
neuro endocrinology

naadeevyavasthayum endocrine sisttavum thammilulla prathipravartthanathe kurichu padikkunna jeevashaasthrathinte (prathyekichu physiology) shaakhayaanu neuroendocrinology.iii. shareerathile hormon pravartthanatthe masthishkam engane niyanthrikkunnu. manushyashareeratthinte shaareerika prakriyakale niyantrikkunnathinaayi naadee, endocrine samvidaanangal palappozhum neuro endocrine samyojanam enna prakriyayil orumichu pravartthikkunnu. masthishkam, prathyekichu hypothalamous, pityoottari grandhi hormonukalude sravathe niyanthrikkunnu enna amgeekaarathil ninnaan neuroendocrinology uthbhavichath, thudarnnu endocrininteyum naadeevyavasthayudeyum niravadhi paraspara bandhangalekkurichu anweshikkunnathinaayi ithu vikasichu.
pepttaidukal, stiroyidukal, neuroamines ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna raasaghadanayude hormonukal ulppaadippikkukayum sravikkukayum cheiyunna niravadhi grandhikal shareerathiludaneelam ulkkollunnathaan endocrine sisttam. hormonukal koottaayi niravadhi shaareerika prakriyakale niyanthrikkunnu. hypothalamous homeostasis nilanirthukayum prathyulppaadanam, metabolism, bhakshanapaneeya swabhaavam, oorjja upayogam, ausmolaaritti, rakthasammardham enniva niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna samvidaanamaanu neuroendocrine sisttam.
neuroendocrine sisttam.
hypothalamous.
thalachorinte ellah bhaagangalil ninnumulla inputtukal samyojippikkunnathilum oru prathyeka prathikaranam srishtikkunnathilum hypothalamous vahikkunna punk kaaranam hypothalamous saadhaaranayaayi thalachorinte rile sentar ennariyappedunnu. neuroendocrine sisttathil, hypothalamous thalachorinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnu vaidyutha signalukal sweekarikkukayum aaa vaidyutha signalukale hormonukaludeyo release gadakangaludeyo roopathil raasa signalukalaayi vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. eee rasavasthukkal pinneedu pityoottari grandhiyilekkum avide ninnu systemic sarkkuleshanilekkum kondupookunnu.
pityoottari grandhi.
pityoottari grandhiye moonnu lobukalaayi thirichirikkunnu antrior pityoottari, intermediat pityoottari loob, posteeriyar pityoottari. hypothalamous-hypophysial portal systethilekku tropic hormonukal ennu vilikkunna release gadakangal ayachukondu hypothalamous muun pityoottariyude hormon sravathe niyanthrikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, hypothalamous portal systethilekku purathuvidunna thyrotropine-release cheiyunna hormon muun pityoottari vazhi thyroid-uthejippikkunna hormon sravathe uthejippikkunnu.
pinn pityoottari hypothalamous nerittu aswasthamaakkunnu; auxitosin, vasopressin ennee hormonukal hypothalaamasile neuroendocrine koshangal samanvayippikkukayum pinn pityoottariyile naadi attangalil sambharikkukayum cheiyunnu. hypothalamic neuronukal vazhi avaa nerittu systemic rakthachamkramanathilekku sravikkappedunnu.
pradhana neuro endocrine aaksukal.
magnosellular neurosecratory koshangalude naadi attangalil ninnu systemic sarkkuleshanilekku puram pityoottari grandhiyude (neurohypophysis) rund neurohypophysial hormonukalaaya auxitosin, vasopressin (aanti-diuritic hormon ennum ariyappedunnu) enniva sravikkappedunnu. auxitosin, vasopressin neuronukalude koshakoshangal yathaakramam hypothalaamasinte paraventricular nucleusilum supraaoptik nucleusilumaanu, eee neuronukalude vaidyutha pravartthanam niyanthrikkunnath mattu mastishka pradeshangalil ninnulla afferent synaptic inputtukaliloodeyaanu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, anterior pityoottari grandhiyude (adenohypophysis) hormonukal endocrine koshangalil ninnu sravikkunnu, avaa sasthanikalil nerittu naadeevyoohathinu kaaranamakunnilla, ennittum eee hormonukalude (adrenocorticotrophic hormon, lutainising hormon, phoolikk-stimulating hormon, thyroid-stimulating hormon, prolaaktin, groth hormon) sravam hypothalaamasinte niyanthranathilaanu. hypothalamous "release gadakangal", "release-inhibitting gadakangal" ennivayiloode muun pityoottari grandhiye niyanthrikkunnu; iva hypothalamic neuronukal thalachorinte adithattil rakthakkuzhalukalilekk, median eminencil purathuvidunna padaarthangalaanu. hypothalamo-hypophysial portal paathrangalaaya eee naalangal hypothalamic gadakangale muun pittyoottariyilekk kondupookunnu, avide avaa hormon uthppaadippikkunna koshangalude uparithalathile nirddishta resepterukalumaayi bandhippikkunnu.
udaaharanathinu, valarchaa hormon sraavam niyanthrikkunnath rund neuroendocrine samvidaanangalaanu valarchaa hormon-release cheiyunna hormon (jii. echu. aarr. echu) neuronukal, yathaakramam jii. echu sravathe uthejippikkukayum thadayukayum cheiyunna somaattostaattin neuronukal. hypothalaamasinte arcuate nucleusilaanu gharr neuronukal sthithicheyyunnathu, athesamayam valarchaa hormon niyanthranatthil ulppedunna somaattostaattin koshangal periventricular nucleusilaanu. eee rund neuronal sisttangalum aaksonukale median eminensilekku project cheiyunnu, avide avaa muun pittyoottariyilekk kondupokunnathinaayi portal rakthakkuzhalukalilekk pepttaidukal vidunnu. groth hormon pulsukalil sravikkappedunnu, ithu gharr release somaattostaattin release marimari undaakunnathil ninnu undaakunnu, ithu gharr, somaattostaattin koshangal thammilulla neuronal edapedalukalum groth hormonil ninnulla negatteevu feedback prathifalippichekkaam.
pravartthanangal.
neuroendocrine sisttangal bonting muthal laingika perumaattam vareyulla ellah vashangalilum prathyulpaadanathe niyanthrikkunnu. avaa beejananavum andashaya chakravum prasavam, mulayoottal, maathru swabhaavam ennivaye niyanthrikkunnu. sammarddathodum anubaadhayodumulla shareerathinte prathikaranatthe avaa niyanthrikkunnu. avaa shareerathinte mettabolisathe niyanthrikkukayum bhakshanathinteyum paaneeyathinteyum swabhaavathe swaadheenikkukayum oorjja upabhogam engane upayogikkunnu, athaayath kozhuppu engane metabolisamaakunnu ennathine swaadheenikkukayum cheiyunnu. avaa maanasikavastha, shareera draavakam, electrolyte homeostasis, rakthasammardham ennivaye swaadheenikkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu.
neuroendocrine sisttathile neuronukal valuthaanu; avaa srava uthppannangal uthppaadippikkunnathinu cheria "faaktarikalaanu"; avayude naadi terminalukal valuthum yojicha terminal feeldukalil krameekarichirikkunnu; avayude outtputtu palappozhum rakthathil eluppathil alakkaan kazhiyum; eee neuronukal enthaanu cheiyunnathu, avaa prathikarikkunna uthejakangal enniva sidhaanthathinum pareekshanatthinum eluppathil thurannirikkunnu. athinaal, "oru neuron athinte uthppannathinte synthesis, packaging, sravam enniva engane niyanthrikkunnu?" polulla pothuvaaya chodyangal padikkunnathinu neuroendocrine neuronukal nalla "model sisttangal" aanu."koodaathe" electrical pravartthanatthil vivarangal engane encode cheyyappedunnu?"[ithu oru praadhamika srothass nireekshanamaanennu thonnunnu.]
charithram.
pioneermaar.
myoonichu sarvakalaashaalayile albert ainsteen koleju oof medisinil ninnulla ernsttum berta sharror neuro endocrinology mekhalayude sahasthaapakaraayi 1945 ll neuropeptaidukalekku avarude prarambha nireekshanangalum nirddeshangalum nalki.
jiophree haarisine neuroendocrynology "pithaav" aayi palarum kanakkakkunnu. harris, doow. hypothalamic neuronukal hypothalamohypophicial portal sarkkuleshanilekku sravikkunna hormonukalaanu sasthanikalude muun pityoottari grandhiye niyanthrikkunnathenn kaanikkunnathinte bahumati ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalayile liyeyude anatomy professoraanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, pinbhaagathe pityoottari grandhiyude hormonukal hypothalamic neuronukalude naadi attangalil ninnu nerittu systemic sarkkuleshanilekku sravikkappedunnu. lund sarvakalaashaalayile dora jacobsonumaayi sahakarichaan eee praadhamika pravartthanam nadathiyathu.
thyrotropine-release cheiyunna hormon (tii. aarr. echu), gonadotropin-release cheiyunna hormon (jii. enn. aarr. echu) ennivayaanu aadyam thirichariyunna gadakangal. thyroid-uthejippikkunna hormon sravathe uthejippikkunna oru cheria peptaidaanu tii. aarr. echu; jii. enn. aarr. echu (lutainising hormon-release hormon ennum ariyappedunnu) lutainising hormoninteyum phoolikk-stimulating hormoninteyum sravathe uthejippikkunnu.
rogger gillemin, leone faakkaltti oof medisin medical vidyaarthi, andrew dablyu. thuleyn sarvakalaashaalayile scally eee gadakangale aadukaludeyum pannikaludeyum hypothalaamasil ninnu verthirichu, thudarnnu avayude gadanakal thiricharinju. thalachorinte pepttaid hormon uthppaadanam" manasilaakkunnathin nalkia sambhaavanakalkk 1977 ll physiology, medisin ennivaykkulla nobal sammanam gillemin shalik labhichu.
1952ll southu florida sarvakalaashaalayile andor centivaaniyum geza phillip chernnu hypothalaamasiloode rogaprathirodhasheshiyude neural niyanthranam engane nadakkunnuvennu kaanikkunna lokathile aadyathe gaveshana prabandham ezhuthi.
aadhunika vyaapthi.
innu, neuroendocrinology neuroendocrine neuronukalude pradhana aashayathil ninnu neritto allaatheyo uyarnnuvanna vaividhyamaarnna vishayangal ulkkollunnu. adrenocorticotrophic hormon swaadheenathil adrenal grandhiyil ninnu sravikkunna corticosteroleiducale stiroyidukal thalachorine swaadheenikkunna gonaadukale neuroendocrine neuronukal niyanthrikkunnu. eee prathikaranangalekkurichu patanam neuroendocrynologistlute pravisyayaayi maari. hypothalamic neuroendocrine neuronukal rakthathilekku sravikkunna pepttaidukal thalachorilekkum purathuvarunnathaayi theliyikkapettu, koodaathe kendra pravartthanangal palappozhum peripheral pravarthanangalkku poorakamaayi kaanapettu. athinaal eee kendra pravartthanangal manasilaakkunnath neuroendocrynologistlute pravisyayaayi maari, chilappol eee pepttaidukal thalachorinte vyathyastha bhaagangalil valarnnuvannappol polum endocrine niyanthranavumayi bandhamillaattha pravarthanangalkku sahaayikkunnuvenn thonni. peripheral naadeevyavasthayil neuroendocrine neuronukal kandethi, udaaharanathinu, dahanathe niyanthrikkunnu. adrenaline, noradrinaline enniva purathuvidunna adrenal medula koshangalkk endocrine koshangalkkum neuronukalkkum idayil gunangalundennu theliyikkappedukayum udaaharanathinu exocytosisinte tanmatra samvidaanangalekkurichulla padanatthinu mikacha maathrukaa samvidaanangalaayi theliyikkappedukayum cheythu. ivayum vipuleekaranathiloode "neuroendocrine" samvidaanangalaayi maari.
neuro sciencilum physiologyilum niravadhi adisthaana thathwangalekkurichulla nammude daaranaykku neuroendocrine sisttangal pradhaanamaan, udaaharanathinu, uttejaka-srava samyojanathekkurichulla nammude dhaarana. neuroendocrine sravathile paatteninginte uthbhavavum praadhaanyavum innum neuroendocrynologyl prabalamaaya vishayangalaan.
neurobiological mastishka vaikalyangal manasilakkunnathinum chikilsikkunnathinumalla avibhaajya gadakamaayum neuroendocrinology upayogikkunnu. thyroid hormon upayogichu maanasikaavasthayude lakshanangalude chikitsa vardhippikkuka ennathaanu oru udaaharanam. schisophrenia baadhicha chila rogikalude cerebrospinal draavakathil traanstairettin (thyroxine transport) prashnam kandethuka ennathaanu mattonn.
pareekshanathmaka saankethikavidyakal.
pityoottari grandhiyumaayulla hypothalaamasinte ashayavinimayam anweshikkunna jiophree haarisinte yadhaartha pareekshanangal muthal, eee edapedalinekkurichulla yaanthrika vishadaamshangalekkurichu valareyadhikam padikkappettittund. vividha pareekshanathmaka saankethikavidyakal upayogichittundu. aadyakaala pareekshanangal hodjkin huxley upayogikkunna electrophysiology saankethikavidyakale valareyadhikam aashrayichirunnu. munbu thiricharinja samvidaanangal manasilakkunnathinum vividha saahacharyangalil vyavasthaapitha prathikaranavum poruthappedutthalum pravachikkunnathinum sameepakaala sameepanagal vividha ganithashaasthra maathrkakal ulppeduthiyittundu.
electrophysiology.
hypothalamasilum pityoottari pitutoryilum prathyekichu physiological sambhavangal thirichariyaan neuroendocrynology aadyakaalangalil electrophysiology pareekshanangal upayogichirunnu. 1950-ll jiophree harris baari cross vaidyutha uthejanathodulla prathikaranamaayi auxitosin release padichukondu auxitosin paatha roopappeduthi. 1974-ll, vaalttezhsum haattanum vasopressin purathuvidunnathinu utharavaadiyaaya hypothalamic sentaraaya supraaoptik nucleusine vaidyuthaparamaayi uthejippichukondu jala nirjjaleekaranathinte prabhavam parishodhichu. hypothalamic neuronukalude vaidyutha gunangalekkurichu padikkunna neurohypophiesal sisttathinte shareerashaasthram padikkunnathinaayi glen haattan thante currier samarppichu. angane cheiyunnathu eee neuronukalude swabhaavathekkurichum athinte falamaayundaakunna shaareerika falangalekkurichum anweshanam saadhyamaakki. neuroendocrine koshangalude vaidyutha pravarthanathekkurichu padikkunnathu central naadee neuronukal, neuroendocrine neuronukal, endocrine koshangal enniva thammilulla aathyanthika vyathyasam praapthamakki.
ganithashaasthra maathrkakal.
hodkin-huxley model.
hodgkin-huxley model oru prathyeka voltageil oru sisttathinte vaidyuthadhaarayekkurichulla daattaye membran pottensial vivarikkunna samayathe aasrayikkunna daattayilekk vivarthanam cheiyunnu. eee maathruka upayogikkunna pareekshanangal saadhaaranayaayi ore formattineyum anumanangaleyum aasrayikkunnu, pakshe avayude prathyeka chodyangalkku utharam nalkunnathinu deferential samavakyangalil vyathyaasamund. eee reethi upayogichukondu vasopressin, gnrh, somatotrophes, corticotrophes, lactotrophic hormonukal ennivayekkurichu dhaaraalam karyangal padikkappettittund.
integrate aandu fayar model.
integrate aandu fayar model lakshyamidunnathu oru neuroninte threashold pravartthanatthil maathram shradha kendreekarichukondu jaiva samvidaanangale vivarikkunnathil ganitha laalithyamaan. angane cheiyunnathiloode, sankeernamaaya oru samvidaanathinte sankeernnatha model vijayakaramaayi kuraykkunnu; ennirunnaalum athu pravartthanatthinte yadhaartha samvidaanangale avaganikkukayum oru sisttathinte outtputtu athinte inputtine engane aashrayikkunnuvenn nirvachikkunna pravartthanangal upayogichu avaye maattisthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. pinn pityoottari grandhiyilekku, prathyekichu auxitosin, vasopressin ennivayilekku hormonukal purathuvidunnathine vivarikkan eee maathruka upayogichittundu.
pravarthanaparamaaya allengil sharashari feeld model.
functional allengil meane fiields model "lalithamaanu nallath" enna prameyathe aasrayichirikkunnu. koshangalude muzhuvan janasamkhyayeyum vivarikkan orotta variable upayogichu bahumukha samvidaanangalude modalinginte sankeernnatha kuraykkaan ithu shramikkunnu. oro janasamkhyaykkum vyathyasthamaaya oru koottam variableukal upayogikkuka ennathaanu badal. onniladhikam koshangal samvadikkunna oru systethe maathrkayaakkaan shramikkumbol, niravadhi settukal upayogikkunnathu vegathil sankeernamaakunnu. eee maathruka niravadhi samvidaanangale vivarikkan upayogichittundu, prathyekichu prathyulpaadana chakram (aarthavachakrangal, lutainising hormon, prolaaktin sarjukal) ulppedunnava. courtisol sravatheyum valarchaa hormon sravatheyum prathinidheekarikkunna pravarthanaparamaaya modalukalum nilavilundu.