
svayam-pathaaka

vedanayundaakkunna chattavaradiyo mattu upakaranangalo upayogichu svayam chaattavaaradikkunna achadakkaparavum bhakthiparavumaya pariseelanamaanu svayam-adippikkal. kristhumathatthil, athma-pathaaka prayogikkunnathu maamsatthinte maranatthinte sidhaanthathinte pashchaathalatthil nadathappedunnu, ithu oru athmeeya achadakkamaayi kaanapedunnu. ithu palappozhum oru tharatthilulla tapassaayi upayogikkunnu, koodaathe yeshuvinte kashtappaadukalil pankucheraan flagallantine anuvadikkaanum daivathilekku shradha kendreekarikkaanum uddeshichullathaanu.
svayam-adichelppikkal aacharikkunna pradhana mathangalil kristhumathavum joothamathavum ulppedunnu. niravadhi eejipshyan, greco-roman aaraadhanakalile amgangalkkidayilum eee aacharam aacharichittund.
kristhumatham.
charitraparamaayi, kristhyaanikal svayam nirasikkal, hairshirtukalum changalakalum dharikkal, upavaasam, svayam flagalation (palappozhum achadakkam ennu vilikkunna oru tharam vipp upayogikkunnathu) thudangi vividha tharatthilulla maamsathe nasippikkunnathil earppettittundu. chila kristhyaanikal eee aachaarathe nyaayeekarikkan bybilil ninnulla bhagangal upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, "njaan ente shareerathe shikshikkunnu" (1 korinthyar 9:27) enna poulosinte prasthavana svayam adikkunna shaareerikamaaya adikkaline soochippikkunnuvennu chila vyaakhyaathaavu avakaashappedunnu. svayam-pathaaka prayogicha pramukha kristhyaanikalil protestant parishkarthaavaaya martin luther, sabhaa ezhuthukaariyaaya saaraa oosboon ennivar ulppedunnu, "daivathinte drishtiyil avalude thudarchayaaya paapathekkurichum adharmmathekkurichum neechathayekkurichum oormmippikkunnathinaayi" svayam-pathaaka prayogichu. engleesh communiyanullil tractarian prasthaanatthile amgangalkku oru achadakkam upayogichu svayam-pathaaka prayogikkunnathu "valare saadhaarana" aayi maari.
pathinonnam noottaandil, roman catholica paarambaryatthile oru benedikttain sanyasiyaaya peettar damian, aathmeeyatha shaareerika achadakkathil prakadamaakanamennu padippichu; kristhuvine pinthudaraan agrahikkunnavar naalpat sankeerthanangal paarayanam cheyyaan edukkunna samayathekku svayam-pathaaka prayogikkanamennu addeham upadeshichu, ithu kristheeya kalandarile vishudha divasangalil pathaakakalude ennam vardhippichu. daamiyante kaaryatthil, kristhuvinte kashtappaadukalil pankuchernnavare maathrame rakshikkaan kazhiyoo. kristheeya charithrathiludaneelam, oraal shaareerika aanandangal nishedhikkunna maamsatthinte maranathe purohithanmaar, prathyekichu kristhyan aashramangalilum konventukalilum, saadhaaranayaayi pinthudarunnu. anusaranakkedu kaanicha purohithanmarkkum saadhaaranakkaarkkumulla praayashchittha maarggamaayi svayam-adichelppikkal shikshayude oru roopamaayi adichelppikkappettu.
13-aamm noottaandil flagellants ennariyappedunna oru koottam roman catholicar eee sambradaayam angeyattam eduthu. karutha maranasamayathu, oraalude papangal shudheekarikkunnathiloode plegine cherukkaanulla oru maargamaayi ithu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. pathinalam noottaandil roman catholica sabha pathaaka uyarthiyavare oru aaradhanayaayi apalapichu.
pathinaram noottaandile jappanilum svayam-pathaaka uyarthal achaarangal aacharikkappettirunnu. jesuit missionarymar kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheytha akkaalathe japanese kristhuvinte abhiniveshathodu sahathapam prakadippichathaayum avarude bhakti prakadippikkunnathinaayi avar svayam-pathaaka uyarthal anaayasam parisheelichathaayum reportund. 1555ll kyushuvile bango, hirado pradeshangalil japanese mathaparivarthanam cheythavar svayam-pathaaka uyarthiyathinte aadyakaala rekhakal prathyakshappettu. eee japanese kristhyaanikal mulpadarppukalude kireedangal dharikkukayum purakil kurishukal vahikkukayum cheythathode avar kurishile parvathamaayi nischayicha sthalathekku athu nayichu.
kristhyaanikal svayam-pathaaka thiranjedukkunnathinu vividha kaaranagal nalkunnu. kristhuvinte abhiniveshathinte samayat avan anubavikkunna kashtappaadukal anukarikkuka ennathaanu pradhana kaaranangalilonn. krooshikkunnathinumbu yeshu chaattavaaradichathinaal, palarum svayam chaattavaaradikkunnathine yesuvinodu kooduthal adukkaanulla oru margamaayum aaa chaattavaaradi oormmappeduthalaayum kaanunnu. daivathodu kooduthal adukkanamenkil kristhuvinte vedanayiloode aksharaarthatthil kashtappedendathundennu pala aadyakaala kristhyaanikalum vishwasichirunnu. romakkarkkum kolosiyakkaarkkum ayacha kathukalil daivathodu kooduthal aduppam thonnaan shaareerikamaayi upadravikkunnathinekkur poulos apposthalan soochippichu.
aathmaavine shudheekarikkukayum, laukikamaaya eathoru bhogathinum pashchaathaapamaayi aathmaavine shudheekarikkukayum cheiyunna oru shudheekarana roopamaayum svayam-pathakaye kaanapettu. adutha jeevithathil shiksha ozhivakkunnathinaayi bhoomiyile oru shikshayaayi svayam-pathaaka prayogikkunnu. daivathil maathram shradha kendreekarikkunnathinaayi shareerathe niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru margamaayum svayam-pathaaka uyarthal kaanapettu. svayam chaattavaaradichaal, oraalkk lokathinte aanandangalil ninnu vyathichalikkal kandethaanum daivathe aaraadhikkunnathil poornnamaayum shradha kendreekarikkaan kazhiyum. oru praarthanayodu prathikarichathino shareerathil ninnu dushtaathmaakkale puratthaakkiyathino daivathinu nandi parayunnathinum svayam-pathaaka uyarthal nadathunnu (sii. eph. "kristhumathatthil bhoothochaadana"). svayam-pathaakayude janapreeti kuranju, chila bhaktharaya kristhyaanikal upavaasam allengil oru aanandathil ninnu vittunilkkunnath polulla pravarthanangaliloode maamsatthinte mardhikkal pariseelikkaan thiranjedukkunnu (sii. eph. "kadam kodukkunna thyagam").
svayam-pathaaka uyarthunnathu athmeeya nettamaano allayo ennathinekkurichu kristhyan paarambaryatthinullil oru charchayundu, vividha mathanethaakkalum kristhyaanikalum eee sanbradaayathe apalapikkukayum joonn pooll randaaman maarppaappayeppolulla mattullavar svayam-pathaaka uyarthunnathu pariseelikkukayum cheiyunnu. yeshuvinte kashtappaadukalil aathmeeyamaayi pankucheranamennum eee sambradaayam parasyamaayum svakaaryamaayum thudaranamennum svayam-pathaaka uyarthunna aalukal vishwasikkunnu.
joothamatham.
chila juthanmaar yomu kippoorinu thaledivasam svayam-pathaakayude pratheekathmaka roopam oru niyamamaayi acharikkunnu; svayam-upadravikkunnathu joothamathathil karsanamaayi nirodhichirikkunnu. ithu ningalkk oru vishudha kanvokkeshan aayirikkum; ningal ningalude aathmaakkale badhikkum" (leviticus <aii. dii. 1>) polulla baibil bhagangal eee pravartthanangale nyaayeekarikkan upayogichu. madhyakaalakhattathil purushanmaar 39 thavana purakil chaadikkunnath oru saadhaarana reethiyaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, baibil kaalam muthal, upavaasam, aathmaparisodhana, shaareerikamaayi svayam upadravikkaatha "ningalude aathmaakkale badhikkuka" enna kalppanayude mattu vyaakhyaanangal ennivayiloode nediya athmeeya praayashchittham enna dinamaayi yoodaayism pradhaanamaayum yoom kippoorine kanakkakkunnu.
islam.
kristhyaanikal yeshukristhuvine anukarikkaan shramikkunnathupole thanne twelver shiah samoohathil bhooribhaagavum svayam-pathaakayaakkaliloode imam hussaine anukarikkaan shramikkunnu. matham" enna pothuparipaadikaliloodeyaanu ithu pradarshippikkunnathu. oru kristhyan flaagallantinte shiya prathiroopam oru "mathamdar" aanu. pankedukkunnavarkkidayil avarude pankitta mathaparamaya bhakthiyiloode aazhathilulla bandham srishtikkunnathiloode oraalude vishwaasavum bandhangalum veendum sthireekarikkaanaanu maathaavinte eee aacharam uddeshikkunnathu. eee aachaarathinte akramasakthamaaya swabhaavam undaayirunnittum, athumaayi bandhapetta snehavum durbalata athine adisthaanaparamaayi kriyaathmakavum sthirathayullathumaaya aachaaraparamaaya prakadanamaakki maattunnu. karbala yudhathinteyum imam husainte rakthasaakshithvathinteyum smaranaykkaayi lokamembaadumulla niravadhi shiah samudaayangal ellah varshavum muharram aakhoshavelayil ashura dinathil vanthothilulla paredukaliloode march nadathunnu. eee paredukalil, bhakthar nenjil adikkukayo "sanjersani" ennu vilikkunna changalakalil bladeukal upayogichu svayam murikkukayo cheiyunnu. ithu asaadhaaranamaanengilum, chila shiah samudaayangal changalakalum kathikal polulla moorchayulla vasthukkalum upayogichu svayam pinnil adikkunnu. india, paakistaan, iraakh, afgaanisthaan, iraan, soudi arebia, lebanan, america, austreliya ennivayulppede niravadhi rajyangalil ithu sambhavikkunnu.
kristhumathatthil ullathupole thanne svayam adhikshepavum islaamil vivaadamaanu. 2008ll, thante kuttikale svayam pathaaka uyarthaan prothsaahippichuvennu aaropikkappedunna yuke pattanamaya eklisile oru thaamasakkaaran ulppetta oru pramukha kodathi cases eee sanbradaayathe vyaapakamaayi apalapichu. kuttikale svayam upadravikkaan prothsaahippikkaruthenna urappichukondu shiaz prathikarichu, marichu muthirnnavarude sammathathode nadathumbol aachaarathinte praadhaanyam samrakshikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila shiah nethaakkal eee aacharam avarude mathathinu mosham prashasthi nalkunnuvennu bhayappedukayum pakaram raktham daanam cheyyaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.

