
kraasnikhi

kosovoyude athirthiyilulla vadakkukizhakkan albaniayile sapikkappetta parvathanirakalile charitraparamaaya oru albanian gothravum pradesavumaanu kraasnikki. tropoje jillaykkullil sthithi cheiyunna eee pradesham charitraparamaayi "maleshya iii gjakovs" (gjakovayude malambradeshangal) ennariyappedunna albaniaykkum kosovoic edayilulla vishalamaaya pradeshatthinte bhagamaanu. vadakku vaalbon nadhi muthal thekk firza thadaakam vare vyaapichukidakkunna kraasnikhiyil bajram curry pattanavum ulppedunnu. kosovoyilum vadakkan macedoniayilum kraasnikhi gothratthile amgangale kaanapedunnu.
bhoomishaasthram.
eee pradeshathe kraasnik (nischitha albanian bhashayil "krasnikja") ennum avidatthe janangale "kraasnik" ennum vilikkunnu. tropoja jillayil sthithi cheiyunna kraasnikhi mekhala vadakku montenegrin athirthi muthal thekk thadaakamaaya farza vare, padinjaaru merthuri mekhala muthal kizhakk jilla vare vyaapichukidakkunnu, koodaathe mukalile valbona thaazhvarayude bhooribhaagavum ulppedunnu. thekk bugjoni, vadakkukizhakku gashi, padinjaaru nikaj-merthur, kizhakk baitichi ennee parambaraagatha gothramekhalakalumaayaanu ithu athirthi pankidunnathu. bajram curry, bujan, shoshan, kokanaj, dragobia, bradotionicae, dige, lugaj, murataj, margegaj, lekurtaj, bunchaj ennivayaanu eee pradeshathe pradhana vaasasthalangal.
kraasnikhiyude verukal jacovayude malambradeshangalilaanu, ennaal noottaandukalaayi ayal pradeshangalilekku vyaapichu. athinaal, innu kraasnikhi "phis"-nte pingaamikal pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal avide sthirathaamasamaakkiya innathe kosovoyil, prathyekichu padinjaaran bhaagath (kraasnikhikku kizhakk) kaanapedunnu. kumanovo karutha parvathatthil, kraasnikhi "phis" nte pingaamikal 1965 ll gossins, slupkain, alasseves (lipkovoyil), ruddins (staaro nagoriseynil) ennee gramangalil rekhappeduthiyittundu. 
vaakkalulla paarambaryangal.
pathonpathaam noottaandil kraasnikhiyude aadyakaala charithrathekkurichu eee pradeshathu sanjaricha ezhuthukaar vaakkalulla paarambaryangalum shakala kathakalum shekharikkukayum vyaakhyaanikkukayum cheythu. 1850-ll shkodrayile gabriel enna catholica purohithanil ninnaan kraasnikhiyude uthbhavathekkurich johann jorg voonn hahn aadyathe vaakkalulla paarambaryam rekhappeduthunnathu. eee vivaranam anusarichu, kraasnikhiyude aadyathe nerittulla purusha poorvvikan ottomaan adhiniveshathil ninnu palayanam cheyth slavik samsaarikkunna pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkiya "keck" enna catholica albanian vamshajante makanaaya "kaasttar keckie" aayirunnu, athu ippol montenegro ennariyappedunna charitraparamaaya pipery gotra mekhalayaayi maarum. addehathinte puthranmaraaya "lazer keki" (hothiyude poorvvikan, "baann keki" (tripeshiyude poorvvikan), "mercotta keki" (markojevichiyude poorvvikan), "vaas keki" (vaasojevichiyude poorvvikan) ennivarkku pradeshavaasikalkkethire kolapathakam nadatthiya sesham graamam upekshikkendivannu, pakshe "kekkum" addehathinte ilaya makan "piper kk" avide thudarukayum "piper keki" pipery gothratthinte nerittulla poorvvikanaakukayum cheythu. aadyathe poorvvikante peru, albanian bhashayil "cheetha" ennartham varunna "keck", malaysiayil kuttikalkko valare kurachu kuttikalulla kudumbangalil ninnulla kuttikalkko maathramaan nalkiyirikkunnath (sisumarananirakku kaaranam). aaa kudumbangalil, kutty "dushta kannil" ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi samsaarikkunna talismaanaayi oru "vrithiketta" peru ("aii rudun") nalkiyirunnu. kaasttar" enna peru "crassno", "crass" allengil "krastto" ennum rekhappeduthiyittundu. 
hottiyile muthirnna marash usiyil ninnu edith durham samanamaaya oru katha record cheythu. katha anusarichu, kraasnikhiyude poorvvikar bosniyayil ninnu uthbhavichavarum montenegroyiloode shkodraik vadakkulla rekkilekku kudiyeriyavarumaanennu parayappedunnu. pinneedu, 1600 nuu sesham, avar ulnaadan pradeshathekku, avarude innathe vishalamaaya pradeshamaaya farsaykku kizhakkulla dushaj iii epermilekku maari. ivide avar gashi adhivasichirunna bhoomi ettedukkukayum kramena randaamathe gothrathe kizhakode nayikkukayum cheythu. oru gothravibhaagamaayi svayam sthaapikkunna prakriyayil, avar tashi padinjarottu drin nadikku kuruke oodichu. bosnia" ennathinekkurichulla paramarsham yadhaarthathil hotty parvathangal ("maalett iii hottitt") sthithicheyyunna plaav (kizhakkan montenegro) pradeshathe soochippichekkaam.
kaaster" enna perum athinte vakabhedangalum 1330 leeii decani chrysobalil "crastavaljane" ennum 1485 ll skudaariyile sanjakkinte defttaril "hrastoo" ennum kaanapedunna oru settilmentumaayi poruthappedunnu. eee toponyminte padavyuthpatthi orupakshe slavik padamaaya "hrastoo" (ookku) ll ninnaan. athinu patthu kudumbangalundaayirunnu, athinte pradhana kudumbam "jonimayude makan petriyude" aayirunnu. veettile thalavanmaaril oralaaya "nika gerj bushati" bushati "phis" enna padavumaayi bandhappettirunnu. pinneedu 1485-leeii defttaril prathyakshappetta kraasnikhiyude bhagamaaya gramangal shoshan (20 kudumbangal), dragobia (aarr kudumbangal) ennivayaanu. eee gramangal akkaalat avarude anthima roopeekarana prakriyayilaayirunna vadakkan albaniayileyum montenegroyileyum mattu gothrangalaaya hotty allengil paiperi polulla athe samudaayathinteyo athe bharana unitinteyo bhagamaayirunnilla. 
mikka kraasnikhikalum ore purusha poorvvikanil ninnulla pithruthulyamaaya pingaamikal enna ardhathil oru "phis" (gothram) roopappeduthunnu. pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil jeevichirunna koole mekshiyil ninnaan kraasnikkiyude mikka saahodaryangalum varunnath. 1550 nuu sesham adhehavum sahodaran nike mcshey kraasnikki, nikaj gothrangalude aadya, charitraparavum nerittullathumaaya poorvvikaraayi amgeekarikkappettu. colle mekshiyude vamshajaraaya kolmekshaj saahodaryavum avarude shaakhakalum kandethuka. avaa shoshan, dragobia ennivayude janasamkhyayaanu. avar bradotiony, dige, kokanaj, murataj ennivayum sthaapichu, koodaathe margegaj graamatthinte pakuthiyum roopeekarikkunnu. maargegaajinte backie pakuthiyil rund vaakkalulla kadhakalundu. aadyathethu "maarkk gega" ennathukondu shkreliyil ninnaan vannath, randaamathethu anusarichu addeham kooll mekshiyude makanaayirunnu. kolgekaj nivaasikal (1957-ll bajram curry ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu), lekurtaj, bunchaj enniva kolmekshajumaayi bandhamillaattha mattu saahodaryangalil ninnaan uthbhavichath, pakshe pinneedu gothrathil ulppeduthi.
janithakashasthram.
lakayum mattullavarum. (2022) janithaka daattayumaayi vaakkalulla paarambaryangalude parasparabandham parisodhikkaan krasnikkiyeyum nikkaj purushanmareyum pareekshichu. kraasnikhi, nikaj purushanmaarkk ore pithriswathaaya poorvvikarundu. athupole, avar randuperum ore shaakhayaaya haplogroupil pettavaraan, jeey2bii-emm241> ell283. jeey-ell283 oru palio-balcan vamshamaan, ithu theeradesha dalmasia (venkala yugam) muthal kizhakkan dardania (roman yugam) vareyum irumbu yugathile dauniyan (itali) vareyum pradeshathudaneelamulla saambilukalil kandethiyittundu. ithu albanian vamshaavalikalude 14-18% prathinidheekarikkunnu. vadakkan albaniayile ettavum pazhaya jeey-ell283 sample bisi pathonpathaam noottaandil mba shkrelil kaanapedunnu. vadakkan albaniayile siyaa sinaamaakkil (cookes kaundi), purushanmaaril pakuthiyum jeey-ell283 vahichirunnu.
1500-nuu sesham krasnikkiyum nikaj vamshavaliyum verpiriyunnu, ithu colle, nike mekshi ennee rund sahodaranmaaril ninnulla avarude uthbhava kathayumaayi poruthappedunnu. margegaj kraasnikhi vamshathil pettavaraan, ithu avare colle mekshiyude pingamikalaayi kanakkaakkunna vaakkalulla paarambaryatthe sthireekarikkunnu. krasnikkiyum nikaj ore poorvvikane lushe, tropoje sii. eiii. yill ninnulla gashiyil ninnulla oru manushyanumaayi pankidunnu. 1200 sii. iii. avarude bandham soochippikkunnathu avarude vamshavali madhyakaalakhattathil athinte ippozhathe sthaanathu (tropoje) undaayirunnu ennaanu. avarude paarambaryangal avare bandhippikkunna matellaa "phis" kalumaayum kraasnikhi adutha pithriswaamya bandham pankidunnilla. vaakkalulla paarambaryangal "yadhaartha" bandha bandhangale prathifalippikkunnilla, marichu vividha gadakangalaal swaadheenikkappedunna sankeernamaaya saamoohika nirmmithikalaanennu ithu eduthukaanikkunnu.
charithram.
athinte charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum oru catholica samoohamaayirunnathinaal, athinte aadyakaala charithram catholica purohitharekkurichulla audyogika reportukaliloode kandethunnu. benedetto oorsiniyude 1628 leeii reportil avaye aadyamaayi "crastignishya" ennu paraamarsikkunnu. 1634ll catholica bishop gerj bardhiyude reportil gothratthinte peru "crastenijiya" ennu rekhappeduthukayum naalu varshathinu sesham addehathinte anantharavan bishop frang bardhi kraasnikhi pradeshathiloode kadannupokukayum avarkk svanthamaayi oru palli undennu rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kraasnikki samooham poornnamaayum sthaapithamaayennu eee reportukal eduthukaanikkunnu. aaa samayat kraasnikkiyile vaasasthalathu 475 aalukalulla 60 veedukalundaayirunnu. kraasnikhi sahikkunna kadutha daaridryavum addeham paraamarshichu. 1671-ll, shtjefen gaspariyude reportil krasnikkiyeyum nikajineyum paraamarsikkunnu. 1695-1696 ll, kraasnikhi saahodaryangalaaya kolgekaj, kolmekshaj enniva aadyamaayi paraamarshikkappedunnu.
katholikkarkkethiraaya kanatha nikuthiyum automan adichamarthalum pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil janasamkhyaye islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan thudangi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathode eee prakriya kooduthalum poortthiyaayi, ennaal gjakova pattanangalilum parisarathumulla kraasnikki samooham catholicaraayi thudarnnu. eee kraasnikki kudumbangalil ninnaan catholica aarch bishop maattej kraasnikhi, apostolica vikaari gasper kraasnikhi ennivar varunnath. 1760kalude avasaanathil austriyan saamraajyathinte samsthaana samrakshanathin keezhil automan saamraajyathile catholicarc mathaswaathanthryam nalkia austriyan "kulttursprodektorittath" keezhil kraasnikkiyile katholikkare paarppichu. ithu gjakovayileyum priserancileyum catholica edavakakalkku avarude pallikalum schoolukalum punarnirmikkaan anuvadichu. 
parambaraagatha achaarangal.
gothratthinte (charitraparamaaya) rakshaadhikaari vishudhanaanu. jorj, islaamikavalkkaranathinum avar ippozhum bahumaanikkunnu. kanun gothratthinte oru vakabhedamaaya "kanuni aii malesise seey madhe" pinthudarunnathaayi kraasnikki gothram ariyappedunnu.

