
passer, riz

riz nagaratthil ninnu 37 kilometer kizhakkayi turkeyile karinkadal mekhalayile riz pravishyayile oru pattanamaan pasar (laz georgian атина, "aattina";). ithu pasar jillayude aasthaanamaanu. ividuthe janasamkhya 17,946 (2021) aanu. lassileyum jorjiayileyum poorvvikarudeyum mattu janangaludeyum niravadhi nivaasikal eee pattanatthilundu. ghazi, kokkakkopru, okaak, bayastaa, gazeliali, saffer, İkiztepe, kiraslick, kumhuriyat, passer, sokuksu, yookkari sokuksu enniva ulppedunnathaanu eee pattanam.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
munbu eee pattanatthinu "aattina" (αθενα τοy ποντοy) ennu perittirunna eee pattanatthe 1928-ll 'maarkkat' ennartham varunna pasar ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
bhoomishaasthram.
ulnaadan theerathinu samaantharamaayi uyarnna parvathanirakalulla karinkadal theeratthinte oru strippaan pasar. eee theerathu mithamaaya kaalaavasthayum choodulla venalkkaalavum (augustil 22 digri selshyas) thanutha shaithyakaalavum (januvariyil 7 digri selshyas, theerathu apoorvvamaayi manju) undu, ennaal venalkkaalathinte thudakkathil (epril-meyy-juun) ozhike valare eerppavum eerppavumullathinaal varsham muzhuvanum kanatha mazhayum varshathil sharashari 50 sanni divasangalumundu. karinkadalil ninnulla kaatt sharathkaalath thanuthathum venalkkaalath choodullathum eerppamullathumaanu.
eee mazhayodoppam eee pradesham valare pachappullathaanu, koodaathe pasar nadhi ulppedeyulla karinkadal parvathanirakalil ninnu mazhavellavum manjum urukunna niravadhi aruvikal eee pradeshathekku kooduthal vellam konduvarunnu.
ithu oru malayora jillayaan, pradhana saambathika pravartthanam theyila valarthalum koodaathe pasar pattanatthile malsyabandhanam, vyapaaram, laghu vyavasaayam (theyila samskaranam) ennivayaanu. 1944laanu ivide aadyamaayi theyila nattath, ippol vila samskarikkunnathinaayi moonnu faaktarikal paasarilund. pasarile krishiyogyamaaya bhoomiyude 65 sathamaanavum theyila krishikku upayogikkunnu. theyila nadunnathinu munbu, citrus pazhangalum appilum ivide valarthiyirunnuvenkilum aalukal pachakkarikal valarthukayum kozhi valarthukayum cheiyunna kudumbathottangalile marangalkk purame ithu ippol mikkavarum nilachirikkunnu. pukayila, cholam, urulakkizhangu, beans ennivayude cheria pradeshangalundu.
furtina nadikku mukalilulla uyarnna parvatha mechilppurangalile (turkish bhashayil "yayala") venalkkaala mechil ulppede dhaaraalam mechilppurangal pasarilundu. kooduthal uyarathil marangal nattupidippikkaanulla sramangal nadakkunnundengilum kuthaneyullathum uyarnnathumaaya eee parvathanirakalil roadukal sthaapikkaanum vanangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanum prayaasamaan.
innu oru maarkkat tounum praadeshika theyila vyaapaarathinte kendravumaanu pasar. oru kaalath malsyabandhanam oru pradhana pravartthanamaayirunnu, pasaril ippozhum cheria malsyabandhana bottukalude oru koottam undu, ennirunnaalum karinkadalu malinamakukayum parambaraagatha nankoorangal, flathead mullattukal, redu mullattukal, mattu enangal ennivayellaam kurayukayum cheiyunnathinaal ithu kurayunnu.
theyila nadunnathuvare turkeyude ettavum attathulla eee jillakalellaam daridraraayirunnu, europilo istanbulo ulla kudiyetta thozhilaallikalaayi thalamurakalayi nashtappettu. jeevitam ippozhum oru poraattamaanu, aalukal ippozhum pookunnu, ennirunnaalum ippol palarum venalkkaalath theyila vilaveduppinaayi madangunnu. 
praadeshika karakaushala vasthukkalil basket neythum kaikondu neytha linan "riz besi" yum ulppedunnu. grameena turkeyile mikka bhagangalilum ullathupole, sthreekal parambaraagathamaayi avarude thala maraykkunnu, bhaagikamaayi paarambaryatthil ninnu, kaattil mazhayil purathaayathinaal praayogika aavasyakathayil ninnu.
kaalavastha.
pasarinu samudra kaalaavasthayundu (copen "sii. eph. bii". thaarathamyena uyarnna thapanilayum varsham muzhuvanum thulyamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna mazhayumaanu eee pradeshathe kaalaavasthayude savisheshatha.
charithram.
bii. sii. ettaam noottaandil purathana greekkukaraaya myeltos ivide sthaapicha vyapara kolaniyaanu aadyathe rekhappeduthappetta adhinivesham. 1461ll mehmet randaaman automan saamraajyathilekku konduvarunnathuvare, ippol riz pravisyayaayi ariyappedunna baakkiyullavaykoppam, roman saamraajyathinteyum athinte pingamikalaaya baisantain saamraajyathinteyum trebisond saamraajyathinteyum bhaagamaayi aadhina maari, ennirunnaalum eee theeram ellaayppozhum kadalkkollakkarkkum aduthulla cocusasil ninnulla aakramanakaarikalude bheeshanikalkkum irayaakumaayirunnu. vaasthavathil, onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu rund varshatholam attina russiayude kaivashamaayirunnu.

