
paper

thadi, chavattukuttakal, pullukal allengil mattu pachakkari srothassukalil ninnu uruthirinja cellulose naarukal yaanthrikamaayo raasamaayo samskarichu vellathil ulppaadippikkunna nerttha sheett meteeriyalaanu paper, fiber uparithalathil thulyamaayi vitharanam cheyth oru nerttha meshiloode vellam vattikkukayum thudarnnu amarthukayum unakkukayum cheiyunnu. paper aadyam kaikondu otta sheettukalilaan nirmmichathenkilum, mikkavarum ellaam ippol valia yanthrangalilaanu nirmmikkunnath-chilath 10 meter veethiyum minittil 2,000 meterum prathivarsham 600,000 tonn vareyum oodunna reelukal nirmmikkunnu. achadi, painting, graphics, sainej, design, packaging, alankaaram, ezhuthu, vrithiyaakkal ennivayulppede niravadhi upayogangalulla oru vaividhyamaarnna metteeriyalaanith. filter paper, walpaper, book end paper, kansarveshan paper, laminated varkk toppukal, toylet tissue, currency, security paper ennivayaayo niravadhi vyaavasaayika, nirmmaana prakriyakalaayo ithu upayogikkaam.
paper nirmmaana prakriya kizhakkan eshyayil, orupakshe chainayil, kuranjathu pothuvarsham 105-nuu munbu, hahn court shandanaaya keyy lune vikasippicheduthathaane, kadalaasinte aadyakaala puraavastu sakalangal bii. sii. iii. randaam noottaandil chainayil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. aadhunika pulp, paper vyavasaayam aagolamaan, chaina athinte ulppaadanathil munnittunilkkukayum america pinthudarukayum cheiyunnu.
charithram.
aadhunika kadalaasinte udanadi munnodiyaaya ettavum pazhakkam chenna puraavastu sakalangal bii. sii. iii. randaam noottaandil chainayil ninnaan. pulp paper nirmmaana prakriya randaam noottaandile seey hahn court shandanaaya kaii luninaan.
pothuvarsham 751-ll rund chainees paper nirmmaathaakkale thadavilaakkiya thaala yudhathinu sesham paper nirmmaanathekkurichulla arivu islaamika lokathinu kaimariyathaayi parayappedunnu. eee kathayude sathyasandhatha anishchithathvathilaanenkil taamasiyaathe samarkandil paper nirmmikkaan thudangi. 13-aamm noottaandil, kadalaasinte arivum upayogavum middle eest muthal madhyakala europe vare vyaapichu, avide aadyathe jalathil pravartthikkunna paper millukal nirmikkappettu. baghdad nagaratthiloode padinjaaru paper avatharippichathinaal athine aadyam "baghdaticos" ennu vilichirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil vyavasayavalkkaranam paper nirmmaanachelavu ganyamaayi kurachu. 1844-ll, canadian kandupiduthakkaranaaya chaals fenerty jarmman kandupiduthakkaranaaya friedrich gottlobe keller thadi naarukal pulp cheiyunnathinulla prakriyakal swathanthramaayi vikasippichu.
naarukalude aadyakaala srothassukal.
paper uthppaadanathinte vyavasaayavalkkaranathin munbu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya naarukalude uravidam upayogicha thunitharangalil ninnulla recycle cheytha naarukalayirunnu, avaye rags ennu vilikkunnu. chanam, linan, parutthi ennivayil ninnullathaayirunnu vasthrangal. recycle cheytha pepparil ninnu achadi mashi neekkam cheiyunnathinulla oru prakriya 1774 ll jarmman niyamanjanaaya justus claprothaanu kandupidichathu. innu eee reethiye deenking ennu vilikkunnu. 1843ll thadi pulp avatharippikkunnathuvare paper uthppaadanam chavattukuttakalil ninnulla recycle cheytha vasthukkale aasrayichirunnilla.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
paper" enna vaakk laattin bhashayil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, ithu chediyude greak padamaaya () ll ninnaan. purathana eejiptilum mattu medittareniyan samskaarangalilum paper avatharippikkunnathin munbu ezhuthunnathinu upayogichirunna chediyude pidhil ninnu uthppaadippikkunna kattiyullathum paper polullathumaaya oru vasthuvaan papirus. paper" enna vaakk "papirus" enna vakkil ninnu uthbhavichathaanengilum, iva randum valare vyathyasthamayi uthppaadippikkappedunnu, aadyathethinte vikasanam randaamathethinte vikasanathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. prakrithidatha sasya naarukalude oru laminationaanu papirus, athesamayam paper nirmmikkunnath naarukalil ninnaan, avayude gunangal maakareshan vazhi maattiyittund.
paper nirmmaanam.
kemikkal pulping.
maratthil ninnu pulp nirmmikkaan, oru raasa pulping prakriya lignine cellulose naarukalil ninnu verthirikkunnu. lignin layikkan oru paachaka madyam upayogikkunnu, athu pinneedu cellulosil ninnu kazhukunnu; ithu cellulose naarukalude neelam samrakshikkunnu. raasa palppukalil ninnu nirmmicha paper maram-rahita pepparukal ennum ariyappedunnu (maram-rahita pepparumaayi thettidharikkaruthu); avayil lignin adangiyittillaathaanu ithinu kaaranam, ithu kaalakramena vashalaakunnu. velutha paper nirmmikkaan pulp bleach cheyyaanum kazhiyum, pakshe ithu naarukalude 5 sathamaanam upayogikkunnu. parutthi kondu nirmmicha paper nirmmikkaan kemikkal pulping prakriyakal upayogikkunnilla, athu ithinakam 90 sathamaanam cellulose aanu.
moonnu pradhana raasa pulping prakriyakalundu sulfite prakriya 1840-kalil aarambhichathum randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla prabalamaaya reethiyumaanu. 1870kalil kandupidichathum 1890kalil aadyamaayi upayogichathumaaya kraaft prakriya ippol ettavum saadhaaranayaayi parisheelikkunna thanthramaan; ligninumaayulla raasapravarthanam thapam ulppaadippikkunnu ennathaanu athinte oru gunam, ithu oru janarettar pravarthippikkaan upayogikkaam. kraaft prakriya upayogikkunna mikka pulping pravartthanangalum vaidyuthi griddle motham sambhavana cheiyunnavayaanu allengil aduthulla oru paper mill pravarthippikkaan vaidyuthi upayogikkunnu. eee prakriya ellah ajaiva raasavasthukkalum veendedukkukayum veendum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu mattoru nettam. uyarnna silikkett ulladakkamulla vaikkol, bagas, haard wood enniva pulp cheyyaan upayogikkunna mattoru prathyeka prakriyayaan sooda pulping.
mechanical pulping.
rund pradhana mechanical palppukalundu thermomechanical pulp (tii. emm. pii), graundu wood pulp (jii. dablyu). tii. emm. pii prakriyayil, thadi chipp cheyth thudarnnu neeravi choodaakkiya refinerukalilekku nalkunnu, avide chippukal njekki rund steel discukalkkidayil naarukalaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu. nilamaram prakriyayil, thaazhekku pathicha marakattakal grinderukalilekku nalkukayum avaa karangunna kallukalkk nere amarthi naarukalakkukayum cheiyunnu. mechanical pulping lignin neekkam cheiyunnilla, athinaal vilavu valare uyarnnathaan,> 95 sathamaanam; ennirunnaalum, lignin angane ulppaadippikkunna paper manja niramaakaanum kaalakramena pottanum kaaranamaakunnu. mechanical palppukalkk hrasvamaaya naarukalundu, athinaal durbalamaaya paper uthpaadippikkunnu. mechanical pulp ulppaadippikkaan valia alavil vaidyuthorjjam aavashyamaanenkilum, ithinu raasavasthukkalekkaal vila kuravaanu.
dii-inked pulp.
paper recycling prakriyakalkku raasaparamaayo yaanthrikamaayo uthppaadippikkunna pulp upayogikkaam; ithu vellathil kalarthunnathiloodeyum mechanical pravartthanam prayogikkunnathiloodeyum pepparile hydrajan bondukal thakarkkanum naarukal veendum verthirikkaanum kazhiyum. mikka recycle cheytha pepparukalilum gunanilavaarathinaayi kanyaka naarukalude oru anupatham adangiyirikkunnu; pothuve paranjaal, dii-inked pulp athe gunanilavaaramullatho allengil shekharicha pepparinekkaal kuravo aanu.
recycle cheytha naarukalude moonnu pradhana vargeekaranangalundu
recycle cheytha pepparukal 100% recycle cheytha vasthukkalil ninnu nirmmikkaano allengil kanyaka palppumaayi kalarthaano kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum avaa (saadhaaranayaayi) randaamathethil ninnu nirmmicha pepparukaleppole shakthamo thilakkamo ullavayalla.
aditteevukal.
naarukalkk purame, palppukalil chokku allengil chaina kalimannu polulla fillarukal adangiyirikkaam, ithu achadikkunnathino ezhuthunnathino ulla savisheshathakal mechappeduthunnu. valippathinayulla aditteevukal athumaayi kalarthukayo pinneedu nirmmaana prakriyayil paper webble prayogikkukayo cheyyaam; atharam valippathinte uddeshyam mashiko paintino anuyojyamaaya uparithala agiranam sariyaaya alavil sthaapikkuka ennathaanu.
paper nirmmikkunnu.
pulp oru paper mesheenil nalkukayum avide athu oru paper webbai roopappedukayum amarthi unakki athil ninnu vellam neekkam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
sheett amarthunnathu vellam balamaayi neekkam cheiyunnu. sheettil ninnu vellam nirbandhitharaayaal, parambaraagathamaayathumaayi thettidharikkappedaathu oru prathyeka tharam feeld vellam shekharikkaan upayogikkunnu. kaikondu paper nirmmikkumbol pakaram oru bloater sheett upayogikkunnu.
paper sheettukalil ninnu vellam neekkam cheyyaan vaayuvo choodo upayogikkunnathu unakkalil ulppedunnu. paper nirmmaanatthinte aadyakaalangalil, alakkal polulla sheettukal thookkiyidunnathiloodeyaanu ithu cheythirunnathu; kooduthal aadhunika kaalath, vividha tharatthilulla choodaakkiya unakkal samvidaanangal upayogikkunnu. paper mesheenil, ettavum saadhaaranamaayath neeravi choodaakkiya qaan dryeraanu. ivaykku mukalile thapanilayil ethaan kazhiyum, koodaathe naalpathiladikam kyaanukalude neenda shreniyil iva upayogikkunnu, avide iva ulppaadippikkunna choodinu paper aarr sathamaanathil thaazhe eerppathil eluppathil unakkaan kazhiyum.
poortthiyaakkuka.
vividha prayogangalil upayogikkunnathinaayi pepparinte bhauthika gunangalil maattam varuthaan valippam vaykkaam.
eee ghattathil paper "uncoated" aanu. uyarnna resolutionulla haaftton screenukalkk kooduthal anuyojyamaaya oru uparithalam srishtikkunnathinaayi pothinja pepparil kaalsyam carbonate allengil chaina kalimannu polulla metteeriyalinte nerttha paali onno rando vashangalil prayogikkunnu. (150 ell. pii. aii. kku mukalilulla screenukalkk uncoated pepparukal apoorvvamaayi maathrame anuyojyamaakoo.) pothinjatho uncoated pepparukaloo avayude uparithalangal calendering vazhi minukkiyirikkaam. pooshiya pepparukale maatt, semi maatt allengil silk, gloss enningane thirichirikkunnu. achadicha chithratthil ettavum uyarnna opttikkal saandrata gloss pepparukal nalkunnu.
web printing pressukalil upayogikkukayo mattu printing prakriyakalkko mattu aavasyangalkko sheetukalaayi murikkukayo cheyyanamenkil paper reelukalil nalkunnu. pepparile naarukal adisthaanaparamaayi yanthrathinte dishayilaanu pravartthikkunnathu. sheettukal saadhaaranayaayi "neelamulla daanyangal" aayi murikkunnu.iii. sheettinte neelamulla alavinodu samaantharamaayi daanyam. thudarchayaaya phoom paper (allengil thudarchayaaya steshanari) arikukalil kuthunna dwaarangal kondu veethiyilekku murikkukayum staakkukalaayi madakkukayum cheiyunnu.
paper daanyam.
fordrinear mesheen polulla paper mesheenukal nirmmikkunna ellah pepparukalum neytha pepparaanu.iii. valaye kondupookunna vayar mesh paper dhaanyathilum dhaanyathiludaneelavum ore saandrathayulla oru paatten avasheshippikkunnu. yanthrathinte pilkkaalakhattangalil anuyojyamaaya rollerukal upayogichu kaikondu nirmmicha "itta" paper anukarikkunna texture cheytha finishukal, watermarkkukal, vayar paattenukal enniva srishtikkaan kazhiyum.
neytha paper "laylines" pradarshippikkunnilla, avaa loha vayarukaloo mulayo upayogichu nirmmicha pooppalil kaikondu nirmmikkumbol pepparil avasheshikkunna cheria pathiv varikalaanu. letlainukal valare aduthaanu. avaa kooduthal akaleyulla "chainlineukalkku" lambamaayi oodunnu. kaikondu nirmmicha paper samanamaaya reethiyil "deckle arikukal" allengil parukkan thoovalukalulla athirthikal pradarshippikkunnu.
aaplikkeshanukal.
paper athinte uddeshicha upayogathe aashrayich vaividhyamaarnna gunangal upayogichu nirmmikkaan kazhiyum.
packaging vyaavasaayika upayogangalum.
paper adisthaanamaakkiyulla sambharana pariharangal 1986-ll motham aii. dii. 2 pidichedukkukayum 2007-ll aii. dii. 1% maathram pidichedukkukayum cheythathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum pepparil vivarangal sambharikkanulla lokathinte sheshi 8.7-ll ninnu 19.4 pettaabaittaayi vardhichu. 1986ll paper adhishtitha tapal kathukal lokathinte telecommunication sheshiyude aii. dii. 1-ll thazheyaayirunnuvennum digital saankethikavidyakal vanthothil avatharippichathinushesham pravanatha kuthane kuranjuvennum kanakkaakkappedunnu.
vishwal artsil pepparinu oru pradhana pankundu. dvimaana, trimana aakruthikalum kolaashukalum roopappeduthaan ithu svayam upayogikkunnu. furniture roopakalppanayil upayogikkunna oru gadanaaparamaaya vasthuvayi ithu parinamichu. vaattar kalar pepparinu ulppaadanathinteyum upayogathinteyum neenda charithramund.
tharangal, kanam, bharam.
pepparinte kanam palappozhum alakkunnathu caliper upayogichaanu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi amerikkayil oru injinte aayirathil pakuthiyilum lokathinte mattu bhaagangalil micrometerukalilum (micrometer) nalkunnu. paper kattiyullathayirikkaam.
paper palappozhum bharam kondu savisheshamaan. amerikkayil, anthima upabhokthaakkalkk vilkkunna paper valippathil murikkunnathin munbu vyathyastha "adisthaana valuppathilulla" oru reem (500 sheettukalude bundle) yude bhaaramaan bharam. udaaharanathinu, 20 poundu bharamullah oru pepparinu 5 poundu bhaaramund, kaaranam ithu valia sheettukalil ninnu naalu kashanangalayi murichittundu. amerikkayil, achadi paper saadhaaranayaayi paramavadhi 20 poundu, 24 poundu, 28 poundu allengil 32 poundu aanu. cover stokku saadhaaranayaayi 68 poundu aanu, 110 poundo athil kooduthalo card stokkaayi kanakkakkunnu.
europilum mattu pradeshangalilum iso 216 paper sising samvidaanam upayogichu, pepparinte bharam oru chathurashra meterinu graamukalilaan (gram/mee 2 allengil saadhaaranayaayi gsm) prakadippikkunnathu. printing paper saadhaaranayaayi 60 gsm muthal 120 gsm vareyaanu. 160 jii. ezz. emmilum kooduthal bhaaramullathenthum cardai kanakkaakkappedunnu. athinaal oru reamte bharam pepparinte alavukaleyum kanatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
vadakke amerikkayil vilkkunna mikka vaanijya pepparukalum pathiv unitukale adisthaanamaakki saadhaarana paper valuppathilekku murikkukayum oru paper sheettinte neelavum veethiyum upayogichu nirvachikkukayum cheiyunnu.
mattu mikka raajyangalilum upayogikkunna iso 216 samvidaanam oru sheettinte veethiyum neelavum allah, oru sheettinte uparithala vistheernnathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. 1922ll germmaniyil aadyamaayi amgeekarikkappetta ithu pothuve rajyangal metrik sambradaayam sweekarichathode vyaapichu. oru chathurashra meter (ekadesham) alakkunna ettavum valia staanderd sais paper a0 (oru poojyam) aanu. 1189 × 841 millimeter). a1 ennathu a0 (i) enna oru sheettinte pakuthiyaanu.iii.594 millimeter × 841 millimeter), athaayath arikil sthaapichirikkunna a1-nte rund sheettukal a0-nte oru sheettinu thulyamaanu. a2 ennathu a1-nte oru sheettinte pakuthiyaanu, muthalaayava. offeesilum veettilum upayogikkunna saadhaarana valuppangal eiii4, eiii3 (eiii3 ennathu rund eiii4 sheettukalude valuppamaan).
tissue paper muthal chila prathyeka pepparukal vareyulla pepparinte saandrata vyathyaasappedunnu. printing paper ekadesham.
pepparine ezhu vibhagangalaayi tharamthirikkaam
chila paper tharangalil iva ulppedunnu
paper sthiratha.
thadi palppil ninnu nirmmicha aadyakaala pepparil bhooribhaagavum ganyamaaya alavil aluminium sulfate uppu adangiyirunnu, ithu ganyamaayi acidity ullathaanu. valippam vardhippikkaan sahaayikkunnathin alum kadalaasil chertthathu mashi "oodukayoo" aniyanthrithamaayi vyaapikkukayo cheyyaathe kurachu jalathe prathirodhikkunnu. thangalude uthppannam nirmikkunnathil neridunna mikkavarum ellah prashnangalum pariharikkunnathin avar udaaramaayi cherttha alum oduvil doshakaramaakumennu aadyakaala paper nirmmathaakkal thiricharinjilla. paper nirmmikkunna cellulose naarukal assid upayogichu jalavishleshanam cheyyappedunnu, koodaathe acidic paper "slow fayar" ennariyappedunna oru prakriyayil vighadikkunnathuvare aluminte saannidhyam oduvil naarukale tharamthaazhthunnu. raag pepparil ezhuthiya rekhakal ganyamaayi kooduthal sthirathayullavayaanu. paper nirmmikkaan acidic ithara aditteevukalude upayogam kooduthal prachaaratthilundu, eee pepparukalude sthiratha oru prashnamalla.
mechanical palppil ninnu nirmmicha pepparil maratthile pradhana gadakamaaya lignin ganyamaaya alavil adangiyirikkunnu. prakaashatthinteyum ooksijanudeyum saannidhyathil, lignin prathipravartthichu manja vasthukkal nalkunnu, athinaalaan nyoos printum mattu mechanical paper praayathinanusarichu manja niramaakunnath. bleach cheytha kraaft allengil sulfite pulp upayogichu nirmmicha pepparil ganyamaaya alavil lignin adangiyittilla, athinaal pusthakangalkkum rekhakalkkum pepparinte veluppu anivaryamaaya mattu prayogangalkkum ithu kooduthal anuyojyamaanu.
maram kondu nirmmicha paper oru raag pepparinekkaal kuranja modiyullathaayirikkanamenna. oru pepparinte vaardhakya swabhaavam nirnnayikkunnath athinte nirmmaanamaan, allathe naarukalude yadhaartha uravidamalla. koodaathe, library oof kongras sponsor cheytha parisodhanakal theliyikkunnathu ellah pepparukalum assid kshayam sambhavikkanulla saadhyathayundennaanu, kaaranam cellulose thanne formic, asattik, laaktik, ooksaalik aasidukal uthpaadippikkunnu.
mechanical pulping upayogikkunna oru tonn unangiya maratthinu ekadesham oru tonn pulp nalkunnu, athinaalaan mechanical palppukale chilappol "uyarnna vilavu" palppukal ennu vilikkunnathu. kemikkal pulpinginte eratti vilavu labhikkuna mechanical palppukal palappozhum vilakuranjathaanu. vankida vipaniyile paperback pusthakangalum pathrangalum mechanical pepparukal upayogikkunnu. pusthaka prasadhakar hardbackinum trade paperback pusthakangalkkumayi poornnamaayum bleach cheytha raasa palppukalil ninnu nirmmicha assid rahita paper upayogikkunnu.
paaristhithika aaghaatham.
paper uthppaadanavum upayogavum paristhithiye niravadhi prathikoola phalangal undaakkunnu.
kazhinja 40 varshathinide lokamembaadumulla kadalaasinte upabhogam vardhichathu vananasheekaranathilekk nayichu, vilavedutha marangalil 35 sathamaanavum kadalas nirmmaanathinaayi upayogikkunnu. mikka paper kambanikalum vanangal veendum valarthaan sahaayikkunnathin marangal nattupidippikkunnu. maram kondulla thadippottalinte 10 sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame pazhaya valarchaa vanangalude maramvettal ulloovenkilum ithu ettavum vivaadaparamaaya vishayangalilonnaan.
oro varshavum amerikkayil uthppaadippikkunna motham maalinyathinte 40 sathamaanam vare paper maalinyamaan, ithu amerikkayil maathram prathivarsham 71.6 dasalaksham tonn paper maalinyangal cherkkunnu. amerikkayile sharashari oafees jeevanakkaaran ellah divasavum 31 pejukal achadikkunnu. amerikkakkar prathivarsham 16 bilyan paper kappukal upayogikkunnu.
moolaka chlorin upayogichu maram pulp parambaraagatha bleaching chlorinated dioxinukal ulppede valia alavil chlorinated jaiva samyukthangal uthpaadippikkukayum paristhithiyilekku purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. sthiramaaya jaiva malineekaranathekkurichulla stockholm kanvenshan anthaaraashtrathalathil niyanthrikkunna oru sthiramaaya paaristhithika malineekaranavasthuvaayi dioxinukal amgeekarikkappedunnu. dioxinukal valare vishaamshamullavayaan, manushyaril undaakunna aarogyaparamaya prathyaaghaathangalil prathyulppaadanam, vikasanam, rogaprathirodham, hormon prasnangal enniva ulppedunnu. avaa cancer undaakkunnavayaanennu ariyappedunnu. mrugangalude kozhuppu koshangalile bhakshya shringalayil dioxinukal adinjukoodunnathinaal manushyarude sanbarkkathinte 90 sathamaanathiladhikam bhakshanathiloodeyaanu, pradhaanamaayum maamsam, paal, malsyam, shelfish ennivayiloodeyaanu.
paper palppum print vyavasaayangalum 2010ll loka harithagriha vathaka udvamanathinte oru sathamaanavum 2012ll 0.9 sathamaanavum puranthalliyenkilum screenukalekkaal kurravaanu 2019ll loka harithagriha vathaka udvamanathinte ekadesham 4 sathamaanam digital saankethikavidyakal puranthallukayum 2025 aakumbozhekkum ithu eratti vardhikkukayum cheyyum.
bhaviyil.
chila nirmmathaakkal vipuleekaricha plaastik packaginginu pakaram puthiyathum kooduthal paristhithi souhrudavumaaya oru badal upayogikkaan thudangi. paper kondu nirmmichathum vaanijyaparamaayi paperfom ennariyappedunnathumaaya puthiya packaginginu chila vipuleekaricha plaastik packagingumaayi valare saamyamulla mechanical gunangalundu, pakshe ithu jaiva naseekaranaparavum saadhaarana paper upayogichu recycle cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
synthetic coatingukale (piphova polullava) kurichum hydrocarbon adhishtitha petrochemicalukalude uyarnna vilayekkurichum vardhichuvarunna paaristhithika aashankakal kaaranam, popcon baagukal polulla uyarnna grease aaplikkeshanukalil pepparinulla kottingaayi seenil (koonn protein) shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
koodaathe, tyweck, teslin thudangiya synthetics pepparinekkaal kooduthal modiyulla metteeriyalaayi printing mediayaayi avatharippichittundu.