
parvatha pine vandukal

meksikoo muthal central britiish columbia vareyulla padinjaaran vadakke amerikkayile vanangalil kaanapedunna oru inam burk vandaanu moundan pine beettil ("dendroctonus ponterose"). ithinu kadinamaaya karutha exoskelittan undu, ekadesham oru arrie dhaanyathinte valippamaan ithinu.
padinjaaran vadakke amerikkayil, aduthide pottippurapetta parvatha pine vandum athinte sookshumajeevikalum britiish kolambiyayile vanangal ulppede lojpol pine vanathinte vishalamaaya pradeshangale baadhichu. colladoyile paarakkettukalulla parvatha desheeyodyaanathil pottippurappettath 1996 ll aarambikkukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu ekkar/hector ponterosa, lojpol pine marangal nasippikkukayum cheythu. 2009ll pottippurappettathinte ettavum uyarnna samayat, ithu baadhichu. mechappetta paaristhithika saahacharyangalum niravadhi durbalamaaya marangal ithinakam nasippikkappettathum kaaranam pottippurappedal kuranju.
parvatha pine vandukal ponterosa, whitebark, lodjpol, scots, jacq, limber, parakkettulla parvatha bristalkon, grettu basin bristalkon pine marangal ennivayil vasikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, eee praanikal oru vanathinte jeevithathil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu, pazhayatho durbalamaayatho aaya marangale akramikkukayum oru yuva vanathinte druthagathiyilulla vikasanam nadathukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, yunaittad stetsilum canadayilum udaneelam asaadhaaranamaaya choodulla, varanda venalkkaalavum mithamaaya shaithyakaalavum, pakwathayulla lojpol pine niranja vanangalum abhoothapoorvamaaya pakarchavyaadhiyilekku nayichu.
europian kolanivalkkaranathinu sesham vadakke amerikkayil kanda ettavum valia vanaa praanikalude rogamayirikkaam eee pottippurappedal. eaka saamskaarika punarnirmmanavum oru noottaandinte kaattuthee adichamarthalum pottippurappedunnathi valuppathinum kaadinyathinum kaaranamaayittund, samanamaaya anubaadhakalode, vadakkan vanangalude harithagriha vaathakangal (kaarban dye ooksaid polullava) neekkam cheyyaanulla kazhivil eee pottippurappedal kaaryamaaya swaadheenam chelutthiyekkaam.
vanavalkkaranathil athinte swaadheenam kaaranam, traanscriptom <ruff neyim = "" HTTP:// Www.nerittulla anubhavam.coom/sayans/jenal/09651748 "> </rafa> koodaathe genome <rafa namam =" "" "" "" "" "" "coom "> vandukalude </rep> kramappeduthiyittundu. sequence cheytha randaamathe vandukalude genome aayirunnu ithu.
marangalude anubadha.
parvatha pine vandukal puramtholikku keezhil muttayidunnathiloode pine marangale badhikkunnu. vandukal neela karayulla fungus sapwoodle praveshikkunnu, ithu maratthe pinthirippikkunnathum marangalude pitch ozhukkil akramikkunna vandukale kollunnathum thadayunnu. marathinullile vellavum poshakangalum kondupokunnathum eee fungus thadayunnu. maratthinte purambhaagathu, ithu vandukal praveshicha "pitch tubeukal" ennu vilikkunna popcon aakruthiyilulla resin pindatthinu kaaranamaakunnu. larva feedinginteyum fungus kolanivalkkaranatthinteyum samyuktha pravartthanam vijayakaramaya akramanam nadannu eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil aathidheya vrukshathe kollunnu (fungus laarvakalude bhakshanavum maratthe valayunnu, vellathinteyum poshakangaludeyum ozhukk thadassappeduthunnu). sameepa varshangalil, varalchaa saahacharyangal marangale kooduthal durbalappeduthukayum avaye kooduthal durbalamaakkukayum akramanangalil ninnu prathirodhikkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum cheythu. maram aadyam aakramikkumbol athu pachayaayi thudarunnu. saadhaaranayaayi akramanam nadannu oru varshathinullil soochikal chuvannathayi maarum. ithinartham maram chathukayo chathukayo cheiyunnu, vandukal mattoru maratthilekku maari. akramanam kazhinju moonno naalo varshathinullil valare kurachu elakal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo, athinaal marangal chaaraniratthil kaanapedunnu.
vavvaalukalude ennam vardhikkukayo varalchayo mattu kaaranangalo moolam kooduthal marangalkk sammarddam undaakukayo cheyyumbol, janasamkhya vegathil vardhikkukayum vyaapikkukayum cheyyum. aarogyamulla marangal pinneedu aakramikkappedukayum pakwathayulla pine staandukalude valia pradeshangal bheeshanippeduthukayo kollappedukayo cheyyaam. choodulla venalkkaalavum mithamaaya shaithyakaalavum praanikalude nilanilppilum oru pottippurappedalinte thudarchayilum theevrathayilum oru punk vahikkunnu. prathikoola kaalaavasthakal (shaithyakaalathe kuranja-40 digri) vandukalude ennam kuraykkukayum vyaapanam mandagathiyilaakkukayum cheyyum, ennaal praanikalk vegathil sukham praapikkaanum aarogyakaramaya vanangalil akramanam punaraarambhikkaanum kazhiyum.
jeevitachakram.
mutta, larva, pupa, muthirnnavar enningane naalu ghattangaliloodeyaanu vandukal vikasikkunnath. venalkkaalath muthirnnavar santathi marangalil ninnu purathuvannu puthiya aathidheya marangale akramikkaan parakkunna kurachu divasangal ozhike, ellah jeevita ghattangalum puramtholikku thaazheyaan chelavazhikkunnath.
thaazhnna uyarathilulla nilakalilum choodulla varshangalilum parvatha pine vandukalkku oru thalamura poortthiyaakkaan oru varsham aavasyamaanu. venalkkaalam saadhaaranayaayi thanuppulla uyarnna uyarangalil, jeevithachakrangal onnu muthal rund varsham vare vyathyaasappedaam.
penn vandukal akramanangal aarambikkunnu. akathe puramtholiyilum floymilum chavaykkumbol, ferromonukal purathuvarunnu, ithu aann, penn vandukale ore maratthilekku aakarshikkunnu. aakramanakaarikalaaya vandukal kooduthal ferromonukal uthpaadippikkunnu, ithu oru kootta aakramanathinu kaaranamaakukayum maratthinte prathirodhatthe marikadakkukayum aduthulla marangalkk nereyulla aakramanathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
parvatha pine vandukalude swaabhaavika vettakkaaril chila pakshikal, prathyekichu maramkothikal, vividha praanikal enniva ulppedunnu.
maanejment teknikkukal.
green attaakk" ennariyappedunnathinte munvashangalil vilaveduppum cheria thothil anubadha niyantrikkaan upayogikkaavunna mattu saankethikavidyakalum maanejment teknikkukalil ulppedunnu, avayil iva ulppedunnu
prakrithidatha sasya prathirodham enna ashayam pine vandukalude vyaapanam illaathaakkaanulla prateeksha nilanirthunnu. praanikalkkum rogangalkkumethiraaya prathirodha samvidaanangal sajeevamakkunnathinum vardhippikkunnathinum chediyumaayi pravartthikkunna prayojanakaramaaya sookshmajeevikalkkaayulla pariharangal gaveshanam cheyyukayum vikasippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
emm. pii. biykkethire svayam prathirodhikkunnathinaayi yuu. ezz phoorast sarvees pree-aam pine marangalil biopeasticidaaya chittosan pareekshichu. us phoorast sarvees phalangal kaanikkunnath colloydal chittosan thekkan pine marangalil pine resin (pii <0.05) 40 sathamaanam vardhippichu ennaanu. lobloli pine marangalude drip ringinullile bhoovisthrithiyil 10 gaalan vellathinu oru millilittar chittosan prayogichu. 2008 meyy muthal septambar vare moonnu thavana eee aaplikkeshan aavarthichu. pine vandukalude muttakalude 37 sathamaanavum nasippikkaanulla kazhivulla vardhicha resin pitch-aouttukalude swaabhaavika prathirodha prathikaranangal labhikkunnathin chittosan utharavaadiyaayirunnu.
doow. parvatha pine vandine maratthil ninnu puratthekku thallunnathinayi chittosan resin pitch-aouttukal vardhippichathaayum mpb pine maratthilekku praveshikkunnathum neela qara pooppal parathunnathum thadayunnuvennum collado stettu yooniversittiyile microbiologist jiim lyndon paranju.
parvatha pine vandukalude vyaapanam mandagathiyilaakkaanulla ettavum nalla maarggam rogabadhithamaaya marangalile santhathikale aakramich tirayukayum neekkam cheyyukayum nasippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu; ennirunnaalum, ithu prathyeka marangale samrakshikkaanidayilla. akramanam thadayunnathinaayi marangal thalikkunnathu parvatha pine vandukalil ninnu uyarnna moolyamulla cheria ennam marangale samrakshikkunnathinulla ettavum phalapradamaaya maargamaan. pine vandukalude anubadha thadayunnathinaayi carbaril, permethrin, befentrin enniva amerikkayil rajisttar cheythittundu. carberyl manushyarkk carcinogenic aayirikkam ennu epa kanakkakkunnu. ithu vanyamrugangalkku mithamaaya alavil vishaamshavum jalajeevikalkk bhaagikamaayi valare vishaamshavumullathaan. sasthanikalude karalil permethrin eluppathil metabolise cheyyappedunnu, athinaal manushyarkk apakadakaram kuravaanu. pakshikaleyum permethrin praayogikamaayi baadikkunnilla. jala aavaasavyavasthayil prathikoola phalangal kaanaan kazhiyum, athupole thanne ithu prayojanakaramaaya praanikalk valare vishaamshamullathaan. manushyar ulppedeyulla sasthanikalkk mithamaaya apakadakaariyaanu bifentrine; ithu permethrinekkaal pakshikalkkum jala aavaasavyavasthakalkkum alppam kooduthal vishaamshamullathum athupole thanne gunakaramaya praanikalk valare vishaamshamullathumaan.
colladoyile vanangal idathoornna vanangalaan, ithu avaye burk vandukalude aakramanathinu kooduthal vidheyamaakkunnu. vardhichuvarunna vandukalude prashnathe sahayikkunnathinaayi nilavile niyamanirmmanam nilavilundu. yuu. ezz vazhithirichuvidunna 40 dasalaksham dollaril 30 dasalaksham dollar colladoic labhikkumenn collado senattarmaaraaya maarkk udal, maikkal bennatt ennivar prakhyaapichu.ezz. paarakkettukalulla parvathapradeshathe parvatha pine vandukal moolamundaakunna dasalakshakkanakkinu ekkar naashanashtangalkkethire pooraadunnathinaayi vanam sevanam.
padinjaaran kaanadayilekk pakarunnath parimithappedutthumennu prathekshikkunna alberta upayogikkunna saankethikavidyayaanu phaal aandu bayne, ithu vadakkan suscatshevaanilekkum kizhakkan kaanadayilekkum vyaapikkunnath thadayunnu, avide jacq pine nova scotia pole kizhakk vare durbalamaayekkaam.
badhita marangalude vaanijyaparamaaya upayogam.
thadi gunanilavaaram.
maram chathathinushesham 8 muthal 12 varsham vare vandal marangalil ninnulla thadi athinte vaanijyaparamaaya prayojanam nilanirthunnu, pakshe athinte moolyam athivegam kurayunnu, kaaranam masangalkkullil, rakshappedunna eerppam maratthinte puram paridhiyil ninnu valia chekkukalum villalukalum veeshunnu. backie eerppam kooduthal pathukke ozhivaakkukayum thadikalkk udaneelam cheria villalukal undaakkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu aadhunika uyarnna ulppaadana automated somil pravarthanangalkku budhimuttukal srishtikkukayum uyarnna nilavaaramulla thadi uthppannangal uthppaadippikkunnathinu thadi nashtavum advaanavum valareyadhikam vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. shelf life' ennu vilikkappedunna eee avastha saambathikavum staand saitt avasthakalum ulppede niravadhi gadakangale aasrayichirikkunnu. eerppamulla pradeshangalil, marangal adithattil cheenjuveezhukayum vegathil veezhukayum cheiyunnu, prathyekichu avaa valuthaanenkil. vandukal vahikkukayum marangale kollukayum cheiyunna fungus maratthinte paridhiyil sapwoodin neela niram nalkunnu, pakshe ithu maratthinte sakthiye baadikkilla, manushyante aarogyathinu doshakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangalonnum illa. ennirunnaalum, neela qara maram grading maanadandangalile oru thakararaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athinaal charakk vipani vila kurayaan kaaranamakunna 'daun-grade' aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee gadakangalellaam neela-karayulla thadi uthppannangalude ulppaadanathe saaramaayi parimithappedutthi.
thadi upayogikkunnu.
staanderd framing lumper muthal gloo-laminated uthppannangal, cross-laminated paanalukal thudangiya enchiniyaring thadi uthppannangal vare eathu thadi uthppannathinum thadi upayogikkaam. britiish kolambiyayile pakarchavyaadhi valarnnuvarunna jaiva oorjja vyavasayathinum avasarangal srishtikkunnu. neela niramulla maratthil ninnu furnitureukalum karakaushala vasthukkalum nirmmikkunna niravadhi cheria thadi, karakaushala kadakalundengilum, vanthothilulla vitharanavum eee chattha thadi upayogikkendathinte aavasyakathayum vardhichuvarikayaanenkilum, valia alavil chattha marangal aavasyamulla uthppanna lineukal srishticha kambanikal valare kuravaanu. ithu pradhaanamaayum kaaranam ganyamaaya budhimuttukalum chattha thadi samskarikkunnathinu antharleenamaaya vardhicha chelavum athinanusarichu laabhakshamathayum kuravaanu. loves polulla chila valia boxes storukalil neela niramulla pine ippol labhyamaan.
vandukal kollunna marangalil ninnulla jaiva indhanam/badal oorjja uthppaadanam.
vanthothil vandukal kollappedunna marangal vinashakaramaaya kaattutheeykku kaaranamakumenna aashankayundu. theepidittham kuraykkunnathinaayi vanangal kanamkuraykkunnath chelaveriyathum vibhavangal kooduthalullathumaanu. eee baadhyathaye cellulosic ethanolinte uravidamaakki mattaanulla vazhikalilekku shradha thirikkukayaanu.
padinjaaran yuu. yile nethaakkal.ezz. jaiva indhanathino jaivavaidyutha prayogangalkko vendi vandukal kollunna marangal upayogikkunna kambanikalkku prothsaahanangal nalkunnathinaayi samsthaanangalum canadian pravishyakalum niyamanirmmanam prothsaahippichu. emm. pii. bii. kedupaadukal moolam vilkkaavunna charakkukal vanangal kanamkuraykkunna padhathikalude chelavu subsidy cheyyaanum puthiya thozhil vipanikale pinthunaykkaanum sahayikkum. koladoyude oorjja vakupp aduthide samsthaanathe aadyathe cellulosic ethanol plaantinte nirmmaanathinaayi 30 dasalaksham dollar nalki, vandukal kollunnavaye ethanolaakki maattunnathinaayi. eee prakriyayude upolppannamaaya lignin lubricantukalilum mattu charakkukalilum upayogikkunnathinaayi wilkam.
theepidithangal.
vandukalude anubadhayum athinte falamaayundaakunna maarakaayudhangalum kooduthal vinashakaramaaya kaattutheeyilekku nayikkunnu enna deerghakaala vishwaasathe nilavil velluvilikkunnu. chilar viyojikkunnundenkil, nilavilulla naasa padanangal kaanikkunnath vandukal kollunnath yadhaarthathil labhyamaya cheria indhanangal kuraykkukayum thalphalamaayi theeyude phalavum vyapthiyum parimithappedutthukayum cheiyumennu.
nilavile pottippurappedal.
parvatha pine vandukalude nilavile vyaapanam munbathe pottippurappedunnathinne pathiratti valuthaanu. madhya britiish columbia (bii. sii.) yudeyum alberta chila bhaagangaludeyum valia bhagangal moshamaayi baadhichu, bii. sii. yile vanangal baadhichu.
chattha pine staandukalude valia pradeshangal theepidithatthinu saadhyathayulla apakadasaadhyathaye prathinidheekarikkunnu enna anumaanathil, 2003 leeii theepidittha pravishya avalokanathil shupaarsha cheythathupole bisi sarkkar vandukal pradeshangalil indhana maanejment pravarthanangalkku nirddesham nalkunnu. vilaveduppu baadhicha staandukal apakadasaadhyatha neekkam cheythum indhanangalude thudarcha thakarthum agni niyanthranathe sahayikkunnu.
anubadha mekhalayil sthithicheyyunna communitykalkkum thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarkkum interface thee bheeshanikal kuraykkunnathinaanu eee indhana maanejment chikilsakal prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. nagaravikasanavum marubhumiyum othucherunna pradesamaanu interface.
2013 meyy vareyulla kanakkanusarichu, pine vandukal 19 us-american padinjaaran samsthaanangalilum canadayilum vanangale aakramich nasippikkukayum ekadesham 88 dasalaksham ekkar thadi nasippikkukayum cheiyunnu. marangal veenathumoolam 13,000 myliladhikam vaidyuthi lineukal apakadathilaakukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukalkk vyapakamaaya prasnangal undaakkunna theepidittha saadhyatha vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. koladoyileyum thekkukizhakkan vyomingileyum paatha, rooad, vikasita vinoda kendrangal ennivayekkaal kooduthal parvatha pine vandal baadhichittundu; mattu pottippurappedalukal thekkan dakottayile karutha kunnukale ulkkollukayum thekk arizona vareyum vadakku mondaana, idaho vareyum vyaapichukidakkunnu. camp groundukal, roadukal, vaidyuthi lineukal, communitykalkku sameepamulla durbalamaaya pothu adisthaana soukaryangalkku sameepamulla deseeya vanaa sevana bhoomi enniva polulla uyarnna upayoga vinoda mekhalakalkku munganana nalkikkond us phoorast sarvees oru apakadakaramaaya marangal neekkam cheiyunnathinulla thanthrathil pravartthikkunnu.
munbu, thanutha kaalaavasthayil ippol vanangale akramikkunna thadi vandukale konnu. neenda prajananakalam vandukalude vyaapanathe prothsaahippikkunna mattoru gadakamaanu. choodulla kaalavastha, vandukalude akramanam, kazhinja varshangalile thettaaya maanejment ennivayude samyojanam mondaanayile kaattutheeyude theevratha ganyamaayi vardhippikkaan kaaranamaayi. yuu. esinaayi nadatthiya oru padanamanusarichu.ezz. harward school oof enchiniyaring aandu uplied sayansinte paristhithi samrakshana ejansiyaaya mondaanayude chila bhagangal kaattutheeyil kathikkappedunna pradeshathu aii. dii. 1 vardhanavum aaa theepiduthangalil ninnulla vaayu malineekaranathil 80 sathamaanavum vardhanavum anubhavapedum.
kaarban chakratthil swaadheenam.
kaanadayile phoorast sarveesile gaveshakar kaarban saikilum kaattutheeyum maram muricalum marangal marikkunnathum thammilulla bandhathekkurichu padichu. 2020 aakumbozhekkum pine vandukalude vyaapanam kaanadayile vanangalil ninnu 270 megaadan kaarban dye ooksaid anthareekshathilekku purathuvidumennu avar nigamanam cheythu. vadakke american vanangalude bhaavikaalathe kaarban saikkil efakttinekkurichu ithuvare oru amgeekritha patanam nadannittilla, ennaal shaasthranjar vishwasikkunnathu nammude padinjaaran vanangal kaarban oof-puttinte uravidamaayi maarunna oru 'tipping poyintilaanu' ennu. puthiya vanajeevikal sthaapikkappedumbol eee "tipping pooyint" svayam vipareethamaakumennu mattu shaasthranjar parayunnu. eee puthiya valarcha avar maattisthaapikkunna pakwathayulla marangalekkaal kooduthal kaarban dye ooksaid neekkam cheyyum.
pasaphik instittyoott phoor klaimat solyooshanil ninnulla 2016 leeii oru padanamanusarichu, kaarban dye ooksaidinte vardhichuvarunna alavu 2020 oode britiish kolambiyayile pine vandukalude aaghaatham raddaakkiyekkaam. vardhicha kaarban dye ooksaidinte falamaayi bisi vanangal 2016 leeii kanakkanusarichu oru kaarban singlek thirichetthi.
jalavibhavangalil swaadheenam.
collado sarvakalaashaalayile jalashaasthranjar jalachakrathil, prathyekichu manju adinjukoodunnathum urukunnathum, vandukal baadhicha vanangalude prathyaaghaathangalekkurich anweshichu. marangalude kanokalude falamaayi chattha vanangal kooduthal manjumoodumennu avar nigamanam cheythu, koodaathe manju utppaadippikkal kurayukayum cheythu. eee nerttha kanopikal vanathinte adithattilekku kooduthal sooryaprakaasham anuvadikkunnathiloodeyum manjumoodiya uparithalathile soochi maalinyathinte falamaayi snobok albido kuraykkunnathiloodeyum vegathil manju urukaan kaaranamaakunnu. vardhicha manjumoodiya marangalum illaathirunna marangalum kooduthal vellam labhyamakaan saadhyathayund.