
europian samyojanathinte charithram (1948-1957)

1948-aamm varsham sthaapanavalkkarikkappetta aadhunika europian samyojanathinte thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthi. sheethayudham aarambhichathode 1948ll brassels udambadi oppuvachu vestten union (vuu) aadyathe samghadanayaayi sthaapichu. athe varsham thanne, rurkkayulla anthaaraashtra adikaaravum ookkedinte mungamiyaaya europian saambathika sahakaranathinulla samghadanayum sthaapikkappettu, thudarnnu 1949 ll europe kaunsilum 1951 ll europian kalkari, urukk samoohavum, thudarnnulla neekkangal roome udambadiyilekku (1957) nayichu.
sahakaranathinte thudakkam.
sheethayudham aarambhichathode 1948ll brassels udambadi oppuvachu vestten union (vuu) sthaapichu. checoslovakiayile communist ettedukkalinethudarnnu yuu. ezz. ezz. aaril ninnulla bheeshaniyekkurichu aashankayulla france yunaittad kingdow thammilulla sainika kararaya dankirkk udambadiyiloode ithu vipuleekarichu. puthiya udambadi benelooks rajyangal ulkkollukayum sainika kaaryangalil mathramalla, saambathika, saamoohika, saamskaarika mekhalakalilum sahakaranm prolsaahippikkukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum eee rolukal mattu samghadanakal athivegam etteduthu. koodaathe, 1948 eprilil, marshell plan kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi ookkedinte mungamiyaaya europian saambathika sahakarana samghadanayum sthaapikkappettu, ithu soviyatt niyantritha bhaagathinaayi comecon roopeekarikkunnathinulla prathikaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum brassels udambadiyil oppuvachavarkk ussarinethire thangalude pothu prathirodham paryaapthamallenn pettennu manassilayi. 1949leeii berlin uparodhatheppolulla vishalamaaya aikyadaartyam mathiyaya prathirodham nalkumennu kaanapettu. athinaal 1949ll north atlaantik treaty oorganaiseshan (naatto) roopeekarikkappettu. denmark, island, itali, norway, porchugal, canada, prathyekichu america enniva ulppeduthikkondu ithu brassels udambadi amgangale vipuleekarichu. aadya soviyatt aanava bomb pareekshanatheyum corian yudhathinte thudakkatheyum thudarnnu naattoyile sainika ekeekaranam thwarithappettu, ithu paschima germmaniyile naattoyil ulppeduthaanulla aagrahathe prerippichu. thudarnnundaaya 1948 meyy maasathe hage kongras europian ekeekaranathile oru nirnaayaka nimishamaayirunnu, kaaranam athu europian prasthaanamaaya internaashanal, koleju oof europe srishtikkunnathilekku nayichu. 1948ll vinsttan charchilinte adhyakshathayil europian kongras hegeyil vilichu. ithaadyamaayaanu ellah europian ekeekarana prasthaanangalum oru melkkooraykk keezhil othucherukayum pinneedu europian yooniyante sthaapaka pithakkanmaar ennu ariyappedunna niravadhi raashtrathanthranjare aakarshikkukayum cheythath. kongras oru puthiya europe kaunsilinte roopeekaranathekkurichu charcha cheyyukayum europian prasthaanathinteyum koleju oof europinteyum sthaapanathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, unionistum (paramadhikaaram nashtappedunnathine ethirkkunna) federalistum (oru federal europe agrahikkunnavar) pinthunakkunnavarude vibhajanam athu thurannukaatti. 1949 meyy 5 nuu (innu athinte europe dinam) europe kaunsil sthaapithamaayathil eee unionist-federalist vibhajanam prathiphalichu, athinusesham ithu kooduthal sahakaranatinum pankitta prasnangalkkumulla oru vishalamaaya vediyaanu, udaaharanathinu 1950 leeii manushyaavakaashangalekkuri europian kanvenshan. rund pradhana rashtreeya sthaapanangalumaayi roopakalpana cheythathaanu kaunsil, onnu sarkkarukal, mattonn paarlamentile deseeya amgangal. strasburg aasthaanamaayulla ithu janadhipathyavum manushyavakaasha prashnangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru samghadanayaanu (innu mikkavarum ellah europian samsthaanangalum ulkkollunnu).
brassels udambadi nadanna athe varsham thanne, nirddishta naattoyumaayi bandhappett nishpakshamaaya oru scandinavian prathirodha union (sweeden, denmark, norway) sweeden aasoothranam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, amerikkayil ninnulla sammarddam kaaranam, norway denmark naattoyil cherukayum padhathikal thakarukayum cheythu. saambathika sahakaranathinaayi scandinavian samyuktha samiti roopeekarikkukayum athu nordic kaunsilinu keezhil oru kasttams unionilekku nayikkukayum 1953 ll athinte aadya yogam nadathukayum cheythu. samanamaaya saambathika pravartthanangal benelux raajyangalkkidayil nadakkukayaayirunnu. beljiyam, netherlands, luxemburg ennivaykkidayil benelux kasttams union pravarthanakshamamaayi. yudhasamayathu, pravasikalaaya moonnu sarkkaarukalum avarude raajyangalkkidayil oru kasttams kanvenshanil oppuvachu. ithu avarude karansikal parasparam ethirkkunna oru saambathika karaarine thudarnnu. eee samyojanam oru saambathika unionilekkum videsha kaaryangalil sahakarikkunna raajyangalilekkum nayikkum, kaaranam cheria rajyangal enna nilayil avarude sthaanam shakthippeduthaanulla aagrahathilaan union roopeekarichathu. ennirunnaalum benelooks oru mungamiyaayi maarukayum pilkkala europian samyojanathinu adithara paakukayum cheythu.
shuman prakhyapanavum paarees udambadiyum (1951).
randaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna, franch sarkkar nayam germmaniyude niraayudheekaranavum sainikavalkkaranavum urappakkaan lakshyamittu. aayudhangalude uthppaadanathinu athyanthaapekshithamaaya urukk vyavasaayathe aakarshicha kalkariyudeyum kokkinteyum sambannamaaya vitharanam kaaranam charitraparamaayi raajyathinte vyaavasaayika shakthiyude thacolaanu germmaniyile rur mekhala ennathinaal ithu oru kendramaayirunnu. thudakkathil, kalkariyudeyum urukkinteyum ulppaadanavum kayattumathiyum niyantrikkaan oru anthaaraashtra bharanakoodam nirddeshichirunnu.
sheethayudhathinte thudakkam jarmmaniyodulla franch nayatthinte pashchaathalam maatti. koodaathe, yuu.ezz. marshell plan (europian recovery plan) paschima jarmmani ulppedeyulla padinjaaran europile sambadvyavasthaye punarujjeevippikkunnathu lakshyam. franch aashankakal pariharikkunnathinayi, federal republic oof jarmmani sthaapikkaanulla padhathiyude bhaagamaayi 1948 juunil lunden six power konfaransil rur (iar) yude anthaaraashtra authority prakhyaapichu. roorinte kalkari, urukk vyavasaayangalude uthppaadanam, samghadana, vyapaaram, udamasthaavakaasha nayangal ennivaykku melnottam vahikkukayum vyavasaayangalude uthppannangal vitharanam cheyyukayum cheyyum, angane marshell plan raajyangalkk avayilekku mathiyaya praveshanam labikkum. kalkari, urukk vitharanam anuvadikkunnathinulla ruhr karaaril vivarichirikkunna samvidaanam france, us, yuke (moonnu vottukal veetham), beljiyam, netherlants, luxemburg (oro vottu veetham) prathinidhikal adangunna oru kaunsilaayirunnu. sakhyakakshikal amgeekaricha oru sarkkar roopeekarichaaludan germmaniyile sakhya adhinivesha mekhalakalkku athinte prathinidhikalkk moonnu vottukal labikkum. peetezhsberg karaarinethudarnnu, aaa punk paschima jarmmani etteduthu. aiaarinulla niyamam oppidukayum 1949 epril 28 nuu praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu.
1950 meyy maasathil franch videshakaarya mantri roobert shuman oru puthiya thanthram nirddeshichu france, jarmmani, mattu europian rajyangal ennivayude kalkari, urukk vipanikal samaharikkuka. jarmmankaare thulyaraayi kanakkaakkukayum padhathiyude vyavasthakalil charcha cheyyaanulla avakashavum ulppedunnathinaal kalkari, urukk vishayangalil thikachum vyathyasthamaaya sameepanamaayirunnu shumante padhathi. 1950 meyy 9 nuu (shumante sahapravarthakaraaya pooll ruter thayyarakkiyathum jeane monetinoppam pravarthichathum ettiyen hirsh chernnullathumaaya oru vaachakathinte adisthaanathil) kway dii oorseyil vachu shuman thante prakhyapanam nadatthi. addeham nirddeshichathu "europile mattu raajyangalude pankaalitthatthinu thuranna oru samghadanayude chattakkoodinullil, kalkariyudeyum urukkinteyum mothatthilulla franco-jerman uthppaadanam oru pothu unnatha adhikaarathinu keezhil vaykkanam."deerghakaala shathrukkalaayirunna france germmaniyum thammilulla samadhaanam urappikkunnathinum saambathika valarchaye sahayikkunnathinum uddeshichullathaayirunnu atharamoru niyamam. kalkary urukkum prathyeka pratheekaathmakamaayirunnu, kaaranam avaa yuddham nadatthaan aavashyamaaya vibhavangalaayirunnu. oru "europian federation" ennathilekkulla aadyapadi koodiyaanithu.
eee prakhyapanam paarees udambadiyilekku (1951) europian kalkari, urukk samooham (iii. sii. ezz. sii) roopeekarikkunnathilekku nayichu. france, itali, benelux rajyangal (beljiyam, netherlands, luxemburg) enniva paschima germmaniyumaayi chernnaanu "innar six" roopeekarichathu. supraanshanal adikaaram nirasikkappettathinethu yunaittad kingdom pankedukkaan visammathichu. karar saar samrakshitha samsthaanathinte padavi sambandhicha prashnam ozhivaakki. jarmman chansalar adenover franch videshakaarya mantri shuman thammilulla kathukalude kaimaattatthinte roopathil udambadiyumaayi oru protocol chertthittundu, karar saarinte nilayekkurichulla avarude kaazhchappaadukale baadhikkillenn avar sammathichu. 1952-nte madhyathode udambadi amgeekarikkappedukayum 1952 juulai 23-nuu europian kalkari, urukk community karar praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu. 1952 juun 25-nuu ir avasanippikkunnathinulla karar praabalyatthil vannu. 1953 februvari 10-nuu kalkariykkum 1953 meyy 1-nuu urukkinum pothu vipani thurannu.
iii. sii. ezz. sii. yude nilanilppil urukk uthppaadanam mechappedukayum naaliratti vardhikkukayum cheyyum. kalkari uthppaadanam kurayumenkilum athinte saankethikavidya, suraksha, paaristhithika gunanilavaaram enniva mechappedum. vyavasaayathile prathisandhikale neridaan iii. sii. ezz. sii. sahayichu, koodaathe santhulithamaaya vikasanavum vibhavangalude vitharanavum urappakki. ennirunnaalum, udambadi, athinte pingaamikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, 50 varshathinu sesham kaalaharanappedaanaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
1954-ll brassels udambadi paarees karaarukaliloode parishkaricha brassels udambadiyaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu, ithu europian prathirodham ettedukkukayum pinneedulla pathittaandukalil europian yooniyanil layippikkukayum cheiyunna padinjaaran europian union srishtichu. vestten unione vestten europian union (vii. yuu) aakki maatti. padinjaaran jarmmani oduvil 1955-ll viyuvilum naattoyilum chernnu, ithu madhya, kizhakkan europile rajyangalil athinte sainika aadhipathyathinulla oru sthaapana chattakkoodayi 1955-ll varso udambadi roopeekarikkaan soviyatt unione prerippichu.
aadyam samooham.
paarees udambadiyiloode europian kalkari, urukk samooham roopeekarikkappettu. athinte kendratthil kammyoonittiyude executive aayi pravarthicha "hye authority" (innathe europian kammeeshante mungamiyaaya) aayirunnu. aadyathe president jeane monattaayirunnu. mattu ettu amgangalaanu presidentine thiranjedutthathu. onpathu amgangale amgaraajyangal niyamichu (france, itali, padinjaaran jarmmani ennivaykku rund, beljiyam, luxemburg, netherlands ennivaykku onnu). avar thangalude amgaraajyangale prathinidheekarikkukayalla, marichu pothuthaalpparyathe prathinidheekarikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu.
amgaraajyangalude sarkkaarukale prathinidheekarikkunnath manthrisabhayaanu, athinte presidency oro moonnu maasathilum aksharakramatthil oro samsthaanathinum idayil karangunnu. unnatha adhikaarikalil ninnulla anaavashya swaadheenam bhayann cheria samsthaanangalude abhyarthana maanichaanu ithu chertthathu. deseeya gavanmentukalude pravartthanatthe unnatha adhikaarikalude pravarthanangalumaayi samanvayippikkuka, athupole thanne aavashyamullappol adhikaarikalude pravarthanathekkurichu abhipraayangal purappeduvikkuka ennivayaayirunnu athinte dauthyam. athinaal, aadhunika kaunsilil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, kalkari, urukk ennivayumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal mathramullathinaal eee bodic parimithamaaya adhikaarangalundaayirunnu, athesamayam kalkari, urukk ennivaykku purathulla theerumaanangalkku kaunsil athinte sammatham nalkendathundu. mothatthil, athu swathanthramaaya executivine sookshumaparishodhana nadathukayum upadeshikkukayum cheythu.
ippol europian paarlamentaaya pothusabhayil 78 prathinidhikal undaayirunnu. executivinte mail melnottathinulla adikaaram niyamasabha prayogichu. prathinidhikal avarude paarlamentukal niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkunna deseeya empimaaraayirikkanam, allengil nerittu thiranjedukkappekattavarim. 1979 vare roome udambadikal vare oru aavasyavum illaathirunnathinaal praayogikamaayi ithu aadyathethaayirunnuvenkum, chamber oru parambaraagatha anthaaraashtra samghadanayallennu oonnipparayaan, athu deseeya gavanmentukalude prathinidhikal ulkkollunnathaayiriknum oonnipparayaan, paarees udambadi "janangalude prathinidhikal" enna padam upayogichu. shuman prakhyaapanatthil eee sammelanathe aadyam paraamarshichirunnillenge udambadi charchakalude randaam divasam jeane moonat munnottuvachu. europe kaunsilinte assembly sajeevamaaya oru sthaapanamaayirikkumennum kaunsilinte sthaapanangalilonnaayi supraanshanal communitye ulppeduthumennum appozhum pratheekshichirunnu. oru janaadhipathya ethir bharamaayum unnatha adikaarikalodu check cheyyaanum uddeshichullathaayirunnu eee assembly. durupayogathekkurichulla anweshanathethudarnnu unnatha adhikaarikale pirichuvidaan athinu aupachaarika adhikaaramundaayirunnu.
udambadiyude vyaakhyaanathinum prayogatthinum oppam iii. sii. ezz. sii niyamatthinte nireekshanam urappaakkuka ennathaayirunnu kodathi. aarr varshathekku deseeya sarkkaarukalude pothu sammathaprakaaram niyamikkapetta ezhu jadjimar adangunnathaanu kodathi. jadjimar oru prathyeka desheeyathayullavaraayirikkanam ennathinu oru vyavasthayum undaayirunnilla, avar yogyathayullavaraayirikkanum avarude swaathanthryam samshayaatheethamaayirikkanamennum maathram. rund advakkettu generalmaar kodathiye sahayichu.
oduvil, kalkari, urukk mekhalayile ulppaadakar, thozhilaallikal, upabhokthakkal, dealermar ennivarkkidayil thulyamaayi vibhajikkapetta 30 muthal 50 vare amgangalulla oru consultative kammitti (ippol saambathika saamoohika samithiyude mungamiyaaya) undaayirunnu. eee samgham sivil samoohathinu professional asosiyeshanukalude oru chamber nalkukayum nayathilum niyamanirmmaanathinulla nirddeshangalilum unnatha adhikaarikalumaayi sthiramaaya charcha nadathukayum cheythu. atharam nadapadikku munbu athinte abhipraayangal aavashyamaayirunnu. bhooripaksham votting aavasyamullathinaal, athinte amgangalude moonniratti vibhajanam bisinesses, thozhil allengil upabhokthakkal enningane eathenkilum oru groupine praabalyatthil varunnathil ninnu thadanju. atharam nayangalil sarkkaarukale swaadheenikkaan pravartthikkunna lobisttukalude pravartthanam athinte nilanilpp vettikkurachu. kalkari, urukk uthppaadakarkku melulla aadyathe europian nikuthiyil ninnu edukkunna bajattum chelavukalum niyanthrikkunnathil consultative kammittikk oru pradhana nadapadiyundaayirunnu. bandhapetta mekhalakalile punarniyamanatthinum saamoohika bhawana pravarthanangalkkumaayi samoohathinte panam chelavazhichu.
rund varshathekkaanu amgangale niyamichathu, avare niyamikkunna samghadanakalude oru nirddeshathinum nirddeshathinum avar baadhyastharaayirunnilla. kammittiyil oru pleanary assembly, beuro, oru president enniva undaayirunnu. uchithamaaya chila sandarbhangalil samitiye sameepikkaanum athu ariyikkaanum unnatha adhikaarikal baadhyastharaanu.
thaalkkaalika seettukal.
puthiya samoohathinte sthaapanangale evide adisthaanappeduthanam ennathinekkurichu udambadi theerumaanamedutthilla. 1952 juulai 23 nuu nadanna iii. sii. ezz. sii amgangalude sammelanathil sthiramaaya oru seettum theerumaanikkappedaathe sarkkaarukalude pothu udambadi prakaram seett (kall) theerumaanikkaan udambadi anuvadichu. leej, luxemburg, strasburg, tourin ennivayellaam pariganichaanu eee seettil malsarichathu. sarbrucken oru "europian nagaram" enna padavi undaayirunnappol, sarlandinekkurichulla tharkkam athine oru prasnakaramaaya thiranjeduppaakki maatti. akkaalat brassels amgeekarikkappedumaayirunnu, pakshe annathe asthiramaaya beljian sarkkaarinullile vibhajanagal aaa oopshan thallikkalanju.
eee prathisandhi marikadakkaan, luxemberghinte annathe pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna joseph betch, oru sthiramaaya karaarilethunnathuvare luxemberghine sthaapanangalude "thaalkkaalika" aasthaanamaakki maattanamenn nirddeshichu. ennirunnaalum, potusabha (europian paarlamentinte mungamiyaaya) pakaram strasburg aasthaanamaakkanamennu theerumaanichu-europe kaunsil (qoo) ithinakam thanne avide aasthaanamaakki, europe hausil aayirunnu. 1999ll kottaaratthil ninnu nadikku kuruke oru puthiya kettida samuchayam nirmmikkunnathuvare koyude paarlamentari asambliyude chamberinu pothusabhaye sevikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
puthiya samoohangalude vikasanam.
iii. sii. ezz. sii roopeekarichathinushesham, europian prathirodha samooham (eiii. dii. sii) roopeekarikkukayum 1952 meyy 27 nuu oppidukayum cheythu. ithu deseeya sainyangale samyojippikkukayum puthiya samoohathinte niyanthranatthil padinjaaran germmany veendum aayudhamaakkaan anuvadikkukayum cheyyum. ennaal 1954ll franch deseeya assembly eee udambadi nirasichu. bhaaviyile europian sainyathinte mail janadhipathyaparamaaya niyanthranam urappakkaan oru federation srishtikkumaayirunna pothusabhayile amgangal thayyarakkiya oru europian rashtreeya samoohathinaayulla kooduthal padhathikalum eee nirasikkal paalam thettikkukayum cheythu. 1955ll europe kaunsil ellah europinum oru neela vayalil oru vrithathil panthrand swarnna nakshathrangal enna oru chihnam sweekarichu. ithu pinneedu europian samoohangal sweekarichu.
1956ll gamal abdel naasarinte neethrthwathilulla eejipshyan sarkkar syoos kanal desasaalkkarikkukayum israel gathaagathathinaayi adaykkukayum cheythu, ithu syoos prathisandhiykk kaaranamaayi. soviyatt unionumaayulla eejipthinte bandham kaaranam yuu. keyum america aswan anakkettinulla dhanasahayam pinvalichathinulla prathikaranamaayirunnu ithu. britiish, franch nikshepakarude udamasthathayilulla eee kanal britiish niyanthranatthilulla oru nishpaksha mekhalayaayirunnu. desasaalkkaranavum israeli gathagatham adachupoottalum yunaittad stetts ethirtha neekkamaaya yuke, france, israel ennivayude sainika prathikaranatthinu kaaranamaayi. athu oru sainika vijayamaayirunnuvenkilum uky francineyum sambandhichidatholam oru rashtreeya duranthamaayirunnu. yuu. keey. ottaykku pravartthikkaan kazhiyillennu prathyekamaayi kandu, pakaram amerikkayilekku thirinju, adutha britiish pradhaanamantri harrold maakmillane europian samoohathil cheraan ithu prerippichu. france samoohathodoppam athinte bhaavi kanduvenkilum britiish praveshanathe ethirthu, annathe franch president chaals dii gaul athu njangalude aadhipathyathilekku nayikkumenna bhayathaal britiish praveshanam veetto cheiyumennu paranju.
prathisandhiyude falamaayi, mattu oorjja srothassukal ulkkollunnathinayi iii. sii. ezz. siyude adikaarangal vipuleekarikkaan potusabha nirddeshichu. europile aanavorja upayogathinte saadhyathakalekkurichulla padanatthinte chumatala luis armandine ealppichu. kalkari nikshepam theernnupokunnathinaal avasheshikkunna kammi nikathunnathinum enna uthppaadakare aashrayikkunnath kuraykkunnathinum kooduthal aanava vikasanam aavasyamaanennu report nigamanam cheythu. france ethirthengilum benelooks samsthaanangalum germmaniyum oru pothu vipani srishtikkaan thaalpparyappettirunnu. oduvil, randum vyathyastha samudaayangalaayi srishtikkappettu.
1955leeii messina konfaransinte falamaayi, oru pothu europian vipani srishtikkunnathinekkur report thayyaaraakkunnathinte chumatala vahikkunna oru thayyaareduppu samithiyude (spack kammitti) chairmaanaayi pooll-henry spaakkine niyamichu.
spack kammitti" thayyarakkiya spack report kooduthal purogathikku adisthaanam nalkukayum venis konfaransil (1956 meyy 29,30) amgeekarikkukayum avide oru anthar gavanmental konfarans samghadippikkaanulla theerumaanam edukkukayum cheythu. 1956ll wall duchesseyil nadanna pothu vipaniyeyum yooraattamineyum kurichulla anthar gavanmental konfaransinte moolakkallaayirunnu eee report. puthiya samudaayangal potusabha (ippol paarlamentari assembly) neethinyaaya kodathiyumaayi pankidunnathupole iii. sii. esumaayi pankidumennathaayirunnu konfaransinte phalam. ennirunnaalum avar iii. sii. ezz. siyude unnatha adhikara kaunsil pankidilla. rund puthiya unnatha adhikaarikale commissionukal ennu vilikkum, ithu avarude adhikaarathile kuravaanu kaaranam. kooduthal supraanshyal adikaarangal amgeekarikkaan france vimukhatha kaanichu, athinaal puthiya kammeeshanukalkku adisthaana adikaarangal maathrame undaakoo, pradhanappetta theerumaanangal kaunsil amgeekarikkendathundu, athu ippol bhooripaksha votting sweekarichu. angane 1957 march 25nuu romile udambadikal oppuvachu. europian saambathika samoohavum (iii. iii. sii) europian aattomik energy communityum (yurattom) sthaapichukondu avaa praabalyatthil vannu. akkaalat valare janapriyamaaya oru pradeshamaaya aanava mekhalayil sahakaranm valarthiyedutha randaamathe samghadana amgangalkkidayil oru samboornna kasttams union srishtikkuka ennathaayirunnu. luis armand yoorattam kammeeshante aadya presidentum walter halstein isi kammeeshante aadya presidentum aayi.