
aamphisiyon

mayoseen kaalaghattatthil ninnulla amphysionidae kudumbatthil (samsaarabhashayil "karadi-naaykkal" ennariyappedunnu), upakudumbamaaya amphysionineyil ulppedunna valia maamsabhojikalude vamshanasham sambhavicha oru janussaanu aamphisiyon. karadi poleyum naaya poleyum savisheshathakal ullathinaal eee kudumbatthile amgangalkku avarude praadeshika namam labhichu. avaa vadakke america, europe, eshya, aphrica ennividangalil vyaapichukidakkunnu.
vargeekaranam.
1836 meyy 16-leeii oru kurippil, franch geologist alexander leymoury franch paleantologist edward lartettil ninnu abhyarthicha oru kathekkurichu ezhuthi, athu franch department oof jezhsile paleantological saittukalile, prathyekichu kammyoon sansanile thante chooshanangalude vishadaamshangal nalki. maastodonde" (athinu niyogikkappetta enangal pinneedu mattoru sastani "saigolophodon", gomphotherium "gomphotherium" enningane punarvargeekarikkappettu), "dynotherium" (athinte inam oduvil "dynotherium" allengil "prodenotherium" ennu punarvargeekarikkappettu), "kaandaamrigam" (azeratheen kaandaamrigatthe "hoploseratherium" ennu punarvarggeekarichu), "paleotherium" (ippol oru ankitherine "aankithariyam" ennu ariyappedunna equid speeshees) ennivayulppede saittukalil kandethiya phoosil taxonukalude kandethalukal laarttat vivarichu. ettavum valiyava fraansil nilanilkkunna maanukalude valipavum ettavum cheriyava cheria maante valippavumaanennu paranja phoosil "maan" enangal kandethiyathum addeham anusmarichu. thaan oru myoosiyathilekk ayacha rund ardhajolikaludeyum asthikaludeyum adisthaanathil thaan thaalkkaalikamaayi "aamphisiyon" ennu peritta "sakthamaaya" valia mamsabhojiyumaayi "samadhaanaparamaaya roominantukal" sahavarthithvathilunde paleantologist abhiprayappettu. raakkoonukalkk samanamaaya anlobu cheytha murivukalum compress cheytha naaykkalum ullathayi addeham athine visheshippichu, mathramalla mamsabhojiyaaya moller athinte aadya rund kizhanguvargangalum naaykkalkku anuyojyamaanu. eee janussinte ettavum savisheshamaaya swabhaavam thaadiyellu mukalilulla moonnaamathe kizhanguvarggathinte nilanilppaanennu laarttat pinneedu prasthaavichu, athu mattethenkilum maamsabhojikalil ariyillaayirunnu. purathana greak padangalaaya ἀμφί ("iruvashathum"), κύων ("naaya") ennivayil ninnaan janussinte peru uruthirinjathennu thonnumenkilum laarttat janussinte padavyuthpatthi nirvachichittilla.
aamphisiyon" enna janussinte peru sthiramallaathathaayi praadhamika padavi undaayirunnittum, franch shareeraghadanashaasthranjaya henry maari ducrottaay dii blainville, thante phoosil kandethalukal pathivayi charcha cheytha oru samapraayakkaaran, 1841 ll sasthanikalude asthikoodangalum fossilukalum varachu, avide addeham "aamphisiyon mejar", "aamphisiyon" ennee rund enangale thiricharinju? cheria "."1851-ll laarttat saansaanil ninnulla phoosil carnivoran januss avalokanam cheythu. avayil "aamphisiyon" ulppedunnu, athil 1835-ll sansaanil kandethiya karadikalude valippamulla oru mamsabhojiyaaya sasthaniyaayi ithu veendum sthireekarichu. athinte single-loob murivukalum serated ridjukalude naaykkalum raakkoonin samaanamaanennum molarukal oru naayaykk samaanamaanennum addeham oormmippichu. phoosil saambilukalkkoppam mukalile thaadiyellile moonnaamathe kizhanguvarggavum (athil ithu nilavilulla vavvaalukalude cheviyulla kurukkanil (annu canis megalotis ennariyappettirunnu) maathrame nilanilkkunnulloo ennu addeham paranju) "aamphisiyon mejar" inathil pedunnathaanennu addeham sthireekarichu. roopathil kurachu vyathyasangalulla nilavilulla karadikalkku samanamaaya plantigrade locomotionte shareeraghadanayum ithinu undennu paleantologist visheshippichu. neelamullathum valare shakthavumaya wall ithinu undaayirikkumennu blainville oohichathaayi paraamarsikkappettundu. aamphisiyon minor" enna inathe oru prathyeka janussaaya "hemision" aayi punarvarggeekarichu, ithu "amphysioninekkaal" roopathil oru naayayod aduthirunnathum mastalidukalkku samanamaaya pallukalullathumaaya oru europian chennaayekkaal valia maamsabhojiyaanennu addeham visheshippichu. oru puthiya janussaaya "seudosaionine" addeham digittigrade ennu thettayi thirichariyukayum "amphysioninekkaal" cheruthaanennum pallukalkkum ellukalkkum anusarichu kanidukalumaayi ettavum aduthuvarunnuvennum visheshippikkukayum cheythu. moonnu janussukalilum, laarttat paranju, avaykku nannayi pallukal ulla arikukal nilanirthunna naaykkalundaayirunnu, ithu aadhunika fraansile mayoseen kaalaghattatthile ettavum mikacha vettakkaaril chilaraanennu soochippikkunnu.
vivaranam.
"aamphisiyon" oru valia muthal valare valia vettakkaaranaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum vividha enangal valippathil ganyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, "eiii" polulla mithamaaya valippathilulla enangal muthal. valia" eiii. ekkaalatheyum valia mamsabhojikalilonnaaya injens ". purushan 'eiii' yude kanakkakkiya bharam. mejar 212 kilogram aanu, athesamayam penthumbikal cheruthum 122 kilogram maathram bharamullathum, ithu kaaryamaaya laingika dviroopathaye soochippikkunnu. 125 kilogram bhaaramundennu kanakkaakkappedunna oru yuvathiyude tholinte uyaram 65 centimeteraayi punarnirmmichu. eee janussile ettavum valia pazhaya loka inam enna nilayil, "eiii. gigantius "valare valuthaayirunnu, penthumbikalkku 157 kilogram bharavum aanthumbikalkku 317 kilogram bharavumundaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum avaa ganyamaayi valuthaayirunnirikkam. mattu niravadhi europian speesheesukalude pindam craniodental alavukal kanakkakkappettittund, ithu saadhaaranayaayi poost craniel avashishtangalil ninnu uruthirinja kanakkukoottalukalude paridhiyil varunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu avayude bharam alppam amithamaayi kanakkakkaam. "eiii. 112 kilogram bharamullah ettavum cheria inamaanu aastreyi. lagnacensis "," eiii."lactorensis" yathaakramam 130 kilogram, 132 kilogram enningane kurachukoodi valuthaayirunnu. "eiii. olysiponensis 147 kilogram, eiii enninganeyaanu kanakkaakkappedunnath. carnutance "182 kilogram, athesamayam" a. eppelshimensis "," eiii. 225umm 246umm kilogram bharamullah gutmani janussile ettavum valia amgangalil onnaanu. eee janussile vadakke american enangal avayude parinaamatthinte kaalayalavil ganyamaaya valippa vardhanavu kaanikkunnu, aadyathethu, "eiii. galushaay, "187 kilogram aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, athesamayam" a. 432 kilogram bharamullah friendence valare valuthaayirunnu. avasaanamaayi, vadakke american speeshees, "eiii. 550 kilogram shareera pindamulla "injens" ellah amphysionidukalilum ettavum valuthaayirunnu.
athinte asthikoodam kaandukal, ursidukal, felidukal ennivaykku samanamaaya vividha savisheshathakal pradarshippikkunnu. "amphysioni" nuu neelamulla mookkum uyarnna saagittal agrangalumulla sakthamaaya thalayottiyundaayirunnu. naaykkal karuthuttavayaanu, pinbhaagathe molarukal valuthaanu, athesamayam munbhaagathe premolarukal kuranju. karadiyude kazhuthinu samaanamaayi veethiyullathaanu ithinte kazhuthu. athinte poost craniel asthikoodam karuthuttathum karuthuttathumaanu, valiathum shakthavumaya kaikaalukalum chalikkunna thool sandhikalum vazhakkamulla kaithandayum undu. thaazhathe asthikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol mukalile avayavangalude asthikal thaarathamyena neelamullavayaan, koodaathe avaykku sarsoriyaalittiyumaayi oru poruthavumilla. athinte bhavam felidukal polulla digit grade taxakalekkaal ursidukal polulla plantigrade taxayumayi saamyamullathaayirunnu, avayude nakhangal pinvalikkanaavilla. "amphysioni" nuu vazhakkamulla purakum bharameriya vaalum undaayirunnu, ithinu 28 cadell kasherukkal undennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu nattellinte backie bhagangal pole neelamullathaayirikkam.
paleobiology.
bhakshanakramavum kollayadikkunna perumattavum.
aamphisiyon" enna bhakshanakramam punarnirmikkaan prayaasamaanennu theliyikkappettittund, kaaranam athinte pallukalkk thakarkkunnathum murikkunnathum pravarthanangalundu. dantha dharikkunna reethikaludeyum roopaghadanayudeyum adisthaanathil, eee janussile europian enangal asthi thakarkkunna mesokarnivorukalaanennu nirddeshikkappettittund. oru patanam "eiii" ennu vaadichu. longiramas "hypercarnivorus aayirunnu, kaaranam athinte thaazhathe molaarukalude aapekshika araykkunna pradesham mamsabhojikalaaya kaanidukalkk samaanamaan, athesamayam matoraal eee janussile vadakke american enangal sarbhabhabhacharalaanennu abhiprayappettu. eiii" yude oru dental microvire vishakalanam. chuvanna kurukkanmaarkk samaanamaayi mamsavum sasyangalum kadinamaaya vasthukkalum kazhikkunna eee inathinte bhakshanakramam mejar veendedukkunnu, athil asthi ulppettirikkaam. mattoru dental microvire vishakalanavum "eiii" ennathinulla sarvvabhakshana bhakshanathe pinthunaykkunnu. valia kuzhikalum niravadhi cheria kuzhikalum ulla gigantius, haiyana polulla asthi thakarkkunna taxayil ninnu ithu vyakthamaayi vyathyasappettirikkunnavu rekhappeduthunnu. athinte munpile munmuttukalum pinpulla molaarukalum kurayunnathinaal, "a. mattu europian enangale apekshichu olysiponensis kooduthal hypercarniverus aayirikkam.
athivega thwaranathinulla poruthappedutthalukal illaathathinaal, "aamphisiyon" vettayaadiyathaayi thonnunnu, simhangalilum kaduvakalilum ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamayi, avaa iraye valare aduthu sameepikkunnu, vegathilulla vegathaykku sesham athine marikadakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chennaaykkaleppolulla aadhunika vettayaadal vettakkar polum avarude iraye thuzhayukayum pathiyirunnu akramikkukayum cheyyumbol, "aamphisiyon" athu cheythirikkaam. aadhunika chennaaykkalekkaal valare mandagathiyilulla vegathayil kooduthal dooram iraye pinthudarnnathaayi nirddeshikkappettittund. iraye pidikoodiya sesham, sakthamaaya munkaalukal upayogichu athine nischalamaakkaan athinu kazhinjekkum. athinte postscapulaar phosa nannayi vikasicha subscapularis minor peshiye soochippikkunnu, ithu tholinte sandhikal sariyaakkukayum oru ira mrugathinte poraattangalaal swathanthramaakaan sramikkunnathinaal humourasinte thala sthaanabhramsham sambhavikkunnathil ninnu thadayukayum cheiyunnu. sakthamaaya pronettar terrous peshiyude saannidhyam pradarshippikkukayum athuvazhi kaithandayude uchaaranavum akkangaludeyum kaithandayudeyum sakthamaaya flexerukalum pradarshippikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal athinte humourasinte shareeraghadanayum ithine pinthunaykkunnu, ithu nilavilulla karadikaludeyum valia poochakaludeyum iraye pidikkaan sheshiyude avibhaajya gadakamaanu. vaasthavathil, athinte humeral kondilinte troclea oru kaduvayekkaal aazhamillaathathaan, ithu soochippikkunnathu athinte munkaalukalude uchaaranam/muttukutthal valia felidukalekkaal kooduthalaayirikkaam, ennirunnaalum poochakalkku avarude nakhangal pinvalikkanulla kazhivu illaayirikkaam. poochakale krithyamaayi kollunnathinu aavashyamaaya censory vivarangal nalkunna poochakalkku nannayi vikasippicha vibrisayude abhaavamundennu athinte cheria infra oorbittal foramina soochippikkunnu. athinaal, thaylasinukal cheythathupole, vettayude ribkej keeri, allengil pradhana rakthakkuzhalukal vichedikkaan kazhuthil kadichukondu athu iraye konnathakam. aadhunika vettakkaareppole, aaa pradeshathe murivukal vegathil kollaathathinaal athu athinte vettayaadal vayarine lakshyamitilla. athinte vidoora avayavangalude neelam saamoohika simhathekkaal eakaantha kaduvayumaayi saamyamullathinaal, "aamphisiyon" eakaanthamaayirikkaam. thaarathamyena mandagathiyilulla paramavadhi vegathayum druthagathiyilulla thwaranathinte abhavavum kaaranam, "aamphisiyon" carsorial ungulettukale irayaakkaan saadhyathayilla. ennirunnaalum, mericoidodontidukal, kaandaamrigangal thudangiya mediaportal ungulettukale pinthudaraan athinte pinthudaral kazhivukal anuyojyamaanennu nirddeshikkappettittund. prosantororinus duville" enna kaandaamrigatthinte oru maathruka "eiii" yumayi bandhapetta bitmaarkkukalode kandethi. gigantius, "ithu sajeevamaaya vettayaadalukalude falamaano atho avashishtangalude thottam maathramaano ennu vyakthamalla. mattu bitmaarkkukal speeshees "eiii" ennu paraamarsikkunnu. valia anthraakkodher "brachiodus onoidiasil" ulppedunna oru metapodiyalil olysiponensis "kandethi. chekkeshyayile aadyakaala mayoseen muthal vividha sasthanikalude neelamulla asthikalil kadiyettathinte adayaalangalum amphysionanennu aaropikkappedunnu. paatten cheytha ellukalkku bhakshanam nalkunnathinu udanadi gunamonnumillaathathil, avaa sajeevamaaya vettayude thelivukalaayirikkam.
laingika dviroopatha.
europian, vadakke american rajyangalil ariyappedunna vividha enangalil sakthamaaya laingika dviroopatha kaanapedunnu, aanthumbikal penthumbikalekkaal valare valuthaanu. eee valippa vyathyasam pala amphysionidukalilum undengilum, ithu "sinalose lemanensis" ennathinekkaal "amphysionil" kooduthal shakthamayi vikasippichedukkunnu. koodaathe, aanthumbikalkku alpam neelamullathum kooduthal karuthuttathumaaya mookkukalum valia naaykkalum valia saagittal agrangalum undu. mattu sakthamaaya laingika dviroopa mamsabhojikalumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathu soochippikkunnathu "aamphisiyon" bahubhaaryaathvamullathaanum inacheral seasonil praadeshika purushanmaar sthreekalkkaayi parasparam malsarikkunnuvennum soochippikkunnu. ithu janussil kaanapedunna valippam vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaayirikkam.
saadhyamaaya kaalppaadukal.
californian baarsto roopeekaranathil ichnodaakson "hyrpexips alphi" kku nalkiyittulla kaalppaadukal kandethukayum "eiii" yude paadangalumaayi poruthappedukayum cheythu. injans ". eee mrugam semidigittigrade muthal semi plantigrade vareyaanennum neelamullathum moorchayullathumaaya nakhangal undennum avaa kaanikkunnu. hyripex ennaal "rake" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ithu kaalinte neelamullathum vazhakkamullathumaya akkangale paraamarsikkunnu, ithu ezhuthukaare ila rekkukalude prongukale oormmippikkunnu.
amphysionumaayi" bandhapetta mattoru ichnodaakson hangarian aadyakaala mayoseen pradeshamaaya ipolitaarnokkil ninnulla "platicopus maxima" aanu. kaalppaadukal "eiii" ykku kaaranamaayi. valuppathinteyum hrasvamaaya falaamgukaludeyum adisthaanathil pradhana ".
phoosil vitharanam.
france, jarmmani, spain, hungery ennivayulppede vividha rajyangalil kandethiya "aamphisiyoninte" phoosil avashishtangal padinjaaran, madhya europilaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaayath, ennaal bosnia-hersegovina, turkey ennividangalilum iva kandethi. "eiii. ariyappedunnathil vachu ettavum pazhakkam chenna inamaanu aastreyi, ithu eee janussile pilkkala amgangalude poorvvikanaayirikkaam, fraansile aadyakaala mayoseen muthal ariyappedunnu. eiii" yill ulppedunna enangal. gigaantiyasinte vamshavali taamasiyaathe prathyakshappettu, 13.7 muthal 12.75 Ma vare varunna emm. enn. 6 vare europil saadhaaranamaanu. ennirunnaalum, eee inam 11.6 ± 0.25 maa muthalulla karakalar pradeshathu kandethiya turkeyilum ariyappedunnu, ithu europil ithinakam aprathyakshamaayathin sesham anatoliyayil athijeevichathaayi soochippikkunnu. europile maddhya mayoseen kaalaghattatthiludaneelam, ithu valare cheria "eiii" yumayi anubhaavapoornamaayirunnu. pradhanamaayi, "rund enangalum paaristhithikamaayo paaristhithikamaayo verthirikkappettirikkam. maddhya mayoseen kaalaghattatthil bhookhandathiludaneelam saadhaaranamaayirunnenkilum, valeshyan vittuvaravinethudarnnu amphysionid vaividhyam kuranju, ariyappedunna avasana europian inam januss madhya europil 8.7 muthal 7.75 maa vare nilanilkkunnu.
thekk, kizhakkan eshyayil ninnu "aamphisiyoninte" vividha avashishtangalum enangalum report cheyyappettittunde, avayude referral palappozhum prasnakaramaanu, kaaranam avaa saadhaaranayaayi shakalangalil ninnu ariyappedunnu, koodaathe bhookhandathil kaanapedunna ellah valia valippathilulla amphysionidukalum saadhaaranayaayi eee janussil sthaapichittundu. theerchayaayum eee janussil ulppedunna oreyoru inam "eiii" aanu. chainayude madhya mayoseenil ninnulla sansiangi. thaalkkaalikamaayi nischayichirikkunna eee janussile mattu enangal aadyakaala meosene kaalaghattatthiludaneelam chainayil ninnu ariyappedunnu, pakshe mayoseen avasaanathode aprathyakshamaakunnu. europian amphysionil ninnu kizhakkan eshyayilekku kuranjathu moonnu chitharal sambhavangalenkilum undaayittundennu abhipraayappedunnu, aadyathethu vadakke american enangalude poorvvikaraanu, randaamathethu aadyakaala mayoseen allengil aadyakaala madhya mayoseen kaalaghattatthil "a" lake nayichu. sanxiangi ", avasaanatheth" eiii "yudethaanu. alpam kazhinju sambhavicha ulangurensis vamshavali. maddhya mayoseen kaalaghattatthil chainees amphysionidukalum indian upabhookhandathile amphysionidukalum thammil pothuve adutha bandhamundaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, avasana mayoseen "eiii" ennu nirddeshikkappettittund. arctamphysion" enna prathyeka janussilppettathayi chilappol visheshippikkappedunna paakisthaanil ninnulla "lidekeri" "eiii" yude pingamiyaanu. vadakkan chainayil ninnu dakshineshyayilekku kudiyeriya vamshavalikkoppam "sansiangi". eee enangalumaayulla aduppam prakadippikkunna kooduthal avashishtangal yunnaanil ninnum ariyappedunnu, avayude chitharal tibattan peedabhoomiyude unnamanavumayum eshyan kaalavarshatthinte shakthippeduthalumaayum bandhappettirikkam. dakshineshyan shivaalikkukalil ninnu vivarichirikkunna vividha "aamphisiyon" enangalude attribution samaanamaayi samshayaaspadamaanu. mayoseen yugathiludaneelam "a" enna aksharathodukoodiyaanu iva kaanappedunnath. shehbazi "aadyakaala mayoseen muthal ariyappedunnu, athesamayam" eiii "yude avashishtangal. ettavum puthiya mayoseen kaalaghattam (~ 7-5 maa) muthalullathaanu lydecary, ithu ariyappedunna ettavum praayam kuranja aamphisionidukalilonnaanu. meosene madhyakaalakhattatthinte aadyakaalangalil shivaalikalil oru bheeman inam undayirunnathaayi manchar roopeekaranathil ninnulla valare valia humourous soochippikkunnu. thekkukizhakkan eshyan reportukalil viyatnaamile akvittaaniyan (~ 23-21 Ma) ll ninnulla oru valia murivum "arctamphysionumaayi" adutha bandhamullah miyaanmaarinte thaazhnna irawadi roopeekaranathil ninnulla oru inavum ulppedunnu. 1982ll soudi arabian anakkett roopeekaranathil ninnu apoorvamaaya danthaavashishtangalum report cheyyappettittund, ithu sii. eiii. <aii. dii. 1> maa muthalullathaanu. eee avashishtangal "eiii" yumayi roopashaasthraparamaaya vyathyaasangal kaanikkunnu. pradhana", "eiii" ulppede avayude samaanavum cheruthumaaya valippam kaaranam athine thaarathamyam cheytha niravadhi enangal. bohemicus, "eiii. styriakkas "," eiii. stainheimensis (arabian taxonil adangiyirikkunna apomorphic savisheshathakalum pankidunnu) pinneedu mattu janussukalilekku maatti.
amphysioninte" eaka nischitha aafrikkan avashishtangal nameebiyayile arisdrifttil ninnullathaanu, ithu 17.5 emm. eiii allengil 16 emm. eiii. kaalaghattam vare kaalaharanappettathum "eiii" inathil pedunnathumaayavayaanu. gigantius ". eejipthile alpam pazhakkamulla mogra pradeshathu ninnu eee inathil ninnulla kooduthal avashishtangal report cheyyappettittund, libiayile samanamaaya praayathilulla gebel selttanil ninnulla oru mandible aafrikkayile aadyakaala mayoseenil mattoru cheria inathinte saannidhyathe soochippikkunnuvennu soochippikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, mattu rachayithakkal eee fossilukal yathaakramam "aaphrosiyon", "mogharaasiyon" ennivaykku nalkunnu. valia, aafrikkan amphysionidukalude valare cheruppamaaya avashishtangale munbu "aamphisiyon" ennu vilichirunnu. ivayil ettavum sradheyamaayathu thaazhnna navatwa roopeekaranathil ninnulla mollar, fragmentari poost craniel avashishtangalaan, ithu ariyappedunna ettavum praayam kuranja amphysionidukalilonni prathinidheekarikkunna 7.4 ± 0.1-6.5 ± 0.1 maa vare kaalaharanappettathaan. mattullavar eee taxonine thaalkkaalikamaayi "mayesiyon" janussilekku paraamarsikkunnu.
yureshyayil ninnu vadakke amerikkayilekkulla "aamphisiyoninte" kudiyettam aadyakaala mayoseen kaalaghattatthil rund bhookhandangalum thammilulla trans-berringian janthu vinimayathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. eee janussile ettavum pazhaya vadakke american amgamaanu "eiii". 18. 8 num 18.2 num idayil aadyamaayi prathyakshappetta galushaay. ithu orupakshe valia "eiii" ykku kaaranamaayi. aaa valia aarude poorvvikanaayirunnu" enna friendence. 14. 2 maarchil aprathyakshamaaya eee janussile avasana vadakke american amgam koodiyaayirunna "injens". eee vamshavali orupakshe vadakke amerikkayil thaddesheeyamaayirikkaam, ithu kooduthalum valia samathalangalil ninnaan ariyappedunnathu, ennirunnaalum "aaaa" yude avashishtangal. californiayilum nyoo meksikkoyilum injens kandethi. mattoru inam, "eiii. floridayile thomas phaam saittil ninnaan longiramas ariyappedunnathu, ithu sii. eiii. muthalullathaanu. 18 maa, orupakshe delawareile praadeshika janthujaalangalum athupole thanne samanamaaya praayathilulla texon garvin galli janthujaalangalum. eee inathinte grettu plains vamshavumaayi ulla bandham vyakthamalla.