scots monastry, regensburg

germmaniyile regensburghile sent jayimsinte (jacobskirche) muun benedikttin abbiyaan scots monastry (jarmman bhashayil "skottankirche", "scottencloster" allengil "skottanstift"). pathinonnam noottaandil airish missionarymaaraanu ithu sthaapichathu, athinte charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum aadyam airish, pinneedu scotish sanyaasimaarude kaikalilaayirunnu. madhya laattin bhashayil scotty ennaal irelandine skotlandil ninnu verthirikkaatha gaels ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, athinaal skottanstift enna padam airish kaalaghattatthil ninnaan. abbe samuchayathile ettavum pradhanappetta kettidamaaya yadhaartha palliyude poornna audyogika peru "dye airishe benedictinerclostershir sent" ennaanu. jacob undu sent. gertred "(aksharaarthatthil" sent benedikttin abbe charchu oof airish. james sent. ).
vaasthuvidya.
1070ll nagaratthinte mathilukalkk thekk bhagathaanu eee madam nirmmichathu, ennaal airish sanyaasimaarude varavu ulkkollaan kazhiyaathavidham ithu valare cheruthaanennu taamasiyaathe thelinju. padinjaaran sitti gettinu purathu oru puthiya sthalam vaangukayum 1100 oode oru puthiya abbiyude nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1300 oode nagara mathilukal vipuleekarikkukayum sent. jaims kottakettya nagaratthinte bhaagamaayi maari. palliyodu chernnulla puthiya padinjaaran kavaadam "jacobster" ennariyappettu.
eee palli sent. moonnu aapsukalum rund kizhakkan gopurangalumulla moonnu edanaazhikalulla basilikkayaya jaims 1120-ll samarppikkappettu. eee aadyakaala kettidatthinte kizhakke attathu maathrame nilanilkkunnulloo.
1150ll abttott gregorinte keezhil sanyasi sabha vipuleekarichu. innu nilakollunna eee randaamathe palliyude padinjaaran attathu rund nilakalulla traansept allengil vestt werk, vishalamaaya vadakkan portal, thekk oru klosttar enniva nalki. 1185 oode nirmmaanam poortthiyaayi.
europile airish sanyaasimaarude missionary pravartthanatthinte oru pradhana kendramaayi regensburg maari; viyannayile scots ashramam athinte makalude aditharakalilonnaanu. sent. jacob aashramathin irelandile kaashalile sanyasi skoolumaayi adutha bandhamundaayirunnu, koodaathe jeevithaavasaanathode oottooninte (d.1151) daivashaasthranjanaaya oonarasine aakarshichu.
1577-ll, scotish parishkaranatthinu thottupinnaale, oru marpappa kaala madam irishil ninnu scotish sanyaasimaarilekku maatti. oru sanyasiyum oru thudakkakkaaranum mathramulla eee ashramam appozhekkum kshayichukondirunnu. aadyathe scotish madaadhipathi parishkarthaavaaya joonn noxinte ethiraaliyaaya niniyan vinsett (1518-92) aayirunnu. skotlandile catholica missionary pravarthanangalkkaayi purohithanmaare parisheelippikkaan skotlandile merii kween madaadhipathiyaaya vinsettinodu utharavittu; 1623-ll addehathinte maranathinu valarekkaalathin sesham aadyathe purohithanmaare ayachu.
nepolian kaalaghattatthil eee aashramathin pirichuvidal ozhivakkaan kazhinju, ithu oru apoorva nettamaanu. 1820ll ithu oru prairiyaayi tharamthaazhthappettu, ennaal 1862ll bavarian sarkkar eee vasthu vaangukayum catholica purohithanmaare parisheelippikkunnathinu oru seminariakki maattukayum cheiyunnathuvare sanyasimar thaamasichu.
niravadhi kettidangal ulkkollichaayirunnu abbe samuchayam. ettavum pradhanappetta rund gadanakalaaya pally klosttarum nilanilkkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum 1278lum theepidutthatthil nasippikkappedukayum nasippikkappedukayum 1866num idayil punarnirmmikkappedukayum cheytha eee kettida samuchayathil kaaryamaaya maattam varuthiyittundu. muzhuvan samuchayatinum chuttum oru mathil undaayirunnu, ithu palliyude vadakkulla oru semitheri nagaratthil ninnu padinjarottu nayikkunna theruvil ninnu verthirikkunnu.
palli.
pathinonnam noottaandinte thudakkathilaanu aadyathe abbe palli nirmmichathu. moonnu kankurukalulla moonnu edanaazhikalulla oru basilikkayaayirunnu athu. poornnamaayum nilanilkkunna eee kettidatthinte eaka bhagam athinte kizhakkan attamaan (pinbhaagathulla rund gopurangalum). padinjaaran mathilinte adayaalangalum kandethiyittundu, ithu soochippikkunnathu kettidam athe veethiyullathaanenkilum nilavile gadanayekkaal valare cheruthaanennu soochippikkunnu.
soochippikkunnu 1175num idayil nirmmicha oru puthiya palli, innathe kaalam vare nilanilkkunna oru gadanayaanu. ithu romanesk vaasthuvidyayude oru udaaharanamaanu moonnu epsukal ulla moonnu edanaazhikalulla basilica, kizhakk gopurangal, padinjaaru oru traansept. athinusesham oru avayavam sthaapicha oru gallery traansepttile moonnu edanaazhikalilum vyaapichukidakkunnu.
edanaazhikalil ninnu silindar kallu thoonukalaal (ekashila nirakalalla) verthirikkappettirikku eee naabhiyude thalasthaanangal uyarnna romanesk shilpangalude mikacha srishtikalaanu. sasyashaasthraparamaaya alankaaramulla thalasthaanangal prathimakalulla alankaarangalumaayi marimari varunnathinaal avayude krameekaranam munkootty chinthikkunnathine soochippikkunnu. eee roopangalil kaattumrigangal, simhangal, kazhukanmaar, muthalakal enniva ulppedunnu, avaykku kristheeya praadhaanyamundaakam. thooninte aditharayude konukal pannikal, naaykkal, kazhuthakal, kazhukanmaar ennivayulppede kuleenamallattha mrugangalude thalakal kondu alankarichirikkunnu.
central epsinte praveshana kavaadatthile vijayakaramaya kamaanathinu keezhil panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathile moonnu thadi shilpangal nilakollunnu, avaa orumichu oru kroosheekarana rangam roopappeduthunnu. avaa yadhaarthathil balipeetathil nilkkunnundenkilum 1874-ll avaa punarnirmmikkukayum 1893-ll avayude ippozhathe sthaanathu sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1866-num 1872-num idayil bavarian, austriyan kalakaaranmaar romanesk punarujjeevana shailiyil eee pooppal alankarichu.
"scottenportal".
palliyude ettavum prashasthamaaya vasthuvidyaa ghadakam athinte vadakkan portalaanu ("scottenportal"), ithu vadakke mathilinte moonnilonnu bhaagavum ulkkollunnu, koodaathe alankaara, prathimakalude silpangalaal sambannamaanu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal eee shilpapadhathiyude sariyaaya vyaakhyaanam charcha cheyyappettittund. cheyyappettittund timpanam, archivolt, jambs enniva maathramaan panthrandaam noottaandile yadhaartha ghadana roopeekarichathennu abhiprayappettu, athesamayam "scottenportalinte" sheshikkunna bhagangal navothaanakaalathu spoliyayil ninnaan kootticherthathu. eee sidhaantham kalaacharithrakaaranmaare eee paripadiye oru ekeekritha mothamaayi vyaakhyaanikkendathinte kadamaye ozhivaakkumaayirunnuve athinu vyapakamaaya sveekaaryatha labhichitilla. vaasthavathil, gadanayude samagramaya parisodhana panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathil randaamathe palliyude nirmmaanathodoppam muzhuvan portalum kootticherthathaayi vyakthamaayi.
portal thirascheenamaayum lambamaayum moonnilonnaayi thirichirikkunnu. ettavum thaazhnna nilayil, vaathil madhyabhaagathu sambannamaayi alankaricha jambukalaal frame cheythirikkunnu, athinte iruvashathum vividha durithaashwaasa silpangalaal chitharikkidakkunna oru paranna vayal nilakollunnu. randaam nila madhyabhaagathu timpaanavum archivolt valathum idathum kaaryattidukalulla andha aarkkedukalum ulkkollunnu. mukalil, panthrand apposthalanmarodoppam kristhuvine kaanikkunna oru fries naduvil nilkkunnu, athesamayam aakruthiyillaatha andhamaya aarkkedukal iruvashathum nilkkunnu.
timpaanathinte vyaakhyaanam thaarathamyena tharkkamillaathathaanu ithu kristhuvine madhyathil ezz. tii. ezz kondu chithreekarikkunnu. james john. bakkiyulla kanakkukalkk niravadhi vishadeekaranangal nirddeshikkappettittund; ivide richard strobalinte maathram vishadeekaranamaanu avatharippichathu.
portaline abhimukeekarikkunna idathuvasham valathuvashathekkaal kooduthal bahumaanikkappedunnuvenna vividha soochanakalundu. athinte entaablechar sambannamaaya oru interlays vahikkunnu, athesamayam valathuvashath athu alankarikkappettilla; madhyamekhalayile arcade manushya thalakalude oru varii kondu niraykkunnu, athesamayam valathuvashath mrugangalude thalakal kondu niraykkunnu. idathuvashathulla ettavum thaazhnna mekhalayile kendra shilpam, oru simhaasanathil sthaapikkukayum nilathu ninnu ganyamaayi project cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, kristhuvinte kuttiyumayi meriye vyakthamaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu; aadyathethu, "puthuvalsaram" enna nilayil, oru apple kaivasham vaykkunnu, randaamathethu jeevithapustakam kaivasham vaykkunnu. iruvashathumulla kothupanikal manushya roopangal parasparam aalinganam cheiyunnathaayi kaanikkunnu, athaayath, aikyathinte manobhaavathil. maruvashathu, valathuvashathulla ettavum thaazhnna mekhalayile anubandha kendra roopathe aakramanathmakavum shathruthaaparavumaaya mrugangal bracket cheiyunnu; ithu ethirkristhuvine prathinidheekarikkam.
ennirunnaalum, idathuvashathum valathuvashathumulla kendra vyakthikal yathaakramam nanmaye thinmaye prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu manassilakkiyaal, avaykku thaazheyulla rekhaachitrangal saahacharyathinte vipareethathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu thonnunnu. idathuvashathu, oru draagan oru simhathe vizhungunnathayi kaanikkunnu, athesamayam ettavum thaazhathe nilayil pralobhanatthinte pratheekamaaya oru sairan prathyakshappedunnu. valathuvashath, oru muthalakal kalimannil pothinja oru hydrus vizhungunnathu kaanikkunnu. oru madhyakala aithihyamanusarichu, hydrus, orikkal akathu praveshichaal, muthalakale ullil ninnu nasippikkum; eee katha narakatthinte vedanaajanakamaaya avasthaye prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu manassilaakkappettirunnu. ettavum thaazhnna thalatthil sanyaasimaare suvisheshapusthakangalumaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu, angane theerthaadakarum missionarymaarum. athinaal, idathuvashathulla kendra roopangal shubhakaramaanenkil, valathuvashathullava negatteevu ardhangal vahikkunnundenkil, ettavum thaazhnna thalangalil nere vipareeta sahacharyam nilanilkkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, idathuvashathekkulla pothuvaaya munganana madhyanirayil punararambhikkunnu. ivide valathuvashathulla kanakkukal thinmakale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu thonnunnu. udaaharanathinu, valathuvashath ninnulla randaamathe carriated paambukale nenjil pidikkunna oru sthreeyaan; aval aadambarathe (anacharam) prathinidheekarikkam. maruvashathu, idathuvashathulla kaaryaattidukal gunangale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu thonnunnu. udaaharanathinu, idathuvashathu ninnulla randaamathe chithram plate cheytha beltt dharicha oru manushyanaan; avan fortittudoye (dheerata) prathinidheekarikkam.
panthrand apposthalanmar kristhuvine prathyakshappedunna ettavum mukalilulla rekha, mikkavarum avasana vidhiyude praathinidyamaanu. sradheyamaaya alankaarangalaal alankarichathum mukalilum thaazheyum vividatharam muttukuthunna roopangalaal alankarichathumaaya jaambukale vivarikkan maathrame ithu avasheshikkunnulloo. eee kanakkukalil chilathinte aidantitti avayude aatribyoottukaliloode kandethaam. udaaharanathinu, thaazhe valathuvashathulla munnirayilulla vyakthiyude kayyil tii aakruthiyilulla oru staaf undu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi sanyasimaarumaayum sanyasimaarumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. mukalil valathuvashathulla kendra chithram oru valamkollunna upakaranam vaayikkunnu, athesamayam mukalil idathuvashathulla ettavum akathe chithram mrugangalude pelttukal pothinja oru paathram kaivasham vaykkunnu. eee roopangal aashramathinte charithrathe thanne soochippichekkaam irelandile sanyasimaarkkidayil athinte uthbhavam vare thante dandullah sanyasi; regensburghile kottara samoohathil avarude sthaanathekku samgeethajnjan; keevilekkulla vaanijya paryaveshanangalil avarude pankaalithatthilekku romavyaapaari.
portal refsukal moolakangalumayi sanbarkkam pularthunnathinaal avaye oru glass westibulinullil pothinjirikkaan theerumaanichu. 1999ll aarambhicha punny 2000ll poortthiyaayi.
charithram.
airish kaalaghattam.
pathinonnam noottaandil "scotty" athaayath gails aanu eee ashramam sthaapichathu. (hiberno-scotish dauthyam kaanuka.) chila "scots" sanyasimar ippol skotlandil ninnullavarayirikkaam, pakshe bhooribhaagavum irelandil ninnullavarayirikkum. central europilekkulla airish douthyathinte oru pradhana kendramaayirunnu regensburg, koodaathe viyannayile swaadheenamulla scots ashramam sthaapichathu 1155/56 leeii regensburgil ninnulla sanyaasimaaraan. erfert (ekadesham 1136), woorsburg (1138), neuremberg (1140), konstaans (1142), aichstaatt (1148/49), memmingen (1178/81), keevu (pinneedu panthrandaam noottaand), kelheim (1218?) ennividangalile scots aashramangalaayirunnu jacob.). kaashelile prashasthamaaya skoolumaayi sanyaasimaarkk sakthamaaya bandhamundaayirunnu.
oonariyas augustodunensis (maranappettath sii. eiii. 1151), valare swaadheenamulla madhyakala daivashaasthranjan, thante jeevithathinte avasana varshangal aashramathil chelavazhichu. ithu tharkkavishayamaanenkilum panthrandaam noottaandile middle hye jarmman "kaisarkronik" ivide ezhuthappettirikkaanum saadhyathayund. udaaharanathinu, konraad voonn megenberg thante "dii limitibus parochiyaram sivitaattis ratisbonancis" enna grandhatthinte aaram adhyaayathil aashramathinte adithara vivarikkunnu. 
scotish kaalaghattam.
1577-leeii oru marpappa kaala eee ashramam airish kaikalil ninnu skotlandil ninnu madaadhipathikalilekku maatti. scotish sanyasimar pradhaanamaayum thaazhnna pradeshamaaya skotlandil ninnullavaraayirunnu, athinaal avar pothuve gales aayirunnilla. athinaal kaalayude prabhavam madatthinte paarambaryatthinte thudarchaykku oru poornnamaaya villalaayirunnu. scotty" enna vaakkin aadhunika ardhathil "scots" ennartham vannathinaal airish kaivashappedutthal ellaayppozhum niyamavirudhamaanennu avakashappedaan puthiya madaadhipathikale anuvadikkunnathil ninnu ithu bhaagikamaayi prachodanam ulkkondirikkaam. regensburghile airish samooham enthaayaalum marakamaaya thakarchayilaayathinte bhagikamaaya kaaranavum ithaayirunnu avasaanathe airish madaadhipathi oru sanyasiyum oru thudakkakkaaranum avasheshichukondu marichupoyi.
ennaal eee theerumaanathinu pinnile thanthraparamaaya chintha theerchayaayum scotish parishkaranatthinethire oru catholica kaaval nalkuka ennathaayirunnu. scots ashramam jarmman sabhaa adhikaarikalil ninnu swathanthramaayirunnu, pakaram rominte eaka adhikaarathinu keezhilaayirunnu.
skotlandile purohithanmaare nalkunnathinulla chumatala scots raajnjiyaaya merii ettedutha joonn noxinte vivaada vimarsakanaaya niniyan vinsett aayirunnu aadyathe scotish madaadhipathi. ennirunnaalum pathinezhaam noottaandinte arambham vare skotlandilekku missionarymaare ayaykkaan madathinu kazhinjilla. 1623 muthal fraansile duvaayiyile engleesh benedikttinukalumaayi sahakarichaan ithu cheythath.
1776 juunil chaals arbatnote madaadhipathiyaayi. 1802-ll nepolian bonapaarttinte sammarddathethudarnnu regensburghinte nithyabhakshanam saamraajyathile ellah sabhaabhoomikaleyum mathetharavalkkarikkan theerumaanichappol, eee vidhi ozhivaakkunnathil ashramam savisheshamaayi vijayichu. arbatnote addehathinte swaadheenamulla sanyasiyaaya alexander hohn franch sainyathile scotish catholica generalukalaaya mcdonaldineyum loristanineyum lobby cheythu. regensburghile audyogika britiish ejantu enna nilayil hoonn britiish sarkkarinodu kooduthal abhyarthichu. arbatnote eee madathe scotish deseeya kshethramaayi prakhyapikkukayum rund purohithanmarkkum romile skotlandinte kardinal samrakshakanaaya chaals erskaininte pinthuna vijayakaramaayi labikkukayum cheythu. puthiya thudakkakkaare edukkaan anuvadichillenkilum scots abback anukoolamaayi oru express elavu nalki.
1814-ll ithu regensburghile bishappinte adhikaarathin keezhil vannuvenkilum, ashramam athinte sambathinte valiyoru bhagam oru austriyan theerathu vechathinaal athu ippozhum pirichuvidappettilla. 1820-ll arbathnottinte maranashesham sanyasimar kuravaayathinaal eee madam oru prairiyaayi tharamthaazhthappettu.
nilavile upayogam.
1862-ll roman catholica roopathayaaya regensburghinte seminaariyaayi abbe veendum thurannu.
library.
airish sanyasimar nirmmicha madhyakala libraryil niravadhi kaiyezhuthuprathikal ulppedunnu. viennees abbeyude libraryude bhaagangalum ithil adangiyirikkaam. 1862-ll avasaanathe rund scott sanyasimar oduvil regensburg vittappol, avasaanathe fokkabezhsile ansem robartsan, ettavum valia nidhikalil palathum fort augustasile benedikttin abbiyilekku kondupoyi. 1992ll, kottayile augustus shekharathil ninnulla regensburg pusthakangalum kayyezhuthuprathikalum skotlandile deseeya libraryil nikshepichu.
regensburghile (enls acc.11218/1) kammyoonittiyude sthaapakanaaya airish benedikttin sanyasi marianus 1080-ll ezhuthiya grandhangalude oru vaalyathilekku sthalathinte abhimaanam pookunnu. skotlandile eathoru kruthiyilum kaanapedunna aadyakaala ezhuthu gaelic vaakkukal ithil adangiyirikkunnu. 1596ll jaims dalrymple nirmmichathum scots bhasha vaachakamayi (enls acc.11218/4) valia praadhaanyamullathumaaya oru laattin vaachakathinte skottukalilekku vivarthanavum undu.

