jerald bolland

1939 muthal 1948 vareyum 1951 muthal 1954 vareyum neethinyaaya mantriyaayum 1936 muthal 1939 vare bhoomi mantriyaayum 1933 muthal 1936 vare tapal, telegraph mantriyaayum 1932 muthal 1933 vare sarkkar cheef vippayum sevanamanushticha oru airish fayana fell raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu jerald bolland (25 meyy 1885-5 januvari 1973). 1961 muthal 1969 vare senattaraayum 1923 muthal 1961 vare roscomon niyojakamandalatthil teachta daala (tidi) aayum sevanamanushtichu.
airish viplava kaalaghattatthil sajeevamaayirunna bolland, airish swaathanthryasamarathilum airish aabhyantharayudhathilum poraadi, athil randaamathethu addehathinte sahodaran haari bolaandinte maranathinu saakshyam vahichu. yudhangalethudarnnu, siin fenil ninnu republicanmaare nayikkukayum, vittunilkkunnathinethu bhinnathayethudarnnu fianna faililake nayikkukayum cheythavaril oraalaayirunnu bolland. 1932ll fianna fail adhikaarathil vannappol, bolland manthrisabhayile oru vattaatha amgamaayi, prathyekichu irelandile ettavum kooduthal kaalam neethi manthriyaayi sevanamanushtichu. swantham kaazhchappaadukalil saamoohikamaayi udaramatiyum prathibaddhathayulla airish republican aayirunnittum, neethi manthriyenna nilayil airish republican sainyam airish raashtrathe randaam lokamahaayudhathilekku aakarshikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi airish pouranmaarkkethire kadutha nayangal nadappakkaan sarkkar addehathodu pathivayi aavasyappettirunnu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
maanchasttaril janicha jerald bolland jaims bollandinteyum kettu bollandinteyum ("nee" woods) makanaayirunnu. dambathikalude moonnu aanmakkalil (haari bolland ulppede) randaamathe kuttiyum mootha makanumaayirunnu addeham. iruvashathumulla addehathinte kudumbam kadutha airish desheeyavaadikalaayirunnu; addehathinte pithaav cheruppatthil oru phenian aayirunnu, chaals stuvartt paarnalinte bhakthanaya anuyayiyum pinneedu airish republican saahodaryathile (irb) amgavumaayirunnu. addehathinte pithaavin airish deseeya ajayyarumaayi bandhamundaayirunnu, avarumaayulla bandham addehathe kurachukaalathekku newyork nagaratthilekku palayanam cheyyendivannu.
deseeya school vidyaabhyaasathinushesham bolland dablinile fairviewile oo 'brian instittyoottil chernnu. pathinanjaam vayassil school vitta addeham broadston steshanil apprentis fittaraayi. enchiniyaring diploma nedunnathinaayi padanatthinu pookunnathinupakaram, bolland raathriyil airish bhaashayudeyum charithrathinteyum klaasukal eduthu. ennittum addeham enchiniyaring pareekshayil vijayichu.
viplavakaramaaya varshangal.
pithaav jaims jacq ammaavante paatha pinthudarnnu 1904ll ilaya sahodaranmaraaya hariotoppam bolland irbilekku cherkkapettu. jerald sahodaranmaraaya haariyum ned pinneedu 1913ll aaa samghadana sthaapithamaayappol arther griffitthinte athe kambaniyil sevanamanushtichukondu airish sannadhapravarthakaril chernnu. 1916ll eesttar rising enna vaartha purathuvannappol bolland udan thanne crookslingle jolie upekshichu, ennirunnaalum, oordar raddaakkiyathaayi arinjappol addeham kadutha niraashanaayirunnu. eesttar thinkalaazhcha kalapam aathmaarthamaayi thudangiyappol addeham thomas mcdonaghinte keezhil poraadiya jacobinte millilekku pooyi. audyogika keezhadangalinetthudarnnu, bollandine arast cheyyukayum veyilsile francock thadankalppaalayathil thadankalil vaykkukayum cheythu, avide addeham thante sahodaran haariyude suhruthu maikkal collins ulppedeyulla mattu pramukha viplava nethaakkalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthi.
1916 desemberil pothumaapp nalkia sesham bolland mochithanaayi, ennirunnaalum, samghadanayude aavasyamillennu vishwasichu addeham veendum irbyil cheraan visammathichenkilum viplava vrithangalil addeham thudarnnu. doublin parvathanirakalil sainika abhyasam nadathiyathinu 1918 meyy muthal desember vare addeham arast cheyyappedukayum belfaasttil thadavilaakkappedukayum cheythu. athesamayam, athesamayam pothutheranjeduppil seettukal nedi addehathinte niravadhi sahapravarthakar avarude mochanam urappichu.
swaathanthryasamarasamayath, moonnaam bataaliyan commander ayirunna bolland, illa. irayile 2 (southu doublin) brigade addehathinte idathupaksha kaazhchappaadukal kaaranam 'trotsky' ennariyappettirunnu.
adhehavum sahodaranmaarum sahodaranmaarum anglo-airish udambadiye athirthirunnu. kaundi vikloyile bleasingtonil moonnaamathe southu doublin brigadine bolland hrasvamaayi neethrthwam nalkiyengilum 1922 joolaiyil airish aabhyantharayudhathinte thudakkathil pidikkappedukayum rund varsham jayilil kazhiyukayum cheythu. purathu, addehathinte sahodaran haari vediyettu kurachu divasangalkku sesham, 1922 augustil, rund deseeya armi officermaar dablinile skerisile grand hotelil vachu addehathe arast cheyyaan shramichathinethudarnnu marichu.
rashtreeya jeevitam.
thudakkam.
aabhyantharayudham avasaanichathinethudarnnu, siin fene pradhana republican party kettippadukkaan bolland sahayichu. jayilil kazhiyumbol thanne, 1923 leeii pothutheranjeduppil vijayakaramaya haariyude pazhaya seettaaya roscomaninte tdyayi dayle aireynin vendi nilkkaan addeham thiranjedukkappettu. 1923 octoberil kilmainham gavolil nirahara samarathinu erangiyavaril oraalaayirunnu bolland. nirahara samaram addehathe mochippikkaan kaaranamayilla, akkaalat thanne jeevanode nilanirtthiyathinu bolland thante yoga parisheelanatthe credit cheiyunnu.
oduvil 1924 joolaiyil bolland samsthaanathinte custadiyilirikke mochithanaayi. mochithanaayappol bolland siin faininte sekrattariyaayi party executivil nilakondu.
phiyan failinu vendi siin fainilekku.
party vittunilpp avasaanippikkanamenn ahvaanam cheytha siin fainile aadya vyakthikalil oraalaayirunnu bolland, ithu oru rashtreeya anthyamaanennu vishwasichu. britiish rajaavinodulla vishwasthathayude sathyaprathinjayil mattangal varuthiyaal party eee nayam upekshichu deyilil avarude seettukal edukkanamennu party nethaavu emon dii valera nirddeshichu. addehathinte nirddesham paraajayappedukayum dii valera bolland ulppedeyulla addehathinte anuyaayikalum siin fenine upekshikkukayum cheythu. eee vibhajanathinu thottupinnaale, dii valera nethaavaayi pravartthikkukayum niraasanaaya mattu republican tii. dii. esum chernnu fianna fail enna puthiya party uyarnnuvannu. niravadhi amgangale siin fenil ninnu phiyan faililake maattunnathil bolland pradhanamaayirunnu. fianna failinu hraswakaalathekku oru vittunilkkal nayavumundaayirunnuvenkum 1927-ll oru puthiya niyamam fianna failinu vishwasthathayude prathijnjayedukkaanum deyilil avarude seettukal ettedukkaanum nirbandhithanaakki. shoonyamaaya soothravaakyam" ennaanu fianna fail sathyaprathinjaye thallikkalanjathu.
party grameena samvidaanathinu bolland prathyeka shradha nalkikkond fianna failinte thaazhethattil ninnulla pinthunayum samghadanayum kettippadukkunnathil bolland seane lemasinoppam pravarthichu. 1927 septambaril nadanna pothutheranjeduppil bharikkunna kuman naa nagedeel party naalu seettukalil prathisrutha varan ethi. randaamathethu karshaka partyumaayi orutharam sakhyam roopeekarikkukayum sarkkaarilekku madangukayum cheythu.
manthrisabhayil.
manthrisabhayil pothutheranjeduppinethu fianna fail oru puthiya sarkkar roopeekarichu. bollandine sarkkar cheef vippayi niyamichu, eee sthaanam addehathe kaabinat yogangalil pankedukkaan anuvadichu, pakshe avayil vottu cheythilla.
cheythilla pothutheranjeduppinethu vardhicha janavidhi labhichathode fianna fail adhikaarathil thudarukayum bollandine posttukaludeyum telegraphukaludeyum manthriyaayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum cheythu. tapal sevanathinte chumatala manthriyaayirunnenkilum kurachu kaalam kazhiyunnathuvare bollandinu svanthamaayi oru telephone undaayirunnilla. addehathinte bharanakaalathu tapal sevanam ganyamaaya purogathi kaivarichu. eee samayathaan poost oafees panamadaykkunna oru vishayamaayi maariyath. manthriyaayirunna kaalath, irelandile telephone sevanathinte valia vipuleekaranam, radio airaante prakshepana sheshi mechappeduthal, puthiya pravishya tapal offeesukaludeyum puthiya kendra tapal sorting offeesinteyum nirmmaanam ennivaykku bolland melnottam vahichu.
pii. ayirikke bolland kurachukaalam acting neethinyaaya manthriyaayirunnu. jeey. rutledge rogiyaayirunnu. eee samayathaan bolland airish republican sainyathe nirodhitha samghadanayaayi prakhyaapichathu.
1936-leeii manthrisabha punasamghadanayil bolland bhoomi manthriyaayi, pinneedu mathsyabandhanathinte utharavaaditham etteduthu. bhoomi manthriyenna nilayil 1939ll bolland oru bhoomi niyamam avatharippichu, athu bhoomi vitharanam parishkarichu. bhoomiyude kudiyaan kooduthal anukoolamaaya nashtaparihara nibandhanakal vaagdaanam cheyyumbol avikasita bhoomiyude niyanthranam ettedukkaan samsthaanathinu kazhiyunna maanadandangal eee niyamam vipuleekarichu. dablinile vyaavasaayika vikasanam kendreekarikkunnathinulla lemaasinte nayathe bolland vimarshichu, pakaram bhakshya ulppaadanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla kooduthal vikendreekritha sambadvyavastha kaanaan addeham aagrahichu. vyathyasthamaaya kaazhchappaad bolland lemas thammil villal srishtichu, ennaal ithu undaayirunnittum bolland saine maasentiyude kooduthal lices-fair sameepanathekkaal sambadvyavasthayil lemasinte samsthaana edapedal nayathe anukoolichu.
1937ll irelandinte puthiya bharanaghadanayude karadu thayyaaraakkumbol catholica sabhaykku prathyeka padavi nalkumaayirunna eathoru padatthinum ethire fianna fail valare shabdamuyarthiyirunnu. bharanaghadana catholica sabhayude sthaanam mattullavayekkaal uyarthukayaanengil athu vibhaageeyavum republican virudhavum airish punarekeekaranatthinte eathoru saadhyathakalkkum thadassamaakumennu bolland prakhyaapichu. oru vittuveezhchayaayi, karadinte anthima pathippil 'prathyeka bandham' enna padam upayogichu.
neethi mantri.
1939ll irelandil adiyantharaavastha ennariyappettirunna randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathode niravadhi puthiya kaabinat niyamanangal nadakkukayum boland neethinyaaya manthriyaakukayum cheythu. britiish bharanakoodatthinethire iraa veendum yuddham prakhyapikkukayum avarude attimari pracharanam aarambikkukayum cheytha samayathaan addeham chumathalayettathu. samghadanaye thakarkkukayum airish raashtrathe yukeyumayi samgharshathilekku valichizhakkunnathil ninnu iraye thadayukayum cheyyuka enna chumatala bolandinu mail chumatthi. bolland ellaayppozhum svayam oru republicanaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum, addeham iraykkethire kadutha nilapad sweekarikkukayum sainika kodathikalum prathyeka criminal kodathikalum avatharippikkunnathin munbu noorukanakkinu iraa amgangale thadankalil vaykkaan utharavidukayum cheythu.
1940ll, thadavilaayirunna niravadhi iraa amgangal nirahara samarathinu erangiyenkilum, avarude mochanam nalkaan bolland visammathichu. purushanmaaril randuper oduvil marichu, avaril oraal bolaandinte prathisrutha varante sahapravarthakaril oraalude anantharavanaayirunnu. tonny dii aarsi 32-aamm vayassil 52 divasathe nirahara samarathinte (1940 epril 16) falamaayi marikkukayum 55 divasathe nirahara samarathinu sesham moonnu divasathinu sesham (1940 epril 19) jacq mcneila marikkukayum cheythu. eee maranangal garda seochanayil irayude prathikaarathinu kaaranamaayi. sarkkar punaparisodhikkukayallathe appeel nalkaanulla vyavasthakalonnumillaathe vadhasiksha nalkunna oru sainika kodathi sthaapich bolland pinneedu karshana nadapadikal avatharippichu. aake panthrand perr kuttakkaaraanennu kandethi, avaril aarr perr vadhashikshaykk vidhikkappedukayum backie aarr perkku thadavushikshayaayi maattukayum cheythu. vadhashikshaykk vidhikkappettavaril iraante acting cheef oof staaf charley kerrins ulppedunnu.
neethinyaaya manthriyenna nilayil, yudhakaala sensarshippinte nayangal nadappilakkaanum bolandinode aavasyappettu, ennirunnaalum, samsthaana sensorship enna ashayam veruppulavakkunnathaayi kandu pakshapathaparamaaya aropanangal ozhivakkaan addeham oru sensorship board sthaapichu.
adiyantharaavasthakkaalathu, irelandinte karsanamaaya nishpakshatha nayam pinthudarunnathinu niravadhi videsha ejantumaare thadankalil vaykkunnathinum bolland utharavaadiyaayirunnu. eee kaalayalavil 500 oolam pere thadankalil vaykkukayum 1939 leeii samsthaana niyamathinethire puthuthayi avatharippicha kuttakrithyangal prakaram 600 pere shikshikkukayum cheythu. 1943 aayappozhekkum aii. aarr. eiii. kuzhappathilaayi, prathyekichu cheef oof staaf arast cheyyappedukayum jayililadaykkappedukayum cheythathode samghadanaye neethrthwamillaathe vittu. vittu pothutheranjeduppil partic sakthamaaya thirichuvaravu labhichathinethudarnnu thangalude karkkashavaadikale watermar pinthunachathaayi bolland fianna failum karuthi.
1947ll olivar jeey. uyarthiya aaropanamaya "lokkeyude disttilari azhimathi" yill ulppetta naalu pramukha prathisruthavadhumaaril (dii valera ulppede) oraalaayirunnu bolland. disttilari vaangaanulla avakasham nedunnathinaayi videsha bisinasukaar fayana failinte amgangalkku kaikkooli nalkukayaanennu addeham paranju. oru anweshana tribunal avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkunnathinu thelivukalonnum kandethiyillengilum, ennirunnaalum sambhavam prathisrutha vaduvinekkurichulla pothujanangalude kaazhchappaadine kalankappeduthi.
randaam thavanayum neethinyaaya manthriyaayi.
1948 aayappozhekkum 16 varshatholam thadassamillaathe fianna fail sarkkaaril undaayirunnu. oduvil randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathode watermar maattavum puthiya thudakkavum thedi. eee aagraham niravettunnathinaayi puthiya rashtreeya party klaan naa poblachtha uyarnnuvannu. seane mcbridinte neethrthwathil, eee puthiya party irelandil yudhaananthara rashtreeya yugathinu thudakkamidaan shramichu, ithu cheiyunnathiloode vivahitharaaya vivaham kazhikkunnavare adhikaarathil ninnu neekkam cheiyukayaayirunnu. klaan naa poblaachayile palarkkum republican pashchaathalamundaayirunnu, chila vidhangalil party yudhakaalathe fianna failinode bolaandinte karkkashamaaya nilapaadinodum ulla oru swaabhaavika prathikaranamaayi visheshippikkaam. phiyan failinte akathullavar ulppede rashtreeya vrithangalil palarum karuthiyath klaan naa poblachtha oru puthiya shakthiyaayirikkumennaanu.
ennirunnaalum, pothutheranjeduppinte theeyathikal thiranjedukkunnathil thanthrashaaliyaayirunnathil dii valera ellaayppozhum prashasthi nediyirunnu, 1948 nte thudakkathil oru pothutheranjeduppinu ahvaanam cheythappol, oru deseeya thiranjeduppil malsarikkaan klaan naa poblachtha poornnamaayum thayyaaraakunnathin munbu addeham aaa ashayam veendum urappichu. urappichu pothutheranjeduppil klaan naa poblachayum mattu fianna failum athiraalikal nannayi kalichu, pakshe pratheekshichathupole aayirunnilla. vivaahitharaayavare sarkkaaril ninnu neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi, daylile oro partic niravadhi swathanthrarkkum valia "aadyathe anthar-party sarkkar" roopeekarikkendivannu. airish republicanisathinte parambaraagatha "shatru" aayi kanakkaakkappedunna phine gelumaayi pravartthikkaan klaan naa poblachtha nirbandhithanaayi. 1951 aayappozhekkum sakhyam thakarukayum aaa varshathe thiranjeduppinetthudarnna fianna fail sarkkaarilekku madangukayum cheythu, bolland veendum neethinyaaya manthriyaayi niyamikkapettu.
pinneedulla varshangal.
1954-leeii paraajayathinu sesham fianna fail adhikaarathil thirichethiyappol 1957-ll bolland manthristhaanam thediyilla. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte makan kevin deyilil thante aadya kaalayalavinte thudakkathil prathirodha manthriyaayi manthrisabhayilekku niyamikkapettu. eee ghattathode, bollandine oru prayamaaya yuddha kuthirayayi kaanaan thudangi, roscomonile addehathinte adithara thennimaran thudangi, koodaathe bollandinu oru fayana failinte pankaaliye thiranjedukkaan kazhiyaathathil fayana failinu athrupthi thonni.
thonni pothutheranjeduppil pathinaalu pothutheranjeduppu pracharanangalil boland aadyamaayi parajayappettu. dayle seett nashtappettengilum addeham pinneedu seenad aireynilekku thiranjeduppu nedi. naalu varshathinu sesham 1965-ll addeham seenattilekku madangi, ithavana thaavoyiseechu seane lemas naamanirddesham cheythu.
1970ll, aayudha prathisandhi pottippurappettathode vadakkan ayarlandinekkurichulla sarkkaarinte nayathil prathishedhikkunnathinum chaals hougiyeyum neel blainy thaalkkaalika iraq aayudangal nalkaan krameekarichu enna aaropanathethudarnnu manthrisabhayil ninnu pirichuvittathinum marupadiyaayi kevin bolland mantriyum fianna failinte secretory sthaanam raajivachu. samanamaaya prathishedhatthil jerald bolland partyile amgamaayi thudarnnenkilum vais president sthaanavum fayana failinte trasttiyum raajivachu. thaavoseech jacq linchinte neethrthwathilulla aathmavishwaasam nashtappettathaayum addeham paranju.
maranam.
1973 januvari januvari 87-aamm vayassil jerald bolland dablinil vachu marichu. 1970ll addehathinte bhaarya aanii bolland addehathinte munpaayi marichu. addehathinu moonnu penmakkalum naalu aanmakkalum undaayirunnu.

