
ulkkaazhcha

oru prathyeka sandarbhathinullil oru prathyeka kaaranatheyum phalatheyum kurichulla daaranayaanu ulkkaazhcha. ulkkaazhcha enna padatthinu niravadhi anubandha ardhangal undaakaam
oru budhimuttulla prashnam engane pariharikkaamenn manasilaakkunnath polulla pettennu thanne prakadamaakunna oru ulkkaazhchaye chilappol jarmman padamaaya "aahaa-erlebanis" ennu vilikkunnu. jarmman manasshaasthranjanum saidhaanthika bhaashaashaasthranjanumaaya kaal buhleranu eee padam srishtichathu. ithu epiphany, eureka moment allengil (cross vaid solverukalkk) penni dropping moment (pii. dii. emm) ennum ariyappedunnu. pettennulla rogaavasthakal palappozhum oru prashnam pariharikkunathinupakaram thirichariyunnu, athinaal aahu-ooo ennathinekkaal nimishangal negatteevu ulkkazhchayil kooduthal kaanapedunnu. negatteevu ulkkaazhchayude mattoru udaaharanam dukhamaanu, ithu ulkkaazhchayude ghattam vare nashtamaaya oru parihaaratthinte vyakthathayekurichulla shalyamaan, ithinu oru udaaharanam hommer simpsante catchfrase ekslement, dii 'ooo!.
manahshaasthram.
manahshaasthrathil, oru prashnathinulla pariharam vegathilum munnariyippillathe svayam avatharippikkumbozhaanu ulkkaazhcha sambhavikkunnath. pareekshanatheyum pishakineyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla thettaaya shramangalethudarnnu sariyaaya pariharam pettennu kandethunnathaan ithu. ulkkaazhchayiloodeyulla pariharangal noonn-insaitt parihaarangalekkaal krithyamaanennu theliyikkappettittund.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, asosiyeshanisathinum padanathekkurichulla association veekshanathinum pakaramulla oru thirachilinide gestaalt saikolajiyaanu ulkkaazhcha aadyamaayi padichathu. ulkkazhchaykkulla chila nirddishta saadhyathayulla samvidaanangalil iva ulppedunnu pettennu prashnathe oru puthiya reethiyil kaanunnath, prashnathe mattoru prasakthamaaya prashnam/parihara jodiyumaayi bandhippikkuka, parihaarathe thadayunna munkaala anubavangal purathuviduka, allengil prashnathe valuthum yojichathumaaya pashchaathalatthil kaanuka.
classic reethikal.
saadhaaranayaayi, laborattariyile ulkkazhchayekkurichulla padanatthinulla reethishaasthraparamaaya sameepanagalil pankedukkunnavarkku parambaraagathamo yukthisahamo aaya reethiyil pariharikkan kazhiyaatha prashnangalum pasilukalum avatharippikkunnath ulppedunnu. ulkkaazhchayude prasnangal saadhaaranayaayi moonnu tharatthilaanu.
pravarthanaparamaaya sthiratha thakarkkunnu.
aadya tharam prashnam pankedukkunnavare "dunker mezhukuthiri prashnam" pole avarkk parichithamallaattha reethiyil vasthukkal upayogikkaan prerippikkunnu (athinaal, avayude pravarthanaparamaaya sthiratha thakarkkunnu). dunker mezhukuthiri prashnam" ennathil, vyakthikalkk poruthangalum oru petti taakkukalum nalkukayum murii prakaashippikkunnathin chumaril oru mezhukuthiri gadippikkaanulla oru maargam kandethaan aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu. parihaarathinu pankedukkunnavar taakkukalude petti shoonyamaakkukayum boxinullil mezhukuthiri vaykkukayum boxes chumaril thattukayum mezhukuthiri kathikkukayum venam.
speshyal kazhivu.
randaamathe tharam ulkkaazhcha prashnathinu "onpathu dott prashnam" pole pariharikkanulla speshyal kazhivu aavasyamaanu. prashasthamaaya "onpathu dott prashnam" pankedukkunnavar avarude pensil edukkaathe onpathu dottukaliloode naalu varikal varaykkendathundu.
vaakkalulla kazhivu upayogikkuka.
moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum tharatthilulla prashnathinu vidoora associate testt (elii) pole pariharikkanulla vaakkalulla kazhivu aavasyamaanu. eliyil, vyakthikal bandhamillaathathaayi thonnunna moonnu vaakkukale bandhippikkunna oru padathekkurichu chinthikkanam. elikale palappozhum pareekshanangalil upayogikkunnu, kaaranam avaa ulkkazhchayodum avaykkumoppam pariharikkanaakum.
prathyeka phalangal.
noonn-insaitt prasnangal.
ulkkaazhchayiloode pariharikkavunnathum pariharikkan ulkkaazhcha aavashyamillaathathumaaya rund koottam prasnangal nireekshikkappettundu. oru vyakthiyude vaijnjaanika vazhakkam, ozhukkum padasambatthu kazhivum ulkkaazhcha prashnangalile prakadanatthe pravachikkunnu, pakshe noonn-insaitt prashnangaleyalla. ithinu vipareethamaayi, draavaka buddhi kaazhchayillaattha prashnangalile prakadanathekkurichu neriya reethiyil pravachikkunnu, pakshe ulkkaazhcha prashnangalekkurichalla. sameepakaala gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu ulkkazhchayum thirachilum ennathinekkaal, ulkkaazhchayude aathmanishtamaaya vikaaram vyathyaasappedunnu, chila pariharangal mattullavayekkaal sakthamaaya aahu anubhavappedunnu.
vikarangal.
mechappetta maanasikaavasthayilulla aalukalkk ulkkaazhcha upayogichu prasnangal pariharikkanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. vyathyasthamaaya mastishka pravartthana reethikal soochippikkunnathu pole, pankedukkunnavarude svayam report cheytha positteev prabhavam oru prashnam pariharikkunnathinumbumbum sheshavum ulkkaazhcha vardhippichuvennu gaveshanam theliyichu. uthkanda anubavikkunna aalukal vipareeta phalam kaanikkukayum ulkkaazhchayiloode kurachu prasnangal pariharikkukayum cheythu. ulkkaazhchayude anubhavathinteyum ithu oru positteev aahayano negatteevu uha-oohaano ennathinteyum kaaryatthilum vikaarathe pariganikkaam. ulkkazhchakal labhikkunnathin, ulkkaazhchakalkk kaaranamakunna swantham vikaarangalilekkum samvedanangalilekkum nalla alavil praveshanam undaayirikkendathu pradhaanamaanennu gaveshanam theliyikkunnu. eee adisthaana kaaranangalilekku vyakthikalkk parimithamaaya aathmaparisodhanaa praveshanam ullathuvare, eee prakriyakalil avarkk parimithamaaya niyanthranam maathrameyulloo. 
incubation.
jyaamitheeyavum speshyal ulkkaazhcha prashnavum upayogichu, edavela labhikkatha pankaalikale apekshichu pankedukkunnavarkku edavela nalkunnathu avarude prakadanam mechappeduthiyathaayi kandethi. ennirunnaalum, prasnangal thammilulla incubation dairkhyam prashnamalla. angane, ulkkaazhcha prashnangalekkurichulla pankedukkunnavarude prakadanam oru hraswa edavelayiloode (4 minitt) oru neenda edavelayiloode (12 minitt) cheythathupole mechappettu.
uranguka.
urakkam ulkkaazhcha srishtikkaan sahaayikkumenn gaveshanangal theliyichittundu. vyakthikalkk thudakkathil ulkkaazhcha prashnangalekkurichu pariseelanam nalkiyirunnu. parisheelanathinu sesham, oru groupine raathriyil ettu manikkoor urangiyathinusesham ulkkaazhcha prashnangalekkurichu pareekshichu, oru groupine ratri muzhuvan unarnnitt pareekshichu, oru groupine divasam muzhuvan unarnnitt pareekshichu. urangiyavar unarnnirikkunnavarekkaal randuthavana ulkkaazhcha prasnangalil prakadanam nadatthi.
thalachoril.
idathu, valath ardhagolathile mastishka sajeevamaakkalile vyathyaasangal ulkkazhchayum noonn-insaitt parihaarangalum soochippikkunnuvennu thonnunnu. idathu allengil valath vishwal feeldil avatharippicha elikalude upayogam upayogichu, ulkkaazhcha upayogichu prashnam pariharicha pankaalikal idathu vishwal feeldil eliye kaanikkan saadhyatha kooduthalaanennu kaanichu, ithu valath ardhagola prosessinghine soochippikkunnu. ulkkazhchayil sariyaaya ardhagolathinu savisheshamaaya pankundennu ithu theliyikkunnu.
ulkkaazhchayiloode pariharikkappedunna prashnangalkk anusrithamaayi eliyude savisheshamaaya mastishka pravartthanam poortthiyaakkunna pankedukkunnavarude ifmr, eeji scanukal. onnu, pankedukkunnavar ulkkaazhcha prashnangalkk pariharam soochippikkunnathinu ekadesham 300 millisekkandukalkk munbu alfa, gamma bandle uyarnna eeji pravartthanam undu, pakshe noonn-insaitt prasnangalkkalla. koodaathe, ulkkaazhchayiloode pariharikkappedunna prasnangal temporal lobukalileyum midu-frondall courtexileyum vardhicha pravartthanavumaayi poruthappedunnu, athesamayam posteeriyar courtexile kooduthal pravartthanam noonn-insaitt prasnangalumaayi poruthappedunnu. prashnam pariharikkunnathinumbu sambhavikkunna noonn-insaitt prashnangalum ulkkazhchayum pariharikkumbol thalachoril vyathyasthamaaya enthengilum sambhavikkunnundenn daatta soochippikkunnu. aalukal ulkkaazhchayiloode prasnangal pariharikkumbol kannu chimmunna samayavum aavruthiyum vardhikkunnathaayi kaanikkunna kannu tracking daattayum eee nigamanathe pinthunaykkunnu. 
eee randaamathe phalam, vishwal inputtukalude srothassukalil ninnu (shoonyamaaya mathililekku nokkunnathu allengil aakaashathe janalaykku purathu nokkunnathu polullava) nokkunna oru kannu paattenumaayi jodiyaakkunnathu, vishakalanathiloode ulkkaazhcha prashna parihaaratthilum prashna parihaaratthilum vyathyastha shradha cheluthunna edapedal theliyikkunnu.
group ulkkaazhcha.
vyakthikalekkaal ulkkaazhcha prasnangalil (sahaayakaramo sahaayakaramallathatho aaya soochanakalulla rebus pasilukalude roopathil) grouppukal saadhaaranayaayi mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnathaayi kandethi. 
koodaathe, incubation vyakthikalkk ulkkaazhcha prakadanam mechappeduthumbol, ithu grouppukalkku ulkkaazhcha prakadanam kooduthal mechappeduthunnu. angane, 15 minitt edavelaykku sesham, sahaayakaramallatha soochanakalulla rebus pasilukalude vyakthigatha prakadanam mechappettu, koodaathe sahaayakaramallathathum sahayakaravumaaya soochanakalulla rebus pasilukalude group prakadanam mechappettu.
vyakthigatha vyathyaasangal.
vyakthithvavum lingabhedavum, avaa ulkkaazhcha prashnangalekkurichulla prakadanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnathil, vividha ulkkaazhcha prasnangal upayogichu padichu. vaikaarikathayil thaazhnna rankum anubhavathinulla thuranna manasse ullavar ulkkaazhcha prasnangalil mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnathaayi kandethi. ulkkaazhcha prasnangalil purushanmaar sthreekale marikadannu, kaazhchayillaattha prasnangalil sthreekal purushanmaare marikadannu.
uyarnna budhishakthi (uyarnna ikyu) ulkkaazhcha prashnangalile mikacha prakadanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave kandethiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, ulkkaazhcha prasnangalkkulla soochanakalum soochanakalum nalkunnathil ninnu uyarnna budhiyullavarekkaal kuranja budhiyullavarkku kooduthal prayojanam labikkum.
austreliyayil aduthide nadanna oru valia thothilulla patanam soochippikkunnathu ulkkaazhcha saarvathrikamaayi anubhavichirikkilla, prathikarichavaril ekadesham 20 sathamaanam perr thangal ulkkaazhcha anubhavichittillennu report cheythu.
metacognission.
kaazhchayillaattha prashnangalekkaal, ulkkaazhcha prashnangalkkayi swantham metacognission pravachikkunnathil vyakthikal daridraraanu. oru lionic ethratholam "choodulla" allengil "thanupp" anubhavappedunnuvennu soochippikkaan vyakthikalodu aavasyappettu. pothuve, avarkk ithu noonn-insaitt prashnangalkk nannayi pravachikkaan kazhinju, pakshe ulkkaazhcha prashnangalkk vendiyalla. ulkkaazhchayude samayat pettennundaaya sambhavathin ithu thelivukal nalkunnu.
prakrithidathamaaya krameekaranangal.
aduthide, ulkkaazhcha oru noonn-laborattari krameekaranatthil padichu. abhimukhangal muthalaayavayil maadyamangalil report cheyyappetta ulkkaazhchayude vivaranagal., parisodhikkukayum coode cheyyukayum cheythu. eee mekhalayil sambhavikkunna ulkkazhchakal saadhaaranayaayi pettennulla "dhaaranayile maattavumaayi" bandhappettathaanennum prashnatthile "bandhangalum vairudhyangalum kaanunnathumaayi" bandhappettirikkunnavum kandethi. prakrithiyile ulkkaazhcha laborattariyile ulkkazhchayil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennum kandethi. udaaharanathinu, prakrithiyile ulkkaazhcha palappozhum kramena aayirunnu, pettennullathalla, incubation athra pradhaanamaayirunnilla. mattu padanangal laboratoric purathulla ulkkaazhcha kooduthal paryavekshanam cheyyaan oonlain chodyaavalikal upayogichu, kulikkal polulla saahacharyangalil ulkkaazhcha palappozhum sambhavikkunnu enna dhaarana parishodhikkunnu, vyathyastha chinthakal kooduthal saadhyathayulla saahacharyangalil srishtiparamaaya ashayangal sambhavikkunnu enna ashayam prathidhwanikkunnu, chilappol moonnu bii ennu vilikkunnu.
manushyarallaatha mrugangal.
primate kognishanekkurichulla padanangal mrugangalile ulkkazhchayaayi vyaakhyaanikkaavunnathinta thelivukal nalkiyittundu. tenerife dveepile praimettukalekkurich aarr varshatholam padichukondu 1917-ll wolfgang kohler thante "dhii maintasitt oof eaps" enna pusthakam prasidheekarichu. addehathinte oru pareekshanatthil, oru sammanam (saadhaaranayaayi, eathenkilum tharatthilulla bhakshanam) nedunnathinu puthiyathum yadhaarthavumaaya reethikalil vasthukkal upayogikkenda oru ulkkaazhcha prashnam kurangukalkk avatharippichu. mrugangalkku bhakshanam labhikkunnathil thudarchayaayi paraajayappedumennum eee prakriya kurachukaalathekku sambhavichuvennum addeham nireekshichu; ennirunnaalum, pettennu, avar uddeshapoorvvam bhakshanam labhikkunnathin aavashyamaaya reethiyil aaa vasthuvine upayogikkum, athu evideyum ninnu sambhavichathallaathathupole. eee perumaattatthe kurangukalile ulkkazhchayodu saamyamulla onnaayi addeham vyaakhyaanichu. aanakalum ulkkaazhcha anubhavichekkaamennu aduthide nadanna oru patanam soochippikkunnu, oru aann aanaykku athicheraanaakaatha bhakshanathinu keezhil oru valia cube thirichariyaanum neekkaanum kazhinjuvennu kaanikkunnu, angane prathiphalam labhikkaan athil nilkkaan kazhiyum.
sidhaanthangal.
ulkkaazhchaye prathinidheekarikkunna niravadhi sidhaanthangalundu; nilavil, oru sidhaanthavum vyaakhyaanathil aadhipathyam pularthunnilla.
eratta prakriya sidhaantham.
eratta-prakriya sidhaanthamanusarichu, prasnangal pariharikkan rund samvidaanangalundu. aadyathethil yukthiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla yuktisahavum vishakalanaparavumaya chinta prakriyakal ulppedunnu, randaamathethil anubhavathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla avabodhajanyavum yaanthrikavumaaya prakriyakal ulppedunnu. ulkkazhchayil orupakshe rund prakriyakalum ulppedaamennu gaveshanam theliyichittundu; ennirunnaalum, randaamathe prakriya kooduthal swaadheenamullathaanu.
moonnu prakriya sidhaantham.
three-prosess sidhaanthamanusarichu, ulkkazhchayil budhishakthi valia punk vahikkunnu. prathyekichum, ulkkazhchayil moonnu vyathyastha prakriyakal (selective encoding, kompineshan, thaarathamyappeduthal) ulppedunnu, avaykku prashnangalkk budhishakthi aavasyamaanu. aprasakthamaaya savisheshathakal avaganichukondu oru parihaarathinu prasakthamaaya ashayangalil shradha kendreekarikkunna prakriyayaan selective encoding. munbu prasakthamennu karuthiya vivarangal samyojippikkunna prakriyayaan selective kompineshan. avasaanamaayi, nilavile prashnathinum parihaarathinum baadhakamaaya prasnangalumaayum pariharangalumaayum munkaala anubhavathinte upayogamaanu selective thaarathamyappeduthal.
naalu gattangalulla model.
naalu gattangalulla ulkkaazhchayude maathruka anusarichu, prashnaparihaarathinu naalu ghattangalund. aadyam, oru vyakthi oru prashnam pariharikkan thayyaaredukkunnu. randaamathaayi, vyakthi prashnathe incubate cheiyunnu, athil pareekshanavum pishakum muthalaayava ulppedunnu. moonnaamathaayi, ulkkaazhcha sambhavikkukayum pariharam prakashikkukayum cheiyunnu. oduvil, prashnathinulla parihaaratthinte parisodhana anubavikkunnu. eee model nirddeshikkappettathum, rando moonno samana gattangalulla samanamaaya mattu modalukal paryavekshanam cheythittundu.
saikyatriyil.
manahshaasthrathilum cycatriyilum, ulkkaazhcha ennathu oraalude swantham maanasikarogam thirichariyaanulla kazhivaanu. american cycatrist aaron bekkinte perilulla beck cognitive insaitt skeyil (bisis) upayogichaanu cycatric insaitt saadhaaranayaayi alakkunnathu. chikilsayude aavasyakatha thirichariyuka, oraalude perumaattatthinte anantharafalangal oru rogathil ninnu undaakunnuvenn thirichariyuka thudangiya onniladhikam manangal eee ulkkaazhchaykk undu. valare mosham amgeekaaramo amgeekaaramo ulla oru vyakthiye "mosham ulkkaazhcha" allengil "ulkkaazhchayude abhavam" ennu vilikkunnu. oraalude swantham maanasika rogathekkurichulla ulkkaazhchayude poornnamaaya abhavamaaya anosognosiayanu ettavum theevramaaya roopam. pala maanasikarogangalum vividha thalatthilulla ulkkazhchayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, obsessive compulsive disorder vividha fobiyakalum ulla aalukalkk thangalkk oru prashnamundennum avarude chinthakalum pravartthanangalum yukthirahithamaanennum thaarathamyena nalla ulkkaazhchayundengilum chinthakalum pravartthanangalum pariganikkathe nadatthaan nirbandhitharaakunnu. schisophrenia vividha maanasikaavasthakalum ulla rogikalkku thangalkk enthengilum kuzhappamundennu valare mosham avabodham undu. saikkosisinte cognitive behavioural therapy phalangal cycatric insaitt anukoolamaayi pravachikkunnu. innu chila cycatristukal vishwasikkunnathu manoroga marunnukal rogiyude ulkkaazhchayude abhaavathinu kaaranamaakumenn.
aathmeeyatha.
ulkkaazhcha" ennathinte paali vaakk "vipashyana" aanu, ithu orutharam budhamatha bodhapoorvamaaya dhyaanatthinte peraayi sweekarikkappettittundu. sameepakaala gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu, 20 minitt alavil ulkkaazhcha prasnangal pariharikkan mindfulness meditteshan sahayikkunnu ennaanu.
maarkkatting.
ningalude upabhokthaavumaayi vaikaarika thalatthil bandhippikkukayum vyakthamaaya prathikaranatthinu prerippikkukayum cheiyunna ningalude taargett upabhokthaakkalude manobhaavangaleyum vishwaasangaleyum kurichulla aazhathilulla daaranaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru prasthaavanayaan ulkkaazhchayenn paatt konroy choondikkaanikkunnu ("eee brand enne manassilakkunnu! enikku anganeyaan thonnunnathu! - avar athinekkurichu orikkalum angane chinthichittillenkilum) "ithu, liverage cheyyumbol, upabhokthru swabhaavam mattaanulla shakthiyund. ningalude brandinu gunam cheiyunna upabhokthru perumaattatthile maattathe ulkkazhchakal baadikkukayum athu vipanana lakshyathinte nettatthilekku nayikkukayum venam.
ulkkazhchakal inipparayunnava adisthaanamaakkiyukaallathaayi
thaazhepparayunnavayilonn cheyyumbol/cheyyumbol ulkkazhchakal ettavum falapradamaanan
oru upabhokthru sathyathinte aavishkaaramenna nilayil, pravarthanakshamamaakunnathinni, oru ulkkaazhcha oru vyakthamaaya vaakyamaayi prasthaavikkanam, athil ulppedunnu
randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum kaalavadhi thammilulla vidavu oru pirimurukkam nalkunnu, ithu oru brandinu oru saadhyathayaanu. pakarppukalkkayi aashaya rachayithakkal ullathupole, ulkkazhchayulla ezhuthukaar undu.
vipani gaveshanathile ulkkaazhchayude saankethika padaprayogatthil, upabhokthaakkalude ulkkaazhcha theliyikkunna vividha vivara srothassukale (alavu gaveshanam, gunaparamaaya gaveshanam enniva polullava) paraamarshichu praadeshika vpaniye manassilakkuka ennathaanu.

