
gloottathayon

sasyangal, mrugangal, fangasukal, chila bakteeriyakal, archaea ennivayil adangiyirikkunna oru aantioksidantaanu gloottathayon (jii. ezz. echu.). reactive ooksijan speeshees, free radicalukal, peroxideukal, lipid peroxideukal, kanatha lohangal thudangiya srothassukal moolamundaakunna pradhana sellular gadakangalkku kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnath thadayaan glutathayoninu kazhiyum. glutamate side cheyinte carboxyl group sisttainum thammil gamma pepttaid linkejulla oru tripeptidaanithu. sisttain avashishtangalude carboxyl group glycinumaayulla saadhaarana pepttaid linkej vazhi gadippichirikkunnu.
jaivasamshleshanavum sambhavavum.
gloottathayon biosynthesisil rund adenosine triphosphate-ashrita gattangal ulppedunnu
ellah mrugakoshangalkkum glutathayon samanvayippikkaan kazhiyumenkilum karalile glutathiyon samanvayam anivaaryamaanennu theliyikkappettittund. hepatic jii. ezz. echu synthesis illaathathinaal jii. sii. ell. sii. nokkautt elikal janichu oru maasathinullil marikkunnu.
glutathayonile asaadhaaranamaaya gamma amide linkej peptidesukalude jalavishleshanathil ninnu athine samrakshikkunnu.
sambhavam.
0. 0 muthal 10 emol/lii vare mrugakoshangalil ettavum kooduthalulla theolaanu gloottathayon. ithu cytosolilum oorganellukalilum kaanapedunnu.
manushyar gloottathayon samanvayippikkunnu, ennaal fabasey, "entaamoba", "giardia" ennivayile chila amgangal ulppede chila yookkariyottukal angane cheiyunnilla. gloottathayon nirmmikkunna ariyappedunna oreyoru archaea halobacteriayaanu. cyanobacteria, seudomonadota thudangiya chila baakteeriyakalkk glutathayonine jaivasamshleshanam cheyyaan kazhiyum.
biochemical function.
gloottathayon reduced (jii. ezz. echu), ooksidaisd (jii. ezz. ezz. jii) avasthakalil nilavilundu. koshangalkkullile glutathayoninte kuranjathum ooksidaisd glutathayoninte anupaathavum sellular auxidative stressinte alavaanu, avide vardhicha jii. ezz. ezz. jii-tuu-jii. ezz. echu anupatham kooduthal auxidative stressine soochippikkunnu. aarogyamulla koshangalilum koshakosangalilum, motham gloottathayon poolinte 90 sathamaanathiladhikam kuranja roopathilum (jii. ezz. echu) backie disulfide roopathilumaanu (jii. ezz. ezz. jii).
kuranja avasthayil, sisteenail avashishtangalude theol group oru kuraykkunna thulyamaaya uravidamaanu. athuvazhi gloottathayon disulfide (jii. ezz. ezz. jii) uthpaadippikkappedunnu. ooksidaisd avasthaye naduff vazhi kuracha avasthayilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnu. eee parivartthanam gloottathayon reductase vazhi uthejippikkunnu
veshangal.
aantiooksidant.
reactive ooksijan speesheesukale nirveeryamaakki (kurachukondu) jii. ezz. echu koshangale samrakshikkunnu. peroxideukalude kuravaanu eee parivartthanatthe chithreekarikkunnathu
koodaathe free radicalukal
niyanthranam.
radicalukaleyum reactive ooksidantukaleyum nirjjeevamaakkunnathinu, redox niyantritha poost-translation theol parishkkaranamaya protein-glutathionilation vazhi auxidative sammarddathil sellular theol proteinukalude theol samrakshanathilum redox niyanthranatthilum gloottathayon pankedukkunnu. pothuvaaya prathikaranatthil samrakshikkaavunna proteinil (aarr. ezz. echu) ninnum jii. ezz. ayil ninnum asamathwamillaatha disulfide roopappedunnathu ulppedunnu
auxidative sammarddathil ulppaadippikkunna visha metabolittukalaaya meethailglaioksal, formaldehyde ennivayude vishaamsham illaathaakkaanum gloottathayon upayogikkunnu. eee vishaamsham illaathaakkal prathikaranam nadathunnathu glyoxalase samvidaanamaanu. glyoxalase i (iii. sii. <aii. dii. 1>) methylglykesalinte parivartthanatthe uthejippikkukayum glutathayonine "ezz"-- lactoilgloottathayoni kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. glyoxalase II (iii. sii. <aii. dii. 1>)-lactoilgloottathayon gloottathayon,-laaktik assid ennivayilekkulla jalavishleshanathe uthejippikkunnu.
vitaamin sii, iii thudangiya exogenous aantioksidantukal avayude kuranja (sajeeva) avasthayil ithu nilanirthunnu.
metabolism.
ithu pankedukkunna niravadhi upapachayam prakriyakalil, leukotrianukaludeyum prostaaglaandinukalum jaivasamshleshanathinu gloottathayon aavasyamaanu. sisttain sambharikkunnathil ithu oru punk vahikkunnu. naitrik ooksaid chakratthinte bhaagamaayi sitrulinte pravartthanam gloottathayon vardhippikkunnu. ithu oru cofactoraanu, ithu glutathayon peroxidasil pravartthikkunnu.
samyojanam.
gloottathayon senobioticsinte mettabolisathe sugamamakkunnu. glutathayons-transferase ensimeukal lipophilic senobioticsilekkul athinte samyojanathe uthejippikkukayum avayude visarjanam allengil kooduthal metabolism sugamamakkukayum cheiyunnu. n"-asattail-"p"-benzokwinan imin (napki) enna rasavinimayam vazhi eee samyojana prakriya chithreekarikkappedunnu. paarasettamolil (asattaaminophen) cytochrome pii 450 pravartthikkunnathiloode roopappedunna oru reactive metabolaittaanu napki. gloottathayon napkiyumaayi samyojippikkukayum thathfalamaayundaakunna koottam puranthallappedukayum cheiyunnu.
sasyangalil.
sasyangalil, gloottathayon sammarda niyanthranatthil earppettirikkunnu. vishamulla hydrajan peroxide kuraykkunna oru samvidaanamaaya glutathiyon-ascorbate chakratthinte oru gadakamaanithu. cadmium polulla kanatha lohangale chelettu cheiyunna phytochelaattinukalaaya glutathiyon oligomarukalude munnodiyaanithu. seudomonas siringe", "faittofthora brassica" thudangiya sasya rogakaarikalkkethire kaaryakshamamaya prathirodhatthinu gloottathayon aavasyamaanu. sulfur swaamsheekarana paathayude oru ensaimaaya adenilil-sulfate reductase, oru electron daathaavaayi gloottathayon upayogikkunnu. glutathionine oru substrate upayogikkunna mattu ensimeukal gluteredoxinukalaanu. eee cheria oxidoredaktesukal pushpa vikasanam, salicylic assid, plaant defense signalling ennivayil ulppedunnu.
jaiva labhyatha.
vaamozhiyayi upayogikkunna glutathayoninte vyavasthaapitha labhyatha kuravaanu, kaaranam tripeptide poshaka kanaalinte proteesukalude (peptidesukal) substrate, koodaathe kosha stharathinte thalatthil glutathayoninte oru prathyeka "carrier" illaathathinaal.
glutathayoninte nirnayam.
elmaante reactor monobromobimain.
elmaante reactor allengil monobromobiman polulla baiman derivateevukal upayogichu gloottathayon kurayunnathu drishyavalkkarikkaam. monobromobiman reethi kooduthal sensitiivu aanu. eee prakriyayil, koshangal oru echcl buffer upayogichu lies cheyyukayum theolukal verthirichedukkukayum cheiyunnu. thayolukal pinneedu diethiothritol upayogichu kuraykkukayum monobromobiman ennu label cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. gshumaayi bandhippichathinushesham monobromobiman fluorescent aayi maarunnu. theolukal pinneedu echu. pii. ell. sii. upayogichu verthirikkukayum fluorescence dittaktar upayogichu fluorescence alakkukayum cheiyunnu.
monochlorobiman.
monochlorobiman upayogichu, jeevanulla koshangalil chayam prayogichathinu sesham konfokkal lazer scanning microscopy vazhiyaan alavu nadathunnathu. eee alaveduppu prakriya fluorescence maattangalude nirakk alakkunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu, ithu sasyakoshangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku.
gluttathayon probe aayum sii. emm. eph. dii. eiii thettayi upayogichittundu. gloottathayonumaayi prathikarikkumbol fluorescence vardhikkunna monochlorobimaneyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, sellukalkkullile asattett grouppukalude jalavishleshanam moolamaanu cmfda fluorescence vardhanavu undaakunnath. cellukalile gloottathayonumaayi sii. emm. eph. dii. eiii prathikarikkaamenkilum, fluorescence vardhanavu prathikaranatthe prathifalippikkunnilla. athinaal, gloottathayon probe aayi cmfda upayogikkunna padanangal punaparisodhikkukayum punarvyakhyaanikkukayum venam.
pacha niramulla theolkwant.
eee baiman adisthaanamaakkiyulla probukaludeyum mattu report cheyyappetta probukaludeyum pradhana parimiti eee probukal glutathayonumaayulla maattaanaavaatha raasapravarthanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ithu eee probukale thalsamaya gloottathayon dynamics nireekshikkaan kazhivillaathathaakkunnu. aduthide, glutathayoninu aadyathe reversible prathikaranam fluorescent probe-theolkwant green (tikiji) adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayi report cheyyappettu. oru konfokkal microscope upayogichu single cellukalile glutathayoninte alavu uyarnna resolution alakkaan mathramalla, bulk alavukal nadatthaan phloo cytometriyilum prayogikkaan theolkwant greeninu kazhiyum.
riyal.
realthiyol (arty) probe randaam thalamura reversible reaction adisthaanamaakkiyulla ghs probbaanu. realthiyolinte chila pradhana savisheshathakal 
uyarnna resolutionulla konfokkal microscope upayogichu single cellukalile glutathayoninte alavu alakkaan realthiyol upayogikkaam, athupole thanne uyarnna throoput reethiyil bulk alavukal nadatthaan phloo cytometriyil prayogikkaam.
oorganel lakshyamitulla oru arty probe vikasippichittund. mitocondria lakshyamitta oru pathippaya maittortt, konfokkol microscopylum fakes adhishtitha vishakalanathilum mitocondrial glutathioninte chalanathmakatha nireekshikkunnathil report cheyyukayum pradarshippikkukayum cheythu.
protein adisthaanamaakkiyulla gloottathayon probukal.
jeevakoshangalile uyarnna speshyal, temporal resolutionil gloottathayon redox pottensial alakkaan anuvadikkunna mattoru sameepanam, redox sensitiivu green fluorescent protein (aarr. jii. eph. pii) allengil redox sensitiivu manja fluorescent protein (aarr. xi. eph. pii) upayogichu redox imajingine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
valare kuranja shaareerika saandrata kaaranam, jii. ezz. ezz. jii krithyamaayi alakkaan prayaasamaan. ellah kharakoshangalilum jii. ezz. ezz. jii saandrata 10 muthal 50 micrometer vareyum rakthathil 2 muthal 5 micrometer vareyum (<aii. dii. 1> enn. emm. oo. ell/jii. echu. bii) aayirikkum. muzhuvan koshasasyangaludeyum jii. ezz. echu-tuu-jii. ezz. ezz. jii anupatham 100 muthal 700 vare kanakkaakkappedunnu. aaa anupathangal vividha subsellular compartmentukalil ninnulla (udha.jii. ennirunnaalum, err-ll kooduthal ooksidais cheyyappedukayum mitocondrial maatriksil kooduthal kurayukayum cheiyunnu). inn vivoyil gsh-tuu-gssg anupathangal fluorescent protein adhishtitha redox censorukal upayogichu subsellular krithyathayode alakkaan kazhiyum, ithu cytosolil 50,000 muthal 500,000 vareyulla anupathangal velippeduthi, ithu soochippikkunnathu gssg saandrata pm shreniyil nilanirthunnu ennaanu.
upayogikkunnu.
wine nirmmaanam.
vaininte aadyathe asamskritha roopamaaya glutathayoninte ulladakkam, vaitt wine uthppaadippikkumbol browning allengil caramelising prabhavam nirnnayikkunnath, ensaimik ooksideshan vazhi uthpaadippikkunna caffieltaric assid kvinonukale munthiri prathikarana ulppannamaayi kettiyidunnathiloodeyaan. veenjile athinte saandrata nirnnayikkaan kazhiyunnath applisy-mrm maas spectrometry vazhiyaan.

