paalasteente charithram

medittareniyan kadalinum jordan nadikkum (innu israelum palestine ulla sthalam) edayilulla pradesham ennu nirvachikkappedunna israel raajyavum vishudhabhoomiyum ennum ariyappedunna palasteen mekhalayile bhoothakaalathekkurichulla padanamaanu paalasteente charithram. moonnu bhookhandangalkkidayil thanthraparamaayi sthithi cheiyunna palasteenu matham, samskaaram, vaanijyam, raashtreeyam ennivayude kavalayayi prakshubdhamaaya charithramund. purathana eejipt, purathana israel, jootha, pershyan saamrajyam, mahanaaya alexander pingaamikalum, hasmonian, roman saamrajyam, niravadhi musleem khaleefakal, kurishuyudhakkaar thudangi niravadhi raajyangalum shakthikalum paalasteene niyanthrichittundu. aadhunika kaalath, eee pradesham bharichirunnathu automan saamrajyavum pinneedu yunaittad kingdow 1948 muthal ithu israel, vestt baank, ghaza strip enningane vibhajikkapettu.
avalokanam.
manushyavaasavum kaarshika samoohangalum nagarikathayum kanda lokathile aadyakaala pradeshangalil onnaanu palestine/israel pradesham. venkalayugathil, kaananiyakkaar chuttumulla nagarikathakalaal swaadheenikkappetta swatantra nagara-samsthaanangal sthaapichu, avayil venkalayugathinte avasaanathil eee pradesham bharichirunna eejipt ulppedunnu.
irumbukaalathu, israelum yoodayum enna rund israel rajyangal palasteente bhooribhaagavum niyanthrichirunnappol phillippines athinte thekkan theeram kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. bisi ettaam noottaandil assyriakkaar eee pradesham keezhadakki, pinneedu sii. yill babyloniakkaar. bii. sii. iii. 601, thudarnnu bii. sii. iii. 539ll babylonian saamrajyam keezhadakkiya pershyakkaar. bii. sii. iii. iii avasaanathil alexander dhii grettu pershyan saamrajyam keezhadakki, eee pradeshathu oru neenda kaalathe hellenisation aarambhichu. bisi randaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, hasmonian raajyam palestinereyum ayal pradeshangaludeyum bhooribhaagavum keezhadakkiyenkilum raajyam kramena romile oru saamanthanaayi maari, ithu bisi 63 ll eee pradesham koottichertthu. valia thothilulla jootha kalapangalaal roman judia aswasthanaayirunnu, athinu roome jarusalem randaamathe jootha shethravum nashippichu marupadi nalki.
naalam noottaandil, roman saamrajyam namakaranam cheyyappettappol, theerthaadakareyum sanyasimareyum pandithanmareyum aakarshikkunna palasteen kristhumathatthinte kendramaayi maari. 636-641 leeii levent musleem keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnu, palasteen niyanthranathinaayi mallayudham nadatthiya niravadhi musleem bharana rajavamshangal parasparam pinpattukayum cheythu raashidoonukal; paarayude thaazhikakkudavum jerusalemile alle-axa pally nirmmicha umayyadukal; abbaasidukal; ardha-swatantra thulunidukalum ikhshididukalum; faathimidukalum seljukkukalum. 1099-ll kurishuyudhakkaar palastheenil jarusalem raajyam sthaapikkukayum athu 1187-ll ayyubid sulthaanettu veendum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. mangolian saamraajyathinte adhiniveshathethudarnnu eejipt maamlukkukal 1516-ll automan saamrajyam eee pradesham keezhadakkunnathinum irupathaam noottaand vare ottoman syriayaayi bharikkunnathinum munbu paalasteene athinte niyanthranatthil veendum onnippichu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu britiish sarkkar palastheenil joothanmaarkkaayi oru deseeya bhavanam sthaapikkunnathine anukoolichu balfour prakhyapanam purappeduvichu. taamasiyaathe britishukaar ottomanmaaril ninnu palasteen pidichedutthu. 1922ll leag oof nations brittanu palasteeninu mail nirbandhitha adikaaram nalki. britiish colonial bharanavum palastheenilekkulla jootha kudiyettam thadayunnathinulla arab sramangalum arabikalum juthanmaarum thammil vardhichuvarunna vibhageeya akramatthilekku nayichu, oduvil 1947ll britiish sarkkar eee utharavu avasaanippikkanulla uddeshyam prakhyaapichu. ikyaraashtra potusabha paalasteene rund samsthaanangalaayi vibhajikkaan shupaarsha cheythu; oru arab, oru jootha. ennirunnaalum, palastheenil sthithigathikal arabikalum juthanmaarum thammilulla aabhyanthara yudhamaayi vashalayi. arabikal vibhajana padhathi nirasikkukayum juthanmaar athu prathyakshatthil amgeekarikkukayum britiish maandett avasaanichathinethudarnnu 1948 meyy maasathil israel samsthaanathinte swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. aduthulla arab rajyangal palestine aakramichu, ennaal israel vijayichu ennu mathramalla vibhajana padhathi vibhavanam cheythathinekkaal kooduthal bhoopradesam keezhadakkukayum cheythu. yudhasamayathu, 700,000, allengil ellah palastheeniyakkaaril 80 sathamaanavum israel keezhadakkiya pradeshathu ninnu palayanam cheiyukayo purathaakkappedukayo cheythu, palastheeniyakkaarkk "nakba" ("durantham") ennariyappetta oru saahacharyathil avare madangaan anuvadichilla. anuvadichilla avasaanathil aarambhich athinusesham pathittaandukalolam thudarnna arab lokath ninnu ekadesham 850,000 juthanmaar israelilekku kudiyeri ("alia" aayi).
yudhathinushesham, palestininte rund bhagangal maathrame arab niyanthranatthil avasheshichulloo jordan pidichadakkiya vestt baank (kizhakkan-jarusalem), 1967 leeii aarr divasathe yudhathil israel keezhadakkiya ghaza strip (eejipt kaivashappedutthiya). anthaaraashtra athirppukalkkidayilum israel eee adhinivesha pradeshangalil vaasasthalangal sthaapikkaan thudangi. athesamayam, yasser arafaathinte neethrthwathil sthaapithamaaya palasteen vimochana samghadanaykku (ploo, 1965 ll sthaapithamaayathu) nandi paranju palasteen deseeya prasthaanam kramena anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram nedi. 1993-ll israelum ploy thammilulla oslo samadhana udambadikal, samgharshathinu shaashvathamaaya pariharam labhikkathe gasayudeyum padinjaaran theeratthinteyum (ennaal kizhakkan jarusalemintethalla) bhagangal pravarthippikkunnathinu oru idakkaala sthaapanamaayi palasteen deseeya authority (pii. eiii) sthaapichu. kooduthal samadhana sambhavavikasangal amgeekarikkappedukayo nadappilaakkukayo cheythilla, sameepakaala charithratthil, israelum palastheeniyakkaarum thammilulla bandham aavarthichulla sainika samgharshangalaal adayaalappeduthiyittundu, prathyekichu islaamist grouppaaya hamaasumaayi, avayum paa nirasikkunnu. 2007ll hamas ippol padinjaaran theerathu maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku payil ninnu gaasayude niyanthranam nedi. 2012 novemberil, palestine samsthaanam (paa upayogicha peru) unnil oru amgamallaatha nireekshaka rajyamaayi maari, ithu potusabha charchakalil pankedukkaanum mattu un ejansikalil cheraanulla saadhyatha mechappeduthaanum anuvadichu.
charitraatheethakaalam.
eee mekhalayile aadyakaala manushyaavashishtangal galeeli kadalinu ekadesham 3 kilometer thekk jordan villal thaazhvarayile ubeediyayilaanu kandethiyathu. avashishtangal plistoseen kaalaghattatthile sii. 1.5 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu. aafrikkayil ninnu homo erectus aadyamaayi kudiyeriyathinte soochanakalaanu iva. eee saittil aculian tharatthilulla kaii achuthandukal undaayirunnu.
palastheenil charithraatheethakaalatthe aadyathe khananam nadanna sthalamaayirunnu suffed kadalinum galeeli kadalinumidayilulla nahal amood. 1925ll suttia guhayil "galeeli thalayotti" kandethiyathode eee pradeshathe manushyavikasanathinu chila soochanakal labhichu. naasarethinu thekk oru paleoanthropological saittaan khafseh, pradhana paara abhayakendrathil pathinonnu pradhana phoosil "homo sapiens" asthikoodangal kandethiyittundu. shaareerikamaayi eee aadhunika manushyar, muthirnnavarum shishukkalum, ippol ekadesham aii. dii. 1 vayass praayamullavaraanennum asthikalil palathilum chuvanna oochar kalarnittundennum ithu shavasamskara prakriyayil upayogichathayi anumaanikkappedunnu, ithu aachaaraparamaaya perumaattatthinteyum athuvazhi pratheekathmaka chinthayudeyum budhiyudeyum pradhana soochakamaanu. upayogikkaatha 71 chuvanna oocharukalum saittil chitharikkidannu.
carmel parvvatham niravadhi pradhana kandethalukal nalkiyittundu, avayil 60,000 muthal 48,000 bipi vare janavaasamulla kebara guha innuvare kandethiya ettavum samboornna neanderthal asthikoodavum ulppedunnu. thaazhnna, madhya paleolithic kaalaghattangalil (500,000 muthal ekadesham 40,000 varshangalkk munbu) eee tabun guha idaykkide kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. levantile manushyarude ettavum dairkhyameriya thozhilukalilonnaanu ithu avatharippikkunnathenn khananagal soochippikkunnu. aduthulla skul guhayil nadatthiya khananangalil samriddhamaaya microlithukal, manushya shavakudeerangal, nilam kallu upakaranangal ennivayude saannidhyam savisheshathayulla eppi paleolithic nachufian samskaarathinte aadya thelivukal velippeduthi. 200, 000 muthal 45,000 varshangalkk munbu eee pradeshathu undaayirunna niyaandartthalukal 100,000 varshangalkk munbulla aadhunika manushyarodoppam thaamasichirunna oru pradeshatheyum ithu prathinidheekarikkunnu. ramalla shukba guhakalil ninnum bethlahemile vaadi kharaidoonil ninnum kallu, maram, mrugangal ennivayude asthi upakaranangal kandethukayum nattufian samskaarathin (sii. 12,800-10,300 bce). eee kaalaghattatthile mattu avashishtangal tell abu hurera, ainn mallaha, baidha, jericho ennividangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu.
bisi 10,000 num 5000 num idayil kaarshika samoohangal sthaapikkappettu. jerichoyile tell ezz-sultanil ninnu atharam vaasasthalangalude thelivukal kandethi, athil niravadhi mathilukal, oru mathaparamaya kshethram, jerichoyude aantharika padikalulla oru gopuram enniva ulppedunnu, ithu lokathile ettavum pazhaya thudarchayaayi janavaasamulla nagarangalilonnayi vishwasikkappedunnu, bisi 9000 muthalulla vaasasthalathinte thelivukal, sameepa kizhakk aadyakaala manushyavaasathekkurichu pradhana vivarangal nalkunnu. chembu, kallu upakaranangalude upayogam adayaalappeduthiya syriayil ninnu uthbhavicha samskaramaaya jerico-dedd zee-biir ezz-saba-ghaza-sinaay roottil, puthiya kudiyetta grouppukale eee pradeshathekku konduvannu, ithu vardhichuvarunna nagara thunitharathinu sambhavana nalki.
loha yugangal.
cananian.
venkalayugathinte thudakkathil (bce), samathalangalilum theerapradeshangalilum sthithicheyyunna swatantra kaanaanait nagara-samsthaanangal, cheli-ishtika prathirodha mathilukalaal chuttappettathum, bhakshanathinaayi aduthulla kaarshika graamangale ashrayikkunnathum sthaapikkappettu. kaanaanait nagara-samsthaanangal eejipthumaayum syriayumaayum vyapara, nayatantra bandhangal pulartthiyirunnu. bisi 2300 oode kaanaanait nagara naagarikathayude chila bhagangal nasippikkappettuvenkum enthukondenna kaaryatthil samavaayamilla. jordan nadiyude kizhakk ninnu kunnukalil sthirathaamasamaakkiya naadodikalude kadannukayatangal taamasiyaathe thudarnnu.
madhya venkalayugathil (bce), purathana eejipt, mesopotamia, phoeneeshya, minovan kreett, syria ennivayude chuttumulla naagarikathakal canane swaadheenichirunnu. vaividhyamaarnna vaanijya bandhangalum kaarshika adhishtitha sambadvyavasthayum puthiya manpaathra roopangalude vikasanathinum munthiri krishikkum venkalathinte vipulamaaya upayogathinum kaaranamaayi. eee kaalam muthalulla shavasamskara achaarangal maranananthara jeevithathilulla vishwaasathaal swaadheenikkappettathaayi thonni. eee kaalayalavil eejipthumaayulla kaanaanya vyaapaarathekkurich eejipthile madhyarajyam vadhashikshayude grandhangal saakshyappeduthunnu. minovan swaadheenam tell kaabriyil prakadamaanu.
2020 meyy maasathil prasidheekaricha oru dna vishakalanam kaanikkunnath cocusasil ninnulla kudiyettakkaar praadeshika janasamkhyayumaayi koodichernnu venkalayugathil nilaninnirunna kaananait samskaaram srishtikkunnu ennaanu.
eejipshyan aadhipathyam.
bce, kaanaanait nagara-samsthaanangal puthiya eejipt raajyathin saamanthanmaraayi maari, athu ahmos onnaamanteyum tutmos onnaamanteyum keezhil levantilekku vyaapichu. eee kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil (bce) eejipthile ambasadermaarum kaanaanait proxy bharanaadhikaarikalum amarna aksharangal ennariyappedunna 379 cunifom gulikakalil rashtreeya, vaanijya, sainika sambhavangal rekhappeduthiyittundu. megiddoyile biridia, shekemile libayu, jarusalemile abdi-heba thudangiya praadeshika thalavanmaare iva paraamarsikkunnu. abdi-heba oru hurian peraanu, akkaalat kaananil thaamasichirunna dhaaraalam hurianmar praadeshikare "rhuru" ennu vilikkunna samakaalika eejipshyan grandhangalkku urappunalki. 
addehathinte bharanathinte aadyavarshathil faravo setti onnaaman (c. 1294-1290 bce) canane eejipshyan bharanathinu veendum anusarikkanulla oru pracharanam nadatthi, vadakku bait shian vare thalli, thante peril pradesham niyantrikkaan praadeshika saamanthanmaare sthaapichu. jesreel thaazhvarayil khananam cheytha kaanaanait shavappettikkullil ninnu addehathinte peru vahikkunna oru scarab labhikkuna oru shmashana sthalam eee pradeshathu eejipthinte saannidhyam saakshyappeduthunnu.
venkalayugathinte avasaanathe thakarcha.
venkalayugathinte avasaanathe thakarcha kanaan ulppedeyulla purathana sameepa kizhakkan pradeshangale valareyadhikam baadhichu. eejipthukar eee pradeshathu ninnu pinmari. hazor, bait sheeyan, megido, lachish, ekron, ashdod, ashkelon ennivayulppede niravadhi sthalangalil prathisandhi kaalaghattatthile naashatthinte paalikal kandethi. bisi 1250ll hazor nashich nooriladhikam varshangalkk sesham ekadesham bisi 1130ll lachishileyum megiddoyileyum naashatthinte paalikal praadeshika naagarikathayude neenda kaalathe thakarchayilekku viral choondunnu.
pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil aarambhich pathinonnam noottaandinte arambham vare thudarnnukondu, noorukanakkinu cheruthum surakshithamallathathumaya grama vaasasthalangal kaananil sthaapikkappettu, avayil palathum parvathapradesangalilaanu. avayil chilathil, israelileyum yoodayileyum nivasikalumaayi pilkkaalakhattatthil thiricharinja naalu murikalulla veedu polulla savisheshathakal aadyamaayi prathyakshappedunnu. kottakettya tounshippukalude sthaanathethiya mattu vaasasthalangalaal santhulithamaaya graamangalude ennam pathinonnam noottaandil kuranju.
aadyakaala israelyarum phillippines.
eejipthukar pinmariya sesham israelyarudeyum philippainsinteyum vaasasthalamaayi kanaan maari. bii. sii. iii. 1209ll faravo mernepta sthaapicha mernepta stelilaanu israel enna perinte aadya rekha rekhappeduthiyittullathu. thekk judian kunnukal muthal vadakku samarian kunnukal vare vyaapichukidakkunna ayanja nirvachikkapetta malambradeshamaaya madhya malambradeshangalil israelyar sthirathaamasamaakki. puraavastu thelivukalude adisthaanathil, avar eee pradeshathe balaprayogathiloode marikadannilla, pakaram thaddesheeya kaanaanait janathayil ninnu shaakhakal nedi. janasamkhya, paramavadhi naalppathiyanchaayiram, daridrarum samathalangalum theerapradeshangalum kaivashappeduthiyirunna kaanaanait nagara-samsthaanangalil ninnu thaarathamyena ottappettavarumaayirunnu. philishtyanmaaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, israelyar panniyirachi kazhikkukayum saadhaarana manpathrangal ishtappedukayum avarude aankuttikalude parichhedana nadathukayum cheythu.
panthrandaam noottaandil ejiyan mekhalayil ninnu kudiyeriya phillippines, palasteente thekkan theerathu sthirathaamasamaakki. israayelyarude athe samayathaan philippainsinte adayaalangal prathyakshappettath. irumbu aayudangal, rathangal, veenju pulippikkunnathinulla puthiya vazhikal enniva praadeshika janangalkk parichayappedutthiyathinte bahumati philippainsinaanu. kaalakramena, phillippines praadeshika janasamkhyayumaayi samyojippikkappedukayum avar, palastheenkaareppole, aadyam assyrian saamrajyavum pinneedu babylonian saamrajyavum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. aaram noottaandil avaa likhithacharithrathil ninnu aprathyakshamaayi.
israelileyum yoodayileyum rajyangal.
bii. sii. iii. patthaam noottaandilum onpathaam noottaandilum israelum yoodayum enna rund anubandha israel rajyangal uyarnnuvannu vadakku israelum thekk yoodayum. israel raajyangalilettavum sambannamaaya rajyamaayirunnu, oru praadeshika shakthiyaayi vikasichu. bii. sii. iii ettaam noottaandode israayelyarude janasamkhya 500-ladhikam vaasasthalangalilaayi ekadesham 160,000 aayi vardhichu.
aadhunika jordaanil sthithicheyyunna ammon, edom, movab ennee rajyangalumaayum aadhunika syriayil sthithicheyyunna araam-damascus rajyavumaayum israelum yoodayum nirantharam ettumutti. annu gileyad ennariyappettirunna transjordante vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshavum israelyar adhivasichirunnu. bii. sii. 1200 muthal 586 vareyulla kaalayalavil israel, yoodaa rajyangalil hebru oru samsaarikkunna bhashayaayi abhivridhippettu.
oomraid rajavamsham vadakkan israel saamraajyathe valareyadhikam vipuleekarichu. onpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil, vadakku damascus muthal thekk movab pradesham vare vyaapichukidanna ithu israel ithararaaya dhaaraalam aalukale bharichu. bii. sii. iii 853ll israel rajaavaaya ahab kharkhar yudhathil assyrian virudha senayude oru sakhyathe nayichu, athu assyriayile rajaavaaya shalmanesar moonnaamante adhiniveshathe pinthirippichu. kurachu varshangalkk sesham, israayelinte saamanthanaaya movaabile rajaavaaya mesha athinethire kalapam nadathukayum transjordanile pradhana israelya vaasasthalangal nasippikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. iii. 830-kalil, araam damascasile rajaavaaya hazael israayelinte phalabhooyishtavum thanthrapradhaanavumaaya vadakkan bhagangal keezhadakki, athu raajyathe nashippichu. philippainsile gathu nagravum addeham nashippichu. bii. sii. onpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, jehu raajaavinte keezhil israel assyriayude oru saamanthanaayi maarukayum kappam nalkaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu.
assyrian adhiniveshangal.
assyriayile rajaavaaya tiglath pileser moonnaaman saamraajyathinte saamantharaajyangalude samvidaanathil athrupthi prakadippikkukayum avaye kooduthal nerittu niyanthrikkaano allengil assyrian pravisyakalaayi maattaano theerumaanichu. bii. sii. 734 muthal bii. sii. 645 vare tiglath pileser addehathinte pingaamikalum palestine keezhadakki. eee nayam palasteenine sambandhichidatholam shaashvathamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakki, kaaranam athinte ettavum sakthamaaya rajyangal thakarkkappedukayum valia naashanashtangal varuthukayum raajyangalile janasamkhyayude chila bhagangal naadukadatthappedukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. iii. 720ll israel raajyam athinte thalasthaanamaaya samaria aseeriyakkaarude kaivashamaayathode unmoolanam cheyyappettu. saargon randaamante rekhakal soochippikkunnathu addeham raajyathe 27,290 nivaasikale vadakkan mesopotemiyayilekku naadukadatthiyennaanu. niravadhi israelyar thekkan rajyamaaya yoodayilekku kudiyeri. bii. sii. 715-ll hiskiah yehudayil adhikaarathil vannappol eejipthumaayum ashkelonumaayum sakhyamundaakkukayum kappam nalkaan visammathichu aseeriyakkaarkethire kalapam nadathukayum cheythu. ithinu marupadiyaayi assyriayile sanhereeb yoodayile kottakettya nagarangale aakramichu. bii. sii. iii. 701ll sanhereeb jarusalem uparodhichenkilum nagaram orikkalum pidichedukkappettilla. 
assyrian vipuleekaranam thekkott thudarnnu, kramena eejipt keezhadakkukayum bisi 664-ll theebs pidichedukkukayum cheythu. yoodaa raajyavum theeradesha samathalathile nagara-samsthaanangalude oru nirayum swathanthramaayi thudaraan anuvadichu; assyrian kazhchappadil, avaa durbalav bheeshaniyillaathathumaayirunnu.
babylonian, pershyan kaalaghattangal.
babylonian kaalaghattam.
bii. sii. iii. 631ll ashurbanipal raajaavinte maranathethudarnnundaaya pinthudarchaavakaasha poraattangal assyrian saamraajyathe durbalapedutthi. ithu baabilonine kalapam nadatthaanum oduvil assyriayude bhooribhaagam pradeshangalum keezhadakkaanum anuvadichu. athesamayam, eejipt athinte adikaaram veendum urappikkukayum sainika samrakshanathinu pakaramaayi nikuthi adaykkaan baadhyastharaaya oru saamantharaajyangalude samvidaanam eee mekhalayil srishtikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. iii. 616ll, babylonian bheeshanikkethire mangikkondirikkunna assyrian saamraajyathin vendi edapedaan eejipt vadakkott sainyathe ayachu. eee edapedal parajayappettu; bii. sii. iii. 612-ll baabilon assyriayude nineway rund varshathinu sesham harren pidichedutthu. 609ll eejipthile faravo neco randaaman thante sainyavumayi veendum vadakkott neengi. chila kaaranangalal, eejipthile bays megiddoyilvechu addeham yehoodyaraajaavaaya josiyaavine vadikkukayum kurachu maasangalkk sesham yehoyakkimine yehoodayude rajaavaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. iii. iii carchemish yudhathil babyloniakkaar eejipshyan sainyathe paraajayappeduthi, ithu avare naililekku thirichupokaan kaaranamaayi. adutha varsham babylonian rajaavaaya nebookhadnesar philippain nagarangalaya ashdod, ekron, ashkelon, ghaza enniva nashippichu. bii. sii. iii. 601 aayappozhekkum levantile ellah muun samsthaanangalum babylonian kolanikalaayi maari.
babyloniakkaar avarude mungamikalaaya aseeriyakkaarudeyum naadukadatthappetta janangaludeyum achaarangal thudarnnu, avarude sainika sakthiye ethirthu. avaril palarum baabilonil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum aseeriyakkaarumaayulla neenda pooraattatthiloode thakarnnupoya raajyam punarnirmikkaan upayogikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. iii. 601ll nebookhadnesar eejipt aakramichathil paraajayappedukayum athu thante sainyathe punarnirmikkaan babylonilekku pinwangan nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu. eee parajayam balaheenathayude adayaalamaayi vyaakhyaanikkappettu, ithu chila saamantharaajyangalkk koorumattatthinu kaaranamaayi, avayil yoodaa ulppedunnu, ithu yoodaaya-babylonian yudhathilekku nayichu. 598ll jarusalem uparodhikkukayum athinte kalapam avasanippikkukayum cheythukondu nebookhadnesar prathikarichu. 597-ll yehudayile rajaavaaya jaconia jarusalemile prabhukkanmareyum pourohithyatheyum babylonilekku naadukadatthi.
587ll nebookhadnesar yerooshalem uparodhikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu, ithu yehuda raajyathin anthyam kurichu. dhaaraalam yoodaayikale babylonilekku naadukadatthi. yoodayum ghaza, ashkelon, ashdod, ekron ennee phillippines nagara-samsthaanangalum pirichuvidukayum navaa-babylonian saamraajyathil pravisyakalaayi samyojippikkukayum cheythu. navaa-babylonian saamraajyathinte jootha bharanavibhagamaaya yehud pravisyayaayi yoodaa maari.
pershyan (achemenid) kaalaghattam.
bii. sii. iii. 539ll mahanaaya siras baabilon keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnu, palasteen pershyan achemenid saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi. eee mekhalayil kuranjathu anchu pershyan pravishyakalenkilum nilaninnirunnu yehud medinatta, samaria, ghaza, ashdod, askalon. innathe lebananil phoeneeshyan nagara-samsthaanangal abhivridhi praapichukondirikkumbol arabikkaraaya gothrangal thekkan marubhoomikalil vasichirunnu.
kootta naadukadatthal upayogichu keezhadakkiya janasamkhyaye niyanthricha thante mungaamikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, keezhadakkiya raajyangalkk mathaswaathanthryam nalkunna oru prakhyapanam siras purappeduvichu. pershyakkaar naadukadatthappettavare avarude janmanaattil punaradhivasippikkukayum avarude shethrangal punarnirmikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. chila pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil, eee nayam svayam vimochanakaarikalaayi avatharippikkan avare sahayichu, saamraajyathinte pravishyakalile janangalude nanma nedi.
bii. sii. iii. 538ll pershyakkaar naadukadatthappetta joothanmaare jarusalemilekku madangaan anuvadichu. juthanmaar ennariyappettirunna juthanmaar pershyan bharanathin keezhilulla svayambharana jootha pravisyayaaya yehud medinatta allengil yehud ennariyappettirunna pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakki. babyloniakkaar nashippicha jarusalemile aadyathe kshethram thirichethiya jootha janathayude aabhimukhyathil punarnirmmichu.
yehud medinaattayil pradhana mathaparamaya parivartthanangal nadannu. aaa kaalaghattatthilaanu israel matham ekadaivavishwaasiyaayi maariyath-mattu daivangalude nilanilpp ippol nishedikkappettu. munbu, israayelinte deseeya daivamaaya yahway palaril ninnum oru daivamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. joothamathathe savisheshamaakkunna niravadhi aachaarangalum perumattangalum sweekarikkappettu.
yahoodanmaareppole yahwe aaraadhikkukayum israayelyarude poorvvikar avakaashappedukayum cheiyunna vamseeya-mathavibhagamaaya samarittanmaar samaria pradeshathu vasichirunnu. assyriakkaar bakkiyulla chila israelyarkkoppam eee pradeshathu punaradhivasippicha desheeyathakalude samyojanamaayirunnu samarittanmaar ennu parakke vishwasikkappedunnu. jerisim parvathatthe kendreekarichulla samarittan kshetra aaradhana, jarusalemile morea parvathatthe kendreekarichulla joothanmaarude kshetra aaraadhanayumaayi malsarikkukayum rund grouppukal thammilulla deerghakaala shathruthayilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. shekkeminaduthulla gerisim parvvathatthile avarude kshethrathinte avashishtangal anchaam noottaandilethaanu.
palastheenil mattoru janatha edomaittukalaayirunnu. thudakkathil, avarude raajyam aadhunika jordaante thekkan pradesham kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve pinneedu kizhakk ninnu vanna naadodi gothrangal avare padinjarottu thalli, avaril nabaadiyanmaarum ulppedunnu, athinaal avar joodiyayude thekkan bhaagangalilekku kudiyeri. babylonian yoodaye keezhadakkunnathinu onno rando thalamurakalk munbu thanne eee kudiyettam aarambhichirunnuvenkilum yoodaye durbalappeduthiyathode vegatha vardhichu. avarude pradesham idumiya ennariyappettu.
bii. sii. iii aaram noottaandinteyum anchaam noottaandinteyum thudakkathil pershyakkaar aadhunika lebanon aasthaanamaayulla tayar, sidoon ennivayude phoeneeshyan raajaakkanmaarkk theeradesha samathalathinte niyanthranam ashdod vare nalki. orupakshe samudra vyapaaram sugamamaakkunnathino allengil avarude naavika sevanangalkulla thirichadavu enna nilayko aayirikkam. ekadesham athe samayam, mukalile galeeli tyreine nalkappettu. naalam noottaandinte madhyathil feenishyanmaar thekkan theeradesha samathalathile askalon vare theeram muzhuvan kaivashappedutthi.
naadodikalaaya arabikkaraaya gothrakkar negev marubhoomiyil chuttikkarangi. vadakku ghaza muthal thekk arabian upadveep vare vyaapichukidakkunna marubhoomi vyapara paathakalude niyanthranam kaaranam pershyakkaarkk avaa thanthraparavum saambathikavumaaya paramapradhaanamaayirunnu. pravishyakalile janangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, gothrangale prajakalalla, saamraajyavumaayi "suhruthukkal" aayi kanakkaakkukayum pershyayil ninnu kurachu swaathanthryam aaswadikkukayum cheythu. naalam noottaandinte pakuthi vare, thekk hijas muthal vadakku negev vare vyaapichirunna aadhipathya gothramaayirunnu khedaaraittukal. bisi 380 oode, pershyakkarkkethiraaya parajayappetta kalaapathil khedaaraittukal cherukayum athinte falamaayi avarkk avarude kunkumappoo vyapara aanukoolyangal nashtappedukayum cheythu. transjordanile petrayil thalasthaanamaaya arab gothramaaya nabatians vyapara aanukoolyangal etteduthu. avar abhivridhi praapicha oru nagarikatha nirmmicha negevil svayam sthaapichu.
vinashakaramaaya greco-pershyan yudhangal undaayirunnittum, greak saamskaarika swaadheenangal kramanugathamaayi uyarnnu. aaram noottaandinte avasaanathilum anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum greak nanayangal pracharikkaan thudangi. aaram noottaandil greak vyapaarikal theerathu vyapara kendrangal sthaapikkukayum athil ninnu greak seramics, kalaasrishtikal, mattu adambara vasthukkal enniva irakkumathi cheyyukayum cheythu. eee vasthukkal janapriyamaayirunnu, palastheenil sambannamaaya oru veedinum greak manpathrangal illaayirunnu. praadeshika kushavanmar greak charakkukale anukarichuvenkilum avarude charakkukalude gunanilavaaram greekkukaarekkaal thaazhnnathaayirunnu. palastheenil aadyathe nanayangal feenishyanmaarum thudarnnu ghaza, ashkelon, ashdod ennivar achadichu. naalam noottaandinte randaam paadatthil yehud nanayangal achadikkaan thudangi.
bii. sii. iii. 404ll eejipt pershyan nukam valicheriyukayum palasteen, phoeneeshya ennividangalil athinte swaadheenavum sainika shakthiyum vyaapippikkaan thudangukayum pershyayumaayulla ettumuttalukalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. pradesham keezhadakkukayum veendum pidichedukkukayum cheythathode rashtreeya lolakam angotum ingottum neengi. oru hraswakaalathekku eejipt theeradesha palestine, phoeneeshya ennee rajyangal niyanthrichu. 343ll eejipt pershya veendum keezhadakki.
aaram noottaandode, vadakku galiliyilum samariayilum aramic bhasha saadhaarana bhashayaayi maarukayum palastheenil hebruvinu pakaram samsaarikkunna bhashayaayi maarukayum athu eee pradeshatthinte "lingwa franca" aayi maarukayum cheythu. yehudayil hebru upayogathilundaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum madangiyethiya naadukadatthappettavar araamya swaadheenam thirike konduvannu, pershyan kaalaghattatthil mattu vamseeya vibhagangalumaayi ashayavinimayam nadatthaan aramyar upayogichu. uyarnna varggakkaarude bhashayaayum mathabhashayaayum hebru thudarnnu.
hellenistic kaalaghattam.
bisi 330-kalude avasaanathil, mahanaaya alexander egypthilekkulla yaathraamadhye palasteen keezhadakki. pradeshatthinte pershyan niyanthranam ithinakam kuranjathinaal eee adhinivesham thaarathamyena sankeernamallaathathaayirunu. thangalude pouranmaare shikshayaayi konna alexanderinu udan keezhadangaatha nagarangal tyre ghaza mathramaayirunnu.
bii. sii. iii 323-ll alexanderude maranashesham, addehathinte vishalamaaya saamrajyam "diadochi" ("pingaamikal") ennariyappedunna addehathinte janaralukalkkidayil vibhajikkapettu, avar athinte niyanthranathinaayi parasparam poraadi. eejipthinte bharanadhikaariyaayi tolami onnaaman soottar svayam sthaapichu. addehathinte pradhana ethiraali diadochi antigonus oy monophthalmus aayirunnu, addehavumaayi addeham niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi paalasteente niyanthranam etteduthu. tolami bce palestine pidichadakkiyenkilum akramicha antigonasumaayulla ettumuttal ozhivakkaan bce 310ll pinmaarendivannu. diadochi seleucus onnaaman nikkettarude sahaayathode bii. sii. iii 312-ll addeham palasteen pidichedutthu, pakshe aantigonasinte sainyam veendum adukkunnathinaal kurachu maasangal maathrame athu nilanirthaan kazhinjulloo. bisi 312 leeii sambhavangal bce 302 ll aavarthichu, ennaal bce 301 ll antigonasine diadochi rajaakkanmaarude sakhyam paraajayappedutthukayum pravishya seleuxinu nalkukayum cheythu. thanikk nalkenda pravishya keezhadakkaan seleucus sramichilla, addehathinte muun sakhyakakshiyaya tolami athu kaivashappedutthi. ennirunnaalum, addeham athinte avakaashavaadam upekshichilla, ithu adutha noottaandil tolamiyudeyum cellucidinteyum pingaamikalkkidayil palasteente niyanthranathinaayi niravadhi yudhangalkku kaaranamaayi. eee yudhangalil anchil, bce, cellusidukal tolamikalil ninnu palasteene nanmaykkaayi keezhadakki.
keezhadakkiya janangalude aabhyanthara kaaryangalil ninnu vittuninna pershyakkaarkk vipareethamaayi, greekkukal avar niyanthrichirunna pradeshangalil greak bhasha, samskaaram, achaarangal, matham, vaasthuvidya enniva avatharippichu-hellenisation ("greekvalkkaranam") enna prakriya. palastheenil hellenisation vyaapakamaayirunnu; greak samsaarikkunnathum greak achaarangal sweekarikkunnathum uyarnna varggakkaarkk niravadhi aanukoolyangal nalki. phillippeans paarambaryangal ulkkollunna hellenistic manpathrangal abhivridhippettu.
greekkukaar "poolis" ennariyappedunna niravadhi greak nagarangalum sthaapichu, avayil thaamasikkunnavarkk nikuthi elavukalum mattu aanukoolyangalum nalkiyirunnu. poolisi" ll greak shailiyilulla sarkkaarukalum greak sthaapanangalum greak devanmaarude aaraadhanaykkulla shethrangalum undaayirunnu. eee nagarangalil palathum puthiya sthaapanangalaayirunnil, marichu palappozhum rajaakkanmaarude perilaanu punarnirmmikkukayum punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythath. udaaharanathinu, aco tolamise (tolomic kaalaghattatthil eee pradeshatthinte thalasthaanamaayi maari) aayi punarnirmikkappettu, ammonayarude thalasthaanamaaya rabbat-amoon philadelphia ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu (tolami randaaman philadelphosinte peril). poolis" enna padam greekkukaare jeevithanilavaram uyarnnavarude vishwasthatha nedikkodutthu.
tolomic, cellusid kaalaghattangal.
bii. sii. iii 201 vare neenduninna tolomic yugam niravadhi yudhangal undaayirunnittum palasteenin samadhaanathinteyum samriddhiyudeyum samayamaayirunnu. vyapaaravum vaanijyavum abhivridhippettu, prathyekichu palastheenil ettavum hellenized pradeshangalil.
tolomic rajaakkanmaarkkum ellah hellenistic rajaakkanmaarkkum oru adisthaana ashayam ellah bhoomiyum avarude swakaarya swathaayi kanakkaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. leasing samvidaanavum samsthaana melnottavum upayogichaanu krishi niyanthrikkappettath. enna, daanyam, uppu, linan, bear thudangiya niravadhi pradhana charakkukalil samsthaana kuthakakal nadappaakki. tolamikal nikuthi krishiyum avatharippichu; sambannaraaya pradeshavaasikalkk nikuthi piriv lelam cheyyal. lelam cheytha thuka uyarthunnathil nikuthi karshakar parajayappettaal, avarkk avarude swantham pokkattil ninnu kuravukalkku panam nalkendivannenkilum avarkk micham sookshikkaan kazhiyum. nikuthi krishi athil earppettirikkunna niravadhi aalukalkk valare prayojanakaramaanennu thelinju. nikuthi karshakarum byoorokraattukalum bhooribhaagavum greekkukaaraayirunna eejiptil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, palastheenil ithu oru thaddesheeya uyarnna varggathe grameena janasamkhyaykkum sarkkar samvidaanathinum idayil edapedaan anuvadichu. eee nayangal tolomic rajaakkanmaare lokathile ettavum sambannaraakkiyenkilum thaazhnna varggakkaare saadhyamaaya ettavum valia chooshanam urappakkukayum cheythu.
alexandriayile jootha samooham palasteenu purathulla jootha samskaarathinte ettavum pradhanappetta kendramaayi maari. tolami randaaman philadelphasinte bharanakaalathu, jarusalemil ninnu alexandriayilekku konduvanna munimar hebru baibilinte aadya greak vivarthanamaaya septtuvajint (elxx) nirmmichu. athinte mahathaaya swaadheenam kaaranam, ekkaalatheyum ettavum valia vivarthanamaayi ithine visheshippikkappedunnu.
201ll cellusidukal tolamikale paraajayappedutthiyenkilum muun pravisyayaaya syria phoeneeshya avarude niyanthranathilaakaan 198 samayameduthu. palasteente thudarchayaaya hellenisation joothanmaare aakaamkshayode hellenise cheiyunnathinethire parambaraagathamaayi nilakondu. aadyathethinte yaadhaasthithikatha avare pinthirippichuvennu randaamathethinu thonni. bisi 175-ll jarusaleminte pradhana purohithanaaya jayson cellusid rajaavaaya antiocus naalaamane antiochia enna peril oru "poolis" aayi nagaram punarnirmikkaan bodhyappedutthi.
hasmonian kaalaghattam.
167-ll, antiocus naalaaman sabat aacharanam, parichhedana, bhakshana niyamangal ennivayulppede yoodaayism nirodhichukondu oru utharavu purappeduvichu. lamghanangalkku vadhasiksha nalkendi vannu. randaamathe jootha kshethram greak devanaaya siyasinu punarnirmikkappettu. adichamarthalinte kaaranam anjjaathamaanu; oru sidhaantham paarambaryavaadikalkku marakamaaya praharam ealppikkunnathinaayi hellenisermar rajaavinu ithu nirddeshichathaayi karuthunnu, mattonn bhakthar prakopippicha aswasthathaykkulla shikshayaanennum moonnaamathethu kshetra neethrthwathile parajayappetta attimari rajaavu kalaapamaayi thettidharichuvennum karuthunnu. kaaranam enthuthanneyaayaalum, athu hasmonian kudumbatthile judas mcabusinte neethrthwathilulla oru kalaapathilekku nayichu, eee samayat jootha vimathar cellusid sainikarkkum hellaneekaraaya "niyamaviruddha" joothanmaarkkumethire garilla yuddham nadatthi.
164-ll antiocus IV (allengil addehathinte makan antiocus V) eee saasanam raddaakkukayum joothanmaarude avadhidinamaaya hanuka anusmarippikkunna oru paripaadiyaaya kshethram shudheekarikkaanum avarude daivathinu veendum samarppikkaanum joothanmaare anuvadikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, athe varsham thanne, saamraajyathe asthirappeduthikkondu, thiranjeduttha raajakudumbathil oru noottaand neenduninna pinthudarchaavakaasha yuddham pottipurappettu. youdas sahacharyam muthaledukkukayum sathrutha puthukkukayum cheythu. cellusidukale durbalappedutthaan shramicha romakkarum vimathare pinthunachu.
yoodaasinusesham addehathinte sahodaran jonathan, elavukal nedunnathinaayi selquid simhaasanathilekkulla avakaashavaadikale parasparam naipunyathode paraajayappeduthi. bii. sii. iii. 157-ll cellusidukal jonaathanumaayi oru karaarilethukayum pinneedu addehathe yoodiyayude ettavum pradhanappetta padaviyaaya pradhana purohithanaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. jonathanteyum addehathinte pingami sahodaranumaaya saimaninte nayathanthram phalam kaanukayum 140 oolam joodiyakal "yadhaarthathil" swathanthramaayirunnu.
selyoosidinte thudarchayaaya aabhyanthara poraattam judiaykku swatantra bharanam nalkukayum 130 muthal athu ayalkkaare keezhadakkaan thudangukayum cheythu. keezhadakkiya pradeshathe joothanmaarallaathavare balamaayi joothamathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyukayum puratthaakkukayo kappam nalkukayo cheythu. edomyar joothanmaaraayi maarukayum gerisim parvvathatthile samarittan kshethram nasippikkappedukayum cheythu. 100 aayappozhekkum judia vadakku galeeli muthal thekk negav vare palestine ulnaadan pradesham muzhuvan ulppeduthi. 100 muthal 70 vare hasmoniakkaar theerathum transjordanilum niravadhi "poolikal" keezhadakki. yudhavum athumaayi bandhapetta kollayum hasmonian rajakkanmareyum jarusaleminte kshetra sthaapanatheyum avishwasaneeyamaamvidham sambannamaakki.
roman kaalaghattam.
bii. sii. 63-ll, hasmonian kottaaratthile oru pinthudarchaavakaasha yuddham, noottaandukalolam neenduninna roman bharanathinte thudakkam kurikkunna, jootha raajyathe romile oru kakshiyakkaanulla avasaram roman general pompeik nalki. jarusalemine pirichuvitta sesham, addeham hasmonian veshakkaaril oralaaya hircanus randaamane pradhana purohithanaayi niyamichu, pakshe rajaavu enna padavi nishedhichu. hasmoniakkaar keezhadakkiya bhooribhaagam pradeshangalum mattu raajyangalkk nalkappettu, judiyayil ippol judia proper, samaria (sebaast ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta samaarya nagaram ozhike), thekkan galeeli, kizhakkan idumiya enniva maathrame ulppedunnulloo. bii. sii. 57ll romakkarum jootha vishwastharum hairkkaanasinte sathrukkal samghadippicha oru prakshobhatthe adichamarthi. kooduthal aswasthathakal illaathaakkaamenna pratheekshayil romakkar raajyathe anchu svayambharana jillakalaayi punasamghadippichu, oronninum jarusalem, sephoris, jericho, amathus, gadara ennividangalil kendrangalulla swantham mathasabhayund.
"hasmonianmaar kaivashappeduthukayo nasippikkukayo cheytha "poolis" punarnirmmikkukayum avar avarude svayambharana padavi veendedukkukayum cheythu. ithu pala greak nagarangaludeyum punarjanmathinu thulyamaavukayum avare kramarahithamaya oru pradeshathu rominte vishwastha sakhyakakshikalayi maattukayum cheythu. rominte varavine anusmarippikkunna puthiya dating samvidaanangal sweekarikkunnathiloodeyo roman udyogastharude perukal svayam punarnaamakaranam cheiyunnathiloodeyo allengil monograamukalum roman udyogastharude mudrakalum ulla nanayangal achadikkunnathiloodeyo avar nandi prakadippichu.
roman aabhyantharayudhangal konduvanna roman lokathile prakshubdhatha judiayile roman pidikku aashvaasam nalki. bii. sii. iii. 40-ll paarthiyan saamrajyavum avarude jootha sakhyakakshiyaya antigonus dhii hazmonian hyproyit hiercanus randaaman, faasal, hairkkaanasinte pramukha pakshapathiyaaya aantipettarinte makanaaya herode onnaaman ennivarude neethrthwathilulla oru roman anukoola jootha senaye paraajayappeduthi. avarkk syria palasteen keezhadakkaan kazhinju. antigonasine judiayile rajawaki. herode romilek palayanam cheyyukayum avidevechu roman senatt "joothanmaarude rajaavu" aayi thiranjedukkappedukayum judia thirichupidikkaanulla chumatala nalkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. iii 37-ll, roman pinthunayode, herode judia veendedukkukayum hasmonian raajavamshathinte hraswakaala punarjanmam avasaanikkukayum cheythu.
herodian rajavamshavum roman judia.
naayakan onnaaman, allengil pinneedu ariyappettathupole, mahanaaya naayakan, bisi 37 muthal 4 vare bharichu. niravadhi nirmmaana padhathikalkkum, pradeshatthinte abhivridhi vardhippikkunnathinum, oru svechaadhipathiyum niravadhi rashtreeya, kudumba goodaalochanakalil earppettathinum addeham prashasthanaayi.
naayakan jarusalem mukalil ninnu thaazhekku punarnirmmikkukayum nagaratthinte anthass valareyadhikam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. 14 hector visthruthiyulla valia muttamulla randaamathe kshethrathinte punarnirmmaanamaayirunnu naayakante ettavum valia nettangalilonnu, athu saamraajyathile ettavum valia gadanakalilonnaayi maari, innum kshethraparvvathamaayi kaanapedunnu. joothanmaarude yaagaaraadhanayude kendramaayum oru deseeya baankaayum oru vinodasanjaara, theerthaadana kendramaayum pravarthicha eee kshethram saamraajyathinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla sandarshakare aakarshikkukayum avayil palathum puthuthayi nirmmicha thuramukha nagaramaya siseriya maarittimayiloode kadannupokukayum cheythu. roman judiayile ettavum valia thuramukhavum kizhakkan medittareniyan mekhalayile ettavum valia thuramukhangalilonnumaayirunu siseriya. maarkkat, akwadakt, sarkkar offeesukal, kulangal, villakal, sarkkas, purajaatheeya shethrangal enniva upayogichu athyaadhunika roman enchiniyaring upayogichaanu nagaram nirmmichathu.
eee kaalayalaviludaneelam jootha janasamkhya kramena vardhikkukayum eee pradesham valia nagaravalkkaranatthinte oru tharamgam kaanukayum cheythu. thaarathamyena churungiya kaalayalavil vyathyastha valuppathilulla 30-ladhikam pattanangalum nagarangalum sthaapikkukayo punarnirmmikkukayo vipuleekarikkukayo cheythu. mahathaaya kalaapathinte thalennu eee raajyathe jootha janasamkhya 22 laksham vare aayirunnirikkam. randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil jarusalem thanne valippathilum janasamkhyayilum ettavum uyarnna nilayiletthi, nagaram 200,000 janasamkhyayullappol.
pala juthanmaarum nayakane hasmoniyanmaaril ninnu simhasana moshticha oru pidichadakkunnayaalayi kandu. addeham thante thanne niyukthare mahapurohithanmaaraayum thiranjedutthu. koodaathe, juthanmaar ellaayppozhum idyoomiyanmaare vamsheeyamaayi ashudharaayi kaanumaayirunnu. athilum moshamaayi, heeroyude amma oru arabiyayirunnu, oru jootha amma janichillengil oraalkk jutanakan kazhiyillennu pothuve karuthappettirunnu. yaadhaasthithikar addehathinte greak abhiruchiyude peril addehathe nindikkukayum addeham sunheadrine engane durbalapedutthi ennathinu sadookikal addehathe nindikkukayum niyamathe nindikkunna aareyum pareesanmaar nindikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte vishudheekaranangalil roman shakthiyude pratheekamaaya oru swarnna kazhukane kshetra kavaadathinu mukalil sthaapikkunnathum ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, thante raajyathil ulppeduthunnathinaayi valia pradeshangal nalki aadaricha thante roman adipanumaayi addeham mikacha bandham nilanirtthi.
bisi 4-ll herodinte maranathethudarnnu, aswasthathayude oru tharamgam eee pradeshathe ilakki marichu. romakkaarude sahaayathode naayakante makan archalos ithu vegathil thakarthu. veerante raajyam vibhajikkappedukayum addehathinte moonnu puthranmaarkk nalkukayum cheythu. pothuvarsham 6-ll archalos durbharanathinu naadukadatthappedukayum judia nerittu roman bharanathin keezhil varikayum cheythu.
jootha-roman yudhangal.
nerittulla roman bharanam punasthaapikkappettathindi sesham judiayile samgharshangal vardhichu. uyarnna vargakkaar romakkare anukoolichu, kaaranam athu avarude prathyeka padavi urappunalkunnu, pakshe grameena vargam angane cheythilla, swaathanthryathinum viplavathinumulla avarude aagraham vardhichu. escatological, messianic pratheekshakalkk aakkam koottiya hasmonian rajaakkanmaarude ujjwalamaaya oormmakal kalaapathinte saadhyathakalekkurich apakadakaramaaya vyaamohangal srishtichu.
pothuvarsham 66-ll, grettu jootha kalapam ennum ariyappedunna aadyathe jootha-roman yuddham pottipurappettu. naalu varsham neenduninna yuddham roman chakravarthimaaraaya vespassian titus thakarthu. pothuvarsham 70-ll romakkar jarusalem nagaram pidichedukkukayum nagravum randaamathe shethravum nasippikkukayum cheythu. kalaapasamayath 1,100,000 juthanmaar marichuvennum 97,000 pere thadavilaakkiyennum ezhuthiya jootha charitrakaaranaaya josephus eee sambhavangal vivarichu. nashtaparihaaratthinte bhaagamaayi roman saamraajyathiludaneelamallu joothanmaarude mail physcus judicus adichelppikkappettu.
eee kaalaghattatthilaanu aadyakaala kristhumathatthinteyum joothamathathinteyum vibhajanam sambhavichathu. yochanan benn sakaayiyude neethrthwathilulla jootha pareesha prasthaanam romumaayi samadhaanam sthaapikkukayum athijeevikkukayum cheythu. valia kalaapathethudarnn, juthanmaar ganyamaaya thothil palastheenil thaamasikkunnath thudarukayum avarude matham aacharikkan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. galiliyile janasamkhyayude moonnil rund bhaagavum theerapradeshathe moonnilonnu perum joothanmaaraayirunnu. pothuvarsham 132-ll juthanmaar veendum rominethire kalapam nadatthi. kalaapathinte kaaranagal anjjaathamaanu; parichhedanaykkulla nirodhanam (romakkar jananendria chhedanamaayi kanda) athinu kaaranamaayathaayi oru sidhaantham karuthunnu, mattonn sii. iii. 130-ll jarusalem veendum sthaapikkaanulla chakravartthiyude theerumaanam, 70-ll nashichathinusheshavum thakarnnukondirikkunna oru roman kolaniyaayi, oru purajaatheeya kshethram kondu poortthiyaakkappetta, kalapam nadatthaan paryapthamaaya bhaktharaya joothanmaare vranappeduthi. baar kokhba kalapam adichamarthaan moonnu varshameduthu, iruvashathum valia chelavukal varuthi. thathfalamaayi, palasteen joothajeevithathinte kendram kalaapathil ninnu vittuninna galiliyilekku maari. baar kokhba kalapam palasteen janasamkhyayil valia maattam kandu. mothatthilulla naashatthinte vyapthiyum vyapthiyum dioo kaasiyasinte "roman charithratthinte" avasaanathe saaraamshathil vivarikkappedunnu, avide addeham prasthaavikkunnath raajyathe roman yudhapravarthanangalil 580,000 juthanmaar marichuvennum niravadhi perr pattiniyum rogavum moolam marichuvennum, athesamayam avarude ettavum pradhanappetta 50 autposttukalum avarude ettavum prashasthamaaya 985 graamangalum thakarkkapettu ennum. "angane," dioo cassius ezhuthunnu, "yoodayayude eathaandu muzhuvan bhaagavum shoonyamaayi."
syria paalasteena pravishya.
baar kokba kalaapasamayatho athinusheshamo, galeeli, paralia ennivaykkoppam hadrian judia pravisyayil chernnu puthiya pravisyayaaya syria paalestina roopeekarichu. chila pandithanmaar eee pravartthanangale jootha janataye avarude maathrraajyathu ninnu vichedikkaanulla sramamaayi kaanunnundengilum eee sidhaantham charcha cheyyappedunnu.
orupakshe 4,000-ll kooduthal nivaasikalillaattha valare kuranja sainika kolaniyaaya eliya kaapitolinayaayi jarusalem veendum sthaapikkappettu. nirodhanam karsanamaayi nadappaakkappedaathe thudarnnulla noottaandukalil nagaratthile joothanmaarude pathukke sthirathaamasamaakkiyenkilum, baar kokbha kalaapathinte shikshayaayi joothanmaare nagaratthil ninnu nirodhikkukayum sameepat sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. randaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum elutheropolis, diospolis, nicopolis ennividangalil puthiya nagarangal sthaapikkappettu.
sthaapikkappettu, palmyrine rajaavaaya odenathus pershyakkaare (sasanian saamrajyam) paraajayappeduthaan romanmaare sahayikkukayum naamamaathramaayi rominte saamanthanaanenkilum, syria paalestinayudeyum sameepa kizhakk rominte mattu kaivashamulla pradeshangaludeyum yadhaartha bharanadhikaariyaayi maarukayum cheythu. addehathinte vidhava senobia svayam verpirinja palmyrine saamraajyathinte chakravarthiyaayi prakhyaapichuvenkilum 272ll avar romakkarodu parajayappettu.
mathaparamaya vikasanangal.
onnaam noottaand jootha palastheenil mathaparamaya punarujjeevanatthinte samayamaayirunnu. joothanmaare sambandhichidatholam, avare videsha aadhipathyathil ninnu mochippikkukayum samadhaanathinteyum samriddhiyudeyum suvarnna kaalaghattatthilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunna daivika edapedal ennartham varunna escatological vishwaasangal saadhaaranamaayirunnu. eee suvarnnakaalakhattam varunnathinu munbu anthimavidhi pratheekshichukondu aalukal anuthapikkanamennu escatologistukal padippichu. kristhumathatthinte aditharayundaakkiya vishwaasangalulla yeshuvinte anuyayikalaayirunna niravadhi jootha vibhagangal sajeevamaayirunnu.
valia kalaapathin munbu, kshethrathile rakthadaanam jootha aaraadhanayude pradhana roopamaayirunnu; purushanmaar pathivayi yaagam konduvarumennu pratheekshichirunnathinaal videshathu thamasikkunna aalukal onnukil theerthaadanam nadathukayo mrugangale avarude peril yaagam cheyyaan ayaykkukayo cheythirunnu. ithu kshethrathil pravarthicha purohitanu ganyamaaya saambathika shakthiyum rashtreeya adikaaravum antass nalki. noottaandukalaayi nilaninnirunna eee saamoohika kramam, kshethram nasippikkappettappol athinte sthaapanangalodoppam-mahapurohithanteyum sunheadrinteyum oafees-aprathyakshamaayi. athinte sthaanathu, shethrathinu pakaram sinagog yagavum praarthanayum vedagrandhapadanavum upayogichu oru puthiya yoodaayism roopappettu. eee parivarthanatthinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu pareeshanmaarude athmeeya pingamikalaaya rabbikalaayirunnu, kshethrathinte kendramallatha grouppukalil oraalaayirunnu avar. athuvare vaakkalulla paarambaryangalum mathaparamaya niyamangalum nashtappedumennu avar bhayappedukayum avaa ezhuthithudangukayum cheythu. eee sramam baabilonil ekadesham 499 ll samaaharicha babylonian talmoodil kalaashichu.
kristhyaanikalum juthanmaarum vigraharaadhanayaayi roman devanmarkku yaagam cheiyunna nirbandhitha roman sanbradaayathe veruthirunnu. joothanmaare atharam yagangal cheiyunnathil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum pothuvarsham 70 muthal pakaram "physcus judicus" ennariyappedunna nikuthi nalkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, kristhyaanikal ozhivakkappettilla, thyagangal cheyyaanulla avarude vimukhatha avare peedippikkaan kaaranamaayi.
baisaantain kaalaghattam.
naalam noottaandil veliyettam kristhumathatthinu anukoolamaayi maari. saamrajyam kanda ettavum theevramaaya kristhyaanikalkkethiraaya peedanathodeyaanu eee noottaand aarambhichath, ennaal kristhumatham roman stettu charchaayi maariyathode avasaanichu. orupakshe saamraajyathile janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam perum appol kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettavaraayirikkam. romile aadyathe kristhyan chakravarthiyaaya konstaantain dhii grettu aayirunnu eee parivarthanatthinu pradhana ghadakam. aabhyantharayudhangalude parambarayil thante athiraalikale paraajayappeduthi addeham simhaasanathil kayarukayum thante vijayangalkk kristhumathatthe credit cheyyukayum cheythu. konsttantain kristhumathatthinte theevra pinthunakkaaranaayi maarukayum sabhaykkum athinte purohithanmarkkum saambathikavum niyamaparavumaaya aanukoolyangalum pourabhaarangalil ninnulla prathirodhavum nalkunna niyamangal purappeduvikkukayum cheythu. kristhyan vibhagangal thammilulla daivashaasthraparamaaya tharkkangal pariharikkunnathin addeham naisiya kaunsil polulla ecumenical kaunsilukale sponsor cheythu.
rominte namakaranam palastheenil aazhathilulla swaadheenam chelutthi. yeshuvine krooshikkukayum samskarikkukayum cheythathayi karuthappettirunna jarusalemile vishudha kallarayude pally addeham janichathaayi karuthappettirunna bethlahemile janmasthalathinte pally polulla kristhyaanikal aaradhikkunna sthalangalilaanu pallikal nirmmichathu. eee kaalayalavil palastheenil nirmmicha 140-ladhikam kristhyan ashramangalil, innum upayogathilulla maar saaba, waddy kelttile sent jorjinte ashramam, jerichoykkaduthulla pralobhanatthinte ashramam ennivayulppede lokathile ettavum pazhakkamullavayil chilath ulppedunnu. jootha marubhoomiyil bhaktharaya sanyasimaaraayi jeevikkaan purushanmaar thirakkilangukayum taamasiyaathe palasteen eremitic jeevithathinte kendramaayi maarukayum cheythu. 451-ll chalsedonile ecumenical kaunsil jarusalemine oru purushaadhipathyathilekku uyarthukayum roome, alexandria, anthiyokya, konsttanttinpol ennivaykkoppam kristhumathatthinte anchu svayambharana kendrangalil onnaayi maarukayum cheythu. eee uyarcha palasteen sabhayude anthaaraashtra anthass valareyadhikam vardhippichu.
palastheenil valia samriddhiyudeyum saamskaarika abhivridhiyudeyum kaalamaayirunnu baisantain yugam. puthiya pradeshangal krishi cheyyappedukayum nagaravalkkaranam vardhikkukayum niravadhi nagarangal avarude ettavum uyarnna janasamkhyayilethukayum cheythu. pattanangal kooduthalaayi puthiya poura basilikkakal, kadakalkku sthalamulla porticode theruvukal, pallikaludeyum mattu mathaparamaya kettidangaludeyum nirmmaanam enniva avarude sambadvyavasthaye shakthippeduthi. irupathaam noottaand vareyulla ettavum uyarnna janasamkhyayaaya palestine motham janasamkhya onnara dasalaksham kavinjirikkaam.
alexandriayudeyum ethansinteyum padanakendrangale marikadannu siseria ghaza medittareniyan mekhalayile ettavum pradhanappetta rund patana kendrangalaayi maari. ivide, kristhyan pandithanmaar vaachaadopangal, charithralekhanam, sabhaa charithram, charithrathe classic cheyyal, hagiography ennee vishayangalil sradheyamaaya kruthikal nirmmichu. jarusalemil jolie cheiyunnathinide sent jerom pazhaya niyamatthinte (hebru baibil) oru laattin vivarthanam hebru vaachakathil ninnu nerittu nirmmikkaan purappettu. akkaalat, ellah vivarthanangalum bisi moonnaam noottaandil vivarthanam cheyyappetta greak septhuvaajintine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, athu thripthikaramallennu jerom karuthi. addehathinte pravartthanangal valgettinu kaaranamaayi, athu catholica sabhayude audyogikamaayi prakhyaapicha baibilinte laattin pathippayi maari. eusebius thante bhooprakrithiyilulla kruthiyaaya "onomaastikkon oonn dhaa plays names inn daivika thiruvezhuthu" enna kruthiyil baibil vivaranagalil ninnulla perukalum sthalangalum palastheenil nilavilulla pradesangalumaayi bandhappedutthaan shramichu. eee kruthikal palasteene oru kristhyan vishudhabhoomiyaayi paashchaathya kazhchappadayi sangalppichu.
moonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, roman pravishya bharanakoodam pravishyakale cheria bharana unitukalaayi vibhajichu niravadhi parishkaarangalkk vidheyamaayi. chakravartthikkethire kalapam nadathaanulla sakthamaaya sainikavibhagangalulla pravishya gavarnarmaarude kazhivine parimithappedutthukayum oro govarnorude niyanthranatthilulla pradesham kurachukondu karyakshamatha mechappeduthukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu uddeshyam. pravishyakale "diosisukal" ennu vilikkunna praadeshika grouppukalaayi thirikkukayum cheythu. kizhakkan pravishyakale koottimuttikkunna roopathayaaya "diosis ooriyantees"-nte bhaagamaayi syria paalasteena maari. naalam noottaandil, palestine, ayal pradeshangal "paalasteena prima", "paalastina sekkanda", "paalastina tertia" allengil "paalastina salutaris" (onnu, randaamathu, moonnaamathe paalastain) ennee pravisyakalaayi punasamghadippikkappettu. "theeradesha samathalangal, judia, samaria ennivayulppede palasteente madhyabhagangal siseriyayil thalasthaanamaaya "paalasteena prima" ulkkollunnu. "vadakkan transjorden, lover jesreel thaazhvara, galeeli, gollen pradesham enniva ulppedunna saithopolisilaanu paalestina sekundayude thalasthaanam. "petra thalasthaanamaaya "paalestina tertia" yill negev, thekkan transjorden, sinaayiyude chila bhagangal enniva ulppedunnu. 395ll roman saamraajyathinte vibhajanathinushesham moonnu palestine pradeshangalum kizhakkan roman saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi.
jootha samoohangal yoodayude theerangalilum vadakkan palasteen, siseriya, sithopolis ennivayulppede niravadhi "poolisukalilum" abhivridhi praapichu. baisantain kaalaghattatthil janasamkhyayude avarude vihitam kuranjekkaam, pakshe ethratholam ennathu anishchithathvathilaanu. 351/2 ll, galiliyil oru jootha kalapam nadannirikkaam. 361-ll puthiya chakravarthiyaaya juuliyan kristhumatham upekshikkukayum bahudaivavaadam sweekarikkukayum kristhumathatthinte vardhichuvarunna swaadheenathe vipareethamaakkaan purappedukayum cheythu. eee shramathinte bhaagamaayi jarusalemile jootha kshethram punarnirmikkaan addeham utharavittu. oru puthiya kshethram athinte naashathekkurichulla yeshuvinte pravachanatthe asaadhuvaakkum ennathaayirunnu vishayam, ithu kristhyaanikal yeshuvinte daivathvathinte thelivaayi kandu. ennirunnaalum, apakadangal, attimari allengil bhookambam, 363-ll jooliyante maranathethudarnnu kristhumathatthinte aadhipathyam punasthaapikkal enniva kshethram punarnirmmikkanulla sramam avasaanippichu. 438ll juthanmaarkku jarusalemil aaradhana nadatthaan thaalkkaalikamaayi anuvaadam labhichittundaakam.
palastheenil ettavum kooduthal arab vamshajarullathu kristhyan gassanid arabikalaayirunnu. moonnaam noottaandil thudangi, avar thekkan arabiyil ninnu kudiyerukayum paalasteena sekundayilum paalastina tertiayilum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu, avide avar baisaanttainsinte buffer sonukalaayi pravartthikkunna rund klayant rajyangal srishtichu. baisaantainmaarude toppukalude uravidamaayirunnu ghasaanidukal, pershyakkaarkkum avarude sakhyakakshikalaya arab lakshmeedukalkkumethire avarumaayi poraadi.
106-ll romakkar rakthachorichillaathe nabadian klayant raajyathinte pradesham arabia petria pravishyayilekku kootticherthuvenkilum niravadhi pradhana vyapara pathakal niyanthrichirunna nabadianmar abhivridhi praapichukondirunnu. nabadian saamraajyathinte samyojanam hellanaiseshante mandagathiyilulla prakriya aarambikkukayum naalam noottaandinu sesham aupachaarika aavasyangalkkaayi greak araamyare maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu. mikka nabaadiyanukalum orupakshe kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettavaraayirikkam.
anchaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum aaram noottaandinte thudakkathilum samarittanmaar niravadhi kalapangal nadatthi. aadyathethu 484ll sambhavichu, athine adichamarthaan ganyamaaya shakti aavashyamaayirunnu. emm. tii. yill samarittanmaarude sinagog. shikshayaayi gerisim oru palliyayi maatti. 529ll samarittanmaar kristhyaanikaleyum joothanmaareyum akramikkukayum estettukalum pallikalum kathikkukayum cheythappol mattoru kalapam nadannu. aayirakkanakkin samarittanmaare adimakalaakkiya kristhyan gassanid arabikalude sahaayathode baisaantains kalapam adichamarthi. 556ll moonnaamathe kalapam pottipurappettu. ithavana juthanmaarum samarittanmaarum kristhyaanikalkkethire chernnu. eee kalapangalekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoovenkilum kristhyaanikalallaathuvar baisaantainmaarude vivechanamaanu avaykku kaaranam. kalaapangalum adhikaarikalude samarittan virudha nayangalum samarityanmaarude ennam kurayukayum palastheenil kristhyan aadhipathyam urappikkunnathin kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
602ll baisantain saamrajyavum athinte kizhakkan ethiraaliyaaya pershyan saamrajyavum (sasanid saamrajyam) thammilulla avasana yuddham pottipurappettu. 613-ll pershyakkaar levent akramikkukayum juthanmaar jarusaleminu svayambharanaadhikaaram nedaamenna pratheekshayil bysantainsinethire kalapam nadathukayum cheythu. adutha varsham pershyan-jootha sakthikal siseria jarusalem pidichedukkukayum pallikal nasippikkukayum kristhyan janataye koottakkola cheyyukayum yadhaartha kurish mattu avashishtangalum trophikalaayi edukkukayum cheythu. juthanmaar jarusalemil aadhipathyam nediyengilum janasamkhyayude bahubhooripakshamaaya kristhyaanikalude paksham cherunnathu pershyakkaarkk kooduthal uchithamaanennu thonnukayum 617-ll pershyakkaar nagaram avarkk thirike nalkukayum cheythu. athesamayam, roman chakravarthiyaaya heracleus vijayakaramaya oru thirichuvaravu aarambhichu. <aii. dii. 1] aayappozhekkum addeham pershyan hridayabhoomiyilekku munnerukayaayirunnu. pershyakkaar samaadhaanathinaayi cases phayal cheyyukayum avar pidicheduttha roman pravishyakalum moshticha avashishtangalum thirike nalkendivarikayum cheythu. 629 maarchil heracleus vijayakaramaayi yadhaartha kurish jarusaleminu thirike nalki. joothanmaarude munkaala vanchanaykku mapp nalkaamennu heracleus vaagdaanam cheythirunnuvenkilum kristhyaanikal joothanmaarude athikramangal marannilla. avarude nirbandhaprakaaram heracleus joothanmaare jarusalemil ninnu puratthaakkukayum kalaapathil ulppettavare vadikkukayum cheythu.
romakkar avarude shathruvine nannayi paraajayappedutthiyenkilum, thudarchayaaya yuddham athinte aaghaatham varuthukayum oru pathittaandin sesham arabiyude adhiniveshathinu vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala muslim kaalaghattam.
aaram noottaandinte avasaanathil islam enna puthiya ekadaivamatham athinte pravachakanaaya mohammed sthaapikkukayum avarude anuyaayikal musleengal ennariyappedukayum cheythu. mohammed arabiyile gothrangale oru matharaashtreeyamaayi, oru khilaafathilekku onnippichu, addehathinte adhikaraparidhi taanum addehathinte pingaamikalum vishudhayudhathiloode ("jihad") oru vishalamaaya saamraajyathilekku vyapippichu. 636 muthal 640 vare avar palasteen keezhadakki.
khaleefayile samooham anchu paalikalulla oru pyramid roopeekarichu. arabikalaanu ettavum mukalil, thudarnnu islaamilekku ("mawali") parivartthanam cheyyappettavar (abbaasidukal adikaaram pidichedutthathinushesham eee vyathyasam aprathyakshamaayi). avaykku thaazhe "dhimmikal" undaayirunnu, thudarnnu thaazhe muslimethara swatantra purushanmaarum adimakalum undaayirunnu. dhimmi" ("samrakshitha vyakthi" ennartham) kristhyaanikal, juthanmaar, samarittanmaar ennivaraayirunnu, avare musleengal "pusthakatthile janangal" ("ahal alle-kitab") ennu visheshippichu, athaayath musleengaleppole, daivam avarkk nalkia oru pusthakatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla aaradhana, athinte saaraamshathil, coran samanamaayirunnu. muun bharanaadhikaarikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, musleengal avarude mathangal samaadhaanathode aacharikkan anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, amuslim purushanmaarkk oru prathyeka nikuthi (jisia) nalkendivannu, avar musleengalkk vidheyaraakukayum cheythu. amuslimkalil vasthradhaarana niyanthranangal earppeduthiyirunnuveli avaa palastheenil eppozhengilum nadappaakkiyittundo ennu urappilla. musleem purushanmaarkk amuslim sthreekale vivaham kazhikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu, avar avarude vishwaasathil thudaraan theerumaanichaalum. ennaal, aadyam islam matham sweekarichillengil musleem sthreekalkku amuslim purushanmaare vivaham kazhikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla. jarusalemile joothanmaarkkethiraaya noottaandukalaayi nilaninnirunna roman nirodhanavum muslimkal pinvalichu.
musleengal baisaantain "diocesus ooriyantas" (syria) pradesham anchu sainika jillakalaayi allengil pravisyakalaayi (pla. ). paalestina prima, paalestina tertia ennee pradeshangal jund philaastin aayi maarukayum thekk akaba muthal vadakku thaazhathe galeeli vareyum padinjaaru arish muthal kizhakk jericho vareyum vyaapichukidakkukayum cheythu. thulunidukal pinneedu pravishyayude athirthikal kizhakode thekote vyaapippich aadhunika thekkan jordanileyum vadakkupadinjaaran soudi arabiayileyum pradeshangal ulppeduthi. puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya ramla nagaram jundu philaasttinte bharana thalasthaanavum ettavum pradhanappetta nagaravumaayi maari. galeeliyude bhooribhaagavum, transjordanile pereyayude padinjaaran bhagam, theeradesha nagarangalaya ekkar, surr (tayar) enniva ulkkollunna "paalestina sekkanda" yumayi jundu alle-urdun bandhappettirikkunnu. tabaria (tiberia) aanu sithopolisinu pakaram pravishyayude thalasthaanamaayi maariyath.
aaa kaalaghattatthiludaneelam, palasteen khilaafathinte orutharam swarnna khaniyum athinte ettavum sambannavum phalabhooyishtavumaaya pravisyakalil onnumaayirunnu. anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathinte kendramenna nilayil thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthaanam, theerthaadakarude varavu, mikacha kaarshika uthppannangal, niravadhi praadeshika karakaushala vasthukkal ennivayil ninnaan palasteente sambathu uruthirinjathu. marble, vaitt stoon kwaarikal, sugandhavyanjanagal, soppukal, olivu oayil, panchasaara, indigo, dedd zee lavanangal, silk ennivayil ninnulla nirmmaana saamagrikal palastheenil nirmmikkukayo vyapaaram cheiyukayo cheiyunna uthppannangalil ulppedunnu. palasteen juthanmaar vidagdha glass nirmmaathaakkalaayirunnu, avarude vasthukkal europil "jootha glass" ennariyappettu. pusthaka nirmmaanathinum ezhuthukaarkkum perukettathaayirunnu palestine.
oru kappalppada vikasippikkunnathinum thuramukhangal punasthaapikkunnathinum kappalsaalakal srishtikkunnathinum theeradesha nagarangal shakthippeduthunnathinum palastheenil naavika thaavalangal sthaapikkunnathinum muslimkal valareyadhikam parishramichu. ekkar avarude pradhana naavika thaavalamaayi maari, avide ninnu 647-ll cypress keezhadakkaan oru kappalppada purappettu. ramlayude saameepyam kaaranam siseriyaykku pakaram paalasteente pradhana thuramukhamaayi jaafa vannu.
palestine ippol muslim niyanthranathilaayirumnum, vishudha bhoomiyodulla kristhyan lokathinte vaalsalyam vardhichukondirunnu. kristhyan rajaakkanmaar jarusalemile vishudha sthalangalilekku udaaramaaya sambhavanakal nalkukayum theerthaadana gathagatham vardhippikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. theerthaadakar saahasikathaykkayi, mathramalla paapamochanatthinum shramichu. niravadhi theerthaadakare haivemaanmaar aakramichu, ithu pinneedu musleengalil ninnu jarusalemine "mochippikkunathinulla" oru kaaranamaayi kurishuyudhakkaar udharichu.
umayyad khilaafat.
656ll rashidun khaleefa uthman vadikkappettu, ithu khaleefayude aadya aabhyanthara yudhathilekku ("fitna") nayichu. 661ll umayyadukal khaleefayude bharana raajavamshamaayi maariyathode yuddham avasaanichu. avar khaleefayude thalasthaanam kufayil ninnu damascasilekku maatti, avide avarkk sakthamaaya gotra pinthuna labhichu. aduthulla jarusaleminte mathaparamaya praadhaanyavum iraakhilum eejiptilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi syriayil arabikalum arabikalallaathavarum orumichu thaamasichirunnuvennathum oru punk vahichittundaakam.
umayyadukal jarusalemile kshethraparvathathil rund pradhana islaamika mathaparamaya kettidangal nirmmichu; alle-jameea alle-axa, paarayude thaazhikakkudam (kwabbat alle-sakhra). mohammed svarggathilekkulla thante rathrikaala yaatra aarambhichathayi musleengal vishwasikkunna sthalathaanu randaamathethu nirmmichathu. pothuvaaya vishwaasathinu virudhamaayi, thaazhikakkudam oru palliyalla, athinte yadhaartha pravartthanavum praadhaanyavum anishchithathvathilaanu. thaazhikakkudatthinte valia thothum adambara alankaaravum jarusalemile kristhyan vishudha kettidangalodu, prathyekichu vishudha kallarayude palliyodu malsarichu islaaminte aadhipathyam urappikkaanaan uddeshichathennu oru sidhaantham karuthunnu. mattonn, vidhidivasathekkurichulla escatological vishwaasangal athinte nirmmaanathinu prachodanamaayi. lokathile ettavum pazhakkam chenna islaamika smaarakamaanu thaazhikakkudam.
umayyad bharanathin keezhil aarambhicha arab gothrasakhyangalaaya kheysum yamanum thammilulla noottaandukalaayi thudarunna kalahamaan palasteente charithratthil kalaashichath. aadhunika yugam vare eee kalahangal thudarukayum pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode kheysi, yamani grouppukal thammil yudhangal nadakkukayum cheythu. rund vibhaagangalum thammilulla vivahangal kettukelviyillaathayinu. arabian upadveepile yemeni mekhalayil ninnaan yaman gothrangal vannathennu karuthappedunnu. avaril palarum vadakkott kudiyerukayum islaamika adhiniveshathinu munbu thekkan leventil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythirunnu. chilar kristhumatham sweekarikkukayum baisaantainsinoppam pooraadukayum cheythirunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhooribhaagam kheisukalum islaamika adhiniveshathinu sesham ethi vadakkan leventil sthirathaamasamaakki. ithu sammishra janasamkhyayulla pradeshangalil praadeshika samgharshangalkku kaaranamaayi. aadyakaala khaleefakal eee grouppukalilonnil ninnu pinthuna thedukayum thalphalamaayi mattonn ethirkkukayum palappozhum yudhathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. eee yudhangalil vijayikkunnuvennu nadikkunnavar avarude konfedareshanu pravishyakalile gavarnarshippukalum mattu aanukoolyangalum nalkum. yudhangalil sambhavicha naashanashtangalkk prathikaram cheyyendivarum, ithu kooduthal rakthachorichil undaakkum. pilkkala khaleefamaar eee kalahathe niyantrikkaan shramichuvenkilum athu nirthalaakkaan eathaandu asaadhyamaayirunnu; bheeshanikal vazhi athine niyanthranathilaakkukayum kooduthal prathikaarangal thadayunnathinaayi aavasyappetta rakthappanam svayam nalkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu avarkk cheyyaan kazhiyunna ettavum nallath.
744ll palasteen gothrangal khaleefaykkethire kalapam nadatthi. vividha padavikalum mattu aanukoolyangalum vaagdaanam cheythukondu khaleefa gothrangale samaadhaanappeduthi. kalapam avasaanippichappol gothrangal khaleefayodu sathrutha pulartthi. avarude shathruthayude oru kaaranam, muslingalallaathavaril ninnu avarude "jisya" shekharikkunnathu thattikkondupokal aanennu khaleefa kanakkaakkukayum kooduthal daya aavasyappedukayum cheythu ennathaanu. marwan randaaman puthiya khaleefayaakukayum taamasiyaathe palasteen gothrangal avarodoppam cherukayum cheythathinu sesham 745-ll syriayil mattoru kalapam pottipurappettu. marwan randaaman prakshobham adichamarthiyenkilum mattoru spodanam pottippurappettathin ganyamaaya rakthachorichil aavasyamaanu. marwan randaaman jarusalem, damascus, mattu nagarangal ennivayude nagara mathilukal shikshayaayi nashippichu.
abbazid khilaafat.
umayyadsinte vijayangal ardhamaakkunnathu khaleefayile janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum arab ithararaayirunnu ennaanu. avaril palarum islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettuvenkilum arabikal avare randaamkida musleengalaayi kanakkaakkukayum appozhum bharameriya "jisya" nikuthi nalkendivarikayum cheythu. ithu umayyad janathayodulla vyapakamaaya asamthripthikkum sathruthaykkum kaaranamaayi. abbazid kudumbam athrupthi chooshanam cheyyukayum 750ll umayyadukale attimarichu oru kalapam samghadippikkukayum cheythu. pershyayil adhikara aditharayulla abbaasidukal 762ll khaleefayude thalasthaanam baghdadilekku maatti. eee maattam ardhamaakkunnathu palasteenu athinte kendra sthaanam nashtappedukayum khaleefayude paridhiyile oru pravisyayaayi maarukayum cheythu, avarude prasnangal valare shradhaapoorvvam shradhichilla. ithu eee mekhalayil idivundaakkiyillengilum, palastheenil umayyadsinte athirukadanna nikshepam avasaanippichu. umayyadukale pinthunacha palasteen ulppedeyulla syriayile gothrangalude antass kurayukayum avar inii khilaafathinte rashtreeya kaaryangale swaadheenikkaathirikkum cheythu-athinte kalapangal maathram.
kalaapangalum mattu aswasthathakalum abbazid bharanathe nirantharam aswasthamaakki. aswasthamaakki kheysu-yaman samgharsham palastheenil niravadhi yudhangalkku kaaranamaayi. 796ll oru vashath kheysi vimatharkkum maruvashathu yamani, abbazid bharanakoodatthinum idayil nadanna pooraattatthil ivayilonninu adichamarthaan ganyamaaya shakti aavashyamaayirunnu. aavashyamaayirunnu yaman alle-mubarkha karshakareyum gothravargakkareyum abbazid bharanakoodatthinethire unarthiyappol mattoru kalapam pottipurappettu. eee akramangal valare vinaashakaramaayirunnu, vimathar valia nasham vithakkukayum ashramangal kollayadikkukayum niravadhi nagarangal nasippikkukayum cheythu. chila samayangalil palestine niyamavirudhamaaya oru rajyamaayirunnu.
onpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, aabhyanthara asthirathayude oru kaalaghattathetthudarnnu abbaasidukalkk avarude padinjaaran pravishyakalude niyanthranam nashtappedaan thudangi. 873ll eejipt gavarnaraaya ahamed ibnu thuloon swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum tulunid rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kurachu varshangalkk sesham addeham syria kaivashappedutthi. thulunidukal kristhyaanikalkkethiraaya peedanam avasanippikkukayum jarusalemile pallikalude naveekaranathinu prerippikkukayum cheythu. ekkar thuramukhavum naveekarichu. ennirunnaalum, thulunidukalude bharanam hraswakaalamaayirunnu, 906 aayappozhekkum abbaasidukal palestine thirichupidichu. eejipthileyum palastheenileyum gavarnaraaya mohammed ibnu tugj alle-ikhshidinu addehathinte domaininte mail svayambharana niyanthranam nalkunnathuvare avarude niyanthranam 939 vare neenduninnu. kristhyaanikalkkethiraaya peedanangalaal adayaalappeduthiya ikshidid rajavamsham addeham sthaapichu, chilappol praadeshika joothanmaarude sahaayathodeyum. 937ll punarutthaanatthinte palli kathikkukayum kollayadikkukayum 966ll jarusalemil kadutha kristhyan virudha kalapangal nadakkukayum cheythu. 968ll ikhshidid reejant marichathinushesham araajakathvam bharichu. adutha varsham fathemid khilaafat ikhshid raajyam keezhadakkiyathine palarum swaagatham cheythu.
fatimad khilaafat.
patthaam noottaandinte thudakkathil faathimidikal vadakke aphrica aasthaanamaakki oru khilaafat sthaapichu. 969ll avar ikshididinte pradesham keezhadakkukayum palestininte mail anischithamaaya niyanthranam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. avarude varavu aarr pathittaandukalaayi palastheenil avarkkum avarude niravadhi shathrukkalum, baisaantains, carmathians, bedauyin gothrangalkkum idayil thadassamillaathathum valare vinashakaravumaaya yudhathinte thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthi, koodaathe fathemed sainyathinullile berber, turkey vibhagangal thammilulla aabhyanthara poraattam polum. jaraahidukalude neethrthwathilulla beduinukal sradheyamaanu, avar 977-981/2,1011-13,1024-1029 ennivayil, palasteente bhooribhaagathilum "yadhaarthathil" swatantra bharanam nedi, onnukil kalaapathiloodeyo allengil khaleefayude vimukhathayode sammatham nedunnathiloodeyo. bedooyinukalkk palastheenil eathaandu paridhiyillaattha adikaaram undaayirunnu. bedooyinukalude bharanavum kollayum niravadhi athikramangalum palastheenine saaramaayi baadhichu.
1009ll mathaparamaya peedanangalude oru parambarayil, vishudha kallarayude palli ulppede saamraajyathile ellah pallikalum sinagogukalum takarkkaan khaleefa alle-huckim bii-aamar allah utharavittu. thakartha vaartha kristhyan europine njettikkukayum prakopippikkukayum cheythu, ithu joothanmaare kuttappedutthi. kristhyaanikaleyum joothanmaareyum savisheshamaaya vasthram dharikkan alle-hackim nirbandhichu. dhimmiyodulla" pithaavinte udaaramaaya manobhaavathe vimarshikkunnavare shaantharaakkukayo baisaantainsil sammarddam cheluthukayo cheiyunnathaayirikkaam addehathinte kristhyan virudha nayangal. addehathinte pingaamikal vishudha sabha punarnirmikkaan anuvadichu, pakshe amuslimkalkkethiraya adichamarthal thudarnnu.
pathinonnam noottaandil musleem turkey seljuk saamrajyam pashchimeshya akramikkukayum baisantains, khilaafathukal ennivaykku pradeshika nashtam sambhavikkukayum cheythu. 1055ll bagad veenu, angane, thaarathamyena shaanthathayude kaalaghattam avasaanikkukayum, palasteen veendum araajakathvathinteyum, thurkkikalkkidayilum avarkkum avarude shathrukkalkkumidayilum aabhyanthara yudhangaludeyum vediyaayi maarukayum cheythu. arukkal, naseekaranam, saambathika budhimuttukal ennivayaayirunnu turkey bharanam. 1077ll janapreethiyillaatha seljuk bharanathinethiraaya oru prakshobham palastheenil vyaapichu, athu irumbu mushti kondu thakarkkapettu. mapp vaagdaanam cheythenkilum seljukkukal jarusalemile janangale vadikkukayum ghaza, ramla, jaafa enniva nasippikkukayum cheythu. 1098ll faathimikal seljukkukalil ninnu jarusalem thirichupidichu.
yudhathinu purame, pathinonnam noottaandil moonnu valia bhookambangal palastheenil undaayi undaayi 1015lum 1033lum. avasaanatheth ramla phalatthil thakarkkukayum thakarkkukayum nivaasikale kollukayum cheythu.
kurishuyudhakaalaghattam.
pothuve, kurishuyudhangal (1095-1291) ennathu palasteen pradesham veendum keezhadakkunnathinaayi musleengalkkethire marpappa sponsor cheytha vishudha bhoomiyile europian kristhyan prachaaranangale soochippikkunnu. palasteen valare akaleyulla oru raajyamaayirunnappol, theerthaadana mekhalayum athine oru vishudhabhoomiyaayi kanakkakkiya europianmaarum thammilulla prathyeka bandham pariposhippichirunnu. pathinonnam noottaandinte avasaanathil palathum undaayirunna palasteen theerthaadana gathaagathathinulla thadassangal gurutharamaaya aashankayundaakki. athesamayam, kristhyaanikale sahaayikkunnathino kristhumathatthe prathirodhikkunnathino ulla yudhathe sadgunamaayi kaanapedunna oru vishudhayudha sidhaantham vikasichu. koodaathe, kristhumathatthinte kizhakkan, padinjaaran shaakhakal thammilulla bandham-thanutha bhinnathakalaayirunnu-mechappedukayaayirunnu. eee gadakangal ardhamaakkunnathu baisaantains musleengalkkethire sahayam aavashyappettappol, padinjaaran europpukaar "kurishuyudhangal" ennariyappedunna niravadhi sainika paryaveshanangalil aadyathethu nirbandhikkukayum aarambikkukayum cheythu ennaanu.
aadyathe kurishuyuddham vadakku aadhunika turkey muthal thekk sinaay vare kizhakkan medittareniyan theeram muzhuvan pidichedutthu. pidicheduttha pradeshathu kurishuyudha rajyangal samghadippikkappettu, athilonnu 1100 ll sthaapithamaaya jarusalem rajyamaayirunnu, palestine, aadhunika lebanan ennivayude bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu. laattinukalum musleengalum palasteente niyanthranathinaayi pooraadiyathoode kooduthal kurishuyudhangal nadannu.
1187ll jarusalem ulppedeyulla palasteen eejipt aasthaanamaayulla ayubid rajavamsham pidichedutthu. ennirunnaalum, ayyubidukalkku vadakku tyre kurishuyudha raajyangalum pidichedukkunnathil parajayappettu. ithu kurishuyudhakkaare mattoru kurishuyuddham aarambikkaan anuvadichu, athu 1192 aayappozhekkum palasteen theeratthinte bhooribhaagavum jaafa vare kaivashappeduthiyirunnuve nirnaayakamaayi, athu jarusalem thirichupidikkunnathil parajayappettu. laattinukalum ayyubidukalum thammilulla charchakal oru udambadiyil kalaashichu, kristhyan theerthaadakarkku jarusalemile vishudha kallara palliyilekku thadassamillaatha praveshanam urappakki, ennaal vishudha nagaram ayyubid kaikalilaayi thudarum, yadhaartha kurish thirike labikkilla.
jarusalem raajyam theeradesha bhoopradeshamaayi churungiyathode eee avastha pathimoonnaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum nilanilkkum. aaraamathe kurishuyuddham avasaanippicha charchakaletthudarnnu 1229-ll jarusalem, bethlahem, nazaret, athupole thanne nagarangale theeravumaayi bandhippikkunna oru nerttha bhoopradesam ennivaykku raajyam labhichu. patthu varsham munbu, lattinukal oru kottakettya nagaram pidichedukkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi ayyubidukal jarusaleminte nagara mathilukal nashippichirunnu. 1244ll, pallikal kathikkaanum kristhyan janataye koottakkola cheyyaanum shramicha khwaarismiyakkaar jarusalem pidichedutthu. athikramangalude njettal laattinukale pravarthanatthilekku nayichu. laattin prabhukkanmaar thangalude ellah vibhavangalum 12-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam muthal kizhakk shekharicha ettavum valia feeld aarmiyilekk samaaharichu. vimatha musleem bharanaadhikaarikalude sainyathaal sakthippetta avar gaasayude vadakkukizhakkan laa forby yudhathil ayyubid-khwaarismiyan sakhyathe nerittu. avide avarkk vinashakaramaaya oru parajayam neridendivannu, ithu thekkan, madhya palastheenil laattin swaadheenathinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi. 1291ll jarusaleminte thalasthaanavum avasaanathe shakthikendravumaaya ekkar maamlukkukal nashippichu.
kurishuyudhathodulla europian thaalparyam kaalakramena kramena kuranjuvannu. nalla kristheeya jeevitam" ennathinte ardhathekkurichulla puthiya ashayangal uyarnnuvarikayum pravrithiyiloode papangalkkulla veendedukkal thedunnathu kuravaayitheerukayum cheythu. europinullile "mathaviruddha" vishwaasangal laattin kristhumathatthe sambandhichidatholam oru pradhana prashnamaayi maari, palastheenil ninnu shradha maatti.
sanyasi achadakkavum ayodhana vaidagdhyavum samyojippichu vishudharaaya kuthirakal chernna sainika utharavukal kurishuyudha samsthaanangalil samghadippikkappettu. thanthrapradhaanamaaya pradeshangal samrakshikkukayum kurishuyudhasenakalil sevikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu ivayude kadamakal. ettavum prashasthamaaya oordarukal naitts templarayirunnu, avar solomon kshethram ennu vilicha alle-axa palliyile avarude aasthaanathinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. paarayude aduthulla thaazhikakkudam oru palliyayi upayogichirunnu. pavappettavareyum rogikaleyum paripalikkunnathil prashastharaaya hospitalarmaaraayirunnu mattoru prashasthamaaya oordar. kurishuyudhangal varikayum pookukayum cheytha palastheenil, utharavukal nilanirthaan asaadhyamaaya sthiratha nalki.
kurishuyudha bharanathin keezhil, kottakal, kottakal, gopurangal, kottakal niranja gramangal enniva pradhaanamaayum graamapradesangalil palastheenil udaneelam nirmmikkukayum punarnirmmikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu. eee kaalaghattatthile kurishuyudha vaasthuvidyayude sradheyamaaya nagara avashishtangal ekkarile pazhaya nagaratthil kaanapedunnu.
kurishuyudhakkaarude niyanthranakaalathu, palastheenil 1,000 daridra jootha kudumbangal maathrame undaayirunnulloovennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. 1099ll jarusalemilum 1100ll hyphayilum kurishuyudhakkaarkkethi juthanmaar musleengalkkoppam poraadi.
ayyubid, mamluk kaalaghattangal.
ayyubidukal eee pradeshathu jootha, yaadhaasthithika kristhyan kudiyettam anuvadikkukayum paarayude thaazhikakkudam veendum islaamika aradhana kendramaakki maattukayum cheythu. oru maathruka srishtikkaathirikkaanum athuvazhi kristhyan saitt enna nilayil sabhayude padavi apakadathilaakkaanum vendi pallikku purathu praarthikkaanulla umar mahanayude theerumaanathe anusmarippichukondu vishudha kallarayude pallikku purathu saladin keezhil omar palli nirmmichu.
1244ll jarusalem nashippichathinethudarnna aarambhicha ezhaamathe kurishuyudhathinte falamaayaanu eejiptil mamluk sulthaanettu parokshamaayi srishtikkappettathu. 1250-ll farizkur yudhathil fraansile luis Ix-neey ayyubid sultan turnshah paraajayappedutthukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu kurishuyuddham parajayappettu. yudhathinu oru maasam kazhinju turnshah addehathinte mamluk sainikar kollukayum addehathinte randaanamma shajar alle-durr eejipthinte sultaanayaakukayum mamluk aybakkine athabegh aayi maattukayum cheythu. ayyubidukal damascasilekku thamasam maari, avide avar 10 varshatholam palestine niyanthranam thudarnnu.
13-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathil, athivegam vikasichukondirunna mangol saamrajyathinethiraaya praadhamika munnaniyaayi palestine syria maari, nestoriyan kristhyan general kittbukkayude keezhil palastheenil mangolian akramanangalil ninnu aarambhich 1260-ll avarude sainyam aadyamaayi palastheenil ethi. franco-mangol sakhyathinu keezhil jarusalem kristhyaanikalkk kaimariyathaayi mangol nethaavu hulagu khaan fraansile luis onpathaam sthaanathinu oru sandesham ayachu; ennirunnaalum, taamasiyaathe, monkeyude maranathethudarnnu addehathinu mangoliyayilekku madangendivannu, kittbukhayum kuranja sainyavum upekshichu. kittbukha pinneedu jaisreel thaazhvarayile ainn jalooth enna nirnaayaka yudhathil baibaarukalkk keezhilulla maamlukkukalumayi earppettu. palastheenil maamlukkukalude nirnnayaka vijayam loka charithratthile ettavum pradhanappetta yudhangalilonnaayi kaanapedunnu, ithu mangolian vijayangalkk uyarnna jalachihnamaanu sthaapikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, 1300-ll gassanteyum mulayiyudeyum keezhil kooduthal hrasvamaaya reydukalil earppedaan mongolearch kazhinju, ghaza vare ethi. naalu maasam jarusalem mangoliyarude kaivashamaayirunnu (onpathaamathe kurishuyuddham kaanuka).
ayyoobidukalude nayam thudarnna maamlukkukal theerapradeshathe nasippikkaanum vadakku tayar muthal thekk ghaza vare pala nagarangalilum shoonyatha varuthaanum thanthraparamaaya theerumaanam eduthu. thuramukhangal nasippikkukayum avaa pravarthanarahithamaakkunnathi vividha vasthukkal valicheriyukayum cheythu. kurishuyudhakkaarude thirichuvaravu bhayann kadalil ninnulla akramanangal thadayuka ennathaayirunnu lakshyam. noottaandukalaayi janasandrata kuravaayirunna pradeshangalil ithu deerghakaala swaadheenam chelutthi. akkaalathe pravartthanangal kooduthal ulnaadan mekhalayilekku kendreekarichirunnu.
eejipthile mamluk sulthaanettinte bharanathin keezhil damascus vilaayayude (jilla) bhagamaaya palasteen moonnu cheria sanjakukalaayi (upavibhagangal) vibhajikkappedukayum jarusalem, ghaza, surakshita thalasthaanangal ennivayundaavukayum cheythu. eee kaalaghattatthil eee pradeshathe baadhicha niravadhi samgharshangal, bhookambangal, karuthavarggakkaar enniva kaaranam janasamkhya ekadesham 200,000 aayi kuranjathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. maamlukkukal keyroyil ninnu damascasilekku oru "tapal rooad" nirmmichu, athil yaathrakkarkkulla thaamasavum (khaan) paalangalum ulppedunnu, avayil chilath innum nilanilkkunnu (nokkoo, thaamasathinaduthulla). kurishuyudhakaalathu niravadhi skoolukalude nirmmanavum pallikalude naveekaranavum avaganikkappedukayo nasippikkappedukayo cheythathum eee kaalaghattatthil kandu.
1377ll alle-ashraf shaabaante maranathethudarnnu palasteen, syria ennividangalile pradhana nagarangal kalapam nadatthi. kalapam adichamarthukayum 1382ll keyroyil barkukh oru attimari nadathukayum mamluk burji rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
akkaalathe arab, muslim ezhuthukaar palasteene "pravachakanmaarudeyum islaaminte aadaraneeya nethaakkaludeyum anugraheethamaaya naadu" aayi aakhoshichu. musleem sankethangal veendum kandethukayum niravadhi theerthaadakar sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 1496-ll mujeer alle-dhiin alle-ulayimi "jarusaleminteyum hebroninteyum mahathaaya charithram" ennariyappedunna palasteente charithram ezhuthi.
automan kaalaghattam.
aadyakaala automan bharanam.
1486ll padinjaaran eshyayude niyanthranathinaayulla yudhathil maamlukkukalum automan tarkkukalum thammil sathrutha pottipurappettu. marj dabic yudhathil 1516ll maamlukkukalkkethiraaya vijayathethudarnnu automans palasteen keezhadakkaan thudarnnu. jordan thaazhvarayilum eejipthile mamluk thalasthaanathekkulla vazhiyil khaan unicilum maamlukkukalkkethire cheria yudhangal nadatthiya automan palasteen keezhadakkal thaarathamyena vegathilaayirunnu. ghaza, ramla, safad ennividangalilum cheria kalapangal nadannirunnu, avaa pettennu adichamarthappettu.
maamlukkukal palastheenil upekshicha bharanaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya samghadana automanmaar nilanirtthi. grettar syria damascasil ninnu bharichirunna oru "ailett" (pravishya) aayi maari, athesamayam athinullile palestine pradesham safad, nablus, jerusalem, lajjan, ghaza ennivayude anchu "sanjaakkukal" (arabiyil "liva" ennum vilikkunna pravishya jillakal) aayi vibhajikkapettu. sanjakkukale" nawahi (gaanam) ennu vilikkunna upajillakalayi veendum vibhajichu. "nahiya"). pathinaram noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum ottoman janatha damascus ailett kendreekrithamaaya reethiyil bharichu, istambul aasthaanamaayulla udaathamaaya portt (saamraajyathva sarkkar) pothu kramavum aabhyanthara surakshyum nilanirthunnathilum nikuthi pirivilum sambadvyavastha, mathakaryangal, saamoohika kshemam enniva niyanthrikkunnathilum nirnaayaka punk vahikkunnu. automan bharanathinte aadya varshangalil ekadesham 200,000 aayirunnathayi kanakkaakkappedunna palasteen janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum graamangalilaan thaamasichirunnathu. ghaza, safad, jarusalem ennivayaayirunnu ettavum valia nagarangal, oronninum ekadesham 1,000 janasamkhyayundu.
ottomaan swath bharanathil "timar" enna perilulla oru sthaapanavum "vakhaf" enna perilulla trasttukalum ulppettirunnu. "timar" bhoomi sultan vividha udyogastharkkum udyogastharkkum, prathyekichu unnatha "sipahi" yoonittukalil ninnu vitharanam cheythu. kramam palikkunnathinum "thimaril" niyamam nadappaakkunnathinum utharavaadiyaaya athinte udamayude varumaana srothassaayirunnu "timar". "vakhaf" bhoomi vividha vyakthikalude udamasthathayilaayirunnu, athinte varumanam mathaparamaya pravarthanangalkkum sthaapanangalkkum saamoohikakshemathinum vyakthigatha gunabhokthakkalkkumaayi neekkivachirunnu. jarusalem sanjakkile krishibhoomiyude 60 sathamaanathiladhikam "vakhaf" bhoomiyaayirunnu. oru paridhivare, swakaarya udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyum pradhaanamaayum gramangalkkum avayude sameepapradeshangalkkum akathaanu sthithicheythirunnathu.
ottoman janathaykku keezhilulla oru bharanavibhaagathinte audyogikanaamamaayi "palestine" enna peru upayogichirunnilla, kaaranam avar saadhaaranayaayi pravisyakalkku avarude thalasthaanangalude peru nalkiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pazhaya peru janapriyavum ardha-audyogikavumaaya upayogathil thudarnnu, 16,17,18 noottaandukalil athinte upayogathinte niravadhi udaaharanagal nilanilkkunnu. pathinaram noottaandil jarusalem aasthaanamaayulla islaamika niyamanjanaaya saif alle-islam abul soud ephendi eee padatthe "arasi-iii mukaddas" ("vishudha bhoomi" ennathinte turkish) ennathinulla oru badal peraayi nirvachichu. pathinezhaam noottaandile ramla aasthaanamaayulla niyamanjanaaya khair alle-dhiin alle-rumley palappozhum thante "fatwat" (mathaparamaya saasanangal) enna padatthil "phillaastin" enna padam eee padam nirvachikkathe upayogichirunnuvenkilum addehathinte chila "fatwat" soochippikkunnathu athu jund fillaasttinte athirthikalumaayi erekkure poruthappedunnu ennaanu. thomas salmon pathinettaam noottaandile pusthakamaaya "aadhunika charithram allengil ellah raajyangaludeyum ippozhathe avastha" prasthaavikkunnath "purathana mahathwathil ninnu erekkure pinnokkam poyenkilum jarusalem ippozhum paalasteente thalasthaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu ennaanu."
vikendreekarana prakriya.
ridwan-farookh-turabe kaalaghattam.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode, damascus aivaalattinte mail nerittulla automan bharanam durbalapettu, bhaagikamaayi jelali kalaapangalum mattu anatolian kalaapangalum kaaranam. automan gavanmentinte saambathika, sainika aavasyangal niravettunnathinaayi pravarthicha "timar" samvidaanavum eee kaalayalavil prasakthamallathaayi. thalphalamaayi, 16-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathinum 17-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathinum idayil ghaza, nablus, jerusalem, lajjan "sanjaakkukal" ennivayude jilla gavarnarmaare nalkia ridwan, farookh, turbe rajavamshangal ulppedunna oru puthiya bharana varenyavargam palastheenil uyarnnuvannu. gaasayude ridwan niyanthranam, lajjaante turbe niyanthranam, nablusinte farookh niyanthranam enniva pradhaanamaayum thudarchayaayi thudarunnathinaal avarude bharanathinte sthiratha "sanjak" aayi vyathyasappettu, jarusaleminte mail ridwan-farookh niyanthranam istanbulil ninnu niyamicha govarnarmaar idaykkide thadassappeduthi.
vivahabandham, bisinesses, rashtreeya sahakaranm ennivayiloode kudumbangal thammilulla bandham urappichu. pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal pathinettaam noottaandinte arambham vare, "amir alle-hajj" (hajj kaaravante commander) enna padavi palappozhum nablus allengil gaasayude jilla gavarnarkk nalkappettirunnu. eee kudumbangalilonnil ninnu purathupokunna "amir alle-hajj" thante "sanjakkinte" adikaaram ayalrajyamaaya "sanjakkinte" govarnore ealppikkunnathinaal eee paarambaryam moonnu kudumbangal thammilulla susthiramaaya sainika sakhyathinu aditharayittu. kramena, ridwan, farookh, turabe kudumbangal thammilulla bandham palestininte bhooribhaagavum bharichirunna orotta vipuleekritha rajavamsham sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu.
1622-ll lebanon parvathatthile druze ameer (rajakumaran), fakhr-alle-dhiin randaaman safad sanjakkinte niyanthranam nedukayum nablasinteyum gaasayude "muthasalim" (cheef taxes collector)-nteyum govarnoraayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. thangalude bharanathinu bheeshaniyundaakunnathil ashankaakularaaya ridwan-farookh-turabe sakhyam thangalude saambathika vibhavangal shekharichu aayudangal nedukayum beduin gothrangalkk kaikkooli nalkukayum cheythukondu fakhr adhu-dinumaayi ettumuttalinu thayyaaredutthu. fakhar adhu-dinte vardhichuvarunna svayambharanathe kurichu jagrata pulartthiyirunna udaathamaaya thuramukhavum avare nishabdamaayi pinthunachu. falastheente theeradesha samathalathinteyum jarusaleminteyum niyanthranam nedunnathinaayi fakhar adhu-dinte mikacha sajjamaya sainyam akramanam nadathiyappol, hassan arab ridwan, ahamed turbay, mohammed ibn farookh ennivarude sainyam jaafaykkaduthulla avja nadiyil addehathinte sainyathe paraajayappeduthi. 1624-ll, anjar yudhathethudarnnu, fakhr adhu-dine automanmaar "arabistan ameer" aayi niyamichu, ithu aleppoykkum jarusaleminum edayilulla pradeshathinmel addehathinu audyogika adikaaram nalki. oru pathittaandinushesham damascasile vaali addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum thookkilettukayum cheythu.
kendreekaranatthinulla saamraajyathva sramangal.
palastheenil gaasayude rashtreeya swaadheenam ridwan raajavamshathin keezhil uyarnnu, prathyekichu 1640-kalil aarambhicha hussain paashayude govarnor padaviyil. jarusalemile franch konsalaaya shevelier dii arviax ithine "paalasteente thalasthaanam" aayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. fransumaayulla husaayinte aduppavum palasteen kristhyan samoohangalumaayulla addehathinte nalla bandhavum addehathinte bharanathil saamraajyathvaparamaaya paribhraanthikk kaaranamaayi. oresamayam, pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil, coprul visiyarmaarude neethrthwathil ottomaan sarkkar athinte outlier pravisyakalil kendreekritha adikaaram punasthaapikkaan shramichu. 1660ll damascus ailettinte bhaagamaayi thudarnna palasteente mattu bhaagangalil ninnu safad sanjakkine bharanaparamaayi verthiricha saidon ailett sthaapichathaanu grand visiyar koprul mehmed paasha avatharippicha kendreekarana nadapadikalilonnu. damascasile abhiniveshamulla gavarnarmaare durbalappeduthunnathinum lebanon parvathatthile vimatha "ameermaarude" mail karsanamaaya niyanthranam nilanirthunnathinum vendiyaanu eee punasamghadana nadathiyathu.
leventile automan niyanthranathinulla fakhr adhu-dinte bheeshani illaathaakkiyathode, ridwan-farookh-turabe raajavamshathin anthyam kurikkaan eee mahathaaya thuramukham shramichu. palastheenil vardhichuvarunna adhikara ekeekaranathekkurichulla aashankaykku purame, moonnu kudumbangalil onnil ninnulla oru govarnor palappozhum command cheiyunna vaarshika hajj kaaravanil ninnulla varumanam ganyamaayi kuranjathil eee mahathaaya thuramukham niraashappedutthi. hajj kaaravante dhanasahaayathilum samrakshanathilum thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyavum eejipthumaayulla nirnaayaka bandhavum kaaranam 1657-ll automan adhikaarikal eee pradeshatthinte mail saamraajyathva niyanthranam punasthaapikkunnathinaayi palastheenil oru sainika paryaveshanam aarambhichu. 1662-63 ll hajj kaaravane thadavilaakkaanum vadhikkanum nayikkunna hussain paashayude kazhivillaaymaye udaathamaaya portt upayogichu. hussain paasha ridwan-farookh-turabe sakhyathinte aditharayaayi pravarthichu, addehathinte maranathethudarnnu 1670 kalude avasaanathode vipuleekaricha raajavamshathinte backie bhagangal udaathamaaya portt kramena illaathaakki. 1690 vare gaasayil ridwan bharanam nilaninnirunnu.
charitrakaaranaaya drore seevi parayunnathanusarichu, ridwan-farookh-turabe raajavamshathinte unmoolanam, ottoman sarkkar niyamicha govarnarmaar avare maattisthaapichathu palestininte avasthaye samoolamaayi maattimarichu. niyukta govarnarmaar praadeshika rajavamshangal praadeshika varenyavargavumaayi nilanirtthiya bandham upekshikkukayum janissarikalum "subaashikalum" "timar" udamakalum janangale vardhichuvarunna chooshanathe avaganikkukayum cheythu. musleengal, kristhyaanikal, juthanmaar ennivarkkidayil randaamathethu enna grooppinekkurichulla audyogika paraathikal uyarnnuvarikayaayirunnu. chooshanam ozhivakkaan niravadhi karshakar avarude gramangal upekshichu, pattanavaasikal avarude swath pidichedukkunnathinekku parathippettu, "ulamakal" (musleem pandita vibhaagam) neethikku vendiyulla jaanissarikalude avagananayekkurichum shethraparvvatham (harram alle-shareef) ulppedeyulla musleem aaraadhanaalayangalude pavithrathayekkurichum parathippettu. eee avasthaykku marupadiyaayi, 1703-ll, jarusalemile janangal nakeeb alle-ashraf kalapam ennariyappedunna oru kalapam nadannu, "ashraf" kudumbangalude thalavanaaya mohammed ibnu mustafa alle-hussaini nayikkukayum nagaratthile pramukharude pinthuna nedukayum cheythu. saamraajyathva adhikaarathinte pratheekamaaya jarusaleminte "khaadiyude" veedu kollayadikkappedukayum addehathinte vivarthakane vimathar kollukayum cheythu. 1705 octoberil oru automan uparodhavum aabhyanthara kalahavum alle-hussaini addehathinte vimathareyum jarusalemil ninnu pinmaran nirbandhikkunnathuvare avar nagaram svayam bharichu.
athesamayam, 1657 leeii kendreekarana paryaveshanatthile arab "sipahi" udyogasthar, avaril pradhanaraaya nimr kudumbatthile amgangal, nablasil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum, udaathamaaya porttinte uddeshyathinu virudhamaayi, nagaratthinte grameena ulpradeshangalil svanthamaayi praadeshika shakti thaavalangal roopeekarikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, taamasiyaathe avare pinthudarnnu jarar, thukhaan kudumbangal, nimrukale eshtappedunnavar, ottoman siriyayude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu vannu. eee kudumbangalile sheikkukal (medhaavikal) taamasiyaathe central palestininte puthiya prabhukkalayi uyarnnuvannu. grameena pramukharkku thangalude "thimarukal" vilkkukayo paattatthinu nalkukayo cheyyuka, praadeshika vaanijyam, swath, sopp faaktarikal polulla bisinasukal ennivayil nikshepam nadatthuka, praadeshika "ashraf", vaanijya kudumbangalumaayi parasparam vivaham kazhikkuka, pankaalittham nadatthuka ennivayiloode avar praadeshika janangalumayi kooduthal adutha bandham valarthi. raashtreeyamaayi, thukhaanmaarum nimrukalum nablusinte gavarnarshippil aadhipathyam pulartthukayum chilappol mattu jillakaleyum upajillakaleyum niyanthrikkukayum cheythu (1723-ll salih pasha thukhaan nablu, lajjan, ghaza "sanjaakkukal" ennivayude gavarnaraayirunnu). nablus ulnaadukalile prabalamaaya vamshamaayirunnu jaraarukal, ennirunnaalum mattu vamshangal, avaril mamluk kaalaghattatthile jayoosikalum athath upajillakalil swaadheenam thudarnnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare cheria thadassangalode jabal nablasile eee avastha thudarnnu.
ekkarinte bharanavum nablasinte svayambharanavum.
saydani kaalaghattam.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil, vadakkan palastheenil saydani kudumbam oru sakthamaaya shakthiyaayi maari. thudakkathil, athinte sheikkukale galeeliyude chila bhaagangalil "ilttisaaminte" (nikuthi faamukal) "multassemukal" (nikuthi shekharanakkaarum praadeshika nadappaakkalkkaarum) aayi maani niyamichu, koodaathe 1697 nuu sesham lebanon parvathatthile shihabi "amirmar" aayi niyamichu. 1730-ll saidani sheikh sahir alle-umarine sidonile vaali tiberiayude "multassem" aayi nerittu niyamichu, athu addeham taamasiyaathe mattu saidani shakthikendrangalaaya dair hannah, araba, nazaret ennivaykkoppam shakthippeduthi. aaa samayathinum 1750 num idayil sahir galeeli muzhuvan thante niyanthranam shakthippeduthi. addeham thante aasthaanam ekkar thuramukha graamathilekku maattukayum athu naveekarikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu. sahir sthaapicha palasteen, thekkan lebanan ennividangalil ninnulla parutthiyudeyum mattu kaarshika charakkukaludeyum kuthaka vazhi dhanasahayam nalkunna svayambharana sheikh domaininte kendramaayi ekkar maari. parutthiyudeyum olivu oayil vilayudeyum niyanthranam europian vyaapaarikalil ninnu valia varumanam nedukayum eee fandukal damascus gavarnarmaarude sainika akramanangal thadayaan aavashyamaaya sainika vibhavangal marshell cheyyaan addehathe praapthanaakkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, videsha vyapaarikal vilayil krithrimam kaanikkunnathum praadeshika karshakare saambathikamaayi chooshanam cheiyunnathum kuthakakal avasaanippichu. pothuvaaya surakshyum saamoohika neethiyum ganyamaayi mechappeduthiyathinoppa saahirinte saambathika nayangal addehathe praadeshika nivaasikalkkidayil janapriyanakki. sahir palasteente kudiyettatthe prolsaahippikkukayum addehathinte bharanam ottoman siriyayiludaneelam ninnu dhaaraalam joothanmaareyum melkkaittukaleyum greak yaadhaasthithika kristhyaanikaleyum aakarshikkukayum eee pradeshatthinte sambadvyavasthaye punarujeevippikkukayum cheythu. 1769ll sahir aadhunika haifa sthaapichu.
sthaapichu thudakkathil sahir russian saamraajyavumaayum eejipthile alii beyumaayum sakhyamundaakki. alii beyude deputy commandermaaraaya ismaayil bay, abu alle-dahab ennivarumaayi chernnu russian naavikasenayude pinthunayode sahir addehathinte lebanese shiah sakhyakakshikalum damascus, sidoon enniva aakramichu. 1771 juunil alii beyude commandermar damascus hrasvamaayi pidicheduttha sesham pettennu pinmari, athinusesham taamasiyaathe sidonil ninnu pinmaran saahirine nirbandhithanaakki. damascasile valiyaaya utman pasha alle-kurji saahirine unmoolanam cheyyaanulla thante pracharanam puthukki, pakshe 1771 septambaril addehathinte sainyam hula thadaakathil parajayappettu. sahir eee nirnnayaka vijaythe thudarnnu ameer yousuf shihaabinte druze senaykkethire nabaadiyil mattoru pradhana vijayam nedi. 1774 aayappozhekkum saahirinte bharanam ghaza muthal bairuth vare vyaapippikkukayum paalasteente bhooribhaagavum ulppeduthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, adutha varsham, automan sainyathinte oru sakhyam addehathinte ekkar aasthaanathu addehathe uparodhikkukayum kollukayum cheythu. ottomaan commander jasser paasha pinneedu oru akramanam nadathukayum athu dheer hannayude kotta nasippikkukayum 1776-ll galiliyile saydani bharanam avasanippikkukayum cheythu.
ekkarum galili sidoon ailettinte bhaagamaayirunnuvenkilum paalasteente backie bhagangal bharanaparamaayi damaaskasintethaayirunnu, sahir muthal aarambhicha ekkar bharanadhikaarikalaanu palestine, thekkan syrian jillakalil aadhipathyam pulartthiyathu. damascus govarnarmaar saadhaaranayaayi hraswakaalathekku padavi vahikkukayum hajj caravan (1708 ll "aamir alle-hajj" enna oafees damascasile vaaliyude utharavaadithamaayi mariyirunnu) samrakshikkunnathilum nayikkunnathilum earppedukayum nablas mekhala polulla ardha svayambharana pradeshangalil thangalude adikaaram urappikkunnathil ninnu avare thadayukayum cheythu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, sahir ekkar bhoomi phalatthil svayambharana sthaapanamaayi sthaapichu, eejipt, moundu lebanon, mosool ennivayulppede automan saamraajyathinte mattu bhaagangalil ithu kaanapedunnu. koodaathe, saahirinte bharanakaalathum athinusheshavum ekkar saidon aivaalettinte "yadhaartha" thalasthaanamaayi maari, saahirineppole addehathinte pingaamikalum avarude maranam vare ekkar bharichu. 1735ll sahir jarar vamshavum thammil niravadhi sainika ettumuttalukal aarambhichu, aadyathethu nasaratthinte pradeshavum vyapara, gathagatha kendrangalaayi pravarthicha jesriyel thaazhvarayum kaivashappeduthiyappol. athesamayam, 1766-ll, 1771-ll sahir kaivashappedutthiya bunny saab upajilla ninnu thukhaan kudumbam jayusikale puratthaakkukayum athinte kadal praveshanam illaathaakkukayum cheythu. sahir thukhaanum thammilulla samgharsham aaa varsham avasaanam nablas uparodham paraajayappettathode avasaanichu.
jasari kaalaghattam.
saidani sheikh domine verode pizhutheriyunnathil addehathinte punk pariganichu sasar pashaye sidonile vaaliyayi udaathamaaya portt niyamichu. galiliyil janicha saahiril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ottoman bharanakoodatthinte uthppannavum automan kendreekaranatthinulla oru shakthiyumaayirunnu jasser, ennittum addeham swantham ajanda pinthudarnnu automan siriyayude thekkan pakuthiyiludaneelam thante swaadheenam vyapippichu. saahirinte parutthiyude kuthakayude niyanthranam jasar ettedukkukayum addeham thaamasichirunna ekkarinte kottakal kooduthal shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. parutthi vyaapaarathil ninnu labhikkuna varumaanathiloodeyum nikuthikal, tolukal, pidichedukkal ennivayiloodeyum addeham thante bharanathinu dhanasahayam nalki. mattu srothassukal kaaranam palasteen parutthiyude vila kurayunna samayat, 1780 kalude avasaanathil jasar ekkarile franch parutthi vyaapaarikalum thammilulla samgharshangal avasaanichu. saahirineppole, beduin gothrangale adichamarthunnathiloode aabhyanthara suraksha nilanirthaan jasarinum kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte karsanamaaya nikuthi nayangalkk keezhil praadeshika karshakarkk nalla prakadanam kaazhchavaykkaan kazhinjilla, ithu palarum galeeli vittu ayalpradeshangalilekku pookaan kaaranamaayi. thante bharanam samrakshikkunnathinaayi addeham "maamlukkukal" (adima sainikar), islaamika lokathinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla sainikar adangunna koolippadayaalikal ennivarude oru vyakthigatha sainyathe roopeekarichu. parambaraagathamaayi automan adhikaarikalumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya thukhaan kudumbavumaayi jasar adutha bandham sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, thukhaanukalude pradhana ethiraaliyaaya jarar kudumbam kendreekaranatthinulla addehathinte shramangale prathirodhikkukayum prathirodhikkukayum 1790lum avarude sanur kottayil jasar avare uparodhikkukayum cheythu, rund thavanayum paraajayatthil avasaanichu.
1799 februvariyil fraansile nepolian chakravarty thante shathruvaaya britiish saamraajyavumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya ottomanmaarkkethiraaya prachaaranatthinte bhaagamaayi eejipt keezhadakkiya sesham palastheenil praveshichu. addeham ghaza pidichadakkukayum palasteente theeradesha samathalathiloode vadakkott neengukayum jaafa pidichadakkukayum avide addehathinte sainyam keezhadangiya 3,000 oolam automan sinikareyum niravadhi saadhaaranakkaareyum koottakkola cheyyukayum cheythu. thudarnnu addehathinte sainyam haifa pidichedukkukayum athu avarude ekkar uparodhathin oru vediyaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. jarusalem pidichedukkaan nepolian joothanmaarude pinthuna aavasyappettu. jaasarinte jootha visiraaya heymu farhiyude preethi nedunnathinaanu ithu cheythath. eee adhinivesham jabal nablasile sheikkukale aninirathi, jeninte "multassem" aaya sheikh yousuf alle-jarar franchukaare neridaan avare ahvaanam cheythu. ottomaan sainyathin nirbandhitha sainikare nalkia hebron kunnukalileyum jarusalemileyum shakeukalkku vipareethamaayi, jabal nablasile sheikkukal udaathamaaya thuramukhathinte dukhathinu vendi swathanthramaayi poraadi. avarude aalukale galiliyil franchukaar paraajayappeduthi. nepolian ekkar keezhadakkunnathil paraajayappedukayum britteeshukaarude pinthunayode jaasarinte sainyathodulla parajayam meyy maasathil kanatha nashtatthode palastheenil ninnu pinmaran addehathe nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu. jaasarinte vijayam addehathinte anthass ganyamaayi vardhippichu. 1800ll ottomakkar eejiptil franchukaare pinthudarnnu ghaza thangalude vikshepana kendramaayi upayogichu.
1804ll jasar marikkukayum addehathinte vishwasthanaaya "mamluk" sulaiman pasha alle-aadil sidonile vaaliyayi adhikaaramelkkukayum cheythu. parutthi, olivu oayil, daanyakkachavadangal ennivayil thante mungaamikalude kuthakakal shidhilamaakkaanulla nayam farhiyude maarganirdeshaprakaaram sulaiman etteduthu. ennirunnaalum, eee naanyavilakal kayattumathi cheyyaan anuvadicha eaka leventain thuramukha nagaramaayi addeham ekkar sthaapichu. addeham ekkarinte sainyathil ganyamaaya vettikkuravukal varuthukayum jaafayile mohammed abu-nabboot polulla deputy gavarnarmaarumaayi edapedaathirikkaanulla vikendreekarana nayavum nablasile moosaa bay thukhaan polulla vividha svayambharana "sheikkukalumaayulla" nayathantravum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. ithu jaasarinte akramasakthamaaya sameepanathil ninnulla vyathichalanathe adayaalappeduthi. 1810 aayappozhekkum sulaiman damascus ivaalattilekku niyamikkappedukayum ottoman siriyayude bhooribhaagathinteyum niyanthranam addehathinu nalkukayum cheythu. 1812ll randaamathethil ninnu purathaakkappedunnathinnum, lathakia, tripoly, ghaza ennivayude "sanjakkukal" sidoon ailettil kootticherkkaan addehathinu kazhinju. addehathinte bharanathinte avasaanathode, 1817-ll, nimrukale purathaakki nablasil adikaaram kuthakayaakkaanulla moosa beyude shramathecholli thukhaanmaarum nimr, jarar, khaasim, abd alle-haadi kudumbangalude sakhyavum thammil jabal nablasil oru aabhyanthara yuddham pottipurappettu. sulaiman kudumbangalkkidayil madhyasthatha vahikkukayum 1818ll thaalkkaalika samadhaanam urappakkukayum cheythu.
1819ll farhi maranamadanju onpathu maasangalkk sesham 1820ll sulaimaante pingamiyaayi farhi neethrthwathinaayi sajjamakkiya abdullah paasha. farhi ottoman saamraajyathva udyogasthare nirantharam lobby kaikkooliyum nalkiyathinu sesham abdullah niyamikkunnathinulla automan maduppu laghookarikkappettu. govarnor padavi thediya jaasarinte "maamlukkukalil" ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thante anuyayiyaaya abdullah thante swaadheenathinu bheeshaniyaayi farhi kandilla. ennirunnaalum, adhikaarasamarathinte falamaayi oru varshathil thaazhe maathrame farhi thante bharanathil thudarnnulloovennu abdullah paranju. abdullah eathaandu lebanon parvathatthile ameer basheer shihab randaamanumaayulla thante mungamiyude sakhyam thudarukayum avar orumichu damascasile vaaliye neridukayum cheythu. farhiyude bandhukkal prerippicha automan adhikaarikal, ekkarinethire uparodhathiloode abdullah purathaakkaan shramichuvenkilum eejipthile vaali mohammed alii abdullah govarnoraayi nilanirthaan ottomanmaare prerippichu. 1830-ll, saidon ailettine nablas, jerusalem, hebron ennividangalile sanjaakkukale niyamichu, athuvazhi palestine muzhuvan orotta pravishyaykk keezhil konduvannu. aaa varsham, jaraarukal abdullakkethire oru kalaapathin neethrthwam nalki, thudarnnu addeham thante mungaamikalude uparodhathe vijayakaramaayi prathirodhicha sanoorinte kotta uparodhikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. parutthi vyaapaarathil ninnulla varumanam kurayukayum ekkarinte kuthakakal punasthaapikkaanulla sramangalum palastheenil daaridryavum abdullayude bharanathe adayaalappeduthi. ennirunnaalum, damascasile asthirathayum greak yudhathil ottomanmaarude tirakkum kaaranam abdullayude keezhil ekkar ottomaan syriayile pradhana shakthiyaayi thudarnnu.
kendreekaranam.
eejipshyan kaalaghattam.
1831 octoberil eejipthile mohammed alii thante makan ibrahim paashayude neethrthwathil palasteen ulppedeyulla ottoman syria pidichadakkaanulla oru prachaaranatthinaayi thante aadhunika sainyathe ayachu. ibrahim paashayude sainyam munbu automan sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum sudan padinjaaran arabian upadveepinteyum niyanthranam nedukayum cheythirunnu. palasteen pradeshathekkulla avarude praveshanathe praadeshika nivaasikaloo madhya malambradeshangalile grameena sheikkukalo athirthilla. ennirunnaalum, abdullah paasha ekkaril ninnu keezhadangunnathine ethirthu, athu uparodhikkukayum 1832 meyy maasathil keezhadangukayum cheythu.
eejipshyan bharanam palasteen, ottoman syria ennividangalil pothuve pradhana rashtreeya, bharana parishkaarangal konduvarikayum mohammed aliyude adhiniveshathinu munbu eee mekhalayil nilaninnirunna ardha svayambharana bharanathil ninnu samoolamaaya maattathe prathinidheekarikkukayum cheythu. syria muzhuvan orotta bharanathinu keezhil konduvarunnathinaayi ibrahim paasha sthaapicha supradhana nadapadikalil onnu, siriyayude vaividhyamaarnna rashtreeya krameekaranangale nilavaaratthilaakkuka enna lakshyathode upadeshaka samithikalude aamukhamaayirunnu. mathanethaakkalum sambannaraaya vyaapaarikalum nagaranethaakkalum adangunna pradhana nagarangalil sthithicheyyunna kaunsilukal bharana kendrangalaayi pravarthichirunnu. phalatthil, avar nagara niyanthranavum ulnaadan pradeshangalude saambathika aadhipathyavum urappichuvennu charitrakaaranaaya beshara daumaani parayunnu. kendreekritha bharanavum aadhunika sainyavum sthaapikkunnathinaayi eejiptil mohammed alii nadappaakkiya nayamaaya karshakare niraayudheekarikkukayum nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkukayum cheiyunnathinum ibrahim paasha thudakkamittu.
utharavukal nadappakkaan visammathicha karshakarkum avarude nethaakkalkkum idayil nirbandhitha sainikasevanavum niraayudheekaranavum valare janapreethiyillaathathaayirunu. puthiya nikuthi nayangal nagara pramukharudeyum grameena sheikkukaludeyum "muthasaalimukal" enna punk bheeshanippeduthukayum athesamayam eejipthinte phalapradamaaya niyama nirvvahana nadapadikal vyaapaarikaleyum yaathrakkaareyum thattikkondupokunnathile varumanam nediya beduin gothrangalude upajeevanamargathe bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. palastheeniludaneelam eejipshyan parishkaarangalodu sathrutha pulartthunna vaividhyamaarnna saamoohika, rashtreeya grouppukal oru sakhyamayi vikasichu. thalphalamaayi, eee sakhyam 1834-ll karshakarude kalapam ennariyappettirunna oru prasthaanam aarambhichu. syria pidichadakkiya samayat ibrahim paashayude sainyathin munbu karshaka kramarahithamaya sambhavanakal nalkiyirunna sub distrikt medhavi khaasim alle-ahammadinte neethrthwathilulla jabal nablus aayirunnu vimatharude kaathal. eejiptinum syriaykkum edayilulla aayudhangaludeyum nirbandhitha sainikarudeyum ozhukkinum eejipthine aadhunikavalkkarikkaanulla mohammed aliyude padhathikkum eee kalapam oru valia bheeshaniyaayirunnu. joonode vimatha sainyam jarusalem ulppede palasteente bhooribhaagavum pidichedutthu. ennirunnaalum, mohammed alii palastheenil ethi, vividha vimatha nethaakkalumaayum anubhavikalumaayum charchakal aarambikkukayum joolaiyil vedinirthal urappakkukayum cheythu. jarusaleminte ulpradeshathe sakthamaaya abu ghosh vamshathe vimatha senayil ninnu koorumattaanum addehathinu kazhinju.
vedinirthal kaalayalavil, jarusalemil ninnum mattu nagarangalil ninnumulla niravadhi matha, rashtreeya nethaakkale arast cheiyukayo naadukadatthukayo vadhikkukayo cheythu. pinneedu, vedinirthal oru thanthramaayi kandu khaasim kalapam punaraarambhichu. juulai 15 nuu nablas pidichedukkunnathinu munbu eejipshyan sainyam 16 gramangal nashippichu jabal nablasil vimathare paraajayappedutthaanulla oru pracharanam aarambhichu. casimine augustil samanilayil othukkiya hebronylake pinthudarukayum pinneedu bhooribhaagam vimatha neethrthwathodoppam pidikoodukayum vadikkukayum cheythu. eejipthinte vijayathinte pashchaathalatthil, jabal nablasinte vertual svayambharanaavakaasham ganyamaayi durbalapettu, 10,000 karshaka sainikare eejipthilekk ayachukondu nirbandhitha sainikasevana utharavukal nadappaakkukayum janasamkhyaye pradhaanamaayum niraayudheekarikkukayum cheythu. eejipthinte kendreekarana nayangalude bhaagamaayi, randaamathe nadapadi phalatthil palastheenil akramatthinte kuthaka avatharippichu. eejipshyan bharanavum jabal nablasile sakthamaaya grameena sheikhukalude parajayavum araabayile abd alle-haadi kudumbatthinte rashtreeya unnamanathilekku nayichu. kalaapasamayath athinte sheikh hussain abd alle-haadi ibrahim pashaye pinthunaykkukayum palasteen muzhuvan ulppedunna sidoninte vaaliyayi sthaanakkayattam nedukayum cheythu. addehathinte bandhukkalum sakhyakakshikalum jarusalem, nablus, jaafa ennividangalile "muthasalimukalaayi" niyamikkapettu.
brittan navikasena shell bairutilekku ayakkukayum oru anglo-automan paryaveshana seena erangukayum eejipt adhiniveshakkaarkethire praadeshika kalaapangalkk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. alexandriayil oru britiish naavika schwadron nankooramittu. eejipshyan sainyam eejipthilekk pinwangi. mohammed alii alii udambadiyil oppuvachu. brittan leventinte niyanthranam ottomankaarkku thirike nalkukayum thalphalamaayi automan saamraajyathinte keezhadangal nibandhanakalkku keezhil muun noottaandukaliludaneelam vividha europian rajyangal anubhavichirunna desaanthara avakashangal vardhippikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. oru american nayathanthranjan ezhuthi, "mahathaaya kristhyan shakthikalum udaathamaaya porttum thammilulla thudarchayaaya udambadikalil asaadhaaranamaaya aanukoolyangalum prathirodhasheshiyum ulkkollunnathinaal mikka uddeshyangalkkum aavasyangalkkum ottoman saamraajyathile niravadhi deseeyathakal samsthaanathinullil oru raashtram roopeekarichu."
automan niyanthranam punasthaapikkuka.
1840 muthal paashchaathyashakthikalude consular adhikaaraparidhikale vivarikkaano allengil vadakku-thekk dishayil saadhaaranayaayi raafa (gaasayude thekk-kizhakk) muthal litani nadhi vare (ippol lebananil) vyaapichukidakkunna oru pradeshatthino "palestine" upayogichirunnu. padinjaaran athirthi kadalaayirunnu, kizhakkan athirthi syrian marubhoomi aarambhicha mosham nirvachikkapetta sthalamaayirunnu. vividha europian srothassukalil, kizhakkan athirthi jordan nadhi muthal ammanu alppam kizhakkayi evideyum sthaapichittundu. negev marubhoomi ulppeduthiyitla. videshapradesangalil swantham pouranmaar ulppedunna kesukal pariganikkunna majistrettumaaraayirunnu konsalmaar. europile mathethara raajyangalile adhikaaraparidhikal praadeshikamaayitheernnappol, automans baisantain saamraajyathil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha niyamavyavastha nilanirtthi. pala kaaryangalilum niyamam vyakthiparamaayirunnu, praadesikamaayirunnilla, koodaathe oro pouranum thaan pookunnidatthellaam thante raajyathinte niyamam koode kondupoyi. palastheenil videshikalkk keezhadangal niyamam baadhakamaan. bandhapetta videshikalude samsthaanathile consular kodathikalkku maathrame avare vichaarana cheyyaan kazhiyoo. vyakthiparamaaya padavi ulppedunna kesukalil mathramalla, criminal, vaanijya kaaryangalilum ithu sariyaanu. american ambasseder morgenthou parayunnathanusarichu, turkey orikkalum oru swatantra paramadhikaaramaayirunnilla. paashchaathya shakthikalkk avarudethaaya kodathikal, maarshalukal, kolanikal, schoolukal, tapal samvidaanangal, mathasthaapanangal, jayilukal ennivayundaayirunnu. palastheenil sthirathaamasamaakkiya jootha anuyaayikalude valia samoohangalkkum konsulukal samrakshanam nalki.
paalastheenkaaraaya musleengal, kristhyaanikal, jootha samudaayangalkku avarkk anuvadicha charterukal anusarichu avarude swantham amgangalude mail adhikaraparidhi prayogikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu. noottaandukalaayi joothanmaarkkum kristhyaanikalkkum aaradhana, vyakthiparamaaya padavi, nikuthikal, avarude schoolukalum jeevakaarunya sthaapanangalum kaikaaryam cheyyal ennivayil valia thothilulla saamudaayika svayambharanaadhikaaram undaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil tansimath parishkaarangalude bhaagamaayi aaa avakashangal aupachaarikamaayi amgeekarikkappedukayum kammyoonittikale europian pothu niyamatthinte samrakshanathinu keezhil konduvarikayum cheythu.
cheythu, gothrasamgharshangalum beduin reydukalum nirtthikkondu jordaninu kizhakk kramam punasthaapikkaan automan sainyathin kazhinju. ithu lebanon, syria, palasteen ennividangalile vividha janasamkhyayil ninnu kizhakode, prathyekichu uppu pradeshathekku, puthiya bhoomi prayojanappeduthunnathi kudiyettam kshanichu. 1880 muthal onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu thottumumbulla kaalayalavil eee ozhukk ekadesham 12,000 aayirunnu, athesamayam jordaninu kizhakkulla bedauyin janasamkhya 56,000 aayi uyarnnu. ennirunnaalum, 1921-22 ll transjordanian emirate roopeekarichathode, aduthide syrcassiakkaar punaradhivasippicha amman kugramam, palastheenil ninnulla puthiya kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagatheyum aakarshichu, munbu uppilekku maariyavaril palarum.
1914 vare nilaninnirunna bharanaparamaya athirthikal sthaapicha 1873-leeii punasamghadanayil, palasteen moonnu pradhana bharana unitukalkkidayil vibhajikkapettu. vadakkan bhagam, jaffa vadakkan jerichoyumaayum jordaanumaayum bandhippikkunna oru rekhaykku mukalil, beyroottile vilaayettin nalki, ekkar, bairoot, nablas ennivayude "sanjakkukal" (jillakal) aayi vibhajichu. thekk bhagam, jaafayil ninnu thaazhekku, istanbulinte nerittulla adhikaarathinu keezhilulla oru prathyeka jillayaya jerusaleminte mutaserifettinte bhaagamaayirunnu. athinte thekkan athirthikal vyakthamallengilum kizhakkan sinaay upadveepilum vadakkan negev marubhoomiyilum chitharikkidakkunnu. madhya, thekkan negevinte bhooribhaagavum sinaay upadveep arabiyude padinjaaran bhaagavum ulppedunna hejaasinte vilaayettilekku niyogikkapettu.
automanmaar "philistin" enna padatthe "vishudha bhoomi" yeei soochippikkunna oru amoortha padamaayi kanakkakki, vyakthamaayi nirvachikkapetta pradeshathinu sthiramaayi prayogichathalla. vidyaasambannaraaya arab pothujanagalkkidayil, "philaastin" ennathu oru pothu ashayamaayirunnu, onnukil palestine muzhuvanaayo allengil jarusalem "sanjak" ennathino allengil ramlake chuttumulla pradeshatthino maathram soochippikkunnu. 1911 muthal "falestin" (palestine) enna dinapathram prasidheekarichathu eee aashayathinte vardhichuvarunna naanayatthinte oru udaaharanamaanu.
pathonpathaam noottaandil europil aarambhicha jootha janathayude deseeya prasthaanamaaya seonisathinte uyarcha palastheenil oru jootha raashtram punarnirmmikkaanum jootha janathayude yadhaartha janmadesham thirike nalkaanum shramichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode siyonist kudiyettatthinte thudakkam kandu. aadyathe alia" aayirunnu aliyayude aadyathe aadhunika tharamgam. eee tharamgathil palastheenil kudiyeriya juthanmaar kooduthalum kizhakkan europil ninnum yemanil ninnum vannavaraan. aliyayude eee tharamgam 1903 vare neenduninnu, ekadesham 25,000 joothanmaare israel raajyathekku konduvannu. 1891-ll, jarusalem pramukharude oru samgham jootha kudiyettam avasaanippikkanamennum juthanmaarkku bhoomi vilkkanamennum aavasyappettu istamboolile kendra ottomaan sarkkaarin oru nivedanam ayachu. ayachu 1904num idayil nadanna randaamathe aliyayil ekadesham 35,000 juthanmaar kudiyeri, avaril bhooribhaagavum russiayil ninnum polandil ninnum.
valia yudhavum antarvahiniyum.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu automans jarmman saamrajyathinum kendrashakthikalkkum oppam ninnu. thalphalamaayi, automan saamraajyathinte thakarcha ghattathil britiish saamrajyam avare eee pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum purathaakki.
purathaakki rahasya saikks-picot karar prakaram, automan niyanthranatthil ninnu mochithamaakumbol palasteente bhooribhaagavum nerittulla franch allengil britiish colonial niyanthranatthilallaatha oru anthaaraashtra mekhalayaayi maarumennu vibhavanam cheythirunnu. taamasiyaathe, britiish videshakaarya mantri arther balfour balfour prakhyapanam purappeduvichu, athu palastheenil oru "jootha deseeya bhavanam" sthaapikkumennu vaagdaanam cheythuvenkilum onnaam lokamahaayudhathil automan saamrajyathinethiraaya mahathaaya arab kalaapathin pakaramaayi oru ekeekritha arab raashtram roopeekarikkaanulla prathijnjaabadhamaaya 1915-16 hussain-mcmohan kathidapaadukalkku virudhamaanennu thonni. mcmohante vaagdaanangal arab desheeyavaadikalkku udanadi arab swaathanthryathinulla prathinjayaayi kaanaamaayirunnu, 1916 meyy maasatthile rahasya saikks-picot kararinu keezhil britiish, franch leag oof nations kamaandukalaayi eee mekhalayude thudarnnulla vibhajanam lamghicha oru prathinjja, ithu muzhuvan pradeshatheyum roopappeduthunna bhoumaraashtreeyathinte yadhaartha moolakkallaayi maari. balfour prakhyaapanatthe, athupole, bhaaviyile jootha maathrraajyathinte moolakkallaayi jootha desheeyavaadikal kandu.
edmund alanbiyude neethrthwathil britiish neethrthwathilulla eejipshyan paryaveshana seena 1917 desember 9 nuu jarusalem pidichedukkukayum 1918 septambaril megido yudhathil palastheenil turkish senayude paraajayatheyum october 31 nuu turkey keezhadangiyathineyum thudarnnu levent muzhuvan pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
britiish bharanakaalakhattam.
onnaam lokamahaayudhatheyum britteeshukaarude eee pradesham adhiniveshatheyum thudarnnu, pradhana sakhyakakshikalum anubandha shakthikalum 1922-ll leag oof nations audyogikamaayi amgeekaricha maandett thayyarakki. 1920 num 1948 num idayil grettu brittan leag oof neshansinu vendi palestine bharichu, eee kaalaghattatthe "britiish maandett" ennu vilikkunnu. adhikaarathinte aamukham prakhyaapichu
1917 november november addehathinte britiish raajnjiyude sarkkar, jootha janathaykkaayi oru deseeya bhavanam sthaapikkunnathinu anukoolamaayi, palastheenil sweekaricha prakhyapanam praabalyatthil konduvarunnathinu nirbandham utharavaadiyaayirikkanamenna pradhana sakhyashakthikal sammathichuvenkilum, palastheenil nilavilulla joothanmaarallaatha samoohangalude poura, matha avakashangalkko mattethenkilum raajyathulla juthanmaarkku labhikkuna avakashangalkkum rashtreeya padaviykkum munvidhiyundaakkunna onnum cheyyaruthennu vyakthamaayi manassilaakkappedunnu.
ellaavarum aaa vidhiyil samthruptharaayirunnilla. pathinaram noottaand muthal middle eest niyanthrichirunna muun automan saamraajyathinte bhagangal "ottaykku nilkkaan kazhiyunnathuvare" bharikkuka ennathaayirunnu maandett samvidaanathodukoodiya leag oof neshansinte lakshyam. mcmohan-hussain kathidapaadukalum arab kalaapathekkurichulla dharana brittan lamghikkukayaanennu chila arabikalkku thonni. chilar syriayumaayi ekeekaranam aagrahichu 1919 februvariyil, jaafa, jerusalem ennividangalil ninnulla niravadhi musleem, kristhyan grouppukal koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum syriayumaayulla aikyatheyum seonisathodulla ethirppineyum pinthunaykkunna oru vedhi sweekarikkukayum cheythu (ithine chilappol aadyathe palasteen deseeya kongras ennu vilikkunnu). paarees samadhana sammelanathil palasteen arabikale prathinideekarikkaan faisalinu adikaaram nalkikkond damascasinu oru kathu ayachu. 1919 meyy maasathil damascasil oru syrian deseeya kongras nadakkukayum oru palasteen prathinidhi samgham athinte sessionukalil pankedukkukayum cheythu.
1920 eprilil jarusalemile joothanmaarkkethire akramasakthamaaya arab kalapangal nadannu, athu 1920 leeii palestine kalapam ennariyappettu. siyonist kudiyettatthinte prathyaaghaathangalecholli arab-jootha bandhangalil vardhichuvarunna samgharshangale thudarnnaanu kalapam. britiish sainika bharanakoodatthinte kramarahithamaya prathikaranam naalu divasam neenduninna kalapam niyanthrikkunnathil parajayappettu. sambhavangalude falamaayi britishukaarkkum joothanmaarkkum arabikalkkum edayilulla vishwaasam kshayichu. britiish bharanakoodathinu samaantharamaayi oru svayambharana adisthaana soukaryathilekkum suraksha upakaranangalilekkum jootha samooham neengunnathaayirunnu oru anantharafalam.
1920 eprilil, sakhya supreme kaunsil (yunaittad stetts, grettu brittan, france, itali, jappan) santemoyil yogam cherukayum maandett pradeshangal anuvadikkunnathinekkur aupachaarika theerumaanangal edukkukayum cheythu. yunaittad kingdom palasteenin oru maandett nedi, france syriaykku oru maandett nedi. utharavukalude athirukalum avaa eathu vyavasthakalkku keezhil nadathanamennu theerumaanichirunnilla. santemoyile siyonist samghadanayude prathinidhi cheyim weisman pinneedu landanile thante sahapravarthakarodu ingane report cheythu "utharavinte yadhaartha nibandhanakalum paalasteente athirthikalude chodyavum polulla pradhanappetta vishadaamshangal ippozhum baakkiyund. franch syria palasteen thammilulla athirthi verthirikkal undu, ithu vadakkan athirthiyum arab syriayodu chernnulla kizhakkan athirthiyum roopappeduthum. ameer faisal samadhana sammelanathil pankedukkunnathuvare randaamathethu nischayikkaan saadhyathayilla, orupakshe paareesil.
1920 joolaiyil franchukaar faisal biinn hussaine damascasil ninnu purathaakki, praadeshika medhaavikal parambaraagathamaayi eathenkilum kendra adhikaarathe ethirtha transjorden pradeshathe addehathinte ithinakam undaayirunna nissaramaaya niyanthranam avasaanippichu. mccayile sharifinode neratthe vishwasthatha vaagdaanam cheytha sheikkukal eee pradeshatthinte bharanam ettedukkaan briteeshukaarodu aavasyappettu. herbert saamuval transjorden palestine sarkkaarinte adikaaram vipuleekarikkaan aavasyappettu, ennaal 1921 maarchil keyroyilum jarusalemilum nadanna vinsttan charchilum emir abdullah thammilulla yogangalil abdullah eee pradesham (thudakkathil aarumasam maathram) palestine bharanakoodathinu vendi bharikkumenn sammathichu. 1921-leeii venalkkaalath transjorden mandettinullil ulppeduthiyenkilum oru jootha deseeya bhavanathinulla vyavasthakalil ninnu ozhivaakkappettu. 1922 juulai juulai leag oof nations palestine, transjorden ennee raajyangalude mail britiish maandettinte nibandhanakal amgeekarichu. septambar 16 nuu leag loard balforil ninnulla oru memmoraandathinu audyogikamaayi amgeekaaram nalki, oru jootha deseeya bhavanavum jootha kudiyettavum srishtikkunnathumaayi bandhapetta maandettinte vyavasthakalil ninnu transjordane ozhivaakkiyathaayi sthireekarikkunnu. transjorden britiish bharanathin keezhilaayathode, bharanathinte koottaaya pradesham 23 sathamaanam palestine 77 sathamaanam transjorden chernnathayi maari. jootha kudiyettattheyum rashtreeya padaviyeyum pinthunaykkunnathinulla nadapadikal vyakthamaakkumbol, article 25 ll, jordan nadiyude kizhakkulla pradeshathu, brittanu oru jootha deseeya bhavanathekkurichulla utharavinte aaa lekhanangal 'maattivaykkaano' thadayaano kazhiyumennu prasthaavichu. thaarathamyena parimithamaaya vibhavangalum pradhaanamaayum marubhoomi paristhithiyum kaaranam transjorden valare janasandrata kuranja pradeshamaayirunnu (prathyekichu palestine pradeshavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol).
1923ll yunaittad kingdow france thammilulla oru karar britiish palestine mandettum franch maandett oof syria thammilulla athirthi sthireekarichu. vadakkan jordan thaazhvaraykku pakaramaayi britishukaar thekkan gollen uyarangal franchukaarkku kaimari. jordan nadiyude iruvashangalum vadakkukizhakkan theerathu 10 meter veethiyulla strip ulppede galeeli kadal muzhuvan paalasteente bhaagamaakkikkond athirthi veendum varachu, syriaykku thadaakathil mathsyabandhanathinum naavigeshan avakaashavumund.
arabikalaayi yogyatha nedaathe, 1928 juulai juulai britiish adhikaarikalkk aupachaarika paraathikalude oru parambara avatharippikkunna musleengalum kristhyaanikalum adangunna sthiram executive kammittiyude rekhayil palastheenikalekkurichulla aadya paramarsham kaanam.
bharanam.
nirbandhitha palastheenil ettavum pradhanappetta palasteen nethaavu hajj amin alle-hussainiyaayirunnu. britishukaar addehathe "paalasteente grand mufti" aayi niyamikkukayum palastheenkaarude swaathanthryathinaayulla parajayappetta pooraattatthe nayikkaan thante sthaanam upayogikkukayum cheythu. valia kalaapathin neethrthwam nalkiyathinu arast cheyyappedaathirikkaan 1937-ll addeham palastheenil ninnu palayanam cheythuvenkilum palastheenikale naadukadatthalil nayikkum.
1921ll britishukaar mathaparamaya neethrthwam nalkunnathinaayi musleem hier kaunsil enna sthaapanam roopeekarichu. nilavilulla deseeya executive arab kammitti ithinakam aaa punk thediyittundengilum avar athine palasteen arabikale prathinideekarikkunnathaayi amgeekarichu. mathaparamaya daanadharmmangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum mathanyaayikakaleyum praadeshika mufthikaleyum niyamikkunnathum kaunsilinte kadamakalil ulppedunnu. sthaapanathinte thalavanayi hajj ameene thiranjedukkukayum addehathinte kudumbatthile amgangalkku kaunsilil munganana nalkukayum cheythu. athiraalikalaaya nashaashibikal munisippal sthaanangalilekku nayikkapettu. palasteen varenyavargakkaar thammilulla sathrutha valarthunnathinulla britiish thanthrathinu anusrithamaayirunnu ithu. avar vijayikkukayum srishticha bhinnatha varum pathittaandukalaayi deseeya samghadanayude aadhunika roopangalude valarchaye thadassappeduthukayum cheyyum.
arab swaathanthrya partyaya alle-istiklal 1932 ll audyogikamaayi sthaapithamaayenkilum 1930 muthal anaudyogikamaayi nilaninnirunnu. 1936 ll valia kalapam pottippurappettathin thottupinnaale hussaini, nashashibis amgangal adangunna arab unnatha samiti (alle-lajana alle-arabia alle-ulya) sthaapikkappettu.
janasamkhyaashaasthravum jootha kudiyettavum.
palastheenikalkk ethiraayi, britishukaar udaaramaaya kudiyetta nayangal uyarthippidikkukayum joothanmaarude vanthothilulla kudiyettam anuvadikkukayum cheythukondu palastheenil siyonist kudiyettam sugamamaakki. kudiyettam oru valia janasamkhyaaparamaaya maattathinu kaaranamaakukayum arabikale aashankappeduthukayum cheythu. 1922ll nadatthiya sensus prakaram palestine janasamkhya 76,3550 aayirunnu, athil 89 sathamaanam arabikalum 11 sathamaanam juthanmaarum aayirunnu. 1947 avasaanathode janasamkhyayile joothanmaarude vihitam 31 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu.
1933-ll adolph hitlar germmaniyil adhikaarathil vannu, siyonist federation moonnaamathe raike thammilulla havra karar jarmman joothanmaarude kudiyettam sugamamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. ennathaayirunnu madhyathil jootha kudiyettam ganyamaayi vardhichu. 1935ll 62,000 juthanmaar palastheenil praveshichu, 1920ll bharanam aarambhichathinusheshamulla ettavum uyarnna samkhyayaanithu.
samkhyayaanithu 1922num idayil, pradhaanamaayum kudiyettavum videsha mooladhanavum kaaranam sambadvyavasthayude jootha mekhalayude vaarshika valarchaa nirakk 13.2% aayirunnu, athesamayam arabikalude valarchaa nirakk 6.5 shathamaanamaayirunnu. aalohari kanakkukal yathaakramam 4.8 sathamaanavum 3.6 shathamaanavumaayirunnu. 1936 aayappozhekkum jootha mekhala arabiye marikadannu, jootha vyakthikal arabikalekkaal 2.6 madangu varumanam nedi. manushya mooladhanathinte kaaryatthil valia vyathyaasamundaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, arab saksharatha kramanugathamaayi vardhichukondirunnuve 1932-ll joothanmaarude saaksharata nirakk 86 sathamaanavum arabikalude saaksharata nirakk 22 shathamaanavumaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu vyaavasaayikavum karshikavumaaya ulppaadanam vardhichathode palasteen saambathikamaayi vikasikkunnath thudarnnu, eee kaalayalav oru "saambathika kuthichuchaattamaayi" kanakkakkappettu. arab-jootha bandhangalude kaaryatthil, thaarathamyena shaanthamaaya samayangalaayirunnu avaa.
1939 muthal randaam lokamahaayudhathiludaneelam, 1939 leeii dhavalapatram prasidheekarichathinethu brittan palastheenil praveshikkaan anuvadicha jootha kudiyettakkaarude ennam kurachu. 15,000 vaarshika kwata kaviyumbol, naasi peedanatthil ninnu palayanam cheytha joothanmaare thadankalppaalayangalil paarppikkukayo moureeshyas polulla sthalangalilekku naadukadatthukayo cheythu. 1946ll prasidheekaricha anglo-american kammitti oof enkwayariyude kandethalukal dhavalapatram vichedikkukayum palasteen vareyulla jootha kudiyettatthinulla niyanthranangal brittan laghookarikkukayum cheythu.
1936-1939 kalapam.
grettu palasteen kalapam ennum ariyappedunna aii. dii. 1. yude kalapam palasteen desheeyathayude roopeekarana sambhavangalilonnaan. britiish bharanathodulla athrupthi moolavum palastheenil siyonist kudiyettatthodum chernnu kalapam oru pothu akramanamaayi aarambhichuvenkilum oru sayudha kalaapamaayi parinamichu. kalaapathodulla britteeshukaarude prathikaranam kadinamaayirunnu, athu 100,000 sainikare vinyasichu palastheenil sainika shakti vipuleekarichu. kuttamo vichaaranayo illaathe thadavu, curfue, vipp chaattavaaradi, veedu polikkal, gramangalkkum kudumbangalkkumethiraya koottaaya shiksha enniva kalapam adichamarthaan upayogicha chila sanbradaayangalaayirunnu. phalastheenkaarile praayapoorthiyaaya purusha janasamkhyayude 10 sathamaanam kollappedukayo parikkelkkukayo naadukadatthukayo jayililadaykkukayo cheythathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
eee kalapam palastheenikalkk oru duranthamaayirunnu, athinte rund lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathil athu parajayappettu; siyonist settilment verode pizhutheriyukayum britiish maandett avasanippikkukayum cheythu. britiish adichamarthal kaaranam, palastheenikalkk praadeshika neethrthwamillaathayi, kaaranam avarude nethaakkalil bhooribhaagavum raajyam vidukayo adhikaarikal naadukadatthukayo cheythu. athiraalikalaaya kudumbangal thammilulla ulkkanda palasteen samoohathil thirichadaykkaanaavaatha naashanashtangal undaakki, athesamayam seonistukal aninirakkukayum britiish-siyonist sahakaranm vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
pothu panimudakku.
1935 novemberil jeninu sameepamulla kunnukalil britiish poleesumaayulla vedivayppil garilla nethaavu sheikh isd-dhiin alle-khaasaam kollappettu. aayirakkanakkin aalukal addehathinte shavasamskara chadangil pankedutthathu prakadanangalaayi maari. addehathinte maranam mattullavarkk oru raali viliyayi maari.
1936 eprilil alle-isthikhlaal oru pothu panimudakkinu ahvaanam cheyyukayum palasteen neethrthwam athinte anugraham nalkukayum cheythu. palestininte bhaviyekkurichu britteeshukaarumaayi charchakalkku pakaramaayi palastheeniyakkar pinmaran arab nethaakkal nirddeshichathode eathaanum maasangalkk sesham panimudakku avasaanichu. athesamayam, fausi alle-khaavikhjiyude neethrthwathilulla sannadhapravarthakar raajyathekku praveshikkukayum parajayappetta garilla yudhathil earppedukayum cheythu. britishukaar alle-khaavikhjiyude sainyathinte bhooribhaagavum nasippikkukayum october pakuthiyode raajyam vidukayum cheythu.
kammeeshan tholiyil.
1937ll peel kammeeshan palasteene jootha, arab rajyangalaayi vibhajikkaan shupaarsha cheythu. juthanmaarkku tell avivu, theeradesha samathalangal, vadakkan thaazhvarakal, galeelinte chila bhagangal enniva labikkum, athesamayam arabikalkku jordan nadiyude padinjaaran theeram, madhya palestine, thekkan marubhoomi enniva labikkum. jarusalemine kadalumaayi bandhippikkunna idungiya idanaazhiyum brittan nilanirtthum. nilanirtthum turkey grease thammilulla kaimattatthinu samanamaaya oru janasamkhyaa kaimaattam kammeeshan vibhavanam cheythu; jootha raashtrathinte pradeshathu veedukalulla aayirakkanakkin arabikale nirbandhithamaayi neekkam cheyyum.
siyonist neethrthwam vibhajanathe thathwathil pinthunachuvenkilum kammeeshante kandethalukalil ethirppu prakadippikkukayum chila athiraalikal jootha raashtrathin anuvadicha pradesham valare cheruthaanennu karuthukayum cheythu. jordaante iruvashathumulla muzhuvan raajyavum kramena avakaashappedaanulla padhathiyude aadyapadiyaayi benn-guriyon ithine kandu. nirbandhitha janasamkhyaa kaimaattatthinulla kammeeshante shupaarshayil addeham prathyekichum santhushtanaayirunnu; oru "sarikkum jootha" raashtram yaadhaarthyamaakaan pookukayaanennu addeham thante dayariyil ezhuthi.
mufthiyude neethrthwathilulla palestinikal palasteene vibhajikkunnathine ethirthuvenkilum nashaashibikalude neethrthwathilulla oru nyoonapaksha vibhaagam athine pinthunachu. ithu husainiyum nashashibiyude anuyaayikalum thammilulla shathruthayilekku nayichu, kaaranam munpu raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthiyirunna hussaini nashashibiyude anuyayikalaayirunnu.
vardhanavum vighadanavum.
1937-nte avasana pakuthiyil kalapam vardhikkukayum niravadhi vimatha samghangal uyarnnuvarikayum cheythu. vimathar britiish, jootha lakshyangale mathramalla, shathrukkalumaayi sahakarichuvennu aaropikkappedunna palastheeniyakkareyum aakramichu. athesamayam, britishukaar adichamarthal adiyanthara niyanthranangal nadappaakki, ithu saadhaaranakkaarkkidayil kalahangal srishtichu. vimatharkulla janakeeya pinthuna kuranju.
1938 avasaanathode britishukaar vimatharude athiraalikale fakri alle-nashashibiyudeyum munbu khwaakhjiyude deputy ayirunna fakri abd alle-haadiyudeyum neethrthwathilulla "pease baandukal" ennu vilikkunna sayudha grouppukalaayi samghadippichathode kalapam kuranju. ivayude sahaayathode britishukaar vimatharude olivil kazhiyunna sthalangal phalapradamaayi thurannukaattukayum 1939 avasaanathode ellah vimatha pravartthanangalum avasaanikkukayum cheythu.
siyonist samaaharana.
kalaapathe adichamarthaanulla britiish shramangale jootha ardhasainika samghadanayaaya "hagana" (prathirodham ennathinte ebraer) sajeevamaayi pinthunachu. britiish bharanakoodam "hagana" yeei audyogikamaayi amgeekarichillenkilum, britiish suraksha seena jootha settilment police prathyeka ratri schwadukalum roopeekarichu athumaayi sahakarichu. irgan" (allengil "ettsel") ennu vilikkappedunna hagaanayile oru pilarnna samgham joothanmaarkkethiraaya aakramanathinu arabikalkkethire akramasakthamaaya prathikara nayam sweekarichu; hagana samyamana nayam sweekarichu. 1937 joolaiyil alexandriayil irgan sthaapakan seave jabottinsky, commander kooll ennivar thammilulla oru koodikkazhchayil. pravartthanangal "kuttavaalikal" aayi parimithappeduthunnathinu budhimuttu kaaranam vivechanarahithamaaya prathikaaratthinte aavasyakatha roobert bitkar cheef oof staaf moshe rosenberg vishadeekarichu. markkattukal, kafekal thudangiya pothusammelana sthalangalkkethire irgan akramanam nadatthi.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol jootha janatha brittante pakshatthuninnu. jootha ejansiyude thalavanaaya david benn-guriyon eee nayathe nirvachichathu oru prashasthamaaya mudraavaakyamaayi maari "dhavalapatram illaathathupole njangal yuddham cheyyum, yuddham illaathathupole njangal dhavalapatram poraadum."ithu jootha janasamkhyaye mothatthil prathinidheekarichirunnavum, apavaadangal undaayirunnu (chuvade kaanuka).
arab lokathinte bhooribhaagatheyum pole, randaam lokamahaayudhathile poraalikale sambandhicha avarude nilapaadinekkurichu palasteen arabikalkkidayil samavayam undaayirunnilla. niravadhi nethaakkalum pothu vyakthikalum oru achuthandu vijaythe seonistukalil ninnum britteeshukaaril ninnum palasteene thirike nedunnathinulla oru margamaayum saadhyathayulla falamaayum kandu. jarusaleminte grand mufti mohammed amin alle-hussaini yudhathinte backie bhagam naasi germmaniyilum adhinivesha pradeshangalilum chelavazhichu. ekadesham 6,000 palasteen arabikalum 30,000 palasteen juthanmaarum britiish senayil chernnu.
1940 juun juun itali britiish komanveltthinumel yuddham prakhyapikkukayum germmaniyude paksham cherukayum cheythu. oru maasathinullil, italikkaar tell aveevu, haifa ennivayil bombit palasteene aakaashat ninnu aakramichu.
1942ll jarmman general ervin romalinte sainyam vadakke aafrikkayil kizhakode syoos kanalilekku munneriyappol, avar palasteen keezhadakkumenna bhayam nilaninnirunnappol yishuvine sambandhichidatholam uthkandayude oru kaalaghattamundaayirunnu. eee sambhavamaan britiish pinthunayode palmach sthaapikkunnathinulla nerittulla kaaranam-haganayil (kooduthalum reserve sainikar chernna) ulppedunna uyarnna pariseelanam labhicha oru saadhaarana yoonit.
1944 juulai 3 nuu britiish sarkkar thiranjeduttha joothanmaareyum joothanmaarallaatha muthirnna udyogasthareyum ulppeduthi oru jootha brigade sthaapikkaan sammathichu. 1945 march muthal 1945 meyy maasathil yuddham avasanikkunnathuvare italiyile jarmmankaarkkethire brigade europil poraadi. europil ninnu palastheenil rakshappedaan joothanmaare sahayikkaanulla berihayude sramangalil brigade amgangal pradhana punk vahichu. pinneedu, jootha brigedinte muthirnna sainikar israelinte israel prathirodha senayude puthiya samsthaanathinte pradhana pankaalikal aayi.
1944ll menachem irganinte neethrthwam ettedukkaan thudangi, britiish sarkkaarine palastheenil ninnu sainyathe poornnamaayum neekkam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakkaan theerumaanichu. balfour prakhyaapanathekkurichu thangalude yadhaartha vaagdaanathil ninnu britishukaar pinmariyennum 1939 leeii jootha kudiyettam niyanthrikkunna dhavalapatram avarude arab anukoola nayatthinte vardhanavaanennum udharichu addeham haganayumaayi bandham vichedikkaan theerumaanichu. addeham adhikaaramettayudane, oru aupachaarika 'kalapa prakhyapanam' pracharippikkukayum britiish senaykkethire sayudha akramanangal aarambikkukayum cheythu. mattoru pilarnna grouppaaya lehi britiish adhikaarikalkkethiraaya pravartthanangal avasaanippikkunnathine ellaayppozhum ethirthu. aaa pravarthanangaleyum thayyaareduppile sarkkar enna nilayilulla athinte pankine velluvilikkunnathiyum ethirtha jootha ejansi "vettayaadal season" ennathinodu prathikarichu-irganinteyum lehiyudeyum pinthunakkaarkkethire britteeshukaarkk kaimarunnathu ulppede kadutha nadapadikal.
britiish maandett 1945-1948 avasaanichu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla varshangalil, palestininte melulla brittante niyanthranam kooduthal durbalamaayi. thaazhepparayunna gadakangal ulppedeyulla gadakangalude samyojanamaanu ithinu kaaranam
1947-nte thudakkathil britiish sarkkar eee utharavu avasaanippikkanulla aagraham prakhyapikkukayum raajyathinte bhaviyekkurichu shupaarshakal nalkaan ikyaraashtra pothusabhayodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. joothanmaarkkum arab samoohangalkkum sveekaaryamallaatha oru pariharavum nadappaakkunnathino 1948 meyy 15 nuu athinte utharavu avasaanikkunnathin munbu pothu surakshayude utharavaaditham ettedukkaan mattu adhikaarikale anuvadikkunnathino britiish bharanakoodam visammathichu.
vibhajanavum pidichedutthu palasteen yudhavum.
1947 november november ikyaraashtra potusabha 10 perr vittunilkkunnathine anukoolichu 33-13 vottucheythu, britiish maandett avasaanippikkunnathinaayi nirbandhitha palestine saambathika unionumaayi oru vibhajanam shupaarsha cheiyunna 181 (ii) (niyamaparamaayi baadhyathayillengilum) prameyam amgeekarichu. palasteene "oru jootha rajyangalkkoppam oru swatantra arab rajyamaayum jarusalem nagarathinu prathyeka anthaaraashtra bharanamaayum" vibhajikkanaayirunnu padhathi. bethlahemine jarusalem ulkkollendathaayirunnu. siyonist nethaakkal (jootha ejansi ulppede) padhathi amgeekarikkukayum palasteen arab nethaakkal athu nirasikkukayum ellah swatantra muslim, arab raajyangalum ithine ethirthu vottu cheyyukayum cheythu. eathaandu udan thanne, vibhageeyamaaya akramangal pottippurappedukayum thudarnnulla maasangalil noorukanakkinu arabikalum juthanmaarum briteeshukaarum kollappedukayum cheythu.
yuu. enn. prameyam oru samboornna aabhyanthara yudhathinu uthejakamaayirunnu. naalu maasatholam, thudarchayaaya arab prakopanatthinum aakramanathinum keezhil, idaykkide thirichadikkumbol yeshuv saadhaaranayaayi prathirodhatthilaayirunnu. arab vimochana sainyathile arab sannadhapravarthakar palastheenikalkkoppam pooraadunnathinaayi palastheenil praveshichuvenkilum epril-meyy maasangalil yishoov seena nadatthiya akramanam arab senaye paraajayappedutthukayum arab palasteen samooham thakarukayum cheythu. vedinirthal oppuvachappozhekkum, prakshubdhathayil kudungiya ekadesham 700,000 palestinikal palayanam cheiyukayo avarude veedukalil ninnu purathaakkappedukayo cheythu.
1948 meyy 14 nuu david benn-gurion jootha peeples kaunsilum "israel raashtram ennariyappedunna oru jootha raashtram etts israelil (israel naadu) sthaapikkumennu" prakhyaapichu. vibhajanam thadayunnathinum palasteen arab janataye pinthunaykkunnathinum ayal arab rajyangal edapettu. transjorden eejipt bhaaviyile arab rajyathinaayi nischayichittulla pradeshatthinte niyanthranam etteduthappol, syrian, iraakhi paryaveshana seena israeline vijayikkathe aakramichu. jarusaleminte niyanthranathinaayi jordanian, israel sainyam thammil nadanna ettavum theevramaaya yudhangalaayirunnu avaa.
juun juun ellah kakshikalum oru vedinirthal sweekarichu. israel thangalude sainyathe valia thothilulla shakthippeduthal ettedukkaan eee vishramathe upayogichu. sainika pravartthanangalude oru parambarayil, yudhasamayathu athu galeeli mekhala muzhuvan, lidda, ramley pradeshangal, negev enniva keezhadakki. laatran yudhangalil jarusalemine israelumaayi bandhippikkunna oru rooad surakshithamakkaanum athinu kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, ayal arab rajyangal 1949 leeii vedinirthal karaarukalil oppuvaykkukayum yuddham avasanippikkukayum israayelinte puthiya athirthikal yadhaarthathil amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. eee ghattathil, 350,000 arab palestinikal palayanam cheiyukayo keezhadakkiya pradeshangalil ninnu purathaakkappedukayo cheythu.
muun nirbandhitha pradeshatthinte vibhajanam.
arabikal vibhajana padhathi nirasichappol juthanmaar athu prathyakshatthil sweekarichu. pidichedutthu arab-israel yudhathethudarnnu, yudhathethudarnnu vedinirthal karaarukalude nibandhanakalkkanusarichu palasteen arabikalkkum jarusaleminte anthaaraashtra mekhalaykkum anuvadicha pradesham israelum ayal arab raajyangalum kaivashappedutthi. jootha raashtrathin anuvadicha vibhajanam nadathaattha pradeshathinu purame, britiish bharanapradeshathinte 26 sathamaanam koodi israel pidichedukkukayum ulppeduthukayum cheythu. muun bharanapradeshathinte 21 shathamaanatholam jordan kaivashappedutthi. pazhaya nagaram ulppedeyulla kizhakkan bhagangal jordan pidichedukkukayum padinjaaran bhagangal israel pidichedukkukayum cheythathode jarusalem vibhajikkapettu. koodaathe, yuu. enn vibhajana padhathiyil jootha raashtrathin anuvadichirunna galeeli kadalinte thekkum kizhakkum muun bharanapradeshathinte cheria bhagangal syria pidichedutthu. pidichedutthu yudhasamayathum thudarnnulla pathittaandukalilum arabikaludeyum joothanmaarudeyum vanthothilulla janasamkhyaa prasthaanangalekkurichu vivaranathinu, arab deshangalil ninnulla palasteen pravaasavum jootha palaayanavum kaanuka.
eejipshyan niyantritha gaasayile palasteen govarnor sthaanam.
israel raashtram prakhyaapicha athe divasam thanne, palastheenil udaneelam orotta arab sivil administration sthaapikkumennu arab leag prakhyaapichu.
1948 septambar septambar 1948 arab-israel yudhathil arab leag aanu ool-palasteen sarkkar sthaapichathu. jordan ozhikeyulla ellah arab leag amgangalum taamasiyaathe ithu amgeekarichu. muun nirbandhitha palestine muzhuvan ulkkollunna sarkkaarinte adhikaraparidhi prakhyaapichirunnuvenku athinte phalapradamaaya adhikaraparidhi ghaza strippil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. ghaza aasthaanamaayulla bharanathinte pradhaanamantriye ahamed hilmy paasha ennum presidentine arab unnatha samithiyude muun chairman hajj amin alle-hussaini ennum namakaranam cheythu.
oru swatantra palasteen raashtram sthaapikkaanulla aadya sramamaayaanu chilar muzhuvan palasteen sarkkarineyum kanakkaakkunnath. ithu audyogika eejipshyan samrakshanathilaayirunnu, ennaal maruvashathu, ithinu executive roll undaayirunnilla, marichu kooduthalum raashtreeyavum pratheekaathmakavumaayirunnu. 1948 avasaanathil israeli kadannukayattathethudarnnathu gaasayil ninnu keyroyilekku sarkkar sthaanam maattiyathinethudarnnu athinte praadhaanyam kramena kuranju. ghaza strip pinneedu yudhathiloode eejipshyan niyanthranathilekku thirichethiyenkilum, ellah palestine sarkkarum keyroyil naadukadatthappettu, puratthu ninnu gassan karyangal kaikaaryam cheythu.
1959-ll, gaasayil eejipshyan sainika bharanaadhikaarikale niyamichukondu, aupachaarika eejipshyan sainika bharanathinu keezhil varunna, muzhuvan palasteen sarkkarum audyogikamaayi yunaittad arab republicilekku layichu. ennirunnaalum, palasteen padinjaaran theeram pidichadakkiyathaayi prakhyaapicha transjorden sarkkaarin vipareethamaayi eejipt palasteen pradeshathe eathenkilum tharatthilulla ellah pradeshika avakaashavaadangaleyum aupachaarikamaayum anoupachaarikamaayum apalapichu. eejipshyan sainika pinthuna mathramalla, eejipshyan rashtreeya, saambathika sakthiye maathram phalapradamaayi aashrayikkunnathinaal, oru "sathyasandhamaya" paramadhikaara raajyam enna nilayil palasteen gavanmentinte yogyathaye palarum chodyam cheythu.
jordaante padinjaaran karayude kootticherkkal.
gaasayil sarvva palasteen sarkkar prakhyaapichathinu thottupinnaale, jericho sammelanam transjordanile rajaavaaya abdullah onnaamane "arab palasteen rajaavu" ennu namakaranam cheythu. arab palasteen, transjorden ennivayude samyojanathinu kongras ahvaanam cheyyukayum abdullah padinjaaran karaa kootticherkkaanulla thante uddeshyam prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. mattu arab leag amgaraajyangal abdullayude padhathiye ethirthu.
avee shlaimineppole puthiya charitrakaaranmaarum transjorden rajaavaaya abdullah israel adhikaarikalum thammil pradesham vibhajikkunnathinaayi oru alikhitha rahasya karar undaayirunnuvennum ithu 1948 leeii yudhathil avarude lakshyangal parimithappedutthukayum paraspara niyanthranam palikkukayum cheythathayi vivarthanam cheyyappettuvennum karuthunnu.
ippol pirichuvitta palestine adhikaarathil ninnu dhaaraalam kudiyettakkaarudeyum abhayaardhikaludeyum saannidhyam jordan nadiyude padinjaaran theerathulla britiish jarusalem, samaria jillakalude niyanthranam thediya abdullah onnaaman raajaavinte praadeshika abhilaashangalkk aakkam kootti. eee lakshyathinaayi rajaavu 1949 februvariyil palasteen maandett aidantitti rekhakalude ellah arab udamakalkkum jordanian pourathvam nalkukayum "palasteen", "transjordanian" ennee padangal audyogika upayogathil ninnu niyamavirudhamaakkukayum raajyathinte peru trans-jordan emirettil ninnu jordan hashemite rajyamaayi maattukayum cheythu. nadiyude kizhakkulla pradesham "kizhakkan theeram" ennariyappettu. 1950 eprilil, 1948 muthal jordanian sainyam kaivashappedutthiya sthaanangal audyogikamaayi koottichertthathode eee pradesham "padinjaaran theeram" ennariyappettu. 1950ll kizhakkan, padinjaaran theerangalude aupachaarika samyojanathode, raajyathe palastheeniyakkaarude ennam 720,000 vardhichu, avaril 440,000 perr padinjaaran theerathulla nivaasikalum 280,000 perr padinjaaran theerathu thaamasichirunna muun bharanathinte mattu pradeshangalil ninnulla abhayaarthikalumaayirunnu. palestinikal jordaanil bhooripakshamaayenkilum ippol israel raajyathilekkulla avarude thirichuvaravu aasannamaanennu mikkavarum vishwasichu.
israelum adhinivesha palasteen pradeshangalum.
aarr divasathe yudhavum yoom kippoor yudhavum.
1967 juunil nadanna aarr divasathe yudhathil, palasteente britiish maandettinte bhagamaayirunna backie pradesham israel pidichedutthu, jordaanil ninnu vestt bankum (kizhakkan jarusalem ulppede) eejiptil ninnu ghaza strip pidichedutthu. eejipt-israel athirthiyil ninnu samadhana senaye neekkam cheyyanamennu eejipt president nasser yuu. enninodu aavasyappettathulppede eejipt, syria ennivayude sainika bheeshanikalethudarnnu 1967 juunil israel sainyam eejipt, syria, jordan ennivarkkethire nadapadiyedutthu. aaa yudhathinte falamaayi, israel prathirodha seena padinjaaran theeram, ghaza strip, gollen uyarangal, sinaay upadveep enniva keezhadakki avare sainika bharanathinu keezhil konduvannu. muun jordanian bharanakaalathu juthanmaarkku sandarshikkaan anuvaadamillaatha kizhakkan jarusalemil ninnu arab sainyathe israel pinvalichu. kizhakkan jarusalem athinte thalasthaanatthinte bhaagamaayi israel pidichadakkiyathaayi aaropikkappedunnunde eee nadapadi anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappettilla. adhinivesha bhoomiyil israel vaasasthalangal nirmmikkanum thudangi.
melpparanja arab leag raajyangalude ellah raajyangaludeyum yudhaavasthakalkku pakaramaayi 1967 ll kaivashappedutthiya pradeshangalil ninnu israelikal pinmaaranamenn aavasyappetta "samaadhaanathinulla bhoomi" formula prothsaahippikkunna prameyamaaya 242 aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha kaunsil pasaki. israeline nasippikkanamenna deerghakaala aavasyangal paalastheenikal thudarukayo allengil 1947ll palastheeniyakkaarum arab leagum samsthaanapadavi nirasicha yadhaartha vibhajana pradeshathinu samanamaayathum ennaal cheruthumaaya vestt baankilum ghaza strippilum oru prathyeka swatantra arab samsthaanathu svayam nirnnayathinaayi oru puthiya aavasyam unnayikkukayo cheythu.
1973 leeii yoom kippoor yudhathil eejipthile sainika senakal gollen uyarangal veendedukkunnathinaayi syoos kanal syria kadannirunnu. syriayile aakramanakaarikalaaya sainikare pinnott thalli. vedinirthalinu sesham eejipshyan president sadath anwar sadath yuu. esumaayi samadhana charchakal aarambhichu.ezz. israelum. eejipt israelum thammilulla 1978 leeii camp david samadhana udambadiyude bhaagamaayi israel sinaay upadveep eejipthin thirike nalki.
aadyathe intifada, oosloo udambadikal, palestine samsthaanam.
1987 muthal 1993 vare israayelinethire aadyathe palasteen intifada nadannu. nadannu madrid konfaransilaanu israel-palasteen samadhana prakriyaykkulla sramangal nadathiyathu.
palestinian adhikaarathiloodeyum mattu vishadamaaya charchakaliloodeyum adhinivesha pradeshangalude chila bhaagangalil palastheenikalkk parimithamaaya svayambharanam nalkia 1993 leeii charitraparamaaya oosloo samadhana karaarinethudarnnu (oosloo udambadikal) oru palasteen rajyathinaayulla nirddeshangalkku aakkam koodi. avar taamasiyaathe 1993-ll israel-jordan samadhana udambadi pinthudarnnu.
randaamathethu intifada pinneedu.
eathaanum varshathe charchakalkku sesham, palestinikal israayelinethire oru prakshobham aarambhichu. ithu alle-axa intifada ennariyappettirunnu. niravadhi saadhaaranakkaare konna israelil nadanna palasteen chaaver bombakramanangalum israel suraksha seena sivilian pradeshangalilekku nadatthiya samboornna aakramanangalum palasteen theevravaada nethaakkaludeyum samghaadakarudeyum chila lakshyamitta kolapaathakangalum loka maadyamangalil eee sambhavangal eduthukaanichu. 2002ll padinjaaran theerathu ninnu israelilekku kadannukayarunna chaaverukale thadayunnathinaayi israel sankeernamaaya suraksha thadassam nirmmikkaan thudangi.
2002-ll, israel-palasteen samgharsham pariharikkunnathinulla samaadhaanathinulla rooad mapp oru "kwaarttett" nirddeshichu america, europian union, russia, ikyaraashtrasabha. yuu.ezz. president jorjju dablyu. 2002 juun 24 nuu bush oru prasamgatthil, israelinoppam samaadhaanathode jeevikkunna oru swatantra palasteen raajyathin ahvaanam cheythu. bush aayirunnu aadyathe yuu.ezz. atharamoru palasteen raashtrathinaayi president vyakthamaayi aavashyappedunnu.
aavashyappedunnu israayelinte ekapaksheeyamaaya pinvalikkal padhathiyetthudarnnu, ghaza strippil ninnu ellah kudiyettakkaareyum mikka sainika saannidhyatheyum pinvalichenkilum vyomamekhalayudeyum theeratthinteyum niyanthranam nilanirtthi. 2005 septambaril vadakkupadinjaaran theerathe naalu vaasasthalangalum israel thakarthu.
ghaza-padinjaaran theeram vibhajikkapettu.
2006 januvari januvari randaamathe palasteen legislative kaunsilaaya palasteen athorittiyude (paa) niyamanirmmaanasabhaye thiranjedukkunnathinaayi palasteen niyamanirmmaana thiranjeduppu nadannu. 132 seettukalil 74 seettukal nediya hamas thiranjeduppil vijayichappol ethiraaliyaaya fattah 45 seettukal maathramaan nediyathu. thiranjeduppinte phalam lokathe njettichu, athinartham payude mikka sthaapanangalum hamas ettedukkum ennaanu. fatahumaayi chernnu oru aikya sarkkar roopeekarikkaan hamas shramichenkilum aaa vaagdaanam nirasikkapettu. athesamayam, palasteen sarkkaarine asthirappeduthunnathina israelum america paakk uparodham earppeduthi, angane athu paraajayappedukayum puthiya thiranjeduppukal vilikkukayum cheyyum. aaa sramangal aathyanthikamayi paraajayappettuvenkilum hamakalum faathakalum thammilulla villalilekku nayichu.
2006 juunil hamaasumaayi bandhapetta palasteen theevravaadikal israeline akramikkunnathinaayi kuzhicha thurankatthiloode gaasayil ninnu israelilekku athirthi kadannu akramanam nadatthi. gilad shalit enna israeli sainikane theevravaadikal pidikoodukayum gasayilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. israel thadavilaakkiya aayirathiladikam palasteen thadavukaarkku pakaramaayi 2011ll mochithanaakunnathuvare addeham anchu varshathekku thadavilaayirunnu. thadavilaayirunnu venalkkaalathum sharathkaalathum pidikoodiya sainikane rakshikkaan shramicha israel gaasayil niravadhi valia thothilulla aakramanangalkk eee raid kaaranamaayi. 500 ladhikam palastheeniyakkaarum 11 israayelikalum yudhathil kollappettengilum aathyanthikamayi avarkk shalit veendedukkunnathil parajayappettu.
2007 juunil palasteen president mahmoud abbas hamaasinte neethrthwathilulla sakhya sarkkaarine pirichuvidaan shramichathode hamaasukalum fatah thammilulla bandham kooduthal vashalayi. eee neekkam niyamavirudhamaanennu hamas ethirthu, ethirthu ghaza yuddham ennariyappettirunna hamaasukalum fatah thammilulla theruvu yudhangal pottipurappettu. hamas vijayikkukayum ghaza strippinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum cheythu.
annumuthal, palasteen pradeshangalude bharanam hamakalkkum faathakalkkum idayil vibhajikkapettu. padinjaaran theeratthinte niyanthranatthilulla gasayudeyum faathayudeyum niyanthranatthilulla hamas, europian union niravadhi paashchaathya raajyangalum oru islaamika theevravaada samghadanayaayi mudrakuthi.
2009 joolaiyile kanakkanusarichu ekadesham 305,000 israelikal padinjaaran theerathe 121 vaasasthalangalil thaamasichirunnu. 24 laksham vestt baank palestinikal (palasteen vilayiruthalukal prakaram) pradhaanamaayum hebron, ramalla, nablas, jericho enniva kendreekarichu naalu blokkukalilaanu thaamasikkunnath.
palestine samsthaanathinte nireekshaka padavi.
2011 septambar septambar palasteen vimochana samghadanaye prathinidheekarichu president mahmoud abbas ikyaraashtrasabhayil palasteen amgathvathinaayi apeksha samarppichu. palestine 194" ennu vilikkappedunna eee prachaaranatthe meyy maasathil arab leag audyogikamaayi pinthunaykkukayum juun 26 nuu ploo audyogikamaayi sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. eee theerumaanathe israel sarkkar ekapaksheeyamaaya nadapadiyaayi visheshippichappol nilavile prathisandhi marikadakkendathu anivaaryamaanennu palasteen sarkkar prathikarichu. jarmmani, canada thudangiya niravadhi raajyangalum eee theerumaanathe apalapikkukayum charchakalilekku vegathil madangivaranamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythittundu. ennirunnaalum, norway, russia thudangiya niravadhi perr eee padhathiye amgeekarichu, athupole thanne sekrattari general baann kii-moonn prasthaavichu, "yuu. ennil palasteen samsthaana amgeekaarathinu anukoolamaayo prathikoolamaayo vottucheyyaan yuu. enn amgangalkku arhathayund."
eejipthinte sahaayathode gaasayile hamas sarkkar ghaza strippinte swaathanthryam prakhyaapikkunnath pariganikkukayaanennu 2012 joolaiyil report cheyyappettu. 2012 augustil, pnaude videshakaarya mantri riyad alle-malkey ramalla maadhyamapravarthakarodu palasteen (plo) padavi usil "poornna amgaraajyamaayi" uyarthaanulla sramangal pna puthukkippaniyaanaakumenna paranju.enn. 2012 septambar 27 nuu potusabha. 2012 septambarode, suraksha kaunsil amgangalkku "ekakandamaaya shupaarsha cheyyaan" kazhiyaathathinal poornna amgathvathinaayulla avarude apeksha nilachathinaal, palestine "nireekshaka entittiyil" ninnu "amgamallaatha nireekshaka raajya" maayi padavi uyarthaan theerumaanichirunnu. appeel audyogikamaayi nalkiyittundennum november november pothusabhayil votteduppinu vidheyamaakkumennum november november prakhyaapichu, avide avarude padavi naveekarikkunnathine bhooripaksham samsthaanangalum pinthunaykkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. palestine "amgamallaatha nireekshaka rashtra padavi" nalkunnathinu purame, ikyaraashtrasabhayil poornna amgathvathinaayi 2011 septambar 23 nuu palestine samsthaanam samarppicha apeksha suraksha kaunsil anukoolamaayi pariganikkumennum 1967 nuu munbulla athirthikale adisthaanamaakkiyulla rund samsthaana parihaarathe amgeekarikkumennum iru kakshikalum thammilulla charchakal udan punaraarambhikkendathinte aavasyakatha oonnipparayumennum karadu prameyam prateeksha prakadippikkunnu.
2012 november 29 nuu, oru 138-9 vottil (41 perr vittuninnukondu), potusabha prameyam 67/19 pasaki, palasteene ikyaraashtrasabhayil "amgamallaatha nireekshaka rashtra" padaviyilekku uyarthi. puthiya padavi paalasteente hollie seeye thulyamaakkunnu. palestine paramadhikaara raashtrathinte yadhaartha amgeekaaram" ennaanu "swatantra" padavi maattathe visheshippichathu.
ikyaraashtrasabhayilekkulla palestine samsthaanathinte sthiramaaya nireekshaka dauthyam ennu aikyaraashtrasabhayude prathinidhi offeesine visheshippikkaan yuu. enn. paalasteene anuvadichittundu, koodaathe tapal staambukal, audyogika rekhakal, pasportukal ennivayil palestine athinte peru punarnaamakaranam cheyyaan thudangi, athesamayam "palestine deseeya authority" kku vipareethamaayi "palestine samsthaanathe" audyogikamaayi prathinideekarikkaan nayathanthranjarodu nirddeshichu. koodaathe, 2012 desember 17 nuu, yuu. enn. protocol medhavi yochiyol yoon "palasteen raashtram" enna padavi ellah audyogika aikyaraashtrasabhayude rekhakalilum secretariyatt upayogikkumennu theerumaanichu, angane palasteen samsthaanathe anthaaraashtra niyamaprakaaram palasteen pradeshangaludeyum athinte pouranmaarudeyum paramadhikaariyaayi amgeekarichu.
2013 februvariyode ikyaraashtrasabhayile 193 amgaraajyangalil 131 ennam (67.9%) palestine raashtrathe amgeekarichu. palasteen raashtrathe amgeekarikkaatha pala raajyangalum ploye "palasteen janathayude prathinidhi" aayi amgeekarikkunnu.

