
praadeshika kaiyakshara vyathiyaanam

lokathinte pala bhaagangalileyum aalukal pothuvaaya aksharamalayum samkhyaa samvidaanangalum pankidunnundenkilum (laattin ezhuthu sanbradaayathinte pathippukal america, austreliya, europe, aphrica ennivayude bhooribhaagavum upayogikkunnu; arabic akkangal eathaandu saarvathrikamaanu), kaiyyaksara akshararoopangalude shailikal vyakthikalkkidayil vyathyaasappedunnu, chilappol pradeshangalkkidayil chittayayi vyathyaasappedunnu.
arabi akkangal.
paashchaathya rajyangalil upayogikkunna kaiyyaksara samkhyakalkku rund pothuvaaya roopangalunda
eee rund pradhana roopangalkku purame mattu praadeshika vyathiyaanangalum daaraalamundu.
samkhya 0: chila ezhuthukaar 0 (poojya) enna samkhyayiloode oru diagonal slash idunnu, ithu chila aadyakaala, kuranja resolutionulla computer terminalukalil upayogichirunna oru sanbradaayamaanu, ithu "o" enna valia aksharathil ninnu verthirichariyaan oru "poojya" gliff pradarshippikkunnu. eee sambradaayam danish, norwegian bhashakalil "ö" enna aksharatthinte upayogavumaayi vairudhyamullathaanu. eee ashayakkuzhappam ozhivaakkunna roopangalil iva ulppedunnu 
0 enna samkhyayum o enna aksharavum thammilulla ashayakkuzhappam oru skript aksharam o (mukalil oru lupe upayogichu) upayogichu pariharikkam.
samkhya 1: eee samkhya chilappol mukalilaayi thaazhekkum idathottum vyaapichukidakkunna oru serif upayogichu ezhuthappedunnu. yooroppinte chila bhaagangalile aalukal eee strock adisthaanarekha vare ekadesham muzhuvan dooravum vyaapippikkunnu. ithu chilappol adithattil thirashcheena serif upayogichu ezhuthappedunnu; serif illaathe ithu crossbar illaathe lambamaya strock hrasvamaaya thirashcheena topp strock ulla "7" enna samkhyayude aakruthiyodu saamyamullathaan. eee samkhya palappozhum mukalil cheviyillaatha oru playin vertical lainayi ezhuthappedunnu; eee roopam oru valia aksharam i, oru cheria aksharam l, oru lamba baar ennivayumaayi eluppathil aashayakkuzhappathilaakunnu. |.
samkhya 2: yuu.ezz.germmaniyum austriyayum, churunda pathipp padippikkappedukayum ippozhum kaiyaksharatthil palarum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. iva randum oru valia lipi q allengil z aksharavumaayi thettidharikkaam. 2 aayi kaanapedunnu.
samkhya 3: eee samkhya chilappol ω (ez) enna aksharathinu samanamaaya oru paranna topp upayogichaanu ezhuthunnathu. eee phoom chilappol aalukal moonnu kondu ettu aayi vanjanaaparamaayi maattunnathil ninnu thadayaan upayogikkunnu (ennaal eeshumaayo cursive isdumaayo aashayakkuzhappathinulla saadhyatha avatharippikkunnu). ithu palappozhum cyrillic aksharamaaya z (ze) allengil reversed allengil taind laattin aksharamaaya epsiloon (ε) polulla rund reversed allengil taind cheria aksharamaaya "c"-polulla valavukalude samyojanathode ezhuthappedunnu, paranna topp illaathe.
samkhya 4: chila aalukal mukalil "thurannirikkunnu": ezhu segment displayil ullathupole ellah varikalum lambamo thirashcheenamo aanu. ithu "9" enna akkatthil ninnu verthirichariyaan eluppamaakkunnu. thirashcheena baar valath lamba baaril avasaanikkukayo kadakkukayo cheiyunnuvo ennathu padinjaaru nissaaramaan, ennaal chila chainees aksharangalil ninnu (prathyekichu ′) verthirichariyaan athu kadakkanam.
samkhya 5: thaayvaanil, idathu lambamaya baar oru neenda thandaayi mukalilekku neettiyittundu. ithu charinjathaanenkil, mothatthilulla kanakk oru valia aksharamaaya "y"-nodu kooduthal saamyamullathaayirikkam. saadhaarana ezhuthiyaal athine 'ezz' aksharavumaayi thettidharikkaam.
samkhya 6: oru aksharathe "g", allengil cheriyaksharamaaya "b", allengil vipareethamaanengil onpathumaayi thettidharikkaam. 6 enna nambar vividha konukalil (billiard panthukalil, chila kalikkunna kaardukalum diesukalum polullava) prathyakshappedaavunna saahacharyangalil, "6" num "9" num idayil avyakthamakkaan sariyaaya viewing angle soochippikkunnathinu athine adivarayittu ("6" aayi kaanapedaam) allengil thudarnnu oru phul stopp ("6" aayi kaanapedaam); oru "9" samanamaaya adivarayidal allengil phul stopp ("9" allengil "9".) aayi kaanappedukayo illaayirikkukayo cheyyaam. mukalil "bii" aayi kaanapedunna churunda variyekkaal nerrekha upayogichum ithu ezhuthaam.
samkhya 7: chembu phalakathile penamaanshippil kaanapedunna parambaraagatha roopam mukalil idathuvashathu oru serifil aarambikkukayum oru thirashcheena strock (oru swash pole) undaakukayum cheiyunnu. kizhakkan eshyan rajyangalil (korea, chaina, jappan), eee samkhya saadhaaranayaayi atharamoru serif upayogichaanu ezhuthappedunnathu, pakshe madhyathiloode swash crossbar illa. ithu saadhaaranayaayi rund strockukal upayogichaanu ezhuthunnathu, mukalil thirascheenavum (saadhaaranayaayi konulla) lambavumaan. madhyathilulla lambarekha kadakkaan, ezhine oru akkatthil ninnu verthirichariyaan, prathyekichu valare neenda upstrockinoppam "1" ennu ezhuthunna samskaarangalil (franch polullava), chilappol oru cheria thirashcheena baar upayogikkunnu. eee roopam europe bhookhandathilum amerikkayude chila bhagangalilum australiyayilum pathivayi upayogikkunnu. thaayvaanil chilappol rund thirashcheena baarukal upayogikkunnu, ennirunnaalum oru adhika neelamulla serif aanu "7" neey "1" ll ninnu ettavum vyakthamaayi verthirikkunnathu. cross madhyabhaagathu cherkkumbol athu oru skript kyaapittal "eph" aayi ashayakkuzhappam srishtikkum.
samkhya 8: chila aalukal eee samkhyaye rund vrithangal pole ezhuthunnu. mattullavar eee samkhyaye oru thudarchayaaya chalanatthil ezhuthunnu, ithu rund kanneer thullikalo side ways lemniscato pole kaanapedunnu. 
9-aamm nambar yooroppinte chila bhaagangalil, eee akkam lambamaayi avasaanikkunna oru hookil thazheyaayi ezhuthunnu. eee pathipp saadhaaranayaayi () ennu cheriyaksharatthil cocks _ 1 ezhuthunnathu poleyaanu. mattidangalil saadhaarana aakruthi lambamaayi nere adisthaanarekhayilekku varaykkuka ennathaanu. 6" ennathumaayi ashayakkuzhappam ozhivakkaan onpathu adivarayidunnathino poornna stoppino ("9" allengil "9" aayi) prathyakshappedukayo illaathirikkukayo cheythekkaam. chaina, thekkan taiwan, dakshina korea ennividangalil, onpathu chilappol vadiyude idathuvashathu lupe upayogichu ezhuthappedunnu, ithu cap lainil lupulla oru cheria aksharamaaya "q" nuu samaanamaan.
laattin ezhuthu sambradaayam.
cheriyaksharamaaya a: eee aksharam palappozhum pala fondukalilum kaanapedunna eratta nilayaya "a" nuu pakaram otanilayaaya "ɑ" (vrithathinte valathuvashath oru vrithavum lambarekhayum) aayi kaiyyezhuthunnu. (kaanuka a#typographic vakabhedangal)
cheriyaksharamaaya jii polishil, eee aksharam palappozhum hukko lupo illaathe neraaya avarohanam upayogichu render cheiyunnu. kaiyyezhuthu jii mattu ezhuthu paarambaryangalil oru kyu poleyaanu kaanappedunnathenn ithinartham. videsha padangalil maathram upayogikkunnathum valare apoorvavumaaya q enna aksharam, thaazhekkirangunnayaalude thaazhe ninnu valathuvashathekku vyaapichukidakkunna oru serif (palappozhum undulated) cherthu g-ll ninnu verthirichedukkunnu.
cheriyakshara aksharam p: eee aksharam ezhuthunnathinulla franch reethiyil avarohanathinte lambamaya vipuleekaranamaayi oru pakuthi-vazhi aarohanamund, athu thaazheyulla paathram poortthiyaakkunnilla. aadyakaala finnish rachanayil, thaazheyulla vakram ozhivaakkappettu, athinaal thathfalamaayundaakunna aksharam oru avarohanavumaayi (pole) "n"-nuu samanamaayirunnu.
cheriyaksharamaaya q: block aksharangalil, chila europianmaar "9" enna akkavumaayi ashayakkuzhappam ozhivakkaan avarohanam kadakkaan eshtappedunnu, ithu neraaya thandu upayogichu ezhuthaanum kazhiyum. vadakke amerikkayil avarohanam palappozhum valathottu valanja oru hookilaanu avasaanikkunnath. polishil, thaazhekkullathinte adibhaagam muthal valathuvashathekku neelunna oru serif vazhi cheriyaksharamaaya q-neey "g" ll ninnu verthirichirikkunnu.
cheriyaksharamaaya s: neelamulla s kaanuka.
cheriyaksharamaaya tii block aksharangalil, tii palappozhum hook bottom illaathe neraaya adayaalathodeyaanu ezhuthunnathu. aadhunika valanja reethiyil, thaazhekkullavar palappozhum valathuvashathulla oru hookilaanu avasaanikkunnath.
u, v ennee cheria aksharangal eee aksharangalkk pothuvaaya uthbhavamund, avaa orikkal shabdathinupakaram vaakkile sthaanam anusarichu ezhuthappettirunnu. vii aadyam vannu; yuu yadhaarthathil idathuvashathekku vyaapichukidakkunna oru lupe undaayirunnu, athu vaakkukal aarambikkaan maathrame upayogichirunnulloo. yuu allengil vii ennivaykkulla matellaa sthalangalum randaamathethinu oppamaan ezhuthiyirunnathu. jarmmani (prathyekichu thekkan jarmmani), austriya, swittsarland ennividangalil, cheriyaksharamaaya yuu palappozhum thirashcheena strock upayogicho allengil athinu mukaliloode swish cheytho ("Ã", "ü", "u") ezhuthappedunnu, ithu n-ll ninnu verthirichariyaan. (sii. eph. jarmman orthography#handwritten umlatts)
valiyaksharamaaya i: eee kathu palappozhum aksharatthinte mukalil oru strock thaazhe oru strock upayogichaanu ezhuthunnathu. ithu cheviyillaatha nerrekhayaayi palappozhum ezhuthappedunna cheriyaksharamaaya l, samkhya 1 ennivayil ninnu ithine verthirikkunnu.
valiyaksharamaaya jeah germmaniyil, eee aksharam palappozhum mukalil idathuvashathu oru neenda strocodeyaanu ezhuthunnathu. i" enna valia aksharathil ninnu ithine verthirichariyaan vendiyaanu ithu.
valiyakshara aksharam essa jappanil, eee kathu palappozhum strockinte avasaanathil orotta serif cherthaanu ezhuthunnathu.
valiyaksharamaaya z: eee aksharam saadhaaranayaayi moonnu strokkukalodeyaanu ezhuthunnathu. itali, jarmmani, spain thudangiya yooroppinte chila bhaagangalil, madhyathiloode cherttha oru cheria thirashcheena crossbar upayogichaanu ithu saadhaaranayaayi ezhuthappedunnathu. 2" enna akkatthil ninnu verthirichariyaan sahaayikkunnathin eee pathipp chilappol ganithashaasthrathil eshtappedunnu. polishil, aksharam ′ ennathu z enna aksharatthinte oru alographic veriyantaayi upayogikkunnu. jappanil ithu palappozhum madhyabhaagathu () oru hraswa diagonal crossbar upayogichaanu ezhuthunnathu. fraansil, ithu palappozhum chuvade oru lupe upayogichu ezhuthappedunnu.
cheriyaksharamaaya z: amerikkayilum mikka australian samsthaanangalilum (thekkan austreliya ozhike) upayogikkunna valanja shailiyil, eee aksharam oru eesh (γ) aayi ezhuthunnu.
pinne thirakkadhayum.
jarmman bhashayum athinte aadhunikavalkkaricha irupathaam noottaandile school pathipum, skoolukalil padippikkappedunna kaiyaksharatthinte roopavum 1941 ll naasikal nirodhikkunnathuvare germmaniyilum austriyayilum saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnathum mattu europian rajyangalil upayogichathil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu saadhaaranayaayi jarmman vaakkukalkk maathrame upayogichirunnulloo. vaachakathil ulppeduthiyittulla eathenkilum videsha vaakkukal saadhaaranayaayi jarmman bhashayil (laattin lipi) ennu vilikkappedunna "saadhaarana" lipiyil ezhuthappedum.
charivu.
laattin lipi adisthaanamaakkiyulla kaiyaksharatthile thaazhekkulla strockinte pradhana konaanu charivu. ezhuthinte oru maathrkayude charivu niravadhi praadeshika kaiyakshara vyathiyaanangalude savisheshathayaanu, koodaathe padippikkunna pakarppupusthakatthinte prathiphalanavum koodiyaanu.

