
aii. bii. emm pezhsanal computer

ibm pezhsanal computer (ibm pisi ennu saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedunna model 5150) ibm pisi model lainil puratthirakkiya aadyathe micro computer ibm pisi anuyojyamaaya dii facto staanderdinte adisthaanavumaanu. 1981 august 12 nuu purathirangiya ithu floridayile boka raattanil doonn estridge samvidaanam cheytha enchineeyarmaarudeyum designermaarudeyum oru samghamaanu srishtichathu.
ooppan architecturineyum therd party peripheralukaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu eee yanthram. kaalakramena, vipuleekarana kaardukalum software saankethikavidyayum athine pinthunaykkunnathinaayi vardhichu.
pezhsanal computer vipaniyil computerinu kaaryamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunnu. ibm pisiyude savisheshathakal lokathile ettavum janapriyamaaya computer design maanadandangalilonnaayi maari. 1980kaliludaneelam anuyojyamallaatha oru plaattphomil ninnu athu neritta oreyoru pradhana malsaram aappilinte mackintosh uthppanna nirayil ninnullathaayirunnu. samakaalika pezhsanal computerukalil bhooribhaagavum aii. bii. emm. pisiyude vidoora pingaamikalaan.
charithram.
1980kalkk munbu, aii. bii. emm pradhaanamaayum bisinus computer sisttangalude daathaavaayi ariyappettirunnu. 1980kall aarambhichathode, valarunna miinii computer vipaniyile avarude vipani vihitam athiraalikalumaayi poruthappedunnathil parajayappettu, athesamayam mattu nirmmathaakkal micro computer mekhalayil sradheyamaaya labham kaanaan thudangi. akkaalat pezhsanal computerukalude vipaniyil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnathu tandy, comodore, apple ennivayaayirunnu, avayude yanthrangal noorukanakkinu dollarinu vittu, valare janapriyamaayirunnu. 1979 aayappozhekkum 15 bilyan dollar vilppana 1980 kalude thudakkathil 40 sathamaanathiladhikam vaarshika valarchayum pratheekshicha micro computer vipani ibminte shradhaykku mathiyaya valuthaayirunnu. hevlettu-paccard, texas instruments, dattaa general thudangiya mattu valia saankethika kambanikal ithil praveshichirunnu, chila valia ibm upabhokthakkal apple vaangukayaayirunnu.
1980-ll thanne ibm oru pezhsanal computer vikasippichukonnadirikku kimvadanthikal pracharikkukayum, orupakshe ibm sisttam/370-nte oru cheria pathippayirikkaam, eee padhathi upekshikkappettenkilum pankaalitthatthode oru pezhsanal computer nirmmikkanulla saadhyatha ibmumayi charcha cheythathayi matsushitha parasyamaayi sammathikkukayum cheythu. valuthum sankeernavum chelaveriyathumaaya bisinesses samvidaanangalude ulppaadanathinu anusrithamaayi mandagathiyilulla, bureaucratic bisinesses reethikalodulla ibminte pravanatha kaaranam pothujanangal eee kimvadanthikalodu samshayathode prathikarichu. mattu valia computer kambanikaleppole, athinte puthiya uthppannangalkk saadhaaranayaayi vikasanathinu naalu muthal anchu varsham vare vendivarum, oru vyavasaya vishakalana vidagthante nannayi pracharippicha udharani ithaayirunnu "oru pezhsanal computer konduvarunnathu oru aanaye tapp cheyyaan padippikkunnathinu thulyamayirikkum."
1975leeii ibm 5100 polulla microcomputerukal ibm munbu nirmmichirunnuvenkilum avaye lakshyamittath bisinasukalaayirunnu; 5100nuu 20,000 dollar vare vilayundaayirunnu. hoome computer vipaniyilekkulla avarude praveshanathinu mathsaraadhishtithamaaya vila nalkendathundu.
1980ll aii. bii. emm. president joonn opel valarunna eee vipaniyilekku praveshikkunnathinte moolyam thiricharinju vilyam sii. floridayile boka raattanile puthiya entry level systems unitilekku thaazhthuka. oru ibm uthppannam wilkan computer dealermark valare thaalpparyamundennu vipani gaveshanam kandethi, ennaal sevanathinaayi upabhokthaakkalkk mesheenukal thirike ayaykkunnathinupakaram storukalkku avarude swantham attakuttappanikal nadatthaan kazhiyunna tharatthil ibm roopakalppana cheythavayalla, staanderd paartsukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru design kambani upayogikkanamennu avar nirbandhichu.
athivegam maarikkondirikkunna vpaniye neridaan vegathil neengaanulla ibminte ariyappedunna kazhivillaaymaykkulla saadhyathayulla pariharamaaya oru ibm microcomputerinte yadhaartha upakarana nirmmathaavaayi pravartthikkumennu 1980 ll attaari ibminu nirddesham nalki. attaari swanthamaakkaanulla ashayam pariganichenkilum oru swatantra aantharika pravartthaka samgham roopeekarikkunnathiloodeyum ellah parambaraagatha ibm reethikalum upekshikkunnathiloodeyum oru design oru varshathinullil nalkaanum 30 divasathinullil oru prototype nalkaanum kazhiyumenna loveyude nirddeshathinu anukoolamaayi nirasikkapettu. prototype moshamaayi pravarthichuvenkilum puthiya computerinu oru thuranna vaasthuvidyayundennum udamasthathayillaatha gadakangalum software upayogikkaamennum retail storukal vazhi vilkkanamennum nirddeshicha vishadamaaya oru bisinus plan avatharippichu, ellaam ibm parisheelanathinu virudhamaanu. moonnu varshathinide 220,000 computerukalude vilppana ithu kanakkakki, ithu ibminte muzhuvan instaal cheytha aditharayekkaalum kooduthalaanu.
ithu korpparettu maanejment kammittiye swaadheenikkukayum groupine "project chess" enna peril oru bisinus unitaayi maattukayum nischitha samayaparidikkullil computer vikasippikkunnathin aavashyamaaya ellah kaaryangalum cheyyaan aavashyamaaya dhanasahayavum adikaaravum nalkukayum cheythu. 1980 avasaanathode 150 aalukalayi vyaapippikkaan teaminu anumathi labhichu, oru divasathinullil 500 ladhikam aii. bii. emm jeevanakkaare cheraan aavasyappettu.
design prakriya.
roopakalppana prakriya karsanamaaya rahasyaathmakathayude nayathinu keezhil sookshichirunnu, matellaa ibm divisionukalum padhathiyekkurichu iruttilaakki.
texas upakaranangalaya tms9900, motorola 68000, intal 8088 ennivayulppede niravadhi sipasukal pariganichu. 68000 mikacha choisaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, pakshe mattullavayeppole uthppaadanathinu thayyarayirunnilla. mattu oopshanukalekkaal ganyamaayi kooduthal sakthiyullathinaal ibm 801 risk prosessor pariganichirunnu, ennaal oof-dhii-shelf bhagangal upayogikkunnathinulla design parimiti kaaranam nirasikkapettu.
intal munpathethinu mikacha vila vaagdaanam cheyyukayum kooduthal unitukal nalkaan kazhiyukayum cheythathinaal 8088-neey apekshichu ibm 8088 thiranjedutthu, 8088-nte 8-bitt buzz backie computerinte vila kurachu. ibm sisttam/23 daattaamaastar roopakalppana cheiyunnathil ninnu 8085-maayi ibminu ithinakam parichayamundennu 8088-nuu nettamundaayirunnu. 62-pinn vipuleekarana buzz slottukalum daattaamaastar slottukalkk samaanamaayi roopakalppana cheythittundu, athinte keyboard roopakalppanayum leauttum computerinoppam ayacha model eph keybordai maari, allaathapaksham computer design pala tharatthil vyathyasthamaayirunnu.
naalu maasathinullil nirmmicha oru pravartthana prototype 1981 januvariyil pradharshippicha 8088 motherboard 40 divasathinullil roopakalppana cheythu. 1981 eprilil nirmmaana teaminu kaimaariyappozhekkum design poortthiyaayi. vividha ibm, therd party faaktarikalil nirmmicha gadakangal upayogichu boka raattanile oru ibm plaantil pisikal koottichertthu. ibm jappanil ninnulla nilavilulla roopakalppanayaayirunnu monittar; printar nirmmichathu epson aanu. pravartthana gadakangalonnum ibm roopakalppana cheyyaathathinaal avarkk computeril pettantukal labhichilla.
designermaaril palarum svanthamaayi computerukal svanthamaakkiya computer hobiyistukalaayirunnu, niravadhi apple II udamakal ulppede, ithu oru thuranna vaasthuvidya upayogichu computer roopakalppana cheyyaanum saankethika vivarangal prasidheekarikkaanumulla theerumaanangale swaadheenichu, athinaal mattullavarkk anuyojyamaaya software vipuleekarana sloat peripheralukalum srishtikkaan kazhiyum.
design prakriyayil ibm kazhiyunnathra lamba samyojanam ozhivaakki, udaaharanathinu microsopht pathippumayi nilavilulla pothu parichayam kaaranam mainframeukalkkaayi upayogikkunna adisthaanathinte inn-house pathipp upayogikkunnathinu pakaram microsopht basic licenses thiranjedukkuka.
arangettam.
panthrand maasathe vikasanathinu sesham 1981 august 12 nuu aii. bii. emm. pisi aarambhichu. 16 kebi raam, kalar graphics adapter, disk driveukal illaatha oru konfigareshanulla vila 1,565 dollaril aarambhichu. vipaniyile thaarathamyappeduthaavunna yanthrangalumaayi malsarikkunnathinaanu vila roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. thaarathamyathinaayi, randaazhcha munbu ibminte ettavum chelaveria computeraayi prakhyaapicha daattaamaastarin 10,000 dolaraanu vila.
billie scudder avatharippicha charley chaaplinte sinimakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla parasyangalude oru parambaraykkaayi charley chaaplinte "dhii littil tramp" enna kathaapaathrathinte saadrishyam ibminte vipanana kaambeyn anuvadichu.
upabhokthaakkalkk nerittu vilkkunnathinupakaram retail chaanalukaliloode oru computer vilkkanulla ibminte aadya sramamaayirunnu pisi. ibminu chillara vilppana parichayamillaathathinaal, avar chillara vilppana shringalakalaaya computerlaandumaayum seerukalumaayum pankalikalaayi, avar vipaniyekkurichu pradhanappetta arivu nalkukayum computerinte pradhana autlettukalaayi maarukayum cheythu. 190-ladhikam computer land storukal ithinakam nilavilundaayirunnu, athesamayam puthiya uthppannathinte vilppanaykkaayi oru pidi inn-store computer sentarukal srishtikkunna prakriyayilaayirunnu.
releasinu sheshamulla aadya kurachu varshangalil vilppanayude alavu kodikkanakkinu dollaranennu vishakalana vidagdhar kanakkaakkiyathode sveekaaryatha valareyadhikam anukoolamaayirunnu. purathirangiyathinushesham, ibminte computer udan thanne muzhuvan computing vyavasaayathilum charchayaayi. urappulla delivari theeyathiyillaatha mesheenukalkk munkootty panamadaykkal vaagdaanam cheiyunna upabhokthakkal ulppedeyulla oordarukalil dealermar niranjirunnu. yanthram shipping aarambhikkumbozhekkum, "pisi" enna padam oru veettupakaranamaayi maarukayayirunnu.
vijayam.
vilppana ibminte pratheekshakale 800% vare marikadannu, oru ghattathil kambani prathimasam 40,000 pisikal vare shipping cheythu. chillara vilppanashaalakalil ninnulla vaangalukalude 50 muthal 70 sathamaanam vare veettupakaranangal upayogikkunnavaraanennu aii. bii. emm kanakkakkunnu. 1983ll ibm 750,000-ladhikam yanthrangal vittu, athesamayam ibminu vipaniyil praveshikkaan prachodanam nalkia kambanikalilonnaaya digital upakarana korppareshan 69,000 maathram vittu.
vyavasaayathil ninnulla software pinthuna athivegam valarnnu, mikka microcomputer software vikasanathinteyum praadhamika lakshyamaayi ibm thalkshanam maari. oru prasidheekaranam computer puratthirangi oru varshathinusesham labhyamaya 753 software paakkejukal kanakkakki, ithu puratthirangi oru varshathinusesham mackintoshinu labhyamaayathinekkaal naalirattiyaan. hardware pinthunayum athivegam valarnnu, oru varshathinullil memory expansion cardukal wilkan 30-40 kambanikal malsarichu.
1984 aayappozhekkum computer vipaniyil ninnulla ibminte varumanam 4 bilyan dolaraayirunnu, ithu aappilinekkaal erattiyiladhikamaanu. 1983ll korpparettu upabhokthaakkalekkurichu oru padanatthil oru computeril staanderd cheiyunna valia upabhokthaakkalil moonnil rund perum computer thiranjedutthappol 9 sathamaanam perr maathramaan apple thiranjedutthathu. 1985leeii oru "fortune" sarveyil pezhsanal computerukalulla 56 sathamaanam american kambanikalum pisi upayogikkumbol 16 sathamaanam apple upayogikkunnundennu kandethi.
computer vipaniyil athiyayudane, klonukalekkurichulla kimvadanthikal aarambikkukayum computerinte arangettam kazhinju oru varshathinullil 1982 juunil aadyathe computer anuyojyamaaya kloon purathirakkukayum cheythu.
oduvil, ibm 2004ll thangalude computer bisinesses lenovoic vittu.
hardware.
kuranja chelavil, pettennulla design tentaundu samayathinaayi, ibm pisiyude hardware design ibm roopakalppana cheytha advitheeya hardwarein pakaram moonnaam kakshi nirmmaathaakkalil ninnulla poornnamaayum "oof-dhii-shelf" bhagangal upayogichu.
oru crt monittarinte bharam thangaan uddeshichulla vishalavum hrasvavumaaya steel chesiyilaanu computer sthaapichirikkunnathu. muun paanal plaastik kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, onno rando disk driveukal instaal cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru thurakkal undu. pinn panalil oru power inlettum swichum, oru keyboard connector, oru kaasatt connector, expansion cardukal sthaapikkunnathinu neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyunna shoonyamaaya loha paanalukalulla uyaramulla lamba slottukalude oru parambara enniva undu.
aantharikamaayi, cpu, biltt-inn raam, expansion raam sokkattukal, expansion kaardukalkkulla slottukal enniva ulkkollunna oru madarboardaanu chassisil aadhipathyam pularthunnathu.
ibm pisi valare vipuleekarikkaavunnathum naveekarikkaavunnathumaayirunu, ennaal adisthaana factory konfigareshanil iva ulppedunnu
motherboard.
prosessor, biltt-inn raam, expansion slottukal, keyboard, kaasatt porttukal, mesheente gadakangale bandhippikkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna vividha peripheral integrated sarcuteukal enniva vahikkunna motherboard enna orotta valia surcuted boardine chuttippattiyaan computer nirmmichirikkunnathu.
peripheral chippukalil oru intal 8259 pick, oru intal 8237 dii. emm. eiii kantrolar, oru intal 8253 pitt enniva ulppedunnu. eee kuzhiyil clock "tick", dynamic memory refreshes timing enniva nalkunnu.
cpu, raam.
8086-nte aantharika 16-bitt lojik nilanirthunna, ennaal 8-bitt buzz maathram thurannukaattunna, intal 8086-nte chelavu kuranja roopamaaya intal 8088 aanu cpu. cpu 4.77 emhsil clock cheythirikkunnu, klonukalum pilkkala pisi modalukalum uyarnna cpu vegatha vaagdaanam cheyyumbol ithu oru prashnamaayi maarukayum athu yadhaartha pisikkayi vikasippicha softweyarumaayi poruthappedal thakarkkukayum cheythu. sisttathinte single bays clock freekwansi 14.31818 mhz aayirunnu, ithu 3 kondu harikkumbol, sipiyuvin 4.77 mhz nalki (ithu 8088-nte annathe 5 mhz paridhiyodu aduthathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu), 4 kondu harikkumbol, ntsc kalar carrier freakwensick aavashyamaaya 3.579545 mhz nalki.
computer motherboardil randaamathethu, ozhinja sokkatt ulppedunnu, ibm athine "ooksilari prosessor sokkatt" ennu visheshippikkunnu, ennirunnaalum ettavum vyakthamaaya upayogam floating-pooyint mathematics prakadanam mechappeduthiya intal 8087 mathematics coprosessor chertthathaayirunnu.
faaktariyil ninnu computerinu 16 kebi allengil 64 kebi raam undaayirunnu. ibm moonnaam kakshikalum vipuleekarana kaardukalaayi raam upgradukal nalkukayum motherboardil paramavadhi 256 kb motham 640 kb vare mesheen upgraded cheyyaan kazhiyukayum cheythu.
roome bios.
motherboardil oru 8 keey. bii chipp ulkkollunna aii. bii. emm. pisiyude fameware bios. viidiyoo outtputtu, keyboard inputt, disk axus, interapt handling, testing memory, mattu pravartthanangal thudangi niravadhi aavasyangalkkaayi ellah softweyarukalkkum upayogikkaan kazhiyunna bootstrap code pothuvaaya pravartthanangalude oru library ithu nalkunnu. ibm computerinte jeevithathiludaneelam biosinte moonnu pathippukal ayachu.
pradarshippikkuka.
mikka hoome computerukalilum biltt-inn viidiyoo outtputtu hardware undaayirunnappol, mda, cga cardukal enningane rund vyathyastha graphics oopshanukal vaagdaanam cheiyunna asaadhaarana sameepanam ibm sweekarichu. aadyathethu uyarnna resolutionulla monocrome tekst nalkiyengilum tekst ozhike mattonnum pradarshippikkaan kazhinjilla, randaamathethu idatharam, kuranja resolutionulla kalar graphics teksttum nalki.
sii. jii. eiii. eiii. enn. tii. ezz. sii. televisionte athe scan nirakk upayogichu, ithu anuyojyamaaya eathenkilum television allengil composit monittarinoppam upayogikkaan kazhiyunna oru samyojitha viidiyoo aouttputtum, athupole thanne eathu aarr. jii. bii. aii monittarilum upayogikkaan anuyojyamaaya oru direct drive tii. tii. ell aouttputtum nalkaan anuvadikkunnu. ibm 5153 kalar monittarum ithinaayi vittu, pakshe ithu purathirangumbol labhyamayirunnilla, 1983 march vare purathirangiyitla.
mda uyarnna aavruthiyilaanu scan cheythath, ithinu ibm 5151 enna oru propraittari monittar aavasyamaanu. cardle oru biltt-inn printar porttum ulppedunnu.
mixed graphics, tekst aaplikkeshanukal ennivaykkaayi rund kaardukalum oresamayam instaal cheyyaanum kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, autocad, thamara <aii. dii. 1>, mattu softweyarukal enniva graphixinaayi oru sii. jii. eiii monittarum tekst menukalkkaayi oru prathyeka monocrome monittarum upayogikkaan anuvadichu. herculese graphics card polulla vaividhyamaarnna markkattinu sheshamulla graphics adapterukal moonnaam kakshikal nalki.
ippol coode peju 437 ennariyappedunna aassiai caractor settinte orotta 8-bitt adapteshane chuttippattiyaan computerinte software hardware roopakalppana cheythath.
sambharanam.
yanthrathinte munvashathulla rund bekalil onno rando 5.25" "floppy disk driveukal gadippikkaan kazhiyum, oru diskil motham 320 kebi sambharanathinayi oru disk vashath 160 kebi sambharikkunnu". floppy driveukalkk oru expansion slottil oru kantrolar card cherkkendathundu, koodaathe rund edju connectorukalulla orotta riban kebilumaayi bandhippikkuka. 1986 vare ibm vaangunnathin orennam vaagdaanam cheythittillenkilum, ibm floppy kantrolar card oru baahya disk drive attaachmentinaayi oru baahya 37-pinn dii-sub connector nalkunnu.
akkaalathe hoome computerukalkku saadhaaranamaayirunnathupole, kaasatt dattaa recorder bandhippikkunnathin ibm pisi oru portt vaagdaanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, saadhaarana hoome computeril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ithu orikkalum software vitharanathinulla oru pradhana maargamayirunnilla, orupakshe floppy drivukalillaathe valare kurachu pisikal maathrame vilkkappettulloo ennathukondaakaam. adutha computer modalaaya XT-ll portt neekkam cheythu.
purathirangumbol, ibm haard disk drive oopshanukalonnum vaagdaanam cheythilla, orennam cherkkunnath budhimuttaayirunnu-computerinte stokku power supplike haard drive pravarthippikkaan aparyapthamaaya power undaayirunnu, haard drive kantrolare pinthunaykkaan aavashyamaaya bios expansion romukale motherboard pinthunaykkunnilla, koodaathe pisi dosinum biosine haard discukalkku pinthunayilla. ex. tii purathirakkiyathinushesham, naveekaricha vaidyuthi vitharanam ozhikeyulla eee kazhivukalil bhooribhaagavum cherkkunnathinaayi aii. bii. emm 5150-nte roopakalppanayil maattam varuthi. eee ghattathil oru haard drive cherkkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe oru prathyeka vaidyuthi vitharanavum haard drive ulkkollunnathumaaya ibm 5161 vipuleekarana yoonit vaangendathundu.
audyogika haard drive pinthuna nilavilillengilum, moonnaam kakshi vipani floppy disk kantrolarumaayi bandhippicha aadyakaala haard driveukal nalkiyirunnu, ennaal valia disk valuppangale pinthunaykkunnathinu pisi dosinte oru paachu cheytha pathipp aavasyamaanu.
manushya interface.
adisthaana computeril nalkiyittulla manushya interfasinulla eaka oopshan ulppeduthiyirikkunna model eph keyboardylake bandhippikkaan uddeshichulla biltt-inn keyboard porttaayirunnu. ibm daattaamaastarinaayi aadyam vikasippichedutha eph model akkaalat vipaniyilulla ellah hoome computerukalum nalkiyirunna keyboardukalekkaal mikachathaayirunnu-keekalude ennam, vishwaasyatha, erganomics. akkaalathe chila hoome computerukal chicklet keybordukalo vilakuranja mechanical designukaloo upayogichappol, ibm keyboard nalla erganomics, vishwasaneeyavum positteevumaaya sparsana qee samvidaanangal, koonn krameekarikkunnathin flip-upp foottukal enniva nalki. keyboardinte pothu sweekaranam valare anukoolamaayirunnu, chila srothassukal ithine computerinte pradhana vilppana kendramaayum "eathoru microcomputeril labhyamaya ettavum mikacha keyboard" ennum visheshippichu."
purathirangumbol, ibm oru geyim kantrol adapter nalki, athu rund joysttikkukal vare bandhippikkaan uddeshichulla 15-pinn portt vaagdaanam cheythu, oronninum rund analog aaksukalum rund buttonukalum undu.
ashayavinimayam.
seeriyal, samanthara porttukal vazhiyaan mattu computerukalilekkum peripheralukalilekkum connectivity thudakkathil nalkiyathu.
8250 kwartine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru seeriyal card ibm nalki. bios rund seeriyal porttukale vare pinthunaykkunnu.
centronics-anuyojyamaaya samanthara printarukal bandhippikkunnathin ibm rund vyathyastha oopshanukal nalki. onnu ibm printar adapterum mattonn ibm monocrome display, printar adapter enningane mdaumaayi samyojippichu.
vipuleekaranam.
ibm pisiyude vipuleekarana sheshi vipaniyile vijayathin valare pradhanamaayirunnu. anuyojyamaaya moonnaam kakshi hardwareinteyum softweyarinteyum vipani valarthukayenna uddeshyathode sisttam basinteyum memory maappinteyum poornnavum samagravumaaya savisheshathakal udan prasidheekarikkaanulla ibminte savisheshathayillaatha theerumaanathe chila prasidheekaranangal eduthukaanichu.
sipiyuvinte aii/oo lainukalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna anchu 62-pinn card edju connectorukal motherboardil ulppedunnu. ibm ivaye "aii/oo slottukal" ennu vilikkunnu, ennaal pisi kloon vyavasaayathinte vipuleekaranathinu sesham avaa munkaala praabalyathode aisa buzz ennariyappettu. yanthrathinte pinbhaagathu oru loha paanal undu, sisttam yoonittinte steel chesiyil samyojippichirikkunnu, oro card slottinoppam lamba slottukalude oru parambarayundu.
mikka vipuleekarana cardukalkkum rund aavasyangal niravettunna eee thurassukalilonnil sloat cheiyunna oru mettal bracket undu. aadyam, brackettile oru taabiloode chesiyilekku cherttha oru scru card surakshithamaayi sthaapikkukayum card sthalathuninnu maarunnath thadayukayum cheiyunnu. randaamathaayi, baahya attaachmentinaayi card nalkunna eathoru porttukalum brackettilekku boult cheyyukayum avaa surakshithamaayi sookshikkukayum cheiyunnu.
computer vipuleekarana slottukalkk vaividhyamaarnna vipuleekarana hardwareukal sweekarikkaan kazhiyum, avaa inipparayunna kazhivukal cherkkunnu
ibm uddeshichathupole vipani prathikarichu, computer puratthirangi onno rando varshathinullil vipuleekarana hardwareinulla labhyamaya oopshanukal valare valuthaayirunnu.
5161 vipuleekarana yoonit.
computerinte vipuleekaranam pradhaanamaayirunnuvenkilum athinu kaaryamaaya parimithikalundaayirunnu.
mukalil vivarichathupole oru haard drive instaal cheyyaanulla kazhivillaymayaayirunnu oru pradhana parimiti. mattonn, anchu vipuleekarana slottukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, avaa avashya hardwareukalaal niraykkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu-udaaharanathinu, graphics card, memory vipuleekaranam, samanthara card, seeriyal card ennivayulla oru pisic oru ooppan sloat maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo.
ibm pinneedulla exstle eee prasnangal pariharichu, athil kooduthal slottukalum oru aantharika haard drivinulla pinthunayum ulppedunnu, ennaal athe samayam 5161 vipuleekarana yoonit puratthirakki, athu exactilo yadhaartha pisiyilo upayogikkaam. 5161 oru kebilum oru card upayogichu pisi sisttam unitilekku bandhippikkukayum kooduthal vipuleekarana slottukalum haard drive ulla randaamathe sisttam chassis nalkukayum cheythu.
software.
sii. pii/emm-86, yuu. sii. ezz. dii pii-sisttam, microsopht vikasippicha aii. bii. emm. pisi doses enna inn-house uthppannam enningane onniladhikam operating sisttangale pinthunaykkaanulla uddeshyam aii. bii. emm thudakkathil prakhyaapichu. praayogikamaayi, ibminte pratheekshayum uddeshyavum vipaniyil praadhamikamaayi pisi doses upayogikkuka ennathaayirunnu, pisi puratthirangi aarumaasatholam sipi/emm-86 labhyamayirunnilla, orikkal valare kurachu oordarukal maathrame labhichulloo, koodaathe pii-sisttavum labhyamayirunnilla. pisi doses athivegam computerinte staanderd oesu aayi svayam sthaapikkukayum oru pathittaandilereyaayi staanderdaayi thudarukayum cheythu, microsopht thanne oru veriyant ems-doses aayi vilkkukayum cheythu.
1980 kalile hoome computerukalude oru saadhaarana savisheshathayaaya roome (naalu 8 kebi chippukal) adisthaana computerukalil ulppedunnu. athinte roome adisthaana kaasatt tape interfaceine pinthunachu, pakshe pisi doses cheythilla, aaa interfasinte upayogam adisthaanathilekku maathram parimithappedutthi.
pisi doses pathipp 1 160 kebi ssd floppikale maathrame pinthunaykkunnulloo, ennaal computer avatharippichu onpathu maasathinu sesham purathirangiya pathipp 1.1 160 kebi ssd 320 kebi dsd flopykaleyum pinthunachu. oru trackle 180 kebi, 360 kebi formaattukalil alpam valia ombathu sektarinulla pinthuna 1983 maarchil chertthu.
moonnaam kakshi software pinthuna valare vegathil valarukayum oru varshathinullil computer platfominu sangalppikkaavunna eathu aavasyathinum vishalamaaya sheershakangal nalkukayum cheythu.
sweekaranam.
aii. bii. emm. pisiyude prathikaranam valare anukoolamaayirunnu. athinte prakaashanathinu munbuthanne niroopakare yanthrathinte parasya savisheshathakalil aakarshikkukayum athinte prakashana avalokanangal samakaalika yanthrangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol puthiyathum apratheekshithavumaya savisheshathakalumaayi bandhappett athinte roopakalppanayude ellah vashangaleyum prashamsikkukayum cheythu.
computerinte nirmmaana nilavaaram, prathyekichu athinte keyboard, moonnaam kakshi software hardware vikasanavum prothsaahippikkunnathi thuranna savisheshathakal upayogikkaanulla ibminte theerumaanam, documentation gunanilavaaravum nalkunnathile vegatha, viidiyoo displayude gunanilavaaram, electronics vyavasaayathile sthaapitha vitharanakkaaril ninnulla charakk gadakangalude upayogam ennivaye prashamsichu. malsaraadhishtitha yanthrangalude oru dollarinte moolyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vila angeyattam mathsaraadhishtithamaayi kanakkakkappettu.
80 nira screen, ooppan architecture, uyarnna nilavaaramulla keyboard enniva kaaranam computer vijayichuvennum mattu computer nirmmaathaakkalkk aadyam eee savisheshathakal nedunnathil parajayappettuvennum "baitt" magazin puratthirangi rund varshathinu sesham munkaala praabalyathode nigamanam cheythu
"creative computing" aaa varsham computerine 2,000 dollarinum 4,000 dollarinum edayilulla mikacha desktop computeraayi namakaranam cheythu, athinte vishalamaaya hardware, software thiranjeduppu, nirmmaathaavinte pinthuna, punarvilppana moolyam ennivaye prashamsichu.
pala aii. bii. emm. pisikalum avayude saankethikavidya kaalaharanappettathinusheshavum sevanathil thudarnnu. udaaharanathinu, 2006 juun vareyulla (puratthirangi varshangalkk sheshavum) aii. bii. emm. pisi, ex. tii modalukal yuu. esile bhooribhaagam pradeshangalilum ippozhum upayogathilundaayirunnu.ezz. deseeya kalavastha sevana upper-eyar nireekshana sittukal, kalavastha baloonukalil gadippichirikkunna radiosondukalil ninnu prosessing daatta.
valare swaadheenamulla computer vyavasaayathile aadya entry enna padavi kaaranam, yadhaartha ibm pisi oru collectorude inamenna nilayil vilappettathayi thudarunnu. eee samvidaanathinu 50-500 dollar vipani moolyamundaayirunnu.
model line.
80kaliludaneelam pezhsanal computer allengil pisi enna peril ibm niravadhi computerukal vittu. 90kalilum 2000 kalude thudakkathilum ibm pisi seereesinaayi veendum upayogikkunnathinu munbu niravadhi varshangalayi eee peru upayogichirunnilla.
ellah computer-derived sistangaleyum pole, ellah ibm pisi modalukalum naamamaathramaayi software-anuyojyamaanu, ennirunnaalum chila samaya-sensitiivu softweyarukal vegathayeriya cpu ulla modalukalil shariyaayi pravartthikkilla.
klonukal.
ibm computer savisheshamaaya ibm gadakangalekkaal charakk hardwareine adisthaanamaakkiyullathukonu athinte pravartthanam ibm vipulamaayi rekhappeduthiyathukondum, computerumaayi poornnamaayum poruthappedunna yanthrangal srishtikkunnathu anuyojyamaaya bios roome srishtikkunnathinupurame mattu chila velluvilikal vaagdaanam cheythu.
ibm pisi biosinte lalithamaaya pakarpp pakarppavakasha niyamatthinte nerittulla lamghanamaayirunnu, ennaal taamasiyaathe computerinte jeevithathilekku compack, phoenix software asosiyettukal, american megatrendukal, award thudangiya kambanikal biosine reverse enchiniyaring cheythu, avar onnukil athe software pravarthippikkaanum computerinte athe vipuleekarana hardware upayogikkaanum kazhiyunna swantham computerukal nirmmikkukayo allengil swantham mesheenukal nirmmikkaan aagrahikkunna mattu nirmmaathaakkalkk avarude bios coode vilkkukayo cheythu.
eee yanthrangal ibm anuyojyatha allengil klonukal ennariyappettu, koodaathe software "ibm pisi allengil 100% anuyojyamaaya" aayi vyaapakamaayi vipananam cheyyappettu. taamasiyaathe, kloon nirmmathaakkal hardwareil mechappeduthalukalum vipuleekaranangalum nadatthaan thudangi, athaayath 8088-nte athe software 10 MHz vare uyarnna vegathayil nadappilaakkiya NEC v20 polulla vegathayeriya prosessorukal upayogichu.
kloon vipani oduvil valare valuthayi maarukayum yadhaartha computerumaayulla bandham nashtappedukayum vividha hardware nirmmathaakkal sthaapicha oru koottam yadhaartha maanadandangalaayi maarukayum cheythu.

