nedi manjakkallu paryaveshanam

1873-leeii yelloston paryaveshanam 1873-leeii venalkkaalath dakota pradeshathum mondaana pradeshathum american sainyathinte oru paryaveshanamaayirunnu, yelloston nadiyude theerathulla vadakkan pasaphik reyilveyude oru root sarway cheiyunnathinaayi. kenal david ezz. yude mothatthilulla kamaandingilaayirunnu paryavekshanam. staanli, lefttanant kenal jorj eiii. kasttar second inn command.
pankedukkunnavar.
yuu.ezz. sainikar.
kenal david ezz. yude neethrthwathilulla sainika nirayude bhaagamaayirunnu ezhaam kuthirappadayude custerum yoonittukalum. 1873 leeii northen pasaphik railway sarway partyumaayi chernnu kizhakkan mondaanayile podi nadiyude padinjaaru yelloston nadiyude vadakku bhaagath sarway nadathunna staanli. staanliyude nirayil 1,530 kuthirappada, kaalaalppada, rund peeranki kashanagal (3 "rifled roadman thokkukal), 60 divasathe ration enniva ulppedunnu. 1873 juunil 1,530 sainikar, 275 kovarkazhuthakal valikkunna vaaganukal, sarveyil earppettirikkunna 353 saadhaaranakkaar, 27 indiakkaarum mixed blud skauttukalum kolatthe pinthunachukondu dakota pradeshathu ninnu puratthekku yaatra cheythu.
thaddesheeya american sakthikal.
mondaana pradeshathe paryaveshanathinethire poraadiya thaddesheeya american sainyam 1000-ladhikam yodhaakkalulla 400 muthal 500 vare lodjukalulla sitting kaalayude graamatthil ninnullavaraayirunnu. mukhathu warchief mazhayodoppam honkpappa seox, bhraanthan kuthirayude keezhil oglaala seox, miniconjo, cheyenne enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
paryavekshanam aarambikkunnu.
1873 juun juun dakota pradeshathe fort raisil ninnu pradhana paryaveshanam aarambhichu. sarway party aarr kambanikalum mejar iii. eph. tounsend, onpathaam kaalaalppada naalu divasam munbu misauri nadiyile fort ebraham linkenil ninnu aarambichirunnu, pradhana command avare marikadakkunnathuvare padinjarottu pookaan nirddeshikkappettu. maarchinte aadya pathinezh divasangalil pathinaalu divasam mazhayum chila sandarbhangalil irupathimoonno naalo manikorinullil kanatha mazhayum labhichu. hridaya nadiyude pradhana command kadakkaan oru divasam edutha sesham kenal staanlikk shree. juun juun sarway nadathunna party athinte akambadiyum "ettavum ugramaaya aalippazhakkaatt marikadannu" ennu cheef enchineeyarum mejar tounsendum aaya risser paranju...athil manushyar jeevan rakshikkaan prayasappettu, maarchil staambu cheiyunna mrugangal avarude vaaganukal thakarthathu enchineeyarmaareyum escortineyum poornnamaayum amgavaikalyathilaakkum."naashanashtangal pariharikkan sahaayikkunnathin staanli ezhaamathe kuthirappadayudeyum mechanic samghathinteyum baakkiyullavare sarveyarmaarude aduthekku ayachu, athesamayam kaalaalppada kanatha vaagan trainil thaamasichu. juulai 1 aayappozhekkum, cheef commissionary officer lefttanant pii. roopakalpana cheytha, marinja vaagan kidakkakalulla oru thaalkkaalika pondoon paalatthiloode, ekadesham 60 adii veethiyulla cheli niranja nadikku mukaliloode kaalalppadayum vaagan train kadannupoyi. echu. ettaam kaalaalppadayude reey. eee samayat staanli 47 vaaganukal adhika vitharanathinayi fort ariyilekku thirichayachu. juulai juulai, vaaganukalil akambadi vahikkunna kaalaalppada shree. sarway nadathunna samghavumaayi ettumutti. mejar tounsendinte kaalaalppadayude detachment, lephttanant kenal jorj eiii. yude keezhilulla ezhaamathe kuthirappada, rosser. upabhokthaav. eee paryaveshanam munnott pooyi, vellappokkathil mungiya cheria misauri nadhi kadannu, 1873 juulai 13 nuu mondaana pradeshathekku praveshichu, yelloston nadiyil ethi. custerum kuthirappadayude rund schwadronukalum oru parukkan paathayiloode kadannukondu, manjakkallile glendive kreekkinte mukhathu ethi, avide steamboat "qee vestt" enna bottumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi, athu aaa samayat oru supply dippo sthaapichu. staanli depoyilethiya sesham, rund ezhaamathe kuthirappada kambanikalum oru pathinezhaamatthe kaalaalppada kambaniyum kaaval nirthaan addeham upekshichu, juulai 26 nuu "qee vestt" ferry sinikareyum vaaganukaleyum yellostoninte vadakkan theerathekku kondupoyi. padinjarottu sanjaricha sesham, august 1 nuu, staanliyude nira podi nadiyude mukhathu ninnu ettu mile uyarathil kyapttan graant marshinu keezhil steamship "josephine" kandumutty. enchineeyarmaarude kyapttan vilyam ludlo mechilkkoora aavashyamaaya vasthrangalum konduvannirunnu. aaa ratri indiakkaarude saannidhyathinte aadya thelivu, camp gaardukal raathriyil niravadhi perkku nere vediyuthirkkukayum, adutha divasam raavile, august 2 nuu thaazhvarayilekku patthu perude paatha vyakthamaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. manjakkallinte idathu karayilekku march cheiyunnathinidayil, oru kaalaalppadayude oru kambaniyudeyum ezhaamathe kuthirappadayile oraaludeyum oru escort sarway party paripalikkukayum, athu thaazhvaraye pinthudaraan lakshyamidukayum, vaagan traininu niravadhi vazhithirivukal edukkukayum, thaazhvarayil ninnu erangi nadhi ozhukunna peedabhoomikal kadakkukayum cheythu.
honsinger bluffinte yuddham.
1873 august 4 njaayarazhcha, staanliyude nira innathe kasttar kaundiyile mondaanayile yelloston kunninte vadakkukizhakkan attathulla yellostoninte poshakanadiyaaya njaayarazhcha kreekkinte mukhathu camp cheythu. 1873 august 4 nuu athiraavile eee nira njaayarazhcha kreekkinte thekkan forkkiloode kunninte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathekku neengi. kyapttan jorj dablyu. ezhaamathe kuthirappadayude oru kambaniyumaayi yetts manjakkallu nadiyude theerathulla kunninte thekkukizhakkan bhaagath surveyarmaare anugamichu. kyapttan miles moylaante neethrthwathil ezhaam kuthirappadayile eiii, bii ennee kambanikalumaayi jorjju kasttar staanliyude niraykku munnil padinjarottu scout cheythu. 86 perum 4 udyogastharum indian skauttukalum adangunnathaanu kastezhs group. kasttarinte sahodaran phastt lephttanant thomas custerum addehathinte bhaaryaasahodaran phastt lephttanant jaims kaalhoun addehathodoppam undaayirunnu.
yudhathinte thudakkathil yelloston nadikku sameepam seox yodhaakkalumaayi vediyundakal kaimarukayum jorjju kasttarinte aalukal oru ettumuttal nira roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. variyil ninnulla oru voolii pinthudarunna indiakkaare yodhaakkalude akramanam thadayaan paryapthamaakki. kyapttan moylan munbu kambani eiii kaivashappeduthiyirunna vanapradeshathekku kasttar thante kambaniye pinvalichu. vanapradeshathu ethiya sesham kuthirappadayaalikal erangi, manjakkallu nadiyude muun chanalil oru ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla paridhi roopappeduthi. kuthirappadayude pathiv krameekaranam kuthirakale pidikkunna oro naalaamathe aalum aayirunnu, ennirunnaalum, ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla chuttalavinte neelam kaaranam, kuthirakale pidikkaan oro ettaamathe aalinum maathrame vishadaamshangal undaayirunnulloo. varanda chaanalinte theeram oru prakrithidatha paarapettayi pravarthichu.
ezhaamathe kuthirappadayude dittaachmentinethire yodhaavinte uparodham report cheyyappetta choodil ekadesham moonnu manikkoor thudarnnu, kasttarinte kuthirappadayaalikal avarude vanapradeshathu ninnu pottitherichu lakota seox senaye chitharichukalanjappol, avar kasttarinte aalukalumayi nadiyilekku oodippoyi. sainikar ekadesham naalu mile avare pinthudarnnenkilum avare neridaan mathiyaya reethiyil avare adaykkaan kazhinjilla.
thaazhathe pease yuddham.
manjakkallu paryavekshanam august muzhuvan manjakkallu nadiyil padinjaaru thudarnnu, vazhiyiludaneelam sarway nadatthi. august 11 nuu, pinneedu pease bottom ennariyappettirunna bighon nadiyude theerathu irikkunna kaalayude yodhaakkalumaayulla moorchayulla ettumuttal swakaarya joonn echu. yude maranathinu kaaranamaayi. ezhaamathe kuthirappadayile aadya lefttanant chaals braadante gurutharamaayi parikkettathum, tuttle. oru indian vediyundayaal braadante thuda thakarukayum 1878ll sainyathil ninnu viramikkunnathuvare udyogasthan sthiramaaya asukha avadhiyil thudarukayum cheythu.
paryavekshanam thudarunnu.
masselshell nadiyil thirachilinushesham kenal david ezz. staanliyum yelloston paryaveshanavum yelloston nadiyilekku madangukayum 1873 avasaanathode dakota pradeshathekku madangukayum 1873 septambar 23 nuu paryaveshanam avasaanikkukayum cheythu.
paryaveshanatthile naashanashtangal.
kenal staanliyude paryaveshanatthil 11 perr kollappedukayum oraalkk parikkelkkukayum cheythu. kollappettavaril naaluperude perukal joonn honsinger, ezhaam kuthirappadayile muthirnna mrugadoktar sarjan; augustus baliran, ezhaam kuthirappadayile suttler; swakaarya joonn booal, ezhaam kuthirappada; swakaarya joonn echu. tuttle, kambani iii, ezhaamathe kuthirappada; parikkettavaril oraal; aadyathe lefttanant chaals braden, ezhaamathe kuthirappada.
paryaveshanatthil pooraadumbool thaddesheeya american naashanashtangal 5 aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, mattu niravadhi yodhaakkalkkum kuthirakalkum parikkettu.
anantharafalangal.
lefttanant kenal jorj eiii. kasttar, kyapttan thomas dablyu. kasttar, kyapttan jorjju dablyu. emm. yetts, phastt lefttanant jaims kaalhoun, second lefttanant henry emm. 1876 juun 25 nuu mondaanayile littil bighon yudhathil manjakkallu paryaveshanathodoppam undaayirunna ezhaamathe kuthirappada udyogastharaaya haaringtan, kyapttan miles moylanum second lefttanant chaals varnavum pankedutthirunnuvenkilum yudhathe athijeevichu. naalu varshathinu sesham, 1877 septambar 30 nuu mondaanayile karadi paav yudhathil innathe haavarinu sameepam cheef josafinte keezhil ness persesinethire sradheyamaaya dheerathaykk moylan kongras medel oof oonar nedi. 
nedi manjakkallu paryaveshanathinethiraaya pooraattatthil pankeduttha irippida kaala, pittham, bhraanthan kuthira, mukhathu mazha ennivayum cheria valia kombinte yudhathil pankedutthu.
yudhathinte kramam.
american sainyam.
-aake
saahitya paraamarshangal.
henry wadsworth long fellooyude "mukhathe mazhayude prathikara" enna kavita, paryaveshanatthinte falamaayi mukhathu mazhayum kyapttan thomas custerum thammil nadanna ettumuttaline vivarikkunnu.
kooduthal vaayana.
lubetkin, emm. joonn, jayy kukkinte choothaattam northen pasaphik railroad, seox, 1873 leeii paribhranthi, yooniversitti oof oklahoma pras, norman, oklahoma 2006 

