
aanava prathikaranam

nuclear physixilum nuclear kemistriyilum, rund nucleusukal allengil oru nucleus oru baahya subtomical kanikayum koottiyidichu onno athiladhikamo puthiya nucleidukal uthpaadippikkunna prakriyayaan nuclear prathikaranam. athinaal, oru nuclear prathikaranam kuranjathu oru nucleidinengilum mattonnilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan kaaranamaakanam. oru nucleus mattoru nucleusumaayo kanikayumaayo prathipravartthikkukayum pinneedu eathenkilum nucleidinte swabhaavam maattathe verpiriyukayum cheythaal, eee prakriya oru nuclear prathikaranathekkaal oru tharam nuclear scattering ennu vilikkunnu.
thathwathil, oru prathikaranatthil randil kooduthal kanikakal koottiyidikkaam, ennaal ore sthalathu ore samayam moonno athiladhikamo nucleusukal kandumuttanulla saadhyatha rund nucleusukalekkaal valare kuravaayathinaal, atharamoru sambhavam asaadhaaranamaamvidham apoorvamaanu (moonnu body nuclear prathikaranatthinu valare aduthulla oru udaaharanathinu triple alfa prakriya kaanuka). nuclear reaction" enna padam onnukil mattoru kanikayumaayi koottiyidikkunnathiloode undaakunna nucleidinte maattatheyo allengil koottiyidikkaathe oru nucleidinte swaabhaavika maattatheyo soochippikkaam.
cosmic kiranangalum dravyavum thammilulla prathipravartthanathilaanu swaabhaavika nuclear prathikaranangal sambhavikkunnath, aanavorjam labhikkaan aanava prathikaranangal krithrimamaayi upayogikkaam, krameekarikkavunna nirakkil, aavasyaanusaranam. vighadippikkaavunna vasthukkalile nuclear cheyin prathikaranangal preritha nuclear vighadippikkal srishtikkunnu. prakasha moolakangalude vividha nuclear fusion prathikaranangal sooryanteyum nakshathrangaludeyum oorjja ulppaadanathinu oorjjam nalkunnu.
charithram.
1919-ll, maanchastar sarvakalashaalayil naitrajan 14n + α → 17o + p-ll nayikkunna alfa kanikakal upayogichu naitrajan ooksijanilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan ernest ratherfordinu kazhinju.  oru induced nuclear prathikaranatthinte aadya nireekshanamaayirunnu ithu, athaayath, oru shayathil ninnulla kanikakal mattoru aattomik nucleusine parivartthanam cheyyaan upayogikkunna oru prathikaranam. oduvil, 1932-ll cambridge sarvakalashaalayil, lythium-7-nuu ethire krithrimamaayi thwarithappeduthiya protonukal upayogichu nucleusine rund alfa kanangalayi vibhajikkaan ratherfordinte sahapravarthakaraaya joonn cockroft ernest walton poornnamaayum krithrima aanava prathikaranavum aanava parivartthanavum kaivarichu. jarmman shaasthranjaraaya oottoo hahn, liss maitner, fritts strassman ennivar pinneedu (1938-ll) kanatha moolakangalil kandethiya aadhunika aanava vighadana prathikaranamayirunnilla ithu, ennirunnaalum eee nettam "aattathe vibhajikkuka" ennu ariyappettirunnu.
nuclear prathikarana samavaakyangal.
nuclear prathikaranangal raasa samavaakyangalkk samanamaaya oru roopathil kaanikkam, athinaayi samavaakyathinte oro vashathum invariyant maas santhulithamaayirikkanam, koodaathe kanangalude parivartthanangal chaarjinteyum baariyon nambarinteyum (motham aattomik maas nambar) samrakshanam polulla chila samrakshana niyamangal paalikkanam. eee notteshante oru udaaharanam chuvade
pindam, charge, pindam ennivayude mukalilulla samavaakyam santhulithamaakkaan, valathuvashathulla randaamathe nucleusinu aattomik nambar 2 umm pinda nambar 4 umm undaayirikkanam; athinaal ithu healium-4 koodiyaanu. athinaal poornna samavaakyam ingane vaayikkunnu
allengil kooduthal lalithamaayi
mukalilulla shailiyil poornna samavaakyangal upayogikkunathinupakaram, pala saahacharyangalilum aanava prathikaranangale vivarikkan oru compact notteshan upayogikkunnu. a (b, c) d enna roopathinte eee shaili c + d uthppaadippikkunna a + b nuu thulyamaanu. saadhaarana prakashakanangal palappozhum eee hraswarekhayil churukkiyirikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi protoninu p, neutroninu n, duteroninu d, alfa kanikaye allengil healium-4 neey prathinidheekarikkunna α, beetta kanikaykko electronino β, gaama photoninu γ muthalaayava. mukalilulla prathikaranam 6li (d, α) α ennu ezhuthappedum.
oorjja samrakshanam.
oru prathikaranatthinidayil (exothermic prathikaranam) gathikorjjam purathuvannekkaam allengil prathikaranam nadakkunnathinu (endothermic prathikaranam) gathikorjjam nalkendivannekkaam. valare krithyamaaya kanika vishrama pindangalude oru pattikaye paraamarshichu ithu kanakkakkaam, thaazhepparayunna reethiyil reference tableukal anusarichu, nucleusinu 6.015 aattomik maas yoonittukalude (churukkatthil u) oru staanderd aattomik bharam undu, duteriyathinu 2.014 u undu, healium-4 nucleusinu 4.0026 u undu. athinaal
oru nuclear prathikaranatthil, motham (aapekshika) oorjjam samrakshikkappedunnu. kaanathaaya" vishrama pindam prathikaranatthil purathuvarunna gathikorjamaayi veendum prathyakshappedanam; athinte uravidam nuclear binding oorjjamaanu. ainsteente maas-energy equivalence formula "e" = "mc" 2 upayogichu, purathuvidunna oorjjathinte alavu nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. namukk aadyam oru aattomik maas yoonittin thulyamaaya oorjjam aavasyamaanu
athinaal, purathuvidunna oorjjam 0.0238 × 931 Mev = 22.2 Mev aanu.
vyathyasthamayi prakadippikkappedunnu pindam 0.3% kurayunnu, 90 pj/kilograaminte 0.3% 270 tj/kilograminu thulyamaanu.
oru nuclear prathikaranatthinu ithu oru valia alavilulla oorjjamaanu; healium-4 nucleusinte oru nucleoninu binding oorjjam asaadhaaranamaamvidham uyarnnathinaal eee alavu valare uyarnnathaan, kaaranam hea-4 nucleus "eratti maantrikatha" aanu. (healium aattam nishkriyamaaya athe kaaranathaal hea-4 nucleus asaadhaaranamaamvidham sthirathayullathum karsanamaayi bandhippichirikkunnathu hea-4 leeii oro jody protonukalum neutronukalum healium aattathile oru jody electronukal niranja 1s electron bhramanapatham ulkkollunnathupole oru niracha 1s nuclear bhramanapatham ulkkollunnu). thathfalamaayi, aanavapravarthanangalude valathuvashath alfa kanikakal pathivayi prathyakshappedunnu.
oru aanavapravarthanathil purathuvidunna oorjjam pradhaanamaayum moonnu vazhikalil onnil prathyakshappedaam
uthppanna nucleus mettaastabil aakumbol, athinte aattomik nambarinu sameepam oru nakshatrachihnam ("*") sthaapichaanu ithu soochippikkunnathu. eee oorjjam oduvil anavakshayam vazhi purathuvarunnu.
ex-reyude roopathilum cheria alavil oorjjam uyarnnuvannekkaam. saadhaaranayaayi, uthppanna nucleusinu vyathyasthamaaya aattomik nambar undu, athinaal athinte electron shellukalude krameekaranam thettaanu. electronukal svayam punakrameekarikkukayum kuranja oorjja nilakalilekku veezhukayum cheyyumbol, aantharika parivartthana ex-reey (krithyamaayi nirvachikkapetta emission lainukalulla ex-reey) purappeduvikkappedaam.
q-moolyavum oorjja santhulithaavasthayum.
oru raasasamavaakyathin samanamaaya reethiyil prathikarana samavaakyam ezhuthumbol, oraalkk valathuvashathulla prathikarana oorjjam nalkaam
mukalil charcha cheytha prathyeka kesil, prathikarana oorjjam ithinakam q = 22.2 Mev aayi kanakkaakkiyittund. athinaal
rasathanthrathile samanamaaya padaprayogatthinu vipareethamaayi, prathikarana oorjjam ("q-moolyam") exothermal prathikaranangalkk positeevum endothermal prathikaranangalkk negatteevumaan. oru vashath, avasana bhaagathum prarambha bhaagathum ulla gathikorjjangalude aakethuka thammilulla vyathyaasamaanith. ennaal maruvashathu, prarambha bhaagathum avasana bhaagathumulla nuclear restt maas thammilulla vyathyasam koodiyaanithu (eee reethiyil, mukalil paranja q-moolyam nammal kanakkaakkiyittund).
prathikarana nirakk.
prathikarana samavaakyam santhulithamaanenkil, prathikaranam yadhaarthathil sambhavikkunnu ennu ithinarthamilla. prathipravartthanangal sambhavikkunna nirakk insident kanangalude oorjjatheyum flexine prathikarana cross sekshaneyum aasrayichirikkunnu. joyint instittyoott phoor nuclear astrophysics paripaalikkunna reclib daattaabes prathikarana nirakkukalude oru valia shekharathinte udaaharanamaanu.
charjju cheythavarkkethire. charge cheyyaatha kanikakal.
prathikaranam aarambikkunna prarambha koottiyidikku, kanikakal vendathra aduthekku athanam, angane hraswadura sakthamaaya shakthikk avaye badhikkaan kazhiyum. mikka saadhaarana aanava kanangalum positteev charjju ullathinaal, prathikaranam aarambhikkunnathin munbu avaa ganyamaaya electrostaattik vikarshaneeyathaye marikadakkanam ennaanu ithinartham. taargett nucleus oru neutral aattathinte bhaagamaanenkilum, mattu kanikakal electron klaudinappuram nannayi thulachukayarukayum positteev charjju cheytha nucleusine aduthekku sameepikkukayum venam. athinaal, atharam kanikakal aadyam uyarnna oorjjathilekku thwarithappeduthanam, udaaharanathina
koodaathe, vikarshanashakthi rund chaarjukalude gunanafalathinu aanupaathikamaayathinaal, kanatha nucleusukal thammilulla prathikaranangal apoorvamaanu, koodaathe bhaarameriyathum bharam kuranjathumaaya nucleusukalekkaal uyarnna prarambha oorjjam aavasyamaanu; athesamayam rund prakasha nucleusukal thammilulla prathikaranangalaan ettavum saadhaaranamaayath.
maruvashathu, neutronukalkku vikarshikkaan kaaranamakunna vaidyutha charge illa, valare kuranja oorjjathil oru aanava prathikaranam aarambikkaan avaykku kazhiyum. vaasthavathil, valare kuranja kanika oorjjathil (udaaharanathinu, ooshmaavil taapa santhulithaavasthaykku anusrithamaayi), neutroninte dii broggy tharamgadairkhyam valareyadhikam vardhikkunnu, orupakshe athinte capture cross-sekshan valareyadhikam vardhippikkunnu, nucleusinte anurananakk aduthulla oorjjathil. athinaal kuranja oorjjamulla neutronukal uyarnna oorjjamulla neutronukalekkaal kooduthal prathipravarthanakshamaayekkam.
sradheyamaaya tharangal.
saadhyamaaya aanavapravarthanangalude ennam valare valuthaanenkilum, kooduthal saadhaaranamaayatho allengil sradheyamaayatho aaya niravadhi tharangalundu. chila udaaharanangalil iva ulppedunnu
nerittulla prathikaranangal.
oru intermediat energy projectile oorjjam kaimaattam cheiyukayo nucleonukal nucleusilekku edukkukayo nashtappedutthukayo cheiyunnu. oorjjavum chalanaseshi kaimattavum thaarathamyena cheruthaanu. pareekshanathmaka nuclear physixil iva prathyekichum upayogapradamaanu, kaaranam prathikarana samvidaanangal palappozhum taargett nucleusinte ghadana anweshikkaan mathiyaya krithyathayode kanakkakkaan paryaapthamaan.
asthiramaaya chitharal.
oorjjavum vegathayum maathrame kaimaattam cheyyappedunnulloo.
charge-exchange prathikaranangal.
oorjjavum charge prakshepakatthinum lakshythinum idayil kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. itharathilulla prathikaranangalude chila udaaharanagal ivayaanu
nucleon kaimatta prathikaranangal.
saadhaaranayaayi mithamaaya oorjjathil, onno athiladhikamo nucleonukal prakshepakatthinum lakshythinum idayil kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. nucleusinte baahya shell ghadana padikkaan iva upayogapradamaanu. prakshepakatthil ninnu lakshyathilekkulla kaimatta prathikaranangal sambhavikkam; neekkam cheiyunna prathikaranangal, allengil lakshyathil ninnu prakshepakathilekkulla prathikaranangal; pick-upp prathikaranangal.
neutronukalumaayulla prathipravartthanangal.
aanava reactorukalilum aanavaayudhangalilum neutronukalumaayulla prathikaranangal pradhaanamaan. nyootron chitharal, nyootron capture, nuclear fission ennivayaanu ettavum ariyappedunna nyootron prathikaranangal, chila laitt nucleusukalkku (prathyekichu otta-otta nucleusukal) thermal neutronumaayulla ettavum saadhyathayulla prathikaranam oru transfer prathikaranamaann
chila prathikaranangal vegathayeriya neutronukal upayogichu maathrame saadhyamaakoo
samyuktha nuclear prathikaranangal.
kuranja oorjjamulla oru prakshepakam agiranam cheyyappedukayo allengil uyarnna oorjja kanika nucleusilekku oorjjam kaimaarukayo cheiyunnu, ithu poornnamaayum bandhippikkaan kazhiyaathathra oorjjam avasheshikkunnu. ekadesham 10-19 second samaya skailil, kanikakal, saadhaaranayaayi neutronukal, "thilappikkunnu". athaayath, paraspara aakarshanathil ninnu rakshappedaan oru neutronil mathiyaya oorjjam kendreekarikkunnathuvar athu orumichu nilanilkkunnu. aaveshabharithamaaya ardha-baddha nucleusine samyuktha nucleus ennu vilikkunnu.

