
gathun daam

gattun pattanathinaduthulla panaamayile chagrez nadikku kuruke sthithicheyyunna oru munn anakkettaan gattun anakkett. 1907num 1913num idayil nirmmicha anakkett panaama kanaalinte nirnaayaka gadakamaanu; panaamayude isthmasinu kuruke avayude gathagatha kappalukal vahikkunna krithrima gathun thadaakam ithu thadanju. koodaathe, anakkettile oru jalavaidyutha ulppaadana kendram vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnu, ithu kanaalile poottukalum mattu upakaranangalum pravarthippikkaan upayogikkunnu.
anakkettinte nirmmaanam oru valia enchiniyaring nettamaayirunnu, kulebra katt samaantharamaayi nadatthiya khananathiloode maathrame athu marikadannulloo; poortthiyaakumbol, anakkett lokathile ettavum valia bhouma anakkett aayirunnu, gathun thadaakam lokathile ettavum valia krithrima thadaakamaayirunnu.
vivaranam.
caribean kadalile athinte mukhathu ninnu ekadesham chaggress nadiyude thaazhvarayilaanu anakkett sthithi cheiyunnathu. eee ghattatthile thaazhvarayude athirthiyilulla kunnukal eee idathinte madhyathil oru prakrithidatha parakkettulla kunninte oru vidavu undaakkunnu. adithattil kattiyullathum mukalil neelamullathum jalanirappil kattiyullathum mukalil kattiyullathum saadhaarana thadaakanirappinekkaal mukalilullathumaaya oru erthu daam eee vidavu niraykkunnu.
anakkettinte spillway nirmmichirikkunnathu madhya kunnin mukalilaanu; athil oru ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla konkreett anakkett adangiyirikkunnu, ithu kunninte pinn charivilulla oru konkreett chaanaliloode vellathinte ozhukk niyanthrikkunnu. spillway anakkett thanne mukalil alakkunnu; athinte mukalbhagam saadhaarana thadaakanirappinu thaazheyaan. ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla anakkettin mukaliloode ozhukunna vellam ethir dishakalil ninnu thaazhekku othucherukayum athinte swantham sakthiye nirveeryamaakkukayum cheiyunna tharatthilaanu spillway roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu, angane thaazhe mannolipp kuraykkunnu.
konkreett kuzhikal pinthunaykkunna 14 kavaadangalum oronninum veethiyum uyaravumullathaan spillway anakkett. vaidyuthiyil pravartthikkunna eee kavaadangal jalathinte ozhukk niyantrikkunnathinaayi uyarthukayo thaazhthukayo cheiyunnu; thadaakatthinte alavu, aasoothrithamaaya paramavadhi thalatthil, spillwayude sheshi secondil kooduthalaanu, ithu chagaras nadiyude paramavadhi ozhukkinekkaal kooduthalaanu. ithinupurame, poottukalile kalunkukalkku secondil neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyum. 
gathun thadaakathinu athinte saadhaarana nilavaaratthilulla oru vistheernnam undu; ithu vellam sambharikkunnu, ithu oru sharashari varshathil chagaras nadhi thaazhthunnathinte thulyamaanu.
vaidyuthi uthppaadanam.
anakkettil oru jalavaidyutha ulppaadana kendram ulppedunnu, ithu spillway discharge chaanalinte kizhakk bhagathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. niravadhi turbine janarettarukal oodikkaan ithu thadaakathil ninnulla vellam upayogikkunnu; aadyam kammeeshan cheythathupole, moonnu janarettarukal sthaapichu, motham vaidyuthi uthppaadippichu. uthppaadippikkunna vaidyuthi loock, spillway yanthrangalude pravartthanatthinum poottukalum kanal graamangalum prakashippikkunnathinum upayogikkunnu.
nirmmaanam.
1880 muthal 1889 vare oru franch kambaniyaaya laa kompagni yoonivezhselle duu kanal interosyaanik aanu kanal nirmmikkanulla sramam aarambhichath. oopshanukalude mosham paryaveshanavum chelavinte mosham vivarangalum kaaranam franch kambani rund theerangaleyum bandhippikkunna oru samudranirappu kanal nirmmikkaan padhathiyittu. ekadesham 120 dasalaksham dollarinu ithu cheyyaan kazhiyumennu avar aadyam karuthi. ekadesham oru bilyan frank (ekadesham $aii. dii. 1) chelavazhichathinushesham, ekadesham 22,000 thozhilaallikale nashtappedukayum paapparaakukayum cheythathode franch sramam nirthalaakkappettu. samudranirappu kanalinu anakkett nirmmikkenda aavasyamillaayirunnuvenkum eppozhum maarikkondirikkunna nadiyude ozhukk ulkkollunnathin vipulamaaya vyavasthakal aavashyamaayirunnu. america vishalamaaya kanal mekhala ettedukkukayum 1904 meyy 4 nuu kanal nirmmaanam punararambhikkukayum cheythu. ekadesham rund varsham infra structure thayyaareduppu, kothukukal kuraykkuka (manjapaniyum maleria padartthunna puthuthayi kandethiya vekttar), panaama railway mechappeduthalukal, pravartthanangal poornna vegathayil athunnathinumumbu aasoothranam ennivaykkaayi chelavazhichu. oopshanukalum chelavukalum avalokanam cheytha sesham, 1906-ll oru loock adhishtitha kanal theerumaanikkukayum president theodor rooswelt sammathikkukayum cheythu.
loock kanal theerumaanam edukkunnathinu munbuthanne, 1907 muthal 1914 vare nirmmaana shramangalude cheef enchineeyaraayirunna mejar jorjju washington goethals (yunaittad stetts armi corps oof enchineeyarmaar), gaattoonile bhoomiyude anuyojyatha nirnnayikkunnathinaayi joonn frank steevansinte (cheef enchineeyar, 1905-1907) keezhil ithinakam oru anweshanam nadathiyirunnu. bhoomiyude anuyojyatha nirnnayikkaan vipulamaaya testt boaringukal nadathukayum nirmmaanatthil upayogikkenda vasthukkalude eedu nirnnayikkaan mardha parisodhanakal nadathukayum cheythu.
gattun anakkett rund pradhana aavasyangal niravettunnu ithu eppozhum vyathyasthamaaya chagaras nadiye niyanthrikkukayum gattun thadaakam srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. ekadesham uyarathilulla thadaakam panaamayile mikka isthmasukaliludaneelavum kappalukalkk oru uyarnna paatha nalkunnu, athil vanjanaaparamaaya vii aakruthiyilulla kulebra katt (gaylard katt) ulppedunnu. ithu aksharaarthatthil samudranirappu kanalinu aavashyamaaya dasalakshakkanakkinu cubic yard vasthukkal khananam cheiyunnathiloode laabhikkukayum cheythu. eerppamo varandatho aaya kaalaavasthayil eathaandu sthiramaaya uyaram nedunnathinaayi anakkettil ninnulla jalathinte ozhukk niyanthrikkunna spilvekalaanu thadaakatthinte uyaram niyanthrikkunnath. kanaalinte pasaphik samudrathilum atlaantik samudrathilum poottukal pravarthippikkunnathinu oru valia reservoir eee thadaakam pravartthikkunnu, koodaathe jalavaidyutha janarettarukal vazhi poottukalum anakkettukalum pravarthippikkaan aavashyamaaya 6 megawatt vaidyuthi nalkunnu. anakkett poortthiyaakki gathun thadaakam niracha sesham thadaakathinu kuruke oru vyakthamaaya kappal chaanal labhikkunnathin aavashyamullidathu athu azhukki.
gattun sthaanam mikkavarum oru anakkettin anuyojyamaayirunnu; daam saittinte mukalilaayi chagrez nadiye valayam cheiyunna kunnukal ippol gattun thadaakamaaya pradeshathinu chuttum valare vishaalamaayi thurannu. idungiya vidavinu mukaliloode kunnukal thaarathamyena idungiya vidavinodu adukkunnu, madhyathil prakrithidatha paara adisthaanamaakkiyulla chaanal undu. ithu oru mithamaaya valippamulla anakkett oru valia jalaashayathe chuttikkarangaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu isthmasinte bhooribhaagathiloodeyum kappalukalkk kadannupokukayum poottukal pravarthippikkaan oru jalasambharani nalkukayum cheiyunnu. konkreett spillwayudeyum anakkettinteyum nirmmaanathinu anuyojyamaaya uracha aditharayaayirunnu madhya kunnu, anakkettinte pradhana bhagam mannaan. anakkettinte valia thothilulla valia paarayum azhukkum niraykkendivanna oreyoru prashnam, gaylard katt (ippol kulebra katt ennu vilikkunnu), gattun loock khananam ennivayil ninnu niravadhi varshangalolam ellah divasavum rund samanthara maalinya paara mathilukalil nikshepikkunna 100 oolam train looad maalinya parakal nalki. eee maalinya paara mathilukalkkidayil oru hydrolic phil technic upayogichu oru abhedyamaaya coor srishtichu, ithu dasalakshakkanakkinu cubic yard kaliman vasthukkalum vellavum paara mathilukalkkidayilulla pradeshathekku pump cheythu. thaazheyulla thaazhvarayil ulla mriduvaaya kalimannu kuzhikkukayum avide drudgeukal kalimannum vellavum khananam cheyyukayum pambukalilekku kayattukayum anakkettinte akathum puratthum ulla mathilukalkkidayil nirmmicha kulathilekku athikkukayum cheythaanu eee poorippikkal nadathiyathu. pump cheytha misritham kalimannu nilamparishaakkunnathuvare irikkaan anuvadikkukayum adhika vellam valichedukkukayum thaazhekku pump cheyyukayum cheythu. eee unangiyathum kadinavumaaya vasthukkal anakkettinte madhyabhaagathu "prakrithidatha" simantinte oru kharamaaya coor srishtichu.
anakkett aavasyamulla uyarathil nirmmichathinushesham, valia parakal mukhathu sthaapich anakkettin kedupaadukal varuthunnathu thadayunnathinaayi mukalile aruvi bhagam muzhuvan kavachithamakki, prathyekichu sakthamaaya taranga pravartthanam ulla sthalangalil.
anakkettil kurachu vasthukkal adangiyirikkunnu, athinte adithattil ekadesham veethiyullathum ekadesham uyaravum neelavumundu. anakkettin kurachu bhaaramund. ithu bhoomiye moodunnu, koodaathe bhoomadhyarekhayil bhoomikk chuttum 11⁄2 meter uyaravum 29 centimeter katiyum (allengil naalu adii ettu inch uyaravum oru adii kattiyumulla) oru mathil nirmmikkaan mathiyaya bhoomiyum paarayum adangiyirikkunnu.
jalanirapp.
panama kanal thurannathinushesham, anakkett pidicheduttha jalanirapp varanda seasonil kanaalinte pravarthanatthinu vendathra sthiratha pularthunnillennu kandethi. panaama nagarathinu oru jalasambaraniyum jalavaidyuthiyum nalkunnathinaayi chagrez nadikku valare uyarathilaanu madden anakkett nirmmichathu, 1935 ll ithu thurannu.

