
sthireekarana pakshapaatham

oraalude munkaala vishwaasangalo moolyangalo sthireekarikkukayo pinthunaykkukayo cheiyunna reethiyil vivarangal tirayukayum vyaakhyaanikkukayum anukoolikkukayum oormmikkukayum cheiyunna pravanathayaanu sthireekarana pakshapaatham. thangalude kaazhchappaadukale pinthunaykkunna vivarangal thiranjedukkumbozho vipareeta vivarangal avaganikkumbozho allengil avyakthamaaya thelivukal avarude nilavilulla manobhaavangale pinthunaykkunnathaayi vyaakhyaanikkumbozho aalukal eee pakshapaatham prakadippikkunnu. aagrahicha falangalkkum vaikaarikamaayi charjju cheyyappetta prasnangalkkum aazhathil urachunilkkunna vishwaasangalkkum eee prabhavam ettavum shakthamaan. sthireekarana pakshapaatham illaathaakkaan kazhiyilla, pakshe athu kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu, vidyaabhyaasathiloodeyum vimarsanaathmaka chinthaagathiyile parisheelanathiloodeyum.
vivarangalkkayulla pakshapathaparamaaya thirayal, eee vivarangalude pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam, pakshapathaparamaaya memory thirichuvilikkal enniva naalu nirddishta phalangal vishadeekarikkaan abhyarthichittundu
1960kalile manashaasthraparamaaya pareekshanangalude oru parambara soochippikkunnathu aalukal avarude nilavilulla vishwaasangal sthireekarikkunnathil pakshapaathaparamaanennu. oru saadhyathayil shradha kendreekarikkukayum badalukal avaganikkukayum cheythukondu ashayangal ekapaksheeyamaayi pareekshikkanulla pravanathayayi pilkkala pravartthanangal eee phalangale veendum vyaakhyaanichu. nireekshicha pakshapaathangalude vishadeekaranangalil aagrahapoornamaaya chinthayum vivarangal prosess cheyyaanulla parimithamaaya manushya seshiyum ulppedunnu. nishpakshavum shaasthreeyavumaaya reethiyil anweshikkunnathinupakaram thettu sambhavichathinte chelavu praayogikamaayi vilayiruthunnathinaal aalukal sthireekarana pakshapaatham kaanikkunnu ennathaanu mattoru nirddesham.
sthireekarana pakshapaatham moolamulla thettaaya theerumaanangal vaividhyamaarnna rashtreeya, samghadanaa, saambathika, shaasthreeya sandarbhangalil kandethiyittundu. eee pakshapaathangal vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasangalil amita aathmavishwaasam srishtikkukayum vipareeta thelivukalude pashchaathalatthil vishwaasangal nilanirthaano shakthippeduthaano kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, sthireekarana pakshapaatham inductive reasoningine (pinthunaykkunna thelivukalude kramanugathamaaya shekharanam) adisthaanamaakkiyulla shaasthreeya gaveshanathil chittayaya pishakukal srishtikkunnu. athupole, oru police detective oru anweshanathinte thudakkathil thanne oru prathiye thirichariyaan kazhiyum, pakshe thelivukal sthireekarikkunnathinum sthireekarikkuka maathrame cheyyaavoo. oru medical praakteeshanar oru diagnostic sessionte thudakkathil thanne oru prathyeka thakaraaril akaalathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum thudarnnu sthireekarikkunna thelivukal maathram thedukayum cheyyaam. soshyal mediayil, filter kumilakal allengil "algoritam editting" upayogikkunnathiloode sthireekarana pakshapaatham vardhippikkunnu, ithu vyakthikalkk avar sammathikkaan saadhyathayulla vivarangal maathram pradarshippikkunnu, athesamayam ethir kaazhchappaadukal ozhivaakkunnu.
nirvachanavum sandarbhavum.
engleesh psychologist peettar vaasan srishticha sthireekarana pakshapaatham, avarude vishwaasangalo moolyangalo sthireekarikkukayo shakthippeduthukayo cheiyunna vivarangalkk anukoolamaaya pravanathayaanu, orikkal sthireekarikkappettaal athu neekkam cheyyaan prayaasamaan. sthireekarana pakshapaatham oru vaijnjaanika pakshapaathatthinte udaaharanamaanu.
sthireekarana pakshapaathatthe (allengil sthireekarana pakshapaathatthe) myside pakshapaatham ennum vilikkunnu. "anukoola pakshapaatham" enna wack upayogichittundu.
sthireekarana pakshapaathangal vivara samskaranathile falangalaanu. oru vyakthiyude prathekshakal avarude swantham perumaattatthe swaadheenikkukayum pratheekshicha phalam nalkukayum cheiyunna "svayam niravettal pravachanam" ennariyappedunna "perumatta sthireekarana prabhavam" ennu chilappol vilikkunnathil ninnu avaa vyathyasthamaan.
chila manasshaasthranjar "sthireekarana pakshapaatham" enna padam mattoru nigamanathe pinthunaykkunna thelivukal avaganikkukayo nirasikkukayo cheyyumbol oraal ithinakam vishwasikkunnavaye pinthunaykkunna thelivukalude thiranjeduttha shekharathilekku parimithappedutthunnu. thelivukalkkayi thirayumbozho vyaakhyaanikkumbozho oormmayil ninnu ormmikkumbozho oraalude nilavilulla vishwaasangal samrakshikkaanulla pravanathaykku mattullavar eee padam kooduthal vishaalamaayi prayogikkunnu.
manappoorvamaaya vanchanayekkaal yaanthrikavum manappoorvamallaathathumaaya thanthrangalude falamaanu sthireekarana pakshapaatham. sthireekarana pakshapaatham ozhivaakkaano illaathaakkaano kazhiyilla, marichu vidyaabhyaasavum vimarsanaathmaka chinthagathiyum mechappeduthunnathiloodu maathrame kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyoo.
sthireekarana pakshapaatham ennathu niravadhi saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranangalulla oru vishalamaaya nirmmithiyaan, athaayath vyaajavalkkaranathiloode sidhaantham-parisodhana, positteev testt straattaji vazhi sidhaantham parisodhana, vivara samskarana vishadeekaranangal.
sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinte tharangal.
vivarangalkkayi pakshapathaparamaaya thirayal.
aalukal avarude nilavile sidhaanthavumaayi poruthappedunna thelivukalkkayi thirayunnathiloode ekapaksheeyamaaya reethiyil sidhaanthangal pareekshikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnuvenn pareekshanangal aavarthichu kandethiyittundu. prasakthamaaya ellah thelivukaliloodeyum thirayunnathinupakaram, avarude sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunna oru sthireekarana utharam labhikkunnathin avar chodyangal unnayikkunnu. avarude sidhaantham thettaanengil enthu sambhavikkumennathinekkaal, athu shariyaanenkil avar prathekshikkunna anantharafalangal avar thirayunnu. udaaharanathinu, 3-aamm nambar aanennu samshayikkunna oru nambar kandethaan athe/illa chodyangal upayogikkunna oraal chodichekkaam, "ithu oru otta nambaraano?"positteev testt" ennu vilikkunna itharathilulla chodyamaanu aalukal eshtappedunnathu, "ithu oru eratta samkhyayaano?"athe vivarangal thanne nalkum. ennirunnaalum, aalukal positteev utharam urappunalkunna parisodhanakal thedunnu ennalla ithinartham. atharam kapada-parishodhanakalo yadhaartha diagnostic parishodhanakalo thiranjedukkaan kazhiyunna padanangalil, avar yadhaartha diagnostic eshtappettu.
positteev parishodhanakalkk munganana nalkunnathu oru pakshapaathamalla, kaaranam positteev parisodhanakal valare vivaradaayakamaayirikkum. ennirunnaalum, mattu falangalumaayi samyojippichu, eee thanthrathinu nilavilulla vishwaasangalo anumaanangalo shariyaano ennathil ninnu swathanthramaayi sthireekarikkaan kazhiyum. yadhaartha loka saahacharyangalil, thelivukal palappozhum sankeernavum sammisravumaanu. udaaharanathinu, oralekkurichulla vividha parasparavirudhamaaya ashayangal oororutharkkum ayaalude allengil avalude perumaattatthinte oru vashath shradha kendreekarichukondu pinthunaykkaam. athinaal oru sidhaanthathinu anukoolamaaya thelivukalkkayulla eathoru thirachilum vijayikkaan saadhyathayund. oru chodyathinte padaprayogatthinu utharathe ganyamaayi maattaan kazhiyunna reethiyaanu ithinte oru udaaharanam. udaaharanathinu, "ningalude saamoohika jeevithathil ningal santhushtaraano?" ennu chodikkunna aalukalodu chodikkuka."ningalude saamoohika jeevithathil ningal santhushtaralle" ennu chodichavarekkaal kooduthal samthrupthi report cheyyuka."
oru chodyathinte vaakkukalil oru cheria maattam polum aalukal labhyamaya vivarangaliloode engane thirayunnu ennathine badhikkum, athinaal avar athicherunna nigamanangale badhikkum. oru saangalppika shisu kasttadi cases upayogichaanu ithu kaanichathu. rakshaakarthaavaakaan maathaapithaakkalkk mithamaaya reethiyil anuyojyamaanennu pankedukkunnavar vaayichu. maathaapithaakkal bick pradhaanamaaya gunangalum nishedhaathmaka gunangalum undaayirunnu kuttiyumayi adutha bandham, pakshe avare deerghakaalathekku kondupokaan kazhiyunna oru jolie. eathu maathaapithaakkalkkaanu kuttiyude samrakshanam nalkendathu?" ennu chodichappol."pankedutthavaril bhooribhaagavum pradhaanamaayum positteev aatribyoottukalkkayi rakshaakarthru bii thiranjedutthu. ennirunnaalum, "eathu maathaapithaakkalaanu kuttiyude samrakshanam nishedhikkendathu?" ennu chodichappol."avar negatteevu aatribyoottukalkkayi tirayukayum bhooribhaagavum maathaapithaakkalkk kasttadi nishedhikkanamennu marupadi nalkukayum cheythu, ithu maathaapithaakkalkk kasttadi undaayirikkanamennu soochippikkunnu.
vivarangalkkayulla pakshapathaparamaaya thirachilil aalukal engane earppedunnuvennum ennaal yadhaartha diagnostic parisodhanakalkkulla mungananayal eee prathibhasam parimithappedutthaamennum samanamaaya padanangal theliyichittundu. oru prarambha pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavar oru abhimukhathinte adisthaanathil introversion-extroversion vyakthithvathinte alavil mattoru vyakthiye rettucheythu. avar abhimukha chodyangal oru thannirikkunna pattikayil ninnu thiranjedutthu. abhimukham nadathunnayaale oru antharmukhanaayi parichayappedutthiyappol, pankedukkunnavar antharmukhathaye anumaanikkunna chodyangal thiranjedutthu, udaaharanathinu, "shabdamundaakkunna paarttikalil ningalkk enthaanu asukhakaram?"abhimukham nadathunnayaale bahirmukhanaayi visheshippichappol, mikkavarum ellah chodyangalum bahirmukhamaanennu karuthappedunnu, udaaharanathinu," oru mandamaaya party sajeevamakkaan ningal enthucheyyum?"eee niranja chodyangal abhimukham nadathunnavarkku avarekkurichulla sidhaantham thettayi parayaan avasaram nalkukayo illayo cheythu. pareekshanatthinte pilkkala pathipp pankedukkunnavarkku thiranjedukkaan kuranja anumanaparamaaya chodyangal nalki, udaaharanathinu, "ningal saamoohika edapedalukalil ninnu ozhinjumaarunnundo?"positteev parishodhanakalodu durbalamaaya pakshapaatham maathram kaanikkunna eee kooduthal diagnostic chodyangal chodikkaan pankaalikal eshtappettu. diagnostic parishodhanakalkk pradhana munganana positteev parishodhanakalkk durbalamaaya munganana nalkunna eee reethi mattu padanangalil aavarthichittundu.
vyakthithva savisheshathakal pakshapathaparamaaya thirayal prakriyakale swaadheenikkukayum avarumaayi samvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. thiranjeduttha eksposharumaayi bandhappett baahya akramanangalil ninnu avarude manobhaavathe prathirodhikkanulla kazhivukalil vyakthikal vyathyaasappedunnu. vyakthikal avarude vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasangalumaayi poruthappedaathe sthirathayulla vivarangalkkayi thirayumbozhaanu selective exposure sambhavikkunnath. vyakthikalkk avarude vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasangalkku virudhamaaya vaadangal ethratholam nishedhikkaan kazhiyumennu oru pareekshanam parishodhichu. uyarnna aathmavishwaasamulla aalukal oru vaadam roopappeduthunnathinaayi avarude vyakthiparamaaya nilapaadinu virudhamaaya vivarangal eluppathil thedunnu. ithu oru "ethir warta upabhogathinte" roopamedukkum, avide vyakthikal ethir vaadathinaayi pakshapathaparamaaya vaarthakale ethirkkaan shramikkunnu. aathmavishwaasakkuravulla vyakthikal parasparavirudhamaaya vivarangal thedukayum avarude vyakthiparamaaya nilaye pinthunaykkunna vivarangalkk munganana nalkukayum cheiyunnu. aalukal avarude swantham vishwaasangalodum abhipraayangalodum pakshapathaparamaaya vaadangalil thelivukal srishtikkukayum vilayiruthukayum cheiyunnu. uyarnna aathmavishwaasa nilavaaram vyakthikalude vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasangale pinthunaykkunna vivarangalkkulla munganana kuraykkunnu.
mattoru pareekshanam pankedukkunnavarkku oru computer anukaricha vasthukkal chalippikkunna sankeernamaaya oru niyama-kandethal chumatala nalki. computer screenile vasthukkal pankedukkunnavar kandethenda prathyeka niyamangal paalichu. athinaal, pankedukkunnavarkku avarude sidhaanthangal parisodhikkaan screeninu kuruke vasthukkal "theeyidan" kazhiyum. patthu manikkoor neenda sessionil niravadhi sramangal nadathiyittum, pankedutthavaraarum samvidaanathinte niyamangal kandethiyitla. avar saadhaaranayaayi avarude sidhaanthangal thettayi theliyikkunathinupakaram sthireekarikkaan sramikkukayum badal marggangal pariganikkaan vimukhatha kaanikkukayum cheythu. avarude pravartthana sidhaanthangale nishedhicha vasthunishta thelivukal kandittum avar ore parisodhanakal thudarnnu. pankedukkunnavaril chilare sariyaaya sidhaantha parisodhana padippichuvenkilum eee nirddeshangalkku falamundaayilla.
vivarangalude pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam.
sthireekarana pakshapaathangal thelivukalude shekharanathil maathram othungunnilla. rund vyakthikalkk ore vivarangal undengilum, avar athine vyaakhyaanikkunna reethi pakshapaathaparamaayirikkum.
stanford sarvakalaashaalayile oru samgham vadhashikshayekkurich shakthamayi thonniya pankaalikal ulppedunna oru pareekshanam nadatthi, pakuthiyum athine anukoolikkukayum pakuthiyum ethirkkukayum cheythu. oro pankaliyum rund padanangalude vivaranagal vaayikkunnu yuu. yude thaarathamyam.ezz. vadhashikshayodoppavum allatheyum, vadhasiksha nadappaakkunnathinu munbum sheshavum oru samsthaanathe kolapathaka nirakkinte thaarathamyavum. oro padanathinteyum drutha vivaranam vaayicha sesham, pankedukkunnavarodu avarude abhipraayangal maariyittundo ennu chodichu. thudarnnu, oro padanathinteyum nadapadikramangalekkurichu kooduthal vishadamaaya vivaranam vaayikkukayum gaveshanam nannayi nadathiyittundo ennum bodhyappeduthiyittundu ennum vilayiruthendivannu. vaasthavathil, padanangal saangalppikamaayirunnu. pankedutthavaril pakuthiyolam aalukalodu oru tharatthilulla patanam prathirodha phalathe pinthunaykkunnuvennum mattonn athine durbalappeduthunnuvennum mattu pankaalikalkk nigamanangal maattiyeduthathaayum paranju.
pankedukkunnavar, avar pinthunaykkunnavaro ethiraalikaloo aakatte, avar vaayicha aadya padanatthinte dishayilekku avarude manobhaavangal cheruthaayi mariyathaayi report cheythu. rund padanangaludeyum kooduthal vishadamaaya vivaranagal vaayichukazhinjaal, nalkia thelivukal pariganikkathe thanne avarellam avarude yadhaartha vishwaasathilekku madangi, avarude kaazhchappaadine pinthunaykkunna vishadaamshangalilekku viral choondukayum vipareethamaaya enthum avaganikkukayum cheythu. thangalude munkaala kaazhchappaadine pinthunaykkunna padanangal athine athirkkunnathinekkaal mikachathaanennu pankaalikal vishadamaayi vivarichu. prathirodha phalathe durbalappeduthunna oru padanathekkurichu ezhuthumbol, oru vadhashikshayude vakthaav ezhuthi, "gaveshanam vendathra samayam ulkkollunnilla", athesamayam athe padanathekkurichulla oru ethiraaliyude abhiprayam paranju, "gaveshakarkk virudhamaaya sakthamaaya thelivukalonnumilla."aalukal avarude nilavile pratheekshakalkk virudhamaaya sidhaanthangalkku uyarnna maanadandangal sthaapikkunnuvennu phalangal vyakthamaakkunnu. sthireekarana pakshapaatham" ennariyappedunna eee phalathe mattu pareekshanangal pinthunaykkunnu.
pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanathekkurichu mattoru patanam 2004 yuu.ezz. rashtrapathy thiranjeduppum sthaanaarthikalekkurichu sakthamaaya vikarangal ullathayi report cheytha pankaalikale ulppeduthukayum cheythu. republican sthaanaarthi jorjju dablyu. yude parasparavirudhamaaya rund prasthavanakal avaa kaanichu. bush, janaadhipathya sthaanaarthi joonn kerry allengil raashtreeyamaayi nishpakshanaaya oru pothu vyakthi. prathyakshamaaya vairudhyam nyaayayukthamaanennu thonnunna kooduthal prasthaavanakalum avarkk nalki. eee moonnu vivarangalil ninnu oro vyakthiyudeyum prasthavanakal poruthappedaathathaano ennu avar theerumaanikkendathundu. eee moolyanirnnayangalil sakthamaaya vyathyaasangalundaayirunnu, pankedukkunnavar ethirtha sthaanaarthiyude prasthavanakal parasparavirudhamaanennu vyaakhyaanikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund.
eee pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavar avarude mastishka pravartthanam nireekshikkunna magnetic resonance imaging (emm. aarr. aii) scaanarilaanu avarude theerumaanangal eduthathu. pankedukkunnavar avarude priyappetta sthaanaarthiyude parasparavirudhamaaya prasthavanakal vilayiruthiyappol, avarude thalachorinte vaikaarika kendrangal unarnnu. mattu vyakthikalude prasthaavanakalude kaaryatthil ithu sambhavichilla. prasthaavanakalodulla vyathyastha prathikaranangal nishkriyamaaya yukthisahamaya pishakukal moolamallennu pareekshanakar anumaanichu. pakaram, pankedukkunnavar avarude priyappetta sthaanaarthiyude yukthirahithamo kaapatyamo aaya perumaattathekkurichu vaayichukond undaakunna vaijnjaanika vairudhyam sajeevamaayi kuraykkunnu.
budhiyude nilavaaram pariganikkathe vishwaasa vyaakhyaanathile pakshapaathangal sthiramaanu. oru pareekshanatthil pankedutthavar avarude budhishakthiyude nilavaaram vilayiruthunnathinayi saatt testt (amerikkayil upayogikkunna oru koleju praveshana pareeksha) nadatthi. thudarnnu avar vaahanangalude suraksha aashankakalekkurichulla vivarangal vaayikkukayum pareekshanakaarikal kaarinte deseeya uthbhavam kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu. kaar aarr pooyint skailil nirodhikkanamo ennu american pankaalikal avarude abhiprayam nalki, athil oraal "theerchayaayum athe" ennum aarr perr "theerchayaayum illa" ennum soochippichu. american theruvukalil apakadakaramaaya oru jarmman kaarum jarmman theruvukalil apakadakaramaaya oru american kaarum anuvadikkumo ennu pankedukkunnavar aadyam vilayiruthi. american theruvukalile apakadakaramaaya jarmman kaar jarmman theruvukalile apakadakaramaaya american kaarinekkaal vegathil nirodhikkanamenn pankedutthavar vishwasichu. pankedukkunnavar oru kaar nirodhikkunna nirakkil intelligence thalangal thammil vyathyasamonnumilla.
pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam vaikaarikamaayi praadhaanyamulla vishayangalil maathram othungunnilla. mattoru pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavarodu oru moshanathekkurichulla oru katha paranju. oru prathyeka kathaapaathram utharavaadiyaanennathinu anukoolamaayo ethiraayo vaadikkunna prasthaavanakalude thelivu praadhaanyam avar vilayiruthendathundu. aaa kathaapaathrathinte kuttabodham avar anumaanichappol, aaa sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunna prasthaavanakale parasparavirudhamaaya prasthaavanakalekkaal pradhaanamaanennu avar vilayiruthi.
vivarangalude pakshapathaparamaaya memory oormmappeduthal.
nishpakshamaaya reethiyil thelivukal shekharikkukayum vyaakhyaanikkukayum cheythaalum aalukal avarude pratheekshakale shakthippeduthunnathinaayi thelivukal thiranjedutthu oormmichekkaam. eee phalathe "selective reekal", "kanfarmettari memory" allengil "axus-biased memory" ennu vilikkunnu. manahshaasthra sidhaanthangal thiranjeduttha thirichuvilikkalinekkur avarude pravachanagalil vyathyasthamaan. munkaala pratheekshakalumaayi poruthappedunna vivarangal poruthappedaattha vivarangalekkaal eluppathil sambharikkappedukayum thirichuvilikkukayum cheiyumennu schema sidhaantham pravachikkunnu. chila badal sameepanagal parayunnath athisayakaramaaya vivarangal verittunilkkunnuvennum athinaal athu avismaraneeyamaanennum parayunnu. eee rund sidhaanthangalil ninnumulla pravachanangal vyathyastha pareekshanathmaka sandarbhangalil sthireekarichittundu, oru sidhaanthavum nerittu vijayichitilla.
oru padanatthil, pankedukkunnavar antharmukhavum bahirmukhavumaaya perumaattangalude samyojanathe vivarikkunna oru sthreeyude profile vaayichu. pinneedu avarkk avalude antharmukhathayudeyum bahirmukhathayudeyum udaaharanagal oorkkendivannu. oru groupinode ithu sthriye librarian enna jolikkayi vilayiruthaanaan paranjathennu randaamathe groupinode ithu riyal estettu vilppanayile jolikkaanenn paranju. librarian" group antharmukhathayude kooduthal udaaharanagal oormmikkukayum "sails" grouppukal kooduthal bahirmukha swabhaavam oormmikkukayum cheythathode eee rund grouppukalum oormmippicha karyangal thammil kaaryamaaya vyathyaasamundaayirunnu. vyakthithva tharangalude abhilashaneeyathaye kaikaaryam cheiyunna pareekshanangalil selective memory efakttum kaanichittundu. evayilonnil, pankeduttha oru koottam aalukal antharmukharekkaal bahirmukharaaya aalukal kooduthal vijayikkunnuvennathinte thelivukal kaanichu. mattoru groupinode nere vipareethamaanu paranjathu. thudarnnulla, prathyakshatthil bandhamillaattha oru padanatthil, pankedukkunnavarodu avarude jeevithathil ninnu avar antharmukharo bahirmukharo ayirunna sambhavangal oormmikkaan aavasyappettu. pankedukkunna oro group kooduthal abhikaamyamaaya vyakthithva tharavumayi svayam bandhippikkunna kooduthal oormmakal nalkukayum aaa oormmakal kooduthal vegathil oormmippikkukayum cheythu.
vaikaarikaavasthakalile mattangal oormmashakthiye swaadheenikkukayum cheyyum. pankedukkunnavar aadyam athu arinjappol avarkk engane thonnunnuvennu vilayiruthi. jeey. simpsone kolapaathakakkuttatthil ninnu veruthe vittu. vidhi kettu oraazhchayum rund maasavum oru varshavum kazhinjappol avar thangalude vaikaarika prathikaranangalum aathmavishwaasavum vivarichu. simpsante kuttabodhathekkurichulla pankedukkunnavarude vilayiruthalukal kaalakramena mariyathaayi phalangal soochippikkunnu. vidiyekkurichulla pankedukkunnavarude abhiprayam ethratholam maariyirunnuvo, athratholam sthiratha kuranjirunnu avarude prarambha vaikaarika prathikaranangalekkurichu pankedukkunnavarude oormmakal. rund maasavum oru varshavum kazhinju pankedutthavar avarude prarambha vaikaarika prathikaranangal oormmikkumbol, munkaala vilayiruthalukal vikaarathinte nilavile vilayiruthalukalumayi saamyamullathaayirunnu. vivaada vishayangalil thangalude abhipraayangal charcha cheyyumbol aalukal valia pakshapaatham kaanikkunnu. oormma thirichuvilikkunnathum anubhavangalude nirmmanavum anubandha vaikaarika avasthakalumaayi bandhappett punaravalokanatthinu vidheyamaakunnu.
myside bayas memory recollinginte krithyathaye swaadheenikkunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund. oru pareekshanatthil, vidhavakalum vidhavakalum avarude pankaalikal marichu aarumasavum anchu varshavum kazhinjappol anubhavicha dukhatthinte theevratha vilayiruthi. anchu varshathekkaal aarr maasathil kooduthal dukkham anubhavappettathayi pankedutthavar rekhappeduthi. ennirunnaalum, anchu varshathinu sesham pankedukkunnavarodu avarude pradhana mattoraalude maranathinu sesham aarumaasathin sesham engane anubhavappettuvenn chodichappol, oormmippicha dukhathil pankedukkunnavarude theevratha avarude nilavile dukhavumaayi valareyadhikam bandhappettirikkunnu. munkaala sambhavangal anubhavikkumbol thangalkk engane anubhavappettirikkanam ennu vishakalanam cheyyaan vyakthikal avarude nilavile vaikaarika avasthakal upayogikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. vaikaarika oormmakal nilavile vaikaarika avasthakalaal punarnirmmikkappedunnu.
selective memoric engane extracensory perseptionil (espisi) vishwaasam nilanirthaan kazhiyumennu oru patanam kaanichu. vishwaasikalum avishwaasikalum oororutharum espiyude pareekshanangalude vivaranagal kaanichu. oro groupilum pakuthiyolam aalukalodu pareekshana phalangal espiyude nilanilppine pinthunaykkunnuvennu parayukayum mattullavarkk anganeyallennu parayukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla oru parisodhanayil, pinthunaykkaattha thelivukal vaayicha vishwaasikalkku purame, pankedukkunnavar aaa metteeriyal krithyamaayi oormmippichu. eee group valare kurachu vivarangal maathrame oormmichittulloo, avaril chilar phalangal pinthunaykkunnathaayi thettayi oormmichu.
vyakthigatha vyathyaasangal.
myside pakshapaatham budhiyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave orikkal vishwasikkappettirunnu; ennirunnaalum, padanangal kaanikkunnath budhiyude nilavaarathinu vipareethamaayi yukthisahamaayi chinthikkaanulla kazhivu myside pakshapaathatthe kooduthal swaadheenikkumennu. oru vaadathinte ethir vasham phalapradamaayi yukthisahamaayi vilayiruthaanulla kazhivillaaymaykku myside pakshapaatham kaaranamakum. oru prarambha ashayam enthukondu thettayirikkaam ennathinulla sajeevamaaya thirayal ennartham varunna "sajeevamaaya thuranna manassinte" abhaavamaan myside pakshapaathamenn padanangal prasthaavichittundu. saadhaaranayaayi, anubhavaparamaya padanangalil ethir vashavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avarude vashathe pinthunaykkaan upayogikkunna thelivukalude alavaayaan myside bayas pravartthikkunnathu.
oru patanam myside pakshapaathatthil vyakthigatha vyathyaasangal kandethiyittundu. eee patanam saamskaarika pashchaathalatthil padanatthiloode nedukayum parivarthanakshamamaakkukayum cheiyunna vyakthigatha vyathyaasangal anweshikkunnu. vaadathil pradhanappetta vyakthigatha vyathyasam gaveshakan kandethi. anumaanathmakamaaya yukthisahamaya kazhivu, vishwaasa pakshapaathatthe marikadakkaanulla kazhivu, jnjaanashaasthraparamaaya dhaarana, chintareeti thudangiya vyakthigatha vyathyaasangal yukthiyude pradhana pravachanangalaanennum vaadangal, ethirppukal, nishedhangal enniva srishtikkunnuvennum padanangal soochippikkunnu.
christopher wolf aan brittum nadatthiya oru padanatthil "enthaanu nalla vaadikkunnathu?" ennathinekkurichulla pankaalikal engane veekshikkunnuvennum anweshichu."oru vyakthi swantham vaadangal roopappeduthunna reethiye swaadheenikkunna myside pakshapaathatthinte uravidamaakaam ithu. argumentation skeemayude vyakthigatha vyathyaasangal patanam anweshikkukayum pankedukkunnavarodu upanyasangal ezhuthaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. pankedukkunnavare oru vaadathinte ishtappetta vashathinu anukoolamaayo prathikoolamaayo upanyasangal ezhuthaan kramarahithamayi niyogikkukayum santhulithamo aniyanthrithamo aaya sameepanam sweekarikkunna gaveshana nirddeshangal nalkukayum cheythu. santulita-gaveshana nirddeshangal pankedukkunnavare oru "santulita" vaadam srishtikkaan nirddeshichu, athaayath.iii.athil gunangalum doshangalum ulppedunnu; aniyanthrithamaaya gaveshana nirddeshangalil aargyument engane srishtikkaam ennathinekkurichu onnum ulppeduthiyitla.
mothatthil, santhulithamaaya gaveshana nirddeshangal vaadangalil ethir vivarangalude sambhavangal ganyamaayi vardhippichathaayi phalangal velippeduthi. vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasam oru "uravidam" allennum eee daatta velippeduthunnu; ennirunnaalum, oru nalla vaadam vasthuthakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane vishwasikkunna pankaalikal, mattu pankaalikalekkaal ente pakshapaatham prakadippikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. eee thelivukal baarante lekhanathil nirddeshichittulla avakaashavaadangalumaayi poruthappedunnu-nalla chintha srishtikkunnathinekkur aalukalude abhipraayangal vaadangal engane srishtikkappedunnu ennathine swaadheenikkum.
kandethal.
anoupachaarika nireekshanangal.
sthireekarana pakshapaathathekkurichulla manashaasthraparamaaya gaveshanathinu munbu, eee prathibhasam charithrathiludaneelam nireekshikkappettirunnu. peloponneshyan yudhathil" vazhithettikkappetta kaaranathekkurichu ezhuthiya greak charitrakaaranaaya thusidides (-) ll ninnaan ithu aarambhikkunnath;.. kaaranam, avar aagrahikkunnath ashradhamaaya pratheekshaykk ealppikkukayum avar aagrahikkaathath thallikkalayaan paramadhikaara kaaranam upayogikkukayum cheiyunnathu manushyavargatthinte oru sheelamaan. itaaliyan kavi daanthe alikhiyeri (1265-1321) "divya haasyathil" ithu paraamarshichu, athil sent. thomas akwinas parudeesayil kandumuttumbol daantheykku munnariyipp nalkunnu, "abhiprayam-thidukkam-palappozhum thettaaya vashathekku chaayukayum swantham abhipraayathodulla vaalsalyam manassine bandhippikkukayum parimithappedutthukayum cheiyunnu". ibnu khaldoon thante "mukaddima" yilum ithe prabhavam shradhichu
 novam oorgaanathil", engleesh thathwachinthakanum shaasthranjanumaaya francis bekkan (1561-1626) abhipraayappettath, thelivukalude pakshapathaparamaaya vilayiruthal "jyothishathilum swapnangalilum shakunangalilum divya vidhikalilum allengil athupolulla ellah andhavishwaasangaleyum" nayikkunnu ennaanu. addeham ezhuthi
jarmman thathwachinthakanaaya arther shopenhover thante "dhii waled aas will aandu representation" (1844) enna pusthakatthinte randaam vaalyathil "oru sweekaricha sidhaantham athine sthireekarikkukayum athinu virudhamaaya ellah kaaryangalilum namme andharakkukayum cheiyunna ellaattinum namukk annukal nalkukayum cheiyunnu" ennu nireekshichu."
addehathinte lekhanathil (1897) "enthaanu kala?", russian novelist lioo tolstoy ezhuthi
 daivaraajyam ningalude ullilaanu" enna thante lekhanathil (1894) tolstoy neratthe ezhuthiyirunnu
hypothesis-testing (faalsifikkeshan) vishadeekaranam (vaason).
1960-ll prasidheekaricha peettar vaasante prarambha pareekshanatthil ("sthireekarana pakshapaatham" enna padam paraamarsikkunnilla), samkhyakalude moonnirattikalkku baadhakamaaya oru niyamam thirichariyaan addeham pankedukkunnavare aavarthichu velluvilichu. (2,4,6) niyamathinu anuyojyamaanennu avarodu paranju. avar moonniratti srishtichu, oro moonnum niyamathinu anusrithamaano ennu pareekshanakaari avarodu paranju.
yadhaartha niyamam "eathenkilum aarohana kramam" mathramaayirunnu, ennaal pankedukkunnavarkku athu kandethaan valia budhimuttundaayirunnu, palappozhum "madhyasankhya aadyathethinteyum avasaanathethinteyum sharashari" polulla kooduthal nirddishtamaaya niyamangal prakhyaapikkunnu. pankedukkunnavar positteev udaaharanagal maathrame pareekshichulloo-avarude anumana niyamam anusaricha moonniratti. udaaharanathinu, "oro samkhyayum athinte mungaamiyekkaal rund valuthaanu" enna niyamam aanennu avar karuthukayaanengil, avar (11,12,19) polulla (thettaaya) lamghanangal nadatthiya (thettaaya) triplinekkaal (11,13,15) eee niyamathinu anuyojyamaaya (sthireekarikkappetta) triple vaagdaanam cheyyum.
vyaajarekhayekkaal sthireekaranathinu munganana nalkunnuvennu vaason thante phalangale vyaakhyaanichu, athinaal addeham "sthireekarana pakshapaatham" enna padam upayogichu. thante selection task pareekshanatthinte phalangal vishadeekarikkaan vaason sthireekarana pakshapaathavum upayogichu. eee parisodhanayude vividha roopangalil pankedukkunnavar aavarthichu moshamaayi prakadanam nadatthi, mikka kesukalilum nirddishta niyamam nishedhikkaan (thettayi) saadhyathayulla vivarangal avaganichu.
hypothesis testing (positteev testt straattaji) vishadeekaranam (clayman, haah).
kleymanteyum haah yudeyum 1987 leeii prabandham vaadikkunnathu, vaason pareekshanangal yadhaarthathil sthireekaranathodulla pakshapaatham prakadippikkunnilla, marichu pravartthana sidhaanthavumaayi poruthappedunna parisodhanakal nadathaanulla pravanathayaanu. avar ithine "positteev testt straattaji" ennu vilichu. eee thanthram oru hyooristiksinte udaaharanamaanu apoornnavum ennaal kanakkukoottaan eluppamullathumaaya oru yukthisahamaya kurukkuvazhi. vaason upayogikkunna vyaajanirnayathekkaal bayeshyan probabilityum vivara sidhaanthavum sidhaantha-parisodhanayude maanadandamaayi claiman hayum upayogichu. eee ashayangal anusarichu, oru chodyathinulla oro utharavum vyakthiyude muun vishwaasangale aashrayich vyathyasthamaaya vivarangal nalkunnu. athinaal oru sidhaanthathinte shaasthreeya parisodhana ettavum kooduthal vivarangal nalkumennu prathekshikkunna onnaanu. vivarangalude ulladakkam prarambha saadhyathakale aashrayichirikkunnathil, oru positteev parisodhana valare vivaradaayakamo vivaramillaathatho aakam. aalukal yaadhaarthyabodhamulla prashnangalekkurichu chinthikkumbol, avar oru cheria prarambha saadhyathayode oru prathyeka utharam thedukayaanennu claiman hayum vaadichu. eee saahacharyathil, positteev parisodhanakal saadhaaranayaayi negatteevu parishodhanakalekkaal kooduthal vivaradaayakamaanu. ennirunnaalum, vaasoninte ruul discovery task utharam-aarohana kramatthil moonnu samkhyakal-valare vishaalamaan, athinaal positteev parisodhanakal vivaradaayakamaaya utharangal nalkaan saadhyathayilla. niyamathinu anuyojyamalla" ennathinupakaram "daaks", "medu" ennee labelukal upayogicha oru pareekshanam udharichu claiman hayum avarude vishakalanathe pinthunachu. kuranja saadhyathayulla niyamam kandethuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyamenn soochippikkunnathu ithu ozhivaakki. pareekshanatthinte eee pathippil pankedutthavarkku kooduthal vijayam labhichu.
ithum mattu vimarsanangalum kanakkileduthu, gaveshanathinte shradha oru sidhaanthathinte sthireekaranavum vyajavalkkaranavum, aalukal sidhaanthangal vivaradaayakamaaya reethiyil pareekshikkunnundo atho vivaramillathathum ennaal anukoolavumaaya reethiyil parishodhikkunnundo ennathilekku maari. yadhaartha" sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinaayulla thirayal aalukal vivarangal engane prosess cheiyunnu ennathil vishalamaaya phalangal nokkaan manasshaasthranjare nayichu.
vivara samskarana vishadeekaranangal.
sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinte moonnu pradhana vivara samskarana vishadeekaranangalum sameepakaala kootticherkalukalum nilavil undu.
cognitive vezhsas mottiveshanal.
roobert makkoun parayunnathanusarichu, mikka pakshapathaparamaaya thelivu samskaranavum "colled" (cognitive), "hoott" (promoted) samvidaanangalude samyojanathiloodeyaanu nadakkunnathu.
sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinulla vaijnjaanika vishadeekaranangal sankeernamaaya jolikal kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla aalukalude kazhivile parimithikaleyum avar upayogikkunna "hyooristiks" ennu vilikkunna kurukkuvazhikaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. udaaharanathinu, oru prathyeka ashayam ethra eluppathil manassil varunnu ennathinartham "labhyatha huristic" upayogichukondu aalukalkk thelivukalude vishwaasyatha vilayiruthaam. aalukalkk oru samayam oru chinthayil maathrame shradha kendreekarikkaan kazhiyoo ennathinaal badal sidhaanthangal samaantharamaayi pareekshikkaan prayaasamaan. claiman hayum thiricharinja positteev testt straattajiyaan mattoru huristic, athil aalukal oru vasthuvo sambhavamo sambhavikkumennu prathekshikkunna kesukal parishodhichu oru sidhaantham parishodhikkunnu. eee huristic saadhyamaaya oro chodyavum ethratholam diagnostic aayirikkumenn pravarthippikkunnathinu budhimuttullatho asaadhyamo aaya dauthyam ozhivaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu saarvathrikamaayi vishwasaneeyamallaathathinaal aalukalkk avarude nilavilulla vishwaasangalodulla velluvilikal avaganikkanaakum.
prachodanaathmaka vishadeekaranangalil vishwaasathil aagrahathinte swaadheenam ulppedunnu. aalukal pala tharatthil negatteevu chinthakalekkaal positteev chinthakal eshtappedunnuvennu ariyappedunnu ithine "polyaana thathwam" ennu vilikkunnu. vaadangalkko thelivukalude srothassukalkko prayogikkunna ithu, aavasyamulla nigamanangal sariyaanennu vishwasikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayundennu vishadeekarikkum. nigamanatthinte abhilashaneeyathaye kaikaaryam cheiyunna pareekshanangal anusarichu, aalukal abhikaamyamallaatha aashayangalkk uyarnna nilavaaramulla thelivum mungananayulla aashayangalkk thaazhnna nilavaravum aavashyappedunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, avar chodikkunnu, "enikku ithu vishwasikkaan kazhiyumo?"chila nirddeshangalkku," njaan ithu vishwasikkano?"mattullavarkk vendi. sthiratha manobhaavangalude abhikaamyamaaya savisheshathayaanenkilum, sthirathaykkulla amithamaya prachodanam pakshapaathatthinte mattoru srothassaanu, kaaranam ithu puthiyathum athishayakaravumaya vivarangal nishpakshamaayi vilayiruthunnathil ninnu aalukale thadanjekkaam. saamoohika manasshaasthranjanaaya siva kunda, bodhaparavum prachodanaathmakavumaaya sidhaanthangal samyojippichu, prachodanam pakshapaatham srishtikkunnuvennum ennaal vaijnjaanika gadakangal phalatthinte valuppam nirnnayikkunnuvennum vaadikkunnu.
chelavu-aanukoolyam.
chelavu-aanukoolya vishakalanathinte adisthaanathil aalukal sidhaanthangal thaalpparyamillaatha reethiyil pareekshikkuka mathramalla, vyathyastha pishakukalude chelavu vilayiruthukayum cheiyunnuvennu anumaanikkunnu. parinaama manahshaasthrathil ninnulla ashayangal upayogichu, jaims friedrich nirddeshikkunnathu aalukal praadhamikamaayi sidhaanthangal pareekshikkunnathil sathyathe lakshyamidunnillennum ennaal ettavum chelaveria pishakukal ozhivakkaan shramikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, thozhiludamakal thozhil abhimukhangalil ekapaksheeyamaaya chodyangal chodichekkaam, kaaranam avar anuyojyamallaatha udyogaarthikale kalayunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. yakov trope akiva lieberman eee sidhaanthathe parishkkarichukondu aalukal rund vyathyastha tharam pishakukale thaarathamyam cheiyunnuvennu anumanikkunnu oru thettaaya sidhaantham sweekarikkuka allengil oru yadhaartha sidhaantham nirasikkuka. udaaharanathinu, oru suhruthinte sathyasandhathaye kurachukaanunna oraal avanodu allengil avalumayi samshayaaspadamaayi perumaarukayum souhrudathe durbalappeduthukayum cheythekkaam. suhruthinte sathyasandhatha amithamaayi vilayiruthunnathum chelaveriyathayirikkaam, pakshe athu kuravaanu. eee saahacharyathil, avarude sathyasandhathayude thelivukal pakshapathaparamaaya reethiyil thedukayo vilayiruthukayo oormmikkukayo cheiyunnathu yukthisahamayirikkum. aarkkenkilum antharmukhanaayitto bahirmukhanaayitto ulla oru prarambha dhaarana nalkumbol, aaa daaranayumaayi poruthappedunna chodyangal kooduthal sahaanubhoothiyullathaayi kaanapedunnu. ithu soochippikkunnathu oru antharmukhanaayi thonnunna oralumaayi samsaarikkumbol, "saamoohika saahacharyangalil ningalkk aswasthatha thonnunnundo?" ennu chodikkunnathu mikacha saamoohika kazhivukalude adayaalamaanu."pakaram," ningalkk shabdamundaakkunna partykal ishtamaano?"koleju vidyaarthikalkku mattullavare engane arian kazhiyum ennathinekkurichulla oru padanatthiloode sthireekarana pakshapaathavum saamoohika kazhivukalum thammilulla bandham sthireekarikkappettu. paristhithiyodum saamoohika maanadandangalodum kooduthal sensitiivu aaya uyarnna svayam nireekshana vidyaarthikal, saha vidyaarthikale ariyunnathinekkaal uyarnna nilavaaramulla staaf amgathe abhimukham nadathumbol kooduthal poruthappedunna chodyangal chodichu.
paryavekshanavum sthireekaranavum.
manasshaasthranjaraaya jennifer lerner philipp tetlokkum rund vyathyastha tharam chinta prakriyakale verthirikkunnu. "paryavekshana chintha" onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukal nishpakshamaayi pariganikkukayum oru prathyeka nilapaadinu saadhyamaaya ellah ethirppukalum munkootty kaanaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam "sthireekarana chintha" oru prathyeka kaazhchappaadine nyaayeekarikkan shramikkunnu. aalukal thangalude nilapad ithinakam ariyaavunna mattullavarodu nyaayeekarikkan pratheekshikkumbol, avar aaa aalukalkk samanamaaya nilapad sweekarikkukayum thudarnnu avarude vishwaasyatha vardhippikkunnathinu sthireekarana chintha upayogikkukayum cheiyumennu lerner tetlokkum parayunnu. ennirunnaalum, baahya kakshikal amithamaayi aakramanakaarikalo vimarshanaathmakaro aanenkil, aalukal chinthayil ninnu poornnamaayum akannupookukayum nyaayeekaranamillathe avarude vyakthiparamaaya abhipraayangal prakadippikkukayum cheyyum. nannayi arivullavarum sathyathil aathmaarthamaayi thaalpparyamullavarum ithinakam ariyaatha kazhchappaadukalullavarumaaya mattullavarodu svayam vishadeekarikkendathunde munkootty ariyumbol maathrame aalukal vimarsanaathmakamaayum yukthiparamaayum chinthikkaan svayam prerippikkoo ennu lerner tetlokkum parayunnu. aaa vyavasthakal apoorvvamaayi maathrame nilanilkkunnulloo ennathinaal, mikka aalukalum mikka samayathum sthireekarana chinthayaanu upayogikkunnathennaan avar vaadikkunnathu.
vishwasikkuka.
vikasana manasshaasthranjanaaya eevu vitmor vaadichathu, sthireekarikkal pakshapaathatthil ulppedunna vishwaasangalkkum pakshapaathangalkkum avayude verukal kuttikkaalatthe make-bileeviloode neridunnathilaanu, ithu "praayapoorthiyaayavarkkal kooduthal sankeernamaaya svayam vanchanaykkum midhyaadhaaranaykkum" adisthaanamaakunnu."kaumaarapraayatthil chodyam cheiyunnathiloodeyum vimarsanaathmaka chinthakal vikasippikkunnathiloode undaakunna samgharsham thettaaya vishwaasangalude yukthisahamaakkalilekk nayikkum, atharam yukthisahamaakkal seelam varshangalayi abodhaavasthayilaakum.
yadhaartha loka efakttukal.
soshyal media.
soshyal mediayil, filter kumilakal allengil "algoritam editting" upayogikkunnathiloode sthireekarana pakshapaatham vardhippikkunnu, ithu vyakthikalkk avar sammathikkaan saadhyathayulla vivarangal maathram pradarshippikkunnu, athesamayam ethir kaazhchappaadukal ozhivaakkunnu. filter kumilakalil ninnu samoohathinu orikkalum rakshappedaan kazhiyaathathinte kaaranam sthireekarana pakshapaathamaanennu chilar vaadichu, kaaranam vyakthikal avarude munkaala moolyangalodum vishwaasangalodum yojikkunna vivarangal thedaan maanasikamaayi kadinamayavaraanu. eee "algoritam editting" vaividhyamaarnna kaazhchappaadukalum vivarangalum neekkam cheiyunnuvennum filter bubble algorithangal neekkam cheythillengil watermark poornnamaayum arivulla rashtreeya theerumaanangal edukkaan kazhiyillennum avakaashappedunna iva randinteyum misritham janaadhipathyathe tharamthaazhthunnuvennum mattullavar vaadichu.
soshyal meediyayude uyarcha vyaajavaarthakalude athivega vyaapanathin valareyadhikam sambhavana nalkiyittundu, athaayath vishwasaneeyamennu thonnunna uravidathil ninnu vishwasaneeyamaaya vaarthayayi avatharippikkunna thettayathum thettidharippikkunnathu vivarangal. eee saahacharyangalil vimarsanaathmaka chinthakal vazhithettikkunnath enthukondaanennu udharikkunna moonnu pradhana thadassangalilonnaanu sthireekarana pakshapaatham (oraalude vishwaasangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi thelivukal thiranjedukkukayo punarvyaakhyaanikkukayo cheyyuka). mattu rund kurukkuvazhikal (amithamaayatho samayakkuravo aayirikkumbol, aalukal group samavayam allengil oru vidagthaneyo roll modalineo vishwasikkunnathu polulla lalithamaaya niyamangale aasrayikkunnu), saamoohika lakshyangal (saamoohika prachodanam allengil samapraayakkaarude sammarddam vasthuthakalude vasthunishtamaaya vishakalanathe thadassappeduthum) ennivayaanu.
vyaajavaarthakalude vyaapanathe cherukkunnathil, soshyal media sittukal "digital nadjingilekku" thiriyunnathinekkurichu pariganichittundu. ithu nilavil rund vyathyastha roopathilulla nadjingil cheyyaan kazhiyum. vivarangalude nagjing, avatharanathinte nagjing enniva ithil ulppedunnu. vivarangal nadjai nalkumbol soshyal media sittukal oru nirakaranam allengil label chodyam cheyyal allengil uravidathinte saadhuthayekkurich upayokthaakkalkk munnariyipp nalkunnathu ulppedunnu, athesamayam avatharanam nadjai nalkumbol upayokthaakkale puthiya vivarangal thurannukaattunnath ulppedunnu, athu avar anweshikkaanidayilla, pakshe avarude swantham sthireekarana pakshapaathangale cherukkiyekkaavunna kaazhchappaadukalilekk avare parichayappedutthaam.
shaasthravum shaasthra gaveshanavum.
shaasthreeya chinthayude oru savisheshatha sthireekarikkunnathino pinthunaykkunnathino ulla thelivukalude (inductive reasoning) thirachilum vyaja thelivukalude (deductive reasoning) thirachilumaanu. inductive gaveshanathinu prathyekichum sthireekarana pakshapaathatthil gurutharamaaya prashnamundaakaam.
shaasthracharithrathil palathavana, prathikoolamaaya daattaye thiranjedutthu vyaakhyaanikkukayo avaganikkukayo cheythukondu shaasthranjar puthiya kandethalukale ethirthu. thangalude muun vishwaasangalumaayi poruthappedaattha kandethalukal report cheiyunna padanangalekkaal kooduthal anukoolamaayi thangalude muun vishwaasangalumaayi poruthappedunna kandethalukal report cheiyunna padanangale shaasthranjar vilayiruthunnuvennu niravadhi padanangal theliyichittundu.
ennirunnaalum, gaveshana chodyam prasakthamaanennum, pareekshanathmaka roopakalppana paryaapthamaanennum daatta vyakthamayum samagramaayum vivarichittundennum karuthuka, labhicha anubhavaparamaya daatta shaasthreeya samoohathinu pradhaanamaayirikkanam, avaa nilavile saidhaanthika pravachanangalumayi poruthappedunnundo ennathu pariganikkathe munvidhikalode kaanendathilla. praayogikamaayi, gaveshakar avarude mundaaranakalkk virudhamaaya ellah padanangalum thettayi manassilaakkukayo thettayi vyaakhyaanikkukayo vaayikkukayo allengil avarude avakaashavaadangale yadhaarthathil pinthunaykkunnathupole avare thettayi udharikkukayo cheythekkaam.
koodaathe, aparyaapthamo vairudhyamo aaya thelivukal undengilppolum sthireekarana pakshapaathangalkk shaasthreeya sidhaanthangalo gaveshana paripaadikaloo nilanirthaan kazhiyum. parasaikolajiyude achadakkam palappozhum oru udaaharanamaayi udharikkappedunnu, athu oru proto sayans aano atho oru suedo sayans aano ennathinte pashchaathalatthil.
oru pareekshanakaarante sthireekarana pakshapaatham eathu daattayaan report cheyyappedunnathu ennathine badhikkum. pareekshanakaarante pratheekshakalumaayi vairudhyamulla daatta vishwasaneeyamallaathathayi kooduthal eluppathil upekshikkappedaam, ithu phayal droyer ephakt ennu vilikkappedunnu. eee pravanathaye cherukkunnathinu, shaasthreeya pariseelanam pakshapaatham thadayunnathinulla vazhikal padippikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, kramarahithamaya niyantritha pareekshanangalude pareekshanathmaka roopakalppana (avayude chittayaya avalokanathodoppam) pakshapaathatthinte uravidangal kuraykkaan lakshyamidunnu.
piyar reviewinte saamoohika prakriya vyakthigatha shaasthranjarude pakshapaathangalude prabhavam laghookarikkaanaanu lakshyamidunnathu, piyar review prakriya thanne atharam pakshapaathangalkk vidheyamaakaamenkilum sthireekarana pakshapaatham anukoolamallaatha phalangalekkurichulla vasthunishtamaaya vilayiruthalukalk prathyekichum doshakaramaakaam, kaaranam pakshapathaparamaaya vyakthikal ethir thelivukal thathwathil durbalamaanennu kanakkaakkukayum avarude vishwaasangal parishkarikkunnathin gauravamaaya chintha nalkukayum cheythekkaam. shaasthreeya naveenashayakkaar palappozhum shaasthreeya samoohathil ninnu prathirodham neridunnu, vivaadaparamaaya phalangal avatharippikkunna gaveshanangalkk palappozhum kadinamaaya samapraaya avalokanam labhikkunnu.
saambathikam.
avarude thanthrangalkk panam nashtappedumennathinte thelivukal avaganichukondu sthireekarana pakshapaatham nikshepakare amita aathmavishwaasathilekku nayichekkaam. rashtreeya ohari vipanikalekkurichulla padanangalil, pakshapaathatthe ethirthappol nikshepakar kooduthal labham nedi. udaaharanathinu, oru sthaanaarthiyude samvaada prakadanatthe pakshapathaparamaaya reethiyil vyaakhyaanikkunnathinekkal nishpakshamaayi vyaakhyaanicha pankaalikalkk labham nedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinte phalathe cherukkaan, nikshepakarkku "vaadathinuvendi" vipareeta veekshanam sweekarikkaan sramikkaam. oru saankethikavidyayil, avarude nikshepangal thakarnnuvennu avar sangalppikkukayum enthukondaanu ithu sambhavikkunnathenn svayam chodikkukayum cheiyunnu.
vaidyavum aarogyavum.
medical general praakteeshanarmaarudeyum (gps) medical specialistukaludeyum klinikkal theerumaanamedukkunnathil cognitive pakshapaathangal pradhana gadakangalaanu. sthireekarana pakshapaathavum overlapping labhyatha pakshapaathavumaan rund pradhana karyangal. oru jipi oru parishodhanaykkide neratthe roganirnayam nadathukayum thudarnnu thelivukal thettayi theliyikkunathinupakaram sthireekarikkunna thelivukal thedukayum cheyyaam. roganirnayam nadakkunnathaayi karuthappedunna thakaraarinekkurichulla thelivukalude labhyathayaan eee vaijnjaanika pishakin bhaagikamaayi kaaranamaakunnath. udaaharanathinu, klayant eee thakararinekkurichu paraamarshichittundaakam, allengil jipi aduthide eee thakararinekkurichu valareyadhikam charcha cheytha oru paper vaayichittundaakam. eee cognitive kurukkuvazhi allengil hyooristiksinte (ankering ennu vilikkunnu) adisthaanam doctor thelivukalude adisthaanathil onniladhikam saadhyathakal pariganikkunnilla ennathaanu, marichu oru kaaranatthe akaalathil (allengil ankerukal) thadayunnu ennathaanu. emarjansi medisinil, samaya sammarddam kaaranam, theerumaanamedukkunnathil uyarnna saandrathayundu, kurukkuvazhikal pathivayi prayogikkunnu. sariyaaya debising thanthrangal sthaapikkunnathinu, eee vaijnjaanika theerumaanangalude parajaya nirakk sambhavikkaan saadhyathayulla 30 allengil athil kooduthal vaijnjaanika pakshapaathangalekkurichu vidyaabhyaasam kaikaaryam cheyyendathundu. sthirothsaahamulla rogikalil ninnulla sammarddam kaaranam doctormar anaavashya vaidya nadapadikramangal nadatthaan sthireekarana pakshapaatham kaaranamaayekkam.
psychologistaaya reymond nickerson, shaasthreeya vaidyashaasthrathinte varavinu munbu noottaandukalaayi upayogichirunna phalapradamallaatha medical nadapadikramangalkku sthireekarana pakshapaathatthe kuttappeduthunnu. oru rogi sukham praapikkukayaanenkil, rogam athinte swaabhaavika gathi pinthudarnnuvennathupola badal vishadeekaranangal thedunnathinupakaram, chikitsa vijayakaramaanennu medical adhikaarikal kanakkakki. badal vaidyashaasthrathinte aadhunika aakarshanathil pakshapathaparamaaya swaamsheekaranam oru gadakamaanu, athinte vakthaakkal positteev upakhyaana thelivukalaal swaadheenikkappedunnu, pakshe shaasthreeya thelivukale valare vimarsanaathmakamaayi pariganikkunnu.
aaron tii aanu cognitive therapy vikasippichath. 1960 kalude thudakkathil oru janapriya sameepanamaayi maari. beck parayunnathanusarichu, pakshapathaparamaaya vivara samskaranam vishaadathinu oru gadakamaanu. negatteevu kaazhchappaadukale thiranjedutthu shakthippeduthunnathinum thelivukale nishpakshamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaan addehathinte sameepanam aalukale padippikkunnu. bhayavum hypocondria bheeshanippeduthunna vivarangalkk sthireekarana pakshapaatham ulkkollunnathayi theliyikkappettittund.
raashtreeyam, niyamam, police.
judicial, rashtreeya sandarbhangalil nyaayavaadam chilappol upabodhamanassode pakshapaathaparamaanennum jadjimaro joorikalo sarkkaarukalo ithinakam prathijnjaabadhamaaya nigamanangale anukoolikkunnuvennum nickerson vaadikkunnu. juurii vichaaranayile thelivukal sankeernamaayirikkumennaal, joorikal palappozhum vidiyekkurichulla theerumaanangalil neratthe athunnu ennathinaal, oru manobhaava dhruveekarana phalam pratheekshikkunnath nyaayayukthamaan. joorikal kooduthal thelivukal kaanumbol avarude kaazhchappaadukalil kooduthal theevramaakumenna pravachanam mookk trial pareekshanangalil uyarnnuvannittund. anweshanaathmakavum prathikoolavumaaya criminal neethinyaaya samvidaanangale sthireekarana pakshapaatham badhikkunnu.
vaikaarikamaayi charjju cheytha samvaadangal muthal yudhangal vare samgharshangal srishtikkunnathino vipuleekarikkunnathino sthireekarana pakshapaatham oru gadakamaakaam thelivukal avarkk anukoolamaayi vyaakhyaanikkunnathiloode, oro ethir kakshikkum athu sakthamaaya sthaanathaanennu amita aathmavishwaasam thonnam. maruvashathu, sthireekarana pakshapaatham aalukal asannamaayatho praarambhamo aaya samgharshathinte adayaalangal avaganikkunnathino thettayi vyaakhyaanikkunnathino kaaranamakum. udaaharanathinu, manasshaasthranjaraaya stuvartt sida thomas kida oororutharum yuu ennu vaadichittundu.ezz. navikasena admiral bharthaav iii. muthukadalthaavalathinu nereyulla japanese aakramanathinte aadya lakshanagal kurachukaanumbol kimmel sthireekarana pakshapaatham kaanichu.
rashtreeya pandittukalekkurichulla rund pathittaand neenda patanam philipp iii. mothatthil, avarude pravachanangal avasarathekkaal mikachathallennu tetlokku kandethi. tetlokku vidagthare onniladhikam sidhaanthangal nilanirthunna "kurukkanmaar" ennum kooduthal pishaachukkalaaya "mullanpaambukal" ennum vibhajichu. pothuve, mullanpaambukal valare krithyathayillaathavayaayirunnu. sthireekarana pakshapaathavum avarude nilavilulla sidhaanthangalkku virudhamaaya puthiya vivarangal upayogikkaanulla avarude kazhivillaaymayum tetlokku avarude paraajayatthe kuttappedutthi.
police anweshanathil, oru detective oru anweshanathinte thudakkathil thanne oru prathiye thirichariyaan saadhyathayund, ennaal chilappol vyaja thelivukal avaganikkukayo kurachukaanikkukayo cheythukondu thelivukale pinthunaykkukayo sthireekarikkukayo cheiyunnu.
saamoohika manahshaasthram.
aalukal thangalekkurichulla vivarangal thedunnathilo vyaakhyaanikkunnathilo rund pravanathakal saamoohika manasshaasthranjar thiricharinjittundu. "svayam parisodhana" ennathu nilavilulla svayam-prathichaayaye shakthippeduthunnathinu sramamaanu, "svayam-mechappeduthal" ennathu anukoolamaaya prathikaranam thedunnathinulla sramamaanu. sthireekarana pakshapaathathaal iva randum sevikkunnu. aalukalkk avarude svayam-prathichaayayumaayi vairudhyamulla feedback nalkunna pareekshanangalil, svayam-sthireekarana feedback nalkunnathinekkaal avar athil pankedukkaano oormmikkaano ulla saadhyatha kuravaanu. atharam vivarangal vishwasaneeyamallennu vyaakhyaanichukondu avayude swaadheenam kuraykkunnu. samanamaaya pareekshanangal negatteevu feedbaakkinekkaal positteev feedbackinum athu nalkunna aalukalkkum munganana nalkunnu.
bahujana vyaamohangal.
vanthothilulla vyaamohangal pracharippikkunnathil sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinu pradhana punk vahikkaan kazhiyum. manthravaada vichaaranakal palappozhum oru udaaharanamaayi udharikkappedunnu.
mattoru udaaharanathinu, siyaattil windshield pitting pakarchavyaadhiyil, anjjaathamaaya oru kaaranam moolam windsheeldukalkku kedupaadukal sambhavicha oru "pitting pakarchavyaadhi" undennu thonni. kedupaadukalude tharamgathekkurichulla vaarthakal pracharichathode, kooduthal kooduthal aalukal avarude windsheeldukal parishodhichu, avarude windsheeldukalkkum kedupaadukal sambhavichathayi kandethi, angane pakarchavyaadhiyekkurichu vishwaasam sthireekarikkunnu. vaasthavathil, windsheeldukalkku munbu kedupaadukal sambhavichirunnuvenkilum, bhrant padarunnathode aalukal avarude windsheeldukal parishodhikkunnathuvare kedupaadukal sradhikkappedaathe pooyi.
paranormal vishwaasangal.
manashaasthraparamaaya vaayanayude aakarshanathile oru ghadakam srothaakkal avarude swantham jeevithavumaayi maanasikamaya prasthaavanakalk anuyojyamaaya oru sthireekarana pakshapaatham prayogikkunnu ennathaanu. oro yogathilum dhaaraalam avyakthamaaya prasthavanakal nadathunnathiloode, maanasikarogiyaya vyakthi klayantinu oru poruttham kandethanulla kooduthal avasarangal nalkunnu. klayantinekkurichulla munkoor vivarangalonnumillathe oru manasshaasthranjanu aathmanishtamaayi aakarshakamaaya vaayana nalkaan kazhiyunna colled readinginte saankethikavidyakalilonnathi. anweshakanaaya jaims randy oru vaayanayude traanscriptine aaa manasshaasthranjan paranja kaaryangalekkurichulla klayantinte reportumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum klayant "hittukale" kurichu sakthamaaya thiranjeduttha oormma kaanikkunnathayi kandethukayum cheythu.
yadhaartha lokathile sthireekarana pakshapaathatthinte sradheyamaaya thithreekaranamaayi, nickerson samkhyaashaasthra pyramidology paraamarsikkunnu eejipshyan pyramidukalude anupaathathil ardham kandethunnathinulla reethi. udaaharanathinu, gisayude valia pyramid, avaa samyojippikkunnathino kaikaaryam cheiyunnathino ulla niravadhi vazhikal enniva upayogichu niravadhi vyathyastha dairkhya alavukal undakkaam. athinaal eee samkhyakale thiranjedutthu nokkunna aalukal upariplavamaayi aakarshakamaaya anuroopangal kandethunnathu mikkavarum anivaaryamaan, udaaharanathinu bhoomiyude alavukalumayi.
niyamanavum thiranjeduppum.
thozhil niyamanathile abodhaavasthayilulla vaijnjaanika pakshapaatham (sthireekarana pakshapaatham ulppede) niyamana theerumaanangale baadikkukayum vaividyamaarnnathum ulkkollunnathumaaya jolisthalathe nirodhikkukayum cheyyum. recruitment theerumaanangale badhikkunna vividatharam abodhaavasthayilulla pakshapaathangalund, ennaal sthireekarana pakshapaatham pradhana onnaanu, prathyekichu abhimukha ghattathil. mattu udyogaarthikal thulyamo mikachatho aaya yogyathayullavaraanenkilum, abhimukham nadathunnayaal palappozhum avarude swantham vishwaasangal sthireekarikkunna oru udyogaarthiye thiranjedukkum.
anubandha phalangalum phalangalum.
abhipraayathinte dhruveekaranam.
ethir kazhchappadukalulla aalukal puthiya vivarangal pakshapathaparamaayi vyaakhyaanikkumbol, avarude kaazhchappaadukalkk kooduthal verittunilkkaan kazhiyum. ithine "manobhaava dhruveekaranam" ennu vilikkunnu. maranjirikkunna rund "bingo baaskattukalil" onnil ninnu chuvapp, karupp panthukalude oru parambara varaykkunna oru pareekshanatthiloodeyaanu eee prabhavam prakadamaayathu. oru baaskattil 60 sathamaanam karuppum 40 sathamaanam chuvappum, mattonnil 40 sathamaanam karuppum 60 sathamaanam chuvappum undennu pankedutthavarkku ariyamaayirunnu. marimari niratthilulla panthukal varachappol enthaanu sambhavichathenn pareekshanakaaranmar nokki, ithu rund baaskattinum anukoolamallaatha oru kramamaanu. oro panthum samanilayilaayathin sesham, oru groupile pankaalikalkk onno athiladhikamo baaskattil ninnu panthukal valikkanulla saadhyathayekkurichulla avarude vidhikal uchathil parayaan aavasyappettu. eee pankaalikal oro thudarchayaaya samanilayilum kooduthal aathmavishwaasam valarthaan pravanatha kaanichu-thudakkathil 60 sathamaanam karutha panthukalulla basket allengil 60 sathamaanam chuvanna panthukalulla basket aanu kooduthal saadhyathayulla uravidamennu avar karuthiyirunnalum, avarude saadhyathayekkurichulla kanakk vardhichu. oro panthinum sheshamullathinekkaal samanilayilaya panthukalude oru parambarayude avasaanam maathrame probability esttimettukal parayaan pankedukkunna mattoru samghathodu aavasyappettulloo. avar dhruveekarana prabhavam kaanichilla, aalukal ethir sthaanangal vahikkumbol mathramalla, avarodu parasyamaayi prathijnjaabadharaakumbozha ithu sambhavikkunnathenn soochippikkunnu.
stanford pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaana pareekshanamaayirunnu amoorthamaaya oru patanam, athil vadhashikshayekkurich sakthamaaya abhipraayangalulla pankaalikal sammishra pareekshanathmaka thelivukalekkurichu vaayikkunnu. pankedutthavaril irupathimoonnu sathamaanam perum thangalude kaazhchappaadukal kooduthal theevramaayitheernnuvennum eee svayam report cheytha maattam avarude prarambha manobhavangalumaayi shakthamayi bandhappettirikkunnavum report cheythu. pinneedulla pareekshanangalil, avyakthamaaya vivarangalkk marupadiyaayi thangalude abhipraayangal kooduthal theevramaakunnathaayi pankedukkunnavar report cheythu. ennirunnaalum, puthiya thelivukalkku munbum sheshavumulla avarude manobhaavangalude thaarathamyangal kaaryamaaya mattamonnum kaanichilla, ithu svayam report cheytha mattangal yadhaarthamaayirikkillenna soochippikkunnu. eee pareekshanangale adisthaanamaakki, dhruveekaranam oru yadhaartha prathibhaasamaanenkilum anivaaryamallennum, oru cheria nyoonapaksha kesukalil maathrame sambhavikkunnulloovennum, sammishra thelivukal pariganikkunnathiloode mathramalla, vishayathekkurichu chinthikkunnathiloodeyum ithu prachodippikkappettuve deana kuhn joseph lavo nigamanam cheythu.
pilkkala pareekshanangalil upayogicha vaadangal vaikaarika prathikaranam ulavakkaan kazhiyaathathra amoorthamo aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunnathu aayathinal stanford teaminte phalam aavarthikkaan prayaasamaanennu chaals taber milttan lodge vaadichu. thokku niyanthranavum sthireekarana pravartthanavum enna vaikaarikamaayi charjju cheytha vishayangal tabber aandu lodge patanam upayogichu. charchayude iruvashathumulla vaadangal vaayikkunnathin munbum sheshavum eee vishayangalodulla avarude pankaalikalkulla manobhaavam avar alannu. pankedukkunnavarude rund grouppukal manobhaava dhruveekaranam kaanichu sakthamaaya muun abhipraayangalullavarum rashtreeya parijnjaanamullavarum. eee padanatthinte bhaagamaayi, pareekshanakar thayyarakkiya pattikayil ninnu eathu vivara srothassukalaanu vaayikkendathennu pankedukkunnavar thiranjedutthu. udaaharanathinu, thokku niyanthranathekkurichu deseeya raifil associationteyum brady aanti-handgon sakhyathinteyum vaadangal avarkk vaayikkaan kazhiyum. thulyamanaskanaakaan nirddeshichaalum, pankedukkunnavarkku avarude nilavilulla manobhaavangale pinthunaykkunna vaadangal vaayikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. vivarangalkkayulla eee pakshapathaparamaaya thirayal dhruveekarana falavumaayi nannayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
thangalude vishwaasangalkku ethiraaya thelivukal nalkiyaal, aalukalkk thelivukal nirasikkaanum kooduthal shakthamayi vishwasikkaanum kazhiyumenna kandethalinte peraanu. 2010ll brendon naihan jayson reifler chernnaanu eee vaachakam aavishkarichathu. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla gaveshanangalkk backfire efakttine pinthunaykkunna kandethalukal aavarthikkunnathil parajayappettu. ohaayo stettu yooniversittiyil ninnum jorjju washington yooniversittiyil ninnum nadatthiya oru padanatthil pankeduttha 10,100 peril 52 vyathyastha prasnangal oru thirichadiyude phalathinu kaaranamaakumenn prathekshikkunnu. thangalude prathyayashaasthrathinu virudhamaaya vasthuthakal sweekarikkaan vyakthikal vimukhatha kaanikkunnuvenn kandethalukal nigamanam cheythenkilum, thirichadiyude kesukalonnum kandethiyitla. backfire prabhavam oru saadhaarana sambhavathekkaal apoorvamaaya oru prathibhaasamaanennu pinneedu sradhikkappettu (boomerang prabhavam thaarathamyam cheyyuka).
apakeerthikaramaaya vishwaasangalude sthiratha.
vishwaasangalude sthirathaykku sthireekarana pakshapaathangal avayude prarambha thelivukal neekkam cheiyumbozho avaa shakthamayi vairudhyamullappozho vishwasaneeyamaaya oru vishadeekaranam nalkunnu. eee vishwaasathinte sthirothsaaham aadyamaayi pareekshanaadisthaanathil prakadippichathu festinger, rican, scatcher ennivaraanu. 1954 desember 21nuu lokam avasaanikkumenn amgangalkku bodhyamulla oru aaraadhanaalayathodoppam eee manasshaasthranjar samayam chelavazhichu. pravachanam paraajayappettathinusheshavum mikka vishwaasikalum avarude vishwaasathil urachuninnu. eee gaveshanam vivarikkunna avarude pusthakathinu "pravachanam paraajayappedumbol" ennu uchithamaaya peru nalkiyittundu.
ennirunnaalum, "debriefing maathruka" ennu vilikkappedunna pareekshanangalude oru parambarayilaanu "vishwaasaparamaaya sthirothsaaham" enna padam srishtichatha pankedukkunnavar oru sidhaanthathinu vyaja thelivukal vaayikkunnu, avarude manobhaava maattam alakkunnu, thudarnnu vyaajavaadam vishadamaayi thurannukaattappedunnu. avarude vishwaasam athinte muun nilavaaratthilekku madangunnundo ennu arian avarude manobhaavangal orikkal koodi alakkunnu.
oru pothu kandethal, oru poornna debriefingin sheshavum prarambha vishwaasathil chilathenkilum avasheshikkunnu ennathaanu. oru pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavarkku yadhaarthavum vyajavumaaya aathmahathyaakkurippukal thammil verthirichariyanamaayirunnu. prathikaranam kramarahithamaayirunnu chilarodu avar nannayi pravarthichuvennu parayukayum mattullavar moshamaayi pravarthichuvennu parayukayum cheythu. poornnamaayum debrief cheythathinusheshavum, pankedukkunnavare feedback swaadheenichu. thudakkathil paranjathine aashrayich itharathilulla joliyil thangal saraashariyekkaal mikachavaro moshamo aanennu avar appozhum karuthi.
mattoru padanatthil, pankedukkunnavar rund agnishamana senaamgangalude thozhil prakadana ratingukalum risk avarshan testtinulla avarude prathikaranangalum vaayikkunnu. eee saangalppika daatta oru negatteevu allengil positteev bandham kaanikkunnathinaanu krameekarichirikkunnath pankedukkunnavaril chilarodu risk edukkunna oru agnishamana senangam mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnuvennu parayukayum mattullavarkk risk-verukkunna sahapravarthakanekkaal nannayi pravartthikkunnillenna parayukayum cheythu. eee rund cases padanangalum sathyamaayirunnengilppum, avaa pothuve agnishamana senayekkurichulla oru nigamanathinu shaasthreeyamaayi mosham thelivukalayirikkum. ennirunnaalum, pankedukkunnavar avare aathmanishtamaayi bodhyappedutthi. cases padanangal saangalppikamaanennu theliyikkappettappol, oru linkilulla pankaalikalkulla vishwaasam kuranjuvenkilum yadhaartha phalatthinte pakuthiyolam avasheshichu. thudarnnulla abhimukhangal pankedutthavar debriefing manasilakkiyennum athu gauravamaayi eduthuvennum sthaapichu. pankedukkunnavar debriefingine vishwasikkunnathaayi thonniyengilum apakeerthikaramaaya vivarangal avarude vyakthiparamaaya vishwaasathinu aprasakthamaanennu kanakkakki.
thettaaya vivarangal pinvalikkukayo thiruthukayo cheythittundenkilum oru sambhavathekkurichulla oormmayeyum yukthiyeyum thettaaya vivarangal thudarnnum swaadheenikkunna pravanathayaanu thudarchayaaya swaadheena prabhavam. vyakthi thiruthal vishwasikkumbozhum ithu sambhavikkunnu.
aadyakaala vivarangalkk munganana.
kramam apradhaanamaanengilum oru shreniyude thudakkathil prathyakshappedumbol vivarangal kooduthal shakthamayi bhaaramullathaanennu pareekshanangal theliyichittundu. udaaharanathinu, ore vaakkukal vipareeta kramatthil nalkunnathinekkaal "budhimaanaaya, kadinaadhvaaniyaaya, aavegabharithanaaya, vimarsanaathmakanaaya, daarshtyamulla, asooyayulla" oralekkurichu aalukal kooduthal anukoolamaaya dhaarana srishtikkunnu. eee "yukthirahithamaya primacy ephakt" oru shreniyile munbathe enangal sakthamaaya memory trace avasheshippikkunna memmariyile primacy efakttil ninnu swathanthramaanu. pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam eee phalathinu oru vishadeekaranam nalkunnu prarambha thelivukal kaanumbol, aalukal backie vivarangal engane vyaakhyaanikkunnuvennu badhikkunna oru pravartthana sidhaantham roopappeduthunnu.
yukthirahithamaya praadhaanyatthinte oru prakadanatthil rund kalangalil ninnu varachathayi karuthappedunna niramulla chippukal upayogichu. kalangalude varnnavitharanathekkurich pankedukkunnavarodu parayukayum avayilonnil ninnu oru chipp varaykkaanulla saadhyatha kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. vaasthavathil, nirangal munkootty krameekaricha kramathilaanu prathyakshappettath. aadya muppath samanilakal oru kalasham anukoolavum adutha muppath samanilakal mattonnine anukoolavum aayi. parambara mothatthil nishpakshamaayirunnu, athinaal yukthisahamaayi, rund kalasham thulya saadhyathayund. ennirunnaalum, arupath samanilakalk sesham, aadya muppath nirddeshicha kalasham pankedukkunnavar anukoolichu.
mattoru pareekshanatthil orotta vasthuvinte slide shhow ulppedunnu, ithu thudakkathil oru mangalayi kaanappedukayum thudarnnulla oro slidelum alppam mikacha focus nalkukayum cheiyunnu. oro sliden sesham, pankedukkunnavarkku aaa vasthu enthaanennu avarude ettavum mikacha ooham prasthaavikkendathundu. aadyakaala oohangal thettaayirunna pankaalikal aaa oohangalil urachuninnu, chithram vendathra shradha kendreekarikkumbol polum aaa vasthu mattullavarkk eluppathil thirichariyaan kazhiyum.
sambhavangal thammilulla mithya bandham.
oru koottam daattakalil nilavilillaattha parasparabandhangal kaananulla pravanathayaanu mithya parasparabandham. 1960kalude avasaanathil pareekshanangalude oru parambarayilaanu eee pravanatha aadyamaayi prakadamaayathu. oru pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavar rorshack inkbloat testtinulla prathikaranangal ulppede oru koottam cycatric cases padanangal vaayikkunnu. settile swavarggaanuraagikalaaya purushanmaar ink blottukalil nithambangal, maladvaaram allengil laingikamaayi avyakthamaaya roopangal kaananulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanennu pankedutthavar report cheythu. vaasthavathil, swavarggaanuraagikalaaya purushanmaar eee chithram report cheyyaanulla saadhyatha kuravaayirikkunnathino allengil pareekshanatthinte oru pathippil, bhinnalinga purushanmaarekkaal ithu report cheyyaanulla saadhyatha kuravaayirikkunnathino vendiyaanu saangalppika cases padanangal nirmmichathu. oru sarveyil, parichayasambannaraaya oru koottam manasshaasthranjar swavarggalaingikathayumaayi samanamaaya midhyaabandhangal report cheythu.
mattoru patanam sandhivaatha rogikal anubavikkunna lakshanangalum 15 maasathe kalavastha saahacharyangalum rekhappeduthiyittundu. yadhaartha parasparabandham poojyamaanengilum mikkavarum ellah rogikalum avarude vedanakal kaalaavasthayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave report cheythu.
eee prabhavam orutharam pakshapathaparamaaya vyaakhyaanamaanu, athil vasthunishtamaayi nishpakshamo prathikoolamo aaya thelivukal nilavilulla vishwaasangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi vyaakhyaanikkappedunnu. sidhaantha-parisodhana swabhaavathile pakshapathangalumaayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu. rogavum mosham kaalaavasthayum polulla rund sambhavangal parasparabandhithamaano ennu theerumaanikkunnathil, aalukal "positteev-positteev" kesukalude ennathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu eee udaaharanathil, vedanayudeyum mosham kaalaavasthayudeyum sambhavangal. mattu tharatthilulla nireekshanangalil (vedanayillaathathum koodaathe/allengil nalla kaalaavasthayum) avar thaarathamyena kurachu shradha maathrame nalkunnulloo. ithu hypothesis testingil positteev testtukale aashrayikkunnathinod samaantharamaanu. rund sambhavangal parasparabandhithamaanennu aalukalkk oru bodham undakam, kaaranam avaa orumichu sambhavicha samayangal ormmikkunnathu eluppamaanu.