
pazhaya paalam, hazankeef

thekkukizhakkan turkeyile baatmaan pravishyayile hazankeef pattanatthil tigris nadiyil vyaapichukidakkunna takarnna naalu kamaanangalulla paalamaan pazhaya tigris paalam (). panthrandaam noottaandinte madhyathil, ekadesham 1147 num 1167 num idayil artuquid turkens aanu ithu nirmmichathu, akkaalat athinte kendra kamaanam lokathile ettavum valia kamaanangalilonnaayirunnu, allengil ettavum valuthalla. pathinalam noottaandilum pathinanjaam noottaandilum ayyubid kurdish, akku kwunlu turkmen bharanadhikaarikal attakuttappanikal nadatthiya eee paalam oduvil pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathilo madhyathilo thakarnnathayi thonnunnu. paalatthinte takarnna thuramukhangal ippozhum nilakollunnu (avayil randennam tigris nadiyil), oru kamaanam pole. 2020 muthal paalatthinte avashishtangalum hazankeef pattanatthinte bhooribhaagavum ilisu anakkett nirachathinaal vellathinadiyil mungi.
pashchaathalam.
roman kaalaghattatthil, pershyan athirthiyile legionairukalude oru thaavalavum oru kaalathekku roman pravisyayaaya arsaneyude thalasthaanavumaayirunnu kepha (hazankef). hazankeefile tigrisinu kuruke oru roman paalatthinte nilanilpp (pilkkaalatthe paalattheppole) "kallukaludeyum prakrithidatha kallukaludeyum thoonukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru thadi uparithalaghadana" undaayirikkaamenn oohikkunna oru pandithan athine "valare saadhyathayulla" paalamaayi kanakkakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, paalatthinte sheshikkunna gadanayonnum roman kaalathethaanennu thonnunnilla.
vasanthakaalathe vellappokkathin vidheyamaaya tigris polulla pradhana nadikale bandhippikkunnathil roman nirmmaathaakkalkk budhimuttundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, anchaam noottaandil thanne hasankeefil ninnu mukalilekku kaduvaykku kuruke oru paalamenkilum undaayirunnu, amedayile bishop joonn (483/484 ll niyamithanaaya) innathe adithara paakunna paalam nirmmichathaayi reportund. 1989-1991 leeii sarvekal prakaram, hazankeefil ninnu mukalilekku baatmaan nadiyumaayi samgamasthaanathu tigris kadakkunna rund paalangal undennathinu thelivukal kaanikkunnathinal, hazankeefinu aduthulla paalangal tigrisinu kuruke undayirikkaam. athilonnu nadikalude samgamasthaanathu ninnu mukalilekku koprukkoyilulla oru roman paalamaayirikkam; eee paalatthinte moonnu thuramukhangal avasheshikkunnu, pakshe ithu ekadesham theeyathi maathrame parayaan kazhiyoo. randaamathethu samgamasthaanathinu alpam thaazheyulla sahinliyile oru navaa-azrian paalamaayirunnu; thekkan adithattil chila kallukal maathrame hirbemerdon tepeic sameepam naditirat avasheshikkunnulloo.
638ll mesopotamia musleem keezhadakkiyathinekkurichu vivaranathilaanu hazankeefile kaduvakalkku kurukeyulla eathoru paalathekkurichum aadya paramarsham. thudarnnulla anchu noottaandukalil, umayad, abbazid khilaafathukalum pinneedu ardha svayambharana hamdanid, marvanid bharanaadhikaarikalum hazankeefine bharichu. eee kaalayalavil hazankeefile nadhi kadakkunnathinekkurichu valare kurachu vivarangal maathrameyulloo. patthaam noottaandinte avasaanathil arab bhoomishaasthranjanaaya alle-mukaddasi hiin keipa sakthamaaya kotta niravadhi pallikalum ulla oru "samriddhamaaya sthala" maayi visheshippikkunnu, athil thaamasikkunnavarkk kaduvakalil ninnu kudivellam labhikkunnu, pakshe oru paalathekkurichum paraamarsikkunnilla. pathinonnam noottaandil seljuk thurkkikalum avarude turkmen, ogus sakhyakakshikalum kizhakkan anattoliyayilekk neengi, 1071-ll mansikert yudhathil baisaantain senayude seljuk paraajayatthil kalaashichu. mansikerttile vijayam udan thanne seljuk senayude anattoliyayudeyum vadakkan mesopotemiyayudeyum valia bhagangal niyantrikkaan kaaranamaayi. seljukh sultan rukhn adhu-dhiin barkkiyaarookh hazankeefine aarttukhidukalkku oru nilamaayi nalki.
tigrisinu thaazheyulla diarbakkir-mosal roottilum lake vaaninum euphratesinum edayilulla vadakku-thekk vyaapaarathinte niyanthranam aarttukvidukalkk samriddhi srishtikkukayum eee mekhalayil avarude shakti urappakkukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayi, charakkukalkkum janangalkkum vishwasaneeyamaaya oru nadhi murichukadakkunnathinu munganana nalki.
nirmmanavum artuquid kaalaghattavum.
theeyathi.
nilavile scholarship soochippikkunnathu, 1147-nuu munbo 1167-nuu sheshamo allah, panthrandaam noottaandinte madhyathilaanu paalam nirmmichathu ennaanu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum pandithanmaar saadhaaranayaayi athinte nirmmaanam 510 (1116/17) varshamaanennu kanakkaakkukayum vivarikkappedaatha chila muun paalangalude sthalathu punarnirmmichathaayi paalathe visheshippikkukayum cheythu. akkaalathe mikka pandithanmaarum eee theeyathi oru anjjaatha ezhuthukaaranil ninnu kandethi, addeham 534 (1139/40) nuu kurachu samayathinu sesham ibnu hokkalinte "suurath alle-aardinte" paarees kaiyezhuthuprathi ennu ippol ariyappedunnava vyaakhyaanichu. engleesh bhoomishaasthra charitrakaaranaaya leeii viddiyaaya vyakthi, ibnu hockel vyaakhyaanathe thante uravidamaayi upayogichukondu, 510 ll (1116/17) kaaraa arslan paalathe punasthaapichathaayi prathyekam parayunnu. athe punarnirmmaana theeyathi henry hoyal howarth hamdanid bharanadhikaari saif alle-dawla udharichu nalki.
britiish libraryude kaivashamulla panthrandaam noottaandile artuquid charitrakaaranaaya ibnu alle-asrakh alle-fareekhiyude oru jodi kayyezhuthuprathikal sookshumamaayi vaayichathinethudarnnu 510-leeii dettinginulla pinthuna kuranju. arthukhid raajavamshathile fakhar adhu-dhiin khaaraa arslaante utharavilaanu paalam nirmmichathennu ibnu alle-asrakh ezhuthunnu. diyar bakkarile aadyakaala paalamaya malabadi paalathekkaal vaikiyaan hazankeef paalam nirmmichathennum ibnu alle asrakh parayunnu. mardinile arthukhid bharanadhikaariyaaya hussam alle-dhiin timurthaashinte keezhil 541ll (1146/47) aarambhicha malabadi paalatthinte nirmmaanam 548ll (1153/54) poortthiyaayi. hazankeef paalatthinte 541 (1146/47) nuu sheshamulla theeyathi, khaaraa arslan athinte nirmmaanam sponsor cheythathumaayi poruthappedunnu, kaaranam addehathinte sthaanaarohanam 539 allengil 543 (1144/45 allengil 1148/49) vare vyathyasthamayi theeyathi nischayichittundu, koodaathe addeham 562 (1166/67) vare hazankeef bharichu.
1994ll seljuk, automan paalangalude avalokanathil, fugenilter 1155num 1175num edayilulla paalathe kanakkakki.
hazankeef paalam poornnamaayum puthiyathaano atho munkaala ghadanayil ninnu punarnirmmichathaano ennathinekkurichu athe praadhamika srothassukalil ninnu parasparavirudhamaaya vivarangalum undu. jarmman islaamika kalayude charitrakaaranaaya maikkal maineck, ibnu alle-asraakhinte report udharikkunnu, eee paalam mumbathethinekkaalum kuravullathinekkaalum valuppamullathin pakaramaayirunnu. leeii strench (ibnu hokkalinte vyaakhyaanakaarane udharichu) ithu "punasthaapichu" ennu parayunnu; haurth (saif alle-daulaye udharichu) ithu "punarnirmikkappettu" ennu parayunnu.
nirmmaanam.
paalathinu naalu pradhana kamaanangalundayirunnu. vishalamaaya pradhana kamaanam samrakshikkunnathinaayi nadiyil rund valia thuramukhangal nirmmichu. veendum, eee pradhana kamaanam engane nirmmichuvennathinekku chila aashayakkuzhappangalund. chila pandithanmaar ithine kallu kuzhikalil nankooramitta oru thadi nirmmaanamaayi visheshippikkukayum yudhasamayathu crossing eluppathil takarkkaan anuvadikkuka enna uddeshyathode ithine visheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. paalam nasippikkappedunnathinna munbulla kaalaghattatthile niravadhi srothassukal ulppede mattu srothassukal palathekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkiyittum oru thadi moolakathe paraamarsikkunnilla. pathinezhaam noottaandile oru srothass oru thadi kendra spaane paraamarsikkunnu, ithu munbathe thakarcha moolamulla attakuttappaniyaayi visheshippikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum ithu nirmmichathaanu, eee madhya kamaanathinu ekadesham oru kaalayalav undaayirunnu. 1341ll catalonia principaalittiyile (ippol france) pondu duu diable poortthiyaakunnathuvare, nirmmaanam nadanna kaalam muthal eathoru kamaanathekkaalum ettavum valia neelamullathaayirikkam athinartham, ithu aduthulla malabadi paalathekkaal valuthaanu.
paalatthinte roadway vadakkan theerathu ninnu (vellapokka samathalathin thottumukalil) thekkan theerathekku (thaazhnna nagaram irikkunna malancherivinte mukalilekku cherunna) uyarnnu. pradhana kamaanathinu chuttum vadakkum thekkum cheruthaayi cheria kamanangal undaayirunnu, roadway paalatthinte madhyabhaagathekku kayarunnu. mattullavayekkal cheruthum ippozhum kedupaadukal koodaathe avasheshikkunnathumaaya naalaamathe kamaanam roadway vadakkan bhaagathekku kondupoyi. thekk, rooad kottayilekkulla kuthaneyulla charivinodu cherumbol, anubandha anchaam kamaanatthinte aavashyamillaayirunnu, koodaathe vashathulla kamaanam nerittu valia kallu nirmmaanatthilekku nayichu. thekkan bhagam oru kamana kavaadam thulachukayariyathaanu, chila ezhuthukaar ithu anchaamathe gadanaaparamaaya kamaanamaayi kanakkakkiyathaayi thonnunnu.
vasthuvidyaa enchineeyaringinte savisheshamaaya oru maastarpees" ennaanu paalathe mothatthil meenek visheshippikkunnathu. oru arikil ninnu mattonnilekkulla motham neelam ekadesham aanu. paalatthinte vashangalil adiyanthara saahacharyangalil nadiyude iruvashathumulla pattanavaasikale ulkkollaan kazhiyunna pathakal undennu maineck rekhappeduthunnu. ambadayaalangalude saannidhyam soochippikkunnathu eee bhaagangalkk prathirodha uddeshyamundaayirunnu ennaanu.
alankaaram.
thrikonaakrithiyilulla batrasukalude padinjaaran (mukalilekku) mukhangalil kharaa arslaante "khasakiya" (addehathinte peju corps allengil amgarakshakan) ennu estel veelan vyaakhyaanicha kothupanikalude oru parambarayundu. veelan kanakkakkiya motham ettu chithrangalil anchu avashishtangal avasheshikkunnu, rund pradhana thuramukhangalude naalu mukalile mathilukalil randennam veetham. oronnum oru lamba blockil kothiyedutthathum kallukalude madhyabhaagathu sthaapichathumaaya orotta manushyaroopam kaanikkunnu. padinjaaran kadaltheerathu kaftan, boottukal, thoppi enniva dharicha oru manushyaroopam kaanikkunnu. avante valanja kaikal ambo gadayo aayirikkavunna oru nerttha vasthuvil vishramikkunnu. athe kadaltheerathinte akathe mathilile oru chithram oru villil kidakkunnu, eee mathilile mattoru chithram oru paksiye pidikkunnu.
2018 nte thudakkathil, ilsu anakkettin pinnilulla thadaakam niraykkaan turkey sarkkar thayyaaredukkumbol, naalu kothupanikal baatmaan pravishya myoosiyathinte poonthottatthilekku maatti.
samakaalika paalangalumayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
hazankeefile paalatthinte sailiye mattu rund paalangalumayi meenek thaarathamyam cheiyunnu arthukvid bharanadhikaari hussam alle-dhiin thimurthaashinte utharavanusarichu hazankeefinu vadakku baatmaan nadikku kuruke malabadi paalam (aarr. dii. 3> (aarr. dii. 2> 54)), mosulinte vajeer jamal adhu-dhiin mohammed alle-isfahaaniyude utharavanusarichu 558 (aarr. dii. 1) nuu munbu nirmmicha sisreyil oru paalam. malabadi paalatthinte maathrkayilaanu hazankeef paalam nirmmichathennu ibnu alle-asraakhinte prasthavana maineck rekhappeduthunnu, ennaal hazankeef paalam malabadi paalathinu mumbullathaanennu vishadeekarikkunnilla. moonnu paalangalilum samanamaaya roopakalppanayulla falakangal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa samanamaaya nirmmaana reethi pinthudarunnu. hazankeef, sisar paalangal samanamaaya artuquid mesante adayaalangal pradarshippikkunnuvennum hazankeef kottayile mahathaaya kottaram cheiyunnuvennum maineck rekhappeduthunnu.
mujam alle-buldan" ("raajyangalude nighandu", 1224-1228) enna grandhatthil hazankeefile paalathe vivarichukondu arab bhoomishaasthranjanaaya yakut alle-hamavi ezhuthi "njaan sanjaricha oru rajyath njaan valia [paalam] kanditilla."rund cheria kamaanangalkk mukalil orotta valia kamaanam ullathayi yaakkut paalathe visheshippikkunnu, ithu vashathulla kamaanangale soochippikkaan uddeshichullathaayirikkam.
ayyubid, akku kwunlu kaalaghattangalil punarnirmikkappettu.
pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathil paalam upayogashoonyamaayirunnuvennu hassen ibnu alle-munshi 'thaarikh baith ayyub () ll rekhappeduthiyittundu. ayyubid sultan alle-aadil ghaasiyude bharanakaalathaanu ithu punasthaapichathu, aahu <aii. dii. 1> (<aii. dii. 2>).
1462ll ayyoobidukalil ninnu hazankeefine keezhadakkiya sakthanaaya akku kwunlu bay usun hassaante bharanathin keezhil hazankeef adhika attakuttappanikal nadathiyathinu thelivukalundu. charitrakaaranaaya thomas alexander synclair avasheshikkunna vadakkan kamaanatthile ishtika attakuttappanikal akku kwunlu kaalaghattatthilaanennu kanakkakkunnu. praadeshika kallukattakalkkoppam aduthulla seynal beyude shavakudeerathil jolie cheythirunna oru koottam iranian karakaushalathozhilaalikalanu attakuttappanikal nadathiyathennathinte thelivaayi ishtika kallarayudeyum prathyekichu turcois glazed ishtikakaludeyum saannidhyam maineck kaanunnu. iranian shilpashaalayile nethaakkalil pirr hassen bii ulppettathayi meenek anumaanikkunnu. seenel bay shavakudeerathinte praveshana idathinte tailukalil peru alekhanam cheythittulla ustad abd arr-rahman. avar vaadakaykku kaithozhilukaraayi pravartthikkukayum munbu tabrisile neela palliyile joliyil ninnu istanbulinte sinili kokkilekkum thudarnnu isfahante masjid-iii jumaayile thekkan ivaanilekku pookunnathinumumbu hazankeefile shavakudeerathilekkum paalathilekkum avarude vazhi kandethukayum cheythathayi addeham vishwasikkunnu.
1507 oode hazankifilekku yaatra cheytha oru veneeshyan vyaapaari palathekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranam nalkunnu 
automan kaalaghattam.
kaldiran yudhathil sultan seliman onnaamante vijayathinushesham, 1515-ll automan saamrajyam hazankeefinte niyanthranam nedi. adutha noottaandile hazankeefinekkuricho palathekkuricho nerittulla vivaranagal kuravaanu, ennaal audyogika rekhakal soochippikkunnathu eee pattanam kaduvakalude oru pradhana crossing pooyintaayi thudarnnu ennaanu. 1997ll automan nikuthi rekhakalekkurichulla oru patanam kaanikkunnath oru nikuthichakratthil ekadesham 858,500 aadukal paalatthiloode kadannupoyi ennaanu. parvathangalile mechilppurangalkkum pulmedukalile mechilppurangalkkumil sanjarikkunna naadodikalaanu ivaye valarthiyirunnathu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyode, eee pradeshathekkulla yaatra vardhichathaayi vyakthamaan, moonnu vivaranagal soochippikkunnathu paalam pravarthanakshamamaayi thudarnnuvenkilum orupakshe kurachu kedupaadukal undaayittundaakam.
1648ll aarambhicha "sihanuma" yill, automan bhoomishaasthranjanaaya kaadip selebi İhısn Kaifāyeei hrasvamaayi vivarikkukayum "nagaratthinum parvathatthinum idayil kottayulla oru paalatthinte" nilanilpp rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu."
1656ll kurdisthaaniloodeyulla thante moonnaamathe pradhana yaathrayil ottoman sanjaariyaaya evlia selabi hazankef sandarshichu. baghdadil ninnulla selibiyude vadakkottulla yaatra, addehathe sisar, hazankeef, nusaibin ennivayiloode nayichu, addehathinte "seyahatnemi" nte (1673 ll ezhuthiyathu) vaalyam 4 leeii shakala kurippukalil rekhappeduthiyittundu, avaa ithuvare poornnamaayi prasidheekarichittil. kayyezhuthuprathiyil ninnulla bhagangal soochippikkunnathu hasankeefile "grettu bridge" selibi vyakthamaayi aakarshichuvennum athu vendathra pidichedukkaanulla kazhivillaaymayil addeham vilapikkunnundennum soochippikkunnu. hazankeef, baatmaan paalangalil iruvashathumulla yaathrakkaare ulkkollaan murikal undaayirunnuvennu addeham shradhikkunnu. edirninaduthulla pathinanjaam noottaandile usunkopru paalathekkaal aakarshakamallaatha niravadhi sradheyamaaya paalangalilonnayi hazankeefile paalathe selibi pinneedu vaalyam 5 ll paraamarsikkunnu. paalathe thakarnnathayi paraamarsikkunnilla, athinaal 1656 ll hazankeef paalam pravarthanakshamamaayirunnu ennathaanu ardham.
yuva veneeshyan prabhuvaya ambrosio bempo kaduvakaliloode yaatra cheyth 1673 februvari 6 nuu hazankeefilethi. addeham paalatthinte avasthayekkurichu vyakthamaaya vivaranam nalkunnu. "nadikku kuruke naalu kamaanangalulla oru takarnna kallu paalamund, athilonnu veenu maratthil punarnirmmichu. paalatthinte madhyathil oru kavalshala aayi pravartthikkunna oru moodappetta sthalamundu. purathana kaalath paalam muzhuvan moodappettirunnu. chuttum, athil niravadhi roopangal aashvaasam pakarunnundengilum eee anjaraaya aalukalil ninnu enikku oru vivaravum nedaan kazhinjilla."madhya kamaanam ellaayppozhum maram kondullathum kallu kuzhikalil vishramikkunnathumaan ennathinaal, bembo ithine veena kamaanatthinte attakuttappanikal ennu thettidharichirikkaam allengil paalathinu eee ghattathil yadhaarthathil kedupaadukal sambhavichittundaakam.
pathinezhaam noottaandil aarambhicha hazankeefinte praadhaanyam churungukayum thudarnnulla thekkukizhakkan anatoliayude charithrarekhakal paalathe paraamarsikkunnilla. athinaal, pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil kedupaadukal kaaranam paalam upayogashoonyamaayathaayi anumaanikkappedunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandile sanjaarikal.
pathonpathaam noottaandode, europian yaathrakkaar mesopottemiyayilekkula vazhiyil eee pradeshathiloode kooduthal idaykkide kadannupokukayaayirunnu. avaril palarum thurr abdun vazhi diarbakkarinum mosoolinum idayil rooad maarggam sanjarichappol, chilar kaduvakaliloode sanjarikkukayum palappozhum kalaakkukal ennu vilikkunna raafttukalil sanjarichu hazankeefiloode kadannupokukayum cheythu. ithinakam takarnna paalatthinte sradheyamaaya takarnna thuramukhangal eee sandarshakar eppozhum shradhikkukayum aaraan ithu nirmmichathennu pathivayi oohikkukayum cheythu.
eejipthile mohammed aliyude prachaaranangalkk marupadiyaayi automan sainyathe naveekarikkaan pravarthicha anatolia aasthaanamaayulla moonnu prussian sainika udyogasthar eee yaathrakkaaril aadyakaalathethaayirunnu kyapttan kaal voonn vinke, mejar generalum kyapttan helmuth graph voonn moltke, pinneedu prussian, jarmman sainyangalude general staaf medaaviyaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1838 epril 15nuu avar diyaarbakkaril ninnu kaalakkukalil ninnu sisarilekku purappettu. hazankeefinekkurichulla moltkeyude vivaranathil eee vilayiruthal ulppedunnu "ennaal ettavum sradheyamaaya vasthu 80 muthal 100 adii vare neelamulla vishalamaaya kamaanathil kaduvaye kadanna oru paalatthinte avashishtangalaan. atharamoru dheeramaaya nirmmaanathinu pazhaya armeniyan rajaakkanmaareyo greak chakravarthimaareyo allengil khaleefayeyo aano kaaranamenn enikkariyilla."moltkeyude hrasvamaaya abhiprayam addehathinte sandarshanasamayathe paalatthinte krithyamaaya avasthayekkurichu alppam avyakthamaanu.
1861 octoberil diyaarbaakarile britiish koonsal joonn tailor hazankeef sandarshikkukayum nadiyude munvashath moonnu valuthum cheruthumaaya kamaanangalulla eee "mahathaaya paalam" ippol thakarnnukidakkunnu "ennu visheshippikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, "uparithala gadanayekkaal valare pazhakkamullathayi thonnunnu" enna addehathinte abhiprayam soochippikkunnathu paalam thakarnnathin sesham attakuttappanikal nadatthaan chila sramangal nadannirikkaam ennaanu. rund kendra thuramukhangalile durithaashwaasa roopangal tailor paraamarsikkunnu, avaa paarthiyan ennu addeham vyaakhyaanikkukayum malabadi paalavumayulla mothatthilulla saamyam rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
1873 aayappozhekkum "avasheshikkunna oreyoru kamaanam" 1869-ll veenathaayi oru report rekhappeduthi. ettavum cheria kamaanam ippozhum nilkkunnathinaal, ithu pradhana spaanin chuttumulla rund kamaanangalil onninte thakarchaye soochippichirikkaam. kalakaaranaaya tristraam jaims ellis 1880 maarchil diyaarbaakaril ninnu oru raafttil kaduvakaliloode yaatra cheyyukayum "hassan-keefil" nadiyil nilkkunna chila uyarnna gopurangal, oru vashath oru minaaravum munnil vellathil ninnu valia chuvadukalum uyarunnathayi rekhappeduthukayum cheythu."addeham eee gopurangale" "oru kaalath nadikku mukaliloode valia pershyan caravan rooad vahichirunna, ippol thakarnnupoya oru sarasenic pooyint kamana paalatthinte kuzhikal" "ennu krithyamaayi thiricharinju". 1909 eprilil tigrisiloodeyulla oru raaft yaathrayil, elie baanisttar soonn "orikkal valia paalatthinte valia thuramukhangale" nerittu... aaa gopuram mukalilaayi, vazhiyaathrakkaarane thante thaazhmayulla "kalakkil" nizhalippikkunnu. paalam roman allengil veneeshyan aanenna sidhaanthangal sooan report cheythu.
aadhunika kaalaghattavum puraavastu padanavum.
1967ll nirmmicha aadhunika moonnu kamaanangalulla konkreett paalatthiloode innathe rooad gathagatham kizhakode cheruthaayi kadakkunnu. pazhaya paalam varshangalayi pandithanmaarude vasthuvidyaa, charitraparamaaya thaalpparyatthinte kendramaanu.
1911 eprililum meyy maasathilum hazankeef sandarshana velayil jertrude bell paalatthinte photoyedutthu. eee samayat, oreyoru nadhi kadakkunnathu raaft vazhiyaayirunnu. nucasil sarvakalaashaalayile gertrude bell aarkkaivil eee sandarshanathil ninnulla paalatthinte niravadhi phottokal adangiyirikkunnu.
1932ll rund thavana alikhithashaasthranjanaaya jeane saavagettinoppam hazankeef sandarshicha franch vasthuvidyaa charitrakaaranaaya albert gabrielaanu aadyathe vishadamaaya sarway nadathiyathu. gavriyalinte "ooriyaajas archaeologicukal dance laa turkey ooriyantal" enna kruthiyude oru adhyaayamaayaan avarude pattanathekkurichulla sarway prasidheekarichathu. paalatthinte vishadamaaya padhathiyum uyarathilulla chithrangalum ithil ulppedunnu.
ilusu anakkettinte aaghaatham.
1954ll hazankeefinu thaazheyulla kaduvakalkku kuruke oru anakkett nirmmikkanulla aadya padhathikal thayyaaraakkiyenkilum 1997 vare samsthaana hydrolic varkkukal athinte aupachaarika padhathiyil ilisu anakkett chertthirunnilla.
ilusu anakkettin pinnile jalasambharani nirayunnathiloode paalatthinte avashishtangal vellathinadiyilaakumenn prathekshikkunnu. ithu 2018ll aarambikkumennum kuranjathu oru varshamenkilum edukkumennum pratheekshichirunnu. nilavile nadeenirappil ninnu hazankeefil thadaakatthinte uparithala uyaram ekadesham 200 roopayaayirikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. 2019ll anakkettinte jalasambharani nirayaan thudangi. paalatthinte thoonukal 2020 februvariyil bhaagikamaayi kaanaamaayirunnuvenkilum 2020 augustode pazhaya pattanathodoppam paalavum poornnamaayum vellathinadiyil aprathyakshamaayi.
puraavasthugaveshanathe rakshikkuka.
ilisu anakkettinte padhathikal prakhyaapichathinethudar, kooduthal sookshumaparishodhana labhikkuna hazankeefile vividha charitraparamaaya sthalangalilonnaayirunnu eee paalam. 1975 juunilum 1989 meyy maasathilum nadatthiya hraswa sandarshanangalude adisthaanathil, prashastha islaamika pandithanaaya maikkal maineck 1996 ll hazankeefinekkurichulla thante "paattens oof stailistik chenchas inn islaamik architecture" enna pusthakatthil ithinu ganyamaaya shradha nalki. 1986 muthal professor emm. ankaara sarvakalaashaalayile olus arak aanu hazankeefinte puraavastu paithrikam rekhappeduthunna pradhana anweshakan. middle eest technical yooniversittiyile charitraparamaaya paristhithiyude gaveshana vilayiruthal kendram (taadam) 2002 avasaanathode saitt sarway samghadippikkaan arck sahayichu, ithu pattanatthinteyum paalatthinteyum vishadamaaya padhathikku kaaranamaayi.
2006num 2013num idayil, hazankeef dayaraktarettu oof archaeological excovations paalatthinte vadakkan adithattinaduthu, imam abdullah savya, caravancerai, bridge piyar saittukalil moonnu kuzhikal nadatthi. bridge piyar khananam (yadhaarthathil paalatthil ninnu ettavum akaleyullathu) aproach roadinu padinjaaru oru pradesham parishodhichu. ithu janaalakalillaatha 15 murikalude samuchayavum cheli kondu simant cheytha avashishtakkallukalude mathilukalum kallum idinja mannum ulla nilangalum kandethi. melkkoorayile thurassukaliloodeyaanu murikal kathichathennu puraavastu gaveshakar anumaanichu, avaa orupakshe nilavara nirmmaanathinu vendiyullavayaayirikkaam. moonnu murikal adukkalakalaayirikkaam, kaaranam avayil aduppukalude thelivukal undaayirunnu. eee samuchayathil oru vipuleekritha kudumbam vasikkunnundennu patanam anumaanichu. eee sthalam kaalaharanappettathallaathil navashilaayugathinum pathonpathaam noottaandinum idayil eppol venamenkilum ithu kaivashappeduthiyittundu puraavastu gaveshakar anumaanichu.
paalatthinte vadakkan sameepanathin thottupinnilaanu caravancerai khananam. ithu kizhakk-padinjaaru bhaagavum vadakku-thekk bhaagavum parishodhichu.
2006leeii imam abdullah saviya khananathil paalatthinte vadakkan adithattilekku sameepikkunna roadinte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathulla oru sthalathe oru "saviya" allengil mathaparamaya samuchayam parishodhichu. pinneedu oru shmashaanamaayi marria oru muttathinu chuttum nirmmichathaanu eee samuchayam. muttatthinte vadakku bhaagathulla thazhikakkudamulla shavakudeeravum kizhakk oru minaaramo gopuramo aanu ettavum pradhanappetta kettidangal. kizhakkan mathililoode sandarshakar muttathu praveshikkukayum eee mathilinte akathu "savia" nirmmikkukayum cheythu. muttatthinte thekk bhaagath "masjid" allengil praarthanaa haal undu. muhammadinte pingaamiyaanennu parayappedunna imam abdullayude shavakudeeramaanu eee shavakudeerathilullathu. 2006leeii khananam "savia" yadhaarthathil panthrandaam noottaandil aarttukhidukalaanu nirmmichathennu munkaala anumanangal sthireekarichu. sultan muhahid takiya adhu-dhiin abdullah (1249-1294) aanu ayyubid kaalaghattatthil shavakudeeram punarnirmmichathu. shavakudeerathinte praveshana kavaadathinu mukalilulla oru likhithathil pinneedu akku kwunlu turkmen nethaavu usun hasante puthranmaaril oraal attakuttappanikal nadatthi. 1979ll synclair eee sthalam sandarshikkukayum panthrand imaamumaarude anugrahathode praarthanaalayatthinte thekke mathilil oru tyle shradhikkukayum cheythappol, eee kettidam oru ghattathil khaaraa kwiyunlu allengil khilbaash polulla oru shiah grouppaanu upayogichathennu anumaanikkukayum cheythu. ippol diarbakkar myoosiyathil ulla shavakudeerathinte yadhaarthavum sankeernamaayi kothiyeduttha vaathilukalilum panthrandaam noottaandile syrian marappanikk samanathakal synclair kaanunnu.
sthalammaattam nirddeshichu.
anakkettinte nirmmaanam purogamikkumbol, reservoir vellappokkathil mungimarikkanirikkunna hazankeefile chila charitraparamaaya gadanakal maattukayo samrakshikkukayo cheyyuka enna aashayathil turkey sarkkar kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu. puthiya sthalangalilekku mattunna smaarakangalude oru pradhana groupil palakkappalukal ulppeduthanamennu aadyakaala padhathikal aavasyappettu. seenel beyude shavakudeeram polulla chila smaarakangalkkayi aathyanthikamayi sthalammaattam thiranjedutthappol, takarnna paalam samrakshikkunnathinulla eee sameepanam upekshikkappettathayi thonnunnu. 2017 eprilil, paalatthinte thaazhvarakalkku puthiya kallukalum abhedyamaaya mortarum upayogichu theeram kayaranullah pravartthanangal nadannukondirikkukayaanne report cheyyappettu. jalasambharani nirachathinushesham vinodasanchaarikalkku nalkunna pravarthanangalil vellathinadiyilulla thuramukhangalkku chuttumulla "charitraparamaaya scooba diving" ulppeduthaan turkey adhikrithar padhathiyidunnathaayi reportund.