
athabaaskan bhashakal

vadakke amerikkayile thaddesheeya bhaashakalude oru valia kudumbamaanu athabaaskan ("athabaaskan", "athapaaskan" allengil "athapaaskan" ennum ucharikkappedunnu, dene ennum ariyappedunnu), padinjaaran vadakke amerikkayil moonnu eriyal bhasha grouppukalaayi sthithicheyyunnu vadakkan, pasaphik theeram, thekk (allengil appaachiyan). kaari aandu potter (2010:10) 53 athabaaskan bhaashakalude motham pradesham ivide sthaapikkunnu.
vadakke american maathrubhaashayude ettavum valia pradeshathaanu chippevian samsaarikkunnath, athesamayam mexicoic vadakkulla eathoru maathrubhaashayileyum ettavum kooduthal aalukal samsaarikkunnath navajoyanu.
kaanadayile thadaakamaaya athabaaskayude ('avide' onninupurake onnaayi naanalukal undu) kree bhaashayilulla perinte engleesh pathippaanu 'athabaaskan' enna vaakk. kree algongian bhaashakalilonnaan, athinaal thanne oru athabaaskan bhashayalla. 1836ll (1826ll ezhuthiya) vadakke amerikkayile bhaashakalude vargeekaranathil albert gaalattin eee peru nalki. bhasha kudumbatthinum anubandha vamseeya vibhagangalkkum eee peru upayogikkunnathu thante theerumaanamaanennu addeham sammathichu "thadaakathinte yadhaartha peril ninnu uruthirinja athabaaskakalude ekapaksheeyamaaya vibhagathilaanu njaan avare niyuktharaakkiyath."
athabaaskan", "athabaaskan", "athapaaskan", "athapaaskan", "athapaaskan" ennee naalu aksharavinyaasangal ekadesham thulya upayogathilaanu. prathyeka samoohangalkku oru aksharathettinekkaal mattonninaan munganana nalkuka (cross 1987). udaaharanathinu, tanana medhaavikalude sammelanavum alasca thaddesheeya bhasha kendravum "athabaaskan" enna aksharavinyasamaanu eshtappedunnathu. "ethnologue" bhasha kudumbatthinum vyakthigatha bhashakalkkum peridunnathil "athapaaskan" upayogikkunnu.
athabaaskan" enna padam bhaashaashaasthrathilum naravamshashaasthrathilum prachaaratthilundenkilum, pandithanmarkkidayil eee padangalum "denne bhaashakalum" upayogikkunnathinulla pravanatha vardhichuvarikayaanu, athaayath avarude thaddesheeya samsaarikkunnavaril ethraper ithu thirichariyunnu. avar eee nibandhanakal muzhuvan bhasha kudumbatthinum baadhakamaakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, 2012-ll pankedutthavarude oru prameyathetthudarnnu, vaarshika athabaaskan bhasha sammelanam athinte peru denne bhaashakalude sammelanam ennu maatti.
bhashakal.
bhashaavethamaar parambaraagathamaayi athabaaskan kudumbatthe bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanathe adisthaanamaakki moonnu grouppukalaayi vibhajikkunnu
32 vadakkan athabaaskan bhashakal alaskayude ulbhaagathum vadakkupadinjaaran kaanadayude ulbhaagathum yookkon, vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangalilum britiish columbia, alberta, suscatchevan, maanittoba ennee pravishyakalilum samsaarikkunnu. chippevyan (), dogrib allengil, gwitchin (kachin, luchex), adimathathinte vadakkan, thekkan vakabhedangal ennivayulppede vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangalile audyogika bhaashakalaan anchu athabaaskan bhashakal.
ezho athiladhikamo pasaphik theerathulla athabaaskan bhashakal american aikyanaadukalude vadakkupadinjaaran pasafikkil samsaarikkunnu. applegate, gallis, niravadhi rogg rivar eriya bhashakal, origonile upper kokvil, tolova, upper ampkwa; vadakkan kaaliforniyayile eel nadhi, hupa, maattol-bear nadhi, tolova; washingtonile kwalhiyokwa-klaatskaani enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
ezhu thekkan athabaaskan bhashakal pasaphik theeradesha bhashakalil ninnum vadakkan bhashakalil ninnum ganyamaaya akalam moolam verthirichirikkunnu. janangalude purathana kudiyettatthe prathifalippikkunna avar amerikkayude thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathum meksikkoyude vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathum thaddesheeya amerikkakkaaraan samsaarikkunnath. aarr thekkan athabaaskan bhaashakalum nawajo ulppedunnathaanu eee group.
thaazhepparayunna pattika vividha vadakke american samsthaanangal, pravishyakal, pradeshangal (ippol vamshanasham sambhavicha chila bhashakal ulppede) ennivayile bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanam anusarichu krameekarichirikkunna athabaaskan bhashakal nalkunnu. navajo, gwitchin thudangiya niravadhi bhashakal athirthikal vyaapichukidakkunnu eee bhashakal eee listtile sthaanamanusarichu aavarthikkunnu. bhaashakalude badal perukalkkaayi, eee lekhanathil pinneedu nalkiyirikkunna vargeekaranangal kaanuka.
baahya vargeekaranam.
aiyaakkum athabascan chernnu "athabaaskan-aiyaakk" (aee) enna oru vamshavali bhashaaparamaaya grouping roopappeduthunnu-sthiramaaya shabda kathidapaadukal, vipulamaaya pankitta padavali, kriyayilum naama roopaghadanayilum cross-lingvistik advitheeya samavaakyangal ennivayiloode nannayi prakadamaakkunnu.
athahabaaskan-eeku-thlingitt" (ayattu) ennum ariyappedunna naa-dene kudumbam roopeekarikkunnathinu athahabaaskan-eekku grouppumaayi tlingit vidooramaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. jeff leerinte 2010leeii munnettangal, naa-dene (allengil athabaaskan-aikku-tlingit) vyanjanaaksharangalude punarnirmmaanangal, eee randaamathe groupingine alascan bhashaavethamaar nannayi pradharshippicha oru kudumbamaayi kanakkakkunnu. shabdasamvidhaanangalude kaaryatthil tlingittum aikkum athabaaskan bhashakalil ninnu valare akaleyullathinaal, avayum punarnirmmicha proto-athabaaskan bhashayum thammil thaarathamyam cheyyaarund. ithu athahabaaskan kudumbatthile mikka makal bhaashakalekkaalum kooduthal tlingittinodum iyaakkinodum saamyamullathaan.
ethnologue" ippozhum naa-dene kudumbathekkurichulla nirvachanathil haidayude bandhuvayi athabaaskan kudumbatthe nalkunnundengilum, athabaaskan bhashakalil sajeevamaayi pravartthikkunna bhaashaashaasthranjar eee sthaanam thallikkalayunnu. udaaharanathinu, haidayekkurichulla sameepakaala mechappetta daatta haida ulppeduthal sidhaanthathe theerchayaayum nishedhikkaan sahaayichuvenn alasca thaddesheeya bhasha kendram nilapad edukkunnu. haidayk athabaaskan bhashakalumaayi bandhamillenn urappikkappettittund.
2008 februvariyil alaskayil nadanna oru simposiyathil yenesian, naa-denne kudumbangalekkurichulla prabandhangal ulppettirunnu. vestten washington sarvakalaashaalayile edward vajda, vaakkalulla roopaghadanayeyum aadyabhaashakalude punarnirmmaanatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla patthu varshathe gaveshanathe samgrahichu, ithu eee bhashakal bandhappettirikkamenn soochippikkunnu.
aantharika vargeekaranam.
athabaaskan bhasha kudumbatthinte aantharika ghadana sankeernamaanu, athinte krithyamaaya aakruthi ippozhum vidagtharkkidayil choodan charchaavishayamaanu. vadakkan, pasaphik theeram, thekk enningane vibhajikkapetta parambaraagatha thrimukhangal adisthaanaparamaayi bhoomishaasthratheyum athabaaskan janathayude bhauthika vitharanatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, bhashaaparamaaya thaarathamyangalekkaal. eee aparyapthatha undaayirunnittum, nilavile thaarathamyaparamaaya athabaaskan saahityam theliyikkunnathu mikka athabaaskaanistukalum ippozhum chuvade nalkiyirikkunna nirddishta bhashaaparamaaya groupingukalekkaal thrimukha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya grouping upayogikkunnu, kaaranam avayilonnum vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappettilla. bhaashakalude rekhaamoolavum vishakalanavum mechappedumbol eee sahacharyam mariyekkaam.
avalokanam.
munbu vivaricha parambaraagatha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya groupinginu purame, athabaaskan bhaashakalude thaarathamyena adisthaanamaakkiyulla chila upavibhaagangalund. ettavum puthiya rund kaazhchappaadukal thaazhe avatharippikkunnu.
goddard (1996), mithun (1999) ennivayil prasidheekarichavaye adisthaanamaakki keren arrie anusarichu vargeekaranathinte rooparekha chuvade cherkkunnu. ithu mikkavarum poornnamaayum keren arrie moolamaanengilum "rais-goddard-mithun" vargeekaranam (tuttle & hargus 2004:73) ennu udaaramaayi vilikkappedunnavaye prathinidheekarikkunnu.
shaakhakal 1-7 vadakkan athabaaskan (eriyal) groupingaanu. kwalhiyokwa-klaatskanai (#7) saadhaaranayaayi pasaphik theera groupinginullilaanu sthaapichirunnathu, ennaal cross (2005) aduthide pariganicha eee bhashakalumaayi ithu valare saamyamullathayi kanunnilla.
jeff lear thaazhepparayunna vyathyastha vargeekaranam nadathunnu, saadhaaranayaayi ithine "lear vargeekaranam" ennu vilikkunnu (tutil & hargus 2004:72-74):
mattu athabaaskaanistukalil ninnu oru upavibhagathinum kaaryamaaya pinthunayonnum labhichitilla. athabaaskan kudumbavrikshatthinte vishadaamshangal thaalkkaalikamaayi kanakkaakkanam. tuttle hargus paranjathupole, "rund modalukalum thammilulla vyathyaasathinte pooyintukal njangal pariganikkunnilla... nirnnaayakamaayi pariharikkappedukayum yadhaarthathil avaa kurachukaalam charcha cheyyappedumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheyyuka."(tutil & hargus 2004:74)
vadakkan group athinte aantharika samghadanayil prathyekichum prasnakaramaanu. pankitta naveekaranathinteyum chittayaya shabdaparamaaya kathidapaadukaludeyum saadhaarana maanadandangal nannayi nirvachikkapetta upavibhagangal nalkunnathil parajayappettathinaal, athabaaskan kudumbatthe-prathyekichu vadakkan groupine-maikkal cross (1973,1982) "cohessive complexes" ennu vilichittundu. athinaal, janithaka vargeekaranathinte "stambomthiyori" allengil famili trea model anuchithamaayirikkam. thekkan shaakhayile bhashakal valare ekeekrithavum vyakthamaaya vamshavali upagrooping maathramaan.
pasaphik theeradesha bhashakal saadhuvaaya oru vamshavali grouping roopappeduthunnundo, atho eee groupinu pakaram vadakkan athahabaaskanile vividha upagrooppukalumaayi bandhapetta aantharika shaakhakal undaakumo ennathinekkurichulla charchakal thudarunnu. kwalhiyokwa-klaattskanaayiyude sthaanavum charcha cheyyappedunnu, kaaranam ithu pasaphik theeravibhaagatthilo vadakkanvibhaagathilo aakam. nikkolayude rekhakal valare moshamaan-cross avaye "valare kuravum valare moshavum" ennu visheshippikkunnu (cross 2005)-athinekkurichu vishwasaneeyamaaya nigamanagalil ethaan prayaasamaan. nikkola kwalhiyokwa-thlaatskanaaykkum chilkottinkkum edayilulla idatharam aayirikkam.
nikkolaykk samaanamaayi, settsaattil valare parimithamaaya documentation undu. thathfalamaayi, athu valare urappode kudumbatthil sthaapikkaan prayaasamaan. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sambhavavumayi poruthappedunna oru vadakkan athabaaskan bhashayaanithennum ithinu athinte vidoora ayalrajyamaaya thalthanumaayi enthengilum bandhamundakaam ennum athabaaskaanistukal nigamanam cheythittundu. ennirunnaalum, thsetsoutt athinte praadhamika hydronymic suffix ("nadhi, aruvi") secani, beaver, tsutaina-paa *-Â-ennivayumaayi pankidunnu-taltan, tagish, kaska, vadakkum thekkum touchon-paa *-tuu '(kaari 1996; kaari, phaal, & peett 2003:39) ennivaykkupakaram. tsettsaattine chuttipattiyulla avyakthathayaan arrie-goddard-mithun vargeekaranathil athine athintethaaya upavibhaagathil sthaapikkunnathu.
bhashakal, bhaashaabhedangal, upabhaashakal ennivayulppedeyulla vishadamaaya pattikakalkk, moonnu pradhana grouppukalile athath lekhanangal kaanuka vadakkan athabaaskan, pasaphik theeram athabaaskan, thekkan athabaaskan. eee lekhanathinte backie bhaagangalkk, soochippichathupole ozhike parambaraagatha thrimukha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya grouping pinthudarum.
vadakkan athabaaskan.
vadakkan athabaaskan bhashakal athabaaskan kudumbatthile ettavum valia grouppaanu, ennirunnaalum eee group muzhuvan kudumbatthileyum bhashakal pole aantharikamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. athahabaaskan kudumbatthile urheemat mikkavarum kizhakkan-madhya alaskayile tanana thaazhvarayilaanu. proto-athabaaskan padawali puraavastu sittukalaaya mukalilekkulla suuryan, swan pooyint, takarnna mamath (kaari 2010) ennivayil prathifalikkunna paattenukalum thammil niravadhi samavaakyangalund. vadakkan athabaaskan groupil ettavum bhaashaaparamaayi yaadhaasthithika bhaashakalum undu, prathyekichu koyukon, ahtna, denaina, dackel/carrier (lear 2008).
settsaattinekkurich valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo, ekkaaranathaal ithu pathivayi athintethaaya thaalkkaalika upagrooppil sthaapikkunnu.
nikkola bhasha valare moshamaayi saakshyappeduthiyathil kudumbatthinullil athinte sthaanam nirnnayikkaan kazhiyilla. chilkottinte otappetta shaakhayaayi ithu chilar nirddeshichittundu.
kwalhiyokwa-klaatskaani bhasha pasaphik theera upagrooppinte bhaagamaanenkilum pasaphik theerabhaashakalekkaal (lear 2005) vadakkan athabaaskan bhashakalumaayi alpam kooduthal saamyamund. angane ithu vadakkan athabaaskan bhashakalkkum pasaphik theeradesha bhashakalkkum idayil nikkolaykkum (kraus <aii. dii. 1>) idayil oru saangalppika paalamaayi maarunnu.
sikoli & holton (2014).
computational phylogenetic reethikal upayogichu, saikoli & holton (2014) typological (noonn-lexical) daattaye maathram adisthaanamaakki athabaaskan bhashakalkkaayi inipparayunna vargeekaranam nirddeshichu. ennirunnaalum, eee phylogenetic patanam yanovich (2020) reethishaasthraparamaayi thettaanenn vimarshichu, kaaranam "trea prefer" enna prarambha thiranjeduppine aashrayikkaatha oru sakthamaaya trea srishtikkaan mathiyaya inputt daatta upayogichilla.iii. maram uthppaadippikkunnathinu maathruka.
proto-athabaaskan.
athabaaskan bhaashakalude punarnirmmitha poorvvikanaanu proto-athabaaskan.

