
american pathrangalude charithram

pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aadyathe colonial pathrangalude prasidheekaranathodeyaanu american pathrangalude charithram aarambhikkunnath. american pathrangal aarambhichath mithamaaya kaaryangalaayaan-printarukalkku oru side line. american swaathanthryathinaayulla prachaaranatthil avar oru rashtreeya shakthiyaayi maari. swaathanthryathethudarna yuu. yude aadya bhedagathi.ezz. bharanaghadana maadyama swaathanthryam urappunalki. 1792leeii tapal sevana niyamam ganyamaaya subsidy nalkki onnaam klaas tapal nirakk aarr sent muthal naalilonn vare aayirunnappol pathrangal oru paisaykk 100 mile vareyum athinappuram 1.5 sentinum vitharanam cheythu.
aadya kakshi sanbradaayathil (1790-1810) iru kakshikalum thangalude vishwastha pakshapaathikalilekku athicherunnathinaayi pepparukal sponsor cheythappol american maadyamangal athivegam valarnnu. 1830 muthal penni pras american pathrapravartthanatthil oru pradhana punk vahikkaan thudangi. 1840kalile telegraph, vegathayeriya printing press thudangiya saankethika munnettangalum druthagathiyilulla saambathikavum janasamkhyaaparavumaaya valarcha anubhavichathinaal raajyathinte maadhyamangale vipuleekarikkaan sahayichu. edittarmaar saadhaaranayaayi praadeshika party vakthavaayi maarukayum kadinamaaya edittoriyalukal vyaapakamaayi punarmudranam cheyyukayum cheythu. 
1900 aayappozhekkum pradhana pathrangal gauravameriyathum vasthunishtavumaaya warta shekharanathodoppam vaadaprathivaadathinteyum parihaasatthinteyum senseshanalisathinteyum labhakaramaaya shakthikendrangalaayi maari. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, television uyarunnathinu munbu, sharashari amerikkakkaaran prathidinam niravadhi pathrangal vaayikkunnu. 1920kalil saankethikavidyayile mattangal veendum american pathrapravartthanatthinte swabhaavathe radioyum pinneedu television kooduthal pradhanappetta malsaraparamaaya punk vahikkaan thudangiyathinaal roopappeduthi.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil american pathrapravartthanatthinte bhooribhaagavum vann maadyama shringalakalil othungi. 21-aamm noottaandil digital jenalisathinte varavode, vaayanakkar srothassukalkkaayi internettilekku thiriyukayum parasyadaathaakkal avare pinthudarukayum cheythathinaal ellah pathrangalum oru bisinesses prathisandhi nerittu.
colonial kaalaghattam.
1690 septambar 25nuu amerikkayile aadyathe colonial pathramaya "public insenses forraine aandu domestic" bosttanil prasidheekarichu. ennirunnaalum, athinte aadya pathippin sesham ithu adichamarthappettu.
1704-ll govarnor "boosttan warthacurip", oru prathivaara prasidheekarikkaan anuvadikkukayum kolanikalil thudarchayaayi prasidheekarikkunna aadyathe pathramaayi ithu maarukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe, newyorkkilum philadelphiayilum prathivaara pathrangal prasidheekarikkaan thudangi.
vyapaarikal pradhaanamaayum vaanijyaparamaaya prabandhangalaanu prasidheekarichathu. udaaharanathinu, "boosttan dinapathrathinte parasyadaathaav" kappalukalude varavineyum purappedalineyum kurichu report cheythu.
1830-kalkk munbu, nammalil bhooribhaagam pathrangalum oru rashtreeya partyumaayo vediyumaayo sakhyathilaayirunnu. rashtreeya partykal federal republican, dainamdina gasattukalile anjjaatha rashtreeya vyakthikale sponsor cheyyum. ithine pakshapathaparamaaya maadyamangal ennu vilichirunnu, abhipraayathil pakshapaatharahithamaayirunnil.
praadeshika govarnore vimarshichappol vaayanakkaarkk ithu ishtappettathaayi aadyathe edittarmaar kandethi; pathrangal adachupoottaan kazhiyumennu govarnarmaar kandethi. ettavum naadakeeyamaaya ettumuttal 1734-ll newyorkkilaanu nadannathu, avide aakshepahasya aakramanangalude prasidheekaranathinu sesham govarnor joonn peettar sengarine criminal apakeerthippeduthalin vichaarana cheythu. maadyama swaathanthryathinte american nayakanaaya sengarine juurii veruthe vittu. athinte falamaayi maadyamangalum sarkkarum thammil uyarnnuvarunna samgharshaavasthayundaayi. 1760kalude madhyathode, 13 kolanikalil 24 prathivaara pathrangal undaayirunnu (newjezhsikku maathram orennam illaayirunnu), sarkkaarinethiraaya aakshepahasya akramanam american pathrangalil saadhaaranamaayitheernnu.
"" "nyoo englandu korrant".
benchamin franklinte mootha sahodaranaaya jaims franklin (1697-1735) aanu "gasattil" ninnum landanile mattu pothu printukalil ninnum edutha "pazhakiya vasthukkalude oru koottathekkaal kooduthal warthacurip aadyamaayi nirmmichathu. pakaram, addeham "dhii nyoo englandu koorant" enna moonnaamathe pathram aarambhichu."addehathinte koottaalikal hell-fayar club ennariyappettirunnu; vinodakaravum orutharam saahitya maathruka sthaapikkunnathum theliyikkumbol nyoo englandu varenyavargathe prakopippicha oru vyathiriktha pathram prasidheekarikkunnathil avar vijayichu. pravishya niyamanirmmanasabhakalodulla gavarnarmaarude abhisambodhanakalude maduppikkunna paarambaryangal kondu "korantinte" aadya bhagam niraykkunnathinupakaram, jaims franklinte club patthu varsham munbu landanil aadyamaayi prathyakshappetta "dhaa vyookkettar" maathrkayil lekhanangalum aakshepahasya kathukalum ezhuthi. theekshnatha allengil kaapatyam allengil bahumanam allengil samthrupthi polulla chila pothu vishayangalekkurichulla kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya aamukha pepparinu sesham, saangalppika lekhakarude mukhachithrangal saadhaaranayaayi "korantinte" aadya pejinte backie niraykkunnu. timothi tenston "koorant" ennathinte nilavilulla aadyathe ennathil justice nicolas klodpettine abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. toom penn-shaalo thante kochu postscriptumaayi udan pinthudarunnu "ningalude pravisyayil kuttavaalikalkk jooriyude padavi undo ennu enne ariyikkuka."toom tram chandranil ninnu oru" "villan postmaastare" "kurichulla kimvadanthikalekkurichu ezhuthunnu". ("koorant" ellaayppozhum niyamaparamaaya budhimuttukalkku valare aduthaayirunnu, koodaathe taunn postmaastarumaayi shaashvathamaaya kalahavumundaayirunnu.) ichabod henroost oru bharyayekkurichu paraathippedunnu. ethiraaliyaaya pathramaya gasattinte edittar avarude gavarnarkk carolina vilaasangal achadikkaan uddeshikkukayum vaayanakkaarkk avarude muriyil enthengilum nalkukayum cheiyunnathu kooduthal rasakaramaakumenn arian abigale aagrahikkunnu."homespon jacq pothuve faashanukaleyum prathyekichu cheria arakettineyum apalapikkunnu. eee prabandhangalil chilath maathrkayodulla pothuvaaya sameepanam maathram ulla thaddesheeya budhiye prathinidheekarikkunnu; mattullava "kaazhchakkaaran" enna padaprayogathekkaal alpam kooduthalaanu. chilappol oru "kaazhchakkaaran" paper shareeraparamaayi cherkkunnu, paribhaashappedutthaan sramikkaathe. kavithakal, charithrangal, aathmakathakal muthalaayavayum avar prasidheekarichu.
colonial amerikkakkaarkk dhaarmika gunathekkurichu nirddeshikkaanulla oru upakaranamaayi benchamin franklin achadisala kandu. pravartthanangalude kaaryatthil dhaarmika sadgunangal manassilakkiyathinaal, nanma cheiyunnathu daivathinu oru sevanam nalkunnathinaal, ithu daivathinulla sevanamaayi thaan kanduvennu frasca vaadikkunnu. swantham dhaarmika veezhchakal undaayirunnittum, daarmikathayil amerikkakkaare padippikkaan savisheshamaaya yogyathayullayalaayi franklin svayam kandu. carolinus muthal nyoo englandu vareyulla pankaalittha shringalaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru achadi shringalayude nirmmaanatthiloode american dhaarmika jeevithathe swaadheenikkaan addeham shramichu. athuvazhi franklin aadyathe pathra shringhala kandupidichu. ithu oru bisinesses samrambhathekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu, kaaranam pala prasadhakareyum pole, pathrangalkkum oru pothusevana kadamayundennu addeham vishwasichirunnu.
1730 nuu thottumunbu franklin philadelphiyayil svayam sthaapikkumbol, andrew bradfordinte "american merkuri", saamuval keymarinte "ellah kalakalilum shaasthrathilum pensylvania gasattilum saarvathrika pariseelakan" enningane moonnu "durghadamaaya cheria" warta sheettukal eee pattanatthil undaayirunnu. ellah kalakalileyum shaasthrathileyum eee nirddeshathil chamberukalude saarvathrika nighanduvil ninnulla prathivaara udharanikal ulppedunnu. instructore" ettedutha franklin ithellaam pettennu illaathaakki athine "pensylvania gasatt" aakki. taamasiyaathe "gasatt" franklinte savisheshamaaya avayavamaayi maari, athu addeham aakshepahaasyathinaayi, thante budhiyude kalikkaayi, athirukadanna kuzhappangalkko vinodathino polum swathanthramaayi upayogichu. aadyakaalam muthal thanne thante maathrkakal thante swantham upayogangalumaayi poruthappedutthaanulla oru maarggam addehathinundaayirunnu. 1729-ll bradfordinte 'american merkuri' kku vendi addeham ezhuthiya 'dhii bissue body' enna lekhanangalude parambara, homelier saahacharyangalkk anuyojyamaayi ithinakam parishkkaricha general adisonian roopathe pinthudarnnu. thante vilapetta samayam pazhaakkunna upayogashoonyaraaya sandarshakarekkurichu paraathippedunna, tirakkeriya cheria kadayile mithathwam, shree. yeei abhisambodhana cheiyunna sthreekalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. kaazhchakkaaran. aisak bikarstaaf "taatlaril" aayirunnathupole tirakkeriya shareeram thanne oru yadhaartha sensor moram aanu. koodaathe redentius, eugenius, kaatto, cretico ennee niravadhi saangalppika kathaapaathrangal pathinettaam noottaandile parambaraagatha klaasikkisathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee franklinu polum samakaalika aakshepahaasyathinaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum, kaaranam "soar philosopher" aaya cretico franklinte ethiraaliyaaya saamuval keymarinte chhaayaachitramaanu.
kaalam chellunthorum, franklin thante saahitya kanvenshanukale kurachumaathravum thante swantham narmmathe kooduthalum aashrayichu. ithil oru puthiya aathmaavund-adisoninte mikacha prajananamo vegathayude kayperiya vairudhyamo maarppaappayude kadikkunna poornnathayo addehathinu nirddeshichilla. franklin thante "pensylvania gasattinaayi" ezhuthiya thilakkamaarnna cheria kruthikalkku american saahithyathil avinabhaavamaaya sthaanamundu.
akkaalathe mattu pathrangaleppole "pensylvania gasatt" palappozhum moshamaayi achadichirunnu. thante achadi offeesinu purathulla nooru kaaryangalil thirakkilaayirunnu franklin, orikkalum thante vyaapaarathinte mechanical nilavaaram uyarthaan gauravamaayi sramichilla. gasattil vaarthakalkkaayi kadannupoya pazhakiya vasthukkalude samyogam addeham orikkalum shariyaayi edittu cheiyukayo kootticherkkukayo cheythitilla."pathrapravartthanatthinte praayogika vashath addehathinte swaadheenam valare kuravaayirunnu. maruvashathu, addehathinte pusthakangalude parasyangal mathethara saahithyathe janapriyamakkunnathil addehathinu undaayirunna valia thaalpparyamaanu kaanikkunnath. viplavathinu munbu pensylvania ayalkkaaril ninnu verthiricha vishalamaaya samskaarathin addehathinte prabandham sambhavana nalkiyennathil samshayamilla. pala prasadhakareyum pole, franklin thante printing offeesil oru pusthakakkada panithu; puthiya pusthakangal vilkkunnathin munbu avaa vaayikkaan addeham avasaram upayogichu.
thanikk labham undaakkukayum sadgunangal pracharippikkukayum cheiyunna pathrangalude oru inter-colonial shringhala sthaapikkaanulla thante padhathiyil franklinu sammishra vijayam labhichu. 1731ll southu karolinayile chaalstanil addeham aarambhichu. randaamathe edittar marichathinushesham addehathinte vidhava elisabath timoti chumathalayettu, athu vijayamakki, 1738-1746. colonial kaalaghattatthile aadyathe vanita printarmaaril oraalaayirunnu avar. moonnu pathittaandukalaayi franklin avalumaayum 1746ll chumathalayetta makan peettarumaayum adutha bisinesses bandham nilanirtthi. pothu samvaadathinulla avasaram srishtikkumbol, rashtreeya samvaadangalil nishpakshathayude nayamaayirunnu gasattinu undaayirunnathu, ithu adhikaarathe velluvilikkaan mattullavare prothsaahippichu. edittar peettar timothi soumyathayum pakshapaathavum ozhivaakkukayum 1765 nuu sesham grettu brittanumaayulla valarnnuvarunna prathisandhiyil kooduthal desasnehaparamaaya nilapad sweekarikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, franklinte "connecticut gasatt" (1755-1768) parajayappettu.
"virgenia gasatt".
virjeeniyayude pazhaya thalasthaanamaaya vilyamsbargile vilyam paarkkukal edittu cheytha asaadhaaranamaaya mikavinte pepparaaya "dhii virgenia gasattil" aadyakaala thiyettar ariyippukal pinthudarnnekkaam. williamsburgil 1716 muthal professionalukal ariyappettirunnuvenkum ivide "tirakkeriya shareeram", "recruiting officer", "beaux 'strattajam" ennivayellaam palappozhum amachwarmaaraanu avatharippichathu. 1736-leeii vilyamsbargile jeevithathinu mattu pattanangale apekshichu kooduthal cosmopolitan gunanilavaaramundaayirunnu. irupathirandu samkhyakalkkaayi "dhii virgenia gasattinte" aadya peju niraykkunna monittar enna lekhana parambara orupakshe thalasthaanatthinte saamoohika jeevitam mathramalla, atharam aanukaalika kruthikalile puthiya sailiyum prathifalippikkunnu. ithu naadakeeyamaaya reethiyilaan, pikvatt geyimukalilo theaterilo gossip cheyyukayum chaatt cheyyukayum cheiyunna kathaapaathrangal vyakthamaayi manassilakkunnu. "moonnaazhcha munbu williamsburgil kalichirunna 'beaux' strattajem ', sthreekalil oraale ashradhamaayi chirikkaan prerippikkunnathra santhoshakaramaanennu paraamarshikkappedunnu. kolanikalil asaadhaaranamaaya orutharam neriya saamoohika aakshepahaasyathe monittar prathinidheekarikkunnu.
pinneedulla pathrangalil raashtreeyam.
1750 nuu sesham, pothuvaaya vaarthakal labhyamavukayum pathrangal pothu kaaryangalil kooduthal kooduthal thaalparyam kaanikkukayum cheythu. saahithyathinte aadya peju aavashyamillaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum idaykkide oru mandakaalakhattatthe ulkkollaan ithu upayogichirunnu. oru puthiya tharam sakthamaaya vivaadangal kramena pazhaya lekhanathe marikadannu. ennirunnaalum, ariyappedunna chila kanvenshanukal nilanirtthi. saangalppika oppulla saangalppika kathu allengil "dhii virgenia-centinal" allengil livingstaninte "vaachu-tower" polulla oru pothu thalakkettin keezhilulla pepparukalude oru parambara nammal ippozhum kandethunnu. aadyathethu 1756-ll "virgenia gasattiloode" kadannupokukayum franch shathruvinethire desasneham unarthunnathinaayi vadakkan pathrangalil pakartthukayum cheytha aayudangalodulla oru jwalikkunna abhyarthanayaanu. aaa vikaarathinte aavishkaaram, athra neratthe thanne, desheeyamaanennu thonnunnu. livingstaninte prashasthamaaya "vaachu-tower", addehathinte laghulekha-maasikayaaya "dhii indipendant reflecto" aarinte thudarcha, ithinakam pathinanju irupathu varshangalkk sheshamulla viplava rachanakalude aazhathilulla arikilaanu. ambathirandaam nambaril viplavathinte janapriya vaakyangalilonn undu "njaan alaram muzhakkiyirunnillengil, vargeeyatha ippol britiish prajakalude swaabhaavika avakashangal keezhadakkumaayirunnu."(gaininte" "merkuri" "1754-1755 ll)
viplavakaramaaya yugavum aadyakaala deseeya yugavum 1770-1820.
pradhana nagarangalileyum pattanangalileyum prathivaara pathrangal deshasnehathinte shakthikendrangalaayirunnu (kurachu vishwastha pathrangal undaayirunnengilum). avar niravadhi laghulekhakal, prakhyapanangal, desasnehaparamaaya kathukal, prakhyapanangal enniva achadichu. viplavathinte thalennu virjeeniyaykk ore samayam "virgenia gasatt" ennu peritta moonnu vyathyastha aazhchappathippukal undaayirunnu-avayellaam rajaavinum addehathinte gavarnarmaarkkumethire kanatha vedivayppu nadatthi.
masaachyusets charren" desasnehiyaaya pathrangalum.
bosttanilum vorsestarilum prasidheekaricha isaiah thomasinte "masaachyusets chaaran" 1770 muthal 1776 vare american viplavakaalathum athu sthaapithamaaya kaalam muthal nirantharam adichamarthappedaanulla vakkilaayirunnu. centinal", "museus scavola", "leonidas" ennu svayam visheshippicha niravadhi anjjaatha rashtreeya niroopakarude lekhanangal "chaaran" ll ulppeduthiyittundu."avar samanamaaya vishayangalekkurich ore padangalil samsaarichu, desasnehikalaaya tharkkangal onnaam pejil nilanirtthi, sarkkar pathrangalile aakramanangalkkethire parasparam pinthunachu. annathe prasnangal vishadeekarikkukayum samboornna kalaapathe pinthunaykkaathe aikyam valarthukayum cheytha oru desasneha thanthramaayirunnu vaachaadopa poraattam. colomistukal kolanivaadikalodu swamedhayaa niyamaparamaaya karar vazhi maathram brittanumaayi bandhikkappetta oru swatantra janathayayi samsaarichu. chaaran" taamasiyaathe theevravaadathe athinte yukthisahamaya nigamanatthilekku kondupoyi. chaaranil ninnulla lekhanangal mattu pathrangalil punarmudranam cheythappol, raajyam muzhuvan toom peyininte "saamaanyabudhi" kku (1776-ll) thayyarayirunnu.
1775num 1783num edayilulla prakshubdhamaaya varshangal pathrangalkkidayil valia pareekshanatthinteyum aswasthathayudeyum samayamaayirunnu. thadassangal, adichamarthal, pinthunayude abhavam enniva avarude valarchaye ganyamaayi thadanju. samadhana udambadi oppuvachappol (1783) amerikkayil naalppathimoonnu pathrangal undaayirunnuvenkilum, lexington yudhathinte (1775) theeyathiyile muppathezhumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, rund sambhavangalkkidayil oru dussen maathrame thudarchayaayi pravarthichirunnulla, avayil mikathum kadalas, tharam, rakshaakarthruthvam ennivayude abhaavathil kaalathamasavum budhimuttukalum anubhavichirunnu. pradhana nagarangalaya boosttan, newyork, philadelphia ennividangalil oru pathravum yudhathiludaneelam prasidheekaranam thudarnnilla. colonial sakthikal kaivashamullappol, rajakeeya rekhakal adichamarthappedukayum britiish adhinivesha samayangalil, viplavakaramaaya rekhakal neengukayo nirthalaakkappedukayo allengil avaa raajakeeyavaadikalaayi maarukayo cheythu, sainika bhaagyathinte adutha ghattathil maathrame avar kashtappedendivarikayulla. angane theerathulla nagarangalil ninnu cheria ulnaadan sthalangalilekku kadalaasukalude oru ozhukkil avarkk thadassamillaathe thudaraan kazhiyumaayirunnu. pepparinte kuravu rookshamaayirunnu; pazhakiya tharam maattaan kazhinjilla. pathrangalude roopam vashalaavukayum chilappol prasnangal prathyakshappedaathe varikayum cheythu. meyil sevanam, orikkalum nallathalla, ennathekkaalum moshamaayirunnu; vivarangalude oru pradhana uravidamaaya videsha pathrangal nedaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe apoorvvamaayi maathrame; colonial avakashangaleyum sarkkarineyum kurichulla prabandhangal kolangalil niracha kazhivulla niravadhi ezhuthukaar ippol mattuvidhathil vyaaprutharaanu.
doore ninnulla vaarthakal mumbathethinekkaal niranjathum pathivaayathumaayirunnilla; ennittum valia sambhavangal sambhavikkumbol, desasnehikalaaya samghadanakalude sevanathil doothanmaariloode reportukal raajyathudaneelam valare vegathil vyaapichu. reportinginte gunanilavaaram appozhum apoornnamaayirunnu. "salem gasatt" lexington yudhathekkurichulla poornnavum ennaal niramullathumaaya oru vivaranam achadichu, britteeshukaarkk nere chumathiya kathikkal, kolla, krooratha ennivayude vishadaamshangal nalkukayum "manushyaraashiyude uyarnna vikarangal niranja" pourasainyangale prashamsikkukayum cheythu."swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam 1776 juulai 6 nuu kongras" "philadelphia sayahna posttil" "prasidheekarichu, athil ninnu puthiya raajyathe mikka pathrangalum ithu pakarthi; ennaal avaril chilar randaazhcha kazhinju vare ithu paraamarshichirunnilla, ennittum oru sangrahathinu maathrame idam undaayirunnulloo". angane cheyyaan avare anuvadichappol, ellah audyogika reportukalum prakhyapanangalum pole, pravishya niyamasabhakaludeyum kongrasinteyum nadapadikramangalekkurichu muzhuvan vivaranangalum avar achadichu, avaa vyaapakamaayi pakarthappettu. ennirunnaalum, mothatthil, atharam vasthukkalude thaarathamyena cheria anupaathavum yudhathinte purogathiyekkurichulla aparyapthamaaya vivaranavum samakaalika pathrangalil kaanapedunnu.
akkaalathe pothu manobhaavam mudraavaakyangal, edittoriyalukal, kathukal, kavithakal ennivayil kooduthal poornnamaaya uchaaranam kandethi. thudakkathil, edittoriyalukalum ashayavinimayangalum adichamarthalinethire ikyamaaya cheruthunilppu abhyarthichu, deshasnehathe prashamsichu, svechaadhipathyathe apalapichu; sambhavangalum pothu vikaaravum vikasichathode iva kooduthal shakthavum palappozhum janathekkaal alppam kooduthal theevravumaayitheernnu. pinneedu, swaathanthryam enna ashayam roopappedukayum gavanmentinte sidhaanthangal charcha cheyyappedukayum cheythu. eee charchakalekkaal rasakaravum moolyavathaayathum saahithyathinte maathrkakal enna nilayil akkaalathe prachodanaathmakamaaya sambhavangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda kavithakalaayirunnu. yudhangaleyum veeramrithyukkaleyum kurichulla neenda vivaranagal antharicha veeranmaarude sthuthigaanangalumaayi koodichernnirunnu. prachodanavum aveshavum nalkunna gaanangalkk kuravundaayirunnilla. narmmam, karuna, aakshepahasyam enniva pothujanangalude vikaarangale elakkividaanaanu shramichath. viplavathinte kavithakalil bhooribhaagavum pathrangalude kolangalil kaanapedunnu, philipp frinoyude ujjwalavum janapriyavumaya parihaasangalum aakhyaanangalum muthal ettavum saadhaaranamaaya skoolmaastarude ettavum dukhakaramaaya bhaavangal vare.
vikaarangalude ekeekaranathinum, oru pothulakshyam, thalpparyam, vidhi ennivayekkurichulla bodham prathyeka kolanikalkkidayil unarthunnathinum, yuddham vijayakaramaya oru vishayathilekku kaananulla dridanishchayathinum vendi pravartthikkunna phalapradamaaya oru shakthiyaayirunnu viplavathinte pathrangal. janangalekkaal kooduthal ekamanaskaraayirunna avar palappozhum niruthsaahappeduthappedu nissamgatha pularthunnathumaaya pothubodhatthe unarthukayum pinthunaykkukayum cheiyunnathinte bharam avar vahichilla. "dhii nyoojezhsi jenal" nyoojezhsiyil prasidheekarikkunna randaamathe pathramaayi maari. 1779ll nyoojezhsiyile chaatham graamatthil sheppered kolokku thante pathratthil vechaanu ithu sthaapichathu. eee prabandham viplavathinte uthejakamaayi maari. aduthulla moristtaunilulla washington aasthaanathu ninnu nerittu edittarkku sambhavangalude vaarthakal labikkukayum sainikarudeyum avarude kudumbangaludeyum manoveeryam vardhippikkukayum addeham swaathanthryathinaayulla sramangalekkurichu thaan vijayicha lakshyathe ethirkkukayum pinthunaykkukayum cheythavarumaayi sajeevamaaya samvaadangal nadathukayum cheythu. 1785ll elisabathil athe peril thante avasana prasidheekarana sthalam sthaapikkunnathuvare kolokku pinneedu rund thavana pathram maatti. 212 varshamaayi thudarchayaayi prasidheekarikkappetta "elisabath dinapathram" 1992 januvari 2 nuu prasidheekaranam nirtthi, amerikkayil thudarchayaayi prasidheekarikkunna naalaamathe ettavum pazhaya pathramaanith.
ennirunnaalum, yudhasamayathu jeevanode sookshikkukayo jeevanode konduvarikayo cheytha pala pepparukalkkum samadhaanathinte puthiya saahacharyangalumayi poruthappedaan kazhinjilla. orupakshe athijeevichavaril oru dussen perkku maathrame puthuvarshatthil svanthamaayi undaayirunnirikkoo, prathyekichu adutha dashakathil athivegam kuranjupoya "boosttan gasatt", hartfordinte "connecticut koorant", "providence gasatt", philadelphiyayude "pensylvania paakkat", "masaachyusets chaaran", bosttante "indipendant chronicle", "newyork jenal aandu paakkat", "newport merkuri", annaapolisinte "maryland gasatt", "pensylvania gasatt", "pensylvania jenal", filadelfiyayude rund, enniva polulla praathinidhya prabandhangal cherkkaam. praayogikamaayi ellah aazhchayilum purathirangunna moonno naalo kolangal veethamulla naalu cheria pejukalaayirunnu avaa. 1783ll "pensylvania sayahna poost" aadyathe american dinapathramaayi maari. adutha varsham, "pensylvania paakkat" aazhchayil moonnu thavanayum "newyork jenal" aazhchayil rund thavanayum prasidheekarikkappettu, athupole thanne aaa varsham aarambhicha niravadhi prabandhangalum. puthiya mekhalakalilekku sradheyamaaya vipuleekaranam undaayi. 1781ll sthaapithamaaya aadyathe paper taamasiyaathe maricha vermontil, mattonn 1783ll uyarnnu; maineyil, 1785ll rund aarambhichu. 1786ll, alghenikalkku padinjaaru aadyathethu pittsburgil prathyakshappettu, kudiyettatthinte padinjaaru veliyettathethudarnnu 1787ll lexingtonil "kentakki gasatt" aarambhichu.
sameepakaala samgharshakaalathekkaal saahacharyangal pathrangalkk anukoolamaayirunnilla. vaarthakalude uravidangal erekkure onnuthanneyaayirunnu; ashayavinimaya maargangalum tapal samvidaanavum ottum mechappettilla. pathrangal meyilukalilalla, tapal udyogastharude anukoolamaayaanu kondupokunnathu, oru samsthaanathinte panatthinu mattoru samsthaanathil samshayaaspadamaaya moolyamundaayirunnu. thathfalamaayi, pracharanangal cheruthaayirunnu, apoorvvamaayi aayirathil athiyirunnu; varikkar panamadaykkunnathil mandagathiyilaayirunnu; parasyangal samrudhamaayirunnilla. pazhaya pothu niyamamanusarichu pathrangal pravishya niyamangalude peril apakeerthippeduthalin vidheyamaayi thudarnnu, 1785-ll masaachyusetsilennapole, kadalaasinteyo parasyangaludeyo prathyeka samsthaana nikuthikalkk vidheyamaayirunnu. ennaal ellah niyamaparamaaya niyanthranangalkkumethire pothujana vikaaram shakthamayi valarukayum pothuve pathrangal licenses parayaathe samsara swaathanthryam prayogikkukayum cheythu.
swaathanthryathodoppam oru mahathaaya vidiyekkurichulla bodhavum vannu. parasparavirudhamaaya praadeshika budhimuttukalaal moodappettirunnenkilum yuddham unarthiya koottaaya manobhaavam theevramaayirunnu, koodaathe pathrangalude pradhana thalpparyam ayanja konfedareshanil ninnu oru raashtram srishtikkuka ennathaayirunnu. bisinus vaanijyavum avarude adutha paricharanamaayirunnu; ennaal ellah manushyarkkum ellaam aakanulla shramathil, cheria pejil "thaalpparyamullatho nirddeshikkunnatho rasakaramo aaya enthum ulppeduthiyittundu."rashtreeya intelligence onnaam sthaanathethi; aadhunika ardhathil vaarthakal keezhppeduthappettu. oru puthiya ashayam, thee, kolapathakam allengil oru prathibhasam pole, vaarthayude nimishamaayirunnu. praadeshika thaalpparyamulla chila enangal ellaayppozhum undaayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi vividha edittoriyal khandikakalkkoppam. pathratthinu pakaramaayi lekhakar saadhanangal ayachu; atharam upayogam kanakkileduthu ezhuthiya swakaarya kathukal palappozhum vaarthakalude phalapradamaaya uravidamaayirunnu; ennaal oro offeesinum kaimaattamaayi labhicha pathrangalum videshathu ninnulla pathrangalum aayirunnu pradhana vibhavam.
pakshapathaparamaaya pathrangal.
1800 nuu sesham pathrangal oru pothu swathaayi maari. republican pouranmaar enna nilayil pathrangalil adangiyirikkunna vivarangalkk onnum nalkaathe avakaashamundenn amerikkakkar vishwasichu. vaayanakkaarkk praveshanam labhikkunnathinaayi panam nalkano kadam vangano moshtikkaano visammathichukondu subscription samvidaanathe attimarichu. ennirunnaalum, edittarmaar eee thanthrangal sahichu, kaaranam avarkk dairkhyameriya subscription listtukal aavashyamaayirunnu. aadyam, kooduthal aalukal pathram vaayikkumbol, kooduthal parasyangal vaangukayum uyarnna nirakkukal nalkukayum cheiyunna parasyadaathaakkalkku athu kooduthal aakarshakamayirikkum. randaamathe nettam, kooduthal aazhathilulla kavarej pakshapathaparamaaya pathrangalude rashtreeya swaadheenathilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu ennathaanu. vaayana murikal, barbershoppukal, bhakshanasaalakal, hotelukal, coffey houseukal ennivayil soujanyamaayi labhyamaayappol pathrangalum pothumekhalayude bhaagamaayi maari.
saadhaaranayaayi oru groupinteyo vibhaagathinteyo vikaaram prathifalippikkunna edittar oru prathyeka shakthiyaayi uyarnnuvaraan thudangi. sambhavangalude vyathiyaanam addeham sookshumamaayi nireekshikkukayum sakthamaaya abhipraayangal prakadippikkukayum cheythu. ennaal ithuvare pradhana charchakal edittarmaaralla, marichu "raajyathe maasttar mindukal" sambhavana cheythu."pathratthinte vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyam federal kanvenshanu munbulla charchakalilum, prathyekichu bharanaghadana sweekarikkunnathinekkur rajyavyaapaka charchakalilum kaanichu, athil pathram pradhaanamaayum laghulekhaye maatti. alexander haamilttan, jaims maadisan, joonn jaiii ennivar federalist upanyasangal nirmmikkaan onnichappol, avaa "dhii indipendant jenalilum" "dhii daili advertiserilum" prasidheekarikkaan avar theerumaanichu, athil ninnu amerikkayile ellah pepparukalum avaa oru pusthakamaakkunnathin valare munbuthanne pakarthi.
1789 march 4 nuu aadyathe kongras koodiyappol, bharanakoodathinu oru pepparinte aavasyakatha anubhavapettu, haamilttante swaadheenathil, joonn fenno newyorkkil epril 15 nuu puratthirakki, "yunaittad stetsinte gasattinte" aadya nambar, bharanaparamaya avayavangalude oru parambarayile aadyathethu. munbu 'karshakarude prathivaara museum' vijayikkukayum pinneedu aaa kaalaghattatthile ettavum vijayakaramaya rund pathrangalaya 'portt fooliyoo' kandethukayum cheytha joseph denniyaan pinneedu gasattinte edittarship nediyathu. sarkkar aasthaanam raajyathinte pathrapravartthana kendramaayi maari, party raashtreeyam pradhana warta thaalpparyamaayi thudarunnidatholam kaalam bharanasamvidaanangalum avarude athiraalikalum raajyathe pathrangalude vaarthakalude pradhana uravidangalaayirunnu.
onnaam party sambradaayam roopappettathode noottaandinte avasana dashakathil pakshapathaparamaaya kayperiya avastha vardhichu. partykalkku avarude vottarmaarumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan pathrangal aavashyamaayirunnu. nyoo englandu pathrangal pothuve federalistukalaayirunnu; pensylvaniayil oru santhulithaavastha undaayirunnu; padinjaaran, thekk republican pathrangal prabalamaayirunnu. bosttanile rassalinte "columbian centinal", isaiah thomasinte "masaachyusets chaaran", "connecticut koorant", 1793 nuu sesham, newyorkkile noha webstarinte dinapathramaaya "minerva" (taamasiyaathe "vaanijya parasyadaathaav" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu), 1790 ll kongrasineyum thalasthaanamaaya philadelphia pinthudarnna "yunaittad stetsinte gasatt", samgharshathinte kendramaayirunnu, thomas jefezhsan paranjathupole "rajavaazhcha, prabhukkanmaar, janangale ozhivakkal ennivayude sidhaanthangal pracharippikkal", "shudhamaaya torrisathinte oru paper"."ithinte swaadheenam nikathaan, newyorkkile" "dhii dayil advertiser" "edittu cheythirunna philipp frino" "aazhchayil pakuthi" "sthaapikkaan jefezhsanum madison prerippichu," "samsthaanangaliloode kadannupoyi oru [republican] rahasyaanveshana vahanam nalkaan"."1791 october 31nuu aadyamaayi prathyakshappetta frenoyude" "deseeya gasatt" "taamasiyaathe adams, haamilttan, washington ennivayude bharanathe ettavum thurannuparayunna vimarsakanum franch viplavathinte theevramaaya vakthavumaayi maari". american aikyanaadukalude gasatt", "deseeya gasatt" ennivayil fenno freno udan thanne pidimurukkukayum pakshapatha warta reportukalilum, vishalipthamaaya edittoriyalukalilum, kavithakalilum, ellah tharatthilulla skittukalilum vyakthiparavum partiparavumaaya durupayogam cheiyunnathinulla pracharanam raajyathinte oru attathu ninnu mattonnilekku prathidhwanikkukayum cheythu. pracharana prashnangalum pathram sthaapikkunnathil jefezhsaninteyum madisoninteyum saambathika pankaalithatthinethiraaya rashtreeya thirichadi kaaranam 1793-ll "deseeya gasatt" adachu.
praadhamika praadhaanyamulla mattoru republican pathram 1790 october 2 nuu benn franklinte kochumakanum anantharaavakaashiyumaaya benchamin franklin baache sthaapicha "aurora general advertiser" aayirunnu. filadelfiyayile franklin kodathiyil ninnu prasidheekaricha "aurora" akkaalathe ettavum karkkashamaaya pathramaayirunnu, ithu joonn aadamsinte janaadhipathya virudha nayangale divasena aakramichu. oru kadalas aadaminu "arora" yekkaal budhimuttu nalkiyittillenn karuthappedunnu. aurorayil" ninnu apavaadam uyarnnuvarunnundennu thaan karuthiyathine apalapichu addehathinte bhaarya abigail thante sahodarikkum mattullavarkkum idaykkide kathukal ezhuthi. fransumaayulla vinashakaramaaya yuddham ozhivaakkukayum swantham thiranjeduppinu aditharayittathaayum jefezhsan "arora" yeei visheshippichu. baacheyude maranathethudarnnu (manjappani pakarchavyaadhiyude samayat filadelfiyayil thaamasichathinte falamaayi, raajyadroha niyamaprakaaram vichaarana kaathirikkumbol), irelandil ninnulla kudiyettakkaaranaaya vilyam duwain 1822 vare pathratthe nayichu (baacheyude vidhava vivaham kazhichu, athe manjappani pakarchavyaadhiyil swantham bhaaryayude maranathethudarnnu). frenoyepole bashe duwan federalist edittarmaarumaayi, prathyekichu fennoyumaayum kobbattumaayum divasena edapazhakunnathil earppettirunnu.
1793 avasaanathode alexander hamiltonil ninnu newyork nagaratthilekku maranum oru federalist pathram edittu cheyyaanumulla 1,500 dollarinte vaagdaanam noha webstar sweekarichu. desemberil addeham newyorkkile aadyathe dinapathramaaya "american minerva" (pinneedu "vaanijya parasyadaathaav" ennariyappettu) sthaapichu. naalu varshakkalam addeham athu edittu cheyyukayum 20 vaalyangalulla lekhanangalum edittoriyalukalum ezhuthukayum cheythu. dhii herald, eiii gasatt phoor dhii kantri" (pinneedu "dhii newyork spektettar" ennariyappettu) enna ardha-aazhchappathippum addeham prasidheekarichu. oru pakshapaathiyenna nilayil addehathe taamasiyaathe jefferson republicanmaar "oru nindyan, ardhajaathan, svayam dabbu cheytha desasnehi", "chikilsikkaan kazhiyaatha bhranthanum", "vanjanaaparamaaya warthamangi" ennu apalapichu... adthyaapakanum kwak."saha federalist koobbatt addehathe" "federalisathinte lakshyathilekkulla raajyadrohi" "ennu visheshippikkukayum" "sance-kulottisatthinte sevanathile oru kuntham", "" "oru veshya dushicha", "" "oru valia viddiyum nagna mukhamulla nunayanum", "" "vidveshamulla wiper", "" "oru bhraanthan pedant" "ennu vilikkukayum cheythu"."vaakkukalude yajamanan vishamichu. pothu charchayil "janangal", "janadhipathyam", "samathvam" thudangiya vaakkukal upayogikkunnathu polum addehathe vishamippichu, kaaranam atharam vaakkukal "onnukil ardhamillaatha metaafisikkal amoorthathakal, allengil kuranjathu manushyarkk maathram manassilakkaan kazhiyaathavayalla"."
aadya party pathrangal vimarsanam niranjathaayirunnu. oru charithrakaaran abhipraayappedunnathu pole,
ennirunnaalum, irubhaagathumulla pathraadhiparmaaraanu vidveshaparavum vishapoorithavumaaya durupayogathinte paraakaashtayiletthiyathu. federalist edittarmaaril, "porkupins gasatt" vilyam kobbettum philadelphiyayile "yunaittad stetts gasatt" joonn ward fenno; newyorkkile "american minerva" yude noha webstar; bosttanil "columbian centinalinte" benchamin russell, "federal oorariyude" thomas paine, "boosttan gasattinte" joonn russell ennivaraayirunnu skarilittiyude ettavum valia maastezhs. ivayil pradhaanappettath koobbett aayirunnu, addehathinte rashtreeya sathrukkalaaya jacobinmark addeham prayogichirikkunna thaazhepparayunna padangalil ninnu adhikshepaathmakavum prakopanaparavumaaya padaprayogatthinte niyanthranam vilayiruthappedaam "raashtrangalude nishedham"; "janaadhipathya pakshikalude kooval"; "neechamaaya pazhaya dushichavan"; "oru baabooninte upakaranam"; "thavala kazhikkunna, manushyabhakshanam cheiyunna, raktham kudikkunna narabhojikal"; "njaan parayunnu, sookshikkuka, ningal azhukkilum keedangalilum nadannu urangunna thonda vettunnavare, ningalkk oru thavana aaa thadassam ningalude eecha kadicha kazhuthinuchuttum vannal, alarunnathum kuttasammatham cheiyunnathum valare vaikum."jacobinmar pracharippicha" "adisthaanavum narakavumaaya kaalumanikale" "kkurichum" "paavappettavarude mohavum sambannarude maduppum kaaranam manushyarkkidayil souhaarddaparavum nallathum pavitravumaaya ellaam nasippikkunnathil bhayankaramaaya purogathi kaivaricha kalaparavum krooravumaaya villanmaaril ninnu mukhammoodikal keerunnathinekkurichum" "addeham ezhuthi"."jacobinsinecurichlu addehathinte vivaranathinte laghuvaaya udaaharanangalil thaazhepparayunnava ulppedunnu
"pothukaaryangalil janangalude shabdathinu ettavum kooduthal bhaaramullidathu, puthumayullathum attimarikkunnathumaaya sidhaanthangal avatharippikkunnath ettavum eluppamaanu. atharam samsthaanangalilum, sarkkar bharikkunnavare verukkunna deerghakaala sheelathil ninnu sarkkaarinte thanne sathrukkalaakukayum avarude vanjanaaparamaaya sevanangal aadya lelakkaaran wilkan thayyarakukayum cheiyunna oru party ellaayppozhum nilanilkkunnu. purushanmaarekkurichulla eee vivaranagal anusarichu, yacobin vibhagakkaar praveshikkaan budhimuttunna ellah raajyangalilum thangalkk cheraanaayittund. avaa orutharam eechakalaanu, avaa swaabhaavikamaayum shareerathinte visarjjyavum azhimathi niranjathumaaya bhaagangalil sthirathaamasamaakkunnu... eee ethirppu roopeekarichavarum avide ninnu federalistukal virudharude peru sweekarichavarum sambathu allengil bahumanam ennivayude kaaryatthil federalistukalkku thulyaraayirunnilla. avar pothuve, mosham dhaarmika swabhaavamulla purushanmaar avarude swakaarya kaaryangalil allengil atharam upakaranagalil nanam keduthunnavaraayirunnu. svayam bahumanikkaan mathiyaya shakthiyum anjareyum dustareyum athinte bharanathil ninnu ozhivakkaan mathiyaya vivekavumulla oru gavanmentinte pravartthanatthe eee jaathiyile aalukal swaabhaavikamaayum bhayapettu."
ennirunnaalum, akramatthinte eee dashakam pathrangalude gunanilavaarathilum shakthiyilum undaaya oru vikasanamaayirunnu. warta reporting praadeshika kaaryangalude puthiya mekhalakalilekku vyaapippikkukayum niravadhi malsaraarthikalude theevramaaya sathrutha aadyakaala reportukalkkaayulla aaa thirakkinte thudakkathe unarthukayum cheythu, ithu american pathrapravartthanatthile prabalamaaya swabhaavamaayi maarukayayirunnu. edittar oru puthiya tharatthilekku parinamichu. saahitya vaidagdhyamulla oru vyakthiyenna nilayilum raashtreeyakkaaranenna nilayilum vivaadaparamaaya rachanaykk sammanam nalkia abhibhaashakanenna nilayilum addeham lekhanangalude sambhaavakare marikadannu kadalaasile ettavum sakthamaaya ezhuthukaaranaayi marran thudangi. baache oof orora, koobbatt, kooppar, galles, cheettam, calender, liyon, holt thudangiya videshathu janikkukayum pariseelanam nedukayum cheytha edittarmaaraanu ettavum mikacha rachanakalum ettavum mikacha rachanakalum nirmmichathu. eee dashakathinte avasaanathode raajyathe motham pepparukalude ennathil, nootti ambathiladhikam, bharanathe ethirkkunna kuranjathu irupathenkilum anyagrahajeevikalaan nadathiyathu. eee bharanaviruddha edittarmaar vahicha adikaaram joonn aadamsine aakarshichu, 1801-ll addeham ezhuthi "nammal saamaanyabudhi kondu anugrahikkappettirunne, philipp frino, duwain, calender, kooppar, liyon allengil avarude mahanaaya rakshadhikaariyum samrakshakan namme attimarikkaan paadillaayirunnu. chila abhilashaneeyaraaya thaddesheeya manyanmaar prothsaahippicha oru koottam videsha nunakal raajyathinte vidyaabhyaasam, kazhivukal, gunangal, abhivridhi enniva illaathaakki."
aaa federalist saamaanyabudhiyude abhaavathinte ettavum vyakthamaaya udaaharanam edittarmaarude apakeerthikalil ninnu sarkkaarine samrakshikkunnathinaayi 1798-ll anyagraha, raajyadroha niyamangal paasaakkiyathaan. 1800ll republicanmaar sarkkaarinte niyanthranam etteduthappol party adhikaarathil ninnu puratthaakkukayum jefferson republican pathrangalkk aathmavishwaasavum rakshaakarthruthvathinte bhauthika nettavum nalkukayum cheytha oru dussen kuttanirnayangalum roshakulamaaya pothujanaabhipraayatthinte kodunkaattum athinte falamaayi. republican party pradhana nagarangalil pathrangalude oru shringhala kettippadukkunnathil prathyekichu phalapradamaayirunnu. pramukha federalistaaya fisher amez, jefezhsane thiranjedutthathinu pathrangale kuttappedutthi avaa "eathoru sarkkarinum oru ovarmaachu aayirunnu... eee enchin nirantharam upayogikkunnathinaanu jacobinukal avarude vijayathin kadappettirikkunnath; aavarthanathiloode upayogikkunnathupole athu upayogikkunnathil athra vaidagdhyamilla."
pathrangal praadhamikamaayi party samghadanakal thudarnnu; swaram shakthamayi pakshapathaparamaayi thudarnnu, ennirunnaalum athu kramena santhulithaavastha kaivarikkukayum saahitya mikavum professional antass nedukayum cheythu. prathivaramaaya eee pathratthinu 500 roopa prathiphalam nalki pracharanam undaayirunnu. praadesikamaayum samsthaanavyaapakamaayum pathrangalude soujanya gathaagathathodukoodiya tapal samvidaanathinte valarcha, party kaazhchappaadukale sookshumamaayi prathifalippikkukayum roopappeduthukayum cheiyunna sakthamaaya samsthaana pathrangalude aavirbhaavathe anuvadichu.
valarcha.
pathrangalude ennavum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanavum athivegam vardhichu. 1800ll 150num 200num idayil aayirunnu; 1810 aayappozhekkum 366 ennam undaayirunnu, adutha rund pathittaandukalil vardhanavu kuranjathu thulya vegathayilaayirunnu. ohaayoyude padinjarottum thaazhekkum ozhukukayo kooduthal vadakkan vanangalil thulachukayarukayo cheythappol maadyamangal viralamaaya janasamkhyaye athbhuthappeduthunna vegathayode pinthudarnnu. 1835 aayappozhekkum texes muthal sent vare mississippi nadiyilekkum athinappurathekkum pepparukal vyaapichu. luis, ohiyo, indiana, illinois, mishigan, visconsin ennividangalilellaam. moshamaayi ezhuthappettathum moshamaayi achadichathum palappozhum ellah kaaranatthinum atheethamaaya pakshapathaparavumaaya eee pioneer pepparukal, ellah pradeshangalilekkum avarude noorukanakkinu nallathum cheethayumaaya reportukal, raashtreeyam, vyapaaram, kaalavastha, vilakal ennivayekkurichulla sandeshangal aazhchathorum ayaykkunnathil praadeshika uddeshyathekkaal valia prayojanam cheythu, athu vidoora janasamkhyaye oru rajyavumaayi bandhippikkaan alavatta reethiyil sahayichu. oro kongrassukaaranum swantham praadeshika pathratthinu pathivayi ezhuthumaayirunnu; mattu lekhakar samanamaaya sevanathinaayi vilikkapettu, chila sandarbhangalil raajya edittarmaar vipulavum vishwasaneeyavumaaya rahasyaanveshana marggangal sthaapichu; ennaal avaril bhooribhaagavum washington, philadelphia, newyork ennividangalil ninnulla kaimaattangalude koottatthe aashrayichirunnu, koodaathe nagara pathrangal avarude raajya kaimaattangale parasparam nannayi upayogichu.
8, 000moow athil kooduthalo janasamkhyayulla nagarangalude ennam athivegam vardhichathode dinapathrangalude ennavum vardhichukondirunnu. 1784lum 1785lum philadelphiayilum newyorkkilum aadyathethu prathyakshappettu; 1796ll bosttanil orennam prathyakshappettu. 1810 aayappozhekkum rajyath irupathiyezhu perundaayirunnu-onnu washington nagaratthilum anchu merilaandilum ezhu newyorkkilum onpathu pensylvaniayilum moonnu southu carolinayilum rund louisianayilum. 1835-ll thanne "detroit free pras" athinte neenda currier aarambhichu.
party samvidaanathile pathrangal 1820-1890.
raashtreeyavum pathrapravartthanaparavumaaya sahacharyam bharanasamvidhaanathe aaa kaalaghattatthinte savisheshathakalilonnaakki maatti. washington adamsinum vendiyulla uddeshyam fennoyude gasatt niravettiyirunnu; ennaal 1800 octoberil saamuval haarisan smith sthaapicha "deseeya budhijeevikal" aayirunnu eee tharatthinte aadyathe mikacha udaaharanam, jaaksan prathipakshathekku thallappedunnathuvare jefezhsaninteyum thudarnnulla prasidantumaarudeyum bharanathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi, duff green edittu cheytha "yunaittad stetts telegraph" audyogika pathramaayi maari. 1830 avasaanathode francis pii. yude edittarshippinu keezhil "dhii globe" enna puthiya paper ithinu pakaram vannu. blair, joonn pii. yumayi chernnu pravartthikkunna ellah munkaala rashtreeya edittarmaaril ettavum kazhivulla oraalaan. pathrapravartthanatthile maarikkondirikkunna maanadandangalum saahacharyangalum bharanasamvidhaanathe kaalaharanappedunnathuvare athu nadatthi. 1841ll "deseeya budhijeevikal" enna mattoru prabandham bhoomiye sthaanabhrashtamaakki, athu "madisonian" enna pepparinu vazhiyorukki. 1845ll thomas richiye richmond inquirer enna thante deerghakaala sevanathilninnu polk bharanathinu vendi samsarikkaanum janaadhipathyathinte vibhaagangale anurajanam cheyyaanum "globinte" avashishtangalil "washington union" kandethanaayi vilichirunnu. 1860 vare audyogika pinthunayude saadrishyam nilanirtthiya union athinte pingaamikalum orikkalum "telegraph", "globe" ennivayude commanding sthaanam vahichirunnilla, ennaal naalpat varshamaayi rashtreeya pathrapravarthanam prabalamaayirunnappol bharanasamvidaanangal nethaakkalaayirunnu. emm polulla rashtreeya edittarmaar avarude swaadheenam pankidukayum vardhippikkukayum cheythu. emm. newyork corrier aandu inquirer" ennathinte noah jaims whatson, "albani rajisttar" nte solomon southviku, "argus" edittu cheytha edwin crosswell, martin vaan beuran, mattullavar ennivarude pinthunayode "albani regency" ennariyappettirunna oru samghadana roopeekarichu."anweshanakaarane kendreekarichulla" "regency", "richmond" "janda," "globe" "edittarude neethrthwathilulla" "adukkala manthrisabha" "enniva raajyam ithuvare arinjittullathil vachu ettavum sakthamaaya raashtreeyavum pathrapravartthanaparavumaaya cabalukalilonnaanu". muppathukalude avasaanathil avarude thakarcha raashtreeyavum pathrapravartthanaparavumaaya valia mattangalumaayi poruthappettu, pingaamikal uyarnnuvannuvenkilum avarude tharam veendum athra praadhaanyamullatho swaadheenamullatho aayirunnilla. rashtreeya vaarthakalude pradhana uravidamenna nilayil anthass avakaashappedunna washington pathrangalude abhimaanam kollayadicha telegraph, railway ennivayude swaadheenathinu vazhangikkond deseeya vyaapthiyilulla pathram kadannupokukayaayirunnu. athesamayam raashtreeyathin athinte praadhaanyavum nashtappedukayaayirunnu. pothujanagalkk mattu niravadhi thaalpparyangalundaayirunnu, koodaathe oru puthiya manobhaavathiloodeyum tharatthilulla pathrapravartthanathiloodeyum athinte prabandhangalude pathrapravartthana vibhavangalil kooduthal kooduthal vyathyasthamaaya aavasyangal unnayikkaan parisheelippikkappettu.
rashtreeya pathrangal saadhaaranayaayi edittoriyal vyakthithvathil nettamundaakkukayum pathrangalum avayude edittarmaarum kooduthal vyakthiparavum edittoriyalumaaya swaadheenam nedukayum cheiyunna oru pravanathayude oru vasham bharanasamvidaanam avatharippikkunnu. vyakthiparamaaya pathrapravartthanatthinte yugathinte thudakkam pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kandethanakum. nathan hayle edittoriyal utharavaadithathilekku vazhi kaanikkunnathin munbuthanne, noottaandinte randaam dashakathil thomas richi "richmond inquirory" ll, nilavile chodyangalil anjjaatha kathukalude sthaapithamaaya upayogathinte phalapradamaaya vikasanavumayi samyojippichu edittoriyal charchayude oru samvidaanam taamasiyaathe addehathinte prasasthiyum pathratthinte swaadheenavum virjeeniyayude athirukalkkappurathekku vyapippichu. washington baroy "naashville banner", amos kendall, "dhii argus oof vestten america", jii. dablyu. kendall aandu dhii nyoo oorliyans pikkayoon, joonn emm. francis "troy times", chaals hammond "sinsinnaatti gasattum", paraamarshikkappettaal, ennaal palathil chilath, moonnaamatheyum pilkkaalatheyum pathittaandukalil vyakthigatha adhikaarathilekkum praadhaanyathilekkum edittarmaarude uyarchaye chithreekarikkunnu. 1850 nuu thottumunbu "richmond examiner" edittaraayi maarukayum taamasiyaathe athine thekk mekhalayile pramukha pathramakki maattukayum cheytha joonn monkyoor daniel eee rashtreeya edittarmaaril shradheyanaayirunnu. orupakshe aabhyantharayudhathinu thottumumbum sheshavum american pathrapravartthanatthile ujjwalamaaya prakopanaparavum saahityaparavumaaya theekshnathayude mikacha udaaharanam "examinerinu" daaniyalinte sambhaavanakalekkaal aavasyamilla.
maanyanmaarude nagarathvam, pandithanmaarude vivarangal, sadguna thathwangal enniva oresamayam niralambaraaya vyakthikalude kaikalilaanu" ennu parayaan kazhiyumenkilum, party manobhaavatthinte theevratha kaaranam, eee gunangalellaam prakadippikkukayum avare american pathrapravartthanathilekku konduvarikayum cheytha edittarmaar illaathe eee thozhil oru tharatthilum aayirunnilla. udaaharanathinu, alexander haamilttan prothsaahippichukondu 1801-ll "newyork eevaning poost" sthaapicha vilyam colman uyarnna uddeshyangalum nalla pariseelanavum udaathamaaya aadarshangalum ulla oru vyakthiyaayirunnu. edittarude mikacha gunangale vividha tharatthil prathifalippikkunna "sayahna poost", swarathile mechappeduthalinu udaaharanam nalkukayum edittoriyal ezhuthinte vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyam chithreekarikkukayum cheythu, noottaandinte aadya dashakangalil oru dasano athiladhikamo pathrangal cheythathupole. theerchayaayum, muppathukalil nadanna edittarmaarudeyum prasaadhakarudeyum aadyakaala samsthaana yogangalil ettavum gauravamaayi charcha cheytha prashnam maadhyamangalude swaram mechappeduthuka ennathaayirunnu. samyuktha prameyathiloode oru paridhivare edittoriyal svayam niyanthranam nedaan avar shramichu, athu ithuvare kurachu vyakthigatha edittarmaar maathrame nediyirunnulloo. kanyaka pathrapravartthakarude aadya yogathil adhyakshatha vahicha oorjjaswalan nishkalankanumaaya rashtreeya edittarum ennaal ellaayppozhum manyanumaaya thomas richiyude swaadheenathil, oro samsthaanathumulla pathrakkar "swakaarya jeevithathinte pavithratha lamghikkukayum sthoola vyakthithvangalilum asabhya bhashayilum earppedukayum cheythukondu ettavum neechamaaya vishappine vilamathikkunna kuprasidhamaaya sambradaayam upekshikkaan" theerumaanikkukayum "maanyathayodum maanyathayodum mithathwathodum koodi ellah vivaadangalum nadathukayum" cheythu."englandilum fraansilum cheythathupole amerikkayile pathrapravarthanam pothu bahumaanathil uyarnna sthaanam vahikkaathathin pathrangalude thaazhnna swarathil richi oru kaaranam kandethi.
edittoriyalukal.
edittoriyal peju athinte aadhunika roopathil entho ulkkollukayaayirunnu. oru thoolikaanaamathil oppitta edittoriyal kramena illaathaayi, pakshe oppuvekkaatha edittoriyal kamantum pramukha lekhanangalum 1814 nuu sesham, nathan heyil avare puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya "boosttan dinapatra parasyadaathaavinte" savisheshathayaayi maattunnathuvare oru sthaapitha savisheshathayaayi maariyilla. akkalam muthal avayude praadhaanyam vardhichuvarikayum thudarnnulla vyakthigatha pathrapravartthana kaalaghattatthil avaa valia pathrangalude ettavum pradhanappetta bhagamaavukayum cheythu.
penni pras.
1830kalil puthiya athivega achadisaalakal oru divasam pathinaayirakkanakkin pepparukal vilakuranja reethiyil achadikkaan anuvadichu. puthiya bisinesses saankethikavidyakalum (druthagathiyilulla nagaravyapaka vitharanam polullava) puthiya prekshakare aakarshikkunna oru puthiya pathrapravartthana sailiyum aavasyamulla oru bahujana prekshakarkku avaa vilkkuka ennathaayirunnu prashnam. raashtreeyam, apavaadam, sensationalism enniva pravarthichu.
jaims gorden bennatt ezz. aarr. (1794-1872) newyorkkil leed nedi. oru rashtreeya pathrapravartthakanenna nilayil oru dashaabdathe parajayappetta shramathil warta shekharanathile vardhichuvarunna samrambhavumayi addeham parichithanayi. akkaalathe uyarnna pathrapravartthanatthe addeham veruthu-swarathinte gauravam, mardhanaathmakamaaya anthass, party affiliationukal, utharavaadithabodham. raashtreeyakkaare sevikkunnathiloode swantham aavasyangal mikacha reethiyil niravettaan kazhiyumennu chinthikkunna maadhyamapravarthakar viddikalaanennu addeham vishwasichu. newyork inquirer" enna pathratthinte washington lekhakan enna nilayil addeham oorjjaswalavum, nissaaravum, vinodakaravumaaya vishadaamshangal niranjathum, oorjjaswalavum, kauthukakaravumaaya praattil ezhuthi, athil addeham theekshnamaaya swabhaavavum, samarthamaaya soochanakalum chertthu. oru vilayilum gauravameriya oru kadalas vaangaatha, charchakalekkaal charchakalil samthrupthiyullathum vivechanarahithavumaaya oru pothujanatthe, vasthuthayekkaal samvedanamullathum avarude vishappiloodeyum abhiniveshangaliloodeyum athicheraan kazhiyunnathumaaya oru pothujanatthe bennatt kandu. 1833ll "newyork sann" sthaapicha vann-sent pressinte vijayathil addeham valareyadhikam vikasippicheduthuvenna ashayam. ithrayum vilaykk eee pepparukalkku valia prachaaramundayirikkanam, pepparukal vaangaan sheelikkaathathum theruvileyum kadayileyum factoryileyum vaarthakal achadikkunnathiloode nediyathumaaya eee pepparukal pothujanagalkkidayil aavasyappedanam. eee pothusthalathekku athicheraan, puthiyathum, thilakkamullathum, hraswavum, vaarthaaparavumaaya oru cheria pepparaaya "newyork herald" enna peril oru puthiya paper bennett aarambhichu. "itharathilulla pathrapravartthanarangathu, palarum thathwangalekkurichu samsaarikkunnu-rashtreeya thathwam, party thathwam-pothujanangale pidikoodunnathinulla orutharam urukk keniyaayi", bennatt ezhuthi. njangal... avahelikkunnu... ellah thathwangalum, athine vilikkunnathupole, ellah paarttikalum, ellah raashtreeyavum. dainamdina jeevithathil earppettirikkunna purushanmaarude bisinesinum nenjinum baadhakamaaya nallathum, nallathum, praayogikavumaaya saamaanyabudhi aayirikkum njangalude eaka guide."
charitrakaaranaaya roobert sii baanisttarinte abhipraayathil, bennatta
thaan manassilakkiya thinmakalkkethiraya oru pramukha kurishuyudhakkaaranaayirunnu bennatt ennum baanisttar vaadikkunnu
vaarthakal oru charakk mathramaayirunnu, athu oru bisinesses edapaadu mathramaayirunnu, athu pathrangalude saamoohika utharavaadithathe avaganichu, "njangalude thozhilinte gurutharamaaya praadhaanyam", muthirnna pathrapravarthakarkku vilamathikkapettu, ippozhum sakthamaaya aarr sathamaanam pepparukal. "sooryaneppole" "ghoshakan" oresamayam vijayikkukayum pathrapravartthana reethikalil maattam varuthunnathil sradheyamaaya swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu. penni pras athinte kavarej "vyakthigatha"-sahavarthithvam thedunna purushanmaarum sthreekalum hraswa shambalamulla khandikakal aayi vipuleekarichu. avar janangalude aduppamulla bandhangal pothu prekshakarodu velippeduthukayum nagaravaasikale avarude ayalkkaarumaayi bandhappedaanum manassilakkaanum anuvadikkukayum cheythu. avayil saadhaaranayaayi romaantik, uyarnna stylised, bhavanayudeyum fictionteyum kanatha alavukal ulppedunnu. chilappol athe vyakthi khandika pathivayi update cheyyukayum athu oru seeriyal cherukathayaakkukayum cheiyunnu. dhaarmmikavaadikal paribhraantharaayi, penkuttikalude naashathekkurichu munnariyipp nalki. (1920kalil pusthakangalude sensarshippinekkurichu abhiprayappetta newyork mayer jimmy wacker, niravadhi penkuttikale nasippikkunnathu thaan kandittundennum ennaal orikkalum vaayikkunnathiloode kanditillennum paranju.) muthirnnavare kooduthal aashankappeduthunna avar nagaratthile yuvaakkalude melulla saamoohika niyanthranam nashtappettathine prathifalippikkukayum vaii. emm. sii. eiii polulla ejansikal aarogyakaramaya sahavarthithvam nalkendathinte aavasyakatha protestant nethaakkalodu nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. 21-aamm noottaandil niravadhi pathrangalilum maasikakalilum ippozhum vyakthikal ulppeduthiyittundu.
prathyeka maadyamangal.
vyapakamaaya aswasthathayudeyum maattathinteyum kaalaghattatthil mathaparavum vidyaabhyaasaparavum kaarshikavum vaanijyaparavumaya maasikakal thudangi niravadhi prathyeka roopathilulla pathrapravartthanangal uyarnnu. catholica kudiyettakkaar valia thothil varaan thudangukayum pradhana roopathakal avarude swantham pathrangal sponsor cheyyukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, 1845num 1861num idayil sent diosis. catholica warta kathu" (1845-48), "thaazhvarayile idayan" (1850-54), "sent" enningane naalu pathrangal varikayum pookukayum cheiyunnathu luis kandu. luis dinapatranethaavu (1855-56), paashchaathya banner (1858-61). akkaalathe pramukha airish catholica pathramaya mattu catholica pathrangal vaarthakalum edittoriyalukalum palappozhum punarmudranam cheytha pramukha airish catholica pathramaayirunnu boosttan "pailat". airish american desasneham nilanirtthikkonduthane vimochanathodulla ethirppumaayi yooniyante pinthunaye santhulithamaakkaan pathram shramichu.
suvisheshaka protestantukaar samyamanam, nirodhanam, sthreekalkkulla vottu enna vishayam polum charcha cheyyaan thudangi. 1830 nuu sesham adimatham nirthalaakkal vadakku ivaanchalikkal protestantukal prothsaahippicha valare prakopanaparamaaya vishayamaayi maari. adimathathe daivathinethiraaya paapamaayi apalapicha vilyam lloyd gaarisaninte "libarettar" aayirunnu 1831 januvari 1 nuu aadyamaayi purathirangiyathu, athu udan avasaanippikkendivannu. pala nirmmaarjjanavaada pathrangalum meyilukalil ninnu ozhivaakkappettu; avayude vitharanam thekk nirbandhithamaayi thadanju; boosttan, newyork, baltimore, sinsinnaatti, alton, mattu sthalangalil, edittarmaar akramikkappettu, offeesukal akramikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu; greely garrison pidichadakkiyathinu thekk prathiphalam vaagdaanam cheythu; chila sandarbhangalil altonile lovejoy polulla edittarmaarkku janakkoottathinte kaiyil ninnu jeevan nashtappettu.
grameena pathrangal.
eathaandu ellah kaundi seettukalum 500 allengil 1000 janasamkhyayulla mikka pattanangalum onno athiladhikamo prathivaara pathrangal sponsor cheythu. edittar-udama saadhaaranayaayi praadeshika party samghadanakalil aazhathil earppettirikkunnathil raashtreeyam valia thaalpparyamullathaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika vaarthakalum eee pathratthil adangiyirunnu, koodaathe uyarnnuvarunna madhyavarga saksharathayulla prekshakare ulkkollunna saahitya kolangalum pusthaka bhaagangalum avatharippichu. oru saadhaarana grameena pathram athinte vaayanakkaarkk deseeya anthardesheeya vaarthakaludeyum rashtreeya vyaakhyaanangaludeyum ganyamaaya uravidam nalki, saadhaaranayaayi metropolittan pathrangalil ninnu punarprasidheekarikkunnu. 1849leeii varikkaarude pattikaye 1850leeii sensus daattayumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathu, vasthukkalude udamakalude aadipathyamulla vaayanakkareyum ennaal janasamkhyayude oru bhinnavibhaagathe prathifalippikkunna vaayanakkareyum soochippikkunnu, vyakthigatha akkoundukal soochippikkunnathu pathram varikkaarallaatha vishalamaaya prekshakarilekku athiyennum. koodaathe, pradhana metropolittan dinapathrangal palappozhum graamapradeshangalilekk pracharikkunnathinaayi prathivaara pathippukal thayyaaraakkaarund. ettavum prashasthamaaya "newyork tribune" rashtreeya, saambathika, saamskaarika vaarthakalum savisheshathakalum niranjathaayirunnu, koodaathe wig, republican partykalkku oru pradhana vibhavavum anthaaraashtra lokathilekkum newyorkkileyum europian saamskaarika ramgangalilekkumulla oru jaalakavumayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil american aikyanaadukalile graamapradeshangalilekk dinapathrangal eluppathil ethikkaan anuvadicha grameena soujanya vitharana padhathiyude vipuleekaranam janakeeya partykalkkum sthaanangalkkumulla pinthuna vardhippichu.
pradeshangalile pathrangal.
mississippic padinjaaru prasidheekaricha aadyathe pathram misauri gasattaayirunnu. 1808 juulai 12nuu airish printaraaya joseph charless aanu athinte prarambha lakkam prasidheekarichathu. kentakkiyile thante veedu vittu misauri pradeshathinaayi oru puthiya paper aarambikkaan merivethar levis prerippicha charlessine pepparinte masthead "pradeshathekkulla printar" ennu thiricharinju. gaarhika sahayikalkkaayulla parasyangal, oodippoya adimakalkkulla notice, pothu ariyippukal, bhoomi allengil kannukaalikal polulla charakkukalude vilppana enniva pathram prasidheekarichu. gasatt polulla pathrangal puthiya pradeshangal sthaapikkunnathilum avaa samsthaanangalaayi maarumbol avayude sthirathaye pinthunaykkunnathilum pradhana pankuvahichu.
1849-ll nyoo meksikoo pradeshathe santa fail "santa phee nyoo meksikkan" prasidheekaranam aarambhichu. mississippi nadiyude padinjaaru ettavum kooduthal kaalam pravartthikkunna pathramaayum padinjaaran, thekkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetsile ettavum kooduthal kaalam pravartthikkunna pathramaayum ithu maari. yuu. esil ettavum vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna pepparukalilonnaayi ithu thudarunnu.ezz. albookerk jenal (1880), laas cruze sann-nyoos (1881) ennivaykkoppam stettu oof nyoo meksikoyum.
padinjarottu vikasichathode nebrasca polulla mattu pradeshangal levis, misauri ennivayude bhoopradesha sthirathaykkulla padhathi pinthudarukayum 1854-ll nebrasca pradesham thurakkunnathinoppam oru pathram sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kizhakk ninnu kavithakalum vaarthakalum nirmmikkukayum parasyangal nadathukayum uyarnnuvarunna rashtreeya edittoriyalukalkku idam nalkukayum cheytha oru parukkan pathramaayirunnu nebrasca paladium. athu pradeshathu saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya swaadheenathinte oru bodham vikasippichu. pioneermaar ayalkkaaril ninnu valare akaleyaayirunna oru kaalaghattatthil nirmmicha eee aadyakaala praadeshika rekhakal pradeshangalilekku oru samoohabodham konduvannu. kansas, mishigan, nebrasca, oklahoma thudangiya pradeshangalile puthiya kudiyettakkaar anubhavicha vivarangalude vidavu kaaranam niravadhi pathrangal oru bahujana startappaayi. frank luther mottu parayunnu, "oru pattanam valarnnuvannidathellaam, parushamaaya oru presses 'shirt-teyil niranja tharam' ulla oru printarum prathyakshappedumennu urappaayirunnu". dhaaraalam poppu-upp pepparukal thammilulla malsaram theevramaayirunnu, palappozhum pepparukal oru varshathinullil paraajayappedukayo allengil oru ethiraali vaangukayo cheyyum.
bandhapetta pathrangalum telegraphy swaadheenavum.
vaarthakaleyum pathrangaleyum kurichulla eee ashayam, warta shekharanathile abhoothapoorvamaaya aakramanathmakatha, vilakuranja pathrangal janakeeyamakkiya nagnamaaya reethikal enniva pazhaya pathrangalude shathruthaye unarthiyengilum avaganikkaanaavaatha oru malsaram srishtichu. kooduthal vegathilulla warta shekharana samvidaanangalum (poony express polullava) vitharanavum vegathil prathyakshappettu. vaarthakal nedunnathil sahakaranathinulla edaykkideyulla sramangal ithinakam nadannirunnu; 1848-ll "jenal oof komezhs", "corrier aandu inquirer", "tribune", "herald", "sann", "express" enniva amgangalkku samyukthamaayi vaarthakal nedunnathinaayi newyork associate pras roopeekarichu. eee aashayathil ninnu mattu praadeshika, thudarnnu samsthaana, oduvil deseeya associationukal valarnnu. steamship sevanathinu nandi, mumbathethinte pakuthiyolam pazhakkamullappol ippol labhikkaan kazhiyunna europian nyoos oru pradhana savisheshathayaayi maari. naalpathukalil niravadhi prabandhangal videshathekku lekhakare ayachu, adutha dashakathil eee mekhala valareyadhikam vikasichu.
1844ll kandupidicha telegraph, ellah pradhana nagarangaleyum mikka cheria nagarangaleyum divasangalo aazhchakalo ennathinekkaal minittukaloo manikorukalo kondu vaarthakal nalkunna oru deseeya shringalayumaayi vegathil bandhippichu. athu warta shekharana bisinasine maattimarichu. telegraph kolangal oru pradhana savisheshathayaayi maari. vaarthakalude vitharanathil anubandha maadyamangal (epi) pradhana gadakamaayi maari. chikkago, louisville, sinsinnaatti, sent thudangiya nagarangalile ulnaadan pathrangal. louis nyoo orleansum washingtonileyum newyorkkileyum pepparukalil ninnu swathanthramaakaan epi dispaachukal upayogichu. pothuve, oro nagaratthilum oru pathratthinu maathrame anubandha pras franchisee undaayirunnulloo, athu deseeya anthardesheeya vaarthakalude vipaniyil aadhipathyam pulartthi. kuthakaye velluvilikkaan 1880-kalil yunaittad pras roopeekarichu. vardhichuvarunna shringalakal oronnum avarudethaaya aantharika vyaapana samvidaanam sthaapichu.
mikacha edittarmaar.
1830kalile aswasthamaaya maattatthinte kaalaghattatthil, avarude shakthiyum kazhivum avarkkum avarude pathrangalkkum ithuvare thulyamallaatha swaadheenam nalkukayum 1840 num 1860 num edayilulla kaalaghattatthe vyakthigatha pathrapravartthanamaakki maattukayum cheytha chila mikacha edittarmaar uyarnnuvannu. eee churukkam chila vyakthikal akkaalathe aathmaavine vyaakhyaanikkukayum prathifalippikkukayum cheyyuka mathramalla, pothujanabhipraayam roopappeduthunnathilum nayikkunnathilum valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayi, pathrangalude vyaapthi, swabhaavam, swaadheenam enniva eee kaalaghattatthil valareyadhikam vipuleekarikkappedukayum sambannamaakkukayum rashtreeya niyanthranathinu ettavum moshamaaya keezhppettathil ninnu thaarathamyena swathanthramaakkukayum cheythu.
swaabhaavikamaayum, eee vyakthiparamaaya pathrapravartthanatthinte savisheshatha edittoriyalaayirunnu. party neechavum prachodanamillaathathumaaya sevanathil veenupoya bheeruthvathinte mandagathiyil ninnu rakshapetta edittoriyal punarujeevippikkukayum oorjjaswalamaakkukayum oru oorjjaswalatha nalkukayum cheythathode pathratthinte matellaa savisheshathakalum grooppucheytha kendramaayi maari. athu vyakthiparamaayirunnu; ezhuthukaarude ennam ethra valuthayirunnaalum, edittoriyalukal edittarude vaakkukalayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. "greely parayunnu" "tribunil ninnulla udharanikalude pathiv aamukhamaayirunnu, theerchayaayum niravadhi edittoriyalukal oppuvachu". jaims gorden bennatt, shree.saamuval booals (1826-78), hooras greely (1811-72), henry jeey. akkaalathe mikacha vyakthikalaayirunnu reymond (1820-69). bennattinte swaadheenathekkurichu ithinakam thanne entho paranjittundu; prathyekichu, addeham thante pepparine party niyanthranatthil ninnu mochippichu. addehathinte shakti valare valuthaayirunnu, pakshe athu edittoriyal charchayil ninnu allathe vaarthakal shekharikkunnathilum avatharippikkunnathilum addehathinte prathibhayil ninnaan vannath, kaaranam addehathinu valia dhaarmikamo saamoohikamo raashtreeyamo aaya aadarshangalonnum undaayirunnilla, ellaayppozhum niyamavirudhavum anishchithathvamullathumaaya addehathinte swaadheenam aaa kaalaghattatthinte savisheshathayaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla. perulla mattullavaril, koodaathe palarilum, avarude aadarsham "oru poornnamaaya avatharanavum pothujana thaalpparyamulla ellah chodyangaludeyum udaaramaaya charchayum, poornnamaayum swathanthramaaya sthaanathu ninnu, swadeshathum videshathumulla ellah thaalpparya prasthaanangaludeyum vishwasthavum nishpakshavumaaya pradarshanamaayirunnu" ennu ekadesha sathyathode parayaan kazhiyum."moovarum neethimaanmaarum swathanthrarum mathramalla, oresamayam daarshanikavum praayogikavumaaya raashtrathanthrathinte gunanilavaaram vividha alavil sammanichirunnathinaal, avarude pathrangal raashtracharithrathile nirnaayaka kaalaghattatthil sakthamaaya abhipraaya roopeekaranamaayirunnu.
warta mekhala alakkaanaavaathavidham vipuleekarikkappettu; warta shaili mechappeduthi; puthuthayi avatharippicha abhimukhangal sambhaashanathinteyum nerittulla udharaniyudeyum eluppavum puthumayum nalki. bisinesses, vipanikal, dhanakaryam ennivayude reportingil sradheyamaaya purogathi undaayi. chila prabandhangalil saahitya vibhaagam innathe mattethoru udyogasthanum kazhiyunnathra udyogastharaanu nadathiyathu. intelligence, fidility, general exalance ennivayil american pathrapravartthanatthil ithuvare kaivarichittillaatha ettavum uyarnna nilavaarathiletthiya oru videsha warta sevanam vikasippichu. edittar allengil mattu staaf amgangal thaan kettatho kandatho aaya kaaryangalekkurichu yaatra cheyyukayum ezhuthukayum cheytha kathukalude parambarayaayirunnu oru priyappetta savisheshatha. booals, oolmsted, greely, buyard tailor, bennatt thudangi niravadhi perr swadeshatho videshatho ulla jeevithavum saahacharyangalum nireekshikkukayum avar valare rasakaramaayum oolmstedinteyum tailorinteyum kathukal ippozhum vinodathinteyo vivarathinteyo uravidangalaayi nilanilkkunna tharatthil ezhuthukayum cheythu.
eee prabandhangalude valarcha ardhamaakkunnathu munkaalakhattatthil swapnam kandathilum kooduthal thozhilaallikalude valia staafinte vikasanamaan. pilkkala pathrapravarthanam eee kaaryatthil naam ippol pariganikkunna samayathe valare marikadannittundenkilum, nammude aadhunika metropolittan pathrapravartthanatthinte ellah vashangalilum athinte vyapthiyum sankeernathayum mikavum 1840 num 1860 num idayil vyakthamaayi aarambhichu.
greelyude "newyork tribune".
hooras greelyude keezhilulla "newyork tribune" rashtreeya party pinthunakkaare adisthaanamaakkiyulla puthiyathum ardha-swathanthravumaaya vyakthigatha pathrapravartthanatthinte mikacha savisheshathakal pradarshippikkukayum aaa kaalaghattatthile mikacha savisheshathakalilonnaaya sevanathodulla aaveshathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkollukayum cheythu. nyoo yorker" edittingil greely saahitya pathrapravartthanatthilum rashtreeya vaarthakalilum parichayam nediyirunnu; addehathinte "jephersonian", "logue cabin" enniva janapriya prachaarana prabandhangalaayirunnu, raashtreeyakkaarumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthukayum ulkkazhchayullathum oorjjaswalavumaaya pathrapravartthakanenna nilayil prashasthi nedukayum cheythu. addeham oru kadutha party pravartthakanaayirunnu, athinaal haarisante wig bharanathe pinthunaykkaan oraal aavashyamullappol oru party samghadana kaikaaryam cheyyaan addehathe thiranjedutthu. newyork tribuninte" prospectus 1841 epril 3 nuu prathyakshappettu. "tribunine" oru nalla party paper mathramalla, amerikkayile aadyathe paper aakkuka ennathaayirunnu greelyude aagraham, mattoru jenalinum illaatha praayogika aakarshanamulla oru prathyeka aadarsha swabhaavam athinu nalki addeham vijayichu. asaadhaaranamaayi kazhivulla thante jeevanakkaril addehathinte nalla vidhi prathyakshappettu. eathaandu aadyakaalam muthal, tribunine nirmmicha staaf, chinthayude lokathum pravartthana lokathum thaalpparyangaludeyum abhiruchikaludeyum vishalamaaya katholikkathvathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, kazhivilum samghadanayilum sakthamaaya mikavu, ithu pradhaanamaayum greelyude prathibhayudeyum addeham maasttar spirittinteyum phalamaayirunnu. athil henry jeey. ulppedunnu. pinneedu "times" samayat greelyude ethiraaliyaaya reymond, jorjju emm. snow, jorjju vilyam kurtis, chaals eiii. daana, buyard tailor, jorjju rippili, vilyam echu. fry, maargarat phular, edmund kwinsey, chaals tii. kongras. noottaandinte thudakkam muthal sajeevamaayirunna saahitya pathratthinte ashayam atharamoru koottam ezhuthukaarkku engane athinte ettavum valia poornathayilekku munneranamennu manassilakkaan eluppamaanu.
tribuninte" valia janakeeya shakti, naalpathukalilum ambathukalilum janakeeyamanassine ilakki maricha ellah aadarshangalodum vikaarangalodum ulla niswaarthamaaya sahathaapathilaan ennathil samshayamilla. "manushyaraashiyude dhaarmikamo boudhikamo saamoohikamo aaya avastha mechappeduthaan nirddeshikkunna parishodhikkappedaatha eathoru ashayavum nirasikkaan njangalkk kazhiyilla", greely ezhuthi."time servarintethilninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru edittarude sariyaaya gathi" "aneethikalum kashtappaadukalum anubhavikkunnavarude vaadaprathivaadangalkku orikkalum marupadi nalkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum pradhaanamaayum pathrangale pinthunaykkunnavar athu kettu aswastharaakukayum palappozhum thurannukaattappedukayum cheyyum; adutha theruvil adichamarthalinum adhapathanathinum samvedanakshamathayulla hridayam brazililo japanilo nadappaakkunnathupole; sambathu shekharikkappedunna kuttakrithyangal thurannukattaanum kuttappedutthaanum thayyaraya oru pena; chila noottaandukalkku munbu eshyayile tarkkukaloo purajaatheeyaro maathram cheythathupole nammude swantham rajyath aadambaram aaswadikkunna kuttakrithyangal thurannukattaanum oru pena" "ennu addeham choondikkaatti"."eee thathwangalkku anusrithamaayi vyaavasaayika vidyaabhyaasathiloodeyo mechappetta krishi reethikaliloodeyo soshyalist forrier association polulla samoolamaaya maargangaliloodeyo polum thozhilaallikalude avastha mechappeduthunnathinulla ellah nirddeshangalkkum greely thante pinthuna nalki. thozhilaallikalude nettathinuvendiyaanne vishwasichathinaal addeham samrakshana thaarifine shakthamayi vaadichu; athe sahathapam sthreekalude thulya saambathika nilayekkurichu prathyeka paraamarshatthode sthreekalude avakaashangalekkurichulla charchayil gauravamaaya shradha nalkaan addehathe prerippichu. mithathwam parishkkaranam, vadhasiksha, airish radhaakkal, hangariyude vimochanam thudangi niravadhi cheria kaaranangalkk purame tribune udaaravaadathinte manobhaavam prakadippichu.
akkaalathe ettavum pradhanappetta chodyamaaya adimatham nirthalaakkunna kaaryatthil, greelyude kaazhchappaadukal party nayavumaayi adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu. dhaarmikavum saambathikavumaaya adisthaanangalil adimathathodulla addehathinte vidvesham addehathe soumyamaaya theevravaadi parishkartthaakkalil aadyasthaanathu nirtthi. ennaal addehathinte kaazhchappaadukal kramena theevramaakunnu. 1844-ll ettavum swaadheenamulla wig party edittare amgeekaricha addeham 1850-oode ettavum swaadheenamulla adimatha virudha edittaraayi-verum vigsinte vakthaav mathramalla, adimathathodu poornnamaayum sathrutha pulartthiyirunna, ennaal raashtreeyamallaatha gaarsan yudhathilo free soyil party eaka-party rashtreeya shramangalilo samthruptharallaatha oru valia varggam vadakkankaarude vakthavaayirunnu. 1850num 1854num idayil america ithuvare ariyaatha ettavum oorjjaswalavum theevravumaaya edittoriyal rachanakal eee swaadheenam valareyadhikam vardhippichu. 1850-ll tribuninte vitharanam arupathinaayirathil alppam kuravaayirunnu, athil moonnil rund bhaagavum aazhchappathippaayirunnu. 1854ll eee vaarikaykk maathram 112,000 koppikal pracharichu. ennaal eee kanakk polum "tribuninte" savisheshamaaya swaadheenathinte alavukol allah, kaaranam ithu munpu grameena jillakalile jenalaayirunnu, oru pakarpp niravadhi vaayanakkaarkk gunam cheythu. adirondac marubhoomiyile janangalkk ithu oru rashtreeya baibilaayirunnu, avide janaadhipathyavaadikalude ariyappedunna kuravu ithinu kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum ohiyoyile padinjaaran reservilum (jaims foord roads) visconsinilum illinoyisilum thamasikkunna budhimaanaaya aalukal ithu swathanthramaayi vaayikkunnundaayirunnu. eee varshangalile greeliyudeyum koottaalikaludeyum pravartthanangal american pathrapravartthanathinu oru puthiya shakthiyum puthiya vyapthiyum kazhchappadum nalki.
prathyekichu 1830kalilum 1840kalilum maadhyamaswaathanthryathinth sakthamaaya vakthavaayirunnu greely. newyork sitti postmaastarumaayi niravadhi maananashtakkesukal nadatthiya addeham thante sareerathinu nereyulla yuddha bheeshanikalum shaareerika akramavum illaathaakki. pathraswaathanthryathinu bheeshaniyundaakunnathinekku pothujanangale bodhavalkarikkaan greely thante kadinamaaya edittoriyalukal upayogichu. azhimathikkethiraya kaavalkkaranaayum saamoohika parishkaranatthinte kriyaathmaka ejansiyaayum pravarthikkaanulla maadhyamangalude kazhivine vettikkuracha swaathanthryathinum janaadhipathyathinum nereyulla oru bheeshaniyum addeham sahikkilla.
greely vaitlooye maattisthaapicha sesham raid tribuninte sakthamaaya deerghakaala edittaraayi."1879ll pakshapathaparamaaya pathrangalude praadhaanyam addeham oonnipparanju
henry reymond "newyork times".
tribunil" thante pathrapravartthana jeevitam aarambikkukayum maanyavum pazhaya reethiyilullathumaaya rashtreeya "corrier anweshanakaaranum" edittucheyyunnathil kooduthal parichayam nedukayum cheytha henry jarvis reymond, dhaarmikanum parishkarthaavumaaya greelick nindyan dhaarmmikamallaathathumaaya warta-pracharanakkaranaaya bennattinum idayil nilkkenda oru tharam pathratthinu oru thurappundennu manassilakki. thante samrambhathinte vijayathin anivaaryamenn thaan karuthiya lakshakkanakkin dollar samaharikkunnathil suhruthukkale thaalparyappeduthaan addehathinu kazhinju. eee thuka american dinapathrapravarthanathinte vikasanathil nirnaayakamaan, kaaranam greely pathinayiram dollar mooladhanathode patthu varsham munbu "tribune" aarambichirunnu, koodaathe bennatt onnum illaathe "herald" sthaapichu. eee mikacha saambathika adisthaanathil, 1851 septambar 18 nuu thante bisinus pankaali jorjju jonsinoppam "dhii newyork times" enna currier aarambhicha reymond thudakkam muthal thanne athu vijayamakki. addeham thante warta shekharana shakthikale paripoornnamaakkukayum vivarangalude uravidangal thurakkunnathinaayi kaaryastharumayulla thante aduppam praavarthikamaakkukayum cheythu. ellaattinumupariyaayi addeham videsha sevanathinu oru puthiya maanadandam sthaapichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhya varshathekkaal pothuvayathum budhiparavumaaya thaalparyam american pothujanagalkk orikkalum europian kaaryangalil undaayirunnilla. pramukha pathrangal avarude videsha sevanam nilanirthunnathinum mechappeduthunnathinu avarude mikacha shramangalkk nirddesham nalki, reymond europil oru hraswa avadikkaalam upayogichu thante pepparinu "herald" allengil "tribune" pole vishwasaneeyavum ulkkollunnathumaaya oru kathidapaadukal sthaapichu. pathrapravartthanatthinte mikkavarum ellah mekhalakalilum arupath varsham munbullathinekkaal alakkaanaavaathavidham munnilaanengil, akkaalathe videsha kathidapadukalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan ivideyum avideyumaayi maathrame moolyamulloo. europile warta kendrangalil ninnu ezhuthiyavar vishalamaaya rashtreeya arivum anubhavaparichayavum saamoohika anantharafalavumulla vyakthikalaayirunnu. atlaantik cable sthaapikkunnathil ninnu aarambhicha thettaaya hraswatayum nirutharavaadaparamaaya thidukkavum anubhavappedunnathiloode bodhavalkkaranathilekkulla upariplavamaaya parisramangalil ninnu nishkalankaraayi avarude jolie samagramaayum shradhayodeyum budhiparamaayum cheyyaanulla samayavum kazhivum avarkkundaayirunnu.
kaalangalil" reymond prakhyaapicha pathrapravartthana sidhaantham addehathinte mungaamikalude party thathwangalekkaal mattoru munnettatthe adayaalappeduthunnu. oru pathram ippol oru party pathratthinte punk ettedukkumennu addeham karuthi, ippol pakshapaatharahithavum swathanthravumaaya chinthayude oru avayavamaan, ippozhum athinte vaayanakkaarude mahathaaya samgham aathmaarthamaaya pothu nayatthinte thathwangalaal sthiramaayi nayikkappedunnathaayi kanakkakkunnu. rashtreeya mungananaykkulla sajeevamaaya oru abhilasham eee aadarsham nedunnathil ninnu addehathe thadanju. pothu nanmaykkum samoolamaaya chikitsa samoolamaaya parishkaranavum aavashyamaayi vannekkaavunna ellah kaaryangalilum yaadhaasthithikathayum samoolavaadavum anivaryamaaya saahacharyangalil maathrame addeham yaadhaasthithikatha avakaashappettirunnullum, "tribunine" ethirkkunna manobhaavavum addehathinte swabhaava chaayvum addehathe theerchayaayum yaadhaasthithika pakshatthekku nayichu. sthaapithamaaya kramam sweekarikkaanum athu paramavadhi prayojanappedutthaanum addeham swabhaavikamaayi chaayvullavanaayirunnu. maattam vannal athu samoolamaaya prakshobhatthiloodeyum viplavathiloodeyum vararuth, marichu jaagrathayodeyum kramanugathavumaaya parinaamatthiloodeyum varanam. lokathinu brush cheyyal aavashyamaayirunnu, vedanaajanakamalla. addeham avaye pathrapravartthanatthil prayogichathupole, mithavaadikale aakarshicha atharam ashayangal, purogamana chinthakarum sidhaanthakaaranmaarum thammilulla oru valuthum swaadheenamullathumaaya varggathinte abhipraayangal prathifalippikkukayum, yukthiyekkaal amgeekaarathinteyo prathishedhatthinteyo abhiniveshangalaal swaadheenikkappedaan saadhyathayulla oru koottam manushyarkkidayil prathifalikkukayum cheythu.
kaalatthinte" svaramaanu athine samakaalikarilninn prathyekamaayi verthirichathu. thante aadya lakkathil reymond mithasheethoshnavum alannathumaaya bhashayil ezhuthaanum kazhiyunnathra apoorvamaayi oru abhiniveshathilekku pravesikkaanumulla thante uddeshyam prakhyaapichu. "deshyappedaan alppam samayamedukkunna chila kaaryangalund; kopam mechappedaatha karyangal maathramaan avaa."vivaadangalil addeham adhikshepa bhasha ozhivakkaan uddeshichirunnu. addehathinte shaili soumyavum aathmaarthavum nirnnaayakavumaayirunnu, sakthamaaya aveshavum utsaahavum allathe soukaryam, vyakthatha, mithathwam ennivayiloodeyaanu athinte lakshyam kaivarichathu. addehathinte edittoriyalukal pothuve jaagrathayodeyum almaaraattathodeyum roopathil poortthiyaakkiyavayumaayirnu. thante oru sahapaadiyude abhipraayathil, vyakthikale moshamaayi durupayogam cheiyunnathum anyayamaaya vimarsanangalum idungiyathum vyakthiparavumaaya ashayangalum addeham valareyadhikam aathmaabhimaanam prakadippichum maryaadayode ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. aadhunika pathrapravartthanatthinte rund thathwangale-edittoriyal perumaattatthil saamoohika dhaarmmikathayude prayogavum samagramaya manobhaavam nilanirthalum-vilamathikkaan addehathe praaptharakkiya aaa birudavum tharatthilulla budhiyum addehathinundaayirunnu. addeham avaa upayogichappol, iva positteev gunangalaayirunnu, negatteevu gunangalalla.
pathrapravartthanathinu reymandinte sambhavana, aaa thozhilinte eathenkilum vakuppil viplavakaramaaya puthumakal avatharippikkunnathaayirunniru, marichu athinte swaram mechappeduthukayum parishkarikkukayum cheyyuka, athinte bhaagangalude santhulithaavastha, vivekapoornavum janakeeya abhiruchiyum valarthiyedukkunnathumaa oru pothupraveshanamaayirunnu. times oof lunden" enna thante maathrkaye sweekarichu, vishwaasyatha, sthiratha, ulcherkkal, savisheshatha ennivayude engleesh nilavaaratthe mikacha american pathrapravartthanatthinte oorjjavum vaarthakalum samyojippichu athil oru maanyan enna nilayil thanikkundaayirunnathu oru samagramaya uddeshyavum manyamaaya perumattavum nilanirthaan addeham shramichu.
yudhaananthara pravanathakal.
pathrangal oru pradhana rashtreeya punk thudarnnu. graamapradesangalil, kaundi seettil prasidheekarikkunna prathivaara pathram oru pradhana punk vahichu. valia nagarangalil party vividha vibhaagangalkk avarudethaaya pepparukalundu. punarnirmmaana kaalaghattatthil (1865-1877), pramukha edittarmaar president graantum addehathinte republican party prathinidheekarikkunna azhimathikkethire kooduthal kooduthal thirinju. 1872-leeii moonnaam kakshi liberal republican prasthaanatthe avar shakthamayi pinthunachu, athu hooras greely presidentaayi naamanirddesham cheythu. demookratik party greely audyogikamaayi amgeekarichu, pakshe pala demokraattukalkkum pathittaandukalaayi avarude ettavum kadutha shathruvaayirunna aalkk vottu cheyyaanulla ashayam amgeekarikkaan kazhinjilla; addeham oru mannidichilil parajayappettu. thekk punarnirmmaanatthile 430 republican pathrangalil bhooribhaagavum skaalavaagukal (thekk janicha vellakkaar) edittu cheythu-20 sathamaanam maathramaan carpet baggerukal edittu cheythath (aduthide vadakku ninnu republican partyil ethir vibhaagam roopeekarichavar. velutha bisinasukaar saadhaaranayaayi republican pepparukal bahishkarichu, avaa sarkkar rakshaakarthruthvathiloode nilaninnu.)
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil pathrangal oru pradhana valarchaa vyavasaayamaayirunnu. dinapathrangalude ennam 971 muthal 2226,1880 muthal 1900 vare vardhichu. cheria pattanangalil, prathyekichu kaundi seettukalil, allengil jarmman, sweedish, mattu kudiyetta varikkarumaayi prathivaara pathrangal prasidheekarikkappettu. avaa 9,000-ll ninnu 14,000 aayi valarukayum 1900 aayappozhekkum america aalohari rund koppikalode lokathile pakuthiyiladhikam pathrangalum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. athirthiyil, oru boom touninte aadya aavasyam oru pathramaayirunnu. 1900 aayappozhekkum vadakku, thekk dakota ennee puthiya samsthaanangalil 25 dinapathrangalum 325 aazhchappathippukalum undaayirunnu. oklahoma appozhum oru samsthaanamaayirunnilleng onpathu dinapathrangalum noorolam aazhchappathippukalum undaayirunnu. ettavum valia nagarangalil vaarthaakkurippukal vaarthaavinimayakkaare upayogichu pakarppukal vitharanam cheyyukayum varikkaare sevikkaan vimaanakkambanikale upayogikkukayum cheythu. saambathikamaayi, pradhana pathrangal parasyatthe aashrayichirunnu, athu prachara aditharaykku aanupaathikamaayi nalki. 1890-kalode newyork nagaratthil, prathyekichu spanish-american yudhasamayathu, pulitsarinte "waled", "haarsts" jenalukalude prathidinam oru dasalaksham sarkkuleshanukal ethi."edittoriyalukalude theevramaaya pakshapaathithvatthe vilamathikkunna vishwastha republican allengil janaadhipathya vaayanakkaare cheria pathrangal aashrayikkumbol, amithamaya pakshapaathathaal thangalude paathi prekshakar nashtappedumennu valia nagara pathrangal manassilakki, athinaal avar thiranjeduppu samayamallathe kooduthal avyakthamaaya nilapad sweekarichu.
aakarshakavum ennaal kuranja shambalamullathumaaya oru thozhilaayirunnu pathrapravarthanam, athu avarude currier aarambikkunna abhilaashamulla yuvaakkaleyum kurachu sthreekaleyum aakarshichu. edittarmaar kooduthal pariseelanam nalkaan kazhiyaathavidham samayaparidhi koottukayum punarnirmmikkukayum cheiyunnathil valare thirakkilaayirunnu. vaarthakal parasparam vaayikkukayum charcha cheyyukayum kooduthal parichayasambannaraaya sahapravarthakarude nurungukalum nirddeshangalum pinthudarukayum cheythaanu reportermaar eee karakaushalavidya padichathu. reportermaar oru professional daarmmikathayekkaal vyakthiparamaaya oru coode vikasippikkukayum avarude swantham thozhil niyamangal nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. vyaajarekha orikkalum anuvadichirunnillenkum vaarthayude moolyam pariganikkathe edittarmaar kooduthalaayi sensationalist kaazhchappaadukalum rasakaramaaya vivarangalum aavasyappettu.
aabhyantharayudhathinusham pathravyavasaayatthil niravadhi parivartthanangal undaayi. greely, reymond, bennatt, booals ennivayulppede aadhunika pathrangalude pradhana sthaapakaril palarum marichu. oppam bryantum. avarude pingaamikal adisthaana nayangalum sameepanangalum thudarnnenkilum avaa puthuma kuranjavayaayirunnu. aabhyantharayudham edittoriyalukalekkaal warta reportinginu oru praadhaanyam nalki, koodaathe onniladhikam pathrangal upabhokthakkalkkaayi nagara theruvukalil malsarichathinaal warta kolangal kooduthal praadhaanyamarhichu. pradhana pathrangal shradha pidichupattunnathinayi oro divasavum niravadhi pathippukal puratthirakki. reporting kooduthal abhimanakaramaayi maari. greelyude newyork tribuninte deseeya swaadheenam cheluthiya oru pathravum undaayirunnilla."padinjaaran nagarangal chikkago, saan francisco, sent francisco ennividangalil svanthamaayi swaadheenamulla pathrangal vikasippichu. luis; eee pradeshathinu rashtreeya swaadheenam nashtappedukayum kazhivulla yuva pathrapravartthakar avarude kariyarilekku vadakkott neengukayum cheythathode thekkan pathrangal grahanathilekku pooyi. vaarthakalude vardhichuvarunna aavasyam niravettaan edittarmaar upayogichirunna samsthaana, deseeya sambhavangalekkurichu nyayamaayum krithyamaayum vasthuthaparamaayum report cheiyunna anubandha maadyamangal kooduthal praadhaanyamullathum kaaryakshamavumaayitheernnu. 10 allengil athil kooduthal athivega pressukalkku ore pejukal achadikkaan kazhiyunna stereotype polulla puthiya saankethikavidyayaanu sarkkuleshan valarcha sugamamaakkiyath.
aabhyantharayudham avasaanichathode aayirakkanakkin aalukalude sanjaarathode puthiya pradeshangalum samsthaanangalum kudiyettakkaarude varavum anubhavapettu. oru samsthaanathinteyum pradeshathinteyum valarcha alakkaan kazhiyunnath pradeshathe pathrangalude valarchayaan. kudiyettakkaar padinjarottu thallunnathinaal avarkk oru pathra prasidheekaranam undengil sthirathayullathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. vidoora grameena samoohangalil thaamasichirunna ellah kudiyettakkaarkkum pioneermaarkkum ithu oru ashayavinimaya roopamaayirunnu. valuthum kooduthal sthaapithavumaaya pattanangal onniladhikam pathrangal valarthaan thudangum. oru pathram janaadhipathya veekshanathe prolsaahippikkukayum mattonn republican kaazhchappaadine prolsaahippikkukayum cheyyum.
bahujana vipanikal, manja pathrapravarthanam, macracker, 1890-1920.
macrackermaar.
azhimathi vishayangal anweshikkukayum thurannukaattukayum cheiyunna oru vyakthiye soochippikkunna oru american engleesh padamaanu macracker. rashtreeya azhimathi, korpparettu kuttakrithyangal, balavela, cherikalileyum jayilukalileyum avasthakal, bhakshya samskarana plaantukalile (maamsam polullava) shuchithvamillaatha avasthakal, pettant marunnukalude nirmmaathaakkalude vanjanaaparamaaya avakaashavaadangal, thozhil rackettiyering, samanamaaya vishayangal thudangiya moolyangal vyaapakamaayi nilaninnirunnu. ennirunnaalum britiish engleeshil eee padam oru saamoohika moolyavum nayikkaatha, vivaadangal srishtikkunna, vaarthaavinimayapravarthinth baadhakamaan.
1890 muthal 1920 vareyulla purogamana kaalaghattatthile oru koottam american anweshanaathmaka reportermaar, novelistukal, niroopakar ennivarumaayi amerikkayil makrakar enna padam saadhaaranayaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 1960nuu sheshamulla pathrapravarthakarkku aaa kaalaghattatthile paarambaryangal pinthudarunnavarkkum ithu baadhakamaan. dinapathrangalil makraakkarmaarkkaayulla american pathrangalude charithram kaanuka.
pothu, swakaarya mekhalakalile kuttakrithyangal, azhimathi, paazhaakkal, vanchana, durupayogam enniva thurannukaattikkond pothuthaalpparyathinaayi munkaalangalil mikkappozhum macrackermaar sramichittundu. 1900 kalude thudakkathil, "cosmopolitan", "dhii indipendant", "koliyezhs weakley", "mccalores" thudangiya janapriya maasikakalkkum pathrangalkkumayi pusthakangalum lekhanangalum ezhuthikkondu macrackermaar atharam vishayangalil velicham veeshunnu. aadyakaala makrakkarmaaril ettavum prashasthamaayath idaa tarbell, linkon stephens, reey stannard baker ennivayaanu.
macracker enna padatthinte charithram.
1906-leeii oru prasamgatthil president theodor rooswelt 'macracker' enna padam upayogichu, joonn bunyante 'theerthaadakarude purogathi' (1678) yile oru kathaapaathramaaya macrackermaare makraakkilulla manushyanodu upamichappol.
rooswelt avarude asraanthamaaya nishedaathmakatha eshtappettilla, sathyam pracharippichathinu addeham avare aakramichu
raashtreeyavum saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya niravadhi gurutharamaaya thinmakal shareerathilund, avaykkethire ettavum karsanamaaya yuddham adiyanthiramaayi aavasyamaanu. raashtreeyathilo bisinessilo saamoohika jeevithathilo aakatte, ellah dushtapravarthanangalilum raashtreeyakkaarano bisinasukaarano aakatte, oro dushtan nirantharam thurannukaattukayum akramikkukayum venam. oro ezhuthukaarano prabhaashakano, vediyilo pusthakatthilo maasikayilo pathratthilo nishkarunam kadinamaayi atharam akramanam nadathunna oro vyakthiyum, akramanam thikachum sathyamaanengil maathrame upayogappedukayulloo ennu addeham eppozhum oorkkunnuvenkil, oru gunabhokthaavenna nilayil njaan avare abhinandikkunnu.
manja pathrapravarthanam.
warta maadyama samghadanakaludeyo vyakthigatha pathrapravartthakarudeyo azhimathi, sensationalism, jingoism allengil mattu adhaarmikamo professionalallaathatho aaya sanbradaayangal avatharippikkunna pathrapravartthanatthe apakeerthikaramaayi paraamarsikkunna oru paraamarsamaanu manja pathrapravarthanam.
1895 muthal 1898 vare joseph pulitsarinte "newyork waled" vilyam randolf hersttinte "newyork jenalum" thammilulla prachara yudhangalil ninnaan eee padam uthbhavichath, eee kaalaghattatthe prathyekamaayi paraamarshikkaam. vaarthakal prachaarathilundaakunnathi vaarthakale samvedanaathmakamaakkiyathaayi rund pathrangalum vimarsakaraayi aaropichirunnu, ennirunnaalum pathrangal gauravamaaya reporting nadatthi. pulitsarinteyum herstinteyum prabandhangale vivarikkunnathinayi 1897-nte thudakkathil newyork pras 'yello jenalism' enna padam upayogichu.
uthbhavam pulitsar vii. kelkkunnu.
1882ll sent nirmmichathinu sesham joseph pulitsar "waled" vaangi. luis poost-dispatch "aaa nagaratthile prabalamaaya dinapathram. sent. iii. siyil oru jarmman bhasha prasidheekaranam edittu cheyyaan prasadhakan thudakkam kurichirunnu. luis, raajyathe kudiyetta vibhagangalil upayogikkappedaatha oru valia vipani kandu. lokathe" oru vinoda vaayanayaakkaan pulitsar sramikkukayum vaayanakkaare, prathyekichu engleeshine randaam bhashayaayi upayogichavare aakarshikkunna chithrangal, geyimukal, malsarangal ennivayaal thante prabandham niraykkukayum cheythu. kuttakrithya kathakal pala pejukalilum niranju, "addeham aathmahathya cheythathaano?"oppam" "dayakkaayi nilavilikkunnu". pulitsar oru vilapeshal nalkki addeham oru lakkathinu rund sent maathramaan eedaakkiyathenkilum vaayanakkaarkk ettu, chilappol 12 pejukal vivarangal nalki (nagaratthile mattu rund sent paper orikkalum naalu pejukal kaviyunilla).
lokathil" niravadhi aaveshakaramaaya kathakal undaayirunnengilum, avaa oru tharatthilum eaka bhaagangalo prabalamaayavayo aayirunnilla. samoohathe mechappeduthenda kadamayulla pothu sthaapanangalaanu pathrangalenn pulitsar vishwasikkukayum "lokathe" saamoohika parishkaranatthinaayi sevikkukayum cheythu. 1883-leeii oru ushnatharangathil, "loka" reportermaar maanhattante thaamasthalangalilekku pooyi, kudiyettakkaarude bhayanakamaaya jeevita sahacharyangalekkurichum choodu kuttikale baadhichathinekkurichum kathakal ezhuthi. kunjungale engane chuttuthilakkunnu", "cheria kelvikalude varikal" ennee thalakkettukalulla kathakal parishkaranatthinu prachodanamaavukayum prachaaratthe vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
pulitsar athu etteduthu rund varshathinu sesham, demookratik partyumaayulla sakthamaaya bandhatthinte bhaagamaayi newyorkkile ettavum pracharamulla pathramaayi 'waled' maari. pulitsarinte vijayathil asuyappetta pazhaya prasadhakar, "lokathe" vimarsikkaan thudangi, athinte kuttakrithya kathakalum standukalum vaayikkukayum athinte kooduthal gurutharamaaya reporting avaganikkukayum cheythu-manja pathrapravartthanathekkur janapriya daaranaye swaadheenicha pravanathakal, annum innum. newyork sann" edittar chaals daana "lokathe" akramikkukayum pulitsarinu "vidhinyaayathilum adhikaarathil thudarunnathilum kuravundennu" parayukayum cheythu."
1887ll pithaavil ninnu "saan francisco examiner" nediya khanana anantharaavakaashiyaaya vilyam randolf haarstil pulitsarinte sameepanam oru swaadheenam chelutthi. harward sarvakalashaalayil padikkumbol "lokam" vaayikkukayum "examiner" pulitsarinte paper pole thilakkamullathakkaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte neethrthwathil, "examiner" athinte 24 sathamaanam sthalavum kuttakrithyangalkkaayi neekkivachu, kathakal dhaarmmikathayude kalikalaayi avatharippikkukayum vyabhicharavum "nagnata" yum (pathonpathaam noottaandile maanadandangal prakaram) onnaam pejil thalikkukayum cheythu.
paper etteduthu oru maasam kazhinju, "examiner" oru hotel theepidithathekkurichu eee thalakkett prasidheekarichu
vishakkunna, ugramaaya theepidutthangal. avar monterry ulkkadalinaduthulla manoharamaaya ananda kottaratthilekku bhraanthamaayi chaadunnu, dell monte avarude parakodiyude aalimganathil kodumudi muthal adithara vare chuttunnu. niraashayodeyulla aagrahathode uyarnnathum uyarnnathumaaya kuthichuchaattam. cornis, kamaanam, mukham ennivayiloode bhraanthamaayi oodunnu. krooramaaya roshathode viraykkunna athidhikale akramikkunnu. bhayannupoyavarum paribhrantharaaya olichodiyavarum bheekarathayude sthalathekku nokkunnu. manoharamaaya hotel athinte sambannamaaya alankaarangalum ippol oru theepidikkunna chaarakkoombaaramaanu. bhayanakamaaya duranthatthinte poornna vishadaamshangal shekharikkunnathinaayi "examiner" monteriyilekku oru prathyeka train ayaykkunnu. prabhatha trainil nirbhagyakaramaaya erakalude varavu-hotel dell mondeyude charithram-prashasthamaaya hostalari punarnirmmikkanulla padhathikal-theepidithatthinte vishadaamshangalum uthbhavavum.
kolayaalikalude oru samghathe" kurichulla addehathinte aadyakaala kruthikalil onnu, "examiner" reportermaare avarkkayi avarude jolie cheyyaan nirbandhichathinu poleesine aakramichu. ennaal eee standukalil earppedumbol, "examiner" anthaaraashtra varthakalkkulla idam vardhippikkukayum munisippal azhimathiyum kaaryakshamathayillaymayum thurannukaattaan reportermaare ayaykkukayum cheythu. prashasthamaaya oru kathayil, "examiner" reporter winifred blackine saan francisco ashupathriyil praveshippikkukayum daridraraaya sthreekale "kadutha krooratha" yode chikilsikkunnuvennu kandethukayum cheythu. kashanam prathyakshappetta raavile ashupatri jeevanakkaare muzhuvan pirichuvittu.
newyork.
1890 kalude thudakkathil "examiner" yude vijayathode, haarst oru newyork pathratthinaayi shopping aarambhichu. 1895ll pulitsarinte sahodaran albert oru sinsinnaatti prasaadhakan vitta oru penni pepparaaya "newyork jenal" haarst vaangi.
1890kalil department store parasyangalkk pinnale metropolittan pathrangal pookaan thudangi, valia prachara adithara kandethunnathu nallathaanu. ithu shabdamundaakki; pulitsarinte muun thanthram pinthudarnnu, addeham "jenalinte" vila oru sathamaanathil ("lokathile" rund sathamaanam vilayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol) nilanirtthi, athesamayam valippam 16 pejukalaayi erattippichu. kuttakrithya vaarthakalil valia dheeramaaya thalakkettukal, njettikkunna graphik art enniva ulppedunnu. sameepanam phalapradamaayirunnu, koodaathe "jenalinte" vitharanam 150,000 aayi uyarnnappol, thante yuva ethiraaliye (kudumbatthinte bhagyam subsidy nalkiyirunna) paapparathatthilekku nayikkaamenna pratheekshayil pulitsarinu thante vila oru paisayayi kuraykkendivannu. oru thirichadiyil, 1896-ll "loka" thile jeevanakkaare haarst aakramichu. 1880-kalil pulitsar athiraalikale avarude jeevanakkaare aakramikkumbol prakopippichirunnu; ippol addehathinte oozhamaayirunnu. mikacha pathrapravartthakare, prathyekichu pulitsarine jolie cheyyaan budhimuttulla oralaayi kanakkaakkiyavare, haarst thiranjedutthu.
lokavum" "jenalum" thammilulla malsaram kadinamaayirunnengilum, pathrangal swabhaavaparamaayi orupoleyaayirunnu. iruvarum janaadhipathyavaadikalaayirunnu, iruvarum thozhilaallikalodum kudiyettakkaarodum anubhavam kaanichirunnu (dhaarmika vaikalyangal moolam thangalude daaridryathe kuttappeduthiya "newyork tribuninte" vaitloo reed polulla prasadhakaril ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamayi), iruvarum avarude njaayarazhcha prasidheekaranangalil valia vibhavangal nikshepichu, avaa dainamdina pathrapravartthanatthinte saadhaarana paridikk appurathekku aazhchappathippukal pole pravarthichu.
avarude njaayaraazhchathe vinoda savisheshathakalil aadyathe kalar comic strip pejukal ulppedunnu, manja pathrapravarthanam enna padam avide ninnaan uthbhavichathenn chilar sidhaantham cheiyunnu, athesamayam newyork pras mukalil soochippichathupole athu kandupidicha padam nirvachikkappedaathe avasheshikkunnu. manja naitsharttil kashandiyulla oru kutty chuttipattiyulla oru comic strippaya manja kutty, 1896-nte thudakkathil kaarttoonist richard octolt "lokathil" varaykkaan thudangiyappol asaadhaaranamaamvidham janapriyamaayi. harsttine munkoottipparanjathupole purathaakkiyappol, pulitsar kalakaaranaaya jorjju luxinode thante kathaapaathrangalumaayi strip thudaraan aavasyappettu, nagarathinu rund manja kuttikal nalki. yuu. esile amithamaya senseshanalisathinte paryaayamaayi "manja pathrapravarthanam" upayogikkunnathu.ezz. manja kuttikalude pathrangalude" amithamaya pravarthanangalekkurichu kooduthal gauravameriya pathrangal abhipraayappettathodeyaanu ithu aarambhichath.
1870 muthal 1930 vare bigg sitti pathrangalude njaayarazhcha pathippukalude rajyavyaapakamaaya uyarcha paryavekshanam cheyyaan pooll moorum sandra gabriel maadyama sidhaantham upayogikkunnu. puthiya maadyamangal manja pathrapravartthanatthinte puthumakal upayogikkukayum prekshakarudeyum edittarmaarudeyum agrahangal prathifalippikkukayum cheythu. njaayaraazhchathe pathrangal kuttikale ulppeduthunnathinaayi vaayanakkaarude ennam vipuleekarikkukayum hoome delivari vikasippichukondu puthiya prekshakarilekku athukayum cheythu. avar haard vaarthakale kurachukaanukayum savisheshathakal, celebrittikal, kalar, comics, sophtt nyoos, upabhokthaakkalude vivara aavasyangal ennivaykku oonnal nalkukayum cheythu. parasyangaleyum upabhogatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru aadhunika lokath ashayavinimayathinum pankaalithatthinumulla oru puthiya koottam niyamangal njaayaraazhchathe pathrangal prathiphalippichu. 1920kalilum 1930kalilum radioyude puthiya parasya saankethikavidyakalkku vediyorukkiya oru upabhokthru samskaaram avar valarthi.
spanish-american yuddham.
spanish-american yudhathilekku raajyathe aakarshichathinte bahumati palappozhum pulitsarum haarstum (allengil kuttappeduthappedunnu) sensationalist kathakaloo allengil poornnamaayum nunakalo upayogichu. vaasthavathil, bhooribhaagam amerikkakkarum newyork nagaratthilaayirunnilla thaamasichirunnathu, avide thaamasichirunna theerumaanamedukkunnavar orupakshe "times", "dhaa sann" allengil "poost" polulla sthiramaaya pathrangale kooduthal aashrayichirikkaam. athishayokthiyude ettavum prashasthamaaya udaaharanam cubayil ellaam nishabdamaayirunnuvennum "yuddham undaakilla" ennum parayaan kalaakaaran frederic remington haarst telegram cheytha apraamaanika kathayaanu."dayavaayi thudaruka" ennu harst marupadi nalki. ningal chithrangal nalkuka, njaan yuddham nalkum."eee katha (oorsan velsinte" "sittisan keyne" "enna chithratthil prathyakshappedunna oru pathipp) 1901 ll reporter jaims kreelmaante ormmakkurippukalil aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu, athinu mattoru uravidavumilla".
ennaal 1895ll cubayil oru kalapam pottippurappettathinum haarst oru yudhavimaanamaayirunnu. cuban sadgunatheyum spanish kroorathayeyum kurichulla kathakal taamasiyaathe addehathinte onnaam pejil aadhipathyam sthaapichu. eee vivaranagal samshayaaspadamaaya krithyathayullavayaayirunne, pathonpathaam noottaandile pathra vaayanakkaarkk addehathinte kathakal shudhamaaya nonfiction aayirikkanamenno aavashyamillenno illaayirunnu. charitrakaaranaaya maikkal robartsan paranjittundu, "1890kalile pathra reportermaarum vaayanakkaarum vastutha adisthaanamaakkiyulla reporting, abhiprayam, saahityam enniva thammil verthirichariyaan valare kuravaayirunnu."
hersttinte perumaattam kooduthal phalapradavum bomb sthaapicha shathruvil shradha kendreekarikkunnathumaayu-vaayanakkaarkk valia prathiphalam vaagdaanam cheythu. pulitsarinu hersttinte vibhavangal illengilum katha thante onnaam pejil nilanirtthi. manja pathrangal viplavathe vipulamaayum palappozhum thettaayum report cheythuvenkilum cubayile saahacharyangal bhayankaramaayirunnu. dweep bhayankaramaaya saambathika maandyathilaayirunnu, kalapam adichamarthaan ayacha spanish general valeriano weiler cuban karshakare thadankalppaalayangalilekku koottikkondupokukayum lakshakkanakkin maranangalkk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. rund varshatholam oru pooraattatthinaayi vilichuparanjappol, samgharshathinte credit eduthukondu america speyininethire yuddham prakhyaapichu oraazhchaykk sesham, addeham "ningalkk jenalinte yuddham engane eshtappettu?"thante onnaam pejil. aadhunika paandithyangal, yudhathinu kaaranamaayath manja pathrapravartthanamaanenna dhaarana nirasikkunnu. vaasthavathil, president vilyam mckinley orikkalum "jenal" vaayichitilla, republican aaya "tribune", "newyork eevaning poost" thudangiya pathrangal samyamanam aavasyappettu. koodaathe, manja pathrapravarthanam pradhaanamaayum newyork nagaratthil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnum raajyathinte mattu bhaagangalile pathrangal avarude munganana pinthudarnnillennum pathrapravartthana charitrakaaranmaar abhipraayappettittund. jenalum" "lokavum" praadeshika pathrangalile vaarthakalude mikacha patthu srothassukalil ulppettirunnilla, koodaathe gothaminu purathu vaarthakal oru splash undakkiyilla. rakthachorichil pothujanaabhipraayathe aswasthamaakkiyathinaalum speyinin cubayude niyanthranam nashtappettuvennu mckinliyeppolulla yaadhaasthithika nethaakkal manassilakkiyathinaalum yuddham vannu. newyork jenalile" melodraamakalekkaal eee gadakangal presidentinte manassil kooduthal bhaaramundakki.
yudhathinu sesham.
1900 leeii president thiranjeduppil harst thante pathrangal demokraattukalude sevanathinaayi sthaapichu. pinneedu addeham thante party presidential naamanirddeshathinaayi pracharanam nadathiyenkilum colomist ambrose bears edittar arther brisban maasangalkk sesham mckinleyude kolapaathakathinu ahvaanam cheythukondu vyathyastha kolangal prasidheekarichappol addehathinte vyakthiparamaaya anthass nashtappettu. 1901 septambar 6 nuu mckinley vediyettu marikkumbol, liyon solgozine kararilekku nayichuvennu aaropich republican maadyamangal prakopithamaayi. bearsinte kolathekkurichu ariyaatha herst, aadya pathippil purathirangiyathinu sesham brisbante kolameduthathaayi avakashappettu, ennaal eee sambhavam jeevithakalam muzhuvan addehathe vettayaadukayum ennaal addehathinte presidential abhilaashangal nasippikkukayum cheythu.
puthiya noottaand aarambhikkumbol pulitsar "lokathe" athinte kurishuyudha verukalilekku thirichethichu. 1911ll addehathinte maranasamayathu, "lokam" vyaapakamaayi bahumaanikkappedunna oru prasidheekaranamaayirunnu, janaadhipathya party munnira 1931ll athinte anthyam vare oru purogamana samghadanayaayi thudarnnu.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
pala sinimakalilum, sitkomukalilum, mattu fiction kruthikalilum, reportermaar palappozhum pradhana kathaapaathrathinethire manja pathrapravarthanam upayogikkunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi reporter kathaapaathrathe oru ethiraaliyaayi sajjamaakkunnu. ithu palappozhum cheiyunnathu chilappol oru klichaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
udaaharanathinu spiderman franchisiyil prasadhakan jeey. joona jaimson thante samshayangal aavarthichu thettaanenn theliyikkappettenkilum superhero thante "dainamdina bigilil" vidveshathodeyum nirantharam kalangappeduthunnu. athupole, 1997-leeii jaims boond chithramaaya "naale orikkalum marikkunnilla" ennathil, bhranthanaaya maadyama kodeeswaran pradhana ethiraaliyumaaya eliot carver (jonathan prais avatharippichathu) sensationalised vaarthakaliloode grettu brittan chinayum thammil oru yuddham aarambikkaan shramikkunnu; sinimayil, spanish-american yudhathil haarstinte punk addeham soochippikkunnu, "ningal chithrangal nalkunnu, njaan yuddham nalkum" enna apocryphal udharani upayogichu addehathinte katha puthiyathallenn theliyikkaan oru ozhikazhivaayi. (eee udharani oorsan vellinte classic chithramaaya "sittisan keyne" lum undu.) thomas haarisinte 'redu draagan' enna novalil, hanibal lector seereesil ninnulla, 'naashanal taatlar' tabloidinu vendi ezhuthunna freddy launds enna cheetha manja pathrapravartthakane, seeriyal killer francis dollarhydinecurich oru negatteevu lekhanam ezhuthiyathinu peedippikkukayum theekoluthukayum cheiyunnu.
bob roberts" enna sinimayil senattar roberts thante bisinesses edapaadukalekkurichulla maadyama anweshanangale (prathyekichu addehathinte mayakkumarunnu virudha chaaritiyum siya mayakkumarunnu kadathum thammilulla bandhathe) "manja pathrapravarthanam" ennu visheshippikkunnu.
pracharana yudhangalude munnirayile newsboy.
sensationalism vaayanakkaare pathrangal vaangaan prerippichu, koodaathe sarkkuleshan maanejarmarkk valare bharameriya bharam kaikaaryam cheyyaan puthiya vazhikal kandethendivannu. avar saadhaaranayaayi pradhaanamaayum pathra kachavadakkaareyo nyoos booy aayittulla oru pepparinte vyakthigatha pakarppukal dauntaun theruvukalil vilkkunnavareyo aashrayichirunnu. nischalamaaya staandil ninno storfrondil ninno vyathyastha sheershakangal vilkkunna dhaaraalam nyoosstaandukalum undaayirunnu. 1890kalilaanu vending mesheenukal vannath. 1900-nte thudakkathil hoome delivari asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla, pakshe paperboy varikkaarilekku kooduthal pathrangal ethikkaan thudangiyathode ithu kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnu. tirakkeriya oru moolayil oro pradhana pathrangale prathinidheekarikkunna niravadhi kachavadakkaar undaakum. pathram nalkunna valia thalakkettukalulla oru poosttar board avar vahichekkaam. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham prasadhakar hoome deliveric oonnal nalkaan thudangiyappol dauntaun nyoos booy mangaan thudangi. prathimasam panam nalkunna varikkarkkaayi kaumaarakkaraaya newsboymar divasena pathrangal vitharanam cheythu. kachavadakkaar saadhaaranayaayi oru mothakkachavadakkaaril ninnu 100 koppikalude oru bundle vaangukayum avar avaa prasadhakanil ninnu vaangukayum cheythu. niyamaparamaayi ellah samsthaanangalum nyoosboyukale jeevanakkaaralla, swatantra kararukar aayi kanakkakkiyathinaal avar pothuve balavela niyamangalkk vidheyamaayirunnilla.
newsboy pathrangalile jeevanakkaaralla, marichu mothakkachavadakkaaril ninnu 100 paakkattukalaayi pepparukal vaangukayum avare swatantra ejantumaaraayi pracharippikkukayum cheythu. vittazhikkappedaatha rekhakal thirike nalkaan kazhinjilla. newsboymar saadhaaranayaayi oru divasam ekadesham 30 sent sambaadikkukayum palappozhum ratri vaikunnathuvare jolie cheyyukayum cheythu. adhikavum adhikavum!" enna nilavili."newsboymar avasaanathe oro pathravum paratthaan shramichappol raavile vare palappozhum kelkkarundaayirunnu.
praadeshika delivari booy ravileyo vaikunneramo paper munpot eriyumbol oru vaagan valikkukayo saikkil oodikkukayoo cheiyunnathu 1930 kalile oru uthppannamaayirunnu. sambadvyavastha thaazhekku poyathinaalum varumanam vardhippikkunnathinum chelavu kuraykkunnathinum pathrangalkk prachaaravum parasyavum nashtappettu. 1930 muthal, anthaaraashtra sarkkuleshan maanejarmaarude association praadeshika pathra maanejmentine engane hoome nyoos paper vaayanakkaare vardhippikkaamennu kaanikkunnathinaayi oru deseeya pravartthanam aarambhichu. veeduthorumulla subscription maarkkattingil oru preepakkej cheytha paatyapadhathi roopakalppana cheythu. eee prasthaanam madhyavarga pathrakkaarane srishtikkukayum kaumaarakkaarum samrambhakathva samrambhangalum thammilulla bandhathe sthiramaayi maattukayum cheythu. sarkkuleshan maanejarmaar avarude prashnam pariharichu. kaumaarakkaraaya aankuttikal. avar appozhum jeevanakkarekkaal swatantra kararukar aayirunnu, pakshe sarkkuleshan maanejar roottukal roopakalppana cheyyukayum subscription panam engane shekharikkaamennum akkoundu cheyyaamennum aankuttikale padippikkukayum cheythu. yuva samrambhakare prachodippikkunnathinaayi, avar purusha maargganirddeshathinte savisheshamaaya lingaparamaaya maanejmental thathwachintha srishtichu. ithu aankuttikalude samrambhakathvathinu prachodanamaavukayum avarude thozhil sheelangal sthirappeduthukayum cheythu, athesamayam kudumba bajattukalkk adhika panam nalkukayum cheythu.
american photographer levis heine baalavelaykkethire pooraadukayum mosham saahacharyangal thurannukaattunna photographukal edukkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu faaktarikalilum kalkari khanikalilum. ennirunnaalum, neremarichu, nyoosboyukalude haininte phottokal apakadakaramaaya balavelayudeyo kudiyetta daaridryathinteyo mattoru bhayanakamaaya roopathe chithreekarichilla, kaaranam avar jeevanakkaraayirunnilla. swatantra yuva samrambhakarayi svanthamaayi pravartthikkukayum, sauhrudam, yuvathvamulla purushathvam, valarnnuvarunna samrambhakathvam ennivayude prathichaaya pidichedukkukayum cheythu. kuttikkalam, abhilasham, swaathanthryam ennivayekkurichulla prabhashanangalil pratheekathmaka newsboy oru pratheekathmaka prathichaayayaayi maari.
newsboys yuvathvamulla samrambhakathvathinte oru pratheekathmaka prathichaayayaayi maari. prashastha american nyoosboyukalil broose barton, ralph bunch, joou diamaggio, thomas edison, dwait dii ennivar ulppedunnu. isenhover, joou kennidi, saam reben, walter ruther, david sarnoff, cardinal spellman, haari ezz. truman maarkk twayne.
vamseeya maadyamangal.
engleesh bhasha pathrangal pothu janataye sevikkumbol, praayogikamaayi oro vamseeya vibhaagathinum avarudethaaya bhashayil avarudethaaya pathrangalundaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandile niravadhi kudiyettakkaar minnesota, nebrasca, ayowa thudangiya valia samathala samsthaanangalile sambannamaaya kaarshikabhoomiyilekku akarshikkappettu. prathyeka vamseeya vibhaagangalude valia varavu aakarshikkunna cheria samoohangalil, raashtreeyavum mathaparavumaya thalpparyangal parichithamaaya bhashakalil prolsaahippikkaan kazhiyunna oru sthalamaayi community pathrangal maari. eee prabandhangalil palathum avarude vaayanakkaaril american janaadhipathyathinte aathmaavine ulkkollanum aagrahichu. ellah danish-american pouranmaarum pankedukkukayum avarude avakashangal prayogikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu urappakkaan prathijnjaabadhamaaya oru prabandham denne danske pioner allengil vivarthanathile danish pioneer aayirunnu. eee prabandhathe sophus eph pinthunachu. ksheerakrishiyil parajayappetta oru danish kudiyettakkaarane nebrascayile omahayil type cheyyaanum paper mechappeduthaanum theerumaanichu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu aaa paper 40,000 roopa prachaaratthilundaayirunnu.
vamseeya maadyamangal vikasippikkunnathil ettavum swaadheenamulla kudiyetta grouppukalil onnaayirunnu jarmman prasadhakar. 1890 aayappozhekkum amerikkayil oro varshavum 1,000 jarmman bhasha pathrangal prasidheekarikkappettu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu 1820 num 1924 num idayil anchu dashalakshathiladhikam kudiyettakkaar raajyathekku kudiyeriya oru prashastha kudiyetta groupaayi jarmmankaar amgeekarikkappettu. ennirunnaalum america samgharshathil praveshichukazhinjaal deseeya abhiprayam maarukayum jarmman samskaaram rajyath swaagatham cheyyappedathirikkukayum cheythu. yudhashramathil germmany pinthunaykkunnathaayi chila amerikkakkar karuthiya jarmman pathrangalil valia thothil rosham kendreekarichirunnu. 1917 octoberil kongras videsha bhasha maadhyamangale niyantrikkaan niyamanirmmanam pasaki. yudhavumaayi bandhapetta ellah achadicha vasthukkalum pathrangal vivarthanam cheyyanamennu niyamangal prasthaavichu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil jarmman pathrangalellaam madakkappedukayum 1950 nuu sesham mattu vamseeya vibhagangal videsha bhasha pathrangal upekshikkukayum cheythu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathe videsha-pathra prasidheekaranangalude eee thulli jarmman-amerikkakkaarkk mathramalla anubhavappettath. 1915ll newyork nagaratthil maathram araa dasalaksham dinapathrangalum desheeyathalathil 600,000 pathrangalum yiddish dinapathrangalude prachaaratthilundaayirunnu. koodaathe aayirakkanakkin perr niravadhi prathivaara pathrangalilum niravadhi maasikakalilum varikkaraayi.
poolish amerikkakkar vaividhyamaarnna rashtreeya samskaarangal nilanirtthiya chikkagoyile saahacharyamaayirunnu prathinidhi, oororutharkkum avarudethaaya pathramundaayirunnu. 1920ll samoohathinu anchu dinapathrangal thiranjedukkaan avasaramundaayi-soshyalist "sienic ludovi" (1907-25) muthal poolish roman catholica yooniyante "sienic sjednosenia" (1921-39) vare-ivayellaam mechappetta thozhil saahacharyangalkkayulla thozhilaallikalude poraattangale pinthunaykkukayum saamskaarikavum vidyaabhyaasaparavumaaya pravartthanangalude vishalamaaya paripaadiyude bhagamaavukayum cheythu. oru prathyeka prabandham subscribe cheyyaanulla theerumaanam vamsheeyathayeyum varggatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru prathyeka prathyayashaasthratheyo sthaapana shringalayeyo aavarthichu, athu vyathyastha sakhyangalkkum vyathyastha thanthrangalkkum svayam nalki. mikka pathrangalum madhyavarga american moolyangalumaayi swaamsheekaranam padippikkukayum amerikkanvalkkarana padhathikale pinthunaykkukayum cheythuvenkilum athil swantham raajyathekkurichulla vaarthakal ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
1965 nuu sesham, prathyekichu eshyayil ninnulla puthiya kudiyettatthil valia kuthichuchaattam undaayi. avar kurachu pradhana pepparukal sthaapichu. 21-aamm noottaandode janasamkhyayude 10 sathamaanathiladhikam hyspanic aayirunnu. avar spanish bhasha radio television samrakshichu, pakshe valia nagarangalkk purathu spanish pathrangalo pusthakangalo maasikakalo vilppanaykku kandethuka prayasamaayirunnu.
changalakalum sindikkettukalum, 1900-1960.
iii. dablyu. american aikyanaadukalile aadyathe deseeya pathra shringalayude sthaapakanaaya scrips, irupathaam noottaandinte aadya varshangalil uthppanna vyathyaasathe adisthaanamaakki syndicated sevanangal srishtikkaan sramikkukayum thante vaayanakkaarude aavasyangalkku aakarshikkukayum cheythu. vijayam, mathsaraadhishtithamaaya pathrangal nalkaathavaye aashrayichirikkunnuvennu scrips vishwasichu. chelavu niyanthrikkunnathum maanejmentine kendreekarikkunnathum vazhi eee lakshyam nedunnathinaayi scrips oru deseeya vayar sevanam (yunaittad pras internaashanal), oru nyoos feature sevanam (nyoos paper enterprise association), mattu sevanangal enniva vikasippichu. puthiyathum vyathyasthavumaya reethikalil kuranja chelavil oru valia vipaniyil vijayakaramaayi athicherukayum vaayanakkaarude vishalamaaya shreniyude thalpparyangal pidichedukkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu rashtreeya vaarthakalekkaal savisheshathakalil kooduthal thaalpparyamulla sthreekalude thalpparyangal. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika edittarmaarkku oru paridhivare svayambharanaadhikaaram nashtappedukayum praadeshika warta kavarej ganyamaayi kurayukayum cheythu.
thante rashtreeya abhilaashangalkk sahayikkunnathinaayi, chikkago, loss enchals, boosttan thudangiya mattu nagarangalil pathrangal thurannu. 1920kalude madhyathode addehathinu raajyavyaapakamaayi 28 pathrangalude oru nira undaayirunnu, avayil "loss enchals examiner", "boosttan american", "chikkago examiner", "detroit times", "siyaattil poost-intelligencer", "washington times", "washington herald", addehathinte munnira "saan francisco examiner" enniva ulppedunnu. 1924-ll addeham "newyork dinapathramaaya mirror" thurannu, "newyork dinapatra vaarthakal" thurannuparayunnathinodu anukarikkunna oru raasi tabloid. cosmopolitan", "harpezhs basar" ennee maasikakal, rund warta sevanangal, saarvathrika vaarthakalum anthaaraashtra warta sevanangalum, king feature sindikkettum, oru chalachithra kambani, cosmopolitan productions, riyal estettu ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte mattu udamasthathayilullava. franklin dii. yeei sahayikkaan haarst thante swaadheenam upayogichu. 1932 leeii janaadhipathya naamanirddeshathil rooswelt vijayichu. ennirunnaalum, 1935-ll addeham roosvelttumaayi bandham vichedichu, kaaranam rooswelt vettaranmaarude bonasinu panam nalkaan aagrahichilla. athinusesham aduppu shringhala valathuvashath ninnulla puthiya edapaadinte kadutha shathruvaayi maari. mattu pradhana shringalakalum athupole shathruthayullavayaayirunnu, 1936-ll roosvelttinu raajyathe pathrangalil 10 sathamaanam (prachaaratthil) maathramaan pinthuna undaayirunnathu.
malsaram television internettum, 1970-innuvare.
brookings sthaapanathinte 2015leeii oru report kaanikkunnath, 100 dasalaksham janasamkhyayil pathrangalude ennam 2014ll 1,200ll ninnu 400 aayi kuranju. athe kaalayalavil, prathiseersha vitharanam 1940kalude madhyathil 35 sathamaanathil ninnu 15 sathamaanathil thazheyaayi kuranju. pathrapravartthakarude ennam 1978ll 43,000 aayirunnappol 2015ll 33,000 aayi kuranju. mattu parambaraagatha warta maadyamangalum durithamanubhavichu. 1980 muthal television shringalakalkku vaikunnerathe warta prakshepanangalkkaayi avarude pakuthiyolam prekshakare nashtappettu; radio vaarthakalude prekshakar 40 sathamaanam churungi.
prachaaratthil druthagathiyilulla kuravu.
pyoo research sentar nadatthiya vaarshika vishakalanangal prakaram, 1984ll amerikkayile dainamdina pathrangalude vitharanam ettavum uyarnna nilayilethiyappol 1993 vare njaayarazhcha pathrangalude vitharanam vardhichukondirunnu. athinusesham pathrangalude vaayanakkaarude ennam kramanugathamaayi kurayukayaanu. ithu ekadesham hoome internettu upayogathinte thudakkavumayi poruthappedunnu. 2004ll vaayanakkaarude ennathil undaaya idivinte nirakk valareyadhikam vardhikkukayum sameepakaala charithratthile ettavum valia idivu thudarnnum anubhavappedukayum cheythu. sameepakaalathe idivu pathittaandukalaayi thudarunna pravanathayaanu, koodaathe pirichuvidalukalumaayi mallidukayum athinte chila munnirakalude vilpanaye abhimukeekarikkukayum cheiyunna oru pakwathayulla vyavasaayathinte durithangal vardhippikkunnu. koodaathe maasikakalude newstaand vilppana 4 sathamaanathiladhikam idinju ekadesham 48.7 dasalaksham koppikalaayi. aabhyanthara warta vaarikakalil, "time" maasika ettavum valia idivu report cheythu. internettinte vardhichuvarunna upayogam vishakalana vidagdhar choondikkaanichu, 2006 ll kooduthal aalukal kadalaasinekkaal oonlainil "newyork times" vaayichuvennu shradhikkunnu. vidyaabhyaasathinanusaricha pathra vaayanakkaarude ennavum vidyaabhyaasa nilavaravum vardhikkunnu. oro praayathilumulla aalukal kurachu pepparukal vaayikkaan thiranjedukkunnathiloode aaa anukoola pravanatha nikathunnu.
vaayanakkaarudeyum varumaanathinteyum idivu athinusheshamulla varsham sthiramaayi thudarnnu. 2005num 2014num idayil american dinapathrangalkk avarude parasya varumaanathinte 60 sathamaanam-30 bilyan dollar-nashtappettu. saadhaarana prathikaranam pathrapravartthakarude thozhilile ganyamaaya vettikkuravaan. avarude ennavum 2005ll 50,000 aayirunnathil ninnu 2014ll 20,000 aayi 60 sathamaanam kuranju.
2018 aayappozhekkum, yuu. ezz. pathrangalude mothatthilulla vaayanakkaarude ennam 1940 leeii nilavaaratthilekku kuranju, parasya varumanam 1980 leeii athe nilavaaratthilaayirunnu. poornnamaayum digital aakanulla pravanathaye cherukkikkondu, 2018 ll parasya varumaanathinte arupathiyanchu sathamaanam ippozhum digital ithara parasyangalil ninnaan.
korpparettu prakshubdhatha.
1950nuu sesham pathra vaayanakkaarude ennam janasamkhyayekkaal pathukkeyaanu vardhichathu. 1990nuu sesham vaayanakkaarude ennam kurayaan thudangi. pathrangalude ennavum kuranju, prathyekichu television vaarthakal kaaranam uchakazhinju pathrangal thakarnnu. ennirunnaalum parasyangalude vilppana shakthamayi thudarukayum labham uyarnna nilayilavukayum cheythu. 2002ll pathrangal 44 bilyan dollarinte parasya varumanam report cheythu. maarkkat analysis sthaapanamaaya morttan research 2003ll prasidheekaricha kanakkukal prakaram, parasyamaayi vyapaaram nadathunna 13 pradhana pathra kambanikalkku sharashari 19 sathamaanam nikuthikk munbulla labhavihitam labhichu.
1987 muthal 2003 vare oru vyavasaayam parivarthanatthilaanu. eee kaalayalavil 305 pathrangal dainamdina prasidheekaranam nirtthiyenkilum, eee pathrangalil 64 sathamaanavum vaarikakalaayo layippicha dinapathrangalaayo soonad pathippukalaayo avarude vipanikale sevikkunnath thudarnnu. vyapaaram avasaanicha 111 dinapathrangal prasidheekaranam aarambhicha 63 dinapathrangal thirichupidichu. phalatthil, 17 varshathinide pathra vyavasaayathin 48 vipanikalile sevanam nashtappettu. 2003 nuu sesham kooduthal aalukal vaarthakalkkaayi internettine aashrayikkunnathinaal parasyangalil ninnulla varumanam kurayukayum prachaaraseshi kurayukayum cheythathinaal eee prakriya vegathilaayi.
spanish, eshyan bhaashakalilulla pathrangal.
1808lum 1809lum nyoo oorliyansil prasidheekarikkaan thudangiya "ell mississippi", "ell menzajero lucianus" ennivayaayirunnu amerikkayile aadyathe spanish bhasha pathrangal. ippol thekkupadinjaraayi kanakkaakkappedunna aadyathe pathrangalaya "laa gasetta dii texas", "ell mexicano" enniva texasile naakogdochukalil ezhuthukayum type settu cheyyukayum cheythirunnuvenkilum 1813ll louisianayile naachittochukalil achadichirunnu. avar meksikkan swaathanthrya prasthaanatthe pinthunachu.
2003ll amerikkayile ellah hyspanic pathrangaludeyum motham vitharanam 16.2 dasalaksham aanennu laattino print network kanakkakki. mukhyadharaa (engleesh) dinapathrangalkk 46 hyspanic prasidheekaranangal undaayirunnu-avayil mikkavarum ellah aazhchappathippukalum-avaykku 29 laksham motham prachaaramund. 1990 muthal 2000 vare hyspanic pathrangalude ennam maathram 355 ll ninnu 652 aayi erattiyaayi.
1976ll "miyami herald" "ell herald" aarambhichu, 1987ll "ell newo herald" enna peril punarjanicha oru peju spanish ulcherkkal, "miyami herald" ennathinte dainamdina anubandhamaanu. "ell newo herald" 1998-ll "heraldil" ninnu swathanthramaayi, 2003 aayappozhekkum sharashari prathidina vitharanam 90,300 aayirunnu.
1981ll raajyathe ettavum pazhaya spanish dinapathramaaya 52,000 sarkkuleshan newyork sitti tabloidaya "ell diario/laa prenza" vaangiyathodeyaanu gaanett shringhala spanish dinapathrathil praveshichathu.
tribune qoo., belo corp. 2003ll naitt rider spanish bhaashayilulla dinapathrangal puratthirakki. hyspanic adhishtitha pathrangalum maasikakalum 2002ll 1.3 bilyan dollar varumanam nedi. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, naitt raidarinte 32 pepparukalude aaa varshathe pravartthana varumanam 2.8 bilyan dolaraayirunnu. ennirunnaalum vaayanakkaarude ennam kuravaanu. newyork nagaratthil ithinakam thanne ekadesham 100,000 ennam pracharikkunna rund spanish bhasha dinapathrangalum puerto recoyil ninnum dominican republicil ninnumulla pepparukalum aazhchappathippukalum undaayirunnu. ennaal janasamkhyayude valippavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avarude rakthachamkramana nila valare valare kuravaanennu luis sittoo paranju."(newyorkkile janasamkhya 8 dasalaksham, 27 sathamaanam hyspanic aanu; bronks, 13 laksham, 48 sathamaanam hyspanic aanu.) sittoo "newsday" prasadhakanaaya reymond eiii. yodu abhyarthichu. aazhchappathippin pakaram oru dinapathram puratthirakkaan jansen, 1998 november 16 nuu 25,000 prachaaratthode "hooy" pradharshippichu. 2003 aayappozhekkum newyork metro pradeshathu "hooy" oru divasam 91,000 koppikal vittu. dallas-fort moolyamulla vipaniyil 13 laksham lattinokal undu-janasamkhyayude 22 sathamaanavum valarukayum cheiyunnu (2006 aakumbozhekkum ithu 38 shathamaanathilethumenn kanakkaakkappedunnu). "aaa prekshakare vasheekarikkunnathinaayi dallas prabhatha vaarthakal" "alle diya" "vikasippichu". thinkalaazhcha muthal shaniyazhcha vareyulla pathram 2003 septambaril 50 jeevanakkarum 40,000 prarambha prachaaravum 25 sent newstaand vilayumaayi aarambhichu. "1994ll 'fort varthu staar-telegraaminte' eratta-bhasha ulcherkkalayi aarambhicha 'diarrheo laa estrella' aazhchayil randuthavana motham 75,000 koppikal warta staandukaliloodeyum thiranjeduttha hoome delivariyiloodeyum soujanyamaayi vitharanam cheythukondu oru ool-spanish staand-eloon pepparaayi valarnnu.
viyatt merkuri" ennathozhichaal, naitt raidarude "saan jose merkuri nyoos" prasidheekaricha ippol pravarthanarahithamaaya 35,000-sarkkuleshan vietnaamees bhasha prathivaara pathram, yuu.ezz. newyork, saan francisco, loss enchals, mattu nagarangal ennividangalil chainees, corian, vietnaamees bhaashakalilulla dinapathrangal abhivridhi praapikkunnundenkilum maadyama kambanikal pothuve eshyan vipani ozhivaakkiyittund. saan fraansiskoyil ninnu torrentoilekku vitharanam cheiyunna manderine bhasha "waled jenal" 350,000 sarkkuleshan (ooditt cheyyaathathu) rekhappeduthunnu. "waled jenal"; athinte ettavum valia ethiraaliyaaya "singh tavo" (ooditt cheyyaatha 181,000 sarkkuleshan); korea times (ooditt cheyyaathathu 254,000) enniva yathaakramam taiwan, hongong, siol aasthaanamaayulla anthaaraashtra maadyama bheemanmaarude udamasthathayilaanu.
2014ll ohaayo pradeshathe clevelandile neppali samsaarikkunna bhutanese kudumbangalkk sevanam nalkunnathinaayi engleeshilum neppaaliyilum kathakalulla naalu pejulla paper "connecting cleveland" puratthirakki.