bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam

bhaashayude upayogam, avarude aadya bhasha, avarude uchaaranam, avarude padaavaliyude valuppam (prabhashakan sankeernavum vaividhyapoornavumaaya vaakkukal upayogikkunnundo illayo), avarude reethi, vaakyaghadana ennivayulppede avarude samsaarathinte savisheshathakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla aalukalodulla anyayamaaya perumattamaanu bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam (glotophobia, bhaashaashaasthram, bhaashaavaadam ennum vilikkunnu). udaaharanathinu, fraansile oru osittan samsaarikkunnayaale orupakshe oru franch samsaarikkunnayalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi pariganikkum. bhaashayude upayogathile vyathyaasathe adisthaanamaakki, oru vyakthikk mattoraalude sambathu, vidyaabhyaasam, saamoohika padavi, swabhaavam allengil mattu swabhaavasavisheshathakal ennivayekkurichu swamedhayaa theerumaanangal edukkaam, athu vivechanathilekku nayichekkaam.
muthal madhyathil, bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya scootnab-kangas bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanam enna ashayam bhaashaashaasthramaayi eduthuparanju, ithu "bhaashayude adisthaanathil nirvachichirikkunna grouppukalkkidayil adhikaarathinteyum vibhavangaludeyum (bhouthikavum bhouthikamallaathathum) asamamaya vibhajanagal niyamavidheyamaakkaanum falapradamaakkaanum punarnirmmikkaanum upayogikkunna prathyayashaasthrangalum gadanakalum" ennaanu nirvachichirikkunnathu. eee tharatthilulla vivechanathinu vyathyastha perukal nalkiyittundenkilum avayellaam ore nirvachanam pulartthunnu. bhaashayude oru upayogathinu mattullavayekkaal munganana nalkunnathinaal bhashaaparavum saamoohikavumaaya vivechanam nirnnayikkappedunnu.
bhaashaashaasthrathil bhashaaparamaaya saamraajyathvathinte punk pandithanmaar vishakalanam cheythittundu, chilar vaadikkunnathu aadipathyamulla bhashakal samsarikkunnavar ekabhaashakamaayi thudarunnathiloode bhaashaaparamaayi svayam durbalappeduthumbol, aadhipathyamillaatha mattu bhashakal samsaarikkunnavarkkethiraya vivechanathilekku aakarshikkappedunnu ennaanu. pandithanaaya carolin mckinleyude abhipraayathil, eee prathibhasam ettavum kooduthal kaanappedunnath colonial kaalaghattatthil avatharippicha europian bhashakal samsaarikkunna aafrikkayilaanu; thaddesheeya bhaashakalkk pakaram europian bhashakal pradhana prabodhana maadhyamamaayi sthaapikkunnathaayum aafrikkan rajyangal ariyappedunnu. ithu charitraparamaayi aafrikkan uyarnna varggathinu maathrame gunam cheythittulloovennum bhookhandathiludaneelam samsaarikkunna europian bhashakalil vyathyastha thalatthilulla praaveenyam pulartthunna aafrikkayile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagatheyum ithu prathikoolamaayi baadikkunnuvennum unesco reportukal soochippikkunnu. academic achadakkathil engleeshinte bhashaaparamaaya aadhipathyathinte swaadheenavum pandithanmaar shradhichittundu; soshyal sayans, humanities thudangiya vishayangal "engleeshil adhishtithamaaya oru aashayaparamaaya chattakkoodinullil poottappettirikkunnu" ennu pandithayaya anna versbica vivarichittundu, ithu academica mekhalaye mothatthil "kooduthal saarvathrikavum saamskaarikavum swathanthravumaaya veekshanakonil" athicherunnathil ninnu thadayunnu.
bhashaaparamaaya munvidhikal.
chila aaksantukalulla samsaarikkunnavarkk munvidhikal anubhavappedaam. udaaharanathinu, chila ucharanangal saamskaarika pashchaathalatthe aashrayich mattullavayekkaal kooduthal anthass pulartthunnu. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi bhaashaabhedangal ullathinaal, eathaanu ettavum abhikaamyamennu nirnnayikkaan prayaasamaan. ningal american samsaarikkunnundo?" enna pusthakatthinte rachayithaakkaleppole bhaashaashaasthranjarkku nalkaan kazhiyunna ettavum mikacha utharam?", athu location speakerineyum aasrayichirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhaashakalile chila shabdangal swaabhaavikamaayi sukhakaramallennu nirnnayikkappedumennu gaveshanangal nirnnayichu. koodaathe, chila aaksantukal chila samoohangalil mattu aaksantukalekkaal kooduthal anthass vahikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, amerikkayil samsaarikkunna general american (velutha madhyavargavumayi bandhapetta oru vaividhyam) television jenalism polulla pala sandarbhangalilum vyaapakamaayi eshtappedunnu. koodaathe, yunaittad kingdatthil, labhicha uchaaranam uyarnna vargakkaaranaayirikkunnathu bandhappettirikkunnu, athinaal kooduthal eshtappedunnu. antassinu purame, chila aaksantukal budhishakthi kuravaayathumaayum mosham saamoohika kazhivukalumaayum bandhappettirikkamenn gaveshanangal theliyichittundu. vadakku ninnulla aalukal swabhaavathil ishtappedaathavaraayum thekk ninnullavar budhishoonyaraayum kanakkaakkappedunna amerikkayile thekk ninnullavarum vadakkan aalukalum thammilulla vyathyaasathil oru udaaharanam kaanaan kazhiyum. saamoohikabhaashaavidu, lippy-green vaadikkunnathupole, "charithrangal ezhuthappedumbol avaa prabalamaaya varggathil shradha kendreekarikkunnuvennu vyaapakamaayi nireekshikkappettundu... kaalakramena bhaashayude vikasanathekurichulla padanangal saadhaaranayaayi samsaarikkunnavarude ettavum cheria bhaagathil valare sookshumamaayi shradha kendreekarikkunnu vivarangalude vitharanam niyantrikkaan adikaaravum vibhavangalum ullavar."
bhashayum saamoohika group.
manushyar mattullavarumayi parichayappedaan aagrahikkunnath swaabhaavikamaanu. vyakthikale prathyeka saamoohika grouppukalaayi tharamthirikkuka ennathaanu nammal ithu cheiyunna oru maargam. chila grouppukal eluppathil shradhikkappedaamenkilum (vamseeyatha allengil lingabhedam upayogichu nirvachikkappettava) mattu grouppukal kuravaanu. oru vyakthiyude bhaashayude upayogam mattoru vyakthiye avare oru prathyeka saamoohika groupaayi tharamthirikkaan engane anuvadikkunnuvennu bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya carmen phaitt vishadeekarikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, amerikkayil thekkeyattakkaare budhishoonyaraayi kaanunnath saadhaaranamaanu. thekk polulla oru saamoohika groupil ulppedunnavar vamsheeyathayo lingabhedamo anusarichu nirvachikkappedunna mattu grouppukalile amgathvathekkaal kuravaayirikkaam. eee pradhaanamallaatha saamoohika grouppukalkku munvidhikal undaakunnathin bhasha oru paalam nalkunnu.
bhashaaparamaaya vivechanavum kolanivalkkaranavum.
bhashaaparamaaya vivechanavum samskaaravum.
niravadhi poost colonial saahitya sidhaanthakar bhashaaparamaaya vivechanavum thaddesheeya samskaarangalude adichamarthalum thammil oru bandham varachittundu. udaaharanathinu, pramukha keniyan ezhuthukaaranaaya ngugi vaa theongo thante 'decolonising dhii mind' enna pusthakatthil bhasha aashayavinimayathinte maadyamavum samskaarathinte vaahakavumaanennu vaadikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, kolanivalkkaranatthinte falamaayundaaya bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam colonialinu munbulla charithrangalum swathuangalum illaathaakkaan sahayichu. udaaharanathinu, aafrikkan adimakale engleesh padippikkukayum avarude thaddesheeya bhashakal upayogikkunnathu nirodhikkukayum cheythu. ithu adimakalude bhashaaparavum angane africayumaayulla saamskaarikavumaaya bandham vichedichu.
colonial bhaashakalum varggavum.
kudiyetta kolanikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chooshana kolanikalil, colonial bhaashakalilulla vidyaabhyaasam oru cheria thaddesheeya varenyavargathinu maathrame labhyamaakoo. udaaharanathinu, britiish mccalle sidhaanthavum franch, porchugees swaamsheekarana samvidaanangalum colonial gavanmentinum praadeshika janangalkkum idayil idanilakkaaraayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyunna oru "colonial sahaayikalude unnatha vibhaagam" srishtikkaan shramichu. thalphalamaayi, colonial bhaashakalile praaveenyam colonial raajyangalile varggathinte soochakamaayi maari.
colonial kaalaananthara samsthaanangalil bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam varggathekkurichulla aashayangale shakthippeduthunnath thudarunnu. udaaharanathinu, haittiyil, thozhilaallivarga haitiyakkaar pradhaanamaayum haishyan creol samsaarikkunnu, athesamayam praadeshika boorshwaayisile amgangalkku franch, creol enniva samsarikkaan kazhiyum. eee praadeshika varenyavargathile amgangal pathivayi franch bhashayil bisinus raashtreeyavum nadathukayum athuvazhi thozhilaallivarggathil palareyum atharam pravarthanangalil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum cheiyunnu. koodaathe, dii. ell. indiayile thaddesheeya bhaashakalude upayogathe pinthunaykkunna shait, indian varenyavarggakkaar deseeyathaye oru ekeekritha swathuavumaayi bandhappeduthunnunde eee pashchaathalatthil, "ozhivaakkalinte maarggamaayum saamskaarika aadhipathyathinte upakaranamaayum engleeshine upayogikkunnu" ennum ezhuthunnu.
vidyaabhyaasathil bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam.
colonial kaalatthinu sheshamulla raajyangalile vargga asamathvangal palappozhum vidyaabhyaasathiloode punarnirmmikkappedunnu. haiti polulla rajyangalil, boorshwasi padikkunna schoolukal saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna nilavaaramullathum colonial bhashakal avarude prabodhana maargamaayi upayogikkunnathumaayavayan. maruvashathu, bakkiyulla janasamkhya pankedukkunna schoolukal palappozhum haishyan kriyolilaanu padippikkunnathu. janasamkhyayude 95 sathamaanavum kriyolil ekabhaashakalaaya oru rajyath creol adisthaanamaakkiyulla vidyaabhyaasam patanam, saksharatha, saamoohika saambathika chalanathmakatha enniva mechappeduthumennu heblethweitineppol pandithanmaar vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, colonial bhasha praaveenyathilum vidyaabhyaasa nilavaaratthilumulla asamathvangal saamoohika chalanaathmakathaye thadassappeduthum.
maruvashathu, franch gayana polulla pradeshangal ellah skoolukalilum colonial bhashakal padippikkaan thiranjedutthittundu, palappozhum praadeshika thaddesheeya bhashakal ozhivaakkiyaan. colonial bhaashakale palarum "parishkritha" bhashakalaayi kandirunnathinaal, "vidyaabhyaasam" ennathinartham palappozhum eee colonial bhashakalil samsarikkaanum ezhuthaanum kazhiyuka ennaanu. thaddesheeya bhasha vidyaabhyaasam palappozhum eee colonial bhashakalil praaveenyam nedunnathinulla oru thadassamaayi kaanappedukayum angane manappoorvvam adichamarthappedukayum cheythu.
ugaanda, kenia thudangiya chila komanvelthu raajyangalkk charitraparamaayi thaddesheeya bhashakalil padippikkunnathinum uyarnna gradukalil engleesh maathram avatharippikkunnathinumal oru nayamundaayirunnu. nigeriayile britiish colonial bharanadhikaariyaaya loard lugard vibhavanam cheytha "eratta maandettinte" paarambaryamaayirunnu eee nayam. ennirunnaalum, yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthode, professional thozhilavasarangalum mechappetta saambathika avasarangalum labhikkunnathin aavashyamaaya naipunyamaayi engleeshine kooduthalaayi kaanapettu. thalphalamaayi, engleesh adisthaanamaakkiyulla vidyaabhyaasathinu janangalkkidayil vardhichuvarunna pinthuna undaayirunnu, ithu keniyayude vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam swaathanthryathinu sheshavum uganda avarude aabhyantharayudhathethudar sweekarichu. pinneedu, keniyayile ominde kammeeshan amgangal oru deseeya, paan-aafrikkan swathuam prothsaahippikkunnathil kiswahiliyude aavasyakatha prakadippichu. athinaal praadhamika schoolil nirbandhithavum pareekshikkaanaavaathathumaaya vishayamaayi kenia kiswahili nalkaan thudangi, pakshe athu prabodhana maadhyamamaayi engleeshinu secondary aayi thudarnnu.
colonial bhaashakalude praaveenyam mikacha saambathika avasarangal nalkumbol, vidyaabhyaasathile vivechanathinethiraaya kanvenshanum kuttikalude avakaashangalekkurichulla yuu. enn kanvenshanum nyoonapaksha kuttikalkk "[avarude] swantham [bhashakal] upayogikkaan" avakaashamundenn prasthaavikkunnu. vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathinullil thaddesheeya bhashakal adichamarthunnathu eee udambadikku virudhamaanennu thonnunnu. koodaathe, thaddesheeya bhashakal samsaarikkunna kuttikal videsha bhashakalil vidyaabhyaasam nedumbol pinnokkam pookukayum palappozhum uyarnna niraksharathaanirakkukarim cheyyum. udaaharanathinu, praadeshika aljeeriyakkaarkk franch adichelppikkal ulppedunna "nagarika" aljeeriyayil franchukaar athiyappol, aljeeriyayile saaksharata nirakk 40 sathamaanathiladhikam aayirunnu, athu akkaalathe fraansinekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1962ll franchukaar poyathinushesham, aljeeriyayile saaksharata nirakk ettavum mikachathaayirunnu.
bharanathil bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam.
pala colonial, poost colonial samsthaanangalilum colonial bhashakal bharanathinteyum vaanijyathinteyum bhashakalaayi upayogikkunnathinaal thaddesheeya bhashakal maathram samsaarikkunna pradeshavaasikale vottavakaasham nishedhikkaam. udaaharanathinu, innathe kaanadayile algoma mekhalayil praathinidhya sthaapanangal avatharippikkappettappol, praadeshika retaining officer vottavakaasham labhicha vyakthikalude vottukal maathrame sweekarichirunnulloo, ithinu thaddesheeyaraaya aalukal "nannayi vaayikkukayum ezhuthukayum" cheyyendathundu... [avarude] swantham bhashayum mattoru bhashayum, engleeshilo franchilo ". ithu rashtreeya partykal thaddesheeya kazhchappaadukalekkaal kudiyetta kaazhchappaadukalumaayi kooduthal kooduthal thirichariyunnathinu kaaranamaayi.
innum, pala poost colonial samsthaanangalum avarude pothu sthaapanangalil colonial bhashakal upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu, eee bhashakal avarude nivaasikalil bhooribhaagavum samsaarikkunnillenkilum. udaaharanathinu, mikka dakshinaafrikkakkaarum, prathyekichu karutha dakshinaafrikkakkaar thaddesheeya bhashakal samsaarikkunnundenkum, dakshinaafrikkan neethinyaaya samvidaanam ippozhum praadhamika bhashakalaayi engleeshineyum africansineyum aasrayikkunnu. eee saahacharyangalil colonial bhaashakalude upayogam pothu sthaapanangalile pankaalitthatthinu thadassangal srishtikkum.
udaaharanagal.
bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam palappozhum bhaashayude munvidhikalude adisthaanathil nirvachikkappedunnu. munvidhikalum vivechanavum thammil bandhamundengilum avaa ellaayppozhum nerittu bandhappettirikkilla ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. munvidhikale oru saamoohika groupile amgathvathe adisthaanamaakki oru vyakthiyodulla nishedhaathmaka manobhaavamaayi nirvachikkaam, athesamayam vivechanathe avarodu cheiyunna pravarthanangalaayi kaanam. iva randum thammilulla vyathyasam thirichariyanam, kaaranam munvidhikal aarkkenkilum ethiraayirikkaam, pakshe athu nadappakkappedilla. vivechanathinu kaaranamaayekkavunna bhashaaparamaaya munvidhikalude udaaharanagal thaazhepparayunnu.
bhashaaparamaaya munvidhikalum nyoonapaksha vibhaagangalum.
saidhaanthikamaayi, saamoohikavum vamsheeyavumaaya padavi pariganikkathe eathoru prabhashakanum bhaashaashaasthrathinte irayaayirikkaamenkilum, adichamarthappettavarum paarshwalkkarikkayarambettavu saamoohika nyoonapakshangalaanu palappozhum ettavum sthirathayulla lakshyangal, kaaranam atharam grouppukalumaayi bandhapetta samsara vaividhyangalkk kalankam varuthunna pravanathayundu.
kaanadayil.
kaanadayile francophoneukal.
charitraparamaayi, kaanadayude federation pravishyakalum kaanadayile franch samsaarikkunna janasamkhyayodu vivechanam kaanichittundu, kaanadayude charithratthile chila kaalaghattangalil avar athinte amgangale randaamkida pouranmaaraayi kanakkaakkukayum kooduthal sakthamaaya engleesh samsaarikkunna janasamkhyayile amgangale anukoolikkukayum cheythittundu. eee tharatthilulla vivechanam cubec paramadhikaara prasthaanatthinte uyarcha, cubecois deseeyatha, thaazhnna canada kalapam, redu rivar kalapam, nirddishta academic pravishya, kadutha daaridryavum franch canaden janasamkhyayude kuranja saamoohika-saambathika nilayum, kaanadayiludaneelamulla francophone schoolukal niyamavirudhamaakkiyathinte falamaayi kuranja francophone biruda nirakkukal, francophoneukalum aamglophonukalum thammilulla sharashari varumaanathile vyathyaasangal, francophoneukalkku niyamikkappedaano sthaanakkayattam nalkano ulla saadhyatha kuravaanu, mattu pala kaaryangalum ulppede canaden charithratthile niravadhi sambhavavikaasangalkk kaaranamaakukayo sambhavana cheiyukayo cheythittundu.
cubeckile aamglophonukal.
1977ll aadyamaayi sthaapithamaayathum athinusesham niravadhi thavana bhedagathi cheyyappettathumaaya franch bhaashayude charter engleesh samsarikkunnavar vivechanaparamaanennu aaropikkappettittund. niyamam franchine cubeckinte audyogika bhashayaakkukayum sarkkar offeesukalilum communicukalilum skoolukalilum vaanijya public relationsilum (ozhike) athinte upayogam nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunnu. valarekkaalamaayi pravishyayile engleesh nyoonapakshatthinte niyanthranathilaayirunna cubeckile bhooripaksham francophone janasamkhyaykkethiraaya bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam thadayunnathinulla oru maargamaan niyamam. engleeshinte vardhichuvarunna saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya aadhipathyathil ninnu franchukaare samrakshikkanum niyamam shramikkunnu. shramikkunnu muthal engleesh samsaarikkunna janasamkhya kurayunnundengilum, niyamam athu thidukkathilaakkukayum thidukkathilaakkukayum sensus prakaram 180,000 thaddesheeya engleesh samsaarikkunnavarude nashtam kaanikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, jolisthalathu engleesh samsaarikkunnath uyarnna varumanavumaayi shakthamayi bandhappettirikkunnu, franch maathram samsaarikkunnavarkk ganyamaayi kurachu varumanam labhikkunnu. pradhaanamaayum engleesh samsaarikkunna sambadvyavasthayil franchinte padavi vijayakaramaayi uyarthiyathinte bahumati eee niyamathinu labhikkunnu, samanamaaya saahacharyangal neridunna rajyangalil ithu swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, bhedagathikal athine shakthiyeriyathaakkukayum athinaal munkaalangale apekshichu falapradamallaathathaakkukayum cheythu.
europil.
bhashaaparamaaya vottavakaashakkurav.
europian unionile bhashaaparamaaya vottavakaasham nashtappedunna nirakk raajyangalanusarichu ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedaam. engleesh samsaarikkunnavaro videsha bhashayaayi engleesh samsarikkaan kazhivullavaro aaya rund europian unionile thaamasakkaarkk vottavakaasham nishedhikkunna nirakk poojyathinu thulyamaanu. addehathinte padanatthil "aarkkuvendiyaanu bahubhasha ashayavinimayam? europian unionile bhasha nayavum nyaayabodhavum, "europian yooniyante nilavile bahubhasha nayam europian unionekkurichu yooropyanmaare ariyikkunnathinulla ettavum phalapradamaaya maargamallenn mishel gasola nigamanatthilethunnu; chila rajyangalil, bhashaaparamaaya ozhivakkal kuraykkunnathinu adhika bhashakal upayogapradamaayekkaam.
parishodhicha 24 rajyangalil engleesh maathram samsaarikkunna nayam prakaram muthirnnavaril 51 muthal 90 sathamaanam vare pere ozhivaakkum. engleesh, franch, jarmman bhaashakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru bhasha bharanam 30 muthal 56 sathamaanam vare nivaasikalkk vottavakaasham nishedhikkum, athesamayam aarr bhaashakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru bharanakoodam ozhivakkappetta janasamkhyayude vihitam 9-22% aayi kuraykkum. brexitinu sesham, ekabhaashaa nayavumaayum tribhasha, shadbhasha bharanavumayum bandhapetta bhashaaparamaaya ozhivaakkalinte nirakk vardhikkaan saadhyathayund.
mattu udaaharanagal.
soviyatt yooniyanil, coronisatsia ("thaddesheekaranam") ghattathe thudarnnum perestroicaic munbum munbum avasaanam muthal muthal avasaanam vare), russian bhasha "raashtrangalude sauhruda bhasha" ennu vilichirunnu, soviyatt unionile mattu bhaashakalkk ithu doshakaramaayirunnu.
amerikkayil.
padaprayogatthiloode vivechanaparamaaya sanbradaayangal nilanirthuka.
ivideyum mattidangalilum 'staanderd', 'noonn-staanderd' ennee padangal bhaashaashaasthrathinte vishakalanam budhimuttaakkunnu. sakthamaaya abhipraayangal srishtikkunna american engleeshinte vaividhyangalekkurichu charcha cheyyumbol bhaashaashaasthranjarum bhaashaashaasthranjarallaathum eee padangal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu, ithu apoorvvamaayi velluvilikkukayo chodyam cheiyukayo cheiyunna oru thettaaya vairudhyamaanu. bhaashaavidagdharaaya nicolas coupland, rosina lippy-green, robin kween (mattullavaykkoppam) ennivar ithine purogathiye durbalappeduthunna achadakka-aantharika sthirathayude abhaavamaayi vyaakhyaanichittund; bhaashayile 'sharee', 'thettu' ennivayude prathyayashaasthra aditharakalkkappuram bhaashaavidagdharkku thanne neengaan kazhiyunnillengil, pothu janasamkhyayil kooduthal sookshumamaaya dhaarana munnott kondupokaanulla prateeksha kuravaanu.
karutha amerikkakkar.
chila karutha amerikkakkar nilavaaramillaatha oru prathyeka tharam engleesh samsaarikkunnathinaal, avaa palappozhum bhaashaashaasthrathinte lakshyangalaan. mukhyadharaa american samoohathile amgangal palappozhum budhishoonyathayudeyo parimithamaaya vidyaabhyaasathinteyo soochakamaayi kanakkaakkunna aaveye mattu pala nilavaaramillaatha bhaashaabhedangaleyum prathyekichu kriyolukaleyum pole saadhaaranayaayi "alassen" allengil "mosham" engleesh ennu vilikkunnu.
bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya joonn mcworter eee prathyeka bhaashaashaastra roopathe amerikkayil prathyekichum prashnakaramaanennu visheshippichu, avide moroco, finland, itali thudangiya mattu rajyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, staanderd allatha bhashaaparamaaya gadanakal palappozhum thettayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, avide diglosia (rando athiladhikamo bhaashaabhedangalo bhaashakalo thammil maranullah kazhivu) oru amgeekritha maanadandamaanu, sambhaashanathile staanderd allatha upayogam boudhika sheshiyudeyo nettatthinteyo allah, praadeshika uthbhavathinte adayaalamaayi kaanapedunnu.
kaanapedunnu aan arber kodathi kesil, praadhamikamaayi aavu upayogichu valarthiya kuttikalkk ethratholam vidyaabhyaasa thadassam nilanilkkunnuvennu nirnnayikkaan aavu saadhaarana engleeshumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. vamseeya verthirivukalude charithratthil ninnu uthbhavikkunna vyathyaasangal kuttikalkk staanderd engleesh nannayi manassilakkaan anubandha padippikkal labhikkunnathin paryaapthamaanennu niyukta bhaashaashaasthranjar nirnnayichu.
udaaharanathinu, "avan varunnu" ennathupolulla oru saadhaarana aavu vaachakam ellah divasavum upayogikkukayum 'avan onnum cheythitilla' ennu parayukayum cheiyunna oru karutha amerikkakkaarane vyaakaranathinte aparyapthamaaya command ullathayi vilayiruthaam, athesamayam, vaasthavathil, atharam oru vaachakam nirmmichirikkunnathu oru sankeernamaaya vyaakaranathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athu saadhaarana engleeshil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, allathe athinte degenerate roopamalla. oru shrothaav atharamoru vaakyathinte upayokthaavine boudhikanallaathavano vidyaabhyaasamillaathavano aanennu thettayi vilayiruthiyekkaam. prabhashakan budhiparamaayi kalivullavanum vidyaasambannanum saadhaarana engleeshil praaveenyamullavanumaayir, pakshe vaakyathinte uddeshicha prekshakar polulla saamoohikavum saamoohikavumaaya bhashaaparamaaya kaaranangalal coode switching ennariyappedunna oru prathibhasamaaya aaa vaakyathe aaveyil parayaan thiranjedutthu.
hyspanic amerikkakkarum bhaashaashaasthravum.
bhaashaavaadatthinte mattoru roopam thazhepparayunnavayaal theliyikkappedunnu american aikyanaadukalude chila bhaagangalil, sakthamaaya spanish uchaaranamullathum lalithamaaya engleesh vaakkukal maathram upayogikkunna oru vyakthiye daridran mosham vidyaabhyaasamullavanum orupakshe rekhakalillaatha kudiyettakkaaranumaayi kanakkakkaam. ennirunnaalum, ore vyakthikk nerppicha uchaaranamo sradheyamaaya uchaaranamo illengil sankeernamaaya vaakyangalil ennamatta vaakkukal upayogikkaan kazhiyumenkil, avar kooduthal vijaykaravum mikacha vidyaabhyaasamullavarum "niyamaanusritha pouranum" aayi kanakkakkappedaan saadhyathayund. uchaaranathin rund bhaagangalund, prabhashakanum shrothaavum. athinaal, chila aalukal oru uchaaranathe shakthamaayathaayi manassilakkaam, kaaranam avaa kelkkaan avarkk sheelamilla, koodaathe oonnal oru apratheekshitha aksharatthilo mriduvum adrishyavumaanu. thudarnnundaakunna pakshapaathavum vivechanavum aaa uchaaranam manassilakkunnathil shrothaakkalkk undaakunna budhimuttumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. vyakthi valare vishalamaaya padavali upayogikkunnu enna vastutha shrothaakkalude bhaagath ninnu kooduthal vaijnjaanika vairudhyam srishtikkunnu, avar speakere rekhakalillaathavanaayo daridranaayo vidyaabhyaasamillaathavana avarude budhiye apamaanikkunnavaro aayi udan thanne kanakkakkum.
american aamgyabhaasha upayokthaakkal.
american aamgyabhaashayude (eiii. ezz. ell) upayokthaakkal samsaarikkunna bhashakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aamgyabhaashakalude niyamasaadhuthayekkurichulla daaranayude adisthaanathil bhashaaparamaaya vivechanam nerittittundu. nerittittundu milan konfaransil eee manobhaavam vyakthamaayi prakadippikkappettu, ithu badhira samoohathile amgangalkku shaashvathamaaya prathyaaghaathangal srishtikkunna asl ulppedeyulla maanuval ashayavinimaya roopangalekkurichulla pothujanaabhipraayathinu munganana nalki. konfarans eathaandu ekakandamaayi (thomas hopkins galladett polulla orupidi sakhyakakshikal ozhike), badhiraraya vyakthikalkk munganana nalkunna vidyaabhyaasa reethiyaayi samsaarikkunna bhashayil maathramaayi nadathunna prabodhanamaaya ooralisathinte upayogam aavarthichu. eee ashayangal ettu prameyangalil roopappeduthiyirunnu, athu aathyanthikamayi badhirare avarude swantham vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalil ninnu neekkam cheiyunnathilekku nayichu, ithu badhirarude thalamurakale kelkkunna vyakthikaliloode ottaykku vidyaabhyaasam nalkaan anuvadichu.
eslinekkurichulla thettidhaaranakal kaaranam, adutha kaalam vare ithu svanthamaayi poornnamaayum pravartthikkunna bhashayaayi amgeekarikkappettirunna. amgeekarikkappettirunna, bhaashaavidagdhanaaya vilyam stokko engleeshil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya savisheshamaaya gadanayudeyum vyaakaranathinteyum adisthaanathil asl athinte swantham bhaashayaanenn theliyichu. ithinu munbu, engleeshine prathinideekarikkaan upayogikkunna aamgyangalude oru shekharam mathramaayirunnu asl ennu karuthappettirunnu. drishya idam upayogichathinaal, athinte upayokthaakkalkk maanasika sheshi kuravaanennu thettayi vishwasikkappettu. oru bhaashayekkurichulla kooduthal padanangal nadannathinaal ithu kuranjuvenkilum, eiii. ezz. ell upayokthaakkalkk sankeernamaaya chinthakalkk kazhivilla enna thettidhaarana nilaninnirunnu. udaaharanathinu, asl upayokthaakkal avar upayogikkunna "kuranja" bhashayodu valareyadhikam vivechanam neridukayum prathyekichu avarude bhasha parasyamaayi upayogikkumbol avarkk shamaapanam neridendivarikayum cheythu. aslkkethiraaya vivechanam vyakthamaan, galladett sarvakalaashaalayile stokkoy allengil kleydan vaali, sessil lucas thudangiya bhaashaashaasthranjar nadatthiya gaveshanangalkkidayilum asl ellaayppozhum oru bhashayaayi amgeekarikkappedunnilla ennathaanu. oru adhika bhashayaayi asl padikkunnavarkkum avarude aadya bhashayaayi asl padikkunna prelingwali-def kuttikalkkum athinte amgeekaaram nirnaayakamaan. saahityathinteyum anthaaraashtra vyaapthiyudeyum oru koottam ullathinaal, oru videsha bhasha paatyapadhathikku anuyojyamallennu ottaykku parayunnath krithyamallennu bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya sherman wilcox nigamanam cheiyunnu. russell ezz. haiskool allengil koleju thalatthil asl oru videsha bhashayaayi amgeekarikkunnathinulla sarkkaarinteyum academic cheruthunilppinekkurum rosen ezhuthunnu, ithu bhaashayekkurichulla daaranayude abhavam moolamaanennu rosen vishwasikkunnu. rosanteyum wilcoxinteyum nigamanangal oru bhasha enna nilayil athinte nilayekkurichu upayokthaakkal neridunna vivechanathilekku viral choondunnu, kaalakramena kurayunnundengilum athu ippozhum nilanilkkunnu.
medical samoohathil badhirathaykkum aslinum ethire valareyadhikam pakshapaathamund. aamgyabhaashakalekkaal samsaarikkunna bhashakal mikachathaanenna vishwaasathil ninnaan ithu udaledukkunnathu. badhiraraya kuttikalil 90 sathamaanavum badhira samoohathinte nilanilppinekkurichu ariyaatha, kelkkunna maathaapithaakkalkk janikkunnathinaal avar palappozhum maarganirdeshathinaayi medical samoohathilekku thiriyunnu. aamgyabhaashakalodu pakshapaathamulla medical, audiological professionalukal, kuttikalkk samsaarikkunna bhasha upayogikkunnathinu avarude badhiraraya kuttikk oru cochlear implaant nadatthaan maathaapithaakkale prothsaahippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, cochlear implaantukalillaatha badhira kuttikal cochlear implaantukalulla badhiraraya kuttikal samsaarikkunna engleesh nedunnathinekkaal valare eluppathil eiii. ezz. ell nedunnuvennu gaveshanangal kaanikkunnu. koodaathe, avarude badhiraraya kuttikale engleesh bhashayil vittuveezhcha cheyyaathirikkaan medical professionalukal avarude badhiraraya kuttikale asl padippikkunnathil ninnu maathaapithaakkale niruthsaahappeduthunnu, ennirunnaalum gaveshanangal kaanikkunnath asl padikkunnathu oru kuttiyude engleesh padikkaanulla kazhivine thadassappeduthillennu. vaasthavathil, sll neratthe nediyedukkunnathu pinneedu engleesh padikkaan kuttikk upayogapradamaanennu theliyikkunnu. cochlear implaanteshanekkurichu theerumaanamedukkumbol, maathaapithaakkalkk aslinteyo badhira samoohathinteyo nettangalekkurichu sariyaaya vidyaabhyaasam labhikkunnilla. badhira samoohathile pala amgangalum ithine saamskaarikavum bhashaaparavumaaya vamshahathyayayi kaanunnu.
aafrikkayil.
HTTPS:// fr.wikipedia.org/vikee/proble% c3% a8me _ anglophone _ au _ camerown
paadangal.
bhaashaavaadam ezhuthu, samsaram, allengil oppitta bhashakal ennivaykku baadhakamaan. oru pusthakatthinteyo lekhanathinteyo gunanilavaaram athu ezhuthiyirikkunna bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyaanu vilayiruthunnathu. udaaharanathinu, shaasthra samoohathil, engleesh, deseeya scandinavian bhasha ennee rund bhasha pathippukalil oru vaachakam vilayiruthiyavar, engleesh bhasha pathipp uyarnna shaasthreeya ulladakkamullathayi vilayiruthi.
ezhuthu bhasha upayogichaanu internettu valareyadhikam pravartthikkunnathu. oru web peju, yoosnet group, phooram poost allengil chaatt session ennivayude vaayanakkar bhasha saadhaarana bhaashaykk anusrithamaayi ezhuthiyittundengil rachayithaavine gauravamaayi edukkaan kooduthal chaayvullavaraayirikkaam.
munvidhikal.
bhashaaparamaaya munvidhikalude muun udaaharanangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, bhashaaparamaaya vivechanathil bhaashayude upayogathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyakthikalodulla yadhaartha perumaattam ulppedunnu. jolisthalathum vipananathilum vidyaabhyaasa samvidaanangalilum udaaharanagal vyakthamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, chila jolisthalangal engleeshine audyogika bhashayaayi amgeekarikkanamennu aavashyappedunna oru american rashtreeya prasthaanatthinte bhagamaaya engleesh maathram nayam nadappilaakkunnu. american aikyanaadukalil, 1964 leeii pouraavakaasha niyamathile federal niyamam, sheershakangal vi, vii enniva thaddesheeyarallaathavarkku avarude deseeya uthbhavam allengil bhaashaabhedathinte upayogam ennivayude adisthaanathil jolisthalathe vivechanathil ninnu samrakshikkunnu. california fair employment aandu housing act polulla thaddesheeyarallaathavarude samrakshanathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna samsthaana niyamangalund. ennirunnaalum, yuu. esile nirddishta thozhil krameekaranangalil vyakthavum manassilakkaavunnathumaaya engleesh palappozhum aavasyamaanennu vyavasaayangal palappozhum munkaala nireekshanatthil vaadikkunnu.ezz.

