purathana eejipshyan vaidyashaasthram

purathana eejipthukaarude marunnu ettavum pazhakkam chenna rekhakalil onnaanu. bisi naalam sahasraabdathinte avasaanam muthal bisi 525 leeii pershyan adhinivesham vare eejipshyan medical practies valia thothil maattamillathe thudarnnu, athil lalithamaaya noonn-invasive sasthrakriya, asthikalude krameekaranam, danthachikitsa, vipulamaaya oru koottam pharmacopia enniva ulppedunnu. eejipthile vaidyashaasthra chinthakal greekkukal ulppedeyulla pilkkala paarambaryangale swaadheenichu.
vivarangalude uravidangal.
pathonpathaam noottaand vare, purathana eejipshyan vaidyashaasthrathekkuristhu vivarangalude pradhana uravidangal puraathanakaalatthe rachanakalaayirunnu. bisi 440 oode greak charitrakaaranaaya herodotus eejipt sandarshikkukayum avayude aushadha sanbradaayathekkurichu thante nireekshanangalekkurichu vipulamaayi ezhuthukayum cheythu. mooppanaaya plinyum charitraparamaaya avalokanathil avarekkurichu anukoolamaayi ezhuthi. hippocratus (vaidyashaasthrathinte pithaav), herophilos, iraasistraattas, pinneedu gallen ennivar amanhotep kshethrathil padikkukayum greak vaidyashaasthrathinu purathana eejipshyan vaidyashaasthrathinte sambhavanakal amgeekarikkukayum cheythu.
1822-ll, rossetta kallinte vivarthanam oduvil purathana eejipshyan hyroglyphic likhithangaludeyum medical kaaryangalumaayi (eejipshyan medical pappiri) bandhapetta palathum ulppedeyulla pappiriyudeyum vivarthanam anuvadichu. pathonpathaam noottaandile egyptolajiyodulla thaalparyam ebers papirus, edwin smith papirus, haarst papirus, lunden medical papirus thudangi bisi 2900 vareyulla niravadhi vipulamaaya purathana medical rekhakal kandethunnathilekku nayichu.
edwin smith papirus sasthrakriyayekkurichum shareeraghadana nireekshanangalekkurichum niravadhi rogangalude "parisodhana, roganirnayam, chikitsa, roganirnayam" ennivayekkurichum vishadamaakkunna oru paatapusthakamaanu. ithu bisi 1600-ll ezhuthappettathaakaamenkilum munbathe niravadhi grandhangalude pakarppayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. athil adangiyirikkunna medical vivarangal bii. sii. 3000 muthalullathaanu. athinaal ithu oru patana maanuvalayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. mrugangal, pachakkarikal, pazhangal ennivayil ninno daathukkalil ninno nirmmicha marunnaan chikilsayil ulppettirunnathu. naalam raajavamshathinte (2900-2750 bisi) kaalathuthanne vaayile sasthrakriya nadathiyathinu thelivukalundu.
ebers papirus (sii. bii. sii. 1550) ll 877 kurippadikal ulppedunnu-oru aadhunika edittar tharamthirichathupole-vividha rogangalkkum rogangalkkumayi, avayil chilath maanthrika pariharangal ulkkollunnu, kaaranam maanthrikathayum vaidyashaasthravum sambandhicha eejipshyan vishwaasangal palappozhum parasparam bandhappettirikkunnu. tumour neekkam cheiyunnathinekkurichu nirddeshangalkkoppam tumerinecurichulla avabodham velippeduthunna rekhakalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu.
gynaecological papirus garbhadhaaranathile prasnangal ulppedeyulla sthreekalude paraathikal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. roganirnayavum chikitsa vishadeekarikkunna muppathinaalu kesukal athijeevikkunnu, avayil chilath vibhajithamaan. bii. sii. 1800 muthalulla ithu eathutharathilumulla ettavum pazhakkam chenna vaidyashaasthragrandhamaanu.
harst papirus (bisi 1450), berlin papirus (bisi 1200) thudangiya mattu rekhakalum purathana eejipshyan vaidyashaasthrathekkurichu vilapetta ulkkaazhcha nalkunnu.
eejipt shavakudeerangalude mathilukal alankarikkunna chithrangalil ninnum athinoppamulla likhithangalude vivarthanathil ninnumaanu mattu vivarangal labhikkunnath. aadhunika vaidyashaasthrathile purogathiyum purathana eejipshyan vaidyashaasthrathekkuristhu daaranaykku kaaranamaayi. mammikalude asthikalum avayavangalum kaanaan ex-reyum pinneedu poocha skaanukalum upayogikkaan paleopathy shaasthranjarkku kazhinju. electron microscopukal, maas spectrometry, vividha forencic saankethikavidyakal enniva 4000 varshangalkk munbu eejipthile aarogyasthithiyude savisheshamaaya kazhchakal shaasthranjarkku anuvadichu.
poshakaahaaram.
santhulithaavasthayilum mithathwathilum bhakshanathinte praadhaanyathekkurichu purathana eejipthukaarkk bhaagikamenkilum ariyamaayirunnu. eejipthinte phalabhooyishtamaaya bhoomiyude valia sambathu kaaranam, bhoomi, daridrar, pattini enniva ethra samriddhamaayaalum bhakshya uthppaadanam orikkalum oru pradhana prasnamaayirunnilla. purathana eejipshyan charithratthile bhooribhaagam pradhana vilakalum emmer gothambum barley aayirunnu. bakingiloodeyum pulippikkaliloodeyum vividha tharangalil uthppaadippikkappedunna appangalude roopathil upayogikkunna yeest uthppannathinte poshaka moolyathe valareyadhikam sambannamaakkunnu, oru karshakante vilaykku ekadesham irupathu muthirnnavare sahayikkaan kazhiyum. bearilum barley upayogichirunnu. palatharam pachakkarikalum pazhangalum vyaapakamaayi krishi cheyyappettu. linseed chediyil ninnaan enna uthppaadippikkappettath, sugandhavyanjanagalum aushadhasasyangalum parimithamaayirunnu. maamsam (aadukal, aadukal, pannikal, kaattupanni) kuranjathu uyarnna vibhaagangalkkenkilum pathivayi labhyamaayirunnu, malsyam vyaapakamaayi kazhikkapettu, ennirunnaalum chila kaalaghattangalil chilatharam mruga uthppannangalkkethire nirodhanatthinte thelivukal undu; herodotus panniye 'ashudha' mennu ezhuthi. rajaavaaya unasinu samarppikkal (sii. 2494-2345 bc) "ennu rekhappeduthiyittundu...paal, moonnu tharam bear, anchu tharam veenju, patthu appangal, naalu appam, patthu kekkukal, naalu maamsam, vyathyastha murivukal, sandhikal, varuthathum pleeha, avayavangal, nench, kaada, vavvalukal, praavukal, athippazham, mattu patthu pazhangal, moonnu tharam cholam, barley, speltt, anchu tharam enna, puthiya chedikal..."
uyarnna vibhaagakkaarkk eejipshyan bhakshanakramathil kuravundaayirunnillennum thaazhnna vibhaagakkaarkk polum chila thiranjeduppukal undaayirunnirikkamennum vyakthamaan (nann, 2002).
farmacology.
munkaalangalile pala samskaarangaleyum pole, purathana eejipthukar thangalkk chuttumulla sasyajaalangalude aushadhagunangal vipulamaayi kandethi. edwin smith paappirasil vividha rogangal sukhappeduthaan sahayikkunna niravadhi paachakakkurippukal adangiyirikkunnu. paappirasinte oru cheria bhagam anchu paachakakkurippukal nalkunnu onnu sthreekalkku undayirikkaavunna prasnangal kaikaaryam cheyyuka, moonnu niram parishkarikkunnathinulla saankethikavidyakal, vankudal rogangalkkulla anchaamathe paachakakkuripp. purathana eejipthukar thaine marunnayi upayogichirunnathaayi ariyappettirunnu, maathalanaarangayude jyoosukal oru aastrinjantaayum ruchikaramaayum pravarthichu. ebers paappirasil, 800-ladhikam parihaarangalund; chilath samayochithamaaya marunum pothiyalumaayirunnu, mattullava gulikakal, vaaya kazhukal thudangiya vaayile marunnukalaayirunnu; mattullava shwasikkunnathiloode eduthathaanu. malabandham bhedamaakkunnathinulla paachakakkurippukalil kaasttar oayil treal ninnulla sarasafalangal, aanpaamb, jenjant beans enniva ulppedunnu. thalavedana sahayikkunnathinulla oru paachakakkurippil "ulli, maratthinte pazham, naatron, settseft vithukal, vaal malsyathinte asthi, pakam cheytha, chuvanna malsyam, pakam cheytha, crafishinte thalayotti, pakam cheytha, thaine, abra-instanment enniva ulppedunnu."shupaarsha cheyyappetta chila chikilsakal kanjaavum dhoopavarggavum upayogichaanu. "purathana kaalath eejiptil sasyangalude aushadha upayogam vipulamaayirunnuvennum ekadesham 160 vyathyastha sasya uthppannangal undennum ariyappedunnu..."niravadhi sasyasasyangalkkum pazhangalkkum idayil, eejipthukar mrugangalude malam, chila lohangal polum chikilsayaayi upayogichu. puraathanakaalatthe eee kurippadikal alakkunnathu bharamalla, alavaanu, ithu avarude kurippadi nirmmaana karakaushalathe innu faarmasistukalekkaal paachakam cheiyunnathinu thulyamaakkunnu. avarude chikilsakalum aushadha parihaarangalum eathaandu athirukalillaathathaayi thonnumenkilum, avayil chila chikitsa pariharangalkkoppam manthrangalum ulppedunnu.
maikkal dii. yude abhipraayathil eejipshyan mayakkumarunnu therapy innathe maanadandangal prakaram falapradamallaathathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. parkins, herst paappirasile 260 medical kurippadikalil 28 sathamaanathinum "chikilsikkunna avasthayilekku pravarthikkunnundenna" manassilakkaan kazhiyunna cheruvakalundennum eathenkilum oru thakaraarilekku vitharanam cheiyunna moonnaamathethu dahananaalathil oru shudheekarana prabhavam undakkumennum parayunnu.
reethikal.
eejipthukaarkk manushya shareeraghadanayekkurichu kurachu arivu undaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, classic mummification prakriyayil, mummifierukalkku oru neenda hook cheytha upakaranam naasaarandhratthiloode engane cherkkamennum, brainkesinte nerttha asthi thakarkkanum thalachoru neekkam cheyyaanum ariyaamaayirunnuvenkilum thalachorinte pinbhaagathu oru dwaaram undaakki, angane thalachorinum mattu draavakangalkkum foramen maagnathil ninnu ozhukaan kazhiyum. shareerathile aantharikaavayavangal shareera arayilaanenna pothuvaaya dharana avarkkundaayirunnu. idathu njarambile oru cheria muriviloode avar avayavangal neekkam cheythu. eee arivu pariseelakarkk kaimariyathaano ennu anjjaathamaanu; ennittum ithu avarude medical sidhaanthangalil oru swaadheenavum cheluthiyathaayi thonnunnilla.
eejipthile doctormark pulsinte nilanilppinekkurichum hridayavumaayulla bandhathekkurichum ariyamaayirunnu. smith paappirasinte rachayithaavin hridayavyavasthayekkurichu avyakthamaaya oru dhaarana polum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, rakthachamkramanathekkurich addehathinu ariyillaayirunnu, rakthakkuzhalukal, tendonukal, njarambukal enniva thammil verthirichariyunnathu pradhaanamallenn addeham karuthi. nail nadiyumaayi saamyamulla vaayu, jalam, raktham enniva shareerathilekku kondupookunna "chaanalukal" enna sidhaantham avar vikasippichu; athu thadassappettaal vilakal anarogyakaramaakum. avar eee thathwam shareerathil prayogichu oru vyakthikk asukhamundengil, avar "chaanalukal" anblokku cheyyaan poshakangal upayogikkum.
enimakale paraamarsikkunna ettavum pazhaya likhithagrandham ebers papirus aanu, koodaathe pala marunnukalum enimakal upayogichaanu nalkiyirunnathu. pala tharatthilulla medical vidagtharil oraalaayirunnu gudatthinte idayanaaya airi.
edwin smith paappirasil nalkia shasthrakriya nadapadikramangal polulla avarude pala medical reethikalum phalapradamaayirunnu. anubadha thadayunnathinaayi kaikalkk thaazheyullava ulppede shareeram kazhukukayum kshouram cheyyukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu aarogyathode thudarunnathinulla doctormaarude upadesham. bhakshanakramam sradhikkaanum asamskritha malsyam allengil ashudhamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna mattu mrugangal polulla bhakshanagal ozhivaakkaanum avar rogikalodu upadeshichu.
sasthrakriya.
ettavum pazhaya loham (venkalam allengil chembu)
) lokathile shasthrakriyaavayava upakaranangal kharinte shavakudeerathil ninnu kandethi.
shaareerika parikkukalkkulla chikilsayaayi doctormaarkkidayil sasthrakriya oru saadhaarana reethiyaayirunnu. eejipt doctormar moonnu vibhaagathilulla parikkukal thiricharinju; chikilsikkaavunna, malsarikkaan kazhiyunna, chikilsikkaan kazhiyaatha rogangal. chikilsikkaavunna rogangalkk sasthrakriya nadathunnavar vegathil sukham prapikkum. iraykku chikilsayillaathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyunnathaayirunnu malsaraadhishtitha rogangal, athinaal eee vibhaagathil pedunna rogikale nireekshikkukayum avar athijeevichaal avarkk prashnam pariharikkan sasthrakriya nadathukayum cheyyaam. avar kathikal, hookukal, drillukal, forespukal, pinkerukal, skeyilukal, spoonukal, arakal, kathunna dhoopavargamulla oru kuzhichedi enniva upayogichu.
herodotus thante "charitrangalil" prasthaavichathupole purushanmaarude parichhedana saadhaarana reethiyaayirunnu. oru prakriya enna nilayil athinte prakadanam apoorvvamaayi maathrame paraamarshichittulloovelle, mattu samskaarangalude parichhedanayillaatha swabhaavam pathivayi sradhikkappettu, libiyakkaarude parichhedanayillaatha swabhaavam pathivayi paraamarshikkappedukayum sainika prachaaranangal parichhedanayillaatha falli trophikalaayi thirike konduvarikayum cheythu, ithu puthumaye soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mattu rekhakal mathaparamaya kramangalil parichhedana ulppedunnathaayi vivarikkunnu, ithu eee sambradaayam savisheshavum vyaapakavumallenn soochippikkunnu. doctorude shavakudeerathil, sakkaarayile akhu-maharinte shavakudeerathil, eee prakriyayude ariyappedunna oreyoru chithreekaranam, sisukkaleyalla, kaumaarakkaareyo muthirnnavareyo kaanikkunnu. purathana grandhangalile orotta paramarsham thettaaya vivarthanamaayirikkaamenkil sthree parichhedana parisheelikkappettirikkam.
krithrima kaalviralukalum nethragolangalum polulla prosthettikkukalum upayogichirunnu; saadhaaranayaayi, avaa alankaara aavasyangalekkaal alpam kooduthal upayogichu. samskarikkanulla thayyaareduppinaayi, nashtappetta sareerabhaagangal maattisthaapikkappedum; ennirunnaalum, iva maranathinu munbu upayogapradamo allengil attaachabil poleyo aayirikkumenn thonnunnilla.
sasthrakriya, mummification reethikal, postmortem enniva mathaparamaya oru vyaayaamamaayi vipulamaayi upayogikkunnathu eejipthukaarkk shareerathinte roopaghadanayekkurichum avayavangalude pravarthanangalekkurichum ganyamaaya arivu nalki. mikka pradhana avayavangaludeyum pravartthanam shariyaayi anumanikkappettu-udaaharanathinu, raktham oorjjaswalathaykkum maalinyathinumulla oru baashpeekarana maadhyamamaanennu shariyaayi anumanikkappettu, ithu ooksijan vahikkunnathilum kaarban dye ooksaid neekkam cheiyunnathilum athinte yadhaartha pankil ninnu valare akaleyalla-hridayavum thalachorum ozhike.
danthachikitsa.
bii. sii. moonnaam sahasraabdathinte arambham muthal oru swatantra thozhilaayi danthachikitsa oru pradhana mekhalayaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum athu orikkalum pramukhamaayirunnilla. daanyangal araykkunnathil ninnu avasheshikkunna manalil ninnulla urachilukalum appam thayyarakkunna reethiyil paarakalude kashanangalum eejipt bhakshanathil kooduthalaayirunnathinal avarude pallukalude avastha moshamaayirunnu. bisi 4000 muthal edii 1000 vare, orupakshe mechappetta dhaanya araykkunna saankethikavidyakal kaaranam, pallukalude theevrathayum kedupaadukalum kramanugathamaayi kurayunnathaayi puraavastu gaveshakar shradhichittundu. ellah eejipshyan avashishtangalkkum valare mosham avasthakalil pallukalude koottamundu. vyapakamaaya dantharogavum oru valia rogabadhithamaaya sisttum moolam muppathiyanju vayassil maricha tebasil ninnulla samgeethajnjanaaya jedmatheshankineppolu dantharogam maarakamaayekkaam. oru vyakthiyude pallukal kshayichupokunnathil ninnu rakshappettengil, madhurapalahaarangalude apoorvatha kaaranam arakal apoorvamaayirunnu. danthachikitsa phalapradamallaathathinaal rogabadhitharaaya pallukal pettennu nashtappedumennu rogikalkku pratheekshikkavunna ettavum mikacha rogamaayirunnu. azhukunna pallukalonnum illa, ennittum nilanilkkunnu" enna pazhanchollu akhsheshonginte nirddeshathil adangiyirikkunnu. eee prakriya thidukkathilaayathaayi rekhakalonnum rekhappeduthiyittil, pallukal verthirichedukkaan anuyojyamaaya upakaranangalonnum kandethiyitla, ennirunnaalum chila avashishtangal nirbandhithamaayi pallu neekkam cheythathinte adayaalangal kaanikkunnu. pallukal maattisthaapikkunnath kandethiyittundengil avaa postmortem soundaryavardhaka vasthukkal maathramaano ennu vyakthamalla. kadutha vedanaykku karupp upayogichayirikkaam marunnu nalkiyathu.
doctormaarum mattu rogashaanthikkaarum.
doctor ennathinulla purathana eejipshyan vaakk "ezz. enn. dablyu" aanu. eee thalakkettin oru neenda charithramund. lokathile ettavum aadyakaala vaidyanaaya hessy-raara purathana eejiptil practies cheythirunnu. bii. sii. 27-aamm noottaandil bharicha joser raajaavinte "danthadokdarmaarudeyum doctormaarudeyum thalavan" aayirunnu addeham. lady peseshett (bisi 2400) rekhappeduthappetta aadyathe vanita doctoraayirikkaam avar orupakshe akhethodeppinte ammayayirikkaam, addehathinte shavakudeerathil avarkkayi samarppichirikkunna oru stelayil avale "imi-aarr swant" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu "vanita doctormaarude vanita melnottakkaaran" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu ("swant" ennathu "swanvi" yude sthreelingamaanu).
vaidyashaasthra mekhalayil niravadhi raankukalum prathyekathakalum undaayirunnu. royaltti avarude swantham "ezz. enn. dablyu. dablyu", avarude swantham vidagthare polum niyamichu. doctormaarudeyum melnottakkaarudeyum cheef doctormaarudeyum inspectormaar undaayirunnu. ariyappedunna purathana eejipshyan vidagdhar nethrarogavidagdhar, gastroentrologist, proctologist, danthadoktar, "kashaappukaare nireekshikkunna doctor", vyakthamaakkaatha "draavakangalude inspector" ennivaraanu. proctologistinulla purathana eejipshyan padamaaya "neru phuyatt" aksharaarthatthil "gudatthinte idayan" ennaanu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu. randaamathethu bii. sii. 2200ll airinaashett saakshyappeduthiyittundu.
(perr akhu) allengil "jeevithathinte bhavanangal" ennu vilikkappedunna sthaapanangal purathana eejiptil onnaam rajavamsham muthal sthaapithamaayathaayi ariyappedunnu, koodaathe bii. sii. onnaam sahasraabdathinte madhyathil jeevichirunna peftaavainaitt, wedgehoresnet thudangiya doktarmaarumaayi likhithangalil bandhappettirikkunna medical pravartthanangal undayirikkaam. pathonpathaam raajavamshathinte kaalamayappozhekkum avarude jeevanakkaarkk medical insurance, pension, rogavadhi thudangiya aanukoolyangal labhichirunnu.

