
republic oof congo (leopoldville)

1960ll beljian kongoyude swaathanthryathode roopeekaricha madhya aafrikkayile oru paramadhikaara rajyamaayirunnu republic oof congo (). 1960 muthal 1966 vare, vadakkupadinjaaran ayalrajyamaaya republic oof kongoyil ninnu verthirichariyaan raajyam congo-leopoldville (thalasthaanatthinte peril) ennum ariyappettirunnu, ithu congo-brasaville ennum ariyappedunnu. 1964ll samsthaanathinte audyogika namam demookratik republic oof congo ennaakki maatti, ennaal 1966ll leopoldville kinshasa ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythathode iru raajyangalum thalasthaanangalaal verthirichariyappettu, ithu congo-kinshasa ennum ariyapettu. deseeya sainyathinte commander-inn-cheef joseph desire mobudu sarkkaarinte niyanthranam pidichedutthathinushesham, demookratik republic oof congo 1965 ll republic oof sair aayi maari. 1997 ll ithu veendum demookratik republic oof congo aayi maari. 1960 num 1964 num edayilulla kaalaghattatthe aadyathe congolese republic ennu vilikkunnu.
colonial bharanam.
1908ll beljian raajaavinte swakaarya udamasthathayilulla congo free stettu beljian sarkkar etteduthathinethudarnnu kongoyile avastha mechappettu. colonial vidyaabhyaasathil apoorvamaaya sambhavamaaya chila bandu bhashakal primery skoolukalil padippichirunnu. colonial doctormar saadhaaranayaayi sleeping sickness ennariyappedunna aafrikkan trypanosomiasisinte vyaapanam valareyadhikam kurachu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, cheria congolese sainyam kizhakkan aafrikkayil itaaliyan janathaykkethire niravadhi vijayangal nedi. euranium nikshepangalaal sambannamaayirunna beljian congo, 1945 augustil hiroshimayilum naagasaakkiyilum nadanna bombakramanangalil upayogicha aanavaayudhangal nirmmikkaan america upayogicha euranium vitharanam cheythu.
railway, thuramukhangal, roadukal, khanikal, thottangal, vyaavasaayika mekhalakal thudangi adisthaana soukaryangal mechappeduthunnathinaayi colonial bharanakoodam vividha saambathika parishkaarangal nadappaakki. ennirunnaalum, congolese janathaykku rashtreeya adikaaram illaayirunnu, niyamaparamaaya vivechanam nerittu. ellah colonial nayangalum brasselsilum leopoldvilleyilumaanu theerumaanikkappettathu. beljian colonisecratory govarnor generalum congolese janatha thiranjedukkaathavarkku samboornna adikaaram undaayirunnu.
congolese janathaykkidayil avarude janaadhipathyavirudha bharanathinethiraaya cheruthunilppu kaalakramena vardhichu. 1955ll, europil vidyaabhyaasam nediyirunna kongoyile uyarnna vargakkaar ("evolues" ennu vilikkappedunnavar) asamathvam avasanippikkunnathinulla oru pracharanam aarambhichu.
congo prathisandhi.
1960 meyy maasathil patris lumumbayude neethrthwathilulla emm. enn. sii party allengil mouvment naashanal kongolais paarlamentari thiranjeduppil vijayikkukayum lumumba pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. abacoyile joseph kaasa-vubuvine paarlament presidentaayi thiranjedutthu. aantoyin gizenga neethrthwathilulla party solidayar aafrikkan (psa), albert delvoxinteyum laurent embaricoyudeyum neethrthwathilulla party naashanal duu peeppil (pnp) ennivayaanu uyarnnuvanna mattu partykal.
1960 juun 30nuu beljian congo swaathanthryam nedi. juulai 1nuu lumumba amgathvam abhyarthikkaan unninu oru vayar ayachu, congo "yuenninte charteril vyavastha cheythirikkunna baadyathakal samvaranamillaathe amgeekarikkukayum athu poornnamaaya nalla vishwaasathode palikkaan prathijnjaabadhamaakukayum cheiyunnu."yuu. enn. sekrattari general dagg hummershold videshakaarya manthraalayathinu phoon nalki, ayalrajyamaaya kongoyil ninnulla amgathvathinaayulla mattoru apekshayude pashchaathalatthil, franch niyanthranatthil ninnu swaathanthryathinaayi thayyaaredukkumbol raajyathe athinte peril yuu. ennil praveshippikkunnathile budhimuttu choondikkaatti. franch kongoyude thalasthaanamaaya brasavilleyil ninnu oru prathinidhi samghathe vishayam pariharikkunnathinayi leopoldvilleyilekk ayachu. oduvil, muun beljian kongo republic oof congo allengil congo-leopoldville ennum muun franch kongo congolese republic allengil congo-brasaville ennum ariyaamenn theerumaanichu. 1964-leeii bharanaghadanaaparamaaya hitaparisodhanayethudarnnu ithine "demookratik republic oof congo" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum 1971-ll ithu veendum "republic oof sair" ennu maattukayum cheythu.
vighadanavaada prasthaanangal.
swaathanthryaanantharam taamasiyaathe, kattanga pravishyakalum (moise shombe ulla) thekkan kasaiyum puthiya neethrthwathinethire vighadanavaada poraattangalil earppettu.
thudarnnulla sambhavangal president kaasa-vubuvum pradhaanamantri lumumba thammilulla prathisandhiyilekku nayichu. 1960 septambar 5nuu kasavubu lumumba sthaanathuninnu pirichuvittu. kaasa-vubuvinte nadapadi bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu lumumba prakhyapikkukayum iru nethaakkalum thammilulla prathisandhi udaledukkukayum cheythu.
lumumba munbu puthiya congolese sainyamaaya armi naashanal congolysinte (ensie) cheef oof staaf aayi joseph moboottuvine niyamichirunnu. kaasa-vubuvum lumumba thammilulla neethrthwa prathisandhi muthaleduthu, kalapa pravarthanangalkku prachodanam nalkaan sainyathinullil mathiyaya pinthuna mobuttu nedi. americayudeyum beljiyathinteyum saambathika pinthunayode mobuttu thante sainikarkk avarude vishwasthatha srishtikkunnathinaayi panam nalki. kammyoonisathodum idathupaksha prathyayashaasthrathodumal paashchaathyashakthikalude veruppu, pothuve, puthiya samsthaanathu "kramam" nilanirthaanulla mobuthuvinte anweshanathinu panam nalkaanulla avarude theerumaanathe swaadheenichu, oru attimariyiloode kaasa-vubuvineyum lumumba nirveeryamaakki.
1961 januvari 17 nuu, kattangayileyum thekkan kasayiyileyum chembinteyum vajrangaludeyum khanana avakasham nilanirthaan aagrahicha beljian sarkkaarinte pinthunayode kattangan sainyam, elisabethvilleykaduthu oru pannikrishishaalayil patris lumumba addehathinte niravadhi sahayikaleyum vadhichu. 1960 muthal 1964 vare ikyaraashtrasabha nadatthiya ettavum valuthum sankeernavum chelaveriyathumaaya samaadhaanapaalanamaayirunnu eee sramam.
attimari.
anchu varshathe kadutha asthirathaykkum aabhyanthara aswasthathaykkum sesham, annathe lefttanant generalaya joseph-dsire mobudu 1965 leeii siyaa pinthunayulla attimariyil kaasa-vubuvine attimarichu. aafrikkayile communist pravarthanangalkku addehathe oru thadassamaayi mattunna kamyoonisathodulla kadutha ethirppinu addehathinu amerikkayude pinthuna undaayirunnu.
raajyathinte swaathanthryathinte aadya anchu varshangalil raashtreeyakkaar varuthiya naashanashtangal nikathaan ithrayum kaalam aavasyamaanennu paranju mobuthu anchu varshathekku svayam presidentaayi prakhyaapichu. ennirunnaalum, rund varshathinullil addeham viplavathinte janakeeya prasthaanatthe raajyathe eaka niyamaparamaaya party sthaapichu. 1970ll raajyathe aadyathe nerittulla president thiranjeduppil addeham ottaykku baalattil prathyakshappettu. randaazhchaykku sesham, pii. emm. aarr sthaanaarthikalude oru pattika niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkappettu. ellah uddeshyangalkkum aavasyangalkkum, kongoyude janaadhipathya republic avasaanichuvenkilum mobuttu audyogikamaayi raajyathinte peru sair ennu maattunnathin oru varsham munbaayirunnu athu.

