
joonn oxenham

1575ll panaamayude isthmas kadannu theeradesha cordillera kayarukayum pasaphik samudrathilethukayum cheytha aadyathe spanish ithara europian paryavekshakanaayirunnu joonn oxenham ("joonn ooksnaam", marichu), pinneedu spanish "maar dell surr" ('thekkan kadal') ennu vilikkunnu.
aklayil ninnu (aadhunika darrin pravisyayil) purappett addeham 1513-ll vasco nunez dii balbova isthmas kadakkaan upayogichirunna chukunak nadiyilekku erangi, aadyam theerathe pinthudarnnu kaaretta pattanatthilekku, thudarnnu kadakkunnathinu simaronukalil ninnu sahayam labhichu.
puthiya lokathilekkulla yathrakal.
aadya paryaveshanam.
1572 meyy maasathil joonn oxenham francis drekkinte madhya amerikkayilekkulla paryaveshanatthil drekkinte sahodaranmaraaya joonn, joseph ennivarkkoppam chernnu (iruvarum yaathraykkide marichu). avar "paasha" (70 tonn), "swaanatt" (25 tonn) ennivayilulla motham 73 perumaayi plaimouthil ninnu purappettu, panaamayile isthmasile oru kreekkil oru operating bays sthaapikkukayum spanish shradha tirikkaan pines, cartagena, nombre dii dios dveepukal akramikkukayum cheythu. simaaronukalude sahaayathode, panaamayiloode velli kondupokunnathinaayi avar oru pathiyirunnu raathriyil kadannupokunna oru kovarkazhutha train pidichedutthu. cheria kaavalkkaaran oodippoyi, 1573 augustil drake oru pradhana nidhiyumayi plaimouthilekku madangi.
randaamathe paryaveshanam.
dreykkinte vijayakaramaya yaathrayil pankeduttha sesham, 1576 epril 9 nuu 11 thokku frigettum (peru ariyaatha, peru ariyaatha) 57 aalukalumayi plaimouthil ninnu purappett oxenham panaamayilekkulla swantham paryaveshanam aarambhichu, kurachu sammaanangalum thadavukaarum edutha sesham thante kappal sammaanangalum olippichu panaama pradhana bhoopradeshathekku neengi. simaronukal oxenhamineyum addehathinte aalukaleyum cordillera dii saan blassinu kuruke pasaphik samudrathilekku ozhukunna chukunak nadiyude thalayilekku nayichu. shaithyakaalath, ooksenhaaminte aalukalum avarude simaron sakhyakakshikalum devadaaru marangal murichumaattukayum 45 adii aazhamillaatha oru boat nirmmikkukayum cheythu, athu avar nadiyilum samudrathilum ozhuki, puthiya lokath oru kappal nirmmicha aadyathe engleesh aakki oxenham; magallante maasttar gunner oru engleeshukaaranaayathinaal pasafikkil aadyamaayi sanjarichayaalalla addeham.
pasaphik samudrathil oru shatru kappal pratheekshikkaattha spanish poornnamaayum aascharyappettu, ooksenhaaminte kroovinu 160,000 pesetta velliyum svarnnavum mattu saadhanangalum upayogichu rund arakshita baarkkukal pidikkaan kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, spanish oduvil thuira nadiyilekku oxenham pinthudarnnu, avide ooksenhaaminte aalukal upekshicha maalinyangal nadiyil pongikkidannu. oxenham nidhi kuzhichumoodiyenkilum spanish oduvil athinte bhooribhaagavum veendeduthu. spanish aakramanathil oxenham parikkettu, pakshe kurachu kroo amgangalumaayi rakshappedaanum niravadhi maasangal oodi rakshappedaanum kazhinju, spanish addehathe pidikoodunnathuvare, mattu 17 pere 1578 ll panaamayilekku kondupoyi; moonnu aankuttikale rakshappeduthi, mattu 12 pere thookkiletti. 1580 septambar 30nuu joonn buttler, thomas sherwell ennivarkkoppam limayil thoongimarichukondu addehathe vadhichu, addehathinte muun commander francis drake "golden hind" enna thante prashasthamaaya reydukalil pasafikkil thanneyaayirunnu.

