
physicalisk-technic bandesanstaaltt

shaasthreeyavum saankethikavumaaya sevana chumathalakalulla federal republic oof germmaniyude deseeya metrology instityoottaanu physicalisk-technishe bandesanstaaltt (ptb). federal saambathika kaarya, oorjja manthraalayathinte aabhimukhyathil niyamaparamaaya seshiyillaathe nerittu federal gavanmentinte niyanthranatthilulla oru unnatha federal authorityum pothu niyama sthaapanavumaanu ithu.
chumathalakal.
amerikkayile nisttum grettu brittanile enpl chernnu pii. tii. bii lokathile pramukha metrology sthaapanangalil onnaanu. germmaniyile naashanal metrology instittyoott enna nilayil, krithyavum vishwasaneeyavumaaya alavukalude kaaryatthil germmaniyile ettavum uyarnnathum eaka adikaaravumaanu ptb. yoonittukalum samaya niyamavum bandesattsblaatt (federal loow gasatt), vaalyam 2008, bhagam I, nambar. 28, pii. 1185 eph. eph.2008 juulai 11nuu] yoonittukalude saakshaathkaaravum vyaapanavumayi bandhapetta ellah jolikalum pii. tii. bii. kku nalkunnu. yoonittukalum pii. tii. biyude utharavaadithangalum sambandhicha niyamaparamaayi prasakthamaaya ellah vashangalum eee niyamathil samyojippichittund. munbu, unitukalekkurichulla ellah chodyangalum pii. tii. biyude pankum moonnu niyamangalkkidayil vitharanam cheythirunnu yoonit aakt, time aakt, verification aakt.
onpathu saankethika-shaasthreeya vibhagangal (avayil randennam berlinil) ulkkollunna ptb ekadesham randaayi thirichirikkunnu. 60 vakuppukal. ivaye veendum 200-ladhikam working grouppukalaayi thirichirikkunnu. pii. tii. biyude chumathalakal inipparayunnavayaanu adisthaanavum swaabhaavikavumaaya sthiraangangalude nirnayam; sii. aii. yude niyamaparamaaya yoonittukalude saakshaathkaaram, paripalanam, vyaapanam; suraksha saankethikavidya. jarmman calibration sevanam (, dii. keey. dii), niyamam niyanthrikkunna mekhalaykkulla metrology, vyavasayathinulla metrology, saankethika kaimaattatthinulla metrology thudangiya sevanangal eee spectrum jolikalkku anubandhamaanu. athinte chumathalakalude adisthaanamenna nilayil, sarvakalashaalakal, mattu gaveshana sthaapanangal, vyavasaayam ennivayumaayi adutha sahakaranathode metrology mekhalayile adisthaana gaveshanavum vikasanavum ptb nadathunnu. ekadesham 1900 jeevanakkaare pii. tii. bii niyamikkunnu. ekadesham motham bajattaanith. 183 dasalaksham euro athinte kaivashamund; 2012 ll, ekadesham. koodaathe, gaveshana padhathikalkkaayi 15 dasalaksham euro moonnaam kakshi fandukalaayi prachaaratthilundaayirunnu.
yoonittukalum samaya niyamavum ptb prathyekichu germmaniyil niyamaparamaaya samayam pracharippikkunnathinulla chumatala nalkunnu. ithinu oru samaya aditharayundaakaan, ptb niravadhi aattomik klokkukal pravarthippikkunnu (nilavil rund seesiyam klokkukalum, 1999 muthal 2009 vare yathaakramam rund seesiyam foundan klokkukalum). pii. tii. biyude kramatthil, radio vazhi klokkukalude samanvayam media broadcast pravarthippikkunna time signal traansmittar dcf 77 vazhiyaan nadathunnathu. internettumaayi bandhippichittulla computerukalkku pii. tii. bii. pravarthippikkunna moonnu pothu enn. tii. pii time serverukal vazhiyum samayam labikkum.
berlin-adlershoffil, infrared (thz) muthal extream ultraviolet (euv) vareyulla feeldile kaalibreshanukalkkaayi emm. ell. ezz (metrology laitt sozhs) electron storeju ring ptb pravarthippikkunnu.
vakupp chodyam 5 "saankethika sahakaranm" gunanilavaaramulla adisthaana soukarya mekhalayile jarmman, anthaaraashtra vikasana sahakaranathinte padhathikal saakshaathkarikkunnu. eee pravartthanangal vikaswara raajyangalilum parivartthana ghattathilulla raajyangalilum malsarasheshiyum paristhithi samrakshanavum upabhokthru samrakshanavum prothsaahippikkunnu. jarmman choothaatta oordinansinu (§11 eff) anusrithamaayi ptbyude "metrological information teknolaji" vakuppinte chumathalakalilonn. spilve)-vijayikkanulla saadhyatha vaagdaanam cheiyunna gaming mesheenukalkk tharam amgeekaarangal nalkuka ennathaanu. koodaathe, votting mesheenukalekkurichulla federal oordinans anusarichu, votting computerukalude tharam amgeekaarathinte chumatala ptbyaanu. ennirunnaalum, 2009 march 3-leeii oru vidhiyil federal bharanaghadanaa kodathi atharam votting mesheenukalude upayogam asweekaaryamaanennu prakhyaapichathinaal ithu vivaadamaanu.
cheria thokkukalude certificatinoppam kondupokaan kazhiyunna aayudangal, athaayath.iii. vediyundakal allengil prakopippikkunnathinulla aayudangalkkum signalling upakaranangalayi upayogikkunna aayudangalkkum avayude amgeekaarathinu oru ptb testt maarkk aavasyamaanu. idaykkide, eee aayudhangale samyukthamaayi "ptb aayudangal" ennum vilikkunnu, koodaathe pta allengil ptb proof maarkk eph vahikkunnu (ithum kaanuka aayudhangaludeyum vedikkoppukaludeyum proof testingil pravartthikkuka).
sthalangalum ghadanayum.
pii. tii. biyude pradhana sthalam brounshweegilaanu (lendorff-watenbuttel). berlin-charlettenberg, berlin-adlershoff ennividangalilaanu mattu sittukal. 1 muthal 6 vareyulla divisionukalum athupole thanne q division brounshweegilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. berlin-charlottenberg divisionukalil 7,8 enniva sthithicheyyunnu, besi II, metrology laitt sozhs (emm. ell. ezz) ennee rund electron storeju ringukalude berlin-adlershill randaamathethu villi weane laborattariyilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu.
president, vais president, mattoru amgam ennivar adangunna brounshweegile presidential bordaanu ptbyude thalavan. presidential board divisionukalude thalavanmaarum amgangalaaya directormaarude sammelanamaanu mattoru executive kammitti. shaasthram, sambadvyavastha, raashtreeyam ennivayil ninnulla prathinidhikal ulppedunna (ptbyude upadeshaka samiti) aanu ptb upadeshikkunnath.
thaazhepparayunna ombathu divisionukal chernnathaanu pii. tii. bii.
charithram.
1875leeii meter kanvenshanile anthaaraashtrathalathil saadhuthayullathum ekeekrithavumaaya nadapadikalude nischayadaartyavum pathonpathaam noottaandile germmaniyile chalanathmakamaaya vyaavasaayika vikasanavumaayirunnu physicalisk-technishe rechanstalt (imperial physical technical instittyoott-ptr) sthaapikkunnathilekku nayicha rund pradhana gadakangal. franco-jarmman yudhathil (1870/71), shaasthreeya mechanicsilum upakarana shaasthrathilum stambhanam germmaniyil prakadamaayirunnu. vyaavasaayika uthppaadanathinu kooduthal krithyamaaya metrology aavashyamaayirunnu. sambadvyavasthayudeyum vyaapaarathinteyum sainyathinteyum deseeya thalpparyangal prolsaahippikkunnathi metrologicaayi oru stettu instittyoott sthaapikkunnathinulla samrambhathil ganyamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi-prathyekichu-kandupiduthakkaaranum vyavasayiyumaaya verner voonn seamensinte nirddeshaprakaaram varaanirikkunna electrical vyavasaayam. neelatthinteyum bhaarathinteyum yoonittukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, electrical metrology mekhalayil akkaalat amgeekritha reethikalum maanadandangalum nilavilundaayirunnilla. vaidyutha (mattu) alaveduppu unitukal saakshaathkarikkunnathinu vishwasaneeyavum parishodhikkaavunnathumaaya alaveduppu reethikalude abhavam oru shaasthreeyavum saambathikavumaaya prashnamaayirunnu.
1872-ll chila prussian prakrithi shaasthranjar sainyathil cherukayum eee prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi oru samsthaana instittyoott sthaapikkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. vyaavasaayika laborattarikalkk shaasthreeyamaayi valare abhilaashamullathum koodaathe avarkk laabhakaramallaathathum classical pariseelana sthaapanangalum eee dauthyathinu anuyojyamallaathathum aayirunnu ithinu kaaranam. skillback memmoraandam" (athinte rachayithaav kaal heinrich skilbaakkinte peril) pinthunaykkunnavaril, herman voonn helmholts ganithashaasthranjanum bhauthikashaasthranjanumaaya wilhem fosttarum ulppedunnu. ennaal, russia thudakkathil avarude aavasyangal nirasichu.
kurachu varshangalkk sesham, shaasthra, saankethika, vyaavasaayika thaalpparyangale opttimal reethiyil bandhippikkunna oru gaveshana sthaapanam sthaapikkuka enna avarude kaazhchappaad-yaadhaarthyamaakkaan kazhinja pii. tii. aarinte "sthaapaka pithaakkanmaraaya" verner voonn seamensin herman voonn helmoltsinum kazhinjilla. oduvil, 1887 march 28nuu, saamraajyathva diet pdrinte aadya vaarshika bajatt amgeekarichu-germmaniyile aadyathe sarkkar dhanasahayamulla, sarvakalashaala-baahya, pradhana gaveshana sthaapanathinte sthaapanam, ithu vyavasayathinulla sevanangalumayi soujanya adisthaana gaveshanathe samyojippichu. verner voonn seamens berlin-chaarlattanbargile swakaarya bhoomi rechanstaalttinu kaimari. herman voonn helmolts athinte aadya presidentaayi. aaa samayat, 263,000 reachmaarkkukalude bajatt nirthalaakkiya 65 perr-avaril oru dasaniladhikam bhauthikashaasthranjar-pdril jolie cheythirunnu. aadya dashakangalil, pramukha shaasthranjareyum kyoorattoriyathile amgangaleyum jeevanakkarenna nilayil aakarshikkunnathil ptr vijayichu, avaril wilhem weane, friedrich kohalrosh, walther nernst, emil warberg, walther both, albert ainsteen, maiks plank ennivar ulppedunnu.
kwaandam physixinte jananam.
pii. tii. aarile aadyathe mikacha shaasthreeya nettavum maiks plankumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan. berlinile theruvu vilakkukalkku vaidyuthiyo vaathakamo kooduthal laabhakaramaano ennu theerumaanikkaan, prakasha theevrathaykku kooduthal krithyamaaya maanadandam vikasippikkukayayirunnu pii. tii. aarr. 1895ll oottoo lummer wilhem wean chernnu taapa vikiranathinte praayogika uthppaadanathinaayi aadyathe arra radiator vikasippichu. black body vikiranathinte spektrathekkurichu avarude alavukal valare krithyamaayirunnu, avaa deerghatharanga vikiranathil veeninte vikirana niyamathinu virudhamaayirunnu. ithu akkaalathe shaasthreeya bhauthikashaasthrathinte moolakkallukalilonnu thakarnnadinjathinu kaaranamaayi. eee alavukal taapa vikiranam-addeham pinneedu prakhyaapichathupole-"niraashayude pravartthanatthil"-prathyeka bhagangalaayi vibhajikkaan maiks plaankinte bhaagathuninnu nirnnayakamaaya oru avesham prerippichu. ithu kwaandam physixinte jananamaayirunnu.
puthiya ghadanayum puthiya bhauthikashaasthravum.
1914-ll, pii. tii. aarr president emil warberg upavibhaagathe bhouthikavum saankethikavumaaya vibhaagamaayi nirthalaakkukayum pii. tii. aarine optiks, vaidyuthi, choodu ennivaykkaayi poornnamaayum shaasthreeyavum saankethikavumaaya upavibhagangalumaayi punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. warberginte pingamiyaaya walther nernsttinte keezhil, rechanstalt phur maas undu gevich (bharangalkkum alavukalkkumulla imperial instittyoott-rmg), koodaathe, pdaarilekku samyojippikkappettu. parisodhana samvidaanavumaayi bandhapetta vipulamaaya jolikalum parisodhana samvidaanavumaayi bandhapetta neelam, bharam, alavu ennivayude alavukalum puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya oru vibhaagam aarr. emm. jiyil ninnu etteduthu. jolikalude profile innathe pii. tii. biykk samanamaayirunnu swantham gaveshanathiloodeyum vikasanathiloodeyum, ithine adisthaanamaakkiyulla sevanangaliloode, metrology ekathvavum athinte thudarchayaaya vikasanavum urappaakkuka ennathaayirunnu pii. tii. aarr. ulladakkathe sambandhichidatholam, ptb akkaalat puthiya bhauthikashaasthram ennu vilikkappedunnathinu samarppichirunnu. puthuthayi kandethiya ex-reey, puthiya aattomik modalukal, ainsteente prathyeka aapekshikatha sidhaantham, kwaandam physics (black body radiaterinekkurichu ithinakam soochippicha pravartthanatthe adisthaanamaakki), electroninte gunangalekkurichulla anweshanam enniva ithil ulppedunnu. pii. tii. aarinte aadyathe radio aaktivitti laborattari sthaapicha hans gaigarineppolulla shaasthranjar eee gaveshana pravartthanatthil earppettirunnu. healium draveekarikkunnathil walther maisner vijayichu, ithu lohangalude oru parambarayude soopparkandaktivitti kandethunnathilekku addehathe nayichu. eee bandhatthil, kurachu varshangalkk sesham-thante sahapravarthakanaaya roobert oxenfeldinoppam-soopparkandaktarukalkku avayude akathu ninnu oru kaanthikakshethram puratthekku prayogikkunna savisheshathayundennu addeham thiricharinju-maisner-oxenfeld prabhavam.
naasi jarmmani.
1933 meyy 1nuu johannes staarkkine presidentaayi niyamichathode deseeya soshyalisathinte prathyayashaasthram pii. tii. aarilekk praveshichu. jarmman bhauthikashaasthrathinte vishwasthanaaya abhibhaashakan aadhunika bhauthikashaasthrathinte vishayangalil addeham "joothan" ennu visheshippicha vaividhyamaarnna gaveshana padhathikal avasaanippichu, avayil prathyekichum, kwaandam bhauthikashaasthrathilum aapekshikatha sidhaanthathilum pravartthikkunnu. pii. tii. aaril "furer thathwam" (furerprincip) nadappilakkaanum starkk shramichu 1935-ll addeham curatorium pirichuvidukayum athinte kazhivukal svayam ettedukkukayum cheythu. jootha jeevanakkarum ensdaapine vimarsikkunnavarum (maiks voonn lau polullavar) pirichuvittu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, voonn loow pii. tii. biyude punarnirmmaanatthil pankedutthu. curatorium pirichuvidunnathinu munbu thanne purathaakkappetta albert ainsteen, ptr/pidibiyumaayulla bandham thakarthu.
1939 nuu sesham addehathinte pingamiyaaya ebraham isaavinte keezhil, ptr aayudha gaveshanathinaayi shakthamayi svayam samarppichu. shabdashaasthrathinaayi puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya oru laborattari general-mathramalla pradhaanamaayum sainika-prayoga mekhalakalekkurichu anweshikkuka ennathaayirunnilla. peerankikalude shabdaparamaaya kandethal, altraasoundinte sainika upayogam, decoding nadapadikramangalude vikasanam enniva ithil ulppedunnu. koodaathe, pii. tii. aarinte gaveshakar shabda khanikalum torpidokalkkaayulla oru steering sisttavum vikasippichu, athu sanjarikkunna kappalukalude shabda mekhalayilekku svayam nayikkunnu. classical metrological jolikal kaaranam, moonnaam reachile aayudha vyavasayavumaayi pdrinu adutha bandhamundaayirunnu. sainika upakaranangalude nirmmaanathinu krithyamaaya nadapadikal oru adisthaana aavasyakathayaayathinaal, aayudha ulppaadanathilum prathirodhatthilum pdrinu pradhana punk labhichu. jarmman aanavaayudha padhathiyil ethratholam ptr ulppettirunnu ennathu vivaadamaanu. ennirunnaalum, pii. tii. aarr president aayirikkunnathinumbu-abraham isaav nadathiyathaayi ariyappedunnu-1939 vare-aanava vighadanam kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru koottam gaveshakar. pinneedu, 1942 leeii vasanthakaalam muthal jarmman euranium padhathiyude melnottam vahicha raike research kaunsilile specialist eriya "nuclear fission" addeham etteduthu. athinusesham taamasiyaathe, herman gooring muun pii. tii. aarr bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya kurt diabonerude keezhilulla working groupine pii. tii. aaril aattomik physixinaayi division vii-yilek keezhppedutthi. nuclear physixinulla reachsmaarshaalinte amgeekritha prathinidhi" enna padavi isouykku labhichu, ennirunnaalum 1943 avasaanathode addeham walther gerlackinu vittukoduthu.
sakhyakakshikalude bomb akramanangalil ninnu rakshappedaan, 1943-ll presidentum turingian privy kaunsilarumaaya ebraham isaavuvinte munkaiyode germmaniyile vividha sthalangalilekku (udaaharanathinu turingiayile weida, ronberg, lover saileshyayile mosham vormbran) pii. tii. aarr. maatti. berlininu nereyundaaya akramanangalil pii. tii. aarinte kettidangalkk saaramaya kedupaadukal sambhavichu. 1945ll rechanstalt phalatthil nasippikkappedukayum ippozhum nilaninnirunna kurachu vakuppukal raajyathudaneelam chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu.
brounshweegilum mattu pii. tii. aarr pingaamikalilum pii. tii. bii. yude punarnirmmaanam.
ekadesham 1947 muthal, berlin-chaarlattanbargile pii. tii. aarinu purame pingamikalaaya sthaapanangalum vikasippichu.iii. onnu kizhakkan berlinil-soviyatt adhinivesha mekhalaykku-mattonn bisonilum-pinneedu trisonilum. britiish sainika gavanmentinte nalla ardhamulla pinthunayode, pazhaya rechaanstaalttinte chila bhagangal brounshweegil sthaapikkappettu. eee ree-foundeshan enna ashayam vikasippicheduthath saidhaanthika bhauthikashaasthrathinte muun pii. tii. aarr upadeshtaavu maiks voonn lau, ithinakam phaam haalile thadankalil kazhiyumbozhaanu. 1947ll, bronshweeginaduthulla volkenodile muun luftfahertforshtarsht (aeronotical research instittyoott) pdrinte pingaamikalkk labhyamakkaan britiish adhikaarikale bodhyappeduthunnathil addeham vijayichu. 1948ll, varshangalolam berlinile division 1nte directoraayirunna wilhem kostezhs athinte aadya presidentaayi. berlin, weida, heidelberg ennividangalil ninnulla niravadhi muun pii. tii. aarr jeevanakkar addehathe pinthudarnnu brounshweegilekku pooyi. puthiya instittyoottinu physicalisch-technishe aanstaalt ennum 1950 epril 1 muthal physicalisch-technishe bandesanstaaltt ennum namakaranam cheythu. 1953ll berlinte naalu-power padaviyumaayi bahumanam prakadippichukondu vestt berlin ptr eee instityoottumaayi berlin instittyoott aayi samyojippikkappettu.
jarmman demookratik republicil (gdr), dutch aamtt phur maas undu gevich (dang) berlinil athinte pradhana seettumaayi svayam sthaapichu. niravadhi punarnaamakaranangalkk sesham, kazhinja gdr varshangalil eee instittyoottine standardisierng, meswessen aandu warrenproofung (standerdisation, metrology, kwaalitti kantrol-asmdablue) ennu namakaranam cheythu; federal republic oof germmaniyile (efrgy) pidibiyekkaal kooduthal vipulamaaya jolikal gdrinte eee offeesinu undaayirunnuvennu peru ithinakam soochippikkunnu, athaayath standerdisation, kwaalitti ashwarans mekhalayilum bandesanstaaltt pharr metteeriyal forshung und-proofung (baam) pravartthana mekhalayilum adhika jolikal.
valarchayum punarekeekaranavum.
staafinteyum saambathika vibhavangaludeyum kaaryatthil-sthaapithamaayathinu sheshamulla varshangalil yuva ptb athivegam valarnnu. athinte shaasthreeya metrological profile mathramalla, vyavasaayathin nalkunna sevanangalude paalattum, prathyekichu alakkal upakaranangalude calibration roopathil vipuleekarichu. 1970kalil, ithu dusher calibriardianst (jarmman calibration sevanam) sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu, ithu amgeekrithavum svakaaryamaayi nadathunna laborattarikalkk sevana jolikal nalkukayum kooduthal aavasyamulla alaveduppu jolikalil shradha kendreekarikkaan ptb anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
1967 muthal 1995 vare, pareekshanathmakavum gaveshanaparavumaaya reactor brounshweeg ptb pravarthippichu. eee reactor prathyekichum aanavorjjathinte anweshanathinalla, adisthaana gaveshanathinulla nyootron uravidamaayi pravarthichu. 1977 muthal 1989 vare eee vivaada vishayam kaikaaryam cheythath pii. tii. bii. kku "radio active maalinyangalude deerghakaala maanejmentum nirmarjanavum" enna chumatala nalkiyirunnathukondaanu. pinneedu, eee thozhil mekhala puthuthayi sthaapithamaayathinu sesham 'bundesamt phur strahlenshoods' (radiation samrakshanathinaayulla federal oafees) lake kaimari. innu, ptbyude division 6 pothuve ionizing vikiranathe kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. 50 varshathilereyaayi bhootala vaayuvil radio active padaarthangal alakkunna radionuclydukalkkaayu valare sensitiivu trace sarway steshanum ithil ulppedunnu.
1990-leeii germmaniyile "vende" ("rashtreeya maattam") "metrologyile punarekeekaranathilekku" nayichu. 400 jeevanakkarum berlin-friedrichshagen saitt adhika feeld offeesumaayi (ithu athinidayil veendum upekshikkappettu) ptb asmdablue (muun jarmman demookratik republicinte standerdisation, metrology, gunanilavaara niyanthranam ennivaykkulla oafees) yude chila bhagangal etteduthu. eiii. ezz. emm. dablyu. yude mattu bhagangal baam aayi samyojippichu. jeevanakkaarude kuravinte oru ghattam undaayirunnittum-punarekeekaranathetthudarnnu sakthamaaya vipuleekaranathinu sesham-pii. tii. bii innu lokathile ettavum valia deseeya metrology sthaapanangalil onnaanu. athinaal, bhauthika yoonittukalude saakshaathkaarathinum vyapanathinum ithu utharavaadiyaanu, koodaathe metrology lokamembaadumulla ekathvam prothsaahippikkunnu.
jenalukal.
varshathil ekadesham orikkal prasidheekarikkunna pii. tii. bii maasikayaaya "maastaabe" soujanyamaayi subscribe cheyyaam allengil pii. tii. biyude internettu pejukalil ninnu daunlodu cheyyaam. bhauthikashaasthrathinte alavukalekkurichulla lekhanangal ithil adangiyirikkunnu. eee lekhanangal pothuve manassilakkaavunnathum vishalamaaya pothujanagalkk vivaradaayakavumaakkaan uddeshichullathaanu.
koodaathe, varshathil moonnu thavana pii. tii. bii. shaasthreeya vivara bullattin pii. tii. bii-nyoos prasidheekarikkunnu. naalu pejukalil, "metrology adisthaanangal", "vyavasaayathinaayulla uplied metrology", "medisin aandu envayonmental protection", "samoohathinaayulla metrology", "anthaaraashtra karyangal" ennee mekhalakalil ninnulla vaarthakal adangiyirikkunnu. jarmman bhashayilum engleeshilumaanu ptb-nyoos prasidheekarikkunnathu.
metrological specialist jenalum pii. tii. biyude audyogika vivara bullattin aanu pii. tii. bii-mittilungan. varshathil naalu thavana prasidheekarikkunna ithil yadhaartha shaasthreeya lekhanangalum ptbyude pravartthana mekhalakalil ninnulla metrological vishayangalekkurichulla avalokana lekhanangalum adangiyirikkunnu. oro vaalyavum oru pradhana vishayathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. oru audyogika vivara bullattin enna nilayil, physicalisk-technishe rechaanstaalttinte (1887 ll sthaapithamaaya imperial technical physical instittyoott-ptr) thudakkam muthalulla oru neenda paarambaryatthilaanu jenal nilakollunnath. 2014 vare, "ptb-mittilungan" enna audyogika bullattin undaayirunnu, athil ptb anuvadicha tharam amgeekaarangalum ptb nadatthiya parishodhanakalum anuroopa vilayiruthalukalum athinte thanne oru vibhaagathil prasidheekarichu ["aamtliche beckentmachungan" ("audyogika kurippukal")]. 2015 januvari 1 muthal praabalyatthil vanna puthiya nadapadikalum parisodhana niyamavum puthiya nadapadikalum parisodhana oordinansum ullathinaal eee ariyippukalkk inii niyamaparamaaya adisthaanamilla. 2015 muthal, "ptb-mittilangan" poornnamaayum oru metrological specialist jenalaanu, mathramalla inii "audyogika kurippukalonnum" prasidheekarikkilla.
prasidantumaar.
pii. tii. biyudeyum physicalisch-technisheyudeyum prasidantumaar rechanstalt berlin-charlottenberg
jeevanakkar.
pii. tii. aarr, ptbyile jeevanakkar udo adelsberger, walther both, kurt diaboner, gerhard wilhem becker, ernst engelhard, abraham isou, ernst gerk, hans gaigar, verner gitt, yoojan goldstein, ernst kaal adolph gamlichu, herman voonn helmholts, fritts henin, friedrich jorg houtermans, maiks jacob, helmut keyattar, daittar tharam, hans oottoo nicer, friedrich wilhelm kohlaush, wilhem kostezhs, bernhard aantan ernn cramer, johramar, august voonn, maiks loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn, loonn

