
madyapaaniyude vairudhyam

 
pabbil aarenkilum undengil, avan allengil aval madyapichaal, pabbile ellaavarum madyapikkunnu" ennu parayaan kazhiyunna classical pravachana yukthiyude oru sidhaanthamaanu madyapaaniyude paradox (madyapaaniyude sidhaantham, madyapaaniyude thathwam allengil madyapaana thathwam ennum ariyappedunnu)."ganithashaasthra yukthivaadiyaaya reymond smullian ithine janapriyamakki, 1978 ll thante pusthakatthil" "madyapaana thathwam" "ennu ithine visheshippichu" "eee pusthakatthinte peru enthaanu?"
prasthaavanayude prathyakshatthil vairudhyaparamaaya swabhaavam athu saadhaaranayaayi swaabhaavika bhashayil prasthaavikkunna reethiyil ninnaan varunnath. mattullavarkk kudikkaan kaaranamakunna oraal undakam, allengil ratri muzhuvan oru vyakthi ellaayppozhum kudikkaan "avasaanatheyaal" aaya oru vyakthi undakam ennathu ethirbodhajanyamaanennu thonnunnu. aadyathe ethirppu varunnath aupachaarikamaaya "iff sained" prasthaavanakale kaaryakaaranavumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnathu ninnaan (ivide anumaanikkunna classical lojikkil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, parasparabandham ennathu prameyavum anantharafalavum thammilulla prasakthamaaya bandhangal aavashyappedunna yukthikalude kaaryakaaranamo prasakthamaaya yuktiyo soochippikkunnilla). sidhaanthathinte aupachaarika prasthavana kaalatheethamaanu, randaamathe ethirppu illaathaakkunnu, kaaranam prasthavana oru nimishathil sariyaanennu karuthunna vyakthi mattethoru nimishatthilum sariyaanennu karuthunna athe vyakthiyalla.
sidhaanthathinte aupachaarika prasthavana ithaanu
ivide d oru ekapaksheeyamaaya pravachanavum p oru ekapaksheeyamaaya shoonyamallaatha koottavumaanu.
thelivukal.
onnukil pabbile ellaavarum madyapikkunnundenno allengil pabbile oraalenkilum madyapikkunnillenno thirichariyunnathiloodeyaan thelivu aarambhikkunnath. thathfalamaayi, pariganikkenda rund kesukalunda
mukalil paranja karyangal prakadippikkunnathinula alppam kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya maarggam, ellaavarum madyapikkukayaanenkil, arcum sidhaanthathinte saadhuthaykk saakshiyaakaan kazhiyumennu parayuka ennathaanu. aarenkilum madyapikkunnillenkil, aaa prathyeka madyapaaniyallaatha vyakthikk sidhaanthathinte saadhuthaykk saakshiyaakaan kazhiyum.
vairudhyathinte vishadeekaranam.
a thettaayirikkumbozhellaam _ 2 enna prasthavana soothravaakyam sariyaanu enna aupachaarika yukthiyude thathwathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee vairudhyam.iii.eathu prasthavana oru thettaaya prasthavanayil ninnu pinthudarunnu ("ex falso kwodlibett").
vairudhyathinu pradhaanappettath classical (avabodhajanya) yukthiyile vyavasthaapithamaaya vasthu vyavasthaapithamaanu ennathaanu. bii" shariyaanenkil allengil "eiii" thettaanengil maathrame formula _ 2 shariyaavoo enna savisheshatha ithinu ulloo (classical lojikkil, pakshe avabodhajanyamaaya logicalla, ithum mathiyaya vyavasthayaanu).
athinaal ivide prayogichathupole, "avar madyapikkukayaanenkil, ellaavarum madyapikkunnu" enna prasthavana oru kesil sariyaanennu kanakkakkappettu, ellaavarum madyapichirunnenkil, maruvashathu, avar madyapichirunnillenkil-avarude madyapaanathinu mattaarudeyum madyapaanavumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillayirikkaam.
charithravum vyathiyaanangalum.
smullyan thante 1978 leeii pusthakatthil "madyapaana thathwa" thinte peru thante biruda vidyaarthikalkku nalkiyathaayi aaropikkunnu. addeham vakabhedangalekkurichum charcha cheiyunnu (dii-yeei mattu naadakeeyamaaya pravachanangalumayi maattisthaapichukondu nedunnu):
smullyante 'madyapaanikalude' thathwam" allengil "madyapaanikalude thathwam" enna nilayil ithu echu-ll prathyakshappedunnu.pii. berendregginte "krithyathaykkulla anweshanam" (1996), chila yanthra thelivukalodoppam. athinusesham ithu automated resoninginekkurichulla prasidheekaranangalil oru udaaharanamaayi pathivayi prathyakshappettu; chilappol proof asisttantumaarude expressivenessine vyathyasthamaakkaan ithu upayogikkunnu.
shoonyamallaatha domaine.
anuvadaneeyamaaya shoonyamaaya domainukalulla krameekaranatthil, madyapaaniyude vairudhyam inipparayunna reethiyil roopappeduthanam
oru settu pii thripthippeduthunnu
athu shoonyamallengil maathram.
allengil vaakkukalil

