
eldad haah-thaani

onpathaam noottaandile oru jootha vyapariyum sanjaariyum bhaashaashaasthranjanumaayirunu eldad benn mahli hahaa-daani (, 'mahliyude makan eldad). orupakshe thekkan arabiyil ninnullayaalaayirikkame, kizhakkan aafrikkayile oru "swatantra jootha rashtra" thile pouranaanennu addeham avakashappettu, nashtappetta gothrangalaaya daan, asher, gaad, naftali ennivayil ninnulla vamshajarennu avakaashappedunna aalukal avide vasikkunnu. eldad babylonia, kairovan, iberia enniva sandarshichu, avide nashtappetta patthu gothrangalekkurichum swantham rajyath ninnu konduvannathayi avakaashappedunna "halakhot" yekkurichum saangalppika vivaranagal pracharippichu.
eldaadinte hebru vivaranamaya "sepher eldad" oru bhaashaashaasthranjanenna nilayil addehathinte prashasthi sthaapichu, addehathe madhyakala jootha vyaakarananjarum nighanduvidagdharum bhashaaparamaaya budhimuttukalekkurichu oru adhikaariyaayi udharichu. shechita" yude niyamangal kaikaaryam cheiyunna addehathinte "halakhot" pala sthalangalilum talmudic oordinansukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, avaa joshuva benn kanyaasthreeyude perilo allengil mattoru pathipp anusarichu othniyal benn kenaasinte perilo avatharippikkunnu. eldaadinte vivaranagal taamasiyaathe vyaapikkukayum, atharam sandarbhangalil pathivupole, pakarppukarkkum edittarmaarkkum avaa punarnirmmikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi bhashakalil niravadhi vyathyastha pathippukal undu.
eldaadinte kanakk.
kush nadiyude maruvashathulla bhoomi upekshichathodeyaanu eldaadinte katha aarambhikkunnath."asher gothratthile oru purushanodoppam eldad yaatra cheythu. oru valia kodunkaattu bottine thakartthuvenkilum daivam adhehathinum koottaalikkum vendi oru petti thayyarakki, athil avar roome enna narabhojikalaaya ethiopian gothratthinte karayil eriyunnathuvare pongi. eldaadine kozhupulla oru kuzhiyil ittappol, thadicha aasheraittine udan thanne bhakshichu. taamasiyaathe, agni aaradhikkunna oru gothram narabhojikale akramikkukayum eldaadine thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. naalu varshatholam addeham thadavilaayirunnu. addehathe thattikkondupoyavar addehathe asanian pravishyayilekku konduvannu (mattoru pathipp anusarichu, chainayilekku). muppathirandu svarnnakkashanangalkku ishaachar gothratthile oru jootha vyaapaariyude kayyil ayaal mochithanaayi.
ippol isachar gothrathodoppam, "samadhaanathodeyum sughathodeyum jeevikkunnu, nashoon enna raajakumaarante neethrthwathil oru durghadavum dushicha avasaravumilla", eldad mediaykkum pershyaykkum sameepamulla uyarnna parvathangalkkidayil thaamasichu. armenia pravishya muthal euphrates nadhi vare vyaapichukidakkunna bhoomi seboolon gothram kaivashappeduthiyittundu. paraan parvvathangalkk pinnil ruban gothram avare abhimukeekarikkunnu. eee rund gothrangalkkidayil samadhaanam nilanilkkunnu; avar sakhyakakshikalayi yuddham cheyyukayum kollakal vibhajikkukayum cheiyunnu. baibil, mishnah, talmood, agada ennivayude adikaaram avarkkund. ephraim gothravum manasse gothratthinte pakuthiyum thekkan arabiyile parvathanirakalil vasikkunnu, avar valare yudhapriyaraanu. shimeon gothravum manasse gothratthinte backie pakuthiyum baabiloniyakkaarude deshathaanu. avar irupathiyanchu rajyangalil ninnu kappam vaangukayum chila ismaayilaittukal avarkk kappam nalkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah gothrangalilum ettavum kooduthal simiyoon gothramaanenn addeham parayunnu. yoodayum israelum verpirinjathinu thottupinnaale daan gothram swarnnabhoomiyaaya havilaayilekk (kush) kudiyeri. naftali, gaad, asher ennee gothrangal pinneedu daaniyattukalil chernnu. avarkk adl benn malkkiyel enna rajaavum elihab bhavanathile elisafan enna rajakumaran niyamathil nirddeshichittulla naalu vadhasikshakal nalkaan adikaaramulla abdan benn mishael enna nyaayaadhipanumundu. naalu gothrangalum naadodi jeevitam nayikkukayum ayalrajyamaaya anchu ethiopian raajaakkanmaarumaayi nirantharam yuddham cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. oro gothravum moonnu maasam vayalilaanu, oro yodhaavum oru shabbathil ninnu aduthathilekku erangaathe thadiyilaanu.
avarkk muzhuvan thiruvezhuthukalum undu, pakshe avar esther pusthakamo vilaapangalo vaayikkunnilla. avarkk yadhaartha heebruvil oru talmood undu, pakshe talmoodic adhyapakaril aareyum paraamarsikkunnilla. avarude aacharam avatharippikkunnath mosheyil ninnu athu sweekaricha joshwayude perilaanu, avan sarvashakthanil ninnu athinte ulladakkam kettirunnu. avar ebraer maathramaan samsaarikkunnath. (amharik allengil arabic bhaashayile oru wack thanikk manassilakunnillennu eldad thanne avakashappettu.)
kush nadiyude maruvashathu sambation nadikku chuttumulla nee moshe vasikkunnu. aarr pravrithi divasangalil manalum kallum uruttukayum shabbathil vishramikkukayum cheiyunnu. shabbathinte aadya nimisham muthal avasana nimisham vare, thee nadikku chuttum padarunnu, aaa samayat oru manushyan athinte iruvashathum ninnu araa mylinullil ethaan kazhiyilla. mattu naalu gothrangal nadiyude athirthikalil ninnu nee mosheyumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathunnu. nee moshe manoharamaaya veedukalil vasikkunnu, avarude bhoomiyil ashudhamaaya mrugangalonnum kaanapedunnilla. avarude kannukaalikalum aadukalum vayalukalum varshathil randuthavana prasavikkunnu. moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum thalamura kaanaan jeevikkunna maathaapithaakkalude jeevithakaalathu oru kuttiyum marikkunnilla. avar raathriyil veedukal adaykkunnilla; kaaranam avarude idayil moshanamo dushtathayo illa. avar ebraiah bhasha samsaarikkunnu, orikkalum daivathinte peril sathyam cheiyunnilla.
sweekaranam.
samakaalika abhipraayangal.
eee saangalppika vivaranam addehathinte samakaalikar sathyamaanenn etteduthu. eldadinu valare vipulamaaya arivu undaayirunna agadic saahityathilaanu athinte uthbhavam kandethunnathu. kairovan nivaasikal addehathinte "halakhot" thalmoodinte "" halakhottum "thammilulla vyathyaasangalum addehathinte chila vichitramaaya ebraiah vaakkukalum moolam aswastharaayi. eldad ebraiah bhasha maathram samsaarikkunnathayi nadichu, ennirunnaalum, addehathinte kathukalile pala vaakkukalum arabiyil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, ithu addehathinu mattu bhaashakalum manassilaayirikkaamenn soochippikkunnu. soorayile gavon zemah benn hayeem, avarude abhiprayam chodichathinaal, chila halakik pooyintukalil thalmoodinodu viyojikkunna naalu gothrangalil athisayakaramaaya onnum illennu paranju avare aashwasippichu.
koodaathe, isak benn maar, aarr ennivayiloode eldad gavoninu ariyappettirunnu. babyloniayil aayirunnappol daaniyat addehavumaayi bandhapettu. khasaarukalude rajaavinu ezhuthiya kathil eldad udharichathaayi hijdaay ibnu shahprut parayunnu, eldaadinte "halakhot" rabbinikalum kaarayyarum athath mathangale prathirodhikkunathinulla aayudhangalaayi upayogichirunnu. raashi, ebraham benn david, ebraham benn maimon thudangiya talmudic adhikaarikal eldaadine chodyam cheyyappedaattha oru adhikaariyaayi udharikkunnu; nighandukkalum vyaakarana vidagtharum chila ebraiah padangale eldaadinte vaakyaghadanayil nalkiyirikkunna ardhamanusarichu vyaakhyaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, madhyakaalakhattatthile pala ezhuthukaarum eldaadinte aakhyaanathinteyum addehathinte "halakhot", ettavum vyakthamaayi abraham ibn isra (purappaadu II-nte vyaakhyaanam) ennivayude sathyasandhathayekkurichu samshayam prakadippichu. 22), rothenbergile mayer (response, nambar. 193).
pathonpathaam noottaandile abhipraayangal.
pathonpathaam noottaandile vimarshakar eldadinekkurichu abhipraayangalil bhinnichirunnu. naalu gothrangalkkum thaanaiminteyum amoraiminteyum perukal ariyillennum avarude "halakhot" talmoodil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennum thalmoodine apakeerthippeduthaan sramikkunna oru kaarayit missionary talmoodil simha pinskar, heinrich grass, adolph newbouvar ennivar kandu. eee abhiprayam moshe shore adolph jellinekkum nishedhichu, eldaadinte "halakhottil" carrier amgeekarikkaatha "shechita" yude niyamangal adangiyirikkunnuvennu avar nireekshichu. pii. eph. vaakkukalum pravrithikalum shradha arhikkaatha oru chalton maathramaayaanu frank eldaadine kanakkaakkiyath. eldaadinte nilanilpp jacob reifman poornnamaayum nishedhikkukayum kairwan samudaayathinteyum soorayile zemah benn hayyiminteyum kathukal vyaajamaanenn kanakkaakkukayum cheythu.
mattu yaathrakkaarude reportukalude velichathil eldaadinte pusthakatthile ulladakkangal aadyamaayi vishakalanam cheythath metts aanu. ebraham epsteen mettsinte reethi pinthudarukayum eldaadinte pusthakam sathyam kathayumaayi kalarnna oru charitra noval poleyaanennu nigamanathilethukayum cheythu. epsteen parayunnathanusarichu, eldad vivaricha halakhot niyamangalum yadhaarthamaanu, kizhakkan aafrikkayile oru pravishyayilo yemanilo eldaadile naattukaarkkidayil upayogichirunnu, akkaalat juthanmaarkku hebru ariyamaayirunnu, pakshe talmud ariyillaayirunnu. eldadinu beetta israel rajyamaaya ethiopia swadeshiyaayirikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla, kaaranam avide gees maathrame samsaarikkunnulloo, eee bhaashayude oru soochanayum eldaadinte hebroovil kaanapedunnilla. ennirunnaalum, arabiyude chila adayaalangal undu, athu eldadinu ariyaamaayirikkaam, ennirunnaalum addeham nere marichaanu vaadichathu. 
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil prasidheekaricha oru kodeksilekkulla yaathrakalil paraamarshichirikkunna eldad enna joothanaamangal thammilulla bandham pilkkala ezhuthukaar srishtichittundu. eldaadinte vivaranathil addehathinte gothratthile janangalkulla ucl, adl, abdon thudangiya baibil namangalum addehathinte swantham perukalum ulppedunnu. eee perukal bybilinu sheshamulla saahithyathil prathyakshappedunnille thonnumenkilum, eldad yadhaarthathil oru chaarlattan aayirunnuvenna avakaashavaadathe pinthunaykkunnu, ennirunnaalum avaa (allengil avaykku thulyamaayava) "chainees juthanmaar" enna codexil kaanapedunnu. sii. chainayile joothanmaare pershyayil ninnullavarumayi bandhippikkunna vella.
pristtar joonn" aksharangalumayulla bandham.
eldaadinte aakhyaanathinte swaadheenam jootha vrithangalkkappurathekka vyaapichu, chila srothassukal athine pristtar joonn kathukalumaayi bandhippikkunnu. orupakshe swatantra jootha raashtrangalude nilanilppinekkurichulla eldaadinte avakaashavaadathe-roman-catholica sabhayude padippikkalinu virudhamaaya oru avakaashavaadathe-nishedhikkaan uddeshichirikkaam, orupakshe kristhyan ezhuthukaaran mahathaaya ethiopia raajyam bharicha oru purohithanaanennu (pristtar joonn) avakashappettu. kathukal anusarichu, prester joninte prajakalil sambation nadikku appurathu thaamasichirunna nee moshe polulla chila jootha gothrangal ulppedunnu.
pathippukal.
eldaadinte yathrakal nilavilulla vividha pathippukalil ninnu prasidheekarichittundu manduva (1480); constantinoppil (1516,1519); venis (1544,1605,1648); farth, ezz. echu. weyl (1769); solkeev (1772); jesnits (1772); legon (1828); prisburg (1891). eldaadinte vivaranam gilbert genebrard (paarees, 1584) lattinilekkum anjjaathamaayi arabiyilekkum (sent. peettezhsburg emm. ezz. ezz. nambar. 674, 703), jarmman bhaashayilekku (desavu, 1700; jesnits, 1723). elkkan adlerude "madhyakaalakhattatthile jootha sanjaarikal 19 nerittulla vivaranagal" (1930, reaper) enna kruthiyil oru engleesh vivarthanam kaanam. 1987).