
pothu vaipa avakasham

pothu librarikalil labhyamaya avarude kruthikalil ninnulla vilppana nashtappedaan saadhyathayulla ezhuthukaarkku nashtapariharam nalkunnathino allengil pusthakangal, samgeetham, kalaasrishtikal thudangiya pothu librarikalil labhyamaya kruthikale pinthunaykkunnathiloode kalakalude sarkkar pinthunayaayi roopakalppana cheiyunna oru padhathiyaanu pothu vaipa avakasham (plr).
muppathiyanju raajyangalkk oru pii. ell. aarr. prograam undu, mattullavar orennam sweekarikkunnathinekkur aalochikkunnu. canada, yunaittad kingdom, ellah scandinavian rajyangal, jarmmani, austriya, beljiyam, netherlands, israel, austreliya, malta, nyoosiland ennivaykku nilavil plr prograamukalundu. orennam nadappaakkunnathinekkur fraansil charchakal nadakkunnundu. europian union niyanthrikkunna oru europe wide plr prograam nadathunnathilekkulla neekkavum nadakkunnundu.
amerikkayil ezhuthukaarude samghamaanu 2018ll plrine pinthunachu oru pracharanam aarambhichath.
1941ll denmarkil aarambhicha aadyathe pii. ell. aarr. paripadi randaam lokamahaayudham kaaranam 1946 vare shariyaayi nadappakkappettilla. eee ashayam oru raajyathil ninnu mattonnilekku pathukke vyaapikkukayum pala raajyangaludeyum plr prograamukal valare sameepakaala sambhavavikaasangalaan.
deseeya vyathiyanangal.
pii. ell. aarr. paripaadikal oro rajyathinum vyathyasthamayirikkum. germmaniyum netherlands pole chilar pii. ell. aarine pakarppavakasha niyamavumaayi bandhippikkukayum avarude shekharathile oro pusthakathinum rachayithaakkalkk panam nalkaan librarikal baadhyastharaakkukayum cheythu. mattu rajyangal pii. ell. aarine pakarppavakashavumaayi bandhippikkunnilla. canada austreliyayeyo polulla oru raajyathin bhooribhaagam fandukalum raajyathin purathulla ezhuthukaarkku pookum, athil bhooribhaagavum amerikkayilekku pookum, athu aaa raajyangalkk sveekaaryamalla.
denmarkil, nilavile paripadi kalayude oru tharam sarkkar pinthunayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, nashtamaaya vilppanayude thirichadavilalla. denmarkil srishtikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythathum pothu, school librarikalil labhyamayathumaaya pusthakangal, samgeetham, vishwal kalaasrishtikal ennivayaanu pinthunaykkunna srishtikalude tharangal.
1950kalil joonn broffeyude 'dhii broffey penni' enna yadhaartha ashayathe pinthudarnnu briggid broffey moureen duffy pothu vaipa avakasham nedunnathinulla oru prachaaranatthinu neethrthwam nalki. 1979ll pothu vaipa avakasha niyamathode sthaapithamaaya yuke plr skeem 1982ll kooduthal vipuleekarikkukayum 2013ll britiish libraryil ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
paymentukal.
payment thuka engane nirnnayikkunnu ennathum oro rajyathinum vyathyaasappedunnu. chilar oru libraryil ninnu oru pusthakam ethra thavana eduthuvennathine adisthaanamaakkiyulla shambalam nalkunnu, mattullavar oru libraryude udamasthathayilullathaano allayo ennathine adisthaanamaakki lalithamaaya payment samvidaanam upayogikkunnu.
peymentukalude thukayum vyathyasappettirikkum. eathoru ezhuthukaaranum labhikkuna thuka orikkalum valare ganyamalla. udaaharanathinu, kaanadayil thaazhepparayunna samavaakyathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla paymenta thalakkett prathi payment = hitt nirakk (sii $63.97 2021-21) x #librarikal, athil thalakkett x% share x samayam krameekarichathaayi kaanapedunnu, oru varshathil eathenkilum oru rachayithaavin paramavadhi sii $4,500 (2021 ll) undu. yunaittad kingdatthile ezhuthukaarkku librarikalude oru praathinidhya maathrkayil ninnu kanakkaakkunna oro vaaypayudeyum adisthaanathilaanu shambalam nalkunnathu. 2019ll oro vyakthigatha vaaypaykkum 8.52 penz aayirunnu nirakk.
yogyathaa maanadandangal.
vividha rajyangalkkum vyathyastha yogyathaa maanadandangalundu. mikka raajyangalilum prasidheekaricha kruthikal maathrame sweekarikkappedunnu, sarkkar prasidheekaranangal apoorvvamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, grandhasoochikakalo nighandukkalo illa. chila pii. ell. aarr sevanangal fiction saahithyakruthikalkku maathram dhanasahayam nalkunnathinu nirbandhitharaanu, norway polulla chilath noonn-fiction kruthikalkku valare kurachu panam nalkunna sliding skeyilaanu. pala raajyangalum pandithochithavum akkaadamikavumaaya grandhangalum ozhivaakkunnu.
europian union nirddesham.
europian unionullil, pothu vaipa avakasham 1992 november muthal vaadaka avakaashathinum vaipa avakaashathinum vendiyulla nirddeshamaaya 92/100 EEC vazhi niyanthrikkappedunnu. eee nirddesham shariyaayi nadappaakkunnathil pala amgaraajyangalum paraajayappettuvenn 2002-ll europian kammeeshan nalkia oru report choondikkaatti.
plr nirddeshathinu internaashanal federation oof library associationukaludeyum sthaapanangaludeyum (ifla) bhaagath ninnu ethirppu nerittu. pouranmaarude manushyavakaashamaaya pothuvaayi axus cheyyaavunna librarikalude sevanangalilekkulla soujanya praveshanathe 'vaipa avakasham' enna thathwangal apakadathilaakkumennu aii. eph. ell. prasthaavichu. plr nirddeshavum pothu librarikalil athu nadappaakkunnathum nobal sammana jethakkalaaya darrio phoo, jose saramago ennivarulppede niravadhi europian ezhuthukaar nirasichu. neremarichu, 2010ll 3000-ladhikam ezhuthukaar yukeyil pii. ell. aarr vettikkuravine ethirkkunna oru nivedanathil oppuvachu.

