
bahirakasha vaasthuvidya

bahiraakaashath janavaasamulla paristhithikal roopakalppana cheiyunnathinum nirmmikkunnathinumulla sidhaanthavum pariseelanavumaanu bahirakasha vaasthuvidya. 2002ll hyoosttanil nadanna waled space kongrasil american instittyoott oof aeronotics aandu aastronottiksinte (eya) technical aerospace architecture sabkamittiyile amgangalaanu bahirakasha vaasthuvidyaykkulla eee mission stettment vikasippichath. bahirakasha pedaka roopakalppanayilekkulla vasthuvidyaa sameepanam motham nirmmitha paristhithiye abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. ithu pradhaanamaayum enchiniyaring mekhalaye (prathyekichu aerospace enchiniyaring) adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ennaal physiology, saikkolaji, soshyolaji thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalum ithil ulppedunnu.
bhoomiyile vaasthuvidya pole, ghadaka gadakangalkkum samvidaanangalkkum appurathekku pooyi design vijaythe badhikkunna prashnangalekkurichu vishalamaaya dhaarana neduka ennathaanu sramam. manushyarkk bahiraakaashath jeevikkanum pravartthikkaanum kazhiyumennu urappaakkunna dauthyam poortthiyaakkunnathinu bahirakasha vaasthuvidya onniladhikam tharatthilulla nikhe vaasthuvidyayil ninnu kadamedukkunnu. cheria bhavanangal, cheria leaving appaartmentukal/veedukal, vahana roopakalppana, capsule hotelukal ennivayum athilereyum ennivayil oraal kandethunna design gadakangal ithil ulppedunnu."
bhramanapatha bahirakasha nilayangalkkum chandra, chovva paryaveshana kappalukalkkum lokathile bahirakasha ejansikalkkaayi uparithala thaavalangalkkum pradhaanamaayum naasaykkumaayi ashayangal roopakalppana cheiyunnathil bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude valareyadhikam pravartthanangal nadannittundu.
bahirakasha paripaadiyil aarkkidekttukale ulppeduthunna reethi bahirakasha malsarathil ninnaan valarnnathu, ennirunnaalum athinte uthbhavam valare neratthe kaanaan kazhiyum. bahirakasha douthyathinte dairkhyam neettunnathinum athijeevanathinte ettavum kuranja aavasyangal ulppedeyulla bahiraakaashayaathrikarude aavasyangal abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinumulla neekkathil ninnaan avarude pankaalitthatthinte aavasyakatha udaleduthathu. nilavil niravadhi sthaapanangalil bahirakasha vaasthuvidya prathinidheekarikkunnu. bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayil shaasthrathil birudam nalkunna hoosttan sarvakalashaalayulla oru academic samghadanayaanu sasakawa internaashanal sentar phoor space architecture (sixa). korppareshanukalumaayum bahirakasha ejansikalumaayum design karaarukalum sixa pravartthikkunnu. europil vienna yooniversitti oof teknolajiyum internaashanal space yooniversittiyum bahirakasha vasthuvidyaa gaveshanathil earppettirikkunnu. thuu weane bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayil oru emba vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. manushya bahirakasha yaatra, bahirakasha manushya gadakangal ennivayekkurichulla sessionukal avatharippikkunnathinaayi paristhithi samvidaanangalekkurichulla anthaaraashtra sammelanam (aise) varsham thorum yogam cherunnu. american instittyoott oof aeronotics aandu aastronattiksil (eiii. aii. eiii. eiii.) space architecture technical kammitti (ezz. eiii. tii. sii) roopeekarichu. sarkkar neethrthwathilulla valia bahirakasha padhathikaludeyum sarvakalashaala thalatthilulla aashaya roopakalppanayudeyum charitraparamaaya maathruka undaayirunnittum, bahirakasha toorisathinte varavu bahirakasha vasthuvidyaa pravartthanangalude kaazhchappaadine maattumenn bheeshanippeduthunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayile "space" enna vaakk engleeshil "outtar space", "space" ennivayil ninnulla "outtar space" enna nirvachanathe soochippikkunnu. "outtar" "ennu nirvachikkaavunnathaan" "purathotto purathotto sthithicheyyunnu; bahyavum bahyavum", madhya engleeshil 1350-1400 nuu chuttum uthbhavichu. "space" ennathu 1300 muthalulla pazhaya franch "" espace "" ennathinte apahasyamaaya "" oru pradesham, vyaapthi, vyaapthi, kaalaharanappedal "" aanu. espace ennathu laattin "" spaattiyam "," "" murii, visthrithi, dooram, samayathinte neelam "" ennivayil ninnaan, anishchithathvathinte uthbhavam ullathaanu ". bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayil, "bahirakasha" thekkurichu samsaarikkumbol saadhaaranayaayi bhoomiyude anthareekshathinu purathulla prapanchatthinte pradesham ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ellah bhouma vasthukkaludeyum anthareekshathinu purathullathinu vipareethamaayi. chandra, chovva uparithalangal polulla domainukal ulppeduthaan ithu eee padatthe anuvadikkunnu.
"madhya franch" "aarkkitekt" "ll ninnu vanna" "aarkkitekt" "," "-yur" "ennivayude samyojanamaaya vaasthuvidya 1563 muthal aarambikkunnu". eee padam laattin uthbhavamaan, munbu "aarkkitektas", ithu greak "aarkkittaktan" ll ninnaan vannath. "aarkkittektan" ennaal "maasttar builder" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ithu "arkhi-" "cheef", "" "tecton" "builder ennivayude samyojanathil ninnaan". manushyante anubhavamaan vaasthuvidyayude kendrabindu-bahirakasha vaasthuvidya bahirakasha pedaka enchiniyaring thammilulla praadhamika vyathyasam.
bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude padaavaliyekkurichu chila charchakal nadakkunnundu. chilar eee mekhalaye vaasthuvidyaykkulle oru prathyekathayaayi kanakkakkunnu, athu bahirakasha prayogangalil vasthuvidyaa thathwangal prayogikkunnu. mishigan sarvakalaashaalayile tedu haal polulla mattullavar bahirakasha aarkkidekttukale generalistukalaayi kaanunnu, parambaraagathamaayi vaasthuvidyayaayi (bhoomiyodu chernnulla allengil bhouma vaasthuvidya) kanakkaakkappedunnath vishalamaaya bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude upavibhagamaanu. bahiraakaashath parakkunna eathoru gadanakalum kurachu samayathekku bhoomi adisthaanamaakkiyulla adisthaana soukaryangaleyum dhanasahayam, vikasanam, nirmmaanam, vikshepanam, pravartthanam ennivaykkaayi udyogasthareyum valareyadhikam ashrayikkum. athinaal, eee bhoumika swathukkalil athrayennam bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkanam ennathu charchaavishayamaanu. bahirakasha vaasthuvidya enna padatthinte saankethikatha oru thalatthilulla vyaakhyaanathin thurannirikkunnu.
uthbhavam.
manushyar bahiraakaashathekku yaatra cheiyunna ashayangal aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu jools verneyude 1865 leeii "bhoomiyil ninnu chandranilekku" polulla sayans fiction kathakalilaanu. eee kathayil douthyathinte niravadhi vishadaamshangal (moonnu jeevanakkaarude samgham, bahirakasha pedaka alavukal, florida vikshepana sthalam) 100 varshathilere kazhinju nadanna apollo moonn landingukalumaayi sradheyamaaya saamyam pulartthunnu. takarunna dooradarshini, picaxukal, manalkkuthirakal, thokkukal, ooksijan janarettarukal, marangal polum nattupidippikkaan kazhiyunnathupolulla yaathraykk aavashyamaaya upakaranangal verneyude aluminium capsulil sambharichirunnu. tharayil oru valanja sopha nirmmikkukayum bahirakasha pedakatthinte agrathinaduthulla mathilukalum janalukalum govani vazhi athicherukayum cheythu. uyarnna thwarana sakthikal uthppaadippikkappedunni manushyane bahiraakaashathekku kondupokunnathinulla asaadhyamaaya oru reethiyaaya thokkil ninnu vikshepichathinaal oru bullatt poleyaanu prakshepanam. manushyare prapanchatthilekku ethikkaan rokkattukalude aavasyamundaakum.
rokkatt oorjjathiloode bahirakasha yaathrayekkurich prasidheekaricha aadyathe gauravameriya saidhaanthika kruthi 1903 ll konstaantin siolkovsky aayirunnu. bahiraakaashayaathrikarude pithaavennathinupurame bahirakasha elevator (eefal gopuratthil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond), puram chuttalavil krithrima guruthwaakarshanam srishticha oru bhramana bahirakasha nilayam, airlokkukal, extra-vehicular pravarthanatthinulla space syoottukal (iii. vii. eiii), bhakshanavum ooksijanum nalkunnathinulla adacha aavaasavyavastha, bahiraakaashathe sourorjjam thudangiya ashayangal addeham vibhavanam cheythu. manushyante bahiraakaashathe adhinivesamaanu nammude jeevivargathinu anivaryamaaya paathayenn siolkovsky vishwasichu. 1952-ll verner voonn braun maasikayile lekhanangalude oru parambarayil swantham janavaasamulla bahirakasha nilaya ashayam prasidheekarichu. addehathinte roopakalppana munkaala aashayangalude naveekaranamaayirunnu, pakshe athu nerittu pothujanangalilekku kondupokunnathinulla savisheshamaaya chuvaduveppu addeham nadatthi. spinning space steshanu moonnu dekkukal undaayirikkum, ithu oru naavigeshanal aid, meteriological steshan, erthu obsarvettari, milittari plaattphom, bahiraakaashathekkulla kooduthal paryavekshana douthyangalkkulla vazhi pooyint ennivayaayi pravartthikkum. 1968leeii chithratthil chithreekarichirikkunna bahirakasha nilayam "athinte roopakalppana paithrikam voonn brouninte srishtikalilekku kandethunnu" ennu parayappedunnu. verner voonn braun chandranilekkum chovvayilekkum dauthya padhathikal aavishkarichu, oro thavanayum koliyezhs vaarikayil thante mahathaaya padhathikal prasidheekarichu.
1961 epril 12nuu yoori gagarin nadatthiya parakkal manushyaraashiyude kanni bahirakasha yaathrayaayirunnu. dauthyam oru aavashyamaaya aadyapadiyaanenkilum, gagarin eathaandu oru kaserayil othungi, athil ninnu prapanchatthe nireekshikkaan oru cheria view portt undaayirunnu-bahiraakaashathe jeevante saadhyathakalil ninnu valare akaleyaan. thudarnnulla bahirakasha dauthyangal kramena thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathile jeevita saahacharyangalum jeevithanilavaaravum mechappeduthi. sanjaaram, shaareerika vyaayamangal, shuchithva soukaryangal, mechappetta bhakshana nilavaaram, vinoda pravartthanangal ennivaykkulla idam vipuleekarikkunnathinoppa dairkhyameriya dauthya kaalayalavukalum undaayirunnu. enchineeyarmaarude ethirppukalkku sesham reymond loviyude neethrthwathilulla oru koottam aarkkidekttukalum vyavasaya designermaarum skylab oorbittal laboratariyil oru nireekshana jalakam ulppeduthaan nasaye bodhyappeduthunnathil vijayichappol 1968-ll bahiraakaashathe vasthuvidyaa pankaalittham saakshaathkarikkappettu. bahirakasha pedaka roopakalppanayil manushyante manashaasthraparamaaya maanatthinte aamukhathe eee naazhikakkall prathinidheekarikkunnu. bahirakasha vaasthuvidya janichu.
sidhaantham.
vasthuvidyaa sidhaanthathinte vishayathin bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayil valareyadhikam prayogamundu. ennirunnaalum, chila parigananakal bahirakasha sandarbhathinu savisheshamaayirikkum.
kettidanirmmaanatthinte prathyayashaasthram.
bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil roman vaasthushilpi vitruvius ellah kettidangalkkum moonnu karyangal undaayirikkanamennu paranju shakti, prayojanam, soundaryam. shaasthreeya purathana kaalam muthal eee vishayathil nilanilkkunna eaka kruthiyaaya vitruviyasinte "dii aarkkitekchara" varum aayirakkanakkin varshangalil vasthuvidyaa sidhaanthathil aazhathilulla swaadheenam cheluthum. bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayil polum ivayaanu nammal aadyam pariganikkunna chila karyangal. ennirunnaalum, bahiraakaashath jeevikkunnathinte valia velluvili, prayogicha alankaarangal kuravo prayogikkaathatho aaya pravarthanaparamaaya aavasyakathaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla aavasa roopakalppanayilekku nayichu. eee ardhathil bahirakasha vaasthuvidya, namukkariyaavunnathupole, roopam pankidunnathu aadhunika vaasthuvidyayumaayi pravartthana thathwam pinthudarunnu.
chila sidhaanthakar vitruvian thrayam vividha gadakangal bandhippikkunnu. walter gropius ezhuthunnu
bahirakasha vaasthuvidya oru vibhaagamaayi parinamikkunnath thudarunnathinaal, vasthuvidyaa roopakalppana moolyangalekkurichulla sambhashanam bhoomiyeppole thurakkum.
analogukal.
manushyar jeevichirunna bhoumaparamaaya krameekaranangalile angeyattatthe parithasthithikalkaayulla thirachilum eee paristhithikalum bahirakashavum thammilulla analogukalude roopeekaranavumaanu bahirakasha vasthuvidyaa sidhaanthathinte oru arambha pooyint. udaaharanathinu, manushyar samudrathinte aazhathilulla antharvaahinikalilum, bhoomiyude uparithalathinu thaazheyulla bankarukalilum, antaarttikkayilum thaamasikkukayum, kathunna kettidangalilum, radio active malinamaaya mekhalakalilum, straattospherilum saankethikavidyayude sahaayathode surakshithamaayi praveshikkukayum cheythittundu. vyoma indhanam niraykkunnathu vyomasena phalatthil anischithamaayi vaayuviloode thudaraan prapthamaakkunnu. aanavorjamulla antharvaahinikal vaidyuthavishleshanam upayogichu ooksijan uthppaadippikkukayum oru samayam maasangalolam vellathil mungikkidakkukayum cheyyum. eee analogukalil palathum bahirakasha samvidaanangalkku valare upayogapradamaaya design referenceukalaakaam. vaasthavathil bahirakasha nilayathile life support sisttangalum emarjansi landinginulla bahiraakaashayaathrikarude survival gear yathaakramam antarvaahini life support sistangalumaayum sainika pailat survival kittukalumaayum sradheyamaaya saamyam pulartthunnu.
bahirakasha dauthyangalkku, prathyekichu manushyarkk, vipulamaaya thayyaareduppukal aavasyamaanu. design ulkkaazhcha nalkunna terrestrial analogukalkku purame, bahirakasha aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi saankethikavidyakal kooduthal vikasippikkunnathinum bahiraakaashayaathrikare parisheelippikkunnathinum pareekshana kendrangalaayi samanamaaya parithasthithikal pravartthikkum. kaanadayile vidoora devon dveepile maars sosaitti paripaalikkunna oru simulated maars bays aanu flashline maars artic research steshan. oru yadhaartha chovva dauthyathinu kazhiyunnathra samanamaaya saahacharyangal srishtikkaanum anuyojyamaaya kroo sais sthaapikkaanum "feeldil" pareekshana upakaranangal sthaapikkaanum mikacha extra-vehicular aaktivitti syoottukalum nadapadikramangalum nirnnayikkaanum padhathi lakshyamidunnu. microgravityil evakalkkaayi pariseelanam nalkunnathinu, bahirakasha ejansikal underwater, simulettar pariseelanam enniva vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. naasayude underwater pariseelana soukaryamaaya neutral boyancy laboratariyil space shuttle cargo beyudeyum anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilaya modyoolukaludeyum poornna thothilulla mokkappukal adangiyirikkunnu. bahiraakaashath jeevikkunnath saadhyamaakkunnathinu saankethikavidyayude vikasanavum bahirakasha-samana parithasthithikalile bahiraakaashayaathrika pariseelanavum anivaaryamaan.
bahiraakaashath.
bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude adisthaanaghadakam bahiraakaashathe shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya kshemathinaayi roopakalppana cheyyuka ennathaanu. bhoomiyil palappozhum nissaaramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnava-vaayu, jalam, bhakshanam, maalinya nirmarjanam-valare vishadamaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkanam. muscular atrophy shareerathil sthalathinte mattu phalangalum laghookarikkunnathinu karsanamaaya vyayaama reethikal aavasyamaanu. bahirakasha dauthyangal (opttimali) nischitha kaalayalavil aanenkil athu ottappedalile sammarddathilekku nayichekkaam. eee prashnam vidoora gaveshana kendrangalilo sainika duty toorukalilo abhimukeekarikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamalla, ennirunnaalum nilavaaramillaatha guruthwaakarshana avasthakal aparichithathayudeyum veettammayudeyum vikarangal vardhippikkum. koodaathe, parimithavum maattamillaathathumaaya shaareerika edangalile thadavu cheria kroovukalile paraspara pirimurukkangal vardhippikkukayum mattu negatteevu maanasika prathyaaghaathangalkku kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. bhoomiyile kudumbavumaayum suhruthukkalumaayum pathivayi sanbarkkam pulartthuka, aarogyam nilanirthuka, vinoda pravartthanangal ulppeduthuka, photographukalum pacha chedikalum polulla parichithamaaya vasthukkal konduvarika ennivayiloode eee sammarddangal laghookarikkaan kazhiyum. eee manashaasthraparamaaya nadapadikalude praadhaanyam 1968 leeii soviyatt 'dii. ell. bii chandra adithara' roopakalppanayil vilamathikkaam 
vikshepana parimithikal kaaranam bahiraakaashathekku enthum athikkuka enna velluvili bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude bhauthika roopangalil aazhathilulla swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. innuvareyulla ellah bahirakasha aavaasavyavasthakalum modular vasthuvidyaa roopakalppana upayogichittundu. aadhunika vikshepana vaahanangalude payload fairing alavukal (saadhaaranayaayi veethi mathramalla uyaravum) bahiraakaashathekku vikshepicha karkkashamaaya gadakangalude valuppam parimithappedutthunnu. bahiraakaashath valia thothilulla gadanakal nirmmikkunnathinulla eee sameepanathil onniladhikam moduleukal vevvere vikshepikkukayum pinneedu avaa swamedhayaa kootticherkkukayum cheiyunnu. modular vaasthuvidya oru turanka samvidaanathinu samanamaaya oru leauttinu kaaranamaakunnu, avide eathenkilum prathyeka lakshyasthaanathu ethaan niravadhi modyoolukaliloode kadannupokendathundu. sammarddamulla murikalude aantharika vyaasamo veethiyum, chuttalavinoppam yanthrangalum furnitureukalum sthaapich ithu staanderdais cheiyunnu. itharathilulla bahirakasha nilayangalkkum uparithala aditharakalkkum saadhaaranayaayi onno athiladhikamo dishakalil adhika moduleukal cherkkunnathiloode maathrame valaraan kazhiyoo. mathiyaya jolisthalavum thaamasasthalavum kandethunnathu palappozhum modular vaasthuvidyayude oru pradhana velluviliyaanu. oru parihaaramenna nilayil, vyathyastha pravarthanangalkkaayi inteeriyarukal parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum svakaaryavum group sthalavum thammilulla vibhajanam mattunnathinum vazhakkamulla furnitureukal (pottia meshakal, reyilukalile curtainukal, vinyasikkaavunna kidakkakal) upayogikkaam. bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayile aakruthiye swaadheenikkunna gadakangalekkurichulla kooduthal charchakalkku, enangal vibhaagam kaanuka.
yujeen violettu-leeii-duke vyathyastha vasthukkalkkaayi vyathyastha vasthuvidyaa roopangal vaadichu. bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayil ithu prathyekichum pradhaanamaan. mathiyaya bhauthika gunangalulla bharam kuranja vasthukkal kandethunnathinu push enchineeyarmaare samarambhikkunnathinulla bahujana parimithikal. koodaathe, bhramanapathathile bahirakasha paristhithiyude savisheshamaaya velluvilikal, athaayath soura sanbarkkathile pettennulla mattangal moolamundaakunna drutha taapa vipuleekaranam, kanikakalum aattomik ooksijan bombardmentum moolamundaakunna naashanashtam ennivaykku savisheshamaaya metteeriyal pariharangal aavasyamaanu. vyaavasaayika yugam puthiya vasthukkal uthppaadippikkukayum puthiya vasthuvidyaa saadhyathakal thurakkukayum cheythathupole, metteeriyal saankethikavidyayile purogathi bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude saadhyathakale maattum. uyarnna shakti-bharam anupatham kaaranam kaarban-fiber ithinakam bahirakasha hardwareil ulppeduthiyittundu. bahiraakaashathe pradhana gadanaaparamaaya gadakangalkkaayi kaarban fibero mattu samyuktha vasthukkalo sweekarikkumo ennariyaan anweshanam nadakkunnu. ettavum anuyojyamaaya vasthukkal upayogikkukayum avayude swabhaavam alankarikkaathe vidukayum cheiyunna vasthuvidyaa thathwathe vasthukkalodulla sathyam ennu vilikkunnu.
bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude bhramanapatha sandarbhavum bhoomi adisthaanamaakkiyulla vaasthuvidya thammilulla sradheyamaaya vyathyasam bhramanapathathile gadanakalkku avayude swantham bharam vahikkendathilla ennathaanu. swatantra veezhchayil vasthukkalude microgravity avastha kaaranam ithu saadhyamaan. vaasthavathil robotic kaii polulla bahirakasha hardwareukal bhramanapathathil pravartthikkaan maathram roopakalppana cheythittullathum bhoomiyude uparithalathil swantham bharam uyarthaan kazhiyaathathumaan. microgravity oru bahiraakaashayaathrikane praayogikamaayi eathu pindamulla oru vastuvineyum neekkaan anuvadikkunnu, avan allengil aval mattoru vasthuvil vendathra parimithappeduthiyittunde, pathukke aanenkilum. athinaal, bhramanapatha paristhithiyekkurichulla gadanaaparamaaya parigananakal bhouma kettidangalil ninnu naadakeeyamaayi vyathyasthamaan, koodaathe oru bahirakasha nilayam orumichu kaivasham vaykkunnathinulla ettavum valia velluvili saadhaaranayaayi gadakangal kedukoodaathe vikshepikkukayum kootticherkkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. anyagraha uparithalangalile nirmmaanam ippozhum athinte swantham bharam thaangavunna reethiyil roopakalppana cheyyendathundu, ennaal athinte bharam praadeshika guruthwaakarshana mekhalayude sakthiye ashrayichirikkum.
adisthaana soukaryangal.
manushya bahirakasha yaathraykk nilavil bhoomiyil valia adisthaana soukaryangal aavasyamaanu. innuvareyulla ellah manushya bhramanapatha dauthyangalum sarkkar aasoothranam cheythathaanu. bahirakasha dauthyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunna samghadanaa sthaapanam saadhaaranayaayi oru deseeya bahirakasha ejansiyaanu, amerikkayude kaaryatthil nasayum russiayude roscosmos. eee ejansikalkku federal thalathilaanu dhanasahayam labhikkunnath. naasayil, flaitt kantrolarukal thalsamaya dauthya pravarthanangalkkum naasa kendrangalil oonsaitt jolie cheiyunnathinum utharavaadikalaanu. bahirakasha vaahanangalumaayi bandhapetta mikka enchiniyaring vikasana pravartthanangalum swakaarya kambanikalumaayi karar cheythirikkunnu, avarkk svanthamaayi sub contractormaare niyamikkaam, athesamayam adisthaana gaveshanavum aashaya roopakalppanayum palappozhum academica mekhalayil gaveshana fundingiloodeyaanu cheiyunnathu.
enangal.
saborbittal.
bahiraakaashathinte athirthi kadannengilum bhramanapatha vegathayil ethaatha gadanakale saborbittal vaasthuvidyayaayi kanakkakkunnu. bahirakasha vimaanangale sambandhichidatholam, vaasthuvidyaykku vimana vaasthuvidyayumaayi, prathyekichu cherukida bisinesses jettukalude vaasthuvidyayumaayi valareyadhikam saamyamund.
bahirakasha pedakam.
2004 juun 21nuu mike melvil poornnamaayum swakaarya maargangaliloode dhanasahayam nalki bahiraakaashath ethi. saborbittal space toorisathinaayi svakaaryamaayi pravartthikkunna bahirakasha vimaanangalude pareekshanathmaka munnodiyaayi skeyil cheytha komposittukalaanu spaceshippon enna vahanam vikasippichath. pravarthanakshamamaaya bahirakasha vimana maathrkayaaya space ship tuu (ss 2) ekadesham 15 kilometer uyarathilekku bii-29 superfortress valippathilulla carrier vimanamaaya vaitnaitt tuu vazhi kondupokum. avide ninnu ss2 athinte rokkatt motorine verpeduthi ekadesham 110 kilometer dooram kappalilekku ethikkum. bhoomiye bhramanapathathilekku nayikkaan ss2 roopakalppana cheythittillaathathinaal, ithu saborbittal allengil aerospace vaasthuvidyayude oru udaaharanamaanu.
rund bahirakasha vaahanangalude vaasthuvidya muun bahirakasha vahanangalil saadhaaranamaayathil ninnu alppam vyathyasthamaan. neendunilkkunna yanthrangalodukoodiya kramarahithamaya inteeriyarukalil ninnum muun vaahanangalude niravadhi avyakthamaaya svichukalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, eee cabin oru aadhunika bahirakasha pedakathekkaal sayans fictionil ninnulla enthengilum pole kaanapedunnu. ss2, carrier vimanangal enniva lohathinu pakaram bharam kuranja samyojitha vasthukkalil ninnaan nirmmikkunnath. oru ss 2 vimaanathil bharakkuravinulla samayam varumbol, rokkatt motor oof cheyyappedukayum shabdavum vibration avasaanikkukayum cheyyum. yaathrakkaarkk bhoomiyude vakrata kaanaan kazhiyum. cabin chuttunna niravadhi eratta-paanal jalakangal mikkavarum ellah dishakalilekkum kazhchakal nalkum. methayulla seettukal floatingin paramavadhi idam nalkunnathinu tharayil parannukidakkum. space syoottukalude aavasyakatha illaathaakkaan ellaayppozhum sammarddamulla interior roopakalppana cheyyum.
bhramanapatham.
bhoomiyeyo mattoru jyotishaasthra vasthuvineyo parikramanam cheyyaan roopakalppana cheytha gadanakalude vaasthuvidyayaanu bhramanapatha vaasthuvidya. anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayavum ree-entry vehicles space shuttle, soyas bahirakasha pedakam, shenshou bahirakasha pedakam ennivayaanu nilavil pravartthikkunna bhramanapatha vaasthuvidyayude udaaharanagal. mirr bahirakasha nilayam, skylab, apollo bahirakasha pedakam enniva charitraparamaaya karakaushalathil ulppedunnu. bhramanapatha vaasthuvidya saadhaaranayaayi bhaarakkurav, soura, cosmic vikiranagalil ninnulla anthareeksha, kaanthikamandala samrakshanathinte abhavam, druthagathiyilulla pakal/ratri chakrangal, bhramanapatha avashishtangal koottiyidikkaanulla saadhyatha enniva abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. koodaathe, ree-entry vahanangal bharakkuravinum anthareeksha reantry samayat anubhavappedunna uyarnna thapanilaykkum aaksilareshanukalkkum anuyojyamaayirikkanam.
anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayam.
nilavil bahiraakaashath sthiramaayi adhivasikkunna eaka gadanayaanu anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayam (aii. ezz.). oru american football maithaanathinte valippamulla ithinu aarr amgangalundu. 358 chathurashra meter valippamulla ithinu rund american 18 wheeler trekkukalude cargo kidakkakalekkaal kooduthal interior room undu. ennirunnaalum, bahirakasha nilayathinte microgravity anthareeksham kaaranam, ellaayppozhum nannayi nirvachikkapetta mathilukal, nilakal, melkoora enniva illa, koodaathe ellah sammarddameriya pradeshangalum thaamasasthalamaayum jolie sthalamaayum upayogikkaan kazhiyum. anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayam ippozhum nirmmaanathilaanu. moduleukal praadhamikamaayi bahirakasha shuttle upayogichu nirjjeevamaakkunnathuvare vikshepichirunnu, bahirakasha nilayathile working kroovinte sahaayathode athinte kroo koottichertthu. 4. 6 meter vyaasamulla silindar aakruthiyilulla shuttle payload beikkullil othungunna tharatthilaanu iss moduleukal palappozhum roopakalppana cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythirunnathu. 
bahirakasha nilayathile jeevitam bhoumajeevithathil ninnu valare rasakaramaaya chila vazhikalil vyathyasthamaan. bahiraakaashayaathrikar saadhaaranayaayi parasparam vasthukkal "float" cheiyunnu; udaaharanathinu avar oru clipboardinu oru prarambha nadju nalkukayum athu muriyiludaneelam athinte reseaverilekku theeram vaykkukayum cheyyum. vaasthavathil, oru bahiraakaashayaathrikan eee seelam sheelamaakkaan kazhiyum, avar bhoomiyilekku madangumbol athu inii pravartthikkillennu avar marakkunnu. is bahirakasha sanjaarikalude bhakshanakramam pankedukkunna raajyangalude bahirakasha bhakshanathinte samyojanamaanu. oro bahiraakaashayaathrikanum parakkunnathin munbu oru vyakthigatha menu thiranjedukkunnu. pala bhakshana thiranjeduppukalum bahiraakaashayaathrikarude saamskaarika vyathyaasangale prathifalippikkunnu, udaaharanathinu bekkan, muttakal enniva. prabhaathabhakshanathinulla malsya uthppannangal (yathaakramam amerikkaykkum russiaykkum). aduthide japanese beef curry, kimchi, waldfish (reviera stail) thudangiya vibhavangal bhramanapathathilulla autposttil pradarshippichittundu. bhakshanathinte bhooribhaagavum nirjjaleekaranam cheyyappedukayo allengil kavarukalil adaykkukayo cheiyunnathinaal, bahiraakaashayaathrikar shuttle, purogathi resupply dauthyangal ennivayil ninnu thaarathamyena puthiya bhakshanam labhikkunnathil valare aaveshathilaanu. microgravityil bhakshanam kazhikkaan sahayikkunna paakkejukalilaanu bhakshanam sookshikkunnathu. 
bhakshanam meshappurathu othukki vaykkuka. chelavazhicha packaging maalinyangalum shekharichu neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi labhyamaya oru bahirakasha pedakatthilekku kayattanam. maalinya samskaranam bhoomiyilennapole athra nereyalla. bahiraakaashayaathrikarude priyappetta ozhivusamaya pravarthanangalilonnaaya bhoomiyum bahirakashavum nireekshikkunnathinu niravadhi jalakangal isinundu. oro 90 minittilum suuryan udikkunnathinaal, 24 manikkoor urakkachakram nilanirthaan sahaayikkunnathin janalakal "ratri" moodunnu.
oru shuttle thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil pravartthikkumbol, adiyanthara saahacharyangalil iii. ezz. aii. ezz oru suraksha abhayasthaanamaayi varthikkunnu. ettavum puthiya hubble space telescope sarvees dauthyathil (vyathyastha bhramanapatha chaayvukal kaaranam) isiyude surakshayil thirichuvaraan kazhiyaathathaan oru backup shuttle vikshepana padilekku vilikkaan kaaranam. athinaal, oru dauthyathil vittuveezhcha cheyyaan enthengilum sambhavikkukayaanenkil oru shuttle kroovinu sanketham nalkaan avare vilikkamenna maanasikaavasthayilaanu bahiraakaashayaathrikar pravartthikkunnathu. anthaaraashtra bahirakasha nilayam pala raajyangalum thammilulla oru valia sahakarana padhathiyaanu. kappalile nilavilulla anthareeksham vaividhyathinteyum sahishnuthayudeyum onnaanu. ithu thikachum yojichathaanennu ithinarthamilla. bahiraakaashayaathrikar avarude bhoomi adisthaanamaakkiyulla athiraalikaleppole thanne niraashakalum paraspara kalahangalum anubavikkunnu.
steshanile oru saadhaarana divasam kroo kwaarttezhsile oru swakaarya soundu proof boothinakathu raavile 6 manikk unarnnirikkam. bahiraakaashayaathrikar avarude sleeping baagukal chumaril ketti nilkkunna nilayil kandethiyekkaam, kaaranam bahiraakaashath ooriyanteshan prashnamalla. bahiraakaashayaathrikante thudakal lambamaayi 50 digri uyarthum. bhaarakkuravile nishpakshamaaya shareera bhangiyaanithu-bhoomiyil saadhaaranapole "irikkukayo" "nilkkukayo cheiyunnathu amithamaayi maduppikkum. thante boothilninnu puratthekku izhayumbol, oru bahiraakaashayaathrikan mattu bahiraakaashayaathrikarumaayi aaa divasathe shaasthra pareekshanangal, dauthya niyanthrana konfaransukal, bhoomiyile manushyarumayulla abhimukhangal, orupakshe bahirakasha nadattham allengil bahirakasha shuttle varavu ennivayekkurichu samsaarichekkaam.
bigg loow aerospace.
vaayusanjaaramulla bahirakasha gadanakalumaayi bandhappett transhab aashayathinte vikasanathil ninnu rund pettantukal nediya nasaye surakshithamaakkunnathinulla savisheshamaaya chuvaduveppaanu bigilo aerospace nadathiyathu. inflattable module saankethikavidyayude vaanijya vikasanathinu kambanikku ippol eaka avakaashamund. 2006 juulai 12nuu "jenesis aii" pareekshanathmaka bahirakasha aavaasavyavastha thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathilekku vikshepichu. "jenesis I" jeevashaasthra pareekshanangalude oru payload polum vahichukondu vaayusanjaaramulla bahirakasha gadanakalude adisthaana pravarthanakshamatha pradharshippichu. randaamathe modyoolaaya "jenesis II" 2007 juun 28 nuu bhramanapathathilekku vikshepikkukayum athinte mungami apekshichu niravadhi mechappeduthalukal pareekshikkukayum cheythu. prathikaranachakra asamblikal, maarganirddeshathinaayulla krithyamaaya alaveduppu samvidaanam, ombathu adhika camerakal, module panapperuppatthinulla mechappetta vathaka niyanthranam, mechappetta oonn-board sensor suit enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
bigg loow architecture ippozhum modular aanenkilum, inflattable konfigareshan karkkashamaaya modyoolukalekkaal kooduthal interior vooliyam anuvadikkunnu. bigg loyude poornna thothilulla ulppaadana modalaaya baa-330-nuu isheyile ettavum valia modyoolinte erattiyiladhikam vooliyam undu. vaayusanjaaramulla moduleukal karkkashamaaya modyoolukalilekku doock cheyyaan kazhiyum, mathramalla kroo leaving, working kwartezhs ennivaykku prathyekichum anuyojyamaanu. oru pathittaandilere munbu transhab ashayam upekshichathinu sesham 2009 ll naasa oru bigg loow module isilekku cherkkunnathinekkurichu chinthikkaan thudangi. gadanaaparamaaya pinthunaykkaayi moduleukalkku sakthamaaya aantharika coor undayirikkaam. chuttumulla upayogayogyamaaya idam vyathyastha murikalaayum nilakalaayum vibhajikkaam. spacex sii. aarr. ezz-8 cargo douthyathinide oru spacex dragoninte amarthappedaatha cargo trankinullil 2016 epril 10 nuu athunnathinaayi bigg loow expandable aaktivitti module (beam) athichu.
bigg loow aerospace avarude pala modyoolukalum swathanthramaayi vikshepikkaan thiranjeduthekkaam, avayude upayogam vaividhyamaarnna kambanikalkkum samghadanakalkkum swantham bahirakasha paripaadikal thangaan kazhiyaatha rajyangalkkum paattatthinu nalkum. microgravity gaveshanavum bahirakasha nirmmanavum eee sthalathinte saadhyamaaya upayogangalil ulppedunnu. allengil murikal, nireekshanashaalakal, allengil oru vinoda padd jimneshyam ennivaykkaayi niravadhi bigg loow moduleukal adangiya oru swakaarya bahirakasha hotel nammal kandekkaam. sourayoodhathile deerghakaala bahirakasha dauthyangalil aavasa kwaartezhsinaayi atharam moduleukal upayogikkaanulla oopshan undu. bahirakasha yaathrayude athisayakaramaaya oru vasham oru kraaft oru anthareeksham vittupoyaal, aerodynamic aakruthi oru prashnamalla ennathaanu. udaaharanathinu, oru trans luner kuthivayppu oru muzhuvan bahirakasha nilayathilum prayogikkukayum chandraniloode parakkaan ayaykkukayum cheyyaam. chandra, chovva uparithala samvidaanangalkkaayi avarude moduleukal parishkkarikkanulla saadhyatha bigelo prakadippichu. ennirunnaalum, 2020 march muthal ithu pravarthanarahithamaanu.
chandran.
chandra vaasthuvidya sidhaanthathilum prayogatthilum nilanilkkunnu. innu thaalkkaalika manushya autposttukalude puraavastu karakaushala vasthukkal chandrante uparithalathil sparshikkappedaathe kidakkunnu. manushyaraashiyude anyagraha parishramangalilekku soochana nalkunna anchu apollo chandra module erangunna gattangal sameepathulla madhyarekhayiludaneelamulla vividha sthalangalil nivarnnunilkkunnu. chandrante uthbhavathekkurichulla pradhana sidhaantham chandra paarakalude saambilukal vishakalanam cheyyappedunnathuvare athinte nilavile padavi nediyilla. eathoru manushyan avarude veettil ninnu ithuvare nadathiyathil vachu ettavum akaleyaan chandran, bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayaanu avare jeevanode nilanirthukayum manushyarayi pravartthikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythath.
apollo.
chandranilekkulla yaathrayil, apollo bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk thiranjedukkaan rund "murikal" undaayirunnu-command module (sem) allengil chandra module (elm). moonnu bahiraakaashayaathrikar elm emarjansi life bottayi upayogikkaan nirbandhitharaaya "apollo 13" enna chithratthil ithu kaanaan kazhiyum. rund modyoolukalkkidayilulla kadannupokal oru sammarddamulla docking tanaliloode saadhyamaayirunnu, ithu soviyatt roopakalppanayekkaal oru pradhana nettamaanu, moduleukal maattaan oru space suit dharikkendathund. moonnu kattiyulla glass paanalukal kondu nirmmicha anchu janalakal command modyoolil undaayirunnu. aluminosilikkettu kondu nirmmicha rund akathe paanalukal cabin vaayu bahiraakaashathekku chornnolikkunnillenna urappakki. puram paalikal oru avashishta kavachamayum anthareeksha punarpraveshathinu aavashyamaaya taapa kavachatthinte bhagamaayum pravarthichu. vijayakaramaya parakkalin aavashyamaaya ellah samvidaanangalumulla oru sankeernamaaya bahirakasha pedakamaayirunnu senting sentar, ennaal 6,17 chathurashra meter interior vooliyam ulla moonnu bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk idungiyathaayi kanakkakkaam. toylet illaathathupolulla (bahiraakaashayaathrikar valareyadhikam verukkapetta 'releaf tubeukalum' malam baagukalum upayogichirunnu) roopakalppanayile balaheenatakal ithinu undaayirunnu. bahirakasha nilayathinte varavu maalinya samskaranavum jala veendedukkal saankethikavidyakalum upayogichu phalapradamaaya life support samvidaanangal konduvarum.
chandra modulinu rund ghattangalundaayirunnu. bahiraakaashathe shoonyathayil maathram pravartthikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal aarohana ghattam ennu vilikkappedunna sammarddameriya mukalile gattamaanu aadyathe yadhaartha bahirakasha pedakam. erangunna ghattam erangunnathinu upayogikkunna enchin, landing gear, radar, indhanam, upabhoga vasthukkal, prashasthamaaya govani, pinneedulla apollo dauthyangalil apollo chandra rover enniva vahichirunnu. pinneedu oru parakkalil pindam kuraykkuka ennathaanu stejinginu pinnile ashayam, bhoomi vikshepicha multy steju rokkattil upayogikkunna athe thanthramaanith. chandranilekku erangunna samayat elm pailat ezhunnettu ninnu. maanuval backup mooad upayogichu automated kantrol vazhiyaan landing saadhyamaayath. elmmil airlock illaathirunnathinaal oru bahiraakaashayaathrikane uparithalathil nadakkaan ayaykkunnathinu cabin muzhuvan ozhippikkendivannu (eyar vent bahiraakaashathekku). jeevichirikkaan, elmmile rund bahiraakaashayaathrikarkkum eee ghattathil avarude bahirakasha syoottukal dharikkendathund. chandra module athu roopakalppana cheythathinu nannayi pravarthichu. ennirunnaalum, roopakalppana prakriyayiludaneelam oru valia anjjaathatha avasheshichu-chandra podipadalangalude phalangal.
chandranil nadanna oro bahiraakaashayaathrikanum chandrante podiyil track cheyyukayum chandra bhramanapathathile othucheralinide elmmineyum pinneedu centemeterineyum malinamaakkukayum cheythu. eee podipadalangal shoonyathayil neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyilla, apollo 16 leeii joonn yang cheria razer bladeukal poleyaanennu visheshippichittundu. manushyarkk chandranil jeevikkaan, podi laghookaranam gauravamaayi edukkenda niravadhi prasnangalil onnaanenn taamasiyaathe manassilakki.
konstaleshan prograam.
2004 leeii bahirakasha paryaveshanathinaayulla kaazhchappaadine pinthudarnna paryavekshana samvidaana vasthuvidyaa patanam niravadhi pradhana vyathyasangalulla avarude apollo mungaamikalkk samanamaaya kazhivukalulla oru puthiya klaas vahanangal vikasippikkaan shupaarsha cheythu. bahirakasha shuttle prograaminte chila jeevanakkarum adisthaana soukaryangalum nilanirthunnathinaayi, vikshepana vahanangal shuttle-ninnu uruthirinja saankethikavidyakal upayogikkendathaayirunnu. randaamathaayi, ore rokkattil crewineyum charakkineyum vikshepikkunnathinuparam, bharameriya charakk kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi valia earas vii upayogichu kroovine vikshepikkuka ennathaayirunnu cheria eris. rund pelodukalum thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil kandumuttukayum avide ninnu chandranilekku pookukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu. apollo chandra modulinu chandrante dhruvapradesangalil ethaan mathiyaya indhanam vahikkaan kazhinjillengilum chandrante eathu bhaagathekkum praveshikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu altair chandra lander. nakshathrasamooha paripadi falapraapthiyilethaan altair uparithala samvidaanangalum orupole aavashyamaayirunnuvenkilum, 2010 ll bahirakasha shuttle viramichathinethudarnnu bhramanapathathilekkulla yuu. ezz. praveshanathile vidavu kuraykkunnathinu ooriyoon bahirakasha pedakam vikasippikkunnathilaayinu shradha.
naasa polum nakshathrasamooha vaasthuvidya 'apollo oonn stiroyidukal' ennaanu visheshippichathu. ennirunnaalum, theliyikkapetta capsule roopakalppanayilekkulla thirichuvaravu palarum swaagatham cheiyunna oru neekkamaan.
maarshyan.
chovvayude uparithalathil manushyajeevan nilanirthaan roopakalppana cheytha vaasthuvidyayaanu chovvayude vaasthuvidya, ithu saadhyamaakkunnathinu aavashyamaaya ellah pinthunaa samvidaanangalum. uparithalathil jalathinte nerittu sample edukkunnathum kazhinja dashakathinullil geiser polulla jalapravaahathinulla thelivukalum sourayoodhathil draavaka jalam kandethunnathinulla bhoomiyekkaal anyagrahajeevikale kandethunnathinulla ettavum saadhyathayulla paristhithiyaayi chovva maatti. koodaathe, chila bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thelivukal soochippikkunnathu chovva athinte vidoora bhoothakaalathil aagola thalatthil choodullathum eerppamullathumaayirunnu ennaanu. theevramaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pravartthanangal bhoomiyude uparithalathe punarroopakalppana cheyyukayum nammude aadyakaala charithratthinte thelivukal maaychukalayukayum cheythu. chovvayile paarakalkk bhouma parakalekkaal pazhakkamundakaam, athinaal chovva paryavekshanam cheiyunnathu bhoomiyile jeevante uthbhavam ulppedeyulla nammude swantham bhoomishaasthraparamaaya parinaamatthinte katha manassilakkaan sahayikkum. chovvayude uparithala marddam bhoomiyude oru sathamaanathil thaazheyaanengilum athinu oru anthareekshamundu. bhoomiyude uparithala guruthwaakarshanam bhoomiyude 38 sathamaanamaanu. chovvayilekkulla oru manushya paryaveshanam ithuvare nadannittillengilum, chovvayude aavaasavyavasthayude roopakalppanayil kaaryamaaya pravartthanangal nadannittundu. chovva vaasthuvidya saadhaaranayaayi rund vibhagangalil onnaayi vibhajikkappedunnu poornnamaayum kootticherttha bhoomiyil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha vaasthuvidya praadeshika vibhavangal upayogichu vaasthuvidya.
voonn brounum mattu aadyakaala nirddeshangalum.
oru crude maars paryaveshanathinaayi saankethikamaayi samagramaya oru nirddesham aadyamaayi konduvannathu verner voonn brounaanu. apollo polulla oru minimum mission profilinekkaal, patthu valia bahirakasha pedakangalude oru koottatthil 70 bahiraakaashayaathrikarude oru samghathe voonn braun vibhavanam cheythu. oro kappal thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil nirmmikkum, onnu poornnamaayum kootticherkkunnathinna munbu ekadesham 100 vyathyastha vikshepanangal aavasyamaanu. bahirakasha pedakatthil ezhu perr crewin moonnu perr charakk kappalukalaayum nischayichittundu. kroo shuttle cheiyunnathinulla cheria "bottukal" roopakalppana cheyyukayum kuranja oorjja homan kaimatta paatha pinthudarunna chuvanna grahathilekkulla cruis samayat kappalukal thammilulla vitharanavum undaayirunnu. eee dauthya padhathiyil ettu maasathe kramatthil vanve traansit samayavum chovvayil deerghakaalam thamasikkunnathum ulppedum, ithu bahiraakaashath deerghakaala thaamasoukaryangalude aavasyakatha srishtikkunnu. chuvanna grahathil athumbol, ezhu manushya kappalukal bhoomiyilekku madangaan thayyarakunnathuvare kappal chovvayude bhramanapathathil praveshikkukayum avide thudarukayum cheyyum. charakk kappalukalil sookshichirunna landing glyderukal maathrame uparithalathilekku sanjarikkukayulloo, avayumaayi bandhapetta kayatta gattangal. kooduthal glider landingukal sugamamaakkunnathin uparithalathil oru landing stripinoppam vaayusanjaaramulla aavaasavyavasthakal nirmmikkum. voonn brouninte nirddeshaprakaaram aavashyamaaya ellah proppallantukalum upabhogavasthukkalum bhoomiyil ninnu konduvarendathaayirunnu. chovvayude bhramanapathathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla nireekshanatthinum kappalukalude paripaalanathinumaayi chila jeevanakkar yaathraavaahanangalil thudarnnu. yaathrakkappalukk 20 meter vyaasamulla vaasasthala golangalundaayirunnu. sharashari kroo amgam eee kappalukalil kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkunnathinaal (ekadesham 16 maasathe traansittum chovvayude bhramanapathathil karangunna shifttukalum), kappalukalude aavaasavyavasthayude roopakalppana eee douthyathinte avibhaajya gadakamaayirunnu.
bharakkuravumaayi deerghaneram sanbarkkam pularthunnathu uyarthunna bheeshaniyekkurichu voonn brouninu ariyamaayirunnu. oru pothu pindakendrathekkurichu karangaan yaathrakkappalukal orumichu tether cheiyunnathino allengil oro kroo amgathinum oro divasavum kurachu manikkoor krithrima guruthwaakarshanam nalkunnathinaayi flottilakkoppam neengaan svayam karangunna, dumble aakruthiyilulla "guruthwaakarshana koshangal" ulppeduthunnathino addeham nirddeshichu. voonn brouninte nirddeshathinte samayat, bhoomikk purathulla souravikiranam sambandhicha apakadangalekkurichu valarekkurache ariyaamaayirunnulloo, koodaathe cosmic vikiranamaanu kooduthal sakthamaaya velluvili uyarthumennu karuthappettirunnu. 1958ll vaan alan belttukal kandethiyappol uyarnna oorjjamulla sourorjja kanangalil ninnu bhoomi samrakshikkappettuvennu thelinju. douthyathinte uparithala bhaagathinu, vaayusanjaaramulla aavaasavyavasthakal thaamasasthalam paramavadhi vardhippikkaanulla aagrahathe soochippikkunnu. kappalukalkkidayil valareyadhikam gathagathavum edapedalumulla oru samoohathinte bhagamaayaanu voonn braun paryaveshanatthile amgangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnath ennathu vyakthamaan.
soviyatt union chovvayile manushya paryaveshanathekkurichu padanangal nadathukayum 1960 lum 1969 lum alpam kuranja itihaasa dauthya roopakalppanakal (videsha saankethikavidyakalil kuravallengilum) konduvarikayum cheythu. avayil aadyathethu interplaanattari traansittinum nuclear reactorukalkkum vaidyutha propulsion power plaantukalaayi upayogichu. manushya jeevanakkarum aanava reactorukalum samyojippikkunna bahirakasha pedakatthil, reactor saadhaaranayaayi kroo kwaarttezhsil ninnu paramavadhi akale, palappozhum oru neenda dhruvathinte attathu, vikirana surakshaykkaayi sthaapikkunnu. 1960leeii douthyathinte rasakaramaaya oru ghadakam uparithala vaasthuvidyayaayirunnu. parukkan bhoopradeshathinaayi chakrangalulla oru "train" land research moduleukal upayogichu kootticherkkendathaayinu, athilonnu kroo cabin aayirunnu. innathe maanadandangalkkanusrithayi polum valare abhilaashamulla lakshyamaya dakshinadhruvathil ninnu utharadhruvathilekku chovvayude uparithalathiloode kadannupokuka ennathaayirunnu train. tmk polulla mattu soviyatt padhathikal chovvayude uparithalathil irakkunnathumaayi bandhapetta valia chelavukal ozhivaakkukayum chovvayude pailat (crude) flybykalkku vendi vaadikkukayum cheythu. chandra apollo 8 polulla flyby dauthyangal, landinginekkaal apakadasaadhyatha kuranja mattu lokangalilekku manushya saannidhyam vyaapippikkunnu. aadyakaala soviyatt nirddeshangalil mikathum nirbhagyakaramaaya enn 1 rokkatt upayogichu vikshepanathinu ahvaanam cheythu. avar saadhaaranayaayi avarude american athiraalikale apekshichu kurachu kroovukale ulppeduthunnu. aadyakaala chovva vasthuvidyaa ashayangal saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil assembly avatharippikkukayum bhoomiyil ninnu aavashyamaaya ellah upabhogavasthukkalum konduvarikayum niyukta varkk vezhsas. thaamasasthalangal. chovvayude paryaveshanathekkurichulla aadhunika veekshanam orupoleyalla.
sameepakaala samrambhangal.
chovvayil manushyare irakkaanum avare jeevanode nilanirthaanum thudarnnu bhoomiyilekku thirike konduvaranum enthu edukkumennathinekkurilu ellah gauravameriya padanangalilum, dauthyathinu aavashyamaaya motham pindam athishayakaramaan. oru multy-varsha chovva dauthyathil oru cheria samgham polum kadannupokunna upabhogavasthukkalude (ooksijan, bhakshanam, vellam) alavu vikshepikkunnathinu, athinte thanne pindatthinte bhooribhaagavum propellant aayirikkunnathukond valare valia rokkatt edukkum ennathaanu prashnam. ivideyaanu bhoomiyude bhramanapathathil onniladhikam vikshepanangalum assembly varunnath. ennirunnaalum, saadhanangal niranja atharamoru kappal bhramanapathathil orumichu sthaapikkaan kazhiyumenkilum, athu chovvayilekku ayaykkaan proppallantinte adhika (valia) vitharanam aavasyamaanu. bhoomiyude bhramanapathathil ninnu chovvayude kaimatta bhramanapathathilekku oru bahirakasha pedakam cherkkunnathinu aavashyamaaya deltta-vii allengil vegathayile maattam secondil niravadhi kilometres. bahiraakaashayaathrikare chovvayude uparithalathilekkum veettilekku thirike kondupokunnathinekkurum chinthikkumbol, bhoomiyil ninnu ellaam eduthaal valia alavil propellant aavasyamaanennu naam vegathil manassilakkunnu. bahirakasha paryaveshana samrambhathin marupadiyaayi naasa 1989ll aarambhicha '90 divasathe patana' thilaanu eee nigamanam.
niravadhi saankethikavidyakal chovvayude paryaveshanathekkurichulla kaazhchappaadine maattimarichu. athil ettavum shakthamaayath inn-sittu vibhava viniyogamaanu. bhoomiyil ninnu irakkumathi cheiyunna hydrajan chovvayude anthareekshathil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaidum upayogichu, meedheynum (rokkatt propellantinaayi) vellavum (kudivellatthinum vaidyuthavishleshanathiloode ooksijan ulppaadanathinum) nirmmikkaan sabattiyar prathikaranam upayogikkaam. bhoomiyil ninnu konduvarunna proppallantinte aavasyakatha kuraykkunnathinulla mattoru saankethikavidya aerobreaking aanu. oru bahirakasha pedakatthinte vegatha kuraykkunnathinu, pala paasukalkkum mukaliloode anthareekshathinte mukalile paalikal skim cheiyunnathu aerobreakingil ulppedunnu. bhakshanathinteyum vitharanathinteyum charakk kayattumathiyude vegatha kuraykkunnathil ettavum kooduthal vaagdaanam kaanikkunna samayabandhithamaya prakriyayaanith. chandranil sthiramaaya adithara pradarshippichathinu sesham chovvayil manushyare irakkaan naasayude nakshathrasamooha paripadi aavashyappedunnu, ennaal adisthaana vaasthuvidyayude vishadaamshangal sthaapichittilla. aadyathe sthiramaaya vaasasthalathu thudarchayaayi ore sthalathu munkootty nirmmicha aavasa moduleukal irakkukayum avaye bandhippichu oru adithara roopappeduthukayum cheiyunna kroo undaayirikkaan saadhyathayund.
chovva douthyathinte eee aadhunika, sambadvyavastha modalukalil chilathil, jeevanakkaarude valuppam kuranjathu 4 allengil 6 aayi kurayunnathu naam kaanunnu. vaividhyamaarnna saamoohika bandhangalile atharam nashtam santhulithamaaya saamoohika prathikaranangal roopappeduthunnathinum poornnamaaya swathuabodham roopappeduthunnathinum velluvilikalilekku nayichekkaam. valare cheria jeevanakkaare upayogichu deerghakaala dauthyangal nadathanamenkil, jeevanakkaarude budhiparamaaya thiranjeduppu praadhamika praadhaanyamullathaanu. maars mission planningle mattoru thuranna prasnamaanu roll assainmentukal. noorukanakkinu divasam neendunilkkunna oru dauthyathinte eathaanum minittukal maathram edukkumbol landinginte praadhamika punk kaalaharanappettathaan, aaa landing eppol automated aakum. rolukalude niyamanam uparithalathil cheyyenda joliye valareyadhikam ashrayichirikkum, koodaathe bahiraakaashayaathrikar onniladhikam utharavaadithangal ettedukkendathundu. uparithala vaasthuvidya sambandhichidatholam, orupakshe bigg loow aerospace polum nalkunna vaayusanjaaramulla aavaasavyavasthakal, thaamasasthalam paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinulla oru saadhyamaaya oopshanaayi thudarunnu. pilkkala dauthyangalil, samrakshanam nalkunnathinaayi chovvayile regolith mishrithathil ninno praadhamika, vayunirodhana ghadakam vare ishtikakal nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. chovvayile paristhithi space suit roopakalppanaykku vyathyastha avasarangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, charmmatthil irukiya bio suit poleyullava polum.
vasthuvidyaa, enchiniyaring vishakalanathinte vividha thalangalilekku niravadhi prathyeka aavasa roopakalppana nirddeshangal munnottuvachittundu. aduthide vanna oru nirddeshavum-naasayude 2015 leeii chovva aavasa malsarathile vijayi-"chovva aise house" aanu. bhoomiyil nirmmicha vaayusanjaaramulla marddam nilanirthaavunna membraninte ulbhaagathu jalathile manjil ninnu paalikalaal 3dii print cheytha oru chovva uparithala aavaasavyavasthaykkaayullatha design ashayam. poortthiyaaya ghadana ardha-suthaaryamaayirikkum, niravadhi tharamgadairkhyangalil doshakaramaaya vikiranam agiranam cheyyukayum drishya spectrathil ekadesham 50 sathamaanam prakaashatthe sweekarikkukayum cheyyum. aavaasavyavastha poornnamaayum oru svayambharana robotic bahirakasha pedakatthilum bottukalilum ninnu sajjeekarikkanum nirmmikkanum nirddeshikkunnu, ennirunnaalum aavaasavyavastha poornnamaayum nirmmikkukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythukazhinjaal ekadesham 2 muthal 4 vare nivaasikalulla manushya vaasasthalam vibhavanam cheiyunnu.
robotic.
robotic rahasyaanveshanavum trial-blazer dauthyangalum mattu lokangalude manushya paryaveshanathinu munbaayirikkumennu parakke amgeekarikkappettittundu. eathu nirddishta lakshyasthanangalil manushya paryavekshakare ayaykkanamennu arivodeyulla theerumaanam edukkunnathinu bhoomi adisthaanamaakkiyulla mikacha dooradarshinikalkku nalkaan kazhiyunnathinekkaal kooduthal daatta aavasyamaanu. udaaharanathinu, apollo moonn landinginulla landing saitt thiranjeduppu moonnu vyathyastha robotic prograamukalil ninnulla daattaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu renchar prograam, chandra oorbittar prograam, surveyor prograam. oru manushyane ayaykkunnathinu munbu, robotic bahirakasha pedakam chandra uparithalathinte mapp cheyyukayum sophtt landinginte saadhyatha theliyikkukayum television camerakal upayogichu bhoopradesam chithreekarikkukayum mannu scoop cheyyukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
sensitiivu camerakal muthal prathyeka tharamgadairkhyam, dooradarshinikal, spectrometerukal, radar upakaranangal, accelerometerukal, radiometerukal, kanika dittaktarukal thudangi vaividhyamaarnna shaasthreeya upakaranangal vahikkunnathinaan robotic paryavekshana dauthyam saadhaaranayaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. eee upakaranangalude pravartthanam saadhaaranayaayi shaasthreeya daatta thirike nalkuka ennathaanu, ennaal bahirakasha pedakatthinte avasthayekkurichu avabodhajanyamaaya "anubhavam" nalkunnathum telepresensiloode paryavekshanam cheiyunna pradeshavumaayi upabodhamanass parichayappeduthunnathu anuvadikkunnathum aakam. japanese chandra bhramanapathamaaya selenil echdidivi camerakal ulppeduthunnathu ithinu oru nalla udaaharanamaanu. avaykku pakaram poornnamaayum shaasthreeya upakaranangal konduvaraan kazhiyumaayirunnuvenkilum, chandrante paryavekshanam manassilakkaan eee camerakal swathasidhamaaya oru ardhathinte upayogam anuvadikkunnu.
oru anyagraha lakshyasthanam paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinulla aadunikavum santhulithavumaaya sameepanathil niravadhi gattangal ulppedunnu, avaa oronnum adutha ghattathilekku munnerunnathinulla yukthi srishtikkendathundu. manushya paryaveshanathinu thottumumbulla ghattathe naravamsha kendreekritha samvedanam ennu visheshippikkaam, athaayath, manushyarkk yadhaarthathil nerittu paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinu kazhiyunnathra yaadhaarthyabodham nalkunnathinu roopakalppana cheytha sensing. koodaathe, oru manushya samvidaanavum bahiraakaashathe oru robotic samvidaanavum thammilulla rekha ellaayppozhum vyakthamaakilla. pothuvaayi paranjaal, paristhithi ethratholam shakthamo athratholam avashyamulla robotic saankethikavidyayum. robotic samvidaanangal vishaalamaayi bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude bhaagamaayi kanakkakkaam, avayude uddeshyam bahiraakaashathe vaasasthalam sugamamaakkukayo sareerashaasthraparamaaya indriyangalude paridhi bahiraakaashathekku vyaapippikkukayo cheyyuka ennathaanu.
bhaviyil.
bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude bhaavi bahiraakaashath manushya saannidhyam vikasippikkunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu. eaka rashtreeya bharanakoodangal aarambhicha sarkkar aasoothrithamaaya paryavekshana douthyangalude charitraparamaaya maathrkaykku keezhil, bahirakasha gadanakal niravadhi varshangalo pathittaandukalo maathram dairkhyamulla roopakalppana cheytha jeevithachakrangalulla cherukida aavaasavyavasthakalilum bhramanapatha modyoolukalilum parimithappedutthaan saadhyathayund. roopakalppanakalum angane vaasthuvidya saadhaaranayaayi bahirakasha yaathrakkaaril ninnu thalsamaya prathikaranam illaathe sariyaakkum. bhoomiyil vyapakamaaya oru sambradaayamaaya nilavilulla aavaasavyavasthakal nannakkunnathinum naveekarikkunnathinumulla saankethikavidya hraswakaala paryavekshana lakshyangalkk keezhil vikasippikkaan saadhyathayilla. paryavekshanam oru multy administration allengil anthaaraashtra swabhaavam sweekarikkukayaanenkil, nivaasikal thanne bahirakasha vaasthuvidyayude vikasanathinulla saadhyathakal vishaalamaayirikkum. swakaarya bahirakasha vinodasanjaaram bahirakasha vikasanathinum bahirakasha gathagatha adisthaanasoukaryangalkkum vegathilaakkaanulla oru maargamaan. kanyaka thaaraapathatthil oru bhramanapatha kappalaya spaceship threeyude padhathikal soochippichittundu. bahirakasha toorisathinte aavasyam athirukallillaathathaanu. chandra paarkkukalo shukraniloode sanjarikkunna kappalo sangalppikkaan prayasamilla. bahirakasha yaatra cheiyunna oru inamaakaanulla mattoru prachodanam grahangalude prathirodhamaan.
classic bahirakasha dauthyam bhoomiyumaayi koottiyidikkunna chhinnagrahathe thadassappeduthunna dauthyamaanu. chhinnagrahathe vibhajikkaano vyathichalippikkaano aanava spodanangal upayogikkunnathu ettavum apakadakaramaanu. atharamoru thanthram bhoomiyil pathikkunna chhinnagraha shakalangalude alavu vardhippikkunnathiloode yadhaarthathil prashnam kooduthal vashalaakkum. roobert subrin ezhuthunnu
atharamoru samghathe vidoora chhinnagrahathilekku vilikkanamenkil, chhinnagrahathe vazhithirichuvidaanulla apakadasaadhyatha kuranja vazhikal undakam. chhinnagrahathinte aaghaatha theeyathikku valare munbuthanne oru kroovine chhinnagrahathil irakkuka, athinte pindatthil chilath bahiraakaashathekku thirichuvidukayum athinte paatha pathukke maattukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu mattoru prateeksha nalkunna chhinnagraha laghookarana thanthram. nyoottante moonnaam niyamam anusarichu chhinnagrahathinte pindam propellantaayi ulla rokkatt propulsionte oru roopamaanithu. aanavaayudhangal pottitherichaalum pindam thirichuvidiyaalum, eee dauthyam poortthiyaakkaan varshangalallengilum niravadhi maasangal bahiraakaashathekku oru valia manushya samghathe ayaykkendathundu. bahiraakaashayaathrikar enganeyaanu thaamasikkuka, kappal enganeyaayirikkum thudangiya chodyangal bahirakasha aarkkitektinte chodyangalaanu.
bahiraakaashathekku pookaanulla prachodanangal saakshaathkarikkappedum, ettavum gurutharamaaya bheeshanikal laghookarikkunnathinulla pravartthanangal aarambhikkam. bahiraakaashathe bahiraakaashayaathrikarude surakshaykk ettavum valia bheeshanikalilonnu sourorjjwaalakalil ninnulla pettennulla vikirana sambhavangalaanu. 1972 augustil apollo 16, apollo 17 douthyangalkkidayil undaaya akramasakthamaaya soura kodunkaattu, bahiraakaashayaathrikar chandra uparithalathil thurannukaattappettirunne marakamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkaamaayirunnu. bahiraakaashathe vikiranathinethiraya ettavum ariyappedunna samrakshanam parirakshayaanu; bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk chuttumulla valia taankukalil adangiyirikkunna vellamaan prathyekichum phalapradamaaya paricha. nirbhagyavashaal jalathinte pindam oru cubic meterinu 1000 kilogram aanu. ettavum tirakkeriya sambhavangalil bahirakasha sanjaarikalkku pinwangan kazhiyunna sourorjja "kodunkaattu abhayakendrangal" nirmmikkuka ennathaanu kooduthal praayogika sameepanam. ennirunnaalum, ithu pravarthikkunnathinu, varaanirikkunna kodunkaattukalekkurich bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk munnariyipp nalkunnathinu oru bahirakasha kalavastha prakshepana samvidaanam aavasyamaanu, sunami munnariyipp samvidaanam theeradesha nivaasikalkk varaanirikkunna apakadathekkurichu munnariyipp nalkunnathupole. orupakshe oru divasam robotic bahirakasha pedakangalude oru koottam suryanodu aduthu parikramanam cheyyukayum sourorjja pravartthanangal nireekshikkukayum apakadakaramaaya kanangalude thiramaalakal bahiraakaashathe janavasa pradeshangalil athunnathinu munbu vilayeriya munnariyipp nalkukayum cheyyum.
bahiraakaashath manushyante deerghakaala bhaavi enthaayirikkumennu arcum ariyilla. orupakshe sourayoodhathile vividha lokangal paryavekshanam cheythum kurachu chhinnagrahangale vyathichalipichum pathiv bahirakasha yaathrayude anubhavam nediya sesham, modular ithara bahirakasha aavaasavyavasthakalum adisthaana soukaryangalum nirmmikkanulla saadhyatha sheshikkullil aayirikkum. atharam saadhyathakalil chandranile maas drivermar, vaidyuthi maathram upayogichu bahiraakaashathekku pelodukal vikshepikkunnu, adacha paaristhithika samvidaanangalulla spinning space kolanikal enniva ulppedunnu. bhooprakrithiyude aadyaghattangalil oru chovva kaananakum, avide nivaasikalkk uparithalathil ninnu puratthirangaan lalithamaaya ooksijan maaskukal maathrame aavashyamulloo. enthaayaalum, atharam bhaavikalkk bahirakasha vaasthuvidya aavasyamaanu.

