
fenethylene

aamphettaamain, theophillin ennivayude codrug aanu fenethylene (baann, usan), ithu iruvarkkum oru prodrug aanu. ithinu fenethylene, fenettilin (inn) ennum aksharavinyaasamund; amphetaminoethyl theophiline, aamphettilin ennivayaanu ithinte mattu perukal. captagon, biocapton, phittan ennee brand namangalil cycostimulantaayi upayogikkunnathinaanu eee marunnu vipananam cheythath. ithu ippol mikka raajyangalilum niyamavirudhamaanu, praadhamikamaayi niyamavirudhamaaya upayogathinaayi nirmmikkunnu. aagola vitharanathinte 80 sathamaanavum sambhavana cheiyunna syria lokathile ettavum valia marunnu uthppaadakaraayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
charithram.
1961ll jarmman digusa eji aanu fenethylene aadyamaayi samanvayippichathu, ekadesham 25 varshatholam amphetaminum anubandha samyukthangalkkum pakaramaayi ithu upayogichu. fenethilinu fda-amgeekritha soochanakalonnumillenkilum, ithu "hyperchinetic kuttikalude" chikilsayilum (ippol attanshan dephisit hyper aaktivitti desorder ennu vilikkappedunna), saadhaaranayaayi, narcolepsy, vishaadam ennivaykkum upayogichirunnu. fenethilinte pradhana gunangalilonnu, aamphettaamainin thulyamaaya alavil rakthasammardham vardhippikkunnilla ennathukondu hridayasambandhamaaya asukhangalulla rogikalil ithu upayogikkaam ennathaayirunnu.
aamfettaamaininekkaal kuranja paarshwafalangalum durupayogathinulla saadhyathayum fenethilininu undennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1981-ll amerikkayil niyantritha padaarthamaayi fenethylene pattikappedutthukayum, fenethylene durupayogathinte yadhaartha sambhavangal valare kuravaanengilum, psychotropic padaarthangalekkurichulla kanvenshanu keezhil lokaarogya samghadana anthaaraashtra shedyoolinginaayi pattikappeduthiyathinu sesham 1986-ll ithu mikka raajyangalilum niyamavirudhamaayi maarukayum cheythu.
farmacology.
oru alkail shringhala vazhi theophillin aamphettaamainumaayi sahavarthithvathode bandhippikkumbol fenethylene thanmatra falamaakunnu.
shareerathinte metabolisis cheyyappedunna fenethylene aamphettaamain (ooral dosinte <aii. dii. 1>), theophiline (ooral dosinte <aii. dii. 2>) ennee rund marunnukalum sajeeva uthejakangalaanu. athinaal fenethilinte shaareerika phalangal eee rund samyukthangalude samyojanathil ninnu undakunnathaayi thonnunnu, ennirunnaalum "engane" ennathu poornnamaayum vyakthamalla, koodaathe mettabolisathe thudarnnu ulppaadippikkunna amphettaamainum theofillinum thammilulla oru samanvaya prabhavam ulkkollunnathayi thonnunnu. niravadhi serotonin resepterukalil nerittu pravarthikkunnathaayi thonnumenkilum villalin munbulla fenethilinte pharmacological pravartthanangalum moshamaayi nilanilkkunnu.
durupayogavum niyamaviruddha vyapaaravum.
middle eesttil, captagon enna brand naamatthinte fenethylene durupayogam cheiyunnathu saadhaaranamaanu, athaayath, 'montediplo'.niyamavirudhamaanenkilum marunninte captagon, vyaja pathippukal labhyamaayi thudarunnu. middle eesttinu purathu captagon valare kuravaanu, police mayakkumarunnu thirichariyaanidayilla. kayattumathikalil ninnulla varumanam videshanaanyathinte 90 sathamaanathiladhikam sambhavana cheiyunnathinaal captagon ulppaadanavum kayattumathiyum syrian sarkkar sponsor cheiyunna oru valia vyavasaayamaayi mariyirikkunnu. 2022ll assad bharanakoodatthinte vaarshika kappaagon charakkukalude moolyam 57 bilyan dollaranennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu ellah meksikkan mayakkumarunnu baaranukaludeyum motham vyaapaarathinte moonnirattiyaanu.
eee vyaja "captagon" gulikakalil palathilum ulppaadippikkaan eluppamulla mattu aamphettaamain derivateevukal adangiyirikkunnu, pakshe captagon gulikakal pole kaanapedaan amarthukayum staambu cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. vishakalanam cheytha chila vyaja captagon gulikakalil fenethylene adangiyittundu, ennirunnaalum, eee marunninte niyamavirudhamaaya uthppaadanam thudarukayaanennu soochippikkunnu. eee niyamaviruddha gulikakalil palappozhum "amphetamines, kafeen [,], vividha fillarukal ennivayude misritham" adangiyirikkunnu, avaye chilappol "captagon" ("cheria aksharathil" sii ") ennu vilikkunnu.
padinjaaran eshyayile oru janapriya marunnaan fenethylene, ithu syriayile theevravaada grouppukal upayogikkunnundennu 2015 ll american maadyama sthaapanamaaya cnn report cheythu. ennirunnaalum, basher alle asadinte syrian sarkkaaraan syrian intalijansumaayi ekopippichu mayakkumarunnu vitharanakkaarude netvarkkukalkku dhanasahayam nalkunnathennum sponsor cheiyukayaanennum pilkkala gaveshanangal theliyichittundu. vilakuranjathum lalithavumaaya oru prakriyayiloodeyaanu ithu praadeshikamaayi nirmmikkunnath. 2019 joolaiyil lebananil oru gulikaykk 1.5 muthal 2 dollar vare vilaykk captagon vittu. 2021ll syriayil gunanilavaaramillaattha gulikakal praadeshikamaayi oru dollaril thaazhe vilaykk vittu, athesamayam uyarnna nilavaaramulla gulikakal videshathekku kooduthalaayi kadathikkondupokukayum soudi arabiayil oronninum 14 dollar vare vilavarum.
chila chorchakal anusarichu, theevravaada grouppukal aayudangalkkum panatthinum pakaramaayi mayakkumarunnu kayattumathi cheiyunnu. narcotics kantrol deseeya kammittiyude sekrattari generalum mayakkumarunnu virudha, prathirodha kaaryangalude asisttant directorumaaya abdullellah mohammed alle-shareef parayunnathanusarichu, soudi arabiayile aii. dii. 1 prayaparidhiyil varunna mayakkumarunnu upayokthaakkalil 40 sathamaanavum fenethilinu adimakalaanu.
vardhichuvarunna upayogavum pidichedukkalum.
yuu. enn. oo. dii. sii. yude kanakkanusarichu 2010ll soudi arabiaykku ezhu tonn kappaagon labhichu, ithu loka vitharanathinte moonnilonnaanu. 2017ll arabian upadveepile ettavum janapriyamaaya vinoda marunnaayirunnu captagon.
2015 october 26 nuu, soudi raajakudumbathile oru amgamaaya abdel mohsen biinn valid biinn abdul assies rajakumaran mattu naalu pereyum mayakkumarunnu kadathu kuttatthinu beyroothil thadavilaakki, vimaanathaavala suraksha udyogasthar rund tonn captagon (fenethylene) gulikakalum kurachu kokkeynum kandethiyathinethudarnn soudi thalasthaanamaaya readilekku purappedaan nischayichirunna oru swakaarya jettil. adutha maasam, syrian athirthiyile hattaay mekhalayil nadatthiya reydukalil turkey adhikrithar 2 tonn captagon-ekadesham 11 dasalaksham gulikakal-pidicheduthathaayi agence france pras report cheythu. gulikakal syriayil nirmmikkukayum pershyan gulfile arab raajyangalilekku ayaykkukayum cheythirunnu.
2015 desember 31nuu lebanese sainyam raajyathinte vadakku bhaagath rund valia thothilulla mayakkumarunnu ulppaadana varkshoppukal kandethiyathayum valia alavil captagon gulikakal pidichedutthathaayum prakhyaapichu. rund divasam munbu eejipthilekk kayattumathi cheiyunna school meshakalil olippichuvecha moonnu tonn kappadukalum kanjaavum bairuth vimaanathaavalathil ninnu pidichedutthu.
2016leeii baastil dinathil 84 saadhaaranakkaare konnu franch-tunisian mohammed lahovej bouhlel upayogicha mobail phonil mayakkumarunninekkurillu paraamarshangal kandethi.
2017 meyy maasathil chaals dii gaul vimanathavalathile franch kasttams lebananil ninnu soudi arabiayilekku kondupookunna 750,000 captagon gulikakal pidichedutthu. aaa varsham, chaals dii gaul vimaanathaavalathil mattu rund gulikakalum kandethithi januvariyil check republicilekku pookukayum februvariyil urukk achukalil olippikkukayum cheythu. pidicheduttha uthppannangalil pradhaanamaayum aamphettaamain, theophiline ennivayude mishrithamundenn kooduthal anweshanathil kandethi.
2018 januvariyil jordan athirthikkaduthulla alle-hadita crossingle ninnu 13 laksham captagon gulikakal soudi arebia pidichedutthu. 2018 desemberil aarr tonn samskaricha kanjaavum 3 dasalaksham captagon gulikakalum vahichu libiayilekku pookunna oru syrian kappal grease thadanju. 2019 joolaiyil, 5.25 tonn bharamullah 33 dasalaksham captagon gulikakal syriayil ninnu greasil ninnu pidichedutthu. aaa masavasanam, yunaittad arab emiratesile oru boatil 800,000 captagon gulikakal kandethi. 2019 augustil alle-hadeetayile soudi kasttams oru trekkilum swakaarya vaahanathilum ninnu kandethiya <aii. dii. 1> captagon gulikakal pidichedutthu.
2020 februvariyil, syriayil ninnu jabal aliyilekkulla electric kebilukalude kayattumathiyil 35 dasalaksham captagon gulikakal yuu. eiii. iii kandethi. 2020 eprilil, soudi arebia syriayil ninnu kadathiya 44.7 dasalaksham captagon gulikakal pidichedutthu, mayakkumarunnu kallakkadathu aashankakal choondikkaatti lebananil ninnulla pazhangalkkum pachakkarikalkkum irakkumathi nirodhanam earppeduthi, ithu lebanese cheerayude vila kurayaan kaaranamaayi. 2020 juulai 1 nuu itaaliyan guardia dii finanza kasttams aandu kuthaka ejansiyum ekopippicha mayakkumarunnu virudha ooppareshan italiyil ninnu 14 tonn amphetamines pidichedutthu, syriayil ninnu kadathiyathayi label cheyyukayum itaaliyan adhikaarikal aadyam aii. ezz. aii. ezz nirmmichathaayi karuthukayum cheythu, avaa ekadesham 84 dasalaksham gulikakal niracha moonnu shipping kandeynarukalil ninnu kandethi. 2020 novemberil, syriayil ninnu vanna damiyetta thuramukhathu ninnu rund kappal captagon gulikakal pidikkaan eejipthin kazhinju, aadyathethil 3,251,500 gulikakalum randaamathethil 11 dasalaksham gulikakalum undaayirunnu. 2020 desemberil, itaaliyan adhikaarikal syriayile lathakiyayil ninnu libiayilekku pookunna ekadesham 14 tonn captagon pidichedutthu, ekadesham oru bilyan dollar vilamathikkunna ekadesham 85 dasalaksham gulikakal.
2021 januvariyil lebanonil ninnu vanna oru kayattumathiyil ninnu ettu tonn kappalpadayum ettu tonn kanjaavum eejipshyan adhikrithar pidicheduthathaayi thuramukhathu parayunnu. 2021 februvariyil, greasin soudi arabiaykkum vendiyulla tyle nirmmaana yanthrathil olippichirikkunna 5 dasalaksham captagon gulikakalude kayattumathi lebanese kasttams bairoot thuramukhathu pidichedutthu. 2021 eprilil lebananil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha pazhangalil olippichirikkunna 5.3 laksham captagon gulikakal soudi adhikrithar kandethi.
syriayile uthppaadanam.
syrian aabhyanthara yudhathil eee mayakkumarunnu oru punk vahikkunnu. fenethilinte uthppaadanavum vilppana valia varumanam srishtikkunnu, ithu aayudhangalkk dhanasahayam nalkaan upayogikkunnu, koodaathe fenethylene poraalikal oru uthejakamaayi upayogikkunnu. niyamaparamaaya kayattumathi parimithappedutthunna daaridryavum anthaaraashtra uparodhangalum sambhavana cheiyunna gadakangalaanu.
2021 meyy maasathil, yuu. keey. pathramaya "dhaa guardian" syriayile captagon ulppaadanathinte sambadvyavasthayil cheluthunna prathyaaghaathangale oru vrithiketta bisinasaayi visheshippichu, athu oru narco-stettu srishtikkunnu. vardhicha vyavasayavalkkaranam, poruthappedutthal, saankethika sankeernnatha ennivayode syriayilekku ozhukunna mayakkumarunnu panam niyamaanusrithamaaya bisinasukale asthirappeduthukayum athine aagola captagon ulppaadana kendramaayi sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. 2021 juunil, lebananil ninnu varunna irumbu plettukalude kayattumathikkullil olippichirikkunna 14 dasalaksham captagon gulikakal jeddah thuramukhathe soudi adhikrithar pidichedutthu. athe maasathil, jeddah thuramukhathu niravadhi ooranchu kaarttanukalilayi kadathiya 45 laksham captagon gulikakal soudi adhikrithar pidichedutthu. 2021 joolaiyil, alle-hadeedhayil ninnu oru tomato pesttu kayattumathiyilirunnu olippichuvecha 21 laksham captagon gulikakal soudi kasttams kandethi.
"syrian sainyathinte elaitt 4th kavachitha vibhaagam, maher alle-asadinte neethrthwathilulla, avarude sahodaran bashar alle-asadinte neethrthwathilulla, mattu mayakkumarunnukalkkoppam kappaasinte ulppaadanathinum vitharanathinum melnottam vahikkunnuvennu 2021 desemberil newyork times report cheythu. yoonit siriyayiludaneelamulla nirmmaana soukaryangal, packing plaantukal, kallakkadathu shringalakal enniva niyanthrikkukayum kristtal methil edapaadukal aarambikkukayum cheythu. mejiyude neethrthwathilulla divishante security beuro. jenne. thuramukha nagaramaya lathakiayilekkum jordan, lebaanon athirthi kadakkunnathilekkum ulla faaktarikalkkum kallakkadathu vazhikalkkum ghasaan bilal samrakshanam nalkunnu. assad sarkkaarinethire uparodham earppeduthiyathinte pashchaathalatthil, "syrian report" edittar jihad yasigi paranju, captagon ippol "siriyayude videsha naanayatthinte ettavum pradhanappetta uravidamaanu".
synthesis.
prathikarana samvidaanam.
theophiline (1) 2-bromochloroethain (2) upayogichu aalkkailett cheyth 7-(2-chloroethyl) theophiline (benafilin, eupnophile) (3) nalkunnu. 7-(2-chloroethyl) theophiline oru intramolecular substitution prathikaranatthil bakkiyulla halojan leaving groupine sthaanabhrashtanaakki moonnu kaarban ring substructure roopeekarikkunnu. aamphettaamainil (4) ulla praadhamika amine vazhi three-kaarban ring substructure roopabhedam varuthukayum fenethylene (5) nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
prathikarana saahacharyangal.
18 manikorinullil 90 digri selshyasil rund samyukthangalum reflexes cheythukondu theophillin (1) 2-bromochloroetheynumaayi (2) prathipravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu. uthppaadippikkunna 7-(2-chloroethyl) theophiline (3) filtration shudheekarikkalumaanu. shudheekarichathinushesham, samyuktham 3 ithumaayi kalarthunnu. 
aamphettaamain (4) 100 digri selshyasil oru mishrithathil 17 manikkoor vechu fenethylene (5) uthpaadippikkuka.
samyuktha thirichariyal.
fenethylene valare niyantrithamaaya marunnayathinaal, athu niyanthrikkunnathin vividha thirichariyal reethikal aavasyamaanu. vyathyastha saambilukalulla niravadhi thirichariyal reethikal pareekshichittundu. gyaas chromatography-maas spectrometry (jii. sii.-emm. ezz) khara saambilukalilum moothrathilum mudiyilum fenethylene thirichariyunnathinulla krithyamaaya upakaranamaayi theliyikkappettittund.

