
shavakudeerangal

mapp amakal ennariyappedunna 14 inam shudhajala aamakalude oru janussaanu graptemis. "graptemikal" cheruthum idatharavumaaya aamakalaan, avaa laingikamaayi dimorphic aanu, chila speesheesukalile penn aamakalkk aann aamakalekkaal eratti neelavum pathuvattam pindove labikkum. inathe aashrayich, praayapoorthiyaaya aanthumbikalkku 7-16 cm (2.75-6.25 in), muthirnna penthumbikalkku 10-29.5 cm (4-11.62 in), kunjungalkku 2.5-3.8 cm (1-1.5 in) enninganeyaanu paridhi, ennirunnaalum chila srothassukal soochippikkunnathu penn baarbarinte mapp aamakalkk ("graptemis barberry") 33 cm (13 in) neelamundennu. mikka enangalkkum oru vyathirikthamaya irunda pigmented keel undu, athu palappozhum kaarapesinte madhyabhaagathu thaazhekku oodunna nochu allengil serated aanu, pinn maarjinil serated scutukal undu. thala, kazhuthu, kaikaalukal enniva manja (chilappol ooranchu allengil chuvapp) varakalude boold paattenukalum irunda pacha, olivu allengil karupp bays nirangalkk ethiraayi paadukalum pradarshippikkunnu. vividha enangale thirichariyunnathil thalayile paattenukal pradhana pratheekangalaakam. bhooprakrithiyilulla bhoopadangale soochippikkunna avayude shellukalile sankeernamaaya paattenukalil ninnaan "mapp aama" enna pothuvaaya peru uruthirinjathu, ennirunnaalum chila speesheesukalil paattenukal mattullavayekkaal kooduthal vyakthamaan, mathramalla pazhaya saambilukalil palappozhum avyakthamaakunnu. chila enangale avayude shellil karayulla keelukale paraamarsikkunna idaykkide "sobax" ennu vilikkunnu.
avaa vadakke amerikkayil thaddesheeyamaanu, avide mikka enangalum american aikyanaadukalile gulf theerathe nadikalil kaanapedunnu, ennirunnaalum moonnu enangal kooduthal vishaalamaan, grettar mississippi nadeethadatthinte kizhakk moonnil rund bhagangalilum grettu lakes mekhalayilum kizhakk newyork, thekkukizhakkan canada ennividangalilum vyaapichukidakkunnu. mikka "graptemikalum" lottik (nadhi) aamakalaan, avaa neengunna vellathinum valia thadakangalkkum munganana nalkunnu, neelamulla kaalukal, vishalamaaya kaalukal, neelamulla poornnamaayum webbed akkangal ennivayulla avaa pravahangalil neenthunnathinu nannayi anuyojyamaanu. avaa praadhamikamaayi shudhajalathile chippikal, klaamukal, ochukal, praanikal (laarvakalum muttakalum ulppede), bryosovanukal, sponchukal, aalgakal, vividha sasyangal enniva bhakshikkunnu. malsyam eathaanum enangalude bhakshanathil maathrame kaanapedukayulloo, thudarnnu bhakshanathinte thaarathamyena cheria sathamaanathil maathrame kaanapedukayulloo. bhakshyavasthukkalude eee spektrathinullil laingikamaayi dviroopamaaya aankuttikalum penkuttikalum thammil kaaryamaaya vibhajanamund, koodaathe microsephalic, mesosephalic, megazephalic enangal ore nadiyile drainageukalil kaanapedunnu. ellah aamakaleyum pole, mapp aamakalum andaakrithiyilullavayaanu, saadhaaranayaayi juun avasaanam muthal august vare muttayidunnu. penthumbikal oro klachilum rund muthal 15 vare muttakal idunnu, koodaathe speeshees, valippam, praayam thudangiya niravadhi variabilukale aashrayich, mattu gadakangalkkoppam, oru varsham ozhivakkaam allengil oru varshathil naalu baari idaam.
2021 leeii iucn redu listtil 14 enangalil ezhennam vamshanaashabheeshani neridukayo durbalamaakukayo vamshanaashabheeshani neridukayo cheiyunnavayaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu, koodaathe manja-pottia mapp aama ("jii. flavimaculatta), valayamulla mapp aama (jii. )") yuu bheeshanippeduthunnathaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu.ezz. federal gavanment.
speeshees.
thaazhepparayunna enangalum upajaathikalum saadhuthayullathaayi amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu (nirddishta perum upa-nirddishta perum upayogichu aksharamaalaakramathil pattikappedutthiyirikku). "notta bene": paraantheesukalile oru binomial authority allengil trainomiyal authority soochippikkunnathu eee speesheesukaleyo upajaathikaleyo yadhaarthathil "graptemis" ozhikeyulla oru janussilaan vivarichirunnathu ennaanu.
phoosil enangal.
floridayile suwani nadiyile azhukkuchaalukalil ninnu vamshanasham sambhavicha oru inamaaya "graptemis kerneri", penn megasephalic subcladil pettathaan, plistoseen phoosil rekhakalil ninnu 2011 ll vivarichirikkunnu. 
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
aamakalude shellukalile paattenukale paraamarsikkunna "graptos" enna ardham alekhanam cheythatho ezhuthappettatho aaya rund samyuktha greak padangalil ninnum "graptemis" enna pothuvaaya peru uruthirinjathaanu, koodaathe shudhajala aama ennartham varunna "emidos". eee janussile naalu enangalude nissaramaaya perukal allengil nirddishta visheshanangal rakshaadhikaarikalo eponymukaloo aanu, avaa oronnum vadakke american amakalekkurichulla padanangalil kaaryamaaya sambhavanakal nalkia pramukha herpattolajistinte bahumaanaartham namakaranam cheyyappettu thomas barber (jii. baarbouri) "; (" jii. kagli) "; (" jii. ernsti) "; jeey. whitefield gibbanukal ("jii. gibbonsi). oru upajathiyude peru eee tharam maathruka shekharikkunna joseph gustav koonn ("jii. seudogeographica kohni) ". moonnu enangalkku avaa aadyamaayi kandethiya nadikalude perukal nalkiyittunda oochitha nadhi (jii. ouachitensis); sabin nadhi ("g. sabinensis); muthu nadhi (jii. ). aakarshakamaaya eee aamakalude praayapoorthiyaakaathavarilum cheruppakkaarilum ettavum kooduthal prakadamaaya bhoopadarekhayude vividha vashangalaya paattenukalum mattu adayaalangalum nirangalum aakruthikalum polullavaykku mattu enangalkkellaam peru nalkiyittunda "jii. flavimaculatta, "flaves" = manja, "maculatus" = spotted allengil bloached; "jii. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya "bhoomishaasthraparamaaya" = bhoomishaasthraparamaaya bhoopadam; "jii. nigrinoda, "niger" = karupp, "nodes" = nottu, nooad allengil noob; "jii. okkulifera, "okkulas" = kannu, "ferro" = vahikkaan (pleural scutukalil kanninte aakruthi valayangal); "jii. seudogeographica, "suedo" = falls, "geographica" = bhoomishaasthraparamaaya bhoopadam; "jii. pultra, "pultra" = manoharam; "jii. neremarichu, "verse" = maaruka (orupakshe "jii" yumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vipareeta thala paattenukale soochippikkunnu. seudogeographica ").
vivaranam.
"graptemis" enangal sliderukal ("trachemis"), koottarukal ("seudemis") ennivayulppede mattu pala jala aamakalumaayum upariplavamaayi saamyamullavayaan. ennirunnaalum, kaarapesinte madhyabhaagathinte neelam vahikkunna oru keel avaye verthirikkunnu. chila thekkan enangalil, keel vertebral nattellukalkk kaaranamakum, athinte falamaayi mapp aamayude mattoru pothu namam-"soback". avaa saadhaaranayaayi pakwata praapikkumbol cheria valippathilekku valarunnu. carapaceil mapp polulla adayaalangal kaaranam avaykku "mapp aama" enna pothunamam nalkiyittundu. mapp amakal sankeernamaaya thala adayaalangalkkum pakwathayulla penthumbikalkku pakwathayulla aanthumbikalude eratti neelavum 10 madangu pindavumulla sakthamaaya laingika dviroopathaykkum perukettathaanu.
feeding morphology.
ellah mapp aama enangalileyum penthumbikale thalayude (alviolar) veethiyum anubandha paristhithiyum phylogeny adisthaanamaakki moonnu grouppukalaayi thirikkam.
thalayude veethiye vivarikkunna moonnu grouppukalaayi purushanmaar nannayi yojikkunnilla, thalayude veethiyile vyathyaasangal bhakshanathe swaadheenikkilla.
thalayude valippathilum thaadiyellukalude shakthiyilumulla eee vyathyaasangal kaaranam, ochukal, klaam, crayfish thudangiya aanpakshikale apekshichu penpakshikal valare valia iraye bhakshikkunnu, athesamayam aanpakshikal praanikaleyum cheria krasteshyanukaleyum bhakshikkunnu. 
graptemis aavaasavyavasthaykkullil deadwood metteeriyal ulppeduthiyaal kooduthal graptemikal aaa pradeshathu kudiyeraano janikkano ulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. janasamkhyaykku aarogyakaramaya oru aavaasavyavastha upayogikkaan kazhiyum, athu ganyamaaya ennam graapttamikale pinthunaykkum, chattha maram ithinu sahayikkum.
vitharanam.
mapp amakal vadakke amerikkayil thaddesheeyamaanu. grettu lakes mekhala muthal sent vare eee januss vyaapichukidakkunnu. thekkan cubeckinteyum ontaariyo, canada, thekk meksikoo ulkkadalile laurence nadhiyum, atlaantik theerathe hudson nadhiyum delaware nadeethadangalum, padinjaaru valia samathalangalude kizhakkan arikukal vare. mikka enangalum nadikal, neengunna jalam allengil valia thadakangal ennivayilaanu kaanappedunnath. 14 enangalil pathinonninum thaarathamyena parimithamaaya vitharanamundu, ithu meksikoo ulkkadalilekku ozhukunna nadeethadangalil, texas, louisiana, mississippi, alabama, thekkupadinjaaran jorjia, florida panhandil ennee us samsthaanangalile parimithappedutthiyirikku. moonnu enangal kooduthal vishaalamaan, avayil oochitta mapp aamayum ("jii. ouachitensis) umm thettaaya mapp aamayum (g. seudogeographica) mississippi nadiyude drainejilum athinte poshakanadikalil madhya padinjaaru ulppede vyaapakamaayi vyaapichukidakkunnu, randaamathethu padinjaaru muthal kizhakkan texas vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. vadakkan bhoopada aama ("jii. thekkan cubec, canada, padinjaaru muthal minnesota, kizhakkan kansas, thekk ninnu nyoojezhsi, jorjia, alabama, vadakkan louisiana ennividangalile veezhcharekhayude (vadakku) mukalil atlaantik, gulf oof meksikoo nadeethadangalil kaanapedunna ettavum vyapakamaaya inamaanu geographica).
paristhithiyum prakrithicharithravum.
aavaasavyavastha.
nadikalum valia aruvikalum aruvikalum bayasukalum polulla neengunna vellathil vasikkunna mapp amakal pradhaanamaayum lottikkaanu. vadakkan, vishalamaaya mississippi nadeethada enangal (jii. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi, "jii. seudogeographica, "jii. oochittensis)) slogukal, oaksbo thadakangal, nadiyude adithattilulla kaayal pradeshangal, thadakangal, idaykkide kulangalum chathuppunilangalum ulppede kooduthal vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthakalil vasikkunnu. mattu speesheesukal eee parithasthithikal valare kurachumaathrame upayogikkunnulloo, allengil praayapoorthiyaakaathavaraayo allengil seasonal vellappokkasamayatho, athath nadee samvidaanangalude pradhana chanalukalkk purathulla pradeshangalil ninnu chila speesheesukal orikkalum report cheyyappettitla (udha.jii. "jii. gibbonsi, "jii. perlensis, "jii. sabinensis "). niravadhi enangal avayude nadeethadangalil manushyanirmmitha jalasambharanikalil vasikkum, athesamayam mattu enangal atharam kandukettalukalil valare apoorvamaanu (udha.jii. "jii. okkulifera, "jii. neremarichu), ippozhum mattullava jalasambharanikalil ninnu poornnamaayum illaathirikkunnu (udha. jii. "jii. kagli). kurachu ozhivaakkalukalode ("jii. baarbouri, "jii. flavimaculatta, "jii. ), mikka enangalum veliyettathaal swaadheenikkappetta jalapaathakalilo azhimukhangalilo uppuvellathilo kaanapedunnilla, avayude ettavum adutha bandhu diamondback terrapin (" "malaclemis terrapin" ") aanu". pala jeevajaalangaludeyum mukalile vitharana paridhikal palappozhum vanaa melaappiloodeyulla sooryaprakaashathinte thulachukayattavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. valuthum vishalavumaaya jalapathakal sooryaprakaashathe uparithalathil ethaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu jala sasyangaludeyum aalgakaludeyum (bhakshanam) valarchaykkum "graptemis" janasamkhyaykku basking saittukalkkum sahayikkunnu. vanathinte melkkoorakalude nizhalilulla cheria aruvikalil allengil hrasvamaaya sooryaprakaasham labhikkuna aruvikalil apoorvvamaayi maathrame "graptemikal" vasikkunnulloo.
mapp aamakalude pala enangaludeyum paristhithi, prathyekichu aavaasavyavasthayude upayogavum bhakshanakramavum nannayi padikkappettittund. ore speesheesile aann, penn, athupole thanne oru nadeethada samvidaanam pankidunna sahaanubhoothiyulla speesheesukalkkidayil nirddishta aavaasavyavasthayude upayogam palappozhum vyathyaasappedunnu, ivayellaam avarude bhakshanakramavumaayi verthirikkaanaavaathavidham bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu nick deferentiationte oru sankeernna udaaharanamaanu. 14 "graptemis" speesheesukalil patthu enangal mattoru "graptemis" speesheesumaayi oru nadeethadam pankidunnu, koodaathe moonnu speesheesukal alabama pradeshangalilum mississippi nadiyude bhagangalilum kaanapedunnu. saadhaaranayaayi mesosephalic, megazephalic penthumbikal sakthamaaya pravaahangalum nadikalude kadinamaaya chuvaduvashathulla chunnaambukallu bhagangalumulla aazhameriya pradeshangal ulkkollunnu, koodaathe theerathinaduthulla nadikalude mandagathiyilullathum aazhamillaathathumaaya pradeshangalil aanthumbikal vasikkunnu, ithu athath bhakshanakramavumaayum irayude vitharanavumayum bandhappettirikkunnu. "graptemikal" apoorvvamaayi maathrame karayiloode nadakkukayo jalapathakalkkidayil neengukayo cheiyunnulloo. mikka enangalum naditirat thinginiranjathinaal oru attathu theerathu kidakkunna veenupoya marangalil polum apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo. theerangalumaayi nerittu sanbarkkam pulartthaathe vellathil ninnu uyarnnuvarunna marangalum marangalum aanu basking sittukal. vishalamaaya, vadakkan enangal aanenkilum (jii. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi, "jii. seudogeographica, "jii. ouachitensis) avarude basking sheelangalil kooduthal vazhakkamullathaan.
nadikal, nadeethada vanangal, vellathil veena marangal, chattha marangal ennivayude swaabhaavika valachodikkal ennivayellaam mikka mapp aamakalude janasamkhyaye, prathyekichu gulf theerathe enangale nilanirthunnathinulla pradhana gadakangalaanu. oru nadiyile puram valavu saadhaaranayaayi aazhathilulla vashamaan, pradhana chaanalinte sakthamaaya pravaham, mannolikkukayum puram theerathekku murichumaattukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe nadeethada mekhalayile vanathile marangal veezhunnu. valavinte akathalathil aazham kuranjathum, pathukke ozhukunnathum, cheli nikshepangal veezhunnathum, kadaltheerangalum manalkkaadukalum nirmmikkunnathum aanu. valanjupokunna kozhs jalathinte aazham, thaapanila, pravaahangal, mriduvaayathum hardpan adibhaagangal, athupole valayangalil vasikkunna veenupokunna marangalum marangalum ennivayude vaividhyamaarnna spectrum nilanirthunnu. beechukalum manalkkinarukalum koodundakkaanulla pradhana sthalangalaanu. bhaagikamaayi mungiya marangaludeyum marangaludeyum saannidhyam baskinginu mathramalla, valarchayil jeevikkunna aalgakal, bryosovanukal, sponchukal, ochukal, praanikal, avayude mutta laarvakal ennivayude valarchaykkum nirnaayakamaan, avaa aamakalude pradhana bhakshyavasthukkalaan.
pranayabandhatthinte perumaattam.
muthirnna "graptemis" anmakkalkk munkaalukalil valare neelamulla nakhangalundu, avaa pranayabandhathil upayogikkunnu. purushan ganyamaayi valia sthriyeyum avalude mukhatheyum "aaradhakareyum" abhimukeekarikkunnu, inacheralil sahakarikkaan prerippikkunnathinayi avalude thalayil thante munkaalukal viraykkunnu.
deerghaayussu.
mapp aamakalude poornnavum krithyavumaaya deerghaayussinte rekhakal illa. 1992ll prasidheekaricha mrgashaalayile rekhakalude avalokanam, barber mapp aama ("jii".) ulppede ettu muthal 35 varsham vare vadakke american mrgashaalakalil niravadhi inam "graptemikal" thadavil jeevichirunna paramavadhi kaalayalav thiricharinju. baarbouri ") 31 varsham 8 maasam; thettaaya bhoopadam aama (" jii. seudogeographica "ssp.) 32 varshavum 6 maasavum; mississippi mapp aama ("jii. seudogeographica kohni ") 35 varsham 5 maasam. ennirunnaalum, oro udaaharanathilum eee rekhakalil mrgashaalakal kattil ninnulla muthirnnavaraayo anjjaathamaaya uthbhavam, nirnnayikkappedaatha praayam ennivayaayo nediya amakal ulppedunnu ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. athinaal rekhakal oru vyakthigatha aama marikkunnathin munbu sthaapanangalil paripalikkappetta kaalayalav maathrame prathifalippikkunnull, vyakthiyude muzhuvan ayussineyalla. pinneedu, rund penn barber mapp aamakalude deerghaayussu ("jii. columbus mrgashaalayil anjjaathamaaya praayavum uthbhavavum 37,43 vayassukalilaanennu report cheyyappettittund. herpattolajist kaal ernst northen mapp aamakale ("jii. bhoomishaasthraparavum) alabama mapp aamakalum ("jii. palkra) 20 varshathilere kaattilum valanja mapp aamakalilum (jii. okkulifera") kuranjathu 30 varshamenkilum kaattinullil jeevikkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. emididay kudumbatthile mattu aamakalude rekhakalude adisthaanathil, "graptemis" deerghaayussu eee rekhakale ganyamaayi kaviyunnu, orupakshe pathittaandukal.
samrakshanam.
"aamakaludeyum soback janasamkhyayudeyum bhoopadatthil ettavum kooduthal udharikkappedunnathum rekhappeduthappedunnathu bheeshanikalil avar thamasikkunna nadikaludeyum thadakangaludeyum parishkkaranangalum valarthumrigangalude vyaapaarathinaayi avaa edukkunnathum ulppedunnu."
mikka jeevajaalangaludeyum parimithamaaya shrenikalum niyantritha aavaasavyavasthakalum "graptemikale" samrakshana prashnangalkk prathyekichu durbalamaakkunnu. nadikaludeyum thadakangaludeyum enchineeyaringiloode aavaasavyavasthayude nashavum vibhajanavum, athaayath chaanalaiseshan, anakkettukalum kandukettalukalum, charal, manal khananam, malineekaranam, azhukkuchaalukalude pradeshangal vrithiyaakkal, vikasanam, jalapaathakalil ninnu marangalum maravum neekkam cheyyal enniva aamakalude bhoopadatthile pradhana samrakshana bheeshanikalil onnaanu. eee pravartthanangal koodundaakkunna sthalangal (sandbarukal), erakalude enangal, erakalude aavaasavyavastha, thermoregulation aamakalude nilanilppinum aavashyamaaya basking sittukal ennivaye tharamthaazhthukayo nasippikkukayo cheiyunnu. valarthumrigangalude vyapaaram mapp aamakalude nilanilppin mattoru pradhana bheeshaniyaanu. 2000-ll maathram, 200,000 live "graptemikal" amerikkayil ninnu pradhaanamaayum europilekku kayattumathi cheyyappettu, ithu aabhyanthara vpaniye kanakkiledukkunnilla.
gilnettingileyum phaikk valakalileyum baikach, boat propellerukal roopappedunna parikkukal, taargett parisheelanathinaayi aamakale shhoo cheiyunna reethi allengil geyim fishinte pradhana athiraalikalaanenna thettaaya vivaramulla ashayam enniva polulla vividha manushya pravartthanangal maranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. vinodam, neenthal, kanatha boat gathagatham ennivaykkaayi manalkkuthirakal pathivayi upayogikkunnathu polulla soumyamaaya pravartthanangal amakal nadikaludeyum koodundaakkunna sthalangaludeyum bhagangal upekshikkaan kaaranamaakumenn ariyappedunnu. muttakaleyum kunjungaleyum irayaakkunnathaayi ariyappedunna thee urumbukal ("solinopsis inviktta") polulla aakramanathmaka enangal chila kuranja bheeshanikalil ulppedunnu. vaattar hayasint ("ichhornia kraasippukal"), aligator kalla ("alternanthera philoxyroids"), kongon pullu ("imperta silindrika"), cockleber ("santhiyam stramarium"), chainees tallo trea ("triadica sebifera") thudangiya aakramana sasyangal "graptemis" aavaasavyavasthayeyum koodundaakkunna beechukaleyum tharamthaazhthunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. chila pradeshangalil black-nobbed mapp aamakalude kuthane idivumaayi hydrilla ("hydrilla vertisilaatta") bandhappettirikkunnu. neremarichu, mapp amakal chila thaddesheeyamallaatha inam klaamukaleyum (corbicula) masselsineyum (drissena) bhakshikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu.
yunaittad stetts federal gavanment manja-pothinja mapp aama ("jii. flavimaculatta), valayamulla mapp aama (jii. okkulifera") vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna inamaayi. texacil samsthaana sarkkar kaagilinte mapp aamaye pattikappedutthunnu ("jii. kagli ") vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru inamaayi. louisiana samsthaanam valayamulla mapp aamaye pattikappedutthunnu ("jii. okkulifera) bheeshanippeduthiyathaayum aouchitta mapp aama (jii. ouachitensis), sabin mapp aama (g. sabinensis ") durbalamaayi. mississippy samsthaanam manja niratthilulla mapp aamaye pattikappedutthunnu ("jii. flavimaculatta) bheeshanippeduthiyathaayum valayamulla mapp aama (jii. okkulifera "), black-nobbed mapp aama" (jii. nigrinoda ") vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnu. alabamayil, samsthaanathu kaanapedunna aarr inam mapp aamakaleyum samsthaanam samrakshikkunna nongem inangalaayi tharamthirichittundu. jorjiyayil baarbarinte mapp aama ("jii. baarbouri) athra bheeshaniyullathum vadakkan bhoopada aama (jii. bhoomishaasthraparavum) alabama mapp aamayum ("jii. palkra) yathaakramam ezz1, ezz3 raankukalulla apoorva inangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. florida baarbarinte mapp aamayil ("g. baarbouri) samsthaana-niyukthamaayi bheeshanippeduthappettaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. canada sarkkar vadakkan bhoopada aamaye pattikappedutthunnu ("jii. geographica) prathyeka aashankayulla oru inamaanu. 2021 leeii kanakkanusarichu 14 "graptemikalil" ezhennam vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnavayaayo durbalamaayavayaayo vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnavayaayo iucn redu listtil pattikappedutthiyittundu, ellah "graptemikalum" anubandham III aayi pattikappedutthiyittundu.
valarthumrigangalude vyapaaram.
valarthumrigangalude vyaapaarathiludaneelam, mississippi mapp aama, vadakkan mapp aama, oochitta mapp aama enniva 1970 kalil aayirakkanakkin aalukal valarthukayum pottiyedukkukayum cheythu. mattu pala aamakalum labhyamaayirunnu, ennaal salmonallosis naalu inch niyamam sthaapithamaayathode mapp aamakaludeyum mattullavayudeyum janapreeti pathukke kuranju. innum, valarthumrigangalude vyaapaarathil ettavum saadhaaranamaaya padavi eee moonnu perukalkku undu. texas mapp aama, cagles mapp aama, black-nobbed mapp aama ennivayaanu kooduthalum thadavilulla mattu enangal. kandethaan prayaasamulla chila mapp aamakalil manja niratthilulla mapp aamayum pell rivar mapp aamayum ulppedunnu.

