luis carlos

1943 muthal 1980 vare brazilian communist party general sekrattariyaayum 1946 muthal 1948 vare federal distrikttinte senattaraayum sevanamanushticha oru brazilian viplavakaariyum raashtreeyakkaaranumaayirunu luis carlos prestes (januvari 3,1898-march 7,1990). brazeelile pramukha kammyoonistukalil oralaaya pristtasine 1924 leeii tenant kalaapathinteyum thudarnnulla brazilian communist prasthaanavumaayulla pravarthanangaludeyum neethrthwathinu brazeelile ettavum charismetic ennaal daarunamaaya vyakthikaliloralaayi palarum kanakkakkunnu. maatti paryaveshanathinu "pratheekshayude kuthira" enna vilipperu labhichu."
1924 muthal, oru yuva sainika udyogasthanenna nilayil, parajayappetta sainika kalaapathile oru pramukha vyakthiyaayirunnu pristtas. athinte paraajayathinu sesham, gavanmentinethire karshakarude ethirppu elakkimarikkaanulla nishfalamaaya shramathil, vidoora brazilian ulpradeshathiloode moonnu varshathe 14,000 mile trekkingle pristtas koolam ennariyappedunna vimatha sainikarude oru samghathe addeham nayichu. oduvil vimathar boliviyayilekku naadukadatthappettu. aaa sramam paraajayappettenkilum addeham oru romaantik naayakanayi maari.
deseeya kadam adaykkunnathu avasanippikkunnathinum videsha udamasthathayilulla kambanikalude desasaalkkaranam, bhooparishkaranam ennivaykkaayi vaadikkunna brazilian communist party general sekrattariyaayi addeham maari. 1935-leeii akramasakthamaaya oru kalaapathin sesham jayililadaykkappedukayum kaumarakkaariyaaya elsa fernandesine vadhikkan utharavittathinu 30 varsham thadavinu shikshikkappedukayum cheytha addeham randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sesham mochithanaakukayum pinneedu oru senattaraayi hraswakaalam sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. brazeelile vargas kaalaghattatthiludaneelam addeham communist prathipakshamaayirunnu.
prathipakshamaayirunnu brazilian communist party maarksist-leninist thathwachintha upekshichuvennu pristtas aaropichu. 1980ll addehathe neethrthwathil ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum 1984ll puratthaakkukayum cheythu. cheythu president thiranjeduppil fernando collar dii mello vijayicha madhya-idathu sthaanaarthiyaaya leonel brisolakku vendi addeham pracharanam nadatthi.
aadyakaala jeevithavum vaadakakkaaraakkappetta kalapavum.
1898 januvari 3 nuu thekke attathulla rioo grande doow sall samsthaanathe porto alegreyilaanu pristtas janichathu. addehathinte pithaav sainyathile oru udyogasthanaayirunnu. pithaav avare vittupoyathinu sesham saambathika budhimuttukal anubavikkunna kudumbathodoppam, 1919-ll sainika pariseelanam poortthiyaakkiya addeham 21-aamm vayassil rioo dii janeeroyile (bhaaviyile saha-vaadakakkaaranaaya antonio dii sikvira campose edwardo gomas pankedutthirunna) realengoyile sainika schoolil chernnu. sainika enchineeyaringil prathyeka pariseelanam nediya addeham thante classil onnaam sthaanam nedi.
nedi kalaapathinte aasoothranathil addeham oru pradhana punk vahichuvenkilum, kalapam pottippurappedumbol typhoid panii baadhichu kidakkayilayirunnathinaal, nirbhagyakaramaaya "18-aamm march" yadhaarthathil pristasinu nashtamaayi. kalaapathil nerittu ulppedaathathinaal, thante chila sahapravarthakarude jayil shikshayil ninnu addeham rakshappettuvenkilum addehathe rioo grande doow sallilekku maatti.
maatti kalapam aadya republicinu veendum anthyam kurikkanulla shramathil pottippurappettappol, pottippurappettappol 1922leyum kalaapangalil thaazhnna raankilulla udyogasthar vahicha pankine aspadamaakki tenantus prasthaanatthil oru pradhana sthaanathekku uyarnnu. 1924 joolaiyil saavo poulo thaalkkaalikamaayi ettedukkunnathil earppedaathe poyathukondu, oru kaaval senaye ettedukkaanulla parajayappetta sramathinu sesham, saavo pouloyil ninnulla vimathare kandumuttukayum "pristtas koolam" ennariyappettirunna "tenantukaludeyum vimatharudeyum samyuktha samghathe" nayichukondu "pristtas koolam" enna peril ariyappettappol addeham prashasthiyilekku uyarnnu."
addehathinte bhaaviyile rashtreeya paatha kanakkiledukkumbol, anthaaraashtra raashtreeyarangathu kammyoonistukalumaayi bandhapetta kudiyanmarkku sikvira campos nalkia shupaarsha nirasikkunnath alppam virodhaabhaasathekkaal kooduthalaanu. ekadesham 3 varshathinide, pathimoonnu brazilian samsthaanangalilaayi 25,000 kilometer (16,000 mile) sanjarichu. aadya republicinte (1889-1930) raashtreeyathilum nayangalilum prathishedhamaayi samghadippicha kolatthinu aadya republicine nerittu bheeshanippeduthaanulla adhikaaramillaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum 1927 ll boleeviyayil naadukadatthappetta pristtas kolatthe pidikoodaanum illaathaakkaanumulla sarkkaarinte shramangale prathirodhikkaan athu shakthamaayirunnu. sarkkar senayude tholvi ozhivakkaanulla addehathinte kazhivu brazililum anthaaraashtrathalathilum oru naadodi nayakane oru paridhivare bahumaanichu.
pravaasatthil (1927-1930).
boleeviyayil aayirikkumbol, britiish enterprise bolivian kambani limitadinaayi rooad nirmmaanam, shuchithvam, mattu adisthaana soukarya padhathikal ennivayil prestus pravarthichu. 1927 avasaanathode, partido communista brasiliro (brazilian communist party; pcb) yude sekrattari general, astrogildo perera, prestasumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthaan boliviyayilekku pooyi. sandarshana velayil addeham chila maarksist kruthikal bahumanyarkkaayi upekshikkukayum brazilian communist partyumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu.
virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte (pristtasinte bhaavi rashtreeya paatha kanakkiledukkumbol), 1928 avasaanathode arjanteenayilekku pooyi oru enchineeyaraayi jolie kandethunnathuvare boleeviyayil thudarnnukondu tenant pererayude shupaarsha nirasichu. eee samayathaan pristtas oduvil maarksist kruthikal vaayikkukayum soshyalisavumaayi thirichariyaan thudangukayum cheythath, arjanteeniyan communist raashtreeyathile pradhana vyakthiyaya rodolfo geoldi, 1930 muthal 1934 vare thekke amerikkayile communist internaashanalinte prathinidhiyaayirunna august clain ennivarumaayulla sambhashanangal eee prakriya kooduthal sugamamaakki.
avasaanippichu viplavam.
kaappi, paal" "coronalismo" raashtreeyathinte avasaanavum saamoohika parishkaarangalude thudakkavum "" tenant "kalapam prakhyaapichu". avasaanippichu viplavam brazeelinte pazhaya republicine avasaanippichu. avasaanippichu viplavam brazeelinte thaalkkaalika presidentaayi gettuliyo vargaasine niyamichu, ennaal bahumaanyarallaatha niravadhi mithavaadikalaaya "kudiyanmar" avarodoppam chernnu. kudiyanmar" addehathodu sahathapam prakadippichenkilum vargas valare yaadhaasthithika vyakthiyaayirunnu.
kudiyanmar" varggangalil cheraan aagrahichathinaal, pristtas addehathe porto alegrail kaanaan theerumaanikkukayum soshyalist viplavathekurichulla thante ashayam ekadesham rund manikkoor varggakalodu vishadeekarikkukayum cheythu. vargas pristtasil valareyadhikam mathippulavaakkukayum viplavakaramaaya lakshyathinaayi 800 "contos dii raise" (akkaalat ekadesham 400,000 dollar, allengil 2017 ll ekadesham $5,860,000) sambhavana cheyyukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, varggakale oru boorshwa viplavathinte nethaavaayi pristtas kaanukayum liberal sakhyam oru kuleena vyavasthaye matonninoppam maattisthaapikkaan pookukayaanennu vishwasikkukayum cheythathinaal, avar nirbhagyavashaal thakarnnu. liberal sakhyathil ninnum aadyathe republicil ninnum vyathyasthamaaya oru "moonnaam paatha" aaya viplava pravartthanatthinte leag srishtikkaan addeham shramichuvenkilum prasthaanatthinu susthiramaayirikkaan mathiyaya anuyaayikale nedaanaayilla. brazilian raashtreeyatheyum samoohatheyum kurichulla thante pariganayil maarksist vishakalanam thudarnnuvenkilum budhijeevikale party gadanayile pravartthakare upayogichu maattisthaapikkaan thudangiya brazilian communist partyil ninnu addehathe ozhivaakki. aathyanthikamayi, pristtas orikkalkkoodi svayam adichelppicha pravaasatthilekku pooyi, ithavana urugvaayil.
maarksisavumaayi yojip.
1931ll addeham yuu. ezz. ezz. aaril enchineeyaraayi jolie cheyyukayum kammyoonisathekkurichu patanam thudarukayum cheythu. 1934 avasaanathode addeham soviyatt union vittu brazililekku madangi, taamasiyaathe bharyayaakaan pookunna communist internaashanalinte ejantaaya oolga benarioykkoppam addehathinu suraksha nalkaan niyogichu.
1935ll communist internaashanalinte executive kammittiyil amgamaayi niyamikkappedukayum staalinte aathmavishwaasam nedukayum cheythathayi reportund. athe varsham thanne addeham samghaditha thozhilaalikalkkethiraaya varggakalude adichamarthaline ethirthu soshyalistukal, kammyoonistukaar, communist party nayikkunna mattu purogamanavaadikal ennivar ulppedunna oru idathupaksha janakeeya munnaniyaya alianza naashanal libertadora (deseeya vimochana sakhyam) (aanl) yude nethaavaayi.
eee samayat brazeelinte niyamaparamaayi amgeekarikkappetta presidentaaya (inii "idakkaala" ennumaathramalla) gettooliyo vargas, angane orutharam svechaadhipathya sarkkaarilekku nokki. 1934ll aarambhicha prakshobhakaramaaya varshangalil thante sakhyathe nilanirthunnathinaayi bahumaanakkaarude neethrthwathil akramathiloodeyum bharanakooda bheekarathayiloodeyum idathuvashathulla thante shathrukkale adichamarthaan addeham shramichu. saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya adhikaarathinte oru sthaapitha shringalayulla brazeelinte kaarshika kuleenashakthikalumaayum, nagara brazeelil vann janapankaalithamulla phaasist prasthaanamaaya avibhaajyavaadikalumaayum vargas sakhyamundaakki. vargaasinte rashtreeya shakti communist prasthaanatthinte valarchayodu prathikarikkaan brazilian kongrasine nirbandhitharaakki.
muun kudiyanmarum sahapravarthakaraaya edwardo gomas, jurasi magalhez, juvarez tavora ennivar valathuvashathekku neengumbol, 1930-ll addehathinte uyarchaye pinthunachathinu sesham vargas sarkkaarine pristtas aakramichu. aanlumayulla pristtasinte bandhathode, athinte amgathvam 1935-ll vardhichu, amita aathmavishwaasathinte oru nimishathil, vargas sarkkaarine attimarikkaan ahvaanam cheiyunna oru manifesto puratthirakki. vargas eee avasaram upayogichu aanline niyamaviruddha samghadanayaayi prakhyaapichu; 1935 novemberil rioo grande doow nortil pristasum aanlile mattu amgangalum oru kalapam aarambhichappol, vargaasinte sarkkar athu vegathil adichamarthukayum avasanippikkukayum cheythu. vargaasinte uddeshyangal thettayi kanakkakkiya aanl aathyanthikamayi thante sarkkaarinte vishalamaaya vimarsakareyum athiraalikaleyum pinthudarnnu vargakale thante niyanthranam kooduthal urappikkaan anuvadicha oru nyaayavaadam srishtichu. aadyakaala adichamarthal tharamgangal pristtas ozhivaakkiyenkilum 1936 maarchode adhehavum oolgayum jaililaayi. oru videshiyenna padavi nalkikkond, vargas garbhiniyaya oru oolgaye naasi jarmmaniyilekku thirichayachu.
kalapam paraajayappettathinetthudar, nethaakkale arast cheyyukayum 1937ll raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi vichaarana cheyyukayum cheythu. bahumanappettavare 16 varsham thadavinu shikshichu. 1943ll jayilil kazhiyumbol brazeelile communist party general sekrattariyaayi prestus thiranjedukkappettu.
thadavu.
vargakalude vardhicha rashtreeya shakthiyude falamaayi, brazilian kongras 1935 march deseeya suraksha niyamaprakaaram ellah idathupaksha prathipakshatheyum "attimari" ennu mudrakuthi. puthiya niyamam presidentinu aanal nirodhikkan anuvadichu. puthiya adiyanthara adikaarangal nalkikkond, federal sarkkar muzhuvan idathupakshathinum ethire arast, peedanam, samkshiptha vichaarana ennivayumaayi oru adichamarthal earppeduthi. 1935 madhyathode brazilian raashtreeyam ganyamaayi asthiramaayi. joolaiyil sainyam offeesukal raid cheyyukayum pracharanam pidichedukkukayum rekhakal pidichedukkukayum nethaakkale jayililadaykkukayum cheythathode sarkkar aanlinethire neengi. novemberil aanl thangalude sayudha kalaapathin shramichenkilum athu pettennu parajayappettu. europile phaasist athiraalikaleppole svechaadhipathya bharanakoodavum bahumanappettavare thadavilaakkukayum peedippikkukayum communist prasthaanatthe bharanakooda bheekarathayiloode akramaasakthamaayi adichamarthukayum cheythu.
integralism" ennariyappedukayum plinio salgado neethrthwathil brazeelinte phaasist prasthaanatheyum ardhasainika vibhaagatheyum sahakarikkaan sramikkunna vargas, yahoodavirudhathayude oru veliyettam sahikkukayum thante puthiya anuyaayikale preestasinte bharya lakshyamidukayum cheythirikkaam. luis carlos prestasinte garbhiniyum jarmman-jootha bharyayumaaya oolga benario vargas naasi jarmmaniyilekku naadukadatthi, avide pinneedu oru thadankalppaalayathil vachu avalude naasi thadavukaaraal kollappettu.
rashtreeya jeevitam.
1945ll vargas phaasist shailiyilulla svechaadhipathyam upekshikkaan thudangiyathinu sesham, 1943ll randaam lokamahaayudhathile sakhyakakshikalumayulla bandhathetthudarnnu rashtreeya thadavukaare mochippichu. rashtreeya thadavukaarkkulla pothumaapp nalkikkond 1945 meyy maasathil prestus jayilil ninnu mochithanaayi.
1945 octoberil vargas bharanam attimarichathode puthiya thiranjeduppukal nadannu. vargakalude raashtreeyathekkurich sookshumamaaya vilayiruthal nalkia prestus abhiprayappettu, "gotulio valare vazhakkamullathaan. oru phaasist aakuka ennathu fashion aayirunnappol addeham oru faasisttaayirunnu. ippol janaadhipathyaparamaayirikkuku ennathu faashanal aayathinal addeham oru janaadhipathyavaadiyaayirikkum."varggangalude kaikalilulla swantham perumattavum bhaaryayude vidhiyum undaayirunnittum, deseeya aikyathinte peril varggangalkk pinnil bahumanappettavar thante pinthuna erinju.
orikkalkkoodi addeham raashtreeyaramgathekku praveshichu. president thiranjeduppinu munbu ekadesham 6 maasangal pravarthikkendivannappal, 4000 amgangal mathramulla communist party punasamghadippikkurinnathu pristtas theerumaanichu. thudarnnulla thiranjeduppukalil kammyoonistukaar abhoothapoorvamaaya shakti kaanichu, ekadesham 700,000 allengil motham 15 sathamaanam vottu cheythu.
1945 desember 2 leeii thiranjeduppil, federal distrikttile senattarilekkulla malsarathil ettavum kooduthal vottukal nediya thaaramaanu pristtas. ennirunnaalum, sheethayudhathinte thudakkathodoppam pristtasinte thiranjeduppu nadannu.
oru senattar enna nilayil, 1946-ll oru puthiya bharanaghadana ezhuthunnathil pristtas oru punk vahichu. aaa masavasanam, vargasine sainyathinte theevra valathupaksha vibhaagam purathaakkiyathu addehathinte udaaravalkkarana neekkangal kaaranam; communist prasthaanam veendum peedippikkappettu. 1947 meyy maasathil brazilian sarkkar communist party niyamavirudhamaakki, kongras athinte communist amgangale purathaakki. prestes udan olivil pookukayum 10 varshatholam bhoogarbha pravartthanam nadathukayum cheythu.
cheythu thiranjeduppil sthaanaarthikaleyonnum pinthunaykkaan addeham visammathikkukayum 1954ll vargaasinte aathmahathyayiloode vargaasinte presidentinte thuranna vimarsakanaayi thudarukayum cheythu. 1955ll jasselino kubitshekkinte sthaanaarthithvathe pristtas pinthunaykkukayum pcb niyamavirudhamaayi thudarunnathinidayilum kooduthal pothupank vahikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1961 augustil janio kwaadrosinte pettennulla rajikk sesham jovo gaulart presidensiyilekku uyarnnathode, brazeelile thozhilaalikalkkum karshakarkum yadhaartha parishkaranatthinulla avasaram (pcbyil mathramalla) idathuvashathulla mattullavareppole addeham kaanukayum brazeelile parishkaarangal thwarithappeduthunnathinna addeham gaulaarttine nirantharam parasyamaayi sammarddathilaakkukayum cheythu. theerchayaayum, sheethayudhathinte dhruveekaranathinidayil, madhyavargakkaarum yaadhaasthithikarum sainyavum gaulaarttinte aathyanthika idathuvashathe maattatthil kammyoonisathinte bheeti kandu; oru communist "svechaadhipathyam" thadayaan sainyam theerumaanichu, gaulaarttine attimarichu, pakaram oru yaadhaasthithika svechaadhipathyathinu thudakkamittu.
orikkalkkoodi oru valathupaksha bharanathin keezhil jeevikkunna pristtas veendum bhoogarbhathilekku pooyi, thudarnnu naadukadatthappettu, kaaranam sainyam gregorio bezera polulla mattu muthirnna pcb amgangale lakshyamitirunnu. muun tentant edwardo gomas sainika svechaadhipathyakaalathu vyomasenayude manthriyaayi sevanamanushtichappol, muun tentant luis carlos prestus sainika adichamarthal ozhivakkaan nirantharam sramikkukayaayirunnu. ennittum athu pristtasinte ettavum cheria prasnamaayirunnilla. brazilian kammyoonisathile oru nethaavaayi deerghakaalamaayi amgeekarikkappetta maarksisathinte vaividhyatha aagolathalathilum brazililum 1960 kalil addehathinte punk maatti.
gotulio vargaasukalude anuyayiyaaya jovo gaularttinteyum (1961-1964) rioo grande doow sulil ninnulla mattoru gauchoyudeyum presidencyil, charitraparamaayi vottavakaasham nashtappetta thozhilaalivarggavumaayum karshakarumayum, luis carlos prestasinte keezhil communist partyumaayum polum sarkkaarinte aduppam orupole shradheyamaayirunnu. pinthirippan sakthikalaal purathaakkappedunnathinna munbu, yaadrishchikamallaathe, udan thanne vargas avibhaajyavaadikale sahakarichu thiranjedutthathine anusmarippikkunna reethiyilaan gaulart communist prasthaanatthe sahakarichath. orikkalkkoodi, pristtas jayililadaykkappedukayum communist prasthaanam peedippikkappedukayum cheythu.
parajayappetta "tenant" kalaapathinteyum varggakalude communist prasthaanatthe adichamarthalinteyum anubhavam bahumanyareyum addehathinte chila sakhaakkaleyum ayushkaalam muzhuvan sayudha samghattanathekkurichu samshayalukkalaayi maatti. 1960 kalude thudakkathil brazilian communist partyile karkkashamaaya maavovaadikalum yaadhaasthithika mosco swaadheenamulla theevravaadikalum thammilulla sthiramaaya bhinnathaykku kaaranamakaan addehathinte nannayi valarthiyedutha samshayavaadam pinneedu sahayichu. brazilian communist party (allengil pcb) ennariyappedunna party soviyatt anukoola vibhaagathe prestus nayichu, athesamayam maavovaadikal brazeelile communist party (allengil pisidob) roopeekarichu. maavovaadikal 1964 nuu sesham sainyathinte svechaadhipathyathinethir olichodukayum nagara pooraattatthil earppedukayum cheythappol pristtas vibhaagam athu cheythilla.
pinneedulla jeevithavum maranavum.
1970-ll, prestus thante randaamathe bharyayaaya maria prestasinum avarude kuttikalkkumoppam moscoylake pooyi, patthu varshathinu sesham rashtreeya kuttavaalikalkk pothumaapp anuvadichathinushesham maathramaan brazililekku madangiyathu. madangiyathu madhyathode, svechaadhipathyam, mattu sayudha idathupaksha prasthaanangale phalapradamaayi illaathaakki, pcbyilekku thirinj, athinte chila unnatha nethaakkale lakshyamidukayum kollukayum cheythu, pakshe appozhekkum, pramukhar niravadhi varshangalayi pravaasatthilaayirunnu.
aathyanthikamayi, rashtreeya thadavukaarkkum naadukadatthappettavarkkum mapp nalkia 1979 leeii sainyathinte pothumaapp nalkikkond (athesamayam peedanatthino bharanakoodatthinte athiraalikalude vadhathino irayaaya ellah sainika amgangalkkum udyogastharkkum mapp nalkukayum cheythu) pristtas brazililekku madangi. brazilian communist party pramukhanum neethaavumaayi palarum kanda aaa manushyan thirichethiyenkilum, brazeel janaadhipathyavalkkaranathilka madangiyethiyappol eathu paatha pinthudarendathundu ennathinekkurichu party avashishtangal bhinnichu, sthaapanaparamaaya parivartthanatthe pinthunaykkano atho kooduthal samoolamaaya viplavam aavashyappedano enna chodyathaal. brazeelil idathuvashathu pristtasinte charitraparamaaya praadhaanyam palarkkum amgeekarikkaanum amgeekarikkaanum kazhiyumenkilum, 80-ladhikam vayassil addeham uchithanaaya nethaavallennu avarkk thonni, addehathe pcbyude sekrattari general enna sthaanathu ninnu neekkam cheythu.
addeham brazeelile demookratik laber party pinthunakkaaranaayi maarukayum 1989 ll leonel brisolayude presidential prachaaranatthil pankedukkukayum cheythu.
addehathinte avasana naalukalil, eathaandu panamillaatha, prestasine deerghakaala communist anubhaviyum braziliayile niravadhi kettidangalude designarumaaya aarkkitekt ooskaar neemeyar pradhaanamaayum pinthunachu. 1990 march march 92-aamm vayassil hridayaaghaathathe thudarnnu pristtas marichu.

