
greenwood leflour

greenwood leflour allengil greenwood leeii fluor (juun 3,1800-august 31,1865) neekkam cheiyunnathinumumbu 1830-ll chokttoyude thiranjedukkappetta pradhana medaaviyaayi sevanamanushtichu. athinumumbu, moonnu jilla medhaavikalum oru kaunsil oof cheefs chernnaanu raajyam bharichirunnathu. ammayude padavi kaaranam choktto varenyavargathilppetta sambannanum praadeshikamaayi swaadheenamullathumaaya misravarggakkaaranaaya leflorinu samsthaana, federal sarkkaarukalumaayi niravadhi bandhangalundaayirunnu. 1830-ll leflour mattu thalavanmaare nayichu nritham cheiyunna muyal creak udambadiyil oppuvachu, ithu mississippiyile bakkiyulla chokto bhoomi us sarkkaarin kaimarukayum indian pradeshathekku neekkam cheyyaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. mississippiyil thamasikkaan theerumaanicha chokdaavinu samvarana bhoomi undaayirikkumennum athu vyavastha cheythirunnuvenkilum yunaittad stetts sarkkar eee vyavastha pinthudarunnathil parajayappettu.
pala nethaakkalum neekkam anivaaryamaanennu vaadichappol mattullavar udambadiye ethirkkukayum leflorinethire vadhabheeshani uyarthukayum cheythu. oru attimariyiloode gotra kaunsil purathaakkiya addeham mississippiyil thaamasikkukayum avide addeham karol kaundiyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum american pourathvam sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 1840kalil niyamasabhaamgamaayum senattaraayum addeham samsthaana sarkkaarilekku thiranjedukkappettu. american aabhyantharayudhakaalathu addeham unionoppam ninnu.
pashchaathalam.
cheef pushmathaahayude uyarnna raankulla choktto makalaaya rebecca cravattinteyum spanish florida aasthaanamaayulla paanttan, lessie & kambaniyil jolie cheythirunna franch kaanadayil ninnulla franch roma vyapariyum paryavekshakanumaaya luis lefluorinteyum aadya makanaayirunnu leflour. 
 chokdaavinu swathinum paarambarya neethrthwathinum maathruvamshaparamaaya oru samvidaanamundaayirunnathil, leflorinu ammayude kudumbatthil ninnum vamshathil ninnum unnatha padavi labhichu. 1820-kalode, charitrakaaranaaya gregg oo 'bryan soochippikkunnathu pole, choktto atharam mishra-vamsha kuttikale "itibapishi toba" (oru sahodarano sahodariyo aakuka) ennu vilichu, ithu choktaavumaayulla bandhathinu oonnal nalki, allengil euro-american ashayangal anukarikkunnathayi thonnunna "isish iklana" (ardha-raktham). oo 'bryan avar onnamathaayi, choktto varenyavargathinte bhaagamaayirikkunnathinte praadhaanyam rekhappeduthunnu. atharam mishra-vamsha varenya purushanmaare "muthalaalitha shekharanathinteyum punarupayogikkaavunna sambathinteyum abhoothapoorvamaaya prapanchatthilekku vazhithettikkunnavarayi" upayogikkunnathinte prayojanam chokto medhaavikal thiricharinju."
leflorineppole chilar euro-american vidyaabhyaasam nedi, athu american thekk vikasichukondirikkunna maarikkondirikkunna lokathekkurichu charcha cheyyaan avare praaptharakki. leflorinu panthrand vayassullappol, amerikkakkaarude vidyaabhyaasathinaayi pithaav addehathe naashvilleyilekku ayachu.
vivaahavum kudumbavum.
17-aamm vayassil, leflour naasvilleyilvechu rossa donly vivaham kazhichu, avidevechu kandumuttukayum 1817-ll madangiyethiyappol choktto raajyathekku thirike konduvarikayum cheythu. avalude maranashesham, prissilla enna sthriye addeham veendum vivaham kazhichu. addehathinu patthu makkalundaayirunnu (ivar orupakshe greenwoodinte sahodarangalaakaam, makkalalla): vilyam, benchamin, tulsi, clarissa, bobis, jaaksan, emily, mattu moonnu penmakkal. mattu rekhakal anusarichu addehathinte makkalil iva ulppedunnu jaine (vilyam spring vivahithanaayi), joonn donli leflour, jaaksan leflour, rossa donliyude greenwood leflour; rosayude sahodari prissilla donliyude rebecca (jaims clark harris vivahithanaayi), clarissa (cheef edmund aaron mccurtain vivahithanaayi).
naagarikathayude vakthaav.
leflour poornna rakthamulla gothravargakkaarkkidayil janapriyamaanennu parayappedaatthappol, cheruppatthil thanne addeham gothrathinullil shaktan swaadheenamullavanumaayi maari, pradhaanamaayum ammayude vamshathinteyum ammavanteyum sthaanavum swantham kazhivukalum kaaranam. mattu nethaakkalodoppam, chila puthiya vazhikalodum neekkam cheiyunnathine pinthunaykkunnathinaayi yunaittad stetts gavanmentil ninnulla vardhichuvarunna sammarddathodum poruthappedumbol europian-american kaiyettatthe cherukkaan addeham paadupettu.
leflorinu 22 vayassullappol, choktto raajyathinte padinjaaran division misisippiyilaayirunpol addeham athinte thalavanayi. kolapaathakangalkk prathikaram cheyyaan nirddeshikkunna "rakthathinu raktham" enna niyamam nirtthalaakkiyathinte bahumati addehathinundu. leflour "nagarikatha" padhathiye pinthunachu, athu yuu.ezz. president jorjju washington henry noxes washington bharanakaalathu vikasichu. prathyekichu 1828-ll andrew jaaksan presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettathinum, sthiramaaya thaamasasthalam nirmmikkanum krishibhoomiyil krishi cheyyaanum kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaanum avarude kuttikale vidyaabhyaasathinaayi yunaittad stetts skoolukalilekku ayaykkaanum addeham chokto prothsaahippichu.
neekkam cheyyuka allengil yuu.ezz. pourathvam.
anchu parishkritha gothrangalil" onnaayi amgeekarikkappettittum, europian-american kudiyettakkaare kayyeriyathil ninnu chokdaavu sammarddathilaayirunnu. kudiyettakkaar valia thothil choktto deseeya bhoomiyilekku praveshikkunnathu thudarnnu. mississippi nadiyude padinjaarulla pradeshangalile choktto neekkam cheyyaan us sarkkar aagrahichu.
1828ll andrew jaaksan presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettathode, indian neekkam cheiyunnathine pinthunacha palarum neekkam anivaaryamaanennu avakashappettu. sayudha prathirodham nalkaan kazhiyillennu avar nigamanam cheythu. 1830-leeii indian neekkam cheyyal niyamam pasakia sesham padinjaaran, kizhakkan jillakalile medhaavikal raajivachu, 1830 march 15-nuu kaunsil leflorine pradhana medaaviyaayi thiranjedutthu, aadyamaayaanu adikaaram chokdaavukalkkidayil kendreekarichathu. chokttoykku ettavum mikacha nibandhanakal urappakkaan sramikkunnathinaayi addeham oru udambadi thayyarakki athu washingtonilekku ayachu.
yunaittad stetts prathinidhikal oru udambadi kaunsilinaayi puratthekku vannu, avide leflour thante sakthamaaya vyakthiparamaaya rashtreeya mooladhanavum oru ekeekritha gothratthinte thalavan enna nilayilulla sthaanavum pinneedu indian pradesham ennu vilikkappedunnathil ettavum valuthum abhikaamyavumaaya pradeshangal surakshithamakkaan upayogichu. koodaathe, article XIV bahumaanikkappedumennum mississippiyil chila karuthal shekharangal sookshikkaan chokttooye anuvadikkumennum addeham vishwasichu. rashtreeyathekkurichum vardhichuvarunna europian-american janasamkhyayude ennathekkurichum addeham vilayiruthiyathinaal neekkam cheyyal anivaaryamaanennu addeham karuthi.
angane cheyyaan theerumaanichavare mississippiyil thudaraanum american pouranmaaraakaanum anuvadikkunna vyavasthakal udambadiyilundaayirunnu.
kala. xiv. oru kudumbatthinte oro thiranjedukkappetta thalavan samsthaanangalile pouranaakaan aagrahikkunnundenkil, eee udambadi amgeekarichu aarumaasathinullil ejantinodu thante uddeshyam soochippichukondu angane cheyyaan anuvadikkum, thudarnnu sekshanal sarway lainukalaal parimithappedutthiyirikku arunootti naalppat ekkar bhoomiyile oru vibhaagam samvaranam cheyyaan avano avalco arhathayund; athupole thanne, pathuvayassil kooduthal praayamulla oro avivahita kuttikkum athinte pakuthiyolam thuka labhikkaan arhathayund; koodaathe 10 vayassil thaazheyulla kuttikk naalilonn bhagam maathaapithaakkalude sthalathodu chernnu labhikkaan arhathayund. eee udambadi amgeekarichathinushesham anchu varshathekku samsthaanangalude pouranmaaraakaan aagrahikkunna melpparanja bhoomiyil avar thaamasikkunnuvenkil, aaa saahacharyathil lalithamaaya oru graant issue cheyyum; samvaranathil kudumbathalavante ippozhathe mechappeduthal allengil athinte oru bhagam ulppedumennu paranju. eee anuchedathinu keezhil avakaashappedunna vyakthikalkk oru choktto pourante padavi nashtappedilla, ennaal avar eppozhengilum neekkam cheythaal choktto aanvittiyude oru bhaagathinum arhathayilla.
vilyam ward, yuu aayirunnu.ezz. indiakkaarude ejantu, mississippiyil choktto avakaashavaadikalude karuthal shekharam cherkkaan visammathichu, ithu udambadiyekkurichulla leflorinte lakshyangale durbalappeduthukayum athu parajayamaayi kanakkakkaan addehathe prerippikkukayum cheythu.
charitrakaaranaaya jaims tailor kaarsan ezhuthunnathu pole choktto janangale ekeekarikkunnathilum shakthippeduthunnathilum leflorinte nettangal ippozhum bahumaanikkappedunnu, "pazhaya thekk paruthisamgharshathil thante janangalkkayi puthiyathum shakthavumaya oru raashtram roopappeduthaan shramicha oru choktto desheeyavaadiyaayirunnu addeham."poorvvikarude bhoomiyil ninnu avare neekkam cheiyunnathilulla addehathinte praayogika sameepanam ippozhum vivaadaparamaanu.
leflour thangale niraashappedutthiyittunne neekkam cheyyaan visammathikkaamaayirunnuve akkaalathe pala chokdaavukalum vishwasichirunnu. raajivacha mushulatubbi, padinjaaran divisionte thalavan enna padavi (pinneedu neekkam cheytha sheshamulla indian pradeshathe puthiya choktto raashtramaayi maariyath) thirichedukkukayum kazhinja rund varshathinide deseeya kaunsil utharavitta pala nagarika nadapadikalum nirasikkukayum cheythu. leflorine sthaanabhrashtanaakkaanulla oru prasthaanatthinu vestten division kaunsil neethrthwam nalkukayum vijayakaramaya oru attimariyil avar addehathinte anantharavan jorjju dablyu. addehathinte sthaanathu harkins.
jaxoninum akkaalathe mattu american nethaakkalkkum mishra-vamseeya nethaakkalekkurichu pothuve abhipraayangal kuravaayirunnu, thaddesheeya american nethaakkale vilayiruthaanulla kazhivinekkaal vamshathekkurichulla avarude swantham aashayangalumayi kooduthal bandhappettirunnu. atharam nishedhaathmaka abhipraayangal pathittaandukalaayi charithrakaaranmaarude rachana leflour polulla purushanmaarekkurichulla avarude vilayiruthalukaleyum baadhichittundennu kaarsan vishwasikkunnu. leflour thanneppolulla nethaakkalum oru puthiya creol thalamurayaanennu addeham karuthunnu, avar choktto aayi valarnnuvenkilum maarikkondirikkunna lokathil ninnu avarude janangalkk oru idam nalkaan avarkk kazhiyunnathellaam ulkkollunnu.
eee saahacharyathil, neekkam cheytha eathoru gothrathileyum ettavum valia pradesham chokdaavinu nalki. innathe oklahomayude phalabhooyishtavum vanavalkkarikkappettathumaya thekkukizhakkan moolayilaan ithu sthithicheythirunnathu. leflorinu mississippiyil 1,000 ekkar (4 chathurashra kilometer) bhoomikk (udambadi prakaram addeham nalkia graant, addehathodoppam thamasikkunna avivahitharaaya kuttikalkkulla alavansukal ulppede) graant labhichu.)
leflour oru yuu aayi.ezz. pouran.
1840kalil leflour mississippi prathinidhiyaayum senattaraayum thiranjedukkappettu. addeham mississippi hye sosaittiyude oru amgavum jefezhsan davisinte vyakthiparamaaya suhruthumaayirunnu. rund thavana samsthaana sabhayile karol kaundiye prathinideekarikkaan thiranjedukkappetta addeham oru thavana samsthaana senattaraayi niyamasabha thiranjedutthu. addeham oru sambanna thottakkaranaayi maarukayum adimakal ekkarukal parutthi paniyedukkunna oru valia estettu shekharikkukayum cheythu.
maalmaisan.
oru sambanna thottakkaaran enna nilayilulla thante padavikku anuyojyamaaya oru mainer house leflour aagrahichu. jorjiyakkaranaaya jaims haarisine addeham ithu roopakalppana cheyyaan niyogichu. nepolian bonapartinteyum josephinteyum aaraadhakanaayirunnu leflour, franch sailiyilaanu veedu roopakalppana cheythath. veedinu oru peru chodichappol, "paareesil ninnu patthu mile padinjaraayi seynil chaatto dii maalmaisan enna peril addeham theerumaanichu."leflour thante karol kaundi bhavanathe" "maalmaisan" "ennu vilichu". 1865ll marikkunnathuvare leflour maalmaisan bharichirunnu.
thante bhavanam sajjeekarikkunnathinaayi, leflour fraansil ninnu mikka furnitureukalum irakkumathi cheythu, avide athu oordar cheiyunnathinaayi nirmmichathaanu. velli, glass, chaina enniva dussen kanakkinu settukalilaanu vannath. yadhaartha svarnnathil poortthiyaakkukayum silk damaaskil upholster cheyyukayum cheytha 30 kashanagal adangiya ghanamaya mahogani aayirunnu droying room settu. kannaadikal, meshakal, silkkan, saattin kanoppikalulla rosewoodinte valia naalu poosttar kidakkakal, nepolian, josephine ennee naalu kottaarangale chithreekarikkunna naalu tapestry karttanukal versiles, maalmaisan, sent claude, fontainblue enniva eee veettil undaayirunnu.
mississippyile pradarshanasthalangalilonnaanu maalmaisan. oru valia vinodasanjaara akarshanamaayirunna ithu amerikkayude ellah bhaagangalil ninnum noorukanakkinu aalukal prathivarsham sandarshikkaarundu. indian pradeshathu ninnu mississippi athinte ippozhathe avasthayilekku maariyathinte oormmakal athinu chuttum pathinjirikkunnu.
1942-ll theepidutthatthil nasippikkappedunnathuvar leflour pingaamikal eee bhavanam upayogichirunnu. kurachu kristtal, velli kashanagal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, koodaathe chila kaserakal kottaaratthinte avashishtangalil ninnu rakshappeduthi. andrew jaxon mattu washington sandarshikkaan leflour kondupokunnathinu kuthiravandi upayogichirunnu.sii. udyogasthare rakshappeduthukayum samrakshikkukayum cheythu.
american aabhyantharayudhavum maranavum.
leflour unionistine anukoolikkukayum vighadana aashayathin ethiraavukayum cheythu. yuddham avasaanichu eathaanum maasangalkk sesham addeham marichu. addehathinu 65 vayassayirunnu. leflorine american pathaakayil pothinju estettil samskarichu. maalikaykku purame 15,000 ekkar visthruthiyulla oru estettum 400 adimakalum addeham upekshichu. vimochanathode adimakal swathanthraraayi, ennaal palarum addehathinte pingaamikalkkayi pravartthikkaan thottatthil thaamasichirikkaam.
kaarsan leflorine vivarikkunnu
chokttoyum anglo-american lokangalum orumichu varaykkaan kudumbam addehathe niyogicha oru vyakthiyaayirunnu addeham. swathanthraraaya adimakalude udamasthanaayirunna addeham, camp yogangalil vaayikkukayum ezhuthukayum praarthikkukayum cheythu, ennaal pipe laittarukaludeyum captanmaarudeyum rashtreeya shreniyude adhyakshanaya addeham, thante anuyaayikalkk bhakshanam, paarppidam, vidyaabhyaasa avasarangal enniva nalkukayum, thante janangalkk jeevan nalkia kunnin chuvattil [nanih veyya] bhaaviyekkurichulla thante kaazhchappaad prakhyapikkukayum cheythu.

