
kwanko

oru gavanmentinu adikaaram kaimariyathum ennaal ippozhum bhaagikamaayi niyantrikkappedunnathum koodaathe/allengil sarkkar sthaapanangalude dhanasahayavum ulla oru samghadanayaanu kwanko allengil kwanko (palappozhum kwanko allengil kwanko). eee padam yadhaarthathil "ardha svayambharana enn. jii. oo" yude hraswavalkkaranamaayirunnu, ivide enn. jii. oo ennathu oru sarkkarithara samghadanayude churukkapperaan.
athinte yadhaartha peru soochippikkunnathu pole, enjiokaludeyum pothumekhalaa sthaapanangaludeyum gadakangalulla oru sankara samghadanayaanu kwanko. yunaittad kingdatthilum oru paridhivare austreliya, canada, ireland, nyoosiland, mattu engleesh samsaarikkunna raajyangalilum eee padam palappozhum prayogikkunnu.
yukeyil, kwanko enna padam "vakuppithara pothu sthaapanangal" (ndpbs), manthraalayethara sarkkar vakuppukal, executive ejansikal ennivayulppede vividha "arms-length" sarkkar sthaapanangale ulkkollunnu.
athinte nindyamaaya upayogathil, ithu vividha tharatthilulla pothusthaapanangalil vyaapakamaayi prayogikkappettittundu, koodaathe eee vipuleekritha upayogavumaayi eee padam poruthappedunnathinu vividha baakronimukal upayogichittundu. kwaxi-autonomous naashanal gavanment oorganaiseshan" aanu ettavum janapriyamaayath, palappozhum "kwanko" allengil "kwanko" ennu churukkezhuthu parishkkarichu.
upayogikkuka.
canada.
kaanadayil, kwangosine 'kireeda korppareshanukal' allengil 'kireeda corps' ennu vilikkunnu. 2021 meyy vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram canaden federal gavanmentinte udamasthathayilulla 45 kireedasenaavibhagangal undaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum kooduthal ennam oro pravishya gavanmentinteyum udamasthathayilullathaanu. prathyekichu 'suscatchevan power korppareshan' polulla vaidyuthi daathaakkal.keey.eiii. suscatchevan pravisyayudeyum 'maanittoba hydro-electric board' eiii. yudeyum udamasthathayilulla sask power.keey.eiii. manittoba pravishyayude udamasthathayilulla manittoba jalavaidyuthi.
suscatsheven.
sask" enna prefix upayogichulla mikka shailiyilulla pravishya kireeda corpsinte sarvvyaapithvathinu suscatchevan sradheyamaanu-thudarnnu praadhamika sevanam. valia suscatsheven kireeda corpsinu svanthamaayi suscatsheven manthriyund, ellah suscatsheven kireeda korppukalum suscatsheven kireeda nikshepa korppareshante udamasthathayilaanu, athu pravishya sarkkaarinte udamasthathayilaanu. ettavum sradheyamaaya suscatchevan kireeda corpsukalil chilath inipparayunnavayaanu
ireland.
2006ll republic oof irelandil 832 kwangokal undaayirunnu-deseeya thalatthil 482 umm praadeshika thalatthil 350 umm-motham 5,784 vyakthigatha niyamanangalum 13 bilyan euroyude samyojitha vaarshika bajattum.
2016leeii thiranjeduppil bharanakakshiyaanenkil 145 kwangokale illaathaakkumennu airish bhooripaksha partyaya phine gail vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. adhikaarathil vannathinushesham avar motham kwangokalude ennam 17 aayi kurachu. eee kurravil muun sarkkar ithinakam neekkam cheyyaan padhathiyitta ejansikalum ulppedunnu.
nyoosilaand.
nyoosilaandil, kwangokale 'kireeda sthaapanangal' ennu vilikkunnu, 1980kalil samsthaana mekhalayude navalibaralisation kaalaghattatthilaanu eee maattam sambhavichathu. 1996ll nyoosilandil 310 kwangokalum 2690 ennam school board oof trasttikalum (american model oof ejyukkeshan boardukalkku samanam) undaayirunnu. 1996 muthalulla mattu kwangokalil iva ulppedunnu.63 kireeda aarogya samrambhangal, 39 thritheeya vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangal, 21 bisinus development boardukal, 9 kireeda gaveshana sthaapanangal. ennaal regulatory (udha.jii. accounting staanderds review board, takewar paanal) muthal ardha-judicial (udha.jii. police paraathikal authority, rays relations kansiliyettar), kalakalodu (udha.jii. nyoosilaand symphany oorkkastra, enn. ezz. philim kammeeshan), tuu soshyal welfare (udha.jii. enn. ezz. esinte bhawana corporation) ganyamaaya samrambhangalkkum (udha.jii. accland anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam limittad)."
2003 aayappozhekkum, thudarchayaaya sarkkarukal niyamicha bharana bordukalil 3,000-thiladhikam aalukal irikkunna kwangokalude ennam (board oof trasttikal ozhike) 400 aayi uyarnnu. bharana bordukalilekku aalukale niyamichathine rashtreeya paarttikalum rashtreeya niroopakarum kronisatthinte oru roopamaayi vyaapakamaayi vimarsichittundu.
2010ll, 32 bilyan dollar vaarshika chelavil 2,607 kireedasthaapanangal (board oof trasttikal ulppede) undaayirunnu.
yunaittad kingdom.
vakuppithara sthaapanangalude valarcha thadayunnathinaayi 1979ll kansarvetteevu party 'prathibaddhatha' prakadippichenkilum, 1980kalil aaa party adhikaarathilirunna kaalathudaneelam avarude ennam athivegam vardhichu. englandile vanavalkkaranathinte utharavaadithamulla oru manthraalayethara sarkkar vakuppaya forestry kammeeshan oru udaaharanamaanu.
departmental ithara pothu sthaapanangalekkurichulla 2009 leeii kaabinat oafees reportil yuke sarkkar sponsor cheytha 766 ndpbs undennu kandethi.
2007ll 827 umm 2008ll 790 umm aayirunnu. 1997 muthal enn. dii. pii. bii. esinte ennam 10 sathamaanathiladhikam kuranju. jeevanakkarum chelavukalum vardhichu. 2009ll 111,000 perkku thozhil nalkukayum 46.5 bilyan poundu chelavazhikkukayum athil 38.4 bilyan poundu sarkkar nerittu dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu.
america.
sarkkar sponsor cheytha samrambhangal ulppede niravadhi us sthaapanangal ore reethiyil pravartthikkunnundena kwanko enna padatthinte upayogam amerikkayil saadhaaranamalla. yuu. ezz. federal reserve, phalatthil, britishukaar kwanko ennu vilikkunnathaanennu pooll krugman prasthaavichu... athinte sankeernamaaya ghadana federal gavanmentum athil amgangalaaya swakaarya baankukalum thammil adikaaram vibhajikkukayum deerghakaala niyamanangalude oru bharanasamithiykk ganyamaaya svayambharanaadhikaaram nalkukayum cheiyunnu."
matoraal yuu.ezz.-kwankoyude yadhaartha nirvachanathinu anuyojyamaaya adisthaana samghadanakalil kaanathaayathum chooshanam cheyyappettathumaaya kuttikalkkulla deseeya kendram (ncmec), federal naashanal mortgage association (phaani meeii), federal hoome loonn mortgage korppareshan (freddy mack) enniva ulppedunnu.
ippol yunaittad kingdatthil upayogikkunna vishalamaaya nirvachanamanusarichu, kwangos ennu tharamthirikkaavunna noorukanakkinu federal ejansikalundu.
indoneshya.
indoneshyan ulama kaunsil (<unk>, <unk>) oru swathanthravum bahujana samghadana polulla pothu samghadana enna nilayilulla oru kwanko aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal maruvashathu indoneshyan samsthaana samghadanaa samvidaanathinu purathu swatantra samghadana enna padavi nilanirtthumbol samsthaanathinte pinthunayum dhanasahayavum nalkunnu. oru kwanko enna nilayil, indoneshyan musleem janasamkhyaye badhikkunna samsthaana niyamangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna mathaparamaya utharavukal (fathwakal) purappeduvikkaan muyikk adhikaaramund, koodaathe samsthaana nayangalilum raashtreeyathilum sambadvyavasthayilum athinte padaviyum antass kaaranam swaadheenam cheluthaan kazhiyum.
charithram.
1967ll america aasthaanamaayulla karnegi foundeshante alaan pifer swakaarya mekhalayil ulppeduthiyirikkunna pothu dhanasahayamulla sthaapanangalude swaathanthryatheyum utharavaadithatheyum kurichulla oru lekhanathilaanu "ardha sarkkarithara samghadana" enna padam srishtichathu. eee lekhanam yaadhaasthithikanaaya emm. david hovelinte shradha nedi.pii. atharam samrambhangalude gunadoshangal parishodhikkunnathinaayi pinneedu brittanil oru anglo-american padhathi samghadippichu. eee vishayathekkurichulla oru konfaransil samyuktha padhathiyil pankeduttha britiish pankaliyaaya aanthani barker deerghakaalathe churukki churukkatthil (pinneedu lovercased kwanko) churukkukayaayirunnu.
palappozhum sarkkaaril ninnu dhanasahaayamo mattu pinthunayo labhikkuna sarkkar pravartthanangal nadathunna oru sarkkarithara samghadanaye ithu vivarikkunnu, ithinu vipareethamaayi, parambaraagatha enn. jii. omarkk avarude sambhaavanakalo fandukaloo kooduthalum pothujanangalil ninnum avarude lakshyathe pinthunaykkunna mattu samghadanakalil ninnum labhikkunnu.
yadhaartha nirvachanathil oru kwankoyude oru pradhana savisheshatha athu samsthaana gadanayude aupachaarika bhaagamaakaruth ennathaayirunnu. 1988 muthal aarogyam, vidyaabhyaasam, mattu sevanangal enniva nalkunna executive ejansikal polulla niravadhi samghadanakalkku eee kaalavadhi neetti. prathyekichu yukeyil, atharam vasthukkalude vyaapanam abhikaamyamallennum athu pinvalikkanamennum aaropikkappedunna oru vivaada anthareekshathilaanu ithu sambhavichathu. eee pashchaathalatthil, yadhaartha churukkezhuthu palappozhum "ardha-svayambharana deseeya sarkkar samghadana" ennu ucharikkappedunna oru churukkezhuthu upayogichu maattisthaapichu, palappozhum 'kwanko' ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum ithu 'ardha-svayambharana "praadeshika" sarkkar samghadana' enna anubandha churukkezhuthaaya 'kwalgo' nuu kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
sarkkar utharavaadithangalulla niravadhi samghadanakale thirichariyaan vivaadamillaatha noonn-departmental public body (enn. dii. pii. bii) enna padam palappozhum upayogikkunnu. jala sevana niyanthrana authority polulla vividha vaanijya, sevana mekhalakalude niyanthranatthil earppettirikkunnava yunaittad kingdatthile udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.
1997ll oru vakuppithara pothusthaapanam allengil kwankoyekkurichulla yuke gavanmentinte nirvachanam ithaayirunnu
vimarsanangal.
"dhii times" kwangokale bureaucratic maalinyavum amithathayum ennu kuttappedutthi. 2005-ll, "dhii essential guide tuu kwangos" enna kruthiyude rachayithavaaya daan levis, yukeyil 529 kwangokal undennu avakashappettu, avayil palathum upayogashoonyavum mattullavarude srishtikalude pakarppaanennum avakashappettu.
eee padam derivative kwaangokraattine srishtichu; nikuthidaayakarude sakhyam rashtreeya pravartthanangalude prakhyapanangal nadathaathathinu bhooribhaagam "kwaangokraattukale" kuttappedutthi.

