
baisantain medisin

baisaantain medisin sii muthal baisaantain saamraajyathinte saadhaarana medical reethikal ulkkollunnu. 400 edii muthal 1453 edii vare. greco-roman mungaamikal vikasippicha vijnjaana adithara kettippadukkunnathil baisaantain medisin shradheyamaayirunnu. purathana kaalam muthal vaidyashaasthra reethikal samrakshikkunnathil, baisaantain medisin islaamika vaidyashaasthrathe swaadheenikkukayum navothaanakaalathu paashchaathya vaidyashaasthrathinte punarjanmam valarthukayum cheythu.
baisaantain doctormar palappozhum medical arivu samaharikkukayum paatapusthakangalaayi staanderd cheyyukayum cheythu. avarude rekhakalil diagnostic vishadeekaranangalum saankethika droingukalum ulppedunnu. pramukha vaidyanaaya pooll oof ejina ezhuthiya ezhu pusthakangalile medical samahaaram medical arivinte samagramaya uravidamaayi nilaninnu. ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ezhuthiya eee samahaaram thudarnnulla 800 varshathekku oru saadhaarana paatapusthakamaayi upayogathilundaayirunnu. eee samahara paarambaryam patthaam noottaand muthal irupathaam noottaand vare "itrosophia" ennariyappedunna medical rachanakaliloode thudarnnu.
puraathanakaalatthinte avasaanathil medical shaasthrathil oru viplavathinu thudakkamittu, charithrarekhakal palappozhum sivilian aashupathrikale paraamarsikkunnu (yudhakkala vaidyashaasthravum yudhakaala chikitsa saamraajyathva rominu valare munbe rekhappeduthiyittundu). madhyakaalakhattathil vaidyashaasthrathinte oru kendramaayi constantinoppil verittuninnirunnu, athinte crossroads sthaanam, sambathu, shekharicha arivu enniva ithinu sahayakaramaayirunnu.
pashchaathalam.
olibrius chakravartthiyude makalkkayi ekadesham 515 eiii. dii. yill srishticha vienna dioscurides kaiyezhuthuprathiyude rachayithaavaayirunnu aadyathe baisantain vaidyan. mikka baisaantain doctormare pole, eee ezhuthukaaranum gallen, hippocratus thudangiya purathana adhikaarikalil ninnu thante metteeriyal varachuvenkilum baisaantain doctormar greak, roman srothassukalil ninnu samrakshicha arivu vipuleekarichu. vaidyashaasthraparamaaya arivinte ettavum vipulamaaya baisaantain compileraaya oribasius, thettaaya vaidyashaasthraparamaaya anumanangal palappozhum rekhappeduthiyittundu. addehathinte niravadhi kruthikal, mattu baisaantain doctormaarude kruthikalkkoppam, lattinilekkum oduvil, prabudhathayudeyum yukthiyudeyum kaalaghattatthilum engleeshilekkum franchilekkum vivarthanam cheyyappettu.
mattoru baisaantain grandhamaaya pathimoonnaam noottaandile doctor nicolas myrepsos 1651 vare paareeshyan medical faakkalttiyude pradhana farmaceutical kodaayi thudarnnu, athesamayam sandhivathathekkurichulla demetrios pepagomenosinte (pathimoonnaam noottaand) baisaantain track 1517 ll venesile poost-baisaantain hyoomanist marcus musuras laattin bhashayil vivarthanam cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. athinaal, baisaantiyathekkurichu munkaala thettaaya vivaranagal punarujjeevanathilekkal purathana medical arivinte 'vaahaka' maathramaanennu vadikkam. udaaharanathinu, panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathil itaaliyan doktaraaya (rogger oof salerno) baisaantain doctormaaraaya eshyasinteyum tralessinte alexanderinteyum pooll oof ejinayudeyum grandhangalaal swaadheenikkappettathaayi ariyappedunnu.
pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathil konstantinoppilil jeevichirunna joonn actuarius aayirunnu avasaanathe mahanaaya baisaantain vaidyan. moothrathekkurichulla addehathinte kruthikal eurologyil pinneedulla padanatthinu adithara paakukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ninnu 1453-ll sthiramaaya janathayude thurkkikalilekkulla pathanam vare, vaidyashaasthraparamaaya arivu valare kuravaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum saamrajyam rund munnanikalilum abhimukeekarikkunna prakshubdhatha kaaranam, laattin saamraajyathin sheshamulla punaruthaanam, playg yudhavum moolam sthiramaaya janasamkhya kurayunnu. ennirunnaalum, akkaalat (padinjaaran europe prakshubdhamaayirunna oru samayat) nadatthiya puthiya kandethalukal, purathana greak, roman arivinte shekharam, navothaana italiyilekkum islaamika lokathilekkum athinte vyaapanam ennivayude kaaryatthil baisantain medisin valare pradhaanamaan.
aashupathrikal.
abhivridhi praapicha medical sthaapanangalulla aadyathe saamraajyangalilonnaan baisantain saamrajyam. athinumumbu, aikya roman saamraajyathil sainikarkkum adimakalkkumaayi prathyeka aashupathrikal undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee sthaapanangalonnum pothujanangalkkullavayiranu. pavappettavarkkum bhavanarahitharkkum adisthaana soukaryangal labhyamakkaanulla sthalamaayi pravartthikkaan sabhayaan baisaantiyathile aashupathrikal aadyam aarambhichath. hospisukal (senonukal) srishtikkunnathinum eee sthaapanangale prathyeka medical sentarukalaayi (itrionukal allengil nosocomians) vipuleekarikkunnathinumalla prarambha avesham jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal nalki. aashupathrikal saadhaaranayaayi purushanmaarum sthreekalum thammil verthirikkapettu. eee aashupathrikalude avashishtangal puraavastu gaveshakar kandethiyittillengilum, baisaantain saamraajyathil ninnulla aashupathrikalude recordingukal thuranna aduppinte pradhana savisheshathayulla valia kettidangale vivarikkunnu. baisantain saamraajyathinte sthaapanangal aadhunika aashupathrikal ennu naam ippol ariyunnathinte thudakkavumayi saamyamullathaayirunnu.
344 muthal 358 vare anthiyokyayile leontius sthaapicha aadyathe ashupatri aparichitharkkum kudiyettakkaarkkum abhayam thedaanulla sthalamaayirunnu. ekadesham athe samayat, maarathaniyas enna deekkan konstantinoppile aashupathrikaludeyum aashramangaludeyum chumatala vahichu. nagara soundaryashaasthram mechappeduthuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte pradhana lakshyam, aashupathrikale baisaantain nagarangalude oru pradhana bhaagamaayi chithreekarikkunnu. eee aadyakaala aashupathrikal paavappettavarkkaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu. vaasthavathil, baisaantain saamraajyathiludaneelamallu mikka aashupathrikalum pavappettavar mathramaayirunnu upayogichirunnathu. ashupatriye svarggathilekkulla oru padiyaayi vilicha grigory nassianzen samanamaaya aashupathrikalude vivaranagal kaaranamaayirikkam ithu, ithu rogamukthi prolsaahippikkunnathi deerghakaalamo maarakamo aaya rogikalude maranam laghookarikkuka maathramaan lakshyamidunnathennu soochippikkunnu".
enthukondaanu eee sthaapanangal sabha aarambhichathenn pandithanmarkkidayil tharkkamund. eee aashupathrikalude kaaryam enthuthanneyaayaalum avaa saamraajyathiludaneelam vyaapippikkaan thudangi. taamasiyaathe, sent. siseriya tulsi rogikalkkum bhavanarahitharkkum abhayam nalkunna oru sthalam vikasippichu.
naalam noottaandinte pakuthi muthal avasaanam vare aashupathrikalude varavu moolam aashupathrikal saamraajyathiludaneelam vyaapichu. anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aashupathrikal medittareniyaniludaneelam austiya, roome, hippo ennividangalilekku vyaapichu. ennirunnaalum, eee aashupathrikal baisaantain aafrikkayilum italiyilum kooduthal aashupathrikalude vyaapanathin kaaranamayilla. anchaam noottaandilum baisaantain eejiptilum syriayilum aashupathrikal mulachuvannathinte thelivukalundu. syriayil, "dhii life oof rabbula oof edessa" enna grandhatthil vivarichirikkunna ashupatri avidatthe nivaasikalkk vrithiyulla vasthrangaludeyum sheettukaludeyum labhyatha rekhappeduthunnu. koodaathe, bishop rabbula edessayile ashupatriyum rogikaludeyum daridrarudeyum aadyathe aashupathriyaayi ariyappedunnu.
aaram noottaandinu sesham aashupathrikal pathiye pourajeevithatthinte oru saadhaarana bhaagamaayi maari. puthiya aashupathrikalude nirmmaanatthinte thelivukal maikkal cellosinte "chronographia" yill ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. thante pusthakatthil, chakravarthimaaraaya basil onnaaman, romanos onnaaman, konstaantain onnaaman ennivar puthiya aashupathrikal nirmmikkunnathinekkur addeham vivarikkunnu, avayellaam constaantinoppil sthithicheyyunnu. konstantinoppilin purathu, thessalonikayile oru ashupatri panthrandaam noottaandil rogikalkku kidakkakalum paarppidavum nalkunnathinoppam vaakk-inn rogikalkku marunnukalum vitharanam cheythathayi thelivukal undu. ippol vienna dioscorides ennariyappedunna anchaam noottaandile baisaantain kaiyezhuthuprathi aaa nagaratthil srishtichu ekadesham ayiram varshangalkk sheshavum sthiramaaya aalukalil oru ashupatri paatapusthakamaayi upayogikkunnundaayirunu; 1406 ll nathaniel enna greak nazhs ithu thirichupidikkaan utharavittathayi kaiyezhuthuprathiyil marginia rekhappeduthunnu.
madhyakaalakhattatthiludaneelam, saamraajyathile aashupathrikalude yadhaartha ennam tracuchaian prayaasamaan. chila vidagdhar kanakkaakkunnath 169 aashupathrikalaanennaanu. eee aashupathrikalude valippam valare vyathyasthamaan. constantinoppil polulla valia aashupathrikalil irunooriladhikam kidakkakalundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. ennittum eee samayam muthal mattu mikka aashupathrikalilum pathinaayirakkanakkin aalukalkk mathramulla kidakkakalundennu thonnunnu.
reethikal.
greak vaidyanaaya hippocraattasil ninnum roman vamseeya greak pouranaaya vaidyanaaya gaalanil ninnumaanu baisantain saamraajyathinte vaidyashaasthra reethikal uthbhavichath. purathana greak aushadha aashayangalude upayogathinte thelivukal rogam nirnnayikkaan baisaantain doctor narmmangale aashrayikkunnathiloode kaanapedunnu. raktham, kapham, manja pittham, karutha pittham enningane naalu rathimoorchakalaanu shareerathil ullathenna hippocratic sidhaantham baisaantain doctormar pinthudarnnu. eee narmmangal choodullatho thanuppullatho varandatho eerppamullatho aaya prathyeka seasonukalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee narmmangal thirichariyaan, saintain doctormar gaalante kruthikale valareyadhikam aashrayichu.
rogiyude payarvarggangaleyum moothratheyum kurichulla doctorude nireekshanangale kendreekarichulla baisaantain diagnostic teknikkukal. koodaathe, chila rogangalkkoppam, doctormar visarjanam, shwasana nirakk, samsaram enniva parishodhichirikkaam. payarvarggangalude mekhalayil, valippam, shakti, vegatha, oru shreniyude aavruthi, kaadinyam allengil mriduthvam enniva anusarichu pulse thirichariyunna gallen padippikkalukal doctormar pinthudarnnu. oru doctorq asaadhaaranamaaya sensitiivu kaiyum vyakthamaaya manasse aavasyamaanennu baisaantain doctor joonn sacharias actorios parayunnu. joonn sacharias actorios eurology mekhalayilum valia swaadheenam chelutthi. baisaantain diagnosticsil vividha tharatthilulla rogangal thirichariyaan moothram upayogichu. joonn sacharias actorios moothrathe pathinonnu vyathyastha vibhagangalaayi verthirikkunna oru kuppi srishtichu. kuppiyil avashishtangalo vyathyastha nirangalo prathyakshappetta bhagam mattoru shareerabhaagavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, kuppiyude mukalil meghangal undengil ithu thalayile anubaadhaye prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu karuthappettirunnu.
pulse allengil moothra nireekshanangaliloode narmmatthinte tharam nirnnayicha sesham, bhakshanakramathil mattangal, marunnu allengil rakthasraavam enniva nirddeshichu doctormar narmmam ozhivakkaan sramikkum. aalukale chikilsicha mattoru maarggam shasthrakriyayiloodeyaayirunu. shasthrakriyayil pooll oof ejina munpanthiyilaayirunnu. hernia ezhuthunnathu sariyaakkunnathinulla shasthrakriyayekkurich addeham vivarikkunnu, "tumourinu kuruke moonnu viralukalude veethiyulla murivu thudarnnu njarambilekkum kozhuppilekkum neekkam cheytha sesham, perittoniyavum madhyathil thurannukaattukayum athu oru pooyint vare uyarthukayum cheytha sesham, probinte noob prayogikkatte, athiloode kudaline aazhathil amarthaam. appol, probinte nobinte iruvashathum roopappedunna perittoniyatthinte praadhaanyam thunnalukalaal onnikkanam, thudarnnu naam probe verthirichedukkanam, perittoniyatthe murikkukayo vrishanathe neekkam cheiyukayo mattonnum cheiyukayo cheiyukayilla, marichu puthiya murivukalkk upayogikkunna prayogangal upayogichu athu sukhappeduthunnu."mattu tharatthilulla sasthrakriyakal eee kaalayalavil sambhavichu, avaa vaidyashaasthrathinte saaraamshamaaya pooll oof ejinayude kruthiyil vivarichittundu."eee kruthi naalpathiladikam tharam shasthrakriyakaleyum pathinanju shasthrakriya upakaranangaleyum paraamarsikkunnu. koodaathe, "akonattukal" ennu vilikkunna sasthrakriya upakaranangal vrithiyaayi sookshikkaan aalukale niyamikkunnathinte thelivukalundu. baisaantain aashupathrikal nadatthiya shasthrakriyayilekkula shradha ithu kaanikkunnu.
shasthrakriyaykk purame, farmaceuticals rogathe sukhappeduthunnathinulla oru saadhaarana maarggamaayirunnu. tralasile alexander rogangal bhedamaakkaan thaan upayogichirunna arunooriladhikam marunnukalekkurichu ezhuthi. aadhunika doctormar vishaadam ennu visheshippikkunna "vishaadam" ennu addeham visheshippichathulppede ellaatharam rogangalkkum chikilsikkaan marunnukalude upayogam addehathinte "panthrand pusthakangal" udaaharanamaayi nalkunnu. eee marunnukalil chilath innum colchisin pole upayogikkunnu. baisaantiyathinte ettavum pradhanappetta doctormaaril oralaaya tralasile alexander, baisaantain jeevithathil marunnu engane valia swaadheenam cheluthunnuvennu udaaharanamaayi paranju.
900kalil baisaantain saamraajyathilaanu samyojitha erattakale verthiricheduthathinte aadya record nadannathu. samyojitha erattakalil oraal ithinakam marichirunnu, athinaal sarjanmaar maricha erattakale athijeevicha erattakalil ninnu verthirikkaan shramichu. verpirinja sesham bakkiyulla erattakal moonnu divasam jeevichathinaal phalam bhaagikamaayi vijayakaramaayirunnu. samyojitha erattakale verthirikkunna adutha cases niravadhi noottaandukalkku sesham 1689 ll germmaniyil rekhappeduthappettu.
baisaantain roganirnayam saadhaaranayaayi hippocratic paarambaryatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. bhranthum ettavum pradhanamaayi "bhranthum" saadhaaranayaayi narmmangalile asanthulithaavasthayaanu vishadeekarikkunnathu.
kristhumatham.
aashupathrikalude nirmmaanatthilum paripaalanatthilum kristhumatham oru pradhana punk vahichu. athath prefectureukalil bishappumaraanu niravadhi aashupathrikal nirmmikkukayum paripalikkukayum cheythath. pallikalkk sameepamo parisaratho aanu aashupathrikal nirmmikkappettirunnath, rakshayiloode rogashanti enna aashayathin valia praadhaanyam nalkiyirunnu. marunnu paraajayappedumbol doctormar avarude rogikalodu praarthikkaan aavashyappedumaayirunnu. ithil palappozhum kosmayudeyum damienteyum pratheekangal, vaidyashaasthrathinte rakshaadhikaari vishudharum doctormaarum ulppedunnu.
jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal enna ashayam pracharippikkunnathil kristhumathavum pradhana punk vahichu. origon stettu yooniversitti charitrakaaranaaya gaari ferengren (purathana greak, roome charitra professor, purathana vaidyashaasthrathil prathyekathayullavar) parayunnathanusarichu, "ellaavarkkum labhyamaya vaidyashaasthram" aanu nirmmichathu... lalitham ".
vaidyashaasthrathinte yadhaartha prayogatthil kristheeya swaadheenathinte thelivukal undu. apasmaram bhedamakkaanulla oru maargamaayi pravartthikkaan vishudhajalam pellittari chediyumaayi kalarthi upayogikkaan joonn sacharias actorios shupaarsha cheiyunnu.

