
sheethayudhaananthara kaalam

1991 desemberil soviyatt union pirichuvittathinusheshamallu charithrathe prathinidheekarikkunna sheethayudhathinte avasaanathe thudarnnulla charithratthinte oru kaalaghattamaanu sheethayudhaananthara kaalaghattam. eee kaalayalavil niravadhi muun soviyatt republicukal paramadhikaara rajyangalaayi maarukayum kizhakkan europil vipani sambadvyavasthayude aamukham undaakukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalav americaye lokathile eaka mahashakthiyaayi maattukayum cheythu. 
sheethayudhavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, eee kaalaghattatthinte savisheshatha sthirathayum niraayudeekaranavumaanu. america russia thangalude aanava shekharam ganyamaayi kurachu. muun kizhakkan block janaadhipathyaparamaavukayum loka sambadvyavasthayumaayi samyojippikkappedukayum cheythu. muun soviyatt upagrahangalilum moonnu muun baltic republicukalilum bhooribhaagavum europian unionilum naattoyilum samyojippikkappettu. eee kaalaghattatthinte aadya rund pathittaandukalil naatto moonnu vipuleekarana parambarakalkku vidheyamaakukayum france naatto commandylake veendum samyojippikkappedukayum cheythu.
pirichuvitta varso udambadikku pakaramaayi russia sii. ezz. tii. oo roopeekarikkukayum chainayumaayum mattu niravadhi rajyangalumaayum thanthraparamaaya pankaalittham sthaapikkukayum shanghoy, brics ennee sainikethara samghadanakalil praveshikkukayum cheythu. athivegam valarunna sakthiyaaya chainayaan pinneedulla rund samghadanakalilum ulppettathu. chainayude uyarchayodu prathikarichukondu obaama bharanakoodam eshya-pasaphik mekhalayilekku thanthraparamaaya shakthikale punar santhulithamaakki.
gulf yuddham, yugoslav yudhangal, yougoslaviayile naatto bombakramanam, onnum randum chechen yuddham, septambar 11 akramanangal, afgaanisthaanile yuddham (2001-2021), iraakh yuddham, russo-georgian yuddham, nadannukondirikkunna russo-ukreniyan yuddham enniva eee kaalaghattatthile pradhana prathisandhikalil ulppedunnu. thudarunna mattoru yudhamaaya syrian aabhyantharayudhathe, pradhaanamaayum america russia thammilulla, praadeshika, lokashakthikal thammilulla overlapping proxy yudhangalude oru parambarayaayi parakke visheshippikkunnu.
vladymyr pudin adhikaarathil vannathode russia kramena kooduthal svechaadhipathyaparavum videsanayam kooduthal aakramanaathmakavumaayi maari. ithu padinjarumaayulla bandham vashalaakunnathinum uparodhangal, ukreynilekkulla sainika sahayam, anthaaraashtra ottappedal, naatto kooduthal vipuleekarikkaanulla saadhyatha ennivayiloode avasanikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
pashchaathalam.
valarnnuvarunna jarmman, itaaliyan faasisam, japanese showa statism, oru lokamahaayudham ennivayude bheeshani neritta paashchaathya sakhyakakshikalum soviyatt union randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu anivaryamaaya oru sakhyam undaakki. achuthandu sakthikal parajayappettathinushesham lokathile ettavum sakthamaaya rund rajyangal soviyatt union america aayi maari. rund federationukaleyum lokathile mahaashakthikal ennu vilichirunnu. sameepakaala sakhyakakshikal thammilulla adisthaana bhoumaraashtreeyavum prathyayashaasthraparavumaaya vyathyaasangal paraspara samshayangalilekkum taamasiyaathe sheethayudham ennariyappedunna iruvarum thammilulla ettumuttalilekkum nayichu, ithu 1947 muthal 1991 vare neenduninnu. ithu randaamathe chuvanna bheethiyil aarambhich soviyatt yooniyante pathanathode avasaanichu, ennirunnaalum chilar 1989 leeii viplavangalkk allengil 1987 ll oppuvacha lokathile aadyathe aanava niraayudheekarana udambadikku avasaanamaayi.
reegante prachaarana paatha yuu. esilekku.ezz. 1980leeii presidency raajyam punarnirmmikkunnathil shradha kendreekarichu. adutha rund varshathinullil sambadvyavastha veendedukkukayum puthiya videsanayangal roopeekarikkukayum swaathanthryam labhichathode vipani kuthichuyarukayum cheythu. ethirvashathu, soviyattinte sambadvyavastha kshayichukondirikkayuku, avarude sainika shakti kurayukayaayirunnu, lokathil thangalkkulla swaadheenathinte alavu avar amithamaayi kanakkakki. amerikkayil ninnu nediya adikaaram soviyattumaayi charchakalil earppedaan avare anuvadichu, yuu. esinu anukoolamaaya nibandhanakal ulppede.ezz. breshnev (akkaalat soviyatt nethaavu) parayunnathanusarichu, veettil nadakkunna saambathika prasnangal pariharikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinna pirimurukkam kuraykkendathu aavasyamaanu. soviyattine samrakshikkukayum punarnirmmikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte sidhaantham, athinaal bhaviyil avar americayumaayi kooduthal malsaraarthikalaakum. 
sheethayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthinte savisheshathakal ithuvare urappayittillennum ennaal sheethayudha kaalaghattatthil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaayirikkumenna urappaanennum lokacharitraparamaaya praadhaanyatthinte oru vazhithirivu sambhavichuvennum sheethayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthinte prabhaathatthil sheethayudhathinte pramukha charitrakaaranaaya joonn luis gadis ezhuthi
sheethayudhathinu sheshamulla thudarnnulla sambhavangal.
sheethayudhakaalathu, paashchaathyalokatthinteyum kizhakkan blokkinteyum nayangalum adisthaana soukaryangalum yathaakramam muthalaalitha, communist prathyayashaasthrangaleyum aanavayudhathinte saadhyathayeyum chuttippattiyaan. sheethayudhathinte avasaanavum soviyatt yooniyante pathanavum lokathile mikkavarum ellah samoohangalilum aazhathilulla maattangalkk kaaranamaayi. sheethayudhakaalathu avaganikkapetta kaaryangalil puthiya shradha nalkaan ithu praapthamaakkukayum kooduthal anthaaraashtra sahakaranatinum anthaaraashtra samghadanakalkkum deseeya prasthaanagalkkum vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu. europian union vikasikkukayum kooduthal samyojippikkukayum cheythu, adikaaram jii 7 ll ninnu valia jii 20 sambadvyavasthakalilekku maari.
anthaaraashtra bahumanam nedumennu prathekshikkunna raajyangalkk koottaaya svayam saadhuthayude oru maargamaayi marria janaadhipathyathinteyum muthalaalithathinteyum vijaythe eee phalam pratheekappeduthi. janadhipathyam oru pradhana moolyamaayi kaanappettathode kooduthal rajyangal aaa moolyam sweekarikkaan thudangi. mangolia, congo, albania, yugoslavia, afgaanisthaan, angola ennividangalilum communism avasaanichu. 2023 leeii kanakkanusarichu, chaina, cuba, vadakkan korea, lavos, vietnaam ennee anchu rajyangal maathramaan ippozhum communist rajyangalaayi bharikkunath.
american videshanayathil maattam.
eaka aagola mahashakthiyaayi marria america, aaa prathyayashaasthra vijayam puthiya lokakramathil athinte neethrthwa sthaanam shakthippeduthaan upayogichu. america athinte sakhyakakshikalum charithratthinte sariyaaya bhagathaanu" ennu athu avakashappettu.eee puthiya lokakramathe anthaaraashtra bandha sidhaanthathil" "udaaramaaya aadhipathyam" "ennu vilikkunnu". samadhana labhavihitam upayogichu, american sainyathin athinte chelavinte bhooribhaagavum kuraykkaan kazhinju, ennaal septambar 11 aakramanathinum 2001 ll bheekarathaykkethiraaya yudhathinu thudakkamittathinum sesham eee nila veendum thaarathamyappeduthaavunna uyarangalilekku uyarnnu. naatto vipuleekaranathodoppam, baalistik misail prathirodha (bii. emm. dii) samvidaanangal kizhakkan europil sthaapichu. puthuthayi bandhippikkappetta aagola sambadvyavasthayil ettavum aadhipathyam pularthiya rajyamaayi america maari. ennirunnaalum, thaarathamyena durbalamaaya vikaswara rajyath ninnu, chaina oru puthiyathayi valarnnuvarunna mahashakthiyaayi prathyakshappettu. athu lokamembaadumulla samgharshangalkku puthiya saadhyathakal srishtichu. chainayude uyarchaykku marupadiyaayi, america eshya-pasaphik mekhalayodu thanthraparamaayi "punar santulita" maakkukayum athe samayam anthaaraashtra prathibaddhathakalil ninnu pinmaran thudangukayum cheythu.
sarkkar, saambathika, sainika sthaapanangal.
sheethayudhathinte avasaanavum dakshinaafrikkayile varnnavivechanathinte avasaanathodanubandhichaayinu. 1980kalude pilkkala varshangalil sheethayudha samgharshangal kurayunnathu ardhamaakkunnathu varnnavivechana bharanakoodatthe athinte communism virudhatha kaaranam padinjaaru pinthunaykkunnilla, pakshe ippol athine uparodhathode apalapichu. 1990ll nelson mandela jayilil ninnu mochithanaakukayum varnnavivechanam avasaanippikkanulla nadapadikal bharanakoodam aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1994leeii aadya janaadhipathya thiranjeduppilaanu ithu kalaashichath, athinte falamaayi mandela dakshinaafrikkayude presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
berlin mathil thakarnnathinethudarnnu lokamembaadumulla soshyalist, communist partykal amgathvathil idivu kaanukayum swatantra vipani prathyayashaasthram vijayichuvennu pothujanagalkk anubhavappedukayum cheythu. maruvashathu libertarian, navalibaral, deseeyavaada, islaamika partykalkku soviyatt yooniyante pathanatthil ninnu prayojanam labhichu. muthalaalitham vijayichappol, janangal kandathupole, soshyalisavum kammyoonisavum pothuve janapreeti kuranju. scandinaviayile soshyal demokraattukal 1990kalil avarude pala sthaapanangalum svakaaryavalkkarikkukayum aadhunika saambathikashaasthrathuklathe oru rashtreeya charcha veendum aarambikkukayum cheythu. scandinavian raashtrangale ippol palappozhum saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadikalaayi kaanunnu (nordic model kaanuka).
1970 kalude avasaanathil muthalaalithathilekku neengaan thudangukayum 1989 ll baijingle nadanna tianmen square prathishedhathetthudarnnu pothujana rosham neridukayum cheytha peeples republic oof chaina 1990 kalil swatantra vipani saambathikashaasthrathil kooduthal vegathil neengi. 1987ll praveshicha kentakki fried chikkan ozhikeyulla chainayile aadyathe american shringalakalaaya 1990nte randaam pakuthiyil mcdonalds, pissa hutt enniva raajyathekku praveshichu. 1990nte avasaanathilum shenshenilum shanghayilum ohari vipanikal sthaapikkappettu. 1990 kalude thudakkathil kaar udamasthaavakaashathinulla niyanthranangal laghookarikkukayum 2000 oode gathaagathatthinte oru roopamaayi saikkil kurayukayum cheythu. muthalaalithathilekkulla neekkam chainayude saambathika abhivridhi vardhippichu, pakshe palarum ippozhum mosham avasthayilaanu jeevikkunnath, valare kuranja vethanathilum apakadakaravum mosham avasthayilum kambanikalkkaayi jolie cheiyunnu.
mattu pala moonnaam loka raajyangalum americayudeyum soviyatt unionudeyum pankaalittham kandirunnuvenkilum aaa mahaashakthikalude prathyayashaasthra thalpparyangal neekkam cheythathinaal avarude rashtreeya samgharshangal pariharichu. sheethayudhathil janaadhipathyathinteyum muthalaalithathinteyum vyakthamaaya vijayathinte falamaayi, niravadhi rajyangal eee samvidaanangal sweekarichu, ithu aagola vyaapaarathinte nettangal nedaan avare anuvadichu, kaaranam saambathika shakti anthaaraashtra thalatthil sainika shakthiyekkaal praadhaanyamarhichu. ennirunnaalum, america aagola shakti nilanirtthiyappol, sheethayudhasamayathe niravadhi bharanamattangalil athinte punk kooduthalum audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappedaathe pooyi, ell salvador, arjanteena thudangiya chilath vipulamaaya manushyavakaasha lamghanangalkku kaaranamaayi.
saankethikavidya.
sheethayudhathinte avasaanam pothujanagalkk paridhiyillaattha niravadhi saankethikavidyakal tharamthirikkaan anuvadichu. ivayil ettavum pradhaanappettath internettaanu, ithu varaanirikkunna aanavayudhathinu sesham sanbarkkam pularthunnathinulla oru samvidaanamaayi panchabhujathaal aarpaanattaayi srishtichu. 1995ll oonlain vaanijya samrambhangalkkulla avasana niyanthranangal neekkiyirunnu. internettinte vaanijyavalkkaranavum mobail phoon samvidaanathinte valarchayum aagolavalkkaranathe vardhippichu (athupole thanne prathikaranatthil deseeyathayum janakeeyathayum).
athinusheshamulla varshangalil internettinte janasamkhyayum upayogakshamathayum valareyadhikam vardhichu. 1995ll ekadesham 20 dasalaksham aalukal (akkaalat loka janasamkhyayude 0.5 sathamaanathil thaazhe) maathramaan oonlainil kooduthalum amerikkayilum mattu niravadhi paashchaathya raajyangalilum undaayirunnathu. 2010kalude madhyathode loka janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu oonlainilaayirunnu.
internettinte vargeekaranathode mattu sheethayudha saankethikavidyakalekkuri kooduthal gaveshanam thudarnnu. reegante thanthraparamaaya prathirodha samrambham athinte yadhaartha roopathil amgeekarikkaanaavillennu thelinjappol, eee samvidaanam ejisu baalistik misail defense sisttam (bii. emm. dii. ezz) enna punarroopakalppana cheytha avasthayilaanu. bii. emm. dii. ezz polulla prathirodha nadapadikal sheethayudhaanantharakaalathu paryavekshanam cheyyukayum mechappeduthukayum cheiyunnathu thudarukayaanenkilum oru samboornna aanava akramanam phalapradamaayi thadayaan kazhiyaathathinal palappozhum vimarshikkappedunnu. falapraapthiyil purogathi undaayirunnittum, aanti-baalistik misailukal palappozhum aadhunika nayathanthratthinte oru adhika bhaagamaayi kaanapedunnu, avide paraspara urappulla nasham (bhraanthan) polulla ashayangalum avarude reekjavik uchakodiyethudarnnu ronald reegan mikhaayil gorbachevum thammilulla udambadikal.
thudarchayaaya gaveshana prathirodha prathirodha nadapadikalkkoppam lokamembaadum aanavaayudhangalude vyaapanavum undaayittund. sheethayudham avasaanichathinusesham aanavaayudhangal nirmmikkaan aavashyamaaya saankethikavidya pala raajyangalum nediyittundu. 80kalil euranium sambushtamaakkaan kazhivulla centrifugeukal nediya paakkisthaante aanava padhathikku 1998ll niravadhi bhoogarbha pareekshanangal nadatthaan kazhinju. innu america, russia, brittan, france, chaina ennee rajyangal aanavaayudhangal kaivasham vaykkukayum aanavaayudhangalude vyaapanam thadayunnathinulla shramathil aanava nirvyaapana udambadiyil oppuvaykkukayum cheythu. pakistan, india, uthara korea ennivayum aanava saankethikavidya kaivashappeduthiyittundu aanava nirvyaapana udambadiyil oppuvachittilla.
sheethayudham radio saankethikavidyayeyum aanavaayudhangaleyum kurichulla gaveshanam vardhippichu. sputnik 1-nte vijayam sputnik tracucheyyunnathinum soviyatt union saadhyamaaya aanava vikshepanangalkkum upayogikkunnathinaayi jodral baank obsarvettari polulla radio dooradarshinikalkkulla dhanasahayam vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. bahirakasha probukal tracucheyyanum kwaasaarukal, pulsarukal, metteeroydukal enniva anweshikkaanum jodral bankum ithupolulla mattu nireekshana kendrangalum upayogichu. bhagika aanava pareekshana nirodhana udambadiyethudarnnu aanava spodanam kandethunnathinayi aadyam vikshepicha vela (upagraham) polulla upagrahangal athinusesham gamma-reey pottitherikal kandethunnathinum kooduthal anweshikkunnathinum upayogikkunnu.