
smith vii. america (1993)

smith vii. yunaittad stetts, 508 yuu.ezz. 223 (1993), mayakkumarunnin thokku kaimarunnathu oru federal niyamatthinte aavasyangalkkaayi thokkinte "upayogam" aanennu vidhicha oru yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi kesaanu, "mayakkumarunnu kadathu kuttakrithyam" ennathumaayi bandhapettum "thokku upayogichathinu" shikshakal chumathunnu.
vaatsan vii. yunaittad stetts, "128 seey.sii. tii. 697 (2007) ethir dishayilulla oru edapaadu athe niyamam lamghikkunnillennu kodathi pinneedu theerumaanichu (athaayath.iii.smith" parayunnath oraal mayakkumarunnin pakaramaayi thokku "upayogikkunnu" ennaanu, ennaal "vaatsan" parayunnath oraal thokku "upayogikkunnathalla" ennu, mayakkumarunnin pakaramaayi "sweekarikkunnu" ennaanu).
niyamaparamaaya sandarbhavum shikshavidhi.
prathi kokkeyninu thokku kaimarukayum mayakkumarunnu kadathinu shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. oru kuttakrithyam cheiyunnathil thokku upayogichathinaal ithu shikshavidhi vardhippichathaayi prosecution avakashappettu. barterinaayi thokku upayogikkunnathu "upayogam" enna niyamaparamaaya ardhathil ulppedunnillennu prathi paranju. niyamatthinte oru upavibhaagathil, thokkukal aayudhangalekkaal vaanijya vasthukkalaayi 'upayogikkaamenn' supreme kodathi kandethiyirunnu, ithu tharkkatthilulla shikshaykk 'upayogicha' ennathinu samanamaaya dharana vyaakhyaanavum baadhakamaakanamenn soochippikkunnu. 

