
interconnect (integrated sarcuteukal)

integrated sarcuteukalil (aii. sii. ezz), rando athiladhikamo surcuted gadakangale (traansistarukal polullava) vaidyuthaparamaayi bandhippikkunna gadanakalaanu intarkanakdukal. oru aii. siyile intarkanakttukalude roopakalppanayum leauttum athinte sariyaaya pravartthanam, prakadanam, oorjja karyakshamatha, vishwaasyatha, kettichamacha varumanam ennivaykku pradhaanamaan. metteeriyal intarkanakdukal nirmmikkunnath pala gadakangale aasrayichirikkunnu. ardhachaalaka substrateumaayum paraspara bandhatthinte nilakalkkidayilulla dialectricumaayum raasa, mechanical anuyojyatha aavasyamaanu, allaathapaksham barrier paalikal aavasyamaanu. nirmmaanathinu anuyojyathayum aavasyamaanu; chila rasatantra manthraalayangalum prakriyakalum aii. sii. nirmmaanathinaayi oru valia saankethikavidyayilekku (paachakakkuripp) metteeriyalukaludeyum yoonit prakriyakaludeyum samyojanathe thadayunnu. fabricationil, substratil traansistarukal kettichamachathinu sesham back-end-oof-lainil intarkanakdukal roopappedunnu.
signal prachaarana doorathe aashrayich intarkanakdukale "local" allengil "global" intarkanakdukalaayi tharamthirikkunnu. intarkanakttinte veethiyum kanavum athupole thanne athu nirmmikkunna meteeriyalum oru signal pracharippikkunna dooram nirnnayikkunna chila pradhana gadakangalaanu. patho athiladhikamo traansistarukalaal verthirikkapetta traansistarukal polulla valare aduthulla surcuted gadakangale praadeshika intarkanakdukal bandhippikkunnu. valia pradeshangalile sub sarcuteukal pole aagola intarkanakdukalkku kooduthal kaimaran kazhiyum. thalphalamaayi, polychrystaline silikkan (chilappol athinte paridhi vipuleekarikkaan siliside cheythirikkunnu) allengil tangsttan polulla thaarathamyena uyarnna vaidyutha prathirodhasheshiyulla vasthukkalil ninnu praadeshika intarkanakdukal roopappedaam. oru interconnect athiyekkaavunna dooram vipuleekarikkunnathin, bufferukal allengil ristorarukal polulla vividha sarcuteukal oru neenda intarkanakttinoppam vividha pooyintukalil cherkkaam.
parasparabandhithamaya savisheshathakal.
veethi, kanam, akalam (oru intarkanakdum athe levalilulla mattonninum edayilulla dooram), pitch (veethiyum akalavum koottuka), veekshana anupatham, allengil aarr (kanam veethi kondu harikkunnu) ennivayaanu oru intarkanakttinte jyaamitheeya gunangal. veethi, akalam, aarr, aathyanthikamayi pitch enniva avayude ettavum kuranjathum koodiyathumaaya moolyangalil design niyamangalal parimithappedutthiyirikku, athu thiranjeduttha saankethikavidyaykku nyayamaaya vilavu nalki parasparam bandhippikkaan kazhiyumennu urappaakkunnu (angane aisi). kuranja veethi ulla intarkanakdukalkku villalukal anubhavappedunnillenn urappakkaan veethi parimithappedutthunnu, koodaathe kemikkal mechanical polishing (sii. emm. pii) vazhi paramavadhi veethi ulla intarkanakdukal planarise cheyyaan kazhiyum. chaalaka metteeriyal bridging illaathe aduthulla intarkanakdukal kettichamaykkaan kazhiyumennu urappakkaan akalam parimithappedutthiyirikku. saankethikavidyayum veekshana anupaathavum maathram nirnnayikkunnath thiranjeduttha veethiyum settu kanavum kondaanu. onniladhikam thalatthilulla paraspara bandhangale pinthunaykkunna saankethikavidyakalil, oro groupinum allengil oro levelinum athintethaaya design niyamangalund.
aisi paalikale planarise cheiyunnathinaayi cmp avatharippikkunnathin munbu, intarkanakttukalkku design niyamangal undaayirunnu, athu thaazhathe levalinekkaal valia minimum veethiyum speysukalum vyakthamaakkunnu, ithu adisthaana leyarinte ruff topology mukalil roopappetta intarkanakttil breakkukal undaakkunnillenn urappaakkunnu. sii. emm. pii. yude aamukham mikacha jyaamithikal saadhyamaakki.
aarr oru pradhana gadakamaanu. parambaraagatha prakriyakalumaayi parasparabandhithamaya gadanakal roopappeduthunna saankethikavidyakalil, parasparabandham srishtikkunna echum, dialectricumaayi parasparam bandhippikkunnavaykkilayikku shoonyathakal niraykkunna dialectric nikshepavum vijayakaramaayi nadatthaan kazhiyumennu urappakkunnathil aarr parimithappedutthiyirikku. damassene prakriyakalumaayi parasparam bandhippikkunna gadanakal roopappeduthunnathil, kuzhikalude vijayakaramaya kothupaniyum barrier mettalinte nikshepavum (aavashyamenkil) parasparam bandhippikkunna vasthukkalum aarr anuvadikkanam.
intarkanakttukalude shekharangalkku baadhakamaaya design niyamangalal interconnect leauttu kooduthal niyanthrikkappedunnu. oru nischitha pradeshathu, sii. emm. piye aasrayikkunna saankethikavidyakalkku interconnect saandrathayil sveekaaryamaaya vyathiyaanam undennu urappakkaan "saandrata niyamangal" undu. kaaranam, sii. emm. pii metteeriyal neekkam cheiyunna nirakk metteeriyalinte gunangale aasrayichirikkunnu, koodaathe interconnect saandrathayile valia vyathiyanangal dialectricinte valia pradeshangalkk kaaranamakum, ithu mosham planaritic kaaranamaakunnu. sveekaaryamaaya saandrata nilanirthunnathinu, "dummy intarkanakttukal" (allengil "dummy vayarukal") adhika interconnect saandrathayulla pradeshangalil cherkkunnu.
charitraparamaayi, parasparam bandhippikkunnava nerrekhakalilaanu sanjarichirunnathu, yaathrayude dishayil ninnu 45 digri akale vinyasichirikkunna vibhagangal upayogichu disha maattaan kazhiyum. aii. sii gadanayude jyaamithikal cheruthaayathode sveekaaryamaaya vilavu labhikkunnathin, paraspara bandhita dishayil niyanthranangal earppeduthi. thudakkathil, aagola intarkanakdukal maathrame niyanthranangalkk vidheyamaayirunnulloo; kizhakk padinjaaro vadakku thekko varichai cheytha nerrekhakalil pravarthippikkaan nirmmichirunnu. eluppathil ruting anuvadikkunnathinu, intarkanakttinte ithara thalangal ore vinyaasathil pravartthikkunnu, angane oru vazhi aayirikkumbol thaazhnnatho mukaliloo ulla intarkanakttilekku bandhippichukondu dishayile mattangal kaivarikkaan kazhiyum. praadeshika intarkanakdukal, prathyekichu ettavum thaazhnna level (saadhaaranayaayi poolisilikkan) uyarnna packing saandrata kaivarikkunnathinu ruting oopshanukalude kooduthal ekapaksheeyamaaya samyojanam anumanikkaam.
vasthukkal.
icacl ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna ardhachaalakamaaya silikkan icacl, aadyathe intarkanakdukal aluminium kondaanu nirmmichathu. nikshepam eluppamaakkukayum silikkan, silikkan dye ooksaid enniva nannayi palikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal aluminium paraspara bandhangalkk anuyojyamaaya oru vasthuvaayirunnu. bhauthika neeravi nikshepam allengil raasa neeravi nikshepa reethikal vazhiyaan paraspara bandhangal nikshepikkappedunnathu. avaa yadhaarthathil eerppamulla kothupaniyum pinneedu vividha dry etching saankethikavidyakalum upayogichaanu roopakalppana cheythirunnathu.
thudakkathil, shudhamaaya aluminium upayogichirunnuvenkilum 1970-kalode, substrate anuyojyatha, junction spiking, vishwaasyatha aashankakal (kooduthalum electromigratione sambandhicha) enniva silikkan, chembu allengil randum adangiya aluminium adhishtitha aloykal upayogikkaan nirbandhithamaakki. 1990 kalude avasaanathode, aluminiyathinte uyarnna prathirodhasheshiyum, thudarchayaaya savisheshatha valuppam thaazhthal moolam nirbandhithamaaya interconnect gadanakalude idungiya veethiyum, interconnect gadanakalil nirodhanaathmakamaayi uyarnna prathirodhatthinu kaaranamaayi. ithu aluminiyathinu pakaram chembu intarkanakdukal sthaapikkaan nirbandhithamaakki.
pradhaanamaayum aaplikkeshan domainukalil (udha.jii. monolithic microwave aii. sii.) silikkanil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, paraspara bandhangalkk upayogikkunna pradhana metteeriyal svarnnamaanu.
prakadana mechappeduthalukal.
paraannabhojikalude kappaasittans moolamundaakunna kaalathamasam kuraykkunnathinu, aduthulla intarkanakdukal insulate cheyyaanum vividha thalangalil (inter-level dilectric [aild]) interconnect cheyyaanum upayogikkunna dialectric meteeriyalinu kazhiyunnathra 1 nuu aduthulla oru dialectric sthiraangam undaayirikkanam. 1990 kalude avasaanathilum 2000 kalude thudakkathilum atharam vasthukkalude oru vibhaagam, loow-κ dialectrics, eee aavashyathinaayi avatharippichu. 2019 januvariyile kanakkanusarichu, ettavum noothanamaaya vasthukkal uyarnna sushirangalulla gadanakaliloodeyo allengil ganyamaaya vaayu allengil vaakvam pokkattukal (eyar gapp dialectric) srishtikkunnathiloodeyo dialectric sthiraankathe valare thaazhnna nilayilekku kuraykkunnu. eee vasthukkalkk palappozhum kuranja mechanical shakthiyund, athinte falamaayi avaa ettavum thaazhnna thalatthilekko paraspara bandhatthinte thalangalilekko parimithappedutthiyirikku. thaazhnna thalangalil intarkanakttukalude uyarnna saandrathayum kuranja akalavum mukalile paalikale pinthunaykkaan sahayikkunnu. 2014ll intal thangalude 14enm saankethikavidyayil eyar-gapp dialectric avatharippichu.
multy-level intarkanakttukal.
sankeernamaaya sarkyoottukalulla aisikk kuranja vistheernnamulla sarcuteukal roopeekarikkunnathinu onniladhikam thalatthilulla interconnect aavasyamaanu. 2018 leeii kanakkanusarichu, ettavum sankeernamaaya aii. sii. kalkk 15 leyariladhikam interconnect paalikal undayirikkaam. paraspara bandhatthinte oro thalavum oru dialectrical paali kondu parasparam verthirikkappedunnu. vividha thalangalil paraspara bandhangalkkidayil lambamaya kanakshanukal undakkaan vayakal upayogikkunnu. oru chippinte ettavum mukalilulla paalikalkku ettavum kattiyullathum veethiyullathum ettavum vyaapakamaayi verthirichathumaaya loha paalikal undu, ithu aaa paalikalil vayarukalkku ettavum kuranja prathirodhavum ettavum cheria aarsi samaya sthiraankavum undaakkunnu, athinaal avaa power, clock distribution netvarkkukalkkaayi upayogikkunnu. traansisttarukalkk ettavum aduthulla chippinte ettavum thaazheyulla loha paalikalkku nertthathum idungiyathum irukiyathumaaya vayarukalundu, ithu praadeshika intarkanakttinu maathrame upayogikkunnulloo. paalikal cherkkunnath prakadanam mechappeduthaan kazhiyum, ennaal paalikal cherkkunnath vilavu kuraykkukayum ulppaadana chelavu vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru signalinu mattoru signal kadakkendivarumbol otta loha paaliyulla aii. sii. ezz saadhaaranayaayi poolisilikkan paali upayogichu "kuruke chaadaan" upayogikkunnu.
dram kappaasittarukal roopappeduthaan upayogikkunna prakriya parukkan, malayora uparithalam srishtikkunnu, ithu loha interconnect paalikal cherkkunnathum nalla vilavu nilanirthunnathum budhimuttaakkunnu.
1998ll athyaadhunika dram prakriyakalkku naalu loha paalikalundaayirunnu, athesamayam athyaadhunika lojik prakriyakalkku ezhu loha paalikalundaayirunnu.
2002ll ancho aaroo loha paalikal thammil bandhippikkal saadhaaranamaayirunnu.
2009ll, 1 jibitt draminu saadhaaranayaayi loha intarkanakttinte moonnu paalikal undaayirunnu; aadya paaliykk tungstonum mukalile paalikalkku aluminiyavum.