
kalai (prakriya)

chembu allengil pichala polulla oru aloy uparithalathil loha tinn nikshepam nadatthi pooshunna prakriyayaan kalai (kalhay allengil kalai). vella vaash allengil tinn" ennartham varunna "kaalya lepa" enna samskritha padatthil ninnaan "kalai" enna vaakk uruthirinjathu. shivtatva ratnakara" (1699) ennu vilikkunna keladi basavayude oru saamskaarika samskritha kruthiyil paachakam allengil "supashastra" enna adhyaayathil "kalaya-lepa" ennu paraamarsikkunnu, athaayath paathrangalil kala prayogikkuka. kalaikala abhyasikkunnavare kalaiwala allengil kalaigar ennu vilikkunnu. adisthaanaparamaayi, kalaigaarukal allengil kalaivaalakal saamoohika karakaushalathozhilaalikalanu.
charithram.
mahaaraashtrayile kolaappoorile brahmapuriyude khananathil kalaayulla kappalukal athinte akathum puratthum kandethi, ithu kalaaya kalayude puraavastu thelivukal vardhippikkunnu. eee thelivukalil ninnu, pii. keey. indiayile loha paathrangalil tinn coating padicha gooad, tinn kottinginte charithram 1300 sii muthalullathaanennu prasthaavichu.iii. vikramasimhathile (1600-nuu munbu) "parsibhashanushasana" thilum kalayude charithram rekhappeduthiyittundu.iii. sii.iii. 1544) prasidhamaaya ainn-iii-akbari (c.iii. 1590) abul fazal.
athmeeya sameepanam.
chembu "chaithanya" ennum vilikkappedunna oru divyabodhathe aakarshikkukayum kaimarukayum cheiyunnuvenna athmeeya vishwaasam kaaranam vellam sambharikkaanum bhakshanam paachakam cheyyaanum neratthe kaalayodukoodiya chembu pathrangal upayogichirunnu. chembu pathrangal upayogichu vellam sambharikkunnathinulla athmeeya sameepanam chembinum tinninum sathwaraja (srishti/prapanchatthinte adisthaana ghadakam) gadakamundu ennathaanu.
shaasthreeya sameepanam.
neratthe, chembu, pichala pathrangal avayude uyarnna chalakatha kaaranam upayogichirunnu. chembu paathrangalude uyarnna chalakatha indhanachelavu kuraykkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ooksidaiseshan ennariyappedunna chembu, ooksijan enniva thammilulla raasapravarthanam chembu paathrangale karuthathaakkunnu. chembu vaayuvile eerppavumaayi prathipravartthikkukayum chembu carbonate srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu uparithalathil ilam pacha thurumbaayi kaananakum. copper carbonate vishamullathaanu, athu bhakshanavumayi kalarnnal oru vyakthiye gurutharamaayi rogabadhithanaakkum. chembu paathrangalil vellam deerghakaalam sookshikkumbol chembu kurachu alavil vellathil laikkum. eee prakriya "oligodynamic ephakt" ennu vilikkunnu. chembu allengil pichala uparithalavumayi vaayu nerittu sanbarkkam pularthunnathu thadayunnathiloode bhakshyavishabadhayil ninnum chembu pathrangal karupp nirayunnathil ninnum kalai samrakshikkunnu. chembu pole nalla taapa chaalakamaanu tinn, athinaal kalai prayogikkunnathu paathratthinte taapa chalakatha nashtappedunnilla. 
ekadesham rund maasathilorikkal kappalukalil kalai nadathendathundu. thaapanila 425 digri fahrenheatinu (<aii. dii. 1> digri selshyas) mukalilaanenkil tinn urukum. koodaathe, tinn coating kaalakramena kshayikkunnu. coating samrakshikkunnathinu, oraal thadi allengil silikkan spattulakal upayogikkukayum acidity bhakshanagal paachakam cheiyunnathu ozhivaakkukayum venam.
prakriya.
vividha reethikalil kalai nadatthaam. virjin grade tinn (hindiyil 'ranga' ennu vilikkunnu), koostik sooda, saal amoniac allengil amonium chloride (hindiyil 'nausaadar' podi ennu vilikkunnu), vellam enniva eee prakriyayil upayogikkunnu.
kalayude aadyapadi paathram vellam upayogichu vrithiyaakkuka ennathaanu. podi polulla maalinyangal neekkam cheiyunnathinu paathram vrithiyaakkaan rund vazhikalundu. aadyathethu koostik sooda upayogichu vrithiyaakkuka ennathaanu. mattonn 'soofa' ennariyappedunna swarnna shudheekarana samyuktham adangiya nerppicha assid layani upayogichu kazhukuka ennathaanu. randaamathethu upayogikkukayaanenkil, nerppicha acidic layani prayogicha udan thanne paathram vrithiyaakkanam, kaaranam athu udan cheythillengil oru adayaalam undakam. 
vrithiyaakkiya sesham, paathram kalkari kathichu ekadesham 2 muthal 3 minitt vare choodaakkunnu. kalaiwala, kalaigar allengil kalaikar ennivar kalkari kathikkaan nilathu oru cheria kuzham kuzhikkunnu. avan/aval kalai cheyyaan oru thaalkkaalika spodanaathmaka choola thayyarakkukayum shabdangaliloode vaayu veeshukayum cheiyunnu. paathram pink niramulla choodaayikkazhinjaal, choodulla paathratthil virjin grade tinn (strippukalude roopathil) puratunnu. eee ghattathe kalaigaarukal 'casting' ennu vilikkunnu. nausaadar podi paathratthil thalikkunnu. tinn vegathil uruki, thudarnnu oru parutthi thuniyo parutthiyude oru thunikondo paathratthil thulyamaayi thechidunnu. rubbing prakriya hindiyil 'majaay' ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. nausaadar' podi paathratthil thekkumbol amonia vichitramaaya manam ulla velutha puka purathuvarunnu. oru thilakkathode kappalil oru vellimayamaaya lining prathyakshappedunnu. kalayude avasana ghattam paathratthe thanutha vellathil mukkuka ennathaanu.
ippozhathe sahacharyam.
neratthe tinninu pakaram velli upayogichaanu kalai cheythirunnathenkilum ippol athu valare chelaveriyathaayirikkum. stainless steel, aluminium pathrangal nilavil vannathode chembu, pichala paathrangalude upayogam kurayukayum ithu kalaigaarukalkk nashtam varuthukayum cheythu. ippol chila hotelukal maathramaan, valare kurachu aalukal maathrame kalai ulla kappalukal upayogikkunnulloo. thalphalamaayi, valare kurachu kalaigarukal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo, kalai kala aprathyakshamaakunnu.

