
vahikkaanulla sheshi

geotechnical enchineeyaringil, bhoomiyil prayogikkunna bhaarangale pinthunaykkaanulla manninte seshiyaanu bairing kappasitti. manninte thaanguvaanulla sheshi aditharayum mannum thammilulla paramavadhi sharashari sanbarkka marddamaanu, athu mannil kashanagal vettikkuraykkaan paadilla. "athyanthikamaaya bairing kappasitti" ennathu paraajayappedaathe pinthunaykkaan kazhiyunna saidhaanthikamaaya paramavadhi marddamaanu; "anuvadaneeyamaaya bairing kappasitti" ennathu surakshayude oru ghadakam kondu harikkappedunna athyanthikamaaya bairing kappasittiyaanu. chilappol, mriduvaaya mannu saittukalil, yadhaartha shear parajayam sambhavikkathe looad cheytha aditharakalkku keezhil valia vaasasthalangal sambhavikkam; atharam sandarbhangalil, anuvadaneeyamaaya bairing sheshi anuvadaneeyamaaya paramavadhi settilmentine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. paraajayappedaathe mannil prayogikkaan kazhiyunna paramavadhi marddamaanu anuvadaneeyamaaya bairing marddam. maruvashathu, athyanthikamaaya bharavahakasheshi ennathu mannil paraajayappedunnathinumbu prayogikkaan kazhiyunna paramavadhi marddamaanu.
bairing sheshi parimithappedutthunna paraajayathinu moonnu reethikalunda general shear parajayam, local shear parajayam, punching shear parajayam. 
ithu manninte kashanangalude shakthiyeyum athupole thanne roopavum valipavum aazhavum aditharayude tharatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
aamukham.
gadanayude bharam nilathekku kaimarunna oru gadanayude bhagamaanu adithara. bhoomiyil nirmmicha ellah nirmmithikalum aditharayil pinthunaykkunnu. sariyaaya ghadanayum athine pinthunaykkunna nilavum thammilulla bandhippikkunna kanniyaan adithara.
adithara manninte bharavaahaka shakti savisheshathakal sivil enchiniyaring gadanakalude pradhana design maanadandamaanu. saankethikamallaatha enchineeyaringil, mannil prayogikkunna bhaarangale pinthunaykkaanulla manninte seshiyaanu bairing kappasitti. manninte thaanguvaanulla sheshi aditharayum mannum thammilulla paramavadhi sharashari sanbarkka marddamaanu, athu mannil kashanagal vettikkuraykkaan paadilla. athyanthikamaaya bairing kappasitti ennathu paraajayappedaathe pinthunaykkaan kazhiyunna saidhaanthikamaaya paramavadhi marddamaanu; anuvadaneeyamaaya bairing kappasitti ennathu surakshayude oru ghadakam kondu harikkappedunna aathyanthika bairing kappasittiyaanu. chilappol, mriduvaaya mannu saittukalil, yadhaartha shear parajayam sambhavikkathe looad cheytha aditharakalkku keezhil valia vaasasthalangal sambhavikkam; atharam sandarbhangalil, anuvadaneeyamaaya bairing sheshi anuvadaneeyamaaya paramavadhi settilmentine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
general bairing parajayam.
adivaarathile bharam adivaarathil ninnu mannile uparithalam vare vyaapikkunna oru shear parajaya uparithalathil manninte valia chalanathinu kaaranamaakumbozhaanu oru pothu bairing parajayam sambhavikkunnath. pothuvaaya bairingle foottinginte sheshi kanakkaakkunnath foottinginte valuppatheyum manninte gunangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. mairhoff vesic parishkkaranangalum adhika gadakangalum upayogichu terzagiyaanu adisthaana reethi vikasippichath. 
. pothuvaaya shear failer cases saadhaaranayaayi vishakalanam cheyyappedunna onnaanu. settilment kanakkukoottalukalil mattu parajaya reethikalkkethiraaya prathirodham parokshamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. aditharaykku keezhilulla ilaastik mannile sammarda vitharanam ludwig phoppil (1941), gerhard shubert (1942) ennivar adanja roopathil kandethi. eee parajayam sambhavikkumbol kanakkukoottunnathin niravadhi vyathyastha reethikalundu.
terzagiyude bairing kappasitti sidhaantham.
parukkan aazhamillaatha aditharakalude aathyanthika bharodwahana sheshi vilayiruthunnathinayi samagramaya oru sidhaantham aadyamaayi avatharippichathu kaal voonn terzagiyaanu. aazham athinte veethiyinekkaal kuravo thulyamo aanenkil adithara aazhamillaathathaanennu eee sidhaantham prasthaavikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhoo uparithalathil ninnu alakkunna aazhamulla, avayude veethiyude 3 muthal 4 madangu vare veethiyulla aditharakale aazhamillaatha aditharakalaayi nirvachikkaamenn pilkkala anweshanangal soochippikkunnu.
1943-ll general shear failer kesil bairing kappasitti nirnnayikkunnathinaayi terzagi oru reethi vikasippichu. manninte aikyam, manninte gharshanam, ulcherkkal, sarcharj, svayam bharam enniva kanakkiledukkunna samavaakyangal chuvade nalkiyirikkunnu.
chathura aditharakalkku
thudarchayaaya aditharakalkkaayi
vrithaakrithiyilulla aditharakalkku
evide
mannil praadeshika shear failer mooad pradarshippikkunna foundeshanukalkkaayi, muun samavakyangalil inipparayunna mattangal terzagi nirddeshichu. samavaakyangal chuvade nalkiyirikkunnu.
chathura aditharakalkku
thudarchayaaya aditharakalkkaayi
vrithaakrithiyilulla aditharakalkku
gharshana formula 14-nte phalapradamaaya aantharika konine formula 15-nuu thulyamaaya moolyam upayogichu maattisthaapichukondu (formula 13-nuu yathaakramam) bairing kappasitti gadakangalude samavaakyangal upayogichu parishkaricha bairing kappasitti gadakangalaaya formula _ 12 kanakkakkaam. 
mayerhoffinte bairing kappasitti sidhaantham.
1951-ll mayerhoff oru bairing kappasitti sidhaantham prasidheekarichu, athu parukkan aazhamillathathum aazhathilullathumaya aditharakalil prayogikkaan kazhiyum. mayerhoff (1951,1963) terzagiyude samanamaaya oru bairing-kappasitti samavaakyam nirddeshichuvenkilum depth tame nq ulla oru aakruthi ghadakam s-q ulppeduthi. aazhathilulla gadakangalum chaayvulla gadakangalum addeham ulppeduthi. [kurippu mayerhoff terzagiyil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru anumaanathe adisthaanamaakki n _ q veendum vilayiruthukayum n _ q = (1 + sin phi) exp (π taann phi)/(1-sin phi) kandethukayum cheythu. appol n _ c ennathu terzagiyude athe samavaakyamaan n _ c = (n _ q-1)/taann phai. phai = 0 nuu, mayerhoffinte n _ c 2 + paii = 5.14 aayi othucherunnu.. mayerhoff n _ gamaye punarmoolyanirnayikkayum n _ gaama = (n _ q-1) taann (1.4 phai) nedukayum cheythu.]
surakshayude ghadakam.
aazhamillaatha aditharakalude motham anuvadaneeyamaaya looad bairing sheshi kanakkakkaan motham aathyanthika bairing sheshiyilekk oru suraksha ghadakam (efs) prayogikkendathundu, allengil;
soothravaakyam _ 16