
joyal fainberg

oru american rashtreeya, niyama thathwachinthakanaayirunnu joyal fainberg (october 19,1926-march 29,2004). dhaarmikatha, pravartthana sidhaantham, niyamatthinte thathwachintha, rashtreeya thathwachintha, vyakthigatha avakashangal, bharanakoodatthinte adikaaram ennee mekhalakalile pravartthanangalude peril addeham ariyappedunnu. kazhinja ambathu varshathinidayil american niyamashaasthrathile ettavum swaadheenamulla vyakthikalil oraalaayirunnu feinberg.
vidyaabhyaasavum thozhilum.
chaals steevansante melnottatthil harward professor ralph barton periyude thathwachinthayekkurichu prabandham ezhuthikkondu finberg mishigan sarvakalashaalayil padichu. braun yooniversitti, prinsettan yooniversitti, ucla, rockfeller yooniversitti ennividangalil addeham padippichu, 1977 muthal arizona sarvakalashaalayil 1994 ll thathwachinthayudeyum niyamathinteyum regents professoraayi viramichu.
dhaarmikavum saamoohikavum niyamaparavumaaya thathwachinthayile gaveshanathinu feinberg anthaaraashtra thalatthil shradheyanaayirunnu. 1984num 1988num idayil prasidheekaricha "criminal niyamatthinte dhaarmika paridhikal" enna naalu vaalyangalulla addehathinte pradhana kruthi. thante kariyaril niravadhi pradhana pheloshippukal nediya feinberg lokamembaadumulla sarvakalaashaalakalil shanaprakaaram prabhashanam nadatthi. addeham oru bahumanyanum valare vijayakaravumaya adhyapakanaayirunnu, addehathinte vidyaarthikalil palarum ippol amerikkayiludaneelamulla sarvakalaashaalakalile pramukha pandithanmaarum professormaarumaanu. jools colleman, ruzz shaffer-lando, clark woolf ennivaraanu addehathinte muun vidyaarthikal.
daarshanika kruthi.
"criminal niyamatthinte dhaarmika paridhikal". "
niyama thathwachinthaykku feenberginte ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavana addehathinte naalu vaalyangalulla pusthakamaaya "criminal niyamatthinte dhaarmika paridhikal" (1984-1988) aanu, ithu palappozhum "majistrettal" ennu visheshippikkappedunna oru kruthiyaanu."eathutharam perumattamaanu bharanakoodathinu shariyaayi kriminalakkaan kazhiyuka enna chodyathinu utharam nalkuka ennathaanu pusthakatthile feenberginte lakshyam? oonn liberty" (1859) enna pusthakatthil joonn stuvartt mill, mattullavarkk dosham cheiyunna perumattamaanu bharanakoodathinu shariyaayi kriminalvalkkarikkavunna oreyoru tharatthilulla perumaattamenn uracha udaaramaaya utharam nalkunnu. millinte classic vaachakam palathavana vaayikkukayum veendum vaayikkukayum cheytha feinberg, millinte udaaramaaya chaayvukal pankittuvenkilum, chila tharatthilulla doshakaramallaathathum ennaal aazhathilullathumaya aakramanathmakamaaya perumattavum niyamaprakaaram shariyaayi nirodhikkaamenn liberalukalkk sammathikkaamennum amgeekarikkanamennum addeham abhiprayappettu. criminal niyamatthinte dhaarmika paridhikal" ennathil, vyakthiyude mail samsthaana adhikaarathinte paridhikalekkurichu vishalamaaya sahasraabda kaazhchappaad vikasippikkaanum prathirodhikkanum feinberg shramichu. eee prakriyayil, aathmahathya, ashleelata, ashleelasaahithyam, vidvesha prasangam, dayaavadham thudangiya vishayangalil addeham saadhaarana udaaramaaya nilapaadukale prathirodhichu. dosham, kuttakrithyam, thettu, svayambharanaadhikaaram, utharavaaditham, pithrthvam, balaprayogam, chooshanam thudangiya bhouthikamallaatha ashayangalum addeham vishakalanam cheythu, liberalism poornnamaayum prathirodhikkanaavillennum chila tharatthilulla dhaarmika upadravangalum nirupadravakaramaaya adhaarmmikathakalum niyamavirudhamaakkenda apoorva kesukalundennum liberalukal sammathikkanamennum avasana vaalyathinte samaapanathil sammathichu.
basil oru yaatra.
mattullavarkk kuttakrithyam" ennathil, "criminal niyamatthinte dhaarmika paridhikal" ennathinte randaamathe vaalyathil, feinberg sameepakaala thathwashaasthrathile ettavum prashasthamaaya chinta-pareekshanangalilonn vaagdaanam cheiyunnu "bassile oru sawari" ennu addeham vilikkunna saangalppika saahacharyangalude oru parambara."oru pradhana appointmentilekku oodunna oru yaathrakkaaranaaya ningal aazhathilulla aakramanathmakavum ennaal nirupadravakaravumaaya pravartthanangalude oru parambaraye abhimukeekarikkunna oru buzz yaatra sangalppikkaan feinberg njangale kshanikkunnu. chila pravrithikalil indriyangalodulla ethirppukal ulppedunnu (udha.jii., oru manushyan thante viral nakhangal oru slettinu kuruke chorichilukal cheiyunnu). mattullavayil aazhathilulla veruppulavaakkunnatho kalapamundakkunnatho aaya pravrithikal ulppedunnu (udha.jii., vividha tharatthilulla ookkaanam undaakkunna vasthukkal kazhikkuka). mattullavayil nammude mathaparamo dhaarmikamo deshasnehaparamo aaya vikarangal (udha.jii., pathakaye apamaanikkunna parasyamaaya pravrithikal); nammude lajjayudeyo lajjayudeyo (pothu laingikatha polullava) aaghaatham; bhayam, kopam, apamanam, virasatha allengil nirasha ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyapakamaaya aakramanaparamaaya perumaattam. doshakaramallaathathum ennaal aazhathilulla aakramanathmakavumaaya perumaattangalodulla nammude sahishnuthayude paridhikal parishodhikkunnathinaan chinta pareekshanam roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. kooduthal krithyamaayi paranjaal, "mattullavarude swaathanthryathinte vilakoduthu polum avaril ninnu niyamaparamaaya samrakshanam aavasyappedaan kazhiyunnathra asukhakaramaaya enthengilum manushyanubhavangal undo enna chodyam athu uyarthunnu."idathuvashathu chaayvullavarum valare sahishnuthayullavarumaya liberalukal polum chila tharatthilulla nirupadravakaravum ennaal aazhathilullathumaya aakramanathmaka perumaattatthe shariyaayi kriminalvalkkarikkaamenna amgeekarikkanamennu feinberg vaadikkunnu.
"manashaasthraparamaaya ahankaaram".
brounile vidyaarthikalude prayojanathinaayi 1958 ll thayyarakkiya oru prabandhatthil, thante abhipraayathil thettaaya manasshaasthraparamaaya ahankaarathinte daarshanika sidhaanthathe nishedhichu. addehathinu parayaan kazhiyunnathra, athinu naalu praadhamika vaadangalunda
manashaasthraparamaaya ahankaarathinaayulla atharam vaadangal valare apoorvamaayi maathrame anubhavaparamaya thelivukalude adisthaanathil sthaapikkappedunnullanu feinberg nireekshikkunnu, avaa manashaasthraparamaayathinaal valare nannayi venam. ente uddeshyangalude swabhaavathekkuricho ente aagrahangalude lakshyathekkuricho ulla onnum pinthudaraan kazhiyilla" ennu addeham parayunna oru swaraghadanayaanu aadya vaadam...]. oru pravrithiyude uthbhavamo athinte uddeshyangalude "uthbhavamo" athine oru 'swaartha' akkunnilla, marichu pravrithiyude 'uddeshyam' allengil athinte uddeshyangalude 'lakshyam' aanu; "uddeshyam evide ninnaan varunnath" (swamedhayaa ulla pravarthanangalil athu ellaayppozhum ejantil ninnaan varunnath) ennathalla, marichu "athu enthaanu lakshyamidunnathu" ennathu athu swaarthamaano allayo ennu nirnnayikkunnu."
athupole thanne feinberginte abhipraayathil thettulla randaamathe vaadamaanu. ellah vijayakaramaya parisramangalum aanandam srishtikkunnu ennathukondu ellah parishramangaludeyum eaka lakshyam aanandamaanennu ardhamaakkunnilla. eee thettidhaarana vyakthamakkaan addeham vilyam jayimsinte saamyam upayogikkunnu oru samudra liner ellaayppozhum athinte atlaantik kadalyaathrakalil kalkari upayogikkunnundengil, eee yaathrakalude eaka lakshyam kalkari upabhogamaanennu parayaan saadhyathayilla.
moonnaamathe vaadathil, aadya randil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, feinberghinu kaanaan kazhiyunna "noonn seekvittar" illa. ennirunnaalum atharamoru vyapakamaaya saamaanyavalkkaranam sathyamakaan saadhyathayillenn addeham vidhikkunnu.
avasana vaadathil, feinberg oru vairudhyam kaanunnu. santhosham nedaanulla eaka maargam athine marakkuka ennathaanu, ennaal manashaasthraparamaaya ahankaarikal vishwasikkunnathu santhosham nedunnathenthum polum manushyante ellah sramangalum santhoshathilekku sajjamaanenn. johns enna kathaapaathram swantham santhoshathinuvendiyalle matellaa kaaryangalilum udaaseenanaaya oru chinta pareekshanam feinberg avatharippikkunnu. aaa lakshyam nedaan addehathinu maargamillaathathinaal, "[i] alpam sangalppavum venda [.]..] jonsinte oru aagraham niraashappeduthumennu kaanaan."appol, santhosham maathram pinthudaruka ennathu athu nedunnathil poornnamaayum paraajayappeduka ennathaanu.
"mrugangaludeyum bhaavi thalamurakaludeyum avakashangal.
1974 leeii oru prabandhatthil, mrugangalkkum bhaavi talamurakalkkum niyamaparamaaya avakaashangalude saadhyathayekkurich feinberg abhisambodhana cheiyunnu.
niyama niyamangalal amgeekarikkappetta "enthengilum" ennathinulla "avakaashavaadangal" ennum "oraalkkethire" ennumulla avakashangal vishakalanam cheythukondaanu addeham aarambhikkunnath. udaaharanathinu, oru thozhilaalliyude jeevita vethanathinulla niyamaparamaaya avakasham "kurachu panatthinum" oru thozhiludamaykkethireyum "avakaashappedalaanu. avakaashangalude swabhaavam vyakthamakkiya sesham, feinberg eee chodyathinu utharam nalkaan sramikkunnu eathutharam sthaapanangalkku avakashangal vahikkaan kazhiyum?
avakaashangalude oru thaalpparya sidhaantham feinberg sweekarikkunnu, athinanusarichu thaalpparyangalulla eathu sthaapanathinum oru avakasham labikkum. soothravaakyathil paranjaal, s-nte chila thalpparyangal r samrakshikkukayaanenkil maathrame chila entittikalkku "s"-nuu kurachu sariyaaya r undaakoo. agrahangal, vishwaasangal, agrahangal, padhathikal, agrahangal thudangiya maanasikaavasthakalude ulppannangalaanu thalpparyangal ennu ivide nirvachikkappedunnu.
eee saahacharyathil, avakaashangalude ichhaa sidhaantham sweekarikkunna mattu sidhaanthakarkku vipareethamaayi, mrugangalkku niyamaanusrithamaayi avakashangal nalkaam. appol avarkk avakashangal nalkano ennathaanu chodyam. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, chila entittikalkku "r" ennathinu enthengilum avakaashamundengil, dhaarmmikamaayi samrakshikkaan r pravartthikkunna thalpparyangal samrakshikkappedendathaano? mrugangalekkurichulla nammude pothubodhamulla dhaarmika kadamakal yadhaarthathil mrugangalodulla kadamakalaanennu feinberg vaadikkunnu (athaayath.iii.avaa mrugangalkku vendiyulla kadamakalaanu, chila paroksha falangalkkalla), athinaal mrugangalude thalpparyangal avakashangalaal samrakshikkanamennu neethi aavashyappedunnu.
sasyangal, speesheesukal, korppareshanukal, gurutharamaaya maanasika vaikalyamulla manushyar, maricha manushyar, bhroonangal, bhaavi thalamurakal ennivayulppede mattu sthaapanangalkku thante thaalpparya sidhaantham prayogikkaan feinberg backie paper chelavazhikkunnu. addeham vaadikkunnathu