
kudjo levis

africa america thammilulla atlaantik adimakkachavadathil ninnu rakshapetta moonnaamatheyaalum avasaanathe muthirnnayalumaayirunnu kudjo levis ennum ariyappedunna kudjo kasoola levis (-juulai 17,1935). mattu 115 aafrikkan thadavukaarkkoppam 1860-ll "clottleda" enna kappalil addehathe amerikkayilekku konduvannu. thadavukaar mobail, alabaamaykk sameepam mobail nadiyude kaayalil irakkukayum adhikaarikalil ninnu maraykkukayum cheythu. kandethalil ninnu rakshappedaan kappal thakarkkappedukayum 2018 januvari vare kandethappedathe thudarukayum cheythu.
aabhyantharayudhathinum vimochanathinum sesham, levis "clottleda" groupile mattu amgangalum swathanthraraayi. avaril palarum mobilinu vadakkulla alabaamayile magazin pooyintil oru community sthaapichu. aafrikkayil janicha mattullavar avarodoppam chernnu. ippol aafrikkan taunn charitraparamaaya jillayayi naamanirddesham cheyyappetta eee samooham 2012 ll charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttaril cherkkapettu.
mobail aarttistum ezhuthukaariyumaaya emma langdon rocheyum ezhuthukaariyum naadodi ezhuthukaariyumaaya zora neel harstanum ulppede sandarshakarkku grouppinte charithrathekkurichulla vivaranagal nalkikkond kosola "clottleda" thadavukaarude anubavangal samrakshichu. kuttikalayirikke yaatra cheytha rund "clottleda" athijeevichavare charitrakaaranaaya hannah durkin thirichariyunnathuvare addeham 1935 vare jeevichu, "clottleda" yude avasaanathe athijeevichayalaayi deerghakaalamaayi karuthappettu 1937 ll maricha redoshi, 1940 ll maricha mattilda mccreer.
aadyakaala jeevithavum adimathavum.
1841ll padinjaaran aafrikkayil addeham "kosola" allengil "olooval kosola" (amerikkakkar pinneedu addehathinte peru "kasoola" ennu lipyantharanam cheythu) enna peril janichu. aafrikkan taunn sthaapakarude perukalum mattu vaakkukalum vishakalanam cheytha charitrakaaranaaya sylvian deof aafrikkan taunn samoohathile mattu amgangalum benin baante mekhalayil ninnulla yoruba janathayil pettavaraanennu nigamanam cheythu. looyisinte pithaav ooluvaale (allengil oloole), amma fondlolu aayirunnu; pithaavinte mattu rund bhaaryamaariloode addehathinu anchu poornna sahodarangalum panthrand ardhasahodaranmaarum undaayirunnu.
abhimukham nadathunna emma langdon rocheyum zora neel harstanum avarude srishtikal upayogichavarum levisineyum saha-thadavukaareyum addehathinte vivaranathinte adisthaanathil "tharkkaarukal" ennu paraamarshichu. thangalude praadeshika raajaavinte pero graamatthinte pero thettidharichathilninnaam "tarkar" enna padam vannathennu diyuf vishwasikkunnu.
1860 eprilil allengil meyy maasathil, adimakalkkaayulla vaarshika varanda kaalaavasthayile raidle addehathinte graamam aakramikkappedukayum levisine daahomiyile rajaavu gleelinte neethrthwathilulla vanita yodhaakkal thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. mattu thadavukaarkkoppam, addehathe auyidayile adima thuramukhathekku kondupoyi, aduthide mobail, alabamayil nirmmichathum bisinasukaranaaya timothi meharinte udamasthathayilullathumaaya american kappalaya "clottleda" yude kyapttan vilyam fosttarinu vittu. 1808 muthal amerikkayilekku adimakale irakkumathi cheiyunnathu niyamavirudhamaayirunnavi spanish cubayil ninnu adimakale pathivayi kadathiyirunnu.
niyamam lamghikkaan meehar poornnamaayum uddeshichirunnuvennum atlaantik adimakkachavadathinulla nirodhanam vijayakaramaayi ozhivakkaan kazhiyumennu oru bisinasukaaranu 100,000 dollar nalkaamennu addeham panthayam vachirunnuvennum chila reportukal aaropikkunnu. samanamaaya saahacharyathil, 1858-ll jorjiyayilekku niyamavirudhamaayi adimakale konduvanna "alanjuthiriyunna" nte udamakale yuu. esil kadalkkollaykk kuttappeduthukayum vichaarana cheyyukayum cheythu.ezz. 1860 meyy maasathil savannayile federal kodathi avare kuttavimuktharaakkiyenkum juurii avare veruthe vittu.
1860 joolaiyil "clottleda" mississippi theerathu athiyappozhekkum, yunaittad stetts federal gavanmentinu athinte pravarthanangalekkurichu munnariyipp nalkukayum timoti meehar sahodaran pollalelkkukayum avarude koottaali joonn dabney arastilaavukayum thadavukaare niyamavirudhamaayi kaivasham vachathinu kuttam chumathappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1860 juulai avasaanathode, meehersinum dabnikkumethire samansukalum pidichedukkal rittukalum purappeduvichappol, desember pakuthiyode avaa labhichappol ekadesham anchu maasathe edavelayundaayirunnu. idakkaala kaalayalavil thadavukaare chitharichukalayukayum olippikkukayum cheythu, avarude bhauthika saannidhyam thelivaayi illaathe 1861 januvariyil cases thallappettu.
aabhyantharayudham avasanikkunnathuvare (1861-65), louis addehathinte koottaalikalum meeharinteyo sahodaranmaarudeyo avarude koottaalikaludeyo "yadhaartha" adimakalaayi jeevichu. oru steemaril decandaayi jolie cheythirunna jaims meher louisine vaangi. eee kaalayalavil addeham "kudjo levis" ennariyappettu."jaims meeharinu" "kosola" "ennu ucharikkaan budhimuttundaayirunnal nalkia perinu pakaramaayi thinkalaazhcha janicha aankuttikalkku saadhaaranayaayi nalkunna oru divasanamamaaya" "kudjo" "nirddeshichathaayi addeham pinneedu vishadeekarichu"."
kudjo" enna peru ghaanayile janapriya naamamaya "kodjo" ykku samaanamaan, avide thinkalaazhcha janichavarkkum ithu nalkunnu. thekkukizhakkan ghaana muthal thekkupadinjaaran naijeeriya vare vyaapichukidakkunna gbe samsaarikkunna gothrangalil aankuttikalkku nalkunna codsoic purame mattoru peraanu kudjo allengil cudso. aaa bhasha samoohathinte oru shaakhayaaya phoon aayirunnu addehathe thattikkondupoyavar. luis" enna kudumbapperu thante pithaavinte peraaya oloovelinte apabhramshamaayirunnuvennum, "luu" shabdam pankuvachirunnuvennum charitrakaaranaaya deoff abhipraayappedunnu; thante janmanaattil, american engleesh samsarikkunnavar kudumbapperu ennu manassilaakkiyathinte ettavum adutha analog oru rakshaadhikaariyaayirunne.
aafrikkan tounile jeevitam.
aafrikkan taunn sthaapikkuka.
adimathathil ayirunna kaalath, levis mattu pala "clottleda" thadavukaarum mobilinu vadakku magazin pooyint, pletto allengil "meehezhs hummack" ennariyappedunna oru pradeshathaanu sthithicheythirunnathu, avide meehermark oru millum kappalsala undaayirunnu. mobail pattanatthil ninnu moonnu mile maathram akaleyaanengilum, ithu otappettathum nagaratthil ninnu chathupum vanavum kondu verthirichathum vellathiloode maathram eluppathil athicheraavunnathumaayir.
adimatham nirthalaakkukayum aabhyantharayudham avasaanikkukayum cheythathinushesham, "clottleda" thadavukaar avarude maathrraajyathekku madangaan panam swaroopikkaan shramichu. purushanmaar maram millukalil jolie cheyyukayum sthreekal uthppannangal valarthukayum vilkkukayum cheythuvenkilum avarkk mathiyaya panam nedaan kazhinjilla. thangalkk aafrikkayilekku madangaan kazhiyillennu manassilakkiya sesham, timothi meeharinodu bhoomi anuvadikkaan aavasyappedaan samgham louisine niyogichu. addeham visammathichappol, samudaayathile amgangal panam swaroopikkunnathu thudarukayum maasika pooyintinu chuttum bhoomi vaangaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1872 septambar 30nuu levis peedabhoomi pradeshathu ekadesham rund ekkar bhoomi $100.00 nuu vaangi.
avar aphrica tounine svayamparyaapthavum swathanthravumaaya oru karutha samoohamaayi vikasippichu. thangalude pankitta aafrikkan pashchaathalatthil ninnu uruthirinja vargeeya maanadandangal nadappakkaan samgham nethaakkale niyamichu. oru palli, oru school, oru semiteri ennivayulppedeyulla sthaapanangalum avar vikasippichu. aafrikkan vamshajaraaya aalukal maathram adhivasikkunna oru "karutha pattanam" aayathinal aphrica taunn savisheshamaayirunnuvennum mattoru rajyath janicha aalukalude oru enclave aayathinal ithu savisheshamaayirunnuvennum deoff vishadeekarikkunnu. avar ezhuthunnu, "karutha pattanangal vamsheeyathayil ninnulla surakshita thaavalangalaayirunnu, ennaal aafrikkan pattanam amerikkakkaarude abhayakendramaayirunnu."
1914-ll ezhuthiya emma langdon roche, aphrica tounile nilanilkkunna sthaapakar parasparam swantham bhashayil samsarikkaan eshtappedunnuvennu abhiprayappettu. muthirnnavarude engleeshine avar visheshippichathu "valare thakarnnathum varshangalayi avarkkidayil thaamasikkunnavarkk polum ellaayppozhum manassilakkaan kazhiyaathathumaan" ennaanu."ennirunnaalum, nivaasikal kristhumatham ulppede chila american aachaarangalum sweekarichu. 1869ll oru snapanasabhayil chernnukondu levis mathaparivarthanam nadatthi.
vivaahavum kudumbajeevithavum.
1860kalude madhyathil luis mattoru "clottleda" athijeevichavarumaayi oru pothu niyama bandham sthaapichu, avar ("selia" ennu amerikkanvalkkarikkutpu). 1880 march 15nuu aafrikkan pattanatthil ninnulla mattu niravadhi dambathikalkkoppam avar aupachaarikamaayi vivahitharaayi. 1905ll abilinte maranam vare avar orumichu thudarnnu.
avarkk aarr kuttikalundaayirunnu, anchu aanmakkalum oru makalum, avaril oororutharkkum oru aafrikkan perum oru american perum nalki. avarude mootha makanaaya alekk (allengil elic) iyadjemi (yorubayil ninnu "njaan kashtappettu" ennu ardhamaakkunnathu) oru palacharakk vyaapaariyaayi; addeham thante pithaavinte bhoomiyile oru veettil thamasikkaan bharya kondupoyi. oru yoruba shailiyilulla "kudumba samyuktham" ennaanu deoff eee krameekaranatthe visheshippikkunnathu."mattoru makanaaya kudjo faichtan 1902-ll oru karutha shereefinte deputy vediyettu marichu. levis bharya ellah makkaleyum marikadannu. thante marumakal merii wood louisineyum kochumakkaleyum oduvil avarude randaamathe bharthaav joou louisineyum (bandhamilla) komboundile avarude veettil thamasikkaan addeham anuvadichu.
1902 vare oru karshakanayum thozhilaalliyaayum jolie cheythirunna levis, mobailil train koottiyidichu thante buggick kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum parikkelkkukayum cheythu. kanatha advaanathil jolie cheyyaan kazhiyaathathinal samooham addehathe sabhayude sekstan aayi niyamichu. 1903ll union missionary baptist charchu enna peru sweekarichu.
american sthaapanangalil pankaalittham.
1868 joolaiyil american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayude pathinalam bhedagathi paasaakkiyathode thaddesheeyamaayi janicha american muun adimakal pouranmaaraayenkilum, eee padavi maattam videshathu janicha "clottleda" groupile amgangalkku baadhakamalla. 1868 october 24 nuu kudjo kasoola levis oru swaabhaavika american pouranaayi.
buggy-train koottiyidikku parikkettathine thudarnnu 1902ll levis american niyama samvidaanam upayogichu. louisville, naashville railway nashtapariharam nalkaan visammathichappol addeham oru abhibhaashakane niyamikkukayum railwaykethire cases phayal cheyyukayum $650.00 enna ganyamaaya othutheerppu nedukayum cheythu. appeelil award asadhuvaakki.
kathaparachilum charithrakaaranenna nilayilulla punk.
irupathaam noottaandinte aadya paadatthil, "clottleda" aafrikkakkaarude charithravum parambaraagatha kathakalum kathakalum pankidunna pandithanmarkkum mattu ezhuthukaarkkum oru vivaradaathaavaayi luis pravartthikkaan thudangi. mobail adhishtitha ezhuthukaariyum kalakaariyumaaya emma langdon roche, 1914-leeii thante "historikkal skechukal oof dhaa southu" enna pusthakathinaayi louisumaayum athijeevicha mattullavarumaayum abhimukham nadatthi."aafrikkayile avarude pidichedukkal, adimatham, aphrica tounile jeevitam ennivayekkurichu avar vivarichu. chilar avare oormmichekkaavunna vidhathil athu avarude maathrraajyathu athumenna pratheekshayil avarude aafrikkan perukal avarude kruthiyil upayogikkanamennu avar abhyarthichu."
1925 aayappozhekkum, "clottleda" yill ninnu rakshapetta avasaanathe aafrikkan vamshajanaaya louisaanu; addehavumaayi filadelfiyayile adthyaapakanum naadodi ezhuthukaaranumaaya arther huff fausettu abhimukham nadatthi. 1927ll fausatt levisinte rund mrugakathakalaaya "tii 'appinte maanthrika dipper aandu vipp", "tii' appin billie aattinte annukalaal vanjikkappettu", aafrikkayile vettayaadalinekkurichula addehathinte aathmakathaaparamaaya vivaranamaya "layan hund" enniva "jenal oof american follocolor" enna jenalil prasidheekarichu."
1927ll levisumaayi abhimukham nadatthiya zora neel harsttan, appol naravamshashaasthrathil biruda vidyaarthiyum naadodi ezhuthukaaranumaayirunnu. adutha varsham avar "kadjiyude swantham katha avasaanathe aafrikkan adimayekkurichu" (1928) enna lekhanam prasidheekarichu. avarude jeevacharitrakaaranaaya roobert iii. ennirunnaalum, eee kruthi pradhaanamaayum emma rocheyude srishtikal koppiyadichuvenkilum looyisinte swantham gramamaaya baanteyile dainamdina jeevithathekkurichulla vivarangal harsttan chertthu.
1928-ll harsttan adhika vibhavangalumayi madangi; avar kosulayumaayi kooduthal abhimukhangal nadathukayum photographukal edukkukayum adimakkachavadathiloode amerikkayilekku kadathiya oru aafrikkakkaarante ariyappedunna eaka chalachithra drishyangal record cheyyukayum cheythu. eee ulladakkathe adisthaanamaakki, avar "baarakoon" enna oru kaiyezhuthuprathi ezhuthi, athine "janapriya vaayanakkaarane uddeshichulla valare naadakeeyavum ardha-saangalppikavumaaya vivaranam" ennu hemenway visheshippichu."
eee abhimukhangalkku sesham, harsttaninte saahitya rakshadhikaariyum jeevakaarunya pravarthakanumaaya charlot oosgud mesan louisinekkurichu ariyukayum addehathinte pinthunaykkaayi panam ayaykkaan thudangukayum cheythu. praadeshika, deseeya prasidheekaranangalkkaayi maadhyamapravarthakar louisumaayi abhimukham nadatthi.
harsttante pusthakam '2018 vare oru vyaakhyaana pathippil prasidheekarichirunnil.
paarambaryamaayi.
1935 juulai 17nuu kudjo levis marikkukayum aphrica tounile peedabhoomi semitheriyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. addehathinte maranashesham, "clottleda" yill ninnu rakshapetta avasaanathe aalukalil oraalenna nilayum abhimukham nadathunnavar srishticha rekhaamoolamulla rekhakalum addehathe samoohathinte charithratthile oru pothu vyakthiyakki.