
vaahanathinte frame

charitraparamaayi "chassis" ennum ariyappedunna oru vahana frame, oru jeeviyude asthikoodavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol matellaa gadakangalum gadippichirikkunna oru motor vaahanathinte pradhana pinthunaa gadanayaanu.
1930kall vare, phalatthil oro kaarinum athinte shareerathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru gadanaaparamaaya frame undaayirunnu. eee nirmmaana roopakalppana "body-oonn-frame" ennariyappedunnu. 1960kalode, passenture kaarukalil unibody nirmmaanam saadhaaranamaayitheerukayum thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil passenture kaarukalkk unibody enna pravanatha thudarukayum cheythu. 
mikkavarum ellah trekkukalum basukalum mikka pikkappukalum avarude chesiyaayi oru prathyeka frame upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu.
pravartthanangal.
oru motor vaahanathile framinte pradhana pravartthanangal ivayaanu
frame reyilukal.
saadhaaranayaayi vaahanathinte chesiyum frameukalum nirmmikkaan upayogikkunna vasthukkalil shakthikkayi kaarban steel allengil kooduthal bharam kuranja nirmmaanam nedunnathinaayi aluminium aloykal ulppedunnu. oru prathyeka chesiyude kaaryatthil, frame "reyilukal" allengil "beams" ennu vilikkunna gadanaaparamaaya gadakangalaal nirmmithamaan. iva saadhaaranayaayi urukk "chaanal" vibhagangal kondaanu nirmmikkunnath, urukk plate madakkukayo uruttukayo amarthukayo cheythaanu nirmmikkunnath.
ivaykkaayi moonnu pradhana designukalundu. metteeriyal randuthavana madakkukayaanenkil, sii aakruthiyilullatho thoppiyude aakruthiyilullatho (yuu aakruthiyilulla) oru ooppan-end cross sekshan phalangal nalkunnu.
"boxed" frameukalil adacha chassis reyilukal adangiyirikkunnu, onnukil avaye welding cheytho allengil munkootty nirmmicha mettal tubeukal upayogicho.
sii aakruthiyilullathaanu.
ithuvare ettavum saadhaaranamaaya sii-chaanal reyil mikkavarum ellaatharam vaahanangalilum oru samayat allengil mattoru samayat upayogichittundu. oru paranna urukk kashanam (saadhaaranayaayi 1/8 "muthal 3/16 vare kanam, ennaal chila hevi duty trekkukalil 1/2" allengil athil kooduthal vare) eduthu iruvashathum urutti sii aakruthiyilulla oru beam roopappeduthiyaanu ithu nirmmikkunnath.
thoppi.
thoppi frameukal oru "yuu" yumayi saamyamullavayaan, avaa valath vashath mukaliloo allengil thaazhekku abhimukhamaayi thuranna pradeshatho aakam. balaheenatayum thurumbedukkaanulla pravanathayum kaaranam avaa saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, avaa 1936-1954 chevrolatt kaarukalilum chila stadbekkarukalilum kaanam.
kurachukaalathekku upekshikkappetta eee haatt frame kambanikal unibody kaarukalkk thaazhe welding cheyyaan thudangiyappol janapreeti veendeduthu, ithu phalapradamaayi oru boxes frame srishtikkunnu.
boxes cheythu.
yadhaarthathil, poruthappedunna rund sii-reyilukal orumichu weld cheyth oru chathuraakrithiyilulla tube roopappeduthiyaanu boxed frameukal nirmmichathu. ennirunnaalum, aadhunika saankethikavidyakal sii-reyilukal nirmmikkunnathin samanamaaya oru prakriya upayogikkunnu, athil oru urukk kashanam naalu vashangalayi valachu iru attangalum cherunnidatthu weld cheiyunnu.
1960kalil, parambaraagatha american kaarukalude boxes frameukal seeminu thazheyaayi onniladhikam sthalangalil spott weld cheythirunnu; nascar "stokku kaar" resarukalaayi maarumbol, adhika shakthikkayi boxes thudarchayaayi avasaanam muthal avasaanam vare weld cheyyappettu.
design savisheshathakal.
lohatal nirmmicha oru lalithamaaya roopamaayi ottanottathil kaanappedumbol, frameukal valia alavilulla sammarddam neridukayum athinanusarichu nirmmikkukayum cheiyunnu. abhisambodhana cheytha aadyathe prashnam "beam uyaram" allengil oru framinte lamba vashathinte uyaram aanu. framinu uyaram koodumbol, framinte mukalil balam prayogikkumbol lambamaya flexine prathirodhikkaan athinu kazhiyum. ardha trekkukalkku kattiyullavayakunnathinum mattu vaahanangale apekshichu uyaramulla frame reyilukal ullathinulla kaaranam ithaanu.
kazhcha, sawari gunanilavaaram, kaikaaryam cheyyal enniva upabhokthaakkalkk kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnathil puthiya roopangal frameukalil ulppeduthi. ivayil ettavum kooduthal drishyamaakunnathu kamaanangalum kick appukalumaan. rund aaksilukalkkum nere oodunnathinupakaram, kamana frameukal thazheyaayi irikkunnu-avayude accelukal ekadesham thulyamaanu-aaksilukalkk mukalilekku valayukayum thudarnnu bumper placementinaayi maruvashathu thaazhekku madangukayum cheiyunnu. maruvashathu valayaathe kick-appukal ore kaaryam cheiyunnu, avaa munvashangalil kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu.
oru vaahanathinte cabinu munnil lambamaayo thirashcheenamaayo idungiyirikkunna tapered reyilukalaan mattoru savisheshatha. vaahanathinte munvashath pinvashatheppole bharam vahikkathathinaal bharam kuraykkaanum enchinu alppam idam vardhippikkaanum vendiyaanu ithu pradhaanamaayum trekkukalil cheiyunnathu. ore frame reyil onnil kooduthal aakruthiyilulla frameukal roopakalppana vikasanangalil ulppedunnu. udaaharanathinu, chila pickup trekkukalkku cabinu munnil oru boxes frame, cabinu thaazhe cheruthum idungiyathumaaya reyilukal, kidakkaykku keezhil saadhaarana sii-reyilukal ennivayundu.
paridiyilulla frameukalil, reyilukal munnil ninnu madhyathilekkum madhyathil ninnu pinbhaagathekkum bandhippikkunna pradeshangal saadhaarana frameukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol durbalamaanu, athinaal aaa bhagam boxes cheythirikkunnu, ithu "tork boxukal" ennu vilikkappedunnu.
tharangal.
sareerathinu thaazheyulla frameukal.
govani frame.
oru govanik samaanamaayathinaal perittirikkunna govani frame ettavum pazhakkameriyathum lalithavum palappozhum sareerathinu thazheyaayi upayogikkunna prathyeka chassis/frame designukalilonnaanu. vaahanathinte neelam vahikkunna rund samamithirimukal, reyilukal allengil chaanalukal enniva ulkkollunna ithu niravadhi transwers cross-mempermar bandhippichirikkunnu. thudakkathil mikkavarum ellah vaahanangalilum kaanapettirunna eee ladder frame kramena paridhikkullile frameukalkkum unitised body nirmmaanathinum anukoolamaayi kaarukalil ninnu ghattam ghattamayi neekkam cheythu. ithu ippol pradhaanamaayum valia trekkukalilaanu kaanappedunnath. munnil ninnu pinnilekku thudarchayaaya reyilukal ullathinaal eee design nalla beam prathirodham vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, ennaal lalithavum lambavumaaya cross-membarukal upayogikkukayaanenkil tortiono warpingino ulla mosham prathirodham. thara paan akathirikkunnathinuparam framinu mukalil irikkunnathinaal vaahanathinte mothatthilulla uyaram kooduthalaayirikkum.
nattellu tube.
body-oonn-frame roopakalppanaykku samanamaaya chesiyulla oru tharam automotive nirmmaanamaan baakkbon chassis. rund rekhamsha, samanthara frame reyilukalulla thaarathamyena paranna, govani polulla gadanaykku pakaram, power-train vahikkukayum munnileyum pinnileyum suspension attaachment gadanakale bandhippikkukayum cheiyunna eaka kendra, sakthamaaya tubular nattellu (saadhaaranayaayi cross sekshanil chathuraakrithiyilullathu) ithil adangiyirikkunnu. nattellu palappozhum mukalilekku valichedukkukayum kooduthalum vaahanathinte tharaykku mukalilekku "valichidukayum cheiyunnundenkilum, shareeram ippozhum mukalil ninnu eee ghadanayil allengil athinu mukaliloo (chilappol vyaapichukidakkunnu) sthaapikkunnu.
x-frame.
1950 kalude avasaanathilum 1960 kalude thudakkathilum general motorukalude poornna valippamulla american modalukalkkaayi upayogicha roopakalppanayaanithu, athil enchinte arikil ninnulla reyilukal passenture compartmentil kadakkunnathayi thonni, oronnum cross membarinte ethir attathekku thudarunnu. transmission, propeller shaaft hump ennivayude valuppathile vardhanavu kanakkiledukkathe vaahanangalude mothatthilulla uyaram kuraykkunnathinaanu ithu prathyekamaayi thiranjedutthathu, kaaranam oro variyum frame reyilukalum moodanam. niravadhi modalukalkk axilinum framin edayilulla pathiv baar allah, marichu framinte cross memperil keeriyirikkunna oru vishbonile sokkattumaayi bandhippichirikkunna differentialinu mukalilulla oru booal joyint upayogichaanu deferential sthithicheythirunnathu.
ex-frame muun designukale apekshichu mechappettathaayi avakaashappettirunnu, pakshe ithinu side reyilukal illaayirunnu, athinaal mathiyaya side impaaktum koottiyidi samrakshanavum nalkiyilla.
eee roopakalppanaykku pakaram perimeter frameukal sthaapichu.
paridhi frame.
oru govani framinu samaanamaan, ennaal frame reyilukalude madhyabhagangal munnilum pinnilumulla reyilukalkk purathu, yaathrakkaarude kaalnadakkinarukalkku chuttum, rockerinum sil paanalukalkkum akathu irikkunnu. ithu floor paan thaazhthaanum, prathyekichu passenture kaalkinarukal thaazhthaanum anuvadichu, ithu yaathrakkaarude irippida uyaram kuraykkukayum athuvazhi melkkoora mothatthilulla vahana uyaravum guruthwaakarshana kendravum kuraykkukayum angane passenture kaarukalil kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum rooad-holding mechappeduthukayum cheythu.
ithu yunaittad stetsil body-oonn-frame kaarukalkkulla prachalitha roopakalppanayaayi maari, pakshe lokathinte mattu bhaagangalil allah, unibody janapreeti nedunnathuvare. udaaharanathinu, hudson avarude moonnaam thalamura comodore modalukalil 1948-ll eee nirmmaanam avatharippichu. eee frame tharam vaarshika model maattangalkk anuvadichu, 1950-kalil vilppana vardhippikkunnathinaayi avatharippicha kuranja kaarukal-chelaveria gadanaaparamaaya maattangalillathe. 
2011ll nirthalaakkiya foord paanthar plaattphom, amerikkayile avasana perimeter frame passenture kaar plaattfomukalilonnaanu. naalaamatheyum ezhaamatheyum thalamurayile chevrolatt corvet oru clamshellaayi pravartthikkunna oru aantharika asthikoodavumaayi samyojippicha oru paridhikkullile chattakkood upayogichu.
thaazhnna melkkooraykk purame, paridiyilulla frame abhikaamyamaayappol kuranja irippida sthaanangal anuvadikkukayum paarshwafalamundaayaal mikacha suraksha nalkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, roopakalppanayil kaadinyam illa, kaaranam munnil ninnu madhyathilekkum madhyathil ninnu pinbhaagathekkumulla parivartthana pradeshangal beam, tortional prathirodham kuraykkunnu, ithu tork boxukalumaayum sophtt suspension krameekaranangalumaayum samyojippichaan upayogikkunnathu.
plaattphom frame.
ithu paridhiyude framinteo allengil baakkbon framinteo oru parishkkaranamaan, athil passenture compartment floor chilappol lagej compartment floor framilake looad bairing bhagangalaayi samyojippichirikkunnu, sakthikkum kaadinyathinum. gadakangal kootticherkkaan upayogikkunna sheett mettalin shakti nalkunnathinu malancherivukalum pollukalum upayogichu staambu cheyyendathundu.
niravadhi vijayakaramaya europian kaarukalil plaattphom chassis upayogichu, prathyekichu volkswagen beettil, avide athine "body-oonn-paan" nirmmaanam ennu vilichirunnu. mattoru jarmman udaaharanam 1950 kalileyum 1960 kalileyum mersidis-benz "pondan" kaarukalaayirunnu, avide engleesh bhasha parasyangalil ithine "frame floor" ennu vilichirunnu.
ettu dashalakshathiladhikam nirmmicha franch renault 4 umm oru plaattphom frame upayogichu. sitroon 2sivi framil athinte bodic thaazheyulla oru plaattphom chesisinte valare kuranja vyaakhyaanam upayogichu.
space frame.
oru (tubular) spacephrame chassisil, suspension, enchin, body paanalukal enniva trimana asthikooda frameukalil gadippichirikkunnu, koodaathe body paanalukalkk parimithamaayatho gadanaaparamaayatho aaya pravartthanamilla. kaadinyam vardhippikkunnathinum bharam kuraykkunnathinum, roopakalppana pathivayi trikonangal paramavadhi upayogikkunnu, koodaathe oro stratileyum ellah shakthikalum tensile allengil compress cheiyunnavayaanu, orikkalum valayunnilla, athinaal avaa kazhiyunnathra nerthathaayi sookshikkaam.
1930kalil vaasthuvidyayil ninno vimana roopakalppanayil ninno yadhaartha spaceframinte sidhaantham manassilakkiya buckminster fuller vilyam bushnell stauttum (dimaxione stautt scarb) aanu aadyathe yadhaartha spacephrame chassis nirmmichathu.
1951 jagwar sii-type racing sports kaar bharam kuranjathum multy-tubular, thrikonaakrithiyilulla frame upayogichirunnu, athinu mukalil oru aerodynamic aluminium body nirmmichu.
1994ll, aluminium chesiyulla aadyathe maas maarkkat kaaraya oodi eiii8, body varkkilekku aluminium space frame samyojippichu saadhyamaakki. oodi eiii8 modalukal pinneedu aalkovayumaayi sahakarichu vikasippichedutha eee nirmmaana reethi upayogikkukayum "oodi space frame" aayi vipananam cheyyukayum cheythu.
itaaliyan padamaaya "superleggera" ('suuppar-laitt' ennartham) oru space-frame chassisinode "maathram saamyamulla" bharam kuranja sports-kaar body nirmmaanathinaayi caroseria touring vazhi trademark cheyyappettu. sareerathinu keezhilaayirikkunnathinu, fenderukalkkum radiator, kaul, melkoora ennivaykkum mukalilekkum pinn jaalakathin keezhilum pravartthikkunna idungiya tyoobukalude oru koottil adangiyirikkunna trimana frame upayogichu ithu oru geodesic gadanayodu saamyamullathaan. framinte purambhaagathu oru charmmam gadippichirikkunnu, palappozhum aluminium kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, eee shareeraghadana sammarddam vahikkunna onnalla, ennittum oru chassis cherkkendathundu.
unibody.
unibody", "yoonit-body" ennee padangal "unitised body", "unitory kanstrakshan" allengil pakaramaayi (poornnamaayum) integrated body, frame/chassis ennivaykku hraswamaanu. ithu ingane nirvachikkappedunnu
vahana ghadana parambaraagatha body-oonn-frame vaasthuvidyayil ninnu ippol mikka kaarukalkkum upayogikkunna bharam kuranja unitised/integrated body gadanayilekku maari. 
avibhaajya frame shareera nirmmanavum oru parambaraagatha framilake sammarddamillaatha body welding cheiyunnathinekkaal kooduthal aavasyamaanu. poornnamaayum samyojithamaaya shareeraghadanayil, muzhuvan kaarum vahanam anubavikkunna ellah bharangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru looad vahikkunna yoonittaan-drivingle ninnulla shakthikalum charakk bharangalum. chakrangalulla vaahanangalkkulla avibhaajya-tharam bodikal saadhaaranayaayi welding cheythukondu, munkootty roopappeduthiya loha paanalukalum mattu gadakangalum orumichu, muzhuvan bhaagangalum oru kashanamaayi roopappeduthukayo kaast cheiyukayo cheiyukayo cheiyukayo allengil eee saankethikavidyakalude samyojanam vazhiyo nirmmikkunnu. kaarinte puram charmmavum paanalukalum looad-bairing aayathinal ithine chilappol monocock ghadana ennum vilikkunnundenkilum, shareerathe shakthippeduthunnathin vaariyellukal, bulkheadukal, boxes vibhagangal enniva ippozhum undu, ithu vivaranathe semi-monocock kooduthal anuyojyamaakkunnu.
1922 leeii lanzia lamdayil athinte torpido kaar bodic gadanaaparamaaya kaadinyavum shareerathinte thaazhnna uyaravum nalkunnathaayirunnu atharamoru design technic vikasippikkanulla aadya sramam. lamdaykk sammarddamillaatha melkoorayulla oru thuranna leauttu undaayirunnu, ithu athine oru "monocock" shell kuraykkunnathinum oru paathram poleyaakkunnathinum kaaranamaayi. 1, 000 ennam nirmmichu.
unitory body vikasippikkunnathil oru pradhana punk vahichathu american sthaapanamaaya budd kambaniyaanu, ippol thysencrap budd. vahana nirmmaathaakkalaaya dodge, foord, baike, franch kambaniyaaya sitroon ennivarkku prathyeka frameukalil gadippichirikkunna amarthia steel body varkk budd vitharanam cheythu. 
1930-ll, budinoppam enchineeyaraaya joseph ledwinka oru samboornna ekeekritha nirmmanamulla oru automobile prototype roopakalppana cheythu.
sitroon traction avaantinaayi sitroon eee poornnamaayum unitory body design vaangi. 1934ll avatharippicha eee uyarnna alavilulla vanthothilulla kaar adutha 23 varshathe uthppaadanathil 7,60,000 unitukal vittu. sills, thoonukal, melkoora kiranangal ennivayulppede oru gadanaaparamaaya koodilekku aazhathil staambu cheytha steel sheettukal upayogichu spott weld cheythukondu bodiyudeyum chesiyudeyum aadhunika gadanaaparamaaya samyojanathinte aadya aavarthanamaayirunnu eee aaplikkeshan. prathyeka framillatha oru unitory bodic purame, traction avantil frond wheel drive polulla mattu puthumakalum ulppedunnu. thurannathum paranna nilakalullathumaaya inteeriyarulla thaazhnna nilayilulla vaahanamayirunnu phalam.
chrysler airflo (1934-1937) budd oru vyathiyaanam nalki-airfloyude bodiyil ninnulla moonnu pradhana bhagangal chrysler bridge-truss nirmmaanam ennu vilikkunnavayilekku weld cheythu. nirbhagyavashaal, paanal fittukal moshamayathinaal eee reethi anuyojyamaayirunnilla. unibody shakthiyekkurich samshayalukkalaaya pothujanangale bodhyappeduthunnathinayi, sitron chrysler oru malancherivil ninnu thalliya sesham kaarukal athijeevikkunnathayi kaanikkunna parasyachithrangal srishtichu.
1935ll compact olimbiyayude uthpaadanam aarambhicha unibody gadanayulla oru kaar nirmmikkunna randaamathe europian aadyathe jarmman kaar nirmmathaavumaayirunnu opel. 1938ll oru valia kaapittan uthppaadanathilekku pooyi, ennirunnaalum athinte munbhaagathe rekhamsha beemukal prathyekam staambu cheyyukayum pinneedu pradhana bodiyil gadippikkukayum cheythu. athu valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, 1946 leeii soviyatt poost-vaar maas gass-emm 20 pobeda nirmmichu, opel kaapittaanil ninnu unibody ghadana pakarthi. pinneedu 1950 leeii soviyatt limosine gass-12 siim 3.2 meter (126 inch) neelamulla wheelbase ulla automobileukalil unibody design avatharippichu.
parambaraagatha frond-enchinukalulla 1936 linkon-sephir, rear-wheel-drive leauttu oru unibody ghadana upayogichu. 1941 aayappozhekkum yoonit nirmmaanam kaarukalkk oru puthiya aashayamaayirunnilla, pakshe [american] kuranja vilayil ithu kettitilla, koodaathe aaa vipaniyil valia punk nush aagrahichu."naash 600-nte single yoonit-body nirmmaanam bharam laabhikkukayum naash chairman ceoyumaaya jorj dablyu. unibody bhaaviyude tharamgamaanennu" mesaninu bodhyappettu."
athinusesham, kooduthal kaarukal unibody gadanayilekku punarroopakalppana cheythu, ithu ippol "vyavasaayathil staanderdaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu". 1960 aayappozhekkum, detroitinte bigg three avarude compact kaarukalil (foord faalkkan, plymouth vaaliyant, chevrolatt corware) unitised body design upayogichu. naash hudson motozhsumaayi layippichu american motozhs korppareshan roopeekarichathinushesham, athinte rambler-badge cheytha automobileukal unibody prathyeka roopangal nirmmikkunnath thudarnnu.
1934-leeii chrysler airfloyil saadhaaranayekkaal durbalamaaya frame body framework undaayirunnu, ennaal 1960-ll chrysler body-oonn-frame nirmmaanatthil ninnu athinte mikka kaarukalkkum yoonit-body roopakalppanayilekku maari.
boult-oonn frond aapran (thettayi subframe ennu vilikkunnu) ulla chevi II ozhike, american nirmmitha unibody automobileukalil bhooribhaagavum vibrationukalum chassis flexes kuraykkunnathinu avarude vahana roopakalppanayil tork boxukal upayogichu. 1970 kalude avasaanathil american motorukal (athinte pankaali renoltinoppam) jeep cheroki (xj) plaattphom roopakalppana cheyyumbol nirmmaana thathwangal (unicideukal, samyojitha frame reyilukalum crumble sonukalum ulla floorpan, roof paanal) upayogichu unibody nirmmaanam ulppeduthi...] sakthamaaya yoonit-body gadanayilekku weld cheytha sakthamaaya staambu cheytha steel frame, unibody nirmmaanatthinte bharam gunangalulla parambaraagatha kanatha framinte shakti nalkunnu."chrysler agiranam cheiyunnathinumumbu american motorukal vikasippichedutha exjessy aashayathodoppam eee roopakalppana upayogichu, ithu pinneedu jeep grand cheroki (isadje) aayi maari. jeep grand cheroki polulla aadhunika kaayika yoottility vahanangalil eee roopakalppana ippozhum upayogathilundu. 
vankida vipaniyilulla vaahanangalude mungananayulla nirmmaanamaan ippol unibody. eee roopakalppana bharam labhikkuka, mechappetta sthala upayogam, nirmmaanatthinte eluppam enniva nalkunnu. 1970kalile rund oorjja prathisandhikalude pashchaathalatthil sveekaaryatha naadakeeyamaayi vardhichu, 2000kalil oru truck plaattphom (praadhamikamaayi us maarkkat) upayogikkunna compact esyuvikal 2005 nuu sesham kaphe maanadandangalkku vidheyamaayi (2000 kalude avasaanathode truck adisthaanamaakkiyulla compact esyuvikal ghattamghattamaayi neekkam cheyyukayum crossworukal upayogichu maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu). sakthamaaya shareeramulla kaarinte oru adhika nettam athinte yaathrakkaarkk mechappetta crash parirakshayaanu.
bhagika frameukal.
subframe.
oru vaahanathinte gadanayude oru prathyeka vibhaagathe shakthippeduthunnathino poorttheekarikkunnathino ulla oru vyathyasthamaaya gadanaaparamaaya frame gadakamaanu subframe. saadhaaranayaayi oru unibodyilo monococillo gadippichirikkunna karkkashamaaya subframinu enchinil ninnulla valia shakthikale kaikaaryam cheyyaanum train oodikkaanum kazhiyum, koodaathe unitised body shellinte thaarathamyena nerttha sheett lohathinte vishalamaaya pradeshathekku thulyamaayi kaimaran kazhiyum. kaarukalude munvashatho pinvashatho palappozhum kaanapedunna subframeukal vaahanathil suspension gadippikkaan upayogikkunnu. oru subframil enchinum transmission adangiyirikkaam. ithu saadhaaranayaayi amarthiyatho boxes steel nirmithiyo aanu, pakshe tubular allengil mattu metteeriyalukalo aakam.
passenture kaar upayogathinte udaaharanangalil 1967-1981 GMF plaattphom, GM X plaattphomil (1962) nirmmicha niravadhi varshangalum modalukalum, GM-nte m/l plaattphom vaanukal (ool-wheel drive veriyant ulppedunna chevrolatt aastro/GMC safari), enchin, suspension, steering lodukal ennivayil ninnu passenture compartmentine verthirikkaan oru frond subframe ulppeduthiya unibody AMC pacer enniva ulppedunnu.

