rooman

roominant mrugangalude bhakshana kanaalile aadyathe arayaaya rettikulorumente valia bhaagavum roominant mrugangalile ettavum valia vayarulla compartmentum aanu paanch ennum ariyappedunna rooman. roomante microbial anukoola anthareeksham kazhicha feedinte microbial pulippikkunnathinulla praadhamika sthalamaayi pravartthikkaan ithu anuvadikkunnu. rettikulorumeninte cheria bhagam rettikulamaan, ithu roomanumaayi poornnamaayum thudarnnukondirikkunnu, pakshe athinte lininginte gadanayumaayi bandhappett athil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
hrasvamaaya shareeraghadana.
niravadhi muscular saakkukal, craniel sack, ventral sack, ventral blindsack, rettikulam enniva chernnathaanu rumen.
rooman mathilinte lining paappille ennariyappedunna cheria viral polulla projakshanukalaal moodappettirikkunnu, avaa parannathaanu, ekadesham 5 millimeter neelavum 3 millimeter veethiyumulla kannukaalikal. rettikkulam oru shadbhujaakrithiyilulla thenkoodu paatten roopappeduthunna malancherivukalaal varachirikkunnu. ekadesham 0.1-0.2mm veethiyulla eee malancherivukal rettikulam mathilinu mukalil 5 milleemettar uyarathilaanu. rettikkulathile shadbhujangalkk kannukaalikalil ekadesham 2 muthal 5 centimeter vare veethiyundu. eee savisheshathakal rettikulorumen mathilinte uparithala vistheernnam vardhippikkukayum asthiramaaya phaatti aasidukalude agiranam sugamamakkukayum cheiyunnu. rettikulorumente rund bhaagangalude lininginte ghadanayil vyathyaasangalundengilum, athu oru pravarthanaparamaaya sthalathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
dahanam.
rettikuloroominile dahanam oru sankeernamaaya prakriyayaan. mrugathekkaal rettikulorumenile sookshumaanukkal pulippikkunnathiloodeya dahanam sambhavikkunnath. mrugangalil adangiyirikkunna churukkam chila avayavangalil onnaanu rettikularooman, athil cellulosinteyum mattu recalcitrant carbohydrateukaludeyum dahanam prashamsaneeyamaaya alavil thudaraan kazhiyum.
gadanaaparamallaatha carbohydrateukal (annajam, panchasaara, pekttin), gadanaaparamaaya carbohydrateukal (hemicellulose, cellulose), naitrajan adangiya samyukthangal (proteinukal, pepttaidukal, amino aasidukal) ennivayaanu rettikulorumenile dahanathinte pradhana substrateukal. gadanaaparamallaathathum gadanaaparavumaaya carbohydrateukal microbial ensimeukal vazhi monosacrarideukalaayo disacrarideukalaayo hydrolyse cheyyappedunnu. thathfalamaayundaakunna mono, disaccharideukal sookshumaanukkalilekku kondupookunnu. microbial sell mathilukalkkullil orikkal, mono-disaccharideukal microbial biomassilake swaamsheekarikkappedaam allengil asthira phaatti aasidukal (vfas) asattett, propionate, byoottirett, laaktett, vaalarett, mattu branched-cheyin vfas ennivayilekku pulippikkaam. mikka vii. eph. eiii. kalum rettikulorumen mathilinu kuruke, nerittu rakthapravaahathilekk agiranam cheyyappedunnu, koodaathe oorjja ulppaadanathinum jaivasamshleshanathinumulla substrateukalaayi roominant upayogikkunnu. chila shaakhakalulla cangalayulla vii. eph. eiii. kall rooman sookshumaanukkalude lipid membranilekku samyojippichirikkunnu. protein microbial ensimeukal vazhi peptaidukalilekkum amino aasidukalilekkum jalavishleshanam cheyyappedunnu, avaa pinneedu praadhamikamaayi sell biomassilake swaamsheekarikkunnathinaayi microbial sell vaaliloode kondupookunnu. pepttaidukal, amino aasidukal, amonia, mattu naitrajan srothassukal enniva yadhaarthathil feedil adangiyirikkunna jalavishleshanam kurravulla sookshumaanukkalkkum nerittu upayogikkaan kazhiyum. sookshumajeevikalude amino aasidukalude samanvayathinu amino assid ithara naitrajan upayogikkunnu. sookshumajeevikalude valarchaykku naitrajan amithamaya saahacharyangalil, protein athinte derivetteevukalum pulippichu oorjjam uthppaadippichu amonia nalkaam.
carbohydrateukalekkaalum proteinekkaalum dahanathil lipidukal, lignin, daathukkal, vitaaminukal enniva pradhana punk vahikkunnillenkilum avaa ippozhum pala tharatthil nirnaayakamaan. lipidukal bhaagikamaayi jalavishleshanam cheyyappedukayum hydragenated cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe lipidil undengil glycerol pulippikkunnu. allaathapaksham lipidukal roomanil nishkriyamaanu. carbohydrateil ninno proteinil ninno ulla kurachu kaarban microbial lipidinte puthiya samanvayathinaayi upayogikkaam. roomanile uyarnna alavil lipid, prathyekichu aparyapthamaaya lipid, sookshumaanukkale vishalipthamaakkukayum pulippikkal pravartthanatthe adichamarthukayum cheiyumennu karuthappedunnu. oru phenolic samyukthamaaya lignin dahanathinu recalcitrant aanu, athiloode fangasukalaal layikkan kazhiyum. lignin anubandha poshakangale dahanathil ninnu samrakshikkumennu karuthappedunnu, athinaal apachayathe parimithappedutthunnu. daathukkal sookshumaanukkalaal agiranam cheyyappedukayum avayude valarchaykku aavashyamaayi varikayum cheiyunnu. cyanocobalamine polulla niravadhi vittaaminukale sookshumaanukkal valia alavil samanvayippikkunnu-bhakshanathil vittaaminukalude kuravu valare kooduthalaanengilum palappozhum roominant nilanirthaan paryaapthamaan.
dahanathinte sthareekaranavum misrithavum.
roomanil dahikkunna bhakshanam (daijasta) orupoleyalla, marichu vaathakam, draavakam, vividha valuppathilulla kanikakal, saandrata, mattu bhauthika savisheshathakal ennivayaayi tharamthirikkunnu. koodaathe, roomanilekk praveshikkumbol daijasta vipulamaaya mishrithathinum sankeernamaaya ozhukkinu vidheyamaan. thudakkathil avaa nissaaramaanennu thonnumenkilum, eee sankeernamaaya sthareekaranavum misrithavum dahanathinte ozhukk reethikalum roominantile dahana pravartthanatthinte oru pradhana vashamaan, athinaal vishadamaaya charcha urappunalkunnu.
vizhungiya sesham, bhakshanam annanaalathilekku sanjarikkukayum rettikulathinte dorsal bhaagath nikshepikkukayum cheiyunnu. rettikulorumen propelinte sankochangal aduthide kazhicha theetta ruminal paayayilekku kalarthuka. bhaagikamaayi tharamthaazhthappettathum neelamullathum naarukalullathumaaya padaarthangal adangiyirikkunna kattiyulla dahanavasthukkalaanu paaya. paayayile mikka vasthukkalum aduthide kazhichathaanu, athinaal, pulippikkaavunna ganyamaaya substrate avasheshikkunnu. microbial fermentation paayayil athivegam purogamikkukayum niravadhi vaathakangal purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. eee vaathakangalil chilath paayayil kudungikkidakkunnu, ithu paayayil kuthichuchaattathinu kaaranamaakunnu. pulippikkal purogamikkumbol, pulippikkaavunna substrate theernnupokunnu, vathaka uthppaadanam kurayunnu, kudungiya vaathakathinte nashtam moolam kanikakalkku kuthichuchaattam nashtappedunnu. paayayile daijasta vardhichuvarunna kuthichuchaattatthinte ghattathiloodeyum thudarnnu kuranjuvarunna kuthichuchaattatthinte ghattathiloodeyum kadannupokunnu. oresamayam, dahanakanangalude valippam-kazhikkumbol thaarathamyena valuth-microbial fermentation pinneedu roomaneshan vazhi kuraykkunnu. ivide sasyavasthukkalude apoornnamaaya dahanam phytobesorukal enna oru tharam bezor roopappedaan kaaranamakum. oru prathyeka ghattathil, kanikakal saandravum cheruthumayathinaal avaa rooman paayayiloode thaazheyulla ventral sanjiyilekku "veezhaam", allengil ruminal sangocha samayat paayayiloode draavakam ozhukunnathiloode rooman paayayil ninnu rettikulathilekku ozhukippokaam. ventral sanjiyil praveshichukazhinjaal, daijasta kuranja nirakkil pulippikkunnath thudarukayum, kooduthal kuthichuchaattam nashtappedukayum kanangalude valuppam kurayukayum cheiyunnu. ruminal sankochangalaal ithu taamasiyaathe ventral rettikulathilekku ozhukunnu.
ventral rettikulathil, saandrata kuranjathum valuthumaaya dahanakanangal rettikulathinte sangocha samayat annanaalathilekkum vaayilekkum neekkaam. rumination ennariyappedunna oru prakriyayil daijasta vaayil chavaykkukayum pinneedu annanaalathilekku puranthallukayum rettikulathinte dorsal saakkil nikshepikkukayum veendum ruminal paayayil kalarthukayum cheiyunnu. saandramaaya, cheria kanikakal rettikulaar sangocha samayat ventral rettikulathil nilanilkkunnu, thudarnnu adutha sangocha samayat rettikulo-omaasal dwaarathiloode rettikulorumenil ninnu draavakam upayogichu puratthekku thallikkalayaam, ithu roominant mrugathinte alimentari kanalaya omaasathile adutha arayilekku nayikkunnu.
vellavum umineer rooman vazhi praveshichu oru draavaka kulamaayi maarunnu. rettikulorumenil ninnu mathil vazhi agiranam cheiyunnathil ninno allengil daijasta pole rettikulo-omaasal dwaarathiloode kadannupokunnathiloodeyo draavakam aathyanthikamayi rakshappedum. ennirunnaalum, daijastaa cheyyaan kazhiyunnathupole draavakam paayayil kudungaan kazhiyaathathinal, draavakam daijastaa cheiyunnathinekkaal valare vegathil roomaniloode kadannupokunnu. cheria kanangalude chalanathmakatha draavakathinu samanamaaya valare cheria dahana kanangalude vaahakanayi draavakam palappozhum pravartthikkunnu.
roomante ettavum mukalilulla pradeshamaaya headspaceil bhakshanathinte pulippikkalil ninnum vaayurahita shwasanathil ninnum purathuvidunna vaathakangal (meedhane, kaarban dye ooksaid, valare kuranja alavil hydrajan enniva polullava) niranjirikkunnu. eee vaathakangal rettikulorumenil ninnu vaayiloode pathivayi puranthallappedunnu, ithu erectation enna prakriyayilaanu.
reticularoominal sookshumaanukkal.
bacteria, protosova, fungus, archaea, virusukal enniva rettikulorumenile sookshumaanukkalil ulppedunnu. protosovaykoppam baakteeriyakalum pradhana sookshumaanukkalaanu, koodaathe roomanile motham sookshumaanukkalude 40-60% pindam kanakkiledukkunnu. avaye fibrolytic, amylolytic, proteolytic thudangiya niravadhi pravartthana grouppukalaayi tharamthirickunnu, avaa yathaakramam gadanaaparamaaya carbohydrateukal, gadanaaparamallaatha carbohydrateukal, protein enniva mungananayode dahippikkunnu. protosova (sookshumajeevikalude pindatthinte <aii. dii. 1>) mattu sookshumaanukkalude phagocytosisiloode avayude poshakangal nedukayum carbohydrateukal, prathyekichu annajam, panchasaara, protein enniva tharamthaazhthukayum dahippikkukayum cheiyunnu. rooman pravarthanatthinu protosova anivaaryamallengilum avayude saannidhyam prakadamaaya phalangal nalkunnu. ruminal fangasukal sookshumaanukkalude <aii. dii. 1> maathramaan, avaa naarukal illaatha bhakshanangalil illa. avayude ennam kuravaanengilum, fangasukal ippozhum roomanil oru pradhana idam vahikkunnu, kaaranam avaa lignin hemicellulose allengil cellulose thammilulla chila esttar bandhangale jalavishleshanam cheyyukayum dahanakanangale takarkkaan sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. motham sookshumaanukkalude ekadesham 3 sathamaanam varunna rumen archaea kooduthalum autootroophik methanojanukalaanu, vaayurahita shwasanathiloode meedhane uthpaadippikkunnu. bacteria, protosova, fungus enniva ulppaadippikkunna hydrajante bhooribhaagavum kaarban dye ooksaid meedheynaayi kuraykkaan eee meedhanojanukal upayogikkunnu. roomante sariyaaya pravarthanatthinu methanojanukal hydrajante bhagika marddam kuraykkunnathu anivaaryamaan. virusukal anjjaathamaaya ennathil kaanapedunnu, avaa pulippicalino shwasana pravartthanatthino kaaranamakunnilla. ennirunnaalum, avaa lies sookshumaanukkal cheiyunnu, avayude ulladakkam mattu sookshumaanukkalkku microbial recycling enna prakriyayil swaamsheekarikkaanum pulippikkaanum vidunnu, ennirunnaalum protosovayude kollayadi pravarthanangaliloode punarupayogikkunnathu alavil kooduthal pradhaanamaan.
rettikulorumenile sookshumaanukkal oduvil omaasathilekkum backie poshaka kanaalilekkum ozhukunnu. saadhaarana pulippikkal saahacharyangalil rettikulorumenile paristhithi durbalamaaya acidity ullathum ekadesham 5.5 num 6.5 num idayil piechumaayi poruthappedunna sookshumaanukkalaal niranjathumaanu; abomasam shakthamayi acidity ullathinaal (piechu 2 muthal 4 vare), rettikulorumen sasyajanthujaalangale athilekku ozhukumbol pradhaanamaayum kollunna oru thadassamaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu. pinneedu, microbial biomass cherukudalil dahikkukayum cheria thanmathrakal (pradhaanamaayum amino aasidukal) agiranam cheyyukayum portal sirayil karalilekku kondupookukayum cheiyunnu. cherukudalil eee sookshumaanukkalude dahanam poshakaahaaratthinte oru pradhana uravidamaanu, kaaranam sookshumaanukkal saadhaaranayaayi agiranam cheyyappedunna motham amino aasidukalude 60 muthal 90 sathamaanam vare nalkunnu. annajam-pavapetta bhakshanangalil, cherukudalil ninnu agiranam cheyyappedunna glucosinte pradhana uravidavum avaa nalkunnu.
ruminal acidosisa ruminal dii-laaktettinte amita uthppaadanam kaaranam rakthathile piechu, bicarbonate enniva kurayunnathaanu kannukaalikalil ruminal acidosis. roomanil vfas adinjukoodunnathu moolam laaktik assid adinjukoodunnathu moolam sub-acute acidosylake acute rooman acidosis aayi ithu prathyakshappedaam, ennirunnaalum acute acidosis sub-acute rooman aasidosisinekkaal maarakamaan. ruminal draavakathinte siliated protosoval janasamkhyayile kuravu acidosis randinum oru saadhaarana savisheshathayaanu, ithu ruminal aasidosisinte nalla soochakamaayirikkum. kannukaalikal athivegam pulippikkaavunna gadanayillaatha carbohydrateukalum kuranja naarukalulla uyarnna dhaanya adhishtitha bhakshanangalum amithamaayi kazhikkumbozhaanu roomanile acidosis sambhavikkunnath. ithu jaiva substrateukalude drutha pulippikkalilekku nayikkunnu, ithu vfacnteyum laaktik aasidukaludeyum vanthothilulla roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu, ithu kuranja piechilekkum thudarnnulla rooman sookshumaanukkalude prathikaranangalilekkum nayikkunnu.
"acidosisinte rund klinikkal roopangal thammilulla pradhana vyathyasangal"
manushya upayogangal.
panchu vesttu" ennariyappedunna rettikulorumenil adangiyirikkunna theetta susthira kaarshika upayogathinulla valamaayi padikkappettittund.
rooman vikasanam.
jananasamayath rooman oorgan, rooman epithelium, rooman microbiota enniva poornnamaayum vikasichittilla. jananashesham rooman vikasippikkunnath roominantukalude mothatthilulla vikasanathinte nirnaayaka vashamaan. rooman vikasanathinte eee aadyakaala, sensitiivu kaalayalav mrugangalude mothatthilulla aarogyathilum uthppaadanakshamathayilum jeevan nilanirthunna phalangal undaakkum. saadhaaranayaayi, rooman vikasanathinu ettavum sveekaaryamaaya samayam prasavaanantharavum mulayoottunna kaalayalavinum idayilaanu. eee kaalayalavil, rooman oorgan, epithelium valarcha, rooman microbiota sthaapikkal enniva rooman vikasanathinu anivaaryamaanennu theliyikkum.
pappilla allengil tissue liningle ninnu puratthekku neengunna cheria, vrithaakrithiyilulla projectionukal, rooman eppitheeliyathile valarcha rooman pravarthanatthinu athyaavasyamaanu. pappillakal roomante uparithala vistheernnam vardhippikkunnu. athinaal, roomanullil poshakangalude agiranam ganyamaayi vardhippikkaan pappillakal anuvadikkunnu. roomante ulbhaagathinu chuttumulla tissue paravatani nireekshichukondu vikasippicha roomanil ninnu verthirikkunnathu lalithamaakkunnu. oru avikasita rooman minusamaarnnathum pappillakal illaathathumaaya puram uparithalam nilanirthunnu. oru vikasita rumanu kattiyullathum pappillakal niranjathumaaya mathilukalundu.
vandhyamkarana dahananaalavumaayi janikkunna roominantukal kaaranam, vikasichukondirikkunna rooman aadyaghattathil thanne microfloorayude oru niraykku vidheyamaakanam. athukondaanu roomanil vaayurahithamaya anthareeksham prothsaahippikkunna microflora eshtappedunna oru prathyeka bhakshanakramam. koodaathe, feedukal prathyeka roominantukalude aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi krameekarikkanam. karsanamaaya draavaka theetta bhakshanakramathil ulla roominantukale vikasippikkunnathin, varandathum draavakavumaaya theettayude samyojanathode nalkunna oru valarunna roominantine apekshichu vyathyastha microphlora undaayirikkum. mrugangal kazhikkunna poshakangal rooman vayarile compartmentil praveshikkaathathaanu ithinu kaaranam, pakaram annanaalathinte kuzhiyude reflexive closher vazhi ithu marikadakkunnu.
rooman microbiomil adangiyirikkunna ettavum samriddhamaaya bakteeriyakalil "prevodella, beauterivibrio", "rheuminococcus" enniva ulppedunnu. saadhaaranayaayi pullu adisthaanamaakkiyulla uyarnna alavil bhakshanam kazhikkunna roominant jeevikalaanu ithinu kaaranam. avarude saadhaarana uyarnna-forej bhakshanagal cellulose dahanam cheiyunna baakteeriyakalkk eee ganyamaaya aavasyam eppozhum nilanilkkaan kaaranamaakunnu. lachnospira multipurus, prevodella ruminicola", "beauterivibrio fibrisolvence" thudangiya mattu bakteeriyakal asthiramaaya phaatti aasidukalude (vfas) srishtiyil pradhana punk vahikkunnu. nirddishta feedukalkku roomanile eee vipulamaaya bacteria valarchaye uthejippikkaan kazhiyum, athinaal eee asthiramaaya phaatti aasidukalude ulppaadanathinu sahayikkunnu, ithu rooman epithelium valarcha, capillary vikasanam, pappilla roopeekaranam ennivayil pradhana punk vahikkunnu. asattett, propionate, byoottirett ennivayude inter-ruminal insersionte phalangaliloode rooman vikasanathil asthiramaaya phaatti aasidukalude ganyamaaya swaadheenam muun gaveshanangal thiricharinju. eee asthiramaaya phaatti aasidukalil ettavum drishyaparamaayi shradheyavum swaadheenam cheluthunnathumaaya byoottirett aayirunnu, ithu dayattari substrateukalude onniladhikam vaayurahita pulippikkal paathakaliloode roominantukalil swaabhaavikamaayi samanvayippikkunnu. pradhaanamaayum epithelial tissue liningle prakadippikkunna byoottirett, roominant epitheeliyal sell jeenukalude samriddhiye niyanthrikkunnathil ulppedunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, koshachakra niyanthrana pathakalil pravarthichukondu byoottirett jeane expressione niyanthrikkunnu. roomante epithelial mathilil, rakthapravahavum pappilla vyaapanavum vardhippikkunnathinu byoottirett epithelial sell jeane expression niyanthrikkunnu.
rooman microbiome janithakashasthram.
valarnnuvarunna mrugangalude mothatthilulla aarogyathinum aaa mrugathe valarthunnathumaayi bandhapetta chelavu kuraykkunnathinum uthppaadanathinteyum valarthumrigangalude valarchaykkum microbiome valarchaye pinthunaykkunnathinaayi feedukal vikasippikkunnath pradhaanamaan. mrugangalude ulppaadana mekhalayil, aaa mrugavumaayi bandhapetta mothatthilulla chelavinte 75 sathamaanam vare bhakshanam nalkaan kazhiyum, ithu roomante poshaka aavasyangal thirichariyunnathum niravettunnathum nirnayakamaakkunnu. rumen epithelial koshangalil ninnulla microbial dna sample edukkunnathu microbial jeenukaleyum mrugangalude valarchaa gadakangalumaayi bandhapetta pravartthana paathakaleyum thirichariyaan kaaranamaayi. roomanile microbial clusterukalkku mrugangalude valarchayumayi bandhapetta niravadhi gadakangalumaayi bandhapetta jeenukal undu. bacteria kosha pravarthanangalkkaayi encode cheiyunna protein encoding jeenukalaaya "aguwa, ptb", ptb", "murd" ennivayum mrugathinte sharashari dainamdina sareerabhaaram vardhikkunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. koodaathe, "cobbed, tolk, flin" ennivayulppedeyulla vitaamin bii 12 anubandha jeenukalum mrugangalude dainamdina theetta upabhogavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.

