
romangal ullavar

pradhaanamaayum padinjaaran sudanil vasikkunna oru vamseeya vibhagamaanu romangal (romangal "fórá", arabic bhasha "foor" für "). avar ettavum valia vamseeya vibhagamaaya darfur mekhalayilaanu kendreekarichirikkunnathu. neelo-saharan kudumbatthilppetta romabhashayaanu avar samsaarikkunnath.
avalokanam.
padinjaaran sudanile darfur mekhalayile ettavum valia vamseeya vibhagamaanu romangal. avaye chilappol forangal, fordunga, furavi, konchara allengil kunkara ennee perukalilum paraamarsikkunnu. avar sajeevamaaya oru kaarshika janathayaan, koodaathe kannukaalikale koottikkondupokukayum cheyyaam. ganyamaaya kannukaali koottam shekharicha chila roma kudumbangal avarude ayalvasikalaaya bakkhara (baggara) arabikaleppole kooduthal naadodi jeevitashaili vikasippichu. saamskaarikamaayi, kannukaalikale valarthunna romangal ippol bakkarayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. islaamika niyamatthinte maliki school pinthudarunna naamamaathramaaya sunni musleengalaanu romangal.
avar oru paashchaathya sudanis janathayaan, avar udaaseenamaaya kannukaalivalarthalum krishiyum, pradhaanamaayum thinninte krishiyum nadathunnu. avarude samooham graamatthile muthirnnavar bharikkunna oru parambaraagatha samoohamaanu. madhyakaalakhattathil canem-bornu saamrajyam eee pradesham keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnu eee matham sweekaricha avar romangal, oru nilo-saharan bhasha samsaarikkukayum musleengalumaanu. avaril chilar sameepa varshangalil arabi samsarikkaan vannittundu.
eee vamseeya vibhaagathinte peril ninnaan darfur enna peru vannath, "romangalude veedu" ennaanu ardham. deriaj, tegany seese thudangiya durferile ariyappedunna gavarnarmaaril bhooribhaagavum romathile amgangalaanu. romangal 1916 vare darfurine bharichirunna charitraparamaaya sulthaanettu oof darfur sthaapichu (darfurinte charithram kaanuka).
romangalil oru nethaavaaya abdul vahid alle noor sudan vimochana prasthaanavum sainyavum sthaapichu. romangalude mattoru nethaavu ahamed abdulshafiyanu (toba).
jabal sii, jabal maara vaadi salih, saligi ennivaykku chuttumulla parvathapradeshamaanu romangalude parambaraagatha hridayabhoomi; ennirunnaalum, innu, avaril bhooribhaagavum aaa pradeshatthinte padinjaarum thekkupadinjaarum thaazhnna raajyathaan thaamasikkunnath, 11-14 n num 23-26 e num idayil. chila romangal athirthikkappurathu chaadil vasikkunnu, avaril palarum abhayaarthikalaanu.
eee pradeshathe kannukaali valarthumakkalaaya naadodi baggarakalumaayulla jalavum mechilbhoomiyum sambandhicha samgharshathinu romangalude jeevitashaili kaaranamaayi, prathyekichu ettavum mikacha kaarshika bhoomi kaanapedunna darfarinte madhya jebel maara parvathanirakalil. ithu varshangalayi vamseeya samgharshangalude uravidamaanu, 2003 ll aarambhicha darfur samgharshathil ithu kalaashichu.
vamseeya pooraattatthil niravadhi roma gramavaasikal koottakkola cheyyappedukayum terjem gothrangal romangalil ninnu keezhadakkiya bhoomi vibhajikkukayum cheythathayi 2007 septambar 3 nuu ikyaraashtrasabhayile udyogasthareyum romathe athijeevichavareyum udharichu newyork times report cheythu.
bhasha.
romangal samsaarikkunnath nilo-saharan kudumbatthilppetta romabhashayaanu. avar arabi bhashayum samsaarikkunnu.
romabhaashaykk rekhaamoolamo pratheekaathmakamaayo lipikalilla. bhasha likhitha roopathil ulppeduthaan avar aduthide arabic allengil laattin aksharangal upayogikkunnu. mikka romangalum avarude maathrbhaashayaayi romangal nannayi samsaarikkunnu.
pothuvaaya abhivaadyangalil iva ulppedunnu
prasamgangal nadathumbozhum mattu pothuprasamgangal nadathumbozhum kanatha drummukal palappozhum upayogikkunnu.
kala.
kaikondu nirmmicha kala.
romangal manushyar svanthamaayi kaikondu nirmmicha kalayum paathrangalum nirmmikkunnu. kalangal vrithiyaakkaan upayogikkunna "thaalak" ("thaalak" oru sponch pole kaanapedunnu); irikkaanulla paravathaniyaaya "barish"; pradhana avasarangalil upayogikkunna thadi plate allengil bowl aaya "gadhaa" enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
samgeetham, kathakal, vinodam.
romangal ullavaril, kuttikale puramlokatthil ninnu surakshitharakkaan kathakal parayunnu. kuttikale veedinaduthaayi nirthunnathinaanu eee kathakal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. chila kathakalil kuttikal raavile purathirangiyaal sooryante choodil marikkumennum raathriyil avar purathupoyaal "nyayamaa" enna oru mrugam avaye bhakshikkumennum parayappedunnu.
avarude samskaarathil romasangeetham valare janapriyamaan. pradhana upakaranangal drummukalaanu. avarude aakhoshangalkkoppam kanatha drumbeatodeyaanu samgeetham aalapikkunnath. abdallah keoka, meriyam amo, touur baare 'ng kwee ennivayaanu chila janapriya roma sangeethanjjar.
vaasthuvidya.
veedukalilum kettidangalilum pothuvaayi kaanunna oru tharatthilulla vaasthuvidya cheli vaasthuvidya ennu vilikkunnu. avar mannil ninnu kalimannu kuzhikkukayum athu thakarkkukayum vellathil kalarthukayum nannayi pravartthikkukayum vaikkol polulla mattu padaarthangalum kalarthukayum cheiyunnu. kalimannu ippozhum nananjirikkumbol koombaaramaayi, maram kondu nirmmicha chaaruthakalil amarthukayo allengil vividha valuppathilulla achukalil ishtikakalaakki maattukayo cheyyum. cheli poornnaroopatthil unangumbol, prakriya poortthiyaakum. phaam houseukal, kalappurakal, puram mathilukal, kottarangal, pallikal thudangiya padinjaaran sudanil mikka vaasthuvidyakalilum eee saankethikavidya prayogikkunnu. cheli choodu agiranam cheyyaan nallathaanu, ithu thanutha raathrikalkk prayojanakaramaanu. ennirunnaalum, kaattinum mazhaykkum prathirodhasheshi kuravaayathinaal kettidangal nannaakkendathu nirantharam aavasyamaanu. athinaal, cheli vaasthuvidya athinte durbalata, saamskaarika mattangal, videsha swaadheenangal enniva kaaranam praayogikamalla.
vasthradhaaranavum sareerakala.
romangal ullavarude vasthrangal sudanil dharikkunnathin samaanamaan. avar jalabia pole saadhaarana sudanese vasthrangal dharikkunnu. dharichayaalkku thala muthal calviral vare moodunna velutha vasthramaan jalabia. valarekkalam munbu, roma gothram arabiyaakkappettappol, romamullah sthreekal chundu veezhaan thudangunnathuvare avarude thaazhathe chundu palathavana chulikkaarundaayirunnu. eee dentukal soundaryathinte adayaalamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
saamoohika ghadana.
romangalude saamoohika ghadanayil avarkk avarude sambathinodu athra bahumanamilla. oru pavapetta nethaavinum sambannanaaya nethaavinum oru thalavanakaan kazhiyum. oru manushyante anubhavam praadhamikamaayi khuraanile arivil adhishtithamaanu. eee vaachakathinte rund pejukal ariyillengil oru purushanu vivaham kazhikkaan polum kazhiyilla.
loha ennariyappedunna kaikondu pidikkunna board aakruthiyilulla vasthuvinteyum kalam ennariyappedunna thadi stylasinteyum sahaayathodeyaanu khuraan padikkunnathu. khuraanekkurichulla roma gothravargakkaarude arivu gothratthinte shreniyile avarude sthaanam nirnnayikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru gothravargakkaaran thalavan enna padavi nedunnathinu mikkavarum muzhuvan pusthakavum arinjirikkanam.
romangalkk vinodathinaayi avarudethaaya karakaushalavasthukkalum undu. alle" (ool-eh) polulla nritha-geyimukalum buraji polulla kalippaattangalum ithil ulppedunnu. ottakathinte purakil ninnu nirmmicha paava polulla oru cheria kalippattamaanu buraji. ithu kayar kondu bandhippikkukayum mulakalaal thunnicherkkukayum cheiyunnu.
saamoohikamaaya perumaattam.
parasparam abhivaadyam cheyyumbol, oru sthreek purushan vyathyastha tharatthilulla bahumaanamund. sthree purushante munnil muttukuthukayum purushan vegatha kuraykkukayum venam. vyathyastha lingakkarkk orumichu nritham cheyyaanum kazhiyum, pakshe avar kudumbamallengil parasparam sparshikkaano tamasicano nirodhichirikkunnu.
purushanmaarum sthreekalum saadhaaranayaayi kaumaarapraayatthinte avasaanathil irupathukalude aarambhathil vivaham kazhikkunnu. varan bharya parasparam kandumuttukayum avarekkurichum avarude nettangalekkurichum mattu pradhana savisheshathakalekurichum arian kazhiyukayum cheyyum. ellaam shariyaayi nadannaal avar vivahitharaakum.
purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum punk.
purushanmaar kudumbanamam vahikkunnu. kudumbatthinu panam konduvaraan avar pravartthikkukayum kudumbavumaayi bandhapetta saambathikavum vivaahavum polulla ellah pradhana theerumaanangalkkum utharavaadithamullavaraayir cheiyunnu. sthreekalkku vellam labikkukayum bhakshanam thayyarakkukayum veedinte shuchithvam urappakkukayum cheiyunnu.
penmakkal saadhaaranayaayi ammamaare sahayikkukayum pashukkale paal nalkukayum veettil thanne thudarukayum cheiyunnu. valarthumrigangalkkoppam aanmakkalum kannukaalikaleyum valarthunnu. eee randuperil aarenkilum moshamaayi perumaarukayaanenkil avarude muthirnnavarum samaanamaayi shikshikkappedum. koodaathe, oru muthirnnayaalude annukalilekku nokkunnathu anaadaravaanu.
bhakshanam kazhikkunnu.
oru prathyeka sudanese paathramaaya "jebena" yill ninnu vilambunna guhwa kofiyude perilaanu sudan ariyappedunnathu. coffey beans eee paathratthil karikk mukalil varuth, thudarnnu graambum mattu sugandhavyanjanagalum upayogichu arachedukkunnu. maithaanangal chooduvellatthil mukki, oru pullu arippayiloode vevicha sesham cheria kappukalayi kaappi vilambunnu.
chaaya allengil "chaay" valare janapriyamaan, paal illaathe cheria glassukalil vilambunnu. islaamithara pradeshangalil aaswadikkunna chila paneeyangal eenthappazham, merrissa, oru tharam bear, tedge allengil eenthappazham allengil thaine ennivayil ninnu nirmmicha vainukal ennivayil ninnu nirmmicha vyakthamaaya sakthamaaya spirittaya aragi aanu. 
sudanese paachakareeti athinte samskaarangal pole thanne vaividhyapoornamaanu, prathyekichu thekk, pakshe ithinu chila savisheshathakalundu. vadakku bhaagathulla janapriya prabhaathabhakshanangalaanu millatt kanji, pulicha fawa beensinte ruchikaramaaya vibhavamaya phool medamas enniva. attinkutty kozhiyum palappozhum kazhikkunnundengilum panniyirachi musleengalkk nirodhichirikkunnu.
gothambum dura sorgavumaanu pradhana annajam. arabiyile khubs, sudanese athaazhathinte bhagamaaya oomlettu polulla paankekkaya kisra enniva bread ulppedunnu. beef, tomato vibhavamaya mashi saadhaaranamaanu. pazhangal madhurapalahaarathinaayi tholi kalayukayum cream caramel oru priyappetta vibhavavumaan.
thekk, athaazham thaazhnnathum nagnavumaaya oru meshayilaan vilambunnathu. valia phlait bread kashanagal upayogichu mukkan ancho aaroo vibhavangal undakam. eee vibhavangalkoppam oru salad shatta, cheria vibhavangalil vilambunna chuvanna choodulla sugandhavyanjana misrithavumaanu. bhakshanathinushesham madhurapalaharam vilambukayum pinneedu chayayum vilambukayum cheiyunnu. prathyeka avasarangalil dhoopavarggam kathikkaam. aathidhyamaryaadayude aacharam sudanil pradhaanamaan.
saambathika adithara.
romangal ullavarkku pala tharatthilulla kudumbangalundu. porundiya allengil nuclear faamilikal valare saadhaaranamaaya oru tharamaan. avarkk saadhaaranayaayi rando athiladhikamo kuttikalundu. oru saadhaarana romakudumbathil varanteyum bhaaryayudeyum maathaapithaakkal marikkunnathuvare paripaalikkappedum.
oru roma vivaahathil, varante pithaav vadhuvinte pithaavinte aduthekku pooyi makante anumathi chodikkunnu. vadhuvinte pithaav udan thanne utharam nalkaathe gramathodu abhiprayam chodikkunnu. ellaavarum sammathichaal vadhuvinte pithaav athu sweekarikkum. vivaha prakhyaapanathinaayi graamam muzhuvan othukoodukayum thayyaareduppukal nadathukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu varante veettilvechu vivaham aarambikkunnu. khuraanil ninnulla vaakkukal imam paarayanam cheiyunnu. eee samayat varan vadhuvum kaikorkkunnu. vivaahathin sesham, kudumbavum athidhikalum uchabhakshanam kazhikkukayum thudarnnu avar firalubia enna sajeevamaaya nritham aarambikkukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu vadhuvineyum varane vadhuvinte veettilekku kondupoyi bhakshanam nalkukayum athinidayil ellaavarum abhinandanangal parayukayum cheiyunnu (arabiyil "mabrook").
sthaapanangal.
romangal ullavaril islam pradhana mathamaan, ennirunnaalum chilar ippozhum swantham matham acharikkunnu. eee pradeshathe (kalwa) schoolukal khuraan padippikkunnu. 6 muthal 7 varsham vare klaasukal aarambikkukayum avar jeevithakalam muzhuvan khuraan padikkunnathu (poornnamaayum schoolil allengilum) thudarukayum cheiyunnu. eee skoolukalil saadhaarana school vidyaabhyaasavum nadakkunnundu.
krishiyaanu ividuthe pradhana thozhil. romangal kondullavar mikacha karshakaraanu. avar gothamb, aushadhasasyangal, sugandhavyanjanagal muthalaayava valarthukayum vilavedukkukayum cheiyunnu. romangal ullavare sambandhichidatholam sambathu sarikkum pradhaanamalla. khuraanekkurichulla arivu maathramaan addehathinte uyaram nirnnayikkunnath.
charithram.
dakshinaafrikkayil ninnu, prathyekichu sudaante vadakkupadinjaarulla central aafrikkan republicil ninnu vanna romangal avide darfaril sthirathaamasamaakki. avarkk 36 sulthaanettukal undaayirunnu. caback chuttum mathilum pally nirmmikkaan thiranjeduttha raajyathe mattu vamseeya vibhagangalil ninnulla aadya aalukalil oraalaayirunnu romangal. koodaathe, ellah varshavum makkayilekku sahayathinte vivarangal ayaykkaan avarkk kazhinju.
rashtreeya sahacharyam.
1916 vare, romangal oru swatantra sulthaanettu bharichirunnu, koodaathe chaadile janangalodu raashtreeyamaayi adhishtithamaayirunnu. akkaalathinu munbu bharana rajavamshavum saadhaaranakkaarum valarekkaalamaayi musleengalaayirunnuvenku avare arabiyakkiyittilla. avaa ippol sudan rashtreeya samvidaanathil ulppeduthiyittundu. pathinezhaam noottaand muthal romangal adisthaanaparamaayi swathanthramaayirunnu. 1899-ll britishukaar veendum keezhadakkiya sesham, mahdis prasthaanam thakarnnappol alii dinar ettedutha pharr sulthaanettu punasthaapikkaan britishukaar amgeekaaram nalki.
1916 vare sudanile mahdist kalapam thudarnnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil alii dinar automan saamraajyathod vishwasthatha prakhyaapichathodeyaanu darfarinte pathanam theerumaanikkappettathu. yudhathil dinar marichathinethudarnnu 1916ll britishukaar pharr sulthaanettu nirthalaakki.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathil briteeshukaarkkethire turkeyumaayi sakhyamundaakki darfur swaathanthryathinaayi oru sramam nadatthi. 1916ll britishukaar darfar keezhadakki, athinusesham ithu sudaante bhagamaanu. 1970kall muthal, sudanil ninnu verpiriyaan aagrahikkunna thekkan vamseeya vibhaagangalkkethire thekk vichaarana cheyyappetta vadakkan arab yudhathinte chila prathyaaghaathangal darfur pradesham anubhavichittundu.
kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi darfur pradeshathe pradhana gadakamaanu yuddham. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare ekadesham 20 varshatholam oru aabhyantharayudham neenduninnu. sudanese sainyathinte pinthunayode theevravaada prachaaranatthil aafrikkan janathayude graamathe oro graamatthilum akramikkunna janjavid enna praadeshika arab milishya ulppedunna oru puthiya samgharsham 2003 ll uyarnnu.
janithakashasthram.
taay aandu saaha (1988) nadatthiya classic janithaka adayaalangaludeyum dna polymorphysangaludeyum vishakalanam, romangal sudaanile havasmayumaayi ettavum adutha bandhamundennu kandethi. rund janasamkhyakalkkum afro-eshyaattik samsaarikkunna beja, gallin, gulf arab janasamkhyakalkkum praadeshika nilo-saharan samsaarikkunna neuba, nilottukalkkum idayil jeane aavruthikalundu.
hassen thudangiyavar parayunnathanusarichu. (2008), ekadesham 59.4% romangal e1b1b pithru haaplogrooppinte vaahakangalaanu. ivayil, 68.4% vii32 subclade vahikkunnu. ekadesham 6.3% perum haplogroup jeey1-ll pedunnu. ithu ayal afro-eshyaattik samsaarikkunna janasamkhyayil ninnulla ganyamaaya paatrilinal jeane ozhukkilekku viral choondunnu. bakkiyulla romangal praadhamikamaayi eiii3bii2 vamshathinte (31.3%) vaahakangalaanu, ithu pakaram nilottukalil saadhaaranamaanu.
herthernally, hasson (2010) anusarichu romangal poornnamaayum macrohaplogroup ell-nte aafrikkan adhishtitha derivativil pedunnu. eee emm. tii. dii. eiii. klaadukalil, ell. tii. eiii. 1 (<aii. dii. 2>), ell. sii. (<aii. dii. 1>) vamshaavalikalaan ettavum kooduthal kaanappedunnath. romangalude poorvvika janasamkhyayilekkulla janithaka nuzhanjukayattam asamathvathilaayirunnuvenna ithu mothatthil soochippikkunnu, ithu pradhaanamaayum sthreekalilalla, marichu afro-eshyaattik samsaarikkunna purushanmaariloodeyaanu sambhavikkunnath.