
hydrajan spectral seerees

aattomik hydrajante emission spectrathe rideberg formula nalkunna tharamgadairkhyangalulla niravadhi "spectral seereesukalaayi" thirichirikkunnu. oru aattathile rund oorjja nilakalkkidayil electron parivartthanam cheiyunnathaanu eee nireekshicha spectral lineukalkku kaaranam. kwaandam mekkaaniksinte vikasanathil rideberg formula upayogichu shreniyude vargeekaranam pradhanamaayirunnu. hydrajante saannidhyam kandethunnathinum chuvanna shifttukal kanakkakkunnathinum jyotishaasthra spectroscopy spectral seerees pradhaanamaan.
bhauthikashaasthram.
oru hydrajan aattam athinte nucleusine parikramanam cheiyunna oru electron ulkkollunnu. electrone nuclear protone thammilulla vaidyuthakaanthikashakthi electroninu oronninum athintethaaya oorjjamulla oru koottam kwaandam avasthakalilekku nayikkunnu. hydrajan aattathinte booar model eee avasthakale nucleusinu chuttumulla vyathyastha bhramanapathangalaayi drishyavalkkarichu. oro oorjja nilayum, allengil electron shell, allengil bhramanapathavum chithratthil kaanichirikkunnathupole oru poornnasamkhyayaal nirvachikkappedunnu. booar modalinu pakaram pinneedu kwaandam mechanics upayogichu, athil electron oru bhramanapathathekkaal oru aattomik oorbittal ulkkollunnu, ennaal hydrajan aattathinte anuvadaneeyamaaya oorjja nila munbathe sidhaanthathil undaayirunnathupole thanne thudarnnu.
oru electron uyarnna oorjjaavasthayil ninnu thaazhnna oorjjaavasthayilekku maarumbozho chaadumbozho spectral emission sambhavikkunnu. rund avasthakaleyum verthirichariyaan, thaazhnna oorjjaavasthaye saadhaaranayaayi ingane nirvachikkunnu, uyarnna oorjjaavasthaye ingane nirddeshikkunnu. oru puranthallappedunna photoninte oorjjam rund avasthakalum thammilulla oorjja vyathyaasavumaayi poruthappedunnu. oro avasthayudeyum oorjjam sthiramaayathinaal, avaa thammilulla oorjja vyathyasam sthiramaanu, koodaathe parivartthanam ellaayppozhum ore oorjjamulla oru phottoon utppaadippikkum.
spectral lineukal anusarichu srenikalaayi tharamthirickunnu. oro shrenikkullilum greak aksharangal upayogichu shreniyude ettavum dairkhyameriya tharamgadairkhyam/ettavum kuranja aavruthi ennivayil ninnu aarambikkunna varikalkk thudarchayaayi perukal nalkunnu. udaaharanathinu, eee variye "lyman-alfa" (lye-α) ennum eee variye "paschen-deltta" (paa-δ) ennum vilikkunnu.
21 centimeter line pole eee shreniyil ninnu purathupokunna hydrajanil ninnulla malineekarana lineukal undu. eee udvamanarekhakal hyperfine parivartthanangal polulla valare apoorvamaaya aattomik sambhavangalumayi poruthappedunnu. sookshumamaaya ghadana, aapekshikamaya thiruthalukal kaaranam rando athiladhikamo adutha grooppucheytha nerttha rekhakalaayi prathyakshappedunna orotta spectral lineukalkku kaaranamaakunnu.
kwaandam mechanical sidhaanthathil, aattomik emissionte vyathiriktha spectrum pradhaanamaayum hydrajan polulla aattangalude oorjja spectrayekkurichulla padanathinaayi neekkivachirikkunna shroadinger samavaakyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athesamayam oru baahya vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgam nayikkunna oru aattathe padikkumbol samayathe aasrayikkunna thulyamaaya heisenberg samavaakyam soukaryapradamaanu.
oru aattam photonukalude agiranam allengil udvamanam prakriyakalil, samrakshana niyamangal oru aattavum photone polulla otappetta sisttam muzhuvan nilanirthunnu. athinaal phottoon agiranam allengil udvamanam prakriyayil electroninte chalanam ellaayppozhum nucleusinte chalanathodoppamaanu, nucleusinte pindam ellaayppozhum parimithamayathinaal, hydrajan polulla aattangalude oorjja spectra nuclear pindatthe aasrayichirikkanam.
rideberg formula.
booar modelle alavukal thammilulla oorjja vyathyaasangalum athinaal puranthallappedunna allengil agiranam cheyyappedunna photonukalude tharamgadairkhyavum rideberg soothravaakyamaanu nalkunnathu
evide
tharamgadairkhyam ellaayppozhum positteev aayirikkum, kaaranam ithu thaazhnna nilayayi nirvachikkappedunnu, athinaal ithu athinekkaal kuravaanu. eee samavaakyam ellah hydrajan polulla speesheesukalkkum saadhuthayullathaanu, i.iii. orotta electron mathramulla attangal, hydrajan spectral lainukalude prathyeka cases z = 1 nalkunnu.
parambara.
lyman seerees (= 1).
booar maathrkayil, kwaandam nambar n> 1 nte puram bhramanapathathil ninnu kwaandam nambar n '= 1 nte aadya bhramanapathathilekku electroninte parivartthanatthiloode purappeduvikkunna lineukal lyman shreniyil ulppedunnu.
1906-1914 ll ninnu spectral lineukal kandethiya athinte kandupiduthakkaranaaya theodor laimaante perilaanu eee seerees ariyappedunnathu. lyman seereesile ellah tharamgadairkhyangalum ultraviolet baandilaan.
balmer seerees (= 2).
oru baahya bhramanapathathil ninnu n> 2-lake bhramanapathathil n '= 2-lake parivartthanam cheiyunnathinte falamaayundaakunna rekhakalaanu bulmer shreniyil ulppedunnathu.
1885-ll balmer seerees pravachikkunnathinulla oru anubhavaparamaya samavakyamaaya balmer formula kandethiya johann baalmarinte perilaanu eee peru. charitraparamaayi balmer lainukale "echu-alfa", "echu-beetta", "echu-gaama" enningane vilikkunnu, ivide echu ennathu hydrajan moolakamaan. 400 enn. emm.-ll kooduthal neelavum 700 enn. emm.-ll kuravum ulla naalu bammer lineukal spektrathinte saankethikamaayi "drishyamaaya" bhagathaanu. balmer shreniyude bhagangal sourorjja spectrathil kaanaan kazhiyum. hydrajante saannidhyam kandethaan jyothishaasthrathil upayogikkunna oru pradhana rekhayaanu echu-alfa.
paschen seerees (booar seerees, = 3).
1908ll aadyamaayi avaa nireekshicha jarmman bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya friedrich paaschante perilaanu eee peru. paschen lainukalellaam infrared baandilaan. eee seerees adutha (bracket) seereesumaayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnu, i.iii. bracket shreniyile ettavum cheria varaykku paschen shreniyil varunna tharamgadairkhyamundu. thudarnnulla ellah parambarakalum ovarlaappu cheiyunnu.
bracket seerees (= 4).
1922ll aadyamaayi spectral lineukal nireekshicha american bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya frederic sumner braakkattinte perilaanu eee peru. bracket shreniyude spectral lineukal vidoora infrared baandilaan.
pii. eph. dii seerees (= 5).
1924ll august herman pii. fund aanu pareekshanaathmakamaayi kandethiyathu.
humphries seerees (= 6).
1953ll american bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya kurtis jeey. aanu ithu kandethiyathu. humpries.
kooduthal seerees (> 6).
kooduthal shrenikal peru velippeduthaathavayaan, pakshe rideberg samavaakyam nirddeshikkunna athe paattenum samavaakyavum pinthudaruka. shrenikal kooduthalaayi vyaapikkukayum tharamgadairkhyangal vardhikkumbol sambhavikkukayum cheiyunnu. vardhichuvarunna apoorva aattomik sambhavangalumayi poruthappedunna eee rekhakalum kooduthal mangukayaanu. 1972ll masaachyusets aamherst sarvakalashaalayil peettar hanson joonn strong chernnaanu infrared tharamgadairkhyangalil ezhaamathe parambarayile aattomik hydrajan aadyamaayi pareekshanaathmakamaayi pradharshippichathu.
mattu samvidaanangalilekkum vipuleekaranam.
oru nucleusine parikramanam cheiyunna orotta kanikayulla eathu systethilum rideberg formulayude ashayangal prayogikkaan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu oru heey + ayoon allengil oru myooniyam exotic aattam. sisttathinte booar aaram adisthaanamaakki samavaakyam parishkkarikkanam; udvamanam samanamaaya swabhaavamullathaayirikkum, pakshe oorjjathinte vyathyastha shreniyil aayirikkum. pickering-foular seerees yadhaarthathil pickering foularum pakuthi poornnasankhya parivartthana nilakalulla hydrajante anjjaatha roopathinu kaaranamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal heey + nucleusil ninnu undaakunna spectral lainukalaayi booar avaye shariyaayi thiricharinju.
matellaa aattangalkkum avayude neutral roopathil kuranjathu rund electronukalundennum eee electronukal thammilulla edapedalukal ivide vivarichirikkunnathu lalithamaaya reethikaliloode spectrathe apraayogikamaakkunnuvennum parayunnu. rideberg formulayude deduction bhauthikashaasthrathile oru pradhana ghattamaayirunnu, ennaal mattu moolakangalude spectrayilekkulla vipuleekaranam poortthiyaakkaan valare munbaayirunnu athu.

