
arjantoveriya

arjantoveriya, ödenburg ennum ariyappedunnu, ithu elsaasile beesheem pradeshathe oru vaikia roman sainika sthaapanathinum oru sivilian settilmentinum (kantan neuf-brisack, arontisment colmar-rebuville, communote dii communous duu paise dii brisack) koottaaya padamaanu.
baishaim-kunhaim, oodenberg-altikkirchu ennivayude purathana sittukal kaandaamrigathinu mukalilulla oru pradhana crossingile sthaanathinu avayude praadhaanyathinu kadappettirikkunnu. eiii. dii. onnum naalum noottaandukalil eee pradeshathu sainyathinte aadhipathyamundaayirunnavi eiii. dii. 2,3 noottaandukalil sivilian settilment uyarnnuvannu. eiii. dii. 4,5 noottaandukalile valia kattana adiniveshangalil arjantoveriya orupakshe kottakalude oru shringalayude bhagamaayirunnirikkaam, athil manstarbergil raininte valath theerathulla kottakalum sasback aam kaisarstulile sponak ulppedunnu.
roman bharanathinte avasana ghattathil raine pravisyakalil valentinian onnaaman chakravartthiyude keezhil nirmmicha niravadhi athirthi kottakalil onnayirikkaam parethanaaya roman "kaastram", ennaal hraswakaalathekku maathrame ithu kaivashappeduthiyirunnulla. maxima seekwanoram pravishyayile danube-illar-raine chunnaambukalude kottakalude shringalayude bhaagamaayirunnu ithu. eiii. dii naalam noottaand muthal anchaam noottaand vare kaandaamriga athirthiyile surakshayudeyum nireekshanatthinteyum utharavaadithamulla roman sainikar eee kotta kaivashappeduthiyirikkaam.
peru.
randaam noottaandile bhoomishaasthranjanaaya claudius tolamiyil ninnum "tabula putingeriana" yill ninnum pouravaasakendrathinteyum kottayudeyum purathana peru namukkariyam. eee perine pinthunaykkunna likhithangal ithuvare kandethiyitla. 150-oolam varshangalil tolami arjantoveriyayile sivil settilmentine augusta roorikkaykku sesham celtic rurasi janathayude "randaamathe police" ennu visheshippichu. kottayude thekkan kavaadathinu padinjaaru semitheriyodoppam thiricharinja oru madhyakala palliyil ninnaan nilavile peru "altkirchu" (janapriyamaayi "kirchenbuckal") uruthirinjathu.
sthalam.
baselinteyum strasburghinteyum pakuthiyolam akale, neuf-brisaachinte vadakku, kaisarstul parvathanirakalude nere ethirvashathaanu beesheem sthithicheyyunnathu. sakthamaaya valanja kaandaamrigangalumaayi bandhappett vosjukaludeyum karutha vanangaludeyum parvathanirakal yaathraykk ganyamaaya thadassangalaayirunnu, innum kurachu sthalangalil maathram kizhakk-padinjaaru vazhi anuvadikkunnu. kottayude idathuvashathu, kottayude alppam vadakkupadinjaraayi breesaachilaanu purathana kotta sthithi cheiyunnathu. puraavastu sittukal beesheyimin vadakkaanu. 16, 17 noottaandukalile bhoopadangal edenberg, oodenberg allengil oodenbergaim enna oru sthalam kaanikkunnu, athu muppath varshathe yudhathil nasippikkappedukayum pinneedu punarnirmmikkappedaathirum cheythu. ivide thirichariyaan kazhiyunna aadyathe maravum mannum kondulla kotta kaandaamrigatthile oru dveepilaanu nilakondathu, athu nalla prakrithi samrakshanam nalki. pilkkala kottayude pradesham nilavil krishikkaayi theevramaayi upayogikkunnu, bhoopradeshathinte aashvaasam kondu maathrame ithu thirichariyaan kazhiyoo. lines roadinu ("puplika vazhi") nere kizhakkayi, kaandaamrigatthinte theerathu thaazhnna pradeshathinaduthaayi eee kotta sthithicheyyunnu, athinaal karayiloodeyum kappaliloodeyum eluppathil athicheraanaakum. thalphalamaayi kottaye kooduthal thavana vellapokkam baadhichathaayi kandethalukal soochippikkunnu. innu purathana nadeethadatthinte apoorvamaaya avashishtamaaya rigraben kanal maathramaan ivide kadannupokunnathu. rund raine pravisyakalaaya germania primayum maxima seekwanoravum thammilulla athirthi rekha kaisarstul parvathanirakk vadakkott vyaapichu. eee paathayiloode beesheem-oodenbergil ninnu vosjukalum divoduravum (metts) kadannu kaandaamrigatthinte theerathu ethiya oru rooad. ivide pinneedu vadakku ninnu thekkott ozhukunna kaandaamrigatthinte idathu karayilulla line rodiloode kadannupoyi. eee rooad shringalayumaayi kottaykku sakthamaaya bandhamundayirikkaam.
gaveshana charithram.
1551-ll beatus renanus aadyamaayi oodenbargine paraamarsikkukayum 1576-ll daniel speclinte bhoopadatthil prathyakshappedukayum cheythu. 1770 muthal roman kandethalukal ariyappedunnu. yadhaarthathil, franch department howt-rinil kolmaarinaduthulla horberg munisippaalittiyude oru jillayaya horberg-vihr, purathana "arjantoveriya" yude sthalamaayi kaanapedunnu. ennirunnaalum, ettavum puthiya gaveshana phalangalude adisthaanathil eee anumaanam parishkarikkendivannu. 1970 kalude avasaanathilum 1980 kalude thudakkathilum madhyakala semiteriyude thekkan pradeshathu aadyamaayi shaasthreeya khananagal nadannu, athil purathana kottayude pradeshavum khananam cheythu, ennirunnaalum athu anganeyaanennu thiricharinjittilla. 1998 muthal 2002 vare deseeya puraavastu padhathi "ödenburg-altkirch" (uker prograam) yude bhaagamaayi geophysical mannu alavukal nadatthi. vilayiruthalinushesham, paarees sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla hans alrichu newberinteyum maikkal reddeyudeyum nirddeshathinum ekopanathinum keezhil freeberg sarvakalashaalayileyum basal sarvakalashaalayileyum shaasthranjar lakshyamitta khananagal saadhyamaayi. eiii. dii onnaam noottaand muthal naalam noottaand vare sainika camp, praitorium, sivilian taunn, gallo-roman kshetra jilla ennivayulppede ödenburg-altkirch pradeshathe purathana vaasasthalathekkurichulla arivu kooduthal mechappeduthuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam. khananathodoppam paleobotanical, suvological padanangalum undaayirunnu. eee khananathinide avasaanathe roman kottakalum sameepa pradeshathe "westergass" enna kettidangalude oru koottavum kandethi. 2001 aayappozhekkum anthaaraashtra khanana samghangal bhoomiyude eathaandu bhagam neekkukayum 470 kandethalukal kandethukayum cheythu, athiloode vadakke mathilinte gathi krithyamaayi nirnnayikkaan kazhinju. 2003 muthal 2005 vare ekkol pratech dess houts ettuds, freeberg sarvakalashaalayum peettar-andrew schwarz basal sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla kaatti shukani chernnu beesheem-kunhaimile gallo-roman kshetra jillayude pradeshathu khananagal nadatthi. purathana aradhana sanbradaayangalekkurichu niravadhi puthiya ulkkazhchakal ("modus munifisendi") labhichu. kottaykku munnil eiii. dii onnaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal theepidutthatthil nasippikkappetta pattanatthinte chila purathana kettida avashishtangal kandethi.
vikasanam.
roman kaalaghattatthinu munbulla kaalam muthal beesheyimin chuttumulla pradesham sthirathaamasamaakkiyittundu. augusta rurica (kaiserogst) ennathinoppam, arjantoveriya orupakshe rauraasiyile ettavum valia "opida" (kaputt sivitaattis) aayirunnu. janasamkhyaye niyanthranathilaakkaan romakkar thanthrapradhaanamaaya eee sthalathu oru lalithamaaya maram-bhoomi kotta nirmmichu. roman sivilian vaasasthalam eee aadyakaala kottaykku chuttum vikasichilla, marichu eiii. dii 20 muthal kshetra pradeshathinu chuttum vikasichu.
onnaam noottaandil sthaapithamaaya maravum mannum kondulla kotta, orupakshe valentian onnaaman chakravartthiyude (364-375) bharanakaalathu 369 num 370 num idayil kaandaamrigangalude avasana vipuleekaranathinum shakthippeduthalinum vendiyulla nadapadikalude bhagamaayirikkaam nirmmichathu. ithu oru kotta belttil ("claustra/klosura") ulppettathaayirunnu, athil kottakal breezach/manstarberg ("moons brisiakkam"), sasback-jechingan, horberg enniva ulppedunnu, koodaathe orupakshe sarringen kotta kunnin mukalilulla oru alamenic kotta ulppettirikkaam.
onnaam noottaandile maram-bhoomi kottakal kaandaamrigatthinte valath theerathulla pradeshangalil pracharanangalkkulla oru staging eriyayaayum vinyasa aditharayaayum pravarthichittundaam. rooad gathagatham nireekshikkuka, nadiyile shipping gathagatham niyanthrikkuka, raine crossing nireekshikkuka ennivayaayirikkaam arjantoveriyayile gaarisaninte chumathalakal. kaandaamrigatthinte valath theerathulla kaattumrigangale nireekshikkuka, divasena patrolling nadatthuka, chunnaambukalkku kuruke sandeshangalum signalukalum kaimaruka enniva mattu pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu.
259num 260num edayilulla varshangalil, alimanic gothrangal oduvil uyarnna jarmman-ratian chunnaambukal keezhadakki. thudarnnu 200 varshathilereyaayi roman bharanathin keezhilulla kaarshika decumateukal avar kaivashappedutthi. moonnaam noottaandile prathisandhikk sesham, romacarc raine, thadaaka koonstans, illar, danube lainukaliloode athirthi veendum sthirappeduthaan kazhinju. ivide, moonnaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal, chakravarthimaaraaya dioclesian maximian danube-illar-raine limm ennu vilikkappedunna kottakalude shringhala nirmmichu. ennirunnaalum, alamani saamraajyathinte pradesham aavarthichu aakramichu, kaaranam avar palappozhum romakkaarude aabhyanthara adhikara poraattangal chooshanam cheythu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi lims sainyathe eathaandu poornnamaayum pinvalikkunnathumaayi bandhappettirunnu.
357-ll innathe strasburghin sameepam nadanna arjantorattam yudhathil juuliyan chakravarty alamani paraajayappeduthunnathilum avarude rajaavaaya nodomerine thadavukaaranaakkunnathilum vijayichu. 378ll 40,000 alamenic lensians kaandaamrigangal-sponak crossingilo allengil lamghanathinadutho-athirthi pradeshangale nasippikkukayum gaulinte ulbhaagathekku thulachukayarukayum cheythu. swantham pradesham samrakshikkunnathinaayi padinjaaran chakravarthiyaaya gratian thante sainyathinte valiyoru bhagam kizhakkan chakravarthiyaaya thante ammavane sahayikkaan ayachirunna illarikkathilninnu thirichuvilikkendivanu. aakramanakaarikalaaya alamani udan thanne gratian addehathinte thurannuparachilulla sainika nethaakkalum, aduthulla arjantoveriya yudhathinu sesham "varunnu" enna nanianus "varunnu" enna "aabhyantharasabha" malloboudukalum kaandaamrigathinu kuruke valicherinju, ennaal eee vijayathin valence valare chelaveriyathaayirunnu, kaaranam gratian baalkkanukalil valare vaikiyaan athiyathu, adrianople yudhathile vinashakaramaaya paraajayatthil ninnu vaalansine rakshikkaan. 369 augustil valentian onnaaman chakravarty ayal kotta moons brisiyaakathil thaamasikkukayaayirunnu, avide ninnu addehathinu thaalkkaalikamaayi kaandaamrigangalile romakkaarude valia thothilulla nirmmaana pravartthanangal ekopippikkaanum nireekshikkaanum kazhiyum. ithinidayil arjantoveriyayile kotta nirmikkappettu. naanayangalude ennam vilayiruthumbol, 401 num 406 num idayil stilikkoyude keezhilulla saadhaarana athirthi sainikar pinmaarunnathuvare, orupakshe anchaam noottaandinte madhyam vare polum ithu nilaninnirunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare kottayude avashishtangal orupakshe nilatthinu mukalil kaanaamaayirunnu. 1701 muthal neuf-brisach kottayude nirmmaanathinaayi kallu vasthukkal verthirichedukkunnathini ithu neekkam cheythu.
kotta.
eiii. dii onnaam noottaand muthal beesheyimil oru roman sainika thaavalam nilavilundaayirunnu. mothatthil, eee kaalayalavil rund juulioo-cladian maravum mannu kottakalum kandethiyenkilum onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil avaa upekshikkappettu. purathana kottayude avasaanathil augustasinte kaalathe mattoru mungami hans alrichu newber samshayikkunnu.
oedenberg-altkirchu samagramaya purathana kotta nirmmaana padhathiyile oru puthiya tharam kottaye prathinidheekarikkunnu. vaalantain "kaastram" alakkukayum, cardinal pooyintukalumaayi krithyamaayi vinyasikkukayum, oru chathuraakrithiyilulla plan undaayirikkukayum, ekadesham oru vistheernnam ulkkollukayum cheythu. nirmmaana saamagrikal bhooribhaagavum eee pradeshathu kandethiya oru tharam agniparvvatha paarayaya tephraittinte bhaagamaayirunnu. nirmmaanatthil upayogichirunna alavinte roman yoonit ippozhum kedukoodaattha, mortard ishtika slaabukalude adisthaanathil nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. athu krithyamaayi, angane rund gallic "pedus drusani" yumayi poruthappedunnu-ekadesham. madhyakaalakhattam muthal "paalattiyolam" ennariyappettirunna trierile falsel jillayile (roman "augusta treverorum") athe kaalaghattatthile valare cheria soukaryavumaayi eee kottayude asaadhaaranamaaya nirmmaanam saamyamullathaan. manoharamaaya interior dekkareshan, udaaharanathinu mosaikkukal, kondu sajjeekarichirunnathil praadhamikamaayi aachaaraparamaaya oru chadangaayirikkaamaayirunnu ennathinu vyakthamaaya soochanakalundu. eedenberg-aaltkirchil samanamaaya kandethalukal kaanaanillengilum athe aarkkidektaayirikkaam ithu roopakalppana cheythirunnathu.
prathirodham.
moonnu meter veethiyum shradhaapoorvvam sthaapikkukayum mortar cheyyukayum cheytha chuttumulla mathil pathinaalu chathurashra kothalangal upayogichu shakthippeduthi, neelamulla vashangalil naalennam veethavum idungiya vashangalil moonnennam veethavum. oro kottayudeyum alavukal eathaandu samanamaayirunnu. kallu bhaagikamaayi uyaram vare samrakshikkappettu. aditharakal kallilekku athunna takarnna thadi koombaarangalil irikkukayum crossbarukal bandhippicha chathuraakrithiyilulla kiranangal upayogichu arikukalil shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. chunnaambu mortaarumaayi kalarthiya avashishtangalude paalikalaal mathil niranju. maruvashathu, vibhajana mathilukal beemukal upayogichu shakthippeduthiya chunnaambu mortaarinte kidakkayilum sthaapichu. eee aditharakal aadyamaayi kandathu swittsarlandile vaachu towerukalil aanu, ithu 371 muthalullathaanu. maginote laininte oru bunker nuzhanjukayattam thekkupadinjaaran moolaye saaramaayi baadhichirunnu. ekadesham anchu meter neelavum veethiyumulla gopuram polulla kothalangal kaaranam puram munbhagam, orupakshe yadhaarthathil uyaram vare, aakarshakamaaya aazhathilaayirunnu. mathilinte athath varikal thudarukayum melnottam vahikkukayum cheythaanu moolayile kothalangal srishtichathu. thalphalamaayi, 90 digri konil nirmmicha rund chathura gopurangalkku madhya gopurangalude athe valippamundaayirunnu. akathe arakalkk oru vashathe neelam undaayirunnu. avar pakuthiyolam valippamulla murikalilekku nayichu, avayude praveshana kavaadangal thoonukalil sthaapichirikkunna kamanangalaal valayam cheyyappettirunnu. evayodoppam kotta oru pradesham ulkkollunnu.
kottaykku munnil nilkkunna oru nireekshakanu, mathilukal yadhaarthathil undaayirunnathinekkaal valare uyarathilaanennu thonni. kottakalum baarakkukalum tyle melkkoorakalaal moodappettirikkaam. vadakkum thekkum kottaye oru prathirodha kuzhiyum samrakshichirunnu. vadakku bhagam veethiyum aazhavumullathum thekk bhagam veethiyum aazhavumullathumaayirunnu. vadakkan kuzhal oru erthu daam vazhi kadakkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athesamayam thekke bhagam poornnamaayum kadannupokukayum orupakshe oru paalam kondu vyaapichukidakkukayum cheythu. berminu ekadesham veethiyundaayirunnu.
vaathilukal.
aake rund gettu samvidaanangal kandethi. vadakkottum thekote abhimukhamaayi nilkkunna eee gadanakale chamber gettukal ennu vilikkunnu. avaykku rund paathakalundaayirunnu, avaa idungiya vashangalil central gopuratthinte kottakalilaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. 2000ll vadakkan kavaadam khananam cheythappol, mattu karyangalkkoppam athinte veethiyum nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. moolayile kothalangal pole athu chumaril ninnu purakott neengi. moonnu meter veethiyullathaayirunnu eee pathakal. mattu purathana vaathilukaleppole purathuninnulla praveshanavum orupakshe rund thadi vaathilukalum oru portculis kondu adanjirikkaam. gopuratthinte adithara ivideyiloode kadannupokukayum athu thaazhthiya sesham portkulikalkku idam nalkendathumaayirunnu. akathe arra akathe muttathekkulla eksitt bhaagathaayirunnu, oru vashathe neelathode vibhajicha oru central kolatthiloode ("spina"), ithu rund thadi gettu elakalaal adaykkaanum kazhiyum. gettinte akathe arra alannu. vashathe mathilukalkk neelam kuranju. ennirunnaalum, thekkan kavaadam poornnamaayum alakkaan kazhinjilla. orupakshe vyathyastha alavukal kaaranam, eee bhagam alppam vyathyasthamayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu. ivide ninnu ningalkk nadeetheerathekkum lines rodilekkum nerittu praveshanamundaayirunnu. 2003ll gettinte kizhakk bhaagath oru koneeya mathil kandethi, athinu padinjaaru bhaagath oru prathiroopam undayirikkaam, orupakshe oru aantharika porttikkoyude avashishtangal.
akathalathil.
akathalathil curton mathilukaliloode oodunna, naalu murikalulla patthu blokkukalaayi thirinja, kesmettu polulla, bahunila kettidangal ulppedunnu. padinjaaran mathilinaduthullava vyathyastha valuppathilullavayaayirunu; orupakshe avaa vyathyasthamaaya oru uddeshyamaanu niravettiyathu. thaarathamyappeduthaavunna kottakalil palappozhum kaanapedunna portikkokalonnum barrack pradeshathu kandethanaayilla. akathe muttam thudakkathil oru vikasanavum illaathe sookshichathaayi thonniyengilum 2002-ll eiii. dii onnaam noottaandil nirmmicha oru chathuraakrithiyilulla kettidatthinte avashishtangal vadakkan gettinu thekk kandethi. roman sainyam poyathinushesham, chila lalithamaaya kuzhikoodangalum thadi frame gadanakalum nirmikkappettu. rund pishaachukkale ippozhum thirichariyaan kazhiyunna madhyakala pallikal orikkal thekkupadinjaaran moolayil nilakondu.
kaavalkkaaran.
puraathanakaalatthinte avasaanathil arjantoveriya kaivashappedutthiya sainika yoonit anjjaathamaanu. naalam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil lejio aii maarshya maathramaan mukalile kaandaamrigatthile vibhaagathin utharavaadiyaaya athirthi samrakshana senayaayi rekhappeduthiyittullathu. 4, 5 noottaandukalil pathivupole, arjantoveriyayil limitani/repenses allengil eee kaalayalavil, jarmman foderatti, barbarian sakhyakakshikal allengil koolippadayaalikal ennivar orupakshe dooks provincia seekwanikkeyude sainyathinte bhagamaayirikkaam. naalum anchum noottaandukalile athirthi sainikarudeyum kottakaludeyum swabhaavathinulla ettavum pradhanappetta purathana srothassukalil onnu "noticia dignitattam" aanu. ennirunnaalum, athil kottayude pero gaarisan yoonitto athinte commanding officero nalkiyittilla. constantius III (408-411) yude kaalam muthal oru silikkayude kandethal, 406-ll akramikaludeyum subiyudeyum vinashakaramaaya adhiniveshathinu sesham athu veendum adhinivesham cheyyappettuvennathinte avyakthamaaya soochanayaayirikkaam.
nagaram.
oru cheria pattana swabhaavamulla eee pattanam oru pradeshathekku vyaapichukidannu. athinte ettavum uyarnna samayat ekadesham 5,000 nivaasikal undaayirunnirikkam. kettidangalude vitharanam oru paridhivare bhooprakrithiyude parigananakalaal swaadheenikkappettu. akkaalat raine thaazhvarayude savisheshatha niravadhi cheria jalapaathakalum vipulamaaya chathuppunila pradeshangalumaayirunnu. iva palappozhum yojicha vikasanathe thadanju, athinaalaan veedukal alppam uyarnna charal terresukalil maathram nirmikkendivannathu. krithrimamaayi srishticha chaanalukal kadakkunnathiloode maathrame ivayil chilathilekku athicheraan kazhiyoo. onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil flavian chakravartthimaarude keezhil sainyam poyathinusheshavum eee pattanatthil janavasam thudarnnu.
purathana kottayude avasana bhaagathaayirunnu eee vaasasthalathinte kaathal. theruvukal oru griddle sthaapichirikkunnu. rund kulimurikal (therma), oru valia pothu kettida samuchayam-orupakshe oru "mansio", oru mitriyam, kaandaamrigatthile oru thuramukham, gallo-roman kshetra jilla enniva ulppedunna nannayi vikasippicha adisthaana soukaryangal pattanathilundaayirunnu. pala veedukalum chumarchitrangalaal alankarichirunnu, ithu pouranmaarude oru paridhivare sambathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu. pazhaya aditharakal bassault upayogichaanu nirmmichathu, pilkkala aditharakal nadee kallukalude oru paaliyil sthaapichu. eiii. dii onnaam noottaandil thanne pattanatthinte chila pradeshangal upekshikkappettirikkam 2,3 noottaandukalil eee pradeshatthinte padinjaaru chila puthiya kettidangal cherkkapettu. tetrarchy samayat (293-313) thudarnnulla kaalayalavil oru vikasanavum kandethaan kazhinjilla. anchaam noottaandil, kattana gothrangal athivegam bhoomi pidichadakkiyathinaal nagaram oduvil nasippikkappettu. thudarnnulla noottaandukalil vaubaan kottayaaya neuf-brisaakkinte (1700) nirmmaanam ulppede, kallu kavarchayiloode athinte avashishtangal eathaandu poornnamaayum maaychukalanju.
praitorium/mansio, therma.
puraathanakaalatthe purathana preyttoriyatthinte (ii) kettida samuchayathil rund kettidangal ulppettirunnu-oru samyojitha "mansio" (hosttal)/praitorium (aasthaanam), "therma" (baths)-ithu limestrassinu kizhakkayi "westergass" pradeshathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. pradhana kettidam haiveyilekku thirinjirunnu, koodaathe oru gettu passageulla vii-aakruthiyilulla kuzhiyal valayam cheyyappettirunnu. athu oru pradesham ulkkollunnu. valare cheria kulimuri oru pradesham. randum tyle cheytha melkkoorakalaal moodappettirunnathinaal avayude melkoora tailukal augusta roorikkayil ninnu lejio aii maarshya vitharanam cheythirunnu. gathaagathathil samsthaana udyogastharkkum sainikarkkum saamraajyathva bharanakoodatthinte korearmaarkkum rooad, vishrama kendramaayi eee kettidangal pravarthichirunnu. praitoriyathinu munnil pinneedu oru kinner shaaft kandethi. konsttantain onnaamanteyo addehathinteyo puthranmaarudeyo vaalantain onnaamanteyo (330 muthal 340 vare) bharanakaalathaanu praitoriyavum kulimuri nirmmichathu. anchaam noottaand vare avaa upayogathilundaayirunnu. poost-roman upayogam poost holukalude soochanakaliloode theliyikkappedunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil roman kettidangalkk pakaram vanna pakuthi maram kondulla kettidangalil ninnaan iva varunnath. thaamasakkaarum mattullavarum thangalude maalinyangal praveshana kavaadangalkk munnil udan thanne nirthalaakkiyathinaal, avasana ghattathil, kettidangal avaganikkappedukayum thakarnnuveezhukayum cheythathayi thonniyekkaam.
kshetra parisaram.
2003 muthal 2005 vare khananam cheytha beeshaim-kunhaim idanaazhiyile multy-phase kshetra parisarathu chuttumulla aambulettarikalulla (kettidangal eiii, bii, iii, sii) naalu gallo-roman shethrangalum mattu patthu aradhana kettidangalum ulppedunnu, ivayellaam eiii. dii onnaam noottaandil nirmmichathaanu. chuttupaadumulla oru pradesham ulkkollunna eee pradesham eee mekhalayile itharathilulla ettavum valia pradeshangalilonnayi maarunnu. purathana kaalath chathuppukalum kaandaamrigangalude oru bhujavum eee pradeshathinu chuttumullathinaal ithilum pazhaya oru celtic sankethathinu mukalilayirikkaam ithu nirmmichathu. thangalude vishudhasthalangal sthaapikkumbol selttukal eee savisheshathakal eshtappettu, kaaranam avarude vazhipaadukal mukkan bogukalum thadaakangalum aavashyamaayirunnu. eiii. dii 70 num 110 num edayilulla aadyathe maram, kaliman kettidangalkk pakaram randaam noottaandilum moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum kallu kettidangal sthaapichu. avaril oraalkk chuttum oru kolaniyundaayirunnu. noottaandukalude kaarshika pravarthanangaliloode athinte adithara valare moshamaayi samrakshikkappettittund. bii kshethrathile niravadhi sainika kandethalukal kaanikkunnath ithu pradhaanamaayum sainikaraan sandarshichathu ennaanu. teyil staambukalude thirichariyal prakaram, arjantorettil (strasburg) ninnulla lejio VIII augustayile amgangal nirmmichathaanu eee silaakshethram. koodaathe, yagangalkkum pana vazhipaadukalkkumaayi niravadhi balipeedangalum apollo, merkuri devanmaarude oru sankethavum undaayirunnu, avaa oru likhithathiloode thiricharinju.
mithriyam.
1976num 1979num idayil parishodhicha mithriyam nagarathinu kizhakkayi nilakollukayum pershyan prakaashamithrangalude devane aaradhikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu, avarude aaradhana sainikarkkidayil prathyekichum janapriyamaayirunnu. vadakkott thirinjathum rund kaltt murikalum oru westibule ("pronos") ulkkollunnathumaaya kettidatthinu neelamulla chathuraakrithiyilulla thara undaayirunnu. alppam thaazheyulla inteeriyarilekku rund ghattangaliloode praveshikkaam. aadya muriyude iruvashathum aaraadhanaalayathile bhakshanathil vishwaasikal upayogichirunna ishtika benchukalundaayirunnu. kettidatthinte vadakke attathulla exedrayil oru kaalaye ("taroctony") devan kollunna oru chunnaambukallu sakalangal ippozhum undaayirunnu. edii 70 oode kavalkkar pinmaariyathin sesham beesheyimile mitriyam orupakshe settilmentinte poornnamaayum sivil ghattathilaayirikkaam. naanayathil kandethiya prakaram naalam noottaandinte avasaanathilaanu eee sanketham nasippikkappettath.
kandethunnu.
kottayude kuzhiyude thekkan bhaagath avasaanathe roman seramics mathramalla, valentian randaamante (378-383 AD) kaalathe oru naanayavum undaayirunnu. praitorium II-leeii kandethalukal pradhaanamaayum niravadhi kuzhikalil ninnu kandedutha roman, jarmman vasthra alankaarangal ulkkollunnu.
medittareniyan samudrathil ninnulla chippikaludeyum malsyangaludeyum kandethalukalum europile itharathilulla ettavum pazhaya karakaushalavasthukkalilonnaaya aafrikkayil ninnulla oru kuppi churaykkayude avashishtangalum arjantoveriya nivaasikalude dooravyaapakamaaya vyapara bandhangalekkurichu samsaarikkunnu. nagaratthil kaanapedunna kurumulak kokkukalum prathyekichum sradheyamaanu.
kshetra pradeshathu pradhaanamaayum nanayangal, faibula, lans ferrulus, sheeled booas thudangiya milittariya, veyseno-type helmettil ninnulla chila kavilthadangukal ennivayundaayirunnu. orupakshe vazhipaadukalaayi ivide konduvanna eeyam kondu nirmmicha vasthukkalum. bhaagikamaayi svarnnaniramulla vasthukkal, furnitureukal, vaathil fittingukal, valia venkala vilakkukal, oru venkala vilakku, chunnaambukallu prathimayude sakalangal, apolloic samarppicha taittas silius lukkasttayude likhitham enniva kshethrathinte saadhanasaamagrikal valare vishadamaayi sajjeekarichirikkanamenna kaanikkunnu. shethrangalkku chuttum ippozhum amporayude sakalangal adangiya otappetta kuzhikalum undaayirunnu. nanaya vazhipaadukalude aaraadhanaalayangalaayi ("steefa") avaa pravarthichu. muttayude chillu sakalangal soochippikkunnathu avayil jaiva vazhipaadukalum sthaapichirunnu ennaanu. 184 seramic paathrangalum (jagukal, kuppikal) vasthukkalum (udha.jii. vividha roopakalppanakalulla mezhukuthirikal, vilakkukal) kallu kshethrathil ninnu kandeduthu. yaga chadanginaayi, avaa veenjum bear kondu niraykkukayum thudarnnu charmmatthil pothinja elm chattakkoodilo chithayilo vaykkukayum thudarnnu kathikkukayum cheythu.
khananathil ninnulla kandethalukal beesheyimile "musey gallo-romainil" sookshichirikkunnu. ivide pradharshippichirikkunna vividha upakaranangal sainikarude saannidhyam saakshyappeduthunnu. niravadhi vasthukkal dainamdina jeevithathekkurichulla soochanakalum nalkunnu. svarnnathil sajjeekarichirikkunna oru rathnamaan shekharathile ettavum pradhanappetta kashanam. punarnirmmicha shavakudeerangal upayogichaanu shavasamskara achaarangal avatharippikkunnath.
smaaraka samrakshanam.
franch smaaraka samrakshana niyamatthinte ("coode duu patrimoin") ardhathil graundu smaarakangalaanu ("bodendenkler") eee soukaryangal. puraavastu sittukal-vasthukkal, kettidangal, pradeshangal-saamskaarika nidikalaayi nirvachikkappedunnu ("smaaraka charitra"). anadhikritha khananagal udan report cheyyanam. samrakshitha pradeshangalil mettal dittaktarukalude upayogavum report cheyyappedaattha khananangalum nirodhichirikkunnu. fraansil ninnu anadhikrithamaayi puraavastu kandethalukal kayattumathi cheyyaanulla sramangal kuranjathu rund varshathe thadavinum 450,000 euroic kaaranamakum, manappoorvvam nasippikkukayum smaarakangalkk kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheiyunnathu moonnu varsham vare thadavinum 45,000 euro vare pizhaykkum kaaranamakum. aakasmikamaayi kandethiya puraavastu kandethalukal udan utharavaadithamulla adhikaarikalkk kaimaaranam.