
lombard bhasha

lombard (thaddesheeya perah,, allengil, aksharavinyaasathe aashrayich; uchaaranam) vadakkan italiyileyum thekkan swittsarlandileyum dasalakshakkanakkinu samsarikkunnavar samsaarikkunna ekeekritha bhaashaabhedangalude oru koottam ulkkollunna oru bhaashayaan, athil lombardy bhooribhaagavum ayal pradeshangalude chila pradeshangalum, prathyekichu peedmondinte kizhakk bhaagavum trentinoyude padinjaaru bhaagavum, tisino, grobandan kantonukalile swittsarlandilum ulppedunnu. brazeelile santa kaattarinayilum bergamo pravisyayil ninnulla lombard kudiyettakkaar ithu samsaarikkunnu.
uthbhavam.
lombard bhashayil oru adayaalam srishticha ettavum purathanamaaya bhashaaparamaaya adibhaagam purathana ligarukalaanu. ennirunnaalum, purathana bhaashayekkurichum aadhunika lombardil athinte swaadheenathekkurichum labhyamaya vivarangal valare avyakthavum parimithavumaanu. vadakkan italiyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum avarude celtic bhashakal konduvarikayum saamskaarikamaayum bhashaaparamaayum asthibandhangale celticise cheyyukayum cheytha selttukal srishticha swaadheenathinu thikachum virudhamaanithu. aadhunika lombardinteyum vadakkan italiyile ayal bhaashakaludeyum celtic substraattam svayam vyakthamaan, athinaal lombard bhasha oru gallo-itaalik bhashayaayi tharamthirickunnu (selts, gauls ennivayude purathana roman peril ninnu).
romanmar sisalpain gaul ennu vilichirunna eee pradeshathu samsaarikkunna bhaashaabhedangale roman aadhipathyam roopappeduthi, lombard bhaashayude nighanduvinteyum vyaakaranathinteyum bhooribhaagavum laattin bhaashayilaan uthbhavichath. ennirunnaalum, eee swaadheenam ekathaanamaayirunnilla; vividha pradeshangalile bhaashaavarggangale munkaala bhashaaparamaaya substraatta swaadheenikkukayum oro pradeshavum shakthamayatho durbalamaayatho aaya laattinaiseshan allengil purathana celtic swabhaavasavisheshathakalude samrakshanam kondu adayaalappeduthukayum cheythu.
jarmman lombardic bhasha aadhunika lombardil sakthamaaya adayaalangal avasheshippichu, kaaranam ithu vadakkan italiyilum (avarude peril grettar lombardy ennu vilikkappedunna) padinjaaran roman saamraajyathinte pathanatthinu sesham itaaliyan upadveepinte mattu bhagangalilum sthirathaamasamaakkiya jarmman lombardukal (allengil longobards) samsaarikkunna vaividhyamaarnna jarmman bhashayaayirunnu. jarmman lombardukal thangalude bhasha niyamaprakaaram gallo-roman janasamkhyayil adichelppikkaathe praadeshika janangalil ninnu gallo-itaalik bhasha nediyathinaal lombardilum ayalgarthikalaaya gallo-itaalik bhaashakalilum lombardic oru bhashaaparamaaya soopparstraattamaayi pravarthichu. praadeshika bhasha athinte ghadanayil jarmmanvalkkarikkathe, kooduthalum nighanduvilum shabdashaasthrathilum lombardic avashishtangal avasheshichu, athinaal lombard athinte pranaya ghadana samrakshichu.
padavi.
itaaliyan bhashayil ninnu gadanaaparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya oru nyoonapaksha bhashayaayi lombardine kanakkakkunnu, ethnolog yuneskoyude "vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna bhaashakalekkurichulla redu book". ennirunnaalum, italiyum swittsarland lombard samsaarikkunnavare bhashaaparamaaya nyoonapakshamaayi amgeekarikkunnilla. italiyil, athu mattu nyoonapaksha bhaashakalkk thulyamaanu, avaa pranaya bhasha kudumbatthile vividha upavibhagangalil pedunnundengilum deerghakaalamaayi itaaliyan bhaashakalude kedaaya praadeshika bhaashaabhedangalaayi thettayi vilakuranjavayaanu, avayude charitraparamaaya vikasanam tuscan bhashayil ninnu uruthirinja staanderd itaaliyan bhashayumaayi bandhappettathalla.
samsarikkunnavar.
charitraparamaayi, bhooribhaagam lombaardukalum lombard maathrame samsaarichirunnulloo, kaaranam "itaaliyan" oru saahitya bhasha mathramaayirunnu, mikka itaaliyanmaarkkum vaayikkano ezhuthaano kazhiyumaayirunnilla. itaaliyan saambathika athbhuthathethudarnnu, italiyiludaneelam staanderd itaaliyan uyarnnuvannu, lombard samsaarikkunna swittsarlandiludaneelam, poornnamaayum ekabhaashakamaaya lombard samsarikkunnavar kaalakramena apoorvamaayi maari, ennaal oru cheria nyoonapaksham ippozhum staanderd itaaliyan samsaarikkunnathil aswasthathayundaakkaam. italiyile sarvekal kandethunnathu ellah lombard samsaarikkunnavarum itaaliyan samsaarikkunnuvennum rund bhaashakaludeyum oronninteyum aadhipathyam avarude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanathinum saamoohika-saambathika sahacharyathinum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnuvennum. ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya pravachanam samsaarikkunnayaalude praayamaanennu kandethithi cheruppakkaarkku avarude muthasshimaareppole lolpard samsaarikkanulla saadhyatha valare kuravaanennu padanangal kandethi. chila pradeshangalil, praayamaayavarkk randum ariyaamenkilum itaaliyan bhaashayekkaal lombard samsarikkaan kooduthal sheelamund.
vargeekaranam.
paashchaathya romans upavibhaagathil pedunna gallo-romans bhaashakalude gallo-itaalik (sisalpain) groupil pedunnathaanu lombard.
enangal.
parambaraagathamaayi, lombard bhaashaabhedangale kizhakkan, padinjaaran, alpine, thekkan lombard bhaashaabhedangalaayi tharamthirichittundu.
milan, warres, coomoo, leco, loady, monsa, brianza, pavia, manduva ennee itaaliyan pravishyakalude enangal padinjaaran lombardil pedunnu, bergamo, bressia, crimona ennee pravishyakal kizhakkan lombaardinte bhaashaabhedangalaanu. swis pradeshangalil samsaarikkunna ellah enangalum (tisino kantonilum groubandan kantonilum) padinjaaran enangalaanu, padinjaaran, kizhakkan enangal itaaliyan pradeshangalil kaanapedunnu.
valchiyaavenna, valtelina (sondrio), upper-valcomonica (bressia) ennee alpine thaazhvarakaludeyum swis kantoon oof groubandanile naalu lombard thaazhvarakaludeyum enangalkku avarudethaaya chila savisheshathakalum kizhakkan lombaardumaayi pothuvaaya chila swabhaavasavisheshathakalum undengilum avaa padinjaaran aayi kanakkaakkanam. koodaathe, peedmontees pravisyakalaaya verbano-kusio-osola, nowara, valseeshya thaazhvara (verselli pravishya), tortona nagaram ennivayil ninnulla bhaashaabhedangal peedmonteesinekkaal padinjaaran lombardinode aduthaanu. pakaramaayi, parambaraagatha vargeekaranathe pinthudarnnu, sondriyo, trentino, tisino, grijiyoni ennivayude bhaagangalil samsaarikkunna enangale alpine lombard ennum thekkan lombardy bhashakalaaya pavia, loady, crimona, maanttova ennivayil samsaarikkunna enangale thekkan lombard ennum tharamthirikkaam.
saahityam.
ettavum pazhaya saahitya paarambaryamulla (pathimoonnaam noottaand muthal) lombard vaividhyam milan aanu, ennaal randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla druthagathiyilulla vyavasaayavalkkarana samayat italiyude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu (prathyekichu apoolia, sisili, campania ennividangalil ninnu) kudiyettakkaarude kanatha varavil ninnu eee pradeshathe thaddesheeya lombard vaividhyam milani ippol itaaliyan mikkavarum poornnamaayum marikadannu.
tisino, grijiyoni allengil itaaliyan lombardy ennee bhashakalil samsaarikkunnavarumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathumbol praadeshika bhaashaabhedangal samsarikkunnavar (prathyekichu "koyine" yill ninnu vyathichalikkunavar) upayogikkunna padinjaaran lombard koyineyaanu "tisinese koyine". koyin milanesinum athirthiyude itaaliyan bhaagathulla ayal pravishyakalude enangalkkum samaanamaan.
galiaso dagli oorsi (1492-?) orupakshe 1554-ll.
upayogam.
lombard samsaarikkunna pradeshangalil staanderd itaaliyan vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, swis, itaaliyan pradeshangalil lombaardinte avastha thikachum vyathyasthamaan, athinaal swis pradeshangal ippol lombaardinte yadhaartha shakthikendrangalaayi mariyirikkunnu.
swittsarlandil.
 swis pradeshangalil, praadeshika lombard enangal pothuve italiyekkaal mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedukayum kooduthal praadhaanyamullavayumaanu. samboornna aparichitharumayi polum dainamdina jeevithathil lombard upayogikkunnathumaayi oru nishedhaathmaka vikaaravum bandhappettirikkunnil. chila radio, television paripaadikal, prathyekichu komadikal, idaykkide lombardile swis itaaliyan samsaarikkunna prakshepana kambaniyaanu prakshepanam cheiyunnathu. mathramalla, aalukal swaabhaavika abhimukhangalil lombardil utharam nalkunnathu saadhaaranamaanu. chila television parasyangal polum lombardil prakshepanam cheythittundu. lombard bhaashaabhedangalil pravartthikkunna pradhana gaveshana sthaapanam swittsarlandile bellinsonayilaanu (oru sarkkar (kantonal) sthaapanamaaya sii. dii. iii-centro dii dialytologia iii dii etnographia); italiyil thaarathamyappeduthaavunna sthaapanangalonnumilla. 2004 desemberil, swis pradeshangalil samsaarikkunna ellah lombard enangalum ulkkollunna anchu vaalyangalayi oru nighandu puratthirakki.
italiyil.
innu, itaaliyan lombardyile mikka nagarapradeshangalilum, 40 vayassinu thaazheyulla aalukal itaaliyan bhaashayilulla school vidyaabhyaasavum television prakshepanavum kaaranam avarude dainamdina jeevithathil itaaliyan samsaarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, graamapradesangalil, lombard ippozhum pradhaanamaan, itaaliyan bhashaykkoppam upayogikkunnu.
lugano thadaakatthile swis pradeshathaal chuttapetta italiyile oru exclavaaya kyaambiyon dii itaaliyayilaanu lombard samsaarikkunnath.
phonology.
thaazhepparayunna pattikakal ellah lombard bhaashaabhedangalilum upayogikkunna shabdangal kaanikkunnu.
vyanjanaksharangal.
kizhakkan lombard, pavis bhashakalil, oppam oppam oppam layippikkukayum cheiyunnu. kizhakkan lombardil, avasaanathe shabdam palappozhum kooduthal debookalise cheyyappedunnu.
svaraaksharangal.
paashchaathya enangalil, swaraaksharathinte neelam vipareethamaanu (milanese "pookanam", "pookanam"), ennaal kizhakkan enangal saadhaaranayaayi hraswa allophoneukal maathrame upayogikkunnulloo.
aavarthikkunna rund orthographic svaraaksharangale oru dash upayogichu verthirikkunnu, avaa oru neenda svaraaksharavumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaakunnath thadayunnu "qaa-aall" kuthirayil "eiii-eiii".
padinjaaran neelam kuranjathum yathaakramam pinnilekkum thaazhekkum pookukayum avayumaayi layikkukayum cheyyum.

