandal, manal uparithalathil sthithicheyyunnu; ell yunk deseeya vanathile pole agniparvvatha uparithalathile thaazhnna malayora eerppamulla vanangalum mazhakkaadukalum. puerto recoyil avarkk valia clearing neridendi vannittundu, ithu swaabhaavika staandukal kandethunnathu budhimuttaakkunnu. puerto rican moonga ("jimnasio nudipes") polulla thaddesheeya enangal eee sasyasamoohathil pathivayi vasikkunnu. eee paksiye deseeya udyaanathinullil rekhappeduthiyittil, athinaal eee aavaasavyavasthayude punasthaapanam eee pradeshatheyum mattu enangaleyum veendum avatharippikkan avasaram nalkukayum athuvazhi dveepinte kizhakk theeradeshavum parvathapradeshavum thammilulla bandham vardhippikkukayum cheyyum.
vinodathinaayi beechukalilo vanapradeshangalilo praveshikkaan ekadesham patthu praveshana paathakalum niravadhi azhukku roadukalum, kooduthalum pradeshavaasikal upayogikkunnu. ellah praveshana paathakalum naalu chakra vaahanangalkk anuyojyamalla.
kaalavastha.
uyarnna thothilulla mazha vadakkukizhakkan puerto rico thaarathamyena eerppamulla sthalamaakki maattunnu; november ettavum kooduthal mazha peiyukayum ettavum varanda maasam march aakukayum cheiyunnu. venalkkaalam thaazhnna 30 digri selshyas (90 digri fahrenheit) uyaram konduvarunnu, athu raathriyil thaazhnna 20 digri selshyasilekku (70 digri fahrenheit) thaazhunnu. shaithyakaalathudaneelam, uyarnna thaapanila 20 digri selshyas (80 digri fahrenheit) aanu, ithu raathriyil kaumaarakkaarude madhyathil 60 digri fahrenheatilekku (60 digri fahrenheit) mungunnu.
enn. iii. siyil moonnu geoclimatic sonukal kandethiyittundu. mezhukuvadiyilum mattu ekeekarikkappedaatha avashishtangalilum uposhnamekhalaa varanda vanangal, mezhukuvadiyilum mattu ekeekarikkappedaatha avashishtangalilum uposhnamekhalaa eerppamulla vanangal, agniparvvatha paarakalil hydrothermal ventukalaal maattappedunna uposhnamekhalaa mazhakkaadukal ennivayaanu iva.
vividha.
1985ll laas kabesas dii saan juvan prakrithi samrakshana kendratthil shekharicha oru inam chittoon 2010ll samudra jeevashaasthranjanaaya rufo emm-nte bahumaanaartham ("lepidochittona rufoi") enna peril oru puthiya inamaanennu sthireekarichu. vega-pagan.
hollywood sinimakalil ninnulla vividha ramgangal enisiyil chithreekarichu "cheey", "rumm dayari", athupole 2012 ll pradharshippicha "trusher ailand" enna sifi chaanalinte pathipp, 2013 ll chithreekaricha "teane beach moovi".
ell konvento beechil, fajardoik lukvilloykkum idayil vyaapichukidakkunna mile dairkhyamulla avikasita theerapradeshathu govarnorude audyogika beach house, pleya ell konvento, oru naadan thadi kottej sthithicheyyunnu.

