
jaine courtus

oru aafrikkan-american kavayitriyum aaktivisttum cherukida pathra prasadhakayum speak-vaid perfomence aarttistumaayirunnu jaine courtus (meyy 10,1934-desember 28,2012), gaanarachanayilum visaral shabdathilum raashtreeyavum sarriyalistum chalanathmakavumaaya puthumakalkk shabdam prashasthamaan. avarude ezhuthu black arts prasthaanatthinte kaanoninte bhagamaanu. 1954 muthal 1964 vare jaas saxophonist oornatt colmane vivaham kazhicha avarude makan jaas drummer denardo colmananu. 1975-ll courtus chitrakaaranum shilpiyum print maker aaya melvin edwardsine vivaham kazhikkukayum avar dacker, senegal, newyork sittiyil thaamasikkukayum cheythu.
jeevacharitram.
1934 meyy 10 nuu arisonayile fort huvaachukkayile sainika thaavalathil saali jaine richaardson aayi janicha jaine courtus, avalude pithaav rund lokamahaayudhangalilum sevanamanushticha oru sainikanaayirunnu; avalude amma oru sekrattariyaayirunnu. oru mootha sahodariyum oru ilaya sahodaranumulla moonnu makkalil randaamanaayirunnu courtus.
ezhaam vayassil avar loss enjalsilekku thamasam maari, avide avar whats jillayilaan valarnnathu. avalude maathaapithaakkal shekharicha jaas, laattin recordingukalil yuvayaya jaine richaardson aanandichu. haiskoolil kala, samgeetham, naadakam enniva padichu. pinneedu avar compton community collegil chernnenkilum saambathika budhimuttukal kaaranam kozhs jolie upekshichu.[11] kalaparamaaya kariyarinte thudakkathil thanne philipinoyile ammoommayude kanninamamaaya courtus enna kudumbapperu avar sweekarichu.
1954-ll courtus 18 vayassullappol jaas saxophonist oornatt colmane vivaham kazhichu. 1956ll janicha avarude makan denardo kuttikkaalathu thanne pithavinoppam drumming aarambikkukayum maathaapithaakkal randuperumaayum sahakarikkunnathinaayi thante muthirnna jeevitam samarppikkukayum cheythu. 1964-ll courtus kolemane vivaahamochanam cheyyukayum 1970 vare kalaparamaaya director sevanamanushticha whats repertery thiyettar kambani sthaapikkukayum cheythu. pouraavakaashathinaayulla pooraattatthil sajeevamaaya avar prashastha pouraavakaasha pravarthakayaaya phaani luu haamarumaayi sahakarikkukayum rashtreeya aavasyangal munnott kondupokaan kalaye oru vaahanamaayi upayogikkanamennu shakthamayi vaadikkukayum cheythu, 1960-kalude thudakkathil mississippiyil karutha vottarmaare rajisttar cheyyaan avarude srishtikal upayogichu. 1990ll dii. yumayullah oru abhimukhathil eee samayathekkurichu chinthikkumbol. echu. melhem, courtus thante joliyil athinte swaadheenathekkurichu ingane paranju "thozhillillaathathum bhakshanamillathe nilkkunnathum ningale valare sankadappeduthum. pakshe ningal aayirunnilla prashnam. ningalkk oru prashnamundennu ariyunnathinu munbe prashnam nilaninnirunnu. prashnam samvidaanamaanu, ningalkk samvidaanathekkurichu enthengilum samghadippikkaanum ekeekarikkaanum cheyyaanum kazhiyum. athaanu njaan padichathu."europiloodeyum aafrikkayiloodeyum sanjaricha avar 1967ll newyork nagaratthilekku thamasam maari.
1969-ll, "pisstaind stairs aandu dhii monkey mans wares" enna peril avarude aadya samahaaram prasidheekarikkappedukayum courtus mattu 11 kavithaasamaahaarangalude rachayithavaakukayum onpathu recordingukalil samgeethathodukoodiya kavithakal avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 1971ll avar sthaapicha oru prasidheekarana kambaniyaaya bola pressinte aabhimukhyathilaanu avarude kruthikalude bhooribhaagavum purathirangiyathu. 1977 muthal 1983 vare courtus ratjezhs sarvakalaashaalayile engleesh adthyaapakanaayirunnu.[3] aphrica, eshya, europe, thekke america, caribean, america ennividangalile sarvakalashaalakal, myoosiyangal, uthsavangal ennivayil avar thante kruthikalum ashayangalum avatharippichu. avarude kavithakal 28 bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum "postmoden american kavita", "aafrikkayile penmakkal", "sahasraabdathile kavithakal", "mother johns", "jaas kavithakalude samahaaram" ennivayulppede samahaarangalilum jenalukalilum maasikakalilum vyaapakamaayi prasidheekarikkappedukayum cheythittundu."
1975-ll avar shilpiyum print makerumaaya melvin edwardsine vivaham kazhikkukayum avar dacker, senegal, newyork sitti ennividangalil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte kruthikal avarude prasidheekaranangalilum avarude chila aalbangalude puramchattakalilum prathyakshappettu. courtes edwards rund thaamasasthalangal paripalikkukayum cheythu, onnu newyork nagaratthilum onnu senegalile dackerilum, courtus paranju, "sarikkum veedu pole thonnunnu". 
2012 desember 28nuu 78-aamm vayassil newyorkkile manhattanil vachu courtus hridayaaghaatham moolam marichu.
kavitayum prakadanavum.
courtus svayam aniniranna sangeethanjjar avar ettavum kooduthal praadhaanyam nalkia saamoohika-rashtreeya, saamskaarika gadakangale prathiphalippichu. 1934 ll arisonayile fort huvachukkayil janicha avar, laattin american dance baandukalude udaaharanangalum thaddesheeya american samgeethathinte feeld recordingukalum ulppedunna maathaapithaakkalude jaas aandu blues record shekharathinte spellil loss enjalsinu sameepamaan valarnnathu. samgeethaparamaayi kalaparamaaya oru kudumbatthil valarnna courtus, "samgeethajnjarekkurichulla avalude chila kavithakalil, samgeethathile jeevithathinte irunda vashathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnu, kalaparipadikalile jeevithavumaayi antharleenamaayi bandhappettirikkunnave palarum vishwasikkunna asakthiyum eakaanthathayum paryavekshanam cheiyunnu."besi smithinte recordingukalumaayulla aadyakaala sanbarkkam courtessil sthree swathuathinte aazhathilulla oru bodham ulavaakkukayum athu sakthamaaya ichhaashakthiyumaayi samyojippichu asaadhaaranamaayi thurannuparayunna oru vyakthiyayi avale roopappeduthukayum cheythu. duke ellington, saaraa vaaghan, charley parker, daisi gillespie, noow-nonsense gaayika dina washington ennivarude shabdangalaal avar roopaantharappettu, svayam aavishkaarathodulla visaral sameepanam kaviye oru panchum valikkathirikkaan vyakthamaayi prothsaahippichu.
swatantra kalakaaranaaya josephine bekarude oormmaye bahumaanicha courtus, prathyekichu ezhuthukaare charcha cheyyumbol, swaadheenangalekkaal prachodanangalkku peru nalkaan eshtappettu. laangstan hugues, aime sessair, liyon damas, christopher okigbo, henry dumas, ameeri baraca, richard raitt ennivareyaanu avar thiricharinjathu. federico garzia lorkayude vrithiketta/manoharamaaya kavithakalumayi samaantharangalum svayam soochippikkunnu. avarude vaakkukal saadhaaranayaayi aafrikkan, caribean drumminginte sankeernavum sparsikkunnathumaaya bhashayodu saamyamulla thaalaparamaaya aavarthanathilaanu ezhuthukayum japikkukayum samsaarikkukayum cheythirunnathu.
1970 kalude thudakkam muthal avarude mikka kruthikalum avar sthaapicha prasidheekarana kambaniyaaya bola prassaanu purathirakkiyathu. eee aadyakaala kruthikalilonnaaya "uthsavangalum shavasamskaarangalum" (1971), "pisstaind stairs kuranganmaarude vasthukkalum" ennu athra ariyappedaathathaanenkilum, courtasinte vyakthiparamaaya anubavangalil ninnu athu ethratholam uruthirinjuvennathinum "saamoohika prasnangal abhimukeekarikkukayum maattathinaayi pooraadunnathil avarude punk vilayiruthukayum cheiyunna saadhaarana thozhilaallikalude shabdangal" avatharippikkunnathinum ithu pradhaanamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu."[3] 1974ll newyorkkile vaitt plainsilvechu avar thante aadya aalbamaaya" "aakhoshangalum eakaanthathayum" "murichu. baas vaadakan richard davisumaayulla oru koottam yugalaganangal, ithu straatta-eest labelil puratthirangi". 1979 octoberil tape cheytha aadyathe bola pras recordingine "unsubmissive blues" ennu vilikkukayum sovettoyile dheeraraaya yuva vidyaarthikalkkaayi oru kashanam ulppeduthukayum cheythu."gitaarist bernn nix, bastugatha alle mcdowell, drummer denardo colman ennivarude hridayabhaagathu nirmmicha firepitezhs enna electro-funk aadhunika jaas grouppinte pinthunayode courtus thante kavithakal nalki. varshangalolam, fayarpittarukalum oornettu kolmaante prime time orumichu nilaninnirunnu, denardo achuthandaayi, vividha kalikkaar rund unitukalilum pankedutthu.
1982-leeii venalkkaalath, courtus thante kalaasrishtiye yadhaarthathil nirvachikkunna niravadhi kashanagal adangiya oru bhoumavibhavikkal aalbam "dher ittu ees" nalki. ithil iva ulppedunnu "aii zee chaano poso", daisi gillespiyude itihaasa cuban percusionistinu santhoshathode unarthunna abhivaadyam (avalkk 14 vayassullappol loss enjalsile rigli feeldil oru kacheriyil aval kandu); "drum oru sthreeyaanengil" enna purushaadhipathya akramathekkurichulla kadutha kuttapathram, "us/nigerian relations", athil "avarkk enna venam/pakshe aalukal" vardhichuvarunna, vaidyutheekaricha soujanya jaas bloauttinekkurichu darvish pole ucharikkaan avar agrahikkunnilla. 1986 ll record cheytha avarude adutha aalbamaaya "maintain kantrol", oornettu collemante "lalithamaaya vishadeekaranagalonnumilla" enna aazhathilulla vaikaarika saxophone, aswasthathayundaakkunna "marakamaaya radiation blues", avarude tharkkangal polulla aavarthana achaarangalil matonnaaya "saambathika pranayagaanam" ennivaykku prathyekichum avismaraneeyamaanu, ithavana "sainika chelavu, valia labham, maranam" ennee vaakkukale chuttippattiyaan ithu nirmmichirikkunnathu."thudarnnulla niravadhi aalbangalil" "santhoshakaravum shubhaapthivishwaasamullathum" "(1994) oru aafrikkan cora kalikkaarante upayogathinum" "vishudha vrukshangal" "samayat theekshnathayude hridayasparshiyaaya pravahangalkkum" "aaraanenn njaan athbhuthappedunnu". koodaathe, eee aalbathil "yudhathinaayi samarppichirikkunna yuddham" ennathil sainikavirudhathaykkulla bodhyappeduthunna oru oodu, "samba ees power", "ningalude swantham shabdam kandethuka" ennee minimenifestokal adangiyirikkunnu. 1996-ll, avarude aalbam "taking dhaa blues back hoome" harmolodic/verville puratthirangi; 2002-ll prathyakshappetta "bordezhs oof disorderly time", athidhikal bobby bradford, roonn carter, jaims blud almer enniva ulppeduthi.
roonn maante 'viman inn jaas', 'poyetti inn moshan' ennee chithrangalil courtus prathyakshappettu.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil samsaarabhaashaaparamaaya kalaaparipaadikal vikasippichedukkul avar cheluthiya swaadheenam budhiparamaayi ithuvare amgeekarikkappettilla. chila vidhangalil avarude ettumuttal rashtreeya thurannuparachilum kadinamaaya cathertic prakadana saankethikathayum courtesine judith malinayumaayum leaving theaterumaayum sakhyamundaakkunnu. oonlain aafrikkan-american registry anusarichu, "vamsham, lingabhedam, swavarggabheeshani thudangiya prasnangal pariharikkunnathinayi sveekaaryamaaya avishkaara paridhikal thallaanulla avalude kazhivu mattu kurachu sthreekal maathram ulkkollunna oru vibhaagathil avale ulppeduthunnu."
aafrikkayile vanita ezhuthukaarude samghadana.
1991ll ghaanayile ezhuthukaariyaaya amaa attaa idoovinoppam courtus aafrikkayile vanita ezhuthukaarude samghadana (oovva) sthaapikkukayum athinusesham niravadhi varshakkalam jeey. ulppedeyulla board amgangalumaayi athinte presidentaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. iii. franklin, cheryl vaii. green, rasheeda ismaili, luis merivethar, maaya aanchalau, rosemond ezz. king, maargarat basbi, gabriel sivil, alexes dii vox, latasha enn. diggs, setta eliot, donet francis, poula giddings, renee larrier, tess oonvume, koomba touur, maris konde, nancy morejon, neelakkalli. 1997-ll oova "aafrikkan vamshajaraaya sthreekal lokamembaadumulla saahithyathe vilayiruthunnathinum aaghoshikkunnathinumaayi samarppichirikkunna aadyathe pradhana anthaaraashtra sammelanam" samghadippichu. courtus "yaari yaari black viman raittezhs aandu dhaa future" (1999) samvidaanam cheythu, athu aaa konfaransil nadanna paanalukalum readingukalum prakadanangalum rekhappeduthunnu. newyork sarvakalashaalayil nadanna anthaaraashtra sammelanangalaaya "slave rutsa dhii long memory" (2000), "yaari yaari pamberia black viman raittezhs desecting globalisation" (2004) ennivayude samghaadakayumaayirunnu avar.
maranathinu thottumunbu vare, ghaanayile akrayil vanita ezhuthukaarude oru oova anthaaraashtra symposium nadatthaan courtus padhathiyittirunnu. yaari yaari nossau avarude bahumaanaartham nischayichathupole sambhashanam thudarnnu, meyy <aii. dii. 1>, 2013.
adaranjali.
2013 februvari 6 nuu kooppar union foundeshan kettidatthil avarude kudumbam samghadippicha avarude jeevithathinte smaaraka aaghoshathil amiri baraca, daani glover, robin kellie, jenna reey mcneil, kwinsey troop, steevu dalachinsky, jorjju campbel juuniyar ennivarude adaranjali ulppedunnu.yujeen redmund, rasheeda ismaili, manthiya dayawara, athupole thanne randy vesttan, tii. keey. neelayum theeppori.
karutha pandithan" ennathinte 2013leeii vasanthakala lakkathinte (vaalyam. 43, illa. 1/2) avalude oormmaykkum pravartthanatthinum samarppikkappettu.
2013 juulai 19 nuu landanil joonn aggard, jeane "binta" breeze, denardo colman, sena edwards, lintan kwesi jonson, grays nichols, deerdre pascal, keeth veythe, maargarat basbi thudangiya kalakaaranmaarkkoppam oru adaranjali paripadi nadannu.