
jacobins

1789 leeii franch viplavasamayathe ettavum swaadheenamulla rashtreeya klabbaayirunnu 1792 nuu sesham sosaitti oof dhaa fronds oof freedam aandu ikvaalitti () ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettathum jacobin club () allengil jacobins (;) ennu saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedunnathumaaya sosaitti oof dhaa fronds oof dhaa konstityooshan (). athinte rashtreeya uyarchayude kaalaghattatthil bheekarathayude bharanam ulppedunnu, eee kaalayalavil 10,000-thiladhikam aalukale vichaarana cheyyukayum fraansil vadikkukayum cheythu, avaril palarum rashtreeya kuttakrithyangalkku.
1789ll brittaniyil ninnulla royal virudha prathinidhikal sthaapicha eee club araa dashalakshamo athil kooduthalo amgangalulla rajyavyaapaka republican prasthaanamaayi valarnnu. 1790kalude thudakkathile rund pramukha paarlamentari vibhagangalaaya parvathavum jirondinukalum ulppedunna vaividhyamaarnnathaayirunnu jacobin club. austriyaykkum prashyaykkum ethire yuddham prakhyapikkukayum luis pathinaraman raajaavine attimarikkukayum franch aadyathe republic sthaapikkukayum cheythappol fraansine nayikkunnathil jirondinukal kooduthal pramukharaayirunnu. 1793 meyy maasathil maximilian robespiyarinte neethrthwathilulla parvathavibhaagatthinte nethaakkal jirondin vibhaagathe paarshwavalkkarikkukayum 1794 juulai vare sarkkaarine niyanthrikkukayum cheythu. avarude sarkkar kaalaghattam uyarnna thalatthilulla rashtreeya akramangal ulkkollukayum ekkaaranathaal jacobin/parvathasarkkaarinte kaalaghattam bheekarathayude bharanamaayi thirichariyappedukayum cheythu. 1793 octoberil 21 pramukha jirondinukalkku gillattin nalki. parvatha aadipathyamulla sarkkar raajyavyaapakamaayi 17,000 athiraalikale vadikkukayum prathikara kalapatheyum federalist kalaapangaleyum adichamarthunnathinum aavarthanangal thadayunnathinumulla oru maargamaayi vadikkukayum cheythu. 1794 joolaiyil deseeya kanvenshan robespiyarinteyum sakhyakakshikaludeyum bharanathe adhikaarathil ninnu puratthaakkukayum robespearineyum 21 koottaalikaleyum vadikkukayum cheythu. 1794 novemberil jacobin club adachu.
britiish saamraajyathil, "jacobin" praadhamikamaayi franch viplava sarkkaarukalude parvathavumaayi bandhappettirunnathinal, sthaapithavum samrambhakathvamullathumaaya varggangalkkidayil, prathyekichu avar pishachuthayum akramasakthavumaaya adichamarthalum prakadippikkumbol, theevra idathupaksha viplava raashtreeyathe parihasikkunnathinulla apamaanamaayi janapriyamaayirunnu. brittanil, sthaanabhrashtanaaya jaims randaaman, VII, addehathinte pingaamikal ennivarumaayi pathittaandukalkk munbu bandhikkappettirunna catholica anukoola, rajavaazhcha, apoorvvamaayi kalapam thudangiya rashtreeya prasthaanamaaya jacobitisathinte nishedhaathmaka ardhangale eee padam mangalettukondu prathidhvanichu. "russian viplavathinu munbu (radical) marxism, araajakathvam, soshyalisam, communism ennee padangal athine marikadannappol "jacobin" kaalaharanappedunnathilum athinte sthaanabhrashtathayilum ethi.
fraansil, "jacobin" ippol saadhaaranayaayi mitavaada svechaadhipathyathilekkum kooduthal thulyamaaya aupachaarika avakaashangalilekkum kendreekaranathilekkum chaayunnu. athupole, samoohathe parivartthanam cheiyunnathinulla vipulamaaya sarkkar edapedalinte pinthunakkaare soochippikkaan ithinu kazhiyum. pouramoolyangal shakthamayi prolsaahippikkukayum valarthukayum cheiyunna oru samsthaana vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathinte vakthaakkal ithu nissahaayaraayi upayogikkunnu. abhikaamyamallaatha videsha edapedaline cherukkaan kazhivulla sakthamaaya oru rashtra-raashtrathinte vakthaakkal kooduthal vivaadaparamaayum kuranja chathuramaayum ithu upayogikkunnu.
charithram.
foundeshan.
1789 meyy-juun maasangalil fraansile estettu general vezhsaay kottaaratthil koodiyappol, "club brettan" ennu uthbhavicha jacobin clubble aaa estettu generalil pankedukkunna brettan prathinidhikalude oru samgham mathramaayirunnu undaayirunnathu. fraansiludaneelamulla mattu pradeshangalil ninnulla prathinidhikal taamasiyaathe chernnu. aadyakaala amgangalil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna comte dii mirabue, paarees deputy abbe siyas, dauphin deputy aantoyin baarnave, jerom pession, abbe gregoire, chaals lameth, alexander lameth, artois deputy robespier, duke dii aigvillan, laa revellier-leepo enniva ulppedunnu. eee samayat yogangal rahasyamaayi nadannu, enthaanu sambhavichathenno yogangal evide vilichathenno bandhapetta chila soochanakal avasheshikkunnu.
paareesilekk transfer cheyyuka.
1789 octoberil vezhsaayililekkulla maarchode, poornnamaayum prathinidhikal ulppetta club, brittaniyil ninnulla deseeya bharanaghadanaa assembly prathinidhikalude oru pravishya kokkasayi thirichetthi. 1789 novemberil "sosaitti dii laa revolution" enna peril club veendum sthaapikkappettu, lunden revolution sosaittiyil ninnu franchukaare avarude swaathanthryam veendeduthathinu abhinandikkunna oru kathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondaanu ithu.
vardhichuvarunna amgathvathinu anusrithamaayi, asambliyude seettinodu chernnulla ryoo seyint-oonarilulla jacobinmarude aashramathinte refectory group athinte yogangalkkayi vaadakaykku eduthu. januvari avasaanathode avar avarude peru "sosaitti dess amis dii laa konstityooshan" ennu maatti, eee samayamaayappozhekkum avarude sathrukkal avare "jacobins" ennu vilichirunnu, paareesile avarude aadya veedu ryoo seyint-jaakkukalaayirunnathinaal franch dominicanmark eee peru nalkiyirunnu.
valarcha.
paareesil orikkal, club taamasiyaathe prathinidhikalkk purame mattullavarkkum amgathvam nalki. ellah pouranmaarkkum praveshikkaan anuvaadam nalkukayum videshikaleppolum swaagatham cheyyukayum cheythu engleesh ezhuthukaaranaaya arther yang 1790 januvari 18 nuu eee reethiyil clubble chernnu. republicanism, vyapakamaaya vidyaabhyaasam, saarvathrika vottavakaasham, sabhayudeyum samsthaanathinteyum verthirikkal, mattu parishkaarangal ennivaykku kaaranamaaya theevravum aaveshakaravumaaya prabhaashanathinulla sthalamaayi jacobin club yogangal taamasiyaathe maari.
1790 februvari 8nuu, president duke dii aigvillante oppode purappeduvicha baarnave thayyarakkiya niyamangal amgeekarichukondu eee vishalamaaya adisthaanathil sosaitti aupachaarikamaayi roopeekarikkappettu. klabbinte lakshyangal ingane nirvachikkapettu
athe samayam thiranjeduppu kramatthinte niyamangal nischayikkukayum klabbinte bharanaghadana nirnnayikkukayum cheythu. ellah maasavum thiranjedukkappedunna oru president, naalu secreterimaar, oru treasurer, thiranjeduppinum avatharanagalkkum, kathidapaadukalkkum klabbinte bharananirvahanathinum melnottam vahikkaan thiranjedukkappetta kammittikal enniva undaayirikkanam. thante thathwangal bharanaghadanaykku virudhamaanennum manushyante avakaashangalkk virudhamaanennum vaakkukaliloodeyo pravarthanangaliloodeyo kaanicha eathenkilum amgathe puratthaakkanam.
ezhaam aarttikkilode fraansinte mattu bhaagangalil samanamaaya sosaittikale asosiyettukalaayi amgeekarikkaanum avarumaayi pathivayi kathidapaadukal nadatthaanum club theerumaanichu. 1790 august 10 aayappozhekkum ithinakam thanne nootti ambathirandu affiliate cheytha clubbukal undaayirunnu; athirviplavathinulla sramangal 1791 leeii vasanthakaalath avarude ennathil valia vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi, varshaavasaanathode jacobinsinu fraansiludaneelam shaakhakalude shringhala undaayirunnu. ettavum uyarnna samayat fraansiludaneelam kuranjathu 7,000 adhyaayangalenkilum undaayirunnu, amgathvam araa dashalakshamo athil kooduthalo aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee vyaapakavum ennaal valare kendreekrithavumaaya samghadanayaanu jacobin clubbinu valia shakti nalkiyathu.
kathaapaathram.
1791-nte thudakkathil, jacobins, club dess cordiliers, sercle soshyal thudangiya clubbukal franch rashtreeya jeevithathil kooduthal aadhipathyam pulartthi. atharam rando athiladhikamo klabbukalil amgangalaayirunnu purushanmaarude ennam. sthreekale jacobin clubble amgangalaayi (mattu mikka klabbukalilum) amgangalaayi sweekarichirunnilleng baalkkanikalil ninnulla charchakal pinthudaraan avare anuvadichirunnu. jacobin klabbinte uyarnna amgathvam athinte amgathvam sambannaraaya purushanmaaril parimithappedutthi. jacobinmar janangalkk vendi samsaarikkunnuvenn avakaashappettuvenkilum avar 'janangal' yallah samakaalikar jacobinmare boorshwaasiyude oru samghamaayi kandu.
paareesile kendra samoohathe sambandhichidatholam, athu eathaandu poornnamaayum professional purushanmaarum (abhibhashakanaaya robuspier polullavar) sambannaraaya boorshwaasikalum (brewer saantare polullavar) chernnathaanu. ennirunnaalum, thudakkam muthal mattu gadakangalum undaayirunnu. fraansinte bhaavi rajaavaaya duke dii oorliyansinte kaumarakkaaranaaya makan luis philipp, duke dii aigillan, prins dii brogley, vicomet dii noyless thudangiya prabhukkanmaar, boorshwasi ennivar amgangalude koottam roopeekarichu. brittaniyile tuval-enn-montermondil ninnulla karshaka udamayaaya "pere" maikkal jerardineppolulla aalukal clubble ulppedunnu, avarude parukkan saamaanyabudhi janapriya jnjaanathinte daivavachanamaayi prashamsikkapettu, avarude deshavaasiyude arakote plaitt cheytha mudiyum pinneedu jacobin faashante maathrkayaayi maari.
republicinte thaledivasam vare (1792 septambar 20) jacobin club raajavaazhchaye pinthunachu. 1791 juulai 17-leeii raajaavinte sthaanabhrashtathaykkulla apekshaye avar pinthunachilla, pakaram luis pathinaraman raajaavine maattisthaapikkanamennu aavasyappettu swantham nivedanam prasidheekarichu.
1791 joolaiyil jacobin klabbile yaadhaasthithika amgangal swantham fuelants club roopeekarikkaan purappettathode oru paridhivare jacobin club theevravaadi aayi.
robspearistukalum jirondinukalum thammilulla dhruveekaranam.
1791 avasaanathode, niyamasabhayile oru koottam jacobins prashyayumaayum austriyayumaayum yuddham cheyyanamennu vaadichu. avaril ettavum pramukhamaayathu brisot aayirunnu, mattu amgangal piyari vergniode, fauchattu, maximine isard, jeane-maari rolland ennivaraayirunnu.
jacobin koodiyaaya maximilian robespier prashyayumaayum austriyayumaayum yuddham cheyyaruthennu shakthamayi abhyarthichu-ennaal jacobin clubble, addeham irikkaatha asambliyil allah. aaa jacobin yuddha promotermaare 'girondil ninnulla vibhaagam' ennu robuspier avahelikkukayum, avaril chilar, ellaavarum allah, theerchayaayum department girondil ninnullavaraayirunnu. 1792 eprilil nadanna sammelanam oduvil yudhathinu theerumaanichu, angane athil 'jirondin' line pinthudarnnu, ennaal jacobinukalkkidayil robaspiyarinte sthaanam ippol kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnu.
athinusesham, jacobin klabbile amgangalkkidayil, robspearinu chuttumulla oru samgham-1792 septambarinu sesham 'montagnards' allengil 'montagne', engleeshil 'parvvatham'-jirondines ennivarkkidayil oru dhruveekarana prakriya aarambhichu. eee grouppukalkku orikkalum audyogika padaviyo audyogika amgathvamo undaayirunnilla. avarude rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukalil parvvatham athra ekathaanamaayirunnilla avare onnippichathu jirondinukalodulla avarude veruppaayirunnu.
1791 october muthal 1792 septambar vare france bharichirunna niyamanirmmanasabhayil brisot, isard, rolanda jirondines thudangiyavarude aadhipathyamundaayirunnu. ennaal 1792 juuninu sesham, avarude kadutha ethiraaliyaaya robspeare kooduthal kooduthal aadhipathyam pularthiya jacobin club jirondinukal kurachukoodi sandarshichu.
deseeya kanvenshanil montagnardukalum jirondinukalum thammilulla ethirppu.
1792 septambar 21nuu raajavaazhchayude pathanathinushesham 1791leeii bharanaghadanayude prakhyaapanathinushesham jacobin club ettedutha padavi ("sosaitti dess amis dii laa konstityooshan sents ooks jacobins eiii paarees") "sosaitti dess jacobins, amis dii laa libert ettu dii ell 'leagalit" (swaathanthryathinteyum samathvathinteyum suhruthukkalaaya jacobinmarude samooham) ennu maatti. 1792 septambar 21 vare france bharicha puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta deseeya kanvenshanil, maximilian robespier franch adhikaarathinte kendratthil thirichetthi. addehathinte 25 kaaranaya protage luis aantoyin dii seyint-just, maraatt, daantan, mattu koottaalikal ennivarumaayi chernnu avar session roominte ettavum uyarnna seettukalil idathuvashathu nadannu athinaal robspiyarinte neethrthwathilulla aaa groupine parvvatham ennu vilichirunnu (franch "laa montaine", "less montagnards").
chila charitrakaaranmaar robspearinu chuttumulla oru paarlamentari groupine jacobinukalaayi thirichariyaan eshtappedunnu, ithu aashayakkuzhappamundaakkam, kaaranam ellah montagnardukalum jacobin aayirunnilla, avarude aadima sathrukkalaaya jirondinukalum yadhaarthathil jacobinukalaayirunnu. 1792 septambarode, robespier yadhaarthathil jacobin klabbile prabalamaaya shabdamaayi maari.
1791-nte avasaanam muthal, kanvenshan session roominte valathuvashath avarude sthaanam etteduthukondu jirondinukal robespiyarinte athiraalikalaayi maari. appozhekkum avar jacobin club sandarshikkunnathu nirtthi.
montagnardukalkkum girondinmaarkkum orikkalum audyogika padavi undaayirunnilla, ennaal kanvenshanile jirondinmaar 150 perum montagnardukal 120 perum aanennu charitrakaaranmaar kanakkakkunnu. kanvenshanile 750 prathinidhikalil bakkiyulla 480 pere 'playin' (franch laa playne) ennu vilikkukayum charchakalil kurachu vegatha nilanirthaan kazhiyukayum cheythu, athesamayam jirondin, montagnardukal enniva pradhaanamaayum ethirvashathe shalyappeduthunnathaayirunnu.
mikka manthraalayangalum jirondinte suhruthukkalo sakhyakakshikalo aanu kaikaaryam cheythirunnathu, ennaal paareesinu purathulla montagnaardukalekkaal shaktharaayirunnenkilum, paareesinullil montagnardukal kooduthal janapriyamaayirunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu kanvenshanile pothu gaalarikal ellaayppozhum uchathil montagnardukale prolsaahippikkunnathu, athesamayam jirondinte samsaarathe parihasikkukayaayirunnu.
1793 epril 6 nuu kanvenshan "komitte dii salatt public" (pothu samriddhiyude samiti, pothu surakshayude samiti ennum vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu) onpathu, pinneedu panthrand amgangalude executive gavanmentaayi sthaapichu, avar ellaayppozhum deseeya kanvenshanodu utharavaadithamullavaraayinu. thudakkathil, athil jirondinukalonnum ennappettilla, onno rando montagnardukal maathrame kanakkaakkiyulloo, pakshe kramena samithiyil montagnardukalude swaadheenam vardhichu.
deseeya kanvenshanil ninnu jirondinukale ozhivaakki.
1793 epril aadyam, girondinukalude 22 nethaakkale nirodhikkanamenn yudhamanthri paache deseeya kanvenshanil paranju. aaa masavasanam, girondin gwadet montagnard marat 'kollayum kolapaathakavum prasamgikkukayum' janangalude paramadhikaaram nasippikkaan sramikkukayum cheythuvennu aaropichu. kanvenshanil bhooribhaagavum maraatthine vichaarana cheyyaan sammathichenkilum kodathi udan thanne maraatthine kuttavimukthanaakki. montagnardukalude eee prathyaksha vijayam avarude jirondinukalude ethirppukale theevramaakkukayum jirondinukalil ninnu mukti nedunnathinaayi kooduthal nirddeshangal nalkukayum cheythu.
1793 meyy 18num 25num kanvenshan acting president isard, oru jirondin, gaalarikalilum kanvenshanu chuttumulla aswasthathakalum kramakkedukalum oduvil raajyathe araajakathvathilekkum aabhyanthara yudhathilekkum nayikkumennu munnariyipp nalki, 25nuu addeham bheeshanippeduthi "raashtrathinte prathinidhikalkk enthengilum sambhavichaal, fraansinte peril njaan paarees muzhuvan illaathaakkumennu prakhyaapikkunnu". pittennu, kanvenshanil janangal "azhimathikkaraaya prathinidhikalkethire ezhunnelkkanam" ennu robespier jacobin clubble paranju. meyy 27nuu, jirondines montagnardukalum aabhyantharayudham pracharippichuvennu mattoru kakshiye kuttappedutthi.
1793 juun 2nuu, kanvenshan athinte tularies kottaaratthil 80,000tholam sayudha sainikarude oru janakkoottam moundaagnaardukalude kayyil ninnu aakramichu. oru araajakathvaparamaaya sammelanathil, lanjuin, isard, faushettu ennivayulppede 22 pramukha jirondinukale kanvenshanil ninnu purathaakki, kanvenshan annu oru utharavu amgeekarichu.
montagnard bharanavum aabhyantharayudhavum.
1793 joonode maximilian robespier addehathinte chila koottaalikalum (montagnards) fraansil kooduthal adikaaram nedi. avaril palarum, robspiyareppole thanne, jacobin aayirunnu fauche, collot dii herbois, billoud-warren, maraatt, daantan, sent-just. barrer, hebert, kauthan ennee moonnu sakthamaaya montagnardukal jacobin ennariyappettirunnil. ennirunnaalum, 1793 juun muthal juulai 1794 vare franch raashtreeyathil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna robaspiyarine chuttipattiyulla samghathe 'jacobins' ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnu.
eee montagnardukalil palarum (jacobinmarum) fraansile "yadhaartha" executive gavanmentaaya pothu samriddhiyude (allengil pothu suraksha) kammittiyil praveshichu, allengil ithinakam thanne undaayirunnu barrer 1793 epril muthal kuranjathu 1793 october vare athil undaayirunnu, daantan epril muthal 1793 juulai vare avide sevanamanushtichu, kauthanum vishudhanum-meyy maasathil kammittiyil praveshichu, robspeare joolaiyil athil praveshichu, septambaril collot dii herbois, 1793 septambaril billoud-vaarene ennivayum.
thante kaazhchappaadukal sthiramaayi palikkunnathinum prathirodhikkunnathinum robspearinu "ell 'incorpattible" (azhiyaathirikkunna allengil labhyamallaatha) enna vilipperum prasasthiyum labhichu.
sthaanabhrashtaraakkappetta niravadhi jirondin-jacobin kanvenshan prathinidhikal, avaril jeane-maari rolland, brisot, pession, lauvettu, busot, gwadet ennivar republicinte mail adikaaram pidicheduttha raashtreeyakkaarkkum paarees pouranmaarkkum ethire, pradhaanamaayum montagnardukalkkethire, 83 vakuppukalil 60-ladhikam vakuppukalilum kalapam samghadippikkaan sahayikkunnathinaayi paarees vittu. paareesile sarkkar atharam kalaapangale 'federalist' ennu vilichu, athu krithyamalla mikkavarum praadeshika svayambharanathinalla, marichu mattoru kendra sarkkaarinaayi parishramichu.
1793 octoberil 21 muun jirondin kanvenshan prathinidhikalkk seenil oru kalaapathe pinthunachathinu vadhasiksha vidhichu. 1794 maarchil montagnard hebertinum chila anuyayikalkkum vadhasiksha vidhichu; eprilil montagnard daantaninum addehathinte 13 anuyayikalkkum vadhasiksha vidhichu; rund kesukalilum aaa "aabhyanthara sathrukkal" 'svechaadhipathyathinte vijayam' prolsaahippikkukayaanne kanvenshanil robespier aaropichathinethudarnnu. athesamayam, montagnard aadipathyamulla sarkkar paareesinu purathulla pravisyakalil ethirviplavam, goodaalochana, "swaathanthryathinte sathrukkal" ennu avar karuthiyirunnavaye adichamarthaan kadinamaaya nadapadikal sweekarichu, athinte falamaayi 1793 septambarinum 1794 joolaiykkum idayil fraansil 17,000 perkku vadhasiksha vidhichu.
1794 juun avasaanathode, pothu samriddhi/suraksha samithiyile moonnu sahapravarthakaraaya billoud-warren, collot dii herbois, carnot ennivare robspeare oru svechaadhipathiyennu vilichu. randaam varsham 10 thermidor (juulai 28,1794) nuu, vaikunneram chila samayangalil, hotel dii villeyile montagnardukalile pramukha amgangale arast cheyyaan luis legendre sainyavumayi ayachu, ellah shaniyazhcha vaikunneravum amgangal othukoodiyirunna jacobin club thanne adutha divasam vare adachu, robspearinum jacobin seyint-just, montagnard kauthan ennivarulppede 21 asosiyettukalkkum deseeya kanvenshan vadhasiksha vidhichu gillattin cheythu.
orupakshe uyarnna thothilulla adichamarthal akramam kaaranam-mathramalla robspearineyum koottaalikaleyum athinu maathram utharavaadikalaayi apakeerthippeduthunnathum-charitrakaaranmaar 1793 juun muthal 1794 juulai vareyulla kaalaghattatthe 'bheekarathayude bharanam' ennu churukkatthil mudrakuthaanulla seelam sweekarichittundu. 
aabhyantharayudhavum videsha shathrushakthikalude sakhyavum fraansine bheeshanippeduthiyirunna samayathaan uyarnna thothilulla adichamarthal akramangal nadannathennu aadhunika pandithanmaar pinneedu vishadeekarikkunnu, eee eratta apakadatthe cherukkaan kazhivulla oru ekeekritha republicayi fraansine roopappeduthaan bheekarathayude achadakkam aavashyamaayirunnu.
adachu poottal.
robspearinteyum mattu pramukha montagnardukaludeyum jacobinukaludeyum nirvvahanathode thermidorian prathikaranam aarambhichu. pothujanaabhipraayathe vishalipthamaakkunna" viplava virudha laghulekhakalekkurichu jacobinmar vilapikkunnathode jacobinmar thermidorian, jacobin virudha pepparukalude lakshyangalayi maari. 9 thermidoril robspearinu nalkia pinthuna jacobins nirasichuvenkilum bheekarathayilekkulla janapreethiyillaatha thirichuvaravine pinthunachu. athesamayam, sosaittiyude saambathika sthithi vashalaakukayum amgathvam 600 aayi kurayukayum cheythu. koodaathe, naantesile athikramangalil ulppetta bheekaravaadatthile pramukha amgangalude, prathyekichu jeane-baptist kaariyarinte, nadannukondirikkunna vicharanayumaayi avaa bandhappettirunnu.
jacobin amgangale upadravikkukayum akramikkukayum paareesile jacobin club haaline polum akramikkukayum cheytha "junesse dorry" allengil muscaddins enna samghaditha samghangal roopappettu. 21-aamm theeyathi, klabbinte samrakshanam nadappaakkunnathine pinthunaykkaan kanvenshan visammathichu. annu ratri vaiki jacobins meating haal adaykkaan general security kammitti theerumaanichu, athinte falamaayi raavile naalu manikk athu pootti.
adutha yogadivasam, 22 broomayer (1794 november 12), charchayillaathe deseeya kanvenshan eathaandu ekakandamaaya votteduppiloode jacobin klabbine shaashvathamaayi adachupoottaan oru utharavu pasaki. raajyathudaneelam jacobin clubbukal adachu.
jacobin anuyaayikalude punasamagamam.
1799 joolaiyil "reunion dii aamis dii ell 'leagalit ettu dii laa libert" enna samghadanayude aditharayaayirunnu jacobin anuyaayikale punasamghadippikkaanulla sramam, athinte aasthaanam tuilerikalude "saale duu manej" aayirunnu, athinaal ithu "club duu manej" ennariyappettu. ithu baarakalude samrakshanathilaayirunnu, koodaathe niravadhi pramukha muun jacobinukal ulppede niyamanirmmaanasabhayude rund kaunsilukalile irunootti ambathu amgangale amgangalaayi chertthu. athu "jenal dess librus" enna peril oru pathram prasidheekarikkukayum robespiyarinteyum babufinteyum apotheosis prakhyapikkukayum directory "royote pentaarkkikk" ennu akramikkukayum cheythu. ennaal pothujanabhipraayam ippol pradhaanamaayum mitawadeo rajakeeyavaadiyo aayirunnu, club pathrangalilum theruvukalilum akramaasakthamaayi akramikkappettu. sarkkaarinte samshayangal unarnnu; athinu ryoo duu baakkile tuilerikalil ninnu jacobin palliyilekku (samaadhaanathinte kshethram) athinte sangamasthalam maattendivannu, oru maasathe nilanilppin sesham augustil athu adichamarthappettu. nepolian bonapparttine pinthunachukondu athinte amgangal directoryil prathikaram cheythu.
swaadheenam.
rashtreeya swaadheenam.
jacobin prasthaanam janangalkkidayil deshasnehathinteyum swaathanthryathinteyum vikaarangale prothsaahippichu. prasthaanatthinte samakalikaraaya luis pathinaraman rajaavu viplava prasthaanatthinte falaprapti "sainikar, thokkukal, peerankikal, shellukal ennivayude shakthiyilum sarvvashakthiyilum allah, marichu rashtreeya shakthiyude adayaalangaliloodeyaanu" kandethiyathu. aathyanthikamayi, jacobinmar niravadhi pradhana rashtreeya sthaapanangale niyanthrikkendathaayirunnu, prathyekichu pothusurakshasamithiyum athiloode, oru niyamanirmmanasabha mathramalla, executive, judicial pravartthanangalum ettedutha deseeya kanvenshanum. oru rashtreeya sakthiyenna nilayil jacobinmare "swaarthathayillaathavarum kooduthal deshasnehikalumaaya paarees janathayodu kooduthal anukambayullavarumaayi" kaanapettu."ithu avarkk charismetic adhikaarathinte sthaanam nalki, athu pothu sammarddam srishtikkunnathinum upayogappeduthunnathinum vyakthiparamaaya swaathanthryathinum saamoohika purogathikkumaayi" "sance-kulot" "abhyarthanakal srishtikkunnathinum thripthippeduthunnathinum phalapradamaayirunnu".
saambathika edapedaline anukoolichu athinte yadhaartha "lices-fair" saambathika nayavum saambathika udara sameepanavum nirasichukondu jacobin club franch republicanisathinum viplavathinumulla oru beuroyaayi vikasichu. 1789 august 4 nuu audyogikamaayi theerumaanicha fraansile fudalism nirmarjanam avar adhikaarathilirikke poortthiyaakkiyenkilum fudal aanukoolyangal raddaakkunnathinu nashtapariharam aavashyappedunna oru vakupp athu niyanthranathilaakki.
estettu generalil artoisine prathinideekarikkaan thiranjedukkappetta robspeare viplavathinte thudakkathil thanne raashtreeyarangathu praveshichu. raajavaazhchayude svechaadhipathyathinulla swaathanthryathinte kataaraye kooduthal aazhathilaakkunna jacobin prasthaanatthinte ettavum mikacha rashtreeya shakthiyaayi robespiyarine kanakkakki. roosiyoyude sishyanenna nilayil, robaspiyarinte rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal "manushyarude avakashangal" prothsaahippikkunna saamoohika karaarinekkurichulla roosiyoyude aashayathil veroonniyathaanu. robspeare prathyekichum vishalamaaya janasamkhyayude bhakshanathinulla avakaashathe anukoolichu, udaaharanathinu, vyakthigatha vyaapaarikalude avakaashangalkk mail. "janangalude kolayaalikale njaan ningalodu apalapikkunnu, ningal prathikarikkunnu, 'avar ishtamullathupole pravartthikkatte.'atharamoru samvidaanathil ellaam samoohathinu ethiraanu; ellaam dhaanyakkachavadakkaare anukoolikkunnu."1792 desember 2 nuu nadatthiya prasamgatthil robspeare eee ashayam prasiddhamaayi vishadeekarichu "samoohathinte aadya lakshyam enthaanu? manushyante vivarikkaanaavaatha avakashangal nilanirthaan. eee avakashangalil aadyathethu enthaanu? nilanilkkanulla avakasham."
republicine shudheekarikkunnathinum ekeekarikkunnathinumulla executive adikaarangal nalkia pothusuraksha samithiyude melnottatthilulla bheekaravaada bharanamaayirunnu jacobin prasthaanatthinte aathyanthika rashtreeya vahanam. puthiya pourasainyangale ekeekarikkunnathinaayi kammitti abhyarthana, rationing, nirbandhitha niyamanam enniva aarambhichu. avar sathrukkalaayi karuthiyavare neridaanulla oru maargamaayi avar bheekaratha sthaapichu robespier prakhyaapichu, "ningalude nayatthinte aadya vaachakam janangale yukthiyiloodeyum janangalude shathrukkale bheekarathayaalum nayikkuka ennathaanu."
iru lingathilumulla deshasnehikalude saahodarya samoohathinte sangamasthalam jacobinmark aathidheyathvam vahicha konventinte oru pazhaya library muriyaayirunnu, koodaathe jacobin klabbile sthreekalkkaayi anuvadicha prathyeka galleryile sthira thaamasakkaril ninnaan saahodarya samooham valarnnathennu nirddeshikkappettu.
idathupaksha raashtreeyam.
jacobinmar pinthunacha rashtreeya vaachaadopangalum janakeeya ashayangalum 19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum aadhunika idathupaksha prasthaanangalude vikasanathilekku nayichu, araajakathvam, communism, soshyalisam ennivayulppede mikkavarum ellah idathupaksha chinthaadhaarakaludeyum rashtreeya adithara jacobinism aayirunnu. jacobinmarude viplavakaramaaya pingamiyaayi paarees communine kaanapettu. jacobinmar pinthunaykkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheytha theevravum janakeeyavumaaya pravanathakalude antharpravaaham europile parambaraagathavum yaadhaasthithikavumaaya sarkkarukalkkullil oru samboornna saamskaarikavum saamoohikavumaaya njettal srishtikkukayum samoohathinte puthiya rashtreeya ashayangal uyarnnuvaraan kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. 1800kaliludaneelam europile sarkkaarukalodulla mathetharathvavum samshayavaadavum vardhikkunnathilekku jacobin vaachaadopangal nayichu. jacobinmar bhaagikamaayi srishticha rashtreeya, saamoohika, saamskaarika gadanayile eee sankeernavum samboornnavumaaya viplavam europiludaneelam shaashvathamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi, 1800 kaliludaneelamulla atharam saamoohika viplavangal 1848 leeii viplavangalil kalaashichu.
jacobin janakeeyathayum pazhaya kramatthinte samboornna gadanaaparamaaya nashavum europiludaneelam viplava manobhaavam vardhippikkunnathilke nayichu, atharam mattangal puthiya rashtreeya aditharakalkku kaaranamakum. udaaharanathinu, aadyathe intaaliyan ithara phaasist party faisiyoyude sthaapakanaaya georges valois, faasisathinte verukal jacobin prasthaanatthil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn avakashappettu. ithu eakaadhipathyavum theevra deseeyathayum ulppedeyulla theevra valathupaksha pinthirippan prasthaanangalkk prathikaranamaayi uyaran idayaakkum. idathu samghadanakal jacobinte adisthaana aditharayil ninnu vyathyastha gadakangal sweekarikkum. jacobinte bahujana prasthaanangal, nerittulla janadhipathyam, nerittulla pravartthana thanthrangale swaadheenikkunna idathupaksha janakeeyata ennivayil ninnu araajakavaadikal swaadheenam chelutthi. chila maarksistukal jacobinmarude angeyattatthe samrakshanavaadathil ninnum republicinte munnira prathirodhakan enna aashayathil ninnum swaadheenam cheluthukayum athu pinneedu munnirakkaraayi parinamikkukayum cheythu. poornnamaayum samoolavum puthiyathumaaya gadanakalulla oru pazhaya samvidaanathe poornnamaayum thakarkkunna jacobin thathwachintha, aadhunika charithrathiludaneelamulla ettavum viplavakaravum pradhaanappettathumaaya prasthaanangalilonnaayi charitraparamaayi kaanapedunnu.
saamskaarika swaadheenam.
franch viplavasamayathe jacobin prasthaanatthinte saamskaarika swaadheenam pourante srishtiye chuttippattiyaan. jeane-jackwus roosoyude 1762 leeii "saamoohika karar" enna pusthakatthil abhipraayappettathupole, vyakthiyum pothu ichhaashakthiyum thammilulla mahathaaya paraspara vinimayathinte prakadanamaanu pourathvam."pourathvam, general will enniva sambandhicha eee kaazhchappaad, orikkal shaaktheekarikkappettaal, oresamayam manushyanteyum pouranteyum avakaashangalude prakhyapanam ulkkollukayum 1793 leeii franch bharanaghadana sweekarikkukayum, thudarnnu aaa bharanaghadanayum ellah saadhaarana niyamasadhuthayum udan thanne suspended cheyyukayum niraparaadhithvam enna anumaanam nalkaatha viplava tribunalukal sthaapikkukayum cheyyum.
manushyante avakashangalkkum prathyekichu "swaathanthryam, swath, suraksha, adichamarthalinodulla prathirodham ennivayude swaabhaavika avakashangal samrakshikkuka" enna prakhyaapanatthinte thathwathinu samarppichirikkunna bharanaghadanaavaadikalaayi jacobinmar svayam kandu (prakhyaapanatthinte article II). franch samoohathinullile vyakthiparamaaya swaathanthryathinteyum saamoohika purogathiyudeyum samrakshanam bharanaghadana urappunalki. jacobin prasthaanatthinte saamskaarika swaadheenam eee adisthaanangale shakthippeduthunnathinum viplavathinulla oru anthareeksham vikasippikkunnathinum phalapradamaayirunnu. valarnnuvarunna republicinteyum pourathvam uyarnnuvarunnathinteyum aditharayaayi mikka jacobinmarum bharanaghadanaye prashamsichu.
yacobinmar sabhayey nireeshwaravaadatheyum nirasichu. catholica mathathinu pakaramaayi avar puthiya mathaparamaya aaraadhanakal, yukthiyude aaradhana, pinneedu paramonnatha sathayude aaradhana enniva sthaapichu. niyamavaazhchaykk pakaramaayi sarkkar samghaditha mathathe avar vaadichu, koodaathe avarude adhikaarathilerunna samayat viplavathinte nilanilppin thanne bheeshaniyaaya oru yudhathinte anantharaavakaashikalaayi alkkootta akramam maattisthaapikkappedane avar vaadichu. adhikaarathilirunnappol, jacobins purathana bharanakoodatthe attimarikkukayum sainika paraajayatthil ninnu viplavathe vijayakaramaayi prathirodhikkukayum cheythu. avar fraansile republicanism ekeekarikkukayum mathetharathvathinum desheeyathayude bodhathinum valareyadhikam sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu, athu innuvare ellah franch republican bharanakoodangaleyum adayaalappeduthunnu. ennirunnaalum, avarude krooravum neethinirvahanamillaathathumaaya reethikal palarudeyum kannil viplavathe apakeerthippeduthi. thathfalamaayundaaya thermidorian prathikaranam ellah jacobin klabbukaleyum adachupoottukayum ellah jacobinukaleyum adhikaarathil ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum parvathatthinte nirakalkkapuramulla palareyum maranatthino naadukadatthunnathino shikshikkukayum cheythu.
jacobin klabbinte prasidantumaar.
thudakkathil oro rund maasathilum, pinneedu oro randaazhchayilum oru puthiya presidentine thiranjedutthu