
burgerlijk vettbokk

netherlandsinte sivil kodaanu burgerlijk vettbokk (allengil bii. dablyu). aadyakaala pathippukal pradhaanamaayum nepolian kodine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. 1992ll dutch sivil coode ganyamaayi parishkarikkapettu. swaabhaavika vyakthikalude avakashangal (pusthakam 1), niyamaparamaaya vyakthikal (pusthakam 2), paarambarya (pusthakam 3), pinthudarchaavakaasham (pusthakam 4) ennivayumaayi bandhappettathaan coode. ithu swathavakaasha niyamavum (udha.jii.udamasthaavakaasham, udamasthaavakaasham, suraksha thalpparyangal) (pusthakam 5), baadyathakal (pusthakam 6), karaarukal (pusthakam 7), niyamangalude vairudhyam (pusthakam 10). nirddishta bhedagathikal boudhika swathavakaashathekkurichu oru pusthakam cherkkum. 
shariat niyamathinum kasttams niyamangalkkum purame swakaarya niyamangalude oru kodumudiyayi niyamangalude krodeekaranam ippozhum indoneshyayil upayogikkunnu. dutch eest indeesile dutch colonial kaalaghattatthil chainees vyapaarikal, indian vyapaarikal, arab vyapaarikal thudangiya dutch kudiyettakkaarkkum videsha vyaapaarikalkkum maathrame eee niyamangal thudakkathil baadhakamaayirunnulloo, ennaal 1945 ll indoneshyayude swaathanthryathinu sesham, thaddesheeyarilekkum musleengalilekkum swamedhayaa vyapippicha pazhaya dutch niyamam nilanirthaan sarkkar theerumaanichu. 1992leeii parishkaricha pathipp indoneshyayil baadhakamalla.
charithram.
ekeekaranathinulla shramangalkk munbu, netherlandsile mikkavarum ellah pradeshangalkkum baroik athintethaaya niyamamundayirunnu. praadeshika roman-dutch niyamam sivilian "ius kammyoonil" ninnu, prathyekichu baadhyathakalude niyamavum rekhaamoolamulla kodukalude prayogavum sambandhichu, valareyadhikam kadameduthu.
ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandinu munbu saarvathrika likhitha coode nilavilundaayirunnilla. 
krodeekaranatthinulla niravadhi sramangal hraswakaalamaayirunnu, sarkkaarukalum rashtreeya saahacharyangalum nirantharam maarunnathiloode avaa sahayichilla. 1531-ll netherlandsile spanish bharanadhikaariyaaya chaals vii, ekeekrithatha kanakkileduthu nilavilulla niyamangal crodicarican utharavittu. ennirunnaalum, enpathu varshathe yudhavum netherlandsile spanish bharanathinte avasaanavum atharam padhathikale thadassappeduthi. ekadesham rund noottaandukalkku sesham 1801ll puthiya baattaaviyan republicinte keezhil mattoru sramam nadatthi. 1804ll oru likhitha coode bhaagikamaayi thayyaaraakkiyenkilum orikkalum nadappakkiyittilla. 1806 meyy 24nuu netherlands oru franch klayant rajyamaayi maari, neppoliyante sahodaranaaya luis bonapaarttinte keezhil holland raajyam roopappeduthi. nepolian coode sweekarikkaanum nadappakkaanum nepolian rajaavinu nirddesham nalki. oru samiti roopeekarikkukayum, nepolian niyamavaliyil ninnum chila munkaala kruthikalil ninnum valareyadhikam ulkkollukayum cheythukondu, 1809 meyy 1 nuu rajakeeya utharaviloode "vettbokk nepolian, injerigt voor hettu koningrijkku holland" ennu vilikkunna oru coode nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. niyamavaliyum dutch kolanikalil prathyekamaayi nilanirtthiyirunna sthalangalilozhike roman-dutch niyamam nirthalaakkappettu. ennirunnaalum, 1809leeii niyamam hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu. 
1811 januvari 1 nuu netherlands franch saamrajyam pidichedukkukayum nepolian coode parishkkarikkappedaathu roopathil sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 
1813-ll franch bharanathinte thakarchayode dutch swaathanthryam punasthaapichu. raajyam veendum krodeekaranam pinthudarnnu. 1814leeii bharanaghadanayude article 100 dutch niyamathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru krodeekaranatthe paraamarsikkunnu. 1816num 1830num idayil vividha nirddeshangal munnottuvachu. oduvil 1830ll paarlament oru puthiya niyamam pasaki. pradhaanamaayum franch, roman-dutch swaadheenangalude mishrithamaayirunnu athu. 1838-leeii "burgerlijk vettbokk" enna perilaanu eee coode sweekarichathu.
1838leeii coode, franch swaadheenavum bhedagathikalum.
1838 october 1nuu 1838 coode praabalyatthil vannu. nepolian coode ganyamaayi swaadheenichengilum, athu chila roman-dutch puthumakal sweekarichu. aadyam, gadanayile vyathyaasangal sradhikkaam. franch maathrkayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, dutch coode yadhaartha avakashangalum ("remil" avakashangal) vyakthiparamaaya avakashangalum ("vyakthiparamayi" avakashangal) thammil karsanamaaya vyathyasam konduvannu. udamasthaavakaasha thathwathe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu swath vyavasthakal krameekarichirunnathu. ulladakkathilum niravadhi vyathyaasangal nilaninnirunnu. chila vishayangalil franch niyamam bhedagathi cheiyukayo raddaakkukayo cheythu. niravadhi pradhana mattangal meijar thirichariyunnu. aadyam, niravadhi franch niyamaparamaaya vyavasthakal neekkam cheythu. dutch samoohathinu thikachum anyamaaya oru aashayamaaya sivil maranam neekkam cheiyunnathilekku meijar viral choondunnu. oru niyama ashayam saamskaarikamaayi anuchithamo nilavilulla dutch niyama thathwangalumaayi poruthappedaatthatho aaya sthalangalil mattu ozhivaakkalukal kaanaan kazhiyum. randaamathaayi, nilavilulla roman-dutch niyamam krodeekarikkunnathino roman-dutch niyama maanadandangal praabalyatthil varuthunnathino bhedagathikal varuthi. udaaharanathinu, kanweynsinghumaayi bandhappett, 1838 leeii coode nepolian "sooloo konsensu" (sooloo konsensu) sidhaantham illaathaakkukayum pakaram oru vilppana karar delivery prathyeka niyamaparamaaya niyamangalaanennum, swathinaayulla avakaashavaadam saadhuthayullathaanennum, delivari saadhuthayullathaayirikkanamel karar saadhuthayullathaayirikkanam, koodaathe ellaavarum avakashapathram kaimaarendathundennum vyavastha cheythu. ithu taittilukal kaimaattam cheiyunna kaaryakaarana samvidaanathinte ("kaaryakaarana stelsel vaan igendomsoverdruct") "titulus"-"modus" vakabhedathe krodeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, 1838 leeii coode nepolian codil ninnu valareyadhikam aakarshikkappettuvennath sathyamaayi thudarunnu, meijar upasamharikkunnu
1838 leeii bii. dablyu. yude maathruka franch "coode sivil" aayirunnu. bii. dablyu. kodinte pakarppaanenn ithinarthamilla. bii. dablyu. verumoru vivarthanam mathramaayirunnilla ennu thonnunnu. bii. dablyu. yeei "coode sivil" swaadheenikkunnundengum netherlands franch niyamam sweekarichu enna kaazhchappaadine ithu nyaayeekarikkunnilla. neremaricha chila franch niyamangal neekkam cheythu. franch niyamangalkk pakaram allengil bii. dablyu. yude anubandhamaayi muun dutch niyamam chertthu. kodinte valiyoru bhagam joyint roottukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanum ettavum pradhanappetta pothu pashchaathalam roman niyamamaanennum njangal kandethunnu. 
adutha noottaandil coode niravadhi thavana bhedagathi cheyyappettu. 1947ll dutch sarkkar coode poornnamaayum parishkarikkaan edward maijarsine chumathalappedutthi. 1838leeii coode 'kaalaharanapetta'thaanennum aadunikavalkkaranam aavasyamaanennum karuthappettu. saankethika punarnirmmaanamaayirunnu prerakashakthi; swakaarya niyamatthinte sameepakaala sambhavavikasangal prathifalippikkunnathinna coode update cheyyanamennu vaadichu.
1992leeii coode parishkkaranam.
parishkaranatthinte prarambha vyaapthi 'saankethika parishkkaranam' aanenkilum, 1992 bii. dablyu. munkaala niyamathilum sthaapitha cases niyamathilum ganyamaaya mattangal varuthi. jarmman bgbyil ninnaan parishkaricha kodinte saankethika shradha kadameduthathu. sivil niyamavum vaanijya niyamavum thammilulla vyathyasam illaathaakkukayum swakaarya niyamatthinte vishalamaaya paridhiyil konduvarikayum cheythu. kambani, insurance, gathagatham, upabhokthru, thozhil niyamangal enningane vaanijya niyanthranatthinte ellah vashangalum coode ippol ulkkollunnu. udaaharanathinu, 1992leeii coode ippol prathyekamaayi vaanijya karaarukale niyanthrikkunnu (pusthakam 6, art. 119 (eiii). anyayamaaya oru sambushteekarana pravartthanam labhyamaan (pusthakam 6, art. 212), athupole thanne dushicha sammathathino allengil 'saahacharyangalude durupayogathino' vendiyulla rakshaasamghadanakalum (pusthakam 6, art. 44 (4). kooduthal pothuve, nalla vishwaasathinte aavasyakathakal ippol kodiludaneelam oru sthiramaaya vishayamaayi thonnunnu pusthakam 6, art. 1 oru bandhatthile iru kakshikalum parasparam thulyamaayum nyayamaayum perumaaranamenn vyavastha cheiyunnu. ithu kararukalkkappuram niyamatthinte mattu mekhalakalilekkum vyaapichukidakkunnathayi thonnunnu. 
1992leeii coode athinte mungaamiyekkaal kooduthal saankethikavum chittayullathum amoorthavumaanu. ithu kooduthal ashayaparavum amoorthathvathinte vyathyastha thalangalil nannayi nirvachikkapetta niravadhi thathwangal nalkunnathumaanu. udaneelam, coode pothuvaaya niyamangalude karsanamaaya oru paatten thayyarakkunnu, avaa vishadamaayava nirmmichirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, niyamavirudhamaaya oru sivil thettu enna pothuvaaya aashayathil adhishtithamaanu peedanaparamaaya badhyatha. vyathyastha saahacharyangalil eee aashayathin vyathyastha prayogangalundaakum. muun coode prakaram 'ellaam allengil onnumilla' enna sameepanam nilaninnirunna degrick yogyathaykkum coode kooduthal sookshumamaanu. kesukal vidikkunnathil kodathikalkku vishalamaaya vivechanaadhikaaram nalkunnathinu anukoolamaayi franch samvidaanathinte niyamaparamaaya posittivisatheyum coode ayaykkunnu. eee vivechanaadhikaaram 'intermediat solutionukal' anuvadikkunnu (i.iii., adimathvaparamaayi niyamaparamalla) sankeernamaaya prashnangalkk.
mattu mikka videsha sivil kodukaleyum pole, nadapadikrama niyamangalum pothu niyamavum 1992 kodukalil ninnu vevvere krodeekarichirikkunnu.
vimarsanangal.
kodathikalkku valareyadhikam vivechanaadhikaaram nalkiyathinu coode vimarshikkappettittundu. ithu krodeekaranatthinte pradhana lakshyamaya urappine durbalappeduthunnuvenna parayappedunnu. maruvashathu, pathiv bhedagathiyillaathe puthiya velluvilikale neridaan kodine vazhakkam anuvadikkunnu. koodaathe, vishalamaaya vaanijya niyamasamvidaanam niyamaavaliyilekku ekeekarikkunnathu ippol swakaarya niyamathinulla 'ottathavana' paraamarsamaakki maattunnu, koodaathe pouranmaarkkum bisinasukaarkkum orupole eluppathil axus cheyyaavunnathum prasakthavumaan.
ghadana.
dutch sivil coode nilavil ekadesham 3,000 lekhanangalum 9 pusthakangalum ulkkollunnu