
pugettu shabda thakaraarukal

washington samsthaanathile kanatha janasamkhyayulla pugettu shabda mekhalaykku (pugettu thaazhnna pradesham) keezhilulla pugettu shabda thakaraarukal parasparabandhithamaya bhookambajanya (bhookambathinu kaaranamakunna) bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thakaraarukalude oru praadeshika samuchayamaan. ivayil ulppedunnu (vadakku ninnu thekkott, bhoopadam kaanuka):
pothuvaaya pashchaathalam.
bhookamba srothassukalum apakadasaadhyathayum.
padinjaaran washingtonile pugettu soundu reejian (pugettu loland) samsthaanathinte janasamkhyayudeyum saambathika swathukkaludeyum bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu, koodaathe american aikyanaadukalude anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathinte ezhu sathamaanavum vahikkunnu. ithellaam moonnu srothassukalil ninnulla bhookambangalkku saadhyathayunda
valia subduction sambhavangal valareyadhikam oorjjam purappeduvikkumbol (ekadesham 9 theevratha), aaa oorjjam oru valia pradeshathu vyaapichukidakkunnu, pradhaanamaayum theerathinadutthaanu. thaarathamyena cheria benioff bhookambangalude oorjjavum thaarathamyena valia pradeshathu layipikkunnu. ettavum valia intra-krasttal bhookambangalkku ekadesham ore motham oorjjamundu (ithu oru subduction sambhavathinte nooril onnu), ennaal avaa uparithalathodu aduthaayathinaal avaa kooduthal sakthamaaya virayalinum athinaal kooduthal naashanashtatthinum kaaranamakum.
siyaattil-tacoma pradeshathe paalangalude bhookambasaadhyathayekkurichu oru patanam kanakkaakkunnath siyaattil allengil tacoma faalttukalil oru meter 7 bhookambam oru meter 9 subduction bhookambathinu thulyamaaya naashanashtangal undaakkumenn kanakkakkunnu. seettil, tacoma thakaraarukal eee mekhalayile janasamkhyayudeyum vikasanathinteyum ettavum valia kendreekaranatthin keezhilaanu nerittu pravarthikkunnathinaal, kooduthal naashanashtangal pratheekshikkappedunnu, ennaal ivide avalokanam cheytha ellah thakaraarukalum praadeshikamaayi gurutharamaaya naashanashtangal varuthaanum haiway, railway, pipe lineukal ennivayulppedeyulla praadeshika gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangale thadassappeduthaanum kazhiyum. (vividha apakadangalekkurichulla kooduthal vivarangalulla linkukal siyaattil foltil kaanam.)
pugettu shabda mekhala bhookambasaadhyathayullathalla, sajeevamaaya bhookambamaanu. pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran bhookamba shringalayil ninnulla mapping kaanikkunnath padinjaaran washingtonile bhookambangalude bhooribhaagavum naalu sthalangalil kendreekarichirikkunnu emm. tii. yude keezhilulla rund idungiya mekhalakalil. sent helens emm. tii. yum. dii. dii. emm. eph. isinu kuruke mazhayum olimbiyaykkum ekadesham thekkan widby dweep thakararinum idayil pugettu shabdavum. thekkan paridhi glaciationte thekkan paridhiyumayi ekadesham poruthappedunnu; orupakshe bhookambam glacial aisinte bharam sammarddam cheluthiya sesham mukalile puramthodinte thirichuvaravu prathifalippikkunnu.
kandethal.
kattiyulla himanikalum mattu nikshepangalum, kanatha sasyajaalangalum, nagaravikasanavum, moorchayulla aashwaasathinteyum druthagathiyilulla mannolippinteyum bhooprakrithiyum eee mekhalayile thakaraarukalude uparithala aavishkaarathe marachuvekkukayum avayude kandethaline thadassappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. eee thakaraarukalil bhooribhaagathinteyum aadya krithyamaaya soochanakal 1965 leeii guruthwaakarshana mappingil ninnaan, avayude nilanilpp 1980 lum 1985 lum mappingil rekhappeduthiyittundu. 1985 leeii kanakkanusarichu saddle parvatha thakararukalkk maathrame holocene pravartthanam ulloo ennu kaanichirunnu (avasaanathe himayugathinu sesham, ekadesham 12,000 varshangalkk munbu). 1992 vare thaazhnna pradeshangalile aadyathe thakararayirunnu, siyaattil falt, holocene pravartthanatthile yadhaartha thakaraaraanennu sthireekarikkukayum athinte charithratthile ettavum kuranjathu sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
ekadesham oru adii (30 centimeter) abhoothapoorvamaaya krithyathayode yadhaartha bhoo uparithalathe chithreekarikkaan vanaa melaappilum sasyajaalangalilum saadhaaranayaayi thulachukayaraan kazhiyunna oru saankethikavidyayaya lidaarinte vikasanathiloode thakaraarukal kandethunnathu valareyadhikam sugamamaakki. praadeshika ejansikalude oru anoupachaarika kansorshyam central pugettu thaazhnna pradeshangalude bhooribhaagathinteyum lidar mapping ekopippichittundu, ithu niravadhi folt scarpukal kandethunnathilekku nayichu, avaa pinneedu trenching (paleosysmology) vazhi anweshikkunnu. vividha thakaraarukal murichukadakkunna pugettu shabdathekkurichulla samudra bhookamba prathiphalana sarvekal eee thakaraarukalil chilathinte gadanayekkurichu cross-sekshanal kazhchakal nalkiyittundu, koodaathe 1998-ll (pugettu shabdathilo kappalukaliloo bhookamba apakadangal sambandhicha anweshanam) theevravum vishalavumaaya oru samyuktha kadaltheera/theerapradesha patanam uparithala jyaamithiyude trimana maathrkaykku kaaranamaayi. airo magnetic sarvekal, seasmic tomography, mattu padanangal ennivayum eee thakaraarukal kandethunnathinum manassilakkunnathinum sambhavana cheythittundu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya krameekaranam.
bhookambathinu kaaranamakunna sammarddangalude aathyanthika chaalakashakti tectonic plettukalude chalanangalaanna bhoomiyude aavaranathil ninnulla vasthukkal vyaapippikkunna kendrangalil uyarukayum samudra puramthodinte plettukalaayi puratthekku neengukayum cheiyunnu, avaa oduvil bhookhanda puramthodinte kooduthal kuthikkunna plettukalkku keezhil thaazhthappedunnu. padinjaaran washington cascadia subduction soninu mukalilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, avide juvan dii fuca plate kizhakode subduct cheiyunnu (rekhaachithram, valath kaanuka). vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath ninnu varunna vadakke american plate ithu charinjaanu marikadakkunnathu, ithu subducting plettilum athinu mukalilulla forarc thadatthilum oru valavu undaakki. eee valavu subducting slabine oru kamanamakki valachu, athu olimbiku parvathangale uyarthukayum avaye subduct cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayukayum cheythu. kazhinja 50 dasalaksham varshatholamaayi (aadyakaala eosene yugam muthal) vadakke american plettil irikkunna vadakkan cascadeukalkku (rekhaachithrathile "sthiramaaya block") ethire avaye thaazhthikkondu thallunnu. ithu kizhakk cascadeukalkkum padinjaaru olimbiku parvathangalkkum villappa kunnukalkkum edayilulla oru pokkatt allengil truff-oru praadeshika geologist "parvathangalkkidayilulla valia dwaaram" ennu vilikkunnu. eee pokkatt vadakke amerikkayude padinjaaran attathekku pasaphik plate thallunna terranukalude (ekadesham 20 muthal 30 kilometer vare kattiyulla krasttal blokkukal) oru aruviye pidikkunnu, eee prakriyayil thekkupadinjaaran washingtonilekkum origoninte bhooribhaagathekkum gadikaaradishayil alppam bhramanam nalkunnu; phalam oru train avashishtamaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. eee terranukal chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte (sailetsiyayude bhagam) basaltukalaal moodappettirikkunnu. madakalum folting chila sthalangalil eee basaltukale thurannukaattiyittund (rekhaachithrathile karutha pradeshangal); edayilulla thadangal vividha avashishta roopeekaranangalaal nirachittundu, avayil chilath pinneedu uyarthappettu. manjumoodiya roopathilulla niracha nirangal pagettu shabdathinte thaazhnna uyarangalil bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu. ithaanu pugettu thaazhnna pradesham. pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathinu aditharayittirikkunna uparithalathinu sameepamulla puramthodil shakthikalude eee sankeernamaaya parasparapravartthanathinte pradhana phalangal ivayaanu
ithu kooduthal sankeernamaakkunnathu olimbiku-valova linementinte (moonga) anjjaathamaaya gadanayudeyum uthbhavathinteyum savisheshathayaanu. olimbiku upadveepinte vadakku bhagam muthal vadakkukizhakkan origonile valova parvathanirakal vare ekadesham kizhakk-thekkukizhakk bhaagathekku vyaapikkunna bhooprakrithiyude savisheshathakalude aakasmikamaaya vinyaasamaanith. ithu vancouver dveepinte padinjaaru bhaagathulla vestt koost foltumaayum kween charlot folt sisttavumaayum (kaaliforniyayile saan andreas foltinu samaanamaayi) strike-slip folt sonukalumaayi yojikkunnu, pakshe kaaryamayatho thudarnnukondirikkunna aaya strike-slip chalanamonnum kanikkunnilla. ithu ivide thaalpparyamullathaanu, kaaranam siyaattil foltinte vividha izhakal moongaye kadakkunnathayi thonnunna ooriyanteshan maattunnu, koodaathe rosdell monocline, olimbiya ghadana polulla mattu niravadhi savisheshathakalkkum niravadhi praadeshika bhooprakrithiyilulla savisheshathakalkkum samanthara vinyaasangalund. ithu darrington-devils parvatha thakaraarinte yadhaartha sthaanamaayirikkaam (inipparayunna bhoopadatthinte mukalilulla dashed line "x"). moonga thaazhnna pradeshathe aazhamillaatha puramthodu thallunna aazhathilulla gadanayaayi kaanappedunnundengilum ithu oohaapohamaayi thudarunnu.
uyarthalum thadatthinte paattenum.
eee "folttukalil" bhooribhaagavum yadhaarthathil sedimentari thadangal (singlines, θ), krasttal applifttukal (anticlines, θ) enniva thammilulla athirthikalile sankeernamaaya folting sonukalaanu. eee thakaraarukalil bhooribhaagavum ekadesham 20 kilometer veethiyulla thadangaludeyum uyarchakaludeyum oru parambara vibhajikkunna oru pothuvaaya paatten undu. vadakku ninnu ivayaanu (valathuvashathulla bhoopadam kaanuka):
hood kanal takarar (athinte saadhyamaaya vipuleekaranangalum) padinjaarulla saddle parvatha thakaraarukalum ithinu padinjaaran athirthi undaakkunnuvenn vishwasikkappedunnu. kizhakk, devils parvatha takaraar moongayilekku ozhukunna thekk adikkunna darrington thakararumaayi (kaanichirikkunnilla) bandhippikkunnu, koodaathe thekkan widby dweep takaraar raattilsnekku parvatha takaraar mekhalayiloode (dashed line) moongayilekku vyaapikkunnu. moongayude thekk oru nischitha kizhakkan athirthi kandethiyitla, chila soochanakal anishchithathvathilaanu. (iii.jii.olimbiya falt columbia nadhi vare vyaapichekkaavunna olimbiyaykkum chehalikalkkumidayilulla oru koottam faalttukalude vadakke attathulla amgamaayi thonnunna olimbiya faltumaayi poruthappedunnu, koodaathe tacoma falt vella nadiyumaayi bandhippikkaamenn oru nirddesham undu-kaaskedukalude kizhakk bhaagathulla natches rivar falt.)
grays harber basin, villappa kunnukal, aastoriya basin enniva vazhi padinjaarum thekkupadinjaarum uyarchayum thadarekhayum thudarunnu, ennaal iva pugettu shabda mekhalayile athe reethiyil thakararukalaal chuttappettirikkunno ennu ariyilla.
gadanaaparamaaya maathrkakal.
thrastt sheett sidhaantham.
eee pishakukal, madakkukal, thadangal, uyarcha ennivayellaam bandhappettirikkunnave vishwasikkappedunnu. pramukha maathruka anusarichu, "pugettu loland thrastt sheett hypothesis", eee folttukal muthalaayava.14 muthal 20 kilometer vare aazhathilulla oru puramthodil ithu sambhavikkunnu, athu verpett aazhathilulla puramthodinte blokkukalkku mukaliloode thallappedunnu. eee thrastt sheettil bhooribhaagavum chandrakkala roopeekaranam (origonile siletts nadeethada agniparvathangalkkum vancouver dveepile mecosin roopeekaranathinum anusrithamaayi), eosene yugathil ninnulla agniparvvatha basaltinte vishalamaaya ozhukkil (ekadesham 50 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu), oru seemoundu shringhala allengil kondinental marjin refting (siletsiya kaanuka) enniva ulppedunnu. eee "basement" paara chakkanatt roopeekaranathinu samanamaaya avashishta nikshepangalaal moodappettirikkunnu, koodaathe ettavum puthiya (saadhaaranayaayi mayoseen) agniparvvatha nikshepangalaal moodappettirikkunnu. seettil uyarchayum orupakshe karutha kunnukalude uyarchayum eathenkilum tharatthilulla ramp uyarthaan nirbandhithanaayappol thurannukattappetta krasant formation bassault ulkkollunnu. eee ramp onnukil thaazhathe krasttal blokkukalilaayirikkam, allengil thrastt sheett pilarukayum oru bhagam adutha bhaagathinu mukalilekku nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunna sthalamaayirikkaam. thrastt sheett valayumbozho allengil munvashathe attam mriduvum durbalavumaaya avashishta nikshepangalkku mukaliloode thallumbozho thakaraarukalum madakkukalum vikasikkukayum pottukayum charivukalundaakkukayum cheyyaam.
eee maathruka soochippikkunnathu pole, vividha thakaraarukal thrastt sheettinullil parasparam bandhappettirikkunnavel, oru bhookambam mattullavaykku kaaranamakaanulla saadhyathayund. ekadesham 1100 varshangalkk munbulla bhookamba sambhavangalude oru koottatthinte saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranamenna nilayil eee saadhyatha prathyekichum kauthukakaramaanu.
seismotectonic modeling.
muun padanatthil uparithalathinte pishakukalude ghadana parishodhikkunnathinaayi bhookambam, uparithala jiyolaji, geophysical daatta enniva maathrkayaakki. mattoru model (yuu. ezz. jii. ezz ooppan-phayal report <aii. dii. 1>)-aadyathethinu poorakamaayittillaathathinaal-muzhuvan puramthodinteyum 3-dii tectonic model srishtikkaan bhookambavum mattu daattayum upayogichu; praadeshika geodynamic swabhaavasavisheshathakal nirnnayikkaan parimithamaaya moolaka reethikal upayogichu ithu vishakalanam cheythu.
oru pradhana kandethal, "[sii] thekkan pugettu shabda mekhalayile rasttal bhookambam niyanthrikkunnath siyaattil foltinu thekk sambhavikkunna chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte oru pradhana blokkaanu."kooduthal prathyekichum, siyaattil foltinu thekk pugettu shabdathinu keezhil bhookambathinte saandrata, vadakku, thekk, padinjaaru (kizhakkan athirthi nirnnayikkappettilla) seettil, tacoma, devatto folttukalaal chuttapetta aaa blokkinte uyarchayaan siyaattil uyarcha srishtikkunnathu. ekadesham 1,100 varshangalkk munbundaaya valia siyaattil bhookambavum akkaalat thekkan pugettu shabdathile mattu cosaismic sambhavangalum eee blockine muzhuvan baadhicha orotta sambhavamaayirunnuvennum ekadesham 8 theevrathayundaayirunnuvennu, orupakshe bhoochalanathaal undayathaayirikkaam ennum abhipraayappedunnu.
aazhathilulla puramthodinte gadanayekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo (ekadesham thaazhe), ennirunnaalum ithum mattu bhookamba tomography padanangalum (polullava) aakarshakamaaya kazhchakal nalkunnu.
thaazhepparayunna avalokanangalkk vivarangalude praadhamika uravidam yuu aanu.ezz. geological sarveyude kwaattenari falt aandu fold daattaabes (kyu. eph. eph. dii. bii), athil kandethalinte vishadaamshangal, oro thakararinum oru saankethika vivaranam, grandhasoochika enniva ulppedunnu; oro vibhaagathinteyum avasaanam (labhyamaakunnidathu) oru prathyeka link nalkiyittundu.
pishaachinte malaa pizhav.
devils moundan folt (dmf) darrington pattanatthil ninnu 125 kilometer (75 mile) akale vellachaattathinte thaazhvaarathu ninnu padinjaaru widby dveepinte vadakkan attam vare, britiish kolambiyayile victoriyayilekku, avide dmf vancouver dveepinte thekke attathulla leach rivar folt sisttathil cherumennu vishwasikkappedunnu. darringtonil ithu darrington foltumaayi bandhippikkunnathayi kaanapedunnu, ithu ekadesham 110 kilometer thekk sanjarichu strait creak foltumaayi (ezz. sii. eph) othucherunnu, thudarnnu olimbiku-valova lainamentumaayi vinyasikkaan eesttaninodu adukkunnu; ivaye orumichu darrington-devils moundan folt soonn (dii. dii. emm. eph. ezz) ennu vilikkunnu.
devils parvathatthile takaraar samanamaaya ennaal vyathirikthamaya rund mesosoic (dinosarukal marikkunnathin munbu, pree-tertiary) allengil pazhaya paarakale verthirikkunnu. vadakku helena-haystack melanch (echhechu melanch, valathuvashathulla rekhaachithrathil purple), thekk padinjaaru, kizhakkan melanch belttukal (vembu, neela). ivide rasakaramaaya chila bandhangalund. iii.jii.thekk 110 kilometer akaleyulla manastash ridjil (rekhaachithrathinte chuvadeyulla purple niratthilulla cheria sleever thirayuka) melanch paara kandethiyittundu. koodaathe, dii. emm. ephinu vadakkulla avashishta chakkanutt roopeekaranam (enn. dablyu. sii. yude bhagam, pacha) manastash ridjinu vadakkulla suwak, rosline roopeekaranangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 50 muthal 48 maa (dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangalkk munbu) vare aarambhicha neraaya creak foltile valathuvashathulla strike-slip chalanamaanu ithellaam vishadeekarikkunnathu. olimbiku parvathangal vahikkunna terrain vadakke american bhookhandavumaayi sanbarkkam pularthiyathinu thottupinnaleyaanu ithu. olimbiku terran vadakke american bhookhandathinum idayil pidikkappedukayum randaamathethinu mukalilekku thallappedukayum cheytha kadaltheerathulla dveepukalo kadaltheerangalo aayirikkam eee malancherivukal. samanamaaya mattu parakal rimrock thadaakam inlearilum (rekhaachithrathinte adiyil), saan juvan dveepukalilum, vancouver dveepinte padinjaaran bhaagathulla padinjaaran theerathe faltilulla pasaphik theera samuchayathilum kandethiyittundu. dii. dii. emm. eph. isum leach rivar falt sisttavum moongayude oru yadhaartha vinyaasathil ninnu aadyakaala bhookhandathinte arikilekku thalliyathayi thonnunnu. ithu oru pradhana nireekshanamaanu, kaaranam stroberry pooyint, utsaladi pooyint, thekkan widby dweep, ddmfacn moongaykkum idayil kidakkunna mattu niravadhi perillaattha thakaraarukal-ivayellaam ddmfacinte padinjaaran attathu othucherunnu-ddmfacinte idatharam pathippukalaanennu thonnunnu.
ezz. sii. efumaayi othucherunna dii. dii. emm. eph. isadinte thekkan bhaagathe chalanam-darrington folt-ezz. sii. ephilennapole, valathuvashathaayirunnu. ezz. sii. eph pole, strike-slip chalanam 44 num 41 num idayil (plutonic nuzhanjukayatangal kaaranam) illaathaayi. ennaal padinjaaran bhagamaaya devils parvathatthinte thakaraarin "lephtt"-parshwa chalanamundu. olimbiku terrain vadakkukizhakkaayi neengunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam (vadakke americayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol); athinte thudarchayaaya gadikaaradishayil bhramanam cheiyunnathu vadakke cascade kristalin korinte padinjaaru bhaagathekku urundupokunna oru bheeman chakratthinu samaanamaan. orupakshe oru purathana theerapradeshamaaya kizhakode uyarunna oru rambilekku dii. emm. eph charinjukondu neengukayaanennum jiyolaji soochippikkunnu.
devils parvathatthile takaraar bhookambaparamaayi sajeevamaan, koodaathe holocene offsettukalude thelivukalundu. 125 kilometer neelam muzhuvan orotta sambhavathil pottitherichaal, thathfalamaayundaakunna bhookambam 7.5 theevratha vare valuthayirikkum. ennirunnaalum, takaraar vibhajikkappettathayi soochanakalundu, ithu potalum bhookambathinte vyapthiyum parimithappeduthiyekkaam.
stroberry pooyintum utsaladi pooyintum thakararilaayi.
kizhakk-striking devils parvathatthinte charadukal dugwalla beyil widby dveepinte vadakkan attavum alt feeldinte vadakku bhaagavum (widby dweep neval eyar steshan) kadakkunnu. ekadesham kizhakk-thekkukizhakk camano dveepinte vadakke attathulla utsaladi poyintilekku neengumbol ookku thuramukha nagaram thekk naalu mile (6 kilometer) akale utsaladi pooyint faalttinte (yuu. pii. eph) niravadhi staandukal vyaapichukidakkunnu. iva randinum idayil stroberry pooyint folt (ezz. pii. eph) oulttu feeldinte thekk bhaagathekku scurt cheyyukayum stroberry pooyint bracket cheiyunna vividha izhakalaayi vibhajikkukayum thudarnnu skaagit nadiyude delttaykku keezhil aprathyakshamaakukayum (orupakshe avasaanikkukayum) cheiyunnu. ezz. pii. eph, yuu. pii. eph enniva charinja-slip traansprashanal aanennu parayappedunnu; athaayath, krasttal blokkukal orumichu amarthumbol folttukal thirascheenavum lambavumaaya slip kaanikkunnu. eee thakaraarukal uyarthappetta pree-tertiary paarayude vadakkum thekkum athirthikalum roopappeduthunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu thettukal thaazhnna thalatthil othucherunnu, siyaattil, tacoma thakaraarukalude oru maathruka pole, pakshe cheria thothil. widby dveepinte iruvashathumulla samudra bhookamba prathiphalana sarvekal eee thakaraarukalude ariyappedunna neelam kuranjathu 26,28 kilometer (ekadesham 15 mile) vare vyaapippikkunnu. thekkukizhakk 25 kilometer koodi vyaapichukidakkunna oru aeromagnetic haiyude thekkan marjin roopeekarikkunnathinaal yuu. pii. ephinte yadhaartha neelam erattiyaayirikkaam. 1550 muthal 1850 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil 1700 cascadia bhookambam moolamundaaya ettavum puthiya bhookambamaaya 6.7 allengil athil kooduthal theevrathayulla onno rando holocene bhookambangalenkilum (lidar thiricharinja oru scarpil) undayathaayi kaanikkunnu. eee bhookambangal sunaamikalkk kaaranamaayirikkam, koodaathe sameepathulla niravadhi sthalangalil sunaamikalkk ariyappedunna mattu bhookambangalumaayi bandhamillennathinte thelivukalundu.
ezz. pii. ephinum yuu. pii. ephinum idayil alppam uyarthappetta pree-tertiary parakal undengilum, cheria skeyil (ekadesham 20 kilometer veethiyullathinekkaal 2 kilometer veethiyulla) kaaranam mukalil vivaricha uyarthal, thadam paatten ennivaykku ithu sarikkum yojikkunnilla, koodaathe ividuthe uyarthal poornnamaayum seettil, tacoma folttukal polulla raambinu mukaliloode nirbandhitharaakunnathinum ekadesham rund lambamaya folttukalkkidayil oru veju pole kaanapedunnu. eee uyarcha athinu pishaachukkalude parvatha pizhavinum idayil kaaryamaaya oru thadavum chithreekarikkunnilla. juvan dii fuca kadalidukkile samudra bhookamba prathiphalana sarveyude adisthaanathil dmf, ezz. pii. eph, yuu. pii. eph enniva gadanaaparamaayi bandhappettirikkunnave nirddeshikkappettittund (kuranjathu widby dweep kadakkunna vibhaagathil).
thekkan widby dweep takaraar.
sathen widby ailand folt" (swiff) kuranjathu moonnu ezhakalulla sankeernamaaya traansprashanal foltinginte ekadesham naalu mile veethiyulla mekhalayaayi prakadamaakunna oru pradhana terrain athirthiyaanu. samudra bhookamba prathiphalana sarvekal kaanikkunnath ithu juvan dii fuca kadalidukkinte kizhakkan attathu vadakkupadinjaraayi pathikkunnu ennaanu. victoriyaykku thekk, britiish columbia, ithu padinjaaru adikkunna devils parvatha thakaraarine murichukadakkunnu (mukalil avalokanam cheythu), onnukil athumaayi layikkunnu, allengil leach rivar faltumaayi bandhippikkunnathin athine kadakkunnu (orupakshe murikkunnu). letch rivar falt chandragrahanatthinte vadakkan attamaayi thiricharinjittundu (padinjaaran washingtoninteyum origoninteyum bhooribhaagavum adibhaagathulla siletsiya terraininte bhagamaaya mecosin roopeekaranam). kizhakkan cascades geological pravishyayile roopaantharappetta basement paarakalumayi sanbarkkam pulartthunna krisant roopeekaranam baasaltukal polulla bhookamba vegathayude sakthamaaya vairudhyam swifttinte eee bhagam adayaalappeduthunnuvennu seasmic tomography padanangal kaanikkunnu.
thekkukizhakkayi swiff admiralatti inlettiloodeyum (paast portt tounsend) widby dveepinte thekkan bhaagathukoodiyum mukkilttiyoykkum edmandukalkkum idayil pradhana bhoopradeshathekku kadannupokunnu. swifinte eee bhagam evaratt thadatthinte thekkupadinjaaran bhagamaanu (bhoopadam kaanuka), ithu prathyekichu asysmic aanu, kaaranam aadyathe 38 varshathe upakarana recordingle avide aazham kuranja (12 kilometeril thaazhe aazhamulla) bhookambangalo athinaduthulla swifinte bhaagatho undayittilla. ennirunnaalum, "vadakkan pugettu shabdathile ettavum bhookambam sambhavikkunnath thekkan widby dweep thakaraarinte thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathum chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte thaazhathe bhaagathinullil 15-27 kilometer aazhathilaan."
vadakkupadinjaraayi kaanapedunna bhookamba vegathayude vairudhyam eee vibhaagathil illa, ithu theerapradeshamalla-cascade sanbarkkamaanennu soochippikkunnu. ithinte praadhaanyam-chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte (silatts terraininte parokshamaayi) attam thekkott thiriyunnundo (chuvade charcha cheythirikkunnu), allengil metamorphic basement ivide mattu agniparvvatha paarakalal maattisthaapikkappedunnu-ariyilla. swifinte swabhaavathile samanamaaya maattam praadeshika krasttal straininte dishayile maattathe prathifalippikkumennu abhipraayappettittund.
2000-nuu munbu, pradhana aeromagnetic apakathakal shakthamayi soochippichathu falt soonn thekkukizhakk, orupakshe duval pattanam vare thudarnnuvennu, ennaal swiff pradhaanamaayum maranjirikkunnathinaal ithu anishchithathvathilaayirunnu, koodaathe nagaravikasana moolam mangiya uparithala adayaalangal saadhaaranayaayi illaathaakkappettu. 2000 muthal lidarineyum uyarnna resolutionulla aeromagnetic daattayeyum kurichulla padanangal woodinvilleyk sameepamulla skaarppukale thiricharinjittundu, ithu tectonically ninnu uruthirinjathaanennum bhoomishaasthraparamaayi sameepakaalathaanennum trunching sthireekarichu.
thudarnnulla mappingil siyaattil thadatthinte kizhakkan attathu raattilsnekku parvatha takaraar mekhalayumaayi (rmfs) layikkunnathayi swiff pothinjathaayi kaanikkunnu; ekadesham 15 digri valavum vyathyastha sandarbhavum undaayirunnittum rmfs ippol swifinte thekkan vipuleekaranamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. victoriyaykkum ekadesham phaal sitikkum idayil kanakkaakkappedunna swiff nadiyude neelam ekadesham 150 kilometer (90 mile) aanu.
chuveef armfsedumaayulla vibhajanathiloode (peripheral straandukal maathram armfsedumaayi cherunnathinu thiriyunnu) cascadeukal kadannu oduvil olimbiku-valova lainamentumaayi layikukayo kadakkukayo cheiyumennu nirddeshikkappettittund; praadeshika savisheshathakalekurichulla oru patanam atharamoru paatten soochippikkunnu. ennaal intersectionu kuruke vishadamaaya mapping faltinginte sankeernavum aashayakkuzhappamundayakunnathu oru paatten maathrame kaanikkunnulloo, athil thettu nadakkunnundo illayo ennathinte soochanayilla. paatten vyakthamaakkunna kooduthal kizhakk pradeshangalude mapping nilavil aasoothranam cheythitilla.
swiff dveepukalekkurichulla paleosysmological padanangal valare kuravaanu. oru patanam widby dveepinte athirvashathulla rund chathuppukalude aapekshika uyarathe thaarathamyam cheyyukayum ekadesham 3,000 varshangalkk munbu meter 6.5-7.0 bhookambam 1 muthal 2 meter vare uyarchaykku kaaranamaayenn nirnnayikkukayum cheythu. mattoru patanam bothellinum snohomishin idayil asaadhaaranamaamvidham vishalamaaya scarpukal kadannupokunnathaayi thiricharinju, king kaundiyude vivaadamaaya braitt vaattar regional malinajala shudheekarana plaantinu sameepamulla niravadhi scarpukal kazhinja 16,400 varshathinide swiffle kuranjathu naalo onpatho sambhavangalenkilum kaanikkunnu. rund sajeeva izhakalkkidayil othungikkidakkunnathil, swaadheenamullathum malinavumaaya pipe lineukal aswasthamaaya bhoomiyude onniladhikam mekhalakal kadakkunnathinal atharam bhookamba apakadangal plaantinte irippidathil oru pradhana prashnamaayirunnu.
roggers beltt.
everattinu vadakku ekadesham enn. dablyu-seey. dishayilulla samanthara malancherivukaludeyum aruvikaludeyum oru pradesamaanu, ithu bhoomishaasthra ithara bhoopadangalil polum vyakthamaan. eee malancherivukal (munkaala "kalkin shreniyude" verukale prathifalippikkunna vishalamaaya praadeshika maathrkayude bhagam) eosene kaalaghattatthil evaratt thadatthil shekharicha avashishtangalaal roopappettavayaanu, thudarnnu kizhakk kizhakk bhaagathulla pazhaya cretatius, jurassic paarakalkkethire vadakkukizhakku dishayilulla compression vazhi madakki. eee pazhaya paarayude attathu sultan pradesham (evarattinu kizhakkayi) muthal vernon parvvatham (devils parvvathatthile valavinu vadakkaayi) vare neelunna bhoomishaasthraparamaayi rasakaramaaya mekhalayaaya rogezhs beltt undu. eee bhooprakrithiyude savisheshathakal, chila samanthara guruthwaakarshana gradiantukal, "cheria bhookambathinte valare sajeevamaaya mekhala" enniva nireekshicha vilyam rogezhs 1970 ll oru "takararo mattu pradhana gadanaaparamaaya savisheshathayo" ennu anumaanichu.
 1976ll cheni aadyamaayi mapp cheytha "bellingham bay-chapline folt soonn" bellingham bake sameepam chapline thadaakathinu sameepam (sultanu vadakku) ninnu ozhukunnu. 1986ll sultanu sameepam vadakkupadinjaaran lummi dveepil ninnu (bellingham ulkkadalinte padinjaaru bhagam, bhoopadatthinte mukalil drishyamaakunnu) devils parvatha pizhav (dmf, darrington-devils parvatha pizhav mekhalayude bhagam) kadannu cheni mapp cheythappol eee thakaraarukalude connectivittiyekkuri samshayangal eee peru upekshikkunnathilekku nayichu. thadaakatthile chapline muthal graanait vellachaattam vare mvfn samaantharamaayum kizhakottumulla "thadaakatthile chapline falt" cheni mapp cheythu.
2006 muthal eee pradeshatthinte vishadamaaya mapping thakaraarukalude sankeernamaaya oru maathruka velippeduthi. vadakke attathu valathuvashathulla "mcmurray folt soonn" (emm. eph. isad) devils parvathatthinte thekk bhaagathulla mcmurray thadaakathil vyaapichukidakkunnu, ithu oru pradhana bounding foltanennu samshayikkunnu. vadakku vernon parvathavumaayi yojikkunna oru bhooprakrithiyilulla variyilum thekk graanait vellachaattathinteyum thadaaka chaplaininteyum nagaratthilum (sultanu vadakku) ithu sthithicheyyunnu.
thadaakatthile chappline kuruke oodunna "woods lake folt", cheniyude moundu vernon foltinte thekke attathe mapp cheytha sthaanavumaayi ettavum aduthaanu. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla mapping kaanikkunnath padinjaaru vashath charinjathum sulthaante keezhil nerittu kadannupokunnathumaaya charinjathum strike slip folttukalulla naalu mile veethiyulla strippaya "woods creak folt" (dablyusief) aanu kooduthal pradhanappetta folt ennu thonnunnu, koodaathe vernon parvathavumaayi nannayi yojikkunnu. eee rund thakaraarukalum (mattu chilath) neey-striking cherry creak folt soninte (ccfs; adutha vibhaagam kaanuka) padinjaaran maarjinil idathu-vashathulla "sultan rivar foltil" avasanikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. woods creak folt muthal "graanait falls folt soonn" (jii. eph. eph. ezz) vare neelunna pradhana folting mekhala, dablyu. sii. ephile cheruthaayi offset cheyyukayum graanait vellachatta pattanatthinu keezhil oodukayum cheiyunnu. madhyabhaagathe bhagam mapp cheythittillenkilum, jii. eph. eph. ezz vadakku mcmurray effsedumaayi bandhippikkukayum evaratt thadatthinte kizhakkan athirthi roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnuvennu bhoomishaasthranjar vishwasikkunnu.
eee folttukal "vestten melanch beltt" (bhoopadatthile neela pradesham) vazhi kadannu, vadakkan valavil ninnu (antharsamsthaana 90 ll) moundu vernonilekku thurannukaattunnu. oru subduction sonile akrisanari vedjil (allengil prism) shekharicha avasaanathe jurassic, cretatius paarakalude (athil chilath 166 dasalaksham varsham vare pazhakkamullathaanu) oru samyojanamaanu doubleumby. idaho baatholithil ninnulla detrittasinte saannidhyam thekkan idahoyodu aduthulla oru muun sthalathe soochippikkunnu. eee nikshepangal akrisanari vedjilaayirikkumbol eee thakaraarukalil chilath mesosoicle vikasippichirikkam; vividha thadangalil roopappedunna cross-cutting neey, neey-striking folttukal transtanshanilekkulla thudarnnulla maattatthinte falamaanu.
eee pradeshathe aadyakaala eosene ignius unitukal siletsiyayude varavinushesham prathyakshappetta 49 muthal 44 vare magmetic belttinte bhaagamaanenn thonnunnu, athu aaa sambhavavumayi bandhappettirikkam.
rogezhs belttinte vadakke attathulla shakthamayi prakadippicha bhooprakrithiyilulla varikal aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna oru prashnam srishtikkunnu, kaaranam avaa idathu-vashathe charivulla-slip devils parvatha takaraar kondu vibhajikkappettirikkunna krithyamaaya offset kanikkunnilla. pakaram, rogezhs belttile cheruppakkaaran dmf-cheni dmf 47 kilometer offset cheythathayi mvf vaadichu. vadakku, kazhinja lummi dweep-dii. emm. eph "offset allah" enna nilavilulla samavaayathin virudhamaanu.
cherry creak folt soonn.
2010ll raattilsnekku parvatha takaraar mekhalayude (rmfs) vadakke attathulla pradesham mapp cheiyumbozhaanu cherry creak falt soonn (ccfs) kandethiyathu. carnation vadakkulla oru pooyintil ninnu sii. sii. eph. isadinte kizhakkan attathu (ivide ithu oru mailinte naalil moonnu veethiyullathaanu) harris creak vare kandethaam, cherry kreekkinte mukalbhagam kadannu oduvil sultan pattanatthil athunnu. ivide padinjaaran attathulla pradhana charadu sultan nadiyude keezhilulla "sultan nadeethadatthil" layikkunnu. ithu thadaakatthile chapplininte munpilum orupakshe pilchakku parvathatthinte kizhakke attatthum vyaapippikkumenn prathekshikkunnu. ithu oru "pradhana sajeevamo sajeevamo aaya" gadanayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
thaazhnna snockwalmy thaazhvarayil kandethiya sajeevamo sajeevamo aaya folt sonukalude tirakkeriya feeldil, cherry creak folt soonn prathyekichum sradheyamaanu, kaaranam duvalinu kizhakk ithu 1996-leeii 5.3 duval bhookambam ulppede sajeeva bhookambathinte oru hotspottiloode kadannupokunnu.
kizhakk-padinjaaru dishayilulla moonroo folt (skycomish nadiyude thekk bhagam), bhookamba phokkal mekkaanisangal, kainamattik soochanakal ennivayile offsettukal kaanikkunnath ccfs oru idathu-vashathe strike-slip foltanennu, orupakshe kurachu charinja chalanamulla (kizhakk bhaagath).
 sii. sii. eph. isad thekk samanthara tokul creak folt sonumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu; randum vadakkupadinjaaran-trending swifumaayi samyojitha folttukalaayi kaanapedunnu. tokul creak folt (tii. sii. eph) snockwalmy ninnu enn. eiii. iii. yill adikkunnu, padinjaaran melanchu belttinte saadhyamaaya offsettumaayi vinyasikkukayum skycomish nadiyilekku kadakkunna oru thaazhvarayumaayi yojikkukayum cheiyunnu; ithu ippol praadeshika praadhaanyamullathaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
raattilsnekku parvatha thakaraarulla mekhala.
vadakke valavinu (siyaattil muthal ekadesham 25 mile kizhakk) padinjaaru oru pradhana enn. enn. dablyu trending ridjaanu raattilsnekku parvatham. dip-slip (lambamaayi) raitt-lettaral strike-slip chalanavum kaanikkunna kuranjathu pathinonnu folttukalude oru baandaaya "raattilsnekku moundan folt soonn" (rmfs) ennathinte uyarchayude falamaayirikkaam ithu. (aduthulla bhoopadam kaanuka. ivaykku mukalilulla bhoopadatthil thaazhe valathuvashathulla dott cheytha varikalude jodi prathinidheekarikkunnu. ore perilulla mattoru parvatha, falt soonn pascoic sameepamaan sthithi cheiyunnathu; qffdb falt #565 kaanuka)
raattilsnekku parvathatthinte thekke attathu olimbiku-valova linementil (moonga) vettimattukayum folttukal kizhakode thirinj moongayumaayi layikkukayum cheiyunnu. parvathatthinte vadakkan attam seettil foltinte kizhakkan attam kadakkumbol veezhunnu, athu rmfacl avasaanikkunnu; raattilsnekku parvvatham seettil uyarchayude kizhakkan attamaan.
rmfs pilkkala sharatkaala nagaratthilum carnationilum thudarunnu, avide armfacinte izhakal mapp cheyth 15 muthal 20 digri vare padinjaaru soumyamaayi thirikkukayum thekkan widby dweep folt sonumaayi (swiff, mukalil charcha cheythirikkunnu) cherukayum cheiyunnu; athinaal rmfs swifinte vipuleekaranamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee rund folt sonukalum thammilulla bandham poornnamaayum vyakthamalla. moongayumaayi layippikkunnathuvare swifile vazhuthippokal kizhakk-thekkukizhakk thudarumennu pratheekshikkappedunnu, pakshe pakaram armfacinoppam oru kurukkuvazhi ("sariyaaya padi") edukkunnathaayi thonnunnu. ivideyaanu padinjaaran, kizhakkan melanchu belttukalude (madhya-cretatius subduction soninte avashishtangal) arikukal swiff abhimukeekarikkunnathu; padinjaaran melanchu belttinethire siyaattil uyarthal nirbandhitharaakunna sthalamaanu rmfs.
vadakku bhaagath melanchu beltt moonroo muthal moundu vernon vare neelunna thaazhnna amplitude madakkukalude mekhalayaaya rogezhs beltaayi prakadamaanu; eee mekhalayude padinjaaran attam rmfsumaayi strike cheiyunnu. monroic thekk rogezhs belttinte madakkukal thudarnnulla agniparvvatha roopeekaranangalaal avyakthamaanu, ennaal mattu thakaraarukal rmfacnu samaantharamaanu (iii.jii.snockwalmy thaazhvarayum jonsante chathuppunila falt sonukalum) enn. enn. dablyu. faltinginte pothuvaaya pravanatha moonroo vare vyaapippikkunnu.
 (raattilsnekku parvatha takaraar mekhala qffdb-ll ulppeduthiyitla.)
theeradesha athirthi takaraar.
koost rench boundari folt" (sii. aarr. bii. eph) oohakkachavadamaanu, ithu tectonic parigananakalude adisthaanathil prathekshikkunnu, ithu nilavil ariyappedunna onno athiladhikamo thakararukalumaayi bhaagikamaayi bandhappettirikkam, allengil ithuvare kandethiyittillaath thakaraarukal ulppettekkaam. lalithamaayi paranjaal, pugettu shabdathinte padinjaaru bhaagathulla basement paara kizhakk bhaagathulla basement paarayumaayi poruthappedunnilla.
padinjaaran washington origon thaazheyulla siletsiya terraininte bhagamaaya ekadesham 50 dasalaksham varsham (maa) pazhakkamulla krasant roopeekaranathinte samudra basaltukalaanu pugettu shabdathinu padinjaaru theerapradeshathe geological pravishyayude tectonic basement. pugettu shabdathinu kizhakkayi cascades pravishyayude adithara vividha pree-tertiary (65 email kooduthal pazhakkamulla) metamorphic paarakalaanu. pugettu shabdathinum cascade thaazhvarakalkkum idayil evideyengilum eee rund bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pravishyakalum sanbarkkam pulartthunnu. vadakkupadinjaaran washingtonile vividha vyathyastha tectonic gadanakalude samyojanathinu kaaryamaaya strike-slip chalanam aavasyamullathinaal, eee sanbarkkam oru valia thakaraaraayirikkumenn prathekshikkunnu.
chandrakkala vadakkan attam (mecosin roopeekaranam ennu ariyappedunnu) vancouver dveepinte thekke attathulla kizhakk-padinjaaru pravanathayulla leach nadeethadamaayi thiricharinjittundu. ithu swiff nadiyude eathaandu anusrithamaayi victoriyaykku thekkott thiriyukayum oodukayum cheiyunnu. bhookamba tomography padanangal swiff nadiyude vadakkan attangaliludaneelamulla bhookamba vegathayil maattam kaanikkunnu, ithu theerapradeshatthinte bhaagamaanenn soochippikkunnu-cascade kondaakt. athinaal swifinte backie bhaagavum (athinte prathyakshamaaya vipuleekaranamaaya rmfs) theerapradeshathe pinthudarunnathum cascade kondaakt pinthudarunnathum (eee thakaraarukal sajeevamaayirikkunnath) crbf roopappeduthunnathum nyaayamaanennu thonnunnu.
ithinte oru prashnam, pugettu shabdathinte kizhakkulla swifinte bhagangal vyathyasthamaaya paara tharangale soochippikkunna vegatha vairudhyangal kanikkunnilla ennathaanu. rmffl ninnu sent helens sonilek bandhippikkunnathin oru valia padinjaarottulla padi aavasyamaanu ennathaanu sii. aarr. bii. eph enna nilayil swiff/aarr. emm. eph. esinte mattoru prashnam (shhaa; mapp kaanuka), athesamayam aarr. emm. eph. ezz moongayumaayi vinyasikkaan kizhakode thiriyunnu. eee avasana prashnam bhaagikamaayi pariharikkappettirikkunnu, kaaranam bhookambathinte oru sthaanam undu, orupakshe falting, ithu shend nadiyude vadakkan attam muthal padinjaaran mazha mekhalayude vadakkan attam vare vyaapichukidakkunnu (amjooram kaanuka. 48), "thekkan washington cascades conductor" ennariyappedunna oru roopeekaranathinte attathu.
ennirunnaalum, guruthwaakarshanavum mattu vivarangalum soochippikkunnathu, widby dveepinte thekke attathu chandrakkala roopeekarana sanbarkkam swiffle ninnu maari, vadakkan siyaattil keezhil veendum praveshikkukayum siyaattil thadatthinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhagam roopappedukayum, hood kanaalinte thekke attathu ninnu synclire inlettu (bremerton) vazhiyum, pyugett shabdathiludaneelam varunna folting enna aduthide report cheyyappetta "bremerton pravanatha" yumayi bandhippikkukayum cheythekkaam. allengil chandrakkala marjin lalithamaayi (nishabdamaayi) thekk-thekkukizhakk seettil muthal doubleurs vare neengiyekkaam. mattu bhookamba tomography siyaattilin keezhil moonnu vadakku-adikkunna izhakalum washington thadaakathinu thottumukalil naalilonn kizhakkum soochippikkunnu. siyaattilsin keezhil valia vadakku-striking thakararukalkk nerittulla thelivukalonnumillenkum, eee saadhyatha bhoomishaasthra samooham amgeekarikkunnuvennu thonnunnu.
crbf engane siyaattil vadakkott (prathyekichu moongayude vadakku, eathu siyaattil streadles) oodumennu anjjaathamaanu, atharam oru thakaraarin nerittulla thelivukalonnumillaathil chodyam cheyyappedukapolum cheiyunnu. athil ninnu kauthukakaramaaya oru kaazhchayund (athippazham kaanuka. 64, oonlainil) silattisayude pradhana bhaagavum takarnna oru vadakkan block thammilulla vidavu moolam siyaattil thadatthil ninnu chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte attam padinjaaru siyaattil faltiloode offset cheiyunnu.
siyaattil thettu.
maappile iii, eph lainukalkkidayil 7 kilometer veethiyum 70 kilometeriladhikam neelavumulla sankeernamaaya thrastt, reverse folt mekhalayaanu siyaattil folt. kizhakk-padinjaaru disha, paarayude aazham, nagara janasamkhyaa kendrathinu apakadasaadhyatha ennivayil ithu verittunilkkunnu.
1965-laanu siyaattil folt aadyamaayi thiricharinjathu, pakshe 1992 vare sajeevamaaya oru thakararaayi rekhappeduthiyittil, ekadesham 1100 varshangalkk munbu (AD 900-930) 7 + theevrathayilulla oru bhookambam, punarudhaarana pooyintum alkie pooyintum, padinjaaran pooyint (bhoopadatthile siyaattil thadatthile moonnu velutha trikonangal), olimbiksil parakkettukal, washington thadaakatthile mannidichilukal, pagettu shabdathil sunami ennivaykku kaaranamaayi. ithu kizhakode phaal sittikkaduthulla raattilsnekku parvatha takaraar mekhala (rmfs; swiff nadiyude thekkan vipuleekaranam) vare (orupakshe ivide avasaanikkunnu) vyaapichukidakkunnu. ithu bhoomishaasthraparamaayi nyaayayukthamaanennu thonnunnu, kaaranam swif rmfs padinjaaru pugettu shabdathinte moonnaam paadatthinte roopeekarana aditharayum kizhakk cascadeukalkku thaazheyulla pazhaya mesosoic (pree-tertiary) melanch beltt basement paarakalum thammilulla sanbarkkamaanennu thonnunnu.
ghadana.
praadeshika thakaraarukalil ettavum kooduthal padichirikkunnathu siyaattil foltaanu, ithu athinte gadanayude niravadhi modalukalilekku nayichu, ithu mattu thakararukalkkum prasakthamaayekkaam. oru paarayude slaabinte "vedju" maathrkayil-pradhaanamaayum chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte basaltukal-ekadesham 20 kilometer kattiyulla aazhathilulla vasthukkalude "maasttar ramp" mukalilekku thallunnu; ithu siyaattil uyarchaykku kaaranamaakunnu. raambinte mukalilekku varunna slaabinte munvashathe attam pottukayum siyaattil thadatthilekku thenni veezhukayum cheiyunna sthalamaanu siyaattil folt soonn. eee maathrkayil takoma folt soonn praadhamikamaayi raambinte adiyil slab mukalilekku valayunnathinaal praadeshika krameekaranangalude falamaanu.
pagettu soundu (kappalukal) pareekshanatthile bhookamba apakadangalude anweshanathil ninnulla bhookamba tomography daattaye aasrayikkunna" nishkriya roof duplexes "model, thrusting slab, maasttar ramp ashayangal nilanirthunnu, ennaal tacoma foltine oru reverse foltaayi (allengil back thrastt) vyaakhyaanikkunnu, athu thekk mungunna seettil foltilekku vadakkott mungunnu (rekhaachithram kaanuka); athinte falamaayi seettil uyarcha oru bheemakaaramaaya pole prathyakshappedunnu.
eee modalukal chila vishadaamshangalil vyathyaasappettirikkum, seettil foltinu thanne 7.5 theevrathayilulla bhookambathinu kazhivundennu randum soochippikkunnu. ennaal siyaattil folt mattu folttukalumaayi (mukalil charcha cheytha) chernnu pottukayaanengil, ~ m8 kramatthil ganyamaayi kooduthal oorjjam puratthuvarum.
paashchaathya avasaanippikkal chodyam.
siyaattil foltinte padinjaaran terminasinte nirnayam prasnakaramaanu, koodaathe pugettu thaazhnna pradeshatthinte padinjaaran bhagam muzhuvanum ithu badhikkunnu. thudakkathil ithu vyakthamakkiyittilla, marichu punasthaapana pooyintinu padinjaaraanennu avyakthamaayi soochippichirunnu (i.iii., pugettu shabdathinte padinjaaru). hood kanal folt moolam siyaattil folt vettimattiyathaayi thonnunnu" ennathaayirunnu aadyakaala kazhcha... olimbiku parvathangalilekkum ithu vyapichittilla. olimbiku parvathangalkkum pugettu thaazhnna pradeshangalkkum edayilulla oru pradhana physiographic athirthiyaayathinaal oru valia thakaraarinte sthaanamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnathil ithu nyaayayukthamaanennu thonnunnu. thudarnnulla rachayithaakkalkk bremertonin padinjaaru pacha parvathathinu vadakku bhagathaayi (neela kunnukalude vadakkupadinjaaran moolayil-bhoopadatthil "iii" kaanuka-uyarthiya basaltinte bhooprakrithiparamaayi pramukhamaaya exposure), hood kanalinu kuravaanu; ennaal seettil folt kandethaan upayogikkunna vyathirikthamaya aeromagnetic linement bremertonin padinjaaru bhaagathekku illaathaakunnathinaal thettu kooduthal padinjaaru mapp cheyyaan vimukhatha kaanichu.
bremertonin padinjaaru seettil foltinekkurichulla padanangal bhoomishaasthraparamaaya gadanayudeyum foltinginteyum sankeernnatha velippeduthi. orikkal pacha parvathatthe marikadanna ezz. eph.-nte thekke attathulla bhagam thekkupadinjaraayi saddle parvathatthilekkum thanutha creak foltilekkum thiriyunnuvennu niravadhi padanangal kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, saddle parvatha takaraar mekhala parasparabandhithamayi vinyasichittilla, padinjaaru-kizhakk pravanathayulla thakaraarukal ("hamma hamma falt soonn" ulppede) abhimukeekarikkunna sthalathekku kooduthal vadakkott pravanatha kaanikkunnu, ithu siyaattil falt soninte padinjaarottulla vipuleekaranamaayi kaanapedunnu. eee pravanatha kooduthal vadakkott vyaapikkunnu, avide manoharamaaya thuramukha varii ezz. eph. isadinte mattu padinjaaran vipuleekaranangal avasaanippikkunnathayi kaanapedunnu. mattu padanangalil ezz. eph.-ll ninnu dabob ulkkadalilekku neelunna enn. dablyu. allengil dablyu. enn. dablyu. thakaraarukalund; iva ippol dabob bay folt soninte bhaagamaayi amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu. chila aikyam vikasichukondirikkumbal, katha poorthiyaayittilla thiricharinja pishakukal ithuvare eee pradeshathe bhookambathinte bhooribhaagathinum kaaranamakunnilla.
oru uyarnnuvarunna kaazhchappaad, devato falt thaarathamyena karkkashamaaya siyaattil uyarchayude padinjaaran attathe adayaalappeduthunnu ennathaanu (bhoopadam kaanuka). siyaattil foltinum saddle parvatha roopabheda mekhalaykkum edayilulla straininte (sthaanachalana) thamasam devato thadatthile kooduthal mriduvaaya avashishtangaliludaneelam vyaapichukidakkunnu; ithum chandrakkala roopeekaranathilekkulla kooduthal aazhavum pacha parvathathinu padinjaaru siyaattil foltinte thaazhnna prakadanatthinu kaaranamaayekkam.
tacoma folt soonn.
tacoma nagarathinu thottupinnilaayi, washingtonile tacoma falt (valathuvashath, mukalilekkum thada bhoopadatthilumulla varikalaaya sii, dii ennivaykkidayilum) "pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe ettavum sradheyamaaya geophysical apaakathakalilonn" ennaanu visheshippikkappedunnathu. padinjaaran bhagam sajeevamaaya kizhakk-padinjaaru adikkunna vadakku mungunna reverse foltaanu, ithu siyaattil uyarchayeyum tacoma thadatheyum verthirikkunnu, ekadesham 30 mile (50 kilometer) uparithala villal. kuranjathu 7 theevrathayilulla bhookambangalenkilum srishtikkaan ithinu kazhiyumennu vishwasikkappedunnu, ekadesham 1,000 varshangalkk munbu atharamoru bhookambathinte thelivukal undu, orupakshe vadakku 24 mile (38 kilometer) akaleyulla siyaattil faltil rekhappeduthiya athe bhookambam aayirikkam. ithu yaadrishchikamalla, kaaranam tacoma siyaattil folttukalum aazhathil othucherunnuvennu thonnunnu (mukalilulla rekhaachithram kaanuka) vadakku-thekk compression siyaattil uyarthaan prerippikkunna vidhathil, rund falt sonukalilum dip-slip chalanathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
kesinte vadakkan attatthum kaar inlettukalilum kizhakode, thudarnnu arambha ulkkadalinu keezhilum puyalup pattanatthilekkum thekkukizhakkayi sanjarikkunna guruthwaakarshana vairudhyamaanu ("ghadana keey") tacoma thakaraarine aadyam thiricharinjathu. 2001 vare ithu oru folt sonaayi thirichariyapettilla, 2004 ll maathramaan trenching holocene pravartthanam velippeduthiyathu.
 tocoma faltinte holocene uyarchayumaayi bandhapetta scarpukal padinjaaru krikkatt thadaakam vare kandethiyittundu (belfairinte thekkupadinjaaru, bhoopadam kaanuka). tacoma takaraar padinjaaru oru durbalamaaya kanthika vairudhyathethudarnnu thanutha creak thakaraarine pinthudarnnathaayi thudakkathil samshayikkappettirunnuve ippol ithu vadakku pacha parvathatthilekku (neela kunnukal uyarthal) adikkunna kuthaneyulla guruthwaakarshana, aeromagnetic, bhookamba vegatha gradiantumaayi bandhippikkunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu. siyaattil uyarthalinte padinjaaran vasham tacoma thadatthinte vadakkupadinjaaran konilekk thalliya kizhakk-mungunna loow-angle thrastt foltinte falamaanennu vishwasikkappedunna devato lainamentaanithu. thekk, padinjaaru, vadakku mukhangalaaya tacoma, devato, siyaattil folttukal ennivaykkoppam siyaattil uyarcha oru karkkashamaaya blocayi pravarthikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. siyaattil, tacoma folttukal eathaandu ore samayam pottitherikkunnathu enthukondaanennu ithu vishadeekarikkaam.
tacoma thakaraarinte kizhakkan bhaagatthinte vyaakhyaanam poornnamaayum pariharikkappettilla. mikka rachayithaakkalum ithine sakthamaaya guruthwaakarshana vairudhyavumaayi (ithu saadhaaranayaayi vyathyastha saandrathayulla paaraye falting evideyaanu bandhippichirikkunnathu prathifalippikkunnu), prarambha ulkkadalil thaazheyulla bhooprakrithisankethavumaayi vinyasikkunnu. ithu rosdell monoclininte munvashathe pinthudarunnu, ithu tacoma nirmmikkunna bluffukal roopappeduthunna soumyamaaya thekkupadinjaaran charivulla roopeekaranamaanu.
maruvashathu, kizhakk-striking, thekkukizhakk-striking vibhaagangalude vyathyastha swabhaavam aswasthathayundaakkunnu, koodaathe disha maattunnath nireekshicha falt adayaalangalumaayi poruthappedaan alppam budhimuttaanu. prathyekichum bhookamba prathiphalana daatta kaanikkunnath kizhakk vaashan dveepiludaneelam chila thakaraarukalum federal vazhiyilekkum kizhakk-striking anticlinilekkum pugettu shabdathinte ("eest pasej soonn", eps) kizhakk kadannupokunna paathayumaanu. kizhakode takaraar thudarumo ennu ithuvare theerumaanichittilla. 1995 meter 5 pooyint robinson bhookambathinte pradeshamaayathinaal eeps sajeevamaan.
tacoma folt "vaitt rivar rivar folt" (wrf)-mccleshoot thadatthinu keezhilum (mapp kaanuka) federal vazhiyum vazhi mccleshoot thadathinadiyilum bandhippikkunnathin thelivukalundu. anganeyaanengil, ithu oru pradhana takaraar samvidaanamaayirikkum (185 kilometeriladhikam neelam), ithu pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe kaaskedukalude maruvashathulla yakima fold belttumaayi bandhippikkunnu, ithu olimbiku-valova linementinum (athu samaantharamaayi) moongaykku thekkulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya gadanaykkum saadhyamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum.
devato linement.
siyaattil uyarchayude padinjaaran vasham "devatto linement" ennariyappedunna sakthamaaya guruthwaakarshana, aeromagnetic, bhookamba vegatha gradient roopappeduthunnu. kizhakode uyarthiya chandrakkala saandravum kooduthal kanthika basalttum padinjaaru devato thadatthil niracha himaanikalude avashishtangalum thammilulla vyathyaasathil ninnaan ithu undaakunnath. tacoma faltinte padinjaaran attathu ninnu (thottumunbu mukalil mapp kaanuka) vadakkott siyaattil faltinte padinjaaran attathulla pacha parvathatthilekku devato linement vyaapichukidakkunnu.
kainemattik vishakalanam soochippikkunnathu pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe hraswamaakkal (compression) vadakkukizhakkan dishayilekku (i.iii., hood kanalinum saddle parvatha roopabheda mekhalaykkum samaantharamaayi) athinaal devato linementilekku charinjirikkunnathinaal, ithu strike-slip, dip-slip fozhsukalkku vidheyamaayirikkanam, ithu oru thakaraarine soochippikkunnu. sameepakaala geophysical modeling soochippikkunnathu, diwato linement ennathu "devato folt" ennu perittirikkunna andhamaya (maranjirikkunna), thaazhnna konilulla, kizhakk-mungunna thrastt foltinte aavishkaaramaanu. (yadhaarthathil tahuvia folt ennu namakaranam cheyyappettu.) ithu tacoma thadatthinte vadakkupadinjaaran vipuleekaranamaaya devato thadatthilekku seettil uyarthalinte padinjaarottulla thallaline prathifalippikkunnu. eee vyaakhyaanam soochippikkunnathu seettil uyarthal oru karkkashamaaya blocayi pravarthikkunnuvennum valia bhookambangalil onniladhikam thakaraarukalil villalukal ulppedaavunna chalanathmaka bandhathe vishadeekarikkaamennum soochippikkunnu seettil, devatto, tacoma folttukal enniva orotta blokkinte vadakku, padinjaaru, thekk mukhangale prathinidheekarikkunnu. atharam parasparabandham valia bhookambangalude (> siyaattil foltinu m7) seshiyum soochippikkunnu; vardhicha apakadasaadhyathayude alavu anjjaathamaanu.
hood kanal takaraar.
pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathinum padinjaaru olimbiku parvathangalkumidayilulla shareeraghadanayude pettennulla maattathe hood kanal adayaalappeduthunnu. ithum geophysical apaakathakalum adisthaanamaakki, hood kanaalinte thekke attathu ninnu dabob ulkkadal vare vadakku karayil thudarunna oru pradhana, sajeeva strike-slip folt soonn undennu anumanikkappettu. olimbiksinum pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathinum idayil oru pradhana terrain athirthi sthaapikkunna chila praadeshika tectonic vyaakhyaanangalumaayi ithu poruthappedunnu, koodaathe juvan dii fuca kadalidukkile vividha thakararukalumaayi (discovery bay folt vazhiyo allengil portt tounsendinodu adutho) oru bandhathe soochippikkunnu. olimbiku upadveepinu ethiraayi pugettu thaazhnna pradeshatthinte basement paarayude vadakkottulla chalanam ulkkollunna sanbarkkamaayirikkum eee athirthi; ithu oru pradhana bhookambashaasthra mekhalayaayirikkumenn prathekshikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, krithyamaaya skaarppukalude abhavavum sajeevamaaya bhookambathinte mattu lakshanangalum ulppede thelivukalude abhavam kaaranam hood kanal takaraar "pradhaanamaayum anumaanikkappettittund". 2001ll uyarnna resolutionulla seasmic tomography upayogichulla oru patanam athinte asthithvathe chodyam cheythu. 2012 leeii oru patanam vyathyasthamaaya tomographic daattaye hood kanal takaraar kaanikkunnathayi vyaakhyaanichenkilum, mattu mappingukal "eee thakaraarinte nilanilppin bodhyappeduthunna thelivukalonnum kandethiyitla", ithu samshayaaspadamaayi kanakkakkunnu, "kuranja aathmavishwaasathode" chithreekarikkunnu, allengil athu poornnamaayum ozhivaakkunnu. eee kaaranangalal ithu ippol chodyam cheyyappedunna oru thettaanu, ithu maappil oru dash cheytha variyayi soochippichirikkunnu.
praadeshika tectonic athirthi hood kanalinu keezhilalla, marichu padinjaaru bhagathaanu, saddle parvatha takaraar mekhalayum (chuvade charcha cheythirikkunnu) anubandha thakaraarukalum ulppedunnuvennu oru puthiya kazhcha vikasippikkunnu. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi sameepakaala skaarppukalum saddle parvatha thakaraarukalil sajeevamaaya thakaraarukalude mattu adayaalangalum, seettil faltinte izhakale murikkunnathayi thonnunna manoharamaaya thuramukhathiloode (brinnanin thekk) oodunna oru geophysical linement kandethunnathum ithine pinthunaykkunnu. eee kaazhchayil olimbiku parvatanirakalkkum pugettu thaazhnna pradeshangalkkum edayilulla oru samanvayarekha (dip) maathramaan hood kanal, avide kandethiya atharam thakaraarukal praadeshikavum thudarchayillaathathum padinjaarulla pradhana folting mekhalaykku anubandhavumaanu. praadeshika chalanatthinte siyaattil folt aavaasathin vadakku vadakkupadinjaaran-striking "dabob bay folt soonn" aayirikkam.
saddle parvatha pizhavukal.
1973lum 1975lum aadyamaayi vivaricha lake kushman lake kushman sameepam olimbiku parvathanirakalude thekk-kizhakk vashathulla vadakkukizhakkan trending reverse folttukalude oru koottamaanu saddle parvatha folttukal ("kizhakk", "padinjaaru", kizhakkan washingtonile adams kaundiyile mattoru saddle parvathangalude foltumaayi thettidharikkaruthu). eee folttukalil lambamaya chalanam vila thadaakavum (saddle parvathathinu vadakku) lillivouppu chathuppunilavum undaakkunna pradhana scarpukal srishtichu. bhoopadatthil varacha uparithala adayaalangalkku 5 kilometer maathrame neelamulloovenkilum lidaaril ninnu uruthirinja chithrangal holocene vandal adayaalangal murikkunna adayaalangalkkoppam neelamulla varakaleyaanu kaanikkunnath. aduthide (2009) nadatthiya oru aeromagnetic daatta vishakalanam soochippikkunnathu ithu siyaattil foltinte (hamma hamma nadhi) akshaamshathil ninnu thadaaka kushman thekk ekadesham 6 kilometer vare kuranjathu 35 kilometerengilum vyaapichukidakkunnu ennaanu. thekkum thekkukizhakkum bhaagathulla mattu folttukal-"frigid creak folt", (padinjaaru) "kaanyon rivar folt"-kuranjathu 45 kilometer neelamulla oru vipuleekritha folting mekhalaye soochippikkunnu. thekkupadinjaaran kaniyoon nadeethadatthile takaraar saddle parvatha thakararukalumaayi nerittu bandhippikkunnillenna kaanappedunnundengilum, avaa pothuvaaya vinyaasathilaan, iva randum mayoseen foltinginte samanamaaya pashchaathalatthil sambhavikkunnu (olimpiks chandrakkala roopeekarana stharangal uyarthiyidathu) koodaathe oru rekheeya aeromagnetic apaakata. 40 kilometer neelamulla varayum 3 meter vare neelamulla holocene kaalatthinte avasaanathe skaarppukalum bandhappettirikkunna oru pradhana thakaraaraan kanala nadeethadatthile takaraar.
eee thakaraarukal hood kanal faltinu padinjaaraanengilum (munbu pugettu thaazhnna pradeshatthinte padinjaaran athirthiyaayi karuthappettirunnu), puthiya padanangal velippeduthunnathu saddle parvathavum anubandha thakaraarukalum siyaattil falt sonumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave. ekadesham 1100 varshangalkk munbu (900-930 AD) seettil foltil undaaya valia bhookambathinte athe samayat (oru noottaand nalkukayo edukkukayo cheyyuka) saddle parvathatthile folttukalil valia bhookambangal (meter 6 muthal 7.8 vare) undayathaayi trench padanangal soochippikkunnu. atharam bhookambangal folt sonilulla thadaaka kushman anakkettukalile tacoma nagaratthinum scocomish nadiyude thaazhekkulla ellaavarkkum gurutharamaaya bheeshaniyaanu uyarthunnathu. kaniyoon nadeethadatthile takaraar 2,000 varshangalkk munbu samanamaaya valippathilulla bhookambathinu kaaranamaayathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu; ithu vainoochi anakkettin (padinjaaru) oru prathyeka apakadamaanu. frigid creak faltinte charithravum seshiyum ariyilla.
olimbya ghadana.
olimbiya ghadana-"legislature falt" ennum ariyappedunnu-80 kilometer neelamulla guruthwaakarshana, aeromagnetic apaakathayaan, ithu tacoma thadatthile avashishta nikshepangale karutha kunnukalude uyarchayude basaltil ninnu verthirikkunnu (bhoopadatthile eiii, bii lainukalkkidayil). ithu bhookambamaanennu ariyilla-theerchayaayum, tacoma thadatthinu thekk chehalis vare valare kurachu bhookambam maathrameyulloo-oru thakaraaraanennu polum sthireekarikkappettilta.
eee ghadana 1965 leeii guruthwaakarshana mappingil kaanikkunnu, pakshe abhipraayamillaathe. structure ell" ennu label cheythukondu, shelton (olimbiku thaazhvaraykku sameepam) thekkukizhakk muthal olimbiya vare (samsthaana niyamanirmmaanasabhaykk ekadesham thaazhe), mazhayulla pattanatthinu nerittu keezhil, dotty foltinu kizhakkulla oru pooyint vare mapp cheythu, centralia-chehalis pradeshathe thekkukizhakkan striking folttukalude oru baandinte vadakkukizhakkan paridhi adayaalappeduthunnu. eosene adithattile lalithamaaya madakkukal" ennu avar ithine vyaakhyaanichu, ennirunnaalum ithu oru thrastt foltanennu oohikkaan siyaattil foltumaayi mathiyaya saamyam kandu. gadanaaparamaaya niyanthranatthinte thelivaayi njangal vyaakhyaanikkunna sradheyamaaya neraaya athirthikal" nireekshikkumbol, eee ghadanaye oru takaraar ennu vilikkunnathil ninnu vittuninnu. (karutha kunnukalude uyarchayude avarude maathruka mukalil charcha cheytha siyaattil uyarchayude "vedju" modalumaayi saamyamullathaan, pakshe vipareeta dishayilaanu. poornnamaayum samaanamaanengil, "roof duplexes" prayogikkukayum olimbiya folt tacoma foltinu samanamaaya oru reverse foltairic.)
1999 leeii aeromagnetic mapping valare pradhanappetta oru apaakata kaanichu (saadhaaranayaayi paara tharatthinte vairudhyathe soochippikkunnathu pole); oru valia holocene bhookambathinte paleosysmological thelivukalkoppam, eee ghadana "foltingumaayi bandhappettirikkam" enna nirddeshathilekku nayichu. olimbiya ghadana thettaano allayo ennu kandethaan vishadamaaya guruthwaakarshana surveik kazhinjilla ennathaanu jagrathaykkulla oru kaaranam. holocene himaanikalude avashishtangalilo karutha kunnukalile basaltukalilo thakaraarukalude uparithala adayaalangalonnum kandethiyittillengilum, nannayi kuzhikkunna marangalude adisthaanathil oofattu thadaakathil ninnu (mazhayude padinjaaru) thekkukizhakkayi oru takaraar mapp cheythittundu; ithu centralia-chehalis pradeshathu mapp cheytha kizhakke attathulla thakaraarin anusrithamaayi kaanapedunnu.
oru maraine seasmic reflection padanatthil olimbiya gadanaykku vadakku bhaagathulla budd inlettinte mukhathu thakaraarullathinteyum lidar imageryil kaanunna mangiya lainamentukalumaayi yojikkunnathinum thelivukal kandethi. eee pishakukal olimbiya gadanayumaayi thikachum yojippichitla, n45w (325°) ennathinekkaal n75w (285°) aanu. eee thakaraarukal gadanayumaayi engane bandhappettirikkunnavum avaa aazhathil irikkunna thakaraarukalaano atho aazhamillaatha puramthodinte valavu moolamundaakunna odivukalaano ennum anishchithathvathilaanu.
bhookambathil sajeevamaaya sent helens sonumaayi (chuvade charcha cheythirikkunnu) oesu bandhippikkumenn anumaanikkappedunnu, ithu oesu poottiyittundennum sammarddathilaanennum soochippikkunnu, ithu oru valia bhookambathinulla saadhyatha uyarthunnu. pakaramaayi, columbia nadiyile dallukalilekku thekkukizhakkayi adikkunna mapp cheytha mukalile puramthottile guruthwaakarshana athirthiyumaayi oesu poruthappedunnuvennu thonnunnu, avide samanamaaya aaghaathakaramaaya thakaraarukalude oru koottamundu.
olimbiyayum thekkan shabdavum valia bhookambangalkku saadhyathayullavayaanennu ekadesham 1100 varshangalkk munbu thekkan pagettu shabdathile niravadhi sthalangalil idinjathinte thelivukal kaanikkunnu. oru valia subduction bhookambam moolamaano, akkaalat siyaattil foltil undaaya bhookambam moolamaano atho oru praadeshika foltil undaaya bhookambamaano (udha.jii.olimbiya ghadana); churungiya samayathinullil rund bhookambangal undaayi ennathinu chila thelivukalundu. eiii. dii 1445num 1655num idayil olimbiyaykku padinjaaru cheli ulkkadalil mannidichil report cheyyappettittund.
dotty thettu.
ivide avalokanam cheytha uyarchayum thadavum vibhajikkunna thakaraarukalude thekke attathullathum chehalis thadatthinu vadakku bhaagathumaayi sthithicheyyunnathumaaya dotty folt 1958 ll centralia-chehalis kalkari jillayil mapp cheytha ekadesham oru dussen thakaraarukalil onnaanu. centralia, grameena levis kaundiyile chehalis pattanangal pugettu shabdathil ninnu akaleyaanennu (ekadesham 25 mile) thonniyekkaam, ithu ippozhum pugettu thaazhnna pradeshatthinte bhagamaanu, eee thakaraarukal, praadeshika bhoomishaasthram, adisthaana tectonic basement enniva pugettu shabdathodu chernnullavayumayi bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu. eee pradeshathe thakaraarukal bhookambajanyamallenkilum, thekkukizhakkan aaghaatham undaakkunna thakaraarukal olimbiya gadanayumaayi (thettu?), theerchayaayum sajeevamaaya sent helens sonilek neengi; ithu oru valia thothilulla gadanayaayi thonnunnu. dotty takaraar oru aeromagnetic anomaliyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnathil jiyolajistukalil praadhaanyam nediyathaayi thonnunnu, 2000 leeii oru report 6.7 muthal 7.2 vareyulla theevrathayilulla bhookambathinu ithinu kazhivundennu parayunnu. dotty faltil oru valia bhookambathinte saadhyatha muzhuvan pugettu soundu mekhalaykkum gurutharamaaya apakadamundaakkunnu, kaaranam ithu supradhana saambathika lifelinemaare bheeshanippeduthunnu chehalikalil oru freeway (antharsamsthaana 5) pugettu soundu mekhalaye padinjaaran theeratthinte backie bhagangalumaayi bandhippikkunna orotta reyil pathayum maathrameyulloo; badal roottukal valare dairkhyameriyathaanu.
chehalis vimaanathaavalathinte vadakku bhaagath ninnu dotty enna pazhaya maramvettal pattanatthinu (peey ellinu vadakku) padinjaaru bhagathaayi dotty folt mapp cheythittundu, aaa dooratthinte bhooribhaagavum vadakku araa mile akaleyulla "salcer creak folt" enna erattaykku samaantharamaayi. iva randum dip-slip (lamba) folttukalaanu; avaykkidayilulla block compress fozhsu kondu poppu upp cheyyappettittund. dotty takaraar chehalisile salcer creak thakaraarinethire avasaanikkukayo allengil layippikkukayo cheiyunnuvennu thonnunnu; chehalisinu kizhakk ezhu mile akale salcer creak takaraar kandethiyittundu. dotty thakaraarinte neelam prasnakaramaann 2000 leeii report ithu 65 kilometer (40 mile) aanennu nalki, pakshe abhipraayamo avalambamo illaathe. atharam neelam siyaattil allengil tacoma folttukalude neelavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnathum 6.7 meter bhookambathinu kazhivullathumaanu. ennaal eee folttukalude aazhathilulla gadanayekkuricho allengil sameepakaala pravarthanangalekkuricho padanangal nadannittundennu thonnunnilla.
dotty-salcer creak folt mukalil vivaricha folttukalaal chuttapetta nadeethadangaludeyum uyarchakaludeyum praadeshika maathrkayumaayi poornnamaayum poruthappedunnilla. ithu chehalis thadatthinte vadakku bhagavumaayi bandhippikkunnu, ennaal karutha kunnukalude uyarchayude thekkan athirthi kooduthal krithyamaayi thekkukizhakk adikkunna "scamon creak folt" aanu, athu chehalisinu vadakku dotty-salcer creak foltumaayi othucherunnu. evaykkidayilulla acute konil minor linkon creak uyarcha, dotty kunnukal, uyarnna chandrakkala aakarshakamaaya oru bhagam (bhoopadatthinte padinjaaran attathu chuvanna pradesham) enniva sthithicheyyunnu. seey striking scamon creak folt salcer creak folt vazhi avasanikkunnathaayi thonnunnu (krithyamaaya bandham vyakthamalla), randaamathethu kizhakode ezhu mile koodi thudarunnu. ennittum salcer creak folt kadakkunna kuranjathu aarr samanthara thekkukizhakkan striking folttukalil aadyathethu maathramaan aadyathethu. eee pizhavukal ivayaanu "kopiya folt" (kauthukakaramaaya vakram shradhikkuka), "nyookaukam folt", "kalkari creak folt", koodaathe peru nalkaatha mattu moonnu pizhavukal. avaykku thottumunbu samanthara olimbiya gadanayundu, ithu oru geophysical linement enna nilayil chehalisinu kizhakkulla oru pooyintil kandethiyittundu; iva enganeyengilum bandhappettathayi thonnumenkilum aaa bandhatthinte swabhaavam ithuvare arivayittilla.
eee thakaraarukal cheria vazhikal maathrame kandethiyittulloovengum, avayumaayi bandhapetta thekkukizhakkan adikkunna aantiklainukal mosairokkinu sameepamulla riff thadaakam vare thudarunnu. columbia nadiyil pala thakararukalumaayi avar dallukale bandhikkukayum cheiyunnu. ivayellaam thrastt, reverse folttukal aayathinal, avaa orupakshe vadakkukizhakkan dishayilulla praadeshika compression moolamaanu undaakunnath. eee folttukal vividha krasttal blokkukal thammilulla sanbarkkamaayi kaanapedunna bhookambathinte aazhameriya, vadakku-vadakkupadinjaaru pravanathayulla mekhalayaaya sent helens sonine (shju) kadakkunnu. avaa engane bandhappettirikkumenn anjjaathamaanu.
dotty-salcer thakaraarine (chehalisil ninnu kizhakode adikkunna hrasvamaaya "chehalis folt") tachomic thekk mattu pala folttukalil ninnum verittunilkkunnath athinte kizhakk-padinjaaru strikeanu; ithinte praadhaanyam ariyilla.
sent helens soonn, padinjaaran mazha mekhala.
pugettu shabdathinu purathulla padinjaaran washingtonile midu-krasttal bhookambathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya saandrata pugettu thaazhnna pradeshatthinte thekkan attathulla "sent helens soonn" (shh), "vestten rainier soonn" (doubleurs) ennivayaanu (bhookamba bhoopadam, valath kaanuka). vaasthavathil, pradhaanamaayum avayude bhookambakshamatha moolamaanu eee thakaraarukal ariyappedunnathum kandethappettathum, uparithalathile thakaraarukalonnum kaanikkaathathum. shs doubleuars pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe roopappeduthunna bhooprakrithiyude thadatthinu thottupurathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu (chithram kaanuka), uyarthal, thada maathrkayil pankedukkunnilla, koodaathe pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe backie thakaraarukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi (avaa reverse allengil thrastt folttukal kooduthalum compress fozhsukale prathifalippikkunnu) avaa strike-slip folttukalaayi kaanapedunnu; avaa pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe mattu bhaagangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sandarbhathe prathifalippikkunnu. prathyekichu, sent parvathatthinte thekkukizhakk. helens moundu rainier vadakkan cascadeukalileyum portland kunnukalileyum enttiyatt folt portlandinu chuttumulla anubandha folttukalum ulppede enendablue ooriyantad foltinginte oru praadeshika paatten prathifalippikkunnu (qfdb folt mapp kaanuka). ennittum shju, doubleurs enniva pugettu shabdathinte praadeshika bhoomishaasthrathinte avibhaajya gadakamaayirikkaam, orupakshe aazhathilullathum pradhaanappettathumaaya chila vashangal velippeduthunnu, koodaathe kaaryamaaya bhookamba apakadavum undakkaam.
riff thadaakathinum mounds sentkkum idayil sthithicheyyunna mechappetta vaidyuthachaalakathayude roopamaaya "sathen washington cascades conductor" (ezz. dablyu. sii. sii) yumayi dablyu. aarr. aarr. ezz, ezz. echu. ezz enniva bandhappettirikkunnu. vadakkott vyaapichukidakkunna oru loob (manja, valath niratthil vivarichirikkunnu) ulla helens, adams, mazha kooduthal. 15 kilometer vare kattiyulla eee roopeekaranam pradhaanamaayum (onnu muthal patthu kilometer vare aazhathil) kuzhichittirikkunnu, ithu pradhaanamaayum magnetotellurics mattu geophysical reethikalum ariyappedunnu. chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte eosene basaltukalumaayi lambamaya sanbarkkamundennu vishwasikkappedunna ezz. dablyu. sii. siyude thekkupadinjaaran athirthi 90 kilometer (56 mile) neelamulla sheksinte nalloru bhagamaanu. vadakke american krettanumaayi kootticherttha pree-tertiary terranukalumaayi ezz. dablyu. sii. sii sanbarkkam pularthunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunna kizhakk bhaagath karyangal vyathyasthamaan. eee sanbarkkavumaayi bandhappettirikkavunna aadu paarakalkk (oru pazhaya pleosene agniparvvatham) sameepam mangiya bhookambathinte oru hraswa mekhala (kaanichirikkunnilla) undengilum, dablyuaaresinte ganyamaaya sakthamaaya bhookambam pradhana kaarban nadiyaaya skettu parvatha aantiklainumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee anticline, allengil uyarthiya madakkavum ezz. dablyu. sii. siyude vadakkan bhaagatthinte idungiya veethiyum eee roopeekaranathinte compressionte oru episode prathifalippikkunnu. ivide valia thaalpparyamulla kaaryam, ezz. dablyu. sii. siyude vadakkan lobum kaarban rivar anticline kaduva parvathatthilekkum (pugettu thaazhnna pradeshatthinte saadhaarana avashishta, agniparvvatha nikshepangalude pugettu grouppinte uyarnna block) aduthulla ragging rivar anticline (mapp kaanuka) yilekkum vinyasichirikkunnu ennathaanu. kaduva parvathatthinte ettavum thaazhnna thurannukidakkunna stharamaaya, pongikkidakkunna nadiyude roopeekaranathinte madhya-eosene samudra avashishtangal, ezz. dablyu. sii. siyumayi bandhappettirikkam.
shs vadakkott vyaapikkunnundo? olimbiya ghadana (samshayaaspadamaaya oru takaraar) shezilek neengukayum chandrakkala roopeekaranathinte thuranna bhaagatthinte vadakkan attathe chithreekarikkukayum cheiyunnundenkilum, ithu oru "mukalile" krasttal madakkamaayi kaanapedunnu, ithu thekkukizhakkayi neelunna madakkathinte oru paatteninte bhagamaanu. kitsaap upadveepinu (central pugettu soundu) keezhil shju vyaapichekkaamenn anumaanikkappedunnu, ithu kudungiyathayi samshayikkunna subducting juvan dii fuca plettinte oru bhagavumaayi bandhappettirikkam. ithinte prathyaaghaathangal "shej theerathu oru mithamaaya muthal valia krasttal bhookambathinulla saadhyatha" mathramalla, pugettu shabdathinu keezhilulla tectonics ithuvare manassilaakkiyathinekkaal sankeernamaanu, koodaathe nilavile bhookamba apakada vilayiruthalukalil prathifalikkaattha praadeshika sammarda paattenukalile vyathyaasangal ulppettekkaam.
aazhathilulla ghadana.
moundu sent. helens moundu rainer sthithicheyyunnathu avayude anubandha folt sonukal valayunna sthalathaanu (mukalil mapp kaanuka).(emm. thakaraarukal aazhathilullathum vazhikal valare lambamaayi uyarunnilla ennathum kaaranam mazha kuravaanu.) eee valayangal sthithicheyyunnathu "saadhyamaaya adisthaana praadhaanyamulla" oru "sookshumamaaya bhoomishaasthra ghadana", vividha thakaraarukalude (snokewalmy tokul creak falt ulppede) oru striking soonn (maappile line "eiii"), aadyakaala mayoseen (ekadesham 24 maa) agniparvvatha dwaarangalum nuzhanjukayatta vasthukkalum (plutonukalum baatholithukalum) thuramukhathu ninnu himaniyude kodumudiyilekku vyaapikkunnu; mukalil soochippicha praadeshika falt ooriyanteshanile maattatheyum ithu adayaalappeduthunnu. eee emm. ezz. echu-emm. aarr-jipi variyil "ekadesham kazhinja 25 [dasalaksham varshangalayi] thekkan washingtoninte mukal puramthottatthilekku magma kaimaattam cheiyunnathil valia niyanthranam cheluthiya deerghakaala aazhathilulla lithosphere thakaraarine prathifalippikkunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu; ithu subducting juvan dii fuca plettinte jyaamithiyaan.
padinjaaru 15 mile (25 kilometer) akaleyulla oru samanthara rekha (bii) thuramukhathinte thekkupadinjaaru vare vyaapichukidakkunna bhookamba mekhalayude "padinjaaran" paridhiyumayi poruthappedunnu. kauthukakaramennu parayatte, moongayude vadakku "bii" variyude vipuleekaranam ekadesham pugettu shabda bhookambathinte "kizhakkan" paridhiyaan, thekkupadinjaaran washingtoninteyum vadakkan cascadinteyum backie bhagangal thaarathamyena bhookambaparamaanu (mukalil bhookamba bhoopadam kaanuka). eee rekha ezz. dablyu. sii. siyude vadakkupadinjaaran athirthiyeyum adayaalappeduthiyekkaam. aarr. emm. eph. isinu vadakku ithu rockporttil (echviaiyil) kandethaan kazhiyunna oru bhooprakrithiyadhishtitha rekha pinthudarunnu. 20); 1965leeii duval bhookambathinte sthaanamaaya kaarneshante cherry creak falt soonn ithil ulppedunnu. cherry kreekinum samanthara tokul creak faltukalkkum edayilulla padinjaaran melanchu belttinte roopeekaranangal thammilulla sanbarkkamaanu. praadeshika ghadana, bhookambam, takaraar disha, orupakshe adisthaana lithosphere ghadana ennivayile mattangal prathifalippikkunna eee rund lainukalkkidayilulla mekhala, pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe oru pradhana gadanaaparamaaya athirthiyaayi kaanapedunnu.
moundu sent enna sthalathum ithu murichukadakkunnu. plaistoseen (ekadesham 4 emm. eiii) plug thaazhikakkudangalude oru neey (045 °) trending line (chuvapp) aanu helens, koodaathe oru topographic linementum (bhaagikamaayi haiway 12 pinthudarunnu). origon theerathu ninnu vadakkan cascadeukal vare vyaapichukidakkunna puthiya trending folttukaludeyum topographical lainamentukaludeyum thekke attathaanu eee rekha. samanamaaya oru rekha, origon theerathe mukalile nehalem nadiyil thakaraarulla doubleurs, shez, gails creak folt soonn (portlaandinte vadakkupadinjaaru) avasanippikkunnathumaayi yojikkunnu, theerathe bhooprakrithiyilulla vairudhyam (neehkani parvathatthinum thaazhathe nehalem nadeethadatthinum idayil) mukalilulla bhookamba bhoopadatthil (portlandinu padinjaaru) kaanaanaakunnathra vyathyasthamaan. samanamaaya mattu varikal (aastoriya muthal himaniyude kodumudi vare) vividha bhooprakrithiyumaayi poruthappedunnu, koodaathe folt ooriyanteshanile maattangalum. eee linementukal puramthodil thakararullathum subducting plettumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
eee savisheshathakal soochippikkunnathu thekkan pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathe aazhathilulla puramthodu swaadheenikkunnu, ennaal vishadaamshangalum prathyaaghaathangalum ithuvare arivayittilla.
mattu thettukal.
yadhaarthathil.
pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathum athinte arikukalkk chuttum niravadhi mattu thakaraarukal (allengil falt sonukal) undu, avayekkurichu sookshumamaayi padikkukayum pradhaanamaayum peru velippeduthaathirikkum cheiyunnu. iva saadhaaranayaayi valare hraswamaanu, avaa kaaryamaaya bhookambajanyamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnilla. ennirunnaalum, mikka bhookamba pravartthanangalum ariyappedunna oru thakararumaayum bandhappettathalla. bhookambam chilappol mersor dveepinte keezhilo dauntaun siyaattil ninnu kirkklaandilekkullatho polulla mekhalakalil sambhavikkunnu, ennaal prathyeka mekhalakal kandethaatha thakaraarukale prathifalippikkunnundu atho naashanashtamundaakkunna bhookambangalude uravidamaano ennathu pothuve anjjaathamaanu. nilavilulla mapping kooduthal thettukal velippeduthunnu. iii.jii.1996 meter 5.3 duval bhookambathinte rangam, cherry creak folt soonn ulppede, raattilsnekku parvatha takaraar mekhalayiludaneelam mapping cheiyunnathu thaazhnna snockwalmy thaazhvarayiludaneelam (athinappuravum) sajeevamo sajeevamo aaya thakaraarukalude sankeernamaaya shringhala velippeduthi.
vancouver dveepinte thekke attathu kadakkunna "saan juvan dweep", "leach rivar" folttukal ganyavum darrington-devils parvatham, thekkan widby dweep folttukal ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnavelnu samshayamilla, mathramalla victoriyayile nivaasikalkk theerchayaayum prathyeka thaalpparyamund.sii. ennaal pugettu soundu eriyayil avayude praadhaanyam anjjaathamaanu.
littil rivar folt" (qffdb, falt 556 kaanuka) olimbiku upadveepinte vadakku bhaagathum juvan dii fuca kadalidukkilum (vancouver dveepinte thekk attathulla falt sistangalumaayi bandhippichirikkaam, falt daattaabes mapp kaanuka) vyapakamaaya falt sonine prathinidheekarikkunnu, ennaal iva pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathinu keezhilulla krasttal blokkukalkku padinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnu, veendum pugettu shabda mekhalayil avayude prathyaaghaatham anjjaathamaanu. eee thakararukalilonnaaya "seekwam folt soonn" (seekwam pattanatthil ninnu kizhakode adikkunna), discovery bay (koodaathe hood kanal faalttinte vividha vipuleekaranangal) kadakkukayum portt ludlo uyarchaye (bhoopadatthil "anjjaatha uthbhavathinte uyarcha") bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu; ithu thekkan widby dweep faltilekku vyaapikkunnathayi thonnunnu.
mukkilttiyoykkum evarattinum edayilulla kizhakk-vadakkukizhakku bhagathaayi-athaayath swiff nadiyude kizhakkum evaratt thadatthinte thekkan attatthum-ozhukunna oru "evaratt folt" avakaashappedunnundenkum ithu sthireekarichittilla.
samudra bhookamba prathiphalana sarveyude adisthaanathil oru "lofal folt" report cheyyappettittunde trunching vazhi sthireekarichittilla. eee takaraar kingsttan aarch anticlineumaayum uyarthalinteyum thadatthinte paatteninteyum bhagamaayum bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu, pakshe swifinte jyamiti kaaranam ithu cheruthaanu. ithu prathyekichu bhookambajanyamalla.
pradhaanamaayum padikkappedaattha "vaitt rivar falt" (wrf) pugettu thaazhnna pradeshathinu thottupurathaanu sthithicheyyunnathennu thonnumenkilum, ithu yadhaarthathil mccleshoot thadatthinu keezhil kizhakkan pasej sonumaayum tacoma faltumaayum (mapp) bandhippichekkaam. ithu nilavil thiricharinjathinekkaal valia bhookamba apakadamundaakkum, prathyekichum vella nadeethadatthile takaraar haiway 410-ll vellachaattathinte kizhakk bhagathaayi yaakkimayilekku vyaapikkunna "natches rivar faltumaayi" bandhippikkumenn vishwasikkappedunnu.
vadakke kaaskedukalile oru pradhana gadanayaanu strait creak folt, pakshe 30 dasalaksham varshathilereyaayi ithu sajeevamalla. vadakkan kaaskedukalile mattu pala thakaraarukalum pazhayathaanu (neraaya creak folt vazhi nikathappedunnu) koodaathe pugettu shabdathile thakararukalumaayi bandhamilla.
oohikkappettu.
pugettu shabdathinte (vaashan dweep) madhyabhaagathu ninnu thaazhekku ozhukunna oru "pugettu soundu folt" orikkal nirddeshikkappettirum bhoomishaasthra samooham athu amgeekarichathaayi thonnunnilla. pugettu shabdathinte padinjaarum kizhakkum basement paarayile vyathyaasangalude adisthaanathil (chandrakkala roopeekaranam-cascadia coor coor kondaakt) oru "koost rench boundari folt" (mukalil charcha cheytha crbf) anumaanikkukayum washington thadaakam ulppede vividha sthalangalil ekapaksheeyamaayi mapp cheyyukayum cheythu; moongayude vadakku ithu ippol saadhaaranayaayi thirichariyappedunnu, thekkan widby dweep foltumaayi. siyaattilsin thekk evideyaanu ithu oodunnathennu ariyilla; ithu siyaattilkk thaazheyaan oodunnathennu oru vaadam uyarnnittund, pakshe ithu ippozhum anumaanaparamaan.
uparithala vaikalyathekurichulla patanam soochippikkunnathu federal maargathinaduthulla mapp cheyyaatha thakaraarukal, sumnerinum steelakkoominum idayilum rentaninu thekkum bhaagathum undakaan saadhyathayund.