
netherlandsinte charithram (1900-innuvare)

soshyalist party aavirbhavam.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vyaavasaayika kendrangalil soshyalisam vikasikkaan thudangi. pathonpathaam noottaandil aadyathe soshyalist partyaya soshyal demookratik leag sthaapithamaayenkilum, thiranjeduppu samvidaanavum niyanthranathinteyum adichamarthalinteyum nayavum chernnu soshyalist prasthaanatthinte vikasanathe thadanju. 1901leeii thiranjeduppil soshyal demookratik varkkezhs party paarlamentinte adhosabhayile praathinidhyam randil ninnu aarayi uyarthi, kuttasammatham nadathunna udaaramathastharude valia aswasthathayilekku. 1903leeii railway panimudakkil eee aswasthatha kooduthal vashalayi, ithu dutch samoohathinte pravartthanatthe thadassappeduthi. railway thozhilaallikalodu kuttasammatham nadatthiya sarkkar nadatthiya kadinamaaya perumaattatthil prathishedhichu railway panimudakkine thudarnnu pothu panimudakku nadannu. germmaniyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, bhooribhaagam dutch soshyalistukalum saamraajyathvathekkurichum eest indeesinekkurichum parathippettilla.
1913leeii thiranjeduppinushesham, soshyal demokraattukal avarude seettukalude ennam erattiyaakkiyappol (7ll ninnu 15 aayi), liberal union soshyal demokraattukalumaayi oru sakhya sarkkar roopeekarikkaan shramichuvenkilum soshyal demokraattukal boorshwas (allengil "madhyavarga") partykalaayi avar karuthiyavayumaayi sahakarikkaan visammathichu.
onnaam lokamahaayudham.
1914 augustil onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol athinte sainyam aninirannuvenkilum netherlands oru nishpaksha rajyamaayi thudarnnu. beljiyathile jarmman adhinivesham aaa rajyath ninnu valia thothil abhayaarthikalude ozhukkinu (ekadesham 1 dasalaksham) kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, jarmman saamraajyathva sainyam beljiyam adhinivesha samayat dutch pradeshatthinte oru cheria bhaagatthiloode march cheythu, phalapradamaayi 'oru kurukkuvazhi' eduthu. netherlandsinte nishpakshatha nilanirthunnathinaayi sarkkar ithu amgeekarichu.
raajyathin chuttum yudhathil samsthaanangalundaayirunnu, vadakkan kadal sivilian kappalukalkk surakshithamallathathinaal bhakshanam kshaamamaayi; ippol kooppanukal upayogichu bhakshanam vitharanam cheythu. 1917ll sainikarkkaayi uddeshichulla bhakshyagathagatham saadhaaranakkaar kollayadichappol bhakshyavitharanathile oru pishak aamstardaamil "ardapelloproyer" (urulakkizhangu-ribilian) ennu vilikkappedaan kaaranamaayi.
interwaar.
dutch samooham moonnu valia prathyayashaasthrangalkkil vibhajikkapettu, protestantism, roman catholica, soshyalisam, avar "versuyiling" allengil pillaraiseshan enna samvidaanam upayogichu thangalude janangale samrakshikkaan shramichu. liberalukalude cheria nyoonapakshangal, avarude "pothu" samghadanakal ellaavarkkumaayi thurannirikkumennu urachuparanjenkilum, saamoohika shakthiyekkaal saambathika shakthiyiloode adikaaram nilanirthunna naalaamathe stambham phalapradamaayi ulkkollunnu.
dutch paarlamentinte irusabhakalum janangalaal thiranjedukkappettavanum uyarnna varumaanamulla purushanmaarkk maathrame vottucheyyaan arhatayullu. 1918ll soshyalist prasthaanangalude sammarddam ellah purushanmarkkum vottu cheyyaan anuvaadamulla thiranjeduppilekku nayichathuvare eee sahacharyam nilaninnu. 1922 muthal sthreekalkkum vottu cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
1929-leeii lokamembaadumulla mahaamaandyam, 1930-kalude arambham enniva dutch sambadvyavasthaye durbalappeduthiyirunnu, athinte phalangal mikka europian raajyangalilum undaayirunnathinekkaal kooduthal kaalam neenduninnu. netherlandsile mahaamaandyathinte deerghakaalathe palappozhum vishadeekarikkunnathu akkaalathe dutch sarkkaarinte valare karsanamaaya dananayavum athinte mikka vyapara pankaalikaleyum apekshichu valare kooduthal kaalam swarnna nilavaaram paalikkanulla theerumaanavumaanu. maandyam valia thozhilillaaymaykkum daaridryathinum kaaranamaayi, athupole thanne vardhichuvarunna saamoohika aswasthathakalum. aamstardaamile oru thozhilaallivarga parisaratthe kalapam sainika sahaayathode marakamaaya prathyaaghaathangalumaayi (kooduthal vivarangalkk netherlandsile mahaamaandyam) adichamarthappettu.
germmaniyile naasisatthinte uyarcha netherlandsil sradhikkappedaathe pooyi, sayudha samgharshathinulla saadhyathayekkurich aashanka vardhichukondirunnu. ennirunnaalum, naasi aakramanathinte bheeshani akkaalathe sarkkar poornnamaayum amgeekarichillennu chilar parayunnu. reinland adhiniveshathekkurichulla radio prasamgatthinte avasaanathil pradhaanamantri hendrick collin nadatthiya oru prathyeka prasthaavanayaan palappozhum paraamarshikkappedunna oru udaaharanam. aashankappedenda kaaryamillaathathinaal pouranmaarkku surakshithamaayi urangaan kazhiyumennu addeham oonnipparanju.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
1939ll randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol netherlands veendum nishpakshatha prakhyaapichu. 1940 meyy 10 nuu naasi jarmmani netherlandilum beljiyathilum akramanam nadathukayum raajyathinte bhooribhaagavum vegathil keezhadakkukayum mosham sajjathayulla dutch sainyathinethire pooraadukayum cheythu.
meyy 14 aayappozhekkum rotterdam ulppede otappetta eathaanum pradeshangalil maathramaan poraattam nadannathu. athe divasam thanne, raavile <aii. dii. 1> nuu, naasi jarmmani oru thettaaya formet cheytha alttimettathil aavasyappettu-ayachayaalude krithyamaaya aidantitti nalkaathe "rotterdamile sainikarude commanding officer" oppittathu-netherlands rund manikorinullil nagaram keezhadanganamennu, athinu commander inn cheef general henry winkelman <aii. dii. 2> leeii gyaarisan commander vazhi shariyaayi oppitta alttimettam maathrame pariganikkukayulloo ennu marupadi nalki. ekadesham oru dutch udyogasthanu oru puthiya anthima munnariyipp nalkukayum, 16:30 nuu munbu oru marupadi pratheekshikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, athe samayam, rotterdam bombakramanam aarambhichu, 800 oolam aalukal kollappedukayum nagaratthinte valia bhagangal nasippikkukayum cheythu, 78,000 perr bhavanarahitharayi. bombaakramanatheyum jarmman bheeshanikaleyum thudarnnu general winkelman keezhadangi.
ennirunnaalum, keezhadangal royal netherlands sainyathe maathrame baadhichittulloo-dutch eest indeesile royal netherlands naavikasena, vyomasena allengil netherlands eest indees armi ennivayalla. eee reethiyil, netherlands nilanilkkunnath avasaanichilla, ithu videsha pradeshangalude bharanathinum jarmmanikkethire navikasena sajeevamaayi nilanirthunnathinum nirnaayaka praadhaanyamaanennu thelinju. sarkkarum raajnjiyum chila sainika sena brittanilekku palayanam cheythappol raajakudumbathile mattu amgangal kaanadayilekk palayanam cheythu.
naasi germmaniyude netherlandile sivil bharanathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu arther sease-inkwartaanu. yudhathinte thudakkathil ekadesham 20,000 abhayaarthikal ulppede 140,000 perr netherlandil thaamasichirunna joothanmaarkkethiraaya peedanam adhiniveshathinushesham udan thanne aarambhichu. 1942ll westerborkinu sameepam oru traansit camp sthaapichu. vuttu, amezhsfort ennivaykku sameepam thadankalppaalayangal nirmmichu. yudhathinte avasaanathil, 140,000 dutch joothanmaaril 20,000 perr maathramaan jeevichirunnathu. naasikalil ninnu olichirikkumbol "ackerhuis" ennathil ezhuthiya dayari kandethukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythappol pinneedu lokamembaadum prashasthi nediya aan frank 1945 meyy 5 nuu thante camp mochithamaakunnathin thottumunbu marichu.
dutch eest indeesil ninnu jappanilekku enna wilkan netherlands pravasa sarkkar visammathichathinethudarn, japanese sainyam 1942 januvari 11 nuu dutch pradesham aakramichu. japanese sainyam jaavayil erangiyathinu sesham march 8 nuu duchukal keezhadangi. dutch pouranmaare pidikoodukayum thozhil kyaambukalil jolic ayaykkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi dutch kappalukalkkum sainika udyogastharkkum oostreliyayilethaan kazhinju, avide ninnu avarkk japanese sainyathinethire poraadaan kazhinju.
europil, 1944 juunil sakhyakakshikal normandiyil erangiya sesham avar vegathil dutch athirthiyilekku neengi. septambar 5 nuu mikka dachukaarum swaathanthryam valare vegam labhikkumenn karuthi; eee divasam "doll dinsdag" (maadu chovvazhcha) ennariyappedunnu. septambar 17nuu thekkan netherlandilekku vegathil nuzhanjukayarunnathinum moonnu pradhana nadikalkku kurukeyulla paalangal pidichedukkunnathinumaayi ooppareshan maarkkat garden enna dheeramaaya oru ooppareshan samghadippichu. ennaal kaandaamrigathinu kuruke aarnemilulla paalam pidichedukkaan kazhinjilla. 1944 november vareyulla septambar kaalayalavil nadikalude thekk bhagam mochippikkappettu. raajyathinte bhooribhaagavum 1945 leeii vasanthakaalath maathramaan mochippikkappettathu.
1944-1945 leeii shaithyakaalam valare kadinamaayirunnu, pala dachukaarum pattiniyilayi, shaithyakaalath "honkervinter" (vishapp shaithyakaalam) dutch shaamam 1944-45 enna peru nalki. naasi germmaniyile sakhyakakshikalude vijayangaleyum 1945 epril 30 nuu adolph hitlarude athmahathyayeyum thudarnnu, canadian general foulks 1945 meyy 5 nuu netherlandile jarmman sainikarude keezhadangal sweekarichu.
yudhaananthara varshangal.
indoneshya.
1945 madhyathil sakhyasena dutch eest indeesinte chila bhagangal mochippichu. ennirunnaalum japanese sthaapicha praadeshika neethrthwam swaathanthryam indonesiayaayi prakhyapikkukayum pradhana dveepukal niyanthrikkukayum cheythu. aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna oru ghattam thudarnnu. yudhathinu munbulla dutch deseeya uthppannathinte 14 sathamaanavum nalkia athinte vann enna shekharam jakkarthayileyum mattu pradhana nagarangalileyum vamseeya dutch sarkkar udyogasthareyum bisinasukaareyum pinthunachu. 1945ll netherlandinu eee dveepukal svanthamaayi veendedukkaan kazhinjilla; britiish sainika nadapadiyeyum american saambathika graantukaleyum aashrayikkendivannu. dutch sainikar madangiyethumbozhekkum sukarnoyude keezhil oru swatantra sarkkar adhikaarathilundaayirunnu. eest indeesilum swadeshathum dachukaar praayogikamaayi ekakandamaayirunnu (kammyoonistukaar ozhike) dutch shakthiyum antass sambathum dveepukal veendedukkaan angeyattam chelaveria yudhathe aasrayichirikkunnu. othutheerppukal charcha cheyyappedukayum irupakshavum vishwasikkukayum cheythu. indoneshyan republic oru valia thothilulla communist kalapam vijayakaramaayi adichamarthiyappol, sheethayudhathil oru sakhyakakshiyayi deseeya sarkkaarine aavasyamaanennu america manassilakki. dutch kaivashappedutthal american sheethayudha lakshyangalkk oru thadassamaayirunnu, athinaal washington dachukaare poornna swaathanthryam nalkaan nirbandhitharaakki. eathaanum varshangalkk sesham, sukaarno ellah dutch swathukkalum pidichedukkukayum 300,000-thiladhikam dutch vamshajar dutch lakshyathe pinthunacha lakshakkanakkin indoneshyan vamshajar puratthaakkukayum cheythu. athinusesham, 1950kalilum 1960kalilum netherlands valareyadhikam abhivridhi praapichuvenkilum pothujanabhipraayam vanchanaykku americayode kadutha sathrutha pulartthiyirunnu. enthukondaanu duchukalkku nissaramaaya oru lakshyathodu athraykk ishtam thonniyathu ennu washington aashayakkuzhappathilayi. padinjaaran nyoo ginia dutch aayi thudarnnu (1961 vare).
samriddhi.
indiakkaarude nashtam saambathika thakarchayilekku nayikkumennu aadyam pratheekshichirunnuvena, nere marichathu sariyaanennu thelinju, 1950kalilum 1960kalilum dutch sambadvyavastha abhoothapoorvamaaya valarcha kaivarichu-randaam lokamahaayudhaananthara kuthipp kaanuka. vaasthavathil, thozhilaallikalude aavasyam valare shakthamaayirunnu, aadyam italiyil ninnum speyinil ninnum kudiyettam sajeevamaayi prothsaahippikkappettu; pinneedu, valia thothil, turkey, moroco ennividangalil ninnu. indoneshya, surinam, netherlands antilles thudangiya (muun) kolanikalil ninnulla kudiyettavumaayi samyojippichukondu netherlands oru bahu saamskaarika rajyamaayi maarukayaanennu ithu ardhamaakkunnu.
1960 kalude avasaanavum 1970 kalum dutch rogathinte kaalaghattamaayirunnu, athaayath prakrithivaathaka kayattumathiyil ninnulla eluppathilulla nettangal ulppaadana kayattumathiyeyum thozhilineyum thingippaarppichu.
1960kalilum 1970kalilum vargga, mathaparamaya adisthaanathil pazhaya vibhajanagal kramena shayikkunna prakriyaya druthagathiyilulla dipillarisation polulla valia saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya mattangal undaayi (ithu catholicar, protestantukal, soshyalistukal, liberalukal ennivarkkaayi prathyeka vidyaabhyaasavum prathyeka television prakshepanavum polulla kaaryangalilekku nayichu). yuvakkal, prathyekichu vidyaarthikal, parambaraagatha daarmmikathaye nirasikkukayum sthreekalude avakashangal, laingikatha, paaristhithika prasnangal thudangiya kaaryangalil saamoohika maattathinu prerippikkukayum cheythu. innu, netherlands athinte mayakkumarunnu nayavum dayaavadhathe niyamavidheyamaakkunnathum kanakkiledukkumbol valare udaaramaaya oru rajyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. swavarga vivaham 2001 epril 1 nuu anuvadichu. akkaalat, swavarggavivaahangal anuvadikkuka mathramalla, bhinnalinga vivaahangalkk poornnamaayum thulyamaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheytha oreyoru rajyamaayirunnu netherlands.
1952ll europian kalkari, urukk samoohathinte (iii. sii. ezz. sii) sthaapakaril oraalaayirunnu netherlands (france, padinjaaran jarmmani, itali, beljiyam, luxemburg ennivaykkoppam). kaalakramena iii. sii. ezz. sii europian unionaayi parinamichu. aadunikavum vyavasaayavalkkarikkathumpedu oru rajyamaaya netherlands kaarshika uthppannangalude valia kayattumathikkaraanu. naattoyude sthaapaka amgamaayirunna raajyam 1999ll euroyude avatharanathil pankedutthu.
1918 muthal 1967 vare dutch raashtreeyathil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnathu ellah sarkkaarukalilum amgangalaaya kristhyan demokraat paarttikalayirunnu, chilappol liberal partyumaayum chilappol soshyal demokraattukalumaayum sakhyathilaayirunnu. 1994ll soshyal-demokraattukalum liberalukalum chernnu 2002 vare bharicha 'purple kaabinat' roopeekarichathode ithu maari.
21-aamm noottaand.
2002 muthal dutch sarkkarukal kooduthalum nayikkunnath kristhyan-demokraattukalum liberalukalum parasparam maari maari aanu.
2002 meyy 6nuu kudiyettatthil valare karsanamaaya nayam aavashyappedunna valathupaksha janakeeyavaadiyaaya pim fortuyinte kolapathakam raajyathe njettichu. thiranjeduppinushesham addehathinte party oru pradhana rashtreeya shakthiyaayi maari, rashtreeya bhooprakrithiye ganyamaayi maatti. ennirunnaalum, neethrthwathinte abhavavum paarttikkullile poraattavum adutha varsham nadakkunna thiranjeduppil avarude anuyaayikalude bhooribhaagavum nashtappedaan kaaranamaayi. 2004 november 2nuu chalachithra samvidaayakanum prasaadhakanumaaya theo vaangogine oru dutch-morocan islaamika theevravaadikal kolappeduthiyathodeyaanu mattoru rashtreeya kolapathakam nadannathu. ithu netherlandsile islaamika theevravaadathekkurichum kudiyettattheyum samyojanatheyum (allengil athinte abhaavathekkurichum) charchakalkku kaaranamaayi.
2017ll peeples party phoor freedam aandu democracy (vvd), kristhyan demookratik appeel (cda), demokraattukal 66 (dii66), kristhyan union (siyu) enniva ulppedunnathaanu sarkkar.
2021 maarchil pradhaanamantri maarkk rutteyude sentar-raitt vvd 150 seettukalil 35 ennavum nedi thiranjeduppil vijayichu. 24 seettukal nediya madhya-idathu dii66 aayirunnu randaamathe valia party. geert vaildezhsinte theevra valathupaksha partic pinthuna nashtappettu. 2010 muthal adhikaarathilirunna pradhaanamantri maarkk root thante naalaamathe sakhya sarkkar roopeekarichu.