nikkal-mettal hydride baattari

nikal mettal hydride baattari (nimh allengil nii-emm. echu) recharge cheyyaavunna oru tharam baattariyaan. positteev electrodile raasapravarthanam nikkal-cadmium sellinu (encd) samaanamaan, randum nikkal ooksaid hydroxide (neo) upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, negatteevu electrodukal kaadmiyathinu pakaram hydrajan agiranam cheiyunna aloy upayogikkunnu. lythium ayann baattarikalekkaal valare kuravaanengilum, ganyamaayi uyarnna oorjja saandrathayulla athe valippathilulla nicked baattarikalude eratti vare seshiyullathum niim baattarikalkk undaayirikkum.
samanamaaya aakruthiyilulla recharge cheyyaatha kshara baattarikalkk pakaramaayi avaa saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu, kaaranam avaa alpam kuravum ennaal saadhaaranayaayi anuyojyamaaya sell voltage chorchaykkulla saadhyatha kuravumaanu.
charithram.
1967-ll saankethikavidyayude kandupiduthathethudarnathu battel-jeneeva gaveshana kendratthil niim baattarikalude pravartthanam aarambhichu. ithu sintar cheytha cheytha + tinny + ex aloykal, nioh electrodukal ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. ekadesham rund pathittaandilerekkaalam dimeler-benz ippol dimeler ejiyude anubandha sthaapanamaaya dushe automobiljeselshaafttil volkswagen ejiyum chernnaanu vikasanam sponsor cheythath. baattarikalude nirddishta oorjjam 50 doubleuech/kilogram (180 keje/kilogram), 1000 dablyu/kilogram vare nirddishta oorjjam, 500 charge saikkilukalude ayuss (100% dischaarjinte aazhathil) ennivayilethi. europian rajyangal (munganana swittsarland), america, jappan ennividangalil pettant apekshakal phayal cheythu. pettantukal dimeler-benzylake maatti.
maatti upagraha prayogangalkkaayi nikkal-hydrajan baattari vaanijyavalkkarichathode thaalparyam vardhichu. hydride saankethikavidya hydrajan sambharikkunnathinulla oru badal, bharam kuranja maarggam vaagdaanam cheythu. phillips laborattarikalum fraansile cnrs nadatthiya gaveshanathil negatteevu electrodinaayi apoorva-bhouma lohangal ulkkollunna puthiya uyarnna oorjja hibrid aloykal vikasippichu. ennirunnaalum, kshara electrolytile aloy asthirathayum thalphalamaayi aparyapthamaaya saikkil ayussum ivaykku anubhavapettu. 1987ll villemmukalum basshoy eee sameepanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla (la0.8nd0.2ni2.5co2.4si0.1 misritham upayogichu) oru vijayakaramaya baattari pradharshippichu, ithu 4000 charge-discharge saikkilukalkk sesham athinte charge sheshiyude 84 sathamaanam nilanirtthi. laanthaanathin pakaram mismettal upayogichu kooduthal saambathikamaayi labhakaramaaya aloykal taamasiyaathe vikasippichu. aadhunika niim cellukal eee roopakalppanaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. 1989-ll aadyathe upabhokthru-grade niim cellukal vaanijyaparamaayi labhyamaayi.
1998ll, ovonic baattari qoo. tii-nii aloy ghadanayum ghadanayum mechappeduthukayum athinte puthumakalkk pettant nedukayum cheythu.
2008ll lokamembaadum rund dashalakshathiladhikam hibrid kaarukal niim baattarikal upayogichu nirmikkappettu.
europian yooniyanil baattari nirddesham kaaranam, nikkal mettal hydride baattarikal portable upabhokthru upayogathinaayi nii-sidi baattarikalkk pakaram vannu.
2010ll jappanil vittupoya portable recharge cheyyaavunna baattarikalil 22 sathamaanavum niim aayirunnu. 2009ll swittsarlandil thulyamaaya sthithivivarakkanakku ekadesham 60 shathamaanamaayirunnu. lythium ayann baattarikalude nirmmaanatthile vardhanavu kaaranam kaalakramena eee sathamaanam kuranju 2000-ll, jappanil vilkkunna portable recharge cheyyaavunna baattarikalil pakuthiyolam niim aayirunnu.
2015ll basf oru parishkaricha microstructure nirmmichu, athu niim baattarikal kooduthal susthiramaakkaan sahayichu, ithu sell roopakalppanayil mattangal anuvadikkukayum ganyamaaya bharam laabhikkukayum nirddishta oorjjam kilograminu 140 vaatt-manikkoorilethaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
electrochemistry.
oru niim sellil sambhavikkunna negatteevu electrode prathikaranam
positteev electrodil, nikkal oxyhydroxide, neo (ooo) roopappedunnu
prathikaranangal charge cheyyumbol idathuninnu valathottum discharge cheyyumbol vipareethamaayum thudarunnu. oru nimh koshatthinte negatteevu electrodile loha m oru intermetaalik samyukthamaanu. eee prayogathinaayi niravadhi vyathyastha samyukthangal vikasippichittunde nilavile upayogathilullava rund vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu. ettavum saadhaaranamaayath saadhaaranamaayath aanu, ivide a ennathu lanthanam, serium, neodymium, presodymium ennivayude apoorva-bhouma misrithamaanu, koodaathe b ennathu nikkal, cobalt, manganese allengil aluminium ennivayaanu. chila koshangal eiii. bii. 2 samyukthangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla uyarnna sheshiyulla negatteevu electrode vasthukkal upayogikkunnu, avide eiii titanium allengil vanadium, bii syrconium allengil nikkal, chromium, cobalt, irumbu allengil manganese enniva upayogichu parishkkarikkunnu.
nimh koshangalkk saadhaaranayaayi pottasyam hydroxide enna kshara electrolyte undu. positteev electrode nikkal hydroxide negatteevu electrode intersteeshyal mettal hydridinte roopathil hydrajan aanu. hydrophilic polyolyphine nonvovans verthirikkaan upayogikkunnu.
bipolar baattari.
vaidyutha vaahanangalkkulla sambharana samvidaanangal enna nilayil prayogangalkku chila gunangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinaal bipolar designinte (bipolar baattarikal) niim baattarikal vikasippichukondirikku. bipolar roopakalppanayile atharam prayogangalkku soolid polymer membran jell sepparettar upayogapradamaakum. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, draavaka-electrolyte samvidaanangalil sambhavikkunna short sarcuteukal ozhivakkaan eee roopakalppana sahayikkum.
charge.
vegathil charge cheyyumbol, sellukalkk kedupaadukal varuthunna amita charging ozhivakkaan oru smart baattari charger upayogichu niim cellukal charge cheiyunnathu nallathaanu.
charging trickle cheyyuka.
surakshithamaaya charging reethikalil ettavum lalithamaayath timerullatho illaathatho aaya oru nischitha kuranja vaidyuthadhaarayaanu. 0. 1 "sii" ("sii"/10) ll thaazheyulla (baattariyude seshiye oru manikkoor kondu harikkaavunnathin thulyamaaya vaidyuthadhaarayaaya "sii") valare kuranja vaidyuthadhaarakalil amita charging surakshithamaanennu mikka nirmmaathaakkalum avakaashappedunnu. kooduthal samayam amithamaayi charge cheiyunnathu battariye doshakaramaayi badhikkumennum motham charging samayam 10-20 manikoraayi parimithappedutthanamennum panasonic niim charging maanuval munnariyipp nalkunnu.
poornnamaayum charjju cheytha avasthayil sookshikkenda baattarikalkk "sii"/300 enna trickle charge upayogikkaamenn duressel soochippikkunnu. chila chaarjarukal charge saikkilin sesham swaabhaavika svayam discharge nikathunnathinaayi ithu cheiyunnu. samanamaaya oru sameepanam energiser nirddeshikkunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu svayam-catalysis sii/10 vareyulla charge nirakkukalkkayi electrodukalil roopappetta vaathakathe veendum samyojippikkaan kazhiyumennanu. ithu sell choodaakkunnathilekku nayikkunnu. deerghaayussu pradhaanamaaya anischithakaala apekshakalkku "sii"/30 allengil "sii"/40 kambani shupaarsha cheiyunnu. trickle charging resisttar moolyathile vardhanavu ozhike, roopakalppana adisthaanaparamaayi pazhaya nicked yoonittukalile athepadi nilanilkkunna emarjansi lighting aaplikkeshanukalil sweekaricha sameepanamaanith.
baattariyude volteju 1.3 vii-yill thaazheyaakumbozhellaam uyarnna vaidyuthadhaarayude pulse upayogikkunna kuranja duty saikkil sameepanathiloode standbaiyilulla niim baattarikal charge cheyyanamennu paanasonikkinte handbook shupaarsha cheiyunnu. ithu baattari ayuss vardhippikkukayum kuranja oorjjam upayogikkukayum cheyyum.
δ "v" charging reethi.
sellukalkk kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnath thadayaan, athivega chaarjarukal amita charging sambhavikkunnathin munbu avayude charge saikkil avasaanippikkanam. oru reethi samayathinanusarichu voltejinte maattam nireekshikkuka ennathaanu. baattari poornnamaayum charge cheyyumbol, athinte terminalukaliludaneelamulla volteju cheruthaayi kurayunnu. chaarjarin ithu kandethaanum charge cheiyunnathu nirthaanum kazhiyum. poornna chaarjil valia volteju drope pradarshippikkunna nikkal-cadmium cellukalil eee reethi palappozhum upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nimhil volteju drope valare kuravaanu, kuranja charge nirakkil nilavililla, ithu sameepanathe vishwasaneeyamallaathaakkum.
mattoru oopshan samayavumaayi bandhappett voltejinte maattam nireekshikkukayum ithu poojyamaakumbol nirthukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu, ennaal ithu akaala kattoofukalkku kaaranamakum. eee reethi upayogichu, oru trickle chaarjinekkaal valare uyarnna charging nirakk 1 "sii" vare upayogikkaam. eee charge nirakkil, peak voltageil ninnu oru sellinu volteju 5-10 mv kurayumbol charging nirthaan panasonic shupaarsha cheiyunnu. eee reethi baattariyiludaneelamulla volteju alakkunnathinaal, oru sthiramaaya-karant (sthiramaaya-voltejinu pakaram) charging surcuted upayogikkunnu.
δ "t" charging reethi.
thaapanila maatta reethi thathwathil δ "v" reethikk samaanamaan. charging volteju eathaandu sthiramaayathinaal, sthiramaaya-nilavile charging ekadesham sthiramaaya nirakkil oorjjam nalkunnu. koshatthil poornnamaayum charge cheyyaathappol, eee oorjjathinte bhooribhaagavum raasa oorjjamaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, sell poornna chaarjil athumbol, charging oorjjathinte bhooribhaagavum thaapamaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnu. ithu baattari thaapanilayile maattatthinte nirakk vardhippikkunnu, ithu thermisttar polulla sensor vazhi kandethanakum. panasonic, duressel enniva minittil 1 digri selshyas thaapanila vardhanayude paramavadhi nirakk soochippikkunnu. oru thaapanila sensor upayogikkunnathu oru samboornna thaapanila vettikkurav anuvadikkunnu, ithu duressel 60 digri selshyasil soochippikkunnu. δ "t", δ "v" charging reethikal upayogichu, rund nirmmaathaakkalum prarambha drutha charge pinthudarunnathinu trickle charging kooduthal kaalayalav shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
suraksha.
sellumaayi, prathyekichu bimetalic strip tharatthil, oru punakrameekarikkavunna fuse suraksha vardhippikkunnu. vaidyuthadhaarayo thaapanilayo valare uyarnnaal eee fuse thurakkunnu.
aadhunika niim cellukalil amita charging vazhi ulppaadippikkunna vaathakangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla kaattalistukal adangiyirikkunnu (<kemm> 2h2 {} + o2-> [\text {kaattalist}] 2h2o </kemm>). ennirunnaalum, ithu 0.01 "sii" (athaayath naamamaathramaaya sheshi patthu manikkoor kondu harikkuka) vareyulla amita charging vaidyuthadhaarakalil maathrame pravartthikkoo. eee prathikaranam baattarikal choodaakkukayum charging prakriya avasanippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
inn-sell charge kantrol ennu vilikkunna valare druthagathiyilulla chaarjinginulla oru reethiyil sellile oru aantharika mardha switch ulppedunnu, ithu amita mardhamundaayaal charging vaidyuthadhaara vichedikkunnu.
niim kemistriyile oru antharleenamaaya apakadasaadhyatha amita charging hydrajan vaathakam roopappedaan kaaranamaakukayum koshatthe pottikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu. athinaal, gurutharamaaya amita charging undaayal vaathakam purathuvidunnathinu koshangalkk oru ventu undu.
paristhithi sauhruda vasthukkal upayogichaanu niim baattarikal nirmmichirikkunnathu. baattarikalil neriya vishavasthukkal maathrame adangiyittulloo, avaa punarupayogikkaavunnavayaana.
sheshi nashtam.
aavarthichulla bhagika dischargeil ninnulla volteju depression (palappozhum memory ephakt ennu thettidharikkappedunnu) sambhavikkam, pakshe kurachu poornna discharge/charge cycleukal upayogichu ithu reversable aanu.
discharge cheiyunnu.
poornnamaayum charjju cheytha oru sell discharge samayat sharashari 1.25 vii/sell vitharanam cheiyunnu, ithu ekadesham 1.0-1.1 vii/sellayi kurayunnu (kooduthal discharge multy-sell paaykkukalude kaaryatthil sthiramaaya kedupaadukalkk kaaranamakum, durbalamaaya sellinte dhruveeyatha vipareethamaakunnath kaaranam). oru laitt lodinu keezhil (0.5 ampere), nalla avasthayil puthuthayi charjju cheytha oru aam sellinte prarambha volteju ekadesham 1.4 wolt aanu.
amithamaya discharge.
multy-sell paaykkukalude poornnamaaya discharge onno athiladhikamo koshangalil reverse polaarittikku kaaranamakum, ithu avaye shaashvathamaayi nasippikkum. oru digital camerayile shreniyile naalu aaa cellukalude pothuvaaya krameekaranatthil eee sahacharyam sambhavikkam, avide koshangal thammilulla sheshiyile cheria vyathyaasangal kaaranam oru sell mattullavaykku munbu poornnamaayum discharge cheiyunnu. ithu sambhavikkumbol, nalla koshangal discharge cheytha koshatthe vipareeta dhruveekaranathilekku nayikkaan thudangunnu (i.iii. positteev anode/negatteevu cathode). chila camerakal, gps reseaverukal, pdas enniva seerees cellukalude surakshita end-oof-discharge volteju kandethukayum oottoo-shutdown nadathukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal flashlightukalum chila kalippaattangalum polulla upakaranangal cheiyunnilla.
koshangalude thapanilayil vyathyaasappedumbol kuranja volteju-paridhi kautt upayogikkumbol polum, dhruveeyatha reversalil ninnulla thirichedukkaanaavaatha kedupaadukal oru prathyeka apakadamaanu. koshangal thanuppikkumbol sheshi ganyamaayi kurayunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam. ithu thanutha cellukalude looad kuranja voltejinu kaaranamaakunnu.
svayam discharge.
charitraparamaayi, niim koshangalkk nick koshangalekkaal kurachu uyarnna svayam-discharge nirakk (aantharika chorchaykku thulyamaayathu) undu. svayam discharge cheiyunna nirakk thaapanila anusarichu valareyadhikam vyathyaasappedunnu, kuranja sambharana thaapanila mandagathiyilulla dischargeilekkum kooduthal baattari ayussilekkum nayikkunnu. aadya divasam thanne svayam discharge cheyyukayum oro divasavum ooshmaavil sthiratha kaivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennaal 45 digri selshyasil ithu ekadesham moonnirattiyaanu.
svayam discharge kuranja.
kuranja svayam-discharge nikkal mettal hydride baattarikk (elsd niim) svayam-discharge nirakk valare kuravaanu. 2005ll saanyo enna branded eniloppaanu eee naveekaranam avatharippichathu. electrode sepparettar, positteev electrode, mattu gadakangal ennivayil mechappeduthalukal upayogikkunnathiloode, saadhaarana niim baattarikalude pakuthiyolam cellukal oru varshathekku sambharikkumbol avayude sheshiyude 70-85% nilanirthunnuvennu nirmmathaakkal avakaashappedunnu. avaa saadhaarana niim baattarikalkk samaanamaan, koodaathe saadhaarana niim chaarjarukalil charge cheyyaan kazhiyum. eee cellukal "hibrid", "upayogikkaan thayyaraya" allengil "pree-charjju cheytha" rechargeablukalaayi vipananam cheiyunnu. charge nilanirthunnathu baattariyude chorcha prathirodhatthe (kooduthal nallath), athinte bhauthika valuppatheyum charge seshiyeyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
vaidyuthapravaaham mandagathiyilaakkaan separettarukal rund electrodukalum verthirikkunnu, athesamayam vaidyuthadhaara kadannupokumbol surcuted adaykkunna ionic charge kaariyarukalude gathagatham anuvadikkunnu. baattari prakadanatthinu uyarnna nilavaaramulla separettarukal nirnaayakamaan.
svayam discharge nirakk sepparettarinte kanathe aasrayichirikkunnu; kattiyulla separettarukal svayam discharge kuraykkunnu, ennaal sajeeva gadakangalkku kurachu idam avasheshikkunnathinaal sheshi kuraykkukayum nerttha separettarukal uyarnna svayam dischargeilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. chila baattarikal kooduthal krithyamaayi nirmmicha nerttha sepparettarukalum sulphonated polyolyphine sepparettarum upayogichukondu eee edapaadine marikadannirikkaam, ithu ethylene vinail alcoholine adisthaanamaakkiyulla hydrophilic polyolyphinekkaal mechappettathaanu.
sepparettarinte valia alavu kaaranam kuranja svayam-discharge koshangalkk thulyamaaya nimh koshangale apekshichu kurachu kuranja sheshiyund. uyarnna sheshiyulla kuranja svayam discharge cheiyunna aaa sellukalkk 2500 emah sheshiyund, uyarnna sheshiyulla aaa niim sellukalkk 2700 emah sheshiyund.
svayam discharge mechappeduthunnathinulla saadhaarana reethikalil iva ulppedunnu sulphonated upayogam
sepparettar (enn adangiya samyukthangal neekkam cheiyunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu), akrilik aasidinte upayogam
graaft cheytha pipi sepparettar (sepparettaril alle-, emn-debris roopeekaranam kuraykkunnu), eiii2bii7 emech aloyiyil qoo, emn enniva neekkam cheyyuka, (sepparettaril avashishtangalude roopeekaranam kuraykkunnu), electrolytinte alavu vardhippikkuka (electrolytile hydrajan vyaapanathil kuravu varuthunnu), kyu adangiya gadakangal neekkam cheyyuka (micro-short kurayunnu), positteev electrodil ptfe coating (neohin purathuvidunna num idayil prathikaranam adichamarthunnu), cmc layani dipping (ooksijan parinaamatthe adichamarthunnu), emech aloyil kyu micro-encapsulation (emech aloyil ninnu purathuvidunna purathuvidunna ll kuravu varuthunnu), emech aloyil nii-bii aloy coating (oru samrakshana paaliyude roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu), electrocline chikilsayude negatteevu (lenohli electrokalik leauttu kuraykkunnu), electroholic liholic (electro-aloy) leeii kuray
nashanasheshi), electrolytilekku electrolytilekku aall2 3 cherkkunnath (emm. echu. aloy naashanashtam kuraykkunnu). eee mechappeduthalukalil bhooribhaagavum chelavil kaaryamaaya falamo nissaramaaya falamo undakkunnilla; chila vardhanavu chelavu mithamaayi vardhippikkunnu.
mattu baattari tharangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol.
digital camerakalilum mattu uyarnna draine upakaranagalilum niim cellukal palappozhum upayogikkunnu, avide otta charge upayogathinte kaalayalavil avaa praadhamika baattarikale (kshara polullava) marikadakkunnu.
uyarnna nilavile-draine aaplikkeshanukalkku niim cellukal prayojanakaramaanu, pradhaanamaayum avayude aantharika prathirodham kuravaayathinaal. kuranja vaidyutha aavasyathil (25 ema) ekadesham 2.6 eechu sheshi vaagdaanam cheiyunna saadhaarana alkaline aaa-sais baattarikal 500 ema lodumaayi 1.3 eechu sheshi maathrame nalkunnulloo. ell. sii. dikalum flashlightukalum ulla digital camerakalkku 1 eiii yill kooduthal valikkaan kazhiyum, avaa vegathil illaathaakum. samanamaaya sheshi nashtappedaathe eee vaidyuthadhaarayude alavu nalkaan niim sellukalkk kazhiyum.
praadhamika kshara rasathanthram (allengil sink-kaarban/chloride) koshangal upayogichu pravartthikkaan roopakalppana cheytha upakaranangal niim sellukalkkoppam pravartthikkilla. ennirunnaalum, mikka upakaranangalum oru kshaareeya baattariyude volteju dropinu nashtapariharam nalkunnu, kaaranam athu ekadesham 1 wolt vare discharge cheiyunnu. kuranja aantharika prathirodham niim cellukale eathaandu poornnamaayum discharge cheiyunnathuvare eathaandu sthiramaaya volteju nalkaan anuvadikkunnu. athinaal mikka discharge cycleukalilum alkaline cellukalude volteju kramanugathamaayi kurayunnathinaal niim cellukal upayogikkumbol bakkiyulla charge amithamaayi kanakkakkaan alkaline cellukal vaayikkaan roopakalppana cheytha baattari level indicatorukal.
nikkal mettal hydride baattarikalekkaal uyarnna oorjjam lythium ayann baattarikalkk undengilum avaykku ganyamaaya vila kooduthalaanu. avaa uyarnna voltage (3.2-3.7 v nominal) uthppaadippikkunnu, athinaal volteju kuraykkunnathinu sarcuttariyillaatha kshaareeya baattarikalkk drope-inn pakarakkaaralla.
baattari vipaniyude moonnu sathamaanam nikkal mettal hydride baattarikalaan.
aaplikkeshanukal.
upabhokthru electronics.
niim baattarikal niravadhi rolukalkku pakaram nicked maatti, prathyekichu recharge cheyyaavunna cheria baattarikal. aam baattarikal saadhaaranayaayi aaa (penlight-sais) baattarikalil labhyamaan. ivaykku 5 manikorinullil sell discharge cheiyunna nirakkil alakkunna 1.2 vii yill <aii. dii. 1> enna naamamaatra charge sheshiyund ("sii"). upayogapradamaaya discharge kappasitti ennathu discharge nirakkinte kurayunna pravarthanamaanu, ennaal ekadesham 1 × "sii" (1 manikorinullil poornna discharge) enna nirakk vare, ithu naamamaatra seshiyil ninnu ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedunnilla. niim baattarikal naamamaathramaayi oru sellinu 1.2 vii enna nirakkil pravartthikkunnu, ithu parambaraagatha 1.5 vii cellukale apekshichu kurachu kuravaanu, pakshe aaa voltejinaayi roopakalppana cheytha niravadhi upakaranangal pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum.
electric vahanangal.
muun thalamura electric, hibrid-electric vahanangalil niim baattarikal pathivayi upayogichirunnu; 2020 leeii kanakkanusarichu avaye electric, plug-inn hibrid vaahanangalile lythium-ayann baattarikal eathaandu poornnamaayum marikadannu, pakshe avaa chila hibrid vahanangalil upayogathilundu (udaaharanathinu, 2020 toyota highlander). general motors motors, phastt janareshan toyota toyota ivi, honda ivi plus, foord renchar ivi, vektriks scooter enniva munkaala electric plug-inn vahanangalil ulppettirunnu. aadya thalamurayile ellah hibrid vaahanangalum niim baattarikal upayogichu, prathyekichu toyota prius, honda insaitt, foord escape hibrid, chevrolatt malibu hibrid, honda sivik hibrid ennivayulppedeyulla pilkkala modalukalum avaa upayogikkunnu.
pettant prasnangal.
stanford aarr. oom baattariyude janapriyamaaya oru mechappeduthal ovshinsky kandethukayum pettant nedukayum 1982ll ovonic baattari kambani sthaapikkukayum cheythu. general motorukal 1994ll ovoniksinte pettant vaangi. vaangi avasaanathode general motorukal iii. vii. 1, dodge caravan itihaasa minivan thudangiya poornnamaayum electric vahanangalil niim baattarikal vijayakaramaayi upayogichu.
eee thalamurayile electric kaarukal vijayakaramaanengilum vipaniyil ninnu pettennu pinvalikkapettu.
2000 octoberil pettant texacoic vilkkukayum oraazhchaykk sesham texaco chevron ettedukkukayum cheythu. chevroninte cobassis subsidiary eee baattarikal valia oem oordarukalkku maathrame nalkoo. baattari labhyathayude abhavam oru pradhana thadassamaayi choondikkaatti general motorukal motorukal uthpaadanam nirtthi. niim baattarikalude cobassis niyanthranam valia automotive niim baattarikalkk pettant badhyatha srishtichu.

