
rudolph rummel

rudolph joseph rummel (october 21,1932-march 2,2014) oru american rashtreeya shaasthranjanum indiana sarvakalashaalayileyum yaale sarvakalashaalayileyum havaay sarvakalashaalayileyum professorumaayirunnu. koottaaya akramatheyum yudhatheyum kurichulla vivarangal padichukondu avayude parihaaratthino unmoolanam cheiyunnathino sahayikkuka enna lakshyathodeyaanu addeham thante currier chelavazhichathu. vamshahathya" enna padatthinu vipareethamaayi, thaddesheeya janathayudeyum koloniyalisathinteyum vamshahathya, naasi jarmmani, staalinist shudheekaranam, maavo sedonginte saamskaarika viplavam, mattu svechaadhipathya, eakaadhipathya allengil janaadhipathya virudha bharanakoodangal enniva polulla sarkkar kolapaathakangalkk "vamshahathya" enna padam rummel upayogichu, janaadhipathya bharanakoodangal ettavum kuranja janaadhipathyathin kaaranamaakunnu enna nigamanatthiletthi.
irupathaam noottaandil ellah sarkkaarukalum motham 212 dasalaksham aalukale konnodukkiyathaayum athil 1917 muthal 1987 vare 148 dasalaksham communist sarkkarukal kollappettathaayum rummel kanakkakki. eee samkhyakalekkurichu chila kaazhchappaadukal nalkunnathinu, irupathaam noottaandile ellah aabhyanthara, videsha yudhangalum ekadesham 41 dasalaksham aalukal yudhathil kollappettathayi rummel prasthaavichu. communist gavanmentukalekkurichulla addehathinte kanakkukal addeham avayil athicheraarundaayirunna reethishaasthrathinte peril vimarshikkappettittundu, koodaathe mikka pandithanmaarum nalkia kanakkukalekkaal uyarnnavayaanennathinaalum avaa vimarshikkappettittundu. thante avasana pusthakatthil, rummel thante kanakk irupathaam noottaandil swantham sarkkarukal kolappeduthiya 272 dashalakshathiladhikam niraparaadhikalum poraaliyallaathavarumaaya saadhaaranakkaaraayi vardhippichu. thante 272 dasalaksham maranasamkhya thante kuranjathum vivekapoornavumaaya kanakkaanenn rummel prasthaavichu, athu "aii. dii. 1 nuu mukalilayirikkaam" ennu prasthaavichu. janaadhipathya rajyangal parasparam yuddham cheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkaathathinaal pouranmaare kollan saadhyathayillaatha oru gavanmentinte roopamaanu janaadhipathyamenn rummel nigamanatthiletthi. eee ettavum puthiya kaazhchappaad oru aashayamaanu, ithu janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaantham ennariyappedunna rummel kooduthal vikasippicheduthu. 
irupathinaalu pandithochitha pusthakangalude rachayithaavaayirunna rummel 1975num 1981num idayil "samgharshavum yudhavum manassilakkuka" (1975) enna pusthakatthil thante pradhana phalangal prasidheekarichu. adutha pathinanju varsham addeham adisthaana sidhaantham parishkarikkunnathinum puthiya daattayil, mattullavarude anubhavaparamaya falangalkku virudhamaayi, cases padanangalil anubhavaparamayi parisodhikkunnathinum chelavazhichu. power kills" (1997) enna thante gaveshanathe addeham samgrahichu. maaraka raashtreeyam soviyatt vamshahathyakalum koottakkolakalum 1917-1987" (1990), "chainayude raktharookshithamaaya noottaanda 1900 muthalulla vamshahatyayum koottakola" (1991), "vamshahathya naasi vamshahatyayum koottakola" (1992), "sarkkar maranam 1900 muthalulla vamshahatyayum koottakola" (1994), "vamshahathyayude sthithivivarakkanakkukal" (1997) ennivayaanu addehathinte mattu kruthikal. pusthakangalil ninnulla udharanikal, kanakkukal, pattikakal, addehathinte srothassukalum kanakkukoottalukalekkurithu vishadaamshangalum ulppede addehathinte websaittil oonlainil labhyamaan. uplied factor analysis" (1970), "parasparabandham manassilakkal" (1976) ennivayum rummel rachichu.
aadyakaala jeevitam, vidyaabhyaasam, maranam.
1932ll ohaayoyile clevelandil jarmman vamshajaraaya oru kudumbathilaanu rummel janichathu. mahaamaandyathinteyum randaam lokamahaayudhathinteyum kuttiyaya addeham praadeshika pothu skoolukalil chernnu. 1959lum 1961lum havaay sarvakalashaalayil ninnu yathaakramam bii. eiii, emm. eiii. birudangalum 1963ll vadakkupadinjaaran sarvakalashaalayil ninnu polittikkal sayansil phd rummel nedi.
2014 march 2nuu 81-aamm vayassil rummel antharichu. addehathinu rund penmakkalum oru sahodariyumundu.
academic currier gaveshanavum.
indiana sarvakalaashaalayilaan rummel thante adthyaapana jeevitam aarambhichath. 1964ll rummel yaale sarvakalaashaalayilekk thamasam maarukayum 1966ll havaay sarvakalaashaalayilekk madangukayum avide thante sajeevamaaya jeevithakalam muzhuvan padippikkukayum cheythu. 1995ll rummel viramikkukayum polittikkal sayansil emeritus professoraayi maarukayum cheythu. darppayile naashanal sayans foundeshan, yunaittad stetts pease research instittyoott ennivayil ninnulla graantukal addehathinte gaveshanathe pinthunachu. thante pusthakangalkk purame nooriladhikam professional lekhanangalude rachayithaavaayirunnu rummel.
communism memorial foundeshante erakalude upadeshaka samithiyil amgamaayirunnu rummel.
vamshahathya.
vamshahathya, raashtreeyavanjana, koottakkola ennivayulppede oru sarkkar eathoru vyakthiyeyum aalukaleyum kolappedutthuka ennaanu rummel "demoside" enna vaakk nirvachichathu."kolapaathakatthinte sivil nirvachanam upayogikkuka, avide oraalkk jeevan nashtappedunnathinu utharavaadiyaayirikkukaani, poshakaahaarakkurav, shradhikkaatha rogam, nirbandhitha thozhil ennivayaal taamasiyaathe marikkunna kyaambukalil aalukale thadavilaakkukayo allengil avare sanbarkkavum rogavum moolam vegathil marikkunna tharisubhoomiyilekku naadukadatthukayo cheiyunnathu pole, kolapaathakathinu aarenkilum kuttakkaranaakaam."
thante kruthikalilum gaveshanangalilum, colonial, janaadhipathya, svechaadhipathya, eakaadhipathya bharanakoodangal thammil verthirichariyukayum svechaadhipathyavum eakaadhipathyavaadavumaayi oru parasparabandham kandethukayum cheythu, ithu janaadhipathyathil oru pradhana kaarana gadakamaayi addeham kanakkakki. rashtreeya adikaaravum vamshahatyayum thammil bandhamundennu rummel abhiprayappettu. rashtreeya adikaaram aniyanthrithamaayitheerunnathee rashtreeya koottakkola kooduthal saadhaaranamaayikkondirikku. adhikaraparidhi vyaapippikkukayum niyanthrikkukayum santhulithamaakkukayum cheiyunna eee alavukolinte maruvashathu rashtreeya akramam apoorvamaanu. rammaline sambandhichidatholam, "oru bharanakoodathinu ethratholam adhikaaramundo athratholam aalukal kollappedanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. swaathanthryam prolsaahippikkunnathi oru pradhana kaaranamaanith."kendreekritha rashtreeya sakthiyaanu bhoomiyile ettavum apakadakaramaaya kaaryam" ennu addeham ezhuthi."eee parasparabandham esttimettukalude vishwaasyathayekkaal pradhaanamaanennu rummel kanakkakkunnu.
janadhipathyavum samadhaanavum.
deane baabstinu sesham, janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaanthathekkurichulla aadyakaala gaveshakaril oraalaayirunnu rummel. 1816num 2005num idayil janadhipathyam ithara raajyangalkkidayil 205 yudhangalum, janadhipathyam ithara rajyangal thammilulla 166 yudhangalum, janaadhipathya rajyangal thammilulla yudhangalonnum illennum rummel kandethi. adhikaarathilirikkunnaver rahasya baalattum vishalamaaya vottavakaashavum (praayapoorthiyaaya purushanmaaril moonnil rund bhaagamenkilum ulppedunnuvennu alppam manassilakkaavunna), samsara swaathanthryam, matham, samghadana enniva ullathum sarkkar keezhilullathum thulya avakashangal urappunalkunnathumaaya niyamatthinte bharanaghadanaa chattakoodum ulla malsara thiranjeduppukalil thiranjedukkunnavaraanu rummel upayogikkunna janaadhipathyathinte nirvachanam."koodaathe, athu" "susthaapithamaayirikkanam", "ennu prasthaavichukondu," "samadhaanaparavum mathiyayathumaaya janaadhipathya nadapadikramangal amgeekarikkappedunnathinum janaadhipathya samskaaram sthirathaamasamaakkunnathinum athinte thudakkam muthal mathiyaya samayam kadannupoyi". ekadesham moonnu varsham ithinu mathiyaakumenn thonnunnu."
yudhathe sambandhichidatholam, rummel oru janapriya daattaabesinte nirvachanam sweekarichu, athaayath yuddham kuranjathu 1,000 yuddha maranangalkk kaaranamakunna oru samgharshamaanu. samaadhaanathe ingane vishadeekarikkunnu "republicukale saarvathrikamaakkunnath (janadhipathyam addehathinte kaalathe classical liberalukalkk oru mosham padamaayirunnu) enthukondaanu samadhaanaparamaaya oru lokam srishtikkunnathennathin thathwachinthakanaaya immaanuval kaantinte utharathil ninnu aarambikkuka. thangalum avarude priyappettavarum marikkukayum avarude swath nashtappedukayum cheiyunna yudhangale janangal pinthunaykkukayum vottu cheyyukayum cheyyilla. ennaal ithu bhaagikamaayi maathrame shariyaavoo, kaaranam spanish-american yudhathilennapole janangalkk anyamatha virudharkkethire unarukayum avarude nethaakkale yudhathilekku nayikkukayum cheyyaam. aalukal swathanthraraayirikkunnathi, avar overlapping grouppukaludeyum onniladhikam cross checking adhikara kendrangaludeyum oru exchange sosaitti srishtikkunnu ennathaanu aazhathilulla vishadeekaranam. atharamoru samoohathil charchakal, sahishnutha, bhinnathakal vibhajikkal ennivayude samskaaram vikasikkunnu. koodaathe, swathanthraraaya aalukal atharam mattu samoohangalodu oru koottaaya aabhimukhyam vikasippikkunnu, mattu swatantra samoohangalodulla akramatthinethire poraadaan pankitta maanadandangaludeyum aadarshangaludeyum oru vikaaram."
maranam.
vamshahathyaykk sarkkar uddeshyam aavashyamaanenkilum, ashradha, kazhivillaayma allengil nissamgatha ennivayiloode avarude pouranmaarude maranathinu kaaranamaaya bharanakoodangalude prathyaaghaathangal manahpoorvamallaathathum ennaal kuttakaravumakkunnathumaannu vishakalanam cheyyaanum rammalin thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. oru udaaharanam, azhimathi oru janangalude shemathinu valare vyaapakavum vinaashakaravumaayi marria oru bharanakoodamaanu, athu avarude dainamdina jeevithathe bheeshanippeduthukayum avarude aayurdairkhyam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. atharam bharanakoodangalkku keezhilulla pouranmaarude maranangale maranakkola ennu rummel visheshippikkukayum janaadhipathya rajyangalilaanu atharam maranangal ettavum kuravaanennu abhipraayappedukayum cheythu.
shaamam, saambathika valarcha, santhosham.
holodomerinu vendi cheythathupole, manahpoorvamaaya oru nayatthinte falamaayi addeham kanakkaakkukayaanenkil, rummel vamshahathyayile shaamam ulppeduthi. janaadhipathya rajyangalil, manappoorvvam allengil vendavidham shaamangalonnum undaayittillenn rummel prasthaavichu, ithu amartya seen aadyam munnottuvacha oru vaadamaanu, koodaathe saambathika valarchaykkum jeevithanilavaram uyarthunnathinum janadhipathyam oru pradhana gadakamaanennum addeham abhiprayappettu. kooduthal janadhipathyam undaakumbol oru raajyathinte sharashari santhosham vardhikkunnuvennu gaveshanangal kaanikkunnuvenn addeham paranju. rummel parayunnathanusarichu, lokamembaadumulla janaadhipathya raajyangalude ennathil thudarunna vardhanavu yudhangalkkum vamshahathyaykkum anthyam kurikkum. 21-aamm noottaandinte madhyathode lakshyam kaivarikkanakumennu addeham vishwasichu.
rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal.
oru janaadhipathya soshyalistaayi aarambhicha rummel pinneedu communist virudhanum swaathanthryavaadiyum saambathika udaaravaadathinte vakthavumaayi. kammyoonisatheyum communist rajyangaleyum thurannuparayunna vimarshakanennathinupurame, colonialisathinu keezhil sambhavicha valathupaksha svechaadhipathyangaleyum janaadhipathyatheyum rummel vimarshichu, ithu noorukanakkinu dasalaksham maranangalkk kaaranamaayi. oru svechaadhipathyathinu pakaram mattoru raajyam aakramikkunnathine addeham pinthunachillenkilum, udara janadhipathyam pracharippikkunnathinulla sakthamaaya pinthunakkaaranaayirunnu rummel. samsthaanangal kooduthal swaathanthryavaadikalaayir videsha akramangal kuravaanennu rummel abhiprayappettu.
philippain yuddham, 1900 leeii pecking yudhathile pankaalittham, randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu saadhaaranakkaarkethiraaya thanthraparamaaya bombakramanam thudangiya munkaala american videshanayathe rummel vimarshichu, koodaathe demookratik party yunaittad stetts president vudro vilsante keezhil america oru aabhyanthara svechaadhipathyamaayirunnum addeham vishwasichu. bheekarathaykkethiraaya yudhatheyum republican jorjju dablyu aarambhicha iraakh yudhatheyum rummel shakthamayi pinthunachu. bush bharanakoodam, "iraakhiye svechaadhipathyathil ninnu mochippikkunnathinethir maadyamangal pakshapaathaparamaan" ennu vaadichu."ikyaraashtrasabhaykku purathulla ellah janaadhipathya raajyangaludeyum oru anthar gavanmental samghadana ikyaraashtrasabhaykku pravartthikkaan kazhiyaathatho pravartthikkaathatho aaya prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvennum rummel nirddeshichu, prathyekichu samadhaanam, manushyavakaasham, janadhipathyam enniva prolsaahippikkunnathi addeham visheshippicha "janaadhipathyangalude sakhyam [athu] valare nannayi cheyyaan kazhiyum."1970kalil combodiayilum viyatnaamilum nadanna bharanakooda kolapathakangalilekku nayikkunnath vietnaam yudhathodulla demookratik yunaittad stetts senattar tedu kennadiyude ethirppaanennu rummel karuthi. kennadiyude maranathethudarnnu, maadhyamangalude prathikaranatthe valare soumyamennu rummel apalapikkukayum "yudhaananthara dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukalude raktham kennadiyude kaikalilaanennu prasthavikkukayum cheythu."
barak obamayeyum demookratik party vimarshicha rummel, avar oru svechaadhipathya, eaka kakshi raashtram sthaapikkaan shramikkukayaanennu aaropichu. aagolathaapanathe "adhikaarathinaayulla oru thattippayi" addeham vishwasikkukayum obaamayude kaarban vyapara padhathiye ethirkkukayum cheythu. demookratik bill klintanum republican jorjju dablyu. jorj thammilulla janaadhipathya samaadhaanathe obaama konnukalanjuvennu rummel karuthi. bush pinthudarukayaayirunnu. uyarnna raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya swaathanthryamulla raajyangalile prasnangalil thiranjeduttha reethiyil shradha kendreekarikkukayum mattu raajyangalile athilum moshamaaya prasnangal avaganikkukayum cheiyunna oru idathupaksha pakshapaatham academic lokathinte chila bhaagangalil undennu rummel abhiprayappettu. ithumaayi bandhappett addeham kaalavadhi sanbradaayatheyum vimarshichu.
sweekaranam.
janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaantham.
janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaantham raashtreeyashaasthrathile valia vivaadangalilonnaanu, anthaaraashtra bandhangalile yaadhaarthyavaadathinu pradhana velluvilikalilonnaan. 2000 vareyum 2000 muthal 2009 august vareyum apoornnamaaya grandhasoochika prakaram nooriladhikam vyathyastha gaveshakar eee mekhalayil onniladhikam lekhanangal prasidheekarichittundu. chila vimarshakar eee sidhaanthathinu apavaadangalundennu prathikarikkunnu. janaadhipathya bharanakoodangalekkaal svechaadhipathyathilaanu janaadhipathyaakramanangal kooduthal nadakkunnathennu sthithivivarakkanakkukali pothuve shariyaanenkilum, janaadhipathya bharanakoodangalkku chila apavaadangalundu, chila svechaadhipathya bharanakoodangal valia kolapathaka vibhaagathil erppettittilla. eee ozhivakkalukalil chilath rummel thante eph. eiii. keyil charcha cheyyukayum "orikkalum yudhathilalla" polulla mattu pandithanmaarude pusthakangale addeham paraamarsikkukayum cheythittundu. janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaanthathekkurichulla vimarsanangalil daatta, nirvachanam, charitraparamaaya kaalaghattangal, parimithamaaya anantharafalangal, reethishaasthram, micro foundeshanukal, sthithivivarakkanakku praadhaanya vimarsanam enniva ulppedunnu, janaadhipathyathin munbaanu samadhaanam varunnathennu, janaadhipathya virudha rajyangalkkethiraaya yudhangal ulppeduthiyaal svechaadhipathyangale apekshichu janaadhipathya rajyangal yuddham cheyyaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanennu sthireekarikkunnathil niravadhi padanangal paraajayappedunnu. eee sidhaanthathe tharkkikkunnavar palappozhum athu kaaryakaaranavumaayi parasparabandham pulartthunnu ennathinte adisthaanathilaanu angane cheiyunnathennum "janadhipathyam", "yuddham" ennivayude academic nirvachanangal krithrima pravanatha srishtikkunnathinaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaamennum jephri pug samgrahichu. janaadhipathya samaadhaanathekkurichulla rammalinte aadya kruthikku kaaryamaaya shradha labhichilla. addehathinte phalangal anchu vaalyangalulla oru kruthiyil 33 nirddeshangalude "bheemakaaramaaya daarshanika padhathiyil" ulppeduthi. 1992ll "amithamaya veshangal" ullathayi vilayiruthappetta ithu, prathirodha nayathekkurichulla rammalinte "nirantharamaaya" saambathika udaaravaadavum "angeyattatthe" kaazhchappaadukalum prakadamaakki. eee gadakangal rammalinte kooduthal parambaraagathamaayi sveekaaryamaaya nirddeshangalil ninnu vaayanakkaare vyathichalippichirikkannam nills pettar gleditsh paranju.
janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaanthathinte rammalinte pathippin sidhaanthathinte nilanilppineyum vishadeekarana shakthiyeyum pinthunaykkunna mattu chila gaveshakar tharkkikkunna chila savisheshathakalundu. rammalinte aadyakaala gaveshanangal janaadhipathyangal janaadhipathyamallaathavarkke yudhasamaanamallennu kandethi; mattu gaveshakar janaadhipathyangal parasparam yudhasamaanamallennu maathram karuthunnu. janaadhipathyangal shariyaayi nirvachikkappettirnuknu rummel abhiprayappettu, orikkalum parasparam yudhathinu pokaruthu, ithu oru "samboornnamo (pooyint) avakaashavaadamo" aanennum koottichertthu."stuvartt eiii polulla mattu gaveshakar. ithu oru aakasmikamo yaadruchikamo aaya kaaryamaanennu bremer kandethi; eee ardhathil, rammalinte janaadhipathya samadhana sidhaanthathinte pathipp nirnnayakamaayirunnu. jaims liie reyude oru avalokanam mattu niravadhi padanangal udharichu, janaadhipathyavalkkarikkuppadu rajyangalil yudhasaadhyatha vardhikkunnathu chuttumulla pala raajyangalum janaadhipathyavirudhamaanegil maathrame sambhavikkukayulloo. yuva janaadhipathya rajyangal thammilulla yudhangal vishakalanathil ulppeduthiyittundel, ellah janaadhipathya raajyangalum, avaa cheruppamaayaalum sthaapithamaayaalum, parasparam yuddham cheiyunnathil kuravundaakumenna sakthamaaya avakaashavaadathe pinthunaykkunna mathiyaya thelivukal niravadhi padanangalum avalokanangalum ippozhum kandethunnu, ennaal chilath cheiyunnilla.
janaadhipathyathekkurichu thante nirvachanam ellaayppozhum charcha cheyyappettukondirikku sarkkaarukalkk rummel baadhakamaakkiyilla, athu eppol prayogichillennu addeham ellaayppozhum vyakthamakkiyilla. power kills" enna addehathinte pusthakatthil ninnulla oru anubandhathinte aadya khandikakal maikkal doylinte "aii. dii. 1", "aii. dii. 2" ennee udara janaadhipathya raajyangalude pattikakal sweekarikkunnu. doylinte nirvachanam valare ayanjathaanu, athaayath 1856ll tasmania aadyamaayi sweekaricha rahasya baalat, ennaal beljiathinu 1894nuu munbu 10 sathamaanam maathram praayapoorthiyaaya purusha vottavakaasham undaayirunnu.
ghadaka vishakalanam.
rammalinte esttimettukalude vimarsanaathmaka avalokanangal rund vashangalil shradha kendreekarichu, athaayath addehathinte dattaa srothassukalude thiranjeduppum sthithivivarakkanakku sameepanavum. rammalinte kanakkukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla charitra srothassukal vishwasaneeyamaaya vyakthikalude uravidangalaayi apoorvvamaayi maathrame pravartthikkoo. vaividhyamaarnna esttimettukalude valia settukal vishakalanam cheyyaan upayogikkunna stattistikkal sameepanam rummel shabdamundaakkunna upayogapradamaaya daatta durbalappeduthunnathilka nayichekkaam. rammal mattu vamshahathya pandithanmaarum praadhamikamaayi vamshahathyakaludeyum koottakkolakaludeyum vividha saidhaanthika vishadeekaranangal parishodhikkunnathilum maathrkakal sthaapikkunnathilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. avarude joliyil, aagolathalathil vanthothilulla marana sambhavangale vivarikkunna valia daatta settukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaal, avar raajya vidagdhar nalkunna thiranjeduttha daattaye aashrayikkendathund, athinaal krithyamaaya esttimettukal avarude pravartthanatthinte aavashyamo pratheekshichatho aaya falamalla. vamshahathyayekkaal bharanakooda pravartthakar nadathunna kootta athikramangale vivarikkan vamshahathya kooduthal uchithamaanennu abhiprayappetta holocoastinte prashastha pandithanaaya yehuda bouvar "holocostinecurich punarchinthanam" ennathil ezhuthi "nashtangal athishayokthi cheythathinu rummel vimarshikkappettittundu. vimarsanangal saadhuthayullathaanenkilum, 10 allengil 20 allengil 30 sathamaanam polum kurayunnathu rummel edukkunna pothuvaaya nigamanagalil oru vyathyasavum varuthilla."
valare pakshapathikalaaya ezhuthukaaril ninnu kelvipperukalekkurichum theliyikkaanaavaatha uyarnna marana kanakkukalekkurichum kanakkukal sthaapichathinu rammalinte kruthikal vimarshikkappettittundu. vamshahathyayude sthithivivarakkanakkukal" ennathinte "taittoyude aravushaala" adhyaayathil, swatantra rajyamaaya croatiayode (endh) anubhavam pulartthukayum swatantra rajyamaaya croatiayile holocoastile ustaaseyude kuttakrithyangale kurachukaanaano nishedhikkaano shramicha ezhuthukaaril ninnu taittoyude yougoslaviayude vamshahathya recordinulla kanakkukal rummel udharikkunnu, aaa ezhuthukaar videshakaarya manthraalayathile muun endh udyogasthanum phaasist aadarshangale pinthunaykkunnavanumaaya ivo oomrkaanin aayirunnu.
avaardukalum naamanirddeshangalum.
1999ll rammalin internaashanal stadees associationte susanne vichithra puraskaaram labhichu. anthaaraashtra patana samoohathile parambaraagatha jnjaanatheyum boudhikavum samghadanaaparavumaaya aathmasamthripthiyeyum ettavum kooduthal velluvilikkunna ekabudhi, dridanishchayam, ulkkaazhcha ennivayulla oru vyakthiye eee award amgeekarikkunnu."samgharsha prakriyakalekkurichulla patanam adisthaanaparamaayi mechappeduthiya pandithochithamaaya sambhaavanakalkk" american polittikkal sayans associationte samgharsha prakriyakalude samghaditha vibhaagathil ninnu 2003 ll rammalin life time acheevment award labhichu."
samaadhaanathinulla nobal sammanathinulla finalistaanennu rummel parasyamaayi avakaashappedaarundaayirunnu, 117 perukalude nobal short listinekkurichu thante praadeshika pathratthil punarprasidheekaricha oru anubandha pathra reportinte adisthaanathil. addeham avakaashavaadam pinvalichenkilum athu addehathinte oru pusthakatthil prathyakshappettu. samadhana sammaanathin rammaline onniladhikam thavana naamanirddesham cheythenkilum oru shortlistum parasyappedutthiyittil.
"inioricalum parambarayilla". "
rummel veendum orikkalum upayogikkappedaatha badal charitra novalukalude parambara ezhuthi. parambarayude websait anusarichu, "orikkalum veendum illa" ennathu "oru badal charitramaanu", athil "rund pranayikale aadhunika aayudhangalumaayi 1906 lake thirike ayaykkunnu, koodaathe 38 bilyan 1906 dollar" eakaadhipathyathinte uyarchayum lokamahaayudhangalude pottippurappedalum thadayunnathinaayi.
prasidheekaricha kruthikal.
rammalinte mikka pusthakangalum lekhanangalum ivide pattikappedutthiyittilla ulppede addehathinte "swaathanthryam, vamshahathya, yuddham" websaittil soujanyamaayi daunlodu cheyyaan labhyamaan.
pandithochithamaaya lekhanangal.
piyar-reviewed jenalukalil rammalin ekadesham 100 prasidheekaranangal undaayirunnu, avayil iva ulppedunnu