
classical testt sidhaantham

classical testt thiyari (sii. tii. tii) ennathu bandhapetta psychometric sidhaanthathinte oru koottamaanu, athu enangalude budhimuttu allengil testt edukkunnavarude kazhivu polulla manashaasthraparamaaya parisodhanayude phalangal pravachikkunnu. oru parisodhanayil oru vyakthi nireekshichatho nediyatho aaya score oru yadhaartha skorinteyum (pishak rahita score) pishak skorinteyum aakethukayaan enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru parisodhana sidhaanthamaanithu. pothuvaayi paranjaal, classical testt sidhaanthathinte lakshyam manashaasthraparamaaya parishodhanakalude vishwaasyatha manasilakkukayum mechappeduthukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu.
"classical testt sidhaantham" "yadhaartha score sidhaanthathinte paryaayamaayi kanakkakkaam". classical" enna padam eee modalukalude kalagananaye mathramalla, "aadhunika olinjirikkunna swabhaavam sidhaantham" ennathupole chilappol "aadhunika" enna peru vahikkunna, pothuve aittam prathikarana sidhaantham ennu koottaayi paraamarshikkappedunna, ettavum puthiya psychometric sidhaanthangalumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
innu namukkariyaavunnathupole classical testt sidhaantham novic (1966) krodeekarikkukayum loard & novic (1968), alan & yenn (1979/2002) thudangiya classic grandhangalil vivarikkukayum cheythu. chuvadeyulla classical testt sidhaanthathinte vivaranam eee adisthaana prasidheekaranangale pinthudarunnu.
charithram.
thaazhepparayunna moonnu nettangaloo ashayangalo sangalppikkappettathinum maathramaan classical testt sidhaantham janichathu 
1. alavukalile pishakukalude saannidhyam thirichariyal, 
2. aaa pishak oru kramarahithamaya variable oru sangalppamaanu, 
3. paraspara bandhathekkurichum athu engane soochikappeduthaam ennathinekkurichum oru sangalpam. 
1904-ll, alaveduppil pishak kaaranam attenyuyeshanaayi oru paraspara bandha gunakam engane sariyaakkaamennum thiruthal nadathunnathinu aavashyamaaya vishwaasyathayude soochika engane nedaamennum kandethunnathinulla utharavaaditham chaals spiyarmaanaayirunnu. chilar eesttarmaante kandethal classical testt sidhaanthathinte thudakkamaanennu karuthunnu (trobe, 1997). classical testt sidhaanthathinte chattakkoodine swaadheenicha mattullavar ivayaanu jorjju udni yool, truman liie kellie, fritts cooder, maariyon richaardson ennivar cooder-richaardson soothravaakyangal nirmikkunnathil earppettirunnu, luis gutman, ettavum aduthide, melvin novic, spearmaante prarambha kandethalukalkk sesham adutha kaalnoottaandil mattullavare paraamarsikkendathilla.
nirvachanangal.
oro vyakthikkum alavil pishakukalillenkil labhikkuna "yadhaartha score", "tii" undennu classical testt sidhaantham anumaanikkunnu. oru vyakthiyude yadhaartha score nirvachikkunnath testtinte ananthamaaya ennam swatantra administreshanukalkku mukalilulla prathekshikkunna nambar-sariyaaya skoraanu. nirbhagyavashaal, testt upayokthaakkal orikkalum oru vyakthiyude yadhaartha score nireekshikkunnilla, oru "nireekshicha score", x maathram. nireekshicha score" = "yadhaartha score" koodaathe chila "pishak" ennu anumaanikkappedunnu
 x = t + e
 nireekshicha score sariyaaya score pishak
classical testt sidhaantham janasamkhyayile formula _ 1, formula _ 2, formula _ 3 ennee moonnu variableukal thammilulla bandhavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. testt skorukalude gunanilavaarathekkurichu enthengilum parayaan eee bandhangal upayogikkunnu. ekkaaryathil ettavum pradhanappetta ashayam "vishwaasyatha" aanu. formula 5 ennu soochippikkunna nireekshicha testt score formula _ 1-nte vishwaasyathaye, nireekshicha score variance formula _ 7-nulla yadhaartha score variance formula _ 6-nte anupaathamaayi nirvachikkunnu
nireekshicha skorukalude vyathyasam yadhaartha skorukalude vyathyaasathinteyum pishak skorukalude vyathyaasathinteyum aakethukaykku thulyamaanennu kaanikkan kazhiyumennathinaal, ithu thulyamaanu
signal-tuu-noys anupatham roopappeduthunna eee samavaakyathin avabodhajanyamaaya aakarshanamunda testt skorukalile pishak vyathyaasathinte anupatham kurayukayum thirichum aayathinal testt skorukalude vishwaasyatha uyarunnu. vishwaasyatha ennathu testt skorukalile vyathyaasathinte anupaathathinu thulyamaanu, yadhaartha skorukal ariyaamenkil namukk vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum. vishwaasyathayude varggamoolamaanu yadhaarthavum nireekshichathumaaya skorukal thammilulla paraspara bandhatthinte samboornna moolyam.
parishodhanakalum skorukalum vilayiruthal vishwaasyatha.
vishwaasyatha nerittu kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam athinu oraal yadhaartha skorukal ariyendathundu, ithu classical testt sidhaanthamanusarichu asaadyamaanu. ennirunnaalum, vishwaasyathayude kanakkukal vividha maargangaliloode nedaanaakum. vishwaasyatha kanakkakkunnathinulla oru maarggam "samanthara parisodhana" ennu vilikkappedunna oru pareekshanam nirmmikkuka ennathaanu. oru samanthara parisodhanayude adisthaana savisheshatha athu oro vyakthikkum yadhaartha parisodhanayude athe yadhaartha score nireekshicha score vyathyasavum nalkunnu ennathaanu. namukk x, x 'enniva samanthara parishodhanakalaanenkil, ithinartham
oppam
eee anumaanangalkk keezhil, samanthara testt skorukal thammilulla parasparabandham vishwaasyathaykku thulyamaanennu ithu pinthudarunnu (loard & novic, 1968, ch kaanuka. 2, oru thelivinaayi).
samanthara parisodhanakal labhikkaan valare budhimuttaayathinaal vishwaasyatha kanakkakkaan samanthara parisodhanakal upayogikkunnathu budhimuttaanu. praayogikamaayi eee reethi apoorvvamaayi maathrame upayogikkaarulloo. pakaram, gaveshakar kronbaakkinte formula _ 13 ennariyappedunna aantharika sthirathayude alavu upayogikkunnu. formula _ 14 enangalude formula _ 15, formula _ 16 adangiya oru parisodhana pariganikkuka. motham testt score vyakthigatha inam skorukalude aakethukayaan, angane vyakthigatha formula _ 17 nuu
appol kronbaakkinte alfa thulyamaanu
kronbaakkinte formula _ 13, neriya anumaanangalkk keezhil vishwaasyathaykku oru thaazhnna paridhi nalkunnuvennu kaanikkam. athinaal, oru janasamkhyayile testt skorukalude vishwaasyatha ellaayppozhum aaa janasamkhyayile kronbaakkinte formula _ 13-nte moolyathekkaal kooduthalaanu. athinaal, eee reethi anubhavaparamayi saadhyamaan, thalphalamaayi, ithu gaveshakarkidayil valare janapriyamaan. kronbaakkinte formula _ 13-nte kanakkukoottal ezz. pii. ezz. ezz, ezz. eiii. ezz thudangiya niravadhi staanderd stattistikkal paakkejukalil ulppeduthiyittundu.
mukalil soochippichathupole, vishwaasyathayude anuyojyamaaya nirvachanathil ethaan classical testt sidhaanthathinte muzhuvan pariseelanavum nadathappedunnu. samshayaaspadamaaya testt skorukalude pothuvaaya gunanilavaarathekkurichu vishwaasyatha enthengilum parayanam. vishwaasyatha ethra uyarnnuvo athra nallathaanu ennathaanu pothuvaaya ashayam. vishwaasyatha ethratholam uyarnnathaanennu classical testt sidhaantham parayunnilla. formula _ 13-nte valare uyarnna moolyam, athaayath. 9-nuu mukalil, enangalude aavarthanathe soochippikkunnu. vyakthithva gaveshanathinu ekadesham. 8 shupaarsha cheiyunnu, athesamayam vyakthigatha uyarnna nilavaaramulla parishodhanaykk. 9 + abhikaamyamaanu. eee 'maanadandangal' aupachaarika vaadangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla, marichu kanvenshan, professional practies ennivayude falamaanu. stattistikkal anumaanathinte aupachaarika thathwangalumaayi avaa ethratholam mapp cheyyaan kazhiyumennu vyakthamalla.
enangal vilayiruthal pii, inam-motham parasparabandhangal.
vishwaasyatha oru nambaril, vishwaasyathayil, parisodhanaa gunanilavaaratthinte soukaryapradamaaya soochika nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, orotta inam vilayiruthunathinulla vivarangalonnum ithu nalkunnilla. classical sameepanathinullile inaa vishakalanam palappozhum rund sthithivivarakkanakkukale aasrayichirikkunnu pii-moolyam (anupatham), inam-motham parasparabandham (pooyint-baiseriyal parasparabandham gunakam). pii-moolyam keed dishayil prathikarikkunna pareekshakarude anupaathathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, ithine saadhaaranayaayi "inam budhimuttu" ennu vilikkunnu. inam-motham parasparabandham vasthuvinte vivechanathinteyo verthirikkal shakthiyudeyo oru soochika nalkunnu, ithine saadhaaranayaayi "inaa vivechanam" ennu vilikkunnu. koodaathe, palappozhum upayogikkunna multiple choys inathinte oro prathikaranatthinum eee sthithivivarakkanakkukal kanakkakkunnu, avaa enangal vilayiruthunnathinum aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna vyathichalippikkunnathu saadhyamaaya prasnangal kandethunnathinum upayogikkunnu. atharam moolyavathaaya vishakalanam nalkunnathu prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha psychometric softweyaraanu.
itharamaarggangal.
saamoohika shaasthrathile testt skorukalude swaadheenamulla sidhaanthamaanu classical testt sidhaantham. psychometricsil, aittam response sidhaantham (irt), saamaanyavalkkarana sidhaantham (jii-sidhaantham) ennivayile kooduthal sankeernamaaya modalukal eee sidhaanthathe marikadannu. ennirunnaalum, irt ezz. pii. ezz. ezz polulla staanderd stattistikkal paakkejukalil ulppeduthiyitla, ennaal ssinu prok irt, prok mcmc ennivayiloode irt modalukal kanakkakkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe ooppan sozhs stattistikkal prograaming bhashayaaya aarr (iii.jii., sii. tii. tii). vaanijya paakkejukal kronbaakkinte formula _ 13-nte kanakkukal pathivayi nalkumbol, irt allengil jii-sidhaanthathinu prathyeka psychometric software thiranjedukkaam. ennirunnaalum, pothuvaaya stattistikkal paakkejukal palappozhum oru samboornna classical vishakalanam nalkunnilla (kronbaakkinte formula _ 13 niravadhi pradhana sthithivivarakkanakkukali onnu maathramaan), koodaathe pala kesukalilum classical vishakalanathinayi prathyeka software aavasyamaanu.
poraaymakal.
classical testt sidhaanthathinte ettavum pradhaanappettatho ariyappedunnatho aaya poraaymakalilonnu, parishodhikkunna swabhaavasavisheshathakalum testt swabhaavasavisheshathakalum verthirikkaan kazhiyilla ennathaanu oronnum mattonninte pashchaathalatthil maathrame vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyoo. mattoru poraayma classical testt sidhaanthathil nilanilkkunna vishwaasyathayude nirvachanathilaanu, athu vishwaasyathaye "oru testtinte samanthara roopangalile testt skorukal thammilulla parasparabandham" ennu prasthaavikkunnu. samanthara parisodhanakal enthaanennathinekkurichu vyathyastha abhipraayangalundu ennathaanu ithinte prashnam. vividha vishwaasyatha gunakangal vishwaasyathayude kuranja paridiyilulla esttimettukal allengil anjjaatha pakshapaathangalode vishwaasyatha esttimettukal nalkunnu. moonnaamathe poraaymayil alavinte saadhaarana pishak ulppedunnu. classical testt sidhaanthamanusarichu, alavinte staanderd error ellah pareekshakarkkum orupoleyaanennu anumaanikkappedunnu ennathaanu ivideyulla prashnam. ennirunnaalum, haamblettan thante pusthakatthil vishadeekarikkunnathupole, eathoru testtileyum skorukal vyathyastha kazhivulla pareekshakarkk asamamaya krithyamaaya alavukolukalaanu, athinaal ellah pareekshakarkkum alavil thulya pishakukal undennu anumaanikkaanaavilla (haamblettan, swaminathan, roggers, 1991, peju. 4). classical testt sidhaanthathinte naalaamatheyum avasaanatheyum poraayma, athu inathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathalla, marichu pareekshanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu ennathaanu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oru vyakthiyo oru koottam pareekshakaro polum oru pareekshana inathil ethra nannayi pravartthikkumennu pravachikkaan classical testt sidhaanthathinu namme sahayikkaan kazhiyilla.