
1954 yunaittad stetts thalasthaanathu vedivayppu

1954 march 1 nuu yuu. ezz bharanathil ninnu puerto recoyude swaathanthryathinte kaaranam prolsaahippikkaan shramicha naalu puerto rican desheeyavaadikal nadatthiya akramanamaayirunnu 1954 leeii yunaittad stetts kyaapittal shooting. american thalasthaanathe house oof representative chamberile "ladys galleryil" (sandarshakarkkulla balcony) ninnu avar semi automatic pisttalil ninnu 30 raundu niyamanirmmaana nilayilekku vedivachu. 
lolita lebron, raffel, miranda, andrez figuro cordero, irvin flores rodrigues ennee desheeyavaadikal oru puerto rican pathaaka uyarthukayum 83-aamath kongrasil immigration bill charcha cheiyunna prathinidhikalkk nere vedivaykkaan thudangukayum cheythu. anchu prathinidhikalkk parikkettu, oraalude nila gurutharamaanengilum ellaavarum sukham praapichu. akramikale arast cheyyukayum rund federal kodathikalil thudarchayaayi vichaarana cheyyukayum shikshikkukayum cheythu. ellaavarkkum thudarchayaayi jeevaparyantham thadavu shiksha labhichu. 1978lum 1979lum president jimmy carter avarude shikshavidhi kurachu. naluperum puerto recoylake madangi.
pashchaathalam.
puerto recoyile swaathanthrya prasthaanam.
1922 septambar 17nuu swaathanthryam thedunna aalukal chernnaanu puerto rican naashanalist party sthaapichathu. anthaaraashtra niyamatthinte kaaryamenna nilayil, 1898leeii paarees udambadi, spanish-american yuddham avasaanippichukondu, 1897leeii 'carta dii autonomiya' (spanish charter oof autonomous) yude velichathil, spanish saamrajyam puerto rico colonial bharanathil ninnu mochippikkukayum dveepinu paramadhikaaram nalkukayum cheythukondu, avarkk illaathathu nalkaan spaanishukaare adhikaarappeduthaan kazhiyillennu avar vaadichu. desheeyavaadikalum mattu rashtreeya paarttikalum swaathanthryathe pinthunachappol, chila rashtreeya partykal amerikkayumaayulla aupachaarika bandhatthinullil dveepinte svayambharanathe pinthunachu.
eee aswasthathayude kaalaghattatthil, 1940 aayappozhekkum niyamanirmmanasabhayil bhooripaksham niyanthricha peeples demookratik partic (ppd) watermar kooduthalaayi vottu cheythu. 1950 leeii yuu. ezz kongrass puerto rico federal relations act pinthunachu, ithu puerto rico kurachu svayambharanathode oru "estado libre associado" ("swatantra anubandha samsthaanam") aayi sthaapichu. bharanakakshiyaya pii. pii. dii. partyil ninnu janangalkk swantham govarnore thiranjedukkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu; oru dvisabha niyamanirmmanam sthaapikkappedukayum american samsthaanangalkku samanamaaya executive pravartthanangal vikasippikkukayum cheythu. prathirodha, videsha udambadikal ennivayude utharavaaditham america nilanirtthi.
puerto rican naashanalist party prathikaranam.
1950kalile puerto rican deseeyavaada party kalapangal yuu. ezz. sarkkaarinethire swaathanthryathinulla aahvaanamaayirunnu. 1897leeii "carta dii autonomiya" yudeyum puerto recoyude anthaaraashtra paramaadhikaaratthinteyum amgeekaaram party aavasyappettu. 1950ll niyamaprakaaram sthaapithamaaya "estado libre associado" enna padhavi thudarchayaaya colonialism enna nilayilum athu nirasichu.
desheeyavaadiyaaya president pedro albisu campos 1950 october 30 nuu penuvelas, mayagues, naranjitto, arezibo, poons ennivayulppede niravadhi pattanangalil sayudha kalaapangalkk utharavittu. uttuwado, jayuva, saan juvan ennividangalilaanu ettavum sradheyamaaya kalapangal nadannathu. american sainyathinte sahaayathode puerto rican sainyam avare adichamarthi.
uttuvaadoyil, police steshan aakramichathine thudarnnu kalaapakaarikale vadhichu. police steshante niyanthranam ettedutha sesham jayuvayil kalaapakaarikal "free republic oof puerto rico" prakhyaapichu; yuu. ezz. adhikaaramelkkunnathuvare moonnu divasam avar nagaram pidichedutthu.ezz. kalaapathe adichamarthaan bomber vimanangal, peerankikal, puerto rican naashanal gaard, sainikar ennivare ayachu. saan juvaanil, desheeyavaadikal govarnor luis munos maarine vadhikkan uddeshichu govarnorude vasathi aakramichenkilum parajayappettu.
kalapam niravadhi maranangalkk kaaranamaayi maricha 28 peril 16 perr desheeyavaadikalum 7 perr police udyogastharum 1 deseeya kaavalkkaranum 4 perr ulppedaatha saadhaaranakkaarumaayirunnu. parikketta 49 peril 23 perr police udyogastharum 6 perr deseeya kaavalkkaarum 9 perr desheeyavaadikalum 11 perr pankeduppikkappedaathu saadhaaranakkaarumaayirunnu.
eee nadapadikal puerto recoyil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyittilla. akkaalat newyork nagaratthil thaamasichirunna rund puerto rican desheeyavaadikal us president haari ezz. yeei vadhikkan padhathiyittu. truman. 1950 november 1 nuu avar poleesineyum rahasya sevanateyum akramikkukayum washingtonile blair housilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu.sii.vaitt housinte pradhana naveekarana velayil truman thaamasichirunna sthalam. oru desheeyavaadiyaaya griselio torresola vaitt house police offeesaraaya lessie coffeltum aakramanathil kollappettu. matoraal, ooskaar colasso, vichaarana cheyyappedukayum shikshikkappedukayum jayililadaykkappedukayum cheythu.
puerto recoyude padavi sambandhicha chodyathinte praadhaanyam amgeekaricha truman, 1952ll puerto recoyil nadanna oru pothuparisodhanaye pinthunachu, oru kolaniyenna nilayil thudarchayaaya nerittulla bharanavum parimithamaaya svayambharanavum thammil oru thiranjeduppu vaagdaanam cheythu. vottu cheythavaril ekadesham 82 sathamaanavum puthiya bharanaghadanayum swatantra anubandha samsthaanavum allengil komanveltthum amgeekarichuvenkilum, baalattil swaathanthryam oru oopshanaayirunnilla, mikka desheeyavaadikalum thiranjeduppu bahishkarichu.
aakramanathinulla thayyaareduppukal.
pothuparisodhanaa yogathil janangal vottu cheythathil desheeyavaadikal samthruptharaayirunnilla. 1950-kalude thudakkathil, puerto rican naashanalist party presidentaaya doonn pedro albisu campos jayilil ninnu 34 kaariyaya lolita lebronumaayi bandhapettu. eee kathidapaadukalil chilath 1950 leeii deseeya party kalapangalekkurichu charcha cheythu. puerto rica yuu. esinte "estado libre associado" (swatantra anubandha samsthaanam) aayi prakhyapikkunnathil vijayicha puerto rican govarnor luis munos maarinekkurichum charcha cheythu.ezz.
1954ll lebron, raffel, cancel miranda, irvin flores, andrez figuero cordero ennivarulppedunna oru koottam desheeyavaadikal yuu. esinte oru kolaniyaayi avar kanakkakkiya puerto recoyude padaviyil lokashradha kendreekarikkaan theerumaanichu.ezz. washington dii. yile onniladhikam sthalangal akramikkaan avar padhathiyittu.sii., shakthiyode.
albisu campos eee aakramanathinu utharavittu, pakshe desheeyavaadikal athinaayi aasoothranam cheiyunnathu thudarnnu. groupine nayikkanum oduvil aakramanathe nayikkanum lebron theerumaanichu. onniladhikam lakshyangal akramikkaan sramikkunnathinekkaal prathinidhi sabhaykkethiraaya orotta aakramanathinu vijayathinulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanennu lebron nigamanam cheythu. 1954 march 1 nuu caracasil nadanna "konferensiya interamericaana" (interamerican konfarans) yude udghaadanathodanubandhichu avar theeyathi thiranjedutthu. poorto recoyude swaathanthrya lakshyathilekku, prathyekichu laattin american raajyangalkkidayil, konfaransil shradha shanikkaan lebron uddeshichu.
akramanam.
march 1 nuu raavile, lebron manhattanile grand central terminalilekku yaatra cheythu, avide avar samghathile bakkiyullavarumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. avar trainil washington dii. siyilekku pooyi union steshanil ninnu thalasthaanathekku kurachu dooram pooyi. kaalavastha vaikiyathinaal akramanam maattivaykkaan raffel nirddeshichu, kaaranam mazha peythu. njaan ottaykkaanu" ennu lebron parayukayum thalasthaana kettidatthinte ulbhaagathekku neengukayum cheythu. samgham parasparam nokki, avale pinthudaraan theerumaanichu.
lebroninte samgham house chamberinu mukalilulla sandarshaka galleryil athiyappol, prathinidhikal meksikkan sambadvyavasthayum kudiyetta prashnangalum charcha cheyyumbol avar irunnu. lebron utharavu nalkia sesham samgham vegathil karthaavinte praarthana paarayanam cheythu. aval ezhunnettu nilavilichu, "puerto rico libre!"(ekadesham," oru swatantra puerto rico deerghakaalam jeevikkuka!") puerto recoyude pathaaka uyarthi. thaazheyulla prathinidhikalkk nere samgham semi automatic pisttalukal upayogichu vediyuthirthu.
anchu niyamanirmmaathaakkalkk parikkelppicha 30 oolam vediyundakal (kooduthalum radhaakkal vazhi, addehathinte akkoundu anusarichu). figueroyude pisttal sthambhikkumbol aval melkkoorayilekku vediyuthirthathaayi lebron paranju. nenjilekku vediyunda valicha alvin morel bentli (aarr-mishigan), kaalil adicha clifford davis (dii-tennisi), benn eph. jenson (aarr-ayowa), jorjju hyde phaalan (dii-maryland), kennathu eiii ennivar pinnilekku vedivachu. roberts (dii-alabama). veedinte nilathu ninnu bentli edukkaan house pejukal sahayichu. prathinidhikalkk chikitsa nalkukayum sukham praapikkukayum cheythu. 
arast cheyyappettappol lebron nilavilichu, "njaan aareyum kollan vannathalla, puerto recoic vendi marikkaanaan njaan vannath!"
prathyaaghaathangalum arasttukalum.
desheeyavaadikale udan thanne washingtonil arast cheythu.sii. pittennu raavile puerto recoyil deseeya party president pedro albisu camposinte veettil insular police thokkukalum kanneer vaathakavum upayogichu raid nadatthi. puerto recoyile police medaaviyaaya salvador tii. angane avar oru penthakosth palliyude melkkoorayil ninnum veedinu abhimukhamaayi oru boarding hausil ninnum camposinte veettilekku vediyuthirthu. avar camposine arast cheyyukayum jaililekku kondupookukayum cheythu. veettil ninnu kondupoyappol addeham abodhaavasthayilaavukayum pakuthi shwaasammuttukayum cheythu.
albisu camposine arast cheyyaanulla utharavinu ardhamillennu police medhavi roig pinneedu paranju."albisu camposinte phoneukal tapucheythu, addehathinte meyil thadanju, albisu efbi, cia, insular police ennivayude 24 manikkoor nireekshanatthilaayirunnu. albisu kaamposinekkurichum puerto rican naashanalist parttiyekkurichum efbi reportukal aathyanthikamayi oru dashalakshathiladhikam pejukal kavinju. kongrassinethiraaya akramanavumaayi albisu nerittu bandhappettirunnuvenni avar thelivukalonnum kandethiyilla.
puerto rico govarnor luis munos maarin aalbisuvinte mapp raddaakkukayum rashtreeya nethaavine laa princessa jaililekku thirike konduvarikayum cheythu, avide ninnu addeham aarumasam munbu mochithanaayi. raajyadroham, 1948 leeii puerto rico niyamam 53 (gagg niyamam ennu ariyappedunnu) lamghanam, yuu. esine akramaasakthamaayi attimarikkaan shramikkal enniva addehathinethire aaropikkapettu.ezz. sarkkar.
rund varshathinu sesham, 1956 march 25 nuu, jayilil aayirikkumbol albisu camposinu oru embolisavum strock anubhavappedukayum addehathe ardha-pakshaakhaathagrasthanum nishabdanumaayi maattukayum cheythu. avan ningalilninnu mochithanaayilla.ezz. 1965 epril 21 nuu addehathinte maranathinu thottumunbu, onpathu varshathekku koodi federal kasttadi.
vicharana thadavum.
lebron, miranda raddaakkuka, mattu prathikalkkethire washingtonile federal kodathiyil kolapaathakashramathinum mattu kuttakrithyangalkkum kesedutthirunnu. 1954 juun 4nuu federal jadji alexander holtsoff karshana suraksha nadapadikalode kesinte adhyakshatha vahichukondu vichaarana aarambhichu. ezhu purushanmaarum anchu sthreekalum adangunna oru juurii yogam chernnu; avarude aidantitti rahasyamaayi sookshichu. lioo eiii aayirunnu prosecution nayichathu. rover; 33 sakshikal saakshyam vahichu.
lebroninteyum mattu moonnu saha-prathikaludeyum abhibhaashakanenna nilayil prashastha aaktivist attorni konraad linninte sevanangal surakshithamakkaan rooth merii rainolds sahayichu. prathikal maathramaan thangalude vaadathil saakshyam vahichathu. thaan vannath kollan vendiyalla, marichu "thante maathrraajyathinte swaathanthryathinaayi marikkaanaan" ennu lebron aavarthichu."
1954 juun 16 nuu juurii nalupereyum kuttakkaaraanennu prakhyaapichu, lebron kolluka enna uddeshyathode aakramichathil ninnu kuttavimukthanaakkukayum pakaram marakamaaya ayudham upayogichu aakramichathinte cheria kuttatthinu shikshikkukayum cheythu. jadji holtsoff paramavadhi thudarchayaaya thadavu shiksha vidhichu oro purushan 75 varshavum lebroninu 50 varshavum thadavu. prathikalude praayam kanakkiledukkumbol, neratthe parol nalkiyillengil jeevaparyantham thadavu shikshayaan ithu ardhamaakkunnathu.
american leag abhibhashakaraanu shikshaavidhikk ethire appeel nalkiyathu. 1956-nte thudakkathil columbia surcuted jillaykkulla yunaittad stetts appeel kodathi shikshaavidhikalum shikshaavidhikalum sthireekarichu.
1954 juulai 13nuu naalu prathikaleyum newyorkkilekku kondupoyi, avide avar federal jadji laurence iii. kku munnil hajaraayi. newyorkkile thekkan jillaykkayi yunaittad stetts jilla kodathiyude walsh, raajyadroha goodaalochanayude anubandha kuttangal, adhika saha-prathikalkoppam, neridendivarum. eee aaropanam kongrassinethiraaya aakramanathekkaal vishaalamaayirunnu. american aikyanaadukalile sarkkaarine attimarikkaan shramicha" kuttatthinu avar svayam kuttakkaarallenn prakhyaapichuvenkilum puerto recoyude swaathanthryam aavashyappedunnathil urachuninnu. prosecution saakshikalil gonsaalo lebron juuniyar ulppedunnu., avan thante sahodarikkethire saakshyam vahichu.
1954 october 26nuu juurii ellah prathikalum goodaalochanaykku kuttakkaaraanennu kandethi. jadji walsh oororutharkkum aarr varsham koodi thadavu shiksha vidhichu. 1955ll randaam surcuted appeel kodathi goodaalochana kuttangalum thudarchayaaya shikshakalum sthireekarichu.
nalupereyum vyathyastha jayilukalilekku ayachu figuero cordero atlaantayile federal jaililekku; lebron vestt virjeeniyayile aaldezhsanile vanita jaililekku; miranda raddaki saan francisco ulkkadalile alcatrasilekku; flores rodrigues 1950 ll president haari trumane vadhikkan shramichathinethudarnnu ooskaar colasso jayililadacha kansaasile leevanvarthilekku.
mochanam.
1978ll figuero cordero puratthirangi. oru varshathinusesham 1979ll president jimmy carter bakkiyulla kuttavaalikalude shiksha kurachu. chaaravrithikkuttam chumatthi cubayil thadavilakkappetta niravadhi american siyaa ejantumaare phidal kaastro mochippichathinu pakaramaanithenn chila vishakalana vidagdhar paranju, ennaal anganeyallennu us paranju. mochitharaaya desheeyavaadikale puerto recoyil saan juvan anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathil ekadesham 5,000 perr "heerokalude swaagatham" nalki sweekarichu.

