
limbu janangal

kizhakkan neppaal, sikkim, padinjaaran bhoottaan ennividangalile himalayan mekhalayile oru tibeto-burman thaddesheeya gothramaan limbu (exonym;) allengil yactung (endonima).
limbuvinte yadhaartha peru "yactung" () allengil "yact" ennaanu. limbu aankuttikale "yaktumba" allengil "yaktumba" ennum limbu penkuttikale "yakthuma" allengil "yakthuma" ennum vilikkunnu. yaktung" allengil "yakthum" ennathu yakshante oru uthppannamaanennu purathana grandhangal prasthaavikkunnu, chilar athinte ardhathe "yaksha vijayi" ennu vyaakhyaanikkunnu. limbu bhashayil purathana kiraatthikale soochippikkunna "kunnukalude naayakanmar" (yack-kunnukal, tung allengil thum-naayakanmar allengil shaktharaaya yodhaakkal) ennaanu ardham.
shahra rajaakkanmaar limbu graamathalavanmaarkku maathram nalkunna padaviyaanu suba. suba oru thaddesheeya yactung padaprayogamaayirunnilla, ennaal ippol rund padangalum eathaandu parasparam maattaavunnavayaan. limbu gothrathil "suba" enna padam avarude kudumbapperayi upayogikkunnathinekkur aalukal palappozhum charcha cheyyaarund. graamathalavanmaarkku maathrame avarude peril subba enna padam upayogikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnulla ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. anganeyaan graamathalavanmaare limbu gothratthile mattu graamavaasikalil ninnu verthirichathu. graamathalavanmaarude kudumbavargam palappozhum subba enna kudumbapperodeyanu kaanappedunnath.
avarude charithram bansawali ennum ariyappedunna bangsavoli (vamshavali) enna pusthakatthil ezhuthappettathaayi parayappedunnu. chila purathana kudumbangal pakarppukal sookshichittundu. noorukanakkinu limbu vamshangalum gothrangalum avarude gothrathinteyo upadeseeya asthithvathinteyo allengil avarude uthbhavasthalathinu anusrithamaayi tharamthirickunnu.
eiii. dii. 308-ll vivarthanam cheyyappetta chainees grandhamaaya "poow-yuu-yoo-jing" yii-tii-saay (vadakku athirthi pankidunna anaadikal) enna perine soochippikkunnu, ithu krithyamaaya thulyamaanu 
sikkiminte aadyakaala nivaasikalil oraalaayirunnu limbu. indian samsthaanathinte peru thanne rund limbu padangalude samyojanamaan "puthiyath" ennartham varunna "suu", "kottaram" allengil "veedu" ennartham varunna "kheem".
pradhaanamaayum neppaalile samkhuvasabha, tehrat, dhankuda, taplejung, morang, sunsari, jhaappa, panchthaar, ilam jillakalilaanu limbuvinte janasamkhya 700,000 ennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. ivayellaam koshi pravishyayilo "limbuwan" yilo aanu. limbu janasamkhyayude chila bhagangal sikkiminte kizhakkan, padinjaaran jillakalilum sthithicheyyunnu. padinjaaran bangal, asam, nagaland, bhoottaan, mianmar ennividangalile darjeeling, kalimpong nagarangalil oru cheria janasamkhya chitharikkidakkunnu. chilar yunaittad kingdom, hongong, america, mattu rajyangal ennividangalilekku kudiyeri.
neppaalile limbu janatha.
2011 leeii neppaal sensus limbu janataye parvatha/kunnin janathayude vishalamaaya saamoohika grouppinullil tharamthirikkunnu. 2011leeii neppaal sensus samayat 387,300 aalukal (neppaalile janasamkhyayude 1.5 sathamaanam) limbukkalaayirunnu. pravishya anusarichu limbu janathayude ennam iprakaaramaayirunnu
thaazhepparayunna jillakalil limbu janathayude ennam deseeya saraashariyekkaal (1.5 sathamaanam) kooduthalaannu
bhasha.
irupathaam noottaandinu munbulla swantham lipikalulla madhya himalayangalile churukkam chila sino-tibattan bhashakalil onnaanu limbu.
samskaaram.
limbu avarude swantham jeevithachakrathile pala aachaarangalum anushttikkunnu. vamshavali pithriswathaayi kaimaattam cheyyappedunnillennu avar vishwasikkunnu. pakaram, oru sthreek ammayude daivangal avakaashamaayi labikkukayum aval vivaham kazhikkukayum bharthavinoppam thaamasikkukayum cheyyumbol aval thante koode aaa devathakale konduvarikayum avaye veettammamaaraayi amgeekarikkukayum cheyyum.
limbu avarude marichavare samskarikkukayum rando moonno divasam maranasamskaarangal anushttikkukayum aacharikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru maranachadangil avar marichayaalude thala oru charas qoo thaal (pichala paathram), nettiyile nanayam ennivayil vaykkunnu. avaa mookkum cheviyum thadayukayum mrithadehathinte chundil madyam idukayum cheiyunnu. pedangmayal veedu shudheekarikkunnathinaayi nadathunna oru marana aachaaramaan nikvasamma. bandhukkalum ayalkkaarum sandarshakarum bahumaanamaayi panam konduvannu mrithadehathinu mukalil oru vazhipaadu nadathunnu. marichavarude mrithadehathe bahumaanichu marichavarude makkal avarude thalayum purikavum kshouram cheiyunnu. kudumbatthile puthiya anantharaavakaashiyaayi avar amgeekarikkappedunnu. puthranmaar mrithadeham velutha thuni kondu pothinju oru thadi pettiyil kuzhichidunnu. marichayaalude lingabhedam anusarichu dukhaacharana kaalayalav vyathyaasappedunnu.
vivahangal, vilapangal, sammana kaimattangal, samgharsha pariharam ennivayil madyam kazhikkunnath ulppedunnu, prathyekichu tongba enna kandeynaril ninnu kudikkunna nee ennariyappedunna limbu parambaraagatha bear. graamatthile sandarshakarkkaayi nrithangal krameekarichirikkunnu. eee karyangal limbu penkuttikaleyum aankuttikaleyum kandumuttaanum nrithavum madyapaanavum aaswadikkaanum avasaram nalkunnu.
vasthrangalum aabharanangalum.
mekhliyum tagayumaanu limbasinte parambaraagatha vasthram.
mangseva (daivam + aaradhana) nadathumbol, yactung aalukal vishudhiye pratheekappeduthunna vella niratthilulla mekhliyum taga dharikkunnu.
kaithariyile jyaamitheeya paattenukalil neytha limbuvinte parambaraagatha thuniyaanu daaka. oru thalamura mattoru thalamura dhaka nirmmikkunna kala padippikkunnu. limbu purushanmaar daakaa topiyum (toppiyum) scarf dharikkunnu, limbu sthreekal daakaa saari, mekhli, blouse, shall enniva dharikkunnu.
sthreekalude vasthrangalum alankaarangalum.
limbukal avarude svarnnaabharanangalkku perukettavaraanu. saamyaanginu (svarnnam) purame, avar yuvappa (velli), luwang (glass kallukal), ponche (pavizhapputt/aambar), mudin (turcois) enniva dharikkunnu. mikka limbu aabharanangalum prakrithiyil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanu. chila aabharanangal ivayaanu
iva koodaathe, limbu sthreekal dharikkunna mattu niravadhi aabharanangalum undu.
purushanmaarude vasthrangalum aabharanangalum.
neppaal "oru matham, oru vasthram, oru bhasha" nayam nadappaakkunnathuvare eee tharatthilulla vasthrangal dharichirunnu. sikkimile yactung ippozhum parambaraagatha limbu vasthrangal dharikkunnu. saamskaarika vasthradhaaranathekkurich athinte paithrukathekkurichum avabodham valarthunnathinayi yactung chumlung polulla grouppukal niravadhi sramangal nadathunnundu.
limbu parambaraagatha vaasthuvidya.
limbu samoohathinte devathayaaya yuma enna sthree kathaapaathrathinte pratheekathmaka praathinidyamaanu limbuvinte veedu. janaalakaludeyum vaathilukaludeyum vishadaamshangal achaaravelayil limbu upayogikkunna vividha pookkale chithreekarikkunna thadi kothupanikal upayogichu embroidery cheythirikkunnu. veedinte vaathilinteyum janalukaludeyum thadi kothupanikalil cheytha chila alankaara embroiderikal limbu sthreekal dharikkunna svarnnaabharanangalude nerittulla praathinidyamaanu. limbuvinte oru parambaraagatha veettil, chuvarinte skirting saadhaaranayaayi chuvanna cheli peyint upayogichu swamedhayaa varaykkunnu. limbu sthreekal dharikkunna "pattuka" allengil belttinte pratheekathmaka praathinidhyam koodiyaanithu.
muring-seethalam" allengil veedinte pradhana thoon/nirayile veedinte pradhana savishesha ghadakam thaazhathe nilayil veedinte madhyabhaagathaanu. eee thoonine veettil yamadeviyude vaasasthalamaayi limbu janatha pothuve vishwasikkunnu. athinaal, avarude nandi ariyikkunnathinayi avar saadhaaranayaayi varshathil randuthavana thooninu chuttum aachaaraparamaaya praarthanakalum vazhipaadukalum nadathunnu.
kizhakkan neppaalilum indiayile sikkiminte padinjaaran bhaagathum eee veedukal kaanam. sameepat thamasikkunna vividha samudaayangal thammilulla samskaaram kaaranam eee veedukal mattu samudaayangalumaayi saamyamullathaan. pala samoohangalilum samanamaaya aalukalude dainamdina jeevithashailiyilum samskaarathilum ninnu prachodanam ulkkondaanu veedukalude roopathinteyum sthalangaludeyum parinamam. athinaal, innathe kaalath oru limbu veedu baahya veekshanakonil thirichariyaan prayaasamaan.
vividha nirangalil varacha jyaamitheeya roopangal vritham, trikonam, chathuram enningane chila paattenil upayogikkunnathu kettidangalude munvashath kaanam, ithu limbu gothrakkar maathramaan cheiyunnathu. koodaathe, veedinte uyarathil "silam-sakma" ("pedangmakal" allengil gotra purohithanmaar upayogikkunna oru aachaaraparamaaya ghadakam) enna chihnam pradarshippikkunnathu limbu samoohavumaayi thirichariyunnathinulla oru chihnamo logoyo aanu. eee chihnam vajra aakruthiyilullathaanu, koodaathe madhyathil rund achuthandukalaal pinthunaykkunna 9 kendreekritha vajra paalikalundu, onnu lambavum onnu thirascheenavumaanu. eee divasangalil, praveshana kavaadangal, veedinte balcony railing thudangiya sthalangalil eee chihnam kaanapedunnu. oru paripaadiyil samoohathile aalukal avarude idathu nenjil ithu dharikkunnu.
nilavil parambaraagatha veedukal vamshanaashabheeshani neridukayaanu. enbroidery maram kothupanikalude chelavukal vahikkanum aalukalkk kazhiyunnilla, ithu praadeshika karakaushalathozhilaalikalude vamshanaashathin kaaranamaayi, athinaal parambaraagatha roopakalppana thanne. 
pathaaka.
limbu janathaykku avarudethaaya pathaakayund. neela jalathinteyum aakaashathinteyum shareerangale prathinidheekarikkunnu, vella vaayuvineyum samadhaanatheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu, chuvapp bhoomiyeyum limbu janathayude shudhamaaya rakthatheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. madhyabhaagathulla suuryan vividha limbu athmeeya sanbradaayangaleyum dainamdina jeevithatheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu. pathinettaam noottaandil gorkha adhiniveshathil pathaakayude upayogavum amgeekaaravum avasaanichu. limbuwan samghadanakal limbuwan laje pradeshangalil pathaaka upayogikkunnu.
jeevitashaili.
parambaraagathamaayi upajeevana krishiyaanu limbu janangal nadathunnathu. nellum cholavum avarude pradhana vilakalaanu. krishiyogyamaaya bhoomi dhaaraalamaanengilum, kaaryakshamamallatha saankethikavidyayude falaprapti valare parimithamaanu. eee pradeshathu krishi cheyyaan kazhiyaatha bhakshanathinaayi adhika vilakal palappozhum vyapaaram cheyyappedunnu. mulayum maravum kondu nirmmicha parambaraagatha cheria kaitharikalil limbu sthreekal dhakka thunitharangal neythedukkunnu. pazhaya kaalath, limbukal pattunoolkrishiyil vaidagdhyamullavaraayirunnu. kiraatthikal pattunool vyapaarikal ennum ariyappettirunnu.
vivaha reethikal.
limbu saadhaaranayaayi swantham samudaayathilvechu vivaham kazhikkunnu. oru limbuvinu 3 thalamurakalk munbu vare swantham vamshathinullil vivaham kazhikkaan anuvaadamilla, avarkk bandhamillenn urappakkaan. limbu samskaarathil cross cussin vivaham anuvadaneeyamalla. vamshathinu purathulla oru purushan sthriyum thammilulla vivaham krameekaranatthiloodeyo allengil bandhapetta purushanteyum sthreeyudeyum paraspara sammathathiloodeyo saadhyamaan. maathrusamudaayamaayathinaal sthreekalkku arhamaaya bahumanam nalkappedunnu.
vivahangal kooduthalum maathaapithaakkal krameekarikkunnu. oru sthreeyude kaii chodikkunnathu oru pradhana chadangaanu. aaa sanbradaayathil, sthreek swarnam, velli muthalaayava ulppede enthum chodikkaam. vadhuvine santhoshippikkaan purushan saambathikamaayi surakshithanaanennu sthireekarikkunnathinaan ithu cheiyunnathu. vivaham kazhinju kurachu divasangalkku sesham, purushante kudumbamgangal oru panniyirachiyodum chila madyapaaneeyangalodum oppam sthreeyude veettil pokendathundu, athu ayaalude veedinte saambathika sthithiye aasrayichirikkunnu. oru limbu vivaahathile ettavum pradhanappetta chadangukal vadhuvinte veettilalla, marichu varante veettilaanu nadakkunnathu, kaaranam vadhuvinu bharthavinoppam thaamasikkendathundu. eee chadangil rund prathyeka nrithangalundu, onnu neppaaliyil "yalakma" allengil "dhann nachu" (arrie vilaveduppu nritham) ennum neppaaliyil "kelangma" allengil "chyabrang" ennum vilikkunnu. yalakmayude savisheshatha purushanmaarum sthreekalum mandagathiyilulla vrithathil nritham cheiyunnu, athesamayam kelangmayil drummukalude thaalavumaayi samanvayippicha sankeernamaaya kaalppaadukal adangiyirikkunnu. arcum nrithathil pankedukkaam, athu manikkoorukalolam neendunilkkum. vilaveduppu kaalatthinteyo mattu saamoohika avasarangaludeyo aakhoshamaayirikkaam yalakma.
vidoora bhoothakaalathil saava ethang (ettu rajaakkanmaarude samiti) aanu limbasinte aachaarangalum paarambaryangalum sthaapichathennu parambaraagathamaayi parayappedunnu.
mathavum uthsavangalum.
mumdh vaakkalulla 'thiruvezhuthukaludeyum' oru mathagrandhathinteyum saamoohika niyamangalum niyanthranangalum limbu pinthudarunnu. limbuvinte unnathadevane tagera ningwafumang ennu vilikkunnu, ithu "arivinte paramonnatha shareeram" ennu vivarthanam cheyyaavunnathaanu. avarude daivamaaya tagera ningwafuma bhoomiyile jeevante srashtaavaaya oru shakthiyeriya shakthiyaayi visheshippikkunnu. bhoumika roopathil, tagera ningwafuma yama sammang davia avalude purusha prathiroopamaaya teba sammang davia aaradhikkunnu. yuma saamyo" allengil "niwafuma" ennariyappedunna yama (aksharaarthatthil "muthasshi" allengil "bhoomi maathaav") chila limbukalkkidayil ettavum pradhanappettathum janapriyavumaan, ellah avasarangalilum aaraadhikkappedunnu. ellah limbasinteyum ammayaan yuma, athinaal oraal thante ammaye oru devathayaayi kanakkakkunnu. avarkk niravadhi vyathyastha klaasukalile aachara vidagtharundu, avaril "pedangma", "yema/yeba", "shamba" enniva ulppedunnu. avarude matham nithyaharithamaaya sinadondaaktilon (dubo) pullilaanu prathishtichirikkunnathu.
parambaraagathamaayi, limbumar avarude marichavare kuzhichumoodunnu, ennaal hindumathathinte swaadheenam kaaranam, shavasamskaram janapriyamaayikkondirikkayu. fedangma, samba, yeba (purushan) yeba-yema (sthree) thudangiya swantham purohithanmaarum limbu janathaykku undu. limbu janangal kirat matham pinthudarunnu. chila limbukal kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettittund. satyahang matham sthaapicha limbu guru falgunanda valare vyathyasthamaaya oru parishkarana paarambaryamaanu sthaapichathu.
parambaraagatha samgeethavum aalapana shailikalum.
 yamavaad" ll limbuvinu sakthamaaya vishwaasamundu. thangalude mathanethaakkal jeevanode nilanirthukayum thalamurakalayi vaakkalulla kaimaattam cheyyappedukayum cheiyunna oru tharam mathagrandhamaanu yamavaad. saamoohika kathakal, swapnangal, dainamdina jeevitam ennivayulla limbu parambaraagatha samgeethathilum yamavaadinte chila punarvivaranangal ulppeduthiyittundu. limbu avarude naadodi ganangal alapikkunna sambannamaaya paarambaryamundu. avarude naadodi gaanangale inipparayunna grouppukalaayi tirikkaam
gothrangalkkum gothrangalkkum anusrithamaayaanu parambaraagatha achaarangal nadathunnathu. chila gothrangal kozhiyo buffo mattano kazhikkilla, athesamayam chila gothrangalkk yuddha nritha achaarangal aaghoshikkunnathil vyathyasthamaaya reethikalundu.
parambaraagatha bhakshanam.
limbu samskaarathin madyam ganyavum mathaparavumaya praadhaanyamullathaanu. factory krishikkupakaram panniyirachi, malsyam, yack thudangiya thaddesheeya valarthumrigangalude maamsathil ninnaan limbu saadhaaranayaayi avarude parambaraagatha vibhavam nirmmikkunnath. mathaparamaya aavasyangalkkaayi avaye valarthukayum cheiyunnu. pothuve, avar achaarinoppam dhall bhatt tarkari kazhikkunnu. dhall (beans suupp), bhatt (arrie), tarkari (curry), vividha tharatthilulla achaar (achaar). limbu aalukal ellaayppozhum maamsam thayyarakkan fedsa upayogikkunnu. prashasthamaaya limbu paachakareethikal 
bhakshanam kazhikkumbol chila vilakkukal undu. avar vividatharam sasyangalum aushadhasasyangalum upayogikkunnu. bhakshanagal, tongba (parambaraagatha paaneeyamaaya millatt bear), rakshi (parambaraagatha madyapaanam), lassie (thairu paal paaneeyam), vellam, veettil nirmmicha pazhachaarukal enniva nalki limbu ellaayppozhum athidhikale swaagatham cheiyunnu.
naadodi samgeethopakaranangal.
limbu samgeethopakaranangalil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
parambaraagatha kaayika enangal.
limbu janataye sambandhichidatholam ambeythu ellaayppozhum pradhana parambaraagatha kaayika inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ambeythil palappozhum mathaparamaya prakadanangalum aachaarangalum ulppedunnu. charitraparamaayi, neppaalinu munbulla kaalaghattatthinu munbulla aakramanangale cherukkumbol limbu kuthirappadayile villaalikalaayirunnu pradhaanappettath. limbu" enna vaakk thanne "limm-fung" enna vakkil ninnaan vannath, athinte vivarthanathil "shooting-ambukal" allengil "ambeythu" ennaanu ardham.
limbuwan-gorkha yudhathinte thudakkathekkurichu aithihyangalundu. eee aithihyangalil, oru gorkha sainika general oru kattil oru yactung vettakkaarane kandumutty. general vettakkaaranodu avante saannidyathekkurichum enthaanu cheiyunnathennum chodichappol yactung vettakkaaran "limm-fung" ennu marupadi nalki. limbuwan-gorkha yudhathil varshangalolam gorkha sainyam pinneedu yaktung gothrangalude kuthiravillaalikalil ninnulla ugrata anubhavichu. angane, yactung janataye vivarikkunnathinayi gorkhakalude pepparukalil "limbu" enna peru rekhappeduthappettu. ennirunnaalum, gorkha adhiniveshathinte vijayathin sesham, limbu pradeshangalil kuthira prajananavum paripalanavum athivegam kuranju.
uthsavangalil limbu purushanmaarkkidayil nagna kaii gustiyum nadathiyittundu. oru utsava madyapaanathinushesham vyakthiparamaaya karyangal pariharikkunnathinum ithu upayogichirunnu, athil paraajayappedunna gusthi tharam vijayikalkk oru paaneeyam vaangi allengil parambaraagatha tongba kudikkaan veettilekku kshanichukondu panam nalkendivarum. "yactung-paan gustikkulla padamaanu "naant shingma".