
gathagathakkurukku

vegatha kuranjathum yaathrayude dairkhyameriya samayavum vaahanangalude kyoo vardhikkunnathum gathaagathatthile oru avasthayaanu gathagathakkurukku. 1950kall muthal nagara rodukalile gathagathakkurukku ganyamaayi vardhichu. vahanangal thammilulla edapedal gathagatha pravaahathe mandagathiyilaakkunnathra traaphik demand kooduthalaayirikkumbol, ithu thirakkin kaaranamaakunnu. gathaagathatthinte eathu maarggathinum tirakk oru saadhyathayaanu, eee lekhanam pothu rodukalile vahana thirakkine kendreekarikkum.
aavasyakkaar oru roadinte (allengil rodinaduthulla intersectionukalude) sheshi adukkumbol, kadutha gathagathakkurukku undaakunnu. kurachukaalathekku vahanangal poornnamaayum nirtthumbol, ithine traaphik jaam allengil (anoupachaarikamaayi) traaphik snarl-upp allengil tailback ennu vilikkunnu. 
drivermark niraashappedukayum rooad roshathil earppedukayum cheyyaam. drivermaarum driver kendreekritha rooad aasoothrana vakuppukalum roadle mattoru paatha cherthu tirakk kuraykkaan saadhaaranayaayi nirddeshikkunnu. ithu falapradamalla rooad sheshi vardhippikkunnathu drivinginu kooduthal demand nalkunnu. 
ganithashaasthraparamaayi, vazhiyile oru nischitha binduviloodeyulla ozhukkayi traaphik roopakalppana cheythirikkunnu, draavaka chalanaathmakathaykk samaanamaayi.
kaaranagal.
labhyamaya theruvu sheshiyekkaal kooduthal sthalathinulla aavasyam srishtikkumbozhaanu gathagathakkurukku undaakunnath; eee pooyintine saadhaaranayaayi saachureshan ennu vilikkunnu. niravadhi prathyeka saahacharyangal tirakk undaakkukayo vashalaakkukayo cheyyum; avayil bhooribhaagavum oru nischitha ghattathil allengil oru nischitha dairkhyathil roadinte sheshi kuraykkukayo allengil oru nischitha alavil aalukalko charakkukalkko aavashyamaaya vaahanangalude ennam vardhippikkukayo cheyyum. ekadesham pakuthiyolam.ezz. gathagathakkurukku aavarthikkunnu, gathaagathatthinte bharam kaaranam bakkiyullavayil bhooribhaagavum gathagatha sambhavangal, rooad jolikal, kaalavastha sambhavangal ennivayaanu. gathagatha pravartthanatthinte kaaryatthil, mazha gathagatha seshiyum pravartthana vegathayum kuraykkunnu, athuvazhi kooduthal tirakkum rooad shringalayude uthppaadanakshamathayum nashtappedunnu.
eathu saahacharyathilaanu oru "traaphik jaam" (kanatha, ennaal sugamamayi ozhukunna gathaagathathinu vipareethamaayi) pettennu sambhavikkumennu traaphik gaveshanathinu ippozhum poornnamaayum pravachikkaan kazhiyilla. vyakthigatha sambhavangal (apakadangal allengil munbu sugamamaya ozhukkil orotta kaar polum break cheiyunnathu) reple efakttukalkku (oru cascading parajayam) kaaranamaakumenn kandethiyittundu, athu pinneedu vyaapikkukayum saadhaarana ozhukk kurachukaalam neendunilkkumbol sthiramaaya traaphik jaam srishtikkukayum cheyyum.
jolisthalavum paarppida pradeshangalum verthirikkal.
aalukal palappozhum nagaratthinte vividha bhaagangalil jolie cheyyukayum thaamasikkukayum cheiyunnu. niravadhi jolisthalangal paarppida pradeshangalil ninnu akaleyulla oru kendra bisinus jillayilaan sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu thozhilaallikal yaatra cheiyunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. yunaittad stetts sensus beuro prasidheekaricha 2011 leeii oru report anusarichu, yunaittad stetsile motham 132.3 dasalaksham aalukal avarude jolisthalathinum paarppida pradeshangalkkumidayil divasena yaatra cheiyunnu.
charakkukalum sevanangalum nedunnathino nalkunnathino ulla chalanam.
charakkukalum sevanangalum labhikkunnathin aalukalkk nagarathinullil sanjarikkendi vannekkaam, udaaharanathinu saadhanangal vaangunnathino nagaratthinte mattoru bhaagathulla klaasukalil pankedukkunnathino. sakthamaaya sevana sambadvyavasthayulla beljian nagaramaya brassels 2014ll 74 manikkoor gathagathakkurukkil paazhakkiya lokathile ettavum mosham gathagathakkurukkil onnaanu.
ganithashaasthra sidhaanthangal.
chila traaphik enchineeyarmaar traaphik ozhukkil draavaka chalanaathmakathayude niyamangal prayogikkaan sramichittundu, athine paippile draavakathinte ozhukkumaayi upamikkunnu. kanjashan simuleshanukalum thalsamaya nireekshanangalum kaanikkunnath, kanathathum ennaal swathanthravumaaya ozhukunna traafikkil, orotta motor oodikkunnayaalude pettennulla steering maanuvar polulla cheria sambhavangal ("butterfly efakttukal") moolamundaakunna jaam swamedhayaa undakam ennaanu. traaphik shaasthranjar atharamoru saahacharyathe supercooled draavakam pettennu maravippikkunnathinodu upamikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, oru draavakathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, gathaagathatthinte sugamamaya ozhukkine idaykkide badhikkunna signalukalo jangshanukalile mattu sambhavangalo gathagatha pravaahathe palappozhum badhikkunnu. boris kernerude three-phase traaphik sidhaantham polulla badal ganithashaasthra sidhaanthangal nilavilundu (speshiyodemboralum kaanuka).
nireekshicha yadhaartha gathagatha ozhukkumaayi saidhaanthika modalukalude mosham parasparabandham kaaranam, gathagatha aasoothrakarum haiway enchineeyarmaarum anubhavaparamaya modalukal upayogichu gathagatha ozhukk pravachikkaan shramikkunnu. avarude pravartthana traaphik modalukal saadhaaranayaayi macro, micro, mesoscopic savisheshathakalude samyojanam upayogikkunnu, koodaathe vaahanangalude grouppukale "plaattooning" cheiyunnathiloodeyum netvarkkinte vyakthigatha vibhaagangalkkullile phloo paattenukal kramarahithamaakkunnathiloode matricks entropy efakttukal cherkkaam. nettvarkkile linkukalile yadhaartha traaphik ozhukkukal alakkunnathiloode eee modalukal saadhaaranayaayi kaalibrett cheyyukayum adisthaana pravaahangal athinanusarichu krameekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
oru koottam ganithashaasthranjar "phaantam jaam" roopappedunnathine vivarikkunna oru maathruka vikasippicheduthittundu, athil kanatha traafikkil cheria thadassangal (oru driver breakil valare kadinamaayi idikkukayo allengil mattoru carinode valare aduthu varikayo cheyyuka) poornnamaayum vikasippichedukkunna svayam nilanirthunna traaphik jaam aayi vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. gaveshakar "jamittanukal" ennu vilikkunna atharam jaamukalude ganitham spodanangal ulppaadippikkunna spotana tharamgangale vivarikkunna samavakyangalumaayi shradheyamaayi saamyamullathaanennu manassilakkuka ennathaanu padanatthinte thacol, mittinte ganithashaasthra vibhaagathile lakcharar azlan kasimov parayunnu. 1950kalil aadyamaayi sidhaantham edutha traaphik jaam samavaakyangal pariharikkan aaa kandethal teamine praapthamakki.
saambathika sidhaanthangal.
tirakkeriya roadukal pothusamoohatthinte duranthatthinte udaaharanamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. mikka sthalangalilum roadukal soujanyamaayathinaal, avasarachelavu kaaranam aavasyam parimithamaakumbol gathagathakkurukku undaakunnathuvare avaa amithamaayi upayogikkathirikkaan drivermark saambathika prachodanam kuravaanu. saambathika prothsaahanangaliloodeyum niruthsaahangaliloodeyum tirakk kuraykkunnathinulla nadapadikalaayi haivekalude svakaaryavalkkaranavum rooad vilanirnayavum nirddeshichittundu. apakadangalo rooad varkkukal polulla aavarthikkaatha haiway sambhavangal kaaranam tirakk sambhavikkam, ithu roadinte sheshi saadhaarana nilayekkaal kurachekkaam.
thaarathamyena saadhaaranamaaya oru pravrithidivasathinte gunafalangal kaaranam tirakk manikkoor gathagathakkurukku anivaaryamaanennu saambathika shaasthranjanaaya aanthani dauns vaadikkunnu. oru muthalaalitha sambadvyavasthayil, vilanirnayathiloodeyo (panamadaykkaanulla kazhivu) allengil cuvingiloodeyo (aadyam varunnavarkk aadyam nalkuka) charakkukal anuvadikkaam; tirakk randaamathethinte oru udaaharanamaanu. roadukal veethikoottunnathiloodeyo automated haiway samvidaanangaliloode "phloo presher" vardhippikkunnathiloode peak-avar vahana yaathrayude (oru supply-side solution) motham aavasyam ulkkollaan kazhiyunnathra "pipe" valuthaakkunna parambaraagatha parihaarathinu pakaram, tirakk kuraykkunnathinu rooad vilanirnnayathinte kooduthal upayogathe (demand-side solution, demand phalapradamaayi ration cheiyunnathu) dauns pinthunaykkunnu, athuvazhi athil ninnu labhikkuna varumanam pothugathagatha padhathikalilekku uzhuthumarikkunnu.
american economic review" enna 2011 leeii oru patanam soochippikkunnathu "rooad tirakk sambandhicha oru adisthaana niyamam" undakam ennaanu."torrento sarvakalashaalayileyum lunden school oof economixileyum gaveshakar yuu. esil ninnulla daatta vishakalanam cheythu.ezz. 1983, 1993, 2003 varshangalile haiway prakadanavum nireekshana samvidaanavum janasamkhya, thozhil, bhoomishaasthram, gathagatham, rashtreeya gadakangal ennivayekkurichulla vivarangalum. labhyamaya paatha-kilometer rodukalude nerittulla anupaathathil sanjaricha vahana-kilometerukalude (vii. keey. tii) ennam vardhikkunnuvennu avar nirnnayichu. puthiya roadukal nirmmikkunnathum nilavilullava veethikoottunnathum kooduthal gathagathakkurukkinu kaaranamaakunnu, athu tirakk munbathe nilayilekku madangunnathuvare vardhikkunnu ennathaanu ithinte ardham.
vargeekaranam.
lokamembaadum upayogikkunna (allengil deseeya maarganirddeshangalude adisthaanamaayi upayogikkunna) us rekhayaaya haiway kappasitti maanuvalil nirvachichirikkunna aarr aksharangalulla eiii-eph level oof sarvees (loss) skeyilinte roopathilaanu traafikkinte gunaparamaaya vargeekaranam palappozhum cheiyunnathu. gathagatha enchineeyarmaar eee levelukal oru hraswarekhayaayi upayogikkukayum saadhaarana janangalkk traaphik levelukal vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee samvidaanam saadhaaranayaayi kaalathamasam athinte alavukalude adisthaanamaayi upayogikkumbol, vivarikkunna soukaryathe aashrayich prathyeka alavukalum sthithivivarakkanakku reethikalum vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru grameena rund varii rodinaayi mandagathiyilulla vaahanathe pinthudarunnathinu chelavazhikkunna sathamaanam samayam losilekku kanakkaakkumbol, oru nagara kavalayile loss onniladhikam signal cycleukaliloode kaathirikkaan nirbandhitharaaya drivermaarude ennam polulla alavukal ulkkollunnu.
gathagathakkurukku samayathum sthalathum sambhavikkunnu, athaayath.iii.ithu oru speshiyodemboral prakriyayaan. athinaal, traaphik thirakkinte mattoru vargeekarana schema alanna traaphik daattayil kaanapedunna chilathumayi bandhappettirikkunnu. gathaagathakkurukkinte saadhaarana speshiyodemboral anubhavaparamaya savisheshathakal, varshangalolam gathagatha nireekshanangalil alakkunna vividha raajyangalile vividha haivekalude gunanilavaarathil orupoleyaanu. kaalavastha, rooad avastha, rooad adisthaana soukaryangal, vahana saankethikavidya, driver savisheshathakal, pakal samayam muthalaayavayil gathaagathakkurukkinte pothuvaaya savisheshathakal swathanthramaanu. kernerude moonnu ghatta traaphik sidhaanthathil kaanapedunna "wide moving jaam", "synchronised phloo" traaphik gattangal enniva yathaakramam [jeey], [kall] ennivayaanu gathaagathakkurukkinte pothuvaaya savisheshathakalude udaaharanagal. gathaagathakkurukkinte pothuvaaya savisheshathakal modalukalude upayogathiloode sthalathum samayathum punarnirmikkaan kazhiyum.
prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal.
gathagathakkurukku niravadhi prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu
rooad rosham.
oru automobilinteyo mattu motor vaahanangaludeyo driverude aakramanaathmakamo deshyamo niranjatho aaya perumattamaanu rooad reju. atharam perumaattatthil parushamaaya aamgyangal, vaakkalulla apamanangal, surakshithamallathatho bheeshanippeduthunnatho aaya reethiyil manappoorvvam vaahanamodikkuka allengil bheeshanikal nalkuka enniva ulppedaam. rooad kopam tharkkangal, akramanangal, koottiyidi ennivaykku kaaranamaakukayum parikkukalkkum maranangalkkum polum kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. aakramanathmakamaaya drivinginte angeyattatthe kesai ithine kanakkakkaam.kaaliforniyayile loss enjalsile 405,110,10 freevekalil freeway vedivayppukalude oru raash sambhavichappol yunaittad stetsil eee padam uthbhavichath (prathyekichu, oru praadeshika television steshanaaya keey. tii. ell. ayile warta prakshepakaril ninnu). rooad roshathodeyo aakramanathmakamaaya thanthrangalodum aamgyangalodum koodi drivermarode engane prathikarikkanam ennathinekkurichu aaa motor clubble ninnu athinte amgangalodu eee vedivayppu prathikaranam polum srishtichu.
gunaparamaaya phalangal.
vaahanamodikkunnavare avarude yathrakal punaraarambhikkaan prothsaahippikkunnathi gunam tirakk undu, angane chelaveria rooad sthalam prathidinam kooduthal manikorukal poornnamaayum upayogikkunnu. pothugathagatham allengil cycleukal polulla kuranja paaristhithika aaghaathamulla ithara reethikal thiranjedukkaan ithu yaathrakkaare prothsaahippichekkaam.
nagarangalile rooad vegatha kuraykkunnathiloode gathagathakkurukku rooad apakadangalude aavruthiyum kaadinyavum kuraykkumennu vaadikkappettittundu. apakadangalude ennathinum gathaagathatthinte ozhukkinum idayil oru yuu-karvu nilavilundennu sameepakaala gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu, ithu uyarnna tirakk nilakalil mathramalla, roadle valare kurachu vahanangal ullappol kooduthal apakadangal sambhavikkunnuvennu soochippikkunnu.
ethir nadapadikal.
nagaraasoothranavum roopakalppanayum.
nagaraasoothranavum nagara roopakalppana reethikalum bhaaviyile gathaagathakkurukkinte thoth vardhippikkunnathil valia swaadheenam cheluthumenkilum avaa hraswakaala maattathinu parimithamaaya prasakthiyaanu.
aavasyavum vitharanavum.
rooad sheshi (vitharanam) vardhippikkunnathiloode gathagatham (aavasyam) kuraykkunnathiloodeyo tirakk kuraykkaam. sheshi pala tharatthil vardhippikkaamenkilum olinjirikkunna aavasyam kanakkiledukkendathundu, allaathapaksham athu pratheekshichathilum kooduthal shakthamayi upayogikkaam. sheshi koottunnathinulla sameepanathe vimarsikkunnavar ithine "ningalude beltt vittukondu ponnathadikkethire pooraadunnathumaayi" (munbu nilavilillaattha demand prerippikkunnu) thaarathamyam cheythu. udaaharanathinu, puthiya pathakal srishtikkumbol, mikkappozhum paarkk cheythirunna randaamathe kaar ulla kudumbangal eee randaamathe kaar yaathraykkaayi upayogikkaan thudangiyekkaam. rooad sheshi kuraykkunnathu swathanthramaaya thiranjeduppukal neekkam cheiyunnathum yaathrachelavum samayavum vardhippikkunnathum joliyilekku yaatra cheyyenda thaazhnna varumaanakkaarkk prathyekichu uyarnna bharam nalkunnathaayum aakramichittundu.
vardhicha vitharanathil inipparayunnava ulppedaam
demand kuraykkunnathil inipparayunnava ulppedaam
traaphik maanejment.
gathaagathathe nayikkunna budhiparamaaya gathagatha samvidaanangal ennu vilikkappedunnavayude upayogam
raajyam anusarichu.
austreliya.
sidney, melbone, brisbane, perth thudangiya pradhana australian nagarangalile tirakkeriya samayangalile gathagatham saadhaaranayaayi valare thirakkeriyathum vaahanamodikkunnavarkku ganyamaaya kaalathaamasathinu kaaranamaakunnathumaan. nilavile gathagatha vivarangal labhikkunnathin australiyakkaar pradhaanamaayum radio television aasrayikkunnu. vaahanamodikkunnavarkku gathagatha saahacharyangal nireekshikkunnathinum rile cheiyunnathinum gps, webcamukal, oonlain vibhavangal enniva kooduthalaayi upayogikkunnu.
bangladesh.
dhakkayil gathagathakkurukku asahaneeyamaayirikkunnu. druthagathiyilulla gathagatha samvidaanathinte samboornna abhavam; 30 varshathilereyaayi samyojitha nagaraasoothrana padhathiyude abhavam; mosham paripalanam, edaykkideyulla vellappokkavum mosham allengil nilavilillaattha drainage moolam kuzhikal vegathil nasikkunna rooad uparithalangal; kramarahithamaya nirthalum parking; mosham driving maanadandangal; niravadhi idungiyathum (naamamaathravumaaya) vanve rodukalulla badal roottukalude abhavam ennivayaanu mattu chila pradhana kaaranagal.
brazeel.
time" maasikayude abhipraayathil, lokathile ettavum mosham dainamdina gathagathakkurukku saavo pouloyilaanu. nagaratthinte traaphik maanejment ejansiyaaya "kambani dii enchenharia dii trafego" yill ninnulla reportukale adisthaanamaakki, 2014 meyy 23 nuu vaikunneram tirakk samayat nagarathinu chuttum kyoo nilkkunna charitraparamaaya tirakk record sthaapichu. 2013 november 14nuu kyoovukalode munbathe record undaayi.
1997 muthal ellah pravrithidivasangalilum tirakkeriya samayangalil plate nambarinte avasana akkam vazhi rooad space rationing nadappaakkiyenkilum, 20 dasalaksham varunna eee nagaratthil ippozhum kanatha tirakk anubhavappedunnu. vidagtharude abhipraayathil, 2003 muthal nadakkunna motorisation vegathayeriya nirakkum pothugathaagathatthinte parimithamaaya seshiyumaanu ithinu kaaranam. saavo pouloyil, gathagatham prathivarsham 7.5 sathamaanam nirakkil valarukayaanu, nagaratthil oro divasavum ekadesham 1,000 puthiya kaarukal vaangunnu. 2010 aakumbozhekkum 35 kilometer koodi nirmmaanathilaanenkilum aasoothranam cheythittundenkilum, metroic lineukal maathrameyulloo. ellah divasavum niravadhi pouranmaar moonnu muthal naalu manikkoor vare chakratthinu pinnil chelavazhikkunnu. 2008 juun 30 muthal trekkukalum bharam kuranja vaanijya vaahanangalum ulppeduthunnathinum niyanthrikkunnathinumaayi rooad space rationing prograam vipuleekarichu.
canada.
2010ll torrento board oof trade prakaram, sarveyil pankeduttha 19 nagarangalil ettavum tirakkeriya nagaramaayi torrento sthaanam nedi, sharashari yaathrasamayam 80 minittayirunnu.
chaina.
2008leeii venalkkaala olimpiks muthal chainees nagaramaya baijing oru licenses plate rationing aarambhichu, athil oro kaarum athinte licenses plettinte avasana akkathe aashrayich aazhchayil oru pravrithi divasam nagara koril ninnu nirodhichirikkunnu. 2016leeii kanakkanusarichu 11 pradhana chainees nagarangalum samanamaaya nayangal nadappaakkiyittund. 2010 avasaanathode, beijing nagaratthile vittumaaraatha gathagathakkurukku kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi, passenture kaarukalkk nalkunna puthiya plettukalude ennam prathimasam 20,000 aayi parimithappedutthuka, beijing ithara plettukalulla vahanangal tirakkeriya samayat anchaam ring rodinullile pradeshangalil praveshikkunnathu thadayuka, sabway samvidaanam vipuleekarikkuka thudangiya niravadhi kadutha nadapadikal prakhyaapichu. 2020 avasaanathode baijingle praadeshikamaayi rajisttar cheytha kaarukalude ennam 63 lakshathil thazheyaakkaan sarkkar lakshyamidunnu. koodaathe, shanghoy, gwaangshou, haangshou ennivayulppede onpathiladhikam pradhana chainees nagarangal kaar udamasthaavakaashathinte valarcha thadayunnathinulla shramathil passenture kaarukalkk nalkunna puthiya plettukalude ennam parimithappedutthaan thudangi. eee nayangal moolam pothugathaagathatthinulla vardhichuvarunna aavasyathinu marupadiyaayi, pala chainees nagarangalilum pothugathagatha samvidaanangal athivegam vipuleekarikkunathinulla aakramanathmaka paripaadikal nilavil nadakkunnu.
chainayile oru savisheshamaaya prathibhasamaaya kadutha gathagathakkurukku sambhavikkunnath chunyoon kaalaghattatthilo vasanthakala utsava yatra seasonilo aanu. chainees puthuvarshatthil mikka chainees janangalum avarude kudumbangalumaayi veendum onnikkunnath deerghakaalamaayi nilanilkkunna paarambaryamaanu. chainees puthuvarshatthil kudumbathodoppam veendum onnichu athaazham kazhikkaan aalukal avarude janmanaadilekku madangunnu. lokathile ettavum valia vaarshika manushya kudiyettamaayi ithine visheshippichittundu. 1970kalude avasaanam muthal chainayude saambathika kuthichuchaattathinum druthagathiyilulla nagaravalkkaranathinum sesham, palarum avarude janmanaattil ninnu ganyamaaya akalatthil jolie cheyyukayum padikkukayum cheiyunnu. gathagatha ozhukk saadhaaranayaayi dishaasoochanayullathaanu, kooduthal vikasita theeradesha pravisyakalil jolie cheiyunna janasamkhyayude valia bhaagathinu vikasithamallaatha ulpradeshangalile avarude janmanaadukalilekku yaatra aavasyamaanu. chunyooninte avasaanathode eee prakriya vipareethamaakunnu. 2016-leeii choonyoon kaalaghattatthinte 40 divasathinullil ekadesham 3 bilyan yathrakal nadathiyathinaal, chainees intersity gathagatha shringhala eee kaalayalavil angeyattam budhimuttilaanu.
2010 august hebey pravishyayile chaina deseeya paatha 110 traaphik jaam athinte theevratha kaaranam maadhyamashradha aakarshichu, august 14 muthal 26 vare neenduninnu, kuranjathu 11 divasathe motham grid loock ulppede. rooad jolikalum mangoliayile kalkkarippaadangalil ninnulla aayirakkanakkin kalkari trekkukalum chernnu divasena baijingilekku yaatra cheiyunnathaanu eee sambhavathin kaaranam. newyork times eee sambhavathe "2010 leeii grettu chainees gridlock" ennu vilichittundu. eee tirakk charithratthile ettavum mosham samayamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe 1980 februvari 16 nuu fraansile neenda liyon-paarees traaphik jaaminu sheshamulla ettavum dairkhyameriya onnaanu ithu.
aduthide, haangshou nagaratthil masthishkam sajeevamaayitheernnu, ithu gathagathakkurukku kuraykkunnu.
chainayile sabway nirmmaanangalekkurichu 2021 leeii oru padanatthil puthiya sabway laininte aadya varshathil rooad tirakk kuranjathaayi kandethi.
india.
valarunna oru madhyavargathinu ippol kaarukal vaangaan kazhiyunnathinaal indiayil vaahanangalude ennam athivegam vardhichukondirikkanu. indiayile rooad saahacharyangal vaahanangalude ennathile ganyamaaya valarchaykku anusrithamaayittilla.
ithinu vividha kaaranagal ivayaanu
indoneshya.
motor oayil kambaniyaaya kaastrol 2015ll nadatthiya oru padanamanusarichu, gathagathakkurukkinu lokathile ettavum mosham nagaramaan jakkartha. 78 raajyangalile tomtum naavigeshan upakaranagalil ninnulla vivarangale aashrayich, drivermar varshathil 33,240 thavana roadle kaarukal nirthukayum staartt cheyyukayum cheiyunnuvennu soochika kandethi. jakkartha kazhinjaal istanbul, meksikoo sitti, surabaaya, sent. peettezhsburg.
jakkaarthayile dainamdina tirakk sameepakaalathe oru prashnamalla. rooad vipuleekaranamillaathe vaanijya mekhalayude vipuleekaranam pradhana rodukalaaya jalan genderal sudirman, jalan emm ennivayil polum dainamdina tirakk vashalakunnathaayi kaanikkunnu.echu. 1970kalude madhyathil tamrin, jalan gajah madaa enniva.
2016ll jaavayile gathagathakkurukkil 22 perr marichirunnu. central jaavayile brebs eksitt allengil 'breksitt' ennu vilikkunna toll eksittil moonnu divasathe traaphik jaamil kudungiyavaril ivar ulppedunnu. 21 kilometer gathagathakkurukku nilanilkkukayum aayirakkanakkin kaarukal haiveyil kudungukayum cheythu. kaarban monoxide vishabaadha, ksheenam allengil choodu enniva moolam niravadhi aalukal marichu.
nyoosilaand.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham ninnu nyoosiland sakthamaaya kaar adhishtitha gathagatha nayangal pinthudarukayaanu (prathyekichu raajyathe janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu thamasikkunna ookklaandil, nyoosilandile ettavum tirakkeriya nagaramaan, koodaathe prathivarsham 95 manikkoor traaphik thirakkil irikkunna yaathrakkaarude gathagathakkurukkinu newyorkkinekkaal moshamaayi label cheythittundu), nilavil america kazhinjaal lokathile ettavum uyarnna aalohari kaar udamasthaavakaasha nirakkukalilonnaanu ivideyullathu. nyoosilandile motorvekalile drivermar sharashari yaathrayil manikkooril 20 kilometer kavian paadupedunnuvennum chilappol aramanikkooriladikam 8 kilometer vegathayil izhayunnathaayum report cheyyappedunnathinaal nyoosilandile gathagathakkurukku vardhichukondirikkanu.
phillippeans.
rioo dii janeero, saavo poulo, jakkartha enniva kazhinjaal metro manilayile gathagathakkurukku lokathile ettavum moshamaanenn ways nadatthiya oru sarway parayunnu. anadhikritha parking, loading, unloading, redu laitt adikkal, thettaaya reethiyil vaahanamodikkal thudangiya traaphik niyamangalude lamghanangal ithu kooduthal vashalaakkunnu. rajisttar cheytha vaahanangalude valia ennam, rodukalude abhavam, amita janasamkhya, prathyekichu manila, kalookkan nagarangalilum paatteros munisippaalittiyilum undaakunna gathagathakkurukku ennivayaanu metro manilayile gathagathakkurukkinu kaaranam. 2011ll gathagatham sambadvyavasthayil ₹1,000 nashtam varuthi, nirmmikkaatha roadukalum railway padhathikalum tirakk vardhippikkunnu. gathagathakkurukku niyantrikkaan kazhiyunnillengil 2030 oode dainamdina saambathika nashtam piechpi 6,000,000,000 aayi athumennu jappan internaashanal qoo-ooppareshan ejansi (jika) bhayapettu.
turkey.
sameepa varshangalil istanbul metropolittan munisippaalitti intalijant gathagatha samvidaanangalilum pothugathaagathatthilum valia nikshepam nadathiyittundu. ennittum istamboolil gathagatham oru pradhana prasnamaanu.
lokathile ettavum thirakkeriyathum pettennu nirthunnathumaaya randaamathe gathagatha maarggamaan istambul thiranjedutthathu. turkkiyile ettavum valia nagaratthile yatra samayam thaarathamyena kuranja tirakkeriya samayangalil polum sharashari 55 sathamaanam kooduthalaanu.
yunaittad kingdom.
1963-ll "pattanangalile gathagatham" enna reportinte adisthaanathil gathagatha vakupp nayangal roopeekarichathumuthal yunaittad kingdatthil chila nagara rooad shringalakalile tirakk anivaaryamaanennu audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappettittundu
puthiya roadukal nirmmikkunnathiloodeyum pothugathagatham vipuleekarikkunnathiloode cheyyaan saadhyamaayathellaam cheythukazhinjaalum, manappoorvamaaya parimithikalude abhaavathil, nammude nagarangalilekko athinullilekko marran sramikkunna kooduthal kaarukal undaayirikkum.
vardhichuvarunna tirakk yuke abhimukeekarikkunna ettavum gurutharamaaya gathagatha prashnangalilonnayi gathagatha vakupp kaanunnu. 2006 desember 1 nuu, brittanile gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangalude bhaviyekkurichu britiish sarkkar sponsor cheytha oru report rooad eddington prasidheekarichu. eddington gathagatha patanam rooad, reyil shringalakal mechappeduthunnathinulla nadapadiye "susthira uthppaadanakshamathayudeyum malsarakshamathayudeyum nirnaayaka sahayiyaayi" nirvachichu. 2025 oode englandinte sambadvyavasthaykku prathivarsham 22 bilyan poundu nashtam varuthaan edayaakkumennu eddington kanakkakkunnu. roadukal thirakkeriyathaayitheerunnathee sambadvyavasthaye baadhikkumenn addeham munnariyipp nalki. drivermaare kuranja reethiyil vaahanamodikkaan prolsaahippikkunnathi rooad vilanirnayam avatharippikkunnath "saambathikamaayi budhishoonyamaanu" ennu report puratthirakkiya eddington maadhyamapravarthakarodum gathagatha vyavasaya prathinidhikalodum paranju. aakarshakamaaya mattoru badalilla" ennu addeham paranju. ithu 2025 oode tirakk pakuthiyaayi kuraykkukayum britiish sambadvyavasthaykku prathivarsham 28 bilyan poundu nettamundaakkukayum cheiyumennu aaropikkappedunnu.
central landanil vaahanamodikkunnathinulla tirakk nirakk 2003ll avatharippichu. pathuvarshatthinushesham 2013ll, landanilekkulla gathagatham eee padhathi adisthaana saahacharyangalil ninnu gathaagathathil 10 sathamaanam kuravundaakkiyathaayum landanile vahana kilometerukalil mothatthil 11 sathamaanam kuravundaayennum report cheythu. eee nettangal undaayirunnittum, central landanile gathagatha vegatha kramena mandagathiyilaayi.
america.
texas transportation instittyoott kanakkaakkunnath, 2000-ll, ettavum valia 75 metropolittan pradeshangalil 3.6 bilyan vahana-manikkoor kaalathamasam nerittu, athinte falamaayi 5.7 bilyan yuu. ezz dollar.ezz. gaalan (21.6 bilyan littar) indhanavum 67.5 bilyan dollar uthppaadanakshamathayum nashtappettu, allengil raajyathinte gdpyude 0.7%. oro driverk valia nagarangalil ekadesham 1,000 dollar cheria nagarangalil 200 dollarumaan tirakk varshamtorum chelavaakunnathennum ithu kanakkakkunnu. pradhana nagarangalil gathagathakkurukku vardhikkukayum cheria nagarangalilum graamapradesangalilum kaalathamasam pathivayi vardhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
30 sathamaanam gathagathavum parking thirayunna kaarukalilaanu.
2019 leeii traaphik vishakalana sthaapanamaaya intix anusarichu, ettavum mosham 31 us traaphik tirakkeriya nagarangal (oru vaahanathin oru varsham paazhakkiya sharashari manikkoorukalil alakkunnu) ivayaanu
charakk tirakk (truck vegathayum yatra samayavum) sambandhicha 2010 leeii oru patanam anusarichu, sarkkil interchenchil chikkagoyile antharsamsthaana 290 aanu amerikkayile ettavum tirakkeriya haiway. trekkinte sharashari vegatha nyayamaayirunnu.
paraamarshangal.
bianchi alves, bii., & darido, jii. (2016, februvari 7). susthira nagarangal, rund anubandha velluvilikal kaalnadayaayi uyarnna nilavaaramulla gathagathavum kaaryakshamamaya nagara logistics (bhagam II). 2019 november 2nuu, HTTPS:// blogukalil ninnu veendeduthu.locabank.oorgu/transport/sustainable-sitti-tuu-related-chalanchukal-uyarnna nilavaaramulla-mobility-adii-kaaryakshamamaya-arban-logistics-1.
2019 leeii ettavum valia 100 truck thadassangal (2019, februvari 14). 2019 november 3nuu, HTTTPS:// trucking researchil ninnu veendeduthu.org/2019/02/06 atri-2019-truck-thadassangal/.
hugg, emm., & huu, dablyu. (2019, october 27). 1.prathidinam 5 dasalaksham paakkejukal internettu enn. eiii. yilek araajakathvam konduvarunnu.vaii. theruvukal. 2019 november 1nuu, HTTPS:// Www-ll ninnu veendeduthu.newyork times.com/2019/10/27 naireejiyan/naik-amasoon-delivari.echu. tii. emm. ell?thirayal phalam = 1.
popovichu, enn., & luu, dii. (2019, october 10). amerikkayile vahana udvamanathinte ettavum vishadamaaya bhoopadam. 2019 november 1nuu, HTTPS:// Www-ll ninnu veendeduthu.newyork times.coom/interactive/<aii. dii. 1> kalavastha/driving-emission-mapp.echu. tii. emm. ell?module = inline.
reed, ezz. (2018, septambar 21). landanil electric trekkukal paristhithi sauhruda delivarikal nadatthaan sahayikkunnu. 2019 november 3nuu, HTTPS:// Www-ll ninnu veendeduthu.newyork times.coom/<aii. dii. 1> bisinus/energy-envayonment/electric-ups-trekkukal-inn-lunden.echu. tii. emm. ell?module = inline.
runi, keey. (2019, epril 3). oonlain shopping aadyamaayi chillara vilppanayude oru pradhana bhaagathe marikadakkunnu. 2019 november 2nuu, HTTPS:// Www-ll ninnu veendeduthu.sii. enn. bii. sii.com/2019/04/02 oonlain-shopping-audyogikamaayi-ovartekku-ishtikayum-mortar-retail-aadyamaayi-ekkaalathum.echu. tii. emm. ell.

