
aanti-sufrajism

austreliya, canada, ireland, yunaittad kingdom, america thudangiya rajyangalil sthreekalude vottavakaashathinethire pracharanam nadathunnathinaayi pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil aarambhicha sthreekalum purushanmaarum ulppetta oru rashtreeya prasthaanamaayirunnu sufrajism virudha prasthaanam. oru paridhivare, sthreekalude avastha nilanirthaan shramicha oru classical yaadhaasthithika prasthaanamaayirunnu sufragism virudhatha. 1916 vare kooduthal american sthreekal swantham vottavakaashathe anukoolikkunnathinekkaal "ethirthu" samghadippichu. sthreekalkku veedinullil poornna swaathanthryathinulla avakaashamundenn vishwasikkunna "gaarhika feminism" enna vishwaasavumaayi virudha-sufrajism bandhappettirunnu. amerikkayil eee pravartthakare palappozhum "prathishedhakkaar" allengil "virudhar" ennu vilichirunnu."
pashchaathalam.
vividha raajyangalile vanita vottavakaashathinte saamoohika prasthaanatthe ethirkkunna oru ethir prasthaanamaayirunnu vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanam. samoohathile sthreekaludeyum purushanmaarudeyum avasthaye janaadhipathyaparamaayi samrakshikkunnathine pinthunaykkunna oru ethirpablikkaayum ithine kanakkakkaam. 
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathode paashchaathyalokatthe rajyangal sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkunnathinekkurichu anweshikkaan thudangi, 1869-ll vyoming pradeshathu ninnu thudangi. sthreekalude vottavakaasha prasthaanangal ettavum kooduthal drishyamaaya pradeshangal grettu brittanilum amerikkayilumaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum sthreekalude vottavakaasha prasthaanangal pala paashchaathya raajyangalilum nadannu. sthreekal vottavakaashathinaayi parasyamaayi vaadikkunnathinaal pala raajyangalilum vottavakaasha virudha pravartthanangal uyarnnuvaraan thudangi.
austreliya.
1880kalilum 1890kalilum austreliyayil vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanangal undaayirunnu. australiyayile vottavakaasha virudha samghadanakal "yaadhaasthithika partyumaayum ulppaadana thaalpparyangalumaayum soshyalist virudha shakthikalumaayum adutha bandhamullavayayirunnu."australian maadyamangal vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanatthil pankedukkukayum sthreekale" "durbalar budhiheenarumaaya" ", vaikaarikavum aabhyantharavum nissaravumaaya kaaryangalil earppettirikkunnavarima chithreekarikkukayum cheythu".
canada.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil canadian purushanmaarum sthreekalum vanita vottavakaasha prasthaanathekkurichulla charchayil earppettu. 1885 muthal nyoo brunswickile niyamasabhayil sthreekalude vottavakaasham charcha cheyyappedukayum aaa samayat vottavakaasha virudha "saakshyapatrangal" pathrangalil prathyakshappedaan thudangukayum cheythu.
grettu brittan.
sthreekalude vottavakashathinethiraaya samghaditha prachaaranangal 1905-ll aarambhichu, athe samayam thanne watermar theevravaada thanthrangalilekku thiriyukayaayirunnu. pothuve, vottavakaashathinte kaaryatthil mikka saadhaarana sthreekalum shambalamulla thozhilinum rashtreeya pravartthanatthinum pakaram gaarhika, kudumba jeevithathinu munganana nalkiyirunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkappettathinusheshavum saadhaarana sthreekalkku vottavakaashathil valia thaalpparyamundaayirunne mikka charitra thelivukalum kaanikkunnu.
1908 juulai 21nuu landanilaanu vanita deseeya aanti-sarpraij leag sthaapithamaayathu. britiish paarlamentari thiranjeduppil sthreekalkku vottu nalkunnathine ethirkkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte lakshyamenkilum thaddeshabharana thiranjeduppukalil avarkk vottu labhikkunnathine athu pinthunachu. vanita vottavakaasha prasthaanatthinu (nyoonapakshamaaya sthreekal ippozhum pinthuna nalkunnundengilum) punarujjeevippicha samayathaan ithu sthaapithamaayathu.
aanti-safrej review" yude prasadhakayaaya vanita deseeya aanti-safrej leag 1907-ll 87,500 perukalulla oru harji paarlamentil samarppichenkilum paarlamentinte harji samiti athu "anoupachaarikam" ennu nirasichu. vottavakaasha virudha avalokanam" vottavakaasha prasthaanathinethire pooraadunnathinulla oru upakaranamaayi lajja upayogichu.
1908 februvariyil vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanatthinte neethrthwathinaayi kooduthal ahvaanangal "prekshaka" thil nalkappettukond, "dhii times" enna thaalukalil <aii. dii. 1> vazhi oru vottavakaasha virudha kathidapaadukal nadannirunnu. orupakshe 1907-ll thanne, oru deseeya vanita vottavakaasha virudha association roopeekarikkunnathinekkur prakhyapikkaanum sweekarthaakkale kendra samghaadaka samithiyil amgamaakaan shanikkaanum oru kathu pracharippikkapettu. pramukha aanti-safraagisttukalaayi maarunna muppath piyarasikaludeyum niravadhi piyarmaarudeyum mpacnteyum perilaanu ithu purathirakkiyathu. ennirunnaalum, vanita deseeya aanti-safraiz leaginte aadya yogam adutha varsham juulai 21 nuu westminstar palas hotelil lady jezhsiyil nadannu. saahithyasamithiyude adhyakshayaya srimati humphry ward sekrattariyaayi gertrude belum ulppede pathinezh pere eee yogathil kendra samithiyilekku naamanirddesham cheythu. mattu amgangal srimati. frederic haarisan, miss lonsdale, violet marcam, hillayer bellock empy. aanti-safrej review" yude edittaraayi beatries chamberline sevanamanushtichu.
praadeshika, munisippal thiranjeduppukalil sthreekalkku vottu labhikkunnathine pinthunachenkilum paarlamentari vottavakaasham nalkunnathine ethirkkuka ennathaayirunnu leaginte lakshyangal. 1908 desember muthal 1918 vare "vottavakaasha virudha avalokanam" prasidheekarichu. vottavakaasha virudha nivedanathil 337,018 oppukal shekharikkukayum kentile hockenhurstil aadyathe praadeshika branch sthaapikkukayum cheythu. ilchesttarile kaundas meriyude aabhimukhyathil southu kensingtonilaanu aadyathe lunden branch sthaapithamaayathu. taamasiyaathe, 1910 meyy maasathil, dutches oof montros scotish deseeya aanti-safrej leegayi oru scotish branch samghadippichu. aaa varsham disambarode, rajyath 26 shaakhakalo upashaakhakalo undaayirunnu, athu 1909 epril aayappozhekkum 82 aayum 1910 joolaiyil 104 aayum uyarnnu. 1908 disambarode 2000 subscriptionukal labhichathayi prakhyapikkukayum 1909 joolaiyil athu 9000 aayi uyarukayum cheythu.
1910ll, vanita vottavakaashathe ethirthathinu group purusha leegumaayi samyojippichu loard chromer presidentaayum lady jezhsi vais presidentaayum vanita vottavakaashathe ethirthathinu deseeya leag roopeekarichu. muun samghadanayude president loard chromer puthiya samghadanayude prasidantaayathinaal layanam phalatthil oru ettedukkalaayirunnu. 1912ll loard curson loard waredale samyuktha prasidantumaaraayi. 1914 aayappozhekkum ekadesham 15,000 amgangal undaayirunnu. 1918ll sthreekalude vottavakaasham nalkunnathuvare samghadana athinte pravartthanangalum "vottavakaasha virudha avalokana" thinte prasidheekaranavum thudarnnu.
vottavakaasha athirppinulla kaaranagal.
sthreekalkku vottavakashathinethiraaya ethirppu bahumukha prathibhasamaayirunnu, athil sthreekal thanne oru pradhana punk vahichu. sthreekal purushanmaarkk thulyaraanenna avarude vishwaasavum (purushanmaaril ninnu vyathyastha mekhalakalil sthreekal thulyaraayirikkumenn pratheekshichirunnuvena) sthreekalkku ithinakam thanne samoohathil ganyamaaya dhaarmika adikaaramundennathum, avar "pakshapathaparamaaya" raashtreeyathinte azhimathi niranja lokathekku praveshichaal nashtamaakumennumaayirunnu sthreekalude ethirppinu oru kaaranam. paarlament amgangale chattavaaradiyum kuthiyum akramicha vottarmaarude akramasakthamaaya thanthrangal sufraagistukalkku njettalundakki.
sthreekalude nirvachikkapetta mekhalakalaaya maathrthvam, vidyaabhyaasam, jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal, sivil sarvees enniva samrakshikkaan shramicha niravadhi vanita maathru parishkarthaakkal, raashtreeyathil edapedunnathinekkaal avarude samoohangalodulla saamoohika sevanathiloode britiish samoohathe samrakshikkunnathinulla mikacha lingamaanu sthreekalennu karuthi. pala sthreekalkkum raashtreeyathil pankedukkaan thaalpparyamillaayirunnu, angane cheiyunnathu sthreekal yadhaartha sthreekalil ninnu varunna dhaarmika adikaaram upayogikkunathinupakaram purushanmaare anukarikkuka maathramaanennu vishwasichu."vottavakaasham pradhanappetta rashtreeya kaaryangalil theerumaanangal edukkunnathil arivillaatha sthreekalkku kaaranamaakumenn chilar bhayapettu. lokamembaadumulla mattu pradeshangale britiish kolanivalkkarikkunna prakriyayilayathinaal, vottavakaasham thangalude saamraajyathva shakthiykk bheeshaniyaayi chilar kandu, kaaranam ithu ippozhum purusha kendreekrithamaaya mattu raajyangalekkaal britteeshukaare durbalarakkum. chila watermar virudha sthree grouppukal theevravaadavum akramasakthavumaaya thanthrangal vikasippicheduthu, ithu sufraagistukal samrakshikkaan sramikkunna samadhaanaparamaaya aalukalenna nilayil sthreekalude prathichaayaye kalankappeduthi. sthreekalkku rashtreeya karyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyillennum rund lingakkaarkkum vyathyastha shakthikalundennum kaanikkan virudha-safraagisttukal eee pravrithikal upayogichu.
sthree ezhuthukaar avarude vishalamaaya vaayanakkaariloode anuyojyamaaya sthreekal enganeyaayirikkanamenna chodyangal unnayichu sufrajism virudhatha prothsaahippichu.
ireland.
1870 muthal irelandil vanita vottavakaasha prasthaanangal nadakkunnundu. ennirunnaalum, irelandile watermar kooduthal theevravaadikalaayitheernnatho kooduthal samghadithamaaya vottavakaasha virudha prachaaranangal uyarnnuvannu. 1909ll dablinil vanita deseeya aanti-safrej leaginte oru airish shaakha aarambhichu. leaginte eee shaakha brittanilum vottavakaashathe ethirthu.
vottavakaasha athirppinulla kaaranagal.
sthreekalude vottinodulla airish ethirppu mathaparavum saamskaarikavumaayirunnu. irelandile catholica, protestant pallikal sthreekalude swaadheenam aabhyantharamaayi thudaranamennu aagrahichu. niyamaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi sthreekal avarude bharthaakkanmaarumaayi adutha bandhamullavaraayirunnu, oru sthreeyude rashtreeya aavishkaaram anuvadikkaan bharthaavinte vottukal mathiyennu vaadikkappettu.
airish deseeyathayum vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanangalil oru punk vahichu. irelandil nadakkunna deseeya prasthaanangal kaaranam, airish hoome roolinu munganana nalkunnathinaal sthreekalkku vottu nalkunnathine sthreekalum purushanmaarum ethirthu. inginidhe naa herran (irelandile penmakkal) prasidheekaricha "beane naa herran" enna deseeya pathratthil valare vottavakaasha virudhamaaya nilapaadaanu sweekarichathu.
america.
amerikkayil purushanmaar vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanatthil earppettirikkumbol, bhooribhaagam vottavakaasha virudha grouppukalum nayikkukayum pinthunaykkukayum cheythath sthreekalaanu. vaasthavathil, 1916 vare vottavakaasha asosiyeshanukalekkaal kooduthal sthreekal vottavakaasha virudha grouppukalil chernnu. eee grouppukal raashtreeyam purushanmaarkk vittukodukkanamennu parasyamaayi prasthaavichappol, vottavakaasha virudha vaadangalumaayi rashtreeya sthaapanangale abhisambodhana cheiyunnathu palappozhum sthreekalaayirunnu. pathinaram bhedagathi virudha samoohamaayirunnu amerikkayile sthreekalude neethrthwathilulla aadyathe vottavakaasha virudha samgham. 1869ll medallane vintan dalgren aanu eee samgham aarambhichath. pathonpathaam bhedagathi pasakkanulla pooraattatthil, sthreekal vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanatthil kooduthal pradhana punk vahichu.
helen kendrick jonsante "vuman aandu dhii republic" (1897) sthreekalude vottavakaashathe athirkkunnathinulla kaaranagal vivarikkunna oru prashamsa pidichupattiya vottavakaasha virudha pusthakamaayirunnu. mollie eliot seavellinte "dhii ladys baattil" (1911), idaa tarbellinte "dhii bisinus oof beeying eiii vuman" (1912), grays duffield gudvinte "aanti-safrej tenne good koonsas" (1915), aanii rill heylinte "dhii eedan sphinks" (1916) thudangiya pusthakangalkk samaanamaayi maadyamangal mikacha sveekaaryatha nalkukayum sthreekalude vottavakaashathe athirkkunnathinulla "yojicha yukthiyayi" upayogikkukayum cheythu."
1800kalude madhyathinum 1920kalkkum idayil vottavakaasha virudha naadakangalum prasidheekarichu. 1856ll amachwarmaarkkaayi "vanita avakashangal" enna otta naadakamezhuthiya vilyam bentli faul aayirunnu vottavakaasha virudha naadakangal srishticha aadyathe naadakakrithum. pinneedu olivar ezz. aarr. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo. oo frank dumontinte leland "thiranjeduppu dinavum" (1880). 1896ll nellie lokke "sthreekalude avakaashangalude ira" ennu peritta oru vottavakaasha virudha naadakam prasidheekarichu. vottavakaasha virudha naadakangal palathum prathyakshatthil raashtreeyamaayirunnu, koodaathe vottarmaare "svayam agiranam cheyyappettavar", "vasthradhaaranathilum reethiyilum mannish" enningane chithreekarikkaan prahsanam upayogichu."avar pothuve puthiya sthreeyude ashayathe vimarsikkukayum sthreekalum purushanmaarum swaadheenathinte vyathyastha mekhalakal kaivashappeduthanamennu vaadikkukayum cheythu.
"1890 num 1920 num idayil sthreekalkku vottavakaasham (mofesw) kooduthal vipuleekarikkunnathine ethirthu masaachyusets association prasidheekaricha oru jenalaaya "dhii remonstrance" vottavakaasha virudha ashayangal prolsaahippikkunnathum vottarmaarude avakaashavaadangalodu prathikarikkunathinum nirasikkunnathinum upayogichu.
vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanatthinu aadyakaala pinthuna.
masaachyusets samsthaana niyamasabha sthreekalude vottavakaasham prolsaahippikkunnathi oru nirddesham avatharippichathinethudar amerikkayil vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanam aarambhichu. sthreekalkku poornna pourathvam labhikkaruthenn aagrahicha irunooru sthreekal eee samrambhathe ethirthu. eee nirddeshathil ninnu onnum undaayillengilum, athinte aamukham iruvashathumulla vottavakaasha prasthaanatthe aninirathi.
1871-ll, sthreekalkkulla vottinethire godiyude lady bookilum maasikayilum pathonpathu sthreekal yunaittad stetts kongrasinaayi oru harji prasidheekarichu, ithu vottavakaasha virudha sthreekalil ninnulla samaaharanathinte aadya udaaharanamaanu.
sthreekalude vottavakaashathinethire prathishedhikkaan 1894-ll newyork stettu constitutional kanvenshanil sthreekal aninirannu.
vottavakaasha virudha samghadanakalude aavirbhavam.
1895-ll, sthreekalkku vottavakaasham (mofesw) kooduthal vipuleekarikkunnathine ethirtha masaachyusets association roopeekarikkappedukayum avarude lakshyam sthaapanavalkkarikkaanula virudha sufraagisttukalude aadya sramamaayi ithu ariyappedukayum cheythu. 1898ll ayovayile dess moinsil 35 sthreekal vanita vottavakaashathe ethirthu ayowa association roopeekarichu. 1900 aayappozhekkum california, illinois, newyork, origon, southu dakota, washington ennivayellaam vottavakaasha virudha grouppukal roopeekarichu. 1902ll ohiyo association vanita vottavakaashathe athirthukondu oru vottavakaasha virudha group roopeekarichu.
vanita vottavakaashathe ethirkkunna newyork stettu association 1897 ll sthaapithamaayi, 1908 aayappozhekkum athil 90 ladhikam amgangal undaayirunnu. 1920ll american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayude pathonpathaam bhedagathi pasakkunnathuvare sthreekalude vottavakaashathekkurichu avarude kaazhchappaadukal vishadeekarikkunna laghulekhakalum prasidheekaranangalum nirmikkunnathil ithu sajeevamaayirunnu. 1909ll oru jeneeva branch sthaapikkappettu. newyorkkile watermar palappozhum virudha-sufraagistukalumaayi thuranna charchaykku shanangal nalki. newyork associationu svanthamaayi "aanti-sufraajist" enna maasika undaayirunnu, athu srimati prasidheekarichu. 1908 juulai muthal 1912 epril vare vilyam vinslo cranel.
vanita vottavakaashathe ethirkkunna deseeya samghadana (navs) sthreekalude vottavakaashathinaayulla pooraattatthe velluvilicha sthreekalude aadyathe deseeya samghadanayaayirunnu. niravadhi samsthaana associationukal newyork nagaratthil oru vottavakaasha virudha kanvenshanuvendi othucherukayum naavukal roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 1912num 1916num idayil eee association ganyamaaya vegatha kaivarikkukayum irupathiyanchu samsthaanangalil pravarthanakshamamaavukayum cheythu. naavukalil 350,000 amgangal undennu parayappedunnu. thudakkathil, josephine dodge miinii bronson chernnaanu samghadana nadathiyathu. jaims volcott wadsworth jooniyarinte bhaarya alis hayy wadsworth.associationte aasthaanam newyorkkil ninnu washington dii. yilek maattiyappol associationte neethrthwam etteduthu.sii. 1917-ll, naalpatholam vanita vottavakaasha hitaparisodhanaye paraajayappeduthaan sahaayicha oru vaarthaakkurippaaya "dhii womens restt" navs puratthirakki.
evaratt pii. newyorkkil ninnulla abhibhashakanaaya wheeler 1913ll vanita vottavakaashathe ethirkkunna purusha-vottavakaasha association roopeekarichu. shaktharum sambannarumaaya purushanmaar chernna eee samghadana sthreekalude vottavakaashathe ethirtha 600 oolam amgangalumaayi aarambhichu.
onnaam lokamahaayudham.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu yuddha durithaashwaasa pravarthanangalkku sambhavana nalkaan sufraajistukal sahayichu. beljian yuddha durithaashwaasa pravarthanangalkku navos sambhavana nalki. niravadhi vottavakaasha virudha grouppukal avarude jeevakaarunya sramangal uyarthikkaatti, svayam "aathmathyaga" maayi chithreekarichu."vottillaathe sthreekalkku oru maattam varuthaan kazhiyumennu raajyam kaananamenn avar aagrahichu, ennirunnaalum, yudhathe sahayikkunna sthreekalude sramangalaanu oduvil sthreekale vottu nedaan sahaayichath.
vottavakaasha athirppinulla kaaranagal.
vottavakaasha virudha vaadathinu kaaranamaaya niravadhi aashankakalundaayirunnu. sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkunnathu kudumba sthaapanathe bheeshanippeduthumennu sufraagistukalkku thonni. illinois aanti-safraajist, carolin corbyn sthreekalude ettavum uyarnna kadamakal maathrthvavum athinte utharavaadithangalaanenna karuthi. chilar sthreekalude vottavakaasham daivathinte ishtathinu virudhamaayi kandu. catherine beacher, saaraa josepha hayle thudangiya ethirvaadikal vottavakaashathekkurichu mathaparamaya vimarsanam pankidukayum sthreekal "kinder, kuche, kirche" (kuttikal, adukkala, palli) ennivayil maathram earppedanamennu vishwasikkukayum cheythu. parambaraagatha linga maanadandangal lamghikkunnuvennu thonniyathinaal chila virudha sufraagistukal vottu aagrahichilla. sthreekal vottu nediyaal "yadhaartha sthreethvam" avasaanikkumenn pala virudhavaadikalum karuthi."
aabhyanthara mekhalaykku purathullathinekkurichu arivillaathathinaal sthreekalkku vottavakaasham kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyillennu karuthiyavarum eee thettaaya arivulla vottarmaare avatharippikkunnathiloode sarkkar durbalamaakumennu bhayappettavarumund. vottavakaasham oru "avakaashamaayi" kaanathe, oru "kadama" yaayittaan virudha-safraagisttukal kandathu, koodaathe sthreekalkku aabhyanthara mekhalayil ithinakam thanne avarudethaaya savishesha utharavaadithangalum kadamakalum undaayirunnu. koodaathe, "balaprayogam" kaaranam sarkkaarukalkk adhikaaramundenn virudhar vishwasichirunnathinaal, sthreekalkku "avar nadappaakkiyekkaavunna niyamangal nadappilakkaan" kazhiyilla."
sthreekalkku vottavakaasham nalkunnathu avarude mail amita bharam cheluthumennum avarude prathyeka padavi durbalappeduthumennum josephine dodge polulla sufraagistukal vaadichu. svakaaryamekhalayile pankaalittham oru sthreeyude punk nirnnaayakamaanennu avar kaanukayum pothu chumathalakal nalkunnathu veettile avarude praadhamika utharavaadithangal niravettunnathil ninnu thadayumennu avar karuthukayum cheythu. vottavakaasham nedunnathiloode pothumekhalayil praveshikkaan aagrahikkaatha amerikkayile "nishabda bhooripakshathe" prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu virudha sufraagistukal avakashappettu. ennirunnaalum, sthreekalude vottavakaashathin ethiraayirikkuka ennathinartham ellah virudharum pouraavakaashangalkku ethiraanennu ardhamaakkunnilla. jenettu ell. oru pathrapravartthakanaaya gilder ezhuthi, "sthreekalkku avar aagrahikkunnathellam nalkuka, pakshe baalat nalkaruth. padanatthinte ellah mekhalakalum, vyavasaayathinte ellah vazhikalum avalkkayi thuranniduka, pakshe avale raashtreeyathil ninnu akattinirtthuka."jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalilum jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalilum vidyaabhyaasa pravarthanangalilum" earppedaan dodge sthreekale prothsaahippichu."vottillaathe sammata praayam uyarthunnathu polulla parishkaarangal sthreekal nadathiyittundennum athinaal eee avakasham nedunnathu anaavasyamaanennum athu kooduthal parishkarana prasthaanangalkk doshakaramaakumennum udharikkappettu. raashtreeyamaayi nishpaksharum pakshapaatharahitharumaayi kaanappedunnathinal sthreekalkku sarkkaarine swaadheenikkaan kazhiyumenna chinthayum avarkk vottavakaasham nalkunnathu eee savisheshamaaya sthaanathuninnu avare illaathaakkumennumaayirunnu. koodaathe, votting "sarkkaarinte oru cheria bhagam maathram" aayathinal, raashtreeyathil pankedukkunnathinu vottu cheyyenda aavasyamillennu avar vishwasichu. sthreekal raashtreeyathil ninnu vittunilkkanamenna eee prathyeka nyaayavaadam, 1914 vare vanita klabbukalude general federatione (jii. eph. dablyu. sii) audyogikamaayi vottavakaashathe amgeekarikkunnathil ninnu thadanjirunnu.
sufrajism virudhatha yaadhaasthithika gadakangalil maathram othungiyirunnilla. dhaarmmikathayude niyamaparamaaya nadappaakkalilekku sthreekal kooduthal chaayvullavaraayirunnuvennum (vanita kristhyan temperance yooniyanilennapole) athu kooduthal pradhanappetta poraattangalil ninnulla vyathichalanamaanennum aaa vottavakaasham aathyanthikamayi oru maattavum varuthillennum paranju araajakathvavaadiyaaya emma goldman vottarvaadathe ethirthu. antharleenamaayi anyayamaaya oru samvidaanathinullil kooduthal aanukoolyangal thedunnathinupakaram pravartthakar viplavathe pinthunaykkanamennum avar paranju. lokathe mechappeduthaanulla gauravamaaya uddeshyathinte abhaavathil vottu nedaanulla sthreekalude sramangal ellah uparithala vasthradhaaranamaayi virudha-safraagisttukal kandu. trade unionukaliloodeyum pakshapatharahitha grouppukaliloodeyum saamoohika parishkkaranam mikacha reethiyil nadappaakkaamenn mattu virudhar vishwasichirunnu. uttah pradeshathe vottavakaashathe oru nindyamaaya mormon thanthramaayi purogamanavaadikal vimarshichu, ithu edmunds-tucker niyamam passacan kaaranamaayi.
1917ll vottavakashathinethiraaya nilapad maattaan thudangiya vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanam theevravaada virudha vaachaadopangal ulppeduthunnathinulla avarude vyaapthi vipuleekarichu. vottavakaasha vishayathil kurachumaathram shradha kendreekaricha vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanam samoolamaaya aashayangalekkurichulla bhayam pracharippikkanum "goodaalochanaathmaka bhraanthan" prayogikkaanum thudangi."watermar sarkkaarine attimarikkukayum raajyadrohikkukayum cheythathayi aaropikkapettu. soshyalistukal, "bolshevikkukal" allengil "deshasnehamillaatha jarmman anubhaavikal" ennee kuttangalum avarkkethire aaropikkapettu."navukalude texas shaakha vanita vottavakaasha grouppukal" "soshyalisam, araajakathvam, mormonism ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave aaropichu"."janapreethiyillaatha theevravaadi prasthaanangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave aaropanangalkk navs randaamathe presidentaaya alis wadsworthinte peru nalkukayum" "wadsworthy" "akramanangal ennu vilikkukayum cheythu". vottavakaashathe theevravaadavumaayi bandhappeduthunnathinupe, thangal adichamarthappettuvennum 1917 aayappozhekkum thangalkk valareyadhikam rashtreeya adikaaram nashtappettuvennum virudharkku thonni.
thekke amerikkayile vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanangalil yaadhaasthithikathayilekkum velutha medhaavithvathilekkumalu abhyarthana ulppedunnu. virjeeniyayil, navs adhyayam vamseeya kalaapangale sthreekalude vottavakashavumaayi polum bandhippichu.
pathonpathaam bhedagathikkushesham safrajism virudhatha.
pathonpathaam bhedagathi pasakia sesham vottavakaashathe ethirtha chila sthreekal eee avakasham prayogichu. avar vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanatthil nikshepikkunna oorjjam eduthu republican party vediye pinthunaykkunnathilekk maatti. newyorkkile vottavakaasha virudha grouppukalile muun amgangal vanita deseeya republican clubble ulppettu. eee reethiyil, avar swakaarya mekhala upekshichu pothumekhalayil praveshichu, avarude vottavakaasha virudha sramangalil avar athirthirunna kaaryangalilonnanu ithu. sthreekalkku vottucheyyaan sukhakaramaakaan kurachu samayamedukkumennu muun aanti-sufraajist idaa tarbell choondikkaatti. chila sthreekal vottu cheiyukayo raashtreeyathil earppedukayo cheythilla. sthreekale vottu cheyyaan anuvadikkunnathinulla bhayankaramaaya theerumaanamaayi raajyam anubhavikkan anuvadikkunnathinaayi ellah vottavakaasha virudha sthreekalum vottu cheyyaruthennu aanii nathan meyarineppolulla mattullavar vaadichu.
pathonpathaam bhedagathi paasaakkiyat saamoohikakshema paripaadikalude vipuleekaranatheyum vanita samadhana sramangaleyum ethirkkunnathinum purogamana vanita aaktivisttukalkk virudhamaaya oru rashtreeya samskaaram valarthunnathinumaayi oru rashtreeya feminist virudha prasthaanamaayi svayam samghadippicha oru virudha virudha sakhyathinum thudakkamittu. onnaam lokamahaayudhaananthara chuvanna bhayathinte unmaadathe sweekarikkukayum upayogikkukayum cheythukondu eee sakhyam sthreevirudhathayum theevravaada virudhathayum phalapradamaayi samyojippichu."
vimarsanam.
amerikkayil vottavakaasha virudha prasthaanathekkurichu samakaalika vimarsanangal undaayirunnu. vottavakaashathinethire sufraagistukal sthiramaaya oru vaadam avatharippichilla ennathaanu oru vimarsanam. vottavakaasha virudha grouppukalile amgangal ithinakam thanne school boardil aayirikkunnathuvare sthreekal padavi vahikkanam ennaanu votting ardhamaakkunnathennu avakaashappedunna ethirvaadangal polulla mattu vaadangal asthiramaayi kaanapettu. alis stoon blackwell polulla mattu vimarshakar, vottavakaasha virudha grouppukal angathwa nambarukal polulla chila avakaashavaadangal athishayokthi cheythathayi choondikkaatti. kaalakramena puthiya vaadangalonnum avatharippichittillenum vimarshakar vaadichu. vottavakaasha virudha grouppukal sthreekale pothumekhalayil ninnu purathaakkanamennu aagrahikkunnathil "asthira" maanu ennathinum avar vimarsikkappettu, ennittum avar vottavakaashathinethire pothu lobying grouppukalaayi othuchernnu. "sthreekalude vottavakaashathe ethirkkaan aagrahikkunna eathoru samghadanayum sthreekalaal nirmmithamayathinaal athu nammude vaayil mosham ruchi avasheshippikkumennu 1915-ll 'dhii vaali indipendant' ezhuthi."
anna howard shaayepolulla chila vimarshakar "eathaandu nindyaraanu", "namme oru koottam viddikalaakkaathirikkaan avarude laingikathayodu avarkk vishwasthathayundaakumennu ningal karuthunnundaakum."kooduthal shakthiyulla purushashakthikalude paavakalaan aantisukal" ennu shhaa vishwasichu."florence kellie aanti-safraajisttukale "paavappettavarude durithangalekkurichu onnum shradhikkaatha, alasan sukhakaravum abhayam nalkunnathumaaya jeevikal" ennu vilichu."
aarkkaivukal.
vanita deseeya aanti-safrej leaginte aarkkaivukal lunden school oof economicsinte libraryile vanita libraryil nadakkunnu, ref 2 vann
jorjia historikkal sosaittiyude library, archives divisionil deseeya associationil ninnulla vanita vottavakaashathe ethirkkunna vishalamaaya shekharangal undu. rekhakal deseeya grouppinte samsthaana affiliateukal achadikkunnathayi thonnunnu. alabaamayile montgomeriyile purushanmaarude aanti-retifikkeshan leegaanu rekhakalilonnu purathirakkiyathu.

