
thoolam

meksikkan samsthaanamaaya kvintaana roovil kobayude pradhana thuramukhamaayi pravarthicha oru columbian maayan mathilukalulla nagaratthinte sthalamaanu thoolam (τολUM). caribean kadalile yookkaattan upadveepinte kizhakkan theerathulla paarakkettukalilaanu avashishtangal sthithi cheiyunnathu. 13-aamm noottaandinum 15-aamm noottaandinum idayil ettavum valia praadhaanyam nediya mayakal nirmmikkukayum adivasikkukayum cheytha avasana nagarangalilonnaan thoolam. spanish meksikoo kaivashappeduthaan thudangiyathinu sesham ekadesham 70 varshatholam maaya thoolam kaivashappeduthunnathu thudarnnenkilum pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode nagaram upekshikkappettu. ettavum nannayi samrakshikkappedunna theeradesha maaya saittukalil onnaanu thoolam, innu vinodasanchaarikalkku oru janapriya saittaan.
charithravum vivaranavum.
sooryodayathe abhimukeekarikkunnathinaal eee sthalathe "prabhatha nagaram" ennartham varunna samaa ennu vilichittundaakam. caribean kadalilekku kizhakode abhimukhamaayi oru bluffle thoolam nilakollunnu. "veli", "mathil" allengil "trunch" ennathinulla yookkaattan maayan vaakk koodiyaanu "thulum"."saittin chuttumulla mathilukal akramanangalil ninnu thoolam kottaye samrakshikkaan anuvadichu. karaa, kadal vyapara paathakalilekku thulaamin praveshanamundaayirunnu, ithu prathyekichu obsidian vyapara kendramaayi maari. chuvarchithrangalileyum saittin chuttumulla mattu kruthikalileyum niravadhi chithreekaranangalil ninnu, divinginteyo avarohana daivathinteyo aaraadhanaykkulla oru pradhana sthalamaayirunnu thoolam.
1518-leeii juvan dii grijalvayude spanish paryaveshanatthile amgamaaya juvan dias aanu tulathe aadyamaayi paraamarshichathu. 1843ll joonn lloyd steefansum frederic katherwood chernnu "insidence oof traval inn yukaattan" enna pusthakatthil avashishtangalekkurichula aadyathe vishadamaaya vivaranam prasidheekarichu. kadalil ninnu athiyappol steefansum katherwood aadyam oru uyaramulla kettidam kandu, athu avare valareyadhikam aakarshichu, mikkavarum saittile valia kaasttillo. avar saittinte mathilukalude krithyamaaya bhoopadangal nirmmikkukayum catherwood castilloyudeyum mattu niravadhi kettidangaludeyum rekhaachitrangal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. steefansum katherwood eee sthalathu eiii. dii 564 (ippol britiish myoosiyathinte shekharathil) alekhanam cheytha theeyathiyulla oru aadyakaala classic stelum report cheythu. stel mattevideyengilum nirmmikkukayum punarupayogatthinaayi tulathilekku konduvarikayum cheythirikkaam enna ardhathilaanu ithu vyaakhyaanikkappedunnathu.
sylvanus morlyudeyum jorjju pii. yudeyum jolikal thudarnnu. 1913 muthal avar pothu beechukal punasthaapikkaanum thurakkaanum pravarthichu. 1916 muthal 1922 vare karnegi sthaapanavum 1924 ll saitt mapp cheytha saamuval lothrop 1930 kalude avasaanathilum 1940 kalude thudakkathilum mygual angel fernandes 1956 ll vilyam saandezhsum pinneedu 1970 kalil arther jii. yum eee jolie thudarnnu. miller. saandarukalum millarukalum nadatthiya eee pilkkala anweshanangaliloode, eiii. dii 1200-nte avasaanathil postclassic kaalaghattatthil tyoolam kaivashamundaayirunnuvennu nirnnayikkappettundu. pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil spanishumaayi sanbarkkam pularthunnathuvare eee sthalam kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode eee sthalam poornnamaayum upekshikkappettu.
2020ll jeronimo avilasinte neethrthwathilulla oru underwater archaeological paryaveshanam veendum guhayil khananam cheyyukayum kuranjathu 9,900 varshangalkk munbu jeevichirunna 30 vayass praayamulla oru sthreeyude asthikoodam kandethukayum cheythu. chraniometric alavukal anusarichu, thoolam guhakalil kaanapedunna mattu moonnu thalayottikaleppole thalayotti mesosephalic paattenumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu. sthreeyude thalayotiyile moonnu vyathyastha paadukal avalkk kadinamaaya entho adichittundennum thalayotiyile ellukal thakarnnittundennum kaanichu. avalude thalayottikk garthangal polulla vaikalyangalum tissue vaikalyangalum undaayirunnu, avaa siphilisinte oru bacteria bandhuvayathinaal undayathaayi thonni.
padanatthile pradhana gaveshakanaaya wolfgang stinbeck parayunnathanusarichu, "eee sthreek valare budhimuttulla samayavum avalude jeevithathinte angeyattam asanthushtamaaya avasaanavum undayirunnathaayi thonnunnu. vyakthamayum, ithu oohaapohamaanu, pakshe avalude thalayotiyile aaghaathangalum rogalakshana vaikalyangalum kanakkiledukkumbol, avale koottatthil ninnu puratthaakkukayum guhayil kollappedukayum allengil avide marikkaan guhayil upekshikkukayum cheythirikkaam.
puthuthayi kandethiya asthikoodam chaan hole 2 saittil ninnu 140 meter akaleyaayirunnu. kaanathaaya chaan hole 2nte avashishtangal mungal vidagdhar kandethiyathayi karuthunnundengilum, eee anumanangal churungiya samayathinullil thettaanenn vishakalanam theliyichu. puthiya asthikale chaan hole 2-nte pazhaya photographukalumaayi thaarathamyam cheytha stinnesbeck rund asthikoodangalum vyathyastha vyakthikale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu kaanichu.
plistoseenil ninnu holoseenilekkulla parivartthana samayat meksikkoyil verittu thamasikkunna roopashaasthraparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya rund grouppukalenkilum nilanilkkunnundennu patana saha-gaveshakanaaya saamuval rennie avarude savisheshathakal kaaranam soochippikkunnu.
vaasthuvidya.
yookkaattan upadveepinte kizhakkan theerathulla maaya saittukalude savisheshamaaya vaasthuvidyayaanu tulathinu ullathu. thaazhnna uparithalathil irikkunna kettidatthinte adithattinu chuttum oodunna oru padiyaanu eee vaasthuvidya thirichariyunnathu. kettidam mathiyaya valuppamullathaanenkil nirakalaayi upayogikkunna eee tharatthilulla vaathilukal saadhaaranayaayi idungiyathaanu. chuvarukal pottitherikkumbol saadhaaranayaayi mukalil rund settu moldingukal undaakum. muriyil saadhaaranayaayi onno rando cheria janalakal undu, pinmathilil oru balipeetamundu, onnukil oru beam-aandu-rubble sealing allengil nilavarayundu. itharathilulla vaasthuvidya valare cheria thothil aduthulla chichen itsayil kaanappedunnathin samaanamaan.
thuluminte mathil.
oru vashath kuthaneyulla kadal paarakkettukalum karayude vashath sharashari uyaramulla mathilum thuluvine samrakshichirunnu. kadalinu samaantharamaayi ekadesham kattiyullathum neelamullathumaaya mathilum undaayirunnu. saittinte veethiyulla mathilinte bhagam alpam cheruthum iruvashathum mathravumaayirunnu. eee valia mathil nirmmikkaan valareyadhikam oorjjavum samayavum vendivarum, ithu mayakal eee sthalam thiranjedutthappol prathirodham ethra pradhaanamaayirunnuvennu kaanikkunnu. thekkupadinjaaran, vadakkupadinjaaran konukalil vaachu towerukalaayi thiricharinja cheria gadanakalundu, ithu nagaram ethra nannayi samrakshikkappettirunne veendum kaanikkunnu. mathilil anchu idungiya kavaadangalundu, vadakkum thekkum vashangalil rund veethavum padinjaaru vashath orennavum. mathilinte vadakku bhagathaayi oru cheria senot nagarathinu shudhajalam nalki. eee aakarshakamaaya mathilaanu thoolathe maayayude ettavum prashasthamaaya kottakettya sthalangalilonnaayi maattunnath.
ettavum prashasthamaaya kettidangal.
thoolam puraavastu sthalathu moonnu pradhana nirmmithikalund. kaasttillo, chuvarchithrangalude kshethram, avarohana daivathinte kshethram.
chuvarchithrangalude kshethram.
thaazhathe gallery cheria randaamathe nila gallery ulppedunna chuvarchithrangalude shethramaanu ividuthe ettavum manoharamaaya kettidangalil onnu. sooryante chalanagal nireekshikkunathinulla oru nireekshanaalayamaayi chuvarchithrangalude kshethram upayogichirunnu. maaya "diving devan" allengil veenas devante nickid prathimakal kshethrathinte munbhagam alankarikkunnu. saittinte madhyabhaagathulla diving devante kshethrathilum eee "diving devane" chithreekarichirikkunnu. padinjaaran mathilile praveshana kavaadathinu mukalil "diving devan" enna oru stakko prathima ippozhum samrakshikkappedunnu, ithu shethrathinu athinte peru nalkunnu. sandarshakarkku praveshikkaan anuvaadamillengilum kizhakkan mathilil hyland meksikkoyil ninnu uthbhavicha oru shailiyodu saamyamulla oru chuvarchithram ippozhum kaanaan kazhiyum, ithu mixteca-puebla shaili ennu vilikkunnu.
thaazhekkirangunna daivathinte kshethram.
padinjaaru oru vaathilulla orotta muriyum athinte aditharayaayi pravarthicha mattoru shethrathinu mukalil nirmmicha idungiya padikalum adangunnathaanu avarohana daivathinte kshethram.
vaathilinte mukalil sthithi cheiyunna oru nikkil thulamiludaneelam kaanapedunna oru shilpam nilakollunnu. avanu chirakukalum shirovasthravumund, kayyil oru vasthu pidikkunnu.
kaasttillo.
madhya parisarathu uyaramulla pyramid undu. oru beam, mortar melkoorayulla oru muun kettidatthilaanu kaasttillo nirmmichathu. mukalile murikalile lintalukalil sarppathinte roopangal kothiyirikkunnu. kaasttillooyude nirmmaanam ghattamghattamaayi nadannathaayi thonnunnu. oru cheria kshethram varunna kanovukalkku oru deepasthambhamaayi upayogichathayi thonnunnu. eee shethrathinu athirvashathulla barrier reefile oru villal adayaalappeduthunnu. kadal paarakkettukalil oru edavelayil oru kovum landing beach undu, athu kayatti ayakkunna kanovukalkku anuyojyamaayirikkum. postclassic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil oru pramukha vyapara thuramukhamaayi mariyathinaal maaya ivide thanne thoolam nagaram sthaapikkaan kaaranangalilonnayirikkam eee sthalathinte eee savisheshatha.
vyapaaram.
theeradesha, karaa pathakal tulaamil koodichernnu. cytilo sameepatho kandethiya niravadhi karakaushala vasthukkal central meksikkoyileyum central americayileyum pradesangalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthunnu. meksikkan malambradeshangalil ninnulla chembu karakaushala vasthukkalum flint karakaushala vasthukkal, seramics, dhoopavarggam, yookkaattante vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla swarnna vasthukkalum eee sthalathinu sameepam kandethiyittundu. ulnaadan pradeshangalil chitharikkidakkunna kadalmargam vyapaarikal thulamilekk konduvanna chila charakkukalil uppum thunitharangalum ulppedunnu. saadhaarana kayattumathi cheiyunna charakkukalil ulnaadan srothassukalil ninnu varunna thoovalukalum chembu vasthukkalum ulppedunnu. eee charakkukal rioo motagwa, rioo osmassincta/paasiyon sisttam thudangiya nadikalilekku kadalmargam ethikkaan kazhiyum, ithu ulnaadan yaatra cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu kadalyaathra cheiyunna canoic uyarnna pradeshangalilekkum thaazhnna pradeshangalilekkum praveshanam nalkunnu.
gwatimala malanirakalil ninnu aarambhich caribean nadiyilekku ozhukunnu. rioo paasiyon/ukamasinkta nadeethadavum gwatimalan malambradeshangalil ninnu uthbhavich meksikoo ulkkadalilekku ozhukunnu. honduraasile ulkkadal dveepukalude theerathu christopher columbus aadyamaayi neritta eee kadalyathrayulla canoyil onnayirikkaam ithu. ivide kaanappedunnathil kooduthal moolyavathaaya chilath jade obsidiyanum aanennu thonnunnu. thulatthil ninnu erekkure akaleyulla vadakkan gwatimala extepecil ninnaan obsidian konduvannathu. eee valia dooravum saittil kandethiya obsidiyante saandrathayum kaanikkunnath thulam obsidian vyaapaarathinte oru pradhana kendramaayirunnu ennaanu.
vinodasanjaaram.
sameepathulla mattu pala maaya sittukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol thulam puraavastu saitt thaarathamyena othukkamullathaan, koodaathe ettavum nannayi samrakshikkappedunna theeradesha maaya saittukalil onnaanith. meksikkan caribean theerapradeshathe aadhunika vinodasanjaara vikasanangalumayulla saameepyavum kaankanil ninnum chuttumulla "riviyera maaya" yill ninnumulla cheria dooravum ithine yookkaattan peninsula oru janapriya maaya vinodasanjaara kendramaakki maatti. divasenayulla touur basukal eee sthalathekku sthiramaayi sandarshakare konduvarunnu. 2017ll 22 lakshathiladhikam sandarshakare sweekaricha teothihuwakan, chichen itsa ennivaykku sesham meksikkoyil ettavumadhikam sandarshikkappedunna moonnaamathe puraavastu sthalamaanu thoolam avashishtangal.
maaya blue, naharon, doom kshethram, tortuga, wakaha, grand senot, abeja, nohoch kiinn, kalavera, sasil-haah thudangiya dhaaraalam senottukal thoolam pradeshathu sthithicheyyunnu.
meksikkoyile ettavum mikacha beechukalil chilath tulathinumundu. pleya pariso, pleya ruinus, pleya akumal, pappaya pleya ennivayum athilereyum aanu thulumile ettavum janapriyamaaya beechukal.
vinodasanjaara kendratthe ippol aarr pradhana mekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu puraavastu saitt, "pueblo" (allengil pattanam), "soona hotelra" (allengil kadaltheerathulla hotel soonn), "aldia sama" (puebloyude thekk), "laa veletta" (puebloyude thekk-padinjaaru), sian qaan biosphere reserve.
toorisathinte swaadheenam thulumine baadhikkunnath vardhichuvarunna vivaada vishayamaan. praadeshika vinodasanjaara vyavasaayathinte paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangalekkurichallu oru thurannuparachilaayi samvidaayakan rashell appal 2018 ll "dhii dark side oof tulam" enna peril oru documentary chithreekarichu.
suraksha.
nambio nalkia kuttakrithya sthithivivarakkanakkukal anusarichu, mikka vinodasanchaarikalkkum surakshithamaaya lakshyasthaanamaayi thoolam kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee pradeshathe praadhamika suraksha aashankakal saadhaaranayaayi juun muthal october vareyulla maasangalil chuzhalikkaatt polulla prakrithidatha sambhavangale chuttippattiyaan.
kaalavastha.
ushnamekhalaa savanna kaalaavasthayaayi kanakkaakkappedunna eee kaalavastha saadhaaranayaayi varanda kaalavasthayaanu. eee kaalaavasthayude copen kalavastha vargeekarana upavibhagam "eiii. oo" (ushnamekhalaa savanna kaalavastha) aanu.

