
chila karyangal

1853ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha victor hyoogoyude kavithasamaahaaramaanu less chaattiments ("dhaa castigations" allengil "dhaa penments"), ithu nepolian moonnaamante randaamathe saamraajyathe shakthamayi akramikkunnu.
charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam.
adikaaram nedaanulla parajayappetta sramangal munbu luis-nepolian nadathiyirunnathinaal athu addehathe landanilekku naadukadatthunnathilekku nayichu. addehathinte avasana sramam 1851 desember 2 nuu oru "attimari" yill kalaashichu. franch gaardukal oru koottam prathishedhakkaarkku nere vediyuthirkkukayum niravadhi maranangalkk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. luis-nepolian pratheekshicha prashasthi nedaan ithu sahayichilla. ithinupurame, oru chakravarthikku bharikkan kazhiyunna dairkhyathe niyanthrikkunna bharanaghadanaa niyamangal addeham maatti.
hyoogoyude sahathapam thozhilaalivarggathodaayirunu, adikaaram nedunnathinaayi kollaanulla sannadhathayaayi addeham kanda karyangal addehathe njettichu. fraansile janangalude shabdamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna hugo luis-neppoliyanethire pinthuna shekharikkaan thante ganyamaaya swaadheenam upayogichu. akkadami francisine nalkia prasamgathilaanu addehathinte avahelanathe ettavum nannayi chithreekarichathu, avide addeham prakhyaapichu, "enthaa? appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol, appol,"ithu roman chakravarthiyaaya augustasinekkurichulla oru paraamarsamaanu, laattin minimutivil ninnaan"-leey "enna suffix uruthirinjathu, ithu uyarathil cheruthaanenkil oru vasthuvineyo vyakthiyeyo soochippikkunnu". eee manappoorvvamaaya virodhaparamaya prakhyapanam hyoogoyude kaazhchappaadine ulkkollunnu luis-nepolian thante ammavan nepolian bonapart ayirunna mahanaaya sainika nethaavil ninnu valare akaleyaayirunnu.
koodaathe, luis-neppoliyante niyamasadhuthayum chodyam cheyyappettu. addeham niyamavirudhanaaya oru kuttiyaayirunnuvennu (aarum theliyikkappettillettil)-ammayude niravadhi kaaryangalil onninte uthppannamaayirunnu-athinaal addehathinu thante padavikku avakaashamillenn avakashappedaan kazhiyumennu abhyoohangal dhaaraalamaayirunnu. thante sthaanatheyum padaviyeyum apakeerthippeduthaanulla shramathil hugo ithu pidichedukkunnu.
raajyadrohiyum pidichadakkalukaaranum eakaadhipathiyum enna nilayil luis-neppoliyane addeham shakthamayi apalapichathu hugo kudumbatheyum apakadathilaakki. ithu manassilakkiya hugo oru puthiya oordar sthaapikkunnathuvare orikkalum madangivarillennu prathijnjayeduthu thante priyappetta fraansil ninnu palayanam cheythu. brasselsilum pinneedu jezhsiyilum nirtthiya sesham hugo kudumbathodoppam gurnseyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum 1870 vare avide thudarukayum cheythu. vaayanakkaaril ninnu akalam undaayirunnittum hyoogoyude swaadheenam shakthamayi thudarukayum pravaasatthile varshangal saahitya pravartthanangalude oru tirakk srishtikkukayum cheythu.
1853-ll ezhuthiya "less chaattiments", "less egautts" ("azhukkuchaalukal") ulppede hyoogoyude ettavum kadinamaaya kruthiyaanu, ithu lui-nepolian avaganichuvennu hugo avakaashappedunna paavappettavarude jeevithathe chakravarty aagrahicha aadambarathode thaarathamyappeduthunnu. randaam saamraajyathekkurichu kadutha vimarsanangalumaayi hugo valareyadhikam munnott poyathaayi shekharathinte edittar polum avakashappettu. ennirunnaalum, hyoogoyude abhipraayangal luis-nepolian bharanathinte paraajayangale athishayokthippeduthundum, avaa maadhyamangaludeyum kalakaludeyum sensorship kondu bandhikkappetta oru samoohathekkurichulla sakthamaaya vimarsanam avatharippikkunnu.
saahitya saankethikavidyakal.
luis-neppoliyane kaikalil valareyadhikam rakthamulla bharanadhikaariyaayi chithreekarikkaan hugo kadutha nadapadikal sweekarikkunnu, koodaathe "less chattimentukal" azhimathikkaranum thettupattiyathumaaya charitra vyakthikalekurichulla paraamarsangalaal niranjirikkunnu. mattullavarekkal kooduthal ariyappedunna chilar, avarellam avarude azhimathi niranjathum krooravumaaya swabhaavathinu kuprasiddhi nedi. kaligula, cladius, juuliyas seaser thudangiya roman chakravartthimaarumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathaanu hugoic prathyekichum ishtamulla oru upakaranam. baibilinekkurichulla paraamarsangalil youdas iscariot, barabbas, kayeen enniva ulppedunnu. mattullavayil europian nethaakkalum avarude kaalath ariyappettirunna franch kuttavaalikalum ulppedunnu.
dushta svechaadhipathikalilum svechaadhipathikalilum samthruptharallaatha hugo, luis-nepolian manushyanekkaal kuravaanennu soochippikkunnathinul oru maargamaayi mrugasamrakshana chithrangalilekku thiriyunnu. paambukal, muthalakal, puzhukkal, theneechakal, kuttichedikal, chilanthikal ennivayekkurichulla paraamarshangal kaanam.
nepolian bonapartinaayi hugo "vaus" enna vilasam sookshikkunnu. franch bhaashayile maryadayullah vilaasamaayirikkunnathinodu, adhikaarathil uyarnna sthaanathulla oraalodu bahumanam pularthunnathineyum ithu soochippikkunnu. luis-nepolian enna padatthinu "thuu" ennathu apamanakaramaaya reethiyilaan upayogikkunnathu. franchukaarude chakravarty aarenkilum ingane abhisambodhana cheiyumennu chinthikkaan polum kazhiyilla. eee tharatthilulla abhisambodhana suhruthukkal thammilulla parichayatthe soochippichekkaam, pakshe ithu hyoogoyude uddeshyamalla, ithu oru vyartha nethaavine avahelikkaan maathramaan upayogikkunnathu.
nepolian moonnaaman eee kruthi nannayi vaayikkukayum oru pakarpp thante kidakkayude arikil sookshikkukayum cheythathayi parayappedunnu. hyoogoyude krooramaaya apalapanam addehathe vallathe thakartthathinaal aadya vaayanayude njettalil ninnu addeham orikkalum poornnamaayum karakayaran kazhinjillennu parayappedunnu. hyoogoyumaayi anuranjanathinulla sramam polum nadannu, luis-nepolian hugo francilake madangaan parasyamaayi kshanichu; hugo nirasikkukayum 1870 vare madangukayum moonnaam republicinte prakhyapanavum nadathukayum cheythu.
hugo jeevichirunna kaalatthinte kaaryatthil athe bharanakoodatthinte parajayangal athishayokthiparamaayi parayaan prayaasamaanennu oraalkk thulyamaayi vadikkam. ithu manassil sookshikkendathu valare pradhaanamaann vishudha-simoniyanisathinte swaadheenathil ayirunna nepolian moonnaaman hitlaraayirunnillengum addehathinte chila nayangal udaaravaadikalaayi amgeekarikkappettirumne, 19-aamm noottaandile daridramaaya fraansil thudarchayaaya saamoohika maattathinu hugo valare aavashyamaaya shabdamaayirunnu.
"waterloo yudhathekkurichulla "ell expiyeshan" beljiyathile aastariksil vesham cheyyappedunnu, seaser waterloo yudhathinu samanamaaya beljiyakkarkethire oru yuddham nadathumbol. yudhakkalathile pravarthanangalkkoppam eee kavithaye parihasikkunna vaakyangalum undu.
paarambaryamaayi.
"less chaattiments" orikkalum achadikku purathaayirunnilla, innum sarvakalaashaalakalil padikkappedunnu.