
saim (eyolis)

lydia rajyathodu chernnulla ayolisile (eshya minor) oru iolean nagaramaayirunnu seam () allengil kume. eshyayilekkulla kudiyettatthinu munbu ayoliyakkar sthirathaamasamaakkiya eyolisile parvathamaaya frisionil ninnu orupakshe ithine friconian ennu vilichirunnu.
eshya mainarinte (aadhunika turkey) theerapradeshathu sthithi cheiyunna thangalude panthrand nagarangalil ettavum valuthum pradhaanappettathumaaya nagaramaayi ayoliyakkaar saim kanakkakki. kadalilekkulla avarude nerittulla praveshanathinte falamaayi, purathana lokathile karayal poottiyittitlaatha mikka vaasasthalangalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, vyapaaram abhivridhi praapichathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu.
sthalam.
life oof hommer' enna grandhatthinte rachayithaavum purathana bhoomishaasthranjanaaya strabo eshyayile cheria theerapradeshathu hermus nadiyude vadakku saim kandethunnu
hillus kadannathinusesham larisayil ninnu seyimilekkulla dooram 70 stadiyangalum seyim muthal myrena vareyulla dooram 40 stediyangalumaayirunnu. (straboa 622)
nanayangal polulla puraavastu kandethalukal oru nadiyekkurichum paraamarsikkunnu, ithu hillasintethaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
charithram.
aadyakaala charithram.
parambaraagatha sthaapaka ithihaasathinu poorakamaayi nagaratthinte aditharayekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. iolean nagarangalil ettavum valuthaayirunnu kaime. aithihyamanusarichu, aamason kaimaanu ithu sthaapichathu. greak veeranmaarkkethire poraadiya pontosil ninnulla (allengil colchis, thress allengil skithiyayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi) yudhasamaanaraaya sthreekalude oru puraana gothramaayirunnu aamasonukal. orupakshe eee mekhalayile sambannamaaya kuthira vyavasaayathe soochippikkunna tharatthil, seyimil ninnulla purathana nanayangal palappozhum kaiminte thala oru teyniya dharichathaayi chithreekarikkunnu, maruvashathu oru kuthirayude prancing undu.
pakaramaayi, brons yugathinte avasaanathil dorian samsaarikkunna aakramanakaarikalude thiramaalakal bisi 1050 oode oru kaalath sakthamaaya mysenian naagarikathaykk anthyamkurichathinaal greasinte pradhana bhoopradeshathu ninnulla kudiyettakkaar (mikkavarum euboya) ejiyan kadalina kuruke kudiyeri. venkalayugathinte avasaanathilum greak irunda kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathilum, ayalrajyamaaya lesbosineppole seam bhashayum ayalrajyamaaya ayolisinte chuttumulla pradeshavum greak bhookhandathile tessalia, boyeshya ennee praadeshika bhashakalumaayi saamyamullathaayirunnu.
hermus nadikku sameepamulla pelasjian kottayaaya larisa aadyamaayi pidicheduttha sesham madhya greasile lokkrisil ninnulla greekkukaar trojan yudhathinu sheshamaan eee nagaram sthaapichathu.
saim abhivridhi praapikkukayum oru praadeshika metropolisaayi vikasikkukayum ekadesham muppatholam pattanangalum vaasasthalangalum ayolisil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. munnooru varshamaayi theerathu thaamasichirunnavarum thuramukham nirmmikkunna kappalukalkk orikkal thuramukha nikuthi eedaakkaathavarumaaya oru janathayayi eee saimeenukale pinneedu parihasichu. hesiodinte pithaav saimil ninnaan ejiyanu kuruke thante yaatra aarambhichathenn parayappedunnu. saiminu chuttumulla mekhalayile thekkan eyolis nagarangal pashchaathalatthil parukkan parvathangalumayi oru nalla bhoopradesam kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve theerathe mattu kolanikaleppole saim aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi eshya minor kaivashappedutthiya thaddesheeya anatoliyanmaarumaayi kooduthal ulnaadan vyapaaram nadatthiyilla. thalphalamaayi padinjaaran eshya mainarinte charithratthil seam oru pradhana pankum vahichilla, ithu nagaravasiyaaya charitrakaaranaaya ephorasine, bce, addeham ezhuthiya sambhavangal nadakkumbozhum, noottaandukalaayi addehathinte sahasamgeemakal veruthe irunnu samadhaanam nilanirtthiyirunnuvennu greak charithrathekkurichulla vivaranathil aavarthichu abhipraayappedaan prerippichu. ennirunnaalum, hermodica onnaaman, hermodico randaaman ennee rund greak raajakumaarimaariloode grijiyayumaayum lydiayumaayum nagarathinu ulla bandhatthinte praadhaanyathekkurichum yathaakramam ezhuthappetta greak aksharamalaye janapriyamaakkunnathilum panam srishtikkunnathilum avarude pankinekkurichum addehathinu ariyillayirikkaam.
oru agamemnon enna oru vyakthiyude makal, ayoliyan saiminte rajaavu, midas enna oru frijian raajaavine vivaham kazhichathaayi paarambaryam vivarikkunnu. greekkukaarude aksharamaalayude roopangal ayolisil ninnulla likhithangalodu ettavum aduthaayathinaal eee link greekkukaare avarude aksharamalaye fraijiyanmaaril ninnu kadamedukkaan sahayichirikkaam.
polexile oru bhagam, fryjian raajaavinte bharya seyimile agamemnon raajaavinte makalumaaya midasil ninnu pheedonin demodikineyum paraamarshichu panam nirmmikkunna prakriya kandupidichavarekkurichanu samsaarikkunnath. 
bii. sii. 7-umm 6-umm noottaandukalode greak lokathile orukaalathe mahathaaya janaadhipathyangal (saim ulppede) janaadhipathyathil ninnu swaabhaavika aacharam pole kuleenavargangalilekku parinamichillennu, marichu janadhipathyangalil ninnu svechaadhipathyangalilka parinamichuvennu aristottil nigamanam cheythuvenkilum raashtreeyamaayi, eee mekhalayile mattu sthaapitha kolanikal pinthudarunna oru sthirathaamasamaakkunna janaadhipathyamaayi saim aarambhichathayi karuthappedunnu.
bii. sii. anchaam noottaand.
bii. sii. anchaam noottaandode, ayolisile 12 sthaapitha ionian kolanikalil onnaayirunnu seam. (bii. sii. varsham) pershyan bharanathil ninnu ionian theerathe mochippikkaanulla padhathiyil ethaniyan sainyathe pinthunaykkano vendayo ennu theerumaanikkunna aadaraneeyanaaya votermaaril oraal aristagoras oof saim aanennu herodotus (<aii. dii. 1>) paraamarsikkunnu. ionian theerathulla oro svechaadhipathiyum pershyayile darius rajavinodu thangalude sthaanam kadappettirikkunnuvennum swantham nagarangale mochippikkunnathu svechaadhipathyathinmella janaadhipathyathe prolsaahippikkumennum vaadichukondu, atharam oru samrambhathe athirkkunnathil aristagoras cheosile svechaadhipathikal, samosukalude eesukal, fokkiyayile lavodamakal ennivarumaayi myelician histtiyasinte pakshathu pracharanam nadatthi. mahanaaya sairasinte kaikalil ninnu lydian saamraajyathinte thakarchayethudarnnu oduvil seam pershyan saamraajyathinte niyanthranatthilaayi. greak charithratthile eee kaalaghattatthile pradhana uravidamaanu herodotus, ionia eyolisilum nadakkunna sambhavangalil valareyadhikam shradha cheluthiyittundu.
lydian generalaya pactius pershyakkaaril ninnu saimil abhayam thediyappol pouranmaar oru paaraykkum kadinamaaya sthalathinum edayilaayirunnu. herodotus rekhappeduthunnathu pole, avar greak devanaaya apolloyumaayi koodiyaalochichu (avar kizhakkan samskaarathilalla ionic aanenna avakaashavaadathe pinthunaykkunnu), oru daivavachanathiloode valareyadhikam aashayakkuzhappathin sesham thanne kaimaranamennu avar paranju. ennirunnaalum, saimil ninnulla oru swadeshiyaaya apolloyude vaakk chodyam cheyyukayum saimiyanmar paaktiyasine keezhadanganamennu apollo aagrahikkunnundo ennu sthireekarikkunnathinaayi oraakkililekku thanne madangukayum cheythu. paaktyasinte keezhadangalil dukkhikkaan aagrahikkaathathum pershyan uparodhathinte doshafalangal aagrahikkaathathum (svayam prathirodhikkaan kazhivulla oru kottakettya nagaramaayirunnu seam ennu sthireekarikkunnu) avar pershyakkaare avarude nagaratthil ninnu valare akaleyallaatha lesbose dveepile maittileenilekk ayachukondu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu ozhivaakki.
thante "charitrangalil", herodotus pershyan rajaavaaya sairas dhii grettinethiraaya kalaapathil vimathanaya lydian govarnor pactius abhayam thediya nagarangalilonnayi saim (allengil "friconis") paraamarsikkunnu
pactius, oru sainyam ithinakam thanne thante paathayilum sameepath undennu arinjappol, bhayann saiminaayi oodippoyi, meddy medermar sairasinte sainikarude oru vibhagavumaayi sardisilekku march cheythu. pactieyum anuyaayikaleyum vittupoyathu kandethumbol, addeham aadyam cheythath lidiyanmaare sairasinte utharavukal palikkaan nirbandhikkuka ennathaayirunnu-athinte falamaayi avar aaa nimisham muthal avarude jeevitareeti muzhuvan maatti; paaktiyasine keezhadakkanamennu addeham oru aavasyam ayachu, pattanatthile aalukal branchideyile orakkilumaayi koodiyaalochikkaan theerumaanichu... doothanmaar report cheyyaan veettilekku madangukayum thudarnnu aavasyamulla aale upekshikkaan seam pouranmaar thayyarakukayum cheythu.
salaamisile pershyan naavika paraajayathinu sesham, serxus athijeevicha kappalukale saimil nirtthi. bisi 480 nuu munbu, rajakeeya kappalppadayude pradhana naavika thaavalamaayirunnu seam. pershyan yudhangalkku kaaranamaaya ionian kalaapathil seyim pankedutthathinekkurichu pilkkala vivaranagal ionian greak lakshyathodulla avarude vishwasthatha sthireekarikkunnu. eee samayat, pershyan sainyathinte valippam kaaranam, ionian nagarangalil vinashakaramaaya thrimukha akramanam nadatthaan darius dhii grettinu kazhinjuvennu herodotus parayunnu. sardikale pidichedukkaan addeham vadakkott ayacha moonnaamathe sainyam addehathinte marumakan oottaaneyude neethrthwathilaayirunnu, avar eee prakriyayil seam, clasomena enniva udan pidichedutthu. ennirunnaalum, greak sii. yile pradhana bhoopradeshathinethiraaya mahanaaya paryaveshanathinaayi serxus pathinanju kappalukalude oru kappalpadaye thayyarakkan seyimile ionian govarnor ennu karuthappedunna sandos engane sahaayichuvenn pilkkala vivaranagal velippeduthunnu. bii. sii. 480. salamis yudhathil ninnu rakshapetta pershyakkaar shaithyakaalath rakshappettathum prathirodha mathilukal nannayi sevikkuka mathramalla, shaithyakaalathe oru valia yudhakaala kappalppadaykku vitharanam cheyyaan kazhivulla oru valia thuramukhathinte nettangal aaswadikkukayum cheiyunna vaadathinu ganyamaaya praadhaanyam nalkunna thuramukhavum seam aanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. thalphalamaayi, akkaalathe mikka ionian nagarangaleyum pole seam oru samudrashakthiyum pershyan saamraajyathin vilapetta swathumaanu.
mailttasile aristagoras dariasinethire kalapam nadatthaan ioniakkaare unarthiyappol, saim kalaapathil chernnu. ennirunnaalum, pershyakkaar nagaram veendeduthathode saimile kalapangal shamichu. serksasinte kaalath seyim gavarnaraayirunna sandos, greesinethiraaya pershyan sainika paryaveshanatthil (bisi 480) pathinanju kappalukalkk neethrthwam nalki. sandosukal oru greak aayirikkaamenn herodotus vishwasikkunnu. salamis yudhathinushesham, serksasinte kappalppadayude avashishtangal shaithyakaalath saimil ethi. thusidideukalude charithratthil paraamarshichirikkunnathinni kooduthal sthalathekkurichu thusidideukal kaaryamaaya paraamarsamonnum nalkunnilla.
roman, baisantain yugam.
antiocus III-nte paraajayathetthudarnnu saim nikuthiyil ninnu swaathanthryam nediyennum pinneedu roman eshya pravisyayil ulppeduthiyathaayum polybius rekhappeduthunnu. tiberiusinte bharanakaalathu, ejiyan bhashayil saadhaaranamaaya oru valia bhookambam nagaram anubhavichu. pliny dhii elder polulla mattu roman srothassukal herodotasinte samanamaaya avakaashavaadathe pinthunaykkunna ayoliayile nagarangalilonnayi saim paraamarsikkunnu
mukalil soochippichava ayoniyanmaarude panthrand pattanangalaan. fricnonis, larissa, neontecus, temnus, sila, nottiyam, ejirosa, pitteyn, ejey, myrena, grinia ennum vilikkunna saim ennivayaanu iolic nagarangal. ivayaanu ayoliyanmaarude pathinonnu purathana nagarangal. yadhaarthathil, ayoniyanmaareppole pradhana bhoopradeshathu avarkk panthrand nagarangalundaayirunnu, ennaal ioniacar avarkk smirena enna samkhyayil ninnu pinmari. ayoliyayude mannu ioniayekkaal mikachathaanenkilum kaalavastha anukoolamalla.
roman pravisyayaaya eshya praimayilekkaanu ithu niyogikkappettath.
sabhacharithram.
kizhakkan roman saamraajyathinte kaalath, ephesus metropolittante oru vottarpattikayaayirunna saim oru bishapparaayi maari.
naamamaathramaayi kaanuka.
1894ll laattin naamasoochakamaaya zee aayi roopatha naamamaathramaayi punasthaapichu.
thaazhepparayunna (thudarchayaayallaatha) sthaanangal ullathum ettavum thaazhnna (episcopa) raankullathum ozhinjukidakkunnu
puraavasthushaasthram.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil sambannanaaya bhoovudama dii. aarr. aarr. enna nilayilaanu puraavastu gaveshakar eee sthalathu thaalparyam prakadippikkaan thudangiyathu. baltassy pinneedu ezz. reenach thekkan shavakudeerathil khananam aarambhichu. 1925ll eiii. bohemian dauthyathil ninnu pravarthicha saalaa, aisisinte oru cheria kshethram, oru roman "porticus", oru 'kushavante veedu' ennu vishwasikkappedunnava ulppede niravadhi rasakaramaaya kandethalukal kandethi. avarude vijayangalaal prothsaahippikkappetta turkey puraavastu gaveshakan iii. 1955ll akurgal svanthamaayi oru padhathi aarambhichu, athu thekkan kunnin mukalil oru orientalising seramic kandethi. <aii. dii. 1>-nuu idayil, ismir museum saittin chuttumulla vividha sthalangalil samanamaaya khananagal nadatthi, thekkan kunnin mukalile kooduthal likhithangalum gadanakalum kandethi.
sameepa varshangalil seam geophysical padanangal puraavastu gaveshakarkk eee sthalathekkurichu athra nuzhanjukayattamillaathe kooduthal arivu nalkiyittundu. bhoopradeshathekkurichulla geomagnetic sarvekal manninu thaazheyulla adhika gadanakal velippeduthunnu, ithuvare khananathiloode sparsikkappettitla.
nagaratthinte muzhuvan nilanilppilum thekkan kunninte vadakkupadinjaaran bhagam oru paarppida ayalpakkamaayi upayogichirunnu. kunninte oru parimithamaaya pradesham maathramaan anweshikkappettitlathu. kettidanirmmaanatthinte kuranjathu thudarchayaayi anchu ghattangalenkilum undaayittundennu sthireekarichittundu.
1. vadakku ninnu thekkukizhakkott pookunna neelamullathum nerayathumaaya mathil ettavum purathanamaaya nirmmaana ghattathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. chumaril rund murikale bandhippikkunna oru praveshana kavaadatthinte drishyamaaya adayaalangalundu. mathilinte kaalagananayekkurichu anishchithathvamundu, ennaal bii. sii. anchaam noottaandinte avasaanathinu munbaanu ithu nirmmichathennu urappaan.
2. bii. sii. anchaam noottaandinte avasaanathil nirmmicha oru kettidatthinte bhagamaayirunna rund murikal (eiii, bii) randaam ghattathilaanu. kettidam vadakku bhagathaayi poortthiyaayathaayi thonnumenkilum thekk bhagathaayi mattu murikalum undayirikkaam, avide muriyude praveshana kavaadam thurannirikkaam. chathuraakrithiyilulla chunnaambukallu blokkukal upayogichaanu room eyude padinjaaran mathil nirmmichathu, koodaathe kunninte vashathe sakthamaaya prakrithiparamaaya vyathyaasathe bandhippikkunna oru terressing mathilum aayi ithu pravarthichu. eee mathilinte adivaarathil paarayil khananam cheytha oru kuzhi undaayirunnu, athu veedinte melkkoorayil ninnu vellam shekharichu. hellenistic yugathinte avasaanathil nirmmicha avashishtangalum valia alavil karuthathum saadhaaranavumaaya manpaathrangalum kondu eee kulam niranju.
3. saamraajyathva roman kaalaghattatthile chila mathilukal vella mortarum ishtikakalum upayogichaanu nirmmichathu. eee ghattathil, nilam thaazhtthi paara kondu nirmmicha oru nilayulla oru murikku kizhakkayi oru sarvees room nirmmichu. thottiyude pradeshathu, appozhekkum niranju, chuvarchitrangalaal alankaricha oru puthiya muriyum nirmmichu.
4. roman kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil oru valia veedu eee pradesham kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. murikal punarupayogikkappetta vasthukkal upayogichaanu nirmmichathu, pakshe mortar upayogikkaathe, palappozhum polychrome mosaikkukal kondu sambannamaakki. khananathinte thekkupadinjaaran bhaagatthinte attathu sthaapicha oru raambiloodeyaanu praveshanam labhichathu. ennirunnaalum, aaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal ezhaam noottaandinte arambham vare thakarkkapetta kettidatthinte vyaapthiyaan vyakthamaakkendathu.
5. khananathinte vadakkan bhaagath kandethiya chila upariplavamaaya gadanakalaanu avasana ghattathe prathinidheekarikkunnath. vadakkupadinjaaru ninnu thekkukizhakkott pookunna oru neenda mathilum mathilinte athe oriyanteshanodukoodiya punarupayoga blokkukal upayogichu nirmmicha oru rambum undu. baisantain kaalaghattatthil eee pradesham upayogichirunnuvennathi thelivaanu mathilum rambum.
numismattiks.
 charitrakaaranmaar homarinte sooryagrahanam kanakkakkikkondu bii. sii. 1178-ll nadanna trojan yudhathe kanakkaakkiyittundengi bii. sii. 750 vare iliyadil athu anashwaramaayirunnilla. ekadesham ithe kaalayalavil, troiyil nuzhanjukayaraan greekkukaar upayogichirunna thadi kuthiraye kaanikkunna miconos pitthambora-tinos dveepilaanu nirmmichathu. saahithyathilum kalayilum paraamarshichirikkunna yudhathinte thanthraparamaaya avasaanam-trojan hozhs-agamemnon enna perinte paryaayamaayi maari. pelopidukalude chooshanangalude ithihaasangalumaayi, prathyekichu troy edukkunnathumaayi svayam bandhappedutthi, agamemnon house ayoliayile seyimil thudarcha avakashappettu."agamemnon vamshathinte sakthiye soochippikkunna eee pradeshathe nanayangalil kuthirayude pratheekathmakatha mudrakuthappettu. theerchayaayum, siim enna agamemnante makalaaya damodis, thaan sparsichathellaam svarnnamaakki maattunnathil prashasthanaaya midas raajaavine vivaham kazhichathinu sesham juuliyas pollex srishticha panam kandupidichathinte bahumati nediyittundu.
eee kettukadhayude ettavum yukthisahamaya vishadeekaranam, avarude krishiyudeyum vyavasaayathinte mattu shaakhakaludeyum uthppannangal panamaayum vaanijyamaayum marachuvekkaan addeham thante prajakale prothsaahippichu, avide ninnu ganyamaaya sambathu swantham treasuryilekku ozhuki... greekkukaar kandupidutham ennu vilichathenthaano, athu nagarikathayil kooduthal purogamicha rajyangalil ninnulla avarude (nanayangal) arivu avatharippikkunnathaayirunnu.
bii. sii. ettaam noottaandil mitha ennariyappettirunna frijiyayile oru yadhaartha raajaavine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaakam midaasinte puraana roopam. ennirunnaalum, ellah kettukadhakaleyum pole theeyathikalil oru prashnamund. bisi 610 vare lydiayile alyaattas rajaavu nanayangal kandupidichirunnil, frijian raajyam thakarnnathin sesham raajyam aarambhichu. addehathinte lydian simham mikkavarum pracharichirunna ettavum pazhaya nanaya tharamaayirunnu. ionian nagaramaya mailttasilum samos dveepilum thirichariyaan kazhiyunna chithrangalonnumillaatha chila pree-coyin tharangal upayogichirunnuvenkilum simmil ninnulla nanayangal, bisi 600-550 ll aadyamaayi pracharichappol, kuthirayude chihnam upayogichuvennathu sradheyamaanu-avaye agamemnoninte veedumaayi bandhippikkukayum troickethiraaya greak vijayathinte mahathwavum. bhoomishaasthraparamaayum raashtreeyamaayum lydiayumaayi aduthunilkkunna saim, 'noblemans taxes-tokkans' enna avarude kandupidutham pouranmaarilekku kondupoyi-angane seyiminte parukkan incuse hozhs head silver fractions, randaamathe ettavum pazhaya naanayangalude thalakkettin oru sthaanaarthiyaaya hemiobolukal-ionian greekkukal valia thothilulla retailinginaayi upayogicha aadyathethu, ithu lokathinte mattu bhaagangalilekku vipani saambathikashaasthram vegathil vyapippichu. pree-coyin muthal simham vareyulla purogathi kaanikkunna oru mikacha timeline graphik, aadyakaala naanayangalile kuthirappura chithrangalilekku, adisthaana electrum tharangal kaanuka.
aristottilum pollex ithu avalkk nalkunnathinaal seam nanayangal adikkunnathil damodies ippozhum pradhana punk vahichittundaakam, pakshe aval ezhaam noottaandinte avasaanatheyo aaram noottaandinte madhyatheyo vivaham kazhicho enna kaaryatthil aashayakkuzhappathilaayirikkam.
hermos enna nadiyude devan, kuthirayude munkaalukal uyarthukayum vijayikalaaya kaayikathaarangal enniva saimil achadicha aarthava nanayangalil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunna saadhaarana chinnangalaanu. orupakshe eee mekhalayile sambannamaaya kuthira vyavasaayathe soochippikkunna reethiyil, seyimil ninnulla purathana nanayangal palappozhum aamason kaiminte thala oru teyniya dharichathaayi chithreekarikkunnu, maruvashathu oru kuthirayude prancing undu.