
lusoninte charithram

phillippines dveepasamoohathile ettavum valia dveepaaya lusonil nadanna sambhavangal lusoninte charithram ulkkollunnu. 2007ll taabon manushyan ekadesham 20,000 varsham munbulla calavo manushyane kandethiyathode philippainsil ithuvare kandethiyathil vachu ettavum praayam koodiya manushyane kandethiyathinte record looson pidichedutthu. eiii. dii. 900ll 1989ll laguna chembu phalakam kandethiyathodeyanu lusoninte likhitha charithram aarambhichath. athinusesham chainees, japanese charitrangalil looson prathyakshappedaan thudangi. 22 recordukalil looson prathyakshappetta ming shilu oru udaaharanamaayirikkum. spanish bharanam sthaapikkunnathinu munbu borneo, malaya, jaava, indochaina, india, okinaava, jappan, chaina ennivayumaayi vyapara bandhamundaayirunna hindu-budharaajyangal, musleem naatturajyangal, vamsheeyamatha gothrangal ennivaykkidayil looson vibhajikkapettu. spanish-american yudhathinte falamaayi looson american pradeshamaayi maari. randaam lokamahaayudhathil, japanese adhiniveshakaalathe ettavum bheekaramaaya yudhangalilonnu looson kandu. ettavum valia dweep ennathinupurame, phillippines padinjaaran kalandarilekku praveshichathumuthal philippainsinte saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya kendramaayirunnu looson, raajyathinte thalasthaana nagariyaya manilayum raajyathe ettavum valia metropolisaaya metro manilayum ivideyundaayirunnu.
lusoninte charitraatheethakaalam.
philippeensile shilayuga saankethikavidyakalude chittayaya upayogathinte aadya thelivukal ekadesham bii. sii. 50,000 kaalathethaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe proto-philippain samoohangalude vikasanathile eee ghattam ekadesham 500 bii. sii. yill loha upakaranangalude uyarchayode avasanichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum aaa theeyathikku munbu kallu upakaranangal thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, lusonile puthiya kandethalukal, prathyekichu livanile kalingayil, pottasyam aargon pareekshanatthiloode ettavum kuranjathu 920,000 varsham pazhakkamullathum kuranjathu 750,000 varsham pazhakkamullathumaya kallu upakaranangal kandethi.
2007ll kagayaanile penablancayile kallavo guhayil armand salvador mijarez kandethiya phoosil avashishtangalaan philippainsil ariyappedunna aadyakaala manushyaavashishtangal. 1962ll roobert bradford kurukkan kandethiya taabon maante 67,000 varsham pazhakkamulla avashishtangalaan eee kandethal. prathyekichum, euranium seerees ableshan upayogichappol kuranjathu 67,000 varshamenkilum pazhakkamullathayi kandethiya 61 millimeter mettaattaarsal maathramaan eee kandethalil ulppettirunnathu. homo sepiyansinte avashishtangalaanennu theerchayaayum theliyikkappettal, calavo maan oru homo florescensis aayirikkumenn urappullathinaal, 47,000 varsham pazhakkamulla taabon maante avashishtangal philippeensil ariyappedunna aadyakaala manushyaavashishtangalaayum eshya pasafikkile ettavum pazhakkamulla manushyaavashishtangalilonum maarum.
innathe indoneshyayil ninnu lusonilekkulla calavo manushyanteyum samakaalikarudeyum kudiyettatthe chuttipattiyulla praadhamika sidhaantham avar raaftiloodeyaanu vannathennathaanu. vidagtharude abhipraayathil, manushyarkk kadal kadannu deerghadoora yathrakal nadatthaan kazhiyumennu karuthiyirunna samayathinu munbaanu ithu sambhavichathenn kanakkaakkappedunnu. oru karaa paalatthiloode colavo maan philippainsilekku kadannirikkamennum sradhikkappettittundu. kallavo maan jeevichirunna samayat, athu manjukaalam ennariyappettirunna kaalaghattavum samudranirappu thaazhnnathumaayirunnu. samudranirappu thazhnnathinaal philippainsinum thekkukizhakkan eshyayude mattu bhaagangalkkumidayil oru isthmas undakaamaayirunnu.
saamskaarikavum saankethikavumaaya nettangal.
bii. sii. 1000 oode philippainsil khananam aarambhichu. ennirunnaalum, kagayaanile musang guhayil oru pichala soochi kandethiyathode bii. sii. 2160 lake soochi nirmmicha theeyathiyilekku athu pinnott neengi. eee kaalaghattatthile mettal smithukal ithinakam thanne aadhunika metallurgical prakriyakalude oru asamskritha pathipp vikasippicheduthirunnu, prathyekichu carberisationiloode mriduvaaya irumbinte kaadinyam. ennirunnaalum, saadhaarana maathrkayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, irumbu upakaranagalkk munbu chembu allengil venkala upakaranangalilekku oru maattavum undaayirunnilla, athu kallil ninnu irumbilekku aayirunnu.
classical kaalaghattatthile lusoninte charithram.
aadyakaala loka bhoopadangalil looson.
eiii. dii 21 oode greekkukaar visayan dveepukalil athiyirikkaam, chila pandithanmaar josephus, pomponius meela, tolami thudangiya classical ezhuthukaar golden ailand (sumatra), golden chersonese (maleshya) ennivayekkurichulla vivaranagal philippainsile sthalangalumaayi samyojippikkunnu. onnaam noottaandile eejiptil ninnu phillippeans uthbhavicha svarnnaabharanangal kandethiyittundu.
laguna chembu phalakathilulla likhitham.
philippeensil ninnu kandethiya ettavum pazhakkam chenna likhitharekhayaanu laguna chembu falaka likhitham. 1989ll lumban, lumban, barangay vaavayile lumbang nadiyude theerathu oru manal thozhilaalliyaanu plate kandethiyathu. dutch naravamshashaasthranjanaaya aantoon postmayaanu phalakathile likhitham aadyamaayi manassilaakkiyath.
20x30 centimeter (8x12 inch) valippathil thaazheyulla nerttha chembu phalakathilaanu likhitham, plettil nerittu embose cheytha vaakkukal. choodaakkiyathum mriduvaayathumaaya lohathinte churulil vaakkukal alekhanam cheythirunna akkaalathe mattu javanese churulukalil ninnu ithu nirmmaanatthil vyathyasthamaan.
grigorian kalandarile eiii. dii. 900 epril 21 thinkalaazhchayumaayi poruthappedunna chandrante naalaamathe divasamaaya vaisaka masamaaya shaka 822 enna shaka kaalaghattatthinte theeyathi varsham athil alekhanam cheythittundu. upayogicha ezhuthu sambradaayam kavi lipiyaan, athesamayam bhasha purathana malayyude vaividyamaanu, koodaathe samskrithathil ninnulla niravadhi kadamedutha vaakkukalum pazhaya tagaloginum pazhaya javanese bhashaykkum edayilulla chila maleyethara padavali gadakangalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu. 1 "kathi", 8 "suvarna" (865 gram) ennee swarnna kadangalil ninnu "naamvarante" makkalaya athinte udamakale mochippikkunnuvennu rekha parayunnu. thaazhe koduthirikkunna engleesh vivarthanathodeyaanu yadhaartha vaachakam ezhuthiyathu. (sthalangalude perukal boldilaanu.")
lipyantharanam
engleesh vivarthanam
"deerghakaalam jeevichirikkoo! jyothishaasthranjante abhipraayathil, vaishaakha masamaaya shaka 822-ll."
"chandrante naalam divasam, thinkalaazhcha. eee avasarathil, bahumanappetta namvarante makkalaya booka ennu perulla sthree ankathaanum bandhuvinum, jaydevayile pailayude prabhu mantri prathinidheekarikkunna thundoon commander-inn-cheefil ninnu poornnamaaya mapp rekha nalki."
"ithinartham, bahumanappetta ezhuthukaaraniloode, bahumanappetta naamvaran thante shambalavumaayi bandhapetta kadangalaya 1" "kathi", "8" "suvarna" "ennivayil ninnu puliraanile bahumanappetta prabhuvaya mantri kasumuraante munbaake poornnamaayum maaychukalayunnu; ganashakthi prathinidheekarikkunna pylayile prabhuvinte adhikaarathaal"."
"binvaagante bahumanappettathum parakke ariyappedunnathumaaya prabhu mantriye prathinidheekarikkunnath bisruthayaanu. koodaathe, commander-inn-cheef enna nilayilulla vishwasthatha kaaranam, diwattayile prabhuvaya manthriyude utharavanusarichu, addehathinte muzhuvan kudumbathodoppam, madaanginte thalavan prathinidheekarikkunnu."
"athinaal, manyanaaya naamvarante jeevichirikkunna pingaamikalkk devathaavile prabhuvaya manthriyodulla manyamaaya naamvarante ellah kadangalum maaychukalayunnu."
"ithu, enthaayaalum, bhaviyil eppozhengilum, bahumanappettavaril ninnu kadam ithuvare theerppichittillennu aaraan prasthaavikkuka..."
byoottuvaante swarnna thaara, pathinalam noottaandile manpathrangal, sebuvile svarnnaabharanangal thudangiya sameepakaala kandethalukalkoppam laguna chembu falaka likhitham, colonial charithrathinu munbulla philippain charithram parishkarikkunnathil pradhaanamaan, athuvare chila paashchaathya charitrakaaranmaar eshyayude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu saamskaarikamaayi otappettathaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu, kaaranam akkaalat hyspanic kaalaghattatthinu munbulla rekhakalonnum kandethiyirunnilla. prashastha philippain charitrakaaranaaya vilyam henry scott 1968-ll philippain charithrapadanatthinulla thante prehispanic uravidangal upayogichu eee sidhaanthangal thallikkalanju, athu pinneedu 1984-ll prasidheekarikkappettu.
barangaay sarkkar.
eiii. dii. 200ll malayan boat baalamgayil ninnaan barangaay sarkkar roopeekrithamaayathu. visaayakalile kooduthal vikasithamaaya baramgaayukalil (udha.jii. karaarukal, samadhana udambadikal, paraspara sakhyangal ennivayiloode spain aadyamaayi keezhadakkiya sebu, bohol, paney), "datthu" oru "sacop" allengil "hoop" (mattidangalil "barangay" ennu vilikkunnu) enna saamoohika kramatthil ettavum mukalilaayirunnu. visaayakalile baramgekale apekshichu lusonile saamoohika ghadana sthirathayillaathathum kooduthal sankeernnavumaayirunnu. visaayakalilullavarekkaal vipulamaaya vyapaaram aaswadikkunnathum, bornian rashtreeya bandhangalude swaadheenamullathum, upajeevanathinaayi nananja arrie krishi cheiyunnathum, lusonil prabalamaaya colonial kaalaghattatthinu munbulla barangeyukal sthaapicha taagalogukale spanish augusteeniyan friar martin dii raada yodhaakkalekkaal kooduthal vyaapaarikalaayi visheshippichu.
looson barangeyude kooduthal sankeernamaaya saamoohika ghadana sthirathayillaathathaayirunnu, kaaranam athu ippozhum verthirikkal prakriyayilaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil oru jesuit purohithanaaya francisco collin ithine visayan saamoohika gadanayumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan shramichu. datthu" allengil "laakan" allengil "appo" enna padam medhavi soochippikkunnu, ennaal "datthu" ulppetta kuleena varggam "magino" klaas ennariyappettirunnu. magino" classile eathoru purusha amgathinum vyakthiparamaaya nettatthiloode oru "datthu" aakaan kazhiyum.
yonkle chakravarty shenginte yaathrakalil lusonil oru chainees govarnore sthaapikkukayum 1405-ll qoo chaa-lavo aaa sthaanathekku niyamikkukayum cheythu. dveepasamoohathile nethaakkalil chainaykkum saamanthanmaar undaayirunnu. yonglinte bharanakaalathu chaina eee pradesavumaayulla vyaapaarathil aadhipathyam nedi.
ekadesham 1595-ll spanish boxing codex ennariyappedunna oru kaiyezhuthuprathi nirmmichu, athil aadyakaala spanish kaalaghattatthile philippinosinte chithreekaranangal adangiyirunnu. philippeansineyum mattu pala vidoora kizhakkan rajyangaleyum kurichulla vivaranavum charitraparamaaya soochanakalum koodaathe, eee pradeshangalile nivaasikalude ezhupathiyanchu varnnachithrangalum avarude vyathirikthamaya vasthrangalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu. kuranjathu pathinanju chithreekaranangalenkilum philippain dveepasamoohathile thaddesheeyarekkurichaanu.
ezhaam noottaand muthal pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkam vareyulla kaalayalavil, innathe metro manila, sebu, iloyilo, buduvaan, pangasinanil sthithicheyyunna luyag naa kabolovan raajyam, pambaankayilum aparriyilum sthithicheyyunna sabagh, vaakk-vaakk rajyangal (jappanumaayum okinaavayile rayukyu rajyavumaayum vyaapaarathil vaidagdhyam nediyava) enningane moonnu nagara-samsthaanangal ulppede niravadhi sambannamaaya vyapara kendrangal uyarnnuvannu.
maa-iii raajyam.
chainees saamraajyathva charitramaaya "suu phaan shhii", "gaanacharitram" ennivayil rekhappeduthiyittulla oru prehispanic philippain rajyamaayirunnu maa-iii (mye, mye, maa-yii allengil maayi ennum ucharikkappedunnu). brunai sulthaanettu oof royal recordukalilum ithu maid raashtramaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. eee samsthaanam mindoro dveepine kendreekarichullathaanne parayappedunnu.
shaavo rugvayude vivaranathil, "suu phaan sii", liu-siin (rhu) maa-iii ennariyappedunna raajyathe dveepukalilonnaanu. ithu looson (<unk>) aanennu anumaanikkappedunnu.
971ll vadakkan gaana raajavamshathinte (960-1127) kaalath maa-iii (vadakkan mindoroyile innathe maitt) yill ninnulla vyapaarikal kantoniletthi. avarude pravartthanangal chainees beuro oof maaridaim tradile udyogastharude shradha nedi. 982ll vyapaarikal veendum vannu. thekkan gaana raajavamshathinte kaalath, fujian chainees beuro oof maaridaim trade udyogasthar vividha philippain dveepukalil ninnu kooduthal vyaapaarikalude varavu report cheythu maa-aii, baipur vih (innathe babuyan dveepukal), sandavo vih (innathe manilaykku sameepam tuliahan nadhi), jamaan vih (innathe duranta), baalayoyu vih (innathe palavaan), pulihuwan vih (innathe manilaykku sameepam) ennee moonnu dveepukale soochippikkaan koottaayi upayogichirunna padam. avarude vyapara pravartthanangal, prathyekichu sanyuvil ninnulla vyapaarikal nadathiyava, yuwan rajavamsham vare (1271-1368) nannayi thudarnnu.

