
bigg eddi saitt

1997ll aadyamaayi khananam cheytha misouriyile devadaaru kaundiyil sthithicheyyunna oru puraavastu sthalamaanu bigg eddi saitt (23seey 426), ippol sack nadiyude mannolipp moolam ithu apakadathilaanu.
sthalavum pothuvaaya vivaranavum.
sack nadhi ekadesham 5 meter uyaramulla oru katt baank srishtichu, ithu ayalrajyamaaya pomme dii terre thaazhvarayude (lopinot thudangiyavar) roadger roopeekaranathinu samanamaaya oru apoorva saitt velippeduthunnu. 1998:39-40). roadger guha pradeshathe nikshepangale vaarshika vellappokkathiloode pathukke adinjukoodiya vellapokka samathala nikshepangalaayi hains (1976:58-59) vivarikkunnu. idaykkide, kooduthal vellapokkam thadayunnathinu nadiyude aazham kurayum, pinneedu athinte gathi maattukayum prakriya punararambhikkukayum cheyyum. nikshepangalillaatha kaalayalavukalal verthirikkapetta eluppathil thirichariyaan kazhiyunna paalikalude oru parambara ithu avasheshippikkunnu. bigg eddi samanamaaya reethiyilaan roopappettathu. ekadesham 14,000 varshamaayi, sack nadhi eee sthalathinu mukaliloode kattiyullathum nannayi sthareekrithavumaaya cheli (bush 2006) kondu moodunnu.
eee vishadamaaya strattigraphy sameepakaala charitraatheethakaalam muthal aadyakaala clovis vare, orupakshe clovis nivaasikal vare eathaandu thudarchayaaya manushya adhiniveshathinte oru record samrakshichittundu. kandedutha karakaushala vasthukkal purathana, vanapradeshangal, mississippiyan ennivayiloode paleoindian kaalaghattatthil ninnulla oru thudarcha kaanikkunnu, clovisil ninnu dalton samskaarangalilekkulla parivartthanatthinte pradhana thelivukal ulppede (chandler 2001eiii; joyiner 2001).
nikshepangalude vyakthamaaya verthiriv saittine kooduthal moolyavathaayathaakkunnu. eee sthalam idaykkide charal paalikalum paaliyosolukalum kondu adachirunnu, purathana mannu sameepakaala avashishtangalkk keezhil samskarichukondu samrakshikkappettu. palappozhum valare kadinamaaya vasthukkalulla eee paalikal, paalikale phalapradamaayi adaykkunnu, ithu pinneedulla vasthukkal thaazhathe paalikalil nuzhanjukayarunnathu thadayunnu. paaristhithika mattangalaal roopappettathinaal paaliyosolukal prathyekichum moolyavathaayathaanu, athu mannil oru maattam srishtikkukayum thaazhnna padaarthatthinu mukalil oru kadinamaaya shell roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
saittinte charithram.
1997ll aadyamaayi khananam cheytha eee valia eddi saittile anweshanangal valare adutha kaalathaanu, samsthaanathinte eee pradeshathu munbathe anweshanam valare kuravaanu. eee pradeshathekkurichulla mattoru vipulamaaya patanam 1960kalilum 1970kalilum ayalrajyamaaya lover pomme dii terre thaazhvarayil (misauri stettu yooniversittiyude sentar phoor archaeological research (kaar) 2006; lopinot thudangiyava. 1998:39; reyum mattullavarum. 1998:73-74). eee padanangal ekadesham 100,000 varsham pazhakkamulla eee pradeshathinu oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya charithram nalki. manushyarude oru neenda adhinivesavum kandethi, pakshe paleoindian saittukalude thelivukalonnumilla.
1970kalil, stoktan jalavaidyutha anakkettinte nirmmaanathode, eee sthalam deerghakaalamaayi samrakshichirunna sack nadhi theerathe nasippikkaan thudangi (kaar 2006). ithu mezhukuthiri paalikale thurannukaattukayum ekadesham 14,000 varshathe adhiniveshathil ninnulla karakaushala vasthukkal kazhukithudangukayum cheythu. praadeshika collectormar eee karakaushala vasthukkalil chilath veendeduthu, ithu professional puraavasthugaveshakarude shradha aakarshichu. 1986-ll, sack nadeethadatthil sarway nadathunna professional puraavastu gaveshakar nadiyude theerathu ninnu karakaushala vasthukkal azhukunnathu kandethiyappol eee sthalam kandethi (bush 2006; chandler 2001eiii; joyiner 2001).
1997 vare bigg eddiyekkurichu aupachaarikamaaya oru anweshanavum nadannittilla. eee samayat, stoktan anakkettil ninnulla vellam purathuvidunnathiloode eee sthalam naashatthinte apakadatthilaanennu kansas sitti distrikt us armi corps oof enchineeyarmaar manassilakki. misauri stettu yooniversittiyude sentar phoor archaeological research (kaar) eee sthalam khananam cheiyunnathinaayi corps niyamichu, saittile moonnu varshathe pravarthanangalkku dhanasahayam nalki (bush 2006; kaar 2006; joyiner 2001).
reyudeyum lopinottinteyum neethrthwathilulla kaar team mithamaaya pratheekshakalodeyaan sthalathethiyathu. sthalathu ninnu kalappa mekhala neekkam cheyyaan rooad grader upayogichaanu khananam aarambhichath. eee metteeriyal parisodhikkukayum saamskaarika avashishtangal tirayan floatation upayogikkukayum cheythu (chandler 2001eiii). rund testt tranchukal naalu meter aazhathil kuzhichu, koodaathe naalu blokkukal 2.5 meter aazhathil 5-10 centimeter paalikalilaayi khananam cheythu. aazhathilulla, thudarchayaaya pathinettu avashishta korukalum saittin chuttum eduthittundu (chandler 2001eiii; reey thudangiyava. 1998:74). eee kruthi aadyam pratheekshichathilum valare moolyavathaaya oru sthalam velippeduthi, sandarbhochitha vivarangal nilanirthunnathinaayi thaazhathe thalangal anweshikkaan maduppikkunna kaii khanana saankethikavidyakal upayogichu (chandler 2001eiii). 1997leeii khananagal yadhaartha uparithalathil ninnu ekadesham 3.5 meter thaazheyulla paleoindian nikshepangalude adithattinaduthaanu avasaanichathu. ennirunnaalum, paryaveshana parisodhanakalil kooduthal aazhathilulla karakaushala vasthukkal, manuporttukal (manushyante pravarthanatthaal neengunna prakrithidatha vasthukkal), naalu meter aazhathilulla curry enniva kandethi. eee kandethalukalude kaalaganana 12,700 muthal 13,000 varsham vare (reyum mattullavarum) aayirunnu. 2000:68).
muun varshathe kandethalukal parishodhicha oru edavelaykku sesham, 1999 leeii venalkkaalath saittile pravartthanangal punaraarambhichu. clovis nikshepangalkku munbulla 1.3 meter adhikamaayi kaii khananagal nadatthi, oduvil oru palio-gravel baaril (reyum mattullavarum) ethi. 2000:68-69). clovis kaalaghattatthinu munbulla saadhyamaaya ettavum aaveshakaramaaya chila karakaushala vasthukkal eee khananathilaanu kandethiyathu. sthireekarichaal, eee kandethalukal vadakke amerikkayile ettavum pazhakkamullathayirikkaam. 2007ll punny avasaanichu.
mothatthil, yuu. ezz. armi corps oof enchineeyarmaar ippol anchu varshathe khananathinu dhanasahayam nalkiyittundu, 2006 leeii venalkkaalath kaar saittilekk thirichetthi. nadhi saitt upayogikkunnathinu munbu swakaarya fundingiloode avarude jolie thudarumennu team prathekshikkunnu.
strattigraphy.
saittinte strattigraphy vyakthavum 14,000 varshathilereyaayi phalatthil aswasthathayillaathe thudarunnu ennathaanu bigg eddiyude ettavum pradhanappetta vashangalilonn. thalphalamaayi, vividha kaalaghattangalil ninnulla nikshepangal parasparam lambamaayi verthirichirikkunnu (kaar 2006; chandler 2001eiii). bigg ediyude strattigraphy ayalrajyamaaya pomme dii terre thaazhvarayile roadger guhayude bhoomishaasthravumaayi thaarathamyam cheythittundu. angane bigg eddiye moonnu vyathyastha mettal amgangalaayi thirichirikkunnu; aadyakaala roderukal, madhya roderukal, avasaanathe roderukal (lopinot thudangiyava). 1998:74-75).
avasaanathe roadger paali ettavum puthiya nikshepangale prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee paaliyude bhooribhaagavum kalappa mekhala, prathyekichu saittinte kizhakke attathu, aswasthamaakkiyittundu. saittinte padinjaaran attathu thadassangalillaatha chila nikshepangal nilanilkkunnu (reyum mattullavarum. 1998:74).
mississippiyan, wood land kaalaghattam eee kaalaghattatthile nikshepangal ekadesham 500 muthal 2,500 varsham vare (kaar 2006) vareyulla avasaanathe roader nikshepangalude mukaliloo allengil mukaliloo kaanam. eee paaliyude bhooribhaagavum uzhuthumarichathiloode thadassappettuvenkilum saittinte padinjaaran attam athinte sariyaaya strattigraphy nilanirtthi. eee pradeshathu kandethiya maple thadi curry 760 +/- 70 bipi enna krithyamaaya theeyathikal nalkiyittundu. hoopp well paarambaryavumaayi bandhapetta madhya vanapradeshangalil ariyappedunna rajaakkanmaarude moolayil pathicha sthalangalum veendedukkappettittundu (reyum mattullavarum. 1998:74-76).
purathana kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam avasaanathe roadger paaliyilekku (lopinot thudangiyavar) aazhathil khananam cheiyunnu. uparithalathinu 1 muthal thaazhe vare, 2,500 muthal 5,500 varsham vare (kaar 2006) purathana kaalaghattatthinte avasana bhaagathe avashishtangal kandethaam. sedalia complexes pooyintukalum noonn heett treat cheytha jefezhsan sitti cherttinte kathiyum ulppede niravadhi lithik upakaranangalum pooyintukalum eee kaalayalavil ninnu kandeduthittundu. uparithalathil ninnu 2.3 muthal 2.6 meter vare thaazheyulla oru middin nikshepam vilyams corner nochu biphaseukal nalki. mrugangaludeyum sasyangaludeyum avashishtangal, nutting kallukal, mettettukal, facet hemattait, choodu chikilsicha burlington cherttinte kallu upakaranangal enniva adhika kandethalukalil ulppedunnu. thiruthappedaatha eiii. emm. ezz theeyathikal 4020 +/- 80 varshathe bipi (reey thudangiyava) phalangal nalkiyittundu. 1998:77). 
madhyakaalakhattathil ninnu aadyakaala puraathanakaalakhattangal avasanakaala puraathanakaalatthinu thaazhe rund meter aazhathil vyaapichukidakkunna madhyakala purathana nikshepangalundu. 5, 500 muthal 8,000 varsham vare bipi (kaar 2006) kaalayalav ulkkollunna littil prasidheekarichittundu.
aadyakaala purathana kaalaghatta nikshepangaliloode vyaapichukidakkunna saittinte madhyathile vadi paalikalilaanu eee kaalaghattangal kaanappedunnath. madhya, aadyakaala thandukalude vandal paalikale (reey thudangiyava) vibhajikkunna paleosol 1 nuu thottumukalil aadyakaala purathana karakaushala vasthukkal kaanapedunnu. 1998:77). graham guha, kaashe nadhi, rais lancelate, rais loob, jackie stemdu projectile pooyintukal (reey thudangiyava) ennivayulppede niravadhi vyathyastha upakarana tharangal ivide thiricharinjittundu. 1998:77). eee pooyintukalil bhooribhaagavum sandarbhathil ninnu, kattbaankil kandethiyittundengil chilath uparithalathinu 2.1 muthal 2.8 meter vare thazheyaayi kandethi.
dalton, saan patries samskaarangal madhyathile vadivaalukalkku thaazhe uparithalathinu 2.9 muthal 3.2 meter vare thazheyaayi paleosol ennu vilikkunna oru kadinamaaya paali undu. eee paali avasaanathe puraathanatthinu thaazheyulla saittine phalapradamaayi mudrayidunnu. paleosolil thanne dalton, saan patris samskaarangalil ninnulla (lopinot thudangiyavar) karakaushala vasthukkal kandethiyittundu. 1998:40-41; reyum mattullavarum. 1998:77-78). kattbaankil niravadhi pooyintukalum moonnu saan patris rund dalton pooyintukalum kandethi. niravadhi adayaalangalum takarnna prakadanangalum (chandler 2001eiii; lopinot thudangiyava) ulla oru lithik varkshoppaayi thonnunnathil ninnulla paithrukavum kandethi. 1998:40-41; reyum mattullavarum. 1998:77-78). curry saambilukal paaliyude dating nadatthaan anuvadichittundu. paleosol aamsinte mukal bhagam 10,185 +/- 75 varsham bipi, madhya bhagam 10,400 +/- 75 varsham bipi, adisthaana bhagam 10,470 +/- 80,11,180 +/- 75 varsham bipi (lopinot muthalaayava) ennivayaanu. 1998:40). eee kaalayalavil bigg eddick anchu samskaarangal undayirikkaam, saadhyamaaya packered, plainview pooyintukalum kandethiyittundu, pakshe sandarbhathinu purathu (kaar 2006; reey thudangiyava. 1998:77).
clovis samskaaram dalton/clovis parivartthanatthe (kaar 2006) bandhippikkunna oreyoru mikacha-statified saittaan bigg eddi. vadakke amerikkayile megaafoona vamshanaashathethudarnnu lithik saankethikavidyakalil pettennulla maattam sambhavikkumbol eee saitt eee athirthiyekkurichu kooduthal ulkkaazhcha nalkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
paleosol 1 nuu thaazheyaan aadyakaala roderukal, melinja paali. 2. 2 meter kattiyulla cheli kaliman kalimannaanu aadyakaala roader paali, ithu oru manal kalimannaayi tharamthirikkukayum 3.9 meettaril (lopinot thudangiyavar) oru charal lensinu mukalil pathikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1998:40; reyum mattullavarum. 1998:78). karakaushala vasthukkalum radio kaarban dating 10,000 muthal 13,000 varsham vare bipi (reey thudangiyava) theeyathi paridhi soochippikkunnu. 1998:78).
eee sthalathe clovis adhiniveshathinte thelivukal rund karakaushala vasthukkalil ninnaan labhikkunnath. aadyathethu uparithalathinu 3:30 muthal 3,21 meter vare thazheyaayi kaanapedunna gainey tharam ennu thirichariyappedunna oru pullaankuzhal poyintaanu (lopinot thudangiyavar. 1998:41; reyum mattullavarum. 1998:78). eee binduvinte kaalaganana, binduvinte aduthulla curry adisthaanamaakki 10,710 +/- 85 umm 10,940 +/- 80 varsha bipi (reyum mattullavarum) aanu. 1998:78). 33 meter uyarathil kandethiya blade aanu clovis kondulla mattoru karakaushalavasthu.
bigg eddiyile clovis-munkaala thelivukal eee charchayellaam valare rasakaravum upayogapradavumaanenkilum, athu bigg eddiye prashasthamakkiyilla. 1997leeii khananam clovis metteeriyalinte adithattilekku pooyi, ennaal aazhathilulla saambilukal thaazhnna thalangalil pazhaya thozhilukalekkurichulla kauthukakaramaaya soochanakal velippeduthi. aaa soochanakal kooduthal vishadamaayi anweshikkuka enna uddeshyathode 1999ll samgham madangi. vadakke amerikkayil ithuvare kandethiyathil vachu ettavum pazhakkam chenna chila karakaushala vasthukkal kandethiyittundengil avayil vyakthamaaya manushyaprathikaranathinte abhavam kaaranam avaa vivaadamaayi thudarunnu.
gainey pooyintinu valare thazheyaayi, 3.7 muthal 3.8 meter vare aazhathil manuporttukal ennu thirichariyappedunna moonnu valia kombukalum moonnu kattakalum (lopinot thudangiyava) kandethi. 1998:41). nadhi nikshepikkunna mattu vasthukkalekkaalum chuttumulla manninte cheria daanyangalekkaalum avayude valippam valare valuthaanennullathinaal, avaa nadhi eee sthalathekku maattiyittundo ennu samshayamundennu vilayiruthappedunnu, pakshe prakrithidatha pravartthanam poornnamaayum thallikkalayanavilla.
3. 9 meettaril, oru charal lense saitt mudrayidunnu, ellah aazhathilulla vasthukkalum clovis praayathinu munbullathaanu (lopinot thudangiyavar. 1998:41). eee nilaykk thaazheyulla rund kandethalukal bigg eddi saittilekk shradhayaakarshichu. onnu oru valia pattika kallum, orupakshe oru anvil kallum, moonnu kashanangalayi thakarnnathum mattonn oru valia coble aanu (bush 2006; chandler 2001 bii; reey thudangiyava. 2000). eee rund karakaushala vasthukkalum saadhyamaaya manushya parishkkaranatthinte thelivukal pradarshippikkunnu. koodaathe, charal paaliyil niravadhi adarppukal adangiyirikkunnu.
thelivukal avyakthamaanengilum nirnaayakamaan. lopinottum reyum avarude kandethalukalekkurichu samshayaalukkalaayirikkumenume avaa pareekshanangalkkum sookshumaparishodhanaykkum vidheyamaakkiyittunde prathekshikkunnu. charal paaliyil kaanapedunna adarukalokke mrugangalude pravarthanangaliloode srishtikkappedaam. pareekshanathmaka puraavasthushaasthram upayogichu, samanamaaya chert kallukal aafrikkan aanakalude gathaagathathinu vidheyamaayi. eee "kaalnada gathagatham" kallukal thakarkkukayum saittil kaanappedunnathin valare saamyamulla paithrukavum adarppukalum srishtikkukayum cheythu. clovis kaalaghattatthinu munbulla chila tharam flakeukal pareekshana phalangalil ninnu shradheyamaayi illaathaayi; interior flakeukalum biphace thinning flakeukalum (chandler 2001bii).
saadhyamaaya anvil kallu valareyadhikam sookshmaparishodhanaykku vidheyamaayittundu. ithu valare valia kallaanu 4.50 kilogram bharam, 21.6 centimeter neelam, 15 centimeter veethi, 12 centimeter kattiyullath. eee thalatthilulla mattethoru kallinekkaalum valare valuthaanu ithu (reey <aii. dii. 1>). sack nadhi upayogichu, nadikku kallu eee sthaanathekku neekkaan kazhiyumaayirunno ennu nirnnayikkaan pareekshanangal nadatthi. stoktan anakkettil ninnu vellam puranthallunna samayat polum kallu vellathiloode neekkaan kazhinjilla. reyum lopinotum ithu mikkavarum oru maanuporttaanennu nigamanam cheythittundu, ennirunnaalum root vaad raafting (floating trea verukalil kudungi), aise-raafting thudangiya mattu gathagatha reethikal poornnamaayum thallikkalayanavilla (chandler 2001 bii). kallinte sthaanathekkurichulla mattoru kauthukakaramaaya savisheshatha, kallu moonnu kashanangalayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu ennathaanu, ithu valare aduthaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. kallinte oru attam thakarnnirikkunnu, breakil ninnu oru spaal. takarnna kashanam athinte yadhaartha sthaanathu ninnu 120 digri karakkukayum jalathinte pravartthanatthiloode athinte sthalammaattam nadannittundengil jalathinte ozhukkinodu sariyaaya konilaayirikkum. koodaathe, kallinte mukal uparithalathil ninnulla spaal cheria kashanathinu keezhilaanu. edavelaykku sesham kashanam manappoorvvam neekkiyathaayi ithu soochippikkunnu (reey <aii. dii. 1>).
kallile parishkkaranatthinte adhika adayaalangalil odivukalude sthaanathu oru pitt cheytha pradeshavum cheria shakalathinte arikukalil percussion paadukalum (reey 2000:69) ulppedunnu. moonnu yoos ware specialistukalumaayi koodiyaalochichittundu. monde verde saittile toom dillehe parayunnath micro yoos-ware vishakalanam kaanikkunnath kallu manushyanirmmithamaanennu. archensas sarvakalaashaalayile lithiks vidagthanaaya marvin keyum micro yoos-ware investigettaraaya staanli ahler eee mattangal swaabhaavika pravartthanangalude falamaanennu vishwasikkunnu (reey 2000:70; chandler 2001bii).
saadhyamaaya haamarston samanamaaya falangalumaayi samanamaaya parishodhanaykk vidheyamaayittundu. eee kallil maattam varuthiyathinte thelivukalil perkashante ezhu konukal ulppedunnu, ellaam kallinte orotta poolil parimithappedutthiyirikku, ithu oru chuttikayaayi upayogichirunnathaayi soochippikkunnu (reey 2000:70). eee vasthukkal eppozhengilum orumichu upayogichirunno ennu nirnnayikkaan asaadhyamaanengilum, maastodonukaludeyum mattu valia kalikaludeyum ellukal takarkkaan avaa upayogichirikkaamenn reyum lopinottum vaadikkunnu. avar ivaye clovis-nuu munbullathaayi samshayikkunna mattu sittukalaaya oklahomayile koopttan, texasile bonfire shelter, colladoyile lamb spring saitt (reey 2000:70) ennivayil ninnu kandethiya samanamaaya karakaushala vasthukkalodu thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. 
bigg eddiyil clovis-munkaala adhiniveshathinte thelivukal oohaapohangalude oru mekhalayaayi thudarunnu. innuvare, saittinte clovis straattaykk thaazhe vyakthamaayi maanushikamaayi parishkaricha oru vasthuvum kandethiyitla. bhaaviyile pravartthanangal aadyakaala adhiniveshathinte kooduthal nirnnayaka thelivukal kandethumennu prathekshikkunnu.
saittinte dating.
thaalkkaalikamaayi thiricharinja niravadhi pree-clovis saittukalile prashnangalilonn surakshithamaaya dettinginte abhaavamaan. eee saittinte sradheyamaaya savisheshathakalilonn athu ethratholam nannayi tharamthirickunnu ennathaanu. sahasraabdangalaayi cheliyude oru paali sthaapichittundu, koodaathe aanukaalika sealing eluppathil theeyathi nischayicha pashchaathalatthil nikshepangale poottiyirikkunnu. avayude kandethalukalude praadhaanyam manassilakkiya reyum lopinotum eee sthalam khananam cheiyunnathilum rekhappeduthunnathilum valareyadhikam shradhichittundu.
paleoindian saittukalude surakshithamaaya dating apoorvamaanu, ennaal bigg ediyile teaminu paleoindian thalangalil (kaar 2006) karil ninnu 15 theeyathikal nedaan kazhinju. paleosolinu thottumukalil, charakkumaayi bandhapetta aadyakaala purathana karakaushala vasthukkal kandethiyittundu, avaa 9,525 +/- 65 varshathe bipi (lopinot thudangiyavar) enna thiruthappedaatha ams theeyathi nalki. 1998:40).
paleosolil thanne, saan patris pooyintukalumaayi adutha bandhamullah curry 10,185 +/- 75 bipi (lopinot muthalaayava) aanu. 1998:40; reyum mattullavarum. 1998:77). paleosolil ippozhum thaazheyulla mattu moonnu theeyathikal vannu, ellaam sariyaakkiyittilla; 10,400 +/- 75,10,470 +/- 80,11,180 +/- 75 varshathe bipi (lopinot thudangiyavar. 1998:40).
paleosolinu thaazhe, aadyakaala roader paaliyil, gainey/clovis pooyintil ninnu 2 centemeterinullil curry kandethi. eee kashanathinte shariyaakkaatha ams theeyathi 10,710 +/- 85 varsham bipi (reyum mattullavarum) aanennu kandethi. 1998:78). clovis adhinivesham 3.55 meter vare neendunilkkumennu vishwasikkappedunnu, ennaal athilum aazhathilulla vasthukkalil ninnu anchu theeyathikal koodi labhichu 3.58 meter, 3.64 meter, 3.75 meter, 3.83 meter, 3.86 meter. eee saambilukalkku labhicha theeyathikal yathaakramam 12,320 +/- 130 varsham bipi, 11,930 +/- 110 varsham bipi, 12,250 +/- 100 varsham bipi, 11,375 +/- 80 varsham bipi, 12,590 +/- 85 varsham bipi ennivayaanu. eee theeyathikalellaam shariyaakkappedaatha (reey <aii. dii. 1>) theeyathikalaanu.
clovisinu munbulla thelivukal avyakthamaayi thudarukayaanenkilppolum, saittile mikacha dating kaalakramena eee pradeshathe kaalaavasthayekkurichu valare moolyavathaaya vivarangal nalkiyittundu. vyathyastha kaalaavasthakal vividha tharatthilulla sasyangalude valarchaye prothsaahippikkunnu. eee vyathyastha sasyajaalangal mannil vyathyastha kaarban signecharukal avasheshippikkunnu, ithu vyathyastha samayangalil valia eddiyil jeevikkunna sasyangalude tharangal nirnnayikkaan vishakalanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. eee theeyathikalumaayi saittinte sii3, sii4 vishakalanangal bandhippikkunnathiloode muzhuvan pradeshathinteyum kaalavastha nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum.
thozhil kaaranagal.
valia eddi saittinte puraavastu rekhakalil, 13,000 muthal 14,000 varsham vare thudarchayaayi adhinivesham naam kaanunnu. eee sradheyamaaya record chodyam uyarthunnu, enthukondaanu aadyakaala amerikkakkar eee saitt ithra akarshakamaayi kandathu, sahasraabdangalil avar veendum veendum ivide madangiyethum?
saittil labhyamaya vibhavangalilekkaanu utharam varunnath. oosaarkku vanathinteyum prairy landukaludeyum athirthiyil sthithicheyyunnu (chandler 2001eiii; lopinot thudangiyavar. 1998:39; reey 1998:73,2000:68), eee saitt vanangal, samathalangal, nadhi ennivayil ninnulla sambannamaaya vibhavangal nalki. ithu eathoru nivasikkum vaividhyamaarnna bhakshya srothassukal nalkumaayirunnu.
clovis, clovis thozhilukalkk munbulla samayat, praadeshika vettakkaarkk dhaaraalam vettayaadal kandethaan kazhinjirikkum. maastodon, tappir, graundu sloth, maan, jaint beaver, kuthira (chandler 2001eiii) enniva ithil ulppedumaayirunnu. holocene kaalaghattatthil pilkkala thaamasakkaarkk velutha vaalulla maan, cheria kalii, mussels, malsyam, jalapakshikal, bhakshyayogyamaaya jalasasyangal (chandler 2001eiii, kaar 2006) ennivayil jeevikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
nalla bhakshya vibhavangalkk purame, upakaranagalkkulla vasthukkalum eluppathil labhyamaayirunnu. eee pradeshathu vividha tharatthilulla cherttukal labhyamaayirunnu. nadiyile charal paarakalilum chuttumulla blafukalude charivukalilum (chandler 2001eiii, kaar 2006) ithu eluppathil kandethanakum.
bigg eddiyude bhaavi.
14, 000 varshamaayi, sack nadiyude pathiv vellapokkam eee sradheyamaaya sthalam seal cheyyukayum samrakshikkukayum cheythu. ippol, oro thavanayum stoktan jalavaidyutha anakkett vellam purathuvidumbol, athu theerathu ninnu murichumaattunnu. aaa baank ippol saittil ninnu maathramaan, aaa baankine prathivarsham njettikkunna nirakkil nasippikkunnu (bush 2006; joyiner 2001). eathaanum varshangalkkullil, saitt illaathaakum.
1997 muthal, reyum lopinottum eee saittil 5 seasonukal pravarthichittundu, ettavum puthiyath 2006 leeii venalkkaalath, athu ennennekkumaayi nashtappedunnathinumbu avarkk kazhiyunnathellaam samrakshikkaan shramikkunnu. samghadithamaaya khananangalkk purame, avarkk kazhiyumbozhellaam vaaraanthyangalil jolie cheyyaan avar ivide varunnu. armi corps oof enchineeyarmaaril ninnulla fund ippol theernnu, jolie thudarunnathinu kaar vyakthikalil ninnum korppareshanukalil ninnum sambhavanakal thedunnu.
paraamarshangal.
bush, mike.
2006ll bigg eddiyile kandethal charithrathe maattimarichu. electronic rekha, HTTP:// Ww.keey. ezz. dii. keey.com/News/Cover _ stori/Cover _ article.spx?storiaidi = 99605, axus cheythath, october 4,2006.
chandler, jaims emm.
2001 durbalamaaya charithram bigg eddi saitt. mamath kahalam 16 (3).
2001 dhii bigg eddi saitt. mamath kahalam 16 (4).
hains, sii. wans.
1976 lover poom dii terre thaazhvarayude avasaanathe quaternary jiyolaji. charitraatheethakaala manushyan avante paristhithikalum oosaarkku malambradeshathe oru cases stadi. (ads. dablyu. aarr. wood & aarr. bii. mcmillan). newyorkka academic pras, pipi 47-61.
joyiner, jeff
2001 grameena misauri, manushyante rahasyangal kandethunnu. electronic rekha, HTTP:// Ww.grameena misauri.org/01 pejukal/ogdig.echu. tii. emm. ell, axus cheythath, october 4,2006.
lopinot, neel echu., jacq echu. reey, edwin aarr. hajik, rolph iii. mandal.
1998-ll thekkupadinjaaran misouriyile bigg eddi saittile paleoindian nikshepangal sthareekarichu. plistoseen 15:39-42 leeii nilavile gaveshanam.
misauri stettu yooniversitti, archaeological research sentar.
2006 bigg eddi. electronic document, HTTPS:// web.archive.org/web/20060831073437/HTTP:// Ww.miss tourist.edu/kaar/7707. echu. tii. emm, axus cheythath, october 4,2006.
reey, jacq echu., neel echu. lopinot, edwin aarr. hajik, rolph dii. mandal.
bigg eddi saittil ninnu clovis yugathinu munbulla 2000 saadhyamaaya karakaushala vasthukkal. plistoseen 17:68-71 leeii nilavile gaveshanam.
reey, jacq echu., neel echu. lopinot, edwin aarr. hajik, rolph dii. mandal.
1998 dhii bigg eddi saittu thekkupadinjaaran misouriyile oosaarkku athirthiyile oru malttikamponant paleoindian saitt. samathalangalile naravamshashaasthranjan 43 (163): 73-81.