
vichedanam (bhaashaashaasthram)

bhaashaashaasthrathil, oru vaco vaakyamo mattoru vakkil ninno vaakyathil ninno verthirikkumbol, vrukshaghadanayil crossing lineukal undakaathe randum thammil nerittu bandham sthaapikkaan kazhiyaatha vidhathil athu parishkkarikkappedunnu. vichedanam soochippikkaan upayogikkunna padavali kaiyilulla vaakyaghadanayude sidhaanthathe aashrayich vyathyaasappedunnu. discondinues ghadakam", "sthaanachalana", "deerghadoora aashrithathvam", "paridhiyillaattha aashrithathvam", "projectivity lamghanam" ennee padangal pradhaanamaayum "discondinuity" enna padatthinte paryaayamaan. vividha tharatthilulla vichedanam undu, ivayil ettavum pradhanappettathum vyaapakamaayi padikkappettathumaayava topicalisation, doubleuech-fronting, scrambling, extraposition ennivayaanu.
swaabhaavika bhashakal avar anuvadikkunna vichedanam tharangale aashrayich vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, kooduthal anuvadaneeyamaaya slavik bhashakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol engleeshinte nischitha padha kramam thaarathamyena kurachu vichedanam anuvadikkunnu. jarmman polulla adutha bandhamullah bhashayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol polum, engleesh karkkasamaanu, ithu kurachu vichedanam anuvadikkunnu.
projectivity.
"trea" gadanakalude oru thathwamaanu "projectivity", athiloode vichedanam thirichariyukayum nirvachikkukayum cheiyunnu. crossing dependency arikukalum koodaathe/allengil projection lainukalum illengil oru vruksha ghadanaye "projective" ennu vilikkunnu. ennirunnaalum crossing arikukal/lineukal undengil, ghadana "noonn-projective" aanu, koodaathe onno athiladhikamo "projectivity lamghanangal" adangiyirikkunnu. projectivityude ashayavum padaprayogavum "dependency vyaakarana" thinte gadanakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee ashayam "vaakyaghadana vyakaranangal" (= "niyojakamandala vyakaranangal") enna gadanakalkkum baadhakamaan. ivide charcha aadyam aashrithathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla gadanakaludeyum thudarnnu niyojakamandalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla gadanakaludeyum kaaryatthil projectivity pariganikkunnu. 
vrukshangalude ghadana ethratholam parannathaano athratholam avayil projectivity lamghanangal kuravaayirikkum. gadanakal kooduthal paalikalaayi maarumbol, projectivity lamghanangalude ennam vardhikkum.
aashrithathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla projectivity.
vaakyaghadanayude aashrithathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vishakalanathil projective, noonn-projective gadanakal inipparayunna marangal chithreekarikkunnu
moonnu moolakangalude sreniyaaya vritham-chathurashra-trikonathinu saadhyamaaya aarr moonnu thala gadanakalum marangal kaanikkunnu. crossing lineukal illaathathinaal eee aarr marangalil naalennam projective aanu. ennirunnaalum, crossing lineukal kaaranam marangal (sii), (iii) enniva projective allah; (sii), (iii) ennivayil oronninum oru projectivity lamghanam adangiyirikkunnu, kaaranam oru soolid dependency edju oru dotted projection line kadakkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, (sii), (iii) ennivayil oronninum oru vichedanam adangiyirikkunnu. marangal vivarikkunnath eppol vichedanam sambhavikkunnu ennu oru ghadakam (= poornnamaaya subtree) athinte thalayil aadhipathyam pulartthunna oru moolakam athinte thalayil ninnu verthirikkukayaanenkil, oru vichedanam labikkum. 
dependency vyakaranangal projectivity thathwam valare vishadamaayi paryavekshanam cheyyukayum athu karsanamaayi aupachaarikamaakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ashayam lalithamaanu. maratthil crossing lineukal labhikkukayaanenkil, projectivity lamghikkappettu, athaayath oru vichedanam undu.
niyojakamandalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla projectivity.
asandigdhathakal thirichariyunnathinum nirvachikkunnathinum niyojakamandala vyakaranangal (= vaakyaghadana vyakaranangal) upayogikkunna padavali vyathyasthamaan. avyaktha gadakangal, deerghadoora aashrithathvangal, koodaathe/allengil paridhiyillaattha aashrithathvangal ennivayude adisthaanathil ithu amgeekarikkappettittundum projectivity thathwam theerchayaayum nilanilkkunnu. muun vibhaagathil ninnulla aarr shrenikalude niyojakamandala adhishtitha pathippukal inipparayunna reethiyil vivarthanam cheythittundu. khararoopangal padaprayoga vibhaagangale prathinidheekarikkunnu, shoonyamaaya roopangal lexical vibhaagangale prathinidheekarikkunnu
crossing lineukal veendum projectivity lamghanangal thirichariyunnu. athinaal ivide marangal (sii), (iii) ennivayil mukalil cheythathupole vichedanam adangiyirikkunnu. trea (sii), trea (iii) ennivayile soolid square gadakangal mukalilulla dependency adhishtitha marangalile (sii), (iii) shoonyamaaya square gadakangalkku samanamaaya reethiyil vichedikkappedunnu.
tharangal.
ellah swaabhaavika bhaashakalilum allengilum mikka bhaashakalilum vichedanam sambhavikkunnu. ennaal oru bhasha anuvadikkunna vichedanam tharangal bhashakal adutha bandhamullathaanengilppolum mattoru bhaashayude vichedanam vyathyasthamaayirikkam. mikka bhaashakalileyum vaakyangalil bhooribhaagavum projective aanu ennathaanu shradhikkendathu.iii. avayil vichedanam adangiyittilla. yadhaartha vaakyangalil ekadesham 15-25% ll maathrame oru vichedanam adangiyirikkunnulloo, koodaathe vichedikkappedaatha aashrithathvangalude sathamaanam athilum valare kuravaanu, ekadesham 1-2%. 
thaazhepparayunna charcha vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta naalu tharam vichedanam hrasvamaayi pariganikkunnu 1) topicalisation, 2) doubleuech-fronting, 3) scrambling, 4) extraposition. engleeshil naalil moonnennam anuvadikkunnu; athu scrambling anuvadikkunnilla. athinaal germmaniyil ninnulla udaaharanagal scrambling vichedanam chithreekarikkaan upayogikkunnu.
topicalisation.
oru ghadakam vishayamaayi sthaapikkunnathinaayi munnil nilkkumbozhaanu topicalisation sambhavikkunnath. aargyument enpsinte topicalisation engleeshil apoorvamaanu, ennaal saahacharyaparamaaya sandarbham sthaapikkunna anubandha prepositional vaakyangal (pps) palappozhum topicalise cheyyappedunnu. idathuvashathulla niyojakamandalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maravum valathuvashathulla aashrithathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maravum upayogichu oru niyojakamandalavum aashrithathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maravum upayogichu ivide (kooduthal chuvade) topicalisation chithreekarichirikkunnu. marangalile nodukal label cheyyaan vaakkukal thanne upayogikkunna kanvenshan udaneelam upayogikkunnu 
eee marangalil crossing lineukal vyakthamaayi kaanam. topicalisation vichedanam (pakshe marangalillaathe) kooduthal udaaharanangal
idaaliksile metteeriyal samaantharavalkkarikkappedil oro thavanayum ithu vichedikkappedunnu.
"doubleuech"-fronting.
"doubleuech"-fronting (= "" doubleuech "-movement) klosinte munvashath oru" "doubleuech" "-expression prathyakshappedumbol athu focus cheiyunnathinaayi sambhavikkunnu". "doubleuech"-fronting prathyakshavum parokshavumaaya chodyangalil chodyam cheyyal vaakkukalode sambhavikkunnu (udha.jii. "engane," "enthaanu", "eppol," "evide", "eathu", "aaraan", "enthukondu" muthalaayava ".), aapekshika proo-foomukal ("athu", "enthaanu", "evide", eathu ", eppol", "aaraan", "aarude" muthalaayava) ulla aapekshika khandangalil.). niyojakamandalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maram veendum idathuvashathum aashrithathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maram valathuvasathum prathyakshappedunnu
eee marangal (verum) vividha vyakaranangalil oraal abhimukeekarikkunna vishakalanangalude tharatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu. prathyekichu ividuthe niyojakamandalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla maram tharkkathilaayekkaam. ennirunnaalum, crossing lineukal veendum vyakthamaayi kaananakum. matrixilum ulchertha khandangalilum "doubleuech"-fronting discondinutykalude kooduthal udaaharanangal
idaaliksile metteeriyal "doubleuech"-frond cheythirikkunnu. aadyathe moonnu udaaharanagal "doubleuech"-neritto allaatheyo chodyam cheyyal khandangalil munvashath kaanikkunnu, randaamathe moonnu aapekshika khandangalil "doubleuech"-munvashath chithreekarikkunnu.
chavittimethikkunnu.
scrambling oru vichedanam undakkaam (athu aavashyamillengilum; chilappol ottaykku maarunnathiloodeyaanu scrambling saadhyamaakunnath). puthiya vivarangalkk munbu pazhaya vivarangal eshtappedunna gadakangalude vivara ulladakkathe ulkkollunnathinayi palappozhum scrambling vichedanam sambhavikkunnu. krithyamaaya sarvvanaamangalude edathottulla shramathil scrambling palappozhum drishyamaanu. scrambling vichedanam engleeshil illengilum jarmman polulla swatantra padha kramamulla bhashakalil avaa valare saadhaaranamaanu. thaazhepparayunna marangal jarmman bhaashayile oru keezhuvaakkiya khandathil oru villal nilpp vyakthamaakkunnu
vichedanam thirichariyunna crossing lineukal veendum poornnamaayum drishyamaanu. reflexive sarvanaamamaaya "sitch" edathottu parishramikkunnu, ithu vichedanam undaakkunnu. itharathilulla vichedanam jarmman bhashayil pathivayi sambhavikkunnu. thaazhepparayunna udaaharanangalile idaalik padaprayogangal avayude thalayil ninnu verthirikkunnathu scrambling discondinutikal nedunna reethiyilaanu
eee oro udaaharanathilum, itaalik cheytha ghadakam sthaanabhrashtamaakkukayum athinte falamaayi oru vichedanam undaakukayum cheiyunnu. scramblinginte oru pradhana vasham athinu rund dishakalilum pravartthikkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu. sthaanabhrashtamaaya yoonittin aadya moonnu udaaharanangalilennapole athinte thalaykku munbaayi naalaamathe udaaharanathilennapole athu pinthudaraanaakum.
extraposition.
mattu (ennaal samanamaaya) saahacharyangalil oru padaprayogam evide drishyamaakumennathinte valathuvashath kooduthal drishyamaakumbozhaanu extraposition sambhavikkunnath. extraposed expression shradha kendreekarikkaano oonnipparayaano ulla aagrahathaal ithu prachodanam ulkkollunnu, allengil sentar embedding kuraykkaan ithu sahayikkunnu, angane cheyyumbol, ithu raitt-branching vardhippikkunnu, raitt-branching gadanakal idathu-branching gadanakalekkaal engleeshil prosess cheyyaan eluppamaanu
vichedanam thirichariyunna crossing lineukal veendum eluppathil drishyamaakum. canonical kesukalil, extraposition oopshanalaanu, udha.jii.
rund tharatthilulla extraposition verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. mukalilulla udaaharanagal extraposition oopshanalaaya canonical kesukalaanu. ittu"-extraposition kesukalil, optionaality aprathyakshamaakunnu; extraposition nirbandhamaanan
eee vaachakam noonn-idiometic aanennu nakshatram * soochippikkunnu. vyakthamayum "ithu" vishayathilo vasthuvinteyo sthaanathu prathyakshappedumbol, athu parishkkarikkunna padaprayogatthe extrapose cheyyaan nirbandhikkunnu.
saidhaanthika vivaranagal.
vichedanam uyarthunna velluvili 1950kall muthal vaakyaghadanayude sidhaanthangale aakarshikkukayum aswasthamaakkukayum cheythu. vaakyaghadanaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla aadyakaala parivartthana vyakaranam, aazhathilulla gadanayudeyum uparithala gadanayudeyum adisthaanathil vairudhyangale abhisambodhana cheyyukayum gadakangale aazhathilulla gadanayile oru sthaanathu ninnu uparithala gadanayile mattoru sthaanathekku mapp cheiyunna parivartthanangalum abhisambodhana cheyyukayum cheythu. parivartthana vyaakaranathinte aadhunika sidhaanthangal (udha.jii. gavanmentum binding sidhaanthavum minimalist prograam) derivation samayat gadakangale oru sthaanathu ninnu mattonnilekku neekkunnatho pakartthunnatho aaya oru chalanamo pakarthalo cheiyunna nadapadikramam anumaanikkunnu. praathinidhya padasamuchaya ghadana vyakaranangal (udha.jii. thalayil pravartthikkunna vaakyaghadana vyaakaranavum lexical functional vyaakaranavum), ithinu vipareethamaayi, chalanathe nirasikkukayum pakaram, avar maratthinte mukalilekkum thaazhekkum sthaanabhramsham sambhavicha gadakathekkurichulla vivarangal kaimarunna orutharam savisheshatha kadannupokunna samvidaanam anumaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
parambaraagatha aashrithathva vyakaranangal (udha.jii. lucian tesniyarinte gadanaaparamaaya vaakyaghadanayum igor mell 'sukkinte ardham-vaachakam sidhaanthavum) sameepanam valare vyathyasthamayi vichedikkappedunnu. avaa (onno athiladhikamo thalatthilulla vaakyaghadana) rekheeya kramatthil ninnu akannunilkkukayum sreniparamaaya kramam maathram amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee reethiyil rekheeya kramam (oru ardhathil) dvitheeyamaayi kanakkaakkukayaanenkil, vichedanam oru velluvili kuravaanu, athinaal sidhaanthathinu dvitheeya praadhaanyamund. mattu aashrithathva vyakaranangal, neremarichu, rekheeyavum sreniparavumaaya kramam thulya praadhaanyamullathaayi kanakkakkunnu. eee sidhaanthangal maratthinte mukalilekkum thaazhekkum sthaanabhrashtamaaya unitinekkurichulla vivarangal kaimarunna eathenkilum tharatthilulla feature passing samvidaanam pinthudaraan saadhyathayund.
thaazhepparayunna marangal vichedanam sambandhicha chalana/pakartthal sameepanathe chithreekarikkunnu
aaa ashayam" enna ghadakam "likes" enna kriyayude valathuvashathulla canonical sthaanathu aadyamaayi srishtikkappettathaayi kaanapedunnu. athu aaa sthaanathu ninnu vaakyathinte munvashathekku neekkunnu, allengil vaakyathinte munvashath pakartthukayum thudarnnu thaazhnna sambhavam illaathaakkukayum cheiyunnu. chalanagal (allengil pakartthal) kaaranam vichedanam sambandhicha itharathilulla sameepanathe "chalana sameepanam" (= derivative sameepanam) ennu vilikkam.
chalana sameepanathinte badal maratthinte mukalilekkum thaazhekkum kadannupokunna vivarangalaanu, udha.jii. 
sthaanabhramsham sambhavicha yoonit athinte uparithala sthaanathu aadyam prathyakshappedaan edukkunnu (athu aaa sthaanathekku neengunnilla), athinekkurichulla vivarangal (= savisheshathakal) maratthil ninnu kooduthal saadhaarana saahacharyangalil drishyamaakunna sthaanathekku kaimarunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. vivarangal kadannupokunna paatha chuvappil kaanichirikkunnu. vivarangal kaimarunnathinal, itharathilulla sameepanathe "feature passing sameepanam" (= praathinidhya sameepanam) ennu vilikkam. chalanathinum feature passing sameepanagalkkum pothuvaaya oru pradhana kaaryamund. uparithala vaakyaghadanayil yadhaartha vichedanam illennu avar randuperum anumaanikkunnu (kaaranam marangalil crossing lainukalilla). aadya blushil oru discondinuity aayi thonnunnathu yadhaarthathil chalanamo feature passingo sambhavichathinte soochanayaanu.
avasaanamaayi, oru pooyint aavarthikkendathaanu. ellah sidhaanthangalkkum vairudhyangale abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinulla oru maarggam undaayirikkanam, ennaal eee maarggathinte swabhaavam sidhaantham avatharippikkunna gadanayude alavine adisthaanamaakki ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedaam. thaarathamyena paranna gadanakalkku kooduthal paalikalulla gadanakalekkaal ganyamaayi kurachu vichedanam maathrame undaakoo. athinaal ellah shaakhakaleyum bainari shaakhakalilekku parimithappedutthunna sidhaanthangalil vichedanam abhisambodhana cheiyunna ghadakam valia punk vahikkunnu. enn-aarii branching anuvadikkunna sidhaanthangalil, vipareethavum shifting vahikkunna punk kooduthalaayirikkaam, ithu vichedanam abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinu aavashyamaaya sidhaanthathinte gadakathinte punk kuraykkunnu.

