
dominican republicile jalavitharanavum shuchithvavum

kazhinja rund pathittaandukalaayi jalavitharanathilum shuchithvathilum dominican republic sradheyamaaya vardhanavu kaivarichu. ennirunnaalum, 1990kalil raajyathinte uyarnna saambathika valarcha undaayirunnittum jalavitharanathinteyum shuchithva sevanangaludeyum gunanilavaaram moshamaayi thudarunnu.
praveshanam.
2015ll ekadesham 16 laksham aalukalkk mechappetta vellavum 17 laksham perkku mechappetta shuchithvavum labhyamayirunnilla. dominican republicil motham janasamkhyayude 84 sathamaanavum nagara janasamkhyayude 86 sathamaanavum grameena janasamkhyayude 81 sathamaanavum mechappetta vellathinu labhyamaan. shuchithvathe sambandhichidatholam, motham janasamkhyayude 84 sathamaanavum, nagara, graamapradesangalile yathaakramam 86 sathamaanavum 76 sathamaanavum mechappetta shuchithvathinu labhyamaan. 
8. 8 dasalaksham janasamkhyayulla dominican republicinu, athil ekadesham 60 sathamaanavum nagarapradesangalilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, jalavitharanathinum shuchithvathinumulla thaarathamyena uyarnna nilavaaramund, ennirunnaalum chila pradeshangalilum daridrarkkidayilum labhyatha aparyapthamaanu.
"uravidam": 1986 num 2007 num idayil nadatthiya aarr dominican republic janasamkhyaa, aarogya sarvekalude phalangalil ninnulla oru trend extrapolatione adisthaanamaakkiyulla jalavitharanathinum shuchithvathinumulla samyuktha nireekshana paripadi (2010), 2000 ll nadatthiya onniladhikam indikkettar klasttar sarway.
jalathinte vyapthiyil ganyamaaya praadeshika vyathyaasangalund. udaaharanathinu, 2002leeii sensus prakaram raajyathinte madhya, vadakkukizhakkan, kizhakkan bhaagangalil sthithicheyyunna ombathu pravisyakalil janasamkhyayude 70 sathamaanathil thaazhe perkku mechappetta jalavitharana srothass labhyamaayirunnu. pavapetta veedukalil kuranja alavil kanakshan undu pavapetta kudumbangalil 80 sathamaanavum paavappettavarallaatha kudumbangalil ninnu 56 sathamaanam kudumbangalkk maathramaan vaattar house kanakshan ullathu. pavapetta kudumbangalil 20 sathamaanam perkku maathramaan azhukkuchaalukal labhyamaakunnath, athesamayam paavappettavarallaathavarkkar 50 sathamaanam.
sevanathinte gunanilavaaram.
vikendreekarana sramangalum thudarchayaaya sarkkar pinthunayum undaayirunnittum, sevanathinte gunanilavaaravum thudarchayum dominican republicil aparyapthamaanu. nagarapradeshangalile amithamaya upabhogam, demand maanejmentinte abhavam (kuranja tarif, meteringinte kuranja vihitam, parimithamaaya paaristhithika avabodham), neertthadangalude apachayam ennivayaanu jalakshamam pradhaanamaayum vardhikkunnathu. mikka theeradesha thadangaludeyum thaazhnna bhaagangalil pradhaanamaayum sambhavikkunna neertthadangalude apachayam aasoothrithamallaatha vaasasthalangaludeyum pravarthanangaludeyum shuchithva sevanangalude abhaavathinteyum falamaanu.
thudarcha.
sevanangalude thudarcha (%)
kudivellatthinte gunanilavaaram.
shudheekarana samvidaanangalude mosham avastha, kuranja pravartthana niyanthranangal, shudheekarana plaantukalude kuranja nilavaaratthilulla paripalanam, kooduthalum edaykkideyulla samvidaanangal ennivayulppede vividha gadakangal dominican republicile jalathinte gunanilavaaratthe badhikkunnu. 38.4 sathamaanam jalasamvidaanangalilum chlorination samvidaanam sthaapichittilla. graamapradesangalile cheria samvidaanangalaaniva. oru chlorination samvidaanam nilavilundenna vastutha vellam yadhaarthathil shariyaayi anuvimukthamaakkappedunnu ennathinu urappilla.
deseeya chlorination kavarej 
2002leeii sevana daathaakkalude kanakkukal prakaram kudivella gunanilavaara saambilukalil 95 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol motham colifomukalude abhavam alakkunnathupole thripthikaramaaya kudivella gunanilavaaram maathrame kaanichittulloo. colifomukalude saannidhyam aarogyathinu apakadakaramalla, marichu colifomukalude saannidhyam rogakaarikalude "saadhyathayulla" saannidhyathinte soochakamaanu.
malinajala samskaranam.
2000ll dominican republicil shekharicha malinajalathinte 49 sathamaanavum eathenkilum tharatthilulla samskaranam labhichathayi kanakkakkiyavar. eee sathamaanam, akkaalathe laattin americayudeyum caribean raajyangaludeyum saraashariyekkaal valare kooduthalaanengilum (15 sathamaanam), ippozhum aparyapthamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
malineekaranam.
bhoogarbhajalathinte kshayam, malinajalathinteyum kharamaalinyathinteyum aniyanthrithamaaya nirmarjanam enniva thirichedukkaanaavaatha prasnangal srishtikkunnu. nagarapradeshangalkkum valia hotelukalkkum chuttumulla niravadhi puthiya communitykalkku saadhaaranayaayi mathiyaya shuchithvam illa.
charithravum sameepakaala sambhavavikasangalum.
1950kalilum 1960kalilum dominican republicile jala, shuchithva mekhala pettennulla vikendreekaranavum thudarnnulla punar kendreekaranavum anubhavichu. 1962 muthal, raajyathe ettavum valia nagarangalulla pravisyakalil kramena praadeshikavalkkarana prakriyayode sthaapana chattakkood thaarathamyena sthirathayode thudarunnu. vinodasanchaarikalude vanthothilulla varavu moolamulla saambathika valarchayude savisheshathayaayirunna 1980 muthalulla kaalaghattatthil ganyamaaya nikshepam nadathukayum sevana kavarej ganyamaayi vardhikkukayum cheythu.
vikendreekaranavum sameepakaala vikendreekaranavum (1955-62).
raffel trujilloyude (1930-1961) sarkkaarin keezhil pothumaraamathu, jalasechana manthraalayathile ("sekrateriya dii foomentoo, obras publicas vaii riego") general dayaraktarettu oof vaattar systems ("dayarision general dii acuductose") vazhiyaan jalasevana vyavastha aadyam kendramaayi nalkiyathu. ennirunnaalum, 1955-ll ellah utharavaadithangalum swathukkalum sitti kaunsilukalkku ("ayundaamiyantos") kaimari, 1962-ll parajayappetta oru maathruka. president jokwin baalaagvarinte sarkkar angane 1962 juulai 30-nuu 5994 niyamathiloode inaappa srishtichu, veendum ellah jala samvidaanangalum kendramaayi kaikaaryam cheythu.
praadeshika jala, malinajala kambanikalude kramanugathamaaya sthaapanam (1973-1998).
1973ll, jovakvin baalaagyoorinte (1966-1978) randaamathe presidencyude keezhil, thalasthaanamaaya saanto domingoyil aadyathe praadeshika jala, malinajala kambaniyaayi CAASD sthaapikkappettu. ithinethudarnnu 1977ll raajyathe randaamathe valia nagaramaya santiagoyil corrassen roopeekarikkappettu. praadeshikavalkkarana prakriya rund pathittaandukalaayi sthambhichu. ennaal athath niyojakamandalangale prathinidheekarikkunna kongras amgangalude abhyarthana maanich, praadeshikavalkkarana prakriya punararambhikkukayum puerto plaita, mokka, romana ennividangalil moonnu adhika praadeshika jala, malinajala kambanikal srishtikkunna 1997-98 niyamangal pasakkukayum cheythu. athesamayam, inaappa swantham vikendreekarana paripadi aarambhichu, grameena jalavitharana samvidaanangalude pravartthanam community adhishtitha samghadanakalkku kaimari. eee shramangale yuu. ezz. eiii. iii. dii. yill ninnulla saankethika sahayam pinthunachu (chuvade kaanuka).
1990kalil jovakvin baalaagyoorinte (1986-1996) moonnaamathe presidentinum leonel fernandesinte (1996-2000) aadya presidentinum keezhil jalathilum shuchithvathilum ganyamaaya nikshepavum kavarejil ganyamaaya vardhanavum undaayi. udaaharanathinu, graamapradesangalile bhawana kanakshanukalilekkulla praveshanam 1990-ll 35 sathamaanathil ninnu 2004-ll 62 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu. nagarapradeshangalile malinajala kanakshanukalilekkulla praveshanam 1990-ll 47 sathamaanathil ninnu 2004-ll 65 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu. eee vardhanavu laattin amerikkayilum kareebiyanilum aaa kaalayalavil ettavum kooduthalaanu.
parishkarana sramangal sthambhichu (1999-2004).
1999ll inter-american development baank (aii. dii. bii) jala, shuchithva mekhalayude parishkaranavum aadunikavalkkaranavum ekeekarikkunnathinaayi 71 dasalaksham us dollarinte oru pradhana vaaypaykku amgeekaaram nalki. inpa, praadeshika kambanikal ennivayude nikshepathinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathum ganyamaaya saankethika sahayavum vaaypa munkootty kandu. prathyekichum, thalasthaanathinu purathulla anchu praadeshika jala kambanikale dainamdina maanejmentil rashtreeya edapedal koodaathe munisippalittikaludeyum sivil sosaitiyudeyum bordukalil sakthamaaya praathinidyamillaathe vaanijyaparamaayi pravartthikkunna sthaapanangalaayi parivartthanam cheyyuka ennathaanu ithu lakshyamidunnathu. corrassen maathrkaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu eee parishkkaranam. koramokkayudeyum corominteyum kaaryatthil swakaarya oopparettarmaarumaayi maanejment karaarukal oppidanam. inaappa kramena svayambharana praadeshika unitukalaayi vikendreekarikkukayum graamapradesangalile sevanangal kramena upayokthru asosiyeshanukalilekku maattukayum venam. eee mekhalayude chumatala vahikkunna oru kendra sarkkar ejansiyum ("ente rector") jala-shuchithva niyanthrana ejansiyum sthaapikkumaayirunna oru jala-shuchithva chattakkood niyamam kongras paasaakkiyathayirunnu vaaypayude falapraapthikkulla oru vyavastha. 
hipolito mejiayude (2000-04) presidencyil, jala-shuchithva niyamam 2002-lum veendum 2004 juunilum kongrasil charcha cheyyappettuvenkilum aathyanthikamayi pasakkiyilla. athinaal aii. dii. bii vaaypa praabalyatthil vannilla. leonel fernandes veendum prasidantaayappol (2004-12) addeham sthambicha parishkarana prakriya punarujjeevippikkaan munkaiyeduthitla.
saanto domingoyil svakaaryamekhalayile sevana karaarukal (2001 muthal).
vellathilum shuchithvathilum svakaaryamekhalaye ulppeduthunnathinulla nadapadikal sarkkar sweekarichu. 2001ll casd meterukal sthaapikkunnathinaayi rund sevana karaarukalil oppuvachu, meter reeding, billing, shekharanam enniva, onnu kizhakode onnu saanto domingoyile sevana mekhalayude padinjaaran bhaagathum. padinjaaran bhaagatthinte karar columbian kambaniyaaya eaayku nalki, ithu meteringinte vihitam 1 sathamaanathil ninnu 25 shathamaanamaayi vardhippikkukayum rund varshathinullil shekharicha varumanam aidi 1 aayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
jalavitharanathinteyum shuchithvathinteyum utharavaaditham.
nayavum niyanthranavum.
dominican republicile jala, shuchithva mekhalayile nayangalum niyanthrana pravartthanangalum valare vighadichirikkunnu
oru sthaapanathinum shuchithvathinte prathyeka chumatala illa, shuchithva nayavumilla. 2006 leeii yuu. ezz. eiii. iii. dii. yude vilayiruthal prakaram, grameena kudivella padhathikalumaayi ekopippikkaatha oru pothujanaarogya samsthaana secretariyatt shuchithvam kaikaaryam cheiyunna laattin amerikkayile churukkam chila rajyangalil onnaanu dominican republic. ithu pothujanaarogya sekratteriyattile paristhithi aarogya dayaraktarettinte balaheenathayodoppam shauchaalaya, shuchithva vidyaabhyaasa padhathikal durbalamakan allengil upekshikkaan kaaranamaayi. 
eee mekhalaykku saambathika niyanthrana ejansikalilla. jalathinum shuchithvathinumaayi oru deseeya thanthratthinte abhavam mekhalayude vikasanathinu oru thadassamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. vyakthamaaya thanthramillathe, dishaabodhathinte abhavavum sajeevamaaya mekhala ejansikalkkidayil rolukal verthirikkappedaathum prakadamaanu. ithu utharavaadithangal ovarlaappinginum chilappol parasparavirudhamaaya pravarthanangalkkum kaaranamaakunnu.
sevana vyavastha.
ettavum valia nagarangalile praadeshika kambanikalum mattu nagarangalilum pattanangalilum deseeya jala, malinajala authorityum (inaappa) graamapradesangalile community adhishtitha jala bordukalum chernnaanu jala, malinajala sevanangal nalkunnathu. 
25 varshathinide oororutharkkum avarudethaaya niyamaprakaaramaan praadeshika jala, shuchithva kambanikal sthaapikkappettathu. oro kambaniyum oru pravishya ulkkollunnu. avarude general directormaare republicinte presidentaanu niyamikkunnath, angane praadeshika kambanikalude saannidhyathil kendreekritha theerumaanamedukkalinte thudarcha kaanikkunnu. eee samaanathaykk purame, oro praadeshika kambaniyudeyum bharana ghadana (avarude bordukalude ghadanayum pravartthanavum polullava) vyathyasthamaan. praadeshika kambanikal ivayaanu
ekadesham 44 laksham aalukal, allengil raajyathe janasamkhyayude pakuthi, anchu pravisyakalil thaamasikkunnu, koodaathe anchu praadeshika jala, malinajala kambanikal sevanamanushtikkunna thalasthaanathe deseeya jillayilaan.
graamapradesangalil, aabhyanthara, videsha sarkkarithara samghadanakalil (enn. jii. oo.) shambalamillaatha sannadhapravarthakar adangunna community adhishtitha jala asosiyeshanukalkku ("associasions communitarias dii acuductose rurielus"-asokar) jala samvidaanangalude pravartthanatthinte utharavaaditham inaappa kaimari.
karyakshamatha (jala nashtam).
varumaanamillaatha jalam 65 sathamaanathiladhikam uyarnnathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. nilavil, sevana daathaakkal secondil 41,720 littar (ell. pii. ezz) uthpaadippikkunnu, athaayath nashtatthinu munbu oraalkk sharashari 907 littarum (ell. pii. pii. dii) oru divasam (ell. pii. pii. dii). nashtam kanakkileduthaalum, europilum (220 ell. pii. pii. dii) amerikkayilum (300 ell. pii. pii. dii) ullathinekkaal valare kooduthalaanu jalathinte upayogam. eee uyarnna upabhogathe tourism vyavasaayam oru valia paridhivare vishadeekarikkunnu. hotel vyavasaayam mattu caribean rajyangal upayogikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal 280% upayogikkunnu-oru athidhikkum rathrikkum 1,483 littar.
saambathika vashangal.
thaarifukalum chelavu veendedukkalum.
jalathinum shuchithvathinumulla chelavu veendedukkal valare kuravaanu. sharashari tarif jalathinu oru cubic meterinu 0.01 dollar malinajalathinu oru cubic meterinu 0.07 dollarumaan. shekharana nirakk valare kuravaanu, athu verum 28 sathamaanamaanu. mithamaaya thaarifukaludeyum valare kuranja shekharana nirakkinteyum falamaayi, 1998 leeii oru aarr. oo. ezz. kanakkukal prakaram, kudumbangal vellathinu prathimasam sharashari 0.50 dollar malinajalathinu prathimasam 0.09 dollar maathramaan nalkiyathu. yoottilittikalude vaidyuthi billukal kendra sarkkar nerittu adaykkunnu. praadeshika jala, malinajala kambanikalum inappa suthaaryamallathathum karyakshamatha prolsaahippikkaathayathu samvidaanangal upayogichu kendra sarkkaaril ninnulla subsidikale aasrayikkunnu.
graamapradesangalil, samoohangal avarude swantham jalanirakkukal nischayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, tarif nischayikkumbol kanakkakkiya pravartthanatthinteyum attakuttappanikaludeyum chelavu saadhaaranayaayi kanakkiledukkunnilla. graamapradesangalil, meterukal illaathathinaal upabhogathil ninnu swathanthramaaya nirakkukalaanu thaarifukal. haatto mayer pravishyayile thaarifukal 2006-ll prathimasam 10-25 dominican pesso (oru usd-yill thaazhe) aayi nischayichirunnu. baanikkaduthulla saambathikamaayi sajeevamaaya pradeshathu aduthulla rund communitykal oro kudumbatthinteyum saambathika saahacharyangale aashrayich prathimasam 20 muthal 500 vare pesso vare uyarnna thaarifukal eedaakkunnu. 
ennirunnaalum, chila mechappeduthalukal undaayi. tarif vardhanavum mikacha bill shekharanavum kaaranam 2006ll puerto plaattayile praadeshika yoottility shekharicha varumanam 2002neey apekshichu randara madangu kooduthalaayirunnu. nikshepangalude dhanasahaayathinu sambhavana cheiyunnathinaayi mithamaaya micham srishtikkaan ithu yoottilitiye anuvadichu. karyakshamatha mechappeduthunnathinna kooduthal sutharyathayum prothsaahanavum nalkikkond deseeya sarkkaarumaayi oru prakadana, dhanakaarya karar yoottility oppittu.
nikshepavum dhanasahayavum.
aii. dii. 2.-num idayil nadatthiya motham nikshepathinte 84 sathamaanavum nagara kendrangalilekkaayirunu, 16 sathamaanam maathramaan grameena mekhalakalilekkupoyathu, kudivella vitharanathinayulla sharashari vaarshika nikshepam 87.9 dasalaksham dolaraayirunnu (aii. dii. 1), ithu mattu vikaswara rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aalohari nikshepathinte thaarathamyena uyarnna nilavaaramaan. ennirunnaalum, nikshepangal vendavidham neekkivachittilla. udaaharanathinu, motham nikshepathinte 2.3 sathamaanam maathram labhicha mechappetta shuchithvathinteyum malinajala samskaranathinteyum chelavil nikshepangal jalavitharanathodu pakshapaathaparamaan. 
nikshepangalude thoth kanakkiledukkumbol vibhavangalude mosham vihitam pratheekshichathilum kuranja kavarej nirakkukalil vardhanavinu kaaranamaayathaayi vaadikkappedunnu. koodaathe, daathaakkal cheria ekopanam nadathiyittundu.
chila praadeshika yoottilittikal avarude swantham varumaanathil ninnu cheria sambhavanakal nalkunna nikshepa dhanasahayam pradhaanamaayum kendra sarkkaaril ninnaan varunnath.
baahya pinthuna.
jala, shuchithva mekhalaykku inter-american development baank, loka baank thudangiya anthaaraashtra dhanakaarya sthaapanangalil ninnu baahya pinthuna labhikkunnu. munkaalangalil yuu. ezz. eiii. iii. diyil ninnum ithinu pinthuna labhichu.
inter-american development baank (aii. dii. bii).
mukalil soochippicha parishkarana, aadhunikavalkkarana paripaadikaliloode aii. dii. bii eee mekhalayil oru pradhana punk vahichittundu. ennirunnaalum, padhathiyude falapraapthikkulla vyavasthayaaya jala, shuchithva parishkarana niyamathinu kongras amgeekaaram nalkaathathinetthudarnnu varshangalayi paripadi nirthivachirikkukayaanu. inaappayude vikendreekaranatheyum shakthippeduthalineyum pinthunaykkunnathinaayi 2010 octoberil aii. dii. bii 35 milyan us dollar vaaypaykku amgeekaaram nalki.
america.
1998 muthal grameena jalavitharanathilum shuchithvathilum samboornna saamoohika pankaalittha sameepanam avatharippikkunnathin yuu. ezz. eiii. iii. dii inaappaykku saankethika sahayam nalkiyittundu. graamapradesangalile pravartthanangal jalavitharanam, saamoohika pankaalittham, grameena shuchithvam, shuchithvam enniva prolsaahippikkal ennivayil parimithappedutthiya inaappayude oru laborattariyaayi padhathi pravarthichu. haatto mayer pravishyayile motham 700 kudumbangalulla onpathu grameena samoohangalkaayulla oru pailat projakttine catholica durithaashwaasa sevanangaludeyum dominican enn. jii. oyudeyum pinthunayode yuu. ezz. eiii. iii. dii aadyam pinthunachu. 2002 muthal, yuu. ezz. eiii. aii. dum enn. jii. oo famili health internaashanalum raajyathinte mattu bhaagangalil eee sameepanam aavarthikkunnathin inappa pinthunachu. inaappa, svakaaryamaayi nirmmicha samvidaanangalumaayi enn. jii. oo samvidaanangal engane thaarathamyappeduthunnu ennariyaan 2002-leeii oru patanam nadatthi. inaappa, svakaaryamekhala, engo ennivayellaam nalla samvidaanangal nirmmikkaan praaptharaanennu patanam nigamanam cheythu. onpathu pailat kammyoonittikalil aaril pravartthana samvidaanangalillennu 2006 leeii oru vilayiruthal kaanichu. anuchithamaya roopakalppana-pambukalum inverterukalum katthi nashichu-solar paanalukalude moshanam enniva kaaranangalil ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, spanish sahakaranavum pease corps pinthunaykkunna inaappa padhathiyaaya saanto domingo pravishyayile grameena padhathikalkkaayulla casd polulla mattu pankaalikal community adhishtitha sameepanam sweekarichittundennum vilayiruthal kaanikkunnu. enn. jii. oo. kalil oralaaya hermonded (vikasanathil nerittulla sahaayathiloode palarilekkum athicheraan sahayikkunnu) saan jose dii okkoyk padinjaarulla gramangalil varshangalolam jalavum shuchithva samvidaanangalum vikasippikkukayum mechappetta aarogya reethikal padippikkukayum cheythu. 
locabank.
2009 eprilil locabank vinodasanchaarameghalakalile 34 dasalaksham us dollarinte jalavum shuchithvavum padhathikku amgeekaaram nalki. malinajalathinteyum kharamaalinyangaludeyum kuravu, prathyekichu vinodasanchaarameghalakalil, moolamundaakunna uyarnna saambathikavum paaristhithikavum saamoohikavumaaya chelavukal kuraykkuka, jalavitharanathinte vyapthiyum gunanilavaaravum mechappeduthuka, athupole thanne dominican republicil malinajalavum kharamalinyavum shekharikkukayum neekkam cheyyukayum cheyyuka ennivayaanu ithinte pradhana lakshyam. (i) sarkkar ejansikalum daathaakkalum thammil ekopippichu oru deseeya jalam, malinajalam, kharamaalinya thanthrangal vikasippikkunnathinum nadappaakkunnathinum pinthuna nalkuka; (ii) jalavibhava maanejmentum jalathinteyum kharamaalinya sevanangaludeyum gunanilavaaram, karyakshamatha, susthiratha enniva mechappeduthuka; (iii) vellathinteyum kharamaalinya sevanangaludeyum vyaapthi vardhippikkuka, prathyekichu vinodasanjaara mekhalakalkku sameepamulla pavapetta samoohangalkku.

