
eph-anupatham (samudrashaasthram)

samudra jaiva bhoorasathanthrathil, eph-anupatham naitrettu indhanamaayi upayogikkunna motham praadhamika ulppaadanathinte bhagamaanu (amonium polulla mattu naitrajan samyukthangal indhanamaayi nalkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi). aagola samudra uthppaadanam kanakkaakkunna aadya prabandhangalilonnil richard epliyum broose peettezhsanum chernnaanu eee anupatham aadyam nirvachichathu. eee amsham praadhaanyamullathaanennu aadyam vishwasikkappettirunnu, kaaranam ithu jaiva pump samudrathinte uparithalathil ninnu jaiva samudra manjinte mungunna (kayattumathi) ozhukkumaayi nerittu bandhappettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee vyaakhyaanam sameepakaala alavukal chodyam cheytha naitrifikkeshan enna samanthara prakriyayude sakthamaaya aazhathilulla vibhajanathinte anumaanathe aasrayichirikkunnu.
avalokanam.
jeevikalude (allengil jeevikalude avashishtangal) guruthwaakarshana mungal samudrathinte uparithala jalathil ninnu kanika jaiva kaarban athinte aazhathilulla aantharika bhaagathekku maattunnu. eee prakriya biological pump ennu vilikkunnu, ithu bhoomiyude kaarban chakratthinte oru pradhana vashamayathinaal shaasthranjarkku ithu alakkaan thaalpparyamund. pradhaanamaayum, aazhathilulla samudrathilekku kondupookunna kaarban anthareekshathil ninnu verpeduthappedukayum samudrathe kaarbaninte oru sambharaniyayi pravartthikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnathaanu ithinu kaaranam. eee jaiva samvidaanathodoppam solibility pump ennariyappedunna oru physico-kemikkal samvidaanavum undu, ithu samudrathinte aazhathilulla ulbhaagathekku kaarban kaimaran pravartthikkunnu.
mungunna vasthukkalude (samudra manju ennu vilikkappedunna) ozhukk alakkunnathu saadhaaranayaayi jalanirappil mungumbol vasthukkale thadassappeduthukayum sambharikkukayum cheiyunna avashishta kenikal vinyasichaanu cheiyunnathu. ennirunnaalum, ithu thaarathamyena budhimuttulla oru prakriyayaan, kaaranam kenikal vinyasikkaano veendedukkaano budhimuttaayirikkum, koodaathe mungunna fluxes samyojippikkunnathin avaa deerghakaalathekku "inn sittuvil" upekshikkanam. koodaathe, jalapravahangal kaaranam avaa pakshapaathangal anubhavikkukayum thirascheenavum lambavumaaya ozhukkukal samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. ekkaaranathaal, shaasthranjarkku kooduthal eluppathil alakkaan kazhiyunna samudra gunangalil thaalpparyamund, avaa mungunna flexinte oru prathinidhiyayi pravartthikkunnu. eph-anupatham atharathilulla oru proxyaanu.
"puthiya", "punarujjeevippicha" uthppaadanam.
naitrettu (nambar 3−), naitrait (nambar 2−), amonium (enh 4 +) thudangiya lalithamaaya ionic roopangalum euria ((enh 2) 2qoo) polulla kooduthal sankeernamaaya jaiva roopangalum ulppede niravadhi roopangalil jaiva labhyamaya naitrajan samudrathil kaanapedunnu. amino aasidukal (proteinukalude nirmmaana blokkukal) polulla jaiva thanmaathrakale samanvayippikkaan autootroophik phytoplankton eee roopangal upayogikkunnu. janthujaalangalum valia jeevikalum chernnu phytoplankton meyikkunnathu eee jaiva naitrajan bhakshya shringalayilekkum samudra bhakshya shringalayiludaneelavum kaimaattam cheiyunnu.
naitrajan jaiva thanmathrakal aathyanthikamayi jeevikal upapachayam cheyyumbol, avaa jala nirayilekku amonium aayi (allengil kooduthal sankeernamaaya thanmathrakal pinneedu amoniyamaayi upapachayam cheyyappedunnu) thirichethunnu. phytoplanktoninu amonium upayogikkaanum veendum bhakshya-jaalakathil praveshikkaanum kazhiyunnathinaal ithu "punarujjeevanam" ennariyappedunnu. eee reethiyil amonium indhanamaayi upayogikkunna praadhamika ulppaadanathe "punarulppaadippicha uthppaadanam" ennu vilikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, naitrifikkeshan prakriyayiloode amonium nitrettaayi (naitrait vazhi) ooksidais cheyyaanum kazhiyum. rund ghattangalilayi vyathyastha baakteeriyakalaan ithu nadathunnatha
nirnaayakamaayi, eee prakriya prakaashatthinte abhaavathil (allengil aazhathinte mattethenkilum pravartthanamaayi) maathrame sambhavikkoo ennu vishwasikkappedunnu. samudrathil, ithu praadhamika ulppaadanathil ninnu naitrifikkeshane lambamaayi verthirikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum athine aphotic sonilek parimithappedutthukayum cheiyunnu. ithu jala nirayile eathenkilum naitrettu aphotic sonil ninnullathayirikkanam, mungunnathiloode avide kondupookunna jaivavasthukkalil ninnu uthbhavichathayirikkanam. athinaal naitrettu indhanamaayi upayogikkunna praadhamika uthppaadanam punarulppaadippikkunnathu puthiya poshaka srothass upayogikkuka ennathaanu. athinaal naitrettu uthppaadanathe "puthiya uthppaadanam" ennu vilikkunnu.
eee vibhaagathinte thalayilulla chithram ithu vyakthamaakkunnu. nitrateum amoniavum praadhamika ulppaadakar ettedukkukayum bhakshya-web vazhi samskarikkukayum pinneedu amonium aayi punarujeevippikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee ritten flexil chilath uparithala samudrathilekku vidunnu (avide athu veendum ettedukkaan labhyamaan), chilath aazhathil thirike nalkunnu. aazhathil thirichuvarunna amonium nitrettaayi nitrify cheyyappedukayum aaa chakram aavarthikkunnathin aathyanthikamayi uparithala samudrathilekku kalarthukayo mukalilekku kayarukayo cheiyunnu.
thathfalamaayi, puthiya ulppaadanathinte praadhaanyam mungunna vasthukkalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu. santhulithaavasthayil, aphotic sonilek mungunna jaivavasthukkalude kayattumathi ozhukk naitrettinte mukalilekkulla ozhukk santhulithamaakkunnu. punarulppaadippicha amoniyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol praadhamika uthppaadanam ethra naitrettu upayogikkunnu ennu alakkunnathiloode, kayattumathi ozhukk parokshamaayi kanakkakkaan oraalkk kazhiyanam.
oru vashath, eph-anupaathathinu praadeshika aavaasavyavasthayude pravartthanatthinte pradhana vashangalum velippeduthaan kazhiyum. uyarnna eph-anupatha moolyangal saadhaaranayaayi valia supelancton (koodaathe, malsyam polulla valia jeevikal) meyikkunna valia eucariotic phytoplankton (dayattangal polullava) aadhipathyam pulartthunna ulppaadana aavaasavyavasthayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, kuranja eph-anupatha moolyangal saadhaaranayaayi kuranja biomass, microsoplancton niyanthrikkunna cheria, procariotic phytoplaanktan ("proklorococcus" polullava) adangiya oligotrophic bhakshyajalangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
anumanangal.
eph-anupaathatthinte eee vyaakhyaanathile oru adisthaana anumaanam praadhamika ulppaadanathinteyum naitrifikkeshanteyum speshyal verthirivaanu. vaasthavathil, thangalude yadhaartha prabandhatthil, eppliyum peettezhsanum ingane abhiprayappettu "puthiya uthppaadanathe kayattumathiyumayi bandhappeduthunnathinu euphotic mekhalayile naitrifikkeshan valare kuravaayirikkanam."ennirunnaalum, naitrifikkeshan vitharanathekurichulla thudarnnulla nireekshana pravartthanangal naitrifikkeshan aazham kuranjathum foto sonil polum sambhavikkumennu kandethi.
aduthulla rekhaachithram kaanikkunnath pole, samudrathinte uparithala jalathil amonium nitrettaayi nitrify cheyyappettaal athu naitrettinte aazhathilulla paathaye "short surcuted" cheiyunnu. praayogikamaayi, ithu puthiya ulppaadanathinte amithamaya vilayiruthalilekkum uyarnna eph-anupaathathilekkum nayikkum, kaaranam prathyakshatthil puthiya ulppaadanathil chilath yadhaarthathil uparithala samudrathil ninnu orikkalum purathupokaattha aduthide nitrified naitrettu indhanamaakum. naitrifikkeshan alavukal athinte paaraamettaraiseshanil ulppeduthiyathinushesham, oligotrophic uposhnamekhalaa gyre mekhalayude (prathyekichu vavvaalukalude pradesham) oru aavaasavyavastha model, vaarshika adisthaanathil, uparithala naitrettinte 40 sathamaanavum aduthide nitrify cheythathayi kandethi (venalkkaalath ekadesham 90 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu). bhoomishaasthraparamaayi vaividhyamaarnna naitrifikkeshan alavukal samanvayippikkunna oru padanatthil uyarnna vyathiyaanasaadhyatha kandethukayum ennaal aazhavumayi yaathoru bandhavumilla, uparithala naitrettinte pakuthi vare uyarnna nilayilullathinekkaal uparithala naitrifikkeshan vazhiyaan vitharanam cheiyunnathennu kanakkakkaan ithu aagolathalathilulla maathrkayil prayogichu.
naitrifikkeshan nirakkinte alavukal ippozhum thaarathamyena apoorvamaanengilum, eph-anupatham orikkal karuthiyirunnathupole biological pambinte proxy allennu avaa soochippikkunnu. ekkaaranathaal, chila thozhilaallikal eph-anupaathavum praadhamika ulppaadanavumaayulla kanika kayattumathiyude anupaathavum thammil verthirichariyaan nirddeshichittundu, athine avar "peey-anupatham" ennu vilikkunnu. eph-anupaathathil ninnu alavil vyathyasthamaanenkilum, uyarnna uthppaadanakshamatha/uyarnna biomass/uyarnna kayattumathi vyavasthakalum kuranja uthppaadanakshamatha/kuranja biomass/kuranja kayattumathi vyavasthakalum thammilulla samana gunaparamaaya vyathyasam peey-anupatham kaanikkunnu.
koodaathe, "puthiya", "punarujjeevippicha" uthppaadanam kanakkakkaan eph-anupaathatthinte upayogam sankeernnamaakkunna mattoru prakriya amonium (dii. enn. aarr. eiii) lake naitrettu kuraykkuka ennathaanu. ooksijan minimum sonukalum samudranirappil avashishtangalum polulla kuranja ooksijan parithasthithikalil, chemoorganoheterotrophe sookshumaanukkal naitrettu shwasanathinaayi oru electron sweekarthaavaayi upayogikkukayum athu naitraittayum pinneedu amoniyamaayum kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. naitrifikkeshan pole, dii. enn. aarr. naitrettinteyum amoniyathinteyum labhyathayile santhulithaavasthaye mattunnathinaal, kanakkakkiya eph-anupaathathil krithyathayillaayma konduvaraan ithinu saadhyathayund. ennirunnaalum, dnrinte saannidhyam vaayurahita saahacharyangalil parimithamayathinaal, praadhamika nirmmaathaakkalumaayi sahakarichu ithu sambhavikkaamenkilum naitrifikkeshanekkaal athinte praadhaanyam kuravaanu.

