
tachigarukal

pathonpathaam noottaandile dutch saahithyathil oru puthiya sameepanam vikasippichedutha dutch ezhuthukaarude samoolavum swaadheenamullathumaaya oru samghamaayirunnu enpathu () prasthaanam ennariyappedunna tachigezhs ("enpathiyars"). 1880 muthal avar aamstardaamil orumichu pravartthikkukayum ashayavinimayam nadathukayum cheythu. avayil palathum innum vyaapakamaayi vaayikkappedunnu.
1880ll avar sajeevamaayathukond tachigarukalkku eee peru nalkappettu. tachigarukal avarude kaalathe mukhyadharaa saahithyathinte aupachaarikavum amithamaayi nirmmichathumaaya shailiyaayi kanakkakkiyathinethiraaya kalaapathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu eee prasthaanam, prathyekichu aamstardaamile pradhana saahitya jenalaaya "dii gids" ("guide") anukoolamaayirunnu. pakaram shaili ulladakkavumaayi poruthappedanamennum aduppamullathum visaral vikaarangalum aduppamullathum visaral ezhuthu sailiyum upayogichu maathrame prakadippikkaan kazhiyoo ennum tachigermar nirbandhichu. eee shramathil maarganirdeshathinaayi, avar shakespeareil ninnum annathe sameepakaala impressionist chithrakaaranmaaril ninnum prakrithivaada ezhuthukaaril ninnum prachodanam ulkkollaan pravanatha kaanichu.
dii gids" avarude samarpikkalukal nirasikkunnath thudarnnathinushesham, 1885 octoberil aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha "dii newe gids" ("puthiya guide") ennu parihasichukondu tachigarukal svanthamaayi malsarikkunna saahitya jenal sthaapichu. sthaapaka edittarmaaril randuper kaviyum niroopakanum villem clues kaviyum novelistum naadakakrithum upanyasakanum cycatristumaaya frederic vaan eedanum aayirunnu, iruvarum innu dutch saahithyathile canonical grettukalaayi parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu. mattu moonnu sthaapaka edittarmaar eph. vaan derr gose, villem papp, albert verway. dii newe gids" enna kruthiyil prathyakshappetta mattu pramukha tachtigarmaaril saahitya niroopakanaaya lodevijk vaan deesel, orupakshe ettavum vyaapakamaayi vaayikkappedunna tachtiger aaya "meyy" enna itihaasa kavithayude rachayithavaaya kavi herman gorter ennivar ulppedunnu. soshyal demookratik party sthaapaka amgamaaya addeham soshyal demookratik, kaunsil communist prasthaanangalude pramukha saidhaanthikanaayirunnu.
mattoru pramukha novelistaaya luis koopparas 1889-ll thante aadya noval prasidheekarichu, athu tachigezhs aazhathil swaadheenichu. yadhaartha taachtigarmaarude aamstardaam saamoohika vrithathinu purathaayirunnuvenkilum addehathe palappozhum oru tachtigarayi kanakkakkunnu.

