
pothubharanatthil lingabhedam

charitraparamaayi pothubharanatthil lingabhedam oru pradhana punk vahichittundu. lingaparamaaya dharana mattu gadakangalum pothubharanathekkurichum bureaucrasiyekkurichum aalukal chinthikkunna reethiye swaadheenikkunnu. innathe samoohathil, lingabhedavumaayi bandhappett pothubharanam vyaapakamaayi verthirikkappettirikku, ennirunnaalum kooduthal samathwathinum vivechanarahitha nayangalkkum vendi vaadikkunnathu saadhaaranamaayirikkunnu.
avalokanam.
pothubharanatthinte aadya varshangalil, paatapusthakangalum paatyapadhathiyum nyoonapakshangale avaganikkukayum sthreekalude anubhavathe prathifalippikkunna sambhaavanakale thallikkalayukayum cheythu. 
1900kalude avasaanathil eee vishayangalude uyarnna samvedanakshamatha munpanthiyil konduvannu, pothujanaabhipraayatthile mattangal pouraavakaasha niyamam, thulya avasara samrambhangal, thozhil samrakshana niyamangal enniva srishtikkunnu. eee maattam pothubharanasamvidaanam mattullavarude kaazhchappaadukalum shabdangalum kooduthal eluppathil amgeekarikkunnathinum yuu roopeekaricha "varenya" bhoovudamakalkku purame ullavare amgeekarikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.ezz. bharanaghadanayum 1900 kalude thudakkathile manushyaril ninnum pothubharanam oru academic vibhaagamaayi sthaapichathinte bahumati.
1864ll yuu.ezz. sthreekal sarkkar jolicheyyumbol, oru purushanu athe jolie cheyyaan labhikkuna shambalathinte pakuthiyolam avarkk nalkanamennu sarkkar prakhyaapichu. eee vashath samathvam mechappettuvenkilum athu ippozhum yadhaarthathil thulyamalla. (1963leeii thulyavethana niyamam ithu maattaan sahayichu). aadyakaala kaalaghattangalile eee saamskaarika pinvalikkalukal innum nilanilkkunna shambalathile nilavile asamathvathe swaadheenichittundu-oru purushan sambaadikkunna oro dollarinum sthreekal nilavil 77.8 sent sambaadikkunnu. domonic eiii anusarichu. texas eiii & emm sarvakalaashaalayile barefield, "ithu vanita federal jeevanakkaarkk prathyekichum sathyamaan. hseeh aandu winn-slow (2006) anusarichu, sthreekal mothatthilulla praathinidhyatthil nettamundaakkiyittundum, vividha vamseeya, vamseeya vibhaagangalile sthreekalkkidayil asamathvam nilanilkkunnu."
pothubharanatthile paarambaryatthinte charithram.
linga maanadandangalum pothubharanatthinte roopeekaranavum.
palappozhum pothubharanatthil lingabhedathinte punk nokkumbol, rund ethir kaazhchappaadukalund, onnu kaaryakshamathayilum vasthunishtathayilum ("pullinga" sameepanam) shradha kendreekarikkukayum mattonn saamoohika neethiyude ("sthreelinga" sameepanam) vishayangalil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu, eee sameepanagal sthreekalum purushanmaarum orumichu pravarthichu "shaasthreeya praayogikathayude thathwangalkku oonnal nalkunnathinum nayatthinte kaaryakshamamaya nirvvahanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum" mathramalla saamoohika sahakaranathilum pothu arivu shakthippeduthunnathilum eee sameepanagal upayogichu."ennirunnaalum, yuddham pottippurappettathinum, american pothubharanatthil oru maattam sambhavichu. saamoohika shaasthra gaveshana kaunsilinte pothubharana upadeshaka samiti polulla purusha aadipathyamulla samghadanakale pothubharana sambradaayam kooduthal aashrayikkunnathode, eee samvidaanam kaaryakshamavum vasthunishtavumaaya sameepanavumaayi kooduthal bandhappettirikkunnu. mattu samghadanakalude 'shaasthreeya gaveshanavum' abhibhaashaka pravartthanavum 'thammil vyakthamaayi verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna paripaadikalkk aakramanaathmakamaayi dhanasahayam nalkaan thudangiya jeevakaarunya pravartthakarude (avaril palarum rockfeller kudumbavumaayi bandhappettavaraayirunnu) ennathil ninnu ithu kaanaan kazhiyum.
pullinga thathwangale aashrayikkunnath vardhichathinu purame, saamoohika shaasthrathodulla american samoohathinte sameepanam marran thudangi, angane pothu bharanadhikariye swaadheenichu. udaaharanathinu, 1890kalude avasaanathil saambathika vidagdhar pothuvaaya pravanathakalil kuravum sthithivivarakkanakkukalim kadinamaaya vasthuthakalilum kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu avar padicha reethiyil maattam varuthi. maruvashathu, saamoohyashaasthram "manushyabandhangalekkurichulla amoorthamaaya saamaanyavalkkaranangalude moolya-nishpaksha pinthudaraline adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru prathyeka arivil" shradha kendreekarikkukayum saamoohika neethi prothsaahippikkunnath thudarukayum cheythu. eee vairudhyam pradhaanamaayum sthreekale "saamoohika pravartthanam polulla kooduthal anukoolamaaya prathyekathakalilekku" naadukadatthunnathinu kaaranamaakumbol purushanmaar dhanakaaryathilum mattu shaasthreeyamaayi nayikkappedunna samghadanakalilum nethaakkalaayi thudarnnu.
manushya mooladhana sidhaantham.
pothubharanatthilum pothuve jolisthalangalilum purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum vyathyastha praathinidhyangalekkuri manushya mooladhana sidhaanthavumaayi svayam bandhappedunna aalukalkk vyathyasthamaaya vishadeekaranamundu. purusha", "sthree" chinthakalude ethirppine adisthaanamaakkiyulla charitraparamaaya verpiriyalil ninnaan sarkkaarile purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum punk varunnathennu chila pandithanmaar vaadichappol, mattullavar vaadikkunnathu avarude vyakthiparamaaya manushya mooladhanathile thaazhnna nikshepathil ninnaan sthreekalude punk kurayunnathu ennaanu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, eee sidhaanthakarude abhipraayathil, kooduthal vidyaabhyaasam nedaanum mikacha jolikal nedaanum kooduthal thozhil parichayamullavarayirikkaanum kooduthal chaayvullathinaal purushanmaar samoohathil nettangal koyyunnu. thulya yogyathayulla purushanmaarkk thulya jolie nedaan sthreekalkku kazhiyaathathinal eee sidhaantham pradhaanamaayum ethirkkappettittundu.
sociocycological sidhaantham.
manushya mooladhana sidhaanthathinte uyarchayethudarnnum athinte pala vimarsanangalkkum marupadiyaayi, gaveshakarum saamoohikashaasthranjarum saamoohika-manahshaasthra sidhaantham vikasippichu. eee sidhaantham, athinumumbulla manushya mooladhana sidhaantham pole, purushanmaarum sthreekalum thammilulla vyathyastha yogyathakalkk valareyadhikam oonnal nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee sidhaantham vyathyasthamayi cheiyunnathu, thulya yogyathakal nedaanulla sthreekalude kazhivillaaymaye thadayunna saamoohika nirmmithikalilekku shradha nalkunnu ennathaanu. udaaharanathinu, eee sidhaanthakar vaadikkunnathu, purushanmaarkk saadhaaranayaayi "aakramanothsukatha, abhilasham, aathmavishwaasam" thudangiya saamoohika swabhaavasavisheshathakal undennu aaropikkappedunna sthalangalil, sthreekale "vaalsalyamullavarum dayayullavarum sensiteevum mridubhaashakalumullavarumaayi" kanakkaakkappedunnu, athinaal oru thozhiludama avare athe yogyathayulla oru purushanekkaal thazhnnavaraayi kanakkakkunnu. eee vyathyaasangal kaaranam, purushanmaar valareyadhikam aadhipathyam pulartthunna oru thozhilil praveshikkunnathu oru sthreek budhimuttaanennu sociopsycological sidhaanthakar vaadikkunnu, kaaranam avar avarude purusha athiraalikale apekshichu kazhivillaathavaro kazhivillaathavaro aayi kanakkakkappedaan saadhyathayund. kazhivillaaymayekkurichu eee bhayam sthreethvathinte chelavil kooduthal purusha swabhaavasavisheshathakal sweekarikkaan sthreekale prerippichuvennu vaadikkappettittundu.
thozhilmekhalayile sthreekalude pankinekkurichulla vyakthithva savisheshathakalude prathyaaghaathangalekkurichallu pravachanangalkk purame, sthreekalude praathinidhyam pradhaanamaayum samoohathil sthreekalude sthaanathekkurichulla saamoohika steeriyodaippukaludeyum kalankangaludeyum punk moolamaanennu soshyiosaikkolajikkal sidhaanthakar vaadikkunnu. gaarhika chumatalakalkkum kuttikale valarthunnathinum sthreekal utharavaadikalaayathinaal (paarambarya samoohangalil) ithu valare vyaapakamaayi nilanilkkunnathinaal, avarkk professionalaayi munnerunnathu kooduthal budhimuttaanu. eee vivarangal upayogichu, aabhyanthara rolukal sambandhicha adisthaana ashayangal valare vyaapakamaanennum avaa gavanmentinteyum bisinessinteyum sthaapanangalumaayi samyojippikkappettavum palappozhum avaa parishodhikkaanaavaathathaanne eee sidhaanthakar paranju. ekkaaranathaal, vividha thulya thozhil avasara niyamangalkkum vivechana virudha nayangalkkum keezhil sarkkaarilum jolisthalangalilum sthreekalude samrakshanathinaayi kesedukkaan american sarkkar nadapadiyeduthittundu. pariseelana paripaadikal, merrit recrying, mattu nayangal ennivayiloode vivechanam parimithappeduthunnathinu nadapadikal swakaarya samrambhangal sweekarichittundu.
pothubharanatthil linga vaividhyathinte nettangal.
kaaryakshamathayudeyum falapraapthiyudeyum moolyangal paramapradhaanamaaya saankethika nadappaakkalinte vishayamaayaan pothubharanam aadyam sthaapikkappettathu. saamoohika samathvam, nyoonapaksha avakaashangalude samrakshanam, thulya avasaram ennee thathwangal bharanaparamaya "shaasthrathin" pinnokkam pooyi ennaanu eee thalakeezhaayulla munganana ardhamaakkunnathu. sthreekaludeyum purushanmaarudeyum moolyam vilamathikkappedunna oru "depolarised varkk plays" kaivarikkuka ennathaanu thozhilmekhalayil sthreekale yadhaarthathil samyojippikkunnathinulla lakshyam. sthreekalkku purushanmaareppole perumarathe, avarude kaazhchappaadukalum kaazhchappaadukalum kazhivukalum paristhithiye shakthippeduthunnu. srimati ennapole. tii. jeey. poolisi mungananakal, pothu samrambhangal, stailistik sookshumathakal ennivayil lingabhedam ganyamaaya vyathyasam varuthunnundennu niravadhi varshangalkk munbu boular nireekshichirunnu. sthreekalude sambhavanakal canoninu poorakavum sambannavumaanu, allaathapaksham janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam aalukalude pravartthanatthe avaganikkunna mekhalayude vakramaaya praathinidhyam avatharippikkunnu. praathinidhya bureaucrassikalkku vividha reethikalil janaadhipathyathe prolsaahippikkaan kazhiyum. niravadhi pandithanmaar choondikkaanichathupole, praathinidhyam bureaucrassikale rashtreeya samghadanayodu kooduthal prathikarikkunnathaakkunnu, koodaathe sarkkar utharavaaditham vardhippikkaanum kazhiyum."
pothubharanatthil linga swathuangal paarshwalkkarikkappettu.
emm. pii. eiii vidyaarthikaludeyum sthreekalaaya public administration facultyudeyum anupaathathil sradheyamaaya vardhanavundaayittundu, orupakshe lingaparamaaya skolarshippinulla vitharanathilum aavashyathilum undaaya vardhanavinteyo allengil pakaramaayi, vanita pothu bharanaadhikaarikalude vardhanavinteyo falamaayirikkaam ithu. ennittum jolisthalathu nilanilkkunna pala samvidaanangalum garbhinikalallaathavarkkum offeesil nazhsing roomukalude aavasyamillaathavarkkum school kazhinju kuttikale edukkunnathinu prasavavadhi aavasyamillaathavarkkum uchakazhinju samayamedukkunnavarkkum muthirnnavarude paricharanatthinteyum shisu samrakshanathinteyum utharavaadithangal aavasyamillaathavarkkum vendiyaayirunnu.
anthaaraashtra cases padanangal pothubharanatthil paarshwalkkarikkappetta linga identittikal.
spanish munisippaalittikal.
155 spanish munisippaalittikalude lingaghadanayekkurichu anweshicha gaveshakar, pothubharanatthile mikka vakuppukalum praadhamikamaayi purusha janasamkhyaye anukoolikkunnuvennu kandethi. parishodhicha pradeshangalil pathinaalu ennathil kuranjathu 10 shathamaanamenkilum linga vyathyaasamundennum aarr ennathil 50 sathamaanathil kooduthal vyathyaasamundennum kandethi. eee aarr mekhalakalil kaayikam (+ 50.4%), nagaraasoothranam, aasoothranam muthalaayava ulppedunnu. (+ <aii. dii. 1>), gathagathavum gathagathavum (+ <aii. dii. 2>), pouranmaarude suraksha, adiyantharaavasthayum gathagathavum (+ 57 sathamaanam), jolikal (+ 62), krishi, kannukaalikal, malsyabandhanam (+ 77.8). ennirunnaalum, purushanmaar sthreekalekkaal kooduthal mekhalakalil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum, sthreekalkku aarr mekhalakalil nettamundaayirunnu ennathu sradhikkendathaanu sthreekalum samathvavum (+ 86.4%), kudiyettam, aikyadaartyam, sahakaranm (60.6%), saamoohika sevanangal (+ 28.4), upabhogam (+ 20%), tourism (+ 11.4%), vidyaabhyaasam, samskaaram muthalaayava. (+ 10 sathamaanam). eee thirashcheena vibhaagangalkk purame, gavanmentile lamba vibhagangal thirichariyaan gaveshakarkk kazhinju. thulyamaayi nilaninnirunna pradeshangalil, oru samvidaanathinte uyarnna thalangalil purushanmaar aadhipathyam pularthunnathu asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla, kooduthal purushanmaar mayer allengil samanamaaya sthaanangal vahikkumbol sthreekal palappozhum kaunsil vanithakalayi kaanapettu. 
padanatthile gaveshakarkk, eee sthithivivarakkanakkukal rasakaramaaya oru chithram varachu. nishpakshamaaya bhoopradesam (vaanijyavum praadeshika vipanikalum, pouranmaarude pankaalittham/shradha, thozhil, pariseelanam, aabhyanthara bharanam, udyogasthar) nilaninnittum, sarkkaarinte chila mekhalakal purusha aadipathyamulla saambathikashaasthravum dhanakaryavum nilavilulla lingaparamaaya steeriyodaippukalumaayi valareyadhikam lingabhedam pularthunnuvennu kandethi. munvarshangale apekshichu valare valia thothil sthreekal raashtreeyathil edapedukayum jolie cheyyukayum cheiyunnuvenkilum, pradhaanamaayum purushanmaraaya purushanmaar nayikkunna samvidaanathil sthreekal sthreekalaayi kanakkaakkappedunna mekhalakalil othungikkidakkunnuve eee vishakalanam pinneedu nigamanatthiletthi.
pothubharanatthil linga praathinidhyam vardhippikkunnathinulla nayangal.
pothu offeesukalilum sthalangalilum vaanijyathilum nyoonapaksha praathinidhyam vardhippikkaan lakshyamidunna nayangal nilavil amerikkayil sajeevamaan, nilavile rashtreeya anthareekshathil kooduthal prachaaratthilundu. 
pothubharanatthile paarshwalkkarikkappetta vyakthithvangalude sradheyamaaya vyakthikal.
merii aandezhsan.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum florence kelliyude keezhil amerikkayil saamoohika neethikkuvendi vaadikkunna feminism ulppedunna oru prasthaanam aarambhichu. eee samayathaan kooduthal vanita thozhil niyamanirmmaanathinum samathwathinum ahvaanam cheythukondu niravadhi sthreekal pothumekhalayilekku praveshichathu. eee sthreekalil oralaaya merii aandezhsan, sarkkaarilum bureaucrassyilum samathvam srishtikkunnathinum prolsaahippikkunnathu thudarchayaaya shramangaliloode pothubharanatthil mikacha report nedi.
1880 kalude madhyathil sweedenil ninnu amerikkayilekku kudiyeriyengilum 1910 kalode merii aandezhsan saamuval gompezhsinum mattu prashastha thozhilaalli amgangalkkum idayil prashasthi sthaapichu. 1911-leeii oru pramukha vasthrathozhilaaliyude panimudakkinetthudarnnu oru pradhana maanejment-laber karaarinte karadu thayyarakkunnathu prasthaanatthil aandezhsante pankaayirunnu. laber abhibhaashakarkkidayile eee vijayathil ninnu svayam munnott nayikkunna aandezhsaninu american aikyanaadukalile thozhil vakuppil oru vanita vibhaagam ulppeduthunnathinaayi oru "vipulamaaya lobying kaambayin" srishtikkaan kazhinju. avarude lobying sramangal paraajayappettenkilum, 1920-ll 20-aamm bhedagathi paasaakkiyathinetthudarnnu oru sthiramaaya samghadanayaayi sthaapithamaayappol aandezhsante sradheyamaaya sthaanam avarkk vanita beuroyude thalavan sthaanam nalki.
susanne staantan.
oru transgender vanithayum kaaliforniyayile greenfieldinte sajeeva sitti maanejarumaan susanne ashley staantan. floridayile largoyude sitti maanejaraayirunnappozhaanu staantan parivarthanatthinu theerumaanamedutthathu. avarude prakhyapanam nadannu oru maasathinushesham, staantane avarude sthaanathu ninnu puratthaakkukayum mattevideyengilum jolie kandethaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. staantante pirichuvidalinulla vottu avarude prakhyapanavumaayi bandhappettathallennum marichu nagaram ippozhum kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla avarude kazhivine avar vishwasikkunnillennum avare pirichuvidaan theerumaanicha board avakashappettu. staantan 17 varsham largo nagaratthil sevanamanushtichu, avaril 14 perr sitti maanejarmaraayirunnu. 2009ll floridayile lake varthinte sitti maanejar sthaanam nedunnathuvare rund varshatholam staantaninu joliyillaayirunnu. staantan nilavile sitti manejaraaya kaaliforniyayile greenfieldlake lake varthu upekshichu.

