havaay hotspot

vadakkan pasaphik samudrathile havaay dveepukalkku sameepam sthithi cheiyunna oru agniparvvatha hotspottaanu havaay hotspot. lokathile ettavum ariyappedunnathum theevramaayi padikkappedunnathumaaya hotspottukalilonnaaya havaay ploom, kooduthalum kadalinadiyilulla agniparvvatha parvathanirakalaaya havaay-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayude srishtiyude utharavaadithamaanu. eee agniparvathangalil naalu sajeevamaan, randennam nishkriyamaanu; 123-ladhikam vamshanasham sambhavichavayaan, avayil mikathum ippol attolukalaayo kadaltheerangalaayo samrakshikkappedunnu. havaay dveepinte thekk ninnu russiayude kizhakkan theerathinaduthulla aleusian trenchinte attam vare eee shringhala vyaapichukidakkunnu.
mikka agniparvvathangalum tectonic plate athirthikalile bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pravarthanatthiloodeyaanu srishtikkappedunnathu, havaay hotspot plate athirthikalil ninnu valare akaleyaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1963ll joonn tuso vilson aadyamaayi nirddeshicha classic hotspot sidhaantham, orotta, sthiramaaya maanttil ploom agniparvvathangal nirmmikkunnuvennum avaa pasaphik plettinte chalanathaal avayude uravidathil ninnu vichedikkappedukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangalayi kooduthal nishkriyamaavukayum oduvil samudranirappinu thaazhe kshayichupokukayum cheiyunnuvennum nirddeshikkunnu. eee sidhaanthamanusarichu, chakravarty havaian bhaagangalum othucherunna ekadesham 60° valavu pasaphik plettinte chalanatthile pettennulla maattamaan kaaranamaayath. 2003-ll, eee kramakkedinekkurichulla puthiya anweshanangal oru mobail hotspot sidhaanthathinte nirddeshathilekku nayichu, ithu hotspottukal mobail aanennum sthiramallennum 47 dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamulla valavu plettinekkaal hotspottinte chalanatthile maattam moolamaanennum soochippikkunnu.
dveepukaliludaneelamulla malsyabandhana paryaveshanangalil purogamikkumbol vadakku agniparvvathangalude vardhichuvarunna praayavum kaalaavasthayum aadyamaayi thiricharinjathu purathana havaayikalaan. havaian agniparvvathangalude asthiraavasthayum kadalumaayulla avayude nirantharamaaya yudhavum havaian puraanatthile oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu, agniparvvathangalude devathayaaya pelil ithu ulkkollunnu. dveepile yooropyanmaarude varavinushesham, jaims dwait daana hotspottinte agniparvvathangalekkur aadyathe aupachaarika bhoomishaasthra padanatthinu neethrthwam nalki, ithu nattukaar deerghakaalamaayi nireekshichirunna bandham sthireekarikkunnu. 1912ll agniparvathashaasthranjaaya thomas jaggar dveepukalekkurichulla thudarchayaaya shaasthreeya nireekshanatthinu thudakkamittaanu havaian agniparvvatha nireekshana kendram sthaapichathu. saadhyamaakki havaayiyude kadaltheerathinte sankeernamaaya bhoomishaasthrathekkurichu kooduthal vivarangal nedunnathinaayi oru mapping padhathi aarambhichu.
hotspot pinneedu tomographic aayi chithreekarikkukayum athu veethiyum aazhavumullathaanennu kaanikkukayum olivain, gaarnett adisthaanamaakkiyulla padanangal athinte magma chamber ekadesham aanennu kaanikkukayum cheythu. kuranjathu 85 dasalaksham varshathe pravartthanatthil hotspot parakal nirmmichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. shringalayude ozhukk nirakk kaalakramena pathukke vardhichu, 76 dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamulla detroit seemoundinte 18 dasalaksham varshangalil ninnu oru dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamulla kohala 900,000 ll thazheyaayi oro vyakthigatha agniparvvathavum sajeevamaayirikkunna samayathinte alavu kurayaan kaaranamaakunnu; maruvashathu, pottitheriyude alavu prathivarsham muthal ekadesham vardhichu. mothatthil, ithu kooduthal sajeeva ennaal vegathil nishabdavum aduthullathumaaya agniparvvathangalilekkul pravanathaykku kaaranamaayi-athesamayam hotspottinu sameepamulla agniparvvathangal parasparam ovarlaappu cheiyunnu (havaay dweep, purathana mouyi nuyi thudangiya superstructureukal roopappedunnu), chakravartthiyude samudratheerangalil ettavum pazhakkam chennava vidoora akalathilaanu.
sidhaanthangal.
tectonic plettukal saadhaaranayaayi plate athirthikalil roopabhedavum agniparvvathavum kendreekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, havaay hotspot ettavum aduthulla plate athirthiyil ninnullathinekkaal kooduthalaanu; 1963 ll ithu padikkumbol, canadian jiophysist jeey. saadhaarana saahacharyangalil ninnu ithuvare eee agniparvvatha mekhalakale vishadeekarikkunnathinu tuso vilson hotspot sidhaantham nirddeshichu, eee sidhaantham pinneedu vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappettu.
vilsante nischalamaaya hotspot sidhaantham.
maantil samvahanam bhoomiyude uparithalathinu keezhil cheruthum choodullathum kuthichuchaattamullathumaya uyarnna pradeshangal srishtikkunnuvennu vilson nirddeshichu; eee thaapaparamaayi sajeevamaaya maantil plumeukal magma vitharanam cheiyunnu, ithu deerghakaalam nilanilkkunna agniparvvatha pravartthanatthe nilanirthunnu. eee "midu-plate" agniparvvatham thaarathamyena savisheshathayillaatha samudranirappil ninnu uyarunna kodumudikal nirmmikkunnu, thudakkathil kadaltheerangalaayi pinneedu poornnamaaya agniparvvatha dveepukalaayi. praadeshika tectonic plate (havaay hotspottinte kaaryatthil, pasaphik plate) kramena hotspottiloode kadannupokunnu, plumine baadhikkathe athinte agniparvvathangale vahikkunnu. lakshakkanakkin varshangalayi, oru vyakthigatha agniparvvathathinulla magma vitharanam pathukke vichedikkappedukayum oduvil athinte vamshanaashathin kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. mannolippine marikadakkaan vendathra sajeevamallatha agniparvvatham pathukke thiramalakalkk thaazhe veezhukayum veendum oru kadaltheeramaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. eee chakram thudarunnathode, oru puthiya agniparvvatha kendram puramthodil thulachukayarukayum oru agniparvvatha dweep veendum uyarnnuvarikayum cheiyunnu. maandil ploom thanne thakarunnathuvare eee prakriya thudarunnu.
dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangalayi agniparvvathangalude valarchayudeyum nishkriyathvathinteyum eee chakram agniparvvatha dveepukaludeyum samudranirappiludaneelamulla kadaltheerangaludeyum oru paatha avasheshippikkunnu. vilsante sidhaanthamanusarichu, havaian agniparvvathangal kramena pazhayathum kooduthal kooduthal kshayichathum aayirikkanam, avaa hotspottil ninnu varunnathupole ithu eluppathil nireekshikkaavunnathaan; pradhana havaian dveepukalile ettavum pazhaya paarayaya kavaay ekadesham 5.5 dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamullathum aazhathil shayichathumaanu, athesamayam havaay dveepile paara thaarathamyena 0.7 dasalaksham varshamo athil kuravo praayamullathaan, hotspottinte ippozhathe kendramaaya kilaaveyil puthiya laava nirantharam pottitherikkunnu. addehathinte sidhaanthathinte mattoru anantharafalam, shringalayude neelavum ooriyanteshanum pasaphik plettinte chalanatthinte dishayum vegathayum rekhappeduthunnu ennathaanu. havaian paathayude oru pradhana savisheshatha athinte neelatthinte 40 muthal 50 dasalaksham varsham vare pazhakkamulla bhaagath pettennulla 60 digri valavaanu, vilson sidhaanthamanusarichu, ithu plate dishayil oru valia maattatthinte thelivaanu, ithu pasaphik plettinte padinjaaran athirthiyude bhooribhaagathum subduction aarambhikkumaayirunnu. sidhaanthathinte eee bhagam aduthide velluvilikkapettu, valavu hotspottinte chalanathinu thanne kaaranamakaam.
bhoomiyude aazhathilulla rund pradhana athirthikalilonnil ninnaan hotspottukal uthbhavikkunnathenn jiophysistukal vishwasikkunnu, onnukil mukalile maandil samvahana paaliyum thaazhathe noonn-convecting paaliyum thammilulla thaazhathe maandilile aazhamillaatha interface, allengil aazhathilulla dii "(" dii double-prime ") paali, ekadesham kattiyullathum coor-maandil athirthikku thottumumbullathumaanu. choodulla thaazhathe paali thanuppulla mukalile paaliyude oru bhagam choodaakkumbol oru maanttil ploom interfacil aarambikkunnu. taapa vipuleekaranam kaaranam mukalile paaliyude eee choodullathum kuthirthathum saandrata kuranjathumaaya bhagam saandrata kurayukayum railey-tailor asthirathayaayi uparithalathilekku uyarukayum cheyyum. maanttil ploom lithosphere adithattil athumbol, ploom athu choodaakkukayum urukukayum cheiyunnu. eee magma pinneedu uparithalathilekku neengukayum avide athu lavayayi pottitherikkukayum cheiyunnu.
hotspot sidhaanthathinte saadhuthaykkulla vaadangal saadhaaranayaayi havaian dveepukalude sthiramaaya praaya purogathiyeyum sameepa savisheshathakaleyum kendreekarikkunnu thekk sthithicheyyunna australian-marshell dveepukalude seemoundu shringalayaaya mcdonald hotspottinte pathayil samanamaaya valavu;
thekkukizhakk muthal vadakkupadinjaaru vare athe praayatthil purogamikkunna pravanatha pinthudarunna mattu pasaphik hotspottukal; havayiyekkurichulla bhookambashaasthra padanangal coor-maandil athirthiyil vardhicha thaapanila kaanikkunnu, ithu oru mantle pluminu thelivaanu.
aazhamillaatha hotspot sidhaantham.
mattoru sidhaantham, lithosphere vipuleekaranathinte falamaayi urukunna vaikalyangal roopappedunnu ennathaanu, ithu munbu nilaninnirunna urukal uparithalathilekku uyaran anuvadikkunnu. eee urukal vaikalyangale saadhaaranayaayi "hotspottukal" ennu vilikkunnu, ennaal aazhamillaatha uravida sidhaanthathinu keezhil avaykku adisthaanamaaya avaranangal asaadhaaranamaayi choodullathalla. havaian-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayude kaaryatthil, chakravarty seemoundu shringhala roopappedaan thudangiyappol 80 miah aayappozhekkum pasaphik plate athirthi samvidaanam valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu. aleusian tranchil ippol adichamarthappetta oru spreading ridjil (pasaphik-kula ridge) ninnaan eee shringhala aarambhichathenn thelivukalundu. urukal verthirichedukkunnathi sthaanam ridjil ninnum plate inteeriyarilekkum kudiyeriyirikkaam, ithinu pinnil agniparvvathathinte oru paatha avasheshikkunnu. intra plate sammarddam ulkkollunnathinayi plettinte eee bhagam vikasippichukonnathikanum eee migration sambhavichathenn karuthappedunnu. angane, uruki rakshappedunna oru deerghakaala pradesham nilanirtthaamaayirunnu. bhookamba tomographic padanangalil kaanunna tharamgavegathayile vairudhyangale thaazhathe aavaranathil ninnu uthbhavikkunna choodulla uyarnna pradesangalaayi vishwasaneeyamaayi vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyillennu eee sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnavar vaadikkunnu.
chalikkunna hotspot sidhaantham.
vilsante sidhaanthathinte ettavum valia velluvili uyarnna ghadakam, mukalil sthithicheyyunna tectonic plettukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol hotspottukal yadhaarthathil sthiramaano ennathaanu. 1963 vare shaasthranjar shekharicha drill saambilukal soochippikkunnathu, cretatius kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilum aadyakaala paliyojen kaalaghattatthilum (81-47 miah) thaarathamyena varshathil thaarathamyena druthagathiyil hotspot kaalakramena vyathichalichirikkam; thaarathamyappeduthumbol, madhya atlaantik ridge prathivarsham oru nirakkil vyaapikkunnu. 1987-ll peettar molnar joonn stokkum prasidheekaricha oru padanatthil, hotspot pasaphik samudravumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol neengunnuvennu kandethi; ennirunnaalum, hotspottinekkaal vadakke american, pasaphik plettukalude aapekshika chalanangalude falamaayaanu avar ithine vyaakhyaanichath.
2001-ll lokathile kadaltheerangalekkurichu padikkunnathinulla oru anthaaraashtra gaveshana sramamaaya ooshyan drilling prograam (integrated ooshyan drilling prograamumaayi layippichathinushesham), mungikkidakkunna naalu chakravarty seemoundukalil ninnu laava saambilukal shekharikkunnathinaayi gaveshana kappalaya "joydes resolutionil" rund maasathe paryaveshanathinu dhanasahayam nalki. ettavum pazhaya vibhagamaaya shringalayude vadakkupadinjaaran attathaanu detroit, nintoku, coco seemoundukal enniva thurathiya padhathi. eee laava saambilukal 2003 ll pareekshichu, ithu oru mobail havaian hotspottineyum athinte chalanatthile maattatheyum valavinu kaaranamaayi soochippikkunnu. pradhana shaasthranjanaaya joonn tarduno "naashanal geographic" enna chodyathodu paranju
oru valia plettinu engane vegathil chalanam maattaan kazhiyum ennathinte mikacha udaaharanamaayi havai valavu upayogichu. ekadesham ellah aamukha bhoomishaasthra paatapusthakangalilum havaay-chakravarty valavinte oru rekhaachithram ningalkk kandethanakum. ithu sarikkum ningalude shradha pidichupattunna onnaanu."
valia maattam undaayirunnittum, kaanthikamaaya thakarcha, odivukal, mekhalayude dishaabodham, plate punarnirmmaanam enniva vazhi dishayile maattam orikkalum rekhappeduthiyittil; shringalayil atharamoru vyakthamaaya valavu srishtikkaan kazhiyunnathra vegathil oru bhookhanda koottiyidi undakaan kazhiyilla. pasaphik plettinte dishayilulla maattatthinte falamaano valavu ennu parisodhikkaan, shaasthranjar laava saambilukalude jio kemistry vishakalanam cheyth avaa evide, eppol roopappettuvennu nirnnayichu. pottasyam, aargon ennivayude radio active isodoppukalude radiometric dettingiloodeyaanu praayam nirnnayikkappettath. 81 dasalaksham muthal 45 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu agniparvvathangal roopappettathaayi gaveshakar kanakkakkunnu. kanthika dhaatu maagnettaittinaayi paara vishakalanam cheythukondu agniparvvathangal evideyaanu roopappettathennu tardunoyum samghavum nirnnayichu. agniparvvatha spodanathil ninnulla choodulla laava thanuppikkumbol, magnettaittinullile cheria daanyangal bhoomiyude kaanthikakshethravumaayi yojikkukayum paara urachukazhinjaal athu poottukayum cheiyunnu. magnettaittinullile daanyangalude disha alakkunnathiloode agniparvvathangal roopappetta akshamshangal parisodhikkaan gaveshakarkk kazhinju. havaian hotspot athinte charithratthil eppozhengilum thekkott neengiyittundennum 47 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu hotspottinte thekottulla chalanam valare mandagathiyilaayirunnuvennum orupakshe poornnamaayum nirtthiyennum paaliyomagnettistukal nigamanam cheythu.
padanatthinte charithram.
purathana havaians.
vadakkupadinjaaran dishayilekku neengumbol havaian dveepukal pazhakkamullathaayitheeraan saadhyathayundennu europpukaar athunnathinu valare munbuthanne purathana havaayiyakkar samshayichu. kadalyaathrakalil, kadalyathrakkaaraaya havaayiyakkar mannolipp, manninte roopeekaranam, sasyajaalangal ennivayile vyathyaasangal shradhikkukayum vadakkupadinjaaran (nihavu, kavaay) dveepukal thekkukizhakkan (mouyi, havaay) dveepukalekkaal pazhakkamullathaanennu anumanikkaan avare anuvadikkukayum cheythu. agniparvvathangalude havaian devathayaaya pele enna aithihyathiloodeyaanu eee ashayam thalamurakalk kaimariyath.
ellah havaian devathakaleyum devathakaleyum pole, paramonnatha jeevikalaaya pithaavil ninno bhoomiyude maathaavil ninno, vaakkayil ninno aakaashapithaavil ninno vanna sthree aathmaavaaya houmiya athawa hinayk pele janichu. puraanamanusarichu, pele yadhaarthathil kaavaiyilaan thaamasichirunnathu, avalude mootha sahodari samudradeviyaaya namaka bharthaavine vasheekarichathin avale aakramichu. pele thekkukizhakkayi oovaahu dveepilekku palayanam cheythu. veendum palayanam cheyyaan namaka nirbandhichappol, pele thekkukizhakk mouyilekkum oduvil havaiyilekkum maari, avide aval ippozhum kiluvayude kodumudiyile halemoumayilaanu thaamasikkunnath. agniparvvathathinte charivukal valare uyaramullathinal naamakayude sakthamaaya thiramalakalkk polum avale ethaan kazhiyaathathinal aval avide surakshithayaayirunnu. agniparvvatha dveepukalum samudratharamgangalum thammilulla shaashwatha pooraattatthe soochippikkunna peleyude puraana parakkal, dveepukalude praayam thekkukizhakkayi kurayunnathinekkurichulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thelivukalumaayi poruthappedunnu.
aadhunika padanangal.
agniparvvathangalekkur rekhappeduthappetta aadyakaala nireekshakariloralaaya scotish shaasthranjaraaya 1794-leeii archibald menzi, 1825-leeii jaims macray, 1834-leeii david dougless ennivaraayirunnu agniparvvathangalude aadyakaala nireekshakar. kodumudikaliletthumbol thanne athu bhayappeduthunnathaanenna thelinju menzi mouna lova kayaran moonnu sramangal nadatthi, dauglas mouna keeyude charivukalil marichu. american bhoopradeshashaasthranjanaaya jaims dwait dana lefttanant chaals wilks aaa paryaveshanatthil pankedutthirunnu, guruthwaakarshanam alakkaan mouna lovayude kodumudiyilekku oru pendulam valichidunna noorukanakkinu pere nayichukondu addeham kooduthal samayavum chelavazhichu. pathittaandukalude nerittulla nireekshanangal nalkunna missionary taittas kovinoppamaanu daana thaamasichathu. 1852ll daana oru hraswa prabandham prasidheekarichu.
daana havaian dveepukalude uthbhavathil thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum prakadippikkukayum 1880lum kooduthal aazhathilulla padanatthinu neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu. thekkukizhakkan dveepil ninnulla akalathinanusarichu dveepukalude praayam vardhichuvennu addeham sthireekarichu. pasafikkile mattu pala dweep shringalakalum thekkukizhakk muthal vadakkupadinjaaru vare praayatthil samanamaaya pothuvaaya vardhanavu kaanikkunnuvennum addeham abhiprayappettu. vyathyasthavum ennaal samantharavumaaya valanja paathakalilayi sthithi cheiyunna rund agniparvvatha izhakal adangiyathaanu havaian shringalayennu daana nigamanam cheythu. rund pradhana pravanathakalkkayi addeham "loow", "qee" ennee padangal upayogichu. kiluva, mouna kiya, kohala, halekala, vestt mouyi ennee agniparvvathangal qee pravanathayil ulppedunnu. loihi, mouna lova, huwalalai, kahulave, lanai, vestt molokaay ennivayaanu lova pravanatha. havaian dveepukalude vinyaasam oru pradhana villal mekhalayiludaneelam praadeshikavalkkaricha agniparvvatha pravartthanatthe prathifalippikkunnuvennu daana nirddeshichu. irupathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare thudarnnulla padanangalkkulla pravartthana sidhaanthamaayi daanayude "grettu fisher" sidhaantham pravarthichu.
daanayude pravartthanatthe thudarnnu 1884-ll geologist sii. iii. daanayude ashayangal parishkarikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha dutton. ettavum shradheyamaayi, havai dveepil yadhaarthathil anchu agniparvvathangal undennu dutton sthaapichu, athesamayam daanayil moonnennam ennappettu. kaaranam, daana aadyam kilavia mouna lovayude oru flank ventaayum kohala mouna keeyude bhagamaayum kanakkaakkiyirunnu. daanayude nireekshanangalekkurichu mattullavare parishkaricha dutton, 'aaaa' aaa, pahoho-tharam lavakal ennivaykku peru nalkiyathinte bahumati nediyittundu, ennirunnaalum daana oru vyathyasam shradhichittundu. duttente paryaveshanatthaal prachodanam ulkkonda daana 1887-ll madangiyethukayum thante paryaveshanathekkurichulla niravadhi vivaranagal "american jenal oof sayansil" prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. 1890-ll addeham athinte naalile ettavum vishadamaaya kaiyezhuthuprathi prasidheekarichu, athu pathittaandukalaayi havaian agniparvvathathinte krithyamaaya maargganirddeshamaayi thudarnnu. 1909ll havaayiyude agniparvvathangalekkur rund pradhana pusthakangal (dhii volankanukal oof kilavia aandu mouna lova) prasidheekarichu.tii. brigam, "hawai athinte agniparvvathangalum" sii.echu. hitchcock).
1912ll geologist thomas jaggar havaian agniparvvatha nireekshanaalayam sthaapichu. 1919ll deseeya samudra, anthareekshamandala bharanakoodavum 1924ll yunaittad stetts geological survey (yuu. ezz. jii. ezz) eee soukaryam etteduthu, ithu havaay dveepil thudarchayaaya agniparvvatha nireekshanatthinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthi. adutha noottaand samagramaya anweshanathinte kaalaghattamaayirunnu, niravadhi unnatha shaasthranjarude sambhavanakalaal adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. aadyathe samboornna parinaama maathruka aadyamaayi roopappeduthiyathu 1946ll yuu. ezz. jii. ezz jiyolajistum hydrologistumaaya harrold tii aanu. thuzhayunnu. annumuthal, purogathi (udha.jii. mechappetta paara dating reethikalum antarvaahini agniparvvatha ghattangalum) munbu parimithamaaya nireekshana mekhalakalekkurichulla patanam saadhyamaakki.
saadhyamaakki kappal adhishtitha sonar upayogichu havaian kadaltheeram mapp cheythu. computed synbappukal (synthetic bathemetric profiling sisttam) daatta kappal adisthaanamaakkiyulla sonar bathemetric alavukal thammilulla vidavukal nirachu. 1994 muthal 1998 vare jappan ejansi phoor maraine-erthu sayans aandu teknolaji (jaamstek) hawai vishadamaayi mapp cheyyukayum athinte samudranirappu padikkukayum cheythu, ithu lokathile ettavum mikacha samudra savisheshathakalilonnaakki. usgsmayum mattu ejansikalumaayum sahakarichu jaamstek padhathi, aalukalulla submersibleukal, vidooramaayi pravartthikkunna underwater vahanangal, dredge saambilukal, coor saambilukal enniva upayogichu. simrad simrad multibeam side scanning sonar sisttam bathimetry baakkskattaar daattayum shekharichu.
savisheshathakal.
sthaanam.
seasmic tomographyiloode chithreekaricha havaay hotspot veethiyullathaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. tomographic chithrangal oru nerttha kuranja vegathayulla mekhala kaanikkunnu, ithu oru aazham vare neelunnu, oru valia kuranja vegathayulla mekhalayumaayi bandhippikkunnu, ithu coor-maandil athirthi vare neelunnu. eee kuranja bhookambavegatha mekhalakal palappozhum choodullathum kooduthal kuthichuchaattamullathumaya maandil metteeriyaline soochippikkunnu, ithu thaazhathe maandilil ninnu uthbhavikkunna plumin mukalile maandilil ploom metteeriyalinte kulatthinum anusrithamaanu. pluminte uravidavumaayi bandhapetta kuranja vegathayulla mekhala havaayiyude vadakkaanu, ithu pluminu oru nischitha alavil charivundennu kaanikkunnu, ithu maanttil ozhukk vazhi thekkott vyathichalikkunnu. euranium kshaya-seerees asamathva daatta kaanikkunnath urukal mekhalayude sajeevamaayi ozhukunna pradesham athinte adithattilum mukalile maanttil mukalilum kilometer veethiyullathaanennu, tomographic alavukalkku anusrithamaayi.
thaapanila.
samudrathile lithosphere cretatius kaalaghattatthile paarayude aazhavumayi poruthappedunna magma chamber ekadesham bhoogarbhathilaanu sthithicheyyunnathennu paroksha padanangal kandethi; magmayude kayattatthe thadayunnathiloode lithosphere urukumbol oru moodalmanjaayi pravarthikkunnuvennu ithu soochippikkaam. laavayile gaarnettinte dravanaangam parishodhichu olivain kshayam sambhavikkunnathin laava krameekarichukondu magmayude yadhaartha thaapanila rund vidhathil kandethi. rund yuu. ezz. jii. parishodhanakalum ekadesham thaapanila sthireekarikkunnathaayi thonnunnu; thaarathamyappeduthumbol, madhya-samudra ridge basaltinte kanakkakkiya thaapanila ekadesham aanu.
havaian veekkathinu chuttumulla uparithala thaapapravaahatthile kramakkedu 10 megawatt/meter 2 maathramaan, ithu kondinental yunaittad stetts sreniyaaya <aii. dii. 1> megawatt/meter 2 nekkaal valare kuravaanu. ithu oru classic modalinu apratheekshithamaan. ennirunnaalum, mattu plumeukal valare variable uparithala thaapapravaahangal pradarshippikkunnuvennum eee vyathiyaanam bhoomiyude puramthodil hotspottukalkku mukalilulla variable hydrothermal draavaka ozhukk moolamaayirikkaamennum theliyikkappettittund. eee draavaka ozhukk puramthodil ninnulla thaapathe neekkam cheiyunnu, athinaal alakkunna chaalaka thapapravaaham yadhaartha motham uparithala thaapapravaahathekkaal kuravaanu. havaian veekkathiludaneelamulla kuranja choodu soochippikkunnathu ithu oru kuthichuchaatta puramtho mukalile lithosphero pinthunaykkunnilla, marichu uyarnna choodulla (athinaal saandrata kuranja) maandil ploom aanu uparithalam uyaran kaaranamaakunnath "dynamic topography" ennariyappedunna oru samvidaanathiloode.
chalanam.
havaian agniparvvathangal ekadesham oru varsham nirakkil hotspottil ninnu vadakkupadinjaraayi ozhukunnu. chakravarty shringalayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol hotspot thekkott kudiyeri. bhoomiyude kaanthikakshethrathile maattangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla paleomagnetic padanangal eee nigamanathe pinthunaykkunnu, avayude oru chithram avayude urappikkal samayat paarakalil kothivachirunnu, ithu innathe havaiyekkaal uyarnna akshamshangalil eee samudranirappukal roopappettuvennu kaanikkunnu. valavinu munbu, hotspot prathivarsham kanakkaakkappedunna reethiyil kudiyeri; valavu samayat chalana nirakk ekadesham prathivarsham aayi maari. ooshyan drilling prograam driftinekkurichulla nilavile arivu nalki. nalki paryaveshanatthil aarr samudranirappukal thurathukayum avayude yadhaartha akshaamsham nirnnayikkaan saambilukal parisodhikkukayum angane hotspottinte driftt paatteninte savisheshathakalum vegathayum mothatthil nirnnayikkukayum cheythu.
thudarchayaaya oro agniparvvathavum ploomumaayi sajeevamaayi gadippichirikkunna samayam kuravaanu. chakravarty havaian agniparvvathangalum thammilulla ettavum praayam kuranjathum pazhayathumaya lavakal thammilulla valia vyathyasam hotspottinte vegatha vardhichukondirikkanu soochippikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, havaay dveepile ettavum pazhaya agniparvathamaaya kohalayk oru dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamund, avasaanamaayi pottitherichathu 120,000 varshangalkk munbaanu, 900,000 varshangalil thaazhe; athesamayam ettavum pazhakkamulla, detroit seemoundukalilonnu 18 dashalakshamo athil kooduthalo varshathe agniparvvatha pravartthanangal anubhavichu.
eee shringalayile ettavum pazhaya agniparvathamaaya meiji seemoundu 85 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu roopamkonda aleusian tranchinte attathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. pasaphik plate eurasian plettinu keezhil slide cheyyumbol, athinte nilavile vegathayil, eathaanum dasalaksham varshangalkkullil seemoundu nasippikkappedum. seemoundu shringhala eurasian plettinu keezhil sabadakt cheiyukayaano ennum hotspot meiji seemoundinekkaal pazhakkamullathaano ennum ariyilla, kaaranam pazhaya seemoundukal plate marjin upayogichu nasippikkappettu. aleusian trenchinu sameepamulla oru koottiyidi pasaphik plettinte vegatha maattiyathinum hotspot shringalayude valavu vishadeekarikkunathinum saadhyathayund; eee savisheshathakal thammilulla bandham ippozhum anweshikkappedunnu.
magma.
stronshyam-neobium-paladium moolaka anupaathangalude vishakalanamanusarich agniparvvathangalude magmayude ghadanayil ganyamaaya maattam vannittundu. chakravarty seemoundukal kuranjathu 46 dasalaksham varshamenkilum sajeevamaayirunnu, ettavum pazhaya laava cretatius kaalaghattatthilethaanu, thudarnnu shringalayude havaian vibhaagathil 39 dasalaksham varshathe pravartthanam koodi, motham 85 dasalaksham varshangal. kshara (aadya gattangal), tholaitic (pilkkala gattangal) laavakalil adangiyirikkunna stronshyathinte alavil lambamaya vyathiyaanam daatta prakadamaakkunnu. valavu samayat chittayaya vardhanavu ganyamaayi mandagathiyilaakunnu.
hotspot srishticha mikkavarum ellah magma ignius basaltaanu; agniparvvathangal nirmmichirikkunnathu eathaandu poornnamaayum ithil ninno allengil ghadanayil samaanamaanengilum parukkan daanyangalulla gabbro diabase aanu. nephelinite polulla mattu agni parakal cheria alavil kaanapedunnu; iva palappozhum pazhaya agniparvathangalil sambhavikkunnu, ettavum pradhanamaayi detroit seemoundu. pasaphik nadeethadatthinte arikukalil athishayakaravum apakadakaravumaaya pottitherikal srishtikkunna andesitic maagmakal polulla kooduthal sphodakavasthukkalude savisheshathayulla magmakalekkaal viscos kuravaayathinaal mikka pottitherikalum ozhukunnu. agniparvvathangal pala pottitherikkunna vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappedunnu. havaian agniparvvathangale "havaian tharam" ennu vilikkunnu. havaian laava garthangalil ninnu chitharukayum thilangunna urukia paarakalude neenda aruvikal roopappedukayum chariviloode ozhuki ekkar bhoomi ulkkollukayum samudrathinu pakaram puthiya bhoomi sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
pottitheri aavruthiyum alavukalum.
laavayude ozhukk nirakk vardhichukondirikkunnathu kaaryamaaya thelivukalundu. kazhinja aarr dasalaksham varshathinide avaa mumbathekkaalum valare uyarnnathaan, oro varshavum. kazhinja dasalaksham varshangalile sharashari ithilum kooduthalaanu, ekadesham. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, oru madhya-samudra malancherivile sharashari ulppaadana nirakk oro malancherivinum ekadesham aanu. chakravartthiyude seemoundu shringalayile nirakk prathivarsham sharashari aayirunnu. hotspottinte jeevithathile aadya anchu dashalakshamo athiladhikamo varshangalil eee nirakk eathaandu poojyamaayirunnu. havaian shringalayile sharashari laava ulppaadana nirakk prathivarsham kooduthalaanu. mothatthil, hotspot ekadesham kattiyulla oru paali upayogichu california moodunnathinu mathiyaya laava uthpaadippichittundu.
oro agniparvvathangalum thammilulla dooram kuranju. agniparvvathangal vegathil vadakkott neengukayum kurachu samayam maathram sajeevamaayi chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnundenkilum, hotspottinte valare valia aadhunika pottitheri alavu kooduthal aduthulla akalamulla agniparvvathangal srishtikkukayum avayil palathum ovarlaappu cheyyukayum havaay dweep, purathana mouyi nuyi thudangiya superstructureukal roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. athesamayam, chakravartthiyude samudratheerangalile pala agniparvvathangalum verthirikkappedunnu allengil athra thanne.
bhooprakrithiyum bhoomishaasthravum.
havaian-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayude vishadamaaya bhooprakrithi vishakalanam hotspot oru topographic uyarathinte kendramaayi velippeduthunnu, hotspottil ninnulla akalathinanusarichu aaa uyaram kurayunnu. uyarathil ettavum druthagathiyilulla kuravum bhooprakrithiyum geoid uyaravum thammilulla ettavum uyarnna anupaathavum shringalayude thekkukizhakkan bhagathaanu, hotspottil ninnulla doorathinanusarichu, prathyekichu molokaay, murey odivukal mekhalakalude kavalayilaanu. rund mekhalakalkkidayilulla pradesham mikka shringalayekkaalum veendum choodaakkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund ennathaanu ettavum saadhyathayulla vishadeekaranam. mattoru saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranam, kaalakramena hotspottinte shakti vardhikkukayum kurayukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu.
1953ll roobert ezz. diets sahapravarthakarum aadyam veekkam swabhaavam thiricharinju. maandil uyarnnathaan kaaranamenn abhiprayappettu. thaazhathe lithosphereinullil veendum choodaakkunnathu moolamundaakunna tectonic uyarchayilekku pilkkala pravartthanangal viral choondunnu. ennirunnaalum, veekkathinu thaazheyulla saadhaarana bhookamba pravartthanavum kandethiya thaapapravaahatthinte abhavavum shaasthranjar chalanathmaka bhooprakrithiye kaaranamaayi nirddeshikkaan kaaranamaayi, athil choodullathum kuthichuyarunnathumaaya maanttil pluminte chalanam dveepukalkku chuttumulla uyarnna uparithala bhooprakrithiye pinthunaykkunnu. havaian veekkam manasilaakkunnath hotspot patanam, dweep roopeekaranam, aantharika bhoomi ennivayil pradhana prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu.
bhookambam.
havaay dveepilum sameepath ellah varshavum aayirakkanakkin bhookambangal sambhavikkunna valare sajeevamaaya bhookamba mekhalayaanu havaay hotspot. mikathum aalukalkk anubhavappedaan kazhiyaathathra cheruthaanenkilum chilath cheruthum mithamayathumaaya naashathinu kaaranamaakunnathra valuthaanu. 1868 epril epril rictor skailil 7.9 theevratha rekhappeduthiya bhookambamaanu rekhappeduthiya ettavum vinashakaramaaya bhookambam. pahalayude vadakku mouna lovayil mannidichilinu kaaranamaaya ithu 31 pere konnu. sunami 46 perude jeevan koodi apaharichu. punalu, ninol, kaava, honuvaapo, kiavo landing ennee graamangalkk saaramaya kedupaadukal sambhavichu. sunami thenga marangalude mukalil ninnu uyarnna uyarathil urundukayarukayum chila sthalangalil call mile (400 meter) akale ulnaadan pradeshangalilekku athukayum cheythathayi reportund.
agniparvvathangal.
85 dasalaksham varshathe charithratthil, havaay hotspot kuranjathu 129 agniparvvathangalenkilum srishtichittundu, athil 123 ladhikam vamshanasham sambhavicha agniparvvathangal, kadaltheerangal, attolukal ennivayaanu, avayil naalu sajeeva agniparvvathangalum rund nishkriya agniparvathangalumaanu. avaye moonnu pothuvaaya vibhagangalaayi tharamthirikkaam yuu. esinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna havaian dveepasamooham.ezz. havaay samsthaanam ellah aadhunika agniparvvatha pravarthanangaludeyum sthaanamaanu; pavizhapputukal, vamshanasham sambhavicha dveepukal, attol dveepukal enniva ulkkollunna vadakkupadinjaaran havaay dveepukal; chakravarty seemoundukal, ivayellaam pinneedu kshayichukondu kadalilekku kurayukayum seemoundukalaayum gyottukalaayum (paranna-mukalilulla seemoundukal) maarukayum cheythu.
agniparvvatha savisheshathakal.
havaian agniparvvathangalude savisheshathakal pathiv villal pottitherikal, avayude valia valippam (aayirakkanakkin cubic kilometer vooliyam), parukkan, vikendreekritha aakruthi ennivayaanu. villal mekhalakal eee agniparvvathangalile oru pradhana savisheshathayaanu, avayude kramarahithamaya agniparvvatha gadanaykku kaaranamaakunnu. havaay shringalayile ettavum uyaram koodiya parvathamaaya mouna kiya sharashari samudranirappinu mukalilaanu. samudranirappile adithattil ninnu alakkunna ithu lokathile ettavum uyaram koodiya parvathamaanu; samudranirappil ninnu uyaramulla everest parvvatham. hawaik chuttum ennamatta kadaltheerangalaal chuttappettirikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, avaa hotspottumaayum athinte agniparvathavumaayum bandhappettitlenn kandethi. 1983 muthal thudarchayaayi pottithericha oru cheria agniparvvatha koonn aaya puyu ovomi vazhi, ithu agniparvathashaasthrajunjarum vinodasanchaarikaludeyum orupole akarshanamaayi mariyirikkunnu.
urulpottal.
agniparvvatha thakarchayil ninnu uthbhavicha dhaaraalam mannidichilukal havaian dveepukale paravatani cheiyunnu. bathemetric mappingil dveepinte vashangalil kuranjathu 70 valia mannidichilukalenkilum kandethiyirunnu, avayil ettavum neelam koodiyathum alavil kooduthalumaanu. eee avashishtangalude ozhukkine rund vishalamaaya vibhagangalaayi tirikkaam charivukal, avayude uthbhavasthaanangale pathukke parathunna charivukaliloodeyulla bahujana chalanam, agniparvvatha charivukal vighadippikkukayum agniparvvatha avashishtangal avayude charivukaliloode chitharikkidakkukayum cheiyunna kooduthal vinashakaramaaya avashishtangal. eee slideukal vann sunaamikalkkum bhookambangalkkum kaaranamaayi, pottithericha agniparvvatha pindangal, avayude uravidathil ninnu noorukanakkinu mile akale chitharikkidakkunna avashishtangal ennivaykku kaaranamaayi. kiluvaykku thekk dveepinte pindatthinte oru chalanathmaka bhagam ulkkollunna hilina charivu nilavil valia dveepinte thekk bhagathaanu sajeevamaaya charivu nadakkunnathu.
parakal agniparvvathathinullil aazhathil neengikkond avayude uthbhavasthaanangalil aazhathil veroonniyathaanu charivukal. puthuthayi puranthallappetta agniparvvatha vasthukkalude pindam munnott nayikkunnathinaal, nayikkunnathinaal 1868lum havaayiyude charitraparamaaya bhookambangalil ettavum valia bhookambathinu kaaranamaaya thirodaanangal saavadhaanam munnott neengukayo allengil munpot neengukayo cheythekkaam. athesamayam, avashishtangal manjuveezhchakal kanamkuranjathum neelameriyathumaanu, avayude thalayile agniparvvatha amphy thiyettarukalum avayude adithattilulla hammoki bhoopradesavum nirvachikkunnu. athivegam neengunna himapathangal pathinaayirakkanakkin kilometer akaleyulla blokkukal vahikkukayum praadeshika jalanirappine aswasthamaakkukayum sunaamiykk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. eee sambhavangalude thelivukal niravadhi havaian agniparvvathangalude charivukalil uyarnna samudra nikshepangalude roopathil nilanilkkunnu, koodaathe daikkakuji gyott, detroit seemoundu thudangiya niravadhi chakravarty seemoundukalude charivukale nasippichittundu.
parinaamavum nirmmanavum.
havaian agniparvvathangal valarchayudeyum mannolippinteyum susthaapithamaaya jeevitachakram pinthudarunnu. oru puthiya agniparvvatham roopappettathinushesham, athinte laava uthppaadanam kramena vardhikkunnu. agniparvvathathinu ekadesham 500,000 varsham pazhakkamundengil uyaravum pravartthanavum ettavum uyarukayum pinneedu athivegam kurayukayum cheiyunnu. oduvil athu urakkathilekku pookukayum oduvil vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum cheiyunnu. mannolipp agniparvvathathe veendum oru kadaltheeramaayi maarunnathuvare kaalaavasthaye badhikkunnu.
eee jeevitachakram niravadhi gattangal ulkkollunnu. aadya ghattam antarvaahini preshield gattamaanu, nilavil ithu kaama 'ehuvaakkanova maathramaan prathinidheekarikkunnath. eee ghattathil, vardhichuvarunna pottitherikaliloode agniparvvatham uyaram vardhippikkunnu. samudrathinte marddam sphodakavasthukkal pottitherikkunnathu thadayunnu. thanutha vellam lava vegathil urappikkukayum vellathinadiyile agniparvvatha pravartthanatthinte savisheshamaaya thalayina laava uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
seemoundu pathukke valarumbol, athu sheeled ghattangaliloode kadannupokunnu. vellathil mungumbol caldera polulla niravadhi pakwathayulla savisheshathakal ithu roopappeduthunnu. kodumudi oduvil uparithalathe lamghikkukayum agniparvvatham spotaka subfacil praveshikkumbol lavayum samudrajalavum niyanthranathinaayi "yuddham" cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. vikasanathinte eee ghattam spotaka neeravi dwaarangal udaaharanamaanu. eee ghattam kooduthalum agniparvvatha charam uthpaadippikkunnu, tharamgangal lava nanaykkunnu. lavayum kadalum thammilulla eee samgharsham havaian puraanangale swaadheenikkunnu.
vellathil ninnu rakshappedaan mathiyaya uyaram labhichukazhinjaal agniparvvatham saberiyal subfacil praveshikkunnu. ippol agniparvvatham ekadesham 500,000 varshathinullil athinte jalathinu mukalilulla uyarathinte 95 sathamaanavum vaykkunnu. athinusesham pottitherikal valare kuravaayirikkum. eee ghattathil purathuvidunna laavayil palappozhum pavoho aayum ulppedunnu, nilavil sajeevamaaya havaian agniparvathangalaaya mouna lova, kilavia enniva eee ghattathilaanu. havaian laava palappozhum ozhukunnathum, thadassamullathum, mandagathiyilullathum, pravachikkaan thaarathamyena eluppavumaanu; athu oodikkaan saadhyathayulla sthalangal usg tracucheyyunnu, koodaathe laava kaanunnathinaayi oru vinodasanjaara kendram paripaalikkunnu.
saberiyal ghattathinu sesham agniparvvatham thaazhnnathum mannolipum ulppedunna postsheeld ghattangalude oru parambarayilekku praveshikkukayum oru attol aayitheerukayum oduvil oru seemoundaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. pasaphik plate athine ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalil ninnu neekkiyukazhinjaal, reef kooduthalum nasikkukayum vamshanasham sambhavicha agniparvvatham lokamembaadumulla 10,000 tarishu kadaltheerangalil onnaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. oro chakravarty samudratheeravum oru chattha agniparvathamaanu.

