littilgan velutha kuthira

englandile eest sussexil littington graamatthinte padinjaaru bhaagathulla cuckmayer nadikkum kizhakk blatchingtonin vadakku bhaagathum nokkunna thekk thaazheyulla hindover kunnil (praadeshikamaayi hye aandu ovar ennariyappedunnu) sthithicheyyunna oru kuthiraye chithreekarikkunna oru chokku kunnin roopamaanu littington vaitt hozhs.
1924ll joonn tii, adey, misttar bovis, eric hobbis ennivar chernnu otta raathriyil muricha kuthira neelatthilum uyarathilum nilkkunnu. 1838-lum 1860-lum ithe sthalathu oru kuthiraye murichu. 1991 muthal, kuthirayude udamasthathayilulla deseeya trastt, praadeshika sannadhapravarthakarumaayi chernnu kuthiraye pathivayi vrithiyaakkukayum paripalikkukayum cheiyunnu.
kizhakkan sussexile rund kunnin roopangalil onnaanu littilngton vaitt hozhs; mattonn velutha kuthirayil ninnu 3 mile vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithi cheiyunna wilmingtonile neelamulla manushyanaan.
yadhaartha littington velutha kuthira.
yadhaartha velutha kuthirayude uthbhavavum theeyathiyum charcha cheyyappedunnu. 1838ll victoria raajnjiyude kireedadhaaranatthinte smaranaykkaayi thavala furley faamile jaims pagdon addehathinte rund sahodaranmaarum cussin vilyam adey (1820-92) chernnaanu ithu srishtichathu ennathaanu oru kaazhchappaad. mattoru kaazhchappaad, 1860-ll rund praadeshika aankuttikal kuthiraye murichu, oru kuthirayude thalayodu saamyamulla oru chokku paachu kandu, kuthirayude backie bhagangal murichumaattaan avar thudarnnu. aadya kathayaanu ettavum pothuve amgeekarikkappettathenkilum, eee aankuttikal kuthiraye avaganichathinu sesham athu thirichedukkukayum ithu aashayakkuzhappamundaakkum cheythekkaam.
1865-leeii oru kurisumaram ulppede niravadhi vivaranagal soochippikkunnathu kuthiraykoppam oru valia kurisaanu kunnin mukalilulla kunnin mukalilaayirunnathenkilum 1890-kalile kuthirayude vivaranagalil kurishukalude saannidhyam paraamarsikkunnilla.
aadyathe kuthiraye paripalikkunnathil paraajayappettath ardhamaakkunnathu 1910 kalude thudakkathil athu poornnamaayum moodappettirikkukayirnu, 1912 ll kuthiraye avasaanamaayi rekhappeduthiyirunnu, ganyamaaya valarcha kaaranam ithu drishyamallennu visheshippikkappettu. praadeshika rekhakalude adisthaanathil, yadhaartha kuthira nilavile kuthirayude vadakku-padinjaaru 100 yardle sthithi cheythirikkaamenkilum athinte krithyamaaya sthaanam anjjaathamaanu.
nilavile littington velutha kuthira.
nilavile kuthiraye kothiyedutthathu joonn tii. aade (vilyam aadeyude makan), misttar. 1924 februvari 20-leeii poornnachandranile oru raathriyil bovis eric hobbis. 
1923 leeii shaithyakaalath joonn aade roopakalppana cheytha addeham vestbari vaitt hozhsil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. joonn tii. yude vivaranagal anusarichu. koodaathe, avar aadyam littilngton athinte murikkal thayyaareduppinaayi aduthulla hellingly graamatthil adey grove hill phaam kayarukalum pegukalum upayogichu kuthiraye sthaapichu. 
februvari poornnachandranil, avarude roopakalppana vegathil kaimarunnathinulla alavukolaayi purushanmaar 35 inch 'vadi' upayogichu kuthiraye murichu. kunninte vashath kuthirayude roopam kandu njetti unarnna pradeshavaasikalude arivillaathe kuthiraye murichu; vegathilulla murikkalin pinnile prachodanam ithaayirikkaam.
1930 kalude avasaanathil randaam lokamahaayudhathil luftwafinte lokkeshan markeraayi ithu upayogikkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi prathirodha mantraalayam kuthiraye cover cheythirunnuvenkilum pidicha jarmman ayarkroovil kunnin roopangal ulkkollunna maappukal kandethiyathin sesham praadeshika nivaasikalaan kuthiraye paripaalikkunnath. 1945ll prathirodha manthraalayathile kararukar kuthiraye thidukkathil kandethiyathode kuthirayude yadhaartha aakruthiyil niravadhi mattangal sambhavichu, athil oru muun call maathram thirichupidichu. 1949 juun juun poornnachandran vare ithu thiruthiyittilla, ratri 10 munny muthal pularche 3 munny vare, joonn tii adey, bovisinum haarisinumoppam kuthiraye athinte yadhaartha roopathilekku thirike konduvaraan niravadhi mattangal varuthi, athil oru adhika frond legg punakrameekarikkukayum 'saddle ninnu rambilekku alppam mukalilekku marria' pinbhagam punakrameekarikkukayum cheythu. cheythu 1920kalilum niravadhi vivaranagal anusarichu, kuthirayude thaazhe oru valia aksharavum athinte valathuvashath oru simhathinte thalayodu saamyamulla kramarahithamaya aakruthiyum murichirunnu.
1980 kalude avasaanathil, eest sussex kaundi kaunsil kuthiraye tirayukayum kuthiraykku chuttum thadi boardukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu, koodaathe kannukaalikalil ninnulla kedupaadukal thadayunnathinaayi oru paridiyilulla veli sthaapikkukayum cheythu. eee samayathaan kuthiraye nilkkunna sthaanathu ninnu oru pranning sthaanathekku maattiyath, chithram niraykkaan upayogikkunna chokku avashishtangal vazhuthippokunnathu thadayunnathinaayi. kuthirayude samrakshanathile oru pradhana prashnam kaalukalkk chuttum ozhukunna vellathinte chaanalukalayi pravartthikkukayum kaalukal nereyaakkukayum neelamullathaakkukayum kaalukalil delttakal roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. 1991ll thavalayude firley famum athinte groundil sthithicheyyunna velutha kutirayum deseeya trastt etteduthu, athinusesham kuthiraye pathivayi paripalikkukayum 2016ll avasaanamaayi tirayukayum cheythu. 2017 meyy maasathil, kuthiraye yoonikon kombu cherthu nashippichu, ennirunnaalum athu vegathil neekkam cheythu.
hindover kunnin mukalil sthithi cheiyunna oru soujanya kaar paarkk aalfristtan roadle sthithicheyyunnu, velutha kuthirayilekku oru cheria nadappaatha maathramaan. ennirunnaalum, littilngton graamatthil ninnu cookmer nadiyude theerathu thekkott nadannukondu thaazhvaraykku kuruke ninnu kuthirayude mikacha kazhcha labikkum.
naadodikkadhakal.
oru praadeshika naadodikkadha soochippikkunnathu, kuthiraye vettiyathu oru praadeshika penkuttiyude smaarakamaayaanu, kuthira hindover kunninte nettiyil kayarumbol avale kunnin mukalilekku erinjathu avalude maranathinu kaaranamaayi. ennaal ithu sariyaanennu soochippikkunna thelivukalonnumilla.
mattoru katha soochippikkunnathu, kunninte roopathil yadhaarthathil oru nayaye chithreekarichirunnuvennum, thaazhe cookmere nadiyude theeratho thaazheyo kollapetta thante naayayude shavakudeeram adayaalappeduthunnathinayi oru aankutti murichumaattiyathaayum soochippikkunnu. thudarnnulla varshangalil naayayude mookkum kaalukalum mannolichathinaal athu oru kuthiraye chithreekarikkaan thudangi, ithu aaa roopathinu athinte ippozhathe roopam nalki. ennirunnaalum, ithu sariyaanennu soochippikkunna thelivukalonnumilla.
charitrakaaranaaya rodney castledon parayunnathanusarichu, praadeshika aitihyam soochippikkunnathu hindover hill orikkal wilmingtonile deerghakaala manushyan samanamaaya oru bheeman prathimaykku aathidheyathvam vahichirunnuvenkilum valarekkaalamaayi athu marannupoyi. kunninekkurichulla mattu praadeshika aithihyangaleppole, ithu sariyaanennu theliyikkaan thelivukalonnumilla.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
littilngton vaitt hozhs aayirunnu yukeyile aadyathe yadhaartha jeevita viidiyoo nidhi vetta geyimaaya pimaniyaykkulla pariharam. 1982 ll aadyamaayi puratthirakkiya velutha kuthiraye velippeduthunna soochanakal 1985 vare thiricharinjirunnilla, appozhekkum athinte prasadhakanaaya automaatta yuke vyapaaram nirtthiyirunnu.
littington vaitt hozhs miriam mosinte "dhii hozhs gayle" (2002) enna pusthakathinu prachodanamaayi pravarthichu, ithu oru penkuttiye chithreekarikkunnu, aval thante graamathe abhimukeekarikkunna chokki kunnil oru valia velutha kuthiraye rahasyamaayi kothiyedukkunnu, kaaranam avalude amma avale yadhaartha kuthirakalude aduthekku pookunnathil ninnu vilakkiyirunnu.

