
anglo-japanese vaanijya, naavigeshan udambadi

brittan japan chernnu 1894 juulai 16nuu oppuvacha karar jappaanile asamathva udambadikalkkum desaanthara samvidaanathinum anthyam kurikkunna oru munnetta kararayirunnu. 1899 juulai 17nuu udambadi praabalyatthil vannu.
aaa theeyathi muthal jappaanile britiish prajakal britiish niyamangalkk pakaram japanese niyamangalkk vidheyamaayirunnu. chainaykkum jappanumulla britiish supreme kodathiyude adhikaraparidhi, jappaanile britiish kodathi, oro udambadi thuramukhatheyum consular kodathikal enniva aaa theeyathiyil avasaanichu, thudaraan anuvadicha kesukal ozhike. aaa theeyathi muthal britiish prajakal japanese kodathikalude adikaaraparidhiyil vannu.
pashchaathalam.
1853 februvariyil comodore maathyoo periyude neethrthwathilulla oru us kappal jappaante norphoc kappal puratthekku pookumennu russia kandethi. pinneedu saar alexander randaaman oru paryaveshanam samghadippikkukayum athinte command admiral yevfimiya puttiyatheene ealppikkukayum cheythu. amerikkakkar ethi oru maasam kazhinju 1853 august 12nuu russian prathinidhi samgham naagasaakkiyilethi, 1855 februvari 7nuu tokugawa shogunettumaayi shimoda udambadi oppidunnathilekku nayikkunna niravadhi charchakal aarambhichu.
ennirunnaalum american, russian thanthrangal sradhikkappedaathe pooyi. 1854 juun 23 nuu oru paarlamentari chodyathinide, hongong govarnor sarr joonn boringinode jappaanile comodore periyude pravartthanangal sookshumamaayi nireekshikkaan utharavittathayi loard joonn russell prasthaavichu. ennirunnaalum, eest indeesinteyum chaina steshan commander jaims stitling atharamoru samrambhathin akkaalat munganana nalkiyirunnilla.
crimean yuddham pottippurappettathode padhathi avalokanam cheyyaan britteeshukaare nirbandhitharaakki. saarinte pasaphik kappalpadaye pidichedukkaano mukkan admiral stitlingine niyogichu. russiakkaar japanese thuramukhangal upayogikkunnathu thadayunnathinu naavikasena munganana nalkiyengilum udikkunna sooryante rajyavumaayi oru karar undakkaanulla mikacha avasaramaanithenn aaveshabharithar karuthi. 1854 november 7nuu nagasaki thuramukhathu athiyappol japanese adhikaarikalumaayi charcha nadatthaan addeham avasaram upayogichu. charchakal pradhaanamaayum yudhakaaryangalumaayi bandhappettathum samgharshathinte kaalayalavil japanese jalathile naavika gathagatham niyanthrichathum phalatthil raajyathe veendum videsha kappalukalkk adachu.
1854 october 14nuu anglo-japanese sauhruda udambadi oppuvachu, ennirunnaalum, britteeshukaarkk vyakthamaaya vaanijyaparamaaya nettangalonnum nalkaatha oru karar.
loard eljin dauthyam.
1854leeii anglo-japanese sauhruda udambadikku aabhyanthara thalatthil sammishra abhipraayangal labhichu. admiral stitlinginte pravartthanatthe videshakaarya oafees prashamsikkukayum grand admiral jaims graham thanne paarlamentil addehathinu adaranjali arppikkukayum cheythuvenkilum ettavum valia vimarsanam chainayil thamasikkunna britiish pouranmaaril ninnaan, avar japanese rajyavumaayulla thangalude bisinesses theevramaakkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, karaarukal shogunettinu ganyamaaya nettangal nalkiyittundennu thudarnnulla britiish paryaveshanangal vyakthamakki. japanese adhikaarikal videsha vyapaaram niyantrikkaan aagrahikkukayum avarude melnottatthil eathu parivartthanavum nadathendivarikayum cheythu.
1855 augustil videshakaarya sekrattari loard clarendon hongong govarnor sarr joonn boringine jappaanile brittanu kooduthal kaaryamaaya vaanijya nettangal avakaashappedaanulla chumatala ealppichu. ennittum, chainayil randaam karupp yudhavum indiayile sippokalude kalapavum eee pradeshangalil sainyathe kendreekarikkaan brittane nirbandhitharaakki, ithu udikkunna sooryanil saadhyamaaya eathu nadapadiyum vaikippichu.
ettaamathe erl oof eljin jaims broose brittanayi oppuvacha tiensin udambadiyode chainayile yuddham avasaanichu. chainayumaayi udambadi oppitta sesham oru cheria kappalppadayumayi jappanilekku ayachu. victoria raajnjiyil ninnulla sammaanamaayi shoganinu "chakravarty" enna neeraavikkappal athikkunnathum muun udambadiyude punarcharchayum addehathinte dauthyathil ulppedunnu.
ennittum thudarnnulla charchakal shogunettinullile aabhyanthara vibhajanavum paashchaathyarodulla niravadhi "diamyo" kalude sathruthayum eduthukaanichu.
1858 august 26nuu edoyil oppuvacha puthiya anglo-japanese souhaardda, vaanijya udambadi. eee udambadi videsha nayathanthranjarkku raajyathinte ulpradeshangalilekku praveshanam anuvadikkukayum desaanthara avakashangal urappikkukayum cheythu. japanese prajakalkko mattethenkilum raajyathino ethire kuttakrithyangal cheytha ellah britiish pouranmaareyum grettu brittante niyamangal prakaram konsalo mattu niyukta adhikaarikalo vidhikkanamenn ithu vyavastha cheythu.
aantharika pirimurukkam.
karar oppuvechathinu videsha vyapaaram vipuleekarikkunnathine ethirtha japanese janathayude sathrutha nerittu. japanese, britiish adhikaarikalkk avarude saha pouranmaare niyantrikkaan kazhinjilla. naavikar, palappozhum madyapaanikal, purathuninnullavar ennivar idaykkide naattukaare upadravikkumbol paashchaathyarkkethiraaya samuraay akramanam vardhichukondirunnu. parishkritha janatha videshikalodu yadhaartha vidvesham valarthiyedukkukayum avare neekkam cheyyanamennu aathmaarthamaayi aagrahikkukayum cheythu.
athinaal, jappaanile athilolamaaya saahacharyathekkurich bodhavaanmaraayathum swantham thalpparyangal samrakshikkaan aagrahichathum britishukaar jaagrathayode neengaan shramichu. puthiya koonsal generalaya haari parcus, tokugawa shogunettum saamraajyathva anukoola shakthikalum thammilulla vardhichuvarunna sathruthayil thante raajyathe nishpakshamaayi nilanirthaan shramichu, athu pinneedu boshin yudhathil pottitherichu.
neenda charchakal.
ivakura dauthyam.
aabhyantharayudhathile vijayathin sesham, raajyathe aadhunikavalkkarikkuka enna sankeernamaaya dauthyam mutsuhitto chakravarty aarambhichu. muun udambadikalil vyavasthakal punaparisodhikkunnathinum paashchaathya samskaaravum saankethikavidyayum nannayi padikkunnathinum ivakura thomomiyude neethrthwathil lokamembaadum oru valia paryaveshanam samghadippichu.
1872 novemberil englandil britiish videshakaarya sekrattariyaaya loard graanvilleyumaayi addeham phalapradamaaya charchakal nadatthi, athil udambadikalude punaparisodhanakal phalapradamaayi nadathunnathinum deshaantharathvam raddaakkunnathinum munbu japanode niyamangal naveekarikkaan aavasyappettu. angane japanese sthaapanangalude aadunikavalkkaranam saamraajyathva sarkkaarinte mungananayai maari. britiish pouranmaare samrakshikkunnathinaayi munbu deshavirudhatha earppeduthiyirunnuveli paashchaathyarkk nireekshikkaan kazhiyunna vishwasaneeyamaaya oru niyamasamvidaanam japanese nirmmichappozhekkum athu aavashyamaayi varillaayirunnu.
jappaante aadunikavalkkaranam.
anthaaraashtra thalatthil, saamraajyathva gavanmentinte ellah sramangalum 'asamathva udambadikal' ennu vilikkappedunnava raddaakkunnathil kendreekarichaayirunnu, avaa vaasthavathil ekapaksheeyavum paraspara virudhavumaaya kararukalaayirunnu, avaa japanese raajyathin paashchaathya raajyangalkk parokshamaayi keezhppettirunnu.
britiish adhikaarikale sambandhichidatholam, jappaanile britiish pouranmaare japanese niyamathil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinu deshavirudhatha vakupp aavashyamaayirunnu, ithu kroorathayum amithamaya kroorathayumaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. vyakthamaaya niyamangalonnumillennum "diamyo" kku avarude swantham bhoomiyil poornna niyamanirmmaana, judicial svayambharanaavakaasham undaayirunnuvennathum mattoru thadassamaayirunnu. athinaal saamraajyathva sarkkar ganyamaaya niyamanirmmaana parishkaranatthil earppedendathu aavashyamaayirunnu.
1871-ll "diamyo" yude pradesangalaaya "hahn" nirthalaakkukayum avaye prefectureukalaayi punasamghadippikkukayum cheiyunna oru utharavu purappeduvichu, athe varsham thanne micado vadhasikshayum chattavaaradiyum kuraykkaan pravarthichu. 1873 meyy maasathil, peedanam nirthalaakkukayum vadhashikshayude upayogam kooduthal kuraykkukayum shaareerika shiksha eathaandu illaathaakkukayum cheiyunna oru puthiya shiksha niyamam thayyarakki. ennirunnaalum, eee mattangal raajyathinte vividha embassykalil nirantharam charcha cheyyappedunna deshaantharathvam nirmarjanam cheiyunnathinu paryapthamaayirunnilla.
janakeeya prathipaksha.
1882-ll japanese pothujanangalum achadi muthaleduthu poornna judicial, tarif svayambharanaavakaasham aavasyappedaan aninirakkaan thudangi.  1886 juun 15nuu saamraajyathva adhikaarikale thripthippeduthunnathina, vyathyastha desheeyathakalulla rund kakshikal thammilulla kesukalkku melnottam vahikkunnathinaayi oru anglo-jerman prathinidhi samgham rajyath mishra kodathikal avatharippikkanulla padhathi avatharippichu. atharamoru samrambham ithinakam eejiptil vijayakaramaayi pareekshichirunnu, ithu deshaantharathvam raddaakkunnathinulla oru chuvaduveppine prathinidheekarikkumennu anumanikkappettu. ennaal eee nirddeshathinte vaachakam japanese pathrangalil prathyakshappettappol, atharamoru judicial parishkkaranam apamanakaravum apakadakaravumaanennu pariganichu janangal athine thuranna shathruthayode abhivaadyam cheythu.
viyojip japanese sarkkaarine paashchaathya nayathanthranjarodu karsanamaaya manobhaavam sweekarikkaan prerippichu, ithu anivaryamaayum mahaashakthikalude bheeruthvaparamaaya oru thudakkam varaanirikkunna nimishathil thanne charchakal thadassappeduthi.
1888 februvariyil okuma shigenobu videshakaaryamanthriyaayi. oro paashchaathyashakthiyumaayum oru puthiya udambadiyil oppuvekkaan oraale prerippikkaan kazhiyumenkil mattullavar athu pinthudaraan nirbandhitharaakumenna vishwaasathil addeham vyathyastha charchakalude oru parambarayil earppettu. japanu kooduthal nettangal nalkaan kooduthal sannadathayulla oru cheria shakthiyilekku tirian addeham theerumaanichu. jappanil thaamasakkaarillaathathum athumaayi vipulamaayi vyapaaram nadathaathathumaaya meksikoyilaanu eee thiranjeduppu nadannathu. 1888 november 30 nuu, irushakthikalum thammilulla sauhrudam, vaanijyam, naavigeshan udambadi washingtonil oppuvachu, oppittavarkkidayil oru thulyamaaya avasaram nalkunna aadya karar, videshakaarya mantri mattiyaas romero meksikkan pouranmaarkku vyaapaarathinum japanese ulnaadukalil thaamasikkanumulla avakaashathinu pakaramaayi deshaadanathe upekshichu. ennirunnaalum, grettu brittanteyum fraansinteyum edapedal eee vijayam vegathil paraajayappeduthi, avar eee elavukal avarkkum vyaapippikkaan ettavum priyappetta raajya vakupp upayogichu.  
jappaanodulla adhikaarangalude manobhaavathe anukoolamaayi swaadheenicha oru sambhavam 1889 februvari 11 nuu chakravarty prakhyaapicha oru bharanaghadanayaanu. eee sambhavam japanese sthaapanangalude paashchaathyavalkkaranathile oru pradhana chuvaduvaypaayirunnu, ippol prussian prachodithamaaya dvisabha bhakshanakramavum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, randaamathethu udambadi punaravalokana charchakalkku angeyattam prathikoola falamundaakkumaayirunnu. janangalaal thiranjedukkappettathum raashtreeyaparichayamillaathu adhosabhayude prathinidhikal, nilavilulla udambadikal ekapaksheeyamaayi raddaakkanamennu theruvukalil uchathilulla ahvaanangal undaayirikke, paashchaathya raajyangalilekkulla elavukale ethirkkukayum sarkkaarinte pravartthanangale thadassappeduthukayum cheiyumennathil samshayamilla.
1899 octoberil america, jarmmani, russia ennivayumaayi puthiya karaarukal undakkunnathil okuma vijayichuvenkilum japanese janatha eee puthiya udambadikale jappanethiraaya mattoru keezhadangalayi kanakkakki. 1889 october 18 nuu, oru yogathinu sesham, deseeyavaada grouppaaya "jenyosha" yill ninnulla oru mathabhranth videshakaarya vakuppinu munnil nadatthiya bomb aakramanathinu okuma irayaayi. ithu addehathe rashtreeya jeevithathil ninnu thaalkkaalikamaayi pinmaran kaaranamaayi, athesamayam pradhaanamantri kuroda keotaka raajivachu, padinjaaran rajyangalumaayulla ellah charchakalum phalapradamaayi nirtthivachu.
eee sambhavangalethudarnnu, sarkkaarine thaalkkaalikamaayi sanjo sanettomi adhyakshanakkukayum pinneedu yamagatha arittomoykk kaimarukayum cheythu. puthiya videshakaarya mantri viscant ookki shoosoyanu udambadikal punarcharcha cheiyunnathumaayi bandhapetta athilolamaaya saahacharyathinte chumatala vahichathu.
aabhyanthara prashnangalude aavirbhavam ozhivakkaan kazhiyunna oru puthiya udambadi nirddeshikkaan ayokki shramichu. ennirunnaalum, oru karaaril athiyathaayi thonniyappol, 1891 meyy 11 nuu oru mathabhranth othsu pattanatthil oru yuva paashchaathyane akramikkukayum addehathe bhaagikamaayi vikruthanaakkukayum cheythu. ira mattaarumalla, bhaaviyile saar nicolaus randaamanaaya nikkolaay alexandrovich romanov aayirunnu, atharamoru kumbhakonam raajyathe dushkaramaaya aabhyanthara sahacharyam kaaranam nilavile sarkkaarine raajivaykkaan nirbandhithamaakki.
puthiya udambadikal.
ötsu sambhavathethudarnnu, sarkkaarine nayichathu matsukatta masayoshiyaan, enomoto takeaki videshakaarya manthriyaayi. puthiya executive oru sivil code vaanijya code thayyarakkan svayam samarppichuvenkilum iva parasyamaakkiyukazhinjaal avar vimarsanathinu vidheyaraayi.
rund billukalum nirasikkappedukayum sarkkar veendum veezhukayum cheythu. eee saahacharyangalil, 1889 august 8 nuu pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamithanaaya 1889 bharanaghadanaykku pinnilulla ittoo hirobumiyaanu. addeham videshakaarya mantri mutsu munimitsuvaayi thiranjedukkappettu, yamagatta sarkkaaril kaarshika mantriyaayum american aikyanaadukalile jappaante samboornna adhikara mantriyaayum vipulamaaya anubhavam nediya oru nayathanthranjan, meksikkoyumaayulla muun sauhruda, vaanijya udambadiyil oppuvekkaan addehathe nayichu.
charchakal punaraarambhikkaan uddeshichirunna muttsu, annathe videshakaarya manthriyaayirunna loard rosburyude labhyathayum muun paraajayangalkkidayilum valia kazhivu prakadippichirunna ayokki shoosoyude sahayavum prayojanappedutthaan kazhinju. 
bhakshanakramathil ninnu kooduthal ethirppu neritta pradhaanamantri sakthamaaya thanthrangal avalambikkaan theerumaanikkukayum niyamasabha pirichuvidukayum cheythu. aabhyanthara thadassangal neekkam cheythukazhinjaal, ittoikkum mastuikkum brittanumaayi oru puthiya nayatantra karar thayyarakkan svayam samarppikkaan kazhinju. 
onnaam saino-japanese yudhathinte phalangal.
sankeernamaaya charchakalkku sesham, oduvil ellah kaaryangalilum oru karaarilethiyathu 1894 juulai 13-nuu aayirunnu. ayalrajyamaaya koriyayil vardhichuvarunna pirimurukkangal puthiya udambadi oppuvekkunnathine durbalappeduthumennu bheeshanippedutthi. rajyath deerghakaalamaayi ethirppulla rund vibhagangal, oru chaina anukoola, kooduthal yaadhaasthithikanum saamraajyathva sarkkaarumaayi bandhapettavanum, oru jappan anukooliyum, 'meiji viplava' thinte vijayangal anukarikkaan aagrahichavarumaan. randaamathethu oru kalapam aarambhichu, athinte adichamarthal chainees saamrajyam ayacha oru paryaveshana senaye ealppichu. jappan swantham sainyathe upadveepilekku ayachukondu prathikarikkukayum athu corian bharanadhikariye pidichedukkukayum jappan anukoola sarkkar earppeduthukayum cheythu. mutsu eee sookshumamaaya kaaryam koriyayile plenipottanshyari mantriyaaya ottori keisukeye ealppichuvenkilum koriyakkaarude sevanathilulla oru britiish naavika pariseelakane addeham thante sthaanathu ninnu pirichuvittu. eee nadapadi apakadakaramaaya oru sthambhanathilekku nayichu, kaaranam corian chodyathilum athinte udyogasthanodulla perumaattatthilum aadyam vyakthatha nalkiyillengil 1894 juulai 14 nuu brittan udambadiyil oppuvaykkaan visammathichu. muttsu, konil, samayam paazhaakkaathe, thudarnnulla divasangalil durantham ozhivakkaanulla sramangal sakthamaakki.
udambadiyude oppu.
ennirunnaalum, ellah prathekshakalkkum virudhamaayi, 1894 juulai 16 nuu anglo-japanese sauhruda, vaanijyam, naavigeshan udambadi britiish adhikaarikal oppuvachu. aadyamaayi jappan oru mahathaaya shakthisanghadanayaayi amgeekarikkappettu.

