
dier daava

dair daavaa (, harari <unk>, littu. "vaidyashaasthrathinte thalam";, "dhir thante kunthatthe nilathu adikkunna" allengil "yadhaartha dhir") kizhakkan ethiopiayile auromia, somali mekhala athirthikkaduthulla oru nagravum ethiopiayile rund charted nagarangalil onnaanith (mattonn thalasthaanamaaya addis ababa). innathe sitty soninodoppam diara dawa 1987 leeii ethiopian bharanaghadanayil vyavastha cheythirikkunna diara daava svayambharana mekhalayude bhaagamaayirunnu, 1993 ll federal gavanment athine prathyeka bharanathilulla charted sittiyaayi vibhajikkunnathuvare. oolfum iglf thammil nadannukondirikkunna ettumuttalukalaanu ithinu kaaranam, ithu kooduthal samgharsham thadayukayum cheythu.
ithu bharanaparamaayi rund voredakalaayi thirichirikkunnu, sariyaaya nagaram, gurgurayude nagaramallattha voreda.
raajyathinte kizhakkan bhaagath, dechattu nadiyil, paarakkettukalude valayathinte thaazhvaarathaanu dair daava sthithi cheiyunnathu. nagaratthinte padinjaaran praanthapradeshangal dechattu nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya goro nadiyilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. akshaamshathilum rekhaamshathilumaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathu. niravadhi vipanikalum dair daava vimanathavalavum ulla eee nagaram oru vyaavasaayika kendramaanu.
2015ll motham charted sittiyil 440,000 umm nagarathinu 277,000 umm aayirunnu janasamkhya, ithu ethiopiayile ezhaamathe valia nagaramaayi maari.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
dair daavayil ninnu eathaanum kilometerukal maathram akaleyulla porkku-epic, laga-ooda guhayile paarachithrangalum madhya shilayuga karakaushala vasthukkalum velippeduthiyathupole eee pradeshathu ithinakam madhyashilaayugathil janavasamundaayirunnu. dair daavaykk chuttumulla pradesham vamshanasham sambhavicha harla janathayude vaasasthalamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
charitraparamaayi, madhyakaalakhattathil eee pradesham adal sulthaanettinte bhaagamaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, 1887-ll menelic raajyam keezhadakkunnathuvare eee pradesham harar emirettinte domainaayi kanakkakkappedukayum thalphalamaayi athil ninnu aadhunika ethiopiyayil ulppeduthappedukayum cheythu.
foundeshan (1902-1936).
ennirunnaalum, innathe dair daava pattanam (jiboottiyil ninnu reyil maarggam 311 kilometer) valare aduthideyaanu uthbhavichath. oru saankethika prashnathinu athu adithara paakunnu pattanathilekkulla kuthaneyulla praveshanam kaaranam harar vazhi addis ababa-jibooty railway sthaapikkunnathu asaadhyamaayappol, menelic randaaman chakravarty (pinneedu 1896 november 5-nuu) laininte aadya bhagam parvathangalude thaazhvarayilulla oru graamatthil avasaanikkumenn amgeekarichu, athinu addis harar ("puthiya harar") ennu peridanam. 1902 desember 24nuu railway eee sthalathethi, ithu dair daavayude foundeshan dinamaayi kanakkakkappedaam. ennaal puthiya peru amgeekaaram nediyilla.
saambathikavum nayathanthraparavumaaya kaaranangalal 1909 vare railway thudarnnilla, 1916 leeii viplavathethudarnnu veendum vaikippoya jibooty muthal addis ababa vareyulla muzhuvan paathayudeyum anthima udghaadanam 1917 juun 7 nuu maathramaan nadannathu. eee kaalayalavil, dair daava praayogikamaayi pattanatthinu valareyadhikam laabhamundakkukayum oru "boom sittiyaayi" maarukayum cheythu, munbu haraariloode kadannupoya vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum aakarshichu. 1902 aayappozhekkum ethiopian sarkkar, dair daavayude bhaavi saambathika praadhaanyam munkootty kandukond, chenkadalumaayulla vyaapaarathinaayi kasttams steshan gildezayil ninnu dair daavayilekku maattiyittund.
varshathil bhooribhaagavum varandathum mazhapeythaal maathram oru vellachattamaayi mariyathumaaya dechattu nadhi verthiricha rund vaasasthalangalaayi dair daava vikasichu. nagaratthinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhagam valare pathivayi aasoothranam cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu, kooduthalum railway kambaniyile enchineeyarmaaraanu. thudakkathil, pattanatthinte eee bhaagath kooduthalum railway kambaniyile jeevanakkaarundaayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu athu franchukaarkku purame, kadakalum hotelukalum thurakkukayum chila vyavasaayangal sthaapikkukayum cheytha greekkukal, armeniyakkaar, mattu europpukaar, arabikal ennivare aakarshichu. 1909ll franch kapuchin dauthyam dair daavayil sthirathaamasamaakki. akkaalat dair daava oru franch pattanam poleyaayirunnu. nagaratthinte maruvashathu, nadiyude thekkukizhakk, maarkkattin chuttum kendreekarichirunnu, pradhaanamaayum ethiopian, somali, kurachu arab vyapaarikal ennivar thaamasichirunnu.
1916 septambaril lij iyaasuvinte palayanam cheytha sainyam nagaram pidichedutthu. avideyulla lij iyaasuvinte gavarnaraaya syrian haseeb alle-idlibi avarude suraksha urappu nalkiyengilum 400 europianmaar nagaram vidukayum reyil gathagatham nirtthivaykkendivarikayum cheythu. messo yudhathinushesham addis ababayil ninnulla sarkkar sainyam oru saadhaarana bharanam punasthaapichu.
1920kalil pattanatthinte thekkukizhakkan bhaagavum vikasikkaan thudangi. avidatthe nivaasikalil bhooribhaagavum somali, oromo ennivayaayirunnu, mattu ethiopianmaar oru cheria punk maathrame vahikkunnulloo. ividuthe janasamkhya 3,000 aayi vardhichu, athesamayam muzhuvan pattanatthinteyum ennam 20,000 aayirunnu. rund lokamahaayudhangalkkidayil, rund aashupathrikal sthaapichu, onnu railway kambaniyum mattonn 1934 ll sarkkarum. oru sarkkar school, oru catholica mission school, pattanatthile vividha videsha samoohangalkkaayi (greak, itaaliyan, indian) niravadhi schoolukal enniva praadhamika thalatthilulla vidyaabhyaasam nalki.
dair daavayude aadya govarnor attoo mersha nahusenay aayirunnu. munpu thanthrapradhaanamaaya gildessa graamathinteyum athinte chuttupaadukaludeyum gavarnaraayirunna mersha aadyathe reyilveyude nirmmaanatthilum railway nagaram sthaapikkunnathilum pradhana pankuvahichu. ethiopian gavanmentinte adhikaarathin keezhil nagaratthinte, prathyekichu gesirayude (kesira) aadyakaala vikasanathil imperial railway kambani (sii. aii. iii) oru pradhana punk vahichu. yadhaartha parajayappetta kambani 1908-ll joyint-gavanment franco-ethiopian railway aayi punasamghadippikkappettu, saambathika charchakalkkum punarmooladhanavalkkaranathinum sesham, 1917-ll nagaratthe ethiopian thalasthaanamaaya addis abaabayumaayi bandhippichu nirmmaanam veendum aarambhichu. 1928-ll dair daavaa-harar rooad mechappeduthi, yatra samayam kurachu manikkoorukalayi kurachu. 1931-ll baank oof ethiopia nagaratthil athinte aadya shaakhayum oru thalamuraykk sesham ezhuthukaaran sii.eph. nalla roadukal, electric laittukal, pipe vellam ennivayulla eee pradeshathe ettavum "noothana" nagara kendramaayi reyy nagaratthe visheshippichu.
itaaliyan thozhil (1936-1941).
1936 meyy 9 nuu jiboottiyil ninnulla somali sainyam interrenmam kaalayalavil kollayadikkunnath thadanjathinethudarnnu haraaril ninnu varunna itaaliyan sainyam dair daava kaivashappedutthi. badoglio grassiani dair daavayile railway steshanil avarude koodikkaazhcha aakhoshichu. itaaliyakkaar dair daavayil niravadhi puthiya kettidangal nirmmichu, prathyekichu bharanakoodatthinum phaasist partic. avar roadukal mechappeduthukayum vimaanathaavalam vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu, angane avarude sainika vimaanagalkk avide ninnu parannuyarnnu desasnehikalaaya sainyathe gara mullattayil bombitan kazhiyum. mattu pattanangale sambandhichidatholam, itaaliyanmaar dair daavayil oru itaaliyan pattanatthinte nirmmaanathinaayi oru "piano regolattor" vibhavanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee padhathikal poortthiyaakkunnathinu munbu avarude thozhil avasaanichu.
itaaliyan adhinivesha samayat, americayudeyum chila europian raajyangaludeyum pouranmaarude surakshaykkulla aavashyangalodulla prathikaranamaayi addis ababa dair daavayum vyomaakramanangalil ninnu (kaduk vaathakam polulla raasaayudhangalude upayogam ulppede) ozhivaakkaanum mattu naashangalil ninnu rakshappedaanum musolini utharavittu. vadakku erithriya, thekkukizhakk somalia kolanikalil ninnaan itaaliyan sainyam raajyathekku praveshichathu. yudhathile ellah pradhana ettumuttalukalkkum sesham, rund itaaliyan sainyangalude koodikkaazhchayude sthalamaayirunnu dair daava. haraaril ninnu munnerikkondirunna general grassianiyude unitukal 1936 meyy 6 nuu, addis ababa chakravarty hayle selassi kaivashappeduthiyathinte pittennu, jibootiyilekkum palestine nagaratthilekkumulla reyilveyil ninnu parannuyarnnu. rund franch sayudha kaarukal avare nerittu railway franch bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu, avaa franch thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinaayi thudarnnu. adutha divasam, itaaliyan niyanthranatthilulla aadyathe train addis ababayil ninnu purappettu athu italiyude 46-aamath kaalaalppada rejimentine konduvarikayum oduvil rund itaaliyan adhinivesha senayude pinkarukale adaykkukayum cheythu. arbegnock" ("deshasnehikal") ennariyappedunna prathirodha poraalikal samgharshathiludaneelam pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnenkilum pattanatthinte adhinivesham erekkure oru aupachaarikathayaayirunnu. adhiniveshakaalathu itaaliyan aksharavinyasamaaya "dair dauva" yiloodeyaanu ithu audyogikamaayi ariyappettirunnath.
poost-itaaliyan thozhil (1941-1974).
1940 juunil britishukaar pattanatthil bomb eriyukayum 1941 march 29 nuu sakhyasena haraaril ninnu dair daava mochippikkukayum cheythu. 1947ll ethiopian gavanmentinu kaimaarunnathuvare britiish reserved eriyayude aasthaanamaaya eee pattanam britiish sainika bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. thudarnnulla dashakangalil pattanam valareyadhikam vikasikkukayum janasamkhya 160,000 aayi vardhikkukayum cheythu. adisthaana soukaryangal mechappeduthukayum niravadhi vyaavasaayika plaantukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
1941ll saamraajyathinte punasthaapanathetthudarnnu svanthamaayi football leag undaayirunna aadyakaala pravishya pattanangalil onnaayirunnu dair daava. 1947 oode avarude team-taffaripar-ethiopian chaambyanshippu parambarayil pankedutthu. athe varsham thanne kshema aavasyangalkkaayi railway varkkezhs syndicate oof dair daava enna laber union roopeekarichu. athinte neethrthwam sarkkaarumaayi sahakarichenkilum 1949ll akramanam nadathaanulla shramathe saamraajyathva sainyam krooramaayi adichamarthi; akkaalat ellah aakramanangalum kalaapathinteyo raajyadrohathinteyo roopangalaayi kaanapettirunnu. 1955ll, samsthaana radio prakshepanangal sweekarikkunnathinum veendum prakshepanam cheiyunnathinumaayi central squareil oru pothu vilasa samvidaanam sthaapichu.
derg administration (1974-1991).
ethiopian viplavam nagaratthe pala tharatthil baadhichu. 1974 march muthal, thozhilaallikalude aswasthathayundaayi; epril 17 nuu railway pravartthakarkkum vidyaarthikalkkum nere police vediyuthirthappol aarr perkku parikkettu. niravadhi europianmaar, yemeni arabukal, indiakkaar ennivar kadutha dawah upekshichu; amgathvam kurayunnathinaal greak, armeniyan pallikal oduvil adachu. 1975 februvari 3nuu poornnamaayum deshasaalkkarikkappedunna 14 thunithara samrambhangalil edhiyopiyayude kottan kambaniyum ulppedumennu derg prakhyaapichu. simant factory pinneedu desasaalkkarikkappettu. 1976 augustil, viplava virudha pravartthanangal nadathiyennaaropichu adhyapaka yooniyante praadeshika shaakhayude muzhuvan neethrthwatheyum pirichuvittu. puthiya thiranjeduppu nadakkunnathuvare patthu puthiya udyogasthare niyamichu.
aii. dii. 1-leeii ethio-somali yudhathil dair daava veendum oru punk vahichu. 1977 november vare somali sainyam dair daava yudhathil ithu uparodhikkukayum general vasily petrovinte keezhilulla ethiopiyanmaarum cubecar russiakkaarum akramanam nadathukayum somaalikale pinnott thallukayum cheythu. 1979 meyy maasathil, dair daavayile jayilukalil thadavilakkappetta 250 auromosine derg bharanakoodam vadhichu. gebru thaarekkinte abhipraayathil, somali sainyathinethire kadutha daavaa (1977 august 1) kaivasham vachathil ethiopian sainyathinte vijayam ogaden yudhathil vijayikkunnathil nirnnayakamaayirunnu.
federal demookratik republic (1991-innuvare).
1991 meyy 31 nuu dier daava iii. pii. aarr. dii. eph. kaivashappeduthukayum iii. pii. aarr. dii. ephine ethirthu 100 oolam perr kollappettathayi reportukal undaayirunnu. isaa, gurgura liberation frond oromo liberation frond nagaram avakashappettu. thalphalamaayi, 1991 muthal 1993 vare rund grouppukalum thammil niravadhi ettumuttalukal nadannu. 1993ll somali praadeshika samsthaanam sthaapithamaakumbol, athu athinte thalasthaanamaayirikkanamenna aagrahichu. akkaalat dair daavayude bhagamaayirunna auromia mekhala ithine athirthathinaal rund pradeshangalum thammilulla praadeshika samgharsham ozhivakkaan federal sarkkar nagaratthe swantham adikaaraparidhiyil konduvannu.
2002 juun 24nuu diared daavayile ethiopian railway kammeeshante aasthaanathu oru cheria spodanam nadannu. ethiopian sarkkar oromo vidyaarthikalkkum vyaapaarikalkkum karshakarkum thudarchayaayi nalkunna peedanatthinu prathikaaramaayi oromo liberation frond pinneedu eee aakramanathinte utharavaaditham etteduthu."mattu otappetta sambhavangalkk kuttappeduthiyittundum, edhiyopiyaykkullile ettavum puthiya bombaakramanamaanith, athinte utharavaaditham oolph etteduthu.
federal paarlament 'aii. dii. 1' enna prakhyaapanatthil sitti chaarttarin amgeekaaram nalkiyathinetthudarnnu 2004ll federal bharanathil ninnu oru charted nagaramaayi maarunnathinayi diara daava maari.
2006 augustil "dechattu nadhiyum" "goro nadhiyum" avarude theerangal niranjappol nagaram vellappokkathilayi. 200 oolam perr marichathaayum aayirakkanakkin aalukal palayanam cheythathaayum veedukalum vipanikalum, prathyekichu dechattu nadiyude theerathu vyapakamaaya naashanashtamundaayathaayum reportund. juun-septambar mazhakkaalathu vellapokkam valare saadhaaranamaanu; 2005 ll eee mekhalayile 200 ladhikam aalukal vellappokkathil kollappedukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu dollar naashanashtamundaakkukayum cheythirunnu.
dengegoyil ninnu dair daavayilekku pookunna oru truck marinju 2009 march 4nuu 41 perr marichu. apakadam nadakkumbol anjjaathamaaya divasakooli thozhilaalikalundaayirunna trekkil 38 perr udan kollappedukayum 50 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. marichavareyum parikkettavareyum gurutharaavasthayilulla dhill-chora ashupathriyil praveshippichu. kaaranam udan ariyillaayirunnu.
nilavil nagaratthe punarujjeevippikkaanulla padhathikalundu. nagaratthinte charitraparavum janapriyavumaya oru bhagam polichuneekkukayum pakaram oru saambathika kendram, maalukal, mishrita upayoga kettidangal, hotelukal, vinoda soukaryangal, aashupathrikal enniva sthaapikkukayum cheyyum. padhathiyude bhaagamaayi charitraparamaaya kettidangal naveekarikkukayum eee neekkam moolam kudiyozhippikkappettvakar puthiya veedukalum bisinessukalum nirmmikkunnathin oru puthiya sthalam anuvadikkukayum cheyyum. puthiya roadukal, paarkkukal, oru vyaavasaayika mekhala ennivayum nirmmikkum, pradhana railway padhathi nagaratthile bisinesses pravartthanangal valareyadhikam vardhippikkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
kaalavastha.
choodulla ardha varanda kaalaavasthaykku ("bsh") thottumukalil oru athirthirekhayilulla ushnamekhalaa savanna kaalavasthayaanu (koppen "aaa") dair daavayilullathu. dair daavayude sharashari vaarshika thaapanila ekadesham aanu. dair daavayude sharashari paramavadhi thaapanila ekadesham aanenkilum athinte sharashari kuranja thaapanila ekadesham aanu. eee pradeshathinu rund mazhakkaalangalund; athaayath, march muthal epril vareyulla oru cheria mazhakkaalavum juulai muthal august vare neendunilkkunna kooduthal vyakthamaaya mazhakkaalavum. eee rund seasonukalil ninnu eee pradeshathinu labhikkuna motham sharashari vaarshika mazha ekadesham ekadesham aanu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
2015 juulai 1-leeii janasamkhya muzhuvan charted sitikkum 440,000 umm nagarathinu 277,000 umm aayirunnu, ithu ethiopiayile ezhaamathe valia nagaramaayi maari.
central stattistikkal ejansi oof ethiopia (csa) nadatthiya 2007 leeii sensus prakaram, dair daavayile janasamkhya 341,834 aanu, athil 171,461 purushanmaarum 170,461 sthreekalum aayirunnu. janasamkhyayude 233,224 allengil <aii. dii. 1>% nagaravaasikalaayirunnu. motham 72,937 bhawana unitukalilaayi 76,815 kudumbangal thaamasikkunnathayi kanakkakkappettu, ithu oru kudumbatthinu sharashari 4.5 perr, nagara kudumbangalil oru kudumbatthinu sharashari 4.2 perum grameena kudumbangalil 4.9 perum undaayirunnu. eee mekhalayile vamseeya vibhagangalil oromo (156,958,46 sathamaanam), somali (83,069,24 sathamaanam), amhara (108,962,20 sathamaanam), guraj (15,543,45 sathamaanam), mattu vibhagangal (5.5 sathamaanam) enniva ulppedunnu. dair daavayil ettavum kooduthal vishwasikkunna matham islaamaanu, <aii. dii. 1>, <aii. dii. 2> ethiopian oorthadoox, 2.8% protestant, 0.40% catholica.
parambaraagathamaayi noll oromo vamshakkaar eee pradesham mechilbhoomiyaayum laga haare jillayil krishiyaayum upayogichirunnu. oromo bhasha samsaarikkukayum avarude vamshavali somali vamshakudumbamaaya dhir ennu kandethukayum cheiyunna avar oromo, somali swathuangal pankidunna gurgura vamshathinoppamaan thaamasikkunnath. dirinte isaa upavibhagam ganyamaaya ennam nagara, grameena dair daavakalaanu, athesamayam dirinte gadabursi upavibhagam pradhaanamaayum nagara pattanatthilum charted sitti stettinu chuttumulla graamapradesangalilum vasikkunnu.
aii.emm. levis (1998) parayunnu
"aise, gadabursi vamshangalile somaalikal vasikkunna bhoopradeshathulla harar dair daavayum ulppede."
sii. ezz. eiii. prakaram, janasamkhyayude%% perkku surakshithamaaya kudivellam undaayirunnu% graameenarkkum% nagaravaasikalkkum% aii. dii. 1. gurutharamaaya davayude jeevithanilavaarathinte mattu report cheyyappetta pothu soochakangalude moolyangalil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu nivaasikalil <aii. dii. 2> ettavum kuranja sambathu kwaantailil varunnu; purushanmaarude muthirnnavarude saksharatha <aii. dii. 1> umm sthreekalude 53% umm aanu; poura sisumarana nirakk 1,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil 71 sisumaranangalaanu, ithu rajyavyaapaka sharashariyaaya 77 nekkaal kuravaanu; eee maranangalil pakuthiyenkilum shishukkalude jeevithathinte aadya maasathilaanu sambhavichathu.
gathagatham.
nagaramadhyathil ninnu 10 kilometer vadakkupadinjaraayi melca jebu pattanathinadutthaayi sthithi cheiyunna addis ababa-jibooty reyilveyile oru steshanaanu dair daavayil sevanam nalkunnathu. koodaathe, nagara madhyabhaagathu sthithi cheiyunna padinjaaran terminesulla ethio-jibooty railwayaanu nagarathinu sevanam nalkunnathu. dair daava vimaanathaavalam nagaratthilekkum purathekkumulla vimanangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. koodaathe, selam buzz line share kambani inter-sitti buzz sarvees nalkunnu. taxicabukale palappozhum dair daavayil bajaj ennu vilikkunnu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
2006laanu dair daava sarvakalashaala sthaapithamaayathu.
aaraadhanaalayangal.
aaraadhanaalayangalil pradhaanamaayum musleem pallikalundu. ethiopian oorthadoox tevahedo charchu, ethiopian ivaanchalikkal charchu mccaney yesus (lutheran waled federation), ethiopian kaale hevettu charchu, ethiopian catholica archaeopy oof addis abeba (catholica sabha), ethiopian phul gospel vishwaasikalude palli enningane kurachu pallikalum kristhyan pallikalum shethrangalum ivideyundu.
saahithyathil.
engleesh ezhuthukaariyaaya evlin voyude "raashtreeyamaayi sariyallaatha" "karutha kalapam" enna kathayil saangalppika kizhakkan aafrikkan rajyamaaya "asania" yude thalasthaanamaaya saangalppika pattanamaya "debra dova" yude prachodanamaayirunnu dair daava.

