
enpathu varshathe yuddham, 1579-1588

enpathu varshathe yudhathinte oru ghattamaayirunnu <aii. dii. 1>. 1579 januvari 23nuu spanish saamrajyavum aikya pravishyakalum thammilulla kalapam, avaril bhooribhaagavum utrech union avasanippikkukayum habsburg netherlandil ninnu swatantra dutch republicine roopappeduthukayum cheythu. pathinezh pravisyakalil 16 samsthaana generalukalude thaalkkaalika sakhyam spanish sarkkaarinethire oru samyuktha catholica-prathishedha kalaapamaayi ghent (8 november 1576) samaadhaanavathkaranam sthaapicha kaalaghattatthe ithu pinthudarnnu, ennaal aabhyanthara samghattanangalum spanish govarnor general doonn juvaante sainika, nayatantra vijayangalum-austriyayile doonn juwan parma duke alexander farnies avare verpeduthi, oduvil artois kaundi, hainaut kaundi, duvaay nagaram ennivaye 1579 januvari 6 nuu araz yooniyanil oppuvaykkaan nayikkukayum, katholikkathayilekkum spanish kireedatthodulla vishwasthathayilekkum madangukayum cheythu. ithinodu prathikarichukondu, bakkiyulla vimatha pravishyakalum nagarangalum utrect union roopeekarikkukayo pinneedu amgeekarikkukayo cheyyum, ithu aikya pravishyakalude ettavum pradhanappetta adisthaana niyamamaayi maarukayum 1581 juulai 26 nuu speyinil ninnulla swaathanthryathinte "yadhaartha" prakhyapanamaaya "abjuration act" prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. 1588 epril 12 nuu "franken deduction" pasaki oru republicakaan theerumaanikkunnathinumbu, austriyayile mathiyas, francis oof anjou, vilyam oof ooranchu, roobert oof leasester ennivarulppede oru puthiya paramadhikaara raashtrathalavane kandethaan navagatha raashtreeyam paadupedumbol, parma prabhuvu thante vijayakaramaya sainika, nayatantra akramanam thudarukayum netherlandsinte thekkan, kizhakkan, vadakkukizhakkan bhaagangalile kooduthal pravishyakalum nagarangalum veendum rajakeeya kaikalilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. aant verppinte (1585) pathanathinushesham paarmayude punarvijayangal erekkure nilachu, oduvil spanish naavikasenayude (juulai-august 1588) paraajayathode avasaanikkukayum henry naalaamante pingami france oru protestant rajyamaayi maarunnathum thadayunnathinaayi franch mathayudhangalil (septambar 1589) edapedaan philipp randaaman addehathodu utharavidukayum cheythu. eee sambhavavikasangal oru puthiya ghattathinu (1588-1598) kaaranamaayi, athu nassaavile stadtholder mouris, nassav-dillenbergile vilyam luis ennivarude neethrthwathil dutch stetts sainyam nadatthiya ganyamaaya vijayangalkkum oru vaanijya mahashakthiyenna nilayil dutch republicinte uyarchaykkum kaaranamaayi.
charithralekhanam.
enpathu varshathe yudhathinte eee ghattatthinte kaalaghattavalkkaranathekkurathu pandithanmaarkk alppam vyathyasthamaaya kaazhchappaadukalund. athesamayam "encarta winkler prins" (2002) 1579-1588 varshangal athinte valia "randaam kaalaghattatthilekku villal (1576-1588)", mulder thudangiyava ulppeduthi. (2008) avarude kooduthal dairkhyameriya "svayambharanathilekkulla vazhiyile vadakku," kaalayalav, "gronveld (2009)" aii. dii. 2 "yeei 'moonnu varshathe mithathwam' enna prathyeka kaalaghattamaayi kanakkakki, athil vilyam oof ooranchu 'pothu matha samadhaanam' sthaapikkaan shramichu, athesamayam utrekttinte union 'akramatthinte oru puthiya ghattatthinte thudakkam' adayaalappeduthi (allengil athinodu poruthappettu), athil parma thante sainikarude sahaayathode 'nayathanthram kooduthal thekkan pravishyakale philipp II nte anusaranathilekku thirike nalki.'athupole, vaan derr lem (1995) 1576 neey 'speyininethiraaya pothu kalaapathinte varshamaayum' 1579 netherlandsine attrect, utrekt unionukalaayi verthiricha varshamaayum 'adayaalappeduthi, edayilulla 1576-1579 kaalaghattatthe' madhya kakshi 'ghent samaadhaanathiloode' hraswa vijayam 'aasvadichathaayi visheshippichu.
1579-ll (allengil athinumumbulla) aarambhicha samgharshathinte ghattam 1588-laanu avasaanichathennu pothuvaaya dhaaranayundengilum, kaaranangalekkurichum athu avasaanicha krithyamaaya nimishathekkurichum pandithanmaar viyojikkunnu. gronveld (2009) 1588 epril 12-leeii "didakti vaan vraankan"-nte sthaapanaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya vashangalil shradha kendreekarichu, athiloode aikya pravishyakal aupachaarikamaayi dutch republicayi maari athinte thalayil rajaavillaatha oru samsthaanam, pakshe paramadhikaara pravishya rajyangal. sainika padangalil, moonnu spanish thirichadikal (1585-ll paarmayude aakramanathmakamaaya nirthalaakkal, 1588-ll spanish naavikasenayude nasham, fraansil edapedaan paarmayude 1589-leeii utharavu) adayaalappeduthiya oru parivartthana kaalaghattamaanu 'ennu addeham visheshippichu.'winkler prins' republic sthaapithamaayathode athinte <aii. dii. 1> kaalayalav avasaanippichu, 'athinidayil, ezhu pravishyakalude' konfedareshan oof stetts 'ennathilekkulla vikasanam, oro paramadhikaariyum, republic oof dhii yunaittad netherlands, thudarnnu. pothuve, 1588 athinte thaalkkaalika avasana pooyintaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.'mulder thudangiyavar. (2008) 1588-ll republicinte aavirbhavam avarude 1573-1588 kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathe soochippikkunnuvennum soochippichu, ennaal eathenkilum aupachaarika niyamamo prakhyaapanamo athinte sthaapanathe adayaalappeduthunnuvennu nishedhichu. patthu varshangal" ennu addeham peritta "aii. dii. 1" kaalaghattathekkurichulla roobert fruinte 1857 leeii classic padanatthil 1588-ll republicinte uthbhavam kadannupokunnathil (adhyayam IV) maathramaan paraamarshichathu. phalavathaayitheerunnathinu, oru sainika vazhithirivaayirunnu spanish naavikasenayude (randaam adhyayam) nasham philipp inii muthal thadassamillaathe anubavikkunna prathikoolaavasthaykk thudakkamittu, ithu shathrukkalude sahakaranathekkaal swantham thettukalkkaanu kooduthal kaaranamaakunnath. (...) englandinethiraaya akramanam ashradhamaayi nadakkukayum thakarukayum netherlandsinte keezhadangal thadayukayum cheythu.'1584-ll nadanna vilyam oof ooranchinte kolapaathakatthe oru vazhithirivayi vaan derr lem (1995) kanakkakki, addehathinte raashtreeyavum mathaparavumaya aadarshangal addehathodoppam marichuvennu vaadichu, athesamayam paarmayude nirthaanaavaattha sainika munnettam kanakkileduthu henry piren vilyaminte maranatthinte praadhaanyatthe kurachukaanunnu.
sambhavangalum sambhavavikasangalum.
1579: araasukalude union.
1579 januvari 6 nuu hainaut, artois kaundikalum duvaay nagravum spanish sarkkaarumaayi swantham nibandhanakalkkanusarichu anurajanam thedunna avarude swantham prathirodha union oof araasil oppuvachu. spainumaayulla nishpakshathaykk purame samadhaanavum shaashvathamaaya saasanavum athu veendum sthireekarichu. pakaramaayi, spain thangalude videsha sainikare pravisyakalil nirthunnathu ozhivaakkendathaayirunnu. parma eee vyavasthakal amgeekarichukazhinjaal, speyininethiraaya yaadhaasthithika katholikkarude paraathikal thripthippedukayum 1579 meyy 17 nuu araz udambadiyude roopathil oru prathyeka samaadhaanathin avar thayyarakukayum cheythu, athil avar philippinodulla kooru puthukki. hainaut, artois, duvaay ennivarellaam franch samsaarikkunnavaraayirunne, pilkkala dutch charitrakaaranmaaril palareyum pothu yooniyanil ninnu avarude verpiriyalinu bhashaaparamaaya vyathyaasangal kaaranamaanennu aaropikkan prerippichu, athinaal oru "vaaloon affair", henry piren paranju, oru prathyeka samadhaanam pinthudaraanulla avarude theerumaanatthil bhaashaykk oru pankumillennu. valare kooduthal nagaravalkkarikkappedukayum bergermark rashtreeya adikaaram undaayirunna niravadhi svayambharana nagarangal aadhipathyam pulartthukayum cheytha flandezhs, braabant, holland, sealand ennee pravishyakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee sthalangal valare grameenavum yaadhaasthithikavum catholica prabhukkanmaarude aadhipathyavumaayirunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, hainauttinu oru nagaram (moons) maathrame undaayirunnulloo, artois moonnu (araz, bethoon, sent-oomar) maathram. 1578 march 1nuu flandersileyum brabantileyum kaalvinist akramathekkurichu kooduthal ashankaakularaaya artoisile prabhukkanmaar dune juvan samadhana nirddesham munnottuvachappol, thudarnnu 1578 march 6nuu hainaut samsthaanangalum, bethoon, eyar, seyint-oomar, duvaay ennividangalile burgermar udan thanne prathishedhichu, mathabhrantharaaya kaalvinistukalil oru nyoonapaksham araasile adikaaram hrasvamaayi pidichedukkukayum (ghent kaalvinisttukalkk undaayirunnathupole) avarude rashtreeya kooru kaanikkan raajakumaarante pathaaka uyarthukayum cheythu. kooduthal shaktharaaya artician prabhukkanmaarkk athine paraajayappeduthaan kazhinjathinaal eee francophone kaalvinist kalapam parajayappettu. maruvashathu, arrakalude yooniyanil cheraatha ayalrajyamaaya franch samsaarikkunna nagaravalkarikkappetta tournaisisil burgermar aadhipathyam pulartthukayum parma avare keezhadangan nirbandhikkunnathuvare kalapathodu vishwasthatha pulartthukayum cheythu.
1579: yootrechinte union.
athesamayam, ooranchile vilyamum aant verppile stetts generalum utrekttinte unionekkurichu aaveshathilaayirunnilla. samadhaanatheyum "mathasamaadhaanatheyum" adisthaanamaakkiyulla vishalamaaya oru unioneyaan avar kooduthal eshtappedunnathu, athu utrechinteyum araasinteyum unionukal parokshamaayi nirasichu. ennirunnaalum, vadakkum thekkum vyathyastha dishakalile druthagathiyilulla sambhavavikasangal aikyam nilanirthaanulla shramangale vivaadamaakki. vadakku utrect yooniyante anuyaayikalkk meyy maasathode freesland, jelderland pravisyakalil avarude sthaanam urappikkaan kazhinju, ennirunnaalum yaadhaasthithikarumaayulla poraattam illaathe. ennirunnaalum, ovarjsel vibhajikkapettu, chroningenil nagravum stetts generalinte stadtholdarum kaundu rennenberg avarude akalam paalichu. araz udambadiyude samayat, vibhajanam kadinamaayennu vyakthamaayirunnu, athinaal vilyan oduvil parajayam sammathikkukayum 1579 meyy 3 nuu utrekt yooniyanil oppidukayum cheythu, athesamayam protestant kaikalilulla flemish, brabantian nagarangaleyum yooniyanil cheraan prothsaahippichu.
1579 avasaanathode, oru valia akramanam nadatthaan kazhivulla oru sainyathe nirthaan parmayko oranchino mathiyaya sainyavum saamagrikalum illaathathinaal yudhaveeranmaar sthambhanaavasthayilaayirunnu. aras union aavashyappedunnathupole thante spanish, itaaliyan sainyathe pinvalicha parma, thante videsha udyogasthare jarmman allengil 'thaddesheeya' (thaazhnna rajyangal) sainikare upayogichu motham 93 kaalaalppada kambanikalkku pakaram nalki, avayil 57 ennam thanthraparamaaya pooyintukal kaaval nirvahikkaan aavasyamaayavayaayirunnu. bakkiyulla 36 kambanikal (5,400-7,200 perr) aakramanathinu labhyamaayirunnu. vimatha stetts generalinte samyuktha seena kadalaasil erattiyaayirunnu, 1579 desemberile ooranchinte yuddha bajattil 96 prathirodha kambanikalum feeld aakshanaayi 101 kambanikalum pattikapedutthi. ennaal praayogikamaayi addehathinu valare kurachu feeldukal maathrame cheyyaan kazhiyoo, kaaranam pravishyakal avarude sainyathe swantham athirthikalkkappurathekka vinyasikkaan sammathikkaan madikkukayaayirunnu. bhaagikamaayi, pravishyaykk purathulla sainikarkk kramarahithamaya shambalam nalkunnathu ariyappedunna oru vyavasthaapitha prasnamaayathinaal, shambalamillaatha sainikarkk svayam bhakshanam nalkaan kazhiyaathappol kalaapathin kaaranamaakukayum saadhaaranakkaarkkethire balaprayogam nadathukayum, upekshikkukayo sathruvilekku koorumaarukayo cheiyukayo cheythekkaam. athirthi nagaramaya toornaiyil nilayurappichirunna edward norisinte naalu engleesh kambanikal moolamundaaya 'prasnangal' udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu, kaaranam flandezhs samsthaanangal avarude vethanam nalkunnathil parajayappettu, koodaathe 1580 septambaril bocheyninte pradhana athirthi outpost paarmayude sainikarude kaivashamaayi.
1580.
eee samayat, rudolph randaaman chakravartthiyude munkaiyil jarmman nagaramaya colonil philippinum stetts generalinum idayil pothuvaaya samadhaanam kaivarikkanulla anthima sramam nadannu. irupakshavum parasparamulla prathyeka aavasyangalkku nirbandham pidichathinaal, eee samadhana charchakal irupakshathinteyum anurajanakshamatha vyakthamakkaan maathrame sahaayichittullu; kaundu renenbergineppole madyaniraye anukoolicha aalukalkk inii edamillennu thonni. oru katholikkanaaya rennenberg ippol spainilekku pookaan theerumaanichu. 1580 maarchil hollandinteyum protestantukaludeyum "svechaadhipathyathinethir" uyarnnuvaraan addeham thante adhikaarathilulla pravishyakalodu aavasyappettu. ennirunnaalum, ithu freeslandilum ovarjsalilum catholica virudha thirichadi azhichuvidunnathinu maathrame sahaayichittullu. ovarijsel samsthaanangal oduvil utrect union palikkaan bodhyappettu. ennirunnaalum, rennenberginte "raajyadroham" union kadutha thanthraparamaaya bheeshani uyarthi, prathyekichu juunil parma addehathe shakthippeduthiyathinethu. adutha eathaanum masangalkkullil groningen, drenthe, ovarijsel ennivayude bhooribhaagavum pidichedukkaan addehathinu kazhinju. athesamayam, 1580 maarchil philipp randaaman vilyam oof ooranchine niyamavirudhanaayi prakhyaapichirunnu.
naamamaathramaaya samsthaanangalude pothu niyanthranatthilulla pradesham mattu bhagangalilum kramanugathamaayi churungikkondirikkayuku, kaaranam parma sthiramaaya purogathi kaivarichu. 1579 juunil mastrict pidicheduttha sesham, naalu maasathe uparodhathin sesham 1580 februvariyil addeham courtrijk pidichedutthu. epril maasathil meshelen thirichupidichu stetts general marupadi nalkukayum athinusesham vijayikalaaya engleesh koolippadayaalikal engleesh kopam ennariyappedunna pattanatthe kollayadikkukayum cheythu. kaalvinist theevravaadathaal anyavalkkarikkappetta mithavaadikalude pinthuna veendedukkuka, thekk ippozhum vishwastharaaya katholikkare aashwasippikkuka, jarmman lutheran rajakumaaranmaarudeyum fraansile rajaavinteyum vishwaasam nilanirthuka ennivayaanu samboornna parajayam ozhivakkaanulla eaka maarggamenn ooranchinte vilyam appozhekkum bodhyappettu. eee lakshyangal nedunnathinaayi 1578ll stetts generalinu vendi edapetta fraansile rajaavaaya henriyude ilaya sahodaranaaya francis duke oof anjouvinu netherlandsinte paramadhikaaram vaagdaanam cheyyaan addeham ippol stetts generaline prerippichu. 1576ll fraansil hrasvamaayi mathasamadhaanam urappakkiya beaulieu saasanam konduvanna oru catholica, ennaal oru "raashtreeyam" koodiyaayirunnu anjou. athinaal rund campukalileyum mithavaadikalkku addeham sweekaaryanaayirunnu. addeham thante sahodarante sainikavum saambathikavumaaya pinthunayum konduvarum. braabantum flandezhsum (ennaal holland sealand allah) eee padhathiye pinthunaykkukayum stetts general 1580 septambaril anjouvumaayi plessis-less-touur udambadi avasanippikkukayum cheythu. randaamathethu 1581 januvariyil aant verppil ethi, avide addeham oru "bharanaghadanaa rajaavaayi" bharikkumenn sathyaprathinja cheyyukayum netherlandsinte samrakshakanaayi stetts general prashamsikkukayum cheythu.
1581.
netherlands philippinodulla vishwasthatha audyogikamaayi upekshikkanamenna vyavasthayil anjou sammathichirunnu. samsthaana generalinteyum avarude naamamaathramaaya niyanthranatthilulla pradeshathinteyum spanish kireedatthil ninnulla verpiriyal 1581 juulai 26-leeii ozhivakkal niyamathiloode aupachaarikamaakki. eee niyamatthinte pradhana phalam kalapakaarikalaaya pravishyakalile niravadhi anishchithathvamulla majistrettumaare oduvil avarude yadhaartha kooru prakhyapikkaan nirbandhitharaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. pala pazhaya kaaval bharanaadhikaarikalum ippol raajivaykkukayum spanish virudha lakshyathodulla vishwasthathayil samshayamillaatha aalukale niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1580 juun maasathil philipp vilakkiyathin marupadiyaayi vilyam nadatthiya "mapp" paranjathupole, kalaapathinte thathwangal roopappeduthiya eee niyamam irupakshavum thammilulla prachaarana yudhavum theevramaakki. hugunot monarcomakkukal pracharippicha prathirodha sidhaanthangalude punarroopakalppanayaanu rund rekhakalum. angane avar mattoru mithavaadikale anyavalkkarichu.
anjouvine konduvannu stetts generalinullile anaikyathayekkurichu paper cheyyaanulla vilyam nadatthiya sramam vijayichilla. holland sealand addehathe paripoornnamaayi amgeekarichu, pakshe pradhaanamaayum addehathe avaganichu, utrect, ovarjsel, jelderland, utrect union amgangalil ninnu orikkalum addehathe thiricharinjittilla. flandezhsil addehathinte adikaaram orikkalum valia thukayaayirunnilla, athinartham braabant maathramaan addehathinu athinte poornna pinthuna nalkiyathu. anjouyude naamamaathramaaya dishayil vadakkum thekkum thammilulla vibhajanam kooduthal oonnipparanju. naamamaathramaayi ekathaanamaanenkilum, praayogikamaayi rund vyathyastha sthaapanangalaayi vibhajikkappettirunna oru kaunsil oof stettu upayogichaanu addeham bharichathu, oronnum vyathyastha yudharamgathinu utharavaadikalaanu. hollandineyum athinte sakhyakakshikaleyum rennenbergil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkaan anuvadichu (ithu avarkk anuyojyamaayirunnu) anjo thanne thante franch sainyathe thekk kendreekarichu. ennirunnaalum, parmmayude achanjalamaaya munnettam urappikkaan addehathinu kazhinjillennu addeham thelinju. 1581 augustil anjou nadatthiya edapedal paarmayude cambray uparodham vijayakaramaayi thakartthuvenkilum pinneedu addeham thante sainyathe pirichuvidukayum englandilekku raajasabhayile raajnjiyaaya elisabath onnaamante aduthekku pookukayum cheythu (addeham addehathinte vivaha nirddesham nirasichu); addehathinte abhaavathil parma 1581 november 31 nuu tournaay uparodhikkukayum keezhadakkukayum cheythu.
1582.
thekkan yooniyanil ulppetta pravisyakalil spanish koolippadayaalikale (mikacha nilavaaramulla sainikar) nirthunnathu nirodhicha araz udambadiyile vyavasthakal parma valarekkaalamaayi thadassappeduthiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, thurkkikalumaayulla yuddham oduvil avasaanichathinusesham, philippinte saambathika sthithi ganyamaayi mechappedukayum paarmaykk labhyamaya sainikarude ennam kramanugathamaayi vardhippikkaan addehathinu kazhiyukayum cheythu. 1582 oktobarode, paarmaykk 61,000 sainikarude oru sainyam labhyamaayirunnu, avaril bhooribhaagavum uyarnna nilavaaramullavaraayirunnu. appozhekkum vaaloon pravishyakal spanish sainyathe sweekarikkunnathinethire avarude ethirppu pinvalichu. eee mechappeduthalukal taamasiyaathe sainika vijayangalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu. 1581 juunil parma ithinakam thanne ooranchinte swantham pattanamaya bredayile vilyam pidichadakkukayum athuvazhi braabantile stetts generalinte pradeshathekku oru verthiriv undaakkukayum cheythu. 1582-ll addeham jelderlandilekkum ovarjsalilekkum kooduthal munnettam nadatthi. avide utrect union raajakeeyavaadikalum thammilulla yuddham angotum ingottum nadakkukayaayirunnu. 1581-leeii venalkkaalath rennenberg marichuvenkilum pakaram francisco verdugo niyamichu, addeham noordon yudhathil addehathe ethirtha sarr joonn norisinte (rijmenam prashasthanaaya) engleesh koolippadayaalikale paraajayappeduthi. neesijilile pradhana kotta pidichedukkaan shramicha norrisinode addeham parajayappettu. verdugo pinneedu thekkott thallukayum pidichedukkunna lockem suttfene attimarikkukayum vyathichalikkukayum cheyyum. ennirunnaalum, thante lockem uparodham pinvalikkaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi, pakshe vadakkott madangunna vazhiyil netherlandsinte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathe thaakolaaya steenvijku kotta nagaram pidichedutthu, athu ellaayppozhum rennenberghine ozhivaakkiyirunnu.
1582 march 18nuu juvan dii jaureguyi vilyamine vadhikkan shramichu. addeham athijeevichu, pakshe gurutharamaaya parikkukal anubhavapettu, ithu addehathe kurachukaalathekku pracharanam nadatthaan kazhiyaathathaakki.
1583.
athesamayam, stetts generalinte saadhaaranakkaar thante adhikaarathil earppeduthiya niyanthranangalil anjou thalarnnupoyi, oru sainika attimariyiloode addeham flandezhsilum braabantilum adikaaram pidichedukkaan shramichu. addeham dankirkkum mattu niravadhi flemish nagarangalum pidichedutthu, ennaal pouranmaar (1576 chaakk oormmichukondu) aayudangal prayogikkukayum 1583 januvari 17 leeii franch kopam ennariyappedunna oru sambhavamaaya theruvukalil franch sainikare koottakkola cheyyukayum cheythu. anjouvinteyum vilyam oof oranchinteyum (addehathinte pradhana promoteraayi kanakkaakkappettirunna) janapreeti ippol puthiya thaazhnna nilayilekku, prathyekichu aant verppil, thaazhnnu. ennirunnaalum, vilyam oru anurajanam krameekarikkaan shramichu, pakshe anjouvinum braabantile janangalkkum mathiyaya samayam undaayirunnu, juunil anjou francilake pooyi.
thekk samsthaana generalmaar ippozhum kaivashappeduthiyirunna nagarangalile manoveeryam kshayichu. dankirkkum newpoort paarmaykk oru shoat nalkaathe veenu, theerathu oru pradhana vimatha enclave aayi maathram avasheshichu. niraashayode vilyam ippol braabant upekshichu. 1583 joolaiyil addeham veendum dutch nagaramaya delfttil thante aasthaanam sthaapichu, thudarnnu augustil stetts general (randaamathethu oduvil heginu sameepam sthirathaamasamaakki). 1576 muthal addeham thante arambha ghattathilekku madangiyethiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, holland, sealand samsthaanangalumaayulla addehathinte anthass aaa haalsiyon divasangal muthal ganyamaayi kuranju. athinusesham valarnnuvarunna oru gavanment enna nilayil samsthaanangal avarude aathmavishwaasam valareyadhikam vardhippichu.
1584.
athesamayam, paarmayude flandezhs sainyam avismaraneeyamaaya purogathi kaivarichu. 1584 eprilil yapres, meyy maasathil bruggase, septambaril ghent enniva pidichedutthu. eee nirashaajanakamaaya saahacharyathil, vilyam oof ooranchu oduvil hollandinte kaundu enna padavi sweekarikkunnathinekkur chinthakal rasippikkaan thudangi, addehathinte chila theevra pinthunakkaar, prathyekichu poulas vaangunnath, 1581 ll aadyamaayi addehathinethire sammarddam chelutthi. 1583 juun aayappozhekkum aamstardaamum gaudayum padhathiye athirthathinaal charchakal thudarnnu. oduvil, holland samsthaanangal niyantritha vyavasthakalkku keezhil ooranchu enna padavi vaagdaanam cheythu, athinodu 1583 desember 12 nuu vilyam thante praadhamika karar prakadippichu. 1584 juun 10 nuu anjou rajakumaran marichappol nadapadikal thadassappettu; pakaram france rajaavinu paramadhikaaram vaagdaanam cheyyaan vilyamum stetts generalum sammathikkukayum udan thanne paareesilekk oru prathinidhi samghathe ayakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, franch rajaavu visammathichu, 1584 juulai 10 nuu vilyam baltasar jerard vadikkappettu, ithu padhathi vivaadamaakaan kaaranamaayi.
kurachukaalathekku nadanna kolapathakam holland samsthaanangale kuzhappathilaakki, ithu samsthaana generalile flandezhs, braabant ennivayude avasthakal valare kurayaan kaaranamaayi. thangalude pravishyakalude chila bhagangal maathram niyanthrikkunnathinaal randaamathethu appozhekkum niraasharaakukayaayirunnu (parma 1584 juulai 3 nuu aantverppine uparodhikkukayum cheythirunnu). thangalude eaka sahayam fraansil ninnu maathrame labhikkoo ennu avar vishwasichu. avarude nirddeshaprakaaram stetts general septambaril fraansile henry moonnaaman rajaavinu orikkal koodi paramadhikaaram vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinte yogyathayekkurichu oru charcha aarambhichu, hoofttinteyum aamstardaaminteyum ethirppukalil 1585 februvariyil francilake oru dutch embassy ayachu. ennaal fraansile sthithi vashalayi, hyooganattukalum (protestantukalum) catholicar thammilulla mathaparamaya kalahangal vardhichukondirunnu, athinaal henrique philippine dhikkarikkan mathiyaya karuth thonniyilla, ithu addehathe bahumanam nirasikkaan prerippichu.
1585.
athesamayam, aant verppinte "kaalvinist republicine" parma konduvarikayaayirunnu. nagaratthil ninnu thaazhekku pookunna skiild nadikku kuruke oru pondoon paalam sthaapichukondu addeham vadakku ninnu athinte vitharana line vettikkurachirunnu. saadhaarana pattini thanthram ippol 80,000 varunna nagaratthe pidichedukkaan thudangi. manoveeryam kuranju, kaaranam avasaanathe braabant holdouttukalilonnaaya brassels 1585 maarchil keezhadangi. eprilil oru dutch ubhayachara akramanam (eee samayat "helburnerukal" upayogichu kappal paalam pottitherikkaanulla sramam) paraajayappettathinetthudar, nagaram oduvil 1585 augustil keezhadangi. akkaalathe thaazhnna raajyangalile ettavum valia nagaramaya aantverppinte pathanam-janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam vadakkott palayanam cheyyaan prerippichu. 1560num 1590num idayil, aant verppinte janasamkhya 100,000 nivaasikalil ninnu 42,000 aayi kuranju.
albayude bheekaravaada thanthrangalude virudha uthppaadanakshamathayekkurich nannayi arinja parma nivaasikalodu soumyamaayi perumaariyenkilum mikka protestantumaarum vadakkan pravishyakalilekku kudiyeri, eee kaalayalavil abhayam thediya sambannaraaya vyaapaarikaludeyum vidagdha thozhilaallikaludeyum ozhukk vardhippichu. eee motha kudiyettatthinte oru paarshwafalamaayi, veendum keezhadakkiya pravishyakalude saambathika shakti kramanugathamaayi kurayukayum, athesamayam aikya pravishyakalude, prathyekichu hollandileyum sealandileyum saambathika shakti shakthamayi vardhikkukayum cheythu.
thangalude adhikaaraparidhiyilulla stetts general ippol engleesh rajaavaaya elisabath onnaamante paramadhikaara vaagdaanam sweekarichu. 1573-ll thanne holland samsthaanangal pravishyaykk samanamaaya oru vaagdaanavumaayi elisabathine sameepichirunnuvenkilum kalapam pothuve amgeekarikkaathathinaal avar nirasichu. ennirunnaalum, ippol, parma undaakkunna nettangal kanakkileduthu engleesh sarkkar punarvichinthanam cheythu, ithu englandile catholica sarkkar virudha vikaaram shakthippeduthunnathinte anaavashya phalavum undaakki. paramadhikaara vaagdaanam ettedukkaan visammathichenkilum, elisabath netherlandsil oru engleesh samrakshitha pradesham vyaapippikkaan theerumaanichu, athu avalude thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinulla karsanamaaya vyavasthakalilaayirikkaam. 6, 350 adii uyaravum 1,000 kuthirakalumulla oru paryaveshana senaye ayaykkaan avar vaagdaanam cheythu, samsthaana general pankidenda chelavu, avarude nominiyaaya leasesterinte aadya earl roobert dudley govarnor generalayi raajyathinte sainika, rashtreeya chumatala niyamikkum. koodaathe, addeham oru punasamghadippicha kaunsil oof stettu vazhi bharikkukayum athil engleesh sarkkaarin rund votting amgangal undaayirikkukayum (avaril oraal privy kaunsilinte clerk sarr thomas wilks aayirunnu), avar nalkia vaaypakalkku urappayi avarkk kotta thuramukhangal nalkukayum venam. august 20leeii nonsachu udambadiyil stetts general ithu amgeekarichu. vimatha raashtrathe oru videsha sarkkar nayathanthraparamaayi amgeekaricha aadya sambhavamaayirunnu ithu (anjouvumaayulla udambadi "swakaarya" aayirunnu).
netherlandsile leasesterude edapedal sammishra phalangal nalki. holland samsthaanangalude aadhipathyathe ethirtha netherlandsile sainyangalude oru raali pooyintaayi addeham maarendathaayirunnu. englandile purittanmaarude samrakshakanenna nilayil, netherlandsile kaalvinisttukalude "karsanamaaya" vibhaagam addehathe oru swaabhaavika sakhyakakshiyayi kandu, avar vilyam oof ooranchinte "mathasamadhaana" nayathe athirthirunnu, ippol varum varshangalil tharkkatthinte asthiyaaya oru iraastiyan sabhaa kramatthe anukoolicha "mandabudhikalaaya" dutch regentukalkkethire aninirannu. hollandile abhibhashakanaaya johann vaan ooldanbaarnvelttinte neethrthwathilulla aaa dutch regentukal thudakkam muthal leasesterine ethirthu, kaaranam kalaapasamayath avar nediya adhikaarathil netherlandsile prathipakshatthinte kendramaayi avar addehathe thiricharinju. karkkashakkaraya kaalvinisttukalkk purame, dutch prabhukkanmaar, avarude adikaaram regentukal prathinidheekarikkunna nindikkappetta vyapara varggathinu anukoolamaayi kuranjirunnu, koodaathe hollandinte aadhipathyathe ethirtha utrekt, freesland thudangiya mattu pravishyakalile vibhaagangalum aaa ethirppil ulppettirunnu.
1586.
1586 januvariyil govarnor general enna nilayil addehathinte kammeeshante krithyamaaya ulladakkathecholli leasesterumaayulla charchaykkidayilaanu aadyathe samgharsham udaleduthathu. eee vishayathil englandinu abhiprayam nalkunnathinaayi inii muthal oro pravisyaykkum staadtholdarmaare kaunsil oof stettu niyamikkumennu nonsachu udambadi vyavastha cheythu. ennirunnaalum, freeslandilum groningen vilyam louisilum, kaundu oof nasso-dillenberg (ooranchu vilyaminte anantharavan), utrechil, jelderland, ovarijsal adolph vaan newenar ennivare udambadikku munbu 1585-nte thudakkathil stetts general niyamichirunnu. hollandileyum sealandileyum samsthaanangal mosham vishwaasam prakadippichukondu leasester varunnathinu thottumunbu vilyam oof ooranchinte randaamathe niyamaanusritha puthranaya, nassaavile moureesine avarude pravisyakalil staadtholadaraayi niyamichu. parikkin apamaanamundaakkaan, ellah staadtholarmaarum thangale niyamicha pravishyakalude paramadhikaara rajyangalil ninnaan thangalude adikaaram nediyathennu samsthaanangal nirbandhichu, athinaal eee vishayathil oru vakkupolum avakashappedaan leasesterinu kazhiyilla (bhaaviyile bharanaghadanaa samgharshangalil oru pradhana punk vahikkunna oru vaadam). eee "nyayamaaya poorttheekaranatthe" abhimukheekarichu addehathinu sammathikkukayallaathe mattu maargamillaayirunnu.
samsthaanangalude generalil thangalude pravisyakalil kaaryamaaya pradeshangalonnum ippol niyanthrikkaattha braabant, flandezhs samsthaanangalude praathinidhyam polulla nayaparamaaya kaaryangalilum leasester hollandumaayi ettumutti. 1586 muthal leasesterinte athirppinekkurichulla charchakalil pankedukkunnathil ninnu avare vilakkiyenkilum kaunsil oof stetsil avarude seettukal nilanirthaan addehathinu kazhinju. avasaanathe thekkan pravishyakalude amgathvam stetts generalinu nashtamaayappol, israel (1995) puthiya samsthaanathinu dutch republic enna peru upayogikkaan thudangaamenn prasthaavichu. sathruvumaayulla vyaapaarathin leasester earppeduthiya uparodhatheyum holland ethirthu."uparithalathil, ithu oru thanthraparamaaya veekshanakonil ninnu ardhavathaayirunnu, eprilil leasester ithu praabalyatthil konduvannathinu sesham uparodham valare phalapradamaanennu thelinju, ithu adutha shaithyakaalath spanish niyantritha pradeshangalil valareyadhikam budhimuttukal srishtichu. ennirunnaalum, baltikkile dhaanya vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum ippol englandilekku thirichuvidappettathinaal uparodham dutch vyaapaarikaleyum valare kadinamaayi baadhichu. athinaal dutch regentukal valare aavashyamaaya varumanam konduvarunnathinte adhika nettamulla licensukalulla oru niyanthrana samvidaanamaanu thiranjedutthathu. ennirunnaalum, thalkkalam eee vishayathil leasester vijayichu.
augustil jerard prooninkinte neethrthwathilulla utrechil kaalvinist karkkashavaadikal aaa pravisyayil adikaaram pidichedutthappol leasesterum holland thammilulla rashtreeya samgharshangal rookshamaayi. ithu leasesterinu holland virudha shakthiyude adithara nalki, athil ninnu mattu pravishyakalile dutch regentukalkku, prathyekichu frieslandinu budhimuttukal srishtikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. desemberil leasester thaalkkaalikamaayi englandilekku madangiyethiyappol, nashtappetta nilam veendedukkunnathinaayi holland udan thanne pravartthikkaan thudangi. hollandile shambalathilulla oro udyogasthanum ellah sainika neekkangalum amgeekarikkenda stadtholder mourisil ninnu thante kammeeshan sweekarikkanamennu aavashyappedunna puthiya niyanthranangal praabalyatthil vannu. leasesterinte vyapara uparodham illaathaakki.
1587.
athesamayam, dutch janathayum pala pattanangalilum kaaval nilkkunna engleesh sainikarum thammil valareyadhikam paraspara prakopanangal udaleduthu. 1587 januvariyil deventarileyum suttfenileyum engleesh gaarisanukalkk spainilekku koorumaranum thudarnnu swoll, arnem, austend ennividangalile sainikarkk kaikkooli nalkaanum kazhinju. ithu janangalkkidayil engleesh virudha vikaarathin kaaranamaayi, ithu elisabathinu orikkal koodi paramadhikaaram vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinaayi prakshobham nadathiyirunna engleesh anukoola utrekt vibhaagathe durbalappedutthaan sahayichu. lesestar netherlandsilekku madangiyethiyappol, thante suhruthukkal valare durbalarayathinaal sthithigathikal niyantrikkaan balamaayi adikaaram pidichedukkendivarumne addeham nigamanam cheythu. venalkkaalathe thayyaareduppukalkku sesham, 1587 septambaril leasester gauda, scoonhoven, mattu chila nagarangal enniva kaivashappedutthi. mourisineyum oldenbaarnevelttineyum hegile arast cheyyaanulla sramam parajayappettu, ennirunnaalum, lidenile karkasha kaalvinisttukalude kalapam parajayappettu. aamstardaamine thante campil athikkaanulla leasesterinte vyakthiparamaaya shramavum paraajayappettappol, addeham upekshichu 1587 desemberil englandilekku madangi. angane netherlandsine videsha sarkkaarin keezhil oru "sammishra rajavaazhcha" aayi nilanirthaanulla avasana sramam avasaanichu. vadakkan pravishyakal ippol rund noottaandilere neenda republican gavanmentinte kaalaghattatthilekku praveshichu.