
yunaittad kingdatthile motoring nikuthi

yunaittad kingdatthile motoring nikuthiyil praadhamikamaayi vahana excise theeruva (saadhaaranayaayi vedu, vahana nikuthi, kaar nikuthi, rooad nikuthi ennariyappedunnu), yukeyil rajisttar cheytha vaahanangalkk eedaakkunnu, koodaathe motor vahanangal upayogikkunna indhanathinu eedaakkunna hydrocarbon oayil theeruva (saadhaaranayaayi indhana nikuthi ennu vilikkunnu) enniva ulppedunnu. 2009ll vii. iii. diyum indhana nikuthiyum ekadesham bilyan dollar uyarthi, indhana vaangalukalude moolyavardhitha nikuthiyil ninnu 4 bilyan poundu koodi uyarthi. indhana theeruvayum vedum ulppede saambathika varshathe motoringumaayi bandhapetta nikuthikal ekadesham 7 shathamaanathe prathinidheekarikkunna bilyaniladhikam varum ennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. 
motham yuke nikuthi.
rooad vilanirnayam, kanjashan chaarjukalude roopathil, landanilum durhamil nilavilundu. ennirunnaalum iva niyamaparamaaya aavasyangalkkulla nikuthiyayi kaanunnathinupakaram upayoga chaarjukalaayittaanu pothuve kaanunnath, ennirunnaalum eee vyaakhyaanam lunden kanjashan charjumaayi bandhappett america mattu chila embassykalum tharkkikkunnu.
charithram.
aadyakaala varshangal.
motoring nikuthiyude charithram 1937 vare rodukalude nirmmaanavumaayi adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu, motoring nikutiye 'pothu nikuthiyayi' kanakkaakkiyappol muthal mattu vakuppukalumayi thulya adisthaanathil fundinaayi roadukal malsarikkunnu.
irupathaam noottaandinte aadya varshangalil roadukalkkum anubandha adisthaana soukaryangalkkumulla dhanasahayam pradhaanamaayum 1870 leeii tramway act prakaram thangalude trackukalkku chuttumulla rooad paripalikkaan baadhyastharaaya praadeshika nirakk nalkunnavaril ninnum tram kambanikalil ninnum edukkappettirunnu. neeravi enchinukalude indhana vila 1889 ll nirthalaakkunnathuvare praadeshika kalkari theeruvaykku vidheyamaayirunnu, onnaam lokamahaayudhathilum randaam lokamahaayudhathilum kendramaayi niyantrikkappettu.
1903 leeii motor kaar act oro motor vahanathinum 1 poundu (poundu inn) rajistreshan phees avatharippichu, avaa vyaapaarathin maathram upayogikkunnillenkil ithinakam thanne "kyarej duty" kku vidheyamaayirunnu. 2 poundu vilayulla oru "kyarej licensinu" kyarej duty nalkiyirunnu. (2.10 poundu) 1 tonn vare bharamullah vaahanangalkkum 4 4 seey poundinum. (4.20 poundu) oru tunnil kooduthalulla vaahanangalkk.
1909ll "motor spiritt" (irakkumathi cheytha petrol) ennathil oru puthiya theeruva earppeduthi, badal indhanangalkku theeruva rahitamaakki. 1909leeii yadhaartha nirakk oru imperial gaalanin 3dii aayirunnu. 1909leeii vikasana, rooad mechappeduthal fund niyamam vibhavanam cheiyunna rooad mechappeduthal fundle ninnu praadeshika adhikaarikalkk puthiya rodukalkkaayi graant nalkaan kazhiyunna 'rooad board' 1910laanu sthaapithamaayathu.
1920leeii rooad act prakaram kaunsilukal ellah puthiya vaahanangalum rajisttar cheyyukayum oro vahanathinum prathyeka nambar anuvadikkukayum excise theeruva shekharikkunnathinum prayogikkunnathinum vyavastha cheyyukayum venam. rooad fund eee niyamam sthaapichu. 1921ll "rooad fund licenses" (pinneedu "vehicle excise duty" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) avatharippikkukayum mahaayudhathinte anantharafalamaayi durithamanubhavicha roadukal mechappeduthukayum cheythu. oru vaahanathin oorjjam nalkaan upayogikkunna indhanam pariganikkathe eedaakkaavunna chaarjaayittaan ithu uddeshichathu. shekharicha panam shekharikkunnathinum chelavazhikkunnathinum gathagatha manthriyaayirunnu utharavaadiyaayirunnuvengu pinneedulla varshangalil treasury fund anuvadikkunnathinte utharavaaditham etteduthu.
kanatha rooad vaahanangalude charakk gathagatham vardhippichathum rodukalile kshayam vardhippikkukayum aadyam steem rooad locomotteevukalkku "nananja nikuthi" yilek nayikkukayum thudarnnu ellah kanatha vaahanangalkkum 1933 leeii uppu reportinte shupaarshakal sweekarikkukayum cheythu. vaanijya motor vaahanangalkk avar undaakkunna chelavukalkku charge eedaakkunnathinaayi vedinullil oru adhika axel veytt duty earppeduthunnathiloode, rodukalude soujanya upayogam reyilveyude athiraalikalkku anyaayamaayi subsidy nalkunnu enna daaranaye ithu abhisambodhana cheythu. kaarshika tractorukal polulla pothu roadukal apoorvamaayi upayogikkunna vaahanangalkk apavaadangalundaayirunnu. eee vaarshika theeruva ellah rooad holliermaarum axel lodinu aanupaathikamaayi nalkendathum roadle ninnu kanatha neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna niravadhi vahanangal neekkam cheiyunnathinte phalavumaayirunnu. bharavum vegathayum parimithappeduthunnathinu puthiya kazhivukaliloode praadeshika adhikaarikalkk avarude chilavil ninnu aashvaasam nalkunna niyamanirmmaanathile maattangalum ithinoppam undaayirunnu.
1936leeii dhanakaarya niyamatthinte falamaayi 1937 epril 1nuu rooad fund nirthalaakkukayum aaa theeyathi muthal motoring nikutiye pothu nikuthiyayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu.
1936leeii trunk roadukal niyamam pradhana 'trunk rodukalude' nadatthippu gathagatha manthraalayathinu kaimariyirunnu.
1937-innu.
1937 muthal motoring nikutiye 'pothunikuthi' aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, rodukaludeyum motoring adisthaana soukaryangaludeyum dhanasahayavumaayulla nerittulla bandham nashtappedunnu.
rooad chelavukal (nirmmaanam, attakuttappanikal, velicham), tirakk (vaahanamodikkunnavar mattullavarkk kaaranamakunna kaalathamasam), saamoohika chelavukal (apakadasaadhyatha, shabdam, puka) ennivayulppede "rooad upayokthaakkal mattullavarkk chumathunna chelavukal nalkanam" ennu 1962 leeii smeed report nirddeshichu.
athe varsham maarchil motoring samghadanakal varaanirikkunna bajattil motoring nikuthi vettikkurachukondu "motoringinte uyarnna chelavu" kuraykkaan sarkkar chansalarode abhyarthichu. 1950num 1961num idayil motoring nikuthi varumanam 131 dasalaksham poundil ninnu 730 dasalaksham poundaayi (1961 poundu) uyarnnu. 1966 aayappozhekkum nikuthi varumanam oru bilyan poundilethiyappol, royal automobile club "motoring nikuthiyude durbalappeduthunna sarppila" avasaanippikkaan ahvaanam cheiyukayaayirunnu, varumaanathinte moonnilonnil thaazhe maathramaan rooad mechappeduthalukalkkayi chelavazhichathennu paranju.
1990 kalude thudakkathil yukeyil vyaapakavum raashtreeyamaayi kedupaadukal varuthiyathumaaya rooad prathishedhangalethudarnnu (emm11 link road twiford daunum ulppede) yaadhaasthithika sarkkar indhana vila escalator avatharippichu, ithu panapperuppatthinu mukalilulla automatic indhana nikuthi vardhanavaayirunnu, ithu rooad gathaagathathil ninnulla malineekarana vardhanavu thadayukayum puthiya rooad kettidatthinte aavasyakatha kuraykkukayum cheyyuka enna lakshyathodeyaanu. 1997ll varaanirikkunna thozhil sarkkar eee nayam nilanirthukayum 2000leeii indhana prathishedhathetthudarnnu pinvalikkukayum cheythu.
2002 muthal kuranja udvamanamulla kambaniyudeyum vyakthigatha kaarukaludeyum vaangal prolsaahippikkunnathi aadaayanikuthi samvidaanam upayogichu nayaparamaaya soochanakal nalkiyittundu.
2005 maarchil, kuranja emission rettingulla vahanangal vaangunnathinulla prothsaahanamaayi ratingukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla nikuthi baandukalulla oru biruda vahana excise theeruva samvidaanam avatharippichu. 
britiish rodukalude paripaalanathinaayi videsha holliermar avarude nyayamaaya vihitam nalkunnuvennu urappakkunnathinaayi echu. jii. vii rooad user charging avatharippikkunnathinekku koodiyaalochikkunnathaayi 2012 ll sarkkar prakhyaapichu.
eee prathishedhangalkkidayilum, raajyathinte sambadvyavasthayum vaahanamodikkunnavarudeyum perumaattam pothuve pambile indhanavilayodu samvedanakshamatha kuranjirikkunnu, saambathika vidagdhar ippol ithinu ekadesham-0.24 vila elaasthikathayundennu kanakkakkunnu (athinaal oru saambathika shaasthranjan prathekshikkunnu indhanavila erattiyaakunnathu naalilonn yathrakal nirtthum).
nilavile nikuthikal.
hydrocarbon enna theeruva ('indhana theeruva').
hydrocarbon oayil duty, saadhaaranayaayi 'indhana theeruva' allengil 'indhana nikuthi' ennu vilikkappedunnu, ithu yunaittad kingdatthile rooad vahanangal upayogikkunna chila indhanangalkku chumathunna oru excise theeruvayaanu. vilppana vilayude sathamaanathekkaal indhanathinte alavu adisthaanamaakkiyaanu nikuthi. vaathakam ozhike, indhanathinte tharam anusarichu nirakkukal vyathyaasappedunnilla. praadeshika buzz sarveesukal, chila kaarshika, nirmmaana vahanangal, vyomayaana ulppedeyulla chila vahanangal indhana theeruva kuraykkukayo illaathirikkukayo cheiyunnu. yunaittad kingdatthil buzz gathaagathathinu indhana theeruva elavu labhyamaan. 2008 meyy maasathil yuke indhananikuthi europil ettavum uyarnnathaayirunnu.
2009ll indhana theeruvayil ninnulla sarkkar varumanam 2 bilyan poundaayirunnu. theeruvayude moolyavardhitha nikuthiyil ninnu oru bilyan poundu adhikamaayi samaaharichu.
vahana excise theeruva ('kaar nikuthi').
vedu', 'vehicle taxes', 'kaar taxes', 'rooad taxes' ennum ariyappedunna vehicle excise duty, yunaittad kingdatthile pothu roadukalil upayogikkenda (allengil paarkk cheyyenda) mikka tharatthilulla vaahanangalkkum adaykkenda oru vaarshika vahana rooad upayoga nikuthiyaanu. pothu roadukalil upayogikkunna motor vaahanangalkk paymentinte thelivaayi nilavile vahana licenses (taxes disk) pradarshippikkendathilla, athu vaahanathin saadhuvaaya motor inshurans undennathinu munkoor thelivillaathe nalkilla. roadle upayogikkathathum 1998 januvari 31 muthal nikuthi chumathappettathumaaya oru rajisttar cheytha vaahanathin 'staattyoottari oof rooad ariyipp (soonn)' undaakkanam.
1888leeii bajattil vedu avatharippichu; motor vaahanangalkk prathyekamaayi baadhakamaaya nilavile samvidaanam 1920ll avatharippikkukayum thudakkathil 1937 vare rooad nirmmaanathinaayi valaya veli sthaapichirunna rooad fundilekku nerittu nalkukayum cheythu, athinusesham ithu pothu nikuthiyayi kanakkakkappettu. 1999 muthal, 50 poundu kuranja nirakkil aarambhich, udvamanam anusarichu theeruva chumatthi, 2001 ll padhathi oru graded samvidaanathilekku vyapippichu.
2009laanu duty uyarthiyathu.
vaahanathinte aadya rajistreshan phees.
pothu roadukalil upayogikkukayo sookshikkukayo cheyyenda oru motor vaahanathinte nirbandhitha rajistreshanaayi driver vahana licensing ejansiyum eedaakkunna ottathavana phees.
vahanangal irakkumathi cheiyunnu.
chila chaaraniratthilulla irakkumathi vaahanangalkkum vahana gadakangalkkum europian union purathu ninnulla bhagangalkkum kasttams theeruva adhika nirakkil vilayiruthaam, athu pinneedu vaattin vidheyamaan.
aadaayanikuthi.
oru kambani athinte jeevanakkaarude samarppita upayogathinaayi vangiya vaahanathinte moolyam aaa vyakthikk nikuthi aanukoolyamaayi kanakkaakkukayum aadaayanikuthi aavasyangalkkaayi mattu varumaanathodoppam echmrc vilayiruthukayum cheiyunnu. 2002 vare avarude saambathika nettam praadhamikamaayi vilayum myelej adisthaanamaakki vilayiruthappettirunnu; kuranja udvamanamulla vahanangal uyarnna udvamanamullavaye apekshichu kuranja moolyathil vilayiruthunnathinayi ithu parishkarichu. koodaathe, swakaarya kaarukal upayogikkunna myelejinu nikuthi adaykkaavunna alavans sthiramaayi thudarunnu.
puthiya vaahanangalude ganyamaaya oru bhagam kambani kaarukalaayi vaangunnu, athinaal eee charging reethi kambanikale "kleaner" vahanangal upayogikkaan prolsaahippikkuka mathramalla, second hand vipaniyil vilkkumbol, eee vahanangal filter cheyyukayum deseeya 'fleettinte' karyakshamatha vardhippikkukayum cheyyum.
rooad upayoga chaarjukal.
landanilum mattu chila sthalangalilum rooad vilanirnnayathinte roopathil rooad upayoga chaarjukal, ennirunnaalum iva niyamaparamaaya aavasyangalkkulla nikuthiyayi kaanunnathinupakaram 'upayoga chaarjukalaayi' kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum landanile kanjashan charjumaayi bandhappett ithu tharkkathilaanu.
lunden.
central landante chila bhaagangalil praveshikkunna mikka vaahanangalkkum baadhakamaaya lunden kanjashan charge 2003 ll vestt landanilekku 2007 ll neetti. nilavile dainamdina charge £ 15.00 aanu. 2006-07-nuu "lunden kanjashan chaarjil" ninnulla motham raseethukal £213 dasalaksham (thaalkkaalika kanakkukal) aayirunnu, ithu pravarthanachelavinu sesham lunden gathagatha padhathikalkkaayi 123 dasalaksham poundu hypothecated varumanam avasheshippichu.
2006 avasaanathode lunden mayer oru variable kanjashan charge avatharippikkan nirddeshichu. vahana excise theeruvaykku (vii. iii. dii) samaanamaayi, ithu gram/kilometeril kaarban dye ooksaidinte puranthallaline adisthaanamaakkiyukallathaayir. ithu cheruthum indhanakshamathayullathumaaya vaahanangalude charge kuraykkukayo illaathaakkukayo cheyyum, koodaathe baand jii vedu rettingulla valia, kaaryakshamamallatha vahanangal, valia saloonukal, compact empvkal ennivaykku prathidinam 25 poundu vare vardhippikkum, athaayath 225 gram/kilometer CO2. electric, hydrajan power seero emission vahanangal ithinakam chaarjil ninnu ozhivaakkiyittund.
2008 februveric 2012 januvarikkum idayil oru malineekarana charge padhathiyaaya lunden loow emission soonn avatharippichu, ithu aavashyamaaya eathenkilum kanjashan chaarjinu purame less chaarjinte mikkavarum ellah valia lunden paymentukalum ulkkollunnu.
dartford crossing.
2003ll dartford crossing nirmmaana kadam thirichadaykkappettu, ithu toll phees kuraykkaan kaaranamaakumenn pratheekshichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, tirakk kuraykkunnathinu crossing upayokthaakkalil ninnu nirakk eedaakkunnathu thudaraan sarkkar theerumaanichu. kanjashan charging skeemukaleppole, ellah varumaanavum gathagatha aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkanam. oru varshathinullil eee panam 60 dasalaksham poundaayi.
emm6 toll rooad.
yukeyile aadyathe svakaaryamaayi pravartthikkunna motorway 2003 ll thurannu. emm 6 toll (yadhaarthathil birmingham northen releaf rooad) raajyathe ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna rodukalilonnaaya birminghamiloode emm 6 neey mochippikkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
mattu rooad upayoga phees.
2002laanu durham sitti kanjashan charge earppeduthiyathu. aii. dii. 1 saambathika varshathekkulla padhathiyil ninnulla raseethukal 67,000 poundaayirunnu.
pothu avakashamulla rund toll roadukal (hoddesdon, roydon ennivaykkidayilulla raie road dalvichile koleju road) anchu swakaarya toll roadukalum maathrameyulloo.
nirddishta nikuthikalum chaarjukalum.
rooad vila.
2005ll sarkkar oru yuke wide rooad prising scheminullah nirddeshangal prasidheekarichu. mattu motoring nikuthikal kurachukondu nashtapariharam nalkunnathinaayi varumaana nishpakshathayode ithu roopakalppana cheythittundu. 18 laksham aalukal avarkkethire oru nivedanathil oppuvachathode padhathikal angeyattam vivaadamaayirunnu.
jolisthalathe parking nikuthi.
transport act 2000 prakaram, landanu purathulla englandileyum veyilsileyum praadeshika traaphik adhikaarikalkk pattanangalileyum nagarangalileyum tirakk pariharikkan sahaayikkunnathin oru workplace parking levi (dablyu. pii. ell) avatharippikkam.
2012 eprilil, oru doubleupl avatharippikkunna yukeyile aadyathe nagaramaayi nottingham maari. atharam pathiladhikam parking sthalangalulla bisinassukalile jeevanakkaarkk labhyamakkiya oro parking sthalathinum 350 poundu levi eedaakkunnu. nagaratthinte tram samvidaanam vikasippikkunnathin kaunsil prathivarsham ekadesham 10 dasalaksham poundu varumanam upayogichu. nikuthi earppeduthiyathinu sesham gathaagathathil 9 sathamaanam kuravum pothugathagatha upayogathil 15 sathamaanam vardhanavum undaayittund.
bhaaviyile nikuthi varumanam kuraykkuka.
2012ll instittyoott phoor financial stadees (aii. eph. ezz) nadatthiya oru padanatthil, kuranja kaarban kaalppadukalulla harita vahanangal prolsaahippikkunnathi sarkkaarinte neekkam motoring nikuthiyil ninnulla varumaanathil ganyamaaya nashtatthinu kaaranamaakumenn kandethi, nilavile vilayil 2029 oode bilyan dollar kanakkaakkappedunnu, bajatt utharavaadithathinaayulla oafees pravachicha prakaram. vaahanangalude mechappetta kaaryakshamathayum plug-inn electric vaahanangalude valarchayumaan eee varumaanathile idivinu kaaranam. nashtam nikathaan sarkkaarin labhyamaya oopshanukalil, petrolinteyum deesalinteyum theeruva kooduthal vardhippikkukayo vaahanangalkkulla vaidyuthi polulla badal oorjja srothassukalil puthiya nikuthikal earppeduthukayo cheiyunnathu pariganichu. ennirunnaalum, aadyathethinte janapreeti kuravum muzhuvan harita vahana thanthratheyum thadassappeduthunna apakadasaadhyathakalum kaaranam, tirakkeriya samayangalil tirakkeriya pradeshangalil uyarnna vila nischayikkunnathinoppam, oro mile drivermaaril ninnum charge eedaakkunnathinaayi raajyavyaapakamaayi rooad vilanirnaya samvidaanam avatharippikkan aii. eph. ezz patanam shupaarsha cheythu. eee thanthrathinu keezhil grameena vaahanamodikkunnavarkku nilavil ovartaaks labhikkunnathinaal graamapradesangalile drivermark kurachu panam nalkaan saadhyathayund.
wolfson economics sammanam.
2017leeii wolfson economics sammanam "rooad upayokthaakkalkk nyaayavum sambadvyavasthaykkum paristhithikkum nallathumaaya reethiyil mikachathum surakshithavum kooduthal vishwasaneeyavumaaya roadukalkk namukk engane panam nalkaan kazhiyum?" enna chodyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.. indhana theeruvaykkum vahana excise theeruvaykkum pakaramaayi dooram charge cheiyunnathine adisthaanamaakkiyulla nirddeshathode hangarian shaktharaaya rakkuja vijayichu.