
thamizh lipi

india, srilanka, maleshya, singapur, indoneshya ennividangalilum mattidangalilum thamizh samsarikkunnavar thamizh bhasha ezhuthaan upayogikkunna oru abugida lipiyaan thamizh lipi (,). indian republicinte audyogika lipikalilonnaanith. souraashtra, badaga, irula, paniya thudangiya chila nyoonapaksha bhaashakalum thamizh lipiyil ezhuthappettirikkunnu.
savisheshathakal.
thamizh lipiyil 12 svaraaksharangalum (,, "athma-aksharangal"), 18 vyanjanaaksharangalum (, ", shareera-aksharangal"), oru prathyeka aksharamaaya (,) ennivayundu. akku", "akku" ennu vilikkappedunna ithine thamizh aksharashaasthrathil vyanjanaaksharamo swaraaksharamo allennu tharamthirichittundu. ennirunnaalum, svaraaksharangalude avasaanathilaanu ithu pattikappeduthiyirikku. aksharamalayalla, aksharamaalayaan lipi. athinaal, poornna lipiyil, avayude swatantra roopangalil 31 aksharangalum, oru vyanjanaaksharathinteyum oru swaraaksharathinteyum ("athma-shareera-aksharangal") motham 247 (12+18 + 216+1) kombineshanukalkku ("athma-shareera-aksharangal"), oru nishabda vyanjanaksharam allengil swaraaksharam maathram, 216 adhika samyojana aksharangalum adangiyirikkunnu. vyanjanaaksharathil oru swaraaksharam cherthaanu samyojitha aksharangal roopappedunnathu. chila svaraaksharangalkku vyanjanaaksharathinte adisthaana aakruthi aaa swaraaksharathinu prathyekamaaya reethiyil maattendathundu. mattullava vyanjanaaksharathil oru swaraakshara-nirddishta prathyayam cherthaanu ezhuthunnathu, ennaal mattullava oru prefix, mattu svaraaksharangal enniva vyanjanaaksharathil oru prefix oru prathyayavum cherkkendathundu. ellah saahacharyangalilum, swaraaksharam swaraaksharathinte otappetta aksharathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
idathuninnu valathottaan thamizh lipi ezhuthappedunnathu.
charithram.
mattu braahmana lipikaleppole thamizh lipiyum yadhaartha brahmi lipiyil ninnaan parinamichathennu karuthappedunnu. thamizh rachanayude sveekaaryamaaya udaaharanangalaaya aadyakaala likhithangal ashokan kaalaghattatthilethaanu. atharam likhithangal upayogikkunna lipi saadhaaranayaayi thamizh-brahmi allengil "thamizh lipi" ennariyappedunnu, ithu saadhaarana ashokan brahmiyil ninnu pala tharatthil vyathyasthamaan. udaaharanathinu, aadyakaala thamizh-brahmick, ashokan brahmiyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, shudhamaaya vyanjanaaksharangalum (eee udaaharanathil "emm") antharleenamaaya swaraaksharamulla vyanjanaaksharangalum (eee udaaharanathil "maa") verthirichariyaan oru samvidaanamundaayirunnu. koodaathe, iraavatham mahadevan parayunnathanusarichu, aadyakaala thamizh brahmi alpam vyathyastha svaraaksharangal upayogichirunnu, samskrithathil kaanaatha aksharangale prathinideekarikkaan adhika aksharangal undaayirunnu, koodaathe swaramulla vyanjanaaksharangalum aaspirettukalum polulla thamizhil illaatha shabdangalkku aksharangal ozhivaakki. randaam noottaandile likhithangal thamizh-braahmiyude pilkkala roopam upayogikkunnu, ithu purathana thamizh vyakaranamaaya "tholkappiyam" ll vivarichirikkunna ezhuthu sambradaayavumaayi ganyamaayi saamyamullathaan. ettavum shradheyamaayi, antharleenamaaya swaraaksharathe adichamarthaan avar "puli" upayogichu. athinusesham thamizh aksharangal kooduthal vrithaakrithiyilulla roopathilekku parinamichu, anchaamatheyo aaramatheyo noottaandode avaa "aadyakaala vattelutt" enna roopathilethi.
ennirunnaalum, aadhunika thamizh lipi aaa lipiyil ninnu uthbhavichathalla. naalam noottaandil pallava rajavamsham thamizhinayi oru puthiya lipi srishtikkukayum athil ninnu grandha aksharamala vikasikkukayum samskritham ezhuthaan kazhiyaatha shabdangalkku vattelutt aksharamala cherkkukayum cheythu. pallava lipiyude samaantharamaayi pallava lipiyude athe gliff vikasanavumayi saamyamulla oru puthiya lipi (chola-pallava lipi, aadhunika thamizh lipiyilekk parinamichu) chola pradeshathu veendum uyarnnuvannu, pakshe athu athil ninnu parinamichilla. ettaam noottaandode puthiya lipikal chola bhashayil vatteluttuvine maatti. thamizh samsaarikkunna pradeshatthinte vadakku bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna pallava rajyangal. ennirunnaalum, pathinonnam noottaandil cholar paandya raajyam keezhadakkunnathuvare thamizh samsaarikkunna pradeshatthinte thekkan bhaagathum chera, paandya raajyangalilum vatteluttu upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu.
pallava saamraajyathinte pathanathode chola rajavamsham chola-pallava lipi yadhaartha lipiyayi uyarthi. adutha eathaanum noottaandukalil chola-pallava lipi aadhunika thamizh lipiyayi parinamichu. grandhayum athinte maathru lipiyum thamizh lipi shradheyamaayi swaadheenichu. ezhuthinulla praadhamika maadhyamamaayi eenthappanayude upayogam lipiyil maattangalkk kaaranamaayi. dwaramullah oru ila vegathil keeranum shayikkaanum saadyathayullathinaal ezhuthumbol stailas upayogichu elakal thulaykkathirikkaan ezhuthukaari shradhikkendathundu. thalphalamaayi, shudhamaaya vyanjanaaksharangale verthirichariyaan "puli" yude upayogam apoorvamaayi maari, shudhamaaya vyanjanaksharangal saadhaaranayaayi antharleenamaaya swaraaksharam ullathupole ezhuthappedunnu. athupole, chila vaakkukalude avasaanathilum chila samyuktha vaakkukalil madhyasthaanathum sambhavikkunna "kurriyal ukaraa" enna ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla "yuu" enna swaraaksharathinte adayaalavum upayogashoonyamaavukayum pakaram lalithamaaya "yuu" enna adayaalathinte adayaalam upayogikkukayum cheythu."achadi aarambikkunnathuvare" "puli" "poornnamaayum veendum prathyakshappettilla, pakshe shabdam ippozhum nilanilkkunnundenkil thamizh gadyathil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnundenkilum" "kurriyal ukaram" "enna adayaalam orikkalum upayogathilekku thirichethiyilla".
19-aamm noottaandil chila aksharangalude roopangal lalithamaakki, lipi type settu cheiyunnathu eluppamaakki. irupathaam noottaandil, prathyeka adayaalangalum ettavum kramarahithamaya roopangalum illaathaakki vyanjanaaksharangalkkop upayogikkunna swaraakshara adayaalangale kramappeduthiya parishkaarangalude oru parambarayil lipi kooduthal lalithamaakki.
mattu indic lipikalumaayulla bandham.
thamizh lipi mattu brahmi lipikalil ninnu pala tharatthil vyathyasthamaan. matellaa brahma lipikalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ithu pathivayi shabdamullatho aspirated stopp vyanjanaaksharangale prathinideekarikkunnilla, kaaranam iva thamizh bhaashayude shabdangalalla, ennirunnaalum shabdavum frecative alophoneukalum samsaarikkunna thamizhil prathyakshappedunnu. athinaal "keey" enna aksharam, udaaharanathinu, prathinidheekarikkunnu, pakshe thamizh vyaakarana niyamangalude adisthaanathil [] allengil [] ennu ucharikkaam. samskrithamo mattu bhaashakalo ezhuthaan thamizh lipi upayogikkumbol eee shabdangalkku oru prathyeka koottam pratheekangal prathyakshappedunnu.
mattu brahmi lipikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thamizh lipi apoorvvamaayi maathrame kanjankt vyanjanaaksharangale prathinideekarikkaan typographic ligecharukal upayogikkunnulloo, avaa mattu indian bhaashakale apekshichu thamizhil valare kuravaanu. avaa sambhavikkunnidathu, aadyathe vyanjanaaksharathin pratheekamezhuthi, athinte antharleenamaaya swaraaksharathe adichamarthaan "puli" cherthu, thudarnnu randaamathe vyanjanaaksharathin pratheekamezhuthikkond kanjankt vyanjanaksharangal ezhuthunnu. ksha", "shree" enningane chila apavaadangalundu.
tamizhum mattu soochaka lipikalum laattin aksharangalilekku lipyantharanam cheiyunnathinulla oru anthaaraashtra maanadandamaanu iso 15919. laattin lipiyilekk valare valia koottam brahma vyanjanaaksharangalum svaraaksharangalum mapp cheyyaan ithu diacretics upayogikkunnu.
kathukal.
adisthaana vyanjanaksharangal.
vyanjanaaksharangale "body" ("meyy") aksharangal ennu vilikkunnu. vyanjanaaksharangale moonnu vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu "vallinam" (kadinamaaya vyanjanaksharangal), "mellinum" (ellah naasikalum ulppedeyulla mriduvaaya vyanjanaksharangal), "itayinam" (idatharam vyanjanaksharangal).
vaakkukal roopappeduthunnathinu chila lexical niyamangalund. tholkappiyam" atharam niyamangal vivarikkunnu. chila udaaharanangal oru vaakk chila vyanjanaksharangalil avasanikkaan kazhiyilla, koodaathe r-, l-, λ-ennivayulppedeyulla chila vyanjanaksharangalil aarambikkaan kazhiyilla; thamizhil aarr nassel vyanjanaaksharangalund oru velar nassel <unk>, oru paalattal nassel γ, oru retroflex nassel ν, oru dental nassel ν, oru bilabial nassel ν, oru alviolar nassel ν.
thamizhile aksharamaalayude kramam (karsanamaayi abugida) sthalathilum bhaashaashaasthrathilum aduthulla bhashakalumaayi aduthidapazhakunnu, ithu brahmaniyil ninnulla avarude lipikalude pothuvaaya uthbhavathe prathifalippikkunnu.
thamizhil upayogikkunna adhika vyanjanaksharangal.
thamizh bhashayil tholkappiyam vargeekaranathinte bhaagamallaatha niravadhi shabdangal ulppeduthiyittundu. grandha ennariyappedunna eee shabdangal ezhuthaan upayogikkunna aksharangal thamizhinte bhagamaanu. iva praadhamika vidyaalayathil ninnu padippikkukayum ellah aksharangalum thamizhil encoding (tays 16) cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
devanagariyil thulyamaaya samyukthavum () undu.
sameepakaalath, videsha bhaashakalude shabdangale prathinideekarikkaan, prathyekichu islaamika, kristhyan grandhangal ezhuthaan, vyanjanaaksharangalude samyojanam (,,, nukttaykk thulyamaanu) saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathina asif =, azrutin =, chenkis khaan =.
badaga bhasha ezhuthumbol nukta polulla diacritic irula bhaashayude shabdangal transcribe cheiyunnathinu double dott nukthayum upayogikkunnu.
swaramillaathathum, shabdamillaathathumaaya vyanjanaaksharangale subscript cheytha samkhyakal vazhi verthirikkaanulla shramavum nadannittundu-yathaakramam rund, moonnu, naalu enniva swaramillaatha, shabdamullah, shabdamullah aakaamshayullavaye soochippikkunnu. chuvadeyulla pattikayil kaanichirikkunnathupole samskritha-thamizh pusthakangalil samskritha vaakkukal lipyantharanam cheyyaan ithu upayogichirunnu.
unicode staanderd inn, aandu enna athe aavashyathinaayi superscript cheytha akkangal upayogikkunnu.
svaraaksharangal.
svaraaksharangale 'jeevitam' ('uyir') allengil 'aathmaav' aksharangal ennum vilikkunnu. vyanjanaksharangalumaayi ('body' aksharangal ennu vilikkunna 'meyy') chernnu avaa 'leaving' allengil 'embodid' aksharangal ('uyir meeii', i.iii. shareeram', 'aathmaav' ennivayulla aksharangal).
thamizh svaraaksharangale hraswavum neelamullathum (oro tharatthilum anchu) rund difthongukalaayi thirichirikkunnu.
samyuktha roopam.
keey' enna vyanjanaksharam oru udaaharanamaayi upayogikkuka
moonnu dottukalaal prathinidheekarikkappedayum allengil "auch" ennu vilikkukayum cheiyunna prathyeka aksharam. mikkavarum ellah aadhunika dravida bhaashakalilum nashtappettirikkunna dravida shabdamaaya echu-nte purathana thamizh nilanirtthaline ithu yadhaarthathil prathinidheekarikkunnu, thamizhil parambaraagathamaayi poornnamaayum vyakaranaparamaaya pravartthanam nadathunnu, ennaal aadhunika kaalath ithu videsha shabdangale prathinidheekarikkunnathin diacriticaayi upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, thamizhil kaanaatha "eph" enna engleesh shabdathinu ithu upayogikkunnu.
oru cheria pollayaya vritham prathinidheekarikkukayum "anuswara" ennu vilikkukayum cheiyunna mattoru purathana thamizh aksharamaanu. parambaraagathamaayi oru vyanjanaaksharathin munnil oru homorganic nasalaayum sandarbhathe aashrayich oru vaakkinte avasaanathil oru bilabial nassel () allengil alviolar nassel () aayum ithu upayogichirunnu.
neelamulla () svaraaksharangalkku hraswa () swaraaksharangalekkaal eratti neelamundu. chila vyaakarana grandhangal avaye neelamulla () swaraaksharangalaal sthaapikkunnundenkil difthongukal saadhaaranayaayi hraswa swaraaksharangalekkaal onnara madangu neelatthil ucharikkappedunnu.
samyuktha roopathil kaanaanaakunnathupole, vyanjanaaksharangalude valathotto idathotto iruvashathodo swaraaksharam cherkkaam. ithinu oru legature roopappeduthaanum kazhiyum. eee niyamangal vikasichukondirikkukaya, pazhaya upayogathinu aadhunika upayogathekkaal kooduthal ligacharukal undu. eee pejil ningal yadhaarthathil kaanunnath ningalude phondu thiranjeduppine aasrayichirikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, coode 2000 lathayekkaal kooduthal ligecharukal kanikkum.
ellah ligacharukalum illaathaakkaanum ellah svaraaksharangalum valathuvashath prathyakshappedaanum aagrahikkunna skript parishkaranatthinte vakthaakkalund.
unicode aksharathe yukthisahamaya kramatthil encode cheiyunnu (ellaayppozhum vyanjanaksharam aadyam), athesamayam legazy 8-bitt encodingukal (tsi polullava) rekhaamoolamulla kramamaanu eshtappedunnathu. ithu oru encodingle ninnu mattonnilekku parivartthanam cheyyumbol reorder cheyyendathu aavashyamaakkunnu; oru koottam coode pooyintukal mattonnilekku mapp cheythaal maathram poraa.
thamizh aksharangalude samyuktha pattika.
thaazhepparayunna pattikayil mukalil udaneelamulla svaraaksharangalum (allengil jeevan) vashathulla vyanjanaaksharangalum (allengil shareeram) pattikappedutthunnu, avayude samyojanam ellah thamizh samyuktha () aksharangalum nalkunnu.
akkangalum chinnangalum.
saadhaarana akkangalk purame (0 muthal 9 vare), thamizhil 10,100,1000 ennee akkangalum undu. bhinnasamkhyaykkum mattu samkhya adisthaanamaakkiyulla ashayangalkkumulla chinnangalum kandethaam.
unicode.
1991 octoberil pathipp 1.0 purathirakkiyathode thamizh lipi unicode staanderdilekku cherkkapettu. thamizhile unicode block yuu + 0bii80-yuu + 0bff aanu. chaaraniratthilulla pradeshangal niyukthamallaatha coode pooyintukale soochippikkunnu. niyukthamallaatha coode pooyintukalil bhooribhaagavum samvaranam cheythavayaanu, kaaranam avaa thamizh lipiyil nilavilillaattha phonemukalumaayi poruthappedunna mattu dakshineshyan skript blokkukalil niyukthamaakkiyirikkunna aksharangalude athe aapekshika sthaanathaanu.
grandha lipi thamizhumayi ekeekarikkaanulla sramangal nadannittundu; ennirunnaalum eee nirddeshangal chilarude asamthripthikku kaaranamaayi. oduvil, athil ulppedunna samvedanakshamatha kanakkileduthu, akkangal ozhike rund skripttukalum swathanthramaayi encode cheyyanamennu nirnnayichu.
parambaraagatha accounting reethikalil bhinnamoolyangalkkaayi upayogikkunna pratheekangal encode cheiyunnathinulla nirddeshangal samarppichu. sreelankayude aii. tii. tii. eiii niruthsaahappeduthiyengiye, eee nirddesham thamizhnaad sarkkar amgeekarikkukayum 2019 maarchil pathipp 12 purathirakkiyathode unicode staanderdil cherkkukayum cheythu. thamizh supplementinulla unicode block yuu + 11effsy0-yuu + 11eff aannu
silabari.
unicodile mattu dakshineshyan lipikaleppole, thamizh encoding yadhaarthathil isisiai staanderdil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. iciyum unicode thamizhine oru abugidayayi encode cheiyunnu. oru abugidayil, oro adisthaana aksharavum oru vyanjanaaksharatheyum sthira swaraaksharatheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. vyathyastha swaraaksharamo nagnamaaya vyanjanaaksharangalo ulla vyanjanaaksharangale oru adisthaana pratheekatthilekku oru modifier pratheekatthe cherthaanu prathinidheekarikkunnath. samanamaaya oru phonemine prathinidheekarikkunna oro coode pooyintum thamizh ulppede unicodile oro dakshineshyan skript blockilum ore aapekshika sthaanathu encode cheythirikkunnu. kaaranam unicode thamizhine oru abugidayayi prathinidheekarikkunnu, chuvadeyulla unicode thamizh aksharathil kaanaanaakunnathupole, onniladhikam unicode coode pooyintukal samyojippichu thamizhile ellah shudha vyanjanaaksharangaleyum (anubandha swaraaksharangalillaatha vyanjanaksharangal) aksharangaleyum prathinidheekarikkam. unicode 5.1 ll, ellah thamizh vyanjanaksharangalkkum aksharangalkkum peritta sequenceukal chertthu.
unicode 5.1-nuu thamizh ligachar shree ("shree"), shree ("shhaa") upayogichu ezhuthiya oru perulla shreniyum undu. eee shreniyude peru thamizh aksharamaaya shree ennaanu, ithu unicode sreniyaaya yuu + 0bibi6 yuu + 0bcd yuu + 0bibi0 yuu + 0bisi0 kondu nirmmithamaan. unicode sreniyaaya yuu + 0bibi8 yuu + 0bcd yuu + 0bibi0 yuu + 0bisi0 chernna samanamaaya legature shree srishtikkaan s ("zaa") upayogichu legature ezhuthaam; ennaal ithu unicode staanderd niruthsaahappeduthunnu.

