
erii aalukal

charitraparamaayi eree thadaakatthinte thekkan theerathu thaamasichirunna thaddesheeya janathayaayirunnu eree janatha (ericronon, recronon, erielhonen, eriis, neshan duu chaatt). 1658nuu munbu avar innathe padinjaaran newyork, vadakkupadinjaaran pensylvania, vadakkan ohiyo ennividangalil thaamasichirunna oru irokwoyan grouppaaya avar 17-aamm noottaandinte madhyathil roma vyaapaarathinte niyanthranathinaayi beaver yudhangalil huronine sahaayichathin sakthamaaya ayalrajyamaaya irokvoyisumaayi anchu varshathe neenda yudhathiloode avarude raajyam nasippikkappettu.
irokvoyisine ethirkkaan dhairyappettavarkk oru paatamaayi avarude gramangal kathichu. ithu avarude sambharichirikkunna cholavum mattu bhakshanangalum nasippikkukayum avarude jeevan nashtappedutthukayum shaithyakaalathe athijeevikkaan oru maargavumillaathathinaal avarude bhaviye bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. akramanangal avare kudiyettatthinu nirbandhitharaakki. thadavukaareyum abhayaarthikaleyum avarude gothrangalilekku dathedukkunnathil irokwois leag ariyappettirunnu. avasheshikkunna erikal mattu irokwoian gothrangalaal, prathyekichu anchu rajyangalil ettavum padinjaarulla senekkayile kudumbangalaal pradhaanamaayum ulkkollappettathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. gothrangal algheni peedabhoomiyude vettayaadal sthalangalum algheni vidavukaliloode kadannupoya amerindian paathakalum pankittathinaal suzkehanok kudumbangalum chila erikal sweekarichittundaakam. irokwois janathaykkidayil thamasikkunna sheshikkunna gothrangalile amgangal kramena bhooripaksha samskaarangalumayi swaamsheekarikkappedukayum avarude swatantra gotra swathuangal nashtappedukayum cheythu.
erikale "chaatt" (franch bhashayil "kyaatt") allengil "long teyil" (orupakshe, vasthrangalil dharikkunna raakkoon vaalukale soochippikkunnu) ennum vilichirunnu. mattu irokwoyan janathayeppole, paalisedukalaal chuttapetta graamangalile bahuvidha kudumbangalulla veedukalilaanu avar thaamasichirunnathu. eee prathirodha pravartthanangal palappozhum vilakalkkayi avarude vayalukal ulkkollunnu. avar "moonnu sahodarimaar" krishi cheythu cholam, beans, schwash ennivayude enangal, choodulla seasonil. shaithyakaalath, gothravargakkaar vettayaadalil shekharicha vilakalilum mrugangalilum jeevichu.
bhasha.
eeri bhasha samsaarichirunnath eeri bhaashayaan, ithu wayandottinu samaanamaanenn parayappedunna saakshyappeduthaatha irokwoyan bhaashayaan. 
pradesham.
erii laandukalude ariyappedunna athirthikal algheni nadhi muthal erii thadaakatthinte theeram vare vyaapichu. vadakkupadinjaaran pensylvania muthal ohaayoyile sandesky vareyulla muzhuvan bhoomiyum niyantrikkunnathinaayi aadyakaala franch paryavekshakar valia thadakangal mapp cheytha graamangale thettayi thiricharinjathinaal avaa orikkal vishwasikkappettirunnu, ennaal puraavastu gaveshakar ippol athinte padinjaaran pakuthi orupakshe oru algongian janathayaayirunna vittilsi ennu vilikkappedunna matte samskaarathin kaaranamaayi karuthunnu. ohiyo pinneedu vittilsikk punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu, avar thadi paalisedukalkku pakaram mankuttangal kondu avarude gramangal valanju, ennaal europian sanbarkkasamayathu vigvaamukalkku pakaram long houseukalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. ennirunnaalum, nadiyude kizhakk bhaagathulla randaamathe graamam oru erii settilmentaayirikkaam. ashtabula kaundiyude thekkupadinjaaran moolayilulla ohaayoyile windseril mattoru eeri vaasasthalam kandethi, ithu kanakttucheythirikkunna sthalangalekkaal padinjaaru rund nadeethadangalaanu. trumble allengil mahoning kaundikalil beaver yudhangal rekhappeduthunnathinu munbulla kaaryamaaya othutheerpponnum avasheshikkunnilla, ithu rund janathayum thammilulla krithyamaaya athirthi chodyam cheiyunnu.
erii nilaninnirunna samayat, avarude adutha ayalrajyangalil neutral raashtram, thadaakam erikku kuruke, vadakku pettan, jenesi, nayagra nadikalkkidayil, algheni nadiyude kizhakk suzkehannok, charitraparamaayi anjjaathamaaya rund rajyangal-algheni nadiyude thekk monongahela samskaaram (pinneedu avide thaamasicha lenapinte vilipperaaya monongahela nadiyude peril ariyapetta monongahela nadiyude peril), padinjaaru vittilsi samskaaram enniva ulppedunnu. monongahela samskaaram mikkavarum siovan samsaarikkunna oru samoohamaayirunnu.
charithram.
munkootty bandhappeduka.
thaddesheeyaraaya janangal aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi valia thadaakangalil thudarnnulla samskaarangalil jeevichirunnappol, europian ettumuttalinte samayat ariyappettirunna charitraparamaaya gothrangal 15,16 noottaandukalode othucherithudangi. samanamaaya samskaaram, gothrasanghadana, valia thadaakangalkk chuttum uyarnnuvanna oru irokwoyan bhasha samsaarikkunna niravadhi irokwoyan janathayil iriyum ulppedunnu, pakshe thekk ninnu uthbhavicha gadakangalodeyaanu. ohiyoyileyum pensylvaniayileyum vittilsi paarambaryatthilum kottayile purathana samskarathilumulla aalukal eeri janathayude poorvvikar aayirunnirikkam.
irokwoian vaakkalulla charithram soochippikkunnathu erikal avaril ninnu uthbhavichathaanennum avar sent. laurence nadeethadam. mannukal nirmmicha oru anjjaatha gothrathe erikal paraajayappedutthiyennum athil parayunnu. eee groupinu nalkiyirikkunna perukal anishchithathvathil ninnaan, oru akkoundil erii ennathinulla lenap padamaaya aligevi upayogikkunnu, mattonn meskwaki ennathinu upayogikkunna irokwois enna padamaaya schwakiho upayogikkunnu. pensylvaniayileyum ohaayoyileyum puraavastu gaveshakar khananam cheytha moonnennam ulppede rund koottarum eee kunnukal nirmmichilla. panchasaarayude malancherivu, north benton malancherivu, towners malancherivu ennivayaanu iva. ohaayoyile kentil tounarmaarude oru kunnu maathramaan ippozhum nilakollunnath. ennirunnaalum, eriyil ninnu uthbhavichathaanennu vishwasikkappedunna recordilulla churukkam chila vaakkukal padicha bhaashaashaasthranjar eee gothram erokvoyisinekkaal huroninode kooduthal aduthirunnuvennu vishwasikkunnu. erokvoyisil ninnu uthbhavichavaraanenkil, puraavasthugaveshanam soochippikkunnathu avaykku 12-aamm noottaandino 13-aamm noottaandino munbu varaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla ennaanu. oru huron uthbhavam avaa pinneedu athumennu soochippikkum.
nyoo american heritteju" edittarmaar parayunnath, irokwoyan gothrangalude vividha konfedarasikal thekk ninnu grettu lakes pradeshangalilekku kudiyeriyathaayum columbian kaalaghattatthinu valare munbuthanne athinidayilaayirunnuvennum aanu. neremarichu, 1911 leeii encyclopedia britanikkayude edittarmaar polulla mattullavar soochippikkunnathu, gothrangal uthbhavichath sent lorencinaduthulla algongian pradesangalaayi maariyathil ninnaan, algongian gothrangal theerathekku vadakkott neengukayum padinjaaru vyaapikkukayum cheythappol padinjaarum thekkum neengi. 
sanbarkkathinu sheshamulla.
europian ettumuttal nadakkumbozhekkum, algongian, irokwoyan gothrangal mathsaraadhishtithamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum avar vyapaaram nadathukayum mikka varshangalum aswasthamaaya samadhaanathil chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. thokkukalkku munbu nilaninnirunna oru parimitiyum dooraparidhiyil kollaanulla kazhivum, oru vediyundaye marikadakkaan kazhiyaatha oru janathayude vadhasheshi vardhippikkunnathinaayi thokkukalude upayogam yudhathinte santhulithaavasthaye soochippikkunnathinu munbu marubhoomiyil thamasikkunna gothrangal thammilulla verthiriv sanbarkkangal pradhaanamaayum cheria kaaryangalaanennu urappakki.
1611 nuu munbu franch, dutch kolanikkaar valia pradeshathu vaasasthalangal aarambhicha romakkachavadathinte labhakaramaaya varumaanamaan american indian gothrangal thammilulla vibhavangalkkum (prathyekichu thokkukal) adhikaarathinumulla malsaravum prathyulppaadanavum vardhippichathu. romangal vahikkunna pradeshangal niyanthrikkunnathinulla akramam, deerghakaalamaayi nadanna beaver yudhangalude thudakkam, pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aarambhichu, athinaal chila pradeshangale amithamaayi vettayaadunnathiloode beaverinteyum mattu romangaludeyum aavashyathodu prathikaricha gothrangal thammilulla saadhaarana samadhaanavum vyapara pravartthanavum kuranju.
mattu gothrangal thangaludethaayi kanakkakkiya pradeshathu eeri kaiyeri. 1651ll, irokwois nashippicha gramangalil ninnulla huron abhayaarthikale sweekarichu avar avarude kizhakkan ayalkkaraaya irokwois leegine prakopippichu. visham-tipp cheytha ambukal ("jesuit relations" 41:43,1655-58 chaap) upayogichathayi report cheyyappettittunde. xi), kurachu thokkukal ullathinaal irokvoyisumaayulla sayudha samgharshathil erikalkku poraaymayundaayi. 1653 muthal irokvoyisile paashchaathya gothrangalkkethire erikal munkootty akramanam nadathukayum anchu varshathe yudhathinte aadya varshathil nannayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
thalphalamaayi, 1654-ll irokwois konfedarasi muzhuvan erikkum ayal gothrangalaaya eriyude thadaakatthinte vadakkan theerathum nayagra nadikku kuruke nishpaksharaaya aalukalkkum, erikkum irokvoyisinum edayilulla pukayilakkarkkum ethire yudhathinu pooyi. thalphalamaayi, anchu varshathe yudhathil avar erii konfedarasi, neutralukal, pukayila enniva nashippichu, gothrangal avashishtangalil athijeevichu. 1650kalude madhyathode eeri oru takarnna gothramaayi maari. chitharikkidakkunna grouppukal irokvoyisilekku, prathyekichu padinjaaran seneca raajyathekku layikkunnathin munbu kurachu pathittaandukal koodi athijeevichu.
charitraparamaayi monacan eriyum vyapara sakhyakakshikalaayirunnu, prathyekichu chembu, ennaal varshangalkk sesham vardhichuvarunna colonial sammarddam kaaranam aaa bandham thakarnnu.
aadyakaala europian paryaveshanatthinte theerapradeshangalil ninnu kooduthal akale eeri sthithi cheythirunnathinaal avarkk yooropyanmaarumaayi nerittu bandhamundaayirunnilla. fort ooranchil (ippol albani, newyork) ninnulla dutch romakkachavadakkaarum kaanadayile jesuit missionarymaarum maathramaan charitraparamaaya rekhakalil avare paraamarshichathu. beaver yudhangalil jesuitukal avarekkurichu kooduthal padichuvenkilum avar padichathil bhooribhaagavum, orotta vyakthigatha ettumuttal ozhike, eeri cheiyunnathinu munbu valareyadhikam kuravu anubhavicha huronil ninnaan padichathu. mattu thaddesheeya american gothrangalude vaakkalulla charithram, puraavasthushaasthram, mattu irokwoyan janathayumaayulla thaarathamyangal ennivayil ninnu avarekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo.
1654lum 1656lum houdenosouni eriye paraajayappedutthiya sesham samgham chitharippoyi. 1680-ll eriyude oru sheshippulla samgham seneca janathaykku keezhadangi. 1817 muthal 1832 vare ohiyo thangalude gothrangale indian pradeshathekku nirbandhithamaayi neekkam cheythappol, erii pingaamikal ohiyoyile houdenosouniyumaayi layichu. oklahomayile innathe seneka-kayuga raashtram roopeekarikkunna gothrangalum ithil ulppedunnu.

