
ell. sii. pii. ell.

landing kraaft pezhsanal (valia) allengil elsipi (ell) randaam lokamahaayudhathil vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunna oru landing craftayirunnu. shathrukkalude niyanthranatthilulla theerangale akramikkaan gathagatha kappalukalil ninnu sainyathe kondupookuka ennathaayirunnu ithinte praadhamika lakshyam. amerikkayile louisianayile nyoo oorliyansile eureka tugg boat kambani roopakalppana cheytha oru prototypil ninnaan eee karakaushalavasthukkal uruthirinjathu. nyoo orliyansilum parisarathumulla botyaardukalil thudakkathil nirmmicha ithu aavasyakatha vardhichathode americaykku chuttumulla niravadhi yaardukalil nirmikkappettu.
saadhaaranayaayi pine palakakalum plywood kondu nirmmichathum kurachu kavacham plate gadippichathumaaya eee aazham kuranja draaft bottinu 36 perulla oru kaalaalppada plaattoonine 8 nottu (13 kilometer/manikkoor) vegathayil theerathekku kondupokaan kazhiyum. elsipi (ell) athinte devittukalil thoongikkidakkunnathinaal purushanmaar saadhaaranayaayi avarude sainika gathaagathatthinte boat deckil ninnu oru gaanglaankiloode nadannukondu bottilekk praveshichu. looad cheyyumbol, ell. sii. pii (ell) vellathilekku thaazhtthi. karakaushalavasthukkalude villil ninno vashangalil ninno chaadiyo thaazhekku kayariyo sainikar boatil ninnu purathukadannu.
uthbhavam.
1930kalil yunaittad stetts maraine corps (yuu. ezz. emm. sii) beechukalil sainyathe irakkaan praayogika bottukal thedi. 1936ll yuu. ezz. emm. sii puthiya tharam bottukal, laittarukal, vikshepanangal enniva upayogichu pareekshanangal nadatthi. naavikasenayude beuroyil ninnum vaanijya fishing boat designukalil ninnum varunna niravadhi karakaushala vasthukkal pariganichirunnu. eee pareekshanangalil chila prototypeukal ulppeduthiyittundu, avide kadaltheerathu kayarumbol, villile rollerukalkku mukalil oru ramp vinyasichirunnu. chila bottukal surfill muzhukiyirunnu, mattullava praayogikamallennu thelinjuvenkilum nyoo oorliyansile eureka tugg boat kambani roopakalppana cheytha karakaushalavasthukkal nalla kadal boat kadaltheerathu mikachathumaayirunnu.
mississippi nadeethadatthile beyasil trappermar upayogikkunna kambaniyude 1926 spoonbil-bove kraafttine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee karakaushala. bottinte draaft valare aazhamillaathathaayirunnu, athinte propeller nasippikkaathe sasyajaalangale murichumaattaanum marangalkk mukaliloode chavittanum athinu kazhiyum. theerathu kayaran kedupaadukalillathe svayam verthirichedukkaanum ithinu kazhiyum. vilppana prakadanangalude bhaagamaayi, bottukal palappozhum pontchartrain thadaakatthinte kadaltheerangalil oodumaayirunnu. (rumm-rannarmaarude vahanamenna nilayil gulf theerathe niyamapaalakarum eee karakaushalavasthuvine kuprasidhamaakki.)
12 peradangunna samghathe vahikkaan kazhiyunna 6 peradangunna samgham nadathunna bottukalkkayaayirunnu akkaalat naavikarude prathyekathakal. atharam bottukalkku us naavikasenayude staanderd devittukalil athikkaanum uyarthanum kazhiyanam. bottinte pothuvaaya lineukal yuu. ezz. emm. sii. yum 1940 septambaril andrew jeey. yum sweekarichu. eureka tugg boat kambaniyude presidentaaya higginsinu 24 poornnamaayum sajjeekaricha sainikare allengil rund schwadukale vahikkunnathinaayi alpam valia kraaft nirmmikkaan karar nalkiyirunnu. addeham eureka allengil higgins boat nirmmichu. 1941ll american fleet landing vyaayamangalil aadyamaayi upayogicha kappalaanith.
yuu. ezz. emm. sick avarude bottukal labhikkunnathin munbu, britiish admiraltikku oru raiding kraafttinte aavasyakatha ithilum valia bottinaayi aadyathe anweshanangal konduvannu. brittanil ninnulla vaangal ejantumaar andrew higginsinte eureka bottukalekkurichu arinjirunnu; anweshanangal nadathukayum yurekkayude oru chithram landanile admiraltikku ayaykkukayum cheythu. fraansile jarmman adhinivesham britiish sambharana padhathikale naadakeeyamaayi maattimarichu. admiralttiyude inter-sarvees training aandu development sentarinu oru karakaushala upakaranam aavashyamaayirunnu, bottinu oru samboornna britiish armi plaattoonum rando moonno attached signalarukalum aakramana enchineeyarmaarum vahikkaan uddeshichu. 136-nuu oru prarambha oordar nalki, aadyathe 50 ennam 1940 octoberil brittanilekku kaimari. higgins ithinakam eee bottukal nirmmichirunnu, eee valia karakaushalavasthukkalkku munganana nalkiyathaayi parayappedunnu. kooduthal sambharanam eee valia boatil ninnullathaayirunnu, athinaal ellah american elsipi tharangaludeyum mungamiyaayirunnu elsipi (ell).
ell. sii. pii (ell) kall yurekkakal allengil aarr bottukal ennum ariyappettirunnu. 1942 nuu munbu yuu. ezz. emm. sii avare tii bottukal ennaanu vilichirunnathu. 36 sainikare vare vahikkaan kazhiyunna american nirmmitha landing craftayirunnu avaa. pilkkala landing kraafttil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, elsipi (ell) kalkk villil raambukal illaayirunnu, athinaal sainyathin purathukadakkaan vashangalkk mukaliloode chaadendivannu. bottukal plywood kondaanu nirmmichathenkilum kavachithamaaya bulk hedukalundaayirunnu. yudhathinu munbu louisiana swadeshiyaaya andrew higinukalaanu avaa kandupidichathu, chathuppukalil pravartthikkaan aazhamillaatha draaft upayogichaanu avaa roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. ennaal, aazhamillaatha beechukalil pravartthikkaan roopakalppana mikachathaanennu kandethi.
ell. sii. pii (ell) kaikaaryam cheiyunnu.
us nevi allengil us koost gaard sarveesil, kraafttinte crewill rund gannarmaarum coxwein ulppedunnu. thokkudhaarikal saadhaaranayaayi rund thokkudhaarikalude kokkpittukal kaivashappeduthumenkilum, landing samayat avarkk mattu chumathalakalum undaayirunnu. oraal villanayum matteyaal mekkanikkaayum pravarthichu. coxwane aayirunnu bottinteyum jeevanakkaarudeyum chumatala. gannarude kokkpittukalkku nere pinnilayi chakratthil addehathinte sthaanam undaayirunnu, portt vashathekku alppam oof-settu mathramaayirunnu. ivide ninnu addeham enchin kantrolukal nayikkukayum pravarthippikkukayum cheythu.
karakaushalavasthukkalude raakk cheytha villu beaching thaarathamyena eluppamaakki, irakkumbol kraaft budhimuttillaathe puratthekku vannu, ennirunnaalum mattethoru cheria bottineyum pole paarakalilo mosham nilatho ithu thennimaran saadhyathayund. bottile munnariyipp plate vyakthamaakkiyittillengil 'boat deckil ninnu elsipi (ell) loducheyyan kazhiyum, kaaranam athinte nirmmaanam athinte bharam kuravaayathinaal lonching-looad samayam vegathilaakkaan kazhiyum. mattu karakaushala vasthukkal, prathyekichu ell. sii. vii, ell. sii. vii. pii polulla raambukalullavar, villil gadanaaparamaayi durbalaraayirunnu, devittukalil ninnu thaazhekku irakkunnathinu munbu avaa looad cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla; itharathilulla udyogasthare eee bottilekk scramble valakalil kayatti.
oru britiish ell. sii. pii (ell) yude 3 anga samghathe nayichathu oru pramukha naavikan allengil royal maraine corporal coxwane aayirunnu, avar boat nayikkukayum kokkpittinte thuramukha bhaagath enchin niyanthranangal pravarthippikkukayum cheythu. addehathinoppam luis gunner undaayirunnu, addeham eathu kayar-varkkum kaikaaryam cheiyunna bomaanaayum pravarthichu. moonnaamathe manushyan oru mekkaanikkaayirunnu, avarkk kadinamaaya kayarukal kaikaaryam cheyyaanum kazhiyum. mattu samayangalil oru raid saali thuramukhathinte nyayamaaya paridhikkullil aayirikkumbol elsipi (ell) kall theeradesha senayude karakaushalamaarggam nayikkukayo valichidukayo cheyyaam. 1940 muthal 1942 vare britiish seena nadatthiya eee reydukalil palathum palappozhum kanoyil theerathekku pookunnuvenkilum chilappol elsipi (ell) kall upayogichaanu nadathiyathu. 1942 augustil britiish sainyathinteyum royal marainsinteyum gadakangalumaayi kaanadakkar daippil erangiyappozhaanu europile ell. sii. pii. (ell)-kalil ninnulla aadyathe pradhana landing nadannathu. elsipi (ell) floattilakalude bhagyam unitukalkkum vyakthigatha karakaushalavasthukkalkkum polum oru landingle valare vyathyasthamaaya bhagyam engane undaakumenn ivide kaanichu.
pingaamikal.
andrew higginukal roopakalppana cheytha elsipi (ell) yude rund pradhana vikasanangal koodi nirmikkappettu. ore vikshepana plaattphomukalil ninnu upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnathinu iva elsipi (ell) yude alavukal nilanirtthi. aadya vikasanam landing kraaft, pezhsanal (ramped) (elsipi (aarr)) aayirunnu, ithu vegathayeriya purathekkulla egrasinaayi elsipi (ell) roopakalppanayil oru boow ramp chertthu. japanese daihatsu-klaas ramped landing kraafttil ninnaan eee ashayam vannath. landing kraaft, vehicle, pezhsanal (ell. sii. vii. pii) ennivayaayirunnu eee moonnil ettavum kooduthal uthppaadippikkappetta randaamathe vikasanam. ithu raambinte valipavum purathekkulla vegathayum paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinaayi villinte veethikoodi vyapippichu. higgins boat" ennu ettavum kooduthal ariyappedunna karakaushalamaanu ell. sii. vii. pii, ennirunnaalum athinte rund mungaamikalum oru pidi boat roopakalppanayum higgins vikasippikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu.

