
bisinus klasttar

oru prathyeka mekhalayile parasparabandhithamaya bisinasukal, vitharanakkaar, anubandha sthaapanangal ennivayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kendreekaranamaanu bisinus klasttar. deseeyamaayum aagolamaayum kambanikalkku malsarikkaan kazhiyunna uthppaadanakshamatha vardhippikkunnathinaan klasttarukal kanakkaakkunnath. accounting bisinus klasttarinte bhagamaanu. nagarapatanangalil, aglomeration enna padam upayogikkunnu. thanthraparamaaya maanejmentinte pradhana vashangalum klasttarukalaanu.
ashayam.
vyavasaya klasttar, malsara klasttar allengil portarian klasttar ennum ariyappedunna bisinus klasttar enna padam maikkal porter "raajyangalude malsara nettam" (1990) enna peril avatharippikkukayum janapriyamaakkukayum cheythu. saambathika bhoomishaasthrathinte praadhaanyam, allengil kooduthal krithyamaayi bhoomishaasthraparamaaya saambathikashaasthram, pooll krugman "bhoomishaasthravum vyapaaravum" (1991) enna kruthiyilum shradhichu. athinusesham niravadhi sarkkar paripaadikalude kendramaayi klasttar vikasanam maari. saambathika vidagdhar aglomeration ekkonami ennu vilikkunna adisthaana ashayam 1890 muthalullathum alfred maarshalinte pravarthanavumaanu.
klasttarukalile kambanikalude uthppaadanakshamatha vardhippikkunnathiloode eee mekhalayile puthumakalkk oonnal nalkunnathiloodeyum eee mekhalayile puthiya bisinasukale uthejippikkunnathiloodu clusterukalkku moonnu tharatthil malsarathe badhikkaan kazhiyumennu maikkal porter avakaashappedunnu. porttarude abhipraayathil, aadhunika aagola sambadvyavasthayil, chila sthalangalkku prathyeka endovementukal ulla thaarathamya nettam (athaayath.iii., thuramukham, vilakuranja thozhilaallikal) kanatha inputt chelavukal marikadakkaan avare sahaayikkunnath, prasakthamallathathaayi maari. ippol, kambanikal inputtukal ulppaadanakshamamaayi upayogikkunna, thudarchayaaya naveekaranam aavasyamulla, malsaraparamaaya nettam kooduthal pradhaanamaan. saambathika pravartthanangal saamoohika pravarthanangalil ulchernnittundennum 'saamoohika pasha koottangale bandhippikkunnu' ennum porter vaadikkunnu. prathyekichum praadeshika, grameena mekhalakalil, sakthamaaya vyakthigatha shringalakalulla kammyoonittikalil ganyamaayi kooduthal naveekaranangal nadakkunnuvennu kaanikkunna sameepakaala gaveshanangal ithine pinthunaykkunnu.
mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, mathiyaya vibhavangalum kazhivukalum shekharikkunnathum oru nirnaayaka paridhi vare athunnathumaaya oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanamaanu oru bisinus klasttar, ithu oru nischitha saambathika pravartthana shaakhayil oru "pradhana sthaanam" nalkunnu, mattu sthalangalekkaal nirnnayakamaaya "susthira malsara nettam" allengil aaa mekhalayile loka medhaavithvam (udha.jii. silikkan valiyum hollywood).
oru klasttar mikkappozhum samrambhangalude falamaanu, kaaranam ithu nilavile athiraalikale samyukthamaayi pravartthikkaan prerippikkunnu. samrambham saadhaaranayaayi rashtreeya mekhalayil ninnaan varunnath (udha.jii. vyathyastha singaporiyan klasttarukal), ennaal ithu vyavasaayathil ninnu thanne varaam (udha.jii. bart jeey. yude samrambham. punarekeekaranatthinu sesham moonnu kizhakkan jarmman samsthaanangalude (saxony, saxony-unhault, turingia) kavalayilulla oru pradhana raasa samuchayamaya dau olefinverbandu gmbhchinte directoraan groot. mitaldyooshlaandile "rashtreeya, bharana udyogastharkkidayil ekopanam prolsaahippikkuka" ennathaayirunnu lakshyam.)
tharangal.
rachana prakaram.
germmaniyile inter oorganaiseshanal netvarkkukal enna aashayathinte vikasanavum yunaittad kingdatthile klasttarukalude praayogika vikasanavum pinthudarnnu; oru klasttarine thirichariyaan naalu reethikalundennu palarum manassilaakkunnu
parasparam bandhapetta bisinasukal bandhapetta samghadanakalude kuranjathu rund vyathyastha thalangalkkullil ashayavinimayam nadathukayum uracha pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheyyanamennu-prathyekichu samghadanaa shringalakalude jarmman maathrkayil-prathekshikkunnu.
thaarathamya nettatthinte tharam.
vividha tharatthilulla arivukale adisthaanamaakki niravadhi tharam bisinus klasttarukal amgeekarikkappedunnu
prakriya.
oru klasttarine thirichariyunnathinum nirvachikkunnathinum vivarikkunnathinumulla prakriya staanderd allah. vyakthigatha saambathika upadeshtaavum gaveshakarum avarudethaaya reethikal vikasippikkunnu. ellah klasttar vishakalanavum praadeshika, praadeshika thozhil reethikalude moolyanirnnayathe aasrayichirikkunnu, naikkukal allengil vardhichuvarunna kaalaharanapetta ezz. aii. sii kodukal polulla vyaavasaayika vargeekaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. clusterukalekkurichum vyavasaya samuchayathekkurichum sthithivivarakkanakku daatta nalkunna sradheyamaaya daattabesukalil iva ulppedunnu
aagolavalkkaranathinte pashchaathalatthil bisinesses pravartthanangalude vitharanam cheiyunna swabhaavam prathifalippikkunna clusterukalkku pakaramulla oru badal kendrangalum nodukalumaanu.
silikkan vaali cases.
1990kalude madhyam muthal avasaanam vare kaaliforniyayile silikkan thaazhvarayil niravadhi vijayakaramaya computer saankethikavidyayumaayi bandhapetta kambanikal uyarnnuvannu. silikkan thaazhvarayil oru staarttap kambani srishtikkaan aagrahikkunna eathoraaleyum ithu prerippichu. silikkan vaali staarttappukalude ennathile vardhanavu niravadhi venchwar kyaapittal sthaapanangal avarude vaali offeesukalilekku maarunnathino vipuleekarikkunnathino kaaranamaayi. ithu kooduthal samrambhakare avarude startappukal avide kandethaan prothsaahippichu.
mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, venchwar capitalistukalum (dhanakaarya vilppanakkaar) dott coom staarttappukalum (dhanakaarya vaangunavar) oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya mekhalayilum parisaratthum "koottamaayi".
mooladhana vipaniyile klasttar phalavum thozhil vipaniyil oru klasttar falatthilekku nayichu. silikkan thaazhvarayil vardhichuvarunna kambanikal, programmermar, enchineeyarmaar muthalaayava thudangi. silikkan thaazhvarayilekku maarunnathiloode avarkk kooduthal thozhilavasarangal labhikkumenn avar manassilakki. thaazhvarayil saankethikamaayi vaidagdhyamulla aalukalude eee kendreekaranam ardhamaakkunnathu, raajyathudaneelamulla startappukalkku thaazhvarayil sariyaaya naipunyamulla udyogaarthikale kandethanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanennu ariyamaayirunnu, athinaal avarkk avidekku marran kooduthal prachodanam nalki. ithu kooduthal haitek thozhilaallikale avidekku neekkaan kaaranamaayi. kembridge ittu klasttarilum (yuke) samanamaaya phalangal kandethiyittundu.
digital media sitti cases.
1990 kalude avasaanathil, dakshina koriyayile siol metropolittan sarkkar 135 ekkar visthruthiyulla digital media sitti (dmc) vikasippichu, ithu nagaratthinte central bisinus distrikttil ninnu naalu mile akaleyulla sangam-dong jillayilaan. siyolinte athivegam valarunna multy media klasttar, aidi, vinoda vyavasaayangal ennivaykkoppam, digital media sitti, athinte oorjjaswalamaaya koottatthiloode, vivarangal, ashayavinimayam, maadyama saankethikavidyakal ennivayude upayogam aavasyamulla eee vyavasaayangaleyum kambanikaleyum prolsaahippikkaan sahayichu. dmc oru aagola bisinesses anthareekshamaayi valarukayum abhivridhippedukayum cheythu, ithu siyoline oru kizhakkan-eshyan vaanijya kendramaayi uyarthi. digital mediayumaayi bandhapetta haitek sthaapanangalude koottam pankaalittham srishtichu, athu eee mekhalayile manushya, saamoohika mooladhanathe prayojanappedutthi. oduvil, siyolil sthithicheyyunna pathinaayiratthiladhikam cherukida internettu, geyim, telecommunication sthaapanangalude naveekaranathinu dmc oonnal nalki.
dii. emm. siyude vikasanathinaayi siol sarkkar swakaarya saankethika pankaalikaludeyum davalapparmaarudeyum prarambha dhanasahayam prayojanappedutthi. pradeshathekku broadband, wireless netvarkkukal, aavashyamaaya adisthaana soukaryangal ennivayum nalkunnu. sthaapithamaaya bisinesses bandhangal kaaranam mattu sthaapanangale eee pradeshathekku aakarshikkunna "maagnett" kudiyaanmaarkk siol sarkkar nikuthi aanukoolyangalum anukoolamaaya bhoomi vilakalum nalki, avarude saannidhyathiloode ithu dii. emm. siye oru pradhana sthalamaayi prolsaahippikkum.
eee sthaapanangalude kendreekaranathode, siol uyarnna saankethikavidyayudeyum digital maadhyamangaludeyum oru pradhana koottukettu aayi maari. saamskaarika maadhyamangalude srishti, digital media saankethikavidyakal, digital prakshepana kendrangal, saankethika offeesukal, vinoda sthaapanangal ennivayulppede vividha tharatthilulppede digital media gaveshana-vikasana sthaapanangalude aasthaanamaanithu. dmc complexinu purathu anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalude anubandha sthaapanangal, schoolukal, mithamaaya muthal thaazhnna varumaanamulla bhavanangal, vaanijya, kanvenshan soukaryangal, vinoda mekhalakal, nagaratthinte central reyil steshan enniva ulppedunnu. vyavasaayam, saamskaarika kendrangal, adisthaana soukaryangal, manushya mooladhanam ennivayude samyojitha bandham siyoline sakthamaaya oru metropolittan sambadvyavasthayaayum hahn nadiyile athbhuthamaaya dakshina koriaye oru uthppaadanathil ninnu oru naveekarana sambadvyavasthayilekku maarunna oru nila rashtramaayum valarthi.
klasttar prabhavam.
mikka tharatthilulla vaanijya sthaapanangalum svayam varggam anusarichu groupucheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkunnathinal eathu nagarasamoohathilum klasttar prabhavam kooduthal eluppathil manassilakkaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, shhoo shoppukal (allengil thuni kadakal) avarude malsarathil ninnu apoorvvamaayi maathrame ottappedukayulloo. vaasthavathil, avayude muzhuvan theruvukalum kandethunnathu saadhaaranamaanu.
klasttar prabhavam network efakttinu samaanamaan (pakshe samaanamalla). vipaniyudeyum athil pankedukkunnavarudeyum vila-swatantra mungananakal parasparam ulla oororutharudeyum daaranaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu enna ardhathil ithu samaanamaan, pakaram vipani saadhaaranayaayi sambhavikkunnathupole athil pankedukkunna ellah pravarthanangaludeyum aakethukayaan. athinaal, athinte kaaranangalude aakethukayekkaal valia oru falamaayirikkunnathiloodeyum athu swamedhayaa sambhavikkunnathiloodeyum, klasttar prabhavam saadhaaranayaayi udharicha oru udaaharanamaanu.
oru prathyeka tharatthilulla bisinessinu nallathayi oru prathyeka sthalam prothsaahippikkunnathi gavanmentukalum kambanikalum palappozhum klasttar ephakt upayogikkaan shramikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, indiayile bangalore nagaram niravadhi haitek kambanikale avide shope sthaapikkaan prerippikkunnathinayi klasttar prabhavam upayogichu. athupole, choothaatta vyavasaayathinte klasttar efakttiloode laas vegas prayojanam nedi. fraansil, deseeya vyavasaya nayathil cap digital polulla "pools dii kompettivitte" ennu vilikkunna oru prathyeka tharam bisinus klastarukalkkulla pinthuna ulppedunnu. mattoru nalla udaaharanam naano/micro electronics, embaded sisttangal allengil churukkatthil greasil "koralia klasttar samrambham" sugamamakkiya "mye-klasttar" ennivayaanu. klasttar vikasanam sugamamakkunnathinaayi koralia oru bottom-upp, 3-ghatta prograam chattakkood avatharippichu, koodaathe "gaveshanam, saankethika vikasanam, naveekaranam" ennee vibhagangalil dii. jii. reejiyoyude rejiyostaars 2009 avaardukalkkulla anthima vargeekaranathil (finalistukal) short listt cheyyappettu.
ore vyavasaayathile sthaapanangalkkidayil noothana pravartthanangal vardhippikkunnathinu klasttarukal theliyikkapettu. kambanikal thammilulla malsaramaanu eduthukaanikkaavunna pradhana kaaranangalilonn. koodaathe, aashayangalude kaimattatthinu anukoolamaaya saahacharyangal uthejippikkukayallathe, vyavasaya-nirddishta praadeshika kendreekaranavum oru kattiyulla thozhil vipani inputt srishtikkunnu. athinaal puthumakal praadeshika aabhyanthara sambadvyavasthaye swaadheenikkunna mekhalayile vijnjaana shekharanam vardhippikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum klasttar prabhavam ennennekkumaayi thudarunnilla. deerghakaalaadisthaanathil klasttar prakadanam nilanirthunnathinu, clusterukalkku klasttarinullil sakthamaaya anthar-samghadanaa bandhangal sugamamaakkumbol klasttarin purathulla bisinessinode network thuranna manass kaikaaryam cheyyendathundu.
prathekshikkunna varumanam, demandinte shakti, nikuthikal, malsaram, raashtreeyam thudangiya mattu vipani gadakangalum athinte aapekshika swaadheenam nirnnayikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, mukalil paranjathupole silikkan thaazhvarayude kaaryatthil, thaazhvarayile vardhicha tirakk offeesukaludeyum thaamasthalathinteyum kadutha kshaamathilekku nayichu, ithu pala kambanikaleyum thaazhvarayil thamasikkaan aagrahichirunnenkilum austin, texas, raali-durham, north carolina thudangiya ithara sthalangalilekku marran nirbandhitharaakki.
chila vyavasayangalil nyaayeekarikkan kazhiyunnathra nalla swaadheenam klasttar thanthrangal ippozhum srishtikkunnilla. udaaharanathinu, bildezhs squarinte kaaryatthil, hoome information retailerinu athe kuranja chelavum karaarukalum thirichariyaan kazhiyaathappol hoome dippo polulla vyavasaya pramukharumaayi malsarikkaan kazhinjilla. thalphalamaayi, avarude bisinesses klasttarukal mechappeduthunnathinum hoome depoyumaayum mattu vyavasaya nethaakkalumaayum malsarikkunnathinumaayi mattoru hoome improvement retaileraaya hechingarumaayi layippikkanulla oopshan avatharippichu. ennirunnaalum, athu paraajayappettappol, athu pathiye paraajayappedaan thudangukayum oduvil paapparathatthilekku veezhukayum cheythu. mattu sthaapanangalude kuranja chelavumaayi malsarikkunnathinu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya klasttarukal srishtikkaan layanam shramichuvenkilum, chelavu vendathra kuraykkanaayilla, oduvil padhathi parajayappettu, ithu hetchingerine 7-aamm adhyaayathilekku liquidationilekkum nirmmaathaakkale vyavasaayathil ninnu purathukondupokaanum nirbandhithanaakki.
praadeshika sambadvyavastha kaalavumayi poruthappedunnillengil klasttarukalum paraajayappedaam. detroyittil, automotive vyavasaayam thakarnnappol, klasttarum nagravum athodoppam kuranju. tipping pooyintil athunnathinumumbu svayam punarnirmmikkaanum mattu vyavasaayangalilekku maranum avarude sthaanam upayogichillengil klasttarukal paraajayappedaam.
klasttar amgangalude naveekarana prakadanatthinte nilavaaratthinte kaaryatthil, vyavasaya kambanikalumaayi abhinethaakkalkku pradhaanamaayum ore thaalpparya mekhalakalil shradha kendreekarikkunna parimithamaaya sanbarkkam kaaranam vyathyastha saankethikavidyakalude kuranja alavilulla ettedukkal saadhaaranayaayi itharathilulla oru samvidaanathe savisheshathappeduthaam.