
marstrand free portt

pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil gustavian kaalaghattatthil sweedante oru svayambharana dweep pradeshamaayirunnu marstrand free portt (), ithu oru vyapara republicayi phalapradamaayi pravarthichu. itaaliyan "porto franco" yill ninnu prachodanam ulkkond roopakalppana cheythathum 1775ll gustav moonnaaman rajaavu prakhyaapichathumaaya oru swatantra thuramukhamenna nilayil, ithu niyamaparavum niyamavirudhavumaaya vaanijyathinte oru nagara kendramaayi maari, rashtreeya, matha vimatharude abhayakendramaayi, kuttavaalikalude olithavalamaayi maari.
aaa kaalaghattatthile vaanijya rashtra nayathinu virudhamaayi swatantra vyapara thathwangalile oru pareekshanamaaya marstrand swatantra thuramukham saambathika vijayamayirunnu, ennirunnaalum varumaanathinte bhooribhaagavum samsthaanathekkaal swakaarya kaikalilekku pooyi. ennirunnaalum, ekadesham rund pathittaandukalkk sheshavum bargarmaarude paraathikaletthudarnnu 1794-ll athinte svayambharana padavi raddaki.
charithram.
pashchaathalam.
muun norwegian bohuslan pravishyayile madhyakala dweep aasthaanamaayulla oru pattanamaya marstrand 1658-ll roskilde udambadiyode sweedish aayi. athe varsham thanne, thuramukhathu aadhipathyam pularthiya sakthamaaya kaalstan kotta nirmikkappettu. pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil, mekhalayile noottaandile "herring kaalaghattangalil" ettavum valuth-atlaantik herringinte seasonal kuthichuchaattam-maarstraandinte sambadvyavasthayil kuthichuchaattam konduvannu. kurachu kaalathekku sweedante randaamathe valia kayattumathi (irumbu vyavasaayam kazhinjaal) nalkia vankida herring vyavasaayathinte praadhamika vaanijya kendramaayi ithu maari.
marstrandile oru swatantra thuramukham enna aashayathin neenda verukalundaayirunnu. sarkkar amgeekritha svakaaryathayude charithramulla marstrand pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kadalkkollakkaarude abhayakendramaayi maari. ellah ayal samsthaanangalumaayum mahathaaya vadakkan yuddham nadathunnathil adhikaarathil kooduthal samayavum chelavazhicha chaals pathinaraman rajaavinu, nashtaparihaarathinu pakaramaayi madagaskaril ninnu kadalkkollakkaril ninnu sweedenil punaradhivasippikkan oru vaagdaanam labhichu, avarude kappalukal royal neviyil chernnu, oru sweedish koolani roopeekarikkaan pinnil avasheshichavar. ithil ninnu valare kurachu maathrame vannulloovenkilum, nirddishta padhathi marstrandil kooduthal pareekshanathmaka aashayangalkk vediyorukki.
1712-ll, athupole thanne chaals pathinaaraamante bharanakaalathum (dweep gottlaandinte baltic kadaltheerathu) oru sweedish swatantra thuramukhathinaayulla (yadhaartha itaaliyan maathrkaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla porto franco) aadyathe nirddesham vannu. 1747ll, swaathanthryakaalathe paarlamentari araajakathvathinidayil, athiraalikalaaya thoppikalum thoppikalum ricksdagil aadhipathyathinaayi pooraadiyappol, marstrandile chila burgermar avarude pattanatthinu soujanya thuramukha aanukoolyangal nalkanamennu aavasyappettu avarude swantham aadya nirddesham munnottuvachu. ithilekku nayikkunna prakriyayil, burgermar avarude aashayathin pinthuna nalkaan shramichu, udaaharanathinu prashastha prakrithishaasthranjanaaya kaal linnayesine (oottarkkiyude prashastha vakthaav), aaa pradeshathiloode sanjarikkunna samayat, avarude uddeshyathinaayi lobiyi cheyyaan shramichu. eee nirddeshathe pinthunachavaril sweedish eest india kambaniyile niravadhi pramukha vyakthikalaaya aarvidson vyapaarikal (marstrandil nikshepam nadatthiyavar), eest india kambaniyude upadeshtaavaayi gothenbergil thamasikkunna kwing raajavamshathile manderine poonn kvika ennivar ulppedunnu.
ithinte paraajayathetthudarnnu, 1762lum 1771lum kooduthal nirddeshangal vannu, rund thavanayum marstrand, munbu soochippicha slaitt, visby (gotlaandinte thalasthaanam, madhyakaalakhattathil oru baltic marchant republic) ennivayude samyuktha swatantra thuramukha padavi nirddeshichu. 1775-ll fraansinte saambathika thaalpparyangalkk prayojanakaramayathinaal yuva kireedavakashi gustaavine aashayathin anukoolamaayi swaadheenikkunnathinulla muun varshangalil luis pathinonnaaman raajaavinte sramangal kaaranam padhathi oduvil phalam kandu. 1772-ll, franch pinthunayode, puthuthayi kireedadhaaranam cheytha gustav III 1772-leeii viplavam aarambhichu, ithu oru raktarahita attimariyaayirunnu, athu ricksdagine attimarikkukayum prabudhamaaya samboornnathayude bharanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
porto franco.
1775 august 15 nuu gustav III, ekolsandu kottayil ninnu ezhuthi, marstrand free porttinte charter prakhyaapichu. 1774ll luis pathinanchaaman rajaavinum sweedish eest india kambaniyude neethrthwathinum oppam eee nirddeshathe pinthunacha raajaavinte danamantriyum mercantilist virudha parishkaranatthinte vakthavumaaya johann liljenkraants () eee rekhayil ethir oppidukayum cheythu. eee prakhyapanam nadannu araa varshathinusesham koleju oof komezhs swatantra thuramukhathinte krithyamaaya bharanaparamaya vishadaamshangal prakhyaapichu.
swatantra thuramukham srishtikkunnathile pankaalitthatthinte falamaayi, 1778-ll addehathinte makan (pilkkala gustav IV adolph) nadatthiya manoharamaaya aaghoshathil ninnu vyakthamaakunnathupole, gustav III athinte uyarnna varggathile amgangalkkidayil valareyadhikam janapriyamaayi. 1784-ll marstrand sandarshikkumbol, sweedenil palaril ninnum kaaryamaaya rashtreeya prathirodham neritta svechaadhipathya raajaavine kenal mullar (kaalstan kottayude kamaandant), extrom, bargezhs kaunsil, niravadhi sambanna vyapaarikal ennivar ooshmalamaayi swaagatham cheythu.
1784-ll fransumaayulla vaanijya karaarukalude anantharafalamaayi, gustav moonnaaman caribean dweep kolaniyaaya sent barthalemy nedukayum bohuslan herring vyavasayathinum bandhamullah adimakkachavadathil earppedukayum cheythu. 1878 vare sweedish aayi thudarnna eee dweep marstrand swatantra thuramukhatthinte athe thathwangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathum pradhaanamaayum upayogichathumaaya "porto franco" aayi prakhyapikkappettu.
vyapaaram.
marstrand free porttinte kaathal athinte vyapaaram "swathanthravum aniyanthrithavum" ayirikkunnathinum poornnamaayum nikuthiyum tollum illaathathinum chattangal earppeduthi, athesamayam pradhana bhoopradeshathekku thuramukhathu ninnu purappedunna ellah charakkukalum sweedante ellah videsha irakkumathikalum cheiyunna athe uyarnna tolukaliloode kadannupokendivannu, ithu praayogikamaayi oru saambathika veekshanakonil ninnu marstrand videsha pradeshamaakki maattunnu. nagaratthinte athirthikal samrakshikkunnathinum niyamavirudhamaaya vyapaaram niyanthrikkunnathinum vipulamaaya nadapadikal sweekarichu. thuramukhangal adaykkukayum rund vyathyastha steshanukalil toll inspectormaar nireekshikkukayum cheythu, kallakkadathu thadayaan kavalkkar rund purathulla dveepukalil posttilaayirunnu, kaalstan kottayil ninnulla sainikar dveepiludaneelam patrolling nadathukayum oru prathyeka patrolling boat aduthulla kadalidukkukalil nirantharam thirachil nadathukayum cheythu, pradhana ulnaadan roadle kaavalkkaare vinyasichirunnu. sariyaaya thirichariyal rekhakalum praveshana rekhakalum illaathe arcum swatantra thuramukhathu praveshikkaan kazhiyilla.
marstrandilekkulla nikuthirahita shipping bhookhandatthinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnu niravadhi videsha kappalukal konduvannu. franch, spanish, britiish kappalukalellaam valia kizhakkan indian kappalukalumayi chernnu avide othuchernnu. 1770kalude avasaanathil vyapaaram valare vipulamayathinaal taunn warf ganyamaayi vipuleekarikkendivannu. american viplava yudhasamayathu, dussen kanakkinu american charakk kappalukal avide doock cheyyukayum puthuthayi janicha americayumaayi bandhappett sweedante nishpakshavum ennaal souhrudaparavumaaya bandhangal kaaranam atlaantik kadal vyapaaram avishwasaneeyamaamvidham laabhakaramaavukayum cheythu. vanthothilulla herring vyavasayavumaayi samyojippichu ithu maarstraandinte burgermare valare sambannaraakki.
charakkukalude swatantra kaimattatthinu purame, thozhil swaathanthryavum avatharippichu. swatantra thuramukhathinullil, nirbandhitha gild amgathvathinte pazhaya sambradaayam nirthalaakkukayum athinaal nivaasikalkk niyanthranamillathe avar aagrahikkunna eathu vyapaaravum nadatthaanum kazhiyum. vilanirnayavumaayi bandhappett vipani niyanthranangalonnum undaayirunnilla. bhakshanapaneeyangalkkulla chila phees ozhike nikuthikalonnum nilavilundaayirunnilla.
sarkkar.
marstrand oru sweedish pattanamayi thudarnnu, sweedish niyamathaal bharikkappedunnu, pakshe eathaandu poornnamaaya praadeshika svayambharanaavakaashamundaayirunu, itaaliyan "porto francosy" nte republican nilapaadil swaadheenam cheluthukayum oru meyarude adhyakshatha vahikkukayum cheytha oru bargezhs kaunsil (sweedisha "borgard") bharichu. thiranjeduppiloode taamasiyaathe kaunsiline nivaasikal niyamichu, "pattanatthile muthirnnavar" enna nilayil, nilavilulla ellah kaaryangalum theerumaanikkaan athinu avakashamundaayirunnu. athil irupathinaalu amgangal undaayirunnu, avaril aaruper vaarshika ree-thiranjeduppinaayi thayyarayirunnu. kaunsilarmaaril pathinettu perr sweeden swadeshikalaayirikkanam, ennaal bakkiyullavar kuranjathu 1,000 ricksdaler vilamathikkunna swath kaivashamundengil rund varshamo athil kooduthalo marstrandil thaamasichittundenkil videsikalaayirikkaam.
marstrand swatantra thuramukhathe judicial karyangal oru koottam majistrettumaaraanu melnottam vahichirunnathu, athesamayam colonial reethiyil govarnor general enna padavi vahichirunna kaalstan kottayude kamaandantaanu utharavu paripaalichathu. sweedish niyamam paalikkunnundennu urappakkaan chumathalappedutthiya majistrettukalkku, bargezhs kaunsilinte sahakaranamillathe oru nadapadiyum theerumaanikkaan adikaaramundaayirunnilla, kooduthal pradhanappetta kaaryangalil, maarstraandinte nivaasikal theerumaanangal avalokanam cheyyendathundu.
samooham.
porto franco" enna padavi kaaranam, maarstraandinte janasamkhya 1760-kalil 700 ll ninnu 1788-ll 1,700 aayi uyarnnu, 50 sathamaanam kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu. ithinupurame, oru valia deshaadana janasamkhyayum undaayirunnu. bhooribhaagavum bohuslaninte bakkiyulla bhaagangalil ninno aduthulla gothenbergil ninno thalasthaanamaaya stockhomil ninno aayirunnappol, oro sweedish kaundiyeyum prathinidheekarichirunnu, athil ganyamaaya videsha nyoonapakshamundaayirunnu. sweedenil ninnum europil udaneelamulla kudiyettatthe prolsaahippikkukayum saambathika mooladhanam konduvarikayum cheythu-oru vyakthi marstrandil swath konduvannu rund varsham avide thaamasikkukayaanenkil, avarkk pourathvam labhichu. mothatthil, mikka aalukalum kurachu varshangal maathrame marstrandil thaamasichirunnulloo, kurachu perr maathrame avarude kudumbangale konduvannulloo. oru anjjaatha kaviyude vaakkukalil, ellah bhashayum bhaashaabhedavum swatantra thuramukhathu kelkkaamaayirunnu.
gustav III nirddeshicha chaarttarinte bhaagamaayi, karsanamaaya sweeden sabhayude aadipathyamulla oru mathethara rajyath apoorvamaaya samboornna mathaswaathanthryam, gustav III umm luis XV umm thammilulla charchakaletthudarnnu maarstraandinte nivaasikalkk nalki. ithu niravadhi joothanmaare avide kudiyeraan kaaranamaayi, vyapara niyanthranangalude abhavavum joothamatham swathanthramaayi aacharikkanulla kazhivum gunam cheythu. thudakkathil ivar pradhaanamaayum sweedish eest india kambaniyumaayi chernnu pravarthicha sambannaraaya vyaapaarikalaayirunnu. pinneedu, jootha karakaushalathozhilaalikalum kooduthal thaazhnna vyaapaarikalum vannu. 1779ll avide sthirathaamasamaakkiya moses salomon elias maagnasumaan marstrandile aadyathe jootha janatha. 1780kalude thudakkathil niravadhi juthanmaar hambergill ninnu vannu, ithu oru sinagoginte nirmmaanathinu kaaranamaayi-sweedenil aadyathethu. gustav III anumathi nalkia sesham, kaalstan kottayude oru bhagam mathaparamaya aavasyangalkkaayi puthuthayi roopeekaricha jootha sabhaykku vaadakaykku nalki. pinneedu, pattanatthinullile mattoru kettidam upayogichu. avarkk rabbi illaathirunnathinaal sabhaye nayichathu oru hassanaan (kaantor). marstrandil sthiramaayi thamasikkunna ekadesham 60 perr ithil ulppedunnu, thaalkkaalika janasamkhya nooriladhikam kadannupoyi. 1794-ll swatantra thuramukham avasaanichathinethudarnnu, pattanatthile mikkavarum ellah juthanmaarum gothenbergilekku thamasam maari, avidatthe aadhunika sabhayude kaathalaayitheernnu.
1789ll pottippurapetta franch viplavathil ninnulla niravadhi rashtreeya abhayaarthikalum marstrandilekku vannu, athu (thudarnnulla sambhavangal) naadukadatthappetta prabhukkanmaarum vimatha republicanmaarum ulppedunna oru valia pravasi franch samoohathe videshathekku roopeekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. franch raajakudumbavumaayi aazhathil bandhappettirunna gustav III avare swaagatham cheythu ennathil samshayamilla. palarudeyum kayyil sambathundaayirunnu, avar athu avarodoppam konduvannu. chilar sthiramaayi sweedenil thaamasichu, mattullavar karuthiya perukalil anjjaathamaayi thaamasichu, onnukil veettilekku madangukayo mattu lakshyasthaanangalilekk pogukayo cheythu.
kuttavaalikal.
swatantra vaanijyavum ayanja niyamangalum kaaranam marstrand paapatthinte shakthikendramaayi, prathyekichu purohithanmaarkkidayil ariyapettu. swatantra thuramukhathinte charter, gustav III-nte swantham vaakkukalil paranjaal, kuttavaalikalude ellah reethikalkkum surakshithamaaya abhayasthaanamaayirikkanamenna vyavastha cheythathil chila sathyangalund. avarude kuttakrithyam "bahumaanavum jeevanum" sambandhicha kaaryangalonnumillaathi kaalam avarkk poornna niyama pariraksha nalkiyirunnu. kadakkaarum mattu saambathika kuttavaalikalum swatantra thuramukhathekku neengunnathil ithu vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi, avar palappozhum avarude moshticha labham konduvannu. athichernnappol, "abhayaarthikalkku" bargezhs kaunsilil ninnu audyogika certificattukal labhichu, avarude lamghanam rekhappeduthukayum dveepil thaamasikkanulla anuvaadam nalkukayum cheythu. chilappol, pramukha herring vyapara sthaapanangalile jeevanakkar praadeshika nikshepangalil upayogikkaan uddeshichulla oru valia thuka vahikkukayum udan thanne oru certificattinaayi saine upp cheyyukayum fandukalumaayi swathanthramaayi pookukayum cheyyumbol marstrandil athumaayirunnu.
eee varakkaaril palarum uyarnna vargga vamshajar aayirunnu, chilar prabhukkanmaar polum aayirunnu, koodaathe palappozhum swatantra thuramukhathinte samoohathilum pramukha sthaanangal nedi. avaril kaundukal, sainika udyogasthar, royal secreterimaar, eest india kambani treasurermaar, kodathi majistrettukal, baaranukal thudangiyavar ulppedunnu. praadeshika burgermar, kamaandant, kaalstan fort officermaar ennivarumaayi chernnu praadeshika bhakshanashaalakalil ivar samghadippicha valia partykal rekhappeduthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, marstrandilekku vanna ellaavarkkum atharam saamoohika nilavaaram undaayirunnilla, kaaranam mattu rekhappeduthiya kesukalil vivahangalil ninnu rakshappedaan aagrahikkunna asanthushtaraaya karshakar, bharameriya yajamananmaaril ninnu palayanam cheiyunna aprenteesukal, maathaapithaakkalude aagrahathin virudhamaayi vivaham kazhikkaan aagrahikkunna yuvakkal, niyamavirudhamaayi branvin uthppaadippichu rajakeeya madya kuthaka takarkkaan aagrahicha vyakthikal enniva ulppedunnu. swatantra thuramukham illaathaakunnathinu rund varsham munbu 1792-ll maathramaan niyamavyavasthayil ninnu palayanam cheiyunna aalukalkkulla niyamathil maattam varuthiyathu. athinumumbu, 500-ladhikam aalukal eee niyamam upayogichirunnu, athil 10 sathamaanavum mattu nordic rajyangalil ninnulla videsikalaayirunnu, jarmmani, englandu.
chila prashastha kuttavaalikal athrayadikam sannadhathayode avideyetthi. palappozhum rashtreeya thadavukaarkkaayi kaalstan kottayude shikshaparamaaya upayogam kanakkiledukkumbol, 1788-leeii anjala goodaalochanayil pankedutthathinu sikshikkappettavaril palarum russian-sweedish yuddham (1788-90) avasaanippikkaan sainika udyogasthar goodaalochana nadathukayum oru swatantra finland srishtikkukayum cheytha marstrandil thadavilakkappettu. chilare avide ninnu vishudha barthalemiyilekku naadukadatthiyenkilum mattullavar dveepil thanne thudarnnu. niravadhi dussen kanakkinu kuleena thadavukaarkku valia swaathanthryam nalkukayum kanatha prathirodhamulla swatantra thuramukhathu chuttikkaranganum saamoohikavalkkarikkaanum palappozhum swaathanthryamullavarum orotta kaavalkkaranum avarodoppam undaayirunnu.
kurayunnu.
kanatha prathirodham undaayirunnittum, marstrand free thuramukhathu kallakkadathu vyaapakamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu thadayunnathu valiyathothil oru vyarthamaaya joliyaayirunnu, swatantra thuramukhathu ninnum athuvare valia alavil charakkukal kadathikkondupokukayum rajakeeya tolukal marikadakkukayum cheythu. 1789-ll russia-sweedish yudhathil russiayil ninnulla oru koottam svakaaryakkaar padinjaaran theerathe sweedish kappalukal aakramichappol kadalkkollayayirunnu mattoru prashnam.
gustav moonnaamante pilkkala bharanakaalathu, russian-sweedish yudhavum dano-norwegian sainikar marstrandinode valare aduthethiya naadakayudhavum sweeden rashtreeya asthirathayaal niranjirunnu. 1792-ll swatantra thuramukhathinte rajakeeya srashtaavum gunabhokthaavum asamthriptharaaya prabhukkanmaar vadhikkappedukayum yuva gustav naalaaman adolph kireedamaniyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, marstrand abhivridhi praapichu, janasamkhya kramanugathamaayi vardhikkukayum vyapaaram puthiya uyarangalilethukayum cheythu. athesamayam, swatantra thuramukham rajakeeya (praadeshika) laabhathinupakaram vyakthiparamaaya (ellaattinumupariyaayi, videsha) nettatthinaayi durupayogam cheyyappedumenna bhayam vardhikkukayum kallakkadathinethiraya poraattam thikachum niraashaajanakamaavukayum cheythu. oduvil, ekadesham irupathu varshathe pravarthanatthinu sesham swatantra thuramukha yugam avasaanippichathu marstrandile burgermaaraanu. porto franco" enna nilayilulla pattanatthinte avakashangal pinvalikkaan avar rajavinodu abhyarthichu. 1794 meyy 15nuu gustav naalaaman adolphinte regency gavanmentinte utharaviloode athu anuvadichu.
marstrand taamasiyaathe kuranju. oru varshathinullil janasamkhya ganyamaayi kurayukayum juthasabha pookukayum anthaaraashtra nikshepathinte bhooribhaagavum nilaykkukayum cheythu. herring kaalaghattam ekadesham oru pathittaand koodi thudarnnappol, maarstraandinte praadhamika vyavasaayam thudarnnu, kurachu kaalathekku burgerukal abhivridhi praapichu. 1808 aayappozhekkum herring illaathaayi, athodoppam mahathvadivasangalum pooyi. pathinanju varshathinusesham, thadi pattanatthinte bhooribhaagavum theepidutthatthil nasippikkappettu, ithu avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi. innu, ekadesham 1,300 janasamkhyayulla marstrand pradhaanamaayum oru vinodasanjaara pattanamaan.

