
alexander millerand

alexander millerand (;-) oru franch raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu. 1920 januvari 20 muthal 23 septambar vare fraansinte pradhaanamantriyum 1920 septambar 23 muthal 1924 juun 11 vare fraansinte presidentum ayirunna addeham, 1871 paarees communinte adichamarthalinu neethrthwam nalkia markvis dii galifettinoppam irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil waldeck-roosuvinte manthrisabhayil pankedutthathu, varkkezhs internaashanalinte (ezz. eph. aii. oo) franch vibhaagathilum boorshwa sarkkaarukalile soshyalistukalude pankaalithatthekkurichu randaam anthaaraashtrathilum oru charchaykku kaaranamaayi.
1912ll pooyinkeyarinte manthrisabhayil millaraandine yudhamanthriyaayi niyamichu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte aadya varshathil franch yudhathanthram roopeekarikkaan sahaayichukond addeham athe sthaanathekku madangi. 1920-ll clemensoyude paraajayathinu sesham millerand oru manthrisabha roopeekarikkukayum pradhaanamantriyum videshakaarya manthraalayavum vahikkukayum cheythu. aii. dii. 1ll addeham fraansinte presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1924leeii thiranjeduppil yaadhaasthithika sthaanaarthikale parasyamaayi pinthunachathinu addeham vimarsanam neridukayum idathu bhooripaksham addehathe raajivaykkaan nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu. athinusesham addeham raashtreeyathil oru cheria punk maathrame vahichulloo. 
jeevacharitram.
aadyakaala jeevithavum mathavum.
paareesil jeane-francois millerand, alsasian jootha vamshajayaaya ameli-melani chahen ennivarude aduthaanu millerand valarnnathu, athesamayam addehathinte pithrukudumbam franche-komettil ninnaan uthbhavichath.
1860ll millerand jnjaanasnaanamettappol amma catholica mathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, oru sivil vivaha chadangil pankedukkunnathuvare polum, millerand pinneedu oru anjeyavaadiyaayi maari. pinneedu addeham thante kuttikale cheruppatthil snaapanamelppikkaan anuvadikkukayum hollie seeyum franch republic thammilulla nayatantra bandhathinu anukoolamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. vezhsaayile seyant jeane dii arck palliyil roman catholica aachaaraprakaaramaanu addehathinte shavasamskaram aaghoshichathu.
aadyakaala activism.
paareesil janicha addeham baarinaayi vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum konfarans dess avocats duu barrue dii paareesinte sekrattariyaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. 1883-ll decassevilleyil nadanna aakramanathinu prerippicha ernest rocheyudeyum duke-kvirsiyudeyum georges laguareyumaayum chernnu addeham thante prathirodhatthiloode prashasthi nedi. thudarnnu addeham georges clemensoyude pathramaya "laa justice"-ll laguarinte sthaanam etteduthu. 1883num 1905num idayil addeham oru freemesanaayirunnu.
1885ll oru theevra soshyalistaayi saine "department" enna chamber oof deputicylake addeham thiranjedukkappettu. carmox strikil (1892) oru madhyasthanaayi addeham clemenzo, kaamili pellattan ennivarumaayi bandhappettirunnu. saamoohika niyamanirmmaana kaaryangalil addeham valarekkaalamaayi sabhayude chevi vahichirunnu, panaama kumbakonangal niravadhi raashtreeyakkaare apakeerthippeduthiyathi sesham addehathinte swaadheenam vardhichu.
arupath amgangale orumichukoottiya swatantra soshyalist vibhaagathinte thalavanaayirunnu addeham. 1896 vare addeham avarude oorgan pathrangalil "laa pettitt republic" edittu cheythu. ulppaadana maarggangalude koottaaya udamasthaavakaashavum anthaaraashtra thozhil samghadanayum addehathinte paripaadiyil ulppedunnu.
sarkkar mantri.
1899 juunil addeham piyari waldeck-rosyoovinte "republican prathirodha" manthrisabhayil vaanijya manthriyaayi praveshichu. thante munkaala pravarthanangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, addeham ippol praayogika parishkaarangalil maathram othungi, vyapara naavikarude mechappeduthal, vyapaaram, saankethika vidyaabhyaasam, tapal samvidaanam ennivayude vikasanam, thozhil saahacharyangal mechappeduthal ennivayil shradha kendreekarichu. thozhil chodyangal "direction duu traval" enna prathyeka vakuppil ealppikkukayum pension, insurance offeesine "direction" enna padaviyilekku uyarthukayum cheythu.
1902ll addeham party soshyalist frankays roopeekarikkunnathil swatantra soshyalist jeane jorasinoppam chernnilla, pakaram 1907ll cheria swatantra soshyalist party roopeekarichu, athu 1911ll republican-soshyalist party (pii. aarr. ezz) aayi maari. theevra idathupakshavumaayulla addehathinte swaadheenam ithinakam kuranjirunnu, kaaranam yadhaartha maarksist paarambaryatthil ninnulla addehathinte verpiriyal prasthaanatthe vighadippichuvennu parayappettirunnu.
aii. dii. 1ll pothumaraamathu, tapal, telegraph ennee vakuppukalude manthriyaayi sevanamanushtichu.
thozhil manthriyenna nilayil, 1904ll paramavadhi pravrithi samayam 11 manikkooril ninnu 10 manikoraayi kurachathu, tapal jeevanakkaarkk 8 manikkoor pravrithi divasam earppeduthuka, pothu adhikaarikal ettedukkunna ellah jolikalkkum paramavadhi manikkoor minimum vethanavum nirddeshikkuka, thozhilaallikalude prathinidhikale konseyil superrior dii travaililekku konduvarika, aarbitreshan tribunalukalum thozhil inspectormaarum sthaapikkuka, saamoohika insurance prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi vaanijya manthraalayathinullil oru thozhil vibhaagam srishtikkuka ennivayulppede niravadhi parishkaarangal konduvarunnathinu addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu.
paramonnatha thozhil kaunsilil" trade union prathinidhikale avatharippikkunnathum praadeshika thozhil kaunsilukalude samghadanayum trade yooniyanukalude kaunsilukalumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan factory inspectormaarkkulla nirddeshangalum thozhilaallikalkk vilapetta elavukalaayirunnu. thozhilaalivarggathinte samrakshanathinaayi roopeekaricha muun niyamangalude karsanamaaya prayogam addeham urappakki. vaardhakyakaala pension sthaapikkunnathinulla oru padhathiyumaayi addehathinte peru prathyekichum bandhappettirunnu, athu 1905 ll niyamamaayi. 1898 ll addeham "laa laanttern" edittaraayi.
millerand randuthavana yudhamanthriyaayi sevanamanushtichu, aadyam 1912 muthal 1913 vareyum veendum, onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte aadyaghattangalil 1914 muthal 1915 vareyum.
mukhyamanthri.
yaadhaasthithika president pooll deschanal pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamithanaaya millerand valathuvashathekku neengunnathu thudarnnu. addeham pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna kaalath, 1920 februvariyile oru utharavu naavikarkkaayi ettu manikkoor divasam avatharippichu.
presidentum pinneedulla varshangalum.
1920ll deschanalinu maanasika vaikalyam kaaranam raajivaykkendivannappol, "block naashanalum" "block dess gauchukalude" avashishtangalum thammilulla president sthaanathekkulla oru vittuveezhcha sthaanaarthiyaayi millerand uyarnnuvannu. deerghakaala manthristhaanamulla raashtreeyakkaaranaaya jorjas leaguesine pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkukayum presidencyude executive adikaarangal shakthippeduthaan sramikkukayum cheythu. eee neekkathe chamber oof deputikalilum franch senattilum ethirkkukayum, kooduthal sakthanaaya oru vyakthiyaya prabhukkanaaya bryandine niyamikkaan millerand nirbandhithanaavukayum cheythu. soshyalistukalum theevravaadi party idathupakshavum addehathinte sarkkaaril chernnillenkilum briyaandinte niyamanathe idathum valathum swaagatham cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, millerand verum oru varshathinu sesham briandine pirichuvidukayum yaadhaasthithika republican reymond poyinkarene niyamikkukayum cheythu.
franch prasidantumaarkku parambaraagathamaaya nishpakshathayum niyamanirmmaanasabhayude ghadanayum undaayirunnittum yaadhaasthithikare anukoolichathaayi millaraandinethire aaropikkapettu. 1922 juulai 14nuu, oru yuva franch araajakavaadiyaaya gustav bovettinte vadhasramathil ninnu millerand rakshapettu. rund varshathinu sesham, "cartle dess gauchukalude" vijayathethudarnnu thiranjedukkappetta niyamanirmmanasabhayum presidentinte offeesum thammil vardhichuvarunna samgharshathethudarnnu millerand raajivachu. akkaalat senattinte prasidantaayirunna gaasttan doomargine millarandinu pakaram thiranjedutthu.
millerand 1943ll vezhsaayilil vachu marikkukayum paasi semitheriyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. serbian oordar oof caradorde staar addehathinu labhichu.

