
liposome

kuranjathu oru lipid bilayerengilum ulla golaakrithiyilulla oru cheria krithrima vesikkilaan liposome. hydrophobicity koodaathe/allengil hydrophylicity, biocompattibility, kanangalude valuppam, mattu niravadhi gunangal enniva kaaranam, liposomukal mrna vaaksinukalile lipid naanoparttikkilukal, dna waxinukal thudangiya farmaceutical marunnukaludeyum poshakangaludeyum vitharanathinayi marunnu vitharana vaahanangalaayi upayogikkaam. jaiva stharangale thadassappeduthunnathiloodu (sonikkeshan polullava) liposomukal thayyarakkam.
liposomukal mikkappozhum phospholipidukal, prathyekichu phosphattidailkolin, collustroll enniva chernnathaanu, ennaal lipid bilayer gadanayumaayi poruthappedunna kaalatholam muttayilum phosphattidailthanolaminum kaanapedunna mattu lipidukalum ithil ulppedaam. anarogyakaramaaya tissuevumaayi bandhippikkunnathin oru liposome design uparithala ligandukal upayogichekkaam.
multilamellar vesicle (mlv, niravadhi lameller phase lipid bilayerukalulla), cheria unilamellar liposome vesicle (esyuvi, oru lipid bilayerulla), valia unilamellar vesicle (lavu), kokleett vesicle ennivayaanu pradhana tharam liposomukal. onno athiladhikamo cheria vesikal adangiyirikkunna multiviscular liposomukalaanu abhikaamyamallaatha roopam.
liposomukale lysosomukalumaayo monolayerukal chernna mysellukalumaayo reverse mysellukalumaayo thettidharikkaruthu.
kandethal.
liposome" enna vaakk rund greak padangalil ninnaan uruthirinjathu "lipo" ("kozhuppu"), "soma" ("shareeram"); athinte ghadana praadhamikamaayi phospholipid aayathinal ithinu eee peru nalkiyittundu.
1961ll britiish hemattolajist alak dougless bangaamaanu (1964ll prasidheekarichathu) kembridjile babraham instittyoottil liposomukalekkurichu aadyamaayi vivarichathu. bangam aarum aayirikkumbozhaanu avaa kandethiyathu. dablyu. unangiya phospholipidukalilekku negatteevu qara cherthu instittyoottinte puthiya electron microscope pareekshikkukayaayirunnu hoonn. plasmalemmayumaayi saamyam vyakthamaayirunnu, koodaathe kosha stharam oru dvithala lipid gadanayaanennathinte aadya thelivaayi microscope chithrangal pravarthichu. adutha varsham bangam, staandish, weisman ennivar dittarjant treatmentinushesham (gadanayumaayi bandhapetta latensi) athinte ulladakkangal purathuvidunna oru adanja, dvithala ghadana enna nilayil avayude samagratha sthaapichu. weisman-bangaamumaayulla oru kembridge pub charchayil-thante laborattari padichirunna lysosominte peril aadyam gadanaykku "liposomukal" ennu perittu gadanayumaayi bandhapetta latensi aaya oru lalithamaaya oorganel dittarjantukalum streptolisinukalum thadassappeduthiyekkaam. negatteevu staining transmission electron microscopy vazhi liposomukale mysellukalil ninnum shadbhujaakrithiyilulla lipid ghattangalil ninnum eluppathil verthirichariyaan kazhiyum.
sahapravarthakaraaya jeff vaatkins, malcom staandish ennivarumaayi chernnu alak dougless bangam 1965-ll liposome "vyavasaayam" phalapradamaayi aarambhicha prabandham ezhuthi. eee samayathaan babrahamil lysosomukalil thaalpparyamulla american doktaraaya jerald weisman addehathodoppam chernnathu. ippol newyork yooniversitti school oof medisinil emeritus professoraaya weisman, oru kembridge pabbil irunna iruvarum koshatthinte ulbhaagathe baahya chuttupaadukalil ninnu verthirikkunnathil lipid sheettukalude pankinekkurichu chinthikkunnathaayi oorkkunnu. eratta helixinte kandethal janithakashaasthrathinu enthaayirunnuvennu avarkk thonni, eee ulkkaazhcha koshangalude pravarthanatthinaayirunnu. bangam thante lipid gadanakale "multilamellar smektik mesophaseukal" allengil chilappol "bangasomukal" ennu vilichirunnu. kooduthal upayokthru-sauhrudamaaya liposome enna padam nirddeshichathu weisman aanu.
samvidaanam.
liposomukalil encapsulation.
oru liposominu oru hydrophobic membrane kondu chuttapetta oru jaleeya layaniyund, oru lipid bilayer roopathil; koril layikkunna hydrophilic solyoottukalkku baileyariloode eluppathil kadannupokaan kazhiyilla. hydrophobic rasavasthukkal dvi paliyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. encapsulation ennariyappedunna oru prakriyaya hydrophobic koodaathe/allengil hydrophilic thanmathrakal upayogichu liposomukal looad cheyyaan eee property upayogikkaam. saadhaaranayaayi, liposomukal thayyarakkunnathu kudungikkidakkunna samyuktham adangiya oru laayaniyilaan, ithu proteinukal polulla hydrophilic samyukthangal ulkkollunnathinulla jaleeya lioneo hydrophobic thanmathrakal ulkkollunnathin lipidukalumaayi kalarthiya jaiva laayakangalile lioneo aakam.
encapsulation saankethikavidyakale rund tharangalayi tharamthirikkaam liposome roopeekarana samayat thanmaathrakalude yaadruchika keniye aasrayikkunna nishkriyavum charjju cheytha lipidukaludeyo transmembran ayoon gradiantukaludeyo saannidhyathe aasrayikkunna sajeeva.
pariganikkenda oru nirnaayaka paaraameettar "encapsulation karyakshamatha" aanu, ithu liposome laayaniyil adangiyirikkunna samyukthathinte alavu thayyaaraakkumbol upayogikkunna motham prarambha samyukthathinte alavu kondu harikkappedunnu.
sameepakaala sambhavavikasangalil, single molecule pareekshanangalil liposomukalude prayogam "single entitti encapsulation karyakshamatha" enna ashayam avatharippichu."eee padam samyukthathinte aavashyamaaya ennam pakarppukal adangiyirikkunna oru prathyeka liposominte saadhyathaye soochippikkunnu.
delivari.
thanmaathrakale pravarthanasthalathekku athikkunnathinu, lipid bilayerinu kosha stharam polulla mattu bilayerukalumaayi samyojippikkaan kazhiyum, angane liposome ulladakkangal vitharanam cheiyunnu; ennirunnaalum, ithu sankeernavum swathasidhamallaathathumaaya oru sambhavamaan, athu poshakangalkkum marunnu vitharanathinum baadhakamalla. dnaudo marunnukaludeyo laayaniyil (saadhaaranayaayi membraniloode vyapikkaan kazhiyaathava) liposomukal thayyaaraakkunnathiloode avaye (vivechanarahithamayi) lipid bilayerinu mukaliloode ethikkaan kazhiyum. mattu vazhikaliloode marunnukal athikkunnathinum liposomukal roopakalppana cheyyaam. kuranja (allengil uyarnna) piechu adangiya liposomukal draavanathil charge cheyyappedunna vidhathil nirmmikkam (i.iii.piechu marunninte paii paridikku purathaanu). liposominullil piechu swaabhaavikamaayi nirveeryamaakumbol (protonukalkku chila membranukaliloode kadannupokaan kazhiyum), marunum nirveeryamaakkukayum ithu oru membraniloode swathanthramaayi kadannupokaan anuvadikkukayum cheyyum. nerittulla kosha samyojanathiloode allathe vyaapanathiloodeyaanu eee liposomukal marunnu nalkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, eee piechu niyantritha bhaagatthinte falaprapti samshayaaspadamaaya marunninte physiochemical swabhaavathe aasrayichirikkunnu (udha.jii. pka adisthaana allengil assid swabhaavamullathum), ithu pala marunnukalkkum valare kuravaanu.
transmembran piechu gradient upayogichu shoonyamaaya liposomukal kuthivachu marunnukalude biodetoxificationil samanamaaya sameepanam prayojanappedutthaam. eee saahacharyathil rakthachamkramanathile marunnine thurathunnathinum athinte visha prabhavam thadayunnathinum vesikkilukal mungunnathayi pravartthikkunnu.
endocytosis sambhavangal lakshyamiduka ennathaanu liposome marunnu vitharanam cheiyunnathinulla mattoru thanthram. oru prathyeka valippa paridhiyil liposomukal nirmmikkaan kazhiyum, athu avaye prakrithidatha macrophage phagocytosisinulla praayogika lakshyamaakkunnu. eee liposomukal macrophageinte phagosomil aayirikkumbol dahikkukayum angane athinte marunnu purathuvidukayum cheyyaam. mattu kosha tharangalil endocytosis sajeevamaakkunnathin liposomukale opsoninukalum ligaandukalum upayogichu alankarikkaam.
doxorubisin (doxil), downaroobisin thudangiya chila cancer virudha marunnukal liposomukalil ulppeduthaam. emiyayil ninnu pancreatic kaansarinulla anatha marunnu padavi liposomal sysplatine labhichu.
dii. enn. eye oru hoost sellilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathino kaimaattam cheiyunnathino liposomukalude upayogam lipofection ennariyappedunnu.
jeane, marunnu vitharana prayogangalkku purame, thunitharangalilekku chayangal, sasyangalilekku keedanashinikal, bhakshanangalkk ensaimukalum poshaka supplementukalum, charmmathinu soundaryavardhaka vasthukkalum athikkunnathinu liposomukal vaahakangalayi upayogikkaam.
kontraast-enhanced ultraasoundil upayogikkunna chila micro bubble kontraast ejantumaarude puram shellukalaayum liposomukal upayogikkunnu.
bhakshana, poshaka supplementukal.
adutha kaalam vare, liposomukalude klinikkal upayogangal targettucheytha marunnu vitharanathinaayirunnu, ennaal chila bhakshana, poshaka supplementukalude ooral deliveric puthiya aaplikkeshanukal vikasichukondirikkukaya. parambaraagatha ooral dayattari, nutritional gulikakal, gulikakal ennivayude kuranja agiranam, jaiva labhyatha nirakk ennivayaanu liposomukalude eee puthiya prayogatthinu kaaranam. vaayile jaiva labhyathayum niravadhi poshakangalude agiranam kurayunnathum vaidyashaasthraparamaayi nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. athinaal, liposomukalkkullile lypophilic, hydrophilic poshakangalude swaabhaavika encapsulation dahanavyavasthayudeyum cherukudalinteyum vinashakaramaaya gadakangale marikadakkunnathinulla phalapradamaaya oru maargamaayirikkum, encapsulated poshakam koshangalilekkum tissuekalilekkum kaaryakshamamaayi ethikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
neutraceutical enna padam poshakavum farmaceutical enna padangalum samyojippikkunnu, ithu aadyam steefan defelies srishtichu, addeham neutrasuiticalukale "oru rogathinte prathirodhavum/allengil chikitsa ulppede medical allengil aarogya aanukoolyangal nalkunna bhakshanam allengil bhakshanathinte bhagam" ennaanu nirvachichathu. ennirunnaalum, nilavil, poshakaahaara supplementukal, aushadha uthppannangal, pree-aandu probiotics, functional bhakshanagal, fortified bhakshanagal thudangiya mattu bhakshanathil ninnu uruthirinja vibhagangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan neutraasyoottikkalkal ithuvare nirnnayakamaaya nirvachanam illa. saadhaaranayaayi, dainamdina bhakshanathinte poshaka moolyathinu purame aarogya gunangal nalkumennu prathekshikkunna bhakshya srothassukalil ninnu uruthirinja eathoru uthppannatheyum vivarikkan eee padam upayogikkunnu. vitaaminukal, daathukkal, amino aasidukal, avashya phaatti aasidukal, naarukal, vividha sasyangal, aushadhasasyangal ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna poshakangalo poshakamo shaareerika falangalulla mattu padaarthangalo (iii. yuu directive <aii. dii. 1> iii. sii) eee uthppannangalil undakam. liposomal neutrasuitical aarogyathe prothsaahippikkunna falangalulla bio active samyukthangal adangiyirikkunnu. liposomukalile bio active samyukthangalude encapsulation aakarshakamaan, kaaranam liposomukalkku gurutharamaaya thadassangal marikadakkaan kazhiyumennu theliyikkappettittund, allaathapaksham vaayiloode kazhikkumbol dahananaalathil bio actives neridendivarum.
chila gadakangal nirmmaanatthil uthppaadippikkunna liposominte shathamaanathilum athupole thanne thiricharinja liposome entraapmentinte yadhaartha alavilum liposomukalude yadhaartha gunanilavaarathilum deerghakaala sthirathayilum dooravyaapakamaaya phalangal undaakkunnu ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. avaa inipparayunnavayaanu (1) liposomukalude yadhaartha nirmmaana reethiyum thayyaareduppum; (2) liposomukalude roopeekaranathilum nirmmaanatthilum upayogikkunna asamskritha phospholipidinte ghadana, gunanilavaaram, tharam; (3) sthirathayullathum avayude encapsulated payload nilanirthunnathumaaya ekeekritha liposome kanika valuppangal srishtikkaanulla kazhivu. bhakshanathilum poshaka supplementukalilum upayogikkunnathinaayi phalapradamaaya liposome carrierukal vikasippikkunnathinulla praadhamika gadakangal ivayaanu.
nirmmaanam.
liposome thayyarakkal reethi thiranjedukkunnathu aasrayichirikkunnu, i.eiii.thaazhepparayunna maanadandangalil 
upayogapradamaaya liposomukal apoorvvamaayi maathrame swamedhayaa roopappedunnulloo. multilamellar aggregettukale oligo-allengil unilamellar bilayer vesikalaayi vibhajikkaan vellam polulla oru dhruva laayakathile (phospho) lipidukalude chitharalinu mathiyaya oorjjam nalkiyathinu sheshamaan avaa saadhaaranayaayi roopappedunnathu.
athinaal phospholipidukal polulla amphipatic lipidukal vellathil chitharikkunnathiloode liposomukal srishtikkaan kazhiyum. kuranja shear rettu multilamellar liposomukal srishtikkunnu. ulli pole niravadhi paalikal ulla yadhaartha aggregettukal kramena cheruthum oduvil ekathaanamaaya liposomukal (avayude cheria valipavum sonikkeshan srishticha vaikalyangalum kaaranam palappozhum asthiramaanu) roopappedunnu. sonikkeshan saadhaaranayaayi oru "motha" thayyaareduppu reethiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam ithu pothinja marunninte ghadanaye nasippikkum. manushya upayogathinulla vasthukkal nirmmikkaan extrusion, micromixing, mosafari reethi thudangiya puthiya reethikal upayogikkunnu. phosphattidailkolin ozhikeyulla lipidukal upayogikkunnathu liposome thayyarakkan valareyadhikam sahayikkum.
prathekshakal.
liposome gaveshanathile kooduthal purogathikalkku shareerathinte rogaprathirodha samvidaanam, prathyekichu reticuloendothelial sisttathinte (rez) koshangal kandethunnathu ozhivakkaan liposomukale anuvadikkaan kazhinju. eee liposomukale "stelthu liposomukal" ennu vilikkunnu. avaa aadyam nirddeshichathu jii. sii. iii. vii. sii. yum jii. swathanthramaayum athinusheshavum, ell grouppukal bloom cheyyuka. huwang, vii. torchilin, membraninte purambhaagathu pegg (polyethileen glycol) upayogichu nirmmichirikkunnu. shareerathil nishkriyamaaya pegg coating, marunnu vitharanam cheiyunna samvidaanathinu kooduthal rakthachamkramana ayuss anuvadikkunnu. pegilated liposomukal aanti-aii. emm. aantobidikal purappeduvikkunnuvennum padanangal theliyichittundu, angane lipid dose kuthivayppukal thammilulla samaya edavelayum anusarichu veendum kuthivaykkumbol liposomukalude mechappetta raktha clearancilekku nayikkunnu. oru pegg coatinginu purame, chila stelthu liposomukalkku liposomil oru ligandaayi gadippichirikkunna orutharam jaiva enangalum undu, ithu targettucheytha marunnu delivari saittil oru prathyeka expressioniloode bandhippikkaan prapthamaakkunnu. eee targettucheyyunna ligandukal monoclonal aantibodikal (oru immunoliposom undaakkunnu), vitaaminukal allengil nirddishta aantijanukal aakam, pakshe avaa axus cheyyaavunnavayaayirikkanam. targettucheytha liposomukalkku shareerathile chila kosha tharangale lakshyamidaanum allaathapaksham vyavasthaapithamaayi vitharanam cheyyaavunna marunnukal vitharanam cheyyaanum kazhiyum. rogamulla koshangalilekku maathram athichaal swaabhaavikamaayi vishamulla marunnukal vyavasthaapithamaayi valare kuravaayirikkum. liposomukalumaayi roopashaasthraparamaayi bandhapetta polymersomukalum eee reethiyil upayogikkaam. liposomukalumaayi roopashaasthraparamaayi bandhappettirikkunna valare roopabhedam varuthunna vesikkilukalaan transfersomukal ennariyappedunna noonn-invasive transdermal metteeriyal delivericaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
krithrima koshangalude maathrkakalaayi liposomukal upayogikkunnu. 
bacteria vishavasthukkalude nirveeryamaakkunna ejantumaaraayi liposomukal svanthamaayi allengil parambaraagatha aantibayottikkukalumayi samyojippichu upayogikkaam. aathidheya koshangalude membranile nirddishta lipidukale lakshyamidunnathinaayi niravadhi bacteria vishavasthukkal parinamichu, aaa nirddishta lipid targettukal adangiya liposomukalkku avaye kadichu nirveeryamaakkaam.
2018 meyy maasathil prasidheekaricha oru padanatthil poshakaaharakkuravullatho rogamullatho aaya sasyangale chikilsikkunnathinaayi poshakangal valam nalkunnathinte "naano-kaariyarukalayi" liposomukal upayogikkaan saadhyathayundennum paryavekshanam cheythu. eee synthetic kanikakal "nagna poshakangalekkaal eluppathil sasya elakalilekku kuthirkkunnuvennu" phalangal kaanichu, ithu vila vilavu vardhippikkunnathinu naano teknolajiyude upayogathe kooduthal saadhookarikkunnu.
mesheen laining liposome gaveshanathinu sambhavana cheyyaan thudangi. udaaharanathinu, sukros-loducheythathum nucleotideukal-loducheythathumaaya liposomukal adangiya oru multistep bioassay oru lipid membran-sushira pepttaidumaayi prathipravartthikkunnave nireekshikkaan deep laining upayogichu. luprolyde asattett looad cheytha liposomukalude formulation paaraamettarukal opttimais cheiyunnathinum krithrima neural netvarkkukal upayogichu.
koodaathe liposomukalude kanika valupavum polydispersity soochikayum pravachikkuka.

