
tex

computer shaasthranjanum stanford yooniversitti professorumaaya donald knooth roopakalppana cheyyukayum ezhuthukayum cheythathum 1978 ll aadyamaayi purathirakkiyathumaaya oru type setting samvidaanamaanu tex (, chuvade kaanuka). tex ennathu type setting sankeernamaaya ganitha soothravaakyangalude oru janapriya maargamaan; ithu ettavum sankeernamaaya digital typographical samvidaanangalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
academica mekhalakalil, prathyekichu ganitham, computer sayans, economics, polittikkal sayans, enchiniyaring, lingvistiks, physics, statistiks, kvaanditteevu saikkolaji ennivayil tex vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. ithu valarekkaalamaayi mikka unix instaaleshanukalilum munbu priyappetta formatting sisttamaaya unix trophine maattippaarppichu. mattu pala type setting jolikalkkum ithu upayogikkunnu, prathyekichu laattaks, sandarbham, mattu macro paakkejukal ennivayude roopathil.
rund pradhana lakshyangal manassil vechaanu tex roopakalppana cheythathu kuranja parishramatthode uyarnna nilavaaramulla pusthakangal nirmmikkaan aareyum anuvadikkuka, ellah computerukalilum eathu samayathum ore phalangal nalkunna oru samvidaanam nalkuka (phondu vivaranathinulla metaaphondu bhashayum computer typefaceukalude aadhunika kudumbavum ulppede). tex oru swatantra softweyaraanu, athu vishalamaaya upayokthaakkalkk prapyamaakki.
charithram.
1968ll nootthinte "dhii art oof computer prograaming" enna pusthakatthinte aadya paper vooliyam prasidheekarichappol, athu oru monotype mesheenil hoott mettal type setting upayogichaanu type settu cheythath. pathonpathaam noottaandil nirmmicha eee reethi, njaanathaal vilamathikkappedunna oru "classic shaili" srishtichu. 1976ll randaam pathipp prasidheekarichappol, monotype saankethikavidyaykku pakaram phototype setting upayogichirunnathinaal muzhuvan pusthakavum veendum type settu cheyyendivannu, yadhaartha fondukal labhyamayirunnilla. 1977 march 30nuu puthiya pusthakatthinte gallie proofs labhichappol addeham avaye thazhnnathaayi kandethi. niraasanaaya knathu swantham type setting samvidaanam roopakalppana cheyyaan purappettu.
uyarnna nilavaaramulla digital type setting sisttathinte outtputtu aadyamaayi kanda knathu digital typography thaalparyam prakadippichu. 1977 meyy 13nuu addeham texinte adisthaana savisheshathakal vivarikkunna oru memo ezhuthi. 1978-ll thante vishramavelayil athu poortthiyaakkaan addeham padhathiyittirunnuvenkum athu sambhavichathupole, patthu varshathilere kazhinju 1989 vare bhasha "maravippichilla" (upayogikkaan thayyarayilla). 1978 leeii venalkkaalath, texinte aadya pathipp vikasippichukondirikkum gaii steel staanfordilaayirunnu. aaa sharathkaalath steel masaachyusets instittyoott oof teknolajiyil thirichethiyappol, poruthappedaattha timesharing systethinu (athinte) keezhil pravarthippikkunnathinna texinte inputt/outtputtu (aii/oo) addeham veendum ezhuthi. texinte aadya pathippaya tex78 staanfordinte veytts operating sisttathinte keezhil pdp-10ll pravarthippikkunnathinna seyil prograaming bhaashayilaan ezhuthiyathu.
web, saksharathayulla prograaming.
texinte pilkkala pathippukalil, athe yadhaartha fayalil ninnu texil compile cheyyaavunna sozhs code cross-linked documentation typesettum nirmmikkunnathinulla oru maarggamaaya saksharathayulla prograaming enna ashayam knooth kandupidichu. upayogikkunna bhasha web ennu vilikkukayum desember pdp-10 pascalil prograamukal nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu.
tex 82.
texinte puthiya pathippaya tex 82 1982-ll prasidheekarichu. mattu mattangalkkoppam, yadhaartha hyphenation algoritam frank liang ezhuthiya oru puthiya algoritam upayogichu maatti. vividha computer hardwearukaliludaneelam phalangalude punarnirmmaanam urappaakkunnathin floating pooyintinu pakaram sthira-pooyint ganithavum tex 82 upayogikkunnu, koodaathe gaii steelinte theevramaaya lobiethudarnnu yadhaarthavum turing poornnavumaaya prograaming bhasha ulppedunnu. 1989ll donald knooth tex, metaaphondu ennivayude puthiya pathippukal puratthirakki. prograam sthiramaayi nilanirthaanulla aagraham undaayirunnittum, tekst inputtinulla 128 vyathyastha pratheekangal videsha bhashakal ulkkollaan paryaapthamallenn knuth manassilakki; texinte pathipp 3 (tex 90 ennum vilikkunnu) leeii pradhana maattam 8-bitt inputtukal upayogichu pravarthikkaanulla kazhivaanu, ithu tekst inputtil 256 vyathyastha pratheekangal anuvadikkunnu. 1990 march 15naanu 'aii. dii. 1' purathirangiyathu.
pathipp 3 muthal, tex oru idiosynchratic pathipp numpering sisttam upayogichu, avide dashaamshathinte avasaanam oru adhika akkam cherthu apdettukal soochippichirikkunnu, angane pathipp nambar lakshanangalillaatha reethiyil sameepikkunnu. tex ippol valare sthirathayullathaanennum cheria apdettukal maathrame pratheekshikkunnulloo enna vasthuthayude prathifalanamaanithu. texinte nilavile pathipp 3.141592653 aanu; ithu avasaanamaayi update cheythath 2021-laanu. pathipp 3-nuu sesham design maravippichu, puthiya savisheshathayo adisthaana maattamo cherkkilla, athinaal ellah puthiya pathippukalilum bugg pariharangal maathrame adangiyirikkoo. tex mechappeduthaan kazhiyumaayirunna chila mekhalakal donald kanthu thanne nirddeshichittunde, ippolum bhaaviyilum ore uthppaadanam uthppaadippikkunna maattamillaatha oru samvidaanam undaayirikkuka ennathu puthiya savisheshathakal avatharippikkunnathinekkaal pradhaanamaanennu thaan urachu vishwasikkunnuvennu addeham soochippichu. ekkaaranathaal, "thikachum anthima maattam (ente maranashesham varuthendathu)" pathipp nambar maattuka ennathaayirikkumennum, aaa samayat bakkiyulla ellah bagukalum savisheshathakalaayi maarumennum addeham prasthaavichu. athupole, 2-nuu sheshamulla mettaafondinte pathippukal asymptotical sameepanathil (nilavil 2.7182818 ll), koodaathe kandhinte maranashesham samanamaaya maattam prayogikkum.
pothu domaine.
texinte sozhs coode adisthaanaparamaayi pothu domainilaayathinaal (chuvade kaanuka), sisttam mechappeduthaan mattu prograamarmaare anuvadikkunnu (vyakthamaayi prothsaahippikkunnu), ennaal parishkkaricha tex vitharanam cheiyunnathinu mattoru peru upayogikkendathundu, athaayath sozhs coode ippozhum vikasikkaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, texinte bahubhasha type setting kazhivukal vardhippikkunnathinaayi 1991 nuu sheshamaan omega padhathi vikasippichath. tex-settu polulla "anaudyogika" parishkaricha pathippukal srishticha knathu, ore rekhayil idathuninnu valathottum valathuninn idathottum ezhuthiya vaachakangal kalarthaan oru upayokthaavine anuvadikkunnu.
tex upayogam.
computer sayans, kanakk, enchiniyaring, bhauthikashaasthram thudangi niravadhi saankethika mekhalakalil tex oru yadhaartha maanadandamaayi mariyirikkunnu. adison-wesley, kembridge yooniversitti pras, elsvier, ooksfoord yooniversitti pras, springer enniva prasidheekaricha pusthakangal ulppede aayirakkanakkin pusthakangal tex upayogichu prasidheekarichittundu. tex allengil laattaks upayogichu eee mekhalakalile niravadhi jenalukal nirmmikkappedunnu, ithu ezhuthukaare tex bhashayil ezhuthiya avarude asamskritha kaiyezhuthuprathi samarppikkaan anuvadikkunnu. nighandukkalum niyama prasidheekaranangalum ulppede mattu mekhalakalile niravadhi prasidheekaranangal tex upayogichu nirmmichittundenkum, tex praadhamikamaayi ganithashaasthrathe type settu cheiyunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheythathupole kooduthal saankethika mekhalakalilennapole ithu vijayichitilla.
tex roopakalppana cheythappol, orotta type setting samvidaanam ellaavarudeyum aavasyangalkku anuyojyamaakumennu donald knuth vishwasichilla; pakaram, ekstenshanukal ezhuthaan kazhiyunnathinayi prograaminullil niravadhi hookukal roopakalppana cheyyukayum prasadhakar avarude swantham aavasyangalkkanusarichu pathippukal roopakalppana cheiyumennu pratheekshichukondu sozhs coode purathirakkukayum cheythu. atharam vipuleekaranangal srishtichittundenkilum (chilath svayam kantyoon ulppede), mikka aalukalum maakrokal maathram upayogichu tex vipuleekarichittund, ithu saankethika type settingumaayi bandhapetta oru samvidaanamaayi thudarunnu.
type setting samvidaanam.
tex commandukal saadhaaranayaayi oru back slashil ninnu aarambikkukayum churunda braceukal upayogichu grouppucheyyukayum cheiyunnu. texinte mikkavarum ellah vaakyaghadana savisheshathakalum eee parakkalil maattaan kazhiyum, ithu tex inputt tex allathe mattonnum paazhs cheyyaan budhimuttaakkunnu. tex oru macro, tokkan adhishtitha bhashayaanu mikka upayokthaav nirvachichava ulppede niravadhi commandukal, vikasippikkaanaavaatha tokkanukal maathram avasheshikkunnathuvare parannuyarunnu, avaa pinneedu nadappilaakkunnu. vipuleekaranam praayogikamaayi paarshwafalangalil ninnu mukthamaan. maakrokalude teyil recursion memory edukkunnilla, koodaathe iff-appol-mattethenkilum nirmmithikal labhyamaan. ithu texine vipuleekarana thalatthil polum turing-poornnamaaya bhashayaakkunnu. systethe naalu thalangalayi tirikkaam aadyathethil, aksharangal inputt fayalil ninnu vaayikkukayum oru kattagari coode nalkukayum cheiyunnu (chilappol "catcode" ennu churukkatthil vilikkunnu). oru back slaashinte (yadhaarthathil, kattagari seeroyude eathenkilum pratheekangal) samyojanathe thudarnnu aksharangal (kattagari 11 leeii pratheekangal) allengil mattethenkilum pratheekatthe oru kantrol-sequence tokkan upayogichu maattisthaapikkunnu. eee ardhathil, eee ghattam lexical vishakalanam poleyaanu, ennirunnaalum ithu akkangalil ninnu samkhyakal roopappeduthunnilla. adutha ghattathil, vipuleekarikkavunna niyanthrana sequenceukal (vyavasthaapithamo nirvachikkapetta maakrokalo polullava) avayude pakarakkaranaaya vaachakam upayogichu maattisthaapikkunnu. moonnaam ghattathinulla inputt aksharangalude oru stream (prathyeka ardhamullava ulppede), vipuleekarikkaanaavaatha niyanthrana sequenceukal (saadhaaranayaayi assainmentukalum vishwal kamaandukalum) ennivayaanu. ivide, pratheekangal oru khandikayaayi kootticherkkappedunnu, koodaathe texinte khandika breaking algoritam muzhuvan khandikayilum break pooyintukal opttimais cheythukondu pravartthikkunnu. naalam ghattam varikaludeyum mattu vasthukkaludeyum lamba pattikaye pejukalaayi vibhajikkunnu.
tex systethinu ellah pratheekangaludeyum chinnangaludeyum valuppathekkurich krithyamaaya arivu undu, eee vivarangal upayogichu, oro variyilum oro pejilum aksharangaludeyum varikaludeyum opttimal krameekaranam ithu kanakkakkunnu. ellah pratheekangaludeyum anthima lokkeshanukal adangiya oru dvi phayal ("upakarana swathanthram") athu nirmmikkunnu. eee dvi phayal uchithamaaya printar driver nalki nerittu print cheyyaam, allengil mattu formaattukalilekku parivartthanam cheyyaam. innu, dii. vii. aii. thalamura mothatthil marikadakkunna pii. dii. eph. tii. ex palappozhum upayogikkunnu. adisthaana tex sisttam "premitives" ennu vilikkunna 300 commandukal manassilakkunnu. eee thaazhnna thalatthilulla commandukal upayokthaakkal nerittu upayogikkunnathu apoorvamaanu, mikka pravartthanangalum formet fayalukaliloodeyaanu (valia macro shekharangal looad cheythathinu sesham texinte predumped memory emejukal) nalkunnathu. ekadesham 600 commandukal cherkkunna kandhinte yadhaartha sthira formet playin tex aanu. pusthakangal, aksharangal, slideukal muthalaayavaykkulla document shailikal ulkkollunna lessie lamport vikasippichedutha laattaks aanu ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna formet., koodaathe vibhaagangaludeyum samavaakyangaludeyum referencinginum automatic numperinginum pinthuna cherkkunnu. american maathamaattikkal sosaitti nirmmikkunna ams-tex enna mattoru vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna formet kooduthal upayokthru-sauhruda commandukal nalkunnu, avaa jenalukalkku avarude bhawana shailiyumaayi poruthappedunnathinu maattaan kazhiyum. ams paakkejukal" (udha.jii., kokvij _ 1, kokvij _ 2), "ams document klaasukal" (udha.jii., coach _ 3, coach _ 4). ithine pinneedu ams-laattaks ennu vilikkunnu. mattu formaattukalil pradhaanamaayum desktop prasidheekaranathinaayi upayogikkunna sandarbhavum kooduthalum praagmayile hans hagen ezhuthiyathum ulppedunnu.
athu engane oodunnu.
playin texile haloo waled prograaminte oru sample ithaanu
haloo, lokam
\bye% fayalinte avasaanam adayaalappeduthunnu; anthima aouttputtil kaanichilla
ithu oru "myphile" fayalilaayirikkaam.tex, "aas".playin tex fayalukalkkulla oru saadhaarana phayal extensionaanu tex. sthirasthithiyaayi, oru variyile sathamaanam chinnathe pinthudarunnathellaam tex avaganicha oru abhiprayamaanu. eee fayalil tex pravarthippikkunnu (udaaharanathinu, tex myphile type cheythukondu.oru command-line interprettarile tex, allengil oru graaphikkal user interfacil ninnu vilikkunnathiloode) "myphile" enna oru outtputtu phayal srishtikkum.dvi, "oru upakarana swatantra formaattil (dvi) pejinte ulladakkathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. oru dvi phayal screenil canano allengil oru device driver nilavilundaayirunna vividha printarukalkku anuyojyamaaya formattilekku parivartthanam cheyyaano kazhiyum (tex srishticha samayat printar pinthuna saadhaaranayaayi oru operating sisttam savisheshathayayirunnilla). texil dvi outtputtu formaattaayi aavasyamulla onnum antharleenamallennum texinte pilkkala pathippukal, prathyekichu pdf tex, settex, luvetex ennivayellaam nerittu pdf-lake aouttputtine pinthunaykkunnuvennum knuth paranju.
ganithashaasthraparamaaya udaaharanam.
ganitha soothravaakyangalkkaayi tex prathyekamaayi vyathyasthamaaya oru vaachaka vaakyaghadana nalkunnu. udaaharanathinu, quadratic formula (quadratic samavaakyathinte parihaaramaan) ingane kaanapedunnu
oru vyakthi kaikondu ezhuthukayo samavaakyam type settu cheiyukayo cheiyunna reethiyilaan formula achadikkunnathu. oru pramaanatthil, "mathematics mooad" nalkunnathu oru $chinnathil ninnu aarambhich tex vaakyaghadanayil oru formula nalki athe chinnathil mattonn upayogichu veendum adaykkunnu. type setting ganithashaasthram parambaraagathamaayi chelaveriyathaayathinaal playin texsil ganithashaasthra modile thudakkavum avasaanavum soochippikkunnathinaayi dollar chihnam thiranjedutthathaayi knooth thamashayaayi vishadeekarichu. "display mathematics" (oru puthiya variye kendreekarichulla ganithashaasthram) samaanamaanengilum orotta $chinnathinu pakaram $$upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, display ganithathile quadratic formulayodukoodiya melpparanjava
vashangal.
tex software purathirangiya samayat mattu type setting prograamukalil labhyamallathatho kuranja nilavaaramullatho aaya niravadhi vashangal tex software ulkkollunnu. chila puthumakal rasakaramaaya algorithangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, koodaathe ithu jnjaanathinte vidyaarthikalkkaayi niravadhi prabandhangalilekku nayichu. eee kandethalukalil chilath ippol mattu type setting prograamukalil ulppeduthiyittundile, ganithashaasthraparamaaya akalatthinulla niyamangal polulla mattullava ippozhum savisheshamaan.
ganithashaasthraparamaaya akalam.
pusthakangalude prasaadhakarkk uyarnna nilavaaramulla type setting aanu tex bhaashayude praadhamika lakshyam ennathinaal, ganitha soothravaakyangalude edavela niyamangalkk knathu valareyadhikam shradha nalki. ganithashaasthra achuthandukalude mikavinte maanadandangalaayi addeham kanakkakkiya moonnu rachanakal addeham eduthu hans woolfinte melnottatthil adison-wesley publishing house ("dhii art oof computer prograaming" nte prasadhakan) type settu cheytha pusthakangal; 1910 muthal ganithashaasthra jenalaaya "aakta maathamattikka" yude pathippukal; dutch ganithashaasthra jenalaaya "indugations mathamaattikke" yude oru pakarpp. eee achadicha pepparukal sookshumamaayi parishodhichu krameekarikkaanum akalathinaayulla oru koottam niyamangal kandethaanum knathu shramichu. tex chila adisthaana niyamangalum sariyaaya akalam vyakthamakkaan aavashyamaaya upakaranangalum nalkumbol, krithyamaaya paaraamettarukal formula type settu cheyyaan upayogikkunna fondine aasrayichirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, nootthinte computer aadhunika fondukalude akalam varshangalayi krithyamaayi krameekarikkukayum ippol sajjeekarikkukayum cheythittundu; ennaal ams euler polulla mattu fondukal aadyamaayi noothu upayogichappol, puthiya spacing paaraamettarukal nirvachikkendathundu.
texile ganithatthinte type setting vimarsanangalonnumillaathe allah, prathyekichu phondu metriksinte saankethika vishadaamshangalumaayi bandhappett, sambharana aavasyakathakalil kaaryamaaya shradha nalkiyirunna oru kaalaghattatthilaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythath. ithu chila feeldukal overload cheiyunnathinu kaaranamaayi, athinu mattu hackukal aavasyamaanu. soundaryashaasthra thalatthil, raadikkalukalude avatharanavum vimarshikkappettittundu. opentaipp ganitha phondu specification pradhaanamaayum texil ninnaan kadamedukkunnathu, pakshe chila puthiya savisheshathakal/mechappeduthalukal undu.
hyphenation nyaayeekaranavum.
maanuval type settingumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, tex polulla oru digital sisttam upayogichu nyaayeekaranatthinte prashnam eluppathil pariharikkan kazhiyum, ithu line breakinginulla nalla pooyintukal nirvachichittundenkil, line niraykkunnathinu vaakkukalkkidayilulla edangal yaanthrikamaayi vyaapippikkaan kazhiyum. athinaal ettavum kaazhchayil santhoshakaramaaya phalam nalkunna break pooyintukalude koottam kandethuka ennathaanu prashnam. pala line breaking algorithangalum oru "phastt-phitt" sameepanam upayogikkunnu, avide oro variyudeyum break pooyintukal onninupurake onnaayi nirnnayikkappedunnu, athu thiranjedutthathinushesham break pooyint mattilla. atharam oru samvidaanathinu inipparayunna varikalil athu cheluthunna phalathe aashrayich oru break pooyint nirvachikkaan kazhiyilla. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, tex upayogikkukayum donald knathum maikkal plass vikasippikkukayum cheytha "toll-phitt" line breaking algoritam oru khandikayile saadhyamaaya break pooyintukalellaam pariganikkukayum aagolathalathil ettavum santhoshakaramaaya krameekaranam srishtikkunna line brekkukalude samyojanam kandethukayum cheiyunnu.
aupachaarikamaayi, saadhyamaaya oro line breakkumaayi bandhapetta "badness" enna moolyathe algoritam nirvachikkunnu; laininte sariyaaya veethi undakkaan lainil speysukal valareyadhikam neettukayo churukkukayo cheythaal mosham vardhikkunnu. oru breakpoyint prathyekichu abhikaamyamallengil penaalttikal cherkkunnu udaaharanathinu, oru vaakk hyphenate cheyyendathundenkil, oru variyile rund varikal hyphenate cheythittundenkil, allengil valare ayanja oru variye udan thanne valare irukiya vara pinthudarukayaanenkil. thathfalamaayundaakunna varikalude doshatthinte (penaalttikal ulppede) chathurangalude thuka kuraykkunna break pooyintukal algoritam kandethum. khandikayil formula _ 1 saadhyamaaya break pooyintukal undengil, nishkalankamaayi vilayiruthenda saahacharyangalude ennam formula _ 2 aanu. ennirunnaalum, dynamic prograaming reethi upayogikkunnathiloode, algoritam sankeernnatha formula _ 3 lake konduvaraan kazhiyum (bigg ooo notteshan kaanuka). kooduthal lalithavalkkaranangal (udaaharanathinu, oru khandikayude aadya vaakkile hyphenation allengil valare amithamaya varikal polulla valare saadhyathayillaatha breakpoyintukal pareekshikkaathirikkuka) pravartthana samayam formula 4 aaya oru kaaryakshamamaya algorithathilekku nayikkunnu, avide formula 5 ennathu oru variyude veethiyaanu. vidhavakaleyo anathareo (khandikayude backie bhagam aduthatho munpullatho aaya pejilaayirikkumbol oru pejil ottaykku drishyamaakunna varikal) ozhivakkunnathinaayi rund pejukalilaayi khandikakal thakarkkanulla ettavum nalla maargam nirnnayikkaan samanamaaya oru algoritam upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, saadhaaranayaayi, maikkal plaasinte oru prabandham kanakkukal sthaapikkunnathil kooduthal sankeernnatha kaaranam peju breaking prashnam engane poortthiyaakumennu kaanikkunnu. adob indesign (oru desktop publishing aaplikkeshan), gnu efmt unix command line yoottility thudangi niravadhi prograamukal texinte line breaking algoritam sweekarichittundu.
oru line anuyojyamaaya line break kandethaan kazhiyunnillengil, sisttam oru vaakk hyphenate cheyyaan sramikkum. texinte yadhaartha pathipp padangalude prefixukalum suffixukalum neekkam cheiyunnathinum swaraakshara-konsonant-konsonant-swaraaksharathinte (mikkappozhum saadhyamaaya) roopathil rund vyanjanaaksharangalkkidayil oru edavela cherkkano ennu theerumaanikkunnathinum oru koottam niyamangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru hyphenation algoritam upayogichu. lettar grouppukalile breakpoyintukalkku mungananakal nalkunnathinaayi 1983 ll frank liang roopakalppana cheytha oru puthiya hyphenation algoritam tex 82 avatharippichu. hyphenated padangalude oru corpusil (50,000 vaakkukalude pattika) ninnaan hyphenation paattenukalude oru listt aadyam svayameva srishtikkunnathu. udaaharanathinu, "encyclopedia" enna vakkil sveekaaryamaaya hyphenation sthaanangal tex kandethendathundengil, athu vipuleekaricha vaakkinte ellah upavaakyangalum pariganikkum.encyclopedia.", evide"."vaakkinte thudakkamo avasaanamo soochippikkunnathinul oru prathyeka adayaalamaanu. upavaakkukal pattikayil 1 (") neelamulla ellah upavaakkukalum ulppedunnu."," iii "," enn "," sii "," vaii "muthalaayava.), neelam 2 (".iii, "enn", "ensie" muthalaayava.) muthalaayava., adayaalangal ulppede 14 neelamulla upavaakyam vare, athu thanne vaakkaan. tex athinte hyphenation paattenukalude pattika parisodhikkukayum oro sthaanathum hyphenationte abhilashaneeyatha kanakkakkiya upavaakyangal kandethukayum cheyyum. nammude vaakkinte kaaryatthil, atharam 11 paattenukal poruthappedutthaam, athaayath 1c4l4,1cy, 1d4i3a, 4edi, e3dia, 2i1a, ope5d, 2p2ed, 3pedi, pedia4, y1c. vaakkile oro sthaanathinum, tex ellah poruthappedunna paattenukalilum labhicha "paramavadhi moolyam" kanakkakkum, ithu en1cy1c4l4o3p4e5d4i3a4 nalkunnu. avasaanamaayi, sveekaaryamaaya sthaanangal oru otta samkhyayaal soochippikkappedunnavana, ithu sveekaaryamaaya hyphenationukal "en-cy-kloo-peey-dii-eiii" nalkunnu. upavaakkukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee samvidaanam kuranja soochaka samkhyakal (ottayoo erattayo) ulla valare pothuvaaya paattenukalude (2i1a polullava) nirvachanam anuvadikkunnu, aavashyamenkil kooduthal nirddishta paattenukal (1d4i3a polullava) upayogichu avaye marikadakkaan kazhiyum. eee paattenukal yadhaartha nighanduvil ekadesham 90 sathamaanam hyphenukalum kandethunnu; athilum pradhanamaayi, avaa vyaja hyphen ulppeduthunnilla. koodaathe, ozhivaakkalukalude oru listt (paattenukal sariyaaya hyphenation pravachikkaattha vaakkukal) playin tex formattinoppam ulppeduthiyittundu; adhikamaayath upayokthaavin vyakthamaakkam.
metaaphondu.
texinte bhaagamallaatha metaaphondu, aksharangale algorithaparamaayi vivarikkan designare anuvadikkunna oru phondu vivarana samvidaanamaanu. pradarshippikkenda yadhaartha pratheekangal srishtikkunnathinu ithu bessier karvukal valare saadhaarana reethiyil upayogikkunnu, ennaal bitmap cheytha displakelile rastaraising prashnathilekku kanthu ganyamaaya shradha kendreekarikkunnu. joonn hobiyude mattoru prabandham, "brush traaktarikal" digitise cheiyunna eee prashnam kooduthal paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. amoorthamaaya brushukalum (eresarukalum) varachathayi metaaphondu pratheekangale vivarikkunnathil ninnaan eee padam uruthirinjathu. tex bitmap fondukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane saadhaaranayaayi vishwasikkappedunnu, ennaal vaasthavathil, eee prograamukalkku avayude alavukal ozhike avar upayogikkunna fondukalekkurichu onnum ariyilla. postscript type 1, trutype ennivayulppede mattu tharatthilulla fondukal uchithamayi kaikaaryam cheyyendathu device driverude utharavaadithamaanu. computer moden (saadhaaranayaayi "tex phondu" ennariyappedunnu) ams ganitha fondukal pole type 1 formaattilum soujanyamaayi labhyamaan. pdf, settex, luex thudangiya pdflake nerittu outtputtu cheiyunna tex sisttangalude upayokthaakkal saadhaaranayaayi orikkalum metaaphondu outtputtu upayogikkilla.
macro bhasha.
tex rekhakal asaadhaaranamaaya oru macro bhasha upayogichaanu ezhuthukayum prograam cheyyukayum cheiyunnathu. vishaalamaayi paranjaal, eee macro bhaashayude pravartthanatthil nerittu edapedaatha vipuleekaranavum nirvvahana ghattangalum ulppedunnu. vipuleekaranathil macro nirvachanangalude aksharaarthatthilulla vipuleekaranavum vyavasthaapitha branching ulppedunnu, koodaathe executionil variableukal/rajisttarukal krameekarikkuka, boxukalilekku gliffukal cherkkunna yadhaartha typesetting prakriya enniva ulppedunnu.
macroyude nirvachanathil kamaandukalude oru listt mathramalla, collinte vaakyaghadanayum ulppedunnu. m4 polulla ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna lexical preprosessorukalumaayi ithu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, athil oru macroyude body nirvachana samayat tokkanais cheyyappedunnu.
lattaksum sandarbhavum ulppede valia document nirmmaana samvidaanangal ezhuthaan tex macro bhasha upayogichittundu.
vikasanam.
nilavile tex softweyarinte yadhaartha sozhs coode webble ezhuthiyittundu, vaayanakshamathayum portabilityum urappakkunnathinaayi tex bhashayil ezhuthiya documentation pascal subsettum chernnathaanu. udaaharanathinu, tex athinte ellah chalanathmaka allocation nischitha valippathilulla arekalil ninnaan cheiyunnathu, koodaathe athinte aantharika kanakkukoottalukalkk nischitha pooyint ganithashaasthram maathrame upayogikkunnulloo. thalphalamaayi, tex mikkavarum ellah operating sistangalilekkum portt cheyyappettu, saadhaaranayaayi web 2 sii prograam upayogichu pascal coode nerittu compile cheiyunnathinupakaram sozhs coode sii aakki parivartthanam cheiyunnu. 1982 muthal thaan thiruthiya ellah bagukaludeyum prograamile maattangaludeyum valare vishadamaaya oru logue nthu sookshichittundu; pattikayil 440 entrikal adangiyirikkunnu, texil anthima mattamaayi addehathinte maranashesham cheyyenda pathipp parishkkaranam ulppeduthiyitla. texil oru bugg kandethukayum report cheyyukayum cheiyunna aalukalkk knathu dhanaparamaya avaardukal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. oro buggin nalkunna prathiphalam 2.56 dollaril (oru "hexadesimal dollar") aarambhich, nilavile moolyamaaya $327.68 ll maravippikkunnathuvare oro varshavum erattiyaayi. valare kurachu baggukal avakashappedunnathinaal kandhinu thaarathamyena kurachu panam maathrame nashtappettittulloo. koodaathe, sweekarthaakkal avarude check panam mattunnathinupakaram texil oru bugg kandethiyennathinte thelivaayi frame cheiyunnathaayi ariyappedunnu.
thattippukaranmaar internettil addehathinte chekkukalude scan cheytha pakarppukal kandethukayum baank akkoundu illaathaakkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal, kanvenshan inii yadhaartha chekkukal ayaykkunnilla, ennaal bugg reportukal samarppikkunnavarkk pakaram baank oof saan serifil credit labikkum.
vitharanangalum vipuleekaranangalum.
mettaafondum typesetting sisttam upayogikkunnathinu aavashyamaaya ellah fondukalum document formaattukalum yoottilittikalum ulppede tex eluppathil instaal cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru bundle roopathilaanu tex saadhaaranayaayi nalkunnathu. linux, apple maakokal ennivayulppedeyulla unix-anuyojyamaaya sisttangalil, valia tex live vitharanathinte bhaagamaayi tex vitharanam cheiyunnu. (tex laivinu munbu, tetteks vitharanam unix-anuyojyamaaya samvidaanangalile yadhaartha maanadandamaayirunnu.) microsopht vindosil, mictex vitharanavum (protect mechappeduthiya) tex laivinte microsopht windos pathipum undu.
jaims klaarkkinte dii. ezz. ezz. ell. enchin, aarbortekst publishing sisttam, gnu documentation prosessing sisttamaaya texinfo ennivayil ninnu print cheiyunnathinulla backendaayi tex upayogikkunna texine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu niravadhi document prosessing sisttangal, prathyekichu jadetex. 1984 muthal gnu operating sisttathinte audyogika type setting paakkejaan tex.
texinaayi niravadhi vipuleekaranangalum companion prograamukalum nilavilundu, avayil grandhasoochikakalkulla bibeteks (laattaks upayogichu vitharanam cheythirikkunnu); pdf outtputtu nerittu ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna tex-anuyojyamaaya enchinaaya pdf tex (athupole thanne yadhaartha dvi aouttputtine pinthunaykkunnathu thudarunnu); unicodeneyum opentaippineyum pinthunaykkunna tex-anuyojyamaaya enchinaaya settex; texilekkulla unicode-avabodhamulla ekstenshanaaya luva, tex dinacharyakalilum algorithangalilum vipulamaaya hukkukalulla oru luva rantaim ulppedunnu. samagramaya tex archive netvarkkaaya sii. tii. enn. ll ninnu mikka tex ekstenshanukalum soujanyamaayi labhyamaan.
edittarmaar.
avayil palatharam undu
licenses.
texinte sozhs coode "public domainil" sthaapichittundennu donald knooth niravadhi thavana soochippichittundu, koodaathe eee sozhs kodile parishkkaranangalo pareekshanangalo addeham shakthamayi prothsaahippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, texinte ellah pathippukaludeyum aouttputtinte punarnirmmaanakshamathaye knathu valareyadhikam vilamathikkunnathinal, mattappetta eathoru pathipineyum tex allengil aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna samanamaaya mattenthenkilum ennu vilikkaruthu. eee niyamam nadappilaakkunnathinu, tex ennu vilikkaan anuvadikkunnathinu munbu sisttathinte eathoru nadapakkalum trip testt enna testt suit paasayirikkanam. ellah avakashangalum samvaranam cheythittullathaanu" ennu soochippikkunna tex sozhs kodinte thudakkathil ulppeduthiyittulla prasthavanakalaal licenses sambandhicha chodyam oru paridhivare aashayakkuzhappathilaan. eee phayal pakarthaan maathrame anumathi nalkoo... ningalude pakarppil ningal oru maattavum varuthunnilla ". eee niyanthranathe tex ennu vilikkunnidatholam kaalam sozhs coode mattunnathinulla nirodhanamaayi vyaakhyaanikkanam.web ". texinte thudakkathil pakarppavakasha kuripp.web (koodaathe emm. eph.ithu vyakthamaayi prasthavikkunnathinaayi 2021-ll web) maatti. eee vyaakhyaanam pinneedu sozhs codil trip testt paraamarshikkumbol sthireekarikkunnu ("eee prograam maattukayaanengil, thathfalamaayundaakunna samvidaanathe 'tex' ennu vilikkaruthu). 1980kalude thudakkathil american maathamaattikkal sosaitti texinte vyaapaaramudra avakashappedaan shramichu. tekst executive" tekst prosessing systethinaayi honeywell akkaalat "tex" (ellah kyaappukalum) rajisttar cheythirunnathinaal ithu nirasikkapettu.
exml prasidheekaranam.
exml daattaykkaayi noothana leauttinte yaanthrika uthpaadanathinaayi tex upayogikkaan kazhiyum. rund vivarana bhaashakalum thammilulla vaakyaghadanayile vyathyaasangal texmlinte sahaayathode marikadakkaan kazhiyum. exml prasidheekaranatthinte pashchaathalatthil, texine exsl-foykku pakaramaayi kanakkakkaam. ganithashaasthra vishayangalile shaasthreeya prabandhangal klayant-side aayi render cheyyaan kazhiyunna thaarathamyena cheria fayalukalaayi churukkaan tex anuvadichu, ithu aadyakaala internettiloodeyum uyarnnuvarunna waled wide vebiloodeyum poornnamaayum typeset shaasthreeya prabandhangal kaimaran anuvadichu, valia fayalukal ayaykkunnath budhimuttaayirunnuve. oru idanilakkaaran illaathe prabandhangal 'prasidheekarikkaan' kazhiyunna arxive polulla shaasthreeya prabandhangalude shekharangal srishtikkunnathinu ithu vazhiyorukki.
uchaaranavum aksharavinyaasavum.
tex enna peru athinte developer "loach" enna anthima vyanjanaaksharathode uddeshichullathaanu."perinte aksharangal tow, epsiloon, chii ennee valia greak aksharangale prathinidheekarikkunnathaanu, kaaranam tex ennathu τέχνη () ennathinte churukkamaanu, ithu" "art" "," "kraaft" "ennivayude greak aanu, ithu" "technical" "enna vaakkinte moolapadamaanu". engleesh samsarikkunnavar palappozhum "saankethika" thinte aadya aksharam pole ithu ucharikkunnu. adisthaanarekhaykku thaazhe "iii" ennu type settu cheyyanamennum aksharangal thammilulla akalam kuraykkanamennum knathu nirddeshikkunnu. tekst executive prosasaraaya tex (honeywell information sisttangal vikasippicheduthath) polulla mattu sisttam namangalil ninnu texine verthirichariyaan, thante "texbook" ll paraamarshichirikkunnathu ithu cheiyunnu. tex softweyarinte upayokthaav texnisian, tex prograamar texmaster, tex prograamar texmax, texnic ennee perukalil ninnu tex enna vakkil ninnu perukal pracharippikkan aaradhakar eshtappedunnu.
samooham.
tex kammyoonittiyile sradheyamaaya sthaapanangalil tex yoosezhs group (tugg) ulppedunnu, ithu "tugg boat", "practics jenal" enniva prasidheekarikkunnu, ithu texinu prasakthamaaya digital typography vaividhyamaarnna vishayangal ulkkollunnu. germmaniyile oru valia upayokthru grouppaanu duchsprachige anvenderverinigang tex (daante). vidyaabhyaasaparavum shaasthreeyavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi 1980 ll sthaapithamaaya tex users group, typography phondu roopakalppanayilum thalpparyamullavarkkum, knooth kandupidicha tex typesetting sisttathinte upayokthakkalkkum oru samghadana nalkunnu. lokamembaadumulla tex upayokthaakkalude thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkunnathaanu tex users group. tex users group varshathil moonnu thavana "tugg boat" enna jenal prasidheekarikkunnu; daanthe "varshathil naalu thavana" prasidheekarikkunnu. mattu upayokthru grouppukalil denmarkile dii. keey-tugg, fraansile italiyile gitt, netherlandile enn. tii. jii, yunaittad kingdatthile yuke-tugg enniva ulppedunnu; upayokthru grouppukal samyukthamaayi oru samboornna pattika nilanirthunnu.

