dhoopavarga vyapara paatha

medittareniyan thuramukhangalil ninnu levantilekkum egypthilekkum vadakkukizhakkan aafrikkayilekkum arabiyayilekkum indiayilekkum athinappurathekkum vyaapichukidakkunna dhoopavarggam, sugandhavyanjanagal, mattu adambara vasthukkal ennivayude kizhakkan, thekkan srothassukalumaayi medittareniyan lokathe bandhippikkunna pradhana karaa, kadal vyapara paathakalude oru purathana shringalayaayirunnu dhoopavarga vyapara paatha. eee pathakal koottaayi arabian kunkumappoo, marh, indian sugandhavyanjanagal, vilayeriya kallukal, muthukal, ebony, putt, mikacha thunitharangal, aafrikkayile kombil ninnulla apoorva vanangal, thoovalukal, mrugangalude tholikal, somali kunkumappoo, svarnnam, adimakal thudangiya charakkukalude vyapaarathinulla vazhikalayi pravarthichu. ekadesham bii. sii. moonnaam noottaandinum eiii. dii. randaam noottaandinum idayil thekkan arabiyil ninnu meditareniyanilekkulla dhoopavarga bhoomi vyapaaram abhivridhippettu.
aadyakaala charithram.
eejipthukar chenkadalil vyapaaram nadathukayum "pandu deshathu" ninnum arabiyil ninnum sugandhavyanjanagal, svarnnam, videsha maram enniva irakkumathi cheyyukayum cheythirunnu. indian charakkukal arabian, indian kappalukalilayi eadan nagaratthilekku konduvannu. swarnam, velli, anakkombu, vilayeriya kallukal enniva thirike konduvarunna kizhakode niravadhi vyapara yathrakal nadatthiya esiyon-gebaril sajjeekarichirikkunna oru tyrean kappalayi deerghakaalamaayi charcha cheyyappetta "tarshish kappalukal" ennu rollinson thirichariyunnu. eee saadhanangal oafeer thuramukhathaanu kayatti ayachathu.
oru charithrakaaran parayunnathanusarichu
karamaargangal.
pershyan gulfill ninnu medittareniyan kadalilekkulla dhoopavarga vyapara paathayile ettavum pradhanappetta vyapara kendrangalil pershyan gulfile gerha undaayirunnu, babylonian naadukadatthappettavar oru kaldian kolaniyaayi sthaapichathaayi charitrakaaranaaya strabo report cheythu. arabiyiludaneelam meditareniyanilekkulla dhoopavarga vyapara pathakalil gerha swaadheenam cheluthukayum bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil baabilonilekkulla sugandhavyavasaayam niyanthrikkukayum cheythu. indiayil ninnu kayattumathi cheiyunna charakkukalude pradhana praveshana thuramukhangalilonnaanu gerha.
dhoopavarga vyaapaarathile pradhana sthaanam kaaranam, phalabhooyishtamaaya chandragrahanathil ninnu kudiyettakkaare yeman aakarshichu. kunkumavum mirh marangalum yemante sambadvyavasthayil nirnaayakamaayirunnu, avaye athinte bharanadhikaarikal sambathinte uravidamaayi amgeekarichu. aduthide nadanna paryaveshanatthil mahra mekhalayile kizhakkan yemaniloode oru purathana vyapara paatha kandethi.
tiglath-pileser III phoeneeshyayiloode gasayilekku munneriyathaayi assyrian rekhakal soochippikkunnu. ghaza oduvil pirichuvidukayum gaasayude bharanadhikaari eejipthilekk rakshappedukayum cheythenkilum pinneedu oru saamanta bharanadhikaariyaayi thudarnnu. eee mekhalayil abhivridhi praapichirunna thekkan arabian dhoopavarga vyaapaarathinte niyanthranam neduka ennathaayirunnu aakramanathinu pinnile uddeshyam.
aii.iii.ezz. thekkan arabiyil ninnu mukalilekku ozhukunnathum transjorden commandermark taappucheyyaanaavunnathumaaya dhoopavarga paathayude vadakkan attathe niyantrikkaanulla israelyarudeyum araamyarudeyum aagrahavumaayi edwards siroo-ephraimite yudhathe bandhippikkunnu. puraavastu likhithangal pazhaya niyamathil paraamarshichirikkunna "myoo-uu-naa-aaaa-aaaa" enna "mayoonaittukal" enna peril veendedutha kollayekkurichum samsaarikkunnu. dhoopavarga vyaapaarathil earppettirunnavarum dhoopavarga paathayude vadakkan vyapara autposttukal kaivashappeduthiyirunnavu dakshina arabiyile miniyanmaaraan eee samghamennu chila pandithanmaar thirichariyunnu.
dhofaril ninnulla sugandhangalum indiayil ninnulla adambara vasthukkalum arabikalude raajyangalilekku sambathu konduvannu. khor roriyude swaabhaavika thuramukhathu ninnu padinjaaran abhayaarthikalillaatha thekkan arabian theerathekku dhofarinte sugandhangal kayatti ayachu. kaaravaanukal eee uthppannangal vadakku shaabvayilekkum avide ninnu khataabaan, saba, mine, palestine ennee raajyangalilekku ghaza vare kondupoyi. sumerian janatha eee resinukalil chilath aushadha aavasyangalkkaayi upayogichathinaal dhofar mekhalayil ninnulla uthppannangal dilmun, khatthar ennividangalile sumerian-magan janathayumayi vyapaaram nadathiyirunnuvennathin thelivukalundu. kinarukaludeyum mattu soukaryangaludeyum udamakal chumathunna tolukal eee adambara saadhanangalude mothatthilulla vilayilekku chertthu.
karamaargangal marikadannu greco-roman.
arabiyil ninnu damaaskasilekkulla dhoopavarga paatha petrayil ninnu gaasayilekkulla bhoopradesha paathayiloode kadakkunna oru ghattathil akaba ulkkadalilekkum mritha kadalilekkum thurakkunnathinulla paathivazhiyil nilkkunna petrayaanu nabeshyakkaar nirmmichathu. eee sthaanam dhoopavarggathiloodeyulla vyaapaarathil nabadianmarkku oru pidi nalki. nabeshyanil ninnulla dhoopavarga paatha niyantrikkunnathinaayi macedoniayude generalukalil oralaaya antigonus cyclops oru greak sainika paryaveshanam nadatthi, vijayikkatheyaayi. vyaapaarathinmelulla nabeshyan niyanthranam vardhikkukayum padinjaarilekkum vadakkottum vyaapikkukayum cheythu. medittareniyan thadatthinte bharanadhikaariyaayi roman saamrajyam greasinu pakaram vannath kizhakkumaayi nerittulla vyapaaram punaraarambhikkunnathilekka nayichu. oru charithrakaaran parayunnathanusarichu "dakshina arabikal prathishedhavumaayi eadan ulkkadalile roman kappalukalkk nere kadalkkollakkaarude akramanam nadatthi. ithinu marupadiyaayi, romakkar eadan nasippikkukayum chenkadalinte padinjaaran agaadhatheerathe anukoolikkukayum cheythu."indiayilekkulla nerittulla paatha (hippalas) kandethiyathiloode greekkukal kaalavarsha vyaapaarathinte vikasanathode indian, arab idanilakkaarude kuthaka durbalapettu, ithu paarthiyan, arab idanilakkaare avarude vila krameekarikkaan nirbandhitharaakki, athinaal roman vipaniyil malsarikkaan ippol indiayilekku nerittu kadalmargam vaangunna charakkukalumaayi. dakshineshyayile samudrapaathakal orotta shakthiyude niyanthranatthilallaathil indian kappalukal eejipthilekk yaatra cheythu.
oru charithrakaaran parayunnathanusarichu
sheba raajnjiyude kaalam muthal chenkadalinte iruvashathumulla samskaarangalude bandhatthinte kaaryatthil vyaapaarathinte praadhaanyathekkurichu munkaala niroopakanaayirunna britiish paryavekshakanaaya theodor valanjirunnu; 1895 februvariyil mosha limente vyapara sthalam thiricharinjathu valanjathaayirunnu. dhofaril ninnulla kunkumappoo mosha limenil ninnu shekharichirunnu. ithu khaanaayilekku kayatti ayaykkukayum shaabvayilekkum vadakku najran, mcca, madeena, petra, medittareniyan kadalile ghaza ennividangalilekkum kondupookukayum cheythu. pershyan gulf vazhi babylonilekkum palmyrayilekkum ithu kayatti ayachu.
indiayumaayulla roman vyapaaram vardhichukondirunnu, strabo (ii.5.12.) prakaram
kurayunnu.
oru charithrakaaran parayunnathanusarichu
aaram noottaandinte avasaanathil sevilleyile isidor ippozhum visigothik spainilekku irakkumathi cheiyunna sugandhangal kanakkakki. sugandhavrikshangalude ("dii arboris aarometikkis") icidor thante vijnjaanakoshamaaya mirr, kurumulak, karuvapatta, "amomam" (ealaykka?), cassia; sugandha sasyangal ("dii herbis aarometikkis"), nard, kunkumappoo, ealaykka enniva vyapara paathakaliloode athiyirikkum, mattullava speyinil labhyamaayirunnu thaim, alos, rooss, violet, lillie, jensian, waremwood, fenal ennivayum mattum.
roman-pershyan yudhangalethudarnnu roman baisaantain saamraajyathin keezhilulla pradeshangal pershyan sassanian raajavamshathile khosro onnaaman pidichedutthu. amar ibnu alle-asinte neethrthwathil arabikal, 239-nte avasaanathilo 640-nte thudakkathilo eejipthilekk kadannu.
eee munnettam eejipthile islaamika adhiniveshathinteyum tolomic rajavamsham muthal greco-roman lokam indiayumaayi vyapaaram surakshithamakkaan upayogichirunna alexandria polulla thuramukhangalude pathanatthinteyum thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthi.
dhoopavarga vyapaaram avasaanichu niravadhi noottaandukalkku sesham, alle-mochayile chenkadal thuramukham vazhi yemane anthaaraashtra vaanijyathilekku thirike konduvarunnathinu kaappi kaaranamaayi. 
oduvil, europinum eshyaykkum edayilulla ettavum nerittulla vyapara pathakalil turkey niyanthranatthinte thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthikkondu pathinanjaam noottaandil ottomaan turkukal constantinoppil keezhadakki.
ippozhathe avastha.
2000 november november australiyayile cairnil chernna yuneskoyude loka paithruka samiti yogam omaanile kunkumappoo paathaykk loka paithruka saitt padavi nalki. audyogika udharani iprakaaramaanu 
temba vaakaasheyude neethrthwathilulla loka paithruka samiti 2005 juulai 15 nuu yuneskoyude loka paithruka pattikayil dhoopavarga paatha-negevile marubhoomi nagarangal rekhappeduthiyittundu.

