baibil hitaittukal

hetru bybilil paraamarshichirikkunna oru koottam aalukalaayirunnu hethroos ennum ucharikkappedunna hitaittukal. abrahaminte kaalatthinum (bisi 2000 num bisi 1500 num idayil kanakkaakkappedunna) babylonian pravaasatthil ninnu juthanmaar madangiyethiyathinusheshamulla (bisi 450) israyude samayathinum idayil cananilo athinadutho thaamasichirunnathaayi (kaanante makanaayirunna hethinte kuttikal), (hethinte swadeshikal) ennee perukalil avare niravadhi thavana visheshippikkunnu. avarude poorvvikan heth () aayirunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdathinte bhooribhaagavum oru pradhana praadeshika sakthiyaaya anatoliayude puthuthayi kandethiya intho-europian samsaarikkunna saamraajyavumaayi baibil hitaittukal thirichariyappettu, athinaal avaa hitaittukal ennariyappettu. anatolian hittait saamrajyavum baibil hittaittukalum thammilulla saadhyamaaya swathuangalekkurichulla samvaadangal pariganikkathe, eee namakaranam innu oru kanvenshan vishayamaayi upayogikkunnu.
thirichariyal sidhaanthangal.
uthbhavam anusarichu, hittait ephron ebronile mcpella guha abrahamine oru kudumba shavakudeeramaayi upayogikkunnathinaayi vittu. pinneedu, isaav hittayattukalil ninnulla bhaaryamare vivaham kazhichu. yoshuvayude pusthakatthil, "marubhoomiyil ninnum eee lebananil ninnum valia nadiyaaya euphrates nadhi vareyum hittaayude muzhuvan raajyavum suuryan asthamikkunnathinulla valia kadal vareyum vare ningalude athirthiyaayirikkum" ennu karthaav yoshuvayodu parayumbol, kaanante athirthiyilulla eee "hittaayude raajyam" lebanan euphratesinum idayil neendu nilkkunnathum avide ninnu asthamikkunna sooryanilekkum (athaayath.iii.padinjaaru).
nyaayaadhipanmaarude pusthakamanusarichu, israelyar bethel pidichedutthappol, avar oraale rakshappedaan anuvadikkukayum addeham "hittidukalude raajyathekku" pookukayum avide addeham loose vaasasthalam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. solaman raajaavinte kaalaghattatthil hittaittukale syriayodoppam addehathinte shaktharaaya ayalkkaaril oralaayi hebru bybilil chithreekarichirikkunnu.
1900 muthal, puraavastu gaveshakarkk anatoliyayil sthaapithamaaya oru raajyathekkurichu ariyamaayirunnu, assyriakkaar "hatty" ennu ariyappedunnu. hattiyile" aalukal hebru bybilile "hetty" ykku samaanamaanenn thudakkathil anumaanichirunnathinaal, hittait saamrajyam enna padam innum anatolian avasthaye vivarikkan upayogikkunnu. avarude bhasha indo-europian kudumbatthile amgamaayirunnuvennu ariyappedunnu. avide samsarikkunnavar aadyam kanesh bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyullavaraayil avar avarude bhasha "neshili" ennu vilichu. hattyileyum hattusayileyum muun nivaasikale ippol "haattaittukal" ennu vilikkunnu; avarude haattik bhasha indo-europian aayirunnilla, marichu anjjaathamaaya bhashaaparamaaya bandhamullathaan.
bii. sii. 1178-ll hittait saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham, avaril oru sheshipp ippozhum "peeppil oof hutty" enna peru upayogichu vadakkan syrian mekhalayil chila nagara-samsthaanangal sthaapichu. athinaal iva saadhaaranayaayi solamante kaalath paraamarshicha hittaittukalaanennu karuthappedunnu. 
aidantitti cases.
rund janangalum orupoleyaanennaanu chila pandithanmaarude abhiprayam. perukalile samaanathakalkk purame, bisi 14-12 noottaandukalil avarude saamraajyathinte thakarchaykku munbu anatolian hitaittukal eee mekhalayile oru sakthamaaya rashtreeya asthithvamaayirunnu, athinaal puranthallalinu sheshamulla "hty" pole avaa bybilil paraamarshikkappedumennu oraal pratheekshikkum. koodaathe, kanaan keezhadakkiyathinekkurichu vivaranathil, hitaittukal kaanante "parvathangalilum" "vadakkottum" vasikkunnathayi parayappedunnu, ithu kadesh yudhathinu munbu eee pradeshathu swaadheenamundaayirunna yadhaartha hittait saamraajyathinte pothuvaaya dishayumaayum bhoomishaasthravumaayum poruthappedunna oru vivaranamaan.
hittait saamraajyathinte thakarchayude samayat medittareniyan theerapradeshathu kudiyeriya kadal janathayude thiramaalakalude bhaagamaayi anatolian janasamkhya thekk kaanaanilekk neengiyennu aadhunika academic vidagdhar nirddeshikkunnu. praadeshika nagara-samsthaanangalile pala rajaakkanmaarkkum venkalathinte avasaanathil muthal irumbu yugathinte aadyakaala parivartthana kaalaghattatthil hittait, luvian perukal undayirunnathaayi kaanikkunnu. vaasthavathil, moundu seoninte peru polum uthbhavam hittaittaayirikkaam.
verpiriyal cases.
bybilil vikasippichedutha hittaittukalude chithravum puraavastu kandethalukalum thammilulla poruthakkedukal kaaranam, chila baibil pandithanmaar archibald seysinte rund janangaleyum thirichariyunnathu nirasikkukayum perukalile saamyam oru yaadrishchikatha maathramaanennu vishwasikkukayum cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu iii. eiii. charithrathinteyum bhoomishaasthrathinteyum kaaranangalal eee grouppinte perinu anatoliayile haattiyanmaarumaayo avarude 'hittait' pingaamikalumaayo nerittu bandhamundennu parayanakilla" ennu jenesis pusthakatthil "hethinte kuttikale" paraamarsikkunna spesser ezhuthunnu."
intermediat sidhaanthangal.
hittaittukalekkurichu baibil paraamarshangale rund vyathyastha grouppukalaayi verthirikkaamenn trever brais soochippikkunnu. aadyathethu, bhooribhaagavum, abraham kudumbavum abhimukeekarikkunna oru kaanaanait gothrathil ninnullavaraan. eee hittaittukalude perukal mikkavarum semittik tharatthilaanu; udaaharanathinu ephron muthalaayava.judith sohar. ivar solomon (,,) vidheyamaaya hittaittukalaayirikkam, israayelyarumaayi (,) samgharshathilaayirunna mattidangalaayirunnu. malanirakalil thamasikkunna oru cheria samghamaayirunnu avar, avar anatolian raajyathile hittaittukalil ninnu vyakthamaayi verthirichariyappettu.
ennaal oru cheria kaanaanait malayora gothram enna ashayavumaayi poruthappedaattha mattu baibil paraamarsangalundu. ivayil ettavum sradheyamaayatha "rathangalude shabdavum kuthirakalude shabdavum, oru valia sainyathinte shabdavum kelppikkaan karthaav siriyakkaarude sainyathe prerippichu. avar parasparam paranju" israel rajaavu hittiyarude rajakkanmareyum eejipthile rajakkanmareyum njangalude nere varaan njangalkkethire niyamichu."
hittait rajaakkanmaar eejipt faravokalumaayi praadhaanyatthilum adhikaarathilum poruthappettirunnave dhaarana ithu nalkunnu. samanamaaya oru bhavam ingane "avar eejipthilninn arunooru vellikkashinu oru rathavum nootti ambathu vellikkashinu oru kutirayum konduvannu. angane hittiyarude ellah rajaakkanmaarkkum syriayile rajaakkanmaarkkum kuthirakale avarude maarggathiloode konduvannu."eee sandarbhangalil paraamarshangal syriayile navaa-hittait raajyangalekkurichaanel samshayamilla.
kaanaanait gothrathekkurichulla paraamarshangal navaa-hittait raajyathekkurichulla paraamarsangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaanenkil, perukal thammilulla saamyam (rund pradhana vyanjanaksharangal maathram) eluppathil aakasmikatha moolamaayirikkum.
baibil paraamarshangalude pattika.
avalambangalude uravidavum kramavum.
oru yooniversitti oof virgenia serch sarveesiloode kandethiya king jaims bybilile "heth", "hittait" allengil "hittaits" ennee vaakkukalude ellah sambhavangalum chuvade pattikappedutthiyirikku.
ithe vivarangal jonsil pusthaka roopathilum labhyamaan. strongs konkordansil" "chetthu" (echu 2845), "chitti" (echu 2850) ennivayude sambhavangalum thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
samshayaaspadamaaya sambhavangal sambhavichathayi karuthappedunna yugathinanusarichu kooduthal krithyamaayi kaalakramathilaanu avalambangal krameekarichirikkunnathu. vaakkukal yadhaarthathil ezhuthiya samayamalla ithu ennu shradhikkuka. prathyekichum, bhaaviyile kanaan keezhadakkunnathinekkurichu abrahamumaayulla udambadi randaamathethinu samakaalikamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. akkaalathe pramukha baibil kathaapaathrangalude (paathriyarkkarmaar, jadjimar, rajaakkanmaar allengil pravachakanmaar) perukalaanu yugangale soochippikkunnathu.
noha muthal abraham vare.
manushyarashi thammilulla janithaka bandhangalekkurichulla baibil veekshanam uthbhavam 10 ("raashtrangalude pattika") ll nalkiyittundu, avide vividha aalukale nohayil ninnulla vyathyastha vamshaavalikalaayi visheshippikkunnu. prathyekichu, eejipthukaarudeyum philippainsinteyum poorvvikan ennum parayappedunna haaminte puthranmaaril oraalaan kanaan. kaanante puthranmaarkk sidoon, heth, thudarnnu jeboosaittukal, amoraittukal, girgasaittukal, hivaittukal, aarkkaitukal, sainaittukal, arvaadaittukal, semaaraittukal, hamaathaittukal enningane nalkappedunnu.
abraham muthal eejipt vare.
bii. sii. sii sesham aarambikkukayum bii. sii. sii munbu avasaanikkukayum cheiyumennu anumaanikkappedunna eee kaalayalavil, "hetthinte kuttikal" (βNEI-χτ, "bny-ht"), "hittait" ("hty") ennee labelukal onniladhikam thavana paraamarshikkappedunnu, ennaal pradhaanamaayum rund sambhavangale maathrame paraamarshikkunnullu.
abrahaminte jeevithaavasaanathil addeham hebronil "hethinte makkal" yude bhoomiyil thaamasikkukayum avarilninnu thante bharyayaaya saaraye samskarikkaan oru guhayodukoodiya oru bhoomi nedukayum cheythu. avayilonnine (ephron) niravadhi thavana "hittait" ennu label cheythittundu. abrahaminteyum yakobinteyum maranathethudarnnu eee karar moonnu thavana koodi (eathaandu ore vaakkukalode) paraamarsikkappettundu.
pathittaandukalkk sesham, abrahaminte kochumakan isaav rund hittait bharyamaareyum oru hivaitt bharya sweekarichathaayi parayappedunnu. eee avakaashavaadam kurachukoodi vyathyasthamaaya perukalode aavarthikkunnu. yakob angane thanne cheiyumennu rebake aashankappedunnu.
isaavuvum yacob.
yacob mcpellayil samskarikkappettathine eee bhagam soochippikkunnu. yosefine sheckemil yoshuvayil adakkam cheythu; israayelmakkal eejipthilninn konduvanna yosefinte asthikal sheckemil kuzhichumoodukayum shekkeminte pithavaaya haamorinte puthranmaarilninn yacob nooru naanayangalkk vangiya nilatthil avaa kuzhichumoodukayum cheythu; avaa yosephinte puthranmaarkk avakaashamaayi."
purathekkupokalum kanaan keezhadakkalum.
eee kaalaghattam bii. sii. sii sesham aarambikkukayum bii. sii. sii munbu avasaanikkukayum cheiyumennu anumaanikkappedunnu. eee kaalaghattatthil (noottaandukalkku munbu abrahaminode nalkia vaagdaanavum araa sahasraabdathinu sesham nehemyavu athu thirichuvilichathum ulppeduthaam), "[ebraayarekkaal] valuthum shakthavumaya ezhu raashtrangale" pattikappedutthunna eathaandu nischitha soothravaakyathinte bhaagamaayi hittaittukale ekadesham oru dussen thavana paraamarsikkunnu. eee soothravaakyathinte mikkavarum ellah sandarbhangalilum mattu anchu "pradhana raashtrangale" paraamarsikkunnu kaanaanaittukal, amoraittukal, hivaittukal, jeboosaittukal, perisaittukal. girgaashaittukalekkurich anchu thavana maathrame paraamarshichittulloo. abrahaminte udambadi hivyare ozhivaakkunnundengilum cadmonier, kenaittukal, kenisaittukal, refimeukal enniva ulppedunnu.
aaa soothravaakyathinte oru vakabhedamaayi tharamthirikkaan kazhiyaatha hittaittukalekkurichu anchu paraamarsangalil, rund (koodaathe) jeboosaittukal, amoraittukal, perisaittukal ennivaykkoppam hitaittukal "parvathangalil vasikkunnu" ennu prakhyaapikkunnu, athesamayam kaanaanaittukal "kizhakkum padinjaarum", jordan theerathu, amaalekkikal "thekk" thaamasikkunnu. hittaayanmaarude rajyath "marubhoomi muthal eee lebanan vare", "euphrates muthal mahaa kadal vare" vyaapichukidakkunnathayi parayappedunnu. ibrokale nagaratthilekku nayicha bethelil ninnulla raajyadrohi loose enna nagaram nirmmicha hittaittukalkkidayil thamasikkaan poyathaayi parayappedunnu. oduvil athil ebraer hittaittukalumaayum mattu anchu "pradhana rajyangalumaayum" thaamasikkukayum parasparam vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythathayi parayappedunnu.
raajyangalude kaalaghattam.
eee kaalaghattatthil daveed raajaavinte (ekadesham bisi 1000) keezhilulla rund sainikaraaya ahimelekkinteyum euriayudeyum vamseeya chihnamaayi hittaittukale paraamarsikkunnu; randaamathethu thante bharyayaaya batshebaik vendi daveed kolappeduthunnu.
solamante bharanakaalathu (ekadesham bii. sii. 950), cannon keezhadakkunnathil ebrairch "poornnamaayum nasippikkaan" kazhiyaathavarum israelinu kappam nalkiyavarumaaya aalukalayi hittaittukale pattikappedutthiyittundu. eejipt syriayile rajaakkanmaarum ulppede hittaayanmaarude rajaakkanmaare (samanamaaya rund bhaagangalil) solamante adambara kappam ayachavaraayi paraamarsikkunnu. solaman snehichirunna "vichitraraaya sthreekalil" hittaittukalum "faravoyude makalum" aaa pradeshathe mattu janavibhagangalil ninnulla sthreekalum ulppedunnu.
eleeshapravaachakante kaalath (ekadesham bii. sii. 850) 2 rajaakkanmaar 7:6-ll oru bhagam undu, avide kuthirakaludeyum rathangaludeyum bhayankaramaaya shabdam kettu israel "hittiyarude rajakkanmareyum eejipthile rajakkanmareyum" niyamichu ennu vishwasichu syriakkaar raathriyil oodippookunnu.
babylonian naadukadatthalum thirichuvaravum.
esekkiyel 16:1-ll, jarusalem oru hittaaya ammayude makalaanennum oru amoria pithavum samaryayudeyum swavarggaanuraagathinteyum sahodariyumaanennum parayappedunnu. uddeshyam vyakthamaayi aakshepakaramaanu, ennaal hittaittukalekkurichu paramarsham moorthamaano atho pratheekaathmakamaano ennu vyakthamalla. ennirunnaalum, oru noottaandinu sesham, baabilonil ninnu athiyappol, bhoomiyil avasheshichirunna nethaakkal hitaittukal ulppedeyulla mattu aalukalumayi koodichernnu "malineekarikkappettu" ennu arian ezra niraasanaakunnu.

