
kawakita vii. america

kawakita vii. yunaittad stetts, 343 yuu.ezz. 717 (1952), yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi kesaanu, athil kodathi eratta yuu ennu vidhichu.ezz./randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu jappanil nadatthiya pravarthanangalkku amerikkaykkethire raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi japanese pourane shikshikkam. japanese maathaapithaakkalkk kaaliforniyayil janicha tomoya kawakita, yuddham pottippurappedumbol jappaanilaayirunnu, yuddham avasanikkunnathuvare jappanil thaamasichu. amerikkayilekku madangiyethiya sesham, american yudhathadavukaare adhikshepichathinu addehathe arast cheyyukayum raajyadrohakkuttam chumathukayum cheythu. thante yuu nashtappettathinaal raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethaan kazhiyillennu kawakita avakashappettu.ezz. jappaanilaayirikkumbol pourathvam, ennaal eee vaadam kodathikal (supreme kodathi ulppede) nirasichu, athu vaasthavathil addeham thante yuu nilanirthiyathaayi vidhichu.ezz. yudhasamayathe pourathvam. aadyam vadhashikshaykk vidhikkapetta kavaakithayude shiksha jeevaparyanthamaayi kuraykkukayum oduvil jayilil ninnu mochithanaakkappedukayum jappanilekku naadukadatthappedukayum amerikkayilekku madangunnathil ninnu vilakkukayum cheythu.
nilavil amerikkayil raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi sikshikkappetta avasana vyakthikalil oraalaan kawakita. mattoru vyakthiyaya joonn david provoo 1952ll raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi sikshikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, appeelil provoovinte shiksha raddaki. 1949ll raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi sikshikkappetta herbert joonn burgmanaanu nilavil eee padavi vahikkunnath.
pashchaathalam.
 1921 septambar 26nuu kaaliforniyayile calexicoyil japanese vamshajanaaya maathaapithaakkalkk janichu. avan ningalodoppamaanu janichathu.ezz. addehathinte janmasthalam kaaranam pourathvam, koodaathe maathaapithaakkal vazhi japanese deseeyatha. kavaakithayude muun haiskool sahapaadiyaaya joou gomas addehathe shanthan gauravamullavanum ennaal crura swabhaavakkaaranumaayi oormmippichu.
1939ll kaalaksikoyil haiskool vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya sesham kawakita pithavinoppam (oru palacharakk, vyaapaari) jappanilekku pooyi. 1941ll addeham meiji sarvakalashaalayil chernnu. 1943ll addeham oru japanese pouranaayi audyogikamaayi rajisttar cheythu.
muthukadalinu nereyundaaya akramanam america japan randaam lokamahaayudhathilekku aakarshichappol kawakita jappaanilaayirunnu. 1943 augustil, oru kudumbasuhrithaaya tekko miki yude sahaayathode kawakita oru khanana, loha samskarana plaantil vyaakhyaathaavaayi jolie nedi.. kawakita avide jolie cheyyaan thudangiyathinu thottupinnaale britiish, canadian paavukal ethi. avarkk vendi vyaakhyaanikkaan kawakitaye chumathalappedutthi. chilappol khaniyil jolie cheyyaan kuthirakale nirbandhichirunnu.
1944lum 1945nte thudakkathilum ekadesham 400 american poses campil ethi, avaril palarum 1942ll battaanil pidikkappedukayum thudarnnulla maranayatra athijeevikkukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil kawakita onniladhikam american kuthirakale krooramaayi aakramichu.american thadavukaar khaniyil cheytha joliyil parvathatthinte mukal bhaagath ninnu nikkal ayiru kuzhikkukayum athu hopparukalil shoonyamaakkiya kaarukalil kayattukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnu. nirmmaanathinum attakuttappanikalkkum upayogikkenda marakattakal vahikkunnathulppedeyulla mattu pothuprayatnangalum thadavukaar khani pradeshathu nadatthi.jappaante keezhadangalinushesham, american povukalodulla kavaakithayude manobhaavam poornnamaayum mariyathaayi reportund. yuddham avasaanichathinusesham kawakita thante yuu puthukki.ezz. pasport, sammarddathilaanu thaan pravarthichathennu avakaashappett oru japanese pouranaayi rajisttar cheythathayi vishadeekarikkunnu. addeham yuu. esilekku madangi.ezz. 1946ll thekkan california sarvakalashaalayil chernnu.
1946 octoberil, oru muun paav, vilyam ell. loss enchals department storilvechu kawakitaye kanda broose addehathe yudhathil ninnu thiricharinju. broose eee ettumuttal efbiye ariyikkukayum 1947 juunil kawakitaye arast cheyyukayum american posine durupayogam cheythuvennu aaropikkappedunna 15 raajyadrohakkuttangal chumathukayum cheythu.
arast kazhinju taamasiyaathe oru abhimukhathil, kawakitaye kandathinodu broose thante prathikaranam vivarichu "njaan valare viddiyaayirunnu, njaan ente tracukalil nirtthi, avan thidukkathil pookumbool avane nokki. athum oru nalla kaaryamaayirunnu. appol njaan prathikarichirunnenkil, enikku urappilla, pakshe njaan niyamam ente kaikalilekku eduthirikkaam-orupakshe kavaakithayude kazhuthu."
vicharana appeal.
kavaakithaykkethire saakshyam vahikkaan thangal thayyaaraanenn ekadesham 100 munkaiyyukaar paranju. kavaakithayude vichaaranaykku yuu adhyakshatha vahichu.ezz. jilla jadji vilyam sii. jaims marshell carter maalssine vichaarana cheyyukayum, 30-ladhikam muun-paavukal kawakita american paavangale krooramaayi peedippichathaayi saakshyappeduthukayum cheythu. addeham thadavukaare marddikkukayum parasparam mardhikkaan nirbandhikkukayum avarude jolie neratthe poortthiyaakkukayaanenkil ksheenam moolam avar veezhunnathuvare oodippokaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythathayi parayappedunnu. oru kesil, american pavaaya ainar lathwalayude maranathinu kaaranamaayathaayi kavaakithaykkethire aaropikkapettu (latwala mattoru gaard vadhichathayi rund kanediyanmaar paranjathinetthudarnnu addehathe pinneedu kuttavimukthanaakki). kavakithaykkethiraaya rund raajyadrohakkuttangal pinneedu pinvalichu.
kavaakithayude prathirodhatthile saakshikalil oraal addehathinte balyakaala suhruthaaya meiji fujisaavayaayirunnu. fujisawa camp oayaamayilum jolie cheythirunnu, pakshe american paavukalkk addehathekkurichu valareyadhikam anukoolamaaya abhipraayangal ullathinaal addehathe vichaarana cheythilla; avare sahayikkaanum marunnu nedaanum fujisawa thante kazhivinte paramavadhi cheythuvennu avar paranju. kawakita aareyum marddikkunnathu thaan kandittillenn fujisawa paranju. campil mardhanangal nadannittundengilum avaa sainika udyogastharaanu nadathiyathennu addeham paranju.
kavakkita american paavukalodu moshamaayi perumariyennu prathirodham sammathichuvenkilum addehathinte pravartthanangal thaarathamyena cheruthaayirunnuvennum eathu saahacharyathilum avarkk amerikkaykkethire raajyadrohathinu kaaranamakillennum vaadichu.ezz. akkaalathe pouran, thante yuu nashtappettu.ezz. 1943ll addeham thante japanese deseeyatha sthireekarichappol pourathvam. thaan ippozhum yuu aanennu kavaakithaykk ariyaamaayirunnuvenn prosecution vaadichu.ezz. pouranum ippozhum thante janmadeshathodu vishwasthatha pularthaanullavanum-oru puthiya pasportinaayi apekshikkumbol consular udyogastharodu addeham nadatthiya prasthavanakal udharichu addeham orikkalum thante yuu upekshikkaan uddesichittilla ennathinte thelivaanu.ezz. pourathvam.
kawakitaye kandethiyaal thaan inii yuu allennu yadhaarthathil vishwasichirunnuvennu jadji mathas juric nirddesham nalki.ezz. pouran, appol avan kuttakkaaranallenn kandethanam. yudhakkuttangalkkal, raajyadrohathinu vendiyaanu kawakita vichaarana cheyyappedunnathennu addeham avare oormmippichu. thangalude charchakalil, avar niraashayode sthambhitharaayenn juurii niravadhi thavana report cheythuvenkilum oro thavanayum avar ekakandamaaya vidhiyil ethaan sramikkunnathu thudarumennu jadji nirbandhichu. oduvil-1948 septambar 2-nuu-juurii 13 raajyadroha kesukalil 8 ennathilum kawakita kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethukayum addehathinu vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum cheythu.
shikshavidhi paassaakkumbol, maths oru prasangam nadatthi maanyare, eee saahacharyathil ningalude kadamakal ettavum shradhaapoorvvam nirvahichirikkunnu. juriyum angane thanne. ithu ippol ente utharavaadithamaanu.
njaan ivide adichelppikkunna shikshaykk american yudhathadavukaarodulla eee prathiyude perumaattatthil ulppettirikkaavunna eathenkilum kroorathakalumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillenn njaan krithyamaayi vyakthamakkaan aagrahikkunnu. athoru sambhavam maathramaan. athinaal avan avare kaanichuthanna eathoru dayayodum koodi. athoru sambhavam maathramaan. raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi prathi ivide shikshikkappedunnu. addeham japanese pouranmaarude makanayi janichuvenna vasthuthayumayi yaathoru bandhavumilla. addeham aarayalum ente kaazhchappaadukal onnuthanneyayirikkum.
nammude bharanaghadanayil niravadhi thavana paraamarshichirikkunnathu raajyadrohamaanu eaka kuttakrithyam. american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayil paraamarshichirikkunna oreyoru kuttakrithyamaayi ithu nalkaan mathiyaya gauravamundennu framermar karuthi.
njaan eee vishayam kaanumbol, prathi eathenkilum american yudhathadavukaarane chavittiyo atho avaril oru dussen pere chavittiyo enna chodyamalla. addehathinte kuttakrithyam hrasvamaayi rund shikshayaayi vidhikkappedaam. 1943 muthal jappan sarkkaarine yudhathil vijayikkaan sahayikkaan thaan aavunnathellam cheythuvennu addeham paranju.
akkaalat addeham americayode vishwasthatha pularthenda kadamayaanennu juurii kandethi. athinaal ethra krooramaayaalum oraale marddikkunnathinte adisthaanathil addehathinte kuttakrithyam pariganikkaan kazhiyilla. avante kuttakrithyam avan janicha rajyathinethiraaya kuttakrithyamaanu. addehathinte kuttakrithyam kurachu american yudhathadavukaarethireyal. thaan janichathum bhakshanam nalkappettathum vidyaabhyaasam nediyathumaaya eee raajyathe muzhuvan janangalkkum ethiraanu addehathinte kuttakrithyam.
charithrathiludaneelam engleesh samsaarikkunna aalukal ettavum verukkunna kuttakrithyamaanu raajyadroham. rajyadrohiye ellaayppozhum oru kolayaaliyekkaal moshamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee vyathyasam yukthiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu kaaranam kolayali paramavadhi kurachu pere maathrame lamghikkunnulloo, athesamayam raajyadrohi thante samoohathile ellah amgangaleyum, thaan vishwasthatha pulartthunna groupile ellah amgangaleyum lamghikkunnu. raajyadrohikale parasyamaayi vadhasthalathekku valichizhakkukayum avide valichidukayum, naalayi vettukayum, shirachhedam cheyyukayum cheyyumbol pothu niyamam nalkunna shiksha nammude mungaamikal oraalude raajyathe ottikkodukkunna kuttakrithyavumaayi bandhapetta theevramaaya oodiyathe oormmippikkunnu. kolapaathakathinulla shiksha maranamaayirunnu; raajyadrohathinu, prathikaarathodeyulla maranam.
innu nammude niyamam oru raajyadrohiyude jeevan rakshikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
yadhaarthathil paranjathupole "kuttakrithyangalkku prathirodham nalkaanulla kadama niyamam marannupoyaal avarkk nere viral choondaathirunnaal athu cheiyunnavar kadinamaayi shikshikkappedumennathu vanchanayude sathayaanu."
prathi eee kodathiyil ninnu oru swathanthranaaya manushyanaayi poyaal, avan thannethanne kadutha nindayode jeevikkaan vidhikkappedum. thante janmanattinethiraaya addehathinte adisthaana raajyadrohathinte oormma mathramalla, kongras medel oof oonar nediya sadavo muneemoriyudeyum oormmayum; arlington deseeya semitheriyil ekkaalatheyum american naayakanmarodoppam samskaricha swakaarya phastt klaas, fumitaka naagatto, saburo thanamachi ennivarude oormmayum; japanese maathaapithaakkaleppole american janmavakaasham polulla ezhunooriladhikam aankuttikalude oormmayum, avarude janmabhoomiyodulla vishwasthathayude paramonnatha pareekshanatthil nilkkukayum america avarude sthaapanangalum thudarnnum jeevikkaan vendi avarude jeevan thyajikkukayum cheythu.
eee chinthakalum mattullavarum prathiyude jeevan rakshappettal jeevikkaan arhathayillenn parayanam. raajyadrohathinte antharleenamaaya swabhaavavum kuttakrithyathinu shiksha vidhikkunnathinulla niyamatthinte uddeshyavum kanakkiledukkumbol, eee prathi svayam theliyikkunnathupole oru raajyadrohiyude jeevanu vilapetta oreyoru upayogam, pinneedu amerikkaykkethire raajyadroham cheyyaan pralobhippikkappedaalidu durbalamaaya dhaarmika izhayullavarkku oru maathrkayaayi varthikkuka ennathaanu enna nigamanatthilekku prathiphalanam nayikkunnu.shiksha kettappol kavaakithayude amma karanjupoyi, aathmahathya cheyyaruthennu makan avalodu yaachichu. vadhasiksha kaathu nilkkaan kawakitaye saan kventin samsthaana jaililekku ayachu. marakamaaya vaathakam vazhiyaan addehathinte vadhasiksha nadappaakkuka.
onpathaam surcuted appeel kodathiyile moonnanga panalinode kawakita appeel nalkukayum athu vidhiyum vadhasikshayum ekakandamaayi sharivaykkukayum cheythu. "sarttiraari" yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi anuvadikkukayum 1952 epril 3 nuu supreme kodathikku munbaake vaakkalulla vaadangal kelkkukayum cheythu.
kodathiyude abhiprayam.
1952 juun 2nuu purappeduvicha 4-3 vidhiyil supreme kodathi kavaakithayude raajyadrohakkuttavum vadhasikshayum sharivachu. associate justice vilyam oo aanu kodathiyude abhiprayam ezhuthiyathu. daglasinoppam associate justisumaaraaya staanli eph. reed, roobert echu. jaaksan, sherman mintan.
kavaakithayude vichaaranayile juurii addeham thante yuu nashtappedutthukayo upekshikkukayo cheythittillenn nigamanam cheythathil nyaayeekarikkappettuvenna kodathiyude bhooripaksham abhiprayappettu.ezz. yudhasamayathu addeham jappaanilaayirunnappol pourathvam nedi. oru american pouran americayode vishwasthatha pulartthanamennum, thaan evideyaayirunnaalum-oru pouranennu avakaashappedunna mattoru rajyath nadatthiya pravarthanangalkku polum raajyadrohakkuttam chumathaamennum kodathi koottichertthu. koodaathe, kavaakithayude pravartthanangalude prakadamaaya swabhaavam kanakkiledukkumbol, vadhasiksha vidikkunnathil vichaarana jadji ekapaksheeyamaayi pravarthichittillenna bhooripaksham perum kandethi.
viyojip.
cheef justice fred emm. vinson oru viyojip abhiprayam ezhuthi, athinodu chernnu associate justisumaaraaya hugo black harrold echu. burton. viyojip nigamanam cheythath "rund varshathilereyaayi, [kawakita] americayodalla, jappanodaanu sthiramaayi vishwasthatha prakadippichathu. niyamaparamaayi, cheyyaan kazhiyunnathupole addeham svayam naadukadatthi."eee adisthaanathil, viyojikkunna jadjimar kavaakithayude raajyadroha shiksha pinvalikkumaayirunnu.
thudarnnulla sambhavavikasangal.
1953 october 29nuu president dwait dii. jappan sarkkaarinte appeelukalodu prathikaricha isenhover kavaakithayude shiksha jeevaparyanthamaayum 10,000 dollar pizhayaayum kurachu. shikshavidhi laghookaricha sesham kawakitaye alcatras federal jaililekku maatti. 1963ll alcatras adachupoottiyathinu sesham addehathe mcneil dweep federal jaililekku maatti.
jayililaayirunnappozhellam kavaakithayude moonnu sahodarimaar addehathe mochippikkaan lobby cheythu. thangalude sahodarante vichaarana anyaayavum vamsheeyavumaayirunnuvennu avar paranju. japanese-amerikkakkaarkkethiraaya bhayanakamaaya charithram kanakkiledukkumbol kaaliforniyayile addehathinte vichaaranayude nyaayabodhathe avar chodyam cheythu. kenneddy bharanakoodam thudakkathil kawakitaye mochippikkaan visammathichu. ennirunnaalum, 1963 october 24 nuu president kenneddy addeham sthiramaayi america vidanamenna vyavasthayil addehathe mochippikkaan utharavittu. kolapaathakathinu munbulla addehathinte avasaanathe presidential nadapadikalilonnaanithu. jeevaparyantham shikshaykk vidheyanaayirunna kawakita 1968 vare parolinu arhanaayirunnene.
aaa varsham aadyam, attorni general, roobert eph. kesil ulppettavarude abhiprayam kenneddy thediyirunnu. maalsine shakthamayi ethirthuvenkilum jaims carter dayye pinthunachu, athupole thanne kavaakithayude shiksha sharivech abhiprayam ezhuthiya lover appeel jadjiyum.
kawakitaye mochippikkanamennu carter paranju, pakshe naadukadatthi. roobert kennidi eee shupaarsha thante sahodaran kaimari. addeham kavaakithayude kuttakrithyangal sammathichuvenkilum thaan oru maathrukaa thadavukaaranaanennu paranju. kawakitaye vittayakkunnath videsabandham vardhippikkumennu stettu departmentinte jappan desk paranju.
1963 october 24nuu president joonn eph. kenneddy-kolapaathakathinu munbulla addehathinte avasana audyogika pravarthanangalilonnaayir-addeham america vidukayum orikkalum madangivarunnathil ninnu vilakkukayum cheyyanamenna vyavasthayil kawakitaye jayilil ninnu mochippikkaan utharavittu. jappaanile mattethoru yudhakkuttavaaliyekkalum kooduthal kaalam addeham ippol sevanamanushtichittundu paranjukondu kenneddy kavaakithayude mochanam nyaayeekarichu (sugamo jayilil samayam chelavazhicha avasaanathe japanese yudhakkuttavaalikal 1958 ll parol cheyyappettu). 1963 desember 13nuu kawakita jappanilekku parannu, avide athiyappol japanese pourathvam veendeduthu. 1978ll kawakita thante maathaapithaakkalude shavakudeeram sandarshikkaan amerikkayilekku pookaan anumathi thediyenkilum addehathinte sramangal parajayappettu. 1993 avasaanathode addeham jappaanile bandhukkalkkoppam nishabdamaayi thaamasikkukayaayirunnu. addeham marichuvennu karuthiyal krithyamaayi eppozhaanu marichathennu ariyilla.

