
victoriano hurta

meksikkan federal aarmiyile oru generalum meksikkoyude 39-aamathe prasidantumaayirunnu jose victoriano hurta markwess (; 23 desember 1850-13 januvari 1916), janaadhipathyaparamaayi thiranjedukkappetta francisco I sarkkaarinethire attimariyiloode adhikaarathil vannu. mattu meksikkan generalukaludeyum yuu. eiii. yudeyum sahaayathode madero.ezz. meksikkoyile ambasseder. addehathinte akramasakthamaaya adikaaram pidichedukkal meksikkan viplavathil sayudha samgharshathinte oru puthiya tharamgathinu thudakkamittu.
president porpherio diasinum idakkaala president francisco liyon dii laa baaraykkum keezhilulla sainikajeevithathin sesham, meksikkan viplavathinte aadya ghattathil (1911-13) maderoyude presidencyil hurta oru unnatha udyogasthanaayi. 1913 februvariyil, meksikoo nagaratthile oru kalapam niyantrikkaan madero chumathalappedutthiya heurtaikkethiraaya oru goodaalochanayil chernnu. patthu daarunamaaya divasangal-yadhaarthathil pathinanju divasam-maderoyudeyum addehathinte vais presidentinteyum nirbandhitha rajik avarude kolapathakangalkkum saakshyam vahichu. puthiya jarmman saamrajyavum taaftt bharanathin keezhilulla america eee attimari pinthunachu. ennaal thudarnnulla vilson bharanakoodam attimariyiloode adhikaarathil vanna puthiya bharanakoodatthe amgeekarikkaan visammathichu. yuu.ezz. vimatha senaykk aayudha vilppana anuvadichu. brittan germmaniyum ulppede niravadhi videsha sakthikal bharanakoodatthe amgeekarichu, ennaal viplava sakthikal bharanakoodatthinethire sainika vijayam kaanikkan thudangiyappol kooduthal pinthuna pinvalichu; addehathodulla avarude thudarchayaaya pinthuna yuu. esumaayulla avarude swantham bandhathe bheeshanippedutthi.ezz. sarkkar. 
hurta sarkkar yuu. esine ethirthu.ezz. meksikkoyude paramadhikaaram lamghicha veracruz thuramukhathekkulla kadannukayattam. hurta athiraalikal polum addehathinte nilapaadinodu yojichu. hurta ethirtha vadakkan sakhyathinte sakthikalaaya bharanaghadanaaparamaaya sainyam federal sainyathe paraajayappeduthi. federal sainyam thakarnnathinethudarnnu, presidentinte 17 maasam maathram kazhinjappol 1914 joolaiyil hurta raajivachu spainilekku palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhithanaayi. yuu. esile jarmman chaaranmaarumaayi goodaalochana nadatthaan shramikkumbol.ezz. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu 1915ll hurta arastilaavukayum yuu. esil vachu marikkukayum cheythu.ezz. kasttadi.
meksikkan viplavakaalath addehathinte anuyaayikal "heurtistas" ennariyappettirunnu. addehathe "ell chaakkal" ("kurukkan") allengil "ell yousurpador" ("pidichadakkunnavan") ennu pothuve vilikkunna aadhunika mexicanmaar ippozhum oru raajyadrohiyaayi apamaanikkunnu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
collotlan jose victoriano hurta markwess 1850 desember 23 thinkalaazhcha collotlan pattanatthil janikkukayum jnjaanasnaanamelkkukayum cheythathayi collotlan pathraadhiparude pusthakangalile rekhakal parayunnu. (mattu srothassukal soochippikkunnathu 1845 march 23 nuu aguwa gorda ranchil addeham janichu ennaanu.) addehathinte maathaapithaakkal yadhaarthathil kolotlan, jalisco, maria lazara dell refugeo markwess villalobos ennividangalil ninnulla yeshu hurta cordoba aayirunnu, yadhaarthathil saakaatekkaasile ell platadoyil ninnullavaraayirunnu. raffle hurta benites, maria isabelle dii laa trinidad cordoba ennivaraayirunnu addehathinte pithrupithaamahangal, aadyathethu yadhaarthathil villanuyeva, sacatecas, randaamathethu collotlan, jalisco ennividangalil ninnullavarum addehathinte maathru muthasshimaaraaya jose maria markwess, maria soledad villalobos ennivaraayirunnu. addeham svayam thaddesheeyaraayi thiricharinju, pithaav mestiso aayirunnuvennu parayappedunnundengilum maathaapithaakkal iruvarum vamsheeyamaayi huichol aanennu reportund. praadeshika purohitan nadathunna oru schoolil ninnu hurta vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padichu, ithu kolotlaanile thaarathamyena kurachu saksharathayulla aalukalil oralakki. kolotlaanile daaridryathil ninnu rakshappedaanulla eaka maarggamaayi addeham oru sainika jeevitam neratthe thanne theerumaanichirunnu. 1869ll addehathe visitting general niyamichu. donatto gyoora addehathinte pezhsanal sekrattariyaayi sevanamanushtikkum. aaa veshathil addeham svayam verthirichu, jenumaayi. 1872ll meksikoo nagaratthile chaappuldepekkile meksikkan naashanal milittari academyil (heroco collegio milittar) praveshanam nediya gurayude pinthuna, oru kedatt enna nilayil ganithathil mikavu pularthiya heurta peerankikalilum bhooprakrithiyilum vaidagdhyathilekku nayichu.
sainikajeevitam.
1877ll milittari academyil ninnu birudam nediya sesham hurta enchineeyarmaarude korsil kammeeshan cheythu. 1877ll enchineeyarmaaril leftanantaayi sainyathil praveshicha sesham, puebla loretto, gwadaloop kottakalum veracruzile perot kotta mechappeduthunnathinulla chumatala addehathe ealppichu. 1879 januvariyil addeham captanaayi sthaanakkayattam nedukayum gwadalajarayile naalam divisionile enchineeyaringinte chumatala vahikkunna staafaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. naalam divishante commander general aayirunnu. president porpherio diyaasinte adutha anuyayiyum meksikkoyude muun prasidantumaaya maanuval gonsaalas (1880-84). edakkaalakhattathil, gonsaalasinte rakshaakarthruthvam moolam hurta currier abhivridhippettu. meksikoo nagaratthilvechu 1880 november 21nuu veracrusilvechu kandumuttya emilia agvila moya addeham vivaham kazhichu. eee vivaahathiloode 11 kuttikal janichu. 1916ll addehathinte makkalkk jorj, maria elisa, victor, loose, elena, dagoberto, iva, selia ennee perukal nalki. tepic, sinalova ennividangalile "samadhana pracharanangalil" heurta pankedutthu, avide addeham yudhathil svayam verthirichu. thante aalukalkk ellaayppozhum prathiphalam labhikkunnundenn urappakkunnathil addeham ariyappettirunnu, palappozhum krooramaaya vazhikaliloode panam kandethunnu. thante aalukalkk panam nalkunnathinaayi hurta oru palliyude svarnnavum velliyum wilkan kollayadichuvenna catholica sabhayude paraathiyetthudarnnu, "mexicoic thante purohithanmaarillathe cheyyaan kazhiyum, pakshe thante sainikar illaathe cheyyaan kazhiyilla" enna adisthaanathilaanu hurta thante pravartthanangale nyaayeekarichathu. mattoru avasarathil, thante aalukalkk panam nalkunnathinaayi thokkinte munpil oru shaakha shoonyamaakkiyenna baankinte paraathiyetthudarnnu, thaan oru raseet avasheshippichuvennum meksikoo sittiyil ninnu aavashyamaaya panam labhichappol moshtichathenthaanennu baankinu thirike nalkumennum hurta choondikkaatti. hurta thante sainikajeevithathinte onpathu varsham puebla, veracruz samsthaanangalil sthalashaasthra padanangalkkaayi chelavazhichu. eee sthaanathu addeham meksikkoyude ellah bhaagangalilekkum vipulamaayi sanjarichu. pathonpathaam noottaandile meksikkoyil franch saamskaarika swaadheenam valare shakthamaayirunnu, heurta naayakan neppoliyanaayirunnu. addeham jeey. enn. yeei pinthunachu. meksikkoyude abhivridhikku oru "sakthanaaya manushyan" aavasyamaanennu vishwasicha dias thante nepolian aadarshathinte ettavum adutha ekadesha kanakkaayirunnu.
1890 aayappozhekkum hurta kenal oof enchineeyarmaarude rankilethi. 1890 muthal 1895 vare hurta meksikoo sittiyil thaamasikkukayum chappultepec kottayile presidential vasathiyil pathivayi sandarshikkukayum diasinte "kottaaratthinte" bhaagamaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. hurttayiloode chappultepec kottayil addehathe valareyadhikam eshtappettu, meludyogastharodu kottaarathodulla maryada minusavum prakadippikkumbol thante keezhudyogastharodu karkkashamaaya oru trimminte vyakthithvam nediya addeham kadutha urakkamillaayma anubhavikkan thudangi, eee samayat amithamaayi madyapikkaan thudangi. 1895 januvariyil general generalinte neethrthwathilulla gararoyile kalaapathinethire addeham oru kaalaalppada bataaliyan kamaandaraayi. canoto neri. janapreethiyillaatha samsthaana govarnore neekkam cheiyumenna vaagdaanathinu pakaramaayi keezhadangiya neriyumaayi dias oru karar undakkiyathodeyaanu kalapam avasaanichathu. thadavukaare edukkaan visammathikkukayum dias vedinirthalil oppuvachathinusheshavum neriyude anuyaayikale aakramikkunnath thudarukayum cheythukondu hurta kroorathayude prashasthi sthireekarichu. 1900 desemberil sonorayil yaakvikkethire vijayakaramaya sainika neekkathinu hurta neethrthwam nalki. yaakvikkethiraaya vamshahathyayude prachaaranatthinidayil, sonorayude bhoopradesam mapp cheiyunnathil hurta kooduthal shradhaaluvaayirunnu, ennaal chilappol addeham yaakvikkethiraaya feeldil sainyathe nayichu. 1901 epril 12 muthal septambar 8 vare hurta garariyoyile oru kalapam adichamarthi, samsthaanathe poornnamaayum "samaadhaanippichu". 1901 meyy maasathil addehathinu general padaviyilekku sthaanakkayattam labhichu. 1901-02 ll addeham yookkaattanil uyarunna oru mayaye adichamarthi. 1901 octoberil aarambhicha maayaykkethiraaya thante prachaaranatthil 500 oolam pere addeham nayikkukayum 39 divasathinide 79 vyathyastha pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheythu. heurta pinneedu brigadier generalayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum 1902 meyy maasathil sainika yogyathayude medel nalkukayum cheythu, addehathe yukattaanile federal armi fozhsinte kamaandaraayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum 1902 octoberil addeham yukattane "samaadhaanippichathaayi" diasinode report cheyyukayum cheythu. yookkaattanile prachaarana velayil addeham pravartthanam thudarunnathinu madyathe kooduthalaayi aasrayikkunnu. addehathinte aarogyam kshayichuthudangi, orupakshe amita madyapaanam kaaranam sanglaasukal dharikkathe sooryaprakaashathil puratthirangaan kazhiyillennu addeham parathippettu, koodaathe aniyanthrithamaaya naadee virayal addehathinu anubhavapettu. pallukal kozhichil addehathinu valareyadhikam vedanayundaakki. 1903 augustil federal aarmiyude unifom parishkarikkanulla oru kammittiyude thalavanayi addehathe niyamichu. thekkan vanangalil sevanamanushtikkumbol timiram baadhicha addeham 1907ll anaarogyam moolam sainyathil ninnu viramichu. thudarnnu addeham thante saankethika pariseelanam prayogichu monteriyile pothumaraamathu medhaaviyude sthaanam ettedukkukayum nagaratthinaayi oru puthiya theruvu leauttu aasoothranam cheyyukayum cheythu.
maderoyude keezhil meksikkan viplavam.
deerghakaalamaayi sthaapithamaaya dias bharanakoodatthinethiraaya 1910leeii viplavathinte thalennu hurta meksikoo nagaratthil ganithashaasthram padippikkukayaayirunnu. thante muun raankumaayi sainyathil veendum cheraan addeham vijayakaramaayi apekshikkukayum amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu. diyaasinte rajikk kaaranamaaya viplavathinte aadyaghattangalil addeham oru pradhana punk vahichilla, ennirunnaalum 1911 meyy maasathil diyaasinte surakshithamaaya perumaattatthe naadukadatthaanaayi anuvadicha sainika escortinu addeham neethrthwam nalki. diyaasinte rajik francisco onnaamante thiranjeduppinum sesham francisco liyon deey laa baarayude idakkaala prasidantiyaayirunnappol. 1911 novemberil madero general hurta emilio sapaattayude neethrthwathilulla kalaapathe takarkkaan shramichu morelosil oru pracharanam nadatthi. hurta sainyam kalaapathe pinthunaykkunna gramangal kathikkukayum avarude nivaasikale akramikkukayum cheythu. eee pravartthanangal aaa vimathare samaadhaanippikkaanulla maderoyude pilkkala shramangale niraashappedutthi. viplavakaarikale ethirkkukayum maderoyude shathrukkalumaayi goodaalochana nadathukayum cheythathayi hurtaik oru rekhayundaayirunnu. morelosile hurta pravartthanangal emiliano sapaattayum madero thammilulla edavelaykku kaaranamaayi, pinneedu 1911 novemberile thiranjeduppinu thottupinnaale maderoykkethire kalapam nadatthi.
madero pinthunaykkunna viplava sakthikal diyaasine raajivaykkaan nirbandhitharaakkiyenkilum, madero avare pirichuvidaan utharavidukayum avar ippol paraajayappedutthiya meksikkan federal sainyathe nilanirthukayum cheythu. hurta president maderoyode vishwasthatha prathinjja cheyyukayum diyaasine attimarikkaan sahayikkukayum pinneedu addehathinte bharanakoodatthinethire kalapam nadathukayum cheytha pascuval orosco polulla vimatha generalukalude madero virudha kalapangal adichamarthaanulla maderoyude utharavukal nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. aurosco kalaapathil, kalaapathe adichamarthaan shramicha viplavakariyaaya general pancho villa illaathaakkaanulla avasaram hurta kandu. oru kuthira moshtichuvennu aaropich, villa pinneedu vichaaranayillathe hurta vadhasiksha nerittu. maderoyude avasana nimishathe edapedal maathramaan addehathinte ettavum phalapradamaaya janaralukaliloraalude jeevan rakshichathu.
oru viplavakariyaayi nilakollukayum ganyamaaya sainyathe nayikkukayum cheythathinaal auroscoyude kalapam madero sarkkaarin oru valia bheeshaniyaayirunnu. kalapam adichamarthaan madero hurta ayachu. meksikkan federal aarmiyude kamaandilulla sainikar addehathodoppam 1912 eprilil torionil pancho villayude neethrthwathilulla kramarahitharaya aalukalum chernnu. hoorta auroscoyude pinthunakkaarkku ("aurosquistaas") pothumaapp vaagdaanam cheythu, ithu ithinakam panatthinteyum aayudhangaludeyum abhavam moolam avarude senaye durbalappeduthiyirikkaam. hurta sainyam 1912 meyy maasathil relaanoyil orosco paraajayappeduthi. aaa vijayathode hurta "pettennu deseeya prashasthiyulla oru sainika naayakanayi maari."
hurta madero attimarichu.
maderoic pinthuna nashtappettathum addehathe presidencyil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan aabhyantharavum bahyavumaaya grouppukal padhathiyittathum hurta rahasyamaayi goodaalochanayil chernnu. 1913 februvariyil madero attimaricha attimari, meksikkan charithratthil patthu daarunamaaya divasangal ennu ariyappedunna, porpherio diyaasinte anantharavan general felix dias, general bernardo raise, general madraagon ennivarude goodaalochanayaayirunnu. januvariyil goodaalochanakkaar hurtayil varaykkaan shramichuvenkilum felix dias maderoyude pingaamiyaakumenn pratheekshichirunnathinaal hurta cheraan mikacha prothsaahanatthinaayi kaathirunnu. attimariyude aadya divasam, februvari 9, general raise yudhathil kollappedukayum meksikoo nagaratthile maderoyude senayude commander general loro villaarin parikkelkkukayum cheythu. madero addehathinu pakaram hurta niyamichu. charitrakaaranaaya friedrich kaattsinte abhipraayathil, "ithu [madero] thante jeevan nalkenda oru theerumaanamaayirunnu."aaa pradhana sthaanam nediya hurta goodaalochanakkaarumaayi charchakal punararambhikkukayum rahasyamaayi avarodoppam cherukayum cheythu. swantham pankaalitthatthe vanjikkaathe madero sainikamaayi durbalappedutthuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte dauthyam, koodaathe maderoyude senaye durbalappeduthunna sainika pravartthanangal aarambhichu. 
meksikkoyile american ambasseder henry leyne vilson madero attimarikkanulla goodaalochanayil sajeeva pankaliyaayirunnu. puthiya bharanakoodatthe amgeekarikkumennu america urappu nalkiyillengil hurta oru attimari nadatthillennu ambasseder vilson vishwasichu. meksikoo nagaratthil sainyathile vishwastharum vimatha vibhaagangalum thammilulla aashayakkuzhappamundaakkiya eathaanum divasathe poraattatthetthudarnnu, hurta madero vais president jose maria pino surasineyum pidichedukkukayum 1913 februvari 18 nuu deseeya kottaaratthil hrasvamaayi thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. maderoyudeyum pino surasinteyum naadukadatthunnathinum hurta meksikkan sarkkar ettedukkunnathinum vyavastha cheytha "ell pacto dii laa embajada" (embassy udambadi) ll oppuvaykkaan goodaalochanakkaar us embassyil koodikkaazhcha nadatthi.
"laa manoo dura": meksikkoyude presidency.
attimarikk niyamasadhutha nalkunnathinaayi, hurta videshakaarya mantri pedro lascurane presidency ettedukkaan nirbandhithanaayi; 1857 leeii meksikoo bharanaghadana prakaram, vais presidentinum attorni generalinum pinnil videshakaarya mantri presidensic moonnaam sthaanathaayirunnu; attimariyil maderoyude attorni generalineyum purathaakkiyirunnu. lascurine pinneedu hurta aabhyanthara sekrattariyaayi niyamichu, addehathe presidencyude adutha nirayilekku maatti. oru manikorinullil adhikaarathilirunnathinu sesham (chila srothassukal 15 minittinullil maathram), lascurine raajivachu, presidency hurtaik kaimari. hurta sainyathaal chuttapetta kongrasinte ratri vaikunna prathyeka sammelanathil, niyamasabhaamgangal addehathinte adhikaaramettedukkal amgeekarichu. naalu divasathinu sesham madero pino surasineyum deseeya kottaaratthil ninnu raathriyil jaililekku kondupookukayum hurta utharavanusarichu pravarthikkunnuvennu karuthappedunna grameena (federal police) udyogasthar vedivaykkukayum cheythu.
hurta sarkkaarine ellah padinjaaran europian sarkkaarukalum udan amgeekarichu, pakshe yunaittad stetts sarkkaaralla. american nibandhanakalil tharkkam pariharikkunnathinulla vyapara amgeekaaramaayirunnu padhathiyenna nilayil, americaykku anukoolamaayi chameesal athirthi tharkkam avasaanippikkaan meksikkoyil sammarddam cheluthunnathinulla oru maargamaayi vilyam howard taafttinte purathupokunna us bharanakoodam puthiya sarkkaarine amgeekarikkaan visammathichu. puthuthayi udghaadanam cheytha yuu.ezz. president vudro vilson udara janaadhipathyathin anukoolamaayi pothuvaaya pakshapaatham pulartthukayum generalinode veruppu kaanikkukayum cheythu. attimariyiloode adhikaarathil vanathum maderoyude kolapaathakatthil ulppettathumaaya hurta, ennaal thudakkathil oru janadhipathyaparamaaya mukhammoodiyaayi oru thiranjeduppil "vijayikkaan" kazhiyumenkil hurta amgeekarikkaan thayyarayirunnu. felix dias bakkiyulla yaadhaasthithika nethaakkalum hurta oru parivartthana nethaavaayi kaanukayum neratheyulla thiranjeduppinaayi sammarddam cheluthukayum cheythu, athu oru catholica yaadhaasthithika vediyil dias vijayikkumennu avar pratheekshikkukayum hurta presidency thanikkayi nilanirthaan aagrahikkunnuvennu kandethiyappol avar krooramaayi aashcharyappedukayum cheythu. 
samsthaana gavarnarmaarude pinthunayode meksikkoykkullil adikaaram ekeekarikkaan hurta vegathil neengi. madero hurttaykkethiraaya kalapam adichamarthalinte chumatala vahichirunna pascuval oroscoyil ninnu hurta pinthuna thedi. chihuvahuvayilum durangoyilum kaaryamaaya sainyangalude neethrthwam aurosco appozhum vahichirunnu, athinaal addehathinte pinthuna nedunnathu hurta sambandhichidatholam pradhanamaayirunnu. aurosco maderoykkethire kalapam nadathukayum hurta addehathe attimarikkukayum cheythathinaal addehathinte pinthuna nedaanulla saadhyathayund. hurta sarkkaarinteyum oroscoyude senayudeyum prathinidhikalude oru yogathil, hurta pinthunaykkunnathinulla nibandhanakal orosco munnottuvachu. madero attimarikkunnathinum shambalam nalkunnathinum addeham thante sainikarude sevanathe amgeekarichu; sainikarude vidhavakaludeyum anaatharudeyum pension paricharanavum, kaarshika parishkaarangal, maderoikkethiraaya prachaaranatthinu dhanasahayam nalkia orosqvista kadangal sarkkar adaykkal, orosqvisttakale "grameenar" aayi niyamikkuka. hurta eee nibandhanakal amgeekarikkukayum 1913 februvari 27nuu orosco hurtaik pinthuna nalkukayum cheythu. hurta bharanakoodavumaayi samadhaanam sthaapikkaan emiliano sapaattaye prerippikkaan orosco shramichu. madero bharanakoodatthe nirasicha oru sahaviplavakaariyenna nilayil sapatta aurosco uyarnna bahumaanathode kanakkaakkiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, sapaattaye sambandhichidatholam, hurta orosco pinthunachathu oru shaapamaayirunnu, "hurta sainyathinte koorumaattatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu" ennu paranju. viplavathinte koorumaattatthe ningal prathinidheekarikkunnu."
hurta thante sarkkaarinaayi kooduthal pinthuna kettippadukkaan sramikkukayum meksikoo nagaratthile nagara thozhilaallivargam adichamarthappedunnathum pradhana nettangal nedukayum cheythu. prathyekichum, idathupaksha cassa dell obrero mundiyal (loka thozhilaallikalude veedu). hoorta bharanakoodam thudakkathil sahicha prakadanangalum panimudakkukalum kaasa samghadippichu. ennaal pinneedu sarkkar chila nethaakkale arast cheyyukayum naadukadatthukayum kaasayude aasthaanam nasippikkukayum cheythu. emiliano sapaattayude neethrthwathilulla morelosil kalapam pottippurappedutthiya kaarshika prakshobhatthe illaathaakkaanum hurta shramichu. bhooparishkaranathe anukoolichu ettavum shabdamuyarthiya budhijeeviyaayirunnu andrez molina entiques, 1909 ll "loss grandes prablamas nationals" (mahathaaya deseeya prasnangal) enna prasidheekaranam bhoovudamakalude asamathvathil shradha kendreekarichu. molina entiques thozhil vakuppinte thalavanaaya hurta sarkkaaril chernnu. addeham madero attimarichathine apalapichirunnu, ennaal "thudakkathil hurta bharanathil mexicoic aavasyamaanennu addeham vishwasicha rashtreeya soothravaakyam kandu saamoohika parishkaarangal adichelppikkaan kazhivulla oru sakthamaaya sainika nethaavu mexicoic janangalkk prayojanam cheyyendathundu."ennirunnaalum, parishkaranatthinaayi hurta bharanakoodatthil aabhyanthara pinthuna undaayirunnittum, hurta kooduthal kooduthal sainikavalkkaranam sweekarikkukayum molina entiques raajivaykkukayum cheythu.
chihuvahuva gavanment. abraham gonsaalas visammathikkukayum 1913 maarchil hurta addehathe arast cheyyukayum kolappeduthukayum cheythu.
oru samsthaana govarnorude ettavum pradhanappetta velluvili, kavarchakkaaranaaya hurta puratthaakkaanum bharanaghadanaaparamaaya sarkkar punasthaapikkaanum oru bharanaghadanaaparamaaya sainyam (1857 leeii liberal bharanaghadanaye unarthunnathiloode) srishtikkaan ahvaanam cheythukondu gwaadaalooppinte padhathi thayyarakkiya kovahuvila gavarnaraaya venustiyaano karansa aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum swantham plan dii ayalayodu vishwasthatha pularthiya emiliano sapatta, vadakkan viplava francisco "pancho" villa, alvarro obregon ennivar caranceyude padhathiye pinthunachavaril ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, muun viplavakaari general. president madero sevikkumbol heurta poraadiya paschwal orosco ippol heurtayumaayi oru ethirviplavaadiyaayi chernnu. hurta bharanakoodatthe vimarshichathin 1913leeii venalkkaalath naalu prathinidhikale vadhichu. oru raaliyil hurta apalapikkunna prasangam nadathave meksikoo sitti police oru deputy arast cheyyukayum graamapradeshangalilekk kondupookukayum cheythu, avide "rakshappedaan shramikkunnathinide vediyettu". janakeeyamaaya niyamasaadhuthayillaathathinaal, meksikkoyude aabhyanthara kaaryangalil american "edapedalinte" udaaharanamaayi thante sarkkaarine amgeekarikkaan america visammathichathine maattaan hurta theerumaanichu, 1913 venalkkaalath american virudha prakadanangal samghadippichu.
britiish charitrakaaranaaya alan naitt hurtayekkurichu ezhuthi "hurta bharanakoodatthiloode thudakkam muthal avasaanam vare thudarchayaayi kadannupoya nool sainikavalkkaranam aayirunnu federal sainyathe valarthunnathum ashrayikkunnathum, pothu offeesukal sainikamaayi ettedukkunnathum, rashtreeya parihaarangalekkaal sainyathin munganana nalkunnathum, pothuve samoohathinte sainikavalkkaranam". meksikooye lokathile ettavum samboornna sainika rajyamaakki maattunnathin valare aduthaanu hurta athiyathu."hurta prakhyapitha lakshyam porphiriyaattoyude" "kramatthilekku" "madanguka ennathaayirunnu, ennaal addehathinte reethikal vittuveezhchaykkum nayathanthrathinum oru kazhivu kaanicha diasil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu; sainika udyogasthare mathramalla, saankethika vidagthareyum muun garilla nethaakkaleyum" "kaasikkukaleyum" "pravishya varenyareyum thante bharanakoodatthe pinthunaykkaan upayogichu praadeshika varenyavargathil ninnu pinthuna thedukayum kalikkukayum cheythu". ithinu vipareethamaayi, ellah prasnangalkkumulla sainika pariharangalil maathram vishwasichu hurta "laa manoo dura" ("irumbu kaii") upayogichu bharikkan sramichathinaal, hurta pinthunaykkaayi poornnamaayum sainyathe aashrayichu, udyogastharkku avarude kazhivukal pariganikkathe ellah pradhana jolikalum nalki. ekkaaranathaal, president enna nilayil hraswakaalathe hurta diasinekkaal valare kooduthal vidveshathinu vidheyanaayirunnu; 1911-ll anthassode pookaan mathiyaya bodhamullah oru purushaadhipathya nethaavenna nilayil sapattistakalkk polum diasinode oru nischitha bahumanamundaayirunnu, athesamayam madero kolappedutthi raajyathe keezhadakkaan shramicha oru gundasainiyaayi hurta kandu. hurta kaabinat yogangal eshtappettilla, thante manthrimaarkk kammeeshan cheyyaatha udyogasthareppole avarodu utharavittu, pothuve valare svechaadhipathya shaili prakadippichu. hurta kadinamaaya oru sainika svechaadhipathyam sthaapichu. yuu.ezz. president vudro vilson hurta bharanakoodathodu sathrutha kaanikkukayum ambasseder henry leyne vilsone thirichuvilichu janaadhipathya thiranjeduppinaayi hurta pinmaaranamenn aavasyappedukayum cheythu. 1913 augustil vilson mexicoic aayudha uparodham earppeduthi, ithu aayudangal vaangaan europilekkum jappanilekkum tirian hurta nirbandhithanaakki.
federal armi hurta 1913 februvariyil 45,000 muthal 50,000 vare purushanmaar kadalaasil etteduthu. 1913 octoberil 150,000 pere nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkunnathin oru birudam nalkikkond hurta sainyathinte shakti vardhippikkunnathu thudarnnu; 1914 januvariyil 200,000 pere nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkunnathin mattoru birudam; 1914 maarchil call dasalaksham purushanmaarkk oraal. hurtaik pakaram niravadhi aalukal bharanaghadanaavaadikalkkaayi poraadaan palayanam cheythathinaal eee kanakkukal orikkalum nediyilla. ardhasainika vibhagangalaaya "grameenar", police senayudeyum samsthaana milishyakaludeyum ennam vardhichathode 1914-nte thudakkathil hurtayil ekadesham 300,000 purushanmaar, allengil janasamkhyayude 4 sathamaanam aalukal, addehathinaayi poraadi. meksikkan pouranmaarude sevanathinulla vyapakamaaya vimukhathayethudarnnu, hurtaik "leva" aashrayikkendivannu, naadodikal, kuttavaalikal, pidikoodiya vimathar, rashtreeya thadavukaar, chilappol theruvukalile purushanmaare maathram federal sainyathil sevikkaan valayukayum cheythu. veracruzil faaktarikalil ratri shifttil ninnu erangunna thozhilaallikale oru "leva" (nirbandhitha nirbandhitha niyamanam) yill valanju, athesamayam meksikoo nagaratthil aashupathrikalil pookunna pavapetta purushanmaare "leva" yill valanju. indiakkaar vellakkaarkk prathyekamaayi anusaranamullavarum vidheyarumaanennu thonniyathinaal, bhooribhaagam aalukalum thaddesheeyaraaya thekkan meksikkoyil "leva" prathyekichum valareyadhikam prayogichu. meksikkoyude vadakku bhaagath aayirakkanakkin juchittekkoyeyum maayay oru yudhathinaayi valanju, athu avare baadhikkunnillenn avarkk thonni. merrida sandarshicha yukattan, changalakalilaayirikkumbol trainil kayaran nirbandhitharaaya noorukanakkinu mayakal avarude bhaaryamaarod vidaparanja "hridayabhedaka" ramgangalekkurichu ezhuthi.
leva" yill valanjirunna purushanmaar thangalude ishtathinu virudhamaayi sevikkukayum avarude commanding officermaarodu vidvesham prakadippikkukayum cheythathinaal avar upekshikkappedaanum kalaapathinum irayaakaanum saadhyathayulla pavapetta sainikaraayirunnu. udyogasthar avarude pattalakkaarodum saadhaaranakkaarodum moshamaayi perumari. sainyathe valia pattanangalil kendreekarikkunnathinulla oru prathirodha thanthram hurtaik pinthudarendivannu, kaaranam violile addehathinte sainikar onnukil upekshikkukayo vimatharude aduthekku pogukayo cheyyum. federal armi orikkalum kaikaaryam cheyyaatha kroorathayodum dhairyathodum koodi <aii. dii. 1> leeii aabhyantharayudhathiludam bharanaghadanaavaadikal poraadi. yookkattanil sainyathil 70 sathamaanavum jayilukalil ninnu nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkapetta purushanmarayirunnu, athesamayam oru "sannadhapravarthaka" battaliyanil pidicheduttha yakvi ulppettirunnu. 1913 octoberil, madyavum kanjaavum kondu bhraanthaanenn parayappedunna sainyathinte onpathaam rejiment thalnepanthla pattanatthil kalapam nadathukayum avarude udyogasthare kollukayum vimatharude aduthekku pookukayum cheythu.
sannadhapravarthakare surakshitharakkaan, hurta meksikkan deseeyathayum american virudhathayum upayogikkaan shramichu. 1913 avasaanathode, oru asannamaaya yuu-yekkurichu pathrangalil vyaja vaarthakal pracharichu.ezz. adhinivesavum meksikooye prathirodhikkaan desasnehikalaaya purushanmaare munnott konduvaraan aavasyappedunnathum. eee pracharanam thaazhnna madhyavargathil ninnulla chila sannadhapravarthakare aakarshichu, avar amerikkakkaarodalla, mattu meksikkanmarodaanu poraadaan pookunnathennu arinjappol avar saadhaaranayaayi niraasharaayi. grameena meksikkoyil eee samayat "campasinokal" idayil meksikkan desheeyathayude oru bodham valare kuravaayirunnu. meksikoo oru amoortha asthithvamaayirunnu, athu ardhashoonyamaayirunnu, mikka karshakarum praadhamikamaayi avarude swantham gramangalaaya "patria chikkasinode" vishwastharaayirunnu. hurta desasnehaparamaaya pracharanam graamapradesangalil poornnamaayum parajayappettu. sannadhapravarthakarude mattoru uravidam dhanikaraya bhoovudamakale samsthaana milishyakalude maravil swakaarya sainyathe roopeekarikkaan anuvadikkuka ennathaayirunnu, ennaal kurachu "pyoonukal" generalinaayi poraadaan aagrahichu, marikkuka maathram cheyyuka. ennirunnaalum, chila bharanaghadanaavaadikal bhooparishkaranam vaagdaanam cheythirunnathinaal, aadyathe cheef venustiyaano carranza allengilum.
hoorta thiranjeduppu vilikkaan visammathikkukayum tampico cases sahacharyam kooduthal vashalaakkukayum cheythappol, meksikkoyile ettavum pradhanappetta thuramukhamaaya veracruz kaivashappeduthaan president vilson us sainyathe athichu.
federal sainyathe bharanaghadanaaparamaaya janaralmaraya alvarro obregonum pancho villa yudhathil aavarthichu paraajayappedutthukayum sakattekkas yudhathil kalashikkukayum cheytha sesham, hurta aabhyantharavum bahyavumaaya sammarddathinu vazhangukayum 1914 juulai 15 nuu presidency raajivaykkukayum cheythu.
naadukadatthal, vaikiyulla jeevithavum maranavum.
jarmman cruiser sms "dresden" enna kappalil aadyam jamaikkayile kingstanilekku yaatra cheythukondu hurta naadukadatthappettu. avide ninnu addeham yunaittad kingdatthilekkum pinneedu speyinilekkum thamasam maari, oduvil 1915 eprilil amerikkayil ethi.
amerikkayil aayirikkumbol addeham captanumaayi charcha nadatthi. jarmman naavikasenayude intalijansile france voonn rintelan aayudangal vaangunnathinum pinthuna nalkunnathinaayi yuu-boat landing krameekarikkunnathinum panam thedi, amerikkaykkethire yuddham cheyyaan (orupakshe oru vilapeshal chippayi) vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, ithu sakhyakakshikalkkulla aayudha vitharanam avasaanippikkumenn jarmmani pratheekshichu. manhattan hotelil nadanna avarude yogangalum (athupole thanne mattoru newyork hotel, anchaam avanyoovilum 30-aamm streettilum "orupakshe holland house") rahasya sainikar nireekshikkukayum voonn rintalante telephone sambhashanangal pathivayi thadayukayum record cheyyukayum cheythu.
heurta newyorkkil ninnu trainil nyoo meksikkoyile newmanilekku (athirthiyil ninnu 25 mile) yaatra cheythu, avide addehathe general kandumuttendathaayirunnu. paschwal auroscoyum chila nalla aayudhadhaarikalaaya meksikkan anuyaayikalum. ennirunnaalum, 25 sainikarum rund deputy us maarshalukalumulla oru us armi kenal edapettu raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi trainil ninnu erangiyappol arast cheythu. oru attimariyiloode meksikkan presidency veendedukkunnathinulla hurta jarmman padhathi parajayappettu. fort blisile us armi jayilil kurachukaalam kazhinjappol jaamyathil purathirangiyengilum meksikkoyilekk parakkanulla saadhyatha kaaranam veettuthadankalilaayirunnu. oru divasam kazhinju addeham fort blisil oru athaazhavirunnil pankedutthu. pinneedu addeham jaililekku madangukayum angane thadavilaayirikkumbol karalinte sirosis kondo orupakshe arbudam kondo marikkukayum cheythu. manja manjappitham aayirunnu pradhana lakshnam, ennaal amerikkayude visham vyaapakamaayi samshayichu. dhii dark invador" (1933 ll prasidheekarichathu), kyapttan. hurta paachakakkaaran visham nalkiyathaayi thaan kettirunnuvennum ennaal thaan orikkalum sathyam kandethiyittillenum voonn rintelan ezhuthi. 
paarambaryamaayi.
meksikkoyude charithralekhanathil, victoriano hurta meksikkan viplavathinte "raakshasan" aanu, mattullavarkkethire alakkunnu. meksikkoyile vividha vibhaagangalum thaalpparyangalum hurta bharanakoodatthinethire othuchernnu, morelosile saapattistakalum vadakkan meksikkoyile bharanaghadanaavaadikalum venustiyaano karansayude keezhil. hurta purathaakkappettukazhil, ayanja sakhyam thakarukayum meksikoo vijayikal thammilulla aabhyanthara yudhathil veezhukayum cheythu. hurta germmaniyude pinthuna meksikkoyile avarude swaadheenathe durbalappeduthiyappol bharanakoodathodulla amerikkayude sathrutha athu vardhippichu. ennirunnaalum yuu.ezz. president vilson hurta sarkkaarine amgeekarikkumennu bisinesses thalpparyangal pratheekshichirunnu, addeham angane cheyyillennu avar manassilakkukayum vividha viplava vibhagangalumaayi svayam aninirakkaan thudangukayum cheythu. heurta bharanam chithreekarichathupole yaadhaasthithikamo pinthirippantho aayirunnillenn oru charithrakaaran vaadikkunnu, addeham diasinte yugathe "punarjanmam" cheyyaan sramichillennu vaadikkunnu. "diyaasinte naalukal ennekkum illaathaayennu hurta addehathinte upadeshtaakkalum manassilakki. 1910ll thurannukaattiya puthiya oorjjangaleyum shakthikaleyum thadayaan avar sramichilla; marichu avare niyantrikkaan avar shramichu."ennirunnaalum, pothuve, addehathinte bharanam janaadhipathyathe nirakarikkunnathaayum svayam oru svechaadhipathiyaayum kaanapedunnu. meksikkoyile viplavakaarikalude paanthiyonil ninnu andrez molina entixine ozhivakkaanulla shramangalkkidayilum, 1917 leeii meksikoo bharanaghadanayude 27-aamm anuchedathinte boudhika pithavaayi kanakkakkappedunnathinaal, bhooparishkaranam nadappakkaanum enna polulla vibhavangalude swakaarya udamakale pidichedukkaanum samsthaanathe shaaktheekarikkunnu. hurta sarkkaarile addehathinte sevanathaal molina entiques kalankithayaayi.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
dhaa wilde bunch", "duck, yuu sakkar! ulppede meksikkan viplavavumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi sinimakalil hurta chithreekarikkukayo paraamarshikkukayo cheythittundu."" "oppam pancho villa thante veshathil avatharippikkukayum cheythu".
1952-leeii "viva sapatta!" enna chithratthil", emiliano sapaattayaayi marlon brando abhinayicha hurta frank silvara avatharippikkunnu.
1968-ll purathirangiya "villa rides" enna chithratthil herbert loam heurta enna kathaapaathrathe avatharippichu.
jaims carlos blake ezhuthiya "dhaa fronds oof pancho villa" (1996) enna novalil hurta oru pradhana kathapaathramaanu.
victoriano hurta pancho villa "indiana johns aandu dhii kingdom oof dhii kristtal scally" (2008) ll paraamarshikkappedunnu, indiana (haarisan foord) thante kuttikkaalatthe sambhavangal thante velippeduthappedaathu makanodu (shiah labufe) oormmippikkumbol "athu victoriano hurttaykkethiraaya oru pooraattamaayirunnu". pinneedu peril veruppu prakadippikkaan avan nilathu thuppukunnu.
dhii grettu vaar redux' enna prashasthamaaya irumbu 4 modile meksikkoyude saadhyathayulla nethaakkaliloraalaanu hurta."
kooduthal vaayana.
digital communications.shsu.edu/cgi/view kandant.sii. jii. aii?lekhanam = 3131 & sandarbham = gradscul _ dysthesis
paraamarshangal.
17-"temporada dii sopilots" (basaardinte season) paco ignacio tybo II, edittoriyal plaanetta, 2000 
. desena traajikkayude vivaranam (daarunamaaya 10 divasangal)

