samgeethathinte neuro sayans

samgeethathinu adisthaanamaaya vaijnjaanika prakriyakalil ulppedunna mastishka adhishtitha samvidaanangalekkurichulla shaasthreeya padanamaanu samgeethathinte neuro sayans. samgeetham kelkkuka, avatharippikkuka, rachikkuka, vaayikkuka, ezhuthuka, anubandha pravartthanangal enniva eee perumattangalil ulppedunnu. sangeetha soundaryashaasthrathintam sangeetha vikaarathinteyum thalachorinte adisthaanathekkurichum ithu kooduthal shradhikkunnu. eee mekhalayil pravartthikkunna shaasthranjarkku cognitive neuro sayans, neurology, neuro anattami, saikkolaji, music thiyari, computer sayans, mattu prasakthamaaya mekhalakal ennivayil pariseelanam labhichekkaam.
samgeethathinte cognitive neuro sayans sangeetha manashaasthratthinte oru pradhana shaakhaye prathinidheekarikkunnu, koodaathe masthishkathekkurichula nerittulla nireekshanangale aashrayikkunnathilum functional magnetic resonance imaging (ifmr), poositroon emission tomography (pettu) polulla braine imaging teknikkukalude upayogathilum cognitive musicology polulla anubandha mekhalakalil ninnu verthirikkappedunnu.
samgeethathinte gadakangal.
pitch.
vyathyastha aavruthikalil vibrate cheiyunna vaayu thanmaathrakalude tharamgangalaanu shabdangal. eee tharamgangal cheviyude akathe kokliyayile basiler membranilekku sanjarikkunnu. shabdathinte vyathyastha aavruthikal basiler membraninte vividha sthalangalil vibrationukalkku kaaranamakum. savisheshamaaya aavruthiyulla oro shabda tharamgavum basiler membranile vyathyastha sthalavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnathil namukk vyathyastha pichukal kelkkaan kazhiyum. shabdangalude eee speshyal krameekaranavum avayude athath aavruthikalum basiler membranil prosess cheyyappedunnathaanu tonotopy ennariyappedunnathu.
vibrating shabdatharamgangal kaaranam basiler membranile hair cellukal angotum ingottum neengumbol, avaa neuro traansmittarukal purathuvidukayum shravana nadiyude thazheyaayi pravartthanasheshi undaakukayum cheiyunnu. shravana naadi pinneedu shravana masthishkathile neuronukalude niravadhi klasttarukalil allengil nucleusukalil sinaapsukalude niravadhi paalikalilekku nayikkunnu. eee nucleusukal tonotopicalayi krameekarichirikkunnu, kokliyaykk sesham eee tonotopy nedunnathinulla prakriya nannayi manassilakkiyitla. eee tonotopy saadhaaranayaayi sasthanikalile praadhamika shravana courtex vare paripaalikkappedunnu.
aadyakaala kendra shravanavyavasthayil pitch prosessinginulla vyaapakamaayi anumaanikkappedunna oru samvidaanam oru uthejakathile aavruthikalilekkulla aakshan pottanshyalukalude ghattam-locking, mooad-locking ennivayaanu. shravana naadi, cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, shravana thaalamas ennivayil uttejaka aavruthikalilekkulla ghattam-loock kaanichittundu. eee reethiyil ghattam, mooad-locking ennivayiloode, shravana masthishkam yadhaartha shabdathil ninnu thaalkkaalikavum kuranja pasullathumaaya aavruthi vivarangal nannayi samrakshikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu; eeji upayogichu shravana mastishka prathikaranam alakkunnathiloode ithu vyakthamaan. pitch perseption enna thaalkkaalika sidhaanthathinu vendi nerittu vaadikkunnathinum pitch perseption enna sthala sidhanthathinethire parokshamaayi vaadikkunnathinumulla oru maargamaan eee thaalkkaalika samrakshanam.
valath secondary oodittari courtexinu edathethinekkaal mikacha pitch resolutionund. hyde, peretts, saattore (2008) enniva avarude padanatthil functional magnetic resonance imaging (ifmr) upayogichu melodic seekwansukalude freekwansi prosessingil valath, idathu shravana courtical pradeshangalude pankaalittham parishodhikkunnu. sariyaaya dvitheeya shravana courtexil mikacha pitch resolution kandethunnathinoppam, dvitheeya shravana courtexile planum temporal (pidi), heshalsinte gairasinte (echji) medial vibhaagathile praadhamika shravana courtex ennivayaayirunnu ulppettathayi kandethiya prathyeka mekhalakal.
melody polulla myoosikkal pitch prosessinghinte vashangalil sariyaaya dvitheeya shravana mekhalakalude praadhaanyatthinte thelivukal niravadhi neuro imaging padanangal kandethiyittundu. paattezhsan, upencamp, jonsrud, griffiths (2002) thudangiya eee padanangalil palathum pitch prosessinghinte shreniyude thelivukal kandethunnu. paattezhsan thudangiyavar. (2002) spectrally maachu shabdangal upayogichu oru ifmr padanatthil pitch, fixed pitch allengil melody illa, koodaathe ellah avasthakalum echji, pidi enniva sajeevamaakkiyathaayi kandethi. shabdangalillaathathinekkal pitch ulla shabdangal eee pradeshangalil kooduthal sajeevamaayi. oru ragam nirmmikkumbol sajeevamaakkal superior temporal gyrus (ezz. tii. jii), planum pollar (pipi) ennivayilekku vyaapichu. eee phalangal oru pitch prosessing shreniyude nilanilppine pinthunaykkunnu.
samboornna pitch.
oru sangeetha swarathinte swaram thirichariyaano allengil oru baahya reference pitch upayogikkaathe oru nischitha swarathil oru sangeetha swaram nirmmikkaano ulla kazhivaanu kevala swaram (epi) ennu nirvachichirikkunnathu. neuro scientific gaveshanam epi udamakalkku pothuvaaya oru prathyeka aaktiveshan paatten kandethiyitla. saattore, perry, bekkatt, vestbari, evans (1998) enniva pravartthanaparavum gadanaaparavumaaya braine imaging teknikkukal upayogichu eiii. piyude neural foundeshanukal parishodhichu. epi ulla samgeethajnjarilum epi illaatha samgeethajnjarilum cerebral rakthayottam (cbf) alakkaan poositroon emission tomography (pettu) upayogichu. sangeetha svarangal avatharippikkumbol, shravana courtical pradeshangalil vardhicha cbfinte samanamaaya paattenukal rund grouppukalilum uyarnnuvannu. aapekshika pitch vidhikal nadathumbol eiii. pii. udamakalum noonn-eiii. pii vishayangalum idathu dorsolatoral frondall pravartthanatthinte samanamaaya paattenukal pradharshippichu. ennirunnaalum, noonn-aapu vishayangalil valath inferior frondall courtexil aaktiveshan undaayirunnu, athesamayam aapu udamakal atharam pravarthanangalonnum kaanichilla. eee kandethal soochippikkunnathu eiii. pii ulla samgeethajnjarkku atharam jolikalkkaayi working memory upakaranangalilekku praveshanam aavasyamillennaanu. eee kandethalukal soochippikkunnathu eiii. pii. kku mathramulla prathyeka praadeshika aaktiveshan paatten illennaanu. pakaram, nirddishta prosessing samvidaanangaludeyum task demandukaludeyum labhyatha recruit cheytha neural mekhalakale nirnnayikkunnu.
ragam.
padanangal soochippikkunnathu, vyakthikalkk avarude muun sangeetha anubhavavumayi poruthappedaattha tyoon pitch polulla oru raagathile vyathyaasamo vairudhyamo yaanthrikamaayi kandethaan kazhiyumennanu. eee automatic prosessing secondary oodittari courtexilaanu sambhavikkunnath. braatikko, tervaniyemi, naattaanen, peretts (2006) ennivar oru vyakthiyude pratheekshakalkk cheraatha tonukal kandethunnathu yaanthrikamaayi sambhavikkumo ennu nirnnayikkaan atharamoru patanam nadatthi. pankedukkunnavar shabdangalil ninnu vyathichalikkukayo raagathil pankedukkukayo cheyyumbol tyoon pitch allengil qee pitch upayogichu aparichithamaaya ganangal avatharippikkappettathil avar samgeethajnjarallaathavaril ivantumaayi bandhapetta saadhyathakal (erps) record cheythu. rund avasthakalum shradha kendreekarichathu evide ennathil ninnu swathanthramaayi oru aadyakaala frondall erarumaayi bandhapetta negattivitti velippeduthi. eee nishedaathmakatha uthbhavichath shravana courtexilaanu, kooduthal krithyamaayi supertemeporal lobilaanu (ithu dvitheeya shravana courtexumaayi poruthappedunnu), valath ardhagolathil ninnu kooduthal pravartthanam. tuninu purathulla pichinu negatteevu prathikaranam pradhaanamallaathathinekkaal valuthaayirunnu. sangeetha asamathvathinte rating qee pichinu purathullathinekkaal outtu oof tyoon pitch melodikalkku kooduthalaayirunnu. shradha kendreekarichirikkunna avasthayil, keeyil ninnum tuninu puratthumulla pichukal vaikiyulla paariyettal posittivitti srishtichu. braatikko muthalaayavarude kandethalukal. (2006) dvitheeya shravana courtexil melodic gunangalude yaanthrikavum vegathilullathumaaya prosessing undennu soochippikkunnu. parichithamallaattha ganangal prosess cheiyunnathil polum pitch poruthakkedukal yaanthrikamaayi kandethiyenna kandethalukal soochippikkunnathu sangeetha savisheshathakalude saamskaarikamaayi swaadheenikkappetta niyamangal (saadhaarana coord purogathi, skeyil paattenukal muthalaayava) polulla sangeetha skeyil savisheshathakalekurichulla deerghakaala arivumaayi incoming vivarangal yaanthrikamaayi thaarathamyam cheyyappedunnu ennaanu.) koodaathe ragam engane munnott pookanam ennathinekkurichulla vyakthigatha pratheekshakalum.
thaalam.
valath ardhagolathile beltt, parabelt pradeshangal rhythm prosess cheiyunnathil ulppedunnu. chalanatthinteyo shabdathinteyo sakthamaaya aavarthichulla oru maathrkayaanu thaalam. vyakthikal sthiramaaya edavelakalil (1:2 allengil 1:3) oru thaalam thattunnathin thayyaaredukkumbol idathu frondall courtex, idathu paariyettal courtex, valath cerebellum ennivayellaam sajeevamaakunnu. 1: 2.5 polulla kooduthal budhimuttulla thaalangalil, cerebral courtexilum seribellathilum kooduthal pradeshangal ulppedunnu. mastishka vaidyutha pravartthanavum thaalabodhavum thammilulla bandhavum eeji recordingukal kaanichittundu. manushya vishayangalile thaalabodham parishodhikkunna oru patanam snider aandu large (2005) nadatthi, gamma baandile (20-60 hearts) pravartthanam lalithamaaya thaalatthile thaalangalumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu kandethi. rund tharatthilulla gaama pravartthanangal snider & large kandethithi induced gaama pravartthanam, koodaathe gamma pravartthanam prachodippichu. thaalatthile oro swaravum aarambhichathinusesham prachodithamaaya gamma pravartthanam kandethi; eee pravartthanam ghattam-loock cheythathayi kandethi (kodumudikalum trafukalum swarathinte krithyamaaya thudakkavumayi nerittu bandhappettirikkunnu), thaalathil oru vidavu (miss beett) ullappol athu prathyakshappettilla. ghattam-loock cheythittillenn kandethiya induced gaama pravartthanavum oro beettumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu kandethi. ennirunnaalum, thaalathil oru vidavu undaakumbol induced gaama pravartthanam kuranjilla, ithu induced gaama pravartthanam shravana inputtil ninnu swathanthramaaya orutharam aantharika metronomy varthichekkaamennu soochippikkunnu.
tonality.
svarangal, edavelakal, swaramelakal, skeyilukal ennee raagathinteyum aikyathinteyum gadakangal thammilulla bandhathe swaram vivarikkunnu. eee bandhangal palappozhum sreniparamaayi chithreekarikkappedunnu, athaayath gadakangalil onnu mattonnil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu allengil aakarshikkunnu. avaa ellah tharatthilulla gadakangalkkum akathum idayilum sambhavikkunnu, ithu svarangalkkum avayude maduravum, harmonic, chrometic sandarbhangalkkum idayil sambannavum samaya vyathyasamullathumaaya oru dhaarana srishtikkunnu. oru parambaraagatha ardhathil, tonality ennathu valuthum cheruthumaaya skeyil tharangale soochippikkunnu-sthiramaaya oru koottam pravarthanaparamaaya bandhangal nilanirthaan kazhivulla gadakangalude skeyilukalude udaaharanagal. tonic nottu (oru scaleile aadya nottu), tonic coord (moonnaamatheyum anchaamatheyum nottulla scaleile aadya nottu) ennivayaanu bakkiyulla skeyilumaayi ettavum pradhanappetta pravarthanaparamaaya bandham. tonic ennathu mattellaavarekkaalum athinte aadhipathyavum aakarshanavum urappikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunna gadakamaanu, ithu skeyilinte aakarshanathinteyum vishramathinteyum resolutionteyum aathyanthika pooyintaayi pravartthikkunnu.
sariyaaya shravana courtex praadhamikamaayi pitch manassilakkunnathil ulppedunnu, oppam aikyam, ragam, thaalam ennivayude bhaagangalum. medial prefrondal courtex, cerebellum, rund ardhagolangaludeyum mikacha temporal salsi, suuppar temporal gairi (valath ardhagolathilekku valanjirikkunnu) ennivayil tonality sensitiivu eriyakalundennu pettru janatta nadatthiya oru padanatthil kandethi. desonent/vyanjanaaksharangalude samskaranathil ardhagola asamathvangal prakadamaakkiyittundu. vairudhyamulla cordukalkku marupadiyaayi idathu temporal eriyayilum vyanjanaaksharangalkk marupadiyaayi valath eriyayilum valia prathikaranangal irp padanangal kaanichittundu.
sangeetha nirmmanavum prakadanavum.
motor niyanthrana pravartthanangal.
sangeetha prakadanatthil saadhaaranayaayi kuranjathu moonnu praadhamika motor niyanthrana pravarthanangalenkilum ulppedunnu samayam, kramam, motor chalanangalude speshyal oorganaiseshan. chalanangalude samayakramathile krithyatha sangeetha thaalavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. oru sangeetha alavilo vaakyathilo ulla thaalkkaalika edavelakalude maathrkayaaya thaalam, shakthavum durbalavumaaya thaalangalekkurichulla dhaarana srishtikkunnu. oru sangeetha upakaranathile vyakthigatha svarangalude aavishkaaravumaayi sequencing speshyal oorganaiseshanum bandhappettirikkunnu.
eee pravartthanangalum avayude neural mekkaanisangalum pala padanangalilum vevvere anweshichittundengil sankeernamaaya sangeetha prakadanam srishtikkunnathile avayude samyojitha edapedalinekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. samgeethapatanathinu avaye orumichu parishodhikkendathundu.
samayakramam.
kazhinja 20 varshamaayi samaya chalanatthil ulppedunna neural samvidaanangal karsanamaayi padichittundenkilum, palathum vivaadamaayi thudarunnu. krithyamaaya samayat chalanagal vaakyamaakkaanulla kazhivu oru neural metronome allengil clock mekkaanisathilekku amgeekarikkappettittundu, avide samayathe aandolanangaliloodeyo palsukaliloodeyo prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee metronome samvidaanathodulla ethir veekshanam ithu chalanatthinte thanne chalanaathmakathayude uyarnnuvarunna swathaanennu prasthavikkukayum cheythittundu. shakthikale paraamarshikkaathe (udaaharanathinu, disha, vegatha, thvaranam) bahiraakaashatthiloode sanjarikkunnathinte paaraamettarukalaanu kainamattiks ennu nirvachikkappedunnathu.
functional neuro imaging padanangalum masthishkam kedupaadukal sambhavicha rogikalekkurichulla padanangalum chalana samayathe cerebellum, basel ganglia, supplementary motor eriya (sma) ennivayulppede niravadhi courtical, sub-courtical pradesangalumaayi bandhippichittundu. prathyekichum basel ganglia orupakshe sma dairkhyameriya samayaparidhiyil (1 second athil kooduthalum) edavela samayathil ulppeduthiyittundu, athesamayam kuranja samayaparidhiyil (millisecondukal) motor samayam niyanthrikkunnathin cerebellum kooduthal pradhaanamaan. koodaathe, eee phalangal soochippikkunnathu motor samayam niyanthrikkunnath orotta mastishka mekhalayalla, marichu chalanatthinte prathyeka paaraamettarukal niyanthrikkunna pradeshangalude oru shringalayaanu, athu thaalakramatthinte prasakthamaaya samayakramathe aasrayichirikkunnu.
sequencing.
qee prassukalkkulla viral sequenceukal allengil sankeernamaaya multy-joyint chalanangalude upaghadakangalude ekopanam polulla vyakthigatha chalanangalude kramatthinte adisthaanathil motor sequencing paryavekshanam cheythittundu. eee prakriyayil ulppettirikkunna vividha courtical, sub-courtical pradeshangal, adisthaana ganglia, sma, pree-sma, cerebellum, premoter, prefrondal courtisukal ennivayulppede, ivayellaam motor seekwansukalude nirmmaanatthilum padanatthilum earppettirikkunnu, pakshe avayude nirddishta sambhaavanakaludeyo parasparam edapedalinteyo vyakthamaaya thelivukalonnumilla. mrugangalil, neurophysiological padanangal chalana sequenceukal padikkumbol frondall courtex basel ganglia thammilulla edapedal theliyichittundu. nannayi padicha seekwansukalkkaayi basel gangliayude sambhavanayekkurichum human neuro imaging padanangal oonnipparanjittundu.
sequence laninginum vyakthigatha chalanangale ekeekritha seekwansukalumaayi samyojippikkunathinum cerebellum pradhaanamaan, athesamayam pree-smay smay kooduthal sankeernamaaya chalana sequenceukal samghadippikkunnathilo chunking cheiyunnathilo ulppedunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund.
prakadana samayat chalana seekwansukale cheria upaseekvansukalaayi punakrameekarikkukayo punar grouppucheyyukayo cheiyunnathaayi nirvachikkapettirikkunna chunking, sankeernamaaya chalanangalude sugamamaya prakadanam sugamamakkunnathinum motor memory mechappeduthunnathinum sahaayikkumenn karuthappedunnu. 
avasaanamaayi, thaarathamyena sankeernamaaya seekwansukalude uthpaadanam aavasyamulla jolikalil premoter courtex ulppettittundennu theliyikkappettittund, ithu motor pravachanathinu kaaranamakum.
speshyal oorganaiseshan.
sankeernamaaya motor niyanthranathekkurichu chila padanangal thudarchayaayathum speshyal oorganaiseshanum thammil verthirichariyaan kazhinjittundengilum vidagdha sangeetha prakadanangal krithyamaaya sequencing mathramalla chalanangalude speshyal oorganaiseshanum aavashyappedunnu. mrugangalilum manushyarilum nadatthiya padanangal speshyal, censory, motor vivarangalude samyojanam aavashyamullappol chalanangalude niyanthranatthil paariyettal, censory-motor, premoter courtisukalude pankaalittham sthaapichittundu. samgeethaparamaaya jolikalude pashchaathalatthil speshyal prosessinghinte punk ithuvare nadatthiya chila padanangal vyakthamaayi parishodhichittundu.
shravana-motor edapedalukal.
pheed forwade, feedback edapedalukal.
oru shravana-motor edapedal rund samvidaanangalum thammilulla eathenkilum edapedal allengil ashayavinimayam ennu ayanja reethiyil nirvachikkaam. feedforwade", "feedback" ennivayaanu shravana-motor edapedalukalude rund klaasukal. feedforwade edapedalukalil, shravana samvidaanamaanu pradhaanamaayum motor aouttputtine swaadheenikkunnathu, palappozhum pravachana reethiyil. oru samgeethathile thaalaparamaaya ucharanangal srothaakkal munkootty kaanunna thaalatthilekku tapucheyyunna prathibhaasamaan oru udaaharanam. mattoru udaaharanam chalana vaikalyangalil samgeethathinte swaadheenam paarkkinsans rogathilum strock rogikalilum thaalaathmaka shravana uthejakangal nadattham mechappeduthumennu theliyikkappettittund.
vayalin polulla oru upakaranam vaayikkunnathino allengil pitch vyathyaasappedunnathum thudarchayaayi niyanthrikkendathumaaya gaanathil feedback edapedalukal prathyekichum prasakthamaanu. shravana prathikaranam thadayukayaanenkil, samgeethajnjarkku nannayi rihezhsal cheytha kruthikal nadappilakkaan kazhiyum, pakshe prakadanatthinte avishkaara vashangale badhikkunnu. kaalathaamasangalo valachodikkalukalo moolam shravana prathikaranam pareekshanaathmakamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyumbol, motor prakadanatthil ganyamaaya maattam sambhavikkunnu asinkranas feedback sambhavangalude samayathe thadassappeduthunnu, athesamayam pitch vivarangalude maattam uchithamaaya pravartthanangalude thiranjeduppine thadassappeduthunnu, pakshe avayude samayamalla. pravartthanangalum dhaaranakalum orotta adisthaana maanasika praathinidhyathe aashrayichirikkunnathil thadassangal undaakunnuvenn ithu soochippikkunnu. 
shravana-motor edapedalukalude maathrkakal.
shravana-motor edapedalukalude niravadhi maathrkakal vikasippichittund. speach prosessinginu prathyekathayulla hicockinteyum poppelinteyum maathruka, oru ventral oodittari stream maappukal ardhathilekku shabdamundaakkunnuvennum athesamayam dorsal stream maappukal aarttikkilettari praathinidhyangalilekku shabdamundaakkunnuvennum nirddeshikkunnu. avayum mattullavarum abhipraayappedunnathu, pariyodo-temporal athirthiyile pinbhaagathe shravanapradeshangal shravana-motor interfasinte nirnaayaka bhagangalaanu, sravanaparamaaya praathinidyangal samsaarathinte chalanaparamaya praathinidhyangalilum gaanangalilum mapp cheiyunnu.
mirror/ekko neuronukalum shravana-motor edapedalukalum.
censory-motor samyojanathinte neural modalukalil mirror neuron systethinu oru pradhana pankundu. neuronukal pravarthanangalodum pravartthanangalude shekharicha nireekshanathodum prathikarikkunnuvennathi ganyamaaya thelivukalundu. pravarthanangalekkurichu eee dhaarana vishadeekarikkaan nirddeshikkappetta oru samvidaanam pravartthanangalude drishya praathinidyangal nammude swantham motor sisttathil mapp cheiyunnu ennathaanu.
chila mirror neuronukal lakshyathilekkulla pravartthanangalude nireekshanatthiloodeyum pravartthana samayat ulppaadippikkunna anubandha shabdangaliloodeyum sajeevamaakunnu. shravana reethikk motor systethilekku praveshikkaan kazhiyumennu ithu soochippikkunnu. eee shravana-motor edapedalukal pradhaanamaayum samsara prakriyakalkkayi padikkukayum brokayude mekhalayilum vii. pii. emm. siyilum shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythappol, 2011 leeii kanakkanusarichu, sangeetha prakadanatthinu eee edapedalukal engane aavasyamaanennu pareekshanangal velicham veeshan thudangi. dii. pii. emm. siyudeyum mattu motor mekhalakaludeyum vishalamaaya pankaalithatthilekku phalangal viral choondunnu. sangeetha aamgyangalum avayude anubandha shabdangalum thammilulla bandham rekhappeduthunna valare savisheshamaaya courtical shringhala vidagthanaaya samgeethajnjante thalachoril saahityam kaanichittundu. sariyaaya mikacha temporal gyrus, premoter courtex, inferior frondall, inferior paariyettal eriyakal enniva ulppedunna oru audiomotor mirror netvarkkinte asthithvathekkurichulla daatta soochana nalkunnu.  
samgeethavum bhashayum.
bhaashayudeyum raagathinteyum chila vashangal ekadesham samanamaaya pravarthanakshamamaaya mastishka bhaagangalil prosess cheiyunnathaayi theliyikkappettittund. braun, martiness, paarsans (2006) ennivar samgeethavum bhashayum thammilulla neurological gadanaaparamaaya samanathakal parishodhichu. poositroon emission tomography (pettu) upayogichu, bhashaaparavum maadhuryaparavumaaya padangal eathaandu ore pravarthanakshamamaaya mastishka bhaagangalil sajeevamaakkumenn kandethalukal kaanikkunnu. praadhamika motor courtex, supplementary motor eriya, broka eriya, antrior insula, primery, secondary oodittari courtisukal, temporal pooll, basel ganglia, ventral thaalamas, posteeriyar cerebellum enniva eee pradeshangalil ulppedunnu. bhasha jolikal idathu ardhagolathe anukoolichathinaal lateralisation pravanathakalil vyathyaasangal kandethi, ennaal bhooribhaagam sajeevamakkalukalum ubhaykakshi aayirunnu, ithu reethikaliludaneelam ganyamaaya ovarlaappu srishtichu.
samgeethathileyum bhashayileyum vaakyaghadanaaparamaaya vivara samvidaanangal thalachoril samaanamaayi prosess cheyyappedunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund. jenshchke, koyalshe, salat, friederichi (2008) prathyeka bhasha vaikalyangalulla (slii) kuttikalil samgeethathinte prosessing anweshikkunna oru patanam nadatthi. saadhaarana bhasha vikasanamulla (tld) kuttikal slii ulla kuttikalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya erp paattenukal kaanichu, ithu sangeetha-vaakyaghadana kramangal prosess cheiyunnathile avarude velluvilikale prathiphalippichu. iraan ("aadyakaala valathu munkaala nishedaathmakatha"-oru prathyeka erp alavu) amplitude bhashaaparavum samgeethaparavumaaya kazhivukalum thammilulla sakthamaaya parasparabandham samgeethathilum bhashayilum vaakyaghadanayude prakriyayude bandhathinu adhika thelivukal nalkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, raagathinte uthppaadanavum samsaarathinte uthppaadanavum vyathyastha neural netvarkkukalkku vidheyamaakkaam. stuvaartt, walsh, frith, rohtwell (2001) enniva transcranial magnetic stimuleshan (tms) upayogichu samsara nirmmanavum gaana nirmmanavum thammilulla vyathyaasangal padichu. stuvartt thudangiyavar. idathu frondall lobylake tms prayogikkunnathu samsaarathe thadassappeduthunnuvennum ennaal avaa thalachorinte vividha bhagangalaal samrakshikkappedunnu enna ashayathe pinthunaykkunna ragamallennum kandethi. samsaram nannayi praadeshikavalkkarikkaame madhuranirmmaanathinte adisthaana samvidaanangalkku kazhiyilla ennathaanu vyathyaasathin kaaranamenn rachayithakkal abhipraayappedunnu. pakaramaayi, samsaram samgeethanirmmaanathekkaal shakthamallennum athinaal edapedalinu kooduthal vidheyamaakumennum nirddeshikkappettu.
bhaashayude vividha vashangal prosess cheiyunnathil thalachorinte irubhaagangalum vahikkunna punk ippozhum vyakthamallengilum, bhasha samskaranam ennathu thalachorinte valathuvashathekkaal idathu vashathe oru pravarthanamaanu, prathyekichu brokayude pradeshavum vernikkinte pradeshavum. thalachorinte idathum valathum vashangalum samgeetham prosess cheiyunnu. aashayaparamaaya thalatthil bhashayum samgeethavum thammilulla pankitta prakriya sameepakaala thelivukal kooduthal soochippikkunnu. sangeetha kansarvettari vidyaarthikalkkidayil, toonn bhasha samsaarikkunnavarkk samboornna pichinte vyaapanam valare kooduthalaanennum vamseeya pashchaathalatthe polum niyanthrikkunnuvennum ithu sangeetha tonukal engane kaanapedunnu ennathine bhasha swaadheenikkunnuvennum kaanikkunnu.
samgeethajnjan vezhsas. noonn-musician prosessing.
vyathyaasangal.
samgeethajnjarkkum samgeethajnjarallaathavarkkum ullile mastishka ghadana thikachum vyathyasthamaan. gasser shlog (2003) professional samgeethajnjarude mastishka gadanakale samgeethajnjarallaathavarumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum motor, shravana, vishwal-speshyal mastishka mekhalakalil chaara dravyathinte alavu vyathyaasangal kandethukayum cheythu. prathyekichum, praadhamika motor, somattosensari mekhalakal, premoter pradeshangal, munkaala superior paariyettal pradeshangal, inferior temporal gyrus ennivayil samgeethajnjante nilayum (professional, amachwar, noonn-musician) gray maattar voliyavum thammil anukoolamaaya parasparabandham kandethi. samgeethajnjante padaviyum chaaraniratthilulla dravya vyathyaasangalum thammilulla eee sakthamaaya bandham samgeethajnjarude thalachoru upayogathe aasrayichulla gadanaaparamaaya mattangal kaanikkunnu enna ashayathe pinthunaykkunnu. niravadhi mastishka mekhalakalile vyathyasthamaaya vyathyaasangal kaaranam, eee vyathyaasangal swathasidhamaayirikkaan saadhyathayilla, marichu sangeetha vaidagdhyangalude deerghakaala ettedukkalum aavarthichulla rihezhsalum moolamaanu.
samgeethajnjarude thalachorum samgeethajnjarallaathavarude thalachoril ninnu pravarthanaparamaaya vyathyaasangal kaanikkunnu. sankeernamaaya viral chalanagal nadathumbol professional piyaanistukaludeyum oru kantrol groupinteyum mastishka mekhalayude pankaalittham padikkaan rings, topper, foltis, erberic, sparing, wilmas, throon (2000) enniva ifmr upayogichu. rings thudangiyavar. professional piano vaadakar thalachorinte motor bhaagangalil kuranja alavilulla courtical aaktiveshan kaanikkunnathayi kandethi. vyathyastha courtical aaktiveshan paattenukalkk kaaranamakunna deerghakaala motor practies kaaranam piano playermark kuranja alavil neuronukal sajeevamaakkendathundenn nigamanam cheythu. keyboard playerukalil samanamaaya kandethalukal report cheythath koeneke, luts, woostenberg, jank (2004) ennivayaanu. vidagdha keyboard playerukalum oru kantrol group ekathaanavum dvimukhavumaaya viral chalanagal ulppedunna sankeernamaaya jolikal nirvahichu. jolisthalathu, seribellathile sakthamaaya hemodynamic prathikaranangal samgeethajnjarallaathavarum keyboard playerukalum kaanichu, ennaal samgeethajnjarallaathavar sakthamaaya prathikaranam kaanichu. deerghakaala motor parisheelanatthil ninnu vyathyastha courtical aaktiveshan paattenukal uyarnnuvarunnundennu eee kandethal soochippikkunnu. ore chalanagal nadatthaan samgeethajnjarkku kurachu neuronukal aavasyamaanennu kaanikkunna muun daattaye eee thelivukal pinthunaykkunnu.
samgeethajnjarkku ganyamaayi kooduthal vikasippicha idathu planum temporalukal undennu theliyikkappettittund, koodaathe kooduthal vaakk memory undennu theliyikkappettittund. praayam, grade pooyint sharashari, vidyaabhyaasa varshangal ennivayil chaan nadatthiya patanam niyanthrikkukayum 16 vaid memory testt nalkumbol, sangeethanjjar avarude sangeetha ithara athiraalikalekkaal sharashari onnu muthal rund vare vaakkukal koodi nalkunnuvennu kandethukayum cheythu.
samanathakal.
manushya masthishkathinu avyakthamaaya sangeetha sheshiyundennu padanangal theliyichittundu. koyalsh, gunder, friederisi, shogger (2000) ennivar munkaala sangeetha sandarbhathinte swaadheenam, apratheekshithamaya swaramelakalude chumatalayude prasakthi, samgeethajnjarilum samgeethajnjarallaathavarilum samgeethasamvidhaanathil lamghanathinulla saadhyatha ennivayude alavu enniva anweshichu. varaanirikkunna shravana inputtinekkurichulla pratheekshakale manushya masthishkam manappoorvvam bahishkarikkunnuvennu kandethalukal kaanikkunnu. samgeethajnjarallaathavaril polum, bahirroopitha prathekshakal sangeetha sidhaanthavumaayi poruthappedunnu. vivarangal samgeethaparamaayi prosess cheyyaanulla kazhivu manushya masthishkathile oru avyakthamaaya sangeetha sheshiyekkurichulla ashayathe pinthunaykkunnu. thudarnnulla padanatthil, koyalsh, shrogger, aandu gunder (2002) ennivar samgeethajnjarallaathavaril eraanum iraanum umm munkootty ulkkollaan kazhiyumo ennu anweshichu. manushya masthishkathil valare vyathyasthamaaya munkaruthal samgeethamundennu soochippikkunna sangeetha uthejanam srothaakkal avaganikkunna saahacharyathil polum iraanum iraanum umm puratthedukkaan kazhiyumennu kandethalukal kaanikkunnu.
lingabhedangal.
ardhagola prakriyayumaayi bandhappett purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum thalachorukalkkidayil cheria neurological vyathyaasangal nilanilkkunnu. koyalsh, maas, grossman, friederichi (2003) ennivar eeg, erps ennivayiloode sangeetha samskaranathekkurichu anweshikkukayum linga vyathyaasangal kandethukayum cheythu. sthreekal sangeetha vivarangal ubhaykakshi reethiyil prosess cheiyunnuvennum purushanmaar valath-ardhagola aadhipathyathode samgeetham prosess cheiyunnuvennum kandethalukal kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, purushanmaarude aadyakaala nishedaathmakatha idathu ardhagolathilum undaayirunnu. sangeetha vivara samskaranathinaayi purushanmaar sariyaaya ardhagolathe maathram upayogikkunnillenn ithu soochippikkunnu. oru thudar padanatthil, koyalsh, grossman, gunder, hunn, shrogger, friederichi (2003) enniva idathu ardhagolathil aankuttikal aadyakaala munkaala negattivittiyude lateralisation kaanikkunnuvennum ennaal penkuttikalil ubhaykakshi prabhavam kandethunnundennum kandethi. purushanmaaril aadyakaala nishedaathmakatha valath ardhagolathilum aankuttikalil idathu ardhagolathilum paarshwalkkarikkaappedunnathu ithu oru vikasana phalathe soochippikkunnu.
kaikalude vyathyaasangal.
idathukaiyulla vishayangal, prathyekichu avyakthathayullavar, pichinte hraswakaala memmariyil valathukaiyullavarekkaal mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnuvennu kandethiyittundu.
valathukaikkarkk rund ardhagolangalil valathukaikkarkk kooduthal sambharanaseshi ullathaanu eee kaimatta nettatthinu kaaranamenn anumanikkappettu. bahiraakaashathinte vividha pradeshangalil ninnu shabdangal varumbol sangeetha paattenukal engane kaanapedunnu ennathil valathukaikkaarum idathu kaikkarum (sthithivivarakkanakku adisthaanathil) thammil vyakthamaaya vyathyaasangalundenn mattu kruthikal theliyichittundu. udaaharanathinu, okdevu illutionilum skeyil illutionilum ithu kandethiyittundu.
samgeethachithrangal.
samgeethathinte chithram ennathu samgeethathe thalaykkullil sangalppichu veendum play cheiyunna anubhavathe soochippikkunnu. theevramaaya sangeetha pariseelanam kaaranam sangeethanjjar sangeetha thithreekaranatthinulla mikacha kazhivu kaanikkunnu. herholls, lappe, naif, paantev (2008) enniva samgeethajnjarilum samgeethajnjarallaathavarilum oru sangeetha imagery task neural prosessingile vyathyaasangal anweshichu. magnetoensephalography (mega), herholls thudangiyava upayogikkunnu. samgeethajnjarilum samgeethajnjarallaathavarilum parichithamaaya ganangal upayogichu oru sangeetha imagery task prosess cheiyunnathile vyathyaasangal parishodhichu. prathyekichum, poruthakkedu negattivitti (mmn) shabdangalude imagery maathram adisthaanamaakkiyullathaano ennu patanam parishodhichu. oru raagathinte thudakkam kelkkuka, avante/avalude thalayile raagathinte thudarcha, oduvil raagathinte thudarchayaayi sariyaaya/thettaaya swaram kelkkuka enniva pankedukkunnavaril ulppedunnathaanu eee dauthyam. samgeethajnjaril sangalppikkappetta gaanangalude apratheekshitha lamghanangalodu munkootty shradhikkunna mastishka prathikaranam nedaan eee gaanangalude prathichaaya shakthamaayirunnu. pariseelanam labhicha samgeethajnjarude prathichaayaykkum daaranaykkum samanamaaya neural parasparabandhangal aashrayikkunnuvenn eee phalangal soochippikkunnu. koodaathe, theevramaaya sangeetha parisheelanatthiloode imagery poruthappedaattha negattivitti (aii. emm. emm. enn) parishkarikkunnath imageric samgeethathinte munkoor prosessinghin mikacha kazhivu kaivarikkunnathinu kaaranamaakumenn kandethalukal soochippikkunnu.
perseptual myoosikkal prakriyakalum myoosikkal imagery thalachorile oru neural substrate pankidaam. saattore, halpern, perry, mayer, evens (1996) ennivar nadatthiya oru valarthumriga patanam shravana imageryumaayum perseptual jolikalumaayum bandhapetta cerebral blud phloo (cbf) mattangal anweshichu. eee jolikal prathyeka shareeraghadana pradeshangalude pankaalitthavum perseptual prakriyakalum imagery thammilulla pravarthanaparamaaya samaanathakalum parishodhichu. sii. bii. eph maattangalude samanamaaya paattenukal imagery prakriyakal bandhapetta perseptual prakriyakalumaayi ganyamaaya neural substrate pankidunnu enna ashayathe pinthunaykkunna thelivukal nalki. dvitheeya shravana courtexile ubhaykakshi neural pravartthanam ganangal thirichariyunnathumaayum sangalppikkunnathumaayumam bandhappettirikkunnu. dvitheeya shravana courtexinullil, prakriyakal sangalppitha shabdangalude prathibhasaparamaaya bhaavathinu adivarayidunnuvennu ithu soochippikkunnu. sangeetha thithreekaranatthinte oru gadakamaayi rahasya shabdavalkkaranam nirddeshikkunna imagery, perseptual jolikal ennivayil supplementary motor eriya (sma) sajeevamaayirunnu. thaazhnna frondall pollar courtexileyum valath thalamasileyum sii. bii. eph vardhanavu soochippikkunnathu eee pradeshangal memmariyil ninnulla shravana vivarangal veendedukkunnathumaayi allengil srishtikkunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkam ennaanu.
vikarangal.
thanupp" ennu visheshippikkaavunna theevramaaya aanandakaramaaya oru anubhavam srishtikkaan samgeethathinu kazhiyum. rakthavum saattorum (2001) cerebral rakthapravaahathile mattangal alakkaan valarthumrigangale upayogichu, athesamayam pankedukkunnavarkku "thanupp" allengil eathenkilum tharatthilulla theevramaaya manoharamaaya vaikaarika prathikaranam nalkaan ariyunna samgeetham kettu. eee thanupp vardhikkumbol, amigdala, oorbittoofroondal courtex, ventral straittam, midu braine, ventral medial prefrondal courtex thudangiya mastishka pradeshangalil cerebral rakthapravaahathil niravadhi mattangal kaanapedunnuvennu avar kandethi. eee mekhalakalil palathum prathiphalam, prachodanam, vikaaram, uthejanam ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave thonnunnu, koodaathe mattu aanandakaramaaya saahacharyangalilum sajeevamaan. thathfalamaayundaakunna ananda prathikaranangal dopamine, serotonin, auxitosin enniva purathuvidunnathinu sahayikkunnu. nucleus akumbans (strittathinte oru bhagam) samgeethavumaayi bandhapetta vikaarangalilum thaalaathmaka samayathilum ulppedunnu.
 naashanal instittyoott oof health parayunnathanusarichu, vaikaarika aaghaatham anubavikkunna kuttikalkkum muthirnnavarkkum samgeethathinte upayogam pala tharatthil prayojanappedutthaan kazhinju. shradha, uthkanda, vaijnjaanika pravartthanam ennivayil budhimuttunna kuttikale chikilsikkunna reethiyil samgeetham upayogikkunnathiloode sahaayikkunnathin samgeethathinte upayogam anivaaryamaan. oottisam, pediatric cancer, chikilsayil ninnulla vedana ennivaye neridaan music therapy kuttikale sahaayichittund. 
mattu uthejakangal purappeduvikkunna vikaarangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol samgeetham prerippikkunna vikarangal samanamaaya muun mastishka pradeshangale sajeevamaakkunnu. shmittum pariseelakanum (2001) aaa valence (i.iii. positteev vezhsas. sangeetha vibhaagangalude negatteevu) frondall eeg pravartthanatthinte paattenukalaal verthiricharinju. santhoshakaravum santhoshakaravumaaya sangeetha vibhagangal idathu frondall eeg pravartthanatthile vardhanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, athesamayam bhayappeduthunnathum dukhakaravumaaya sangeetha vibhagangal valath frondall eeg pravartthanatthile vardhanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. koodaathe, vikaarangalude theevrathaye mothatthilulla frondall eeg pravartthanatthinte maathrkayaal verthirichu. vaikaarika sangeetha uthejanam kooduthal theevramaayathode mothatthilulla frondall reejian pravartthanam vardhichu.
asukhakaramaaya ganangal play cheyyumbol, pinbhaagathe singulate courtex sajeevamaakunnu, ithu samgharshamo vaikaarika vedanayo soochippikkunnu. valathu ardhagolavum vikaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave kandethiyittundu, ithu vaikaarika vedanayude samayangalil, prathyekichu saamoohika nirasikkal (isenberger) samayat singulettile pradeshangale sajeevamakkaanum kazhiyum. eee thelivukal, nireekshanangalkoppam, niravadhi sangeetha sidhaanthakar, thathwachinthakar, neuro sayantistukal ennivare vikaarathe svaravumaayi bandhippikkaan prerippichu. ithu eathaandu vyakthamaanennu thonnunnu, kaaranam samgeethathile svarangal manushya samsaarathile svarangalude swabhaavasavisheshatha pole thonnunnu, ithu vaikaarika ulladakkathe soochippikkunnu. oru gaanatthinte svarangalile svaraaksharangal naadakeeyamaaya oru phalathinaayi neelamullavayaan, sangeetha svarangal saadhaarana vaakkalulla swarathinte athishayokthikalaanennu thonnunnu.
oormmakal.
myoosikkal memmariyude neuro saikkolaji.
sangeetha memmariyil vyakthavum avyakthavumaaya memory samvidaanangal ulppedunnu. episodic (evide, eppol, enthaanu samgeethaanubhavam), semantic (vasthuthakalum vaikaarika ashayangalum ulppedeyulla sangeetha parijnjaanathinulla oormma) enniva thammil vyakthamaaya sangeetha oormma kooduthal verthirikkappedunnu. samgeethathinte 'engane' ennathine kendreekarichulla antharleenamaaya oormmayil nadapadikramaparamaaya oormma, motor naipunya patanam thudangiya yaanthrika prakriyakal ulppedunnu-mattoru vidhathil paranjaal oru upakaranam vaayikkunnathin nirnayakamaaya kazhivukal. saamsan aandu baird (2009), alsheimer rogamulla samgeethajnjarude oru upakaranam (avyakthamaaya nadapadikramaparamaaya oormma) vaayikkanulla kazhivu samrakshikkaamenn kandethi.
sangeetha oormmayude neural parasparabandhangal.
myoosikkal semantic, episodic memory ennivayude neural parasparabandhangal parishodhikkunna oru valarthumriga padanatthil vyathyasthamaaya aaktiveshan paattenukal kandethi. gaanangalude parichayabodham ardhavathaaya sangeetha oormmayil ulppedunnu. sangeetha avasthaykkulla semantic memory medial, oorbittal frondall courtexil ubhaykakshi sajeevamakkunnathinum idathu angular gyrasilum madhya temporal gairiyude idathu munbhaagathum sajeevamakkunnathinum kaaranamaayi. eee paattenukal semantic memoric idathu ardhagolathe anukoolikkunna pravartthana asamathvathe pinthunaykkunnu. sangeetha semantic memory task sajeevamakkiya idathu munkaala, thaazhnna frondall pradeshangal sangeetha metteeriyal avatharana samayat prathyekamaayi aaktiveshan peekkukal srishtichu, eee pradeshangal sangeetha semantic praathinidyangalkku oru paridhivare prathyekathayullavayaanenna nirddeshikkunnu.
sangeetha vivarangalude episodic memmariyil oru sangeetha udharanikku bandhapetta muun sandarbham oormmikkaanulla kazhivu ulppedunnu. samgeethathinaayi episodic memory vilikkunna avasthayil, madhyathilum mikacha frondall gyriyilum precuniousilum ubhaykakshi aaktiveshan kandethi, valathu ardhagolathil aaktiveshan prabalamaanu. mattu padanangal vijayakaramaya episodic oormmappeduthalil precunus sajeevamaakunnathaayi kandethiyittundu. episodic memmariyude parichithamaaya memory avasthayil ithu sajeevamayathinaal, eee sajeevamaakkal raagathinte vijayakaramaya oormmappeduthaliloode vishadeekarikkaam.
pichinaayulla memmariyude kaaryam varumbol, pitch memory prakriyakale samrakshikkunna chalanathmakavum vitharanam cheyyappettathumaaya oru braine network undennu thonnunnu. gab, gyasar, saihle, janke, shlog (2003) enniva functional magnetic resonance imaging (ifmr) upayogichu pitch memmariyude functional anatomy parishodhichu. oru pitch memory task prakadana skorukalude vishakalanam nalla task prakadanavum supermarginal gyrus (smg) dorsolatoral seribellavum thammil kaaryamaaya paraspara bandhathinu kaaranamaayi. dorsolattaral cerebellum oru pitch discremension prosessoraayi pravarthichekkaamennum smg oru hraswakaala pitch information storeju saittayi pravarthichekkaamennum kandethalukal soochippikkunnu. idathu ardhagolathil pitch memory task valath ardhagola pradeshangalekkaal pradhaanamaanennu kandethi.
oormmayil samgeethathinte chikitsa phalangal.
sangeetha pariseelanam oormmaye sahaayikkumenn theliyikkappettittund. altenmular thudangiyavar. sajeeva nishkriyavumaaya sangeetha nirddeshangal thammilulla vyathyasam padichappol, sajeevamaayi padippikkunna vidyaarthikal nishkriyamaayi padippikkunna vidyaarthikalekkaal kooduthal vivarangal nilanirthunnuvennu kandethi. sajeevamaayi padippicha vidyaarthikalkku cerebral courtex aaktiveshan kooduthalaanennum kandethi. nishkriyamaayi padippicha vidyaarthikal avarude samayam paazhakkukayalla; avar sajeevamaaya groupinoppam kooduthal idathu ardhagola pravartthanangal pradharshippichu, ithu pariseelanam labhicha samgeethajnjaril saadhaaranamaanu.
samgeethathinte nostaaljiya kaaranam nammal ore pattukal aavarthichu kelkkunnuvennu gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu. memory & cognision jenalil prasidheekaricha oru pradhana padanatthil, samgeethathe prachodippicha aathmakathaaparamaaya oormmakal ennariyappedunna bhoothakaalathinte oormmakal unarthaan samgeetham manassine praapthamaakkunnuvenn kandethi.
shradhikkuka.
treader thudangiyavar. lalithamaaya polyphonic sangeetha paattenukal kelkkumbol shradhayude neural parasparabandhangal thiricharinju. oru myoosikkal oodbool pareekshanatthil, pankedukkunnavar sangeetha audiyo klippukalile moonnu vyathyastha upakaranagalil onnil thiranjeduttha shradha maattukayum oro upakaranavum idaykkide onno athiladhikamo nottukal play cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. shradhikkaatha upakaranagalkk vipareethamaayi, erpi vishakalanam pii 300, aadyakaala shravana gadakangal ennivayulppede vishayavum upakarana-nirddishta prathikaranangalum kaanikkunnu. hajarakunna upakaranathe uyarnna krithyathayode offlainil tharamthirikkaam. polyphonic samgeethathile oru prathyeka upakaranathinu nalkunna shradha nilavilulla eejil ninnu anumanikkaan kazhiyumennu ithu soochippikkunnu, ithu kooduthal erganomic music-listing adisthaanamaakkiyulla braine-computer interfaceukal nirmmikkunnathin prasakthamaanu.
vikasanam.
naalu vayassulla sangeetha kuttikalkk idathuvashathu kooduthal intra hemisphere coherance undennu kandethiyittundu. cowell thudangiyavar nadatthiya oru padanatthil samgeethajnjarkku corpus kalosathinte kooduthal vikasithamaaya munbhaagangal undennu kandethiyittundu. 1992ll shlog mattullavarum nadatthiya oru padanamaanu ithu sthireekarichathu. 1995ll 1995ll 21num idayil praayamulla classical samgeethajnjarkku samgeethamallaatha niyanthranathekkaal ganyamaayi kooduthal munkaala korppara kalosa undennu kandethi. ezhaam vayassil samgeethathinte saannidhyathil sakthamaaya parasparabandham undennum corpus kalosathinte valippathil valia vardhanayundaayathaayum shlog kandethi. eee naarukal idathu, valath ardhagolangalumaayi cherukayum thalachorinte iruvashangalum thammil vardhicha rile cheiyunnathine soochippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu soochippikkunnathu valathu thalachorinte speshyal-emotiono-tonel prosessing idathu thalachorinte bhasha prosessing thammilulla layanamaan. thalachorinte vividha bhaagangaliludaneelam eee valia rile oottam memory pravartthanatthe sahayikkaanulla samgeethathinte kazhivine sahaayichekkam.
vaikalyam.
phokkal hand dystonia.
kaikalude aavarthichulla chalanagal aavasyamulla thozhilparamaaya pravarthanangalumaayi bandhapetta oru joliyumaayi bandhapetta chalana thakaraaraan phokkal hand dystonia. phokkal hand dystonia premoterileyum primery censorimotor courtisukalileyum asaadhaaranamaaya prosessingumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. ifmr nadatthiya oru padanatthil phokkal hand dystonia ulla anchu gittaaristtukale parishodhichu. gitaaristukal scanarinullil oru yadhaartha gitaar kazhuthu upayogikkukayum asaadhaaranamaaya kaii chalanathinu kaaranamaakunnathin oru gitaar vyayaamam nadathukayum cheythukondu patanam task-nirddishta hand dystonia punarnirmmichu. dystonic gitaaristukal kontraalaattal primery censorimotor courtexinte kooduthal sajeevamakkalum premoter eriyakalude ubhaykakshi nishkriyamaakkalum kaanichu. eee aaktiveshan paatten motor niyanthranatthil ulppedunna courtical eriyakalude asaadhaaranamaaya recruitmentine prathinidheekarikkunnu. professional samgeethajnjaril polum, skeyilukal, arpegios thudangiya sankeernamaaya kaii chalanagal srishtikkunnathinu vyapakamaaya ubhaykakshi courtical mekhalayude pankaalittham aavasyamaanu. premoteril ninnu primery censorimotor aaktiveshan ennathilekkulla asaadhaaranamaaya maattam gitaar-induced hand dystoniayumaayi nerittu bandhappettirikkunnu.
sangeetha anjjeya.
sangeetha thirichariyalil thiranjeduttha vaikalyathinte oru syndrome aanu sangeetha anjanosia, oru shravana anjanosia. sangeetha anjeyathinte moonnu kesukal dalla bella peretsum (1999) parishodhikkunnu; sii.enn., jii.ell., oppam njaanum.aarr.. eee moonnu rogikalkkum shravana courtexinu ubhaykakshi kedupaadukal sambhavichu, ithu sangeetha budhimuttukalkku kaaranamaayi, athesamayam samsarasheshi kedukoodaathe thudarnnu. avarude vaikalyam oru kaalath parichithamaaya gaanangalude thiricharivinaayi prathyekamaanu. paaristhithika shabdangal thirichariyunnathilum varikal thirichariyunnathilum avar ozhivaakkappedunnu. peretts (1996) sii padichu.enn.'music agnosia kooduthal pitch prosessinghinte prarambha vaikalyavum thaalkkaalika prosessinghinte ozhivaakkalukalum report cheiyunnu. sii.enn. pinneedu pitch prosessing kazhivukalil sukham praapichenkilum tyoon thirichariyunnathilum parichithamaaya vidhikalilum thakararundaayi.
vyakthiyil vaikalyamulla prakriya adisthaanamaakki sangeetha anjeyakale tharamthirikkaam. sangeetha vivarangal shariyaayi encode cheyyaanulla kazhivillaayma ulppedunna perseptual vishakalanathinte thalatthilulla oru vaikalyam apperseptive music agnosiayil ulppedunnu. samgeethathe thirichariyunnathine thadassappeduthunna oru durbalamaaya praathinidhya samvidaanathe associative music agnosia prathifalippikkunnu. madhya cerebral artari ulppedunna shasthrakriyayude falamaanu music agnosiayude pala kesukalum. samgeethathinte deerghakaala memory praathinidyangal kaivasham vaykkunnathinu thalachorinte idathu vasham kooduthal anuyojyamaanennum eee praathinidyangalilekkula praveshanam niyanthrikkunnathin valathuvasham pradhaanamaanennum theliyikkunna dhaaraalam thelivukal roga padanangal marikadannittundu. idathu ardhagolathinu kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnathiloodeyaanu associative music agnosia ulppaadippikkappedunnathu, athesamayam apperseptive music agnosia valath ardhagolathinu kedupaadukal prathifalippikkunnu.
janmana ulla amusia.
maanasika vaikalyam, sangeethathino badhirathaykko sanbarkkam illaathathu, jananashesham masthishkathinu kedupaadukal enniva moolamallaatha aajeevanantha sangeetha prasnangalkkulla oru padamaanu toonn badhiratha ennariyappedunna janmana ulla amusia. ifmr padanangalil amusic thalachorinu velutha dravyam kuravaanennum valath inferior frondall courtexile niyanthranangale apekshichu kattiyulla courtexanennum kandethiyittundu. eee vyathyaasangal sangeetha-pitch prosessingil pradhaanamaaya rund mekhalakalaaya shravana courtexilum inferior frondall gyrasilum asaadhaaranamaaya neuronal vikasanam soochippikkunnu.
amusia ullavarekkurichulla padanangal soochippikkunnathu samsaaraswarathayilum samgeethaswarathayilum vyathyastha prakriyakal ulppedunnu ennaanu. janmana ulla amyoosikkukalkk pichukal thammil verthirichariyaanulla kazhivilla, athinaal udaaharanathinu, vairudhyavum pianoyil thettaaya qee play cheiyunnathum avaye chalippikkunnilla. oru ragam oormmikkaano oru gaanam paarayanam cheyyaano avare padippikkaan kazhiyilla; ennirunnaalum, avarkk ippozhum samsaarathinte swaram kelkkaan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu, "ningal franch samsaarikkunnu", "ningal franch samsaarikkunnu" enniva thammil verthirichariyaan kazhiyum."samsaarikkumbol.
amigdala kedupaadukal.
amigdalakku kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnath sangeetha thirichariyalil thiranjeduttha vaikaarika vaikalyangal undaakkunnu. gozelin, peretts, johnsen, adolphs (2007) ennivar ezz.emm., bakkiyulla temporal lobinoppam amigdalayude ubhaykakshi kedupaadukal sambhavicha oru rogi kedupaadukal sambhavikkathe kandethi.emm. bhayappeduthunnathum sankadakaravumaaya samgeethathe amgeekarikkunnathil addeham parajayappettu. ezz.emm.'santhoshakaramaaya samgeethathekkurichulla avarude dhaarana saadhaaranamaayirunnu, athupole thanne santhoshakaramaayathum sankadakaravumaaya samgeetham verthirichariyaan tempo polulla soochanakal upayogikkaanulla avarude kazhivum. amigdalakku prathyeka kedupaadukal bhayappeduthunna samgeethathinte thiricharivine thiranjedutthu thadassappeduthumennu thonnunnu.
sangeetha vaayanayil thiranjedukkappetta kuravu.
mastishka thakaraarukal mattu sangeetha kazhivukal kedaakaathe vidunnathu moolam nirddishta sangeetha vaikalyangal undakam. capelletti, vaali-kohan, butterworth, coppelman (2000) ennivar rogiyekkurichulla orotta cases patanam padichu.keey.sii.idathu pinbhaagathe temporal lobinum oru cheria valath osippittodemboral shathatthinum kedupaadukal varuthiya oru professional samgeethajnjan. eee pradeshangalkk kedupaadukal sambhavichathin sesham, pii.keey.sii. vaayana, ezhuthu, sangeetha notteshan manasilaakkal ennee mekhalakalil thiranjeduttha reethiyil vaikalyamundaayittunde mattu sangeetha kazhivukal nilanirtthi. uchathil aksharangal, vaakkukal, samkhyakal, chinnangal (sangeetha chinnangal ulppede) enniva vaayikkanulla kazhivu nilanirtthi. ennirunnaalum, pii.keey.sii. parambaraagatha aksharathil peridukayo paadukayo vaayikkukayo cheyyuka ennathu joliyayirunnaalum staafil urakke sangeetha kurippukal vaayikkaan kazhinjilla. ennittum eee prathyeka kammi undaayirunnittum, pii.keey.sii. parichithavum puthiyathumaaya ganangal oormmikkaanum vaayikkanumulla kazhivu nilanirtthi.
shravana aritmiya.
shravana reethiyile aritmiya thaalabodhathinte aswasthathayaayi nirvachikkunnu; athil thaalaathmakamaayi samgeetham avatharippikkanulla kazhivillaayma, samgeethathinu samayam nalkaanulla kazhivillaayma, thaalaparamaaya paattenukal thammil vivechanam canicano punarnirmmikkaano ulla kazhivillaayma thudangiya kurravukal ulppedunnu. thaalaparamaaya pravartthanatthinte gadakangal anweshikkunna oru patanam rogiye echu.jeey.sariyaaya temporopariyettal infaarkt nilanirtthiya sesham aritmiya nediyavar. eee pradeshathinu kedupaadukal sambhavichathu echu.jeey.'addehathinte aagola thaala vaikalyathinte adisthaanamaaya kendra samaya samvidaanam. echu.jeey. oru tapping joliyil sthiramaaya pulsukal srishtikkaan kazhinjilla. eee kandethalukal soochippikkunnathu oru sangeetha thaalatthinte nilanirtthal sariyaaya temporal oodittari courtexinte pravartthanatthe aasrayichirikkunnu ennaanu.

