cadees

thekkupadinjaaran speyinile oru nagravum thuramukhavumaanu cadees (,,). andalusiayile svayambharana samoohamaaya cadees pravishyayude thalasthaanamaanithu.
thekkan europile thudarchayaayi janavaasamulla ettavum pazhaya nagarangalilonnaya cadees sthaapichathu feenishyanmaaraanu. pathinettaam noottaandil, cadees ulkkadalile thuramukham speyininte pradhana thuramukhamaayi ekeekarikkappettu, 1778 vare amerikkayumaayulla vyaapaarathinte ekasvaamyathinte aanandam aasvadichu. ithu cadees sarvakalaashaalayude sthalam koodiyaanu.
kadal chuttapetta oru idungiya karayil sthithi cheiyunna cadees mikka kaaryangalilum nannayi samrakshikkappetta charitraparamaaya landmaarkkukalulla oru saadhaarana andalusian nagaramaan. nagara mathilukalude avashishtangalkullil kaadisile pazhaya bhaagathe saadhaaranayaayi pazhaya pattanam (spanisha "casco antiguo") ennu vilikkunnu, ithu nagaratthinte motham valippathinte oru valia pradeshathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. nagaratthile puthiya pradesangalumaayi sradheyamaaya vyathyasam avatharippikkunna "ell populo", "laa vienna", "santa maria" enniva ulppedunna vividha kwaarttezhsukalude ("barrios") puraathanathayaanu ithinte savisheshatha. pazhaya nagaratthinte theruvu padhathiyil valia plaasakale bandhippikkunna idungiya valanja edanaazhikal adangiyirikkumbol, kaadisile puthiya pradeshangalil saadhaaranayaayi vishalamaaya vazhikalum kooduthal aadhunika kettidangalumundu. koodaathe, puthiya lokathil ninnu columbus spainilekku konduvannuvennu aaropikkappedunna bheeman marangal ulppede videsha sasyangal thazhachuvalarunna niravadhi paarkkukalum nagarathilundu.
peru.
phoenishyan bhaashayile nanaya likhithangal rekhappeduthunnathu feenishyanmaarkku eee sthalam 'mathil', 'samyuktham' allengil (mettonimi) 'kotta' ennartham varunna 'allengil' (,) 'ennu ariyamaayirunnu ennaanu. berber bhashakal kadamedutha ithu morocan nagaramaya aghadir polulla vadakkan aafrikkan sthalanaamangalil saadhaaranamaaya "aghadir" (thamasaitt 'mathil'; shilha 'kottakettya dhaanyashaala') aayi maari. kaartaajiniyakkaar eee peru upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu, thudarnnulla ellah perukalum athil ninnaan uruthirinjathu.
attik greak srothassukal "gadir" ennu () ennu hellenise cheythu, ithu neutral bahuvachanamaan. ionic greak upayogichukondu herodotus athine alppam vyathyasthamayi () ennu transcribe cheythu. apoorvvamaayi, etosthanees rachanakalekkurichulla baisaantiyathinte kurippukalile stephaanasil ullathupole, sthreelinga ekavachana roopathil () enna peru nalkiyittundu.
laattin bhashayil, eee nagaram athinte roman kolaniyaaya ("kaadisile jooliyayude aagast sitti") ennariyappettirunnu. arabiyil, laattin namam () aayi maari, athil ninnaan spanish uruthirinjathu. kaadisile aalukaludeyum vasthukkaludeyum spanish namam.
engleeshil peru vyathyasthamayi ucharikkappedunnu. randaamathe aksharathil uchaaranam undaakumbol, athu saadhaaranayaayi ucharikkappedunnu, ennaal, aadya aksharathil uchaaranam undaakumbol, athu american engleeshil saadhaaranayaayi,,,,,,,,, enningane ucharikkaam. spaanishil, aksharavinyasam pole, uchaaranam ellaayppozhum aadya aksharathilaanu, ennaal speyinile saadhaarana uchaaranam praadeshika bhasha parayunnu, allengil pakaram.
charithram.
tayarile feenishyanmaar "gaddir" allengil "aghadir" ennu sthaapicha cadis palappozhum padinjaaran europil ippozhum nilakollunna ettavum purathana nagaramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. bii. sii. ezhaam noottaandil feenishyanmaar oru thuramukham sthaapichu.
parambaraagathamaayi, bii. sii. 1100 laanu ithinte sthaapanam nadannathenkilum bii. sii. onpathaam noottaandinu munbulla oru puraavastu thalavum eee sthalathilla. eee poruthakkedinulla oru pariharam gadir athinte aadyakaalangalil oru cheria seasonal vyapara kendram maathramaayirunnuvenn anumaanikkuka ennathaanu.
spaininum francinum chuttum hilkoyude paryaveshanangalum padinjaaran aafrikkaykku chuttum hanoyude paryaveshanangalum avide aarambhichu. phoeneeshyan vaasasthalam tartessosumaayi vyapaaram nadatthi, krithyamaaya sthaanam anjjaathamaanengilum gwadelkwivir nadiyude mukhathinu sameepam evideyo aayirunnathayi karuthappedunnu.
purathana kaalath nagaratthinte sradheyamaaya savisheshathakalilonn dveepinte thekke attathulla phoeneeshyan devanaaya melcartinu samarppichirikkunna kshethramaayirunnu, greekkukaarum romakkarum "tyrean herculese", "herculese gaditanus" ennee perukalil herculesumaayi samyojippichu. athinu oru daivavachanamundaayirunnu, athu athinte sambathinu perukettathaayirunnu. greak puranangalil, herculese thante pathaamatthe adhwaanam nadatthiya sesham "gadeera" sthaapichathinte bahumati chilappol labhichirunnu, moonnu thalakalum torsos ulla oru raakshasan gerionine konnu, orotta jody kaalukalumayi chernnu. (gadeeraykkaduthulla oru tumulus gerioninte avasana vishramasthalavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.) "tayanayile apolloniasinte jeevitam" anusarichu, "heracleum" (i.iii.melcart kshethram) onnaam noottaandil ippozhum nilaninnirunnu. eee srothassine adisthaanamaakkiyulla chila charitrakaaranmaar, eee kshethrathinte nirakalaanu "herculesinte thoonukal" enna puraanatthinte uthbhavamenn vishwasikkunnu.
onnaam punic yudhathinushesham hamilkar barkayude iberian prachaaranatthil nagaram kaarthejinte swaadheenathil vannu. cadees thekkan iberia pidichadakkunnathinulla oru dippo aayi maari, bii. sii 218-ll alps kadakkanum itali akramikkaanumulla thante prashasthamaaya yaathraykk purappedunnathinu munbu addeham avide herculese/melcartinu yaagam cheythu. bii. sii. 206ll sipio aafrikkanaasinte keezhil eee nagaram pinneedu romakkaarude adeenathayilaayi. roman republicinteyum saamraajyathinteyum keezhil, eee nagaram oru thuramukhamaayum "gades" ennariyappedunna naavika thaavalamaayum abhivridhippettu. juuliyas seaser, oru kvesttar (juuniyar senattar) enna nilayil gades sandarshichappol, avide mahanaaya alexanderude oru prathima kandathum athe praayatthil aanenkilum addeham thanne avismaraneeyamaayi onnum nediyittillennu karuthunnathil sankadappettathum enganeyennu suetonius vivarikkunnu.
gadesile janangalkk romumaayi sakhyamundaayirunnu, juuliyas seaser bii. sii. 49-ll avidatthe ellah nivaasikalkkum roman pourathvam nalki. aagasttasinte sensus samayat, anjooriladhikam "samaprayakkaar" (sambannaraaya uyarnna varggathile amgangal) kaadisilaayirunnu, ithu pattaviyam (paduva), roome ennivayodu maathram malsarikkunna oru kendreekaranamaayirunnu. roman kolaniyaaya augusta urbs juuliya gadittaanayile pradhana nagaramaayirunnu ithu. oru jalasambharani pattanatthinu shudhajalam nalki (dveepinte vitharanam valare moshamaayirunnu), athinte avasana ghattathil thuranna kadalina kuruke oodunnu. ennirunnaalum, roman gedukal orikkalum valare valuthaayirunnilla. innathe dveepinte vadakkupadinjaaran moolayil mathramaayirunnu ithu, sambannaraaya pouranmaaril bhooribhaagavum athinu purathulla aduthulla dveepilo pradhana bhoopradeshatho estettukal paripaalikkunnu. estettukalil nilanirtthiyirunna jeevitashaili gaadittan nritham cheiyunna penkuttikale purathana lokamembaadum kuprasidharaakkaan kaaranamaayi.
vaasthavathil spanish upadveepile ettavum padinjaaran nagaramallengilum romakkare sambandhichidatholam kaadisinu aaa prashasthi undaayirunnu. oomnibas inn terris kway sund eiii gadibus usk aroram ettu gangan" ('gades muthal prabhaathavum ganga vare nilanilkkunna ellah raajyangalilum') enna vaakkukalodeyaanu kavi juvenal thante prashasthamaaya pathaamatthe aakshepahasyam aarambhikkunnath...').
aarambhikkunnath...') hispania bettikkayil visigothukal roman adhikaarathe attimarichathode yadhaartha nagaram nasippikkappettu, athil innu kurachu avashishtangal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. pinneedu 551ll spaniayile baisaantain pravishyayude bhaagamaayi justinian eee sthalam veendum keezhadakki. 572ll leovigild veendum keezhadakki visigothik raajyathin thirike nalkunnathuvare ithu bysaantainaayi thudarnnu.
thudarnnu 711num idayil moorish bharanathin keezhil, aadhunika spanish peru uruthirinja "khaadis" ennaanu eee nagaratthe vilichirunnathu. kaadeesinte praanthapradeshathu 100 muzhathiladhikam uyaramulla oru "vigraham" ("sanam khaadikal") vikasippichedutha oru prashastha muslim aitihyam, athinte maantrikatha vipareeta kaattum pravaahangalum upayogichu jibraltar kadalidukkine thadanju; abd-alle-mumin athinte naashathe kappalukale kadalidukkiloode veendum sanjarikkaan anuvadichathaayi karuthappedunnu. panthrandaam noottaandile suedo-turpinte charithratthile chaalmeynil ithu prathyakshappedukayum (salamcadis) athu muhammadinte prathimayayi kanakkakkappedukayum kristheeya adhiniveshathekkurichu muslimkalkku munnariyipp nalkumennu karuthappedukayum cheythu. shaasthreeya srothassukal atharamoru gadanayekkurichu poornnamaayum nishabdamaanu, ennaal puraathanakaalatthinte avasaanathil nirmmicha oru naavigeshanal sahayathinte avashishtangalaan eee aithihyathinte uthbhavamenn anumaanikkappedunnu. abdul-alle-mumin (allengil admiral alii ibn-isaa ibn-maimun) vigraham shudhamaaya svarnnathekkaal svarnnamkondulla venkalamaanennu kandethiyenkilum addehathinte kalaapathin dhanasahayam nalkaan sahaayikkunnathennenna addeham nirmmichu. 1217-ll, "dii ittiner frisonum" anusarichu, vishudhabhoomiyilekkula yaathraamadhye oru koottam frisian kurishuyudhakkaar nagaram akramikkukayum athu kathikkukayum athinte sabhaa palli nasippikkukayum cheythu. 1262ll kaasttilile alphonso pathaaman moorukale purathaakki.
paryaveshana kaalaghattatthil nagaram oru navothaanam anubhavichu. christopher columbus thante randaamatheyum naalaamatheyum yaathrakalil cadisilekku kappal kayarukayum eee nagaram pinneedu spanish nidhi kappalppadayude hoome porttayi maarukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayi, ithu speyininte shathrukkalude pradhana lakshyamaayi maari. pathinaram noottaandil barberry courseyarukalude parajayappetta reydukalude oru parambara kandu; 1569-ll pazhaya pattanatthinte bhooribhaagavum oru valia theepidutthatthil nasippikkappettu; 1587 eprilil engleesh francis drake nadatthiya raid moonnu divasathekku thuramukham pidichedukkukayum aarr kappalukal pidichedukkukayum mattu 31 ennam nasippikkukayum cheythu (englandil 'spain raajaavinte thaadiyude gaanam' ennu ariyapetta oru sambhavam). eee akramanam spanish naavikasenayude kappalyatra oru varsham vaikippichu.
1596ll oru anglo-dutch kappalppada pidichadakkiyappol, ithavana essexinteyum nottingaminteyum keezhilaanu nagaram kooduthal gurutharamaaya akramanam neridendi vannath. 32 spanish kappalukal nasippikkappedukayum nagaram pidichedukkukayum kollayadikkappedukayum ekadesham oru maasatholam adhinivesham nadathukayum cheythu. oduvil, nagaram kedupaadukal koodaathe thirichunalkiyathinu britishukaar aavasyappetta mochanadravyam nalkaan rajakeeya adhikaarikal visammathichappol, avar thangalude kollayumaayi purappedunnathinu munbu athinte bhooribhaagavum kathichu. 1625ll buckinghamminte onnaam prabhuvaya jorjju villiyezhsum edward sesilum chernnu nagaratthinethire moonnaamathe engleesh raid nadathiyenkilum aaa sramam parajayappettu. anglo-spanish yudhasamayathu, admiral roobert blake 1655 muthal 1657 vare cadis uparodhichu. 1702 leeii cadis yudhathil, jorjju rookkinteyum ormondeyude randaamathe duke jaims buttlerinteyum keezhil engleeshukaar veendum aakramichu, pakshe chelaveria uparodhathin sesham avare pinthirippichu.
pathinettaam noottaandil gwadelkwivirinte manaltharikal spanish sarkkaarine athinte american vyapaaram sevilleyil ninnu cadisilekku maattaan nirbandhitharaakki, athu ippol atlaantikkilekkul mechappetta praveshanathinu utharavaadi. saamrajyam thanne kshayichukondirikkum, cadees ippol athinte puthiya praadhaanyatthil ninnu mattoru suvarnna yugam anubhavichu. speyinile ettavum valuthum cosmopolitan nagarangalilonnumaya ithu pala rajyangalil ninnumulla vyapara samoohangalude aasthaanamaayi maari, athil ettavum sambannar airish vamshajar aayirunnu. pazhaya nagaratthile innathe charitraparamaaya kettidangalil palathum eee kaalaghattatthil ninnaanullath.
1778 october october amerikkayumaayulla vyapaarathinulla avakasham speyininte pradhana bhoopradeshathe mikka thuramukhangalilekkum vyaapippikkukayum cadees ulkkadal thuramukham ithuvare aasvadichirunna vyaapaarathinte kuthaka avasanippikkukayum cheythu.
nepolian yudhangalil, 1797 muthal 1802-ll amiens samadhaanam vareyum 1803 muthal 1808-ll upadveep yuddham pottippurappedunnathuve britishukaar kaadisine uparodhichu. aaa yudhathil, adhinivesha franchukaarkkum avarude sthaanaarthi joseph bonapartinum ethire nilakonda churukkam chila spanish nagarangalil onnaayirunnu ithu. yudhakaalathekku cadees speyininte sainika hikemandinteyum courtesinteyum (paarlament) aasthaanamaayi maari. ivideyaanu 1812 leeii liberal spanish bharanaghadana prakhyaapikkappettath. eee bharanaghadanayude puthukkal urappakkaan pouranmaar 1820-ll kalapam nadathukayum ferdinand VII cadisil thadavilaakkappedunnathuvar viplavam vijayakaramaayi vyaapikkukayum cheythu. cheythu trocadero yudhathil franch sainyam ferdinandinte mochanam urappakkukayum udaaravaadathe kurachukaalathekku adichamarthukayum cheythu. 1868-ll, cadees veendum oru viplavathinte aasthaanamaayi maari, athinte falamaayi isabella randaaman raajnjiyude sthaanathyaagam, naadukadatthal enniva nadannu. rund varshathinu sesham amadeyo raajaavinte keezhil rajavaazhcha punasthaapikkaan kaadisile courtus theerumaanichu.
sameepa varshangalil nagaram valareyadhikam punarnirmmaanatthinu vidheyamaayittundu. niravadhi smarakangal, cathedralukal, landmarkkukal enniva vrithiyaakkukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheythu.
roopatha.
sevilleyile roman catholica athiroopathayude oru votermaaraanu cadees, suita roopatha; athaayath, sevilleyile metropolittan seeykkullile oru roopathayaanu ithu. 1263ll moorukalil ninnu punakrameekarichu (veendum keezhadakki) ithu oru roopathayaayi maari. maari udambadiyiloode, spanish kireedatthinu palli offeesukalil niyamanangal nadatthaanum palli bhoomikk nikuthi chumathaanumulla avakashavum labhichappol, cadis roopatha aafrikkayude vadakkan theerathulla oru spanish konklevaaya seeyuda roopathayumaayi layippikkukayum, deosessan bishop thante oafees kaaranam seeyudayude apostolica administrettaayi maarukayum cheythu.
pradhana kazhchakal.
kaadisile charitraparavum prakrithidathavumaaya thaalpparyamulla niravadhi landmaarkkukalil chilath verittunilkkunnu. vividha vasthuvidyaa shailikalulla asaadhaaranamaaya cathedral, oru thiyettar, oru pazhaya munisippal kettidam, 18-aamm noottaandile oru vaachu tower, purathana nagara mathilinte oru avashishtam, oru purathana roman thiyettar, cadees ulkkadalil kebilukal vahikkunna aakarshakamaaya aadhunika roopakalppanayude electrical pylonukal enniva nagarathinu abhimanikkaam. kadalum nagara mathilukalum athirthi pankidunna chathurangale ("plaasakal") bandhippikkunna idungiya theruvukalaanu pazhaya pattanatthinte savisheshatha. landmark kettidangalil bhooribhaagavum plaasakalilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu.
plaasakalum avayude naazhikakkall kettidangalum.
europile ettavum janasaandrathayulla nagarapradeshangalilonnaaya pazhaya pattanamaya cadees idungiya theruvukalaal niranjirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, pouranmaarum vinodasanchaarikalum orupole aaswadikkunna niravadhi sradheyamaaya plaasakalil ninnu pazhaya pattanatthinu prayojanam labhikkunnu. plasa dii mina", "plasa saan antonio", "plasa dii candelaria", "plasa dii saan juvan dii dios", "plasa dii espana" ennivayaanu iva.
plasa dii mina.
pazhaya pattanatthinte hridayabhaagathu sthithi cheiyunna plasa dii mina pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyilaanu vikasippichath. munbu, plasa kaivashappeduthiyirunna bhoomi saan francisco konventinte poonthottamaayirunnu. 1838ll vaasthusilpikalaaya torkuvaatto benjumeda (pinneedu) yuwan daurayum chernnu eee plasa oru plasayakki maatti, 1861ll marangal nattupidippichu. 1897ll ithu veendum punarnirmikkappettu, athinusesham phalatthil maattamillathe thudarunnu. swaathanthryasamarathile veeranaaya general francisco espos vaii minayude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. maanuval dii falla vaii maathyoo janichathu nambar 3 plasa dii minayilaanu, avide oru phalakam addehathinte peru vahikkunnu. 1839ll 12-aamm nambar plasa dii minayil janicha jose macfersante (petrography, strattigraphy, tectonics ennivayude vikasanathil oru thudakkakkaaran) prathimayum ithil ulppedunnu. 5-aamm nambar plasa dii minayil kaanapedunna kaadisile museum, kaadisile 3000 varshathe charithratthil ninnulla niravadhi vasthukkalum peettar pooll rubans polulla kalakaaranmaarude kruthikalum ulkkollunnu. plaasaykk abhimukhamaayi nilkkunna veedukal, avayil palathum navaa-classical vaasthuvidyayaayi tharamthirikkaam allengil isabellin gothik shailiyil nirmmichavayaanu, yadhaarthathil cadees boorshwaasiyaanu avarkk melnottam vahichirunnathu.
1635ll nirmmicha cathedral santiagoyile barok pally plasa dii laa cadedralil undu.
plasa dii saan francisco saan francisco pally konventum.
plasa dii minaykku sameepam sthithi cheiyunna eee cheria chathuratthil saan francisco pally konventum undu. yadhaarthathil 1566-ll nirmmicha ithu pathinezhaam noottaandil athinte klosttarukal cherthappol ganyamaayi naveekarichu. yadhaarthathil, plasa dii minayaan konventinte poonthottam roopeekarichathu.
plasa saan antonio.
pathonpathaam noottaandil plasa saan antonio kaadisile pradhana chathuramayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. oru kaalath cadees uyarnna vargakkaar adhivasichirunna navaa-classical vaasthuvidyayilo isabelline gothik shailiyilo nirmmicha niravadhi maalikakalaal eee chathuram chuttappettirikkunnu. 1669ll nirmmicha saan antonio pally plaasayilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu.
18-aamm noottaandil nirmmicha eee plasa 1812 march 19-nuu spanish bharanaghadanayaaya 1812 ivide prakhyapikkappettu, ithu plaasaykk plasa dii laa konstityooshan ennum pinneedu plasa saan antonio ennum hermit saan aantoniyoyude peril namakaranam cheyyappettu.
1954ll nagara mayer eee sthalathe charitraparamaaya sthalamaayi prakhyaapichu. ellah nirmmaanangalum nirodhichirikkunnu.
plaas dii candelaria.
1873ll aadyathe spanish republicinte keezhil polichuneekkappedunna squareil sthithi cheiyunna candelaria konventinte perilaanu plasa dii candelaria ariyappedunnathu, athinte maithanam oru plasayayi punarnirmikkappettu. chathuratthinu abhimukhamaayi oru veettil janicha aadyathe spanish republicinte president emilio kaastelaarinte madhyathilulla oru prathimayude perilaanu eee plasa sradheyamaayathu. mattoru veettil sthithi cheiyunna oru phalakathil, airish-chilian sahasikanum chiliyile muun svechaadhipathiyumaaya bernardo oo 'higgins eee chathuppil thaamasichirunnathaayi parayunnu.
plasa dii laa cadedral cathedral.
kaadisile ettavum prashasthamaaya laandmaarkkukalilonnaanu athinte cathedral. pala sthalangalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, praadeshikamaayi "puthiya cathedral" ennariyappedunna eee cathedral, cadees cathedral audyogikamaayi cathedral dii "santa cruze sobre ell maar" allengil "santa cruze sobre laas aguas" aanu. yadhaartha cathedral dii santa kroosinte sthalathalla ithu nirmmichathu. alphonso patthaamante nirddeshaprakaaram nirddeshaprakaaram santa kroosinte yadhaartha cathedral poortthiyaayathu. 1596-ll nagaratthinethiraaya anglo-dutch aakramanathil pazhaya cathedral katthi nashichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil pazhaya cathedralinte punarnirmmaanam aarambhichu, ennaal 1717-ll sevilleyil ninnu cadisilekku kaasa dii kontraattaasiyan maariyathinethudarnnu nagaram kooduthal sambannamaayappol, oru valia cathedral aavasyamaanennu thonni.
1722ll aarambhicha puthiya cathedralinte melnottam granada cathedral nirmmicha vaasthushilpi visent aseroyanu vahichathu. azero padhathiyil ninnu raajivaykkukayum mattu niravadhi aarkkitektukal addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, eee valiyathothil barok shailiyilulla cathedral 116 varshathinide nirmikkappettu, eee nirmmaana kaalayalav kaaranam, cathedral athinte yadhaartha roopakalppanayil niravadhi pradhana maattangalkk vidheyamaayi. chila rococo gadakangalulla oru barok kettidamayirikkaanaanu cathedral aadyam uddeshichirunnathenkilum, athu neoclassical sailiyilaanu poortthiyaakkiyathu. kaadisile pazhaya cathedralil ninnum speyiniludaneelamulla ashramangalil ninnumulla niravadhi paintingukalum avashishtangalum athinte chaappalukalil undu.
plasa dii saan juvan dii dios, pazhaya taunn haal.
pathinanjaam noottaandil kadalil ninnu veendedutha bhoomiyil eee plaasayude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. 1906ll nagara mathilukal polikkunnathinoppam plaasayude valippam vardhikkukayum cadees raashtreeyakkaaranaaya segismundo morettinte prathima anaachaadanam cheyyukayum cheythu. plaasaykk abhimukhamaayi, kaadisile "pazhaya nagaratthinte" taunn haalaan "ayundaamiyento". munkaala kettidangalude (1699) aditharayilum sthalathum nirmmicha eee ghadana rund gattangalilaayaanu nirmmichathu. 1799ll neoclassical shailiyilulla vaasthushilpi torkuvaatto benjumeda nirddeshaprakaaram aadya ghattam aarambhichu. 1861ll garzia dell alaamoyude nirddeshaprakaaram isabellin gothik (allengil, lalithamaayi, "isabelino") sailiyilaanu randaam ghattam poortthiyaakkiyathu. 1936ll andalusiayude pathaaka aadyamaayi ivide uyarthi.
plasa dii espana 1812 leeii bharanaghadanayude smaarakavum.
thuramukhathinaduthulla oru valia chathuramaanu plasa dii espana. pazhaya nagaramathilinte oru bhagam thakartthathinte anantharafalamaayi nilavil vanna 1812 leeii bharanaghadanayude smaarakamaanu ivide aadhipathyam pularthunnathu. pazhaya plasuvela dell kaarbaninte vipuleekaranamaanu plasa.
1812ll eee nagaratthil prakhyaapicha udara bharanaghadanayude nooram vaarshikathodanubandhichu oru mahathaaya puthiya sitti square srishtikkukayum anuyojyamaaya oru smaarakathin oru krameekaranam nalkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu eee polikkalinte lakshyam. aarkkitekt, momento lopus odero, shilpi, anisetto marinas ennivarudethaanu eee punny. 1912ll aarambhicha punny 1929ll poortthiyaayi.
plasa fragela graan teatro falah (faala grand thiyettar).
yadhaartha "graan teatro" 1871-ll aarkkitekt garzia dell alamo nirmmikkukayum 1881 augustil theepidutthatthil nasippikkukayum cheythu. nilavile thiyettar 1884 num 1905 num idayil muun graan teatroyude avashishtangalkk mukalilaanu nirmmichathu. aarkkitekt adolfo moralus dii loss reos aayirunnu, nirmmaana melnottakkaaran juvan cabrera dii laa torre aayirunnu. chuvanna ishtikakalaal moodappettirikkunna purambhaagam navaa-mudejar allengil moorish punarujjeevana sailiyilaanu. 1920-kalil naveekaranathetthudarnnu, cathedralinte kripttil samskaricha samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya maanuval dii faalayude bahumaanaartham theaterine "graan teatro faala" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. cheythu attakuttappanikalkk sesham thiyettar vipulamaaya naveekaranathinu vidheyamaayi.
1812 leeii bharanaghadanaaparamaaya bharanaghadanaa (1812 bridginte bharanaghadanaa)
bharanaghadanaa) paalatthinte bharanaghadana, laa pepa bridge ennum ariyappedunnu, ithu cadis ulkkadalinu kuruke oru puthiya paalamaan, ithu kaadisine puerto riyal pattanavumayi bandhippikkunnu.
motham 5 kilometer neelamulla europile ettavum uyaram koodiya paalangalilonnaanith. saan fernando roadinum carranza paalatthinum oppam nagaratthilekkulla moonnaamathe praveshanamaanithu.
mattu kazhchakal.
tavira gopuram.
pathinettaam noottaandil, praadeshika vyaapaarikalkk puthiya lokathil ninnu varunna vyapara kappalukal nireekshikkaan kadalil nokkaan kazhiyunna 160 ladhikam gopurangal kaadisinundaayirunnu. eee gopurangal palappozhum vyaapaarikalude veedukalude bhaagamaayirunnu, ennaal eee prathyeka gopuram samudranirappil ninnu 45 meter uyarathil nagaratthile oru uyarnna sthalathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, 1787 ll naavikasena avarude audyogika nireekshanamaayi thiranjedutthu (munbu mattu niravadhi sthalangal illaathaakkiya sesham.) spanish naavikasenayile leftanantaaya doonn antonio thaveerayude perilaanu torre taveera enna peru nalkiyirikkunnath. innum cadees skylinil sthithicheyyunna gopurangalil ettavum uyaram koodiya gopuramaanith. 1994 muthal pinhole camerayude thathwavum prathyekamaayi thayyarakkiya convex lense upayogichu pazhaya nagaratthinte panoramic kazhchakal oru konkevu diskilekku project cheiyunna oru "camera obscura" undu. rund exhibition murikalum melkkoorayile terres undu.
admiralinte veedu.
amerikkayumaayulla labhakaramaaya vyaapaarathinte varumaanathil 1690ll nirmmicha barrio dell populoyile plasa saan martininode chernnulla oru kottaramaanu "kaasa dell almaraant". spanish trusher fleettinte admiral kudumbamaanu ithu nirmmichathu, indeesinte kappalppada ennu vilikkappedunna doonn diego dii barrios. andreoliyude varkshoppukalil thayyarakkiyathum maasttar garzia narveys gadippichathumaaya athimanoharamaaya chuvappum vella jeenovan marble kondu purambhaagam moodappettirikkunnu. valia prabhukkanmaarudeyum soundaryathinteyum vasthuvidyaa savisheshathakalaan kolanikalulla portico, gumbathinu keezhilulla valia padikal, pradhana nilayile haal enniva. randaam nilayile balkaniyil barrios kudumbatthinte paricha prathyakshappedunnu.
pazhaya kasttams house.
cadees thuramukhathinte vashathe samrakshikkunna mathilukalude paridhikkullil sthithi cheiyunna moonnu samana kettidangalaanu kasttams house, vaadaka veedu, konsulettu. moonnil aadyathethu aadyam nirmmikkappettath, shaanthamaaya navaa-classical shailiyilum paryapthavum santhulithavumaaya anupaathathilaanu. 1765ll yuwan kaballeroyude nirddeshaprakaaram aii. dii. 1 reals chelavil nirmmaana pravartthanangal aarambhichu.
kongrassinte bharanakalam.
kaadisile naveekaricha pukayila factory anthaaraashtra konfarans, trade shhow soukaryangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. moonnaamathe vaarshika maast konfaransinteyum trade shoyudeyum (2008 november 12 muthal 14 vare) aasthaanamaanu.
roman thiyettar.
chila pazhaya warehouseukal theepidutthatthil nashichathinethudarnnu 1980 ll ell populo jillayil roman thiyettar kandethi, chila madhyakala kettidangalude aditharayaayi kanakkakkappetta nirmmaana paaliye velippeduthunnu; eee kettidangalude adithara kooduthal purathana kallukalil, oru roman swabhaavathinte kaikondu chethukkiya chunnaambukallilaanu nirmmichathu. chittayaya khananagal valia thothil kedupaadukal illaatha oru roman naadakashaala velippeduthi.
bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil lucius cornelius baalbasinte (minor) utharavanusarichu nirmmicha eee thiyettar lokathile randaamathe valia roman theateraanu, rominu thekkulla pompeyude theaterine marikadannu. sisaro thante "epistule aadu faamiliyezhs" ('suhruthukkalkkulla kathukal') enna kruthiyil balbus vyakthiparamaaya prachaaranatthinaayi ithu upayogichathinekkurich ezhuthiyittundu.
kaadeesinte pylonukal.
valia vaidyutha-power kebilukalkku pinthuna nalkaan upayogikkunna cadees ulkkadalinte iruvashathumulla asaadhaarana roopakalppanayulla vaidyutha pylonukalaanu kaadisile pylonukal. pylonukal uyarnnathum rund sarkyoottukalkkaayi roopakalppana cheythittullathumaanu. valare paarambaryethara nirmmaanatthil insulettarukalkkaayi oronninum mukalil oru crossbar ulla oru idungiya frasttam steel chattakkood adangiyirikkunnu.
laa pepa bridge.
laa pepa paalam, audyogikamaayi "laa pepa", koodaathe kaadisilekkulla randaamathe paalathinu allengil kaadisilekkulla puthiya praveshanathinum peru nalki. 2015 septambar septambar thuranna ithu speyinile puerto riyal kaadisumaayi bandhippikkunna cadees ulkkadal kadakkunnu. speyinile ettavum neelam koodiya paalavum raajyathe ettavum dairkhyameriya cable paalavumaan ithu.
nagaratthinte mathilukalum kottakalum.
"pathinaram noottaandilaanu 'laas puertas dii teara' uthbhavichath. orikkal niravadhi chuvarukalulla ivayil onnu maathramaan innu avasheshikkunnath. irupathaam noottaandode aadhunika gathagatham ulkkollunnathinayi pazhaya nagaratthilekkulla praveshana kavaadam punarnirmmikkendath aavashyamaayirunnu. innu, mathililekku muricha rund vashangalilulla kamanangal nagaratthilekkulla praadhamika praveshana kavaadangalilonnayi varthikkunnu.
"1300-ll nirmmicha "ell arco dii loss blancos" aanu populo jillayilekkulla kavaadam. ithu madhyakala pattanathilekkulla pradhana kavaadamaayirunnu. gettinu mukalil oru chaappal (ippol aprathyakshamaaya) nirmmicha felip blancoyude kudumbatthinte peraanu gettinu nalkiyirikkunnath.
"cathedralinu aduthulla madhyakala chuvarukalil kothiyeduttha oru kavaadamaan ell arco dii laa rosa (rooss aarch). pathinettaam noottaandil nagaratthil thaamasichirunna kyapttan gaspar dii laa rosayude peraanu ithinu nalkiyirikkunnath. 1973ll gettu naveekarichu.
balwarte dii laa candelaria" (kotta allengil kaandalmaasukalude kotta) oru sainika kottayaan. bhoomiyude swaabhaavika uyaram muthaleduthu, govarnor digo caballero dii eleskaasinte munkaiyilaanu 1672 ll ithu nirmmichathu. munbu kadaltheeramaayi pravarthichirunna kadaltheerathe abhimukeekarikkunna mathil samrakshichirunna candelary peerankikalkku cadees thuramukhathethunna chanalukalkk command cheyyaan kazhinju. sameepakaalath, sainika enchineeyarmaarude corpsinte aasthaanamaayum sainyathinte hoaming praavukalude vaasasthalamaayum eee kettidam pravarthichittundu, pakshikal shathruthaaparamaaya bhoopradesangalil rekhaamoolamulla sandeshangal vahikkaarundaayirunnu. poornnamaayum naveekaricha ithu ippol oru saamskaarika vediyaayi upayogikkunnu. oru maaridaim museum sthaapikkaan ithu upayogikkunnathinekkur chila charchakal nadannittundengilum nilavil ithu oru sthiramaaya pradarshana sthalamaayi upayogikkunnu.
saan sebaastyan kotta" oru sainika kotta koodiyaanu, ithu caletta beechil ninnu purathekkulla roadinte avasaanathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1706-ll nirmmichathaanu ithu. innu kotta upayogashoonyamaayi thudarunnu, ennirunnaalum athinte bhaavi upayogangal valareyadhikam charcha cheyyappedunnu.
saanta kaataleena kotta" oru sainika kotta koodiyaanu, ithu kaalata beechinte avasaanathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. rund varsham munbu engleeshukaar kaadisine pirichuvittathinetthudar pirichuvittathinetthudar ithu nirmmichathu. aduthide naveekaricha ithu innu pradarshanangalkkum kacherikalkkum upayogikkunnu.
kaalavastha.
valare mithamaaya shaithyakaalavum choodullathum choodullathumaaya venalkkaalavum ulla choodulla-venalkkaala medittareniyan kaalavasthayaanu (copen "csa") cadisil ullathu. idungiya upadveepil sthithi cheiyunnathinaal nagarathinu kaaryamaaya samudra swaadheenamundu. eathoru europian sthalangalilum, cadiesil ettavum choodulla saithyakaalamaanu. europile ettavum sooryaprakaashamulla nagarangalilonnaya kaadisile vaarshika sooryaprakaasha samayam 3,000 manikorinu mukalilaanu. venalkkaala raathrikal ushnamekhalaa swabhaavamullavayaanengilum, jeres polulla aduthulla ulnaadan pradesangalumaayum andalusiayile valare choodulla vidoora ulnaadan pradesangalumaayum thaarathamyappeduthumbol pakal thaapanila thaarathamyena kuravaanu. sharashari samudra thaapanila shaithyakaalathum venalkkaalathum chuttum aanu. kuranjathu 1935 muthal manjuveezhcha anjjaathamaanu.
beechukal.
oru upadveepil sthithi cheiyunna cadis niravadhi beechukalude aasthaanamaanu.
"laa play dii laa caletta" aanu kaadisile ettavum prashasthamaaya beach. athulyamaaya soundaryavum "barrio dii laa viana" yumayullah saameepyavum kaaranam ithu ellaayppozhum carnival gaanangalil undu. saan sebaastyan, santa kaataleena ennee rund kottakalkkidayil sthithi cheiyunna pazhaya nagaratthinte beechaanithu. veliyettathil ithu neelavum veethiyumullathaanu. laa kaalattayum bouliward cubayude thalasthaana nagaramaya havanayude bhagangalumaayi maalekkon pole valareyadhikam saamyam kaanikkunnu. athinaal, jaims boond sinimayude "mattoru divasam marikkuka" enna sinimayude thudakkathil cuban ramgangalil palathinteyum settaayi ithu pravarthichu.
"vinodasanchaarikalum thaddesheeyarum ettavum kooduthal sandarshikkunna kadaltheeramaanu kaadeesinte puthiya bhagamaaya "laa pleya dii laa victoria". ithinu ekadesham moonnu kilometer neelavum sharashari manal veethiyumundu. mithamaaya veekkavum paarakalude abhavavum kudumbatthe kulikkaan anuvadikkunnu. nagaratthil ninnu oru avanyoo vazhi verthirikkappettirikku avanyoovinte karabhagath niravadhi kadakalum restorantukalum undu.
"laa pleya dii victoriyaykkum laa pleya dii laa kaalattaykkum idayil sthithi cheiyunna kaadisile oru cheria beechaanu laa pleya dii santa maria dell maar allengil playetta dii laas mujeres. pazhaya jillayaya kaadeesinte manoharamaaya kazhchakal ivide kaanam.
torregorda", "kortadura", "ell chaatto" ennivayaanu mattu beechukal.
gastronomy.
kaadisile paachakareethikalil "komarka" yudeyum nagaratthinteyum savisheshamaaya stookalum madurapalahaarangalum ulppedunnu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
2021 leeii sensus kanakk prakaram, cadees nagaratthile janasamkhya 114,244 aayirunnu (jeres dii laa frondera kazhinjaal 212,830 nivaasikalulla pravishyayile moonnaamathe janasamkhyayulla nagravum 122,982 nivaasikalulla aaljesirakalum). speyinile ettavum janasamkhyayullatho randaamathe janasamkhyayullatho allatha eaka thalasthaana nagaramaanith. spanish bhaashayile ettavum valia ambathezhaamathe nagaramaan cadees. sameepa varshangalil, nagaratthile janasamkhya kramanugathamaayi kuranju; cadees ulkkadalile (cadees, chiklana, ell puerto dii santa maria, puerto riyal, saan fernando enniva ulkkollunna "komarka") eaka munisippaalittiyaanith, athinte janasamkhya kuranju. 2011 muthal 2021 vare 10,000-thiladhikam nivaasikale nashtappettathinusesham pravishyayile naalaamatheyo anchaamatheyo nagaramaayi cadees maariyekkaamenn pravachanangalund. 1995 num 2006 num idayil, 14,000-thiladhikam nivaasikale nashtappettu, ithu 9 sathamaanathinte kuravaanu.
eee janasamkhya nashtappedaanulla kaaranangalil onnaanu kaadisinte savisheshamaaya bhoomishaasthram; kadal chuttapetta idungiya thuppil sthithicheyyunna eee nagaram. thathfalamaayi, vikasippikkenda bhoomiyude oru prakadamaaya shaamam undu. nagaratthil ozhinjukidakkunna bhoomi valare kuravaanu, koodaathe bhawana stokkinte uyarnna anupatham saandrata thaarathamyena kuravaanu. (athaayath, pala kettidangalkkum rando moonno nilakal maathrame uyaramulloo, avaykku thaarathamyena cheria ennam aalukale maathrame avarude "kaalppaadukal"kkullil paarppikkan kazhiyoo.) kaadisile pazhaya kwartezhs niraye kettidangalaal niranjirikkunnu, avayude praayavum charitraparamaaya praadhaanyavum kaaranam nagara naveekaranathinu arhathayilla.
mattu rund bhauthika gadakangal nagaratthile janasamkhyaye parimithappedutthunnu. kadalil ninnu bhoomi veendedukkunnathiloode nirmmaanathinu labhyamaya bhoomiyude alavu vardhippikkunnathu asaadyamaanu; theeradesha vikasanathe niyanthrikkunna oru puthiya deseeya niyamam eee saadhyathaye paraajayappedutthunnu. koodaathe, cadees oru manaltharikilaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu ennathinaal, uyarnna janasandrata anuvadikkunna uyarnna kettidangale pinthunaykkaan mathiyaya aazhathilulla adithara mukkuka ennathu chelaveria oru nirddeshamaanu. nagaratthinte aakaasharekha madhyakaalakhattathil ninnu kaaryamaaya vyathyasamilla. thaarathamyena mithamaaya uyarathil aanenkilum pathinezhaam noottaandile kaaval gopuramaaya taveera gopuram ippozhum nagaratthinteyum ulkkadaludeyum vishalamaaya kazhcha nalkunnu. (thaazhe kaanuka.)
speyinile ettavum uyarnna thozhilillaayma nirakkulla pravishya thalasthaanamaanu cadees. ithum janasamkhyayude nilavaaratthe thaazhthunnu. 18 num 30 num idayil praayamulla gaditanos yuvakkal speyinile mattu sthalangalilekkum (madrid, kaastelon, pradhaanamaayum) europileyum americayileyum mattu sthalangalilekkum kudiyerunnu. irupathu vayassinu thaazheyulla janasamkhya motham janasamkhyayude% maathramaan, arupathiyanchiladikam praayamulla janasamkhya% aanu, ithu kaadisine speyinile ettavum pazhakkamulla nagarangalilonnayi maattunnu.
janasandrata.
munisippaalittiyude janasamkhyaa vitharanam angeyattam asamamaan. janavaasamulla pradeshangalil, europile ettavum janasaandrathayulla nagarangalilonnaan cadees. janavaasamillaatha soona franca vyavasaya pradesham, bay oof cadis thuramukha pradesham, bay oof cadis naachural paarkk enniva munisippal pradeshatthinte%% ulkkollunnu. nagaratthile muzhuvan janasamkhyayum oru chathurashra kilometeril 30,000 nivaasikal enna sharashari saandrathayode bakkiyullavaril thaamasikkunnu. sthithivivarakkanakku aavasyangalkkaayi nagaratthe 10 divisionukalaayi thirichirikkunnu, ettavum janasaandrathayullathil chathurashra kilometerinu 39,592 nivaasikalullathil ettavum kuranjathu 20,835 nivaasikalullathaan.
kaadisile patthu stattistikkal divisionukalude vistheernnam, janasamkhya, janasandrata enniva chuvadeyulla pattikayil pattikappedutthiyittundu. 1 muthal 7 vareyulla divisionukalil sthithivivarakkanakku divisionukal pazhaya pattanatthil pedunnu; 8,9,10 enniva puthiya nagaravumaayi poruthappedunnu.
carnival.
lokathile ettavum prashasthamaaya kaarnivalukalilonnanu cadees carnival. varsham muzhuvanum, kaarnivalumaayi bandhapetta pravartthanangal nagaratthil eathaandu sthiramaanu; ellaayppozhum rehearsalukalum pothu prakadanangalum vividha tharatthilulla malsarangalum undu.
haasya sangeetha kruthikal avatharippikkunna "chirigotas" enna aakshepahasya samghangalkku prashasthamaan cadees carnival. saadhaaranayaayi, gitaar, kasoo, baas drum, vividatharam shabdamundaakkunnavar ennivarodoppam paadukayum abhinayikkukayum mechappeduthukayum cheiyunna ezhu muthal panthrand vare kalakaaranmaar chernnathaanu oru chirigota. chirigottakal ozhike, mattu niravadhi kalakaaranmaarude grouppukalundu corresukal; aafrikkan-american samskaarathile barbershop kwaarttattukal allengil meksikkoyile mariyachis pole adutha aikyathode paadunna "comparsas" ennu vilikkunna samghangal; naadakeeyamaaya paaradikalum hasyagaanangalum marimari avatharippikkunna naalu (allengil chilappol moonnu) kalakaaranmaar adangunna "quartetos"; kavithakalil kathakal chollunna kathaakrithukkalaaya "romanceros". eee vaividhyamaarnna kannada februvariyil randaazhcha muzhuvan nagaratthe varnnaabhamaayathum janapriyavumaya ooppan eyar theateraakkunnu.
(carnival grouppukalude audyogika association) oro varshavum 'graan teatro faala' (mukalil kaanuka) enna malsarathil oru malsaram sponsor cheiyunnu, avide chirigottakalum mattu kalakaaranmaarum sammaanangalkkaayi malsarikkunnu. ithu cadees kaarnivalinte climatic ivantaanu.
gathagatham.
vadakku sevilla, cordoba, madrid ennivayumaayum thekk kizhakk aljasserasumaayum bandhippikkunna europian roottaaya roottaaya cadees bandhippichirikkunnu, ithu spanish medittareniyan theerathu iii15 aayi thudarunnu.
nagara madhyathil ninnu ekadesham 40 kilometer (25 mile) vadakkaayi sthithi cheiyunna jeres vimaanathaavalamaanu nagarathinu sevanam nalkunnathu. madrid, barsalona ennividangalilekku pathivayi aabhyanthara vimaanangalum yuke, jarmmani, mattu europian lakshyasthaanangal ennividangalilekku shedule cheythathum seasonal charter vimaanangalum vimaanathaavalam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. sercanias cadis line sii 1 vimaanathaavalathe cadis pradhana railway steshanumaayi 1 manikkooril bandhippikkunnu.
pazhaya pattanatthinu thottupurathaanu cadees railway steshan sthithi cheiyunnathu. ithu suburban, praadeshika, deseeya sevanangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. madrid-seville athivega reyil paathayilekkulla kanakshan 14 varshathe nirmmaanathinu sesham 2015 ll poortthiyaayi, ithu athivega alvia trainukal nagaratthilekku vyaapippikkunnu. praadeshika sevanangal jeres, seville ennividangalilekkulla paathayiloode praanthapradeshangalilum praadeshika lakshyasthanangalilum athicherunnu. puthiya cadis bay tram-traininte terminal koodiyaanithu.
railway steshanu athirvashathulla thuramukham kaanari dveepukalilekku aazhchathorum ferry sevanangal nalkunnu (2-3 divasathe yatra samayam) koodaathe seasonal cruis kappalukalkk stopp nalkunnu.
eratta pattanangal-sahodari nagarangal.
cadees erattakalaana

