charge saandrata tharamgam

oru leanier cheyin samyukthathilo layerd christaliloo electronukalude kramappeduthiya kwaandam draavakamaanu charge density wave (sii. dii. dablyu). oru sii. dii. dablyu. yile electronukal oru staanding taranga paatten roopappeduthukayum chilappol koottaayi oru vaidyutha pravaham vahikkukayum cheiyunnu. atharamoru sii. dii. dablyu. yile electronukalkku, oru superconductorilennapole, oru leanier cheyin samyukthathiloode valare parasparabandhithamaya reethiyil ozhukaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, oru soopparkandaktaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, electric sididablue karant palappozhum oru mangiya reethiyil ozhukunnu, athinte sthiramaaya savisheshathakal kaaranam oru kuzhalil ninnu vellam thullunnath pole. oru sii. dii. dablyu. yill, pinninginte (maalinyangal kaaranam), electrostaattik edapedalukalude (eathenkilum sii. dii. dablyu kinkukalude nettu electric chaarjukal kaaranam) samyuktha phalangal sii. dii. dablyu karantinte mandagathiyilulla perumaattatthil nirnaayaka punk vahikkunnu, chuvadeyulla 4,5 vibhagangalil charcha cheythathupole.
electronukalude tharamgam polulla swabhaavam kaaranam loha paralukalil mikka sii. dii. dablyu. kalum roopappedunnu-kwaandam mechanical taranga-kanika dwaithathayude oru prakadanamaanu-ithu electronic charge saandrata speshyal modulate cheyyaan kaaranamaakunnu, athaayath.iii., aavarthichulla "bambukal" charge cheyyaan. eee nilkkunna tharamgam oro electronic taranga pravartthanatheyum badhikkunnu, ithu ethir momentayude electron avasthakal allengil tharamgapravartthanangal samyojippichaan srishtikkappedunnathu. eee prabhavam oru gitaar stringle staanding tharamgathinu samaanamaan, ithu ethir dishakalilekku neengunna rund edapedunna, sanjarikkunna tharamgangalude samyojanamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum (edapedal (taranga pracharanam) kaanuka).
electronic chaarjile sii. dii. dablyu. ykkoppam aattomik laattisinte oru periodic distorshanum-adisthaanaparamaayi oru superlatis-undu. loha paralukal nerttha thilangunna ribanukal poleyaanu (udha.jii., kwasi-1-dii enn. bii. ezz. iii. 3 paralukal) allengil thilangunna paranna sheettukal (udha.jii., ardha-2-dii, 1 tii-taas 2 paralukal). paralukal) rudolph peeyerlukalaanu sii. dii. dablyu. yude nilanilpp aadyamaayi pravachichathu. 1-dii lohathinu fermi tharamgavaahakangalil oorjja vidavukal roopappedunnathinu asthirathayundaakumennu addeham vaadichu, ithu niracha electronic avasthakalude oorjjam avayude yadhaartha fermi oorjjamaaya "ef" neey apekshichu ± "kf" ll kuraykkunnu. atharam vidavukal roopappedunna thapanilaye pearles transition thaapanila, "tii. pii" ennu vilikkunnu.
oru spin density tharamgathil (ezz. dii. dablyu) oru staanding spin tharamgam roopappeduthunnathinaayi electron spinukal speshyal modulate cheiyunnu. 180° outtu-oof-phase charge moduleshanukalulla spin-upp, spin-daun subbandukalkkaayi rund sididablukalaayi oru esdidablue kaananakum.
soopparkandaktivittiyutti frolich model.
1954-ll herbert frolich oru microscopic sidhaantham nirddeshichu, athil tharamgavaahakan "q" = 2 "kf"-nte electronukalum phononukalum thammilulla prathipravartthanatthinte falamaayi ± "kf"-ll oorjja vidavukal oru parivartthana thaapanilaykk thazheyaayi maarum. uyarnna thapanilayil chalanam oru ardha-1-dii kandakdaril lohamaanu, athinte fermi uparithalathil ± "kf" enna shringhala dishaykku lambamaayi paranna sheettukal adangiyirikkunnu. fermi uparithala jodikalkku sameepamulla electronukal 'nesting' tharamgasamkhyayaaya 'q' = 2 'kf' enna phononukalullavayaanu. electron-phonon edapedalukalude falamaayi 2 "kf" mooad mriduvaakunnu. thaapanila kurayunnathinanusarichu 2 "kf" phonon mooad aavruthi kurayukayum oduvil pearles transition thapanilayil poojyathilekku pookukayum cheiyunnu. phononukal bosonukalaayathinaal, eee mooad kuranja thapanilayil macroscopic aayi vyaapikkunnu, ithu oru staatik periodic laattis distorshan vazhi prakadamaakunnu. athe samayam, oru electronic sii. dii. dablyu roopappedukayum pearals vidavu ± "kf" ll thurakkukayum cheiyunnu. pearals transition thaapanilaykk thaazhe, poornnamaaya pearals vidavu saadhaarana contains cheyyaatha electronukal kaaranam chaalakathayil thaapaparamaayi sajeevamaaya swabhaavathilekku nayikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, oru sididablue tharamgadairkhyam adisthaana aattomik laattisumaayi poruthappedunnilla, i.iii.cdw tharamgadairkhyam laattis sthiraankathinte poornnasamkhyayude gunithamallaatha saahacharyathil, athinte charge modulationil "ρ0" + "ρ1" cos [2 "kfx-φ"] ennathil munganana sthaanamo ghattamo "φ" undaakilla. sii. dii. dablyu. kku neengaan kazhiyumennum koodaathe, muzhuvan fermi kadalinoppam perls vidavukal momentam spacil sthaanabhrashtamaakkumennum ithu "dii. eph. aii/dii. tii" kku aanupaathikamaaya vaidyutha pravaahathilekku nayikkumennum frolich nirddeshichu. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla vibhagangalil charcha cheythathupole, oru samaanathakalillaatha sii. dii. dablyu. kku polum swathanthramaayi neengaan kazhiyilla, pakshe maalinyangalal pinn cheiyunnu. koodaathe, oru soopparkandaktaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi saadhaarana kaariyarukalumayulla edapedal disipative transportylake nayikkunnu.
ardha-2-dii layerd metteeriyalukalil sii. dii. dablyu. kall.
layerd transition mettal dichalcogenideukal ulppede niravadhi kwasi-2-dii sisttangal kwasi-2-dii sididablue roopappeduthunnathinaayi peerls parivarthanangalkku vidheyamaakunnu. fermi uparithalathinte vividha paranna pradeshangale onniladhikam koodundaakkunna tharamgavaahakangal bandhippikkunnathinte falamaanithu. charge modulation shadbhuja samamithiyo checkerboard paatteno ulla oru thencomp laattis roopappeduthaan kazhiyum. oru anubandha periodic laattis displacement sii. dii. dablyu. ykkoppam cryogenic electron microscopy upayogichu 1 tii-taas 2 ll nerittu nireekshikkappettundu. 2012-ll, vaibko polulla layerd cuppert uyarnna thaapanila soopparkandaktarukalkku malsarikkunna prarambha sididablue ghattangalude thelivukal report cheyyappettu.
leanier cheyin samyukthangalil sii. dii. dablyu. gathagatham.
ardha-1-dii kandakdarukalekkurichulla aadyakaala padanangal 1964-leeii oru nirddeshathaal prachodanam ulkkondirunnu, chila tharam polymer cheyin samyukthangalkk uyarnna nirnaayaka thapanilayulla "tii. sii" yill soopparkandaktivitti prakadippikkaan kazhiyum. bcs sidhaanthathile soopparkandaktivittiye electronukalude jodiyaakkal oru shringalayile electronukale chila side cheyinukalile nonconducting electronukalumaayi bandhippikkunnathiloode madhyasthatha vahikkaamenna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu eee sidhaantham. (ithinu vipareethamaayi, parambaraagatha soopparkandaktarukalude bii. sii. sii sidhaanthathil electron jodiyaakkunnathu phonenukal allengil vibrating ionukal aanu.) bharameriya ionukalkku pakaram laitt electronukal kooppar jodikalude roopeekaranathilekku nayikkunnathinaal, avayude swabhaavasavisheshathakalude aavruthi vardhippikkukayum athinaal oorjja skeyilum "tii. sii" yum vardhippikkukayum cheyyum. cheyyum tii. tii. eph-tii. sii. enn. kyu polulla jaivavasthukkal saidhaanthikamaayi alakkukayum padikkukayum cheythu. eee vasthukkal superconductingin pakaram oru mettal-insulatorinu vidheyamaakunnathaayi kandethi. atharam pareekshanangal pearles parivartthanatthinte aadya nireekshanangale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu oduvil sthaapikkappettu.
transition mettal trichalcogenideukal polulla ajaiva rekheeya shringhala samyukthangalil sididablue gathaagathathinulla aadya thelivukal 1976 ll monsiyoyum mattullavarum report cheythu., enn. bii. ezz. iii. 3-leeii vardhicha vaidyutha mandalangalil mechappetta vaidyuthachaalanam nireekshichavar. vaidyutha chaalakathaykkulla nonleeniyar sambhavana "σ" vezhsas. feeld "iii" oru lando-senar tunneling swabhaavathinu anuyojyamaayirunnu ~ expi [-"iii" 0/"iii"] (lando-senar formula kaanuka), ennaal perls vidaviludaneelam saadhaarana electronukalude senar tunnellingine prathinideekarikkaan "iii" 0 enna swabhaavasavisheshatha valare cheruthaanennu taamasiyaathe manassilakki. thudarnnulla pareekshanangal moorchayulla vaidyutha mandalavum shabda spectrathile (idungiya baand shabdam) kodumudikalum kaanichu, avayude adisthaana aavruthi sididablue vaidyuthadhaarayumaayi skeyil cheiyunnu. ivayum mattu pareekshanangalum (udha.jii.,) sididablue koottaayi threashold feeldinu mukalil oru electric karant vahikkunnuvennu sthireekarikkuka.
sididablue deepinninginte classical modalukal.
sii. dii. dablyu. gathagatham pradarshippikkunna leanier cheyin samyukthangalkk (i)-nuu anuyojyamallaatha sii. dii. dablyu tharamgadairkhyangal "λcdw" = "π/kf" undu.iii., laattis sthiraankathinte oru poornnasankhya gunithamalla. atharam vasthukkalil, "φ" maayi bandhappett cdw-nte vivarthana samamitiye thakarkkunna maalinyangalaan pinning kaaranam. ettavum lalithamaaya maathruka pinningine "u" ("φ") = "u" 0 [1-cos "φ"] enna roopathinte saine-gorden pottanshyalaayi kanakkakkunnu, athesamayam vaidyutha mandalam periodic pinning pottensialine classical depinning feeldinu mukalilulla barrierinu mukaliloode slide cheiyunnathuvare chariykkunnu. ovardaambu cheytha oosilettar model ennariyappedunna eee chithram oosilettari (essy) vaidyutha mandalangalodulla nananja sididablue prathikaranatthe maathrkayaakkunnathinaal, paridikk mukalilulla sididablue vaidyuthadhaarayodukoodiya idungiya baand shabdathinte scalinginu kaaranamaakunnu.
ennirunnaalum, maalinyangal christaliludaneelam kramarahithamayi vitharanam cheyyappedunnathinaal, kooduthal yaadhaarthyabodhamulla chithram opttimal sididablue ghattatthile "φ" enna sthaanathil vyathiyanangal anuvadikkanam-adisthaanaparamaayi kramarahithamaya washboard potentialulla oru parishkaricha saine-gorden chithram. ithu cheiyunnathu fukuyama-liie-rais (eflr) modalaan, athil sididablue "φ" yile speshyal gradiantukalum pinning energy moolamulla ilaastik strain energy opttimais cheythukondu athinte motham oorjjam kuraykkunnu. eflril ninnu uyarnnuvarunna rund paridhikalil durbalamaaya pinning ulppedunnu, saadhaaranayaayi aiso electronic maalinyangalil ninnu, opttimal ghattam niravadhi maalinyangalil vyaapichukidakkunnu, koodaathe kurayunna feeld skeyilukal "nii" 2 ("nii" ennathu ashudhiyude saandrathayaanu), sakthamaaya pinning, oro ashudhiyum sididablue ghattam pinn cheyyaan paryaapthamaan, koodaathe kurayunna feeld skeyilukal "nii" upayogichu rekheeyamaayi. eee prameyathinte vyathiyanangalil maalinyangalude kramarahithamaya vitharanam ulkkollunna samkhyaa simulationukal ulppedunnu (kramarahithamaya pinning model).
sididablue transportinte kwaandam modalukal.
aadyakaala kwaandam modalukalil maaki solittan jody srishtikkunna modalum joonn bardeente nirddeshavum ulppedunnu, ithu oru cheria pinning vidaviloode sididablue electronukal tonneline saandreekarichu, pearles vidavil ninnu vyathyasthamayi ± "kf" ll urappichirikkunnu. maakiyude sidhaanthathinu moorchayulla threashold feeld illaayirunnu, bardeen threashold feeldinekkurichu oru prathibhasaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam maathrame nalkiyittulloo. ennirunnaalum, krivum rosavsky 1985-ll ezhuthiya oru prabandham, nuclited solittanukalum antisolittanukalum ± "q" charge ullathum "q/ε" nuu aanupaathikamaaya "e *" enna aantharika vaidyutha mandalam srishtikkunnuvennu choondikkaatti. sthiramaaya vaidyuthorjjam (1/2) "ε" ["e" ± "e *"] 2 oorjja samrakshanam lamghikkaathe prayogicha feeldukal "e" oru paridikk thaazheyulla "et =" e * "/2-nuu solittan tunneling thadayunnu. eee coolumb block threashold classical depinning feeldinekkaal valare cheruthaanenkilum, sididablyuvinte dhruveekaranakshamathayum dialectric prathikaranavum "ε" pinning shakthiyumayi vipareethamaayi vyathyaasappedunnathinaal ithu ashudhi saandrathayodukoodiya athe scaling kaanikkunnu.
eee chithrathe adisthaanamaakki, athupole thanne samayavumaayi bandhapetta solittan tanalinginekkurichulla 2000 lekhanam, ettavum puthiya oru kwaandam model, charjju cheytha solittan dislocationukalude nucleated thullikalumaayi bandhapetta sankeernna oordar paaraameettarukalkkidayil josephson polulla coupling (josephson prabhavam kaanuka) nirddeshikkunnu. fixixinecurichulla fineman prabhashanangalil richard finemane pinthudarnnu, vaalyam. iii, c. 21, avarude samaya-parinaamatthe shroadinger samavaakyam upayogichu oru uyarnnuvarunna classical samavaakyamaayi vivarikkunnu. electrostaattik charging oorjjathinte aanukaalika nirmmaanatthil ninnu undaakunna idungiya baand shabdavum anubandha prathibhaasangalum washboard pinning pottanshyalinte vishadamaaya aakruthiye aasrayikkunnilla. solittan jody-srishtiyude paridhi, uyarnna classical depining feeld enniva eee maathrkayil ninnu uyarnnuvarunnu, ithu sididablyuvine stikki kwaandam draavakamaayi allengil dislocationukalulla roopabhedam varuthunna kwaandam solidaayi kaanunnu, eee ashayam philipp vaaran aandezhsan charcha cheythu.
aharonov-boham kwaandam interference efakttukal.
cdwsile aharonov-boham efakttumaayi bandhapetta prathibhaasangalude aadya thelivukal 1997 leeii oru prabandhatthil report cheyyappettu, ithu sididablue (saadhaarana electron allah) chaalakathayilum kanthika pravaahathilum "echu"/2 "iii" kaalayalavile aandolanangal kaanikkunna pareekshanangal vivarikkunnu. 2012 ll report cheytha chila pareekshanangal ulppede, sididablue vaidyuthadhaarayilum kaanthikapravaahathilum, aadhipathya kaalayalavile "echu"/2 "iii", 77 keey nuu mukalilulla chuttalavil 85 micrometer vare taas 3 valayangaliloode aandolanangal kaanikkunnu. eee swabhaavam superconducting kwaandam interference upakaranathinu samaanamaan (squid kaanuka), sididablue electron transport adisthaanaparamaayi kwaandam swabhaavamullathaanenna aashayathin vishwaasyatha nalkunnu (kwaandam mechanics kaanuka).

