
maanchastar saahityavum daarshanika samoohavum

maanchastar saahitya, daarshanika samooham, littu ennariyappedunnu. & phil.yunaittad kingdatthile ettavum pazhaya pandita samoohangalilonnaaya ithu randaamathe ettavum pazhaya pravishya pandita samoohamaanu (cheethayaaya maanyanmaarude samoohathinu sesham).
roobert ooven, joonn dalton, jaims prescott juul, sarr vilyam fairbaren, toom kilben, peettar maarkk rojatt, sarr ernest ratherford, alan turing, sarr joseph vaitt varthu, dorothy hodkin ennivar pramukha amgangalil ulppedunnu.
charithram.
1781 februvariyil thomas persival, thomas barnus, thomas henry, thomas butterworth bailey thudangiyavar chernnu maanchasttarile saahityaparavum daarshanikavumaaya samoohamaayi ithu sthaapichu. 1781 march 14nuu nadanna sosaittiyude aadyathe aupachaarika yogam 1799 desember vare cross street chaappalinte pinn muriyil yogam nadannu, athinusesham sosaitti jorjju streettile swantham parisarathekku maari. joonn dalton eee parisarangalil thante pareekshanangal nadatthi.
jorjju streettile sosaittiyude yadhaartha parisaram maanchastar blitsil (ekadesham 1941 januvari) nasippikkappettu, akkaalat athinte libraryil 50,000-ladhikam vaalyangalum charitraparamaaya karakaushala vasthukkalum chhaayaachithrangalum aarkkaivukalum undaayirunnu. uyarnna alumina simant upayogichaanu (konkreett cancer ennu vilikkappedunna) athinte pakarakkaaran (1960kalil nirmmichathu) nirmmikkappedukayum 1980kalil polichuneekkukayum cheythu. ithu oru rajisterdu chaarittiyaayi maari (illa. 235313) 1964ll.
16 vayassinu mukalilulla arcum amgathvam labhyamaan, maanchastar sitti sentarile vedikalilum (2020 muthal) oonlainilum prabhashanangal nadathunnu. oro seasonilum sharashari 30 prabhashanangal undennum amgangalallaathavarkku pankedukkaan swaagatham cheyyappedunnu. 400ladhikam amgangalaanu sosaittiyilullath.
maanchasttarile kolaniyile jactin house, ancots ennividangalil sthithicheyyunna oru offeesil ninnaan sosaitti pravartthikkunnathu, koodaathe moonnu sthiramaaya jeevanakkaarund.
pravartthanangal.
wilde, juul, dalton prabhashanangal ulppede niravadhi prabhaashanangalum yuvaakkalkkaayi varshathil moonnu prabhaashanangalum sosaitti samghadippikkunnu. persival prabhashanavum maanchastar prabhaashanavumaan ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya prabhashanangal, chila varshangalil ettavum vishishtaraaya prabhashakarkk dalton medel sammaanikkunnu. praadeshika sarvakalashaalakal paatyethara kozhsukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnathu nirtthiyathinaal. & phil. prabhashanangalil amgathvathilum amgangalallaathavarude hajarnilayilum vardhanavundaayittundu.
amgangal.
mukalil paranjavarkku purame, sarr roobert robinson, sarr norman hawarth, neels booar, cheyim weisman, hans gaigar, sarr vilyam roberts, liyon, loard playfair, vilyam gaskell, sarr vilyam dii vivelesley abni, chaals vilyam sattan, sarr jaims keeii-shattilworth, joseph jordan, henry mosley, sarr adolphus vilyam ward, staanli jevons, jaims prins liie, sarr edward leader vilyams, vilyam aaksan, sarr henry hoyal haworth, saamuval gregg, sarr edward frankland, saamuval hiberter, taisan, saiman henry.
steefan hocking, vilyam thomson, loard kelvin, roobert bansan, serji kaapitsa, demetry mendeleave, sarr siril hinshelwood, daam kathleen ollarenshaa, johns jacob bersilius, joonn mersor ennivar oonarari amgangalil ulppedunnu.
"oormmakkurippukal".
sosaittiyude "oormmakkurippukalum nadapadikalum" (1783-ll aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu), athinte samarambha samayat, "rajakeeya samoohathinte daarshanika edapaadukal" ozhikeyulla yunaittad kingdatthile eaka saadhaarana shaasthreeya jenalaayirunnu.
maanchastar oormmakkurippukal" aadya pathipp muthal thudarchayaayi prasidheekarikkappedunnu.
athil samoohathinte edapaadukal adangiyirikkunnu (prathyekichu sameepakaalathe niravadhi prabhaashanangalude vaachakam), ithu amgangalkkum lokamembaadumulla samanamaaya sthaapanangalkkum librarikalkkum subscription vazhi vitharanam cheiyunnu. amgangalallaathavarkku vaangunnathinum pakarppukal labhyamaan.
dalton medel.
ettavum kooduthal kaalam sosaitti presidentaayi sevanamanushticha shaasthranjanaaya joonn daltente bahumaanaartham namakaranam cheyyappetta dalton medel apoorvvamaayi nalkappedunna oru prathyekathayaanu, ithu sosaittiyude ettavum uyarnna puraskaaramaan. shaasthrathin vishishtamaaya sambhavanakal nalkiyavarkkaanu ithu nalkunnathu.
1898 muthal pathinanju avasarangalil maathramaan medel nalkiyittullath ellah sweekarthaakkalum rajakeeya samoohathinte amgangalum palarum nobal sammana jethaakkalumaan.
niravadhi medel jethaakkalkk maanchastar, yooniversitti oof maanchastar/ovens koleju ennivaykku bhauthikashaasthram, jyothishaasthram, rasathanthram, enchiniyaring vakuppukalumayi bandhamund. 
ithuvare oru vanitha maathramaan eee medel nediyathu.
paraamarshangal.
kurippukal
grandhasoochika

