
9 pool vaali, braittan

engleesh nagaramaya braittan aandu hovinte bhagamaaya braittaninte madhyathilulla pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathe oru veedum kadayumaanu 9 pool vaali. oru bakeryaayum oru praadeshika kudumbatthinu shopa nirmmicha ithu pinneedu irupathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare baking paarambaryam nilanirtthiya mattoru braittan kudumbatthinu kaimari. athinusesham ithinu vividha vaanijyaparamaaya upayogangalundu. nilanilkkunna ettavum prashasthamaaya aadyakaala kettidangalilonnu" ennum "manoharamaaya oru avashishtam" ennum visheshippikkappedunna purambhaagam vyathirikthamaya karutha thilangunna ganitha tailukalaal pothinjirikkunnu. engleesh paithrukathil athinte vaasthuvidyaaparavum charitraparavumaaya praadhaanyatthinte peril ithu randaam classil * pattikappedutthiyittundu.
charithram.
engleesh chaanal theerathu niravadhi thaazhvarakal kadalumaayi cherunna sthalathaanu braittan sthithi cheiyunnathu. ivayilonnu paachaamil uparithalathil vanna winterbone nadiyaaya vellesbone nadiyude ozhukkiloodeyaanu roopappettathu. aruviyude edaykkideyulla ozhukk oru kuzhicha, chathuppunila pradesham srishtichu, athinu chuttum pazhaya gramamaaya braithelmston vikasichu. kadalil praveshikkunnathinu thottumunbu athu oru cheria kulamaayi maari. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil athivega valarchayude kaalaghattatthil bhoomiyude aavasyam vardhichathode, vellesbone oru kalunkilekku thirichuvidukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu weils rajakumaran marlbero rajakumaran ithinu panam nalki. 1792-93 enna puthiya rodinadiyil pool thaazhvarayil eee kulam olippichuvechirunnu.
pool thaazhvara pazhaya steyininte thekke attattheyum kadaltheeratheyum bandhippikkunnu. mathsyathozhilaalikal munbu valakal unakkunnathinum chanam valarthunnathinum upayogichirunna chathuppunilatthinte adithattinu ippol nalkia peraayirunnu pazhaya steyin (allengil steyin): athu vattukayum 1790 aayappozhekkum ithu valarunna pattanamaya braittaninte kendrabinduvaayi maarukayum cheythu. veedukalum vinoda vedikalum athine valayukayum pullinu abhimukhamaayi nadakkaanaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu; bhoomikk chuttum railingukal nirmmikkukayum mathsyathozhilaalikale puratthaakkukayum cheythu.
puthiya rooad thurannayudane iruvashathum kettidangal nirmikkappettu. theruvinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathulla 9-aamm nambarile ghadana vaanijyaparavum paarppidaparavumaaya upayogathinaayi nirmmichathaann thaazhathe nila oru bekariyaayi upayogichirunnu, mukalil rund nilakal thaamasoukaryamundaayirunnu. baking vyaapaarathil earppettirunna oru praadeshika kudumbamaaya theruvu yaathrakkaarkkaayi ithu nirmmichathaakaam. 1845ll saaraa streettar oru bakery kadayumaayi eee bisinesses nadatthi. 1861 leeii sensessinu munbu oru ghattathil brayattanil deerghakaalamaayi sthaapithamaaya kauli kudumbam etteduthathinushesham eee bisinesses kauliyude bunn shope ennum pinneedu yeeii oolde bunn shope ennum ariyapettu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathode, kettidam kauli kudumbatthinte udamasthathayil ninnu purathupokukayum thaazhathe nilayilulla shope yoonit oru restorant polulla mattu vaanijya upayogangalilekku parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
1952 october 13nuu randaam gradilaanu eee kettidam pattikappeduthiyirunnathu. atharam kettidangale "prathyekichu pradhaanappettava" ennu nirvachichirikkunnu... [koodaathe] prathyeka thaalpparyathekkaal kooduthal ". 2001 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu, ithu randaam grade listtucheytha 70 kettidangalilum gadanakalilum onnaayirunnu, koodaathe braittan, hove nagaratthile ellah gradukalileyum 1,218 listtucheytha kettidangalil onnaanith.
vaasthuvidya.
braitonile nilanilkkunna ettavum pazhaya veedukalilonnaaya eee kettidatthe "athijeevichirikkunna ettavum prashasthamaaya aadyakaala kettidangalilonnu" ennu vilikkunnu. athinte mithamaaya roopavum cheria valipavum vasthuvidyaa charitrakaaranaaya haari stuvartt goodhart-rendell, muun braittan nivasiyaaya ithine "manoharamaaya oru avashishtam" ennu vilikkaan prerippichu... arcum kaanaan kazhiyunnathupole braithelmston [braittaninte muun peru]. ettavum thaazhathe nilayil aadhunika kadayude munvashavum mukalil paarppida upayogathilulla rund nilakalum, kooduthal janaalakalulla oru valia melkkoorayumulla moonnu nila kettidamaanithu.
mukalile rund nilakal karutha glazucheita ganitha tailukal kondu sthaapichirikkunnu-palappozhum 18,19 noottaandukalil braitanilulla kettidangalil upayogichirunnu, ithu praadeshika vaasthuvidyayude savisheshathayaanu. randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum nilakalil kaant bay janaalakalum undu; vashangalilum pinbhaagatthum (oru purathana idanaazhiye abhimukheekarichu), yadhaartha saash janalakal avasheshikkunnu. idathu dormer vindo oru kesmentaanu, athesamayam valathuvashath oru saash windoyund.