
linnian sosaitti oof nyoo englandu

prakrithicharithram prolsaahippikkunnathi masaachyusetsile bosttanil linnian sosaitti oof nyoo englandu (1814-1822) sthaapikkappettu. sosaitti oru naachural histtari museum samghadippikkukayum athinte amgangalkkaayi prabhaashanangalum vinodangalum samghadippikkukayum cheythu. 1817-ll ithu glousestar kadal sarppa charchayil earppettu. samooham thanne nilaninillengilum, athinte prarambha oorjjavum druthagathiyilulla nettangalum american aikyanaadukalude aadya varshangalil valarunna prakrithicharithra mekhalaye roopappeduthaan sahayichu.
charithram.
1814 desember 8nuu doow. jacob biglo."sthaapakaril bigelo; walter channeling; esekkiyel dii. enniva ulppedunnu. kushing; jaims freeman daana; jorjju hayward; laafayettu perkins; octavius pickering; vilyam smith shhaa; nathaniel tucker; joonn ware; joonn vaitt webstar. joonn davis presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu. "shaniyazhcha vaikunnerangalil aazhchathorum yogangal nadannirunnu. amgangale 6 klaasukalaayi thirichirikkunnu athaayath.dhaathukkalkk; sasyangalkkum pachakkarikalkkum; naaluperkkum pakshikalkkum; malsyangalkkum uragangalkkum sarppangalkkum; praanikalkkum; jeevikalkkum pavizhapputukalkkum, madreporukalkkum; sii."thudakkathil, sosaittikk bosttanil" "joy kettidangalil" "oru murii undaayirunnu; avar taamasiyaathe boylstan maarkkattilekk maari". 1815 januvariyil, prakrithicharithrathinte prachaaranatthinaayi "nyoo englandu sosaitti" enna munnaamathinu pakaram "nyoo englandu sosaitti" ennu svayam vilikkaan sosaitti sammathichu.") ithu audyogikamaayi 1820 juunil samyojippichu.
sosaittiyude anubandha sthaapanangalil iva ulppedunnu thomas jii. chase; parker cleveland; saamuval luther daana; henry alexander scamel dearbone; olivar fiske; francis kaalii gray; saamuval laatham michil; nathan reed; vilyam jeey. nadathakkaaran.
vinodasanchaarikal.
yogangalkk purame, samooham prasakthamaaya vinodasanchaarangalum samghadippichu. 1816-leeii venalkkaalath amgangal nyoo hamshareileyum vermontileyum parvathangalilekku yaatra cheythu. "monadnokkinte uyaram 3,450 adii aanennu avar kandethi; athinte kodumudi micasius shisttas kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. 3, 106 adii uyaramulla askutni, athinte graanait kodumudi. 6, 230 adii uyaramulla velutha parvathangal, naisinte kodumudi, vashangal micasius shisttas. 4, 423 adii uyarathil vanavrikshangalude paridhi. barometrical nireekshanangaliloodeyaanu eee uyarangal nirnnayikkappettath. avar rasakaramaaya kurachu daathukkal kandethiyenkilum moonno naalo puthiya inam sasyangal kandethi."
museum.
sosaitti roopeekarichathinu thottupinnaale, prakrithicharithrathinte oru museum srishtikkaanulla padhathikal pothujanangalumayi pankittu. "yaadhaarthyamaakaatha prathekshakal uyarthaano allengil praabalyatthil varaatha vasthukkal prakhyaapikkaano thayyaaraakaatha samooham, mrugangal, sasyangal, daathukkal enniva avayude shaasthreeyavum saadhaaranavumaaya perukal upayogichu nalla samrakshanaavasthayil sookshikkukayum avayude vargangalkkum swaabhaavika aduppangalkkum anusrithamaayi krameekarikkukayum cheiyunna prakrithicharithrathinte oru saadhaaranavum chittappeduthiyathumaaya myoosiyathinte shekharathil thangalude kaazhchappaadukal parimithappeduthunnathina varthamaanakaalathekk thiranjedutthu. angane roopeekaricha oru shekharam vidyaarthikalkku upayogapradamaakumennum eee raajyathinte prakrithicharithrathil kurachu velicham veeshunnathil inii muthal nirnayakamaakumennum prathekshikkunnu."
shekharanathinulla abhyarthanakal.
amgangalil ninnum pinthunakkaaril ninnum labhicha sambhaavanakaliloodeyaanu myoosiyathinte shekharam valarnnathu. videshathulla yaathrakkaar maathrkakal thirike konduvarumennu pratheekshichirunnu. thangalude vazhiyil varunna atharam kauthukangal samrakshikkaan sosaitti amgangal kappalukalude yajamananmarodum kadalyaathrakalil earppettirikkunna mattu maanyanmarodum prathyekichum abhyarthikkunnu."" koodaathe, puthiya samooham videshathulla avarude bandhangalkk kathezhuthi. sosaitti amgangalkku undu... videsha maathrkakal neduka enna lakshyathode ganyamaaya kathidapaadukal aarambhichu. daathukkal, sasyangal, apoorva enangalude puthiya vithukal, naalennam, koodundaakkunna pakshikal, muttakal, malsyangal, sarppangal, praanikal, shellukal, pavizhapputukal, sii ennivayaanu avar kaivasham vaykkaan aagrahikkunna pradhana vasthukkal.""
veettile pradeshavaasikal "pakshikal, malsyam, sii" enniva sambhavana cheyyumennum pratheekshichirunnu. saadhaarana, prathyekichu apoorva, avaa idaykkide vilppanaykkaayi oru pattanatthilekku konduvarunnu. eee reethiyil niravadhi vilayeriya vasthukkal ithinakam labhichittund, koodaathe oru cheria saambathika pralobhanatthiloode, bhakshanathinaayi upayogikkathathum ennaal prakrithishaasthranjarkku valare rasakaravumaaya mattullava vaangaan vyakthikale praaptharaakkaam."theerchayaayum", raajyathinte ullil thamasikkunna vyakthikal aareyengilum ayachu samoohathinu oru badhyatha nalkum... avarkk kauthukakaramo asaadhaaranamo aayi thonniyekkaavunna vasthukkal. ... pakshikal, malsyangal, naalennam, sasyangal, sii enniva samrakshikkunnathinulla achadicha nirddeshangal. tremont streettile boosttan eadhiniyathil ninnu soujanyamaayi sweekarikkaam."
prakrithicharithra maathrkakal nalkunna sambhavanakal central streettile oru mayakkumarunnu kadayil upekshikkaamenn 1820 joolaiyile oru pathra notice pothujanangale upadeshichu. "eee sthaapanathile amgangal charithratthinte vividha vakuppukalile maathrkakal sweekarikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheyyumennum, maathrkakal ullavarude soukaryathinaayi, shree. thomas jii. central streettile mayakkumarunnu vettakkaranaaya 7-aamm nambar, avare thante kadayil sweekarikkaan nirbandhapoorvam sannadhatha prakadippichu. myoosiyathinaayi uddeshichittulla saambilukal evideyaanu nikshepichirikkunnathe soochippikkunna oru kuripp addehathinte pakkal sookshikkum."
saambilukal labhichu.
"sambhaavanakalil, aadyam vyakthamaakkiyath shree. yude saadrushyamaayirunnu. rosco, shree. avatharippichu.francis boot. frigate bharanaghadanayude commador stuvartt 2 jeevanulla kaduvakale avatharippichu. eee kaduvakal enganeyo nashtappettu. ... comodore chaunsiyil ninnulla oru jeevanulla karadi; bii yill ninnulla chainees praanikal.pii. tilden; doow. swift; vesuviyasil ninnulla daathukkal; fraansil ninnulla pakshikal; aafrikkayil ninnulla pakshikal; engleesh geyim-pakshikalude oru parambara; oru kaaribou; koodaathe, ellaattinumupariyaayi... 'raajyam nalkunna ettavum rasakaravum vilappettathumaya maathruka; athaayath, saadhaaranayaayi elkku ennu vilikkappedunna oru valia inam maan.'"
boylstan haalil sthithi cheiyunna museum thanne pothujanangalkkayi thurannirunnu "aparichitharkkum mattullavarkkum sosaittiyile eathenkilum amgathilekko udyogasthanilekko apekshayil soujanyamaayi praveshikkaam."samakaalika vivaranam anusaricha
naalu enangalil simham, kaduva, pullipuli, poombaatta, chennaaya, karadi, pullipuli, kadal-aanaa, pradhaanamaayum thaddesheeyamaaya niravadhi cheria enangal ennivayekkurichu paraamarshikkaam. vadakke amerikkayile albatros, valia kadal kazhukan muthal ettavum cheria kayenne pakshikal vare ellah kramatthilum ellah valuppathilumulla manoharamaaya enangal ulkkollunna pakshikalude ennam ekadesham munnooraanu. bhooribhaagam pakshikalum eee raajyathe swadeshikalaanu, ennaal ushnamekhalaa rajyangalil ninnulla niravadhi manoharamaaya enangalundu... oru velutha nilathu oru ekeekritha pakuthi saambilukalilaanu malsyangal thayyarakkunnathu, haalinte oru attam ulkkollaan paryapthamaaya ennamullathinaal mikacha pradarshanam nalkunnu. aayirakkanakkin praanikalum shellukalum ulppedunna ivayil thaddesheeyavum videsavumaaya apoorvavum gambheeravumaaya niravadhi enangal ulppedunnu, avayil chainayil ninnulla praanikaludeyum france, kalkutta dveepukalil ninnulla shellukaludeyum mikacha shekharam paraamarshikkaavunnathaanu. dhaathushaasthraparamaaya maathrkakal ithinakam thanne naalu valia kaabinatukal niraykkunnu. ... malsyangalum mattu chila maathrkakalum ozhikeyulla muzhuvan shekharavum valia chelavil ulppeduthiyittundu, glass frandukalulla mahogani kesukalil. ... sosaittiyile amgangalum eee aavashyathinaayi niyogikkappetta oru kalakaran [i.iii. emm. duchessne].
kadal paambu.
1817-ll bosttaninu vadakku, masaachyusetsile glousestarinum cape aannum chuttum oru asaadhaaranamaaya "kadal sarppathe" kandathayi reportukal sosaitti anweshichu. sosaittiyile amgangal chittayaya chodyaavalikal pracharippikkukayum athe varsham prasidheekaricha shaasthreeyamaayi vivaramulla oru report ezhuthukayum cheythu. eric pontopidaante norway kadal paambinekkurichulla vivarangalum oru cheria keppu aan kadal mrugathe yadhaarthathil parishodhichathum reportil ulppedunnu, "mahanaaya sarppathinte santhathiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunna sradheyamaaya oru sarppamaan."athinte kandethalukal ulkkollunnathinayi samooham oru puthiya januss sthaapichu scholiophis atlaantikkas. cheria maathruka parasyamaayi pradharshippichu.
akkaalat, sosaittiyude reportinecholli vivaadam pottipurappettu. udaaharanathina "kyapttan pradharshippicha cheria mrugathe sambandhichidatholam. beach, boosttan linnian sosaittiyude oru kammitti scholiophis enna gambheeramaaya peril oru puthiya januss sthaapikkukayum athu kadal-sarppathinte ilayathaanennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythappol, ippol philadelfiyayilulla oru prashastha franch prakrithishaasthranjan ithu yuu. esile oru saadhaarana karaa paambaanennu kandethiyittundenn njaan manassilakkunnu. nirupadravakaramaaya oru inathinte avasthayum nattellile tharamgangal rogathinte prabhavam mathramaayirunnu."eee inam achadicha philadelphia pathratthinte edittarum swantham paraamarshangal prasidheekarichu" "kadal-raakshasante nilanilppinte thelivukal nirnnaayakavum aprathirodyavumaanu"."oduvil, linnian samoohathinte kandethalukal thettaanenn vidagdhar nigamanam cheythu. oru puthiya inamaayi karuthiyirunnathu yadhaarthathil oru karutha paambu-collaber kanstraktar aayirunnu.
pirichuvidal.
amgangalude mattu mungananakal kaaranam samooham mangippoyi. 1822-ll avar "yogangal thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkaanum murikal upekshikkanum shekharanam allengil athinte oru bhagam samrakshikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil samoohathinu kooduthal chelavu varuthaatha sthalangalil sthaapikkaanum" sammathichu. ... stuff cheytha tholikalum madyathil adangiyirikkunna saambilukalum polulla kedaakunna saambilukal shree. nyoo englandu myoosiyathinte udamayaaya greenwood."bakkiyulla shekharam boosttan eadhaniyathinum pinneedu harward colleginum vaagdaanam cheythu, athu nirasikkapettu; thudarnnu oofarum athinte nibandhanakalum sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, harward karaarile nibandhanakal paalikkillenn taamasiyaathe vyakthamaayi. 1830-ll muun samoohathinte maathrkakal veendedukkukayum (-- "shoonyamaaya thilangunna chila kesukal, allengil jeernnamaaya kurangukalum pakshikalum adangiya"---- puthuthayi roopeekaricha boosttan samoohathinu nalkukayum cheythu.

