
islandic komanvelthu

islandic komanvelthu, islandic free stettu ennum ariyappedunnu, 930-ll ellaam sthaapikkunnathinum 1262-ll pazhaya udambadiyumaayi norwegian rajavinodu vishwasthatha prathinjja cheiyunnathinum idayil aislaandil nilaninnirunna rashtreeya unitaayirunnu. papper ennariyappedunna hermitic airish sanyasimar ozhike, island ekadesham 874 vare janavaasamillaatha oru dveepaayirunnu.
islandic komanveltthinu savisheshamaaya oru rashtreeya samvidaanamundaayirunnu, athil thalavanmaar ("goddar") oru pothu niyamasamhitha sthaapikkukayum deseeya asambliyaaya ellaattilum judicial tharkkangal pariharikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, niyamasamhitha nadappaakkunna oru executive bodiyum aislaandil undaayirunnilla. islandic komanvelthu thalphalamaayi oru raajyamillaatha samoohamaayi visheshippikkappedunnu. pathimoonnaam noottaandil island norwegian raajyathinte niyanthranatthilaayi.
oru sisttam.
madhyakala islandic samsthaanathinu savisheshamaaya oru neethinyaaya ghadana undaayirunnu. aislaandile aadya kudiyettakkaare avarude swantham gavanment roopeekarikkumbol avarude norwegian verukal valareyadhikam swaadheenichu. avaril chilar palayanam cheytha harrald fairhairinte sakthamaaya kendreekritha adikaaram ozhivakkaan avar aagrahichu, ennaal norwegian paarambaryamaaya niyamangalum jilla niyama sammelanangalum (θing) aavarthikkaanum avar aagrahichu. ithu oru savisheshamaaya ghadana srishtichu.
aislaandile ettavum shaktharum unnatharumaaya nethaakkal thalavanmarayirunnu (paaduka. "potte", please. "gorr"). goyi" yude offeesine "godi" ennu vilichirunnu. godor" karsanamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya athirthikalaal verthirikkappettirunna. athinaal, oru swathanthranaaya manushyan thante jillayile eathenkilum "godaarine" pinthunaykkaan thiranjedukkaam. goddar" yeei pinthunaykkunnavare "thingmen" ("assembly peeppil") ennu vilichirunnu. thante thalpparyangal samrakshikkunna "goyi" kku pakaramaayi, "tingmadra" tharkkangalilo samgharshangalilo thante "goyi" kku sayudha pinthuna nalkum. thingmen" praadeshika, deseeya asamblikalilum pankedukkendathundu.
praadeshika thalatthil, praadeshika tharkkangal pariharikkunnathinayi pathimoonnu jilla niyamasabhakalude "goddar" ellah vasanthakaalathum yogangal vilikkunnu. goddar" aislaandinte deseeya asambliyaaya althingiyude nethaakkalaayum sevanamanushtichu. innu, nilavilundaayirunna ettavum pazhaya paarlamentari sthaapanamaanu altingi. aadyathe kudiyettakkaarante makan thorsteen ingolphson sthaapicha kjalarnesil nadanna praadeshika asambliyil ninnaan ithu aarambhichath. norwayile niyamangal padikkaan kjalarnesinghinte nethaakkal ulflojot enna oraale niyamichu. addeham norwayil moonnu varsham chelavazhikkukayum aislaandinte deseeya asambliyude aditharayaaya ulflojottinte niyamatthinte aditharayumaayi madangukayum cheythu. addehathinte niyamasamhithayude bhagangal landnamabokkil ("settilmentukalude pusthakam") samrakshikkappettittund. aadyathe altingi assembly 930-ll θingvellir ("assembly plains") ll yogam chernnu. ellah juunilum randaazhchathekku raajyathudaneelamulla aalukal othukoodunna oru pothusammelanamaayi altingi pravarthichu. raajyathinte niyamangal avalokanam cheiyunnathinum bhedagathi cheiyunnathinumulla utharavaadithamulla niyamasabhayude niyamanirmmanasabhayaaya "logretta" yeei chuttippattiyaan altingi. 39 "godaarukalum" avarude upadeshtaakkalum ulppettathaayirunnu logretta. moonnu varshathilorikkal avar oru niyama prabhaashakane ("logsogumavur") niyamichu. thangvellirinte madhyabhaagathulla logbergil ("loow roock") prabhashakan niyamangal paarayanam cheyyukayum vyakthamaakkukayum cheythu. aislaandile aadyathe kudiyettakkaaranaaya ingolfer arnaarsante pingaamikal "olsherjaargoyi" enna aachaaraparamaaya sthaanam vahikkukayum ellah varshavum altingiye vishudheekarikkunnathinu punk vahikkukayum cheythu.
kodathi samvidaanam.
aislaandine "fjordungar" (farthings) ennu vilikkunna naalu bharanapradesangalaayi vibhajichu. iva oronnum onpathu "goddar" bharichirunnu. naalu quarter courtukal ("fjordungsdomoor") chernnathaanu altingi. aislaandile eee judicial bodiyil 36 jadjimar undaayirunnu, oororuthareyum "goddar" oraal niyamichu. eee kodathikal vyakthigatha kesukal vichaarana cheyyukayum praadeshika kodathikalude unnatha judicial adhikaariyaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. quarter jadjimaarude vidhikal sakthamaaya bhooripakshathode amgeekarikkendivannu aarr jadjimar maathram viyojikkukayaanenkil, cases nischalamaavukayum thallappedukayum cheythu. 1005ll, lalithamaaya bhooripakshathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru appeel kodathi, anchaam kodathi srishtichukondu eee prashnam pariharichu. oru kakshi kuttakkaaranaanennu oru kodathi theerumaanichukazhinjaal, shiksha nadappakkaan athinu executive adikaaramilla. pakaram, vidhi nadappaakkunnathu parikketta kakshiyudeyo kudumbatthinteyo utharavaadithamaayi maari.
pizhakalil palappozhum saambathika nashtaparihaaramo niyamaviruddhamo ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, iva aparyapthamaaya sikshakalaayi chilar kanakkaakkukayum kalahangal thadayunnathil altingi mithamaaya vijayam maathram nedukayum cheythu. magnus maagnusante abhipraayathil, kodathikal "prathikaarathinu aswasthamaaya pakarakkaraayirunnu."niyamavirudhavum moonnu varshathe naadukadatthalumaanu ettavum kadinamaaya shikshakal. kuttavaalikalkk ellah swathavakaashangalum nashtappedukayum kolayaalikalkk oru sikshayum nalkaathe kollappedukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. island vidaan parajayappetta naadukadatthappettavar niyamavirudharaayi.
charitrakaaranaaya birgir solvaasan parayunnath islandic samooham "samakaalikarekkaal samadhaanaparavum sahakaranaparavumaayirunnu" ennaanu. englandilum norwayilum, neremarichu, "ekadesham 800 muthal 1200 vareyulla kaalayalav thudarchayaaya pooraattatthinte kaalaghattamaanu; akramavum kolapaathakangalum kooduthalaanu". charitrakaaranaaya joonn vidar sigurson vaadikkunnathu, aislaandil kristhumathatthinte aamukham aislaandil ethratholam phalapradavum praadhaanyamarhikkunnathu vyavahaaramaayirunnuvenn vyakthamaakkunnu ennaanu. 1000-ll aislaandinte kristheeyavalkkaranathil, altingi purajaatheeya aachaarangalude pothu aakhosham niyamavirudhamaakkukayum oru adhinivesham thadayunnathinu, ellah islandermaarum snaanamelkkanamennu vidhikkukayum cheythu. 
1117-ll islandic komanveltthinte niyamasamhitha ezhuthivekkukayum gray goose niyamangal ennariyappedukayum cheythu.
samvidaanathinullile jeevitam.
madhyakala aislaandile gavanment samvidaanathekkurichulla arivu pradhaanamaayum rund pradhana praadhamika srothassukalil ninnaann likhitha niyama coode, islendabok, allengil aarii dhii lanther ezhuthiya islandezhs pusthakam. islaantik kudiyettakkaaril niyamanirmmaana, neethinyaaya samvidaanangalude swaadheenam mattu pala islaantik kathakalilum oru pothu vishayamaan. njals saaga", "lakshdela saaga" thudangiya kruthikal niravadhi vishadaamshangal nalkunnundengilum avayude krithyatha tharkkavishayamaan. "snorry godi allengil "snorry dhii preesttinte" nirddeshaprakaaram islandic settilmentinullile purajaatheeyathayil ninnu kristhumathathilekkulla parivartthanatthe "irbigja saaga" vishadeekarikkunnu."neethikkum avarude bharanasamvidhaanathile shikshaykkum nalkunna oonnal kathayil prathifalikkunnu" avar parayunnu, njangal kodathiyil thirichadikal anubhavikkum; shaktharaaya thalavanmaarude pinthuna njangal abhyarthikkanam ennaal arnkal oru vaakchathuryamulla cases vaadikkum, addeham jadjiye juriyeyum swaadheenikkum-enikku neethiyil vishwaasamundu."
11, 12 noottaandukalil karshakarude pinthunaye valareyadhikam aashrayichirunna thalavanmaarkk avar prathinidheekarikkunna jillakalil naatturaajyangalo prajakalo undaayirunnilla. 1190 oode, thalavanmaarude ennam kurayukayum raajyathinte valia pradeshangal niyanthrikkunna vyakthigatha thalavanmaaril adikaaram kendreekarikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1220 aayappozhekkum raajyam praadeshika shakthikalude oru ayanja federationaayirunnu.
charitrakaaranaaya joonn vidar sigurson parayunnathanusarichu, "oru thalavan thante vyakthiparamaaya gunangal, sambathu, suhruthukkal, sabhaamgangal, bandhukkal, bharthruveettukal ennivare adisthaanamaakkiyulla adikaaramaanu pulartthiyirunnathu. ettavum budhiyullavarum ettavum sahayakaravum ettavum sambannarum ettavum udaararumaayavar ettavum shaktharaayitheernnu."karshakarude bhakshya uthppaadanamaayirunnu" "rashtreeya, sainika shakthiyude adisthaanam" "ennu charitrakaaranaaya aarni danielle jooliyoosan abhipraayappedunnu".
karshakarude aswasthatha valare saadhaaranamaayirunnenkilum parambaraagathamaayi nirvachichirikkunna karshaka kalapangal aislaandil orikkalum sambhavichittilla.
kudiyettam muthal panthrandaam noottaandinte arambham vare aislaandil adimatham nadappaakkiyirunnu. moshanathino kadangal adaykkunnathil paraajayappedunnathino kuttakkaraaya vyakthikale adimakalaakkaan islandic niyamam anuvadichu. adimakale vivaham kazhikkaanum kuttikalundakaanum anuvadichirunnu, athaayath oru vibhaagam adimakalkku svayam nilanilkkaan kazhiyum. panthrandaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil adimatham kuranjuvarikayum pathinanjaam noottaandode athu valare apoorvamaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu.
yuddham.
goddar" yude anuyaayikal sainika sevanathinu kadappettirikkunnu. avarude saamoohika nilayudeyum upakaranangaludeyum adisthaanathil avare plaattoonukalaayo kambanikalaayo samghadippikkukayum ivar paryaveshana sainyangalo leedangarukalo roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. akkaalathe islandic sainika paarambaryam norwayile sambhavavikaasangale sookshumamaayi pinthudarnnu. samghaditha kuthirappadayude roopeekaranangalo prakshepaka aayudhangalulla sainikarude roopeekaranangalo rekhappeduthiyittilla pakaram bhooribhaagam sainyavum laitt, meediyam, hevi infentry unitukalaayi roopeekarikkappettu, kaalaalppada unitukalkkidayil bomen allengil slingerukal vitharanam cheythu, laitt support skirmisharukalaayi pravarthichu. komanvelthu avasaanikkunnathin munbu, kuranjathu 21 kottakalum kottakalum aislaandil nirmmichirunnu. starlangs kaalaghattatthil, sharashari yudhathil aayirathil thaazhe purushanmaar ulppettirunnu, sharashari apakada nirakk 15 sathamaanam maathramaan. thaarathamyena kuranja eee apakadanirakkinu kaaranam islandic samoohathil vyaapicha rakthachorichil maanasikaavasthayaayirikkam, athaayath parajayappetta sainyathe oru manushyan bahumaanaartham vadhikkan kazhiyilla.
matham.
1056ll sabha thiranjeduttha islifur thrissursaarsan aayirunnu sculholtile aadyathe bishop. addehathinte makan thrissur bishappayi niyamithanaayathinusesham, aislaandil avatharippicha aadyathe nikuthiyaaya dasaamsham avatharippichathinaal sabhayude adikaaravum sambathum athivegam valarnnu. ellaam kazhinjaal raajyathe ekeekarikkunna randaamathe sthaapanamaayi sabha maari. kristhuvinu munbulla kaalaghattatthil samanamaaya paattenukal thudarunnathinaal, palli estettukal "goddar" yude udamasthathayilaakaam, avarkk dashaamshathinte oru bhagam labikkum.
veezhukayum kurayukayum cheiyunnu.
pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, komanvelthu aabhyanthara tharkkangalude falamaayundaaya araajakathvavum vibhajanavum anubhavikkan thudangi. yadhaarthathil, (thalavanmaar) oru nischitha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya medhaavithvathekkaal karar bandhamaayaan pravarthichathu. ennirunnaalum, 1220 aayappozhekkum eee tharatthilulla vargeeya neethrthwathinu pakaram kooduthal niyanthranathinaayi parasparam poraadiya prabalamaaya praadeshika vyakthikal vannu. adhikaarathinte asanthulithaavasthayum islandic yudhathinte swabhaavathile maattangalum moolamaanu eee kaalaghattatthile araajakathvavum akramavum undaayathenn oru charithrakaaran vaadikkunnu. islandic komanveltthinte thudakkathil eee samkhya kuranjathu 39 aayirunnengilum, panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathil chila sakthamaaya kudumbangalkk islandic komanveltthinte bhooribhaagathilum ekopitha niyanthranam undaayirunnu. 
ekeekaranathinu kaaranamaaya niravadhi gadakangalundu. mathetharavum sabhaparavumaaya adhikaarathinte verthiriv chila kudumbangaleyum praadeshika shringalakaleyum mattullavarude chelavil sakthamaakkaan kaaranamaayi, ithu adhikaarathinte asanthulithaavasthayilekku nayichu. dasaamsham avatharippikkunnathiloode pallikale niyanthrikkunna thalavanmaarude sambathu vardhichirikkaam. praadeshika adisthaanathil karshakare upadravikkukayum yudhangal nadathukayum cheythath apakadangalum apakadangalum uyarthukayum ekeekaranathe prolsaahippikkukayum cheythekkaam. janasamkhyayile vardhanavum vibhavakshaamavum saadhaaranakkaare thalavanmaare kooduthal aashrayikkaan kaaranamaayirikkam.
raajyathe thante bharanathin keezhil konduvaraan norwayile rajaavu thante islandic saamanthanmaaril sammarddam cheluthaan thudangi. thante nilanirtthal samghathinte bhagamaakaanum aislaandile thante thalpparyangal pinthudarukayum cheyyaan addeham islandic thalavanmaare niyogichu. 1220ll aarambhicha islandic kaaryangalil raajaavinte punk 1240 aayappozhekkum shakthamaavukayum cheythu (islandermaar raajaavinte thalavanmaare thiranjedukkunnathu sweekarikkaan thudangi). <aii. dii. 1> kaalaghattatthil rajaavu aislaandil adikaaram ekeekarichu. aabhyanthara sathruthakalumaayulla asamthripthiyum norway raajaavinte sammarddavum 1262ll ("pazhaya udambadi") oppittukondu norwayude haakkon naalaamane rajaavaayi sweekarikkaan islandic thalavanmaare prerippichu. charitrakaaranaaya swerir jacobson parayunnathanusarichu, moonnu islandermaar aislaandine norway raajaavinte keezhil konduvarunnathil pradhana punk vahichu jisur thorwaldson (karshakare rajaavinu nikuthi adaykkaan sammathippikkunnathinaayi), hraphen oadsan (raajaavine pinthunaykkaan gaasoorine sammarddathilaakkunnathum westfordile karshakare rajaavinu keezhadakkunnathinum), bishop brander jonson (rajaavinu keezhadangan kizhakkan fordukalile bandhukkale konduvarunnathinu).
1264 aayappozhekkum ellah islandic medhaavikalum norwayile rajavinodu vishwasthatha prakadippichu. islandic komanveltthinte avasaanam saadhaaranayaayi pazhaya udambadiyilekko (1262-1264) 1281-ll johnsboke sweekarichathilekko aanu.
samakaalika swaathanthryavaada kaazhchappaadukal.
libertarian sidhaanthakanaaya david dii. friedman, "madhyakala islandic sthaapanangalkku niravadhi savisheshavum rasakaravumaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu; vipani samvidaanangalkku sarkkaarine athinte ettavum adisthaanaparamaaya pravarthanangalil ethratholam maattisthaapikkaan kazhiyumennu parisodhikkaan oru bhraanthan saambathika shaasthranjan avaa kandupidichirikkaam."ithine araajakathva-muthalaalithavaadamennu nerittu mudrakuthaathe, niyamavyavastha oru yadhaartha loka araajakathva-muthalaalitha niyamavyavasthayaakaan aduthathaayi addeham vaadikkunnu. orotta niyamavyavasthayundennu soochippichenkilum, niyamam nadappaakkunnathu poornnamaayum svakaaryavum uyarnna muthalaalithaparavumaanennu friedman vaadikkunnu, atharamoru samooham engane pravartthikkum ennathinu chila thelivukal nalkunnu. "islandic niyamavyavastha oru 'pothu' kuttakrithyam amgeekarichaalum, chila vyakthikalkk (chila sandarbhangalil baadhichavaril ninnu lottu thiranjedutthavar) cases pinthudarunnathinum athinte falamaayundaakunna pizha eedaakkunnathinum avakasham nalkikkond athu kaikaaryam cheythu, angane athu adisthaanaparamaayi oru swakaarya samvidaanathilekku cherkkunnu."athinte rashtreeya gadanayekkurichu abhiprayappetta libertarian pandithanaaya roderick deerghamaayi abhiprayappettu
thante gaveshanam samgrahichukondu friedman bhaagikamaayi upasamharikkunnu
saambathika vidagtharaaya vinsent jeloso peettar tii. yum chernnu 2021ll nadatthiya oru patanam. leason ingane nigamanam cheythu
friedman broose ell. criminal niyamathinteyo executivinteo bureaucrassiyudeo abhaavathil islandic komanvelthu ganyamaaya saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya purogathi kaivarichuvennu benson vaadichu.

