
ezz. ezz. stetnaam (1924)

ss "stetnaam" oru steem turbine trans atlaantik lineraayirunnu. statedam" ennu vilikkappedunna anchu holland american kappalukalil ("netherlands-americans stoomvaartt maattshappij" allengil nasm) moonnaamatheyaalaayirunnu avar. 1915ll yuu. keey. sarkkar oru sainika kappalayi aavasyappettathum 1918ll mungiyathumaaya randaamathe "stettu endam" maattisthaapikkaanaanu avar nirmmichathu.
puthiya "samsthaana" thinte kettidam asaadhaaranamaamvidham neendu nilkkunnathaayirunnu. 1921ll irelandil avarude keel sthaapikkappettenkilum 1924 vare avar vikshepichirunnilla. avarude kettidatthile kaalathamasam netherlandsilekku avaye valichidunnathinu kaaranamaayi.
"stetnaam" pravarthippikkaan laabhakaramaayirunnu, mahaamaandyam moolamundaaya shipping maandyathe athijeevichu. 1938ll randaamathethu poortthiyaakunnathuvare naasaminte kappalukalileyum netherlandsile vyapara kappalukalileyum ettavum valia kappalaayirunnu avaa.
ellah varshavum epril avasaanam muthal desember avasaanam vare avar boulogne, southaamptan, plymouth vazhi rotterdam, hobokkan ennivaykkidayil shedule cheytha sevanangal nadatthi. desember avasaanam muthal epril avasaanam vare mikka varshangalilum avar saadhaaranayaayi kareebiyanilekk kappal yaatra cheythu. 1934-nte thudakkathil avar newyorkkil ninnu meditareniyanilekku oru kappal yaatra nadatthi.
1939 septambaril randaam lokamahaayudham aarambhichathinusesham, "stettaaminte" padinjaaran atlaantik crossingukal aayirakkanakkin njangaleyum europian abhayaarthikaleyum vahichu. 1939 desember muthal avale rotterdamil paarppichu. 1940 meyy maasathil netherlandile jarmman adhiniveshathil avar kathikkappedukayum aaa augustil avarude hulk polikkukayum cheythu.
belfaasttil kettidam.
harland wolf belfaasttil yard nambar 612 aayi "statendam" nirmmichu. avarude keel 1921 august 11 nuu echu & dablyuyude eest yaardile slipway 14 ll sthaapichu. 67-aamath yunaittad stetts kongras emarjansi kwata act pasaki moonnu maasathinu sheshamaan ithu, ithu amerikkayilekkulla kudiyettam parimithappedutthi. "1924 septambar 11nuu 'samsthaanakshethram' vikshepichu, pakshe udghaadana chadangu undaayilla. adutha kongras 1924leeii immigration act pasaki naalu maasathinu sheshamaan ithu kudiyettam kooduthal kurachathu. onnaam lokamahaayudham vare, atlaantik passenture shipping kambanikal kooduthalum moonnaam klaas allengil steerej thaamasoukaryangalil dhaaraalam kudiyettakkaare amerikkayilekku kondupoyi. puthiya niyamangal amerikkayilekkulla kudiyettam valareyadhikam kurachu, athinaal thaazhnna klaas thaamasoukaryangalude alavu kuraykkunnathinu naasam "statendam" roopakalppana parishkarichu.
avalude mungamiyaaya "justiciaykku" "kompineshan meshinari" undaayirunnu moonnu scrookal; rund triple expansion steem enchinukal nayikkunnu, onnu exhost steem turbine nayikkunnu. 1917ll "justicia" poortthiyaayappozhum eee vipulamaaya samvidaanam kaalaharanappettathaayirunnu. athinaal puthiya "stettendam" naayi, rund scrookal mathramulla poornnamaayum turbine propulsion naas thiranjedutthu, turbineukal single reduction gearingiloode oodichu. ithu "justicia" yude yanthrangalekkaal lalithavum bharam kuranjathum othukkamullathum valare laabhakaravumaanennu thelinju. stetnaandathinte" turbineukalude samyojitha shakti 4,644 enechpi allengil 19,500 shp aayi rettucheyyukayum avalkk vegatha nalkukayum cheythu.
shaidaamil poorttheekaranam.
1924ll "samsthaanakshethram" aarambhichathin thottupinnaale, naasamin athu poortthiyaakkaan panamillaathathinaal ekadesham moonnu varshatholam athinte pravartthanam nirtthi. 1927ll dutch sarkkar naasamin poortthiyaakkaan samsthaana vaaypa nalki. epril 13 nuu ell smitt & qoo belfaasttil ninnu "poolsy", "oostsi", "ruud zee", "saine" enniva "statendam" valichidunnu. epril 20 nuu avar southu hollandile skeedaamil ethi, avide vilttante mesheen fabric enn skeepswerf avale nirmmikkunnath etteduthu. 1929 epril 3 nuu avaa poortthiyaayi.
"samsthaanathinte neelam mothatthil rajisttar cheyyappettathaayirunnu. avalude beam aayirunnu, aazhavum. avalude tannukal, oppam. phastt classil 150 perkkum second classil 344 perkkum therd classil 800 perkkum berth undaayirunnu. avalude kaivashamulla saadhanangalkk daanyam allengil kattiyulla charakk ulkkollanulla sheshiyundaayirunnu. avalude kaivashamullavayil chilath sheetheekarichu. avarude samghathil 300 amgangalaayirunnu undaayirunnathu.
"stetnaam" "justiciayekkaal cheruthaanu, pakshe 1908 muthal naasatthinte munnira ettavum valuthumaaya lineraayirunnathinekkaal valuthaayirunnu." "stetnaam" naasatthinte munnirayaayi etteduthu, 1938 ll randaamathe "" nyoo aamstardaam "" poortthiyaakunnathuvare dutch vyapara kappalile ettavum valia kappal koodiyaayirunnu ithu ".
atlaantik samudrathile neela ribaantinaayi malsarikkaan njangal agrahikkunnilla, pakshe sukhasoukaryangalilum shuchithvathilum paachakareethiyilum mikavu pularthaan njangal uddeshikkunnu" ennu naasminte president reperda weardsma paranju. "samsthaanathinte pothu murikalil pailat paalathinu thaazheyulla boow deckil oru paam court ulppedunnu, ithu yaathrakkaarkk iruvashathekkum kadalinte kazhchayum villinte mukaliloode munnilekkum nalkunnu. avalude promenade deckil walnut paanal cheytha oru library undaayirunnu. avalkk oru lonch undaayirunnu, koodaathe oru oorkkastrayum undaayirunnu, athinte lonchile kacherikal uchabhashakalaal kappalin chuttum sampreshanam cheyyappettu. mattu pothu murikalil oru varanta kafeyum oru "american baarum" ulppedunnu.
1929 epril 3 nuu avarude kadal pareekshanangalkkayi, rajakumaran hendrick rajakumaran, netherlands manthrisabhayile amgangal, rotterdam mayer ennivarulppede 300 ladhikam athidhikale "stetnaam" vahichu.
stettu endam" swanthamaakkaan maildienst derr holland america lyne enna oru anubandha kambani nasm srishtichu. 40 dasalaksham dutch gildermaaraayirunnu athinte rajisttar cheytha thalasthaanam. aval rotterdamil rajisttar cheyyappettu. avalude coode aksharangal ptbn aayirunnu.
atlaantik kadal sarvees sheetakaala kappalyaathrakalum.
1929 epril 11 nuu "stetnaam" newyorkkilekkulla kanni yaathraykkaayi rotterdam vittu. fireboatukal vellathinte jettukal pradarshippichukondu parambaraagathamaaya sweekaranathinaayi epril 19nuu avar newyorkkiletthi. aval hoboconile anchaam street dokkil doock cheythu. epril 22 nuu, mayer jimmy wacker sweekarikkunnathinaayi newyork sitti haalilekk "stetnaadinte" udyogasthareyum riperda wiredsma ulppedeyulla naasam udyogasthareyum oru team enn. aii. pii. dii police motorcycleukal akambadiyode kondupoyi. annu vaikunneram kappal 500 athidhikalkkaayi oru gambheera sweekaranam samghadippichu. raashtreeyakkaaranaaya vilyam sii. toast maastaraayi redfield. dutch ambasseder jeey. echu. vaan royan, vimana nirmmathaavaaya aanthani focker, newyork police medhavi grover wallen, viramicha justice jorjju laandan ingraaham ennivar prabhashakaril ulppedunnu.
atlaantik kadannu pookunna yaathrakkaarude ennam seasonal aayirunnu, shaithyakaalath kuravaayirunnu, athinaal mikka shaithyakaalathum newyorkkil ninnu kareebiyanilekk "stetnaam" sanjarichu. 1929 desember 21 nuu newyorkkil ninnu avar thante aadyathe caribean cruis aarambhichu. 1930 januvari 1 nuu, havanayil aakramikkumbol, avar kunard lineril idikkukayum, randaamathethinte flying bridjinte thuramukha attathu thakarkkukayum, reyilveyude niravadhi adii thakarkkukayum cheythu. "samsthaana" nuu avalude uparithalaghadanayil niravadhi janalakal thakarnnu. "stetnaam" thante 16 divasathe cruis poortthiyaakki januvari 7 nuu newyorkkilekku madangi.
1929ll aarambhicha mahaamaandyam vaanijya shippingil aagola maandyam konduvannu. 1930 desember 24 nuu naasam 1931 leeii nirakkukal parishkarichu. nirakkukal seasonal aayirunnu, 1930 vare kambani avaye venalkkaalam, shaithyakaalam, idatharam enningane vibhajichirunnu. 1931ll nasm idakkaala seasonukal nirthalaakkukayum venalkkaalathekkum shaithyakaalathekkum maathram nirakkukal lalithamaakkukayum ganyamaaya kurravukal prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. statendam" ennathil, august muthal epril vareyulla ettavum kuranja phastt klaas nirakk us $222.50 aayirikkum, koodaathe november muthal juulai vare vestt boundu 200 dolarayirikkum. venalkkaalath kuranja phastt klaas nirakk $122.50 umm shaithyakaalath $165 umm aayirikkum. shaityakaala raundu trip tikkattukal ozhikeyulla mikka minimum second klaas cabin nirakkukalilum mattamilla. iva hobokkan, plymouth allengil southaamptan ennivaykkidayil 255 dollarayum hobokkan, boulogan allengil rotterdam ennivaykkidayil 264 dollarayum kuranju.
1931 januvari 1nuu "samsthaanakshethram" veendum hawanah thuramukhathu oru linerumaayi koottiyidichu. kanatha kadal avale itaaliyan linerinte starboard vashathekku thallukayum randaamathethinte puramthodinte niravadhi plettukalkku kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythu. "stetnaam" aaa shaithyakaalath kuranjathu moonnu caribean kappalukalenkilum poortthiyaakki. moonnaamathethu januvari 29 nuu newyorkkil ninnu aarambhich 25 divasam edukkaan theerumaanichirunnu. virjin dveepukal, martinic, barbados, trinidad, orinoco muthal siudad boleevar vareyulla steamboat vinodam, bahaamaasile nassav sandarshanam enniva lakshyasthanangalil ulppedunnu. aaa shaithyakaalath avar motham naalu maasam kappalyatra nadatthi.
1931 aayappozhekkum antarvaahini signalling wireless disha kandethalum "samsthaanandathil" sajjeekarichirunnu. aaa varsham epril 12nuu avar southaamptan vaattarinte praveshana kavaadatthile oru chelikkarayil idichuveenu. 47 manikkoorin sesham aarr taggukalude sahaayathode avale veendum ozhukki. nasm october 10 muthal thante randaam klaas thaamasathe "tourist klaas" ennu punarvarggeekarichu. november 6 nuu hoboconil anchaam street terminalil ninnu hudson nadiyude madhyathilekku valicherinju, thee aduthulla oru train shedum hobokkan nirmmaathaakkalude reyilrodinte 25 charakk kaarukalum nashippichu. chila samayangalil theepiduttham uyarnnu. stettu endam" neekkam cheiyunnathinumumbu, avalude munvashath veena theeppori kathikkaanum rigging nadatthaanum avalude jeevanakkar poraadi.
1931-32-leeii shaithyakaalath, "stetnaam" naalu caribean kappalukal nirmmichu. aadyathethu 16 divasathekkaayirunnu, desember 19 nuu newyorkkil ninnu purappettu, koodaathe nassaavu, portt-ooo-prins, koloon, panaama, kingsttan, jamaikka, hawanah ennividangalile kolukalum ulppeduthi. 17 divasathe oru kappal 26 divasathil rund kappal athinusesham nadannu. aadyathe kappalyaathraykkaayi, "stetnaam" thante 300 yaathrakkaarkk aarr naadakangal avatharippikkan ettu abhinethaakkalude oru samghathe kondupoyi. avalude varanta kafeye oru theateraakkaan oru thaalkkaalika vedhi nirmmichirunnu.
1932 epril 23nuu "statendam" atlaantik kadannu rotordamilekku hobokkan vittu. avarude yaathrakkaaril aduthide antharvaahiniyil "vestt indeesilekkulla nevi-prinsettan guruthwaakarshana paryavekshanam" poortthiyaakkiya jiophysist doow. wenning mines ulppedunnu. doow. mainsesinu rotardaamilekkulla yaathrayil guruthwaakarshana alavukal edukkaan "statendam" enna kappalile oru cabinil oru graavimettar gadippichirunnu.
1932 meyy 19 nuu tennies tharam helen 1932 wimpledon chaambyanshippil kalikkaanulla yaathraamadhye "statendam" enna thaaliloode moody lephtt hobokkan cheyyum. august 12 nuu, russian vamshajante neethrthwathilulla oru checoslovac baale kambani, "stetnaandaminte" oorkkastraykkoppam, kappal newyork thuramukhathu praveshikkumbol sann deckil nritham cheythu.
"samsthaanathinte yaathrakkaarude thaamasavum pothu murikalum manoharamaayirunnuvenkilum kaalaharanappettavayaayirunnathu 1933ll avarkk punarnirmmaanam nalki. ithu avalude tanej aandu aayi kurachu. 1934 aayappozhekkum kappalinte naavigeshan upakaranagalil oru gyrocompos ulppedunnu, koodaathe kooll saine phsn avarude coode aksharangale marikadannu.
"1933 desember 23nuu hobocan thuramukhathu ninnu purappetta thekke amerikkayile vestt indeesilekkum caribean thuramukhangalilekkum 15 divasathe yathrayum 1934 januvari 10nuu newyorkkil ninnu purappetta thekke amerikkayilekkum februvari 9nuu newyorkkil ninnu purappetta medittareniyanilekkum mattoru yathrayum aii. dii. 1nte shaithyakaalath stettaaminte kappalukalil ulppedunnu. medittareniyan cruis 500 ladhikam yaathrakkaare vahikkukayum greasile pairaayasilekkulla sandarshanam ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
1935 october 13nuu englandil ninnu 948,000 poundu svarnnavum fraansil ninnu franch fraankukalil eff 362,000,000 svarnnavum vahichukondu "statendam" hoboconil ethi us $29 dashalakshathinu thulyamaanu. pittennu kappalil ninnu kavachitha kaarukalil newyorkkile federal reserve bankilekku swarnam kondupoyi.
1936 januvariyil naasam cabin klaas kappalukalayi punarvargeekarikkukayum "stetnaam" cabin klasai maarumennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu, athu aval cruising season poortthiyaakkiya sesham aakam. venalkkaalath avarude vann-way nirakkukal $194.50 ll ninnu $173.50 aayum oof seasonil $185.50 ll ninnu $165.50 aayum kuraykkum. cabin klaas sweekaricha avasaanathe pradhana shipping lainayirunnu nasm.
dhyaanabhoomiyilekku kappal yaatra aavarthikkunnathinaayi 1936 februvari 6 nuu "stetnaam" newyorkkil ninnu purappedaan nasm padhathiyittu. ennaal shipping kambanikal eee mekhalayile yuddha bheeshaniyekkurichu aashankaakularaayi. 1935 octoberil nordutior lloyd meditareniyanilekkulla sheetakaala cruis raddaakkukayum pakaram thekke amerikkayilekkulla oru kappal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. canaden pasaphik ithe theerumaanam edukkukayum athinte vintar cruis plaanukal kareebiyanilekk maattukayum cheythu. medittareniyanu pakaram dakshinaafrikkayiloode pookunnathinaayi hamberg america line lokamembaadumulla krooyisinte parishkarichu. october avasaanathode, meditareniyanilekku "statendam" enna sthalathekku pookaan naasam 110 yaathrakkaare book cheythirunnuvenkilum november 2 nuu kambani cruis raddaki athiraalikale pinthudarnnu. pakaram "stetnaam" 1935 desember 21 muthal anchu muthal 18 divasam vare neelunna ombathu caribean kappalukalude oru parambara prakhyaapichu.
1937 septambar 5nuu 1,517 yaathrakkaarumaayi rotterdamil ninnu "statendam" hobocanil ethi. ithu kappalin mathramalla, onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham hobocanil athunna eathoru kappalinum oru record nambar sthaapichu. 1937 desember 19nuu "stetnaam" oru caribean cruis aarambikkaan newyork vidumbol avalum maatsan line refrigerated cargo kappalaya "golden claude" koottiyidikkukayaayirunnu. "stetnaam" thuramukham nalla drishyaparathayode vittupoyi, pakshe ambrose laitshippinu appuram aval moodalmanjilekku oodukayum vegatha kuraykkukayum cheythu. ekadesham 1500 maniyode "swarnna megham" avalude oru neenda visil spodanam nadathukayum moodalmanjiloode athu kaanappedukayum cheythu. "samsthaanathinte yajamanan captanumaaya jorjju bendsinte enchinukal poornnamaayum ambarappode, ennaal" "swarnna meghatthinte kadinamaaya aaghaatham" "jalarekhaykku mukalilaayi" "samsthaanathinte" "bhaagathekku pathikkaan utharavittu". rund kappalukalum kaaryamaaya kedupaadukal varuthiyittilla, iruvarum yaatra thudarnnu. aaa seasonile avarude caribean kappalukal 1938 epril avasaanam vare thudarnnu.
europile prathisandhi.
1938 septambarile sudettanlaand prathisandhi europil ninnu thalasthaanathe parakkaan prerippicha oru yudhabheeshani srishtichu. septambar 30 nuu oppuvacha myoonichu karar oru valia europian yuddham thaalkkaalikamaayi ozhivaakkiyenkilum appozhekkum valia alavil swarnam vadakke amerikkayilekku athikkappettirunnu. october 8nuu yunaittad stetts lines 37.3 dasalaksham dollarumaayi newyorkkil ethi. 1938 october 10nuu moonnu linerukal bullian vahichu ethi. yunaittad stetts lineukal 51 dasalaksham dollar konduvannu, ithu oru kappal vahicha ettavum valia thukayaanu. athe divasam thanne, "statendam", vaitt staar line enniva 24 dasalaksham dollarumaayi ethi.
1939 septambar 1nuu randaam lokamahaayudham aarambhichu. nasminu "stettandaminte" purambhaagam nishpakshatha adayaalangal kondu varachirunnu valia velutha valia aksharangalil amidshippukal varachu, oru valia dutch pathaaka avalude villinte iruvashathum varachu. septambar 5 nuu avar 1,200 us pouranmaar ulppede 1,600 yaathrakkaare rotterdamil kayatti. paareesil ninnu trainil varunna 200 us pouranmaare kaathirikkunnathinaayi avar annu ratri ardharaathri muthal pittennu raavile aidi 1 munny vare purappettu. septambar 8nuu britiish charakk kappalaya "winkley" irelandinte padinjaaran bhaagathulla padinjaaran bhaagathekku nirtthi mukki. "stetnaam" appozhekkum padinjarottu neengumbozhekkum "winklagginte" 37 jeevanakkarum rakshapettu.
october 22nuu njangal, poolish, hangarian, jootha abhayaarthikal ennivarulppede 1,350 yaathrakkaarumaayi "stetnaam" rotterdamil ninnu purappettu. engleesh chaanalile thuramukhangalil vilichathinushesham, 437 us pouranmaar ulppede motham 1,534 yaathrakkaare avar konduvannu. october 31nuu avar hobocanil ethi. rotterdamil ninnulla avarude yaathrakkaaril franch conductor piyari montux saan francisco symphany nadathunna anchaam seasonilekkulla yaathraamadhye undaayirunnu.
november 23nuu "stetnaam" 1,200 yaathrakkaarumaayi rotterdamil ninnu newyorkkilekku purappettu. pittennu aval yaathrakkaare edukkaan southaampdanil oru scheduled kooll cheythu. yuke adhikaarikal avale avide thadavilaakki, november 27 aayappozhekkum aval appozhum southhaamptanilaayirunnu, avale eppol thuramukhathu ninnu puratthirangaan anuvadikkumenna soochanakalonnumilla. desember 5 nuu germmaniyil ninnum jarmman-annexed pradeshangalil ninnumulla 800 abhayaarthikal ulppede 1,166 yaathrakkaarumaayi avar hobocanil ethi. avarude yaathrakkaaril kaanadayude muun pradhaanamantriyum ulppedunnu. bii. bbcyude muun director generalaya sarr joonn reyttum carnarvoninte kaundas narthakiyaaya tilly losh aayirunnu.
desember 9nuu 50 jarmmankaar ulppede 110 yaathrakkaare maathram vahichu "statendam" rotordamilekku hobocan purappettu. avarude yaathrakkaaril naasam managing director france boman undaayirunnu, yuddham kaaranam kambaniyude bhaavi trans atlaantik sevanam enthaayirikkumennu parayaan prayaasamaanennu addeham paranju. desember 23 nuu rotterdam vittu hoboconilekku pookaanum thudarnnu neutral thuramukhangalilekku anchu kappalukalude oru parambara nadatthaanum avar theerumaanichirunnu, 1940 februvari 2,3 theeyathikalil newyorkkil ninnu purappettu, march 1,15,23 theeyathikalil. ennirunnaalum, rotterdamil ninnu purappedaan naasam vaikippichu, 1940 januvari 4 nuu mungaanulla apakadasaadhyathayum athinte anantharafalamaaya samudra inshuransinte uyarnna chelavum kaaranam avale avide paarppikkumenn prakhyaapichu.
nashtam.
1940 meyy 10 nuu jarmmani netherlands aakramichu. pittennu "samsthaana" thinu theepidichu. jarmman senaykk upayogapradamaakaathirikkaan aval manahpoorvvam theeyittathayi chila srothassukal avakaashappedunnu. jarmman vyomaakramanamaan theepidithatthinu kaaranamenn oraal avakaashappedunnu. dutch, jarmman senakal thammilulla ettumuttalil avar kudungiyathayi mattoru avakaashavaadam. peerankikal avale nasippichuvennu matoraal avakaashappedunnu. jarmman sainyam "statendam" sthaapicha mesheengan sthaanangalil thuramukhathinte maruvashathulla dutch sainyam vedivachathaanu theepidithatthinu kaaranamaayathenn oru vishadamaaya avakaashavaadam undu.
kappal mothatthil oru nirnnayakamaaya nashtamaayi kanakkakkappettu. 1940 august 14 aayappozhekkum avalude hulk frank rajsdijikkinte vyavasayiyaaya ondernamingen vittu, avar avale hendrick-idoo-aambaachil ninnu purathaakki.

