
tailingukal

khananathil, vilayeriya bhaagathe oru ayiru (gangu) yude saambathikamallaatha bhaagathil ninnu verthirikkunna prakriyaykku sesham avasheshikkunna vasthukkalaan tailingukal allengil vaalukal. oru ayirinteyo dhaatu vasthuvinteyo melkkoorayullathum khananam cheyyumbol samskarikkathe maattisthaapikkappedunnathu maalinya paara allengil mattu vasthukkalil ninnu tilingukal vyathyasthamaan.
ayiru ninnu daathukkal verthirichedukkunnathu rund vazhikaliloode cheyyaam vilayeriya dhaathukkale kendreekarikkaan vellavum guruthwaakarshanavum upayogikkunna placer khananam, allengil haard roock khananam, ayiru adangiya paaraye pulverise cheyyukayum thudarnnu aavasyamulla vasthukkale kendreekarikkunnathinna raasapravarthanangale aasrayikkukayum cheiyunnu. randaamathethil, ayiru ninnu daathukkal verthirichedukkunnathi communication aavasyamaanu, athaayath.iii.lakshya gadakangal (kall) verthirichedukkaan sahaayikkunnathin ayiru nerttha kanangalayi araykkuka. eee communication kaaranam, oru manal dhaanyathinte valippam muthal kurachu micrometer vare ulla sookshuma kanangalude oru slurry tailingukalil adangiyirikkunnu. mineral kanangalum vellavum chernna misrithamaaya slurry roopathilaanu saadhaaranayaayi mine tailingukal nirmmikkunnath.
kanatha lohangal, sulfideukal, radio active ulladakkam thudangiya visha raasavasthukkalude apakadakaramaaya uravidangalaanu tailingukal. tailing daamukalkk pinnilulla kulangalile vellathil sookshikkumbol eee rasavasthukkal prathyekichum apakadakaramaanu. eee kulangal anakkettukalil ninnulla valia lamghanangalkko chorchaykko irayaakukayum paristhithi duranthangalkku kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. ivayum bhugarbhajala chorcha, vishavathaka udvamanam, pakshikalude maranam thudangiya mattu paaristhithika aashankakalum kaaranam, vaalukal koottunnathum kulangalum palappozhum niyanthrana parishodhanaykk vidheyamaan. tailingukalude prathyaaghaathangal ulkkollukayo laghookarikkukayo cheiyunna saambathika moolyam veendedukkunnathinu vaividhyamaarnna reethikalundu. ennirunnaalum, anthaaraashtra thalatthil, eee sanbradaayangal moshamaan, chilappol manushyaavakashangal lamghikkunnu. doshasaadhyathakal laghookarikkunnathinaayi, tailing maanejmentinulla aadyathe ann-level staanderd 2020 ll sthaapichu.
padavali.
tailingukale mine dumps, kulm dumps, slimes, reseed, leach residue, slickens allengil terra-koonn (terrican) ennum vilikkunnu.
udaaharanagal.
sulfide daathukkal.
sulphidic daathukkalude khananathil ninnulla malineekaranathe "khanana vyavasaayathinte ettavum valia paaristhithika badhyatha" ennu visheshippichittundu. eee tailingukalil valia alavil pairait (phes 2), irumbu (ii) sulfide (phes) enniva adangiyirikkunnu, avaa chembu, nikkal ennivayude aavasyamulla ayirukalil ninnum kalkariyilum ninnu nirasikkappedunnu. bhoogarbhathil apakadakaramallengilum, eee daathukkal sookshumajeevikalude saannidhyathil vaayuvinodu prathikarikkunnu, ithu shariyaayi kaikaaryam cheythillengil assid mine drainageilekku nayikkunnu.
phoosphett paara khananam.
phoosphett valangalude ulppaadanathinaayi phoosphett parakal samskarikkunnathinte anantharafalamaayi prathivarsham 100 dasalaksham muthal 280 dasalaksham tonn vare phosphogipsum maalinyangal uthpaadippikkappedumenna kanakkaakkappedunnu. upayogashoonyavum samriddhavumaaya phosphogipsum, swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna euranium, thorium, avayude dotter isotopukal ennivayude saannidhyam kaaranam radio activaanu. euranium vipaniyil kaivarikkaan kazhiyunna vilaye aashrayich, radio active hevi lohangal paristhithiye badhikkunna dosham kuraykkunnathu polulla mattu prothsaahanangal illengilum euranium alavu verthirichedukkunnathu saambathikamaayi laabhakaramaayekkaam.
aluminium.
aluminiyathinte vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathil uthppaadippikkunna oru maalinya ulppannamaanu boxite tailings. prathivarsham uthppaadippikkunna ekadesham 77 dasalaksham tonn aluminium khanana vyavasaayathinte ettavum pradhanappetta prasnangalilonnaanu.
saambathikashaasthram.
aadyakaala khanana pravartthanangal palappozhum adachathinushesham tailing pradeshangal paristhithi surakshithamakkaan mathiyaya nadapadikal sweekarichilla. aadhunika khanikalil, prathyekichu nannayi vikasippicha khanana niyantranangalulla adhikaaraparidhiyilullavayum utharavaadithamulla khanana kambanikal pravarthippikkunnavayum palappozhum avayude chelavukalilum pravarthanangalilum tailing pradeshangalude punaradhivasavum sariyaaya adachupoottalum ulppedunnu. udaaharanathinu, kaanadayile cubec pravisyayil khanana pravartthanam aarambhikkunnathin munbu oru closher plan samarppikkuka mathramalla, kanakkakkiya punaradhivasa chelavukalude 100% nuu thulyamaaya saambathika gyaarandi nikshepikkukayum venam. oru khanana padhathiyude ettavum pradhanappetta paaristhithika baadhyathayaanu tailing daamukal.
daathukkalude valia thuranna prathala vistheernnam kaaranam kaarban sequestrationil mine tailingukalkku saambathika moolyamundaakaam.
paaristhithika aashankakal.
chila chembu ayirukalkku 90 muthal 98 sathamaanam vare muthal mattu (vilakuranja) daathukkalude aidi 1 vare vare tailingukalude bhinnasamkhyayundu. khananathiloodeyum samskaranathiloodeyum mochippikkappedunna nirasikkapetta dhaathukkalum paarakalum visha lohangal (arsenic mercuriyum rund pradhana kuttavaalikalaanu), assid drainage (saadhaaranayaayi sulfide ayirukalile microbial pravartthanam), allengil shudhajalathe aasrayikkunna jala vanyajeevikale nasippikkal (virudhamaayi suspensionukal) ennivayiloode paristhithiye nasippikkaan saadhyathayund.
tailing kulangal assid drainaginte uravidamaakaam, ithu tailing daamiloode kadannupokunna jalathinte sthiramaaya nireekshanatthinteyum samskaranathinteyum aavashyakathayilekku nayikkunnu; khani vrithiyaakkunnathinulla chelavu saadhaaranayaayi assid drainage ulppettirunnappol khanana vyavasaayathinte kanakkukalekkaal 10 madangu kooduthalaanu.
duranthangal.
tailing kulangalude ettavum valia apakadam anakkettinte paraajayamaan, yuu. esilaanu ettavum prachaarathilulla parajayam.ezz. 1972leeii vestt virgenia pothu creak vellappokkathil 125 perr kollapetta kalkari slurry anakkettinte paraajayamaan; mattu thakarchakalil nyoo giniyayile ookku teddy paristhithi durantham ulppedunnu, ithu ookku teddy nadiyude malsyabandhanathe nashippichu. lokamembaadum oro varshavum sharashari oru valia apakadamundaavunnathu oru tailings anakkett ulppettaan.
2000ll bayaa maar sionide chorcha, ajka alumina plaant apakadam ennivayaanu tailing anakkett thakaraarukal moolamundaakunna mattu duranthangal. 2015ll brazeelile minas geraayisile jermano mine complexile irumbayiru tailing anakkett thakaraarilaayath raajyathe ettavum valia paaristhithika duranthamaayirunnu. anakkett thakarnn thaazhekkulla tailing malinajalathinte vellappokkathil 19 perr marikkukayum 400 kilometerolam doses nadeethadatthe vishamaalinyathode baadikkukayum atlaantik samudrathilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu.
manushyaavakashangal.
tailing nikshepangal saadhaaranayaayi grameena mekhalakalilo thaddesheeya samoohangal polulla paarshwalkkarikkappetta samoohangalilo sthithicheyyunnu. tailings maanejmentinekkurichu aagola vyavasaya nilavaaram shupaarsha cheiyunnathu "oru tailings soukaryathil ninno athinte paraajayathinu saadhyathayullathil ninno ettavum apakadasaadhyathayullavare thirichariyunnathinum abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinum manushyaavakaashangalkk anusrithamaaya oru jagrata prakriya aavasyamaanu."
sambharana reethikal.
charitraparamaayi, thaazhekkulla ozhukunna vellathilo thaazhekkulla azhukkuchaalukalilo polulla ettavum soukaryapradamaaya reethiyilaan tailingukal neekkam cheythirunnathu. vellathile eee avashishtangalekkurichum mattu prashnangalekkurichum aashankayundaayirunnathil tailing kulangal upayogichu. tailingukaludeyum maalinya paarakaludeyum maanejmentile susthira velluvili, nishkriyamo illengil sthirathayullatho adangiyatho aaya vasthukkal neekkam cheyyuka ennathaanu, jalathinteyum oorjjathinteyum inputtukalum maalinyangalude uparithala kaalppaadukalum kuraykkukayum ithara upayogangal kandethunnathilekku neengukayum cheyyuka.
tailing daamukalum kulangalum.
kandukettalukalulla (kandukettal oru anakkettaan) eee anakkettukal saadhaaranayaayi tailingukal ulppedeyulla "praadeshika vasthukkal" upayogikkunnu, avaa anakkettukalakki kanakkakkaam. parambaraagathamaayi, tailings sambharanathinulla eaka oopshan oru tailings slurry kaikaaryam cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. tailings storeju eriyayilekku ayacha vellathinullile tailings solidukalude nerppicha aruviyaanu eee slurry. discharge cheiyunnathinu munbu slariyil ninnu ethra vellam neekkam cheiyunnu ennathine aashrayich aadhunika tailing designerk thiranjedukkaan niravadhi tailing uthppannangalund. vellam neekkam cheiyunnathu chila saahacharyangalil mikacha sambharana samvidaanam srishtikkuka mathramalla (udha.jii. dry stacking, chuvade kaanuka) ennaal pala khanikalum varanda pradesangalilaayathinaal oru pradhana prasnamaaya jala veendedukkalinum ithu sahayikkum. 1994-leeii oru vivaranathil, ennirunnaalum, yuu.ezz. prathyeka saahacharyangalilozhike vellam kalayal reethikal vilayeriyathaayirikkumennu iii. pii. eiii prasthaavichu. tailingukalude sabakwayas sambharanavum upayogichittundu.
vellathil ninnu kharapadaarthangalude avashishtangal (verthirikkal ennartham) anuvadikkunnathinaayi jalajanya maalinya vasthukkal oru kulathilekku pump cheiyunna khanana tailingukalude pradesangalaanu tailing kulangal. kulathe saadhaaranayaayi oru anakkett upayogichu pidichedukkunnu, ithu tailings impoundmentukal allengil tailings daamukal ennariyappedunnu. 2000-ll lokathil ekadesham 3,500 sajeeva tailing andukettalukal undennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. manushyante aarogyathinu apakadakaramaayekkavunna visha rasavasthukkal janavaasamulla pradeshangalilekku kaattil ninnu kondupokunnathil ninnu phine tailingukal kuraykkunnathinaal kulatthile vellam kurachu gunam cheiyunnu; ennirunnaalum, ithu paristhithikkum doshakaramaanu. prakrithidatha kulamaayi kaanappedunnathinal waterfall allengil kaaribou polulla vanyajeevikale akarshikkunnathinaal teyil kulangal palappozhum apakadakaramaanu, pakshe avaa valare vishaamshamullathum eee mrugangalude aarogyathinu doshakaravumaanu. paarakalil ninnu dhaathukkale verthirikkunnathiloode nirmmicha maalinyangal allengil taar manal khananathil ninnu ulppaadippikkunna slurry sambharikkaan tailing kulangal upayogikkunnu. tailingukal chilappol bentonaitt polulla mattu vasthukkalumayi kalarthi kattiyulla oru slurry undaakkunnu, ithu baadhicha vellam paristhithiyilekku vidunnathu mandagathiyilaakkunnu.
thaazhvarayile andukettalukal, ring daikkukal, inn-pitt andukettalukal, prathyekamaayi kuzhicha kuzhikal ennivayulppede eee reethiyude niravadhi vyathyastha upavibhaagangalund. ettavum saadhaaranamaayath thaazhvarayile kulamaanu, ithu bhoomiyile prakrithidatha bhooprakrithiyilulla nyoonathaye prayojanappeduthunnu. valia munn anakkettukal nirmmikkukayum pinneedu tailingukal kondu niraykkukayum cheyyaam. theernna thuranna kuzhikal tailingukal upayogichu veendum niraykkaam. ellah saahacharyangalilum, mattu prasnangalkkoppam, jalanirappinte malineekaranavum kanakkiledukkanam. kula sambharanathinte oru pradhana bhagamaanu vellam kalayal, kaaranam vellam neekkam cheiyunna sambharana soukaryathilekku tailingukal cherkkunnu-saadhaaranayaayi decant gopura gadanakalilekku ozhukunnu. athinaal neekkam cheytha vellam prosessing sykkilil veendum upayogikkaam. oru sambharana soukaryam nirachu poorthiyaakkikkazhinjaal, uparithalam mukalile mannu kondu moodaanum punarujjeevanam aarambhikkaanum kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, oru noonn-permiable capping reethi upayogichillengil, sambharana kendrathilekku nuzhanjukayarunna vellam bhaaviyilekku nirantharam pump cheyyendathundu.
tailingukal ottikkuka.
tailingukal (kula sambharanam) nirmarjanam cheiyunnathinulla parambaraagatha reethikalilekkulla oru parishkkaranamaan pesttu tailingukal. parambaraagatha tailing slarikal kuranja sathamaanam kharavasthukkalum thaarathamyena uyarnna jalamshavum (mikka haard roock khananathinum saadhaaranayaayi 20 sathamaanam muthal 60 sathamaanam vare kharavasthukkal) ulkkollunnu, tailing kulatthil nikshepikkumbol kharavasthukkalum draavakangalum verthirikkunnu. pesttu tailingukalil, vellavum kharavasthukkalum kuranja verthirikkal sambharana pradeshathu oru pesttaayi (tooth pesttu pole sthirathayode) nikshepikkunna oru uthppannam nirmmikkaan pesttu kattiyullava upayogikkunnathiloode tailing slariyile kharapadaarthangalude sathamaanam vardhippikkunnu. prosessing plaantil kooduthal vellam recycle cheiyunnathinaal eee prakriya parambaraagatha tailingukalekkaal kooduthal jalakshamathayullathum chorchaykkulla saadhyatha kuravumaanu. ennirunnaalum, kattiyakkaanulla chelavu saadhaaranayaayi parambaraagatha tailingukale apekshichu kooduthalaanu, koodaathe prosessing plaantil ninnu storeju eriyayilekku tailingukal kondupokaan positteev displacement pambukal saadhaaranayaayi aavasyamullathinaal pesttinte pumping chelavum saadhaaranayaayi parambaraagatha tailingukale apekshichu kooduthalaanu. padinjaaran australiyayile sooryodaya anakkett, tansaniayile bulanhulu swarnna khani ennivayulppede lokamembaadumulla niravadhi sthalangalil pesttu tailingukal upayogikkunnu.
dry stacking.
tailingukal kulangalil sookshikkukayo samudrangalilekko nadikalilekko aruvikalilekko slarikalaayi ayaykkukayo cheyyendathilla. vaakvam allengil presher filterukal upayogichu devetering tailingukalude upayogam vardhichuvarikayaanu, athinaal tailingukal adukki vaykkaam. ithu vellam laabhikkukayum athu paristhithiye badhikkunna prathyaaghaathangal kuraykkukayum, saadhyathayulla azhukkunirakku kuraykkukayum, sthalam upayogikkukayum, tailingukal idathoornnathum susthiravumaaya krameekaranatthil vaykkukayum, khananam poortthiyaaya sesham kulangal upekshikkunna deerghakaala badhyatha illaathaakkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, dry stacked tailingukalkku gunasaadhyathakalundengilum filter sisttangal vaangunnathinum sthaapikkunnathinumulla mooladhanachelavu vardhikkunnathum atharam sisttangalude pravarthanachelavu (saadhaaranayaayi bandhapetta vaidyuthi upabhogavum filter thuni polulla upabhogavasthukkalum) vardhikkunnathum kaaranam eee sisttangal palappozhum vila nirodhikkappedunnu.
bhoogarbha pravarthanangalil sambharanam.
theernna thuranna kuzhikalilekku neekkam cheiyunnathu saadhaaranayaayi oru neraaya pravartthanamaanenkilum, bhoogarbha shoonyathakalilekku neekkam cheiyunnathu kooduthal sankeernamaanu. oru saadhaarana aadhunika sameepanam oru nischitha alavilulla tailingukal maalinya samuchayavum simantum kalarthuka ennathaanu, ithu bhoogarbha shoonyathakalum stoppukalum backfill cheyyaan upayogikkaavunna oru uthppannam srishtikkunnu. ithinu oru saadhaarana padam echdpf-hye density pesttu phill aanu. kula sambharanathekkaal chelaveria tailing nirmarjana reethiyaanu echdpf, ennirunnaalum ithinu mattu niravadhi gunangalundu-paristhithi mathramalla, bhoogarbha khananathinte sthiratha ganyamaayi vardhippikkaan ithu kazhiyum, bhoogarbha sammarddam shoonyasthaanangaliludanilam pakaraan oru maarggam nalkunnu-avaykku chuttum kadannupokunnathinupakaram-ithu khanana preritha bhookamba sambhavangalkk kaaranamakum, munbu beakonsfield khani duranthatthil ithu baadhichu.
riverine tailingukal.
saadhaaranayaayi aarr. tii. dii-riverine tailings dispaul ennu vilikkunnu. mikka paristhithikalilum, prathyekichu paristhithi sauhrudamaaya oru sanbradaayamallaathathinaal, ithu munkaalangalil ganyamaaya upayogam kandirunnu, ithu tusmaniayile moundu lail khananavum railway kambaniyum king nadiyilekku nadathiyathupole athisayakaramaaya paaristhithika naashatthilekko boganville dveepile panguna khaniyil ninnulla vishabaadhayilekko nayichu, ithu dveepil valia thothilulla aabhyanthara aswasthathayilekkum oduvil khaniyude sthiramaaya adachupoottalilekkum nayichu.
2005 leeii kanakkanusarichu, anthaaraashtra kambanikal nadathunna moonnu khanikal maathramaan nadee nirmarjanam upayogikkunnathu ookku teddy khani, grassberg khani, porgera khani ennivayellaam puthiya giniyayilaan. bhookamba pravartthanangalum mannidichilum mattu nirmarjana reethikale apraayogikavum apakadakaravumaakkunna apakadasaadhyathakalum kaaranam eee saahacharyangalil eee reethi upayogikkunnu.
antarvaahini tailingukal.
saadhaaranayaayi ezz. tii. dii (antarvaahini tailings dispaul) allengil dii. ezz. tii. dii (deep zee tailings dispaul) ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. oru pipeline upayogichu tailingukal ethikkaan kazhiyum, thudarnnu discharge cheyth oduvil aazhathilekk erangaan kazhiyum. praayogikamaayi, ithu oru anuyojyamaaya rethiyalla, kaaranam oof-shelf aazhangalude saameepyam apoorvamaanu. ezz. tii. dii upayogikkumbol, dischaarjinte aazham palappozhum aazhamillathathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe tailing uthppannathinte moodalmanju moolam kadaltheerathinu vyapakamaaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkam. tailing uthppannathinte saandrathayum thapanilayum niyanthrikkunnathum athu deerghadooram sanjarikkunnathil ninno uparithalathilekku pongikkidakkunnathil ninno thadayunnathum nirnaayakamaan.
eee reethi lihir dveepile swarnna khaniyaanu upayogikkunnathu; athinte maalinya nirmarjanam paristhithi pravartthakar valareyadhikam doshakaramaanennu kanakkakkunnu, athesamayam ithu doshakaramallennu udamakal avakaashappedunnu.
phytostaabilaiseshan.
verukalkku sameepamulla mannile malineekaranavasthukkale verthirichu deerghakaala sthirathaykkum tailingukal niyanthrikkunnathinum hyperacumulator plaantukal upayogikkunna fitoremediationte oru roopamaanu phytostaabilaiseshan. chediyude saannidhyam kaattinte mannolipp kuraykkum, allengil chediyude verukalkku jalakshayam thadayaanum agiranam cheiyunnathiloodeyo adinjukoodunnathiloodey lohangale nischalamaakkaanum lohangalkk avakshepikkaanum sthiratha kaivarikkanum kazhiyunna verukalkku chuttum oru mekhala nalkaanum kazhiyum. malineekaranavasthukkal jaiva labhyatha kurayukayum kannukaalikal, vanyajeevikal, manushyarude sanbarkkam enniva kurayukayum cheiyunnu. kaattum vellavum chitharunna varanda anthareekshathil eee sameepanam prathyekichum upayogapradamaakum.
vyathyastha reethikal.
tailing nirmaarjanathinulla mikacha reethikal kandethunnathinum parishkarikkunnathinum ganyamaaya shramavum gaveshanavum thudarukayaanu. porgera swarnna khaniyile gaveshanam tailing uthppannangale parukkan maalinya paarakalumaayum maalinya manalukalumaayum samyojippichu uparithalathil pothuvaayi kaanapedunna maalinya maalinyangalil allengil stokkpailukalil sambharikkaan kazhiyunna oru uthppannam srishtikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. ithu nadeejala nirmaarjanatthinte nilavile upayogam nirthaan anuvadikkum. iniyum valiyathothil pravartthanangal nadathendathundu. ennirunnaalum, britiish kolambiyayile elkview khani ulppede niravadhi designermar qoo-disposal vijayakaramaayi nadappaakkiyittund.
microbiology vazhi kula punarudhaarana.
enna manalil ninnu enna verthirichedukkumbol, vellam, cheli, kalimannu, mattu layakangal enniva adangiya vaalukalum srishtikkappedunnu. eee kharavasthu guruthwaakarshanathaal pakwathayulla phine tailingukalaayi maarum. parambaraagathamaaya ettavum saadhyathayulla samkhya reethikale adisthaanamaakki tailing kulatthil 103 vaayurahita hetterotrophukalum 104 sulfate kuraykkunna prokaariyottukalum undennu phoogt "ettu alle" (1985) kanakkakki. rund tailing kulangalil oru pareekshanam nadatthiya phoogt, archaea, bacteria, tailing kulangalil ninnu purathuvarunna vaathakam ennivayekkurichulla vishakalanathil avaa methanojanukalaanennu kaanichu. aazham vardhichathode puratthuvanna ch4-nte molukal yadhaarthathil kuranju.
silling kulatthile methanojanukal vaayurahithamaya kshayam moolam jeevikkukayum punarulppaadippikkuyum cheiyunnuvennu siddiq (2006,2007) parayunnu, ithu naafthayil ninnu aanava bharam aliphatic, aarometik hydrocarbonukal, kaarban dye ooksaid, meedhane ennivayilekku kuraykkum. aarkkiyaykkum bakteeriyakalkkum enna shudheekarana prakriyayil maalinyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna naaftaye tharamthaazhthaanaakum. eee rund tharamthaazhthappetta uthppannangalum upayogapradamaanu. aliphatic, aarometik hydrocarbonukal, meedhane enniva manushyarude dainamdina jeevithathil indhanamaayi upayogikkaam. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, eee methanojanukal upayogathinte gunakam mechappeduthunnu. koodaathe, eee methanojanukal tailing kulatthinte ghadanaye maattukayum sushirajalathinte ozhukkine enna manal samskarikkunnathinu veendum upayogikkaan sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. archaea baakteeriyakalum metabolisavum tailingukalkkullil kumilakal vidukayum cheiyunnathinaal, sushira jalam eluppathil manniloode kadannupokum. pakwathayulla phine tailingukalude saandrata thwarithappeduthunnathil, tailing kulangalkk kharapadaarthangal kooduthal vegathil sthirathaamasamaakkaan kazhiyum, angane tailingukal neratthe veendedukkaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, tailingukalil ninnu purathuvidunna vellam enna shudheekarana prakriyayil upayogikkaam. jalathinte aavasyam kuraykkunnathiloode paristhithiye varalchayil ninnu samrakshikkanum kazhiyum.
punarsamskaranam.
khanana saankethikavidyakalum daathukkalude vilayum mechappedunnathinanusarichu, adhika daathukkal veendedukkaan puthiya reethikal upayogicho pazhaya reethikal upayogicho tailingukal veendum prosess cheiyunnathu asaadhaaranamalla. padinjaaran australiyayile kalgoorli/paarakalude vipulamaaya tailing dumpukal 1990-kalil cultail khananathiloode labhakaramaayi punarsamskarichu.
malinamaaya tailingukal pariharikkunnathin kazhinja 20 varshamaayi vividha rajyangalil pettu4keey prosessing plaant enna yanthram upayogikkunnu.
anthaaraashtra nayam.
brumedinho anakkett duranthatthinte nirnaayaka paraajayathetthudarnnu 2020 ll yuu. enn. yum bisinus kammyoonittikalum tailing maanejmentinaayi oru anthaaraashtra nilavaaram vikasippichu. aikyaraashtrasabhayude paristhithi paripadi (yuu. enn. iii. pii), khananathinum lohangalkkumulla anthaaraashtra kaunsil (aii. sii. emm. emm), utharavaadithamulla nikshepathinulla thathwangal ennivayaanu paripadi vilichathu.

