rathu crogan

irelandile kaundi roscomanile thulskinaduthulla puraavastu sthalangalude oru samuchayamaan rathrocrogan. padinjaaran pradeshathe charitraatheethavum aadyakaala charitraparavumaaya bharanadhikaarikalaaya konaachayude parambaraagatha thalasthaanamaaya kroochante sthalamaayaanu ithu thirichariyappedunnathu. aadyakaala airish madhyakala kayyezhuthuprathikalil ninnu niravadhi paraamarshangal labhikkuna savisheshamaaya oru puraavastu bhooprakrithiyaanu rathcrogan complexes (kruvaachan aii).
konaacht samathalangalil (maagu naayi/mashire konaacht) sthithi cheiyunna irelandile aarr rajakeeya kendrangalil onnaanu rathcrogan. 240-ladhikam puraavastu sittukal ulkkollunna eee bhooprakrithiyil 60 ennam samrakshitha deseeya smaarakangalaanu.
eee smarakangal puthiya shilayugam (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii) muthal venkalakaalam (<aii. dii. 2> bii. sii), irumbukaalam (500 bii. sii-400 eiii. dii), madhyakaalakhattatthinte aadyakaalam muthal athinusheshavum vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. eee smarakangalil shmashana kunnukal, valaya kottakal, madhyakala maitana athirthikal enniva ulppedunnu. ivayil ettavum aakarshakamaayath multy period rathcrogan kunnu, ooveenaagattile nigooda guha, mcclagukal-oru koottam rekheeya mannukal-athupole kaarnukalude madhyakala samuchayam ennivayaanu.
panthrandaam noottaandile lebor naa huidrey ulppede aadyakaala madhyakala kayyezhuthuprathikalil rathkrogane (raath kruvaachan) kurichulla niravadhi charitraparamaaya paraamarshangal rekhappeduthiyittundu. irelandile mahathaaya melakalilonninte sthaanamaayum dveepile moonnu mahathaaya anyamatha smashaanangalil onnaayum rathcrogan rekhappeduthiyittundu. oru deseeya itihaasa kathayude thudakkathinteyum avasaanathinteyum sthaanam koodiyaanithu-oru "taann boow cuyilnch", koodaathe konaachinte yoddhaa raajnjiyaaya medbinte (mevu) rajakeeya peedam.
madhyakaalakhattathil "narakatthilekkulla irelandinte kavaadam" ennu visheshippikkappedunna rathkrogan ovinagattu (poochakalkkulla guha) vazhi maruvashathekku praveshanam nalkunnuvennu parayappedunnu. haloveen enna purajaatheeya utsavamaaya samhein enna utsavavumaayi eee guhayk bandhamund, athupole thanne kristhuvinu munbulla irelandile celtic devathayaaya morigante "phitt hooad" ennu visheshippikkappedunnu.
puranangal.
uthbhavam.
oru "dindsenchas" kavita anusarichu, cruchanu oru "sideh" kanyakayaaya oru marthyayaayi punarjanmam nediya etteyninte dasiyaaya krochante peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. etteynine avalude yadhaartha "sideh" kaamukanaaya midir mattoru lokathekku thirike konduvarumbol, croachen avare anugamikkukayum midirinte bhoogarbha kottaarathilekkulla yaathrayil avar sidu sinche ennariyappedunna oru kunnin mukalil kurachu samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
croachen eee "saad" kandu valareyadhikam mathippulavakkunnathinaal ithu addehathinte kottaaramaano ennu aval midirinode chodikkunnu. ettainodulla vishwasthathayum eee vaasasthalathodulla bahumaanavum kaaranam, midir athu avalkk nalkukayum bri leithile kottaratthilekku ettaine konduvarunnathinu munbu avalude bahumaanaartham athinu peru nalkukayum cheiyunnu. kavithayude avasaanathil krochane medinte maathavaayi paraamarsikkunnu.
athe kavithayil kroochane oru rajakeeya semitheriyaayi paraamarsikkunnu "kroochuvinekkurichulla yodhaakkale, shradhikkuka! oro kuleena dambathikalkkum athinte baroyumaayi.
alsttar saikkil.
alsttar chakratthil kroochan valareyadhikam savisheshathakal avatharippikkunnu, kaaranam athinte pradhana kathaapaathrangalilonnaaya kween medbinte vaasasthalamaayirunnu ithu. muun rajaavaaya tindy mack konraye vanchanayude peril simhaasanathil ninnu neekkiya avalude unnatha rajaavaaya pithaav eokide feedleck avalkk konachu raajyam nalkiyirunnu. tindy yadhaarthathil kroochanil ninnu pravishya bharichirunno atho medb nirmmichathaano ennu vyakthamalla.
medb thanne kollunnathinu munbu raajnjiyude sahodari klathruvaanu kroochane bharichirunnathennu mattoru katha parayunnu. padinjaaran thalasthaanathekkurichulla vyakthamaaya vivaranagal "flade brickren" ("bricrius pheest") lum ithu "taine boow frack" lum nalkiyittunda
taine boow cuilgne" yude thudakkathilum avasaanathilum rajakeeya vasathiyil thalayina prasamgavum saittile ettavum valia ring-kottakalilonnaaya rathu naa darbhilaanu kaalakalude poraattam nadannathennu karuthappedunna avasaanavum kroochan avatharippikkunnu. alsttar kadhakalkku purame konaachinte pradhana kottayekkurichu dhaaraalam puraana vivaranagal illa, kaarn fraichinekkurichulla "dindsenchas" kavithayil ettavum mikacha udaaharanangalilonnu sambhavikkunnu. eee kavita eee perilulla rund roopangale kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, onnu medbinte kaalathe fraize irelandine koninteyum eyoganteyum pakuthiyaayi vibhajikkunnathin munbulla oru konachu rajakumaran, kavithayude eee bhagam kroochane oru kallu nirmmicha kottayaayi vivarikkunnu.
samhein.
eee samayathaan charithraatheethakaalatthe shavakudeerangal thurakkunnathinu munbum avarude devanmaarum athmaavum akathu vasichirunnuvennum airish vishwasichathinaal cruchanu samhein utsavavumaayi valia bandhamundennu thonnunnu. ooveenaagattil ninnu jeevikalude aavirbhavam eee vishwaasathinte bhagamaayirikkum. ithine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru aitihyam "nerayude sahasikathakal" aanu, athil samhein raathriyil sikshikkappetta oru manushyante kanankaalil oru kombu kettaan thalakkett poraaliye velluvilikkunnu. sikshikkappetta aalkk kurachu vellam nalkaan sammathicha sesham ayaal vichitramaaya veedukal kandethukayum oduvil moonnaam veettil ninnu kurachu vellam labhikkumbol ayaal ayaale thadavilidunnu, athu rathkrogante rajakeeya kettidangal aathmaakkalaal nasippikkappedunnathu kaanunnathin maathramaan. thante maranasannamaaya sakhaakkalkku munnariyipp nalkaathe oru varsham kazhinju enthu sambhavikkumennathinekkur oru darshanamaanu thaan kandathennu parayunna oru sthriye kandumuttunna "sidu" lake addeham fairy hosttine pinthudarunnu. avan "sidh" upekshichu thante kazhchayekkurichu alil mack maattaye ariyikkukayum avan pinneedu sideh nasippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
ooveynaagathu.
sidh" ennu vilikkunnathu "ovinagattu" aano atho rathcrogante kunnin mukalaano ennu vyakthamalla.
akathe lintalil oru oagam likhitham undu. muzhuvan padaprayogavum vyakthamallengilum "," ennee vaakkukal vivarthanam cheythittundu; ithu kween medbumaayi bandhapetta athe "fratch" aano ennu vyakthamalla.
pathinettaam noottaandil ninnulla oru katha parayunnath oru sthree oodippoya pashuvine pidikkaan shramikkumbol, guhayilekk pinthudarukayum kaundi sligoile keshkoraanil mailukal akale ninnu purathuvarikayum cheiyunnu.
parambaraagatha kathakalil ooveenaagattil ninnu vividha vinashakaramaaya jeevikal uyarnnuvannu
morigan.
oru kaalulla chestnut kuthira valikkunna radhathil eee guhayil ninnu morigan uyarnnuvarunnu. thavittuniramulla kaalayodoppam prajananam nadatthaan aval oru pashuvine konduvarunnu, oru bheeman fork cheytha staaf upayogichu nayikkunnu. mattoru kathayil, manthravaadiyaaya urakkathil veezhunnathinu munbu guhayilekk pinthudarunna audras enna sthreeyude pashukkale moragan kondupookunnu, unarnnappol aval oru manthravaadam avale muzhaki oodrakale oru nadiyaakkunnu.
charithram.
mattu rajakeeya sthalangaleppole, puranangalil vivarichirikkunnathu ithu oru rajakeeya vasatiyo kottayo aanennu theliyikkaan valia charitraparamaaya paraamarshangalo puraavastu thelivukaloo illa, eee pradeshathe valaya kottakalude chila mikacha udaaharanagal kristhyan kaalathethaanu. moonnu valia smashaanangalil onnaayi tailtyuvinum thaaraykkum oppam oru othucheral sthalam allengil "oonaachu" ennu paraamarsikkunna ezhuthukaarkku pinthuna nalkunna ring baarokalude alavu ulla oru pradhana semitheriyaayirunnu ithu. ellah sammelanangalum "oonaakkukalum" mathaparavum shavasamskaaraparavumaaya paarambaryangalude bhaagamaayirunnu, teyilttiyuvinte semitheriyil (pathonpathaam noottaandil polum) oru sammelanam nadannathupole kroochanil theerchayaayum orennam undaayirunnene. raajnji medu yadhaarthathil praadeshika bhoumadeviyaayirunnuvennum, thaarayile medu letherg pole, rajaavaakuka ennathinartham bhoomiye vivaham kazhikkuka, udghaadanathodoppam kroochanodoppam onnayirikkuka, athu rathcrogan kunnin mukalil thanne nadakkumennu palarum vishwasikkunnu. kristhumathatthinte varavinushesham kroochante mathaparamaya praadhaanyam kuranju, kroochante shakthiyude avasaanathe klonmaaknoyisinte aavirbhaavavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunna oongasinte rakthasaakshithvathile aamukham eduthukaanikkunnu.
puthiya valarnnuvarunna ezhuthukaar ithupolulla sthalangalil yadhaarthathil enthaanu sambhavichathenn yadhaarthathil rekhappeduthiyittil, ovenagattine irelandinte naraka kavaadam ennu paraamarshikkumbol kroochane aililum medum aakramikkunnathinte "sidu" avatharippikkunna kathakal vikasippicheduthu. onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil eee sthalathu niravadhi rathangal nirmikkappettu. ivayil chilath pinneedu oveenagattinu mukalil nirmmicha ogham kallukal upayogichu nilkkunna praveshana kavaadamulla souttarainukal ulppeduthi, avaa saadhaaranayaayi irelandinte thekk-padinjaaru bhaagath maathram kaanapedunnu. madhyakala feeld baankukalaal niranjirikkunna eee pradesham, ettavum mikacha udaaharanagal railig naa riye chuttippattiyullathaan, ithu kroochan pradhana mechilbhoomiyaayi maariyenn kaanikkunnu, thudakkathil ayalrajyamaaya tulskil nirmmicha aadyakaala madhyakala kottayumaayi bandhippichirikkaam, aduthulla mattoru savisheshatha-kaarnfree moundu-konachile ooo 'connor rajaakkanmaarude udghaadana sthalamaayi upayogikkunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil jeevichirunna smaarakangalkkidayil cheria house klasttarukal allengil "seane bhail" undennathinu thelivukalundu; ennirunnaalum, adutha pradhana vikasanam pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil aarambhicha sarway aayirunnu, ithu gabriel berancherude kroochan kunninte varnna varaykkal eduthukaanikkunnu. 1830-kalil oordanans sarway nadatthiya eee pravartthanam praadeshika sahaayathode innuvare upayogikkunna smaarakangalkk perukal nalki. rathrocrogan kunninu chuttum valia bhauthika khananam nadannittillengilum radar, magnetic sarvekal polulla saankethikavidyakal rathrokrogan, thaara, emine maacha enniva thammil valia saamyathakal kaanikkunna savisheshathakal velippeduthi. 1999-ll tulskil kruyachan aii visittar sentar poortthiyaayi, rathrocrogan, kaarnfree, tulsk ennivayekkurichu nadatthiya ellah ettavum puthiya gaveshana apdettukalum pradharshippichu.
14 muthal 19 vare noottaandukalile irelandile trikonamandalangalil guhayekkurichulla charitraparamaaya oru paramarsham kaanapedunnu, irelandile moonnu irunda sthalangal "," thalakkettin keezhil pattikappedutthiyirikku ". aaldezhsinte guha' ennartham varunna avasaanatheth innathe danmore guhayayi pothuve kanakkaakkappedunnu, athesamayam aadya rund guhakal notthinte guhakal ennum slaniyude guhakal ennum vivarthanam cheiyunnu. slani nadikku sameepamulla guhakal/passes shavakudeerangalude krithyamaaya samvidaanam eathaanennu ariyilla, baltinglassilullavum. mattu srothassukal pattikappedutthiya sthalangale rathu crogan, slaininte guha allengil kriptt, "fernukalude guha" enningane vivarthanam cheiyunnu.
puraavasthushaasthram.
240-ladhikam puraavastu kendrangalulla eee rathcrogan samuchayathil 60 ennam deseeya smarakangalaayi tharamthirickunnu. avaa puthiya silaayugakaalam muthal madhyakaalakhattam vareyulla kaalaghattatthilaanu, smaaraka vibhagangalil shmashana kunnukal, valaya kottakal, rekheeya mannukal, chuttupaadukal enniva ulppedunnu.
pradhana sittukal.
rathkrogan kunnu.
samuchayathinte kendrabinduvaaya rathcrogan kunninpuram adithattil sharashari vyaasavum uyaravumulla vishalavum parannathumaaya vrithaakrithiyilulla kunninpuramaanu. kizhakkum padinjaarum saavadhaanathil charinjirikkunna raambukal oru cheria kunninpuratthinte adayaalangalulla kodumudiyilekku praveshanam nalkunnu. rund kendreekritha kallu nirmmicha valayakkarakal kondu nirmmicha nilavilulla oru smaarakathin mukalilaanu rathcrogan kunnu nirmmichathennu sarveyil velippettittund. vyaasavum aazhavum alakkunna oru valia chuttupaadum sarveyil kandethi. eee chuttupaadukal valia kunnin mukalilum mattu niravadhi smarakangalkkum chuttum sthithicheyyunnu, ithu irelandile mattu rajakeeya sthalangalaaya thaara, emine macha, dunn alin ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnathi sahayikkunnu.
rathmore.
eee kunninte peru "valia kotta" ennaanu nerittu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu. vyaasamulla ithu convex aakruthiyilullathum vishalamaaya kuzhiyal chuttappettathumaan. pullu moodiyathum kuthaneyullathumaaya eee kunnin kunnin kunnin mukalil irumbukaalathinte avasana ghattam muthal madhyakaalakhattatthinte arambham vare kaalathethaanennu soochippikkunnu. ithu oru ringfortinu samaanamaanengilum, kunnin mukalile bhagam valare cheruthaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. kunnin mukalil kandethiya dwaarangal soochippikkunnathu ithu oru irumbukaala saamudaayika haalinteyo samanamaaya vrithaakrithiyilulla gadanayudeyo sthalamaanennu soochippikkaam. geophysical sarvekal soochippikkunnathu akathalathile aduppukal, kuzhikal, aduppukal ennivayude thelivukal, ithu vaasasthalathinaayi kunninte upayogavumaayi poruthappedunnu.
ratham enna darbhathil.
engleeshil ratnadarve enna aksharavinyaasavum engleeshil kaalakalude kotta ennaanu perinte ardhavum. rathkrogan kunninte padinjaaru ganyamaaya theeravum baahya kuzhiyum ulla oru valia vrithaakrithiyilulla valaya kottayaan. theerathu niravadhi vishramangalund, onnu vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathulla praveshana kavaadamaan. parambaraagathamaayi, thaan boow kuyilj enna ithihaasathinte avasaanathil kaalakalum finbennack thammilulla pooraattatthinte sthalamaanithu.
oru kaaryam shariyaakkuka.
engleeshilulla aksharavinyasam relignary aanu, airish bhashayil ninnu vivarthanam cheythathinte ardham 'rajaakkanmaarude shavakudeeram' ennaanu. ithu oru valia vrithaakrithiyilulla chuttupaadum vyaasavum uyaramulla kallum mannum ulla oru theeravumaanu. enclosurinte ulvashathu oru cheria vrithaakrithiyilulla enclosurinte adayaalangalundu, vyaasamund. purathana feeld athirthi theerangal eee sthalathudaneelam ozhukunnu, ithu naalu asamamaya vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnathayi thonnunnu, koodaathe anchu chathuraakrithiyilulla veedukalude avashishtangal saittilum parisaratthum drishyamaanu. 1872-ll thekk-padinjaaran kwaadrantile oru souttaraininte avashishtangal khananam cheyyukayum mrugangalude asthikal kandethukayum cheythu.
ooveynaagathu.
eee sthalathinte airish peru 'poochakalkkulla guha' ennu vivarthanam cheiyunna uyim naa gkaat ennaanu. praveshana kavaadatthil manushyanirmmithamaya oru suiteraine ulla prakrithidatha idungiya chunnaambukallu guhayanit. guhayanit oru rooad nirmmaanam moolam thadassappetta oru mankudiyilaanu yadhaarthathil soottarainilekkulla praveshana kavaadam undaayirunnathu. draiston mathil, oorthostaattukal, lintalukal enniva upayogichaanu souttareyn nirmmichirikkunnathu, prakrithidatha guhayude praveshana kavaadam muthal ekadesham ekadesham alakkunnu. prakrithidatha guha kooduthal neendunilkkunnu. soottareyninte praveshana kavaadathinullil mukalile lintalil 'vraichi' ennu vaayikkunna oru oagam likhitham undu...mackie medvi '. vivarthanathil ithu 'oof frack, mudbinte makan', freck kroochanumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, medb inn dhii taine boow cuyilnch ennu vaayikkum. aduthulla kaarnfiyude (kaarn frike) smaarakavumaayum fretch bandhappettirikkunnu. paathaykkullil mattoru lintalil 'qr jii smu' ennu vaayikkunna randaamathe oagam likhitham kaananakunnilla. aathmavishwaasathode vaayikkaan kazhiyaathavidham apoornnamaanu eee likhitham.
datthinte kunnu.
irelandile avasaanathe purajaatheeyanaaya unnatha rajaavaaya daathiyude shavakudeeramaayirikkanam eee kunnu. kizhakkum padinjaarum ethir praveshana kavaadangalulla mothatthilulla vyaasamulla oru thadaakamulla shmashana kunnin mukalilaanithu. kunnin mukalil chuvanna manalkkall kondulla oru thoon kallu undu, kallu uyarathil nilkkunnu. 1913-leeii maakalisttarude anweshanathil eee kunnu oru prakrithidatha charal nirayil ninnaan kothiyeduthathennu velippeduthi, koodaathe 1981-leeii parimithamaaya khananavum ithu sthireekarichu. eee khananathil shavakudeerangalonnum kandethiyittillengilum kandethiya curry saambilukal bii. sii. 200 muthal eiii. dii. 200 vareyulla kettidanirmmaana theeyathi soochippikkunnu. eee sthalam srishtichathinu kuranjathu 200 varshamenkilum kazhinju eiii. dii. 429 oode addeham marichathaayi karuthappedunnathinaal ithu datthinte avasana vishramasthalamaanenna ithihyavumaayi eee theeyathi vairudhyappedunnu.
mcclagukal.
muic" enna airish padatthil panniye soochippikkunna oru bheeman panniyude veroonnalinte falamaanu eee valia mannile nirmmanangal ennu naadodikkadhakal nammodu parayunnu. vadakku-kizhakkum thekk-padinjaarum oru vakra samanthara pathayil akale sanjarikkunna moonnu kuzhikalulla eratta theerangal ulkkollunna rund rekheeya mannukattakalaanu avaa. vadakkan muklag randilum cheruthaanu, alakkunnu, pakshe athinte nirmmaanatthil ithu valare valuthaanu. ekadesham alakkunna thekkan mcclaghinu ganyamaayi neelamundu. eee mannirakalude pravartthanam vyakthamalla.
ruthbeg.
cheria kotta" ennarthamulla rathbegine, oru nirakalulla phalatthil baro valayam cheiyunna vyakthamaaya kendreekritha valayangalulla oru valaya baroyayi tharamthirichittundu. rathkrogan kunninte vadakkupadinjaaraayittaanu eee kunnu sthithi cheiyunnathu. smaarakathinte moonnu vashathum eratta kuzhiyum padinjaaru bhaagathum oru adhika kuzhiyum undu. terressing srishtikkunna cheria theerangalum kuzhikalum kondu chuttapetta oru cheria keyne kodumudiyil undu. eee kunninte vyaasavum ekadesham. eee kunnin mukalil kandethiya varkk flint irumbukaalathum orupakshe venkalakaalathum ullathaanu, ennirunnaalum ghadana thanne puthiya shilayuga smarakangalumaayi poruthappedunnu.
kashelmanan.
airish puranangalil ninnulla oru devathayaaya mannan mack lirine soochippikkunna mannante kotta ennartham varunna seasel mannan ennaanu perinte airish aksharavinyasam. bhoomiyudeyum kallinteyum moonnu aduthulla ekakendra theerangalulla oru cheria oval kallu kottayude aditharayaanu iva, oronninum sharashari veethi alakkunnu. aantharika vyaasam alakkunnathu vadakku/thekk, kizhakk/padinjaaru ennee baahya alavukalodeyaanu. vadakkum kizhakkum vashangalile pradhana enclosureumaayi bandhippichirikkunna rund chathuraakrithiyilulla enclosureukal oronnum oru eaka theerathaal nirvachikkappedunnu. khananam nadannittillathathinaal kaashelmanannante krithyamaaya upayogam anjjaathamaanu, ennaal kallukondu nirmmicha samuchayathile oreyoru ghadana ithaanu enna vastutha nalla prathirodha savisheshathakalulla uyarnna nilavaaramulla kettidatthe soochippikkunnu.
vaarshika paraamarshangal.
rathcrogan samuchayathinte vivara srothassinte oru bhagam vaarshika paraamarsangalil ninnaan varunnath. eee paraamarshangalkk sambhavangalude soochana nalkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe rathkroganekkurichulla aadyakaala vaarshika paramarsham naalu yajamaananmaarude charitrangalil kaanapedunnu, ithu bisi 1681 aanennu vivarikkappedunnu. eiii. dii ettaam noottaand vare eee muun paraamarshangal aadyakaala charithraparamaayavayirunnu namukk nirddeshikkaan kazhiyum.
sent. patrick niyamavum sent. kruvaachaanile yathaakramam yathaakramam 783lum kruvachaanile searance niyamam madhyakaalakhattathil eee sthalathinte praadhaanyam kaanikkunnu, orupakshe ithu rathkroganekkurichulla aadyakaala yadhaartha charitraparamaaya paraamarsamaanu.

