
gambheeramaaya aakhosham

oru roman yaadhaasthithika purohitan daivashaasthranjanum ezhuthukaaranum pathrapravartthakanum idathupaksha pravartthakanum peeples republic oof rumeniyayile rashtreeya vyakthiyumaayirunnu gaalaa galaction (; grigor allengil grigori pisculescu enna thoolikaanaamam; epril 16,1879-march 8,1961). yudhaanthara, randaam lokamahaayudha romaniayile rashtreeya pravanathakalkk virudhamaayi, jootha nyoonapakshathodulla sahishnuthayude oru pracharakanaayirunnu addeham.
jeevacharitram.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
oru sambannanaaya karshakanteyum purohithante makaludeyum makanaaya teleorman kaundiyile didesti graamathilaanu gaalaa galaction janichathu. addehathinte pithaav bisinassinaayi baalkkanukaliludaneelam sanjarikkukayum oru estettu paattakkaaranaayi didesthiyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythirunnu.
thante janmagraamathilum rossiery dii vede (1888-1890) yilum praadhamika patanam poortthiyaakkiya sesham, galaction buchaarasttile (1890-1898) sent saava naashanal collegil padikkukayum, buchaarast sarvakalashaalayil thathwachintha padicha oru kaalayalavinusesham sernovits sarvakalashaalayil (ippol ukrainile chernivtsy sarvakalashaala) daivashaasthrathil birudam nedukayum cheythu. padanakaalatthu addeham saahithyathil thaalparyam prakadippikkaan thudangi, franch nigoodashaasthranjanum kaviyumaaya saar pelaadinte ashayangal addehathe hrasvamaayi swaadheenichu. 
1900-ll paishachika pralobhanathekkurichulla oru dushtakathayaaya "morah lui kalifar" ("califars mill") enna novaliloodeyaanu galaction saahithyaramgathu arangettam kurichathu. yaadhaasthithikathayodulla vardhichuvarunna thaalparyam adutha patthu varshathekku saahityam upekshikkaan addehathe prerippichu. rachanayilekku madangiyethiya sesham, 1914-ll addeham shekharicha kadhakalude vaalyam, "laa valchuri!"(" kazhukanmaarkk!") roman akkadami sammanam labhichu.
1900kalude thudakkathil activism.
maarksist thathwachinthakanaaya konsttanttin dobroganu-geriyayude sishyanaayi thante aadya varshangal chelavazhicha addeham popporanisavumaayi (yudhathinidayilulla oru idathupaksha deseeya rashtreeya pravaham) bandhappettirunnu. dii. koshya, soshyalisam. eee pravanathakal addehathe romanian idathuvashathe oru pramukha vyakthiyayi sthaapichu. saahitya vimarsakanaaya tudor vianu parayunnathanusarichu, communist kaalaghattatthil ezhuthunnatha
"thante kudumbatthinteyum sameepakaala paristhithiyudeyum swaadheenathiloode roopappeduthiya jeevithathekkurichulla addehathinte mathaparamaya veekshanam soshyalistukale yudhathil sakhaakkalaayi kaanunnathinupakaram sahayaathrikaraayi kaanaan addehathe nayichuvenkilum, gaalakshante youvanakaalathu soshyalisathodulla aakarshanam ellaayppozhum amgeekarikkappedukayum orikkalum nishedhikkappedaathirikkum cheythu."
1907-leeii roman karshakarude kalaapathe akramaasakthamaayi adichamarthiyathine vimarshicha galaction taamasiyaathe oru sajeeva pathrapravartthakanaayi. ezhuthukaaranaaya tudor argesiyude sahaayathode addeham onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu (1915num 1918num idayil) prasidheekaricha "chronica", "spickal" ennee jenalukal edittu cheythu. argesiyeppole addeham kendrashakthikalodu sahathapam prakadippikkukayum jarmman adhiniveshathin keezhilulla buchaarasttile adhikaarikalumaayi sahakarikkukayum cheythu. oduvil, romaniayude soshyalist party vardhichuvarunna drishyaparathayum 1918-1919 leeii thozhil samarangalude oru parambarayum ulppede russian viplavam sthaapicha puthiya rashtreeya maanasikaavasthaye aakhosham swaagatham cheyyum
"pazhaya lokangal engane thakarukayum puthiyava engane janikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu naam swantham annukal kondu kandu. njangalude cheria roman dveepil ninnu kaanunnathupole eee kazhcha ettavum rasakaramaanennu enikku thonnunnu. [...] namukk chuttum viraykkunna palarudeyum shakti uyarukayum aswasthathayundaakkukayum, alarukayum, oru puthiya santhulithaavastha thedukayum cheiyunnu. athu athinte muun achilekku madangunnathu namukk eppozhengilum kaanaan kazhiyumennu karuthi nammetthanne vanchikkaruth. athu asambandhamaayirikkum."
athe samayam thanne addeham praadeshika thozhil prasthaanatthinte aaveshabharithanaaya vakthavaayi maari. factory thozhilaallikalude oru pothuyogam addehathil shaashvathamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi
"pukamanjum cheliyum niranja praanthapradeshangalil ninnu, eerppavum swaasammuttalum niranja basementukalil ninnu, thozhilaallivargga theneecha muthalaalitha dronukalude thaine vaattiyedukkunna aayirakkanakkin valare cheria koshangalil ninnu, ellah sthalathuninnum uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya, soshyalist aavashyangalude fallenx, tholodu thool chernnu nilkkunna vardhippikkunnathinaayi thozhilaallikalaaya aalukal karutha aattinkoottangalaayi vannirunnu."
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham taamasiyaathe, soshyalist pathrangalude chitrakaaranum chithrakaaranumaaya nikkola tonitsayumaayi galaction sauhrudam sthaapichu, avar gaalakshante lekhanangalude samahaaramaaya "ooo lume nau" ("oru puthiya lokam") yude puramchatta roopakalppana cheyyukayum addehathinte chhaayaachitram varaykkukayum cheyyum ("oru puthiya lokathinte manushyan" enna thalakkettil). thante ormmakkurippukalil, art collector cricor sambasian chhaayaachithrathe vivarichu 
"[...] aaa bhraanthinte chithram [...]. theevramaaya neelayude pashchaathalatthil raittar gaalakshante maaj polulla chithram profile cheythittundu; ettavum vidoora thalatthil vyavasaayangalude silauttukal uyarnnuvarunnu, koodaathe faaktarikalude chimmanikal uyarunnu."
yudhakaalakhattam.
1922-ll, galaction pourohithyathilekku abhishekam cheyyappedukayum 1926-ll addeham chisinou sarvakalaashaalayude daivashaasthra schoolil daivashaasthrathinteyum puthiya niyamapatanatthinteyum professoraayi maarukayum cheythu. 1928num 1930num idayil addeham skoolinte deenaayirunnu.
purohithanaaya vasily raduvinoppam galaction baibilinte aadhunika roman bhaashayilekkulla oru puthiya vivarthanathinayi pravarthichu. 1938-ll prasidheekaricha eee kruthi parambaraagatha cantacusino bybilinu pakaramulla puthiyathum kooduthal krithyathayullathumaaya oru pathippaayirunnu. vimarsakanaaya tudor vianu ezhuthi
"[...] puthiya saahitya parinamam srishticha maarggangaliloodeyum oru aadhunika kaviyude kazhiviloodeyum poortthiyaakkiya puthiya vivarthanam oru pradhana bhaashaashaasthraparavum kalaparavumaaya thaalparyam avatharippikkunnu."
yudhakaalakhattathil, puthiya niyamathekkurichulla niravadhi padanangal, lekhanangal, vyaakhyaanangal ennivayude rachayithaavum vilyam shakespeareude "dhii marchant oof venis" enna prasidhamaaya vivarthanam poortthiyaakkiyayaalumaayinu galaction. vayaatta romaniaska" enna saahitya maasikayilum "adevarul" enna pathratthilum addeham pathivayi sambhavana nalki. rashtreeya-saahitya jenalaaya "saamantharul"-lum addeham sambhavana nalkiyengilum randaamathethinte sthaapakanaaya nikkola iyorgayumaayi asaadhaaranamaaya mosham bandhathilaayirunnu.
1936ll, "communist pravartthanangal" enna peril aaghoshathe apalapikkukayum communist internaashanalumaayulla (kominten) bandham aaropikkukayum cheythu, athu apavaadamaayi addeham thallikkalanju. ennirunnaalum, aii. dii. 1-ll, popporanist, soshyalist idathupakshathile mattu vyakthikaleppole (avaril armand kalensku, petre andrey, mihay ralia, eoin fluoras, mihail ghelmeganu ennivar ulppedunnu), addeham phaasist, yootha virudha irumbu kaavalkkaarude vardhichuvarunna swaadheenathe cherukkunnathinaayi srishticha deseeya navothaana munnaniyaya karol randaaman raajaavinte phaasist prachoditha corporatist bharanavumaayi sahakarichu. polandile adhiniveshathekkurichum thudarnnu randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathinum galaction ezhuthi
"yuddham thudangi. vidhiyude liver allengil pishaachinte pavayaya hitlar, raakshasan allengil devata, veendum janangalude athirthikalkkidayil maranatthinte pathaaka uyarthi. avan mechappetta kaalatthinte mungami pravaachakanumaano atho veezhchakaludeyum pariharikkaanaavaattha duranthangaludeyum samgharshamaano? jarmmankaar mechappetta bhaavikkaano atho kroorathayude naadinum yooroppinte maranathinum vendiyaanu pooraadunnathu? ithu mattoru dayaneeyamaaya parisodhanayaanu! kristhyan janatha kaalvariyilekku puram thirinj avarude valarthalinte niyamangal nirasikkukayum ombathu santhoshangale parihasikkukayum cheiyunnu! kristheeyavalkkarikkadpe jarmmankaarum roman catholica dhruvangalum orupole durbalar kristheeya manobhaavatthinte abhaavamullavarumaan."
1940kall.
karolinte bharanathinte pathanavum irumbu kaavalkkaarude deseeya sainyathinte sthaapanavum pothujeevithathilninnu ullaasathinte pinvaangalin kaaranamaayi, athu sainyathinte kalaapathinum (irumbu kaavalkkaarude pathanatthe soochippikkunna attimari sramathinum) ayoon aantoneskuvinte naasi sakhyasarkkaarinte thudakkathinum sheshavum thudarnnu. 1944 ll, august 23 leeii attimariyude samayat aantoneskuvine attimarichathinushesham, romania achuthandil ninnum sakhyakakshikalilekkum maariyappol, galaction thante utsaaham prakadippichu
"eare naalaayi kaathirunna aaa samayam bhayathaal njangalude hridayam ketturangukayum veedukal thakarukayum cheytha oru raathriyilaan vannath... avashishtangalkkum shavakudeerangalkkum pukamanja gopurangalkkum idayil sanjarichu deerghadooram sanjaricha sheshamaan ithu athiyathu... athu ivideyundu!... oru yugamayi maaruka, oru noottaandaayi maaruka, ningal deerghakaalamaayi kaathirunna manikkoor!"
taamasiyaathe, roman communist partyumaayum athinte vividha frond oorganaiseshanukalumaayum galaction sahakarikkaan thudangi. 1947ll theevra valathupaksha nichifor krainikkinu pakaram roman academyil amgamaayi addeham athe varsham raittezhs yooniyante vais presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu. athe varsham thanne galaction academyil ninnu neekkam cheyyappettuvenkilum 1948ll oonarari amgamaayi veendum praveshippikkappettu. niravadhi thavana alankarikkappetta addeham romania paarlamentilekkum (1946-1948) athinte pingamiyaaya grettu naashanal asambliyilekkum (1948-1952) thiranjedukkappettu.
avasana varshangal.
sheethayudhathinte pashchaathalatthil "samaadhaanathinte paramonnatha ariopagus" srishtikkaan sahayikkuka enna uddeshyathode addeham nadatthiya samadhana prasthaanamaayirunnu avasaanathe kaaranangalilonn. oru strock kaaranam jeevithathinte avasana varshangalil addeham kidakkayil kidannu; ithu orupakshe romaniayile sdaanovist prachaarana velayil addehathe lakshyamitulla vimarshanangalude kuravinu kaaranamaayirikkam.
addehathinte maranathinu rund pathittaandukalkk sesham, nikkola seasescu kaalaghattatthilaanu addehathinte dayariyil ninnulla thiranjeduppukal prasidheekarichathu. puthiya pathippukalil staalinisathe valareyadhikam vimarshicha oru prakopithamaaya ghoshayaathrayude muun sensor cheytha prabhashanam adangiyirikkunnu, athesamayam oru "suvisheshaparavum meghasamaanavumaaya" soshyalisathile swantham vishwaasangal avalokanam cheiyunnu.
pinneedu prashastha purohitan daivashaasthranjanumaaya konstantin galleriuk addeham nalkia pinthunayude perilum galaction shradheyamaayirunnu. gaalakshante priyappetta vidyaarthikalil oralaaya gallery 1952ll arast cheyyappedukayum danube-black zee kanaalil thadavilaakkappedukayum cheythathine thudarnnu rakshapettu. thanikk anukoolamaayi edapedaan pradhaanamantri petro grossayode galaction vijayakaramaayi aavasyappettu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
galaction naalu penmakkalaayirunnu 1936 ll chithrakaaranaaya ayoon ttukkuleskuvinte sahodaranaaya serban ttuleskuvine vivaham kazhicha maria (allengil mariora); mattoru makal nadi elena galaction staansyuleskuvum mattu rund penmakkalaaya magdalena lukrettiyayum itaaliyan pouranmaare vivaham kazhichu-oru chitrakaaranum ezhuthukaaranumaaya luki galaction (galaction passerelli allengil galaction siyara) yude bharthaav, phaasist bharanakoodatthile oru pramukha vyakthiyaya domenico siyara aayirunnu (addehathinte nishedhathinte samayat romile gaalaa galaction sandarshichirunnu).
communist raashtreeyakkaaranaaya lukrettyoo petraaskaanuvinte suhruthaaya galaction, 1938 ll deseeya kristhyan party sarkkar nadappaakkiya yahoodavirudha nadapadikal ozhivakkaan thante jootha bhaarya herta shwamane sahayichu, avalude roman oorthadoox jnjaanasnaanappeduthi (thalphalamaayi aval elena enna kristhyan peru sweekarichu).
1910kalil aadyamaayi sahakaricha pathrapravartthakanaaya vasile demetriusinte aajeevanantha suhruthaayirunnu galaction. vaasilinte makalum novelistum nadiyumaaya lucia demetriasinode addeham aduppathilaayirunnu, vaasilinte maranashesham thante kudumbatthinu nalkia dhaarmika pinthunaykku avar nandi prakadippichu.
jootha samoohavumaayulla bandham.
mantuvia" (1919-1922), "lumia every" (1919-1920), "étiri din lumea avreascâ" (1924-1925), "aadam" (1929-1939) thudangi niravadhi roman-jootha aanukalikangalil galaction lekhanangal prasidheekarichu.
addehathinte sambhavanakal pinneedu 1919-ll prasidheekaricha "seonisamul laa priyatteni" ("suhrithukkalkkidayila seonism") enna vaalyathil shekharikkappettu. "aadhunika lokathile ettavum mikacha israelyan" ennu addeham kanakkakkiya theoder hersaline prashamsichathinu purame addeham ezhuthi 
"baibil vaayikkukayum snehikkukayum cheiyunna arcum israeline verukkanaavilla."
1930-ll addeham jarusalemilekkulla oru theerthaadakanaayirunnu, thante aajeevanantha suhruthum makalude bhaaryaasahodaranumaaya chithrakaaranaaya ayoon ttukkuleskuvinodum avarude rund kudumbangalodum oppam britiish palestine sandarshichu. addehathinte yatra ormmakkurippu "in pámâantul fágáduintiei" ("vaagdaanam cheytha bhoomiyil"), alexandru eiii. vayaatta romaniasca" yile saha ezhuthukaaranaaya philipid, gaalakshante manobhaavam sahishnuthayekkurichulla swantham daivashaasthraparamaaya kazhchappaadumaayum addeham prathinidheekarikkunna kristhumathatthinte shaakhayumaayum bandhappettirikkunnave karuthi
"[eiii] sahishnuthayulla swabhaavamaanu, ellaathinumupari, yaadhaasthithikathaye verthirikkunnathu. father galaction ithine thante bahumaanaartham maattunnu. addehathinte athe kappalil palasteen sandarshikkunna niravadhi jootha kudiyettakkaar undaayirunnu. atharamoru aavesabharithanum thyagaasakthanumaaya aadarshathinte dheeraraaya sainikar!achante ullasaganam uchathil parayunnu. athu theerchayaayum vishwaasathinu atheethamaaya oru vismayam aanu (allengil, enthaayaalum, vishwaasamallaatha aathmaavinte gunangalil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath)."
1947 avasaanathode, israel roopeekaranathinaayi sweekaricha kooduthal nirnnayaka nadapadikale galaction swaagatham cheythu. innu, addehathinte pankine oormmippikkunnathinaayi, jarusalemile oru chathuratthil addehathinte peru vahikkunnu.

