densil holls, 1st baaran holls

1642 januvariyil chaals onnaaman arast cheyyaan shramicha anchu amgangalil oralaayi ettavum kooduthal oormmikkappedunna oru engleesh raashtrathanthranjanaayirunu densil holls, 1st baaran holls, (31 october 1598-17 februvari 1680).
augustil poraattam aarambhichappol, 1642 novemberil bruntfordil eathaandu nasippikkappedunnathinna munbu holls oru paarlamenteriyan rejiment roopeekarichu. ithu holsinte sainikajeevithathinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthukayum rajaavumaayi charchakaliloode othutheerppine anukoolicha paarlamenteriyan 'pease party' nethaavaayi maarukayum cheythu. sambanna kudumbatthil ninnulla oru saamoohika yaadhaasthithikanaaya addeham, rashtreeya theevravadimar, olivar cromwell polulla mathaswaathanthryakkaar ennivare raajakeeyavaadikalekkaal apakadakarikalaayi kandu.
onnaam engleesh aabhyantharayudhathile vijayathethudarnnu, cromvelineyum anuyaayikaleyum ethirthavare addeham nayichu, 1647 juunil suspended cheytha pathinonnu amgangalil oraalaayirunnu. 1648 juunile randaam engleesh aabhyantharayudhathinu munbu, desemberil pride shudheekaranathiloode veendum ozhivaakkappedukayum 1654 ll veettilekku anuvadikkunnathinu munbu naadukadatthappedukayum cheythu. 1660-leeii punasthaapanatthinu sesham, chaals randaaman addehathe baaran holsine 1663 muthal 1666 vare fraansile ambasaderaayum niyamichu, ithu parajayappetta oru niyamanamaayirunnu.
niyamanamaayirunnu testt aaktine pinthunachukondu holls kramena wig prathipakshatthinte bhaagamaayi maari, 1679ll catholica anantharaavakaashiyaaya jaims, duke oof york ennivare ozhivaakki. 1680 februvariyil addeham marikkukayum westminstar aabiyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. oru jeevacharithrakaaran thante currier samgrahichathu ingane; "...svakaaryamaayi ettedutha mikkavarum ellah kaaryangalilum addeham vijayichu, (addeham) parasyamaayi ettedutha mikkavarum ellah kaaryangalilum parajayappettu, (athesamayam) addehathinte vikaaraadheenamaaya paarlamenteriyan nirantharam vipareeta falapraapthiyullathaayirunnu.
vyakthiparamaaya vishadaamshangal.
1598 october 31 nuu janicha densil holls, clairinte aadya earl (c. 1564-1637) umm bhaarya aan stanhope (1576-1651). addehathinu praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar jeevichirunna naalu sahodarangal undaayirunnu; thomas govarthine vivaham kazhicha arabella (1594-1631), 1st Earl of Strafford, joonn holls, 2nd Earl of Clare (1595-1666), francis (1604-1622), elanor (maranam 1681). 
1626-ll holls dorothy ashley vivaham kazhichu; 1640-ll marikkunnathin munbu avarkk naalu kuttikalundaayirunnu, avaril francis (1627-1690) maathramaan praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar athijeevichathu. 1642-ll addeham jaine shirley punarvivaham cheythu, thudarnnu 1666 maarchil avalude maranathinu aarumaasathin sesham addeham moonnaam thavana vivaham kazhichu, esthar leeii loovine vivaham kazhichu; rund vivaahangalum kuttikalillaathavayaayirunu.
currier; 1640 nuu munbu.
nottinghamsharilum konvaalilum ganyamaaya estettukalulla oru sambanna bhoovudamayaayirunnu joonn holls; 1616-ll addeham 10,000 poundinu oru baraniyum 1624-ll 5,000 poundinu oru varshikavum vaangi. eee chelavukal undaayirunnittum, addehathinte rashtreeya jeevitam valiyathothil poortheekarikkappedaathepo, densil holsine "kayperiyathum niraashanaayathumaaya pithaavinte deshyamulla ilaya makan" ennu visheshippichittundu.
1611 muthal 1615 vare holls cambridgile krists collegil vidyaabhyaasam nedi, avide addeham bhaaviyile chaals onnamanumaayi souhrudathilaayi, thudarnnu grays sarvakalashaalayil niyama pariseelanam nedi. nedi 1618lum europil yaatra cheytha addeham 1624ll kudumbatthinte cornish estettukalkku sameepamulla michelilekku empiyayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1625 maarchil jaims onnaaman marichappol pirichuvitta eee paarlamentil addeham kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyilla. 
holls oru presbitteriyanaayirunnu, pala puritanmaareyum pole chaals onnamanum addehathinte priyappetta buckingham pinthudarnna spanish anukoola nayathe shakthamayi ethirthu; addehathinte mootha sahodaran joonn engleesh protestant koolippadayaaliyaaya hooras vereyude marumakanaayirunnu, enpathu varshathe yudhathil addehathodoppam sevanamanushtichu, addehathinte ilaya sahodaran francis. 1627-leeii vinashakaramaaya dweep reey paryaveshanathinu sesham, "englandu englandaayathinaal athinu athra apamanakaramaaya oru praharam labhichilla" ennu holls thomas govarthinu ezhuthi. 
1628-ll, addehathinte bhaaryaasahodaran kaaryamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunna dorchestarilekku addeham thiranjedukkappettu. avakasha harjik pinthuna samghadippikkunnathil addeham oru pradhana punk vahichu, 1629 march 2 nuu speakere irikkaan nirbandhichavaril oraalaayirunnu addeham, angane chaals paarlament pirichuvidunnathu thadanju. oraazhchaykk sesham chaals paarlament pirichuvittu, pathinonnu varshathe vyakthiparamaaya bharanathinu thudakkamittu, athil nashtappetta ellah nilavum veendedukkaan addeham shramichu. holls, sarr joonn eliot, mattu ezhu perr ennivare staar chamber vichaarana cheyyukayum pizha chumathukayum cheythu; octoberil jaamyathil purathirangiya holls adutha dashakathinte bhooribhaagavum avyakthathayil chelavazhichu.
currier; 1640 muthal 1642 vare.
vare 1639leyum bishappumaarude yudhangalile parajayam chaalsine paarlamentine thirichuvilikkaan nirbandhithanaakkukayum short, long paarlamentukalil dorchestarilekku holls thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. house oof koomans yogam chernnathinu thottupinnaale, 15,000 landankaar oppitta root aandu branch harji avatharippichu; bishappukale purathaakkanamennum englandile sabhayile "catholica sanbradaayangal" avasaanippikkanamennum avar aavasyappettu. 
franch, veneeshyan ambasadermar ulppedeyulla catholica spainumaayi chaals oru sakhyam oppidaan pookunnathinte adayaalangalaayi palarum ivaye kandu; ithu englandinu mathramalla, pothuve europian protestant lakshythinum nayathinmelulla addehathinte niyanthranam avasaanippichu. 
raajavaazhchayude sthaapanathodulla bahumanam chalsinethiraaya nerittulla akramanangal thadanjathinaal, addehathinte 'dushta upadeshtaakkale' prosecute cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu badal; desemberil, holsinte muun bhaaryasahodaranaaya laadu aandu straffordine paarlament impeach cheythu. holls aarch bishappine prashamsichathine shathruthayode kandirunnuvenkilum, staarfordumaayulla addehathinte bandham ardhamaakkunnathu addeham thante prosecutionil ulppettirunnilla, 1641 meyy maasathil addehathe vadhikkunnath thadayaan shramichu. pakaram augustil lunden udambadiyilekku nayicha scots udambadiyumaayulla charchakalil addeham oru pradhana punk vahichu. 
traivatsara niyamangalum staar chamber nirthalakkalum ulppedeyulla bharanaghadanaa parishkaarangal kammyoons nadappilaakki, athu house oof loards nirasichuvennu bishappukal urappakki; bishappukale ozhivaakkunna billinode koomans prathikarichappol avar athum thadanju. 
thante sahapravarthakaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, holls bishappumaare ethirthathu mathaparamaya kaaranangalal allah, marichu karthaakkanmaaril avarude pankine athirthathukondaanu; avar sensorshippinu utharavaadikalaayathinaal, avare neekkam cheiyunnathu laghulekhakal, pusthakangal, prabhashanangal ennivayude achadiyile spodanathilekku nayichu, palappozhum theevramaaya mathaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya thathwangal vaadikkunnu. pala presbitteriyanmaarum saamoohika yaadhaasthithikaraayirunnu, 1641 juunil holls "eee valia kramakkedu uyarnna nilavaaratthilum thalatthilum varunnathinu munbu" thadayunnathinu niyanthranangal aavasyappettu. 
octoberil airish kalapam pottippurappettath karyangal thalakeezhaayi konduvannu, kaaranam chals paarlamentum athine adichamarthaan sainyathe uyarthunnathine pinthunachenkilum avarude niyanthranatthil mattareyum vishwasichilla. 1641 desember 1 nuu chaalsinu samarppicha mahathaaya prathishedhatthinte karadu thayyarakkan joonn pimmine holls sahayichu; ithu paarlament ippol valareyadhikam adikaaram thedukayaanennu karuthiya clarendente onnaam earl edward hydineppolullavarude neethrthwathil oru prathyeka rajakeeya party roopeekarikkunnathilekku nayichu. desember 23 muthal 29 vare lunden aprenteesukalude neethrthwathil vyapakamaaya kalaapathode aswasthatha avasaanikkukayum athinte falamaayi bishappukal paarlamentil hajarakunnathu nirthukayum cheythu. 
desember 30 nuu, yorkkile aarch bishop joonn viliams mattu pathinonnu bishappumarum oru paraathiyil oppuvachu, avare ozhivakkiya samayat karthakkanmaar pasakia eathenkilum niyamangalude niyamasaadhuthaye tharkkikkukayum cheythu. holsinte neethrthwathil, paarlament pirichuvidaan raajaavine shanikkukayum angane raajyadroham nadathukayum cheiyukayaanennu koomans vaadichu; panthrandupereyum arast cheythu. 
1642 januvari 4 nuu holls ulppede anchu amgangale arast cheyyaan chaals shramichenkilum paraajayappedukayum clarendon polulla rajakeeya emm. pii. mareyum prabhukkanmaarude amgangaleyum anugamichu lunden vidukayum cheythu; ithu oru valia thanthraparamaaya thettu theliyikkukayum irusabhakalilum pim bhooripakshavum nalkukayum cheythu.
irupakshavum shathruthaykk thayyaaredukkumbol, 1642 juulai 4 nuu holsine suraksha samithiyilekku niyamikkukayum landanilekku madangunnathinumumbu oru kaalaalppada rejiment roopeekarikkunnathinaayi dorset milissia samghadippikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. augustil, northaamptanile pradhana paarlamenteriyan armi asambliyil cheraan addeham march cheyyukayum august 23 nuu southaamil nadanna yudhathinte aadya ettumuttalukalilonnil pankedukkukayum septambar aadyam sherbone kottaykkethiraaya parajayappetta aakramanathil cherukayum cheythu. octoberil edjehill, addehathinte rejiment oru paarlamenteriyan parajayam thadayaan sahayichu, november 9 nuu landanu purathu bruntfordil valia thothil nasippikkappettu.
currier; 1643 muthal 1659 vare.
mattullavareppole, holls yudhathinu pookaan vimukhatha kaanikkukayum athu thante kudumbatthe bhinnippikkukayum cheythu; addehathinte cussin gerways holls rajakeeya sainyathil sevanamanushtikkukayum mattoru bandhu vilyam holls 1644 maarchil oaksfordinu purathu kollappedukayum cheythu. brantfordil illengilum, addehathinte rejiment anubhavicha naashanashtangalaanu holls paarlamenteriyan 'pease party' oru pramukha amgamaakaan kaaranamenn samakaalikar abhiprayappettu. ithu pimmumaayulla oru lamghanathinu kaaranamaayi, chaalsine sainikamaayi paraajayappeduthendathunne addeham vishwasichu, kaaranam thaan nirbandhithanaanennu karuthiya vaagdaanangal orikkalum swamedhayaa palikkilla. 
1643 meyy maasathil, joonn hampdenteyum vestten association aarmiyude kamaandaraaya vilyam vaalarinteyum pramukha mitavaadiyum cussin aaya edmund waller samghadippicha oru plott kandethi. landanile niyanthranam ettedukkaanum pimine 'vaar partyile' mattu nethaakkaleyum arast cheyyaanum thudarnnu rajaavumaayi charcha nadatthaanum goodaalochanakkaar uddeshichu. orupakshe eee padhathiyekkurichu ariyaamaayirunnenkilum, holls arast ozhivaakkiyenkilum eee velippeduthal samadhana othutheerppinethire paarlamentinullil abhiprayam karshanamakki. athesamayam, 1643 leeii rajakeeya vijayangal 1644 avasaanathode yuddham thanikkethire maarunnathuvare charchakal nadatthaan chaalsine thayyarayilla; 1644 november muthal 1645 januvari vare uksbridge charchakal vare holls paarlamentine prathinidheekarichu, pakshe ivayil kaaryamaaya purogathi undaayilla.
1645 eprilil roopeekaricha puthiya maathrukaa sainyam 1646 meyy maasathil newarkinu purathu scots sainyathin keezhadangiya chaalsine paraajayappedutthunnathil nirnaayaka punk vahichu. ennirunnaalum, olivar cromwell polulla mathaswaathanthryamullavar athil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum holls akramaasakthamaayi ethirthu, athesamayam niravadhi amgangal levelerukal polulla theevra rashtreeya grouppukalil pettavaraayirunnu. thalphalamaayi, englandileyum scotlandileyum presbytarianmaar puthiya modaline raajakeeyavaadikalekkaal apakadakaramaanennu kandu. 
yudhathinu nirddesham nalkia rund raajyangaludeyum kammitti 1647 januvariyil pirichuvidukayum holsinteyum addehathinte sakhyakakshikaludeyum aadipathyamulla derby house kammitti pakaram vaykkukayum cheythu. 400, 000 poundinu pakaramaayi, scots februvariyil chaalsine paarlamentinu kaimari, pinneedu holsinte anantharaval arabella vivaham kazhicha oru presbytarian empiyaaya kenal edward rosittarinte keezhilulla sainikarude kaavalkkaaranaayi addehathe holdenby hausil paarppichu. 1647 maarchode puthiya modalinu 3 dasalaksham poundiladhikam vethanam nalkendivarikayum pookaan sammathichavarkk maathrame shambalam labhikkoo ennu paarlament irelandilekku pookaan utharavidukayum cheythu. avarude prathinidhikal ellaavarkkum munkootty muzhuvan thukayum aavashyappettappol athu pirichuvittuvenkilum sainyam athu anusarikkaan visammathichu. 
juun aadyam, armi kaunsil chaalsine holdenby hausil ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum oru rashtreeya othutheerppinulla avarude nibandhanakal addehathinu samarppikkukayum cheythu, athu addeham nirasichu. presbetteriyan aadipathyamulla lunden milishyayude pinthunayode, paarlamentile mithamaaya bhooripaksham kooduthal charchakalkkaayi addehathe landanilekku shanikkanamennu aavasyappettu. kaaryamaaya elavukalillaathe addehathe punasthaapikkappedumenna bhayann, cromvellinteyum thomas fairfaxinteyum neethrthwathilulla sainikar august 7 nuu nagaratthil praveshichu prathipaksha nethaakkalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnavare neekkam cheyyanamennu aavasyappettu. pathinonnu amgangal ennariyappettirunna holls pattikayil onnamathaayirunnu, januvari 26 vare avare audyogikamaayi purathaakkiyittillengile addeham udan thanne normandiyilekku rakshapettu.
1648 eprilil randaam engleesh aabhyantharayudham aarambhichappol paarlament pathinonnu amgangale punakrameekarichu. augustil holls landanilekku madangiyethi, raajakeeyavaadikal veendum paraajayappettenkilum addeham chalsumaayi charchakal thudarnnu, avar appozhum elavukale ethirthu. thaan undakkiyekkaavunna eathenkilum karar avaganikkanamenn chaalsil ninnu anuyaayikalilekkulla ashayavinimayangal ejantumaar thadanjappol, kooduthal charchakal ardhashoonyamaanennu avakaashappett sainyam oru "prathishedha" purappeduvichu. ennirunnaalum, desember 5 nuu holls thudar charchakal nirddeshichu, athu paarlament 83 nethire 129 vottukalkku pasaki. ithu pittennu abhimaanam shudheekarikkaan kaaranamaayi, anukoolamaayi vottu cheytha empimaare sabhayilekku praveshikkaan shramichappol sainyam arast cheythu; munkootty munnariyipp nalkia holls orikkal koodi fraansile seenilekku rakshapettu. 
pravaasatthil, chaals randaamante stettu sekrattariyakaanulla vaagdaanam holls nirasichu. scotish adhiniveshathodanubandhichi landanil oru uyarcha aasoothranam cheyyaan sahayichathil addehathinte chila sevakar ulppettirunnuvenkilum 1651-leeii moonnaam engleesh aabhyanthara yudhathil addeham pankedutthilla. 1654 maarchil, presbetteriyan pravaasikalkk pothumaapp nalkanamenna cromvellinte vaagdaanam addeham amgeekarikkukayum dorsettilekku veettilekku madangukayum cheythu.
currier; currier; athinusheshavum.
1658 septambaril cromvellinte maranavum 1659 meyy maasathil addehathinte makan richaardinte raaji komanvelthu sarkkaarine thalarthukayum punarudhaaranathode avasaanikkukayum cheythu. 1660 eprilil, holls dorchestarilekku kanvenshan paarlamentilekku thiranjedukkappedukayum chaalsine audyogikamaayi madangaan kshanikkunnathinaayi hegilek ayacha prathinidhi samghathinte bhagamaavukayum cheythu. oru nirddesham, nibandhanakalekkurichulla kanvenshanile abhiprayavyathyaasangal kaaranam addehathe vazhiyil ninnu ozhivakkaan bhaagikamaayi aayirunnu; holsineppolulla paarlamentangal newport udambadiyude adisthaanathil rajavaazhcha punasthaapikkaan aagrahichu, athesamayam raajakeeyavaadikal raajakeeyavaadikal madanganamennu aavasyappettu. oduvil, oduvil parishkaarangalil bhooribhaagavum samrakshikkappettu, ennaal bishappukale loards, charchu oof englandu ennivaykku punasthaapikkappettu. 
juun 5 nuu chaals previe kaunsililekku holsine niyamikkukayum addehathe dorsettinte kastoos rotulorum aakkukayum cheythu, athesamayam septambar, october maasangalil kolapathakangal vichaarana cheyyaan niyamicha muppathinaalu kammeeshanarmaaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. 1661 eprilil baaran holls oof effield srishticha addeham 1663 joolaiyil fraansile ambaasadaraayi, pinneedu fraansile amgamaayi; karsanamaaya protocolile addehathinte nirbandham franchukaare prakopippichathinaal ithu vijayichilla, chaals fraansile luis pathinaramanumaayi mattu kakshikaliloode ashayavinimayam nadatthi. 
1666 januvariyil dutch republicinte sakhyakakshiyayi france randaam anglo-dutch yudhathil chernnappol addehathe anusmarichu; november 14 nuu dayarist saamuval pepis "sarr jorjju carteret ennodu parayunnu" ennu record cheythu...ente yajamananaaya holls addehathodoppam undaayirunnu, nammal athramaathram takarnna avasthayilaanennu chinthikkaan karanju."1667 eprilil, dachukarumaayulla breda udambadi charcha cheyyaan ayacha engleesh prathinidhi samghathinte bhaagamaayirunnu addeham; juunil medwayil nadanna dutch reydinte apamaanathethudarnnu clarendon" "aalukalude manassine shaanthamaakkunnathinum" "" "raajaavine oru bhaarathil ninnu mochippikkunnathinumaayi nibandhanakal amgeekarikkaan nirddeshikkunnathuvare charchakal neenduninnu"...avan sahikkaan budhimuttukayaanu ". 
yudhathe athirthirunnengilum, clarendon athinte paraajayathinu naadukadatthappettu, "njaan karuthunnath sakthanaaya pavam, mattullavarellam angane cheiyunnu" ennu visheshippikkunna oru pravrithi. holls athinethire vaadichu, konvent gaardanile addehathinte veedu addehathinte deerghakaala associate loard shaftesbury ulppedeyulla prathipaksha nethaakkalude othucheral sthalamaayi maari. maari conventicles niyamathinethire vottu cheyyaan addeham prabhukkanmarodu abhyarthichu, paarlamentile palareyum pole fransumaayulla englandinte sakhyatheyum 1672 muthal 1674 vareyulla moonnaam anglo-dutch yudhathile pankaalithattheyum protestant lakshyathodulla vanchanayayi addeham kandu. 
1673-nte thudakkathil, chaalsinte anantharaavakaashiyum ilaya sahodaranumaaya jaims, york duke addehathinte mathaparivarthanam parasyamaayi sthireekarikkukayum adutha 18 maasathekku holsinteyum shaftesburyudeyum neethrthwathilulla oru cheria koottam samaprayakkaar addehathe prabhukkanmaril akramikkukayum cheythappol oru catholica raajaavinte prateeksha engleesh raashtreeyathe kooduthal asthirappeduthi. 1675ll catholicarc engleesh viyojippukalkkum ethire paarlament puthiya nadapadikal nadappakkaan pookukayaanennu bhayann, conventicles act prakaram sikshikkappetta arcum mapp nalkanamennu jaims nirddeshichu. ithu thudakkathil addehathinu holsil ninnulla pinthuna nedi, chaals eee ashayam pinvalikkanamenn aavashyappedunnathuvare. 
holls pinneedu shaaftasbariyumaayi chernnu 1675 leeii testt sathyaprathinja niyamathe ethirthu, athil amgangal kireedatthodu prathirodhamillenn prathijnjayedukkendathundu. atharam nadapadikal 'niyamathinu virudhamaayathinaal' aavasyappedaan chaalsinu avakashamillennathinaal addeham angane cheythu, ennaal raajavaazhchaykk melulla niyanthranathinulla addehathinte aavashyangale rajaavu ethirthu. 1676ll prasidheekaricha 'britiish bharanaghadana pariganikkunnu' enna pusthakatthil, oru varshathilereyaayi paarlament pirichuvidunnathu niyamathinu virudhamaanennu holls vaadichu, utharavaaditham urappakkaan puthiya paarlamentari thiranjeduppukalkku ahvaanam cheythu. ekapaksheeyamaaya gavanmentilekkulla chaalsinte neekkangalekkurichum 'saarvathrika rajavaazhcha' ykkaayulla luis pathinaalaamante aagraham nayikkunna engleesh kaaryangalil franch edapedal ennivayekkurichulla pothujanangalude aashanka ithu laghookarikkumennu addeham avakashappettu. 
thalphalamaayi, 1679-ll poppish goodaalochanaykkide chaals thante athiraalikalumaayi bandhappedaan shramichappol addehathe punasthaapikkunnathinu munbu addehathe privy kaunsilil ninnu pirichuvittu. jayimsine pinthudarchaavakaashathil ninnu ozhivakkaanulla sramangal moolamundaaya rashtreeya prakshubdhathayude kaalaghattamaaya ozhivakkal prathisandhiyude samayat, shaftesburyekkaal karsanamaaya parimithikalode vijayikkaan anuvadikkaan thayyarayirunna halifaxine addeham pinthunachu, addeham thanne poornnamaayum neekkam cheyyanamennu aagrahichu. ennirunnaalum, appozhekkum addehathinu thante muun swaadheenam nashtappettu, oru jeevacharithrakaarante abhipraayathil "thante kaalatthinappuram oru manushyan" aayi."1680 februvari februvari addeham marikkukayum naalu divasathinu sesham westminstar aabiyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu.
prasidheekaranangal.
1647-leeii thante aadya naadukadatthal kaalaghattatthe ulkkollunna "oormmakkurippukal" koodaathe addeham niravadhi laghulekhakal ezhuthi. prasidheekaricha kruthikalil iva ulppedunnu
grandhasoochika.
 

