
soodiyam sulfate

Na2So4 enna soothravaakyavum niravadhi anubandha hydrateukalum ulla ajaiva samyukthamaanu soodiyam sulfate (soodiyam sulfate allengil sodayude sulfate ennum ariyappedunnu). ellah roopangalum vellathil valareyadhikam layikkunna velutha kharapadaarthangalaanu. 6 dasalaksham tonn vaarshika ulppaadanamulla decahydrate oru pradhana charakk raasa ulppannamaanu. podipadalangal upayogichu veettilirunna alakkumattunna dittarjantukalude nirmmaanatthilum uyarnna kshara sulfideukal nirmmikkunnathinulla paper pulpinginte kraaft prakriyayilum ithu pradhaanamaayum upayogikkunnu.
charithram.
1625ll austriyan neeruravayil kandethiya dutch-jerman rasathanthranjanum apothecary johann rudolph glouber (1604-1670) upayogichaanu soodiyam salfettinte decahydrate glober soult ennariyappedunnathu. aushadhagunangal kaaranam addeham ithinu (athbhuthakaramaaya uppu) ennu perittu 1900kalil kooduthal sankeernamaaya badalukal varunnathuvare paralukal oru pothu-uddeshya pooshakamaayi upayogichirunnu.
pathinettaam noottaandil, sooda aashh (soodiyam carbonate) vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinu, pottaashumaayi (pottasyam carbonate) prathipravartthichu glouberinte uppu oru asamskritha vasthuvayi upayogikkaan thudangi. sooda aashinte aavasyam vardhikkukayum soodiyam sulfatinte vitharanam kramatthil vardhippikkukayum cheythu. athinaal, pathonpathaam noottaandil, oru pradhana intermediattaayi synthetic soodiyam sulfate uthppaadippikkunna valia thothilulla leblanc prakriya sooda-aashh ulppaadanathinte pradhana reethiyaayi maari.
raasa gunangal.
sthiramaayi bandhippichirikkunna oru saadhaarana electrostaattik ionic sulfateanu soodiyam sulfate. eee laayanikale bii. eiii. 2 + allengil pii. bii. 2 + lavanangal upayogichu samskarikkumbol layikkaatha salfettukalude eluppathil roopappedunnathiloodeyaanu laayaniyil swatantra sulfate ayonukalude nilanilpp soochippikkunnathu.
soodiyam sulfate mikka ooksidaising allengil reducing ejantukalodum prathikarikkunnilla. uyarnna thapanilayil, carbothermal reduction (thermo-kemikkal sulfate reduction (tsr), uyarnna thapanilayil curry upayogichu choodaakkal muthalaayavayiloode ithu soodiyam sulfide parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyum.):
soodiyam carbonettilekkulla pravarthanarahithamaaya vyaavasaayika paathayaya leblanc prakriyayilaanu eee prathikaranam upayogichathu.
soodiyam sulfate sulfuric aasidumaayi prathipravartthichu assid soodiyam baisalfettu nalkunnu
soodiyam sulfate eratta lavanangal roopappedaanulla mithamaaya pravanatha kaanikkunnu. pottasyam sulfate, amonium sulfate ennivaykku vipareethamaayi, saadhaarana trikonamithi lohangal upayogichu roopappedunna eaka alums naal (zoo 4) 2 (39 digri selshyasinu mukalil asthiram), naakr (zoo 4) 2 ennivayaanu. dhaathuvaaya afthitalaittaayi swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna Na2so4·3k2so4 ulppede mattu chila kshara loha salfettukalumaayulla eratta lavanangal ariyappedunnu. pottasyam chlorideumaayi soodiyam sulfate prathipravartthichu glasserite roopappedunnathu pottasyam sulfate enna valam uthppaadippikkunnathinu oru reethiyude adisthaanamaayi upayogichittundu. 3na2so4· Caso4,3na2so4·mgso4 (vaanthofaitt), Naf·na2so4 ennivayaanu mattu eratta lavanangal.
bhauthika gunangal.
soodiyam sulfatinu vellathil asaadhaaranamaaya layaneeyata savisheshathakalundu. vellathil athinte layikkal 0 digri celsiusinum <aii. dii. 1> digri celsiusinum idayil pathuvattathiladhikam uyarunnu, avide ithu paramavadhi 49.7 gram/100 millie vare athunnu. eee ghattathil layaneeyata vakram charivil maattam varuthukayum layaneeyata thapanilayil ninnu eathaandu swathanthramaavukayum cheiyunnu. kristtal vellam purathuvidunnathinum jalamshamulla uppu urukunnathinum anuyojyamaaya 32.384 °C enna eee thaapanila thermometer kaalibreshanulla krithyamaaya thaapanila referenzaayi varthikkunnu.
ghadana.
decahydratinte paralukal octahedral molecular jyamithiyulla [Na (oh2) 6] + ionukal ulkkollunnu. eee ashtathalaakrithiyilulla 10 jala thanmaathrakalil 8 ennavum sodiyavumaayi bandhikkappettirikkunnathu mattu 2 ennavum hydrajan-bandhithamaayi salfettumaayi bandhikkappettirikkunnathu intersteeshyal aanu. eee katteshanukal sulfate ayonukalumaayi hydrajan bondukal vazhi bandhippichirikkunnu. naa-ooo dooram ekadesham 240 munny aanu. kristalin soodiyam sulfate decahydrate jalamshamulla lavanangalil 6.32 jeey/(kemapaul) alakkaavunna sheshikkunna entropy (kevala poojyathil entropy) ullathil asaadhaaranamaanu. mikka hydrateukaleyum apekshichu valare vegathil vellam vitharanam cheyyaanulla kazhivaanu ithinu kaaranam.
uthppaadanam.
decahydratinte roopathil eathaandu mathramulla soodiyam salfettinte loka uthppaadanam prathivarsham ekadesham 5.5 muthal 6 dasalaksham tonn (emm. tii/eiii) vareyaanu. 1985ll uthppaadanam 4.5 metrik tonn/eiii aayirunnu, ithil pakuthiyum prakrithi srothassukalil ninnum pakuthiyum raasa uthppaadanathil ninnumaanu. 2000nushesham, 2006 vare sthiramaaya thalatthil, prakrithi uthppaadanam 4 metrik tonn/eiii aayi vardhichu, raasa uthppaadanam 1.5 muthal 2 metrik tonn/eiii aayi kuranju, motham 5.5 muthal 6 metrik tonn/eiii. ellah prayogangalkkum, swaabhaavikamaayi uthppaadippikkunnathum raasaparamaayi uthppaadippikkunnathum soodiyam sulfate praayogikamaayi parasparam maattaavunnavayaan.
prakrithi srothassukal.
lokathile decahydrate (glouberinte uppu) ulppaadanathinte moonnil rund bhaagavum prakrithidatha dhaatu roopamaaya mirabilitil ninnaan, udaaharanathinu thekkan suscatchevaanile thadaakatthinte adithattil kaanapedunnu. 1990ll meksikoyum spain lokathile pradhana prakrithidatha soodiyam sulfate uthppaadippikkunna rajyangalaayirunnu (oronnum ekadesham 500,000 tonn), russia, america, canada enniva ekadesham 350,000 tonn veetham. prakrithivibhavangal oru bilyan tanniladhikam aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
2006ll 200,000 muthal <aii. dii. 1 tonn vare tonn/varsham uthppaadippikkunna pradhana uthppaadakariloraalaya serlins vaali mineralukal (california, us), airbone industrial mineralukal (suscatchevan, canada), kwimikka dell reey (kohuyila, meksikoo), minara dii santa marta, creaderos minerales vaii derivatos, grupo crimidesa (bargos, spain), minara dii santa marta (tolado, spain), salkvisa (madrid, spain), chengdu sanlian tiankwan kemikkal (tiankwan kaundi, sichuwan, chaina), hongse yinshu kemikkal group (hongse jilla, jiangsu, chaina), (shansi, chaina, mirsi, mirsi, mirsi, mirsi, mirsi, mii
neerillaatha soodiyam sulfate varanda parithasthithikalil dhaatu thenardite kaanapedunnu. nananja vaayuvil ithu pathukke mirabilite maarunnu. kaalsyam soodiyam sulfate dhaatu glouberiteayum soodiyam sulfate kaanapedunnu. rund dhaathukkalum mirabilitinekkaal kuravaanu.
raasa vyavasaayam.
lokathile soodiyam salfettinte moonnilonnu raasa vyavasaayathile mattu prakriyakalude upolppannamaayi uthppaadippikkappedunnu. eee uthppaadanathinte bhooribhaagavum praadhamika prakriyayil raasaparamaayi antharleenamaanu, alpam maathram laabhakaramaan. vyavasaayathinte parishramathaal, upolppannamenna nilayil soodiyam sulfate uthppaadanam kurayunnu.
soodiyam chloride (uppu), sulfuric assid ennivayil ninnu, manheim prakriyayil allengil hargrieve prakriyayil sulfur dye ooksaidil ninnu hydrochloric assid ulpaadanathinidayilaanu ettavum pradhanappetta raasa soodiyam sulfate uthppaadanam. eee prakriyakalil ninnu undaakunna soodiyam salfettine salt kekku ennu vilikkunnu.
() copper sulfate (cuso 4) upayogichu sulfate nedunnathinaayi sulfuric assid adhika soodiyam hydroxide nirveeryamaakkunna prakriyakalaanu soodiyam salfettinte randaamathe pradhana ulppaadanam (charitraparamaayi chembu (ii) hydroxide upayogichu rayon ulppaadanathil valia thothil prayogichathupole). eee reethi pathivayi prayogikkukayum soukaryapradamaaya laborattari thayyaareduppum koodiyaanu.
laboratariyil soodiyam bicarbonate magneeshyam sulfate thammilulla prathikaranatthil ninnu magneeshyam carbonate vardhippichukondu ithu samanvayippikkaanum kazhiyum.
ennirunnaalum, vaanijya srothassukal eluppathil labhyamayathinaal, laborattari synthesis palappozhum pariseelikkunnilla.
munbu, soodiyam dicromate nirmmaanatthinte oru upolppannamaayirunnu soodiyam sulfate, avide soodiyam kromettu laayaniyil sulfuric assid cherthu soodiyam dicromate allengil pinneedu chromic assid undaakkunnu. pakaramaayi, lythium carbonate, cheletting ejantukal, resourcinol, ascorbic assid, silica pigmentukal, naitrik assid, phenol ennivayude ulppaadanathilaanu soodiyam sulfate roopappedunnathu.
bulk soodiyam sulfate saadhaaranayaayi decahydrate roopathiloode shudheekarikkappedunnu, kaaranam anhydrus roopam irumbu samyukthangaleyum jaiva samyukthangaleyum aakarshikkunnu. mriduvaaya choodaakkal vazhi jalamsham kuranja roopathil ninnu eluppathil nirjjaleekaranam undaakunnu.
2006-leeii 50-80 mt/a-yude pradhana soodiyam sulfate upolppanna nirmmaathaakkalil elementis chromium (chromium vyavasaayam, kaasil heyne, NC, US), lensing Ag (200 mt/a, rayon vyavasaayam, lensing, austriya), aditio (munbu rodia, methionin vyavasaayam, less roaches-roosillan, france), elementis (chromium vyavasaayam, stoktan-oonn-tease, yuke), shikoku rasavasthukkal (tokushima, jappan), visco-aarr (rayon vyavasaayam, russia) enniva ulppedunnu.
aaplikkeshanukal.
charakk vyavasaayangal.
1970ll tunninu 30 dollar, uppu kekkinte gunanilavaarathinu tunninu 90 dollar, mikacha gradukalkku 130 dollar vare vila nischayicha soodiyam sulfate valare vilakuranja oru vasthuvaan. lokathile uthppaadanathinte ekadesham 50 sathamaanavum upayogikkunna podipadalamulla hoome alakku dittarjantukalile filler aanu ettavum valia upayogam. soodiyam sulfate ulppedaatha compact allengil liqvid dittarjantukalilekku aabhyanthara upabhokthakkal kooduthalaayi maarunnathinal eee upayogam kurayunnu.
paper nirmmaanam.
soodiyam salfettinte mattoru munkaala pradhana upayogam, prathyekichu amerikkayilum canadayilum, thadi pulp nirmmaanathinulla kraaft prakriyayilaanu. eee prakriyayil ninnulla "black lickeril" adangiyirikkunna jaivavasthukkal soodiyam sulfate soodiyam sulfide kuraykkunnathinu aavashyamaaya choodu ulppaadippikkaan kathikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1960 kalude thudakkathil kraaft veendedukkal prakriyayude taapa kaaryakshamathayile purogathi kaaranam, kooduthal kaaryakshamamaya sulfur veendedukkal kaivarikkukayum soodiyam sulfate mekkappinte aavasyakatha ganyamaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu. athinaal, americayileyum canadian pulp vyavasaayathileyum soodiyam salfettinte upayogam 1970-ll prathivarsham 1,400,000 tunnil ninnu ekadesham aayi kuranju. 2006ll 150,000 tonn.
glass nirmmaanam.
europile randaamathe valia prayogamenna nilayil soodiyam sulfatinaayi glass vyavasaayam mattoru pradhana prayogam nalkunnu. urukia glassil ninnu cheria vaayu kumilakal neekkam cheyyaan sahaayikkunnathin soodiyam sulfate oru fining ejantaayi upayogikkunnu. ithu glassine ozhukunnu, koodaathe shudheekarana samayat glass urukunnath thadayunnu. 1970 muthal 2006 vare europile glass vyavasaayam prathivarsham 110,000 tonn sthiramaayi upayogikkunnu.
thunitharangal.
thunitharangalude nirmmaanatthil soodiyam sulfate pradhaanamaan, prathyekichu jappanil, ithu ettavum valia prayogamaanu. soodiyam sulfate cherkkunnath laayaniyude ionic shakti vardhippikkunnathinu sahayikkunnu, athinaal "leveling" cheyyaan sahayikkunnu.iii. thunithara naarukalile negatteevu electrical chaarjukal kuraykkunnu, angane chaayangalkk thulyamaayi thulachukayaraan kazhiyum (gauyum chapman vishadeekaricha defuse double leyarinte (ddl) sidhaantham kaanuka). badal soodiyam chloridil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ithu chayam pooshunnathinu upayogikkunna stainless steel paathrangale nasippikkunnilla. jappanilum usl eee aaplikkeshan 2006 ll ekadesham 100,000 tonn upayogichu.
bhakshya vyavasaayam.
soodiyam sulfate bhakshana nirangalkk oru layippikkunna padaarthamaayi upayogikkunnu. ithu iii nambar additteev iii514 ennariyappedunnu.
choodu sambharanam.
ghattatthile uyarnna taapa sambharana sheshi kharathil ninnu draavakathilekku maarunnu, 32 digri selshyas (90 digri fahrenheit) enna gunakaramaya ghatta maatta thaapanila eee metteeriyal kuranja grade solar heett sambharikkunnathin prathyekichum anuyojyamaakkunnu. chila prayogangalil metteeriyal oru attik sthalathu sthaapikkunna taapa tailukalil ulppeduthunnu, mattu prayogangalil, sourorjjam choodaakkiya vellathaal chuttapetta cellukalil uppu ulppeduthunnu. ghattam maattam phalapradamaaya taapa sambharanathinu aavashyamaaya vasthukkalude pindatthil ganyamaaya kuravu anuvadikkunnu (soodiyam sulfate decahydratinte samyojanathinte thapam 82 kj/mol allengil 252 kj/kg aanu), uchithamaaya ghattathil mathiyaya metteeriyal labhyamaakunnidatholam kaalam thaapanilayude sthirathayude kooduthal nettatthode.
thanuppikkunnathinulla prayogangalkkaayi, saadhaarana soodiyam chloride uppu (enn. eiii. sii. ell) ulla oru misritham dravanaangam 18 digri selshyasayi (64 digri fahrenheit) kuraykkunnu. നാക്ൽ·naa2zoo4·10h2o-yude samyojanathinte thapam yadhaarthathil 286 keey. jeey/kilogram aayi cheruthaayi vardhikkunnu.
cherukida aaplikkeshanukal.
laboratariyil, jaiva laayanikalil ninnu jalathinte adayaalangal neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi anhydrus soodiyam sulfate oru nishkriya unakka ejantaayi vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. samanamaaya ejantu magneeshyam salfettinekkaal kooduthal kaaryakshamavum ennaal mandagathiyilulla pravarthanavumaanu ithu. ithu ekadesham 30 digri selshyasil thaazhe maathrame phalapradamaakoo, pakshe ithu raasaparamaayi valare nishkriyamayathinaal vividha vasthukkal upayogichu upayogikkaam. paralukal onnichu cherunnathuvare soodiyam sulfate laayaniyil cherkkunnu; rund viidiyoo klippukalum (mukalil kaanuka) nananjirikkumbol paralukal engane koottimuttunnuvennu kaanikkunnu, ennaal oru sample unangiyukazhinjaal chila paralukal swathanthramaayi ozhukunnu.
glouberinte uppaya decahydrate oru pooshakamaayi upayogikkunnu. shareerathil ninnu paarasettamol (asattaminophen) polulla chila marunnukal neekkam cheiyunnathinu ithu falapradamaanu; athinaal amithamaya alavinu sesham ithu upayogikkaam.
1953ll nishkriya sourorjja thaapana samvidaanangalil taapa sambharanathinayi soodiyam sulfate nirddeshikkappettu. ithu athinte asaadhaaranamaaya layaneeyata gunangalum christalisationte uyarnna thapavum (78.2 kj/mol) prayojanappeduthunnu.
soodiyam salfettinte mattu upayogangalil dii-frosting vindokal, annajam nirmmaanam, paravatani fresionerukalil oru aditeevaayi, kannukaalikale theettaykku oru aditeevaayi enniva ulppedunnu.
thermal take enna oru kambaniyengilum oru quilited plaastik paadinullil soodiyam sulfate decahydrate upayogichu oru laptop computer chill maatt (aiksopht notebook cooler) nirmmikkunnu. metteeriyal pathukke draavakamaayi maarukayum laptop thaapanila thulyamaakkukayum insulationaayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu.
suraksha.
soodiyam sulfate pothuve visharahithamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu athu shradhaapoorvvam kaikaaryam cheyyanam. podipadalangal thaalkkaalika aasthmayko kannin prakopippikkunnathino kaaranamakum; netra samrakshanavum paper mask upayogichu eee apakadasaadhyatha thadayaan kazhiyum. gathagatham parimithamalla, apakadasaadhyatha padaprayogamo suraksha padaprayogamo baadhakamalla.

