
pathi-salaam model

bhauthikashaasthrathil, 1974ll abduz salam jogesh patiyum nirddeshicha oru mahathaaya ekeekritha sidhaanthamaanu (gutt) pathi-salaam maathruka. mattu dhairyangaleppole, staanderd modalinte ekapaksheeyathayum sankeernathayum vishadeekarikkuka ennathaanu athinte lakshyam, staanderd modalil vyathyasthamaaya kanangalum shakthikalum ullavaye ekeekarikkunna lalithavum kooduthal adisthaanaparavumaaya oru sidhaanthathinte adisthaanathil. pathi-salam ekeekaranam parambaraagatha moonninu pakaram chuvapp, pacha, neela, violet (allengil yadhaarthathil lilac) ennu vilikkunna naalu kwark varnna chaarjukal adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, puthiya "violet" kwark leptanukalumaayi thirichariyappedunnu. eee modalinu idathu-valath samamitiyum undu, koodaathe kanatha dablyu ', isad' bosonukalumaayum valamkaiyyan neutrinokalumaayum uyarnna oorjjamulla valamkaiyyan durbalamaaya edapedal undaakumenn pravachikkunnu.
yadhaarthathil naalaamathe niratthinu "lepttan" ennu aksharavinyasam cheyyaan "lilac" ennu label cheythirunnu. 1974ll nirddeshikkappetta jeorji-glasshow ekeekaranathinu pakaramaan pathi-salaam. randum oru ekeekarana maathrkayil ulcherkkaan kazhiyum.
adisthaana sidhaantham.
pathi-salaam maathruka prasthaavikkunnath gej group onnukil allengil fermionukal moonnu kudumbangalayi roopappedunnu, oronnilum praathinidyangalum. ithinu chila vishadeekaranangal aavasyamaanu. athinte kendram. dhii inn dhii koshyant ennathu kendratthinte ghadakam srishtikkunna rund moolakangalude upagrooppine soochippikkunnu, ithu rund gadakangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, koodaathe 1 gadakangal aandu. ithil valamkaiyyan neutrino ulppedunnu, athu ippol nilavilundennu vishwasikkappedunnu. neutrino aandolanangal kaanuka. poojyamallaatha oru vevu nedunna higgs feeld ennu vilikkunna oru scaler feeld undu. ithu oru swaabhaavika samamithikk kaaranamaakunnu, athu athilekku allengil athil ninnu thakarunnu,
niyantritha praathinidhyam kaanuka. theerchayaayum, praathinidhyangale oru bhauthikashaasthranjante kanvenshan poleyullathum poornnamaayum oru bhauthikashaasthranjante kanvenshan poleyullathumaaya karyangal ennu vilikkuka (uravidam?), oru ganithashaasthranjante kanvenshanalla, athil praathinidyangal onnukil yuva tablo allengil dainkin rekhaachithrangalaal avayude konukalil samkhyakal upayogichu label cheyyappedunnu, pakshe ippozhum, ithu gutt sidhaanthakarkkidayil staanderdaanu.
durbalamaaya hypercharge, y, rund maatriksukalude aakethukayaanu
pathi-salaam groupinu rund connected gadakangal ullathinaal athu vipuleekarikkaan kazhiyum. prasakthamaaya group ippol semidirect uthppanna formula _ 2 aanu. avasaanathethum vishadeekarikkendathundu. ithu (vipuleekarikkaatha) pathi-salam grouppinte oru automorphisavumaayi poruthappedunnu, ithu oru involvative outtar automorphisathinte gadanayaanu, athil idathu, valath pakarppukal parasparam mattunnathinoppam oru aantharika automorphisamalla. ithu idathum valathum enna peru vishadeekarikkunnu, ithu yadhaarthathil eee maathruka padikkunnathinulla pradhana prachodanangalilonnaanu. eee adhika "idathu-valath samamiti" durbalamaaya prathipravartthanathinu kuranja oorjja skeyilukalil nilanirthunnillennu kaanikkapetta paarity enna ashayam punasthaapikkunnu. eee vipuleekritha maathrkayil, oru ireppu aanu, athupole thanne. qcd-yeei b−l-maayi ekeekarikkunna ettavum kuranja idathu-valath modalinte ettavum lalithamaaya vipuleekaranamaanithu.
homotopy groupil ninnu
eee model monopolukal pravachikkunnu. hooft-polyakov monopole kaanuka.
jogesh patiyum abduz salam chernnaanu eee maathruka kandupidichathu.
eee model gej mediated prottoon kshayam pravachikkunnilla (ithu ithilum valia kudal groupil ulcherthillengil).
suu (5) ekeekaranathil ninnulla vyathyaasangal.
mukalil soochippichathupole, pathi-salaam, jeorji-glasho ekeekarana modalukal oru ekeekaranathil ulcherkkaan kazhiyum. rund modalukalum thammilulla vyathyasam samamiti takarunna reethiyilaan, thaazhnna skeyilukalil praadhaanyamullatho allathatho aaya vyathyastha kanikakal srishtikkukayum nilavile pareekshanangal vazhi axus cheyyappedukayum cheiyunnu. oro modalukalum nokkukayaanenkil, ettavum pradhanappetta vyathyasam durbalamaaya hyperchaarjinte uthbhavamaan. modalil thanne idathu-valath samamiti illa (model ulchertha oru valia ekeekaranathil orennam undakamenkilum), durbalamaaya hypercharge kalar chaarjil ninnu vevvere pariganikkunnu. pathi-salam maathrkayil, durbalamaaya hyperchaarjinte (palappozhum vilikkappedunna) oru bhagam groupile kalar charjumaayi ekeekrithamaakaan thudangumbol durbalamaaya hyperchaarjinte mattoru bhagam hyperchaarjumaayi samyojippikkappedunnu. aaa rund grouppukalum thakarumbol rund bhaagangalum oduvil saadhaarana durbalamaaya hyperchargelake samyojippikkunnu.
kuranja supersimetric pathi-salam.
bahirakasha samayam.
minkovsky space taiminte superspace ekstenshan
speshyal simetri.
n = 1 susi ovar minkovsky space time aarr-samamithiyode
vekttar superfieldukal.
gej samamithiyumaayi bandhappettava
chiral superfieldukal.
sankeernamaaya praathinidyangal
superpottensial.
superfieldukalile oru (sankeernavum), oru (invariyant) cubic polynomialaanu oru pothuvaaya invariyant renormalisible superpottensial. ithu inipparayunna padangalude oru rekheeya samyojanamaan
formula _ 5, formula _ 6 ennivayaanu janareshan soochikakal.
idathu-valath ekstenshan.
idathu-valath samamiti ulppeduthunnathinu namukk eee model vipuleekarikkaam. athinaayi, namukk adhika kairal gunithangal aavasyamaanu.

