alpine marmot

alpine marmot (marmota marmota) maarmottukal janussil ninnulla oru valia nilathu thamasikkunna annaanaan. madhya, thekkan europile parvathapradeshangalilum alps, carpathians, tatras, vadakkan appennines ennivaykkidayilulla uyarangalilum ithu kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu. 1948-ll plistoseen yugathinte avasaanathil alpine marmot aprathyakshamaaya pyreneesil avaa vijayakaramaayi veendum avatharippikkappettu.
parinamam.
eee himayuga kaalaavasthayumaayi manoharamaayi poruthappedunna plaistoseen thanutha pulmedukalile oru mrugamaayaanu alpine marmot uthbhavikkunnath. athinaal, alpine maarmottukal mikacha khananakaarikalaan, oru picaxinu polum budhimuttulla mannilekku thulachukayaraanum prathivarsham ombathu maasam vare urakkaavasthayil chelavazhikkanum kazhiyum.
plistoseen thanutha pulmedukal aprathyakshamayathinushesham, alpine marmot uyarnna uyarathilulla alpine pulmedukalil nilanilkkunnu. alpine aavaasavyavasthayude kolanivalkkarana samayat, alpine marmotinu athinte janithaka vaividhyathinte bhooribhaagavum oru thadassaphalatthiloode nashtappettu. manjukaala kaalaavasthayumaayi poruthappedunna jeevitashaili athinte genomic parinaamatthinte nirakk mandagathiyilaakkiyathinaal athinusesham athinte janithaka vaividhyam punarnirmikkaan kazhinjilla. janithakaparamayi ettavum vaividhyamaarnna vanyamrugangalilonnaanu alpine marmot.
vivaranam.
oru muthirnna alpine marmot thalaykkum shareerathinum edayilulla neelavum wall alakkunna alavum aanu. sharathkaalathekkaal (hibernationu thottumunbu) vasanthakaalath (hibernationushesham) mrugangal ganyamaayi bharam kuranjathinaal shareera pindam muthal vyathyaasappedunnu. alpine marmot chilappol ettavum bharameriya annaan inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum mattu chila marmot enangalkku samanamaaya bhaaraparidhiyundenkilum eathaanu ettavum valuth ennu krithyamaayi vyakthamalla. athinte kottu svarnnaniravum chuvappum irunda chaaraniratthilulla romangalum chernnathaanu. alpine maarmottinte mikka viralukalkkum nakhangalundenkilum athinte thallaviralukalkk nakhangalundu.
shreniyum paristhithiyum.
peru soochippikkunnathu pole, france, itali, swittsarland, jarmmani, sloveniya, slovakia, austriya ennividangalile alpine pradeshangaliloode europian aalpsiludaneelam alpine marmot vyaapichukidakkunnu. pyreneekal, fraansile massif central, juura, vosjas, black phoorast, appenine parvathangal, roman carpathians ennividangalile upa-janasamkhyayulla mattidangalilum avaa avatharippikkappettittu. tatra marmot ("marmota marmota lateoroostris" kraattochvil, 1961) quaternary kaalaghattatthil uthbhavicha alpine maarmottinte oru thaddesheeya upajathi prathinidheekarikkunnu. tatri parvathangalilum niscay tatri parvathangalilum tatra maarmottukal vasikkunnu.
udaaharanathinu, roman kaarpaathiyanmaaril, janasamkhya 1,500 vyakthikalaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, avarude pradhana janasamkhyayil maarmottukal daaraalamaanu. alpine maarmottukal alpine pulmedukalum uyarnna uyarathilulla mechilppurangalum eshtappedunnu, avide kolanikal melinja mannilo paarakkettukalilo sthithicheyyunna aazhathilulla kuzhal samvidaanangalil vasikkunnu.
maarmottukal "sooryanil kulikkunnath" kaanaamenkilum yadhaarthathil ithu palappozhum oru paranna paarayilaan, avaa yadhaarthathil thanuppikkukayaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu, orupakshe ithu paraannabhojikale kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla oru thanthramaan. thaapanila sensitiivu aaya maarmottukal thaapanilayile vardhanavu eee jeevivargathinu mothatthil aavaasavyavastha nashtappedutthum.
bhakshanakramam.
alpine maarmottukal pullukalum aushadhasasyangalum polulla sasyangaleyum daanyangal, praanikal, chilanthikal, puzhukkal ennivayeyum bhakshikkunnu. avar mattethoru tharatthilulla chedikalekkaalum cheruppavum mriduvumaaya chedikal eshtappedunnu, bhakshanam kazhikkumbol bhakshanam avarude munkaalukalil pidikkunnu. choodinu anuyojyamallaathathinaal ravileyum uchakazhinjum bhakshanam kazhikkunnathinayi avaa pradhaanamaayum avarude kuzhikalil ninnu purathuvarunnu, ithu valare choodulla divasangalil avarkk bhakshanam nalkathirikkuvaan kaaranamaayekkam. kaalavastha anuyojyamaakumbol, avarude shareerathil kozhuppinte oru paali srishtikkunnathinaayi avar valia alavil bhakshanam kazhikkukayum avarude neenda hibernation kaalayalav athijeevikkaan praaptharaakkukayum cheyyum.
jeevitashaili.
oru kuzhal srishtikkumbol, avar joliyil sahayikkaan avarude munkaalukalum pinkaalukalum upayogikkunnu-munkaalukal mannine polikkunnu, athu pinkaalukal vazhikk puratthekku thallunnu. vazhiyil enthengilum kallukal undengil, kallukal valare valuthallengil alpine marmot avaa pallukal upayogichu neekkam cheyyum. "leaving eriyakal" oru kuzhiyude avasaanathil srishtikkappedunnu, avaa palappozhum unangiya pullu, pullu, chedi thandukal ennivayaal varivariyayi nilkkunnu. evideyum pookaattha mattethenkilum baroo tonnelukal toylet eriyakalaayi upayogikkunnu. kuzhikal poorthiyaayikkazhinjaal avaa oru kudumbatthinu maathrame aathidheyathvam vahikkoo. avaa palappozhum adutha thalamura vikasippikkukayum chilappol kaalakramena valare sankeernamaaya kuzhikal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. oro alpine marmot niravadhi kuzhikal adangiyathum prabalamaaya prajnana jodikalullathumaaya oru groupilaanu jeevikkunnath. nuzhanjukayattakkaarkkethir valare prathirodhaathmakamaaya alpine maarmottukal, wall adikkunnathum pallukal kulukkunnathum polulla bhayappeduthunna perumaattam upayogikkunnathum avarude pradesham avarude manam kondu adayaalappeduthunnathum polulla munnariyipp nalkum. saadhyathayulla vettakkaareyo mattu apakadangaleyo nireekshikkumbol oru alpine marmot "nilkkunnath" kaanaan kazhiyum. uchathilulla visilukalude oru parambara purappeduvikkunnathiloodi munnariyippukal nalkunnu, athinusesham kolaniyile amgangal maraykkanaayi oodunnathu kaanam.
alpine marmottukalkkulla inacheral season vasanthakaalathaanu sambhavikkunnath, avayude hibernation kaalayalav avasaanichathinu thottupinnaale, ithu avarude santhathikalkku varaanirikkunna shaithyakaalathe athijeevikkaan aavashyamaaya kozhuppu sambharikkanulla ettavum uyarnna avasaram nalkunnu. alpine maarmottukalkk rund vayass thikayumbol prajananam nadatthaan kazhiyum. prabalaraaya sthreekal garbhinikalaayirikkumbol keezhudyogastharodu sathrutha pularthunnathiloode avarude prathyulppaadanam adichamarthukayum ithu sammarddathinu kaaranamaakukayum kunjungale kollukayum cheiyunnu. penkutty garbhiniyaayikkazhinjaal, 33-34 divasangalude garbhakaalathinu sesham prasavikkumbol aval kidakka saamagrikal (pullu polullava) kuzhiyilekku kondupokum. oro kuppiyilum onno ezho kunjungal undengilum eee ennam saadhaaranayaayi moonnu aanu. kunjungal andharaayi janikkukayum eathaanum divasangalkkullil irunda romangal valarukayum cheyyum. mulayoottal kaalayalav kooduthal naalpat divasamedukkum, eee samayat amma bhakshanam thirayumbol kunjungale kuzhiyil upekshikkum. eee kaalayalavinusesham, santhathikal kuzhiyil ninnu purathuvannu kharabhakshanam svayam tirayum. venalkkaalaavasaanathode avayude romangal muthirnna alpine maarmottukalude athe niramaayi maarukayum rund varshathinu sesham avayude poornna valuppathil athukayum cheyyum. thadavil paarpichaal alpine maarmottukalkk 15-18 varsham vare jeevikkaan kazhiyum.
hibernation.
shaithyakaalath kaalaavasthayileyum bhakshyakshaamathileyum kadutha maattangale hibernating vazhi alpine maarmottukal athijeevikkunnu. venalkkaalam avasanikkaan thudangumbol, alpine maarmottukal avarude kuzhikalil pazhaya thandukal shekharikkum, ithu october aadyam thanne aarambikkunna avarude varaanirikkunna hibernationulla kidakkayayi varthikkum. avar bhoomiyudeyum swantham malathinteyum samyojanam upayogichu kuzhal adaykkunnu. shaithyakaalam vannukazhinjaal, alpine maarmottukal parasparam koottamkoodukayum hibernation aarambikkukayum cheyyum, ithu avarude hridayamidippu minittil anchu spandanangalaayi kuraykkukayum minittil 1-3 shwaasam vare shwasikkukayum cheiyunna oru prakriyayaan. nestmettukalkku aduthulla koottam koodunnathu nishkriya taapa kaimattatthinu anuvadikkukayum valia hibernating grouppukal athijeevanakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. hibernation samayat avayude sambharichirikkunna kozhuppu vitharanam pathukke upayogikkunnu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi shaithyakaalathe athijeevikkaan avare anuvadikkunnu. paristhithi maravippikkunna sthaanathethukayaanenkil avarude hridayavum shwasana nirakkum vegathilaakumenkilum avarude shareera thaapanila avarkk chuttumulla vaayuvin eathaandu thulyamaayi kurayum. chila alpine maarmottukal avayude kozhuppu paalikal theernnupokunnathinaal pattini kidannu marikkum; ithu cheruppakkaaril sambhavikkaan saadhyathayund.
manushyarumayulla edapedal.
alpine maarmottukal orikkal bhakshanathinaayi vyaapakamaayi vettayaadappettirunnu, kaaranam avayude kozhuppu charmmatthil theikkumbol vaatham laghookarikkumennu vishwasikkappedunnu. alpine marmottine vettayaadunnathu ippozhum kaayikarangatthinum kozhuppinum vendiyaanu. thaarathamyena pathukke prathyulppaadanam nadathunnathinaal vendathra niyanthrikkunnillengil vettayaadal eee inathinu apakadakaramaanu.
pothuve alpine marmot nilavil vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnillengilum joorayilum germmaniyilum polulla maarmottinte chila upa-janasamkhyaye bheeshanippeduthiyekkaam. rodnayile (romania) janasamkhya valare cheruthaanu, vettayaadal moolam bheeshani neridunnu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil savoiyil ninnulla sanjaarikal pariseelanam labhicha alpine maarmottukal upayogikkunnathu asaadhaaranamaaya oru sambhavamalla. yaathraykkide marmot oru cheria pettiyil sookshikkukayum oru prakadanatthinide, hardy-gardy polulla oru upakaranam vaayikkaan marmot nritham cheyyukayum cheyyum. maarmottukal saavoy janathayumaayum avarude vasthradhaarana shailiyumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu, koodaathe francois-hubert druisinte paintingil "montagnards aayi vasthram dharicha bouliyan prabhuvinte makkal", ludwig vaan beethovante rachanayil "marmot" enniva polulla kalayil oru marmotinoppam oru yaatra cheiyunna saavoyaardinte chithram pakarthappettu.

