vyaapthi (aupachaarika ardhashaasthram)

aupachaarika ardhashaasthrathil, oru ardhasoochaka oopparettarude vyaapthi athu baadakamaakunna ardhasoochaka vasthukkalaan. udaaharanathinu, "pouleena bear kudikkunilla, pakshe aval wine kudikkunnu" enna vaakyathil, poulina bear kudikkunnu enna nirddesham nishedhathinte paridhikkullil sambhavikkunnu, ennaal poulina wine kudikkunnu enna nirddesham anganeyalla. pravartthanangalude ardha kramamaayi vyaapthiye kanakkakkaam. 
aupachaarika ardhashaasthrathile gaveshanathinte pradhana aashankakalilonnu oopparettarmaarude vaakyaghadana sthaanangalum avarude ardha vyapthiyum thammilulla bandhamaan. eee bandham suthaaryamalla, kaaranam oru oopparettarude vyaapthi athinte uparithala sthaanavumaayi nerittu poruthapedendathilla, koodaathe orotta uparithala roopam vyathyastha vyaapthi nirmmithikalkkidayil ardhaparamaayi avyakthamayirikkum. vyaapthiyude chila sidhaanthangal logical phoom ennu vilikkunna vaakyaghadanayude gadanayude oru thalathe sthaapikkunnu, athil oru vasthuvinte vaakyaghadanayude sthaanam athinte ardha vyapthiyumaayi poruthappedunnu. type shifttarukal, monadukal, thudarchakal thudangiya aupachaarika upakaranangal upayogichu mattu sidhaanthangal ardhashaasthrathil thanne vyaapthi bandhangal kanakkakkunnu.
prathibhasangal.
vyaapthiyile avyakthatha.
oru oopparettarude vyaapthi athu sambhavikkunna vaakyathinte padakramavumaayi nerittu poruthapedendathilla. udaaharanathinu, rund oopparettarmaarude aapekshika vyaapthikale onniladhikam reethikalil vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyunnathil chila vaakyangal oru "scope avyakthatha" pradarshippikkunnu.
eee vaachakam rund tharatthil manassilakkaam. invezhs scope" vaayanayil, mullanpanni samoohathil valare janapriyamaaya orotta jiraf undu. uparithala vyaapthi" vaayikkumbol, mullanpanthikal vyathyastha jiraafukalumaayi suhrithukkalaanenkilpumpum eee vaachakam sariyaavum.
paridhi vibhajikkuka.
oru padaprayogatthinte vyathyastha gadakangalkku vyathyastha sthalangalil vyaapthi labhikkuna prathibhaasamaan splitt scope. vibhajana vyaapthi edukkumennu vaadikkappedunna oru vibhaagathilulla padaprayogamaanu negatteevu quandifierukal.
dii ree (noonn-splitt) readingle, eee vaachakam ardhamaakkunnathu kambani aaa jeevanakkaarane pirichuvidenda oru jeevanakkaran illa ennaanu. illa" ennathu model "aavasyathinu" mukalilulla vyaapthi edukkunnathinaal ithu oru noonn-splitt scope readingaanu. eee vaakyathinte splitt scope readingle, kambani eathenkilum jeevanakkaare pirichuvidendathilla ennaanu ithinartham. eee vaayanayil, "illa" ennathu "aavasyathinu" mukalilulla oru nishedha scopa athinu thaazheyulla oru asthithvaparamaaya alavu scopa vighadikkunnu.
prathyeka "asthithvaparamaaya vyaapthi" yum "vitharanaparamaya vyaapthi" yum ulla anishchithathvangalkku vibhajicha vyaapthi undennu vaadikkappettittundu. eee vastutha thaazhepparayunna udaaharanathil kaanaan kazhiyum
eee vaakyathinte vaayanayil onnu "aaa moonnu bandhukkal marichaal enikku oru veedu avakaashamaayi labikkumenna tharatthil moonnu bandhukkal undu" ennaanu."eee vaayanayil, anischithamaaya" "ente moonnu bandhukkal" "vyavasthaapithamaayathinu purathulla asthithwa paridhi edukkunnu-aaa moonnu bandhukkal yadhaarthathil nilavilundennu athu nirupaadhikamaayi urappikkunnu". ennirunnaalum, anishchithakaalathekku vyavasthakalkullile vitharana paridhi edukkukayaanengil-moonnu bandhukkal marichaal speaker oru veedu avakaashappeduthum, allathe "x" marichaal "x" aaa moonnu bandhukkalil aarenkilum aakam.
krithyamaaya vivaranagalkk vibhajicha vyaapthiyundennu vaadikkappettittundu. nirvachanangal classicalaayi avayude paraamarshangal savisheshamaanennu anumanikkaan kanakkaakkappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, prabhashakanu manassil undayirikkaavunna onniladhikam poochakal ulla oru pashchaathalatthil "poocha" enna krithyamaaya vivaranam avyakthamaanu. ennirunnaalum, eee saamaanyavalkkaranathin thaazhepparayunnathupollu "haddock vivaranagal" virudhamaanennu thonnunnu
savisheshamaaya thoppi illengilum eee naamavakyam eee pashchaathalatthil upayogikkunnathu abhinandanaarhamaanu. krithyamaaya vivaranathinte eee athbhuthakaramaaya upayogathinu anumathi nalkunnathu sandarbhathil oru savisheshamaaya muyal adangiya thoppi adangiyirikkunnu ennathaanu. eee ashayam labhikkaan, "thoppi" yude savisheshatha munkootty nischayikkunna reethi nischitha ardhathinte backie bhaagangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi vyaapthi edukkunnuvennu nirddeshikkappettittund. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oru sakshi settu ghadanayil thaazhnna nilayilaanennu sthaapikkunnu, pakshe singletonus uyarnnathaanennu parishodhikkunnu.
scope dveepukal.
oopparettarmaarkku palappozhum avarude uparithala sthaanathinu mukalil scope edukkaamenkilum, avarkk aavashyamullidathu scope edukkaan poornnamaayum swaathanthryamilla. udaaharanathinu, chuvadeyulla 1-aamm vaachakam chithreekarichirikkunnathu, oru iff-klosinullil uthbhavikkunna quandifierukalkku saadhaaranayaayi aaa "iff"-clossinu purathulla paridhi edukkaan kazhiyilla. marichupoya oro bandhuvinum beth oru veedu avakaashamaayi nalkumennu eee vaachakam ardhamaakkunnilla.
2-aamm vaakyathil kaanichirikkunnathupole, oru "iff"-clossil ninnu oru doubleuech-fraize verthirichedukkaan kazhiyilla enna vasthuthaykk eee vastutha samaantharamaanu.
vaakyaghadanayude chalana pravarthanangalaanu vyaapthi bandhangal nirnnayikkunnathenn vadikkaan itharathilulla udaaharanagal upayogichittundu.
avayude saidhaanthika praadhaanyathinupurame, scope dveepukalum praayogikamaayi upayogapradamaanu, kaaranam avaa scope avyakthathakalulla vaakyangalude avyakthamaaya paaraafresukal nirmmikkaan upayogikkaam.
asaadhaaranamaaya vyaapthi.
mikka oopparettarmaarkkum oru dveepil ninnu purathupokaan kazhiyunnillengilum mattullavarkk kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, chuvadeyulla vaakyathile anischithamaaya "eiii" kku "iff"-klosinullil athinte uparithala sthaanathinu purathu vyaapthi edukkaan kazhiyum. eee vaachakam ardhamaakkunnathu speakerk oru veedu labhikkaan marikkenda oru prathyeka bandhu undennaanu.
anishchithathvangalkku saadhaarana saamaanyavalkkaricha alavu soochakangalillennu vadikkaan itharathilulla udaaharanagal upayogichittundu. tanya reinhart nirddeshicha choys function sameepanathil, gadanayude eathu ghattathilum nilanilkkunna reethiyil adaykkaan kazhiyunna choys functionukalekkaal oru variable sambhavana cheiyunnu. choys function variable swathanthramaayi avasheshikkunnu ennathozhike, reinhartinte sidhaanthathinu samanamaaya mattoru choys function adisthaanamaakkiyulla sidhaantham anchalikka kraatsar nirddeshichu. charlo (2020) polulla sameepakaala kruthikal anishchithathvathe tharam maattaan kazhiyunna vyakthikalude koottatthe soochippikkunnathaayi kanakkakkunnu, angane avaa kaarttoonante (1977) doubleuech-chodyangalkkulla badal adhishtitha samvidaanathinu samanamaaya reethiyil vyaapthi edukkunnu.
vyaapthiyilekkulla aupachaarika sameepanagal.
vaakyaghadanayum ardhashaasthravum thammilulla adutha bandham sthaapikkunna oru swaadheenamulla kazhchappaadaanu "vyaapthiyude gadanaaparamaaya veekshanam". tanya reinhart aadyam roopappeduthiya inipparayunna sidhaanthamaanu eee sameepanathinte savisheshatha.
heyim, kraatsar (1998) thudangiya ulppaadana sameepanagalil eee kaazhchappaad vyaapakamaayi sweekarikkappedunnu. eee sameepanagalil, prasakthamaaya vaakyaghadanayude nila logical roopamaanu, semantic skoppumaayi poruthappedunna vaakyaghadanaye saadhaaranayaayi sii-command ennu thirichariyunnu.
gadanaaparamaaya sameepanagalil, oru padaprayogatthinte uparithala sthaanavum athinte ardha vyapthiyum thammilulla poruthakkedukal quantifier uyarthal polulla vaakyaghadana chalana pravarthanangaliloode vishadeekarikkunnu. chalana sameepanam valia thothil prachodippikkappedunnath, chalanatthinte athe niyanthranangal palathum quantifier scope anusarikkunnuvennu thonnunnu, udha.jii. dveepukal.
gadanaaparamaaya kaazhchayude oru pradhana badal barbera party maatts rooth aadyam nirddeshicha "type shifting view" aanu. eee sameepanam scopal bandhangal niyantrikkaan type shifttarukal upayogikkunnu. semantic vyaakhyaana prakriyayil type shifttarukal prayogikkunnathinaal, eee sameepanam scopal bandhangale vaakyaghadanayil ninnu bhaagikamaayi swathanthramaakaan anuvadikkunnu. asaadhaaranamaaya vyaapthi, vibhajana vyaapthi, mattu prasnakaramaaya vyapthiyumaayi bandhapetta prathibhasangal ennivaykkulla sameepakaalathe niravadhi nirddeshangalude adisthaanamaayi type shifting sameepanam pravartthikkunnu.

