
staanderd engleesh

engleesh samsaarikkunna oru rajyath, staanderd engleesh (seey) ennathu ganyamaaya kramappeduthalinu vidheyamaayathum aupachaarika school vidyaabhyaasam, bhasha vilayiruthal, pothu sevana prakhyapanangal, rekhakalude pathrangal thudangiya audyogika achadi prasidheekaranangalumaayi bandhappettathumaya engleeshinte vaividyamaanu. roopashaasthram, shabdashaasthram, vaakyaghadana, nighandu, rajisttar, prabhaashana markerukal, praayogikatha, athupole spelling kanvenshanukal, viraamachihnangal, capitalisation, churukkal reethikal thudangiya likhitha savisheshathakal ulppede ellah bhashaaparamaaya savisheshathakalum staanderdaiseshante falangalkku vidheyamaan. seey evideyum praadeshikamalla athinte vyaakarana, lexical gadakangal praadeshikamaayi adayaalappeduthiyittilla, ennirunnaalum avayil palathum vyathyasthavum sameepasthamallaathathumaaya bhaashaabhedangalil ninnaan uthbhavichath, koodaathe samsaarikkunnatho neratthe ezhuthiyatho aaya engleeshil kaanapedunna vyathiyanangal valare kuravaanu. peettar trudgill parayunnathanusarichu, saadhaarana engleesh ennathu mattu engleesh bhaashaabhedangalil ninnu pradhaanamaayum verthirichariyaan kazhiyunna oru saamoohika bhaashaabhedamaanu, kramarahithamaya reflexive sarvanaamangalum "asaadhaarana" varthamaanakaala-theevramaaya kriya roopaghadanayum polulla vyakaranaparamaaya "idiosynchraasikalude" oru cheria koottam.
staanderd" enna padam vyaakaranathinteyum aksharavinyaasathinteyum bhaashayude upayogathinteyum kramappeduthaline soochippikkunnu, allathe kuranja aagrahakshamathayo paraspara vinimayakshamathayo allah (udha.jii., oru saadhaarana alavu). udaaharanathinu, anglosphere rajyangal "staanderd engleesh" ennu thirichariyunna bhasha enangalkkidayil ganyamaaya vyathyaasangalund englandilum veyilsilum, "staanderd engleesh" enna padam britiish engleesh, sweekaricha uchaaranam, yunaittad kingdom staanderd engleeshinte (yuu. keey. ezz. iii) vyaakaranavum padawali enniva thirichariyunnu; skotlandil, eee vaividhyam scotish engleeshaanu; amerikkayil, general american vaividhyam samsaarikkunna staanderdaanu; austreliyayil, staanderd engleesh general australiyanaanu. saamoohikabhaashaavidagdhar "pravartthanatthinte vipuleekaranam" ennu vilikkunna oru prathibhaasatthinte adisthaanathil, oru staanderd bhaashaykk kaaranamakunna prathyeka bhashaaparamaaya savisheshathakal anthassinte (sambathu allengil vidyaabhyaasam polulla) bhasha ithara saamoohika adayaalangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oru aamglophon samooham upayogikkunna engleeshile mattu bhaashaabhedangalekkaal bhaashaashaasthraparamaayi nilavaaramulla bhashayalla.
nirvachanangal.
saadhaarana engleesh saadhaaranayaayi audyogika aashayavinimayangalumaayum krameekaranangalumaayum bandhappettirikkunnavum, pathrapravartthanathinum (print, television, internettu) academic prasidheekaranathinum (monographukal, academic pepparukal, internettu) polulla rajisttarukalil (stailistik thalangal) ithu vaividhyapoornamaanu. aupachaarikathayude alavukal kondu savisheshathayulla seyude samsaarikkunnathum ezhuthappettathumaaya roopangalkkidayil rajisttarukalile eee vaividhyam nilanilkkunnu; athinaal, saadhaarana engleesh aupachaarika engleeshil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam ithu kashwal muthal aupachaarikam vareyulla stailistik vyathiyanangal avatharippikkunnu. koodaathe, staanderd bhaashakalude (praadeshika bhasha) upayoga kodukal staanderd engleeshinte kodifikkeshanukalekkaal sthiratha kuravaanu, athinaal puthiya padawali vyaakarana roopangalum kooduthal eluppathil sweekarikkukayum samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. 18-aamm noottaandil bhashaaparamaaya kurippadi prakaram sthaapikkappetta vyaakaranangalaaya pothuve amgeekarikkappetta niyamangalaan seyude deseeya enangalude savisheshatha.
anglo-saaksan kaalaghattatthil englandil uthbhavicha engleesh ippol lokathile pala raajyangalilum onno athiladhikamo "deseeya maanadandangal" vikasippichedutha onno athiladhikamo rajyangalil onno rando bhashayaayi samsaarikkappedunnu (ithu prasidheekaricha staanderd dokyumentukaleyalla, sthiramaaya upayogathinte aavruthiyeyaanu soochippikkunnathu). yunaittad kingdom, yunaittad stetts, canada, republic oof ireland, austreliya, nyoosiland, jamaikka, trinidad, tobago, bahamas, barbados ennivayulppede niravadhi raajyangalile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagathinteyum aadya bhaashayaan engleesh, india, paakistaan, phillippines, dakshinaafrikka, naijeeriya ennivayulppede mattu pala raajyangalilum ithu oru audyogika bhaashayaan; oro rajyathinum praadeshika samskaarathin prathyeka vyaakaranavum aksharavinyaasavum ucharanavumulla oru staanderd engleesh undu.
engleesh samsaarikkunna janasamkhyayude kolanivalkkaranatthinteyum charitraparamaaya kudiyettatthinteyum falamaayi, vyaapaarathinteyum vaanijyathinteyum anthaaraashtra bhashayaayi engleeshine pradhaanamaayum upayogichathinte (oru "lingwa franca") falamaayi, engleesh ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna randaam bhashayaayi maari. thaddesheeyamallaathatho adhika bhashayaayi vyaapakamaayi samsaarikkathatho aaya rajyangalil prabodhana saamagrikal (saadhaaranayaayi britiish engleesh allengil american engleesh) vazhi vividatharam engleesh irakkumathi cheyyukayum adhyaapanathinum moolyanirnnaya aavasyangalkkumaayi ithu "staanderd" aayi kanakkaakkukayum cheyyaam. saadhaaranayaayi, europe, caribean, sub-saharan aphrica, dakshineshya ennividangalil britiish engleesh staanderdaayi padippikkunnu, laattin amerikkayilum kizhakkan eshyayilum american engleesh staanderdaayi padippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu pradeshangalum vyakthigatha adhyaapakarum thammil vyathyaasappedunnu. chila pradeshangalil oru pidjin allengil creol bhasha engleeshine onno athiladhikamo thaddesheeya bhashakalumaayi samyojippikkunnu.
vyakaranam.
aamglophon raajyangalile saadhaarana engleesh bhashakal samaanamaanengilum, avaykkidayil cheria vyaakarana vyathyaasangalum padaavaliyude vyathyaasangalumund. udaaharanathinu, american, australian engleeshukalil, "sink", "shrink" ennivayude munkaala theevra roopangal staanderd roopangalaayi sveekaaryamaanu, athesamayam staanderd britiish engleesh "sunk", "shrink" ennivayude munkaala theevra roopangal nilanirthunnu. aafrikkan thekke aafrikkan engleeshil, vaakkalulla poorakangal illaathaakkunnathu saadhaaranamaayikkondirikku. eee prathibhasam traansitteevu kriyakalude vasthukkal ozhivaakkunnath kaanunnu "ningalkk kitti?"", "ningalkk pettiyil vaykkaam". engleeshinte mattu mikka staanderd enangalilum itharathilulla nirmmaanam apoorvamaanu.
uthbhavam.
munkaalangalil, madhyakaalakhattathilum aadyakaala aadhunika englandilum athinte aavirbhaavathe vivarikkumbol 'staanderd engleesh' enna padaprayogam vyathyastha pandithanmaar vyathyastha karyangal ardhamaakkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil stokku enna padavumaayi bandhappett ithu upayogichirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandile pandithanmaraya erle, kington-oliphant ennivar jarmman padaavaliyumaayulla pranayatthinte anupaathatthinte adisthaanathil engleeshinte staanderdaiseshanekkur sangalppichu. udaaharanathinu, kavikalaaya govarinteyum chosarinteyum kruthikal franch padaavaliyude alavu kaaranam addeham 'staanderd langwej' ennu vilichathil ezhuthappettathaanennu erle avakashappettu.
pinneedu, phonemukalude praadeshika vitharanathilekku shradha maari. morsback, huser, ekwaal ennivar staanderdaiseshane pradhaanamaayum shabda-maattavumaayi bandhappettathayi sangalppichu, prathyekichu sammarddamulla aksharangalile svaraaksharangalude spellingukal soochippikkunnathu pole, roopaghadanaykku kuranja oonnal nalkunnu.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil pandithanmaraya missintosh samuals spelling parisheelanatthinte vitharanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathu thudarnnu, pakshe praadhamika karakaushalavasthukkalaayi, avaa adisthaanamaaya aarttikkilettari riyaalittiyude thelivukalalla. 1350num 1450num idayil madhya engleeshile bhasha vyathiyaanathe vivarikkan lakshyamitulla "madhyakala engleeshinte avasaanathe bhashaaparamaaya atlas" prasidheekarikkunnathilka avarude pravartthanangal nayichu. ezhuthu engleeshinte vardhichuvarunna maanadandavalkkaranathe prathifalippikkunnathina avasana theeyathi thiranjedutthu. ennirunnaalum avar shradhikkunnathupole, "samsaarikkunna bhaashayude bhaashaabhedangal illaathaayilla, marichu likhitha bhaashayude bhaashaabhedangal illaathaayi".
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil niravadhi pandithanmaar staanderd cheytha morphimukal tracucheythu, udaaharanathinu ooksilari "duu", therd-pezhsan prasant-tense-"s", "yuu/thoo", "doubleuech"-sarvanaamangal, single negashan, pazhayathum madhyavumaya engleeshil onniladhikam nishedhangal saadhaaranamaanu, mathramalla samsaarikkunna praadeshika enangalil angane avasheshikkunnu.
innathe anweshanangal.
irupathiyonnaam noottaandil, bharanaparamaya rekhakal polulla vividha paata tharangaliludaneelamulla standerdisation nirakk; standerdisation pracharippikkunnathil vyakthiyude punk; bahubhasha, mishrita bhasha rachanayude swaadheenam; pothu praarthanayude pusthakatthinte swaadheenam; vedstokkinte standerdisation; saankethika rajisttarukalude parinamam; morphimukalude standerdisation; lettar graafukalude standerdisation, pazhaya skottukalude bhagika standerdisation ennivayulppede melpparanjavayellaam pandithanmaar pariganikkunnu.
vestt saaksan.
alfred dhii grettum addehathinte pingaamikalum anglo-saaksan raajyangalude ekeekaranathinushesham, pazhaya engleeshinte vestt saaksan vakabhedam englandinte mattu bhaagangalile ezhuthu reethikale swaadheenikkaan thudangi. staanderd littareriyal langwej" ennu vilikkappedunna engleeshinte aadyathe vakabhedam pazhaya engleeshinte vestt saaksan vakabhedamaayirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, aadhunika ardhathil pazhaya engleeshinte standerdisation ennonnillaathathinaal, oru staanderd bhaashayekkaal oru koottam orthographic maanadandangal roopappeduthunnathaayaanu cornexel vestt saaksan staanderdinte avasaanathe vargeekaranathe nirvachikkunnath pazhaya engleesh vyathiyaanam kuraykkuka, praadeshika vyathiyaanam kuraykkuka, padangalude thiranjedukkal, roopaghadanayudeyo vaakyaghadanayudeyo standerdisation, allengil ellaayidathum ellah likhitha aavasyangalkkum oru bhaashayude upayogam ennivayude kaaryatthil staanderdais cheythirunnilla.
1066 leeii norman adhinivesham pazhaya engleeshinte upayogam kurachuvenkilum kuranjathu mattoru noottaandolam raajyathinte chila bhaagangalil ithu upayogichirunnu.
sammishra bhasha.
1066 leeii norman adhinivesham konduvanna maattangalethudarnnu englandu oru tribhasha samoohamaayi maari. saksharathayulla aalukal ekabhaashakalulla engleeshil ezhuthunnathinekkaal kooduthal madhyakala laattin, anglo-norman franch bhashakalil ezhuthi. koodaathe, niravadhi bhaashakale samyojippicha oru vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna samvidaanam vikasippichu, saadhaaranayaayi madhyakala laattin vyaakarana adisthaanamaayi namangal, naama-parishkkaranangal, samyuktha-namangal, kriya-stemukal, anglo-norman franch, madhya engleesh ennivayil ninnulla-ing roopangal enniva cherkkunnu. madhyakala laattin, anglo-norman franch, madhya engleesh enniva vyakaranaparamaayi saadhaarana samvidaanathil kalarthunnathu aadhunika pandithanmaarkk 'mixed-langwej' ennariyappedunnu, ithu pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathe akkoundukal, inventarikal, testamentukal, pezhsanal jenalukal ennivayude maanadandamaayi maari.
pathinanjaam noottaandil mishrabhashah sambradaayam upekshikkappedukayum vividha sthalangalil vyathyastha samayangalil athu monolingwal supraalokkal engleesh upayogichu maattisthaapikkappedum cheythu, ennirunnaalum ithu ellaayppozhum oru neraaya kaimattamaayirunnilla. udaaharanathinu, alcolado-carnisero lunden mersezhs livery kambani wardensinte akkoundukal sarway cheyyukayum 1390 num 1464 num idayil ezhupathu varshathilere avar ekabhaashaka engleeshilekku maarukayum cheythathayi kandethukayum cheythu.
ekabhaashakalulla engleesh aathyanthika falamaakumennum athu yadhaarthathil parivartthanatthinte oru ghattamaanennum ariyaathe, vyakthigatha ezhuthukaar muzhuvan currier mixed-langwej ghattathilaanu chelavazhichathu. pathinalam noottaandilum pathinanjaam noottaandilum, panavumaayi bandhapetta paata tharangalil misrabhaashayil ezhuthuka ennathu professional maanadandamaayirunnu, ithu anglo-norman padavali engleeshilekku kadamedukkunnathinulla oru maarggam nalki.
madhya engleesh.
1370 muthal ekabhaashakamaaya madhya engleesh pradhaanamaayum praadeshika aashayavinimayathinayi kooduthalaayi upayogichu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare valia praadeshikavum aksharavinyasaparavumaaya vyathyaasangal ithinu undaayirunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathinushesham, niravadhi praayogika pravarthanangalkkaayi superlocal monolingwal inam engleeshukal vikasikkaan thudangi.
parimithamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanamulla bhasha savisheshathakalkk pakaram vishalamaaya vitharanamulla savisheshathakal" ennathaanu supralocalisation.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, vyakthikal avarude aksharanupaathangal niyantrikkaan thudangi, kurachu vakabhedangal thiranjedutthu.
ennirunnaalum, oro ezhuthukaaranum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum thiranjedukkaan oro ezhuthukaaranum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro savisheshathakalum thiranjedukkaan oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro savisheshathakal thiranjedukkaan oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro vyakthiyum oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro savisheshathakal oro
athinaal, vyaakarana, oorthoograafikkal vakabhedangal kuraykkunnathiloodeyum vyakthikalude ezhuthil bhoomishaasthraparamaayi adayaalappeduthiya vakabhedangal nashtappedunnathiloodeyum staanderdaiseshante aadya ghattam thirichariyaan kazhiyum.
anglo-normante maranam.
pathinalam noottaandinte avasana paadatthilum pathinanjaam noottaandinte aadya paadatthilum anglo-norman franch upekshichathum thudarnnu athinte mikka padangalum athinte pala likhitha kanvenshanukalum superlocal enangalilekku agiranam cheyyappettathum likhitha ekabhaashaa engleeshinte uyarchaykku kaaranamaayi. eee kanvenshanukalil chilath kuranja spelling vyathiyaanam polullava nilanilkkum, chilath degraph, trigraph polullava allah.
madhyakala englandinte avasaanathil vidyaasambannaraaya klaasukal vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunna franchukalude vaividhyamaayirunnu anglo-norman. udaaharanathinu, vyaakarana skoolukalile adhyapana bhashayaayi ithu upayogichirunnu. udaaharanathinu, "polychronican" enna charitraparamaaya charithram vyaapakamaayi pakarthiya benedikttin sanyasi ranulf higen, mattu raajyangalude sanbradaayathinu virudhamaayi engleesh kuttikal franch bhashayil laattin vyakaranam padikkunnuvennu abhipraayappedunnu. 1370 muthal 1430-kalil brittanil bhaashayude upayogam illaathaakunnathuvare brittanil ezhuthiya anglo-norman vaakyaghadanayum roopaghadanayum bhookhandathil ezhuthiya anglo-norman vaakyaghadanayil ninnum roopaghadanayil ninnum engane vyathyasthamaayitheernnu ingam vishakalanam cheythu.
pathinalam noottaandinte avasana paadatthinu sesham englandil ezhuthiya anglo-norman, praayapoorthiyaayappol nediya bhaashayude falamaayi sambhavikkunna vyakaranaparamaaya samathulithaavastha pradharshippichuvennum kuttikkaalathu adhyaapanathinulla oru samsara vaahanamaayi englandil anglo-norman upayogikkunnathu pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathode avasaanichirikkumennum ingam kaanikkunnu. thaan parishodhicha 7,070 hamshire administrative (episcopal, munisippal, maanoriyal) rekhakalil, ezhuthiya 1399-1525, anglo-norman 1425 nuu sesham upayogikkunnathu avasaanippichathaayi shipore kandethi.
anglo-norman upayogichirunna praayogika pravartthanam-pradhaanamaayum panam kaikaaryam cheiyunna-monolingwal engleesh allengil laattin upayogichu maattisthaapichu. pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathode anglo-norman upekshikkunathinum athinte niravadhi likhitha savisheshathakal likhitha engleeshilekku agiranam cheiyunnathinum kaaranam aaa noottaandile daridrarum ekabhaashakalullavarumaaya engleesh samsaarikkunna varggangalude saamoohika-saambathika mechappeduthalilaanenna raitt soochippikkunnu.
supraalokkal enangal.
anglo-norman franchine ekabhaashaka engleeshinu pakaram vannappol, athu athinte praayogika pravartthanangalum etteduthu. englandinu chuttumulla 766 vyathyastha sthalangalil ninnulla 2,017 grandhangal adangiya middle engleesh local documents corpusil nadatthiya sarveyil, bhasha thiranjedukkunnathu vaayanakkaaro prekshakaro vyavastha cheythathaanennu kandethithi vaachakam professionalukale lakshyamittathaanenkil, vaachakam lattinil ezhuthiyirunnu; athu professionalallaathavare lakshyamittittundengil, pathinanjaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare anglo-normanilum athinusesham laattin allengil engleeshilum ezhuthiyirunnu. correspondence, oordinansukal, sathyaprathinjakal, baadhyathakalude vyavasthakal, idaykkide paattavum vilppana enningane professionalallaathavare lakshyamitulla kooduthal vaakkaalullathum pravachikkaan kazhiyathathumaaya grandhangalekkurichu stentoos vishadeekarikkunnu.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil anglo-normane maattisthaapicha superlocal enangal ippozhum praadeshikamaayirunnu, ennaal pathinalam noottaandil madhya engleeshinekkaal kuravaayirunnu, prathyekichu morphimukal, clossed klaas vaakkukal, spelling sequenceukal ennivayumaayi bandhappett. udaaharanathinu, chesheyaril ninnum staffordshare ninnumulla grandhangalil praadeshikamaayi kurachumaathram adayaalappeduthiya savisheshathakal nagarangalil ninnu vaangunnathayi thengukal kaanichu ('arban-hopping' ennathu nagarangalil pakarthiya paadangal cheria pattanangalilum gramangalilum pakartthiyathinekkaal kooduthal staanderdais cheythavaye soochippikkunnu, athil kooduthal praadeshika bhasha savisheshathakal adangiyirikkunnu); furnandes kyoosta nagara yorkkil ninnulla vilppathrangalilum grameena swaldelil ninnulavayil praadeshikamaayi adayaalappeduthiya aksharavinyaasangalude aavruthi kuravaanennu kandethi; koodaathe kembridjil ninnulla grandhangal chuttumulla madhyapradesangalil ninnum kizhakkan anglian pradeshangalil ninnumullavaye apekshichu praadeshikamaayi kuravaanennu bergstrom kandethi.
ennirunnaalum, pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathinaram noottaandilum eee supraalokkal inam engleeshukal ithuvare staanderdais cheythitilla. madhyakala laattin, anglo-norman, mixed-langwej enniva oru maathrkayaayi, laattin, franch enniva valarekkaalamaayi pejil parambaraagathamaakkiyirunnathi avayude vyathiyana paridhi parimithamaayirunnu. praadeshikamaayi adayaalappeduthiya kooduthal savisheshathakal kuraykkukayum onno rando cheria vakabhedangal maathram anuvadikkukayum cheythukondu superlocal inam engleeshukal eee ekathvam sweekarichu.
saadhaarana engleeshilekkulla parivartthanam.
pinneedu pathinanjaam noottaandilum pathinaram noottaandilum vardhicha vyapara shringalakal supralocalisation sugamamaakki.
nagarangalileyum pattanangalileyum aalukal parasparam kooduthal vyapaaram nadathunnathinaal, vaakkukal, morphimukal, spelling sequenceukal enniva samsaarikkunnavarumaayulla sanbarkkam, ezhuthukaar thammilulla sanbarkkam, vyapara pravarthanangalil antharleenamaaya aavarthichulla munnilekkum pinnilekkum ettumuttalukal ennivayiloode raajyathudaneelam kaimaattam cheyyappettu. varumaanavum chelavukalum ooditt cheiyunna akkoundantumaar, charakkukaludeyum paymentukaludeyum track sookshikkunna vyapaarikal, klayantukalkku vendi abhibhaashakar kathukal ezhuthunnathu thudangiya practies communitykal prathyeka pravartthana mekhalakalkkayi nirddishta ezhuthu kanvenshanukalude vikasanathilekku nayichu. oru community oof praakteesil (estettu administrettarmaar) engleesh lettar-raitarmaar (aidi1) pranaya uthbhavamulla vaakkukalile spelling vyathiyaanam kurachuvennum ennaal engleesh uthbhavamulla vakkukalilallennum konde sylvestre kandethi, ithu munbu anglo-norman, mixed-langwej domainukalaayirunna niyamathinteyum bharanathinteyum praayogikathaye prathifalippikkunnu.
engleeshinte supraalokkal enangalile vyathiyaanam kuraykkunnathu anglo-norman, mixed-langwej ennivayude swaadheenam moolamaanennu ithu kaanikkunnu engleesh avarude praayogika rolukal etteduthappol, athu avarude spelling uniformityude gunanilavaaratheyum etteduthu. prabhukkanmarkkum thaazhnna saadhaaranakkaarkkum virudhamaayi, aadyakaala engleesh kathidapaadukalude paazhs cheytha korppasinekkurichulla sarveyil, 1410-1681, gentriyileyum professionalukalileyum amgangal franch prathyayangalude pradhana upayokthaakkalaanennu romero baranco kandethi.
konde sylvestreyude estettu administrettarmaar franch uthbhavamulla vaakkukalile spelling vyathiyaanam kurachathinu anusrithamaayi idatharam klaasukal aadyam franch gadakangale engleeshilekku sweekarichuvenna kandethal rund saahacharyangalilum, saksharathayulla professional klaasukal avarude engleeshilekku anglo-norman ezhuthu kanvenshanukal avatharippichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham vare staanderd engleesh athinte ippozhathe roopathilekku sthirathaamasamaakkiyirunnil. vividha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalil ninnulla gadakangal ithil adangiyirikkunnu, kitson ithine "sameepamallaatha bhaashaabhedangale varaykkunna oru nagara samyojanam" ennu visheshippikkunnu.
multerigian morphimukalude udaaharanagal thekk-padinjaaran bhaashaabhedangalil ninnulla ooksilari "doow" umm moonnaam vyakthi varthamaanakaalavum-"ezz" umm bahuvachanavum "vadakkan bhashakalil ninnullavayum aanu. jordan parayunnathanusarichu, pazhaya engleesh/y (:)/enna reflex, thekk, thekk-padinjaaru madhyapradeshangalilum thekk-kizhakk, thekk-kizhakk madhyapradeshangalilum ezhuthappettathupole, (vimarsanaathmaka charchakalkkaayi kitson kaanuka), multiriginal spellinginte oru udaaharanamaanu. staanderd engleesh "kadjal" (pazhaya engleesh "saikgel"), "bridge" (pazhaya engleesh "brikeg"), "merry" (pazhaya engleesh "myrig") thudangiya multerigian spellingukal nilanirthunnu.
irupathaam noottaandile standerdisation charitrangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi (chuvade kaanuka), pravisyakalil ninnu staanderd engleeshilekku vaakkukal, morphimukal, spelling kanvenshanukal ennivayude chalanathinu kaaranamaayi aalukalude apramanitha kudiyettam aavasyamaanennu inii thonnunnilla. pathinnalam noottaandil raajyavyaapakamaayi vyapaaram, vyapaaram, vaanijyam ennivayude vipuleekaranathiloode saadhaarana engleeshile atharam bahubhookhandavaadangal vishadeekarikkappedunnu, bhashaaparamaaya gadakangal praayogika samoohangalkkum durbalamaaya vyapara shringalakalkkum chuttum, vaamozhiyayum rekhaamoolavum kadannupoyi.
ozhivakkiya vishadeekaranangal.
inipparayunna sidhaanthangal ippol marikadannittundenkilum, vidyaarthikale lakshyamitulla saahithyathil avaa ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. ennirunnaalum, shafer, beal thudangiya sameepakaala kaippustaka vivaranagal avaa aparyaapthamaanennu vishadeekarikkunnu.
eiii. kizhakkan madhyapradeshangal.
lunden nagaratthile samsaarikkunnavare swaadheenicha uyarnna klaas kizhakkan madhyanira vyaapaarikalude bhashayil ninnaan staanderd engleesh vikasichathennu ekwaal anumaanichu.
bhasha' ennathukondu, ekwal sammarddamulla aksharangalil chila graafukalum akshara graafukalum maathram nirddeshichu, bahuvachana prathyayam-"iii (enn", "prasant participle suffix-" ing ", sarvanaamam" avaa "enniva avatharippikkunnu, ithu kizhakkan saaksan aakaan kazhiyillennu addeham karuthi, athinaal kizhakkan aamgleyan pradeshathu ninnullathayirikkanam. athinaal, 1066-lum 1360-lum norman adhiniveshathinu idayil kizhakkan madhyapradeshangalile vaasasthalangalil ninnu uthbhavicha perukalulla aalukal landanilekku kudiyeriyo ennu kandethunnathinayi addeham locative kudumbapperukal parishodhichu. eee reethiyiloode, mattidangalil ninnu kudumbapperukal vahikkunna mikka landankaarum landanile ulnaadukalil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn addeham kandethi, kizhakkan aamgliyayil ninno kizhakkan madhyapradesangalil ninno allah. ennirunnaalum, kizhakkan madhyapradeshukalile uyarnna vargakkaar samsaarikkunnath landanile uyarnna varggakkaarude samsaarathe baadhichuvennu addeham anumaanichu. pothuve daneloyil ninnulla swaadheenavum addeham nirddeshichuvenkilum uyarnna vargga prasangam swaadheenamullathaayirikkumnam addeham karuthi. athinaal addehathinte daattaasett valare parimithamaayirunnu, 'staanderd' ennathukondu addeham oru bhaashaabhedathekkaal kurachu aksharavinyaasangalum morphimukalum ardhamaakkunnu, addehathinte daatta kizhakkan madhyapradesangalil ninnulla kudiyettatthe pinthunaykkunnilla, koodaathe uyarnna varggakkaarude samsaarathinte swaadheenathekkurichu addeham pinthunaykkaattha anumanangal nadatthi (vishadaamshangal valath).
bii. madhya madhyapradeshangal.
ekvaalinte eest midlands sidhaanthathe samuvals vimarshichu.
addeham ekvaalinte sidhaantham kizhakk ninnu madhya madhyapradeshangalilekku maatti, madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathe landaneyum mattu grandhangaleyum aii-aivi tharangalayi tharamthirichu, koodaathe raajaavinte chancery offeesil ninnulla rachana vivarikkunnathin 'chancery staanderd' enna label avatharippichu, ithu staanderd engleeshinte munnodiyaanennu addeham avakashappettu. pathinanjaam noottaandile lunden grandhangalil, sammarddamulla aksharangalile chila graafukalum akshara graafukalum kanakkiledukkunnathinaayi landante vadakku evideyengilum ninnu oru kudiyettam nadannirikkanam enna ekvaalinte yadhaartha anumaanathe samuvals chodyam cheythilla, pathinanjaam noottaandile lunden grandhangalil bahuvachana suffix-"iii (enn," varthamaana pankaalittha suffix-"ing", sarvanaamam "avaa" enniva avatharippikkunnu, ennaal "madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathe engleeshinte bhashaaparamaaya atlas" enna addehathinte pravartthanangal oru kizhakkan anglian allengil kizhakkan madhyapradeshathe kudiyettatthinulla saadhyathaye pinthunaykkunnilla, charitraparamaaya thelivukalonnumillenkum madhya madhyapradesangalil ninnulla aalukalude kudiyettam addeham anumaanichu. ekvaalineppole, samuals pishaachukkalaayirunnil, thante srishtikal praadhamikamaayi avatharippichu.
sii. aii-aivi tharam.
pathinanjaam noottaandile kayyezhuthuprathikale saamuvalmar naalu tharangalayi tharamthirichu.
eee vibhagangal pinneedu prashnakaramaanennu thelinju, bhaagikamaayi eathu kaiyezhuthuprathikal eathu vibhaagathil pedunnuvennu samuvals krithyamaayi vyakthamaakkaathathinaalum bhaagikamaayi mattu pandithanmaar oro tharatthilum antharleenamaaya aikyam kaanaathathinaalum. vaiklifaitt baibilinte pilkkala pathippinte kayyezhuthuprathikal ezhuthiya 68 kaikalude aksharavinyaasathile type 1, ('central midu land staanderd') spelling anupathangal parishodhikkunna peacola nigamanathiletthi "central midu land staanderdinekkurichu oru 'mahathaaya ekeekarana sidhaantham' nilanirthaan prayaasamaan".
type 2 roopeekarikkunna grandhangalude aksharavinyasam vishakalanam cheytha thaaysan, vyathyastha ezhuthukaarude spelling choisukal thammil sthiramaaya samaanathakalonnum kandethiyitla, koodaathe selection signalling insipiyant staanderdaiseshante vyakthamaaya ovarlaappum illa, "tharangal visramikkaanulla samayamaanith" ennu nigamanam cheythu."
type 3 grandhangalile spelling parishodhikkunna horobin report cheythu "atharam vyathiyaanam itharathilulla lunden engleeshine vyathirikthamayi kaanunnathinethire munnariyipp nalkunnu... saamuvalsinte typology naam vyathirikthamaya bhashaaparamaaya vaividhyangalude oru parambarayaayi kaanunnathinupakaram oru bhashaaparamaaya thudarchayaayi kaanam ".
dii. chancery staanderd.
1435 nuu sheshamulla saamuvalsinte type IV, saamuvalsinte 'chancery staanderd' ennu label cheyyappettu, kaaranam ithu raajaavinte chancery offeesil ninnulla kathukal purathuvannathaayi karuthappedunna bhashayaayirunnu.
joonn echu. henry vii-yude signet kathukal, chancery kodathiyilekku ayacha harjikalude pakarppukal, ippol deseeya aarkkaivukalil sookshichirikkunna indancharukal ennivayulppede thiranjeduttha rekhakalude oorthoograafi addeham "chancery engleesh" ennu vilikkunnathaanennu fisher addehathinte sahakaarikalum vaadichu. henry vii sarkkaaraan eee oorthoograafikkal practies srishtichathennu karuthappedunnu, ithu staanderd engleeshinte munnodiyaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee avakaashavaadam davis, hashkett, whats, takeda thudangiyavarude sakthamaaya ethirppukal aakarshichu. rekhakalude bhasha valareyadhikam vyathiyaanam kaanikkunnu, koodaathe bhaashaashaasthraparamaayi 'chancery engleesh' enthaanu ennu shekharathil ninnu vyakthamalla" (mathsyathozhilaalikalude avakaashavaadangale vimarsikkunnathinu, tackeda kaanuka.) mathsyathozhilaalikalude bhaashaashaasthraparamaaya pravarthanangalekkurichu vimarsanathinu, benskin kaanuka, addeham thante paandithyatthe "bhaashaashaasthraparamaayi mathramalla charitraparamaayum arivillaathathu" ennu vilikkunnu.
chancery offeesil ninnulla ezhuthukaar ezhuthiya mikka kathukalum madhyakala laattinilaanennum kireedatthinaayulla apekshakal noottaandinte madhyathode anglo-norman franch bhashayil ninnu ekabhaashakalulla engleeshilekku maariyennum dooad theliyichittundu. kireedatthinaayi jolie cheiyunna ezhuthukaar laattin bhashayil ezhuthiyengilum rajavinodu apekshikkunna vyakthikalkkayi jolie cheiyunna ezhuthukaar-vyakthikal thangalkkuvendi ezhuthaan professionalukale niyogichirikkaam, ennaal eee ezhuthukaar aaraanenn saadhaaranayaayi ariyilla-pathinanjaam noottaandinte aadya moonnumaasathinu munbu franch bhashayilum athinusesham engleeshilum ezhuthiyirunnu. mishrabhashah rachanakaleppole, 1417 leeii aadyathe engleesh rajakeeya kathu mothatthilulla maattathe soochippikkaathirikkaan kireedam ekabhaashakalulla engleeshil ezhuthaan prathijnjaabadhamaakunnathinni munbu pathittaandukalaayi angotum ingottum marikkondirunnu.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyilum laattin aayirunnu aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna bhasha. stentoos parayunnathupole, "pradhana maattam franchinte upayogam kurachathaayirunnu, deerghakaala vikasanam kooduthal laattinilekkaayirunnu, kurravalla. mothatthil, engleeshile sarkkar rekhakalude outtputtu laattinumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol cheruthaanu."
aksharavinyasam.
apoorvamaaya ozhivaakkalukalode, staanderd engleeshukaar american allengil britiish spelling sisttangalo allengil randinteyum mishrithamo (australian engleesh, canadian engleesh, indian engleesh spelling ennivayil) upayogikkunnu. komanvelthu rajyangalil britiish aksharavinyasangalaanu saadhaaranayaayi aadhipathyam pularthunnathu.