metaafisikkal soundaryashaasthram

manushya edapedalukale marikadakkunna atheethamaayathum saarvathrikavumaaya gadakangalude aashayangalumayi metaafisikkal ashayangal bandhappettirikkunnu. bhoshkalokathinappuramullennathu manasilakkunnathinaayi manushyar ithuvare manassilaakkaathatho sparshichatho aaya ashayangal paryavekshanam cheyyaanaan avaa lakshyamidunnathu. prakrithi lokam, soundaryam, kala ennivayumaayi bandhapetta chodyangal paryavekshanam cheyyaanum oronninum parasparam bandhappedaanum soundaryashaasthram lakshyamidunnu. athinaal, metaafisikkal aashayangalumayi samyojichu, thathwachinthayude eee rund shaakhakalum kalayude parivartthanavum vyathirikthathayum kalayayi enthine verthirikkunnuvennum paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. eee ashayangal aadhunika shaasthreeya vijnjaanavumaayi valare vairudhyamullavayaayirunnu, kaaranam avaa vishwasaneeyamaaya pareekshanangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol sidhaanthangaleyum ashayangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullavayinu, athu prathyakshamo kaanavunnatho aaya thelivukalil kalaashichu. prakrithivaadavumaayi bandhappett joonn dway, ernest nagel, sidney hook thudangiya pala thathwachinthakarum kaanunnathum sparsikkunnathum shaasthreeyamaayi theliyikkunnathum maathrame sathyamaakoo ennum angane paranjaal manushyarkk ardhavathaayirikkumennum vishwasikkaan nirbandhitharaakunnu.
enthaanu kala?
soundaryathekkurichulla oraalude swantham nirvachanam enthaanu kala enna chodyathilekku nayikkumbozhaanu soundaryashaasthram uyarnnuvarunnathu. oraal metaafisikkal chinthakalekkurichu chinthikkunnathinu samaanamaayi, 'enthaanu?,' oru kalaasrishti roopappeduthunnathine kalayayi tharamthirikkunnathinte savisheshatha paryavekshanam cheyyaan soundaryashaasthram oraale anuvadikkunnu.
samgeetham, vaasthuvidya, paintingukal, saahityam, naadakangal thudangiya roopangaliloode kala canano kelkkaano kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, pala vimarshakarum parayunnath, eee vaividhyathinte uparithalathinappuramulla ore yaadhaarthyamaaya kala enna kalaye orikkalum shradhikkaan kazhiyaathavidham niyamangal, paatt, nritham ennivayude srishtikalil manushyar kudungikkidakkunnu ennaanu. bii moonnaamatheyum randaamatheyum onnaamatheyum kallu baloonukalude srishtikal.sii. itaaliyan uthbhavam palappozhum 'oru kalaasrishti' aayi sthaapikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum, ithu prasthavikkunnathil, samakaalika samoohathil oraal kala enna ashayam upayogikkunnu. kalayude swabhaavavum kalayude sidhaanthathinte swabhaavavum sambandhicha rund nigamanangal ithil ninnu edukkunnu. poortthiyaaya srishtiye 'kala' maayi tharamthirikkunnathil kalakaaranmaar avarude kruthiyile nishkalankatha anivaaryamaan.'oru kalakaran oru kruthi kalayenna uddeshyathode aarambhikkaano poortthiyaakkiya kruthi kalayaano ennu nirnnayikkaano kazhiyilla, athu janangalil ninnu saamoohika anthass nedanam. kalaasrishtiye kalayayi amgeekarichukazhinjaal, kalakaran athinte praadhaanyam ariyamennathinaal avarude srishtiye nishkalankamaayi sameepikkaan kazhiyilla. kalayude maayatha savisheshatha nashtappettathinaal kala srishtikkuka enna uddeshyathode oru kalakaran oru kashanam aarambikkaan kazhiyilla. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, boudhika vishadeekaranavum kalaparamaaya srishtiyum maanasika pravartthanatthinte rund vyathyastha thalangalil munnott pookunnu, pothuve onnu pravrithiye budhiyumaayi bandhippikkum. helmut kuhn ezhuthunnathu pole, eee saahacharyathil, kalakarante hridayam manassinekkaal budhiyullathaanu, athinaal, kashanathinte dishaabodha uddeshyam nirvachikkathirikkaan avar eee maanasikavastha upekshikkanam.
plaattoyude sidhaantham kala anukaranamaanu ("mimesis").
kala oru anukaranamenna ashayam navothaanakaalathu vasari paranjappol undaayirunnu, "prakrithiyile ellah jeevajaalangaleyum avayude nirangalum roopakalppanakalum upayogichu avaa prakrithiyilullathupole anukarikkuka maathramaan painting."ennirunnaalum, eee vishayathekkurichulla plaattoyude sidhaanthangal saadhaarana jeevithathile vasthukkalum sambhavangalum kala anukarikkunnu enna ashayam kooduthal paryavekshanam cheythu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, ithu oru foominte pakarppaan. athinaal, kalaasrishtikal onnukil vinodathinte santhoshathino allengil oru midhyaadhaaranaykko vendiyaanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, oru kalakaran aaa roopathinte pakarppukalekkaal sathyasandhamaya oru kalaasrishti srishtikkaan engane kazhiyumennathinekkurichu plaattoyude mattoru sidhaantham samsaarikkunnu. sokrateesinoppamulla kruthikalil, oraale uyarnnathum daivikavumaaya oru shakthiyal vilikkappedaamennum kala srishtikkaanulla kazhivu addehathinu sammaanikkappedaamennum eee jody kandethi. ayoon enna kaviye socreties chodyam cheythathil ninnaan ithu sthaapithamaayathu. homarude kavithakal paarayanam cheyyaan ioninu kazhinjenkilum mattonnum paarayanam cheyyaan kazhinjilla. ayanin kavita chollanaayaal eee arivu ellaatharam kavithakalkkum baadhakamaakanamenn yukthisahamaayi chinthikkunnathinaal socreties ithine chodyam cheythu. athinaal, homerick kavithakal maathram paarayanam cheyyaan ionine anuvadicha daivangalil ninnulla prachodanamaayi socreties eee ashayathe tharamthirichu. oru kalaakaaran daivikamaayi prachodithanaanenna eee aashayathekkurichu plaattoykk poornnamaayum bodhyamundaayirunnilla, ennirunnaalum, eee sidhaantham innathe kaalath vyakthamavukayum niravadhi vyakthikal vishwasikkukayum cheiyunnu.
plaatto sidhaanthathile thettukal kala anukaranamaanu.
paintingukal, shilpangal, droingukal ennivaykku plaattoyude sidhaantham vishwasaneeyamaanengilum, athu mattu kalaasrishtikalkku kaaranam nalkukayo nalkukayo cheiyunnilla. yadhaarthathil kalaakaaran srishtichathinaal sangeethakala anukaranam enna aashayathin baadhakamalla. ennirunnaalum, samgeetham oraalude vikaarangalude anukaranavum swaabhaavika shabdangale prathinidheekarikkunnathinu oru maarggavumaanennu plaatto samsaarichu, ennirunnaalum palarum ithu addehathinte sidhaanthathil valare akaleyaanennu vishwasikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil plaattoyude anukarana sidhaantham mangaan thudangi, avide paashchaathya soundaryashaasthrathil ninnu oraalude vikaarangaludeyum soundaryaparamaaya aavashyangaludeyum aavishkaarathinteyum aashayavinimayathinteyum oru roopamaaya kalayude sidhaanthangalilekku anukaranam mangaan thudangi.
aristottil.
plaattoyude anukarana sidhaanthathil aristottilinu samanamaaya vishwaasangalundu, ennirunnaalum, avaa thammilulla vyathyasam shudhamaaya roopamaaya 'annaved mover' ennathil aristottilinte vishwaasamaayirunnu, athesamayam roopangalaanu yadhaartha yaadhaarthyamennum lokam avayude pakarppaanennum plaatto vishwasichu. aalukal eathu tharatthilulla kalayaanu anukarikkaan theerumaanikkunnathennu kooduthal aazhathil chinthichukondu kalayil anukaranam ulppedunnuvennu aristottil samaanamaayi vishwasichu. udaaharanathinu, durantham vyakthikalude anukaranamalla, marichu pravrithiyudeyum jeevithathinteyum santhoshathinteyum durithatthinteyum anukaranamaanennu aristottil prasthaavichu."aristottil vikasippichedutha oru vasham addehathinte kathersis sidhaanthamaayirunnu, ithu plaatto nirasicha oru vashamaan. kathersis, allengil mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, "anukambayiloodeyum bhayathiloodeyum" vikaarangale shudheekarikkunnathu duranthatthiloodeyaanu poortthiyaakkunnathu. naadakatthe, prathyekichu duranthatthe, aristottilinte "kaavyam" allengil "unitykal" ennivayil paryavekshanam cheiyunnu."" kaavyam "" daarunamaaya naadakatthinte moolyanirnnayathinulla charithravum vimarsanaathmaka chattakoodum vishadeekarikkunnu ". navothaanakaalatthum aadyakaala aadhunika europian kaalaghattatthilum eee prathyeka kruthi swaadheenam chelutthiyenkilum innum sakthamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. aristottil oru daarunamaaya naadakatthinte aarr gadakangale verthirichu staging, settukal, lighting, vasthrangal ennivaye soochippikkunna kazhcha. kathaapaathrangal enthaanu chinthikkunnathennathine soochippikkunnathaanu chintha. shabdaprayogavum raagavum ennathu vaachakathinte sailiyum krameekaranavum allengil chilarude kaaryatthil varikalum samgeethavum soochippikkunnu. kathayum kathapaathravumaanu aristottil ettavum pradhaanappettathaayi karuthiya randennam. addeham paranju, "oru naadakatthil, avar kathaapaathrangale chithreekarikkunnathinalla pravartthikkunnathu; avar kathaapaathrangale aakshanu vendi ulppeduthunnu."(kavithakal <aii. dii. 1>) eee gadakangal upayogichu, oru kruthi ekeekrithamaakkappedendathi aavasyakatha aristottil oonnipparanju. oru kalavastha nigamanathilethukayum kaatharsisilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunna oru vipulamaaya pravartthanatthe ithivritham chithreekarikkanam. ennirunnaalum, ithu parayumbol, prekshakarude vikaarangale unarthunnathinu ithivrithathinu valachodikkalukalum thirivukalum undaayirikkanamennath aashcharyappeduthunna oru gadakamaayirikkanamennum aristottil soochippichu. aadhikaarikathayude oru bodhavum undaayirikkanam, prathyekichum kathaapaathram saadhaarana nirddishta saahacharyangalil prathikarikkunna vidhathil. naadakeeya nirmmaanangalkkaayi 'dekkaram' enna coode nirmmicha navothaana ezhuthukaaraal eee 'unitykal' vikasippicheduthu. eee 'unitykal' pradarshippikkunnathile parajayam palappozhum srishtiye parajayamaayi tharamthirikkaan kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, duranta naadakatthinte nirmmaanangalum pradarshanangalum manappoorvvam eee gadakangalumaayi poruthappedunnilla, ennittum kalaakaaran srishtikkunnathu aristottilinte sidhaanthathe prathifalippikkunna abodhaavasthayil maathrame kaananakoo.
charithram.
henry bergson.
1896-ll henry bergson thathwashaasthrathekkurichulla thante pusthakam "maattiyer ettu memoire" enna peril prasidheekarichu."eee prasidheekaranathil, bergson oontoolajiyil oru athma-vishaya dwaithavaadiyaayi svayam sthaanappeduthukayum avabodham thammil verthirichariyunna oru njaanameemaamsa vikasippikkukayum cheythu. ithu athmeeya mandalathekkurichulla samboornna arivilekkum bhauthika mandalathekkurichulla aapekshika arivilekku nayicha oru vishakalanathilekkum nayichu. 1900-ll prasidheekaricha "leeii rir" enna kruthiyil bergson thante oontolajiyumaayum jnjaanashaasthravumaayum bandhappett haasyathinte oru sidhaantham vikasippicheduthirunnu. udaaharanathinu, purushanmaar avarude vikaarangale nishabdamaakkukayum avarude budhiyallaathe mattonnum kalikkaan aavasyappedaathirikkukayum cheiyumbozhaanu chiri undaakunnathenn addeham avakashappettu. oru manushyan idari veezhumbol vazhiyaathrakkaar chirikkukayum, addeham irikkaan thiranjedutthirunnenkil avar chirikkathirikkukayum, pakaram avante irikkal swamedhayaa ullathukondu avar chirikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu ennathinte oru udaaharanamaanu addeham upayogikkunnathu. ithu bhauthika mandalavumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum athmeeya mandalathekkurichulla arivu manoharavum daarunavumaaya anubhavavumayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru duranthatthinte nayakane anukarikkaan namukk kazhiyumennu bergson parayunnu, ennirunnaalum, eee anukaranam thalphalamaayi duranthatthil ninnu oru haasyathilekku kaimaarunnundo enna chodyam uyarunnu.
benedetto cross.
soundarya pravartthanangal manassinte oru pradhana pravartthanamaanennu benedetto cross vishwasichu. prathyekichum, bhaavanayude upayogam ulppedunna soundaryashaasthra pravarthanamaanu pravartthanam allengil yukthisahamaya chintha polulla mattu maanasika pravartthanangal sthaapikkappettathu. 1902-leeii "soundaryashaasthra" thinte aamukhathil cross parayunnath soundaryashaasthram anivaaryamaanennum metaafisiksinu munbulla oru padanamaanennum aanu. soundaryashaasthrathekkurashu oru dridamaaya vishakalanam athintethaaya praadhaanyamullathaanennu mathramalla, thathwashaasthrathinte mattu shaakhakalile thettukal velicham veeshunnathinaal pradhaanamaanennum cross vishwasikkunnu. athmaavineyum prakrithiyeyum kurichu oru dwaita sathashaasthram addeham nirddeshikkukayum vishayavum prakrithi lokavum thammil verthirichariyunna oru yaadhaarthyabodhamulla thathwachinthayude pashchaathalatthil soundaryashaasthra pravartthanangal vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, aazhathilulla vishakalanathiloode cross athma-swabhaava sidhaantham nirasikkukayum athmeeya advaithatha avakaashappedukayum cheythu. athinaal soundaryashaasthram metaafisiksinu oru thiruthalaanennu cross prasthaavichu.
joonn dway.
anubhavavum prakrithiyum thirichariyunna oru moonistik oondoolaji joonn dway nirddeshichu, ithine "prakrithishaasthraparamaaya metaphysics" ennu vilikkunnu."anubhavatheyum prakrithi lokatheyum verthirikkunna sathaasaahithyaparamaaya dvaithavaadangale addeham nirasichu. thante prasidheekaricha pusthakamaaya "experience aandu nechar" enna pusthakatthil shaasthreeyavum kalaparavumaaya anubavangal onnuthanneyaanennu davie parayunnu. shaasthram oru kalayaayirunnu, avar orumichu vaijnjaanikavum vaikarikavumaaya indriyangale samyojippichu. prakrithiyude paraakaashtayum anubhavathinte paraakaashtayum chernnathaanu kalayennu thante kruthiyil dway soochippikkunnu. 1934-ll addehathinte prasidheekaricha kruthiyaaya "anubhavamenna nilayil kala" eee sidhaanthathe vikasippikkunnu. kalayude vasthukkal saadhaarana vasthukkalil ninnu vyatyasthamallennum soundaryaanubhavam saadhaarana anubhavathil ninnu vyatyasthamallennum vyakthamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu deeyude pradhana aashanka.
aarr.jii. colling wood.
aarr. jii. loka sidhaanthathinte adisthaanathilaanu kalayude sidhaantham vikasippichathenn collingwood thante prasidheekaricha kruthiyaaya 'kalayude thathwangal' enna thalakkettil nirddeshichu. oraal avarude bhavana adisthaanamaakki samgeetham srishtikkukayaanenkil oru tyoon oru saangalppika kaaryamaanennu udaaharanam upayogichu kala saangalppikamaanennu collingwood thante kruthiyil prasthaavikkunnu. yadhaartha vasthukkal illennu addehathinte sidhaantham soochippikkunnu, avaa oro vyakthiyudeyum bhaavanayiloodeyaanu srishtikkappedunnathu, oru vasthuvinekurichulla oru ashayam nirmmikkunnu. athinaal, eee vasthukkalude nilanilpp shanikamaaya samvedanathil ninnu karyangal thirichariyukayum verthirikkukayum cheiyunna oru bhavana moolamaanu. thathfalamaayi, vasthukkal bhavanayil adhishtithamaayathinaal, kalaasrishtikalum athupole thanne cheiyunnu. kalayude thathwangal" ennathil paranjirikkunnathupole, manushya vikaarangalude falamaayaanu kala srishtikkappedunnathu, athu oru saangalppika anubhavathil ninno pravartthanatthil ninno varunnu.

