
klemoutty

clermond ennum ariyappedunna klemoutty (allengil χλοοιμούτσι "klaumoutsi"), thekkan greasile peloponese upadveepile elyse regional yoonittinte vadakkupadinjaraayi custro-killini munisippalittiyile oru madhyakala kottayaan.
1220-kalude thudakkathil achiya naatturaajyatthile kurishuyudha bharanadhikaarikal avarude pradhana shakthikendramaayi nirmmicha ithu orupakshe innu rajyath samrakshikkappedunna greasile frankish bharanathinte aadyakaalakhattathile ettavum mikacha kottayaan. samudranirappil ninnu oru cheria peedabhoomiyil sthithi cheiyunna eee kottayil oru aantharika muttathinu chuttum nirmmicha oru madhya shadbhujaakrithiyilulla keep ulppedunnu, athinte muzhuvan neelatthilum rund nilakalulla haalukal adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe padinjaaru bhaagath oru puram muttatthe valayam cheiyunna oru puram mathil poorttheekarikkunnu. kotta pradhaanamaayum athinte yadhaartha 13-aamm noottaandile avasthayil samrakshikkappedunnu, peeranki sthaapikkunnathinulla cheria pilkkala mattangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo.
principaalittiyude thalasthaanamaaya aandraveedaykkum pradhana thuramukhamaaya glarentasinum sameepam sthithi cheiyunna klemousi principaalittiyude charithratthil oru pradhana punk vahichirunnuvenkilum yadhaarthathil orikkalum uparodhikkappettitla. 1427-ll baisantain bharanathin keezhil vannathinushesham, 1460-ll moreyile bakkiyulla baisantain svechaadhipathikalkkoppam ottomaan saamrajyavum ithu pidichedutthu. automan kaalaghattatthil peerankikalkku vedikal nalkunnathinaayi cheria kootticherkkalukal nadathiyenkilum kramena kottaykku athinte praadhaanyam nashtappedukayum pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode poornnamaayum upekshikkappedukayum cheythu. 1825-ll, greak swaathanthryasamarasamayath, greak vimathar athu upayogikkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi athinte puram mathilinte oru bhagam polichumaatti. innu ithu pothujanangalkkayi thurannirikkunna oru samrakshitha smaarakamaanu.
charithram.
rajakumaran principaalittiyile purohithanmaarum thammilulla tharkkatthinte falamaayi 1220 num 1223 num idayil villehaardouyinile achiyaa jiophree onnaaman raajakumaarante bharanakaalathaanu eee kotta nirmmichathu. principaalittiyude bhoomiyude moonnilonnu udamasthathayilullathum ennaal sainika sevanam nalkaan baadhyasthamallaathathumaaya purohithanmaarodu jiophree eee raajyam samrakshikkaan sahaayikkunnathin adhika sambhavanakal aavasyappettirunnu. poppinodu maathram vishwasthatha pularthanamennu avakaashappett purohithanmaar visammathichappol, jiophree palli swath kandukettukayum puthiya fund upayogichu klemousiyude nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. eee sthalathu thirichariyaan kazhiyunna muun gadanayillaatha oru puthiya aditharayil kotta sthaapichu. athinte franch naamamaya "clairmond" allengil "clermond", mikkavarum "kloo [yuu] mousi" enna greak roopathinu kaaranamaayi, athu aduthide "klemousi" aayi maari, ennirunnaalum perinte uthbhavathekkurich vividha sidhaanthangal nirddeshikkappettittund, frankish kottaykku munbulla greak, albanian allengil slavik verukalude nirddeshangal. pathinanjaam noottaand muthal, itaaliyan srothassukal ithine "kaastal tornus" ennu vilikkaan thudangi, pathinalam noottaandinte pakuthi vare velliyil "tornus" nanayangal achadicha aduthulla glarentasayile principaalittiyude mintinte irippidavumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaayathinal.
puthiya kotta andraveeda naatturaajyatthinte thalasthaanathinaduthaayirunnu, chilath akaleyum, sii. eiii. yilum. principaalittiyile ettavum valia thuramukhathil ninnum pattanamaya glarentasayil ninnum. eee moonnu sthalangalum principaalittiyude bharanaparamaya hridayamaayirunnu, koodaathe kattakkoloyile beauvoire allengil pontico kottayodoppam, phalabhooyishtamaaya elisinte samathalathinte niyanthranam urappakkaan sahayichu, ithu prinsley domaininte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu (korinthiyaykkum laconiayile evrotas thaazhvaraykkum oppam). ennirunnaalum, athinte praadhaanyam undaayirunnittum, achiyaa klemousi principaalittiyude charithrathiludaneelam orikkalum pradhana sainika pravartthanangalude lakshyamaayirunnilla; marichu, sii. yill macriplagy yudhathil thadavilakkappetta baisantain janaralukaleppolulla vishishta thadavukaarkkulla oru jayilaayittaayirunnu athinte pradhana pravartthanam. 1263ll avaril oralaaya alexios files avide thadavil vachu marichu.
1278-ll villehaardouyinile vilyam randaaman rajakumaran marichappol, vittarbo udambadiyile vyavasthakal anusarichu naatturajyavum athupolethanne naatturaajyapadaviyum naples rajaavaaya chaals oof anjouvinu labhichu. ennirunnaalum, vilyam thante bhaarya anna komnene dukainaykku klemousi nalkukayum avar athu nilanirthukayum messeniyayile villehaardouyinte kalamaattayude paarambarya baranikoppam athu nilanirthukayum cheythu. 1280-ll anna, theebsinte pakuthiyude prabhuvaya vishudha oomarinte baaran nicolas randaamane vivaham kazhichu. franch madhyakaalakhattakkaaranaaya aantoyin boninte vaakkukalil paranjaal, "ettavum phalabhooyishtamaaya bhoomiyum morayile ettavum sakthamaaya kotta" randaamathethu ettedukkunnathu, thante aadya vivaahathil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha sambathinu purame, chaals raajaavine aashankappeduthi. 1281 septambar 25nuu, aduthide maricha verrolly leonardinte pakuthiyolam bhoomikk pakaramaayi klemousiyum kalamathayum naatturaajyathinu vittukodukkunnathumaayi oru karaarilethi, morayayileyum (elisileyum messeniayileyum) italiyileyum estettukal ulppedunnu. 1290-kalude thudakkathil, epirus nickephoros aii comnenos dukkaasinte pingami epirus svechaadhipathiyumaaya thomas comnenos ducasine pithaavinte perumaattatthinte peril klemoutsiyil bandiakki.
sii. 1311-ll vilyam randaaman villehaardouyinte eaka makal maargarat, 1278 muthal niyanthrichirunna naplesile anchevin rajaakkanmaaril ninnu principality avakashappedaan, allengil klemousi, kalamata ennivayulppede athinte oru bhaagamenkilum avakashappedaan, thante vamshavali kaaranam shramichu. athuvare, 1314 februvariyil, aval thante eaka makalaaya sabranile isabeline mejorkayile ferdinandumaayi vivaham kazhikkukayum avarkk thante padavikalum avakaashavaadangalum kaimarukayum cheythu. thudarnnu avar acheyayilekku madangi, avide avale klemousiyil anchevin "bailey" thadavilaakki, avide aval februvaryilo march 1315loow marichu. ferdinand 1315 juunil glarenceyil ethi, anchevin nominiyaaya burgandyile louisil ninnu principality avakashappettu. klemousiyum elisinte bhooribhaagavum athivegam ferdinandinte niyanthranatthilaayi, pakshe oduvil 1316 joolaiyil manolada yudhathil addeham paraajayappedukayum kollappedukayum cheythu. sheshikkunna mejarkaan sainikar elisil kaivasham vachirunna kottakal vittukoduthu taamasiyaathe veettilekku kappalmatti.
1418-ll, glarentsayum klemousiyum carlo aii tokoyude kaikalilekku pooyi, avar senchuriyon randaaman sacaria raajakumaarante chelavil morayil thante pradeshangal vipuleekarikkaan thudangi. ennirunnaalum, 1427 leeii echinades yudhathil baisaantain navikasenayodu parajayappettathinushesham, tokko thante makal madalena tokoyude sthreedhanathinte roopathil morayude svechaadhipathiyaaya konstaantain paleologosine (avasana baisaantain chakravarthiyaayi maarunna) thante swathukkal vittukodukkaan nirbandhithanaayi. klemousi ippol konstaantaininte vasathiyayi maarukayum avasaanathe pradhana laattin shakthikendramaaya pathras nagaratthinethiraaya addehathinte pravartthanangalude aditharayaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1460ll ottomaan saamrajyam morayude backie bhagangal pidichedukkunnathuvare kotta baisaantain kaikalilaayirunnu. senchuriyon randaamante themmaadithanaaya makan joonn assen sakaria klemousiyil thadavilaakkappettuvenkilum 1453ll rakshappedukayum morayile baisaantain depottukalkkethire oru kalapam nayikkukayum cheythu.
automan adhiniveshathode kottaykku athinte thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyam nashtappettu. ennirunnaalum, ottomaan-veneeshyan yudhathil veneshyakkaar ithu kaivashappeduthukayum 1620-ll maltayile naitukal akramikkukayum cheythu. moranian yudhathinu sesham peloponese (1687-1715) leeii veneeshyan bharanakaalathu ithu oru saambathika jillayude aasthaanamaayi pravarthichu. koodaathe, akkaalathe veneeshyan gavarnarmaarude reportukal klemoutsiye valippathil cheruthum janavasam kuravaanennum thallikkalayunnu. 1701-ll "proveditor general" francesco grimani ithu nasippikkanamennu nirddeshichu, kaaranam ithu kadalil ninnu valare akaleyaan-samudra chinthagathikkaaraaya republicine sambandhichidatholam oru pradhana ashankayum prathirodhikkaan prayaasavumaan, athinakam upekshikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheytha glarenza pakaram punarnirmmikkanamenn shupaarsha cheythu. 1715ll morah ottomaan niyanthranathilekku madangukayum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kotta poornnamaayum vijanamaavukayum cheythu. 1825-ll, greak swaathanthryasamarasamayath, eejipthile ibrahim paashayude sainyam kotta pidichedukkukayum greak vimatharkk upayogikkaan kazhiyaathavidham athinte mathilukalude oru bhagam thakarkkukayum cheythu.
innu eee kotta baisaantain puraavasthukkalude aaraamathe ephorettinu keezhil samrakshikkappetta oru landmarkaanu. aduthulla killiniyil ninnu kaaril eluppathil athicheraavunna sthalamaanithu.
sthalavum vaasthuvidya.
klemousi "frankish naatturaajyatthile sainika kalayude ettavum manoharamaaya saakshyamaayi" thudarunnu. boonn. aadhunika gramamaaya castro-killinic sameepamulla samudranirappinu mukalilulla oru cheria peedabhoomiyil sthithicheyyunna ithu, elisinte theeradesha samathalathe ulkkollukayum ionian dveepukalaaya sakintos, sephalonia ennividangalilekkum greak pradhana bhoopradeshathe ettoliya-acarnania theerathekkum vare athukayum cheiyunna chuttumulla graamapradeshangalude manoharamaaya kazhcha nalkunnu. eee sthalathu ninnulla kazhchayum athinte nirmmaanatthinte alavukolum gunanilavaaravum theliyikkunnu. ennaal, aaa klemousi glarenzayude oru kottayaayi nirmmichathalla, marichu vishalamaaya pradeshatthinte niyanthranam urappaakkunna oru swatantra sainika punk athu niravetti.
kramarahithamaya oru peedabhoomiyude mukalilaanu eee kotta sthithicheyyunnathu, athinte thekk, kizhakk, vadakku charivukal pettennundaakukayum mriduvaaya padinjaaran charivode aadhunika gramamaaya castroilekku eluppathil athicherukayum cheiyunnu. kottayude hridayabhaagathu oru valia shadbhujaakrithiyilulla keep adangiyirikkunnu, padinjaaru bhaagathekku poortthiyaakkiyirikkunnu, avide bhoopradesam kooduthal axus cheyyaavunnathaanu, oru adhika baahya mathil, athupole kramarahithamaya bahubhuja rooparekha, randaamathethu, kooduthal vishalamaaya muttam (puram ward).
outtar ward.
kottayude puram kavaadam puram vaardinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhagathaanu, yadhaarthathil puram curton mathilile oru cheria edavelaykkullil, oru portculis upayogichu samrakshikkappettirikku. puram mathilinte munbhagam thakarkkappedathe samrakshikkunnathinaayi thurkkikal pinneedu oru cheria koottam mathilukal kondu edavela nirachu. automanmaar avarude mathilinte jangshanukalil yadhaartha curton mathilumayi adhika buttressukalum chertthu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, yadhaartha kavaadatthinum puthiya automan praveshana kavaadatthinum edayilulla idam melkkoorayillaathe aakaashathekku thurannittirunnu. gettil ninnu puram mathil kizhakode pinneedu thekote moonnu vyathyastha mathilukalaayi keep vare thudarunnu. ishtikayo tailukalo ulla thelivukal kurravulla chunnaambukallu kallukal kondaanu mathil nirmmichirikkunnathu, mukalil oru cheria aantharika parapettum ottomaan nirmmicha kroonaleshanukalum undu, ippol ithu valia thothil nashichirikkunnu. thudakkam muthal, kettidangal puram mathilil chaaychu nirmmichavayaayirunnu, avayude aditharayude avashishtangal, thirasseela mathilinte aantharika mukhavumaayi cherunna vashathe mathilukal, allengil thirasseela mathilil aduppukal, lancet janalakal ennivayude saannidhyam enniva theliyikkunnu. eee kettidangalilonnu puram kavaadathinaduthaayi samrakshikkappedunnu. janalakal, aduppukal muthalaayava. kottayude athe samayam thanne avayude nirmmaanatthilekku viral choondunna shailiyude oru ekeekrithatha pradarshippikkuka. puram mathil keeppil cherunna sthalathu, oru cheria posttarnum puram mathilinte "chemin dii ronde" lake nayikkunna oru padiyum sthithicheyyunnu.
gettinte maruvashathu, kizhakode kuthane thiriyunnathinumumbu, oru gopuram-orupakshe oru automan kootticherkkal-avarude junctionil, thekk padinjaarum thekkum rund bhaagangalil thirasseela mathil thudarunnu. eee thekkupadinjaaran moolaykk pinnil oru peeranki plaattfomaayi thurkkikal oru bhooprakrithiyulla kotta nirmmichu. padinjaaran mathilinodu chernnu thirasseela mathilinodu chernnu kettidangal nirmmichathinte thelivukalundu. thekkan mathil pinneedu, orupakshe turkish, attakuttappanikalkk thelivukal kaanikkunnu, takarnna tailukal kallu vazhikalode marimari varunnu. eee bhaagath, ibrahim paashayude peerankikal 1825-ll mathilinte villaline baadhichu. thekkupadinjaaran moolaykkum keeppinum idayil ekadesham pakuthiyolam, mathil pettennu ottomaan nirmmicha gopuratthinu chuttum akathekku thiriyukayum thudarnnu kizhakode thudarnnu vadakkukizhakkottum keeppil cherukayum cheythu. rund mathilukaludeyum junctionil ninnaan mattoru poosttar sthithi cheiyunnathu.
sookshikkuka.
kizhakk ninnu padinjaaru vare alakkunna kramarahithamaya shadbhujaakrithiyilulla keep, sii. thekk ninnu vadakkott, athinte aarr mathilukal oru akathe muttatthe valayam cheiyunnu. athinte mathilukal rund nilakalulla haalukalude oru parambaraye ulkkollunnu, ithu madhya muttathinu chuttum murikalude oru valayamaanu. thaazhathe nila, mukalil ninnu maram kondu verthirichirikkunnu-ippol mikkavarum thakarnnuveenu, avayude asthithvathinu saakshyam vahikkunna kiranangalude pinthunakkaayi maathram-muttathekku thurakkunna kamaanangalund. mukalilathe nilayil "immaculate poros ashlar" (andrew) ulla ovioid barrell nilavarakalulla valia gaalarikal undu, chunnaambukallu blokkukalude vashathe mathilukalum pathivayi akanna kamaanangalum pinthunaykkunnu. bhitthiyil sthaapichathum baisaantain shailiyilulla champhered imposttukal mukalil sthaapichathumaaya pailaastarukal ozhike iva thakarnnu.
12-aamm noottaandile franch vaasthuvidyayil saadhaaranamaaya oru ekeekritha shailiyilulla rund kamaanangalulla janalakal, chuvarukalil oru nilavarayulla thaazhnna pradeshathinullil sajjeekarichirikkunnu, iruvashathum virunnu undu. kottayude "stailistik uniformity" (andrew) shakthippeduthunna, puram curton matilinum anubandha kettidangalkkum samanamaaya edangalum aduppukalum gaalarikalil undu. oru naatturaajyatthinte thaamasathinu anuyojyamaayathaayirunnu klemousia akathe muttathinu chuttum krameekarichirikkunna athinte haalukal vishalavum sukhakaravum nalla velichamullathum venalkkaalath thanuppullathum shaityakaala maasangalkkayi niravadhi aduppukal nalkunnathumaayirunnu.
keeppinte vadakku bhaagathulla oru avant korppilaayirunnu keeppinte praveshana kavaadam, puram muttathu ninnu keeppinte akathe murikalilekku nayikkunna rund kavaadangalkkidayil oru nilavarayulla paatha. padinjaaru bhaagathum puram vaardinakathum sthithi cheiyunna chathuraakrithiyilulla aditharayulla 5 meter vyaasamulla rund vrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangal maathramaan keeppil ullathu. orupakshe ibrahim paashayude naashatthinte falamaayi randinteyum thekk bhagam eathaandu poornnamaayum nashichirikkunnu. kooduthal thurannukidakkunna kizhakkan, thekkan vashangalil gopurangalonnum undaayirunnilla. charitrakaaranaaya kevin aandroosinte abhipraayathil, kuthaneyulla bhoopradesam avare mathiyaya reethiyil samrakshichathayi vilayiruthiyathukondaayir ithu.
keeppinte melkoora yadhaarthathil charinjatho gable aakruthiyilullatho aanennu thonnunnu, athinte puram mukhathu "chemin dii ronde" yum parapettum undaayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu puram mathil uyarthukayum melkkooraykk pakaram nilavile plaattphom polulla terrous sthaapikkukayum cheythu. muttathu ninnu oru padikal vazhiyum, keeppilekkulla pradhana praveshana kavaadathinu thottadutthum, ippol takarnna padinjaaran moolayil oru sarppila padikal vazhiyum melkkoorayilekku praveshanam nalkunnu. puthiya melkkoorayude akathe paarapett nilanilkkunnundenkil automan kaalaghattatthile kurachu merlonukal ozhike puram paarapettinte chila adayaalangal avasheshikkunnu. ivide thokkukal sthaapikkunnathinu oru vyavasthayum cheythittillenn thonnunnu.
vaasthuvidya praadhaanyavum.
nirmmaanatthinte aapekshikamaya ekathvam vilayiruthumbol, klemousiyude kotta eathaanum varshangalkkullil nirmmichathaayi thonnunnu. kottayil kaanapedunna mikka vasthuvidyaa gadakangalum panthrandaam noottaandile franch vaasthuvidyayude savisheshathakalaan; keey. andruz ezhuthunnu, "poornnamaayum gothik savisheshathakalude abhavam, ithu romaneskil ninnulla parivartthanamaanennu thonnunnu". impost blokkukaliloo praadeshika vasthukkalude upayogathilo pole chila thaddesheeya baisaantain gadakangalum prakadamaanu.
klemousi "greasile ettavum pradhanappettathum mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedunnathumaya kottakalilonnaanu" (eiii. raali), athinte thuranna swabhaavam kedukoodaathe nilanirthunnu. thuranna kaalaghattatthinum athinte sainika praadhaanyam kurayunnathinum sesham, adhiniveshakkaar kurachu kootticherkalukalum maattangalum nadatthi; baisaantain bharanam oru adayaalavum avasheshippichilla, automanmaar maathramaan peerankikalkkaayi chila cheria attakuttappanikalum parishkkaranangalum nadathiyathu.

