praimettukalile sisumaranam

oru vyakthi swantham allengil mattoru vyakthiyude ashrita shishukkale kollumbozhaanu manushyarallaatha praimettukalile sisumaranam sambhavikkunnath. manushyarallaatha praimettukalile shishumaranathe vishadeekarikkaan anchu sidhaanthangal nirddeshikkappettindu chooshanam, vibhava malsaram, maathaapithaakkalude krithrimathvam, laingika thiranjeduppu, saamoohika pathology.
sisumaranathinulla sidhaanthangal.
chooshanam.
sisumaranam nadathunna vyakthikal avarude irayude upabhogathilo upayogathilo ninnu nerittu prayojanam nedumbol manushyarallaatha praimettukalile sisumaranam chooshanatthinte falamaayaanu sambhavikkunnath. vyakthikk oru vibhavamayi maaram bhakshanam (narabhojam); aakramanathinethiraaya samrakshana buffer, allengil maathrparinjaanam nedunnathinulla oru prope.
praayapoorthiyaaya penkuttikalile manushyarallaatha praimettukalile chooshanatthinte roopam mulayoottaatha penkuttikal oru shishuvine athinte ammayil ninnu eduthu (allomothering) pattini vare nirbandhithamaayi nilanirthumbozhaanu. eee perumaattatthe "maranathilekku vettayaadal" prathibhasam ennu vilikkunnu; mulayoottaatha eee penn praimettukalkku prasavatheppolulla anubhavam labhikkunnu, ennittum sisuvinu bhakshanam nalkaanulla vibhavangal illa. eee perumaattam kandittullath bandikalaaya bonobosukalilaanu, pakshe vanyamayavayil allah. ithu swaabhaavika bonobo swabhaavamaano atho thadavil jeevichathinte falamaano ennu vyakthamalla. aann oramguttaanukal shishuvine oru prathyulpaadana thanthramaayi parisheelikkunnath nerittu nireekshikkappettilla, ennaal oru aankutti oru shishuvine thattikkondupoyathinte report cheytha cases nirjjaleekaranam moolam sisukkal marikkunnathayi kaanapettu. koodaathe, oru shishuvine nashtappetta oru amma oramguttanu aduthulla oru puthiya purushane parichayappedutthi taamasiyaathe kaalinu gurutharamaaya parikkelkkukayum cheytha shishuhathyayude oru cases anumaanikkappettittund. nerittu nireekshikkappettillettim, eee purushan sthriye akramikkukayum avalude shishuvine kollukayum cheythathayi anumaanikkappedunnu. 
vibhavangalude malsaram.
nilavilulla janasamkhyaye pinthunaykkaan oru prathyeka mekhalayil valare kurachu vibhavangal ullappol vibhava malsaram falamaakunnu. praimettukalil, vibhava malsaramaanu sisumaranathinulla pradhana prachodanam. vibhava malsarathaal prachodanam ulkkonda sisumaranam kudumba grouppukalkku puratthum akathum sambhavikkam. vibhava malsaram kaaranam uyarnna raankulla, prabalayaya chimpaansikal thaazhnna raankilulla sthreekalodum avarude sisukkalodum kooduthal aakramikkunnundenn theliyikkappettittund. kudumbavibhaagangalkk purathuninnulla praimettukal pradeshangalilekku nuzhanjukayarukayum mattu vibhagangalil ninnulla shishukkale kollukayum cheythekkaam, vibhavangalkkayulla malsaram illaathaakkaan. vibhavangal parimithamaakumbol, mattu group amgangale apekshichu shishukkale malsara poolil ninnu illaathaakkunnathu eluppamaanu, kaaranam avar ettavum prathirodhamillaathavarum angane shishudinathinte lakshyangalumaan. vibhava malsarathaal prachodanam ulkkonda primate sisumaranathil shishuvine poshakaahaaratthinte uravidamaayi narabhojiyakkunnathum ulppedaam.
vibhava malsaram anthar-speesheesukalude shishumaranathino allengil oru speeshisil ninnulla shishukkale mattoru speeshis kollunnathino ulla praadhamika prachodanam koodiyaanu. ore parithasthithiyil mattoru inathile shishukkale illaathaakkunnathiloode, akramanakaarikkum avarude swantham sisukkalkkum kooduthal vibhavangal labhikkanulla saadhyatha vardhikkunnu. eee perumaattam onniladhikam primate inter-speeshees samghattanangalude nireekshicha anantharafalamaanu. eee sandarbhangalil, sisumaranathinu purame anthar-nirddishta sisukkalodulla nerittulla aakramanathinte udaaharanangalum nireekshikkappettundu. nerittulla aakramanathinte eee sandarbhangalil, aakramanakaariyaayirunnu avarkk nere lakshyamidunna intra-speeshees aakramanathinte muun lakshyam. athinaal, eee aakramanakaarikal nadatthiya nerittulla aakramanathinum sisumaranathinum kaaranam punarnirddeshithamaaya aakramanamaan.
maathaapithaakkalude krithrimathvam.
maathru sisuhathya.
maathru sisuhathya, aashritharaaya kunjungale amma kollunnath, manushyarallaatha praimettukalil apoorvamaanu, ithu viralilennaavunna thavana maathrame report cheythittulloo. thavittuniratthilulla maantal taamarinukalil orikkal, "sagvinus fusicolis", orikkal karutha fronted taittisil, "calisbus nigrifronukal", meeshayulla taamarinukalil naalu thavana, "sagvinus mistaaks" ennivayil maathru sisuhathya report cheyyappettittund. muun shishumaranangale adisthaanamaakki sisukkal athijeevikkanulla saadhyatha amma vilayiruthumbozhaanu maathru sisuhathya sambhavikkunnathenn nirddeshikkappedunnu. sisuvinu athijeevikkaan saadhyathayillengil sisumaranam sambhavikkam. ithu ammaye thante nilavile santhathikalil allengil bhaaviyile santhathikalil kooduthal nikshepam nadatthaan anuvadikkukayum athu ammayil kooduthal prathyulpaadanakshamathayilka nayikkukayum cheyyum.
thaamaarinsil maathru shishuhathyayude sandarbhangalil, onniladhikam prajnana penkuttikalundaayirunnu. santhathikale valarthaanulla sheshi kuravaayirikkumbol, onniladhikam prajnana penkuttikal, moonnu maasathil thaazheyulla janana edavelakal, shishukkalude athijeevana saadhyatha kurayumbol maathru sisuhathya kooduthalaayi sambhavikkunnuvennu rakshaakarthru krithrima sidhaantham nirddeshikkunnu.
maathru sisuhathya mattu tharam sisuhathyakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam vibhava malsaravum laingika thiranjeduppu sidhaanthangalum (mattu vibhagangal kaanuka) nirasikkanam. sisumaranangal nadathunnathu ammayaan, mattoru sthreeyalla ennathinaal vibhava malsaravum laingika thiranjeduppum thallikkalanjirikkunnu.
karutha munvashamulla taiti kurangukalile ("calisbus nigrifronukal") maathru shishuhathyayude oru kesil, aarogyaparamaya asaadhaaranathakalude lakshanangalonnumillathe maricha sisuvinu vaidyashaasthraparamaayi aarogyamundaayirunnu. athinaal, shishuvinte pravarthanakshamatha kuravaayathinaal sisumaranam nadannathaayi thonniyilla. koodaathe, tirakk allengil bhakshana malsaram shishumaranathinte gadakangalaayirunnilla. eee saahacharyathil, sisumaranathinu vyakthamaaya pravarthanangalonnum undaayirunnilla; karutha munvashamulla titti kurangukalile shishumaranathinte kaaranam nilavil anjjaathamaanu.
laingika thiranjeduppu.
laingika malsaram.
oru puthiya sthreevibhaagathe ettedukkumbol sisumaranam oru purushante prathyulpaadana vijayam vardhippikkunnu. otta aann prajnana grouppukalil thamasikkunna langarukalil eee swabhaavam nireekshikkappettundu. shishukkale konna sthreekal vichitramaaya perumaattam prakadippikkukayum puthiya neethaavumaayi laingikabandhathil earppedukayum cheythu. eee phalangal laakteshanal amoneriyayude nirmmaarjjanathinte thwarithappeduthalil ninnaan undaakunnath. ithu purushanu oru nettam nalkunnu, kaaranam sthree muun inayude cheruppathekkaal vegathil avanumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthukayum avante kunjungale valarthukayum cheyyum; shishuvine upayogikkunnathiloode avante shaareerikakshamatha vardhikkunnu. oru purusha prajnana yoonittukalile sisumaranangal chuvanna vaalulla kurangukalilum neela kurangukalilum nireekshikkappettundu. otta aann prajnana grouppukalkku purame, laingikamaayi thiranjeduttha sisumaranam palappozhum chuvanna kooval, moodappetta kooval ennivayulppede onniladhikam purusha, onniladhikam sthree prajnana grouppukalil sambhavikkunnu. sthreekal aankuttiyumaayi inacheraathappol praayapoorthiyaaya japanese mccack aankunjungal shishukkale akramikkaan ettu madangu kooduthalaayirunnu.
ammayallaatha penkuttikalude sisumaranam saadhaarana maarmosettukalude ("calithrics jacques") vanyasamoohangalil nireekshikkappettundu. atharam perumaattatthinte mikka kesukalum resource kompatteeshan sidhaanthathinu kaaranamaayittund, athil sthreekalkku bandhamillaattha shishukkale kollunnathiloode tanikkum thante kunjungalkkum kooduthal vibhavangal nedaan kazhiyum. bhakshanathinteyo paarppidatthinteyo pashchaathalatthil saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnundengil, vibhava malsara maathruka prajnana avasarangal allengil sahaayikalilekkulla praveshanam polulla mattu parimithamaaya vibhavangalil prayogikkaam. mikka kaalitrichidukalkkum niyantritha prajnana reethikalundu, athu modalumaayi poruthappedum, ennaal eee sisumarana swabhaavam mattu calitrichid speesheesukalude vanya grouppukalilalla, saadhaarana maarmosettukalude vanya grouppukalil maathrame rekhappeduthiyittulla. garbhadhaaranathinum jananathinum (jananagal thammilulla hraswa edavelakal kaaranam) uyarnna saadhyatha, aavasa saandrata, mattu kaalitrichidukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol shishuparipaalanathinte kuranja chelavu enniva ulppede vividha saamoohika, prathyulpaadana, paaristhithika savisheshathakal kaaranam saadhaarana maarmosettukalile uyarnna aavruthi undakam-ithu ore groupil thamasikkunna rund prajnana penkuttikalude saadhyatha vardhippikkukayum kooduthal theevramaaya malsarathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. saadhaarana maarmosettukalil nireekshikkappedunna mikka kesukalilum, saamoohikamaayi prabalamaaya prajnana penkuttikal oru keezhu penkuttiyude shishukkale kollukayum avarude aadhipathyam nilanirthaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
pithru sisuhathya.
manushyarallaatha praimettukalil pithru sisuhathya apoorvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo. sisumarana sambhavangal nireekshikkunna japanese kaattupothukalekkurichu vipulamaaya padanatthil, dna vishakalanam velippeduthi, purushanmaar avarude swantham santhathikaleyo avar inacherunna oru sthreeyude santhathikaleyo akramikkaan paadilla. koodaathe, sisumaranathil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi purushanmarumaayi saamoohikabandham sthaapikkaan padanatthile sthreekal prachoditharaanennu kandethi.
saamoohika rogashasthram-saamoohika samghadanayude punk.
sasthanikalil, lingangal thammilulla edapedal saadhaaranayaayi sthree eastress allengil maidhunathil parimithappedutthiyirikku. ennirunnaalum, manushyarallaatha praimettukalil, eee aann-penn bandhangal eesttas marikadannu nilanilkkunnu. praimettukalile aankuttikalum penkuttikalum thammilulla saamoohika bandhangal aann sisuhathyayil ninnulla samrakshanamaayi pravartthikkumennu anumaanikkappedunnu. varsham muzhuvanum ulla bandham mattu purushanmaarude sisumarana saadhyatha kuraykkaan sahayikkunnu. koodaathe, pala praimettukalum onniladhikam penn grouppukalilaanu jeevikkunnath, pithrthva ashayakkuzhappathiloodeyo maranjirikkunna andothpaadanathiloodeyo sisumarana saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu eee penkuttikal orumichu jeevikkunnuvennu nirddeshikkappettittund. ennirunnaalum, sthreekalkku vyathyastha saamoohika rankingukal undaakumbozhum vibhavangalude labhyatha apakadatthilaakumbozhum sankeernamaaya edapedalukal undakam. mikkappozhum, aadipathyamulla sthreekal malsaram undaakumbol aadhipathyam kuranja sthreeyude cheruppakkaare avasaraparamayi kollunnu.
sisumaranathodulla adaptive kaundar adaptationukal.
sisumarana saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu pala primate speesheesukalum ethir poruthappedutthalukal vikasippichittund. shaareerika prathirodham, pithrthva ashayakkuzhappam, prathyulppaadanam adichamarthal, thwarithappeduthiya vikasanam enniva eee thanthrangalil ulppedunnu.
shaareerika prathirodham.
sisumaranathinethiraaya ettavum udanadi vyakthavum vyakthavumaya samrakshanamaanu shaareerika prathirodham, athil ammamar avarude santhathikalodu aakramanathmakamaaya pravartthanangal nerittu thadayukayo sahaayathinaayi mattu vyakthikale niyamikkukayo cheiyunnu. chimpaansikalil kaanunnathupole, sisumarana saadhyathayulla penkuttikalil ninnu pradeshathe sajeevamaayi samrakshikkaan penn praimettukal nireekshikkappettundu. prathirodhatthil maathaapithaakkalallaathavare niyamikkunnathin, penn chaakma baboonukal purushanmarumaayulla "sauhrudam" upayogikkunnu, athil aankutti mulayoottunnathuvare sisuvumaayi oru bandham roopappeduthunnu, ithu uyarnna raankulla purushanmaarudeyo sthreekaludeyo aakramanathil ninnu avarude santhathikale samrakshikkaan sahaayichekkam.
sisumaranathil ninnu thangalude kunjungale samrakshikkunnathinaayi, palatharam primate ammamarum pithru sisuhathya thadayunnathinaayi saamoohika ekabhaarya jodikal roopeekarikkum. eee jodikalil, purushanmaar mattu sthreekalumaayi inacherumenkilum oru sthreeyodoppam saamoohikamaayi ekabhaaryayaayi maathram jeevikum. eee saamoohika ekabhaarya jody roopappedunnathu purushanmaarkk penn santhathikalumaayi maathaapithaakkalude bandhavum saamoohika bandhavum roopappedaan kaaranamaakunnu. bandhamillaattha vyakthikalil ninnu sisumaranathil ninnu thangalude santhathikale samrakshikkanum swantham santhathikalkkethire orikkalum sisumaranam nadathaathirikkaanum eee bandhangal purushanmaare prerippikkunnu. gibbanukal, siamangukal, baboonukal, mccakkukal ennivayil eee tharatthilulla saamoohika ekabhaaryaathvam nireekshikkappettundu.
gorillakale sambandhichidatholam, haram shailiyilulla grouppukalil thaamasikkunnath onniladhikam aankuttikalumaayi inacherunnathinekkaal oru sthreeyude sisumarana saadhyatha kuraykkunnuvennu oru patanam theliyichu. oru penn gorilla sylverback aann samrakshanathil ninnu kooduthal prayojanam nedunnu, oru aankuttiyumaayi maathram inacherunnathu pithrthva urappu vardhippikkukayum angane shishudinathil ninnu prathyulppaadanathinu prayojanam cheiyunna janasamkhyayile aankuttikalude ennam vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, gorilla saamoohika yoonittukalude roopeekaranavumaayi adutha bandhamullah prachodanamaanu aanti predation.
pithrthva ashayakkuzhappam.
thaan inachernna oru purushan thante santhathikale kollaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu sthreekal pithrthva ashayakkuzhappam upayogikkunnu. maranjirikkunna andotpaadanam ulppede ithu nedunnathinu niravadhi vazhikalundu. hanuman langerukal polulla penn catherine praimettukal beejasankalanatthinte pithrthvam maraykkunnathinaayi variable andothpaadanathodukoodiya oru vipuleekritha eastress avastha vikasippicheduthittundu. pithrthva ashayakkuzhappam undaakunna mattoru pradhana sahacharyam sthreekal onniladhikam purushanmarumaayi inacherumbozhaanu; ithil bahubhaaryaathvam, bahubhaarya sthree grouppukalile laingikabandham thudangiya inacheral reethikal ulppedunnu. laingikabandhathinu samaanamaayi, penn praimettukal avarude santhathikalil pithrthva ashayakkuzhappam vardhippikkunnathinaayi garbhaavasthayude onnum randum trimaasangalil bodhavaanmaaraan. avasaanamaayi, onniladhikam purushanmaarulla onniladhikam sthree grouppukalil, ore samayam sthreekalum phalabhooyishtaraaya sthree samanvayam, ellah sthreekaludeyum kuthakayil ninnu prabalanaaya purushane vilakkum. ithu aadhipathyamillaatha aann sarr santhathikalkku sneak koppuleshanukal anuvadikkunnu. penn synchrony penn sisumarana saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinum, aakramanaathmakamaayi pravarthikkunnathinekkaal swantham shishukkale nalkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkaan sisumaranasaadhyathayulla sthreekale nirbandhikkunnathinum sahayikkunnu. ennaal sthree samanvayam malsara sammarddangal vardhippikkukayum angane sthreekalil aakramanathmakatha vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu soochippikkunna chila thelivukalundu.
punarulppaadanam adichamarthal.
sisumaranathinu saadhyathayundengil thudarchayaaya prathyulpaadana nikshepathinte chelavukalum sthreekal ozhivakkaam. atharamoru sambhavathe broose ephakt ennu vilikkunnu, athil penn praimettukalkku oru puthiya purushane avatharippikkumbol garbham alasippikkam. prabalanaaya oru purushante sthaanachalanathethudarnnu bhooribhaagam sthreekalum garbhachhidram nadathunna vanya jelaadakalil ithu nireekshikkappettundu. purushanmaarude perumaattatthinte madhyasthathayil undaakunna shaareerikamo maanasikamo aaya aaghaatham garbhapindatthinte nashtatthinu kaaranamakunna oru anubandhavum ennaal vyathirikthavumaya prathibhaasamaan bhrunahathya. udaaharanathinu, amboseliyile baboonukalil, aakramanathmakamaaya purushanmaarude kudiyettathetthudarnnu garbhapindam nashtappedunnathinte nirakk vardhikkunnu.
chila saamoohika samvidaanangalil, saadhaarana maarmosettukalil kaanunnathupole, thaazhnna raankilulla primate penkuttikal prabalamaaya penkuttikalude sisumaranam ozhivakkaan prathyulppaadanam vaikippichekkaam. oru sandarbhathil, prabalamaaya maarmosett penkutty oru keezhu sthreeyude santhathiye konnu. punarulpadana adichamarthalinte eee prathibhasam tamarinsilum nannayi kaanapedunnu.
vikasanam thwarithappeduthi.
sisukkal sisumaranathinu irayaakunna samayam kuraykkunnathinu, sisumarana saadhyatha kooduthalaayirikkumbol sthreekal shishukkale neratthe mulayoottunnathaayi kaanichittundu. udaaharanathinu, penn velutha thalayulla ila kurangukal saamoohikamaayi sthirathayulla aarthavavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aann ettedukkunna samayat shishukkale valare vegathil mulayoottunnathu nireekshikkappettu. mulayoottaanaavaathathra cheruppamulla sisukkalulla sthreekal vrudharaaya aankuttikalodoppam avasheshikkukayum avarude santhathikal poornnamaayum mulayoottiya sesham madangukayum cheiyunnu, sthiramaaya samayathekkaal valare kuranja mulayoottal kaalayalavinusesham veendum.

