
tasumal

ell salvadorile chaalchuvappayilulla oru columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla puraavastu sthalamaanu tasumal (τασολ). padinjaaran ell salvadorile purathana mesoamerican nagaramaya chaalchuvaapayude valia pradeshathinullile oru vasthuvidyaa samuchayamaan tasumal. chalchuvappa puraavastu mekhalayude thekkan bhagathaanu tasumal group sthithi cheiyunnathu. puraavastu gaveshakanaaya staanli bogs 1940kalilum 1950kalilum tasumal samuchayam khananam cheyyukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheythu.
purathana kaalam muthal postclassic vare tasoomalile janavaasamundaayirunnuvennum central meksikoo, vadakkan yookkaattan upadveep, lover central america thudangi vidoora pradesangalumaayi eee sthalathinu bandhamundennum puraavastu gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu. eiii. dii ettaam noottaand vareyulla eee samuchayathile loha karakaushala vasthukkal mesoamericayil ninnu report cheyyappetta aadyakaala loha karakaushala vasthukkalil onnaanu.
sthalam.
santa anaa vakuppile chalchuvaappa munisippaalittikkulli rioo paas drainage thadathinakathaanu tasumal sthithi cheiyunnathu. samudranirappil ninnu sharashari uyarathilaanu avashishtangal. samakaalika maaya nagaramaya kaminaljuyuvil ninnaan ithu sthithicheyyunnathu. cheria classic saittaya alumulunga thekkupadinjaaraanu tasumal.
charithram.
vanthothilulla nirmmaana pravartthanangal nadanna preclassic kaalaghattam muthal chalchuvaapayil janavasamundaayirunnu. preclassic avasaanathinum aadyakaala classic thudakkathinum edayilulla athirthiyil, nagaratthinte kizhakk chilayidangalil ilopango agniparvvatham pottitherichathinaal tasumalil nirmmaanam thadassappettu. eee pottitheri niravadhi thalamurakal neenduninna tasoomalile nirmmaana pravarthanangalil oru edavelaykku kaaranamaayi. aadyakaala muthal madhyakala classic vare pravartthanam punaraarambhichu (sii. AD 250-650) ennirunnaalum nagaram orikkalum athinte preclassic pravartthana thalangalilekku poornnamaayum thirichethiyilla. preclassic kaalaghattatthile valia gadanakalumaayi poruthappedunnathinekkaal ettavum aduthaayirunnu tasumal samuchayam.
tasumal grouppinte pradhana gadanakal classic kaalaghattatthilaanu (sii. mesoamerican kaalagananayude AD 250-900). avasana classic (sii. AD 600-900) tasumal oru pradhana aachaaraparamaaya samuchayamaayirunnu. aadyakaala classic muthal madhya classic vare (sii. ad 400-600). eee samayat gwatimala thaazhvarayile maaya nagaramaya kaaminaljuyuvumaayi tasumalk pradhana bandhamundaayirunnu, ithu sakthamaaya madhya meksikkan nagaramaya teothihuvaakkante swaadheenam pasaphik theerapradeshangalaaya gwatimalayilekkum ell salvadorilekkum vyaapippikkaan pravarthichu. tasoomalile vaasthuvidya, shilpam, seramics ennivayil ninnu thelinjathupole, classic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil tasoomalinu honduraasile kopaanumaayi bandhamundaayirunnu. tasumalile seramic kramam classic kaalaghattam muthal ekadesham eiii. dii 1200 vare thadassamillaathe thudarunnu. niravadhi aadyakaala classic savisheshathakal vadakkan yookkaattan upadveepile chichen itsayumaayo madhya meksikkoyile thulayumaayo ulla bandhathe soochippikkunnu.
classicaaya kaalam muthal kuranjathu eiii. dii 1200 vare nahuwa samsaarikkunna paippilukalumayi tasumaalinte janasamkhya sahavarthichirunnu. paippilinte swaadheenam nerittulla piple saannidhyathekkaal ayal piple janasamkhyayumaayulla vyapaaram aayirikkam, thelivukalude nilavaaram vilayiruthunnu.
1200 nuu sesham, tasumal valia thothil upekshikkappettu, adhinivesham padinjarottu innathe aadhunika pattanamaya chaalchuvaapayude madhyabhaagathekku maari. spanish adhinivesha samayat chalchuvaapa ippozhum adhiniveshathilaayirunnu, akkaalat athinte nivaasikal pokomam maayayaayirunnu. 1200 vare neenduninna piple swaadheenathinu sheshamulla chalchuvaapayile thaarathamyena vaikia kudiyettakkaraanu pocomum ennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
1942num 1944num idayil staanli bogs khananam cheyyukayum bii1-1, bii1-2 ennee gadanakal punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. eee punasthaapanatthil aadhunika simant upayogichu gadanakal pooshukayum athinte upayogathe nyaayeekarikkunnathin bogs avayude yadhaartha roopavumaayi mathiyaya saamyamundennu vilayiruthukayum cheythu. bogssinte anthima report pothuve labhyamayirunnilla, 21-aamm noottaandinte arambham vare kooduthal puraavastu anweshanangalonnum nadannilla. 1947ll tasumal oru deseeya charitra smaarakamaayi prakhyapikkappettu. 2001 vare salvadoran 100 collen nottil tasoomalile avashishtangalude oru chithram undaayirunnu. 2004ll bii1-2 enna gadanayude vasham thakarukayum salvadoran "konsejo naashanal paaraa laa kalchara vaii ell arte" (konkalchara-naashanal kaunsil phoor kalchar aandu art) avashishtangal khananam cheyyaanum sthirappeduthaanumulla pravartthanangal aarambikkukayum cheythu. 21-aamm noottaandinte aadya dashakathil, oresamayam rund puraavastu padhathikal aarambhichu, konkalchura bii 1-2 gadanayekkurichum nagoya japanese sarvakalaashaalayude projecto archaeologico dii ell salvador (pays).
saitt vivaranam.
tasumal samuchayathile ellah kettidangalum padinjarottu abhimukhamaayi kaanapedunnu. 20-aamm noottaandile oru semitherikkullil saittinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna rund khananam cheyyaatha kunnukalude baahya roopathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru mesoamerican bolcourt tasumal kaivasham vachathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. oru kunnin mukalil saaramaayi kedupaadukal sambhavichittund. tasumalil ninnu kandethiya pacha obsidian puravasthukkal central meksikkoyumaayulla bandhathe soochippikkunnu.
ghadana bii1-1.
ghadana bii1-1 aanu tasumal groupile pradhana ghadana, ithu samuchayathil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. classic, aadyakaala postclassic kaalaghattangaliloode pyramid nirmmaanatthinte vividha ghattangalkk vidheyamaayi. bii1-1 enna ghadana oru adisthaana plaattphomil nirmmichathaanu, athine baagukal grettu plaattphom ennu vilikkunnu, athu alakkunnu (kizhakk-padinjaaru vadakku-thekk). pyramid <aii. dii. 1> ll sarway cheythu. pyramidinte padinjaaran mukhathu vadakku-thekk bhagathaayi oru neenda plaattphom oodunnu, samanamaaya neelamulla oru plaattphom gadanayude vadakku bhagathaayi kizhakk-padinjaaru bhaagathekku ozhukunnu. eee rund vashathumulla plaattphomukalum yadhaarthathil vyathyastha gadanakalaayi nirmmichavayaanenkilum pinneedu valia plaattphomil ulppeduthi; kshethram radial samamithiyaanennum kizhakkum thekkum vashangalil kooduthal plaattphomukal nilavilundennum anweshakar anumaanikkunnu. kizhakk bhaagathulla atharamoru platfominu ekadesham sariyaaya sthaanathaanu oru plaattphom alakkunnathinte avashishtangal kandethiyathu. thekkan plaattphominte anumanikkappetta pradeshathu mungiya oru testt pitt oru silindar seramic paathram adangiya oru vazhipaadu kandethi, athil oru polychrome paathram oru adappu pole sthaapichu. kappalinullil rund valia jaid kashanangalum 50 cheria jaid shakalangalum, oru seashell kashanavum oru snall shell kashanavum, mrugangalude asthiyude vividha kashanagal, mica, chuvanna pigmentinte adayaalangal ennivayundaayirunnu. oru kallukondu aaa vazhipaadu pothinjirunnu. silindar paathratthe rund paanalukal kondu alankarichirunnu, oronnilum shirovastram dharichu svayam thyagam cheiyunna oru vyakthi undaayirunnu.
bii1-1 enna ghadana oru kendra kshethrathil ninnum kardinaadishayangalil iruvashathumulla plaattphomukalil ninnum vikasichathayi vishwasikkappedunnu, padinjaaran plaattphomukal pradhana sameepanamaayi pravartthikkunnu. samuchayam vikasichathode, plaattfomukalkkidayil idam nirachu valia plaattphom roopappettu, athinte aadyakaala pathipp alannu. pradhana pyramid bii1-1 pinneedu valia plaattphomil, padinjaaran platfominu pinnilum yadhaartha kendra kshethrathe moodunnathilum nirmmichu. valia plaattphom athinte anthima alavukalil athunnathinu munbu kuranjathu moonnu thavanayenkilum punarnirmmichu.
nirakalude kshethram.
bii1-1 enna gadanayude padinjaaran plaattphom oru uparithala ghadanaye pinthunaykkunnu, athine nirakalude kshethram ennu vilikkunnu. tasumalile ellah gadanakaludeyum padinjaarottulla disha kaaranam, pradhana pyramidinte padinjaaru bhaagath nilkkunna nirakalude kshethram athinte pradhana mukhamaayi pravarthichittundaam. eee gadanaykku chathura nirakalum rund ore valippamulla arakalum undaayirunnu, rund nirakalulla oru space kondu verthirikkapettu. vadakkan araykku kizhakk vashath oru praveshanamundaayirunnu, thekk vashath oru adhika praveshanamundaayirunnu.
ghadana bii1-2.
bii1-2 ghadana classic kaalatthinte avasaanathil nirmmichathaanu. pradhana pyramid bii1-1naarey thekkupadinjaraayi sthithi cheiyunna ithu padinjaaru abhimukhamaaya oru pyramidaanu, moonnu gattangalulla nilakal thaazhnna basel plaattphomil nilkkunnu. talud-tablero" shailiyilulla vaasthuvidya upayogichaanu ithu nirmmichirikkunnathu; pyramid alakkukayum ekadesham uyarathil nilkkukayum cheiyunnu. 2004 octoberil pyramidinte thekk bhagam thakarnnu; aduthulla marangalude verukalum jalathinte kedupaadukalum moolamundaaya kedupaadukal moolamaanu ithu sambhavichathenn vishwasikkappedunnu. 1950kalil simant upayogichu pyramid punasthaapichathu ghadanaye oru jalakkuzhiyayi maatti, athesamayam devadaaru verukal kettidatthilekku athikramichu kayari ganyamaaya villalukalkk kaaranamaayi.
bii1-2 ghadana nirmmaanatthinte naalu ghattangalkk vidheyamaayi. aadyaghattathil motham uyaram undaayirunnu; ettavum thaazhnna nila uyarnna alavil alannappol madhya, mukalile nilakal uyarnna alavil alannu. eee aadya ghattam poornnamaayum randaam ghatta nirmmaanatthiloode ulkkollukayum moonnu upa ghattangalayi (2a, 2b, 2c ennu label cheythirikkunnu) nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. aadya ghattathinu samanamaaya sailiyilaanu ithu nirmmichirikkunnathu, aadyam mukalile level upayogikkumbol thanne thaazhathe rund levalukalude vipuleekaranathode; muun pathipp poornnamaayum ulkkollunna oru puthiya moonnaam level pinneedu chertthu. thaazhathe rund nilakal aadyam uyarthappettu; madhyanira pinneedu adhikamaayi uyarthukayum mukalile nila uyarthukayum cheythu. oduvil, pyramidil naalaamathe nila cherkkukayum athinte motham uyaram vardhippikkukayum cheythu. nirmmaanatthinte moonnaam ghattathil ghadana naalil ninnu anjaayi uyarthi. avaa thammilulla uyaram, alakkal, yathaakramam ennivayil levelukal vyathyasappettu. 2004ll kettidam thakarnnathode naalaamatheyum avasaanatheyum nirmmaana ghattathinu saaramaya kedupaadukal sambhavichu.
mattu gadanakal.
ghadana bii1-3, ghadana bii1-4 ennivayaanu bolcourt ulkkollunna rund gadanakal. 21-aamm noottaandinte aadya dashakathil khananam cheytha testt pittukal aii aakruthiyilulla bolcourtinte mortar floor kandethi.
bii1-8 enna ghadana classic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathe oru vrithaakrithiyilulla plaattfomaanu.
shilpam.
eee sthalathe shilpam preclassic kaalaghattatthilethaanu. rund terminal classic muthal aadyakaala postclassic chaakmool silpangalum oru jagwar prathimakalum kendra meksikkan devanaaya sippe totekkine chithreekarikkunna oru naravamsha shilpavum tasumalil ninnu kandeduthu. eee karakaushala vasthukkal madhya meksikkoyil ninnum vadakkan yookkaattan upadveepil ninnumulla karakaushala vasthukkalodu shailiyil saamyamullathaan. asamskritha chaakmool shilpangalilonn saan salvadorile museo naashanal dii antropologyayilaanu sookshichirikkunnathu; mattonn swakaarya udamasthathayilaanu.
loha karakaushala vasthukkal.
tasoomalil ninnu moonnu svarnnaabharanangal khananam cheythittundu. eiii. dii ettaam noottaandilethaanennu thaalkkaalikamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna avaa nashtappetta mezhuk reethi upayogichaanu srishtichathu; avayude saannidhyam thaazhnna madhya amerikkayumaayulla sanbarkkathe soochippikkunnu. ivayum kopaante samakaalika loha puraavasthukkalum mesoamericayil ninnulla aadyakaala loha puraavasthukkalil onnaanu. eee vasthukkal oru classic shavakudeerathil ninnu kandeduthu, kuranjathu oru inamenkilum tehuvantepekkile isthmasil ninnulla oru vyapara karakaushala vasthuvaayirunnu.
shavasamskaarangal.
bii1-1naarey kizhakkan plaattphominte pradeshathu khananam cheytha thozhilaallikalil ninnulla upakhyaana thelivukal anusarichu, aaa pradeshathu niravadhi shavakudeerangal kandethi. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte khanana reportukalilonnum bogs iva paraamarshichittilla.
bii1-2 pyramidinte onnum randum nilakalumaayi cherunna araykkadiyil 1-aamm shavakudeeram kandethi. thaazhathe thaadiyellum mattu niravadhi asthikalude avashishtangalum, seramic shakalangalum chila obsidian puraavasthukkalum adangunnathaanu shavakudeeram. chitharikkidakkunna avashishtangal soochippikkunnathu onnaam shavakudeeram oru dvitheeya shavakudeeramaayirunnuvennum orupakshe pyramidinte avasana ghattatthinte samarppanavumayi bandhapetta oru manushyabaliyude shavakudeeramaayirikkaam athennum soochippikkunnu. pallukal soochippikkunnathu avashishtangal oru cheruppakkaarantethaanenna; anubandha seramics avasana classic allengil aadyakaala postclassic samskaaram theeyathi.
bii1-2 enna gadanayude padinjaaran munvashathaanu 2-aamm shavakudeeram kandethiyathu. athinte theeyathi anishchithathvathilaanenkil ithu nirmmaanatthinte avasana ghattavumayi bandhappettirikkunnavum samskarikkunnathumaayi samakaalikamaanennum vishwasikkappedunnu. thalayotti, neelamulla ellukal, vaariyellukal, thaadiyellu, kasherukkal ennivayulppede niravadhi asthi sakalangal adangunnathaanu eee shavakudeeram. pallukal soochippikkunnathu avashishtangal oru kuttiyudethaanennu. avashishtangalkoppam seramic kashanangalum kurachu chaaravum undaayirunnu. radio kaarban datinginu vidheyamaaya charam classic avasaanathil muthal aadyakaala postclassic vareyulla eiii. dii. 770 num 1000 num edayilulla oru theeyathiye soochippikkunnu.

