voco

13-aamm noottaand muthal 16-aamm noottaand vare chainayudeyum koriyayudeyum theerapradeshangal akramicha kadalkkollakkarayirunnu "japanese kadalkkollakkar" ennu aksharaarthatthil vivarthanam cheiyunna voco (;;;). kaalakramena vyathyasthamaaya chainees, japanese, corian vamshangalil ninnulla voco, jappan kadalileyum kizhakkan chaina kadalileyum dveepukalil ninnu pradhana bhoopradesam aakramichu. aakramichu gaihe udambadikku sesham koriyayile voco pravartthanam kuranjuvenkilum ming chainayil thudarukayum pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil jiajing voco reydukalil ettavum uyarnna nilayilethukayum cheythuvenkilum chainees prathikaaravum japanese adhikaarikal kadalkkollakkarkkethiraaya sakthamaaya adichamarthalum pathinezhaam noottaandode voco phalatthil aprathyakshamaakkunnu.
charithram.
voco kadalkkollaykk rund vyathyastha kaalaghattangalundu. pathinaram noottaandil kooduthalum japanese ithararaayirunna vokovinu vipareethamaayi aadyakaala voco kooduthalum jappan kadalile japanese dveepasamoohathinte purathulla dveepukalil camp sthaapichu. aadyakaala vocos jappanikaleyum chaina koriayeyum aakramichu.
goguriyoyile mahanaaya gwangettoyude (aarr. 391-413). voco" ("japanese kollakkar") kadal kadannu 404-ll addehathodu parajayappettathaayi stele prasthaavikkunnu. "voco" enna padam chainees padangalaaya "voo" (′), kullanmaare allengil japanese bhasha nindyamaayi soochippikkunnu, "qoo" () "kollakkaaran" ennivayude samyojanamaanu.
aadyakaala voco.
voco enna padatthinte uthbhavam naalam noottaandil ninnaan, ennaal rund academic kaalaghattangalaayi thirichirikkunna vokkoyude pravarthanangalil, "aadyakaala voco" ennu vilikkappedunna kadalkkollakkar jappaanile mangolian adhiniveshathil ninnaan janichathu. yudhathinte falamaayi chainayudeyum koriyayudeyum theeradesha prathirodha sheshi ganyamaayi kuranju. koodaathe, yudhathinte falamaayi, kyushuvile sushima, ikki, gotto dveepukalil thamasikkunna aalukal kadutha daaridryam anubhavichu. eee kaaranangalal, chainayudeyum koriyayudeyum theerangalil voco kramena avarude kollayadikkal sakthamaakki. prashnam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi jiong mong-juvine jappanilekku ayachu, addehathinte sandarshana velayil kyushu govarnor imagaava saadaayo aadyakaala vokkuvine adichamarthukayum pinneedu avarude pidicheduttha swathukkalum aalukalum koreayilekku thirike nalkukayum cheythu. 1405-ll ashikaga yoshimitsu pidikoodiya irupathu kadalkkollakkaare chainayilekku ayachu, avide avare ningboyile oru paathratthil thilappichu.
corian rekhakal anusarichu, ekadesham 1350 muthal vaco kadalkkollakkar prathyekichum vyaapakamaayirunnu. thekkan pravisyakalaaya jiola, geongsang ennivayude vaarshika aakramanangalkk sesham avar vadakkott chungchiong, geongi pradeshangalilekku kudiyeri. goriyiyoyude charithrathinu" 1380-ll nadanna kadalyudhangalude oru record undu, athil japanese kadalkkollakkaare paraajayappeduthunnathinaayi nooru yudhakkappalukal jinpoyilekk ayaykkappedukayum 334 thadavukaare mochippikkukayum cheythu, athinusesham japanese parakkalukal kurayukayum cheythu. 1377-ll goriyio vedimarunnu aayudhangalude oafees sthaapichathinushesham (pakshe panthrand varshathinu sesham nirthalaakkappettu) vaco kadalkkollakkaare vedimarunnu saankethikavidyayude upayogathiloode phalapradamaayi purathaakki, athu vacoic annu illaayirunnu.
1419-ll corian sainyam sushimayil ethi, vokkouvinethiraaya ekkaalatheyum valia ooppareshanaaya ōei adhinivesham aarambhichu. general yii jongmuvinte 227 kappalukalum 17,285 sainikarum 1419 juun juun jiyoje dveepil ninnu sushimayilekku purappettu. corian charitrapusthakamaaya "josiyon raajavamshathinte yadhaartha rekhakal" anusarichu, juun juun yudhathil corian sainyam 129 voco kappalukal pidichedukkukayum 1939 veedukal kathikkukayum 114 pere kollukayum 21 pere pidikoodukayum 131 chainakkaare rakshappeduthukayum cheythu. juun juun avar 15 voco kappalukalum 68 veedukalum kathikkukayum onpathu pere kollukayum thadavilaakkappettirunna chainees, corian ulppede 15 pere rakshappeduthukayum cheythu, ennaal nooriladhikam sainikar vokkovil kollappettu. juulai 3 nuu corian sainyam jiyoje dveepilekku pinvaangukayum corian sainyathinte nashtavum kaalavastha vashalaakunnathum kaaranam sushimayude ree-landing adhinivesavum upekshichu oduvil poornnamaayum pinmaarukayum cheythu. juulai 10 leeii rekhakalil, vokovinaal kollapetta sainikarude ennam 180 aayi kurachittundu. maruvashathu, zoo vamsham rekhappeduthiyittulla charitraparamaaya rekhakal anusarichu, corian sainyathinte maranasamkhya 2500 aayirunnu.
1443ll tsushimayile joson zoo sadamori thammil gaihe udambadi avasaanikkukayum zoo vamshathinu vyapara aanukoolyangal nalkukayum cheythappol corian upadveepile vokkoyude pravartthanangal shaanthamaayi.
vokkouvinethiraaya prathirodhatthinaayi nirmmicha chila theeradesha kottakal ippozhum sejiangilum fujian nagaratthilum kaanam. avayil nannayi punasthaapikkappetta pucheng kotta (kangnan kaundi, sejiangil), chongvu kotta (chongvu, huwan kaundi, fujian), athupole thanne sangpu kaundiyile (fujian) liavoyile liavo kottayude avashishtangalum ulppedunnu.
pinneedu vakko.
minginte charithram" anusarichu, pathinaram noottaandile vokkovinte 30 sathamaanavum japanese vamsajarum 70 sathamaanavum vamseeya chainees vamsajarum aayirunnu.
rashtreeya niyanthranam kendreekarikkaan ming rajavamsham "aniyanthrithamaaya vyapaaram araajakathvathilekku nayikkum" enna samavaayathode vyapara nirodhanam earppeduthi. samudra vyapaaram nirodhichathode chainayude naavikasena kurayukayum thalphalamaayi, vardhichuvarunna kallakkadathine neridaan avarkk kazhiyaathe varikayum ithu thekkukizhakkan theerathu vokkoyude niyanthranathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. voco ennaal "japanese kadalkkollakkar" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathenkilum, pathinaram noottaandile pradhana voco grouppukale nayichathu chainees vyaapaarikalaayirunnu, avarude upajeevanamaargam ming vyapara nirodhanam moolam nirtthivachu. ming kodathiyile azhimathiyude vyaapthi kaaranam, pala chainees udyogastharkkum yadhaarthathil kadalkkollakkarumaayi bandhamundaayirunnu, kadalkollayil ninnu prayojanam nedukayum ithu kendra adhikaarikalkk niyantrikkaan budhimuttaakkukayum cheythu.
vokkovinethiraaya pooraattatthil earppettirunna rund prashastha chainees sainika vyakthikal kii jigwang, yuu dayau ennivaraayirunnu. japanese kadalkkollakkaril ninnu theeram samrakshikkaan niyogikkappetta ming raajavamshathile oru janaralaayirunnu yuu dayoo. 1553-ll, kii jigwang enna cheruppakkaaran ming raajavamshathinte asisttant regional milittari kammeeshanaraayi, "kollakkaare sikshikkaanum janangale samrakshikkanum" niyogikkapettu, athaayath ming kizhakkan theerathe akramikkunna japanese kadalkkollakkaare neriduka. aaa samayat addehathinu irupathiyaaru vayass maathrame undaayirunnulloo. adutha varsham thalennu addehathinte vijayangal kaaranam sejiangil phul kammeeshanaraayi sthaanakkayattam labhichu.
1600-kalil avare unmoolanam cheiyunnathinu munbu voco philippainsilekku polum ethi. ennirunnaalum, vadakkan lusonile phillippeans vokkoyude rakshaakarthruthvathil oru kadalkkollakkaarante nagara-samsthaanamaayi sthaapithamaayi. 1582ll japanese kadalkkollakkaarum spanish sainikarum thammilulla kagayan yudhangalude sthalamaayirunnu aparic chuttumulla pradesham. voco apaariyil maathram othungunnathaayirunnil. kadalkkollakkaranaaya yudhaprabhuvaaya limahong manila akramikkaan sramikkukayum paraajayappedukayum cheythu, pinneedu spanish purathaakkunnathinu munbu kabolovanil (pangasinan) oru thaalkkaalika kadalkkollakkaran raashtram sthaapichu.
swathuathekkurichulla tharkkam.
kadalkkollakkaarude vamseeya ghadanayeyum deseeya uthbhavatheyum kurichulla vividha sidhaanthangalkkoppam vokkoyude swathuam chila charchakalkku vidheyamaan.
tokkiyo sarvakalaashaalayile professor tekko tanaka 1966-ll aadyakaala vokkaus eee vidoora dveepukalil thamasikkunna koriyakkaaraanennu nirddeshichu. josiyon raajavamshathinte charithrangal" ennathil, sejong raajaavinte samaaharicha vibhaagathil, yii sann-mong (, 1386-1449) enna oru saamanthan thante rajavinodu "goriyio saamrajya kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil, voco chuttikkarangunnathum (nammude raajyam) karshakarkk avare thangaan kazhiyillennu njaan kelkkunnu. ennirunnaalum (yadhaartha) japanese moolamaanu onno rando (10 ll) maathram sambhavichathu. nammude karshakaril chilar anukarikkaanaayi japanese vasthrangal dharikkukayum oru samgham roopeekarikkukayum prasnangal srishtikkukayum cheythu... ellah thinmakalum thadayunnathinu, "hoppa" (vyakthigatha thirichariyal samvidaanam) ennathinekkaal adiyanthiramaayi matonnumilla. ennirunnaalum, goriyio raajavamshathinte kaalaghattatthil jeevichirunnilla, mathramalla sakthamaaya rekhappeduthiya thelivukalkku vipareethamaayi kimvadanthikalo aithihyangalo bandhappettirikkam. koodaathe, deseeya suraksha engane vashalaayikkondirikkunnu, athinu engane prathyeka shradha aavasyamaanu ennathilaanu yeeyude prasamgatthinte oonnal kendreekarikkunnathu; orupakshe addeham thante abhipraayathe pinthunaykkaan vishwasaneeyamallaatha vivarangal upayogichittundaakam. athinaal mattu gaveshakar vokkoyude uravidamenna nilayil yeeyude avakaashavaadam valareyadhikam vilamathikkunnilla. goriosa" enna charithralekhanam 1223-1392 kaalaghattatthil 529 voco reydukal rekhappeduthunnu, ennaal "vyaja japanese" ennu 3 thavana maathrame paraamarshikkunnullu.
aadyakaala voco oru eaka rashtrathekkaal onniladhikam vamseeya grouppukalil ninnaan vannathennu 1988 ll theliyicha shosuke muraayiyude sidhaanthamaanu nilavile sidhaantham. soomiya prabandhathinu samaanamaayi deseeya vishwasthathayillaathe raashtreeyamaayi asthiramaaya pradeshangalil thamasikkunna "naamamaathraraaya purushanmaaraan" voco ennu muraay ezhuthi. aadyakaala voco nethaakkaliloraalaaya ajibaldo mangolian, japanese, corian, oru "ailandar" aanennu kaalaghatta srothassukal vividha avakaashappedunnuvennu eee sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnavar choondikkaanikkunnu; addehathinte peru prathyakshatthil corian, mangolian uthbhavamaan.
paraamarshangal.
praadhamika srothassukal
dvitheeya srothassukal
maan, sii. sii. (2011). 1493: puthiya loka columbus srishtichu. <aii. dii. 1>

