
vishakalana-synthetic vyathyasam

vishakalana-synthetic vyathyasam pradhaanamaayum thathwachinthayil rund tharatthilulla nirddeshangal (prathyekichu, sthireekarana vishaya-pravachana vidhikalaaya prasthavanakal) thammil verthirichariyaan upayogikkunna oru ardha vyathyaasamaan vishakalana nirddeshangalum synthetic nirddeshangalum. vishakalana nirddeshangal avayude ardham kondu maathram shario sariyallayo, athesamayam synthetic nirddeshangalude sathyam, enthengilum undengil, avayude ardham lokavumaayi engane bandhappettirikkunnu ennathil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath.
immaanuval kaant aanu eee vyathyasam aadyamaayi nirddeshichathenkilum, kaalakramena ithu ganyamaayi parishkarikkappedukayum vividha thathwachinthakar eee padangal valare vyathyasthamaaya reethikalil upayogikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, chila thathwachinthakar (willard vaan oormaan kwainil ninnu aarambhich) vishakalanaparamayi sathyamaaya nirddeshangalum krithrimamaayi sathyamaaya nirddeshangalum thammil vyakthamaaya vyathyasam undo ennu chodyam cheythittundu. eee vyathyaasathinte swabhaavatheyum upayogatheyum kurichulla samvaadangal samakaalika bhasha thathwachinthayil innum thudarunnu.
kaanth.
aashayaparamaaya niyanthranam.
thathwachinthakanaaya immaanuval kaant nirddeshangale rund tharangalayi vibhajikkaan "analytic", "synthetic" ennee padangal upayogikkunnu. kaanth thante "shudhamaaya nyaayathekkurichulla vimarsanam" (1781/1998, a6-7/b 10-11) enna aamukhathil vishakalana-synthetic vyathyasam avatharippikkunnu. avide, addeham thante shradha sthirathayulla vishaya-pravachana vidhikalilekku parimithappedutthukayum "vishakalana nirddesham", "synthetic nirddesham" enniva inipparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkukayum cheiyunnu
kaantinte nirvachanathil vishakalana nirddeshangalude udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu
kaanthinte swantham udaaharanam ithaanu
eee prasthavanakal oronnum oru sthireekarana vishaya-pravachana vidhiyaan, oronninum, pravachana ashayam vishaya ashayathinullil "adangiyirikkunnu". avivaahitan" enna ashayam "avivaahitan" enna ashayam ulkkollunnu; "avivaahitan" enna ashayam "avivaahitan" enna aashayathinte nirvachanatthinte bhagamaanu. athupole, "trikonathinu", "moonnu vashangalund", thudangiyava.
kaantinte nirvachanathil synthetic nirddeshangalude udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu
kaanthinte swantham udaaharanam ithaanu
vishakalana nirddeshangalaayi tharamthirickunna muun udaaharanangalilennapole, eee puthiya prasthavanakal oronnum oru sthireekarana vishaya-pravachana vidhiyaan. ennirunnaalum, eee kesukalilonnum vishaya aashayathil pravachana ashayam adangiyittilla. baachilar" enna aashayathil "ottaykku" enna ashayam adangiyittilla; "ottaykku" ennathu "baachilar" ennathinte "nirvachanatthinte" bhagamalla. hridayamulla jeevikal", "vrukkakalulla" ennivaykkum ithu baadhakamaan; hridayamulla oro jeevikum vrukkakalundenkilum "hridayamulla jeevi" enna aashayathil "vrukkakalundu" enna ashayam adangiyittilla.
appol daarshanika prashnam ithaanu "ardham kaimaran bhasha upayogikkunnu" enna eathu tharatthilulla prasthaavanayaan?
kaanthinte pathipum "oru munganana"-"oru pingamiyude" vyathyasam.
shudhamaaya yukthiyude vimarsanam" enna aamukhathil, kaant vishakalanaparavum synthetic nirddeshangalum thammilulla thante vyathyaasathe mattoru vyathyaasavumaayi, "oru munganana", "oru pingamika" nirddeshangal thammilulla vyathyaasavumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. addeham eee padangale inipparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkunnu
oru munganana" nirddeshangalude udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu
eee nirddeshangalude nyaayeekaranam anubhavathe aashrayichalla ellah bachilarmaarum avivaahitharaano atho allayo ennu nirnnayikkaan oraal parichayasambatthu thedendathilla. (theerchayaayum, kaanth nalkunnathupole, "baachilar", "avivaahitan", "7", "+" thudangiya ashayangal manasilakkaan parichayam aavasyamaanu. ennirunnaalum, kaant ivide upayogichirikkunna "oru munganana"-"oru pingaamithvam" enna vyathyasam aashayangalude "uthbhavathe" soochippikkunnilla, marichu nirddeshangalude "nyaayeekaranathe" soochippikkunnu. namukk ashayangal labhichukazhinjaal, anubhavam inii aavasyamilla.)
oru pingamiyude" nirddeshangalude udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu
eee rund nirddeshangalum "oru pingamiyaanu": avaye nyaayeekarikkunnathin oraalude anubhavam aavasyamaanu.
vishakalana-synthetic vyathyasavum "oru munganana"-"oru pingamiyude" vyathyasavum orumichu naalu tharam nirddeshangal nalkunnu
moonnaamathe tharam theerchayaayum svayam virudhamaanennu kaant abhipraayappedunnu. athu thallikkalanjukondu, bakkiyulla moonnu tharangale maathrame addeham thante njaanashaasthra chattakkoodile gadakangalaayi charcha cheiyunnulloo-oronnum, hraswathaykkaayi, yathaakramam, "vishakalanaparam", "synthetic" oru munganana "," anubavaparam "allengil" oru pingaamikal "nirddeshangalaayi maarunnu. saadhyamaaya ellah nirddeshangalkkum eee thrayam kaaranamaakunnu. ganithathilum bhauthikashaasthrathilum addeham nalkunna synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalkkaayi vishakalana, "oru pingamika" prasthaavanakalude udaaharanagal ithinakam nalkiyittundu. 
vishakalana nirddeshangal ariyaanulla eluppam.
shudhamaaya nyaayathinte vimarsanam" enna aamukhathile kaantinte vaadathinte oru bhaagath vishakalana nirddeshangalekkurichulla arivu engane saadhyamaanennu kandethunnathil oru prashnavumillenn vaadikkunnathu ulppedunnu. oru vishakalana nirddesham arian oraalkk anubhavaparichayam aavasyamillennu kaant vaadichu. pakaram, oraal vishayam eduthu "vairudhyathinte thathwathinu anusrithamaayi athil ninnu verthirichedukkuka" (a7/b12) aavasyamaanu. vishakalana nirddeshangalil, pravachana ashayam vishaya aashayathil adangiyirikkunnu. athinaal, oru vishakalana nirddesham sariyaanennu arian, oraal vishayathinte ashayam parishodhikkendathundu. vishayathil adangiyirikkunna pravachanam kandethiyaal vidhi sariyaanu.
udaaharanathinu, "ellah avivaahitharum avivaahitharaano" ennu nirnnayikkaan oraalkk anubhavaparichayam aavasyamilla. oraal vishaya ashayam ("bachelors") parisodhikkukayum athil "avivaahitar" enna pravachana ashayam adangiyirikkunno ennu parisodhikkukayum venam. vaasthavathil, athu ithaanu "avivaahitan" ennathu "baachilar" enna nirvachanatthinte bhagamaanu, athinaal athu athil adangiyirikkunnu. athinaal "ellah bachilarmaarum avivaahitharaanu" enna nirddesham parichayaparichayamillathe sariyaanennu arian kazhiyum.
ithil ninnu pinthudarunnathaanu, kaant vaadichu, aadyam ellah vishakalana nirddeshangalum "oru munganana" aanu; "oru pingamika" vishakalana nirddeshangalilla. athu thudarnnu, randaamathaayi vishakalana nirddeshangal engane arian kazhiyumennu manasilakkunnathil oru prasnavumilla; avaa sariyaanennu nirnnayikkaan nammude ashayangal parishodhikkendathundu ennathinaal namukk avaa arian kazhiyum.
metaafisiksinte saadhyatha.
vishakalanaparamaaya "oru pingaamikal" nirddeshangalude saadhyatha thallikkalayukayum vishakalanaparamaaya "oru mungaamikal" nirddeshangalekkurichulla arivu engane nedaamennu vishadeekarikkukayum cheytha sesham, synthetic "oru pingaamikal" nirddeshangalekkurichulla arivu engane nedaamennum kaant vishadeekarikkunnu. synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalekkurichulla arivu engane saadhyamaakum enna chodyam maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. eee chodyam valare pradhaanamaan, kaant parayunnu, kaaranam ellah shaasthreeya arivum (addehathe sambandhichidatholam neutonian bhauthikashaasthravum ganithavum) synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalaal nirmmithamaan. eathu synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalaanu shariyenn nirnnayikkaan asaadhyamaanengil, oru achadakkam enna nilayil metaphysics asaadhyamaanennu addeham vaadikkunnu. shudhamaaya nyaayathekkurichulla vimarshanathinte" bakkiyulla bhagam synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalekkurichulla arivu engane saadhyamaakumenn parishodhikkunnathinaayi neekkivachirikkunnu.
logical posittivistukal.
kanthian nirvachanatthinte freej punaravalokanam.
nooriladhikam varshangalkk sesham, oru koottam thathwachinthakar kaanthilum vishakalanaparavum synthetic nirddeshangalum thammilulla addehathinte vyathyaasathilum thaalparyam prakadippichu logical posittivistukal.
synthetic "oru munganana" arivinte saadhyathayekkurichulla kaantinte parisodhanayude bhaagamaayi ganithashaasthra nirddeshangalude parisodhana ulppedunnu, udaaharanathina
ithupolulla ganithashaasthra nirddeshangal synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalaanennum avaa namukkariyam ennum kaant vaadichu. avaa synthetic aanennu addeham karuthi, vyakthamaan "12 nuu thulyamaayathu" enna ashayam "7 + 5" enna aashayathil ulppedunnilla; "nerrekha" enna ashayam "rund pooyintukal thammilulla ettavum cheria dooram" enna aashayathil ulppedunnilla. ithil ninnu, synthetic "oru munganana" nirddeshangalekkurichu njangalkk arivundennu kaant nigamanam cheythu.
gottlobe freejinte vishakalanathekurichulla aashayathil niyanthranatthinappuramallu niravadhi yukthisahamaya gunangalum bandhangalum ulppedunnu samamiti, parivartthanam, ethirppu allengil nishedham thudangiyava. aupachaarikathaykku, prathyekichu aupachaarika nirvachanathinu addeham sakthamaaya oonnal nalkukayum paryaaya padangal maattisthaapikkuka enna ashayathinum oonnal nalkukayum cheythu. "ellah avivaahitharum avivaahitharaanu" "enna aupachaarika nirvachanam upayogichu" "avivahithanaaya purushanmaar ellaavarum avivaahitharaanu" "ennu roopappeduthaam, ithu swarabhedamaayi thirichariyaavunnathum athinaal athinte yukthisahamaya roopathil ninnu vishakalanam cheiyunnathumaayathaanu" "ellah" "x" "roopathinteyum eathu prasthavana (" "f", "" "g" ")" "f" "aanu". vishakalanathekurichulla eee prathyeka vipuleekritha ashayam upayogichu, kaanthinte ganitha sathyangalude udaaharanagal vishakalanaparamaaya "oru munganana" sathyangalaanennum "synthetic" allatha oru munganana sathyangalaanennum freej nigamanam cheythu.
logical posittivistukalude vyathyaasathinte uthbhavam.
ganithashaasthra sathyangalekkurich namukk arivundennum ganithashaasthra nirddeshangal "oru munganana" aanennum logical posittivistukal kanthinode sammathichu. ennirunnaalum, ganithashaasthra sathyangalekkurichulla nammude arivu vishadeekarikkaan kaanth tharam polulla sankeernamaaya metaphysics aavasyamaanennu avar vishwasichilla. pakaram, "ellah bachilarmaarum avivaahitharaanu", ganithashaasthrathekkurishulla (yuktiyum) nammude arivu adisthaana ardhathil onnuthanneyaanennu yukthisahamaya posittivistukal vaadichu ellaam padangalude ardhathekkuricho bhaashayude kanvenshanukalekkuricho ulla nammude arivil ninnaan.
logical posittivist nirvachanangal.
angane logical posittivistukal oru puthiya vyathyasam varaykkukayum kaantil ninnu padangal anantharaavakaashamaayi labikkukayum athine "analytic-synthetic vyathyasam" ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. avar thaazhepparayunnathupollu niravadhi vyathyastha nirvachanangal nalkki
synthetic nirddeshangal pinneedu ingane nirvachikkapettu
eee nirvachanangal vishaya-munkoor roopathilaano ennathu pariganikkathe thanne ellah nirddeshangalkkum baadhakamaan. athinaal, eee nirvachanangalkk keezhil, "mazha peiyunnu allengil mazha peiyunnilla" enna nirddeshathe vishakalanamayi tharamthirichappol kaanthine sambandhichidatholam athinte yukthisahamaya roopathinte adisthaanathil vishakalanaparamaayirunnu. " "nirddesham" "vishakalanamayi tharamthirickunnu, athesamayam kaantinte nirvachanangalkk keezhil ithu synthetic aayirunnu".
dvimaanavaadam.
vishakalana thathwachinthayile ardhashaasthrathodulla sameepanamaan dvimaanavaadam. oru vaakkinte ardhavum paraamarshavum oru vaakyathinte sathyamoolyavum engane nirnnayikkaam ennathinte sidhaanthamaanithu. kurachukaalamaayi thathwachinthaye badhikkunna oru pasil pariharikkan uddeshichullathaanu ithu, athaayath aavashyamaaya oru sathyam sathyamaanenn anubhavaparamayi engane kandethanakum? eee saadhyathaye ardhamaakkunna vaakkukaludeyum vaakyangaludeyum ardhashaasthrathinte vishakalanam dvimaanavaadam nalkunnu. eee sidhaantham aadyamaayi vikasippichath roobert staalnekkaraan, ennaal athinusesham david chaalmezhs, beritt brogard ennivarulppede niravadhi thathwachinthakar ithu vaadichu.
eathenkilum vaachakam, udaaharanathinu, vaakkukal,
praadhamika uddeshyam" ennum "dvitheeya uddeshyam" ennum palappozhum paraamarshikkappedunna rund vyathyastha nirddeshangal prakadippikkaan edukkunnu, avaa orumichu athinte ardham rachikkunnu.
oru vakkinteyo vaakyathinteyo praadhamika uddeshyam athinte ardham, i aanu.iii., ennathu athinte reference naam kandethunna ashayamo reethiyo aanu. jalathinte" praadhamika uddeshyam "jalavasthukkal" polulla oru vivaranamaayirikkaam. jalam" enna praadhamika uddeshyam kondu thiranjeduttha kaaryam mattonnayirikkaam. udaaharanathinu, nivaasikal "vellam" ennartham "jalavasthukkal" ennu edukkunna mattoru lokathil, ennaal, jalavasthukkalude raasaghadana echu2oo allaathidathu, aaa lokathinu vellam echu2oo aanennalla sthithi.
eee" lokathil "vellam" enthuthanne sambhavikkukayaanenkilum, aaa lokam enthuthanneyaayaalum, athu edukkaan enthum sambhavikkunnu ennathaanu "jalam" ennathinte "dvitheeya uddeshyam". athinaal nammal "vellam" enna praadhamika uddeshyam "jalavasthukkal" ennu nalkiyaal, "vellam" ennathinte dvitheeya uddeshyam h2o aanu, kaaranam eee lokathile "jalavasthukkal" aanu h2o. nammude lokathile "jala" thinte dvitheeya uddeshyam echu2oo aanu, ithu ellah lokathum echu2oo aanu, kaaranam "jalamulla vasthukkalil" ninnu vyathyasthamayi echu2ooykku echu2oo allathe mattenthenkilum aayirikkuka asaadyamaanu. athinte dvitheeya uddeshyam anusarichu pariganikkumbol, "jalam echu 2 oo aanu" ennathu ellah lokathum sariyaanu.
dvimaanavaadam praayogikamaanenkil athu bhasha thathwachinthayile valare pradhanappetta chila prasnangal pariharikkunnu. vellam echu2oo aanennu kandethendivannathinaal "vellam echu2oo aanu" ennathu aavashyamaaya "oru posteeriyari" yude oru udaaharanamaanennu soul kripke vaadichu, pakshe athu sariyaanennu kanakkiledukkumbol athu thettayirikkilla. jalamaya onnu echu2oo allennu avakaashappedunnathu asambandhamaayirikkum, kaaranam iva "samana" mennu ariyappedunnu.
kaarnappinte vyathyasam.
aantharika chodyangal", "oru chattakkoodinullil (oru ganitha sidhaantham pole) ulkkollunna chodyangal, eathenkilum chattakkoodinu purathu unnayikkunna chodyangal-eathenkilum chattakkood sweekarikkunnathinu munbu unnayikkunna" baahya chodyangal "enniva thammilulla vyathyaasathinte sakthamaaya vakthavaayirunnu rudolph carnap. aantharika" chodyangal rund tharathilaakaam "logical" (allengil vishakalanaparamo yukthiparamo aaya sathyam), "vasthuthaparamaaya" (anubhavaparamaya, athaayath, oru chattakkoodil ninnulla padangal upayogichu vyaakhyaanikkappedunna nireekshana karyangal). baahya" chodyangalum rund tharathilundaayirunnu aashayakkuzhappathilaya kapada-chodyangal ("oru saidhaanthika chodyathinte roopathil veshammariya onnu"), parigananayilulla oru chattakkood "bhasha uddeshicha lakshyathin erekkure uchithavum phalapradavum anukoolavumaano" ennathinekkurichulla praayogikavum praayogikavumaaya chodyangalaayi veendum vyaakhyaanikkaavunnava. 1950-ll carnap thante 'anubhavavaadam, ardhashaasthram, oontoolaji' ennee kruthikalil 'synthetic' enna naamavachakam upayogichirunnilla. carnap thante kruthiyil "ardhavum aavasyakathayum" ennathil oru "synthetic sathyam" nirvachichu oru vaachakam sariyaanu, pakshe "sisttathinte ardha niyamangal athinte sathyam sthaapikkaan paryaapthamaan" ennathukondalla.
synthetic sathyam enna ashayam athinte ardhavum lokathinte reethiyum kaaranam sathyamaaya onnaanu, athesamayam vishakalana sathyangal ardhathinte maathram adisthaanathil sathyamaan. athinaal, aantharika "vasthuthaparamaaya" prasthaavanakale (aantharika "yukthisahamaya" prasthaavanakalk vipareethamaayi) "nireekshanangal" aavasyamullathinaal synthetic sathyangalayi kanakkakkaam, ennaal chila baahya prasthavanakal "synthetic" prasthaavanakalum aakam, koodaathe kaarnapp avayude avasthayekkurichu samshayaaspadamaayirikkum. athinaal vishakalana-synthetic vaadam aantharika-baahya vyathyaasavumaayi saamyamullathalla.
kwiniyude vimarsanangal.
1951ll willard vaan oormaan kwin "anubhavavaadatthinte rund sidhaanthangal" enna lekhanam prasidheekarichu, athil vishakalana-synthetic vyathyasam amgeekarikkaanaavillennu addeham vaadichu. vishakalana" sathyangalonnumilla, ennaal ellah sathyangalilum oru anubhavaparamaya vasham ulppedunnu ennathaanu thaazheyulla vaadam. aadya khandikayil, kwin thaazhepparayunna vyathyasam edukkunnu
vishakalana-synthetic vyathyasam nishedhikkunna kwaininte nilapad inipparayunna reethiyil samgrahikkunnu
kwaininte vaadam sangrahikkaan, oru vishakalana nirddeshathekkurichulla aashayathin paryaayapadatthinte oru ashayam aavasyamaanu, ennaal paryaayapadangal sthaapikkunnathu anivaryamaayum vasthuthayude kaaryangalilekku nayikkunnu-synthetic nirddeshangal. athinaal, vishakalana nirddeshangal enna ashayam adisthaanamaakkaan vrithaakrithiyilullathallaa (athinaal nilanilkkaavunna) margamilla.
vishakalana-synthetic vyathyaasathe kwain nirasichathu parakke ariyappedunnundengilum, nirasikkalinulla krithyamaaya vaadavum athinte nilayum samakaalika thathwachinthayil valareyadhikam charcha cheyyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, chilar (udaaharanathinu, pooll bogosian) vaadikkunnathu, mosham kaaranangalal polum, eee vyathyasam kwine nirasichathu ippozhum thathwachinthakarkkidayil vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu ennaanu.
prathikaranangal.
pooll griss aandu pii. eph. oru sidhaanthathe prathirodhikkunathinulla" enna avarude 1956 leeii lekhanathil strosan "rund sidhaanthangale" vimarshichu. mattu karyangalkkoppam, paryaayapadangalekkurichulla kwaininte samshayavaadam ardhathekkurichulla samshayavaadathilekku nayikkunnuvennu avar vaadikkunnu. prasthaavanakalk ardhangalundengil, "enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu?" ennu chodikkunnathu ardhavathaayirikkum.". enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu" ennu chodikkunnathu ardhavathaanengil?", appol paryaayapadatthe inipparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkaam chodyathinte yadhaartha utharam" enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu?"avaril oraalodu chodichathu mattoraalod chodicha athe chodyathinulla yadhaartha utharamaanu. kwaininte vaadam kanakkiledukkumbol sariyaayatho thettaayatho aaya vivarthanangalekkurichu charcha asaadhyamaakumenna nigamanathilum avar athicherunnu. graise strosson avarude prabandham prasidheekarichu naalu varshathinu sesham, kvininte "vaid aandu object" enna pusthakam puratthirangi. kwin thante vivarthanathinte anishchithathva sidhaantham eee pusthakatthil avatharippichu.
speach acts" ennathil, joonn serlil vaadikkunnathu, nirddishta maanadandangalilekku appeel nalki vishakalanathe vishadeekarikkaan sramikkunnathil neridunna budhimuttukalil ninnu, aaa ashayam thanne asaadhuvaayenn athu pinthudarunnilla ennaanu. nirddishta maanadandangalude eathenkilum listt nammal pareekshikkunna reethi pariganikkumbol, avayude vipuleekaranathe vishakalana prasthaavanakalude koottavumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathiloode, vishakalanathinte ardhathekkurichulla eathu vishadeekaranavum vishakalanathekurichulla oru pravarthanaparamaaya ashayam ithinakam thanne namukkundennu anumaanikkunnu.
rund sidhaanthangal' punaparisodhikkappettu ennathil, kwain rund vyathyastha aashayangale aakramikkunnuvenn hilari puttnam vaadikkunnu
paryaayapadangalkku paryaayapadangal nalkikkond oru tattolajiyil ninnu uruthirinja oru yadhaartha prasthavanayaayi nirvachikkapetta vishakalana sathyam, nishedham vairudhyamulla oru sathyamenna nilayil vishakalana sathyathekkurichulla kaantinte vivaranathinu sameepamaan. oru sathyamaayi nirvachicha vishakalana sathyam, ennirunnaalum, "oru munganana" yude parambaraagatha vivaranangalilonninodu aduthaanengilum, sthireekarichu. kwaininte prabandhatthinte aadya naalu bhagangal vishakalanathekkurichaane avasaanathe rund bhagangal mungananayekkurichaanu. avasaanathe rund vibhaagangalileyum vaadathe aadya naalil ninnu swathanthramaayi putnam kanakkakkunnu, athe samayam putnam kwine vimarshikkumbol, "munganana" enna ashayam nirasikkukayum athillathe oru reethishaasthram varaykkukayum cheytha aadya unnatha thalatthilulla thathwachinthakan enna nilayil thante charitraparamaaya praadhaanyavum addeham oonnipparayunnu.
noam chomskyude orukaala associate jerold kaatts, vaakyangalude vaakyaghadana savisheshathakalil vrithaakruthiyillaatha vishakalanathe nirvachikkaan sramichukondu "rund sidhaanthangalude" vaadangale nerittu ethirthu. manassinteyo thalachorinteyo chila swathasidhamaaya aashayaparamaaya savisheshathakalkkidayil nilanilkkunna nirddishta bandhangalal nirnnayikkappedunna chila vishakalana sathyangal (ardhathinte sathyangal, vasthuthakalude sathyangalalla) thirichariyaan kazhiyumennu vaadichukondu chomsky thanne kvininte nigamanathe vimarsanaathmakamaayi charcha cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandile daarshanika vishakalanam, vaalyam 1: vishakalanathinte prabhatham" ennathil, kwaininte vrithaakrithiyilulla vaadathinu logical posittivistukalude rund kendra sidhaanthangal phalapradamaakanamennu scott soams choondikkaatti
eee rund sidhaanthangalum amgeekarikkappedumbol maathrame kwaininte vaadam nilanilkkoo. vishakalanamillathe vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyumenkil vishakalanamenna ashayam aavasyakathayekkurichulla ashayam munkootty nirnnayikkunnath oru prashnamalla. somesinte abhipraayathil, kwain "rund sidhaanthangal" prasidheekarichappol mikka thathwachinthakarum rund sidhaanthangalum sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, innu, rund prasthaavanakalum puraathanamaanennu somez karuthunnu. addeham parayunnu "innu valare kurachu thathwachinthakar maathrame eee avakaashavaadangalil eathenkilum onnu sweekarikkoo, iva randum ippol puraathanamaanennu thonnunnu."
mattu mekhalakalil.
eee vyathyasam thathwachinthayil ninnu daivashaasthrathilekku irakkumathi cheyyappettu, kaantinte njaanameemaamsa lutheranisavumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu theliyikkaan aalbrekt ritshal shramichu.

