
fraansinte cartography

franch cartography charithram madhyakaalakhattatthile sambhavavikasangalil ninnu kandethanakum. alakkal upakaranangalile mechappeduthalukalum ellaatharam rajisttarukalilum pravartthanangalude naveekaranavum eee kaalaghattatthe adayaalappeduthi. europile ettavum pazhaya bhoopadamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna oodettu thaazhvarayude oru pradeshathe prathinidheekarikkunna sent-beleck slab 1900 ll kandethukayum 2014 ll fraansile oru kottayude nilavarayil veendum kandethukayum cheythu. venkalakaala kallinu 4,000 varsham pazhakkamundennu karuthappedunnu.
fraansinte aadya bhoopadam 1525-ll aurons phine varaykkukayum maramkond achadikkukayum cheythu. ithu pradeshathu athinte saannidhyam adayaalappeduthaanulla rashtreeya shakthiyude ichhaashakthiye saakshyappeduthunnu; sthireekarikkuka, paridhikalum athirthikalum nirmmikkuka, athinte pradesham krameekarikkuka, aabhyanthara saambathika vipanikal ekeekarikkuka. pathinaram noottaandil, cartography oru pradhana skoolaayi diape prathyakshappettu. piyar desiliyezhs niravadhi bhoopadangal saakshaathkarikkaan anuvadichu. athesamayam, porchugees naavikarude portolan bhoopadangalil kaanadayile paryaveshanatthil dipoise naavikark labhicha ettavum puthiya arivu undaayirunnu.
puthiya saankethikavidyakaliloodeyum pradeshangal shekharikkunnathinum niyanthrikkunnathinumal rashtreeya adhikaarangalude ichhaashakthiyiloodeyum cartography vikasanangal nirantharam purogamichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil chila cartographic dauthyangalkku valare sakthamaaya kambanikal pinthuna nalki. cartographic padanatthile rund pradhana naazhikakkallukal rekhaamshavum akshaamshavum nirnnayikkuka ennathaayirunnu.
kasini maappukal.
fraansil, 18-aamm noottaandil kasini kudumbam 1:86,400 skailil (chartile oru centimeter bhoomiyil ekadesham 864 meterinu thulyamaanu) oru alavedukkal upakaranam upayogichu pradeshatthinte aadyathe pothu bhoopadangal nirmmichu. france raajyam muzhuvan ulkkollunna aadyathe jyaamitheeya bhoopadamaanu kasini bhoopadam. sarvekalkku munbu, pradeshatthinte thrikonarekha nadappaakkendathu aavashyamaayirunnu.
eee bhoopadangal avarude kaalathe oru saankethika naveekaranamaayirunnu. geodetic trikonathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla aadyathe bhoopadangalaayirunnu avaa, poortthiyaakkaan ambathu varshathilere samayameduthu; kasini kudumbatthile naalu thalamurakal avayude nirmmaanatthil earppettirunnu. kasini maappukal" allengil "academyude maappukal" ennariyappedunna eee bhoopadangal ippozhum bhoomishaasthranjarum charitrakaaranmaarum vamshaavalivaadikalum paraamarsikkunnu.
kasini chinnangal ennariyappedunna toponymukal ippozhum nilanilkkunnu, akkaalat thrikonaakrithiyilulla alavukal evideyaayirunnuvennu velippeduthunnu. france saamraajyathinte aadyathe pothu bhoopadamaanu "kasini bhoopadam" allengil "academyude bhoopadam". pathinettaam noottaandil pradhaanamaayum sezar-francois kasini dii thuri (kasini III), addehathinte makan jeane-dominic kasini (kasini IV) ennivaraanu ithu thayyarakkiyathu. oru ligney muthal 100 toises vare allengil 1:86,400 (alakkal upakaranathil 864 lineukal adangiyirikkunnu) aanu sweekaricha skeyil.
bhoopadam veedukalo chathuppukaludeyum vanangaludeyum athirthikaloo krithyamaayi soochippikkunnilla; ennirunnaalum, rooad shringalakalude krithyathayude nilavaaram 200 varshathilere kazhinju varacha rodukalumaayi saattalait photographukal eathaandu poornnamaayum poruthappedunnu. eee bhoopadam innum gaveshakar parishodhikkunnund. charitrakaaranmaarkku, prathyekichu bhoomishaasthram, vamshavali, paristhithi ennee mekhalakalilevarkku ithu thaalpparyamullathaanu.
lakshyam.
sezar-francois kasini (kasini III) bhoopadam aarambhichu
sarway maappukal.
1756num 1789num idayil nadatthiya sarvekalil 1756 muthal 1815 vare bhoopadam rachikkunna 181 sheettukal prasidheekarikkappettu. sezar-francois kasini 1784ll maranamadanju. addehathinte makan jeane-dominic kasini (1748-1845) pinneedu pithaavinte jolie poortthiyaakki.
saavoy, howt-savoi, maaridaim aalpsinte bhagangal enniva akkaalat france saamraajyathinte bhagamaayirunnilla, avaa bhoopadatthil prathinidheekarikkappettilla; ile dii 'yuu, corsica ennivayum illa. 1815ll mikka mapp sheettukalum oru puthiya pathippayi prasidheekarichu.
pakaram nepolian i.
1808-ll nepolian onnaaman kaasinikkal krithyathayulla oru bhoopadam nirmmikkaan theerumaanichu. ennirunnaalum, yudhabhoomiyude bhoopadangal nirmmikkuka ennathaanu eee pravartthanatthinte praadhamika lakshyamenn nepolian aavasyappettu.
eee puthiya bhoopadatthinte thrikonarekha paarees meridian arck allengil franch meridian lainil (franch meridian dii france) delambre, mechain (delambre, mechain ennivayude meridian arck) enniva sarway cheythu. 1817num 1866num idayil eee bhoopadatthinte pravartthanangal nadannu. eee kaalayalavil niravadhi vyathyastha skeyilukal pareekshichu, skeyil 1:80,000 thiranjedutthu. ithu "geological sarway" mapp ennariyappettu. eee pravarthanatthinulla dhanasahayam nalkiyathu yudhavakuppaanu. aadyathe jolie cheythath "depot dii laa gyoore" yum pinneedu sainyathinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sevanavum, avarude aadya director general francois perior addehathinte pingamiyaaya general basot franch meridian arck punarnirmmichu.
ithu yadhaarthathil bhoopadangalude mosaikkaayi nirmikkappettu, thuniyil ottikkukayum madakkukayum haard cases upayogichu samrakshikkukayum cheythu. ithu sainyathodoppam kondupokaanum karayudhathinte kaadinyatthe athijeevikkaanum anuvadichu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathil (1914-1918), eee skailil oru mapp vaayikkunnathinulla budhimuttukal generalukale 1:50,000 skaililekku varacha puthiya mapp abhyarthikkaan prerippichu. bhoopadatthile oru meter 50 kilometerinu thulyamayathinaal ithu kooduthal soukaryapradavum praayogikavumaayirunnu. eee puthiya bhoopadangal 1:25,000 enna skailil nilavilulla "vinodasanjaara bhoopadatthinu" adithara paakunnu.
igg.
francinum athinte videsha vakuppukalkkum pradeshangalkkumaayi bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vivarangal nirmmikkunnathinum paripalikkunnathinumaayi 1940 ll sthaapithamaaya oru franch pothu samsthaana bharana sthaapanamaanu instittyoott geographic naashanal (engleesha naashanal geographic instittyoott) allengil ign.
1940 juunil fraansinte paraajayathode yudhathinte thudakkathinaayi aasoothranam cheytha theevramaaya cartographic pravartthanangal nirthalaakkappettu. taamasiyaathe lokathinu sarvees geographic dii ell armi frankays ennariyappedunna grettu mapp sarvees sainikavalkkarikkappeduka instittyoott naashanal geographic ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. paareesile prashasthamaaya hotel dii rohan kettidatthil cartographermarkayi oru puthiya school thurakkunnathu ulppedeyulla pravartthanangal, ippozhum vahikkunna eee labelinu keezhil, athu pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu. fraansinte 1:50,000 bhoopadatthinte kurachu sheettukal koodi prasidheekarichu. feeld varkk, prathyekichu saharayil thudaraan kazhinja aafrikkan armi mapp sarveesaanu pradhana purogathi kaivarichathu. franch aafrikkayude bhoopadangalude pattika ganyamaayi neendu."

