computational human phaantam

computerised vishakalanathil upayogikkunna manushyashareeratthinte maathrkakal computational human faantamukalaanu. faantamukalaanu muthal radiological sayans samooham ionizing radiation dosimetry padanangalkkaayi eee modalukal vikasippikkukayum prayogikkukayum cheythittundu. manushyashareeratthinte aantharika gadanayumaayi bandhappett eee maathrkakal kooduthal krithyathayode mariyirikkunnu.
computing vikasichathode faantamukalum vikasichu. manushyashareeratthinte yadhaartha medical chithrangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla lalithamaaya chathura samavaakyangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla faantamukalil ninnu voxalised faantamukalilekku birudam nedunnathu oru pradhana chuvaduvaypaayirunnu. ettavum puthiya modalukal kooduthal noothanamaaya ganithashaasthrathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athaayath noonn-unifom russional bii-spline (nurbs), pooligoon meshukal, ithu trimana idam mathramalla, samayathum simulationukal nadatthaan kazhiyunna 4-dii faantamukal anuvadikkunnu.
kuttikal muthal kaumaarakkaar vare muthirnnavar, purushanmaarum sthreekalum, garbhinikalum thudangi vaividhyamaarnna manushyarkkayi faantamukal vikasippicheduthittundu. atharam vaividhyamaarnna faantangal upayogichu, medical imaging nadapadikramangalil ninnu labhikkuna doses muthal nuclear medisin vare palatharam simulationukal pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum. varshangalayi, eee simuleshanukalude phalangal radiological protection (aii. sii. aarr. pii) shupaarshakalkkaayulla anthaaraashtra commissionil sweekaricha maanadandangalude oru shekharam srishtichu.
stylised (aadya thalamura) computational faantamukal.
thozhilaallikalilum rogikalilum aantharikamaayi nikshepikkappetta radio active vasthukkalil ninnu avayava dosukal nannayi vilayiruthendathinte aavasyakatha abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinaayi aadya thalamura computational faantamukal vikasippicheduthu. vikasippicheduthu avasaanam vare aii. sii. aarr. pii ippozhum valare lalithamaaya modalukal upayogichirunnu. eee kanakkukoottalukalil, shareerathinte oro avayavavum "phalapradamaaya aaram" ulla oru golamaayi prathinideekarikkunnathaayi anumanikkappettu. thaalpparyamulla radionuclide golatthinte madhyabhaagathaanu sthithicheyyunnathennu anumaanikkappedukayum oro avayavathinum "phalapradamaaya agiranam cheyyappetta oorjjam" kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. imej reconstruction algorithangalude vikasanathilum parisodhanayilum shepp-logan phaantam polulla faantamukal manushya thalayude modalukalaayi upayogichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, shaasthranjar shareerathinte oro avayavangaleyum aathyanthikamayi muzhuvan manushyashareeratheyum yaadhaarthyabodhathode maathrkayaakkaan shramichu, athinte sramangal manushya shareeraghadanayodu saamyamulla stylised anthropomorphic faantamukalilekku nayichu.
pothuve, stylised computational phaantam ennathu manushyashareeratthinte oru ganithashaasthra praathinidyamaanu, ithu oru monde carlo radiation transport computer kodumaayi samyojippikkumbol, shareerathile vikirana edapedalukalum oorjja nikshepavum tracuchaian upayogikkaam. oro avayavathinteyum alavu, sthaanam, aakruthi enniva vivarikkunna ganithashaasthra samavaakyangalude vyakthigatha paaraamettarukal krameekarichukondu stylised computational faantaminte savisheshatha nannayi krameekarichirikkunnu. 1960 muthal 1980 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil stylised computational faantaminu vikasanathinte neenda charithramund.
mird phaantam.
phaantam ookku ridge naashanal laboratariyil (oornl) 22 aantharika avayavangalum nooriladhikam upamekhalakalumaayi fisher snider chernnaanu mird phaantam vikasippichath. aantharika dosimetricaayi oru hermaphrodite muthirnnavare prathinidheekarikkunna aadyathe anthropomorphic faantamaanu ithu.
mirdle ninnu uruthirinja faantangal.
mird faantamine adisthaanamaakki, thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil faantamukalude niravadhi vyulppannam vikasippikkappettu. faantaminte pradhana tharangalil iva ulppedunnu 1980-kalil kristtiyum ekkarman vikasippichedutha stylised "famili" phaantam seerees; germmaniyile gsf vikasippicha "aadam aandu iva"; naasa vikasippicha kaam (computerised anatamical maan) phaantam, mukhyadharaa radiation protection dosimetry community ariyaathava muthalaayava.
stylised faantaminte parimiti.
radiation samrakshanam, radiation therapy, medical imaging ennivayil athinte prayogangal vaividhyavalkkarikkunnathum vipuleekarikkunnathinum niravadhi sramangal nadathiyittundengilum, oraalkk athinte janmasidhamaaya parimitiye marikadakkaan kazhiyilla. oro avayavathinteyum sthaanatheyum jyamithiyeyum kurichulla ettavum pothuvaaya vivaranam maathram pidichedukkunnathiloode eee ganithashaasthra faantamile aantharika avayavangalude praathinidhyam asamskrithamaayirunnu. asamskrithamaayirunnu avasaanathil sakthamaaya computer, tomographic imaging saankethikavidyakal labhyamaayathode charithram voxel faantamukalude oru puthiya yugathinu thudakkamittu.
voxel (randaam thalamura) faantamukal.
stylised faantangal valia thothilulla pishak ulla adisthaana vivarangal maathrame nalkiyulloo. oru manushyashareerathe anukarikkunnathinulla kooduthal krithyamaaya reethikal munnott pookaan aavashyamaayirunnu. kooduthal gaveshanam anuvadikkunnathinu, computer saankethikavidya kooduthal shakthavum eluppathil labhyamaakukayum cheyyendathundu. cheyyendathundu vare ithu nadannilla. computed tomography (sidi), magnetic resonance imaging (emri) upakaranagalkk aantharika avayavangalude valare krithyamaaya chithrangal trimaanatthilum digital formaattilum srishtikkaan kazhiyumbozhaanu yadhaartha munnettam sambhavichathu. aaa diagnostic daatta eduthu athine oru voxel (volumetric pixel) formattilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyumennu gaveshakar kandethi, pradhaanamaayum manushyashareerathe digital roopathil 3D yill punarnirmmikkunnu. innu voxel formaattil 38-ladhikam manushya faantamukal undu, pala vyathyastha upayogangalkkayi.
nadappaakkal velluvilikal.
upayogapradamaaya chithrangal nedunnathilum eee chithrangalil ninnu srishtikkappetta valia alavilulla daatta kaikaaryam cheiyunnathilum ulla budhimuttaanu reference faantamukalude vikasanathile rund pradhana prasnangal. sidi scanukal manushyashareerathinu valia alavil ionizing vikiranam nalkunnu-computational phaantam aadyam ozhivakkaan roopakalppana cheytha onnaanu. emm. aarr. aii chithrangal prosess cheyyaan valareyadhikam samayamedukkum. koodaathe, oru vishayathinte mikka skaanukalum shareerathinte oru cheria bhagam maathrame ulkkollunnulloo, athesamayam upayogapradamaaya daattaykk oru poornna scan seerees aavasyamaanu. eee daatta kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum budhimuttaanu. puthiya computerukalil daatta sambharikkaan kazhiyunnathra valia haard driveukal undaayirunnuvenkilum, chithrangal aavasyamulla voxel valuppathilekku prosess cheiyunnathinulla memory aavasyakathakal palappozhum valare kuthaneyaayirunnu.
oru voxel faantaminte adisthaana vikasana prakriya.
niravadhi voxel faantamukal vikasippichittunde avayellaam poortheekaranatthilekkulla samanamaaya paatha pinthudarnnu. aadyam, avar sidi scanukal, emri imaging allengil photography direct imaging ennivayil ninnu asamskritha daatta nedanam. randaamathaayi, shareerathinte gadakangal vibhajikkukayo bakkiyullavayil ninnu thirichariyukayum verthirikkukayum venam. moonnaamathaayi, oro gadakathinteyum saandrata oro gadakathinteyum gadanaykkoppam thirichariyanam. avasaanamaayi, daatta orotta 3D gadanayaayi samyojippikkanam, athinaal athu vishakalanathinayi upayogikkaam.
aadyakaala sambhavavikasangal.
voxalised faantamukalekkurichulla aadyakaala pravartthanangal ekadesham ore samayam doow. gibbs, vaandarbilt sarvakalaashaalayile doow. germmaniyile naashanal research sentar phoor envayonment aandu health (jii. ezz. eph) yill sankle. ithu ekadesham 1982ll sambhavichu. doow. medical doses simuleshanukalkkaayi upayogichirunna oru manushya faantaminte punarnirmmaanatthinaayi sii. tii. allengil emm. aarr. aii chithrangalalla, ex-reey chithrangaliloodeyaanu gibbinte pravartthanam aarambhichath. emm. bebi muthal drishyamaaya manushyan vareyulla 12 faantamukal srishtikkaan sankle samghavum sidi imaging upayogichu.
stattistikkal phaantam.
aantharika radionuclide dosimetric mattu nuclear-medisin aaplikkeshanukalkkumaayi rays-nirddishta avayava modalukalude nirmmaanathinaayi stattistikkal shape modelingine adisthaanamaakki oru computational chattakkood avatharippichu. rays-nirddishta stattistikkal phaantam srishtikkaan upayogikkunna nirddishta saankethikavidya shareeraghadanayude yaadhaarthyam nilanirthukayum radionuclide dosimetriyilekku prayogikkunnathinulla stattistikkal paaraamettarukal nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
athirthi praathinidhyam (moonnaam thalamura) phaantam.
athirthi praathinidhya reethi upayogichu oru manushyashareeratthinte bahyavum aantharikavumaaya shareeraghadana savisheshathakal adangiyirikkunna computational manushya maathrkakal aanu athirthi praathinidhyam (brep) faantamukal. aarogya, medical bhauthikashaasthra mekhalakalil avaa praadhamikamaayi ionizing radiation dosimetricaayi upayogikkunnu.
computational human faantamukalude vikasanathil, prathyeka thaalpparyamulla oru "roopabhedam varuthunna" phaantam enna aashayamaanu, athinte jyamiti prathyeka bhauthika avayava roopangal, volyangal allengil shareera posarukal ennivaykku anuyojyamaayi soukaryapradamaayi parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. itharathilulla faantaminte roopakalppana noonn-unifom russional bii-spline (nurbs) reethi allengil polygonal mesh reethi vazhi saakshaathkarikkappedunnu, avaye saadhaaranayaayi koottaayi brep reethikal ennu vilikkunnu. voxel faantamukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, jyamiti roopabhedathinum krameekaranatthinum brep faantamukal kooduthal anuyojyamaanu, kaaranam extraashan, champhoring, blending, drafting, shelling, tweaking thudangiya computerised pravartthanangalude oru valia koottam labhyamaan. brep faantamukalude oru pradhana nettam nilavilulla oru reference faantamaayo oru yadhaartha thozhilaalliyude allengil rogiyude shareeraghadanayaayo roopappeduthaanulla kazhivaanu, ithu vyakthigatha-nirddishta doses kanakkukoottal saadhyamaakkunnu.
nurbs adisthaanamaakkiyulla phaantam.
oru koottam niyanthrana pooyintukal roopappeduthunna oru ekeekritha yuktirahita bii-spline (nurbs) adisthaanamaakkiyulla faantaminte uparithalangale nirvachikkunnath nurbs samavaakyangalaan. oru nurbs uparithalathinte aakruthiyum alavum niyanthrana pooyintukalude kordinettukal anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. samayathe aasrayikkunna uruthirinja manushya shareera modeling roopakalppana cheiyunnathinu eee savisheshatha upayogapradamaanu. segaarukalum mattullavarum chernnu encat faantangal oru udaaharanam nalkunnu.ithu hridayavyavasthayude kooduthal yaadhaarthyabodhamulla maathruka upayogichu hridaya, shwasana chalanagal anukarikkaan upayogikkunnu.
bahubhuja jalakam adisthaanamaakkiyulla phaantam.
phaantam spacil oru polyhedral vasthuvinte aakruthi vyakthamaakkunna oru koottam shringangal, arikukal, mukhangal enniva chernnathaanu oru polygonal mesh. faantaminte uparithalangale nirvachikkunnath valia alavil bahubhuja meshukalaanu, saadhaaranayaayi trikonangalaanu. muzhuvan shareera faantamukalum vikasippikkunnathil polygonal meshinu moonnu sradheyamaaya gunangalundu. onnamathaayi, manushya shareeraghadanaye chithreekarikkunna mesh prathalangal yadhaartha rogiyude chithrangalil ninno vaanijyaparamaaya manushya shareeraghadana mesh modalukalil ninno soukaryapradamaayi labikkum. randaamathaayi, bahubhuja mesh adisthaanamaakkiyulla faantaminu athinte jyamiti krameekarikkunnathinum mikacha tyoon cheiyunnathinum ganyamaaya vazhakkam undu, ithu valare sankeernamaaya shareeraghadanakalude simuleshan anuvadikkunnu. moonnaamathaayi, kaandaamrigam, autocad, vishwalaiseshan toolkitt (vii. tii. keey) thudangiya niravadhi vaanijya computer aided design (cad) softweyarukal, polygonal meshine vegathil narbukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna antharnirmmitha pravartthanangal nalkunnu.
vikasanam.
phaantam designil narbukal prayogikkunnathinulla munnodiyaayirunnu segaarukal. 2001-ll addehathinte doctoral prabandham dynamic nurbs adisthaanamaakkiyulla cardiac-torso (encat) phaantam vikasippikkunnathinulla reethi vishadamaayi vivarichu. uruthirinja tagg cheytha (emri) daattayil ninnu uruthirinja uruthirinja beating hart modalaan faantaminu ullathu. faantaminte shareerabhaagathe bakkiyulla avayavangal drishyamaaya human project sidi daatta settine adisthaanamaakkiyaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu, avaa 3 dii narb uparithalangal chernnathaanu. shwasana chalanavum eee prethatthil ulppeduthiyittundu.
2005ll, shuu thudangiyavar. renselaire polytechnic instittyoottil encat faantaminte gated respiratory moshan daatta sweekarichu shwasana chalanagal anukarikkaan 3 dii whip-maan phaantam upayogichu. oru shwaasakosha cancer rogiyude baahya-beam chikitsa aasoothranam padikkaan 4 dii vipi-maan chestt phaantam upayogichu. 2007-ll, shuvinte gaveshana samgham 3,6,9 maasathe garbhadhaaranatthinte (aarr. pii. aii garbhinikal) avasaanathil garbhiniyaya sthriyeyum avalude garbhapindatheyum prathinidheekarikkunna bahubhuja adhishtitha faantamukalude oru parambara srishtichathaayi report cheythu. garbhiniyallaatha oru sthree, 7 maasam garbhiniyaya oru sthree sidi daatta settu, garbhapindatthinte mesh model ennivayulppede prathyeka shareeraghadana vivara srothassukalil ninnaan mesh daatta aadyam labhichathu. 2008ll, aarpii roopabhedam varuthaan kazhiyunna muthirnna purushan sthriyum (aarpii-aam, aarpii-efm) ennu peritta rund thrikonaakrithiyilulla mesh adisthaanamaakkiyulla faantamukal srishtichu. faantamukalude shareeraghadanayude paaraamettarukal rund daattaasettukalumaayi poruthappedunnu aantharika avayavangalude pindove saandrathayum icrp-23, icrp-89 ennivayil ninnaan uthbhavichath, koodaathe muzhuvan shareera uyaravum bharavum sathamaanam daatta deseeya aarogya poshakaahaara parisodhana sarveyil ninnu labhichu (nannes 1999-2002). pinneedu, sthana valupavum shwaasakosha dosimetry thammilulla bandham padikkunnathinaayi, aarpii-ephinte sthana jyamithiyil maattam varuthi oru puthiya koottam faantangal nirmikkappettu.
2006 muthal 2009 vare florida sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakar navajaathasishukkalaaya 1,5,10,15 vayass praayamullavarum muthirnnavarumaya purushanmareyum sthreekaleyum prathinidheekarikkunna motham panthrand "hibrid" aann, penn faantamukal roopakalppana cheythu. mikka avayavangalum tissuekalum narb uparithalangalal maathrkayaakkappettathinaal faantamukale "hibrid" ennu vilikkunnu, athesamayam asthikoodam, masthishkam, extra-thorassic shwaasanaalangal enniva bahubhuja uparithalangalal maathrkayaakkappedunnu. faantamukalude shareeraghadanayude paaraamettarukal 4 reference daattaasettukalumaayi poruthappedunna reethiyil krameekarichu, athaayath.iii.staanderd anthropometric daatta, aii. sii. aarr. pii prasidheekaranam 89 ll ninnulla reference oorgan maas, aii. sii. aarr. pii 89, aii. sii. aarr. yuu report 46 ennivayil nalkiyittulla reference moolaka rachanakal, aii. sii. aarr. pii prasidheekaranangal 89,100 ennivayil nalkiyirikkunna poshakanaaliyile avayavangalekkurichulla reference daatta.
2008-ll, vaandarbilt sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakar, duke sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakarumaayi sahakarichu, nurbs adisthaanamaakkiyulla muthirnna purusha, sthree faantamukal sweekarichu muthirnnavarudeyum pediatric faantamukaludeyum oru kudumbam vikasippichu. aii. sii. aarr. pii-89 reference bodiyum avayava moolyangalum narb uparithalangal krameekarikkaan upayogichu.
2009ll kasola mattullavarum. brazeelile federal yooniversitti oof pernambucoyil, staanding posture, phaash (penn muthirnnavarkkulla mesh), maash (purusha muthirnnavarkkulla mesh) ennivayil oru jodi polygonal mesh adisthaanamaakkiyulla faantamukal vikasippichu. reethishaasthram valare saamyamullathaanenkilum aarpii-aam, aarpii-efm ennivayude roopakalppanayil nadappilaakkiyathinu poornnamaayum samaanamalla.
2010ll, nilavilulla aarpii-aamine adisthaanamaakki, aarpiaiyile gaveshakar 23 muthal 44 kilogram vare vyathyastha body maas indux (bmi) ulla 5 faantamukal koodi srishtikkunnathu thudarnnu. sidi, poositroon emission tomography (pettu) pareekshakalude falamaayundaakunna bmiyum avayava dose thammilulla parasparabandham padikkaan eee faantamukal upayogikkunnu.
2011ll koriyayile hanyang sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakar oru pooligoon-uparithala reference corian purusha phaantam (psrk-maan) report cheythu. drishyamaaya corian manushyane (vii. keey.-maan) oru bahubhuja jalakam adisthaanamaakkiyulla faantamaakki parivartthanam cheythaanu eee phaantam nirmmichathu. corian daattayumaayi poruthappedunna vidhathil avayavangaludeyum koshangaludeyum uyaram, bharam, jyamiti enniva krameekarichu. voxalisation illaathe oru biltt-inn function upayogichu jiond 4 monde carlo simuleshanil nerittu nadappakkaan kazhiyumenkilum kanakkukoottal samayam hye defenision reference corian-maan (echdrke-maan), vh-maan ennathil ninnu uruthirinja voxalised phaantam ennivaykku aavashyamaayathinekkaal 70 ~ 150 madangu kooduthalaayirunnu.
2012-ll, aarr. pii. aiyile gaveshakar animated dosimetry (chaad) faantatthinaayulla computational human vikasippichu, oru moshan capture sisttam upayogichu labhicha daattayumaayi samyojippichu athinte bhavam krameekarikkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil gadanayundu. aanava apakada saahacharyathinte oru thozhilumaayi bandhapetta oru thozhilaalliyude chalanam anukarikkaan eee phaantam upayogikkaam, ithu radiation dossil thozhilaallikalude chalanatthinte gathimaattatthil maarunna bhaavathinte swaadheenathekkurichu manassilakkaan gaveshakarkk kazhiyum.

