
agordaatt yuddham (1941)

randaam lokamahaayudhathinte kizhakkan aafrikkan prachaarana velayil britiish, komanvelthu, indian senakalkkethire itaaliyan sainyavum colonial sainikarude royal corps chernnu 1941 januvari 26 muthal 31 vare erithriyayile agordaattin sameepam agordaatt yuddham nadatthi. aakramanathinu munbu itaaliyan kodukalum saifarukalum lamghikkunnathinte nettam britteeshukaarkk undaayirunnu, koodaathe itaaliyan srothassukalil ninnu yudhakramathekkurichum (itaaliyan royal eyar fozhsu) itaaliyan sainyathinteyum padhathikalekkurichum dhaaraalam vivarangal labhichu.
sudanile kassala itaaliyan, colonial sainikarude kaaval seena januvari pakuthiyode pinwangan utharavittathinushesham, 1941 februvariyil erithriyayilekkulla britiish akramanam januvari pakuthiyode aarambhichu. agordaatt oru mikacha prathirodha sthaanamaayirunnu, pravartthanangal vaikippikkukayum roadukal khananam cheyyukayum cheythathiloode britiish munnettam mandagathiyilaayenkilum januvari 28 nuu idathu (vadakkan) vashath akramanam aarambhichu, athu pinthirippikkappettu. januvari 31 vare kunnukalilum samathalangalilum nischayadaarthyathode poraattam nadannu, britishukaar naalu mattilda taankukalkkum bren gann carrierukalkkum pinnil akramikkukayum athu itaaliyan phiyatt emm 11/39 taankukal eluppathil nasippikkukayum kaalalppadaye pinmaran nirbandhikkukayum cheythu.
ottappedaathirikkaan italikkaar kerenilekku kramakkedu niranja oru pinvaangal aarambhichu, 1,000 thadavukaareyum niravadhi thokkukalum 14 taankukalum upekshichu; britteeshukaarude pinthudarchaykkide 1,000 pere koodi kondupoyi. itaaliyan, praadeshika senayude yudhathile ettavum nischayadaarthyamullathum phalapradavumaaya prathirodha pravartthanangal agordaatt yudhathil nadannu. itaaliyan kizhakkan aafrikkaykkethiraaya britiish aakramanatthile aadyathe valia vijayamayirunnu eee yuddham, thudarnnu keren yuddham (februvari 5-epril 1), ithu erithriya govarnarettinte pathanatthilekku nayichu.
pashchaathalam.
kassalayude itaaliyan pidichedukkal.
itaaliyan kizhakkan aafrikkan sayudha senayude commander inn cheef (itaaliyan kizhakkan aafrikkan sayudha seena command), (vyomasenayude general), itaaliyan kizhakkan aafrikkayude viceroy govarnor generalumaaya amedio, itali brittan francinum ethire juun 10 nuu yuddham prakhyaapichathinu sesham 1940 juulai 4 nuu aarambikkunna anglo-eejipshyan sudanile kasala itaaliyan aakramanathinu utharavittu. itaaliyan, colonial senakalude moonnu nirakal aakramanathinu thudakkamittu, kuthirappadayude chila schwadronukalum munnirayaayi pravarthichu.
rejia aeronotica" nadatthiya panthrand manikkoor bombaakramanatthil olivil kazhinjirunna sudan prathirodha seena (ezz. dii. eph, mejar general vilyam plait dhii [leader oof armi], ennariyappedunna), praadeshika police kasala prathirodhichu, thudarnnu aarr itaaliyan taankukal thakarkkukayum aakramanakaarikalkk ganyamaaya naashanashtangal varuthukayum cheythu. itaaliyan kuthirappada kasala praveshikkukayum prathirodhakkar beautana paalatthilekku pinvaangukayum cheythu, oraal kollappedukayum moonnu perkku parikkelkkukayum 26 pere kaanaathaavukayum cheythu, avaril chilar avarude yoonittukalil veendum chernnu. itaaliyan maranangalil 43 perr kollappedukayum 114 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. 12-aamath colonial brigade kasala tank virudha prathirodham, mesheen gann posttukal, strong pooyintukal enniva nirmmichu.
kasala itaaliyan aakramana samayat, gaala-sidamo gavarnaraaya general pietro gassera itaaliyan colonial sainyathinteyum (itaaliyan offeesarmaarude kramakkedu) oru battaaliyanodoppam gaalaabatthile sudan kotta pidichedutthu. kenal castagnolayude neethrthwathil gaalaabathine sthaapikkukayum kottayorukkukayum cheythu. karora athirillaathe adhinivesham cheyyappedukayum juulai 7 nuu peerankikaludeyum vimaanangaludeyum pinthunayode mattoru colonial bataaliyan kurmukkine akramikkukayum oru hrasvamaaya ettumuttalinu sesham arupath sudanese poleesine keezhadakkukayum cheythu.
itaaliyan akramanangal kasala sudanil vilapetta praveshana pooyint nedukayum gallabat pidichedukkunnathiloode britteeshukaarkk thaddesheeya ethiopian prathirodha poraalikalaaya arbegnockine (deshasnehikal) gojjaamile pinthunaykkunnathu budhimuttaakkukayum cheythu. kurmukkinte nashtam chila pradeshavaasikale kollayadikkaan prerippichu; praadeshika sudaanikalude abhiprayam itaaliyan vijayangalil mathippulavaakkiyenkilum kasala janangal britteeshukaare pinthunaykkunnathu thudarukayum adhinivesha samayat vilapetta vivarangal nalkukayum cheythu. ezz. dii. eph kasalaykku sameepam pravartthanam thudarnnu, juulai 5 nuu royal warwickshare rejimentaaya randaam battaaliyante oru kambani gedarephil ethi; itaaliyan janathayil athishayokthiparamaaya kimvadanthikal athiyathaayi britishukaar kandethi. sudan athirthiyil valare valia sainyamundennu vishwasikkaan itaaliyanmaare kabalippikkaan plait theerumaanichu, juulai 25 nuu pidicheduttha oru itaaliyan bhoopadam 20,000 britiish, sudanese sainikar kasala pravisyayilundennu kaanikkunnu.
itaaliyan padhathikal.
britiish somaliland keezhadakkiya sesham, ayoyile itaaliyakkaar kooduthal prathirodha bhavam sweekarichu. 1940 avasaanathode medittareniyan, padinjaaran marubhoomi, brittan yuddham, greco-itaaliyan yuddham ennivayil itaaliyan sainyam parajayappettu. romile general staafinte puthiya itaaliyan medaaviyaaya general yugo cavallero kizhakkan aafrikkayil oru puthiya thanthram sweekarichu. 1940 desemberil, kizhakkan aafrikkayile itaaliyan senayodu mikacha prathirodha sthaanangalilekku pinmari ayoyude prathirodhatthil shradha kendreekarikkaan cavallero utharavittu. desember 31 nuu, sabdarattinu kizhakkulla trackilulla kasalaykku vadakkulla pradeshathu ninnu serobattibilum adarattilum autposttukalulla oru reserve aayi sabdarattil oru mobail fozhsumaayi viramikkaan frussi utharavittu.
eee maasam aadyam, sudan akramikkunnathinulla padhathikal radhaakkaanum sudan-erithriya athirthiyile thaazhnna pradeshangalile kasala, mettemma ennividangalil ninnu pinmaranum kasala-agordaatt, mettemma-gonder roadukalil kooduthal eluppathil samrakshikkaavunna parvathatheerangal kaivasham vaykkaanum frussic romil ninnu utharavukal labhichirunnu. britishukaar akramikkaan pookukayaanennum paraajayappedumennum prakhyaapichathinu sesham athu oru prachaarana paraajayamaayirikkumennathil thaazhnna pradeshangalil ninnu pinmaran frussi vimukhatha kaanichu. oru pradhana railway junction koodiyaayirunnu kassala; chenkadal theerathe sudan thuramukhathu ninnu gedaarefile adithattilekku saadhanangal kondupokaan railway upayogikkunnathil ninnu britteeshukaare ithu thadanju.
britiish padhathikal.
1940 novemberil, gazelle fozhsu gash rivar deltayil ninnu ethiopian peedabhoomiyile kasalaykku chuttumulla itaaliyan advanced posttukalkkethire pravarthichu, avide malanirakal, veethikuranja thaazhvarakal, mazha enniva juulai muthal october vare eee pradeshathe maleriyaakkunnu. novemberil gaalaabathil britiish rivezhsinu sesham, wawell desember 1 muthal 2 vare keyroyile sthithigathikal avalokanam cheythu. eejiptil compass aasannamaayathode, kizhakkan aafrikkayile britiish sainyam ethiopiayile deshasnehikale sahayikkukayum gaalaabathil itaaliyanmaare sammarddathilaakkunnathu thudarukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu. sudanilekku kooduthal aazhathil itaaliyan munnettam thadayunnathinaayi 1941 januvariyil kasala thirichupidikkukayum desember avasaanam muthal naalam indian kaalaalppada division (mejar general noval beresford-piyezhs) eejiptil ninnu sudanilekku maattukayum cheythu. dixuchi vijayathode, eejipt kazhinjaal kizhakkan aphrica randaam sthaanathethi, 1941 eprilode ethiopiayile itaaliyan senaye vijayikkanulla oru thanthram.
naalam indian divisionte kaimattatthinu 1941 januvari aadyam vare samayameduthu. februvari 8 nuu vadakkan munnaniyil akramanam aarambikkaan plait uddeshichu, kasaalaykkethire pincer aakramanathode, naalaamathe indian infantry division anchaamathe indian infantry division (mejar-general levis heath), oro brigade. eejipthile itaaliyan duranthathekkurichulla vaarthakal, gazal senayude peedanam, ethiopiayile mission 101 nte pravartthanangal enniva itaaliyan janatha avarude vadakkan bhagam keru, vaachaay ennividangalilekku pinvalikkunnathinum thudarnnu januvari 18 nuu kasala, tesseni, keru, bisia, aikotta ennivayude trikonathil ninnu thidukkathil pinvaangunnathinum kaaranamaayi. februvari 9nuu neratthe march akramanam aarambhikkaanum itaaliyan manoveeryam thakarunnathayi thonniya januvari 19nuu aarambhikkaanum vaaval plattinode utharavittu. wireless decryptukal britiish thayyaareduppukaleyum samayathinu munbaayi akramikkaanulla theerumaanatheyum valareyadhikam sahayichu. itaaliyan pinvalikkal oru pinthudaralinu utharavidaanum padinjaaru ninnu varunna sainyathe neridaan karorayil akramikkaanum theerathinu samaantharamaayi munneraanum sudan thuramukhathu (briggs fozhsu) athunna sainyathe wawell nayichu.
ultra.
1940 navambarode ayoyile itaaliyakkaar avarude saifarukal maatti pakaram vaykkukayum ennaal aaa maasaavasaanathode englandile gavanment coode aandu saifar school (jii. sii & sii. ezz) keyroyile saifar beuro middle eesttum (sii. bii. emm. iii) "regio esersito", "reejiya aeronotica" enniva maattisthaapikkunna kodukal thakarkkukayum cheythu. 1941 januvari 19nuu britiish akramanam aarambhicha samayamaayappozhekkum itaaliyan yudhakramavum vitharana sahacharyavum velippeduthaan mathiyaya thaazhnna nilavaaramulla saifarukalum thakarkkapettu. britteeshukaarkk kelkkaan eluppamulla aavruthikal upayogichu wireless aashayavinimayathe aashrayikkunnath visroyiyude dainamdina reportil ninnu "rejia aeronotica", "rejia esersito" ennivayude pravartthana padhathikal vareyulla vivarangalude oru vellappokkathilekku nayichu. chila avasarangalil, britiish commandermark sweekarthaakkalkku munnil sandeshangal undaayirunnu, pinneedu keyroyile deputy director milittari intelligence report cheythu,
munkootty.
itaaliyan viramikkal.
1940 avasaanathe sahacharyam sudanese pattanangalaya kasala, gallabat enniva amgeekarikkaanaavaathathaaki, ithu itaaliyan kamaandinte avare upekshikkanum sainyathe ethiyopiyayilekkum erithriyayilekkum pinvalikkanumulla theerumaanathilekku nayichu. eejipthile sahacharyam kizhakkan aafrikkayile itaaliyan thanthrathe baadhikkunnundennum dheeramaaya britiish nayam nyaayeekarikkappedunnuve britteeshukaarkk nirddeshicha kasala itaaliyan panthrandaam colonial brigade (general orlando lorenzini) 1941 januvari ratri viramichu. februvari 9nuu sudanil ninnulla britteeshukaarude akramanam januvari 19lake konduvarikayum sakthamaaya pinthudaral nadatthaan plattinode utharavidukayum cheythu. gallabathile kaaval senaye gondariletthaan utharavittappol, panthrandaamatthe colonial brigade chittayayi erythrian malanirakalude thaazhvarayilulla keru-biskia-aikotta trikonathilekku viramichu, athesamayam ezz. dii. eph, naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum indian kaalaalppada divisionukalil ninnulla motor unitaaya gazal fozhsinodulla (kenal frank messervy) chila prathirodhatthe ethirthu.
pinvaangunna itaaliyan senaye marikadakkaanum valayaanum gazal sainyam bheeshanippeduthiyathinnethu, erithriyayile ikkottaykkum baarantuvinum edayilulla samathalathil sakhyakakshikalude munnettatthe kuranjathu 24 manikorengilum mandagathiyilaakkaan amhara kuthirappadayodu (lefttanant amedio gillett) utharavittu. kuthirappada rahasyamaayi anglo-indian senaye marikadakkukayum januvari 21 nuu pularche avarude pinnil ninnu oru kuthirappadayude akramanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. eee akramanam komanvelthu lainukalkkidayil valareyadhikam aswasthatha srishtichu, ennaal kuthirappada veendum charge cheyyaan thayyaaredukkumbol, sakhyasena punasamghadippikkukayum amhara kuthirappadaykku nere vediyuthirkkukayum cheythu, athesamayam kavachitha unitukal avare valayunnu. gillettinte deputy, lefttanant renato togini, mateelda taankukalude oru nirayil 30 colonial sainikarude plaattoon upayogichu kuttam chumatthi, avarellam kollappettu, pakshe ithu bakkiyulla kuthirappadaye pinvalikkaan anuvadichu. eee aakramanathinu ekadesham 800 oolam amhara kuthirappadaye kollukayo parikkelppikkukayo cheythuvenkilum pradhana itaaliyan senaykk agordaattil ethaan mathiyaya kaalam britiish munnettatthe mandagathiyilaakki.
agardaatt.
agordaattile nilam oru swaabhaavika prathirodha sthaanamaayirunnu, koodaathe prathirodham biskia, baarentu ennividangalil ninnulla thekk-padinjaaru bhaagathe munnettatthe kooduthalum thadanju; vadakkan bhagam baraka nadiyude adithattil ninnu thadanju. kassala ninnu rund roadukal agordaattilekku, vadakkott keru, biskia ennivayiloode oru track, avide rooad mechappettu, koodaathe "imperial vazhi", tesseni, aikotta, baarentu ennivayiloodeyulla oru tarmac rooad. agordathil cherunna roadukal asmaarayilekkulla eaka paathayaya keraniloode kadannupoyi. baraka nadiyude vadakkan theerathulla oru cheria pattanamaayirunnu agordaatt, mazhakkalam ozhike varanda oru charadaayirunnu, theerathu eenthappanathoppukalundu. agordaattinte thekk-padinjaaru, oro attatthum oru kotta, vayar entaamgilmentukal, konkreett mathil ennivayaal samrakshikkappettirunna laakvettaatt ridge undaayirunnu. thekk-kizhakk, itaaliyakkaar naalu paarakkettukalil kottakal nirmmichirunnu, athinappurathu samathalathin mukalil oru kodumudiyulla kochan parvvathamundaayirunnu.
vadakkum kizhakkum thaazhvarakal aduthuvarikayum baarentu rooad thekk laakvettattinum emm. tii. kochenum idayilaayi ozhukukayum cheythu. naalaamathe indian divisione subderathilekkum vaachaayilekkum rodiloode ayachu, avide ninnu keruvilekku saadhanangal anuvadikkunnathra doore, bii schwadronile mattilda infentry taankukal, eejiptil ninnu cherunnathinu naalaamathe aarr. tii. aarr. kizhakk baarantuvilekkum vadakkukizhakku biskiyayilekkum neengaan thayyaraya aikotta pidichedukkuka ennathaayirunnu anchaamathe indian division. vyomaakramanangalkk purame 41-aamath colonial brigedinte oru reargaardinte kaivashamundaayirunna keru gorj vare pinthudarchaye athirthilla. general ugo fongoliyeyum addehathinte staafineyum thadavukaaraayi vittayacha raathriyil brigade pinwangi. januvari 25 aayappozhekkum sakhyasena agordaattum baarantuvum thammilulla ashayavinimaya paatha vichedichu. pittennu, naalam indian division (5-aamm indian infentry brigade 11-aamm indian infentry brigade) peerankippada itaaliyan prathirodhatthil bombittu, athesamayam dakshinaafrikkan vyomasena (suff) hocker chuzhalikkaatt poraalikal ashmarayileyum gurayileyum ambathu itaaliyan vimaanangalil bhooribhaagavum nasippikkukayum backie prachaaranatthinaayi vyoma aadhipathyam nedukayum cheythu. januvari 27 aayappozhekkum rund indian divisionukalil bhooribhaagavum agordaattinodu aduthu ethi, oru brigade thekkott thirinj raajyathudaneelam baarantuvilekku neengi.
yuddham.
<aii. dii. 1> januvari.
januvari 28nuu, naalaamathe indian division agordaattin vadakku itabere parvathatthilekkum kayank parvathatthilekkum oru puram neekkavum ezhaam aarr. tii. aarinte naalu mattilda I taankukalum pakal samayat ethi. naalam bataaliyan, sikh rejiment, moonnaam bataaliyan, onnaam panchab rejiment enniva athirillaathe adachu. <aii. dii. 1> panchab samathalathiloode jaagrathayode munnerukayum iruttinushesham emm. tii. kochente mukalilethicherukayum cheythu. randaam bataaliyan, raajnjiyude swantham cameron highlandezhs, onnaam bataaliyan (velleslis), aaraamathe rajaputana raifilukal enniva samathalathiludaneelam pinthudarukayum iruttode itaaliyan vashath kuzhichedukkukayum cheythu. naalaamathe sikhukaarum moonnil rund panchaabukaarum januvari 1nuu ratri laakvettaatt ridge aakramichenkilum avare pinthirippikkukayum samathalathilekku thirike maattukayum gazelle seena ettedukkukayum cheythu. raathriyil emm. tii. kochene shakthippeduthunnathinaayi rund itaaliyan battaaliyanukale ayakkukayum januvari 29 vare poraattam thudarukayum cheythu. onnaam bataaliyan (velleslis) ridjilekku neengiyengilum januvari 30nuu moonnu itaaliyan battaaliyanukal koodi ethi indian kaalalppadaye thirichayachu. oro indian battaaliyanilum ninnulla oru kambani vendathra kovarkazhuthakal illaathathinaal verpeduthappedukayum vedikkoppukalum vellavum bhakshanavum bangal saapparmarudeyum khanithozhilaalikaludeyum sahaayathode kaikondu munnott kondupookukayum cheythu. vitharana shramathinide, lainile oru vidavu nikathaan kaariyarukalkk avarude lodukal upekshichu bionettukal sariyaakkendivannu. emm. tii. kochenninu pinnil kurachu peerankikal konduvaraan itaaliyakkaarkku kazhinju, ithu aakramanakaarikale pinvanganum malancherivukalkkum thaazhvarakalkkum idayil chitharikkidanna rund indian battaaliyanukale punasamghadippikkaanum nirbandhitharaakki. moonnu indian battaaliyanukal veendum akramikkukayum itaaliyanmaare baarendu roadylake madangaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. samathalathil, randaamathe cameraman oduvil jibraltar ennariyappedunna oru spurr pidichedukkukayum uchakazhinju niravadhi itaaliyan prathyaakramanangale paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. 
januvari 31.
naalu mathildakalude pinnilulla rajakeeya fusiliermaaraaya onnaam bataaliyan, agordaatt samathalathin munbulla avasaanathe thadassam marikadakkaan, lakvaattaatt parvathatthinum kochen parvathatthinum (prathirodhakkaare kenal luciani command cheythirunna) edayilulla churatthinum nereyulla akramanam puthukki. avasana akramanam nadannathu anglo-indian kaalaalppadayude munpilaanu, athinu munbu mattilda taankukal itaaliyan prathirodhatthe eathaanum minitukalkkullil thakarkkukayum itaaliyan peerankikale keezhadakkukayum pathinonnu meter aidi 1, phiyatt ell 3 taankattukal nasippikkukayum cheythu, avayil chilath masawa thuramukhathe kappalukalil ninnulla jarmman sannadhapravarthakar upayogichirunnu.
thuranna sthalathu ascariyudeyum amhara kuthirappadayudeyum niravadhi prathyaakramanangal paraajayappedukayum moonnilonnu panchab fusiliorukaliloode kadannupoyi tinker, thayyalkkaaran, sainikan, naavikan ennariyappedunna naalu kottakettya kunnukale akramikkukayum cheythu. ratri veenappol panchaabikal itaaliyan prathyaakramanangale neridaan kuzhichedukkukayum tinker thayyalkkaranum pidikkappedukayum cheythenkilum avaa nadannilla. keren rooad murichaal kudungikkidakkumennu bhayann prathirodhakkar kerenilekku pinwangi, indian, britiish kaalaalppada agordaattilekku pinthudarnnu. takarnna 14 taankukalum 43 thokkukalum ellah bharameriya upakaranangalum britishukaar kondupoyi. pinthudarchaykkide, 1,000 thadavukaar koodi pidikkappedukayum februvari 1 nuu agordaatt pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
barren.
gwaalayile oru swarnna khaniyil ninnu kuthaneyulla kunnukal niranja samathalathil airfieldulla oru kottakettya pattanamaayirunnu baarendu. moonnu prathirodha lainukalilaayi ombathu kaalaalppada battaaliyanukalum (8,000 purushanmaar) 36 taankukalum kavachitha kaarukalum 32 parvatha thokkukalum ulppede randaam colonial division (general aanjalo bergonsi) eee pattanatthe kaaval nirtthi. januvari 21nuu, 29-aamath indian infentry brigade ikkottayil (haikota) ninnu munnerukayum aaraamathe bataaliyan, 13-aamath frontier fozhsu raifilukal (6-aamath eph. eph. aarr) prathirodhakare marikadakkunnathuvare baarendu roadle oru itaaliyan colonial brigade ethirkkukayum cheythu. januvari 25 nuu vaikunneram mattoru reargard nerittu; moonnaam bataaliyan, randaam panchab rejiment athinte lakshyam pidichedutthathinushesham pularche oru akramanam thirichadichu, ennaal onnaam battaliyanaaya vorcestershire rejiment iruttil nashtappettu, aaraamathe eph. eph. aarinte vasham anaavrithamaakki, prathirodhakkar thirichadichu. januvari 26 nuu mattoru sramam kurachu purogathi kaivarichu, itaaliyanmaar raathriyil viramichu. januvari 28nuu indiakkaar mattoru thadayal sthaanam akramikkukayum itaaliyanmaare baarentuyil ninnu oru sthaanathekku thirike konduvaraan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu, avide prathirodhakkar moonnu divasam ethirthu.
agordaattil ninnu thekkott neengunna pathaamatthe indian kaalaalppada brigade, roadinu mukalilulla charivukalile paarakalum valia paarakkettukalum rooad thadayunnathinaayi chalanathmakamaakkiyathaayi kandethi. indian enchineeyarmaar thadassangal marikadannappol prathirodhakkar mattoru nischayadaartyamulla regard aakshan nadatthi. januvari 31 nuu, pidichedukkappetta aadyathe vorsttar padinjarottu uyarnnu, choodu, daaham ennivakkidayilum, vasthrangal keerukayum charmmam murikkukayum cheiyunna mulchedikaliloode neengukayum, varanda takarnna mannil. itaaliyan sainyathe rund prathirodha nirakalil ninnu nirbandhitharaakkiyenkilum athinaayi thayyaaredukkukayum avarude sthaanangal sarway cheyyukayum avarkk nere mortarum mesheen gann vedivayppum nadathukayum cheythathode onnaam vorstarineyum aduthulla indian sainyatheyum thirichukonduvaraan nirbandhitharaayi. oru ezz. dii. eph mesheengan kambani oru track kandethukayum prathirodhakkaare marikadakkaanum kizhakk ninnu akramikkaanum avarkk kazhinju. agordaatt veenathinekkurichulla vaartha parannathode, februvari randara ratri aadhi ugriyilekkum asmara-aduva rodilekkum patrolil ninnu rakshaasena pinmari, rund battaaliyanukal vilamathikkunna aalukale thadavilaakki, avarude thokkukalum niravadhi idatharam, bharam kuranja taankukalum. baarantuvile aadyathe britiish, indian sainikar itaaliyan feeld adukkalakalil choodulla bhakshanam kandethi. randaam colonial divishante avashishtangal pinvalikkaan 2 motor-mesheen-gann grouppukal pinthudarukayum februvari 8 aayappozhekkum itaaliyakkaar avarude vahanangal upekshichu kunnukalilekku chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu.
anantharafalangal.
vishakalanam.
randaazhchaykkullil britishukaar munnerukayum naalu nadapadikal sweekarikkukayum 6,000 thadavukaareyum 80 thokkukaleyum 26 taankukaleyum 400 lorikaleyum pidikoodukayum cheythu. aastaa prabhuvil ninnulla oru sandesham kandethi, athil agordaattineyum baarantuvineyum avasaanathe manushyanodu prathirodhikkaan utharavittu, kaaranam bhoopradesam taankukalilum chakra vaahanangalilum britiish medhaavithvathe illaathaakkum. pakaram prathirodhakkar pinmaarukayum 300 raifilukalum aayirakkanakkin raundu vedikkoppukalum grenadeukalum kandeduthappol erithriyayile bakkiyulla itaaliyan seena ippozhum nannayi sajjeekarichittunden britishukaar manassilakkukayum cheythu. agordaattile itaaliyan, colonial prathirodhakkar dridamaaya prathirodham kaazhchavechirunnuvenkum lorenzini 42-aamathe brigade barakaikku (barka nadhi) thekk nilanirthukayum aakramanakaarikalude vadakkan bhaagathinu chuttum thirichadikkaanulla avasaram avaganikkukayum cheythu.
eaka paalam pottitherichu nadeethadatthil khanikal sthaapicha barkkayil britiish sainyam avarude pinthudarcha nirthaan nirbandhitharaayi. itaaliyan retreatukal valare nannayi samghadippikkappettirunnu, britishukaar kazhiyunnathra vegathil pinthudarnnenkilum avarkk chalanaseshi illaayirunnu; raafil ninnulla vyoma pinthuna munnirayil ninnulla avarude airfieldukalude dooram parimithappedutthiyirunnu. subderattileyum tesseneyileyum "rejia aeronotica" yude vyomathaavalangal ethrayum vegam ettedukkukayum itaaliyan marching nirakal, railway, erithriyayile sheshikkunna itaaliyan vyomathaavalangal ennivaykku nere vyomaakramanam nadathukayum cheythu. januvari pakuthi muthal februvari pakuthi vare, "rejia aeronotica" kku 61 vimanangal nashtappettu, 50 ennam yudhathilo nilatho aayirunnu. agordaattile kaalathamasa nadapadiyetthudarnnu, naalaamathe colonial division vadakkottulla oru paathayiloode pinwangan samayamundaayirunnu, khanikalum polikkunnathum vithachu. februvari 3nuu, keranum asmara pidichedukkaan wawell plattinode utharavittu.
naashanashtangal.
yudhathilum agordaattil ninnu viramikkumbozhum 1,500 muthal 2,000 vare itaaliyan, praadeshika sainikare thadavilaakki. agordaatt, baarentu, keranilekkulla pinvaangal ennivayil ninnu itaaliyan, colonial senakalkku motham 15,916 sainikar ulppede, 179 officermaar, 130 noonn-kammeeshand officermaar (enn. sii. oo. ezz), 1,230 itaaliyan, 14,686 ascari mattu raankukal ennivarkku parikkettu. 96 thokkukal, 331 mesheen gannukal, 329 automatic raifilukal, 4,331 draaft mrugangal, 387 vahanangal, 36 meter aidi1 taankukal, ell3 taankattukal enniva itaaliyankaarkku nashtappettu. 1940 juun muthal prachaaranatthinte avasaanam vare gondarinu chuttum 1,289 itaaliyan sainikar kollappettathaayum 407 perkku 1941 novemberil jeevan nashtamayathaayum 2014ll dell boka ezhuthi.
paraamarshangal.
pusthakangal