
avakashangalum swaathanthrya avakashangalum avakaashappeduka

chila thathwachinthakarum rashtreeya shaasthranjarum avakashangal avakaashappeduthunnathum swaathanthrya avakashangalum thammil verthirikkunnu. avakaashamullayaale sambandhicha mattu kakshikalude utharavaadithangal, kadamakal allengil baadyathakal enniva ulkkollunna oru avakaashamaan "claim raitt". ithinu vipareethamaayi, "swaathanthrya avakasham" ennathu mattu kakshikalude kadamakalalla, marichu avakasha udamaykku swaathanthryamo anumathio maathram ulkkollunna oru avakaashamaan. avakaashangalude" eee rund indriyangalum thammilulla vyathyasam uthbhavikkunnath american niyamanjanaaya wesley nukebe hoffeldinte "judicial reasoningle mattu niyama lekhanangalilum prayogikkunna adisthaana niyama ashayangal" (1919) enna thante moulika kruthiyile vishakalanathilaan.
swaathanthrya avakashangalum avakasha avakashangalum parasparam vipareethamaanu oru vyakthikk enthengilum cheyyaan anuvadikkunna oru swaathanthryamundu, angane cheiyunnathil ninnu vilakkunna avakashamulla mattoru vyakthiyum illengil maathram; athupole, oru vyakthikk mattoraalkkethire avakaashavaadathinulla avakaashamundengil, aaa vyakthiyude swaathanthryam angane parimithamaanu. kaaranam, baadhyathayudeyum anumathiyudeyum deontic ashayangal erattamaanu; oru vyakthikk ozhivakkaan baadhyathayillaatha ellah kaaryangalum cheyyaan anuvaadamundu, koodaathe ozhivakkaan anuvaadamillaatha ellah kaaryangalum maathram cheyyaan baadhyasthanaanu.
avalokanam.
oru vyakthiyude "x-nulla swaathanthrya avakasham" ennathu "x" cheyyaanulla swaathanthryathil ulppedunnu, athesamayam oru vyakthiyude "x-nulla avakaashavaadam" ennathu "x" cheyyaan anuvadikkukayo praapthamaakkukayo cheyyaanulla mattullavarude baadhyathayil ulppedunnu. udaaharanathinu, abhipraaya swaathanthryathinulla "swaathanthrya avakasham" avakaashappedunnathu ningalkk swathanthramaayi samsarikkaan anuvaadamundennu urappikkalaan; athaayath, swathanthramaayi samsaarikkunnathiloode ningal oru thettum cheiyunnilla. ennaal aaa swaathanthrya avakasham ningal parayaan aagrahikkunna karyangal ashayavinimayam nadatthaan ningale sahayikkaan mattullavar baadhyastharaanenno allengil ningale swathanthramaayi samsaarikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathil avarkk thettupattumenno ardhamaakkunnilla. eee karyangal parayunnath abhipraaya swaathanthryathinu "avakaashavaadam" unnayikkuka ennathaanu; mattullavar vittunilkkan baadhyastharaanennu urappikkuka (i.iii. swathanthramaayi samsaarikkunnathil ninnu ningale thadayunnathil ninnu (athaayath, avar angane cheiyunnathu thettayirikkum) allengil ashayavinimayathinulla ningalude shramangale sahayikkaan polum nirbandhitharaakuka (athaayath, atharam sahayam nirasikkunnath avarkk thettayirikkum). neremarichu, atharam avakashangal swaathanthrya avakashangal ulkkollunnilla; udha.jii. jagrata neethi nirodhikkunna niyamangal (athil ninnu swathanthranaakaan niyamaparamaaya avakaashavaadam sthaapikkuka) athuvazhi atharam akramasakthamaaya nadappaakkal thadayiyekkaavunna ellah pravarthanangaleyum amgeekarikkukayo anuvadikkukayo cheiyunnilla.
udaaharanathina avakashangal avakaashappedaathe swaathanthrya avakashangal mathramulla oru lokam, nirvachanamanusarichu ellaam anuvadaneeyavum oru pravrithiyum ozhivaakkalum nirodhichathumaaya oru lokamayirikkum; thangalkk aneeti sambhavichuvennum avaganikkappettuvennum arcum shariyaayi avakashappedaan kazhiyaatha oru lokam. neremarichu, avakashangal maathram avakaashappedunnathum swaathanthrya avakaashangalillaathathumaaya oru lokam onnum anuvadichittillaathum ennaal ellah pravartthanangalum nirbandhithamo nirodhichatho aaya oru lokamayirikkum. janangalkk swaathanthryathinulla avakaashamundenna avakaashavaadam-i.iii. anuvadaneeyamaaya karyangal cheiyunnathil ninnu parasparam thadayunnathil ninnu vittunilkkan maathram aalukal baadhyastharaanennathum mattullavarude swaathanthryathe maanikkanulla baadhyathayal maathram parimithappedutthiyirikku avarude swaathanthrya avakashangalum-neethiyude udara sidhaanthangalude kendra theesis aanu.
randaam krama avakashangal.
hoffeldinte yadhaartha vishakalanathil mattu rund tharatthilulla avakashangal ulppedunnu "avakaashavaadangal" (allengil "avakashangal" sariyaaya), "swaathanthryangal" (allengil "aanukoolyangal") ennivaykku purame, addeham "adikaarangal", "prathirodhasheshi" ennivayekkurichu ezhuthi. hoffeldinte vishakalanathinte mattu rund padangalaaya "adikaarangal", "prathirodhasheshi" enniva yathaakramam randaam nira swaathanthryangaleyum avakaashavaadangaleyum soochippikkunnu. adikaarangal phastt oordar avakaashangalude parishkkaranavumayi bandhapetta swaathanthrya avakaashangalaan, udha.jii. yuu.ezz. chilathil maattam varuthaan kongrasinu chila adhikaarangalund.ezz. pouranmaarude niyamaparamaaya avakashangal, niyamaparamaaya kadamakal adichelppikkaano neekkam cheyyaano kazhiyunnathinaal. prathirodhasheshi, neremarichu, phastt-oordar avakaashangalude parishkkaranavumayi bandhapetta avakashangal avakaashappedunnu, udha.jii. yuu.ezz. pouranmaarkku avarude bharanaghadana anusarichu, yuu. esinte positteev adhikaarangale parimithappedutthunna chila prathirodhasheshi undu.ezz. avarude niyamaparamaaya avakashangal parishkkarikkan kongras. athinaal, prathirodhasheshiyum adikaarangalum palappozhum pilkkala ezhuthukaar avakaashavaadangalkkum swaathanthryangalkkum ullil ulppeduthukayo "sajeeva avakashangal" (swaathanthryangalum adikaarangalum), "nishkriya avakashangal" (avakaashavaadangalum prathirodhasheshikalum) enningane tharamthirikkukayo cheiyunnu.
oru prathyeka swath polulla thaarathamyena sankeernamaaya karyangal vishadeekarikkunnathinu eee vyathyastha tharatthilulla avakashangal nirmmaana blokkukalaayi upayogikkaam. udaaharanathinu, oraalude computer upayogikkaanulla avakasham oru swaathanthrya avakaashamaayi kanakkakkaam, ennaal ningalude computer upayogikkaan mattoraale anuvadikkaanum (avarkk swaathanthrya avakasham nalki) athupole computer upayogikkunna mattullavarkkethire avakaashavaadam unnayikkaanum oraalkk adhikaaramund; koodaathe, kambyoottarinekkurichu ningalude avakashangalum swaathanthryangalum samrakshikkunna "prathirodhaavakasham" ningalkk undayirikkaam.