
craco pazhaya pattanam

polandile kraakkovinte charitraparamaaya kendra jillayaan krakov ooldu taunn. innu polandile ettavum prashasthamaaya pazhaya jillakalilonnaya ithu 1038 muthal 1596ll sigismund moonnaaman vaasa rajaavu thante rajasabha warsoilek maattunnathuvare polandinte rashtreeya jeevithathinte kendramaayirunnu.
cracoyude charitraparamaaya kendram" ennu alekhanam cheytha yuneskoyude yadhaartha loka paithruka pattikaykkaayi thiranjeduttha aadya saittukalil onnaanu muzhuvan madhyakala pazhaya pattanavum. 1994 septambar 16 nuu thiranjeduttha polandile audyogika deseeya charitra smarakangalil ("pomnic histori") onnaanu eee pazhaya pattanam, polandile deseeya paithruka board track cheiyunnu.
pazhaya pattanam poolish bhashayil "steyar miyastoo" ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. pazhaya pattanathekkaal vishalamaaya pradeshathe ulkkollunnuvenkilum "steyar miyastoo" ennum vilikkappedunna nagaratthile aadyathe bharana jillayude bhaagamaanith.
madhyakala cracovinu chuttum 3 kilometer (1.9 mile) neelamulla prathirodha mathilukal niranja 46 gopurangalum athiloode nayikkunna ezhu pradhana praveshana kavaadangalum undaayirunnu. pazhaya pattanatthinu chuttumulla kottakal rund noottaandukalaayi nirmikkappettu. 13-aamm noottaandile vyaapaarikalude pattanamaya steyar miyaastoyude nilavile vasthuvidyaa padhathi 1257-ll taattar adhiniveshathil nagaram nasippikkappettathinum 1259-leeii reydukalkku sesham 1287-ll pinthirippikkappettu. eee jillayude kendrabhaagathu sthithicheyyunna reneck glony allengil pradhana square, eathoru europian nagaratthileyum ettavum valia madhyakala taunn square aanu. sent. thudangiya niravadhi charitraparamaaya landmarkkukal ithinu sameepamundu. merris basilica ("koshiyol mariaki"), sent charchu. vojsiyechu ("St. adalberts), sent charchu. barbara mattu deseeya nidhikalum. plaasayude madhyabhaagathu, "kaminees" (roow houseukal), kuleena vasathikal ennivayaal chuttapetta navothaana thuni haal sukinees (nilavil giftt shoppukal, restorantukal, marchant staalukal enniva) mukalilathe nilayil deseeya art galleryumaayi nilakollunnu. tounhaal gopuram ("viyesa rattusova") ithinu chuttumund.
polandile rajaakkanmaar kadannupokunna kireedadhaarana paathayaya royal rooad jilla muzhuvan vibhajikkunnu. root aarambhikkunnath sent. madhyakala praanthapradeshamaaya cleparsile pazhaya nagara mathilukalude vadakkan vashathinu purathulla florian palli; 1499 ll nirmmicha kraakkovinte ("barbacan") barbican kadannupokukayum florian gettiloode mistoyilekku praveshikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu pradhana skvayariloode florianska theruviloode thaazhekkum visttula nadikku abhimukhamaayi poolish royaltiyude muun aasthaanamaaya grodsca muthal vaaval vare nayikkunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandil pazhaya pattana kottakalil bhooribhaagavum thakarkkapettu. mathilukalkk chuttumulla kuzhikal nirachu plaanti paarkk ennariyappedunna oru harita valayamaakki maatti.
charithram.
onpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil ninnaan cracovinecurichulla aadya paramarsham. patthaam noottaandinte avasaanathode piyaast raajavamshathinte bharanathin keezhil nagaram poolish samsthaanathil ulppeduthi. 1000-ll episcopal bishoperic cracovinu nalkappedukayum aaa samayat varum noottaandukalil ithu poolish rajaakkanmaarude vasathiyayi maarukayum cheythu. pazhaya nagaramaya kraakkovinte charithram pradhaanamaayum innathe pazhaya taunn jilla chuttippattiyaan. ivide, rajakudumbam sambharikkappedukayum madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil oru cathedral school sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
ekadesham 700 eiii.dii.praadeshika gothrangal parasparam onnichu vistulan raashtram roopeekarikkunnathinulla prakriya aarambhichu. oru kaalath valia bhoumakkallinte avashishtangal, wall kunnine valayam cheythirunna niravadhi avashishtangal innuvare nilanilkkunnu. canonicna 19 streettile oru veedinte basementil ekadesham 4 tonn bharamullah 4,200 irumbu kodaalikalulla oru nench kandethi. eee achuthandukal saadhaaranayaayi ariyappettirunnath "placidlos" enna peril aanu, ithu poolish kriyayaya "placic"-to pay ennathil ninnu uruthirinja oru padamaanu. ayalrajyamaaya grettu moravian samsthaanathu kodathikal oru pradhana niyamaparamaaya tendaraayirunnu. nidhi pettiyude moolyam ithuvare kandethiyathil vachu ettavum valuthaanu, ithu eee mekhalayile kraakkovinte ganyamaaya sambathinum sakthikkum saakshyam vahikkunnu. vaavalinte paadatthil, ippol canonicna, grodsca, mattu ayal theruvukal sthithicheyyunna sthalathu, ookol enna vistulan vaasasthalathinte avashishtangal kandethi. onpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilenkilum kanakkakkavunna eee vaasasthalam, oru valia ookku palisade kondu chuttappettathum ippol strasjyooska sent. gertrudinte theruvukal visttulayude oru kaikondu oodunnu. pradhana maarkkat squarinu sameepam-prathyekichu sent palliyude sameepam. vojsiyekkum sent charchum. merii aandu braca street-mattoru kandethal nadatthi. visttulaykk sameepam aadyam valarthiya karakaushala shilpashaalakaludeyum vaasasthalangaludeyum avashishtangal ivide kandethi. kooduthal enthaanu, sent keezhil. vojsiyekkinte palliyude oru thadi kshethrathinte bhagangal kandethi. akkaalat visttulaykk niravadhi aayudhangalundaayirunnu, avaa kraakovinte madhyathil niravadhi cheria dveepukal roopappeduthi. atharam dveepukalilonnaanu kaasimiyezhs. ookkool, vaaval, pradhana maarkkat square enniva pradhana bhoopradeshathu ninnu kuzhikal allengil visttulayude aayudhangalaal verthiricha dveepukalaayirunnuvennum saadhyathayund. koodaathe, niravadhi gadanakal vaavalil kandethiyittundengil avaa eppol nirmmichuvennu sthaapikkaan valare budhimuttaanu.
vaavalil thamasikkunna bishappumarum raajakumaarante kottaravum sakthamaaya boudhika anthareeksham nalki. pathinalam noottaand muthal, krakov rajakeeya kireedadhaaranangalude sthalamaayirunnu. europile ettavum pazhaya unnathavidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalilonnaaya jagiallonian sarvakalashaala kasimir III-nte keezhil sthaapithamaayi.
1386ll jadviga raajnjiyude bharthaavaaya lithwanian rajakumaran vladislav jagiyaloye poolish simhasana ealppichu. jagiallo adutha poolish rajavamshamaaya jagiyallon rajavamsham sthaapichu. nagaratthinte raashtreeyavum saamskaarikavumaaya vikasanathinu vazhiyorukkiya oru valia raajavaazhchayude thalasthaanamaayi krakov thalkshanam maari. akkaalat niravadhi mikacha kalakaaranmaar cracovil avarude srishtikal cheythu.
navothaanam.
navothaanakaalathu pazhaya pattanam ganyamaaya vikasanam kandu. eee kaalayalavil itaaliyan navothaanatthinte vasthuvidyaa savisheshathakal ulppeduthunnathinaayi vaaval cathedral punarnirmmichu. polandile sigismund onnaamante randaamathe bharyayaaya boonna sphoresa, bartolommio berechi, francisco dhii florentian, jiovanni maria padovano, saanti guchi ennivarodu eee jolie cheyyaan aavasyappettu. thalphalamaayi, canonicsna street pazhaya pattanatthinte bhaagamaayi maari. aaa kaalaghattatthile savisheshathakal palathum ithil ulkkollunnu. avasaanathe jagiyallon raajaavinte maranathode polandinte rashtreeya jeevitam warsoilek neengaan thudangi.
barok.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathilaanu barok yugam uyarnnuvannathu. polandil sigismund III kalayude oru pramukha rakshaadhikaariyaayi. addehathinte nirddeshaprakaaram, vaasthushilpi jiovanni trevano cracovil pravartthikkukayum vishudharude peettar, pooll palliye barok shailiyil punarroopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythu. aaa kaalayalavil oru sweedish adhiniveshathil pazhaya pattanam randuthavana nasippikkappettu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode sent charchu. sent charchu pole aanne nirmikkappettu. shavakudeerangalkk peruketta kasimir rajakumaran.
pathinettaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil, cackper basanka, francisec plassidy ennivayulppedeyulla mikacha aarkkitektukal chila mikacha kalaasrishtikal srishtichu. barok kaalaghattatthile samskaaram nagaratthinte eee bhaagath shaashvathamaaya mudra pathippichu. gothik pallikal barok kaalaghattatthinte athmaavaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum puthiya balipeetangal, shilpangal, paintingukal enniva gadippikkukayum cheythu.
1794ll, videsha vibhajanagalil ninnu polandine samrakshikkaan tadeyas koshyaskoyude sainyam aninirannu. koshyasko kalapam avarude paraajayathode avasaanikkukayum 1795ll polandu athinte avasana vibhajanathinu vidheyamaakukayum athinusesham krakov austro-hungarian saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee rashtreeya sambhavavikasangal undaayirunnittum, oru ardhathil poolish deshasnehikale sambandhichidatholam craco pradhanamaayirunnu. nagaratthile niravadhi saamskaarika smarakangal deseeya smarakangalaayi maarukayum adutha noottaandile deseeya swathuathinte eaka praathinidhyamaayi maarukayum cheythu.
videsha bharanam.
pathonpathaam noottaandil, austriyan chakravarthiyaaya france onnaaman deerghakaalamaayi avaganikkapetta nagara kottakal illaathaakkaan theerumaanichu. duchy oof warzoyude kaalathaanu liquidation nadathiyathu. professor felix radwansky parisramangalkku nandi, mathilukalude vadakkan bhagam barbican, florian gettu, moonnu gopurangal enniva ulppede samrakshikkappettu, ithu orikkal rajakeeya roadinte arambha pooyintaayi adayaalappeduthiyirunnu, athiloode oru puthiya rajaavu thante kireedadhaarana sthalathekku paredu cheyyum. nasippikkappetta kottakalude sthalathaanu plaanti paarkk srishtichathu.
eee kaalayalavil juuliyas slovaki thiyettar nirmikkappettu. vishudha pretha chathuppunilathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. vishudhaathmaavinte aajnjaprakaaram pravartthikkunna oru pazhaya aashupathriyude sthalathaanu thiyettar nirmmichathu. poolish eklaktik vasthuvidyaa shailiyude udaaharanamaanu eee kettidam. 1850ll oru thee nagaratthil udaneelam padarukayum ganyamaaya naashanashtangal varuthukayum cheythu.
1876-ll rajakumaran vladislo sartoriski thante kalaparavum deshasnehaparavumaaya chila shekharangal nagarathinu nalki. moonnu varshathinu sesham cracovil deseeya museum sthaapichu. krakov polandile museology kendramaayi maari. jaann matejko, staanislaav whiespiansky thudangiya prashastha kalakaaranmaar niravadhi rashtreeya swaathanthrya prasthaanangal janicha pazhaya pattanatthil jolie cheythirunnu.
yudhakaalam.
1939 septambar 6 nuu jarmman sainyam cracovil praveshichu. nagaram pothu sarkkaarinte thalasthaanamaayi maari. joothanmaarude adichamarthal aarambikkukayum plaassouvil oru thadankalppaalayam srishtikkukayum cheythu. pazhaya pattanam kollayadikkappedukayum niravadhi kalaasrishtikal moshtikkappedukayum cheythu. myoosiyangal, schoolukal, theaterukal enniva adachu. professormaare arast cheythu. jootha sinagogukal nasippikkappedukayum aachaaraparamaaya vasthukkal kollayadikkappedukayum vedikkoppukal, agnishamana upakaranangal, naasi general storeju sittukal ennivayude sambharana kendrangalaayi maattukayum cheythu.
1945 januvari 18nuu marshell ivaan konevinte neethrthwathil randaam ukraine munnaniyile soviyatt sainyam cracovil praveshikkukayum jarmman sainyathe pinwangan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya peeples republic oof polandile oru nagaramaayi krakov uyarnnuvannu.
innathe pazhaya nagaram.
innu pazhaya pattanam lokamembaadumulla sandarshakare aakarshikkunnu. yuneskoyude loka paithruka saittukalil ulppeduthiyittulla polandile 14 sthalangalil onnaanu charitraparamaaya eee kendram. pazhaya pattanatthinte vasthuvidyaa roopakalppana bhoothakaalathe niravadhi duranthangale athijeevikkukayum madhyakaalakhattathil sthaapithamaaya yadhaartha roopam nilanirthukayum cheythu.
varsham muzhuvanum pazhaya pattanam sajeeva thirakkeriyathumaanu. niravadhi vinodasanchaarikal, avishraantharaaya pookkal, kuthiravandi vandikal enniva sawari cheyyaan kaathirikkunnu. 1257ll nagarathinu magdeburg avakashangal nalkiyappol nilavil vanna europile ettavum valia chathurangalilonnaya pradhana maarkkat squareilum parisaratthum eee sthalam ellaayppozhum sajeevamaan. taunn haal tower, sukiennis (thuni haal ennum ariyappedunnu), mikacha kadakalulla pazhaya kudilukal, aadam mikiviks smaarakam thudangiya vinodasanjaara akarshanangal avide sthithicheyyunnu. smaarakathinaduthaayirikkum, ettavum uyaram koodiya gopuramaaya sent gopuratthil ninnu oro manikkoorilum vaayikkunna hainal kelkkaam. meriyude palli.
madhyakaalakhattatthile basementukalilum nilavarakalilum valayam cheytha melkkoorakalulla niravadhi kafekalum pabbukalum klabbukalum sthithicheyyunnu. ettavum prashasthamaaya sthalangalil "wiresineck" restorantum "pooad jassuramy" clubb ulppedunnu. niravadhi paripaadikalum kacherikalum pradarshanangalum avide samghadippikkunnu.
"obarsanki krakovsky" allengil valanja mothira aakruthiyilulla bradukal, kraakkovinte pratheekamaanu ennathil samshayamilla. oro ghattathilum oru "obarsanki" vilppanakkaaran chathuratthil undu. parambaraagatha "obarsanki" poppi vithukal thalichaanu vilambunnathu. innu, vilppanakkaar avayude oru muzhuvan vaividhyavum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu; poppi vithukalkku purame, ellu, paara uppu, pissa thalippukal ennivayum undu. nadakkumbozho kuthiravandi oodikkumbozhoo oraalkk avaa kazhikkukayum pazhaya nagaratthinte mattoru pratheekamaaya krakov praavukale nokkukayum cheyyaam. vividha buskermar maimukaleyum kaanaan kazhiyum.
pradhana chathuppil niravadhi praavukalude saannidhyam vishadeekarikkaan niravadhi aithihyangal uddeshikkunnu. oru aitihyam anusarichu, polandinte praadeshika vighadana kaalaghattatthil seeniyaral pravishya ettedukkaan shramicha henry IV probus, thante kireedadhaaranathinu maarppaappayude amgeekaaram nedunnathinaayi saambathika daanangalumaayi romilek pookaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, oru mantravaadi thante kuthirakale praavukalayi maatti. avar sent korppareshante mathilukalil ninnu chila kallukal valichedukkunnu. pinneedu svarnnamaayi marria meriyude palli. eee sambathinoppam rajakumaran vaattikkaanilekku purappettu, pakshe vazhiyil addehathinu ellaam nashtappedukayum orikkalum lakshyasthaanathu ethaan kazhiyaathirikkukayum cheythu. addeham cracovillake madangi. addehathinte kuthirakalaarum orikkalum manushyaroopam veendeduthittilla.
vasthuvidyaa smarakangal.
ekadesham aarayiram charitraparamaaya sthalangalum rund dashalakshathiladhikam kalaasrishtikalum ulla pazhaya pattana jillayaya krakov. navothaanam, barok, gothik kettidangal enniva athinte sambannamaaya vaividhyamaarnna charitra vaasthuvidyayil ulppedunnu. kraakkovinte kottarangal, pallikal, theaterukal, maalikakal enniva vaividhyamaarnna nirangal, vasthuvidyaa vishadaamshangal, karayulla glass, paintingukal, shilpangal, furnitureukal enniva pradarshippikkunnu.
myoosiyangalum thiyettarukalum.
sandarshakarude nirantharamaaya pravaham aakarshikkunna pazhaya pattanatthile niravadhi prashasthamaaya thaalpparya kendrangalil gaalarikalum cracovile deseeya myoosiyathinte vakuppukalum ulppedunnu, udaaharanathinu sukennis museum, jaann matejko maanar, 11 ssepenskayile staanislaa whiespiansky museum, 19 sswill aayudashekharamulla sartoriski museum. janaa street, athupole kraakkovinte charitraparamaaya myusiyavum ("reneck glovy 35") athinte vakuppukalode barbican, thiyettar myoosiyathinte cross housing histarikk keezhilulla veedu, hippolito house, taunn haal tower, archdiosession museum, archaeological museum. farmacy museum, jagiallonian sarvakalaashaalayile collegium modikam, pazhaya thiyettar museum, jagiallonian sarvakalaashaalayile prashastha collegium mayus museum ennivayum undu, bishop iraasam seolekkinte kottaram ulppede (canonicnayil). rund pradhana thiyettarukalum ivideyunda pazhaya thiyettar, ettavum prashasthamaaya juuliyas slovaki thiyettar.
pallikal.
pazhaya pattanatthile catholica pallikalude vipuleekritha pattikayil iva ulppedunnu sent. andrew, sent charchu. aan, sent charchu. barbera, fraansiskan pally ashramavum, sent. gails, sent. johns dhaa baptistum sent. johns dhii evaanchalist charchu, sent. kasimir, charchu oof ouvar lady oof snose, charchu oof sent. martin, sent charchu. merii, sent charchu. maarkk, sent. peettezhs aandu pools charchu, pijari charchu, sent charchu. tomas, sent. trinity charchu (dominican charchu), sent charchu. varshakaala.
shilpangal.
pazhaya taunn jillayil dhaaraalam venkala prathimakalum marble smaarakangalumund. sent maarkkattin edayilulla pradhana vipaniyil sthithi cheiyunna aadam mikiviksinte smaarakamaanu ettavum spashtamaayath. meriyude pally sukiyennisinte kizhakk bhaagavum. aadam mikiviksinte janmashathaabdi aakhoshathodanubandhichaanu ithu anaachaadanam cheythath. kavikk chuttum naalu thaazhnna grouppukal undu, avaa pratheekappeduthunnu janmadesham I.iii. polandu (smaarakathinte mukhathu ninnu), shaasthram-oru ankuttiyulla oru vrudhan (florianska streettinte vashath ninnu), kavita (sent palliyude vashath ninnu. vojsiyekk), desasnehavum veeryavum (sukiyannisine abhimukeekarikkunnu). teoder regier roopakalppana cheytha eee smaarakam 1898 juun 16 nuu romile kaast cheythu, aupachaarikamaayi anaachaadanam cheythu. ithu maarkkat square panoramayude pradhana bhaagavum niravadhi yuvaakkalkk metingukalude sthalavumaanu.
1886ll payas velonsky nirmmicha kavi joseph bohdan saleskiyude smarakamaaya bastova streettil oru guide boikkoppam haarpisttine kaanikkunna smaarakam, 1886ll polandum litwania thammilulla aikyathinte kvinsentari aaghoshathil tomas ooskaar sosnovsky nirmmichathum 1886ll valarthiyathumaaya plaanti paarkkile jagiyelloyudeyum jadvigayudeyum smaarakam, 1884ll alfred doonn nirmmicha kavi juuliyas slovakiyude naadakatthil ninnulla oru kathaapaathrathe avatharippikkunna plaanti paarkkile lilia veneda smaarakam enniva mattu prashastha smarakangalil ulppedunnu. kottaarathinu kuruke 1901ll vaclo ssimanovsky nirmmicha arter grotter smaarakathinte smaarakam nilkkunnu. 1938ll kweri dunikovsky nirmmicha ool seyints squareile joseph dietalinte smaarakam kraakkovinte aadya presidentinte bahumaanaartham nirmmichu. plaanti paarkkin sameepamulla juuliyas slovaki theaterinu munnilaanu alexander fredroyude smaarakam. 1900ll professor cyprian godebskyaanu ithu nirmmichathu.
collegium novathinaduthulla plaantiyude arikil jyothishaasthranjanaaya nicolas copernicusinte smaarakamund, addehathe oru sthaapitha pandithanaayi chithreekarikkunnu. 1900ll godebskyaanu ithu nirmmichathu. plaanti paarkkile grazeena smaarakam aadam mikeeviksinte "grazeena" ("grazeena litaavarum") enna kavithayil ninnulla kathaapaathrangal avatharippikkunnu. 1884ll alfred daun nirmmichathaanu ithu. paarkkinte saha-sthaapakante bahumaanaartham 1874ll edward stelikku nirmmicha oru obeliskaanu plaanti paarkkile florian strasevsky smaarakam. 1911ll tudues blotnikki nirmmicha haasya ezhuthukaaran maikkal baalukkiyude prathima juuliyas slovaki theaterinu pinnilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1997 vare barbican sameepam sthithi cheythirunna soviyatt sainikarude shmashana smaarakam pinneedu rakoviki semitheriyilekku maatti. 1945ll kraakkovinte vimochanasamayathu veena anjjaatha sainikarude smaarakam 1945ll karol muskiyettum marsin bukovsky chernnu nirmmichu. fraansiskan pallikkaduthulla "polonia" enna shilpam oru kunjine kayyil pidichu ammaye oru veesal rund naaykkalumaayi avatharippikkunnu. 1968ll genovafa novac aanu ithu nirmmichathu. staanislaa wiespianskyude suhruthaaya tudues booy-selinskyude smaarakam posselska streettil ninnulla eksittinaduthaanu. 1980ll edward krisaakkaanu ithu nirmmichathu. kardinal aadam stephaan sapiyahayude smaarakam sent palliyude munnil nilkkunnu. franciscans. aagast samoyskyude 1976 leeii roopakalppanayil ninnaan ithu nirmmichathu. leonardo marcony aantoni popiyalum silpamaakkiya tudues koshyaskoyude smaarakam vaavalil pradharshippichirikkunnu. 1900ll venkalathil nirmmicha ithu 1920ll polandinte swaathanthryathinte thirichuvaravu aaghoshikkunnathinaayi puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya tudues koshyasko sosaitti sthaapichu. tounhaal gopurathinaduthulla pradhana maarkkat squarilaanu igor mithoraj nirmmicha puthiya shilpam "eros bendatto" sthithi cheiyunnathu.
othucheral sthalangal.
pazhaya pattanatthilum parisaratthum sandarshikkaan ettavum prashasthamaaya sthalangalil onnaanu pradhana maarkkat squareile wiresigneck restorant. athinte peru tounmaan maikolaj viyarsinekkineyum pathinalam noottaandil addeham nadatthiya oru virunineyum soochippikkunnu. kalaparamaaya kafekalaaya jama michaalika nooriladhikam varshathe saahitya paarambaryatthe abhimaanikkunnu. ivide sioni balonic caber nilavil varikayum yuva polandinte aathmaav uyarnnuvarikayum cheythu. pradhana maarkkat squareil, prashastha praadeshika kalakaaranmaar srishticha pinica pooad baranami kaber vidyaarthikalude club pooad jassuramy undu. academic saamskaarika vrithangalile oru ithihaasamaanu eee club. sandarshakare ellaayppozhum swaagatham cheiyunna cracovile academic anthareekshathinulla oru janapriya yoga sthalamaanithu.
koodaathe, niravadhi prashastha vyakthikalum niravadhi pradhana paripaadikalum nadannathum anusmarikkappedunnathu sthalamaanu nagara madhyathile square. 1794-ll tadeyus koshyaskoyude sathyaprathinjaykkum 1525-ll prussian aadaraanjalikkum 1964 muthal pradhana maarkkat squarinte naveekaranatthe pinthunaykkunnathinumaayi samarppichirikkunna falakangalundu.

