
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu deblinileyum aireenayileyum joothanmaarude charithram

randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu aayirakkanakkin juthanmaar deblinilum madhya polandilum thaamasichirunnu; 1927 muthal poolish airfozhs academyude sthalamaayirunnu irena. 1939 septambaril polandile jarmman adhiniveshathil eee pattanam pidichedukkappedukayum joothanmaare peedippikkunnathu nirbandhitha thozhilaalikalilekkum "judentaatt" ("jootha kaunsil") sthaapikkunnathilekkum drafttukalode aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1940 novemberil aireenayil oru ghetto sthaapichu. thudakkathil aarr theruvukalullathum oru thuranna ghettoyumaayirunnu (juthanmaarkku anumathiyillathe pookaan anuvaadamundaayirunnilla, pakshe joothanmaarallaathavarkku praveshikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu). niravadhi ghetto nivaasikal deblin kotta (oru jarmman sainika thaavalam), railway, luftwaff ennivaykkaayi thozhil padhathikalil pravarthichu. 1941 meyy muthal, joothanmaare opolil ninnum varso ghettokalil ninnum deblinu chuttumulla thozhil cambukalilekku ayachu. ghetto nivaasikalkk mail jarmman niyanthranangal vardhichathum typhus, vayarilakkam ennivayude pakarchavyaadhikalum kaaranam 1941 avasaanathode ghettoyile avastha vashalayi.
1942 meyy 6-nuu aadyathe naadukadatthal 2,500 joothanmaare sobibar nirmmarjana campilekku kondupoyi. oraazhchaykk sesham, slovakkiyayil ninnu randaayiram juthanmaarum nasippikkappetta sameepa ghettokalil ninnu noorukanakkinu juthanmaarum ethi. athe varsham octoberil, irena ghetto nasippikkappettu; ekadesham 2,500 joothanmaare treblinga nirmmarjana campilekku naadukadatthukayum ekadesham 1,400 joothanmaare pattanatthile nirbandhitha thozhil kyaambukalile thadavukaaraayi nilanirthukayum cheythu. asaadhaaranamaamvidham, looftwaff pravarthippikkunna laber camp-athinte ettavum uyarnna samayat, ekadesham ayiram joothanmaare niyamichirunnu-pradesham redu armi pidichadakkunnathinu oraazhchayil thaazhe 1944 juulai 22 vare nilanilkkaan anuvadichu. lubelin jillayile avasaanathe jootha thozhil cambukalilonnaaya ithu noorukanakkinu joothanmaare holocoastine athijeevikkaan praaptharakki. veettil thirichethiya athijeevichavaril chilar sathrutha nerittu, palarum kollappettu; 1947 aayappozhekkum ellaavarum pooyi.
pashchaathalam.
polandile lublinin vadakkupadinjaraayi, visttula, vipress nadikalude samgamasthaanathum lublin-varso reyil paathayile oru pradhana samgamasthaanathumaanu deblinum (,) sthithi cheiyunnathu. praadeshika juthanmaar 1863 leeii januvari kalaapathe pinthunachu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode eee pradesham hasidic joothamathathinte kendramaayirunnu; mikka juthanmaarum irena pattanatthinte perilulla modsits raajavamshathe pinthudarnnu, koodaathe gurr hasidim undaayirunnu. modsits rebe israel toub 1889-ll pattanatthil sthirathaamasamaakki. mattu juthanmaar bandistukaloo seonistukaloo aayirunnu. pala juthanmaarum kachavadakkaar, kadayudamakal, karakaushalathozhilaalikal (prathyekichu thukal panikalilum lohappanikalilum) enningane upajeevanamaargam nadathukayum pinneedu oru venalkkaala resortaayi pattanatthinte vikasanathil pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1927ll 3,060 juthanmaar ulppede 4,860 aayirunnu deblinileyum aireenayileyum sivilian janasamkhya. 1927 muthal, deblinil poolish airfozhs akkadami undaayirunnu, athinte airfield polandile ettavum valia airfieldukalilonnaanu. 1936lum 1937lum joothanmaarallaatha vyapaarikal avarude jootha athiraalikalude kadakal nashippicha chila sambhavangal undaayi.
jarmman adhinivesham.
europil randaam lokamahaayudham aarambhicha polandile jarmman adhiniveshathil, 1939 septambar 2 num 7 num idayil luftwaff deblinil bombit sainika airfield, poolish armi vedikkoppukal, visthulaykk mukalilulla oru paalam enniva lakshyamakki. mikka poolish sainikarum septambar 7 nuu nagaram vittu; septambar 11 nuu bakkiyulla poolish sainyam vedikkoppukal pottitherichu pinwangi. septambar 12 allengil 20 nuu jarmman sainyam ethi. niravadhi nivaasikal, juthanmaarum pradeshathe mattu nivaasikalum vyomaakramanathil ninnu rakshappedaan palayanam cheythirunnu. thudarnnulla aazhchakalil jarmmankaarude nirddeshaprakaaram mikkavarum madangi. thangalude swathukkal kollayadikkappedukayum kollayadikkappedukayum cheythathayi juthanmaar kandethi. bomb kedupaadukal illaathaakkukayum chila kettidangal nannaakkukayum cheytha nirbandhitha thozhil yoonittukalil avare niyamichu, jootha samooham 20,000 slottikal pizha adaykkaan nirbandhithanaayi. jarmman adhiniveshakaalathu deblinum irena general govarnarettu adhinivesha mekhalayile lublin jillayude bhaagamaayi maari. 1939 avasaanathode, juthanmaar david nakshathrathodoppam kaithanda dharikkendivannu, chilare janisov, belsec, pavlovis ennividangalil nirbandhitha thozhilkkayi niyamichu.
varshavasaanam, jootha samoohavum naasi aavasyangalum thammilulla oru interface enna nilayil jarmman adhiniveshakkaar joothanmaare oru ("jootha kaunsil") roopeekarikkaan nirbandhichu. eee mekhalayile mattullavare apekshichu pinneedu roopeekarikkappetta eee sthaapanathinu bangowa streettil offeesukalundaayirunnu. aadya udyogasthar jarmman aavashyangalude aaghaatham kuraykkaan pravartthikkukayum thirachilukalekkurichu thaamasakkaarkk munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. encyclopedia oof camps aandu ghettos" anusarichu, 1941-nte thudakkathil leiser teachmante aadya cheyar pirichuvittu; poleesukaarkku kaikkooli nalkaan sramichathinu sesham adhehatheyum addehathinte secretary avarude kudumbathodoppam volnicayilekku naadukadatthiyathaayi athijeevichavar report cheythu. kurachu maasangalkk sesham raajivacha kalman fris thaalkkaalikamaayi pravarthippicha eee sthaapanathinu pakaram augustil wewell shulman pinneedu 1941 septambaril dreyfish enna conin swadeshiyum vannu. israeli charitrakaaranaaya david silbarklaanginte abhipraayathil, "saiman drabfis" aayirunnu aadya chairman, techman randaaman.
ghetto.
1940 novemberilo 1941 nte thudakkathilo oru naasi ghetto aireenayil sthaapikkappettu, orupakshe mekhalayile puthiya land kammeeshanaraaya kurt lenkinte utharavilaayirikkaam. chila juthanmaar avarude veedukalil ninnu ghettoyilekk marran nirbandhitharaayi. 1941leeii soviyatt union adhiniveshathinulla thayyaareduppinaayi sainyathaal niracha luftwaff airfield, jarmman sainika thaavalam ennee aduthulla rund sainika sthaapanangalil ninnu joothanmaare akattinirthaanaayirunnu uddeshyam. ghetto sthaapikkunna utharavu 1942 vare audyogikamaayi purappeduvichirunnilla. 1942 vare, aarr theruvukalulla oru thuranna ghetto aayirunnu (bhauthika veli illaayirunnu, anadhikritha purappedunnathinu shiksha maranamaayirunnu). thudakkathil okolna street, airenka nadhi, bangowa, staaromeejska theruvukal ennivayaayirunnu athinte athirthikal. 1942 septambaril ghettoyil ninnu staaromeejaska street neekkam cheythu; avidatthe nivaasikal bangovayilekku maari. thudakkathil, joothanmaarallaathavare praveshikkaanum orupakshe ghettoyil thamasikkaanum anuvadichirunnu, athinaal pala joothanmaarkkum avarumaayi bhakshanathinaayi bhauthika vasthukkal vyapaaram cheythukondu athijeevikkaan kazhinju. aida milgroism-sitronboju nadathunna poolish bhasha mathethara vidyaalayam 70 muthal 100 vare vidyaarthikalkku nirddesham nalki. jootha ghetto police ghettoyil kramam palikkukayum purathu praadeshika (vamseeya jarmman), ukreniyan sahaaya police enniva ulppedunna ("prathyeka sevanangal") yoonit kaaval nilkkukayum cheythu. ghetto thadavukaare marddikkunnathinum apamanikkunnathinum kollunnathinum eee yoonit ariyappettirunnu.
1941 avasaanathode, joothanmaarallaatha thoonukal ghettoyil praveshikkunnathu nirodhichu, ithu maalinyangal koombaaramaakunnathinum typhus, vayarilakkam enniva pakarchavyaadhikalkkum kaaranamaayi. koninil ninnulla doktaraaya izar kaava nadathunna muppath kidakkakalulla ashupathriyil rogikale chikilsichu; joothanmaarallaatha doctormaarude sahaayathode vaarsoyil ninnu marunnukal irakkumathi cheythu. athesamayam, jarmmankaar puthiya niyanthranangal earppeduthi stau upayogam nirodhichu, shaityakaala vasthrangal kanduketty, indhana irakkumathi nirodhichu. kooduthal juthanmaar avasyavasthukkal vaangunnathinaayi ghetto vidaan thudangi, athinte falamaayi irupathu yuvathikale ghettoikku purathu kandethi kollappettu. vaarsoyekkaal mechappetta avastha lublin jillayilundayirunnathil, chila juthanmaar irena ulppedeyulla pattanangalilekku palayanam cheythu; rajisttar cheyyaatha abhayaarthikalaayathinu irupathu joothanmaare vadhichu. pulavi kaundi bharanakoodathinu parati nalkiyennu aaropich dreyfishine vadhichathode addehathinte neethrthwam veendum mattappettu; addehathinu pakaram vyavasayi israel weinberg vannu.
1941 maarchil eee pradeshathu ninnu purathupoya 565 perr ulppede 3,750 juthanmaar ghettoyil thaamasichirunnu. ivayil pradhaanamaayum pulaavi, jarmman-annexed reachsgow warthland ennividangalil ninnu purathaakkappetta juthanmaarum varso ghettoyil kudungathirikkaan bandhukkalkkoppam thamasikkaan vanna chila juthanmaarum ulppedunnu. tirakk kadinamaayirunnu; oro muriyilum <aii. dii. 1> aalukal undaayirunnu. 1941 meyy maasathil kooduthal juthanmaar ethi varso, sestochova, opol ennividangalile ghettokalil ninnu 1,000 perr, avare ghettoyil allah, pradeshathe jolisthalangalilaanu paarppichirunnathu. 1942 meyy 13,14 theeyathikalil 2,042 slovac joothanmaarulla rund gathagatha marggangal presovil ninnu ethi. avar bhakshanavum konduvannuvenkilum kadinamaaya avasthayil avaa upayogikkappedaathe pookukayum shuchithvakkuravu moolam palarum typhus baadhichu marikkukayum cheythu. jolic thiranjedukkappettathinaal avarude samudaayangalude pirichuvidaline athijeevicha 2,000-thiladhikam joothanmaare aduthulla pattanangalil ninnu ireenayilekku konduvannu. ithil raikiyil ninnulla 300 perum gneevosovil ninnum swolenil ninnumulla 300 perum stesikayil ninnulla oru samghavum ulppedunnu. mattu juthanmaar baranov, raikki, gneevosov, adamov (october aadyam muthal) ennividangalile roundappukalil ninnu rakshapetta sesham ghettoyil praveshichirunnu. augustil, 5,800 juthanmaar ghettoyil thaamasikkunnathayi report cheyyappettu, avaril 1,800 perr maathramaan deblinil ninnullavar.
nirbandhitha thozhil.
1942 avasaanathode vare, theruvu shucheekaranam allengil manju vrithiyaakkal thudangiya jolikalkkaayi munisippaalitti nirbandhithamaayi niyogichavar ozhike juthanmaar nirbandhitha thozhilaallikalaayi vethanam nedi. chila juthanmaar nagaratthile sainika thaavalangalil nirmmaanam nadatthaan vermact karar cheytha schwarts, hooktiph thudangiya jarmman kambanikalil jolie cheythu. 1941 juun muthal 300 joothanmaare niyamikkunna oru padhathiyaaya lublin warsoik edayilulla railway mechappeduthunnathinaayi austbaan shultsine karaaril earppeduthi. eee sthalathe thozhil saahacharyangal valare kadinamaayirunnu, juthanmaarkku oro divasavum panthrand manikkoor jolie cheyyaan nirbandhitharaayi. ennirunnaalum, mikka juthanmaarum jarmman sainyathino luftwafino vendi jolie cheythu; sthreekalum kuttikalum sainyathin bhakshanam nalki. jarmman sainyam etteduthathum ghettoyil ninnulla 200 oolam juthanmaar jolie cheythirunnathumaaya deblin kotta 1941 juulai 10 muthal soviyatt yudhathadavukaarude campaya staalag 307-nte sthalamaayirunnu. ekadesham 80,000 soviyatt thadavukaar avide thadavilakkappettu; ellaavarum pattiniyum rogavum moolam eathaanum masangalkkullil marichu. avide jolie cheythirunna juthanmaar thadavukaare avarude avasthayekkaal moshamaayi thadavilaakkiyathu kandu. deblinilum aireenayilum ninnulla juthanmaar mikacha jolie nedaan shramichu; naadukadatthappetta slovakkil ninnulla 200 perr munisippaalittikkaayi jolie cheythu. oru vipuleekaranathethudarnn 200 slovaakkukal koodi shults sthaapanathinaayi jolie cheythu. nirbandhitha thozhilaallikale melnottam vahikkunna jarmman sainikar avarodu thaarathamyena nannayi perumaariyirunnuvenkilum, chila vamseeya poolish supervisormaar joothanmaare marddikkukayum railway padhathiyile ukraine gaardukal prathyekichu kadinamaayi thadavukaare vadhikkumenn bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythathayi athijeevichavar oormmippichu.
1941 meyy maasathil soviyatt yooniyante adhiniveshathinulla thayyaareduppinaayi luftwaff airfield mechappeduthunnathinaayi sthaapanathe niyogichu. avar 200 jootha thozhilaallikale oopolil niyamichu, avaril palarum austriyan joothanmaaraayirunnu, avare 1941 februvariyil viyannayil ninnu naadukadatthukayum oopoolile kadinamaaya saahacharyangalil ninnu rakshappedaan aagrahikkukayum cheythu. eee juthanmaarum lubelinile aireenayilum lipova 7 campilum recruit cheytha nanoor 500 vamseeya poolish thozhilaallikalum ranve samathulithamaakkukayum roadukal, mathilukal, vyomasenayude abhayakendrangal, bhoomi kottakal enniva nirmmikkukayum cheythu. karakaushalathozhilaalikalkk jolie cheiyunnathinaayi ranveykku sameepam mulluvayar kondu moodappetta oru samuchayavum avar nirmmichu. octoberil padhathi poortthiyaaya sesham, thozhilaallikale nagarathinu chuttumulla vividha padhathikalilekku chitharichu, ithu typhus pakarchavyaadhiyumaayi bandhapetta oru pravarthanamaayirikkaam. viyannayil ninnulla chila juthanmaar charal gathaagathathilum indhana taankukal nirmmikkunnathilum pravartthikkaan anumathi nediyathinaal airfieldil thaamasichu; avar pilkkala thozhil kyaambinte kendramaayirunnu. 1942 meyy 6 nuu irena ghettoyil ninnu aadyamaayi naadukadathappettathinushesha, naadukadatthal ozhivakkaan kooduthal juthanmaar palappozhum kaikkooliyiloode labhikkuna permittukal nedaan shramichu. 1942 oktobarode campil 543 niyamaparamaaya thaamasakkaarundaayirunnu. eee samayat deblinu chuttum anchu nirbandhitha thozhil kyaambukal undaayirunnu luftwaff camp, kotta, railway steshan (300 juthanmaar), lipova street (200 juthanmaarum vamseeya dhruvangalum), mattonn munisippal athirthikkaduthaanu (300 juthanmaar).
naadukadatthal, kolapathakam, liquidation.
aadyam naadukadatthal.
1942 meyy 6nuu oraazhchaykk sesham ethiya slovac naadukadathappettavarkku idam nalkunnathinaayi aadyathe naadukadatthal nadannu. jarmman, ukreniyan police kurachu jarmman ss, ukreniyan ss sahaayikalum ulppetta oru seena joothanmarodu 09:00 leeii pradhana squareil othukoodaan utharavittu. yaad vaashemanusarich, blue police pankedutthu. kooduthal thozhilaallikale niyamikkaan luftwaf anumathi thediyathukondayirikkaam juthanmaarkku anchu manikkoor kaathirikkendi vannath. 14:00 ll, ithinakam jolie niyamanangal undaayirunna 1,000 joothanmaare verpeduthi, praadeshika thozhiludamakal oru adhika 200-500 joothanmaare niyamikkaan thudangi. working groupilekku kadakkaan shramicha nalpatho ambatho perr kollappettu. deblinil ninnulla 2,300 muthal 2,500 vare juthanmaar-pradhaanamaayum praayamaayavarum cheria kuttikalulla kudumbangalum-deblin railway steshanilekku (chilar akale) 18:00 lake march cheyyukayum sobibor nirmmarjana campilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. irakale marddikkukayum thudaraan kazhiyaathavare vedivaykkukayum cheythu. ratri vaikiyaan prasavathinaayi thiranjedukkappetta joothanmaare veettilekku madangaan anuvadichathu. ellah kudumbangaleyum baadhichu. naadukadatthappetta sesham marichavarude mrithadehangal sinagogil shekharikkukayum ghettoyil ninnu vandikalil neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu.
adutha rund divasangalil, vadakkan puwa kaundiyil ninnulla naalaayirathiladhikam juthanmaar-bobrounikkiyil ninnu 200 perr (meyy 6), raikiyil ninnu 1,800 perr (meyy 7), stesikayil ninnu 125 perr (meyy 7), baranovil ninnu 1,500 perr (meyy 8), lisobikil ninnu 500 perr (meyy 8)-deblinilekk march cheyyukayum sobiborilekku naadukadatthappedukayum cheythu. pulaavi kaundiyile kaundi wide nirmmarjana nadapadiyude pakuthiyaayirunnu ithu-ooppareshan rehardinte bhaagamaayi lublin jillayile chittayaya, kaundi wide naadukadatthal parambarayile aadyathethu. kaundiyude administrettar, sobibor pravarthanakshamamaayathinu thottupinnaale ithu utharavittu; naadukadatthal samayat addeham deblinil sannihithanaayirunnu.
randaamathe naadukadatthal.
pulaaviyile (opolum konskovolayum) sheshikkunna rund ghettokalude nirmaarjanathodanubandhichi adutha naadukadatthal 1942 october 15 nuu nadannu; kazhinja divasam, ellah thozhilaallikalum avarude jolisthalangalil thudaraan utharavidappettu. grossman, gendarmukal, luftwaff sainikar, police sahaayikal ennivarude neethrthwathil bakkiyulla jootha janataye valanju. niravadhi juthanmaar roundappu ozhivaakkaanum akkaalat 543 audyogika thaamasakkaarundaayirunna luftwaff campilekku praveshikkaanum shramichu. chilare avidatthe jootha police thirichayachu. israeli charitrakaariyaaya talia farkash kanakkaakkunnath, aii. dii. 1. enna cheria kuttikal ulppede 500 oolam perkku kaikkooli nalkiyaanu akathekku kadakkaan kazhinjathennu. 280 sthreekalum 100 kuttikalum ulppede 1,000 juthanmaar campil praveshichathaayi silbarklaanginte kanakk. rajisttar cheyyaatha joothanmaare praveshikkaan anuvadichirunnenkil avare kandethumaayirunnenkil campile ellaavarum kollappedumaayirunnave jootha mooppanaaya herman venkert pinneedu avakashappettu. pakaram, 400 juthanmaarkku niyamaparamaaya anumathi labhikkunnathinaayi addeham jarmmankaarkk kaikkooli nalki, avayil bhooribhaagavum nilavile thaamasakkaarude bharyamaarkkum kuttikalkkum nalkappettu.
enthaanu pratheekshikkendathennu ariyaathe pala slovac juthanmaarum baagukal pothinjukondu ghettoyil thangi. veedukal vrithiyaakkunnathinide 215 muthal 500 vare joothanmaare ukrainikalum jarmmankaarum vedivachu konnu. 2, 000 muthal 2,500 vare aalukale treblinga nirmmarjana campilekku naadukadatthi; kooduthalum slovaakkukal. jootha poleesile amgangaleyum avarude kudumbangaleyum, motham 100 oolam pere, ghetto vrithiyaakkaan nilanirtthi. orupakshe 100 juthanmaar anumathiyillathe ghettoyil olichirikkaam. october 28nuu bakkiyulla joothanmaare shults laber campilekku ayaykkukayum ghetto audyogikamaayi nasippikkukayum cheythu. aaa divasathilo adutha eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil, deblin kottayile 200 thozhilaallikalum luftwafinte 200 muthal 500 vare thozhilaallikalum ulppede 1,000 pere thozhil kyaambukalil ninnu neekkam cheythu. avare konskovolayilekko treblingayilekko naadukadatthi.
ithinu sesham, aireenaykk chuttumulla thozhil kyaambukalil ekadesham 1,400 juthanmaar ippozhum jeevichirippundennu farkash kanakkakkunnu. luftwaff campile ennam 1,000 muthal 2,000 vareyaanennum passenture steshanu sameepamulla oru railway campil 300 perum railway loading steshanu sameepamulla mattoru campil 120 perum undennum kanakkakkunnu. 1943 meyy allengil juulai maasangalil, railway kyaambukalile bakkiyulla thadavukaaril bhooribhaagatheyum konskovolayile traansit ghetto vazhi poniyaattova thadankalppaalayathilekku naadukadatthi; baakkiyullavare 1943 avasaanathode naadukadatthi. noorukanakkinu juthanmaar appozhum pulovi kaundiyile sheshikkunna thozhil kyaambukalil jeevichirunnuvenkilum ooppareshan vilaveduppu utsavathil (1943 november 2-3) avar kollappettu. eee ooppareshan poniyaattovayile thadavukaareyum vadhichuvenkilum aireenayile luftwaff campile joothanmaare baadichittilla, avarkk athu ariyillaayirunnu. ooppareshan vilaveduppu uthsavathethudarnnu, lubelin jillayil joothanmaarkkaayi patthu thozhil kyaambukal undaayirunnu, pathinaayiratthiladhikam juthanmaar ippozhum jeevichirippundu.
luftwaff camp.
camp leader.
1941ll opolilekku naadukadatthappedukayum sannadhapravarthakarkkop ireenayilekku varikayum cheytha viyannayil ninnulla jootha abhibhashakanaaya herman venkert aayirunnu luftwaff campile camp leader. venkertinte vivaranam anusarichu, addehathinte varavinu thottupinnaale onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu venkert sevanamanushtichirunna austriyan luftwaff offeesaraaya edward bromofsky addeham nerittu. venkarttine thante sthaanathekku uyarthaan bromofsky kyaambinte kamaandare bodhyappedutthi. bromofsky veendum niyamichathinusheshavum, jarmman adhikaarikalumaayi venkart valarthiyedutha bandham thante sthaanam nilanirthaan addehathe praapthanakki. venkart mattu viennes joothanmaarumaayi bharanam nadathukayum tanikkum kudumbatthinum adhika ration aavasyappedukayum kudumbatthe opolil ninnu ireenayilekku maattukayum cheythu. jarmman adikaarikalumaayulla addehathinte adutha bandhavum vyakthiparamaaya nettatthinaayi addehathinte sthaanam upayogichathum kaaranam, athijeevichavaril chilar addehathe oru sahakariyaayi kanakkakki. saadhyamaayappol, venkart adhikaarikalumaayi charcha cheyyukayum shiksha ozhivakkaan kaikkooli nalkukayum cheythu; vishayam jarmman shradhayilppedaatha kesukalil addeham aadaraneeyaraaya thadavukaarodu koodiyaalochichu. ennirunnaalum, mattoru margavumillennum kyaambinte athijeevanam santhulithamaanennum addeham karuthiyappol, thettu cheythathayi aaropich joothanmaare jarmmankaarkk kaimariyathaayi venkart karuthiyenkilum ithu avarude maranathinu kaaranamaakumenn addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu. pothuve, jarmman samsaarikkunna juthanmaarkku yiddish samsaarikkunna praadeshika joothanmaarekkaal addehathekkurichu kooduthal anukoolamaaya dhaaranayundaayirunnu. silbarklaanginte abhipraayathil, venkarttinekkurichula rund kaazhchappaadukalum sariyaayirikkaam mattu jootha thadavukaare jeevanode nilanirthunnathinaayi pravartthikkumbol addeham vyakthiparamayi nettangal nedaan shramichu.
vyavasthakal.
mattu campukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol saahacharyangal thaarathamyena mikachathaayirunnu. thaamasakkaarkk prathidinam ekadesham 1,700 kiloo kalori bhakshanavum (jeevikkaan mathiyaya) aazhchathorum kulikkunnathum vaidyasahaayavum labikkukayum avarude matham aacharikkan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. maathaapithaakkalude uthppaadanakshamatha vardhippikkunnathaayi nyaayeekarikkapetta 100 kochukuttikalude saannidhyam prathyekichum asaadhaaranavum ooppareshan vilaveduppu utsavathinu sesham lubelin jillayil mattevideyengilum poruthappedaathathumaayinu. aida milgroism-sitronboju avar ghettoyil nadatthiya poolish bhasha school thudarnnu. kuttikalude nilanilppinekkurichu ariyaatha ezz. ezz. idaykkide campil apratheekshitha parisodhanakal nadatthi, eee samayat kuttikalkk olichirikkendivannu. farkash parayunnathanusarichu, camp kamandumaayulla venkarttinte nalla bandham nalla avasthakalkku bhaagikamaayi utharavaadiyaayirunnu. matha joothanmaare shabbathil pravartthikkunnathil ninnu ozhivakkaan wenkertinu kazhinju, koodaathe jootha niyamamanusarichu marichavare kuzhichumoodiya oru chevra kadisha sosaitti pravartthikkaan anuvadichu. 1943ll ekadesham 80 juthanmaarkku (venkert ulppede) pesaha aazhchayil kosher bhakshanam labhichu.
campil moonnu jarmman kamaandarmaarundaayirunnu, ellaavarum sarjant mejar raankilullavaraanu cuttengell (1943 march vare), dusi, redemature (kazhinja rund maasathinide). oru naayay chavattukutta upayogichu campil karangikkidannathinaal kattenkalinu avishwaasamundaayirunnuve, ducie, redemature ennivare athijeevichavar anukoolamaayi vivarichu. gurutharamaayi parikkettathine thudarnnu oru sthriye jarmman ashupathriyil chikilsikkaan polum ducie krameekarichu. oru pradeshavaasiyaaya wisneavsky jootha thozhilaallikalude pradhana thalavanaayirunnu, avarodu moshamaayi perumariyilla. svayambharanamulla enchineeyar kosak thaan jolie cheythirunna juthanmaarkku bhakshanam konduvannu. 1942ll lublin jillayilekku naadukadatthappetta 40,000 slovac joothanmaaril athijeevicha avasaanathe pradhana samghamaayirunnu campile slovac juthanmaar. presovil avasheshicha juthanmaar koreeyarukale (poolish-slovac athirthiyil ninnulla joothanmaarallaathavar) campilekku pirichuvidunnathuvare pathivayi yaatra cheyyaan vaadakaykku edukkukayum kathukal vahikkukayum vilayeriya vasthukkalum panavum konduvarikayum cheythu. iva slovac joothanmaarkkidayil vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi campil oru samiti roopeekarichu. poolish joothanmaarude moshana kesukal rund samudaayangalum thammilulla samgharshathinu kaaranamaayi.
thaarathamyena nalla saahacharyangal undaayirunnittum, camp nasippikkappedumennu bhayann chila juthanmaar rakshappedaan shramichu. rakshappedunnavare thadayaan luftwaff camp command koottaaya shiksha earppeduthi. moshanavum videshanaanyashekharavum kaivasham vachathum thookkikkollunnathaayirunu shiksha. shiksha amithavum ekapaksheeyavumaayirikkaam-onpathu joothanmaare aakasmikamaayi theepiduttham varuthiyathinu firing squad vadhichu-ennaal mattu naasi kyaambukale apekshichu athu kuravaanu. akkaalathe aabhyanthara sainyathinte reportukal palappozhum poolish karshakaril ninnu bhakshanavum vibhavangalum moshticha "jootha samghangalodu" praadeshika vamseeya poolish janatha shathruthayullavaraanennu visheshippichu; simmerman parayunnathanusarichu, reportukal "verum nireekshakarekkurichulla vichitramaaya akalam" prathifalippikkunnathaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. farkash parayunnathanusarichu, 1943-ll, poolish hoome armi resistans grouppinte shatru yoonittil ninnu abhayam thedunna oru koottam jootha pakshapaathikale venkert campilekku anuvadichu. rakshappedaan shramicha mikka juthanmaarum pidikkappedukayum mattullavar campilekku madangukayum cheythu. 1943 avasaanathode 1944 madhyam vare luco ghettoyil ninnum deblin campil ninnum rakshapetta ombathu juthanmaarkku abhayam nalkiyathinu covalsic karshaka kudumbatthile niravadhi amgangal raashtrangalkkidayil neethimanmaaraayi aadarikkappettu. oru slovac jootha dambathikale campil ninnu hangariyilekku kadathiyathinu samanamaaya reethiyil oru hangarian sainika doktaraaya arpad sabo amgeekarichu.
liquidation.
1944 juulai 22nuu, chuvanna sainyam lublinil ethiya athe divasam thanne camp nasippikkappettu. naadukadatthappetta samayat, ekadesham 800 muthal 900 vare juthanmaar jeevichirunnu, avaril 400 muthal 600 vare deblin allengil aireenayil ninnullavarum 40 viyannayil ninnullavarum 70 muthal 80 vare slovakkiyayil ninnullavarumaayirunnu. juulai 17,22 theeyathikalil aireenayil ninnu rando moonno gathagatha marggangal purappettu. (juulai 20 nuu silberklang moonnaamathe report cheiyunnu). aarum sannadhapravarthanam nadatthaan thayyaaraakaathathinaal, otappetta muthirnnavarum moonnu muthal aarr vayass vare praayamulla pathinanju kuttikalum ulppede campil kurachu kanakshanukal ulla 200 oolam pere aadyathe gathagatham vahichu. camp security officer jorg bartenshlaagarinte utharavanusarichu, pathinanju kuttikal sestochovayilethiyol vedivachu kollappettu. venkart 33 kochukuttikalum ulppedeyulla bakkiyulla thadavukaar airfield commanderil ninnulla samrakshana kathu vahicha jarmman camp kamaandaraaya radematurinoppam randaamathe transportil purappettu. ozhippikkal samayat ambatholam juthanmaar campil ninnu rakshappettuvenkilum avaril bhooribhaagavum kollappettu. randaamathe gathagatham juulai 25 nuu sestochovayilethi; kochukuttikale randara divasathekku verpeduthi ennaal kollapettilla. ithinte kaaranam vyakthamallengilum bartenslaggerumaayulla charchakal ulppettirikkaam. sestochovayile naalu hugo sneeder eji plaantukalil juthanmaar jolie cheythirunnu. chilare 1945 januvariyil buchenwaldilekkum bergen-belsonilekkum naadukadatthiyappol mattullavarkk chuvanna sainyam mochanam nalki. pakuthiyolam perr athijeevichu.
farkash parayunnathanusarichu, aireenayile airfield camp lublin jillayilum orupakshe adhinivesha polandilum ulla oru "singular cases" aanu. 1943lum 1944lum ezz. ezz. athinte punk vipuleekarikkaan shramichuvenkilum ezz. ezz.-nuu pakaram luftwafukalaanu thudakkam muthal avasaanam vare ithu nadathiyathennathaayirunnu kyaambinte oru asaadhaarana vasham. silberklang parayunnathanusarichu, vermact nadathunnathaanu kyaambinte athijeevanam urappakkaan sahaayichath. ennirunnaalum, mattu kyaambukal (samosh kaundiyile moonnu polullava) luftwaff nadathiyirunnavayaayirunnu, 1943 avasaanathinu munbu avaa nasippikkappettu. mattoru kaaranam jarmman yudhashramathinu deblinile jootha thozhilaallikalude praadhaanyamaayirunnu, ithu jarmmankarumaayulla edapaadukalil venkert nirantharam oonnipparanju. mothatthil, jootha neethrthwathinteyum thaarathamyena souhrudaparamaaya jarmmankaarudeyum aakasmikamaaya samyojanathilum aushvits-birkenauvinu pakaram campine sestochovayilekku ozhippikkunnathilum bhagyam oru pradhana punk vahichu. lubin jillayil ninnulla thonnoottombathu sathamaanam juthanmaarum holocoastil kollappettu, ennaal deblin, irena ennividangalil ninnulla noorukanakkinu perr yudhathe athijeevichu.
anantharafalangal.
1944 juulai 27-oode debline onnaam poolish sainyam mochippichu. 1945-ll, alfred brandine slupskinaduthulla oru soviyatt sainika tribunal kuttatthinu shikshikkukayum vadhashikshaykk vidhikkukayum cheythu. 1945 januvariyil naattilekku madangaan shramicha chila joothanmaare, nagaratthil sthirathaamasamaakkunnathu niyamavirudhamaanennu praadeshika milicha obivathelska police medhavi ariyichu. 1945 maarchil, athijeevichavar-laja, gitla, frieda looksemberg ennivar praadeshika poleesinte pankaalitthatthode kollappettu. mattu juthanmaarkku bheeshanippeduthunna kathukal labhichu. 1946leeii keels vamshahathyayethudarnnu irakale anusmarikkunnathinaayi deblinil oru yogam nadannu. yooda virudha mudraavaakyangalumaayi pradeshavaasikal yogam thadassappeduthi. 1947 aayappozhekkum, irupathiyonnaam noottaandil ippozhum nilanilkkunna eee pattanatthil joothanmaaronnum avasheshichilla. , mosham avasthayilaayirunnu, polikkunnathinaayi pariganichirunnu. irena ghettoyekkurichulla oru smaaraka phalakam 2015 ll deblinil anaachaadanam cheythu.
ghettoyile muun thadavukaaranaaya ignas bubis 1992 muthal 1999 vare germmaniyile central kaunsil oof jyoosinte chairmaanaayirunnu.

