
galeeliyoyude kappal

16-umm 17-umm noottaandukalile bhauthikashaasthranjanum jyothishaasthranjanumaaya gelilio galeeli nadatthiya rund bhauthikashaasthra pareekshanangale, oru chinta pareekshanatheyum oru yadhaartha pareekshanatheyum, geliliyoyude kappal soochippikkunnu. suuryan, grahangal, nakshathrangal enniva karangunna nischalamaaya bhoomikk vipareethamaayi oru karangunna bhoomi enna ashayam vaadikkaanaanu pareekshanangal srishtichathu.
bhoomi karangukayaanengil, prakshepakangalude allengil veezhunna vasthukkalude sanjaarapathangalil kandethaavunna phalangal undakumennaayirunnu akkaalat upayogichirunna oru vaadam.
kappalinte maast pareekshanam.
1616-ll, anweshanathiloode thaan samshayathinte lakshyamaanennu gelelio ithinakam aashankappettathinushesham, monsigner francesco engoliyil ninnu kopparnikkanisathinethir shaasthreeyavum daivashaasthraparavumaaya vaadangal pattikappedutthunna oru kathu addehathinu labhichu. 1624-leeii oru neenda prathikaranatthinte bhaagamaayi, sugamamayi neengunna kappalinte maastil ninnu oru paara veezhunnathinte pareekshanathekkurichum paara maasttinte adithattil idicho atho pinnil idicho ennu nireekshikkunnathinekkur gelilio vivarichu. vividha aalukal eee pareekshanatthe saidhaanthikamaayi charcha cheyyukayum chilar athu cheythathayi avakaashappedukayum phalathekkurichulla parasparavirudhamaaya reportukal nalkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, ithinu samanamaaya yadhaartha allengil chinta pareekshanangal munbu jeane buriden, nicolas ooresme, nicolas kusanus, clavius, jiordano bruno ennivar charcha cheythirunnu.
galilio ingoliyodu paranju (stilmaan drake vivarthanam cheythirikkunnu):
njaan mattullavare apekshichu eratti nalla oru thathwachinthakanaanu, kaaranam avar, phalathinu vipareethamaayath enthaanennu parayumbol, pareekshanatthiloode ithu kandathinte nunakal cherkkukayum cheythu; njaan pareekshanam nadathukayum cheythu-athinumumbu, shaareerikamaaya nyaayavaadam phalam yadhaarthathil sambhavikkunnathupole thanne maaranamenn enne bodhyappedutthi.
rund pradhana loka samvidaanangalekkurichulla thante sambhaashanathilum (randaam divasam) galilio eee pareekshanatthe kurichu charcha cheythu.
 ennaal athu yadhaarthathil nadappaakkiyathaanennu oru avakaashavaadavumilla. galileo mattu rachayithakkalaaya ooresam, clavius, bruno ennivarum charcha cheytha samanamaaya oru pareekshanatthil bhoomiyude uparithalathil ninnu nerittu oru prakshepakam vikshepikkunnu. bhoomiyude uparithalam kizhakode neengukayaanengil, eee pareekshanatthil prakshepakam nireekshanatthinu vipareethamaayi vikshepana binduvinte padinjaaru bhaagathekku pathikkumennaayirunnu oru saadhaarana aristotaliyan-scholastic vaadam.
1632-leeii chinta pareekshanam.
rund pradhana loka samvidaanangalekkurichulla sambhashanam" enna geleeliyoyude 1632-leeii pusthakatthil bhoomi neengunnu enna aashayathinethire nilavilulla ellah pothu vaadangalum (randaam divasam) pariganichu. ithilonnu, bhoomi athinte achuthandil karangukayaanengil, naamellaavarum manikkooril aayirakkanakkin kilometer vegathayil kizhakode neengumaayirunnu, athinaal oru gopuratthil ninnu nerittu thaazhekku pathikkunna oru panthu gopuratthinu padinjaaru pathikkum, athu edakkaalathu kurachu kizhakode neengumaayirunnu. athupole, kizhakode vediyuthirtha oru peeranki panthu padinjarottu vediyuthirkkunnathinekkaal thokkinu aduthekku pathikkum, kaaranam kizhakode neengunna peeranki bhaagikamaayi panthu pidikkum. atharam vaadangale ethirkkaan, orepole neengunna kappalilulla oru vyakthikk chalanabodhamillennum athinaal maasttinte mukalil ninnu pathikkunna oru peeranki panthu nerittu kaalil veezhumennum pusthakam nireekshikkunnu. eee vastutha theliyikkaan geleeliyoyude saangalppika abhibhashakayaaya saalviyaathiyaan aantharika nireekshanam illaatha (i.iii. vishramathilullathil ninnu orupole neengunna oru samvidaanathe verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna) janaalayiloode puratthekku nokkunnathu poleyalla. athinaal, thwaranamillaathe neengunna eathoru rund samvidaanangalum thulyamaanu, vegathayillaatha chalanam aapekshikamaan. ekadesham moonnu noottaandukalkku sesham, albert ainsteen vaidyuthiyudeyum kaanthikathayudeyum (maiks vellinte samavaakyangal) niyamangalkk eee ashayam prayogichu. guruthwaakarshanathinteyum vaidyuthakaanthikathayudeyum akkaalathe ariyappedunna niyamangal kanakkileduthu geliliyoyude vaadathinte punarnirmmanamaaya prathyeka aapekshikatha sidhaanthathinte roopeekaranathilekku ithu nayichu.
nirddesham.
salviathiyude pareekshanam iprakaaramaanu
oru valia kappalile dekkukalkku thaazheyulla pradhana cabinil chila suhruthukkalodoppam mindaathirikkuka, oppam chila eechakalum chithrashalabhangalum mattu cheria parakkunna mrugangalum avide ningalkkoppam undaayirikkuka. oru valia paathratthil kurachu malsyamulla vellam edukkuka; shoonyamaakunna oru kuppi thaazheyulla oru vishalamaaya paathratthilekku thullikondu thookkiyiduka. kappal nischalamaayi nilkkumbol, cheria mrugangal kyaabinte ellah vashathum thulya vegathayil engane parakkunnuvennu shradhaapoorvvam nireekshikkuka. malsyam ellah dishakalilekkum ashradhamaayi neenthunnu; thullikal thaazheyulla kappalil veezhunnu; ningalude suhruthinu enthengilum eriyumbol, ningal athu oru dishayilekkaal kooduthal shakthamayi mattoru dishayilekku eriyendathilla, dooram thulyamaanu; ningalude kaalukal orumichu chaadumbol, ningal ellah dishakalilekkum thulya edangal kadannupokunnu. ningal ivayellaam shradhaapoorvvam nireekshikkumbol (kappal nilkkumbol ellaam eee reethiyil sambhavikkanam ennathil samshayamillengilum), chalanam orupoleyayirikkukayum eee reethiyil ettakkurachilukal undakaathirikkukayum cheiyunnidatholam kaalam ningalkk ishtamulla eathu vegathayilum kappal munnott pokatte. peritta ellah efakttukalilum kuranja mattamonnum ningal kandethukayilla, kappal neengukayaano nischalamaayi nilkkukayaano ennu avayil onnil ninnum ningalkk parayaan kazhiyilla. chaadumbol, ningal munbathe athe edangaliloode tharayil kadannupokum, kappal valare vegathil neengunnundengilum, ningalkk thaazheyulla thara ningalude chaadalinu vipareeta dishayilekku pookum enna vastutha undaayirunnittum, ningal munpathe athe edangaliloode kadannupokilla, allengil ningal munvashathekkaal valia chaattam nadathukayumilla. ningalude koottalikku enthengilum eriyumbol, avan villinte dishayilaayaalum sterninte dishayilaayaalum, ningal ethirvashathu nilkkumbozhum athu avante aduthekku ethikkaan ningalkk kooduthal balam aavasyamilla. thullikal vaayuvilaayirikkumbol kappal niravadhi spaanukal oodunnundengilum thullikal munpatheppole thaazheyulla kappalilekku veezhaathe thaazhekku veezhunnu. vellathilulla malsyangal pinbhaagathekkaal kooduthal parisramamillaathe avarude paathratthinte munvashathekku neenthukayum paathratthinte arikukalil evideyum bettu sthaapikkaan thulya eluppathil pookukayum cheyyum. oduvil chithrashalabhangalum eechakalum ellah vashathekkum ashradhamaayi parakkunnath thudarum, kappalinte gathi nilanirthunnathil ninnu thalarnnathupole avaa orikkalum staarnilekku kendreekarikkilla, athil ninnu avaa verpeduthappedum. dhoopavarggam kathichu puka undaakkukayaanengil, athu oru cheria meghathinte roopathil mukalilekku kayarunnathum nischalamaayi nilkkunnathum oru vashathekkaal mattonnilekku neengaathathum kaanapedum. kappalinte chalanam athil adangiyirikkunna ellah vasthukkalkkum vayuvinum pothuvaayullathaan eee efakttukalude ellah anuroopangalkkum kaaranam. athukondaanu ningal dekkukalkku thaazheyaayirikkanamenn njaan paranjathu; kaaranam ithu kappalinte gathiye pinthudarunnilla, thuranna anthareekshathil mukalil sambhavichaal, sradhikkappetta chila efakttukalil kooduthalo kuravo sradheyamaaya vyathyaasangal kaanapedum.