
lambezis

aadhunika gramamaaya tassaultin sameepam sthithicheyyunna aljeeriyayile baatnayude thekkukizhakkum tingadinu padinjaarum sthithicheyyunna oru roman puraavastu sthalamaanu lambases (lambases), lambysis allengil lambeza (colonial franch bhashayil lambase). muun bishoper oru laattin catholica taittilar bishoper koodiyaanu.
charithram.
roman sainyamaan lambeza sthaapichathu. moonnaam sainyathinte (lejio III "augusta") camp, athinte uthbhavam, AD 123-129-nuu idayil, roman chakravarty hadriante kaalath sthaapikkappettathaayi thonnunnu, addehathinte sainikarekkurichulla abhisambodhana mahathaaya campinu padinjaaru randaamathe campile oru thoonil alekhanam cheythathayi kandethi. ennirunnaalum, mattu thelivukal soochippikkunnathu ithu punic yudhangalil roopappettathaanennu.
eiii. dii 166 aayappozhekkum oru "vikas" enna peril ariyappedunna 10 "curia" enna padaprayogatthe kurichu paraamarshikkappedunnu; orupakshe puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya numedia pravishyayude thalasthaanamaaya samayat "vikas" oru "munisippiyam" aayi maari. pradhaanamaayum romanvalkarikkappetta berbermar avarude pingaamikalulla chila roman kolanikkaarum lambesisil adhivasichirunnu laattin audyogikavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkappedunnathumaaya bhashayaayirunnu (praadeshika berbermar laattinisavumaayi chernnu avarude swantham bhasha samsaarichaalum).
3. gordian III augusta pirichuvidukayum sainyathe vadakke aafrikkan pravishyakalkkidayil chitharikkukayum cheythu. ennaal 250kalil valerians gallionus chernnu eee sainyathe punasthaapichu, athinusesham eee sainyathe augusta resteetutta ennu vilichirunnu. eiii. dii 392nuu sheshavum athinte avasana purappaad nadannilla (taamasiyaathe nagaram thakarnnu). 
vaasthavathil, septimiyas severasinte (eiii. dii. 193) keezhil, numedia aafrikkan vettasil ninnu verpeduthappedukayum oru saamraajyathva prokkurettar bharikkukayum cheythu. dioclesian saamraajyathinte puthiya samghadanaykku keezhil, numedia rund pravisyakalaayi vibhajichu vadakku "numedia syrtensis" aayi maari, syrtayil thalasthaanam, athesamayam ooras parvathangal ulppedunna thekk, reydukalaal bheeshanippeduthukayum, "numedia milishyana", "milittari numedia" aayi maarukayum, lambesisinte lejiyanari aditharayil thalasthaanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, pinneedu, chakravarty syrtayil ninnu bharikkappedunna rund pravisyakaleyum ottaykku veendum onnippichu, athu ippol addehathinte bahumaanaartham "konstaanteena" (aadhunika konstaanteyn, aljiriya) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. eiii. dii 320-ll athinte govarnore "consularis" padaviyilekku uyarthukayum eiii. dii 428-ll akramikalude adhinivesham aarambikkunnathuvare aafrikkan roopathayude ezhu pravisyakalil onnaayi eee pravishya thudarukayum cheythu, ithu marubhoomivalkkaranathodoppa pathukke kshayikkaan thudangi. pravishya naseekarana bharanathin keezhilaayirunnuvenkilum berber reydukal vazhi theerapradeshangalil phalapradamaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. aafrikkayile puthiya praitorian prefecturinte bhaagamaayi marria naashanashta yudhathinu sesham ithu roman bharanathilekku punasthaapichu.
aaram noottaand muthal baisaantains lambezis parisaravum kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve eiii. dii 683 oode arabikal eee pradesham keezhadakki, patthaam noottaandil baar-ell-molook enna peril nagaratthinte avasheshikkunna bhaagangalkk peru nalki.
sabhacharithram.
purathana kaalatthinte avasaanathil roman pravisyayaaya numediayude bhaagamaayi oru episcopal zee aayirunnu lambezis. atharamoru pradhana pattanatthe sambandhichidatholam, athinte bishoperic charitraparamaaya rekhakalil ninnu athbhuthakaramaamvidham illaathirikkunnu. lampessis nikeeya kaunsililekko chalsedonileko oru prathinidhiye ayachilla, lekwin athine paraamarshichittilla.
240-ll oru praadeshika syned oof bishappukal apalapicha lambezis mathavirudhanaaya oru bishappine vishudha sipriyan paraamarsikkunnu.
naamamaathramaayi kaanuka.
vamshanasham sambhavicha roopatha naamamaathramaayi oru naamamaathramaaya bishapparaayi punasthaapichu. thudakkathil lambysis ennu punarjeevicha ithine 1925 ll lambysis ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
ettavum thaazhnna (episcopal) raankilulla thaazhepparayunna adhikaarikalund
avasheshikkunnu.
roman pattanatthinte avashishtangal, prathyekichu roman kyaambinte avashishtangal, anaavasyamaaya nasheekaranangal undaayirunnittum, vadakkan aafrikkayile ettavum rasakaramaaya avashishtangalil onnaanu.
ooras parvathanirakalude thaazhathe terresukalil sthithi cheiyunna avashishtangalil vijayakaramaya kamanangal (onnu septimiyas severesinum mattonn commodesine), shethrangal, jalasambharanikal, oru amphy thiyettarinte avashishtangal, kulimurikal, swakaarya veedukalude valia alavil kallukal enniva ulppedunnu. vadakkum kizhakkum kallukal avayude yadhaartha vinyaasathil nilkkunna vipulamaaya smashaanangalundu; padinjaaru samanamaaya oru pradeshamundu, ennirunnaalum, aadhunika graamam nirmmikkunnathinayi kallukal valia thothil neekkam cheythittundu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil athinte munbhagam muzhuvanaayirunnuvenkilum esculapius kshethrathinte oru nira maathrame nilkkunnulloo. avashishtangal neekkam cheytha jupittar, juno, minerva ennivaykkaayi samarppichirikkunna thalasthaanathinu ettu nirakalulla oru thuramukhamundu. purathana pattanatthinte madhyabhaagathu ninnu oru mailinte moonnil rund bhaagavum nilathu nilkkunna eee camp ippol bhaagikamaayi thadavarayum poonthottangalum ulkkollunnu. saadhaaranayaayi praitorium ennu vilikkappedunna, ennaal thettayi vilikkappedunna oru kettidatthinte avashishtangal ithu alakkunnu, madhyanirayil. 268 muthalulla eee mahathaaya kettidatthinu veethiyum uyaravumundu; athinte thekkan munvashath mathilinte pakuthiyolam uyaramulla manoharamaaya peristtail undu, athil valia ionic nirakalude muun nirayum korinthyan pailastarukalude edapazhakiya variyum ulppedunnu.
eee kettidatthinu pinnil (melkoorayulla), mattu kettidangalilekku praveshanam nalkunna oru valia court undu, onnu aayudashekharam. athil aayirakkanakkin projectylukal kandethiyittundu. thekkukizhakk bhagathaayi kulimuriyude avashishtangal undu. nagaratthileyum campileyum avashishtangal niravadhi likhithangal nalkiyittundu (renier edittu cheytha 1500, sil VIII-ll 4185 undu); valare valia anupatham ettavum nagnamaaya tharatthilulla epittaafukalaanenkilum, kooduthal pradhanappetta kashanagal eee sthalathinte charithratthinte rooparekha nalkunnu.
kyaambumaayi bandhapetta 2500-ladhikam likhithangal manassilakkappettittund. graamatthile oru myoosiyathil sameepat ninnu purathana vasthukkal kandethiyittundu. likhithangalkkum prathimakalkum purame, 1905-ll septimiyas severasinte kamaanathinu sameepam chila mikacha mosaikkukal kandethiyittundu. eee prathimakalil easculapius kshethrathil ninnu edutha easculapius, haijia ennivayude prathimakalum ulppedunnu.
lambessaykku thekk rund vijaya kamanangal ulppede purathana verekundayaya maarkkunayude avashishtangal undu.

