
lyndon, gayana

jiyortaun kazhinjaal gayanayile randaamathe valia nagravum uyarathil sthithi cheiyunna upper demerara-berbis mekhalayude thalasthaanavumaanu lyndon. 1970 ll oru pattanamayi prakhyapikkappetta ithil mckenzie, christianburg, vismar communitykal ulppedunnu. 2012 leeii kanakkanusarichu 27,277 janasamkhyayulla ithu praadhamikamaayi oru boxite khanana pattanamaan, athil niravadhi khanikal 60-90 meter aazhathil undu, mattu niravadhi kuzhikal ippol upayogashoonyamaanu. upper demerara-berbaisinte praadeshika thalasthaanamaanu lyndon.
boxite kambani.
nooru varsham munbu lindonil vaanijya boxite khananam aarambhichu. 1916ll canada limittadinte aluminium kambaniyude anubandha sthaapanamaaya demba ennariyappedunna demerara boxite kambani limittad, boxite khananam, samskaranam, vilppana enniva lakshyamit sthaapikkappettu.
eee praadhamika samrambhathinaayi thiranjeduttha sthalam thalasthaana nagariyaya jorstouninu thekkulla demerara nadiyilaayirunnu. wismer, gayana vismar, christianburg ennividangalile vaardukal ozhike akkaalat eee pradeshathu oru vaasasthalavum undaayirunnilla. kambaniyude pravartthanangalude kendramaaya mckenzie, 1913 ll boxaittinaayi aadyamaayi eee pradesham sandarshikkukayum paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheytha scotish vamshajayaaya oru american geologist jorjju beyne mckenseyil ninnaan athinte peru sweekarichathu. addeham 1914 ll madangiyethi khananathinaayi bhoomi vaangukayum moonnu suhruthukkalude khaniyude sameepam nadiyude theerathu upayogikkunnathinaayi 45 tonn thadi boardukal nirmmikkukayum cheythu, ithu aadyathe khaniyaayirunnu.
thudakkathil, boxite manal upayogichu khananam cheyyukayum adikabhaaram neekkam cheiyunna kodaalikalum kovarkazhutha vandikalum edukkukayum cheythirunnu. boxite crude roopathil baarjukalil kayattiyaan kayatti ayachathu, avaa nadiyilekku thaazhekku kondupoyi jorstaun thuramukhathu ninnu madhyapravaahathil valanja kappalukalilekku kondupoyi.
kaalakramena khananam cheytha ayiru thakarkkal, tharamthirikkal, kazhukal, unakkal, sambharanam, looad cheyyal ennivaykkulla yanthrangal mathramalla, avarude sthiramaaya praadeshika, videsha thozhil senaykk bhawana soukaryangalum demba sthaapichu. koodaathe, oru mesheen shope, marappani shope, oru electrical shope, vaidyuthi uthppaadanavum vitharana samvidaanavum, kudivella vitharanavum, oru ashupatriyum ulppede anubandha sevanangalude oru samuchayam vikasippichu. eee vyaavasaayika, saamoohika, bhauthika adisthaana soukaryangalude anthima uthppannam mccansey enna oru compact tounshippaayirunnu, athu bhakshanathinteyum spare partsinteyum vitharanathinayi boxite samoohathinu purathulla srothassukale aashrayichirunnu. 
raajyathinte sambadvyavasthayude pradhana mekhalakale niyanthrikkunna nayathinu anusrithamaayi, gayana sarkkar 1971 juulai 15 nuu dembayude asthikal desasaalkkarikkukayum pakaram gayana boxite kambani limittad (gaibou) sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 
boxite vyavasaayathinte holding kambaniyaayi 1976 ll jorttounil boxite vyavasaya vikasana kambani (bidco) sthaapithamaayi.
samanamaaya oru desasaalkkarana pravartthanatthiloode 1975 januvari 1nuu berbis-reynolds mettal kambaniyile sahodari kambani berbis mining enterprise limittad (bermin) aayi maari. 
gayana sarkkar oru pradhana ohari udamayaayathinaal, rund boxite sthaapanangalum desasaalkkarikkaanulla neekkam oru closs-naitt yoonittin vediyorukki. gaibou, bermin ennivayude pravartthanangal oru holdinginu keezhil ekopippikkunnathum kooduthal laabhakaramaayirunnu. 
boxite khananathinum samskarana pravarthanangalkkumaayi saambathikavum bhouthikavum maanava vibhavasheshiyum paramavadhi anuvadikkunna oru krameekaranam ithu anuvadichu. 
thalphalamaayi, 1977 octoberil gayana mining enterprise limittad (gwimin) enna peril rund sthaapanangalum layichu. sthaapanangale berbis ooppareshans, lyndon ooppareshans enningane vibhajichu.
1992 juunil public korppareshan act prakaram gwimin pirichuvidunnathinum berbise pravarthanangaleyum lyndon pravarthanangaleyum prathyeka sthaapanangalaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinumulla oru utharavil sarkkar oppuvachappozhaan lyndon khanana samrambham nilavil vannath. 
berbise pravartthanangal berbise mining enterprise limittad (bermin) enna yadhaartha perilekku thirichuvidukayum lyndon pravartthanangale lyndon mining enterprise (linmin) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. 
oru australian sthaapanathinteyum, mining aandu prosessing enchineeyarmaarudeyum-minprock ennariyappedunna-maanejmentinu keezhil moonnu varshathekku (1992-95) linmine sthaapichu.
lyndon roopappeduthiya moonnu gramangal munbu vismar, mccansey, christianburg ennariyappettirunnu, ennaal 1970 ll annathe president lyndon forbes saampsan barnhaam lyndon enna peril oru tounshippaayi punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum ekeekrithamaakkukayum cheythu.
lyndon museum.
lyndon museum oof soshyal-kalcharal heritteju sthithi cheiyunnathu lindante madhyathilaanu. lyndon samoohathinte samskaarathinteyum paithrukathinteyum karakaushala vasthukkalum chithrangalum museum pradarshippikkunnu.
karaa karaa bhawana padhathi.
sosdike-lyndon highwake vadakku rainbo sitikkum pazhaya karaa karaykkum idayil sthithi cheiyunna central lindonil sthithi cheiyunna oru cheria graamamaan karaa karaa housing skeem. 10-aamm mekhalayile lindonil vipulamaaya boxite khananathinte falamaayi neela thadaakangalude oru parambara roopappettu. ettavum janapriyavum eluppathil athicheraavunnathumaaya thadaakamaaya karaa karaa blue thadaakam vinoda pravarthanangalkku anuyojyamaaya sthalamaayi niravadhi vinodasanchaarikaleyum pradeshavaasikaleyum aakarshikkunnu. karaa karayil sthithi cheiyunna mckenzie primery school praadeshika kuttikalkkum ayal gramangalaaya mazhavillu nagaram, pazhaya karaa karaa ennivaykku sevanam nalkunnu. suuryan choodulla samayat uchakazhinju aankuttikalkkum yuvakkalkkum football (allengil socker) kalikkaanulla othucheral sthalamaayi karaa karaa booal feeld (allengil karaa karaa socker feeld) pravartthikkunnu. karaa karayil ninnulla haiskool praayathilulla kuttikal mccansey haiskoolil cherunnu.
christiansburg vaattar wheel.
1895-ll scotish enchineeyar joonn daglish paattezhsan thante zoo milling upakaranangalkkayi pradhana neekkamcheyyunnayaalaayi eee valia irumbu chakram sthaapichu. somil polichumaattiyenkilum lyndon pradeshathe sambannamaaya prakrithivibhavangal chooshanam cheiyunnathinaayi thadi vyavasaayam engane yanthravalkkarikkappettu ennathinte udaaharanamaayi jalachakram thudarunnu.
gluck dweep.
esekvibo nadiyile paarakkall theerathu janavaasamillaatha oru dveepaanu gluck dweep. esekvibo mukhathu ninnu ekadesham 70 kilometer akaleyaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. niravadhi inam pakshikalum mrugangalum sasyajaalangalum ullathinaal ithu oru paristhithi vinodasanjaara lakshyasthaanamaan. oru meteriladhikam vyaasamulla bheeman elakal samriddhamaaya harita anthareekshathil thadaakangalil pongikkidakkunna victoria reejiya vaattar lillie avide pookkunnathu kaanam. eee prakrithi prathibhasam athinte yadhaartha aavaasavyavasthayil ningalkk nireekshikkaan kazhiyunna jiyorttaunil ninnulla ettavum adutha sthalamaanithu. austreliyayil ninnum europil ninnumulla shaasthranjar lokathinte eee bhaagathekku aaa chediyekkurichu padikkaan varunnu.
valia kaimaanukale raathriyil kaanaan kazhiyum, athesamayam bheeman ottakangale kaananulla ettavum nalla samayam athiraavileyaan. 
rund hraswa vidagdha dauthyangalkku sesham makkaavukalum vividha inam thathakalum heronukalum ulppede 200 oolam inam pakshikale thiricharinjittundu.
aswasthathayundaakkuka.
1964ll indian nyoonapakshangale lakshyamitulla kalapam vyapakamaaya swath naashatthilekku nayicha wismer koottakkolayude sthalamaayirunnu wismer. meyy 20nuu aarambhicha samgharsham meyy 26nuu britiish sainikarude varavinu munbu meyy 25nuu kolapaathakathilekku neengi. eee kaalayalavil irunooriladhikam swathukkal theepidutthatthil nasippikkappedukayum kuranjathu ezhu balaalsamgangal ulppede ambathiladhikam aalukal shaareerika akramanangal report cheyyukayum cheythu. kalaapathil anchu jeevanukalum kollapettu aarr. khaan aandu pii. mirjin, vismaarile indian nivaasikal meyy 25 nuu jii. yodoppam kollappettu. engleesh, oru kollakkaaran ennu aaropikkappedunnu. bii. meyy 27nuu warton theepidutthatthil marichu, athesamayam njaan. meyy 28nuu bridge vaattar kollappettu. vismar koottakolayil vismaarile indian janasamkhya kuranju; kalaapathin munbu ithu 3,000 aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. kalaapathin sesham 3,000-thiladhikam indiakkaare ozhippichathinaal adutha joolaiyode ithu ekadesham 300 aayi kuranju. 1964ll gayaanaykkullil raashtreeyavum vamsheeyavumaaya kalahangalude pothuvaaya kaalavasthayaanu vismar koottakkolaykk kaaranamaayath. rund aafrikkan vamshajare kolappedutthi. rund aafrikkan vamshajare kolappeduthiyathaayi pracharikkunna oru kimvadanthiyaanu vismar koottakkolayude kaaranamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnath.
1964 juulai 6 nuu jiyorttaunil ninnu mckensyilekku demerara nadiyilekku sanjarikkumbol oru spodanam "sann chapman" vikshepanam thakarthu. bhooribhaagavum aafrikkan vamshajaraaya naalppathimoonnu perr spodanam moolam marikkukayo vikshepanam mungimarikkumbol mungimarikkukayo cheythu. muzhuvan jeevanakkarum ulppede rakshapetta muppathimoonnil bhooribhaagavum boat pottitherichappol dekkilo villilo undaayirikkaan bhagyavaanmaaraayirunnu. mckenseyil ninnu pathinaar mile akale horadiayil ninnu purappettathinu thottupinnaale "sann chapman" pottitherichu. juulai 8 aayappozhekkum muppathirandu mrithadehangal nadiyil ninnu kandeduthu samskarikkunnathinaayi mccansey ashupatri mortuaryilekku kondupoyi. moshamaayi kuzhichumoodiya chila mrithadehangalum horadiayil kuzhichittirunnu.
naalppathimoonnu maranangalode, "sann chapman" mungunnath afro-gayanese jeevante ettavum valia nashtamaanu. jorttounil ninnu demerara nadikkarayilekku veettilekku yaatra cheiyunna lindenermarayirunnu erakalil bhooribhaagavum. 1966ll lyndon-sosdike haiway nirmmikkunnathin munbu eee nadhi eee yaathraykkaayi saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnu. spodanam oru bomb moolamaanu undaayath, ennaal utharavaadikalaaya vyakthikalum upayogicha sphodakavasthukkalude tharavum anjjaathamaayi thudarunnu, ithu bombakramanathekkurichu niravadhi sidhaanthangalkku kaaranamaayi.

