
maracheeni

brazeelinte vadakkum vadakkukizhakkan pradeshangalile thaddesheeya inamaaya kasava chediyude (manioch ennum ariyappedunna manihot esculanta) sambharana verukalil ninnu verthirichedukkunna annajam aanu tapioca (;), ennaal ippol thekke amerikkayiludaneelam ithinte upayogam vyaapichirikkunnu. ushnamekhalaa thaazhnna pradeshangalile choodulla saahacharyangalumayi poruthappedunna oru vattaatha kuttichediyaanithu. mattu pala bhakshya sasyangalekkaalum mosham mannumaayi kasava nannayi poruthappedunnu.
ushnamekhalaa raajyangalile dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukalude pradhana bhakshanamaanu maracheeni. ithu carbohydrate bhakshana moolyam maathrame nalkunnulloo, koodaathe protein, vitaaminukal, daathukkal enniva kuravaanu. mattu rajyangalil, vividha nirmmitha bhakshanangalil ithu kattiyakkunna ejantaayi upayogikkunnu.
uthbhavavum uthbhavavum.
"1500 oode porchugeesukaar braseelinte vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayil aadyamaayi athiyappol nattukaar samsaarichirunna tupi bhashayil tipi 'ookka enna peril ninnaan "tapioca" enna vaakk uruthirinjathu. eee tupi vaakk' sediment 'allengil' kogulant 'ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu, ithu verthirichedukkal prakriyayil labhikkuna thairu polulla annajam avashishtathe soochippikkunnu.
uthppaadanam.
kasava chedikku chuvapp allengil pacha shaakhakalulla avayil neela spindles undu. pacha-shaakhakalulla vakabhedathinte verukalkku chediyil swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna sionogenic glycosidaya linamarin neekkam cheiyunnathinu chikitsa aavasyamaanu, allengil athu sionide parivartthanam cheyyappedaam. aparyapthamaayi samskaricha kayperiya kasavayude mikkavarum aazhchakalolam maathramaayi kazhikkunnathumayi bandhapetta oru pakshaaghaatha rogamaanu conso (manthakassa ennum ariyappedunnu).
brazeelinte vadakkum vadakkukizhakkumulla parambaraagatha community adhishtitha maracheeni uthppaadanam kasava verukalil ninnulla manioch maav uthppaadanathinte oru upolppannamaan. eee prakriyayil, manioch (vishaamsham neekkam cheiyunnathinulla chikilsaykku sesham) oru cheria kaii allengil deesal power mill upayogichu oru palppilekku podikkunnu. eee masaj pinneedu unakkaan amarthunnu. nananja masa "tippitti" ennu vilikkunna neelamulla neytha tubilaanu sthaapikkunnathu. tubinte mukalbhagam surakshithamaayirikkumbol oru valia shaakhayo livero thaazheyulla oru looppil cherkkukayum neytthiloodeyum attangaliloodeyum annajam adangiya draavakam njekki muzhuvan upakaranavum lambamaayi neettaan upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee draavakam shekharikkukayum athile (microscopic) annajam kandeynarinte adiyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. soopparnaattant draavakam pinneedu ozhikkukayum unakkenda oru nananja annajam avashishtam avasheshikkukayum cholam annajam pole kaanapedunna sookshumamaaya daanyangalulla tapioca annajam podiyilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
vaanijyaparamaayi, annajam pala roopangalil samskarikkunnu choodulla layikkunna podi, bhakshanam, munkootty pakam cheytha phine allengil parukkan adarukalaaya, chathuraakrithiyilulla vadi, golaakrithiyilulla muthukal."muthukalaanu ettavum vyaapakamaayi labhyamaya aakruthi; valippangal ekadesham 1 millimeter muthal 8 millimeter vare vyasamullathum 2-3 millimeter vare ettavum saadhaaranavumaanu.
adukkala, vadi, muthukal enniva paachakam cheiyunnathinu munbu nannayi kuthirthuvechu avayude eratti alavil vellam agiranam cheyyanam. rehydrationushase, maracheeni uthppannangal thukal kalarnnathum veerthathumaanu. samskaricha maracheeni saadhaaranayaayi veluthathaanu, pakshe vadikalum muthukalum niramullathayirikkaam. parambaraagathamaayi, maracheenikku upayogikkunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya niram thavitt niramaan, ennaal aduthide pastel nirangal labhyamaan. tapioca muthukal asamskrithamaakumbol pothuve athaaryamaanengilum thilaykkunna vellathil pakam cheyyumbol ardhasuthaaryamaakunnu.
brazeel, thayland, naijeeriya ennivayaanu lokathile ettavum valia kasava ulppaadakar. nilavil lokamembaadumulla kayattumathiyude 60 sathamaanavum thaaylandilaan.
upayogikkunnu.
poshakamoolyangal.
unangiya maracheeni muthukalil 11 sathamaanam vellavum 89 sathamaanam carbohydrate proteino kozhuppo illaathavayaanu. 100 gram reference thukayil, unakkiya maracheeni 358 kalori nalkunnu, koodaathe bhakshana dhaathukkalum vitaaminukalum illa allengil adayaalappeduthuka maathram cheiyunnu.
phlait bread.
pulippikkathe kayperiya kasava verukalil ninnu nirmmicha nerttha phlait bradaanu kasabe. thaddesheeya arawak, kareeb janathayaan ithu aadyam nirmmichathu, kaaranam eee verukal avar thaamasichirunna mazhakkaadukalile oru saadhaarana chediyaayirunnu. kizhakkan veneswela, pala thaddesheeya grouppukalum ippozhum "kasabe" nirmmikkunnu. ithu avarude pradhana appam poleyulla pradhana bhakshanamaanu. carib allengil aravaak rajyangalil ninnulla yeeii-kwana, kaari-naa, yanomami, gwarao allengil varaavo thudangiya thaddesheeya samoohangal ippozhum "kasabe" nirmmikkunnu.
kasabe" undakkaan, kayperiya kasavayude annajam verukal oru palppayi arachedukkukayum thudarnnu "year" enna paalulppannamaaya kayperiya draavakam puranthallaan njekki vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu palppil ninnu vishavasthukkale puratthekku kondupookunnu. parambaraagathamaayi, eee njekki vekkunnath eenthappanayil ninnu savisheshamaaya helical paattenil neytha 8 muthal neelamulla, tube aakruthiyilulla, presher strainer "sebucan" yilaanu cheiyunnathu. sebucan" saadhaaranayaayi oru marakkombilo sealing pooliloo thookkiyidunnu, ithinu oru nischitha sttikkil allengil liveril gadippichirikkunna oru lupulla adanja adisthaanam undu, ithu sebucan neettaan upayogikkunnu. liver thaazhekku thallumbol, sebucan neettumbol, helical neythu paatten strainer pulp akathekku njekkaan kaaranamaakunnu. ithu oru chainees viral keniyude pravarthanatthinu samaanamaan. pulp nertthathum vrithaakruthiyilullathumaaya kekkukalaayi oru "buderil" varutho tosttilo paratthunnu.
kasabe" yude nertthathum thelichamullathumaaya kekkukal palappozhum thakarkkukayum pottitherikal pole kazhikkukayum cheiyunnu. bread pole, "kasabe" ottaykko mattu vibhavangalodoppamo kazhikkaam. kattiyulla "kasabe" saadhaaranayaayi alpam eerppamullathaayi kazhikkunnu. kurachu thulli draavakam thalikkunnathu oru varanda "kasabe" mriduvum minusamarnnathumaaya appamakki maattaan mathiyakum.
maracheeni muthukal.
eerppamulla annajam oru arippayiloode sammarddathil kadannupokunnathiloodeyaanu kizhakkan eshyayil "boba" ennum ariyappedunna tapioca muthukal uthpaadippikkunnathu. eshyan madurapalahaarangalaaya falluda, colac, sago suupp, bubble tea, fruit slush, taho thudangiya madurapaaneeyangalil muthu maracheeni oru saadhaarana gadakamaanu, avide avaa paaneeyatthinte maadhuryathinum minusamarnna gadanaykkum oru chevi vyathyasam nalkunnu. pudingukalil upayogikkaan cheria muthukalaanu kooduthal eshtappedunnathu. paaneeyangalil upayogikkunnathinu valia muthukalaanu kooduthal eshtappedunnathu. panchasaara cherkkunnath kaaranam eee muthukal mikkappozhum thavitt niramaan, vellayalla, parambaraagathamaayi black allengil green tea paaneeyangalil upayogikkunnu. shave aisinum choodulla paaneeyangalkkum vividha nirangalayi avaa upayogikkunnu. pudingukalilum paneeyangalilum avayude upayogathinu purame, kekkukalil tapioca muthukal upayogikkaam.
indian upabhookhandathil muthukal "sabudana" ennariyappedunnu; avaa sabudana khichri polulla maduravum ruchiyullathumaaya vibhavangalkkayi upayogikkunnu. brazeelil, sugandham cherkkaan veenjo mattu draavakamo upayogichaanu muthukal pakam cheiyunnathu, avaye "sagu" ennu vilikkunnu.
prosessing propertykalum.
maracheeni muthukalaayi kasava maav samskarikkunnathinu maracheeni gritt enna uthppannathinte idatharam ghattam aavasyamaanu. paalikal allengil kramarahithamaya aakruthiyilulla kanikakal pole kaanapedunna vidhathil bhaagikamaayi jelattinais cheytha unakkiya kasava maavaan tapioca gritt.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, annajam muthukal undaakkunnath vevikkunna mattoru prakriyayaan upayogikkunnathu. muthukal roopappeduthunnathinu, tapioca gritt cherutho valutho aaya muthukalude aakruthiyil murikkukayo puranthallukayo cheyyaam. muthukal oru tharatthilulla choodu-eerppam chikilsaykku vidheyamaan, ithu 2 varsham vare ayuss vardhippikkum.
maracheeni muthukalkku niravadhi savishesha gunangalundu, athu gadanaykkum vaayayude bhaavathinum kaaranamaakunnu. eee bhauthika gunangalil palathum athinte annaja gadanayude falamaanu, avaa samskaranam ganyamaayi badhikkunnu. tapioca muthukal swabhaavaparamaayi mriduvum chavaykkunnathumaanu, avaykku oru pramukha ilaastik ghadanayum ardhasuthaaryamaaya roopavumundu.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu, thekkukizhakkan eshyayile bhakshyakshamam kaaranam, niravadhi abhayaarthikal carbohydrateukalude uravidamaayi maracheeni upayogichaanu jeevichathu. thandu murikkunnathiloode eluppathil pracharippikkaavunna eee chedi poshakangal kuranja mannil nannayi valarunnu, poornnamaaya pakwathayilekku valaraan patthu maasamenkilum edukkumenkilum rund maasathilorikkal vilavedukkaam.
jaiva naseekarana uthppannangal.
plaastikkin pakaramaayi chediyude oru tapioca resinil ninnu vikasippichedutha biodegradable baagukal nirmmikkaan tapioca root upayogikkaam. eee uthppannam punarupayogikkaavunnathum punarupayogikkaavunnathum punarupayogikkaavunnathumaya onnaanu. mattu tapioca resin uthppannangalil kayyurakal, thoppikal, aapranukal enniva ulppedunnu.
alakku.
isthiriyidaan munbu saadhaaranayaayi starching sharttukalkkum vasthrangalkkum upayogikkunna tapioca annajam, vellathilo spray kyaanukalilo layikkan prakrithidatha gumm annajam kuppikalil wilkam.
raasa gunangal.
kuranja amylose kuranja sheshikkunna ulladakkavum athinte amilosinte uyarnna tanmatra bharavum chernnu tapioca vividha prathyeka uthppannangalayi parishkkarikkunnathin upayogapradamaaya prarambha meteeriyalaakkunnu. prathyeka uthppannangalile tapioca annajam prayogangal kooduthal janapriyamaayitheernnirinnu. taapa parivarthanangalilum bhouthikavum rasaparavumaaya gunangalilum aditteevukalude phalangal maracheeni adisthaanamaakkiyulla uthppannangalude gunanilavaaratheyum sambharana sthirathayeyum badhikkum.
glass transition avastha.
sugandhavum pravarthanakshamathayum vardhippikkunnathinaayi annajam adisthaanamaakkiyulla uthppannangalil uppu palappozhum cherkkunnu, kaaranam ithu maracheeni annajathinte jelattinaiseshan thaapanila vardhippikkukayum thanuppikkumbol roopappedunna jellukalude pinvalikkal vaikippikkukayum cheyyum. kaatteshanukalkk, prathyekichu Na +, ca2 + ennivaykku annajam polymerinte glucose thanmaathrayile ooksijan aattangalumaayi sthiramaayi samvadikkaan kazhiyum. eee edapedal oru antiplastising prabhavam srishtikkukayum labhyamaya vellathinayulla malsaram vardhippikkukayum jelattin cheytha thanmaathrayude glass transition thaapanila vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
phudu microbiology.
shelf life.
samskarikkunna faaktarikalkku verukal vilkkumbol, asamskritha vasthukkalude puthuma urappakkunnathinum microfloorayude valarcha thadayunnathinum vilaveduthu 24 manikorinullil avaa samskarikkanam. puthuthayi takarnna verile thavitt-karupp niravyathyaasangalaayi ithu nireekshikkappedum.
ellah prakriyakalileyum jalasrothassukalil sookshumaanukkalude valarcha niyanthrikkunnathin kurachu alavil sulfur dye ooksaid adangiyirikkunnu. unangiya annajam oru sthirathayulla uthppannam nalkunnu. udaaharanathinu, pakam cheyyaathathum unakkiyathumaaya tapioca muthukalkku kuranjathu 2 varshathe shelf life sthirathayundu, athesamayam puthuthayi pakam cheytha muthukal rafrijarettaril patthu divasam neendunilkkum. eee vyathyasam kaaranam unangiyathum nananjathumaaya uthppannangal thammilulla jalapravartana vyathyasam, randaamathethu sookshumaanukkal valarunnathinu kooduthal anukoolamaaya avastha avatharippikkunnu.
praadeshika aaplikkeshanukal.
thekke america.
brazeel.
brazilian paachakareethikalil, vividha tharatthilulla bhakshanangalkk maracheeni upayogikkunnu. tapioca" ennum vilikkappedunna baiju (allengil biju) yill, tapioca eerppamullathaakkukayum arippayiloode vattikkukayum parukkan mavaayi maarukayum thudarnnu oru choodulla griddle allengil paanil thalikkukayum cheiyunnu, avide choodu eerppamulla daanyangale oru pancakino crepino samanamaaya oru phlait breadylake fuse cheiyunnu. appol athu vennayil podichukondu toast pole kazhikkaam (prabhaathabhakshana vibhavamayi ithu ettavum saadhaaranamaayi upayogikkunnu), allengil athu ruchikaramayatho madhuramullatho aaya poorippikkalukal kondu niraykkaam, ithu tapioca eathu tharatthilulla bhakshanathinu upayogikkunnu ennu nirvachikkunnu prabhaathabhakshanam/athaazham allengil madhuram. venna, chees, haam, bekkan, pachakkarikal, vividha tharatthilulla maamsam, choklettu, thengu, contensed paal, vazhappazham allengil stroberry kashanagal ulla choklettu, newtalla, karuvapatta enniva polulla pazhangal ennivayil ninnu poorippikkunnathinul oopshanukal undu. itharathilulla maracheeni vibhavam saadhaaranayaayi chooduvellatthil vilambunnu.
mattu pazhangalude sugandhangal upayogichekkaamenkilum, parambaraagathamaayi karuvapatta graambum upayogichu redu vainiloode pakam cheiyunna tapioca muthukalil ninnaan thekkan brazeelil "sagu" enna praadeshika madhurapalaharam nirmmikkunnath. vadakku, madhya-padinjaaru bhaagangalil "mandioca", vadakkukizhakku bhaagangalil "macaxaira", thekkukizhakk, thekk bhaagangalil "aipim" enningane raajyathudaneelam vividha perukalil kasava verukal ariyappedunnu.
sookshumamaaya daanyangalulla tapioca annajathe "polvilho" ennu vilikkunnu, ithine "madhuram" allengil "pulicha" ennu tharamthirikkunnu."pulicha" "polvilho" "saadhaaranayaayi" "paavo dii kwijo" "allengil" "chees bread" "polulla vibhavangalil upayogikkunnu, athil annajam oru haard cheesumaayi kalarthunnu, saadhaaranayaayi pakwata praapicha minas chees (parmeson chees upayogichu maattisthaapikkaam), muttayum vennayum aduppil chuttupazhuppikkam". raajyathudaneelam sarvvyaapiyaaya sugandhamullathum chavaykkunnathum palappozhum krastti reethiyilullathumaaya oru appamaan anthima phalam. madhuramulla "polvilho" saadhaaranayaayi kukkikaliloo kekkukaliloo upayogikkunnu.
mattu sthalangal.
kolambiyayilum veneswela arepas konmeelinu pakaram tapioca maav upayogichaanu nirmmikkunnath. karimbukal orupakshe daanyangalude arikalkku mumbullathaayirikkaam; caribean samskaarangalil avayude peru kasabe ennaanu. spanish, porchugees thekke amerikkayiludaneelam, praadeshikamaayi "pandebono", "paan dii yookka", "paavo dii kyujo", "chippa" allengil "kunape" enningane ariyappedunna bake cheytha chees banninte praadeshika vyathiyanangal nirmmikkaan annajam upayogikkunnu.
muzhuvanaayum samskarikkappedaatha kasava verinum thekke amerikkayiludaneelam niravadhi paachaka upayogangalundu.
vadakke america.
amerikkayile madhurapalaharamaaya tapioca pudingumaayi idaykkide bandhappettirikkumbol, mattu kozhsukalilum tapioca upayogikkunnu. gluten rahita bhakshanakramathilulla aalukalkk maracheeni maavu kondu nirmmicha appam kazhikkaam (ennirunnaalum kurachu maracheeni maavil gothamb chertthittundu). sukros allengil koonn sirappinu pakaramaayi vaividhyamaarnna bhakshanapaneeyangalil madhurapalahaaramaayi tapioca syrup chilappol cherkkaarund.
vestt indees.
kurumulak kalavum madyavum polulla vibhavangal nirmmikkunna pradhana bhakshanamaanu maracheeni. pallukal vrithiyaakkaanum mamsamo malsyamo upayogichu pakam cheiyunna bhakshanamaayum kasawa poonn polulla madurapalahaarangalilum ithu upayogikkaam.
prathyekichum spanish bharanathinte thudakkathil grameena cubayil, vila krishi cheyyaanum aduthulla spanish vaasasthalangalilekku kondupokaanum eluppamaayathinaal maracheeniyude janapreeti vardhichu, ithu aaa aadyakaala saamraajyathva kaalaghattatthil bhoomiyum aalukalum vibhajikkapetta reethiye swaadheenichu.
eshya.
vividha eshyan rajyangalil, taivanese bubble tea ulppedeyulla madurapalahaarangalilum paneeyangalilum tapioca muthukal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
thekkukizhakkan eshya.
thekkukizhakkan eshyayil, kasava verukal saadhaaranayaayi kashanangalakki, vedjukalo strippukalo aayi murichu, varuth, urulakkizhangu chippukal, vedjukal allengil franch fraikal ennivaykku samaanamaayi tapioca chippukalayi vilambunnu. mattoru reethi valia blokkukal mriduvaakunnathuvare thilappichu cheruthaayi uppuvechatho madhuramullatho aaya thenga oru madhurapalahaaramaayi vilambuka ennathaanu, saadhaaranayaayi paam panchasaara syrup upayogichu. thaaylandil eee vibhavathe "mansampalang" (mansanpalng) ennu vilikkunnu.
vaanijyaparamaayi thayyarakkiya maracheenikku niravadhi upayogangalundu. sooppukalkkum mattu draavaka bhakshanangalkkum kattiyakkaan saadhaaranayaayi tapioca podi upayogikkunnu. farmaceutical gulikakalilum prakrithidatha peyintukalilum ithu oru binderaayi upayogikkunnu. aardramaaya bread, kekku, bisket, kukkikal, mattu vibhavangal enniva undakkaan maav upayogikkunnu (maida maavum kaanuka). uyarnna jalamshamulla pazhangal kondu nirmmicha paikal niraykkaan tapioca flakeukal upayogikkunnu.
rund tablespoon maracheeni kazhuki, athil oru pint vellam ozhichu, moonnu manikkoor mukkivachu maracheeni jelliyude oru saadhaarana paachakakkuripp thayyarakkam. misritham kuranja theeyil vaykkuka, valare vyakthamaakunnathuvare thilappikkuka. valare kattiyullathaanengil, kurachu thilaykkunna vellam cherkkaam. ithu velutha panchasaara upayogichu madhurappeduthaam, thenga paalum kurachu veenjum upayogichu ruchi kaanikkam, ottaykko kreemumaayo kazhikkaam.
indoneshya.
krupuk allengil parambaraagatha indoneshyan padakkangal, indoneshyayil tapioca annajathinte oru pradhana upayogamaanu. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya krupukk tapioca annajam kondu nirmmicha "kerupuk kampung" allengil "kerupuk asii" aanu. maracheeni annajam arinja chemmeen upayogichu "krupuk udang" (chemmeen padakkam) allengil "krupuk ikkaan" (malsya padakkam) aayi ruchikkam. nerthatho chilappol kattiyullatho aaya kasawa sooryaprakaashathil unakki "cripic singhkong" padakkangalaayi (kasava chippukal allengil tapioca chippukal) undakkaan aazhathil varuthirunnu. panchasarayum kurumulak kurumulak pothinja choodullathum arivullathumaaya "cripic singhkonginte" oru vakabhedam padinjaaran sumatrayile bookittingi nagaratthinte savisheshathayaaya "cripic balado" allengil "keripik sanjay" ennariyappedunnu.
oru maracheeni dumpling laghubhakshanamaanu sylock. maduravum cheruthumaaya alcoholic madhurapalaharam nirmmikkunnathinayi yeest polulla bacteria kalchar upayogichu valia blokkukal pulippichaanu thapaay nirmmikkunnath. kooduthal pulippikkal kooduthal draavakangalum madyavum purathuvidukayum pulicha madyapaanamaaya "tuwak" uthpaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
maleshya.
maleshyakkaarkkidayil janapriyamaaya chippukalude oru vyathiyaanam "kerepeck peda" aanu, avide chrispukal choodullathum maduramullathum kaduk ullathumaaya mulak, ulli pesttu allengil sambal enniva upayogichu pothinjirikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi varutha aangovikalum nilakkadala cherkkunnu.
malaysian upadveepilum eee chediyude krishi vyaapakamaayi nadakkunnundu, avide chainees kaikalil ninnu thookkamulla kasava kizhanguvargangal aadyam polikkukayum pinneedu shradhaapoorvvam kazhukukayum cheiyunnu. rollerukalkkidayil kadannupokunnathiloode avaye oru palppayi churukkunnu, athu veendum shradhaapoorvvam kazhuki, thudarnnu vellathil kulukkunnu. ithu malam verpeduthukayum valare mikacha arippayiloode kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu, ithu maavilekk nayikkunnu. maav aavarthichu kazhuki, thudarnnu sooryaprakaashathiloodeyum vaayuviloodeyum bleach cheiyunnathinaayi paayayil vaykkunnu. bubble tea paaneeyangalil janapriyavum priyappettathumaya tapioca muthukalkku kaaranamaakunnathin vividha aaplikkeshanukal ivide prayogikkaam, ithu boba ennum ariyappedunnu. kyanwas kondu pothinja oru thottilinte aakruthiyilulla framil maav vaykkunnathiloodeyaanu muthu tapioca nedunnathu, avide athu cheruthaayi nanachu graanulettu cheyyaan thirikkunnu. oduvil, athu veyilathu unakki, thudarnnu oru grease cheytha irumbu chattiyil theeyil vaykkuka, vipaniyilekku thayyaravuka.
dakshineshya.
dakshineshyayil, maracheeni muthukal "sagudana", "sabudana" allengil "shabudana" (sago muthukal) allengil "sabba akki" (kannadayil) ennariyappedunnu. muthukkal laghubhakshanam undakkaan upayogikkunnu.
bangladesh.
madurapalahaarangalil chilappol sagudana upayogikkunnu. venalkkaalath thairu, aise, mattu cheruvakal enniva upayogichu janapriya bhakshanamaaya faluda thayyarakkunnu.
india.
kheer polulla parambaraagatha indian vibhavangalile oru saadhaarana gadakamaanu maracheeni muthukal.
padinjaaran indiayil "sabudana kichadi, pakoda, paraatha" enniva nirmmikkaan maracheeni muthukal upayogikkunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi "vratham" (upavaasam) samayat kazhikkunnu. indiakkaar saadhaaranayaayi ithu paachakam cheiyunnathinu munbu oru ratri allengil 6 muthal 8 manikkoor vare mukkivaykkunnu.
indian engleesh upayogathil kasava maracheeni ennu vilikkunnu. malayaalathil kasava kappa allengil marachini ennu vilikkunnu.
ithu 1880-1885 c yill avatharippichu.iii. travancoorile annathe maharajavu, valia kshaamathinushesham, arikk pakaramaayi, vishaakham tirunal ramavarmma raajyathe baadhichu.
keralatthiludaneelam maracheeni vyaapakamaayi kazhikkunnu. ithu prabhaathabhakshanamaayo pradhana bhakshanamaayo edukkunnu. ithu (charmmatthil ninnu poricha sesham ekadesham neelamullatho cheriyatho aaya valia kashanangalayi murichu) vellathil pakam cheyyukayum vellam vattukayum cheiyunnu. pakam cheythukazhinjaal, ithu arinja thenga, mulak, uppu, manjal muthalaayavaykkoppam kalarthaam.thudarnnu vevichu unangiya pudingil podichedukkuka. venamenkil kaduk, ulli, kariveppila muthalaayava upayogichu ithu enna kondu alankarikkaam. maracheeni kashanagal (chendan kappa) palappozhum lalithamaaya mulak sosinoppam (pacha/chuvanna mulak, ulli, veluthulli, uppu, enna ennivayude pesttu) kazhikkunnu.
irachiyo malsyamo, prathyekichu matthi, keralatthile oru ruchikaramaaya vibhavamayi, mush cheytha tapioca, cherkkunnu. mattoru janapriya samyojanam curry, pacha mulak ennivayil nerittu pakam cheytha unakkiya uppu manpathrangal upayogichu podicha maracheeni aanu.
parboyil cheyth, charmmathe unakkiya sesham unakki, 0.5 centimeter kattiyulla kashanangalayi murikkunnathiloode maracheeni deerghaneram sookshikkaam. ithine unakka kappa (unangiya maracheeni) ennu vilikkunnu. urulakkizhangu chippukalkk samaanamaayi nerttha kashanangalakkiya maracheeni cheeppukalum valare janapriyamaan.
thamizhil maravalli kizhanguvarggam ennu vilikkappedunna maravalli pazhangal chippukal thayyarakkan upayogikkunnu.
maracheeni muthukale thamizhil "javvarisi" ennaanu vilikkunnathu. asamskritha verinekkaal kaikaaryam cheyyaan eluppamaayathinaal mikka vibhavangalum eee tharam maracheeniyil ninnaan pakam cheiyunnathu. thamizhnaattile karshakarkk sthiramaaya varumanam nalkunna niravadhi jillakalil maracheeni kooduthalaayi krishi cheiyunnu. maracheeni asamskrithamaayi (charmmangal/puram cover neekkam cheytha sesham) allengil vividha vibhavangalkko laghubhakshanangalkko vevichu kazhikkaam.
vadakkukizhakkan indiayile nagalandilum misoramilum maracheeni oru laghubhakshanamaayi kazhikkunnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi charmmatthil arichathinushesham alppam uppu upayogichu vellathil thilappikkukayo allengil maracheeni muricha sesham unakki laghubhakshanam undaakkukayo cheiyunnu. pinneedu ithu podichedukkukayum mavaayi maattukayum oru chuttupazhuppichatho chuttupazhuppichatho aaya bisket undaakkukayum cheiyunnu. thangalude praadeshika bhashayil avar ithine "thadi urulakkizhangu" ennartham varunna "kuri aaloo" ennu vilikkunnu."samoohathile ellah vibhaagangalum eee chippukal oru ruchikaramaaya vibhavamayi kazhikkunnu. manushyarkk bhakshyayogyamallaatha maracheeni charmmam valarthumrigangalkku bhakshanam thayyarakkan maatti vaykkunnu.
asamil, rogikalkkum praayamaayavarkkum allengil durbalark eluppathil dahanathinum sakthikkum vendi vevicha ariykk (bhaath) pakaramaayi saboodana upayogikkunnu.
srilanka.
sreelankayil ithu "magnoka" ennum simhala, thamizh perukalilum ariyappedunnu. lunu miris sambol" (oru tharam salsa) allengil thenga sambal enna peril ariyappedunna oru mulak ulli mishrithathodoppam vevichaanu ithu saadhaaranayaayi kazhikkunnath. mattoru janapriya kasava vibhavam thengappalil manjal thalichu pakam cheiyunna oru kariyaanu. athesamayam, oru ruchikaramaaya vibhavamayi tapioca muthukal thayyarakkunnathu janapriyamaan. oru kaalath, maracheeni muthukal vasthrangalkoppam thilappichu vasthrangal annajam undakkaan maracheeni muthukal upayogichirunnu. theruvunadakkaarum theruvora kadakalum saadhaaranayaayi vilkkunna oru janapriya laghubhakshanamaanu sugandhavyanjanagal adangiya kasava chippukal.
aphrica.
naijeeriya, ghaana pradeshangalil saadhaaranayaayi prabhaathabhakshanathil oru saadhaarana bhakshanamaayi maracheeni kazhikkunnu. padinjaaran aafrikkayile pradhana bhakshanamaanu kasava, avide ithu vyaapakamaayi kazhikkunnu. nigeriayil, kasava arachu unakki "gaariyil" varuthedukkunnu; maamsam allengil pukacha malsyathodoppam vellam, panchasaara, allengil nilakkadala enniva cherthaanu ithu kazhikkunnath. chooduvellam cherthu gaariyum "eeba" akkunnu; ithu stoo allengil sooppinoppam kazhikkunnu. nigeriayile ijebu janatha misritham ekathaanamaakunnathuvare avarude mushti upayogichu adichu eebayude thanutha jala vakabhedam undaakkunnu; ithine "feshelu" ennu vilikkunnu. abiyokudayile egbakal, oogun avasthayil, tholi kalayukayum unakkukayum kasava "elubo" enna podiyaayi arachedukkukayum cheiyunnu, athu pinneedu "amala paakki" aakki "eevedu" enna chanam ila stoovinoppam kazhikkunnu.
laagokalil, thengappalum panchasarayum upayogichu pakam cheiyunna maracheeni aayi kasava samskarikkunnu; ithu prabhaathabhakshanamaayo partykalilo athaazhathilo madhurapalahaaramaayo kazhikkaam. ithine "mengau" ennu vilikkunnu.
kizhakkan nigeriayile igbos vevichathum podichathumaaya kasaavayil paam ooyilum mattu sugandhavyanjanagalum cherkkunnu, ithu "abacha" ennu vilikkunna oru vibhavamaan.
niger delttayile aalukal kurumulak sooppinoppam kazhikkunna annajamaayi pakam cheytha kasaavayil ninnu annajam verthirichedukkunnu.
ghaanayil, kasava tholi kalayukayum mriduvaakunnathuvare thilappikkukayum oru valia thadi mortarilum kuruvilum athu ekathaanamaakunnathuvare adikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithine "phuphu" ennu vilikkunnu. ithu sooppinoppam kazhikkunnu.
europe.
europil maracheeni athra vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnillenkilum pala raajyangalum maracheeni upayogikkunnu. beljiyathil, cheria velutha tapioca muthukal shudhamaaya sooppukalkkaayi cherkkunnu. paarfaittukal polulla franch madurapalahaarangalil tapioca muthukal upayogikkunnu. yunaittad kingdatthile oru ruchikaramaaya laghubhakshanam, ozhivaakkuka, sugandhamulla maracheeni kondaanu nirmmikkunnath.
maracheeni athinte unangiya roopathilum vyaapakamaayi labhyamaan, chila rajyangalil maracheeni pudding nirmmikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu.

