
neotropical oottar

meksikoo, madhya america, thekke america, trinidad dweep ennividangalil kaanapedunna oru ottar inamaanu neotropical oottar allengil neotropical rivar oottar (laundra longicadis). eee inathinte shreniyude vadakkum thekkum nerittu kaanapedunna vadakkum thekkum nadiyaaya ottarinu ithu bhouthikamaayi samaanamaan. athinte thalayudeyum shareerathinteyum neelam oru vaalinum mukalilayirikkum. sareerabhaaram muthal vyathyaasappedunnu. carnivora kramatthile ettavum jeevivargga sambannavum (athinaal vaividyamaarnnathumaaya) kudumbamaaya mastelidae kudumbatthile amgangalaanu ottarukal.
elapozhiyum nithyaharitha vanangal, savannakal, lanos, panthanaal ennivayulppede niravadhi nadee aavaasavyavasthakalil eee ottakathe kaanapedunnu. athivegam ozhukunna nadikalilum aruvikalilum jeevikkaan avar eshtappedunnu. thaarathamyena eakaanthamaaya oru mrugamaaya ithu kooduthalum malsyangaleyum krasteshyanukaleyum bhakshikkunnu.
vargeekaranam.
laundra" janussinte vargeekaranam charcha cheyyappettittund, ennaal puthiya loka ottarukalkk "lutra" ennathinekkaal "laundra" ennathinte upayogam pothuve pinthunaykkunnu. thekke amerikkayude valiyoru bhagam ulkkollunna neotropical ottarinu valare vishalamaaya shreniyundu, athinaal chila janasamkhyaye verthirikkunna bhoomishaasthraparamaaya gadanakal undennathil athishayikkanilla. atharamoru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya ottappedal cordillera parvathanirakalaanu. koodaathe, magdellena nadeethadatthile nadhi parvathangalil ninnu akale vadakkott ozhukunnu, ithu thekke amerikkayude vadakkan attathulla ottarukal bhookhandathile mattidangalil ottarukalumayi kalakkanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnu.
neotropical ottarukalkk mattu ottar speesheesukalumaayi asaadhaaranamaaya phylogenic bandhamund. avaa maraine oottar ("laundra felina"), sathen rivar oottar ("laundra provocax") ennivayumaayi valare saamyamullavayaan, eee rund enangalum thekke amerikkayil kaanappedunnathinal athishayikkanilla. ennirunnaalum, neotropical ottarukalkk bheeman ottarumayi ("terronura brasiliansis") thaarathamyena vidoora bandhamund, avaykku eathaandu samanamaaya paaristhithika edangalum hoome renchukalum ullathinaal ithu athishayakaramaan.
upajaathikal.
oru padanatthil, thekkan brazeelile 1,600 chathurashra mile pradeshathulla ottakangal kuranja nucleotide vyathiyaanam kaanichu, ennaal mattu ottaka enangaleyum mattu maamsabhojikaleyum apekshichu uyarnna haplotype vaividhyam kaanichu. ottakangal aduthide vaividhyathil vardhanavinu vidheyamaayirikkaamennu patanam nigamanam cheythu. sameepathulla ottakangalude paraspara bandhavum phalangal kaanikkukayum speesheesukale upajathikalaayi verthirikkaan kaaranam nalkukayum cheiyunnu
vivaranam.
neotropical ottar cheruthum irunda chaaraniratthilulla thavittuniratthilulla pelej kondu moodappettirikkunnu. mookkinum thondaykkum chuttum romangalude niram elamthaanu. avaykku neelamulla veethiyulla vaalum, cheria kattiyulla kaalukalum poornnamaayum valayulla kaalviralukalumund. laingikamaayi dviroopamaaya aanpakshikalkk penpakshikalekkaal 25 sathamaanam valippamund. athinte thalayudeyum shareerathinteyum neelam oru vaalinum mukalilayirikkum. ottarinte sareerabhaaram saadhaaranayaayi 5 muthal 15 kilogram (<aii. dii. 1> poundu) vareyaanu. neotropical ottarukal sugandham adayaalappeduthunnathiloodu aduthulla ottarukalumayi ashayavinimayam nadatthum. visilukal, hummukal, shabdangal ennivayiloodeyum ashayavinimayam sambhavikkam.
dantha vaikalyangalulla ottarukalude chila kesukalil ozhike, dantha soothravaakyam eurasian ottarukalil ("lutra lutra") ninnu apoorvvamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. sthreek purushan ore soothravaakyamaanu. dantha soothravaakyam (thalayottiyude pakuthi) iprakaaramaanu
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
ellah "laundra" enangalekkaalum vishalamaaya vitharanamaanu neotropical ottarinu ullathu. vadakkupadinjaaran meksikoo muthal madhya arjanteena vare ivayude aavaasavyavasthayundu. avar thelinjathum athivegam ozhukunnathumaaya nadikal eshtappedunnu, mandagathiyilullathum cheli niranjathumaaya thaazhnna pradeshangalilo kuzhalppokkamulla pradeshangalilo avar thaamasikkunnath apoorvamaanu. samudranirappil ninnu 300 muthal 1500 meter vare uyarathil kaanapedunna iva 3000 meettaril sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayi kandethiyittundu. avaykku idathoornna nadeethada sasyangalum samriddhamaaya guhakalum aavasyamaanu, ennaal athinupurame, neotropical ottar valare vaividyamaarnnathum paaristhithika maattathodu sahishnuthayullathumaan. urachathum uyarnnathum varandathum aazhathilulla vellathinu sameepamullathumaaya guhakaleyaanu ottakangal eshtappedunnathu. ellah ottar speesheesukalilum ettavum valia generalistaanu neotropical ottar. nadikalkkum aruvikalkkum purame, malinajala samskarana plaantukal, nelkrishikal, karimbu thottangal, azhimukhangal, delttakal, drainage dichukal, chilappol chathuppukal thudangiya chila sakthamaaya aavaasavyavasthakalil avaykku sthirathaamasamaakkaanum chooshanam cheyyaanum kazhiyum. ikkaavaadorileyum kolambiyayileyum aandeesile thanutha, himanica thadaakangalilum aruvikalilum avaykku vasikkaan kazhiyum. neotropical ottarukal kadaltheerathekkum kadaltheerangalilekkum (eathaandu "uppuvellamulla" jeevitashaili nilanirthunnu) kadaljeevikale vettayaadukayum uyarnna lavanajalathil kalikkukayum cheyyum.
paristhithiyum perumattavum.
bhakshanakramam.
neotropical ottarinte bhakshanathil kooduthalum malsyavum krasteshyanukalum ulppedunnu, ithu motham bhakshanathinte yathaakramam 67 sathamaanavum 28 sathamaanavum varum. idaykkide eee ottakangal molaskukaleyum cheria sasthanikaleyum pakshikaleyum valia praanikaleyum pazhangaleyum bhakshikkum. eee ottakangal idaykkide irayude uravidathinaayi malsyajaalangale akramikkukayum malsyabandhana uthppaadanakshamathaye thadassappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. samudra aavaasavyavasthaykku sameepam thamasikkunna ottakangalkk avarude bhakshanathil krasteshyansinte anupatham valare kooduthalaayirikkum.
kaalaanusrithatha ottakangalude bhakshana thiranjeduppineyum valareyadhikam badhikkunnu. varanda kaalaavasthayil, malsyavum krasteshyanukalum kuravaayirikkumbol, oru padanatthil ottakangalude bhakshanathil thavalakalude anupatham kooduthalaanennu kandethi. ennirunnaalum, eee samayat, aanooraanukalum uragangalum appozhum motham bhakshanathinte valare cheria shathamaanamaayirunnu. varanda kaalaavasthayil chila thavalakal inacherunnathinaal thavalakal eluppathil irayaakkaavunnathu kondum ithu sambhavikkam. mothatthil, oru prathyeka pradeshathu labhyamaya bhakshya enangalude vitharanam ottakangalude bhakshanathil kaanapedunna oro inathinteyum shathamaanavumaayi ekadesham bandhappettirikkunnu.
punarnirmmaanam.
vasanthakaalathaanu prajanangal kooduthalum nadakkunnathu. garbhadharanam 56 divasam neendunilkkukayum 1 muthal 5 vare naaykkuttikalude maalinyangal undaakkukayum cheyyum. kunjungal janikkumbol andharum ennaal poornnamaayum romamullavarumaan. ekadesham 52 divasam kazhiyumbol avaa ammayude koodukalil ninnu purathuvannu 74 divasam kazhiyumbol neenthan thudangum. purushanmaar maathaapithaakkalude paricharanam nalkaathathinaal avare poornnamaayum avarude ammayaan valarthunnathu. prajnana seasonil aanpakshi penpakshiyodoppam oru divasam maathrame chelavazhikkukayulloo. penkunjungal mattu neotropical ottarukal vettayaadunnathil ninnu surakshithamaayi sookshikkanam. oru thadavukaarude prajnana saahacharyathil, ammayude narabojanam sambhavichirikkam, ennirunnaalum ithu sthireekarichittilla.
paristhithi aarogyamulla oru pradeshathu, oru vyakthikk athinte ishtappetta guha thiranjedukkaan kazhiyunna niravadhi abhayakendrangalundu. ennirunnaalum, saadhyamaaya ellah abhayakendrangalum niranjirikkillennum ellah abhayakendrangalum neotropical ottarukal thulyamaayi upayogikkunnillennum padanangal kaanikkunnu. ottakangal varshathil onno rando thavana muthal niravadhi thavana vare vyathyastha aavruthikalulla vividha abhayakendrangal sandarshikkunnu. oru guhayodullah avarude munganana swaadheenikkunna oru ghadakam jalanirappumayi bandhappettirikkunnu, prathyekichu vellapokka seasonil, jalanirappin sameepamulla oru guha eluppathil kazhuki kalayaan kazhiyum. oru guha jalanirappil, theerathinaduttho allengil jalanirappin ekadesham 1.5 meettaril kooduthalo aakam.
oru abhayakendrathinaayulla ottakangalude mungananakale swaadheenikkunna mattu niravadhi gadakangalundu. neotropical ottarukal shudhajalathinu sameepamulla guhakalum uyarnna bhakshana labhyathayum thaarathamyena aazhathilullathum vishalavumaaya vellavumaan eshtappedunnathu. kuranja vellamulla kaalaavasthakalil, oro ottakangalum kooduthal kattapidichekkaam, kaaranam avayellaam kooduthal malsyangalode aazhathilulla vellamulla oru nadiyude pradeshangalilekku neengum. aazhathilullathum vishalavumaaya kulangalil ottakangalkk munganana nalkunna malsyangalude vaividhyam kooduthalaanennu kandethiyittundu. chila padanangal kaanikkunnath, paarakkettukalude theeram pole mungananayulla guhayil kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkaan ottakangal cheli niranja nadeethadam pole kuranjathum ennaal kooduthal labhyavumaya guha upekshikkumennu.
neotropical oottar penthumbikal aanthumbikalillaathe oru guhayil naaykkuttikale valarthum. chila sandarbhangalil, oru sthree thante naaykkuttikale sookshikkaan sthalamulla oru guha swantham sthalathinaayi oru prathyeka sthalavum kandethiyekkaam. 35 divasathilereyaayi oru aann ottakathinte chalanathekkurichulla padanatthil avar thammil ashayavinimayam nadathaathe moonnu vyathyastha guhakal upayogichathayi kandethi. koodaathe, eee vyakthi oru kilometer veethiyulla azhimukhathaal verthiricha rund dveepukalkkidayil neengi. kanatha cheliyum oru guhayk mosham substrate ulla oru sthalathu addeham kurachu samayam chelavazhichu, athinaal addeham bhakshanam kandethanulla neekkathilaayirikkaam.
guhakalkku onniladhikam thurassukalundaakam, athinaal vettakkaaril ninnu surakshithamaayi thudarunnathinidayil ottarinu bhakshanathinaayi eluppathil purathukadakkaan kazhiyum. neotropical ottarukal upayogichekkaavunna guhakalude niravadhi vargeekaranangalundu. kallukalkkidayilo marangalude verukalkkidayilo ulla oru arayaanu nallath. thekke amerikkayude chila bhaagangalil, oru ottar chunnaambukallu vighadana arayo paarakkettile mathilile arayo kandekkaam. prakaashatthinte uravidam illengilum, neotropical ottarinu eee karuthutta veedu nannayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. avasaanathe maarggamaayi, oru ottakachedi sasyangalkkidayilo nadeetheeratthilo oru sthalam khananam cheyyaan oorjjam chelavazhikkunnu, ennirunnaalum aaa veedukalkku karuth kuravaanu. neotropical ottarinu sasyangalude moodupadam valare pradhaanamaan. mattu oothukuzhikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, neotropical oothukuzhikalkku nerittu vellathilekku dwaarangalilla, avaa sasyavasthukkale kidakkayayi upayogikkunnilla, koodaathe velichamillaatha guhakalil jeevikum. avaa avyakthamaaya jeevikalaanu, manushya pravartthanangalude adayaalangalillaatha thadassamillaatha vanangalaan avar eshtappedunnathu. manushyar kaarshika bhoomikkaayi vanangal neekkam cheyyumbol, labhyamaya ottaka aavaasavyavasthakalude ennam kurayunnu.
ashayavinimayam.
mattu ottar speesheesukaleppole, neotropical ottarukal parakal, under bridjukal thudangiya vyakthamaaya sthalangalil avarude pradesham chorichil allengil ulukku (malam) kondu adayaalappeduthum. adayaalappeduthalinte adayaalangal avayude guhakalkku chuttum kendreekarichirikkaam. guhayude pravartthana kendratthil ninnu verittu guhayude chila bhaagangalil maathrame avaa adayaalappeduthukayulloo. oru jalasrothass mathilukaliloode chornnu sugandham kazhuki kalayunna guhakalil, thaamasakkaarkk avarude guhaykkullile pradeshangal adayaalappeduthaam.
malsaram.
bheeman ottarinteyum neotropical ottarinteyum edangalum shrenikalum vyaapakamaayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. rund enangalum divasenayullathum pradhaanamaayum malsyabhakshanamullathumaanu. mandagathiyilulla jalavum thoongikkidakkunna sasyangalum eshtappedunna bheeman ottakathinu aavaasavyavasthayil oru saamaanyavaadiyundu, ennaal neotropical ottarum sambhavikkam. bheeman ottakathinu valare valuthaanu, grouppukalaayi vettayaadunnu, athinaal ithinu valia iraye edukkaan kazhiyum. panthaanal polulla chila pradeshangalil, rund ottar speesheesukalkkum kuranjatho malsaramo illaathe (nick partitioning) sahavarthithvamullathra uyarnna uthppaadanakshamathayundu. koodaathe, neotropical ottarukal bheeman ottarukalekkaal aazhameriyathum vishalavumaaya aruvikal eshtappedunnu.
samrakshanam.
neotropical ottar iucn vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. nilavil arjanteenayilum mattu pala thekke american raajyangalilum eee inam samrakshikkappedunnu. 1950-70 kaalaghattangalil athinte romangalkkayi nadatthiya kanatha vetta ottarinte paridhiyil praadeshika vamshanaashathin kaaranamaayi. anadhikritha vettayaadal, khananathiloodeyum mechilppurathiloodeyum aavaasavyavasthayude nasham, jalamalineekaranam enniva ippozhum neotropical ottarinte janasamkhyaye badhikkunnu. thadavukarayulla prajnana sramangal nadannittundengilum eee sramangal valia thothil parajayappettu.
ottakangalekurichulla mikka nishedhaathmaka vikaarangalum malsyathinaayi ottarumayi malsarikkunna mathsyathozhilaalikalil ninnaan undaakunnath. mathsyathozhilaalikalkk aavasyamulla malsyavum ottakangalude bhakshanavum thammil ethratholam ovarlaappu undennu nirnnayikkaan kooduthal daatta aavasyamaanu. neotropical ottarukalum mathsyathozhilaalikalum thammilulla ettavum uyarnna malsaram varalchaa saahacharyangalilaanu nadakkunnathu. mathsyathozhilaalikalkk avarude saadhaarana malsyabandhana pradeshangalil ninnu aalukalude abhaavathil ottakangal saadhaaranayaayi vettayaadunna aazhathilulla kulangalilekku maaram. praadeshika mathsyathozhilaalikalude manobhaavangalekkurichulla oru padanatthil, mathsyathozhilaalikalude arivu neotropical ottarinte perumaattam, shareera vivaranam, mattu daatta ennivayekkurichulla shaasthreeya daattayumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu patanam velippeduthi. mathsyathozhilaalikalude vasthuthakal shaasthreeya arivumaayi poruthappedunnathinaal, ottakangalumayi avar anubavikkunna prashnangalekkurichulla mathsyathozhilaalikalude nerittulla vivaranagal shaasthranjarkku vishwasikkaan kazhiyum. ottakangal avarude malsyabandhana upakaranagalkk kedupaadukal varuthum, pakshe njandukalkkum chemmeen valakalkkum kedupaadukal varuthillennu mathsyathozhilaalikal report cheythu. ottakangalumayi sthalam pankidanamennu manassilaakkunnath muthal ottakangale kollan aagrahikkunnath vare ottakangalude saannidhyathekkurich pradeshavaasikalkk vyathyastha abhipraayangalundu. mathsyathozhilaalikalude arivum eee apoorva inavumaayulla edaykkideyulla sanbarkkavum avare eee inathinte mikacha maanejarmaraayi yogyarakkum. ottakangalkk nashtappetta avarude malsya laabhathin subsidy nalkaanulla nirddeshangal undaayittund. ennirunnaalum, enangalekkurichulla vivarangal shekharikkunnathinu avarkk panam nalkunnathu kooduthal prayojanakaramaakum. ithu mathsyathozhilaalikalkk saambathikamaayi gunam cheyyukayum mrugangalodulla mathsyathozhilaalikalude manobhaavam mechappeduthukayum eee inathekkurichulla aparyapthamaaya vivarangal valarthiyedukkukayum cheyyum. mathsyathozhilaalikalkk saadhaaranayaayi vibhavangalekkurich ettavum kooduthal arivu undu. ottakangal apoorvvamaayi maathrame gilnettukalil pidikkappedunnulloo, valare apoorvvamaayi ore kaaranam kondu marikkunnu.
krishi, manninte sankochangal, malineekaranam, roadukal, ozhukkilppedal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta aavaasavyavasthayude apachayathaal neotropical ottarukalkk bheeshaniyundu. koodaathe, kannukaalikale meyikkunnathinaayi vanangal neekkam cheyyumbol, aruvikalkku sameepamulla kanatha sasyajaalangalum (ottakangalude ishta aavaasavyavastha) kannukaalikal neekkam cheiyukayo chavittimethikkukayo cheiyunnu. paaristhithikamaayi sambannavum jala aavaasavyavasthayum kuranja prathyulpaadana seshiyumullathinaal eee inam valare pradhanappetta paaristhithika soochakamaanu.
thadavil.
oru aann, oru penn neotropical ottarukale kolombiyayile kokkeshyaykk sameepam 1994lum 1996lum yathaakramam santa phee suvological paarkkilekk kondupoyi. mrgashaala jeevanakkar vellathil eee jody inacherunnathu nireekshikkukayum thudarnnu mrugangale verthirikkukayum cheythu. aaa sthreek moonnu jananagal undaayi; onnu vijayakaramaayirunnu. sisumaranangal amma manappoorvvam nadathiyathaakaam. ammayude poornnamaaya parisaram valare cheruthaanennum kattil undaayirunnathupole avalkk vellam labhikkillennum oru ashayam soochippichu. eee mrgashaalayil rekhappeduthiyittulla rund vyathyastha prajnana sambhavangalkk ammayude garbhakalam 86 divasamaayirunnu. garbhakalam ekadesham 60 divasam neendunilkkumenna munbu amgeekaricha vishwaasathekkaal valare kooduthalaanu 86 divasathe garbhakalam. rund saadhyamaaya vishadeekaranangal ivayaanu vyathyastha upajaathikalkkidayil vyathyaasangal nilanilkkaam allengil pinneedu oru maithunam sambhavikkukayum nireekshikkappedaathirikkum cheythirikkaam. koodaathe, eee ottaka inam garbhakaalakhattangalil hraswakaala vyathiyaanam kaanichekkaam.

