
pazhaya nagaram (shanghoy)

munbu chainees nagaram ennum ariyappettirunna pazhaya shanghoy nagaram (shanghaineesa "sanhay loow senshian") shanghaayiyude parambaraagatha nagara kendramaanu. athinte athirthi munbu oru prathirodha mathilaanu nirvachichirunnathu. pazhaya nagaram shanghoy kaundiyude kaundi seettaayirunnu. shanghaayiyil videsha elavukalude varavode, pazhaya nagaram shanghaayiyude nagara kendratthinte oru bhagam maathramaayi maariyengilum pathittaandukalolam shanghayile chainees adhikaarathinte aasthaanamaayi thudarnnu. pazhaya nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathu sthithicheyyunnathum yuyuvaan poonthottavumaayi bandhippichirikkunnathu nagara devakshethramaan sradheyamaaya savisheshathakal. rund cheria bhagangal ozhike, 1912-ll mathilukal polichumaatti, muun matilinum kuzhikkum mukalil oru vishalamaaya vrithaakrithiyilulla avanyoo nirmmichu thekk pakuthiye "songhuwa rooad" ennum vadakkan pakuthiye "minguo rooad" ennum (orumichu "songhuwa minguo" allengil chainees bhashayil "republic oof chaina") (vadakkan pakuthiye 1950-ll shanghayile puthiya communist sarkkar "renmin rooad" ("peeples rooad") ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu).
pazhaya nagaram pathittaandukalaayi pradhaanamaayum pazhaya nanshi jillayumaayi bandhappettirunnu, athu ippol huwangpu jillayude bhagamaanu.
kottakal.
pathinonnam noottaand muthal shanghaayiyude kaundi seettinu chuttum eathenkilum tharatthilulla prathirodha pravartthanangal nadannirikkaam. irupathaam noottaand vare nilaninnirunnathum athinte chila bhagangal innum nilanilkkunnathumaaya nagarabhithi 1554ll ming raajavamshathinte kaalath japanese kadalkkollakkaarude akramanangalil ninnu pattanatthe samrakshikkunnathinaayi nirmmichathaanu. athu uyarnnathum chuttalavilum alannu. praadeshika gaarisanin purame, jiangning (nanjing), jinkou (senjiang), haangshou, jhaappu ennividangalile kwing sainika posttukalaal nagaram chuttappettirunnu.
yadhaarthathil ghadanayil aarr karaa kavaadangalum (roadukalkk mukaliloode) moonnu jala kavaadangalum (kanaalukalkk mukaliloode) undaayirunnu
mathiline chuttum veethiyum aazhavumulla oru samrakshana kuzhiyundaayirunnu, moonnu "jalavaathilukal" (kizhakk rund, padinjaaru onnu) vazhi athilekku praveshikkaamaayirunnu.
1860-ll "puthiya vadakkan kavaadam" (nyoo northen gettu) enna peril oru puthiya kavaadam srishtikkappettu. 1909ll moonnu puthiya kavaadangal thulachu.
1912ll annathe shanghaayiyude puthiya gavarnaraayirunna general chenn kimeyanu pazhaya nagara mathilukal thakarthathu.
rund cheria samrakshitha vibhaagangalkk purame, 1912-ll mathilukal polichumaatti, mathilinteyum kuzhiyudeyum sthaanathu vishalamaaya vrithaakrithiyilulla oru avanyoo nirmmichu. vrithaakrithiyilulla roadinte vadakkan pakuthi 1913 ll poortthiyaayi. 1912 ll republic oof chainayude sthaapanam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi, rooad chainees nagaratthinum franch kanseshanum thammilulla athirthi roopeekarichathinaal, roadinu "boulivaard dess dukes republic" (aksharaarthatthil "rund republicukalude boulivaard") allengil chainees bhashayil "phaa-huwa minguo luu" (aksharaarthatthil "franch, chainees republic rooad") ennu namakaranam cheythu, palappozhum "minguo luu" (allengil "republic rooad") ennu churukki. 1914-ll vrithaakrithiyilulla roadinte thekkan bhagam poortthiyaakki "songhuwa luu" (aksharaarthatthil "chaina rooad") ennu namakaranam cheythu. 1950ll shanghayile puthiya communist sarkkar eee rund rodukaludeyum parambaraagatha perukal cherthu chainees bhashayil "songhuwa mingo" allengil "republic oof chaina" (vadakkan pakuthiye "renmin rooad" ("peeples rooad") ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu).
innu valare cheria rund vibhagangal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. ivayil ettavum pradhaanappettath gettinu mukalilulla gopurangalilonnaanu (pavaliyanukal), ippol dajing geey pavaliyan museum.
pazhaya nagravum videsha elavukalum.
1842leeii karupp yudhathinushesham shanghayil vividha videsha elavukal sthaapikkappettu. pazhaya nagaram chainees niyanthranatthilaayi, athesamayam vadakkum padinjaarum videsha elavukal athivegam puthiya nagarapradesangalaaya shanghaayaayi vikasichu. pazhaya nagaram vardhichuvarunna cosmopolitan janathaykku "chainees nagaram" allengil praadeshika chainakkaarkk "thekkan nagaram" ennu ariyapettu, athesamayam elavukale "vadakkan nagaram" (bii. enn. aii. oo) ennu vilichirunnu. thudakkathil, videshikalkk maathrame elavukalil sthirathaamasamaakkaan kazhiyoo (elavukalil ellaayppozhum munbundaayirunna chainees nivaasikal undaayirunnuvenkilum), puthuthayi ethiya chainees kudiyettakkaar pazhaya nagaratthil niranja saahacharyangalil thaamasichirunnu, athu orutharam ghettoyaayi pravarthichu.
1853-leeii typing kalaapasamayath, pazhaya nagaram cheria vaalukal samoohathinte sakthikal pidichedutthu. shanghoy govarnor vuu jianshang britiish elavilekku palayanam cheyyukayum nagaram veendedukkunnathinulla sahaayathin pakaramaayi vyaapaarathinte niyanthranam videshikalkk kaimarukayum cheythu. chainayude shanghoy pradeshangalil ninnu mathramalla, chuttumulla pradeshangalil ninnum oru valia abhayaarthi pravaham videsha elavukalilekku palayanam cheiyukayaanennu amgeekarichukondu, 1854 muthal chainakkaarkk videsha elavukalilekku marran anuvaadam labhichu.
bharanaparamaya charithram.
purathana kaalath thaarathamyena cheria oru vaasasthalathinte sthalathaanu pazhaya shanghoy nagaram sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu 12,13 noottaandukalil jalapaathakalude cheli kooduthal mukalilekku ozhukiyathinethudarnnu praadhaanyathode vikasikkaan thudangi, ithu kappal, vipani pravartthanangal valia upstream pattanangalil ninnu eee sthalathekku neengaan kaaranamaayi. 1267-ll, soong raajavamshathil, shangai huting kaundikkullil oru sainika gaarsanumaayi tounshippu padaviyilekku uyarthi. 1277-ll, videsha vyapaaram kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi saamraajyathiludaneelamallu ezhu kasttams adhikaarikalil oralaayi shanghoy tounshippu thiranjedukkappettu; chuttumulla huting kaundi prefecture thalatthilekku uyarthi. kasttams offeesinte sthaanam (pinneedu shanghoy kaundi gavanmentinte offeesaayi maariyath) pazhaya nagaram valarnna oru kendramaayi maari.
eee vyapara pravartthanatthinte praadhaanyam 1292-ll shanghoy kaundi padaviyilekku uyaran kaaranamaayi, pazhaya nagaram puthiya kaundiyude aasthaanamaayi maari. kwinginu keezhil, ithu praadeshika sarkyoottinteyum oru uddeshithan ("tavothay") nayikkunna athinte bharanathinteyum aasthaanamaayi maari. videsha elavukal shanghaayiyude puthiya nagarapradesangalaayi vikasichappol, pazhaya nagaram kaundiyude aasthaanamaayi thudarnnu, athil naamamaathramaayi videsha elavukal ulppedunnu, ennaal vaasthavathil kaundiyude adikaaram pazhaya nagaram, innathe minhang jillayaya padinjaaran praanthapradeshangal, vadakkukizhakkan dokklaandukalum factory pradeshangalum enningane nagaratthinte chainees pradeshangalil maathrame vyaapichirunnulloo. (nadikku sameepamulla oru cheria dockland pradesham koodaathe, innathe pudong oru prathyeka kaundiyaayirunnu.1912-ll, republic oof chaina sthaapithamaayathinushesham, pazhaya nagaram audyogikamaayi shanghoy kaundikku keezhilulla nagarapadaviyilekku (shanghoy nagaram) uyarthappettu, ennirunnaalum thalasthaanamaaya baijingile rashtreeya maattangalum praadeshikamaayi yudhaprabhukkanmaar thammilulla adhikara poraattangalum kaaranam adutha varshangalil nagara padavi niravadhi thavana raddaakkukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheythu.
1927ll shanghayil oru vyakthamaaya chainees adikaaram sthaapikkaanulla shramathil republic oof chaina sarkkar shanghoy prathyeka munisippaalitti sthaapichu. munisippal sarkkaarine pazhaya nagaratthil ninnu sujiahuik sameepathekku maatti. 1928ll shanghoy nagaram (pazhaya nagaram) prathyeka munisippaalittikk keezhil jilla padaviyaayi churukki. 1930-ll shanghoy kaundi prathyeka munisippaalittiyude oru prathyeka samanthara bharana unitaayi maarukayum kaundi sarkkaarine minhangilekku maattukayum cheythu. shanghoy sarkkaarinte aasthaanamenna nilayil pazhaya nagaratthinte punk avasaanicha samayamaayirunnu ithu.
1928 muthal, pazhaya nagaram hunan jillayaayirunnu; "hunan" (hunan pravishyayumaayi thettidharikkaruthu) ennathinte aksharaarthatthil "thekkan shanghoy" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. 1937-ll japanese adhiniveshathilulla sahakarana paava sarkkar jilla "nanshi" (aksharaarthatthil "thekkan nagaram") ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. 1945ll randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil shanghoy veendeduthappol republic oof chaina sarkkar nanshi jilla yimiyavo jillayaayum penglai jillayaayum vibhajichu. 1959ll peeples republic oof chaina sarkkar rund jillakaleyum nanshi jillayayi punarsamyojippichu. (1961num 1993num idayil, nadiyude pudong (kizhakk) bhaagathulla kappaltheerangal nanshi jillayude bhaagamaayirunnu.) 2000-ll nanshi jilla huwangpu jillayumaayi layippichu, angane pazhaya nagaratthinte bharanaparamaya divisionenna prathyeka nilanilpp avasaanichu.
innu.
innu pazhaya nagaratthil puraathanavum ennaal naveekarichathumaaya chila savisheshathakal adangiyirikkunnu, udaaharanathinu 1500-kalil ming raajavamshathinte kaalath aadyamaayi srishticha yuyuvaan garden complexes, poonthottatthinu chuttumulla vaanijya pradeshathe kaalnadayaathrakkaarude theruvukal, nagaratthile daivakshethram (vinodasanchaarikalkkulla vasthukkal palappozhum ithine nanshi jilla ennu vilikkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee pradesham ippol huwangpu jillayilaan).
pazhaya nagaratthinte vrithaakrithiyilulla aakruthi ippol muun mathilukalude idam ulkkollunna valia theruvukalaal mudranam cheyyappedunnu, ippol vadakkottulla renmin road thekk songhuwa road. pazhaya nagaratthe madhya vadakku muthal thekk vare henan rooad murichumaatti. pazhaya nagaratthile chila aadhunika uyarnna kettidangal pazhaya pradeshangal kramena kaiyerunna purathana valanja theruvukalude samyojanamaanu.
2006ll shanghoy munisippal sarkkar "pazhaya nagaratthinte charitraparamaaya saamskaarika prakrithidrishyangalkkaayul samrakshana padhathi" nadappaakki. padhathi prakaram, pazhaya nagaram muzhuvan oru charitraparamaaya saamskaarika prakrithidrishya mekhalayaayi samrakshikkappedunnu. dajing rooad, vestt fangbang rooad ennivayulppede 34 theruvukal "prakrithidatha samrakshitha paathakalayi" prathyekamaayi samrakshikkappedunnu.
ennirunnaalum, athe kaalayalavil, pazhaya nagaratthinte valia thothilulla thakarkkal thudarukayaanu. manjinte sugandhamulla pradeshatthinte poonthottam ("middle fangbang rooad-dajing rooad" samrakshitha pradesham), pazhaya nagaratthinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhagam muzhuvan 2002 muthal polichumaatti. saittinte oru bhagam uyarnna hotel, residential kettidam, bahunila kettidangal ennivayaayi punarnirmmichu, ithu theruvu bhoopradeshathe ganyamaayi maattukayum backie saitt thaazhnna kettida pradeshamaayi uddeshikkukayum cheythu. nilanilkkunna nagaramathilinte oru pradhana bhagam thakarkkunnathum charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamulla niravadhi veedukal nasippikkunnathum ulppettathinaal eee vikasanam vivaadangalkku kaaranamaayi.

