
copernicus (chandra gartham)

kizhakkan ooshyaanas prosellaratthil sthithi cheiyunna oru chandra aaghaatha garthamaanu copernicus. jyothishaasthranjanaaya nicolas copernicusinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. copernicus kaalaghattatthil roopappetta garthangale ithu soochippikkunnu, athinu oru pramukha kirana samvidaanamundu.
800 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu 495 eulalia enna chhinnagrahathinte maathrishareeram thakarnnathil ninnulla avashishtangal upayogichayirikkaam ithu srishtichathu.
savisheshathakal.
binocularukal upayogichu drishyamaakunna copernicus chandrante bhoomi abhimukeekarikkunna ardhagolathinte madhyabhaagathu ninnu alpam vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnu. garthatthinte thekk kuthira insularam, thekk-thekk padinjaaru garthatthinte rehold ennivayaanu. copernicasinu vadakku montes carpatus undu, avaa merr inbriyathinte thekke attathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. copernicasinu padinjaaru chitharikkidakkunna chandra kunnukalude oru koottamaanu. aapekshikamaya cheruppam kaaranam, gartham roopappettathumuthal thaarathamyena purathanamaaya aakruthiyil thudarunnu.
vrithaakrithiyilulla arikinu thirichariyaan kazhiyunna shadbhujaakrithiyilulla roopamundu, terrous cheytha aantharika mathilum 30 kilometer veethiyulla charinja praakaaravum chuttumulla kuthirayilekku ekadesham oru kilometer thaazhekku pathikkunnu. gartha avashishtangal kuranjathode akathe mathil veenathinaal moonnu vyathyastha terresukal drishyamaanu, koodaathe kamaanaakrithiyilulla mannidichilukalum undu.
sameepakaala roopeekaranam kaaranam garthatthinte tharayil laava vellapokkam undayittilla. thaazheyulla bhoopradesam thekk pakuthiyil malayoramaanu, athesamayam vadakku thaarathamyena minusamaarnnathaan. madhya kodumudikalil moonnu otappetta parvathanirakal nilathuninnu 1.2 kilometer vare uyarathil kayarunnu. eee kodumudikal thaazhvarakalaal parasparam verthirikkappedukayum kizhakk-padinjaaru achuthandil oru parukkan rekha roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. 1980kalil eee kodumudikalekkurichulla infrared nireekshanangal avaa praadhamikamaayi olivaininte maphik roopathil nirmmichathaanennu nirnnayichu.
chandra bhramanapatham 5, terry dablyu ennivayil ninnulla uyarnna resolution chithrangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. yuu. yude offield.ezz. bhoomishaasthra sarway garthatthe ingane visheshippichu
garthangalude kiranangal chuttumulla kuthirayiludaneelam 800 kilometer vare vyaapichu, garthangalil ninnulla kiranangal aristaarkkas, keppler ennivayil ninnu puratthekku varunnu. tycoyil ninnu vyaapichukidakkunna neelamulla, rekheeya kiranangalekkaal vyathyasthamallatha kiranangal, pakaram plummy adayaalangalulla oru avyakthamaaya paatten roopappeduthunnu. onniladhikam sthalangalil kiranangal oru yadhaartha radial dispersal roopappeduthunnathinupar nokkumbol nokkunna konukalilaanu. 1680-ll jiovanni kasini oru bhoopadatthil chithreekarichirikkunna cheria dvitheeya garthangalude vipulamaaya maathrkayum copernicasinu chuttum nireekshikkaan kazhiyum. eee dvitheeya garthangalil chilath ajectayil paapashringhalakal roopappeduthunnu.
1966ll chandra bhramanapatham 2, bhramanapathathile landing sittukalkkidayil sarway nadathunna roll oof philim munnott kondupokunnathinaayi edutha 12 "house keeping" chithrangalil onnaayi eee garthatthe charinja konil ninnu photoyedutthu. chandra uparithalathinte eee vishadamaaya chithrathe naasa shaasthranjanaaya martin swetnik akkaalat visheshippikkukayum pinneedu time magazin "noottaandile mikacha chithrangalilonnu" ennu udharikkukayum cheythu."
apollo 12 dauthyam copernicasinu thekk garthatthinte kiranangalilonninte paathayilaanennu vishwasikkappedunna ooshyaanas prosellaratthinte kuthira basalttukalil ethi, manninte saambilukalude cosmic reey exposure praayam garthatthinte praayathe niyantrikkaan sahaayikkumenn shaasthranjar pratheekshichu. phalangal anishchithathvathilaanenkil garthangalude roopeekaranathinte 800 dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamullathumayi poruthappedunnilla. raddakia apollo 20 dauthyathinu saadhyathayulla landing saittaayirunnu copernicus.
perukal.
jyothishaasthranjanaaya nicolas copernicusinte perilaanu copernicus ariyappedunnathu. chandrante sameepathulla pala garthangaleyum pole, 1651 leeii naamakarana sambradaayam staanderdais cheytha jiovanni richiyoliyaanu ithinu eee peru nalkiyathu. oru itaaliyan jesuit enna nilayil copernicusinte suryakendra samvidaanathe parasyamaayi athirkkunnathil addeham sabhaa sidhaanthavumaayi poruthappettuvenkilum rickioli copernicasinu oru pramukha garthatthinu award nalki. suryakendra jyothishaasthranjare ellaavareyum pratheekaathmakamaayi kodunkaattukalude samudrathilekku valicherinjathaayi richiyoli eee perine nyaayeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, copernicus garthatthinte praadhaanyam rickioli suryakendra samvidaanathe rahasyamaayi pinthunaykkunnu ennathinte adayaalamaanennum nicolas copernicasinu bhaavi thalamurakalk yogyamaaya oru paarambaryam labhikkumenn urappaakkunnundennum jyotishaasthra charithrakaaran ivaan vaittekkar samshayikkunnu.
neratthe chandra cartographermar eee savisheshathaykk vyathyastha perukal nalkiyirunnu. chartruz parvathanirakalude peril piyare gassendy ithinu cartussia ennu perittu. maikkal vaan laamgrante 1645 leeii bhoopadam speyinile philipp naalaamante peril ithine "philippi naalaaman" ennu vilikkunnu. johannes hevelius ithinu 'etna emm' ennu perittu.'moundu etnaykku sesham.
pinneedu chandranile bhoopadashaasthranjanaaya thomas gwin elger eee garthatthinu "chandrante rajaavu" ennu vilipperu nalki.
upagraha garthangal.
parambaraagathamaayi eee savisheshathakal chandra bhoopadangalil copernicasinu ettavum aduthulla garthatthinte madhyabinduvinte vashath aksharam sthaapikkunnathiloode thirichariyunnu.
1967ll chandra bhramanapatham 5 nireekshicha lakshyamayirunnu copernicus echu enna oru saadhaarana "dark-haalo" garthamaayirunnu. dark-haalo garthangal aaghaathangalude falamalla, marichu agniparvvathathinte uthbhavamaanenn orikkal vishwasichirunnu. samanamaaya valippamulla mattu garthangaleppole garthatthinum ejecta blokkukal undennu oorbittar chithram kaanichu, ithu aaghaathathinte uthbhavathe soochippikkunnu. aazhathil irunda vasthukkalude (merr bassault) khananathil ninnaan haalo undaakunnath.

