
vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham

vyakthigatha mathavidvesham lekhanangalude oru parambarayaanu, moonnu veetham sii.ezz. levis iii. emm. dablyu. (yoostes mandeville vettenhaal) tilliard, 1939 epril 27 nuu ooksfoord yooniversitti pras aadyamaayi prasidheekarikkukayum pinneedu 1965 ll ooksfoord yooniversitti pras veendum achadikkukayum cheythu. 2008 ll luis scholar broose ell. edittar joyal dii. edittar edwards oru puthiya aamukhavum. heck. oru saangalppika rachana, prathyekichu kavita, praadhamikamaayi rachayithaavinte vyakthithvathinte (tillirdinte sthaanam) prathiphalanamaano atho rachayithaavin (looyisinte sthaanam) purathulla enthengilum kaaryamaano ennathaanu lekhanangalude kendra prashnam. rund sthaanangalum aathmanishtamaaya sthaanam (tilliard), vasthunishtamaaya sthaanam (levis) enningane churukkatthil sangrahikkaam. pothuve, levis kavithaye saadhaaranakkaarante paridhiyil nilanirthaan shramikkumbol tillird kaviye "saadhaaranakkaaranekkaal mukalilulla oru vyakthiyayi" kanakkakkunnu."
charithram.
uthbhavam.
vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesha" thile anchaamathe lekhanathil, verdsvarthineppola romaantik vimarshakar phalapradamaaya chodyathil ninnu nammude shradha thirikkave vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham aarambhichuvenn levis soochippichu, "oru kavita eathutharam rachanayaan?"vandhyamaaya chodyathinu," oru kavi eathutharam manushyanaan?"ennaal louisukalude kathukalil ninnum dayariyil ninnumulla vividha prasthavanakal kaanikkunnath aadya lekhanam prasidheekarikkunnathinna munbu kurachukaalamaayi eee sthaanam nilaninnirunnuvennum louisile thanne eee sthaanam vikasichathinu chila thelivukalundennum kaanikkunnu. 1923 februvari 14 nuu levis thante suhruthaaya jorjju arnold rinkumaayulla sambhaashanathil thante swantham abhiprayam rekhappeduthukayum, "oru kalaasrishtiyude lakshyam vimarshikkappedaanalla, marichu anubhavikkanum aaswadikkaanumullathaanenna njaan nirddeshikkunnu" ("ente munnilulla ellah vazhikalum", 197). oru kalaasrishtiye vasthunishtamaayi pariganikkunnathin ithu vaadikkunnu. pinneedu, 1923-ll, thaan ulppetta oru biruda ooksfoord saahitya samoohamaaya maartlettine abhisambodhana cheytha levis, prashastha airish ezhuthukaaranaaya jaims steefansinte vyakthiparamaaya jeevithathinu addehathinte kruthikal manassilakkunnathumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillenn vaadichu. 1924 meyy 6 nuu kembridjile biology professoraayirunna vilyam baatsanumaayulla oru sambhaashanathekkurich levis ezhuthi, oru kavita kooduthalum rachayithaavinekkurichaane baattsante ashayathodu viyojichu "purogamikkumbol oru kavithayodulla thaalparyam rachayithaavine kooduthal kooduthal kendreekarichaanennu addeham nireekshichu. ithu yadhaartha soundaryaanubhavavumaayi poruthappedunnillenna njaan paranju."levisinte kaazhchappaadukal eee ghattathil ithinakam thanne nannayi vikasichathayi thonnunnu, kuranjathu adisthaana nilavaaratthil. 1926 meyy 20nuu levis thante dayariyil vyakthiparamaaya mathavidveshathekkurichu ezhuthi, athil kavikal savishesharaanenna ashayam ulppedunnu, "nammude aadhunika kavikalellaam ithupoleyaano? pazhayavar anganeyaayirunno? ithu eathaandu aarr theliyikkaan mathiyakum. oru kalaakaaran oru maadyamam poleyaanenna shavakudeerangalude tharkkam oru nyoonatha sankeernathayulla oru neurotic, asaadhaaranamaaya shakthikale svayam aaropikkunnathiloode swantham puram labhikkunnu. 1930-ll levis maartlettukale abhisambodhana cheythu, ithavana oru ooksfoord doonn enna nilayil, thante chinthakal kooduthal poornnamaayum vikasippichukondu, 'saadhaarana jeevithathe saadhaaranayekkaal moshamaayi kaikaaryam' cheiyunnathiloode njaan sukhamillaathappol oru aashvaasamaayi kaavyathmakamaaya aathmasamthripthi prakadippikkaanulla parihasyamaaya oru pravanatha njaan ennil shradhichittundu. athe varsham thanne iii.emm.dablyu. joonn miltanekkurichu tillird oru pradhana kruthi prasidheekarichu, athil addeham ezhuthi, "ellah kavithakalum kaviyude maanasikaavasthayekkurichaanu."nashtappetta parudeesa" shariyaayi manassilakkaan, oraal athine "milttante vyakthithvathinte aavishkaaramaayi" vaayikkanamenn addeham paranju."thudarnnu, 1932 juun 14nuu, tackeray vezhsas enna kruthiyude gunangalekkurichu levis thante sahodaran vaaranu kathezhuthi. thackerayude "pendennis" veendum vaayichathinusesham trollop. tackeray oru prathibhayaanennu addeham karuthiyappol, trollop mikacha pusthakangal ezhuthiyittundennum, avayude shakthiyum aazhavum kondu ningale thaazheyirakkaatha pusthakangalaanennum addeham karuthi. addeham paranju, "oru mahanaaya manushyante kaikalilulla ardhamaanu (palarkkum priyappettath)-- ningalkariyaamo; addehathinte thilangunna vyakthithvam, minnal oorjjam, manassinte vichithra shakti-- athellam. athinaal njaan theerchayaayum trollop eshtappedunnu-allengil pakaram "pendennis" veendum vaayikkunnath ente deerghakaala munganana sthireekarikkunnu ("shekharicha aksharangal", vaalyam. II, 82). 1932-ll, "essays aandu stadees" levis 'essay' prasidheekarichu, "chosar yadhaarthathil" ill philostraatto "yodu enthaanu cheythath."" lekhanathinte thalakkett ulladakkam vishadeekarikkunnu, athaayath.iii. chaavesar (1343-1400) jiovanni bokkaashiyoyude (1313-1375) "troilus aandu chryside" enna thante pranayakavithayil "ill philostraatto" parishkarichappol addeham athine madhyakala vaachaadopavum upadesha sailiyum upayogichu madhyakaalavalkkarichu. udaaharanathinu, levisinte vaachakam upayogikkaan, chosar troilusine oru "sthree-kolayali" aakki maatti. athu kadhayekkurichulla chosarude rachanayilum kathayude laingika swabhaavathekkurichulla addehathinte samsaarathilum kaanikkunnu. vyakthiparamaaya mathavidveshathinu" looyisinte sambhavanayaayi maarunnathinte oru vasham lekhanathinte avasaanathode laskellus abercrombiecurich luis paraamarshichappol prathyakshappettu. britiish academyude nadapadikal" (1930) ennathinu "vyaakhyaanikkaanulla swaathanthryathinaayulla apeksha" enna peril abercromby oru lekhanam ezhuthiyirunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile yadhaartha prekshakaril undaayirunnathinekkaal ippol nammalil chosarinte troilusinte swaadheenam eshtappedunna onnaaya abercromby sthaanam levis samgrahichu. madhyakaalakhattatthinte bhooribhaagavum navothaanathekkaal saarvathrika aashayangalude lokathodu aduthirunnuvenna addehathinte bodhyamaan levisinte prathikaranam prakadamaakkiyathu, athinaal oru vaachakam innathe nammude saahacharyangalil prayogikkunnathinu munbu athinte yadhaartha prekshakarodu enthaanu paranjathennu naam aadyam manassilakkanam enna abercrombiode yojippillaymayum abhipraayavyathyaasavum prakadippikkendathundu.
levis eee nilapaadil sthiratha pulartthi, pinneedu eph vimarshichu. aarr. ezhuthu pradhaanamaayum ezhuthukaarante vyakthithvathinte oru pravartthanamaayirunnu enna saahitya vimarshanathinte oru pradhana thettu amgeekarichathinu leavy. 1944 march 11 nuu levis "partheenonum optetteevum" enna lekhanam ezhuthi, athil addeham eee vimarsanam nadatthi ("partheenonum optetteevum", 111eph.). 1946ll "saahithyathile vyathyastha abhiruchikalil" "kalayile chila mungananakal mattullavare apekshichu sarikkum mikachathaanu" ("kathakalekkurichu", 119) ennu ezhuthiyappol levis thante nilapad mattiyittilla.
upanyasangal.
vyakthigatha mathavidveshathinte" aadya moonnu lekhanangal 1934,1935,1936 varshangalil engleesh associationte aanukaalikamaaya "essays aandu stadees" enna jenalil prasidheekarikkappettu. aadyathethu "vimarshanathile vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham", randaamathethu "resoinder", moonnaamathethu "doow. tillirdinu thuranna kathu" ennee perukalilaayirunnu."thudarnnu moonnu adhika lekhanangalum louisukalude samapana kurippum rund rachayithaakkaludeyum aamukhavum chertthu, avayil" "vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham" "ulppedunnu". 1939 februvari 7 nuu ooksfoordile magdalan collegil nadanna oru thalsamaya samvaadathodeyaanu vivaadam avasaanichathu ("shekharicha kathukal", vaalyam. II, 248, n. 24). eee samvaadathekkurichu muun vidyaarthi joonn lollar ezhuthi, "magdalanile haalil doow. tillird addehathe kandumuttya oru avismaraneeya sandarbhamundaayirunnu," vyakthiparamaaya mathavidveshathekkurichu looyisinte kuttapathram prasidheekarichathodeyaanu vivaadam aarambhichath."oru charchayum nadannittillennu njaan bhayappedunnu. levis valayangal vrithaakrithiyilulla tilliard undaakki; akathu, puratthekku, mukalilekku, thaazhekku, veendum chuttum-speyinile uyarnna nirmmitha gallion ethire chila pyratical plymouth puramtholi pole (sii. ezz. levisa oormmakalum prathiphalanangalum, "4). eee kruthiyile levisinte nilapad, aaa kaalaghattatthileyum thudarnnulla yugangalileyum aapekshika maanasikaavasthaye nirasichukondu, aalukal, sthalangal, sambhavangal, karyangal ennivayil vasthunishta moolyangal vasikkunnu enna addehathinte bodhyathe prathifalippikkunnu. nashtappetta parudeesayude aamukham" (1942) ennathil looyisinte sthaanam kooduthal vikasippikkukayum 1961 leeii addehathinte "vimarshanathile oru pareekshanam" enna kruthiyil athinte paryavasaanathiletthukayum cheythu.
kathidapaadukal.
looyisinte chila kathukal eee vivaadathekkurichu kooduthal veekshanam nalkunnu, luis thannekkurichu nishedhaathmakamaaya kazhchappadinulla saadhyathayekkurich bodhavaanmaaraanennu kaanikkunnu, mathramalla luis tilliardinode thanne anukoolamaanennu kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. thante lekhanathinte oru pakarpp ayachuthannaal thaan kooduthal munnott pookumennu ariyaamaayirunnathinaal 1935 epril 5-nuu pooll elmarinu ezhuthiya kathil levis thante aadya lekhanathekkurichu charcha cheythathayi thonnunnu. 1937 februvariyil joonn bennattinu ezhuthiya kathil, luis thamaashayode eee vivaadathe paraamarshichu svayam "professional vivaadavaadiyum yaathraavivaranathinulla sammana poraaliyum" ("shekharicha kathukal", vaalyam. II, 210). rund purushanmaarum thammil oru tharkkavum undaayirunnillenn thonnunnu, kaaranam sarr herbert griyezhsaninu ("shekharicha kathukal", vaalyam) oru "festshrifttinaayi" adhyayangal sambhavana cheiyunnathil tillirdinoppam cherunnathinekkurichu luis ezhuthi. II, 211,1937 march 8-leeii oru kathu), 1938 januvari 25-nuu levis frank pii. vilson landanil tillirdine kandumuttunnathinekkur avide orumichu uchabhakshanam kazhikkunnathinekkurichum ("shekharicha kathukal", vaalyam. II, 222). vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham" prasidheekarichathinu thottupinnaale, levis mathavidveshathe avasaanippichathaayi kanakkaakkiyathin thelivukalundu.
anantharafalangal.
1939 juulai 23nuu, pusthakam prasidheekarichu ekadesham rund maasathinu sesham, luis ooven barfieldinu ezhuthi, "vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham pradhaanamallenn njaan poornnamaayum sammathikkunnu-" ippol "! ennaal athu athivegam angane marikkondirunnu. njaan krithyasamayathu mathramaayirunnu. . ."(" "shekharicha aksharangal", "vaalyam". II, 260). 1940 septambar 12 nuu jacq akkaalathe maanchastar sarvakalaashaalayile professoraayirunna elisa marian butlerinu ezhuthi, "vyakthiparamaaya mathavirudhatha" yude kernel "avaye pinthunaykkunnathinaayi oru amanushika vishayathil ningal sarikkum vishwasikkunnillengil kavithaykku amanushika gunangal nalkaruth" ("shekharicha kathukal", vaalyam. II, 443). 1953 januvari 14-leeii oru kathil, levis pinneedu doonn calabriaykku ezhuthi, "" dii imitteshan "namme" aaraan "ennu parayunnathalla," enthaanu "ennu 'adayaalappeduthaan' padippikkunnu.'eee abhipraayathiloode addeham eee kaazhchappaad varshangalolam nilanirthiyathaayi theliyikkunnu. 1940 aayappozhekkum vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham aprathyakshamaayenkil, levis "aathmanishtathayude visham" ennu vilikkunna ("kristhyan reflections" enna leeii levis ezhuthiya oru lekhanathinte thalakkett, "jeevithathile matham", venalkkaalam 1943) valare aazhathil kudicha nammude naalilekku athu thirichetthi. rund pathittaandukalkk sesham, levis ezhuthum (marananantharamaayi 1964-ll), "innum (avaril chilar vimarshakarum) oro novalum oro gaanavum polum aathmakathaaparamaanennu vishwasikkunnavarundu" ("upekshikkappetta chithram", "212).
iruvarum pinneedu prasidheekaricha kruthikalil parasparam paraamarshichu. "levisinekkaal athiraaliyekkurichu kooduthal paraamarshikkunnathinaal tillirdine charcha kooduthal baadhichu" (beach, 14).
oro adhyaayathinteyum sangraham.
onnaam adhyayam.
aaa sainika kavikalkku polum illaatha "yuva sainika kavikale" kurichulla ulkkazhchakal nalkaan kazhiyumennu chila prasadhakar avakaashappedunnu. ningal avarude kavithakal vaayichittundaakam, pakshe avar enthaanu" yadhaarthathil "parayunnathennu njangalkariyam" ennu prasadhakan parayunnath poleyaanu ithu. varikalkkidayil namukk vaayikkam.oru vishayathil ezhuthunnathinekkaal" vyakthithvathinte aavishkaaram "ennaanu kavithaye kooduthalaayi vishwasikkunnathu, athaanu vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham". kavita oru vyakthithvathinte praathinidyamallennu prasthaavichu levis viyojikkunnu. eee pravanatha kavithakalil mathramalla, parasyangalilum prashasthamaaya vimarshanangalilum prathyakshappedunnu, luis ezhuthunnu. tillirdinte "milttan" enna pusthakavum sarr henry joonn newboltinte "dhii teaching oof engleesh inn englandu", hyoog kingsmilinte "maattiv arnold" enna pusthakavum ithinu pradhana udaaharanamaanu. ezz. eliyattinte ezhuthu, orupakshe echu.dablyu. wordsworth" ennathinekkurichulla gaaradinte pusthakam. shaili" polulla karyangal vimarshakare kavita yadhaarthathil enthinekkurichaanu, milttan ezhuthiyappol addehathinte manassinte yadhaartha avasthayekkurichaanu kooduthal aashankappeduthunnathenna tillird thante "milttan" enna pusthakatthil ezhuthi."
kavita enthinekkurichaanennathi udaaharanamaayi, vilyam wareds varthinte "aamukhathinte" bhagamaaya oru kavita levis udharikkunnu. oru kavithayil oru vyakthithvamundu, ennaal aaraanenn namukkariyilla, levis parayunnu. sammarddaparavum avyakthavumaaya ardhathil maathram" (9 eph.). prathyekichum naadakatthil naam kaviyekkaal kaviyude srishtiye kandumuttunnu. kavita ezhuthaan, pothu, pothuvaaya, aalmaaraattaparavum vasthunishtavumaaya karyangal nirddeshikkaan kavi vaakkukal upayogikkanam. athukondaanu addehathinte kavita namukk manassilakkaan kazhiyunnath. athukondaanu kavita kaviyude vyakthithvathekkurichaan kazhiyaathath, kaaranam nammal kandumuttaatha oru kaviyude vyakthithvam svakaaryamaanu. kavita vyakthithvathe avakaashappedunnathinuparam unmoolanam cheiyunnu, kaaranam athu ellah aalukaludeyum pothuanubhavatthe aakarshikkunnu (23). koodaathe, levikale sambandhichidatholam, vyakthithvam oraalude "dainamdina manobhaavavum pathiv swabhaavavumaanu" (21). kavi vaakkukal krameekarikkunnu, pakshe anubhavam oru saadhaarana kaaryamaan. thudarnnu levis thante kaaryam vyakthamakkaan moonnu saadrishyangal upayogikkunnu kavi "oru kaazhchayalla, marichu oru jodi kannadayaan" (12), kavi oru yudhasamayathu commanderinu oru report konduvarunna oru skauttineppoleyaanu, kavi naam bhooprakrithiyilekku shradhikkunna jaalakamaan (23). oru janalayude sthaanam kaviyude vyakthithvathinu samaanamaan; oru sandarbhathil puratthum maruvashathu kavithayude vishayavum, avaa randiloodeyum naam kaanunnu. churukkatthil, kavita ennathu puramlokatthe enthinekkuricho ullathaanennu levis oru vasthunishtamo almarattaparamo aaya kazhchappaadinaayi vaadikkunnu, athesamayam kavita kaviyude ullile enthinekkuricho ullathaanennu tillird oru aathmanishtamo vyakthiparamo aaya kazhchappaadinaayi vaadikkunnu.
prapanchatthinte bhauthikavaadavum athmeeya sidhaanthavum thammil theerumaanikkaanulla mikka aadhunika janangaludeyum kazhivillaaymayil ninnaan vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham varunnathennu vaadichukondu levis adhyayam avasaanippikkunnu. eee rund kaazhchappaadukalum vyakthiparamaaya mathavidveshathinu anthyam kurikkum. prapanchatthinu pinnil oru daivamundengil, avan kaviyiloode samsaarikkunnu, kavi mathramalla samsaarikkunnath. daivamillengil, kaviye prachodippikkunna oru muse illa, athinaal kaviyude thalaykkullil aattangalude aakasmikamaaya samyojanamallaathe mattonnum illa (25).
randaam adhyayam.
vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham aadhunikathayude adayaalamallennum marichu alppam kadayil mannu niranjathaanennum thaan karuthunnuvennu paranjukondu randaam adhyaayathil tillird thante prathikaranam aarambikkunnu. kurachukaalamaayi, pinneedu levis eee kaaryam sammathikkunnu. thudarnnu addeham vyakthithvathekkurichu levisinte nirvachanathe velluvilikkaan munnott pookunnu, athil rachayithaavinte maanasika paatten, addehathinte pathivum saadhaaranavumaaya swabhaavam, ningal aagrahikkunnuvenkil valia chithram, pakshe addehathinte "praayogikavum dainamdinavumaaya vyakthithvam" (30) ennathinekkaal rachayithaavinekkurichulla nissaramaaya vishadaamshangal ulppedunnu. kavithayile vyakthithvathil sailiyum thaalavum polulla karyangal ulppedunnu. namukk oru paridhivare tillirdinode yojikkam, levis thanne sammathikkunnu. shakespearinteyum vamseeya kavithayudeyum (22) vyathyasam thaan nishedhikkunnillennu addeham parayunnu. ellaathinumupari, nammalil palarum jeey yude sangeetha shaili thirichariyunnu. ezz. baachu mattu mikka samgeethajnjaril ninnum vyathyasthanaan, beach aankuttikale kelkkumbol njangalkk avare ariyaam. chila vamseeya bhakshanangalude kaaryatthilum ithu sariyaanu, kaaranam braatvarstum sorkraattum chainees bhakshanamo tacoso aayi aarum kanakkakkilla. oru prathyeka paachakakkaarante shaili chila bhakshanagalkkulla addehathinte munganana, oru plate alankarikkaan addeham parsley upayogikkunnathu, chila side vibhavangalkko nirangalkko allengil mattu kaaryangalko munganana, louis tilliard orupakshe sammathikkum, ennaal athaazham ippozhum praadhamikamaayi paachakakkaarante vyakthithvathekkurichal, annakkineyum bhakshanakkaarante vayattineyum thripthippeduthunna nalla bhakshanathekkurichaanenna luis nirbandhikkum. vishakkunna oru nimishathil, tillird angane cheiyumennu njaan vishwasikkunnu.
oru kaviyude jeevithathile maanasika maathrkayum kalayil prakadippikkunna maanasika maathrkayum thammil oru saamyam undennu tillird parayunnu, ennaal levis jeevithavum kalayum thammil verthirikkunnu. rachayithaavine ariyaamenn njangal karuthunnathinaal rachayithaavinte jeevithathekkurichulla njangalude arivine kurukkuvazhikal edukkaanum thidukkathil nigamanagalil ethaan anuvadikkunnathiloode jeevacharitravum vimarsanavum koottikkuzhaykkaruthenna tillird louisinode sammathikkunnu. ennaal levis kaaryangalekkurichu valareyadhikam aashankaakulanaanu (37), tillird ezhuthunnu, aalukalumayi valare kurachu maathram aashankayundu.
eee adhyaayathil tillird cheyyaan thudangunna mattoru kaaryam, kavi sharashari vyakthiyekkaal oru katt aanennu nirddeshikkuka ennathaanu, udaaharanathinu, "kaavyathmaka prathibhayude mikacha nuzhanjukayattathekkurichu" (38) ezhuthunnathiloode; pinneedu addeham wordsworthine "oru mikacha vyakthi" (68) ennum milttan "yadhaartha sadgunamullayal" ennum vilikkum.milttan" "saadhaaranakkaaran sahikkaan kazhiyaatha svarggathilum narakangalilum vasichittundu" "(74) ennum shakespeare" "saadhaaranayekkaal sambannamaaya oru vivekathilethi" "(75) ennum addeham parayum". milton wordsworth shreshtaraaya kavikalekkaal kavikalaayitheerunna mahanaaya manushyaraanennu prasthaavichu aaa anumaanathe velluvilikkunna levikale naam kaanum.
moonnaam adhyayam.
tillirdinte yukthisahamaya ethirppinodu nandi prakadippichukondaanu levis moonnaam adhyayam aarambhikkunnath."looyisinte nilapaadil tillirdinu naalu ethirppukalundu. onnamathaayi, tillird oru vyakthithvathile nissara apakadangalum maanasika paattenum thammil verthirikkunnu. randaamathaayi, thaan ettavum cheriyavanaayirikkumbol kavi ettavum kooduthal svayam aanennu tillird karuthunnu. moonnaamathaayi, ashayavinimaya maarggangale ashayavinimaya maarggangalumaayi luis aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu tillird karuthunnu. naalaamathaayi, aalukalodu luis kaaryangalkk munganana nalkunnathine tillird ethirkkunnu.
tillird vyakthiparamaaya vishadaamshangal thallikkalayunathinethire, shakespeareude naadakatthile faalstaafinte kozhuppu pole nissarathakal palappozhum oraalkk oru vyakthithvathinte satha nalkunnuvennu levis parayunnu. ennaal valia chodyam ippozhum avasheshikkunnu-vyakthithvam oru maanasika maathrkayaanenkilum, vyakthithvathinte kendramaayi tillird nirbandhikkunna aaa maanasika reethikaliloode nammal enthaanu kaanunnath? kalaparamaaya srishtikalile vyakthithvam oru vyakthiyaanennu vaadichukondu tillird abodhaavasthayil oru shikshavidhi undaakkiyittille ennu addeham athbhuthappedunnu, ithu orotta vyakthithvathe soochippikkunnu (47 eph.).
vyakthithvathodu naam kadappettirikkunnillum soundaryaathmakamaaya prathikaranamallennum, naam addehathodu sneham kaanikkunnuvennum levis parayunnu. randaamathethu dhaarmmikathayude mekhalayilaanu, athu saangalppika saahityathinteyum athinte uchithamaaya prathikaranatthinteyum paridhiyil varunnilla. njangal njangalude ayalkkaarane snehikkukayum sevikkukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe njangalude kalakaaranmaare njangal vilamathikkunnu.
levis moonnu vairudhyangal allengil vyakthithvathine vranappeduthunnathinulla moonnu vazhikal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu (1) aadyathethu, oru yadhaartha vyakthithvavumaayulla ettumuttal namme kavithayude lokath ninnu purathaakkunnu, (2) randaamathethu, oru vyakthi parayunnathum chinthikkunnathum avaganikkunnath anaachaaramaan, (3) moonnaamathethu, aaa kavita kaavyaathmakamaakaanulla apakadathilaanu, athaayath kavithayude aaradhana.
levisinte randaamathe aashayakkuzhappathinte oru bhagam, saamoohika jeevithathil, addeham parayunna kaaryangalekkurichu chinthikkunathinupakaram namme abhisambodhana cheiyunna vyakthiyekkurich chinthikkunnathu naagarikamalla ennathaanu. parasya hominam vaadangal palappozhum namukk nishedhikkaan kazhiyaatha vyakthiyodulla saadhaarana prathikaranamayathinaal njaan sammathikkunnu. sharee, ningal oru purushanaayathukondo (allengil oru sthreeyaayathukondo) maathramaan ningal angane parayunnath.allengil", ningal bandhangalekkurichu samsaarikkunna oraalaan; ningalude adutha ayalkkaaranumaayi polum ningalkk edapazhakaan kazhiyilla.atharam prasthavanakal prashnathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnilla, avar athine avyakthamaakkunnu", levis parayunnu. allengil, jayy badsisevsky parayunnathupole, "sarr, enikku apamaanathekkurichu manassilaakunnu, pakshe enthaanu vaadam?"
kavithvavaadam ennu vilikkunnathinethire levis munnariyipp nalkumbol, athaayath.iii. kavithayude vigraharaadhanayil, kavita mathathe maattisthaapikkumennu orikkal paranja maathyoo arnoldine addeham paraamarsikkunnu. vimarshanathil ninnu aaraadhanayilekkulla eee thakarcha" (54) enna peril luis vilapikkunnu. (1) vishudharude aaradhana (keettukaludeyum laurencinteyum jeevacharithrangal polullava), (2) avashishtangalile gathagatham enningane rund mathaparamaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalaanu kavithayude aaraadhanaykk ullathennu levis parayunnu. aaraadhanayalla, nalla kavithayodulla uchithamaaya prathikaranamaanu vilamathipp. kristhuvineyum shakespearein keettukaleyum avayude vaividhyatha kaaranam namukk daivanirnnayikkaan kazhiyilla. namukk kristhuvine anusarikkaan kazhiyum, pakshe shakespearo keetto allah! maricha kavi bodhavaanalla! marichavarkkuvendi praarthikkunnathil ningal vishwasikkunnillengil marichupoya kaviye sevikkunnath oru gunavum cheyyilla. jeevichirikkunna nammude ayalkkaaranaan nammude snehanirbharamaaya sevanathinte yadhaartha lakshyam (56). saadhyathayulla devathakalulla oru samoohathil jeevikkunnath gauravameriya kaaryamaan, ningal samsaarikkunna ettavum maduppullathum thaalpparyamillaathathumaaya vyakthi oru divasam oru srishtiyaayirikkaam, ningal ippol athu kandaal, ningal aaradhikkaan shakthamayi pralobhippikkappedum, allengil oru bheethiyum azhimathiyum.azhimathi aayi marria devathakaleyum devathakaleyum kurichu levis nirantharam nireekshichukondirunnu, kavita aaa padaviyilekkulla oru sthaanaarthiyaayirunnu.
naalam adhyayam.
eee adhyaayathinte thudakkathil, "kavita" enna levisinode tillird yojikkunnu... pacha maratthinu kodukkanam, nammude annukalkku nalkaruth "(60), koodaathe looyisinte sthaanam saadhyamaanennu addeham sammathikkunnu (60), athaayath.iii. jooliyayekkurichulla roobert herikkinte kavithayil vishayam juuliya thanneyaanu, jooliyayodulla kaviyude unarvinte vasthuthayalla. vyakthiparamaaya eaka nirnnaayakamaanennu soochippikkaan addeham uddeshichirunnilla, koodaathe luis juuliya avaganikkunnuvennu addeham karuthiyirunnilla. ennaal ezhuthumbol kaviyude maanasikavastha ippozhum oru prashnamaanennu tillird vaadikkunnu. tillird thante moonnaamathe kuttam pinvalikkunnu, athaayath.iii. ashayavinimaya maarggangale ashayavinimayam nadathunnavayumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathunna levikal aashayakkuzhappathilaakki. delphic radhayaathrikante savisheshathayekkurichu thanikk avyakthathayundaayirunnu addeham sammathikkunnu. thudarnnu addeham moonnu vyathyastha tharam savisheshathakalekkurichu ezhuthunnu-aavarthikkaanaavaathava, ekeekrithamaayathu, bandhuthwavum amgeekaaravum samyojippicha savisheshatha. oru vyakthiyude maanasika maathrkayil cheria kaaryangalkk valareyadhikam praadhaanyamundennu addeham vaadikkunnu. oru maathruka vekkukayum athuvazhi aashvaasavum dhairyavum konduvarikayum cheythukondu maricha kavikk namukk enthengilum cheyyaan kazhiyumennu addeham parayunnu.
kalakarante jeevithavum kalakarante sarggaathmakathayude uthppannangalum thammilulla thudarcha tillird kaanunnu, athesamayam levis avaa thammilulla villal kaanunnu. oraalkk jeevithavum kalayum anuchithamayi samyojippikkaan kazhiyumennu tillird sammathikkunnu. oororutharum thante swantham sthaanam mattoraalude sthaanathekkaal nannayi kaanukayum avar randuperum athra akaleyallennum parayunnu. tilliard oru romanesk vaasthuvidya sandarshikkumbol, thaan aarkkitektumaayi enthengilum pankidunnuvennu addeham karuthunnu, orupakshe addeham sariyaanu. ennaal oraal kaanunnathinte 98 sathamaanavum aarkkitektinte uthppannamaanennum 2 sathamaanam maathrame aarkkitektinte vyakthithvathil ninnu varunnuvennum levis abhipraayappedunnu, athesamayam tillird aaa 2 sathamaanam kanakk 10 shathamaanamo athilum kooduthalo aanennu karuthunnu. avasana adhyaayathil, tillird parayunnu, "vyakthithvam kavithayude oru bhagam maathramaan" (115). orupakshe addeham "oru cheria bhagam" ennaanu uddeshichathu."
chila samayangalil ezhuthukaarante vyakthithvathekkurichu avar parayunna kaaryangalkk cheria karyangal valia praadhaanyamullavayaanennum ennaal aaa cheria karyangal vyakthiyude vyakthithvathinte sathayude bhaagamaanenkil maathram kaaryamullavayaanennum tillird louisinode yojikkunnu. eee kaaryatthil avar yojikkunnu. avar parasparam samsaarichukondirunnu. ippol avar ore pejilaanu.
adhyaayathinte avasaanathil tillird parayunnu, "kavita scoutinginekkaal sankeernamaanu..."(75), looyisinte aadya adhyaayathile oru thithreekaranatthilekku madangunnu. ithu scoutingil ulppedunna kaaryangalekkurichu oru dhaaranayumillaatha oru varenya kazhchappaadaanu, pradhaanamaayum tillirdinu kavita ariyaamenkilum outtdoor ariyilla, oru sainika allengil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paryaveshanatthile advanced scout, allengil oru bhoopradeshathinte sankeernathakal enniva kaaranam. levis saadhaaranakkaarane, yadhaarthathil saadhaaranakkaaranallatha saadhaaranakkaarane, jayikkunnu.
tennesonineppolulla oru kaviyil vyakthithvathinu valia praadhaanyamillenkilum, saahithyathil vyakthithvathinu rund pravarthanangalundennu adhyaayathinte avasaanathil tillird parayunnu-(1) ezhuthukaaranumaayi pankuvaykkaan vaayanakkaarane anuvadikkuka, (2) vaayanakkaaran oru maathrkayaayi pravartthikkuka. taanum louis thammilulla tharkkam oru padaprayogamaayi, prathyekichu "vyakthithvam" enna vaakkinte vyathyasthamaaya nirvachanamaayi pariharikkan kazhiyumo ennu addeham athbhuthappedunnu."
anchaam adhyayam.
anchaam adhyaayathil luis parayunnath tillirdinte moonnu indriyangalaaya "athulyamaaya" enna vaakk thanikk kaananakunnilla ennaanu."kaviyithrimaarude saadhaaranakkaareyum saadhaaranakkaareyum avahelikkunnathil thanikk oru prashnamundennu levis prasthaavikkunnu (tillird eee vibhaagathilekku vazhuthiveenathaayi addeham soochippikkunnu). eee vishayam kavithayeyum kavikaleyum kurichulla charcha thudarunnu, athaayath.iii. kavi mukalilulla oru katt aano allayo. pothuvaaya karyangal aaswadikkaan padippicha addehathinte suhruthu arther greaves levisinte swantham sthaanathe valareyadhikam swaadheenichu, eee pothuvaaya karyangal "nithyathayil ninnu thayyarakkiya" oru aagrahatheyo aagrahatheyo aagrahatheyo vishadeekarikkunnuvennu levis manassilakki (80).
rund pooyintil tillirdumaayi levis yojikkunnu. onnamathaayi, kaviyude vyakthithvam vaayanakkaaran oru maathrkayaayi varthikkumennu luis sammathikkunnu, pakshe athu kavithayude saadhaarana pravartthanamallennum shakespearinte oru vaalyathinte pravartthanam oru kaalinekkaal cheruthaanenkilum oru nullu kondu cheyyaan kazhiyumenkilum oru kaalulla oru tableine pinthunaykkuka ennathinekkaal kaviyude pravartthanamaanennu addeham parayunnu. kaviyude vyakthithvam pankidunna pravarthanathekkurichum addeham yojikkunnu, athu krithyamaayi looyisinte kazhchappaadaanu. naam kaviyude bodham pankidukayum avante annukal kondu nokkukayum cheiyunnu, paraspara bandhatthilalla (pranayikal parasparam nokkumbol paraspara snehathil pole) marichu sahathaapathilo "orumichu thonnunnathilo" (kaviyum kavithayude vaayanakkaranum ore kaaryam nokkumbol).
kaviyude vyakthithvam nammal pankidunnilla. illa, kavikkum namukkum pothuvaayullath nammal pankidunnu. addehathinte vyakthithvamalla, addehathinte pothuvaaya, manushikamaaya anubhavamaan njangal pankidunnathu. rund tharatthilulla kavithakalunda (1) ellah aalukalkkum ulla pothuvaaya anubhavangalekkurichulla kavita, (2) jorjju mcdonaldinte gadyathilum addeham kaanunna puthiyathum perillaathathumaaya samvedanangalekkurichulla kavita, ithu soochippikkunnathu athu kavithaykku mathramullathalla ennaanu.
vilyam verdsvarthineppola romaantik vimarshakar phalapradamaaya chodyathil ninnu nammude shradha thirikkave vyakthiparamaaya mathavidvesham aarambhichuvenn levis soochippikkunnu, "oru kavita eathutharam rachanayaan?"vandhyamaaya chodyathinu," oru kavi eathutharam manushyanaan?"(86)
aduthathaayi, levis kavithayude bhasha, kavita, kavita ennivayude nirvachanagalil ninnu aarambhich swantham kavita sidhaantham avatharippikkunnu. jeevithathil naam kandumuttunna karyangal niravettaan kavita vyakthamaaya bhasha upayogikkunnu, athesamayam daarshanikavum shaasthreeyavumaaya bhasha amoortha bhasha upayogikkunnu. anubhavathinte vyakthamaaya yaadhaarthyam ariyikkaan bhaashayude ellah yuktirahita gadakangalum-thaalam, swaraaksharam, samgeetham, onomattoppiya, associationukal, enthallaathava-upayogikkunnathinulla oru vaidagdhyamo pariseelanam labhicha sheelamo aanu kavita" (89). nammude saadhaarana vaakkukalil ninnu kooduthal dridavum gunaparavumaya ashayavinimayam nadathunna oru rachana" ennaanu addeham oru kavithaye nirvachikkunnath (90). ennaal, chilappol kavikal kavikallaathavarekkaal moshamaayi ashayavinimayam nadathunnathaayi addeham parayunnu.
kavithayude moolyam enthaanu? vaayanakkaarude koottam kavithakal manassilaakkanamenkil athinu rund karyangal aavasyamaanu.
1. kavita rasakaravum vinodakaravumaanennu (ananda ghadakam).
2. kavita namukkmel "abhikaamyamaaya sthiramaaya swaadheenam" cheluthunnu (bhakshanam pole, athu poshakasamriddhavum ruchikaravumayirikkanam) (laabhaghadakam).
vimarsanathinulla eaka avashya yogyathakal "pothuvaaya njaanavum manassinte aarogyavum" aanennu prasthaavichu levis niroopakarekkurichu ezhuthunnu (96). aathmaarthatha", "vyaja" thudangiya vaakkukal upayogikkunna niroopakare addeham apalapikkunnu."koodaathe" "lajja" "ennathukondu ezhuthine vimarsikkuka, kaaranam avar" "enthaanu thettu ennu ithuvare kandethiyitla" "(98) ananda gadakavum labha gadakavum oru maargganirddeshamaayi upayogikkunnathinu pakaram oru lekhanam upayogichu".
kavi enna nilayilulla kaviyude padavi kuraykkuka" (99), kaviye thaazhmayilekku thirike konduvarika ennivayaanu eee adhyaayathile looyisinte pravanatha ennu ningal sradhichittundaakam. saadhaaranakkaar illa, ennaal eee levis ardhamaakkunnathu ellaavarum ore thalathilaanu, daivathinte makkalayi daivathinte prathichaayayil pankedukkunnu, ennaal aalukalkkidayil niravadhi vyathyaasangalundengilum oru vibhaagathilulla aalukalum mattullavarkk mukalilalla.
aaram adhyayam.
aaram adhyaayathil tillird thante rund tharatthilulla pankidal nilanirthunnu, athu rachayithaakkalumaayi pankidunnathum prakrithiyumaayum mrugangalumaayum pankidunnathum aanu. oru udaaharanamaayi pravartthikkunna kaviyude pravartthanam kaviyude swabhaavathil antharleenamallennu tillird sammathikkunnu (102), addeham looyisinte rund tharam kavithakale swaagatham cheiyunnu, koodaathe kavikal theruvile manushyanil ninnu vyathyastharaanenna thante kaazhchappaadine addeham prathirodhikkunnu (104) avaa oru katt ovar aanennu addeham vaadikkunnu. kavithayil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinna kaviyekkaal kaviyil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinna luis pranayikale aakramikkumbol addeham sammathikkunnu, koodaathe kavithasaahithyam kavithaye nasippikkunnuvennu addeham sammathikkunnu. ennaal ellah pranayikalum kavikale oru klaas bhagamaakki mattunnilla. landero shellio angane cheythilla. kavikalude vikarangal "valare rasakaramaan" ennum avaa dhairyathinte kaaryatthil mikavu pularthunnuvennum addeham karuthunnu (105 eph.).
ennaal eee adhyaayathinte pradhana vishayam kavita enthinekkurichaanu ennathaanu. aaa chodyathinu luis poornnamaayum utharam nalkaathathinaal, tillird swantham kavithaasampradaayam avatharippikkunnu. kavithayenthaanu?
onnamathaayi, kavita ennathu oru ezhuthukaarante lakshyam allengil avasaanam (114) enna nilayil vyakthithvatheyo maanasika maathrkayeyo bhaagikamaayi avatharippikkunnathinekku, mathramalla athilum kooduthal. randaamathaayi, "kavita valia pothu maanasikaavasthakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu" (114), kopavum vidveshavum polulla saarvathrika ashayangal. moonnaamathaayi, puthiya samvedanangal, anubhavathinte sambushteekaranam (levis prasthaavichathupole) thudangiya vikaarangalude mekhalakalekkurichaanu kavita. naalaamathaayi, kavita valare puthiya kaaryangalekkurichaanu. louisinte adikkurippu sammathikkunnu. anjaamathaayi, punarjanmanubhavam polulla valare pazhaya kaaryangalekkurichaanu kavita.
eee vibhagangalellaam manushyan saarvathrikamaanennum athinaal ellaavarkkum praapyamaanennum tillird parayunnu. athinaal, oru tharatthil, kavi mattullavarekkal uyarnna vyakthiyaanennu addeham ippozhum karuthunnundengilum, saadhaarana vaayanakkaaranodum kavithaye arcum vilamathikkaavunna onnaayi kaananamenna levisinte abhyarthanayodu tillird yojikkunnu. looyisinekkurichulla eee vaakyathode aaveshakaramaayum saangalppikamaayum tillird thante avasana adhyayam avasaanippikkunnu "theerchayaayum, oraalkk kazhiyumbol yojikkan kazhiyunna ettavum mikacha ethiraaliyaanu addeham, sathyasandhan vittuveezhchayillathavana oru shathruvin, oru parlick sesham njaan santhoshathode aayudangal kaimarenda tharatthilulla ethiraali, enikku ente koodaaram swantham nilathekku neekkaan kazhiyunnillengilum" (119). vazhiyil, levis avasaanathil cherkkunna anchu pejulla oru kurippund, avide addeham chodyam kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, "kavithaykku oru srishtiparamo recording pravartthanamo undo?athu randum cheiyunnuvennu addeham nigamanam cheiyunnu.