nectanebo II

purathana eejipthile avasaanathe thaddesheeya bharanadhikaariyum muppathaamathe raajavamshathile moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum faravoyum bii. sii. 358 muthal 340 vare bharichirunnayaalumaayirunnu nectanebo randaaman (eejipshyan <unk>;).
nectanebo randaamante keezhil eejipt abhivridhi praapichu. addehathinte bharanakaalathu eejipshyan kalakaaranmaar tolomic saamraajyathinte kothupanikalil oru prathyeka shaili vikasippichu. thante paroksha mungamiyaaya nectanebo onnaamaneppole, nectanebo randaman purathana eejipshyan mathathinullile pala daiva aaraadhanakalodum utsaaham prakadippichu, nooriladhikam eejipshyan sittukal addehathinte shradhayude thelivukal nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nectanebo randaaman nectanebo onnaamathethinekkaal kooduthal nirmmaanangalum punarudhaaranangalum etteduthu, prathyekichu aisisinte (icium) valia eejipshyan kshethram aarambhichu.
niravadhi varshangalolam, eejipthine achemenid saamraajyathil ninnu surakshithamaayi nilanirthunnathil nectanebo randaaman vijayichu. ennirunnaalum, rodukalude upadeshtaavaaya addehathinte muun sevakan vanchicha nectanebo randaaman aathyanthikamayi parajayappettu. pershyakkaar memphis pidichadakkukayum thudarnnu eejipthinte backie bhagam pidichedukkukayum artexercs III-nte keezhil raajyathe achemenid saamraajyathil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. nectanebo thekk oodippoyi kurachukaalam thante adikaaram nilanirtthi; addehathinte thudarnnulla vidhi anjjaathamaanu.
peru.
"nectanebo" addehathinte perinte greak roopathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, (, allengil pilkkala srothassukalil). addehathinte eejipshyan peru "nχt-hr-hbt" aayirunnu, athaayath "vijayikal hebittinte hooras aanu". engleeshile kanvenshan adhehathinum muthachan nectanebo I num samanamaaya perukal nalkunnundengilum randaamathethu yadhaarthathil () ennu vilikkapettu.
madhyakala arab ezhuthukaar addehathe "naktanibas" (naktanbas) ennaanu visheshippichathu.
chhaayaachithrangal.
metropolittan museum oof artile cheria thothilulla gravac prathima ozhike, horasinte chithrathinu munnil nectanebo randaaman nilkkunnathayi kaanikkunnu, nectanebo randaamante mattu vyaakhyaana chhaayaachitrangalonnum ariyilla. gravac prathimayil, nectanebo II nemesilum euriousilum kaanikkunnu."vaal kondulla addehathinte valanja kaii hyroglyphe" "nakhth" "ennathine soochippikkunnu, faalkkan horasine prathinidheekarikkunnu, nectaneboyude valathukaiyile hyroglyphe" "hebb" "ennathine soochippikkunnu". nectanebo randaamante (ellaam "khepresh" avatharippikkunna) mattu chhaayaachitrangalil pensylvania sarvakalaashaalayile museum oof archaeology aandu anthropology oru kwaartsait head, alexandriayile oru bassault head, museum oof phine arts, boosttan, kedupaadukal sambhavicha kwaartsait head enniva nediya graanait head enniva ulppedunnu.
adhikaarathilekku uyaruka.
bii. sii. 525ll eejipt achemenid saamrajyam keezhadakki. pershyan saamraajyathvathinte pinthudarchaavakaashathinaayallu aabhyanthara poraattangal kaaranam bii. sii. 404ll eejipthin swaathanthryam veendedukkaan kazhinju. bii. sii. 389ll faravo hackor ethansumaayi oru udambadi charcha cheyyukayum moonnu varshathekku (bii. sii. 385 muthal 383 vare) pershyan aakramanathe neridaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. 387-ll achemenidukalum greak nagara-samsthaanangalum thammilulla antaalsidaasinte samadhaanathinte samaapanathethudarnnu, eejipt cypresses medittareniyanile pershyan aadhipathyathin eaka thadassamaayi maari.
bisi 360-nte thudakkathil, nectaneboyude mungamiyaaya tios nuzhanjukayattakkaarkkethir yudhathinulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhichu. athe varsham thanne eejipshyan sainyam karayiloodeyum kadaliloodeyum theerathukoodi yaatra aarambhichu. nectanebo randaaman aaa prachaaranatthil ammavan teosine anugamikkukayum "maachimoyi" yude chumatala vahikkukayum cheythu.
yudhathinu vegathil dhanasamaharanam nadathaanulla shramathil, eejipthukaarkk nikuthi chumatthi, kshetra swath pidichedutthu. eejipthukar, prathyekichu purohithanmaar eee nadapadikalodu viyojichuvenkilum nectanebo randaamane pinthunachu. theos sparten sainika nethaavu ejilousinodum etheniyan general chabriyasinodum thanne pinthunaykkaan aavasyappettu. eejipthine sahaayikkaanaan thanne ayachathennum athinethire yuddham cheyyaanallennum ejilaas paranju. chabrias thante koolippadayaalikalumaayi veettilekku madangi. achemenid kodathiyilekku palayanam cheyyaan tios theerumaanichu, avide addeham aathyanthikamayi swaabhaavika kaaranangalal marichu.
svayam faravo ennu prakhyaapicha mendez pattanatthil ninnulla simhaasanathinuvendi peru velippeduthaatha oru nadikku ethire nectanebo malsarichu. munbu nagaram bharichirunna nepherite onnaamante pingaamikalil oralaayirikkaam kalaapathin neethrthwam nalkiyathu. ejilousine thante pakshatthekku prerippikkanulla shramathil avakaashavaadakan ejilousilekku doothanmaare ayachu. oru tenkottakaan bhayann ejilouse nectaneboyode vishwasthatha pulartthi. nail delttayile oru pattanatthil, nectanebo, ejilouse ennivayude sainyathe niravadhi anubhaavikale nediya pidichadakkiyavar uparodhichu. shathruvinte samkhyaaparamaaya menma undaayirunnittum, nectanebo ejilousum vijayikkukayum bii. sii. 360 avasaanathode kalapam adichamarthappedukayum cheythu. yugilousine amgeekarichu nectanebo 220 taalanth swarnam addehathinu ayachu.
bharanam.
nectaneboyude aabhyanthara nayathil matham oru pradhana punk vahichu. memphisile oru vaanara kaalayude shavasamskaram nadathikkondaanu addeham thante bharanam aarambhichath. avide, nectanebo kizhakkum padinjaarum shethrangalil oru durithaashwaasa alankaaram chertthu. nectanebo II-nuu keezhil nirmmicha sradheyamaaya vanyajeevi sankethangalil abuvile oru khnum shethravum sekhthaamile amoon shethravum ulppedunnu. addeham anhur-shuvinu (athinte oru bhagam jebnetjer shethrangalil ninnu kandethi) oru deorite "navos" samarppichu. buchis aaraadhanayude vardhichuvarunna janapreethikk kaaranakkaaran nectanebo randaamanaayirunnu. nectanebo randaamante keezhil abidosile "nigooda parvathangal" ennu vilikkappedunna sthalangalil kallu khananam cheiyunnathu nirodhikkunna oru utharavu purappeduvichu.
eejipt veendum pidichedukkaanulla aavarthichulla achemenid sramangal nectanebo randaamante keezhilulla videshakaarya karyangal paraajayappeduthi. nectanebo randaaman simhaasanathil kayarunnathinumumbu, bii. sii. 385,383,373 varshangalil pershyakkaar eejipt veendedukkaan shramichu. nectanebo oru puthiya sainyam kettippadukkaan samadhaanam upayogikkukayum akkaalat oru saadhaarana sanbradaayamaayirunna greak koolippadayaalikale niyamikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 351ll achemenid saamrajyam eejipt veendedukkaanulla oru puthiya sramam aarambhichu. oru varshathe poraattatthinu sesham, nectaneboic addehathinte sakhyasenaanimaarum spartayile lamiasinum akkeemenidukale paraajayappeduthaan kazhinju. mahathaaya vijayam nediya nectanebo randaamane addehathinte janangal "nectanebo dhii devine faalkkan" ennu prashamsikkukayum addehathinte peril aaraadhanakal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. yill, tennesile sidoon raajaavinte neethrthwathilulla achemenid saamrajyathinethiraaya phoeneeshyan kalaapathe nectanebo pinthunaykkukayum rodukalude upadeshtaavinte neethrthwathil 4,000 greak koolippadayaalikalude roopathil sainika sahayam ayaykkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, artexercs III-nte shakthikalude sameepanathekkurichu ketta sesham, tennesumaayi chernnu maargadarshakan pershyakkaarumaayi ashayavinimayam aarambhichu.
bii. sii. 344 avasaanathode, egypthinethiraaya oru prachaaranatthil greekkukaarude pankaalittham aavasyappettu artexercs III-nte ambasadermar greesilethi. ethansum sparta ambasadermarode maryaadayode perumaariyenkilum eejipthinethire oru sakhyathil earppedunnathil ninnu vittuninnu. ennirunnaalum, mattu nagarangal pershyakkaare pinthunaykkaan theerumaanichu theebs 1,000 hoop laittukalum 3,000 argoz ayachu.
bii. sii. sii shaithyakaalath artexercs eejipthilekk purappettu. 60, 000 egypthukaarum 20,000 libukalum athupole thanne niravadhi greak koolippadayaalikalum ulppettathaayirunnu nectaneboyude neethrthwathilulla eejipshyan sainyam. koodaathe, shathruvine nail vaayilekk praveshikkunnathil ninnu thadayaan uddeshichulla niravadhi paranna-thaazheyulla bottukal nectaneboyil undaayirunnu. addehathinte medittareniyan kadal athirthiyilum kizhakkan athirthiyilum durbalamaaya sthalangal shakthikendrangal, kottakal, uracha kyaambukal ennivayaal samrakshikkappettu. eejipthinte kizhakkan athirthi nannayi parichayamulla, upadeshtaavum addehathinte aalukalum 6,000 ionionmaarum pershyan sainyathe shakthippeduthi.
nectanebo randaaman aathyanthikamayi paraajayappedukayum bii. sii. 342-leeii venalkkaalath artexercs memphysilake praveshikkukayum oru sathrapp sthaapikkukayum cheythu. nectanebo upper egypthilekkum oduvil nubiayilekkum palayanam cheythu, avide addehathinu abhayam nalkappettu. ennirunnaalum, addeham kurachu kaalam avide oru paridhivare adikaaram nilanirtthi. khabaashinte sahaayathode nectanebo simhasana veendedukkaan nadatthiya sramam vyarthamaayi.
paarambaryamaayi.
nirmmaana prachaaranangal.
eejipshyan charithratthile nirbhagyakaramaaya kaalaghattatthil sthithicheyyukayum oru svayambharana eejipt bharicha "avasaanathe faravo" aayirikkam addehathinte paarambaryam ennathinaal, nectanebo oru vipulamaaya nirmmaathaavaayirunnu, orupakshe puthiya raajyathinte mahathvadivasangalile niravadhi raajaakkanmaarkk thulyamaaya oru alavukol. nectanebo randaamaneyo muthachaneyo kurichulla paraamarshangal pradhana mathakendrangalil sarvavyaapiyaayi kandethiyittundu, rund rajaakkanmaarudeyum bhakti munkaalathe mahanaaya raajaakkanmaarumaayi poruthappedunnu, egypthiludaneelamulla niravadhi smarakangal avarude perukalullathaayi saakshyappeduthunnu. nectanebo randaaman, raajyathudaneelam shethrangal nirmmikkukayum mechappeduthukayum cheythu, koodaathe thaan sambhavana cheytha niravadhi sthalangalile purohitharkk addeham vipulamaayi sambhavana nalki. nail delttayile heliopolis, athribis, bubastis ennividangalil nectaneboyude peru kandethiyittundengil aadhunika saittaya bebeet ell hagger ulppede sebennitosil addeham ettavum vipulamaayi nirmmichu. sebennitosile kshethrangalude kothupanikal pilkkala tolomic raajyathinte kalayil oru prathyeka mudra pathippikkum. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte nirmmaana prachaaranangalude mathaparamaya shradha vishudhamaaya bhakti kaaranam mathramaayirikkilla; nectanebo oru pidichadakkunnayaalaayinathil, eejipthinte melulla thante bharanam mathaparamayi niyamavidheyamaakkaan addeham sramichirikkaam.
nectanebo alexander pranayavum.
avasaanathe thaddesheeya faravoyude mattoru avasaanam vishadeekarikkunna kapada-charitraparamaaya "alexander pranayam" ennathil oru apraamaanika kathayundu. alexanderinte daivathvam siva oyaasisil syoos amoninte libian sibal sthireekarichathinu thottupinnaale, nectanebo randaaman thante avasana yudhathile paraajayathetthudarnnu nubiayilekkalla, pakaram eejipshyan maanthrikante vesham dharichu maasidonile philipp randaamante kottaarathilekkaanu yaatra cheythathennu oru kimvadanti aarambhichu. avide, philipp prachaaranatthinaayi purathaayirikkumbol, amoon thante aduthekku varumennum avar oru makane prasavikkumennum nectanebo philippinte bhaarya olimbyanmaare bodhyappedutthi. amoon enna vesham dharichu nectanebo olimbiyaykkoppam urangi, eee evantil ninnu alexander vannu.
thudarcha aagrahikkukayum videsha bharanathodu sakthamaaya veruppu pulartthukayum cheytha eejipthukaarkk eee kettukatha sakthamaaya aakarshanam nalkum. eee sambhavathinte kalayil, nectanebo saadhaaranayaayi draagan polulla savisheshathakalullathaayi chithreekarikkunnu, udaaharanathinu "speculum historiyal".
sakkaarayile serappiyathil ninnulla oru greak shakalathil maathram samrakshikkappetta nectaneboyudeyum pettisisinteyum aadyakaala tolomic kathayil, faravoik icisinekkurichu oru praavachanika swapnam undu, athil sebennitosile poortthiyaakaattha kshethram kaaranam onooris devan addehathodu deshyappedunnu. nectanebo eee mekhalayile ettavum mikacha silpiyaaya pettisisine jolie poortthiyaakkaan vilikkunnu, pakshe madyapichukazhinjaal addeham thante chumatala veezhcha varuthukayum pakaram oru sundariyaaya penkuttiye pinthudarukayum cheiyunnu. eee vivaranam ivide pettennu avasaanikkunnu, pakshe ithu orupakshe eejipthinte pathanatthinte aamukhamaayirikkaam. alle-birooniyude "eiii histtari oof india" eee katha punarnirmmikkunnu.
nectaneboyude (allengil nectanebus, allengil natanabo, "alexander romansinte" chila pathippukalil report cheyyappettathupole) aitihyam navothaanam vareyum athinappuravum europian samskaarathil aazhathilulla mudra pathippichu. alexander, philipp oof maasidon, olimbiya, amoon ennee athe ithihaasathile mattu pradhana "abhinethaakkal" yodoppam soola busca tarotil (natanabo enna perode) eee kathaapaathram ulppeduthunnathu yaadrishchikamalla. soola busca tarotinekkurichulla oru padanatthil itaaliyan pandithayaya sophiya dii vincenso eee kathaapaathrathinte oru alchemical vyaakhyaanam nalki, avide helmettumaayi bhoomiyilekku vanna oru aakaashadoothane natanabo prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu avar vishadeekarikkunnu, ithu abhedyathayudeyum shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya shakthiyudeyum pratheekamaanu. 

