jeey. richard missintosh

jeey. collado boulder sarvakalaashaalayile molecular, sellular, developmental biology vishayangalil emeritus professoraanu richard missintosh. 1961ll bhauthikashaasthrathil bii. eiii. yum veendum phd nedi missintosh harwardil ninnu aadyamaayi birudam nedi.dii. 1968ll biophysicsil birudam nediya addeham harwardil adthyaapanajeevitham aarambhichuvenkilum thante kariyarinte bhooribhaagavum collado boulder sarvakalaashaalayilaan chelavazhichathu. collado boulder sarvakalashaalayil, missintosh biruda, biruda thalangalil biology kozhsukal padippichu. koodaathe, thante adthyaapanajeevithathinte avasana varshangalil addeham cancer biologyil oru biruda kozhs srishtichu. maittosis, microtubilukal, motor proteinukal ennivayude vividha bhagangal ulppede vividha karyangal misintoshinte gaveshana jeevitam nokkunnu.
gaveshana thalpparyangal.
maittosis.
misintoshinte mikka pravartthanangalum koshatthile maittosis prakriyayil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. koshatthile chromosomukalude vyathyastha chalanangalum maittotik spindilsinte roopeekaranavum ulppedunna kosha vibhajana prakriyayaan maittosis. koodaathe, eee prakriyayil microtubilukaludeyum motor proteinukaludeyum pankinekkurichu misintoshinu valare thaalpparyamund. microtubilukalum mattu proteinukalum chernna maittotik spindles, kosha vibhajana samayat rund puthiya koshangalkkum oro chromosominteyum oru pakarpp labhikkunnundenn urappaakkunnu. chromosomukal verthirichathinusesham, koshangalkk cytochinesisiloode poornnamaayum verthirikkaanum kazhiyum. maittosisil onniladhikam ghattangalund. professil, dna vibhajanathinaayi svayam paakkej cheyyaan thudangukayum micro tubilukal maittotik spindle roopeekarikkaan thayyaaredukkunnathinaayi punasamghadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. prometaphesil, maittotik spindle chromosome gadippikkunna sthalathu kainettokorukal vikasikkunnu. athinusesham, chromosomukal koshatthinte madhyathilekku (metaafesu plate) neengukayum anaphase samayat rund pakarppukalum verpiriyukayum cheiyunnu. misintoshinte chila kruthikalil addeham anaphase enna bhaagathe prathyekamaayi nokkunnu, athu chromosome neengunna dhruvavumaayi bandhappett evideyaanennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. avasaanamaayi, telophasil, oru puthiya nuclear envalappu srishtikkunnathiloode koshangal maittosisinte gattangal poortthiyaakkunnu.
electron tomography upayogam.
koodaathe, chuvade vivarichirikkunna pala kruthikalilum, koshangale chithrappeduthunnathinum padikkunnathinum missintosh saadhaaranayaayi electron tomography upayogikkunnu. electron tomography, padikkunna vishayathinte 3-dii chithram srishtikkaan niravadhi vyathyastha chithrangal orumichu cherkkunnu. eee saankethikavidya valare sankeernamaaya gadanakal nireekshikkaan ettavum anuyojyamaanu, koodaathe bhouthikamaayi padikkaan kazhiyunnathinekkaal nerttha saambilukal chithreekarikkaan kazhiyum.
1970-kalilum 1980-kalilum.
kosha jeevashaasthra mekhalayile misintoshinte muun padanangalilonnu padanangalilonnu, avide addehathinte samgham chithalukalil kaanapedunna oru jeeviyaaya "pyrsonympha" yude flazella gadanakalekkurichu oru prabandham prasidheekarichu. eee kruthiyil, addehathinte samgham micro tubilukalude oru shekharamaaya aaksostailine vivarikkukayum koshatthinte mattu bhagangalumaayulla aaksostailinte attaachment athinte pravartthanatthe niyanthrikkunnuvennu avatharippikkukayum cheythu.
1980-ll, micro tubilukalodulla misintoshinte jijnjasa "micro tubilukalude gadanaaparamaaya dhruveekaranatthinte drishyavalkkaranathil" thudarnnu. maittosis samayat chromosomukale verthirikkaan aavashyamaaya shakti srishtikkunnathinu microtubilukalude dhruveeyatha anivaaryamaan, ennaal akkaalat dhruveeyatha enthaanennu nirnnayikkaan prayasamaayirunnu. misintoshinte team basel bodikalum helah cellukalum upayogichu protofilamentukal engane 'hook' cheiyunnuvennu padikkunnu-valamkaiyilo idamkaiyyiloo-inn 'vitro' dhruveeyatha nirnnayikkaan.
eathaanum varshangalkk sesham, koshachakratthil shradha kendreekarichu sasthanikalude koshangalil tubulin engane neengunnu ennathinekkurichu 1984 ll missintosh oru patanam prasidheekarichu. maittosis, interface ennivaykkidayilulla koshangalile tubulin chalanangalekkurichu padikkaan, missintosh rund imaging reethikal upayogichu label cheytha tubulin (dichlorotriasinile-aminophluresine allengil detaf-), photobleachinginu (allengil frap) sesham fluorescence punarvitharanam (allengil veendedukkal). label cheytha tubulin upayogichu, swathanthramaayi cherttha label cheytha tubulin koshatthile nilavilulla microtuble gadanakalilekku ethra vegathil polymerise cheythuvennu missintosh nireekshichu. gadanakalude abhavam kaaranam interfacil tubulin kootticherkkal alakkunnathu budhimuttaayirunnuvennu athesamayam ithu oru maittotik koshatthil kooduthal nireekshikkaavunnathaanennum sradhikkappettu. frap upayogikkumbol, tubulin cytoplasathiludaneelam drutha ghattathilum mandagathiyilulla ghattathilum punarvitharanam cheiyunnathaayi missintosh shradhichu. mothatthil, mitosisinu vidheyamaakunna koshangalile label cheytha tubulinte punarvitharanam allengil chalanam interfacile koshangalkkayi nireekshicha punarvitharanathekkaal valare vegathilaayirunnu.
adutha varsham, misintoshinte thalpparyangal motor proteinukalilekku marran thudangi. koshatthile vesikkilukalkk chuttum neengunnathaayi kandethiya motor proteinaaya kinessin athe varsham prasidheekaricha mattoru pepparil aduthide kandethi. maittotik spindle kaanaanaakunnathupole maittosisinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayi kinessin undakanulla saadhyatha ivide missintosh paryavekshanam cheythu. maittosisil kainesinu undaakaamenn missintos nirddeshicha chila pravartthanangal avaa chromosomukale microtubilukalilekku neekkukayo maittotik spindle ulla vividha bhaagangalil microtubilukale neekkukayo cheyyuka ennathaanu.
adutha varsham, misintoshinte thalpparyangal motor proteinukalilekku marran thudangi. koshatthile vesikkilukalkk chuttum neengunnathaayi kandethiya motor proteinaaya kinessin athe varsham prasidheekaricha mattoru pepparil aduthide kandethi. maittotik spindle kaanaanaakunnathupole maittosisinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayi kinessin undakanulla saadhyatha ivide missintosh paryavekshanam cheythu. maittosisil kainesinu undaakaamenn missintos nirddeshicha chila pravartthanangal avaa chromosomukale microtubilukalilekku neekkukayo maittotik spindle ulla vividha bhaagangalil microtubilukale neekkukayo cheyyuka ennathaanu.
ennathaanu.
motor proteinukaludeyum mitosisukaludeyum bandhatthil misintoshinte thaalparyam 1990-kall vare thudarunnu. 1990-ll addeham cytoplasmic dainin, maittosis ennivayekkurichu oru prabandham prasidheekarichu. flazella aadyamaayi kandethiya dainin enna protein ippol cytoplaasathilum kandethiyittundu. ithu microtubilukalude mainus attathekku allengil pathukke valarunna attathekku neengunnu. koshatthile cytoplasmic daininte vitharanam chithreekarikkaan gaveshana samgham aantibodikal upayogichu. maittosis samayat dainin kainettokorukalkk sameepamaanennu kandethi, athesamayam interfacil avaa koshathinu chuttum chitharikkidakkunnu. interface, maittosis ennivaykkidayilulla daininte speshyal vyathyaasangal kaaranam maittosis samayat chromosomukal engane verthirikkunnuvennil daininu oru pankundennu soochippikkaan gaveshana samgham eee kandethal upayogichu.
ithuvare gaveshanam nadatthiya vishayangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, 1996-ll addehathinte samgham "emode upayogichu trimana imej daattayude computer vishwalaiseshan" prasidheekarichu.eee lekhanathil, emode enna computer softweyarinte vikasanam addehathinte team pankittu. emode upayogichu, gaveshakarkk electron, laitt microscopukalil ninnulla tomographykalum daattayum padikkaanum samvadikkaan trimana chithrangal srishtikkaanum kazhiyum. eee punarnirmmaanangaliloode, gaveshakarkk avarude saambilukal digitalaayi drishyavalkkarikkaan sahayikkaanulla kazhivu emode nalkunnu. chithrangalude shekharangal srishtikkaan softwearinu kazhiyum, koodaathe kooduthal vishakalanathinayi modalukalum alavukalum nirmmikkaan eee shekharangal upayogikkunnu. slicer' enna oru upakaranathinu vyathyastha konukalil saambilukal kaanaan kazhiyum. mattu chila upakaranagalil suum aandu panning (sapp vindo ennu vilikkunnu), saambilinte kondoorinte oru model view vindo, padikkunna pooyintiloode kadakkunna mattu playinukal kaanikkunna oru xyz vindo, cheyyaan kazhiyunna vyathyastha projectionukal kaanikkunna charivu, tumbler vindokal enniva ulppedunnu. software daunlodu cheyth soujanyamaayi upayogikkaam// upayogikkaam//. cytoplasmic membranukal, myophybrils, trans-golji network enniva drishyavalkkarikkaan eee saankethikavidya upayogichittundu.
kurachu varshangalkk sesham 1999-ll misintoshinte team golgi upakaranathinte trimana maathruka srishtikkaan cryofixing electron tomography upayogichu oru patanam prasidheekarichu. proteinukal parishkkarikkukayum avaye adutha lakshyasthaanathekku lakshyamidukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu golgi upakaranathinte rund pradhana pravartthanangal. golgikkullile gathaagathathinaayi, vividha stharangalumayi samyojippikkunna koshatthile vesikkilukaliloodeyo goalgic chuttum nirantharam roopappedukayum maarukayum cheiyunna microtubilukaliloodeyo ithu cheyyaan kazhiyumennathinu thelivukal misintoshinte team nirddeshichu. cryophicsing allengil padikkenda koshangal vegathil maravippikkunnathiloode, mesintoshinte teaminu oru electron microscope upayogichu avaa drishyavalkkarikkunnathinna munbu koshangale krithyasamayathu samrakshikkaan kazhinju. eee kruthiyil, gaveshakar goljiyude valarunna bhaagangalil vyathyastha coatingukal drishyavalkkarichu. clathrin-pooshiyathum noonn-clathrin-pooshiyathumaaya vesikkilukal thammilulla vyathyasam kaanaan avarkk kazhinju. goljiyile thanmaathrakale goljiyil ninnu koshatthile avayude uddeshicha pradeshathekku kondupokaan mukulangal sahayikkunnu. eee kruthiyil, gaveshakar vyathyastha sisttarne, mukulangal, vesikkilukal, coatingukal ennivayum goljiyude sis, trans mukhangal thammilulla vyathyaasangalum vivarikkunnu. eee drishyavalkkarana saankethikavidya golgiyude vyathyastha sistarnakal parasparam bandhappettirikkunnil nigamanatthiletthi. goalgic chuttum niravadhi vesikkilukalum undu, avayil bhooribhaagavum clathrin kondu pothinjathalla.
pothinjathalla.
2002-ll, maittosis samayat chromosome-microtuble edapedalukalil misintoshinte team thante muun thalpparyangal thudarnnu.kainettokorukal ennu vilikkunna sthalangalil verthirikkappedunna samayat spindle microtubilukal engane chromosomukalumaayi bandhippikkunnuvennum kainettokor-ashrita chekkpoyintinte vivaranavum eee avalokana prabandham vishadeekarikkunnu. koshatthile eee pooyint ellah chromosomukalum shariyaayi bandhippikkunnathuvare chromosomukalude verthirikkal thadayum. verthirikkal prakriyayil microtuble proteinukal, motor proteinukal, microtubilukal ennivayude punk ennivayum ithu vishadeekarikkunnu. lekhanathil paraamarshichirikkunna chila motor proteinukalil plus allengil mainus attathulla kainettokorumaayi bandhappettavayo microtubilukalude verthirikkalin sahaayikkunnavayo ulppedunnu. chila motor proteinukal kainettokorukalkk pakaram chromosomukalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, chromochinesinukal ulppede, chilath spindle dhruvangalil pravartthikkunnu.
eiii staanderd kinessin nomenclature" enna peril 2004ll niravadhi shaasthranjar prasidheekaricha oru kruthiyilum missintosh sambhavana nalki. eee padanatthil, microtubilukalkkoppam koshatthil gathaagathathil earppettirikkunna kinessin proteinukalkku oru naamakarana ghadana srishtikkaan eee shaasthranjar sahayichu. kinessin proteinukal pathinaalu vyathyastha kudumbangalayi vibhajikkappedukayum kinessin-1, kinessin-2 muthalaaya vyathyastha perukal nalkukayum cheythu. nilavilulla kainesinukale eluppathil tharamthirikkaanum puthiya kinessin proteinukal kandethumbol avaye tharamthirikkaanum vendiyaanu eee puthiya naamakarana ghadana srishtichathu. kainesinukale tharamthirikkaan sahaayikkunnathin protein sequence alainment adisthaanamaakkiyulla homology serch upayogikkaan rachayithakkal shupaarsha cheiyunnu. oru kinessin thirichariyunnathu enthaanennathinekkurichum ithu savisheshathakal nalkunnu. koodaathe, eee prabandham kainesinukale (baadhakamenkil avarude muun perukal) pepparukalil engane abhisambodhana cheyyanamennathinekkurichu maarganirddeshavum nalkunnu.
2005-ll, missintosh samghavum oru patanam prasidheekarichu, athu microtubilukalude depolymerisation fozhsu generation thammilulla bandham anweshichu, tubulin dimerukalude rasathanthrathin engane mechanical fozhsu srishtikkaan kazhiyumennu kaanikkunnu. gaveshakar tubulinumaayi glass microbeedukal gadippichu. lazer tweaserukal upayogichukondu, micro tubilukal depolymerise aayathinal munny saadhaaranayaayi mainus attathekku neengumennu nireekshikkaan misintoshinte teaminu kazhinju. prathyekichum, protofilamentukalude valavu, srishtikkunna shakti edukkaan teamukalkk kaaranamakum. ivide, gaveshakar eee kandethalukal chromosome verthirikkalil prayogikkukayum micro tuble dynamics maittosis samayat aavashyamaaya sakthikal srishtikkunnuvennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
2006ll misintoshinte samgham zee archin beejathilum chlamydomonas reinhartyilum aaksonangale chithreekarikkaan siroelectone tomography upayogichu."siliayileyum flazella gadanakalaanu aaksonamukal, micro tubilukalude oru prathyeka paatten adangiyirikkunnu. misintoshinte teaminu dainin proteinil prathyeka thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. eee prabandhatthil, daininte vividha upavibhagangal engane microtubilukalumaayi bandhippikkunnuvennum avaa engane shakti srishtikkumennum gaveshakar vivarikkunnu.
2010-kall.
misintoshinte aksharam "motorukal allengil dynamicsa enthaanu yadhaarthathil chromosomukale chalippikkunnath?2012-ll" "nechar sell biology" "ennathilekku addehathinte laab ithuvare kaikkonda vyathyastha dishakalekkurichulla oru avalokanam vishadeekarikkunnu". maittosis prakriyayil chromosomukal engane neengunnuvennu padikkunnavaril, onnukil microtubilukal avaye verthirikkaan aavashyamaaya sakthikal srishtikkunnu allengil chila motor proteinukal cheiyunnu ennu gaveshakar vaadikkunnu. missintosh aadyamaayi thante gaveshanam aarambhichappol, motor protein school oof tottil thanikk valare aathmavishwaasamundennu addeham shradhikkukayum athu peshi sankochathe vishadeekarikkaan upayogikkunna sliding philament sidhaanthavumaayi bandhappeduthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, mattu gaveshana grouppukalude prabandhangal vaayikkukayum adenosine triphosphate (eiii. tii. pii) motor protein daininum chromosome chalanathinu aavasyamillennu kandethiya mattu padanangal nadathukayum cheythukondu, eee prakriyayil microtubilukalude swaadheenam addeham pariganikkaan thudangi.
microtubilukal, maittotik spindle, maittosis ennivayude thalpparyam thudarnnu, 2013 ll addehathinte team maittosis samayat chromosome chalanatthinte vegatha padikkunna oru prabandham prasidheekarichu. microtuble depolymerisation motor proteinukalude chalanavum valare vegathilaanennu mothatthil nireekshikkappettu, ennaal maittosisinte gattamaaya anaphasil verthirikkumbol chromosomukal saavadhaanam neengunnu. depolymerisatione swaadheenikkunnathiloode motor proteinukalkku chalana nirakkil swaadheenam cheluthaan kazhiyumennu eee padanatthil missintosh samghavum abhipraayappedunnu. vyakthigatha tubulin dimerukalil vyathyastha protofilamentukal verthirikkunnathu depolymerisationilum maittosisile thudarnnulla chromosome chalanathilum mattoru swaadheenamaakaamennum sradhikkappettu.
depolymerisation pakaram micro tuble polymerisationil ippol shradha kendreekarichukondu, 2018 ll misintoshinte team micro tubilukaleyum inn vitro aarr vyathyastha speesheesukaleyum padikkaan electron tomography upayogichu. microtubilukal valarumbol avaa achuthandil ninnu valayunnathu gaveshakar shradhichu, microtubilukal depolymerise cheyyumbol valayunnathu pole.
2020.
electron tomography saankethikavidya upayogikkunnathu thudarnnukondu, 2020 ll missintosh samghavum eee vishwalaiseshan thanthram upayogichu maittosisinte metaafesu avasthayil vividha tharam microtubilukal engane orumichu pravarthikkunnuvennu nireekshichu. eee ghattatthile oru pradhana ghadana kainettokor microtubilukalaanu allengil kilometerukal ennu vilikkunnu. avayum koshatthile mattu gadanakalum maittosis samayat koshatthile vyathyastha shakthikale santhulithamaakkaan orumichu pravartthikkunnu.
pusthakangal.
thante kariyariludaneelam, pusthakangal edittu cheyyaanum ezhuthaanum missintosh sahaayichittund. 2001ll addeham joseph jii. ykkoppam edittaraayirunnu. sell biologyile supradhana prabandhangalil (washingtonile karnegi instittyoottil ninnu)."american sosaitti phoor sell biology (1960 ll sthaapithamaayathu) roopeekarichathinte 40-aamm vaarshikam aaghoshikkunna eee kruthiyil edittarude swantham chinthakalkkoppam sell biology mekhalayile 42 pradhana prabandhangalum ulppedunnu. transcription, maittosis, sell membran, cytoskelittan enniva eee pusthakatthile chila vishayangalil ulppedunnu.
2017ll maittotik chromosome verthirikkal samvidaanangalude athidhi edittaraanu missintosh. eee kruthiyil, vividha jeevikalil ninnulla mitosisinekkurichulla vividha kandethalukale missintosh bandhippikkunnu. mikacha camerakal, thanmaathrakale shudheekarikkunnathinula mikacha vazhikal, janithakashaasthrathekkuristhurulla dhaarana vardhippikkal thudangiya mekhalayile mattu saankethikavidyakalude purogathiyil ninnaan mitosisinekkurichulla nammude daaranayude parinamam undaakunnathinte praadhaanyavum aamukhathil missintosh thirichariyunnu. eee avalokana lekhanangalude shekharam vaayanakkaare mitosisinekkurichulla oru avalokanam nedaan sahayikkunnu, ithu jeevithathinu thanne anivaaryamaanennu missintosh vishwasikkunnu.
2019ll prasidheekaricha 'arbudathe manassilakkuka rogathinte jeevashasthram, vaidyashaasthram, saamoohika prathyaaghaathangal ennivayekkurichulla oru aamukham' kansarinekkurichu samagramaayi kooduthal arian aagrahikkunnavarkkulla oru vibhavamaan. shwaasakosha arbudathe thudarnnu makan marichathil swaadheenam cheluthiya eee pusthakam, eee prakriyayude ellah ghattangalum charcha cheiyunnu screening, roganirnayam, chikitsa. munparichayamillaathavarkku kansarinekkurichulla adisthaana karyangal padikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthilaanu eee vaachakam ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. cancer shaasthrathekkaal kooduthalaanennu aamukhathil missintosh thirichariyunnu; athu charithravum mathavum polulla mattu mekhalakale ulkkollunnu. eee grandhatthil, kaansarumaayi bandhapetta shaasthrapradhaanamaaya vishayangalaaya oongojenukalude punk, tumour suppressorukal, rogaprathirodha sheshi enniva missintosh charcha cheiyunnu. koodaathe, kaansarinte bhaavi, kaansarinulla saadhyatha kuraykkuka, kaansarumaayi jeevikkuka thudangiya kaansarinte shaasthreeya vivaranangalkkapuramulla vishayangalum eee paatatthil ulkkollunnu.
oonlain prabhashanangal.
2008 avasaanathode record cheytha missintosh "eucariotic sell division" enna thalakkettilulla prabhaashanangalude oru parambara nalkunna "ibiology" enna websaittil pradharshippichirikkunnu.eee shreniyil, chromosome vibhajanam, pareekshanam, anaphase eyude maittotik ghattam ennivayil prathyekathayulla moonnu vyathyastha veediokalaayi eee prakriya vibhajichirikkunnu.
amgeekaarangal.
1984 muthal 2006 vare, koshangalude 3-dii electron microscopic vendi boulder laboratariyude director missintosh sevanamanushtichu. 1994ll american cancer sosaittiyude research professoraayi sevanamanushticha missintosh 2006 vare eee punk thudarnnu. 1994ll american sosaitti phoor sell bayolajiyude president koodiyaayirunnu. 1999ll naashanal akkadami oof sayansasilekkum american akkadami oof arts aandu sayansasilekkum missintosh thiranjedukkappettu. naashanal akkadami oof sciences addehathe sellular aandu developmental biology vibhaagathile praadhamika amgamaayum biophysics aandu computational biology vibhaagathile dvitheeya amgamaayum pattikappedutthunnu. 2000-ll, mesintoshinu bolderile colorado sarvakalashaalayil vishishta professor padavi nalki aadarichu. 2006ll viramichathinusesham missintosh gaveshanam nadathukayum pusthakangalum lekhanangalum prasidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.

