
joonn clark (snapana mantri)

joonn clark (october 1609-20 epril 1676) oru doctor, baptist mantri, rooad ailand kolaniyudeyum providence plaanteshanukaludeyum sahasthaapakan, athinte swaadheenamulla chaarttarinte rachayithaav, amerikkayile mathaswaathanthryathinte pramukha abhibhaashakan ennee nilakalil prashasthanaayirunnu.
englandile safolkkile westhorpilaanu clark janichathu. englandil birudaananthara birudavum hollandile lidenil medical pariseelanavum ulppede vipulamaaya vidyaabhyaasam addeham nedi. 1637-ll masaachyusets bay kolaniyiletthiya addeham antinomian vivaadathil ninnu pala naadukadathappettavarumaayi aquidneck dveepilekku pookaan theerumaanichu. addeham porttsmouthinteyum rooad dveepile newportinteyum sahasthaapakanaayi maarukayum newportil amerikkayile randaamathe baptist palli sthaapikkukayum cheythu. snaapanamettavare mathavirudharaayi kanakkaakkukayum masaachyusetsil ninnu vilakkukayum cheythirunnuvenkilum clark avide praveshikkaan aagrahikkukayum masaachyusetsile lyne pattanatthilekku oru dauthya yaatra nadatthiya sesham boosttan jayilil samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. jaile mosham perumaattatthetthudarnnu addeham englandilekku pooyi, avide masaachyusetsile snaapanakkaarude peedanangalekkurichum thante daivashaasthraparamaaya vishwaasangalekkurichum oru pusthakam prasidheekarichu. puthiya rooad ailand colonic englandil oru ejantu aavashyamaayirunnu, athinaal addeham oru pathittaandilere kolaniyude thalpparyangal kaikaaryam cheythu.
mattu nyoo englandu kolanikal rooad dveepinodu sathrutha pulartthiyirunnu, masaachyusets beyum connecticut kolaniyum rooad dweep pradeshathekku kadannukayari. 1660ll englandil rajavaazhcha punasthaapichathinushesham, rooad dveepinu athinte praadeshika samagratha samrakshikkunnathinaayi oru rajakeeya charter labhikkendath anivaryamaayirunnu. atharamoru rekha neduka ennathu klaarkkinte kadamayaayirunnu, oru bharanaghadanaa charterilum munbu kandittillaatha mathaswaathanthryangal ulppeduthaanulla avasaramaayi addeham ithine kandu. addeham chaals randaaman rajaavinu patthu nivedanangalum kathukalum ezhuthukayum pradeshika athirthikalkkaayi connectikkattumaayi maasangalolam charcha nadathukayum cheythu. oduvil addeham rooad dweep rajakeeya chaarttarinte karadu thayyarakki rajaavinu samarppikkukayum 1663 juulai 8 nuu raajaavinte mudrayil athu amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu. eee charter rooad dveepukaarkku abhoothapoorvamaaya swaathanthryavum mathaswaathanthryavum nalkukayum 180 varsham praabalyatthil thudarukayum cheythu, ithu charithratthile ettavum dairkhyameriya bharanaghadanaa charteraayi maari.
charter vaangunnathile vijayathethudarnnu clark rooad dveepilekku madangi; avide sivil kaaryangalil valare sajeevamaaya addeham 1676 ll marikkunnathuvare newporttile thante palliyil paastaraayi thudarnnu. amerikkayil aadyathe vidyaabhyaasa trastt sthaapich addeham vipulamaaya oru ichhaashakthi upekshichu. rooad ailand charterilum pinneedu american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayilum ulppeduthiyirunna athma-swaathanthryam enna aashayathinte theevramaaya vakthavaayirunnu addeham.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
englandile safolk kaundiyile westhorpil janicha joonn clark 1609 october 8 nuu avide jnjaanasnaanamettu. thomas clarkinteyum rooss kerichinteyum (allengil keridj) ezhu makkalil oraalaayirunnu addeham, avaril aarr perr englandu vittu nyoo englandil sthirathaamasamaakki. addehathinte snaapanathinteyum sahodarangaludeyum edavaka rekhakal ozhike englandile addehathinte jeevithathekkurichu krithyamaaya rekhakalonnum kandethiyitla.
28-aamm vayassil nyoo englandilethiya clark oru doctoraayum snapana mantriyaayum yogyatha nedi enna vasthuthayil ninnu vilayiruthumbol addeham uyarnna vidyaabhyaasamullayaalinu. 1652ll addeham ezhuthukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha oru pusthakathiloodeyum 1663leeii rooad ailand royal chaarttarinte praaveenyamulla rachayithaaviloodeyum addehathinte niravadhi varshathe patanam vyakthamaakunnu; koodaathe, addehathinte vilppanayil addehathinte ebraiah, greak pusthakangalum addeham thanne ezhuthiya oru yojip nighanduvum paraamarsikkunnu.
englandile klaarkkinte jeevitam kandethunnathile budhimuttu pradhaanamaayum addehathinte pothuvaaya peril ninnaan. rooad dweep charitrakaaranaaya jorjju andruz morierty, juuniyar ezhuthiyathu, orupakshe kembridjile sent catherine collegil padicha athe joonn clark aayirikkam, ennaal 1628 ll ooksfoordile brasenos collegil ninnu birudavum 1632 ll avide birudaananthara birudavum nediyirikkaam. addehathinte vidyaabhyaasathekkurichu mattoru soochana europile akkaalathe praadhamika medical skoolukalilonnaaya hollandile lyden sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla vidyaarthikalude kaattalogil ninnaan varunnath. latheen bhashayil "johannes clark, angless, juulai 17 1635-273" (englandile joonn clark ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu) ennathum eee schoolinte birudadhaarikalude ledgeril ulppedunnu. clark thaan ezhuthiya konkordansil ninnu birudaananthara birudam nediyathaayi vyakthamaan, avide rachayithaav "joonn clark, maasttar oof arts" ennaanu nalkiyirikkunnath.
rooad dweep.
1637 novemberil masaachyusets bay kolaniyile bostaniletthiya clark, kolaniyil antinomian vivaadam ennariyappedunna pradhana daivashaasthraparavum raashtreeyavumaaya prathisandhikkidayilaayirunu. joonn kottan nayikkunna "krupayude udambadi" ennu vilikkappedunna daivashaasthrathinte vakthaakkalum joonn willson mattullavarum nayikkunna "kruthikalude udambadi" ennu vilikkappedunnavarude vakthaakkalum thammil boosttan sabhaykkullil oru valia vibhajanam sambhavichirunnu.
eee vivaadam aathyanthikamayi niravadhi aalukal masaachyusets bay kolaniyil ninnu swamedhayaa allengil naadukadatthunnathiloode purathupokaan kaaranamaayi. 1637 novemberil chilar vadakkott pooyi nyoo hamshire enna eksittar pattanam kandethi, athesamayam oru valia samgham evidekku pokanamennu anishchithathvathilaayirunnu. avar rogger vilyamsumaayi bandhapettu, avar naragansett ulkkadalile naragansett janangalil ninnu bhoomi vaangaan nirddeshichu, addehathinte providence thottangalude vaasasthalathinu sameepam. joonn clark thante pusthakatthil ezhuthiyathinte adisthaanathil rund grouppukalumaayum pooyi "[1637] venalkkaalathe shwaasammuttunna choodu kaaranam, njaan kurachukoodi thanuppullathayi vadakkott pooyi, pakshe [1637-38 thudarnnulla shaithyakaalam valare thanuppaanennu thelinju, vasanthakaalath thekkott pookaan njangal nirbandhitharaayi."
1638 march 7 nuu vilyam codingtonile boosttan hausil clark oru koottam purushanmaarodoppam cherukayum avar porttsmouthu kompaakt thayyarakkukayum cheythu. chila charitrakaaranmaar abhipraayappedunnathu clark athinte mathavikaarathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu rekha ezhuthiyathennaanu. kristhyan thathwangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru "body polittikk" roopeekarikkaan uddeshichulla rekhayil 23 perr oppuvaykkukayum codingtonine grouppinte nethaavaayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
naadukadathappettavarkku narragansett ulkkadalil sthirathaamasamaakkaan kazhiyunna rund sthalangal rogger vilyams nirddeshichu sovams (barrington, vaaran, rooad dweep aayi maariyath), aquidneck dweep (akkaalat rooad dweep ennu ariyappettirunnath). eee bhoomikalodulla engleesh avakaashavaadangalekkurichu vilyamsinu anishchithathvamundaayirunnu, athinaal clark moonnu peradangunna oru prathinidhi samghathe plymouth kolaniyilekku nayichu, avide sovam avarude adikaaraparidhiyil aanennum ennaal aquidneck dweep anganeyallennum addehathe ariyichu. ellaavaril ninnum mochanam nedukayum nammalayirikkukayum cheyyuka" ennathaayirunnu naadukadatthappettavarkkul aagraham. aquidneck narragaansett janathayude pradeshathaayirunnu, kolanikkaar upakaranangal, kottukal, vaampam enniva upayogichu bhoomikk panam nalkanamennu vilyams nirddeshichu. 1638 march 24 nuu, villiams kudiyettakkaarkku aquidneck dweep nalkunna oru rekha thayyarakki, athu villiams randall holden saakshikalaya sackems canonicus miantonomiyum "narragansettil" (providence aayirikkam) oppittu. kudiyettakkaaril palarudeyum perukal rekhayil ulppeduthiyittundu; gratuitic utharavaadiyaayathinaal codingtoninte peru aadyam prathyakshappettu.
aquidneck dveepil pokkaasettinte puthiya vaasasthalam nirmikkunnathil clark vilyam, aan hutchinson ennivarumaayum mattu palarumayum chernnu. ennirunnaalum, oru varshathinullil nethaakkalkkidayil abhipraayavyathyaasamundaavu clark codington mattullavarkkum oppam dveepinte thekke attathekku maarukayum newport pattanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1639 januvari 2nuu newportinu chuttumulla puthiya bhoomi sarway cheyyaan clarkineyum mattu moonnu pereyum niyamikkukayum juun 5nuu athu nivaasikalkkidayil aanupaathikamaakkaan avare niyamikkukayum cheythu.
1640ll porttsmouthu, newport yunaittad, codington ennee pattanangal athinte govarnoraayi thiranjedukkappettu. eee vaasasthalangalkku rajakeeya amgeekaaravum avarude ayalrajyangalaaya masaachyusets, plymouth, connecticut ennividangalil ninnulla kaiyettangalil ninnulla samrakshanavum rogger vilyams aagrahichu. 1643ll addeham englandilekku pooyi naalu pattanangaleyum (newport, porttsmouthu, providence, warwick) oru sarkkaarin keezhil konduvannu. pradhana bhoopradesha pattanangalaya providence, warwick ennivayekkaal kooduthal valarukayum abhivridhi praapikkukayum cheythathinaal rund dweep pattanangalum pettantine ethirthu. 1647ll naalu pattanangalum pettant sweekarikkukayum rooad dveepinteyum providence thottangaludeyum kolaniyaayi maarukayum cheiyunnathuvare dweep pattanangal verittunirthaan addehathinu kazhinju.
clarkinu kurachu niyamapariseelanam undaayirunnu, charitrakaaranaaya albert henry neuman vaadichathu 1647-ll puthiya koolani nadappaakkiya aadyathe samboornna niyamasamhithayude pradhana rachayithaav thaanaanennu. rooad dweep charitrakaaranum lefttanant govarnorumaaya saamuval jii. eee niyamasamhithayude gunangale prashamsicha arnold athine marikadakkappedaatha niyamanirmmaana maathruka ennu visheshippichu.
newport palliyude sthaapanam.
1638-ll rogger vilyams providencil oru palli sthaapichu, athu ippol amerikkayile aadyathe baptist palli ennariyappedunnu. adutha snapanasabha rooad dveepil joonn clark sthaapichathaanu, 1638ll dveepil athiyappol athinte thudakkam undayirikkaam. masaachyusets govarnor joonn winthrop 1640 muthal 1641 vare dveepil "anaabaaptistukal" ennu avakaashappedunnavar undaayirunnuvennu ezhuthi. boosttan abhibhaashakan thomas leckford 1640ll dveepil oru palli undaayirunnuvennum athil clark moothayaalo paasttaro aayirunnuvennum ezhuthi, pakshe athu pirichuvittathaayi addeham manassilakki. ennirunnaalum, clark ethiya samayam muthal 1644 ll newportil oru palli sthaapikkunnathuvare newportil pothu aaradhana nadatthi. parishkaricha oru baptist palliyayi eee palli sajeevamaayi thudarunnu, athinte sthaapakante bahumaanaartham joonn clark memorial enna aikya baptist palliyude peru vahikkunnu.
snaapanapravarthanam.
1649-ll clark oru snapanasabha samghadippikkaan sahayikkunnathinaayi seekongilekku (pinneedu plymouth kolaniyilaayirunnuvenkilum pinneedu masaachyusetsile rehobothil) pooyi. govarnor vinthroppin ayacha kathil rogger vilyams ithu sthireekarichu "seekongil, palarum aduthide misttar vinthroppumaayi yojichu. joonn clark njangalude providence menz, oru puthiya snaapanathinte poyintinekkurichum mungunnathiloodeyulla reethiyekurichum; misttar. joonn clark aduthide avide vannittundu, misttar. lucar, avare mukki. avarude aacharam nammude mahanaaya sthaapakanaaya kristhuyeshuvinte aadya aachaarathod aduthuvarunnuvennu njaan vishwasikkunnu."seakong sabhayile niravadhi amgangal avarude mantri saamuval nyoomaanumaayi tharkkikkukayum pradhana palliyil ninnu akannupookukayum cheythirunnu, pradhaanamaayum shishukkalude snaapanathecholli. eee vibhajanathekkurichu ketta clark luker vimathare swaagatham cheyyaanum nimajjanathiloode avare snaanappeduthaanum pooyi. clark jeevacharitrakaaranaaya sidney jaims "durbalanaaya manushyan [koodaathe] chooderiya swabhaavamulla thettu kandethunnayaalumaayi" kanakkaakkappedunna obadia holmes seakong purushanmaaril oraalaayirunnu.
masaachyusets purohithanmaarum majistrettumaarum seacong snaapanathekkurich arinjappol roshakularaayi. avarude kaazhchayil, edavakakkaar kuttikalayirikke anubhavichirunna muun snapanangal avar asaadhuvaakkukayum avaa nirvahicha manthrimaare asaadhuvaakkukayum cheythu. eee aachaarangalekkurich onnum cheiyunnillennu aaropich majistrettukal plaimouthile avarude athiraalikalkku kathezhuthi. thudarnnu seacong sabha holmasine bahishkarikkukayum addehathinethiraaya kodathi nadapadiyetthudarnnu 1650-lum 1651-lum mattu vimatharkoppam newportilekku marran addeham nirbandhithanaavukayum cheythu. pinneedu addeham newport palliyude muthirnnavanayi.
thadavu.
1651 joolaiyil masaachyusetsile linnil thaamasichirunna snapana vikaarangalulla oru andhanaya vrudhanaayirunnu vilyam vittar. thante snapana vishwaasavumaayi bandhappedaan addeham aagrahichu, pakshe newportilekku pookaan kazhiyaathavidham addeham durbalanaayirunnu, athinaal clark, obadia holms, joonn crandle ennivar addehathe veettil sandarshichu. juulai 19 shaniyazhcha party ethi, pittennu oru mathaparamaya shushroosha nadatthi. kudumbamgangalum sandarshakarum "apratheekshithamaayi vanna naalo ancho aparichitharum" sannihitharaayirunnu. clarkineyum rund koottaalikaleyum arast cheyyanamennu aavasyappettu praadeshika majistrettu roobert bridge oppitta vaarantumaayi rund constablemaar sevanathinide hajaraayi. snapanamonnum nadathiyittillengilum vaarandinte vaakkukal soochippikkunnathu ithaanu purushanmaarude arasttinulla kaaranamenn. thangalude ishtathinu virudhamaayi oru purittan mathaparamaya shushrooshayil pankedukkaan purushanmaar nirbandhitharaakukayum palliyile thoppikal neekkam cheyyaan avar visammathikkukayum cheythu. praarthanayude avasaanam clark nilkkukayum enthukondaanu avar thoppikal neekkam cheyyaan visammathichathenn sabhayodu vishadeekarikkukayum cheythu. annu vaikunneram avare kastadiyiledukkukayum pittennu praadeshika majistrettumaarude munbaake konduvarikayum cheythu. bostanilekku kondupokunnathinu munbu kuttaaropithanaaya sesham vittezhsilekku madangaan avarkk swaathanthryamundaayirunnu. clark oru shushroosha nadathukayum holms moonnu pere jnjaanasnaanappeduthukayum cheythu.
juulai 22nuu thadavukaare bostanilekku kondupookukayum juulai 31nuu vichaarana nadakkunnathuvare thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. chodyam cheyyalinaayi avare govarnor joonn endicottinte munbil konduvarikayum anaabaapttistukalaane aaropikkukayum cheythu. thaan oru anabaptisto pedobaptisto (shishuvinte snaapanathe anukoolikkunna oraal), kaattabaaptisto (shishuvinte snaapanathe ethirkkunna oraal) allennu clark marupadi nalki. moonnu perum "maranam arhikkunnundennum atharam maalinyangal thante adhikaaraparidhiyilekku konduvaraan paadillennum govarnor paranju."
vichaaranavelayil govarnor endicot, deputy govarnor thomas dudley, majistretmaaraaya richard bellingham, vilyam hibbins, engrez nowell ennivar kodathiye prathinidheekarichu. aadaraneeyanaaya joonn kottan thadavukaare apalapichu, aadaraneeyanaaya joonn vilson kottaaratthinte samrakshanathilaayirikkum holmasine adichu. purushanmarkkethire kuttam chumatthi (1) anadhikritha mathasammelanam nadatthuka; (2) oru amgeekrithasammelanam thadassappeduthuka (thoppi dharichu); (3) niyamavirudhamaayi koodaashakal nadatthuka; (4) masaachyusets pallikal yadhaartha pallikalallenn nilanirthuka; (5) shishuvinte snaapanamennath vyaja snaapanamaanennu nilanirthuka. aaa purushanmarkkethire oru kuttaaropithano sakshiyo samsaarikkathe sikshikkappettu.
holminu 30 poundu, clark 20 poundu, crandall 5 poundu enniva pizha chumatthi. seekongile bahishkaranathinum linnil snaapanathin nalkiyathinum holminu ettavum kanatha pizha chumatthi. avarude kanatha pizhayil clark prathishedhichu, govarnor endicot clark "thookkilettaan yogyanaan" ennu marupadi nalki."kodathiyil, endicot clarkinode thante vishwaasangal purittan manthrimaarude vishwaasangalkku anusrithamaayi nilakollillenn paranju. mathavishwaasangaleyum achaarangaleyum kurichu purittan manthrimaarumaayi charcha nadathaanulla antharleenamaaya velluvili sweekarichu pittennu jayilil ninnu kodathiyil oru kathu ezhuthi clark ithinodu prathikarichu. thudakkathil velluvili amgeekarikkappettenkilum klaarkkinte pizha chila suhruthukkal ariyaathe adaykkukayum jayilil ninnu mochithanaakukayum cheythu. addeham pradesham vidukayum thudarnnu velluvili nerittillenn purittan mooppanmaar aaropikkukayum cheythu. purittan purohithanmaare charcha cheyyaan addeham rund sramangal koodi nadathiyenkilum kodathi cases upekshichu, orikkalum charcha nadannilla. clark thante vishwaasangalum nilapaadukalum vishadamaakkunna naalu charchaa pooyintukalude karadu thayyarakkiyirunnu.
clarkinum crandlein pizha adaykkunnathinaayi suhruthukkal panam svaroopichu, pakshe avarude sammathamillaathe avarude aagrahathin virudhamaayi. enthaanu sambhavikkunnathenn holms kandethiyayudane, suhruthukkalum addehathinu panam nalkaan shramichenkilum manassaakshiyude kaaryamaayi pizha adaykkunnathu thadayaan addehathinu kazhinju. thalphalamaayi, 1651 septambar 5 nuu holmessine pattanatthile chaattavaaradiyilekku kondupookukayum moonnu coord chaattavaarode 30 chaattavaaradikkukayum cheythu. addeham majistrettumaarodu paranju, "ningal enne rosaappookkal kondu adichu", sambhava samayat thanikk vedana anubhavappettillenn addeham avakashappettu; ennirunnaalum, athinusesham niravadhi divasathekku kaalmuttilum kaimuttilum visramichaal maathrame addehathinu urangaan kazhiyoo. valare pinneedu, rooad dweep govarnor joseph jengus ezhuthi, "misttar misttarinte paadukal kandavar. holmasinte puram (athine vrudhan karthaavaaya yeshuvinte adayaalangal ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnil), addeham jeevichirikkanamenna athbhutham prakadippichu."
anantharafalangal.
purushanmaarude arasttinum mosham perumaattatthinum sesham, boosttan sabhayile kottanineyum vilsonineyum bahumaanichukondu englandil ninnu sarr richard saltonstaal ezhuthi "eee karkkashamaaya vazhikal ningalkk aaa vaakkukalude hridayathil valare thaazhthal varuthi."sambhavam nadannayudane, rogger vilyams govarnor endicotinu oru kathu ezhuthi, manassakshiyudeyum mathathinteyum kaaryangalil sahishnutha venamennu aathmaarthamaayi abhyarthichenkilum abhyarthana sradhikkappettilla. ennirunnaalum, vilyams eee kaaryam vishramikkaan anuvadichilla, koodaathe clarkineyum holmessin "raktharookshithamaaya kudiyaan ennathinekkaal raktharookshithamaaya" (1652) enna thante pusthakatthinte vishayangalayi upayogichu. vilyams eee pusthakatthinte oru pakarpp clarkinu nalkukayum munvashath ingane ezhuthukayum cheythu "addehathinte aadaraneeyan priyappettavanumaya shree. joonn clark, kristhuvaaya yeshuvinte oru pramukha budhijeeviyaaya yeshu, peedanathekkurichulla rakthathinte sidhaantham, & sii."
eee manushyar sahicha kadinamaaya anubhavathinte oru nalla phalam chila saakshikalude mathaparivarthanavum snaanavum aayirunnu. atharathiloru saakshiyayirunnu harward kolejile aadya presidentaaya henry dansttar. dansttarinte vishwaasa parivartthanam 1654-ll addehathe president sthaanathuninnu neekkam cheiyunnathinu kaaranamaayi, pakshe bosttanile aadyathe baptist sabhayude srishtiye prachodippikkaan ithu sahayichu. englandile rooad dveepinte uddeshyathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi masaachyusets udyogasthare prakopippikkaanaan klaarkkinte dauthya yaatra aasoothranam cheythathennu chila pandithanmaar vaadichu. clark englandil athiyathinu thottupinnaale, masaachyusets adhikaarikalude kadinamaaya anubavangal rekhappeduthikkondu addeham "nyoo-englandil ninnulla puthiya rogikale" prasidheekarichu. mathaparamaya sahishnuthaykkulla cases roopappeduthikkondu rajaavinodulla oru abhyarthanayaayirunnu eee pusthakam, pothujanangalude abhiprayam roopappeduthunnathilum rooad dweep colonic oru chaarttarin pinthuna nalkunnathilum ithu pradhana pankuvahichu.
englandile samayam.
1643ll rogger vilyams nediya colonial pettantil vilyam codington athrupthi prakadippikkukayum naalu vaasasthalangale rooad dveepinteyum providence thottangaludeyum ekeekritha kolaniyaayi ekeekarikkunnathine addeham ethirkkukayum cheythu, athu aathyanthikamayi pettantinte falamaayi 1647ll vannu. newport, porttsmouthu ennee rund dweep pattanangalkk colonial swaathanthryam venamennu addeham aagrahikkukayum landanile colonial kammeeshanarmaarkk munnil thante cases avatharippikkan englandilekku pookaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. 1651 epril 3 nuu kaunsil oof englandu codingtonin aquidneck dveepin cheria ayal dveepaaya konanikattinum (pinneedu jaimstown, rooad dweep) aajeevanantha govarnoraayi oru prathyeka sarkkar kammeeshan nalki.
codington kammeeshan radhaakkal.
codington thante niyogavumaayi rooad dveepilekku madangiyethiyathode vimarsanam uyarnnu. 1651 septambaril vilyam arnold providence kudiyettakkaaril palarudeyum vikarangal samgrahichu, "athesamayam shree. codington rooad ilaantinteyum conemacue ilaantinteyum oru charter swanthamaakki, athuvazhi providence enna peril poya avarude chaarttarinte shakti addeham thakarthu, kaaranam aaa koolani bhooribhaagavum addeham thattiyedutthu."dveepil codington bharichathine clark ethirkkukayum 1651 october 15nuu englandilekkulla dveepinte ejantaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. adutha maasam, codington kammeeshan radhaakkaan adhehatheyum vilyam diarineyum englandilekku ayachu. oresamayam, pradhana bhoopradesha pattanangalaya providence warwick samanamaaya oru jolikkayi rogger vilyamsine ayachu, clark jayilil ninnu mochithanaayi eathaanum maasangalkk sesham 1651 novemberil moonnu perum englandilekku kappal kayari. engleeshukaarum dachukaarum thammilulla sameepakaala sathrutha kaaranam 1652 epril vare nyoo englandile kaunsil oof stetsumaayi eee purushanmaar koodikkaazhcha nadatthiyilla.
1652 octoberil henry vaaninte sahaayathode dweep sarkkarinulla codington kammeeshan raddaki. 1643-leeii vilyams pettantilekku koolani thirichethiya vaartha konduvanna vilyam dier adutha februvariyil rooad dveepilekku madangiyethiyenkilum clark bhaaryayodoppam englandil thanne thudarnnu.
"nyoo englandil ninnulla puthiya rogikalaanu".
englandil ethiya udan thanne clark "nyoo englandil ninnulla asukhakaramaaya puthiyavara allengil nyoo englandinte peedanathekkurichulla oru vivaranam" (1652) prasidheekarichu. manassaakshiyude swaathanthryathinum mathaparamaya sahishnuthaykkum vendiyulla aathmaarthamaaya abhyarthana ariyikkunna oru kathiloode engleesh paarlamentinum kaunsil oof stetsinum ezhuthiyathaanu pusthakam aarambhikkunnath. ithinethudarnnu masaachyusetsile purittan nethaakkale abhisambodhana cheythulla mattoru kathu. oru palli nadathunnathinekkurichu klaarkkinte vishwaasangalkkum masaachyusets pallikal thettaaya dishayilaanu neengunnathenn addeham karuthiyathinum vendiyaanu pusthakatthinte ettavum valia bhagam samarppichirikkunnath. pusthakatthinte pakuthiyil thaazhe bhagam masaachyusets adhikaarikalude kaiyil ninnu clark koottaalikalum anubhavicha peedanathekkurichaanu. addeham ezhuthi, "oraalkk mattoraalude manassaakshiyude mail aadhipathyam undaayirikkuka ennathu karthaavinte ishtamalla. ... manushyarkko pishachukkalkko doothanmaarkko aadhipathyam vahikkano calpicano nirbandhikkaano kazhiyaatha prakaashangaludeyum aathmaakkaludeyum pithaavil ninnulla oru thilangunna kiranamaanu [manassakshi]."
aaa pusthakam aathyanthikamayi aagrahicha phalam nedi. masaachyusets adhikaarikal "ill nyoos" enna kruthiyude ulladakkathil valareyadhikam paribhraantharaayathinaal lyne charchu mantriyaaya thomas koobatt "mathaparamaya kaaryangalil sivil majistrettinte adikaaram mithamaayi charcha cheyyappedunnu" (1653) enna thalakkettil oru nishedham ezhuthi. masaachyusets kolaniyile "sariyaaya" palli nilanirthaan balaprayogam nadathiyathine eee pusthakam prathirodhichu. eee prathikaranam nannayi ezhuthappettathaanenkilum masaachyusets nilapad samrakshikkunnathinekkaal klaarkkinte party peedanangal sthireekarikkunnathinaan ithu kooduthal cheythath. aathyanthikamayi, eee pusthakam rooad dveepine ganyamaaya mathaswaathanthryangal nedaan sahayichu, ithu oru snaapanacharithrakaarane clarkine "pathinezhaam noottaandile amerikkayile swaathanthryathinulla snapana drum mejar" ennu visheshippikkaan prerippichu."
rooad ailand ejantu.
thante pravarthanangalkku cheria nashtapariharam labhichenkilum englandile rooad dveepinte audyogika ejantaayirunnu clark. ennirunnaalum, addeham thante mathaparamaya prathibaddhathayil sajeevamaayi thudarukayum vilyam kifinte paastarshippin keezhil oru prathyeka baptist palliyil cherukayum cheythu. addehathinte pinthunayude oru maarggam eee palliyil prasamgikkuka ennathaayirunnu, eee krameekaranam addehathinu sthalavum irippidavum nalkiyathaakam athine addeham "profattinum mungananaykkumulla cheef sthalam" ennu vilichathu. niyama sevanangalum landanil vaidyashaasthravum abhyasikkukayum cheythu.
englandile klaarkkinte bhooribhaagam samayavum paarlamentinte keezhilum olivar cromwell loard protector ayirunna kaalayalavilaayirunnu. avide klaarkkinte praadhamika lakshyam rooad dweep colonic kolaniyude mathaswaathanthryam urappaakkunna providence thottangalkkum oru sakthamaaya charter surakshithamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu, koodaathe cromwell rooad dveepinte 1643 pettantinte saadhuta sthireekarichu. 1656ll naalu barrell podiyum ettu barrell vediyundakalum veettilekku ayachukondu clark colonic sahayam nalkukayum 1657ll vilyam haarisinethiraaya niyamanadapadikalkku sahayam abhyarthichu koolani nalkia oru kathu kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu.
landanil clarkine parichayapetta oru pradhana vyakthiyaya richard bailey addehathinu niyamaparamaaya vaidagdhyam nalkukayum rajaavinu nivedanangal thayyarakkan sahayikkukayum rooad dveepinte charter ezhuthaan polum sahaayichittundaakam. clark oduvil newportilekku madangiyethiyappol, bailey addehathodoppam kappal yaatra cheyyukayum pinneedu adhika niyama upadesham nalkukayum klaarkkinte vipulamaaya ichhaashakthi ezhuthukayum cheythu.
oru charter charcha cheyyuka.
1660-ll chaals randaaman englandinte simhaasanathil kayarukayum rund varshathinullil ekeekritha mathaparamaya acharanangal aavashyamaayi varunna ekeekritha niyamam pasakkukayum cheythu. puthiya rajaavu presbytarianmaar, swatantrar, snapanakkaar ennivarkkethire munvidhikal pularthiyirunnathinaal mathaswaathanthryangal ulppedunna oru charter thayyarakkunnathil klaarkkinte budhimuttu vardhichu. 1660 october 18nuu rooad dveepinte ejantu enna nilayil klaarkkinte kammeeshan puthukki, 1661num 1662num idayil addeham rajaavinu kuranjathu patthu nivedanangalum kathukalum phayal cheythu. rooad dweep kolaniyude poornna vishwasthatha addeham rajaavinu vaagdaanam cheythu, thudarnnu mathaparamaya aaraadhanayude pinthudarchayil manassaakshiyude swaathanthryam urappunalkunnathin raajaavinte sahanubhoothiyum pinthunayum abhyarthichu.
1661 februvari 5nuu kireedatthinu labhicha oru nivedanathil clirk oru prathyekamaaya vagmiparamaaya nirddesham ezhuthi, rekhaykkullil chila vaakkukal dhairyappedutthi. ettavum abhivridhi praapikkunna oru pouraraashtram nilanilkkunna oru sajeevamaaya pareekshanam nadatthuka" ennathaayirunnu addehathinte aathmaarthamaaya abhyarthana... oppam paripaalikkunnathaan nallath... mathaparamaya kaaryangalil poornna swaathanthryathode ". eee vaakkukal rooad dveepinte mathaswaathanthryathinaayulla pooraattatthinte pratheekamaayi maarukayum taamasiyaathe charteril thanne ulppeduthukayum cheythu-valare pinneedu rooad dweep stettu housinte frasil avaa vettikkalanju. pilkkala harjikalilonnu rooad dveep connecticut kolanikalum thammilulla athirthi prasnangal valareyadhikam kaikaaryam cheythu. vividha harjikalil enthengilum nadapadiyundaakunnathinu clarkinu ekadesham oru varshatholam kaathirikkendi vannu.
1662 leeii vasanthakaalath connecticut kolaniyile govarnor joonn winthrop juuniyar ayirikke apratheekshithamaya oru adiyantharaavastha sambhavichu. clarkinu munnil rajaavumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum addeham thante kolanikkaayi oru puthiya charter nedukayum cheythu. niravadhi rooad dveepukaarumaayi winthrop nalla bandhathilaayirunnu, ennaal aatharttan kambaniyilum addehathinu oru pankundaayirunnu, ithu naragansett ulkkadalinu padinjaaru naragansett janangalil ninnu valia bhoomi vaangi rooad dveepinte paramaadhikaaratthe durbalapedutthi, avide rooad dweep pradesham avakashappettu. vinthroppinte perumaattam vanchanaaparamaanennu clark kanakkaakkukayum englandil aayirikkumbol winthrop clarkine ozhivaakkukayum cheythu; 1662 meyy maasathil addehathinu thante charter amgeekarikkaan kazhinju.
connectikkattum rooad dveep thammilulla samgharsham clarendente erl thiricharinju. rund kolanikalum thammilulla athirthi tharkkam pariharikkaamenna pratheekshayil 1662 joolaiyil addeham raajaavine prathinidheekarichu vinthroppineyum clarkineyum vilippichu. paavkattakk nadikkum narragansett ulkkadalinum edayilulla pradesham rund kolanikalum avakaashappettirunnu. iruvashathumulla abhibhaashakarum madhyastharum ulppetta maasangalude charchakalkku sesham rund kolanikalum thammilulla athirthi rekha aathyanthikamayi paavkadakku nadiyil sthaapichu. herton kambaniyude bhoomiyil sthirathaamasamaakkiyavarkku connecticut allengil rooad dweep bharikkanamo ennu thiranjedukkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu. karaaril ethiya sesham, winthrop nyoo englandilekku madangiyethiyappol clark rooad dveepinte charterinaayi thante avasaanathe sramam nadatthi.
karaathirthikalekkurichu ellah kolaahalangalum moolam, nirddishta chaarttarile mattu vyavasthakalonnum oru charchaykkum kaaranamayilla. roda dveepinte chaarttarile pala vyavasthakalum connecticattilennapole thanneyaayirunnu, connecticut masaachyusetsin samanamaaya oru sarkkaarine aagrahichirunnuvennu ozhike, roda dweep 1643 pettantil neratthe anuvadicha athe swathanthrarude svayambharanam aagrahichu. ennirunnaalum, rooad ailand charter mathaswaathanthryathinte urappukalil valare munnott pooyi.
rooad dveepinte rajakeeya charter.
rooad dveep connectikkattum thammilulla athirthi prashnam pariharichukazhinjaal, clark thayyarakkiya deerghakaalamaayi kaathirunna chaarttarin 1663 juulai 8 nuu raajaavinte mudra nalki. mikka engleesh byoorokraattukalum vivekapoorvvam karuthiyathinappuram korpparettu adikaarangal vaagdaanam cheyyuka mathramalla, mungaamikalillathe oru paridhivare mathaswaathanthryam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythathil eee rekha shradheyamaayirunnu. eee chaarttarile vyavasthakal dooravyaapakamaayirunnu, dweep oru svayambharana sthaapanamaayi munnott pookuka mathramalla, 180 varshathekku eee rekha praabalyatthil thudarum.
eee charteril colonial athirthikal roopappeduthukayum oru sainyathinum yuddham vichaarana cheiyunnathinumulla vyavasthakal nadappaakkukayum malsyabandhana aanukoolyangal urappakkukayum englandilekku appeel nalkaanulla marggangal vishadamaayi nalkukayum cheythu. munkaalangalil mathaparamaya kaaranangalal avakashangal vettikkuracha mattu kolanikalkkullil swathanthramaayi yaatra cheyyaanulla rooad dweep nivaasikalude avakashangal charter urappunalki. puthiya charter mattu puthiya englandu kolanikale rooad dveepinullil indiakkaarkkethire athinte anumathiyillathe yuddham cheiyunnathil ninnu vilakkukayum mattu kolanikal thammilulla tharkkangal kireedatthinu appeel nalkanamennum nirddeshichu. colonial govarnor, deputy govarnor, patthu asisttantumaar (avarude judicial punk kaaranam majistrettukal ennu vilikkappedunnu) ennivare vyakthamaakkunna colonial praathinidhyathinulla vyavasthakalum ithu roopappeduthi. koodaathe, oro pattanatthinum anuvadicha deputy amgangalude ennavum vyakthamaakkiyirunnu.
mathaswaathanthryathekkurrathu chaarttarinte vyakthamaaya urappaayirunnu clarkine sambandhichidatholam paramapradhanam. chila aalukal kaaranam "engleesh sabhayumaayi poruthappedunnathil ninnu athu rooad dweep nivaasikale ozhivaakki... avarude swakaarya abhipraayangalil, mathatthinte pothupravartthanavumaayi poruthappedaan kazhiyilla..."ithu bredayude prakhyaapanatthil ninnu kurachu bhashayum eduthu
mathaparamaya kaaryangalil abhiprayavyathyaasangal undengil melpparanja kolaniyile oru vyakthiyum pinneedu eppol venamenkilum vivekapoorvvam peedippikkappedukayo peedippikkappedukayo shikshikkappedukayo aswasthanaakukayo chodyam cheyyappedukayo cheyyappedathirikkukayum nammude melpparanja kolaniyude pourasamaadhaanathe yadhaarthathil thadassappeduthaathirikkum cheyyanamennum ennaal oro vyakthikkum vyakthikalkkum kaalaakaalangalil, athinusesham ellaayppozhum, mathaparamaya kaaryangalil, thante swantham vidhikalum manasakshiyum swathanthramaayum poornnamaayum aaswadikkaanum aaswadikkaanum kazhiyanamennum, avar samadhaanaparamaayum nishabdamaayum perumaaranamennum, inipparayunna bhoopradeshathudaneelam...
priyappetta rekha kayyil kittiyappol, athu rooad dveepilekku ayaykkendathu clarkinu anivaryamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, nayatantra shramangalkk addehathinu valare kurachu prathiphalam maathrame labhichirunnulloo, koodaathe nyoo englandilekku udan thanne madangaan addehathinu panamillaayirunnu. athinaal addeham charter kyapttan jorjju baakstarine ealppichu, addeham athu rooad dveepilekku kondupoyi. 1663 november 24nuu rooad dveepinte general court oof kammeeshanarmaar 1643 leeii paarlamentari pettantinu keezhil avasaanamaayi newportil yogam chernnu. klaarkkinte pathittaand neenda adhvaanathinte phalam sweekarikkaan nivaasikalum niyamanirmmaathaakkalum othukoodi. colonial rekhakalil eee avasarathinte vyapthiyum gaambheeryavum rekhappeduthiyittundu
1663 november 24nuu nyoo englandile rooad dveepile newportil nadanna providence plaanteshan kolaniyile swathanthrarude oru valia yogathilum sammelanathilum, avarkk ayacha bahumanappetta kathinte sweekaranathinaayi niyamaparamaayi vilikkappedukayum chittayode nadathappedukayum cheytha athirthi sabha, athinaayi sabhayude moderatoraaya benedict arnold enna presidentine thiranjedutthu vottu cheyyukayum cheythu raajaavinte nandiyullah kathukal pothinja petti thurakkanamennum athil ottichirikkunna vishalamaaya mudrayullah kathukal puratthekku konduvarikayum ellah janangaludeyum kaazhchayilum prekshakaril ninnu vaayichedukkukayum cheyyuka; athinanusarichu, govarnorude vishalamaaya mudrayodoppam addehathinte raajakudumbathile staambum staambum ulla kathukal, aalukalude vishalamaaya mudrayodoppam, aalukalude gauravathode athu thirike konduvarikayum, thudarnnu athu poottukayum, aalukalude surakshaykkaayi athu samarppikkukayum cheythu.
pittennu rajaavinum clarendente arlinum thaazhmayodeyulla nandi vaakkukal kaimaranamennum clarkinu 100 poundu graattuvitti nalkanamennum vottu cheythu. charter kaalatthinte pareekshanatthil nilakondu, athu srishtichu 180 varshangalkk sesham 1843 vare, chaarttarin pakaram rooad dveepinte bharanaghadana vannu, koodaathe niravadhi pattanangalkulla prathinidhikalude vibhajanam "inii pravarthanakshamamallaathum jaiva niyamathil maattam varuthunnathiloode maathrame pariharikkaanaakoo enna oru kaaranam mathramaayirunnu."aathyanthikamayi eee rekha viramichappol, lokathile ettavum kooduthal kaalam nilaninnirunna bharanaghadanaa charteraayirunnu athu. viplavavum charter ore aditharayil adhishtithamaayathinaal-svayambharanathinte antharleenamaaya avakasham-american viplava yuddham polum athinte nilapad maattaathirunnath dooravyaapakamaayirunnu.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
royal charter nyoo englandilekku pookaan thayyaaraayathode clarkinum svayam thirichupidikkaan panam shekharikkendivannu. rajaavu charteril mudravechu oraazhchaykk sesham, clark landanile richard deanumaayi oru karar undaakki, panam swaroopikkunnathinaayi thante newport swathukkal panayamvechu. ithu polum englandil ninnu addeham udan purappedunnuvennu urappakkiyilla, adutha vasanthakaalam vare addehathinu rooad dveepilekku madangaan kazhinjilla. adhehavum bharya thangalude vasthuvakakalum aayudhangalude kayattumathiyum kolaniyilekku kondupoyi landanile "sahodarimaar" enna kappalil yaatra cheythu.
rooad dveepinte charteril udaaramaaya vyavasthakal undaayirunnittum, aranoottaandilere neenduninna connectikkattumaayulla bhoomi tharkkangal athu theerchayaayum pariharichilla. rooad dveepinte "narragaansett raajya" thinullil rund valia pradeshangal kaivashappeduthiyirunna eadharttan kambaniyumaayi prashnam pariharikkukayum cheythilla. ennirunnaalum, 1664-ll oru koottam rajakeeya kammeeshanarmaarude varavaayirunnu rooad dweep kolaniyude bhagyam. 1644ll narragansett janatha englandile rajaavinu keezhadangiyathayi saamuval gorttan kireedatthodu paranjirunnu. puthuthayi ethiya kammeeshanarmaar ithu parishodhichukazhinjaal, avar narragansett pradesham (ippol washington kaundiyum kent kaundiyude bhagamaaya, eadharttan tractukal ulppedeyulla rooad dweep) muzhuvan kings pravisyayaayi prakhyaapichu. kammeeshanarmaaril oralaaya saamuval maverick, athorttan kambaniye verutha rooad dveepile sameepakaala govarnor vilyam brantante nalla suhruthaayirunnu. bhoomi tharkkangalil rooad dveepinte kaazhchappaadukal avatharippikkan anuvadicha moonnu peril oraalaayirunnu clark, kammeeshanarmaar aathyanthikamayi rooad dveepinu anukoolamaayi sakthamaaya nilapad sweekarichu. oduvil, eadharttan kambanikku athinte narragaansett swath nashtappedukayum raajaavinte pravishya rooad dweep kolaniyude bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu.
sivil rolukal.
englandile addehathinte mahathaaya upayogathethudarnnu, clark madangiyethiyappol rooad ailand kolaniyude kaaryangalil kooduthal earppettu. 1664 muthal 1671 vare aarr varsham general asambliyile newportil ninnu deputy aayi sevanamanushticha addeham pinneedu 1669 num 1672 num idayil govarnor benedict aarnoldinte keezhil rund varshakkalam deputy govarnoraayi sevanamanushtichu. niyamaparamaaya pashchaathalatthode, 1666 octoberil rooad dweep niyamangal dahippikkunnathinaayi addehathe niyamichu. 1670 juunilum veendum 1672 maarchilum kolanikkuvendi englandilekku madangaan addehathe oru ejantaayi thiranjedutthu. 1672ll addeham thiranjedutthathu roda dweep pradeshathekku connecticut koolani nuzhanjukayarunnathinaal rajavinodu abhyarthikkuka ennathaayirunnu, pakshe addehathe ayaykkanulla padhathi upekshikkappettu.
1675 muthal 1676 vare, "nyoo englandine nashippicha ettavum vinashakaramaaya samgharshamaayi" kanakkaakkappedunna philipp raajaavinte yudhathil rooad dweep kudungukayum kolaniyude pradhana pattanangal nasippikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi thaddesheeyarum engleesh kudiyettakkaarum thammilulla eee ettumuttalinu philipp rajaavu enna engleesh peru nalkappettirunna vaampaanogukalude saakkemaaya mettaakomettinte peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. mattu kolanikale apekshichu rooad dweep indiakkaarumaayi valare samaadhaanaparamaayirunnuvenki bhoomishaasthram kaaranam, samgharshathil ninnulla naashanashtangalude aaghaatham athu ettedukkukayum vaarvikkinteyum paavdaksettinteyum vaasasthalangal poornnamaayum nasippikkukayum providencinte bhooribhaagavum nasippikkukayum cheythu. kolanikkullil uyarnna bahumanam nilaninnirunnathinaal, 1676 epril 4 nuu pothusabhayude prameyathil upadesham thediya 16 colonial nethaakkalil oraalaayirunnu addeham. randaazhchaykku sesham, yuddham ippozhum pottippurappedumbol, clark marichu.
palli vibhagangal.
englandil ninnu madangiyethiya sesham clark kolaniyude kaaryangalil valare sajeevamaayappol, newport palliyile neethrthwaparamaaya punk addeham punaraarambhichu. addeham englandilaayirunnappol palliyil oru valia bhinnathayundayi, thirichuvannu niravadhi varshangalkk sesham mattoru bhinnathayundayi. ivayil aadyathethu "kaikal vaykkunnathu" ennathaayirunnu. ebraer 6:2 enna baibil vaakyathil prathipaadikkunna kristhuvinte aarr thathwangalil onnaayi eee aacharam kanakkakkappedukayum newport baptist palliyil eee aachaarathe swaagatham cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, sabhayile chila amgangal eee sambradaayam nirbandhamaakkanamennu aagrahichappol mattullavar edavakakkaarkku adhika niyanthranangal earppeduthaan aagrahichilla. eee viyojip 1656-ll sabhayil ninnu verpiriyaanum newportil swantham "aarr thathwangal" snapana sabha roopeekarikkaanum vilyam vaaghane prerippichu, chilappol newporttile randaamathe snapana sabha ennu vilikkappedunnu.
sabhayile randaamathe pradhana vibhajanam nadannathu aaraadhanadivasathilaanu, sabhaykkullile sabbatheriyakkaar shaniyazhcha aaradhikkaan aagrahichappozhaan. chila edavakakkaar oru shushrooshayil pankedukkukayum chilar mattoru shushrooshayil pankedukkukayum chilar randilum pankedukkukayum cheythathode eee aacharam valia thothil sahikkapettu. ennirunnaalum, mootha obadia holms eee sanbradaayathodu sathrutha pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum 1667-ll sabthariyakkaarodulla kadinathayekkurichu clark addehathe saasichu. holms pinneedu newport palliyil prasamgikkunnathil ninnu pinmaariyenkilum 1671-ll avide thante idaya chumathalakal punaraarambhichu. addeham shabbattariyane vimarshikkunnath thudarnnappol, oduvil 1671 desemberil avar swantham palli roopeekarikkaan pooyi. gails slokkaminte kudumbatthe kendreekarichulla kooduthal abhiprayavyathyaasangal palliyil sambhavichu. kristhu jeevichirippundennu slokkaminte bhaarya joonn nishedhichappol 1673ll avale bahishkarichu. ithinethudarnnu avalude bharthaavum makkalum makkalude pankaalikalum sabha vittu prakshubdharaayi.
maranavum paarambaryavum.
richard beyliyude sahaayathode clark 1676 epril 20 nuu thante vilpathram thayyarakki, athe divasam thanne newportil vachu marichu. addehathinte vilppathrathil nirddeshichathupole, addehathinte kudumbatthinte sthalamaaya newportil, addehathinte rund bharyamaaraaya elisabath, jaine ennivarkkoppamaanu addehathe samskarichathu.
thante ishtaprakaaram addeham paavappettavarude aashwaasathino kuttikale kaalaakaalangalil padikkunnathino vendi ennekkum upayogikkaanaayi oru trastt sthaapichu."ippozhum upayogathilirikkunna eee trastt pothuve amerikkayile ettavum pazhaya vidyaabhyaasa trastt fandaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, clark vilamathichirunna chila thathwangale, prathyekichu sabayum bharanakoodavum thammilulla verthirivine, eee trastt durbalapedutthi. sabhayude manthraalayangale pinthunaykkaan trastt upayogichappol, athu taunn kaunsilineyum sabhayey niravadhi niyamaparamaaya vazhithirivukalil pedutthunnu. oduvil trastt upayogichirunnathu, kuranjathu bhaagikamenkilum, shambalamulla oru manthriyude shambalam-ithu valare anuchithamaanennu karuthunnu.
mathethara sarkkar mathavumaayi samaadhaanaparamaayi sahavarthikkanamenn clark vishwasikkukayum sabhayey bharanakoodatheyum verthirikkunnathil addeham oru pradhana vyakthiyayi maarukayum cheythu. klaarkkinte ettavum theevramaaya pinthunakkaaril oralaaya charitrakaaranaaya thomas bicknell ezhuthiyathu, nyoo englandile purittan settilmentinte samayat "bhoomiyude mukhathum parishkritha manushyarkkidayilum evideyum pouravum athma-swaathanthryavum nilaninnirunnilla" ennaanu. lokathile aadyathe vyakthavum poornnavum manahpoorvavum samghadithavum sthiravumaaya sthaapanam ippol doow. joonn clark, yadhaartha sthaapakan. charitrakaaranaaya luis asher ezhuthi, "doow. rooad dveepiloode puthiya lokathekku janadhipathyam konduvanna aadya vyakthiyaan clark."aquidneck thottangalude amgeekritha sthaapakanum pithavum, porttsmoutthinte kompaakttinte rachayithaavum dweep pattanangalude samghadanayilum bharanathilum munnirayilulla aathmaavumaanu clark ennum bicknell vaadichu. charitrakaaranaaya edward peettezhsan clark orikkalum dhaarmika swabhaavathe marikadakkaattha, addehathinte bhakthiye orikkalum chodyam cheyyaatha oru manushyanaanennu ezhuthi."clarkinekkurichu asher eee anthima vilayiruthal nadatthi" oru manushyanenna nilayil clark mattullavarkk vendiyaanu jeevichathu. munkaalathe pala purushanmareyum pole addeham niswaarthanum nissahaayanaayirunnuvallo. vibhageeyamaaya mathaparamaya kaazhchappaadukal undaayirunnittum, thanikk labhichathinekkaal kooduthal addeham thante sahamanushyanu nalki."
newporttile aadyathe baptist charchu, oru vyaakarana school, oru vyapara swaathanthrya kappalaya ss joonn clark enniva klaarkkinte perilaanu ariyappedunnathu. rooad ailand kolejile physical sayans kettidam 1963 ll addehathinte bahumaanaartham samarppichu. newport historikkal sosaittiyude chumaril oru phalakam iprakaaramaanu
vamshaparambarayum kudumbavum.
englandile safolkkile westhorpil janichatho snaapanamettatho aaya thomas aandu rooss klaarkkinte ezhu makkalil anchaamatheyaalaayirunnu joonn clark. 1601ll janicha maargarat mootha kuttiyaayirunnu, aduthathu cair, 17 februvari [aii. dii. 1], thudarnnu thomas, 1605 march 31nuu jnjaanasnaanamettu. aduthathaayi merii, 1607 juulai 26nuu jnjaanasnaanamettu, thudarnnu vishayam joonn 1609 october 8nuu jnjaanasnaanamettu, aduthathaayi vilyam 11 februvari 1611nuu jnjaanasnaanamettu, addeham cheruppatthil thanne marichirikkaam, ettavum ilayaalaaya joseph 1618 desember 16nuu jnjaanasnaanamettu. maargarat nicolaus vaithine vivaham kazhichu masaachyusetsile cambridgilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. merii joonn pekkaamine vivaham kazhichu, bharthaavinum naalu sahodaranmaraaya carev, thomas, joonn, joseph ennivarkkumoppam rooad dveepile newportilekku vannu.
joonn clark moonnu thavana vivahithanaayi, addehathinte aadya bhaarya bedfordshire gusthibhoomiyude adhipanayirunna joonn haarisinte makalaaya elisabath harris aayirunnu. addeham englandil ejantaayirunnappol addehathodoppamundaayinu bhaaryayaayirunnu ithu, clarkinu kurachu varshangalkk munbu avar newportil vachu marichu. avarude maranathethudarnnu, 1671 februvari 1 nuu nicolas fletcherinte vidhavayaya jaine addeham vivaham kazhichu, ennaal adutha varsham 1672 epril 19 nuu avar marichu. clarkinu jainumaayi oru makalundaayirunnu, aval 1672 februvari 14 nuu janikkukayum 1673 meyy 18 nuu marikkukayum cheythu.
klaarkkinte moonnaamathe bhaarya nicolas davisinte vidhavayaya saarayayirunnu, addehavumaayi clarkinu deerghakaala bandhamundaayirunnu. 1639ll clarkineppole daves aquidneck dveepil aadyakaala kudiyettakkaaranaayirunnu, pakshe oru vyaapaariyaayi plymouth kolaniyile hynesilekku thamasam maari. masaachyusetsil davisinu niravadhi bisinesses edapaadukal undaayirunnu, ennaal addeham oru bhookambakkaaranaayappol 1659-ll jayililadaykkappedukayum avide ninnu naadukadatthappedukayum pinneedu newportil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. 1672ll american kolanikal sandarshichappol kwekar sthaapakanaaya jorjju foxine long ailandil ninnu newportilekku addeham kondupoyi. taamasiyaathe davis mungimarikkukayum onnara varshathinullil addehathinte vidhava clarkine vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. clarkine athijeevicha saara 1692ll marikkukayum klaarkkinte ishtaprakaaram oormmikkappedunna kuttikal avarkkundaakukayum cheythu.
kurippukal.
eiii. klaarkkinte pusthakatthinte poornnamaaya thalakkett "nyoo-englandil ninnulla puthiyavara allengil nyoo-englandu peedanatthinte vivaranam" ennathaanu. pazhaya englandu puthiyathayi maarumbol, nyoo englandu pazhayathaanennu verin prakhyaapikkunnu. pazhaya englandilum puthiyathilum kristhuvinte suvishesham (cheria charge valia surakshyum) pracharippikkunnathinulla vazhiye sparsikkunna naalu nirddeshangalum bahumanappetta paarlamentinum kaunsil oof stettinum nalki. kristhuvum thante avasaanathe ishtathil ninnum niyamathil ninnum, sthireekarikkappedukayum nyaayeekarikkappedukayum cheythu "(landan henry hills, 1652)
bii. peru doow. joonn clark oru doktaraayirunnathinaal niravadhi ezhuthukaar addehathinu ithu nalkiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, vaidyashaasthra pariseelanavum vidyaabhyaasavum undaayirunnengilum aadhunika ardhathil addeham vaidyashaasthrathil doktaraayirunnilla. udharanikalilallaathe eee lekhanathil thalakkett upayogichittilla.
paraamarshangal.
grandhasoochika.
"pusthakangal"
"lekhanangal"
"oonlain srothassukal"

