
kisura

euphratesinte padinjaaran theerathu, shuroopakkinu vadakkum kishinu kizhakkum sthithicheyyunna oru purathana sumerian "tell" (kunnin nagaram) aayirunnu kisura (aadhunika abu hatab, alle-khaadisiya govarnarettu, iraakh).
charithram.
kisura sthaapikkappettathu sii. eiii. bii. sii. 2700, sumerian aadyakaala rajavamsha kaalaghattatthil. isinnittam kanaalinte thekke attathe kisurayil euphratesumaayi veendum bandhippichu. hammurabi (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii) kaalaghattatthil cunifom grandhangalum khananavum kurayunnathuvare acadian, yur III, babylonian saamraajyangalude bhagamaaya oru vaanijya, gathagatha kendramaayi eee nagaram nilaninnu. larsa bharanadhikaariyaaya riim-siin (bii. sii. 1822 muthal 1763 vare) thante bharanathinte 20-aamm varshathil kisura pidicheduthathaayi report cheiyunnu.hammuraabiyude pingamiyaaya babylonian bharanadhikaariyaaya samsu-iluna (bisi 1750 muthal bisi 1712 vare) thante 13-aamm varshathil kisura nasippichathaayi report cheiyunnu. kisurayile niravadhi rajaakkanmaar ariyappedunnu ittur-samas (annunittam, enki, adad shethrangal nirmmichavan), manabaltial (ninurtha kshethram nirmmichavanum aisinte urr-ninurtthayude samakalikanumaayirunnu), saraasyooram, ubaya, sikram, burr-siin, ibbi-samas.
puraavasthushaasthram.
eee sthalathinu ekadesham 46 hector visthruthiyundu, ithu praadhamikamaayi yur III aanu, koodaathe ekadesham 17 hector vadakkan vipuleekaranavum praadhamikamaayi aadyakaala rajavamsha II-III aanu. jarmman puraavastu gaveshakanaaya roobert coldwey, dushe ooriyant-jeselshaftinoppam, 1902-1903 ll eee sthalathu khananam cheythappol, tell abu hataabil ninnu niravadhi cunifom gulikakal kandethi. 2016ll khaadis sarway padhathi eee sthalathinte aakasha, uparithala sarway nadatthi.