infra realism

1975ll meksikoo nagaratthil roberto bolano, marrio santiago papasquioro, jose visent anaya, ruban madeena, jose rosas ribeiro ennivarulppede irupathu yuva kavikalude oru samgham sthaapicha oru kaavyathmaka prasthaanamaanu infra realism.
infraz" ennum ariyappedunna infra realistukal avarude mudraavaakyathinaayi chilian chithrakaaranaaya roberto maattayil ninnu oru vaachakam sweekarichu "saamskaarika sthaapanathil ninnu thalachorine oothi". oru nirvachikkapetta shailiyekkaal, 1950 kalile beett thalamuraykk samanamaaya reethiyil, parambaraagatha samoohathinte arikilulla jeevithathodulla amgangalude manobhaavathe prathinidheekarikkunna swathanthravum vyakthiparavumaaya kavita pinthudarunnathaanu prasthaanatthinte savisheshatha.
eee padatthinte uthbhavam franchaanu. boudhika immaanuval beryl ithine sarriyalisathinte sthaapakariloraalaaya ezhuthukaaranum rashtreeya pravarthakanumaaya philipp supolt (1897-1990) aanu, addeham daadaasathinu pinnile prerakashakthikalil oraalaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, bolanoyude abhipraayathil, andrey brettan addehathe sarriyalistukalil ninnu purathaakkiyathinu sesham 1940-kalil roberto maattayaan eee peru aadyam srishtichathu. purathaakkappetta matta oru "infra realist" aayi maari, oru saahitya prasthaanamenna nilayil eee padam punarjanmam nedunnathuvare athu mathramaayirunnu. 1959ll aadyam prasidheekarichathum aadyathe infra realist maanifestoyil bolano paraamarshichathumaaya russian ezhuthukaaranaaya jeorji gurevichinte sayans fiction novalaaya "infra dragonis" ll ninnaan perinte uthbhavathekkurichulla moonnaamathe vivaranam kandethunnathu.
infra realisathinte prarambha ghattam, athinte ettavum pradhanappetta, 1977 ll papasquiero bolano europilekku pookunnathuvare neenduninnu, avar prasthaanatthinte thudakkakkaarum praadhamika nethaakkalumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1979-ll papasquiaro meksikoo nagaratthilekku madangiyethiyappol, 1998-ll addehathinte maranam vare addehathinte neethrthwathil eee prasthaanam veendum thudarnnu. nilavil, puthiyathum yadhaarthavumaaya amgangalude samyojanamaanu eee prasthaanam nilanirthunnathu.
prasthaanatthinte charithram.
1968ll, bhaaviyile infra realist kavikal ippozhum kuttikalum kaumaarakkaarum ayirikke, gustavo dias oordaasinte (instityooshanal revolutionary party, 1964-1970) presidentinte kaalath meksikkoyil vrithiketta yuddham ennu vilikkappedunna yuddham roopappedaan thudangi. athinte pradhana anantharafalangalil onnu naashanal autonomous yooniversitti oof meksikkoyude (yuu. enn. eiii. emm) siudad yooniversitteeriyayile tlatelolko koottakkolayaayirunnu, avide 300 muthal 400 vare vidyaarthikalum saadhaaranakkaarum sainyavum police kolappedutthi. 15 kaaranaya roberto bolano athe varsham thanne kudumbathodoppam chiliyil ninnu meksikoo sittiyilethi.
1970-ll luis echeveria alvares (instityooshanal revolutionary party, 1970-1976) meksikkoyil presidenti aayi. meksikkan janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum vrithiketta yudhathinte pradhana kuttavaalikalil oralaayi kanakkakkiya dias oordaasinte sarkkaarile aabhyantharathinte muun sekrattariyattaayirunnu addeham. meksikkoyile yuvakkal thirichupidikkaan, puthiya sarkkar sarvakalaashaalakalilum pothu sthaapanangalilum kalaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya varkshoppukal srishtikkunnathinu purame saamskaarika skolarshippukalude oru parambara sthaapichu. ivayil chilath prasidharaaya ezhuthukaaraaya augusto monteroso, alejandro aura ennivar aanu nadathiyathu. unaamile thathwachinthayudeyum aksharangaludeyum adhyapakar gadya, kavita silpashaalakal samghadippikkukayum gadyam, kavita, naadakam, upanyasa silpashaalakal enniva nadathunna saamskaarika vyaapana vakuppiloode "pundo dii partida" maasika prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. metropolittan svayambharana sarvakalashaalayil (yuu. eiii. emm) kooduthal varkshoppukal, kaasa dell lago saamskaarika kendratthil nadathunna kozhsukal, instityootto naashanal dii bellas artessil (naashanal instittyoott oof phine arts) saahityam padikkaan scholarshippukal enniva nadannu.
meksikoo nagaratthile saahitya shilpashaalakalude eee prakadanatthinidayil luis echeveriyayude sarkkaarinte avasaanathil infra realism uyarnnuvannu, ithu niravadhi yuvaakkale kavikalaayum novalistukalaayum vikasikkaan anuvadichu. avishkaara swaathanthryam, bhaashayude chaithanyam, kanvenshanukal lamghikkal ennivayil adhishtithamaaya oru puthiya saahitya prasthaanam srishtikkaan theerumaanichu. 1973ll chiliyile sambhavangalil ninnu ogastoo pinoshe oru attimariyiloode salvador alendale ninnu adikaaram etteduthathinushesham, bolano (munbu meksikkoyil 5 varsham thaamasichirunna oru chilian) meksikoo nagaratthile kaphe laa habanayil santiago papasquiero kandumutty, iruvarum thammilulla neenda sauhrudam aarambhichu, ithu infrarialismoyude thudakkathe adayaalappeduthi. bruno mondaane crebsinte veettilaanu eee prasthaanam audyogikamaayi sthaapithamaayathu. bolanoyude neethrthwathil nadanna yogathil naalppat perr pankedutthu. roberto bolano marrio santiago papasquiero eee padhathikku anuyojyamaanennu avar karuthiya mattu suhruthukkalumaayum kavikalumayum koodikkaazhcha aarambhichu.
attimarikal.
chilian ezhuthukaaranaaya carlos chimal parayunnathanusarichu, rajyath saamskaarika pravartthanangal prolsaahippikkunnathi president luis echeveriyayude nadapadikal meksikkoyude kalaa samoohathe "rund lokangalaayi dhruveekarichu uyarnna samskaaravum janapriya samskaaravum, randum sparsikkaan oru vazhiyumilla". eee lokangalil aadyathethu scholarshippukal nalkappedukayo sthaapana viplava party sarkkaaril ninnu eathenkilum vidhathil aanukoolyangal nedukayo cheytha kalakaaranmaare paraamarsikkunnu-udaaharanathinu, jose luis cuevas, fernando benits ennivar. infra realistukale sambandhichidatholam, eee groupil loka prashastharaaya ezhuthukaarum budhijeevikalum ulppedunnu, athaayath okdaaviyo paas allengil carlos monsiveys, avarkk echeveriyayude nerittulla pinthuna aavashyamillengilum samarppita vaayanakkaare valarthiyedukkukayum pradhana saahitya maasikakal nadathukayum nikuthi varumaanathil ninnu prayojanam nedukayum cheythu. mattoru paramavadhiyil, infra realistukal idathupaksha viplavavumaayi bandhappettathum kazhivukal vaangunnathum vilkkunnathum ethirtha kalakaaranmaar chernnathumaaya janapriya samskaarathinte lokamaayirunnu. aadya samghathile amgangal okdaaviyo paas ennu svayam thirichariyaan shramichappol, randaamathethu kavi ephran hurtayumaayi kooduthal aduppamullavaraayirunnu. infra realistukalude samakalikanaaya meksikkan ezhuthukaaranaaya carmen boulosa, rund grouppukalum ekathaanamaanennu sammathikkunnu, koodaathe rund grouppukalkkidayil sanjaricha oreyoru kavikal bolaanoyude suhruthum trotskyude kochumakalumaaya juvan pasco veronica volco maathramaayirunnuvenn oorkkunnu. ennirunnaalum, rund grouppukalum poornnamaayum vyathyasthamallenn boulosa vaadikkunnu.
swantham vaayanaykk pakaram, infra realistukal "uyarnna samskaara" thinte eee lokathulla kavikalude vaayana, pusthaka prakashanam, award daana chadangukal, pothu saahitya pravartthanangal enniva attimarichathinu perukettavaraayirunnu. eee attimarikalil aadyathethu prasthaanatthinte aditharaykku munbaanu nadannathu. 1973 avasaanathode, marrio santiago papasquiaroyum addehathinte suhruthu raamon mendez pankedukkunnavarude oppukal nedi unathile saamskaarika vyaapana vakuppile swantham kavita silpashaalayil ninnu juvan baanuyalosine purathaakkaan shramichu; ennirunnaalum oduvil avare purathaakki.
infra realistukal yogangalil eee pravrithikal aasoothranam cheythu. okdaaviyo paas ulppede vividha ezhuthukaarude sambhavangal avar attimarichu. 1976-nte thudakkathil, ephraine hurta makan david hurta oru vaayana avar attimarichu. pithavumaayi nalla bandham pulartthiyappol, kudumbapperude surakshita samrakshanathil vijayikkaan vidhikkapetta oru prathyekaavakaashamulla ezhuthukaaranaayi avar davidine kanakkakki. bolano maathramaan hurta attimariyil pankedutthathu. pinneedu eee pravrithikalil ninnu addeham svayam akannu, ennirunnaalum pravrithikal nadathiyathinu sheshavum suhruthukkalodu vishadaamshangal chodichu. varshangalkk sesham, 21 vayassinu thaazheyullavarkk nalkunna salvador novo scholarship labhikkuna sammana chadangu infra realistukal attimarikkumenn bhayappettathayi carmen boulosa sammathichu, ithu kazhinja varsham darrio galeeshyakkum labhichirunnu.
eee manobhaavangal kaaranam mattu kavikal avare bhayappedaanum verukkaanum thudangi. avar avare ahankaarikalaayum anaadaravullavaraayum kanakkaakkukayum akkaalathe sthaapitha prasidheekaranangalil ninnu avare ottappeduthaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. 1975ll, "laa kalchara enn meksikoo" ennathil "siemprey!" enna anubandham."carlos monsiveys edittu cheytha maasikayil, soshyalist fashion, amithamaya laingikatha, niravadhi puthiya, thudakkakkaraaya ezhuthukaarude roopam ennivayude falamaayi samakaalika meksikkan saahithyathile nilavaaratthile idivinekkurichu samsaaricha oru yuva hector agvilar camin, jose jovakvin blanco, enriq kraus ennivar niravadhi kolangal prasidheekarichu. blanco eee kolangalil infra realistukale vyakthamaayi vimarsikkaan thudangi, avar addehathe nerittu nerittu, ennaal ithavana bolano nerittu.
prasidheekaranangalum verthirivum.
1976 madhyathil okdaaviyo paas "excelsier attimari" ennariyappetta rashtreeya prasnangal kaaranam "bahuvachanam" maasika upekshichu.
roobert rodrigues baanosine maasikayude director thiranjedutthu, infra realistukalkku orikkal koodi sthaapitha maasikakalil prasidheekarikkaan avasaram labhichu. athe varsham octoberil, "bahuvachanam" nambar 61 ll, marrio santiago papasquiero beett kaviyum novalistumaaya richard brouttigante kavithakalude avalokanavum vivarthanavum prasidheekarichu. thudarnnu, desemberil, 63-aamm nambaril, papasquiroyil ninnulla editting aamukhavum koodaathe darrio galeeshya, maara larosa, ruban medina, kuwatemok mendez, jose peguero, papasquiro enniva ulkkollunna "seys jovens infrarialistus mexicanos" ("aarr yuva meksikkan infra realistukal") maasika prasidheekarichu. 1977 januvariyil roberto bolano 64-aamm nambaril prasidheekarichu.
infra realistukal 1976-ll spanish kaviyum pathrapravartthakanumaaya juvan servera saanchisinte oru aamukham ulkkollunna "pajaro dii calore, oacho kavias infraariyalistaas" ("choodinte pakshi, ettu infra realist kavikal") enna avarude swantham samahaaravum prasidheekarichu. meksikoo aasthaanamaayulla addeham, bolano papasquiero avarude infra realist metingukal nadatthiya kaphe laa habanayude sthiram jeevanakkaaranaayirunnu, koodaathe infraasukalude yuvathva oorjjathodu anubhavam prakadippikkukayum cheythu.
pajaro dii calore" prasidheekarikkunnathinna thottumunbu, eee prasidheekaranatthinte oru kavithayil vyakthamaakkiyathupole, bolanoyude kaamukiyaya lisa jonson addehavumaayi bandham verpeduthi. verpeduthi madhyathil meksikoo vittathinushesham amma thaamasichirunna barsalonayilekku bolano purappedunnathinu ithoru pradhana kaaranamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pookunnathinumumbu, addeham edittoriyal extemporanosumaayi "machachos desnudos bajo ell arcoiris dii fugo" prasidheekarikkaan oru karaarilethi. orikkal jovens kavi latinoamericanos ("theeyude mazhavillinu keezhil nagnaraaya aankuttikal". pathinonnu yuva laattin american kavikal), luis surdias, hernan lavin serda, jorjju pimental, orlando gillen, beltran morals, fernando neetto cadena, julian gomez, enriq verastegui, marrio santiago papasquairo, bruno monten, bolano enniva ulkkollunna kavithakalude samahaaram. 1979 joolaiyil prasidheekaricha eee pusthakatthinte aamukham mygual donoso parejayaan, athil ephraine hurta oru bhagam adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe infraariyalistukalude aaa kaalaghattatthil ninnu poornnamaayum prasaadhakarkk pakaram avarkk panam nalkia aadya pusthakamaanith.
1977ll roberto bolano meksikoo vittu, taamasiyaathe bruno mondaane barsalonayil veendum kandumutty. maruvashathu, marrio santiago papasquiero kurachukaalam pareesilekkum israelilekkum pooyi. meksikoo nagaratthil thudarnna infrakale veendum groupucheyyaan sramichathum athe samayam vidavaangalinte pratheekathmaka pravarthanavumaaya ruban madeena jose peguiroy aaa varsham october/novemberil "correspondencia infra" maasikayude orotta lakkathinte prasidheekaranam kaikaaryam cheythu. maasikaykku ayyayiram koppikal prachaaratthilundaayirunnu, athil valare kurachu yadhaartha koppikal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo, koodaathe bolano ezhuthiya "maanifistoo infraariyalista" ("infraariyalist manifesto"), papasquieroyude "konsejos dii ann diskipulo dii marks eiii anaan faanattikko dii hydegger" ("maarksinte oru shishyante upadesham oru hydegger mathabhraanthan") enna kavitayum ulppedunnu. papasquiaro kaasa dell lagoile alejandro aurayude varkshoppil pathivayi vanna divasangalil ezhuthiya eee kavita, ippol speyinil thamasikkunna addehathinte suhruthu bolanoyude aadya novalinte thalakkettin prachodanamaayi pravarthichu "konsejos dii ann diskipulo dii morrison eiii anaan faanattikko dii joys" ("morisante oru sishyan oru joys mathabhraanthanod nalkia upadesham"), oru joyis mathabhraanthanumaayi sahakarichu ezhuthiyathaanu. jii. porta. maasikayude kavithakalkk avayude shailiyilulla vaividhyam savisheshamaayirunnu.
thudarnnulla varshangalil.
bolano, papasquiero, mondaane ennivar poyathinu sheshamulla varshangalil mattu infra realistukal meksikoo nagaram vidaan theerumaanichu. bhooribhaagavum kalaparamaaya pravarthanangalkkaayi svayam samarppichenkilum chilar maathramaan saahityajeevitham thudarnnathu. ruban madeena amerikkayil saahityam padikkaan pooyi; haaringtan sinima padikkaan chiliyilekku madangi; jelles lebrija tijuvanayil thamasikkaan pooyi; peel divina paareesilekk; mendus sahodaranmaar avarude janmanaadaaya moreliayilekku madangi, avide avar pathrapravartthanatthil jolie cheyyukayum oru kaalathekku bakermaaraayi jolie cheyyukayum cheythu; jose visenta anaya naalu varshathekku meksikkoyil chuttikkarangaan svayam samarppichu; lorena dii laa rocha classical sangeetha rachana naadakavum thiranjedutthu; larosa sahodarimaar meksikoo nagaratthil thaamasichu, vera nrithathinum naadakatthinum marra chithrakalaykkum svayam samarppichu.
1977ll bolano papascuarioyum europilekku purappettathode prasthaanatthinte aadya ghattam avasaanichenkilum 1979ll papascuario meksikoo cityilekku madangiyethiyappol pazhaya suhruthukkalumaayum puthiya infra realistukalumaayum koodikkaazhcha aarambhichu. 1980 eprilinum 1981 februveric idayil, orlando gillen edittu cheytha "leeii prosa" maasikayude moonnu lakkangalil eee puthiya infraalistukalude koottatthil ninnulla kavithakal prathyakshappettu. 1980 januvariyil unam pusthakakadayil "thalamurakalude yogam" enna peril nadanna oru paripaadiyil okdaaviyo paas orennathinu irayaayathode irayaayathode attimarikal thudarnnu.
1984 novemberinum 1990 joolaiykkum idayil infra realistukal "calandria dii tolvaneras" enna peril oru kavita laghulekha prasidheekarichu, athil roberto bolano, bruno mondaane thudangiya muthirnna amgangalude kavithakalum ulppedunnu. 1992 maarchinum 1993 januvarikkum idayil, orlando gillen edittu cheytha "soneropuverto" maasikayude niravadhi lakkangalil vividha infra realistukal prasidheekarichu. 1992 maarchil avar avar 2000lum rund lakkangalulla "laa zora vuelve alle galinero" enna maasika prasidheekarichu. ennirunnaalum, pinneedulla lakkangal 1998ll maricha papasquairo illaathe aayirunnu. addehathinte maranathinu oru pathittaandin sesham, marrio raul guzman, papaskviyoyude vidhavayaya rebecca lopus ennivar "jetta dii saanto" prasidheekarichu. paappaaskvariyoyude 161 kavithakal samaaharicha "antologia poyatikka <aii. dii. 1>".
barsalonayil oru novelistaayi svayam sthaapikkukayum edittoriyal anagraamaykkaayi niravadhi kruthikal prasidheekarikkukayum cheythukondu pazhaya infra realistukalil ninnu bolano ettavum valia anthaaraashtra anthass nediyennathil samshayamilla. eee prasidheekaranangalude sradheyamaaya vijayangal speyininte premio heralde nediyathum meksikoo nagaratthile infraariyalistukalumayu addehathinte jeevithathil ninnu nerittu prachodanam ulkkondathumaaya dhaa sevej detectives enna novalum spain, chili, america ennividangalil avaardukal nediya 2666, meksikkoyilum chithreekarichathaayirunnu.

