
barriod parayoo

alle-hazaka govarnarettile vadakkukizhakkan syriayile oru tell allengil puraavastu vaasasthalamaanu tell baari (purathana kahath). kunninte thekk-padinjaaran charivil kandethiya oru paridhi theliyikkunnathupole athinte purathana peru kahath ennaayirunnu. khabur nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya vaadi jagjaaginaduthaanu baari sthithicheyyunnathennu parayuka.
saittil ninnu 22 kilometer akaleyum purathana nagaramaya nagaril ninnu 8 kilometer vadakkumaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
charithram.
baariyil kandethiya aadyakaala paalikal halaf kaalaghattathilethaannennu parayuka. phalabhooyishtamaaya chandrakkalayilaayirunnu baari, shaityakaala mazhayil ninnum nadeejalathil ninnum ithu gunam cheyyum. ithu pradeshathe aadyakaala krishiye vikasippichu.
aadyakaala venkalam.
bii. sii. naalam sahasraabdam muthal eee tell baari pradeshathu janavasamundaayirunnu. jii pradeshathu oru vishudha samuchayam ulppedunnathaanu pradhana kandethalukal.
acadian kaalaghattam.
baari acadian saamskaarika swaadheenathinu keezhilaayi. tell brackile valia nagara kendram aduthaayirunnu.
madhya venkalam.
bii. sii. pathinettaam noottaandile madhya venkala aii. ayil, ippol kahath ennariyappedunna nagaram maariyude kottara aarkkaivukalil ninnu saakshyappeduthunnu. ardhaswaathanthryamulla rajaakkanmaaraanu kahath bharichirunnathennu thonnunnu. pinneedu eee pattanam kahaatthinte vadakkukizhakkaayi thalasthaanamaaya shubat-enlil sthithicheyyunna upper mesopotamia raajyathinte bharanathin keezhilaayi. saamrajyam thakarnnappol, athinte rajaavaaya shamshi-aadaad onnaamante (aarr. <aii. dii. 1> bii. sii.) kahathil abhayam thedi.
shamshi-aadaad onnaamante maranathethudarnnu, maariyile simri-limm (aarr. bii. sii.) maariyude simhasana veendedukkukayum oduvil kahatthile kabiya keezhadakkukayum cheythu. baabilonile hummurabic keezhilaakunnathuvare maari eee pradeshatthinte niyanthranam nilanirtthi (r. 1792-1750 bc).
vaiki venkalam.
mitaaniyan kaalaghattam.
bii. sii. pathinanjaam noottaandode, mithanni enna hurian raajyam eee pradeshathu svayam sthaapithamaayappol eee pattanam oru mathakendramaayi uyarnnuvannu.
bisi pathinalam noottaandile shattivasa udambadiyil kahaathile kodunkaattu devanaaya teshabinte kshethram prathyekamaayi paraamarsikkappettundu. bii. sii. 1345ll hattiyile sapiluliama onnaaman carchemishinte mitani shakthikendrathe paraajayappeduthi, ithu mithaniyile thushrattayude paraajayatthilekku nayichu. thushratta vadhikkappedukayum mithanni saamrajyam aabhyantharayudhathil earppedukayum cheythu. sapilulia shattivasayumaayi (aarr. bii. sii.), thushrattayude makan, mithanni raajyathinte avashishtangal hittaittukalude saamanthanaakkukayum padinjaaru hattiykkum kizhakk assyriaykkum idayil oru buffer-stettu undaakkukayum cheythu.
assyrian kaalaghattam.
taamasiyaathe eee pattanam madhya assyrian saamraajyathinte kaikalilaayi. assyrian bharanadhikaariyaaya adad-nirari onnaamante kaalathe oru valia kottaram nirmikkappettu. 1305 muthal 1274 bii. sii.).
irumbu yugam.
navaa-assyrian saamrajya kaalaghattatthil assyrian rajaavaaya tukulthi-ninurtha randaaman (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii.) kahathil oru kottaram nirmmichu.
bisi ezhaam noottaandil assyrian saamraajyathinte avasaanathinushesham achemenid assyriayude bhaagamaayi eee pattanam jeevichu. babyloniakkaar, pershyakkaar, cellusidukal, romakkar, baisantain, paarthiyakkaar ennivar avarude adayaalam upekshichu. arab kaalaghattatthil eee sthalathu janavasamundaayirunnu.
puraavasthushaasthram.
pattanatthile kunnin mukalil 32 meter (105 adii) uyaravum athinte adithara 37 hector (90 ekkar) visthruthiyumaanu. 7 hector thaazhnna pattanavumund.
1980ll florence sarvakalaashaalayile itaaliyan puraavastu gaveshakarude oru samgham pavolo emilio pecorellayudeyum mirjo salviniyudeyum neethrthwathil khanana pravartthanangal aarambhichu. 2006 muthal 2010 vare rafaella pierobon-benoyittinte neethrthwathilulla napples federico II sarvakalaashaalayile oru samghamaanu kuzhikkal nadathiyathu.
bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdathil oru acropolis madhyathil eee pattanam mathilukallullathaayirunnu. sthalathu shavakudeerangal kandethi. niravadhi seramics kandethi, ithu puraavastu gaveshakarkk kunninte vividha thalangal nirnnayikkaan sahayichu. cunifom gulikakal ulppedeyulla tell baariyil ninnulla karakaushala vasthukkal alappo myoosiyathilekk kondupoyittundu.
jii (bisi moonnaam sahasraabdam) pradeshathe oru vishudha samuchayam, tukulthi-ninurtha randaaman (neo-azrian kaalaghattam) raajakottaarathinte avashishtangal, paarthiyan kaalaghattatthile kathakaleyum theeyathikaleyum chuttipattiyulla grettu surcuted mathil enniva pradhana kandethalukalil ulppedunnu. eee sthalathinte pala pradeshangalilum roman adhiniveshathinte cheria adayaalangal maathrame kandethiyittulloo. aduthide, kunninte vadakkan charivil islaamika adhinivesham (veedukalude quarter) saakshyappeduthiyittundu.
syrian aabhyantharayudhakaalathu eee sthalam ganyamaaya kollaykku vidheyamaayittundu.