
deseeya pathaaka

oru raashtrathe prathinidheekarikkukayum pratheekappeduthukayum cheiyunna oru pathaakayaan deseeya pathaaka. athu aaa raajyathe gavanmentaanu parathunnathu, pakshe athinte pouranmaarkkum paratthaam. oru deseeya pathaaka saadhaaranayaayi athinte nirangalkkum chinnangalkkum prathyeka ardhathodeyaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu, athu raashtrathinte pratheekamaayi pathaakayil ninnu vevvere upayogikkaam. pradhanappetta charitraparamaaya sambhavangalkk sesham deseeya pathaakayude roopakalppanayil chilappol maattam varuthaarund. oru deseeyapathaaka kathikkukayo nasippikkukayo cheiyunnathu valare pratheekathmakamaaya oru pravrithiyaanu.
charithram.
charitraparamaayi, sainika maanadandangalaayi pathaakakal uthbhavichu, feeld adayaalangalaayi upayogikkunnu. charithrathiludaneelam, atharam aadyakaala pathaakakalude vividha udaaharanagal nilavilunda bii. sii. pathinonnam noottaandile zoo raajavamshathinte sainyangalude velutha thunithara baanarukal, roman saamraajyathinte sainyangal paratthiya "vexillum" maanadandangal, pinneedu abbazid khilaafathinte pathakayaayi marria mohammed vahicha karutha maanadandam, wiking thalavanmaar paratthiya vividha "raavan baanarukal". pathinalam noottaandil anjaleeno dulsert samagramaya portolan chaarttukalude oru parambara prasidheekarichu, avaa chithreekaricha niravadhi raashtreeyangalude pathaakakal prasiddhamaayi pradharshippichu-iva orupole "deseeya pathaakakal" allengilum, chilath athath raajyathile bharanaadhikaarikalude vyakthiparamaaya maanadandangalaakaam.
yudhathinte pashchaathalatthil ninnu "purathulla" uthbhava raajyathe soochippikkunna pathaakakal paratthunna reethi samudra pathaakayil saadhaaranamaayi. dutch swaathanthryasamarathil (1568-1648) upayogichirunna 16-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathil dutch republicinte stetts generalinte naavika pathakayaaya chuvapp-veluppu-neela "stattanvlag" ("stetts flag") aayi parinamicha ooranchu-vaitt-blue "prinsenvelag" ("prins flag") ennathinte oru vakabhedamaayaanu netherlands pathaakayude nilavile roopakalppana uthbhavikkunnath, ithu dutch pathakaye orupakshe thudarchayaaya upayogathilulla ettavum pazhaya trivarnna pathakayaakkunnu, ennirunnaalum krithyamaaya nirangalude standerdisation valare pilkkaalathethaanu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, skotlandile jaims araman engleesh, airish simhasanangal (jaims onnaaman enna nilayil) paarambaryamaayi labhichappol union jacq athinte uthbhavam kandethunnu. 1606 epril 12 nuu englandum scotland thammilulla eee reejal unione prathinidheekarikkunna puthiya pathaaka oru rajakeeya utharavil vyakthamaakkiyirunnu, athinanusarichu englandinte pathakayum (velutha pashchaathalatthil oru chuvanna cross, sent jorjju cross ennariyappedunnu) skotlandinte pathakayum (neela pashchaathalatthil oru velutha saltaire, saltaire allengil sent andruz cross ennariyappedunnu), grettu brittante pathakayum aadyathe union pathakayum roopappeduthukayum cheyyum-ennaal pinneedu sent krosinte chuvanna cross illaathe. patrick. 1801 januvari 1 vare ithu upayogathil thudarnnu, grettu brittan, ireland legislative yooniyante praabalyamulla theeyathi, sent cross. patrick (vellayil chuvanna diagonal cross) pathaakayil ulppeduthi, union jackinu athinte nilavile roopakalppana nalki.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil deseeya vikaaram uyarnnuvannathode deseeya pathaakakal sivilian sandarbhangalilum pradarshippikkaan thudangi. 1777ll naavika pathakayaayi aadyamaayi amgeekarikkappettathum ennaal american viplavathinu sesham american aikyanaadukalude pothuvaaya chihnamaayi pradarshippikkaan thudangiyathumaaya us pathaaka, 1790kalil republicinte pratheekamaayi marria franch trivarnna pathaaka enniva sradheyamaaya aadyakaala udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.
europile mikka raajyangalum 19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum avarude samudra pathaakakalude roopakalppanakal deseeya pathakakalaayi nilavaarappeduthukayum krodeekarikkukayum cheythu. pathinalam noottaand muthal thudarchayaayi upayogichirunna oru pathakaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla denmark pathaakayude savisheshathakal 1748-ll krodeekarikkapettu, chila anupaathangalulla chathuraakrithiyilulla pathakayaayi, veriyantine oru vibhajanam upayogichu maattisthaapichu. madhyakala yuddha pathaakakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla 1889laanu swittsarlandinte pathaaka avatharippichathu.
spanish kireedatthinethiraaya aaa raajyathinte neenda swaathanthryasamarathiloode republican roopathilulla gavanmentumaayi bandhappettirunnathinal europil netherlands raajyathinte pathaakayude chuvapp-vella-neela trivarnna pathaakayude roopakalppana janapriyamaayi. franch viplavathinu (1789) sesham france ore nirangal upayogichappol, thirascheenamaaya varakalkku pakaram lambamaayi upayogichappol aaa bandham valareyadhikam sakthippettu. europile mattu raajyangalum (ireland, romania, estoniya polullava) thekk, madhya america ennividangalilum franch pathaakayil ulkkollunna swaathanthryam, samathvam, saahodaryam ennee thathwangal paalikkunnathinayi svanthamaayi trivarnna pathaakakal thiranjedutthu.
1844ll automan pathaaka (ippol turkeyude pathaaka) sweekarikkappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil mattu europian ithara sakthikal eee pravanatha pinthudarnnu, 1870ll jappaante pathakayum 1890ll kwing chainayude pathakayum avatharippichu. 
pathonpathaam noottaandil, thekke amerikkayile mikka raajyangalum swathanthramaayathode (1820-ll peru, 1851-ll bolivia, 1860-ll columbia, 1822-ll brazeel muthalaayava) oru pathaaka avatharippichu.)
nilavil ikyaraashtrasabhayile amgangalaaya paramadhikaara rajyangal paratthunna 193 deseeya pathaakakalund.
datthedukkal prakriya.
oru raajyathinte bharanaghadanayil deseeya pathaaka palappozhum paraamarshikkukayo vivarikkukayo cheythittundenkilum athinte vishadamaaya vivaranam niyamanirmmanasabha pasakia flag niyamathino allengil dvitheeya niyamanirmmaanathino allengil raajavaazhchakalil oru utharavino nalkaam.
athinaal, 1949 leeii federal republic oof germmaniyude adisthaana niyamathil deseeya pathaakayekkurichu hrasvamaayi paraamarsikkunnu, "federal pathaaka karutha-chuvapp-svarnnamaanu" (kala. 22.2) ennaal adutha varsham sarkkar pasakia oru rekhayil athinte anupatham niyanthrichu. american aikyanaadukalude pathaaka bharanaghadanayil nirvachichittilla, marichu 1777 ll pasakia oru prathyeka pathaaka prameyathilaanu nirvachichirikkunnathu.
deseeya pathaakakalude cheria roopakalppana mattangal palappozhum niyamanirmmaana thalatthilo executive thalatthilo paasaakkappedunnu, athesamayam ganyamaaya maattangalkk bharanaghadanaaparamaaya swabhaavamundu. 1992 leeii serbian bharanaghadanaa hitaparisodhanayil yougoslaviayude pathaakayude communist nakshathrathe ozhivaakkunna serbiayude pathaakayude roopakalppana edutha theerumaanamaayirunnu, ennaal pathaakaykkullil oru anki sweekarikkunnathu 2003 leeii oru sarkkar "shupaarsha" adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, 2009 ll niyamanirmmaanaparamaayi amgeekarikkukayum 2010 ll veendum oru cheria design maattathinu vidheyamaakukayum cheythu. american aikyanaadukalude pathaaka niravadhi maattangalkk vidheyamaayi, kaaranam nakshathrangalude ennam samsthaanangalude ennathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, 1818 leeii flag aaktil munkootty nirvachichirikkunnathil "oro puthiya samsthaanavum unionilekku praveshichathinushesham, oru nakshatram pathaakayude yooniyanil cherkkanam"; 1960 ll havaayiyude praveshanathode ithu aduthide maatti.
deseeya pathaakayile maattam palappozhum bharanathinte maattam moolamaanu, prathyekichu oru aabhyantharayudhathino viplavathino sesham. atharam sandarbhangalil, deseeya pathaakayude sainika uthbhavavum rashtreeya prathyayashaasthravumaayulla bandhavum (gavanmentinte roopam, rajavaazhcha, rajavaazhcha enniva). republic vezhsas. daivathanthram muthalaayava.) drishyamaayi thudarunnu. atharam sandarbhangalil deseeya pathakakalkk rashtreeya chinnatthinte padavi labhikkunnu.
udaaharanathinu, jarmman saamraajyathin keezhil vadakkan jarmman konfedareshanil ninnu (1866) paarambaryamaayi labhicha karupp-veluppu-chuvapp trivarnna pathaakayaayirunnu germmaniyude pathaaka. thudarnnu vanna weimer republic oru karutha-chuvapp-swarnna trivarnna pathaaka sweekarichu. 1933ll naasi jarmmani black-vaitt-redu aayi thirichupoyi, randaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna padinjaaran germmaniyum kizhakkan germmaniyum rund pingamikalaaya samsthaanangal black-redu-gold punasthaapikkukayum kizhakkan germmaniyude pathaaka communist chinnangal upayogichu vikruthamaakkukayum cheythu. athupole 1951ll libia raajyam roopeekarikkappettathode avatharippicha libiayude pathaaka 1969ll muammar gadaafiyude neethrthwathilulla attimariyiloode upekshikkappettu. 2011 leeii libian aabhyantharayudhathil deseeya parivartthana kaunsilum gadafi virudha shakthikalum ithu veendum upayogikkukayum libian idakkaala bharanaghadanaa prakhyapanam audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkukayum cheythu.
upayogam.
karayil upayogikkaan moonnu vyathyastha tharam deseeya pathaakakalum kadalil upayogikkaan moonnu vyathyastha tharam deseeya pathaakakalum undu, ennirunnaalum pala raajyangalum itharathilulla niravadhi (chilappol ellaam) pathakakalkk ore designukal upayogikkunnu.
mannil.
karayil, sivil pathaakakal (fiav chihnam), samsthaana pathaakakal (), yuddham allengil sainika pathaakakal () enniva thammil vyathyaasamund. sarkkaarumaayi bandhamundo ennathu pariganikkathe arcum poura pathaakakal paratthaam, athesamayam samsthaana pathaakakal sarkkar ejansikal audyogikamaayi upayogikkunnavayaan. sainyangal, maraine corps allengil vyomasena thudangiya sainika samghadanakal yuddha pathaakakal (sainika pathaakakal ennum ariyappedunnu) upayogikkunnu.
praayogikamaayi, pala rajyangalkkum (yunaittad stetts, yunaittad kingdom polullava) eee moonnu aavasyangalkkaayi ore pathaakakalund; deseeya pathaaka chilappol atharam moonnu-uddeshya pathakaye () soochippikkunnathinu oru vexillological padamaayi upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi rajyangalil, prathyekichu laattin amerikkayile rajyangalil, sivil, stettu pathaakakal thammil vyakthamaaya vyathyaasamund. mikka kesukalilum, sivil pathaaka samsthaana pathaakayude lalithamaaya pathippaanu, vyathyasam palappozhum samsthaana pathaakayil sivil pathaakayil illaatha oru ankinte saannidyamaanu.
valare kurachu rajyangal maathramaan samsthaana pathaakayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya yuddha pathaaka upayogikkunnathu. peeples republic oof chaina, republic oof chaina (taiwan), jappan enniva ithinu sradheyamaaya udaaharanangalaan. nordic rajyangalil swalo-tailed pathaakakal yuddha pathakakalaayum naavika chinnangalaayum upayogikkunnu, koodaathe charjju cheytha pathippukal presidential allengil rajakeeya maanadandangalaayi upayogikkunnu. eee saadhaarana ardhathil philippeansinu oru vyathirikthamaya yuddha pathaakayilla, pakshe raajyam yudhaavasthayilaayirikkumbol parambaraagatha neelaykku pakaram chuvanna varayode uyarthunnathil philippeensinte pathaaka niyamaparamaayi savisheshamaan.
kadalil.
oru kappalile deseeyathaye soochippikkunna pathakaye pathaaka ennu vilikkunnu. deseeya pathaakakaleppole, moonnu tharangalunda swakaarya kappalukal paratthunna sivil chihnam (); sarkkar kappalukal paratthunna stettu chinnangal (sarkkar chinnangal ennum vilikkunnu); naavika kappalukal paratthunna yuddha chinnangal (naavika chinnangal ennum vilikkunnu). kappalinte munvashathulla oru chinnathil ninno allengil nadakkumbol oru guffle ninno pathaaka paratthunnu. masthead kooduthalaanengilum eee rund sthaanangalum kappalile mattethoru sthaanathekkaalum mikachathaanu. oru guff illengil yard aam ninnu chihnam paratthaam. (samudra pathaakakal kaanuka.) deseeya pathaakakal vimaanangalilum pradhana udyogastharude karaa vaahanangalilum paratthaam. vimaanangalude kaaryatthil, aaa pathaakakal saadhaaranayaayi peyint cheyyappedunnu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi kaattil veeshunnathupole aaa sthaanathu peyint cheyyanam.
america, canada thudangiya chila rajyangalil (royal canadian naavikasenayude pathaaka ozhike) deseeya pathaaka deseeya pathaakaykk samaanamaan, athesamayam yunaittad kingdom, jappan thudangiya mattu rajyangalil samudra upayogathinaayi prathyeka chinnangalundu. mikka rajyangalkkum prathyeka samsthaana chihnam illengilum, poura upayogathinaayi chuvanna chihnam, naavika chihnamaayi velutha chihnam, sarkkar sainikethara kappalukalkk neela chihnam ennivayil yunaittad kingdom oru apoorva apavaadamaanu.
protocol.
deseeya pathaakakalude sariyaaya pradarshanatthil dhaaraalam protocolukal ulppedunnu. deseeya pathaaka mattethoru pathaakayekkaalum thaazhnna sthaanathalla, bahumaanapoornamaaya sthaanathaanu parathendathu ennathaanu pothuvaaya niyamam (chila rajyangal rajakeeya nilavaaratthil ninnu ozhivaakkunnundengilum). pathaakakal karayil paratthumbol thaazhepparayunna niyamangal kanvenshanukalude savisheshathayaana
oru pathaaka lambamaayi thookkiyiduka.
mikka pathaakakalum pathaakayude thoon karakkiyaanu lambamaayi thookkiyidunnathu. ennirunnaalum, chila raajyangalkk eee aavashyathinaayi prathyeka protocolukal undu allengil lambamaayi thookkiyidunnathinu prathyeka pathaakakalund; saadhaaranayaayi pathaakayude chila gadakangal-kottu oof ams polullava-avaa neraaya sthaanathu kaanappedunnathin.
lambamaayi thookkikkollunnathinu prathyeka protocol ulla raajyangalude udaaharanagal ivayaanu canada, check republic, grease, israel, phillippines, dakshinaafrikka, america (ellaayppozhum vipareethamaayi kaanikkunnu); yunaittad kingdom (ellaayppozhum maruvashathu kaanikkunnu).
lambamaayi thoongikkidakkunnathinaayi prathyeka roopakalppanakalulla raajyangalude udaaharanagal ivayaanu austriya, cambodia (kottu oof ams 90° karakkukayum neela strippukal idungukayum venam), dominica (kottu oof ams eppozhum thirikkukayum reverse kaanikkukayum venam), jarmmani, hungery, liketenstein (kireedam 90° thirikkanam), meksikoo, montenegro (kottu oof ams 90° saadhaarana sthaanathekku thirikkanam), neppaal, slovakia (kottu oof ams 90° saadhaarana sthaanathekku thirikkanam), soudi arebia (shahada 90° thirikkanam). malaysiayude thirashcheena pathaakaykk pakaram oru lamba banner upayogikkunnu.
design.
pathaakakal roopakalppana cheiyunna kalayum pariseelanavum vexillography ennariyappedunnu. deseeya pathaakakalude roopakalppana niravadhi achaarangal prakadamaakkaan kaaranamaayi.
mikka deseeya pathaakakalum chathuraakrithiyilullavayaanu, allengil chathuraakrithiyilulla pothuvaaya vakabhedamundu, ettavum sradheyamaaya apavaadam neppaalinte pathaakayaan. deseeya pathaakakalude uyaravum veethiyum thammilulla anupatham vyathyasthamaan, ennaal neppaal pathaaka ozhike mattonnum athinekkaal uyaramullathalla. swittsarlandinteyum vaattikkan sittiyudeyum pathaakakal maathramaan krithyamaaya chathurangalulla deseeya pathaakakal.
paragvaayiyude pathakayum bhaagikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta sahravi arab demookratik republic ozhike ellah deseeya pathaakakaludeyum munvashavum pinbhaagavum onnukil samaanamo prathifalippikkunnatho aanu. desethara pathaakakal ulppedeyulla ozhivaakkalukalude pattikaykkaayi purakil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya pathaakakal kaanuka.
2011leeii kanakkanusarichu ellah deseeya pathaakakalilum kuranjathu rund vyathyastha nirangalenkilum undaayirikkum. pala kesukalilum, vyathyastha nirangal thirashcheenamo lambamo aaya baandukalilaan avatharippikkunnath. moonnu bandukalaayi nirangal avatharippikkunnath prathyekichum saadhaaranamaanu.
pala pathaakakalilum kottu oof ams polulla deseeya chinnangal pathivaanu. chila pathaakakalil deseeya paattenukal undu. deseeya pathaakaykkullile roopakalppanayile vyathiyanangal pathaakayude mukalil idathu bhaagatho kantonilo saadhaaranamaanu.
nirangal.
chuvapp, vella, pacha, kadum neela, manja, ilam neela, karupp ennivayaanu deseeya pathaakakalile ettavum janapriyamaaya nirangal. chuvapp, vella, neela nirangal ulppeduthaatha eaka deseeya pathaaka jamaikkayudethaan. ellah pathaakakalilum oro niratthinteyum saannidhyam chuvadeyulla pattikayil vishadamaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. ilam thavitt, irunda thavitt, chaaranirangal valare cheria alavil maathrame kaanappedunnulloo ennu pattika kaanikkunnu. vaasthavathil, spanish pathaaka polulla pathaakakalile chinnangalil maathrame avaa kaanapedukayulloo.
samanathakal.
deseeya pathaaka oru raajyathinte savisheshamaaya pratheekamaanengilum, pala jody rajyangalkkum valare samanamaaya pathaakakalund. monakoyudeyum indoneshyayudeyum pathaakakal, avaa anupaathathilum chuvappinte niratthilum maathram vyathyaasappettirikkunnu; netherlandsinteyum luxemburghinteyum pathaakakal, anupaathathilum upayogicha neelayude niratthilum vyathyaasappettirikkunnu; neelayude niratthil maathram vyathyasamulla romaniayudeyum chaadinteyum pathaakakal udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu.
irelandinteyum anakkombu theeratthinteyum pathaakakalum maalii, ginia ennivayude pathaakakalum (nizhal allengil anupatha vyathyaasangal ozhike) parasparam lambamaayi prathifalippikkunna pathippukalaanu. ithinartham oru pathaakayude pinbhagam matte pathaakayude munvashavumaayi poruthappedunnu ennaanu. thirascheenamaayi prathifalippikkunna pathaakakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi (polandum indoneshya pole) eee pathaakakal parakkunna disha avaye thirichariyaan nirnaayakamaan.
chila pradeshangalil niravadhi pathaakakalil moonnu varnna kombineshanukal upayogikkunnu. check republic, slovakia, russia, serbia, sloveniya, croatia thudangiya slavik raajyangalilum austreliya, france, island, netherlands, nyoosiland, norway, yunaittad kingdom, yunaittad stetts ennivayulppedeyulla paashchaathya raajyangalilum neela, vella, chuvapp enniva oru saadhaarana samyojanamaanu. pala aafrikkan raajyangalum cameroon, ethiopia, ghaana, ginia, maalii, senegal ennivayulppede chuvapp, manja, pacha ennivayude paan-aafrikkan nirangal upayogikkunnu. chuvapp, vella, karupp (paan-arab nirangalude oru upavibhagam) adangiya pathaakakal prathyekichu eejipt, iraakh, syria, yeman thudangiya arab rajyangalil kaanam.
ore nirangalude pothuvaaya krameekaranam kaaranam, aadya kaazhchayil, itaaliyan pathakayum meksikkan pathakayum thammilulla vyathyasam randaamathethil ulla meksikkoyude kottu oof ams maathramaanennu thonnunnu; vaasthavathil itaaliyan trivarnna pathaaka pachayudeyum chuvappinteyum bharam kuranja shadeukal upayogikkunnu, meksikkan pathaakayekkaal vyathyastha anupaathamund-itaaliyan pathaakayudethu 2,3 nuu thulyamaanu, meksikkan pathaakayude anupatham 4:7 aanu. rund pathaakakalum thammilulla saamyam samudragathaagathil gurutharamaaya prashnam srishtichu, kaaranam yadhaarthathil meksikkan vaanijya pathaaka aayudhangalillaathathaayirunu, athinaal 1946 leeii itaaliyan republican trivarnna pathaakaykk samanamaayirunnu; asoukaryangal ozhivakkaan, anthaaraashtra samudra samghadanayude abhyarthanaprakaaram italiyum meksikoyum vyathyastha naavika chinnangal sweekarichu.
nilavile deseeya pathakakalkkidayil mattu niravadhi samanathakal kandethaam, prathyekichu varnna skeemukalude vyathichalanagal pariganikkukayaanenkil, udha.jii.senegalinte pathakaye camerooninteyum indoneshya polandumaayum monakoyumaayum thaarathamyam cheyyuka. kramavum dishayum vyathyasthamaanenkilum italiyude pathakayum hangariyude pathakayum ore nirangalaanu upayogikkunnathu (itaaliyan pathaaka lambamaya pacha-vella-chuvapp, hangarian pathaaka thirascheenamaaya chuvapp-vella-pacha). fraansinte pathaakaykkum netherlands pathaakaykkum ithu baadhakamaan (franch pathaaka lambamaya neela-vella-chuvapp, dutch pathaaka thirascheenamaaya chuvapp-vella-neela). 
pathaaka kudumbangal.
chila samanathakal yaadrishchikamaanenkilum mattullava flag famili ennariyappedunna pankitta charitrangalil veroonniyathaanu. udaaharanathinu, columbia, ecovador, veneswella ennivayude pathaakakalellaam graan kolambiyayude pathaakayude vakabhedangal upayogikkunnu, speyinil ninnu swaathanthryam labhichathinushesham avar roopeekaricha raajyam, veneswellen swaathanthrya naayakan francisco dii miranda srishtichu; kuvaitt, jordan, palestine ennivayude pathaakakalellaam arab kalaapathinte pathaakayude valare saamyamulla vakabhedangalaanu. pothuvaaya charithravum paithrukavum kaaranam romaniayudeyum moldovayudeyum pathaakakal phalatthil onnuthanneyaanu. 1991ll yuu. ezz. ezz. aaril ninnu swaathanthryam prakhyaapikkumbol moldova roman pathaaka sweekarichu (ithu vividha prakadanangalilum kalaapangalilum janangal upayogichirunnu) pinneedu moldovan anki (ithu roman ankinte bhagamaanu) pathaakayude madhyathil sthaapichu. greenland ozhikeyulla ellah nordic raajyangalum nordic cross design (island, denmark, norway, sweeden, finland, pharoo dveepukaludeyum landinteyum svayambharana pradeshangalkk purame) upayogikkunnu, orotta niramulla pashchaathalatthil oru thirashcheena cross idathuvashathekku maatti. amerikkaykkum yunaittad kingdatthinum chuvapp, vella, neela ennee nirangalundu. yuu yude aadyathe 13 avasthakal kaaranamaan eee saamyam.ezz. munbu yunaittad kingdatthile kolanikal aayirunnu. chuvappum veluppum varakalulla american aikyanaadukalude pathakayumaayi chila samanathakal, malaysiayude pathakayum liberiayude pathakayum, athil randaamathethu oru american punaradhivasa kolaniyaayirunnu. koodaathe, austreliya, fiji, nyoosiland thudangiya yunaittad kingdatthile niravadhi muun kolanikalil mukalil idathu moolayilulla union jacq ulppedunnu.