
janithakamattam varuthiya maram

janithaka enchiniyaring saankethikavidyakal upayogichu dna parishkkaricha oru vrukshamaanu janithakamaayi parishkkaricha vruksham (gmt, gm trea, janithakamaayi enchiniyaring cheytha vruksham, ge trea allengil transgenic trea). mikka kesukalilum, sasyathil swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkatha oru puthiya swabhaavam avatharippikkuka ennathaanu lakshyam. chila keedangal, rogangal, paaristhithika saahacharyangal, kalanashinikalkkulla sahishnutha, allengil pulping chelavu kuraykkunnathinaayi lignin alavil maattam ennivaykkulla prathirodham udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.
chainayile praanikale prathirodhikkunna poppler marangalum brazeelile gm yookkaalipttasinte oru kesum ozhike janithakamattam varuthiya vanavrikshangal vaanijya upayogathinaayi ithuvare amgeekarichittilla ("aniyantritha"). janithakamattam varuthiya niravadhi vanavrikshangal niyanthranavidheyamaakkunnathi feeld pareekshanangalkk vidheyamaayikkondirikku, koodaathe gaveshanathinte bhooribhaagavum pulp, paper vyavasaayamaan nadathunnathu, praadhamikamaayi nilavilulla vrukshangalude uthppaadanakshamatha vardhippikkuka enna uddeshyathodeyaanu. pappaya, plum ennivayulppede janithakamattam varuthiya chila pazhathottangalude enangal amerikkayil vaanijyaparamaaya upayogathinaayi niyanthranamukthamaakkiyuttiyu. gm vilakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol gm marangalude vikasanam, parisodhana, upayogam enniva prarambha ghattathilaanu.
gaveshanam.
janithakamattam varuthiya marangalekkurichulla gaveshanam 1988 muthal nadannuvarikayaanu. janithakamattam varuthiya marangale kaattilekku vidunnathiloode undaakunna jaivasuraksha prathyaaghaathangalekkurichallu aashankakal gm vanavrikshangalude niyanthranaparamaaya amgeekaarathe thadanjirikkunnu. jaivavaividhyathekkurichu kanvenshanil eee aashanka udaaharanamaayi kaanapedunnu
gm vanavrikshangalude kooduthal vaanijyavalkkaranathinulla oru munvyavastha avayude poornna vandhyathayaayirikkaam. thottavrikshangal avayude vanyasasyangalumayi samaanamaayi thudarunnu, avayil mikathum moonnu thalamurakalil koodaattha krithrima thiranjeduppinte ulppannamaanu, athinaal anuyojyamaaya vanyamrugangalumaayulla paraaganatthiloode transjeen rakshappedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. gm marangalekkurichulla ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya shaasthra adhishtitha aashankakalilonnu vithum koombolayum vyaapakamaayi chitharaanulla saadhyathayaanu. pine koombola deerghadooram sanjarikkunnu enna vastutha nannayi sthaapikkappettittundu, athinte uravidathil ninnu 3,000 kilometer vare neengunnu. koodaathe, pala vruksha enangalum vilaveduppinu munbu valarekkalam punarnirmmikkunnu. eee gadakangal samyojippichu, gm vilakalekkaal prathyeka paaristhithika parigananakk gm marangal yogyamaanennu vishwasikkaan chilare prerippichu. gm marangalkk vandhyatha urappaakkunnath asaadhyamaanennu theliyikkappettilettum sramangal nadakkunnu. 2020 oode poornnamaaya niyanthranam saadhyamaakumenn trea janithakashaasthranjanaaya steevu stross pravachichenkilum niravadhi chodyangal avasheshikkunnu.
nirddishta upayogangal.
vyavasayangalkko vanapalakarko upabhokthaakkalkko prayojanam nalkaan uddeshichulla swabhaavasavisheshathakalode pareekshanathmaka vikasanathinu keezhilulla gm marangal parishkkarichu. uyarnna niyanthrana, gaveshana chelavukal kaaranam, silvikkalcharile janithakamattam varuthiya marangalil bhooribhaagavum yookkaaliptas, poppler, pine thudangiya thottavrikshangalaanu.
lignin maattam.
niravadhi kambanikalum samghadanakalum (arborgan, jii. ell. bii. aarr. sii., ulppede)...pulp, paper vyavasaayathil (prathyekichu yookkaaliptas, poppler marangal) thottatthile lignin ulladakkam maattaan gm saankethikavidya upayogikkaan avarkk thaalpparyamund. janithaka parishkkaranatthiloode thottatthile marangalile lignin kuraykkunnathu pulping chelavu oru cubic meterinu 15 dollar vare kuraykkumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. maraa naarukalil ninnu lignin neekkam cheiyunnathu parambaraagathamaayi chelaveriyathum paaristhithikamaayi apakadakaravumaaya raasavasthukkale aasrayichirikkunnu. kuranja lignin gm marangal vikasippikkunnathiloode pulping, bleaching prakriyakalkku kuranja inputtukal aavasyamaanennu prathekshikkunnu, athinaal kuranja lignin gm marangal vitharanam cheiyunna millukalkk avayude chuttumulla aavaasavyavasthayilum samoohangalilum swaadheenam kurachekkaam. ennirunnaalum, lignin kuraykkunnathu chediyude gadanaaparamaaya samagrathaye thadassappeduthumennum athuvazhi kaatt, manju, rogakaarikal, rogangal ennivaykku kooduthal vidheyamaakumennum ithu parambaraagatha thottangalil upayogikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal keedanashini upayogam aavashyamaayi varumennum vaadikkunnu. ithu sariyaanennu theliyikkappedukayum columbia sarvakalashaala pinthudarunna oru badal sameepanam vikasippikkukayum cheythu. lignin kooduthal eluppathil takarkkaan anuvadikkunna rasaparamaaya labyl linkejukal (anjalikka sinensis enna chediyil ninnu oru jeane cherkkunnathiloode) avatharippikkuka ennathaayirunnu eee sameepanam. eee puthiya sameepanam kaaranam, marangalil ninnulla lignin 100 digri selshyas thapanilayil mithamaaya adithara upayogichu chikilsikkumbol eluppathil pottukayum marangal avayude valarchaa seshiyum shakthiyum nilanirthukayum cheythu.
manju sahishnutha.
janithaka parishkkaranangal marangale avayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paridhi vipuleekarikkunna vidhathil ajaiva sammarddangale neridaan anuvadikkum. thekke american thottangalil upayogikkunna freeze sahishnuthayulla gm yookkaaliptas marangal atharamoru lakshyam manassil vechukondu nilavil ooppan eyar saittukalil pareekshikkunnu. pulp, paper sthaapanangalaaya rubikkan (nyoosiland), meedwestwaco (us), internaashanal paper (us) ennivayude samyuktha samrambhamaya trea biotechnology kambaniyaaya arborgan aanu eee gaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkunnathu. ithuvare floridayude thekke attathu maathrame yookkaaliptas krishi saadhyamaayirunnullu, freeze-tolerance krishi paridhi vadakkott ganyamaayi vyapippikkum.
oorjjam kuranju.
pazhathottangal cheruthaayi thudaraan kuranja oorjjaswalathayode oru verukal aavasyamaanu. 
janithaka parishkkaranatthiloode maratthinte oorjjam kuraykkukayum poornnamaayum pakwata praapikkumbol athinte uyaram kuraykkukayum cheythukondu verukal illaathaakkaan kazhiyum. pazhathottangalile (apple, piyar, thudangiya) oorjjaswalathaykku kaaranamaaya jeenukal eathokkeyaanennu gaveshanam nadakkunnundu...).
thwarithappeduthiya valarcha.
brazeelil, athivegam valarunna gm yookkaalipttasinte feeld pareekshanangal nilavil nadakkunnu, avaa vaanijyavalkkaranathode 2015-2016 ll avasanikkaan theerumaanichirunnu. "brazilian pulp aandu paper kambaniyaaya susanoyude udamasthathayilulla biotechnology kambaniyaaya "futuregene" aanu eee gaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkunnathu. futuregene cheef executive staanli hirsh prasthaavichu "nammude marangal vegathilum kattiyilum valarunnu. nammal ellaavarekkaalum munnilaanu. parambaraagatha prajananatthiloode valarunna mattenthinekkaalum kooduthal marangalude vilavum valarchaa nirakkum vardhippikkaan kazhiyumennu njangal theliyichittundu."parambaraagatha yookkaaliptasinekkaal kooduthal pindamulla aii. dii. 1 ulla vilaveduppu chakram 7ll ninnu 5.5 varshamaayi kuraykkaan kambani shramikkunnu. atharam lakshyangal thottavanavalkkaranathinte prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal kooduthal vashalaakkiyekkaamenna aashankayundu. vegathil valarunna jeevajalangalil ninnulla jalathinteyum manninteyum poshakangalude aavasyam vardhikkunnathu saitt ulppaadanakshamathayil veendedukkaanaavaatha nashtatthilekku nayikkukayum ayal samoohangaleyum aavaasavyavasthakaleyum kooduthal baadikkukayum cheyyum. maanchastar sarvakalaashaalayile faakkaltti oof life sciencesile gaveshakar poppler marangalile rund jeenukal parishkkarichu, avaye pii. xi, cley ennu vilikkunnu, avaa maratthinte thumbile kosha vibhajanathinte nirakkin kaaranamaakunnu. thalphalamaayi, marangal saadhaaranayekkaal eratti vegathil valarukayum uyaramullathum veethiyullathum kooduthal elakalullathumaayi avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu.
roga prathirodham.
janithaka parishkkaranathekkurichu paristhithi prerithamaaya gaveshanam nadakkunnundu. american chestnut (chestnut blaitt kaanuka), engleesh elm (dutch elm disease kaanuka) thudangiya marangalil avaye kaattilekku veendum avatharippikkunnathinaayi roga prathirodham valarthaan lakshyamitulla padhathikal nadakkunnundu. prathyeka rogangal eee pratheekathmaka enangalude janasamkhya kurachathinaal avaa kooduthalum kattil nashtappedunnu. eee enangalkku roga prathirodham nalkaanulla shramathil parambaraagatha prajnana saankethikavidyakalumaayi janithaka parishkkaranam oresamayam pinthudarunnu.
nilavile upayogangal.
chainayile poplarukal.
2002ll chainayude samsthaana vanaa paripalana vakupp vaanijyaparamaaya upayogathinaayi gm poppler marangalkk amgeekaaram nalki. pinneedu, gm poplarukal uthppaadippikkunna 14 laksham bii. tii. (keedanashini) chainayil nattupidippichu. marathinaayum marubhoomivalkkaranathe thadassappeduthukayenna lakshyathode chainayude 'haritabhiti' padhathiyude bhagamaayum avaa nattupidippichu. gm poplarukal yadhaartha nadeel pradeshathinappurathekku vyaapichathaayum bii. tii jeane upayogichu thaddesheeya poplarukal malinamaakukayaanennum reportukal soochippikkunnu. eee sambhavavikasangalil aashankayundu, prathyekichum keedanashini uthppaadippikkunna swabhaavam poplarinu oru nalla selective nettam nalkukayum athu uyarnna thalatthilulla aakramanathmakatha anuvadikkukayum cheyyum.

