
indian upabhookhandathile kuthirayude charithram

madhya eshyayil valarthappettathin sesham rund sahasraabdathilere kazhinja bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdathinte madhyathil indian upabhookhandathil eee kuthira nilavilundu. kuthirayude aadyakaala tharkkamillaatha thelivukal indian upabhookhandathil aadyakaala swaatt samskaaram (bisi 1600) muthal avasheshikkunnu.kuthirayude avashishtangalum anubandha karakaushala vasthukkalum avasaanathe haarappan (1900-1300 bce) sthalangalil ninnu kandethiyittundengil, haarappan kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil kuthirakal undayirunnathaayi soochippikkunnu, vaidika kaalaghattatthil ninnu vyathyasthamayi haarappan samskaarathil kuthirakal oru pradhana punk vahichirunnilla. vedangalilum hindu vedagrandhangalilum palappozhum paraamarshikkappedunna "ashwa" enna samskritha padamaanu intho-aaryanmaarkk kuthirayude praadhaanyam soochippikkunnathu.
paleolithic.
plistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil, "ekwas namadicus" enna kuthirayude oru inam upabhookhandathil thaddesheeyamaayirunnu, pakshe holocene kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathode ithu vamshanasham sambhavichu. "ekwas namadicus" oru "stenonain kuthira" aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athaayath ithu yadhaartha kuthirakalekkaal seebrakalumaayum kazhuthakalumaayum kooduthal adutha bandhamullathaan.
garhikavalkkaranam.
bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdathinu munbu kuthiraye valarthiyeduthathu athinte thaddesheeya aavaasavyavasthayaaya grettu steppiyil maathramaayi parimithappeduthiyirunnathi thonnunnu. bisi 3500 oode eurasian steppikalil kuthirakale valarthiyeduthuvennathi thelivukal vardhichuvarikayaanu. bottaay samskaarathinte pashchaathalatthil aduthide nadanna kandethalukal soochippikkunnathu kasaakhisthaanile akmola pravishyayile bottaay vaasasthalangalaanu kuthirayude aadyakaala valarthal.
gathagatham, kaarshika jolikal, yuddham ennivaykkaayi eurasiayiludaneelam kuthirakalude upayogam. bisi 1800 muthal mesopotemiyayil kuthira oru sawari mrugamaayi maathrame prathyakshappedunnulla, radhathinte kandupiduthathode sainika praadhaanyam nedunnu.
indus thaazhvara samskaaram.
thaddesheeya aaryamathathinte vakthaakkal vishwasikkunnathu indu thaazhvara samskaaram aryan vedavumaayirunnu ennaanu. atharam paraspara bandhatthinethire rund pothu ethirppukalundu "" vaidika samskaaram idaya samskaaravum kuthira kendreekrithavumaayirunnu, athesamayam haarappan samskaaram kuthira kendreekrithamo idaya samskaaramo aayirunnilla ";" aadhunika kuthirayude poornnamaaya abhavam ("ekwas kaballas")."indus thaazhvara samskaarathinte thaddesheeya intho-aaryan uthbhavam enna aashayathin hindu mathathileyum indiayude charithrathileyum puraavasthushaasthrathiyum indian pandithanmarkkidayil bhooribhaagavum pinthunayundu, mukhyadharaa paandithyatthil ithinu pinthunayilla.
vaidikakaalathinu munbulla kuthirakalude kuravu kuthirayude asthikalude kshayam undaakkunna indiayude kalavastha gadakangalaal vishadeekarikkaanaakum. kuthirakalude asthikal apoorvamaayirikkaam, kaaranam kuthirakale harappanmaar bhakshikkukayo samskarikkaan upayogikkukayo cheythirunnilla. valarthumrigangalaaya kuthirakalude avashishtangalum karakaushala vasthukkalum avasaanathe haarappan kaalaghattatthil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku, ithu haarappan kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil, upabhookhandathinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagath vaidikar sthirathaamasamaakkiyappol kuthirakal undayirunnathaayi soochippikkunnu."athinaal kuthira pathivayi upayogichirunnuvennum haarappan samoohathil oru pradhana punk vahichirunnuvennum nigamanathiletthaan kazhiyilla.
haarappan saittaya surkottadayil ninnulla kuthiraavashishtangal (2400-1700 bisi) oru kuthirayude avashishtangal thiricharinjittundu.keey. sharmma "ekwas ferres kaballas" aayi. kuthira vidagthanaaya sander bokoni (1997) pinneedu eee nigamanangal sthireekarikkukayum, khananam cheytha pallukalude saambilukal "orupakshe yadhaartha kuthirakalude avashishtangalayi kanakkakkappedumennu" prasthavikkukayum cheythu.iii. "ekwas ferres kaballas". " b udharichathupole bökönyi.bii. laal prasthaavichathu "yadhaartha kuthirayude saannidhyam (" ekwas kaballas "l.) mukalileyum thaazheyumulla kavilinteyum pallukaludeyum inaamal paatten, murivukaludeyum faalaanchukaludeyum (kaalviralukalude asthikal) valupavum roopavum enniva saakshyappeduthunnu."ennirunnaalum, eekvas ferres kaballas kuthirayude avashishtangal" "eekvas asinus" "(kazhuthakal) allengil" "eekvas hemionus" "(oonejarukal) polulla mattu eekvas enangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan prayaasamaanenna adisthaanathil meedo (1997) polulla puraavastu gaveshakar viyojikkunnu".
collin renfrue (1999) abhipraayappettath "kuthirayude praadhaanyam [...]..] valare athishayokthiparamaan."
vaidikakaalakhattam.
 
bii. emm. eiii. sii complexes polulla sthalangal haarappan sthalangal pole kuthirakalude avashishtangal kuranjathu paavappettavayaanu. dakshineshyayil tharkkamillaatha kuthiraavashishtangalude aadyakaala kandethalukal gandhara shavakudeera samskaarathil ninnullathaanu, ithu swaatt samskaaram ennum ariyappedunnu (c. 1400-800 bce), intho-aaryanmaarumaayi bandhappettathum avarude indiayile varavumaayi poruthappedunnathumaanu. swaatt vaali grave dna vishakalanam "[madhya eshyan] steppi janasamkhyayum indiayile aadyakaala veda samskaaravum thammilulla bandhatthinte" thelivukal nalkunnu.
intho-europeanmaarude jeevitashailiyil kuthirakal pradhanamaayirunnu. "kuthira ennathinte samskritha padamaaya "ashwa", vedangalilum mattu niravadhi hindu vedagrandhangalilum paraamarshichirikkunna pradhana mrugangalilonnaanu, rigvedathile pala vyakthiparamaaya perukalum kuthirakale kendreekarichullathaanu. ashwa" ennathil ninnu uruthirinja ithinte kognettukal samskritham, avastaan, laattin, greak ("hippos", "ekwas" polullava) thudangiya intho-europian bhashakalil kaanapedunnu. vedangalil kuthirayekkurichu aavarthichulla paraamarsangalundu (sii. 1500-500 bce). prathyekichum, rigvedathil palappozhum rathangalumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi kuthirasavaari ramgangalundu. ashwamedha allengil kuthira yaagam yajurvedathile sradheyamaaya oru aachaaramaan.
indian kaalaavasthayil kuthirakale valarthaan budhimuttaayirunnathil, avaa saadhaaranayaayi madhyeshyayil ninnu mathramalla mattidangalil ninnum valia thothil irakkumathi cheythirunnu. kuthirakkachavadakkaare ithinakam atharvvavedathil paraamarshichittundu. ajanthayile oru paintingil kappaliloode kondupookunna kuthirakaleyum aanakaleyum kaanikkunnu. kuthirakalude vitharanavum irakkumathiyum "ellaayppozhum" indiakkaarude oru thaalpparyamaayirunnuvennum "india ellaayppozhum kuthirakalkkayi padinjaaran, madhyeshya aasrayikkunnu ennathu athinte charithratthinte oru gadanayaanennum" trotman (1982) abhiprayappettu."

