
emili duu chaattalett

1730-kalude thudakkam muthal 1749-ll prasavasamayatthe sankeernathakal kaaranam marikkunnathuvare oru franch prakrithi thathwachinthakayum ganithashaasthranjayumaayirunu gabriel emily leeii tonelier dii bretyooyil, markvis duu chaatlett (17 desember 1706-10 septambar 1749).
bhauthikashaasthrathinte adisthaana niyamangal adangiya isak nyoottante 1687-leeii "philosophy naturalis principia maathamattikka" enna pusthakatthinte vivarthanavum vyaakhyaanavumaanu avarude ettavum amgeekarikkappetta nettam. 1756-ll marananantharamaayi prasidheekaricha eee vivarthanam ippozhum saadhaarana franch vivarthanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
avarude vyaakhyaanathil neutonian mekkaniksilekkulla oru sambhavana ulppedunnu-motham oorjjathinaayi oru adhika samrakshana niyamatthinte anumaanam, athil chalanatthinte gathikorjjam oru gadakamaanu. ithu avarude oorjjathekkurichulla sangalppavalkkaranathilekkum oru vasthuvinte pindavumaayum vegathayumaayum athinte alavilulla bandhangal nedunnathilekkum nayichu.
avarude daarshanika mahathaaya kruthiyaaya "institutions dii physic" (paarees, 1740, aadya pathipp; "bhauthikashaasthrathinte aditharakal") vyaapakamaayi pracharikkukayum chooderiya samvaadangal srishtikkukayum athinte yadhaartha prasidheekaranam kazhinju rund varshathinullil mattu niravadhi bhaashakalilekku veendum prasidheekarikkukayum vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
oru shareerathinte shakti alakkunnathinulla ettavum nalla maarggathekkurichum samrakshana thathwangalekkurichulla chinthayude ettavum nalla maarggathekkurichum prasidhamaaya "vis viva" charchayil avar pankedutthu. marananantharamaayi, avarude ashayangal franch jnjaanodayathinte ettavum prashasthamaaya grandhamaaya denis diderottinteyum jeane leeii rondu dii alembertinteyum "encyclopidae" yill valareyadhikam prathinidheekarikkappettu, ithu duu chaattelettinte maranathinu thottupinnaale aadyamaayi prasidheekarichu.
maranashesham rund noottaandukalilaayi avarude jeevithathekkurichum pravarthanangalekkurichum niravadhi jeevacharithrangalum pusthakangalum naadakangalum ezhuthappettittundu. 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil, avarude jeevithavum ashayangalum puthiya thaalparyam srishtichu.
emily duu chaatlettin ezhuthukaaranum thathwachinthakanumaaya voltairumaayi varshangalolam oru bandhamundaayirunnu.
thathwashaasthrathinulla sambhavana.
bernard mandeville, isak nyoottan thudangiya ezhuthukaarude kruthikalude prashasthamaaya vivarthanangal nirmmikkunnathinupuram, duu chaattalett avarude kaalath ariyappettirunna niravadhi supradhana daarshanika lekhanangalum kathukalum pusthakangalum ezhuthi.
praayapoortthiyaayavarude jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum vyaapichukidakkunna volteyarumaayulla avalude ariyappedunna sahakaranavum romaantik pankaalitthavum kaaranam, thalamurakalayi duu chaattalett avalude ariyappedunna boudhika koottaaliyude yajamanathiyum sahakariyum ennariyappedunnu. avarude nettangalum nettangalum palappozhum addehathinte keezhil ulppeduthiyittundu, thalphalamaayi, innum avar palappozhum aadyakaala franch prabudhathayude kaalaghattatthil voltairinte jeevithathinteyum pravartthanatthinteyum pashchaathalatthil maathrame paraamarsikkappedunnulla. avarude kruthikalude aadarshangal vyakthigatha shaaktheekaranathinte aadarshangalil ninnu saamoohika karaarinte vishayangalilekku vyaapichu.
ennirunnaalum, aduthide, professional thathwachinthakarum charitrakaaranmaarum duu chaattelettinte prashasthi maattimarichu. 1730 kalileyum 1740 kalileyum daarshanikavum shaasthreeyavumaaya sambhashanangalil avarude kruthikal valare kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyathaayi charitraparamaaya thelivukal soochippikkunnu-vaasthavathil, avarude kaalathe ettavum mikacha chinthakar avare prashasthayum bahumanikkukayum cheythirunnu. francesco algarotti siriyile duu chaatlettum voltair thammilulla sambhaashanangale adisthaanamaakki "ill neutonianism perr leeii daim" enna sambhaashanathin roopam nalki.
kaalkkulasinte aadyakaala developermaaraaya johann randaaman bernauli, leonhard euler thudangiya prashastha ganithashaasthranjarumaayi duu chaattalett kathidapaadukal nadatthi. bernauliyude prathibhayulla vidyaarthikalaaya piyari luis mooroo dii mopertis, alexes claude clyrot ennivarum avale padippichu. berlinil akkadami oof sciences veendum sthaapicha prashyayile mahanaaya frederic avarude valia aaraadhakanaayirunnu, koodaathe voltairumaayum duu chaatlettumaayum pathivayi kathidapaadukal nadathumaayirunnu. kristhyan wolfinte kruthikal ayachu addeham duu chaatlettine lebnisinte thathwachinthayilekku parichayappedutthi, duu chaatlett avalude "sthaapanangalude" oru pakarpp addehathinu ayachu.
avarude kruthikal paarees, lunden, aamstardaam ennividangalil prasidheekarikkukayum veendum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu; avaa jarmman, itaaliyan bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu; koodaathe, "memoirus dess trevox", "jenal dess schavans", "dhii ',' thudangiyavayulppede aaa kaalaghattatthile ettavum pradhanappetta pandithochitha jenalukalil avaa charcha cheyyappettu. orupakshe ettavum kauthukakaramennu parayatte, avarude ashayangal palathum diderottinteyum dii 'alambarttinteyum "vijnjaanakoshathinte" vividha vibhagangalil prathinidheekarikkappettu, koodaathe "vijnjaanakoshathile" chila lekhanangal avarude kruthiyude nerittulla pakarppaan (ithu nilavile academic gaveshanathinte sajeeva mekhalayaanu-ettavum puthiya gaveshanam duke yooniversitti gaveshana samrambhamaya project voxil kaanam).
aadyakaala jeevitam.
aarr makkalil eaka penkuttiyaayi 1706 desember 17nuu paareesilaanu emily duu chaattalett janichathu. moonnu sahodaranmaar praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar jeevichu rene-alexandre (bii. 1698), chaals-auguste (bii. 1701), elisabath-theodor (bii. 1710). avalude mootha sahodaran rene-alexandre 1720-ll marikkukayum adutha sahodaran chaals-auguste 1731-ll marikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, avalude ilaya sahodaran elisabath-theodor oru madaadhipathiyum oduvil oru bishappumaayi vijayakaramaya vaardhakyakaalam jeevichu. mattu rund sahodaranmaar valare cheruppatthil thanne marichu. duu chaatlettin pithaavinte makanayi janicha mishel enna ardhasahodariyum jyothishaasthrathil thaalpparyamulla oru pradhana paarees udyogasthane vivaham kazhicha aan bellinsaniyaaya oru budhimaanaaya sthriyum undaayirunnu.
avarude pithaav luis nicolas leeii tonelier dii bretooyil aayirunnu, addeham cheria prabhukkanmaril oraalaayirunnu. duu chaattelettinte jananasamayath, avalude pithaav principal secretory luis pathinaraman raajaavinte ambaasadarmaarude aamukhakanumaayirunnu. vyaazhazhcha addeham oru prathivaara "saloon" nadatthi, athilekku bahumanyaraaya ezhuthukaareyum shaasthranjareyum kshanichu. avarude amma gabriel aanne dii fruelle, baaran dii bretyooyil aayirunnu.
aadyakaala vidyaabhyaasam.
duu chaattelettinte vidyaabhyaasam valareyadhikam oohaapohangalkku vidheyamaayenkilum onnum urappode ariyappedunnilla.
avarude parichayakkaril franch akkadami dess sayansasinte shaashwatha sekrattariyaaya fontainellum undaayirunnu. duu chaattelettinte pithaav luis-nicolas, avalude aadyakaala prathibha thiricharinju, avalkk 10 vayassullappol fontainelline sandarshikkaanum jyothishaasthrathekkur samsarikkaanum krameekarichu. franch penkuttikalkkum sthreekalkkum labhyamaya pradhana vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanamaaya oru konventilaanu duu chaattelettinte amma gabrielle-aan dii frool valarnnathu. avalude amma thante budhimaanaaya makale amgeekarichillennu chila srothassukal vishwasikkumbol, allengil emiliyude boudhika thaalpparyathe bharthaav prothsaahippichathinekku, avalude amma duu chaattelettinte aadyakaala vidyaabhyaasathe amgeekarikkuka mathramalla, paranja vasthuthaye shakthamayi chodyam cheyyaan avare prolsaahippikkukayum cheythuvennathinte mattu soochanakalum undu.
rund saahacharyangalilum, atharam prothsaahanam avarude kaalatheyum padaviyeyum sambandhicha maathaapithaakkalkk asaadhaaranamaayi kaanappedumaayirunnu. aval cheruthaayirikkumbol, avalude pithaav avalkk veli, sawari thudangiya shaareerika pravarthanangalil pariseelanam nalki, aval valarnnappol, avalkkayi tutermaare veettilekku konduvannu. thalphalamaayi, panthrandaam vayassil avarkk laattin, itaaliyan, greak, jarmman bhashakal nannayi ariyamaayirunnu; pinneedu avar greak, laattin naadakangaludeyum thathwachinthayudeyum franch bhaashakalilekkulla vivarthanangal prasidheekarichu. ganitham, saahityam, shaasthram ennivayil avar vidyaabhyaasam nedi.
duu chaatlettum nritham cheyyaan eshtappettu, harpsicordil oru mikacha kalakaaranaayirunnu, ooppara paadi, oru amachwar nadiyaayirunnu. kaumaarapraayatthil, pusthakangalkk panamillaathathinaal, choothaattatthinu valare vijayakaramaya thanthrangal aavishkarikkaan avar thante ganitha vaidagdhyam upayogichu.
vivaham.
1725 juun 12 nuu avar markvis florent-claude duu chaastelett-lomontine vivaham kazhichu. avarude vivaham markvis duu chaastelett enna padavi nalki. prabhukkanmarkkidayile pala vivaahangaleyum pole, avarudeyum vivahangal krameekarikkappettu. vivaha sammaanamaayi, avalude bharthaavine pithaav burgandyile semur-enn-oksooyisinte govarnoraayi niyamichu; aduthide vivahitharaaya dambathikal 1725 septambar avasaanathode avidekku thamasam maari.
kuttikal.
dambathikalkku moonnu kuttikalundaayirunnu francois-gabriel-poolin (30 juun 1726-1754,1743ll alphonso carafa, duca dii monteneroyumaayi vivahithanaayi), luis maari florent (jananam 20 november 1727), victoor-espritt (jananam 11 epril 1733). 1734 venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil, orupakshe augustile avasana njaayarazhcha, victor-espritt oru sisuvaayi marichu. 1749 septambar 4 nuu emily duu chaatlett staanislaas-adelide duu chaatlettin (jeane francois dii sent-lambertinte makal) janmam nalki. 1751 meyy 6 nuu loonevilleyil oru kuttiyayi avar marichu.
patanam punararambhikkuka.
moonnu kuttikale prasavicha sesham, emili, markvis duu chaattalett, thante vaivaahika utharavaadithangal niravettunnathaayi kanakkaakkukayum oru kudumbam paripaalikkumbozhum veritta jeevitam nayikkaan bharthaavumaayi oru karaarilethukayum cheythu. 1733-ll, 26-aamm vayassil, duu chaattalett thante ganitha patanam punaraarambhichu. thudakkathil, akkadami oof sciencesile amgamaaya mooroo dii mopertoos beejaganithathilum calculusilum avale padippichu; ganitham addehathinte shakthiyaayirunnillenkum, leonhard euler padippicha johann bernauliyil ninnu addehathinu sakthamaaya vidyaabhyaasam labhichirunnu. ennirunnaalum 1735 aayappozhekkum duu chaatlett thante ganithashaasthra parisheelanathinaayi clairottinte samavakyathinum clairottinte sidhaanthathinum peruketta ganithashaasthra prathibhayaaya alexes clairotilekku thirinju. ganithashaasthrathil avale upadesikkaan fraansile chila mikacha adthyaapakareyum pandithanmareyum duu chaattalett vibhavapoorvvam thedi. boudhika charchakalkkaayi purushanmaar idaykkide othukoodunna sthalamaaya kaphe gradottil oru avasarathil, avalude oru adhyaapakanodoppam cheraan shramichappol aval maanyamaayi purathaakkappettu. aval pinnottillathe thirichuvannu purushanmaarude vasthrangal thanikkayi undaakki akathekku praveshichu.
voltairumaayi bandham.
duu chaattalett kuttikkaalathu voltairine avalude pithaavinte "saloonukalilonnil" kandumuttiyirikkam; 1729 ll landanile pravaasatthil ninnu madangiyethiyappol voltaire thanne avarude koodikkaazhcha nadathunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1733 meyy muthal moonnaamathe kuttiyude jananathinu sesham avar veendum samoohathil praveshichappol avarude sauhrudam vikasichu.
vadakkukizhakkan fraansile howt-maarnile siriyile avarude naadan veettil thamasikkaan duu chaattalett voltairine shanikkukayum addeham avarude deerghakaala koottaaliyaakukayum cheythu. avide avar bhauthikashaasthravum ganithavum padikkukayum shaasthreeya lekhanangalum vivarthanangalum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. suhruthukkalkkulla voltairinte kathukalil ninnum parasparam cheytha pravarthanangalekkurichu avarude vyaakhyaanangalil ninnum vilayiruthunnathin, avar valareyadhikam paraspara ishtathodum bahumaanathodum koodi jeevichu. shaasthreeya vyakthiyalla, marichu oru saahitya vyakthiyenna nilayil, voltayar 1738-ll thante "nyoottan thathwachinthayude gadakangal" ennathilekkulla avarude sambhaavanakale vyakthamaayi amgeekarichu. paatatthinte thudakkathilum aamukhathilum avarkkayi samarppicha oru kavithayiloodeyaayirunnu ithu, athil voltayar avarude padanatheyum sambhavanakaleyum prashamsichu. opttiksinekkurichu pusthakatthile adhyayangal avarude swantham "essay surr ell opttik" maayi sakthamaaya saamyathakal kaanikkunnu. dess saavants" enna jenalile prashamsaathmakamaaya avalokanathiloode prachaaranatthinu kooduthal sambhavana nalkaan avarkk kazhinju.
shaasthrathodulla abhinivesham pankuvacha voltair duu chaatlettum shaasthreeyamaayi sahakarichu. loreynile duu chaattelettinte veettil avar oru laborattari sthaapichu. aarogyakaramaya oru malsarathil, iruvarum 1738-ll theeyude swabhaavathekkurichulla paarees akkadami sammana malsarathil praveshichu, kaaranam duu chaatlett volteyarinte lekhanathodu viyojichu. iva randum vijayichillengilum rund lekhanangalkkum manyamaaya paramarsham labikkukayum avaa prasidheekarikkappedukayum cheythu. angane akkadami prasidheekaricha oru shaasthra prabandham labhikkuna aadya vanithayayi avar maari.
sannadhapravarthakarodoppa jeevichathinu sheshamulla saamoohika jeevitam.
volteyarumaayulla duu chaattelittinte bandham, piyari-luis morau dii mopertiesile adthyaapakanodoppam ganithashaasthra padanatthil kooduthal earppedaan thante saamoohikajeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum upekshikkaan avale prerippichu. ayaal isak nyoottante ashayangal avalkk parichayappedutthi. paareesile soshyalaitil ninnu grameena pandithayilekkulla parivartthana samayat "oru jeevithathil ninnu adutha jeevithathilekkulla" parivartthana samayat thanikk engane thonniyennu duu chaattalett ezhuthiya kathukal vishadeekarikkunnu."
avasaanathe garbhadhaaranavum maranavum.
1748 meyy maasathil, duu chaatlett kavi jeane francois dii seyint-lambertumaayi oru bandham aarambikkukayum garbhiniyaavukayum cheythu. oru suhruthinu ezhuthiya kathil, thaan garbhadhaaranathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyillenna bhayam aval velippeduthi. 1749 septambar 4-nuu ratri avar staanislaas-adelide enna oru makalkku janmam nalki. 1749 septambar 10 nuu chaatto dii loonevilleyil pulmonary embolism moolam duu chaattalett marichu. avalkk 42 vayassayirunnu. 20 maasathinu sesham avalude makal marichu.
shaasthreeya gaveshanavum prasidheekaranangalum.
lokkine vimarsikkukayum "chinthavishayam" ennathinekkurichulla charchayum.
thante rachanakalil, duu chaattalett joonn lokkinte thathwashaasthrathe vimarshichu. anubhavathiloode arivu parishodhikkendathinte aavasyakatha avar oonnipparayunnu "chinthikkunna dravyathinte" saadhyathayekkurichulla lokkinte ashayam [...]..] amoorthamaanu."bernard dii mandevilleyude" "theneechakalude kettukatha" "yekkurichulla avarude vyaakhyaanathilaanu lokkinekkurichulla avarude vimarsanam uthbhavichath". manushyante arivinum pravartthanatthinum munkootty vyavastha cheiyunna saarvathrika thathwangale avar dridamaayi anukoolikkukayum itharathilulla niyamam swathasidhamaanennu nilanirthukayum cheythu. duu chaattalett oru saarvathrika mundhaaranayude aavasyakatha avakashappettu, kaaranam atharamoru thudakkamillengil, nammude ellah arivum aapekshikamaan. aaa reethiyil, swathasidhamaaya aashayangalodum muun thathwangalodum lokkinte veruppu duu chaatlett nirasichu. sthaapanangalile" avalude reethiparamaaya prathiphalanangalude adisthaanam nirmmikkunna vairudhya thathwathe avar ethirkkukayum cheythu. neremarichu, munkoor, saarvathrika thathwangalude aavasyakathaykku anukoolamaayi avar thante vaadangal sthireekarichu. "randinum randinum 4 muthal 6 vare undakkaam.
munkaala thathwangal nilavilundaayirunnilla."
piyari luis mooroo dii mopertis, juuliyan oofre dii laa metri ennivar chalanam, swatantra ichhaashakthi, chinthaparamaaya kaaryam, samkhyakal, metaphysics cheyyaanulla reethi ennivayekkurichulla duu chaatlettinte charchakalekkurichulla paraamarshangal avarude prathiphalanangalude praadhaanyatthinte adayaalamaanu. ganithashaasthra niyamangal upayogichu sathyam kandethaamenna avakaashavaadathe avar nirasikkukayum moupertteesinethire vaadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
choodum thilakkavum.
1737-ll duu chaattalett agnishaasthrathekkurichu avarude gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakki "surr laa nechar ettu laa propagation duu fue" enna prabandham prasidheekarichu. bhoomiyile sooryaprakaashathinte spectrathil kaanappedaattha mattu sooryanmaaril nirangal undaakaamenn athil avar anumaanichu.
"sthaapanangalude shareeram".
1740ll prasidheekaricha avarude "institutions dii physic" ("bhauthikashaasthrathile paadangal") enna pusthakam avarude 13 vayassulla makan padikkenda shaasthrathileyum thathwachinthayileyum puthiya aashayangalude avalokanamaayi avatharippikkappettuve akkaalathe pramukha chinthakaril ninnulla sankeernamaaya ashayangal samyojippikkaanum samanvayippikkaanum shramichu. 1746-ll instittyoott oof bolognayude akkadami oof sciencesil amgamaakaan eee pusthakavum thudarnnulla samvaadavum kaaranamaayi. thante laingikatha marachuvekkaan aagrahichathinaal ezhuthukaariyenna nilayil anjjaathathayaanu duu chaattalett aadyam eshtappettathu. ennirunnaalum, aathyanthikamayi, saadhaarana laingikatha undaayirunnittum saloonil thamasikkunna budhijeevikale "sthaapanangal" bodhyappedutthi.
"sthaapanangal" akkaalathe pramukha ganithashaasthranjarudeyum bhouthikashaasthranjarudeyum nyoottan, descart, lebnis ennivayulppede niravadhi ashayangal charcha cheyyukayum nirasikkukayum samanvayippikkukayum cheythu. onnaam adhyaayathil, descartinte vairudhya thathwatheyum leebnisinte mathiyaya nyaayabodha thathwatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla thante nyaayavaada niyamangalekkurichulla oru vivaranam duu chaatlettil ulppeduthiyittundu. randaam adhyaayathil, daivam, sthalam, samayam, dravyam enniva charcha cheiyunna eee nyaayavaada niyamangal avar metaafisiksil prayogichu. moonnaam adthyaayam muthal aaram adthyaayam vare, duu chaattalett daivathinte pankinekkurichum thante srishtiyumaayulla bandhathekkurichum charcha cheiyunnathu thudarnnu. aaram adhyaayathil, dravyam enna ashayathe avar moonnu bhagangalaayi vibhajichu censory perseption labhyamaya macroscopic padaartham, aaa macroscopic metteeriyal roopappeduthunna attangal, manushya indriyangalkku samaanamaayi adrishyamaaya oru cheria ghadaka yoonit. ennirunnaalum, yadhaarthathil ethra thalangal nilavilundennu arian oru maargavumillenn avar shradhaapoorvvam koottichertthu. bakkiyulla "sthaapanangal" kooduthal metaafisiksum classical mechanics aayi kanakkakkappettu. duu chaattalett thante samakaalikarekkaal aadhunika aapekshikathayumayi kooduthal poruthappedunna reethiyil sthalathinteyum samayathinteyum ashayangal charcha cheythu. bhauthika padaarthangalekkaal sahavarthithvamulla vasthukkal thammilulla bandhatthinte praathinidyangalaayi avar sthalatheyum samayatheyum amoorthathil visheshippichu. kevala" sthalam oru aadarshavalkkaranamaanennum "aapekshika" sthalam maathramaan yadhaarthavum alakkavunnathumaaya alavu ennum ithil oru amgeekaaram ulppedunnu. nyoottante chalana niyamangalekkurichum bhoomiyile avayude pravarthanathekkurichum duu chaattalett samagramaya vishadeekaranavum avatharippichu.
fozhsu vives.
1741ll duu chaatlett "reponse dii maadam laa markvis duu chaastelett, eiii laa lettre kyu emm" enna peril oru pusthakam prasidheekarichu. myren ". akkadami oof sciences sekrattari dii 'oorttas dii myran, "fozhsu vives" ennathinu anuyojyamaaya ganithashaasthra padaprayogathekkurichu avare abhisambodhana cheythukondu oru koottam vaadangal prasidheekarichirunnu. duu chaattalett dii mairante vaadangale oro pooyint nirasikkukayum vivaadathil ninnu pinmaran kaaranamavukayum cheythu.
1747-ll immaanuval kaantinte aadya prasidheekaranamaaya 'jeevashakthikalude yadhaartha vilayiruthalinekkurichu chinthakal' ('gedanken surr vahren shatsung derr lebendijen kraaftte') franch akkadami oof sciences sekrattariyaaya mairanethiraaya duu chaattelittinte laghulekhayil shradha kendreekarichu. kaantinte ethiraaliyaaya johann augustus eberhard kaant duu chattelittil ninnu ashayangal sweekarichuvennu aaropichu.
gathikorjjathinte vaadaprathivaadam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil shakthiyum aavegavum enna ashayangal valarekkaalamaayi manassilaakkiyittundile, oorjjam vividha samvidaanangalkkidayil kaimaattam cheyyaavunnuvenna ashayam ippozhum shaishavaavasthayilaayirunnu, pathonpathaam noottaand vare ithu poornnamaayum pariharikkappedilla. oru samvidaanathinte motham yaanthrika aavegam samrakshikkappedunnunnu gharshanathil onnum nashtappedunnillennum ippol amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu. lalithamaayi paranjaal, 'momentam friction' illa, vividha roopangalkkidayil momentam kaimaran kazhiyilla, prathyekichu pottensial momentam illa. pothuvalkkaricha kordinettukalil prarambha avastha samamithiyulla ellah prasnangalkkum ithu sariyaanennu emmy nother pinneedu theliyichu. yaanthrika oorjjam, gathikorjavum pottensial mattoru roopathilekku nashtappedaam, pakshe motham samayabandhithamayi samrakshikkappedunnu.
motham oorjja samrakshanathekkurichulla sidhaanthamaayirunnu duu chaattelettinte sambhavana, athu aakkam kurikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. angane cheiyunnathiloode, oorjjam enna ashayam vishadeekarikkukayum swantham anubhavaparamaya padanangale adisthaanamaakki pindove vegathayumaayulla athinte bandham alakkukayum cheytha aadya vyakthiyayi avar maari. gottfried lebnees sidhaanthangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond, villeminte gravesand aadyam roopakalppana cheytha oru pareekshanam avar aavarthikkukayum pracharippikkukayum cheythu, athil panthukal vividha uyarangalil ninnu mriduvaaya kalimanninte oru sheettilekk idunnu. oro panthinteyum gathikorjjam-sthaanabhramsham sambhavicha vasthukkalude alavu soochippikkunnathu pole-vegathayude chathuratthinu aanupaathikamaanennu kaanichu. kalimanninte roopabhedam praadhamika pottensial oorjjathinu thulyamaaya, panthukal veenathinu nerittu aanupaathikamaanennu kandethi.
lebnis ozhike, newttaneppolulla muun chinthakar "oorjjam" aakkam kondu avyakthamaanennum athinaal vegathaykku aanupaathikamaanennum vishwasichu. eee dhaarana anusarichu, kalimanninte roopabhedam panthukal veena uyarathinte varggamoolathinu aanupaathikamaayirikkanam. classical physixil sariyaaya soothravaakyam formula 1 aanu, ivide formula 2 ennathu oru vasthuvinte gathikorjamaanu, formula 3 athinte pindove formula 4 athinte vegathayumaanu. oorjjathinu ellaayppozhum eathu roopathilum ore alavukal undaayirikkanam, athu vividha roopangalil (gathikorjjam, pottensial, thapam) bandhappedutthaan aavasyamaanu. . .).
nyoottante pravartthanangal mechanical momentatthinte maathram krithyamaaya samrakshanam anumaanichu. oorjja samrakshanam ulppeduthiyaal maathrame vishalamaaya mechanical prasnangal layikkoo. rund pooyint pindangalude koottiyidikkalum chitharalum athilonnaanu. leonhard euler joseph-luis lagranch duu chaatlettinte phalangal upayogichu mechanicsinaayi kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya oru chattakkood sthaapichu.
nyoottante "principia" yekkurichulla vivarthanavum vyaakhyaanavum.
1749-ll, duu chaattelettinte maranavarsham, avar thante mikacha nettamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna kruthi poortthiyaakki nyoottante "philosophia naturalis principia maathamattikka" (palappozhum "principia" ennu vilikkappedunnu) enna vyaakhyaanathode franch bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheythu, athil oorjja samrakshanam enna ashayam athinte mechanics thathwangalil ninnu uruthirinjathulppede. aadhunika thettidhaaranakal undaayirunnittum, nyoottante "principia" yekkurichulla pravartthanangal thikanjathaayirunnilla. duu chaattalett thante srishtikal lattinil ninnu franchilekku vivarthanam cheyyuka mathramalla, athilekku pradhana vivarangal cherkkukayum cheythu. nyoottante ashayangal pracharippichathupole avalude vyaakhyaanavum samakalikarkk anivaryamaayirunnu. duu chaattelettinte vyaakhyaanam valare vipulamaayirunnu, avalude pathippinte randaam vaalyathinte moonnil rund bhaagavum ulkkollunnu.
ithupolulla oru sakthamaaya padhathi ettedukkaan, vishakalana jyamithiyil patanam thudaruka, calculusil praaveenyam neduka, pareekshanathmaka bhauthikashaasthrathile pradhana kruthikal vaayikkuka ennivayiloode "principia" vivarthanam cheyyaan duu chaattalett thayyarayi. thanteyum thaan padichatho jolie cheythatho aaya mattu shaasthranjarudeyum vyaakhyaanathil kooduthal krithyamaaya vivarangal cherkkaan avare anuvadichathu avarude karsanamaaya thayyaareduppamaanu. 1700-kalil atharam vipulamaaya kanakk manasilakkaanum arivu mattu kruthikalil prayogikkaanum kazhiyunna 20-oolam peril oraalaayirunnu avar. ithu "principia" yekkurichulla avarude pravarthanangalil mathramalla, "institutions dii physic" polulla mattu pradhana kruthikalilum duu chaatlettine valareyadhikam sahayichu.
prapanchathekkurichulla nyoottante sidhaanthangale pinthunaykkaan sahaayicha avalude vivarthanathil duu chaattalett valare pradhanappetta thiruthalukal varuthi. draavaka sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla nyoottan, guruthwaakarshana aakarshanam bhoomiyude dhruvangal parannupokunnathinu kaaranamakumennum angane bhoomi bhoomadhyarekhayil puratthekku veezhaan kaaranamakumennum nirddeshichu. bhoomiyude aakruthiyekkurichulla nyoottante sidhaantham sthireekarikkukayum kooduthal krithyamaaya ekadesha kanakk nalkukayum cheytha clairottinte "memoira" ll, sourayoodhathile mattu grahangalude aakruthi nirnnayikkanulla oru maargam clairot kandethi. bhoomiyum mattu grahangalum ekathaanamaaya padaarthangalaal nirmmichavayaanenna nyoottante vishwaasam sariyaakkaan grahangalkk vyathyastha saandrathayundenna clairottinte nirddesham duu chaatlett upayogichu.
nyoottante veliyetta sidhaanthathe kooduthal vishadeekarikkaan duval chaattalett oru swis ganithashaasthranjanum bhauthikashaasthranjanumaaya daniel bernauliyude srishtikal upayogichu. eee thelivu pathinettaam noottaandile europile mikacha ganithashaasthranjar polum ippozhum aashayakkuzhappathilaayirunna moonnu shareera prashnathe aasrayichirikkunnu. grahangalude saandrathayude vyathyasathekkurichulla clairottinte sidhaantham upayogichu, nyoottan vishwasichathinekkaal 70 madangu saandrata chandranaanennu bernauli sidhaantham cheythu. guruthwaakarshana niyamathekkurichulla nyoottante sidhaanthathe kooduthal pinthunaykkunna "principia" yekkurichulla vyaakhyaanathil duu chaattalett eee kandethal upayogichu.
avarude maranathinu patthu varshathinu sesham prasidheekaricha, innu duu chaatlettinte "principia" yude vivarthanam ippozhum franchilekku kruthiyude saadhaarana vivarthanamaan, koodaathe franch bhaashayile eaka samboornna avatharanamaayi thudarunnu. avalude vivarthanam valare pradhanamaayirunnu, neutonian vidagthanaaya aii. aarr. oo upayogichirunna eathoru bhashayilum ithu mathramaayirunnu. bernard kohan, nyoottante "principia" yude swantham engleesh pathipp ezhuthaan. duu chaattalett mattu mahanaaya shaasthranjarude kruthikal upayogichu nyoottante kruthikal parishkarikkuka mathramalla, oru shaasthranjayenna nilayil swantham chinthakalum ashayangalum cherkkukayum cheythu. franch vivarthanathile avarude sambhavanakal newtonineyum addehathinte ashayangaleyum shaasthra samoohathilum lokamembaadum kooduthal mikachathaakki, ithinu duu chaatlettin amgeekaaramundu. eee bruhathaaya padhathiyum avarude "bhauthikashaasthrathinte aditharakalum" oru mikacha ganithashaasthranjanenna nilayil duu chaattelittinte kazhivukal theliyichu. avarude "principia" yude vivarthanavum vyaakhyaanavum fraansile shaasthreeyaviplavam poortthiyaakkunnathinum europil athinte sveekaaryathaykkum kaaranamaayi.
midhyaadhaaranakalum santhoshavum.
" "" emili duu chaattalett vaadikkunnathu midhyaadhaaranakal santhoshathinulla oru upakaranamaan ennaanu ". santhoshavaanaayirikkaan, "oraal munvidhikalil ninnu svayam mochithanaayirikkanam, oraal sadgunavanum aarogyavaanum abhiruchikalum abhiniveshangalum ullavanum midhyaadhaaranakalkku vidheyanumaan.... oraalkk santhoshathinu aavashyamaaya niravadhi karyangal avar paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal ellah midhyaadhaaranakalum thallikkalayaanaakaathathil midhyaadhaaranakalude aavasyakatha oonnipparayunnu. oraalude kshemam mechappeduthaan kazhiyunna posittivityum pratheekshayum nalkaan kazhiyunnathinaal ellah midhyaadhaaranakalum upekshikkaruth. ennaal pala midhyaadhaaranakalum svayam doshakaramaayathinaal ellah midhyaadhaaranakalum vishwasikkunnathinethire duu chaatlett munnariyipp nalkunnu. iva oru thettaaya yaadhaarthyathiloode nishedhaathmakathaykk kaaranamaayekkam, ithu niraashaykk kaaranamaakukayo oraalude kazhivukal parimithappedutthukayo cheyyum. niravadhi midhyaadhaaranakalil ninnulla svayam avabodhathinte abhavam oraale svayam vanjikkaan kaaranamaayekkam. svayam vanchikkappedaathirikkaan santhoshathinaayulla midhyaadhaaranakale vishwasikkukayum nirasikkukayum cheiyunna oru santhulithaavastha avar nirddeshikkunnu.
bhauthikashaasthrathinte adithara" enna pusthakatthil, emili duu chaattalett rund thathwangal upayogichu thettu ozhivaakkunnathinekkurich charcha cheiyunnu-vairudhyathinte thathwavum mathiyaya kaaranatthinte thathwavum. ellah arivum thettaaya arivine aasrayikkunna kooduthal adisthaana arivil ninnaan vikasippichathenn duu chaattalett anumaanichu. eee thettillaatha adisthaana arivu ettavum vishwasaneeyamaanennu avar prasthaavikkunnu, kaaranam ithu svayam vishadeekarikkunnathaanennum kurachu nigamanagalil nilanilkkunnuvennum avar parayunnu. bhauthikashaasthram, metaphysics, dhaarmikatha ennivayekkurichulla niyamavirudhamaaya daaranaykkaayi avalude yuktiyum thathwangalum upayogikkunnu. vairudhyathe soochippikkunna kaaryam asaadhyamaanennu vairudhyathinte thathwam adisthaanaparamaayi avakaashappedunnu. athinaal, oraal vairudhyathinte thathwangal upayogikkunnillenkil, vairudhyam srishtikkunna ghadakam nirasikkunnathil paraajayappeduka ulppedeyulla pishakukal undaakum. saadhyamo asaadhyamo aayathil ninnu yadhaarthamo yaadhaarthyamo aakunnathin, mathiyaya kaaranatthinte thathwam lebnisil ninnu duu chaatlett parishkarikkukayum shaasthravumaayi samyojippikkukayum cheythu. mathiyaya yukthiyude thathwam soochippikkunnathu oro yadhaartha kaaryatthinum angane aayirikkan oru kaaranamundennum kaaranamillaatha karyangal nilavilillennum. saaraamshathil, oro phalatthinum oru kaaranamund, athinaal samshayaaspadamaaya gadakathinu angane sambhavikkaan nyayamaaya kaaranamundayirikkanam.
aaplikkeshanil, santhushta adhaarmikavumaayirikkuka ennathu parasparavirudhamaanennu emily duu chaattalett nirddeshichu. duu chaatlett parayunnathanusarichu, eee thathwam ellah vyakthikaludeyum hridayangalil ulchernnirikkunnu, dushta vyakthikalkk polum kadinamaaya eee vairudhyathekkurichu nishedhikkaanaavaatha avabodhamund. adhaarmikamaayi jeevikkumbol oraalkk santhoshakaramaaya jeevitam nayikkaan kazhiyillennu ithu soochippikkunnu. athinaal, aval nirddeshicha santhoshathinu sadgunamullah jeevithathodulla midhyaadhaaranakal aavasyamaanu. eee midhyaadhaaranakal swaabhaavikamaayum abhiniveshangalum ruchiyum pole nalkappedunnu, avaa srishtikkaan kazhiyilla. namukk labhikkuna midhyaadhaaranakal nilanirthaanum vishwasaneeyamaaya midhyaadhaaranakal illaathaakkaathirikkaan pravartthikkaanum duu chaattalett shupaarsha cheythu, kaaranam avaa thirike nedaan namukk kazhiyilla. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, yadhaartha santhosham midhyaadhaaranakaludeyum daarmmikathayudeyum santhulithaavasthayaanu. oraal daarmikanaakaan sramichaal, oraal aazhathil aagrahikkunna santhosham oraalkk labikkilla. oraal kevalam midhyaadhaaranakalkkaayi parishramichaal, yadhaarthathil aagrahicha santhosham oraalkk labikkilla. aathmaarthamaaya santhosham labhikkaan oraal midhyaadhaaranakalilum santhoshathilum parishramikkendathundu.
mattu sambhavanakal.
saambathika derivetteevukalude vikasanam.
oru vaikunneram fontainblue kottaaratthile meshappurathu vachu card thattippukalkk avalkk 84,000 fraankukalude ganyamaaya thuka nashtappettu-athil chilath kadameduthirunnu. kadangal thirichadaykkunnathinayi panam swaroopikkunnathinaayi, aadhunika derivetteevukalkk samanamaaya oru samarthamaaya dhanakaarya krameekaranam avar aavishkarichu, athil nikuthi shekharikkunnavarkk avarude bhaavi varumanathinulla avakaashathinaayi valare kuranja thuka nalki (avar shekharicha nikuthiyude oru bhagam rajaavinaayi sookshikkaan avare anuvadichu), koodaathe eee bhaavi varumaanathinte oru bhagam kodathi choothaattakkaarkku nalkaamennu vaagdaanam cheythu.
baibilpatanam.
duu chaattalett muzhuvan baibilinekkurichum oru vimarsanaathmaka vishakalanam ezhuthi. 1967ll iraa oo. jenesis enna pusthakathekkurichulla avarude paraamarshangalude oru samanvayamaanu engleeshil prasidheekarichathu. wade oof prinsettan thante "voltaire aandu maadam duu chaatletta eiii essay oonn intalakchval aaktivitti attu siri" enna pusthakavum avarude poornnamaaya kurippukalude oru pusthakavum 2011-ll bertram yujeen schwarsback edittu cheyyukayum vyaakhyaanikkukayum cheytha yadhaartha franch bhashayil prasidheekarichu.
santhoshathekkurichulla prasangam.
duu chaattalett pothuve santhoshathinte swabhaavathekkurichum sthreekalkku prathyekathakalullathinekkurum "discourse surr leeii bonyur" enna oru monograph ezhuthi.
theneechakalude kettukatha" yudeyum mattu kruthikaludeyum vivarthanam.
duu chaattalett "theneechakalude kettukatha" oru swatantra pathippil vivarthanam cheythu. optiks, yukthisahamaya bhaashaashaasthram, swatantra ichhaashakthiyude swabhaavam ennivayekkurichum avar kruthikal ezhuthi.
sthree vidyaabhyaasathinu pinthuna.
theneechakalude kettukatha" yude vivarthanathinte aamukhamaaya thante aadya swatantra kruthiyil, duu chaattalett sthreekalude vidyaabhyaasathinaayi, prathyekichu franch "kolejukalil" yuvaakkalkk labhyamaayathupole sakthamaaya secondary vidyaabhyaasathinaayi shakthamayi vaadichu. sthreekalkku nalla vidyaabhyaasam nishedhikkunnathiloode, kalayilum shaasthrathilum pramukharaakunnathil ninnu samooham sthreekale thadayunnuvennu avar vaadichu.
paarambaryamaayi.
oorjja samrakshanathekkurichulla swantham yadhaartha ashayam vardhippichukondu nyoottante charitraparamaaya kruthi samayabandhithavum krithyavum ulkkazhchayullathumaaya franch vivarthanathiloode kooduthal praapyamaakkunnathil duu chaattalett nirnaayaka shaasthreeya sambhavana nalki.
oru pradhana beltt cheria grahathinum veenasile oru garthatthinum avalude bahumaanaartham peru nalkiyittundu, aval moonnu naadakangalude vishayamaan carren sakariyaasinte "legazy oof laitt"; lorren gunderson ezhuthiya "emili laa markvis duu chaatlett innu ratri thante jeevithathe prathirodhikkunnu", jell bonaguro ezhuthiya "eurania dhii life oof emily duu chaatlett". kaija sariyaavoyude "emily" enna ooppara avarude jeevithathinte avasana nimishangalekkurichaanu.
oru jodi deviderukal allengil jyaamitheeya kanakkukoottalukalude oru peju polulla ganithashaasthra iconography chhaayaachitrangalil duu chaatlettine palappozhum prathinidheekarikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, prashastha sthreekalude oru franch laghulekha ("femums celebrez") avarude kuttikkaalatthe orupakshe apraamaanika katha avatharippichu. eee katha anusarichu, oru velakkaaran thadi deviderukal paavayayi dharichu avalkkayi oru paava roopappeduthi; ennirunnaalum, duu chaatlett deviderukal azhichu avarude uddeshyam manassilakki avaa upayogichu oru vritham undaakki.
2006ll fraansil sthaapithamaaya emily duu chaatlett enna sthaapanam "sthreekal, lingam, lingabhedam ennivayekkurichulla gaveshanathinte vikasanatheyum vyaapanatheyum" pinthunaykkunnu.
2016 muthal, franch sosaitti oof physics (laa sosaitti francise dii physic) bhauthikashaasthrathile mikavinaayi oru bhauthikashaasthranjano gaveshaka samghathino emily duu chaatlett sammanam nalkiyittundu.
oru biruda vidyaarthiyo juuniyar scholaro bhauthikashaasthrathil munbu prasidheekarikkaatha bhauthikashaasthra kruthikalkku" bhauthikashaasthra thathwashaasthrathil duke sarvakalashaala oru vaarshika duu chaatlett sammaanavum nalkunnu.
2021 desember 17 nuu google doodle duu chaatlettine aadarichu.
ainsteente valia ashayam" enna docudramayil nadi helen dii fougerols emily duu chaatlettine avatharippichu.
jolie cheiyunnu.
 shaasthreeyamaayi
 mattullava