moow (chainees suvolaji)

bisi moonnaam noottaand muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare bheeman paandayude saadhaarana chainees naamamayirunnu moow (Â), ennaal 1824-ll franch sinologist jeane-piyar aabel-remooset aduthide kandethiya karuppum veluppum malayan tappir ("tapirus indicus") ennu thettayi thiricharinju, athu charithrakaalathu chainayil orikkalum vasichirunnilla. onpathaam noottaandil prashastha tang kavi baayi/boow juyi aadyamaayi vivaricha aanayude thumbikkai, kaandaamrigatthinte annukal, pashuvin wall, kaduvayude paadangal ennivayulla oru puraana "moow" (Â) chimera chithreekaricha chainees maram kondulla thithreekaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyaanu addeham eee thettaaya thirichariyal nadathiyathu. aabel-rimusaattinte thettukalude anantharafalangal vipulamaayirunnu. moow" ennaal "chainees tapeer" ennartham varunnuvenna addehathinte anumaanam paashchaathya suvolajiyil udan thanne sweekarikkappedukayum pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode ithu chainayilum jappanilum aadhunika shaasthreeya vasthuthayayi amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu. irupathaam noottaandil, "moow" ennathinte yadhaartha ardham nashtappettathinaal, bheeman paandaykku "daa siongmavo" (δισιονγMAO) enna puthiya chainees peru nalki. "valia karadi poocha").
suvolaji.
thekk madhya chainayile parvatha vanangalil kaanapedunna valuthum karuppum veluppum nirathilullathumaaya karadiyaanu bheeman paanda allengil paanda karadi ("ailuropoda melanoluke"). ithinte aavaasavyavastha pradhaanamaayum sichuvaanilaan, mathramalla ayalrajyangalaaya shansiyilum gaansuvilumaan. chevikal, annukal, mookk, tholukal, kaalukal ennivayil karutha romangalulla paandayude kottu pradhaanamaayum veluthathaanu. oru mamsabhojiyenna nilayil vargeekaranam nadathiyittum, bheeman paandayude bhakshanam praadhamikamaayi sasyabhakshanamaan, athil mikkavarum mulla maathram adangiyirikkunnu.
malayan tappir allengil eshyan tappir ("tapirus indicus") oru karuppum veluppum otta kaalukalulla, kaazhchayil panni poleyum neelamulla flexible probosis ulla oru kattiyulla pashuvaya aanu. thekkan mianmar, thekkan vietnaam, thekkupadinjaaran thayland, malaysian upadveep, sumatra ennivayaanu ithinte aavaasavyavastha. mrugathinte kottinte tholilninnu nithambam vare neelunna ilam niratthilulla oru paachu undu, chevikalude velutha rimmid agrangal ozhike athinte backie mudi karuthathaanu. sasyabhakshanathin mathramulla malayan tapeer pala sasyajaalangaludeyum chinappukalum elakalum bhakshikkunnu.
thekkan chaina mekhalayile plaistoseen mrugangalude avashishtangalil "illuropoda", "tapirus" ennivayude phoosil asthikal undayathaayi mrgashaalayude shaasthram velippeduthunnu (harper 2013:191). bheeman pandayum tapir thekkan chainayile thaazhnna pradeshangalum nadeethadangalum plistoseen, holocene athirthi vare, ekadesham 10,000 varshangalkk munbu vare thudarnnu (harper 2013:193). chainayile paleolithic manushyarkk paandakaleyum thapeerukaleyum neridaan avasarangalundakaam, ennaal ekadesham 3,500 varshangalkk munbu, tapeer chainayil adhivasichirunnilla (chaang 1999:43).
shang raajavamshathile mrugangalude avashishtangal anyaamgil khananam cheythu, henanil "tapress" ulppedunnu, pakshe "ailuropoda" allah. vadakku bhaagath ithuvare kandethiya plaistoseen allengil holocene teppirukalude oreyoru udaaharanamaanu rund teppir mandibular sakalangal. thekk ninnu shang irakkumathi cheythathinte thelivaanu tappir asthikalennu paleantologistukalaaya tealhard dii chardin, yang songjian ennivar vishwasichu, avaa "chainayile manushya-tappir sanbarkkathinte avasana suvological thelivukalaanu, ithu orikkalum tappir adhivasikkaatha mrgashaalayile pradeshathu sambhavikkunnu" (harper 2013:193).
purathana chainees rachanakalude aadyakaala corpus aaya bce 13 muthal 11 vare noottaandukalile shang orakkil asthikalil "moow" <* "muck" (′ allengil ′) graafukal ennu thaalkkaalikamaayi thiricharinja chila orakkil asthi lipi ulppedunnu. harper parayunnathanusarichu, eee shang orakkil, shau venkala likhithangal oru vanyamrugathekkaal oru vamshathinteyo sthalathinteyo perayirikkaam (harper 2013:194-195).
pathonpathaam noottaandilaanu paashchaathya suvolajistukal malayan tapeerineyum bheeman panda kurichu aadyamaayi arinjathu. 1816 januvariyil malakka swadeshiyaaya mejar vilyam farkhar malayan thapeerinekkurichulla aadya vivaranam grettu brittanileyum irelandileyum royal eshyattik sosaittikk mrugathinteyum athinte asthikoodathinteyum chithrangalumaayi ayachu. ennirunnaalum, addeham "malakkayude taappirin" oru binomial peru nalkiyilla, 1819 ll anselme gaattan desmerest "tapirus indicus" srishtichu (lidecker 1900:31). 1816 desemberil, jii. jeey. sumatrayile britiish benkoolanil siddons oru yuva tapeer kandethi, athu addeham kalkattayile eshyan samoohathilekku (maxwell thudangiyavar) ayachu. 1909: 100-102). jorjas kuviyarinte keezhil padicha franch prakrithishaasthranjanaaya piyari-medard diard, faarkvarinte vivaranam vaayikkukayum, barakpurile govarnorude mrgashaalayil sidonukalude tappir parisodhikkukayum, 1819ll taappirinekkurichulla oru vivaranam prasidheekaricha paareesile anselme gaattan desmerestinu oru vivaranam ayaykkukayum cheythu (settan 1820:422-424, faarkhar thudangiyavar. 2010:26-27).
1869-ll franch laasarist purohithanaaya armand david (1826-1900) sichuvaanile vettakkar jeevanode pidichedukkukayum athu kollappedukayum padanathinaayi paareesilekk ayaykkukayum cheytha oru maathruka swanthamaakki. bheeman paandayude yadhaartha binomial namam "ursas melanoleucus" (laattin "black aandu vaitt bear" ennathil ninnu), anubandha franch namam "auvezhs blank ettu noyer" (david 1869 5:13) enniva addeham srishtichu. jeevichirikkunna oru bheeman pandaye kandathayi ariyappedunna aadyathe paaschaathyanaanu 1916-ll oru kunjine vangiya jarmman suvolajist hugo weigold. kermitum theodor rooswelt juuniyarum.prakrithicharithrathinte feeld museum dhanasahayam nalkia 1929 leeii paryaveshanatthil oru pandaye vedivacha aadya videsiyaayi. 1936-ll, brookfield mrgashaalayil thamasikkaan poya oru bheeman pandaye thirike konduvanna aadyathe paashchaathyanaayi rooth harkness maari (harper 2013:186,214).
padavali.
pazhaya chainees * "mcwack" (′ allengil ′) muthal aadhunika staanderd chainees "daxiongmavo" (δε′) vare "bheeman paanda" nuu niravadhi perukalundu. pazhayathum madhyakaalavumaaya chainees punarnirmmaanangal vilyam echu-ll ninnullathaanennu shradhikkuka. baakstar aandu laurent sagart (2014).
"moow".
staanderd "bheeman paanda" enna peru "moow" (<unk>) niravadhi graphik veriyant pratheekangal upayogichaanu ezhuthiyirikkunnathu.
"moow" "" "maddhya chainees" "mack" "" "pazhaya chainees" "" "mack" "" "(" "" "allengil" "" ", bheeman paanda" ") phono-semantic samyuktha pratheekangalaanu, avaa" "moow" "" "" mack "" "" "mack" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "
"vadakkukizhakkan chainayile chainees ithara janathayude purathana vamsheeyanaamamaayirunnu moow" "(cf". corian "make" (<unk>) aalukal), chilappol "moow" <"mack" <* "muck" (<unk>, paanda) "ennu ezhuthaan oru homophonous phoonetik loonn pratheekamaayi upayogichirunnu. graafukal "kollayadikkunna mrugam" enna ardha soochakathe "bɑi" <"pèk" <* "phrak" (̃, nooru), "gè" <"kaak" <* "khrak" (̃, oronnum) phoonetik gadakangalumaayi samyojippikkunnu-̃ saadhaaranayaayi "racoon naaya" ennartham varunna "hé" <"xèk" <* "qhrak" ennu ucharikkappedunnu. chainees ithara ("barbarian") aalukalkkulla chainees aksharangal eee "mrugam", "naaya" semantic soochakangal vamseeya apahasyangalaayi pathivayi upayogikkunnu, ezhuthappetta chainees bhaashayile graphik pejoretteevukal kaanuka.
eee paanda-perilulla vakabhedangalaaya "moow" (<unk>, thekkupadinjaaran mrugam), "moow" (<unk>, vadakkukizhakkan mekhala) enniva sandarbhathil ninnu eluppathil verthirichariyaan kazhinju. karuppum veluppum niramulla "bheeman paanda" yude perukalil "veluppu" enna ashayam oru saadhaarana gadakamaanu. "moow" "<*" "mwack" "(′," "paanda" ") nuu" "moow" "allengil" "boow" "(′) enna oru vakabhedamundu, athil" "bye" "<" "baike" "<*" "bwack" "(′," "velutha" ") phoonetik gadakamundu". moow" (<unk>, "paanda") ennathinte aadyakaala nighandu nirvachanam "baibavo" <* "barrackp" "r" "(<unk>," velutha pullipuli ", chuvadeyulla" erya "kaanuka) aanu. chainees shubhajeevikalaaya baihu (<unk>, velutha kaduva), baise (<unk>) enniva thaazhe (harper 2013:218) palappozhum veluthathaayirunnu.
shang raajavamshathile chainees venkala likhithangalil (c. 1600-1046 bce), shau rajavamsham (c. 1046-256 bce), koodaathe kiinn raajavamshathinte kaalath (221-206 bce) staanderd cheytha seal lipiyil. purathana venkala, mudra lipikal oru mrugangalude pictograph semantic indikkettarine eratta "" pullu "," suuryan "gadakangal upayogichu ezhuthiya oru" "muck" "phoonetik gadakavumaayi samyojippikkunnu, ennaal aadhunika phoonetik" moow "(′) ll thaazheyulla" "pullu" "" valia "" aayi maatti.
moow" "<*" "maama" "(̃, ′, ′, ′) enna padangalude pazhaya chainees padavyuthpatthi" "muu" "<*" "maama" "(̃sharn, mechilppurangal; attin koottam; kannukaalikale valarthal) (shoosler 2007:390,393) ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu". bii. sii. iii. anchaam noottaandilum naalam noottaandilum hubeil khananam cheytha thekkan chuu kayyezhuthuprathikalil "moow" <* "muck" (′) "animal pelttu" (chenn 2004:251) ezhuthaan upayogichu.
mattu paanda perukal.
bheeman paandaykku chila adhika chainees perukalundu. paandakalkku irumbum chembum kazhikkaan kazhiyumenna purathana aithihyangal "shitiesho" (irumbu bhakshikkunna mrugam) enna perilekku nayichu. sichuvaanile pradhana paanda aavaasavyavasthayil samsaarikkunna chainees inathinu "huwaxiong" (<unk>, "pushpa karadi"), "bikesiong" (<unk>, "velutha karadi", mukalil soochippicha "veluppu" aavarthikkunnu) ennee perukalundu, ithu ippol "dhruva karadiyude" saadhaarana chainees peraanu (harper 2013:191).
aadhunika staanderd chainees namam "daxiongmavo" (δια, littu. "valia karadi poocha", "bheeman paanda), ithu neo-laattin" "ailyooro-" "poochayil ninnu" "illuropoda" "enna vargeekarana janussil ninnaan roopappeduthiyathu". kizhakkan himaalayangalilum thekkupadinjaaran chainayilum kaanapedunna cheriyatho chuvannatho aaya pandaye ("ailooras fuljans") bandhapetta peru "seoxiongmavo" (cheria karadi poocha) soochippikkunnu.
bandhapetta perukal.
melpparanja paanda-nirddishta padangalkku purame niravadhi anubandha mrugangalude perukalum undu.
aadyakaala chainees suvological padaavaliyil, "moow" <* "muck" ("bheeman paanda") orutharam "bavo" <* "paa" ruu "(" pullipuli ") aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. chuvadeyulla 'erya' enna padatthil 'moow' yeei 'baibavo' <* 'barrackp' aarr 'yuu' ('velutha pullipuli') ennaanu nirvachichirikkunnathu.
"pandithanmaar bheeman paandayumaayi bandhapetta oru" "pouraanikamaaya kadutha chaaraniratthilulla velutha kaduva allengil karadi polulla mrugamaayirunnu" "pii" "bij" "(<unk>) allengil" "pixi" "(<unk>)". erya" "paii" yeei "baihu" <* "barakgwa" ("velutha kurukkan") ennum athinte ilaya kothukine "huu" <* "γa γ" (′) ennum nirvachikkunnu. guwo puyude vyaakhyaanam "shiyi" <* "tiplej" (<unk>) enna mattoru perum kaduvakalumaayum pullippulikalumaayum (<unk>) "paii" enna grouppukalum nalkunnu. shuvan jeesi" enna entry link "paii" vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayaaya moyumaayi bandhippikkunnu (<unk> allengil Â, "paanda" ennathinum upayogikkunnu): "" pullipuli groupil pedunnu (Â), ithu moow (Â) enna rajyath ninnaan varunnath. 'shijing' parayunnu, 'paii pelttu cheiyunna oru sammaanamaayi vaagdaanam cheyyuka', 'shaushu' parayunnu, 'paii' polulla kaduvayeppole."paii" oru krooramaaya mrugamaanu."ithinu sesham moonnu" "shuvan jeesi" "entrikal," "moow" "(′, paanda) thekkupadinjaaran shuvil ninnaan vannathennu parayappedunnu". athinaal, pree-hahn, hahn grandhangalil "moow", "paii" ennee vaakkukal ore mrugathe soochippikkunnilla, "paii" bheeman paandayayirikkaan kazhiyilla "(harper 2013:219).
"shwanmo" "<*" "shwanminmack" "(Конс онмо" "irunda" "moow" ") oru praadeshika uthppannamaayirunnu, ithu lingshiyile vadakkukizhakkan yii janangal (innathe hebby) shau kottaarathinu samarppichu, pree-hahn" "yii shau shuu". moonnaam noottaandile niroopakanaaya kong chaavo (<unk>) "moow" ennathinte "erya" nirvachanathe "baibavo" ("velutha pullipuli") allengil "baihu" (<unk>, "velutha kurukkan") ennu oru vyathyastha vaachaka vaayanayil paraamarsikkukayum "shuvanmo" yeei "heibavo" (<unk>, "karutha pullipuli") allengil "haihu" (<unk>, "karutha kurukkan") ennu nirvachikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, "suvanmo" chainayude vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath ninnaan vannathennathinaal, thekkupadinjaaru ninnulla bheeman paandayaayirunnu paraamarshikkappedaan saadhyathayilla (harper 2013:217).
"cheng" <* "sii.moow" ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkavunna oru anjjaathamaaya mruganaamamaanu lreng "(<unk>," thuka; niyamam; yaatra "). shuvangsi", "laisi" ennivaykku chaakrika prakriyakalekkurichulla oru bhaagathil "" quinging "" "" cheng "" srishtikkunnu, "" cheng "" kuthiraye srishtikkunnu, kuthira manushyarashi srishtikkunnu "(<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ cheng" (<unk>) ennathu saadhaarana chainees naamamaya "bavo" (Â, "pullipuli"), yuu (thekkukizhakkan theerapradesham) praadeshika naamamaya "moow" (Â) ennivaykku thulyamaanennu nashtappetta pusthakatthil ninnulla oru madhyakala udharani shisi paranju. cheng" enna praadeshika padamaaya "chong" (Â, "kaduva; pullipuli" ennartham) ennathinulla praadeshika padamaaya yaanshouvile (innathe shanxyil) samakaalika upayogathinu thulyamaayirikkam purathana ardhamennu kamantettar shhein gwa (1031-1095) paranju. shisi" udharani aadhikaarikamaanennu nammal anumaanichaalum, praadeshika bhaashakalile purathana paryayangalaaya "cheng", "bavo", "moow" enniva avayilonnum bheeman pandaye paraamarshichathinte thelivallennu harper nigamanam cheiyunnu (2013:217).
"jiyodu" "<*" "keey-rivllu-ezz" "(" "kuthanthramulla muyal" ")" "moow" "yumayi bandhapetta irumbu bhakshikkunna oru mrugamaanu". daavoyist wang jiya (dii. 390 sii. iii) apocryphal charitrangalil ninnu. "kunvu parvathatthil kaanapedunna thanthrapradhaanamaaya muyal muyal aakruthiyilullathaanu, aanpakshi manjayum penpakshi vella, sinnabar, chembu, irumbu enniva bhakshikkunnu. puraathanakaalathu, vuu raajaavinte aayudhashaalayile ellah aayudangalum kaanaathaayappol, avar nilathekku kuzhichunokki, oru vella oru manjayum niramulla rund muyal, avarude vayattil irumbu niranjirunnathaayi kandethi, athu aayudangalil idumbol cheli pole jaid murikkum. moow" paanda vibhagathilaanu eee kuthantra muyalukal."(" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "
"moow" bheeman paanda.
chainees grandhangal rund sahasraabdathilereyaayi "moow" "bheeman pandaye" vivarichittundu.
"eriya".
bce naalam noottaandilo moonnaam noottaandilo "erya" nighandu vibhaagam "shau" (mrugangal) "moow" (bheeman paanda) yeei "baibo" (vaitt pullipuli) ennu nirvachikkunnu. manjuthumba ("panthera yunsia") eee "velutha pullipuliyude" oru ithara thirichariyalaanu (vaayikkuka 1931, illa. 352). guwo puu (276-324) ezhuthiya "erya" vyaakhyaanam "moow" ennu parayunnu, 
cheria thalayum cheria kaalukalum karuppum veluppum kalarnna irumbu, chembu, mulla sandhikal enniva nakkaan kazhiyunnathum athinte ellukal shakthavum urachathum cheria majjayullath eerppam akattunnathumaan. velutha niramulla pullippuliykk "moow" enna prathyeka perundennu chilar parayunnu.(thra. harper 2013:185,205) [<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′]
mrugangalude perukalude adutha rund "erya" nirvachanangal "moow" ykku samaantharamaanu "hahn" <* "γ′am" (′) ennathu oru "baihu" <* "b′rakkhhʼra α" (′Slot, "velutha kaduva"); "shhoo" <* "cÂ.livk "(̃) oru" haihu "<*" mcchra "(̃slot," karutha kaduva ") aanu. guvoyude vyaakhyaanam parayunnath, eee perukal suvologically vyathyastha mrugangalalla, velutha niratthilullathum karupp nirathilullathumaaya kaduvakale soochippikkunnu ennaanu. moow" bheeman pandayude parichithamaaya saamskaarika swathuathilum charithratthilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi, "erya" (harper 2013:216) ozhikeyulla aadyakaala grandhangalil "hahn" allengil "shhoo" enniva kaanapedunnilla.
"shanhoy jing".
sii. bce moonnaam noottaandilo randaam noottaandilo "shanhoy jing" (parvathangaludeyum kadalukaludeyum classic) puraana-bhoomishaasthram "moow" (Â) nerittu paraamarsikkunnilla, ennaal oru parvathathinu paanda polulla "mengbavo" (Â, "bheekaramaaya pullippulikal") undennu parayunnu, mattoru parvathathodulla guwo puyude naalam noottaandile vyaakhyaanam parayunnath athu "moow" (Â) paandakalude aavaasavyavasthayaanennu parayunnu.
nanshan" (dakshinaparvvatham) ennathinte vivaranam parayunnu, "athinte kodumudiyil cherunaarangakalude alavu [<unk>] undu. sinnabar nadhi ivide ninnu uthbhavich vadakkott ozhuki nadiyude druthagathiyilulla bhaagangalilekku ozhukunnu. eee parvathatthile mrugangalil niravadhi kaattupoochakal [<unk>] undu. ividuthe pakshikal kooduthalum kuyilukalaanu."(thra. biral 2000:15).
guwo puu parayunnu, "krooramaaya pullipuli karadiyumaayi saamyamullathaanenkilum cheruthaanu. athinte romangal nertthathum thilakkamullathum; paambukale bhakshikkanum chembu, irumbu enniva bhakshikkanum kazhiyum; ithu shuvil ninnaan varunnath. pakaramaayi, "bavo" enna graph "huu" sloat [kaduva] ennu ezhuthappettirikkunnu."(thra.) (thra. harper 2013:220).
haavo yixinginte upa-vyaakhyaanathil "mengbavo" <* "mmhrr̃nːpʼrʼu" ("krooramaaya pullipuli") allengil "menkhu" <* "mhr̃nːnːqhʼra" ("krooramaaya kaduva") enniva samanamaaya "mobavo" <* "makpa" "r" "(" paanda pullipuli ") ennu vilikkunnu.
laishanekkurichulla (laay parvvatham) "shaanay jing" vivaranam parayunnu, "parvvathatthinte thekke mukhathu manja svarnnathinte alavum athinte vadakke mukhathu niravadhi elkkukalum valia maanukalum undu. ividuthe marangal kooduthalum chandanavum chaayamulla mulberry aanu. ithinte chedikalil bhooribhaagavum shallo, veluthulli, koodaathe niravadhi irisukalaanu. eee parvathatthil mandagathiyilulla paambukallukal undu."(thra. biral 2000:88). guwo laay parvathatthe kweongly parvathavumaayi (purathana shuu, innathe sichuwan) thirichariyunnu, ithu "moow" (Â) yude aavaasavyavasthayaanennu rekhappeduthunnu, koodaathe "moow" oru karadiye allengil karuppum veluppum "boow" yeei saamyamullathaanennu parayunnu, koodaathe chembu, irumbu ennivayum kazhikkunnu kazhikkunnu harper 2013:185) ennathil ninnu sweekarichathu. "boow" ("" vairudhyam "") "" kaduvakaleyum pullippulikaleyum bhakshikkunna oru marathadiyulla pybald kuthirayeppolulla oru puraana mrugathe "" ennu vilikkunnu ".
mukalilulla guwo puyude 'erya' vyaakhyaanam 'moow' (Â, 'paanda'), laay parvathatthile 'moow' (Â, 'paanda'), thekkan parvathatthile 'mengbavo' (Â, 'krooramaaya pullipuli') ennivayekkurichulla addehathinte vivaranagal thammilulla samanathakal undaayirunnittum; nerttha niramulla 'mengbavo' allengil 'menkhu' ennivaye karuppum veluppum paandayayi addeham vyakthamaayi thirichariyunnilla, marichu karadiyumaayi saamyamulla shuvil ninnulla mattoru lohabhakshana mrugamaayi (harper 2013:221).
"shuvan jeesi".
suu shhein sii. 121 "shuvan jeesi" enna chainees akshara nighanduvil "moow" (Â) enna padatthinte nirvachanam parayunnu, "karadiyumaayi saamyamulla, manjayum karuppum niramulla, shuvil ninnaan varunnath" (innathe sichuwan pradesham). shuvan jeesi" yekkurichulla duvan yukaayiyude 1815 leeii vyaakhyaanam "moow" yeei "irumbu bhakshikkunna mrugam" (<unk>) allengil "shanhoy jinginte" krooramaaya pullipuli "(<unk>) aayi thirichariyunnu. addeham parayunnu, "mrugangal ippozhum sichuvaante kizhakkan bhaagath vasichirunnu, parvathangalil viraku shekharikkukayum loha vishakkunna paandakalkku bhakshanam nalkaan irumbu edukkendivarikayum cheytha pradeshavaasikalkk ithu oru shalyamaayirunnu. sathyasandharallaatha aalukal paanda pallukal vyaja budhamatha shareera avashishtangalayi vilkkunnu."(harper 2013:185). lohabhakshana mrugangalude saamskaarika rooparekha paandayko chainaykko mathramaayirunnilla, moonnaamatheyo naalaamatheyo noottaandode eee naadodikkadhakal medittareniyan muthal chaina vare sambhavichu, palappozhum forge, mettal working ennivayumaayi bandhappettirunnu (harper 2013:223).
erya", "shuvan jeesi" ennivayude thelivukal soochippikkunnathu, pree-hahn, hahn vaayanakkaarkk bheeman pandaye "moow" enna peril ariyamaayirunnu, avaa karadi poleyaanennum pullipuli vibhaagathil pedunnavayaanennum avar manassilakki (harper 2013:221).
aadyakaala kavita.
hahn raajavamshathil ninnu aarambhich, bheeman paanda classical chainees kavithakalil oru janapriya tropaayirunnu. "sima siyaangruvinte sii yilaanu moow aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath. bisi 138 "shanglin phu" (shanglin paarkkile rhapsody). thalasthaanamaaya chaangaanin padinjaaru chainayil ninnulla vanyajeevikal ulkkollunna hans shanglin (supreme grove) vettayaadal paarkkile chakravarty vuu, aavaasavyavastha prakaram samghadippikkunnu. ettavum aazhathilulla shaithyakaalath mulaykkunnathum valarunnathum kumilakal niranja vellavum thiramaalakalum" ulla thekk panthrand mrugangalil "moow" bheeman paanda (tra. "tapeer" 1982 leeii 2:89), seebu, yack, samber, aanaa, kaandaamrigam. puraavastu khananagal athe noottaandil bheeman pandaye kaazhchayude vasthuvayi sthireekarichu. chakravarthini dovager boyude shavakudeera mrgashaala (dii. bisi 155) oru bheeman paanda, kaandaamrigam, kuthira, aadukal, naaya enniva ulppedunnu; mrugangalude prakadanatthinum vettaykkum purame, "bheeman panda mattu vanyajeevikaleyum aduthuninnu nireekshikkunna varenyavargathe nammal sangalppichekkaam" (harper 2013:221).
nagarathinu vadakkulla miinii parvathatthile vanyajeevikalil "moow" ennu pattikappedutthunna shuu thalasthaanathe (innathe chenku) yang seonginte (53 bii. sii. iii-18 sii. iii) rhapsodyilaanu bheeman paanda aduthathaayi prathyakshappettath. sima siangruvum yang seong shuu swadeshikalaayirunnu, koodaathe vyakthiparamaaya anubhavathil ninnu bheeman pandaye ariyamaayirunnu (harper 2013:222).
suuvoo sii (sii. 250-sii. 305) thekkan thalasthaanangalaaya shuu, vuu ennividangalile thante rhapsodikalil ninnulla vettayaadal bhaagangalil "moow" paraamarshichu. vuu thalasthaanathu (jiangsuvile wuxi) vettakkar kurukkanmaareyum thapeerukaleyum chavittimethichu (tra. 1982 1:413) allengil "kick dholum bheeman pandayum" (thra. harper 2013:222; shuu kyaapittal vettayil "avar irumbu bhakshikkunna mrugathe thookkikkollunnu" (<unk>), "visham vizhungunna maane vedivaykkuka" (<unk>) (tra. 1982 1:365, malayan tapeeraayi "irumbu bhakshikkunna mrugam"). liu kuyi (<unk>, ph. ell.) ezhuthiya vyaakhyaanam. sii. 295) parayunnu, "moow" paandakale innathe chengjiang kaundiyile jianingilum (Кенг тен), yunnaanilum, bheeman paandaykku naav nakki valia alavil irumbu vegathil kazhikkaan kazhiyumenna pothu vishwaasam aavarthichukondu "irumbu bhakshikkunna mrugam" enna glossukalilum kandethi.
"sheni jing".
parambaraagathamaayi dongfang shuvo (sii. bisi 160-sii. bii. sii. iii. 93) ennaal sii. iii. randaam noottaandil ninnullathaanu. "thekke kwarteril kombukalum kulambukalumulla oru mrugamundu, athinte valippam pothu poleyaanu. athinte anki meruk pole karuthathaanu. ithu irumbu kazhikkukayum vellam kudikkukayum cheiyunnu. urukk poleyulla moorchayulla aayudangal nirmmikkaan athinte malam upayogikkaam. irumbu-chevar" ennaanu athinte peru."(thra.) (thra. harper 2013:223). sheni jing" "irumbu-chavar" ennu paraamarsikkunna kaimaattam cheyyappetta "bavopusi" vaachakathil kaanappedaattha patthaam noottaandile oru udharani, "" maasttar dongfang irumbu vizhungunna mrugathe thiricharinju ".
chainees lohabhakshana roopathinte uthbhavam anishchithathvathilaanenkil, pathonpathaam noottaandil duvan yukay ithu paraamarshichappol ithu "moow" yude oru thirichariyaavunna swabhaavamaayi thudarnnu. neetti" "irumbu-chavar" eee roopathe ulkkollunnuvennum "moow" paanda ithinakam thanne vellayumayum lohavumaayum bandhappettirunnuvenkum, athbhuthakaramaaya "irumbu-chavar" athinte saamskaarika swathuathilekku chertthuvennum harper nirddeshikkunnu (2013:224).
"bencavo gangmu".
mrugangalude mayakkumarunnukalekkurillu lii shishente 1596 leeii "bencavo gangmu" (metteeriya medikayude sangraham) vibhaagam pullipuliyudeyum aanayudeyum praveshanangalkkidayil "moow" (Â) enna vibhaagathil praveshikkunnu.
charmmangal paravathaanikalaayum kattilukalaayum upayogikkunnu. ithu shareerathile neeravi nannayi agiranam cheiyunna onnaanu. ithu oru karadi poleyaanu, thala cheruthum kaalukal cheruthaanu, karuppum veluppum varakalulla charmmamund. mudi cheruthum thilakkamullathumaanu. chembu, irumbu vasthukkal, mulla, ellukal, vishamulla paambukal enniva kazhikkunnath ithu aasvadikkunnu. pradeshavaasikalkk avarude kodaalikalum paachaka paathrangalum nashtappedunnu. moothrathinu irumbu layikkan kazhiyum. athinte sandhikal valare nerayathum shakthavumaan, majjayillathe ellukal urachathaan. tang raajavamshathil ithu screenukalude priyappetta roopamaayirunnu. omeyu emm. tii. esilaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath., sekuwan, yunnanum. aanayeppole mookkum kaandaamrigatheppole annukalum pashuvineppole vaalum kaduvayeppole kaalukalumund. pallukalum ellukalum valare kadinamayathinaal kodaalikalude bladeukal avaa thakarkkunnu. vedivayppu ellukale baadikkilla. maan kombinu oru vajrathe takarkkaan kazhiyumennu parayappedunnu, athupole thanne oru taappirinte asthikalum.(thra. 1931, illa. 353, "malayan tapeer" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu) 
lii shishen moonnu anubandha mrugangale pattikappeduthunnu "neetti" (<unk>), "oru thekkan inam. vellappokkathinte valippam, karuppum thilakkavumulla. malam irumbu pole kadinamaanu. oru divasam 300 "lii" sanjarikkaan kazhiyunna 7 adii uyaramulla oru mrugathe rekhappeduthiyittundu."oru" (′), oru kombu uthppaadippikkunna bheemakaaramaaya oru mrugam. [gails nighandu], tapeer. chila vivaranagal ithine mangolian maasttifumaayi ["hugo"] sakhyamundaakkunnu. 7 adii neelamulla oru karutha kurukkaneppoleyaanu ithu, vaardhakyathil ithinu skeyilukalundu. kaduvakal, pullippulikal, muthalakal, lohangal enniva bhakshikkaan ithinu kazhiyum. vettakkar athine bhayappedunnu."jiottu" (<unk>), "kuun-vuu parvathanirakalil irumbu bhakshikkunna muyal polulla oru mrugamundu. aanpakshikk manjayum penpakshikku vellayumaan."(thra. 1931, illa. illa.
moow" ennathinu lii moonnu aushadha upayogangalum nalkunnu "paii" (π, charmmam), athil urangunnathu choodu chulivukal neekkam cheyyukayum nananjathum cheethayumaaya anubadhakal ozhivaakkukayum cheyyum."gavo" (<unk>, kozhuppu), kaarbankkilukalkk. ithu nannayi agiranam cheyyappedunnu."shhii" (malam), abadhathil vizhungiya chembu allengil irumbu vasthukkal layikkan edukkunnu."(thra. 1931, illa. 353).
"moow" enna puraana chimera.
hahn muthal tang rajavamsham (618-907) vare, bheeman paanda naamamaya "moow" thekkan chainayil kaanapedunna oru videsha karuppum veluppum karadi polulla mrugathe sthiramaayi paraamarsikkunnu, nanavu akattunna oru pelttum athinte khara asthikal, kadinamaaya pallukal, lohabhakshanam ennivayekkurichulla aithihyangalum undu. bheeman paanda pelttukal adambara vasthukkalum taangile taisong chakravarty (aarr. 626-649) thiranjeduttha oru koottam udyogastharkku virunnu sammaanangalaayi "moow" pelttukal sammaanichu (harper 2013:205).
thudarnnu onpathaam noottaandil prashastha tang kaviyum sarkkar udyogasthanumaaya baayi/boow juyi (772-846) aanayude thumbikkai-kaandaamrigatthinte annukal-pashuvinte wall-puli ennivayude gadakangalulla athisayakaramaaya oru puraana chimera soochippikkunna "moow" enna peru janapriyamakki, avayude droingukalkku pakarchavyaadhiyum tinmayum pinthirippikkaan kazhiyumennu karuthappedunnu. chainees puraanangalkk vividha mrugangalil ninnulla bhaagangalulla samyojitha allengil sankara mrugangalude neenda kaimeral paarambaryamundu (love 1978, strasberg 2002:43-45). denglong, kuyi, fenghuwang, killin ennivayaanu chila udaaharanagal. thaarathamya puranangalil, pala samskaarangalilum chainees "quadripertite" moow "yumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol naalu tharam mrugabhaagangal samyojippicha naalu mrugabhaagangalulla sankarayinangalundu.
baayi juyi thalavedanayekkurichu ezhuthi-"toffeng" (<unk>, littu. "head wind") parambaraagatha vaidyashaasthra sidhaanthamanusarichu "feng" (Â, kaatt) "wind-aylmentukal" (cf. paashchaathya miasma sidhaantham)-drafttukal thadayunnathinaayi addeham "pingfeng" (πινγφēng, "wind screen/vaal") ennariyappedunna oru madakkal screen upayogichu. kavi thante wind screenil oru athisayakaramaaya "moow" varaykkaan oru kalakarane niyogichu, athu baayi valareyadhikam aasvadichathinaal addeham 823-ll thante prashasthamaaya "mopping saan" (mopping screen paine) rachichu. aamukham vishadeekarikkunnu
moow" enna inathinu aanayude thumbikkai, kaandaamrigatthinte annukal, pashuvin wall, kaduvayude paadangal ennivayundu. thekk parvathangalilum thaazhvarakalilum ithu vasikkunnu. athinte pelttil urangunnathu pakarchavyaadhiye prathirodhikkunnu. athinte roopam varaykkunnathu thinmaye thurathunnu. munkaalangalil enikku thalayude kaatt [<unk>] undaayirunnu, njaan urangumbozhellaam oru cheria screen upayogichu njaan ente thala samrakshikkaarundaayirunnu. aakasmikamaayi njaan oru chithrakaarane kandumuttukayum addehathe varaykkukayum cheythu ("moow"). shanhoy jingle" eee mrugam irumbum chembum kazhikkukayum mattonnum kazhikkathirikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu njaan shradhikkunnu. ithu enne ilakki marichu, ippol njaan athinaayi oru paayan rachichu.(thra. harper 2013:204-205) 
oru "moow" chithram prathyekamaayi pinthirippikkunnathin baayi rund chainees aushadha padangal upayogichu "wenn" ("pakarchavyaadhi; anubadha"), "xi" ("thinma; rogathinu kaaranamakunna anarogyakaramaaya swaadheenangal"). moow" yekkurichulla muun chainees srothassukal apotropic maanthrikathayiloode thinmaye thurathunnathinaayi orennam varaykkunnathinekkurich paraamarshichittilla, koodaathe bheeman pandaye paraamarshikkaathe kalaakaaranmaarkk sankara mrugathe roopappeduthaan swaathanthryamundaayirunnu (harper 2013:205). japanese "bakku" (<unk>) pediswapnangal thadayunnathinaayi rogam swapnam kaanunnathin thadayunna "moow" prathichaayayekkurichulla chainees kettukadhaye maatti.
baayiyude "irumbum chembum kazhikkunnu, mattonnum kazhikkunnilla" enna paramarsham naalam noottaandile guwo puyude "shanhoy jing" enna vyaakhyaanathil ninnaan varunnath, allathe pree-hahn classic vaachakathilalla. shanhoy jing" enna lekhanathil thekkan parvathatthile "mengbavo" "krooramaaya pullipuli paraamarsikkunnu, ithu" moow "ennathinu samanamaaya oru lohabhakshana mrugamaayi guwo rekhappeduthunnu, koodaathe laay parvathatthe paraamarsikkukayum athu" moow "aavaasavyavasthayaayi addeham prakashippikkukayum cheiyunnu. baayi jooyi "shanhoy jing" vaayikkukayum guvoyude vyaakhyaanavum cherthu "krooramaaya pullipuly" moow "panda" ore lohabhakshana mrugamaayi (harper 2013:220) samyojippichu.
duvan chengshiyude 863 "yuyang sasu" (yooyaangil ninnulla vividatharam gothambukal) "moss" (<unk>, littu) enna peril bheeman paanda ulppede ithihaasangaludeyum kadhakaludeyum oru vaividyamaanu. "paanda marsh"). "moss" naayayeppole valuthaanu. athinte kozhuppinu chitharunnathinum minusappeduthunnathinum gunamundu. kaikalil vaykkumbozho chembu, irumbu, manpathrangal ennivayil sookshikkumbozho athu poornnamaayum avayil vyaapikkunnu. asthiyil adangiyirikkumbol athu chornnolikkunnilla."(thra. harper 2013:205-206). eee "yuyang sasu" sandarbham "moss" <middle chainees "makedrak" enna vaakkinte nilavilulla eaka aadyakaala rekhayaanu, ithu athisayakaramaaya "baise" <"bakedruck" (<unk>, vaitt marsh) jeeviyodoppam oru tang panchaayi harper vishadeekarikkunnu. lokathile amanushika jeevikalekkurichulla sarvvanjjatha nashtappetta "baise thuu" (vaitt marsh diagramukal) ennu ezhuthappettathaayi karuthappedunnu, avaa veedine doshathil ninnu samrakshikkaan upayogikkunna janapriya iconographic droingukalaayirunnu. moow" yude aanayude thumbikkaiyude uthbhavam harper nirddeshikkunnu. ettaam noottaandilum onpathaam noottaandilum indian aanayude thalayulla devata ganesha janapriya chainees spiritt protector beysinte (2013:206-207) budhamatha prathiroopamaayirunnu.
tanginu sheshamulla noottaandukalil, chainees janathayude ashayangalum "moow" yekkurichulla bhaavangalum kooduthalum prakrithiyil ninnalla, marichu pazhaya paata vivaranagalil ninnum maramkondulla achadicha pusthakangalile chithreekaranangalil ninnumaanu labhichathu. wood block chithreekaranangal boow jooyiyude aanayude thumbikkai-kaandaamrigam annukal-pashu wall-puli paada gadakangalaaya "moow", aanayude thumbikkai pathivayi upayogikkunnundengil sthirathayilla. karadi polulla savisheshathakal aanayude thumbumaayi kalarthiyappol (harper 2013:208) vishadaamshangal chilappol thiranjeduttha reethiyil samyojippichirunnu. udaaharanathinu, luu diane (<unk>) (1042-1102) samaaharicha "piya" nighandu "moow" yeei ingane vivarikkunnu "aanayude thumbulla karadiyumaayi saamyamulla kaandaamrigatthinte annukal, simhathinte thala, dhol romangal. athinte malam jaid murikkunna aayudhangalaakki mattaam, athinte moothrathinu irumbu vellathil layikkan kazhiyum."(aadyathethu" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" 
ettavum pazhaya "moow" chithreekaranam gaana raajavamshathil (<aii. dii. 1>) allengil yuwan raajavamshathil (<aii. dii. 2>) ninnullathaanu. erya" ennathinte chithreekaricha gaana pathippinte yuwan faksimail kaiyezhuthuprathi pakarppinte nilavilulla 1801 faksimail wood block pathippaya "erya yintu" (<unk>, "erya" uchaaranangalum chithreekaranangalum) ll ithu kaanapedunnu. abel-remusat taappirine thiricharinja pilkkala chainees, japanese chithreekaranangalekkaal chevikalum thumbumulla thala oru aanayeppoleyaan. pradhana vyathyasam velutha midu sekshan upayogichu chithreekarichirikkunna kottaanu, koodaathe quadripertite "moow" yeei prakrithiyile bheeman paandayumaayi bandhippikkunna oru vishadaamshamaanu, athinte kottinu karutha tholum kaalukalum madhyathil vella undu. erya yintu" chithreekaranam eee karuppum veluppum "moow" thithreekaranatthinte aadyakaala udaaharanamaanu (harper 2013:209).
"moow" malayan tapeer.
kwing raajavamshathinte (1644-1912) avasaanam vare, chainees naamamaya "moow" (′) "bheeman paanda", "aanayude thumbulla chimera, kaandaamrigatthinte annukal, pashuvin wall, kaduvayude paadangal" ennivaye soochippikkunnathu thudarnnu, 1820-kalil jeane-piyari abel-rimasaattinte kalarpp kaaranam, "moow" aduthide kandethiya "malayan tappir" ennu thettayi thiricharinju.
1416ll maa huwan (c. padinjaaran samudrangalilekkulla ezhu paryaveshanangalil moonnennathil admiral sheng heye anugamicha addeham, thekkan sumatrayile paalembaangil oru tappir aadyamaayi kandathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. maa yude "yingya shenglan" (samudratheerangalekkurichu mothatthilulla sarway) parayunnu,
koodaathe, parvathangal "shenlu" devan "enna peril orutharam prethamrigathe srishtikkunnu."ekadesham moonnu adii uyaramulla oru valia panniyodu saamyamullathaan ithu. munbhagam poornnamaayum karuppum pinbhagam oru bhagam vellayumaan; mudi mikachathum orepole cheruthumaanu; athinte roopam aakarshakamaan. mookk parannathallaattha panniyude mookkinodu saamyamullathaan. naalu kulambukalum pannikalude kulambukalodu saamyamullavayaan, pakshe moonnu kaalviralukalund. athu sasyangalo marangalo maathram bhakshikkunnu; athu sakthamaaya ruchiyulla bhakshanamo mamsamo kazhikkunnilla.(thra. harper 2013:204) 
madhya chainees "synlook" nekkurichu ariyaatha chila aadyakaala pandithanmaar, sumatrayile nivaasikal orikkalum thaapirine "divya mruga" ennu vilichittillennum "shenlu" (devan) malaya naamamaya "tenuk" transcribe cheythuvennum nirddeshikkunnu, ithu eee aksharangale "tinsin" (maiks well thudangiyavar) ennu ucharikkunna hainanis "hailam bhasha" soochippikkunnu. 1909: 97-98).
sii. 437 "book oof dhii laattar hahn" (86, nanmanekkurichulla prabandham) mattoru thekkan "shenlu" (devan) paraamarshichu "yunnaanil, visha sasyangal kazhikkaan kazhiyunna rund thalayulla oru athmaavulla maanund."(devante daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathinte daivathi naalam noottaandile huanguo sii soochippikkunnathu sheongang parvathathilaanu (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
koleju dii fraansil vaidyashaasthram padikkumbol, jeane-piyari aabel-remusat (1788-1832) oru chainees pharmacopyayil aakrishtanaakukayum 1671 leeii "shengsitong" (sariyaaya akshara vaidagdhyam) nighandu padichu anchu varshathekku chainees vaayikkaan svayam padippikkukayum cheythu. athinte "moow" (Â) entry parayunnu, "pallukal valare kadinamaanu, avaa oru irumbu chuttika takarkkum. thee pallukale baadikkilla, athu maan kombu kondu maathrame takarkkaan kazhiyoo."(ettavum kooduthal panam chelavazhikkaruth). 1814-ll addeham franch kolajil chainees, tartar-maanchu bhashakalil cheyar udghaadana udamayaayi.
pramukha suvolajist georges kuviyar, aabel-rimusaattinte koleju dii france sahapravarthakan, 1816-ll malay upadveepilum sumatrayilum oru puthiya tappir inam kandethiyathayi addehathe ariyichu, pathinaram noottaandinu sesham europpukaar puthiya lokath neritta oru mrugathinte eshyayile aadya kandethalaanith. kuviyar oru parishkaricha "austiyolaji oof tappirs" (1822) prasidheekarichappol, addeham malayan tappir ("tapirus indicus") ulppeduthukayum chainees, japanese pusthakangalile "moow" chithreekaranangal kaanichathinu aabel-remoosaathine amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. aanayude mookkinu purame, "moow" yude kottil kaanichirikkunna adayaalangal yuva malayan thapeerinte (harper 2013:188) savisheshamaaya varakalullathum pullippully kottu soochippikkunnuvennu rund pandithanmaarum karuthi.
1824-ll, chainees, japanese wood block thithreekaranangale adisthaanamaakki chaals philibert dii laasteyari (1759-1849) ezhuthiya "moow" (′) lithograph ulla jeane-piyari abel-rimusaattinte hraswa lekhanam "eshyaattik" jenalil prasidheekarichu. kaalaghattam verthirichariyathe vaachaka srothassukal samyojippichukondu" eee moulika lekhanam purathana chainees "moow" panda madhyakala "moow" chimera "ooriyantal tapeer" ("tii") ennu thettidharichu. sinenses ") (harper 2013:188). 1716-leeii 'kangsi sidian' nighanduvil 'erya', 'shuvan jeesi', 1627-leeii 'shengsi tong' nighandukkalil ninnulla 'moow' bhagangal udharichukondu 'sheni jing', 'shiyi jii' ennivaykkoppam lekhanam aadyam udharikkunnu. aabel-rimusaattinte kazhchappadil "kangsi sidian" entriyil athishayakaravum vishwasaneeyamallaathathumaaya vishadaamshangal adangiyirikkunnu. shiyi jii" "moow" peyint cheiyunnathinte tang aachaarathe screenukalil vivarikkukayum "" athinte roopam varaykkunnathu thinmaye thurathunnu "enna baayi jooyiyude prayogatthe sthireekaranamaayi udharikkukayum cheythappol" "kangsi sidian" nirvachanathil "moow" yude quadripertite roopathekkurichulla baayiyude yadhaartha vivaranam ulppeduthiyitla (harper 2013:188). moow" ennathil 1596 ll lii shishen nadatthiya "bencavo gangmu" enna entriye ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya uravidamaayi aabel-remasat vilayiruthi, athil "aanayude thumbu, kaandaamrigatthinte annukal, pashuvinte wall, kaduvayude paadangal" ennivayil suu gaanam udharichu."chithreekaranangalkkum vachakathinum idayil, abel-remusat chila avishwasaneeyamaaya vishadaamshangal undaayirunnittum, chainees" "moow" "theerchayaayum tappir aanennu nigamanam cheythu". moow" enna orotta udaaharanathinappuram nokkumbol addeham vaadichu "chainees pusthakangal valare thaalpparyamullathum pothuve valare krithyathayullathumaaya prakrithicharithrathekkurithu nireekshanangalaal niranjirikkunnu. avayumaayi kalarthiya kettukadhakalil ninnu avaye engane verthirichariyaan kazhiyumennu ariyunnathu mathiyakum, ithu saadhaaranayaayi athra budhimuttulla kaaryamalla."(thra. harper 2013:189). sichuvanilum yunnaanilum "moow" paandayude aavaasavyavastha kandethunna "bencavo gangmu" yeei adisthaanamaakki thaan anumaanicha "chainees taappirinte" peraanu "moow" ennu aabel-remusat nigamanam cheythu, ippozhum "chainayude padinjaaran pravisyakalil vasikkunnu, avide athu valare saadhaaranamaayirikkanam."
kaarshikashaasthranjanum printarumaaya chaals philibert dii laasteyriyude "moow" enna lithograph parambaraagathamaayi muun reference kruthikalil ninnulla chithrangal pakarthiya "leeshu" ("kattagari book") vijnjaanakoshangalil ninnulla chainees, japanese wood block thithreekaranangale prathiphalippichu. 1609-leeii wang kii (rajaavu) yude sankai tuhui (swarggam, bhoomi, manushyar ennee moonnu raajyangalude shekharicha chithreekaranangal) yile "moow" chithreekaranam saadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe dii laatteyriyude 1824 lithographinte uravidavumaanu (harper 2013:190, chithram 13). 1712-leeii japanese "wakan sansaay suu", 1725-leeii chainees "gujin tushu jicheng" thudangiya pilkkala prasidheekaranangalil ithu krithyamaayi pakarthappettu. oro thithreekaranatthilum, uyarthiya idathu munkaiyyil pakarthunnathinulla krithyamaaya thelivaanu. yadhaartha "sankai tuhui" pathippil "moow" yeei oru pullipuli kottu upayogichu chithreekarichittundu; "moow" praveshanathinu munbu "chibavo" (<unk>, "chuvanna pullipuli"), thudarnnu "paii" (<unk>, mukalil "oru crura mrugam") ennivayundu. rund chithreekaranangalum spotted kottukal upayogichaanu varachathu. abel-rimusaattum dii lasteyariyum oru taappirinte chithram kaananum "moow" yude kottu oru juvenile taappirinte kottinte vyathirikthamaya paadukalaayum varakalaayum kaananum munkootty nischayichu. dii laasteyriyude kottu losenge design yadhaartha chainees chithreekaranangalil ninnu vyathyasthavum aabel-rimusaattinte "chainees tappir" ashayam shakthippeduthukayum cheythu (harper 2013:190).
aadyathe moonnu pradhana chainees-engleesh nighandukkalile "moow" entrikal chithreekarichathupole, aabel-rimusaattinte 1824 leeii "moow" enna "tapir" identification pathonpathaam noottaandile reference kruthikalil vegathil sweekarikkappettu.
tappir" thettaaya thiricharivinu anchu varsham munbu, roobert morisante 1819 leeii "chainees bhaashayude oru nighandu" chainees-chainees nighandukkale aasrayikkukayum "moow" chimera vivarikkukayum cheythu. pathonpathu varshangalkk sesham, walter henry medharsttinte 1843 leeii chainees, engleesh nighandu "moow" ennathinulla "kangsi sidian" nighandu entriye samgrahikkukayum athu tapir aanennu kootticherkkukayum cheythu. aabel-remusat thiricharinju arupathiyanchu varshangalkk sheshavum padinjaaru paanda ariyappedunnathinu irupathu varshangalkk munbum, saamuval wells vilyamsinte 1889 leeii "chainees bhaashayude oru syllabic nighandu" ennu aadyakaala padaprayogam upayogichu, "moow" ennathu malayan tapeer ("tii". chainayil kaanappedaattha indicus), sichuvanilum yunnaanilum kandethiya moow bheeman paandayekkaal, boow jooyiyude moow chimerayumaayi aadyakaala paanda puraanangale samyojippikkukayum athu screenukalil varachathayi rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
thapeerinekkurichulla paashchaathya suvological saahityam chainayile kwing raajavamshathin munbu jappaanile meiji kaalaghattatthiletthi. 1885-ll ivakawa tomotaro sasaki chujiroy (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′..", koodaathe taappirin japanese peru" bakku "(1885:146-148) ennu nalki. chainayil 1915-leeii aadya pathippaya "siuwan" aadhunika vijnjaanakosha nighandu moik rund nirvachanangal nalki (1915:82). aadyathethu guwo puyude vyaakhyaanathode "erya" udharikkukayum "moow" ennaal "mobavo" (<unk>, "paanda pullipuli") ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu haavo yixinginte (1757-1825) abhipraayathode avasanippikkukayum cheythu. randaamathe nirvachanam aadhunika japanese upayogamaayirunnu "jappanil tappir" bakku "(tappir γανπανεσις) ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu. aadyathe aadhunika chainees publishing house komezhsyal pressinte edittar-inn-cheef duu yakwan 1922 ll "dongwoxue daa sidian" (<unk> <unk> δι, encyclopedic dictionary oof suvolaji) prasidheekarichu, ithu teppirinte (1922:2281) staanderd suvological namakaranam aayi "moow" veendum sthireekarichu. dobutsu tsukaay" allengil "dongwoxue daa sidian" ennivayil bheeman paanda ulppettilla (harper 2013:212-213).
japanese allengil chainees suvological kruthiyile aadyathe bheeman paanda akkoundu erimiyude (<unk>) (<unk>) 1925-1927 "dobutsugaku seegi" (<unk>, suvolaji vishadamaayi) aayirunnu, ithu "party-kalar karadi" ennu vivarthanam cheyyaan japanese "irovekkeguma" (Ẫ) upayogichu, ithu "bheeman paanda" yodoppam prakrithishaasthranjanaaya ernest henry vilsante 1913 leeii padinjaaran chainayile mrugangalekkurichulla vivaranathil nalkia rund engleesh perukalil onnaayirunnu. dobutsugaku seegi" yile ettavum sradheyamaaya vishadaamsham chainayil eee mrugathinu orikkal "moow" (′) enna peru undaayirunnirikkanam enna eriyude vishadeekarikkappedaatha prasthaavanayaayirunnu. dobutsugaku seegi" (lii 1929) enna chainees vivarthanathil vilson paraamarshicha rund chainees perukalkkoppam engleesh traanscriptionile rund perukalum ulppeduthiyittundu "paii" (Â), "bikesiong" (Â, "vaitt bear"), koodaathe eriyude "moow" prasthavana jappanilum chainayilum (duu 1939,3:1784) (harper 2013:213) rekhappeduthiyirunnave saadhookarichu.
yadhaarthathil poochayude valippathilulla cheria pandaye paraamarsikkunna chainees naamamaya "siongmavo" (karadi poocha) 1930 kalile rund bahumanyamaaya chainees-chainees nighandukkalil bheeman pandaye nirvachikkunnu. 1936-leeii aadya pathippaya "sihaay" nirvachanam bheeman paandayude aadhunika charithrathe samgrahikkukayum videshikalude pravartthanatthe kooduthalum udharikkukayum rund thettukal varuthukayum cheythu "siongmavo": oru asaadhaarana jeeviyude peru. ithu sinjiyaangilaan thaamasikkunnath. athinte shareeram valare valuthaanu. innu nilanilkkunna apoorva jeevikalil onnaanith. arupath varsham munbu franch shaasthranjanaaya pithaav david aanu ithu kandethiyathu. 1929ll amerikkayile general roosvelttinte chila ilaya sahodaranmaar chikkagoyile feeld myoosiyathil pradarshanathinaayi ithu aadyamaayi pidichedutthu. eee mrugathinte sariyaaya vargeekaranam ithuvare nirnnayikkappettilla."(thra. harper 2013:215). sihaayiyude" pilkkala pathippukal sichuwan ennathinekkaalum theodor roosvelttinte sahodaranmaarekkurichum sinjiyanginekkurichum puthranmaarekkaalum "siongmavo" enna entriyude pishakukal thiruthiyittilla. 1937-leeii "gyuyu sidian" (deseeya bhaashayude nighandu) "siongmavo" enna nirvachanam oru sinjiang aavaasavyavasthayekkurichu "sihaay" pishak aavarthichu, ennaal 1947-leeii puthukkiya pathippil ithu sariyaakki, "ithu sichuvaante padinjaaran bhaagath vasikkunnu."koodaathe, puthukkiya pathipp rund tharam paandakale verthirichu" "daa siongmavo" "(" "valia karadi poocha", "bheeman paanda)," "sioo siongmavo" "(" "cheria karadi poocha", "cheria paanda) (harper 2013:215)".
2013:215)" vare, chainees "moow" enna padatthe "tappir" ennathinte shaasthreeyanaamamaayi orupole nirvachicha paraamarshangal undaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, tapiridae kudumbam chainees "mookk" (<unk>) umm tapirus januss "moshu" (<unk>) umm aanu. "oraalude oohaapohangal aadhunika saamskaarika vismaranathinte sambhavathilekku nayichu, bheeman paanda aadhunika chainees naagarikathayude rekhakalil ninnu maaychukalanju."(2013:187). aadhunika chainayil, suvolajist gavo yotting (1973) charitraparamaayi "moow" ennathu bheeman paandayude peraanennu sthireekarikkunnathinu aadyakaala lekhanam (1973) ezhuthi. moow" enna mrugathe karadi poleyaanennum eathu metteeriya medica bheeman paanda ennu thiricharinjuvennum boow jooyi avatharippicha athisayakaramaaya aanaa-kaandaamrigam-pashu-kaduva chimerayude madhyakala saahitya kandupidutham ennum purathana srothassukal thammil gavo verthirichu. abel-rimusaattinte 1824 leeii lekhanam parichayamillaathathinaal, pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil paashchaathya suvological saahityathinu eee bheeman panda praadeshika sichuwan naamangalaaya "huwaxiong" (hooksiong, "flovery bear"), "bikesiong" (hooksiong, "vaitt bear") ennivayaal ariyaamenn gavo anumaanichu. padinjaaru, aadyakaala chainees kayyezhuthuprathikalil vaidagdhyamulla sinologistaaya donald harper "moow" bheeman paandayude (2013) saamskaarika charithram ezhuthi. bheeman pandaye paraamarsikkunna hahn-munkaala grandhangalil ninnu "moow" enna perinte vichitramaaya charithram, athisayakaramaaya aanayude trunk cheytha "moow" chimerayude chithrangal rogathe thadayumenna tang vishwaasam, 1820-kalil "moow" yeei oru chainees tappir ennu thettidharikkal, ithu shaasthreeya vasthuthayayi pothuve amgeekarikkappettu. aadyakaala chainayil bheeman pandayude perum praathinidyavum punasthaapikkunnathinu purame, "chainayude bhoothakaalathekkurichu oohaapohangal nadatthaanum vasthuthakal avatharippikkanum grandhangalum anubandha vasthukkalum upayogikkunna namukkellavarkkum pandithochithamaaya parisheelanatthile oru paatavum harper nalkunnu" (2013:187).
purathana sumorphic chainees aachaaraparamaaya venkalathe "tappirukal" ennu thirichariyunnathu "moow" thettidhaaranakalude avasana udaaharanamaanu. pathonpathaam noottaand vare "moow" ennathu tapeerine soochippikkunnillenna ariyaatha chila aadhunika pandithanmaar, abel-remoosaathinte midhyaadhaaranaykku samaantharamaayi oru tharam shau rajavamsha mrugangalude aakruthiyilulla venkalathe thapeerukalaayi thirichariyunnu "oru pazhaya chithratthilo vasthuvilo chithreekarichirikkunna jeevi prakrithiyil naam thirichariyunna jeeviyodu vendathra saamyamullathaanenkil athu naam thirichariyunna jeeviyayirikkanam" (harper 2013:195). moow" tappirukal ennu vilikkunna sumorphic venkalathinte rund udaaharanagal padinjaaran shauvil ninnullathaanu (c. 1046-771 bc), kizhakkan shhow (770-255 bc) kaalaghattangal.
kaalaghattangal shansiyil kollayadicha naalu kizhakkan shau silpangalil orennam (roosan 1990:708-711) britiish myusiyathilum freer gallery oof artilum (1962: pl. 79 sii). naaluvattam "oru thapeerumaayi pothuvaaya saamyam pulartthunnu" ennu thomas lottan pinneedu paranju (1982:77). bii. sii. iii. aaram noottaandilum anchaam noottaandilum jiinn samsthaanathinte thalasthaanamaayirunna shansiyile houmayil nadanna purathana bronsware foundariyude khananathilaanu itharathilulla shilpangal nirmmikkunnathinulla kaliman achukal kandethiyathu.
kandethiyathu rujiashuwang (<unk>), bavoji, shanxi ennividangalil kandethiya oru bavoji bronsware museum sumorphic "suun" wine paathramaanu munbathe oru padinjaaran shau udaaharanam, neelamulla mookk mookkaayi varthikkunnu, praadhamika reportil valanja kombukalulla aadukalude aakruthiyilullathaayi visheshippichirikkunnu. hayashi minavo (1983) eee mrugathe oru tapeer ennu thirichariyukayum janthushaasthraparamaayi asaadhyamaaya kombukale thapeerinte amanushikamaaya kelvisakthiye soochippikkunna wall aakruthiyilulla chevikalaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. sann jii (<unk> 1986) ithu oru stylised malaysian tappir aanennu vishwasikkukayum boow yuji vivaricha kaimerikkal aanaa-trunked "moow" aayi amgeekarikkukayum cheythu, "moow" yeei karadi poleyaanennu ekeekritha aadyakaala vivaranagal avaganichu (harper 2013:197-199).

