
doses (biochemistry)

oru unitaayi vitharanam cheiyunna oru marunnu, poshakam allengil rogakaariyude alakkunna alavaanu oru doses. vitharanam cheiyunna alavu koodumbol, alavu koodum. vaidyashaasthrathile samyukthangalkkaan dosukal saadhaaranayaayi alakkunnathu. eee padam saadhaaranayaayi chikitsa aavasyangalkkaayi nalkunna oru marunninteyo mattu ejantintukaludeyo alavil prayogikkunnu, pakshe oru padaartham shareerathil avatharippikkunna eathu kesineyum vivarikkan ithu upayogikkaam. poshakaahaaratthil, oru vyakthiyude bhakshanathilo oru prathyeka bhakshanam, bhakshanam allengil bhakshana supplementilo oru prathyeka poshakam ethratholam undu ennathinu eee padam saadhaaranayaayi prayogikkunnu. bacteria allengil vairal ejantumaare sambandhichidatholam, oru hosttine badhikkaan aavashyamaaya rogakaariyude alavine doses saadhaaranayaayi soochippikkunnu. vishavasthukkalude alavu sambandhicha vivarangalkk toxicology kaanuka. farmaceutical ejantumaarude amithamaya upabhogathekkurichulla vivarangalkk, mayakkumarunnu amithamaayi kazhikkunnath kaanuka.
klinikkal farmacology, oru vyakthikk nalkunna dosinte alavo alavo aanu dosinte alavu, athesamayam exposure ennaal samayathe aasrayichulla saandrata (palappozhum rakthachamkramana rakthathilo plasmayilo) allengil ooyusi (saandrata vakrathinu keezhilulla pradesham), cmx (saandrata vakrathinte ettavum uyarnna nila) thudangiya saandrathayil ninnu uruthirinja gadakangal soochippikkunnu. mattu mekhalakalile avayude parasparam maattaavunna upayogathinu virudhamaanithu.
dosine badhikkunna gadakangal.
eathenkilum raasa allengil jaiva ejantinte (sajeeva gadakangal) oru 'doses' athinte falapraapthiyil nirnayakamaaya niravadhi gadakangalundu. aadyathethu eakaagrathayaanu, athaayath, ejantinte ethra bhagam oresamayam shareerathilekku nalkunnu.
mattoru ghadakam eksposharinte dairkhyamaanu. chila marunnukalkko supplementukalkko mandagathiyilulla release savisheshathayundu, athil marunninte bhagangal vyathyastha samayangalil metabolise cheyyappedunnu, ithu sajeevamaaya cheruvakal shareerathil cheluthunna swaadheenathe maattunnu. chila padaarthangal shareerathil sthiramaaya alavu nilanirthunnathinaayi valia kaalayalavil cheria alavil kazhikkaan uddeshichullathaanu, mattullava orikkal valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum athinte pravartthanam poortthiyaaya sesham shareerathil ninnu puranthallappedukayum cheiyunnu. ithu poornnamaayum marunninteyo supplementinteyo pravartthanatthe aasrayichirikkunnu.
bharanathinte pathayum pradhaanamaan. oru marunnu vaamozhiyayi kazhikkukayum, peshikalilekko sirayilekko kuthivaykkukayum, mucus membraniloode agiranam cheyyappedukayum allengil mattethenkilum tharatthilulla administration roottukal, shareeram ethra vegathil padaartham metabolise cheiyumennathine baadikkukayum angane sajeeva gadakangalude (kalude) saandrathaye baadikkukayum cheiyunnu. doses-response karvukal eee upapachayam phalangalude bandham vyakthamaakkam.
marunnukal.
outtdoor marunnukal.
kaundar marunnukalil, alavu praayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, 6 vious athil thaazheyumulla kuttikalkkum 6 muthal 12 vayass vare praayamulla kuttikalkkum 12 vious athil kooduthalumulla vyakthikalkkum vyathyastha dosukal shupaarsha cheiyunnu, ennaal aaa shrenikalkku purathu maargganirddesham cheruthaanu. ithu seeriyal under dosingileko amithamaya alavilekko nayichekkaam, kaaranam cheria aalukal aavashyamullathinekkaal kooduthal edukkukayum valia aalukal kurachu edukkukayum cheiyunnu. oru nischitha cheria doses edukkaan rogiyodu nirddeshikkunna oru koottam nirddeshangal saadhaaranayaayi ovar-dhii-kaundar marunnukalkoppam undaayirikkum, thudarnnu avarude lakshanagal kuranjillengil mattoru cheria dose. sareerabhaaravum valipavum shareerathinullile alavu engane pravarthikkunnuvennu baadikkunnathinaal ellah vyakthikalkkum phalapradamaaya sharashari doses pravachikkunnath valare velluvili niranjathinaal kuranja alavil marunnu kazhikkunnath faarmasiyile oru saadhaarana prasnamaanu.
kurippadi marunnukal.
kurippadi marunnu alavu saadhaaranayaayi shareerabhaarathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. shareerabhaarathinte kilograamil milligram allengil microgram enna nirakkil shupaarsha cheiyunna dosinoppam marunnukal varunnu, athu rogiyude shareerabhaaravumaayi samyojippichu surakshithamaaya alavu nirnnayikkaan upayogikkunnu. otta dosinte saahacharyangalil, rogiyude sareerabhaaravum oru kilograminu marunninte shupaarsha cheyyappedunna dose surakshithamaaya ottathavana doses nirnnayikkaan upayogikkunnu. oru divasam onniladhikam dosukal chikitsa aavasyamulla marunnukalil, oru divasam upayogikkaan surakshithamaaya marunninte motham alavu, rogiyude ettavum phalapradamaaya chikilsaykkaayi athu engane edavelakalaayi vibhajikkanam ennivayekkurichulla vivarangal doctor kanakkiledukkanam. oru nischitha samayathekku sariyaaya oru dosinaayi doctormar kurippadi ezhuthukayum ennaal rogikk aavashyamullathupole dosage vardhippikkunnathil paraajayappedukayum cheiyumbozhaanu marunnukalude kuranja alavu saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnath (athaayath.iii. kuttikalil bharam adisthaanamaakkiyulla dossing, allengil oru rogiyude avastha vashalaayal chemotherapy marunnukalude alavu vardhippikkuka).
medical kanjaavu.
vaividhyamaarnna rogangaludeyum avasthakaludeyum lakshanagal chikilsikkaan medical kanjaavu upayogikkunnu. kanchaavinte alavu vyakthi, chikilsikkunna avastha, kanchaavile kannabidiyolinteyum (cbd) tetrahydrocannabinole (thc) anupaathathe aasrayichirikkunnu. mayakkumarunnillaathum apasmaram, mattu neuro psychiatric disordezhs thudangiya avasthakal chikilsikkaan upayogikkunnathumaaya kanchaavinte oru raasa gadakamaanu cbd. kanchaavinte saiko active aaya oru raasa gadakamaanu thc. chemotherapy chikitsa labhikkuna cancer rogikalil ookkaanam, aswasthatha enniva chikilsikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu. uthkanda, vishaadam, mattu maanasikaarogya rogangal ennivaykku cbd-thc anupatham 10 muthal 1 vare shupaarsha cheiyunnu. cancerinum neurological avasthakalkkum, cbd muthal thc anupatham 1 muthal 1 vare shupaarsha cheiyunnu. oru rogiyude sariyaaya alavu rund raasavasthukkalodum avarude vyakthigatha prathikaranatthe aasrayichirikkunnu, athinaal sariyaaya balance kandethunnathinu chikitsa aarambhichukazhinjaal dossing nirantharam krameekarikkanam.
aushadha kanchaavinte falapraapthiyekkurichu shaasthra samoohathiludaneelam parimithamaaya samavaayamund.
kyaansar.
kyaansar polulla kooduthal gurutharamaaya rogangalkkulla chikilsaykkaayi marunninte alavu kanakkaakkunnath saadhaaranayaayi rogiyude shareerathinte uparithala vistheernnam alakkunnathiloodeyaanu. oru rogiyude shareerathinte uparithala vistheernnam alakkunnathinu ekadesham 25 vyathyastha soothravaakyangalundu, avayil onnupolum krithyamalla. oru vyakthigatha rogikk ettavum mikacha reethi thiranjedukkunnathu budhimuttulla kaaryamaanennu padanangal kaanikkunnu; thalphalamaayi, rogikk avarude prathyeka shaareerika vaikalyangal kaaranam palappozhum valareyadhikam allengil valare kurachu marunnukal labhikkunnu. athinaal, eee soothravaakyangal saadhaaranayaayi 'toxixity-adjusting dossing' ennariyappedunna reethiyil krameekarikkappedunnu, athuvazhi doctormar rogaprathirodha sheshi nireekshikkukayum athinanusarichu dossing krameekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. pareekshanatthinteyum pishakukaludeyum eee thanthrathinu sookshumamaaya nireekshanam aavasyamullathinaal, ithu kaaryakshamamallaathathum apakadakaravum chelavu phalapradamallaathathumaanu. surakshithavum kooduthal krithyavumaaya dossing reethikal vikasippikkunnathinulla gaveshanam nadannuvarikayaanu.
thudarnnu varunna gaveshanam.
aduthide anweshicha mattoru sameepanam parambaraagatha delivari samvidaanangal, nanoparticle delivari, laitt triggard delivari allengil ariyappedaatha/upayogikkappedaatha mattu reethikal ennivayiloode tanmatra thalatthil dossing aanu. eee marunnukale rakthathile mayakkumarunnu kanangalude saandrata kandethunna oru samvidaanavumaayi samyojippikkunnathiloode, oro rogikkum sariyaaya alavu nedaan kazhiyum. electrochemical aptamer adisthaanamaakkiyulla sensing upayogichu layippikkappedaatha rakthathile serathile cheria thanmatra kokkeyninte alavu nireekshichaanu eee mekhalayile gaveshanam aarambhichath. avar thirayunna nirddishta taargett moleculukalulla pepttaidukalaaya dna aptemarukal, thanmatra kandethumbol prathikaranamaayi madakkunnu, eee saankethikavidya oru microfluidic dittakshan sisttathil vaidyarmaarkku vaayikkaan kazhiyunna oru electrochemical signal srishtikkaan upayogichu. kokkeyn kandethiya sesham gaveshakar ithu pareekshikkukayum rakthathil kokkeyninte alavu vijayakaramaayi kandethukayum cheythu.
eee gaveshanam vipuleekarikkukayum santa barbarayile california sarvakalaashaalayile faakkalttikal vikasippichedutha medic (inn vivo condinues monittaringinaayi microfluidic electrochemical dittaktar) enna uthppannathinte srishtiyilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. rakthathile vividha thanmaathrakalude saandrata thudarchayaayi nirnnayikkaan kazhiyunna oru upakaranamaan medic. aadya upakaranam cheythathupole oru 'serem' srishtikkaan parishodhanaykk munbu raktham onninodum kalarthendathilla. vaidyashaasthrathinu vaividhyamaarnna marunninte thanmaathrakalum biomarkerukalum kandethaan kazhiyum. pareekshanangalil, muzhuvan rakthathilumulla proteinukal censorukalil ottippidikkukayum gadakangal adaykkukayum cheythathinaal ekadesham araa manikkoorin sesham upakaranathinte aadyakaala modalukal parajayappettu. raktham kalarthukayo shalyappeduthukayo cheyyaathe, rakthathodoppam sensarukalkku mukaliloode oru draavaka buffer ozhukaan anuvadikkunna randaamathe arayiloodeyaanu eee prashnam pariharichathu, athinaal phalangal maattamillathe thudarnnu. upakaranam ippozhum klinikkal pareekshanangalilaan, vaidyashaasthrathil yadhaartha nadappaakkal varshangal akaleyaan, ennirunnaalum edakkaalakhattathil, moonnaam ghatta klinikkal pareekshanangalil mikacha parisodhana anuvadikkunnathinu farmaceutical vyavasaayathilum ithu upayogikkaamenn athinte srashtaakkal kanakkakkunnu.
waxinukal.
prathirodha kuthivayppukal saadhaaranayaayi draavakangalaayi nalkukayum millilittarukalil alakkukayum cheiyunnu. oro vaxine eathu praayatthil nalkanam, ethra dosukal nalkanam, eathu kaalayalavil nalkanam ennathinekkurichulla parimithikalundu. deerghakaala aarogyathe baadhichekkaavunna vividha pakarchavyaadhikalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi jananathinum 18 vayass praayathinum idayil oro vyakthikkum (amerikkayilum canadayilum) nalkanamennu centers phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention shupaarsha cheiyunna 15 waxinukal undu. mikka waxinukalkkum poornna prathirodhasheshikk onniladhikam dosukal aavasyamaanu, ithu vaaxine aashrayich shupaarsha cheiyunna edavelakalil nalkunnu. niravadhi saadhaarana prathirodha kuthivayppu vazhikalunda
poshakaahaaram.
aarogyamulla manushyarkk, chila vitaaminukalum dhaathukkalum divasena kazhikkaan vidagdhar shupaarsha cheiyunnu. phudu aandu nutrition board, instittyoott oof medisin, naashanal akkadami oof sciences enniva shupaarsha cheiyunna dayattari reference intake (dry) pala roopangalil sajjeekarikkunnu
moolakangal, vitaaminukal, macro neutriyantukal ennivaykkaayi driss sthaapichittundu. prathidinam milligram (milligram/dii) allengil prathidinam microgram (microgram/dii) aanu saadhaarana moolaka, vitaamin dosukal. saadhaarana macro nyootriyant dosukal prathidinam graamukalilaan (gram/dii). lingabhedavum praayavum adisthaanamaakkiyaanu moonninum alavu nischayikkunnathu.
aarogyakaramaya jeevitashaili prolsaahippikkunnathum vittumaaraatha rogangalude vikaasam thadayunnathinum vyakthikal vitaamin, dhaatu supplementukal kazhikkunnu. vitaamin, mineral supplement ennivayude thudarchayaaya upabhogathe aayussinte deerghaayussumaayi bandhippikkunnathin nirnnayaka thelivukalonnumilla.
pakarchavyaadhi alavu.
oru rogakaariyude pakarchavyaadhi alavu hosttine badhikkaan aavashyamaaya koshangalude ennamaanu. ellah rogakaarikalkkum saadhaaranayaayi koshangalude ennathil nalkunna oru pakarchavyaadhi alavu undu. pakarchavyaadhi alavu oro jeevajaalathinum vyathyaasappedunnu, ithu prathyeka tharam strainukale ashrayichirikkum. chila rogakaarikalkk kurachu koshangal upayogichu oru hosttine badhikkaan kazhiyum, mattullavaykku dashalakshangalo kodikkanakkinu dollarukalo aavasyamaanu.
pakarchavyaadhi dosukalkku udaaharanagal, vardhichuvarunna kramatthil ayanja ranka 
saadhaaranayaayi, vayarile aasidukalkk oru rogakaariyude pakarchavyaadhi dossing paridhiyil thaazheyulla bakteeriyakale kollanum hosttine lakshanagal anubhavappedunnathino asukham varaathirikkunnathino kazhiyum. kozhuppu nirmmicha complexukalkku aamashaya aasidil ninnu pakarchavyaadhi ejantumaare samrakshikkaan kazhiyum, ithu kozhuppu bhakshanangalil hosttine vijayakaramaayi badhikkunna rogakaarikal adangaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. vayarile aasidinte saandrata kuravo kuravo ulla vyakthikalkk, oru rogakaariyude pakarchavyaadhi alavil saadhaaranayekkaal kuravaayirikkum.
oru doctoro vyakthiyo nalkunnathinupakaram, pakarchavyaadhi dosukal mattu vyakthikalil ninno paristhithiyil ninno oru vyakthiyilekku pakarunnu, saadhaaranayaayi aakasmikamaan, rogakaariye vyakthiyude rogaprathirodha samvidaanathaal paraajayappeduthunnathuvar allengil visarjjaka prakriyakalaal vyakthiyude sisttathil ninnu puranthallunnathuvare prathikoola paarshwafalangalkku kaaranamaakunnu.

