
chichen itsa

avasana classic kaalaghattatthile maaya janangal nirmmicha oru valia columbian pree-columbian nagaramaayirunnu chichen itsa (palappozhum engleeshilum parambaraagatha eucatech maayayilum "chichen itsa" ennu ucharikkappedunnu). meksikkoyile yookkaattan samsthaanathile tinum munisippaalittiyilaan puraavastu sthalam sthithi cheiyunnathu.
classic kaalatthinte avasaanathil (c. aadu 600-900) terminal classic (sii. ad 800-900), postclassic kaalaghattatthinte aadya bhaagathekku (c. ad 900-1200). madhya meksikkoyilum vadakkan maaya thaazhnna pradeshangalile puk, chenez shailikalilum kaanunna shailikale anusmarippikkunna niravadhi vasthuvidyaa shailikal eee saitt pradarshippikkunnu. madhya meksikkan shailikalude saannidhyam nerittulla kudiyettattheyo madhya meksikkoyil ninnulla adhiniveshatheyo prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu orikkal karuthappettirunnu, ennaal mikka samakaalika vyaakhyaanangalum eee maaya ithara shailikalude saannidhyam saamskaarika vyaapanathinte falamaayi kaanunnu.
ettavum valia maaya nagarangalilonnaya chichen itsa pilkkala mesoamerican saahithyathil paraamarshichirikkunna puraana mahathaaya nagarangalilonnayirikkaam. maaya lokathile ettavum vaividhyamaarnna janasamkhya eee nagarathilundaayirikkaam, ithu saittile vaividhyamaarnna vasthuvidyaa shailikalkk kaaranamaakumaayirunnu.
chichen itsayude avashishtangal federal swathaanu, saittinte melnottam meksikkoyude instityootto naashanal dii antropologia iii historiya (naashanal instittyoott oof anthropology aandu histtari) paripaalikkunnu. 2010 march 29nuu yookkaattan samsthaanam vaangunnathuvare smaarakangalkk keezhilulla bhoomi swakaarya udamasthathayilaayirunnu.
2017ll 26 lakshathiladhikam vinodasanchaarikalulla meksikkoyile ettavum kooduthal aalukal sandarshikkunna puraavastu kendrangalilonnaanu chichen itsa.
perum aksharavinyaasavum.
maaya naamamaya "chichen itsa" ennaal "itsayude kinarinte vaayil" ennaanu ardham."ithu" "vaay" "allengil" "edju" "ennartham varunna" "chii" "," "chenn" "allengil" "chenn" "ennartham varunna" "nannayi" "ennivayil ninnaan uruthirinjathu". "vadakkan upadveepil raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya aadhipathyam nediya oru vamseeya vamshavibhaagathinte peraanu itsaa. itts" (itts), "maanthrikan", "haah", "vellam" ennivayil ninnu "jalathinte manthravaadam (allengil manthravaadam)" ennathaanu itsayude saadhyamaaya oru vivarthanam.
peru spaanishil "chichen itsaa" ennu ucharikkappedunnu, perinte rund bhaagangalum avayude avasana aksharathil oonnipparayunnundenn kaanikkunnathinaayi chila samayangalil mattu bhashakalil aaksantukal nilanirthunnu. mattu paraamarshangal aadhunika maaya aksharavinyaasathe eshtappedunnu, "chichen itsa" (ucharikkunnathu). eee roopam "chʼ", "ch" enniva thammilulla shabdaparamaaya vyathyasam samrakshikkunnu, kaaranam adisthaana vaakk "chʼeʼen" (maayayil oonnipparayaatha) oru postalveeyolaar ajective africate vyanjanaaksharathil aarambikkunnu. 16-aamm noottaand muthal 20-aamm noottaandinte pakuthi vare upayogichirunna laattin aksharangalile parambaraagatha eucatech maaya spelling, "chichen itsa" ennu ucharikkappedunnu (avasana aksharatthile aaksantukal bhaashaykk saadhaaranamaayathinaal, avaa spaanishilaayathinaal soochippikkunnilla). itsa" enna vaakkin "eiii" yill uyarnna swaramundu, thudarnnu oru glottel stopp (apostrophy soochippikkunnu) undu.
vadakkan ukkattaanile itsa aadhipathyathinte varavinu munbu eee nagarathinu mattoru pazhaya peru chilam baalam pusthakangalile thelivukal soochippikkunnu. aadya vaakkinte ardham ezhu aanennu mikka srothassukalum sammathikkumbol, baakkiyullavayude sariyaaya vivarthanathekkurichu ganyamaaya charchakal nadakkunnundu. orotta staanderd oorthoograafiyude abhavam kaaranam eee munkaala peru nirvachikkaan prayaasamaan, ennaal ithu "yuk yabnal" ("ezhu valia veedu"), "yuk hubb naal" ("ezhu kuttikkaadukal niranja sthalangal"), "yushyabnal" ("ezhu valia bharanadhikaarikal") allengil "yusi abnal" ("abnaalinte ezhu varikal") enningane vividhamaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu. classic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil eee peru chilam baalam dii chumayal pusthakatthilum avashishtangalile hyroglyphic grandhangalilum rekhappeduthiyittundu.
sthalam.
meksikkoyile yookkaattan samsthaanathinte kizhakkan bhagathaanu chichen itsa sthithi cheiyunnathu. vadakkan yookkaattan upadveep kaarstaanu, akathe nadikalellaam bhoogarbhathilaanu ozhukunnathu. senottukal ennu vilikkappedunna naalu drishyavum swaabhaavikavumaaya sink dwaarangalundu, avaa chichanil varsham muzhuvan dhaaraalam vellam nalkamaayirunnu, ithu vaasasthalathinu akarshakamaakkunnu. eee senottukalil, "senot sagrado" allengil "vishudha senot" (vishudha kinner allengil thyaga kinner ennum ariyappedunnu) aanu ettavum prashastam. 2015ll shaasthranjar nirnnayichathu, ithuvare puraavastu gaveshakar kandittillaatha oru maranjirikkunna senot kukkulkkan shethrathinadiyil undennaanu.
vijayanandara srothassukal (maayayum spanish) anusarichu, columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla maaya maaya mazhadevanaaya chaakkine aaraadhikkunnathinaayi vasthukkalum manushyarum senotilekku baliyarppichu. edward herbert thompson 1904 muthal 1910 vare senot sagradoyil vellam kalayukayum swarnam, jaid, manpathrangal, dhoopavarggam ennivayude karakaushala vasthukkalum manushyaavashishtangalum kandedukkukayum cheythu. senot sagradoyil ninnu edutha manushyaavashishtangalekkur oru padanatthil avaykku manushyabaliyumaayi poruthappedunna murivukalundennu kandethi.
rashtreeya samghadana.
aadyakaala klaasikkile muun maaya raashtreeyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chichen itsa oru vyakthigatha bharanadhikariyo orotta rajavamsha vamshamo bharichirunnillennu 1980 kalude avasaanathile niravadhi puraavastu gaveshakar abhiprayappettu. pakaram, nagaratthinte rashtreeya samghadanaye oru "multipal" samvidaanathaal roopappeduthaamaayirunnu, ithu varenya bharana vamshaavaliyile amgangal ulkkollunna kaunsililoodeyulla bharanamaayi visheshippikkappedunnu.
eee sidhaantham 1990kalil janapriyamaayirunnu, ennaal sameepa varshangalil, "multipal" samvidaanam enna ashayathe pinthunaykkunna gaveshanam, apakeerthippeduthiyilpedum chodyam cheyyappettittund. meksikkoyile classic kaalaghattatthile thekkan thaazhnna pradeshangalile maaya raajyangalude parambaraagatha maathrkayaanu maaya scholarshippile nilavile vishwaasa pravanatha.
sambadghadana.
vadakkan maaya thaazhnna pradeshangalile oru pradhana saambathika shakthiyaayirunnu chichen itsa. vadakkan theerathe dveepile serittos thuramukhathiloode jalajanya sarkkam-upadveep vyapara pathayil pankeduttha chichen itsaykku madhya meksikkoyil ninnulla obsidian, thekkan madhya amerikkayil ninnulla swarnam thudangiya vidoora pradeshangalil ninnu praadeshikamaayi labhyamallaatha vibhavangal nedaan kazhinju.
eiii. dii 900 num 1050 num idayil chichen itsa vadakkum madhyavum niyanthrikkunna sakthamaaya praadeshika thalasthaanamaayi vikasichu. ithu oru vyapara thuramukhamaayi ailaa serittos sthaapichu.
charithram.
750 num 900 num idayil athinte aadyakaala adhinivesha ghattathil chichen itsa saitt korinte leauttu vikasichu. eiii. dii 900 nuu sesham athinte anthima leauttu vikasippikkukayum patthaam noottaandil madhya yookkattan muthal vadakkan theeram vareyulla pradeshathe niyanthrikkunna oru praadeshika thalasthaanamaayi nagaram uyarukayum athinte shakti upadveepinte kizhakkum padinjaarum theerangalilekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu. chichen itsayil kandethiya aadyakaala hyroglyphic theeyathi eiii. dii 832 nuu thulyamaanu, athesamayam avasaanamaayi ariyappedunna theeyathi 998 ll osario kshethrathil rekhappeduthiyittundu.
sthaapanam.
laas monchakalkkum nireekshanakendrangalkkum adisthaanamaaya substructureukal prathinidheekarikkunna pradhana vaasthuvidya avaa nirmmicha basel platfome ulkkollunna extoloc senottinte thekkupadinjaarulla pradeshathaayirunnu avasana classic nagaram.
uyarcha.
aadyakaala classic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode (ekadesham 600 eiii. dii) chichen itsa praadeshika praadhaanyathilekku uyarnnu. ennirunnaalum, classic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilum terminal klaasikkinte aadya bhaagathum vadakkan maaya thaazhnna pradeshangalile rashtreeya, saamoohika, saamskaarika, saambathika, prathyayashaasthra jeevithathe kendreekarichu aadhipathyam pulartthunna oru pradhana praadeshika thalasthaanamaayi eee sthalam maari. chichen itsayude aarohanam thekkan maaya thaazhnna pradeshangalile pradhana kendrangalude thakarchayumaayum vighadippikkalumaayum ekadesham bandhappettirikkunnu.
chichen itsa praadhaanyathilekku uyarnnathode yaxuna (thekk), coba (kizhakk) ennee nagarangal kshayichukondirunnu. yaxuna koba aasrayikkunna eee rund nagarangalum paraspara sakhyakakshikalaayirunnu. patthaam noottaandile oru ghattathil kobaykku athinte pradeshatthinte oru pradhana bhagam nashtappedukayum yaxuna ottappeduthukayum chichen itsa rund nagarangaludeyum thakarchaykku nerittu kaaranamaayirikkam.
kurayunnu.
chila colonial maayan srothassukal anusarichu (udha.jii., chumayelinte chilam baalam enna pusthakam), maayappan bharanadhikaariyaaya hunak seal, pathimoonnaam noottaandil chichen itsa keezhadakki. hunak seal thante adhikaarathilekkulla uyarcha pravachichathaayi karuthappedunnu. akkaalathe aachaaramanusarich, senot sagradoilekku erinja vyakthikal athijeevichaal pravachanatthinte shakti undennu vishwasikkappettirunnu. atharamoru chadangil, aarum athijeevichillennu charithrangal parayunnu, athinaal hunak seal senot sagradoilekku kuthichuchaadi, neekkam cheythappol swantham aarohanam pravachichu.
oru kaalath chichen itsa kollayadikkappedukayum kollayadikkappedukayum cheythathayi soochippikkunna chila puraavastu thelivukal undengilum, ithu maayappaan saadhyamaayirunnilla ennathinu kooduthal thelivukal undennu thonnunnu, kuranjathu chichen itsa oru sajeeva nagara kendramaayirunnappozhal. maayappaante uyarchaykku munbu 1100 aayappozhekkum chichen itsa oru praadeshika kendramaayi kuranjuvennu puraavastu daatta ippol soochippikkunnu. maayappan sthalathu nadannukondirikkunna gaveshanam eee kaalakramaparamaaya prashnam pariharikkan sahaayichekkam.
unnatha pravartthanangal avasaanichathinusesham, nagaram upekshikkappettirikka. spanish athiyappol, avar abhivridhi praapikkunna oru praadeshika janasamkhyaye kandethi, ennirunnaalum eee mayakal chichen itsayil thaamasikkunnundo atho aduthulla oru vaasasthalathaano ennu spanish srothassukalil ninnu vyakthamalla. eee mekhalayile thaarathamyena uyarnna janasaandrathayaanu avide oru thalasthaanam kandethanulla vijayikalude theerumaanatthil oru ghadakam. vijayanandara srothassukal anusarichu, spanish maayayum, senot sagrado oru theerthaadana kendramaayi thudarnnu.
spanish adhinivesham.
1526-ll spanish kankvisttadar francisco dii montejo (grijalva, courtus paryaveshanangalile oru muthirnna sainikan) yukattan keezhadakkaan oru charterinaayi spain rajavinodu vijayakaramaayi apekshichu. 1527-ll yukattan upadveepinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna addehathinte aadya akramanam addehathinte sainyathe nashippichuvenkilum innu raddaakkappettathinu thekk samaan hayil oru cheria kotta sthaapichathode avasaanichu. montejo 1531-ll sainikabalavumaayi yookkaattanilekk madangukayum padinjaaran theerathe kaampecheyil thante pradhana thaavalam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1532 avasaanathode addeham thante ilaya makanaaya francisco montejo vadakku ninnu yookkaattan upadveepinte ulbhaagam keezhadakkaan ayachu. thudakkam muthal lakshyam chichen itsayilekku pooyi oru thalasthaanam sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu.
montejo dhii ilayaal oduvil chichen itsayilethi, athine addeham siudad riyal ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. thudakkathil addeham oru ethirppum nerittillaathathinaal nagarathinu chuttumulla bhoomi vibhajikkanum avaa thante sainikarkk nalkaanum thudangi. kaalakramena mayakal kooduthal sathruthayullavaraayi maarukayum oduvil avar spaanishukaare uparodhikkukayum theerathekkulla avarude vitharana line vichedikkukayum purathana nagaratthinte avashishtangalkkidayil svayam barricade cheyyaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. maasangal kadannupoyi, pakshe sainyathe shakthippeduthalukalonnum vannilla. ilaya montejo maayaykkethire oru samboornna aakramanathinu sramikkukayum sheshikkunna 150 sainikare nashtappedutthukayum cheythu. 1534ll iruttinte maravil chichen itsa upekshikkaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi. 1535 aayappozhekkum ellah spaanishukaareyum yookkaattan upadveepil ninnu purathaakki.
montejo oduvil yookkaattanilekk madangukayum, kaampecheyil ninnum shampottanil ninnum mayaye recruit cheythukondu oru valia indian-spanish sainyam nirmmikkukayum upadveep keezhadakkukayum cheythu. spanish kireedam pinneedu chichen itsa ulppedunna oru bhoomi graant purappeduvichu, 1588 aayappozhekkum ithu oru kannukaali krishiyidamaayirunnu.
aadhunika charithram.
1843ll joonn lloyd steefans (frederic kaatharvudinte chithreekaranangalode) ezhuthiya "insidence oof traval inn yukaattan" enna pusthakathiloodeyaanu chichen itsa janapriya bhaavanayilekku praveshichathu. steefansinte yukattan sandarshanavum chichen itsa ulppedeyulla maaya nagarangalile paryadanavum pusthakam vivarikkunnu. eee pusthakam nagaratthile mattu paryaveshanangalkk prachodanamaayi. 1860-ll desire chaarne chichen itsa sarway nadathukayum "sittes ettu ruins americans" (1863) ll prasidheekaricha niravadhi photographukal edukkukayum cheythu.
1870kalilum 1880kalilum chichen itsa sandarshakar photographic upakaranangalumayi varikayum niravadhi kettidangalude avastha kooduthal krithyamaayi rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. 1875-ll, augustus leeii plomjionum bhaarya alis dixon leeii plomjionum chichen sandarshikkukayum athinte purakil oru prathimayude prathima khananam cheyyukayum, kaalmuttukal varaykkukayum, vayattil oru plate upayogichu kaimuttukalil uyarthukayum cheythu. augustus leeii plomjiyoon ithine "chackmall" ennu vilichu (pinneedu "chaak mool" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu, ithu mesoamericayil kaanapedunna ellaatharam prathimakaleyum vivarikkunnathinulla padamaanu). 1880kalil teobert maller alfred moudsleyum chichan paryavekshanam cheyyukayum iruvarum aaa sthalathu aazhchakalolam chelavazhikkukayum vipulamaaya photographukal edukkukayum cheythu. moudsley chichen itsayude aadyathe deergharoopa vivaranam thante "biologia centrally-americana" enna pusthakatthil prasidheekarichu.
1894-ll yookkaattanile yunaittad stetts koonsal edward herbert thompson, chichen itsayude avashishtangal ulppedunna hassianda chichen vaangi. 30 varshatholam thompson purathana nagaram paryavekshanam cheythu. addehathinte kandethalukalil prarambha shreniyile kshethrathile oru lintalil ettavum pazhakkamulla theeyathi nalkia kothupanikalum osaariyoyile (mahaapurohithante kshethram) niravadhi shavakudeerangalude khananavum ulppedunnu. 1904 muthal 1910 vare senot sagrado (vishudha senot) kalayunnathiloode tomson ettavum prashasthanaan, avide addeham svarnnam, chembu, kothiyeduttha jaid ennivayude karakaushala vasthukkalum athupole thanne columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla maaya thuniyum thadi aayudangalum aanennu vishwasikkappedunnathinte aadya udaaharanangalum veendeduthu. thompson karakaushalavasthukkalude bhooribhaagavum harward sarvakalaashaalayile peebodi myoosiyathilekk ayachu.
1913-ll karnegi sthaapanam puraavastu gaveshakanaaya sylvanus jii. yude nirddesham amgeekarichu. morley chichen itsayil deerghakaala puraavastu gaveshanam nadatthaan prathijnjaabadhanaanu. meksikkan viplavavum thudarnnulla sarkkar asthirathayum onnaam lokamahaayudhavum padhathi oru pathittaand vaikippichu.
1923-ll meksikkan sarkkar karnegi sthaapanathinu 10 varshathe permitt (pinneedu 10 varsham koodi neetti) nalki.ezz. puraavastu gaveshakar chichen itsayude vipulamaaya khananavum punarudhaaranavum nadathunnu. karnegi gaveshakar mattu pradhana kettidangalkoppam yodhaakkalude shethravum caracol khananam cheyyukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. athe samayam, meksikkan sarkkar ell kaasttillo (kukkulkkan kshethram), grettu booal court enniva khananam cheyyukayum punasthaapikkukayum cheythu.
1926ll meksikkan sarkkar edward thompson senot sagradoyil ninnulla karakaushala vasthukkal moshtichuvennum avaa raajyathin puratthekku kadathiyennum avakaashappett moshanakkuttam chumatthi. sarkkar hassianda chichan pidichedutthu. akkaalat amerikkayilaayirunna thompson orikkalum yookkaattanilekk madangiyethiyilla. maaya samskaarathekkurichulla thante gaveshanathekkurichum anweshanangalekkurichum addeham 1932-ll prasidheekaricha 'peeppil oof dhaa sarppan' enna pusthakatthil ezhuthi. 1935-ll addeham nyoojezhsiyil vachu marichu. 1944-ll meksikkan supreme kodathi thompson niyamangal lamghichittillennu vidhichu, chichen itsa thante anantharaavakaashikalkku thirike nalki. tompsons eee hassianda vinodasanchaarathinte thudakkakkaranaaya fernando barbachano pyoonin vittu.
1961lum 1967lum senot sagradoyil ninnu karakaushala vasthukkal veendedukkunnathinaayi rund paryaveshanangal nadannittundu. aadyathethu deseeya bhoomishaasthravum randaamathethu swakaarya thaalpparyangalum sponsor cheythu. meksikkoyude naashanal instittyoott oof anthropology aandu histtari (aii. enn. eiii. echu) aanu rund padhathikalkkum melnottam vahichathu. osario, akab disib, chichen viyejoyile (pazhaya chichen) niravadhi kettidangal ennivayulppede puraavastu mekhalayile mattu smarakangal khananam cheyyaanum punasthaapikkaanum inaa thudarchayaaya sramam nadathiyittundu.
2009-ll, ell kaastilloykku munbulla nirmmaanathekkurichu anweshikkunnathinaayi, eucatech puraavastu gaveshakar raafelinte (raach) kobosinte nirddeshaprakaaram ell castilloyodu chernnulla khananagal aarambhichu.
saitt vivaranam.
thaarathamyena saandramaaya klasttar vaasthuvidyayulla ettavum valia maaya nagarangalilonnaya chichen itsa kuranjathu oru pradeshamenkilum ulkkollunnu. cheria thothilulla residential vaasthuvidya ithinappuram anjjaathamaaya doorathekku vyaapikkunnu. pradhana vasthuvidyaa grouppukal nirmmikkunnathinayi krithrimamaayi samanilappeduthiya takarnna bhoopradeshathaanu nagaram nirmmichathu, kaasttillo pyramidinum laas monchas, osario, pradhana thekkupadinjaaran grouppukal ennivaykkumulla pradeshangal samanilayakkaan ettavum kooduthal sramam nadatthi.
eee saittil vividha samrakshana samsthaanangalile niravadhi mikacha kallu kettidangal undu, avayil palathum punasthaapichittundu. sacbiob" ennu vilikkunna idathoornna melppaalamulla edanaazhikalude shringalayaanu kettidangale bandhippichathu. nagaratthinte ellah dishakalilekkum vyaapichukidakkunna 80 ladhikam "sacbiob" kriss-saitt kandethi. eee kallu kettidangalil palathum yadhaarthathil chuvapp, pacha, neela, purple nirangalil varachavayaan. pradeshathu ettavum eluppathil labhyamaayava anusarichu pigmentukal thiranjedutthu. innathe pole allah, varnnabhamaaya onnaayaan saittine sangalppikkendath. europile gothik cathedralukal pole, nirangal kooduthal poornnatha nalkukayum kettidangalude pratheekathmaka swaadheenathinu valareyadhikam sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu.
vadakkan yookkaattan upadveepile puk, chenees shailikal ulppede niravadhi shailikal eee vaasthuvidya ulkkollunnu. chichen itsayude kettidangal architectonic settukalude oru parambarayaayi tharamthirickunnu, oro settum oru kaalath thaazhnna mathilukalude oru parambarayaal mattonnil ninnu verthirichirikkunnu. eee samuchayangalil ettavum ariyappedunna moonnu samuchayangal grettu north plaattphom aanu, athil kukkulkan (ell kaasttillo) kshethrathinte smarakangal, yodhaakkalude kshethram, grettu booal court enniva ulppedunnu; athe perilulla pyramid extoloc shethravum ulppedunna osario group; caracol, laas monchas, akab disib enniva ulppedunna central group.
laas monchasinu thekk, chichen viejo (pazhaya chichen) ennariyappedunna oru pradeshathu, puraavastu gaveshakarkk maathram thurannirikkunna mattu niravadhi samuchayangalund, udaaharanathinu prarambha shreniyude group, lintalukalude group, pazhaya kottayude group.
vasthuvidyaa shailikal.
pukk shailiyilulla vaasthuvidya pazhaya chichen pradeshathum (laas monchas, annex, laa igleshya kettidangal ulppede) nanneri groupile muun gadanakalilum kendreekarichirikkunnu; ithu akab disib ghadanayilum prathinidheekarikkunnu. pukk shailiyilulla kettidatthil saadhaarana mosaik alankaricha mukalbhagam shailiyude savisheshathayaanu, ennaal pukk mekhalayile mikacha varakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi avayude block kallu mathilukalile pukk hartlandinte vaasthuvidyayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
laas monchas groupile oru ghadanayil kuranjathu oru alankaricha munvashavum mukhammoodi dharicha kavaadavum undu, avaa chenez shailiyilulla vaasthuvidyayude saadhaarana udaaharanangalaan, ithu campeche samsthaanathinte vadakku bhaagathulla oru pradeshathe kendreekarichulla oru sailiyaanu, ithu puk, rioo beck pradeshangalkkidayil sthithicheyyunnu.
silppamulla hyroglyphic lipiyulla aaa gadanakal saittinte chila pradeshangalil kendreekarichirikkunnu, athil ettavum pradhaanappettath laas monchas grouppaanu.
vasthuvidyaa grouppukal.
valia vadakkan plaattphom.
kukkulkkan kshethram (ell kaasttillo).
chichen itsayude vadakkan plaattphomil aadhipathyam pularthunnathu "kukkulkan kshethram" (astec kvettsaalkottalinu samanamaaya maaya thoovalukalulla sarppa devata) aanu. kshethram kanda aadyathe spaaniyaardukal athine "ell kaasttillo" ("kottaram") ennu thiricharinju, ithu pathivayi angane paraamarshikkappedunnu. ekadesham uyaramulla eee padipramidil onpathu chathuraakrithiyilulla terresukalude oru parambarayundu, oronninum ekadesham uyaramundu, kodumudiyil oru uyarnna shethramundu.
pyramidinte vashangal ekadesham adithattilaanu, 53° konil uyarunnu, ennirunnaalum athu oro vashathum alpam vyathyaasappedunnu. pyramidinte naalu mukhangalkkum 45° konil uyarunna padikal undu. oro terresinteyum "talud" mathilukal 72° num 74° num idayil charinjirikkunnu. vadakkukizhakkan padikalude baalastredukalude adithattil oru sarppathinte kothiyeduttha thalakalundu.
mesoamerican samskaarangal idaykkide pazhayavayekkaal valia gadanakalkku melnottam vahikkukayum kukkulkan kshethram atharamoru udaaharanamaanu. 1930kalude madhyathil meksikkan sarkkar kshethrathinte oru khananathinu sponsor cheythu. niravadhi thettaaya thudakkangalkk sesham, pyramidinte vadakku bhaagathinu keezhil oru padikal avar kandethi. mukalil ninnu kuzhichunokkiyappol, nilavile shethrathinu thaazhe kuzhichitta mattoru kshethram avar kandethi.
kshetra araykkullil oru chaak mool prathimayum jaagvaarinte aakruthiyilulla oru simhasanavum undaayirunnu, chuvapp niratthilullathum kothivacha jaid kondu nirmmicha paadukalum undaayirunnu. meksikkan sarkkar vadakke padikalude adithattil ninnu, muun pyramidinte padikalkku mukaliloode maranjirikkunna kshethrathilekkulla oru thurankam khananam cheyyukayum athu vinodasanchaarikalkkaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. 2006ll inaa simhasanamuri pothujanangalkkayi adachu.
vasanthakaalathum sharatkaala vishuvath, uchakazhinju, pyramidinte vadakkupadinjaaran moolayil vadakku vashathulla padinjaaran balastradinu ethire trikona nizhalukalude oru parambara pathikkunnu, ithu padikalil ninnu thaazhekku alanjuthiriyunna oru sarppathinte roopathe unarthunnu, ithu chila pandithanmaar nirddeshikkunnathu thoovalukalulla sarppa devathayaaya kukkulkante praathinidyamaanu. vishuvavrithangal rekhappeduthunnathinaayi eee prakasha-nizhal prabhavam kaivarichuvennu vyapakamaaya vishwaasamundu, ennaal eee ashayam valare asambhavyamaann vishuvavrithangalkku chuttumulla niravadhi aazhchakalil valia maattangalillathe eee prathibhasam nireekshikkaan kazhiyumennu theliyikkappettittund, ithu maathram nireekshikkunnathiloode oru theeyathiyum nirnnayikkunnath asaadhyamaakkunnu.
valia booal court.
mesoamerican booal geyim kalikkunnathinu puraavastu gaveshakar chichen itsayil pathimoonnu bolcourtukal thiricharinjittunde kaasttillooyude vadakku-padinjaaru bhaagathulla grettu booal courtaanu ettavum akarshakam. purathana mesoamericayile ettavum valuthum mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedunnathumaya booal korttaanith. athu alakkunnu.
pradhana kalisthalathinu chuttumulla samanthara plaattphomukal oronnum neelamullathaanu. eee plaattphomukalude mathilukal uyarnnathaan; eee mathilukalude oronninteyum madhyathil parasparam kettiyirikkunna thoovalukalulla sarppangal kothiya valayangal sthaapichittundu.
uyarnna akathala mathilukalude adithattil booal kalikkaarude teamukalude silppamulla paanalukalulla charinja benchukalund. oru panalil, kalikkaaril oraalude shirachhedam cheyyappettu; murivu izhayunna paambukalude roopathil rakthapravaham purappeduvikkunnu.
grettu booal courtinte oru attathu thaadiyulla manushyante kshethram ("templo dell hombrey barbado") ennum ariyappedunna vadakkan shethramundu. eee cheria kallu kettidatthil akathe chuvarukalil vishadamaaya bays releaf kothupanikal undu, athil mukhathe mudiyumaayi saamyamulla thaadiyude adiyil kothupanikalulla oru madhyachitram ulppedunnu. thekke attathu mattoru valia shethramundu, pakshe athu takarnna nilayilaanu.
kizhakke mathilil "jaagvaarinte shethrangal" nirmmichittundu. jaagvaarinte mukalile kshethram" booal courtine abhimukeekarikkunnu, koodaathe parichithamaaya thoovalukalulla sarppathinte roopathil kothiyeduttha randaayiram valia nirakalaal kaaval nilkkunna oru praveshana kavaadamund. akathu oru valia chuvarchithramundu, athu valare nasippikkappettathaanu, athu oru yuddha rangam chithreekarikkunnu.
booal courtinu pinnil thurakkunna "jaagvarinte thaazhathe kshethram" ennathinte praveshana kavaadatthil, ell kaasttillooyude akathe shethrathinu samanamaaya mattoru jagwar simhaasanamund, athu nannayi dharikkunnatho peyinto mattu alankaarangalo illennathozhike. kshethrathinullile puram nirakalum mathilukalum vipulamaaya bays-refiff kothupanikalaal moodappettirikkunnu.
adhika gadanakal.
sompaanti" allengil "thalayotti plaattphom" ("plataforma dii loss cranios") madhya meksikkan peedabhoomiyude vyakthamaaya saamskaarika swaadheenam kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, malambradeshangalile "sompaantiliyil" ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thalayottikal tenochtitlan pole thirascheenamaayi allah, marichu lambamaayi kuzhichittirunnu.
kazhukanmaarudeyum jagwarukaludeyum plaattphom" ("plataforma dii agvilas vaii jagwarez") grettu bolcourtinu thottaduthaanu. maaya, toltech shailikal samyojippichaan ithu nirmmichirikkunnathu, athinte naalu vashangalilum oro padikal kayarunnu. kazhukanmareyum jaagvarukaleyum manushyahrudayangale dahippikkunna chithrangalulla paanalukal kondu vashangal alankarichirikkunnu.
eee "veenasinte plaattphom" veenas grahathinu samarppichirikkunnu. athinte akathalathil puraavastu gaveshakar kallil kothiyeduttha valia konukalude oru shekharam kandethi, athinte uddeshyam anjjaathamaanu. ell kaastilloykku vadakkaayi senot sagradoic idayilaanu eee plaattphom sthithi cheiyunnathu.
ell kaastilloykku kizhakkayi sthithicheyyunna kettidangalude oru parambarayude vadakke attathaanu "tableukalude kshethram". atlaantas" ennu vilikkappedunna uyarthiya kaikalulla manushyarude cheria kothiyeduttha roopangalaal pinthunaykkunna gadanayude mukalilulla balipeedangalude oru parambarayil ninnaan athinte peru vannath."
steem baath" moonnu bhaagangalulla oru savishesha kettidamaanu oru waiting gallery, oru vaattar baath, choodaaya kallukaliloode pravartthikkunna oru steem chamber.
"sackbay nambar vann" ennathu senot sagradoilekku nayikkunna oru kosweyaanu, ithu chichen itsayile ettavum valuthum vipulavumaan. eee "velutha rooad" neelamullathum sharashari veethiyullathumaanu. veenasinte plaattphomil ninnu eathaanum meter akaleyulla thaazhnna mathilil ninnaan ithu aarambhikkunnath. puraavastu gaveshakarude abhipraayathil roadinte thudakkathil nirakalulla oru vipulamaaya kettidam orikkal undaayirunnu.
vishudha senot.
nadikaloo aruvikaloo illaatha chunnaambukallu samathalamaan yookkaattan upadveep. jalanirapp uparithalathilekku thurannukaattunna senottukal ennariyappedunna prakrithidatha singholukalaal eee pradesham pokmark cheyyappettirikkunnu. ivayil ettavum aakarshakamaayath vyasamullathum thaazhe jalanirappilekku veezhunna paarakkettukalaal chuttappettathumaya senot sagradoyanu.
vamseeya charitra srothassukal anusarichu varalchaa samayangalil yagangal nadathunna purathana maaya janathayude theerthaadana sthalamaayirunnu senot sagrado. svarnnam, kothiyeduttha jaid, kopal, manpathrangal, flint, obsidian, shell, maram, rubber, thuni, kuttikaludeyum purushanmaarudeyum asthikoodangal ennivayulppede aayirakkanakkin vasthukkal senottinte adiyil ninnu neekkam cheythathinaal puraavastu gaveshanangal ithine pinthunaykkunnu.
yodhaakkalude kshethram.
yodhaakkalude samuchayathile kshethrathil yodhaakkale chithreekarikkunna kothupanikalulla nirakalaal munvashathum chuttumulla oru valia padikal niranja pyramid adangiyirikkunnu. eee samuchayam thulayude toltech thalasthaanathulla bii shethrathinu samaanamaan, ithu rund pradeshangalum thammilulla eathenkilum tharatthilulla saamskaarika bandhathe soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chichen itsayile onnu valia thothilaanu nirmmichathu. pyramidinte kodumudiyile padiyude mukalil (pyramidinte kshethrathinte praveshana kavaadathilekku nayikkunnu) oru chaak mool undu.
eee kshethram chaak mool kshethram ennu vilikkappedunna oru muun ghadanaye ulkkollukayo keniyil pedutthukayo cheiyunnu. 1925 muthal 1928 vare washingtonile karnegi sthaapanamaanu eee kettidatthinte puraavastu paryaveshanavum punarudhaaranavum nadathiyathu. eee punarudhaaranatthile pradhana amgam erl echu aayirunnu. eee paryaveshanatthil ninnulla kruthikal "yodhaakkalude kshethram" enna peril rund vaalyangalayi morris prasidheekarichu. noottaandukalaayi kandethiya samrakshitha avaranangalil nilaninna gadakangal thurannukaattappettathinnu athivegam vashalaayikkondirunna yodhaakkalude kshethrathile chuvarchithrangal upayogichaanu vaattar kalarukal nirmmichathu. palathum yuddha ramgangal chithreekarikkunnu, chilath maikkal dii. yeppolulla pramukha maaya pandithanmaarude oohaapohangalkkum samvaadangalkkum svayam sambhavana cheiyunna aakarshakamaaya chithrangal polum undu. wiking naavikarumayulla sanbarkkathekkurichu koyum merii miller.
ayiram nirakalude oru koottam.
yodhaakkalude kshethrathinte thekke mathilinaduthulla nirakal innu thurannukattappetta nirakalaanu, ennirunnaalum nagaram janavaasamullappol iva vipulamaaya melkoora samvidaanathe pinthunaykkumaayirunnu. nirakal moonnu vyathyastha vibhagangalilaayaanu yodhaakkalude kshethrathinte munvashathe varikal vyaapippikkunna oru padinjaaran group. yodhaakkalude kshethrathinte thekke mathililoode oru vadakke samgham oodunnu, athil bays-releafil sainikarude kothupanikalulla thoonukal undu.
yodhaakkalude kshethrathinte thekkukizhakkan moolayil oru cheria kshethram roopeekaricha oru vadakkukizhakkan groupil aalukaludeyo daivangaludeyo kothupanikalum mrugangaludeyum sarppangaludeyum kothupanikalum kondu alankaricha oru chathuraakrithiyilulla oru koottam undu. vadakkukizhakkan nira kshethram enchineeyaringinte oru cheria athbhuthavum ulkkollunnu, samuchayathil ninnu kurachu akaleyulla oru pazhaya senotaya rejolladayilekku ellah mazhavellavum ozhukunna oru chaanal.
ayiram nirakalude koottatthinte thekk bhaagath parasparam bandhippichirikkunna cheruthum moonnum kettidangalude oru koottamundu. kothiyeduttha nirakalude kshethram oru cheria manoharamaaya kettidamaanu, athil oru muun gallery oru akathe idanaazhiyum chernna oru chaak mool ulla oru balipeetathilekku nayikkunnu. ekadesham 40 vyakthikalude sambannavum adisthaana-aashvaasavumaaya kothupanikalulla niravadhi nirakalum ivideyundu.
x, o ennivayude rooparekhayulla mukalbhaagathinte oru bhagam gadanaykku munnil pradharshippichirikkunnu. cheria meshakalude kshethram, athu oru asthiramaaya kunnin mukalilaanu. koodaathe thompson shethravum (chila srothassukalil ahou baalam kauyil kottaram ennu paraamarshikkappedunnu), rund nilakalulla oru cheria kettidam, jaagvarukale (maayayile "baalam") maaya devanaaya kaahuyil chithreekarikkunna chithrangalum undu.
oru vyaapaaramaanu.
yodhaakkalude kshetra samuchayathinte thekke attathu eee chathuraakrithiyilulla ghadana nankooramidunnu. oru valia gallery muttavum chuttumulla kallinte shelfinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu, aadyakaala paryavekshakar oru vipaniyilennapole saadhanangal pradarshippikkaan upayogichirunnu. innu, puraavastu gaveshakar vishwasikkunnathu athinte uddeshyam vaanijyathekkaal aachaaraparamaayathaayirunnu ennaanu.
osario group.
vadakke groupinu thekk niravadhi pradhana gadanakalulla oru cheria plaattfomaanu, avayil palathum chichen itsa, ekstolokkile randaamathe valia senotilekku thirinjathaayi thonnunnu.
kukkulkan kshethram pole osaariyoyum cheria thothil maathram athinte vediyil aadhipathyam pulartthunna oru steppu pyramid shethramaanu. athinte valia ayalpakkatheppole, iruvashathum padikalulla naalu vashangalund. mukalil oru shethramundu, ennaal kukkulkkaanil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, madhyathil piramidilekkulla oru thurassaaya dwaaram thaazhe oru prakrithidatha guhayilekk nayikkunnu. edward echu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil thompson eee guhayil khananam nadathukayum niravadhi asthikoodangalum jaid muthukal polulla karakaushala vasthukkalum kandethiyathinal addeham eee gadanaykku mahaapurohithanmaarude kshethram ennu perittu. innu puraavastu gaveshakar vishwasikkunnathu aaa ghadana oru shavakudeeramaayirunnenno athil kuzhichitta vyakthikal purohithanmaaraayirunne allah.
osario platfominu purathulla aduthide punasthaapicha shethramaanu extoloc kshethram. iguana enna maaya padamaaya "shtolokk" ennathinte peril ariyappedunna chichen itsayile mattoru valia senotine ithu avaganikkunnu."aalukalude chithrangal kothiyeduttha bhitthiprastharangalude oru parambarayum sasyangal, pakshikal, puraana ramgangal ennivayude praathinidyavum kshethrathil adangiyirikkunnu.
extoloc shethrathinum osaariyoykkum idayil niravadhi vinyasicha gadanakalunda kukulkanu (ell kaasttillo) aduthulla athe perilulla gadanaykku samanamaaya roopakalppanayulla veenasinte plaattphom, shavakudeerangalude plaattphom, perillaattha oru cheria, vrithaakrithiyilulla ghadana. osaariyoyil ninnu neelunna oru nirayilaanu eee moonnu gadanakalum nirmmichathu. avaykkappurathu osario plaattphom oru mathilil avasaanikkunnu, athil extoloc shethrathilekku noorukanakkinu adii neelamulla oru sacabinte thurassaaya bhagam adangiyirikkunnu.
osaariyoyude thekk, plaattphominte athirthiyil, rund cheria kettidangalundu, avaa pradhana vyakthikalude vaasasthalangalaanennu puraavastu gaveshakar vishwasikkunnu. mettettukalude veedum mestisakalude veedum ennaanu ivaykku perittirikkunnath.
cassa kolarada group.
chichen itsa puraavastu mekhalayile ettavum pazhakkamulla niravadhi gadanakalulla mattoru cheria plaattfomaanu osario groupinu thekk.
chichen itsayile ettavum mikacha samrakshitha kettidangalilonnaanu kaasa colorada ("redu house" ennathinte spanish). pathonpathaam noottaandile paryavekshakarude kaalathum ganyamaaya chuvanna peyint undaayirunnu. inhayude abhipraayathil "cheria dwaarangal" ennaanu ardhamaakkunna "chichanchob" ennaanu ithinte maaya namam. oru arayil chichen itsayudeyum orupakshe aduthulla nagaramaya eaku baalatthinteyum bharanaadhikaarikale paraamarsikkunna vipulamaaya kothupanikalulla chithralipikal undu, koodaathe 869 edii-yumayi bandhapetta oru maaya theeyathi alekhanam cheythittundu, ithu chichen itsayil kaanapedunna atharam ettavum pazhaya theeyathikalil onnaanu.
2009ll, cassa kolaraadayude pinmathilinodu chernnulla oru cheria booal court inaa punasthaapichu.
kaasa colorada nalla samrakshanaavasthayilaanenkilum, groupile mattu kettidangal, oru ozhike, takarnna kunnukalaanu. laa cassa dell venado (maante veedu) ennu peritta oru kettidam paathi nilayilaanu. eee kettidatthinte peru valarekkaalamaayi praadeshika mayakal upayogikkunnu, chila ezhuthukaar nilavilillaattha stakkoykk mukalilulla oru maan paintinginte perilaanu ithinu eee peru nalkiyathennu paraamarsikkunnu.
kendra group.
chichen itsayile ettavum sradheyamaaya gadanakalilonnaanu laas monchas. puk vasthuvidyaa shailiyil nirmmicha terminal classic kettidangalude oru samuchayamaanith. spanish eee samuchayathinu "laas monjaas" ("kanyaasthreekal" allengil "kanyastree") ennu perittittundenkilum ithu oru sarkkar kottaramaayirunnu. kizhakk bhaagath vipulamaaya mukhaavaranangalaal alankaricha oru cheria shethramundu (laa igleshya, palli ennariyappedunnu).
laas monchas groupine verthirichirikkunnath avasana classic kaalathe hyroglyphic grandhangalude saandrathayaanu. eee grandhangalil palappozhum kaakapakkal enna bharanadhikariye paraamarsikkunnundu.
ell caracol ("ocha") "laas monchasinu" vadakkaayi sthithicheyyunnu. oru valia chathuraakrithiyilulla plaattfomilulla vrithaakrithiyilulla kettidamaanithu. akathulla kallu sarppila staircasil ninnaan ithinu eee peru labhichathu. plaattphomil asaadhaaranamaaya sthaanavum athinte vrithaakrithiyumulla ghadana (mattullava maaya sanbradaayathinu anusrithamaayi chathuraakrithiyilullavayaanu), jyotishaasthra sambhavangalumayi, prathyekichu shukrante paathaykk chuttum, vaathilukalum janalukalum vinyasicha oru proto-nireekshanamaanennu sidhaanthikkappedunnu.
caracolinu kizhakkayittaanu akab disib sthithi cheiyunnathu. eucatech maayaanil perinte ardham "irunda ezhuthu" ennaanu; "nigoodatha" enna ardhathil "irunda" ennaanu. cassa kolaraadayile glifukalude vivarthanam anusarichu, kettidatthinte munnamam "vaa (keey) vaaku puh akku naa", "amithamaya arakalulla paranna veedu", ithu chichen itsayude administrettarude veedaayirunnu, cocom yahwal choo 'kaakk'.
2007ll inaa kettidatthinte punarudhaarana pravartthanangal poortthiyaakki. ithu thaarathamyena cheruthaanu, uyaram maathram, neelavum veethiyumundu. padinjaaru abhimukhamaaya neelamulla munvashathinu ezhu vaathilukalundu. kizhakke munvashath naalu vaathilukal maathrameyulloo, melkkoorayilekku nayikkunna oru valia padikal thakarkkunnu. ithu prathyakshatthil gadanayude munvashamaayirunnu, innu kuthaneyullathum varandathum senotaayathum nokkunnu.
kettidatthinte thekke attathu oru praveshana kavaadamund. vaathil oru cheria muriyilekku thurakkunnu, ethirvashathe mathilil mattoru kavaadam undu, athinu mukalil lintalil sankeernamaayi kothiyeduttha gliffukal undu-innu kettidatthinu athinte peru nalkunna "nigooda" allengil "avyaktha" ezhuthu. dorjambile lintalinu keezhil kooduthal glifukalaal chuttapetta irikkunna oru roopathinte mattoru kothiyeduttha paanal undu. oru araykkullil, melkkooraykk sameepam, peyint cheytha kaii print undu.
pazhaya chichen.
nagaratthinte mikka pukk shailiyilulla vaasthuvidya kendreekarichirikkunna kendra saittin thekk oru koottam gadanakalkku nalkia peraanu pazhaya chichen (allengil spanish bhashayil chichen viejo). prarambha parambara group, falic kshethram, valia aamayude vedhi, moongakalude kshethram, kurangukalude kshethram enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
puraavastu khananangalum punarudhaaranangalum nadannukondirikkumbol saittinte eee bhagam varshangalayi vinodasanchaarathinaayi adachirikkukayaanu, 2024 ll sandarshakarkkaayi veendum thurakkaan padhathiyundu. 
mattu gadanakal.
aachaaraparamaaya kendratthilum niravadhi puram subsidiary saittukalilum idathoornna mattu pala gadanakalum chichen itsayilundu.
baalankaancheyile guhakal.
chichen itsa puraavastu mekhalayude ekadesham thekk kizhakk balankanche (), eucatech maayayile baalamka 'aanche' ennariyappedunna vishudha guhakalude oru shringalayaanu. guhakalil, purathana manpaathrangaludeyum vigrahangaludeyum oru valia nira columbian kaalaghattatthil avasheshichirunna sthaanangalil ippozhum kaanam.
aadhunika kaalath guhayude sthaanam ariyappedunnu. edward thompson alfred tosser 1905ll ithu sandarshichu.ezz. piers oru jeevashaasthranja samghavum 1932lum 1936lum guha paryavekshanam cheythu. 1930kalil vailis andruz nalaman guha paryavekshanam cheythu. edwin shakk aandu aarr.iii. 1954ll karnegi sthaapanathinu vendi smith guha paryavekshanam cheyyukayum manpaathrangalum mattu karakaushala vasthukkalum veendedukkunnathinaayi niravadhi kuzhikal kuzhichu. kuranjathu preclassic muthal vijayanandara kaalam vare eee guhayil deerghakaalamaayi janavaasamundennu njettal nirnnayichu.
1959 septambar 15nuu, praadeshika gaidaaya jose humberto gomas guhayil oru vyaja mathil kandethi. manpaathrangalum kallu kothupanikalum, kallu upakaranangalum aabharanangalum ulppede ganyamaaya alavil thadassamillaatha puraavastu avashishtangalulla guhakalkku pinnil addeham oru vipulamaaya shringhala kandethi. inaa guha oru bhoogarbha myusiyamaakki maatti, pattikappedutthiya sesham vasthukkal avayude yadhaartha sthalathekku thirike nalki, athinaal sandarshakarkku avaa "inn sittuvil" kaanaan kazhiyum.
vinodasanjaaram.
meksikkoyil ettavumadhikam sandarshikkappedunna puraavastu kendrangalilonnaanu chichen itsa; 2017 ll ithinu 21 laksham sandarshakar athiyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
oru noottaandilereyaayi chichen itsayil vinodasanjaaram oru gadakamaanu. insidence oof traval inn yukattan" enna thante pusthakatthiloode maaya yukattane pothujanangalude bhavanayil janapriyamaakkiya joonn lloyd steefans, chichen itsayilekku theerthaadanam nadatthaan palareyum prachodippichu. pusthakam prasidheekarikkunnathum, benchamin norman baaran immaanuval voonn friedrichal steefanmaare kanda sesham chicheynilekku pookukayum iruvarum kandethiyathinte phalangal prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. aduthide kandupidicha daguerotype upayogichu chichen itsayude foto aadyamaayi eduthathu friedrichstaal aanu.
1894-ll edward thompson chichen itsa ulppedunna hassianda chichen vangiya sesham addehathinu nirantharamaaya sandarshakarude oru pravaham labhichu. 1910-ll addeham thante swathil oru hotel nirmmikkanulla uddeshyam prakhyaapichuvenkilum orupakshe meksikkan viplavam kaaranam aaa padhathikal upekshichu.
1920 kalude thudakkathil, ezhuthukaaranum photographerumaaya francisco gomas roolinte neethrthwathilulla oru koottam yookattekkanmaar yookkaattanilekk vinodasanjaaram vipuleekarikkunathinulla pravartthanangal aarambhichu. chichen itsa ulppedeyulla kooduthal prashasthamaaya smaarakangalilekku roadukal nirmmikkaan avar govarnor felip carillo puertoiode abhyarthichu. 1923ll govarnor carillo puerto chichen itsayilekkulla haiway audyogikamaayi thurannu. gomas ruul yookkattanilekkum avashishtangalilekkum ulla aadyathe guide bukkukalilonnu prasidheekarichu.
gomas roolinte marumakanaaya fernando barbachano pyoon (muun yookkaattan govarnor migual baarbachaanoyude perakkutty) 1920kalude thudakkathil yookkaattante aadyathe audyogika tourism bisinesses aarambhichu. meridaykku vadakkulla thuramukhamaaya projresoyil neeravi kappalil ethiya yaathrakkaare kandumuttukayum yukattaanil orazhcha chelavazhikkaan avare prerippikkukayum athinusesham adutha neeravi kappal avarude adutha lakshyasthaanathekku kondupookukayum cheythaanu addeham aarambhichath. thante aadya varshathil barbachano pyoonin ezhu yaathrakkaare kappal vittu oru touril thannodoppam cheraan maathrame kazhinjulloo. 1920kalude madhyathil barbachano pyoon chichante aduthulla oru hotelinu wilkan edward thomsone prerippichu. 1930-ll karnegi sthaapanam ettedutha hassianda chichanu vadakku myeland hotel thurannu.
1944-ll barbachano pyoon eddu ward thompsante anantharaavakaashikalil ninnu chichen itsa ulppedeyulla ellah hassianda chichanum vaangi. athe samayam thanne karnegi sthaapanam chichen itsayil jolie poortthiyaakki barbachano mattoru seasonal hotelayi marria hassianda chichen upekshichu.
1972-ll meksikoo leeii federal sobre smarakangal, artisticas iii histarikkaas (smarakangalkkum puraavastu, kalaa, charitraparamaaya saittukalkkumulla federal niyamam) nadappilaakki, ithu chichen itsa ulppede raajyathe ellah columbian smaarakangaleyum federal udamasthathayil konduvannu. ippol oro varshavum aayirakkanakkin allengilum noorukanakkinu sandarshakar chichen itsayilekku athunnundaayirunnu, kizhakk kyaansan resort eriyayude vikasanathode kooduthal aalukal pratheekshichirunnu.
1980kalil, vasanthakala vishuvathinte divasam chichen itsa sandarshakarude oru varavu sweekarikkaan thudangi. innu aayirakkanakkin aalukal kukkulkkan kshethrathil prakashavum nizhalum kaanunnu, eee samayat thoovalukalulla sarppam pyramidinte vashathekku izhayunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. touur gaidukal chichen itsayil savisheshamaaya shabdaparamaaya prabhavam pradarshippikkum ell kaasttillo pyramidinte padikalkku munbulla oru kaitang oru pakshiyude shabdathinu samanamaaya oru prathidhwani srishtikkum, declerk anveshichathupole kvettsalinte shabdathinu samaanamaan.
yuneskoyude loka paithruka sthalamaaya chichen itsa meksikkoyile puraavastu saittukalil ettavum kooduthal sandarshikkappedunna randaamathe sthalamaanu. tourist basukalil oru divasathe yaatra nadathunna prashasthamaaya tourist resortaya kaankanil ninnu niravadhi sandarshakare eee puraavastu saitt aakarshikkunnu.
2007ll, chichen itsayude kukkulkan kshethram (ell kaasttillo) lokamembaadumulla oru votteduppinu sesham lokathile puthiya ezhu athbhuthangalil onnaayi thiranjedukkappettu. oru vaanijya samrambham vottu sponsor cheythathum athinte reethishaasthram vimarsikkappettathum aanenkilum, meksikkoyile sarkkarum tourism udyogastharum vottu sweekarichu, avar prachaaranatthinte falamaayi chichinilekkulla vinodasanchaarikalude ennam 2012 oode erattiyaakumennu pravachichu. thudarnnulla pracharanam saittinte udamasthaavakaashathekkurichu meksikkoyile charcha veendum kathichu, ithu 2010 march 29 nuu yukattan samsthaanam ettavum amgeekritha smarakangal udama hans jurjan thees barbachanoyil ninnu vaangiyappol paryavasaanichu.
saitt kaikaaryam cheiyunna inaa niravadhi smarakangal pothujanagalkk athicheraanaayi adachu. sandarshakarkku avaykku chuttum nadakkaan kazhiyumenkilum avarkk kayarano avarude arakalkkullil pocano kazhiyilla. 2006ll kaaliforniyayile saan deagoyil oru sthree maranamadanjathine thudarnnu ell kaasttilloyilekkulla kayattam adachu.

