thaarifit

vadakkan morocoyile riff mekhalayil samsaarikkunna oru senatti berber bhaashayaan refian (rphishyan) ennum ariyappedunna tmaasait allengil thaarifit berber. praadhamikamaayi alle hoseema, nador, druch ennee riff pravisyakalil chila aii. dii. 1 refienmar ithu praadeshikamaayi samsaarikkunnu. arabic bhasha thaarifittine shakthamayi swaadheenikkunnu, kadamedutha videsha vaipa padangal motham thaarifit padaavaliyude (naamangalude 56.1%, kriyakalude 44.1%) 51.7% prathinidheekarikkunnu.
peru.
refill, eee bhaashayude maathrubhaasha 'tmassiulth' (mikka bhaashaabhedangalilum thmaasiyatt ennu ucharikkappedunnu) ennaanu. samsaarikkunnavarkk ithine 'thaarifiyatt' (kendra bhaashaabhedangalil tharifect ennu ucharikkappedunnu) ennu vilichu vyakthamaakkam.
vargeekaranam.
oro vamshathinum prathyekamaayi vividha upabhaashakal ulkkollunna oru senatti berber bhaashayaan refian, athil bhooribhaagavum riff mekhalayilum vadakkan morocoyile oru valia parvathapradeshathum ayal aljeeriyayude padinjaaran bhaagath samsaarikkunna nyoonapakshathilumaanu samsaarikkunnath.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanam.
medittareniyan theerathe morocan refilum riff parvathangalilum pradhaanamaayum samsaarikkunna refian bhashayil spanish svayambharana nagaramaya melilla valia nyoonapakshamund. riff mekhalaykku purathu morocoyil refian samsaarikkunnavarum undu, prathyekichu avar nyoonapakshamaaya mattu morocan nagarangalil. ayal samsthaanamaaya aljeeriya nyoonapaksha vibhaagangalude aasthaanamaanu. netherlandsilum beljiyathilum oru paridhivare mattu europian raajyangalilum refian samsaarikkunna oru samooham nilavilundu.
moroco.
refian berberil valia alavilulla bhasha vyathiyaanangalund; ithu atlas (lafkioi, 1997) enna upabhasha upayogichu eluppathil kaanaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum mattu berber bhashakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya swantham shabdaparamaaya puthumakalulla orotta bhaashayaan refian rachikkunnath. avaril bhooribhaagavum vadakkan morocoyil samsaarikkunnu, ithil alle hosima, temsamane, nather, ikbaden (isnassen ulppede), thaasa pravishyayile kooduthal thekkan enangal enniva ulppedunnu. refian bhaashaykk purame, vadakkan morocoyil mattu rund anubandha berber bhaashakalum samsaarikkunnu sanhaja dii srayer, gomara bhashakal. avaa refiyanumaayi maathram vidooramaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, avaa parasparam manassilakkaan kazhiyilla.
aljiriya.
chila refian bhaashaabhedangal aljeeriyayude padinjaaran bhaagathaanullathu, prathyekichu tlemsenile benii snose gothrakkarum bethiyaavayilum, ennaal vividha colonial jillakalilum refienmar pathonpathaam noottaand muthal kudiyeraan thudangi.
bhashakal.
eathu enangale refian aayi kanakkakkunnu ennathil samavaayamilla, allathe abhiprayavyathyaasam pradhaanamaayum isnaasente kizhakke attathulla bhaashaabhedangalilum senhaja dii srairinteyum kettamayudeyum padinjaare attathulla bhaashaabhedangalilumaanu. padinjaaran-refian (alle hosima), central-refian (nador), eest-refian (berken) ennivayaanu bhaashaabhedangal. isnassen (isnassen, benii snassen) coseman (1999) bhaashayile oru upabhashayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal blench (2006) ithine adutha bandhamullah msab-wargla bhashakalilonnaayi tharamthirikkunnu.
phonology.
vyanjanaksharangal.
padinjaaran, madhya refian charithratthil/l/dhaaraalam vaakkukalil/r/aayi maari. mikka bhaashaabhedangalilum eee vyanjanaaksharathilum (ρ) yadhaartha r-lum vyathyasamilla, ennaal chila bhaashaabhedangalil r oru tapp aayirikkumbol ρ trill cheythirikkunnu enna vasthuthayal ithu kooduthal vyakthamaayi verthirichariyappedunnu.
<bii. aarr.>
/ ng/,/tch/,/γ/enniva ozhikeyulla ellah vyanjanaksharangalkkum oru jeminettu counderpart undu. mikka samayathum, oru jeminettu athinte neelam kaaranam athinte playin kaundarpaarttil ninnu vyathyasthamaan; ithaanu/bː/,/dː/,/fː/,/gː/,/hː/,/γː/,/mː/,/kː/,/lː/,/mː/,/nː/,/pː/,/pamː/,/qː/,/r/,/ram/,/sː/,/χː/,/χː/,/tː/,/tː/,/tamː/,/χː/,/zː/,/zː/,/zː/,/γː/,/γː/,/γː/,/γː/,/γː/,/γː/. spirantised vyanjanaaksharangalkk avayude jeminettu athiraalikal pole deerghakaala stoppukalundu, udha.jii. yesadegool 'avan jeevikkunnu' ennathinethire. avan eppozhum jeevikkunnu'. ithinu kurachu phonetatik expectionukal maathrameyulloo, udha.jii. swaraakshara-prarambha klittiksin munbulla kriyasoochanakalil, θessefehmeud-as. chila vyanjanaaksharangalkk vyathyasthamaaya jaminated prathiroopangalundu; d (/dā/,/δa/) muthal τ (/tāː/), w (/w/) muthal kkw (/kːw/), γ (/ρ/) muthal qq (/qː/), ρ (/r/) muthal γ (/dgː/) vare. ithil chila apavaadangalundu. ithu doubluedableu, iii. yill ettavum saadhaaranamaanu.jii. aswaf 'hair', apoorvvamaayi γγ, δe ennivayil sambhavikkunnu.jii. athaayath 'charam', 'nashtappeduka'. / dː/umm/dː/umm ore shabdathinte alophonic saakshaathkaarangalaanu, randum saadhaaranamaanu.
kurippukal
swaamsheekaranangal.
sthree prathyayangalaya t, θ ennivayil niravadhi swaamsheekaranangal sambhavikkunnu.
mattu swaamsheekaranangalum undu.
enn' enna vyanjanaaksharathin sesham spirantised vyanjanaksharangal nirtthunnu, ithu vaakkukalkkidayilum sambhavikkunnu.
shabdamaattangal.
kathu.
paashchaathya, madhya refian/ell/- nte charithratthil, eee shabdamaattam mattu vyanjanaaksharangaleyum baadhichittundu.
eee shabdamaattangal isbdanen, isnassen ennivayude kizhakke refian bhaashaabhedangalilum padinjaare bhaashaabhedangalilum sambhavikkunnilla.
poost vocalic aarr.
oru vyanjanakshara kodaykku munbulla postvokkalik 'veedu/veedu' enna thadart> thadaattil ullathupole idunnu. athinaal tamrayil 'kadinaadhvaanam/dukkham' oru swaraaksharathinu munbullathinaal samrakshikkappedunnu. eee shabda mattangal isbdanen, isnassen ennivayude kizhakke refian bhaashaabhedangalilum ayth vavayagularinu purathulla padinjaaran bhaashaabhedangalilum sambhavikkunnilla.
senatti shabdangal maarunnu.
koodaathe, aadya pullinga "a-" prefix chila vaakkukalil idunnu, udha.jii.afusinte 'kaii' 'fuse' aayi maarunnu, afusaarinte 'paambu' 'figuwa' aayi maarunnu. senatti berber enangalude savisheshathayaaya eee maattam atlas-thamasait, shilha thudangiya ayalbhaashakalil ninnu refian bhasha kooduthal akalam paalikkunnu.
ezhuthu samvidaanam.
mattu berber bhaashakaleppole, varshangalayi niravadhi vyathyastha samvidaanangalodeyaanu refian ezhuthappettathu. aduthulla tashelhithil (shilha) ninnu vyathyasthamayi, irupathaam noottaandinu munbu refian berberinu likhitha saahityam kuravaanu. colonial kaalaghattatthinu thottumunbu refian berberinte aadyathe rekhaamoolamulla udaaharanagal prathyakshappedaan thudangunnu. aarr polulla vaachakangal. baasett (1897), ezz. biarne (1917) laattin aksharamaalayilaan traanskript cheythathenkilum avaa kurravulla reethiyilaan traanskript cheythirikkunnathu. ettavum aduthakaalathu (2003 muthal), morocoyiludaneelam tiffinag audyogikamaayi. refian berber ezhuthaan arabi lipi ippol upayogikkunnilla. berber laattin aksharamala oonlainilum morocoyileyum videshatheyum mikka prasidheekaranangalilum ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna ezhuthu samvidaanamaayi thudarunnu.
nighandu.
vaipa vaakkukal.
arabic, spanish, franch bhashakalil ninnu thaarifit athinte padaavaliyude nyayamaaya alavu kadameduthittundu. thaarifittinte padaavaliyude ekadesham 51.7% kadameduthathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu (naamangalude 56.1% umm kriyakalude 44.1% umm). vaaypayedutha ellah kriyakalum refian samyojanangale pinthudarunnu, koodaathe chila vaaypayedutha namangalum berberise cheythirikkunnu. nalla maattangalkk vidheyamaayathinaal dhaaraalam vaaypakal thirichariyaan kazhiyilla, udha.jii. ratri' (arabica alle-laila), 'asukham' (arabi halakka).
sample vaachakam.
khaalid mouri, marten coseman ennivarude 'thaarifiyatt berberilekkulla (nather, morok) aamukham' ennathil ninnu 'sirkulaasyoon (traaphik)"
<vibhaagam aarambikkuka = "listt-oof-glossing-samkshipthangal"/>
ulppeduthiya samsthaanam
efsa swatantra samsthaanam
aadda 'eiii (dii)' enna kanika 'thirichariyaan kazhiyaatha"
<vibhaagam avasaanam = "listt-oof-glossing-abriviyeshanukal"/>

