
bosworth feeld yuddham

pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthiyil englandiludaneelam vyaapicha laankaastar houseukalum york thammilulla aabhyantharayudhamaaya rosaappookkalude yudhangalile avasaanathe pradhana yudhamaayirunnu bosworth allengil bosworth feeld yuddham. 1485 august 22nuu nadanna yudhathil lancastrianmarudeyum asamthriptharaaya yorkkistukaludeyum sakhyam vijayichu. avarude nethaavaaya richmandile erl henry tudor, vijayathiloodeyum thudarnnu oru yorkkist rajakumaariyumaayulla vivaahathiloodeyum tudor raajavamshathile aadyathe engleesh rajaavaayi. addehathinte ethiraaliyaaya york bhavanathile avasaanathe rajaavaaya richard III yudhathil kollappettu, yudhathil maricha avasaanathe engleesh rajaavu. bosworth feeld plaantajenett raajavamshathinte avasaanamaayi charitrakaaranmaar kanakkakkunnu, ithu engleesh charithratthile nirnnayaka nimishangalilonnayi maarunnu.
1483ll thante panthrand vayassulla anantharavan edward vii niyamavirudhanaayi prakhyaapichathinu sesham addeham simhaasanathil kayariyathodeyaanu richaardinte bharanam aarambhichath. aaa kuttiyum ilaya sahodaran richard taamasiyaathe aprathyakshamaayi, avarude vidhi innum oru rahasyamaan. engleesh chaanalinu kuruke, valare kuranjuvarunna laankaastar bhavanathinte pingamiyaaya henry tudor, richaardinte budhimuttukal pidichedukkukayum simhaasanathin avakaashavaadam unnayikkukayum cheythu. 1483ll englandine akramikkaan henry nadatthiya aadya sramam oru kodunkaattil kalaashichu, ennaal addehathinte randaamathethu 1485 august 7nuu veyilsinte thekkupadinjaaran theerathu athirillaathe ethi. ulnaadan march cheytha henry landanilekku pookumbool pinthuna shekharichu. richard thidukkathil thante sainyathe aninirathukayum leishareile maarkkat bosworth pattanatthinu thekk aambiyon hill sameepam henriyude sainyathe thadayukayum cheythu. loard staanliyum sarr vilyam staanliyum yudhakkalathilekku oru senaye konduvannu, pakshe eathu pakshatthe pinthunaykkunnathu ettavum prayojanakaramaanennu avar theerumaanikkumbol avar pinthirinju, thudakkathil henriyude lakshyathinaayi naalu naitukal maathram vaaypa nalki; ivayaayirunnu sarr roobert tonstaal, sarr joonn savej (loard staanliyude anantharavan), sarr hugg persal, sarr humphry staanli. sarr joonn saavejine henriyude sainyathinte idathu vashathinte kamaandaraayi niyamichu.
henriyekkaal kooduthal ennamulla thante sainyathe richard moonnu grouppukalaayi (allengil "yudhangal") vibhajichu. oraale duke oof norphokinum mattoraale northamberlandile earlinum niyogichu. henry thante sainyathinte bhooribhaagavum orumichu nirthukayum ooksfoordile parichayasambannanaaya erlinte neethrthwathil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. norphokkinte neethrthwathil richaardinte munnettakkaar akramikkukayum ooksfoordinte aalukalodu poruthukayum norphokkinte chila sainikar feeldil ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum cheythu. thante raajaavine sahayikkaan signal nalkiyappol northumberland oru nadapadiyum sweekarichilla, athinaal richard henry kollanum poraattam avasaanippikkaanum yudhakkalathiludaneelam ellaam choothaadi. raajaavinte kuthirakal sainyathilninn verpirinjathu kandu staanlees edapettu; sarr vilyam thante aalukale henriyude sahaayathilekku nayichu, richaardine chuttinadatthi kollukayum cheythu. yudhathinushesham henry rajaavaayi kireedamaniyappettu.
thante bharanathe anukoolamaayi chithreekarikkaan henry charitrakaaranmaare niyamichu; englandinte madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthunna oru puthiya yugathinte thudakkamaayi addehathinte tudor raajavamshathe prathinidheekarikkunnathin bosworth feeld yuddham janapriyamakki. pathinanjaam noottaand muthal pathinettaam noottaand vare eee yuddham thinmaykkethiraaya nanmayude vijayamayi alankarikkappedukayum vilyam shakespeareude "richard III" enna naadakatthinte paraakaashtayaayi avatharippikkukayum cheythu. nirnnayakamaaya vivarangalude abhavam kaaranam yudhathinte krithyamaaya sthalam tharkkathilaanu, koodaathe vividha sthalangalil smarakangal sthaapichittundu. niravadhi pandithanmaarum charitrakaaranmaarum velluvilicha oru sthalathaanu 1974 ll bosworth yudhabhoomi paithruka kendram nirmmichathu. 2009 octoberil, 2003 muthal eee pradeshathu bhoomishaasthra sarvekalum puraavastu khananangalum nadatthiya oru samgham gaveshakar aambiyon kunninte thekkupadinjaraayi oru sthalam nirddeshichu.
pashchaathalam.
pathinanjaam noottaandil englandiludaneelam aabhyantharayudham pottippurappettappol engleesh simhaasanathinaayi yorkkinteyum lancasterinteyum veedukal parasparam poraadi. 1471ll yorkkistukal baarnett, tevksbury yudhangalil thangalude athiraalikale paraajayappeduthi. lancastrian rajaavaaya henry araman addehathinte eaka makanaaya westminstarile edward tevksbury yudhathethudarnnu marichu. avarude maranangal simhaasanathin nerittu avakaashavaadikalillaatha laankaastar bhavanathe avasheshippichu. yorkkist rajaavaaya edward naalaaman englandinte poornna niyanthranathilaayirunnu. jasper tudor, anantharavan henry ennivare raajyadrohikal ennu vilikkukayum avarude bhoomi kandukettukayum cheythukondu addeham thante bharanathinu keezhadangan visammathichavare parichayappedutthi. tudorukal francilake palayanam cheyyaan shramichuvenkilum sakthamaaya kaatt avare ardha-swatantra dachiyaaya brittaniyil irakkaan nirbandhitharaakki, avide avare francis randaaman raajakumaarante kastadiyilekku kondupoyi. henriyude amma, lady maargarat beaufort, joonn oof gaundinte kochumakal, rajaavaaya richard randaamante ammavan, henry naalaaman raajaavinte pithaav ennivaraayirunnu. beaufortukal yadhaarthathil themmaadikalaayirunnu, ennaal richard randaaman paarlamentinte oru niyamathiloode avare niyamavidheyamaakki, avarude pingaamikalkk simhasana avakaashappeduthaan arhathayillenn henry naalaamante rajakeeya utharavu vazhi vegathil parishkaricha oru theerumaanamaayirunnu ithu. rajakeeya raktharekhayude oru adayaalamulla eaka lancastrian prabhuvaya henry tudorinu simhaasanathil durbalamaaya avakaashavaadamundaayirunnu, edward addehathe "aarum illaathavan" aayi kanakkakki. ennirunnaalum, brittani prabhuvu fransumaayulla samgharshangalil englandinte sahaayathinaayi vilapeshunnathinulla oru vilapetta upakaranamaayi henry kaanukayum tudorukale thante samrakshanathil nilanirthukayum cheythu.
1483 eprilil tevksburic 12 varshathinu sesham edward naalaaman marichu. addehathinte 12 vayassulla mootha makan edward anchaaman rajaavaayi adhikaaramettu; ilaya makan, shroosburyile onpathu vayassulla richard, simhaasanathinte adutha nirayilaayirunnu. edward anchaaman bharikkan valare cheruppamaayirunnu, raajaavinte praayam varunnath vare raajyam bharikkan oru rajakeeya samiti sthaapikkappettu. edward vii. yude amma elisabath vudvilleyude bandhukkal yuvaraajaavinte melulla thangalude niyanthranam kaunsilil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaan upayogikkunnuvennu vyakthamaayappol kaunsilile chilar aashankaakularaayi. sambathinum adhikaarathinumulla anweshanathil palareyum vranappeduthiya vudville kudumbam janapriyamayirunnilla. vudvilleyude abhilaashangal paraajayappeduthunnathinaayi, loard hustings kaunsilile mattu amgangalum puthiya raajaavinte ammavan-edward naalaamante sahodaranaaya glocesterile duke richardilekku thirinju. ippol marichupoya addehathinte sahodaran neratthe abhyarthichathupole, udan thanne samrakshakante punk ettedukkaan kottarakkaar glousestarodu abhyarthichu. epril 29 nuu glousestar, kaavalkkarudeyum henry staafordinteyum oru samghathodoppam, buckinghamile randaamathe duke, edward vii-yeei kastadiyiledukkukayum vudville kudumbatthile niravadhi pramukha amgangale arast cheyyukayum cheythu. yuva raajaavine landanilekku konduvanna sesham, raajnjiyude sahodaran aanthani vudville, 2nd erl reverse, avarude makane avarude aadya vivaahathiloode richard gray ennivare raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi vichaaranayillathe vadhichu.
juun 13 nuu glousestar wood villukalumayi goodaalochana nadathiyennu aaropikkukayum thalayaruth kollukayum cheythu. onpathu divasam, saamraajyathinte moonnu estettukalaaya oru anoupachaarika paarlament edward nalaman elisabath thammilulla vivaham niyamavirudhamaanennu prakhyapikkukayum avarude kuttikale niyamavirudharaakkukayum simhaasanathil ninnu ayogyaraakkukayum cheythu. thante sahodarante makkal vazhithettippoyathode addeham pinthudarchaavakaashathinte adutha sthaanathaayirunnathinaal juun 26nuu richard moonnaaman rajaavaayi prakhyapikkappettu. richaardinu simhasana labhikkunnathinaayi cheytha pravrithikalude samayavum niyamaviruddha swabhaavavum addehathinu janapreeti nedikkodutthilla, puthiya rajavinekkurichu moshamaayi samsaarikkunna kimvadanthikal englandiludaneelam vyaapichu. avare themmadikalaayi prakhyaapichathinushesham, rund rajakumaaranmaareyum lunden gopuratthil thadavilaakki, pinneedu orikkalum pothusthalathu kandilla.
1483 octoberil addehathe simhaasanathil ninnu sthaanabhrashtanaakkaanulla oru goodaalochana uyarnnuvannu. richaardine oru pidichadakkalukaaranaayi kanda edward naalaamante vishwastharaayirunnu vimathar. avarude padhathikal ekopippichathu henriyude ammayaya maargarat enna lancastrianaanu, avar thante makane simhaasanathilekkulla sthaanaarthiyaayi uyarthukayaayirunnu. ettavum uyarnna raankulla goodaalochanakkaaran buckingham aayirunnu. charitrakaaranaaya chaals rooss, janangalkkidayil kooduthal janapreeti nedunna oru rajaavil ninnu svayam akannunilkkaan buckingham sramikkunnuvennu nirddeshikkunnundeng, eee goodaalochanayil cheraanulla dukinte uddeshyathekkurichu oru charithrarekhayum parayunnilla. rajaavaakaan vimathar thanne pinthunachuvennu karuthi buckinghamine maargarat vanjichathaayi maikkal johnsum malcom underwood abhipraayappedunnu.
richaardinte sainyathe keezhadakki churungiya samayathinullil thekkan englandilum padinjaaran englandilum kalapangal nadathaanaayirunnu padhathi. henry kadalmargam vannappol buckingham velil ninnu aakramich vimathare pinthunaykkum. mosham samayavum kaalaavasthayum eee sthalam thakarthu. kentil 10 divasam munbu oru kalapam aarambhichu, rajakeeya sainyathe aninirathaanum kalaapangale cherukkaanulla nadapadikal kaikkollanum richaardinu munnariyipp nalki. richaardinte chaaranmar buckinghaminte pravarthanangalekkurichu addehathe ariyikkukayum raajaavinte aalukal severn nadikku kurukeyulla paalangal pidichedukkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. october 15nuu pottippurapetta akramasakthamaaya kodunkaattu kaaranam buckingham sainyavum nadiyil athiyappol athu veerkkunnathum kadakkaan kazhiyaathathum avar kandethi. buckingham kudungippoyi, pinwangan surakshithamaaya sthalamillaayirunnu; addeham sainyathodoppam purappettathinu sesham addehathinte velsh sathrukkal addehathinte swantham kotta pidichedutthu. duke thante padhathikal upekshichu vemilek oodippoyi, avide thante bhrithyan addehathe vanchikkukayum richaardinte aalukal arast cheyyukayum cheythu. november 2nuu addehathe vadhichu. october 10nuu (allengil october 19) henry landing nadatthaan shramichenkilum addehathinte kappalppada oru kodunkaattil chitharikkidakkukayaayirunu. addeham englandinte theerathu (plaimouthiloo poolilo) ethi, oru koottam sainikar addehathe karayilethaan abhivaadyam cheythu. vaasthavathil, richard engleesh mannil kaalukuthiyappol avar henry pidikkaan thayyaraya aalukalaayirunnu. henry vanchikkappedaathe adhinivesham upekshichu brittaniyilekku madangi. buckingham henry illaathe, kalapam richard eluppathil thakarthu.
parajayappetta kalaapangalil ninnu rakshappettavar brittaniyilekku palayanam cheythu, avide avar henriyude simhaasanathinulla avakaashavaadathe parasyamaayi pinthunachu. chrismus dinathil, edward naalaamante makal elisabathine vivaham kazhichu yudhathinirayaaya yorkkileyum lancasterileyum bhavanangale onnippikkumenn rens katheedralilvechu henry tudor prathijnjayedutthu. henriyude vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyam addehathe richaardinu valia bheeshaniyaakkukayum yorkkist rajaavu brittani rajakumaranodu yuva lancastriane keezhadangan niravadhi thavana nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. richaardil ninnu mechappetta nibandhanakalkkulla saadhyathayekkurich francis nirasichu. 1484 madhyathil francis asukham moolam aprapthanaakukayum sukham praapikkumbol addehathinte treasurer piyari landays sarkkaarinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum cheythu. sainika, saambathika sahaayathin pakaramaayi henry ammavaneyum thirike ayaykkaan landais richaardumaayi oru karaarilethi. flandezhs bishappaya joonn morttan eee padhathiyekkurichu ariyukayum francilake palayanam cheytha tuderukalkku munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. franch kodathi avare thamasikkaan anuvadichu; brittaniye kootticherkkaanulla franch padhathikalil richaardinte englandu edapedunnillennu urappakkaan tudorukal upayogapradamaaya kaalalukalaayirunnu. 1485 march 16 nuu richaardinte raajnjiyaaya aan neville marikkukayum richaardinu thante anantharavalaaya elisabathine vivaham kazhikkaan vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi aval kollappettuvennu raajyathudaneelam kimvadanthikal parakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, porchugalile jovana vivaham kazhikkaanum elisabathine beja rajakumaaranaaya maanuvalumayi vivaham kazhikkaanum richard charchakalil earppettathaayi pilkkala kandethalukal kaanikkunnu. engleesh chaanaliludaneelam eee gossip henry aswasthanaakkiyirikkanam. vivaahathil elisabathinte kaii nashtappedunnathu lancastrianmaraya henriyude anuyaayikalum edward IV-nuu vishwastharumaayavarum thammilulla sakhyam anaavaranam cheyyum. thante vadhuvine surakshithayakkaan aakaamkshayode, naadukadatthappettavare pinthudarunnathinu pakaramaayi munbu franch sevanathilundaayirunna koolippadayaalikale henry niyamikkukayum august 1nuu fraansil ninnu kappalyatra aarambikkukayum cheythu.
vibhagangal.
pathinanjaam noottaandode rajaavinulla niswaartha sevanathekkurichulla engleesh dheera ashayangal dushichupoyi. sayudha seena kooduthalum valarthiyathu oro estettukalileyum cooter vazhiyaan; kazhivulla oro manushyan thante yajamaante aayudangalodulla ahwanathodu prathikarikkendivannu, oro prabhukkan thante sainyathinte mail adikaaram undaayirunnu. oru rajaavinu thante deshangalil ninnu vyakthigatha sainikare roopappeduthaan kazhiyumenkilum, thante prabhukkanmaarude pinthunayode maathrame addehathinu oru valia sainyathe roopappeduthaan kazhiyoo. thante mungaamikaleppole richardinum sammanangal nalkunnathiloodeyum souhaarddaparamaaya bandhangal nilanirthunnathiloodeyum eee aalukale keezhadakkendivannu. shaktharaaya prabhukkanmaarkk leejinte pakshathu thudaraan kooduthal prothsaahanangal aavasyappedaam, allengil avar avanethire thiriyiyekkaam. moonnu grouppukal, oronninum athintethaaya ajandayundu, bosworth feeldil nilakondu richard moonnaman yorkkist sainyavum; lancastrian lakshyathe vijayicha addehathinte velluviliyaaya henry tudor; veli-sitting staanlees.
yorkkist.
cheruthum nertthathumaaya richard III nuu thante pala plantagenet mungaamikalumaayum bandhapetta sakthamaaya shareeraghadana undaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, purushathvamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna valare parukkan kaayika enangalum pravartthanangalum addeham aasvadichu. yudhakkalathile addehathinte prakadanangal addehathinte sahodarane valareyadhikam aakarshichu, addeham edwardinte valamkaiyyanayi. 1480kalil richard englandinte vadakkan athirthikal prathirodhichu. 1482-ll jaims moonnaaman rajaavinu pakaram albani prabhuvine niyamikkukayenna lakshyathode skotlandilekku oru sainyathe nayikkaan edward addehathodu utharavittu. richaardinte sainyam scotish prathirodham thakarth thalasthaanamaaya eddinberg kaivashappeduthiyenkilum skotlandile lefttanant general sthaanathinu pakaramaayi simhaasanathinulla thante avakaashavaadam upekshikkaan albani theerumaanichu. scotish sarkkar pradeshangalum nayatantra aanukoolyangalum engleesh kireedatthinu nalkumenna urappu nedunnathinoppam, richaardinte pracharanam 1460-ll scots keezhadakkiya berwick-oonn-tweed pattanam thirichupidichu. eee nettangalil edward samthrupthanaayirunnilla, rosinte abhipraayathil, edinburghinte niyanthranathilaayirikkumbal sthithigathikal muthaledukkaan richard dridanishchayamullavanenkil ithu kooduthal valuthaakumaayirunnu. richaardinte kathaapaathrathekkurichulla vishakalanathil, kristeen marappanikkaaran addehathe oordarukal nalkunnathinekkaal edukkaan sheelichirunna oru sainikanaayi kaanunnu. ennirunnaalum, thante sainikathayude thudarcha prakadippikkunnathil addeham vimukhanaayirunnilla; simhaasanathil kayariyappol "thurkkikalkk mathramalla, ellah [thante] sathrukkalkkum" ethire oru kurishuyudhathinu neethrthwam nalkaanulla aagraham addeham velippeduthi.
richaardinte ettavum vishwasthanaaya vishayam norphokkinte aadya duke joonn howard aayirunnu. duke varshangalolam richaardinte sahodarane sevikkukayum edward naalaamante adutha vishwastharil oralumaayirunnu. 1461-ll taavtan yudhathil poraadiya addeham 1471-ll kalaisil hashingsinte deputy aayi sevanamanushtichu. thanikk oru sambathu nashtappettathinu edwardinethire thanikk vidvesham undaayirunnuvennu rooss anumaanikkunnu. kudumbatthile avasaanatheyaalaaya ettuvayassulla aanne dii mobreyude maranashesham sambannamaaya mobre estettinte oru punk norphoc anantharaavakaashiyaayi labhikkendathaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, anantharaavakaasha niyamam marikadakkaanum anneye vivaham kazhicha ilaya makanu estettu kaimaran edward paarlamentine bodhyappedutthi. thalphalamaayi, edwardinte puthranmaare sthaanabhrashtaraakkunnathil richard III-neey howard pinthunachu, athinaayi addehathinu norphokkinte dukedam moubre estettinte yadhaartha vihitavum labhichu.
northamberlandile naalaamathe earl henry persy richaardinte englandinte simhasanaarohanathe pinthunachu. persikal vishwastha lancastrianmaaraayirunu, pakshe edward naalaaman oduvil erlinte vishwasthatha nedi. 1461ll northumberland yorkkistukalaal pidichedukkappedukayum jayililadaykkappedukayum cheythu, addehathinu thante padavikalum estettukalum nashtappettu; ennirunnaalum, ettu varshathinu sesham edward addehathe mochippikkukayum thante padavi punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. annumuthal northumberland yorkkist kireedatthe sevichu, vadakkan englandine samrakshikkanum samadhaanam nilanirthaanum sahayichu. thudakkathil erlinu richard III-maayi prashnangalundaayirunnu, kaaranam edward thante sahodarane vadakku pradhana shakthiyaayi valarthi. munbu persic paarambaryamaayi labhichirunna eest maarchinte warden akumennu vaagdaanam cheythappol northumberland saanthanaayi. 1482leeii scotland adhiniveshathil addeham richaardinte keezhil sevanamanushtikkukayum, kireedam ettedukkaan richard thekkott poyaal englandinte vadakku aadhipathyam sthaapikkaanulla aakarshanamaan richaardinte raajathvathinulla shramathe pinthunaykkunnathinulla prachodanam. ennirunnaalum, raajaavaayathin sesham, richard thante anantharavan linkanile onnaam earl joonn dii laa pooline vadakku kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi roopappeduthaan thudangi, aaa sthaanathinaayi northambarlandiloode kadannupoyi. marappanikkaarante abhipraayathil, erlinu vendathra nashtapariharam nalkiyengilum, richaardinte keezhil purogathikkulla saadhyathayekkurich addeham niraashanaayirunnu.
lancastrians.
henry tudorinu yudhakala parichayamillaayirunnu, thaan keezhadakkaan sramikkunna raajyathin aparichithanaayirunnu. thante jeevithathinte aadya pathinaalu varsham addeham veyilsilum adutha pathinaalu varsham brittaniyilum fraansilum chelavazhichu. melinjathum ennaal shakthavum nirnnayakavumaaya henrique yudhathodulla thaalpparyamillaayirunnu, mathramalla addeham oru yodhaavaayirunnilla; polydor verjil polulla charitrakaaranmaarum pedro dii ayaalayeppolulla ambasadermaarum vaanijyathilum dhanakaaryathilum kooduthal thaalpparyamundennu kandethi. oru yudhathilum pooraadaathathinaal, henry thante sainyathe nayikkaan parichayasambannaraaya niravadhi vettaranmaare niyamichu. 
ooksfoordile 13-aamathe earl joonn dii vere henriyude pradhana sainika kamaandaraayirunnu. yudhakala addeham praaveenyamullayaalayirunu. baarnett yudhathil addeham lancastrian valathupakshathinu neethrthwam nalkukayum ethirvibhaagathe paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, aidantittikalekkurichu aashayakkuzhappathinte falamaayi, ooksfoordinte samgham lancastrian pradhana senayude souhrudaparamaaya vedivayppinu vidheyamaakukayum feeldil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythu. erl videshathekku palayanam cheyyukayum yorkkistukalkkethiraayi poraattam thudarukayum kappal raid cheyyukayum oduvil 1473-ll sent michaels parvathatthile dweep kotta pidichedukkukayum cheythu. sahaayamo shakthippeduthalo labhikkathe addeham keezhadangi, pakshe 1484-ll jayilil ninnu rakshappedukayum fraansile henriyude kottaaratthil cherukayum cheythu, thante munkaala gaylor sarr jaims blaanttine koode konduvannu. ooksfoordinte saannidhyam henriyude campilum richard III-lum manoveeryam vardhippichu.
staanlees.
rosaappookkalude yudhangalude aadyaghattangalil cheshayarile staanlikal pradhaanamaayum lancastrian aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, sarr vilyam staanli oru kadutha yorkkist pinthunakkaaranaayirunnu, 1459-ll blore heath yudhathil pooraadukayum 1471-ll edward naalaamanethire prakshobhangal adichamarthaan thidukkathil sahayikkukayum cheythu. richard kireedam etteduthappol, sarr vilyam puthiya raajaavinethire tirian oru chaayvum kaanichilla, buckinghaminte kalaapathil cherunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum athinu addehathinu valia prathiphalam labikkukayum cheythu. sarr vilyaminte mootha sahodaran thomas staanli, 2nd baaran staanli, athra sthirathayullavaraayirunnilla. 1485 aayappozhekkum addeham henry araman, edward naalaaman, richard moonnaaman ennee moonnu rajaakkanmaare sevichu. aaraan vijayiyenn vyakthamaakunnathuvare ethir kakshikalkkidayil chalanathmakamaaya loard staanliyude vaidagdhyamulla rashtreeya thanthrangal addehathinu uyarnna sthaanangal nedikkodutthu; addeham henriyude chamberline edwardinte stevardum aayirunnu. oru yudhathinte nirnaayaka ghattam vare addehathinte prathibaddhathayillaatha nilapad addehathinu thante aalukalude vishwasthatha nedikkodutthu, avarkk avare anaavashyamaayi avarude maranathilekku ayaykkillenn thonni.
raajaavinte sahodaranaaya moonnaamathe richaardumaayulla staanliyude bandham souhaarddaparamaayirunnilla. 1470 maarchil iruvarkkumidayil samgharshangal pottippurappedukayum akramatthilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, 1472 juunil lady maargarattine thante randaamathe bharyayaayi sweekaricha sesham, staanli henry tyoodarinte randaanachanaayirunnu, eee bandham richaardinte preethi nedaan onnum cheythilla. eee abhipraayavyathyaasangalkki, 1483-leeii buckinghaminte kalaapathil staanli pankedutthilla. englandil ninnu palayanam cheyyaan kazhiyaatha goodaalochanakkaare richard vadhichappol, lady maargarattine addeham veruthe vittu. ennirunnaalum, addeham avalude perukal nashtappeduthiyathaayi prakhyapikkukayum avalude estettukal yorkkist kireedatthinu trasttil sookshikkunnathinaayi staanliyude perilekku maattukayum cheythu. richaardinte kaarunyapravarthanam staanliyumaayi anurajanam nadathaanaanu kanakkaakkiyathenkilum athu prayojanappettillaayir-thomas staanliyum haaringtan kudumbavum ulppetta oru pazhaya bhoomi tharkkam veendum thurakkaanulla richaardinte uddeshyathil samgharshathinu kooduthal kaaranam marappanikkaaran thiricharinju. 1473ll edward naalaaman staanliye anukoolichu cases vidhichirunnuvenkilum richard thante sahodarante bharanam attimarikkaanum sambannamaaya estettu haaringtanukalkku nalkaanum padhathiyittu. bosworth yudhathinu thottumunbu, staanliyekkurichu jagrata pularthiya richard, henriyumaayi cherunnathil ninnu niruthsaahappeduthunnathi thante makanaaya loard strenchine bandiakki.
engleesh chaanal kadakkukayum weils vazhi kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu.
henriyude prarambha senayil henrique chuttum othukoodiya engleeshukaarum velsh naadukadatthappettavarum fraansile chaals VIII addehathinte pakkal nirtthiya koolippadayaalikalude oru samghavum ulppedunnu. scotish ezhuthukaaranaaya joonn mejarinte charithram (1521-ll prasidheekarichathu) avakaashappedunnathu, chaals henrique 5,000 pere anuvadichirunnu, avaril 1,000 perr sarr alexander broosinte neethrthwathilulla skottukalaayirunnu. thudarnnulla engleesh charitrakaaranmaar scotish sainikarekkurich paraamarshichittilla.
1485ll henry engleesh chaanal murichukadannathu oru sambhavavumillatheyaayirunnu. august 1 nuu harfluoril ninnu muppath kappalukal sanjarikkukayum, avaykku pinnil nalla kaatt veeshukayum, august 7 nuu milford hevante vadakku bhaagathulla mill beyil (dayle sameepam) addehathinte janmanaadaaya velil erangukayum aduthulla dayle kotta eluppathil pidichedukkukayum cheythu. henrique praadeshika janangalil ninnu nishabdamaaya prathikaranamaanu labhichathu. theerathu santhoshakaramaaya oru sweekaranavum addehathe kaathuninnilla, aadyam kurachu welshmenmar ulnaadan sainyathil chernnu. henriyude theevra pinthunakkaarkku maathrame addehathinte rakthathil abhimaanam thonniyittulloovennu charitrakaaranaaya jiophree elttan abhipraayappedunnu. addehathinte varavu samakaalika velsh bardukalaaya daphid duu, graphid aapu daphid ennivar yadhaartha rajakumaranenna nilayilum brittaniyile yuvakkal saaksanukale paraajayappedutthukayum avarude raajyathe mahathwathilekku thirike konduvarikayum cheythu. henry kaundi pattanamaya pembroctiorilekku maariyappol, southu veyilsile richaardinte lefttanant sarr walter herbert henrikkethire neengunnathil parajayappettu, addehathinte rund udyogastharaaya richard griffit ivaan morgan avarude aalukalumayi henryilekku palayanam cheythu.
prachaaranatthinte eee prarambha ghattathil henryilekku koorumariya ettavum pradhanappetta vyakthi vestt veyilsile pramukha vyakthiyaya riz aapu thomas aayirikkam. buckinghaminte kalaapathil cheraan visammathichathin richard vestt veyilsil rais leftanantine niyamichirunnu, chila kanakkukal prakaram raisinu eee avastha ozhivakkaan kazhinjirunnuvenkilum thante makan groufid aapu rais aapu thomasine jaamyakkaaranaayi keezhadakkaan aavasyappettu. ennirunnaalum, henry thante vishwasthathaykku pakaramaayi ellah velikaludeyum lephtanancy vaagdaanam cheyth reesumaayi vijayakaramaayi pranayathilaayi. henry aberistvithiloode march cheythappol rais kooduthal thekke paatha pinthudarnnu, velshpoolile sephan digolil veendum onnichappol henriyude sainyathe shakthippeduthunnathinaayi 500 allengil 2,000 pere recruit cheythu. august 15 allengil 16 aayappozhekkum henry aalukalum engleesh athirthi kadannu shroosbury pattanatthilekku neengi.
shroosbury englandilekkulla kavaadam.
juun 22 muthal richard henriyude varaanirikkunna adhiniveshathekkurichu ariyukayum uyarnna thalatthilulla sannadhatha nilanirthaan thante prabhukkanmarodu utharavidukayum cheythirunnu. august 11nuu henriyude landinginekkurichulla vaartha richaardil athiyengilum addehathinte doothanmaarkku avarude raajaavinte samghattanathekkurichu thante prabhukkanmaare ariyikkaan moonno naalo divasamedutthu. august 16nuu yorkkist sainyam othukoodaan thudangi; aaa ratri aarum leasester enna assembly poyintilekku purapettilla. richaardinte kudumbatthinte charitraparamaaya shakthikendramaaya york nagaram rajavinodu nirddeshangal chodikkukayum moonnu divasathinu sesham marupadi labikkukayum 80 pere rajaavinoppam cheraan ayakkukayum cheythu. athesamayam thalasthaanathu ninnu ettavum akaleyulla vadakkan pradeshamaaya northumberland thante aalukale shekharichu leasesterilekku oodi.
lunden aayirunnu addehathinte lakshyam, henry nere nagaratthilekku neengiyilla. shroosburyil vishramicha sesham, addehathinte sainyam kizhakode pooyi sarr gilbert talbottineyum richaardinte sainyathil ninnulla palayanam cheythavar ulppedeyulla mattu engleesh sakhyakakshikaleyum pidichedutthu. landingin sesham athinte valippam ganyamaayi vardhichuvenkilum, henriyude sainyathinte ennam richaardinte sainyathekkaal ganyamaayirunnu. staafordshayariloodeyulla henriyude vegatha mandagathiyilaayirunnu, ithu richaardumaayulla ettumuttal vaikippichu, athinaal addehathinu thante lakshyathilekku kooduthal recruitmentukal shekharikkaan kazhinju. englandil kaalukuthunnathinu munbu henry kurachukaalamaayi staanlikalumaayi souhrudaparamaaya bandhatthil ashayavinimayam nadathukayum henriyude landinginekkurich kettappol staanlikal avarude sainyathe aninirathukayum cheythu. henry staafordshayariloode kadannupokumbol henriyumaayi rahasyamaayi randuthavana koodikkaazhcha nadathikkondu engleesh graamapradeshangaliloode avar svayam sanjarichu. ivayil randaamathethu, warwickshareile etharstonil, "ethra dooreyaanennu avar ketta richard rajaavumaayi eathu tharatthilulla yuddham nadatthanam" ennu avar vaagdaanam cheythu. august 21nuu, dadlingtonin vadakkulla oru kunnin charivukalil staanlees camp cheiyukayaayirunnu, athesamayam henry avarude kyaambinte vadakkupadinjaarulla vaitt moorukalil thante sainyathe camp cheythu.
august 20nuu richard norphokkinoppam chernnu nottingamil ninnu leasesterilekku sawari cheythu. addeham aaa ratri neelappanni sathrathil chelavazhichu (1836ll polichuneekkappettu). adutha divasam northumberland ethi. landanilekkulla henriyude march thadayaan rajakeeya sainyam padinjarottu neengi. sattan cheniyiloode kadannupoya richard thante sainyathe ambian kunnilekku neekkukayum athil camp cheyyukayum cheythu-athu thanthraparamaaya moolyamullathaanennu addeham karuthi. richaardinte urakkam samaadhaanaparamallaathathinaal croi land chronicle prakaram raavile addehathinte mukham "pathivilum kooduthal thilakkamaarnnathum bhayanakavumaayirunnu".
vivaahanischayam.
padinjaaru muthal kizhakk vare ridjlainil kunnin mukalil 7,500 muthal 12,000 vare aalukale vinyasichathayi kanakkaakkappedunna yorkkist sainyam. peerankikaleyum ekadesham 1,200 ambeythukaareyum samrakshikkunna kunthavaalanmaarude norphokkinte sainyam (allengil akkaalathe bhashayil "yuddham") valath vashath ninnu. 3, 000 kaalaalppada adangunna richaardinte samgham eee kendram roopeekarichu. northamberlandile aalukal idathu vashath kaaval nilkkunnu; addehathinu ekadesham 4,000 purushanmaar undaayirunnu, avaril palarum kuthirappurathundaayirunnu. kunnin mukalil nilkkunna richaardinu pradeshatthinte vishalavum thadassamillaathathumaaya kazhcha undaayirunnu. thekkupadinjaaru henriyude sainyam undaayirunnappol dadlington kunnin mukalilum parisaratthum staanlikalum avarude aii. dii. 1,000 perum nilakollunnath addehathinu kaanaan kazhinju.
henriyude sainyam 5,000 muthal 8,000 vare aanennu vividha tharatthil kanakkaakkappedunnu, addehathinte naadukadathappettavarudeyum koolippadayaalikaludeyum yadhaartha landing fozhsu veyilsilum engleesh athirthi kaundikalilum (pinneedulla pradeshathu pradhaanamaayum talbot thaalpparyathaal samaaharikkappettirikkam) shekharichavar vardhippichu, richaardinte sainyathil ninnulla palayanam cheythavar. philibert dii chaandiyude neethrthwathilulla 1,800 franch koolippadayaalikalaanu henriyude sainyathinte kaathal roopeekarichathennu charitrakaaranaaya joonn mackie vishwasikkunnu. yudhathinu muppathiyanju varshathinu sesham joonn meyar ezhuthiyathil, eee senayil oru pradhana scotish ghadakam undennum eee avakaashavaadam chila aadhunika ezhuthukaar amgeekarikkunnundennum avakashappettu, ennaal franch avarude elaitt scotish naittukaleyum ambeythukaareyum mochippikkillaayirunnum, sainyathil scotish sainikar kuravaayirikkaamennum addeham nigamanam cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum bernard stuvarttineppolu captanmaarude saannidhyam addeham amgeekarikkunnu.
pazhaya grandhatthile yudhathekkurichulla avyakthamaaya paraamarshangalekkurichulla vyaakhyaanangalil, charitrakaaranmaar aambiyon kunnin adivaarathinaduthulla pradeshangale iru sainyangalum ettumuttaan saadhyathayulla pradesangalaayi sthaapikkukayum ettumuttalinte saadhyathayulla saahacharyangal chinthikkukayum cheythu. yudhathinte vinodangalil, richard addehathinte aalukalum nilkkunna aambiyon kunninte bhaagathekku thante sainyathe neekkiyukondu henry aarambhichu. henriyude sainyam kunninte thekkupadinjaaran thaazhvarayile chathuppunilatthiloode munnerumbol, richard staanliykk oru sandesham ayachu, staanli udan thanne henriykkethiraaya aakramanathil pankuchernnillenkil thante makanaaya loard vichithrane vadhikkumenn bheeshanippedutthi. thanikk mattu aanmakkalundennu staanli marupadi nalki. prakopithanaaya richard vichithramayi thalavettanulla utharavu nalkiyengilum yuddham aasannamaanennum athinusesham vadhasiksha nadappaakkunnathu kooduthal soukaryapradamaakumennum paranju addehathinte udyogasthar thaalkkaalikamaayi. thante vishwasthatha prakhyapikkaan henry staanliyilekku doothanmaare ayachirunnu. marupadi ozhivaakkalaayirunnu-henry thante sainyathin utharavittu avare yudhathinu krameekarichathinushesham staanlikal "swaabhaavikamaayi" varum. richaardinte sainyathe ottaykku neridukayallaathe henrique mattu maargamillaayirunnu.
swantham sainika anubhavaparichayathekkurichu nannayi arinja henry thante sainyathinte command oaksfordinu kaimarukayum amgarakshakarodoppam pinbhaagathekku viramikkukayum cheythu. richaardinte sainyathinte vishalamaaya varii ridjlainil kudungikkidakkunnath kandu ooksfoord, thante aalukale parambaraagatha moonnu yudhangalaayi vibhajikkunnathinupakaram orumichu nirthaan theerumaanichu wangard, sentar, rirgard. avar pothinjupokumennu bhayann avarude baanarukalil ninnu maarinilkkan addeham sainyathodu utharavittu. oro group onnichu chernnu, chirakukalil kuthirappadayaalikal chuttum nilkkunna orotta valia pindam roopeekarikkunnu.
lancastriyakkaar kooduthal karuthutta nilam thedi chathuppinu chuttum sanjarikkumbol richaardinte peeranki avare upadravichu. oaksfordum addehathinte aalukalum chathuppil ninnu muktharaayappol, norphokkinte yudhavum sarr roobert brackenbariyude neethrthwathil richaardinte samghathinte niravadhi samghangalum munneraan thudangi. adachappol iruvashathum ambukalude thuzhakkam veeshunnundaayirunnu. thudarnnulla kaikondu nadanna pooraattatthil ooksfoordinte aalukal kooduthal sthiratha theliyichu; avar nilam pidichunirtthukayum norphokkile niravadhi aalukal maitanath ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum cheythu. eee aadyakaala ettumuttalil norphokinu thante muthirnna udyogastharil oralaaya walter deverexine nashtappettu.
thante sainyam prathikoolaavasthayilaanenna thiricharinju, richard northamberlandine sahayikkaan signal nalkiyengilum northambarlandinte samgham chalanatthinte lakshanangalonnum kaanichilla. horox, pug thudangiya charitrakaaranmaar, vyakthiparamaaya kaaranangalal northumberland thante raajaavine sahaayikkaruthenn theerumaanichathaayi vishwasikkunnu. northambarlandinte vishwasthathayekkurichulla aakshepangale rooss samshayikkunnu, pakaram aambiyon kunninte idungiya malancherivu yudhathil cherunnathil ninnu addehathe thadanjuvennu soochippikkunnu. ooksfoordinte aalukale edapazhakunnathinu, aarlinu onnukil thante sakhyakakshikaliloode kadannupokendivarum allengil oru vishalamaaya vashathe neekkam nadathendivarum-akkaalathe drillinte nilavaaram kanakkiledukkumbol athu nadatthaan asaadhyamaayirunnu.
eee ghattathil richard thante pradhana senaykk kurachu akale henry kandu. ithu kandu, shatru senadhipane konnu yuddham vegathil avasaanippikkaan richard theerumaanichu. addeham kuthirappurathu kayarunna aalukale akramikkukayum henriyude samghathilekku valicheriyukayum cheythu; richaardinte sainyathil aii. dii. 1 naitts undayirunnathaayi niravadhi vivaranagal parayunnu, ennaal richardinoppam addehathinte kudumbamgangalum ettavum adutha suhruthukkalum maathrame undaayirunnulloovennu rooss parayunnu. richard henriyude staanderd-bearer sarr vilyam brandon edward naalaamante muun staanderd-bearer burley joonn cheyneyum praadhamika chaarjil konnu, takarnna eettiyil ninnu thalaykku adichu. henriyude anuyaayikalil ninnulla franch koolippadayaalikal akramanam avare engane rakshichuvennum oru lakshyam kuraykkunnathinu henry thaazhekku erangukayum avarkkidayil olichuvekkukayum cheythukondu samrakshanam thedukayum cheythuvennum vivarichu. henry svayam yudhathil earppedaan sramichilla.
ooksfoord henriyude pakkal paikk sajjeekarichirikkunna aalukalude oru cheria shekharam avasheshippichirunnu. avar richaardinte chaarjinte vegatha kuraykkukayum tudorinu chila nirnaayaka samayangal nalkukayum cheythu. henriyude bakkiyulla amgarakshakaraayavar avarude yajamanane valayukayum yorkkist rajaavil ninnu addehathe akattinirthunnathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. athesamayam, richard henriyude aalukalumayi edapazhakunnathum thante pradhana sainyathil ninnu verpirinjathum kandu vilyam staanli thante neekkam nadatthi henriyude sahaayathinaayi oodi. ippol ennathil kooduthalaaya richaardinte samghathe valayukayum kramena pinthirippikkukayum cheythu. raajaavinte kuthiraye idichukayattiya oru chathuppinte arikinaduthulla tudoril ninnu noorukanakkinu yardukal akale richaardinte sainyam oodichukalanju. ippol thalarchayillaatha richard, pinmaran visammathichathayi karuthappedunna thante ksheenita anuyaayikale aninirathi "njaan oru chuvadu pinnott pogunnathu daivam thadayatte. onnukil njaan oru rajavenna nilayil yudhathil vijayikk, allengil oralaayi marikkum."pooraattatthil richaardinte bannerman-sarr persival thirlwalinu-kaalukal nashtappettu, pakshe addeham kollappedunnathuvare yorkkist banner uyarthippidichu. jaims harrington eee kesil marichirikkaanaanu saadhyatha. raajaavinte vishwastha upadeshtaavu richard ratcliffe kollappettu.
henry tyoodarinte audyogika charitrakaaranaaya polydor verjil rekhappeduthunnathu "rajakkan richard, thante shathrukkalude ettavum kattiyulla pathrangalil purushathvathode poraadiyaanu kollappettath" ennaanu. vilyam staanliyude aalukalaal chuttappedukayum kollappedukayum cheiyunnathinumumbu richard henry tyoodarinte vaalinte neelatthil athiyirunnu. richaardinte kuthira chathuppunilatthil kudungikkidakkumbol oru welshman halbird upayogichu maranavivaram adichathaayi burgandian charitrakaaranaaya jeane molinettu parayunnu. adii valare akramaasakthamaayirunnathil raajaavinte helmet thalayottiyilekku valicheriyappettathayi parayapettu. samakaalika velsh kavi gutor glin soochippikkunnathu pramukha velsh lancastrian rais aapu thomas allengil addehathinte aalukalil oraal raajaavine konnu, addeham ("panniye konnu, thala mundanam cheythu") ennu ezhuthi. rajaavu richaardinte asthikooda avashishtangalude vishakalanathil 11 murivukal kandethi, avayil onpathu thalaykku; oru halberdinu anusrithamaaya oru blade richaardinte thalayottiyude pinbhaagatthinte oru bhagam murichumaattiyirunnu, ithu addehathinte helmet nashtappettathayi soochippikkunnu.
richaardinte maranavaartha pracharichathode addehathinte sainyam vighadichu. raajaavinte vidhi kandu northamberland addehathinte aalukalum vadakkott oodippoyi, lady besiyude ballad anusarichu norphokkine kuthira sarr joonn sevej otta pooraattatthil vadhichu.
yudhathinu sesham.
naalam thalamura, maathru lancastrian pingaamithvam addeham avakaashappettuvenkilum, henry keezhadakkanulla avakaashathiloode kireedam pidichedutthu. yudhathinushesham, richaardinte vritham kandethi, stokku golding graamathinaduthulla kireeda kunnin mukalil rajaavaayi prakhyapikkappetta henryilekku konduvannathayi parayappedunnu. verjil parayunnathanusarichu, henriyude audyogika charitrakaaranaaya loard staanli vritham kandethi. charitrakaaranmaaraaya staanli crimes siddini anglo oru hathon mulpadarppil sarkkil kandethiyathinte aitihyam thallikkalayunnu; samakaalika srothassukalil onnupolum atharamoru sambhavam report cheythitilla. ennirunnaalum, rooss eee aithihyathe avaganikkunnilla. henriyude aarohanavumaayi sakthamaaya bandhamillengil hathon mulpadarppu henriyude ankinte bhaagamaakillenn addeham vaadikkunnu. house oof laankaastar ithinakam oru hathon bush motif upayogichirunnuvennum henry kireedam cherkkuka maathramaan cheythathennum baldwin choondikkaanikkunnu.
vergilinte charithratthil, henriyude 100 purushanmaar, richaardinte 1,000 pere apekshichu, eee yudhathil marichu-kraimukal oru athishayokthiyaanennu vishwasikkunna oru anupatham. marichavarude mrithadehangal samskarikkunnathinaayi dadlingtonile sent jaims palliyilekku konduvannu. ennirunnaalum, richaardinu udanadi vishramam nalkaan henry visammathichu; pakaram avasana yorkkist raajaavinte mrithadeham nagnamaakki kuthiraykku kuruke kettiyittu. addehathinte mrithadeham leasesterilekku konduvarikayum addeham marichuvennu theliyikkaan parasyamaayi pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. ithu pradhana lancastrian collegiat foundeshanaaya charchu oof dhii ananshyeshan oof ouvar lady oof dhii nevaarkkilaayirunnu ennu aadyakaala vivaranagal soochippikkunnu. rund divasathinu sesham, mrithadeham graphriormaarude pallikkullil oru saadhaarana shavakudeerathil samskarichu. 1538ll sanyasi pirichuvittathinetthudar palli polichuneekkappedukayum richaardinte shavakudeerathinte sthaanam valarekkalam anishchithathvathilaavukayum cheythu.
2012 septambar 12 nuu, lesestarile oru kaar paarkkin keezhil nattellu asaadhaaranathakalum thalaykku parikkukalumulla kuzhichitta asthikoodam kandethiyathayum athu richard III aanenna samshayavum puraavastu gaveshakar prakhyaapichu. 2013 februvari 4nuu, dii. enn. eiii. parisodhana leasester sarvakalaashaalayile shaasthranjareyum gaveshakareyum avashishtangal king richaardintethaanennu "nyayamaaya samshayathinu atheethamaayi" bodhyappeduthiyennu prakhyaapichu. 2015 march 26nuu eee avashishtangal leasester cathedralil aupachaarikamaayi samskarichu. pittennu richaardinte shavakudeeram anaachaadanam cheythu.
henry thante senayile koolippadayaalikale pirichuvittu, praadeshika sainikarude oru cheria coor maathram nilanirtthi "thante gardile oru yuvathvam" roopappeduthukayum englandile thante bharanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. yorkkist raajaavinte bharanam audyogikamaayi englandu charithratthile charithratthil thudarnnuvenkilum paarlament addehathinte raajathvam asaadhuvaakkukayum richaardinte raajathvam niyamavirudhamaanennu rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. edward naalaamante makkale niyamavirudharaanennu prakhyaapichathum pinvalikkapettu, elisabathinte padavi oru rajakeeya rajakumariykku punasthaapikkappettu. york housinte anantharaavakaashiyaaya elisabathinte laankaastar housinte yajamananaaya henriyumaayulla vivaham iru bhavanangalum thammilulla kalahathinte avasaanavum tudor raajavamshathinte thudakkavum adayaalappeduthi. ennirunnaalum, henry rajaavaayi kireedadhaaranam cheyyappedunnathuvare rajakeeya vivaham vaikippikkukayum elisabathinteyum avalude bandhukkaludeyum simhaasanathil thante avakaashavaadam urappikkuvaan paryaapthamaayi sthaapikkukayum cheythu. yudhathinu thaledivasam vare thante bharanathe pinvalikkaan henry paarlamentine bodhyappedutthi, bosworth feeldil thanikkethire pooraadiyavare raajyadrohikalaayi prakhyapikkaan addehathe praapthanakki. yudhasamayathu nishkriyamaayi thudarnna northumberland jayililadaykkappettenkum pinneedu mochippikkukayum henriyude peril vadakku shaanthamaakkunnathinaayi punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. richaardinu vendi pooraadiyavarude shudheekaranam henriyude aadya rund varshathe bharanathil ulppettirunnu, ennirunnaalum avarude muun vishwasthatha kanakkiledukkathe thanne keezhadakkiyavare sweekarikkaan addeham thayyaaraanenn pinneedu thelinju.
thante anuyaayikalil, henry staanlikalkk ettavum udaaramaayi prathiphalam nalki. vilyamine thante chembarlainaakkiyathinu purame, mattu estettukalile graantukalum offeesukalum koodaathe loard staanlikk addeham derbyude padavi nalki. yorkkistukal pidicheduttha bhoomiyum padavikalum addehathinu punasthaapikkukayum gopuratthinte constabilaayum englandu, ireland, akvitteyn ennivayude admiralaayum niyamikkukayum cheythukondu henry oaksfordinu prathiphalam nalki. thante bandhukkalkkayi henry bedford prabhuvaya jasper tudorine srishtichu. richard thannil ninnu eduthukalanja bhoomiyum graantukalum addeham ammaykku thirike nalkukayum kottaaratthil avalkk oru bahumaanaartham sthaanam nalkukayum thante bharanathiludaneelam vishwasthathayode avare paricharikkukayum cheythukondu oru pithaavinte makanaanennu theliyikkukayum cheythu. paarlamentinte maargarattine "phem soul" ennu prakhyaapichathode avarkk avale phalapradamaayi shaaktheekarichu; avarkk inii staanli vazhi thante estettukal kaikaaryam cheyyenda aavasyamilla. thante prarambha audaaryam undaayirunnittum, bosworthile henriyude anuyaayikal hraswakaalathekku maathrame addehathinte prathyeka preethi aaswadikkoo ennu elttan choondikkaanikkunnu; pilkkala varshangalil, pakaram thante thalpparyangal mikacha reethiyil sevikkunnavare addeham prolsaahippikkum.
thanikk munbulla raajaakkanmaareppole, henry viyojippukaare nerittu. bosworth feeldinu rund varshathinu sheshamaan aadyathe thuranna kalapam nadannathu; edward naalaamante anantharavanaayirunna vaarvikile 17-aamathe erl edward plaantajenett aanennu lambert simnal avakashappettu. linkante earl addehathe simhaasanathilekku pinthunaykkukayum york bhavanathinte peril vimatha senaye nayikkukayum cheythu. 1487 juun 16 nuu stokku feeld yudhathil henriyude sainyavumayi ettumuttunnathinu munbu vimatha sainyam northambarlandinte sainyathinte niravadhi akramanangal prathirodhichu. richard III-nte niravadhi muun anuyaayikal ulppede oaksfordum bedford henriyude aalukale nayichu. henry eee yudhathil eluppathil vijayichu, pakshe mattu asamthripthikalum goodaalochanakalum pinthudarnnu. 1489-ll sainika charitrakaaranaaya maikkal sii. northambarlandinte kolapaathakathode oru kalapam aarambhichu. sii. northambarlandinte mrithadehathinaduthaayi avasheshichirunna oru kurippinte rachayithaav richaardinte maranathinu kaaranam erline aanennu adams parayunnu.
paarambaryavum charitraparamaaya praadhaanyavum.
bosworth yudhathekkurichulla samakaalika vivaranagal naalu pradhana srothassukalil kaanam, athilonnu prabhukkanmaril ninnum sainikaril ninnumulla second hand vivarangale aashrayichirunna oru muthirnna yorkkist charithrakaaran ezhuthiya engleesh "croi land chronicle" aanu. verjil, jeane molinettu, diego dii valera ennivaraanu mattu vivaranagal ezhuthiyathu. molinettu richardinode anubhavam prakadippichappol, verjil henriyude sevanathilaayirunnu, rajaavil ninnum addehathinte prajakalil ninnum vivarangal shekharichu avare nalla reethiyil chithreekarichu. vishwasaneeyamallaathathayi karuthunna vivarangalude rachayithavaaya deego dii valera spanish vyaapaarikalude kathukalil ninnu thante srishtikal samaaharichu. ennirunnaalum, mattu charitrakaaranmaar mattu srothassukalil eluppathil prakadamallaattha vilapetta ulkkazhchakal kandethunnathinayi valerayude rachanakal upayogichittundu. yudhathinte chila vishadaamshangal kandethunnathinu upayogapradamaaya uravidamaaya "bosworth feeldinte balled" enna kavita rooss kandethunnu. yudhathe punarnirmikkaan shramikkumbol, kooduthalum second allengil therd hand vivarangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla niravadhi vyathyastha vivaranagal charitrakaaranmaarkku oru thadassamaayi thelinjittundu. yudhathinte phalam ozhike athinte vishadaamshangal valare kuravaanu charithrarekhakalil kaanappedunnath ennathaanu avarude pothuvaaya parati. charitrakaaranaaya maikkal hixinte abhipraayathil, rosaappookkalude yudhangalil rekhappeduthappetta ettavum mosham ettumuttalukalilonnaan bosworth yuddham.
charitraparamaaya chithreekaranangalum vyaakhyaanangalum.
thante vijayam raajyathin oru puthiya thudakkamaayi avatharippikkan henry shramichu; 1485-ll athinte udayathode thante bharanathe oru "aadhunika yugam" aayi chithreekarikkaan addeham charitrakaaranmaare niyamichu. thudarnnulla tudor bharanakoodangal prothsaahippicha verjiludeyum andha charitrakaaranaaya bernard andreyudeyum kruthikal adutha naanoor varshathekku ezhuthukaarude aadhikaarika srothassukalaayi maariyenn hicks parayunnu. athupole, tudor saahityam henriyude bharanathinte oru manoharamaaya chithram varaykkunnu, bosworth yudhathe aabhyantharayudhathinte avasana ettumuttalaayi chithreekarikkukayum thudarnnulla kalaapangale kurachukaanukayum cheiyunnu. englandine sambandhichidatholam madhyakaalakhattam 1485-ll avasaanichu, 1066-leeii vijayakaramaya adhinivesham ozhike mattoru varshavum engleesh charithratthil kooduthal praadhaanyam arhikkunnillenn engleesh paithrikam avakaashappedunnu. thante anantharavanmaare konnu simhasana pidichadakkiya kuthanthrashakthanaaya svechaadhipathiyaayi richaardine chithreekarichukondu tudor charitrakaaranmaar yudhavumaayi oru kettukatha koottichertthu athu nanmayum tinmayum thammilulla oru itihaasa ettumuttalaayi thripthikaramaaya dhaarmika falamaayi maari. vaayanakkaaranaaya collin baroyude abhipraayathil, yudhathinte charitraparamaaya praadhaanyam andre valareyadhikam aakarshichathinaal addeham thante "henry VIII" (1502) ll oru shoonyamaaya peju upayogichu athine prathinidheekarichu. professor peettar sakio sambandhichidatholam, engleesh charithratthile charithratthile oru savisheshamaaya ettumuttalaayirunnu eee yuddham, kaaranam "vijayam nirnnayikkappettath pooraadiyavaralla, marichu vijayikkunna paksham urappayi varunnathuvare yuddham vaikippichavaraayirunnu."
aadams, horox thudangiya charitrakaaranmaar vishwasikkunnathu richard oru puraana kaaranangalalum allah, marichu thante sainyathile manoveeryam, vishwasthatha prasnangal enniva moolamaanu yudhathil paraajayappettath ennaanu. mikka saadhaarana sainikarkkum thangal vishwasikkaatha oru loojinaayi poraadaan budhimuttaayirunnu, richaardine sthaanabhrashtanaakkiyaal avarude sthithi mechappedumennu chila prabhukkanmaar vishwasichu. aadamsinte abhipraayathil, atharam thanippakarppukalkkethire richaardinte nirashaajanakamaaya kuttam feeldile eaka kuthirayude perumaattamaayirunnu. sahacharitrakaaranaaya maikkal bennatt parayunnathanusarichu, akramanam "[madhyakala] engleesh dheerathayude swan-gaanam" aayirunnu. edward naalaaman, richard moonnaaman ennivarude sponsorship aasvadicha printar vilyam kaaksttan akkaalat eee kaazhchappaad pankittathaayi adams vishwasikkunnu. yudhathinu onpathu divasathinu sesham, thomas malleryude dheerathayeyum vanchanayiloode maranatheyum kurichulla katha-"leeii morte dii arther"-richaardinte marana saahacharyangalodulla prathikaranamaayi kaaksttan prasidheekarichu.
irupathaam noottaandile engleesh pothujanangal quincentanial aakhosham vare yudhathe valia thothil avaganichuvennu choondikkaanichukondu bosworth feeldinu yadhaartha praadhaanyamundennu elttan vishwasikkunnilla. addehathinte kazhchappadil, yudhathekkurichulla prathyeka vivarangalude kuravu-athu evideyaanu nadannathennu arcum krithyamaayi ariyilla-engleesh samoohathinu athinte nissaratha kaanikkunnu. thante bharanam sthaapikkunnathinulla henriyude pooraattangalude oru bhagam maathramaayi elttan eee yudhathe kanakkakkunnu, thante simhasana surakshithamakkaan yuvarajavinu vibhaagangaleyum kalaapangaleyum samaadhaanippikkaan patthu varsham koodi chelavazhikkendivannuvennu adivarayittu parayunnu.
nooriladhikam varshatholam englandil velluviliyillaathe bharikkan kazhiyunna oru rajavamsham sthaapicha nirnnayaka yudhamaayi bosworth feeld sradheyamaanennu mackie avakaashappedunnu. rosaappookkalude neenda yudhangalile moonnu rajakeeya pingaamikalekkurichu jagrata pulartthiyirunna akkaalathe samakaalika charitrakaaranmaar atharam neenda yudhangalude parambarayil bosworth feeldine mattoru feeldaayi kanakkakkiyathaayi mackie rekhappeduthunnu. francis bekkaninteyum addehathinte pingaamikaludeyum pravarthanangaliloodeyum parishramangaliloodeyum aanu "oru svechaadhipathiyude pathanam" konduvannu yuddham avarude bhaavi theerumaanichathennu pothujanangal vishwasikkaan thudangiyathu.
shakespeare naadakavalkkaranam.
vilyam shakespeare thante "richard III" enna naadakatthil bosworth yudhathinu praadhaanyam nalkunnu. ithu "oru valia yuddham" aanu; henry tudor richard III umm thammilulla vaal poraattam prathinidheekarikkunna eee pravartthanatthil ninnu prekshakare vyathichalippikkunna mattoru poratta rangavumilla. naadakatthinum rosaappookkalude yudhangalkkum oru uchasthaayiyile anthyam kurikkaan shakespeare avarude dvamdvayudham upayogikkunnu; daarmmikathaye jayikkan addeham ithu upayogikkunnu, "thinmaykkethiraaya nanmayude avyakthamaaya vijayam" chithreekarikkunnu. villan kathaapaathramaaya richard shakespeareude muun naadakamaaya "henry VI, bhagam 3" leeii yudhangalil "sakthanaaya vaalukaaranum dheeranaaya sainika neethaavumaayi" nirmmikkappettittund-richard III-ll addeham rajaavaakunna bheeruthvaparamaaya maargangalkk vipareethamaayi. bosworth yudhathinu anchu vaakyangal maathrame ulloovenkilum, moonnu ramgangalum naanooriladhikam varikalum aakshanu munbaayi, yudhathe pratheekshichu kathaapaathrangalude pashchaathalavum prachodanangalum vikasippikkunnu.
yudhathekkurichulla shakespeareude vivaranam kooduthalum charitrakaaranmaaraaya edward haalinteyum raffle hollinshedinteyum naadakeeya charitra pathippukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, avaa verjilinte charithratthil ninnu uravidam nediyathaanu. ennirunnaalum, richaardinodulla shakespeareude manobhaavam roopappeduthiyathu pandithanaaya thomas moraanu, addehathinte rachanakal yorkkist raajaavinethire kadutha pakshapaatham prakadippichu. eee swaadheenangalude phalam raajaavine apamaanikkunna oru lipiyaan, naadakatthe prerippikkunnathinayi charithratthil ninnu purathupokunnathil shakespearinu kurachu madiyundaayirunnu. 1482ll anjouvile maargarat marichu, ennaal yudhathinu munbu richaardinte vidhiye munkootty kaananum "henry vi" ll avar nalkia pravachanam niravettaanum shakespeare richaardinte ammayodu samsaarippichu. yudhathinu munbulla richaardinte aswasthamaaya raathriyude kaaranam shakespeare athishayokthi cheythu, buckingham ulppede rajaavu kolappedutthiyavarude prethangalaal vettayaadappettathaayi athine sangalppichu. manassaakshiyude vedana anubhavikkunnathayi richaardine chithreekarikkunnu, pakshe samsaarikkumbol addeham aathmavishwaasam veendedukkukayum thante kireedam nilanirthaan aavashyamenkil thaan dushtanaayirikkumennu urappikkukayum cheiyunnu.
abhinethaakkal vediyil nadakkukayum avarude lineukal nalkukayum purathukadakkukayum cheyyumbol stejinu purathu ("alarangal" allengil alaarangal) undaakkunna parukkan shabdangal rund sainyangalum thammilulla pooraattatthe anukarikkunnu. yudhathinulla prathekshakal valarthiyedukkunnathiye, richaardinte kaunsilar vilyam kettsbi rajaavu "oru manushyanekkaal athbhuthangal [nadappilaakkunnu]" ennu prakhyaapichathinu sesham shakespeare kooduthal "alarangal" abhyarthikkunnu. richard thante praveshana kavaadatthil "oru kuthira, oru kuthira!" enna classic varii pathippikkunnu. kuthiraykku vendiyulla ente raajyam!"addeham pinmaran visammathikkukayum thante shathruvine kollunnathuvare henriyude doublesine kollan sramikkunnathu thudarukayum cheiyunnu. bosworth feeldil henrique anchu decoicalundennathin documentary thelivukalonnumilla; eee ashayam shakespeareude kandupiduthamaayirunnu. yudhakkalathil richaardinte dhairyathekkurichulla dhaarana vardhippikkunnathinaayi shroosbury yudhathil (1403) henry naalaaman avaa upayogichathil ninnu addeham prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. athupole, henry richard thammilulla eaka poraattam shakespeareude srishtiyaanu. "shakespearinte naadakatthinu munbu oru anjjaatha naadakakrithaaya richard iiinte yadhaartha durantham atharamoru ettumuttal nadathunnathinte soochanakalonnumilla athinte steju dishakal drishyamaaya pooraattatthinte soochanakalonnum nalkunnilla.
naadakeeyamaaya licensukal eduthittundengilum, shakespeareude bosworth yudhathinte pathipp 18,19 noottaandukalil niravadhi varshangalolam engleesh paatapusthakangalude sambhavathinte maathrkayaayirunnu. charithratthinte eee aakarshakamaaya pathipp, pusthakangalilum paintingukalilum prasidheekarikkappedukayum raajyathudaneelamulla vedikalil avatharippikkukayum cheythathode, haasyanadiyaaya gilbert abot eiii bekkattine aswasthanaakki. yudhathekkurichulla romaantik kaazhchappaadine "richard III" yude anchaam nira nirmmaanam kaanunnathinodu thulanam cheythukondu addeham oru kavithayude roopathil thante vimarsanam prakadippichu moshamaaya veshadharanam cheytha abhinethaakkal bosworthinte poraattam vediyil pooraadumbool kuranja rolukalullavar pinbhaagathu vishramikkunnu, nadapadikramangalil thalpparyamilla.
laurence oliviyarinte 1955leeii "richard III" enna chalachithraavishkaarathil, bosworth yudhathe oru dvamdvayudham mathramalla, marichu oru pothu samgharshamaanu prathinidheekarikkunnath, athu chithratthile ettavum amgeekarikkappetta rangamaayi maarukayum bosworth yudhabhoomi paithruka kendratthil pathivayi pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. oru thuranna maitanath yorkkist, lancastrian sainyangal thammilulla ettumuttal, kaikondu nadakkunna pooraattatthinte kroorathaykkidayil vyakthigatha kathapaathrangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnathum chithreekaricha yaadhaarthyathinu prashamsa nedunnathumaaya chithram chithreekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, "maanchastar guardian" pathratthinte oru niroopakan, vishalamaaya samathalangalil poraalikalude ennam valare kuravaanennum richaardinte maranasthalathu sookshumathayude abhaavamundennum kandethi. yudhathinaayi thante sainyathe thayyarakkunna marggangal richard kaanikkukayum cheythu. richard thante aalukalumayi samsaarikkukayum thante vaal upayogichu manalil thante padhathikal varaykkukayum cheyyumbol, richard varacha varikalkkanusarichu thangaletthanne aninirathikkondu thante unitukal screenil prathyakshappedunnu. parasparam chernnu nirmmicha, chithraathmakavum aakhyaanaparavumaaya gadakangalude samyojanam richaardine oru kathaakrithaayi phalapradamaayi maattunnu, addeham nirmmicha kathaaprasangam avatharippikkunnu. shakespearean vimarsakanaaya herbert coursen aaa chithram vipuleekarikkunnu richard manushyarude srashtaavaayi svayam sthaapikkunnu, pakshe thante srishtikalude kroorathaykkidayil marikkunnu. henry vii, addehathinte "sahodaranmaarude samgham" ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan eee chithreekaranam ennu coursen kandethunnu.
ennirunnaalum, iyaan mckellante 1995 leeii chithratthile 1930 kalile phaasist englandilekkulla "richard III" enna pashchaathalatthinte parivartthanam charitrakaaranmaarkku yojichilla. bosworthile richaardinte vidiyekkurichulla yadhaartha shakespearean krameekaranam oraalude vidhiye abhimukeekarikkunnathinulla dhaarmikatha padippikkunnuvennu adams abhipraayappedunnu, athu ethra aneethiyaanengilum, "manyamaayum anthassodeyum". naadakeeyamaaya padippikkaline special efakttukal kondu marachuvechukondu, mekkallante chithram yudhathinte pathippine oru ekamaana villante maranathekkurichulla oru pyrotechnic kazhchayaayi kuraykkunnu. eee pathippil, yudhavum richaardinte avasaanavum nissaaravum niraashaajanakavumaanennu coursen sammathikkunnu.
yudhabhoomiyude sthaanam.
maarkkat bosworth pattanatthinu sameepamaan yudhasthalam ennu laishire kaundi kaunsil kanakkakkunnu. kaunsil charitrakaaranaaya daniel vilyamsine yudhathekkurichu gaveshanam nadatthaan niyogikkukayum 1974-ll addehathinte kandethalukal bosworth yudhabhoomiyile paithruka kendram nirmmikkanum athil ulkkollunna avatharanathinum upayogikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vilyamsinte vyaakhyaanam pinneedu chodyam cheyyappettittund. 1985-leeii yudhathinte kvinsentanti aakhosham pottippurapetta charitrakaaranmaar thammilulla tharkkam vilyamsinte sidhaanthathinte krithyathayekkurichu samshayikkaan palareyum prerippichu. prathyekichum, pazhaya engleesh yudhakkalangale samrakshikkukayum padikkukayum cheiyunna oru chaarittabil oorganaiseshanaaya battlefields trastt 2003 muthal 2009 vare nadatthiya bhoomishaasthra sarvekal kaanikkunnath pathinanjaam noottaandil aambiyon kunninte thekk, kizhakk bhagangal sakthamaaya nilamaayirunnuvennu, ithu chathuppunilatthinte oru valia pradeshamaayirunnuvenna vilyamsinte avakaashavaadathinu virudhamaayirunnu. shekharicha manninte saambilukalum madhyakala sainika upakaranangalude kandethalukalum soochippikkunnathu ambiyoon kunninte thekkupadinjaaran bhagathaanu (52°34′41′n1°26′02′w) yuddham nadannathennu sarveyude nethaavaaya landscape aarkkiyolajist glen foord paranju.
charithrakaaranmaarude sidhaanthangal.
yudhabhoomiyude ettavum aduthulla pradhana vaasasthalamaaya eee pattanam maarkkat bosworthinte perilaanu yudhamennu engleesh paithrikam vaadikkunnu. professor philipp morgan paryavekshanam cheythathupole, oru yudhathinu thudakkathil prathyekamaayi peru nalkiyittillayirikkaam. kaalam kadannupokumbol, bharanaparavum charitraparavumaaya rekhakalude ezhuthukaar oru sradheyamaaya yuddham thirichariyunnathu aavasyamaanennu kandethukayum athine saadhaaranayaayi toponymical swabhaavamullathum poraalikalil ninno nireekshakaril ninno uthbhavichathumaaya oru peru ennu visheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee peru pinneedu samooham amgeekarikkukayum samshayamillathe amgeekarikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. aadyakaala rekhakal bosworth yudhathe "brounhethu", "bellam miravalensus", "sandford", "dadlington feeld" ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 1485 august 23-nuu yorkkil ninnulla oru munisippal memmoraandam, "ridamore feeldil" yuddham kandethiyathayi aadyakaala rekha parayunnu. resador" athinte saittayi paraamarsikkunna oru 1485-86 kathu ithu sthireekarikkunnu. charitrakaaranaaya peettar fosinte abhipraayathil, 1510 vare rekhakal eee yudhathe "bosworth" maayi bandhappeduthiyittil.
ridamore" enna yudhasthalathinte pradhana vakthavaayi engleesh paithrukamaanu phosine namakaranam cheythath. reedy marshland" ennartham varunna anglo-saaksan padamaaya "hreod morr" ennathil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathennu addeham abhipraayappedunnu. 13-aamm noottaandileyum 16-aamm noottaandileyum palli rekhakalude adisthaanathil, aambiyon kuninum dadlington graamathinum idayil sthithicheyyunna thanneerthada pradeshamaayirunnu "ridimore" ennum eee pradeshathinu kuruke kizhakk ninnu padinjaaru bhaagathekku pookunna roman rodaaya fenn lineukalkku aduthaayirunnuvennum addeham vishwasikkunnu. yudhakkalathilethaan iru sainyangalum sweekaricha ettavum saadhyathayulla paathayaan eee rodennu foord vishwasikkunnu. redmore" enna ashayam oru prathyeka sthalamenna nilayil vilyams thallikkalayunnu, eee padam chuvanna manninte oru valia pradeshathe soochippikkunnuvennu parayunnu; vilyamsinte srothassukal praadeshika kathakalum rekhakalude thettaaya vyaakhyaanangalaanennum phoos vaadikkunnu. koodaathe, vilyam hattante 1788 leeii "bosworth feeld yuddham" vilyamsine swaadheenichathaayi addeham nirddeshikkunnu, ithu sense nadiyude vadakku bhaagathulla aambiyon kunninu padinjaraanu yuddham nadannathennu karuthiyathin kaaranamaayi. phoos soochippikkunnathu pole, raffel hollinshedinte 1577-leeii "chronicle" enna thante srothassil ninnulla oru bhagam hutton thettayi vyaakhyaanichu. hollinshed ezhuthi, "richard rajaavu thante vayal aan beam enna kunnin mukalil nirtthi, thante sainikare unmeshamppeduthi vishramichu."" "feeld" "ennathinartham" "yudhabhoomi" "ennaanu ennu hutton thettidharichathaayi phoos vishwasikkunnu, angane aan beam (aambiyon) kunnin mukalilaanu poraattam nadannathenna ashayam srishtikkunnu". phoos vyakthamaakkunnathupole, "[pitch] thante feeld" ennathu oru camp sthaapikkunnathinulla oru kaalaghatta padaprayogamaayirunnu.
edward haalinte 1550 leeii "chronicle" udharichukondu phoos thante "ridamore" sidhaanthathinu kooduthal thelivukal konduvarunnu. pittennu camp thakartha sesham richaardinte sainyam oru samathalathilekku chuvaduvechathaayi haal paranju. koodaathe, "discripshir oof leishire" (1622) enna grandhatthinte rachayithavaaya charitrakaaranaaya vilyam burton ezhuthiyathu, "bosworthil ninnu moonnu kilometer akaleyulla, shentan, sattan, dadlington, stokku [golding] ennee pattanangalkkidayilulla oru valia, paranna, playin, vishalamaaya maithaanathaanu yuddham nadannathu" ennaanu. fosinte abhipraayathil rund srothassukalum dadlingtonin vadakku paranna pradeshathe vivarikkunnu.
bhauthika saitt.
englandinte charitraparamaaya sthalangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu utharavaadiyaaya engleesh paithrikam, bosworth feeldinaayi saittine nirnnayikkaan rund sidhaanthangalum upayogichu. rund sidhaanthangalkkum munganana nalkaathe, viliams fose nirddeshicha sthalangal ulkkollunna orotta thudarchayaaya yudhakkala athirthi avar nirmmichu. yudhathinushesham aarambhicha eee mekhala varshangalayi vipulamaaya mattangal anubhavichittundu. chathupp evideyaayirikkumennu thaan pratheekshichirunno avide uracha nilam kandethiyathayi hollinshed thante charithratthil prasthaavichu, pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode yudhabhoomiyude pradeshangal adachupoottiyathaayum avaa kaarshika uthppaadanakshamamaakkunnathi mechappeduthiyathaayum burton sthireekarichu. aambiyon kunninte thekk bhaagath marangal nattupidippichu aambiyon maram roopappeduthi. 18, 19 noottaandukalil aambiyon kunninte padinjaarum thekk-padinjaarum bhaagathukoodi ashbi kanal kothiyedutthirunnu. kanalinu kuruke oru akale ashbi, newneettan samyuktha railway oru karayiloode eee pradesham kadannu. bhooprakrithiyile mattangal valare vipulamaayirunnu, 1788 leeii muun sandarshanathinu sesham 1807 ll hutton eee pradesham veendum sandarshichappol addehathinu eluppathil vazhi kandethaan kazhinjilla.
richaardinte kinarinu sameepamulla aambiyon kunnin mukalilaanu bosworth yudhabhoomi paithruka kendram nirmmichathu. aithihyamanusarichu, yudhadivasam richard moonnaaman eee pradeshathe niravadhi neeruravakalilonnil ninnu kudichu. 1788-ll, oru pradeshavaasikal aithihyathil paraamarshichirikkunnathu oru neeruravaye huttonilake choondikkaanichu. pinneedu eee sthalathinu mukalil oru kallu nirmmichu. kinattile likhitham iprakaaramaanu
aambiyon kunninte vadakkupadinjaaru, vadakke poshakanadiyude kuruke, oru pathakayum smaaraka kallum richaardinte vayalinte adayaalamaanu. 1973ll nirmmicha eee sthalam vilyamsinte sidhaanthathinte adisthaanathilaanu thiranjedutthathu. bosworth yudhavumaayi vishwasaneeyamaayi bandhappettirikkunna eee pradeshathe eaka gadanayaanu dadlingtonile sent jaims palli; yudhathil kollappettavarude mrithadehangal avide kuzhichidappettu.
yudhabhoomiyum saadhyamaaya yuddha sahacharyavum veendum kandethi.
glen fordinte neethrthwathilulla battlefield trastt nadatthiya valare vipulamaaya sarway (2005-2009) oduvil pradhana yudhabhoomiyude yadhaartha sthaanam kandethunnathilekku nayichu. peettar phoos nirddeshicha sthalathu ninnu oru kilometer padinjaaraayittaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. yudhasamayathu niravadhi tounshippu athirthikal cherunna oru naamamaathramaaya pradeshamaayirunnu ithu. chathuppunilatthinteyum aarogyathinteyum saannidhyam soochippikkunna feeld naamangalude oru koottam undaayirunnu. chittayaya loha kandethalinte falamaayi muppathinaalu leed raundu shoat kandethi (matellaa sii 15 europian yudhakkalangalilum munbu kandethiyathinekkaal kooduthal), athupole thanne oru panniye chithreekarikkunna oru cheria silver giltt badge ulppedeyulla mattu pradhana kandethalukalum. richard moonnaamante maranatthinte yadhaartha sthalathe soochippikkaan panni badjinu kazhiyumennu vidagdhar vishwasikkunnu, kaaranam addehathinte vyakthiparamaaya chinnathe chithreekarikkunna eee uyarnna nilavaaramulla badge addehathinte adutha anuyayikaliloraal dharichirikkaam.
yudhathinte oru puthiya vyaakhyaanam ippol charitraparamaaya vivaranangale yudhabhoomiyile kandethalukalumaayum bhooprakrithiyumaayum samyojippikkunnu. fenn leyne roadinte iruvashathum fenn leyne faaminadutthum aambiyon kunninte thekkupadinjaaru moonnu kilometer akaleyumaan puthiya saitt sthithi cheiyunnathu. 
raundu shoat skaattar, richard moonnaamante sainyathinte valippam, bhooprakrithi ennivayude adisthaanathil, gloon ford aan kariyum karuthunnath, richard thante sainyathe kurukkante maranjirikkunna paathaykk kizhakkum oru madhyakala chathuppinu pinnilum sthithicheyyunna oru cheria malancherivil aninirathiyirikkaam ennaanu. norphoc prabhuvinte neethrthwathil richaardinte munnira richaardinte yudharekhayude valath (vadakku) vashathum northambarlandinte erl richaardinte idathuvashathum (thekk) aayirunnu.
tyoodarinte sainyam roman roadinte paathayiloode aduthuvarikayum warwickshareile meraveleyude sameepathuninn march cheyth innathe fenn leyne faaminte padinjaaru bhaagathekku varivariyayi nilkkukayum cheythu. 
puthuthayi thiricharinja saitt ulppeduthunnathinaayi charitraparamaaya englandu rajisttar cheytha bosworth yudhabhoomiyude athirthikal punarnirvachichu. bhaviyil saittilekk pothujanagalkk praveshanam saadhyamaakumenn prathekshikkunnu.

