
vaakvam enchiniyaring

vyaavasaayikavum shaasthreeyavumaaya prayogangalil vaakvam praayogikamaayi upayogikkunnathu kaikaaryam cheiyunna enchiniyaring mekhalayaanu vaakvam enchiniyaring. shoonyatha saadhaarana vaayu marddathil nadathunna prakriyakalude uthppaadanakshamathayum prakadanavum mechappeduthukayo vaayuvinte saannidhyathil cheyyaan kazhiyaatha prakriyakal saadhyamaakkukayo cheythekkaam. unakkal allengil filtering, kemikkal prosessing, vasthukkalil loha coatingukal prayogikkal, electron upakaranangaludeyum incandesent laambukaludeyum nirmmaanam, shaasthreeya gaveshanam thudangiya metteeriyalukal prosess cheiyunnathil vaakvam enchiniyaring saankethikavidyakal vyaapakamaayi prayogikkunnu. 
nediyedukkenda vaakvam marddathe aashrayich vaakvam teknikkukal vyathyaasappedunnu. oru "parukkan" vaakvam, 100 ladhikam pascal marddam, parambaraagatha vishakalana reethikal, metteeriyalukal, pambukal, alakkal upakaranangal enniva upayogikkaam, athesamayam ultrahai vaakvam sisttangal oru paaskalinte dashalakshathil oru bhaagathil thaazheyulla marddam nedaan prathyeka upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. atharam thaazhnna marddangalil, lohangal polum gurutharamaaya malineekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnathra vaathakam purappeduvikkum. 
roopakalppanayum samvidaanavum.
vaakvam sisttangalil saadhaaranayaayi gejukal, neeravi jettu, pambukal, neeravi kenikal, vaalvukal enniva mattu ekstenshanal pipinginoppam adangiyirikkunnu. vaakvam systethinu keezhil pravartthikkunna oru kappal prosessing tank, steem simulettar, particle aaksilarettar allengil anthareeksha vathaka marddathil ninnu kuranja reethiyil sisttam nilanirthunnathinu oru adacha arayulla mattethenkilum tharatthilulla sthalamaayirikkaam. oru adacha arayil oru vaakvam srishtikkappedunnathinaal, baahya anthareeksha marddathe neridaan kazhiyumenna parigananayaan itharathilulla roopakalppanayude saadhaarana munkaruthal. buckling allengil thakarchayude phalathodoppam, vaakvam chembarinte puram shell shradhaapoorvvam vilayiruthukayum shellinte kanam vardhikkunnathiloode kedupaadukalude eathu adayaalavum sariyaakkukayum cheyyum. vaakvam designinu upayogikkunna pradhana vasthukkal saadhaaranayaayi mild steel, stainless steel, aluminium ennivayaanu. gej glass, view porttukal, chilappol electrical insulation ennivaykkaayi glass polulla mattu vibhagangal upayogikkunnu. vaakvam chembarinte ulvasham ellaayppozhum minusamaarnnathum thurumbum vaikalyangalum illaathathumaayirikkanam.
vaakvam prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna adhika ennayum malineekaranavasthukkal neekkam cheyyaan uyarnna mardhamullah layakangal saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. oru vaakvam chamber oru adacha sthalathullathinaal, vrithiyaakkumbol enthengilum apakadangalo apakadangalo undakaathirikkaan valare nirddishta dittarjantukal maathrame upayogikkaan kazhiyoo. eathoru vaakvam chembarinum ellaayppozhum oru nischitha ennam praveshanavum kazhcha porttukalum undaayirikkanam. iva saadhaaranayaayi pambukal, piping allengil sisttam pravarthanatthinu aavashyamaaya mattethenkilum bhagangal ennivayude attaachmentilekkal flanch kanakshante roopathilaanu. vaakvam chembarinte sealing sheshiyude roopakalppana valare pradhaanamaan. thikanja vaakvam nilanirthaan chamber thanne vaayusanchaaramullathaayirikkani. saadhaaranayaayi maas spectrometer leak dittaktar upayogichu chorcha parishodhikkunna prakriyayiloode ithu urappaakkunnu. systethilekku vaayu chorcha undakaathirikkaan ellah thurassukalum kanakshanukalum oo-ringukalum gaskettukalum upayogichu kootticherkkunnu.
saankethikavidya.
vaakvam enchiniyaring upayogikkunna vaakvam nilavaaratthe aashrayich vyathyaasappedunna saankethikavidyakalum upakaranangalum upayogikkunnu. anthareeksha marddathil ninnu cheruthaayi kuranja marddam vaayusanjaara samvidaanangalilo metteeriyal handling samvidaanangalilo vaayupravaham niyantrikkaan upayogikkaam. amithamaya choodaakkaathe bhakshyavasthukkalude samskaranathil vaakvam baashpeekaranathinu kuranja mardhamullah vaakvam upayogikkaam. uyarnna grade vaakvam degassing, vaakvam metalarji, laitt balbukaludeyum cathode reey tubeukaludeyum ulppaadanam ennivaykkaayi upayogikkunnu. chila ardhachaalaka samskaranathinu "ultrahai" vaakvam ennu vilikkappedunnava aavasyamaanu; ettavum kuranja mardhamullah "ettavum kadinamaaya" vaakvam bhauthikashaasthrathile pareekshanangalkkayi nirmmikkunnu, avide kurachu vaayu attangal polum purogamikkunna pareekshanatthe thadassappeduthum.
marddam kurayunnathinanusarichu upayogikkunna upakaranangal vyathyaasappedunnu. bloverukal vividha tharatthilulla resiprocating, rottari pambukalkku vazhiyorukkunnu. chila pradhana prayogangalkku, oru steem ejectorinu oru valia prakriya paathratthe oru parukkan shoonyathayilekku vegathil ozhippikkaan kazhiyum, ithu chila prakriyakalkku allengil praadhamika muthal kooduthal poornnamaaya pumping prakriyakalkku mathiyakum. balbukalude ayuss vardhippichukondu munbu labhyamaayathinekkaal uyarnna vaakvam srishtikkaan anuvadichathinaal incandesent laitt bulbinte vikasanathile nirnaayaka chuvaduvayppaayirunnu sprengell pambinte kandupidutham. uyarnna vaakvam levalukalil (kuranja marddam), defusion pambukal, agiranam, cryogenic pambukal enniva upayogikkunnu. pambukal vaakvam paathratthil apoorvamaaya vaathakangal shekharichu valare uyarnna marddathilekkum cheria voliyathilekkum exhostilekkum thallunnathinaal avaa "compressorukal" poleyaanu. rando athiladhikamo vyathyastha tharam vaakvam pambukalude oru shringhala oru vaakvam sisttathil upayogikkaam, oru "ruffing" pump sisttathil ninnu vaayuvinte bhooribhaagavum neekkam cheiyunnu, koodaathe adhika gattangal thaazhnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya marddangalil thaarathamyena cheria alavil vaayu kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. chila prayogangalil, pumping cheytha sesham oru enclosureil avasheshikkunna vaayuvumayi samyojippikkaan oru raasa moolakam upayogikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, electronic vaakvam tyoobukalil, praadhamika pump dauninum tubeukal adachathinusheshamulla vaayu neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi oru loha "gettar" induction vazhi choodaakki. gettar" tubinullil sheshikkunna aayussil parinamicha eathenkilum vaathakam saavadhaanam neekkam cheyyukayum mathiyaya nalla vaakvam nilanirthukayum cheyyum.
aaplikkeshanukal.
adanja voliyathil ninnu chila ventilekk mardha vyathyasam srishtikkunnathiloode adanja voliyathil ninnu vaayu ozhippikkaan upayogikkunna oru reethiyaanu vaakvam saankethikavidya, aathyanthika ventu thuranna anthareekshamaanu. oru vyaavasaayika vaakvam samvidaanam upayogikkumbol, oru vaakvam pump allengil janarettar eee mardha vyathyasam srishtikkunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil kandethiya vaakvam enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakki vividha saankethika kandupiduthangal srishtichu. vaakvam janareshan pambukal muthal ex-reey tubeukal vareyulla iva pinneedu ex-reey vikiranathinte uravidangalaayi upayogikkunnathinaayi medical feeldil avatharippichu. sammarddathinte adisthaanakaaryangalilekka thirinjunokkikkond puthiya kandethalukal nadakkunnathinaal shaasthreeya gaveshanathil vaakvam paristhithi oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. thikanja shoonyatha" enna ashayam saakshaathkarikkaan kazhiyillengilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathile saankethika kandethalukal ekadesham kanakkakkunnu. vaakvam enchiniyaring innu aluminium muthal syrconium vare vividha metteeriyalukalum athinidayilulla ellah kaaryangalum upayogikkunnu. vaakvam saankethikavidya vaalvukal, flanchukal, mattu vaakvam gadakangal enniva maathram kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvennu janakeeyamaaya vishwaasam undayirikkaam, ennaal eee parambaraagatha vaakvam saankethikavidyakalude sahaayathode, prathyekichu haitek mekhalayil, puthiya shaasthreeya kandethalukal palappozhum nadakkunnu. samyuktha ardhachaalakangal, power upakaranangal, memory lojik, photovoltaic ennivaykkaayi vaakvam enchiniyaring upayogikkunnu.
vaakvam pump aanu mattoru saankethika kandupidutham. seal cheytha voliyathil ninnu vathaka thanmathrakal neekkam cheyyaan atharam kandupidutham upayogikkunnu, angane bhagika shoonyatha avasheshikkunnu. oru aaplikkeshanil onniladhikam vaakvam pump upayogichu ozhukkulla ozhukk srishtikkunnu. prakriyayude vazhiyil eathenkilum vaayu thanmathrakal neekkam cheiyunnathinu vaakvam upayogichu vyakthamaaya paatha anuvadikkaan fluint phloo upayogikkunnu. eee prakriyayil oru thikanja vaakvam srishtikkaan vaakvam upayogikkum. positteev displacement tharam pambukalude upayogam moolam bhagika vaakvam polulla oru tharam vaakvam undakam. oru positteev displacement pambinu praveshana kavaadatthil ninnu eksitt portilekku vathaka looad kaimaran kazhiyum, ennaal athinte design parimiti kaaranam, thaarathamyena kuranja vaakvam maathrame nedaan kazhiyoo. uyarnna shoonyathayil ethaan mattu saankethikavidyakal upayogikkanam. positteev displacement tharam pump upayogichu phaast pump daun pinthudarunnathu polulla pambukalude oru parambara upayogikkunnathu orotta pump upayogikkunnathinekkaal mikacha vaakvam srishtikkum. upayogikkunna pambukalude samyojanam saadhaaranayaayi sisttathile vaakvam aavasyakathaye adisthaanamaakkiyaanu nirnnayikkunnath. raasa, aushadha, enna, vaathakam, mattu vyavasaayangal ennivayile chila prayogangalkku sankeernamaaya prakriya vaakvam samvidaanangal aavasyamaanu.
vaakvam samvidaanangalil upayogikkunnathinulla vasthukkal shradhaapoorvvam vilayiruthanam. pala vasthukkalkkum oru paridhivare poroosity undu, saadhaarana marddangalil praadhaanyamillaathappol, thettayi upayogikkukayaanenkil minittukalude alavil vaayuvine vaakvam systethilekku nirantharam praveshippikkum. rubber, plaastik thudangiya chila vasthukkal vaathakangale shoonyathayilekku vidukayum athu systethe malinamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. uyarnnathum uyarnnathumaaya vaakvam nilakalil, lohangal polum shradhaapoorvvam thiranjedukkanam-vaayu thanmathrakalkkum eerppathinum lohangalude uparithalathil pattinilkkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe lohathinullil kudungiyirikkunna vaathakam vaakvam keezhil uparithalathilekku ozhukippokaam. chila vaakvam samvidaanangalil, kuranja asthirathayulla greasinte lalithamaaya coating sandhikalile vidavukal adaykkaan mathiyaakumenkilum ultrahai vaakvam samayat, kudungiya vaathakam kuraykkunnathinu fittingukal shradhaapoorvvam mesheen cheyyukayum minukkukayum venam. uyarnna vaakvam samvidaanathinte gadakangal chuttuthilakkunnath saadhaarana reethiyaanu; uyarnna thapanilayil, uparithalathil cherunna eathenkilum vaathakangalo eerppamo puranthallappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee aavasyakatha eathu vasthukkal upayogikkaamennathine badhikkunnu.
kilometerukal vare neelamulla ettavum valia ultrahai vaakvam samvidaanamaanu kanika aaksilarettarukal.
charithram.
shoonyatha enna vaakk "shoonyatha" enna padatthilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunna "vaakvaya" enna laattin padatthil ninnaan uthbhavichath. oru kandeynaril ninnu vaayuvo mattu vaathakangalo neekkam cheiyunna bhaagikamaayi shoonyamaaya oru sthalathe vivarikkan bhauthikashaasthranjar vaakvam upayogikkunnu. shoonyamaaya sthalavumaayi bandhapetta shoonyatha enna ashayam anchaam noottaandil thanne greak thathwachinthakaraaya aristottil (384-322 b.sii.) shoonyatha oru shoonyamaaya sthalamaanenna bandham konduvannayaalkk orikkalum srishtikkaan kazhiyilla. vaakvam saankethikavidyayum bhauthikashaasthravum kandethunnathuvare pathinezhaam noottaand vare eee ashayam noottaandukalaayi nilaninnirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil, ivaanchalista torriselli oru glass tubile merkuri nira srishtikkunna shoonyathayude gunangal padichu; ithu anthareeksha vaayusanchaarathile vyathiyanangal nireekshikkunathinulla upakaranamaya baarometeraayi maari. 1654ll kuthirakalude samghangalkku 20 inch vyaasamulla rund ardhagolangal verthirikkaan kazhiyaathappol, avaa orumichu sthaapikkukayum ozhippikkukayum cheythappol, oottoo voonn gueric anthareeksha marddatthinte prabhavam athishayakaramayi pradharshippichu. 1698ll thomas saveri oru neeravi pambinu pettant nedi, athu khanikalil ninnu vellam pump cheiyunnathinaayi kuranja grade vaakvam uthppaadippikkunnathin neeravi ghaneebhavippikkunnathine aashrayichu. 1712-leeii puthiyathayi vikasippicha anthareeksha enchinil upakaranam mechappeduthi; kaaryakshamamallaathappol, kalkari khanikal chooshanam cheyyaan ithu anuvadichu, allaathapaksham bhoogarbhajalam vellappokkamundaakkum. aii. dii. 1. nte varshangalil, silindarile pisttan upayogichu vaakvam vikasippikkunnathinayi alanna sakthikal vikasippikkunnathinulla pareekshanangal nadatthiya aadyathe bhauthikashaasthranjaril oraalaayirunnu prashastha shaasthranjanaaya gelilio. shaasthranjare sambandhichidatholam ithu oru valia kandethalaayirunnu, mattullavarkkidayil ithu pankuvaykkappettu. franch shaasthranjanum thathwachinthakanumaaya blaise pascal vaakvam sambandhicha kooduthal gaveshanangalkkayi kandethiya ashayam upayogichu. merkuri upayogichu vaakvam valikkaan pascal samanamaaya reethikal upayogichathinaal pascal kandethalukal torriselliyude gaveshanathinu samanamaayirunnu. 1661ll magdeburg nagaratthile mayer eee kandethal puthiya ashayangal kandupidikkunnathino punarnirmmikkunnathino upayogikkunnathuvare athu undaayirunnu. mayer oottoo voonn gwarikke aadyathe eyar pump srishtikkukayum vaattar pambukalude ashayam parishkarikkukayum maanometerukal parishkarikkukayum cheythu. mechanical vyavasaayathile ellah nerttha philim aavasyangalkkum vaakvam enchiniyaring innu pariharam nalkunnu. eee enchiniyaring reethi saadhaaranayaayi gaveshana-vikasana aavasyangalkko valia thothilulla metteeriyal ulppaadanathino upayogikkunnu.
trainukal pareekshanaathmakamaayi munnott kondupokaan vaakvam upayogichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil uyarnna vaakvam samvidaanathilekku praveshanam nalkia gizzler shakthiyum vare pump saankethikavidya oru peedabhoomiyil ethi. ithu vaakvam, cathode kiranangalude kandethal, ex-reyude kandethal, electroninte kandethal ennivayile vaidyutha visarjanathekkurichulla padanatthilekku nayichu. uyarnna vaakvam enna sthalathu foto electric prabhavam nireekshikkappettu, ithu kwaandam mekkaaniksinteyum aadhunika bhouthikashaasthrathinteyum roopeekaranathilekku nayikkunna oru pradhana kandethalaayirunnu.

