
pinyin

saadhaaranayaayi pinyin ennu churukkipparayunna hanyu pinyin (), staanderd manderine chainees bhaashayile ettavum pradhanappetta romanvalkkarana samvidaanamaanu. peeples republic oof chaina (prc), republic oof chaina (aarosi, taiwan), singapur, ikyaraashtrasabha (yuu. enn) ennee bhashakal audyogikamaaya rajyangalil aupachaarikamo vidyaabhyaasaparamo audyogikamo aaya reethiyil ithu upayogikkunnu. laattin aksharamalayumaayi ithinakam parichayamulla padithaakkale saadhaaranayaayi chainees aksharangal upayogichu ezhuthappedunna manderine padippikkaan ithu pradhaanamaayum upayogikkunnu. tonukale soochippikkunna naalu diacretics eee samvidaanathil ulppedunnu, ennaal toonn maarkkukalillaatha pinyin laattin lipiyil ezhuthiya bhaashakalile chainees perukalum vaakkukalum ucharikkaan upayogikkunnu, koodaathe chainees aksharangal nalkunnathinu chila computer inputt reethikalilum chila chainees nighandukkalilum entrikal krameekarikkaanum ithu upayogikkunnu. ()' enna vaakkinte aksharaarthatthil 'hahn bhasha' ennaanu (i.iii. chainees bhasha), athesamayam '() ennaal "aksharavinyasamulla shabdangal" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu.
1950kalil shau youguwang ulppedeyulla oru koottam chainees bhaashaashaasthranjaraanu pinyin samvidaanam vikasippichath, ithu chainees bhaashayude munkaala roopangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. 1958ll chainees sarkkar prasidheekarikkukayum niravadhi thavana parishkarikkukayum cheythu. internaashanal oorganaiseshan phoor standerdisation (iso) 1982-ll pinyin oru anthaaraashtra nilavaaramaayi, iso 7098 aayi sweekarikkukayum 1986-ll ikyaraashtrasabha pinthudarukayum cheythu. aarosi (taiwan) yill pinyin nilavaaram pularthaanulla sramangal 2002-lum 2009-lum nadannu, 2009 muthal audyogikamaanengilum, "thaayvaanil pradhaanamaayum staanderd spelling sisttam illa", athinaal 2019-ll "thaayvaanile aksharamala spellingukal onninte saannidhyathekkaal sisttathinte abhavathaal adayaalappeduthunnu". koodaathe, "chila nagarangalum bisinessukalum samghadanakalum, prathyekichu thaayvaante thekkan bhaagangalil, rashtreeya kaaranangalal [pinyin avatharippikkanulla sramangal] amgeekarichilla, kaaranam athu prcumaayi kooduthal samyojanam nirddeshichu", athinaal ithu niravadhi athiraalikalaaya romaanitteshan samvidaanangalil onnaayi thudarunnu.
oru koottam coding, decoding samvidaanangalulla oru videsha ezhuthu samvidaanam oru bhasha ezhuthaan edukkumbol, chila vittuveezhchakal nadathendivannekkaam. chila videsha bhashakalil upayogikkunna decoding samvidaanangal mattu videsha bhashakal upayogikkunna coding, decoding samvidaanangalekkaal lakshya bhashayumaayi saamyamulla shabdangal utppaadippikkaan thaddesheeyarallaatha samsaarikkunnavare praaptharaakkum ennathaanu phalam. engleesh samsaarikkunna mikkavarum saadhaaranayaayi uthppaadippikkaatha chila samsara shabdangalude kaaryatthil ozhike engleesh samsaarikkunna thaddeshiyar pinyin spellingukal maandarinte valare adutha ekadesha kanakkukalilekku decode cheyyum "jeey"/ths/, "kyu"/ths/, "ex"/χ/, "isad"/ts/, "sii"/tsh/, "ishu"/echii/, "ch"/echiechu/, "echu"/ex/, "aarr"/τ/enniva ettavum valia poruthakkedukal prakadippikkunnu.
eee samvidaanathil, laattin aksharangalum shabdavum thammilulla kathidapaadukal chilappol vyathirikthamaan, ennirunnaalum mattu bhashakalil laattin lipi upayogikkunna reethiyekkaal kooduthal allah. udaaharanathinu, "bii", "dii", "jii", "pii", "tii", "keey" enniva thammilulla aaspireshan vyathyasam engleeshile eee akshara-prarambha vyanjanaaksharangalkk samaanamaan (athil rund settukalum shabdathiloode verthirikkappedunnu), pakshe franchumaayi allah. z", "c" ennee aksharangalkkum aaa vyathyaasamund, (ithu yathaakramam jarmman bhaashayile phonemine laattin lipiyil ezhuthiya slavik bhaashakaleyum prathinideekarikkaan upayogikkunna eee aksharangale anusmarippikkunnu). s, z, c" ennivayil ninnu degraphukal "s, zh, ch" engleeshil "s, ch" ennathumaayi saadrishyam kaanikkunnu. degraphukalude eee samana upayogam "zh" enna puthiya kompineshan avatharippikkunnunde, rund seereesukalum engane bandhappettirikkunnu ennathil ithu aantharikamaayi sthirathayullathaanu. x, j, q" shreniyil, "x"-nte pinyin upayogam porchugees, galishyan, kaattalan, bask, malties bhashakalil prathinidheekarikkunnathin samaanamaan; pinyin "q" albanian bhashayil athinte moolyathinu aduthaanu, ennirunnaalum pariseelanam labhikkatha chevikk pinyin, albanian uchaaranam enniva "ch"-nuu samaanamaayi thonniyekkaam. pranaya bhaashakalile svaraaksharangalkku samaanamaayaan pinyin svaraaksharangal ucharikkunnathu.
chainees padangalude uchaaranangalum aksharavinyaasangalum saadhaaranayaayi aksharangalkk pakaram bhaashayude "segmental phonomic" bhaagathe prathinidheekarikkunna aadyaksharangaludeyum avasaanangaludeyum adisthaanathilaanu nalkunnathu. aadyaksharangal prarambha vyanjanaaksharangalaan, athesamayam avasaanabhagangal medialukal (swaraaksharathinu munbu varunna ardhaswarangal), oru nucleus swaraaksharam, coda (avasana swaraaksharam allengil vyanjanaksharam) ennivayude saadhyamaaya samyojanangalaan.
charithram.
pashchaathalam 1949 nuu munbu chainees bhaashayude romanvalkkaranam.
1605-ll jesuit missionary maattiyo richi baijingle "sisi kiji" (сиси ичи ичи) prasidheekarichu. chainees bhasha ezhuthaan roman aksharamalaykku roopam nalkia aadya pusthakamaayirunnu ithu. irupathu varshathinusesham, chainayile mattoru jesuit, nicolas trigolt, haangshouvil thante "()" puratthirakki. iru pusthakangalum chainakkar avarude ezhuthu sanbradaayathekkurichu chinthikkunna reethiyil valia swaadheenam cheluthiyittilla, avar vivaricha romanvalkkaranangal chainakkarekkaal paashchaathyarkkaanu uddeshichathu.
paashchaathya aksharamaalakale chainayumaayi bandhappedutthiya aadyakaala chainees chinthakaril oraal aadyakaala kwing raajavamshathile pandithanum audyogikanumaaya fang yishiyumaayi (1611-1671) taamasiyaathe ming aayirunnu.
chaina oru spelling samvidaanam sweekarikkanamennu nirddeshicha aadya pilkkala kwing parishkarthaavu soong shuu (1862-1910) aayirunnu. mahanaaya pandithanmaraya yuu yuu, shang thaayyan ennivarude vidyaarthiyaaya gaanam jappanilekku pookukayum avideyulla "kaana" silabarikaludeyum paashchaathya padanathinteyum athisayakaramaaya swaadheenam nireekshikkukayum cheythu. ithu addehathe niravadhi ramgangalil pravarthanatthilekku prerippichu, ettavum pradhanappetta onnu thirakkadhayude parishkaranamaanu. paatt yadhaarthathil sinittik bhashakal spelling cheiyunnathinulla oru samvidaanam srishtichillengilum, addehathinte charcha phalabhooyishtamaanennu theliyikkukayum phoonetik lipikalude padhathikalude vyaapanathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
wade-gails.
1859ll thomas wade nirmmicha vaid-gails samvidaanam 1892leeii chainees-engleesh nighanduvile herbert gails kooduthal mechappeduthi. 1979 vare chainaykku purathulla engleesh bhasha prasidheekaranangalil ithu janapriyavum upayogikkunnathumaayirunnu.
paapatthinte.
1930 kalude thudakkathil, moscoyil pariseelanam nediya chainees communist party nethaakkal soviyatt ooriyantal instittyoott oof leningradil vikasippicheduthathum russian vidoora kizhakk saksharatha mechappeduthunnathinaayi uddeshichathumaaya roman aksharangal upayogichu oru phoonetik aksharamala avatharippichu. eee siin vens allengil "puthiya ezhuthu" muun aksharamalaye apekshichu bhaashaashaasthraparamaayi valare sankeernamaayirunnu, ennaal pradhana apavaadam athu chainees svarangale soochippikkunnilla ennathaanu.
1940-ll aayirakkanakkin amgangal athirthi mekhalayile siin vens sosaitti kanvenshanil pankedutthu. maavo sedong sainika medaaviyaaya suu dii yum siin vens sosaittiyude puthiya jenalinte maasthedinaayi avarude calligraphy (kathapaathrangalil) sambhavana cheythu. sii. sii. pick purathulla mattu pramukha pinthunakkaaril sann yaatt-senninte makan sann phoo; raajyathe ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya adhyapakanaaya kaii yuvanpey; pramukha vidyaabhyaasa parishkarthaavaaya tavo singhshi; luu suun ennivar ulppedunnu. muppatholam jenalukal taamasiyaathe siin vensil ezhuthappettu, koodaathe dhaaraalam vivarthanangal, jeevacharithrangal (linkon, franklin, edison, foord, charley chaplin ennivayulppede), chila samakaalika chainees saahityam, paatapusthakangalude oru spectrum enniva prathyakshappettu. 1940ll sarkkaarinteyum pothurekhakaludeyum parambaraagatha kathaapaathrangalkk thulyamaaya niyamaparamaaya padavi siin vensinu undennu maavoyude athirthi pradeshathe sarkkar prakhyaapichathode prasthaanam oru uchasthaayiyilethi. pala adhyaapakarum rashtreeya nethaakkalum avar saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappedukayum chainees kathaapaathrangale poornnamaayum maattisthaapikkukayum cheiyunna divasathinaayi kaathirunnu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika bhashakal ezhuthunnathinaayi eee samvidaanam nannayi poruthappedaathathinaal ethirppu uyarnnu, athinaal manderine padikkendathundu. thudarnnulla varshangalil siin vens thaarathamyena upayogashoonyamaayi.
yaale romanisation.
1943ll yuu.ezz. chainaykku mukaliloode parakkunna pailattumaarkkaayi manderine chainees bhaashayude oru romanvalkkaranam vikasippikkaan sainyam yaale sarvakalashalaye niyogichu. thathfalamaayundaakunna samvidaanam pinyinumaayi valare aduthaanu, pakshe aparichithamaaya reethiyil engleesh aksharangal upayogikkunnilla; udaaharanathinu, pinyin x yeei yaale sisttathil sy ennu ezhuthunnu. madhyabhaagathe ardhaswarangal y, w (pinyin i, u ennivaykku pakaram), apocal svaraaksharangal (syllabic vyanjanaksharangal) r allengil z enniva upayogichu ezhuthunnu. swaram soochippikkaan uchaaranam adayaalangal upayogikkunnu.
hanyu pinyinile aavirbhaavavum charithravum.
1950kalil chainees sarkkar padhathiyude bhaagamaayi saambathika shaasthranjanaayirunna shau yugang ulppedeyulla oru koottam chainees bhaashaashaasthranjaraanu pinyin srishtichathu. pinyinte pithaav" ennu palappozhum vilikkappedunna shau, peeples republic oof chaina sthaapithamaayathinushesham raajyam punarnirmikkaan sahayikkunnathinaayi chainayilekku madangaan theerumaanichappol newyorkkil oru bankeraayi jolie cheythu. maavo sedong thudakkathil likhitha chainees bhasha latinise cheiyunnathinekkurichu chinthichirunnuvenkum 1949-ll soviyatt unionilekkulla thante aadya audyogika sandarshana velayil nilavilulla ezhuthu sambradaayam nilanirthaan joseph staalin addehathe bodhyappedutthi. shau shanghaayiyil saambathikashaasthra professoraayi, 1955-ll chainayude vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam chainees likhitha bhaashayude parishkaranatthinaayi oru samiti roopeekarichappol, pradhaanamantri shau enlai oru professional bhaashaashaasthranjanallenna vastutha undaayirunnittum oru puthiya romanisation samvidaanam vikasippikkanulla chumatala shau youguwang chumathalappedutthi.
1928 leeii "goyu romatsi", 1931 leeii "lattinxuva siin vens", "suin" (bopomopho) ennathil ninnulla diacretic adayaalangal ennivayulppede nilavilulla niravadhi samvidaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu hanyu pinyin. "njaan pinyininte pithavalla", varshangalkkusesham shau paranju; "njaan pinyinte makanaan. kwing raajavamshathinte pilkkala varshangal muthal innuvareyulla oru neenda paarambaryatthinte falamaanithu. ennaal njangal prashnam punaraalochikkukayum athu punaparisodhikkukayum athu kooduthal mikachathaakkukayum cheythu."
1956 februvari 12nuu oru karadu prasidheekarichu. 1958 februvari 11nuu nadanna onnaam deseeya peeples kongrasinte anchaam sessionil hanyu pinyinte aadya pathipp amgeekarikkukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu ithu primery skoolukalil saadhaarana chainees uchaaranam padippikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi avatharippikkukayum muthirnnavaril saaksharata nirakk mechappeduthunnathinna upayogikkukayum cheythu.
sheethayudhathinte uchathil, chainaykku purathulla yaale romaneekaranathinu pinyin sanbradaayathinte upayogam communist chainees bharanakoodavumaayulla oru rashtreeya prasthaavanayo thirichariyalo aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. 1980kalude thudakkathil, chainayude pradhana bhoopradeshathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna paashchaathya prasidheekaranangal munkaala romanisation samvidaanangalkku pakaram hanyu pinyin romanisation samvidaanam upayogikkaan thudangi; 1979ll america prc thammilulla nayatantra bandhangal saadhaarana nilayilaakkiyathine thudarnnaanu eee maattam. 2001ll prc sarkkar "deseeya pothu bhasha niyamam" puratthirakki, ithu pinyin prayogikkunnathinu niyamaparamaaya adisthaanam nalki. orthographic niyamangalude nilavile savisheshatha deseeya staanderd jibi/tii 16159-2012 ll nalkiyittundu.
aadyaksharangalum finalukalum.
europian bhashakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vyanjanaaksharangalum swaraaksharangalumallaathu aksharangalude koottangalaaya aadyaksharangal (), avasana aksharangal () enniva pinyinile adisthaana gadakangalaanu (hahn bhasha vivarikkan upayogikkunna mattu mikka shabdasamvidhaanangalum). oro manderine aksharavum krithyamaayi oru prarambhavum thudarnnu oru avasaanavum upayogichu spelling cheyyaan kazhiyum, prathyeka aksharam "err" allengil oru trailing "-aarr" oru aksharatthinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkumbol ozhike (chuvade kaanuka, erhuva kaanuka). chila upabhaashakalil ithu oru saadhaarana reethiyaanengilum audyogika prasidheekaranangalil ithu apoorvvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo.
mikka aadyaksharangalilum vyanjanaksharam adangiyirikkunnuvenkum, finalukal ellaayppozhum lalithamaaya swaraaksharangalalla, prathyekichu samyuktha finalukalil (), i.iii. finalinu munnil oru "medial" sthaapikkumbol. udaaharanathinu, oru finalinte thudakkathil medialukal ucharikkukayum chila thaddesheeya chainees samsarikkunnavar (prathyekichu paadumbol) "yii" (, vasthrangal, audyogikamaayi ucharikkunnathu) ennum "way" (, ulkkollaan, audyogikamaayi ucharikkunnathu) ennum ucharikkukayum cheiyunnu. palappozhum eee medialukal avayude bhaagamaayi kanakkakkunnathinupakaram finalukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi kanakkaakkappedunnu; eee kanvenshan chuvadeyulla finalukalude chartle pinthudarunnu.
aadyaksharangal.
chuvadeyulla oro koshatthilum, boold aksharangal pinneyum brackettukal anthaaraashtra phoonetik aksharamalayil chinnathe ulkkollunnu.
yuu" ennathinu munbu 1 "vaii" ennu ucharikkappedunnu (labial-paalattal ekadesha kanakk).<audyogika pinyin samvidaanathile aadyaksharangalude pattikayil "dablyu", "vaii" ennee aksharangal ulppeduthiyitla. aadyaksharam illaathirikkumbol "i, u", "ü" ennee medialukalkkulla oru orthographic kanvenshanaanu avaa. i, u" allengil "u" finalukalaayirikkukayum aadyaksharam illaathirikkukayum cheyyumbol avaa yathaakramam "yi", "woo", "yuu" enningane ucharikkappedunnu.
suin sisttathil (bopomopho) ninnu uruthirinja parambaraagatha nighanduvaaya kramam ("dablyu", "vaii" enniva ozhike) ithaanu
chainees phoonetik aksharamaalayude skeem" anusarichu, "zh", "ch", "shi" enniva "′", "Â", "σ" ("z", "c", "s" oru surflexinoppam) enningane churukkam. ennirunnaalum, computerukalil praveshikkaan budhimuttu ullathinaal hraswachithrangal apoorvvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo, avaa pradhaanamaayum esperanto keyboard leauttukalil parimithappedutthiyirikku.
final.
chuvadeyulla oro koshatthilum, aadya varii aii. pii. eiii. yeei soochippikkunnu, randaamathethu oru staandalon (praarambhamallaatha) roopathinaayi pinneyum moonnaamathethu prarambhavumaayulla samyojanathinaayi pinneyum soochippikkunnu. ozhivakkappetta oru "-r" parishkaricha finalukal ozhike, inipparayunnava saadhyamaaya ellah finals.1-kaludeyum samagramaya pattikayaanu.
saadhaarana chainees bhaashayile oreyoru akshara-anthima vyanjanaksharangal "-n", "-ng", "-r" ennivayaanu, avayil avasaanatheth vyaakarana prathyayashaasthramaayi gadippichirikkunnu. mattethenkilum vyanjanaaksharathil avasaanikkunna oru chainees aksharam onnukil oru mandarin ithara bhashayil ninno (cantonese polulla oru thekkan chainees bhasha, allengil chainayile oru nyoonapaksha bhasha; orupakshe pazhaya chainees bhaashayile anthima vyanjanaaksharangale prathifalippikkunnu) allengil oru pinyin ithara romanisation sanbradaayathinte upayogathe soochippikkunnu (tonukale soochippikkaan anthima vyanjanaksharangal upayogikkaam). 
-r" enna suffix upayogichu roopeekaricha mattu finalukalkku, pinyin prathyeka oorthoograafi upayogikkunnilla; vazhiyil sambhavikkaanidayulla shabda mattangal pariganikkathe, athu cherkkunna finalilekku oraal "r" cherkkunnu. anthima "r" maayi bandhapetta shabda maattangalekkurichulla vivarangalkk, dayavaayi staanderd manderinil erhua#rules kaanuka.
y, j, q" allengil "x" ennivaykku sesham "u" ennaanu 2 "ü" ennu ezhuthunnathu.
3 "uo" ennathu "b, p, m, f" allengil "w" ennivaykku sesham "o" ennu ezhuthappedunnu.
saankethikamaayi, inipparayunna swaraaksharangalillaatha "i, u, ü" anthimamaanu, medialukalalla, athinaal toonn maarkkukal edukkunnu, pakshe avaa mukalil paranjathupole kooduthal samkshipthamaayi pradarshippikkunnu. koodaathe, "ε" (), syllabic nassel "m" (,), "n" (,), "ng" (,) enniva interjectionukalaayi upayogikkunnu.
chainees phoonetik aksharamaalayude skeem" anusarichu, "ng" "ennathu" ng "enna hraswaroopam upayogichu churukkam. ennirunnaalum, computeril praveshikkaan budhimuttu ullathinaal eee hraswalekhanam apoorvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo.
yuu" shabdam.
shabdathe prathinidheekarikkunnathin aavashyamullappol "l", "n" ennee aadyaksharangalkku sesham sambhavikkumbol "u" enna aksharathinu mukalil oru umlat sthaapikkunnu. munvashathe uyarnna vrithaakrithiyilulla swaraaksharathe "luu" (iii.jii. ) "luu" (iii.jii. ). ll" ennathilennapole umlaattinte mukalil tonel markerukal cherkkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, "yuu" ennathu "jeey", "kyu", "ex", "vaii" ennee aksharangalkk sesham uyarnna vrithaakrithiyilulla swaraaksharathe prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyunna mattu sandarbhangalil "nottu" aanu upayogikkunnathu. udaaharanathinu,/(malsyam) enna vaakkinte shabdam pinyinil "yuu" ennu transcribe cheythirikkunnu, allathe "yuu" allah. eee sambradaayam ellaayppozhum "yuu" upayogikkunna "yuu", "tongyong pinyin" enniva upayogikkunna wade-gailsinu virudhamaanu. chuu" (pinyin "juu"), "chuu" (pinyin "juu") enniva thammil verthirichariyaan wade-gailsinu umlat aavashyamaanenkilum, eee avyakthatha pinyinil undakunnilla, athinaal "juu" ennathinu pakaram kooduthal soukaryapradamaaya roopam "juu" upayogikkunnu. yadhaartha avyakthathakal sambhavikkunnath "nuu"/"nuu", "luu"/"luu" ennivayil maathramaan, avaa pinneedu oru umlat kondu verthirichariyappedunnu.
pala fondukalum outtputtu reethikalum "ü" ennathinu oru umlaattine pinthunaykkunnilla allengil "ü" nuu mukalil toonn maarkkukal sthaapikkaan kazhiyilla. athupole, inputt reethikalil "ü" upayogikkunnathu budhimuttaanu, kaaranam ithu pala keyboard leauttukalilum oru lalithamaaya qee aayi kaanapedunnilla. eee kaaranangalal chilappol "vii" enna padam pakaram kanvenshan upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, selphoneukal "ü" ennathinu pakaram "v" upayogikkunnathu saadhaaranamaanu. koodaathe, chainayile chila storukal avarude perukalude lipyantharanathil "yuu" ennathinu pakaram "vii" upayogikkunnu. vii" enna aksharathinu toonn maarkkukal illa ennathaanu poraayma.
paasporttukalil upayogikkunnathinulla perukal transcribucheyyunnathum ithu oru prashnam avatharippikkunnu, ithu "luu" allengil "nuu" enna shabdam adangiya perukalulla aalukale badhikkunnu, prathyekichu kudumbapperukalulla ("luu"), (luu), (luu), (luu), (luu) ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, valare saadhaaranamaaya kudumbapperaaya "luu" ulla aalukale badhikkunnu. munbu, pasport nalkunna vividha offeesukalkkidayil eee sambradaayam vyathyasthamaayirunnu, chilath "elvi", "envi" enningane lipyantharanam cheyyumbol mattullavar "luu", "nuu" enniva upayogichirunnu. 2012 juulai 10 nuu pothusuraksha mantraalayam paasporttukalil "liu", "nyoo" enniva upayogikkunnathinulla reethi maanadandamaakki.
nyoo" ennu ezhuthiya "nyoo", "luu" ennu ezhuthiya "luu" enniva avyakthamallengilum, niyamangal anusarichu "nyoo" allengil "luu" shariyalla; pakaram "nyoo", "luu" enniva upayogikkanam. ennirunnaalum, chila chainees inputt reethikal (udha.jii. microsopht pinyin aimi) "envi"/"elvi" ("yuu" ennathinu "vii" ennu type cheyyuka), "nyoo"/"lue" ennivaye pinthunaykkunnu.
engleesh uchaaranathinte ekadesha kanakk.
engleesh uchaaranathinte kaaryatthil ivide nalkiyirikkunna mikka niyamangalum ekadesha anakkukalaanu, kaaranam eee shabdangalil palathum engleeshile shabdangalumaayi nerittu poruthappedunnilla.
aadyaksharangalude uchaaranam.
"y", "w" enniva "i, u", "ü" (chuvade kaanuka) ennee ardhaswara medialukalkku thulyamaanu. oru puthiya aksharam adayaalappeduthunnathinayi prarambha vyanjanaksharam illaathappol avaa vyathyasthamayi ezhuthappedunnu "fanguwan" ennathu "phaan-gwan" aanu, athesamayam "fangwan" ennathu "fang-vaan" (koodaathe "* fang-yuvanu thulyamaanu)". eee kanvenshanil, oru prarambha "a, e", allengil "o: xi 'an" (rund aksharangal) verses adayaalappeduthaan maathrame oru apostrophy upayogikkendathulloo. "sian" (oru aksharam). koodaathe, "y", "w" enniva poornnamaayum shabdaparamaaya "i, u", "ü" ennivayilekku cherkkunnu, iva oru prarambha vyanjanaaksharamillathe sambhavikkumbol, avaa "yi, wu", "yu" enningane ezhuthappedunnu. chila manderine samsarikkunnavar atharam vaakkukalude thudakkathil a allengil shabdam ucharikkunnu-athaayath, "yii" allengil "vuu" allengil "yuu" allengil-athinaal ithu oru avabodhajanyamaaya kanvenshanaanu. wenn" "→ sii +" yun "," veyu "" sii + "yuai", "weng" "sii +" oong "," yuu "" kyu + "aiyu" ennee vyanjanaaksharangalkk sesham churukkiyirikkunna chila finalukalkku chuvade kaanuka.
aksharam vaakk aarambhikkukayo allengil oru hyphen allengil mattu dashine udan pinthudarukayo cheiyunnillenkil, onniladhikam aksharangalulla padatthil oru swaraaksharathil (,, allengil) aarambikkunna aksharathinu munbu apostrophy (') () upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, sian allengil sian ennu ezhuthappedunnu, ithu tian allengil tian ennu ezhuthappedunnu, ennaal apostrophy illaathe "dii-err" ennu ezhuthunnu. eee apostrophy thaipey metro perukalil upayogikkunnilla.
chainees paasporttukalil apostrophical (hyphenukalum toonn maarkkukalum) ozhivaakkiyittund.
finalukalude uchaaranam.
r" ennathil avasaanikkunna mikathum ozhike, staanderd chainees bhaashayile finalukalude pattikayaanu thaazhe koduthirikkunnathu.
oru nischitha final kandethaan
tonukal.
maandarinte naalu tonukal adayaalappeduthaan pinyin sisttam diacretics upayogikkunnu. aksharam illaathaayaal (chuvade kaanuka) akshara nucleusine prathinidheekarikkunna aksharathinu mukalilaanu diacritic sthaapikkunnathu.
toonn maarkk oru "i" nuu mukalilaanenkil, "i" nuu mukalilulla sheershakam "yī" ll ullathupole ozhivaakkum.
chainayil achadicha pala pusthakangalum fondukalude misritham upayogikkunnu, chuttumulla vaachakathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya fondil svaraaksharangalum toonn maarkkukalum nalkunnu, atharam pinyin grandhangalkku typographic reethiyil anuchithamaya roopam nalkunnu. mikkavarum aadyakaala saankethika parimithikalil veroonniya eee shaili, pinyinte niyamangal eee parisheelanathinu aavasyamaanennu vishwasikkaan palareyum prerippichu, udha.jii. mikka fondukalilum kaanapedunna staanderd stail (eiii) ennathinekkaal laattin alfa (ɑ) allengil palappozhum orotta nila γ upayogichu ezhuthiya g upayogikkuka. ennirunnaalum, "hanyu pinyin" enna niyamangalil atharam oru sambradaayavum vyakthamakkiyittilla.
toonn maarkkukalkk pakaram akkangal.
computerukalude varavinu munbu, pala typetiter fondukalilum maakron allengil karoon diacretics ulla svaraaksharangal undaayirunnilla. angane oro aksharathinteyum avasaanam oru toonn nambar sthaapichukondu tonukale prathinidheekarikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, "tong" ennu "tong 2" ennu ezhuthunnu.
oro toninum upayogikkunna nambar mukalil listtucheytha kramathilaanu, neutral toonn ozhike, onnukil akkamillaathatho allengil 0 allengil 5, iii enna nambar nalkiyatho aanu.jii. "maa5" ennathinu/, oru chodyam cheyyal marker.
toonn maarkk sthaapikkunnathinulla niyamangal.
churukkatthil, toonn maarkk ellaayppozhum "a, o, e, i, u, ü" enna kramatthil sthaapikkanam, pakaram "u" ll toonn maarkk sthaapikkunna "iu" maathramaan ozhikeyullathu. pinyin toonn adayaalangal praadhamikamaayi aksharatthinte nucleusinu mukalilaanu kaanappedunnath, udaaharanathinu "kuyi" yill, "keey" aadyathethu, "yuu" medial ", eiii" nucleus, coda "aii" ennivayil kaanapedunnu. aksharatthinte nucleus vyanjanaksharamaaya/m/polulla syllabic naasalukal ithilninnu ozhivaakkappettathaan, diacritic oru rekhaamoolamulla dummy swaraaksharam vahikkum.
nucleus/Â/("e" allengil "o" ennu ezhuthappettirikkunnu) aayirikkukayum oru medial, coda enniva undaakukayum cheyyumbol, nucleus ezhuthunnathil ninnu ozhivakkaam. eee saahacharyathil, coda oru vyanjanaksharamaaya "n" allengil "ng" aayirikkumbol, avasheshikkunna oreyoru swaraaksharam "i, u" allengil "ü" aanu, athinaal ithu diacritic edukkunnu. ennirunnaalum, coda oru swaraaksharamaakumbol, oru likhitha nucleusinte abhaavathil diacriticine edukkunnathu medialinekkaal kodayaanu. -yui" ("veyu": "veyi"-yui "),"-yuu "(" yuu ":" yuu "-yuu") ennivayil avasaanikkunna aksharangalodeyaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. athaayath, oru likhitha nucleusinte abhaavathil, svaraaksharangal ullidatholam kaalam toonn marker sweekarikkunnathinu finalukalkku mungananayunda illengil, medial diacritic edukkunnu.
sariyaaya swaraaksharam kandethunnathinulla oru algoritam (onnil kooduthal ullappol) inipparayunnavayaanu
vyathyasthamayi paranjukondu,
melpparanjava thaazhepparayunna pattikayayi sangrahikkaam. swarachihnamulla swaraaksharam naalam swarachihnathaal soochippikkunnu.
phonological avabodham.
a, e, i, o", "u" ennee onniladhikam aksharangal prathyakshappedumbol toonn markerinte sthaanam, madhyathilum avasaanathilumulla swaraaksharathinte swabhaavathil ninnu anumanikkaam. toonn marker oru (aduthu) ardha-swaraaksharamallaatha swaraaksharathilaanu pogunnathu ennathaanu niyamam. rund svaraaksharangal maathram aksharangal ulla tribhujangalkku, avaa randum ardhaswaraaksharangalaanu, toonn marker randaamathe swaraaksharathilaanu.
prathyekichum, oru difthonginte spelling aarambhikkunnath "i" ("ia" ll ullathupole) allengil "u" ("ua" ll ullathupole), ithu ekadesham-semi-svaraaksharamaayi varthikkunnundenkil, eee aksharam toonn marker edukkunnilla. athupole, oru difthonginte spelling "oo" allengil "yuu" ennu avasaanikkunnundenkil ("aavo" allengil "ooo" ennathupole), eee aksharathinu oru toonn marker labhikkunnilla. a, e, i, o", "u" ennee moonnu aksharangalulla oru thrifthongil (oru aksharatthinte thudakkathil "i" allengil "u" ennathinu pakaram "y" allengil "w" ennu maattisthaapikkunnu), onnum moonnum aksharangal ekadesham-semi-svaraaksharangalumaayi poruthappedunnu, athinaal toonn marker labhikkunnilla ("" io "" allengil "uai" allengil "iou"). ennaal oru thrifthonginte madhya (ardha-swaraaksharamallaatha) shabdathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru aksharavum ezhuthiyittillengil ("yuai" allengil "aiyu" pole), toonn marker avasana (randaamathe) swaraaksharathilekku pookunnu.
toonn nirangal upayogikkuka.
toonn nambarinum markinum purame, padanatthinulla vishwal aidai toonn kalar nirddeshikkappettittund. aupachaarika maanadandangalonnumille, niravadhi vyathyastha varnna skeemukal upayogathilundu, dummitt aadyathethaanu.
pinyin aksharavinyaasathile swaramaattathinte soochana.
toonn sandhi (toonn maattam) saadhaaranayaayi pinyin spellingle prathifalikkunnilla-adisthaana toonn (i.iii. sandhikku munbulla yadhaartha swaram) ippozhum ezhuthappettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "abc engleesh-chainees, chainees-engleesh nighandu" (2010) sandhiyude yadhaartha swaravum athinusheshamulla swaravum soochippikkaan inipparayunna notteshan upayogikkunnu
chainees padikkunnathinulla venlin software eee notteshan sweekarichu.
orthographic niyamangal.
kathukal.
chainees phoonetik aksharamaalayude skeem" pinyin aksharangale avayude ucharanangalkkoppam pattikappeduthunnu
pinyin mattu romanvalkkaranangalil ninnu thaazhepparayunnathupollu niravadhi kaaryangalil vyathyasthamaan
onniladhikam aksharangalulla vaakkukal pinyinil ezhuthumbol avyakthatha ozhivakkaan mukalil paranjavayil bhooribhaagavum upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, "kwenian" ennu "venian" ennu ezhuthappedunnu, kaaranam eathu aksharangalaanu "kwenian" ennu vyakthamalla; "kwen-yann", "kwen-iii-aan", "yuu-enn-iii-aan", "yuu-iii-nianian", "yuu-iii-nii-aan" ennivayellaam saadhyamaaya samyojanangalaan, ennaal "venian" ennathu "njangal", "nya" muthalaayava kaaranam vyakthamalla. pinyinil nilavililla. saadhyamaaya pinyin aksharangalude (tonukal ulppedaathe) sangrahathinaayi pinyin table lekhanam kaanuka.
vaakkukal, mooladhanam, prarambhangal, viraamachihnangal.
chainees aksharangal orotta aksharathe prathinidheekarikkunnumdum manderine chainees oru polycyllabic bhaashayaan. pinyinile akalam saadhaaranayaayi vaakkukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, allathe orotta aksharathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla. ennirunnaalum, oru vaakk vibhajikkunnathil palappozhum avyakthathakalund. 
"chainees phoonetik aksharamaalayude adisthaana niyamangal" () 1988 ll deseeya vidyaabhyaasa commission () deseeya bhasha commission () praabalyatthil vannu. eee niyamangal 1996-ll oru gubio supaarshayaayi maarukayum 2012-ll update cheyyukayum cheythu.
mattu oorthograafikalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
chainees bhasha randaam bhashayaayi padikkunna videsha vidyaarthikalum bopomopho ippol pinyin upayogikkunnu.
mikka bhashakalil ninnum thikachum vyathyasthamaaya chila laattin aksharangalude shabda moolyangal pinyin nalkunnu. arivillaathavar vaakkukalkk thaddesheeyamo engleesh anumaanikkappedunnatho aaya ucharanangal prayogikkumbol aashayakkuzhappathilekk nayichekkaamennathinaal ithu chila vimarsanangalkk idayaakki. ennirunnaalum, eee prashnam pinyinil maathram parimithappedunnilla, kaaranam laattin aksharamalaye praadeshikamaayi upayogikkunna pala bhaashakalum ore aksharangalkk vyathyastha moolyangal nalkunnu. chainees ezhuthineyum saaksharathayeyum kurichulla oru sameepakaala patanam nigamanam cheythath, "mothatthil, pinyin chainees shabdangale vaid-gails samvidaanathekkaal mikachathaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu, koodaathe kurachu adhika maarkkukalode athu cheiyunnu."
aadhunika" staanderd chainees bhaashayude oru shabdalekhana samvidaanamaaya pinyin 1900 kalude thudakkathinu munbulla staanderd ezhuthu bhashayaaya saahitya chainees ezhuthunnathinulla chainees aksharangalkk pakaramaayi roopakalppana cheythitilla. prathyekichum, chainees aksharangal purathana classical bhaashayile vyathyasthamayi ucharikkappedunna vaakkukale verthirichariyaan sahayikkunna ardha soochakangal nilanirthunnu, avaa ippol manderinil homophonukalaanu. athinaal, chainees aksharangal bhoothakaalathil ninnulla chainees rachanakalude corpus record cheiyunnathinum kaimarunnathinum anivaaryamaan.
baijing maandarinte shabdashaasthra samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla staanderd chainees bhashayallathe mattu chainees bhasha enangal transcribe cheiyunnathinaanu pinyin roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. mattu chainees enangal transcribe cheiyunnathinaayi mattu romanisation padhathikal aavishkarichittundu, udaaharanathinu cantonesinu juteping, hokkiyanu payy-echu-ooo-jii.
unicode coode pooyintukal.
iso 7098:2015, "vivarangalum documentation chainees romanisation" () adisthaanamaakki, pinyininte tonel adayaalangal diacretical adayaalangal samyojippikkunnathil ninnulla chinnangal upayogikkanam, pakaram bopomophoile spacing modifier aksharangal upayogikkunnu. toonn maarkkukalulla cheriyaksharangal jibi/tii 2312-lum avayude valiyaksharangal jiss x 0212-lum ulppeduthiyittundu; athinaal unicodil pinyinil ninnulla ellah saadhaarana aaksant aksharangalum ulppedunnu.
chainees phoonetik aksharamaalayude oorthoograafiyude adisthaana niyamangal" kaaranam, ellah aaksant aksharangalkkum avayude saadhaarana athiraalikalkkanusarichu valiyaksharavum cheriyaksharavum undaayirikkanam.
jibike unicodile swakaarya upayoga mekhalakalilekku yathaakramam yuu + iii7sii7 (), yuu + iii7sii8 () enningane '′', '′' ennee rund aksharangal mapp cheythittundu, angane chila lalithamaaya chainees fondukal (iii.jii. jibike anusarikkunna simson) swakaarya upayoga mekhalakalile rund pratheekangalum chila inputt reethikalum (udha.jii. sogau pinyin) yadhaartha pratheekatthinu pakaram swakaarya upayoga pradeshangalude coode pooyintum outtputtu cheiyunnu. superset jibi 18030 '′', '′' ennivayude mappingukal maattiyathukond, inputt reethikalum phondu fayalukalum vyathyastha encoding staanderd upayogikkunnathil ithu oru prashnamundaakkunnu, athinaal rund pratheekangaludeyum inputum aouttputtum kalarnnathaan.
pinyinil upayogikkunna mattu chinnangal thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
chainees bhaashayile mattu viraamachihnangalum chinnangalum jibi/tii 15834 ll paraamarshichirikkunna engleeshile thulyamaaya chihnamaanu upayogikkendathu.
vidyaabhyaasaparamaaya upayogathil, kaiyyaksara shailiyumaayi poruthappedunnathinu, chila fondukal "eiii", "jii" ennee aksharangalkk vyathyasthamaaya oru shaili upayogichu, ottanila "eiii", ottanila "jii" ennivayude roopabhaavam undaayirunnu. jibi/tii 2312 pinthudarunna fondukal saadhaaranayaayi aaksant cheytha pinyin pratheekangalil ottanila "eiii" undaakkunnu, pakshe sugandhamillaatha eratta nila "eiii" avasheshikkunnu, ithu fondil thanne oru poruthakkedinu kaaranamaakunnu. ottanila "a", ottanila "g" enniva encode cheiyunnathinulla audyogika maarggam unicode nalkiyittilla, ennaal aii. pii. aykku ottanilayum erattanilayumaaya "a", "g" ennivayude vyathyasam aavasyamullathinaal, ottanila "a", "g" enniva verthirikkenda aavashyamundengil aii. pii. eiii. yile ottanila aksharamaaya "ɑ"/"γ" upayogikkanam. dainamdina upayogathinu ottanilayum erattanilayumaaya "eiii"/"jii" verthirikkenda aavasyamilla.
upayogam.
vaid-gails (1859; parishkaricha 1892), poosttal romanisation thudangiya pazhaya romanisation samvidaanangale pinyin marikadakkukayum chainayile pradhana bhoopradeshathe chainees phoonetik prabodhana reethiyaayi suinine maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1982ll aadhunika chainakkaarude saadhaarana romanvalkkaranamaayi aii. ezz. oo. pinyin sweekarichu (aii. ezz. oo. <aii. dii. 1>, aii. ezz. oo. <aii. dii. 2> pakaram). 1986ll ikyaraashtrasabhayum ithu pinthudarnnu. singapur sarkkarum american library oof kongrasum american library association mattu niravadhi anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalum ithu amgeekarichu.
chainees bhoomishaasthraparamaaya allengil vyakthiparamaaya perukalude spelling pinyinile engleeshil transcribe cheiyunnathinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya maargamaayi mariyirikkunnu. bopomopho ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna thaayvaanil ninnu vyathyasthamayi chainayile pradhana bhoopradeshathe computerukalilekku chainees vaachakam praveshikkunnathinulla pradhana reethiyaayi pinyin maari.
taiwan purathulla kudumbangalil maathrbhaashayaayi manderine samsaarikkunna kuttikalkk ithinakam ariyaavunna vaakkukalumayi kathaapaathrangale bandhappedutthaan sahaayikkunnathin pinyin upayogikkunnu. taiwan purathulla chainees kudumbangal avarude maathrbhaashayaayi mattethenkilum bhasha samsaarikkunna eee samvidaanam upayogichu praadhamika schoolil padavali padikkumbol kuttikale manderine uchaaranam padippikkunnu.
1958 muthal, muthirnnavarude vidyaabhyaasathilum pinyin sajeevamaayi upayogikkunnu, ithu munbu nirakshararaya aalukalkk pinyin saaksharata nirddeshathinte oru cheria kaalayalavinusesham svayam patanam thudarunnathu eluppamaakkunnu.
pala videshikalkkum manderine uchaaranam padikkaanulla oru upakaranamaayi pinyin mariyirikkunnu, koodaathe vyaakaranavum samsaarikkunna manderine bhashayum chainees aksharangalumayi () vishadeekarikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu. chainees aksharangalum pinyinum adangiya pusthakangal palappozhum chainees bhaashayilulla videsha padithaakkal upayogikkunnu. videshikaleyum kuttikaleyum uchaaranam padippikkunnathil pinyinte punk chila kaaryangalil japanese bhaashayile furigana adisthaanamaakkiyulla pusthakangalkk (kanchikk mukaliloo athinadutho ezhuthiya hiragana aksharangal, suyinin nerittu samaanamaan) allengil arabiyile poornnamaayum shabdamullah grandhangalkku ("shabdamullah arabic") samaanamaan.
toonn-marking diacretics saadhaaranayaayi janapriya vaarthakalilum pandithochithamaaya kruthikalilum athupole thanne pinyinin samaanavum ennaal andharaaya vaayanakkaarkkullathumaaya parambaraagatha pradhana chainees brail samvidaanathilum ozhivaakkappedunnu. eathu vaakkukalaanu prathinidheekarikkunnath ennathinekkurichulla oru paridhivare avyakthathaykku ithu kaaranamaakunnu.
computer inputt sisttangal.
7-bitt aschi tekst (pradhaanamaayum 26 laattin aksharangal, 10 akkangal, viraamachihnangal) maathram pradarshippikkaan kazhiyunna lalithamaaya computer samvidaanangal chainees aksharangalkk pakaram sugandhamillaatha pinyin upayogikkunnathinu deerghakaalamaayi bodhyappeduthunna oru vaadam nalki. ennirunnaalum, innu, mikka computer sistangalkkum chainees, mattu pala ezhuthu samvidaanangalil ninnumulla pratheekangal pradarshippikkaanum oru inputt methed edittar upayogichu oru laattin keyboard upayogichu avaa nalkaanum kazhiyum. pakaramaayi, chila pii. dii. eiii., taablett computerukal, digitising tablettukal enniva oresamayam oonlain kaiyakshara thirichariyalumaayi stailas upayogichu ezhuthi aksharangal graafikkalaayi inputt cheyyaan upayokthaakkale anuvadikkunnu.
prathyeka keyboard leauttukalo vividha caractor mapp yoottilittikalo upayogichu aaksantukalulla pinyin nalkaam. aaksant cheytha pratheekangalude altgr-trigger cheytha dedd qee inputtinaayi x keyboard ekstenshanil oru "hanyu pinyin (altgr)" leauttu ulppedunnu.
pinyin adisthaanamaakkiyulla sorting.
chainees aksharangalum vaakkukalum avayude pinyin padaprayogangal upayogichu soukaryapradamaaya thirachilinaayi krameekarikkaam, udaaharanathinu, χι χι (chainees aksharangalude pinyin sorting reethi) braakkattukalil pinyin upayogichu "χι (f χ) χ (hahn) χ (paii) χ (pinn) χ (x χ) χ (yinn) χ (sii)" aayi tharamthirikkunnu. samanamaaya aksharangalude pinyin padaprayogangal avayude tonukal anusarichu "toonn 1, toonn 2, toonn 3, toonn 4, toonn 5 (laitt toonn)" ennivayude kramathilaanu krameekarichirikkunnathu, udaaharanathinu "′ (maa), ′ (maa), ′ (maa), ′ (maa), ′ (maa)". athe shabdathile kathaapaathrangal, aii.iii.ore pinyin aksharangalum tonukalum saadhaaranayaayi strock adisthaanamaakkiyulla sorting vazhiyaan krameekarichirikkunnathu.
onniladhikam aksharangalulla vaakkukal rund vyathyastha reethikalil tharamthirikkaam. aadyathethu aksharangalkk thulyamaanengil, randaamathe aksharam anusarichu tharam thirikkuka, angane palathum. udaaharanathinu, <unk> (guibbing), <unk> (guhuwan), <unk> (guhuwa), <unk> (guhuwa), <unk> (guhuwa). eee reethi "siandaay hanyu sidian" ll upayogikkunnu. muzhuvan vaakkukaludeyum pinyin aksharangalkkanusarichu tharamthirikkuka, thudarnnu vaakk aksharangal orupoleyaayirikkumbol tonukalil tharamthirikkuka ennathaanu mattoru reethi. udaaharanathinu, <unk> (guibbing), <unk> (guhuwa), <unk> (guhuwa), <unk> (guhuwa), <unk> (guhuwan). abc chainees-engleesh nighanduvil" eee reethi upayogikkunnu.
ucharanangal ariyappedunna vaakkukal tirayan pinyin adisthaanamaakkiyulla sorting valare soukaryapradamaanu, pakshe nokkunnavarkku ariyaatha ucharanangal ulla vaakkukalalla.
thaayvaanilaanu.
taiwan (republic oof chaina) 2002 octoberinum 2009 januvarikkum idayil "hanyu pinyin" prolsaahippikkaan theerumaanichappol deseeya thalatthil audyogika romanvalkkarana samvidaanamaayi "hanyu pinyin" ennathinte parishkkaranamaya "tongyong pinyin" sweekarichu. "thaayvaanil vikasippichedutha oru roman samvidaanamaaya "tongyong pinyin" ("kooman phoonetik") manderine chainees bhaashaykk purame dveepil samsaarikkunna bhaashakaleyum bhaashaabhedangaleyum romanvalkkarikkunnathinnaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. chainayude pradhana bhoopradeshathum anthaaraashtrathalathilum pothuve upayogikkunna "hanyu pinyin" samvidaanathinu munganana nalkikkond kumintang (kilometer) party athinte sweekaaryathaye ethirthu. romaaniveshana mungananakal deseeya swathuavumaayi bandhapetta prasnangalumaayi athivegam bandhappettirikkunnu. party lainukalil mungananakal vibhajikkappettu paan-blue sakhyathile kmt anubandha paarttikalum hanyu pinyin upayogikkunnathine pinthunachappol paan-green sakhyathile janaadhipathya purogamana party anubandha paarttikalum tongyong pinyin upayogikkunnathine anukoolichu.
"praadeshika sarkkaarukalkk swamedhayaa sweekarikkaan anuvadicha oru bharanakramathilaanu "tongyong pinyin" audyogika samvidaanamaakki maattiyath. kavoshiyung, thainan, mattu pradeshangal ennividangalile pradeshangal chila jillakalkkum theruvukalkkum tongyong pinyinil ninnu uruthirinja romanvalkkaranangal upayogikkunnu. chainayude pradhana bhoopradeshathekkaal alpam vyathyasthamaaya mooladhana kanvenshanumaayi, 2009 januvari 1 nuu deseeya thala theerumaanathinu munbu, kmt sarkkaarukalude niyanthranatthilulla chila pradeshangal, prathyekichu thaipey, sinchu, kinmen kaundi enniva kramatthe marikadannu "hanyu pinyin" aayi parivartthanam cheythu. thaayvaanile mikka pradeshangalum deseeya nayathinu anusrithamaayi tongyong pinyin sweekarichu. innu, thaayvaanile pala theruvu chinnangalum "tongyong pinyin"-ll ninnu uruthirinja romanvalkkaranangal upayogikkunnu, ennaal chilath, prathyekichu vadakkan thaayvaanil, "hanyu pinyin"-ll ninnu uruthirinja romanvalkkaranangal pradarshippikkunnu. pazhaya vaid-gails, mps 2, mattu samvidaanangal ennivayil ninnu uruthirinja theruvu adayaalangalilum kettidangalilum aksharavinyaasangal kaanunnath asaadhaaranamalla.
thaayvaanile pinyin nilavaaram pularthaanulla sramangal asamamaya vijayam nediyittundu, ellah pradhana nagarangalum ulppede mikka sthalangaleyum sariyaaya perukaleyum baadikkaanaayittilla. wade-gails, hakka, hocklo, tongyong, aboriginal allengil pinyin enniva thiranjedukkaan kazhiyunna taiwan pouranmaarude thiranjeduppukale bahumanikkunnavayaanu taiwan pasporttukalile vyakthigatha perukal. 2017ll metro laininaayi pinyin upayogichappol, "rooad adayaalangalilum gathagatha steshanukalilum upayogikkunna romanvalkkaranam videshikalkk vendiyullathaanu" enna sarkkar prathikaranangal undaayirunnittum, audyogika pinyin upayogam vivaadamaanu... manderine padikkunna oro videshiyum hanyu pinyin padikkunnu, kaaranam ithu anthaaraashtra nilavaaramaan...eee theerumaanathinu raajyathinte svayam nirnnayavumaayo eathenkilum prathyayashaasthravumaayo yaathoru bandhavumilla, kaaranam videshikalkk adayaalangal vaayikkaan kazhiyumennu urappaakkuka ennathaanu pradhana kaaryam."
singappooril.
singapur 1980kalil manderine samsaarikkanulla prachaaranavumayi chernnu pothumekhalayil maandarinte audyogika romanvalkkarana samvidaanamaayi "hanyu pinyin" nadappaakki. "skoolukalil manderine chainees padippikkunnathinulla romanisation samvidaanamaayum "hanyu pinyin" upayogikkunnu. 1980kalilum athinusheshavum sthaapithamaaya sarkkar ashayavinimayam, sthalanaamangal, bisinasukal ennivayil pinninisation prakriya kooduthalum vijayakaramaanengilum, chila mekhalakalil ithu janapreeti nediyittilla, prathyekichu praadeshika bhashayil ithinakam sthaapithamaaya mattu tharatthilulla chainees bhashakalil ninnu kadamedutha vyakthigatha perukalkkum padaavalikkum. eee saahacharyangalil, romanivechanam athu uthbhavicha chainees bhasha vaividhyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, prathyekichu parambaraagathamaayi singappooril samsaarikkunna moonnu valia chainees enangal (hokkian, teoche, cantonese).
mattu bhaashakalkk.
chainayude mattu vakabhedangalkkaayi pinyin polulla samvidaanangal aavishkarichittundu. gwangdong pravishyayile gavanment cantonese, teoche, hakka (moen bhasha), hainees ennivaykkaayi roopakalppana cheytha oru koottam romanvalkkaranangalaan gwangdong romanvalkkaranam. ivayellaam roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu pinyinin samanamaaya laattin aksharangal upayogikkunnathinaanu.
koodaathe, 1976 ll prakhyaapicha "nyoonapaksha deseeyatha bhaashakalile sthalanaamangalude hanyu pinyin aksharangalile phoonetik transcription niyanthranam" () anusarichu, mangolian, uyigur, tibattan thudangiya hahn ithara bhaashakalile sthalanaamangalum sarway, mapping samsthaana bharanakoodam sweekaricha samvidaanathil pinyin upayogichum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya perukal samiti saasam/gnc romanisation ennariyappedunna samvidaanathilum audyogikamaayi traanskript cheythittundu. pinyin aksharangal (26 roman aksharangal, plus "ü", "é") hahn ithara bhasha kazhiyunnathra aduthu kanakkakkaan upayogikkunnu. ithu sthalanaamathinte pathiv aksharavinyaasathil ninnum chainees bhaashayile perinte pinyin aksharavinyaasathil ninnum vyathyasthamaaya aksharavinyaasangalkk kaaranamaakunnu
"manderine chainees mathramalla, dveepil samsaarikkunna taywanese, hakka, adivasi bhashakal thudangiya mattu bhaashakalum bhaashaabhedangalum vivarthanam cheiyunnathinaayi thaayvaanil "tongyong pinyin" vikasippicheduthu.