
courtico-bassel ganglia-thalamo-courtical lupe

courtico-basel ganglia-thalamo-courtical lupe (sii. bii. jii. tii. sii lupe) thalachorile neural sarkyoottukalude oru samvidaanamaanu. courtex, basel ganglia, thaalamas, courtexilekkulla madakkam enniva thammilulla bandhangal looppil ulppedunnu. paarkkinsans rogam, huntingtons rogam thudangiya hyperchinetic, hypochinetic chalana vaikalyangalkkum athupole thanne attanshan dephisit hyper aaktivitti desorder (adhd), obsessive-compulsive desorder (osidi), touret syndrome thudangiya maanasika niyanthrana vaikalyangalkkum ithu prathyeka prasakthiyaanu.
cbgtc looppil praadhamikamaayi substaantiya nigrayude paar kompaakttayil ninnulla modulettari dopaminergic projectionukal, ventral tegmental eriya, courtexil ninnu stritamilekku eksaittettari glutamaterjic projectionukal enniva adangiyirikkunnu, avide eee projectionukal courtexilake thirike rile cheiyunna eksaittettari, inhibittari paathakalulla synapsukal roopappeduthunnu. samanthara prosessing model" ennu vilikkunna basel gangliayude oru modalinte bhagamaayaanu lupe aadyam nirddeshikkappettathu, ithu vimarshikkappedukayum "sentar saraundu model" ennu vilikkunna mattoru modalaayi parishkkarikkappedukayum cheythu.
nilavile oorganaiseshan skeemukal courtico-basel ganglia edapedalukale verthiricha samanthara prosessingaayi chithreekarikkunnu, athaayath basel gangliyayil vyathyastha courtical pradeshangalude samyojanam kuravaanu. ithu strittathinte topographic aayi samghadithamaaya pravartthanatthe vishadeekarikkumennu karuthappedunnu. rostro-cadell achuthandil krameekarichirikkunna strittathil, rostral pudamenum kaudettum associative, cognitive pravartthanangalum censorimotor pravartthanavum nalkunnu. chilappol straittam prakadippicha lakshyamaakumbol looppine courtico-straital-thalamic-courtical lupe ennu vilikkunnu.
neuro anattami.
sarkyoottinte rund pradhana inputt gadanakal straittam, sabtalamik nucleus (ezz. tii. enn) ennivayaanu. substaantiya nigrayude (snc) courtexil ninnum paars kompaakttayil ninnum straittathin inputtukal labhikkunnu, athesamayam snn courtical inputtukal maathrame labhikkoo.
straittathil ninnu rund pathakal uyarnnuvarunnu. oru paathaye paroksha (allengil nogo) paatha ennu vilikkunnu, athu prathirodhaathmakamaanu. ithu globus palidus externessilekku (gpe) prakshepanam cheyyukayum thadayukayum cheiyunnu, athinte falamaayi globus palidus intenasu (gpi) anuvimukthamakkukayum thalamas thadayunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee pathayum, gpe thadayunnathinte falamaayi, sabtalamik nucleusine anuvimukthamaakkunnu, ithu jipiaiyude uthejanathinu kaaranamaakunnu, athinaal thaalamasine thadayunnu.
randaamathe paathaye nerittulla (allengil pookuka) paatha ennu vilikkunnu, ithu aaveshakaramaanu. eee paatha gpi thadayukayum thalamas anuvimukthamakkukayum cheiyunnu. nerittulla pathayil kooduthalum dopamine risapttar dii 1, adenosine eiii 1 risapttar, mascarinic asattailkolin risapttar emm 4 enniva nayikkunna monosynaptic kanakshanukal adangiyirikkunnu, athesamayam paroksha paatha dopamine risapttar dii 2, adenosine eiii 2 eiii risapttar, mascarinic asattailkolin risapttar emm 1 enniva nayikkunna kanakshanukale aasrayikkunnu.
anubandha courtical pradeshangalude pravarthanangalkkanusaricha samanthara sii. bii. jii. tii. sii looppukal verthirichirikkunnu. oru skeem limbic, motor looppukalayi vibhajikkunnath ulkkollunnu, motor looppukalil parokshavum nerittullathumaaya pathakal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa ventral straittathilekk project cheiyunna limbic looppumaayi parasparam bandhippichirikkunnu. prachodanaathmaka avasthakalil basel gangliayile dopamaininte punk vishadeekarikkunnathinu looppine limbic, associative, okkulomottar, motor sarcuteukal enningane thirichirikkunnu. praadhamika courtical taargettukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru anchu lupe divisione inipparayunna reethiyil vivarichittundu
sarkyoottinte nilavile shareeraghadanayil thirichariyaan kazhiyunna oru prashnam, nerittum allatheyum pathakal thammilulla kaalathamasam eee surcuted pravarthikkaathirikkunnathu kaaranamakum ennathaanu. ithu marikadakkaan, courtexil ninnulla oru hyperdirect paatha oru focused courtical inputtinu purame mattu inputtukale thadayumennu sentar saraundu sidhaantham abhipraayappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, basel ganglia pravartthanatthinteyum avayava nimishatthinteyum samayavum kshata padanangalum eee sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnilla.
pravartthanam.
basel gangliyayil pravartthanangal engane thiranjedukkunnuvennu vishadeekarikkaan rund modalukal nirddeshichittundu. ventral straittathile oru "niroopakan" pravartthanangal srishtikkukayum vilayiruthukayum cheiyunnuvennum athesamayam dorsal straittathile oru "nadan" pravartthanangal nadathunnundennum nadan-vimarshaka model nirddeshikkunnu. mattoru maathruka nirddeshikkunnathu, courtexil pravartthanangal srishtikkukayum basel ganglia sandarbhathe adisthaanamaakki thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunna oru selection mekkaanisamaayi basel ganglia pravartthikkunnu. cbgtc lupe reward discoundingil ulppedunnu, apratheekshithamo pratheekshichathilum kooduthalo prathiphalathode vedivayppu vardhikkunnu. oru avalokanam courtex avayude phalam pariganikkathe patana pravarthanangalil ulppettirikkunnu enna ashayathe pinthunachu, athesamayam associative reward adhishtitha trial aandu error laningine adisthaanamaakki uchithamaaya pravartthanangal thiranjedukkunnathil basel ganglia ulppettirunnu.
rogathil punk.
cbgtc lupe niravadhi rogangalil ulppettittund. udaaharanathinu, paarkkinsans rogathil, uttejaka paathayude pravartthanam kuraykkunnathilekku nayikkunna dopaminergic neuronukalude apachayangal hypokinesiaykku kaaranamaakumenn karuthappedunnu, koodaathe huntingtons rogathil, inhibittari paathaye nayikkunna gabarjik neuronukalude apachayangal shareerathinte chalanangalkk kaaranamaakumenn karuthappedunnu. motor projakshanukalodoppam limbic projakshanukalude saha-roopeekaranam eee praadhamika motor rogangalude pala maanasika lakshanangalkkum kaaranamaayekkam. oo. sii. diyil, parokshavum nerittullathumaaya pathakal thammilulla asanthulithaavastha anaavashya chinthakalkk kaaranamaakukayum "kudungukayum" cheiyunna lupe pravarthanarahithamaayirikkaam. adhdyil, kaalathamasam varuthiya rewardukal amithamaayi kizhivayi labhikkunnathin kaaranamakunna tonic dopaminergic signalling kurayunnathu shradha kurayunnathinu kaaranamaakumenn karuthappedunnu.
gaveshanam.
bodham, pravartthana thiranjeduppu, mattu sarkyoottukalumaayi bandhappett, memory, cognision ennivayude pashchaathalatthil cbgtc lupe padikkappettittund. shareeraghadanayum pravarthanaparavumaaya ovarlaappinteyum nerittullathum parokshavumaaya pathakal thammilulla edapedalukaludeyum thelivukal nalkikkond cbgtc lupe model amithamaayi lalithavum valare karsanamaayi prayogikkunnathaayum vimarshikkappettittundu. aazhathilulla mastishka uthejanathinte pashchaathalatthilum lupe gaveshanam cheythittundu. 2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu sarkyoottinte vibhajanam, paathayude edapedalukal, paathakalude ennam, pothuvaaya shareeraghadana ennivayumaayi bandhappett theevramaaya charchakal nadannu.