
pukamanju

pukamanju allengil pukamanju, oru tharam theevramaaya vaayu malineekaranamaanu. pukamanju" enna vaakk irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil srishtikkappettu, ithu "puka", "moodalmanju" ennee padangalude samyojanamaanu, ithu athinte mangiya moodalmanjum gandhavum kaaranam soochippikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaand muthal irupathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare landanil parichithavum gurutharamayathumaaya prasnamaaya pee suupp fogue ennu chilappol ariyappettirunnathine soochippikkaan eee vaakk uddeshichullathaayirunnu. naitrajan ooksaidukal, sulfur ooksaid, oosoon, puka, mattu kanikakal enniva chernnathaanu itharathilulla drishyamaaya vaayu malineekaranam. kalkari jwalana udvamanam, vaahanangalude udvamanam, vyaavasaayika udvamanam, vanam, kaarshika theepiduttham, eee udvamanangalude photochemical prathikaranangal ennivayil ninnaan manushyanirmmitha pukamanju undaakunnath.
venalkkaalathe pukamanju allengil shaithyakaalathe pukamanju ennaanu pukamanjine palappozhum tharamthirichirikkunnathu. venalkkaalathe pukamanju praadhamikamaayi oosooninte photochemical roopeekaranavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. venalkkaalath thaapanila kooduthal choodullathum kooduthal sooryaprakaashamullathumaayal, photochemical smog aanu pradhaanamaayum pukamanju roopappedunnathu. shaithyakaalath thaapanila thanuppullathum anthareeksha vyathiyanangal saadhaaranamaayathumaayirikkum, veedukalum kettidangalum choodaakkaan kalkariyudeyum mattu phoosil indhanangaludeyum upayogam vardhikkunnu. eee jwalana udvamanangal, malineekaranatthinte abhavam, sheethakaalathe moodalmanju roopeekaranathinte savisheshathayaanu. pukamanju roopappedunnathu pothuve praadhamika, dvitheeya malineekaranavasthukkale aasrayichirikkunnu. kalkari jwalanathil ninnu sulfur dye ooksaid puranthallunnathu polulla praadhamika malineekarana vasthukkal oru srothassil ninnu nerittu puranthallappedunnu. praadhamika malineekaranangal anthareekshathil raasapravarthanangalkk vidheyamaakumbozhaanu oosoon polulla dvitheeya malineekaranavasthukkal roopappedunnathu.
udaaharanathinu loss enchalsil kaanappedunnathupole, aantharika jwalana enchinukalil ninnum vyaavasaayika pukayukalil ninnumulla vaahanangalude puranthallalil ninnu undaakunna oru tharam vaayu malineekaranamaanu photochemical smog. eee malineekaranavasthukkal anthareekshathil sooryaprakaashavumaayi prathipravartthichu dvitheeya malineekaranavasthukkale roopappeduthunnu, avaa praadhamika udvamanavumaayi samyojichu photochemical pukamanju undaakkunnu. dalhi polulla mattu chila nagarangalil, 2002 muthal ayal kaarshika pradeshangalil vaikkol kathikkunnathiloode pukamanjinte theevratha palappozhum vardhikkunnu. loss enchals, baijing, dalhi, lahore, meksikoo sitti, tehran, mattu nagarangal ennividangalile anthareeksha malineekaranatthinte alavu palappozhum malineekaranathe bhoomiyodu chernnu nirthunna oru vipareethathaal vardhikkunnu. valarunna pukamanju saadhaaranayaayi manushyarkk vishaamsham nalkunnu, ithu gurutharamaaya rogathinum ayuss kuraykkunnathinum akaala maranathinum kaaranamakum.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
1905-ll pothujanaarogya kongras yogathinaayulla 'fogue aandu smoke' enna prabandhatthil henry aantoyin dess voix aanu 'smog' enna padatthinte nanayam nirmmichathu. 1905 juulai 26-nuu lunden pathramaya "dayley graphik" dess voyexine udharichu addeham paranju, "valia nagarangalil rajyath kaanaathathum pukamanjullathum allengil 'smog' ennariyappedunnathumaaya enthengilum uthppaadippikkappedunnu kaanaan shaasthrathinte aavasyamilla."pittennu pathram prasthaavichu" doow. lunden moodalmanjinu oru puthiya vaakk roopappeduthunnathil dess vox oru pothusevanam nadatthi."
ennirunnaalum, 1880 ll prasidheekaricha santa cruze & monterry elastrated handbookil voyiksinte pepparinekkaal irupathiyanchu varsham munbu eee padam prathyakshappettu, koodaathe 1880 juulai 3 nuu pusthakatthil ninnu udharichukondu oru kolatthil achadiyilum prathyakshappedunnu, santa cruze vaarika kaavalkkaaran. 1881 desember 17 nuu, "sports times" enna prasidheekaranathil, lunden anthareekshathe nirvachikkunnathinayi njaan kandethiya 'smog' enna vaakk kandupidichathayi rachayithaav avakaashappedunnu 'pukayum moodalmanjum samyojippicha' smog '..."
naravamshajanya kaaranagal.
kalkari.
kalkari theeykku shaithyakaalathe moodalmanju roopappedaan kaaranamakunna ganyamaaya pukamekhangal purappeduvikkaan kazhiyum. kalkari thee vyakthigatha kettidangal choodaakkaano vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunna plaantil oorjjam nalkano upayogikkaam. madhyakaalakhattam muthal eee srothassil ninnulla vaayu malineekaranam englandil report cheyyappettittund. lunden, prathyekichum, irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil kalkari moolamundaakunna pukamanjukalkku kuprasidhamaayirunnu, avaykku "pee-soppezhs" ennu vilipperaayirunnu. kalkari kathikkunnathiloode ganyamaaya puka ulppaadippikkunna pradeshangalil itharathilulla vaayu malineekaranam ippozhum oru prasnamaanu. kalkari kathikkunnathil ninnulla puranthallalaanu chainayile vaayu malineekaranatthinte pradhana kaaranangalilonn. prathyekichu sharathkaalathum shaithyakaalathum kalkari upayogichu choodaakkunna thapanam vardhikkumbol, uthppaadippikkunna pukayude alavu chila chainees nagarangale rodukalo schoolukalo vimaanathaavalangalo adachupoottaan nirbandhitharaakkunnu. 2013ll chainayile vadakkukizhakkan nagaramaya harbin ithinu oru pradhana udaaharanamaanu.
gathagatha bahirgamanam.
trekkukal, basukal, automobileukal ennivayil ninnulla gathagatha udvamanavum pukamanju roopappedaan kaaranamaakunnu. vaahanangalude exhost samvidaanangalil ninnum eyar contitioningil ninnumulla vaayuviloodeyulla upolppannangal vaayu malineekaranathinu kaaranamaakukayum chila valia nagarangalil pukamanju srishtikkunnathile pradhana gadakavumaanu.
kaarban monoxide (qoo), naitrajan ooksaidukal (nambar, nambar 2), asthira jaiva samyukthangal, hydrocarbonukal (petroleum, deesal indhanam polulla petroleum indhanangalude pradhana gadakamaanu hydrocarbonukal) ennivayaanu gathagatha srothassukalil ninnulla pradhana kuttakrithyangal. gathagatha udvamanangalil sulfur dioxideukalum kanika dravyangalum ulppedunnu, ennaal munbu soochippicha malineekaranathe apekshichu valare cheria alavil. naitrajan ooksaidukalum asthiramaaya jaiva samyukthangalum sooryaprakaasham, choodu, amonia, eerppam, mattu samyukthangal ennivayumaayi niravadhi raasapravarthanangalkk vidheyamaakukayum doshakaramaaya neeravi, bhoothalathile oosoon, pukamanju adangiya kanikakal enniva roopappedukayum cheyyum.
photochemical pukamanju.
sooryaprakaasham, naitrajan ooksaidukal, anthareekshathile asthiramaaya jaiva samyukthangal ennivayude raasapravarthanamaan "venalkkaala pukamanju" ennu palappozhum vilikkappedunna photochemical pukamanju, ithu vaayuviloodeyulla kanangaleyum bhootala oosoonineyum upekshikkunnu. photochemical pukamanju praadhamika malineekaranatheyum dvitheeya malineekaranavasthukkalude roopeekaranatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu. eee praadhamika malineekaranangalil naitrajan ooksaidukal, prathyekichu naitrik ooksaid (nambar), naitrajan dye ooksaid (nambar 2), asthira jaiva samyukthangal enniva ulppedunnu. peroxilasil naitrettukal (paan), tropospheric oosoon, aldehydeukal ennivayaanu prasakthamaaya dvitheeya malineekaranavasthukkal. prakasha raasa moodalmanjinulla oru pradhana dvitheeya malineekaranamaanu oosoon, ithu sooryaprakaashathinte saannidhyathil hydrocarbonukalum (echsi) naitrajan ooksaidukalum (nox) samyojippikkumbol roopappedunnu; naitrik ooksaidaayi (nambar) roopappedunna naitrajan dye ooksaid (nambar 2) vaayuvil ooksijanumaayi (oo 2) samyojippikkunnu. koodaathe, zoo2, nox enniva purappeduvikkumbol avaa oduvil troposphere naitrik assid, sulfuric assid ennivayaayi ooksidais cheyyappedunnu, ithu vellathil kalarthumbol assid mazhayude pradhana gadakangalaayi maarunnu. eee kadinamaaya raasavasthukkalellaam saadhaaranayaayi valare prathipravarthanakshamavum ooksidaising cheiyunnathumaayavayaanu. athinaal photochemical pukamanju aadhunika vyavasaayavalkkaranathinte oru prashnamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ellah aadhunika nagarangalilum ithu kaanappedunnundengilum sanni, choodulla, varanda kaalaavasthayum dhaaraalam motor vaahanangalum ulla nagarangalilaanu ithu kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath. kattinoppam sanjarikkunnathinaal, janasandrata kuranja pradeshangaleyum ithu badhikkum.
photochemical smoggle ulppedunna ghadanayum raasapravarthanangalum 1950 vare manassilakkiyitla. 1948-ll, sugandha rasathanthranjanaaya aarii haggen-smitt malinamaaya vaayuvil ninnu rasavasthukkal shekharikkunnathinu thante chila upakaranangal sweekarikkukayum loss enchals pukayilayude oru gadakamaayi oosoonine thirichariyukayum cheythu. automotive exhostukalil ninnulla naitrajan ooksaidukalum kaarukalil ninnum enna shudheekaranashaalakalil ninnumulla vathaka hydrocarbonukalum sooryaprakaashathinu vidheyamaakunnathum oosooninteyum photochemical smoginteyum roopeekaranathile pradhana gadakangalaanennu haggen-smitt kandethi. 1952 october 7 nuu pettant nediya "anthareekshathile vathaka saandrata rekhappeduthunnathinulla upakaranam" muthal sarkkaarinteyum vyavasaayathinteyum upayogathinaayi "vaayuvinte gunanilavaara nireekshana vaanukal" vare pukamanju kandethunnathinayi vividha upakaranangal vikasippichedutha arnold bekkmaanumaayi hagen-smith pravarthichu.
roopeekaranavum prathikaranangalum.
prabhatha tirakkeriya samayat, naitrik ooksaidinteyum hydrocarbonukaludeyum uyarnna saandrata anthareekshathilekku puranthallappedunnu, kooduthalum rooad gathaagathathiloodeyum vyaavasaayika srothassukalil ninnum. chila hydrocarbonukal ooo·H· upayogichu athivegam ooksidais cheyyukayum peroxy radicalukal roopappedukayum cheiyunnu, ithu naitrik ooksaidine (illa) naitrajan dye ooksaidaayi (illa 2) parivartthanam cheiyunnu.
(1) <kemm> r {.} + o2 + m-> r2 {.} + m </kemm>
(2) <kemm> roow2 {.} + illa-> No2 + ro {.}</kemm>
(3) <kemm> hoow2 {.} + illa-> illa 2 + ooo {.}</kemm>
naitrajan dye ooksaidum (nambar 2) naitrik ooksaidum (nambar 2) osonumaayi (ooo 3) thudarnnu raasapravarthanangalude oru parambarayil prathipravartthikkunnu
(4) <kemm> nambar 2 + echvi-> oo (3pii) + nambar </kemm>, formula _ 1
(5) <kemm> oo (3pii) + oo2 + emm-> oo3 + emm (choodu) </kemm>
(6) <kemm> oo3 + illa-> nambar2 + oo2 </kemm>
eee samavaakyangalude sreniye photosteshanari stettu (pii. ezz. ezz) ennu vilikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2,3 prathikaranangalude saannidhyam kaaranam, noxes osonum poornnamaayum sthiramaaya avasthayilalla. prathikaranam 6 nuu pakaram prathikaranam 2 umm prathikaranam 3 umm upayogichu mattisthaapikkunnathiloo, oo 3 thanmatra inii nasippikkappedunnilla. athinaal, oosooninte saandrata divasam muzhuvan vardhichukondirikkunu. eee samvidaanathinu moodalmanjil oosooninte roopeekaranam vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. saadhaarana dvitheeya malineekaranavasthuvaaya formaldehydinte (echu. sii. oo) photoxidation polulla mattu prathikaranangalum oosooninteyum nambar 2nteyum saandrata vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamakum. sooryaprakaashathinte pravaahangal kooduthalaayathinaal venalkkaalath photochemical pukamanju kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu, ithu oosooninte roopeekaranathe anukoolikkunnu (prathikaranangal 4,5). thaapanila vipareeta paaliyude saannidhyam mattoru pradhana gadakamaanu. kaaranam ithu vaayuvinte lambamaya samvahana mishrithathe thadayukayum angane oosoon ulppedeyulla malineekarana vasthukkal bhoothalathinaduthu adinjukoodukayum cheiyunnu, ithu veendum photochemical smog roopappedunnathinu anukoolamaanu.
pukamanjil oo3-yude roopeekaranam parimithappedutthunna chila prathikaranangalund. malinamaaya pradeshangalile pradhana parimithappedutthunna prathikaranam ithaanu
(7) <kemm> nambar 2 + ooo.} + m-> hno3 + m </kemm>
eee prathikaranam athinte photolysisil ninnu ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna oo3 yude alavu parimithappedutthunna nambar 2 neekkam cheiyunnu (prathikaranam 4). uparithalangalil ninnu eluppathil neekkam cheyyaano (varanda nikshepam) allengil vellathil layikkano (nananja nikshepam) mazha peyyano kazhiyunna oru stikki samyukthamaanu echu. enn. oo. 3. rund vazhikalum anthareekshathil saadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe raadikkalukalum naitrajan dye ooksaidum kaaryakshamamaayi neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyum.
swaabhaavika kaaranagal.
agniparvvathangal.
pottitherikkunna agniparvvathathinu valia alavil kanikakalkoppam uyarnna alavil sulfur dye ooksaidum puranthallaan kazhiyum; pukamanju srishtikkunnathinulla rund pradhana gadakangal. ennirunnaalum, agniparvvatha spodanathinte falamaayi srishtikkappetta pukayilaye oru swaabhaavika sambhavamaayi verthirichariyaan palappozhum wog ennu vilikkunnu. agniparvvatha spodanathethudarnnu pukamanju roopappedunna raasapravarthanangal photochemical pukamanju roopappeduthunna prathikaranangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. dhaaraalam vathaka-ghatta thanmaathrakalum kanika dravyangalum anthareekshathilekku puranthallappedukayum drishyamaaya moodalmanju srishtikkukayum cheiyunna phalathe smog enna padam ulkkollunnu. valia alavil puranthallalinu kaaranamakunna sambhavam vyathyaasappedaamenkilum ippozhum pukamanju roopappedaan kaaranamaakunnu.
sasyangal.
anthareekshathil prathipravartthanangalkk vidheyamaakukayum pukamanju srishtikkukayum cheiyunna hydrocarbonukalude mattoru swaabhaavika uravidamaanu sasyangal. aagolathalathil sasyangalum mannum pradhaanamaayum isoprin, terpene enniva uthppaadippikkunnathiloo hydrocarbon ulppaadanathinu ganyamaaya sambhavana nalkunnu. manushyanirmmitha hydrocarbonukalekkaal kooduthal prathipravarthanakshamaanu sasyangal purappeduvikkunna hydrocarbonukal. udaaharanathinu, sasyangal isoprin purathuvidumbol, isoprin anthareekshathil hydroxyl radikkalukalumaayi valare vegathil prathikarikkunnu. eee prathipravartthanangal hydroperoxideukal uthpaadippikkukayum oosoon roopeekaranam vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
aarogyaparamaya prathyaaghaathangal.
pala nagarangalilum pukamanju gurutharamaaya prasnamaanu, ithu manushyante aarogyathe doshakaramaayi badhikkunnu. bhoothalathilulla oosoon, sulfur dye ooksaid, naitrajan dye ooksaid, kaarban monoxide enniva muthirnna pouranmaarkkum kuttikalkkum emphysema, bronchitis, aasthma thudangiya hridaya, shwaasakosha rogangalulla aalukalkkum prathyekichum doshakaramaanu. ithu shwasana paathakale veerppikkukayum shwaasakoshathinte pravartthana sheshi kuraykkukayum shwaasathadassam, aazhathil shwasikkumbol vedana, shwaasammuttal, chuma ennivaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. ithu kanninum mookkinum prakopippikkukayum mookkinteyum thondayudeyum samrakshana stharangal varandathaakkukayum anubaadhaykkethire poraadaanulla shareerathinte kazhivine thadassappeduthukayum rogathinulla saadhyatha vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. oosoon alavu uyarnna kaalayalavil ashupathriyil praveshikkunnathum shwasana maranangalum palappozhum vardhikkunnu.
vaayu malineekaranatthinte deerghakaala prathyaaghaathangalekkurim aasthmayude uthbhavathekurichum arivillaymayundu. 1952 leeii landanile valia pukamanjinu samanamaaya theevramaaya vaayu malineekaranam upayogichu oru pareekshanam nadatthi. eee pareekshanatthinte phalangal aasthmayude vikaasathilekku nayikkunna aadyakaala jeevita malineekarana exposure thammil oru bandhamundennu nigamanam cheythu, ithu valia pukamanjinte thudarchayaaya prabhavam nirddeshikkunnu.
aadhunika padanangal marananirakkum pukamanjinte saannidhyavum thammilulla bandham kandethunnathu thudarunnu. nechar maasikayil prasidheekaricha oru padanatthil, kizhakkan chainayile oru valia nagaramaya jinan nagaratthil, 2011-15 samayat, mothatthilulla marananirakkil 5.87% (95 sathamaanam sii. aii. 0.16-11.58%) vardhanavumaayi bandhapetta pukamanju sambhavangal kandethiyirunnu. chainayile marananirakkil vaayu malineekaranam cheluthunnathinte swaadheenam eee patanam eduthukaanikkunnu. sian enna sthalathu nadanna samanamaaya oru padanatthil anthareeksha vaayu malineekaranavum shwaasakosha rogangalumaayi bandhapetta vardhichuvarunna marananirakkum thammilulla bandham kandethi.
anarogyakaramaaya eksposharinte alavu.
yuu.ezz. vaayu malineekaranatthinte thoth pothujanangalodu vishadeekarikkaan sahaayikkunnathin iii. pii. eiii. oru vaayu gunanilavaara soochika vikasippicheduthittundu. 8 manikkoor sharashari oosoon saandrata 85 muthal 104 ppbv vare "sensitiivu grouppukalkku anaarogyakaramaan", 105 ppbv muthal 124 ppbv vare "anaarogyakaramaan", 125 ppb muthal 404 ppb vare "valare anaarogyakaramaan" ennu visheshippikkunnu. mattu chila malineekaranavasthukkalude "valare anarogyakaramaaya" paridhi ivayaanu 355 microgram meter-3-424 microgram meter-3 pm10 nuu; 15.5 ppm-qoo-nuu 30.4ppm, 0.65 ppm-1.24 ppm nambar 2.
cancer, shwaasakosha sambandhamaaya asukhangal enniva moolam akaala maranangal.
oro varshavum pravisyayil 9,500 akaala maranangalkk kaaranam pukamanjaanennu 2016 ll ontaariyo medical association prakhyaapichu.
20 varshathe american cancer sosaitti patanam kandethiyathu, sanjitha exposure shwaasakosha rogathil ninnu akaala maranathinulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu, ithu 8 manikkoor nilavaaram aparyapthamaakaam ennaanu.
alsheimer apakadasaadhyatha.
vaayu malineekaranathil ninnulla cheria kaanthikakanangal manushya masthishkathil nikshepikkappettathaayi aadyamaayi kandethi-avaa alshaimezhs rogathinu kaaranamaakaamenn gaveshakar karuthunnu.
meksikoo sittiyilum maanchasttarilum thaamasichirunna moonnu muthal 92 vayass vare praayamulla 37 vyakthikalil ninnu mastishka koshangalil dhaaraalam magnettaitt naanoparttikkilukal laankaastar sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakar kandethi. eee sakthamaaya kanthika dhaatu vishaamshamullathum manushya masthishkathile reactive ooksijan speesheesukalude (free radicalukal) ulppaadanathil ulppettathumaanu, ithu alsheimer rogam ulppedeyulla neuro degenerative rogangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
chila janana vaikalyangal undakanulla saadhyatha.
1997num 2006num idayil janana vaikalyangalulla 806 sthreekalilum aarogyamulla kunjungalulla 849 sthreekalilum nadatthiya oru padanatthil, kaaliforniyayile saan jokwin thaazhvarayile pukamanju rund tharam neural tube vaikalyangalumayi bandhappettirikkunnave kandethithi spina biphida (mattu prakadanagalkkoppam, nattellu nirayude chila vaikalyangal ulppedunna oru avastha), anancephali (thalachorinte bhaagamo muzhuvano vikasikkaathatho abhaavamo, ithu maarakamallengilum saadhaaranayaayi aazhathilulla vaikalyathin kaaranamaakunnu). chainayil uyarnnuvarunna oru koottapadanam aadyakaalathe pukamanju prathikoola garbhakala falangalkkulla apakadasaadhyathayumaayi, prathyekichu auxidative sammarddavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
jananasamayath kuranja bharam.
laansettil prasidheekaricha oru padanamanusarichu, <aii. dii. 1> exposureile valare cheria (5 microgram) maattam polum prasavasamayathu janana bharam kurayaanulla saadhyatha (18 sathamaanam) vardhikkunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, eee bandham nilavile sveekaaryamaaya surakshita nilavaaratthil thaazheyum nilanilkkunnu.
mattu prathikoola phalangal.
pukamanju moolamundaakunna gurutharamaaya aarogya prathyaaghaathangalaanu pradhana prashnamenkilum, vaayu malineekaranam, podikkaatt kanikakal, bush fayar puka enniva moolamundaakunna theevramaaya vaayu malineekaranam sourorjja photovoltaic ulppaadanatheyum kaarshika ulppaadanatheyum badhikkunna vikiranathil kuravundaakkunnu.
baadhicha pradeshangal.
vyavasaayangalo nagarangalo valia alavil vaayu malineekaranam purappeduvikkunna pukayo vaathakangalo polulla eathu kaalaavasthayilum pukamanju roopappedaam. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna vaayu lambamaya rakthachamkramanathe thadayaan paryapthamaaya choodulla choodullathum choodullathumaaya kaalaavasthayude kaalaghattangalil ithu kooduthal moshamaan. kunnukaloo parvathangalo kondu chuttapetta bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thadangalil ithu prathyekichum kaanapedunnu. ithu palappozhum janasaandrathayulla nagarangalilo nagarapradeshangalilo deerghakaalathekku nilanilkkukayum apakadakaramaaya nilavaaratthilekku uyarukayum cheyyum.
canada.
2012ll prasidheekaricha canadian sayans smog vilayiruthal anusarichu, manushyarudeyum aavaasavyavasthayudeyum aarogyathilum raajyathudaneelamulla saamoohika saambathika kshemathilum hanikaramaaya prathyaaghaathangalkku kaaranam pukamanjaanu. ontaariyo pravishya thiranjeduttha vilakalkku prathivarsham 201 dasalaksham dollar naashanashtangal varuthunnundennum drishyaparatha kuranjathinaal vaankoovaril 7.5 dasalaksham dollar fraser thaazhvarayil 13.2 laksham dollar tourism varumaanathil kuravundaakumennum kanakkaakkappedunnu. britiish kolambiyayile vaayu malineekaranam, prathyekichu fraser thaazhvarayil, prathyeka aashankayundaakkunnu, kaaranam inversion enna kalavastha prabhavam vaayu chitharal kuraykkukayum pukamanjinte saandrathayilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
dalhi, india.
kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi utharenthyayile nagarangal manjukaalathe moodalmanjinte kattiyulla paaliyil moodappettirikkunnu. deseeya thalasthaanamaaya dalhiyil sthithigathikal valare gurutharamaayi mariyirikkunnu. shaithyakaalath vaayuvinte nischalamaaya chalanam kaaranam vaayuvil kanika dravyangal (valare mikacha tharatthilulla podiyum vishavaathakangalum) shekharikkunnathu moolamaanu eee pukamanju undaakunnath.
lokathile ettavum malinamaaya nagaramaan dalhi, oru kanakk prakaram vaayu malineekaranam oro varshavum dalhiyil 10,500 aalukalude maranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. aii. dii. 1 kaalayalavil, pradhaanamaayum uyarnna vahana, vyaavasaayika udvamanam, nirmmaana pravartthanangal, sameepa samsthaanangalile vilakal kathikkal enniva kaaranam dalhiyile sookshuma kanika dravyathinte (pii. emm) ettavum uyarnna alavu ekadesham 44 sathamaanam vardhichu. 153 microgram ulla dalhiyilaanu ettavum uyarnna alavil vaayuviloodeyulla kanika dravyam, aarogyathinu ettavum doshakaramennu kanakkaakkappedunna aii. dii. 1. vardhichuvarunna vaayu malineekaranatthinte alavu dalhiyile kuttikalilum sthreekalilum shwaasakosha sambandhamaaya rogangal (prathyekichu aasthma, shwaasakosha arbudam) ganyamaayi vardhippichu. shaithyakaalath dalhiyile kanatha moodalmanju ellah varshavum vimana, reyil gathaagathathinu valia thadassamundaakkunnu. indian kalavastha shaasthranjarude abhipraayathil, vardhichuvarunna vaayu malineekaranam kaaranam 1998 muthal shaithyakaalath dalhiyile sharashari paramavadhi thaapanila ganyamaayi kuranju.
vaayu malineekaranam thadayunnathinum vaayuvinte gunanilavaara prashnangalekkurichu janangale ariyikkunnathinum dalhi sarkkar vendathra nadapadiyedukkaathathine paristhithi pravartthakar vimarshichu. dalhiyile bhooribhaagam nivaasikalum nagaratthile vaayu malineekaranatthinte apakadakaramaaya alavinekkurichum athumaayi bandhapetta aarogya apakadangalekkurichum ariyilla. 1990 kalude pakuthi muthal, vaayu malineekaranam niyantrikkaan dalhi chila nadapadikal sweekarichu-indian nagarangalil ettavum kooduthal marangal ulla moonnaamathe nagaramaan dalhi, koodaathe dalhi transport korppareshan lokathile ettavum valia paristhithi sauhruda compressed naachural gyaas (cng) basukal pravarthippikkunnu. 1996ll sentar phoor sayans aandu envayonment (sii. ezz. iii) supreme kodathiyil oru pothuthaalpparya harji aarambhichu, athu dalhiyile basukaleyum taxikaleyum cngyil oodaan utharavidukayum 1998ll ledu petrol upayogam nirodhikkukayum cheythu. 2003ll dalhi yunaittad stetts energy departmentinte aadyathe 'clean sitti internaashanal paartnar oof dhaa iyar' award "vaayu malineekaranam thadayunnathinum badal indhana samrambhangale pinthunaykkunnathinumalla dheeramaaya shramangalkk" nedi. nagaratthile vaayu malineekaranam ganyamaayi kurachathinte bahumati dalhi metroic labhichittund.
ennirunnaalum, niravadhi rachayithaakkalude abhipraayathil, eee nettangalil bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu, prathyekichu vaikkol kathikkal, deesal kaarukalude vipani vihithathile vardhanavu, buzz yaathrakkaarude ennathil ganyamaaya idivu enniva kaaranam. vaayu gunanilavaara kalavastha pravachanathinteyum gaveshanathinteyum (surakshitam) kyoo aandu sisttam anusarichu, sameepathulla panchab, hariana, uttarpradesh pradeshangalil kaarshika maalinyangal kathikkunnathu dalhiyil kadutha pukamanju vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. dalhiyile malineekaranam kuraykkunnathinaayi vila kathikkunnathu nirodhikkunnath sameepathulla utharpradeshile samsthaana sarkkar pariganikkunnu, deesal kaarukalkk 30 sathamaanam sess earppeduthanamennu paristhithi samiti supreme kodathiyil appeel nalki.
baijing, chaina.
2006ll american, chainees gaveshakar nadatthiya samyuktha gaveshanathil nagaratthile malineekaranatthinte bhooribhaagavum chuttumulla nagarangalil ninnum pravisyakalil ninnumaanu varunnathennu kandethi. oosooninte sharashari 35-60% nagarathinu purathulla srothassukalil ninnu kandethanakum. venalkkaalath thekk/thekkukizhakk bhaagathekku ozhukunnathum vadakkum vadakkupadinjaarum parvathangal kaaranam shandong pravisyaykkum tianjin munisippaalittikkum "beijinginte vaayuvinte gunanilavaarathil kaaryamaaya swaadheenamundu".
yunaittad kingdom.
lunden.
1306ll, vaayu malineekaranathekkurichulla aashankakal edward I-nuu (hrasvamaayi) landanile kalkari theepiduttham nirodhikkan paryapthamaayirunnu. 1661-ll joonn evlinte "fumifugium" dhaatu kalkariykku pakaram sugandhamulla thadi kathikkanamennu nirddeshichu, ithu chuma kurakkumennu addeham vishwasichu. athe varsham" nammude shwaasakoshavum athmaavum engane shwaasammuttunnuvennum thoongikkidakkunna nammude irumbu nasippikkumennum thurumbedukkunnuvennum vivarikkunnu."
19, 20 noottaandukalil, pradhaanamaayum shaithyakaalath, pukamanjinte kadinamaaya sambhavangal thudarnnu, "pee suupp pole kattiyulla" enna padatthil ninnu "pee-soppezhs" ennu vilipperullavayaayirunnu avaa. 1952leeii valia pukamanju landanile theruvukale irundathaakkukayum naalu divasathinullil ekadesham 4,000 pere kollukayum cheythu (thudarnnulla aazhchakalilum maasangalilum athinte prathyaaghaathangal moolam 8,000 perr koodi marichu). thudakkathil, oru pakarchavyaadhiyaanu jeevan nashtappedaan kaaranamenn aaropikkapettu.
1956ll shudhavaayu niyamam thalasthaanathu pukayillaatha mekhalakal niyamaparamaayi nadappakkaan thudangi. veedukalilo bisinassukalilo mriduvaaya kalkari kathikkaan anuvadikkaatha pradeshangalundaayirunnu, puka ulppaadippikkaatha kookk maathram. pukayillaatha mekhalakal kaaranam, sooty kanangalude alavu kurayunnathu theevravum sthiravumaaya lunden pukamanjine illaathaakki.
ithinusheshamaanu lunden valia thothil vrithiyaakkaan thudangiyathu. kazhinja rund noottaandukalil kramena poornnamaayum baahyamaayi karuthuvanna charitraparamaaya kettidangal oronnaayi, avayude kallu munvashangal vrithiyaakkukayum avayude yadhaartha roopathilekku punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. vrithiyaakkiya sesham naadakeeyamaayi marria victorian kettidangalil britiish museum oof naachural histtari ulppedunnu. 1980kalil vrithiyaakkiya westminstar kottaramaanu ettavum puthiya udaaharanam. 1950 kalude avasaanathil vrithiyaakkiya ishtikakal swaabhaavikamaayi "manja" aanennu theliyikkapetta 10 downing street aayirunnu punarudhaarana pravanathayude sradheyamaaya apavaadam; moodalmanju moolam munvashathe karutha niram valare pratheekaathmakamaayi kanakkakkappettathinaal chithram samrakshikkunnathinaayi ishtikakal karutha niratthil varachu. ennirunnaalum, gathagatha malineekaranam moolamundaakunna pukamanju ippozhum aadhunika landanil kaanapedunnu.
mattu mekhalakal.
yunaittad kingdatthile mattu pradeshangale, prathyekichu kanatha vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta pradeshangale, pukamanju baadhichu.
1909ll skotlandile glasgo, eddinberg nagarangal puka niranja moodalmanju anubhavichu. "smog" monicker srishtichathinte bahumati saadhaaranayaayi dess vox 1911ll grettu brittante smoke ebaatment leaginte maanchastar konfaransil moodalmanjinekkurichum athinte falamaayundaakunna maranangalekkurichum oru prabandham avatharippichu.
oru birmingham nivasi 1900-kalil shudhavaayu niyamathinu munbu drishyaparatha valare kuravaayirunnathinaal saikkil yaathrakkaarkk roadle nilkkaan erangukayum nadakkukayum cheyyendivanna black-outtu avasthayekkurichu vivarichu.
2015 epril 29 nuu, klayantarshippil paristhithi abhibhaashakar konduvanna oru kesinethudarnnu, vaayu malineekaranam kuraykkunnathinu sarkkar udan nadapadiyedukkanamennu yuke supreme kodathi vidhichu.
meksikoo sitti, meksikoo.
oru malayora "boulil" sthithicheyyunnathinaal, thanutha vaayu meksikoo nagaratthinte nagarapradeshathekku veezhukayum vyaavasaayika, vahana malineekaranam thaazhe kudungukayum laattin amerikkayile ettavum kuprasidhamaaya pukamanju baadhicha nagaramaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. oru thalamuraykkullil, naitrajan dye ooksaid polulla malineekaranavasthukkal anthaaraashtra nilavaaratthinte eratti allengil moonniratti polum aayathinal lokathile ettavum shudhamaaya vaayuvin peruketta nagaramaayi mariyirikkunnu.
santiago, chili.
meksikoo nagarathinu samaanamaayi, andeesinum chilian theerapradeshathinum idayil sthithi cheiyunna santiago thaazhvarayile vaayu malineekaranam athine thekke amerikkayile ettavum kuprasidhamaaya moodalmanju baadhicha nagaramakki maattunnu. sthithigathikal vashalaakunnath varshathil bhooribhaagavum uyarnna akshaamshathilum (31 digri thekk) varanda kaalaavasthayilumaanu.
tehran, iraan.
2005 desemberil, tehranile schoolukalum pothu offeesukalum adachupoottukayum 1,600 pere ashupathriyil athikkukayum cheythu, kadutha pukamanju pradhaanamaayum filter cheyyaatha kaar exhostine kuttappedutthi.
america.
pukamanju general yuu. yude shradhayilppeduthi.ezz. 1933ll newyork public yoottility offeesaraaya henry obermayer prasidheekaricha "stopp dhaa smoke" enna pusthakatthil manushyajeevithathe baadhikkunnathinekkurichu oru karshakante cheera vilayude naashathekkurichum addeham choondikkaatti. athinusesham, yunaittad stetts paristhithi samrakshana ejansi 300 yuu.ezz. deseeya anthareeksha vaayuvinte gunanilavaara maanadandangalude bhaagamaayi nireekshikkunna onno athiladhikamo malineekaranavasthukkal kaivarikkaatha mekhalakalaayirikkum kaundikal. californiayileyum vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayileyum ettavum valia noonn-attanment sonukalulla eee pradeshangal valia metropolittan pradeshangale chuttippattiyaan. vividha yuu.ezz. thalsamaya vaayuvinte gunanilavaara maappukalum pravachanangalum nirmmikkaan canaden sarkkar ejansikalum sahakarikkunnu. pukamanju saahacharyangale neridaan, pradeshangalkk saan francisco ulkkadal pradeshathe eyar prograam polulla "pukamanju munnariyipp" divasangal prakhyaapichekkaam. 1970 aayappozhekkum vaayu malineekaranathe niyantrikkunnathinaayi kongras shudhavaayu niyamam pasaki.
amerikkayil pukamanju malineekaranam moolam oro varshavum 24,000 amerikkakkar marikkunnu. yuu.ezz. moodalmanjinte kaaryatthil malinamaaya rajyangalil onnaanith, kanakkakkiya 195 rajyangalil 123-aamm sthaanathaanu, avide 1 ettavum vrithiyullathum 195 ettavum malinamayathumaaya moodalmanjaanu.
loss enchalsum saan jovakvin thaazhvarayum.
parvathangalaal chuttapetta thaazhnna thadangalil sthithicheyyunnathinaal, loss enchalsum saan jokwin thaazhvarayum avarude pukamanjinu kuprasidhamaanu. kanatha vahana gathagathavum saan francisco ulkkadalileyum loss enchals/long beach portt complexukaludeyum adhika phalangalum vaayu malineekaranathinu edayaakkunnu.
loss enchals, prathyekichu, athinte bhoomishaasthrathinteyum kaalaavasthayudeyum savisheshathakal kaaranam pukamanju adinjukoodunnathinu shakthamayi saadhyathayund. oru vashath samudravum moonnu vashath parvathanirakalumulla oru paranna thadatthilaanu loss enchals sthithi cheiyunnathu. aduthulla thanutha samudra pravaham pradeshathe uparithala vaayuvinte thapanilaye mangikkunnu, athinte falamaayi oru vipareeta paali undaakunnu uyarathinanusarichu, thaapanila kurayunnathinupakaram, thapanilaye adichamarthukayum lambamaya samvahanathe niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna oru prathibhasam. ellaam orumichu nokkumbol, ithu nagarathinu mukalil thaarathamyena nertthathum adachathumaaya vaayuvinte oru paaliyilekku nayikkunnu, athu thadatthil ninnu eluppathil rakshappedaan kazhiyilla, malineekaranam adichelppikkunnu.
irupathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum gathagatha moodalmanju anubavikkunna ettavum prashasthamaaya nagarangalilonnaan loss enchals, athinaal "loss enchals" ennathu "pukamanjinte paryaayamaanennu chilappol parayappettirunnu."1970ll shudhavaayu niyamam paasaakkiyappol raajyathe ettavum malinamaaya thadamaayirunnu loss enchals, puthiya vaayu gunanilavaara maanadandangal palikkaan prapthamaakkunna oru samsthaana nadappaakkal padhathi srishtikkaan kaaliforniyaykku kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, eee prashnathinu melnottam vahikkunna samsthaana, federal sarkkar ejansikalude (california eyar resources board, yunaittad stetts envayonmental protection ejansi enniva polullava) karsanamaaya niyanthranangal, kaaliforniyayil vilkkunna ellah puthiya kaarukalkkum anuvadaneeyamaaya udvamana nilavaarathinu karsanamaaya niyanthranangal, pazhaya vaahanangalude nirbandhitha pathiv udvamana parisodhanakal enniva vaayuvinte gunanilavaarathil ganyamaaya mechappeduthalukalkku kaaranamaayi. udaaharanathinu, 1962num 2012num idayil asthiramaaya jaiva samyukthangalude vaayuvinte saandrata 50 sathamaanam kuranju. naitras ooksaidukal, oosoon thudangiya vaayu malineekaranavasthukkalude saandrata ithe kaalayalavil 70 sathamaanam muthal 80 sathamaanam vare kuranju.
ulanbathar, mangolia.
1990kalude avasaanathil graamapradesangalil ninnu ulaanbathaarilekkulla vanthothilulla kudiyettam aarambhichu. pradhaanamaayum ulanbathaarinte praanthapradeshangalil parambaraagatha mangolian vamshajaraayi thamasikkunna ekadesham 150,000 kudumbangal, october muthal epril vare neendunilkkunna kadinamaaya shaithyakaalath thangaletthanne choodaakkaan maravum kalkary (chila pavapetta kudumbangal kaar tayarukalum chavattukuttakalum polum kathikkunnu) kathikkunnu, kaaranam eee praanthapradeshangal nagaratthinte kendra thaapana samvidaanavumaayi bandhippichitla. drishyamaaya phalangalonnumillenkilum mechappetta kaaryakshamathayulla stouvinte roopathil pukamanju kuraykkunnathinulla oru thaalkkaalika pariharam nirddeshikkappettu. 
kalkariyile jerr stouvu uyarnna alavil chaaravum mattu kanika dravyangalum (pm) purathuvidunnu. shwasikkumbol, eee kanikakalkku shwaasakoshathilum shwasananaalathilum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum aarogya prasnangal undaakkukayum cheyyum. 2009 desemberile lokabaankinte report prakaram mangolian, anthaaraashtra vaayu gunanilavaara maanadandangalekkaal rund muthal 10 madangu vare uyarnna, ulanbathaarinte pii. emm. nirakkukal lokathile ettavum mosham nirakkukalil onnaanu. eee vaayu malineekaranavumaayi bandhapetta aarogyachelavu mangoliayude gdpyude 4 shathamaanatholam varum ennu eshyan development baank (adb) kanakkakkunnu.
thekkukizhakkan eshya.
thekkukizhakkan eshyayil, prathyekichu sumatra, kalimanthan ennividangalile karaa, kaattuthee moolamundaakunna oru saadhaarana prasnamaanu pukamanju, ennirunnaalum eee prashnathe vivarikkunnathil moodalmanju enna padamaanu kooduthal upayogikkunnathu. karshakarum thotta udamakalum saadhaaranayaayi theepiduthatthinu utharavaadikalaanu, avar kooduthal nadeelukalkkaayi bhoomiyude bhagangal neekkam cheyyaan upayogikkunnu. brunai, indoneshya, phillippines, maleshya, singapur, thayland, chilappol guwam, saipan ennividangalilaanu theepidithangal pradhaanamaayum anubhavappedunnathu. 1997leeii theepidithatthil 9 bilyan dollariladhikam saambathika nashtam sambhavichathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. kaarshika uthppaadanathile naashanashtangal, vanabhoomiyude nasham, aarogyam, gathagatham, vinodasanjaaram, mattu saambathika sramangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. saamoohikavum paaristhithikavum maanasikavumaya prashnangalum deerghakaala aarogya prathyaaghaathangalum ithil ulppedunnilla. maleshya, singapur, malakka kadalidukkukalil sambhavikkunna randaamathe avasaanathe moodalmanju 2006 oktobarilaanu, indoneshyayile theepidutthatthil ninnulla puka malakka kadalidukkiloode thekk-padinjaaran kaatt veeshunnathumoolamaan ithu sambhavichathu. 2013 juunil samanamaaya oru moodalmanju undaayi, juun 21 nuu uchaykku 12 manikk singappooril 401 enna readingode psi oru puthiya record sthaapichu, ithu "apakadakaramaaya" sreniyilaanu.
association oof southu eest eshyan nations (eshyan) prathikarichu. 2002ll ellah eshyan raajyangalum thammil athirthi kadannulla moodalmanju malineekaranathinulla karar oppuvachu. eshyan oru praadeshika moodalmanju karmapadhathi (raap) roopeekarikkukayum oru ekopana, pinthunaa yoonit (sii. ezz. yuu) sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kaanadayude sahaayathode aarr. echu. pii. vanam/sasyajalangalkkulla theepiduttham nireekshikkunnathinum munnariyipp nalkunnathinum oru fayar risk rating sisttam (eph. dii. aarr. ezz) nadappaakki. malaysian kalavastha vakupp (emm. emm. dii) 2003 septambar muthal theepidithatthinte apakadasaadhyathayude dainamdina rating purappeduvichittundu. thettu cheytha karshakarkk niyama nayangal nadappaakkunnathil indoneshya falapradamalla.
pakistan.
shaithyakaalathinte thudakkam muthal, panchaabinte pradhana bhaagangalil, prathyekichu lahore nagaratthil malineekarana vasthukkal niranja kanatha pukamanju shwaasathadasangal srishtikkukayum saadhaarana gathaagathathe thadassappeduthukayum cheythu. 2022-leeii oru sameepakaala patanam kaanikkunnath lahorile malineekaranatthinte praadhamika kaaranam gathagathavumaayi bandhapetta pii. emm. (exhost, noonn exhost srothassukal) aanu
thamasakkaar veedinullil thanne thudaraanum purathu mukhammoodikal dharikkanum doctormar nirddeshichu.
malineekarana soochika.
moodalmanju thuramukhangalile drishyaparathayumaayum gathagatha niyanthranavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnathil nephelometerukal polulla automated opttikkal upakaranangal upayogichaanu moodalmanjinte theevratha palappozhum alakkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, moodalmanju mosham vaayuvinte gunanilavaaratthinte soochanayaayirikkaam, ennirunnaalum american vaayu gunanilavaara soochika, malaysian epi (vaayu malineekarana soochika), singappoorile malineekarana maanadanda soochika thudangiya krithyamaaya uddeshyathode nirmmicha vaayu soochikakal upayogichu ithu palappozhum nannayi prathifalikkunnu.
mangiya saahacharyangalil, soochika suspended kanangalude nila report cheyyaan saadhyathayund. utharavaadithamulla malineekaranavasthukkalude velippeduthal chila adikaaraparidhiyil nirbandhamaanu.
malaysian epikku oru parimithamaaya moolyamilla. athinaal, athinte ettavum apakadakaramaaya alavu 500 nuu mukalilekku pookaam. alavu 500 nuu mukalilaakumbol, durithabaadhitha pradeshathu adiyantharaavastha prakhyaapikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, ithinartham athyaavashyamallaatha sarkkar sevanangal thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkukayum badhita pradeshathe ellah thuramukhangalum adachidukayum cheiyunnu ennaanu. bhakshyamekhala ozhikeyulla durithabaadhitha pradeshangalil svakaaryamekhalayile vaanijya, vyaavasaayika pravarthanangalkkum nirodhanam earppeduthiyekkaam. ithuvare, apakadakaramaaya epi level kaaranam adiyantharaavasthayude vidhi malaysian pattanangalaya portt klang, kuwala selangor, sarawak samsthaanam ennividangalil 1997 thekkukizhakkan eshyan moodalmanjilum 2005 leeii malaysian moodalmanjilum prayogichu.

