
japanese saambathika athbhutham

randaam lokamahaayudhaananthara kaalaghattatthinum sheethayudhathinte avasaanathinum edayilulla jappaante saambathika valarchayude record kaalaghattatheyaanu japanese saambathika athbhutham soochippikkunnathu. saambathika kuthichuchaattatthinte samayat, jappan athivegam lokathile randaamathe valia sambadvyavasthayaayi (america kazhinjaal) maari. 1990kalode jappaanile janasamkhya sthambhikkan thudangi, oro thozhilaalliyudeyum uthppaadanakshamatha uyarnnathaanengilum kazhinja dashakangalilennapole thozhil shakti vegathil vikasichukondirunnil.
pashchaathalam.
randaam lokamahaayudhaananthara jappan, padinjaaran jarmmani enniva sheethayudhathil ninnu prayojanam nediyathinte phalamaayirunnu eee saambathika athbhutham. american gavanment jappan adhiniveshakaalathu japanese samoohathe parishkarikkukayum raashtreeyavum saambathikavum pouravumaaya mattangal varuthukayum cheythu. pradhaanamaayum japanese gavanmentinte saambathika edapedal moolavum bhaagikamaayi yuu. esinte sahayavum sahayavum moolavumaan ithu sambhavichathu.ezz. eshyaykku sahayam. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham yuu.ezz. pasafikkil soviyatt swaadheenathinte vipuleekaranathe mandagathiyilaakkaan jappanil ganyamaaya saannidhyam sthaapichu. yuu.ezz. asanthushtarum daridrarumaaya japanese janasamkhya kammyoonisathilekk thiriyukayum angane cheiyunnathiloode pasafikkinte mail soviyatt niyanthranam urappakkukayum cheiyunnathinaal jappaanile sambadvyavasthayude valarchayekkurichum addeham aashankaakulanaayirunnu.
saambathika athbhutham" varshangalile japanese sambadvyavasthayude savisheshathakalil iva ulppedunnu "keyaretsu" ennu vilikkunna adutha grouppukalilulla nirmmathaakkal, vitharanakkaar, vitharanakkaar, baankukal ennivarude sahakaranm; sakthamaaya enterprise unionukalum "shundo"; sarkkar byoorokraattukalumaayulla nalla bandham, vankida korppareshanukalilum uyarnna union blue collar faaktarikalilum aajeevanantha thozhil ("shushin koyyo") urappu.
ennirunnaalum, american aikyanaadukal japanese kayattumathi ulkkollukayum vivaadaparamaaya japanese vyapara reethikal sahikkukayum japanese sambadvyavasthaykku subsidy nalkukayum saankethikavidya japanese sthaapanangalkku kaimarukayum cheythathinaal amerikkayumaayulla jappaante sakhyamillaathe jappaante yudhaananthara valarcha saadhyamaakillenn chila pandithanmaar vaadikkunnu; athuvazhi japanese vyapara nayatthinte falaprapti valuthaakkunnu.
sarkkar sambhavanakal.
jappaante saambathika veendedukkal scap illaathaakukayum corian yuddham moolamundaaya saambathika kuthichuchaattam kurayukayum cheythathinusheshavum thudarnnu. yuu. esinte nashtam moolamundaaya aazhathilulla maandyathil ninnu japanese sambadvyavastha athijeevichu.ezz. sainika sambharanathinulla paymentukal thudarnnum nettamundaakki. 1960kalude avasaanathode, jappan randaam lokamahaayudhathinte chaaratthil ninnu uyarnnuvannu athishayakaramaamvidham vegathilum poornnavumaaya saambathika veendedukkal kaivarichu. nox koleju professor mikiso heyne parayunnathanusarichu, 1960 kalude avasaanathilekkulla kaalayalav "sooryadeviyude sahodaran susano-ooyude mosham perumaattatthil prathishedhikkaan oru kallu vaathilin pinnil svayam adachathinushesham jappan kanda ettavum valia samriddhiyude varshangal" kandu."japanese gavanment yudhaananthara japanese saambathika athbhuthathinu sambhavana nalki, aadyam saambathika prathisandhikale phalapradamaayi kaikaaryam cheytha niyanthranangalum samrakshanavaadavum sthaapikkukayum pinneedu vyapara vipuleekaranathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythukondu svakaaryamekhalayude valarchaye uthejippichu.
charithram.
avalokanam.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathinum 1990kalude thudakkathinum edayilulla jappaante saambathika valarchayude record kaalaghattatheyaanu japanese saambathika athbhutham soochippikkunnathu. saambathika athbhuthathe naalu ghattangalayi tirikkaam veendedukkal (1946-1954), uyarnna vardhanavu (1955-1972), sthiramaaya vardhanavu (1972-1992), kuranja vardhanavu (1992-2017).
hiroshimayileyum nagasakkiyileyum aanava bombakramanavum jappaanile mattu sakhyakakshikalude vyomaakramanangalum moolam saaramaayi kedupaadukal sambhavichuvenkilum, randaam lokamahaayudhathinte aaghaathathil ninnu karakayaran japanu kazhinju, 1960-kalode lokathile moonnaamathe valia saambathika sthaapanamaayi (amerikkaykkum soviyatt union sesham) marran japanu kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, moonnu pathittaandukalkk sesham, japanese yenninte moolyam uyarnnathinaal jappan "valarchayile maandyam" anubhavichu. valarchayude mandagathiye thadayunnathinulla shramathil, jappan athinte saankethika munnettangal valareyadhikam mechappeduthukayum yenn moolyam uyarthukayum cheythu, kaaranam yenn moolyathakarcha kooduthal apakadasaadhyathayum vyaapaarathil nirashaajanakamaaya phalavum undaakkumaayirunnu. yenninte moolyavardhanavu 1980kalil ganyamaaya saambathika maandyathilekku nayichu. maandyathinte swaadheenam laghookarikkunnathinaayi, aabhyanthara aavasyam uthejippikkunnathinaayi jappan saambathika, saambathika nayangalude oru parambara earppeduthi. ennirunnaalum, 1980kalude avasaanathilum 1990kalude thudakkathilum nadanna bubble sambadvyavasthayum thudarnnulla panaperuppanayavum japanese sambadvyavasthaye nashippichu. panapperuppanayathinu sesham, japanese sambadvyavastha innuvare nilanilkkunna kuranja valarchaa kaalaghattatthiloodeyaanu kadannupokunnathu.
veendedukkal ghattam (1946-1954).
randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinethudarnnu japanese sambadvyavastha thakarnnadinjirunnu. udaaharanathinu, "randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathode japanese parutthi vyavasaayam muttukutthi. yudhathinu munbulla parutthiyude spindlesinte moonnil rund bhaagavum yudhakaala bharanadhikaarikal polikkukayum bombakramanavum nagarapradeshangalude nashavum noolppaniyude 20 sathamaanavum neythu sheshiyude 14 sathamaanavum nashtappedutthukayum cheythu. koodaathe, 1946 aayappozhekkum jappan rajyavyaapakamaaya kshaamatthinte vakkilaayirunnu, athu american bhakshya kayattumathikal vazhi maathram ozhivaakkappettu. japanese jeevithanilavaarathinte yadhaartha nashavum soviyatt union avatharippicha sainika bheeshaniyum chernnu vishalamaaya saambathika veendedukkaline pinthunaykkaan americaye nirbandhitharaakki. yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil ellah raajyangalum chila vyaavasaayika valarcha kaivarichu, ennaal yudhanaasham moolam vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathil kanatha idivu kaivaricha rajyangal, athaayath jappan, padinjaaran jarmmani, itali enniva ettavum vegathil veendedukkal kaivarichu. jappaante kaaryatthil, vyaavasaayika uthppaadanam 1946ll yudhathinu munbulla nilavaaratthil ninnu 27.6% aayi kuranjuvenkilum 1951ll veendedukkukayum 1960ll 350% ll athukayum cheythu.
1952ll american adhinivesham avasaanichappozhekkum america jappane aagola sambadvyavasthayumaayi vijayakaramaayi punarsamyojippikkukayum saambathika adisthaana soukaryangal punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu, athu pinneedu japanese saambathika athbhuthathinte vikshepana kendramaayi maari.
yuddha aaghaathathil ninnu jappan vegathil karakayaranulla oru kaaranam sarkkaarinte vijayakaramaya saambathika parishkaranamaayirunnu. jappaanile vyaavasaayika nayavumaayi pradhaanamaayum bandhapetta sarkkar sthaapanam anthaaraashtra vyapara vyavasaya manthraalayamaayirunnu. pradhana saambathika parishkaarangalilonn athu sweekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu. urukk, kalkari, parutthi ennivayulppedeyulla asamskritha vasthukkalude ulppaadanathil praadhamikamaayi shradha kendreekarikkunna chaayvulla ulppaadanatheyaanu "chaayvulla ulppaadana reethi" ennu parayunnath. motham vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinte aii. dii. 1-nekkaal kooduthal thunithara uthppaadanam ulkkollunnu. koodaathe, valarchaye kooduthal uthejippikkunnathinaayi, jappan sarkkar sthreekale thozhil vipaniyil praveshikkaan prothsaahippichu. recrutmentinekkurrinu niyamanirmmaanathil moonnu gadakangalunda praadeshika recruitmentinum thozhilaallikalude sthalammaattathinum earppeduthiya niyanthranam, puthiya school vidunnavarude nerittulla recruitment nirodhanam, thozhil mantraalayam purappeduvicha vyakthamaaya vishadamaaya niyanthranangalkk keezhil school vidaathavare nerittu niyamikkuka.
randaam lokamahaayudhathil ninnu jappan athivegam veendedukkaanulla randaamathe kaaranam corian yuddham pottippurappettathaan. 1945 vare jappan saamrajyam pidichadakkiya pradeshathaanu corian yuddham nadannathu. corian upadveepile samgharshathil america pankedukkumbol, upakaranangalum vitharanangalum vaangunnathinaayi athu japanese sambadvyavasthayilekku thirinju, kaaranam samsthaanangalil ninnulla shippinginte logistics taamasiyaathe sainyathin oru pradhana prashnamaayi maari. koriyayil pooraadunna american senakalkku aavashyamaaya aayudangalum logistics jappaanile vyavasaayam taamasiyaathe nalkukayaayirunnu. eee aavasyam japanese sambadvyavasthaye uthejippikkukayum pasaphik yudhathinte naashatthil ninnu vegathil karakayaran thudarnnulla druthagathiyilulla vipuleekaranathinu adithara nalkaanum praapthamaakkukayum cheythu.
uyarnna vardhanavu ghattam (1954-1972).
amerikkayude pinthuna nedukayum aabhyanthara saambathika parishkkaranam kaivarikkukayum cheythathinushesham 1950 muthal 1970 vare jappaante sambadvyavasthaykku uyaranakum. koodaathe, jappan vyavasaayavalkkaranathilekkale prakriya poortthiyaakkukayum kizhakkan eshyayile aadyathe vikasita rajyamaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1967 muthal 1971 vareyulla japanese saambathika vaarshikapusthakangal ganyamaaya vardhanavinu saakshyam vahichu. 1967ll varshikapusthakam ingane paranju "1966leeii japanese sambadvyavastha munbu pratheekshichathilum vegathil munneri. 1965leeii sharathkaalathil japanese sambadvyavastha thaazhnna nilayilaayathin sheshavum mikacha valarcha thudarnnuvennu 1968leeii varshikapusthakam paranju. 1967 muthal 1971 vareyulla vaarshikapusthakangalude samgrahangalil 'vardhanavu', 'valarcha', 'uyarcha' ennee vaakkukal niranjirunnu. jappan poortthiyaakkaanulla vyavasaayavalkkaranathinte kaaranangalum sankeernamaanu, koodaathe hayato ikeda bharanathinte sarkkar nayangalude swaadheenam, vishalamaaya upabhogam, vishalamaaya kayattumathi ennivayaanu eee samayathinte pradhana savisheshatha.
sarkkar nayangalude swaadheenam ikeda administration "keyaretsu".
1949 muthal 1953 vare valarthiyedutha saambathika vyavastha 1954ll poornnamaayum praabalyatthil vannu. chaalmezhs jonson "japanese saambathika athbhuthathinte ettavum pradhanappetta vyakthigatha shilpi" ennu vilikkunna pradhaanamantri hayato ikeda kanatha vyavasaayavalkkarana nayam pinthudarnnu. eee nayam 'amita vaaypa' yude aavirbhaavathilekku nayichu (innu thudarunna oru reethi) athil baank oof jappan nagara baankukalkku vaaypa nalkunnu, avaa vyaavasaayika kambanikalkku vaaypa nalkunnu. akkaalat jappanil mooladhanathinte shaamam undayirunnathinaal, vyaavasaayika kambanikal thirichadaykkaanulla sheshikkappuram kadam vaangukayum palappozhum avarude motham moolyathinappuram kadam vaangukayum cheythathinaal sitti baankukal baank oof jappanil ninnu amithamaayi kadam vaangukayum cheythu. ithu naashanal baank oof japanu ashrita praadeshika baankukalude mail poornna niyanthranam nalki.
amita vaaypayude samvidaanavum sarkkar kuthaka virudha niyamangalil elavu nalkiyathum (scap niyanthranatthinte sheshipp) yudhakaala grouppukale prathifalippikkunna "keyaretsu" allengil "saibaatsu" enna samghaditha grouppukalude punarnirmmaanatthilekku nayichu. soony bisinasukaraaya masaru ibukkayudeyum akkiyo morittayudeyum saambathika mechappeduthalukalude neethrthwathil, "keyaretsu" vibhavangal kaaryakshamamaayi anuvadikkukayum anthaaraashtra thalatthil mathsaraadhishtithamaavukayum cheythu.
keyaretsu" kambanikalude vijayathinte hridayabhaagathu sitti baankukal udaaramaayi vaaypa nalkukayum vividha vyavasayangalil cross-share holdingukal aupachaarikamaakkukayum cheythu. keyaretsu" thirascheenavum lambavumaaya samyojanathinu prachodanamaavukayum japanese vyavasayangalil ninnu videsha kambanikale poottukayum cheythu. "videsha ettedukkalukalil ninnu samrakshanam nalkikkond oharikalude cross-placementiloode "keyaretsu" mithyumaayum parasparam adutha bandhamundaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, jappaanile vikasana baankinte 83 sathamaanam dhanasahayavum thanthrapradhaanamaaya vyavasayangalaaya kappalnirmmanam, vaidyuthorjjam, kalkari, urukk uthppaadanam ennivayilekkaanu poyath. "jappaanile thaikal sambadvyavasthaye samrakshikkunna samrakshanaparamaaya nadapadikalkku "keyaretsu" nirnaayakamaanennu thelinju.
"stokku labhavihithavum laabhavum vardhippikkunnathilum palisha adaykkunnathil kooduthal shradha cheluthunnathilum "keyaretsu" kuravaayathinaal hraswakaalathekku kuranja labham sahikkunna japanese maanejarmarkkidayil oru manobhaava maattam "keyaretsu" valarthi. oru kambaniyude ekadesham moonnil rund oharikal maathramaan vyapaaram cheythath, ithu vipani ettakkurachilukalkkethir "keyaretsu" yeei sahayikkukayum hraswakaala laabhathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum deerghakaalathekku aasoothranam cheyyaanum vipani oharikal paramavadhi vardhippikkaanum "keyaretsu" maanejarmaare anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
jappaanile vipanikalil videsha charakkukal ozhukunnathu thadayunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha irakkumathi niyanthrana samvidaanamaaya videsanaanya vihita nayavum ikkeda bharanakoodam earppeduthi. kayattumathi prothsaahippikkunnathilum nikshepam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathiloodeyum ulppaadana sheshi nireekshikkunnathiloodey sambadvyavasthaye uthejippikkunnathinu mithi videsanaanya vihitam upayogichu. 1953ll aabhyanthara vyavasaayangale prolsaahippikkunnathum kayattumathi-link samvidaanam parishkarichukondu kayattumathikkulla prachodanam vardhippikkunnathinam maitts videsanaanya vihita nayam parishkarichu. videsha nikshepam thadayunnathinaayi videsanaanya vihithathil pinneedu punaravalokanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla ulppaadana sheshi.
vishalamaaya upabhogam athijeevanam muthal vinodam vare.
punarnirmmaana samayathum 1973leeii enna prathisandhikkum munbum, japanu athinte vyavasaayavalkkarana prakriya poortthiyaakkaan kazhinju, jeevithanilavaarathil ganyamaaya purogathi kaivarikkukayum upabhogathil ganyamaaya vardhanavu kaanukayum cheythu. 1955 muthal 1970 vare nagara kudumbangalude sharashari prathimasa upabhogam erattiyaayi. koodaathe, jappaanile upabhogathinte anupaathavum marikkondirunnu. bhakshanam, vasthram, paadarakshakal thudangiya dainamdina aavashyangalude upabhogam kurayukayaayirunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, furnitureukal, gathagatham, ashayavinimayam, vaayana ennivayulppede vinoda, vinoda pravartthanangal, saadhanangal ennivayude upabhogam vardhichu. upabhogathile valia vardhana gdpyude valarchaye uthejippichu, kaaranam ithu ulppaadanathe prothsaahippichu.
vishalamaaya kayattumathi arupathukalude suvarnavum kayattumathi vyaapaarathilekkulla maattavum.
1955num 1961num edayilulla druthagathiyilulla saambathika valarchayude kaalaghattam, pothuve japanese saambathika athbhuthavumaayi bandhappettirikkunna randaam dasakamaaya suvarnna arupathukalkk vazhiyorukki. 1965ll jappaante naamamaathramaaya jii. dii. pii 91 bilyan dollariladhikam mathramaayirunnu. pathinanju varshathinusesham, 1980-ll naamamaathramaaya jii. dii. pii. record $<aii. dii. 1> trilyan aayi uyarnnu.
mittiyile muun manthriyaayirunna pradhaanamantri ikedayude neethrthwathil japanese sarkkar oru abhilasham etteduthu. nikuthi elavukal, lakshyamidunna nikshepam, vipuleekaricha saamoohika suraksha valayam, kayattumathiyum vyaavasaayika vikasanavum vardhippikkunnathinulla prothsaahanangal ennivayiloode patthu varshathinullil jappan sambadvyavasthayude valuppam erattiyaakkaan padhathi aavasyappettu. pathuvarshatthinullil sambadvyavastha erattiyaakkuka enna lakshyam kaivarikkunnathinayi sharashari vaarshika saambathika valarchaa nirakk 7.2 shathamaanamaakkanamenn padhathi aavasyappettu. vaasthavathil, padhathiyude kaalayalavil jappaante vaarshika valarcha sharashari 10 sathamaanathiladhikam aayirunnu, ezhu varshathinullil sambadvyavasthayude valippam erattiyaayi.
druthagathiyilulla saambathika valarchayekkurichulla samavayam kettippadukkunnathinulla vivaada rashtreeya poraattangalil ninnu jappaante deseeya sambhaashanathe mattaanulla shramathinte bhaagamaayi us-jappan suraksha udambadikkethire 1960 ll nadanna vanthothilulla prathishedhangalkku marupadiyaayi ikkeda varumanam erattiyaakkaanulla padhathi avatharippichu. ennirunnaalum, ikkeda addehathinte braine trasttum, prathyekichu saambathika shaasthranjanaaya oosaamu shimomura ulppedunna, 1959 madhyam muthal padhathi vikasippichukondirunnu.
varumanam erattiyaakkaanulla padhathikku keezhil, ikeda palisha nirakk kuraykkukayum jappaanile adisthaana soukaryangal, haivekal, athivega railway, subwakel, vimaanathavalangal, thuramukha soukaryangal, anakkettukal ennivayil sarkkar nikshepam athivegam vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. jappan sambadvyavasthayude munbu avaganikkapetta ashayavinimaya mekhalayilum ikkedayude sarkkar sarkkar nikshepam vipuleekarichu. eee niyamangal oronnum sammishra saambathika maathrkayude pratheekamaaya niyantritha sambadvyavasthayilekkalu japanese pravanatha thudarnnu.
varumanam erattiyaakkaanulla padhathi athinte raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathinulla vijayamayi parakke kaanapettu. charitrakaaranaaya nick kaapoor parayunnathanusarichu, eee padhathi 'saambathika valarcha' yeei japanese janathayudeyum avarude gavanmentinteyum orutharam mathethara mathamaayi prathishtichu, ithu gavanmentinte falapraptiyum janangalude moolyavum alakkunna oru sahacharyam konduvannu."
sarkkar edapedalinum sambadvyavasthayude niyanthranathinum ikkeda anusarichathinu purame, addehathinte sarkkar vyapara udaaravalkkaranathinum oonnal nalki. 1960 eprilode vyapara irakkumathi 41 sathamaanam udaaravalkkarikkappettu (1956leeii 22 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyumbol). moonnu varshathinullil vyapaaram 80 shathamaanamaayi udaaravalkkarikkaan ikkeda padhathiyittu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte udaaravalkkarana lakshyangalkk amita vaaypayeduthu abhivridhi praapicha vyavasayangalil ninnum videsha samrambhangal ettedukkumennu bhayapetta desheeyavaadikalil ninnum kadutha ethirppu nerittu. japanese pathrangal udaaravalkkaranathe "karutha kappalukalude randaam varavumaayi" upamichukondu karutha kappalukalude commador maattyoo sii. yeei paraamarshichu. sainika shakthiyude pradarshanatthiloode jappane anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathinaayi thurakkunnathinaayi 1853 ll perry tokkiyo ulkkadalilekku kappal kayari. athanusarichu, japanese ulppannangalkkum sthaapanangalkkum anukoolamaaya aabhyanthara niyanthranangaliloode oru samrakshitha vipani nediyathinushesham maathramaan ikkeda vyaapaarathinte udaaravalkkaranathilekku neengiyathu, orikkalum thante 80 sathamaanam lakshyam nediyilla.
anthaaraashtra kramatthil pankedukkaanum kayattumathi prolsaahippikkaanum jappaante sannadhatha prakadippikkunnathinaayi ikkeda niravadhi anubandha videsha sahaaya vitharana ejansikalum sthaapichu. eee ejansikalude roopeekaranam anthaaraashtra samghadanakalkku oru cheria elavu nalkuka mathramalla, vyaapaarathinte udaaravalkkaranathekkurilachu chila pothu aashankakal illaathaakkukayum cheythu. 1964ll jappaante saambathikapraveshanathinaa charcha cheythukondu jappaante aagola saambathika ekeekaranam ikkeda munnott kondupoyi. ikkeda adhikaarathil ninnu pinmaarumbozhekkum jii. enn. pii 13.9 sathamaanam enna asaadhaaranamaaya nirakkil valarukayaayirunnu.
sthiramaaya vardhanavu ghattam (1973-1992).
1973ll jappaanile aadyathe ennavila aaghaatham (1973leeii enna prathisandhi) undaayi. ennavila baralinu 3 dollaril ninnu baralinu 13 dollariladhikam uyarnnu. eee samayat, jappaanile vyaavasaayika uthppaadanam 20 sathamaanam kuranju, kaaranam vitharana seshikk demandinte druthagathiyilulla vipuleekaranathodu phalapradamaayi prathikarikkaan kazhinjilla, koodaathe upakaranangalile vardhicha nikshepam palappozhum anaavashya phalangal kshanichu-karsanamaaya vitharanavum charakkukalude uyarnna vilayum. koodaathe, 1978leyum 1979leyum randaamathe enna aaghaatham sthithigathikal vashalakki, ennavila veendum baralinu 13 dollaril ninnu 39.5 dollarayi uyarnnu. rund enna prathisandhikalum saaramaayi baadhichittum, aaghaathathe neridaan japanu kazhiyukayum uthppanna kendreekritha ulppaadana roopathil ninnu saankethikavidya kendreekritha ulppaadana roopathilekku marran kazhiyukayum cheythu.
eee parivartthanam vaasthavathil enna prathisandhiyudeyum american edapedalinteyum phalamaayirunnu. ennavila pathiratti uyarnnathode uthppaadanachelavum uyarnnu. enna prathisandhikkusesham, chelavu labhikkaan, jappan kooduthal paristhithi sauhruda reethiyilum kuranja enna upabhogathilum uthppannangal uthppaadippikkendivanu. enna prathisandhikkusesham vyaavasaayika mattangal kshanicha ettavum valia ghadakam crude oayil ulppedeyulla oorjja vilayile vardhanavaanu. thalphalamaayi, jappan saankethikavidya kendreekrithamaaya oru padhathiyilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum, sambadvyavasthayude sthiramaaya vardhanavu urappakkukayum, enna prathisandhiyil saaramaayi parikketta mattu muthalaalitha raajyangalekkaal verittunilkkukayum cheythu. jappaante druthagathiyilulla saambathika valarcha amerikkayude saambathika thaalpparyangale doshakaramaayi baadikkumennathinaal america japan thammilulla samgharshamaayirunnu mattoru ghadakam. 1985ll jappan, padinjaaran jarmmani, france, brittan ennivayumaayi america plasa karaaril oppuvachu. plasa karar" yuu. ezz dollarinte moolyathakarchaykkulla shramamaayirunnuvenkilum jappaneyaanu ettavum kooduthal baadhichathu. japanese yenninte moolyavardhanayiloode anthaaraashtra vipanikal vipuleekarikkaan jappan shramichuvenkilum avar amithamaayi vilamathikkukayum oru bubble sambadvyavastha srishtikkukayum cheythu. yuu kuraykkunnathil plasa karar vijayakaramaayirunnu.ezz. padinjaaran europian rajyangalumaayulla vyapara kammi jappanumaayulla vyapara kammi laghookarikkukayenna praadhamika lakshyam niravettunnathil parajayappettu.
anthaaraashtra vyapara vyavasaya manthraalayatthinte punk.
jappaante yudhaananthara saambathika veendedukkalil anthaaraashtra vyapara vyavasaya mantraalayam (mitti) pradhana punk vahichu. chila pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil, mattoru sarkkar niyanthranatthino samghadanaykko mithiyekkaal saambathika swaadheenam undaayirunnilla. "japanese saambathika valarchayude prathyeka vegatha, roopam, anantharafalangal enniva mithiyude sambhaavanakale paraamarshikkaathe manassilakkaan kazhiyilla" (jonson, VII). 1949ll sthaapithamaaya mithiyude punk aarambhichath "vyaavasaayika yukthisahamaakkalumaayi bandhapetta nayam" (1950) ennathilaanu, athu skaapinte panapperuppa niyanthranangalude prathyaaghaathangale prathirodhikkaan vyavasaayangalude shramangale ekopippichu. eee reethiyil, japanese sarkkarum swakaarya vyavasaayavum thammilulla sahakaranm mitti aupachaarikamaakki. urukk uthppaadanam erattiyaakkaan" mithi aagrahikkunnuvenkil, navaa-"saayibaatsu" kku ithinakam thanne mooladhanam, nirmmaana asthikal, ulppaadana yanthrangalude nirmmathaakkal, ithinakam thanne labhyamaya mattu aavashyamaaya gadakangal ennivayundu. valarnnuvarunna "keyaretsu" ulppede vividha vyavasaayangale mantraalayam oru prathyeka lakshyathilekku ekopippichu, saadhaaranayaayi deseeya ulppaadana lakshyangaludeyum swakaarya saambathika thaalpparyangaludeyum vibhajanathilekku.
mattu charakkukalude irakkumathikalil ninnu saankethikavidyayude irakkumathi azhichuvidunnathiloode vyaavasaayika surakshyum mitti vardhippichu. mithiyude videsha mooladhana niyamam saankethika irakkumathi vilayum vyavasthakalum charcha cheyyaan manthraalayathinu adikaaram nalki. saankethika niyanthranatthinte eee ghadakam athu prateeksha nalkunna vyavasaayangale prolsaahippikkaan anuvadichu. irakkumathi cheytha saankethikavidyayude kuranja chelavu druthagathiyilulla vyaavasaayika valarchaykku kaaranamaayi. puthiya upakaranangal, maanejment, standerdisation ennivayiloode uthppaadanakshamatha valareyadhikam mechappettu.
1952 augustil saambathika sthireekarana board videsanaanya niyanthrana board nirthalaakkiyathode "ellah" irakkumathikalum niyantrikkaanulla kazhivu mitti nedi. saambathika sthireekarana boardil ithinakam thanne mitti aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum yoshida sarkkarukal athine saambathika charchaa ejansiyaayi maatti, ithu verum "think tank" aanu, phalatthil ellah japanese irakkumathikalilum mittikk poornna niyanthranam nalki. videsanaanya bajattinte adikaaravum nerittu mithiykk kaimari.
mithiyude jappan vikasana baank sthaapichathu svakaaryamekhalaykku deerghakaala valarchaykku kuranja chelavil mooladhanam nalki. vyakthigathavum deseeyavumaaya sambaadyathinte vanthothilulla shekharanamaaya dhanakaarya nikshepathilekkum vaipa padhathiyilekkum jappan vikasana baank praveshanam avatharippichu. akkaalat lokathile ettavum valia vaanijya baankinte naaliratti sambaadyamaanu philp niyanthrichirunnathu. eee saambathika shakthiyode, asaadhaaranamaaya uyarnna ennam japanese nirmmaana sthaapanangal (samanamaaya gdpyulla mattethoru raajyathinteyum nirmmaana sthaapanangalude erattiyiladhikam) nilanirthaan filppinu kazhinju.
tharkkam.
boudhika swathavakaasha moshanathinum pettant lamghanathinum american kambanikal japanese kambanikalkkethire kesedutthu. pala kesukalum japanese kambanikal valia othutheerppukal nalkunnathinum american kambanikalkkum vyakthikalkkum kodathi utharavanusarichu panam nalkunnathinum kaaranamaayi.
1978-ll, jappaanile anthaaraashtra vyapara vyavasaya mantraalayam anthaaraashtra niyamaprakaaram niyamavirudhamaaya subsidikal nalki, japanese ardhachaalaka kambanikale avarude chippukal amerikkayil krithrimamaayi kuranja vilaykk wilkan sahayikkunnathinaayi, jappanil vila uyarnnathaakki, dumping ennariyappedunna oru vyapara sanbradaayamaanithu.
1982ll hittachi limittad. ibmil ninnu vyapara rahasyangal moshtikkaanum aaa rekhakal jappanilekku kondupokaanum goodaalochana nadathiyennaaropichu yunaittad stetts jilla kodathiyil kuttam sammathichu. 1983ll hittaachiyum aii. bii. emmum iru kakshikalum thammil oru othutheerppil athiyathaayi prakhyaapichu. karaarile nibandhanakal parayunnath "hittachi moshticha rahasyangal upayogichittilla, athinte rahasyangal ibminu thirike nalkumennum hitachikku rahasyangal wilkan vaagdaanam cheytha ellah vyakthikaludeyum perukalum bisinesses affiliationukalum velippeduthumennum" ennaanu."
1987ll, corning incorporationte kaivashamulla rund opttikkal fiber pettantukal sumittomo korppareshan lamghichathaayi oru american federal jadji vidhichu., oru prathyeka tharam opttikkal fiber nirmmikkunnathum vilkkunnathum nirthaan japanese kambaniykku utharavittu.
autophocus camerakal nirmmikkunnathinayi minolta honeyvellinu pettant nalkiyathaayi 1992 ll oru american federal kodathi vidhichu. juurii honeyvellinu 96 dasalaksham dollar nalki aadarichu.
jappan american sakhyakakshiyaanenkilum, toshiba mesheen kambani niyamavirudhamaayi propeller-milling upakaranangal soviyatt union vittu, ithu soviyatt antharvaahinikalkku american nireekshanam ozhivaakkunnath eluppamaakkaan upayogichu. eee vilppana amerikkayilekkulla toshiba irakkumathi nirodhikkanulla bheeshaniyum muun pradhaanamantri yasuhiro nakasoninteyum jappaanile aabhyanthara vyapara vyavasaya manthriyudeyum toshibayude bisinesses perumaattathekkurichu saasanavum srishtichu.
american aikyanaadukalude vyapara prashnam ennu vilikkappedunnathu raajyathinte swantham saambathika nayangalaanennu aaropikkappedunnunde, jappanumaayulla ubhaykakshi vyapara kammikk kaaranamaaya anyaayavum niyamavirudhavumaaya japanese vyapara reethikalekkurichu parati unnayichu reegan bharanakoodam "jappan adichu". 1980kalil america jappane oru saambathika bheeshaniyaayi chithreekarikkukayum boudhika swathavakaasha moshanam, currency krithrimam, sarkkar sponsor cheytha vyaavasaayika nayam, us uthppaadanathe durbalappedutthal enniva jappane kuttappeduthukayum cheythu.
plasa karaarinte samaapanathil, muun us president ronald reegan paranju, "american uthppannangal vyaajamaayi nirmmikkaano pakarthaano sarkkarukal anuvadikkumbol, athu nammude bhaviye moshtikkunnu, athu inii swatantra vyaapaaramalla."
nigamanam.
saambathika athbhuthathinte parisamapthi sheethayudhathinte samaapanathodanubandhichunaadu. 1989 avasaanathode japanese ohari vipani ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nilayilethiyappol, 1990ll athu veendedukkukayum 1991ll athu pettennu kurayukayum cheythu. japanese asattu prais bubble avasaanicha varsham gulf yudhathodum soviyatt union pirichuvidunnathinodum chernnaayirunnu. saambathika sthambhanathinte thudarnnulla kaalaghattatthe nashtappetta dashakangal ennu vilikkunnu.

