norman gopuram (sent edmunds kuzhichiduka)

sent jaims gettu ennum ariyappedunna norman gopuram, sappolkkile sent edmunds cathedralil, sent edmunds kuzhichittidunna verthiricha bell gopuramaanu. panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkathil nirmmicha, grave sent edmandukalude vishalamaaya madatthinte kavaadamaayi, madatthinte avasheshikkunna rund gadanakalil onnaanith, mattonn vadakku 150 meter akaleyulla abbe gettu aanu. ekadesham 200 meter kizhakkayi eee madam thanne avashishtangalilaayaan sthithicheyyunnathu. romanesk kaalaghattatthile phalatthil maattamillaatha ghadana enna nilayil, gopuram onnaam grade listtucheytha kettidavum oru shedule cheytha purathana smaarakavumaanu. kizhakkan aamgliyayile ettavum mikacha norman gadanakalilonnaayi eee gopuram kanakkaakkappedunnu.
charithram.
madhyakaalakhattam.
1120 muthal 1148 vare palliyilekkulla pradhana kavaadamaayi sent edmundsile kuzhimaadatthile madaadhipathiyaaya aansleminte aabhimukhyathilaanu gopuram nirmmichathu. europile ettavum valia madhyakala pallikalilonnaaya eee palliyude neelam athinte padinjaaran attathu veethiyullathaayirunnuvennu parayaam. madhyakaalakhattathil abbiyude groundil sent denis charchu, sent merii charchu ennee rund pallikal nirmikkappettu.
sent denis palli 1135-ll sent jayimsinte palliyayi punarnirmmikkappedukayum pinneedu sent edmundsbury cathedralaayi maarukayum gopuratthinte chuvarukalil ninnu oru kallu valichidukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla noottaandukalil rund pallikalum niravadhi thavana punarnirmmikkappettum madangal pirichuvidunnathuvare gopuratthil kaaryamaaya mattamundaayilla.
1539-ll henry VIII-nte utharavanusarichu abbe pirichuvittu, eee samayam muthal, gopuratthinte praadhamika uddeshyam ippol svanthamaayi gopuramillattha sent jaims palliyude bell tavaraayirunnu. saampsan gopuram ennariyappedunna padinjaaran munnaniyude oru bhagam pole, abbiyude kizhakkan attathe avashishtangal ippozhum ippozhathe cathedralinu pinnil nilanilkkunnu. chila samayangalil, vellapokkam thadayunnathinaayi palliyude chuttumulla nilam uyarthukayum gopuram ippol theruvu nilatthinu ekadesham 6 adii thazheyaayi irikkukayum cheiyunnu.
18-umm 19-umm noottaandukal.
1798ll gopuratthinte padinjaaran bhaagath ninnu timpanam neekkam cheiyunnathinupurame, pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham vare gopuram athinte yadhaartha roopam nilanirtthi. ennirunnaalum, 1809 aayappozhekkum, kuzhimaadatthileyum norvichu posttileyum oru report swaadheenichukondu gopuratthinte gadanaaparamaaya samagrathayekkurichulla aashankakal vyaapakamaayi. gopuratthile manikal sent marries palliyilekku neekkam cheyyanamennu report nirddeshichu, kaaranam munny muzhangunnathaanu gopuratthinte apakadakaramaaya avasthaykku kaaranamenn vishwasikkappedunnu. reportinte nirddeshangal nadappakkappettilla.
1811 epril 6 nuu sent jaims edavakayude yogathil, oru praadeshika vaasthusilpiyaaya misttar reesiyane gopuratthinu oru puthiya melkoora sthaapikkaan chumathalappeduthanamennu theerumaanichu. 260 poundaayirunnu chelavu. melkkoorayil ninnu nilavilulla leed neekkam cheiyunnathinulla pravartthanangal udan thanne aarambhichu, ennaal epril 15 nuu, rekhappeduthaatha kaaranangalal, misttar kshama addehathinte karaaril ninnu eduthukalanju. athinaal gopuram gadakangalkkaayi thurannittu. praadeshika marappanikkaranaaya jaims tompson, aadyam misttar shamaykku vittukodutha jolie poortthiyaakkaan pallivaazhikal utharavittu, koodaathe addehathinu shambalam labhikkunnathin munbu rund praadeshika nirmmathaakkal addehathinte jolie poortthiyaakkukayum cheyyum. 1811 desemberil punny poortthiyaayi, pakshe niravadhi varshathekku tompsoninu shambalam labhikkathe varikayum athinte falamaayi edavakaye kodathiyilekku kondupookukayum cheythu.
bhagika thakarchayum punarudhaaranavum.
1818 november 5 nuu ring cheythathinetthudarnnu, kavaada kamaanatthinte kizhakkan mukhatthinte oru bhagam thakarnnu, ithu gopuratthil valia villalukal prathyakshappedaan kaaranamaayi, ithu gadanayude muzhuvan uyaravum vyapippichu. munny muzhangiyathine veendum kuttappedutthi. saahacharyathinte gauravam prakadamaanengilum, villalukal pothinjathaayum ring veendum aarambhichathaayum maanyanmaarude maasikayile reportukal soochippichu. 
1840ll pallivrithukkal sandarshikkunna aarkkitekt vilyam rencharodu abhiprayam chodichappol aashankakal thirichuvannu. aaa varsham joolaiyil avatharippicha addehathinte reportil, kedupaadukal nannaakkaamenkilum, munny muzhangunnathiloode athu kooduthal vashalaakkaamenn prasthaavichu. manikal udan nishabdamaakkiyittundo ennu rekhappeduthiyittil, ennaal 1842 augustil shmashaanathilum norvichu posttilum oru report manikal muzhakkaruthenn paranju. 1818ll nirmmicha plaasttar neekkam cheythathadakkam gopuram parisodhikkaan orazhchayilereyaayi chelavazhicha luis nocols coatingham nadatthiya parisodhanaye thudarnnaanu report.
rund aarkkitektukal ippol munny muzhakkaruthenn upadeshichenkilum, 1843 octoberil gopuratthil ninnu kallu veenathinethudarnnu edavaka oduvil pravarthanatthinu nirbandhithamaakunnathuvare onnum cheythilla. kottingaaminte report gopuratthinullil mathilukal bandhippikkunnathin valia kaast irumbu bandhangal gadippikkaan shupaarsha cheythu, ithu addeham aduthide hereford cathedralile gopuratthil melnottam vahichu. gopuratthinte thuniyude bhagamaaya gopuratthinte mathilukalkk sameepamulla rund veedukal polikkaanum addeham nirddeshichu, angane thuni shariyaayi nannakkaan kazhiyum. oduvil, 1818ll bhaagikamaayi takarnna kizhakkan kamaanathinu oru paala kendram upayogichu punarnirmmikkendathund. coatingham eee paniyude chelavu 2,370 poundu aayi kanakkakki.
punny thudangaan pathukkeyaayirunnu. 1844ll rund veedukalum polichumaattiyenkilum 1845 septambar vare gopuratthinte punny aarambichilla, kizhakkan kamaanathinu keezhil oru paalam kendram sthaapichu. 1846 eprilode, thekkukizhakkan moolayil 25 adii ashlar punarnirmikkunnathum paalam kendram nilavilundaayirunnathil kizhakkan kamaanam neekkam cheiyunnathum ithuvare nadanna purogathiyil ulppettittundennu aipsvichu jenal report cheythu. tye beam gadippikkuka, lauvarukalude attakuttappanikal, puthiya corbell kothupanikal, gumbadangal neekkam cheyyuka, battilmentukal maattisthaapikkuka ennivayaayirunnu mattu pravartthanangal. punny poortthiyaakkaan 3 varshameduthu, 1848 desember 11 nuu aipsvichu jenalil report cheythathupole, veendum thurakkapettu.
vaasthuvidya.
akkaalathe norman kettidangalude savisheshathayaaya gopuratthinte nirmmaanam ganyamaanu, iruvashathum neelamullathum kattiyullathumaya mathilukal undu. naalu gattangal chernna gopuram uyaramullathaanu, padinjaarum kizhakkum vashangalil valuthum valuthumaaya rund kamaanangalund. padinjaaran mukhathu nirmmaanathilulla oru poomukham poleyaanu, oru gable, resessed kamaanam, malsya skeyil polulla kothupanikalaal alankarichirikkunnu. kavaadatthinte iruvashathum billatt alankaaram ulkkollunna rund thalatthilulla sthalangalundu. kizhakkan kamaanam kooduthal samathalamaan, ippozhum akannunilkkunnu, pakshe gable illa.
kizhakkan mukhathu moonnennam uyaramulla shoonyamaaya kamaanangalund, randaamathe ghattathil madhya kamaanam ozhike, randilum valia janaalakalund, vadakkan, thekkan mukhangalil rund kamanangal maathrameyulloo, athil onnil maathrame oru janalayullu. padinjaaran mukham veendum kooduthal vipulamaanu, rund shoonyamaaya kamanangal avaykkullil adangiyirikkunnu, oru aarkkedin samanamaaya oru jody murivulla kamanangal.
moonnaamathe ghattam naalu mukhangalilum samaanamaan, moonnu aazhathilulla vindo ooppaningukal, kolanettukalum billatt alankaarathodukoodiya hood achukalum kondu vibhajichirikkunnu. thurassukalude thaazhe jodiyakkiya shoonyamaaya kamaanangalund. naalaamathe ghattam samaanamaan, thurassukalude thaazheyulla shoonyamaaya kamaanangalude jody ozhike, shoonyamaaya roundalukal undu, naalam ghattathil thurassukalum louver cheythirikkunnu.
1840-kalil gopuratthinte punarudhaarana velayil nirmmicha roopakalppanayil upayogapradamaaya oru lalithamaaya kallu paarapett gopuratthinu mukalilundu, ithu oru shabda vilakku maraykkunnu. gopuratthinte oro mukhathum rund playin batrasukalundu, oro vashathum onnu. thekk-padinjaaran batrasil steyar gopuram adangiyirikkunnu, ithu ring chamber, belfree, melkoora ennivayilekku praveshanam nalkunnu. gopuram eathaandu poornnamaayum barnack kallaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu.
manikal.
1553ll anchu 'valia manikal' rekhappeduthappettathaanu norman gopuratthile manikalude aadyakaala rekha. grettu bell' nte sthaapakar anjjaatharaanu, ennaal 1711 ll norvichile thomas neuman tainer punarnirmmichathaayi ariyappedunnu, athe varsham thanne puthuthayi kaast cheytha treble upayogichu munny aarayi vardhippichu.
1785ll daunhaam maarkkattile thomas oosboon adhika lohamkond avaye patthu valayamaakki. 1734ll joonn vilyams winchester cathedralinaayi nirmmicha athijeevicha framinu samanamaaya oru valia thadi framil 1785ll oosboon nirmmicha patthu kaast mothiram thookkiyidukayum cheythu.
patthu manikk purame moonnu clock bellukalum undaayirunnu madhyakaalakhattathil oru anjjaatha sthaapakan erinja oru manikkoor bell, kaalmanikoor, athilonnu 1580ll steefan tonn erinjathum mattonn 1664ll mattoru anjjaatha sthaapakan erinjathum. erinjathum 1843num idayil gopuram punasthaapichappol eee moonnu clock bellukal polichu sent jaims palliyude vadakke idanaazhiyil sookshichu, kaaranam patthu munny valayathile kwaarttezhsine adikkaan clock krameekarichirunnu. sent jayimsinte fundile kammi nikathunnathinaayi eee moonnu manikalum pinneedu vittu, avaa evideyaanennu anjjaathamaanu.
1879 november 10 nuu, weils raajakumaarante janmadinam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi 3h20 meettaril ettavum bharameriya ettu manikalil 5,040 grandsire triples ring cheythukondu, manikalilum gopuratthilumulla aadyathe poornna peel aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1895 vare patthilum aadyathe poornna peel pinthudarnnilla, 3h 40 meettaril kent treble bob royalinte 5,000 mattangal. aadyatheyum randaam lokamahaayudhathileyum varshangal ozhike, ettavum bharam kuranja naalu manikalum tenarum veendum thookkikkoduthathinethu 1902-ll pathiv poornna peelukal aarambhichu. 1960 kalude avasaanathode, kaalaharanappettathum kaalaharanappettathumaya fittingukal upayogichu aadhunika loha frameukalude kaadinyam illaatha oru framil thookkiyidunna manikal ring cheiyunnathu kooduthal budhimuttaayi.
thalphalamaayi, munny muzhakkunnath eluppavum kooduthal samgeethaparavumaakkuka enna lakshyathode dhanasamaharanam manikale poornnamaayum punasthaapikkaan thudangi. 1977ll, manikal neekkam cheyth lofberoyile joonn tailor & kambaniyilekku punasthaapikkunnathinaayi ayachu. foundariyilirikkumbol, avayellaam punarnirmmikkukayum avayude peerankikal neekkam cheyyukayum chakrangal ozhikeyulla ellah puthiya fittingukalum nirmmikkukayum cheythu, avaa naveekarichu. oru puthiya kaast irumbum urukkum frame nirmmikkukayum tailors nirmmikkukayum oosbooninte 1785 framinekkaal kurachu thazheyaayi sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1680 muthal joonn darby pazhaya framil avasheshichirunna manikkoor munny ozhike, retooninginu sheshamulla manikal puthiya framil veendum thookkiyidappettu. punakrameekaranatthinum niyamangal neekkam cheiyunnathinumulla sheshavum, tainer bellinu 27 neelamulla sii. dablyu. tii 2 kyu. aarr. ezz 5 poundu (3,085 poundu allengil 1,399 kilogram) bhaaramund, ithu sii #enna nottil adikkunnu.
2006 muthal 2009 vare sent edmundsbury deenaayirunna neel collingsinte anthyam, 2010 juun 26 nuu, pathuperude mothiram panthrandaayi vardhippikkanamenna aagraham, cathedralinum ringezhsinum thante darshanam poortthiyaakkaanulla aagraham nalki. thudarnnu, aavashyamaaya 40,000 poundu samaharikkunnathinaayi aaa varshavasaanam oru 'norman tower' appeel aarambhichu. gopuratthile ettavum bharameriya ettu manikal upayogikkunnathinekkaal, parichayasampannarallaathavar ettu enna bharam kuranja valayam muzhakkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi rund adhika treble manikalum, valayam panthrandaayi vardhippikkukayum, pathimoonnaam maniyum (oru semiton) padhathi ulppeduthi.
1977ll norman gopuratthil jolie cheythirunna joonn tailor & kambaniye munny idaanum fittingukal vitharanam cheyyaanum 1977 frame vipuleekarikkanum kshanichu. 2011 septambaril laubaroyile tailor foundariyil vecha rund puthiya trebleukal desemberil norman towerylake athichu, 2012 njaayarazhcha cathedralile samarppana sevanam thudarnnu. rund puthiya manikalkku vestti bell, stannard bell ennu perittu, avaa sambhavana cheytha kudumbangalude perilaanu. eee vardhanavu vestt safokinu panthrandinte aadya valayam nalki; safokkile panthrand valayangal maathramaan grundisburgilum aipsvichile sent merii-leeii-towerilum undaayirunnathu.
pathimoonnaamatthe munny 2013 ll tailors erinju, ringile aaraamatheyum ezhaamatheyum (eiii #) manikalkkidayil irikkunna oru munny, 'phlait aaraamatheth' (bii naachural) aayirunnu, onpathaam tenaraayi upayogichu ettu ring nalkunnathinaayi, puthiya phlait aaraamathethin pakaram saadhaarana aaraamatheth. ithu 11 neelamulla cwt 1 qr 27 lb (1,287 lb allengil 584 kilogram) tenerulla ettu ring nalkunnu, ithu ettavum bharameriya ettu upayogikkunnathinekkaal adhyaapanathinu anuyojyamaanu, ithinu ekadesham 27 neelamulla cwt tainer undaakum (mukalil kaanuka).
2018-ll, ringerukal chakrangal maattisthaapikkunnathina dhanasamaharanam aarambhichu, avaa 1902-leeii rehangingle avasaanamaayi maattisthaapichu, 1977-ll maathram naveekarichu. puthiya chakrangal upayogichu ettavum bharameriya patthu manikal vitharanam cheiyunnathinu ekadesham 14,000 poundu chelavaakum. raajyathe oosbooninte srishtikalude ettavum mikacha udaaharanamaayi manikal kanakkaakkappedunnu.
samanamaaya gopurangal.
europe bhookhandathilennapole saadhaaranamallengilum, yunaittad kingdatthile chila pallikalilum katheedralukalilum ippozhum verthiricha bell towerukalundu, ennaal chilathinu kuzhimaadangalkk thulyamaaya valippamo scalilo valayangalundu. praadeshika edavaka palliyude ring nalkunna ivesham abbeyude avasheshikkunna eaka bhagamaaya ivesham bell tower; ellah vishudharude palliyudeyum verthiricha gopuramaaya inverray bell tower; chesttar cathedralinteyum chichasttar cathedralinteyum verthiricha bell towerukal enniva ithil ulppedunnu.

