
charlot ell. thavitt

charlot ell. braun (1839-?1860kalil saan fraansiskoyile oru street kaar kambanikkethire vijayakaramaya cases phayal cheythappol amerikkayil vamseeya verthirivine niyamaparamaayi velluvilikkunna aadya vyakthikalil oraalaayirunnu) oru american adhyapikayum pouraavakaasha pravarthakayumaayirunnu. brouninte niyamaparamaaya nadapadiyum athu srishticha maathrkayum saan fraansiskoyil verthirikkalin kooduthal velluvilikal uyarthukayum 30 varshathinullil california street kaarukalil atharam verthirikkal samsthaanavyaapakamaayi niyamavirudhamaakkunnathi niyamanirmmanam nadathukayum cheythu.
kudumbavum aadyakaala jeevithavum.
adimayaayi janicha jaims iii brouninteyum swatantra thunnalkkariyaaya charlot brouninteyum makalaayi 1839 ll merilaandil braun janichu. mootha charlot braun thante bharthaavinte swaathanthryam vaangukayum 1850-ll avar merilaandile baltimoril charlot ulppede niravadhi kuttikalodoppam swatantra varggakkaaraayi jeevikkukayum cheythu. 1850num 1860num idayil kaaliforniyayile swarnna thirakkinte falamaayi valarnnuvanna saan franciscoilekku avar avarude kudumbatthe maattukayum aaa nagaratthile valarnnuvarunna karutha madhyavargathinte bhagamaavukayum cheythu. akkaalat nagaratthile karuthavarggakkaarude ennam 1,176 aayirunnu, athaayath ekadesham 2 sathamaanam. saan fraansiskoyil jaims iii braun oru livery steble nadatthi, black pathramaya "mirror oof dhaa times"-ll pankaliyum, adimatha virudha kurishuyudhakkaaranum, pramukha aafrikkan american purushanmarkkaayulla charcha, samvaada grouppaaya saan francisco litareri sosaittiyile amgavumaayirunnu. 1855-ll sambannanaaya karuthavargakkaaranaaya samrambhakanaya jorjju washington dennisine vivaham kazhicha sahodari maargarattinte saan francisco vivaahathil kaumarakkaariyaaya vadhuvaayirunnu charlot.
theruvu kaar sambhavam.
1863 epril 17 nuu ratri 8 manikk, saan fraansiskoyile filbert streettile veettil ninnu oru blockil kuthiravandi valikkunna street kaaril charlot braun irunnu. aval doctore kaanaan povukayaayirunnu. oomnibas railway kambaniyude udamasthathayilaayirunnu street kaar. street kaar conductor avalude aduthu vannu avalodu pookaan aavashyappettappol, thanikk "oodikkaan avakaashamund" ennum kaar vidaan uddeshikkunnillennum braun paranju.
kodathi saakshyathil avar paranju
"conductor chuttum chennu ticket shekharichu, addeham ente aduthethiyappol njaan ente ticket addehathinu kaimari, addeham athu edukkaan visammathichu. akkaalat njaan vangiya oomnibas railway tikkattukalil onnaayirunnu athu. niramulla aalukale oodikkaan anuvadikkillennu addeham marupadi nalki. kaarukal oodunnathu muthal enikku oodikkunna sheelamundennu njaan addehathodu paranju. enikku pookaan oru mikacha vazhiyundennum njaan aayirikkendathinekkaal vaikiyittundennum njaan marupadi nalki."
kandakdaraaya thomas dennison avalodu palathavana pookaan aavasyappettu, oro thavanayum aval visammathichu. oduvil, oru vellakkariyaaya sthree avalude saannidhyathe ethirthappol, ayaal avalude kaii pidichu kaaril ninnu avale puratthekku kondupoyi.
charlot braun vezhsas. oomnibas railway.
avalude pithaav jaims iii braun dablyu. sii. barnattum charlot brounum oomnibas railroad kambanikkethire 200 dollarinu cases phayal cheythu. athe varsham thanne aafrikkan amerikkakkar vellakkaarkkethire saakshyam vahikkaanulla avakasham nediyirunnu. aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude athe kaaril sawari cheythukondu bhayappedukayo 'pinthirippikkappedukayo' cheiyunna vellakkaraaya sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum vamseeya verthiriv samrakshichathinaal athinte kandakdarude nadapadi nyaayeekarikkappettuvenna oomnibas railroad vaadichu. jadji kaulsinte adhyakshathayil braun avalude cases vijayichu, pakshe juurii avalkk irupathiyanchu dollar maathramaan nalkiyathu. kandakdaraaya dennison brouninethire aakramanathinum battariykkumulla criminal kodathiyil sikshikkappettu.
brouninte sivil cases adutha rund varshathekku appeelukalil kettikkidannu. oru punarvichaaranayil, juurii braun $25 nalki, thudakkathil chelavu, pakshe athu anchu sent aayi kuranju, street kaar tikkattinte vila. athesamayam, aadya vichaarana kazhinju moonnu divasathinu sesham, brounine mattoru street kaaril ninnu puratthaakkukayum oomnibasinethire randaamathe cases konduvarikayum cheythu, ithavana 3,000 dollarinu. oduvil, 1864 octoberil, avalude cases oru unnatha kodathiyil vichaaranaykk vidheyamaayi. 1864 october 5-leeii vidhiyil jadji oorville sii. 12-aamm jilla kodathiyude praatt, oottathinte peril street kaarukalil ninnu yaathrakkaare ozhivaakkunnath niyamavirudhamaanennu vidhichukondu brouninu anukoolamaayi munbathe vidhi sharivachu. kroorathayude oru avashishtam nilanirthaan" thanikk aagrahamillenn addeham thante vidhiyil paranju 
"negroyeo mulaattoyeyo crurenaayi kanakkakkunnathum apamaanikkappedunnathum anyaayappeduthappedunnu adimakalaakkappedunnathum nukam dharippikkunnathum vellakkaarude munnil viraykkunnathum addehathe oru upakaranamaayi sevikkunnathum swathum jeevanum addehathinte ishtaprakaaram kaivasham vaykkunnathum budhiyum manasakshiyum addehathinu samarppikkunnathum addehathinte chundukal adaykkunnathum vellakkaarante sakthiye bhayann addehathinte chinthakalil vishwasikkunnathum kaanunnathin aadipathyamulla vamshathinu valarekkaalamaayi sahikkanaavunnilla", jadji praatt paranju.
1865 januvariyil oru juurii braun $500 nalki. oomnibas railroad kambani vidhikkethire appeel nalkiyengilum mattoru vichaarana nirasikkapettu.
pothujanangalude prathikaranam.
aadyathe vichaaranaykk sesham, karuthavarggakkaarude udamasthathayilulla pathramaya 'pasaphik appeel', avarkk anukoolamaaya vidhi "niyamaprakaaram, niramulla vyakthikalkk atharam vahanangalil yaatra cheyyaanulla avakasham sthaapikkunnu" ennu abhiprayappettu.
"niyamam amgeekarikkukayum atharam vahanangalil yaatra cheyyaanulla avakasham nalkukayum cheyyumbol, eee kambaniyile oru nischitha ennam jeevanakkaarund, avarude kaar kadannupokumbol oru niramulla vyakthi theruvu kadakkaan shramikkukayaanenkil, pettennulla negrophobia pidipedunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi avarude alaram munny akramaasakthamaayi valikkunnathiloode prakadamaakunnu, enthengilum apakadam aasannamaanennu thonnunnu, athinaal nammude aadaraneeyamaaya sthreekalil chilar miss braun ippol vijayichathinte avakasham prayogikkaan sramichekkaamennu avar bhayappedunnu. niyamavum neethiyum avakashavum njangalude bhaagathundaakunna kaalatholam njangalkk oru anukambayum venda."
1864-leeii jadji praattinte vidhiye oru praadeshika vellakkaarude udamasthathayilulla pathram oru edittoriyal kaarttoonil parihasichu, athil karuthavarum vellakkarum arikil sawari cheiyunnathu kaanikkunnu. oru vamseeya namakaranam upayogichu, athu praatt aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude bhaagamaanenn aaropikkukayum ilam thavitt sarikkum karuthathaano atho panapuraskaaratthinaayi cases phayal cheiyunnundo ennu chodikkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, "dhii sacramento dayley union" enna pathratthinte oru vellakkaranaaya edittar pratthinte theerumaanathekkurichu paranju, "addehathinte vaadam vyakthamaan, addehathinte theerumaanam janangalude vikaravumaayi chernnupokunnuvennu njangal vishwasikkunnu".
saan francisco aafrikkan amerikkakkaraaya vilyam bovan, merii ellen ennivar konduvanna swakaarya udamasthathayilulla street kaarukalude "vellakkaar maathram" sanbradaayangale velluvilicha mattu kesukalkku charlot braun cases vazhiyorukki. 1893ll california niyamasabha samsthaanavyaapakamaayi street kaarukal verthirikkunnathu audyogikamaayi nirodhichu.
charlot braun avarude kesil vijayichathinusesham, senattar chaals sumner raajyathinte thalasthaanathu street kaarukal samyojippikkunnathin anukoolamaayi vaadichappol vamseeya samathwathinu oru pradhana maathrkayaayi kongrasil eee cases vilichu.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
1867-ll, charlot braun saan fraansiskoyile 10 scotland streettil kochukuttikalkkaayi oru school thurannu, "praadhamika vidyaabhyaasathinte ellah shaakhakalum" samgeethavum embroidery vaagdaanam cheythu. 1874-ll, vilyam chapman raalstaninte liv-inn pezhsanal sarvees jeevanakkaranaayi jolie cheythirunna, avarude vivaahasamayath palas hotelil steevardaayi jolie cheythirunna, saan fraansiskoyile mattoru pramukha aafrikkan american aaktivistaaya jaims henry rickere avar vivaham kazhichu. 1865leeii california stettu kanvenshan oof kalar sittisansinte samghaadakaril oraalaayirunnu ricker brouninte pithavum. saan fraansiskoyile 1018 powell streettile vasathiyil charlot jaims echu ricker kottaram hotelil oru sahakaaryakarthaavinaayi nalkia surprise partyekkurichu 1877-ll black pathramaya "dhii lifttinte" sosaitti pejukal oru prakhyapanam achadichu.
athinusheshamulla charlot braun rikkarude jeevithathekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo.
charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam.
19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum pothugathaagathatthil ozhivaakkalilum verthirivilum prathishedhichu amerikkayiludaneelamulla thekkan, vadakkan nagarangalile karuthavarggakkaar konduvanna niravadhi nadapadikalil aadyathethaanu charlot braun cases. 1854-ll, elishabeth jennings newyork nagaratthile moonnaamathe avanyoo railway kambanikkethire avarude charmmatthinte niram kaaranam avide oru street kaaril ninnu purathaakkappettathinnethu cases phayal cheythu. 1865ll philadelphiyayil vachu srimati. oru theruvu kaar conductor avale basil ninnu valicheriyukayum oru koottam sthreekalum aabhyantharayudha sainikare paricharichu madangumbol chavittukayum cheythathine thudarnnu derry oru sivil suit 50 dollar nashtaparihaaravum nedi.
sojornar trooth, idaa bii. washingtonile street kaarukalil ridership nirasikkappettathinethu wells frances vaatkins parker street kaar samyojanathinaayi sajeevamaayi lobby cheythu.sii., memphis, pensylvania.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode vadakku street kaarukal pradhaanamaayum verthiricheduthirunnum, pothugathaagathatthe verthirikkunnathu thekk pala nagarangalilum audyogika nayamaayi maari. irupathaam noottaandil airin morgan, klaudettu colvin, merii luis smith thudangiya sthreekal pothugathaagathatthil verthirivinethire pooraadunnathu thudarnnu. 1954ll, rosa paarkkukal alabaamayile montgomeriyile eee sanbradaayathe velluvilikkukayum nagaratthiludaneelam buzz bahishkaranam aarambikkukayum 1950kalilum 60kalilum pouraavakaasha prasthaanam aarambikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu.
aafrikkan american sthreekal padinjaarine abhimukeekarikkunnu" ennathil, pandithanmaraya quintard taylor shirley aan vilson moorum charlot braun kesum pathonpathaam noottaandil karutha sthreekal konduvanna mattu street kaar desegregation vyavahaarangalum charitraparamaayi vamshavumaayum lingabhedavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnathil vishakalanam cheiyunnu. pothujanagalkkethire nilavilulla ashayangal kaaranam palappozhum sthreekal eee kesukal phayal cheythathayi avar abhiprayappettu. swakaarya idam, karutha lingaparamaaya rolukalekkurichulla velutha kaazhchakal
"aaktivist karuthavarggakkaar karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekalude shakthiyekkurich nannayi ariyamaayirunnu, avide purushanmaarenna nilayil avarkk pookaan kazhiyilla", avar ezhuthunnu. "lingabhedathe aashrayich, street kaar kambanikalkkethiraaya karutha sthreekalude kesukal aathyanthikamayi karuthavargakkaarude yaatra cheyyaanulla avakasham urappunalki... niyamaprakyaapanam charlot brounino merii hittino mathramalla, ellah karuthavargakkaarkkum baadhakamaaya oru pothuvaaya onnaayirunnu."

