congo swatantra samsthaana prachaarana yuddham

beljiyathile leopold randaaman rajaavum congo swatantra raashtratheyum athinte athikramangaleyum vimarsikkunnavarum nadatthiya lokamembaadumulla oru maadyama prachaarana prachaaranamaayirunnu congo swatantra rashtra prachaarana yuddham. kongoyude swakaarya niyanthranathe pinthunaykkaan maadhyamangale upayogikkunnathil leopold valare samarthanaayirunnu. britiish prachaaranakkaaranaaya edmund denne morel pullippulikalkkethire vijayakaramaayi pracharanam nadathukayum pullippulikalude bharanathinte akramatthil pothujanashradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu. reportukal, driksaakshikal, missionarymaaril ninnum kongoyil nerittu ulppetta mattullavaril ninnumulla chithrangal ennivayil ninnulla thelivukal prasidheekarikkaan pathra akkoundukal, laghulekhakal, pusthakangal enniva kooduthalaayi upayogichu. morel uyarnna pinthunakkaare nediyathode, addehathinte prachaaranatthiloode srishticha pracharanam oduvil beljian sarkkaarin kongoyude niyanthranam vittukodukkaan pullippulikale nirbandhitharaakki.
pashchaathalam.
europian saamraajyathvathinte unnathiyilaanu congo free stettu propaganda yuddham (1884-1912) nadannathu. charakkukalude aavasyam europian saamraajyathvathe nayikkukayum eshyayile europian ohari pradhaanamaayum vyapaaram samrakshikkaan aavashyamaaya vyapara kendrangalilum thanthraparamaaya autposttukalilum parimithappedutthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vyavasaayavalkkaranathinte varavu europil apoorvamaaya asamskritha vasthukkalude europian aavasyam naadakeeyamaayi vardhippichu. vardhippichu kadutha deerghakaala maandyam europian vyaavasaayika ulppannangalkkum saambathika sevanangalkkumayi puthiya vipanikal vikasippikkunnathinulla oru poraattatthinu kaaranamaayi. aafrikkayile prakrithivibhavangal chooshanam cheyyaanum avide puthiya vipanikal vikasippikkaanum europian rajyangal dridanishchayathode.
leopoldinte ettedukkal.
oru valia shakthiyaayi marran videsha kolanikal nirnaayaka praadhaanyamullavayaanenna leopold karuthukayum beljiathinu colonial swathukkal sthaapikkaan pravartthikkukayum cheythu. deseeya niyamanirmmanasabha colonial samrambhathin amgeekaaram nalkiyilla, oduvil leopold beljian sarkkar vaaypayedutha panam upayogichu kongoyil oru koolani swanthamaakki.
aafrikkayileyum eshyayileyum kolanikalkkaayulla niravadhi parajayappetta padhathikalkku sesham, 1876-ll addeham oru anthaaraashtra shaasthra, jeevakaarunya samghadanayude vesham dharichu oru swakaarya holding kambani samghadippichu, anthaaraashtra aafrikkan sosaitti (iaa). athil addeham adhyakshatha vahicha oru pathakayum executive kaunsilum undaayirunnu. leopold kongoyile thante abhilaashangale nyaayeekarikkan iaaude inipparayunna vyakthamaaya lakshyangal roopappeduthukayum upayogikkukayum cheythu
1878-ll leopoldinte holding kambani velsh-american paryavekshakanaaya henry morttan staanliye congo mekhalayil oru koolani sthaapikkaan niyamichu. staanli aafrikkayilekku pookunnathinumumbu leopold oru dasalaksham frank svarnnathinte fandumaayi oru paryavekshana samiti roopeekarichu. leopold nischayicha iaaude lakshyangal paalikkumenn staanliyude adhyakshathayil athu vaagdaanam cheythu.
1884 leeii vasanthakaalath, kongo swatantra raashtram oru paramadhikaara raashtramaayirikkanamennum athinte raashtrathalavanaayirikkanum mahaashakthikale bodhyappeduthunnathinayi leopold oru pracharanam aarambhichu. valareyadhikam nayatantra thanthrangal berlin konfaransil kalaashichu, athil pathinaalu europian raajyangaludeyum americayudeyum prathinidhikal leopold staanliyum avakaashappettirunna bhooribhaagam pradeshangaludeyum paramadhikaariyaayi leopoldine amgeekarichu.
sammelanathinu sesham leopold amgangalodum maadhyamapravarthakarodum paranju
pothu nayathanthram upayogikkuka.
leopold "oru congo free stettu enna ashayam vibhavanam cheythu, svayam paramadhikaara bharanadhikaariyaayi."eee peru vyakthigathavum saambathikavum mathaparavumaya swaathanthryangale soochippikkunnu. vimarshakare vyathichalippikkunnathini porchugalinte adimathathekkurichulla rekhayilekku shradha aakarshikkunna oru prachaarana pracharanam leopold brittanil aarambhichu. congo thadatthil ninnu adimakkachavadakkaare thurathaan addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. kongoyude aupachaarika niyanthranam thanikkundenkil, brittanu vaagdaanam cheytha athe "ettavum priyappetta raajyam" enna padavi porchugal nalkumennum addeham britiish vyapara sthaapanangalodu rahasyamaayi paranju. athesamayam, leopold oru rajyathinum prathyeka padavi nalkillennum jarmman vyaapaarikale mattethoru raajyatheyum pole swaagatham cheyyumennum oottoo voonn bismarkinu vaagdaanam nalki.
leopold pinneedu fraansinu congo nadiyude vadakkan theerathe muzhuvan franch niyanthranathinum associationte pinthuna vaagdaanam cheyyukayum thante swakaarya sambathu muzhuvan kongo nilanirthaan paryaapthamallenn thelinjaal, anivaaryamenn thonnunnathupole, kongoyude niyanthranam francilake madangumennu nirddeshichukondu karar madhurappeduthukayum cheythu.
leopold american president chesttar eiii. yeei ayachu. staanlikk labhicha thuni, trinket udambadikal arther shradhaapoorvvam edittu cheythu. poornnamaayum thaalpparyamillaatha oru maanushika samghadana enna nilayil, association ellaavarudeyum nanmaykkaayi congo niyanthrikkukayum aaa gurutharamaaya utharavaadithathinu thayyarayikkazhinjaal udan thanne praadeshika nivaasikalkk adikaaram kaimarukayum cheyyanamennu addeham nirddeshichu. vardhichuvarunna saambathika, sainika shakthiyode americaye udambadikale amgeekarikkaanum congo free stettu amgeekarikkaanum addeham pravarthichu. kongo swatantra raashtram aazhathilulla thekk ninnu swathanthraraaya aalukalkk oru puthiya veedaayirikkumennu leopoldinte aalukal thekkan kongras amgangalodu paranju. raashtreeyakkaarkk eee ashayam eshtappettu. addeham presidentinu thurannathum swathanthravumaaya vyapaaram vaagdaanam cheythu.
eprilil yuu.ezz. udambadikalkku niyamaparamaaya sthaanamundennum beljian raajaavinte keezhil congo oru paramadhikaara rajyamaanennum kongras theerumaanichu. fraansinte amgeekaaram taamasiyaathe pinthudarnnu, thudarnnu germmaniyum taamasiyaathe mattu ellah europian raajyangalum. aii. eiii. eiii. yeei oru amgeekritha paramadhikaara raashtrathinte niyamaanusritha sarkkaraayi kandirunnathinaal, europile mahashakthikalumaayi aafrikkan karyangal charcha cheyyaan bismark leopold raajaavine kshanichu.
1884 november november europian shakthikalkkidayil aafrikkan pradeshangalude nirvvahanavumaayi bandhapetta "aafrikkan chodyam" pariharikkan anthaaraashtra sammelanam yogam chernnu. neenda charchakalkkum patthu yogangalkkum sesham, oru aafrikkan nethaavil ninnum nirddeshangalo aazhathil veroonniya vamseeya, gotra raashtreeyathekkurich chinthikkukayo cheyyaathe, mahaashakthikal avarude kolanikalkkulla athirthikalil sammathichu. congo free stettu eathaandu, madhya aafrikkayile ettavum valia avakaashavaadathe ulkkollunnu.
"chuvanna rubber".
vibhavangalaal sambannamaaya kongoyude aanakkombilum kongoyude praadhamika ulppannamaaya rabbaril ninnum pullipulikk kooduthal labham labhichu. maddhya aafrikkayiludaneelam rubber munthirivallikal valarnnu; ennaal oru munthirivalliyil ninnu rubber vilavedukkunnathu oru maratthil ninnu vilavedukkunnathinekkaal budhimuttaayirunnu. athinaal aafrikkan rabbarinte vila vardhikkukayum kuranja vilayulla rabbarinte eshyan nirmmaathaakkalkk vipani vihitam labikkukayum cheythu.
thalphalamaayi, thozhilaallikalil ninnu valare uyarnna uthppaadanakshamathayum kuranja chelavil rubber verthirichedukkunna samvidaanavum pullipuli aavasyappettu. leopoldinte ejantumaar rabbar aanakkombum labhikkaan nirbandhitha adhvaanamo adimavelayo upayogichu, ithu berlin konfarans niyamatthinte vyakthamaaya lamghanamaanu. uyarnna ulppaadana ennam sthiramaayi nilanirthunnathinaayi, 1885-ll leopold sainika, police senakale srishtikkaan utharavittappol "fozhsu public" (efpy) enna peril oru sainyathe srishtichu. 1886ll addeham niravadhi beljian udyogasthareyum noonn-kammeeshand offeesarmaareyum eee sainika senaye srishtikkaan eee pradeshathekku ayachu.
maanushika durantham.
public fozhsu adima drivermaaraayi maarukayum aalukale veruthe jolie cheyyaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. videsha raajyangalkk rabbar aanakkombum vilkkunnath nirodhikkunna leopold niyamavum avar nadappaakki. adimakaleyum pradeshavaasikaleyum uyarnna varumaanathilekku prachodippikkunnathinaayi vikruthamaakkal, grama naseekaranam, kolapathakangal, koottakkola enniva efpiyude reethikalil ulppedunnu. valathukai muricalum dainamdina adima chattavaaradiyum ettavum saadhaaranamaayirunnu.
eee kroorathaye pinneedu aafrikkakkaarude rakthathe paraamarshichu "redu rubber" ennu vilikkapettu. efpy dasalakshakkanakkinu maranangalkkum orupakshe dasalakshakkanakkinu maranangalkkum athilum vyapakamaaya vikruthappeduthalinum kaaranamaayi.
eee vishadaamshangalonnum ariyillennu leopold nishedhichu. beljian professor kanakkaakkunnath, pradhaanamaayum rabbaril ninnu, congo janataye chooshanam cheythathiloode pullipulikk innathe euro labhichu ennaanu. 1905 nuu munbulla kongoyude chooshanathil ninnulla labham innathe euroyaanennu mattu beljian srothassukal kanakkakki..
rubber samsthaanathinum abir congo kambani polulla kambanikalkkum valia labham nalki. abir oharikalude moolyam 1903ll 500 fraankukalil (1892 gold fraankukal) ninnu 15,000 gold fraankukalaayi. 1892ll labhavihitam 1 fraankaayirunnu. 1903ll labhavihitam 1,200 fraankaayirunnu, ithu oru oharikku undaayirunna yadhaartha vilayude erattiyiladhikamaanu.
maadhyamayudham.
missionarymaarum kongo.
brittan, america, sweeden ennividangalil ninnulla noorukanakkinu videsha protestant missionarymaare kongoilekku pookaan leopold rajaavu anuvadichu. leopold missionarymaare kolaniyilekku swaagatham cheythu, avarude saannidhyam puramlokatthinu thante bharanam niyamavidheyamaakkaan sahayikkum. suvisheshavathakarikkaanum bahubhaaryaathvathinethire poraadaanum aafrikkakkaaril paapabheeshani srishtikkaanum missionarymar kongoyilekku yaatra cheythu. ennaal oru europiane maathram kandu congolese oodi olikkum.
oru britiish missionary thante aafrikkan sabhayodu chodichathaayi ezhuthi, "rubber prashnatthil ninnu njangale rakshikkanulla enthengilum shakthiyekkurich ningal njangalodu paranjittundo?"mattu missionarymar avarude posttukalkku chuttumulla raktharookshithamaaya sambhavangalekkurichu bodhavaanmaraayi. oru sweedish missionary maranatheyum svechaadhipathyatheyum kurichulla dukhakaramaaya oru gaanam addehathinte posttil palarum aalapichu. chila missionarymar pullippulikalkulla vyakthiparamaaya kathukaliloodeyum pathrangalkkum maasikakalkkum ayacha kathukaliloodeyum akramatthinethire prathishedhikkaan thudangi. avarude sramangal saahacharyathilekku pothujanashradha aakarshikkunnathil kaaryamaaya falamundaakkiyilla.
vilyam sheppered.
sheppered avasaanathil oru aafrikkan-american protestant missionaryaaya vilyam sheppered, thaan saakshyam vahicha vikruthamaaya pravarthanangalekkurichum kolapaathakangalekkurichum american pathrangalkkum maasikakalkkum ezhuthaan thudangi. nikuthi chumathukayum naadukadatthukayum cheiyumenna bheeshaniyode, pullipuli shepperdinte ezhuthu nirtthi. ellah aashankakalum maadhyamangalilekkalla, thannilekku nayikkanamennu leopold pinneedu aavasyappettu.
iii. vii. neeyonnu nokkoo.
sweedish baptist missionary iii. vii. kelkkunna ellaavarodum sjoblom athikramangalekkurichu samsaarichu. 1896-ll addeham sweedish pathrangalil kongoyude rubber vyavasaayathekkurich vishadamaaya oru lekhanam prasidheekarikkukayum ithu mattevideyengilum punarprasidheekarikkum cheythu. pathrasammelatthil pankeduttha pothuyogatthil addeham senayude kroorathayekkurichu samsaarichu. beljian, britiish pathrangalile pathra lekhanangal, kathukal, leopoldil ninnulla abhipraayangal enniva upayogichu congo stettu udyogasthar thirichadikkukayum sjoblomine pettennu nishabdamaakkukayum cheythu. missionary pinne orikkalum samsaarichilla.
jorjju washington vilyams.
kenal jorjju washington vilyams aabhyantharayudhakaalathu union aarmiyil sevanamanushtichu. vilyams oru seminariyil praveshichu oru paastaraayi. washingtonilekku marria sesham dii.sii.addeham 'dhii commonler' enna peril oru deseeya karutha pathratthinu thudakkam kurichu. sinsinnattiyil pathram madakki, athupole thanne orennam. thante rachanakaliloodeyum prabhaashanangaliloodeyum addeham oru bahumanyanaaya charitrakaaranaayi maari.
1889ll vilyams europian pras sindikkettinaayi ezhuthaan thudangi. leopoldumaayulla oru abhimukhathinu sesham, vilyams "kristhyan nagarikatha" pravarthanakshamamaakunnathu kaanaan kongoyilekku pooyi. 1891 epril aadyam, leopoldinte ejantumaarude kaikaliloode eee pradeshatthinte durithangalekkurichu "beljian rajaavum swatantra rashtramaaya kongoyude paramaadhikaariyumaaya addehathinte shaanthamaaya rajaavaaya leopold randaamanu oru thuranna kathu" enna thalakkettil vilyams leopoldinu oru kathu ezhuthi. congo bharanakoodatthinethire europian, american pothujanaabhipraayathe swaadheenikkaan eee kathu sahayichu. pothujanangale kabalippikkunnath ulppedeyulla kuttakrithyangalude oru pattika leopoldine vilyamsinte avasana pejukal kuttappeduthunnu. addeham thante avishwaasam prakadippichu "njaan athramaathram nirashayum nirashayum nirashayum anubhavichu."
leopold americaye engane kaikaaryam cheythuvennu vivarikkunna "congo-stettu, raajyam ennivayekkurichulla oru report" addeham republic oof yunaittad stetts oof amerikkayude presidentinu ezhuthi. president benchamin haarisan addehathinte pakarpp sweekarikkumbozhekkum thuranna kathu europian, american pathrangalil prathyakshappettirunnu. 1891 epril epril newyork times aaropanangalude muzhuvan pattikayilum oru lekhanam puratthirakki.
leopold vezhsas. vilyams.
leopoldinte public relations mantri leopoldinte nalla pravrithikalekkurichu lekhanangal prasidheekarikkaan pathraadhipare niyamichu. thante swapnangalekkurichum kongo athinte bhaviyeyum kurichulla abhilaashangalekkurichum leopold thanne abhimukhangal nalki.
dhii newyork times" enna lekhanathinu oru divasam kazhinju, amerikkayile leopoldinte anuyaayikal vilyamsine nuna parayukayum vyabhicharam cheyyukayum cheythuvennu aaropikkunna oru lekhanam samarppichu. thalakkettil ingane ezhuthiyirunnu "addeham kurachukaalathekku abhivridhi praapichu, pakshe addehathinte yadhaartha swabhaavam padikkappettu."1891-leeii venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil beljian paarlament leopoldine nyaayeekarikkukayum 45 pejulla oru report pras sarkyoottin nalkukayum vilyamsinte aropanangal phalapradamaayi nishedhikkukayum cheythu. vilyams august august maranamadayukayum addehathinte prashasthikk kalankam varuthukayum cheythu.
athikramangalkk saakshikalaya missionarymark maadyama parijnjaanamo rashtreeya swaadheenamo kuravaayirunnu. britiish maanushika samoohangalil ninnulla leopoldinte vimarshakare unmoolanam polulla munkaala pooraattangalude avashishtangalayi pothujanangal pettennu thallikkalanju. missionarymaareppole aaa vimarshakarum lokathinte eathenkilum avyakthamaaya konilulla kaaryangalil eppozhum aswastharaaya aalukalayi thallappettu.
iii. dii. kooduthal.
1891-ll morel livarpool shipping sthaapanamaaya elder dempstaril oru clerkaayi. 1893-ll, varumanam vardhippikkunnathinum kudumbatthe pottunnathinum, morel muthirnna dempstarinte bisinasine nashippicha franch samrakshanavaadathinethire lekhanangal ezhuthaan thudangi. aafrikkan janathayodu anukambayum vividha samskaarangalodu bahumaanavum prakadippicha engleesh sanjaariyum ezhuthukaaranumaaya merii kingsleyude swaadheenathil, aafrikkan kolanivalkkarana prasthaanangale pinthunaykkaathathinu addeham videshakaarya offeesine vimarshichu.
aant verppinum bomaykkum edayilulla oottathinaayi elder dempstarinu congo free stettumaayi oru shipping karar undaayirunnu. aadivaasikalude samrakshana sosaitti polulla grouppukal ithinakam thanne kongoyile athikramangalkkethire oru pracharanam aarambichirunnu. franch bhashayil praaveenyam ullathinaal, moreline palappozhum beljiyathilekku ayachirunnu, avide addeham muthirnna dempstarude kaivashamulla congo free stettu sambandhicha aantharika vivaranagal kandu. beljiyathil ninnu congo vareyulla kappalukal thokkukal, changalakal, aayudangal, sphodakavasthukkal enniva maathrame vahikkunnulloovennum ennaal vaanijya charakkukalonnum illennum kolaniyil ninnu varunna kappalukal asamskritha rubber, anakkombu thudangiya vilapetta uthppannangal kondu thirichethiyappol, congo free stetsinte chooshana swabhaavam addehathe thirichariyaan sahayichu.
pathrangal.
"moralinte lekhanangal, missionarymaaril ninnulla kathukal, maappukal, cartoonukal, chithrangal enniva ulkkollunna oru cheria pathramaayi moralinte pradhana maadyamamaaya vestt aafrikkan meyil aarambhichu; ellaam "padinjaaran, madhya aafrikkan chodyangalil athivegam valarunna thaalparyam niravettunnathinaayi". oru bisinasukaaranum moralinte deerghakaala suhruthumaaya joonn holt pathratthinte thudakkathinu dhanasahayam nalki. pinneedu mattu pinthunakkaar nikshepam nadatthi.
padinjaaran aafrikkayile vyapara kuthakakal" enna thalakkettil morel anchu bhaagangalulla oru parambara ezhuthi. swatantra vyapaaravum thaddesheeya avakashangalumaayi bandhapetta kathakalaanu addeham aadyam ezhuthiyathu.
padinjaaran aafrikkayile swatantra vyapaaram, ellaavarkkum swatantra vyapaaram; oru franch kolaniyilum oru jarmman kolaniyilum engleeshukaarkku swatantra vyapaaram... padinjaaran aafrikkan bhookhandathile europile ellah shakthikaludeyum swathanthravum aniyantrithavumaaya vaanijyathinum, oru vyakthigatha kolaniyile vyaapaarathin nalkunna aakarshanangalaya valia [thaddesheeyarum] dhaaraalam idamundu... avidatthe nivaasikalude samthrupthiyum uthppaadanashakthiyum kooduthal urappaan.
ennaal pinneedu addeham adimathathekkurichu, thinma, raktharooksham, dushtatha, bhayanakatha, akramam thudangiya namangal upayogichu ezhuthaan thudangi
pradhana britiish, beljian pathrangalilum morel prasidheekarichu. echu. ezhuthiya "congo-landile nagarikatha" enna pusthakatthil parayunnu.aarr. 1903 januvariyil prasidheekaricha adivasi samrakshana sosaittiyude sekrattariyaaya phoox boonn moralinte vaadathe shakthippeduthi. sarkkar nadapadiyedukkanamennu aavasyappettu vividha samghadanakal prameyangal pasaki. sarr chaals dilkk eee aashankakalil palathum charchaykkaayi paarlamentilekku kondupoyi.
laghulekhakal.
1903-ll moral thante aadyathe laghulekhayaaya 'dhii congo horozhs' ezhuthi, athu mumbathethinekkaal valia pothujanangalilekku ethi. mathaparamaya prathyaaghaathangal, swatantra vyapara durupayogangal, kuttaaropithanaaya pullipuli enniva addeham oonnipparanju. "kongoyude kolapaathakangalum labhamundakkalum naagarikathayodulla avagananayude falamaanennum rajaavu pullipuliyaanu udamasthanennum ente nigamanathiletthiyittundu."eee laghulekha britiish sarkkaarile pramukha udyogastharaaya sarr chaals dilkk, rogger kesment ennivarude shradha pidichupatti.
kongoyude azhimathi, kongoyile sthreekalodum kuttikalodum perumaaral" (amerikkayil "aafrikkan stadees jenalil" prasidheekarichu), "dhii nyoo aafrikkan slavery" (internaashanal union oof landanil prasidheekarichu) thudangiya kruthikal morel thudarnnu. kroorathayekkurichulla missionarymaaril ninnulla vivarangalum saakshyangalum avayil adangiyirunnu. athikramangalekkurichu enthengilum cheyyaan pothujanangal paarlamentine sammarddathilaakkaan thudangi.
pinneedu 1903-ll morel 112 pejukalulla oru laghulekha puratthirakki, orupakshe prasidheekaricha ettavum shakthavum kadinavumaaya kuttapathram "congo adima raashtram" enna thalakkettil. kongoyude ellah vibhaagangalilum pullippulikalude samvidaanathekkurichulla poornnavum vishadamaayathumaaya vivaranam athil adangiyirikkunnu. bhoopadangal, paarlamentil ninnulla reportukal, athikramangalude vivaranagal ennivayum athil undaayirunnu. sarr chaals dilkk laghulekhayude pakarppukal paarlamentil avatharippichu. ithu ganyamaaya samvedanam srishtikkukayum kongoyile adimathathinethire prameyangal pasakkukayum cheythu.
pusthakangal.
pusthakangal munbu morel padinjaaran aafrikkayumaayi bandhapetta rund pusthakangal purathirakkiyirunnu. paschima aafrikkayude karyangal" enna thalakkettil aadyathe pusthakam, charithram, nivaasikal, sasyajanthujaalangal, bhauthika savisheshathakal, vyavasaayangal, vyapaaram, saambathikam ennivayekkurichu charcha cheythu; ellaam orikkalum padinjaaran aafrikkayilekku pookaattha oru manushyanil ninnaan. muthirnna dempstarinaayi jolie cheythirunna divasangalil vyaapaarikalil ninnum shipping crewill ninnum missionary sanbarkkangalil ninnum addehathinu vivarangal labhichu. pullippulikalkkum congo free stettu administration nereyulla aakramanangalumaayi morel thante pusthakam avasaanippichu. padinjaaran aafrikkan kolanikalile franch bharanakoodatthinte shramangale anusmarippichukondu addeham congo swatantra raashtrathe franch kongoyude vijayavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. thudarnnu addeham padinjaaran aafrikkayude vishayathil britteeshukaarudeyum franchukaarudeyum sahathapavum dharana aavasyappettu.
pathrangalude avalokanangal sammishramaayirunnu. dhii dayley chronicle" enna pusthakatthil sarr haari jonsttan ezhuthi
emm. moralinte kuttapathram sathyamaanengil, ithuvare ezhuthappettathil vachu ettavum bhayanakamaaya kaaryangalilonnanu.
"dhii times" pusthakathekkurichu oru thilakkamaarnna avalokanavum nalkki
eee vishayathekkurichulla nammude pothu arivilekkulla sambhaavanakale pothujanangal swaagatham cheiyunnathu valia samthrupthiyode aanu... toom ammaavante cabinil lokathinu chithram nalkia kashtappaadukal misttar toom ennavarkku thulyamalla. beljian kambanikal rabbar aanakkombum ettedukkunnathinte pathiv nettangaleyaanu morel prathinidheekarikkunnath.
nalla avalokanangal addehathinte rachanakalkk vaayanakkaare srishtikkaan sahayichu. prabhatha poost" ll ninnulla oru mosham avalokanam franch kongo leopoldinte congo free stettumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathumaayi bandhappettathaan. moonnu maasathinu sesham purathirangiya "dhii britiish cases inn dhii franch congo" enna mattoru pusthakatthiloode morel prathikarichu, athil franch shramangale thaan prashamsikkunnuvennum padinjaaran aafrikkayile thinmakalkk congo free stettu aanennu veendum kuttappeduthukayum cheythu. prabhatha poost" polum randaamathe pusthakatthe prashamsichu. sarkkar nadapadiyedukkanamennu pothujanangal aavasyappettu. angane 1903 meyy meyy britiish gavanmentine eee vishayathil mattu mahashakthikalumaayi charcha cheyyaan anuvadikkunnathinulla prameyam paarlament pasaki. pothujana avabodham srishtikkunnathinu moralinu "valia nandi" undennu paarlament abhiprayappettu.
addehathinte moonnaamathe pusthakamaaya "aafrikkayile raaja leopold bharanam" enna pusthakatthil vikruthamaaya sthreekaludeyum kuttikaludeyum phottokal undaayirunnu. chithrangal svayam samsarikkaan addeham anuvadichirunnuvenkilum addeham phalapradamaayi ezhuthi. "thante pusthakatthil veendum veendum vaadathil kooduthal muzhukiyirunnu."durupayogangal avasaanippikkaan lokam onnikkanamennu morel vaadichu.
manushyaraashiyude peril, pothu maanyathayudeyum karunayudeyum peril, bahumaanathinuvendi, mattethenkilum kaaranamillathe, anglo-saaksan vamshathinu-grettu brittanileyum americayileyum janangalum avarkkidayil congo raashtrathinte srishtiyude praadhamika utharavaadithamulla sarkkaarukalum janangalum-eee bheemakaaramaaya prakopanam dridamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaan manass undaakkukayum angane vazhi kaanikkukayum mattullavar pinthudaraan nirbandhitharaakunna oru maathruka sthaapikkukayum cheyyille? aaa pratheekshayil, thinmayude mahathwavum utharavaadithathinte mahathwavum chithreekarikkunnathinulla aparyaapthathayekkurichulla ekkaalatheyum bodhathode, rachayithaav eee vaalyam pothujanagalkk samarppikkunnu.
pusthakatthil ninnulla addehathinte vaakkukalum vasthuthakalum europilum yuu. esilum udaneelamulla pusthaka avalokanangalil prathyakshappettu.ezz. niroopakar bhayanakamaaya chithrangalum kathakalum poornnamaayi vivarichu.
congo refom association.
moralinte rachanakal grettu brittanile "congo chodya" thinodu pothujana vikarangal unarthiyappol, paarlament anweshikkaan oru anthaaraashtra kammeeshan roopeekarichu. aafrikkayile britiish koonsal, moralinte parichayakkaranaaya rogger kesment kongoyil pooyi britiish sarkkaarin vendi oru report ezhuthi. kesment missionarymar, nattukaar, reverboat captanmaar, railway thozhilaallikal ennivarumaayi abhimukham nadathukayum ithuvare vivarichathil vachu ettavum bhayanakamaaya sambhavangalude reportumaayi madangukayum cheythu.
aafrikkayile ekkaalatheyum ettavum moshamaaya chooshanamaayi palarum eee reportine kanakkakki. britiish videshakaarya oafees thiranjeduttha oru bahumanappetta britiish koonsal muppathombathu pejulla saakshyapathravum 23 pejulla vasthuthakalude soochikayum ezhuthiyirunnu. congo samsthaanathinte bharanasamvidaanam parishkarikkendathunde brittanil aazhathilullathum vyapakavumaaya oru vikaaram eee report srishtichu. britiish sarkkar addehathinte pravarthanatthinu kesmentine prashamsikkukayum addehathinu naitt padavi nalkukayum cheythu. morel kesment report "vestt aafrikkan meyil" ll prasidheekarichu. lokamembaadumulla pathrangal kesment reportinekkurichu report cheythu.
kesmentum morel sthithigathikal charcha cheyyaan dablinil koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. kongoyile pullippulikalude durupayogangale cherukkaan oru samghadana roopeekarikkaan kesment moreline bodhyappedutthi. 1903 novemberil congo refom association (sii. aarr. eiii) uyarnnuvannu. kesment oru staarttap fandaayi 100 poundu munnottuvachu. puthiya samghadana aarambhikkunnathinayi morel livarpoolilekku madangi. konraadinte "iruttinte hridayam" enna kruthiyil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda addeham athine "eee vishayathil ithuvare ezhuthappettathil vachu ettavum sakthamaaya kaaryam" ennu visheshippichu. 1904 march 23 nuu livarpoolile philharmonic haalil nadanna congo refom associationte samaarambhathil pankedukkunnathil ninnu kesment manahpoorvvam vittuninnu, kaaranam aalukal cheraan thante celebrity maathramaayirikkanamenn addeham aagrahichilla.
aafrikkan bisinasukaaranum samrambhakanumaya joonn holt, charitrakaaranaaya joonn morley, presbytarian mantri reverend aarr ennivarulppedeyulla perukalude aakarshakamaaya pattikayodeyaanu sthaapaka prakadanapathrika aarambhichath. jeey. campbel aandu dhii kwaker lontrophist dablyu. eiii. cadbury choklettu korppareshante cadbury. mattvaril naalu bishappumarum raajyathe swaadheenamulla oru dussen samapraayakkaarum ulppedunnu.
congo samsthaanathile nivaasikalodu surakshithavum maanushikavumaya perumaattam nadatthaanum bhoomikkum avarude vyakthigatha swaathanthryathinum avakashangal punasthaapikkaanum" prakadanapathrika ahvaanam cheythu. oraazhchaykk sesham, masaachyusets kammeeshan phoor internaashanal justice maarkk twayne, booker tii. ennivarulppedeyulla amgangalumaayi congo refom associationte american shaakha samghadippichu. washington, dablyu. iii. bii. neeyoru booy.
1904 septambaril morel thante american prachaaranatthinaayi newyorkkiletthi, "dhii memorial" enna peril oru harjiyumaayi. smaarakathil ellah sii. aarr. eiii amgangaludeyum oppukal undaayirunnu. 1903ll newyork heraldinu nalkia abhimukhathil moralinte swantham vaakkukaliloode yaathrayude uddeshyam vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum. abhimukham nadathunnayaal chodichappol "enthukondu america?"moral marupadi paranju
american gavanmentaanu aadyamaayi anthaaraashtra associationte (pinneedu congo stettu) padavi amgeekarikkukayum athuvazhi europian shakthikalude bhaagathuninnu samanamaaya nadapadiykku vazhiyorukkukayum cheythathinaal eee vishayathil americaykku savisheshavum valare vyakthavumaya utharavaadithamundu... congo pradeshangalile thaddesheeya nivaasikalkk ariyaathe ealppicha thettu pariharikkan president roosvelttum american janathayum sahaayikkumenn prathekshikkunnu.
morel amerikkayilekku pookunnathinumumbu addeham smaarakathinte oru pakarpp "newyork times", "newyork poost", "washington poost", "boosttan globe", mattu pras sindikkettukal ennivaykku samarppichu. addehathinte varavinu munbu american pouranmaaril ninnu sakthamaaya pothu pinthuna labhikkumenn kraa aandu morel pratheekshichu. ellah pathrangalum addehathinte varavu report cheyyukayum smaarakathinte bhagangal pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. nyoo englandiludaneelamulla addehathinte vyakthathayulla prasamgangal president theodor roosvelttumaayi kooduthal sadassukal nedi. newyork poost" sandarshanathe oru poornna peju, rund nira lekhanam enniva upayogichu ulppeduthi. thudarchayaaya pathravaartthakaliloode amerikkakkaarkk moralinekkurichum "congo chodyathekkurichum" jijnjasa thonni. october october bosttanil nadanna anthaaraashtra samadhana kongrasinekkurichu moral samsaarichu. addehathinte prasangam aakarshakavum prachodanaathmakavumaayirunnu, koodaathe kongoyil american pothujanashradha kendreekarikkaan sahayichu.
enne amerikkayilekku konduvanna jolie valare lalithamaanu. amerikkayil ningalkkum englandil njangalkkum valia dhaarmika utharavaadithamullathum athil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhiyaathathum bahumaanathode rakshappedaan sramikkaathirikkunnathu kongoyile adichamarthappettavarum peedippikkappettavarumaya janangalkkuvendi ningalodu abhyarthikkaanaanu ithu... samaadhaanathinaayi ivide kandumuttunna ningalodu chodikkunnathu ente padaviyaanu, krooravum vinashakaravumaaya yudhangal nilanirthaan ningal oru sahayahastham nayikkille-nissahayaraaya purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum kolapaathakatthe atharam peril maanyamaakkaan kazhiyumo ennu... nissahayaraaya aaa dasalakshakkanakkinu aafrikkakkaarkkuvendi ningalodu abhyarthikkunnu... athu ningalkkulla oru valia utharavaadithamaanu. njangalude kadama vyakthamaanenkil theerchayaayum ningaludethum vyakthamaan. aafrikkan adimakkachavadam punarujeevippikkukayum innu kongoyil athu poornnathothil nadakkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu verode pizhutheriyaanum aafrikkayil ninnu athine puratthaakkaanum njangale sahayikkaan njaan ningalodu abhyarthikkunnu, ningalude aadarshangalude mahathwathekkurichum unnathanekurichum enikku samshayamillennathupole, ningalude utharam enthaayirikkumennathil enikku samshayamilla.
president roosvelttinum kongrasinum edapedaan rund varsham koodi vendivarum. henry cabot lojinu ayacha kathil rooswelt ezhuthi "aarenkilum valanjathaayi thonnunna oreyoru mandatharam congo free stettu prakopanathekkurichaanu, athu doshakaramalla marichu mandatharamaanu."pothujanangalude sammarddathaal abhibhoothamaaya kongras 1906ll pullippulikalkkethire nilakollukayum kongo free stettu avasaanippikkanamenn aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
leopoldinte ethir pracharanam.
morel nadatthiya ellah avakaashavaadangalum nishedhichu leopold thirichadikkukalkku utharavittu. newyork times" ulppedeyulla pradhana pathrangalkkayi addeham thante prachaarana yanthrathil lekhanangalum edittarkku niravadhi kathukalum ezhuthukayundaayi.
moreline apakeerthippeduthukayum kraa pravartthikkukayum cheythilla. thaan shradhichuvennu pothujanagalkk munnil theliyikkaan leopold kongoyekkurichu aabhyanthara anweshanam earppeduthi. congo udyogastharude oru samiti athikramangalonnum nishedhikkunna reportukal puratthirakki. laghulekhakal, pathra lekhanangal, kathukal, pusthakangal ennivayude vipulamaaya maadyama blitsinaayi kongoyil ninnu kooduthal kathukal, phottokal, saakshyam enniva shekharichu.
leopoldinte prathikaranatthil avakaashavaadangale ethirkkunna lekhanangal ulppedunnundengilum thante american sandarshana velayil moraline chaarappani cheyyaan addeham ejantumaare ayachu. maarkk twayne "king leopold solilokki" puratthirakki, athu durupayogathekkurichum leopoldinte nishedhathekkurichum samsaarichu. leopoldinte veekshanakonil ninnaan iruvarum ithu ezhuthiyathu. "avar pottippurappedukayum enne 'pusthakathiludaneelam oru dasalaksham kolapathakangal cheytha rajaavu' ennu vilikkukayum cheiyunnu, iruvarum pullipuli kuttakkaranum thinmayullavanumaayi chithreekarikkunnu. "sharee...enthaayaalum, njaan yaankikale adichu! athil aashwaasamundu. [parihasyamaaya punchiriyode, 1884 epril 22-leeii presidentinte amgeekaara utharavu]. sathyam purathuvarunnathil ninnu thadayaan oru vanjanaaparamaaya pullipuli goodaalochanayum goodaalochanayum nadathunnathinte chithram twaininte vivaranam avatharippikkunnu.
leopoldinte ejantumaar edittarkku kathukalum "maarkk tweyninu utharam" enna peril oru pusthakavum nalki. pusthakatthil avar randupereyum nunakaaranmaarum krithrimanmaarumaayi vilikkunnu. "congo free stettu enthaanennu churukkatthil kaanikkunna sathyam inipparayunna pejukalil thilangunnu."" ellaam shree. twine morel paranju. nunakal!"leopoldinte lobby varkkukalil oralaaya henry aii. 1906 desemberil taanum pullipuly congo raajyavum thammilulla ellah ashayavinimayangalum parasyamaakkiyukond kovalsky oru sensation srishtichu.
oduvil, athikramangaludeyum durupayogangaludeyum prathyeka kuttangal anweshikkaan leopold oru anweshana kammeeshane niyamichu. beljian paarlamentile amgangalum sarkkaarile thaazhnna udyogastharum commissionil ulppettirunnu.
veezhcha.
pothujanangalude kolahalathe shamippikkaamenna pratheekshayil leopold kammeeshanekkurichu pathra prasthavanakal puratthirakki. ennirunnaalum, leopold oru prasidheekaricha reportalla, marichu oru swakaarya report aagrahichu. nooriladhikam swadeshikalumaayum niravadhi missionarymaarumaayum nadatthiya abhimukhangal, maranangalum vikruthavum vishadeekarikkunna fozhsu pablikkil ninnulla rekhakal, pullipulikk report cheythathinekkaal kooduthal labham labhichuvennu theliyikkunna congo samsthaana bharanakoodatthil ninnulla rekhakal ennivayumaayi kammeeshan ithuvare durupayogam cheythathinte ettavum valia thelivukalumaayi madangi.
kraa report nedukayum "vestt aafrikkan meyil", "newyork times", anubandha maadyamangal, europian pras ejansikal ennivayil prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. congo kammeeshan oof inquiric munnil vacha thelivukal" enna report europilum amerikkayilum udaneelam kraa vitharanam cheytha oru laghulekhayaayi maari. leopold thanne niyogicha kammeeshan bhayanakamaaya saakshyam, maranangaleyum vikruthappeduthalukaleyum kurichulla vasthuthakal, durupayogangal rekhappeduthunna congo bharanakoodatthil ninnu labhicha kathukal enniva report cheythu. leopoldinu swantham kammeeshante kandethalukal nishedhikkaan kazhinjilla. 1908ll oru saambathika othutheerppinu pakaramaayi leopold congo free stettu beljiathinu kaimari. adutha varsham 74-aamm vayassil addeham marichu, orikkalum vidhikkappedaathe pooyi.

