
kaarban nakshatram

kaarban nakshatram (sii-type staar) saadhaaranayaayi oru asymptotic bheeman branch staaraan, oru thilangunna chuvanna bheeman, athinte anthareekshathil ooksijanekkaal kooduthal kaarban adangiyirikkunnu. rund moolakangalum nakshathratthinte mukal paalikalil samyojichu kaarban monoxide roopeekarikkunnu, ithu anthareekshathile bhooribhaagam ooksijanum upayogikkunnu, kaarban aattangale mattu kaarban samyukthangal roopappeduthaan swathanthramaakkunnu, ithu nakshathrathinu "sooty" anthareekshavum athisayakaramaaya rubie chuvapp roopavum nalkunnu. kullan soopparjayantumaaya chila kaarban nakshathrangalum undu, avaye verthirichariyaan kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya bheeman nakshathrangale chilappol classical kaarban nakshathrangal ennu vilikkunnu.
mikka nakshathrangalilum (suuryan polullava), kaarbaninekkaal kooduthal ooksijan anthareekshathil undu. kaarban nakshathrangalude savisheshathakal prakadippikkaathathum kaarban monoxide roopeekarikkaan paryapthamaaya thanuppullathumaya saadhaarana nakshathrangale ooksijan sambannamaaya nakshathrangal ennu vilikkunnu.
kaarban nakshathrangalkk valare vyathirikthamaya spectral swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu, avaye aadyamaayi thiricharinjathu 1860-kalil jyotishaasthra spectroscopy oru munnira samayamaya aanjalo sechiyaanu.
spectrum.
nirvachanamanusarichu kaarban nakshathrangalkk sii2 thanmathrayil ninnulla prabalamaaya spectral swan baandukalund. ch, cn (sayanojan), sii3, essie2 thudangiya uyarnna alavil mattu niravadhi kaarban samyukthangal undakam. kaarban koril roopappedukayum athinte mukalile paalikalilekku vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, ithu paalikalude ghadanaye naadakeeyamaayi maattunnu. carboninu purame, barrium, technicium, syrconium thudangiya ezz-proses moolakangal shell flashukalil roopappedukayum uparithalathilekku "dred upp" cheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
jyothishaasthranjar kaarban nakshathrangalude spectral vargeekaranam vikasippicheduthappol, nakshathrangalude phalapradamaaya thapanilayumaayi spectra bandhappedutthaan shramikkumbol avaykku ganyamaaya budhimuttundaayirunnu. nakshathrangalude thaapanila soochakangalaayi saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna agiranam lineukal ellah anthareeksha carbon marachuvekkunnathaayirunnu prashnam.
kaarban nakshathrangal millimeter tharamgadairkhyathilum sub millimeter tharamgadairkhyathilum tanmatra rekhakalude sambannamaaya spectravum kaanikkunnu. kaarban nakshatramaaya sii. dablyu leonisil 50-ladhikam vyathyastha saahacharya thanmathrakal kandethiyittundu. eee nakshatram palappozhum puthiya saahacharyangalude thanmathrakalkkaayi tirayan upayogikkunnu.
sechi.
1860kalil spectral vargeekaranathinte thudakkakkaranaaya aanjalo sechi kaarban nakshathrangalkkayi sechi klaas IV sthaapichappol kaarban nakshathrangal ithinakam kandethiyittundu, 1890 kalude avasaanathil avaye enn klaas nakshathrangalayi punarvarggeekarichu.
harward.
eee puthiya harward vargeekaranam upayogichu, spektrathinte swabhaavasavisheshathakalaaya kaarban baandukal pankidunna chuvanna nakshathrangalkkayi pinneedu oru aarr klaas upayogichu enn klaas mechappeduthi. eee r muthal n vareyulla skeem parambaraagatha spectrayumaayi pinneedu bandhappettappol, nakshatra thapanilayumaayi bandhappett r-n shreni ekadesham c: a g7 muthal m10 vare samaantharamaayi pravarthikkunnuvennu kaanichu.
morgan-keanon sii sisttam.
pilkkala n klaasukal counderparting m tharangalumayi nannayi poruthappedunnilla, kaaranam harward vargeekaranam bhaagikamaayi maathrame thapanilaye adisthaanamaakkiyulloo, mathramalla kaarban samriddhiyum; athinaal itharathilulla kaarban staar vargeekaranam apoornnamaanennu taamasiyaathe vyakthamaayi. pakaram thapanilayum kaarban samriddhiyum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi oru puthiya eratta nambar staar klaas sii sthaapichu. vaii kaanam venaattikkorathinaayi alakkunna atharamoru spectrum, sii 54 aanennu nirnnayichu, avide 5 thapanilaye aasrayichulla savisheshathakaleyum 4 spectrathile sii 2 swan baandukalude shakthiyeyum soochippikkunnu. (c54 palappozhum c5,4 ennu marimari ezhuthappedunnu). eee morgan-keanon sii sisttam vargeekaranam 1960 muthal 1993 vareyulla pazhaya aarr-enn vargeekaranangale maatti.
parishkaricha morgan-keanon samvidaanam.
dvimaana morgan-keanon sii vargeekaranam srashtaakkalude prathekshakal niravettunnathil parajayappettu
sii-enn, sii-aarr, sii-echu ennee klaasukale nirvachikkunna oru puthiya parishkaricha morgan-keanon vargeekaranam 1993 ll philipp kinkan prasidheekarichu. pinneedu sii-jeey, sii-echdi klaasukal chertthu. innu upayogikkunna sthaapitha vargeekarana samvidaanamaanithu.
jyothishaasthraparamaaya samvidaanangal.
onniladhikam astrophysical mekkaanisangal vazhi kaarban nakshathrangale vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum. "classical kaarban nakshathrangal" pindatthinte adisthaanathil "classical allathava" ll ninnu verthirikkappedunnu, classical kaarban nakshathrangal kooduthal valuthaanu.
aadhunika spectral tharangalaaya sii-aarr, sii-enn ennivayil ulppedunna "classical kaarban nakshathrangalil", kaarbaninte samriddhi healium fusionte uthppannamaanennu karuthappedunnu, prathyekichu oru nakshathrathinullile triple-alfa prakriya, bhimanmar avarude jeevithaavasaanathode asymptotic bheeman shaakhayil (eiii. jii. bii) athunnu. carbon mattu uthppannangalum nirmmichathinu sesham samvahanathinte episodukaliloodeyaanu (moonnaamathe dredge-upp ennu vilikkappedunna) eee fusion uthppannangal nakshatra uparithalathilekku konduvannathu. saadhaaranayaayi itharathilulla eiii. jii. bii kaarban nakshatram hydrajan kathunna shellil hydrajan fuse cheiyunnu, ennaal <aii. dii. 1> varshangalaal verthirikkapetta episodukalil, nakshatram oru shellil healium kathikkunnathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnu, athesamayam hydrajan fusion thaalkkaalikamaayi avasaanikkunnu. eee ghattathil, nakshathratthinte prakasham uyarukayum nakshathratthinte ulbhaagathu ninnulla vasthukkal (prathyekichu kaarban) mukalilekku neengukayum cheiyunnu. prakasham uyarunnathinaal, healium fusion avasaanikkukayum hydrajan shell kathikkunnathu punararambhikkukayum cheiyunna tharatthil nakshatram vikasikkunnu. eee "shell healium flashukal" samayat, nakshathrathil ninnulla pinda nashtam ganyamaanu, niravadhi shell healium flashukalkku sesham, oru agb nakshatram oru choodulla velutha kullanayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum athinte anthareeksham oru grahangalude neeharathinu padaarthamaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu.
sii-jeey, sii-echu tharangalilppetta "classical ithara" tharam kaarban nakshathrangal bainari nakshathrangalaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu, avide oru nakshatram oru bheeman nakshathramaayum (allengil idaykkide oru chuvanna kullanayum) mattonn velutha kullanayum kaanapedunnu. nakshatram oru valia nakshathramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaarban sambushtamaaya padaarthamaanu, athu athinte koottaali (athaayath, ippol velutha kullanaaya nakshatram) ll ninnulla pradhana sequence nakshathramaayirunnappol randaamathethu oru classical kaarban nakshathramaayirunnu. nakshatra parinaamatthinte aaa ghattam thaarathamyena hraswamaanu, atharam nakshathrangalil bhooribhaagavum aathyanthikamayi velutha kullanmarayi maarunnu. pinda kaimatta sambhavathin sesham thaarathamyena valarekkaalamaayi eee samvidaanangal nireekshikkappedunnu, athinaal innathe chuvanna bheemanil nireekshicha adhika kaarban aaa nakshathrathinullil ulppaadippikkappettil. kaarban thanmaathrakaludeyum beriyathinteyum (oru ezz-proses ghadakam) sakthamaaya spectral savisheshathakalulla beriyam nakshathrangalude uthbhavamaayum eee sahacharyam amgeekarikkappedunnu. eee pinda kaimaattatthil ninnu adhika kaarban vanna nakshathrangale chilappol aantharikamaayi kaarban ulppaadippikkunna "aantharika" agbi nakshathrangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan "baahya" kaarban nakshathrangal ennu vilikkunnu. eee baahya kaarban nakshathrangalil palathum prakaashikkunnatho thanuppullatho allathatho aaya avayude swantham kaarban nirmmikkaan kazhiyunnatho allah, avayude bainari swabhaavam kandethunnathuvare ithu oru pasil aayirunnu.
spectral klaas sii-echdiyil ulppedunna nigoodamaaya "hydrajan dephisint kaarban staarukal" (echdisi) kku aarr corona borialis veriyabilukalumaayi (arsibi) chila bandhamundennu thonnunnu, pakshe avaa svayam marunnilla, koodaathe arcbsinu saadhaaranamaaya oru prathyeka infrared vikiranavum illa. anchu echdisia ezz maathrame ariyappedunnulloo, onnum bainari allennu ariyappedunnathinaal classical allatha kaarban nakshatrangalumaayulla bandham ariyilla.
cheria kaarban nakshathrangalude anthareekshathil kaarban sambushteekaranathinulla samvidaanangalaayi sii. enn. oo saikkil unbalancing, coor healium flash thudangiya vishwaasayogyamallaatha mattu sidhaanthangalum nirddeshikkappettittund.
mattu savisheshathakal.
mikka classical kaarban nakshathrangalum deerghakaala variable tharangalile variable nakshathrangalaan.
kaarban nakshathrangale nireekshikkunnu.
raathriyile chuvapp kaazhchayude samvedanakshamathakkuravum nakshathrangalude prakashavumaayi chuvanna sensitiivu aii roadukal mandagathiyilaakunnathum kaaranam, chuvanna variable nakshathrangale, prathyekichu kaarban nakshathrangalekkurichu magnitude esttimettu cheiyunna jyothishaasthranjar, nireekshicha nakshathratthinte magnitude kurachukaanathirikkaan purkinje efakttine engane kaikaaryam cheyyanamennu ariyendathundu.
interstellaar podipadalangalude uthpaadanam.
uparithala guruthwaakarshanam kuranjathinaal, oru kaarban nakshathratthinte motham pindatthinte pakuthiyo (allengil athil kooduthalo) sakthamaaya nakshathrakkatt moolam nashtappedaam. graafaittinu samanamaaya kaarban sambushtamaaya "podi" enna nakshathratthinte avashishtangal interstellaar podiyinte bhaagamaayi maarunnu. eee podi thudarnnulla thalamurakalude nakshathrangaludeyum avayude grahavyavasthakaludeyum srishtikkulla asamskritha vasthukkal nalkunnathil oru pradhana gadakamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. oru kaarban nakshathrathinu chuttumulla vasthukkal podi drishyamaaya ellah prakashavum agiranam cheiyunna tharatthil athine pothinjekkaam.
mattu vargeekaranangal.
mattu tharatthilulla kaarban nakshathrangalil iva ulppedunnu
saadhaarana mezhukuthirikalayi upayogikkuka.
classical kaarban nakshathrangal valare thilakkamullavayaanu, prathyekichu infraredinu sameepamulla nakshathrangalil, athinaal avaa aduthulla thaaraapathangalil kandethanakum. avayude spectrayile sakthamaaya agiranam savisheshathakal kaaranam, kaarban nakshathrangal infraredinu sameepamulla infraaredil ooksijan adangiya nakshatrangalekkaal chuvapp niramullavayaanu, avayude photometric nirangal upayogichu thirichariyaan kazhiyum. oro kaarban nakshatrangalkkum ore prakashasheshi illengilum, kaarban nakshathrangalude oru valia saambilinu samanamaaya thaaraapathangalil eathaandu ore sharashari moolyamulla oru prakashasaadhyatha saandrata pravartthanam (pdf) undaakum. athinaal aaa functionte median moolyam oru gaalaxiyilekkulla dooram nirnnayikkunnathin oru staanderd mezhukuthiriyayi upayogikkaam. oru gaalaxikkullile eiii. jii. bii nakshathrangalude sharashari lohathwathe aashrayich pii. dii. ephinte aakruthi vyathyaasappedaam, athinaal mattu maargangaliloode dooram ariyaavunna aduthulla niravadhi thaaraapathangal upayogichu eee dhoora soochakam kaalibrett cheyyendathu pradhaanamaan.

