
thozhilparamaaya verthiriv

thozhilparamaaya verthiriv ennathu thozhil mekhalayiludaneelavum athinullilum thozhilaallikalude vitharanam, janasamkhyaaparamaaya savisheshathakale adisthaanamaakki, mikkappozhum lingabhedam. mattu tharatthilulla thozhilparamaaya verthirivukalil vamsheeyavum vamsheeyavumaaya verthiriv, laingika aabhimukhyam verthirikkal enniva ulppedunnu. eee janasamkhyaaparamaaya savisheshathakal palappozhum parasparam verthirikkunnu. oru jolie oru sthaapanathilo vyavasaayathilo ulla oru yadhaartha sthaanathe soochippikkumbol, oru thozhil samanamaaya naipunya aavashyakathakalum chumathalakalum aavasyamulla samanamaaya jolikalude oru koottatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu. vyathyasthamaaya jolikal kaaranam pala thozhilukalum avaykkullil verthirikkappedunnu, ennaal thozhil daattayude kaaryatthil ithu kandethaan prayaasamaan. thozhilparamaaya verthiriv muzhuvan thozhil shakthiyudeyum pashchaathalatthil vividha grouppukaleyum avarude thozhilukaleyum thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. jolikalude moolyamo anthasso saadhaaranayaayi alavukalil ulppeduthiyitla.
thikanja verthirikkalinteyum samyojanathinteyum adisthaanathil thozhil verthirikkal nilakal vyathyaasappedunnu. eathenkilum thozhil oru groupine maathram niyamikkumbozhaanu thikanja verthiriv sambhavikkunnath. maruvashathu, oro group thozhil shakthiyil kaivasham vaykkunna athe anupaathathilulla sthaanangal kaivasham vaykkumbozhaanu thikanja samyojanam sambhavikkunnath.
biblars muthalaaya niravadhi pandithanmaar.thozhiladhishtitha verthiriv palappozhum thirascheenamaayi (thozhilukaliludaneelam) allengil lambamaayi (thozhilukalude shrenikkullil) paattenukalilaanu sambhavikkunnathennum ithu lingabhedam adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanam moolamaanu undakunnathennum vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, munkaalangalil, vamshavumaayi bandhapetta thozhilparamaaya verthiriv nannayi gaveshanam cheythitilla, pala padanangalum onniladhikam grouppukalkku pakaram rund grouppukale thaarathamyam cheyyaan thiranjedukkunnu. vyathyastha vamseeya/vamseeya pashchaathalangalile vyathyastha lingakkar vyathyastha thadassangal anubhavikkunnathinal, thozhilparamaaya verthiriv alakkunnathu kooduthal sookshumamaanu. aathyanthikamayi, thozhilparamaaya verthiriv vethana vidavukalkkum lingabhedavum vamshavum kaaranam avaganikkappedunna kazhivulla udyogaarthikalkku avasarangal nashtappedunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu.
amerikkayil.
lingaparamaaya pravanathakal.
kazhinja noottaandil amerikkayil, thozhil vipaniyude thozhilparamaaya verthirivukalude thoth alakkunna segregation-indux skorukalude athisayakaramaaya sthiratha undaayittund. 1970kalilum 1980kalilum thozhilparamaaya verthirivukalil kuravundaayi, kaaranam veedinte paricharana jolikal vegathilum eluppathilum cheytha saankethikavidyakal kooduthal sthreekalkku thozhilmekhalayil praveshikkaan avasaram nalki.
vamseeya pravanathakal.
1990kalkk sheshamulla lingavivechanathinulla vivarangal vipulamaanenkilum vamsheeyavivechanathinulla vivarangal samagramalla. koodaathe, deseeya pravanathakal kaanaan eluppamaanengilum, athu ellaayppozhum vividha mekhalakalile pravanathakale prathifalippikkunnilla. american aikyanaadukalile chila pradeshangal thozhilparamaaya verthirivinu kooduthal saadhyathayullavayaanu. adimathathinte charithravum jiim kakka oru vyaavasaayika sambadvyavasthayilekkalu mandagathiyilulla parivartthanavum kaaranam, thekk mekhalayile thozhil shakti amerikkayude mattu bhaagangale apekshichu kooduthal vamsheeyamaayi verthirikkapettu.
mahathaaya kudiyettam (1910-1970) aafrikkan american janasamkhyayude thekk ninnu vadakkottum kaarshika mekhalayil ninnu vyaavasaayika jolikalilekkum vanna maattathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. mahaamaandyam (1929-1933) niravadhi aafrikkan amerikkakkaare avarude kambanikalile mattullavarumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aadyam pirichuvidaan kaaranamaayi, ithu veettujolikal allengil dress makermar allengil shope udamakal enna nilayil svanthamaayi bisinesses thurakkunnathupolulla thozhilukalode svayam thozhililekku tirian kaaranamaayi. 1940kalil, labhyamaya jolikalude tharangal vyavasaayathil ninnu sevanathilekku marran thudangi, athesamayam kaarshika bhagam kooduthal thozhilaallikal aavashyamillaatha yanthrangalilekku maari. eee maattam puthiya thozhilavasarangal srishtikkukayum mattu thozhilavasarangal puranthallukayum cheythu. 1964leeii pouraavakaasha niyamathile ezhaam padavi srishtichathinushesham vamseeya verthiriv kurayaan thudangi.
ellah vidyaabhyaasa thalangalilum karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekale kuranja vethanamulla jolikalil niyamikkumbol avarude samana vaidagdhyavum vidyaabhyaasa thalatthilulla velutha vanita samapraayakkaarkk avarude vamseeya nettam kaaranam uyarnna shambalamulla jolikal nalkappedunnundennu daatta kaanikkunnu. thozhilparamaaya verthiriv aafrikkan american sthreekalkku nalkunna jolikale mathramalla, avarude shambalatheyum baadhichittundu. thulyamaaya valarchayil ninnulla daatta prakaram karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalum vellakkaraaya purushanmaarum thammilulla vethana vidavu palappozhum saambathika vidagdhar yadhaartha vivechanathinte ettavum adutha ekadesha kanakkayi vyaakhyaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, vyavasaayathileyum thozhilileyum vamsheeyavum lingaparavumaaya vyathyaasangal-mothatthil jolisthalathe verthiriv ennu vilikkunnu-eee vidavinte ettavum valia bhagam (28 sathamaanam, allengil oru vellakkaaran sambaadikkunna oro dollarinum 10 sent) vishadeekarikkunnu. thozhilparamaaya verthiriv karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalude oru prashnamaayathinte pradhana kaaranangalilonn, uyarnna nilavaaramulla vidyaabhyaasa, saambathika vibhavangalilekkulla praveshanathile vamsheeyavum vamsheeyavumaaya poruthakkedaanu, ithu kuttikalude vidyaabhyaasa phalangale baadikkukayum koleju praveshanam uyarnna shambalamulla jolikalkku pakaram deerghakaala thozhil vipani avasarangalkk kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
tharangal.
lingabhedam.
lingaparamaaya thozhil vibhajanam linga swathuam, vargam, vamsham, vamseeyatha, laingika aabhimukhyam ennivayiludaneelamulla adhikaarathinte shreni vishadeekarikkaan sahayikkunnu. anyavalkkarikkappetta advaanathinteyum ulppaadana maargangaludeyum maarksist chattakkoodiloode soshyalist feministukal eee prathyayashaasthrathinu sambhavana nalkunnu. sthreekalude advaanathinmelulla purushaadhipathya niyanthranamenna nilayil lingaparamaaya thozhil vibhajanathinu heidy hartman oonnal nalki. ulppaadana reethi uthppaadanathinteyum prathyulppaadanathinteyum ikyamaayi maaranamenn vaali sacombe nirddeshichu, athil sthreekalude prathyulpaadana kazhivukal adhvaanathinteyo varumaanathinteyo moolyavathaaya uravidamaayi kaanapedunnu. 1970kalude avasaanathil "veettujolikkulla vethanam" prasthaanam jolisthalathe linga asamathvathinte praadhaanyam pradharshippichu. vipani sambadvyavasthayil prathiphalam arhikkunna oru charakkayi ithine kaanaathathinaal sthreekalude kudumbatheyum prathyulpaadana thozhilaallikaleyum chooshanam cheiyunnathine soshyalist feministukal vimarshichu. sthreekal palappozhum oru "eratta divasam" allengil "randaam shift" jolie cheyyumbol avar oru vethanam sambaadikkunna joliyilekku pookukayum thudarnnu kuttikaleyum veettineyum paripalikkaan veettilekku varikayum cheiyunnu.
thirascheenamaayi.
thirascheenamaaya verthiriv ennathu thozhilukaliludaneelam oro lingathilumulla aalukalude ennathile vyathyaasangale soochippikkunnu. sevana vyavasaayangalude vipuleekaranam niravadhi sthreekale thozhil shakthiyilekku praveshippikkaan ahvaanam cheytha sambadvyavasthayude (vyaavasaayikaananthara samooham) vyaavasaayikaananthara punasamghadanayiloode thirascheenamaaya verthiriv vardhippikkaan saadhyathayund. vyaavasaayika punaradhivaasatthinu sheshamulla kaalayalavil sambadvyavasthayilekku praveshicha dasalakshakkanakkinu veettammaar praadhamikamaayi part time jolie cheyyaanum vazhakkamulla manikorukal nalkaanum kazhiyunna sevanamekhalayile jolikalilekku praveshichu. eee oopshanukal palappozhum thangalude makkaludeyum veedukaludeyum paricharana jolikalude utharavaadithamulla ammamaare aakarshikkunnundenkilum nirbhagyavashaal avar kuranja shambalamullathum kuranja nilavaramullathumaaya thozhilukalil labhyamaan. nazhsumaareyum adhyapakareyum palappozhum sthreekalaayi chithreekarikkumbol doctormaarum abhibhaashakarum palappozhum purushanmaaraanennu karuthappedunnu enna ashayam nammude samoohathil ethratholam aazhathil veroonniya thirascheenamaaya verthiriv undu ennathinte udaaharanangalaan.
lambamaayi.
lambamaya verthiriv" enna padam parambaraagathamaayi purusha, parambaraagathamaayi sthree thozhilukalil ettavum uyarnna padavi jolikalil purushanmaarude aadhipathyathe vivarikkunnu. samsaarabhashayil, lambamaya verthirikkalinte nilanilppine purushanmaare oru "glass escalatoril" oodikkaan anuvadikkunnathaayi paraamarsikkunnu, athiloode sthreekal purushanmaare marikadannu mukalile sthaanangalilekku pookunnathu kaanam. pothuve, oru rajyath thozhiladhishtithamaaya verthiriv kuravaayathinaal, avide lambamaya verthiriv kuravaayathinaal, aaa prathyeka thozhilil avarude thozhil vihitam vardhikkunnathinaal sthreekalkku oru prathyeka thozhilil uyarnna sthaanangal nedaanulla mikacha saadhyathayund.
vyakthigatha thozhilukalkullile shrenikale soochippikkunnathinaal thozhilukaliludaneelam lambamaya verthiriv alakkaan alppam budhimuttaanu. udaaharanathinu, vidyaabhyaasa professionalukalude vibhaagathe (australian staanderd vargeekaranathile oru vibhaagam, thozhilukalude randaam pathipp) "school adhyapakar", "sarvakalashaala, thozhiladhishtitha vidyaabhyaasa adhyapakar", "vividha vidyaabhyaasa professionalukal" enningane thirichirikkunnu."eee vibhaagangale pinneedu upavibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. eee vibhagangal vidyaabhyaasathinulle vibhajanangale uchithamayi vivarikkumbol, avaa mattu thozhilukalile sreniparamaaya vibhagangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaanaavilla, athinaal lambamaya verthirivukalude thalangal thaarathamyam cheiyunnathu valare budhimuttaanu.
rays.
vyathyastha nyoonapakshangalkk avarude verthirivine swaadheenikkunna vyathyastha gadakangalundu. amerikkayil, alonso-willer thudangiyavar. thozhilavasarangalude mothatthilulla vitharanathinte vivarangalude adisthaanathil eshyakkaaraanu ettavum verthirikkapetta groupennum athesamayam praadeshika vipanikalil hispaanikkukal ettavum verthirikkappettavaraane nigamanam cheythu. eshyakkaar thayyal mesheen oopparettarmaar allengil thayyalkkaar polulla kuranja shambalamulla jolikalilum medical allengil computer enchiniyaring polulla uyarnna shambalamulla jolikalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. eshyan" vibhaagathil, thekkukizhakkan eshyakkaarum kizhakkan eshyakkaarum polulla vividha vamseeya vibhaagangalude daatta vyathyasappettirikkunnathu eee shreniyude kaaranam. manushya mooladhana savisheshathakaludeyum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya veriyabilukaludeyum gadakangal neekkam cheyyumbol, aafrikkakkaarum thaddesheeya amerikkakkarum ettavum verthirikkappedunnu. eshyakkaarum hyspanics avarude vyakthigatha kazhivukalum swabhaavasavisheshathakalum kaaranam verthirikkappedumbol, karuthavarggakkaarum thaddesheeya amerikkakkarum nirupaadhikamaayi verthirikkappedunnu.
american aikyanaadukalile 90 sathamaanam jolikalum karuthavarggakkaaraaya purushanmaare amithamaayi prathinidheekarikkukayo kurachukoodi prathinidheekarikkukayo cheiyunnu, ithu verthiriv kaanikkunnu. kuranja shambalamulla jolikalil amita praathinidhyam sambhavikkumbol uyarnna shambalamulla jolikalil kuranja praathinidhyam sambhavikkunnu. karuthavargakkaareyum laattino purushanmareyum amithamaayi prathinidheekarikkunna jolikal kaalakramena shambalam kuraykkunnu.
intersectability.
thozhilparamaaya verthirivile vamsham/vamseeyatha, lingabhedam ennivayude parasparabandham ardhamaakkunnathu rund gadakangalum parasparam sankeernamaaya reethiyil kettippadukkukayum avarudethaaya savisheshamaaya prasnangal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu ennaanu. lingabhedangalkkidayil, munkootty sangalppikkappetta aashayangalund; lingabhedam vamshavum vamsheeyathayum kondu kooduthal vibhajikkappedumbol, steeriyodaippukal kooduthal vyathyaasappedunnu. purushanmaarekkaal kooduthal verthirivinodu sthreekale pariganikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, vyathyastha lingangalude thaarathamyam kaanikkunnath avarude sthree athiraalikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol purushanmaaril uyarnna vamseeya/vamseeya asamathvam nilanilkkunnu ennaanu. jolisthalathu hyspanic, eshyan, aafrikkan american, thaddesheeya american sthreekalude vitharanam valare samaanamaan. ennirunnaalum, kuranja shambalamulla jolikalil, hyspanic sthreekal ettavum valia janasamkhyaashaasthrathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
kaaranagal.
vyakthigatha mungananakal.
elii ginsberginte abhipraayathil, svayam thiranjedukkal cheruppatthil thanne aarambikkukayum athinu niravadhi ghattangalund. kuttikal joliyekkurich chinthikkaan thudangumbol, avar ellah saadhyathakalkkum thayyaaraan, avarude lingabhedam, vamsham allengil saamoohika vargam ennivayaal parimithappedunnilla. cheruppatthinte avasaanathil, anthima thozhil thiranjeduppu vyakthiyude vidyaabhyaasathinte alavu, vividha thozhilukalil avar nalkunna moolyam, avarkk chuttumulla lokathodulla prathikaranatthil avarude vikarangal, avarkkulla paaristhithika niyanthranangal ennivaye aasrayichirikkunnu. muthirnnavar thangalkk parichithavum moolyamullathumaaya thozhil anthareeksham thiranjedukkunnu. vyakthikalkk avar aagrahikkunna jolikalil vyathyastha mungananakalundengilum, samoohathinum thozhil asamathvathinum eee thiranjeduppukale swaadheenikkaan kazhiyum.
chila sthreekal uyarnna padavikalil ninnu svayam thiranjedukkukayum pakaram veettilum kudumbathodoppam chelavazhikkaan kooduthal samayam thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunnu. saaraa damaskeyude abhipraayathil, veettile lingabhedam moolam pala sthreekalum prathekshikkunna kanatha gaarhika jolibharam uyarnna padavi sthaanangal anuvadikkaathathinaal palappozhum eee thiranjeduppu nadathappedunnu. prathyekichum thozhilaalivarggathile sthreekal chilappol parambaraagatha lingakramavum kudumbaparamaaya yojip nilanirthunnathinaayi kooduthal samayamedukkunnatho uyarnna nilavaaramullatho aaya sthaanangalil ninnu svayam thiranjedukkunnu.
manushya mooladhana vishadeekaranangal soochippikkunnathu sthreekalekkaal purushanmaar avarude kudumbajeevithathekkaal avarude thozhil jeevithathinu munganana nalkaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, pothuvaaya saamoohika sarveyil, sthreekalekkaal purushanmaar kuranja samayathe vilamathikkanulla saadhyatha alpam kuravaanennum prathyeka thozhil savisheshathakalkulla mungananakal lingabhedathekkaal praayam, vidyaabhyaasam, vamsham, mattu savisheshathakal ennivaye aashrayichirikkunnuvennu kandethi. koodaathe, mattu gaveshanangal kaanikkunnath purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum endogenous thozhil mungananakal undakaan saadhyathayund, athaayath avarude mungananakal lingabhedavumaayi antharleenamaayi bandhappettirikkunnathiku avar kaivashappedutthiya jolikalum munkaalangalil kaivashappeduthiyirunna jolikalumaanu. purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum jolikal kanakkileduthaal avarude jolie mungananakalil vyathyasamilla. samana tharatthilulla jolikalil earppettirikkunna purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum joliyodum samanamaaya mattu mungananakal prakadippikkunnathilum samanamaaya prathibadhathayundu.
vidyaabhyaasa asamathvangal.
nyoonapakshangal bhaashayude thadassathinu vidheyaraanu. chila kudiyettakkaarkku, avar varunna rajyath uyarnna thalatthilulla parichayasambatthu undaayirunnittum, bhashayumaayi parichayamillaathathinaal avarkk thulya raankulla jolie nedaan kazhiyilla. amerikkayilekku varunna kudiyettakkaaril palarum engleesh samsarikkaan kazhiyaatha eshyakkaarano hispaanikkukalo aanu. kudiyettakkaarkku vidyaabhyaasathinu mukaliloo thaazheyo anubhavamundakaam. engleeshil uyarnna praaveenyamillaathavar bhashayumaayi bandhamillaattha kazhivukalekkurichu pratheekshikkaattha kuranja shambalamulla jolikalil parimithappedutthiyirikku. nyoonapaksha thozhilaallikal cheruppamaayathinaal (hyspanic, thaddesheeya american, karutha, eshyan thozhilaallikalude sharashari praayam yathaakramam 35,38,39,39 enninganeyaanu, vellakkaarude sharashari praayavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, athaayath 42), avarkk kuranja parichayamund, ithu avare malsaraadhishtitha sthaanaarthikalaayi kuraykkunnu.
thaddesheeya amerikkakkarum karutha varggakkaarum jolisthalathu kooduthal verthirikkappedunnathinta valiyoru sathamaanam thaazhnna vidyaabhyaasamaanu. ennirunnaalum, vidyaabhyaasa thalangalile vamsheeyavum vamsheeyavumaaya vyathyaasangalaan vethana vidavinu praadhamika vishadeekaranamennu parayappedunnundengilum, vamshangalum vamsheeyangalum thammilulla vethanathe ore vidyaabhyaasa thalavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyumbol, ippozhum vyathyaasangalund, ithu vethana vidavu nilanilkkanulla oreyoru kaaranamallenn soochippikkunnu. haiskoolil ninnu birudam nedunnatho patanam upekshikkunnatho aaya karuthavarggakkaarkku avarude vellakkaraaya samapraayakkaarude thozhilillaayma nirakkinte eratti thozhilillaayma nirakk undu. vamseeya/vamseeya nyoonapakshathilppetta aalukalkk avarude vidyaabhyaasa pashchaathalam pariganikkathe jolie labhikkunnathil poraaymayundaakum.
oru vyakthiyudeyum oru groupinteyum thozhilparavum saambathikavumaaya vijayam aupachaarikavum anoupachaarikavumaaya vidyaabhyaasathiloodeyum anubhavangaliloodeyum vikasippichedutha shekharicha kazhivukalkk bhaagikamaayi kaaranamaakumenn vaadikkunnavayaanu manushya mooladhana vishadeekaranangal. thozhilparamaaya verthirivinulla manushya mooladhana vishadeekaranangal, purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum vidyaabhyaasa thalangalile vyathyaasamaan nirantharamaaya thozhilparamaaya verthirivinu kaaranamenn abhipraayappedunnu. avarude vidyaabhyaasa yogyathakal kuravaanennu aaropikkappedunnathinal avarude kuranja shambalam nyaayeekarikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee sidhaanthathinu vipareethamaayi, kazhinja 40 varshamaayi, sthreekalude vidyaabhyaasa nettam purushanmarekkaal kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, thozhilparamaaya verthirivukalil ganyamaaya punk vahichekkaavunna vidyaabhyaasathinte oru mekhala shaasthrathilum ganithathilum sthreekalude kuravaanu. stem feeldukal uyarnna shambalamulla jolikalilekkulla pipe lainukalaanu. athinaal, uyarnna shambalamulla jolikalil sthreekalude abhavam bhaagikamaayi avar schoolil shaasthravum ganithavum padikkaathathukondaayirim. ithu saambathikam polulla mekhalakalil kaanaan kazhiyum, ithu valare ganithashaasthra bharamullathum swakaarya mekhalayil uyarnna sthaanangalilekku uyarunnavarkk valare janapriyamaaya oru mekhalayumaanu. eee thiranjeduppu, mattullavareppole, palappozhum vyakthiparamaaya mungananayo allengil ganithashaasthrathil sthreekal purushanmaareppole mikachavaralla enna saamskaarika ashayam moolamo aanu.
thozhil asamathvangal.
thozhiludamakku sthreekalkkum nyoonapakshangalkkumulla shambala asamathvathe moonnu tharatthil swaadheenikkaan kazhiyum. sthreekaleyum vamseeya nyoonapakshangaleyum kuranja shambalamulla jolikalaayi tharamthirikkunnathiloodeyum avarude athiraalikalkku uyarnna shambalamulla jolikal labhikkunnathiloodeyum, sthaanakkayattathinaayi sthreekaleyum vamseeya nyoonapakshangaleyum thiranjedukkaathirikkunnedum, sthreekalo vamseeya nyoonapakshangalo allatha aalukalkk avarude recruitmentum parasyavum nalkunnathiloodeyum avar ithu cheythekkaam. athesamayam, moolyanirnnaya vivechanam ennariyappedunna oru aashayathil thozhiludamakal sthreekaludeyum vamseeya/vamseeya nyoonapakshangaludeyum pravartthanangale vyavasthaapithamaayi kurachukaanunnu. pala jolikalkkum, kondaakt pooyintinum apeksha poortthiyaakkunnathinum idayil, human resourcesinte oru punk apekshakare chila jolikalilekku nayikkuka ennathaanu. sthreekaleyum vamseeya nyoonapakshangaleyum kuranja shambalamulla jolikalilekku maattaan eee punk upayogikkumbol manavavibhavasheshi steering sambhavikkam.
lingabhedam ullavar thammilulla thozhil parichayatthile asamathvam kaaranam purushanmaar sthreekale apekshichu uyarnna sthaanangalilekku uyarunna pravanathayundennu manushya mooladhana vishadeekaranangal soochippikkunnu. purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum kaalavadhi thammilulla antharam praayathinanusarichu vardhikkunnu, koodaathe vanita koleju birudadhaarikal kuttikale valarthunnathinayi purushanmaarekkaal avarude currier thadassappeduthaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. atharam thiranjeduppukalkku kaaranam sthreekal pradhaanamaayum gaarhika chumatalakalkk utharavaadikalaaya thozhil vibhajanamaan.
thozhil thirayal thanthrangal.
saamoohikashaasthranjaraaya hanson praattum parayunnathanusarichu, purushanmaarum sthreekalum avarude thozhil thirayalukalil vyathyastha thanthrangal upayogikkunnu, athu thozhil vibhajanathil oru punk vahikkunnu. eee vyathyastha thanthrangale swaadheenikkunnathu veettile adhikaarabandhangal, saamoohika jeevithathinte lingaparamaaya swabhaavam, sthreekalude gaarhika utharavaadithangal ennivayaanu. avasaanathe ghadakam, prathyekichu, oru jolie thirayumbol shambalamulla thozhilinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya saameepyathin munganana nalkaan sthreekale nayikkunnu. koodaathe, mikka aalukalum anoupachaarika sanbarkkangaliloode jolie kandethunnathayi kandethiyittundu. saamoohika jeevithathinte lingaparamaaya swabhaavam sthreekale purushanmaarekkaal bhoomishaasthraparamaayi cheru netvarkkukalilekku nayikkunnu. athinaal, kuranja nilavaravum kuranja shambalavumulla sthree aadipathyamulla thozhilukalil sthreekalude sthaanam shambalavum antass paramavadhi vardhippikkaan kazhiyunna bodhapoorvavum deerghakaalavumaaya thiranjeduppinu pakaram "kadinamaaya dainamdina samaya parimithikalude" falamaanu.
metropolittan pradeshangalil orotta vamseeya nyoonapakshamulla residential communitykal mattu vamshangalil ninnulla ottappedal kaaranam thozhil shringalakal roopeekarikkunnu. nalla thozhilavasarangal kandethunnathinulla mikacha maargamaayi thozhil shringalakal palappozhum upayogikkunnundengil uyarnna vethanathinu kaaranamaakunnillenkil athu doshakaramaakum. netvarkkukal thozhil avasarangalilekkum nyoonapakshangalkkum asamamaya praveshanathilekku nayikkukayum uyarnna shambalamulla thozhil vipanikalilekkulla malsaram kuraykkukayum thaazhnnavayil malsaram vardhippikkukayum cheyyum. ithu thozhil vipanikalude vethanavilayil kuravundaakkunnu. pradhaanamaayum swantham vamshathilppetta netvarkkukal upayogikkunna karuthavargakkaarum laattinokalum kuranja thozhil nirakkum vellakkaarkk uyarnna thozhil nirakkum undaakum. koodaathe, niyamavirudhamaayi kudiyerunnavarkku kuranja shambalamulla chila jolikal labhikkunnath eluppamaanu. avar palappozhum avarude samoohathinullil network cheiyunnathinaal, eee jolikal chila vamseeya/vamseeya grouppukalumaayi kooduthal kendreekarichirikkunnu.
phalangal.
shambala vidavu.
sthree aadipathyamulla jolikalile sthreekal rund shikshakal nalkunnu avarude joliyude sharashari vethanam thaarathamyappeduthaavunna purusha aadipathyamulla jolikalekkaal kuravaanu, ore jolikalile purushanmaare apekshichu avarkk varumanam kuravaanu. 1980 muthal, thozhilparamaaya verthiriv lingaparamaaya shambala vidavinte ettavum valia gadakamaanu, ithu vethana vidavinte pakuthiyiladikamaanu. koodaathe, oru joliyile sthreekalude sathamaanam sthreekalude vethanathe prathikoolamaayi badhikkunnu, ennaal purushanmaarude vethanathe adisthaanaparamaayi baadikkunnilla.
vamsham pariganikkathe ellah thozhilaalikalkkum vethanakkuravu sambhavikkunnu. pradhaanamaayum purusha thozhilukalil ninnu sthreekale ozhivaakkukayum pradhaanamaayum sthree aadipathyamulla niravadhi thozhilukalaayi verthirikkukayum cheythathinte falamaayi thozhilparamaaya verthiriv sthreekalude ellah varumaanavum kuraykkunnuvennu crowding sidhaantham anumaanikkunnu. sthree naipunyangalkk parambaraagathamaayi shambalathilum anthassin kuranja prathiphalam labhikkunnathinaal, chila thozhilukalilekku sthreekalude tirakk eee thozhilukale shambalathilum anthassinilum kuranja moolyamullathaakkunnu.
thozhilparamaaya verthirivile macro maattangaliloode tirakk laghookarikkunnathaayi kandethiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, sameepakaala thalamurakalilenkilum, adthyaapanam parambaraagathamaayi sthree aadipathyamulla oru thozhilaanu. ennirunnaalum, bisinessilum mattu uyarnna varumaanamulla thozhilukalilum sthreekalkku tasthikakal thurakkumbol, udyogaarthikale aakarshikkunnathin school boardukal saadhyathayulla adhyaapakarude shambalam uyarthanam. parambaraagathamaayi sthree aadipathyamulla thozhilukalile sthreekalkku polum vipaniyude lingaparamaaya samyojanathil ninnu shambalam thirichulla prayojanam engane labhikkunnu ennathinte udaaharanamaanithu.
shambala vidavukal aarambhikkunnath vaadakayude samayathaan. oru sthaapanathil shambalam aarambikkunnathinulla thozhil kramappeduthalinte pankinekkurichulla pennarude padanatthil, niyamikkunna sthreekalude sharashari vipani shambalam purushanmaarude sharashari 67 shathamaanamaanennu addeham kandethi. vellakkaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, karuthavargakkaar, hyspanic, eshyakkaar ennivarude sharashari vipani shambalam yathaakramam 72,84,90 shathamaanamaayirunnu. apekshakare niyamikkunnathin munbu maarkkat shambala nirakkukal munkootty nirnnayikkunnathinaal, oro group thammilulla maarkkat shambalathile vyathyaasangal thozhil tharamthirikkalinte falamaanu.
thozhilparamaaya verthiriv kooduthalulla metropolittan pradeshangalil, vidyaabhyaasamillaatha karuthavargakkaarkkum laattino, vellakkarkkum kuranja shambalamaanu labhikkunnathenn voonn lokkatt kandethi. residential segregation mekhalakalil, vellakkaarkk mikacha shambalam labhikkaan kazhinju, athesamayam karuthavargakkaarkkum lattinokalkkum kuranja shambalam labhichu, ithu soshyal/job netvarkkukal shambalathe baadikkaanulla saadhyathaye soochippikkunnu.
avasarangal nashtappettu.
sthreekalkkum nyoonapakshangalkkum nalkaan kazhiyunna kazhivukal anuchithamaya rolukalkkaayi neekkivachirikkunnathil paazhaakunnu. uyarnna vaidagdhyamullavarkku "nirantharam maarikkondirikkunna thozhil sambadvyavastha" yilek sambhavana cheyyaan kazhiyilla, ithu kaaryakshamathayilum vaividhyamaarnna chinthayilum kuravundaakkunnu. karutha varggakkaare thozhil mekhalayile uyarnna sthaanangalil ninnu sajeevamaayi akattinirthunnathinu, maanejment palappozhum karutha executiveukale kooduthal vamseeya padavikalkkaayi anuvadikkunnu, athaayath vaividhya sthaanangal allengil karutha samoohavumaayi bandhippikkunna layoshan jolikal.
alakkal.
rund vitharanangal thammilulla vyathyaasathinte alavukolaayi varthikkunna dankan dii (allengil vyathyaasathinte soochika) upayogichaanu thozhil verthirikkal alakkunnathu. 
dii kanakkakkaan
rund grouppukaludeyum anupathangal thaarathamyam cheiyunnathinaal, 0 enna score ardhamaakkunnathu rund grouppukalkkidayil thulya praathinidyamundennaanu, athesamayam 1 enna score oru grouppinte uyarnna saandrathayum rund grouppukal thammilulla asamamaya vitharanavum kaanikkunnu. eee samavaakyathil ninnu uruthirinja samkhya oru grouppinte aanupaathikathin thulyamaanu, athu samathvam sambhavikkunnathin avarude sthaanam mattanam.
pariharangal.
thulya thozhil avasara kammeeshan.
1964leeii pouraavakaasha niyamatthinte sheershakam VII sthreekalkkum nyoonapaksha vibhagangalkkum nyayamaaya perumattavum niyama parirakshayum urappaakkunnathinaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. oru vyakthiyude vamsham, niram, matham, lingam allengil deseeya uthbhavam ennivayude adisthaanathil thozhilidatthil vivechanam kaanikkunnath" niyamavirudhamaanennum athu iii. oo. sii nadappaakkunnuvennum sheershakam VII prasthaavikkunnu. vivechanathinte avakaashavaadangal pariharikkunnathinayi iii. oo. sii. yilek ayaykkunnu. vyavasthaapithamaaya vivechanam sambhavikkunna sthalangalum eok anweshikkunnu. vivechanam pariharikkunnathil ithu nerittum allatheyum prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum iraye avarude kambaniyude vivechanathinethire kesukal nedaan ithu sahayikkum, athesamayam bhaaviyile lamghanangal ozhivakkaan avarude nayangal maattaan chuttumulla kambanikale swaadheenikkum. ithu VII enna thalakkettin keezhil kodathiyil mungaamikalum sthaapikkunnu.
100-ladhikam jeevanakkarum 50-ll kooduthal jeevanakkarum 50,000 dollaril kooduthal moolyamulla karaarukalumulla sarkkar kararukar ulla oro swakaarya thozhiludamayil ninnum onpathu vyathyastha vibhaagangalile jeevanakkaarude vamsham, vamseeyatha, lingabhedam enniva ulkkollunna oru report thulya thozhil avasara commission labhikkunnu. 1964 leeii pouraavakaasha niyamaprakaaram ithu aavashyamaayirunnu.
oru vyavasayathinethiraaya iii. oo. sii chaarjukal vardhikkunnathode vethanam vardhikkunnu. kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi, phayal cheytha kodathi kesukalude prathikaranamaayi vethana vardhanavu vellakkaraaya sthreekale apekshichu karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalkku kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, kooduthal karuthavarggakkaar vivechanathinu apekshichathaakaam ithinu kaaranam. linga vivechana lamghanangalkkaayi phayal cheiyunnathu pravarthikkunnuvennu wilhem kaanikkunnu, ennaal vamseeya vivechana lamghanangalkkaayi phayal cheiyunnathu pravarthikkaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu.
vaividhyamaarnna paripaadikal.
pothuvaaya vaividhya sanbradaayangalil sthireekarana karmapadhathikal, vaividhya kammittikalum task fozhsukalum, vaividhya maanejarmaar, vaividhya pariseelanam, maanejarmarkkulla vaividhya vilayiruthalukal, networking prograamukal, maarganirddesha paripaadikal enniva ulppedunnu. vidyaabhyaasathiloode maanejmental steeriyodaippukal nirthaan uddeshichulla vaividhya pariseelanavum vaividhya vilayiruthalukalum polulla paripaadikalude falamaayi jolisthalathe vaividhyam sambhavikkunnillenn calev kandethi. sthreekaleyum nyoonapakshangaleyum avarude vyaapthi vardhippikkaan sahaayikkunnathin roopakalppana cheytha networking allengil maarganirddesham polulla paripaadikal jolisthalangalil ulppeduthumbol, avarude vaividhyam mithamaayi vardhichu. jolisthalathinte ghadanaye maattimarichathum maattathinu avare utharavaadikalaakkiyathum, athaayath kriyathmakamaaya karmapadhathikal, vaividhya samithikal, vaividhya staaf sthaanangal enniva ganyamaayi pravarthicha paripaadikalaayirunnu. verthirikkal vyavasthaapithavum vyakthigatha pakshapaathatthekkaal kooduthalaanennu eee paripaadikal amgeekarikkunnu. nalla pravarthanangalil ninnu vellakkaraaya sthreekalkkaanu ettavum kooduthal prayojanam labhikkunnath, karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekal karuthavarggakkaaraaya purushanmaarekkaal kooduthal prayojanam nedunnu. eee padhathikal nadappaakkunnathu mattu padhathikalkkum mikacha reethiyil pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
sthreekaleyum nyoonapakshangaleyum avarude sthaanangalkku arharallaathavaraayi aalukal kaanunnu ennathaanu anukoolamaaya nadapadikal polulla samrambhangalude oru poraayma. vaividhyam parisheelanathilekkulla mattu thallal nadapadikalil velutha kuttabodhavum nyoonapakshangal avarude mail adikaaram nedaan shramikkunnu enna dharana ulppedunnu.
samskaarathil vanna mattangal.
lingasamathwa saamskaarika thathwangal allengil parambaraagatha linga maanadandangalile mattangal, thozhil vibhajanathinulla oru saadhyamaaya parihaaramaan, avaa vivechanam kuraykkunnu, sthreekalude svayam vilayiruthalukale badhikkunnu, gadanaaparamaaya maattangale pinthunaykkunnu. ennirunnaalum, thirascheenamaaya verthiriv aadhunika samathwa sammarddangalil ninnulla maattathe kooduthal prathirodhikkunnu. maanadandangalile mattangal thozhil samyojanathinte swaadheenam shakthippeduthiyekkaam, aalukal parambaraagathamaayi purusha aadipathyamulla thozhilukalil sthreekale andukazhinjaal, thozhil vipaniyile sthreekalekkurichulla avarude prathekshakal mariyekkaam.
athinaal thozhil asamathvam kuraykkunnathinu lakshyamidunna eathoru nayavum saamskaarika mattangalil shradha kendreekarikkanamennu hasman, beresford thudangiya chila pandithanmaar vaadikkunnu. hasman, beresford ennivarude abhipraayathil, american aikyanaadukalile aalukal charitraparamaayi oru groupine maathram pinthunaykkunna nayangal nirasikkaan pravanatha kaanichittundu (aaa group avarallengil). athinaal, thozhilparamaaya verthiriv parimithappeduthunnathinu phalapradamaaya nayangal grooppukaliludaneelam aanukoolyangal nalkaan lakshyamidanam. athinaal, shambalakkaaraaya thozhilaallikalkk jolie samayam parimithappedutthukayo allengil oonn-saitt thozhiludama sponsor cheytha shisu paricharanam nirbandhamaakkukayo cheiyunna nayangal ettavum falapradamaayekkaam.
koodaathe, kooduthal thozhilparamaaya samyojanam sambhavikkumbol, thozhilparamaaya verthirivine badhikkunna sakthamaaya theerumaanangal edukkaan kooduthal sthreekalkku kazhiyum. mothatthilulla vipani verthirikkappedaathe poyaal, parambaraagathamaayi sthree aadipathyamulla thozhilukalil udyogastha theerumaanangal edukkunnavarkku avare nilanirthaan sthreekalkku kooduthal aakarshakamaaya jolikal, athilum uyarnna padavi jolikal enniva nalkendivarum. udaaharanathinu, vanita thozhilaallikale nilanirthunnathinu school boardukalkku department head sthaanangalilum mattu adhikara sthaanangalilum kooduthal sthreekale niyamikkendivarum, athesamayam aaa jolikal munbu purushanmaarkk poyirikkaam.

