
almora

indiayile uttaraakhandu samsthaanathe oru munisippal board kantonment pattanavumaanu almora (kumavonia "). almora jillayude bharana aasthaanamaanithu. himalaya malanirakalile kumaavon kunnukalude thekke attathulla oru malanirakalilaanu almora sthithi cheiyunnathu. koshi (kaushiki), suyal (salmale) nadikal nagaratthiloode ozhukunnu, pashchaathalatthil manjumoodiya himalayangal kaanam.
1568ll kalyaan chandh rajaavaanu almora sthaapichathu; ennirunnaalum, hindu ithihaasamaaya mahaabhaarathathil (bisi ettaam noottaandum onpathaam noottaandum) kunnukalilum chuttumulla pradeshangalilum manushya vaasasthalangalekkurichu vivaranangalund. kumaavon raajyam bharichirunna chandh rajaakkanmaarude aasthaanamaayirunnu almora. uttaraakhandile kumaavon mekhalayude saamskaarika hridayamaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
2019 leeii deseeya sensus prakaram almora janasamkhya ekadesham 1,79,000 aanu. himalaya uyarnna kodumudikalil sthithicheyyunna almorayil varsham muzhuvanum mithamaaya mitasheetoshna kaalavasthayaanu anubhavappedunnathu. lokamembaadumulla aayirakkanakkin vinodasanchaarikal prathivarsham eee nagaram sandarshikkunnu. 11 blokkukalundu (athaayath.iii. vikaaskhandu) almora jillayile.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
cuttermalile sooryakshethrathile pathrangal kazhukaan upayogichirunna oru cheria chediyaaya bilmorayil ninnaan almoraykk eee peru labhichathu (chilar ithu berberris "kilmora" yill ninnu uruthirinjathaanenkilum). bhilmora/kilmora konduvarunnavare bhilmori/kilmori ennum pinneedu "almori" ennum vilikkukayum eee sthalam "almora" ennum ariyappedukayum cheythu.
bheesham chandh rajaavu pattanatthinu aditharayittappol addeham aadyam athinu alangar ennu perittu. athinumumbu, chandh bharanathinte aadyaghattathil almora 'rajapur' ennariyappettirunnu. niravadhi purathana chembu phalakangalilum 'rajpur' enna peru paraamarsikkappettundu. almorayil ippozhum rajpur enna oru sthalamundu.
charithram.
1568ll chandh raajavamshathinte bharanakaalathu kalyaan chandh aanu almora sthaapichathu. athinumumbu eee pradesham kathyuri rajaavaaya bhaichaldevante niyanthranathilaayirunnu, addeham almorayude oru bhagam shree chandh tiwarik sambhavana cheythu.
praadeshika paarambaryamanusarichu, almora aadyakaala nivaasikal thevaarikalaayirunnu, avar kattaarmalile sooryakshethrathinte pathrangal vrithiyaakkaan divasena soral vitharanam cheyyendiyirunnu. vishnu puraanatthilum mahaabhaarathatthilum paraamarshichirikkunna purathana aithihyangal nagaratthile manushyavaasangalekkurichu aadima vivaranagal avatharippikkunnu. shakar, nager, kirathar, khaasar, hooner ennivaraanu ettavum purathana gothrangal. hastinapur raajakudumbathile kauravarum paandavarumaan samathalangalil ninnulla adutha pradhana rajakumaranmar, avar eee bhagangal keezhadakkiyathayi parayappedunnu. mahabharata yudhathinushesham eee jilla kurachukaalathekku hastinaapoorile rajaakkanmaarude niyanthranathilaayirunnu thonnunnu, avarude adikaaram orikkalum naamamaathramaayirunnilla. nagaratthinte thekk, padinjaaru bhaagangalil kulindakal (allengil kunindakal) shaktharaaya praadeshika thalavanmarayirunnu yadhaartha bharanadhikaarikal. aadyakaala aaryan vamshathilppettavarum akkaalat vyaapakamaayi chitharikkidannirunnavarum mattoru purathana janathayaayirunnu khaasakal. avar eee pradeshathinu khasadesha allengil khasamandalam enna peru nalki.
adutha yugam orupakshe aadhipathyathinaayi parasparam malsarikkunna niravadhi cheria raajyangalude kaalaghattamaayirunnirikkaam, athu prashasthavum nilanilkkunnathumaaya chandukalude raajavamshathinte udghaadanathil kalaashichu. ithinu munbu, chembu, kallu kothupanikalil kathyurikal prabalamaaya vamshangalayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. eiii 953ll avarude thudakkam muthal chandh rajavamsham.dii. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil avare purathaakkunnathuvare, garhwalile bharanaadhikaarikalumaayulla bhayanakamaaya yudhangalude oru parambara eee sambannamaaya bhoomiyude naashatthilum mahathaaya gurkha bharanam sthaapikkunnathilum kalaashichu. 1563 eiii. yill almora ettavum sakthamaaya malayora shakthiyude aasthaanamaakki maattunnathil eee rajavamsham savisheshamaayirunnu.dii. annumuthal kumaavon raajyathinte paridhi almora, nainitaal jillakalile muzhuvan pradeshangalilum vyaapichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, chandh rajaakkanmaar veendum garhwal saamraajyathe akramikkukayum 1688-ll udyoth chandh rajaavu garhwalinum dothikkum nereyulla thante vijayathinte adayaalamaayi tripura sundari, udyoth chandeswaran, parbateshwar ennivayulppede niravadhi shethrangal almorayil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. parbateshwar kshethram randuthavana punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum oduvil innathe nandadevi kshethramaayi maarukayum cheythu.
1791ll neppaalile gorkhakal kaali nadikku kuruke padinjarottu thangalude raajyam vyaapippikkave almora akramikkukayum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. athinidayil, vadakkan athirthi muzhuvan gorkhakal kadannupokunnathu thadayunnathil britishukaar earppettirunnu. gorkha bharanam irupathinaalu varsham neenduninnu. 1800 muthal terraele britiish pradeshangalilekku avar aavarthichu nuzhanjukayariyathinaal, indiayude govarnor generalaya loard moira 1814 desemberil almora akramikkaan theerumaanichu, ithu anglo-gorkha yudhathinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthi. 1814ll pottippurapetta yuddham gorkhakalude paraajayathinu kaaranamavukayum pinneedu 1816ll sugauli udambadiyil oppuvekkunnathilekk nayikkukayum cheythu. udambadi prakaram, gorkhakal britiish eest india kambanikku pidichadakkiya ellah pradeshangalum neppaal vittukodukkendivannu. yudhaanantharam almoraykkaduthulla pazhaya laal mundy kottaye 'fort moira' ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
britishukaar vikasippichedutha nainitaal, shimla thudangiya ayal hill steshanukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, almora valare munbe chandh rajaakkanmaaraanu vikasippichath. ippozhathe kantonment sthithi cheiyunna sthalam munbu lalmondy ennaanu ariyappettirunnath. nilavil collectorate nilanilkkunnidathu chandh rajaakkanmaarude 'mallah mahal' (melmandalam) sthithicheyyunnu. ippozhathe jilla aashupathriyude sthalam chandh bharanaadhikaarikalude 'thalla mahal' (keezh kodathi) aayirunnu. 1901ll almora janasamkhya 8,596 aayirunnu.
bhoomishaasthram.
sthalam.
uttaraakhandile almora jillayilaan almora sthithi cheiyunnathu. deseeya thalasthaanamaaya newdelhiyude vadakkukizhakku 365 kilometerum samsthaana thalasthaanamaaya deradoonil ninnu 415 kilometerum thekk-kizhakkayittaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. kumaavoninte bharana aasthaanamaaya nainitaalil ninnu 63 kilometer vadakkaayi ravanyoo division kumavonilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. samudranirappil ninnu sharashari uyaramundu.
madhya himalaya parvathanirakalile kumaavon kunnukalude thekke attathulla oru kunnin mukalilaanu kuthirathadiyude aakruthiyilulla kunnin aakruthiyilulla almora sthithi cheiyunnathu. malancherivinte kizhakkan bhagam taleefat ennum padinjaaran bhagam selifatt ennum ariyappedunnu. almora maarkkat sthithicheyyunnathu malancherivinte mukalilaanu, avide eee rund, thaleefattum selifaattum samyukthamaayi avasaanikkunnu. pine, devadaaru, devadaaru marangalude idathoornna vanangalaal chuttappettirikkunnu. nagarathinoppam ozhukunna nadikal koshi (kaushiki), suyal (salmale) ennivayaanu. pashchaathalatthil manjumoodiya himalayangal kaanam.
kaalavastha.
thaarathamyena uyarnna thapanilayum varsham muzhuvanum thulyamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna mazhayumaanu almora kaalaavasthayude savisheshatha. march muthal juun vareyulla venalkkaalam, juulai muthal october vareyulla kaalavarshakkalam, november muthal februvari vareyulla shaithyakaalam ennivayaanu pradhana seasonukal. venalkkaalath, almora pradhaanamaayum thaazhnna akshamsha samudrajalathil uposhnamekhalaa aanti cyclonic koshangalude padinjaaru bhaagath ninnulla eerppamulla, samudra vaayupravaahathinte swaadheenathilaanu. thaapanila uyarnnathaan, ithu choodullathum adichamarthunnathumaaya raathrikalilekku nayichekkaam. venalkkaalam saadhaaranayaayi shaithyakaalathekkaal alppam eerppamullathaanu, mazhayude bhooribhaagavum samvahana idiminnal pravarthanangalil ninnaan varunnath; ushnamekhalaa chuzhalikkaattukal chila pradeshangalil choodulla seasonile mazhayum vardhippikkunnu. manju asaadhaaranamallengilum ettavum thanuppulla maasam saadhaaranayaayi valare soumyamaanu, shaityakaala mazha pradhaanamaayum dhruvamukhathe munvashathe chuzhalikkaattukalil ninnaan labhikkunnath. eee kaalaavasthayude copen kalavastha vargeekarana upavibhagam "sii. dablyu. eiii" (eerppamulla uposhnamekhalaa kaalavastha) aanu.
almora varshathe sharashari thaapanila. abal instittyoottinte kanakkanusarichanu eee vivaram. sharashari thapanilayulla juun maasamaan ettavum choodulla maasam. sharashari thapanilayulla ettavum thanuppulla maasam januvariyaanu. almora varshathe sharashari mazhayude alavu. ettavum kooduthal mazha labhikkuna maasam aagastilaanu. sharashari ettavum kuranja mazha labhikkuna maasam novemberaanu. sharashari 46.8 divasathe mazhayaanu augustil 11.9 divasangalilaayi ettavum kooduthal mazhayum 0.6 divasangalilaayi novemberil ettavum kuranja mazhayum labhikkunnu.
sasyajanthujaalangalum.
4000 inam sasyangalaal sambannamaaya eee pradesham, valia uyaramullathinal prakrithidatha sasyajalangalil sradheyamaaya vaividhyamund. kalavastha vyathiyanangal, prathyekichu athinte parvathanirakaludeyum thaazhvarakaludeyum vinyaasavum uyaravumaayi bandhapetta thapanilayilum mazhayilum, uyarathilulla sasyangalude valarchayum vaividhyavum nirnnayikkunnu. eee pradeshathe sasyajaalangale ushnamekhalaa, himalayan upa-ushnamekhalaa, upa-alpine, alpine sasyangal enningane tharamthirikkaam. ettavum kooduthal aushadhasasyangalude ettavum swaabhaavika vaasasthalamaayi alpine, sub-alpine mekhalakal kanakkaakkappedunnu.
pullipuli, langur, himalayan karutha karadi, cacker, goral muthalaayavayude prakrithidatha sankethamaanu almorayileyum praanthapradeshangalileyum upa-alpine mekhalakal. athesamayam, uyarnna pradeshangalil "kastura mrigg", manjuthotta, neela aadukal, thaar muthalaayava ennu ariyappedunna kasturiman daaraalamundu. chaaraniratthilulla kaada, karutha francollin/kaalaa titer, wisling thrash, chakkor, monal, cheer phesant, kokla, kaalij phesant ennivayum ulppedunna manoharamaaya roopakalppanayum nirangalumulla thoovalukalulla sradheyamaaya vaividhyamaarnna pakshikalaal sambannamaanu eee mekhala.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
almora janasamkhya 35,513 aanu, athil 18,306 purushanmaarum 17,207 sthreekalumaanu. motham janasamkhyayil, almora munisippal boardinte janasamkhya 34,122 aanu, almora kantonment boardinte janasamkhya 1,391 aanu. 0 muthal 6 vayass vare praayamulla kuttikalude janasamkhya 3,081 aanu, ithu almorayude motham janasamkhyayude 8.67% aanu. almora nagaratthinte saaksharata nirakk <aii. dii. 1>% aanu, ithu samsthaana sharashariyaaya <aii. dii. 2>% nekkaal kooduthalaanu. purusha saksharatha ekadesham <aii. dii. 1>% aanu, athesamayam sthree saaksharathaanirakk <aii. dii. 2>% aanu. 2001leeii sensus prakaram almora janasamkhya 32,358 aanu.
francis haamilttan ezhuthiya 'neppaal raajyam' enna pusthakathilaanu almora janasamkhyayekkurichulla ettavum aadya paramarsham kaanappedunnath. fatehgarh sandarshana velayil hamiltoninode panditt paranju. gorkha bharanakaalathu almorayil aayiratholam veedukal undayirunnathaayi hariballav pandey paranju. emm. jii.dablyu. 1821ll almorayil 742 veedukalundaayirunnuvennum athil 1,369 purushanmaarum 1,178 sthreekalum 968 kuttikalum thaamasichirunnuvennum angane pattanatthile motham janasamkhya 3,505 aayirunnuvennum kumaavon divisionile randaamathe kammeeshanaraaya trail ezhuthiyittundu.
motham janasamkhyayude%% aalukal pinthudarunna hindumathamaanu almora bhooripaksha matham. <aii. dii. 1> aalukal aacharikkunna ettavum valia nyoonapaksha mathamaan islam. sikh, kristhumatham, budhamatham thudangiya mattu mathangalum cheria thothil aalukal acharikkunnu. hindy samskrithavumaanu samsthaanathinte audyogika bhashakal, athesamayam kumavoniyaanu bahubhooripakshathinte maathrubhaasha.
almora munisippal board (nagar paalika parishathu) 1864-ll sthaapithamaayi. almora nagar paalika parishatthile janasamkhya 34,122 aanu, athil 17,358 purushanmaarum 16,764 sthreekalumaanu. 2011 leeii sensus prakaram 0 muthal 6 vayass vareyulla kuttikalude ennam 2950 aanu, ithu almorayude (enn. pii. pii) motham janasamkhyayude aii. dii. 1 aanu. almora nagar paalika parishatthil, samsthaana sharashariyaaya 963 ll ninnu 966 aanu sthree linganupatham. koodaathe, utharkhandile samsthaana sharashariyaaya 890 neey apekshichu almora baala linganupatham ekadesham 857 aanu. almora nagaratthinte saaksharata nirakk samsthaana sharashariyaaya <aii. dii. 2>% nekkaal <aii. dii. 1>% kooduthalaanu. almorayil purusha saksharatha ekadesham aii. dii. 1>% aanenkil sthree saaksharathaanirakk aii. dii. 2>% aanu. pattikajathi (ezz. sii) ennathu <aii. dii. 1>% aanu, athesamayam pattikavargakkaar (ezz. tii) almora (enn. pii. pii) motham janasamkhyayude <aii. dii. 2> aayirunnu. motham janasamkhyayil 10,057 perr joliyilo bisinesses pravartthanangalilo earppettirunnu. ithil 7,901 perr purushanmaarum 2,156 perr sthreekalum aayirunnu. motham 10,057 thozhil cheiyunna janasamkhyayil,%% pradhana jolikalil earppettirikkumbol motham thozhilaallikalil%% naamamaathramaaya jolikalil earppettirikkunnu. almora nagar paalika parishatthil 8,014 veedukalilaayi vellam, malinajalam thudangiya adisthaana soukaryangal nalkunnu. almora 11 vaardukalaayi thirichirikkunnu, athinaayi oro 5 varshathilum thiranjeduppu nadakkunnu.
samskaaram.
shethrangal.
casser devi, nanda devi, dholi daana, shamayi devi, khakmaara, ashta bhairava, jakhandevi, katharmal (sooryakshethram), pathaal devi, raghunaadha mandir, badreshwar, banari devi, chithaay, jageshwar, binser mahadev, garnath, baijanath ennivayulppede niravadhi sradheyamaaya shethrangal almorayil undu.
randaam noottaandil nirmmicha casser devi kshethram swami vivekanandan sandarshichirunnu, eee pradeshathu oru chabad house undu. bhoomiyude vaan alan belttilaan eee kshethram sthithicheyyunnathennu vishwasikkappedunnu. casser devi shethrathinu chuttumulla pradeshathu valia bhoumakaanthika mandalamundu, vikirana baandukalile vidavukal kaaranam. thalphalamaayi, casser devikk yukeyile stonhenchinum peruvile maachu pichuvinum samanamaaya oru cosmic oorjjam undennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
sanara ganiyaykkaduthulla rudreshwar mahadev kshethram shivanu samarppichirikkunnu. ranganga nadiyude theerathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. pattanatthil ninnu kurachu akaleyulla katharmalil oru sooryakshethram (lokathile randaamathe maathram) undu. kathyuri vamshathile kudumbadeviyaaya manilaadeviyude kshethram raanikhethil ninnu 85 kilometer akaleyaan. dwaaraahattinaduthulla bintayil ninnu 5 kilometer akaleyaan golu devthayude shethramaaya udaipur.
shakthiyude athawa maathrdeviyude angeyattam aadarikkappedunna shethramaanu dunaagiriyilullathu. aadhunikakaalathe kriyaayogatthinte janmasthalamaayaanu dunagiri ariyappedunnathu. someshwarile bhaisore gauninaduthulla chaura graamatthil almora jillayil oru sradheyamaaya shethramundu. uttaraakhandile neethiyude adhipanaayi kanakkaakkappedunna golu prabhuvinu samarppichirikkunna shethramaanithu. almora pattanatthil ninnu 40 kilometer akaleyaan eee kshethram. almora jillayile mattoru kshethram someshwarile airdau aanu. kaarshika reethikalil valare sambannamaaya almora jillayile oru tahasil aanu someshwar.
almora jillayile mattoru purathana shethramaanu paandu kholi. hindu puraanamanusarichu, duryodhananil ninnu rakshappedaan pandavar ivide kurachu samayam chelavazhichu. almorayil ninnu eee kshethrathinte dooram ekadesham 80 kilometres. someshwar pattanatthile valare puraathanavum vishudhavumaaya mattoru shivakshethram khakeshwar mahadev kshethram ennariyappedunnu. oru nadiyude theerathulla bhaisore gaunn graamathilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
gathagatham.
rooad.
uttarkhand samsthaanathileyum utharenthyayileyum pradhana lakshyasthaanangalumayi motor rodukalaal nannayi bandhippichirikkunnu. uttarkhand transport korppareshan almora buzz steshanil ninnu dalhi, deradoon, laknau, chandigarh thudangiya utharenthyan pradhana nagarangalilekku basukal oodikkunnu. taxikalum swakaarya basukalum, kooduthalum keey.emm.oo.kumaavon mekhalayile mattu pradhana lakshyasthaanangalumayi almora bandhippikkuka. lover maall roadinu sameepam uttaraakhandu sarkkar oru aii. ezz. bii. tii nirmmikkunnu, ithu nagaratthil oru valia vinodasanjaara shringhala sthaapikkunnathinum kumaavon mekhalayile lakshyasthaanangalilekk athikkunnathinum sahayakamaakum. deradooninu sesham uttaraakhandile randaamathe dveepaayirikkum ithu. yuu. keey-1 enna nambaril vahanangal rajisttar cheiyunna almorayil oru sub regional transport oafees sthithicheyyunnu.
train.
kaathgodam railway steshanaanu ettavum aduthulla railway steshan. kumavoonine dalhi, deradoon, haura ennivayumaayi bandhippikkunna vadakkukizhakkan reyilveyude broad gej laininte avasana terminasaanu kaathgodam.
vaayu.
kumaavon mekhalaykku muzhuvan sevanam nalkunna praadhamika vimaanathaavalamaanu pantnagaril sthithi cheiyunna pantnagar vimaanathaavalam. kumaavon mekhalayilum sevanam nalkunna mattoru aabhyanthara vimaanathaavalamaanu berley vimaanathaavalam. dalhiyil sthithi cheiyunna indiraagaandhi anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalamaanu ettavum aduthulla anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam. 
vidyaabhyaasam.
kumavun sarvakalashaala, soban singh jeena sarvakalashaala, uttarkhand residential sarvakalashaala enningane moonnu sarvakalashaalakal almorayilundu.
almorayil aake 23 primery schoolukalum 7 middle schoolukalum 2 secondary schoolukalum 9 seeniyar secondary skoolukalumundu.
maadyamangalum ashayavinimayangalum.
ool india radioic almorayil oru praadeshika steshanundu, athu bahujana thaalpparyamulla paripaadikal prakshepanam cheiyunnu. ayude almora steshan.aii.aarr. 1986 juunil sthaapithamaaya ithu kumaavon division muzhuvan paripaalikkunna idatharam tharamgathil pravartthikkunna oru praadhamika chaanal steshanaanu. dish tv dooradarshan aanu pradhana sevana daathaakkal. bsnl, vodaphone, airtel ennivaykku nagaratthile moonnu valia sellular netvarkkukalundu. nagaratthilum parisaratthum internettu kafekalundenkilum broadband connectivity parimithamaanu. eee mekhalayile mikka veedukalilum saattalait vibhavangal nilavilundu, indiayiludaneelam labhyamaya chaanalukalum ivide labhyamaan.
onniladhikam praadeshika hindi, engleesh pathrangal prasidheekarikkappedunnu, athesamayam indiayile mattidangalil achadikkunna praadeshika, deseeya hindi, engleesh pathrangalum almorayil pracharikkunnu. prabudha bhaarata, almora akhbaar, shakti, swaadhin praja thudangiya niravadhi charitra pathrangalum maasikakalum almorayil ninnu prasidheekarichittundu.
1871-ll eiii.dii. panditt. budhiballavu panthu oru debating club thurannu. annathe pravishya gavarnaraayirunna sarr vilyam muir ivide vannappol eee klabbinte pravartthanatthil addeham valareyadhikam santhushtanaayirunnu. ivide oru pathrangal thurakkaanum oru pathram prasidheekarikkaanum addeham upadesichathaayi parayappedunnu. emm. pandu, upadeshichathupole, ivide oru pras thurakkukayum "almora akhbaar" enna prathivaara maasika prasidheekarikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. eee pravishyayile ettavum pazhaya hindi vaarikayaayirunnu almora akhbaar. 1913 ll eiii.dii. badri datth pandey maasikayude editting chumatala etteduthu. almora akhbaar valareyadhikam purogathi kaivarichu; athinte upabhokthaakkalude ennam aii. dii. 1ll ninnu 1500 aayi uyarnnu; ennirunnaalum, 1917ll ithu adachu. 1918ll pankaalikaliloraal debating club pras vaangukayum athinu nyaayavaasini pras ennu peridukayum cheythu. 1922 muthal eiii.dii. jilla samachar" enna peril oru vaarika prasidheekarikkaan thudangi. pinneedu ithu "kumavun kumud" ennu ariyappedukayum 1930kalude avasaanam vare prasidheekarikkappedukayum cheythu.
1893-1894 ll babu devidas "kuman printing press" thurannu, athu "kurmanchal samaachar" enna peril oru vaarika prasidheekarichu. kurmanchal mitra enna mattoru vaarikayum prasidheekarichuvenkilum kurachu samayathinu sesham athu nirtthi. 1898 augustil almorayil ninnu prasidheekaranam aarambhicha prabudha bhaarathatthinte editting swami swaroopaanandayaanu cheythath. 1918ll eiii.dii. badri datth pandey thante suhruthukkalude sahaayathode "desha bhakta" enna peril oru pathrapravarthanam aarambikkukayum athil ninnu "shakti" enna oru maasika prasidheekarikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. shakti" enna nayathil athrupthi prakadippicha addehathinte chila pankaalikal kesukal phayal cheyyukayum avarude oharikal pinvalikkukayum cheythu, 1919 ll eiii.dii. sombari press" thurannathil ninnu kurachukaalathekku 'jyothi' enna maasika prasidheekarichu. pinneedu eee pathravum vilkkukayum prasidheekaranam nirthukayum cheythu. 1942ll sarkkaarinte nayangal kaaranam athinte prasidheekaranam nirthalaakkunnathuvare shakti prasidheekaranam thudarnnu. panditt gobind ballabh panthinte shramathode 1946-ll prasidheekaranam veendum aarambhichu.
1930ll eiii.dii.swaadhin praja" enna peril oru prabandham prasidheekarichu. desasnehiyaaya mohan joshiyaayirunnu athinte samvidaayakan. 1934ll eiii.dii. samtaa" enna peril oru vaarika prasidheekarichu. oru karakaushalavidagdhanaaya hurry prasad tamta samvidaanam cheytha ithinu prathimasam oru roopa sahayam labhichu. 2001-sarkkaaril ninnu. munbu ithu indra printing pressilaanu achadichirunnathenkilum pinneedu prasidheekaranam haldwaniyile krishna pressilekku maari. 1935 muthal eiii.dii. indra achadisaalakalil ninnu "nadakhathu" enna peril oru prathimasa maasika prasidheekarikkunnundu.

