
kaarban verthirichedukkal

kaarban shekharanam (allengil kaarban sambharanam) oru kaarban poolil kaarban sambharikkunna prakriyayaan. kaarban sequestration swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunna oru prakriyayaan, pakshe ithu saankethikavidya upayogichu mechappeduthaano nedaano kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu kaarban capture, storeju projakdukalkkullil. rund pradhana tharam kaarban sequestration undu geological, biological (biosecustration ennum vilikkunnu).
kaarban dye ooksaid () swaabhaavikamaayi jaiva, raasa, bhauthika prakriyakaliloode anthareekshathil ninnu pidichedukkunnu. bhoomiyude upayogathilum athivegam valarunna vilakalallaatha sasyangalkkayi vilabhoomiye bhoomiyaakki maattunnathupolulla kaarshika reethikalilum varuthiya maattangaliloode eee mattangal thwarithappeduthaam. uparithalathinu thaazheyulla lavana jalasambharanikalo vaardhakyamulla ennappaadangalo upayogichu valia thothilulla, krithrimamaaya pidichedukkalum vyaavasaayikamaayi uthppaadippikkunna verthiricalum ulppede samanamaaya phalangal srishtikkunnathinaayi krithrima prakriyakal aavishkarichittundu. kaarban pidichedukkalum sambharanavumulla jaiva oorjjam, biochar, mechappetta kaalavastha, direct eyar kaarban capture, sequestration (dac) ennivayaanu kaarban sequestrationodoppam pravartthikkunna mattu saankethikavidyakal.
vanangal, kelp kidakkakal, mattu tharatthilulla sasyajaalangal enniva valarumbol vaayuvil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid agiranam cheyyukayum athine jaivabharamaayi bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, deerghakaala sequestration urappunalkaan kazhiyaathathinal eee jaiva sambharanikale asthiramaaya kaarban sinkukalaayi kanakkakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, kaattuthee allengil rogam, saambathika sammarddangal, maarunna rashtreeya mungananakal thudangiya prakrithi sambhavangal, verthiricha kaarban anthareekshathilekku thirike vidunnathinu kaaranamakum. anthareekshathil ninnu neekkam cheytha kaarban dye ooksaid uparithalathilekku kuthivachu allengil layikkaatha carbonate lavanangalude (dhaatu verthirikkal) roopathil bhoomiyude puramthodil sambharikkam. eee reethikal asthiramallaathathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam avaa anthareekshathil ninnu kaarban neekkam cheyyukayum anischithamaayi verthirikkukayum cheiyunnu, orupakshe ganyamaaya kaalayalavilekku (aayirakkanakkin muthal dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangal vare).
samudrangalile kaarban verthirichedukkal prakriyakal vardhippikkunnathinu inipparayunna saankethikavidyakal nirddeshichittunde ithuvare valia thothilulla prayogam onnum nediyittilla kadalppayal krishi, samudra beejasankalanam, krithrima valarthal, bassault sambharanam, daathusamvidhaanam, aazhakkadal avashishtangal, aasidukale nirveeryamaakkunnathin aditharakal cherkkal. nerittu aazhakkadal kaarban dye ooksaid kuthivayppu enna ashayam upekshikkappettu.
padavali.
kaarban sequestration" enna padam saahithyathilum maadhyamangalilum vyathyastha reethikalil upayogikkunnu. ipcc aaram moolyanirnnaya report ithine "kaarban poolil kaarban sambharikkunna prakriya" ennaanu nirvachichirikkunnathu. pinneedu, oru "kulathe" nirvachichirikkunnathu "kaarban, naitrajan thudangiya moolakangal oru nischitha kaalayalavil vividha raasa roopangalil vasikkunna bhoumavyavasthayile oru reservoir" ennaanu.
yunaittad stetts geological sarway (yuu. ezz. jii. ezz) "kaarban sequestration" inipparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkunnu "kaarban sequestration ennathu anthareeksha kaarban dye ooksaid pidichedukkukayum sambharikkukayum cheiyunna prakriyayaan."athinaal, kaarban sequestration kaarban capture aandu storejum (sisi) thammilulla vyathyasam chilappol maadyamangalil mangunnu. ennirunnaalum, aii. pii. sii. sii. sii. yeei nirvachichirikkunnathu "vyaavasaayika srothassukalil ninnu thaarathamyena shudhamaaya kaarban dye ooksaidinte (sii. oo. 2) ozhukk verthirikkukayum samskarikkukayum deerghakaala sambharana sthalathekku kondupookukayum cheiyunna oru prakriyayaan" ennaanu.
athinaal krithrima kaarban sequestration teknikkukal upayogikkunna oru saankethika aaplikkeshanaanu sisi.
padatthinte charithram (padavyuthpatthi).
sequestration" enna padam laattin "sequestrair" enna padatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athaayath mattivekkuka allengil keezhadanguka ennaanu ardham. tharkkam pariharikkunnathuvare tharkkatthilulla oru kaaryam avarude kaikalil vechirunna oru sekvasttar, oru nikshepakan allengil trastti ennivaril ninnaan ithu uruthirinjathu. engleeshil "sequestered" ennaal otappettathum pinvalikkappettathum ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.
niyamathil, kadam kodukkunnavarudeyo samsthaanathinteyo prayojanathinaayi niyamaparamaaya prakriyakalkku keezhil athinte udamayude kaivashamulla enthengilum neekkam cheiyukayo verthirikkukayo pidichedukkukayo cheiyunna pravarthanamaanu sequestration.
veshangal.
prakrithiyil.
bhoomiyude jaivamandalam, pedosphere, jiosphere, jalamandalam, anthareeksham ennivaykkidayil kaarban kaimaattam cheiyunna swaabhaavika kaarban chakratthinte bhagamaanu kaarban sequestration.
jaiva, raasa, bhauthika prakriyakaliloode anthareekshathil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid swaabhaavikamaayi pidichedukkunnu.
kalavastha vyathiyana laghookaranathil.
kaarban sequestration-oru kaarban singhai pravartthikkumbol-kalavastha vyathiyaanam laghookarikkaanum angane kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte doshakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal kuraykkaanum sahayikkunnu. phoosil indhanangalum vyaavasaayika kannukaali ulppaadanavum kathikkunnathiloode purathuvarunna harithagriha vaathakangalude anthareeksha, samudra shekharanathe mandagathiyilaakkaan ithu sahayikkunnu.
kalavastha vyathiyana laghookaranathinaayi kaarban sequestration prayogikkumbol, swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunna kaarban sequestration vardhippikkunnathiloode krithrima kaarban sequestration prakriyakal prayogikkunnathiloodeyo athu valarthiyedukkaan kazhiyum. 
kaarban pidichedukkalum sambharana sameepanangalum anusarichu kaarban sequestration ennathu "sambharana" gadakathe soochippikkunnu. ivide, krithrima kaarban sambharana saankethikavidyakal prayogikkunnu, athaayath aazhathilulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya roopeekaranangalil vathaka sambharanam (lavana roopeekaranangalum theernna vathaka shethrangalum ulppede), sthiramaaya kaarbanettukal uthpaadippikkunnathinu loha ooksaidukalumaayi kaarban dye ooksaidinte prathipravartthanathiloode khara sambharanam.
kaarban krithrimamaayi verthirikkunnathin (i.iii. kaarban chakratthinte swaabhaavika prakriyakal upayogikkaathe) aadyam athu pidichedukkanam, allengil "athu ganyamaayi vaikukayo anthareekshathilekku veendum vidunnathu thadayukayo venam (jwalanathiloodeyo kshayathiloodeyo muthalaayava vazhiyo).) nilavilulla kaarban sambushtamaaya oru vasthuvil ninnu, (nirmmaanatthil polulla) shaashvathamaaya upayogathil ulppeduthunnathiloode. athinusesham ithu nishkriyamaayi sambharikkam "allengil" kaalakramena vividha reethikalil ulppaadanakshamamaayi upayogikkaam. udaaharanathinu, vilaveduppil, maram (kaarban sambushtamaaya oru vasthu enna nilayil) nirmmaanatthilo mattu modiyulla uthppannangalude oru shreniyilo ulppeduthaam, angane varshangalilo noottaandukalilo polum athinte kaarban verthirikkappedunnu.
bhoomiyile jaiva kaarban verthirikkal.
thudarchayaayatho mechappettatho aaya jaiva prakriyakaliloode anthareeksha harithagriha vaathakamaaya kaarban dye ooksaid pidichedukkukayum sambharikkukayum cheiyunna prakriyayaan biological kaarban sequestration (biosequestration ennum ariyappedunnu). punar vanavalkkaranam, susthira vanaa paripalanam thudangiya bhoomi upayoga reethikaliloode prakaashasamshleshanathinte vardhicha nirakkukaliloodeyaanu eee tharatthilulla kaarban sequestration sambhavikkunnath. prakrithidatha kaarban pidichedukkal vardhippikkunna bhooprayoga maattangalkk oro varshavum valia alavil kaarban dye ooksaid pidichedukkaanum sambharikkaanum kazhiyum. kaarshika mekhalayile kaarban verthirichedukkal reethikalkku purame vanangal, peetlaandukal, thanneerthadangal, pulmedukal thudangiya aavaasavyavasthakalude samrakshanam, paripalanam, punasthaapanam enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
krishiyudeyum vanavalkkaranathinteyum rund mekhalakalilum mannu kaarban verthirichedukkal vardhippikkunnathinulla reethikalum reethikalum nilavilundu.
vanavalkkaranam.
vanabhoomiyil kaarban nilanirtthalinte kaaryatthil, marangal neekkam cheiyunnathinum thudarnnu vananaseekaranam maattaanaavaatha prathyaaghaathangalilekku nayikkunnathinaal vananaseekaranam ozhivaakkunnathaan nallath.jii. jaivavaividyanashtavum manninte nashavum. koodaathe, nilavilulla vanangal kedukoodaathe nilanirthunnathinekkaal bhaviyil eiii. eph.-allengil punar vananasheekaranathinte prathyaaghaathangal kooduthalaayirikkum. punar vanamekhalakalkku pakwathayulla ushnamekhalaa vanangalil kaanapedunna athe kaarban sequestration nilayilekku madangaan valare kooduthal samayamedukkum-niravadhi pathittaandukal.
aagolathalathil ekadesham 15 bilyan vrukshangalude nashtam kanakkaakkappedunnu, manushya naagarikathayude thudakkam muthal aagolathalathil marangalude ennam ekadesham 46 sathamaanam kuranju.
vananaseekaranathinum vananaseekaranam kuraykkunnathinum kaarban verthirichedukkal vardhippikkunnathinu naalu praadhamika vazhikalundu. onnamathaayi, nilavilulla vanangalude alavu vardhippikkuka. randaamathaayi, nilavilulla vanangalude kaarban saandrata staand aandu landscape skailil vardhippikkuka. moonnaamathaayi, phoosil-indhana udvamanathe susthiramaayi maattisthaapikkunna vanaa uthppannangalude upayogam vipuleekarikkunnathiloode. naalaamathaayi, vananaseekaranavum nashavum moolamundaakunna kaarban bahirgamanam kuraykkuka.
munbu marangal illaathirunna pradeshathu oru vanam sthaapikkunnathaanu vanavalkkaranam. nilavilulla oru vanam athinte poornna paaristhithika sheshiyilekk kedukoodaathe valarthunna reethiyaanu vananaseekaranam. anthareekshathil ninnulla kaarban jaivabhaarathilekku ulppeduthunnathinaayi naamamaatra vilakalilum mechilppurangalilum marangal punarnirmmikkunnathaan punarvananam. eee kaarban verthirichedukkal prakriya vijayikkunnathin marangal marikkumbol koottamaayi kathikkunnathino cheenjazhukunnathino kaarban anthareekshathilekku madangaruthu. ithinaayi, marangalkk anuvadicha bhoomi mattu upayogangalilekku parivartthanam cheyyaruthu, angeyattatthe sambhavangal ozhivakkaan thadassangalude aavruthi kaikaaryam cheyyendathu aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. pakaramaayi, avayil ninnulla thadi thanne verthirikkanam, udha.jii.biochar vazhi, kaarban sambharanamulla (bec) jaiva-oorjjam, landfill allengil nirmmaanatthil upayogikkunnathiloode 'sambharichirikkunnu'. ennirunnaalum, deerghakaalamaayulla marangal (> 100 varsham) upayogichu punar vananaseekaranam ganyamaaya kaalayalavilekku kaarban verpeduthukayum kramena purathuvidukayum 21-aamm noottaandil kaarbaninte kalavastha aaghaatham kuraykkukayum cheyyum. bhoomi 1.2 trilyan marangal koodi nadunnathinu mathiyaya idam nalkunnu. avaa nadunnathum samrakshikkunnathum ekadesham 10 varshathe kaarban dye ooksaid udvamanam nikathukayum 205 bilyan tonn kaarban verthirikkukayum cheyyum. eee sameepanathe trilyan trea kaambayin pinthunaykkunnu. lokamembaadumulla ellah nashicha vanangalum punasthaapikkunnathu motham 205 bilyan tonn kaarban pidichedukkum, ithu motham kaarban udvamanathinte moonnil rund bhagamaanu. 
2050 vareyulla 30 varshathe kaalayalavil ellah puthiya nirmmaanangalum aagolathalathil 90 sathamaanam thadi uthppannangal upayogikkukayaanenkil, pradhaanamaayum kuranja nirakkilulla nirmmanangalil vanthothilulla thadi sweekarikkunnathiloode, ithu prathivarsham 700 dasalaksham tonn kaarban verpeduthum, angane 2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu vaarshika kaarban udvamanathinte ekadesham 2 sathamaanam nishedhikkum. ithu kaarban-theevramaaya ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna steel allengil konkreett polulla sthaanabhrashtamaaya nirmmaana vasthukkalil ninnulla kaarban udvamanam illaathaakkunnathinu purameyaanu.
nagara vanavalkkaranam.
nagara vanavalkkaranam puthiya marangal cherkkunnathiloode nagarangalil edukkunna kaarbaninte alavu vardhippikkukayum maratthinte jeevithakaalathu kaarban verthirichedukkukayum cheiyunnu. nagarangalilennapole cheria alavukalil ithu saadhaaranayaayi pariseelikkukayum paripalikkukayum cheiyunnu. nagara vanavalkkaranathinte phalangal upayogikkunna sasyangalude tharatthe aashrayich vyathyastha phalangal nalkum, athinaal ithinu oru singhai pravartthikkaan kazhiyum, pakshe udvamanathinte uravidamaayum pravartthikkaam. lokathile choodulla pradeshangalil, marangalkk nizhaliloodeyum baashpeekaranathiloodeyum oru pradhana thanuppikkal falamundu. ithu eyar contitioninginte aavasyakatha laabhikkukayum athu GHG udvamanam kuraykkukayum cheyyum.
thanneerthadangal.
thanneerthada punarudhaaranatthil oru thanneerthadatthinte swaabhaavika jaiva, bhoomishaasthra, raasa pravartthanangal punasthaapikkunnathiloode punaradhivaasatthiloodeyo punasthaapikkunnathu ulppedunnu. kalavastha vyathiyaanam laghookarikkaanulla saadhyathayulla oru thanthramaayum ithu nirddeshikkappettittund. thanneerthada mannu, prathyekichu kandalkkaadukal, kadal pullukal, uppu chathuppukal thudangiya theeradesha thanneerthadangalil, oru pradhana kaarban reservoiraanu; lokathile manninte kaarbaninte 20-30% thanneerthadangalil kaanapedunnu, athesamayam lokathile bhoomiyude 5-8% maathramaan thanneerthadangalaal nirmmithamaayath. punarudharicha thanneerthadangal uthppaadanakshamamaaya sinkukalaayi maarumennu padanangal theliyichittundu, koodaathe usl lokamembaadum niravadhi punarudhaarana padhathikal nadappaakkiyittund. kalavastha nettangalkku purame, thanneerthada punarudhaaranatthinum samrakshanathinum jaivavaividhyam samrakshikkanum jalathinte gunanilavaaram mechappeduthaanum vellapokka niyanthranathinum kazhiyum.
vanangaleppole, verthirichedukkal prakriya vijayikkanamenkil thanneerthadangal thadassamillaathe thudaranam. ithu enganeyengilum thadassappettaal, sasyangalilum avashishtangalilum sambharichirikkunna kaarban veendum anthareekshathilekku vidukayum aavaasavyavastha oru kaarban singhai pravarthikkaathirikkum cheyyum. koodaathe, chila thanneerthadangalkku meedhane, naitras ooksaid thudangiya harithagriha vaathakangal purathuvidaanum kalavastha nettangal nikathaanum kazhiyum. thanneerthadangal neela kaarban vazhi verthirichedukkunna kaarbaninte alavum alakkaan prayaasamaan.
vellam kanatha sasyajalangalulla mannilekku ozhukumbol sasyangal vellapokkamulla aavaasavyavasthayumaayi poruthappedaan kaaranamaakumbozhaanu thanneerthadangal srishtikkappedunnathu. thanneerthadangal moonnu vyathyastha pradeshangalil undakam. aazhamillaatha theerapradeshangalil samudra thanneerthadangal kaanapedunnu, veliyetta thanneerthadangalum theerapradeshangalaanenkilum kooduthal ulnaadan pradesangalilaayaanu kaanappedunnath, veliyettamillaatha thanneerthadangal ulnaadan pradesangalilaayaanu kaanappedunnath, veliyettangalil ninnu yaathoru falavumilla. thanneerthada mannu oru pradhana kaarban sink aanu; lokathile manninte kaarbaninte 5% maathramaan thanneerthadangal ullappol lokathile manninte kaarbaninte 5% maathramaan thanneerthadangal. thanneerthadangal oru valia kaarban sink mathramalla, vellapokka jalam shekharikkuka, vaayu, jala malineekaranangal filter cheyyuka, niravadhi pakshikal, malsyangal, praanikal, sasyangal ennivaykku oru vaasasthalam srishtikkuka thudangiya niravadhi gunangalundu.
kalavastha vyathiyaanam manninte kaarban sambharanathe oru single ninnu oru uravidathilekku mattiyekkaam. thaapanila vardhikkunnathinanusaricha thanneerthadangalil ninnu prathyekichu permaphrost ulla sthalangalil ninnu harithagriha vaathakangalude vardhanavu undaakunnu. eee permaphrost urukumbol athu mannil labhyamaya ooksijanum vellavum vardhippikkunnu. ithumoolam, mannile bakteeriyakal valia alavil kaarban dye ooksaidum meedheynum anthareekshathilekku puratthuvidum.
kalavastha vyathiyaanavum thanneerthadangalum thammilulla bandham ippozhum poornnamaayum arivayittilla. meedheyninte sambhavana nalkunna uravidamaayirikke punasthaapikkappetta thanneerthadangal engane kaarban kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvennum vyakthamalla. ennirunnaalum, eee pradeshangal samrakshikkunnath anthareekshathilekku kaarban kooduthal purathuvidunnathu thadayaan sahayikkum.
peetlaandukal, churangal, peett bogukal.
nammude aavaasavyavasthayile kaarbaninte ekadesham 30 sathamaanavum peetlaandukalilaanu. peetlaandukal valare vishaalamaayathinaal kaarshika bhoomikkum nagaravalkkaranathinumaayi avaa vattikkumbol, valia alavil kaarban vighadichu anthareekshathilekku puranthallappedunnu. oru peetlaandinte nashtam 175-500 varshathe meedhane udvamanathekkaal kooduthal kaarban utppaadippikkaan saadhyathayund.
peett bogukal carboninte oru singhai pravartthikkunnu, kaaranam avaa bhaagikamaayi shayikkunna biomass shekharikkunnu, allaathapaksham athu poornnamaayum shayikkunnathu thudarum. lokathinte vividha pradeshangalileyum varshathile vyathyastha samayangalileyum vyathyastha kaalaavasthakalumaayi bandhippikkaan kazhiyunna kaarban sink allengil kaarban uravidamaayi peetlaandukal ethratholam pravartthikkunnu ennathil vyathyaasamund. puthiya bogukal srishtikkunnathiloodeyo nilavilullava vardhippikkunnathiloode bogukal verthirikkunna kaarbaninte alavu vardhikkum.
krishi.
prakrithidatha sasyajalangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, kroplaant mannil jaiva kaarban (sook) kurayunnu. vanangal, vanangal, pulmedukal, steppukal, savannakal thudangiya prakrithidatha bhoomiyil ninno ardha prakrithidatha bhoomiyil ninno oru mannu parivartthanam cheyyumbol, mannile sook ulladakkam ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> kurayunnu. vilaveduppinte kaaryatthil kaarban adangiya sasyavasthukkal neekkam cheiyunnathaanu eee nashtatthinu kaaranam. bhoomiyude upayogathil maattam varumbol, mannile kaarban vardhikkukayo kurayukayo cheyyum, mannu oru puthiya santhulithaavasthayilethunna eee maattam thudarum. eee santhulithaavasthayil ninnulla vyathiyaanangale vyathyasthamaaya kaalaavasthayum baadhichekkaam. kaarban inputt vardhippikkunnathiloode sook ulladakkathinte kuravine prathirodhikkaan kazhiyum. niravadhi thanthrangal upayogichu ithu cheyyaan kazhiyum, udha.jii. vilaveduppinte avashishtangal vayalil vaykkuka, valamaayi valam upayogikkuka allengil aavarthanathil vattaatha vilakal ulppeduthuka. vattaatha vilakalkku bhoomiyude thaazheyulla oru valia jaiva pindam undu, ithu sook ulladakkam vardhippikkunnu. vattaatha vilakal krishi cheyyendathinte aavasyakatha kuraykkunnu, angane mannolipp kuraykkaan sahayikkunnu, koodaathe manninte jaivavasthukkal vardhippikkaan sahayikkukayum cheyyum. aagolathalathil, mannil 8,580 jigattan jaiva kaarban adangiyittundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu anthareekshathile alavinte pathirattiyum sasyajaalangale apekshichu valare kooduthalumaanu. vardhichuvarunna thaapanila mannil sookshumaanukkalude janasamkhya vardhikkunnathinum sambharichirikkunna carbonine kaarban dye ooksaidaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum kaaranamaakumenn gaveshakar kandethi. laborattari pareekshanangalil mannu choodaakkunnathinaal, fungus sambushtamaaya mannu mattu mannukale apekshichu kuranja kaarban dye ooksaid purathuvidunnu.
2010 leeii kaarban dye ooksaid udvamanathinte 20 sathamaanam vare prathivarsham nikathaan manninu kazhiyunnathinaal kaarban verthirichedukkunnathinu oru amgeekritha reethiyaanu kaarshika reethikalude parishkkaranam. (noow-tuu-agrikalchar kaanuka). jaivakrishiyudeyum mannirakaludeyum punasthaapanam prathivarsham 4 gram kaarban adikamaaya kaarban poornnamaayum nikathukayum sheshikkunna anthareeksha adhikathe kuraykkukayum cheyyum. (compoost kaanuka).
kaarshika mekhalayile kaarban udvamanam kuraykkunnathinulla reethikale rund vibhagangalaayi tirikkaam udvamanam kuraykkuka koodaathe/allengil sthaanabhramsham varuthuka, anthareekshathil ninnu kaarban neekkam vardhippikkuka. eee kuravukalil chilath kaarshika pravartthanangalude karyakshamatha vardhippikkunnathu ulppedunnu (udha.jii. kooduthal indhanakshamathayulla upakaranangal) chilath swaabhaavika kaarban chakratthil thadassangal ulkkollunnu. koodaathe, chila phalapradamaaya saankethikavidyakal (vaikkol kathikkunnathu illaathaakkunnathu polullava) mattu paaristhithika aashankakale prathikoolamaayi badhikkum (kathikkunnathiloode nasippikkappedaatha kalakal niyantrikkaan kalanaashinikalude upayogam vardhippichu).
vananasheekaranathin pinnile drivermaare vanam samrakshanam nadappaakkunnathu vendathra abhisambodhana cheyyaathathinaal-athil ettavum valuth aamason mazhakkaadukalude kaaryatthil beef ulppaadanamaanu-ithinu nayangalum aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. ivaykku iii vazhi vananaseekaranavumaayi bandhapetta vyaapaarathe phalapradamaayi nirodhikkanum koodaathe/allengil kramena niruthsaahappedutthaanum kazhiyum.jii. uthppanna vivara aavasyakathakal, aagola phoorast vaachu polulla upagraha nireekshanam, anubandha paristhithi thaarifukal, uthppanna certificationukal.
pulluneer.
vyaavasaayika, kaarshika, vaanijya, paarppida vikasanam moolam nasippikkappetta prairy bhoomi punasthaapikkunnathinulla samrakshana sramamaanu prairy punasthaapanam. pradeshangalum aavaasavyavasthakalum avayude shayathinu munbu avayude muun avasthayilekku thirike konduvarika ennathaanu praadhamika lakshyam. eee punasthaapikkappetta plottukalil sambharikkaan kazhiyunna sokkinte pindam saadhaaranayaayi muun vilayekkaal kooduthalaanu, ithu kooduthal phalapradamaaya kaarban singhai pravartthikkunnu.
nagara pulmedukal.
nagara pultthakidikalkku ganyamaaya alavil kaarban sambharikkaan kazhiyum. ettavum puthiya aswasthathayil ninnu sambharichirikkunna thuka kaalakramena vardhikkunnu (udha.jii. veedu nirmmaanam).
mulla krishi.
oru mulakkaadukal poornnamaaya kaarban sambharikkunnathinekkaal kuranja kaarban maathrame sambharikkunnulloovenkilum, mulathottangal poornnamaaya vanathekkaalum marathottathekkaalum valare vegathil kaarban verthirikkunnu. athinaal, mulla thadi krishikku ganyamaaya kaarban sequestration saadhyathakalundaakam.
aazhathilulla mannu.
aagolathalathil mannil ekadesham 2,500 jigattan kaarban adangiyittundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. ithu anthareekshathil kaanapedunna carboninte moonnirattiyum jeevajaalangalilum sasyangalilum kaanappedunnathinte naalirattiyumaan. aagola mannil permaphrost ithara pradeshangalile jaiva kaarbaninte 70 sathamaanavum mukalile 1 meterinullile aazhathilulla mannil kaanappedukayum dhaatu-jaiva associationukal sthirappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
kaarban neekkam cheyyal vardhippikkuka.
ellah vilakalum valarchayude samayat agiranam cheyyukayum vilaveduppinushesham vidukayum cheiyunnu. kaarshika kaarban neekkam cheyyalinte lakshyam vilayum kaarban chakravumayulla bandhavum upayogichu manninullil kaarban sthiramaayi verthirikkuka ennathaanu. jaivabhaarathe mannilekku thirike konduvarunna kaarshika reethikal thiranjedukkukayum chedikalkkullile kaarban athinte moolaka swabhaavathilekku kuraykkukayum sthiramaaya avasthayil sambharikkukayum cheiyunna avastha vardhippikkukayum cheythaanu ithu cheiyunnathu. ithu nedunnathinulla reethikalil iva ulppedunnu
kaarshika sequestration reethikal mannu, vaayu, jala gunanilavaaram ennivayil gunaparamaaya phalangal undaakkukayum vanyajeevikalkk gunam cheyyukayum bhakshya uthppaadanam vipuleekarikkukayum cheyyum. kshayicha vilabhoomiyil, oru tonn mannu kaarban pool vardhippikkunnathiloode vilavu hectorinu 20 muthal 40 kilogram vare gothambum cholambinu 10 muthal 20 kilogram vare hectorinu 0.50 muthal 1 kilogram vare pier vardhippikkum.
mannu verthirichedukkunnathi phalangal thirichariyaan kazhiyum. mannu thadassappedukayo theevramaaya krishi reethikal upayogikkukayo cheythaal, mannu harithagriha vaathakangalude uravidamaayi maarunnu. saadhaaranayaayi niravadhi pathittaandukalude verthirivinushesham, mannu poorithamaavukayum kaarban agiranam cheiyunnathu avasanippikkukayum cheiyunnu. manninu kaivasham vaykkaan kazhiyunna kaarbaninte alavinu aagola paridhi undennaanu ithu soochippikkunnathu.
manninte gunanilavaaram, edapaadu chelavukal, chorcha, apratheekshitha paaristhithika naashanashtangal thudangiya vividha bahyathakal ennivayulppede kaarban verthirichedukkunnathinu chelavukale niravadhi gadakangal badhikkunnu. anthareekshathinte kuravu oru deerghakaala aashankayaayathinaal, vyakthamaaya vilayo manno saambathika nettamo illaathappol kooduthal chelaveria kaarshika saankethikavidyakal sweekarikkaan karshakar vimukhatha kanikkum. austreliya, nyoosiland thudangiya sarkkarukal mannil kaarban alavu vendathra vardhichittundennu rekhappeduthiya sesham karshakare kaarban kredittukal wilkan anuvadikkunnathinekkur aalochikkunnund.
biochar.
biomass maalinyangalude pyrolysis vazhi srishtikkappedunna karivaanu biochar. thathfalamaayundaakunna vasthukkal oru landfillil cherkkukayo terra pretta srishtikkaan mannu mechappeduthaanaayi upayogikkukayo cheiyunnu. pyrogenic oorgaanik kaarban (biochar) cherkkunnath deerghakaalaadisthaanathil mannu-sii stokku vardhippikkunnathinum anthareeksha sii (prathivarsham 9.5 jigattan sii vare) nikathunnathiloode aagolathaapanathe laghookarikkunnathinumulla oru puthiya thanthramaan. mannil, biochar kaarban ooksideshanu labhyamallathathum athinte anantharafalamaayi anthareekshathil ninnu purathuvarunnathumaanu. ennirunnaalum, biochar mannil ithinakam adangiyirikkunna kaarban purathuvidunnathu thwarithappeduthunnathinnu aashanka uyarnnittund.
manushyjanyavum uyarnna kaarban sheshiyullathumaaya terra pretta enna mannum oru sequestration samvidaanamaayi anweshikkappedunnu. pyrolysing biomass vazhi, athinte kaarbaninte pakuthiyolam curry aayi kuraykkaam, ithu noottaandukalaayi mannil nilanilkkukayum upayogapradamaaya mannu bhedagathi nadathukayum cheiyunnu, prathyekichu ushnamekhalaa mannil (biochar allengil agrichar).<rafiyude peru = "abc.nettu.au/kaattalist/s2012892 "> </rep>
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kaarban sequestration.
biomass samskarikkuka.
biomass (marangal polullava) nerittu kuzhichidunnathu phoosil indhanangal srishticha prakrithi prakriyakale anukarikkunnu. thadi kuzhichu kaarban verthirichedukkunnathinu aagola saadhyatha prathivarsham 10 ±5 jii. tii. sii. umm ushnamekhalaa vanangalil (prathivarsham 4.2 jii. tii. sii) ettavum valia nirakkum, samasheethoshna (prathivarsham 3.7 jii. tii. sii), boriyal vanangal (prathivarsham 2.1 jii. tii. sii) ennivayumaanu. lokathile vanangalude tharayil 65 jii. tii. sii. parukkan thadi vasthukkal kidakkunnundennum avaa kuzhichidaanum maram kuzhichidunnathinulla kaarban sequestration chelavu 50 usd/tii. sii. aanennum kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu iii. yill ninnulla kaarban pidichedukkunnathinnekkal valare kuravaanu.jii. power plaant puranthallal. varnna jaivavasthuvilekku kaarban dye ooksaid fixation prakaashasamshleshanathiloode nadathunna oru swaabhaavika prakriyayaan. ithu prakrithi adisthaanamaakkiyulla parihaaramaan, maram adangiya kaarban ooksijan rahita saahacharyangalil sambharikkunnathin "wood volttukal" upayogikkunnathu nirddeshikkappetta reethikalil ulppedunnu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya verthirikkal.
bhoogarbha vibhajanam ennathu kuranjuvarunna enna, vathaka jalasambharanikal, lavana roopeekaranangal allengil aazhathilulla, khananam cheyyaan kazhiyaatha kalkari kidakkakalil kaarban dye ooksaid bhoogarbhathil sambharikkunnathine soochippikkunnu.
simant factory polulla oru pooyint srothassil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid pidichukazhinjaal, athu ±100 baarayi oru suuppar critical draavakamaayi compress cheyyaan kazhiyum. eee roopathil, pipeline vazhi sambharana sthalathekku kaarban dye ooksaid ethikkaan kazhiyum. pinneedu kaarban dye ooksaid aazhathilulla bhoogarbhathil kuthivaykkaam, saadhaaranayaayi ekadesham 1 kilometer, avide athu noorukanakkinu muthal dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangal vare sthirathayullathaayirikkum. eee sambharana saahacharyangalil, suuppar critical qoo2-nte saandrata 600 muthal 800 kilogram/meter aanu.
kaarban sambharanathinulla oru nalla sthalam nirnnayikkunnathinulla pradhana maanadandangal ivayaanu paarayude poroosity, paarayude praveshanakshamatha, thakaraarukalude abhavam, paara paalikalude jyamiti. kaarban dye ooksaid sookshikkenda maadhyamathinu manalkkall allengil chunnaambukallu polulla uyarnna porosityum praveshanakshamathayum undu. manalkkallin 1 muthal 10−5 vare dursey vare praveshanakshamathayundu, poroosity 30 sathamaanam vare uyarnnathaan. pooras paaraye oru seal allengil caprocayi pravartthikkunna kuranja praveshanakshamathayulla oru paali kondu moodanam. 10−5 muthal 10−9 vare darsey vare praveshanakshamathayulla valare nalla kaaprokkinte udaaharanamaanu sheyil. kuthivachukazhinjaal, kaarban dye ooksaid ploom athinte chuttupaadukale apekshichu saandrata kuravaayathinaal kuthichuchaatta shakthikaliloode uyarnnuvarum. orikkal athu oru caproc kandumuttiyal, oru vidavu neridunnathuvare athu vashathekku vyapikkum. kuthivayppu mekhalaykku sameepam thakaraarulla vimanangal undengil, anthareekshathilekku chornnu qoo2 uparithalathilekku neengaan saadhyathayund, ithu chuttumulla pradeshathe jeevan apakadakaramaanu. kaarban sequestration bandhapetta mattoru apakadasaadhyatha induced seesmitti aanu. kaarban dye ooksaid kuthivaykkunnathu bhoogarbhathil valare uyarnna sammarddam srishtikkukayaanenkil, roopeekaranam pottukayum bhookambathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum.
oru paara roopeekaranathil kudungikkidakkumbol, kaarban dye ooksaid suuppar critical draavaka ghattathilo bhoogarbha jalathilo lavanajalathilo layikukayo cheyyaam. kaarbanettukale avakshepikkunnathinaayi bhoomishaasthraparamaaya roopeekaranathile daathukkalumaayi prathikarikkaanum ithinu kazhiyum. 
enna, vathaka jalasambharanikalile lokamembaadumulla sambharana sheshi 675-900 gt CO2 aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe khananam cheyyappedaattha kalkari seemukalil 15-200 gt CO2 aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. aazhathilulla lavanaghadanakalkku ettavum valia sheshiyund, ithu 1,000-10,000 gram CO2 aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. amerikkayil kuranjathu 2,600 gram aanennum paramavadhi 22,000 gram motham CO2 sambharana sheshi aanennum kanakkaakkappedunnu.
aagola sisi instittyoott sangrahicha kaarban sambharanathinte eee reethiyude pravarthanakshamathayum surakshyum prakadippicha niravadhi valia thothilulla kaarban pidichedukkal, sequestration padhathikalundu. uparithalathiloode vyaapikkunna vibrationukal srishtikkunna bhookamba imajingaanu prabalamaaya nireekshana saankethikavidya. refract cheytha/reflected tharamgangalil ninnu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya ghadana chithreekarikkaan kazhiyum.
2020 septambaril, kaarban capture saankethikavidyakalude vikasanathinum purogathikkum pinthuna nalkunnathinaayi us oorjja vakupp 72 dasalaksham dollar federal funting nalki.
 1972 muthal amerikkayil mechappetta asamskritha enna veendedukkal pravarthanangalil ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. texas samsthaanathu maathram 10,000-ladhikam kinarukal kuthivaykkunnu. vaathakam bhaagikamaayi naravamshajanya srothassukalil ninnaan varunnath, pakshe pradhaanamaayum prakrithidathamaayi sambhavikkunna valia bhoomishaasthraparamaaya roopeekaranangalil ninnaan. pipe lainukalude oru valia shringalayiloode ithu enna uthppaadippikkunna vayalukalilekku kondupookunnu. padinjaaran canaden sedimentari thadatthile (dablyu. sii. ezz. bii) kanatha enna sambharanikalil mechappetta enna veendedukkal (iii. oo. aarr) reethikal upayogikkaanum nirddeshichittundu. ennirunnaalum, gathagatha chelavu oru pradhana thadassamaayi thudarunnu. dablyu. sii. ezz. biyile vipulamaaya pipeline samvidaanam ithuvare nilavililla. kuthivayppil ninnu ettavum kooduthal prayojanam nedunna uparithala kanatha asamskritha enna reservoirukalil ninnu noorukanakkinu kilometer vadakkaayi athabaaska enna manal khananam nadathunnu.
dhaatu verthirikkal.
dhaatu verthirikkal carbone khara carbonate lavanangalude roopathil keniyil pedutthaan lakshyamidunnu. eee prakriya prakrithiyil pathukke sambhavikkunnu, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayathinullil chunnaambukallukalude nikshepathinum shekharanathinum ithu kaaranamaakunnu. bhoogarbhajalathile carbonic assid sankeernna silikkettukalumaayi saavadhaanam prathipravartthichu kaalsyam, magneeshyam, shaarangal, silica enniva layikkukayum kaliman daathukkalude avashishtangal avasheshikkukayum cheiyunnu. alinja kaalsyavum magneeshyavum bicarbonettumaayi prathipravartthichu kaalsyam, magneeshyam kaarbanettukal enniva vardhippikkunnu, ithu shellukal nirmmikkaan jeevikal upayogikkunna oru prakriyayaan. jeevikal marikkumbol avayude shellukal avashishtamaayi nikshepikkappedukayum oduvil chunnaambukallaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. kodikkanakkinu varshathe bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kaalayalavil chunnaambukallukal shekharikkappedukayum bhoomiyude kaarbaninte bhooribhaagavum adangiyirikkukayum cheiyunnu. kshara kaarbanettukal ulppedunna samanamaaya prathikaranangal vegathilaakkaanaanu nadannukondirikkunna gaveshanam lakshyamidunnathu.
aadyathe dhaatu carbonation pailat plaant padhathi nadannukondirikkunna australiyayile enn. ezz. dablyu. yill kaanappedunnathupole valia thothilulla sambharana sinkukalaayi niravadhi sarppanitte nikshepangal anweshikkappedunnu. eee prakriyayil ninnu magneeshyam kaarbanettinte prayojanakaramaaya punarupayogam kaarban anthareekshathilekku thirike nalkaathe nirmmitha paristhithikkum krishikkumaayi vikasippichedutha puthiya uthppannangalkk feedstokku nalkukayum kaarban singhai pravartthikkukayum cheyyum.
nirddishtamaaya oru prathikaranam olivain sambushtamaaya roock dunite allengil kaarban dye ooksaidumaayi jalamsham thulyamaaya sarppanait carbonate dhaatu magneesaitt, silica, ayann ooksaid (magnettaitt) enniva roopappeduthunnu.
magneeshyam kaarbanettinte visharahithavum sthirathayullathumaaya swabhaavam kaaranam sarppaninite sequestration anukoolamaanu. anuyojyamaaya prathikaranangalil olivain (prathikaranam 1) allengil serpentain (prathikaranam 2) ennivayude magneeshyam end memper gadakangal ulppedunnu, randaamathethu jalamsham, silisification (prathikaranam 3) enniva vazhi munbathe olivainil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu. eee daathukkalude irumbu gadakangal irumbu ooksaidaayum silikkayaayum (prathikaranam 4) vibhajikkunnathinaal olivain allengil sarpentainil irumbinte saannidhyam sequestrationte karyakshamatha kuraykkunnu.
seoletic imidasolate chattakkoodukal.
seoliteukalkku samanamaaya loha-jaiva chattakkoodukalaanu seolitic imidasolate chattakkoodukal (syphs). avayude poroosity, raasa sthiratha, taapa prathirodham enniva kaaranam, kaarban dye ooksaid pidichedukkaanulla sheshi sifukal parishodhikkunnu. kaarban dye ooksaidinte vyaavasaayika udvamanam anthareekshathil ninnu akattinirthaan syphs upayogikkaam.
dhaatu carbonation.
kaarban dye ooksaid loha ooksaidukalumaayi exothermic aayi prathipravartthikkukayum sthirathayulla kaarbanettukal (udha.jii. kaalsait, magneesaitt). eee prakriya (kaarban-tuu-stoon) varshangalude kaalayalavil swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunnu, ithu uparithala chunnaambukallukalkku kaaranamaakunnu. atharathilulla oru loha ooksaidaanu olivain. kaarban dye ooksaidumaayi prathipravartthikkunna loha ooksaidukalaal sambannamaaya parakal, athaayath emm. jii. oo, cavo enniva kaarban dye ooksaid dhaatu sambharanam nedunnathinulla praayogika maargamaayi theliyikkappettittund. eee reethikk adhika oorjjam aavashyamaayi vannekkaamenkilum, oru kaattalist upayogicho thapanilayum koodaathe/allengil sammarddavum vardhippicho allengil dhaatu pree-treatmentiloodeyo prathikarana nirakk thathwathil thwarithappeduthaam. dhaatu sambharanam upayogikkunna sii. sii. kall sajjeekarichirikkunna oru power plaantinu onnillaathathinekkaal kooduthal oorjjam aavasyamaanu ennu aii. pii. sii. sii kanakkakkunnu. saidhaanthikamaayi, krasttal dhaatu pindatthinte 22 sathamaanam vare kaarbanettukal roopappeduthaan kazhiyum.
eee aavasyathinu sahayikkaan kazhiyunna phine grained mettal ooksaidukalude eluppathil labhyamaya uravidamaanu ultramaphic mine tailingukal. dhaatu carbonation vazhi nishkriyamaaya kaarban 2 verthirichedukkal thwarithappeduthunnathu dhaatu vighadanavum carbonate mazhayum vardhippikkunna sookshumajeevikalude prakriyakaliloode nedaanaakum.
kaarban, raasa prakriyakal vazhi anthareekshathil ninnu neekkam cheyyaanum sthiramaaya carbonate dhaatu roopangalil sambharikkaanum kazhiyum. eee prakriya (-tuu-stoon) "dhaatu carbonation vazhi kaarban sequestration" allengil dhaatu sequestration ennu vilikkunnu. eee prakriyayil kaarban dye ooksaidumaayi dhaaraalam labhyamaya mettal ooksaidukalumaayi-magneeshyam ooksaid (emgio) allengil kaalsyam ooksaid (cavo)-prathipravartthichu sthirathayulla kaarbanettukal roopappeduthunnu. eee prathikaranangal exothermic aanu, avaa swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunnu (udha.jii., bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayaparidhikaliludaneelam paarayude kaalavastha).
kaalsyavum magneeshyavum prakrithiyil kaanapedunnu, saadhaaranayaayi kaalsyam, magneeshyam silikkettukalaayi (forstaraitt, serpentanaitt polullava), bainari ooksaidukalaayittalla. forstaraittinum sarppathinum prathikaranangal ivayaanu
kuranja thapanilayil eee prathikaranangal alppam kooduthal anukoolamaanu. eee prakriya swaabhaavikamaayi bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayaparidikkullil sambhavikkunnu, ithu bhoomiyude uparithala chunnaambukallukalude bhooribhaagathinum kaaranamaakunnu. eee reethikk kurachu adhika oorjjam aavashyamaanenkilum uyarnna thapanilayilum/allengil marddathilum prathikarikkunnathiloode prathikarana nirakk vegathil undakkaan kazhiyum. pakaramaayi, daathukkal athinte uparithala vistheernnam vardhippikkunnathinaayi mill cheyyaanum, beechukalile uyarnna oorjja surfill olivain valicheriyunnathiloode swaabhaavikamaayi nedaan kazhiyunnathupole nishkriya silica neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi vellathinum nirantharamaaya urachilinum vidheyamaakkaanum kazhiyum. sushirangalulla basaltic parakal nalkumbol kalavastha prakriya nyayamaayum vegathilaanennu (oru varsham) pareekshanangal soochippikkunnu. 
 ophiyolaittukalude uparithala eksposharukalil, prathyekichu oomanil, peridottait paarayumaayi swaabhaavikamaayi prathikarikkunnu. prakrithidathamaaya daathuvalkkaranam nadatthaan eee prakriya mechappeduthaamennu nirddeshikkappettittund.
vellathil layikkukayum bhoogarbhathile choodulla basaltic paarakalilekku kuthivaykkukayum cheyyumbol, avaa basaltumaayi prathipravartthichu khara carbonate daathukkal roopappedunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund. 2017 octoberil aislaantil oru testt plaant aarambhichu, anthareekshathil ninnu prathivarsham 50 tonn kaarban dye ooksaid verthirichu basaltic paarayil bhoogarbhathil sambharikkunnu.
britiish kolambiyayil ninnulla gaveshakar, magneeshyam carbonate ennum ariyappedunna magneesaitt uthppaadippikkunnathinu kuranja chelavil oru prakriya vikasippicheduthu, ithu vaayuvil ninnu allengil vaayu malineekaranatthinte ghattathil kaarban dye ooksaid verthirikkaan kazhiyum.jii. oru power plaantil. paralukal swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunnundenkilum shekharanam saadhaaranayaayi valare mandagathiyilaanu.
pidichedukkunna kaarban dye ooksaidinte oru prateeksha nalkunna lakshyasthaanamaan konkreett. konkreett vaagdaanam cheiyunna niravadhi gunangalil iva ulppedunnu, ennaal ivayil maathram parimithappedunnilla lokamembaadumulla ganyamaaya uthppaadanam kaaranam dhaaraalam kaalsyatthinte uravidam; kaalsyam kaarbanettukalaayi kaarban dye ooksaid sambharikkunnathinulla thermodynamicamaayi sthirathayulla avastha; adisthaana soukaryangalil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna oru metteeriyalaayi kaarban dye ooksaid sambharikkanulla deerghakaala sheshi. puthuthayi nirmmicha concretinu purame polichuneekkiya konkreett maalinyangalo recycle cheytha konkreetto upayogikkaam. hydelbergsementile padanangal kaanikkunnath kaarban sequestration polichumaattukayum recycle cheyyukayum cheytha konkreettine oru anubandha simentative metteeriyalaayi maattaan kazhiyumennu, ithu puthiya konkreett ulppaadanathil portland simantumaayi chernnu oru dvitheeya binderaayi pravartthikkum.
samudrangalile verthirikkal.
samudra kaarban pambukal.
samudram swaabhaavikamaayum vividha prakriyakaliloode kaarban verthirikkunnu. layikkunna pump anthareekshathil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid uparithala samudrathilekku neekkukayum avide athu jala thanmaathrakalumaayi prathipravartthichu carbonic assid roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. jalathinte thaapanila kurayunnathinanusarichu kaarban dye ooksaidinte layaneeyata vardhikkunnu. termohalin sarkkuleshan alinja kaarban dye ooksaidine kooduthal layikkunna thanutha vellathilekku neekkunnu, ithu samudrathinte ulbhaagathu kaarban saandrata vardhippikkunnu. prakaashasamshleshanathiloode ajaiva kaarban jaiva kaarbanayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathiloode jaiva pump alinja kaarban dye ooksaid uparithala samudrathil ninnu samudrathinte ulbhaagathekku neekkunnu. shwasanatheyum punarnirmmaanatheyum athijeevikkunna jaivavasthukkal mungunna kanangaliloodeyum aazhathilulla samudrathilekkulla jeevikalude kudiyettatthiloodeyum kondupokaan kazhiyum.
kadalppayal krishiyum aalgakalum.
aazhamillathathum theeradeshavumaaya pradeshangalil kadalppayal valarukayum aazhathilulla samudra samvidaanangaliloode aazhathilulla samudrathilekku kondupokaan kazhiyunna ganyamaaya alavil kaarban pidichedukkukayum cheiyunnu; kadalppayal aazhathilulla samudrathile kaarban verthirikkunna carbonil athukayum sahasraabdangalaayi anthareekshavumaayi kaimaattam cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayukayum cheiyunnu. kaarban verthirichedukkunnathini kadalinte aazhathil kadalppayal mukkuka enna uddeshyathode kadaltheerathu kadalppayal valarthanamennu nirddeshikkappettittund. koodaathe, kadalppayal valare vegathil valarukayum biomethane uthppaadippikkunnathina saidhaanthikamaayi vilavedukkukayum prosess cheyyukayum cheyyaam, vaayurahita dahanathiloode vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathino kojenareshan/chp vazhiyo prakruthivaathakathinu pakaramaayo. samudrathinte 9 sathamaanam kadalppayal faamukal ulkkollunnuvenkil avaykku bhoomiyude phoosil indhana oorjjathinu thulyamaaya aavasyam niravettunnathinum anthareekshathil ninnu prathivarsham 53 jigattan neekkam cheiyunnathinum 10 bilyan aalukalkk prathivarsham 200 kilogram malsyam susthiramaayi uthppaadippikkunnathinum mathiyaya biomethane ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyumennu oru patanam soochippikkunnu. atharam krishikkum parivartthanatthinum anuyojyamaaya enangalil "laminaria dijittatta", "fucus seraattas", "sackerina lattisima" enniva ulppedunnu.
kaarban verthirichedukkunnathinu saadhyamaaya maargangalayi macroalga microalga parishodhikkappedunnu. aagola sasya jaivabhaarathinte oru sathamaanam maathram aanenkilum aagola prakaashasamsleshitha kaarban dye ooksaidinte (prathivarsham 50 pii. jii. sii. enna motham aagola praadhamika uthppaadanam) pakuthiyum ooksijan uthppaadanathinte pakuthiyum samudra phytoplankton nirvahikkunnu.
aalgakalkk bhouma sasyangalumayi bandhapetta sankeernamaaya lignin illaathathinaal, aalgakalile kaarban karayil pidichedukkunna kaarbaninekkaal vegathil anthareekshathilekku purathuvarunnu. vividha jaiva indhanangalude ulppaadanathinu oru feedstokkaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyunna kaarbaninte hraswakaala sambharana kulamaayi aalgakal nirddeshikkappettittund.
valia thothilulla kadalppayal krishikku ("samudra vanavalkkaranam" ennu vilikkunnu) valia alavil kaarban verpeduthaan kazhiyum. aazhathilulla samudranirappukalilekku kondupookunna jaivavasthukkalude layikkunna kanangaliloode valia alavil kaarban verthirichedukkukayum avide athu kuzhichumoodukayum deerghakaalam nilanilkkukayum cheyyum. bhakshanam, marunnu, jaiva indhanam enniva nalkunnathinaayi nilavil kadalppayal krishi nadathunnu. kaarban krishiyumaayi bandhappett, kaarban krishikkaayi kadalppaayalinte valarchaykku saadyathayullathinaal vilavedutha kadalppayal deerghakaala shavasamskaarathinaayi aazhathilulla samudrathilekku kondupokum. kaarban krishi reethikalkku parimithamaaya bhouma idam labhyamayathinaal kadalppayal krishi shradha nediyittundu. athivegam valarunna vipaniyaya eshyan pasaphik theerapradeshangalilaanu nilavil kadalppayal krishi kooduthalum nadakkunnathu. maarikkondirikkunna kaalaavasthayile samudratheyum cryosphere kurichulla ipcc prathyeka report oru laghookarana thanthramaayi kadalppayal krishiyekkurichu "kooduthal gaveshana shradha" shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
krithrimamaaya uyarcha.
samudrathinte mishrita paalikale mattimarikkunna oru sameepanamaan krithrima mukalilekku kayarunnatho thaazhekku kayarunnatho. vividha samudra paalikale kalarthaan prothsaahippikkunnath poshakangalum alinja vaathakangalum chuttum neekkukayum jio enchineeyaringinulla vazhikal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheyyum. poshakasamriddhamaaya vellam uparithalathilekku pump cheiyunnathinaayi samudrangalil valia lamba paippukal sthaapikkunnathiloode misritham nedaam, ithu aalgakalude pookkalkku kaaranamaakunnu, avaa valarumbol kaarban sambharikkukayum marikkumbol kaarban kayattumathi cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. ithu irumbu beejasankalanathinu samanamaaya phalangal nalkunnu. oru paarshwafalamaanu hraswakaala vardhana, ithu athinte aakarshanathe parimithappedutthunnu.
mishrita paalikalil saandravum thanuppullathumaya aazhathilulla samudrajalam uparithala mishrita paaliyilekku kondupookunnu. samudrathile thaapanila aazhathinanusarichu kurayumbol, kooduthal kaarban dye ooksaidinum mattu samyukthangalkkum aazhathilulla paalikalil layikkan kazhiyum. samudra pambukalaayo mixer sreniyaayo pravartthikkunna valia lamba paippukal upayogichu samudra kaarban chakram vipareethamaakkunnathiloode ithu prerippikkaan kazhiyum. poshakasamriddhamaaya aazhathilulla samudrajalam uparithalathilekku neekkumbol, aalgakal pookkunnu, ithu phytoplanktonil ninnum mattu photosynthetic eucariotic jeevikalil ninnumulla kaarban upabhogam kaaranam kaarban dye ooksaidil kuravundaakunnu. paalikalkkidayil thapam kaimaattam cheiyunnathu mishrita paaliyil ninnulla kadaljalam mungunnathinum kooduthal kaarban dye ooksaid agiranam cheiyunnathinum kaaranamakum. sooryaprakaasham thadayukayum doshakaramaaya vishavasthukkal samudrathilekku vidukayum cheythukondu aalgakal pookkunnathu samudra aavaasavyavasthaye doshakaramaayi baadikkunnathinaal eee reethikk valia aakarshanam labhichitilla. uparithalathil kaarban dye ooksaidinte pettennulla vardhanavu samudrajalathinte piechu thaalkkaalikamaayi kuraykkukayum pavizhapputtukalude valarchaye thadassappeduthukayum cheyyum. samudrajalathil kaarban dye ooksaid layikkunnathiloode carbonic aasidinte uthppaadanam samudrathile jaivajanya kaalsifikkeshane thadassappeduthukayum samudra bhakshya shringalaykku valia thadassangal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu.
bassault sambharanam.
basaltile kaarban dye ooksaid verthirikkalil aazhakkadal roopeekaranangalilekku kuthivaykkunnathu ulppedunnu. aadyam kadaljalavumaayi kalarnnu pinneedu basaltumaayi prathipravartthikkunnu, iva randum kshara sambushtamaaya moolakangalaan. eee prathikaranam sthirathayulla carbonate daathukkal roopappeduthunna ayonukalude prakaashanathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
chorchayil ninnu kooduthal samrakshanam urappaakkunnathin niravadhi trapping nadapadikal ullathinaal underwater bassault mattu tharatthilulla samudra kaarban sambharanathinu oru nalla badal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. eee alavukalil "jio kemikkal, sediment, graavitteshanal, hydrate roopeekaranam" enniva ulppedunnu."samudrajalathekkaal saandramaaya hydrate ullathinaal chorchaykkulla saadhyatha valare kuravaanu. aazhathil kuthivaykkunnathu kadaljalathekkaal kooduthal saandrathayundennu urappakkukayum athu mungaan kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
saadhyamaaya oru kuthivayppu sthalam juvan dii fuca plate aanu. american aikyanaadukalude padinjaaran theerathulla eee plettinu 208 jigattan sambharana sheshiyundennu lamond-doherty erthu obsarvettariyile gaveshakar kandethi. ithu muzhuvan karant yuu yum ulkkollum.ezz. 100 varshathilereyaayi kaarban bahirgamanam.
carbics padhathiyude bhaagamaayi eee prakriya pareekshanangalkk vidheyamaayikkondirikku, athinte falamaayi kuthivacha 250 tonn kaarban dye ooksaidinte 95 sathamaanavum rund varshathinullil kaalsaittayi urachunilkkunnu, oru tonn kaarban dye ooksaidinu 25 tonn vellam upayogikkunnu.
daathuvalkkaranavum aazhakkadal avashishtangalum.
parakalkkullil nadakkunna dhaathuvalkkarana prakriyakalkku samaanamaayi, samudrathinadiyilum daathuvalkkaranamundaakam. anthareekshathil ninnu samudrapradeshangalilekkula kaarban dye ooksaidinte vighadana nirakk nirnnayikkunnath samudrathinte rakthachamkramana kaalayalavum uparithala jalathe keezhppeduthaanulla buffering kazhivum anusarichaanu. niravadhi kilometer aazhathilulla kaarban dye ooksaid samudra sambharanam 500 varsham vare praayogikamaakumennu gaveshakar theliyichittundu, pakshe ithu kuthivayppu sthalatheyum avasthakaleyum aasrayichirikkunnu. kaarban dye ooksaid phalapradamaayi shariyaakkaamenkilum kaalakramena kaarban dye ooksaid veendum anthareekshathilekku purathuvarumennu niravadhi padanangal theliyichittundu. ennirunnaalum, kuranjathu kurachu noottaandukalenkilum ithu saadhyamalla. caco 3-nte nirveeryamaakkal, allengil samudranirappilum karayilum samudrathilum caco 3-yude saandrata santhulithamaakkunnathu aayirakkanakkin varshangalude samayaparidhiyil alakkaan kazhiyum. kooduthal vyakthamaayi paranjaal, samudrathinu 1700 varshavum karaykku ekadesham 5000 muthal 6000 varshavumaan pravachikkapetta samayam. koodaathe, sambharana sthalathinu sameepamo thaazheyo kuthivaykkunnathiloode caco 3-yude pirichuvidal samayam mechappeduthaam.
kaarban dhaathuvalkkaranathinu purame, mattoru nirddesham aazhakkadal avashishta kuthivayppaanu. ithu uparithalathil ninnu kuranjathu 3000 meter thaazheyenkilum draavaka kaarban dye ooksaid nerittu samudrathile avashishtangalilekku kuthivachu kaarban dye ooksaid hydrate uthpaadippikkunnu. paryaveshanathinaayi rund mekhalakale nirvachichirikkunnu 1) chuttumulla jalathekkaal saandramaaya draavaka kaarban dye ooksaidinu edayilulla pradeshavum draavaka kaarban dye ooksaidinu neutral boyancy ulla negatteevu boyancy soonn (enn. bii. jeey. ezz), 2) kuranja thapanilayum uyarnna mardhavumulla hydrate roopeekarana mekhala (echu. eph. ezz). kuthivayppinte opttimal depth aantharika praveshanakshamathayum opttimal storejinaayi draavaka kaarban dye ooksaidinte praveshanakshamathayile maattangalum pariganikkendathundennu niravadhi gaveshana maathrkakal theliyichittundu. hydrateukalude roopeekaranam draavaka kaarban dye ooksaidinte praveshanakshamatha kuraykkunnu, koodaathe echu. eph. isadinu thaazheyulla kuthivayppu echu. eph. isadinullilethinekkaal oorjjaswalathayode eshtappedunnu. enbs echfesinekkaal valia jala nirayaanengil, kuthivayppu echfacinu thaazheyum nerittu enbsilekkum nadakkanam. eee saahacharyathil, draavaka kaarban dye ooksaid enn. bii. jessilake mungukayum boyancy, hydrate cappinu thaazhe sambharikkukayum cheyyum. sushira draavakamaayi layikukayo tanmatra vyaapanathiloode layikukayo cheythaal kaarban dye ooksaid chorcha sambhavikkam. ennirunnaalum, ithu aayirakkanakkin varshangalil sambhavikkunnu.
aasidukale nirveeryamaakkaan bays cherkkunnu.
kaarban dye ooksaid vellathil layikkumbol carbonic assid roopappedunnu, athinaal samudrathile acidification uyarnna kaarban dye ooksaidinte alavinte oru pradhana anantharafalamaanu, koodaathe athu samudrathilekku (layikkunna pump) agiranam cheyyaanulla nirakk parimithappedutthunnu. aasidine nirveeryamaakkaanum angane agiranam vardhippikkaanum kazhiyunna vividha baseukal nirddeshikkappettittund. udaaharanathinu, kadalukalil podicha chunnaambukallu cherkkunnath kaarban dye ooksaidinte agiranam vardhippikkunnu. mattoru sameepanam uppuvellathinteyo lavanajalathinteyo vaidyuthavishleshanathiloode uthppaadippikkappedunna samudrangalil soodiyam hydroxide cherkkuka ennathaanu, athesamayam enstaattait polulla agniparvvatha silikkett paarakalumayi prathipravartthichu maalinya hydrochloric assid illaathaakkuka, samudrathile piechu punasthaapikkunnathinu eee paarakalude swaabhaavika kaalaavasthayude nirakk phalapradamaayi vardhippikkuka.
otta ghatta kaarban sequestration sambharanavum.
samudrajalathil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid verthirichu khara daathukkalude roopathil sambharikkunna lavanajalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla dhaathuvalkkarana saankethikavidyayaanu single-steppu kaarban sequestration sambharanavum.
upekshikkappetta ashayangal.
nerittulla aazhakkadal kaarban dye ooksaid kuthivayppu.
aazhathilulla samudrathilekku nerittu kuthivachu kurachu noottaandukalaayi avide sookshikkunnathiloode kaarban dye ooksaid samudrangalil sambharikkaamenn orikkal nirddeshikkappettu. akkaalat, eee nirddeshathe "samudra sambharanam" ennu vilichirunnuvenkilum kooduthal krithyamaayi paranjaal ithu "direct deep-zee kaarban dye ooksaid injection" ennaanu ariyappettirunnath. ennirunnaalum, samudrajeevikalil anjjaathamaaya prathyaaghaathangalekkurichallu aashankakal, uyarnna chelavukal, athinte sthirathayekkuricho sthirathayekkuricho ulla aashankakal enniva kaaranam 2001 muthal kaarban sambharanathinte eee vazhiyile thaalparyam valare kuranju. 2005-leeii "kaarban dye ooksaid pidichedukkalineyum sambharanatheyum kurichulla ipcc prathyeka reportil" eee saankethikavidya oru oopshanaayi ulppeduthi. ennirunnaalum, 2014 leeii ipcc anchaam moolyanirnnaya reportil kalavastha vyathiyana laghookarana reethikalekkurichulla reportil "samudra sambharanam" enna padam paraamarshichittilla. 2022leeii ettavum puthiya ipcc aaraamathe moolyanirnnaya reportil athinte "kaarban dye ooksaid neekkam cheyyal vargeekaranathil" "samudra sambharanathe" kurichu paraamarsamilla.
chelavu.
pidichedukkalinte chelavu (pidichedukkalum gathagathavum ulppede) vyathyaasappedunnu, ennaal kadaltheera sambharanam labhyamaya chila sandarbhangalil tunninu 10 dollaril thaazheyaan. udaaharanathinu, carbics chelavu tonn kaarban dye ooksaidinu ekadesham 25 dolaraanu. 2020 leeii oru report vanangalil (pidichedukkal ulppede) cheria alavil 35 dollar, tunninu 280 dollar, 1.5 digri selshyas choodu nilanirthaan aavashyamaaya motham 10 sathamaanathinu kanakkakkunnu. ennaal kaattutheeyil ninnu kaarban purathuvarunnathinulla saadhyathayund.
vanangal paripaalikkuka, vananaseekaranam allengil kaarban pidichedukkal polulla kaarban offsettukalude upayogavum punarulppaadippikkaavunna oorjja certificattukalum malineekarana kambanikale harithagriha vaathakangal purathuvidunnathu thudarunnathinum anuchithamayi vishwasikkappedunnathinum pathivupole bisinesses sameepanathe anuvadikkunnuvenna aashanka gaveshakar unnayichittundu. valia negatteevu emission saankethikavidyakale aasrayikkunna "dhaaraalam pipe swapnangal" adangiyirikkunnathinu vimarsikkappetta kalavastha vyathiyanathekkurichulla 2022 ipcc report ithil ulppedunnu. kaarban pidichedukkalum sambharanavum/upayogavum (ccs/yuu) aashrayikkunnath apakadakaramaaya oru vyathichalanamaanennu stanford solutions projakttinte padanangalude avalokanam nigamanam cheythu, ithu (mikathum valia thothilulla kesukalilum) chelaveriyathum vaayu malineekaranavum khananavum vardhippikkunnathum kaaryakshamamallaathathum krithyasamayathu aavashyamaaya alavil vinyasikkaan saadhyathayillaathathumaanu.
samoohavum samskaaravum.
kalavastha vyathiyana nayangalile prayogangal.
america.
2010 kalude madhyathil ninnu, kalavastha vyathiyaanathe cherukkaanulla kaarban verthirichedukkal saadhyathakal upayogikkaan kalavastha, paristhithi nayathil palathum sramichittundu. vanangalum thanneerthadangalum polulla kaarban sink aavaasavyavasthakalude samrakshanam allengil kaarban krishi allengil kaarshika vanavalkkaranam polulla kaarban verthirichedukkal vardhippikkunnathinu roopakalppana cheytha kaarshika, bhoomi upayoga reethikal prolsaahippikkuka, palappozhum karshakarkum bhoovudamakalkkum saambathika prothsaahanatthiloode eee nayangalil palathum ulppedunnu.
2021 januvari 27 nuu president joou biden oppitta "swadeshathum videshathumulla kalavastha prathisandhi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla executive oordaril" thanneerthadangalum vanangalum polulla kaarban sink aavaasavyavasthakalude samrakshanathiloodeyum punasthaapanatthiloodeyum kaarban verthirichedukkunnathuku niravadhi paraamarshangal ulppedunnu. kaarban sequestrationil karshakarudeyum bhoovudamakaludeyum theeradesha samoohangaludeyum praadhaanyam oonnipparayuka, vipani adhishtitha samvidaanangaliloode kaarban sinkukalude samrakshanam prolsaahippikkaan treasury vakuppinu nirddesham nalkuka, kaarshika mekhalayil kaarban sequestration vardhippikkunnathinu oru sivilian kalavastha corps srishtikkunnathinu mattu ejansikalumaayi sahakarikkaan aabhyanthara vakuppinu nirddesham nalkuka enniva ithil ulppedunnu.