
paanteleriya yuddham (1586)

1586 juulai 13 nuu paanteleriya dveepil nadanna anglo-spanish yudhathil nadanna oru naavika ettumuttalaaya paanteleriya yuddham (1586), edward vilkinsante neethrthwathil levent kambaniyude anchu kappalukalude oru engleesh sayudha vyapara kappal doonn pedro dii leyvayude keezhil pathinonnu spanish, malties gaalikalude oru kappal thammilaayirunnu ettumuttal. engleeshukaarkku ellah aakramanangalum cherukkaan kazhiyukayum avar nisshabdaraayi veettilekku madangukayum cheythu. cheruthenkilum, rund varshathinu sesham englandu adhinivesha bheeshaniyilaayappol spanish naavikasenaykkethire upayogikkaanirunna engleesh vedivayppu pareekshikkunnathil eee yuddham kaaryamaaya prathyaaghaathangal srishtichu.
pashchaathalam.
elisabath onnaaman rajnjiyodu vijayakaramaayi apekshichathinethudarnna 1580 muthal levent (allengil turkey kambani) vyaapaarikalude kambani meditareniyanil vyapaaram nadathivarikayaayirunnu. avar aleppo (athinte aasthaanam), constantinoppil, alexandria, smirna ennividangalil "faaktarikal" sthaapichu. 1585leeii nonsachu udambadiyum 1587 februvariyil scots raajnjiyaaya meriyude vadhavum kazhinju, speyinile philipp randaaman englandine aakramikkenda samayamanithennum yuddham prakhyaapikkappedumennum theerumaanichu. thalphalamaayi, engleesh kireedatthinte nikshepathinte bhaagamaayi levent kambani avarude kappalukal aayudhamaakki.
philipp randaamante samudrasena jibraltar kadalidukkinullilayirunnu, avide giovanni andrea doriyayude keezhil rund schwadronukalude gaalikal sanjarikkukayaayirunnu. kyapttan general doonn pedro dii leyvayude (kazhinja varsham doonn alonso martiness dii leyvaykku pakaram vanna) keezhil spanish, malties gaalikal ulkkollunna sisilian schwadron aayirunnu. doriaykkum leyvaykkum athiloode sanjarikkenda eathoru engleesh vyapara kappalukaleyum thadayaan utharavukal undaayirunnu.
1585 novemberil levent kambaniyude anchu kappalukal landanil ninnu purappettu-'acting admiral' edward vilkkinsante keezhil 300 tonn gaaliyon 'marchant royal' (kappalppadayude thalavanayirunnathinaal), 'vilyam aandu joonn' enniva tripolyilekkum konstantinoppilinaayi 'tobby' yilekkum bandhippikkappettu. susanne", 300 tonn aayudhamulla vyapara gaaliyon "edward bonaventure" enniva venesinaayi bandhippichirunnu. thangalude vyapara samrambhangal poortthiyaakkiya sesham, kappalukal saantteyil (sakintos) kandumuttukayum naattilekkulla yaathraykkaayi vyavastha cheytha sesham avar orumichu purappedukayum cheythu.
koodikkaazhcha.
1586 juulai 13 nuu, pantelleriya dveepinu sameepam, tunikalkkum sysilic idayil, avar taamasiyaathe rund frigettukal pinthunaykkunna pathinonnu kappalukalulla niravadhi kappalukal kandu. wilkinson kappalukalkk chuttum valayaathirikkaan dveepinte theerathodu aduthu pookaan utharavidukayum thudarnnu kappalukal pravarthanatthinu thayyaaraakanamenn utharavidukayum cheythu. kappal-kappal pooraattatthil engleesh sevanathil kadalil pareekshikkappedaathinaal avaa ethra nannayi pravarthichuvennu saker, kulverin, demi kulverin enniva kanikkum.
spanish admiral doonn pedro dii leywa akathekku kadannengilum akramikkaan thayyarayilla, pakaram "marchant royal" enna kappalil oru sandeshavaahakane ayachu; avar enthaanu cheiyunnathennum evide ninnaan vannathennum avar chodichu. vyapaaram avare turkic vaangi englandilekku veettilekku madangukayaanennu engleeshukaar vishadeekarichu. dii leywa pinneedu spanish rajaavinodulla avarude kadamayum anusaranavum amgeekarikkanamennu aavasyappettenkilum wilkinson ithu vyakthamaayi nirasichu. kooduthal aavasyangal nirasikkappettathinusesham avar 'onnukil mungukayo thuramukhathekku kondupookukayoo cheyyum' ennu oru anthima munnariyipp ayachu, pakshe addehathe orikkal koodi nirasikkukayum rund kappalppadakalum yudhathinu thayyaaredukkukayum cheythu.
yuddham.
admiralinte gallie aadyathe vediyuthirkkukayum "vyaapaari raajakudumbathil" ninnulla oru kalunkiloode athu prathikarikkukayum cheythu. oro engleesh kappal rund spanish gaalikalumayi poruthappedukayum poraattam kayperiyathaayi maarukayum spanish gaaliyude pradhana sainika pravarthanamaaya athil kayaran sramikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, engleeshukaar aduthide prayogicha irupathu poundar kalverinukalil (oro kappalilum naalu ennam) panthrand poundar demi-kalverinukalilum (oro kappalilum patthu ennam) athupole thanne krithyathayudeyum deerghadoora naashanashtangaludeyum kaaryatthil swaadheenam cheluthiya hraswadura periyarukalil ninnu sthiramaaya thee nirakk nilanirtthi.
spanish, malties gaalikalkk engleesh kappalukalude aduthulla paridhiyil praveshikkaan kazhinjilla, arakkettil gadippichirikkunna avarude valia ambathu poundar thokkukal gurutharamaaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkathe upayogikkaan kazhinjilla. oru gaaliyude thokkukal nirbandhichu purathaakkunnathinu munbu "susaanil" rund vediyundakal dhairyathode vedivaykkaan kazhinjathinaal engleesh maathram kollappettu. "vilyam aandu joonn" theerapradeshathe kettippidikkave aazhamillaathathinte adiyil hrasvamaayi sparshichenkilum kaatt athine surakshithathvathilekku kondupokunnathinu paryapthamaayirunnu.
akramanam thante gaalikalkkum yudhakkappalukalkkum kooduthal dosham cheiyunnuvennum engleeshukaarkku ithu doshakaramallennum dee leywa taamasiyaathe manassilakki. dii leyvayude flag gallic polum kanatha kedupaadukal sambhavichu, taamasiyaathe athu pooraattatthil ninnu maari, kurachu manikkoorukalkk sesham bakkiyulla spanish kappalukal athe nettam aavarthichu. avaril bhooribhaagavum eathenkilum tharatthilulla naashanashtangal nerittu, chilar ozhukaan pooraadukayaayirunnu, athesamayam engleeshukaar theerathu ninnu akale sanjarikkunna samgharsham thudarukayum padinjarottu neengukayum cheythu.
anantharafalangal.
ekadesham anchu manikkoor neenduninna yuddham avasaanikkukayum attakuttappanikalkkayi gaalikal udan thanne sisiliyile aduthulla thuramukhathekku pinvaangukayum cheythu. thante munnira kappal pongikkidakkunnathu nilanirthunnathinaayi, mungathirikkaan thante swantham kappalukal ulppede gurutharamaayi takarnna thante moonnu gaalikal orumichu adikkendi vannu.
spanish akramanam thadanjathinushesham, engleeshukaar chelavu kanakkaakkiyenkilum valare kurachu maathrame kandethiyulloo, avarkk rund perr kollappedukayum pathinanju perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu, pradhaanamaayum "susanne" ll ninnu, avarude kappalukalonnum gurutharamaaya kedupaadukal sambhavichittilla. avar saadhanangalkkaayi aljiyarukalil athikkukayum thudarnnu jibraltar kadalidukkil avare kaathirunna randaamathe koottam spanish gaalikalude gaantlett vijayakaramaayi oodikkukayum cheythu. kanatha moodalmanjinte sahaayathode engleeshukaar kadannupoyathinaal ivide oru poraattavum nadannilla; gaalikal avare kandappol avar pidikkaan shramichu, pakshe appozhekkum valare vaikiyirunnu.
engleeshukaar surakshithamaayi veettilekku madangukayum yudhavaartha udan thanne keyroyil athukayum avide kambani amgangal vyapaaram sammathikkunnathinekkur konfaransil pankedukkukayum cheythuvenkilum avarkk vaartha bhayathode labhichenkilum phalangalil avar aaveshabharitharaayi. yudhathil ninnu padichukondu oro levent kambani trading dauthyathinum ore sainika thanthram upayogikkaan avar sammathichu.
levent kambanikku ippol shathruthaaparamaaya vellathil praveshikkumbol enthaanu cheyyendathennu ariyamaayirunnu, prathyekichu jibraltar kadalidukkil. 1590ll spanish ithe kambani kappalukalil oru sramam nadathiyenkilum avaa pinthirippikkappeduka ekadesham oru varshathinusesham veendum athe falatthilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. yudhathinte falamaayi rajakeeya naavikasena levent kambani kappalukalude valia upayogam kandethi. pooraattatthinte kaaryatthil ithu yudhakkappalinte bhavikkum yuddha gaaliyude 'deth neel' num oru valia pareekshanamaayirunnu.

