
paristhithi malineekaranatthinte charithram

paristhithi malineekaranatthinte charithram aadyakaala naagarikathakal muthal innuvare manushya aadipathyamulla paaristhithika samvidaanangale kandethunnu. oru prathyeka samoohathinte vardhichuvarunna praadeshika vijayavum thudarnnu onnukil pariharikkappettathum susthiratha srishtikkunnathum allaathathum, thakarchayilekku nayikkunna prathisandhikalum eee charithratthinte savisheshathayaanu. aadyakaala manushyacharithrathil, theeyude upayogavum prathyeka bhakshanathinulla aagrahavum sasyangaludeyum mrugangaludeyum samoohangalude swaabhaavika ghadanaye maattiyittundaakam. 8, 000 muthal 12,000 varshangalkk munbu, kaarshika samoohangal uyarnnuvannu, avaa pradhaanamaayum avarude paristhithiyeyum "sthirathayude ghadana" srishtikkunnathineyum aasrayichirikkunnu."
pathinettaam noottaand muthal pathonpathaam noottaandile paashchaathya vyavasaya viplavam phoosil indhanangalile oorjjathinte vishalamaaya valarchaa saadhyathakal upayogappeduthi. kooduthal kaaryakshamamaya enchinukalkku oorjjam nalkaanum pinneedu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkaanum kalkari upayogichirunnu. aadhunika shuchithva samvidaanangalum vaidyashaasthrathile purogathiyum valia janasamkhyaye rogangalil ninnu samrakshichu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil, oru pothu paristhithi prasthaanam choondikkaanichathu, ippol aaswadikkunna niravadhi bhauthika aanukoolyangalumaayi bandhapetta paaristhithika chelavukal undennaanu. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode paaristhithika prasnangal aagolathalathil vardhichu. 1973lum 1979lum undaaya oorjja prathisandhikal aagola samooham ethratholam punarupayogikkaanaavaatha oorjja vibhavangale aashrayikkunnuvenn theliyichu. 1970kalode, manushyaraashiyude paaristhithika kaalppaadukal bhoomiyude vahikkaanulla seshiye marikadannu, athinaal manushyaraashiyude jeevitareeti susthiramallaathayi. 21-aamm noottaandil, phoosil indhanangal kathikkunnathiloode pradhaanamaayum undaakunna aagola kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte bheeshaniyekkurichu aagola avabodham vardhichukondirikkanu. bhoomi upayogathil vanna maattam moolamundaakunna jaivavaividyanashtamaanu mattoru pradhana bheeshani.
aadyakaala samskaarangal.
aadyakaala manushyacharithrathil naadodi vettakkaarude oorjjavum mattu vibhavangalum aavasyakkaar cheruthaayirunnuvenkilum theeyude upayogavum prathyeka bhakshanangalodulla aagrahavum sasyangaludeyum mrugangaludeyum samoohangalude swaabhaavika ghadanaye maattimarichirikkaam. 8, 000 muthal 10,000 varshangalkk munbu lokathinte vividha pradeshangalil krishi uyarnnuvannu. kaarshika samoohangal pradhaanamaayum avarude paristhithiyeyum "sthirathayude ghadana" srishtikkunnathineyum aashrayichaayirunnu. thangalude praadeshika bhakshya vitharanathe marikadannu valarunnatho nirnaayaka vibhavangal kurayunnatho aaya samoohangal onnukil munnott povukayo thakarcha neridukayo cheythu.
thekkan mesopotamia (ippol iraakh), eejipt ennividangalile sumarilaanu aadyathe naagarikathakal uthbhavichathenn puraavastu thelivukal soochippikkunnu, iva randum ekadesham 3000 bii. sii. iii. yill ninnaan. bii. sii. iii. 1000 aayappozhekkum indus thaazhvara, chaina, meksikoo, peru, yooroppinte chila bhagangal ennividangalilum samskaarangal sthaapithamaayi. manushya naagarikathayude susthirathayude kendramaaya prasnangal sumar vishadeekarikkunnu. sumerian nagarangal bce muthal varsham muzhuvanum theevramaaya krishi abhyasichirunnu. eee sambadvyavastha srishticha sambharanayogyamaaya bhakshanathinte micham, vanyabhakshanangalum mechilbhoomiyum thedi kudiyerunnathinupakaram janangale oridathu sthirathaamasamaakkaan anuvadichu. ithu valare kooduthal janasandrata anuvadikkukayum cheythu. mesopotemiyayile kaarshika vikasanathinu niravadhi thozhilaallikalkk athinte jalasechana samvidaanam nirmmikkanum paripalikkaanum aavashyamaayi vannu. ithu, uyarnnuvarunna nagarikatha samrakshikkunnathinaayi nilakollunna sainyangalodoppam rashtreeya shreni, bureaucracy, mathaparamaya anumathi ennivayilekku nayichu. theevramaaya krishi janasamkhya vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi, ennaal vellappokkavum amita jalasechanavum moolam uyarnna pradeshangalil vananaseekaranathinum kaaranamaayi, ithu manninte lavanathvam vardhippichu. gothamb krishiyil ninnu kooduthal uppu sahishnuthayulla barleyilekku maattam vannappol, vilavu kuranju. oduvil, kaarshika uthppaadanam kurayunnathum mattu gadakangalum naagarikathayude thakarchayilekku nayichu. bii. sii. 2100 muthal bii. sii. 1700 vare janasamkhyayil ekadesham arupath sathamaanam kuravundaayennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. athupole thanne, vibhavangalude mosham maanejment kaaranam oduvil thakarnnathayi karuthappedunna naagarikathakalil mayanmar, anasasi, eesttar dweep nivaasikal thudangi niravadhi perr ulppedunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, puthiya giniyayilum thekke amerikkayilum maarikkondirikkunna karshakarudeyum thottakkrishi thozhilaallikaludeyum sthirathayulla samoohangal nilaninnirunnu, chainayileyum indiayileyum mattidangalileyum valia kaarshika samoohangal noottaandukalaayi ore pradeshangalil krishi cheiyunnu. chila polynesian samskaarangal 1,000 muthal 3,000 varsham vare cheria dveepukalil sthirathayulla samoohangal nilanirthiyittundu, paristhithiyile manushya sammarddam niyantrikkaan rahui, kaithiyakidanga enniva upayogichu kuranja vibhavangalundu. sreelankayile devanambiyaathissa raajaavinte bharanakaalathu sthaapithamaayathum bii. sii. 307 muthalullathumaaya prakrithi samrakshana kendrangal prakrithiyumaayi susthirathaykkum souhaarddaparamaaya jeevithathinum vendi samarppikkappettavayirunu.
vyaavasaayika samoohangalude aavirbhavam.
sahasraabdangalolam saankethika purogathi manushyarkk paristhithiyude mail kooduthal niyanthranam nalki. ennaal 18 muthal 19 vare noottaandukalile paashchaathya vyavasaya viplavamaan phoosil indhanangalile oorjjathinte vishalamaaya valarchaa saadhyathakal upayogichathu. kooduthal kaaryakshamamaya enchinukalkku oorjjam nalkaanum pinneedu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkaanum kalkari upayogichirunnu. aadhunika shuchithva samvidaanangalum vaidyashaasthrathile purogathiyum valia janasamkhyaye rogangalil ninnu samrakshichu. atharam saahacharyangal manushya janasamkhyayude spodanathilekkum abhoothapoorvamaaya vyaavasaayika, saankethika, shaasthreeya valarchayilekkum nayichu, athu innum thudarunnu, ithu anthroposene ennariyappedunna aagola manushya swaadheenathinte kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthunnu. 1650 muthal 1850 vare aagola janasamkhya 500 dashalakshathil ninnu oru bilyan aayi erattiyaayi.
vyavasaayathinte paaristhithikavum saamoohikavumaaya prathyaaghaathangalekkurichallu aashankakal chila prabudha rashtreeya saambathika vidagtharum 1800kalile pranaya prasthaanavum prakadippichu. bahumanappetta thomas malthus, "amita janasamkhya" yekkurichu vinashakaravum eare vimarshikkappedunnathumaaya sidhaanthangal aavishkarichu, athesamayam joonn stuvartt mill oru "nischalamaaya avastha" sambadvyavasthayude agrahakshamatha munkootty kaanukayum angane paaristhithika saambathikashaasthrathinthi aadhunika achadakkathekkurichulla aashankakal munkootty kaanukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil sasyangalum avayude paristhithiyum thammilulla shaareerika bandhangal padicha aadyathe sasyashaasthranjanaayirunnu eugenius warming, ithu paristhithiyude shaasthreeya achadakkathe prakhyaapichu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil.
irupathaam noottaandode vyaavasaayikaviplavam manushya vibhava upabhogathil ganyamaaya vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi. aarogyam, sambathu, janasamkhya ennivayude vardhanavu purogathiyude lalithamaaya paathayaayi kanakkakkappettu. ennirunnaalum, 1930-kalil saambathika vidagdhar punarupayogikkaanaavaatha vibhava maanejmentinteyum (hotelinginte niyamam kaanuka) punarupayogikkaanaavaatha vibhavangal upayogikkunna oru sambadvyavasthayile kshematthinte susthirathayudeyum (hartwickinte niyamam) maathrkakal vikasippikkaan thudangi.
paristhithishaasthram ippol oru shaasthreeya vishayamaayi pothuvaaya sveekaaryatha nedukayum susthirathaykku supradhaanamaaya niravadhi ashayangal paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheythu. ivayil ulppedunnava orotta jeevajaalavyavasthayile ellah jeevajaalangaludeyum parasparabandham, jaivamandalathil; prakrithichakrangalude praadhaanyam (vellam, poshakangal, mattu rasavasthukkal, vasthukkal, maalinyangal); jeevajaalangalude trophic thalangaliloode oorjjam kadannupokal.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyam paristhithivaadam.
mahaamaandyathinteyum randaam lokamahaayudhathinteyum abhaavathethudarnnu vikasithalokam valarchayude oru puthiya kaalaghattatthilekku praveshichu, 1950-kalkk sheshamulla oru valia thwarithappeduthal... aagola bhoumabhouthika shakthiyaayi manushyarashi shakthamayi mudrakuthiya manushya samrambhathile oru kuthichuchaattam."ippol aaswadikkunna niravadhi bhauthika aanukoolyangalumaayi bandhapetta paaristhithika chelavukal undennu oru pothusamooha paristhithi prasthaanam choondikkaatti. saankethikavidyayile (plaastik, synthetic chemicalukal, aanavorjam ennivayulppede) puthumakalum phoosil indhanangalude vardhichuvarunna upayogavum samoohathe parivartthanam cheiyukayaayirunnu. aadhunika vyaavasaayika krishi-"haritaviplavam"-grameena vanyajeevikalkk vinashakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal srishticha synthetic valangal, kalanaashinikal, keedanashinikal ennivayude vikasanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, american maraine biologistum prakrithishaasthranjanum paristhithi pravarthakanumaaya rashell kaarsan "sailant spring" (1962) ll rekhappeduthiyittundu.
1956ll american jio sayantist emm. king hubbertinte ettavum uyarnna enna sidhaantham, aadyam amerikkayil (1965num 1970num idayil), thudarnnu lokathinte thudarchayaaya pradeshangalil-enna ulppaadanathinte anivaryamaaya oru kodumudiye pravachichu, athinusesham aagolathalathil ettavum uyarnna nila pratheekshikkappettu. 1970kalil paristhithishaasthrathinte malineekaranam, janasamkhyaa visfodanam, upabhokthrivaadam, parimithamaaya vibhavangalude kshayam ennivayekkurichulla aashankakal britiish saambathika shaasthranjan iii. eph. 1973-ll shumachar 1975-ll aagola chinthakasanghamaaya club oof roome prasidheekaricha "valarchayude paridhikalum".
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil.
paristhithi prasnangal ippol aagolathalathil vardhichukondirikkanu. 1973lum 1979lum undaaya oorjja prathisandhikal aagola samooham ethratholam punarupayogikkaanaavaatha vibhavangale aashrayikkunnuvenn prakadamaakki; president carter thante stettu oof dhii union prasamgatthil "oorjjam samrakshikkaan" amerikkakkarodu aavasyappettu. maalinyangal neekkam cheyyuka. 1980 neey oorjja samrakshana varshamaayi maattuka."vikasita rajyangal aniyanthrithamaaya vikasanathinte prasnangal pariganikkumbol, thudarchayaaya daaridryavum daaridryavum neridunna vikaswara rajyangal thangalude janangalude jeevithanilavaram uyarthunnathinu vikasanam anivaaryamaanennu karuthi. 1980ll internaashanal union phoor kansarveshan oof nechar athinte swaadheenamulla "loka samrakshana thanthram" prasidheekarichu, thudarnnu 1982ll "waled charter phoor nechar" prasidheekarichu, ithu lokathile aavaasavyavasthayude thakarchayilekku shradha aakarshichu.
1987ll aikyaraashtrasabhayude paristhithi vikasanathinayulla loka kammeeshan (brundland kammeeshan), "nammude pothu bhaavi" enna reportil vikasanam sveekaaryamaanennu nirddeshichu, ennaal paristhithi prasnangal vardhippikkaathe daridrarude aavasyangal niravettunna susthira vikasanamayirikkanam athu. janasamkhya vardhanavinteyum vyakthigatha upabhogathinteyum falamaayi kazhinja 45 varshathinide eee grahatthile manushyaraashiyude aavasyam erattiyiladhikamaayi. 1961ll lokathile mikkavarum ellah rajyangalkkum avarude swantham aavasyam niravettaan kazhiyunnathinekkaal kooduthal sheshiyundaayirunnu; 2005 aayappozhekkum pala rajyangalkkum mattu rajyangalil ninnu vibhavangal irakkumathi cheythukondu maathram avarude aavasyangal niravettaan kazhinjathode sahacharyam samoolamaayi maari. pothujana avabodham vardhippikkukayum punarupayogam sweekarikkukayum punarupayoga oorjjam sweekarikkukayum cheythukondu susthira jeevithathilekkulla oru neekkam uyarnnuvannu. 1970kalilum 80kalilum punarupayoga oorjja srothassukalude vikasanam, praadhamikamaayi kaattadiyanthrangaludeyum photovolteykkukalum vikasanavum jalavaidyuthiyude vardhicha upayogavum, phoosil indhanathinum aanavorja ulppaadanathinum aadyathe susthiramaaya badalukalil chilath avatharippichu, 1980kalilum 90kalilum prathyakshappetta aadyathe valia thothilulla sourorjja, kaattaadi oorjja nilayangal. eee samayat vikasita raajyangalile niravadhi praadeshika, samsthaana sarkkarukal cherukida susthira nayangal nadappakkaan thudangi.
21-aamm noottaanda aagola avabodham.
ipcyile kalavastha shaasthranjarude pravartthanatthiloode aagola kalavastha vyathiyaanam uyarthunna bheeshaniyekkurichu aagola avabodham vardhichuvarikayaanu, ithu pradhaanamaayum phoosil indhanangal kathikkunnathiloode undaakunnu. 2009 maarchil pramukha kalavastha shaasthranjarude oru anthaaraashtra samghamaaya copenhagen kalavastha kaunsil sakthamaaya oru prasthavana purappeduvichu
"nammude samoohavum sambadvyavasthayum vikasikkukayum abhivridhippedukayum cheytha prakrithidathamaaya vyathiyaanangalude paattenukalkkappuram kalavastha samvidaanam ithinakam neengukayaan. aagola sharashari uparithala thaapanila, samudranirappu uyaruka, samudra, aise sheett chalanathmakatha, samudra acidification, angeyattatthe kalavastha sambhavangal enniva eee maanadandangalil ulppedunnu. pala pravanathakalum thwarithappeduthunnathinu ganyamaaya apakadasaadhyathayund, ithu pettennullatho maattaanaavaathatho aaya kalavastha vyathiyaanangalude apakadasaadhyathayilekku nayikkunnu."
paristhithishaasthravum parambaraagatha neoclassical saambathikashaasthravum thammilulla vidavu nikathaan paaristhithika saambathikashaasthram ippol sramikkunnu ithu samoohathinu ulkkollunnathum daarmmikavumaaya saambathika maathruka nalkunnu. kaar rahita sanjaaram, smart valarcha (kooduthal susthiramaaya nagara parithasthithikal), jeevithachakra vilayiruthal (vibhava upayogathekkurichulla thottilile vishakalanam, oru uthppannathinteyo prakriyayudeyo jeevithachakrathil paaristhithika swaadheenam), paaristhithika kaalppaadukal vishakalanam, harita kettidam, demeterialisation (vasthukkalude vardhicha punarupayogam), decarbonisation (phoosil indhanangale aashrayikkunnath neekkam cheyyuka) ennivayum athilereyum ulppede susthiratha nadappakkaanum alakkaanum sahayikkunna niravadhi puthiya ashayangal kooduthal vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu.
bina agarvaalinteyum bandana shivanteyum pravartthanangal parambaraagathavum susthiravumaaya kaarshika samoohangalude chila saamskaarika jnjaanathe susthirathayekkurichulla academic vyavahaarathilekku konduvarikayum aadhunika shaasthreeya thathwangalumaayi samyojippikkukayum cheythu. 2009ll american aikyanaadukalile paristhithi samrakshana ejansi, harithagriha vaathakangal kalavastha vyathiyaanathin kaaranamaakukayum kooduthal choodu thiramaalakal, varalcha, vellapokkam ennivaykku kaaranamaakukayum bhakshanathinteyum jalathinteyum vitharanathe bheeshanippeduthukayum cheiyunnathiloode american janathayude pothujanaarogyatheyum shematheyum apakadatthilaakkunnuvennu nirnnayichu. 2016num 2018num idayil, american aikyanaadukal vaarshika sharashari sookshumakanangalude 5.7 sathamaanam vardhanavu kandu, ithu anthareeksha vaayuvinte gunanilavaaram alakkaan sahayikkunnu. athivegam vikasichukondirikkunna saankethikavidyakal ippol sambadvyavasthakalude parivartthanam, oorjja uthppaadanam, jalam, maalinya samskaranam, bhakshya uthppaadanam enniva paristhithi, vyaavasaayika paristhithi samvidaanangal upayogichu susthira reethikalilekku mattunnathinulla marggangal nalkunnu.

