bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi

bharanaghadanayude paatam vyakthamaayi nirodhikkaathathum shariyaayi amgeekarikkappettathumaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi polum, chila bharanaghadanaaparamaaya allengil bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maanadandangal, moolyam, koodaathe/allengil thathwangalumaayi polum vairudhyamulla eee bhedagathi kaaranam, adisthaanaparamaaya (nadapadikramatthinu virudhamaayi) adisthaanangalil bharanaghadanaa virudhamaakumenna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla judicial avalokanathile oru aashayamaanu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi. bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikal bhedagathi adhikaarangalude paridhikal" enna israeli niyama academic 2017 pusthakatthil kaanikkunnath pole, charithrathiludaneelam vividha raajyangalile vividha kodathikalum niyamapandithanmaarum bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi sidhaantham sweekarichittundu. eee sidhaantham pothuve bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikalkku prathyekamaayi baadhakamaanengilum, eee sidhaantham oru bharanaghadanayude yadhaartha bhaagangalil prayogikkunnathinulla neekkangalum nirddeshangalum undaayittund.
ashayam.
bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi" enna ashayam 1890 muthal nilanilkkunnu-ithu muun mishigan supreme kodathi cheef justice thomas emm. 1893ll kooliyum 1910ll yuu. ezz. niyama professor arther maachenum (maachente kaaryatthil, american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayude pathinanjaam bhedagathi bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayirikkaamenna vaadikkunnu). oru prathyeka bharanaghadana bhedagathi cheiyunnathum (mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, bharanaghadana-bhedagathi adikaaram allengil "dvitheeya ghadaka adikaaram") athu adisthaanaparamaayi oru puthiya bharanaghadanayaaya (mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, bharanaghadana nirmmaana adikaaram allengil "praadhamika gadakashakthi") parishkarikkunnathum thammil vyathyaasamundenna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee sidhaantham-eee aashayathinte vakthaakkal aadyathethu sveekaaryamaanennu kaanukayum randaamathethu asweekaaryamaanennu kaanukayum cheiyunnu (nilavilulla bharanaghadana yadhaarthathil athinte bhedagathi prakriyayiloode randaamathethu cheiyunnathu vyakthamaayi vilakkunnillenkil polum) janangal avarude bharanaghadana nirmmaana adikaaram upayogichu oru puthiya bharanaghadana yadhaarthathil sweekarikkunnillengil. thomas emm. bhedagathikal "viplavakaramayirikkilla; avaa upakaranathinte pradhana bhagavumaayi yojichathayirikkanam" ennu cooley oonnipparanju. eee vishayam vishadeekaricha cooley, "oru janaadhipathya republican gavanmentine oru prabhukkanmaaraayo rajavaazhchayaayo parivartthanam cheiyunna oru bhedagathi oru bhedagathiyalla, marichu oru viplavamayirikkum" ennu vaadichu, nilavilulla bharanaghadanayude paatam yadhaarthathil atharam oru bhedagathiye vilakkiyillengilum oru puthiya bharanaghadana srishtikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheyyendathundu.
1991 leeii oru niyama avalokana lekhanathil, yunaittad stetts niyama professor richard jorj raitt vaadikkunnathu oru bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi oru bharanaghadanaye "pukavaykkunnathum ardhashoonyavumaaya avashishtavum" angeyattam aantharikamaayi asthiravum poruthappedaathathumaaya oru avasthayil upekshikkukayaanenkil, atharam oru bhedagathiye theerchayaayum bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayi prakhyapikkanam ennaanu. oru shareeram tissue traansplaant nirasikkunna oru saahacharyavumayi raitt ithine thaarathamyam cheiyunnu, kaaranam eee traansplaant athu graaft cheytha shareeravumaayi valare poruthappedunnilla-angane shareerathinte bhaagath rogaprathirodha prathikaranatthinu kaaranamaakunnu. raittinte saamyam anusarichu, bharanaghadana sareeramaanu, bhedagathi oru tissue traansplaant aanu, iruvarkkum samaadhaanaparamaayi orumichu jeevikkaan kazhiyumenkilum avarkk samaadhaanaparamaayi orumichu jeevikkaan kazhiyilla. chila nirddishta saangalppika bhedagathikal bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanenna ashayam raitt nirasikkumbol (onno athiladhikamo us samsthaanangal nirthalaakkunna oru bhedagathi polullava), abhipraaya swaathanthryam poornnamaayum nirthalaakkunna oru saangalppika bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi bharanaghadanaa virudhamaakumenna yaale niyama professor akhil amarinte kazhchappadinodu raitt yojikkunnu, kaaranam atharam oru bhedagathi mattu pala us bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakaleyum durbalappeduthukayum angane "oru bhinavum pravarthanarahithavumaaya aparyapthavum vibhajithavumaaya bharanaghadanaa ghadana maathram avasheshikkukayum cheyyum."atharamoru bhedagathi american bharanaghadanayude aadya bhedagathiyile vyavasthakalumaayi-yadhaarthathil kettittillaatha atharamoru melnottam-mathramalla mattu niravadhi american bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakalumaayum vairudhyamundaakkum. niyama professor walter eph. yum njangalodu yojikkunnu. niyamaparamaayi veluthavarude aadhipathyam urappu varuthunna, vottavakaasham vellakkaarkk maathramaayi parimithappedutthunna, pothu sthaapanangale verthirikkaan american samsthaana sarkkaarukalum american federal sarkkaarukalum aavashyappedunna, vellakkaarallaathavarude maanushika anthassine polum vyakthamaayi vranappeduthunna mattu niyama vaikalyangalkk amgeekaaram nalkunna, atharam oru bhedagathi aabhyantharayudhathinu munbulla american bharanaghadanayumaayi poruthappedunnuvenkum, atharam oru bhedagathi "adisthaanaparamaayum poruthappedaattha vidhathilum" pothuve udharichirikkunna samathvathinte bharanaghadanaa moolyathekkurichulla ellah aashayangalumayi vairudhyamundaakkunnu."
vairudhyamundaakkunnu." oru lekhanathil, yaniv rosnai vaadikkunnathu, "dvitheeya gadakashakthiyude" aavishkaaram (bharanaghadana-bhedagathi adhikaarathilennapole) oru janaadhipathya "praadhamika gadakashakthiyude" aavishkaaravumaayi saamyamullathaanenkil, athu parimithikalaal (vyakthamo antharleenamo aakatte) bandhikkappedaathirikkum thirichum-"dvitheeya gadakashakthi" "praadhamika gadakashakthiyodu" saamyamullathum "dvitheeya gadakashakthi" oru saadhaarana niyamanirmmaana shakthiyodu saamyamullathum aayathinal, athu parimithikalaal (vyakthamo antharleenamo aakatte) bandhikkappedanam. eee vaadathinte oru vyathiyaanam 2013ll carlos bernell-pulido amgeekarichu. athesamayam, bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikalekkurichulla yaniv rosnaayiyude 2017 leeii pusthakatthinte 2018 leeii avalokanathil, joyal koloon-reos vaadichathu, bharanaghadana nirmmaana prakriya yadhaarthathil sakthamaaya janadhipathyaparavum shakthamayi ulkkollunnathumaaya adikaaraparidhiyil maathrame "bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi" sidhaantham baadhakamaakoo ennaanu-nilavil nilavilulla niravadhi bharanaghadanakal nirmmikkukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheytha prakriyakalkku yadhaarthathil sariyallennu koloon-reos choondikkaatti. koodaathe, "dvitheeya gadakashakthi" janaadhipathyaparamo (janangalude ichhaashakthiyude yadhaartha aavishkaaram pole) "praadhamika gadakashakthiyekkaal" kooduthal janaadhipathyaparamo aaya saahacharyangalil "praadhamika gadakashakthiyum" "dvitheeya gadakashakthiyum" thammilulla vyathyasam yadhaarthathil nilanirthaan kazhiyumo ennu koloon-reos oohichu-udaaharanathinu, "dvitheeya gadakashakthiyude" oru prakadanatthil janadhipathyaparavum ulkkollunnathumaaya oru bharanaghadanaasabhayudeyo bharanaghadanaa kanvenshanudeyo birudadaanachadangukal ulppedunnundengil, ennaal "praadhamika gadakashakthiyude" oru aavishkaaram nilanilkunnilla. athe lekhanathil, "praadhamika gadakashakthiye" punarujjeevippikkunnathu "niyamaparamaaya" samvidaanam illaatha bharanaghadanakalulla adhikaaraparidhikal "bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi" sidhaanthathe vyakthamaayi nirasikkano ennu koloon-reos athbhuthappettu, kaaranam eee adhikaaraparidhikalil eee sidhaantham upayogikkunnathum abhyarthikkunnathum ardhamaakkunnathu avideyulla chila bharanaghadanaa thathwangalkku viplavathiloode maathrame maattaano maattam varuthaano kazhiyoo ennaanu.
rosnaayiyude pusthakatthinte 2018 leeii avalokanathil, oru bharanaghadanaye bharanaghadanayallaathe mattethenkilum sthaapanamaakki mattunna oru bhedagathi-udaaharanathinu, niyamavaazhcha illaathaakkunnathiloode-bharanaghadanaa virudhamaakumennathinu oru nalla cases undennu adrian stoon vaadikkunnu. allaathapaksham, kallu anusarichu, oru bharanaghadana enna aashayathin ardhavathaaya ardhamillaathaakum. ennirunnaalum, oru bharanaghadanayude swathuathe mattimarikkunna bharanaghadanaaparamaaya mattangal-athu aadyamaayi srishtichappol undaayirunnathil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru bharanaghadana-bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanenna rosnaayiyude avakaashavaadathe stoon kooduthal vimarshikkunnu. ellaathinumupari, oru prathyeka bharanaghadanayude angeyattam layippikkaavunna-angane oru prathyeka bharanaghadana "bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi" sidhaantham nirasikkunnath-eee bharanaghadanayude swathuathinte bhaagamaayi "svayam" kanakkakkaamennum angane kodathikalkku athil maattam varuthunnathu anuchithamaanennum stoon vaadikkunnu. oru bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi yadhaarthathil bharanaghadanaa virudhamaano enna chodyam bharanaghadana bhedagathi prakriya janadhipathyaparavum ulkkollunnathum charchaavishayavumaayirunnu ennathinte adisthaanathil mathramalla, bharanaghadana nirmmaana prakriya bharanaghadana bhedagathi prakriya pole janadhipathyaparavum ulkkollunnathum charchaavishayavumaayirunnu ennathinte adisthaanathilum theerumaanikkanamennum stoon vaadikkunnu. vaadikkunnu oostreliyayude bharanaghadana ezhuthappetta samayat australian aadivaasikaleyum sthreekaleyum australian bharanaghadana nirmmaana prakriyayil ninnu ozhivaakkiyathinaal, bharanaghadana-bhedagathi prakriya kooduthal janadhipathyaparavum angane bharanaghadana nirmmaana prakriyayekkaal janangalude ichhaashakthiyude mikacha praathinidyavumulla oru udaaharanamaayi stoon thante swantham rajyamaaya oostreliyaye upayogikkunnu-eee rund grouppukalum 21-aamm noottaandile eathenkilum australian bharanaghadana-bhedagathi prakriyayil poornna pankaalikal aayathinal. bharanaghadana bhedagathi prakriya kooduthal janadhipathyaparavum ulkkollunnathumaaya saahacharyangalil, bharanaghadana nirmmaana prakriyayekkaal kooduthal niyamaanusrithamaaya saahacharyangalil, bharanaghadana bhedagathi prakriyayiloode parivartthanaparamaaya bharanaghadanaa mattangal polum nadappilaakkunnathu theerchayaayum anuvadaneeyamaanennu stoon vaadikkunnu.
eee sidhaanthathekkurichulla deseeya kaazhchappaadukal.
eee sidhaantham sweekaricha rajyangal.
jarmmani.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte chaaratthil ninnum naasisatthinte eakaadhipathya anubhavathil ninnumaanu samakaalika jarmmani uthbhavichath. weimer bharanaghadanayude paarambaryatheyum prathyekichu athinte poraaymakal thiruthalineyum adisthaanamaakki, federal republic oof jarmmani 1949 ll (padinjaaran jarmmani enna nilayil) janichu, federal bharanaghadanaa kodathi 1951 muthal sajeevamaan. kodathiyude adhikaraparidhi bharanaghadanaaparamaaya prashnangalilum bharanaghadanayumaayi ellah sarkkar sthaapanangaludeyum palikkalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. paarlament pasakia saadhaarana niyamangalum bharanaghadanaa niyamangalum (bhedagathikalum) athinte judicial avalokanathinu vidheyamaan, kaaranam avaa federal republic oof germmaniyude adisthaana niyamatthinte thathwangalumaayi poruthappedanam.
honduras.
2015ll, hondurakalude supreme kodathi kodathi hondurakalude yadhaartha bharanaghadanayude bhaagamaanenn bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayi prakhyapikkukayum athu hondurakalude presidentinu oru kaalaavadhiyude paridhi srishtikkukayum eee presidentinte kaalaavadhiyude paridhi mattaanulla shramangale shikshikkunna samrakshana vyavasthakal srishtikkukayum cheythu. bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyekkaal yadhaartha bharanaghadanayude oru bhagam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayi prakhyaapichuvenna ardhathil eee cases puthumayullathaayirunnu.
india.
india 1960kalilum indian bharanaghadanayude adisthaana ghadanaye lamghikkunna oru bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiye bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayi prakhyapikkanam enna aashayathil indian supreme kodathi adisthaana ghadana sidhaantham aavishkarichu. 1951ll indian supreme kodathi bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyude adikaaram paridhiyillaathathaanennu prakhyaapichathil ninnulla oru pradhana thirichadiyaayirunnu ithu.
itali.
germmanic samaanamaayi itaaliyan republic faasisathil ninnaan janichathu. 1948 muthal praabalyatthil varunna italiyude bharanaghadana valia thothil bhedagathi cheyyaavunnathaanu, ennirunnaalum italiyile bharanaghadanaa kodathi (1955 muthal sajeevamaaya) saadhaarana niyamangaludeyum bharanaghadanaa niyamangaludeyum bharanaghadanaaparamaaya yogyathayekkurichu theerumaanikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, bharanaghadanayude "article 2" eduthukaanikkunna lamghikkaanaavaatha manushyaavakaashangalumaayi bandhappett. bharanaghadanaa kodathiyude vidhi anthimavum appealinu vidheyamallaathathumaan.
bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyude oru udaaharanam italiyude republican roopathilulla gavanmentaanu, athu vyakthamaayi parirakshikkappettirkunna vyavasthayil samrakshikkappedukayum bhedagathi cheyyaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheiyunnu.
eee sidhaantham nirasicha rajyangal.
finland.
finland paarlamentinu paarlamentari paramadhikaaram undu athinte niyamangal judicial avalokanathinu vidheyamaakunnilla, oru kodathiyum athine baadikkilla, athinaal oru bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyude bharanaghadanaaparamaayatha oru poornnamaayum rashtreeya chodyamaanu. oru bhooripakshathinu udan thanne adiyanthara bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi nadappakkaan kazhiyum. 1973ll finland president urho kekkonan president thiranjeduppu samghadippikkunnathu ozhivakkunnathinaayi adiyanthara bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyiloode naalu varshathe kaalavadhi neettanamennu abhyarthichu. prathipaksha deseeya sakhyakakshiyeyum sweedish peeples party bhedagathiykku vottu cheyyaan prerippikkunnathil addeham vijayikkukayum thante kaalavadhi neettukayum cheythu. 
finlandinu swaathanthryathinte bhooribhaagavum oru ardha-presidential samvidaanamaayirunnu, ennaal kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi presidentinte adikaarangal kuranjittundu. kuranjittundu 1991lum praabalyatthil vanna bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikalum 2000ll ettavum aduthide thayyarakkiya bharanaghadanayum (2012ll bhedagathi cheytha) presidency praadhamikamaayi aachaaraparamaaya oru offeesaayi maatti.
yunaittad kingdom.
mattu pala raajyangalilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi yunaittad kingdatthinte bharanaghadana karsanamaayi krodeekarichathalla. vyavasthakalonnum aupachaarikamaayi sthaapichittillaathil bharanaghadana eluppathil maattaan ithu prapthamaakkunnu. yunaittad kingdatthinu paarlamentari paramaadhikaaratthinte oru sidhaanthamundu, athinaal yunaittad kingdatthile supreme kodathi (2009 muthal sajeevamaan) vaasthavathil judicial avalokanathinte adikaarangalil parimithamaanu, kaaranam yunaittad kingdatthile paarlament undakkiya oru praadhamika niyamanirmmanavum asaadhuvaakkaan kazhiyilla, koodaathe paarlamentinte eathu niyamathinum sookshumaparishodhana nadathaathe yukeyude bharanaghadanaa srothassukalude bhagamaakaan kazhiyum.
bhaaviyile saadhyathayulla aaplikkeshanukal.
prasidheekaricha yuu. ezz. president thiranjeduppinu oru maasam kazhinju prasidheekaricha prasidheekaricha oru lekhanathil, yuu. ezz. loow professor ervin chemerinsky, yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi electoral koleju vottukalude asamamaya vihitam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu prakhyaapikkanamenn vaadichu, kaaranam athu (addehathinte abhipraayathil) anchaam bhedagathiyil us supreme kodathi kandethiya thulya samrakshana thathwangalkku virudhamaanu. thudarnnulla yuu. ezz bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyile chila thathwangalumaayi (kall) vairudhyamundengil (prathyekichu eee bhedagathi kodathikal vyaakhyaanikkunnathinal) yunaittad stetts bharanaghadanayude oru bhagam bharanaghadanaa virudhamaakumennu chemerinsky vaadikkunnu. chemerinsky thante lekhanam prasidheekaricha athe samayat, huffington posttile oru lekhanathil, us niyama professor liyon friedman chemerinskyude vaadathinu samanamaaya oru vaadam nadatthi.
2018 leeii oru blogg posttil, yuu. ezz. loow professor maikkal dorf choondikkaanikkunnathu, yunaittad stetts supreme kodathikku (scotus) yunaittad stetts senattile asamamaya vibhajanam (ithu oru vyakthi, oru vottu thathwam lamghikkunnu) illaathaakkaan bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi sidhaantham upayogikkunnathu saadhyamaanennu ("vishwasaneeyamaaya" ennathinu vipareethamaayi); athe lekhanathil, us supreme kodathi (allengil us supreme kodathiyile orotta justice polum) yadhaarthathil bharanaghadanaa virudha bhedagathi sidhaantham sweekarikkumenna kadutha samshayavum dorf prakadippikkunnu-kuranjathu eppol venamenkilum udan.
2019 leeii oru lekhanathil, yaniv rosnayiyum tamar hostovsky braandukalum munbu rosalind dixon david laandauyum nirddeshicha vaadam sweekarikkukayum bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattisthaapikkal prakriya durupayogam cheyyappedumennathinaal, poornnamaayum janaadhipathyaparamo ulkkollunnathallaatho aaya bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattisthaapikkalukal raddaakkunnathu kodathikalkku anuvadaneeyavum niyamaanusrithavumaanennu vaadikkukayum cheythu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattisthaapikkal prakriya "dvitheeya ghadaka shakthiyodu" ("praadhamika ghadaka shakthiyodu" vipareethamaayi) saamyamullathaanenkil, bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattisthaapikkal prakriyayiloode nirmmicha eathoru bharanaghadanayeyum thallikkalayunnathu judiciaric kooduthal niyamaanusrithamaakumennu yosnai hostovsky vaadikkunnu.
vimarsanam.
yunaittad stetts niyama professor mike rapaport "bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi" sidhaanthathe vimarsikkukayum amerikkayil eee sidhaantham sweekarikkunnathu janakeeya paramaadhikaaratthe durbalappeduthumennu vaadikkukayum cheiyunnu, kaaranam thiranjedukkappedaatha ombathu us supreme kodathi jadjimark jeevithakalam american janathayude valiyoru bhooripakshathinte ishtam attimarikkanulla adikaaram nalkum. american supreme kodathi eee sidhaantham sweekarikkunnathu ellaayppozhum liberal jeevikkunna bharanaghadanaavaadikal yadhaarthathil eshtappedunna phalangalilekku nayichekkillennu rapapert choondikkaanikkunnu (udaaharanathinu, eee puthiya bhedagathi aadya bhedagathiyumaayum aadya bhedagathiyil ulkkollunna abhipraaya swaathanthrya aashayavumaayum vairudhyamullathinaal 2010 leeii "pouranmaarude aikya" vidhiye attimarikkunna oru puthiya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi radhaakkaan us supreme kodathikku eee sidhaantham upayogikkaamenn rapapert vaadikkunnu) koodaathe us supreme kodathiyude bhaagathuninnulla atharamoru neekkam us bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi prakriya kooduthal thadassappeduthumennum vaadikkunnu, kaaranam us supreme kodathikku bhedagathi radhaakkaanum athu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayi prakhyapikkaanum kazhiyumennu avar karuthiyirunnengil oru puthiya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi passacan aalukal madikkaam. article vii bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi prakriyaykku purathu vividha bharanaghadanaa mattangal kaivarikkaan judiciary upayogikkunnathinulla usile pravanathaye rapa portt vimarshikkunnu, kaaranam ithu yadhaarthathil puthiya us bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikal passacan amgeekarikkaanumulla prachodanam kuraykkunnu, kaaranam kodathikaliloode bharanaghadanaa maattam kaivarikkunnath valare dairkhyameriyathum budhimuttullathumaaya article vii bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi prakriyayiloode kadannupokunnathinekkaal jyothishaasthraparamaayi eluppamaanu (us supreme kodathiyile ancho athiladhikamo jadjimaare oraalude nilapaadinodu yojikkan bodhyappeduthunnathu us kongrasinte moonnil rund bhaagavum us samsthaana niyamanirmmaanasabhakalil naalil moonnu bhaagavum oraalude nilapaadumaayi yojikkunnathinekkaal jyothishaasthraparamaayi eluppamaanu).
athesamayam, nirmmaanatthinte rund niyamangale lamghikkunnathinulla "bharanaghadanaa virudha bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi" sidhaanthathe konaal toow vimarshikkunnu prathyekichu "lexes specialis" canon "expressio unious esttu exclusio alterius" canon. lexes specialis" kaanon prasthaavikkunnath, saadhyamaakumbozhellaam nirddishta bhasha pothu bhasha marikadakkanam-professor ooran doylinte oru prasthavana udharichu "prathyeka vaachaka aditharayillaatha oru amophus spirittin anukoolamaayi oru vyakthamaaya vyavasthaye amithamaayi ezhuthaan anuvaadamilla". 1928ll jorjju washington vilyams munbu upayogicha oru vaadamaanu tove upayogikkunnathu-"gadakashakthi sarvashakthavum gadakashakthi bharanaghadanayude paatatthiloode prakadippikkappedunnathu [,] appol gadakashakthi sidhaanthathinte adisthaanathil antharleenamaaya apakeerthippeduthal engane ozhivaakkaanaakumenn kaanaan prayaasamaan [aaa] kuttam [athu] oresamayam bharanaghadanaye avaganikkunnu enna bhaavathil athu uyarthippidikkunnu."athesamayam," "expressio unious esttu exclusio alterius" "canon parayunnath oru niyamaparamaaya vaachakathilo rekhayilo oru kaaryam nirddishtamaayi ulppeduthunnathu athil paraamarshikkaattha mattu karyangal ozhivaakkunnu ennaanu". asambandha sidhaantham" anuvadikkunna oru neekkam-asambandhamaaya phalam nalkunna sandarbhangalil bharanaghadanaa paatatthinte aksharaarthatthilulla vaayana avaganikkaamenn tove vaadikkumbol-shradhaapoorvvam roopakalppana cheytha paridhiyillaattha bhedagathi adikaarangal asambandhamaanenna ashayam tove nirasikkunnu. avyakthamaaya thiruthal athra vyakthamaanenkil enthukondaanu "eathenkilum" bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakal vyakthamaayi thiruthaanaavaathathaakkiyath ennum njangal athbhuthappedunnu; ellaathinumupari, avyakthamaaya thiruthal athra vyakthamaayirunnenkil, "eathenkilum" bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakal vyakthamaayi thiruthaanaavaathathaakkenda aavasyamilla. ithinu vipareethamaayi, chila vyavasthakal vyakthamaayi thiruthaanaavaathathaanenkil, oru prathyeka bharanaghadanayude draftmaanmaar enthukondaanu avar theerchayaayum thiruthaanaavaathathaayi aagrahikkunna bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakalil vyakthamaayi thiruthaanaavaatha "ellaam" undaakkaathathenn njangal athbhuthappedunnu.
oru prathyeka kurippil, vividha prathibhaasangalkk saadhyamaaya ettavum lalithamaaya vishadeekaranangalkk munganana nalkanamennu parayunna "ookaaminte razer" lamghichathinu "praadhamika ghadaka shakti", "dvitheeya ghadaka shakti" ennivayumaayi bandhappett yaniv rosnaayiyude aashayaparamaaya chattakodineyum konaal towe vimarshikkunnu. janangal praadhamika gadakashakthiyaayum" "janangal dvitheeya gadakashakthiyaayum" enna yaniv rosnaayiyude sangalppathe "okkaaminte razer" lamghichathinu prathyeka gadakangalaayum professor oraan doyil munbu vimarsichittundu-doyil vaadikkunnathu "gadakashakthi" oru asthithvamennathilupari oru seshiyaayi kanakkaakkanam ennaanu.
1985ll american niyama professoraaya joonn aarr. atharam judicial adikaaram nallatho abhikaamyamo aaya lakshyangalkk upayogikkunnathupole cheethayo cheethayo lakshyangalkk eluppathil upayogikkaamenna bhayathaal, prathyekichu oru prathyeka bharanaghadanayude yadhaartha vaachakam, prathyekichu american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayude yadhaartha paatam pole, prathyekichu udaaramo purogamanaparamo allengil, yunaittad stetsinte bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi adhikaarathil jadjimar antharleenamaaya paridhikal earppeduthuka enna aashayathinethire vail vaadikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru pinthirippan yunaittad stetts supreme kodathikku purogamanaparamaaya punarnirmmaana bhedagathikal (adimatham nirthalaakkukayum manushyaavakaashangalum vottavakaashavum aafrikkan-amerikkakkaarkk nalkukayum cheythava) bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu thallikkalayamennum vikalaamgarkkum praayamaayavarkkum garbhasthasishuvinum niyama samrakshanam nalkunna saangalppika purogamana bhedagathikal raddaakkaamennum wheel choondikkaanikkunnu. american aikyanaadukalile bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi prakriya oru "suraksha-valve" aayi varthikkunnathinu vendi uddeshichullathaanennum, athu bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattam nedunnathinu niyamaparamaaya oru vazhi nalkunnathinaanu-ethra samoolavum dooravyaapakavum-angane amerikkayile viplavam ozhivakkaan kazhiyum ennum vail vaadikkunnu. chila bharanaghadanaa mattangal kaivarikkunnathinulla niyamaparamaaya maargangalonnumillenkil, american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanaa kramatthil avar aagrahicha mattangal nedunnathinaayi oru viplavam srishtikkaan american janatha nirbandhitharaayekkaamennu vail vaadikkunnu.
vimarsanangalkkulla prathikaranangal.
bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi sidhaantham bharanaghadanaaparamaaya maattathe thadayunnu enna vimarsanathinu marupadiyaayi, us niyama professor david lando eee sidhaanthathinu athine marikadakkaan vazhikalundennu choondikkaatti. prathyekamaayi, oru prathyeka bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu prakhyaapikkunna oru judicial vidhiyodu prathikarikkunnathin rashtreeya abhinethaakkalkku motha bharanaghadanaa maattisthaapikkalil earppedaamennum rashtreeya abhinethaakkalkku niyamanangaliloodeyum mattu upakaranangaliloodeyum [] kodathiyil swaadheenam cheluthaan kazhiyumennum lando vaadikkunnu. athinaal lando australian niyama professor rosalind dixon "speed bump" ennathu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi sidhaanthathinte kooduthal sariyaaya thaarathamyamaanennum bharanaghadanaa virudhamaaya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi sidhaanthathinu maattam vaikippikkaan kazhiyumennum vaadikkunnu-orupakshe athinidayil oru puthiya rashtreeya krameekaranam uyarnnuvaraan anuvadikkumenna pratheekshayode-ithinu bharanaghadanaa maattathe "shaashvathamaayi" thadayaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam rashtreeya abhinethaakkalkku bharanaghadanaaparamaaya mattangal nedunnathinu parihaarangalund (prathyekichu eee khandikayil neratthe paraamarshichava) thudakkathil prathikoolamaaya judeeshyariyude munnil polum.

