hangariyile jalashasthram

hangariyude jalashasthram nirnnayikkunnath carpathian thadatthinte madhyathil carpathian parvathanirakalaal chuttappettirikkunna hangarikalaanu. raajyathinte ellah bhagangalilum chila puranthallalukal undu. uparithalathile ellah vellavum athinte thekkan kendrathilekku aakarshikkappedukayum avide ninnu karinkadalil ozhukunna danubil samyojippikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. hungery muzhuvan danube drainage thadathinakathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
raajyathe ellah jalasechana samvidaanangaludeyum ulnaadan jalapaathakaludeyum aake neelam ekadesham ekadesham aanu.
raajyathinte vaarshika jala balance micham kaanikkunnu. varshathil ekadesham ekadesham vellam raajyam karinkadalil ninnu puratthekku pookunnu. athil ninnu 10 sathamaanam maathramaan mazha labhikkunnath, bakkiyullava chuttumulla raajyangalile nadikal nalkunnu.
nadikal.
hydro graafikkalaayi hungery ekadesham thulyamaaya rund bhagangalaayi tirikkaam danubinteyum tissayudeyum drainage thadangal.
hangariyile nadikalude ippozhathe shringhala roopappedaan thudangiyathu moonnaam kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilum pannonian kadal thadatthil ninnu pinmariya quaternary kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathilumaanu.
venalkkaalathinte avasaanathilo sharathkaalathinte thudakkathilo chilappol shaithyakaalathilo hangariyile nadikal ettavum thaazhnna nilayilethunnu.
danubilum tissayilum oro varshavum rund pathiv vellappokkangalund, vasanthakaalathinte aadyakaala "aise vellapokkam", venalkkaalathinte aadyakaala "harita vellapokkam". samathalathile nadikal saadhaaranayaayi thanuthuranjirikkumbol carpathian thadatthinu chuttumulla parvathanirakalile urukalinte falamaanu "manjumoodiya vellapokkam". nadiyude ozhukk niyanthrikkunnathin munbu, nadiyude koombaarangal niranja manjupaalikal valia thadassangal srishtikkukayum athu vinashakaramaaya vellappokkathin kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. thanutha shaithyakaalathinusheshavum eee prathibhasam oru yadhaartha apakadamaakaam, koodaathe aise baarajukalkkethire poraadaan rund nadikalilum oru cheria aise brakerukal upayogikkunnu. venalkkaalathinte thudakkathil "harita" vellapokkam valare valia alavil vellam vahikkunnu, alpsil ninnulla torrentukal mathramalla, meyy, juun mazhakalil ninnulla uparithala jalapravahavum.
danube.
danube niravadhi raajyangaliloode kadannupokunnu, hangariyil ithu dhaa danub ennariyappedunnu.
charithram.
purathana danube aadyam pannonian kadalinte thadatthil cheli chertthu, athu ippol nadiyude idathu karayil kizhakkan slovac thaazhnna pradeshavum valath karayil cheria hungarian samathalavum roopappeduthunnu. ithu thekkott transdanubiayilekku ozhukukayum thudarnnu dravayude innathe gathi pinthudarnnu innathe valia samathalathinte thekk oru aantharika thadaaka samvidaanathilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu tectonic uyarchayiloode danube kizhakode thirichuvittu, visegrad vidaviloode oru outlettu kandethi. quaternary samayat valia samathalangal mungikkondirunnu, athesamayam borsoni visegrad parvathangalum uyarnnuvarikayaayirunnu. athinte falamaayi, estergominum vakkinum idayil, ippol visegradil danube valanjirikkunna danube malanirakaliloode muricha aazhathilulla terrous thaazhvara athawa malayidukku undaayi. orikkal malayidukkiloode, danube valia hungarian samathalathilekku vyaapichu, melinja konukal nikshepikkunnu. plistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilaanu ippozhathe vadakku-thekk gathi nadhi roopappettathu.
bhoomishaasthram.
volga kazhinjaal europile ettavum neelam koodiya randaamathe nadiyaanu danube. athinte mukalile ozhukk hungerick puratthaanengilum madhyabhagam hangarian athirthikkaduthulla devinil ninnaan aarambhikkunnath. nadiyude eee bhagam serbiaykkum romaniaykkum edayilulla irumbu kavaadam vare neendirikkunnu. nadiyude thaazhathe bhagam roman samathalathiloode kadannupokukayum oru delttayiloode karinkadalil ozhukukayum cheiyunnu. nadiyude hangarian bhagam neelamullathaanu, athil ninnu hungery, slovakia ennivaykkidayilulla athirthi roopappedunnu, ruzovs muthal ipel () vare.
naavigeshan.
ettavum kuranja aazhathil hangariyiloode danube athinte muzhuvan gathiyilekkum sanjarikkaavunnathaanu.
ozhukkum vellappokkavum.
pathonpathaam noottaand muthal danube kooduthalum niyanthrikkappedunnu. ekadesham deikkukalulla, daanubinte theerathu ekadesham vellapokka samrakshitha pradeshamundu. nadiyude theerathulla oru pradeshavum vellappokkathin thurannukodukkarilla.
budapest mekhalayil daanyoobinte ozhukk athinte ettavum vegathayeriyathum ettavum mandagathiyilullathumaanu. jalanirapp thammilulla vyathyasam ethratholam uyarnnathaayirikkam. nilavile vellapokka prathirodha saadhyathakal kuranja jalanirappin mukalilulla uyarchaye neridaan paryaapthamaan, pakshe idaykkide valare apakadakaramaaya vellappokkangalund.
poshakanadikal.
hangariyile daanyoobinte valathuvashathulla poshakanadikal athinte alavil valia vardhanavu varuthunnilla. lajta, raaba, rabka, markel ennivayaanu ettavum valuth. saarvisil baalattan thadaakam ozhukunna sioo cherunnu. capos nadhiyum seoic bhakshanam nalkunnu.
ganyamaaya alavinte eaka valathukai poshakanadiyaaya drava, hangarian-croatian athirthiyile oru valia bhaagathu koodi roopappedunnu, ennaal kroyeshyakkullil thanne danubil cherunnu.
tisha.
charithram.
tissayude ippozhathe gathi thaarathamyena aduthide bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayathaan sthaapithamaayathu. plistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam vare ithu vadakkukizhakkan hangariyile nairseg pradeshatthinte thekkan athirthiyiloode ozhukiyenkilum pinneedu athinte ozhukk maatti nairseginte vadakku oru valathukannulla valavu roopappeduthi. valia samathalathinte arikukalil valare valuthum parannathumaaya melinja konukal tissa athinte poshakanadikalum nirmmichu.
bhoomishaasthram.
tissayude drainage thadam carpathian thadatthinte kizhakkan bhagathaanu. ithil bhooribhaagavum thaazhnna pradesangalaaya hangariyilaanu. pathonpathaam noottaandil athinte niyanthranathinu munbu athinte muzhuvan neelavum hangariyude ippozhathe athirthikkullilaayirunnu. athinte niyanthranam eee dairkhyathe yathaakramam kuraykkunnu. niyanthranangalundaayittum, manalkkunnukal, vishalamaaya vanangal, oaksbo thadakangal ennivayulla vellapokka samathalathiloode tissaykk ippozhum savisheshamaayi vishalamaaya valanjukidakkunnu, chilath krithrimamaayi murichumaattappedunnu, chilath swaabhaavikamaayum. valare soumyamaaya charivulla oru mandagathiyilulla nadiyaanu hangariyile tissa. ithu niyanthranavidheyamaakkunnathu munbu ithu pathivayi oru pradeshathu vellapokkam undaakki. vrishtipradeshathu sthiramaaya manjulla uyarnna parvathangalalla, idatharam uyaramulla parvathangalaayathinaalaan tissayile jalathinte alavu danubinekkaal kooduthal maarunnath.
ozhukkum vellappokkavum.
varshathil moonnu vellappokkangal tissayilundu, manjuveezhchayil ninnulla vasanthakaalathe aadyakaala vellapokkam, thudarnnu venalkkaalathe mazhayaal undaakunna venalkkaalathinte aadyakaala "harita vellapokkam", thudarnnu sharathkaalath oru cheria vellapokkam. shaithyakaalathaan ettavum thaazhnna nila.
solnockil vyapakamaaya niyanthranangalkkum athinumumbum ozhukkinte nirakk vyathyaasappedunnu, danubinteyum tissayudeyum vasanthakala vellapokkam sambhavikkumbol, danubinu tissayile vellam agiranam cheyyaan kazhinjilla, thathfalamaayundaakunna vellapokkam valia samathalathiludaneelam valia naashanashtangal undaakkum. tissa daikkukalude neelam ippol kaviyunnu.
naavigeshan.
raajyathinte vadakkukizhakkan athirthikkaduthulla dombred vare cheria kappalukalkk tissa sanjarikkaavunnathaanu. trans-tissa mekhalayil (nadiyude kizhakk) vipulamaaya pradeshangal athinte vellathaal jalasechanam cheyyappedunnu.
poshakanadikal.
hangariyile tissayude avasaanathethum valuthumaaya poshakanadiyaanu maros.
tissayude poshakanadikalilonnu valathuvashath ettavum pradhaanappettathaanu bodrog, ithu tokaajil ninnu tissayilekku ozhukunnu. tokajinu sameepamulla vipulamaaya oaksbo thadaakangalum aazhamillaatha belttukalum chithreekarichathupole avayude sangamam palappozhum maariyittund.
tisayude adutha valathukai poshakanadiyaaya hornad neratthe bodvayileyum sajoileyum vellam sweekarikkunnu. tissafuredinu thaazhe nadhi eegar nadhiyum solnockil ithinakam galgayileyum tapioyileyum vellam shekharicha sagiva ulkkollunnu. eee ghattathil ninnu thekkott danubil ninnu verthirikkunna ridjil ninnu oru aruviyum tisayilekku ozhukunnilla. eee malanirakalude kizhakkan charivu varanda thaazhvarakalaal maathrame thakarkkappedunnulloo.
niravadhi cheria nadikalude (velutha coros, karutha coros, drutha coros, berettyo, hortobaggy nadhi) vellam shekharikkunnathinaal, krasnayodoppamulla samos, coros, saadhaaranayaayi treble coros ennu vilikkappedunna coros enniva tissayude kooduthal pradhanappetta idathu kaii kappangalil ulppedunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandile mahathaaya nadee niyanthranathinu munbu eee pradesham chathuppunilangaludeyum fensukaludeyum eathaandu ananthamaaya oru bhaagamaayirunnu. innu eee pradeshathu jalasechana kanaalukalude oru samvidaanamundu.
kanaalukal.
"mattu bhashakalil eee nadikku tissa ennu ucharikkappedunnu. hangarian bhashayil aksharavinyasam tissayaanu, pakshe athu assonated allah."
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, valia thothilulla niyanthranangalil, kanal samvidaanangal bhaagikamaayi krithrima jalapathakalaayum, bhaagikamaayi kaarshika upayogathe sahayikkunnathinum bhaagikamaayi anaavasyamaaya ulnaadan jalam neekkam cheiyunnathinum srishtikkappettu. transdanubiayile ettavum pradhanappetta kanal baalaattan thadaakatheyum danubineyum bandhippikkunna sioo aanu. hansag kanal thadaakam fertoic danubinum edayilulla oru kuzhanjukidakkunna sthalathukoodi kadannupokunnu. 1945 nuu sesham maathram poortthiyaaya neelamulla pradhana kizhakkan kanal, valia hungarian samathalathinte varanda bhagangal tisaykk kizhakkayi kadakkunnu.
thadakangal.
thadakangalaal sambannamallaatha hungery, avayude thadaakangalkk plistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathekkaal pazhakamilla. rajyath sarikkum aazhathilulla thadakangalonnumilla. aazhamillaatha vellam venalkkaalath vegathil choodaakunnu, jalathinte thaapanila valare saadhaaranamaanu, ithu kulikkaan valare manoharamaakkunnu.
madhya europile ettavum valia thadaakamaan baalaattan thadaakam. neelavum veethiyumullathinaal ithu moodunnu. ithu sharashari samudranirappinu mukalilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, sharashari aazhamund, athinte ettavum aazhameriya pooyint tihaniyilaanu.
cheria nadikalil ninnum aruvikalil ninnumulla ozhukkinekkaal kooduthalaanu thadaakathil ninnulla baashpeekaranam. mazhavellavum bhoogarbha srothassukalum eee kuravu nikathunnu. idaykkide adhika jalam kanaalil ozhukunna siyoyiloode thadaakathil ninnu puratthekku pookunnu.
plistoseen kaalaghattatthil thadaakam valare valuthum aazhameriyathumaayirunnu.
baalaattan thadaakatthinte thekkan theeram valare aazhamillaathathaan, theerathu ninnu sharashari aazham akale maathrame ethaanaakoo. prabalamaaya vadakku-padinjaaran kaattinu thaazheyulla thiramalakalaal nirmmicha thekkan theerathu manal kondu moodappetta oru neenda beach ridge undu.
tihani upadveep ulla vadakkan theeram kooduthal vaividyamaarnnathaanu, ithinu kattiyulla beach shelfukalundu.
thadaakathil venalkkaalam neendathaanu, meyy maasathil aarambhich septambar avasaanam vare neendunilkkunnu. vaayuvinte thaapanila jalathinte thaapanila muthal thaapanila vareyulla pradeshathaayirikkaam. thanutha munbhagam undengilum venalkkaalath jalathinte thaapanila thazheyaakunnilla. eee valia jalashayangal thadaakatthinte theerathu valare manoharamaaya oru madhya kaalavastha srishtikkunnu.
pettennulla kodunkaattukal thadaakatthinte uparithalathil apakadakaravum kuthaneyullathumaaya thiramaalakal srishtikkum. avayude sharashari uyaram, sharashari neelam. nilavilulla vadakkukizhakkan allengil thekk-padinjaaran kaattin thadaakatthinte kizhakkan thadatthil ninnulla (tihani upadveepinte kizhakk) vellathe padinjaaran thadatthilekku thallaano allengil neremarichu, jalanirapp saadhaaranayil ninnu vyathyasthamakaan kaaranamakum, ithu sakthamaaya pravaahangal srishtikkunnu.
thadaakam mikkavarum ellah shaithyakaalathum maravippikkukayum manjinte kanam athicherukayum cheiyunnu, ithu kaayikarangatthinu nalla avasarangal srishtikkunnu.
hangariyile randaamathe valia thadaakam austriyayude athirthiyilulla thadaakamaaya ferto () aanu. kaalakramena athinte jalanirapum theerarekhayum valare vyaapakamaayi maariyittund. thadaakam valare aazhamillaathathaan, sharashari jalanirapp. athinte uparithalathinte bhooribhaagavum noolukalaal moodappettirikkunnu, avayil valia alavil vyaavasaayikamaayi upayogikkunnu. thadaakatthinte naalilonn bhaagavum hangariyilum backie naalilonn austriyayilumaanu. aduthulla chathupp haansaagine hansag kanal vattikkunnu.
hangariyile moonnaamathe valia thadaakamaaya thadaakatthinte vegatha, malineekaranatthinte purogamana ghattathilulla oru steppi thadaakamaan. athinte uparithala vistheernnam thuranna vellamaan, bakkiyullava naanalukalaal moodappettirikkunnu. budapestinu sameepamullathinaal ithu oru janapriya avadhikkala resortaanu.
chathuppukalum chathuppukalum.
cheria baalaattan yadhaarthathil valia thadaakatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu, ennaal ippol ithu baalattaninte thekk-padinjaaran moolayilulla oru chathuppunilavum chathuppunila pradesavumaanu, valare savisheshamaaya vanyajeevikalundu. ithu oru samrakshitha prakrithi samrakshana kendramaanu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte vipulamaaya niyanthranathinu munbu rajyath transdanubiayude saartt allengil raajyathinte vadakkukizhakkan moolayodu chernnulla chathuppunilangal polulla dhaaraalam chathuppukalum chathuppukalum undaayirunnu. avaa vattikkukayum veendedukkukayum krishiykku anuyojyamaaya bhoomiyaayi parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
hangariyile prakrithidatha thadaakangalude oru prathyeka vibhagamaanu spring vaattar thadakangal. avaykku kooduthalum bhakshanam nalkunnathu choodulla neeruravakal aanu, ennaal kaarstik neeruravakalum sambhavikkunnu (hevis thadaakam, budapesttile malom kulam, tapolka). segedinaduthulla kshara thadaakamaaya fehrinu puranthallal margamilla. coros-maros desheeyodyaanathile prashasthamaaya prakrithi samrakshana kendramaanithu.
bhoogarbha jalam.
hangariyil, prathyekichu valia samathalathil bhoogarbha jalam valare pradhaanamaan. carpathian thadatthinte madhyathilaanu hungery ennathinaal stharathilulla vellam daaraalamundu. bhoogarbha jalathinu thaazheyulla aadyathe abhedyamaaya stharathinu adisthaanamaaya abhedyamaaya rund stharangalkkidayilaanu eee jalasrothassukal. avaa pradhaanamaayum mazhayude uthbhavamaan, kooduthalum hangariyil ninnalla, marichu carpathian thadatthinte chuttumulla uyarnna bhaagangalil ninnaan. eee vellam, valare aazhathil ninnu uparithalathilekku konduvarumbol, vividha dhaatu laayanikalal sambannamaanu, athu valare choodullathaayirikkaam.
raajyathudaneelam straattam vellathinaayi aazhathilulla boaring nadathiyittundu. raajyathinte motham muppathiyanchayiram kinarukalil ekadesham irupathiyettu ayiram artician kinarukal eee valia samathalathil maathram undu. avayude aazham vyathyasthamaan. mesosoic chunnaambukallukalude malayora, parvathapradeshangalilum kaarstik vellavum pradhaanamaan.

