
group 5 ghadakam

aavarthanappattikayile moolakangalude oru koottamaanu group 5. group 5ll vanadium (vii), neobium (enby), taantalam (taa), dabnium (db) enniva adangiyirikkunnu. eee group aavarthanappattikayude dii-blokkilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. eee groupine chilappol ettavum bharam kuranja amgathinte peril vanadium group allengil vanadium kudumbam ennu vilikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, parivartthana lohangalude vishalamaaya groupingil ulppedunnathinaal groupinu thanne oru nissara peru labhichitilla.
aadyakaala parivartthana lohangalude savisheshatha pole, neobiyathinum taantalathinum + 5 enna group ooksideshan avastha maathrame pradhanamaayi ulloo, avaa valare electropositive aanu (electronukal daanam cheyyaan eluppamaanu) koodaathe sambannamaaya ekopana rasathanthram (thanmaathrakalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna loha ayonukalude rasathanthram) kuravaanu. lanthanide sankochathinte phalangal kaaranam, lanthanideukalile ionic trijyathile kuravu kaaranam avayude gunangal valare saamyamullathaan. cheria valippam kaaranam vanadium alppam vyathyasthamaan ithinu nannayi nirvachikkapetta + 2, + 3, + 4 avasthakalum undu (+ 5 kooduthal sthirathayullathaanenkilum).
bharam kuranja moonnu group 5 moolakangal swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkukayum samana gunangal pankidukayum cheiyunnu; iva moonnum saadhaarana saahacharyangalil haard refractory lohangalaanu. naalaamathe moolakamaaya dubnium laborattarikalil samanvayippichittundu, pakshe ithu prakrithiyil sambhavikkunnathayi kandethiyitla, ettavum sthirathayulla isotopaya dubnium-268 nte ardhaayuss 16 manikkoor maathramaan, mattu isotopukal ithilum kooduthal radio active aanu.
charithram.
"group 5" "ennathu eee grouppinte puthiya ipac peraanu; pazhaya us sisttathil (kaas)" "group vibi" "allengil europian sisttathil (pazhaya ipac)" "group vaa" "ennaayirunnu pazhaya shailiyilulla peru". group 5 neey grouppumaayi thettidharikkaruthu, pazhaya reethiyilulla grouppumaayi "vaa" (us sisttam, kaas) allengil "vibi" (europian sisttam, pazhaya ipac) ennivayude cross cheytha perukal. "aaa" groupine ippol nictogens allengil group 15 ennu vilikkunnu.
vanadium.
1801ll spanish dhaathushaasthranjanaaya andrez maanuval dell reoyaanu vanadium kandethiyathu. dell rioo meksikkan "braun ledu" ayiru saambilil ninnu moolakam verthirichu, pinneedu vanadinite ennu namakaranam cheythu. athinte lavanangal vaividhyamaarnna nirangal prakadippikkunnuvennu addeham kandethi, athinte falamaayi addeham moolakathinu "panchromiyam" (greeka παγχρογιο "ellah nirangalum") ennu perittu. pinneedu, dell rioo moolakathe "erythronium" (greeka ερyθρος "chuvapp") ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu, kaaranam mikka lavanangalum choodaakkumbol chuvapp niramaayi. 1805-ll franch rasathanthranjanaaya hippolait victor kolettu-descottles, dell reoyude suhruthu baaran alexander voonn humboltinte pinthunayode, dell reoyude puthiya moolakam kromiyathinte ashudhamaaya saambilaanennu thettayi prakhyaapichu. dell rioo kolettu-descotilsinte prasthavana amgeekarikkukayum thante avakaashavaadam pinvalikkukayum cheythu.
1831-ll sweedish rasathanthranjanaaya nills gabriel sephstrom irumbayiru upayogichu pravartthikkumbol kandethiya oru puthiya ooksaidile moolakam veendum kandethi. aaa varsham avasaanam, fredrich vohler dell reoyude munkaala kruthi sthireekarichu. sephstrom vii ennathil aarambikkunna oru peru thiranjedutthu, athu ithuvare oru moolakathinum nalkiyittilla. manoharamaaya niramulla niravadhi raasa samyukthangal ulppaadippikkunnathinaal addeham eee moolakathe pazhaya norse "vanadis" (soundaryavum phalabhooyishtathayum ulppedunna norse vaanir devathayaaya fraizayude mattoru peru) enna peril "vanadium" ennu vilichu. 1831-ll geologist jorjju vilyam fetherstenhoug, vanaadiyathe dell reoyude peril "rheonium" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyanamennu nirddeshichuvenkilum eee nirddesham paalichilla.
neobiavum taantalamum.
1801ll engleesh rasathanthranjanaaya chaals haachett neobium kandethi. 1734ll joonn winthrop eph. american aikyanaadukalile connectikkittil ninnu englandilekku ayacha oru dhaatu saambilil oru puthiya moolakam addeham kandethi.aarr.ezz. (ilaya joonn vinthroppinte kochumakan) dhatuk "columbite" ennum puthiya moolakathinu "columbium" ennum american aikyanaadukalude kaavyathmaka naamamaya "columbia" yude peril namakaranam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1949-ll aamstardaamil nadanna rasatantra yooniyante pathinanjaam sammelanathinu sesham, 41-aamm moolakathinu neobium enna peru thiranjedutthu. haachett kandethiya "columbium" orupakshe 1802-ll aandezhs gustav eckeberg aadyamaayi kandethiya puthiya moolakavum taantalavum chernna mishrithamaayirikkaam.
pinneedu, kolambiyavum (neobium) adutha bandhamullah taantalamum thammilulla vyathyaasathekkurich ganyamaaya ashayakkuzhappam undaayi. 1809-ll engleesh rasathanthranjanaaya vilyam hyde volaasttan columbium-columbite, saandrata 5.918 g/cm, taantalam-tantalite ennivayil ninnu uruthirinja ooksaidukale thaarathamyam cheyyukayum saandrathayil kaaryamaaya vyathyasam undaayirunnittum rund ooksaidukalum samaanamaanenn nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu; athinaal addeham taantalam enna peru nilanirtthi. 1846-ll jarmman rasathanthranjanaaya heinrich rooss eee nigamanathe tharkkikkukayum, taantalait saambilil rund vyathyastha moolakangalundennu vaadikkukayum, taantalasinte makkalaya "neobium" (neobil ninnu), "pelopium" (pelopsil ninnu) ennivayude peril avaykku peridukayum cheythu. taantalamum neobiavum thammilulla ettavum kuranja vyathyasangalil ninnaan eee ashayakkuzhappam udaleduthathu. avakaashappedunna puthiya moolakangalaaya "pelopium", "ilmenium", "dianium" enniva vaasthavathil neobiyathinu samanamaayirunnu allengil neobiyathinteyum taantalathinteyum mishrithangalaayirunnu. 1903 vare shudhamaaya taantalam uthppaadippikkappettinnu.
dubnium.
grouppinte avasana gadakamaaya dubnium swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunnilla, athu synthesis vazhi nirmmikkendathund. 1968ll niyon-22 ayonukalude beam upayogichu americium-243 taargett bombit puthiya moolakam nirmmicha joyint instittyoott phoor nuclear researchile (gnr) oru samghamaanu aadyathe report cheytha kandethal, koodaathe 9.4 mevu (0.1-3 second ardhayussinoppam), 9.7 mevu ("tii" 1/2> 0.05 seey) alfa pravartthanangalum thudarnnu 256103 allengil 257103 nuu samanamaaya alfa pravartthanangalum report cheythu. munkaala saidhaanthika pravachanangale adisthaanamaakki, rund pravartthana lainukalum yathaakramam 261105,260105 enningane nischayichu.
105-aamm moolakatthinte alfa shayangal nireekshicha sesham, moolakatthinte swaabhaavikamaaya vighadanam (ezz. eph.) nireekshikkaanum athinte falamaayundaakunna vighadana shakalangalekkurich padikkaanum gaveshakar lakshyamittu. 1970 februvariyil avar oru prabandham prasidheekarichu, atharam rund pravartthanangalude onniladhikam udaaharanagal report cheythu, 14 millimeter, ardhaayuss. avar muun pravartthanatthe 242 emm. eph. emminu nalkukayum randaamathe pravartthanatthe 105 enna moolakatthinte oru isotopilekku bandhikkukayum cheythu. saidhaanthika pravachanangalkk anusrithamaayi eee prathikaranatthinte vilavu anupatham 242 emm. eph. emminte ulppaadana kaimatta prathikaranathekkaal ganyamaayi kuravaayathinaal 105 enna moolakathinu pakaram oru kaimatta prathikaranatthil ninnu eee pravartthanam varaan saadhyathayillenn avar abhiprayappettu. eee pravartthanam oru (22ne, x "n) prathikaranatthil ninnallenn sthaapikkaan, gaveshakar 18o ionukal upayogichu 243am lakshyathil bombittu; 256103 umm 257103 umm uthppaadippikkunna prathikaranangal valare kurachu sf pravartthanam kaanichu (sthaapitha daattayumaayi poruthappedunnu), koodaathe 258103 umm 259103 umm uthppaadippikkunna prathikaranam saidhaanthika daattaykk anusrithamaayi sf pravartthanamonnum srishtichilla. 105 enna moolakatthinte ezz. eph. ll ninnaan nireekshicha pravartthanangal vannathennu gaveshakar nigamanam cheythu.
1970 meyy maasathil oru reportil prasidheekaricha jinner 105 enna moolakam srishtikkaan oru pareekshanam nadatthi. 105 enna moolakatthinte kooduthal nucleusukal samanvayippichathaayum pareekshanam avarude muun pravartthanam sthireekarichuvennum avar avakashappettu. paper anusarichu, jinner uthppaadippicha isotope orupakshe 261105 allengil orupakshe 260105 aayirikkam. eee reportil oru prarambha raasa parisodhana ulppedunnu gyaas-chromatography reethiyude thermal gradient pathipp sf pravartthanatthil ninnu roopappetta chloride haphnium tetrachloridine pakaram neobium pentechlorideumaayi ekadesham poruthappedunnuvennu theliyikkaan prayogichu. ikka-taantalam gunangal chithreekarikkunna asthiramaaya chloridil oru 2.2-second sf pravartthanam samgham thirichariyukayum sf pravartthanatthinte uravidam 105-aamm gadakamaayirikkanam ennu anumaanikkukayum cheythu.
1970 juunil, jinner avarude aadya pareekshanatthil mechappeduthalukal varuthi, shudhamaaya lakshyam upayogichu catcherinu munnil oru kolimettar sthaapich transfer prathikaranangalude theevratha kurachu. ithavana, 256103 allengil 257103 ennu thirichariyaan kazhiyunna dotter isodoppukalulla 9.1 mevu alfa pravartthanangal kandethaan avarkk kazhinju, ithu yadhaartha isotope 260105 allengil 261105 aanennu soochippikkunnu.
oro group athintethaaya peru nirddeshikkunna moolakam aaraan kandethiyathennathinekku oru vivaadam pottippurapettu dabna group moolakathinu neels borinte peril "nielsborium" ennu namakaranam cheythu, athesamayam berkley group ithinu oottoo haante peril "hanium" ennu perittu. oduvil transformium working grouppaaya aipaakkinteyum ipaappinteyum samyuktha pravartthaka party kandethalinte credit pankidaan theerumaanichu. vividha vittuveezhchakalk sesham, 105 enna moolakathe "kurchattoviyam", "joliyoshyam", "hanium" ennu vilicha 1997-ll ipac eee moolakathinu audyogikamaayi dabnium ennu perittu, oduvil "nielsborium" lalithamaakkukayum 107 enna moolakathinu upayogikkukayum cheythu.
raasa gunangal.
mattu grouppukaleppole, eee kudumbatthile amgangalum athinte electron konfigareshanil, prathyekichu ettavum puram shellukalil paattenukal kaanikkunnu. (neobiyathinte prathekshikkunna 4d3 5s2 konfigareshan ekadesham 0.14 iii. vii. yill valare thaazhnna aaveshakaramaaya avasthayaanu.)
groupile aadyathe moonnu amgangalkku maathramaan rasathanthrathinte bhooribhaagavum nireekshikkappettath (dabniyathinte rasathanthram athra sthireekarikkappettilta, pakshe ariyappedunnathu taantalatthinte bharameriya konjanarinaayulla pratheekshakalumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu thonnunnu). eee groupile ellah gadakangalum uyarnna dravanaankangalulla (1910 ccm, 2477 ccm, 3017 ccm) prathipravartthana lohangalaanu. group 3 allengil group 4 leeii pravanathakal pole kooduthal prathikaranangal thadayunna sthirathayulla ooksaid paaliyude drutha roopeekaranam kaaranam prathipravartthanam ellaayppozhum vyakthamalla. lohangal vyathyastha ooksaidukal roopappeduthunnu vanadium vanadium (ii) ooksaid, vanadium (iii) ooksaid, vanadium (iv) ooksaid, vanadium (v) ooksaid, neobium neobium (ii) ooksaid, neobium (iv) ooksaid, neobium (v) ooksaid enniva roopappeduthunnu, ennaal taantalam ooksaidukalil ninnu taantalam (v) ooksaid maathrame savisheshathayulloo. loha (vii) ooksaidukal saadhaaranayaayi prathipravartthanarahithavum shaarangalekkaal aasidukal pole pravarthikkunnavayumaanu, ennaal thaazhnna ooksaidukalkku sthiratha kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna vaidyuthachaalakatha polulla ooksaidukalkku avaykku chila asaadhaarana gunangalundu.
moonnu moolakangalum vividha ajaiva samyukthangal roopappeduthunnu, saadhaaranayaayi + 5 enna ooksideshan avasthayil. kuranja ooksideshan avasthakalum ariyappedunnu, pakshe avaa sthiratha kuravaanu, aattomik maas vardhanayode sthiratha kurayunnu.
samyukthangal.
ooksaidukal.
+ 2,3, + 4, + 5 ooksideshan avasthakalil ooksaidukal roopappedunna vanadium (ii) ooksaid (voo), vanadium (iii) ooksaid (vii2ooo3), vanadium (iv) ooksaid (voo2), vanadium (vii) ooksaid (vii2ooo5) enniva roopappedunnu. vanediyathinte mikka aloikalkkum samyukthangalkkum munnodiyaaya vanadium (vii) ooksaid allengil vanadium pentoxide ettavum saadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna oru vyaavasaayika kaattalist koodiyaanu.
neobium + 5 (), + 4 () ennee ooksideshan avasthakalilum, + 2 (nbo) enna apoorva ooksideshan avasthayilum ooksaidukal roopappeduthunnu. mikkavarum ellah neobium samyukthangaludeyum aloikaludeyum munnodiyaaya pentoxide aanu ettavum saadhaaranam.
prayogangalude veekshanakonil ninnu ettavum pradhanappetta samyukthamaanu taantalam pentoxide (taa2oo5). kuranja ooksideshan avasthakalil taantalatthinte ooksaidukal niravadhi vaikalya gadanakal ulppede, laghuvaayi padikkukayo moshamaayi savisheshathakal kaanikkukayo cheiyunnu.
ooksayaaniyans.
jaleeya laayaniyil, 51v nmr spectroscopy sthaapichathupole vanadium (v) ooksayaaniyanukalude oru vipulamaaya kudumbamaanu. eee kudumbatthile parasparabandhangale vivarikkunnath pradhana rekhaachithramaan, ithu piechineyum sandrathayeyum aashrayich kuranjathu 11 speesheesukalenkilum kaanikkunnu. tetrahedral oorthovanaadettu ayoon, piechu 12-14 ll kaanapedunna pradhana inamaanu. phoosphoorus (vii) nuu samanamaaya valipavum charge, vanadium (vii) athinte rasathanthrathinum christalographicum samaantharamaanu. protein chrystallography phosphettinte biochemistry padikkaan oorthovanadettu vii upayogikkunnu. athinupurame, eee ayoon chila prathyeka ensaimukalude pravartthanavumaayi edapedunnuvennum theliyikkappettittund. tetratheovanadettu [vs4] 3-oorthovanaadettu ioninu samaanamaan.
kuranja piechu moolyangalil, monomer [echvio4] 2 −, diamer [vii2oo7] 4 − enniva roopappedunnu, sii yill thaazheyulla vanadium saandrathayil monomer prabalamaanu. 10 − 2m (pv> 2, ivide pv motham vanadium saandrata/m-nte logarithathinte mainus moolyathinu thulyamaanu). devenadate ayoninte roopeekaranam dicromate ayoninte roopeekaranathinu samaanamaan. piechu kurayumbol, poolii vanaadettukalilekkulla kooduthal protonation ghaneebhavanavum sambhavikkunnu piechu 4-6 [echu 2 vii 4]-ll cayekkaal kooduthalulla pivi yill prabalamaanu. 4, athesamayam uyarnna saandrathayil trimerukalum tetramerukalum roopappedunnu. piechu 2-4 decovanadate pradhaanamaan, oorthovaanadettil ninnulla athinte roopeekaranathe eee ghaneebhavana prathikaranam prathinidheekarikkunnu
dekavaanadettil, oro vii (vii) kendrathinum chuttum aarr ooksaid ligandukalundu. vanadic assid, echu3voo4 valare kuranja saandrathayil maathrame nilanilkkoo, kaaranam tetrahedral speesheesukalude [echu2voo4] protonation-octahedral [voo2 (echu2ooo) 4] + speesheesukalude munganana roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. sakthamaaya acidity laayanikalil, piechu <2, [voo 2 (echu 2 ooo) 4] + aanu pradhana inam, athesamayam ooksaid vii 2 ooo 5 uyarnna saandrathayil laayaniyil ninnu veezhunnu. ooksaid aupachaarikamaayi vanadic aasidinte assid unhydride. niravadhi vanaadett samyukthangalude ghadana nirnnayikkunnath ex-reey chrystallographyaanu.
vanadium (vii) vividha peroxo samuchayangal roopappeduthunnu, prathyekichu vanadium adangiya bromoperoxidase ensaimukalude sajeeva saittil. voo (oo) 2 (echu2oo) 4 + enna inam acidity laayaniyil sthirathayullathaanu. kshara laayaniyil 2,3,4 peroxide grouppukalulla speesheesukal ariyappedunnu; m3v (o2) 4 nh2o (m = Li, Na, muthalaayava) enna soothravaakyamulla violet lavanangal avasana roopathil kaanapedunnu.), athil vanaadiyathin 8-coordinate dodecahedral gadanayundu.
pentoxide adisthaana hydroxide laayaniyil layikkunnathiloodeyo kshara loha ooksaidukalil urukunnathiloodeyo neobettukal uthpaadippikkappedunnu. lythium neobate (), lanthanam neobate () ennivayaanu udaaharanagal. lythium niyobettil trikonamitheeyamaayi valachodicha perovskite polulla gadanayundu, athesamayam lanthanam niyobettil eaka ionukal adangiyirikkunnu.
[tavo 4] 3− allengil [tavo 3] − adangiyirikkunna samyukthangalaaya taandalettukal ennamattathaanu. lythium taantalett (littaavo 3) oru perovskite ghadana sweekarikkunnu. lanthanam taantalettil (laattaavo 4) otappetta tetrahedra adangiyirikkunnu.
haalaidukalum avayude derivative.
vxn (n = 2.5) enna soothravaakyamulla samyukthangalaaya panthrand bainari haalaidukal ariyappedunnu. vi4, vcl5, vbr5, vi5 enniva nilavililla allengil valare asthiramaanu. mattu reyejantukalumaayi samyojippichu, dainukalude polymerisationulla oru kaattalistaayi vii. sii. ell. 4 upayogikkunnu. ellah bainari haalaidukaleyum pole, vanediyathintethum levis acidic aanu, prathyekichu v (iv), v (v) enniva. pala haalaidukalum vx "n" l6 − "n" (x = halide; l = mattu ligand) enna soothravaakyathode octahedral complexukal roopappeduthunnu.
niravadhi vanadium ooksihalaidukal (formula vonksn) ariyappedunnu. auxitrichloride auxitrifluoride (vookl3, woff3) aanu ettavum vyaapakamaayi padikkappedunnathu. pokl 3 nuu samaanamaayi, avaa asthiramaanu, vathaka ghattathil tetrahedral gadanakal sweekarikkunnu, koodaathe levis acidityaanu.
+ 5, + 4 ennivayude ooksideshan avasthakalilum vaividhyamaarnna substoichiometric samyukthangalilum neobium haalaidukal roopappeduthunnu. penthahalideukal () octahedral enby kendrangal avatharippikkunnu. neobium pentafluoride () 79°seey. draveebhavana binduvullah velutha kharapadaarthavum neobium pentechloride () manjaniramullathum (idathuvashathulla chithram kaanuka) <aii. dii. 1> sasem. draveekarana binduvullathumaanu. iva randum jalavishleshanam cheyth ooksaidukalum ooksihalaidukalum nalkunnu. neobosene dichloride () polulla orgaanomettaalik samyukthangal utppaadippikkaan upayogikkunna oru vaividhyamaarnna reactoraanu pentechloride. tetrahylideukal () enby-enby bondukalulla irunda niramulla polymerukalaanu; udaaharanathinu, black hygroscopic neobium tetrafluoride (), braun neobium tetrachloride ().
neobiyathinte ionic halide samyukthangal ariyappedunnu, kaaranam pentahalaidukalude levis acidity bhaagikamaayi undu. ettavum pradhaanappettathaanu [nbf7] 2−, ayirukalil ninnu nb, ta enniva verthirikkunnathinulla oru intermediat. eee heptafluoride taantalam samyukthathekkaal eluppathil oxopentafluoride roopappeduthunnu. mattu halide samuchayangalil octahedral [] ulppedunnu
kuranja aattomik nambarukalulla mattu lohangaleppole, vividatharam kuranja halide klasttar ionukal ariyappedunnu, pradhana udaaharanam [] aanu.
taantalam haalaidukal + 5, + 4, + 3 ennivayude ooksideshan avasthakalil vyaapichukidakkunnu. taantalam pentafluoride (taff5) 97° selshyas dravanaankamulla oru velutha kharapadaarthamaanu. ayoon [taff 7] 2 neobiyathil ninnu verthirikkaan upayogikkunnu. puthiya taa samyukthangalude samanvayathile pradhana reactoraanu dimeraayi nilanilkkunna chloride. ithu eluppathil oru oksikloraidilekku jalavishleshanam cheiyunnu. thaazhathe haalaidukalum taa-taa bondukalum undu.
bhauthika gunangal.
group 5 leeii pravanathakal mattu aadyakaala dii-block grouppukale pinthudarukayum anchaam kaalayalavil ninnu aaram kaalayalavilekku kadannupokunnathil oru niracha eph-shell korilekku cherkkunnath prathifalippikkukayum cheiyunnu. kaarban, naitrajan, ooksijan ennivayude maalinyangal avaye pottunnathaakkunnunde groupile sthirathayulla ellah amgangalum vellimannu-neela refractory lohangalaanu. avayellaam shareera kendreekritha cubic ghadanayil ooshmaavil christalise cheiyunnu, dabniyavum angane cheiyumennu prathekshikkunnu.
thaazhe koduthirikkunna pattika group 5 gadakangalude pradhana bhauthika gunangalude sangrahamaanu. chodyachihnam cheytha moolyam pravachikkappedunnu.
vanadium.
sharashari-kadinavum, draavakavum, urukk-neelayumaaya lohamaanu vanadium. ithu vaidyuthachaalanaathmakavum taapa insulating ullathumaanu. chila srothassukal vanaadiyathe "mriduvaaya" ennu visheshippikkunnu, orupakshe athu mridulavum melinjathum pottaathathumaanu. mikka lohangalekkaalum steelukalekkaalum kaadinyamullathaanu vanadium (moolakangaludeyum irumbinteyum kaadinyam kaanuka). ithinu naashanathine nalla prathirodhamund, koodaathe ithu shaarangal, sulfuric, hydrochloric aasidukal ennivaykkethire sthirathayullathaanu. ithu ekadesham 933 keey (660 digri selshyas, 1220 digri fahrenheit) enna thapanilayil vaayuvil ooksidais cheyyappedunnu, ennirunnaalum oru ooksaid paasiveshan paali ooshmaavil polum roopappedunnu.
neobium.
aavarthanappattikayude group 5-leeii thilakkamulla, chaaraniratthilulla, vazhakkamulla, paragnetic lohamaanu neobium (pattika kaanuka), group 5-nuu asaadhaaranamaaya ettavum puram shellukalil oru electron konfigareshan undu. athupole thanne ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), paladium (46) ennivayude ayalpakkangalil asaadhaaranamaaya konfigareshanukal sambhavikkunnu.
samboornna poojyathil ninnu athinte dravanaangam vare shareera kendreekritha cubic kristtal gadanayundennu karuthappedunnundengilum, moonnu chrystalographic achuthandukaliludaneelamallu taapa vipuleekaranathinte uyarnna resolution alavukal oru cubic gadanayumaayi poruthappedaattha anisotropikal velippeduthunnu. athinaal, eee mekhalayil kooduthal gaveshanavum kandethalum prathekshikkunnu.
cryogenic thapanilayil neobium oru soopparkandaktaraayi maarunnu. anthareeksha marddathil, moolaka soopparkandaktarukalude ettavum uyarnna nirnaayaka thaapanila 9.2 keey aanu. eathoru moolakathekkaalum ettavum valia kanthika nuzhanjukayatta aazham neobiyathinundu. koodaathe, vanadium, technicium ennivaykkoppam moonnu moolaka tharam II soopparkandaktarukalil onnaanith. superconductive gunangal neobium lohathinte shudhiye shakthamayi aasrayichirikkunnu.
valare shudhamaayirikkumbol, ithu thaarathamyena mriduvum mridulavumaanu, pakshe maalinyangal athine kadinamaakkunnu.
taapa neutronukalkku lohathinu kuranja capture cross sekshan undu; athinaal nyootron sutharyamaaya gadanakal aavasyamulla aanava vyavasayangalil ithu upayogikkunnu.
taantalam.
irunda (neela-chaara), idathoornna, mridulavum, valare kadinavum, eluppathil kettichamachathum, thapavum vaidyuthiyum valare chaalakavumaan taantalam. aasidukalude naashanashtangalodulla prathirodhatthinu eee loham prashasthamaan; vaasthavathil, 150 digri selshyasil thaazheyulla thapanilayil taantalam saadhaaranayaayi aakramanathmakamaaya akwa reejiyayude aakramanathinu eathaandu poornnamaayum prathirodhasheshiyullathaan. fluoride ayoon, sulfur trioxide enniva adangiya hydrophluric assid allengil acidity laayanikalum pottasyam hydroxidinte lion upayogichu ithu laikkam. taandalathinte uyarnna dravanaangam 3017 digri selshyas (thilanila 5458 digri selshyas) moolakangalkkidayil tangsttan, renium, lohangalkkulla oosmiyam, kaarban enniva maathrame marikadakkunnulloo.
alfa, beetta ennee rund kristalin gattangalilaanu taantalam nilanilkkunnath. alfa ghattam thaarathamyena mridulavum mriduvumaanu; ithinu shareera kendreekritha cubic gadanayundu (space group "im3emm", laattis sthiraangam "eiii" = 0.33058 enm), koortha kaadinyam 200-400 echen, electrical resistivity 15-60 micro ω ω centimeter. beetta ghattam kadinavum pottunnathumaayathaan; athinte kristtal samamiti tetragonal aanu (space group "p42/mnm", "a" = 1.0194 nm, "c" = 0.5313 nm), koortha kaadinyam 1000-1300 hn aanu, electrical resistivity 170-210 μω ω cm ll thaarathamyena uyarnnathaan. beetta ghattam mettaastabil aanu, ithu 750-775 °C aayi choodaakkiyaal alfa ghattathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnu. bulk taantalam eathaandu poornnamaayum alfa gattamaanu, beetta ghattam saadhaaranayaayi magnetroninal labhikkuna nerttha filimukalaayi nilanilkkunnu.
utectic urukia uppu laayaniyil ninnu sputtering, raasa neeravi nikshepam allengil electrochemical nikshepam.
dubnium.
moolakangalude aattomik nambarukal vardhikkumbol, oru electrone nucleus thammilulla vaidyuthakaanthika aakarshanam vardhikkunnathinte falamaayi ettavum ullile electronukal nucleusinu chuttum vegathil karangaan thudangunnu ennathaanu nerittulla aapekshika prabhavam. ettavum puram ezz oorbittalukalil samanamaaya phalangal kandethiyittundu (pii1/2, dabniyathil avaa kaivashamillengilum): udaaharanathinu, 7 ezz oorbittal valippathil 25 sathamaanam churungukayum 2.6 iii. vii sthiratha kaivarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
kooduthal parokshamaaya oru phalam, churungiya s, p1/2 bhramanapathangal nucleusinte charge kooduthal phalapradamaayi samrakshikkunnu, athinaal valia bhramanapathangalil neengunna baahya d, f electronukalkku kurachu avasheshikkunnu ennathaanu. dabniyathe ithu valareyadhikam badhikkunnu muun group 5 amgangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, athinte 7s electronukal athinte 6d electronukalekkaal verthirichedukkaan alppam budhimuttaanu.
mattoru prabhavam spin-oorbitt prathipravarthanamaanu, prathyekichu spin-oorbitt vibhajanam, ithu 6d subshelline vibhajikkunnu-a d shellinte asimuthal kwaandam nambar l 2 aanu-rund subshellukalaayi, patthu oorbittalukalil naalennam l-neey 3/2 aayi kuraykkukayum aarr ennam 5/2 aayi uyarthukayum cheiyunnu. patthu oorjja nilakalum uyarthunnu; avayil naalu mattu aarinekkaal kuravaanu. (moonnu 6dii electronukal saadhaaranayaayi ettavum kuranja oorjja nilavaaramulla 6dii3/2 aanu.)
dabniyathinte (db +) otta ionized aattathin oru neutral aattavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 6dii electron nashtappedanam; dabniyathinte eratti (db2 +) allengil trika (db3 +) ionized attangal 7ezz electronukale illaathaakkanam, athinte bharam kuranja homologukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi. mattangal undaayirunnittum, dabniyathinu ippozhum anchu valence electronukal undaakumenn prathekshikkunnu; 7p oorjja nilakal dabniyatheyum athinte gunangaleyum swaadheenikkunnathaayi kaanichittilla. dabniyathinte 6dii bhramanapathangal taantalathinte 5dii bhramanapathangalekkaal asthiramaayathinaal, db3 + nuu 7ezz electronukalekkaal rund 6dii sheshikkumenn pratheekshikkunnathinaal, thathfalamaayundaakunna + 3 ooksideshan avastha asthiravum taantalathinte bhramanapathathekkaal apoorvavumaanennu prathekshikkunnu. paramavadhi + 5 ooksideshan avasthayil dabniyathinte ionization pottensial taantalathekkaal alpam kuravaayirikkanam, taantalavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol dabniyathinte ionic aaram vardhikkanam; ithu dabniyathinte rasathanthrathil kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
kharaavasthayilulla dabniyathinte attangal munbathe group 5 moolakangaleppole shareera kendreekritha cubic konfigareshanil krameekarikkanam. dubniyathinte pravachikkapetta saandrata 21.6 gram/centimeter aanu.
sambhavam.
bhoomiyude puramthodil oru dashalakshathil 160 bhaagangalulla vanadium avidatthe ettavum samriddhamaaya moolakangalil 19-aamathe moolakamaan. mannil oru dasalaksham vanediyathinte sharashari 100 bhaagangalum samudrajalathil oru bilyan vanediyathinte 1.5 bhaagangalum adangiyirikkunnu. oru saadhaarana manushyanil oru bilyan vanediyathil 285 bhaagangalund. vaanadait, rakshaadhikaari, carnotite ennivayulppede 60 ladhikam vanadium ayirukal ariyappedunnu. bhoomiyude puramthodil oru dashalakshathil 20 bhaagangalulla neobium avidatthe ettavum samriddhamaaya moolakangalil 33-aamathe moolakamaan. mannil dashalakshathil sharashari 24 bhagangal neobiavum samudrajalathil kwaadrilyan neobiyathil 900 bhaagangalum adangiyirikkunnu. oru saadhaarana manushyanil oru bilyan neobiyathil 21 bhagangal adangiyirikkunnu. columbite, pyrochlore ennee daathukkalilaanu neobium adangiyirikkunnathu. bhoomiyude puramthodil oru dashalakshathil 2 bhaagangalulla taantalam avidatthe ettavum samriddhamaaya 51-aamathe moolakamaan. oru bilyan taantalathil sharashari 1 muthal 2 bhagangal vare mannilum oru trilyan taantalathil 2 bhagangal vare kadaljalathilumanu. oru saadhaarana manushyanil oru bilyan taantalathil 2.9 bhagangal adangiyirikkunnu. taantalait, pyrochlore ennee daathukkalil taantalam kaanapedunnu. dabnium bhoomiyude puramthodil swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunnilla.
uthppaadanam.
vanadium.
soodiyam mettaavanaadett (naavo 3) nalkunnathinu 850 digri selshyasil naakl allengil naa 2 qoo 3 upayogichu podicha ayiru varuthukondu aarambikkunna oru multistep prakriyayiloode vanadium loham labikkum. eee kharapadaarthathinte jaleeya sathil ninnu acidify cheyth "redu kekku" enna polyvanadate uppu uthpaadippikkunnu, ithu kaalsyam lohamkond kuraykkunnu. cherukida ulppaadanathinu pakaramaayi, hydrajan allengil magneeshyam upayogichu vanadium pentoxide kuraykkunnu. mattu niravadhi reethikalum upayogikkunnu, avayil ellaattilum mattu prakriyakalude upolppannamaayi vanadium uthppaadippikkappedunnu. 1925ll aanton edward vaan arcle jaann hendrick dii boyer vikasippichedutha kristtal baar prakriyayiloode vanaadiyathinte shudheekaranam saadhyamaan. ithil loha iodide roopeekaranam ulppedunnu, eee udaaharanathil vanadium (iii) iodide, thudarnnulla shudhamaaya loham nalkunnathinulla vighadanam enniva ulppedunnu
mikka vanadiavum ferrovanadium enna urukk aloiyude gadakamaayi upayogikkunnu. oru vaidyutha choolayil vanadium ooksaid, irumbu ooksaidukal, irumbu ennivayude misritham kuraykkunnathiloode ferrovanadium nerittu uthppaadippikkappedunnu. vanadium vahikkunna maagnettaittil ninnu uthppaadippikkunna pigg irumbil vanadium avasaanikkunnu. upayogicha ayiru anusarichu, slaggle 25 sathamaanam vare vanadium adangiyirikkunnu.
prathivarsham ekadesham 70,000 tonn vanadium ayiru uthppaadippikkappedunnu, russiayil 25,000 tonn vanadium ayiru, dakshinaafrikkayil 24000 tonn, chainayil 19000 tonn, kasakkisthaanil 1000 tonn enniva uthppaadippikkunnu. oro varshavum 7000 tonn vanadium lohamaanu uthpaadippikkunnathu. kaarban upayogichu ayiru choodaakkiyaal vanadium labhikkunnath asaadyamaanu. pakaram, oru mardha paathratthil vanadium ooksaid kaalsyam upayogichu choodaakkiyaanu vanadium uthppaadippikkunnathu. magneeshyavumaayulla vanadium trichloridinte prathikaranatthil ninnaan valare uyarnna shudhiyulla vanadium ulppaadippikkunnathu.
neobiavum taantalamum.
mattu daathukkalil ninnu verpirinjathinushesham, taantalam, neobium ennivayude mishrita ooksaidukal labhikkunnu. neobium uthppaadippikkunnathinu, prosessingile aadyapadi hydrophluric aasidumaayulla ooksaidukalude prathikaranamaann
swis rasathanthranjanaaya dii marignack vikasippichedutha aadyathe vyaavasaayika skeyil verthirikkal, sankeernamaaya neobium, taantalam fluorideukal, dipotasium ooksipentaaflooroniyotta monohydrate (), dipotasium heptaafloorottaanttetta () ennivayude vyathyastha lioneeyathakal upayogappeduthunnu. cyclohexanon polulla jaiva layakangal jaleeya laayaniyil ninnu fluorideukal verthirichedukkunnathu puthiya prakriyakal upayogikkunnu. sankeernamaaya neobium, taantalam fluorideukal jaiva laayakathil ninnu vellam upayogichu vevvere verthirichedukkukayum pottasyam fluoride cherthu pottasyam fluoride complexes uthppaadippikkunnathiloo avakshepikkukayum allengil pentoxide amonia upayogichu avakshepikkukayum cheiyunnu
thudarnnu
loha neobiyamaayi kuraykkunnathinu niravadhi reethikal upayogikkunnu. [], soodiyam chloride ennivayude urukia mishrithatthinte vaidyuthavishleshanam onnaanu; mattonn sodiyavumaayi fluoride kurayunnu. eee reethi upayogichu thaarathamyena uyarnna shudhiyulla neobium labikkum. valia thothilulla uthppaadanathil hydrajan allengil kaarban upayogichu kuraykkunnu. aluminiyatharmik prathikaranatthil, irumbu ooksaidinteyum neobium ooksaidinteyum misritham aluminiyavumaayi prathipravartthikkunnu
prathikaranam vardhippikkunnathinu soodiyam naitrettu polulla cheria alavil ooksidaisarukal cherkkunnu. urukk uthppaadanathil upayogikkunna irumbinteyum neobiyathinteyum lohasankaramaaya aluminium ooksaidum pheroneobiavumaanu phalam. pheroneobiathil 60 muthal 70 sathamaanam vare neobium adangiyittundu. ayann ooksaid illaathe, aluminium taapa prakriya neobium ulppaadippikkaan upayogikkunnu. superconductive aloikalkku gradylethan kooduthal shudheekaranam aavasyamaanu. neobiyathinte rund pradhana vitharanakkaar upayogikkunna reethiyaanu vaakvam keezhil electron beam urukunnath.
brazeelil ninnulla sii. bii. emm. emm. aanu lokathile neobium ulppaadanathinte 85 sathamaanavum niyanthrichathu. 2005ll 38,700 tannayirunna uthppaadanam 2006ll 44,500 tannayi uyarnnathayi yunaittad stetts geological sarway kanakkakkunnu. lokamembaadumulla vibhavangal 44 laksham tannayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. 1995num 2005num edayilulla pathuvarsha kaalayalavil 1995ll 17,800 tunnil ninnu aarambhich erattiyiladhikam uthppaadanam undaayi. 2009num 2011num idayil uthppaadanam prathivarsham 63,000 tannayi sthiramaayirunnu, 2012ll ithu alppam kuranju prathivarsham 50,000 tannayi.
malaaviyile kanyika nikshepathil (kanyika khani) kuranja alavil kaanapedunnu.
prathivarsham 70,000 tonn taantalam ayiru uthppaadippikkappedunnu. canada, austreliya, chaina, rwanda ennivayum eee moolakam uthppaadippikkunna brazeel 90 sathamaanavum taantalam ayiru uthppaadippikkunnu. prathivarsham ekadesham 1200 tonn aanu taantalaminte aavasyam.
dabniyavum athinappuravum.
laittar moolakangal upayogichu aaktinaidukal bombit krithrimamaayi dabnium uthppaadippikkunnu. innuvare, groupile adutha amgathe anpensepttiyam (ups) allengil anpentteniyam (yuu. pii. iii) enniva samanvayippikkunnathinu oru supercolideril pareekshanangalonnum nadathiyittilla. anpensepttiyam, anpentteniyam enniva avasana kaalayalavile 8 moolakangalaayathinaal, eee moolakangal sameepabhaviyil samanvayippikkaan saadhyathayilla.
aaplikkeshanukal.
vanadium steel polulla aloykalil vanediyathinte pradhana prayogam undu. neeruravakal, upakaranangal, jettu enchinukal, kavacha pooshal, aanava reactors ennivayil vanadium aloykal upayogikkunnu. vanadium ooksaid seramicsinu swarnna niram nalkunnu, mattu vanadium samyukthangal polymerukal nirmmikkaan kaattalistukalaayi upayogikkunnu.
stainless steelinte gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathinaayi cheria alavil neobium cherkkunnu. neobiyathinte uyarnna nashana prathirodham kaaranam rokkatt nosilukalilum neobium aloykal upayogikkunnu.
tandalathinu naalu pradhana tharam prayogangalundu. uyarnna thaapanilaykk vidheyamaaya vasthukkalil, electronic upakaranagalil, shasthrakriyayil implaantukalil, naashakaramaaya padaarthangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi taantalam cherkkunnu.
jaivaparamaaya sambhavangal.
group 5 moolakangalil, vanadium maathrame jeevajaalangalude jaiva rasathanthrathil oru punk vahikkunnulloovennu thiricharinjittunde athu jeevashaasthrathil valare parimithamaaya punk vahikkunnu, koodaathe karayekkaal samudra parithasthithikalil ithu kooduthal pradhaanamaan.
asasidianmaarkkum tunicateukalkkum vaanabinukal enna nilayil athyanthaapekshithamaaya vanadium 1911 muthal asasidiasiayude (zee skvirttukal) rakthakosangalil ariyappedunnu, avayude rakthathile vanaadiyathinte saandrata avaykku chuttumulla samudrajalathile vanaadiyathinte saandrathayekkaal 100 madangu kooduthalaanu. niravadhi inam macrofungikal vanadium (500 milligram/kilogram varanda bharam vare) shekharikkunnu. vanadium-ashrita bromoperoxidase niravadhi samudra aalgakalil organobromin samyukthangal srishtikkunnu.
elikalkkum kozhikalkkum valare cheria alavil vanadium aavasyamaanennu ariyappedunnu, koodaathe kurravukal valarcha kurayunnathinum prathyulppaadanam thakararilaakunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu. insulin samvedanakshamathayum shareeraghadanayum vardhippikkunnathinulla thaarathamyena vivaadaparamaaya bhakshana supplementaanu vanadium. type 2 pramehamullavaril vanadile sulfate glucose niyanthranam mechappeduthum. koodaathe, niravadhi jaivapravarthanangalkk saadhyathayullathum niravadhi biochemical prakriyakal manassilakkunnathinulla upakaranangalayi vijayakaramaayi upayogichathumaaya enangalaanu decovanadate, ooksoovanaadets enniva.
vishaamshavum munkaruthalukalum.
shudhamaaya vanadium vishamaanenn ariyappedunnilla. ennirunnaalum, vanadium pentoxide annukal, mookk, thonda ennivaykku kadutha aswasthathayundaakkunnu. tetraavalant voso 4 trivalent vii 2 oo 3 nekkaal kuranjathu 5 madangu vishaamshamullathaanennu report cheyyappettittund. thozhil surakshyum aarogya paripalanavum vanadium pentoxide podikku 0.05 milligram/emm 3 umm vanadium pentoxide pukaykku 0.01 milligram/emm 3 umm aazhchayil 8 manikkoor pravrithi divasathilum 40 manikkoor pravrithi divasathilum varkk plays vaayuvilekku exposure paridhi nischayichittundu. naashanal instittyoott phoor okyupeshanal sephtti aandu health 35 milligram/emm3 vanadium jeevanteyum aarogyathinteyum apakadakaramaanennu kanakkaakkanamenn shupaarsha cheythittundu, athaayath sthiramaaya aarogyaprashnangalkko maranatthino kaaranamakum. dahananaala samvidaanathiloode vanadium samyukthangal moshamaayi agiranam cheyyappedunnu. vanadium, vanadium samyukthangal shwasikkunnathu praadhamikamaayi shvasanavyavasthaye prathikoolamaayi badhikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru subchronic allengil chronic inhaleshan reference doses labhikkunnathin alavilulla daatta aparyapthamaanu. rakthathinte alavukal, karal, neurological vikasanam, elikalile mattu avayavangal ennivayil vaayiloodeyo shwasanathiloodeyo ulla exposureukalkku sesham mattu phalangal report cheyyappettittund.
vanadium allengil vanadium samyukthangal prathyulpaadana vishavasthukkalo terratogenukalo aanennathin thelivukal kuravaanu. oru enn. tii. pii padanatthil, vanadium pentoxide aann elikalilum aann, penn elikalilum shwasikkunnathiloode arbudamundaakkunnathaayi report cheyyappettittunde, phalangalude vyaakhyaanam aduthide tharkkavishayamaan. vanaadiyathinte arbudamundaakkunna alavu yunaittad stetts paristhithi samrakshana ejansi nirnnayichittilla. deesal indhanangalile vanadium adayaalangalaanu uyarnna thaapanilayile naashanatthile pradhana indhana ghadakam. jwalana samayat, vanadium ooksidais cheyyukayum soodiyam, sulfur ennivayumaayi prathipravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu 530 digri selshyas vare kuranja dravanaankangalulla vanaadett samyukthangal nalkunnu, ithu steelile paasiveshan paaliye akramikkukayum athine naashanashtatthinu vidheyamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. khara vanadium samyukthangalum enchin gadakangale apakeerthippeduthunnu.
neobiyathinu ariyappedunna jaivaparamaaya pankilla. neobium podi kanninum charmmathinum prakopippikkukayum theepidaan saadhyathayulla apakadasaadhyathayum ullappol, valia thothilulla moolaka neobium shaareerikamaayi nishkriyavum (athinaal hypoallergenic) nirupadravakaravumaanu. ithu palappozhum aabharanangalil upayogikkunnu, chila medical implaantukalil upayogikkunnathinaayi ithu pareekshichittundu. neobiavum athinte samyukthangalum alppam vishaamshamullavayaanennu karuthappedunnu. vellathil layikkunna rund rasavasthukkalaaya neobettukalumaayum neobium chloridemaayum hraswakaalavum deerghakaalavumaaya sanbarkkam elikalil pareekshichittundu. neobium pentechloride allengil neobates kuthivayppu upayogichu chikilsikkunna elikalkku 10 muthal 100 milligram/kilogram vare sharashari marakamaaya alavu (eldie) kaanikkunnu. vaayiloode nalkunna vishaamsham kuravaanu; elikalil nadatthiya oru padanatthil ezhu divasathinu sesham 940 milligram/kilogram enna alavil oru eldie kandethi.
taantalam adangiya samyukthangal laboratariyil apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo, avayum athinte samyukthangalum apoorvvamaayi maathrame parikkukal undaakkunnulloo, avaa cheyyumbol parikkukal saadhaaranayaayi thadippukalayirikkum. lohathinu valare jaiva porutthamundu, ithu body implaantukalkkum coatingukalkkum upayogikkunnu, athinaal mattu gadakangalilo raasa samyukthathinte bhauthika swabhaavathilo shradha kendreekarikkaam. jolisthalathu shwasikkunnathiloodeyo charmma sanbarkkathiloodeyo kannumaayi sanbarkkam pularthunnathiloodeyo aalukalkk taantalam badhikkaam. thozhil surakshyum aarogya paripalanavum (ooshaa) 8 manikkoor pravrithi divasathil jolisthalathu taantalam exposurinu 5 milligram/emm 3 aayi niyamaparamaaya paridhi (anuvadaneeyamaaya exposure paridhi) nischayichittundu. naashanal instittyoott phoor okyupeshanal sephtti aandu health (niyosh) 8 manikkoor pravrithi divasathil 5 milligram/emm3 enna shupaarsha cheyyappetta exposure paridhiyum 2500 milligram/emm3 enna hraswakaala paridhiyil 10 milligram/emm3 enna hraswakaala paridhiyum nischayichittundu.

