
urswik

grettu urswik, littil urswik gramangal ulppedunna oru sivil edavakayaanu urswik. englandile kumbriyayile furnus eriyayilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. alvarsttan pattanatthinte thekk-padinjaraanu gramangal sthithi cheiyunnathu. 2001leeii sensus prakaram edavakayile janasamkhya 351 aayirunnu, 2011leeii sensus prakaram ithu 1,397 aayi kuranju.
oru cheria jalashayamaaya ursvikkinte vadakkum padinjaarum vashangalilaan grettu urswik sthithi cheiyunnathu (c. 1100 adii x 600), kuranja choolayilulla atharam ettavum valia prakrithidatha vasthukkalaanenkilum. chuttumulla kunnukalil ninnu kalankam niraykkukayum thekkott glesttan beck niraykkukayum cheiyunnu, chuttumulla bhoomiyile irumbinte alavu kaaranam vellathinu chuvapp niramundennu parayappedunnu. rund vaasasthalangalil ettavum cheruthaanu littil urswik, bolton heads ennariyappedunna chunnaambukallu puranthallunna thaazhathe charivukalil kooduthal thekk nilkkunnu.
toponymi.
ursvikkinte perinu niravadhi vishadeekaranangal nirddeshikkappettittund. -wick' ghadakam orupakshe 'phaam' allengil 'vyapara kendram' ennartham varunna pazhaya engleesh 'wick' ennathil ninnaan, ithu roman rodukalilo sameepatho ulla vaasasthalangalil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu (chuvade kaanuka). aadya ghadakam pazhaya engleesh 'yur' + 's' ennathil ninnu 'baisan thadaakam' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu abhipraayappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, innathe urswik graamangale ulppeduthiya purathana estettinekkurichu aadyathe krithyamaaya charitraparamaaya paramarsham ulkkollunna oru badal vishadeekaranam nirddeshikkappettittund-"chilluestruic"-domsday sarveyil ninnu (referenceukal kaanuka).
grettu urswik' enna peru uthbhavichath 'machu urswik' enna perilaanu, athinte valippam kondalla, marichu maikkal leeii flemingumaayulla bandham moolamaanu. 1111 nuu munbu henry onnaaman addehathinu nalkia maikkelinte bhoomiyude oru yadhaartha bhaagamaayirunnu eee graamam, athesamayam littil urswik bloyisile steefenteyum pinneedu furnus aabeyudeyum bhaagamaayirunnu. mikkilinte urswik' ennartham varunna 'machu urswik' enna peru maikkilinteyum furnus aabeyudeyum deshangal thammil verthirichariyaan upayogichirunnu.
charithram.
graamathinu abhimukhamaayi kunnukalil skellmore heads ennariyappedunna oru avibhaktha kunnin kotta ulppede niravadhi charitraatheetha vaasasthalangalude drishyamaaya avashishtangal ursvikkil undu. praadeshika pradeshathe purathana sthalangalude sambathu kanakkiledukkumbol graamatthinte charithram venkalayugathilo athinumukalilo aanennathil samshayamilla. grettu ursvikkile maram kondulla asthikalude guhayil kandethiya oru manushya asthiyum perivinkil shell maniyum ekadesham 11,000 varsham pazhakkamullathaanennu 2023 ll sthireekarichu, ithu "vadakku [englandinte] madhyashilaayuga shavakudeerangalude vyakthamaaya thelivukale prathinidheekarikkunnu".
graamatthile roman saannidhyathinte charithram, bakkiyulla choola pole, nilavil anweshanathilaanu. aakramanathinu munbulla vishayangal ulppedeyulla roman nanayangal furnassil ninnu kandethiyathiloode roman adhiniveshathinte aadyakaalam muthal romakkar eee pradeshathu sajeevamaayirunnuvenn soochippikkunnu. 2007ll prasidheekaricha oru lekhanam pinneedu dalton-inn-furnus aayi maariyathil shradha kendreekarichulla roman sainika pravarthanatthinu avakaashavaadam unnayichu madhyakaalathe mathethara thalasthaanamaaya furnus. 18-aamm noottaandile oru puraavastu gaveshakan nadatthiya nireekshanangale adisthaanamaakkiyaanu rachayithaav thante vaadam adisthaanamaakkiyirikkunnath; roman puraavasthushaasthrathinu thelivukal nalkunna 20,21 noottaandile anweshanangalkku pinthunayilla. 20-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum nagaravikasanatthil roman pravartthanangal samshayikkappedunna puraavastu lokkiyude moolyanirnnayathil kandethiya sandarbhangalumaayi bandhapetta roman kandethalukal atharam thelivukalil ulppedunnu ennathil samshayamilla. daltonile niravadhi sarveesukalum foundeshan tranchukalum vettikkurachuvenkilum atharam thelivukalonnum velippeduthiyittilla. eee sameepanam ettavum mikacha reethiyil oohaapohamaayi thudarunnuvennu ithu shakthamayi soochippikkunnu.
nanayangal ulppedeyulla roman kandethalukal grettu ursvikkinte padinjaaru loha-dittaktar upayokthaakkal kandethiyittundu. 2003lum 2004lum "urswik orijins discovery prograam" (yuu. oo. dii. pii) nadatthiya feeld sarveyil sent merii, sent maikkal pallikalude chuvarukalilum ("thaazhe kaanuka") palliyude vadakku-padinjaarum padinjaarum feeld mathilukalilum ganyamaaya alavil chuvanna (sent theneechakal) manalkkall kallukal kandethi rekhappeduthiyittundu. sent bease manalkkall urswik edavakayude thaddesheeyamalla. yuoodipi teamukal kandethiya manalkkall oru (deerghakaalamaayi thakarkkapetta) madhyakala kettidatthiloo kettidangaliloo pettathaanennu kanakkakkappedunnilla; kaaranam athil bhooribhaagavum feeld mathilukalilum madhyakala gramangalaaya grettu, littil ursvikkinum edayilulla palliyilum palli muttatthum kaanapedunnu. chila kashanagal vyathirikthamaya upakaranangalum mattu savisheshathakalum (baar allengil cramp slottukal polullava) kaanikkunnu, avaa haadriyante mathililum athinte ulpradeshangalilumulla roman saittukalil ninnulla upakaranangalumayum kothupanikalileyum savisheshathakalumaayum thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. kumbriyayile mattidangalil roman kottakalil nirddishta vasthuvidyaa savisheshathakalkkayi manalkkallukal irakkumathi cheyyukayum pravartthikkukayum cheythathayi ariyappedunnu-udaaharanathinu, escadelile "waterhead" (ambelside), "hardnote" ennivayil. 2004ll yuu. oo. dii. pii. oru moolyanirnnaya khanana padhathi nadatthi, oppam grettu ursvikkinte palliyude padinjaarum thekk-padinjaarum ("thaazhe kaanuka") rund feeldukalude oru kammeeshan cheytha professional geophysical survey (yuke aasthaanamaayulla "gsb prospection") nadatthi. geophysical sarveyude phalangal prasidheekarichu-"life biphore baaro-bhagam 1: urswik orijins discovery prograam interiim report 1-2004-5: phastt laitt heritteju ejansi, alvarsttan 2005.
2005-ll, pathinonnu varshathe charitra gaveshanavum puraavastu survey, moolyanirnnaya khananavum remot sensing anweshana paripadiyum; onnaam noottaandinte aadyakaala/randaam noottaandinte aadyakaala roman kottayude sthalamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna khananagal aarambhichu (mukalil kaanuka), cardifinte puraavastu vakuppile vidyaarthikaludeyum pradeshavaasikaludeyum sahaayathode phastt laitt heritteju ejansi samghadippichu. 2004, 2005 padhathikalude falangalkku praadeshika vimarsanangal labhichu, athu 2002 ll prasidheekaricha saittinte 8 varshathe padanatthinte falamaayundaaya thelivukal poornnamaayum kanakkiledukkunnathil parajayappettu (ooksfoordile "oaksbo bukkukalil" ninnu labhyamaanu chuvadeyulla reference kaanuka.) 2005ll prasidheekaricha 2003-4 feeld sarway, moolyanirnnaya khananam, geophysical sarway ("mukalil kaanuka") ennivayude falamaayundaaya thelivukal avaganikkaanum vimarshakar theerumaanichu. thadaaka jillayudeyum kumbriayudeyum puraavasthushaasthrathinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru puthiya websait vazhi 2012 ll puraavastu edapedalukalude aadya idakkaala prasidheekaranam prathyakshappedum.
innathe sent merii & sent maikkal palliyude (munbu sent marries) chila thunitharangal sub-roman kaalaghattathilaayirikkaanname soochippikkunna gaveshanangalum nadannittundu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil rund aadyakaala kristhyan kallu kurishukalude sakalangal palli thuniyil nirmmichathaayi kandethiyappol palliyude aadyakaala madhyakala uthbhavam aadyamaayi eduthukaanikkappettu-onnu pradhanappetta anglo-saaksan runic likhithavum rund roopangalude shilpa praathinidyavumundu. eee anglo-saaksan likhithathinum thithreekaranatthinum oru prathyeka charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam nirddeshikkappettittund ("referenceukal kaanuka"), koodaathe oru aadyakaala madhyakala mathasthalathinu oru puraavastu, charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam, oru poost-roman, pree-norman palli ulppeduthukayum oru pradhana valia aadyakaala kristhyan sanyasi estettinte shradhaakendramaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu.
eee aadyakaala charitraparamaaya estettu sent patrick janicha sthalamaayirikkaamennu kooduthal nirddeshikkappettindu chila kumbrian pree historiyanmaarum vyaavasaayika, vaanijya mekhalayile puraavastu gaveshakarum charitraparamaaya paristhithi curettarmaarum pradhaanamaayum velluvilicha oru sidhaantham-charitraparavum puraavasthushaasthraparavumaaya anweshanangalekkurichu poornnavum sariyaaya paraamarshamillaathe; aadya ghattam 2002 ll prasidheekarikkukayum (mukalil soochippichathupole) 2002 muthal innuvare thudarukayum cheythu.
oru valia estettu-houganinte bhaagamaayi, orupakshe domesday sarveyil urswik rekhappeduthiyittundaa. kunnu allengil kunnu ennartham varunna pazhaya norse padamaaya "hougar" ennathil ninnaan hoogan enna peru uruthirinjathu. aduthulla walney dveepinu huganai allengil hoogan dweep enna perum nalkiyirunnu.
mukalil soochippichathupole, ithu chiluvastruic aayirikkaamenn nirddeshikkappettittund, dalton-inn-furnasinu sameepam ippol nashtappetta "killerwick" ennu munbu karuthappettirunnu. oru ashramatheyo sanyaasiyude cellineo soochippikkunna 'chill-' ghadakam, orupakshe pazhaya airish 'sil' prathinidheekarikkunnu, urswik oru aadyakaala aashramathinte vaasasthalamaayirunnenkil theerchayaayum yojikkunnu.
panthrandaam noottaandil, grettu urswik lotland menarinte bhaagamaayi maari, athesamayam littil urswik pinneedu athu furnus abback nalkia steefan oof bloyisinte furnus swaathanthryathil thudarnnu. ithinakam thanne purathanamaaya sent marries palliyude avakashangalum abbe avakashappettu, ithu loards oof lotlaandumaayi deerghakaala tharkkatthilekku nayichu, oduvil abback anukoolamaayi theernnu. pathimoonnaam noottaandil madavum lotland thammilulla bhoomi kaimaattatthinte bhagamaayirunna littil urswik randaamathethinu vittukoduthu.
innu, alvarsttan, baaro-inn-furnus pattanangalude oru sanjaaragraamamaayi urswik mariyirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, krishiyum pradhaanamaan, gramangal krishiyidangalaal chuttappettirikkunnu.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
littil ursvikkinu "lifinte ardham" ("(n.) skoolukalil vadhasiksha nadappaakkanam enna kaazhchappaadilekk oru adhyaapakane ettavum kooduthal chaaycha eathenkilum classile amgam.")

