sankeernnatha

gadakangal onniladhikam reethikalil edapedukayum praadeshika niyamangal palikkukayum cheiyunna oru systethinteyo modalinteyo swabhaavathe sankeernnatha savisheshamaakkunnu, ithu nonleeniyaritti, randomness, koottaaya chalanathmakatha, shreni, aavirbhavam ennivayilekku nayikkunnu.
aaa bhagangal parasparam onniladhikam reethikalil samvadikkunna niravadhi bhaagangalulla onnine savisheshamaakkaan eee padam saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu, ithu athinte bhaagangalude aakethukayekkaal uyarnna roopathil parinamikkunnu. eee sankeernamaaya bandhangale vividha thalangalil padikkuka ennathaanu sankeernamaaya samvidaana sidhaanthathinte pradhana lakshyam.
sankeernathayude avabodhajanyamaaya maanadandam inipparayunna reethiyil roopappeduthaam kooduthal bhagangal verthirichariyaan kazhiyumenkil, avaa thammil kooduthal bandhangal nilaninnirunnuvenkil oru samvidaanam kooduthal sankeernamaayirikkum.
sankeernathayude swabhaavasavisheshathakal vyakthamaakkunnathinulla niravadhi sameepanagal shaasthrathil upayogichittundu; sayed "thudangiyava."
ivayil palathum prathifalippikkunnu. neel jonson prasthaavikkunnath "shaasthranjarkkidayil polum, sankeernathaykku savisheshamaaya nirvachanamilla-shaasthreeya ashayam parambaraagathamaayi prathyeka udaaharanagal upayogichu ariyikkappettittund..."aathyanthikamayi jonson" "sankeernnatha shaasthram" "enna nirvachanam" "parasparabandhitha vasthukkalude oru shekharathil ninnu uyarnnuvarunna prathibhaasangalekkurichu patanam" "enna nilayil sweekarikkunnu".
avalokanam.
sankeernathayude nirvachanangal palappozhum oru "sisttam" enna ashayathe aasrayichirikkunnu-avaykkidayilulla bandhamullah bhaagangalo gadakangalo, avaa paraspara bandhathinu purathulla mattu gadakangalumaayulla bandhangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. pala nirvachanangalum sankeernnatha oru samvidaanathile niravadhi gadakangaludeyum gadakangal thammilulla bandhangalude niravadhi roopangaludeyum avasthaye prakadippikkunnuvennu anumaanikkukayo anumaanikkukayo cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, oraal sankeernamaayi kaanunnathum lalithamaayi kaanunnathum aapekshikavum kaalathinanusarichu marikkondirikkunnu.
1948ll vaaran neythukaaran rund tharatthilulla sankeernathakal sthaapichu asamghaditha sankeernnatha, samghaditha sankeernnatha.
asamghaditha sankeernnatha' yude prathibhasangal probability sidhaanthavum stattistikkal mechanics upayogichaanu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu, athesamayam 'samghaditha sankeernnatha' atharam sameepanagalil ninnu rakshappedukayum "oru jaiva mothavumaayi parasparabandhithamaya ganyamaaya gadakangalumaayi oresamayam kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunna" prathibhasangalumaayi edapedunnu. neythukaarante 1948 leeii prabandham sankeernathayekkurichulla thudarnnulla chinthakale swaadheenichittundu.
samvidaanangal, onniladhikam gadakangal, onniladhikam relational bharanakoodangal, stettu speysukal ennivayude ashayangal ulkkollunna sameepanagal oru nirvachikkapetta samvidaanathile verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna relational bharanakoodangalude (avayumaayi bandhapetta stettu speysukal) ennathil ninnaan sankeernnatha undaakunnathenn soochippikkunnuvennu sangrahikkaam.
chila nirvachanangal pinneedu ivide paranjathupole, oru sankeernamaaya prathibhaasathinteyo maathrkayudeyo ganithashaasthra padaprayogatthinteyo aavishkaarathinulla algoritam adisthaanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
kramarahithamaya banama. samghadippichu.
sankeernnatha prasnangal abhisambodhana cheiyunnathile prashnangalilonn kramarahithamaya shekharangalil nilanilkkunna bandhangalile valia ennam vyathyaasangalum chilappol valuthum ennaal cheruthumaaya, parimithikalulla samvidaanangalile gadakangal thammilulla bandhangalude ennavum (swatantra gadakangalude paraspara bandhavumaayi bandhapetta) oresamayam moolaka swaathanthryathil ninnulla vyathiyanangal kuraykkukayum kooduthal ekeekrithamo parasparabandhithamo aaya bandhangal allengil edapedalukalude verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna bharanakoodangal srishtikkukayum cheiyunna avabodhajanyamaaya aashayaparamaaya vyathyaasathe aupachaarikamaakkuka ennathaanu.
asamghaditha sankeernathayum" "samghaditha sankeernathayum" thammilulla vyathyasam varaykkunnathil neythukaaran eee prashnam praadhamika reethiyilengilum manassilakkukayum abhisambodhana cheyyukayum cheythu.
neythukaarude kazhchappadil, lakshakkanakkin bhaagangalo athilereyum ulla prathyeka samvidaanathil ninnu kramarahithamaya sankeernnatha undaakunnu. kramarahithamaya sankeernnatha" yile bhaagangalude edapedalukal pradhaanamaayum kramarahithamayi kaanaan kazhiyumenkilum, probabilityum stattistikkal reethikalum upayogichu sisttathinte mothatthilulla gunangal manassilakkaan kazhiyum.
asamghaditha sankeernathayude oru pradhana udaaharanam oru kandeynarile vaathakamaanu, vathaka thanmathrakal bhagangalaayi. kramarahithamaya sankeernathayude oru samvidaanathe graha bhramanapathangalude (aapekshika) laalithyavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaamennu chilar abhipraayappedunnu-nyoottante chalana niyamangal prayogikkunnathiloode randaamathethu pravachikkaan kazhiyum. theerchayaayum, grahangalude bhramanapathangal ulppedeyulla mikka yadhaartha loka samvidaanangalum aadhunika araajakathva sidhaantham kandethiyathupole neutonian dynamics upayogichu polum saidhaanthikamaayi pravachanaatheethamaakunnu.
neythukaarude kazhchappadil samghaditha sankeernnatha, bhagangal thammilulla kramarahithamaya allengil parasparabandhithamaya edapedalallaathe mattonnilum vasikkunnilla. eee parasparabandhitha bandhangal oru samvidaanamenna nilayil mattu samvidaanangalumaayi samvadikkaan kazhiyunna oru vyathyastha ghadana srishtikkunnu. ekopitha samvidaanam vyakthigatha bhagangalaal vahikkappedaathatho nirnnayikkappedaatho aaya gunangal prakadamaakkunnu. vishayasamvidaanam ozhikeyulla mattu samvidaanangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee tharatthilulla sankeernathayude samghaditha vasham "maarganirddesha kaii" illaathe "uyarnnuvannuvennu" parayaam.
oru prathyeka samvidaanathinu uyarnnuvarunna gunangal undakaan bhaagangalude ennam valare valuthayirikkanamennilla. samghaditha sankeernathayude oru samvidaanam modalingiloodeyum simuleshaniloodeyum, prathyekichu computerukalumaayulla modalingiloodeyum simuleshaniloodeyum athinte gunangalil (gunangal thammilulla perumaattam) manassilakkaam. samghaditha sankeernathayude oru udaaharanam oru jeevita samvidaanamenna nilayil oru nagara parisaramaanu, sisttathinte bhaagangalil ayalpakkakkar ulppedunnu.
srothassukalum gadakangalum.
oru nischitha samvidaanathile sankeernathayude uthbhavam vishadeekarikkaan saadhaaranayaayi niyamangal upayogikkaam.
thaalpparya samvidaanathile valia ennam bhaagangalum sisttathile gadakangal thammilulla paraspara bandhatthinte abhaavavumaan asamghaditha sankeernathayude uravidam.
svayam samghadithamaaya jeevajaalangalude kaaryatthil, prayojanakaramaaya samghaditha sankeernnatha varunnath avayude vyathyasthamaaya prathyulpaadana seshikkaayi allengil kuranjathu nirjeevamaaya dravyathilo allengil kuranja samghadithamaaya sankeernamaaya jeevikalilo vijayam nedunnathinaayi avayude paristhithiye athijeevikkaan thiranjeduttha gunakaramaya parivartthana jeevikalil ninnaan. iii kaanuka.jii. roobert ulanoviksinte aavaasavyavasthakalekkurichu chikitsa.
oru vasthuvinteyo samvidaanathinteyo sankeernnatha oru aapekshika swathaanu. udaaharanathinu, pala pravarthanangalkkum (prasnangal), oru tape ulla turing mesheenukal upayogikkumbolekkaal multy tape turing mesheenukal upayogikkumbol computation samayam polulla computational sankeernnatha kuravaanu. kramarahithamaya axus mesheenukal samaya sankeernnatha kuraykkaan oraale anuvadikkunnu (greenloy hoover 1998:226), athesamayam inductive turing mesheenukalkk oru function, bhasha allengil settinte sankeernnatha klaas polum kuraykkaan kazhiyum (burgin 2005). pravartthana upakaranangal sankeernathayude oru pradhana gadakamaakumennu ithu kaanikkunnu.
vyathyastha ardhangal.
niravadhi shaasthramekhalakalil, "sankeernnatha" kku krithyamaaya ardhamunda
mattu mekhalakal sankeernathayekkurichu krithyamaayi nirvachikkappedaatha ashayangal avatharippikkunnu
patanam.
sankeernnatha ellaayppozhum nammude paristhithiyude bhagamaanu, athinaal niravadhi shaasthreeya mekhalakal sankeernamaaya samvidaanangalum prathibhaasangalum kaikaaryam cheythittundu. oru kazhchappadil, eathenkilum vidhathil sankeernamaaya-kramarahithamaya vyathyaasangal pradarshippikkunnathu-paryaveshanatthinte aazhangalil kaanapedunna prathiphalangal kanakkiledukkumbol ettavum thaalpparyathinu arhamaanu.
sankeernamenna padatthinte upayogam palappozhum sankeernamaaya padavumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaakunnu. innathe samvidaanangalil, asamkhyaaka connecting "stau paippukalum" phalapradamaaya "samyojitha" parihaarangalum thammilulla vyathyasam ithaanu. ithinartham complexes ennathu indipendantinte vipareethamaanu, athesamayam complexes ennathu lalithathinte vipareethamaanu.
ithu chila mekhalakale sankeernathayude nirddishta nirvachanangalumayi varaan nayichuvenkilum, sankeernathayekkurichu padikkunnathinaayi vividha mekhalakalil ninnulla nireekshanangal punasamghadippikkunnathinu oru sameepakaala prasthaanamundu, athu aanthillukalilo manushya masthishkathilo saambathika samvidaanangalilo saamoohika samvidaanangalilo kaanapedunnu. atharam oru inter disciplinary group feeldukal relational oordar sidhaanthangalaanu.
vishayangal.
perumaattam.
sankeernamaaya oru samvidaanathinte swabhaavam palappozhum aavirbhaavavum svayam-samghadanayumaanu kaaranamenn parayappedunnu. sankeernamaaya perumaattatthinte oru kaaranamaayi prarambha avasthakalile vyathiyaanangalodulla sisttangalude samvedanakshamathayekkurichu araajakathva sidhaantham anweshichittundu.
samvidaanangal.
krithrimajeevitham, parinaama kanakkukoottal, janithaka algorithangal ennivayile sameepakaala sambhavavikasangal sankeernathaykkum sankeernamaaya adaptive sistangalkkum vardhicha oonnal nalkaan kaaranamaayi.
simulationukal.
saamoohika shaasthrathil, saamoohikashaasthrathil macro-micro view ennum ariyappedunna micro-propertykalil ninnulla macro-propertykalude aavirbhaavathekkurichulla patanam. saamoohika shaasthrathil computer simuleshan upayogavumaayi bandhapetta saamoohika sankeernathayaayi eee vishayam saadhaaranayaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu, athaayath.iii.: computational soshyolaji.
samvidaanangal.
sankeernamaaya samvidaanangalekkurichulla padanavumaayi systems sidhaantham valarekkaalamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu (sameepakaalath, "sankeernnatha sidhaantham", "sankeernamaaya samvidaanangal" ennivayum eee mekhalayude perukalaayi upayogichittundu). jeevashasthram, saambathikashaasthram, saamoohikapatanam, saankethikavidya ennivayulppede vividha vishayangalile gaveshanathil eee samvidaanangal nilavilundu. sameepakaalath, sankeernnatha yadhaartha loka saamoohika-vaijnjaanika samvidaanangaludeyum uyarnnuvarunna systemics gaveshanathinteyum swaabhaavika thaalpparya mekhalayaayi mariyirikkunnu. sankeernamaaya samvidaanangal uyarnna alavilullathum rekheeyamallaathathum maathrkayaakkaan prayaasamullathumaan. prathyeka saahacharyangalil, avar kuranja alavilulla perumaattam prakadippichekkaam.
daatta.
vivara sidhaanthathil, algoritam vivara sidhaantham daattayude stringukalude sankeernathayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
sankeernamaaya charadukal amarthaan budhimuttaanu. ithu oru string compress cheyyaan upayogikkunna kodekkine aashrayichirikkaamenn avabodham nammodu parayumbol (oru codec saidhaanthikamaayi eathu ekapaksheeya bhashayilum srishtikkaan kazhiyum, athil valare cheria command "x" computerinu "18995316" polulla valare sankeernamaaya string outtputtu cheyyaan kaaranamakum), eathu rund turing-poornnamaaya bhaashakalum parasparam nadappilakkaan kazhiyum, athaayath vyathyastha bhaashakalile rund encodingukalude dairkhyam "vivarthanam" bhaashayude dairkhyathil vyathyaasappedum-ithu mathiyaya valia dattaa stringukalkku valare kuravaayirikkum.
sankeernathayude eee algoritam alavukal kramarahithamaya shabdathinu uyarnna moolyangal nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, sankeernamaaya samvidaanangal padikkunnavar kramarahithathaye sankeernathayaayi kanakkakkilla.
vivara sidhaanthathil chilappol sankeernathayude soochakamaayi vivara entropy upayogikkunnu, ennaal kramarahithathaykk entropy kooduthalaanu. vivarangalude ettakkurachilukal, entroppiyekkurichulla vivarangalude ettakkurachilukal enniva kramarahitata sankeernamaayi kanakkakkunnilla, mathramalla pala prayogangalilum ithu upayogapradavumaanu.
mesheen laningile sameepakaala pravartthanangal daattayude sankeernnatha parishodhichu, kaaranam ithu melnottatthilulla vargeekarana algorithangalude prakadanatthe badhikkunnu. bainari vargeekarana prashnangalkkayi hoow, basu enniva sankeernathayude oru koottam nadapadikal avatharippikkunnu.
sankeernathayude alavukal vishaalamaayi ulkkollunnu
thettaaya tharamthirikkaan saadhyathayulla (allengil, mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, eathu sandarbhangalaanu ettavum sankeernamaayathu) sandarbhangal aadyam thirichariyaan sramikkunna oru bottom-upp sameepanamaan instans kaadinyam. thettaaya tharamthirikkaan saadhyathayulla sandarbhangalude savisheshathakal oru koottam kaadinyam nadapadikalil ninnulla aouttputtine adisthaanamaakki alakkunnu. viyojikkunna ayalvaasikalude ennam alakkuka allengil inputt savisheshathakal nalkikkond niyukta klaas labelinte saadhyatha alakkuka thudangiya niravadhi melnottatthilulla patana saankethikavidyakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu kaadinyam. sankeernnatha nadapadikal nalkunna vivarangal mettaa laningle upayogikkunnathinaayi parishodhichu eathu daatta settukalaanu filtering (allengil pariseelana settil ninnu samshayaaspadamaaya shabdangal neekkam cheiyunnathu) ettavum prayojanakaramaanennum mattu mekhalakalilekku vyaapippikkamennum nirnnayikkunnu.
tanmatra thiricharivil.
molecular simuleshanukaleyum compliance konstantukaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru sameepakaala patanam molecular recognissione oorganaiseshante oru prathibhasamaayi vivarikkunnu.
carbohydrateukal polulla cheria thanmaathrakalkk polum, oro vyakthigatha hydrajan bondinteyum shakti krithyamaayi ariyaamenn karuthiyalum thirichariyal prakriya pravachikkaano roopakalppana cheyyaano kazhiyilla.
aavashyamaaya sankeernathayude niyamam.
aavasyamulla vaividhyathinte niyamathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond, boisot mccullvy 'aavashyamaaya sankeernathayude niyamam' roopappeduthi, athu falapraapthiyode poruthappedanamenkil, oru samvidaanathinte aantharika sankeernnatha athu abhimukeekarikkunna baahya sankeernathayumaayi poruthappedanamennu karuthunnu.
positteev, uchithavum negatteevumaaya sankeernnatha.
stephaan morkov nirddeshichathupole, aavashyamaaya sankeernathayude niyamatthinte project maanejmentile prayogam, positteev, uchithavum negatteevumaaya sankeernathayude vishakalanamaan.
project maanejmentil.
project samvidaanathekkurichu nyayamaaya poornna vivarangal nalkumbozhum athinte mothatthilulla perumaattam manasilakkaanum munkootty kaananum niyantrikkaanum budhimuttaakkunna oru projakttinte savisheshathayaanu project sankeernnatha.
sisttam enchineeyaringil.
enchineeyaringile sankeernnatha oru yaadhaarthyamaayi mike morror kanakkakkunnu. sisttam enchineeyaringile sankeernnatha kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla oru reethishaasthram addeham nirddeshichu
                             1.           sisttam nirvachikkuka.
                             2.           sankeernathayude tharam thirichariyuka.
                             3.           thanthram nirnnayikkuka.
                             4.           reethi nirnnayikkuka.
                             5.           sisttam maathrkayaakkuka.
                             6.           reethi nadappaakkuka.
aaplikkeshanukal.
prashnangalude sankeernathayekkurichulla padanamaanu computational sankeernnatha sidhaantham-athaayath avaa pariharikkunnathinulla budhimuttu. oru algoritam-saadhaaranayaayi oru computer prograam-prashna valuppathinte oru pravartthanamaayi pariharikkan edukkunna samayathinanusarichu sankeernnatha klaas anusarichu prashnangale tharamthirikkaam. chila prasnangal pariharikkan budhimuttaanenkil mattullava eluppamaanu. udaaharanathinu, chila budhimuttulla prashnangalkk prashnatthinte valuppathinte adisthaanathil exponential samayamedukkunna algorithangal aavasyamaanu. udaaharanathinu, travelling salesman prashnam edukkuka. samaya soothravaakyathil ithu pariharikkanaakum (ivide "n" ennathu sandarshikkenda netvarkkinte valuppamaan-yaatra cheiyunna vilppanakkaaran krithyamaayi oru thavana sandarshikkenda nagarangalude ennam). nagarangalude shringalayude valippam vardhikkumbol, root kandethaan aavashyamaaya samayam ganyamaayi valarunnu (athinekkaal kooduthal).
oru prashnam thathwathil computational reethiyil pariharikkaavunnathaanenkil, yadhaarthathil praayogikamaayi athu athra lalithamayirikkilla. eee prashnangalkk valia alavilulla samayamo amithamaya sthalamo aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. computational sankeernathaye pala vashangalil ninnum sameepikkaam. samayam, ormmashakthi allengil prashnam pariharikkan upayogikkunna mattu vibhavangal ennivayude adisthaanathil computational sankeernnatha anweshikkaam. sankeernathayude prasnangal vishakalanam cheyyumbol samayavum sthalavum ettavum pradhanappettathum janapriyavumaya rund parigananakalaan.
thathwathil pariharikkaavunna oru prathyeka vibhaagam prashnangalund, avaa pariharikkan sramikkunnathu praayogikamallaathathra samayamo sthalamo aavasyamaanu. eee prashnangale pariharikkaanaavaatthava ennu vilikkunnu.
sreniparamaaya sankeernnatha ennu vilikkunna sankeernathayude mattoru roopamundu. thirashcheena sankeernnatha ennu vilikkappedunna ithuvare charcha cheytha sankeernathayude roopangalkku ithu oorthoganal aanu.
mattu mekhalakalil uyarnnuvarunna aaplikkeshanukal.
vardhichuvarunna granularity, vardhichuvarunna alavu ennivaykkoppam prapanchashaasthram, valia charithram, saamskaarika parinamam ennivayekkurichulla padanatthil sankeernnatha enna ashayam kooduthalaayi upayogikkunnu.
cosmologyil prayogam.
eric chaisan oru cosmoglogical sankeernnatha metrik vikasippicheduthittundu, athine addeham oorjja nirakkinte saandrata ennu vilikkunnu. eee sameepanam vividha pravarthanangalil vipuleekarichu, ettavum aduthide deseeya samsthaanangaludeyum avayude valarunna nagarangaludeyum vikasichukondirikkunna sankeernnatha alakkunnathinu ithu prayogichu.

