
russian neoclassical punarujjeevanam

1905 leeii viplavathinum onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappedunnathum edayilulla pramukha vasthuvidyaa shailiyaayi ecclexicisathinum art novuvinum pakaram russian navashaasthreeya punarujjeevanam russian samskaarathile oru pravanathayaayirunnu, ithu russian kavithayude velli yugavumaayi sahavarthikkunnu. classical oordarukalude mithamaaya prayogavum pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya paadatthile russian saamrajya shailiyude paarambaryavumaayi puthiya saankethikavidyakalude (steel frame reinforced konkreettum) layanamaan ithinte savisheshatha.
neoclassical revival school ettavum sajeevamaayath sent peettezhsbargilum moscoyilum mattu nagarangalilum kuravaayirunnu. adambara raajya estettukalkkum uyarnna klaas appaartment blokkukalkkum oafees kettidangalkkum eee shaili oru saadhaarana thiranjeduppaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, palliyilum sarkkar vaasthuvidyayilum ithu praayogikamaayi nilavilundaayirunnilla. 1870-kalil janicha neoclassical aarkkitektukal, aidi1-ll (ivaan foomin, vladymyr shuko, ivaan soltovsky) avarude ettavum uyarnna pravarthanathiletthiyavar pinneedu 1930-kalile staalinist vaasthuvidyayile pramukha vyakthikalayi maarukayum soviyatt vasthuvidyaa vidyaabhyaasa samvidaanathe roopappeduthukayum cheythu.
shailiyude uthbhavam.
pashchaathalam.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, russian vaasthuvidyayil (kuranjathu moscoyil) art novuvinte praadeshika pathippaya "vaividyamaarnnathum protean" shailiyilulla aadhunika "aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnu. eee shaili 1900-1904 ll uyarnnu, classical kramam nishedhikkunnathilum, valanja aakruthikalum, pushpa aabharanangalum, chelaveria kalaasrishtikalum ozhukunnathilum ithu prakadamaayi. uyarnna chelavum baahya puthumayum eee sailiye uyarnna klaas maalikakal, retail storukal, madhyavarga appaartment blokkukal ennivayilekku parimithappedutthi. pala uyarnna klaas klayantukalum, prathyekichu sent peettezhsbargilevar, "stail moden" nirasikkukayum avarude pazhaya svarnnathinte prathichaayaykku anuyojyamaaya parambaraagatha, neoclassical designukal nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. art novo orikkalum "saarvathrika" padaviyil athiyilla sabha russian punarujjeevana paarambaryatthe aashrayichirunnu, athesamayam jeevakaarunya pravartthakarum bhooribhaagam veettudamakalum saambathika "chuvanna ishtika" ecclectism upayogichu. 1870-1880kalile muscovite neo-greak eathaandu marannupoyi, roman kleyininte pushkin museum (1898-1912) ozhivaakkappettu. athesamayam, russian pattanangalude madhya chathurangal roopappeduthiya niravadhi saamrajya shailiyilulla cathedralukal, pothu kettidangal, alexandrine kaalaghattatthile swakaarya maalikakal enniva nepolian yudhangaludeyum russian kavithakaludeyum mahathaaya yugavumaayi bandhapetta klaasikkisatthinte sarvvyaapiyaaya, aakarshakamaaya prasthavanayaayi thudarnnu.
1902-ll, raktharookshithamaaya njaayaraazhchaykk rund varsham munbu, sent peettezhsburg athinte dvishathaabdi aaghoshikkaan thayyaaredukkumbol. mirr iskusstwa grouppinte shabdamullah aadhunikavaada virudha pravarthakanaaya alexander benois, art noveyum "audyogika" russian punarujjeevanavum nirasichukondu, classical nagaram athinte verukalilekku madanganamennu vaadichu sent peettezhsbarginte classical paarambaryatthe prathirodhichu. athe varsham thanne, oottoo vaagnarine evjeni bongarner prathyekamaayi vimarshichu "upayogapradamaaya aalilekk chaayumbol, addeham oru vyakthamaaya asambandhathilekku veezhunnu. praayogikamallaatha onnum manoharamayirikkilla" enna prasthavanayumaayi samakaalika vaasthushilpi "poruthappedanamennu" addeham nirddeshikkunnu, atharam vikaarathode prashamsikkappedunna vasthuvidyaa kalaye oru praayogika karakaushalathinte thalatthilekku thaazhthunnu... professor wagnerude sidhaantham soundarya aathmahathya nirddeshikkunnu. manushyante kaazhchaykk nalla prakasham aavashyamullathupole manushya athmaavinum vasthuvidyaa soundaryam aavasyamaanu.".
vikasanam.
practies cheiyunna aarkkitektukal benoisine pinthudarnnu; udaaharanathinu, 1903-ll art noviewile vijayakaramaya 30-kaaranaya ivaan foomin, poornnamaayum neoclassical, palladian vaasthuvidyayilekku maarukayum swantham pradeshathu neoclassism parisheelikkunnathinaayi moscoyil ninnu sent peettezhsbargilekku madangukayum cheythu; pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil addehathinte padanangal, 1911-leeii charitra vaasthuvidyayude pradarshanatthil kalashala kalaparamaaya kalayodulla vishalamaaya pothu thaalpparyathe thudarnnu. neoclassisathinte aashayaparamaaya prasthavana eee padavum 1909-ll benois serji makovsky chernnu "appolon" maasikayil kooduthal vikasippichu.
nostaaljik kantri estettukalilum uyarnna klaas dauntaun appaartment kettidangalilum ninnu aarambhich puthiya shaili nirddishta sthalangal etteduthu. 1914 aayappozhekkum skoolukalkkum kolejukalkkum ithu mungananayulla thiranjeduppaayi maari. moscoyil, pazhaya naadaka paarambaryam thudarunna kaalaghattatthile "ellah" puthiya sinimaasangalum neoclassical sailiyilaanu nirmmichathu. neoclassistukal vijayam aakhoshichu "kekushevineppolulla aarkkidekttukalude prakopithavum 'swabhaavaparavum' kalapam niranjathumaaya 'aadhunika sramangaleyum athupole thanne skitchel polulla aarkkidekttukalude manja ishtikayude thilakkamaarnna mathilukal abhimukeekarikkunna lalithamaaya gadanakaleyum vaasthuvidyayile classical pravanathakal maatti."ithavana, ashayam 19-aamm noottaandile ellah vaividhyamaarnna shailikalkkum virudhamaayi, samrakshanavaadathil ninnu oru puthiya, aarogyakaramaya kalaye roopappeduthunnathilekku maari. "oru vyathyaasamundaayirunnu, pakshe oru kuthichuchaattamalla, neoclassisathinte prashnam manassilaakkunnathinte sookshumatha ivideyaanu."
art novyooyude nishedham.
soviyatt kalaa vimarshakarude oru pothu ashayam neoclassical punarujjeevanathe 1905 leeii viplavathinte saamoohika njettalumaayi bandhippichu; eee ashayam vaasthuvidyayilekku churungukayum lokamembaadum kooduthal parishkarikkappedukayum cheythu. sii. brumfield, art novouvinethiraaya oru professional prathikaranamaayi 1905-1914 vaasthuvidyayile neoclassisathe kanakkakkunnu. 1905leeii russian viplavathaal kulungiya samooham "art novuvine faashante shanikathayaayi thallikkalanju", vaasthuvidyayil mithathwam palikkaan theerumaanichu. shathruthayude avasaanathode, mithamaaya neoclassism bhoothakaalathinte athirukadathalinu dhaarmmikamaayi sveekaaryamaaya badalaayi uyarnnuvannu. 1905 nuu munbu, sent peettezhsburg aarkkitektukal neoclassical punarujjeevanathil 30 kettidangal poortthiyaakki (nilavilulla neoclassical kettidangalude ekadesham 5 sathamaanam). anchu varshathinide, <aii. dii. 1> 140 puthiya kettidangal koottichertthu. 1910 aayappozhekkum, seyint peettezhsburg neoclassical punarujjeevanavum art novuvum (puthiya kettidangal samarambhikkukayum poortthiyaakkukayum cheiyunnathinte kaaryatthil) thammilulla santhulithaavasthayilethi. saarvathrikavum eluppathil punarnirmmikkaavunnathu classical niyamangalude koottatthe ivaan foomin prathyekamaayi prashamsichu, eee thozhil ekeekarichu "shaili roopappedumbol, thalasthaanatheyum pravisyakalileyum ellah yajamananmarum parasparam anukarikkaan bhayappedaathe ore lakshyathinaayi pravarthichu. ithil shakthiyude urappumund."
1914 aayappozhekkum punarujjeevanavaadikal vyakthamaayi vijayichuvenkilum avarude vijayam saarvathrikamayirunnilla. alexandrine kaalaghattatthile adimathathinteyum sainikavalkkaranathinteyum pratheekamaayi budhijeevikalil valiyoru vibhaagam saamrajya sailiye veruthirunnu. malinamaaya arakyev kaalaghattatthile aadambarangalodulla mohavum ippol swathanthraraaya dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal anubavikkunna jeevithathinte ellah kadinathayum" () ennu iliya repin ithine parasyamaayi apalapichu.
eccexitisathinu badal.
samakaalika aabhyanthara ezhuthukaar mukalil vivaricha ashayathe oru amithamaya lalithavalkkaranamayi thallikkalayunnu. art novouvinethiraaya prathikaranam nilaninnirunnu, pakshe neoclassical punarujjeevanathinu pinnile oru dvitheeya, sparsana ghadakam mathramaayirunnu athu. 1902lum 1909lum benois prasthavanakal pothuve ecclexicism enna prathyayashaasthrathe lakshyamittaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathile neoclassism oru ethiraaliyude sailiye nishedhikkunnathinappuram, athinte ellah roopangalilum oru aarogyakaramaya kalarangam srishtikkunnathaayi nadichu. rund shailikalkkidayil vyakthamaaya athirthi illenna vastutha eee kaazhchappaadine parokshamaayi pinthunaykkunnu. oottoo wagner, gustav klimtt ennivayil ninnu aarambhicha art noview kalakaaranmaar greak paithrukathe aashrayichu. neoclassical aarkkitektukal interior, eksteeriyar finishukalil ore gessamptconst sameepanam pinthudarukayum ore karakaushalathozhilaalikalum faaktarikaludeyum joliye aasrayikkukayum cheythu. aarkkidekttukalum (feoder sketchtel) chithrakaaranmaarum (mistislaavu dobusinsky) rund shailikaludeyum shudhamaaya udaaharanagal srishtichu. maasikayude vimarsanam undaayirunnittum, 1917 leeii russian viplavam vare vividha tharatthilulla art noview nilaninnu, ithu ellah nirmmaanangalum poornnamaayum nirtthi.
1902 leeii maasika prachaaranatthinu varshangalkk munbu art novayu shaishavaavasthayilaayirikkum sent peettarbargile neoclassical padhathikal uyarnnuvannathu. 1900ll russian ethnographic myusiyavum 1901ll petrovskaaya karayum 1896ll pothu library sthaapichu.
parambaraagatha aashayathil uyarnna klayantukalude praadhaanyavum avarude abhiruchikalum tharkkavishayamaan. aarkkitektukal lalithamaaya kararukar aayirunnilla palarum sambannaraaya property developermaaraayirunnu, avarude swantham panam (roman clain, nikita lazarev, ernst nirnsi) vaathuvepp nadatthi. aarkkidekttukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi nikshepakarkku baadhyathayillaatha ezhuthukaarudeyum chithrakaaranmaarudeyum neethrthwathilulla kalayile vishalamaaya prasthaanatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu avar. kalakaaranmaar thanne pothujanangalude abhiruchikal maatti.
phiin dii siyekkilinte pariharikkaanaavaattha prathisandhiyil ninnu purathukadakkaan sramikkunna oru valia pravanathayayi saamraajyashailiyude punarujjeevanathe samakaalikar vyakthamaayi thiricharinju; art novayum pothuve shayavum ettavum kuranja bheeshanikalaayi kanakkakkappettu. 1910-ll nikkolaay berdayev prasthaavichathupole, "aadhunika yugam goytheyude raankukalil cherunnu... vardhichuvarunna duranthangalkkethiraaya vyakthamaaya prathikaranam-neesheyudeyum adhehathinteyum ubermenshinteyum durantham, marxinteyum addehathinte soshyalist vidhidivasathinteyum durantham, adhapathanathinte agaadhathayilekku veezhunna durantham."
shaili nirvachikkapettu.
laalithyathinte punarnirmmaanam.
kettidatthinte pravartthanatthe aashrayich, adambara maalikakalile shudheekaricha palladian paarambaryam muthal upayogapradamaaya appaartment blokkukalude upariplavavum aazhamillaathathumaaya alankaarangal vare shailiyude parishudhi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. eee kettidangalellaam oru savisheshatha pankidunnu "laalithyathinte punarnirmmaanam. adisthaana aakruthikalude jyamiti, vrithiyulla prathalangal... pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil nashtappetta samagrathayum smaarakathvavum thirike nalki... pothuvidyaabhyaasam, pothuvidyaabhyaasam, krithrimavidyaabhyaasam, manushyashaasthraparamaaya karyangal, manushyashaasthraparamaaya karyangal, manushyashaasthraparamaaya karyangal enniva 19 sathamaanam).
saamraajyashailiyude shudhamaaya punarujjeevanam thaalkkaalika pradarshana padhathikalilum, samriddhamaaya bhoomi kuranjathum ennaal vishalavumaaya samamithiyulla leauttukal anuvadikkunna suburban, kantri maalikakalilum maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. apoorvvamaayi, vtorovinte maalikayilennapole, dauntaun vasathikalilo pothu kettidangaliloo (sent peettezhsbargile ethnography museum) ithe sameepanam punarnirmikkappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kettittillaatha 5 nilakalulla aaa kaalaghattatthile saadhaarana sent peettezhsburg nirmmaana padhathikal ithinakam thanne puthiya alavukol upayogichu neoclassical spiritt shradhaapoorvvam poruthappeduthendathu. saadhaarana appaartment blokkukalilekku nirakalum porttikkokalum mechanical, anaavashyamaayi attaachucheyyunnathinu aadyakaala sramangal parajayappettu; 1912 aayappozhekkum prashnam pariharichu, prathyekichu vladymyr shuko. addehathinte "markov appaartmentukal" skeyil kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla rund vazhikal nirddeshichu onnukil kettidatthinte muzhuvan uyarathilum pailastarukal pravarthippikkunna bheeman kramatthinte upayogam, allengil munkaala palladian uddeshyangalude poruthappedutthal; randum chelaveria prakrithidatha kallu finishukaleyum aadhunika gadanaaparamaaya enchineeyaringineyum aasrayichirikkunnu. charithraparamo aadhunikamo allatha" oru smaaraka roopakalppanayil shaasthreeya gadakangal samyojippichathaan phalam. samakaalika nagara vaasthuvidyaykku anuyojyamaaya oru shaili shuko vikasippichu, athu classical moolyangalude bhauthika thelivukal nalki."
prasthaanatthinte vibhajanam.
nikshepakarkku anukoolamaaya puthiya pravanatha swaabhaavikamaayum mattu shailikalilulla avasaravaadikale aakarshichu; professional skoolukalile ellah birudadhaarikalkkum aupachaarika classical pariseelanam undaayirunnu enna vasthuthayaan eee neekkam lalithamaakkiyath (imperial akkadami oof artsilum mosco schoolilum kooduthal praadhaanyam, baisantain-ooriyantad instittyoott oof sivil enchineeyaringil kuravaanu). valarnnuvarunna neoclassical samooham avarudethaaya stailistik kodukal upayogichu prathyeka punarujjeevana grouppukale roopappeduthi.
eee skoolukalil aadyakaala barok punarujjeevanathe mirr iskusstwa janapriyamaakkukayum sent peettezhsbargil thazhachuvalarukayum cheythu, prathyekichu alexander benois, mirr iskusstwa kalakaaranmaarumaayi sahakarichu alexander demetrieve roopakalppana cheytha grettu school kettidamaaya peettaril. 1902ll aarambhicha eee munisippal padhathi, athinte sthaapakane anusmarippikkunnathin nagaram barok shailiyodu prathyekamaayi abhyarthichu; anthima drafttukal 1908ll maathramaan amgeekarichathu. athe varsham thanne nagaram petrin barokkil roopakalppana cheytha oru anthaaraashtra pradarshanam nadatthi. graphik aartsile barok pravanathaye leve ilin, nikkolaay lancere ennivar janapriyamakki.
moscoyile ivaan soltovsky, sent peettezhsbargile marian lialevich, marian perettiyaatkovichu, vladymyr shuko ennivarum navothaana punarujjeevanam parisheelichu. navaa-punarujjeevanathekkurichu avarude aadya prasthavanakal 1910-1912 ll poortthiyaayi. perettiyaatkovichu akaalathil marikkukayum shaashvathamaaya oru anuyaayikale avasheshippikkaathirikkum cheythu, athesamayam soltovsky 1918 muthal 1959 ll thante maranam vare nilaninna swantham professional school srishtichu. ennirunnaalum, 1905-1914 ll addeham kurachu navaa-punarujjeevana kettidangal maathrame poortthiyaakkiyulloo; eee kaalaghattatthile addehathinte pravarthanangalil bhooribhaagavum shudhamaaya neoclassisathil pedunnu. neremarichu, 1910-kalile navaa-punarujjeevana padhathikalude alavu oru shaashwatha pravanathayayi marran paryapthamaayirunnu; shukoyudeyum liyaalevichinteyum kruthikal adhikam ariyappedaatha anuyaayikal thalkshanam pakarthi. saamrajya shailiyilulla uddeshyangalude anaavashya pakarppil niraasanaaya alexander benoys jeorji lucomsky itaaliyan aarkkidekttukalude karkkashamaaya abhiruchikale swaagatham cheythu."
"1911ll peettar berenz roopakalppana cheyyukayum 1912ll miss vaan derr rohe poortthiyaakkukayum cheytha sent isaakkinte squareile jarmman embassy puthiya kettidatthil russian paithrukavumaayo athinte palladian verukalumaayo bandhamillaattha "aadhunika neoclassism" udaaharanamaayi kaanapedunnu. chuvanna graanait kettidam kanatha settum lalithamaaya aakruthiyum 14 bheeman nirakalumaayi samyojippikkukayum asaadhaaranamaayi pravarthanakshamavum nannayi prakashikkukayum akathu vaayusanchaaramullathumaayirunu. samakaalikar athinte sailiye "tutonic vaasthuvidya" ennu veruthuvenkilum kaalnoottaandinu sesham ithu staalinist, naasi vaasthuvidya enna aashayathin thikachum anuyojyamaayirunnu. mosco aarkkidekttukalkkidayil samanamaaya oru pravanatha, athra samoolamallengilum uyarnnuvarikayaayirunnu.
yuddham, viplavam, yudhaananthara vikasanam.
onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappedunnathi thottumunbu neoclassical punarujjeevanatthinte avasana udaaharanagal nalki. moscoyile swatantra developermar bandhippikkappedaatha niravadhi valia bhawana padhathikal aarambhichu; lifttinte varavu avare 9 nilakalilekku athicheraan anuvadichu. saadhaaranayaayi "claude breakermar" () ennu vilikkappedunna eee kettidangal saadhaaranayaayi poonthotta valayathinu purathu prathyakshappettu moscoyude aadyathe ambarachumbiyaayi marran saadhyathayulla twerskaya squareile ivaan maashkovinte 13 nila gopuratthinu earppeduthiya nirodhanam ulppede charitraparamaaya kendratthil uyarnna kettida nirmmaanathinu nagaram niyanthranam earppeduthi. sent peettezhsbargil, ivaan fomin feoder lidwal akkaalathe ettavum valia otta padhathiyaaya oru chathurashra kilometeriladhikam visthruthiyulla residential paarkkaya golode dveepinte punarvikasanam aarambhichu. ithu bhaagikamaayi maathrame yaadhaarthyamaayulloo; mosco padhathikal mikathum yudhasamayathu poortthiyaayi, chilath 1920 vare poortthiyaakaathe thudarnnu.
1917leeii russian viplavathinushesham saahithyathilum (ivaan bunin) phine aarttukalilum (benois, dobushinsky) prasthaanatthinu athinte nethaakkale kudiyettatthiloode nashtappettu. chila vaasthushilpikal, prathyekichu sent peettezhsburg aasthaanamaayullavaro videsha pourathvam ullavaro (feoder lidwal, noy seligson) kudiyeri; chilar ernst nirnsiyeppole yudhathinte moodalmanjil aprathyakshamaayi. ennirunnaalum, neoclassical prasthaanatthe roopappeduthiya swaadheenamulla aarkkitektukal (foomin, ivaan kusnetsov, maayat, shuko, rerberg, soltovsky) soviyatt russiayil thudarukayum professionte nethaakkalenna nilayil avarude punk vegathil punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. aadhunika vidyaarthikalude kalaapathethudarnn, [aii. dii. 1] leeii vukhudemaasu aarkkitekcharal skoolinte thalavanaayirunna soltovsky, thaathkaaleekamaayi italiyilekku kudiyeri; 1926-ll soltovsky madangiyethi, udan thanne navothaanavum kanstrakttivisttum enningane niravadhi puthiya padhathikalkku arhanaayi. addehathinte thalamurayile mattu neoclassistukalkkum avarude kala oru paridhivare naveekarikkendivannu, 1920-kalude randaam pakuthiyil uyarnna nilavaaramulla kettidangal (rerberghinte central telegraph, moscoyile foominte dinamo kettidam) nirmmichu vijayakaramaayi parisheelichu.
aii. dii. 1. leeii mikka nagara neoclassical kettidangalum soviyatt kaalaghattatthe nannayi athijeevichu-vaasthavathil, avaa viplavathinu munbulla ettavum aduthide nirmmicha kettidangalaayirunnu, aparyapthamaaya attakuttappanikal undaayirunnittum avayude prarambha gunanilavaaram ekadesham oru noottaandolam maattamillathe nilkkaan paryapthamaayirunnu. palarkkum yadhaartha inteeriyarukal nashtappettu; randaam lokamahaayudhathe thudarnnulla dashakathil chila mosco appaartment kettidangal nirmikkappettu (rando moonno nilakal cherkkunnath bhawana shaamathinu oru saadhaaranavum chelavukuranjathumaaya pariharamaayirunnu), pakshe avayude baahya stailing nilaninnu. 1990kalil aarambhich innuvare thudarunna punarnirmmaanatthinte mattoru tharamgam niravadhi mukhachaaya punarnirmmaanangalkk kaaranamaayi. shailiyude shudhavum maattamillaathathumaaya udaaharanagal ennirunnaalum valare saadhaaranamaanu. desasaalkkarikkappetta raajya estettukalkku, neremarichu, athe vila labhichilla. avarude puthiya pravartthanangal (daanadharmashaalakal muthal sainika aasthaanangal vare) vaikathe allengil pinneedu maattatthinum vipuleekaranathinum ahvaanam cheythu; puthiya udamakalkku yadhaartha kettidangal samrakshikkaan oru prothsaahanavum undaayirunnilla. palappozhum avaa upekshikkappedukayum kshayikkaan vidukayum cheythu-prathyekichu randaam lokamahaayudham graamapradeshangale janavasam illaathaakkiyathinu sesham.

