
oorfiyoo

ell 'oorfiyoo (ezz. vii. 318), chilappol laa favola dii oorfiyoo ennu vilikkappedunnu, ithu alessandro strigiyoyude librettoyodoppam cladio monteverdy rachicha oru navothaana/aadyakaala barok "samgeethathile favola" allengil oopparayaanu. oorfiyasinte greak aithihyathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee chithram, addehathinte hades vamshajayude kathayum maricha vadhuvaya euridisine jeevikkunna lokathekku thirike konduvaraan addeham nadatthiya nishfalamaaya shramavum parayunnu. 1607ll manduvayile vaarshika kaarnivalinide oru kodathi prakadanatthinaayi ithu ezhuthappettu. jacopo periyude "daffney" pothuve ooppara vibhaagathile aadya kruthiyaayi amgeekarikkappettirikkum, nilanilkkunna aadyakaala ooppara periyude "euridis" aanu, "ell oorfiyoo" ippozhum pathivayi avatharippikkunna aadyathethaanu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil parambaraagatha intermedia-oru neraaya naadakatthinte pravrithikal thammilulla oru sangeetha kramam-oru samboornna sangeetha naadakatthinte allengil "ooppara" yude roopamaayi parinamichu. monteverdy "ell oorfiyoo" eee prakriya athinte pareekshanathmaka yugathil ninnu maattukayum puthiya vibhaagathinte poornnamaayum vikasippicha aadyathe udaaharanam nalkukayum cheythu. athinte prarambha prakadanatthinu sesham eee kruthi veendum manduvayilum adutha kurachu varshangalil mattu itaaliyan kendrangalilum pradharshippichu. 1609-lum 1615-lum monteverdy athinte samgeethasamvidhaanam prasidheekarichu. 1643-ll samgeethasamvidhaayakante maranashesham ooppara niravadhi varshangalolam prakadanam nadathaathe pooyi, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil thaalpparyatthinte punarujjeevanathilekku nayikkunnathuvare ithu erekkure marannupoyi. thudakkathil eee prakadanangal instittyoottukalkkum sangeetha samoohangalkkumullile kacheri (steju cheyyaatha) pathippukalaayirunnu, ennaal paareesile aadyathe aadhunika naadakeeya prakadanathetthudarnnu, 1911 ll, eee kruthi theaterukalil kaanaan thudangi. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham niravadhi recordingukal purathirangukayum chila pramukha vedikal ethirthuvenkilum ooppara houseukalil ooppara kooduthalaayi avatharippikkappedukayum cheythu. 2007ll premiyarinte kwaattarsentanari lokamembaadumulla prakadanangalaal aaghoshikkappettu.
thante prasidheekaricha skoril monteverdy vinyasikkenda 41 upakaranangal pattikappedutthunnu, prathyeka ramgangalum kathaapaathrangalum chithreekarikkaan vyathyastha upakaranangalude grouppukal upayogikkunnu. athinaal charadukalum harpsicordukalum recorderukalum avarude nymphukalum edayanmaarum upayogichu idaya vayalukale prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam kanatha pichala adholokatheyum athinte nivaasikaleyum chithreekarikkunnu. navothaana kaalaghattatthil ninnu barokkilekkulla parivartthana ghattathil rachicha "ell oorfiyoo" sangeethakalayil ariyappettirunna ellah vibhavangalum upayogikkunnu, prathyekichu polyphony dheeramaaya upayogam. eee kruthi aaa reethiyil aasoothranam cheythitilla; navothaana paarambaryatthil vaadyavaadikal samgeethasamvidhaayakante pothuvaaya nirddeshangal paalichuvenkilum mechappeduthunnathinna ganyamaaya swaathanthryam nalki.
charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam.
1567-ll cremonayil janicha cladio monteverdy, cremona cathedralil "maastro dii capella" (sangeetha medhavi) maarkk 'aantaniyo engegnariyude keezhil padicha oru sangeetha prathibhayaayirunnu. paatt, string playing, composition ennivayil pariseelanam nediya sesham, 1590 allengil 1591 ll manduvayile duke vincenso gonsaagayude kottaaratthil "swonaattor dii vivuvola" (vayola player) enna padavi nedunnathuvare monteverdy veronayilum milaanilum oru samgeethajnjanaayi pravarthichu. kazhiviloodeyum kadinaadhvaanathiloodeyum monteverdy 1601-ll gonsaagayude "maastro della musica" (samgeethathil maasttar) aayi uyarnnu.
myoosikkal theaterode kaazhchayodumulla vincenso gonsaagayude prathyeka abhinivesham florence kottaravumaayulla kudumba bandhatthil ninnaan valarnnathu. pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode noothana florentin sangeethanjjar intermedio vikasippichukondirunnu-samsaarikkunna naadakangalude pravarthanangalkkidayil cherttha deerghakaalamaayi sthaapithamaaya sangeetha edavela-kooduthal vipulamaaya roopangalilekku. jacopo korsiyude neethrthwathil, prashastha camerattayude pingaamikal ooppara vibhaagathil pettathayi pothuve amgeekarikkappetta aadyathe kruthiyude utharavaadithamaayirunnu coursey jacopo periyum chernnu 1598 ll florencil avatharippicha "daffney". eee kruthi madrigal aalaapanathinteyum monody gadakangale nrithathinteyum upakaranangaludeyum bhagangalumaayi samyojippichu naadakeeyamaaya oru motha roopeekaranam nadatthi. athinte samgeethathinte sakalangal maathrame ippozhum nilanilkkunnulloovenkum athe kaalaghattatthile mattu niravadhi florentin kruthikalaaya emilio dii cavaliary rachicha "raaprasenteshan dii aanima, ettu dii corpo", perry rachicha "euridis", giulio kasini rachicha "euridis" enniva poornnamaayum nilanilkkunnu. oovidinte "metamorphosus" ll vivarichirikkunnathu oorphiyas puraanatthinte niravadhi sangeetha praathinidyangalil aadyathethaanu eee avasana rund kruthikal, athupole monteverdy "ell oorfiyoo" yude nerittulla mungaamikalaayirunnu.
naadakeeyamaaya vinodam prothsaahippikkunnathil gonsaaga kottaarathinu oru neenda charithramundaayirunnu. duke vinsensoyude kaalathinu oru noottaand munbu aanjalo policyaanoyude gaanarachanayaya "laa favola dii oorfiyoo" kodathi avatharippichirunnu, athil pakuthiyenkilum samsarikkunnathinupakaram aalapichirunnu. aduthide, 1598-ll monteverdy, naadakacharithrakaaranaaya maarkk ringer visheshippicha jiovanni baattista gaariniyude naadakam "ill paasttar fido" nirmmikkaan kottaaratthile sangeetha sthaapanathe sahayichu, ithu idaya naadakathodulla itaaliyan bhraanthine prachodippicha oru "neertthada naadaka kruthi" ennaanu. 1600 october 6 nuu fraansile henry naalaaman rajaavumaayulla maria dii medisi vivaahathinaayi florence sandarshikkumbol, duke vincenso perry 's euridis' premiyaril pankedutthu. monteverdy ulppedeyulla addehathinte pradhana samgeethajnjarum eee prakadanatthil pankedutthittundaakam. naadakeeyamaaya vinodathinte eee puthiya roopathinte puthumayum athu sponsor cheyyaan thayyaaraayavarkk anthass nalkaanulla athinte kazhivum duke vegathil thiricharinju.
srishti.
libretto.
1600 oktobarile "euridis" prakadanatthil pankedutthavaril gonsaagayude kottaaratthile oru yuva abhibhashakanum currier nayathanthranjanumaaya athe perilulla ariyappedunna samgeethasamvidhaayakante makan alessandro strigio undaayirunnu. cheruppakkaaranaaya strigio svayam oru kazhivulla samgeethajnjanaayirunnu; 16 vayassullappol, 1589-ll tuscanyile duke ferdinando vivaha aakhoshangalil addeham vail kalichirunnu. duke vinsentinte rund kochumakkalaaya francesco, fernandino ennivarodoppam, nagaratthile naadaka pravarthanangalkku mukhya outlettu nalkia manduvayude exclusive boudhika samoohathile amgamaayirunnu addeham. ell oorfiyoo" ennathinaayi strigio thante libretto aarambhichath eathu ghattathilaanennu vyakthamalla, pakshe 1607 januvariyil pravartthanangal nadannukondirikkukayinnu. januvari 5 nuu ezhuthiya oru kathil, francesco gonsaago florentine kodathiyil chernna thante sahodaranodu grand dukinte sthaapanathil ninnu uyarnna nilavaaramulla kaastraattooyude sevanangal labhikkaan aavashyappedunnu, maanttuvan kaarnivalinaayi oru "play inn music" thayyarakkunnu.
oovidinte "metaamorphosasinte" 10,11 pusthakangalum virjilinte "jorjiksinte" naalaamathe pusthakavumaayirunnu addehathinte librettoikkulla strigiyoyude pradhana uravidangal. iva addehathinu adisthaana saamagrikal nalki, pakshe oru steju cheytha naadakatthinte gadanayalla; librettoyude 1,2 pravrithikalude sambhavangal "roopaantharangalil" verum 13 varikalaal ulkkollunnu. naadakeeyamaaya oru roopam srishtikkunnathinulla sahaayathinaayi, strigiyo mattu srothassukale aakarshichu-policyaanoyude 1480 leeii naadakam, gwarini yude "ill paasttar fido", perry yude "euridise" ennathinulla ottaviyo rinusini yude libretto. samgeethajnjanaaya gaari tomlinson strigioyudeyum rinusiniyudeyum grandhangal thammilulla niravadhi samaanathakalekkurich abhipraayappedunnu, "ell oorfiyoo" yile chila prasamgangal ulladakkathilum "ell euridis" yile avarude athiraalikalumaayi polum aduthu yojikkunnuvennu abhipraayappedunnu. vimarsakanaaya barbera rusano hanning ezhuthunnathu strigiyoyude vaakyangal rinsiniyekkaal sookshumamallengilum strigiyoyude librettoyude ghadana kooduthal rasakaramaan. oru medisi vivaahathodoppamulla aakhoshangalkkaayi ezhuthiya rinusini, eee avasarathinu anuyojyamaaya oru "santhoshakaramaaya anthyam" nalkunnathinaayi eee kettukatha maattaan baadhyasthanaayirunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, strigio oru aupachaarika kodathi aaghoshathinaayi ezhuthaathathinaal, oorfiyooye vikruthamaaya menadukal allengil "baachantukal" kollukayum vighadippikkukayum cheiyunna puraanatthinte nigamanatthinte aathmaavinod addehathinu kooduthal vishwasthatha pularthaan kazhiyum. vaasthavathil, eee raktharookshithamaaya avasaanathinte oru nishabda pathipp ezhuthaan addeham thiranjedutthu, athil baakkantas oorfiyooyude naashathe bheeshanippeduthunnu, pakshe addehathinte yadhaartha vidhi samshayathilaan.
1607ll maanttuvayil premiyarinoppam libretto prasidheekarikkukayum strigiyoyude avyakthamaaya avasaanam ulppeduthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1609-ll venessil richiardo amadino prasidheekaricha monteverdy score thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru resolution kaanikkunnu, apolloyude edapedaliloode oorphiyas svarggathilekku athikkappettu. ringer parayunnathanusarichu, oopparayude premiyaril strigiyoyude yadhaartha avasaanam mikkavarum theerchayaayum upayogichirunnuvenkilum parishkaricha avasaanam soundaryaparamaayi sariyaanennu monteverdy vishwasichathil samshayamilla. apollo ending eee kruthiyude yadhaartha padhathiyude bhagamaayirunnuvennum ennaal paripaadikku aathidheyathvam vahicha cheria muriyil eee avasaanathinu aavashyamaaya thiyettar yanthrangal ulkkollaan kazhiyaathathinal premiyaril athu avatharippichillennum samgeethashaasthranjanaaya nino pirota vaadikkunnu. baachantas rangam oru pakarakkaranaayirunnu; eee niyanthranam neekkam cheythappol monteverdy uddeshyangal punasthaapichu.
rachana.
monteverdy "ell oorfiyoo" rachichappol addehathinu naadaka samgeethathil samagramaya adithara undaayirunnu. 16 varshamaayi gonsaaga kodathiyil jolie cheythirunna addeham athil bhooribhaagavum steju samgeethathinte oru kalakarano krameekaranakkaarano aayirunnu, 1604 ll addeham manduva kaarnivalinaayi "glee amori dii diane eddu endimon" enna baalo ezhuthiyirunnu. monteverdy thante aadyathe ooppara score nirmmicha gadakangal-aria, strophic gaanam, paarayana, corresukal, nrithangal, naadakeeya sangeetha edavelakal-conductor nicolas harnoncourt choondikkaanichathupole, addeham srishtichathalla, marichu "puthiyathum pazhayathumaya saadhyathakalude muzhuvan shekharatheyum addeham samyojippichu theerchayaayum puthiyathaaya oru ikyamaakki". samgeethashaasthranjanaaya roobert donnington samaanamaayi ezhuthunnu "[skoril] mungami adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru gadakavum illa, pakshe athu aduthide vikasippicha roopathil poornnamaaya pakwata kaivarikkunnu... [oopparayude thudakkakkar] prakadippikkaan aagrahichathupole samgeethathil nerittu prakadippicha vaakkukal ivideyundu; avaa prakadippikkunna samgeetham ivideyundu... prathibhayude poornna prachodanathode."
monteverdy thante prasidheekaricha samgeethathinte thudakkathil oorkkastrayude aavasyakathakal prasthaavikkunnu, ennaal aaa divasathe sanbradaayathinu anusrithamaayi avayude krithyamaaya upayogam addeham vyakthamakkunnilla. oro vyaakhyaathaavinum avarude pakkalulla oorkkastral shakthikalude adisthaanathil praadeshika theerumaanangal edukkaan swaathanthryam nalkunnathu akkaalat pathivaayirunnu. iva oro sthalathum ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedaam. koodaathe, harnoncourt choondikkaanikkunnathu, vaadyavaadikalellaam samgeethasamvidhaayakar aayirunnirikkukayum oru nischitha vaachakam play cheiyunnathinupakaram oro prakadanatthilum srishtiparamaayi sahakarikkumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. akkaalathe mattoru sambradaayam gayakarkk avarude aria alankarikkaan anuvadikkuka ennathaayirunnu. monteverdy oorfiyooyude "posent spiritto" polulla chila eriyakalude lalithavum alankarichathumaaya pathippukal ezhuthi, ennaal harnoncourt parayunnathanusarichu "addeham alankaarangalonnum ezhuthaathidathu addeham paadanamennu aagrahichirunnillenna vyakthamaan".
oopparayude oro pravrithiyum kathayude orotta gadakavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, oronnum oru corressil avasaanikkunnu. anchu aakt ghadana undaayirunnittum, rund settu ramgamaattangalode, "ell 'oorfiyoo" akkaalathe kodathi vinodangalkkulla staanderd parisheelanavumaayi poruthappedukayum, pravarthanangalkkidayil edavelakalo thirasseelayo illaathe oru thudarchayaaya asthithvamaayi avatharippikkukayum cheythirikkaam. prekshakarude kaazhchayil ramgaparivarthanangal nadakkuka ennathu samakaalika aachaaramaayirunnu, eee mattangal upakaranangal, qee, shaili ennivayile mattangalaal samgeethaparamaayi prathifalikkunnu.
upakaranam.
vishakalanathinayi sangeetha pandithanaaya jaine glover monteverdy upakaranangalude pattikaye moonnu pradhana grouppukalaayi vibhajichu charadukal, pichala, thudarcha, eluppathil tharamthirikkaanaakaatha kurachu enangal koodi. vayalin kudumbatthile patthu amgangal ("vayali daa brasso"), rund eratta baas ("contrabassi dii vayola"), rund kitt vayalin ("vayalini picoli allah francis") ennivayil ninnaan string grouping roopappedunnathu. rund vayalin, rund vayola, oru cello enniva ulkkollunna rund anchu bhaagangalulla samghangalilaayaanu "vayal daa brasso" ullathu. brass groupil naalo ancho trombonukal (chaakkbattukal), moonno naalo kahalangal, rund kornattukal enniva adangiyirikkunnu. rund harpsicordukal ("dui gravisembani"), oru eratta harp ("arppa dopia"), rando moonno chitharoni, rund pipe oorgans ("oorgaani dii legno"), moonnu baas vayola daa gamba, oru reegal allengil cheria reed oorgan enniva thudarchayaaya shakthikalil ulppedunnu. eee groupingukalkku purathu rund recorderukalum ("floatiny alaa vijesima sekkanda"), orupakshe onno athiladhikamo sittenukalum-monteverdy pattikappedutthiyittille niyamam 4-nte avasaanavumaayi bandhapetta nirddeshangalil ulppeduthiyittundu.
upakaranagalil, oopparaykkullil prathinidheekarikkunna rund lokangalum vyathirikthamayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. charadukal, harpsicordukal, veena, avayavangal, recorderukal, chitharoni enniva thrays vayalukalude idaya lokathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. bakkiyulla upakaranangal, pradhaanamaayum pichala, adholokavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennirunnaalum oru samboornna vyathyasamilla; hadeesinte ramgangalil niravadhi avasarangalil charadukal prathyakshappedunnu. eee pothuvaaya kramatthil, chila pradhana kathaapaathrangalkkoppam nirddishta upakaranangalo kombineshanukalo upayogikkunnu-oorphiyas veenayum avayavavum, harpsicord, chittaaron ennivayude idayanmaar, trombonukalum reegal upayogicha adholoka devanmar. eee sangeetha vyathyaasangalum swabhaavasavisheshathakalum ellaam navothaana oorkkastrayude deerghakaala paarambaryatthinu anusrithamaayirunnu, athil valia "ell oorfiyoo" samghamaanu savishesham.
monteverdy thante kalikkaarkku saadhaaranayaayi "jolie kazhiyunnathra lalithamaayum sariyaayum [kalikkaan] nirddeshikkunnu, mathramalla niravadhi florid paasejukalo rannukaloo upayogichu allah". charadukalum pullaankuzhalum polulla alankaara upakaranangal vaayikkunnavar "valareyadhikam kandupiduthangalodum vaividhyathodum koodi maanyamaayi kalikkaan" nirddeshikkappedunnu, ennaal athu amithamaayi cheiyunnathinethire munnariyipp nalkunnu, athuvazhi "kelkkunnayaalkk shalyamundaakkunna araajakathvavum ashayakkuzhappavum allathe mattonnum kelkkunnilla". ellah upakaranangalum oru samayathum orumichu vaayikkappedaathathinaal, aavashyamaaya kalikkaarude ennam upakaranangalude ennathekkaal kuravaanu. monteverdy kaalath kalikkaarudeyum gayakarudeyum ennam, prakadanangal nadanna cheria murikal enniva palappozhum prekshakarude ennam kalakaaranmaarekkaal kuravaayirunnu ennu ardhamaakkunnuvennu harnoncourt soochippikkunnu.
ell 'oorfiyoo" yude yadhaartha prakadanatthil upayogichirunna moonnu upakaranagalkk sameepakaala punarujjeevanangal undaayittund cornetto (saadhaaranayaayi chaakkbattukalumaayi jodiyaakkunnu), dhaa (shaarppukalum flaattukalum ulla oru multy-kozhs harp), dhaa reegal (fraakshanal-neelam reed paippukalulla oru avayavam). 17 sii kaalaghattatthil nirddishta naadakeeya saahacharyangalil upakaranangalude niram vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu prathyekichu rajaavu hedukalumaayi bandhappettirunnu.
veshangal.
1609 leeii skoril listtucheythirikkunna thante "pezhsanaagi" yill, monteverdy laa messagera (sandeshavaahakan) ozhivaakkukayum oopparayude attathu moresca (moorish nritham) avatharippikkunna edayanmaarude avasana corus oru prathyeka grouppaanennu soochippikkukayum cheiyunnu ("cheey fesero laa moresca nell phine"). aadya prakadanatthil aaraan vividha veshangal aalapichath ennathinekkurichu valare kurachu vivarangal maathrame labhyamaayittulloo. 1612ll manduvayil prasidheekaricha oru kathil vishishtanaaya samgeethajnjanum samgeethasamvidhaayakanumaaya francesco raasi pankedutthathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu, addeham taittil roll paadiyathaayi pothuve anumaanikkappedunnu. athimanoharamaaya shailiyil tainer, baas renchukalil "rashik paadaan kazhiyumaayirunnu... oppam asaadhaaranamaaya vikaaravum ". florentin kaastraattoyaaya jiovanni gwalberto magliyude premiyarile pankaalittham gonsaaga rajakumaranmar thammilulla kathidapaadukal sthireekarikkunnu. magli aamukham, proserpina, orupakshe laa messagera allengil speranza enna mattoru vesham enniva aalapichu. samgeethashaasthranjanum charitrakaaranumaaya hans redlich oorfiyooyude veshathinaayi magliye thettayi anuvadichu.
aaraan euridis kalichathennathinte soochana 1608ll duke winsensoic ezhuthiya kathil adangiyirikkunnu. ettavum shaanthanaaya raajakumaarante" "oorfiyoo" "yill euridis vesham cheytha aaa cheria purohithane ithu soochippikkunnu". pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil manduvan kottaravumaayi bandhamundennu ariyappedunna oru kaastraattoyaaya padrey girolamo baachini aayirikkam eee purohitan. rund pramukha maanduvaan tainerukalaaya pandolpho grande, francesco campagnola ennivar premiyaril cheria veshangal aalapichittundaakamenna monteverdy pandithanaaya timm carter anumaanikkunnu.
naalu edayanmaarkkum moonnu aathmaakkalkkum otappetta bhaagangalund. paatam anuvadikkunna veshangalude erattippikkunnathiloode, oru prakadanatthinu moonnu sopranos, rund altos, moonnu tainerukal, rund baasukal enningane motham patthu gayakar aavasyamaanennu carter kanakkakkunnu, sooloo vaadyakkaar (oorfiyoo ozhike) corus roopeekarikkunnu. carterude nirddeshitha roll-dabilingukalil euridisinoppam laa musica, proserpinayodoppam ninfa, speransayotoppam laa messagera enniva ulppedunnu.
sangraham.
rund vyathyastha sthalangalilaanu pravartthanam nadakkunnatha thrays feeldukal (acts 1,2,5), adholokam (acts 3,4). anchu shlokangalude aamukham alapikkunna "samgeethathinte aathmaavine" prathinidheekarikkunna laa myoosikkayude praveshanathinu munbaayi oru upakarana tokkaatta (engleeshil "tucket", athaayath kahalangalil thazhachuvalaruka). prekshakarkku kaarunyapoornamaaya sweekaranathinu sesham, madhurashabdangaliloode, "aswastharaaya oro hridayatheyum shaanthamaakkaan" kazhiyumennu avar prakhyaapikkunnu. thante paatt kondu vanyamrugangale manthramugdharaakkiya" naadakatthile pradhana nayakanaaya oorfiyooye parichayappeduthunnathinnum avar samgeethathinte shakthiyilekku kooduthal bhaktiganam aalapikkunnu.
niyamam 1.
laa myoosikkayude nishabdathaykkulla avasana abhyarthanaykku sesham, oru idaya rangam velippeduthunnathinaayi aakt 1-ll thirasseela uyarunnu. oorfiyooyum euridies oru koottam enna nilayilum vyakthikalenna nilayilum eee pravarthanathekkurichu abhipraayappedunna oru greak corus reethiyil pravartthikkunna nimphukaludeyum edayanmaarudeyum oru corresinoppam praveshikkunnu. ithu dambathikalude vivaahadivasamaanennu oru idayan prakhyaapikkunnu; aadyam manyamaaya oru praarthanayilum ("varoo, haiman, ooo varoo") thudarnnu santhoshakaramaaya nrithathilum ("parvathangal viduka, neeruravakal viduka") corus prathikarikkunnu. kshethrathil nadakkunna vivaahachadanginaayi samghathil bhooribhaagathodoppam pookunnathinumumbu oorfiyooyum euridies parasparam snehikkunnathinekkur paadunnu. vediyil avasheshikkunnavar oru hrasvamaaya corus paadunnu, sneham addehathe udaathamaaya santhoshaavasthayilekku konduvarunnathinu munbu oorfiyoo engane "neduveerppukal bhakshanavum karachil paaneeyavumaayirunnu" ennathinekkurichu abhiprayappettu.
act 2.
oorfiyoo pradhana gaanamelayumayi madangukayum avarodoppam prakrithiyude soundaryangalekkurichu paadukayum cheiyunnu. oorfiyoo thante muun asanthushtiyekkurichu chinthikkunnu, pakshe prakhyaapikkunnu "dukhathinushesham oraal kooduthal samthrupthanaakunnu, vedanaykku sesham oraal kooduthal santhushtanaakunnu". laa messagera praveshikkumbol samthrupthiyude maanasikavastha pettennu avasaanikkunnu, pookkal shekharikkumbol euridisinu marakamaaya paambukadiyettuvenna vaartha varunnu. corus athinte vedana prakadippikkunnu "aahu, kayperiya sambhavam, aahu, ashudhavum krooravumaaya vidhi!", athesamayam sandeshavaahakan mosham vaarthayude bhaaramaayi svayam kuttappeduthunnu (" njaan ennennekkumaayi oodippookum, eakaanthamaaya oru guhayil ente dukhathinu anusrithamaayi oru jeevitam nayikkum "). oorfiyoo, thante dukhavum avishwasaneeyathayum prakadippichathinushesham ("nee marichupoyi, ente jeevan, njaan shwasikkunnundo?"), adholokathilekku erangaanulla thante uddeshyam prakhyapikkukayum euridise jeevithathilekku madangaan anuvadikkaan athinte bharanadhikariye prerippikkukayum cheiyunnu. allengil, "njaan maranathodoppam ninnodoppam thudarum" ennu addeham parayunnu. avan pookukayum, aaa corus athinte vilapangal punararambhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
niyamam 3.
hedukalude kavaadangalilekku speransayaanu oorfiyooye nayikkunnath. gettil alekhanam cheythirikkunna vaakkukal ("ivide praveshikkunna eavareyum, prateeksha upekshikkuka") choondikkaanicha sesham, speranza irikkunnu. oorfiyoo ippol ferriman caronde abhimukeekarikkunnu, avan oorfiyooye kadinamaayi abhisambodhana cheyyukayum staiks nadikku kuruke kondupokaan visammathikkukayum cheiyunnu. oorfiyoo caronde prashamsikkunna oru gaanam ("sakthanaaya athmaavum sakthanaaya daivathvavum") aalapikkunnathiloode prerippikkaan shramikkunnu, koodaathe ferriman addehathinte samgeethathaal ("theerchayaayum nee enne aakarshikkunnu, ente hridayathe samaadhaanappeduthunnu") aakarshikkappedunnunde, avane kadannupokaan anuvadikkunnilla, thanikk sahathapam thonnaan kazhiyillennu avakaashappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, oorfiyoo thante veenayeduthu kalikkumbol caronde urakkathilekku vazhuthiveezhunnu. thante avasaram muthaleduthu, oorfiyoo ferrimaante boat moshtichu nadhi kadannu adholokathilekku praveshikkumbol, prakrithiykku manushyanil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkaan kazhiyillennu aathmaakkalude oru koottam prathifalippikkunnu "avan durbalamaaya maram kondu kadal adichamarthukayum kaattinte roshathe avahelikkukayum cheythu."
act 4.
adholokathil, oorfiyooyude paatt aazhathil baadhicha hadeesinte raajnjiyaaya proserpina, yooridisinte mochanathinaayi bharthaavaaya pluton rajavinodu apekshikkunnu. avalude apekshayil aakrishtanaaya pluton, euridisine lokathekku nayikkumbol, oorfiyoo thirinjunokkaruth enna vyavasthayil sammathikkunnu. angane cheythaal, "ottanottathil avane nithyanashtatthinu vidikkum". oorfiyoo praveshikkukayum euridisine nayikkukayum aaa divasam thaan bhaaryayude velutha madiyil vishramikkumenn aathmavishwaasathode paadukayum cheiyunnu. ennaal addeham paadumbol oru samshayathinte kuripp kadannuvarunnu "aval pinthudarunnuvennu aaraan enikku urappu nalkuka?". orupakshe, asooyayaal nayikkappedunna pluton, eee avasthaye sahishnuthayiloode adichelppichathaayi addeham karuthunnundo? stejinu purathulla oru kolahalatal pettennu vyathichalicha oorfiyoo chuttum nokkunnu; udan thanne, yooridisinte prathichaaya mangaan thudangunnu. aval niraashayode paadunnu "valareyadhikam snehathiloode nee enne nashtappeduthunnundo?"aprathyakshamaakunnu. oorfiyoo avale pinthudaraan shramikkunnundenkilum kaanaatha oru shakti avale valichizhaykkunnu. oorfiyoo, hedukale marikadannu, thante abhiniveshangalaal marikadakkappettuvennu aathmaakkalude corus paadunnu.
niyamam 5.
thante nashtatthil vilapikkukayum yooridisinte soundaryathe prashamsikkukayum thante hridayam orikkalum kyupidinte ambukondu thulachukayarillennu theerumaanikkukayum cheiyunna oru neenda swabhaashanamaanu oorfiyooyude vayalukalil. oru oof-steju prathidhwani addehathinte avasana vaakyangal aavarthikkunnu. pettennu, oru meghathil, apollo svarggathil ninnu erangukayum avane shikshikkukayum cheiyunnu "nee enthinaanu kopatthinum dukhathinum irayaayi svayam samarppikkunnath?"eee lokam vittu svarggathil thannodoppam cheraan addeham oorfiyooye kshanikkunnu, avide addeham nakshathrangalile yooridisinte prathiroopam thirichariyum. atharamoru jnjaaniyaaya pithaavinte upadesham anusarikkathirikkukayum avar orumichu kayarukayum cheiyunnathu arhathayillaathathaanennu oorfiyoo marupadi nalkunnu. kashtappaadukalil vithaykkunnavan ellah anugrahathinteyum phalam koyyum" ennu oru idayante corus nigamanam cheiyunnu, ooppara sakthamaaya oru morescayode avasaanikkunnathin munbu.
orijinal libretto avasaanikkunnu.
strigiyoyude 1607 leeii librettoyil, oorfiyooyude aakt 5 swagathathe thadassappeduthunnathu apolloyude roopathilalla, marichu avarude yajamananaaya backus devante "divya roshathe" kurichu paadunna vanyarum madyapaanikalumaaya sthreekalaaya menadukaludeyo baakkantukaludeyo oru koottam aanu. avarude kopatthinu kaaranam oorfiyooyum sthreekalodulla avante thyagavumaanu; avan avarude swargeeya kopatthil ninnu rakshappedilla, avan avare ethratholam ozhivaakkunnuvo athratholam avante vidhi kadinamaayirikkum. baachantas bakkiyulla oopparaykkaayi baachasine prashamsichu kaattupaathrangal alapikkunnathinum nritham cheiyunnathinum svayam samarppikkunnathinaal oorfiyoo rangam vidukayum avante vidhi anishchithathvathilaakum cheiyunnu. aadyakaala sangeetha authority claude palisca vishwasikkunnathu rund avasaanangalum poruthappedaathavayallenna; oorfiyoo baachantukalude roshathil ninnu rakshappedukayum apollo vazhi rakshikkappedukayum cheythekkaam. ennirunnaalum, eee badal reethi yadhaartha classic puraanathodu aduthaanu avasaanikkunnath, avide baakkandukalum prathyakshappedunnu, pakshe avar addehathe maranam vare peedippikkukayum thudarnnu euridisumaayulla oru nizhalayi punarekeekaranam nadathukayum cheythuvennu vyakthamaakkunnu, pakshe apothosis illa, apolloyumaayulla oru edapedalumilla.
sweekaranavum prakadana charithravum.
aadyakaala prakadanangalum premier.
1607 februvari 24 nuu "ell oorfiyoo" yude aadya avatharana theeyathi februvari 23 nuu ezhuthiya rund aksharangal saakshyappeduthunnu. aadyathethil, francesco gonsaaga thante sahodarane "sangeetha naadakam" naale avatharippikkumenn ariyikkunnu; ithu "ell 'oorfiyoo" yeei soochippikkunnuvennu munbathe kathidapaadukalil ninnu vyakthamaan. randaamathe kathu gonsaagayile oru kodathi udyogasthanaaya carlo magnoyil ninnullathaanu, kooduthal vishadaamshangal nalkunnu "naale vaikunneram ettavum shaanthanaaya prabhuvaya rajakumaran appaartmentukalile oru muriyil oru [naadakam] sponsor cheyyum, athu ettavum shaanthayaaya sthreek upayogichu...ellah abhinethaakkalum avarude bhagangal paadunnathinaal ithu ettavum asaadhaaranamaayirikkanam."ducal kottaaratthil thaamasichirunna duke vinsensoyude vidhavayaya sahodari margeritta gonsaaga dii 'estteyaanu' shaanthayaaya sthree '. premiyarinte murii urappode thirichariyaan kazhiyilla; ringer parayunnathanusarichu, ithu galleria dee fiyami aayirikkam, ithu oru cheria prekshakarkku idam nalkunna oru stejum oorkkastrayum ulkkollunnathinulla alavukalullathaanu.
premiyarinekkurichu vishadamaaya vivaranamonnumillenkilum march 1 nuu francesco eee kruthi "athu ketta ellaavarkkum valia samthrupthiyundaakki" ennum dukine prathyekichu santhoshippichuvennum ezhuthi. manduvan kottaaratthile daivashaasthranjanum kaviyumaaya kerubino ferrari ezhuthi "kaviyum samgeethajnjanum hridayathinte chaayvukale valare naipunyathode chithreekarichittundu, athu ithilum nannayi cheyyaan kazhiyilla... uchithamaaya yogyatha nireekshikkunna samgeetham kavithaye nannayi sevikkunnu, athilum manoharamaayi mattevideyum kelkkaan kazhiyilla ". premiier duke vincenso march 1 nuu randaamathe prakadanatthinu utharavittathinushesham; moonnaamathe prakadanam saavoy duke manduvayilekku nirddishta samsthaana sandarshanathodanubandhichu aasoothranam cheythu. kaastraatto magliyude sevanam kurachukaalam nilanirthaan kazhiyumo ennu chodichu francesco march 8 nuu tuscany dukinu kathezhuthi. ennaal, aakhoshaparipaadiyum sandarshanavum raddaki.
premiyarinu sheshamulla varshangalil, florence, crimona, milan, tourin ennividangalil "ell 'oorfiyoo" avatharippikkappettirikka nirddeshangalundu, ennirunnaalum eee kruthi manduvan kodathikku appuram parimithamaaya thaalparyam aakarshichathayi uracha thelivukal soochippikkunnu. francesco gavarnaraayirunna kasale monferrattoyil, kaarnivalinaayi oru nirmmaanam nadathiyirikkaam, koodaathe 1614 num 1619 num idayil francesco raasiyude nirddeshaprakaaram salsburgill niravadhi avasarangalil eee nirmmaanam nadathiyathaayi soochanakalundu. varshangalkk sesham, 1637-43 leeii veneeshyan oopparayude aadya abhivridhi samayat, monteverdy thante randaamathe oopparayaaya "ell 'arnia" avide punarujjeevippikkaan theerumaanichu, pakshe "ell' oorfiyoo" allah. monteverdy maranashesham taamasiyaathe prakadanangalkku chila thelivukalundu 1643-ll geneevayilum 1647-ll paareesile lauvarilum. carter parayunnathanusarichu 1650-kalil italiyiludaneelam eee kruthi ippozhum prashamsikkappettirunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil addehathinte kruthikalodulla thaalparyam punarujjeevippikkunnathu monteverdiyeppole thanne ithu pinneedu marannupoyi.<rafiyude peru = "bhaagya/eppozho"> </rafa>
irupathaam noottaandile punarujjeevanangal.
varshangalude avagananaykk sesham, monteverdy samgeetham pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum pioneer sangeetha charithrakaaranmaarude thaalparyam aakarshikkan thudangi, pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam paadam muthal addeham pandithochithamaaya kruthikalil kooduthalaayi charcha cheyyappedunnu. 1881-ll prakadanatthinupakaram padanathinaayi uddeshichulla "ell 'oorfiyoo" skorinte oru vettimattappetta pathipp berlinil roobert eetnar prasidheekarichu. 1904-ll samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya vinsent dii 'indi franch bhashayil oru pathipp nirmmichu, athil aakt 2, hrasvamaaya aakt 3, aakt 4 enniva maathram ulppedunnu. eee pathipp randara noottaandukalkku sheshamulla kruthiyude aadya pothu prakadanatthinte adisthaanamaayirunnu, 1904 februvari 25-nuu dii' indiyude schola kaantoratthil oru kacheri prakadanam. sannihithanaya prashastha ezhuthukaaranaaya roman rolland, oopparaye jeevasuttathaakkiyathinum athu orikkal undaayirunna soundaryathilekku thirike konduvannathinum dii 'indy abhinandichu, athine roopabhedam varuthiya vichitramaaya punasthaapanangalil ninnu mochippichu "-orupakshe eetnarude pathippinekkurichulla oru paramarsham. 1911 meyy 2 nuu paareesile thiyettar rejaanil nadanna kruthiyude aadya aadhunika steju prakadanatthinte adisthaanam dii 'indi pathipp aayirunnu.
cheria itaaliyan samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya giacomo oorefaisinte (milan, 1909) samgeethathinte oru pathippin onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum sheshavum italiyilum mattidangalilum niravadhi kacherikal labhichu. eee pathipp oopparayude yunaittad stetts arangettatthinte adisthaanamaayirunnu, newyorkkile mattoru kacheri prakadanam 1912 eprilil koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. 1924 march 8 nuu instittyoott frankeysil pianoyodoppam aalapicha dii 'indiyude pathippil ooppara landanil avatharippikkappettu. cheria murivukalode aadyathe britiish steju prakadanam 1925 desember 7 nuu ooksfoord yooniversitti oopparattik sosaitti nalki, jacq westrup thayyarakkiya oru pathipp upayogichu. lunden "saattarde review" yill, sangeetha niroopakanaaya dainali hassie eee avasarathe "sameepa varshangalile ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavangalilonn" ennu visheshippichu; nirmmaanam "naadakeeya samgeetham ezhuthiya mahanaaya prathibhakalil oralaayi monteverdy avakaashavaadam udan soochippichu". 1929 desemberil landanile scala thiyettaril westrappinte pathipp punarujjeevippikkappedu, athe varsham thanne masaachyusetsile northaamptanile smith collegil oopparaykku aadyathe us steju prakadanam labhichu. moonnu scala prakadanangal saambathika duranthatthinu kaaranamaayi, 35 varshamaayi ooppara brittanil veendum kandilla.
1945 nuu sheshamulla punarujjeevanangalude oru thirakkil pooll hindemithinte pathipp, 1943 ll thayyarakkiya kruthiyude oru poornnakaala punarnirmmaanamaayirunnu, athu 1954 ll vienna festivalil avatharippikkukayum record cheyyukayum cheythu. eee prakadanam yuva nicolas harnoncourtil valia swaadheenam chelutthi, scholarshippinteyum samagrathayudeyum oru maastarpees aayi prashamsikkapettu. 1960 septambar 29 nuu leopold stokkovskyude keezhil newyork sitti ooppara nadatthiya aadyathe newyork prakadanam, oorfiyoo enna vesham paadiya niravadhi baarittonukalil onnaaya jerard sooseyude american oopparattik arangettam kandu. newyork timesinte niroopakanaaya sii. harrold eee theaterine vimarshichu. luigi dallapikolayude samakaalika oopparayaaya "ill pregionio" yude oru prakadanam ulkkollunnathinayi "ell oorfiyoo" yude moonnilonnu bhagam vettikkurachathinaal sconberg. sconberg ezhuthi "oopparayile ettavum valia eriyayaaya 'posent spiritto' ykku polum madhyathil nalla valippathilulla oru slash undu... ["ell 'oorfiyoo"] mathiyaya neelamullathum, vaikunneram muzhuvan oopparayaayirikkaan mathiyaya praadhaanyamullathum, manoharamaanennu paraamarshikkaruth."
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode lokamembaadum ooppara pradarshippikkappettu. 1965-ll engleesh naashanal oopparayude (eno) mungamiyaaya saddlers wells, 21-aamm noottaand vare thudarnnuporunna niravadhi eno avatharanagalil aadyathethu avatharippichu. 2007ll oopparayude 400-aamm vaarshikam aaghoshikkunna vividha aakhoshangalil manduvayile teatro bbnayil ardha-steju prakadanam, februvari 7nuu landanile whitehall bankwetting hausil engleesh baachu festival (iii. bii. eph) poornna thothilulla nirmmaanam, newyorkkile koopparstaunile glimmerglass oopparayude paarambaryethara nirmmaanam, aantoni wacker nadathukayum christopher alden samvidaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 2010 meyy 6 nuu milaanile laa skaalayil ninnu bbc oopparayude oru prakadanam prakshepanam cheythu. ell oorfiyoo" avatharippikkan chila pradhana ooppara houseukal vimukhatha kaanichittum, pramukha barok samghangalodoppam ithu oru janapriya kruthiyaanu. aii. dii. 1" kaalaghattatthil, franch aasthaanamaayulla less arts florisants, athinte samvidaayakanaaya vilyam kristtiyude keezhil, madridile teatro realil monteverdy thrayam oopparakal ("" ell oorfiyoo "," "" ill rittorno dii yulis "," ell incoronasion dii poppa "") avatharippichu ".
samgeetham.
"redlichinte vishakalanathil, rund sangeetha yugangalude ulppannamaanu "ell oorfiyoo". pathinaram noottaandile parambaraagatha madrigal shailiyude gadakangale uyarnnuvarunna florentine modumaayi ithu samyojippikkunnu, prathyekichu cametattayum avarude pingaamikalum vikasippicheduthathu paarayana, monodic aalaapanathinte upayogam. eee puthiya shailiyil, samgeetham paatatthil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu; synphoniakalum upakarana retornelliyum pravartthanatthe chithreekarikkumbol, prekshakarude shradha ellaayppozhum praadhamikamaayi vaakkukalilekku aakarshikkappedunnu. gayakar manoharamaaya shabdangal srishtikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal cheyyendathundu; avar avarude kathaapaathrangale aazhathil prathinidheekarikkukayum uchithamaaya vikarangal prakadippikkukayum venam.
monterverdy paaraayanashailiye "euridis" enna periyude swaadheenam chelutthiyenkilum "ell oorfiyoo" enna paaraayanatthil eee samayathe naadakeeya samgeethathil saadhaaranayekkaal praadhaanyam kuravaanu. aadya kruthiyude samgeethathinte naalilonn bhaagathil thaazheyum randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum kruthikalude moonnilonnu bhaagavum avasaanathe rund kruthikalude pakuthiyil alppam thaazheyumaan ithu.
ell oorfiyoo" yude praadhaanyam ithu itharathilulla aadyathe kruthiyalla, marichu sangeethakalayude muzhuvan vibhavangalum pinneedu vikasichathupole, oopparayude puthiya vibhaagathilekku prayogikkaanulla aadya sramamaayirunnu ennathaanu. prathyekichum, polyphony upayogathil monteverdy dheeramaaya puthumakal varuthi, athil paalastrinayaanu pradhana prathipaadakan. ell oorfiyoo" ennathil, palestrinayode vishwasthathayulla polyphonic sangeethanjjar munbu saakrosaanktaayi kanakkakkiya kanvenshanukalkkapuram monteverdy niyamangal vipuleekarikkunnu. monteverdy pothuve manassilakkaavunna ardhathil oru orkkastrettar aayirunnilla; oru monteverdy oopparayude oro prakadanatheyum oru "savisheshamaaya anubhavamakki mattunnathum pilkkala oopparattik canonil ninnu thante srishtiye verthirikkunnathum" upakarana mechappeduthalinte gadakamaanennu ringer kandethunnu.
rund thavana aavarthikkunna kaahalangalkkayi oru ayodhana shabda tokkattayodeyaanu ooppara aarambhikkunnath. aarthavakaala kaattuvasthrangalil vaayikkumbol shabdam aadhunika prekshakare ambarappikkum; redlich athine "pottikkal" ennu vilikkunnu. atharam abhivridhi maantuvan kottaaratthile prakadanangalude thudakkathinulla saadhaarana soochanayaayirunnu; gonsaagayude kottaaratthinaayi rachicha monteverdy 1610 vesparukalude prarambha corus athe aarbhaadathe upayogikkunnu. tokkaatta dukinu oru abhivaadyam aayi pravarthichu; donnington parayunnathanusarichu, athu ezhuthappettirunnillenle, mungamiyaayi athu mechappeduthendivarum. tokkattayude pichala shabdam mangumbol, athinu pakaram retornello stringinte mriduvaaya toonn varunnu, ithu laa myoosikkayude aamukham avatharippikkunnu. aamukhathile oro anchu vaakyangalkkum idayilum avasana vaakyathin sheshavum retornello hraswa roopathil aavarthikkunnu. oopparaykkullil mothatthil athinte pravartthanam "samgeethathinte sakthiye" prathinidheekarikkuka ennathaanu; athinaal ithu aakt 2 nte avasaanathilum veendum aakt 5 nte thudakkathilum kelkkunnu, ithu oru oopparattik leetmottivinte aadyakaala udaaharanangalilonnaanu. ithu thaalkkaalikamaayi oru palindrome aayi krameekarichirikkunnu, athinte strophic vyathiyaanangalude roopam "second praatikka" yude pashchaathalatthil aavishkaaraparavum gadanaaparavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi sangeetha samayathe shradhaapoorvvam roopappeduthaan monteverdy anuvadikkunnu.
aamukhathinu sesham, niyamam 1 oru idaya bhaashayude roopathil pinthudarunnu. kendra pranayaganamaaya "rossa dell seal" ("swarggathinte rossa") nuu chuttum rund corresukal, oru gambheeragaanavum oru ullasaganavum vipareethakramathil aavarthikkunnu, thudarnnu edayanmaarude sthuthigaanangal. harnoncourt parayunnathanusarichu, monteverdy franch samgeethathinte anubhavam pattum nritha samgeethavum swaadheenichathode aaveshakaramaaya maanasikavastha aakt 2 lake thudarunnu. yooridisinte maranathekkurichulla apakadakaramaaya vaarthakalumaayi laa mesajerayude pettennulla praveshanavum thudarnnulla ashayakkuzhappavum dukhavum kadinamaaya vairudhyangalum thacol samyojanavum samgeethaparamaayi prathifalippikkunnu. samgeethathinte shakti" maranathinmelulla vijayam konduvannekkaamenna soochanayaayi laa myoosikkayude retornelloyil avasanikkunnathuvare samgeetham eee damaniyil thudarunnu. vayalin, oorgan, harpsicord enniva nishabdamaakukayum rangam adholokathilekku maarumbol trombonukalum kornattukalum reegal samgeetham ettedukkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu monteverdy nirddeshangal.
aakt 3-nte kendrabhagam, orupakshe muzhuvan oopparayudeyum, oorfiyooyude vipuleekaricha eriyayaanu "posent spiritto iii formidable nyoom" ("sakthanaaya athmaavum sakthamaaya daivathvavum"), athiloode karondeye hadisilek praveshikkaan anuvadikkaan addeham shramikkunnu. monteverdy shabda alankaarangalum varchusoso anubandhavum aadyakaala oopparayile "ettavum aakarshakamaaya drishya, shabda praathinidyangalilonnu" ennu carter visheshippikkunnathu nalkunnu. oru chittaaron, oru pipe oorgan, rund vayalin, rund kornattukal, oru eratta harp ennivayaanu upakaranangalude niram nalkunnathu. sangeetha charitrakaaranum vishakalana vidagthanumaaya joonn wenham parayunnathanusarichu, eee shreni, oorfiyoo thante abhyarthanaye pinthunaykkaan labhyamaya ellah sangeetha shakthikaleyum upayogikkunnundennu soochippikkaan uddeshichullathaanu. aakt 4 ll adholokathinte aalmaaraattaparamaaya thanupp oorphiyoykku vendi proserpinayude gaanatthinte ooshmalatha thakarkkunnu, oorfiyoo "thirinjunokkunna" naadakeeya nimisham vare nilanilkkunna oru ooshmalatha. act 3-nte thudakkam muthal synphonia thanutha shabdangal, bhoogarbhalokam manushya vikarangal poornnamaayum illaathathaanennu namme oormmippikkunnu. oorfiyooyude rakshyum roopaantharavum kaanunna hrasvamaaya avasana pravrithi, laa myoosikkayude retornelloyudeyum ooppara avasaanippikkunna sajeevamaaya morescayudeyum avasana roopamaanu. shakespeareude duranthangalude avasaanathil nritham cheytha jiggs oormmippikkukayum prekshakare avarude dainamdina lokathekku thirike konduvarunnathinulla oru maarggam nalkukayum cheiyunna eee nritham, ekadesham rund manikkoor munbu tokkaatta avare mattoru raajyathekku nayichathupole, ringer parayunnu. tokkattayum morezka kottara yaadhaarthyathe oopparattik illutionumaayi bandhippikkunnu."
recording charithram.
ferruzio calusio nadatthiya laa scala milan oorkkastra nalkia giacomo benvenutty monteverdy samgeethathinte swathanthramaayi sweekaricha pathippaya "ell oorfiyoo" yude aadya recording 1939 ll puratthirangi. 1949-ll helmut coach nadatthiya berlin radio oorkkastrayude samboornna ooppara recordinginaayi deerghakaala recordukalude (elps) puthiya maadyamam upayogichu. ell. pii. recordingukalude varavu, sii. harrold enna nilayilaayirunnu. navothaanathodum barok samgeethathodumulla thaalpparyatthinte yudhaananthara punarujjeevanathile oru pradhana gadakavum 1950 kalude madhyam muthal "ell oorfiyoo" yude recordingukalum niravadhi labelukalil purathirangiyittunde sconberg pinneedu ezhuthi. 1969 ll nicolas harnoncourt vienna concentus musicus chernnu haarnonkorttinte pathipp upayogicha aaa kaalaghattatthile upakaranangal upayogichulla recording "monteverdy samgeetham addeham sangalppichathupole thonnippikkunnathin" prashamsikkapettu. 1981-ll seagfried heinrich, hess chamber oorkkastrayude aadyakaala music studiyoyil, oru pathipp record cheythu, athu yadhaartha strigio libretto ending veendum srishtichu, baachaanti ramgangalkkaayi monteverdy 1616 baale "tirsey iii chlory" yill ninnulla samgeetham chertthu. ettavum puthiya recordingukalil, 2004 leeii immaanuval haiminte recordingukal athinte naadakeeyamaaya phalathinu prashamsikkappettittund.
pathippukal.
1609-ll "ell oorfiyoo" score prasidheekarichathinushesha, athe prasadhakan (venesile rickiardo amadino) 1615-ll ithu veendum puratthirakki. eee pathippukalude pakarppukal yathaakramam 1927-lum 1972-lum achadichu. 1884-ll eetnarude "ell oorfiyoo" yude aadya "aadhunika" pathipum 20 varshathinusesham dii 'indiyude perfoming edition-iva randum 1609 skorinte churukkiyathum poruthappedutthiyathumaaya pathippukalaanu-edittu cheyyaanum avatharippikkanum niravadhi sramangal nadannittundu, avayellaam prasidheekarichittil. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalam vare dii 'indy pinthudarnna mikka pathippukalum aadhunika ooppara bhaashayile prakadanangalkku oru adisthaanam nalkunna krameekaranangalayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi kanatha vettimaattangalaayirunnu. ivayil palathum 1935-leeii kaal oorf (1923,1939), autorino repigi ennivayulppedeyulla samgeethasamvidhaayakarude kruthikalaayirunnu. oru jarmman vaachakam upayogichu oorfinte 1923 skoril chila kaalaghatta upakaranangal ulppedunnu, ithu addeham thante pilkkala pathipp nirmmikkumbol upekshicha oru pareekshanamaanu.
yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil, monteverdy dinathile prakadana kanvenshanukale prathifalippikkunnathina pathippukal kooduthal kooduthal neengi. 1925leeii ooksfoord prakadanangalil upayogicha jacq westrappinteyum monteverdy 1609-leeii orijinalumaayi aduthunilkkunna jian francesco malipiyaroyude 1930-leeii poornna pathippinteyum rund muun pathippukaliloodeyaanu eee pravanatha aarambhichath. yudhathinushesham, hindemith nadatthiya shramaphalamaayi 1955ll august vensingeril ninnulla oru pathipp varshangalolam upayogathilundaayirunnu. adutha 30 varshangalil, kooduthalum samgeethasamvidhaayakar thayyarakkiyathinekkaal pandita-kalakaaranmaar thayyarakkiya niravadhi pathippukal kandu, saadhaaranayaayi aadhikaarikatha lakshyamidunnu, allengilum ellaayppozhum yadhaartha upakaranathinte poornnamaaya punarnirmmaanamaan. reymond lepard (1965), denis steevans (1967), nicolas harnoncourt (1969), jaine glover (1975), rogger norrington (1976), joonn eliot gardiner ennivarude pathippukal ithil ulppedunnu. valentino buchi (1967), bruno maderna (1967), luciano berio (1984) ennivar maathramaan oru valia aadhunika oorkkastrayude kanvenshane adisthaanamaakki pathippukal nirmmichathu. 21-aamm noottaandil pathippukal nirmmikkunnath thudarunnu, palappozhum oru prathyeka prakadanatthino recordingino oppam upayogikkunnu.

