saahithyayudham

prasidheekaricha kathukal, prasamgangal, prabhashanangal, abhimukhangal ennivayiloode pothu kazhchappadil nadathunna prashastha ezhuthukaar thammilulla samghattanamo kalahamo aanu saahitya kalahangal. saahitya kalahangal" enna pusthakatthil, ezhuthukaar thammilulla samgharshangalil vaayanakkaarkk thaalpparyamullath enthukondaanennu aanthani arther vivarikkunnu "manushya paraajayatthe (vijayath) ithra vyakthamaayi vivarikkunna aalukalkk engane poornathayil ninnu pinmaran kazhiyumennu njangal athbhuthappedunnu."
saahithyathinte swabhaavathekkurichulla parasparavirudhamaaya kaazhchappaadukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu chilappol kalahangal. pii. manjum eph. aarr. leavis, allengil virgenia woolf arnold bennattum thammilulla tharkkam polulla parasparam cheiyunna jolikalodulla avaganana. alexander poppu joonn hervy "doow. arbathnottinu ezhuthiya lekhanathil" aakshepahaasyamaakkiyathu, ezhuthukaarude kruthikaliloodeyaanu chila kalahangal nadannathu. chila sambhavangal shaareerika akramathinu kaaranamaayi, udaaharanathinu synclair levis theodor dreyser thammilulla ettumuttal, chila avasarangalil lilian helman merii mccarthy thammilulla tharkkatthilennapole vyavaharangal ulppettirunnu.
saahitya kalahangalude charithram.
oru saahitya kalahathil oru pothu vediyum pothu prathikaaravum ulppedunnu. quarterlease, pathrangal, prathimasa maasikakal ennivayiloode pothu kaazhchayil kalahangal aarambhikkaamenkilum palappozhum swakaarya kathidapaadukalilekkum vyakthiparamaaya yogangalilekkum vyaapichu. ezhuthukaar, kavikal, naadakakkaar, niroopakar enningane saahithyaramgathe pramukharaanu pankedukkunnathu. saahityam, kala, saamoohika prasnangal ennivayude ethir thathwachinthakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu pala kalahangalum, ennirunnaalum tharkkangal palappozhum vyakthithvathinum swabhaavathinum nereyulla akramanangalaayi maari. palappozhum vyakthiparavum raashtreeyavum vaanijyaparavum prathyayashaasthraparavumaaya manangal kalahangalkkund.
lapaminte thraimaasathil", hip-hoopp kalakaaranmaarude vann-appanshippumaayi saahitya kalahangale hyuva suu thaarathamyam cheiyunnu...munkaalathe chila mahathaaya saahitya kalahangal avayude hraswata kanakkiledukkumbol soshyal media yugathinu anuyojyamaakumaayirunnu" ennu vidvesham, arakshithaavastha, asooya enniva soochippikkunnu."ezhuthukaarude sathruthayeyum souhrudathile thakarchayeyum sahodarimaar thammilulla sathrutha polulla kalahangalayi nireekshakar, prathyekichu maadyamangal mudrakuthunnathu asaadhaaranamalla. ezz. losayude bhaarya ulppetta oru sambhavathin bayattum maargarattum drubble allengil vargas losa gabriel garzia markwessine idichappol. 
pranaya kaalaghattatthil, "traimasa avalokanam", "eddinberg avalokanam", "blackwoods magazin" enniva oru vipanana thanthramaayi kalahangale prothsaahippichu. eddinberg" edittar francis jephri oro lakkathilum mosham avalokanam aagrahichu, kaaranam prathikaranangalum prathikaarangalum vaayanakkaare aakarshikkum. niroopakar pothuve anjjaatharaayirunnu, palappozhum avarude avalokanangalil koottaaya "njangal" upayogikkunnu, ennirunnaalum avalokanangalude yadhaartha rachayithaav thuranna rahasyangalaayirunnu. thomas lavu peacock "edinburghine" kurichu paranju, adrishyanaaya kolayaaliyude nigoodamaaya "njangal" avante visham kalarnna kataaraye niyamaanusrithamaaya vishalamaaya vaakkukalayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu."thadaakatthile kavikal ennu vilikkappedunnavare eddinberg aakramichathupole blackwoods kokni skoolineyum aakramichu. thante jolikalkkethiraaya "traimasa" akramanangal thante vilppana vardhippichuvennu lady morgan ahankaaram prakadippichu.
pothujanangalude swakaarya jeevithathil pothujanangal vyaaprutharaakunna "vyakthithvathinte yugam" ennaanu colridge eee pranaya kaalaghattatthe visheshippichathu, akkaalathe aanukaalikangalkk "marakamaaya seelam" undennu aaropikkunnu. thante "biographia littariya" yude adikkurippukalil, jephriyude peru parayaathe colridge addehathinethire aropanangal unnayichu, ennaal mattullavarkk addeham uddeshicha vyakthiye eluppathil arian kazhiyunnathra vishadaamshangal nalki. akkaalat niroopakarude anjjaathathvam enna samskaaram pothuve amgeekarikkappettirumne, jephri thante prathikaranangaliloode "oru adikkurippu oru kalahamaayi valuthaakkunnu", thante nishedhangalkk thante aadyaksharangal oppidunnathuvare pookunnu. eddinberg" edittarumaayulla thante kalahathil maadhyamashradha nalkiyathinaal "vyakthiparamaaya" gosippukalkku innathe pothujanangalude apamanakaramaaya abhiruchiyil "ninnu rakshappedaan thanikk kazhinjillennu colridge parathippettu. "britiish niroopakan" thoongi, colridginte paksham chernnu, athesamayam "black woods" kaviye swantham reethiyil aakramichu.
mattoru ezhuthukaaranodulla yadhaartha allengil bodhapoorvamaaya vishwasthathaykku oru ezhuthukaarane apakeerthippeduthunna "association vazhi peedanam" enna roopathilekku akramanangal maarunnathupole, prathikaarangalkk "association vazhi svayam prathirodhatthil" earppedaan kooduthal pankaalikale konduvaraan kazhiyum. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathe ezhuthukaarekkurichu pandithanaaya joonn sloon parayunnath, "bahujana samskaarathinteyum janapriya maadhyamangaludeyum kaalaghattatthil, athbhuthappeduthaanum athicheraanumulla aagrahamulla shradha thedunnavarkku pothu roying oru priyappetta upakaranamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu."
doow. engleesh saahithyathile ebraham aandu airin guterman chairman, yeshiva sarvakalaashaalayile engleesh emeritus professor manfred veydoon parayunnu "paashchaathya samskaarathinte parambaraagatha pradhana ghattangalil oro ghattathilum kuranjathu atharamoru valia ettumuttalengilum vyathyastha rajyath prathyakshappedunnu-classical grease, madhyakala jarmmani, navothaana englandu, prabudhatha france, englandu, pathonpathaam noottaandile russia, aadhunika america."
classical grease.
classical greasil, kavikalum naadakakrithukkalum sitti dionysia, lenia thudangiya uthsavangalil malsarichu. aristottilinte "kaavyathmaka" variyil yoorippidukalum sophocles thammilulla samgharsham veydoon udharikkunnu, sophocles paranju, thaan thanne nilanilkkenda kathaapaathrangal srishtichu, athesamayam euripids yadhaarthathil nilanilkkunnathupolullava srishtichu."aristophens thante naadakangalil eurifiedukale prathyekichu kaarikkechar cheythu. noottaandukalkku sesham, jorjju bernard shaayum joonn davidson yathaakramam aristophens, euripids ennu kathidapaadukalil svayam paraamarsikkukayum avarude bandham pinneedu puraana purathana kalahathinte prathiroopamaayi vashalaavukayum cheythu.
madhyakala jarmman.
madhyakala germmaniyil, gottfried voonn strasburghinte "tristaan", ore samayam prasidheekaricha wolfram voonn eschenbaakkinte "parsival" enniva saamoohikavum soundaryaathmakavum daarmmikavumaaya kaazhchappaadukalil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ithu "madhyakala saahithyathile ettavum prashasthamaaya saahitya kalahangalilonn" ennu vilikkappedunnathinu kaaranamaayi, ennirunnaalum shakalangalude vyaakhyaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla aaa swabhaavam mattu pandithanmaar tharkkikkunnund.
englandinte navothaanam.
navothaana englandile oru pradhana ettumuttalinekkurichu, "kaviyomachiya" ennum ariyappedunna naadakangalude yudhathe paraamarshichu shakespeare benn johnson thammil verthirikkunnathayi veydoon abhipraayappedunnu. kaviyomachiyaykku pinnile shathruthayude yadhaartha swabhaavathilum vyaapthiyilum pandithanmaar vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. chilar ithine vyakthigatha ezhuthukaarekkaal naadaka kambanikal thammilulla malsaramaayittaanu kaanunnath, ennirunnaalum ithu oru nyoonapaksha kazhchappaadaanu. ithil ulppetta naadakakaaranmaarkku gurutharamaaya sathruthayillennum parasparam prashamsikkukapolum cheythuvennum "yuddham" oru svayam-prachaarana prachaarana standaayirunnuvennum, oru "aasootritha" standaayirunnuvennum abhipraayappettittund... saahityapravarthakaraayum laabhathinaayum parasparam parasyam cheyyaan tharkkikkunnu."mikka vimarshakarum kaviyomachiya vyakthiparamaaya shathruthakaludeyum gurutharamaaya kalaparamaaya aashankakaludeyum mishrithamaayi kaanunnu-" "aakramanaathmakamaayi abhiprayavyathyaasangal prakadippikkunnathinula oru vahanam"...saahitya sidhaanthathil...[a] saahityaparavum naadakeeyavumaaya rachayithruthvathinte nilayekkurichulla adisthaana daarshanika samvaadam."
france englandum prabudhatha.
fraansile voltair russoy thammilulla samgharsham, avaril aarenkilum oru pradhana kruthi prasidheekarikkumbozhale pottipurappedum, volteyarinte "asamathvathekkurichulla prabhaashanatthe" vimarsikkunnathil ninnu aarambikkunnu. voltayar "poyem surr leeii desastre dii lisbone" (engleesh thalakketta "lisbone duranthathekkurichulla kavita") prasidheekarichappol, "manushyante durithathe athishayokthippeduthukayum daivathe oru dushta jeeviyaayi maattukayum cheythu" ennu rousoic thonni. arast ozhivakkaan anjjaathamaayi prasidheekaricha oru laghulekhayude rachayithaav volteyaraanennu velippeduthi avarude vividha abhiprayavyathyaasangal rusoilek vyaapichu.
englandil, henry feeldinginte "pamela; allengil, punyathinu prathiphalam" enna novalum saamuval richaardsante "shamela" enna novalum novalukalude uddeshyathekkurichum yaadhaarthyavum daarmikathayum engane prathifalippikkanam ennathinekkurichum ethir kaazhchappaadukal uyarthi. pamela" enna pusthakatthinte kuprasidhamaaya nunakalum thettaaya vivaranangalum thurannukaattappedukayum nishedhikkappedukayum cheiyunna "" shamela "enna upasheershakathinte oru bhagam aayirunnu athu. richaardsante 'pamela' ykku marupadiyaayi feeldinginte 'shamela' maathrukaaparamaaya oru saahitya kalahathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu saahitya niroopakanaaya maikkal laapoyant abhipraayappedunnu "saahitya maadhyamathinullil yadhaarthathil nadakkunna saahithyathinte swabhaavathekkurichulla gurutharamaaya oru vaadam"."
vipulamaaya saahitya kalahangal poorvvikarudeyum aadhunikarudeyum kalahangalayi ariyapettu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil fraansil, samakaalika patanam classical greasileyum romileyum aalukalkk ariyappettirunnathine marikadanno enna chodyathil oru cheria kolahalam uyarnnu. aadhunika shaasthrathinteyum yukthiyudeyum aadhunika yugam greasinteyum romudeyum andhavishwaasavum parimithavumaya lokathekkaal mikachathaanennu "modense" (bernard leeii bovier dii fontainelli ennayaal prathiroopam) abhiprayappettu. fondanellinte abhipraayathil, aadhunika manushyan poorvvikarkku kaanaan kazhiyunnathilum kooduthal dooram kandu. poorvvikar", thangalude bhaagathuninnu, virjil, sisero, hommer, prathyekichu aristottil ennivayil maathrame ariyendathulloo ennu vaadichu. pusthakangalude pooraattatthil" jonathan swift eee tharkkathe aakshepahaasyamaakki.
pathonpathaam noottaandile russia.
tolstoyiyum dasthayevsky russiayile bahumanyaraaya ezhuthukaaraayirunnu, thudakkathil parasparam nannayi chinthichirunnu. yudhavum samadhaanavum" "oru" "prathibhayude pravrithi" "ennu paraamarshikkunnathine dastayevsky ethirthu, pushkinaanu yadhaartha prathibha ennu paranju". thurkkiyumaayulla russiayude yudhasamayathu ezhuthukaarkku ethir kaazhchappaadukalundaayirunnu, yudhathekkurichulla tolstoyiyude kaazhchappaad "anna carenina" ykku avasana ghattathil prakadippichathu dastayevsky prakopippichu. karamasov sahodaranmaar" "kalaa virudharum upariplavarum manobhaavamullavarum valia prashnangalodu aprasaktharumaanennu" visheshippichukondu, dostovsky kruthiye tolstoy vimarsikkukayum aaa sambhashanam "" asadhyavum poornnamaayum aswaabhaavikavumaanennu "parayukayum cheythu"... ellah kathaapaathrangalum ore bhaashayaan samsaarikkunnath."
aadhunika america.
folkner hemingway parasparam bahumaanichirunnuvenkum, oru koottam koleju vidyaarthikalodu, american ezhuthukaaril hemingwayekkaal uyarnna rank thanikk labhichathayi folkner paranju, kaaranam hemingway "valare shradhaaluvaayirunnu, shabdashailiyil thettukal varuthaan bhayappettirunnu; addehathinu dhairyamillaayirunnu". folknerude paraamarshangal chornnu newyork pathratthil prasidheekarikkukayum hemingway prakopippikkukayum cheythu. thante dhairyathekkurichulla paraamarsangalil prathyekichum aswasthanaaya hemingway, hemingwayude dheerata saakshyappeduthunnathina oru sainika generalil ninnu oru kathu abhyarthichu. oru kathil folkner mapp paranjenkilum oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil hemingweyekkurich samanamaaya prasthavanakal addeham thudarnnu. hemingway oru neechamaaya apamaanamaayi edutha "vrudhanum kadalum" avalokanam cheyyaan folkner visammathikkukayum "oru kettukatha" "thettayathum kettichamachathumaanenna" hemingway parayukayum cheythathode avarude tharkkangal varshangalayi thudarnnu.
sradheyamaaya kalahangal.
jermaine dii bree thomas kooduthal.
franch, engleesh kappalukal thammilulla sent-maathyoo yudhathil brettan munnira "cordelier" aduthide nasippikkunnathinekkur laattin kavithayaya "cordijera navis conflagratio" ("kappal cordelier kathikkal") (1512) aayirunnu jermaine dii breeyude ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthi. eee kavita engleesh pandithanum raashtrathanthranjanumaaya sarr thomasumaayi oru saahitya vivaadathinu kaaranamaayi, kaaranam athil engleesh nethaakkalekkurichulla vimarsanangal adangiyirunnu, mathramalla brettan kyapttan herway dii portsmoggerinte dheerathayekkurichulla athishayokthi vivaranavum kaaranam. dii breeye abhisambodhana cheythukondu ezhuthiya addehathinte eppagraamukalil, "herway naalu aayudangalum parichayum upayogichu vivechanarahithamayi pooraadunnu; orupakshe vastutha ningalude manassine vazhithettichirikkam, pakshe hervinu anchu kaikalundennu ningalude vaayanakkaarane munkootty ariyikkendathaayirunnu. 
morasinte akramanangalil aakrishtanaaya dii bree, "morasinte kavithakalile thettukalude peju-bye-peju listt" adangiya oru anubandham ulppede, laattin padhya aakshepahaasyamaaya "antimorus" (1519) enna aakramanathmakamaaya oru marupadi ezhuthi. sarr thomas udan thanne "brixiasinethiraaya kathu" enna mattoru laghulekha ezhuthi, pakshe sthithigathikal shaanthamaakkaan irasmus edapedukayum prasidheekaranatthinte vilppana nirthaanum vishayam upekshikkanum kooduthal pere prerippikkukayum cheythu.
thomas nasse gabriel harvy.
pathinaram noottaandil englandile laghulekha yudhangaliloodeyaanu thomas nasse gabriel harvy thammilulla tharkkam nadannathu, shakespeareude "loves labers loost" enna naadakatthil eee tharkkathekkurichulla paraamarshangal ulppeduthiyirunnu.
ezhuthukaarude vibhagangal thammilulla vivaadamaayi ithu aarambhichuvenkilum, joonn harvy roobert green marikkukayum richard harvy pankaalitthatthil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu ithu nash gabriel harvy thammilulla vyakthiparamaaya kalahamaayi maari. kooduthal pusthakangal wilkan vivaadathe prothsaahippichathaayi chila oohaapohangalundu.
mollier edme borsol.
chithrakaarante chhaayaachitram, allengil sthreekalkkaayulla vidyaalayathe vimarshikkunna vimarsanangal" (franch "leeii portrait duu peentre ooo laa kontre-krittik dii ekkol dess femmes", septambar 1663) enna edme borsolt ezhuthiya naadakam mollier ezhuthiya "bhaaryamaarkkaayulla vidyaalayam" (1662) ennathinecholli nadannukondirunna saahitya kalahathinte bhaagamaayirunnu.
yadhaartha naadakatthil "purusha aadipathyamulla chooshanaparamaaya vaivaahika bandhangal" enna kaarikkechar undaayirunnu, athu vimarshanangalude lakshyamaayi maari. moliyarine ashudhiyennu aaropikkunnath muthal chila ramgangalil yaadhaarthyabodhathinte abhavam kaanunnathinekkurichu vimarsanangal uyarnnu. dhii school phoor vimarshikkappettath" (franch "laa critic dii ekkol dess femmes", juun 1663) enna randaamathe naadakatthiloode mollier thante vimarshakarkk utharam nalkiyirunnu.
eee randaamathe naadakatthinu marupadiyaayaanu borsolt thante naadakam ezhuthiyathu. dhaa school phoor vimarshikkappettath" enna chithratthil, thante vimarshakarude vaadangal haasyavidrukkal vediyil prakadippichukondu mollier thamasha paranju, athesamayam yadhaartha naadakatthe prathirodhikkunna kathaapaathram, ezhuthukaarante mukhapathramaaya, gauravameriyathum chinthaneeyavumaaya prathikaranangalulla oru neraaya manushyanaan. thante "chhaayaachithrathil", borsolt moliyarinte naadakatthinte ghadana anukarikkunnundenkilum kathaapaathrangale oru roll reversalinu vidheyamaakkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, moliyarinte vimarshakare gauravamullavaraayum addehathinte prathirodhakare viddikalaayum chithreekarikkunnu. borsoltil molierinum koottaalikalkkumethiraaya mattu durudheshyaparavum vyakthiparavumaaya akramanangal steju pathippil ulppettirikkaam, avaa prasidheekaranathinaayi samayabandhithamayi edittu cheythu. aadhunika pandithanu prathikarikkanulla moliyarinte thidukkathiloode maathrame avarude swabhaavam oohikkaan kazhiyoo.
mollier thante swantham moonnaamathe naadakamaaya "dhii versiles impompttu" (franch "ell 'impompttu dii versiles", october 1663) ezhuthi, athu ezhuthaan ettu divasam maathrame eduthulloo. chhaayaachitram chithreekarichathinu sesham randaazhchayo athil kuravo kazhinjaanu athu vediyilethiyathu. naadakalokatthaanu eee naadakam nadakkunnathu, athil abhinethaakkal vediyil abhinethaakkalaayi abhinayikkunnu. vividha lakshyangal lakshyamitulla parihasangalil, mollier thante avyakthathayekkurich borsoltine parihasikkunnu. brosout" ennu vilikkunna oraalude peru oormmikkaan polum kathaapaathrangalkk budhimuttundu. oru pablisity-seaking hack" ennu mollier eee thudakkathe kooduthal parihasikkunnu.
alexander poppum joonn hervy.
alexander poppinte kruthikalil addeham lard fyaani, sporas, adonis, narsisus ennee perukalil visheshippicha joonn hervy krooramaaya aakshepahaasyathinte lakshyamayirunnu. lady merii vortley mondaaguvumaayulla herviyude souhrudathodulla maarppaappayude asooyayaanu eee kalahathinu pothuve kaaranam. vilyam fortescuvine abhisambodhana cheytha "horasinte anukaranangalil" aadyathethil, loard fanie safo pothuve herway, lady merii ennivayaayi thiricharinju, ennirunnaalum marpappa vyakthiparamaaya uddeshyam nishedhichu. herway ithinakam thanne "dansiyad", "peribathus" ennivayil aakramikkappedukayum addeham ippol prathikarikkukayum cheythu. hooras anukarikkunnavarkkulla vaakyangal" (1732) addehathinte bhagamaayirunnuvennathil samshayamilla, addeham maathramaayirikkaam rachayithaav. hampton kottaaratthile oru prabhuvinte daivatwa doktarkkulla kathil" (1733) addeham maarppaappayude vaikalyatheyum thaazhmayulla jananatheyum parihasichu.
1733 novemberile "oru prabhuvinu ezhuthiya kathu", aakshepahaasyangalude aamukhamaaya "doow. arbathnottinu ezhuthiya lekhanathile (1743) sparasinte chhaayaachitram ennivayaayirunnu maarppaappayude marupadi. athil adangiyirikkunna pala aakshepangalum apamaanangalum pulttaniyude "oru vaikia apakeerthikaramaaya apakeerthippeduthalinulla sariyaaya marupadi" yill ninnu kadameduthathaanu.
yugo foscolo arbano lampready.
1810-ll, ugo foscolo oru koottam milanese saahitya pramukhare parihasikkunna "ragwaglio dii 'unn' adunanza dell 'academia dii' pittagorisi" enna aakshepahasya lekhanam ezhuthi. aaa vyakthikaliloralaaya arbano lampready "corrier milanese" enna saahitya jenalil kadinamaayi prathikarichu. phoscoloyude prathikaranam lampredy "saahitya chaalttaanukalude leaginte rajaavu" ennu vilichu. tharkkam "ill polygrapho", "annali dii sayans iii lettar" jenalukalilekkum vyaapichu.
loard byrone joonn keatsum.
livery-sthirathayulla oru keepparude makanaaya joonn keetsinte kavithaye loard bairon avaganichu, keetsine "kokni kavi" ennu vilikkukayum "johnny keetsinte piss-eiii-bedd kavita" yeei paraamarsikkukayum cheythu. eathoru yogyathayeyumkkaalum bryoninte vamshaparambarayum roopabhaavavumaanu kruthiyude vijayathin kaaranamenn keats avakashappettu.
chaals dickens, edmund yetts, dablyu. emm. tackeray.
tackeray chaals dickens vilyam makepease thacker akkaalathe novalistukalude athiraalikalaayi kanakkakkappettu. avar suhrithukkalaayirunnil, oraal muriyil praveshichaal matteyaal vegathil ozhikazhivukal paranju pookumennu gaarik klabbile avarude saha amgangalkkidayil ellaavarkkum ariyamaayirunnu.
1858ll dickens bharya verpirinju. oru nadiyude vairudhyamaanu dickensinte vaivaahika vairudhyathinu kaaranamenn tackeray oru moonnaam kakshiyodu abhiprayappettathaayi addehathe ariyichu. dickensinte suhruthaaya edmund yetts "taunn toock" enna pusthakatthil thackerayude avyakthamaaya oru profile prasidheekarichu. apavaadavum asathyavum" aaya oru kashanam ezhuthiyathinu yetsine tackeray kuttappedutthi, ennaal yetts mapp parayaan visammathikkukayum thackerayude kathu "apavaadaparavum asathyavumaya rekha" aanennu marupadi nalkukayum cheythu.
maanyanmaarude samoohathil asahaneeyamaaya perumaattathinu gaarik club yettukalkkethire nadapadiyedukkanamennu tackeray abhyarthichu. club neethrthwam yetts mapp parayukayo club vidukayo cheyyanamennu aavasyappettu; yetts athu cheyyaan visammathikkukayum oru baaristtare niyamikkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. viyojippil madhyasthatha vahikkaan dickens vaagdaanam cheythenkilum tackeray athu nirasichu. yaattukalumayulla thante kalahathe vivarichukondu tackeray, "njaan ayaalude pinnilulla aale adikkukayaanu" ennu dickensine paraamarsikkunnu.
vilyam deane howells edmund stedmaanum.
1886-ll vilyam deane howells edmund stedmaanum "harpers maasika", "puthiya prinsettan avalokanam" ennivayude pejukalil vaakkalulla adichu. saahitya karakaushalathinte uthbhavathekurichum charitraparamaaya arivinte paridhikalekkurichum avarude abhiprayavyathyaasangal "niroopakan", "boosttan gasatt", "penni poost" thudangiya mattu aanukaalikangal report cheythu. stedmaante aadarshavaadathe prathirodhikkunnathire howell saahitya yaadhaarthyavaadathe prothsaahippichathil ninnaan eee samgharsham udaleduthathu.
marsell proosttum jeane loraine.
marsell proosttinte "aanandangalum dinangalum" ennathinekkurichu jeane loraine oru prathikoola avalokanam ezhuthi, athil proostinu lucian dodettumaayi bandhamundennu addeham oonnipparanju. proost loreynine oru yudhayudhathilekku velluvilichu. 1897 februvari februvari iru ezhuthukaarum irupathiyanchu vegathayil shottukal kaimari, iruvarkkum oru vediyundayum pidichittilla.
maarkk twine brettu hart.
pathonpathaam noottaandile janapriya american ezhuthukaaraaya maarkk twine brettu hart sahapravarthakarum suhruthukkalum malsaraarthikalumaayirunnu. overland mantali" enna maasikayude edittar enna nilayil harte, "oru mikacha ezhuthukaaranaakaan" iruvareyum "trimm pariseelanavum vidyaabhyaasavum" nalki. 1876 avasaanathode, hartinte muun naadakamaaya "tuu maan oof sandy baar" ennathil hoopp paadunna kathaapaathrathe avatharippikkunna "aahu siin" enna naadakatthil sahakarikkaan twine hart sammathichu. athinte falamaayundaaya thirakkadhayil rund ezhuthukaarum samthruptharaayirunnilla, iruvarum akkaalat avarude jeevithathile mattu budhimuttukal kaikaaryam cheiyukayaayirunnu saambathika prashnangalum madyapaanavum kaikaaryam cheyyuka, koodaathe addehathinte "huckleberry phiin" kaiyezhuthuprathi upayogichu randuperum. jeevacharitrakaariyaaya merlyn dakkatt 1877-ll hart erattayum thammilulla verpiriyal avarude kathukalilekku kanakkakkunnu, aazhchayil 25 dollarinu (panam kadam kodukkunnathinupakaram) hartinoppam mattoru naadakatthil pravartthikkaan hartine niyamikkanamenn iruvarum nirddeshichu, hart roshathode prathikarichu. hartinte noval thettayi kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru prasaadhakane shupaarsha cheythathinte utharavaaditham twinninaanennum hart abhiprayappettu, athinte falamaayundaaya saambathika nashtam kaaranam thaan munbu kadam vangiya rund panam thirichadaykkendathilnum addeham prakhyaapichu. hartinte kathu "vivarthaanaavaathathaanu" ennu twayne visheshippichu.
iruvarum hartillathe "aahu siin" punarnirmmikkukayum athu vijayamaayillengilum joolaiyil broadwayil thurakkukayum cheythu. boxes oafees raseethukalude vihitam chodichu hartle ninnulla oru telegraamaayirunnu rund ezhuthukaar thammilulla avasana nerittulla ashayavinimayam.
swaadheenamulla chila suhruthukkal annathe president ratherford bii. kku hartine shupaarsha cheythappol. oru nayatantra sthaanathinaayi, hart raajyathe apamaanikkumenn avakaashappett, atharamoru niyamanathinethire pravartthikkaan, prasidantumaayi vivaahabandhamulla vilyam deane hovelsine iruvarum bandhapettu. twaininte kathil ulppeduthiyirunnu "avan evide poyaalum avante unarvu thattippukaarkk panam kadam koduttha thattippukarkkum vanjikkappetta niraparadhikalkkum idayil prakshubdhamaanu...addehathe ithuvare ariyaavunna aarum addehathe bahumanikkunnilla."ennirunnaalum, hartinu oduvil jarmmaniyilekkulla oru niyamanam labikkum.
oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil twaininte prashasthi vardhikkukayum hartinte swabhaavam mangukayum cheythathode, hart swavarggaanuraagiyaanenna nirddesham ulppede hartinte srishtiyekkurichum swabhaavathekkurichum twayne abhipraayamidunnathu thudarnnu. hartinte maranathinu niravadhi varshangalkk sheshavum, "maarkk twayne inn pottitheri" ennu prasidheekaricha tweyninte oormmakalil, twayne hartinekkurichulla parihasyamaaya abhipraayangal ulppeduthi "oru chippikkuppikku athinte kidakkayodulla abhiniveshathekkaal kooduthal thante raajyathodulla abhinivesham addehathinundaayirunnu; vaasthavathil athrayonnum illa, njaan chippiyodu kshama chodikkunnu."
edger allen poyum thomas dunn engleesh.
thomas dunn engleesh ezhuthukaaranaaya edger allen pooyude suhruthaayirunnu, ennaal poyum ezhuthukaaraaya frances saarjant oosgudum elisabath eph. eleett. povinulla avalude kathukalil vivechanarahithamaaya vasthukkal adangiyirikkunnuvennu nirddeshangalkku sesham, kathukal thirike nalkanamennu aavasyappedaan ellettu thante sahodaranodu aavasyappettu. kathukal thirike nalkiyittundennu avakashappetta poow, ellettinte prakopithanaaya sahodaranil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkaan oru pisttal engleeshinodu aavasyappettu. pooyude kathayekkurichu engleesh samshayaaluvaayirunnu, koodaathe ellattinethiraaya "adisthaanarahithamaaya aropanangal" pinvalichukondu azhimathi avasaanippikkanamenn addeham nirddeshichu. kopamulla kavi engleeshine oru mushti poraattatthilekku thalli, aaa samayat engleeshinte mothiram addehathinte mukham murichu. engleeshil "marikkunna divasam vare thaan oormmikkunna oru chaattavaaradi" nalkiyathaayi poow pinneedu avakashappettu, engleesh athu nishedhichu; enthaayaalum, poraattam avarude sauhrudam avasanippikkukayum azhimathiyekkurichu kooduthal kimvadanthikalkku kaaranamavukayum cheythu.
aaa varsham thanne, "godies lady book" ll prasidheekaricha "littatti oof newyork" parambarayude bhaagamaayi poow engleeshinte kruthikale rookshamaayi vimarsikkukayum "saahitya vishayangalil manushyarashi padippikkaanulla sramangalil svayam tirakkulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya school vidyaabhyaasamillaatha oru manushyan" ennu visheshippikkukayum cheythu. saadhaaranayaayi parasparam saahityaparamaaya kaarikkecharukale kendreekarichulla niravadhi ettumuttalukal iruvarkkum undaayirunnu. 1846 juulai juulai prasidheekaricha engleeshinte kathukalilonnaaya "newyork mirror" prasidheekarichathu "mirror" edittarmaarkkethire apakeerthikkes vijayakaramaayi phayal cheyyaan kaaranamaayi. poykku $225.06 roopayum kodathi chelavukalil oru adhika $101.42 umm labhichu. aaa varsham engleesh 1844, allengil, dhii power oof dhaa sess enna peril oru noval prasidheekarichu.eph."athinte goodaalochana rahasya samoohangale paraamarsikkukayum aathyanthikamayi prathikaarathekkurichumaayu. nevermore", "loost lenor" thudangiya padangal upayogikkunna "black crow" enna prasiddha rachayithavaaya marmaduk hammerhead enna kathaapaathravum ithil ulppedunnu."kavithayude vyakthamaaya parady oru madyapaaniyaaya, nunayanaaya, gaarhika durupayogam cheiyunnayaalaayi chithreekarikkappettu. engleeshinte novalinekkurichulla valare krithyamaaya paraamarshangal upayogichu oru prathikaranamaayaan pooyude katha "dhii cask oof amontillado" ezhuthiyathu. varshangalkk sesham, 1870-ll, poow-defender chaals chaunsi burr sthaapicha "dhii ooldu gaard" maasika engleesh edittu cheythappol, oru poow virudha lekhanavum (juun 1870) pooyude ettavum valia ethiraaliyaaya rufus wilmot griswoldine (october 1870) samrakshikkunna oru lekhanavum prasidheekarikkaan addeham avasaram kandethi.
edger alaan poyum rufus wilmot griswold.
ezhuthukaaranaaya rufus wilmot griswold 1841 meyy maasathil philadelphiyayil "dainamdina nilavaarathinaayi" pravarthikkumbozhaanu poye aadyamaayi kandumuttiyath. 1841 march 29-leeii oru kathil, "kavikalum amerikkayude kavithakalum" enna samaahaarathinaayi poow niravadhi kavithakal ayachu, "avayil onno rando pusthakatthil" kaanunnathil abhimaanikkumennu ezhuthi. griswold eee kavithakalil moonnu ulppeduthiyittundu "colisium", "prethaalayam", "sleeper". aaa varsham novemberil, griswoldine "mikacha abhiruchiyum nalla vidhinyayavum ulla oru maanyan" ennu munbu thante "autography" parambarayil prashamsicha poow, griswoldinu vendi antholajiyekkurichu oru vimarsanaathmaka avalokanam ezhuthi. griswold avalokanathinu kavita nalkukayum thante swaadheenam upayogichu athu oru boosttan aanukaalikathil prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. chila rachayithaakkale ulppeduthiyathineyum mattullavare ozhivaakkiyathineyum poow chodyam cheythenkilum avalokanam pothuve anukoolamaayirunnu. griswold kooduthal prashamsa pratheekshikkukayum oru suhruthinu ayacha kathil "ettavum daarunamaaya humbug" ennu polum visheshippichukondu eee pusthakam thanikk prathyekichu mathippulavaakkunnillena kavita svakaaryamaayi mattullavarodu parayukayum cheythu. mattoru kathil, ithavana saha ezhuthukaaranaaya frederic dablyu. thomas, poow abhipraayappettath avalokanam prasidheekarikkaan sahayikkumenna griswoldinte vaagdaanam yadhaarthathil anukoolamaaya avalokanathinulla kaikkooliyaanennu, poykku panam aavasyamaanennu ariyamaayirunnu.
bandham kooduthal vashalaakkiyathode, maasangalkk sesham, griswoldine "grahams magazin" edittar enna nilayil pooyude muun sthaanam ettedukkaan jorjju rex graham niyamichu. ennirunnaalum, griswoldinu kooduthal prathiphalam labikkukayum maasikayude edittoriyal niyanthranam poyekkaal nalkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe, poow "amerikkayile kavikalum kavithakalum" enna peril prabhaashanangalude oru parambara avatharippikkan thudangi. poow thante valia prekshakarkku munnil griswoldine parasyamaayi akramikkukayum samanamaaya prabhashanangalil athu thudarukayum cheythu. cheythu madhyam muthal avasaanam vare kavi frances saarjant oosgudinte shradhaykku vendiyulla malsaramaayirunnu iruvarum thammilulla shathruthayude mattoru uravidam.
pooyude maranashesham, griswold "ludwig" enna thoolikaanaamathil oppitta oru anushochanam thayyarakki. 1849 october 9-nuu "newyork tribune" enna lakkathil aadyamaayi achadicha ithu taamasiyaathe niravadhi thavana veendum prasidheekarikkappettu. thanikk kurachu suhruthukkal undayirunnathinaal pooyude maranathil "kurachu perr maathrame dukkhikkoo" ennu griswold vaadichu. poow palappozhum theruvukalil alanjuthiriyukayum, "bhraanthilo vishaadathilo", svayam mandatharappedukayum shapikkukayum cheiyunnathaayum, eluppathil prakopithanakunnathaayum mattullavarodu asooyappedunnathaayum, "samoohathe villanmaar chernnathayi" kanakkakkunnuvennum addeham avakashappettu. thante athmavanchana vranappeduthiya oru lokathe verukkaanulla avakasham" addeham thediyathukondaanu pooyude vijayathinulla sramam, griswold ezhuthi. kavithayude eee swabhaavasavisheshathakalil bhooribhaagavum edward bulver-littan "kaakstans" enna kruthiyile saangalppika francis viviyante swabhaavasavisheshathakalil ninnu eathaandu vaakkalulla pakarppaayirunnu.
misttar grishvinte avasana abhyarthanakalil onnu" ennu griswold avakashappettu. thante kudumbatthinte prayojanathinaayi" addeham thante saahitya nirvvaahakanaayi "maarukayayirunnu. 1850 januvari muthal moonnu vaalyangalayi prasidheekaricha pooyude kruthikalude maranananthara samahaaram griswold jaims russell loval, nathaniel parker villis ennivarodoppam edittu cheythu. thante pathippinte labham addeham pooyude athijeevicha bandhukkalkk pankittilla. eee pathippil "rachayithaavinte ormmakkurippu" enna peril oru jeevacharitra rekhaachithram ulppeduthiyittundu, athu athinte krithyathayillaaymaykku kuprasidhamaayi. ormmakkurippu" kavithaye oru bhranthanaayum mayakkumarunnin adimayaayum deerghakaalamaayi madyapichum chithreekarikkunnu. vyaja aksharangal thelivaayi upayogichukondu griswold niravadhi gadakangal kettichamachu, saaraa helen vitmaan, chaals frederic briggs, jorjju rex graham ennivarulppede poye ariyunnavar ithine apalapichu. poye virgenia sarvakalashaalayil ninnu puratthaakkiyennum poow thante rakshaadhikaari joonn alante randaam bharya vasheekarikkan sramichuvennum griswold avakaashappedukayo soochippikkukayo cheytha chila vivarangal. griswoldinte kavithayude swabhaavavum addeham uthbhavicha thettaaya vivarangalum adutha rund pathittaandukalaayi kavithayude jeevacharitrangalil sthiramaayi prathyakshappettu.
virgenia woolf arnold bennattum.
arnold bennatt "noval kshayikkunnundo?" enna peril oru lekhanam ezhuthi."1923-ll, udaaharanathinu, jacobinte muriyile virgenia woolfinte swabhaavasavisheshathakale addeham vimarshichu. woolf "misttar" ennaanu prathikarichathu. bennattum srimati. raajyathilum eadhiniyathilum" thavitt ". thante kruthiyil woolf bennattinte lekhanam thettayi udharikkukayum mosham manobhaavam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. avar pinneedu "misttar" ennu veendum ezhuthi. bennattum srimati. braun" "shabdamuyarthaathe bennattinte rachana parihasikkanum samrakshikkanum yadhaarthathil valachodikkaanum"."
addeham udan prathikarichillenkilum, woolfinte moonnu novalukalekkurichu nishedhaathmakamaaya avalokanangal nalkikkond bennatt pinneedu "sayahna nilawara" thile prathivaara kolatthil chennaaya virudha pracharanam aarambhichu. addehathinte avalokanangal woolfinte swabhaavasavisheshathakalkkethira akramanam thudarnnu, "srimati. woolf (ente abhipraayathil) sreemathimaarekkurichu pathinayiram karyangal paranju. dolloway, pakshe njangale kaanichilla srimati. daloway."" "dhii realist" "enna jenalinaayi addeham ezhuthiya" "novalinte purogathi" "enna lekhanam" "misttar" "enna vaakkinte nishedhamaayirunnu". bennattum srimati. braun ". wolfinekkurichu addeham parayunnu "avalude aaropanavidheyamaaya roopathe roopathinte abhavamaayum avalude manahshaasthrathe rasakaramaaya vishadaamshangalude ekopitha pindamaayum njaan kanakkakkunnu, avayil onnupolum yadhaarthamalla."
rund ezhuthukaarum saamoohikamaayi kandumuttukayum maanyathayode pravartthikkukayum cheythenkilum oororutharum koodikkaazhchakal athath jenalukalil kadinamaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. bennattinte maranathekkurichu woolf thante dayariyil ezhuthi "njaan parayunnathupole-yadhaarthamaayi thonniya, jeevithavumaayi nerittu sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunna-enne adhikshepichathukondu oraal chitharippoyathil oraal engane khedikkunnu, ennittum addeham enne adhikshepikkunnathu thudaranamennu njaan aagrahichu; njaan avane adhikshepikkukayum cheythu."
vladymyr nabokov edmund willson.
1965ll vladymyr nabokov edmund willson thammilulla tharkkam aarambhichu. vilsante rashtreeya kazhchappadukalodulla nabokkovinte avaganana pinneedu vilson lolithaye vimarsichathum kaaranam irupathanju varshathe souhrudathinu sesham, aathyanthikamayi alexander pushkinte "yujeen onejin" enna kruthiyude vivarthanathil rund ezhuthukaarum parajayappettu.
1964-ll, nabokov russian classic vivarthanam prasidheekarichu, athu raagavum praasavum poornnamaayum ozhivaakkumbol kavithayude ardhavumaayi sookshumamaayi poruthappedunnuvennu addehathinu thonni. newyork review oof books" enna pusthakatthil nabokovinte vivarthanathekkurichu vilsante avalokanam vettikkuraykkukayum apamanikkukayum cheythu. dhii fude" enna thante pusthakatthil, alex beam vilsante avalokanathe "oru deerghavum vidveshaparavum yaadruchikamaayum krithyavum pothuve upayogashoonyavum ennaal rasakaramallathathumaaya haachatt joliyaayi" vivarikkunnu.
newyork review" ennathil ninnu "enkoundar", "nyoo stettsmaan" ennivayilekku prathikaranangalum nishedhangalum vyaapichu. aanthani burgus, roobert loval, vii. thudangiya mattu ezhuthukaar. ezz. prichatt, roobert graves, pooll fassal ennivar tharkkathil pankuchernnu.
varshangalkk sesham, vilson rogabaadhithanaanennu ketta nabokov, "pushkin, nabokov ennivarude" onejin "ennivayekkurichu ningalkk manassilakkaan kazhiyaatha oru vidvesham thanikk illennu paranju."
norman mailer gorr widel.
1971-ll, gorr vaidal norman mailerine chaals maansanumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu, vaidalinte "laingika thadavukaarane"kkurichulla avalokanathil. dhii dick kaavett shhow" yude ore episodil rund ezhuthukaarum athidhikalaayappol, meyil cheiyunnayaal hospitaalitti roomil thante prathikaranam veendum thalsamaya shoyil konduvannu. aarr varshathinu sesham oru partyil, meyil cheiyunnayaal vaidalinte mukhathu oru paaneeyam eriyukayum athine pinthudarnnu oru panchu nadathukayum cheythu. vaidal marupadi nalkiyathaayi parayappedunnu, "norman, vaakkukal veendum ningale paraajayappeduthi."
gorr vaidal, truman kapot.
gorr vaidal, truman kapot ennivar thudakkathil souhaarddaparamaaya malsara parichayakkaraayirunnu. tennessi vilyams samghadippicha oru paarttiyilaan avarude aadya thuranna tharkkam aarambhichath. vilyams paranju, "avar parasparam pravartthanangale vimarsikkaan thudangi. thante ellah plottukalum kaarsan mccullersil ninnum eudora velttiyil ninnum labhichathaanennu gorr trumanode paranju. truman paranju, 'sharee, orupakshe ningalkk ningaludethu ellaam "dainamdina vaarthakalil" ninnu labikkum.'angane poraattam nadannu."
1975ll madyapichathinu vaitt hausil ninnu purathaakkappettuvennum pradhama vanithaykku chuttum kaivekkukayum thudarnnu sreemathimaare apamanikkukayum cheythuvenna aaropanathil apavaadathinu vaidal kesedutthu. kennadiyude amma. kapottinu vendi liie radsivil saakshyam vahikkaan visammathichappol kapottinte prathirodhatthinu kedupaadukal sambhavichu. munkootty mozhi nalkiyittum, radsivil paranju, "trumanumaayi eee sambhavathekkurichu charcha cheythathayi njaan oorkkunnilla, allengil eee vyavahaarathinte vishayamaanennu njaan manassilakkunna vaikunneramaanu."aathyanthikamayi, kapot oru anukoola shamaapanam nadathukayum cases kodathikku purathu theerppaakkukayum cheythu.
kapottinte maranavaarthayodu vaidal prathikarichukondu athine "oru jnjaanapoornamaaya currier neekkam" ennu visheshippichu.
joonn updike, toom wolf, norman mailer, joonn irving.
toom wolfinte ettavum kooduthal vitazhikkappetta novalaaya "bonfire oof dhaa vaanittees" enna novalinte vijayam kaaranam addehathinte adutha pusthakatthil vyapakamaaya thaalparyam undaayirunnu. eee noval poortthiyaakkaan addehathinu 11 varshathilere samayameduthu; 1998-ll "eiii maan inn phul" prasidheekarichu. "time", "nyoos weak", "walstreet jenal", mattu sthalangal ennivayil thilangunna avalokanangal labhichenkilum pusthakathinu saarvathrikamaayi anukoolamaaya sveekaaryatha labhichilla. prashastha ezhuthukaaranaaya joonn updike "dhii nyoo yorkarinu" oru vimarsanaathmaka avalokanam ezhuthi, noval "saahithyamalla, vinodathinu thulyamaanu, mithamaaya abhilasha roopathilulla saahityam polum" ennu parathippettu."addehathinte abhipraayangal achadi, prakshepana maadyamangalil chennayaykkum apdikinum idayil kadutha vaakkutharkkathin kaaranamaayi, koodaathe ezhuthukaaraaya joonn irving norman mailer malsararangathekku praveshichu, oru television abhimukhathil addeham paranju," addeham oru ezhuthukaaranalla...bleeping freshman engleesh classile bleeping freshmanmaare bleeping bleep padippikkaan ningalkk kazhinjilla!."2001-ll, eee moonnu ezhuthukaareyum" "ente moonnu stoojukal" "ennu paraamarshichu wolf oru lekhanam prasidheekarichu, athu addeham thante" "hooking upp" "enna samahaarathil punarprasidheekarichu". athil addeham soochippikkunnathu, thangalude sameepakaala pusthakangal bestt seller aayirunnilla ennathinaal updike, mailer, irving ennivarkku thante vijayathil asooyayundaayirunnu ennaanu.
synclair levis theodor dreyser.
1927ll theodor dreyser synclair levis russia sandarshikkumbol taamasiyaathe bhaaryaakunna dorothy thompson orumichu kurachu samayam chelavazhichu. adutha varsham thompson "puthiya russia" prasidheekarichu. eathaanum maasangalkkusesham, dreyser "dreyser luces attu russia" prasidheekarichu. thompsonte kruthiyude chila bhagangal dreyser koppiyadichathaayi thompson louis aaropichu, athu dreyser nishedhikkukayum pakaram thompson thante rachanakalude metteeriyal upayogichathayi avakaashappedukayum cheythu.
1930 juunil levis dreyser saahityathinulla nobal sammaanathinaayi malsarichu. puraskaaram labhikkuna aadya amerikkakkaaranaan levis. chadangu kazhinju maasangalkk sesham, boris pilnaakkine aadarikkunna athaazhavirunnil ezhuthukaar metropolittan clubble vachu parasparam kandumutty. valareyadhikam madyapicha sesham, sweekarana prasangam nadatthaan levis ezhunnettuvenkilum pakaram "ente bhaaryayude pusthakatthil ninnu moovaayiram vaakkukal moshticha oru purushante munnil samsarikkaan thaan thaalpparyappedunnille prakhyaapichu."
athaazhathinu sesham dreyser louisine sameepikkukayum thante mozhi pinvalikkaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. levis athu aavarthichappol, dreyser oorkkunnu, "njaan avane adichu. athu veendum parayano ennu njaan addehathodu chodichu. addeham veendum paranju. athinaal njaan avane veendum adichu."mattoru athidhi edapettappol, dreyser" njaan ningale eppol venamenkilum evideyum kaanum "ennu paranju pooyi. eee kaaryam pariharikkappettilla."eee poraattam lokamembaadum vaarthakalil idam nedi," "lokamembaadum ketta adii" "ennu polum paraamarsikkappettu".
sii. pii. manjum eph. aarr. leavy.
britiish shaasthranjanum novalistumaaya sii. pii. 1959 meyy 7 nuu swaadheenamulla oru riddy prabhaashanatthinte aadya bhagamaaya "rund samskaarangal" snow nalki. randaam lokamahaayudhathil sakhyakakshikale vijayikkunnathil nirnnayakamaaya nettangal kaivarichittum, victorian kaalaghattam muthal, shaasthra, enchiniyaring vidyaabhyaasathinte chelavil hyoomaanitteesine (prathyekichu laattin, greak) amithamaayi prathiphalam nalkiyennu snoyude prabhashanam britiish vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathe apalapichu. saahitya niroopakan eph. aarr. shaasthravum maanavikashaasthravum thammilulla sakhyathil saahitya budhijeevikalaanu "juuniyar paartnar" enna manjinte soochanayethudarnnu levis prakopithanaayi.
levis thante "rund samskaarangal?" enna lekhanathil shaasthreeya sthaapanathinu snoye "public relations maan" ennu visheshippichu.: sii yude praadhaanyam. pii. 1962ll 'dhaa vyookkettar' enna maasikayil prasidheekaricha 'snow' oru novelistaayi addeham nilavililla ennu ezhuthi...srishtiparamaaya saahityam enthaanenno athu enthukondu pradhaanamaanenno oru thilakkavumillaathe."eee lekhanam maasikayude lettezhs pejukalil dhaaraalam negatteevu kathidapaadukal aakarshikkukayum snoyude chila suhruthukkal addeham levisinethire maananashtakkes phayal cheyyanamennu nirddeshikkukayum cheythu.
manjukattakalumaayi edapazhakaathirikkaan manju theerumaanichenkilum mattullavar manjine prathirodhichu. amerikkayil, "puthiya republicinte" oru niroopakan levis "shudhamaaya unmaadathil" ninnaan pravarthikkunnathennum "peedana unmaadam" pradarshippikkukayaanennum prakhyaapichu.
lilian hellman, merii mccarthy.
mccarthy avasaanam muthal lillian helmanumaayulla merii makkaarthiyude sathrutha prathyayashaasthraparamaaya vyathyasangalekkurichum, prathyekichu mosco vicharanayekkurichum stalinumaayulla "janakeeya munnaniye" hellman pinthunaykkunnathinekkum, vashalaayirunnu. thudarnnu, 1979 leeii oru television abhimukhathil, neenda narakamanushyante rashtreeya ethiraaliyum avalude nishedhaathmaka saahithyavidhiyude lakshyavumaya mccarthy narakamanushyanekkurichu paranju, "aval ezhuthunna oro wack ", ", " ennivayulppede nunayaanu."mccarthy, abhimukham nadathunna dick kaavett, pbs ennivarkkethire us $2,500,000 maananashtakkes phayal cheythukondu hellman prathikarichu. thante jeevithathile chila vivaranagalil narakapurushan kallam paranjuvennu theliyikkunna thelivukal mccarthy hajarakki. kesil hellman ennathinekkaal mccarthiyode thanikk kooduthal sahathaapamundenn kaavett paranju, ennaal athinte falamaayi "ellaavarum parajayappettu". newyork timesil prasidheekaricha oru thuranna kathiloode tharkkathil madhyasthatha vahikkaan norman mailer parajayappettu. avalude maranasamayathu, hellman appozhum makkaarthiyumaayi vyavahaarathilaayirunnu; avalude executermaar cases upekshichu. vichaaranayude nireekshakar nokkiyathu, aval nuna paranjuvennu "theliyikkaan" mccarthy avalude anuyaayikaleyum nirbandhichukondu, narakamanushyante maananashtakkesinte falamaayundaaya virodhabhaasam, athu ganyamaaya parisodhanayum narakamanushyante prashasthi kurayukayum cheythu ennathaanu.
salman rushdie joonn leeii kaareyum.
paperback prasidheekarikkaanulla rushdiyude nirbandham jeevan apakadatthilaakkunnuvennu "dhaa saattaanik voys" vivaadathil leeii kaare prasthaavichu. ettu varshathinu sesham, "panaamayude thayyalkkaaran" yehoodavirudhatha ulkkollunnuvennu oru niroopakan avakaashappettappol amithamaayi prathikarichathinu laa kaareye rushdie vimarshichu. rushdie leeii kaareyum pinneedu "guardian", "times" ennivayil deshyathode kaimattangalil earppettu. pathinanju varshathekku avar anurajanam nadatthilla. samgharshathil earppettathil khedamundennu oororutharum pinneedu paranju.
pooll therox vii. ezz. naipol.
pooll therox vii. ezz. 1966ll ugaandayile kambaalayil vachaanu naipol kandumuttiyath. naipolinte pravartthanatthe therox vimarshichathode avarude sauhrudam thanuthu. pinneedu, apoorva pusthakangalude kaattalogil vilppanaykku vaagdaanam cheythirunna naipolinu alekhanam cheytha pusthakangal kandethiyappol therox prakopithanaayi. naipol theroxinte rachana nissaaramaayi kaanunnathayi naipolinte jeevacharithrakaaran avakashappettu. 1998-ll, therox thante ormmakkurippaaya "sarr vidias shado" yill naipoline aakarshakamallaatha oru velichathil chithreekarichu, "enne addeham nirasichathu ardhamaakkunnathu njaan aayirunnu ennaanu...naipolinte randaam vivaahathodu therox viyojip prakadippichathinaal naipol addehathe avaganichathinu sesham "thante nizhalil ninnu. ninnu pullu saahithyothsavathil ezhuthukaar anurajanam nadathunnathuvare eee tharkkam pathinanju varsham neenduninnu, ennirunnaalum vilppana vardhippikkunnathinaayi avarude ejantumaarum prasidheekarana sthaapanangalum anurajanam roopakalppana cheythathayi chila oohaapohangalundu.
vii. ezz. naipol derek walcott.
derek walcott vii. ezz. naipol iruvarum vestt indeesil ninnullavaraayirunnu, oororutharum saahityathinulla nobal sammanam nediyavaraayirunnu. thante intho-caribean verukale nirasicha oru vyakthithvam roopappeduthunnathinulla oru vilppanakkaaranaayi walcott naipolinte srishtiye vimarshichu. 1987ll naipolinte "dhaa enigma oof arrival" enna kruthi walcott avalokanam cheyyukayum "dhaa mithu oof naipol" ennu ezhuthukayum cheythu...valarekkaalamaayi athoru athoru naipol vaalkkottinte aadyakaala pravartthanangale prashamsikkukayum" "colonial pashchaathalatthaal kazhuthunjerichu kazhuthunjerichu kazhicha oru manushyan" "ennu visheshippikkukayum" "addeham pazhakiyupoyi" "ennu parayukayum cheythu".
cheythu" kalabash anthaaraashtra saahithyothsavathil urakke vaayicha "mungus" enna kavithayil walcott naipoline vimarshichu. oru niroopakan eee kavithaye "naipolinte pilkkala novalukalaaya" haff eiii life "," majik seeds "ennivayude krooramaaya hasyaparamaaya thakarcha" ennaanu visheshippichathu.
richard ford niravadhi ezhuthukaarum.
newyork timesil richard fordinte "swaathanthryadinam" enna noval alis hofmann avalokanam cheythu. avalokanathil chila vimarsanangal undaayirunnu, avaa "mosham karyangal" ennu visheshippikkukayum hofmante pusthakangalilonn chithreekarichu avalkk ayaykkukayennathaayirunnu thante prathikaranamennu foord avakaashappedukayum cheythu. oru abhimukhathil foord paranju, "ennaal aalukal athil ninnu oru valia kaaryam undaakkunnu-oru pusthakam chithreekarikkunnu-njaan avale vedivachathupoleyalla."
2001ll colson whitehead newyork timesinaayi fordinte "eiii multidude oof sins" enna pusthakathekkurichu prathikoolamaaya oru avalokanam ezhuthi. varshangalkk sesham oru partyil iru ezhuthukaarum kandumuttiyappol, "ningal oru kuttiyaanu, ningal valaranam" ennu foord vaitthedinodu paranju, thudarnnu whiteheadinte mukhathu tuppi. esquire" ennathinulla 2017 leeii oru lekhanathil foord viyojippine abhisambodhana cheythu, "innuvare, enikku mistarinekkurichu vyathyasthamayi thonnunnilla. whitehead, allengil addehathinte avalokanam, allengil ente prathikaranam ".
2019ll fordinu hadada sammanam nalkumennu prakhyaapichappol, viyatt thaan guen, saaraa weinman, said johns ennivarulppedeyulla mattu ezhuthukaar fordinte mosham perumaattatthinte charithram udharichu theerumaanathe vimarshichu.

