miranda munnariyipp

american aikyanaadukalil, police kastadiyilulla criminal prathikalkk (allengil kasttadi chodyam cheyyalil) police nalkunna oru tharam vijnjaapanamaanu miranda munnariyipp, nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakaashathekkurichum phalatthil, svayam kuttakrithyatthil ninnu samrakshanam nalkunnathinekkurichum upadeshikkunnu; athaayath, chodyangalkku utharam nalkano niyama nirvvahana udyogastharkko mattu udyogastharkko vivarangal nalkano visammathikkanulla avarude avakasham. yuu enna peril.ezz. prathishtichirikkunnu.ezz supreme kodathi vidhi "miranda vii. arizona, "eee avakaashangale palappozhum miranda avakashangal ennu vilikkunnu". atharam vijnjaapanathinte uddeshyam, pinneedulla criminal nadapadikalil kasttadi chodyam cheyyalinide nalkia avarude prasthaavanakalude sveekaaryatha nilanirthuka ennathaanu. pinneedu 'miraandayude pithaav' ennu vilikkapetta niyama professor yaale kaamisaaril ninnaan eee ashayam vannath."
miraanda" munnariyippukalil upayogikkunna bhasha supreme kodathiyude "miraanda" theerumaanatthile abhipraayathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. ennaal munnariyippukalil upayogikkunna nirddishta bhasha adikaaraparidhiyil vyathyaasappedunnu, koodaathe prathiyude avakashangal shariyaayi velippeduthunnidatho kaalam munnariyipp mathiyayathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, angane prathi aaa avakashangal ozhivaakkunnath arivullathum swamedhayaa ullathum budhiparavumaanu. udaaharanathinu, munnariyipp thaazhepparayunna reethiyil paranjekkaam
miranda" munnariyipp oru prathirodha criminal nadapadikrama niyamatthinte bhagamaanu, thadavilulla oru vyakthiye nerittulla chodyam cheyyalinu vidheyano allengil nirbandhitha svayam kuttappeduthalinethiraaya avarude anchaam bhedagathiyude lamghanathil ninnu athinte pravarthanaparamaaya thulyamo aayi samrakshikkaan niyamapaalakare niyanthrikkendathundu. miranda vii. ennirunnaalum, eee avakaashangalekkurichu ariyikkaatha oru prathiyude kuttaaropitha prasthavana sweekarikkunnathu eee avakashangal samsthaana niyamathil ulppeduthunnathiloode anchaam bhedagathiyudeyum aaram bhedagathiyudeyum kaunsiling avakaashathinteyum lamghanamaanennu supreme kodathi nireekshichu. athinaal, niyama nirvvahana udyogasthar avarude kastadiyilulla oru vyakthikk "miranda" munnariyipp nalkaan visammathikkukayaanenkil, avarkk aaa vyakthiye chodyam cheyyukayum nediya arivinte adisthaanathil pravartthikkukayum cheyyaam, pakshe oru criminal vichaaranayile avarkkethiraya thelivaayi aaa vyakthiyude prasthavanakal saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkilla.
miranda" avakaashangalude uthbhavavum vikasanavum.
miraanda avakashangal" enna ashayam yuu. esil prathishtichirikkunnu.ezz. prathishtichirikkunnu.ezz 'miranda vii.' neey thudarnnulla niyamam. oru yuvatiye saayudhamaayi kavarcha cheythathinum thattikkondupokunnathinum balaalsangam cheythathinum vichaaranaykkumidayil ernesto arturo miranda anchaamatheyum aaraamatheyum bhedagathiyude avakashangal lamghikkappettathaayi kandethiya arisonayude supreme kodathi vidhi.
jaililvechu thanne sandarshichappol miraanda thanne kuttasammatham nadathiyennu avakaashappett, miraandayude swantham maathaapithaakkal vazhi yadhaartha arast udyogasthan kandethiya, addehathinte verpirinja muun pankaaliyude adisthaanathil miranda pinneedu veendum vichaarana cheyyukayum shikshikkukayum cheythu. bharanaghadanaaparamaaya vishayangalil valareyadhikam shradha kendreekarichu (jooriyude kazhchayum kuttabodhavum niraparaadhithvavum nashtappedukayum cheythukondu) thaan cases 'vanjichuvennu' miranda abhibhaashakan pinneedu sammathichu.
miranda" samrakshanangalkk kaaranamakunna saahacharyangal, i.iii. "miranda avakashangal" "kasttadi" "," "chodyam cheyyal" "ennivayaanu". kasttadi ennaal aupachaarikamaaya arast allengil aupachaarikamaaya arasttumaayi bandhapetta oru paridhivare swaathanthryam nashtappedutthuka ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. chodyam cheyyal ennaal vyakthamaaya chodyam cheyyal allengil nyayamaaya reethiyil kuttakaramaya prathikaranam labhikkaan saadhyathayulla pravartthanangal ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. samshayikkunna oraale avarude avakaashangalekkurichu ariyikkumbol upayogikkenda krithyamaaya vaakkukal supreme kodathi vyakthamakkiyittilla. ennirunnaalum, kodathi paalikkenda oru koottam maargganirddeshangal srishtichu. vidhi parayunnu
miranda raitts" ennathil ninnu, american engleesh "mirandise" enna kriya vikasippichu, athaayath "miranda avakashangal vaayikkuka".
berkimer vii. emm. carty" (1984), "" kasttadi chodyam cheyyalinu vidheyanaaya oru vyakthikk, avar samshayikkappedunnatho arast cheyyappettatho aaya kuttakrithyatthinte swabhaavamo kaadinyamo pariganikkathe "" miranda "" yill paranjirikkunna nadapadikramaparamaaya suraksha maarggangalude aanukoolyam labhikkaan arhathayundennu supreme kodathi theerumaanichu ".
miranda" avakashangal eathenkilum prathyeka kramatthil vaayikkendathilla, avaa mathiyaayathum poornnamaayum ariyikkunnidatholam kaalam avaa "miranda" kesinte bhashayumaayi krithyamaayi poruthapedendathilla ("california vii. presock ").
bergues vii. thompkins (2010), supreme kodathi vidhichathu, oru prathi eee avakasham abhyarthikkukayaanennu vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunnillengil, oru udyogasthanu nalkia thudarnnulla swamedhayaa ulla prasthavanakal avarkkethire kodathiyil upayogikkaamennum poleesinu kuttaaropithanaaya kuttavaaliyumaayi edapazhakunnathu thudaraamennum (allengil chodyam cheyyaam).
vega vii. teco (2022) "miranda" munnariyippukal nalkunnathil paraajayappettathin poleesinethire kesedukkanavillennum atharam paraajayathinulla prathividhi vichaaranayile nediya prasthavanakal ozhivaakkukayaanennum supreme kodathi nireekshichu.
munnariyippukal.
oro yuu.ezz. arast cheyyappettatho kasttadi saahacharyathil paarppichatho aaya oru vyakthiyodu krithyamaayi enthaanu parayendathu ennathinekkurichu adhikaaraparidhikk athintethaaya niyanthranangalund. saadhaarana munnariyipp ingane parayunnu
munnariyipp "ardhavathaaya" aayirikkanam ennu kodathikal vidhichathinaal, avarude avakashangal manassilaakkunnundo ennu prathiyodu chodikkendathu saadhaaranayaayi aavasyamaanu. chilappol, "athe" enna uracha utharam aavasyamaanu. chila vakuppukalum adhikaaraparidhiyukalum oru udyogasthan chodikkendathundu "ningalkk manassilaayo?"munnariyippile oro vakyathinum sesham. arast cheyyappetta oraalude nishabdatha oru elavu allah, ennaal 2010 juun 1 nuu supreme kodathi 5 muthal 4 vare vidhi purappeduvichu, thangalude avakashangal avyakthamaayi abhyarthikkukayo ezhuthithallukayo cheytha prathikale chodyam cheyyaan poleesinu anuvaadamundennum abhyarthanaykko ozhivaakkalino munbu chodyam cheyyalinide nalkunna eathu prasthavana thelivaayi sveekaaryamaanennum. arast cheyyappettayaalkk engleeshinekkurichu arivillaaymayum arast cheyyappetta udyogastharkku arast cheyyappettayaalude bhashayil munnariyipp nalkunnathil parajayavum kaaranam chila kesukalil thelivukal sveekaaryamallennu vidhikkapettittund.
melpparanja krithyamaaya bhasha "miraanda" aavashyamillengilum, police samshayikkunnayaale upadeshikkanam
oru samshayikkappedunnayaale avarude "miraanda" avakaashangalekkurichu upadesikkunnathinu krithyamaaya bhasha upayogikkaruthu. mukalil vivaricha avakaashangalude saaramsham eathu bhasha upayogichaalum athu prathiye ariyikkanam ennathaanu vastutha. prathiyude avakaashangalekkurichu vaamozhiyilo rekhaamoolamo upadesikkaam. koodaathe, saadhyathayulla vidyaabhyaasa nilavaaram kanakkileduthu udyogasthan enthaanu parayunnathennu prathikk manassilaakunnuvenn udyogasthar urappaakkanam. prathiyude daaranayude thalatthilekku "vivarthanam" cheyyendathu aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. yadhaartha elavu parayukayum "vivarthanam" kadalasilo tapilo rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnidatholam kaalam kodathikal ithu sveekaaryamaanennu vidhichittund.
udyogasthar avarude avakaashangalekkurichu samshayikkunnavare kooduthal poornnamaayi upadeshikkendathinte shramangale supreme kodathi ethirthu. udaaharanathinu, chodyam cheyyal eppol venamenkilum nirthaamennum avakasham prayogikkaanulla theerumaanam prathikkethire upayogikkaan kazhiyillennum allengil enthengilum chodyangal chodikkunnathinu munbu oru abhibhaashakanodu samsarikkaan avarkk avakaashamundennum police samshayikkunnayaale upadeshikkendathilla. avakashangal vishadeekarikkaan kodathikalum aavasyappettitla. udaaharanathinu, kaunsiling cheyyaanulla staanderd "miranda" avakasham "chodyam cheyyalinide oru abhibhaashakane hajarakkan ningalkk avakaashamund" ennu parayunnu. eee avakasham prathiye chodyam cheyyumbol oru abhibhaashakane hajarakkanullah avakasham maathramallenn police vishadeekarikkendathilla. upadesham nalkaanulla avakaashathil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
miranda" aavasyakathakalkku kaaranamakunna saahacharyangal.
miranda" samrakshanangalkk kaaranamakunna saahacharyangal, i.iii. "miranda" "munnariyippukal" "kasttadi" "," "chodyam cheyyal" "ennivayaanu". kasttadi ennaal aupachaarikamaaya arast allengil aupachaarikamaaya arasttumaayi bandhapetta oru paridhivare swaathanthryam nashtappedutthuka ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. chodyam cheyyal ennaal vyakthamaaya chodyam cheyyal allengil nyayamaaya reethiyil kuttakaramaya prathikaranam labhikkaan saadhyathayulla pravartthanangal ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. chodyam cheyyaan pookunna "kasttadi" yill samshayikkunnavare avarude "miraanda" avakaashangalekkurichu shariyaayi upadeshikkanam-athaayath, nirbandhitha svayam kuttakrithyathinethiraaya anchaam bhedagathi avakasham (eee avakasham munnott kondupokumbol, kastadiyilaayirikkumbol upadesham nalkaanulla avakasham). kaunsiling cheyyaanulla aaram bhedagathiyude ardham chodyam cheyyal aarambhikkunnathin munbu oru abhibhashakanumaayi koodiyaalochikkaanum chodyam cheyyalinide oru abhibhaashakane hajarakkanum prathikk avakaashamund ennaanu. nirbandhitha svayam kuttaropitharkkethiraaya anchaam bhedagathiyude avakasham nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakaashamaan-chodyangalkku utharam nalkano allengil vivarangal ashayavinimayam nadathaano ulla avakasham.
police udyogasthar kasttadi chodyam cheyyal nadathumbol maathrame munnariyipp nalkendathu. arast nadapadikramatthinte bhaagamaayi oru prathiye "miranda" avakaashangalekkurichu upadeshikkanamenn bharanaghadana aavashyappedunnilla, allengil oru udyogasthane arast cheyyaan saadhyathayulla kaaranam undengil, allengil prathi oru anweshanathinte kendrabinduvaaya samshayikkappedukayaanenkil. kaavalkkaranum chodyam cheyyalum munnariyipp nalkaanulla kadamaye prerippikkunna sambhavangalaanu.
vividha yuu.-kalil upayogikkuka.ezz. samsthaana adhikaaraparidhikal.
chila adhikaaraparidhikal praayapoorthiyaakaatha oraalkk avarude maathaapithaakkalum rakshithavum haajarillengil nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakasham nalkunnu. nyoojezhsi, newada, oklahoma, alasca ennividangalile chila vakuppukal "oru abhibhaashakan nalkuka" enna vyavasthayil inipparayunna reethiyil maattam varuthunnu
eee shiksha chila saadhaaranakkaarkku oru paridhivare avyakthamaayirikkaamenkilum, avarkk ithu cheyyaan kazhiyum, avar yadhaarthathil "vyaakhyaanicha" ardhamaakkunnathu avar kuttasammatham nadathukayum kodathiyil vichaarana cheyyappedukayum cheiyunnathuvare oru abhibhaashakane labikkilla ennaanu.ezz. aaa samsthaanangalile nadapadikramangalude krithyamaaya vivaranamaayi supreme kodathi ithu amgeekarichu.
texes, nyoo meksikoo, arizona, california ennividangalil-meksikkoyumaayi athirthi pankidunna naalu samsthaanangal-yunaittad stetts pouranmaarallaathavarkku oru adhika munnariyipp nalkunnu
miranda munnariyipp nalkia sesham, police elavu chodyangal chodichekkaam. oru rekhaamoolamulla munnariyipp cardillo rekhayilo ulppeduthiyekkaavunna saadhaarana ozhivakkal chodyangal ivayaanu
melpparanja rund chodyangalkkum anukoolamaaya utharam avakashangal ozhivaakkunnu. aadya chodyathinu prathi "illa" ennu prathikarichaal, udyogasthan "miranda" munnariyipp veendum vaayikkendathundu, athesamayam randaamathe chodyathinu "illa" ennu parayunnath aaa samayat avakaashathe kshanikkunnu; rund saahacharyangalilum abhimukham nadathunna udyogasthano udyogasthano avakashangal ozhivaakkunnathuvare prathiye chodyam cheyyaan kazhiyilla.
pothuve, prathikal svayam kuttaaropitharkkethire avarude anchaam bhedagathiyude avakasham abhyarthikkukayum saakshyappeduthaano vichaaranayil cross-examination samarppikkaano visammathikkukayum cheyyumbol, avarude nishabdathayekkurichu abhipraayappedukayum athu kuttabodhatthinte parokshamaaya amgeekaaramaanennu soochippikkukayum cheythukondu bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakasham prayogichathinu prosecutorch avare parokshamaayi shikshikkaan kazhiyilla. miraanda" avakashangal nirbandhitha chodyamcheyyalil ninnu samrakshikkunna anchaam bhedagathiyude judicial gloss maathramaayathinaal, arasttinu thottupinnaale avarude "miraanda" avakashangal abhyarthikkunna prathikalude arasttinu sheshamulla nishabdathayekkurichu prathikarikkunnathil ninnu prosecutermaare athe niyamam thadayunnu. ennirunnaalum, anchaam bhedagathiyo "miraanda" yoo "arast cheiyunnathinumumbulla" nishabdathayilekku vyapikkunnilla, athaayath oru prathi vichaaranayil saakshiyude nilapad sweekarikkukayaanenkil (athaayath addeham nishabdatha paalikkanulla thante anchaam bhedagathiyude avakasham veruthe vittukoduthu), prosecutorch arast cheyyappedunnathinumbullu nishabdathayiloode (vichaaranayil thaan swamedhayaa saakshyappeduthiya karyangal udan thanne svayam thirikkukayum sammathikkukayum cheiyunnathil paraajayappettathinte adisthaanathil) addehathinte vishwaasyathaye akramikkaan kazhiyum.
sainika neethiyude ekeekritha niyamathinu keezhil, nirbandhitha svayam kuttappeduthalinethiraaya avakasham article 31 nalkunnu. sainika adikaaraparidhiyil varunna chodyam cheyyal vishayangalkk aadyam 3881 phoom nalkanam, athu avare kuttapathrangalekkurichum avarude avakaashangalekkurichum ariyikkukayum vishayangal foomil oppidukayum venam. yunaittad stetts neviyum yunaittad stetts maraine corps arast cheyyappetta ellah udyogastharum "prathikalude avakashangal" vaayikkanamennum avar aagrahikkunnuvenkil aaa avakashangal ozhivaakkunna oru foomil oppidanamennum aavashyappedunnu; vaakkalulla elavu mathiyaakilla.
samsaarichaalum rekhaamoolavum oru "miraanda" munnariyipp vaikalyamullavarkk uchithamayi nalkaamo ennu charcha cheythittundu. udaaharanathinu, "nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakasham" ennathinartham badhiranaya oru vyakthikk valare kuravaanu, koodaathe "bharanaghadanaaparamaaya" enna vaakk praadhamika vidyaabhyaasam maathram ulla aalukalkk manassilakanamennilla. oru kesil, badhiranaya oru kolapathakakkes prathiye "miraanda" munnariyippinteyum mattu judicial nadapadikaludeyum ardham manasilakkaan kazhiyunnathuvare oru therapy steshanil paarppichirunnu.
aarr niyamangal.
kasttadi police chodyam cheyyalinte falamaaya criminal nadapadikalil saakshyapathra thelivukal upayogikkunnathinu "miraanda" niyamam baadhakamaan. upadesham nalkaanulla "miraanda" avakashavum nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakashavum anchaam bhedagathiyile svayam kuttaaropithamaaya vyavasthayil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. athinaal, "miranda" apekshikkunnathinu, aarr aavasyakathakal niravettanam
munvyavasthakalude prayogam.
aarr aavasyakathakal nilavilundennum "miranda" baadhakamaanennum karuthuka, prosecution theliyikkaan kazhiyaathe prasthavana adichamarthalinu vidheyamaayirikkum
samsthaana bharanaghadanakalileyum samsthaana criminal nadapadikrama niyamangalileyum vyavasthakal prakaram prasthaavanayude sweekaaryathaye chodyam cheyyaanum prathikk kazhinjekkum.
amerikkayil niyamavirudhamaayi thamasikkunna kudiyettakkaarum samrakshikkappedunnu, chodyam cheyyappedumbozho arast cheyyappedumbozho avarude "miranda" munnariyippukal labhikkanam. "anyagrahajeevikal american aikyanaadukalude paridhiyil varikayum eee rajyavumaayi ganyamaaya bandham valarthiyedukkukayum cheyyumbol avarkk bharanaghadanaaparamaaya parirakshakal labhikkunnu".
anchaam bhedagathiyile kaunsiling avakashavum 'miraanda' niyamatthinte oru gadakavum aaram bhedagathiyile kaunsil avakaashathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. kuttasammatham niyamatthinte pashchaathalatthil aaram bhedagathiyil kaunsiling avakaashathe nirvachikkunnath massia sidhaanthamaanu.
elavu.
samshayikkunnayaalkk avarude avakaashangalekkurichu upadeshikkuka ennathu "miranda" niyamathinu poornnamaayum anusrithamalla. chodyam cheyyal thudarunnathinu munbu prathi avarude "miranda" avakashangal swamedhayaa ozhivaakkanam. express elavu aavasyamilla. ennirunnaalum, mikka niyama nirvvahana ejansikalum rekhaamoolamulla elavu foomukal upayogikkunnu. prathi avarude avakashangal vyakthamaayi ozhivaakkiyenn sthaapikkaan roopakalppana cheytha chodyangal ithil ulppedunnu. saadhaarana ozhivakkal chodyangal ivayaanu
oppam
elavu "arivullathum budhiparavumaaya" aayirikkanam, athu "swamedhayaa" aayirikkanam. iva prathyeka aavasyakathakalaanu. aadyathe aavasyakatha niravettunnathinu prathi pothuve avarude avakashangalum (nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakashavum kaunsiling avakashavum) aaa avakashangal upekshikkunnathinte anantharafalangalum (avar paranjathenthum avarkkethire kodathiyil upayogikkaamenn) manassilakkiyathaayi samsthaanam kaanikkanam. elavu "swamedhayaa" ullathaanennu kaanikkan avakashangal ozhivakkaanulla theerumaanam police nirbandhathinte falamallennu samsthaanam kaanikkanam. poleesinte nirbandham kaanikkukayo vyakthamaavukayo cheythaal, prathiyude vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalilum police perumaattatthinte nirbandhitha swabhaavathinte vishadaamshangalilum shradha kendreekarikkunna samagramaya saahacharyangalil kodathi elavu svayam sannadhamaayi nirnnayikkaan munnott pookunnu. saahacharyangalude mothatthilulla adisthaanathil oru vyakthiyude ichhaashakthiye marikadakkaan nirbandhitha police perumaattam mathiyo ennathaanu aathyanthika prashnam. eee nirnayam nadathunnathil kodathikal parambaraagathamaayi rund vibhaagathilulla gadakangalil shradha kendreekarichu (1) prathiyude vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakal, (2) elavu nalkunna saahacharyangal. ennirunnaalum, collado vii. yude kaaryatthil supreme kodathi sannadhathayude maanadandatthil ganyamaaya maattam varuthi. koonli ". koonli" ennathil, pathinalam bhedagathiyude uchithamaaya prakriya klosinte ardhathil oru kuttasammatham 'swamedhayaa' allenna kandethalinu nirbandhitha police pravartthanam anivaaryamaanennu kodathi nireekshichu."oru prathiyude anchaam bhedagathiyaaya" "miranda" "avakashangal ozhivaakkunnath swamedhayaa ullathaano ennu nirnnayikkunnathil kodathi ithe swamedhayaa ulla maanadandam prayogichu". athinaal, thangalude avakashangal ezhuthithallaanum policinode samsaarikkanumulla avarude theerumaanam prathiyude swaathanthryathe marikadanna police durupayogathinteyum nirbandhathinteyum falamaanennu kaanikkan prathikk kazhiyunnillengil "miranda" avakashangal ezhuthithallunnathu swamedhayaa ullathaanu. koonli" kku sesham, prathikk aadyam police atharam nirbandham kaanikkan kazhiyaathe saahacharya vishakalanathinte parambaraagatha samagrathayil polum athaanaavilla. koonli" ennathinu keezhil, oru prathiyude theerumaanangal yukthisahamaya charchakalude falamaayirikkanamennilla. elavu "swamedhayaa" ullathaanennu kaanikkunnathinupurame, elavu "arivullathum" "budhiparavumaanennu prosecution kaanikkanam. adisthaanaparamaayi ithinartham prathikk avarude avakaashangalekkurichu adisthaana daaranayundennum aaa avakashangal upekshikkunnathinte anantharafalangalekkurichu vilamathippundennum prosecution theliyikkanam ennaanu. vishakalanathinte shradha samshayikkappedunnayaalu vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalilaanu. prathi madyathinteyo mattu mayakkumarunninteyo swaadheenathilaayirunnavil, allengil yukthisahamaya theerumaanangal edukkaanulla avarude kazhivine ganyamaayi thadassappeduthunna vaikaarikamo maanasikamo aaya avastha anubhavichirunnuvenkil, prathiyude elavu arivillaathathum budhiparavumaanennu kodathikal theerumaanikkaam.
oru elavu vyakthavum avyakthavumayirikkanam. oru avyakthamaaya prasthavana oru elavu enna nilayil phalapradamallaathathinaal prathiyude uddeshyangal vyakthamaakkunnathuvare police chodyam cheyyalumaayi munnott pookilla. chodyam cheyyal aarambhichathinusesham prathi avarude "miranda" avakaashangalekkurichu avyakthamaayi avakaashappedunna saahacharyangalil ninnu oru elavu vyakthamallathathaayirikkanam enna aavasyakatha verthirichariyanam. oru prathiyude "miranda" avakaashangalekkurichulla eathenkilum ozhivaakkalinu sheshamulla avakaashavaadam vyakthavum avyakthavumayirikkanam. eathenkilum avyakthathayo avyakthathayo falapradamalla. prathiyude avakaashavaadam avyakthamaanengil, chodyam cheiyunna udyogastharkku prathiyude uddeshyangal vyakthamakkaan chodyangal chodikkaan anuvaadamundu, ennirunnaalum avaa aavasyamilla. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oru prathiyude avakaashavaadam avyakthamaanengil, police onnukil prathiyude uddeshyangal vyakthamakkaan shramichekkaam allengil avar phalapradamallaatha avakaashavaadam avaganichu chodyam cheyyal thudaraam. avakaashavaadatthinte samayam pradhaanamaan. arast cheiyunnathinu munbu oru abhibhaashakane abhyarthikkunnathu oru anantharafalavumalla, kaaranam "miranda" kasttadi chodyam cheyyalinu maathrame baadhakamaakoo. police abhyarthana avaganikkukayum chodyam cheyyal thudarukayum cheythekkaam; ennirunnaalum, prathikk pookaan swaathanthryamundu.
prasthavana.
prathi nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakasham urappu varuthukayaanenkil, ellah chodyam cheyyalum udan avasaanippikkanam, koodaathe prathiyude avakaashavaadathe "sookshumamaayi maanikkukayum" chodyam cheyyal punaraarambhikkunnathin munbu saadhuvaaya elavu nedukayum cheythillengil police chodyam cheyyal punararambhikkilla. saahacharyangalude samagramaya parisodhana kodathikal prayogikkunna eee avakaashavaadathe police "aathmaarthamaayi maanikkunnundo" ennu nirnnayikkunnathil. yadhaartha chodyam cheyyal avasanippikkunnathinum randaamathethu aarambikkunnathinum edayilulla samayadairkhyavum chodyam cheyyal punaraarambhikkunnathin munbu oru puthiya koottam "miranda" munnariyippukal nalkunnathum ettavum pradhanappetta gadakangalaanu.
aaram bhedagathiyil kaunsiling avakasham avakaashappedunnathinte anantharafalangal kooduthal karsanamaanu. police udan thanne ellah chodyam cheyyalum nirtthanam, abhibhaashakan haajaraakukayo (abhibhashakanumaayi koodiyaalochikkunnathu maathram aparyapthamaanu) allengil swantham ishtaprakaaram prathi poleesumaayi bandhappedukayo cheythillengil poleesinu chodyam cheyyal punaraarambhikkaan kazhiyilla. prathi veendum sanbarkkam aarambhikkukayaanenkil, chodyam cheyyal punaraarambhikkunnathin munbu saadhuvaaya elavu nedanam.
bergues vii. thompkins (2010), supreme kodathi 5-4 vidhiyil prakhyaapichu, avarude 'miranda' avakashangal vaayicha criminal prathikal (avarkk avaa manassilakunnuvennum ithinakam avaa ozhivaakkiyittillennum soochippichavar), chodyam cheyyal aarambhikkumbozho athinumumbo nishabdatha palikkaan aagrahikkunnuvennum svayam kuttappeduthalinethiraaya aaa samrakshanathinaayi policinode samsaarikkaruthennum vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkanam. nishabdatha paalikkanulla "miraanda" avakasham abhyarthikkunnathinu munbo allengil pinneedu chodyam cheyyalinidayilo thadankalinidayilo avar sambhavathekkurichu policinode samsaarikkukayaanenkil, avar samsaarikkunna vaakkukal avarkkethire upayogikkaamenn avar paranjittundenkil avarkk policinode samsarikkaan aagrahamilla. vidhiye ethirkkunnavar vaadikkunnathu, prathi nishabdatha paalikkanulla thante uddeshyathe soochippikkunnathinu samsaarikkendathinte aavasyakatha kesinekkurichu poornnamaayum nishabdatha paalikkanulla prathiyude kazhivine kooduthal illaathaakkunnu ennaanu. eee ethirppu bhooripaksha abhiprayam vaagdaanam cheytha randaamathe oopshante pashchaathalatthil vaykkanam, athu prathikk nishabdatha paalikkanulla oopshan anuvadichu, ingane paranju "addeham nishabdatha palikkaan aagrahichirunnenkil, prathikaranamaayi onnum parayukayo chodyam cheyyal avasaanippichu thante atbhutha avakashangal vyakthamaayi abhyarthikkukayo cheiyumaayirunnu."athinaal," "mirand" "aayathinal, oru prathi eee avakaashangalude abhyarthana vyakthamaayi prakhyaapikkukayo allengil, pakaramaayi, nishabdatha palikkukayo cheyyaam". aadyathethinte abhaavathil, "[paranja] enthum oru kodathiyil [prathi] yethire upayogikkaam, upayogikkum".
ozhivaakkalukal.
aarr gadakangal undennu karuthiyal, prasthavana "miraanda" niyamathinu oru apavaadamaanennu prosecution sthaapikkaan kazhiyaathe "miraanda" niyamam baadakamaakum. moonnu ozhivaakkalukal ivayaanu
avasaanatheth maathramaan oru yadhaartha apavaadam-aadya randennam "miraanda" gadakangalumaayi poruthappedunnathaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, arast, kasttadi prathibaddhatha ennivayude bharanaparamaya prakriyayude bhaagamaayi pathivayi chodikkunna chodyangal "miranda" ennathinu keezhil "chodyam cheyyal" aayi kanakkakkilla, kaaranam avaa kuttakaramaya prathikaranangal nalkaan uddeshichullatho saadhyathayullatho allah. ennirunnaalum, moonnu saahacharyangalum niyamatthinte apavaadangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. thaan oru stettu ejantumaayi samsaarikkunnuvenn prathikk ariyaatha saahacharyangalkk jayil house informant exption baadhakamaan; onnukil oru police officer oru saha thadavukaaranaayi veshamiduka, samsthaanathinte ejantaayi jolie cheiyunna oru selmett allengil kuttakaramaya vivarangal labhikkunnathin samsthaanavumaayi sahakarikkaan sammathicha oru kudumbangamo suhrutho.
pothu suraksha ozhivakkal.
pothu suraksha" enna apavaadam parimithavum cases-nirddishtavumaaya oru apavaadamaanu, pothu surakshaykk valia apakadasaadhyathayundaayirunna saahacharyangalil avaa purathuvarumbol chila upadeshikkappedaatha prasthavanakal ("miranda" munnariyippukalillaathe nalkiyirikkunnu) vichaaranayile thelivaayi amgeekarikkaan anuvadikkunnu; athinaal, "miranda" niyamam kurachu ilaasthikatha nalkunnu.
pothu suraksha apavaadam "newyork vii." ennathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. thokku kaivasham vachathayi karuthappedunna balalsangakkes prathiye pidikoodiya oru police udyogasthan nalkia prasthaavanayude sveekaaryatha supreme kodathi pariganicha oru kesaanu kwals (1984). pothujanangalkkayi thurannirunna, ennaal aukkt kaundarile clarkkukal ozhike upekshikkappetta oru soopparmaarkkattilaanu ardharaathriyil arast nadannathu. udyogasthan prathiye arast cheythappol, ozhinja tholil oru holstar kandethi, prathiye kaivilangidukayum thokku evideyaanennu chodikkukayum cheythu. prathi thokkinte dishayilekku (chila ozhinja kaarttanukalkk sameepamullathu) thalayaatti paranju, "thokku avideyundu."atharam upadeshikkappedaatha prasthavana thelivukalil sveekaaryamaanennu supreme kodathi kandethi, kaaranam" "eee udyogasthare abhimukeekarikkunnathupola oru caleidoscopic saahacharyathil, oru police maanuval palikkunnathinupakaram swamedhayaa oru divasathe kramam aayirikkendathinaal, innu naam amgeekarikkunna ozhivaakkalinte prayogam police offeesarude aathmanishtamaaya prachodanathekkurichulla adichamarthal hearingle" poost hoock "kandethalukale aashrayichirikkaruth"."athinaal," "miraanda" "enna niyamaparamaaya niyamam" "miraanda" "yill paranjirikkunna rogaprathirodha niyamangalude aksharaarthatthilulla bhasha paalikkunnathin pothu surakshayekkurichulla aashanka paramapradhaanamaaya oru saahacharyathil" "nalkanam"."
eee apavaadathinu keezhil, oru vichaaranayile sarkkaarinte nerittulla kesil sweekaaryamaayirikkanamel, chodyam cheyyal "yadhaarthathil athirkkaanulla addehathinte ichhaashakthiye marikadanna police perumaattathaal nirbandhitharaakaruthu", koodaathe pothu surakshayekkurichulla ashankayal nyayamaaya reethiyil prerippikkappedunna chodyangal police udyogasthar chodikkunna oru sahacharyam ulkkollunna shradha kendreekarikkukayum parimithappedutthukayum venam."
2010ll federal beuro oof investigation theevravaada kesukalil pothu surakshayumaayi bandhapetta chodyangalude vishalamaaya vyaakhyaanam upayogikkaan ejantumaare prothsaahippichu, theevravaada bheeshanikalude "vyapthiyum sankeernathayum" "oru saadhaarana criminal kesil anuvadaneeyamaayathinekkaal" miraanda "munnariyippukalillaathe ganyamaayi kooduthal vipulamaaya pothu suraksha chodyam cheyyaline nyaayeekarikkunnu" ennu prasthaavichu, atharam udaaharanagal pattikappeduthunnathu thudarnnu "varaanirikkunnatho ekopithamo aaya bheekaraakramanangalekkurichu chodyangal; pothujanagalkk asannamaaya apakadamundaakkunna aayudangal uyarthunna sthaanam, swabhaavam, bheeshani; koodaathe kooduthal asannamaaya aakramanangalkk goodaalochana nadathunna koottaalikale thirichariyuka, sthalangal, pravartthanangal allengil uddeshyangal."neethinyaaya vakuppinte vakthaav eee nilapaadine bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakaashathil maattam varuthunnathalla, marichu niyamathile nilavilulla vazhakkam vyakthamakkunnathaayi visheshippichu.
eee apavaadathinu keezhil sarnevinte pree-miraanda prasthavanakal sweekaaryamaayirikkanamenna prosecutermaar thudakkathil vaadichu. ennirunnaalum, sarnevinethire avarude kesil aaa thelivukalonnum upayogikkaruthennu prosecutermaar pinneedu theerumaanichathinaal eee ozhivakkal kodathi pariganichilla.
2013-leeii kolapathakakkesaaya "peeples vii doll" enna kesil newyork appeel kodathi eee apavaadam sharivachu, avide vasthrangalil rakthamulla oraale thadankalil vaykkukayum chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu.
ozhivaakkalinulla avasarathinte jalakam cheruthaanu. prathikkethire audyogikamaayi kuttam chumathiyaal, aaram bhedagathiyil kaunsiling avakasham attaach cheyyukayum rahasya chodyam cheyyal nirodhikkukayum cheyyum. saahacharyangal pothujanangalude surakshaykk vyakthavum nilavilullathumaaya apakadamundaakkukayum, adiyanthiraavastha avasaanippikkaan kazhiyunna vivarangal prathiyude pakkalundennu vishwasikkaan udyogastharkku kaaranamundengil pothu suraksha ozhivakkal baadhakamaan.
lamghanathinte anantharafalangal.
oru "miranda" lamghanam sambhavichuvennu karuthuka-aarr gadakangal nilavilundu, oru apavaadavum baadhakamalla-prasthavana "miranda" ozhivakkal niyamathinu keezhil adichamarthalinu vidheyamaayirikkum. athaayath, prathi ethirkkukayo adichamarthaanulla oru prameyam phayal cheiyukayo cheythaal, kuttabodhatthinte thelivaayi prasthavana nalkunnathil ninnu ozhivakkal niyamam prosecutione vilakkum. ennirunnaalum, prathiyude saakshyathe impeach cheyyaan prasthavana upayogikkaam. koodaathe, vishamulla vruksha sidhaanthathinte phalam miraanda lamghanangalkku baadhakamalla. athinaal, ozhivakkal niyamathile ozhivaakkalukal, sheenanam, swatantra uravidam, anivaryamaaya kandethal enniva praabalyatthil varunnilla, koodaathe derivative thelivukal poornnamaayum sveekaaryamaayirikkum. udaaharanathinu, prathi nishabdatha paalikkanulla avakasham avakaashappettathin sesham police kasttadi chodyam cheyyal thudarumennu karuthuka. kolapaathakathinu upayogicha thokkinte sthaanam prathi thante prasthaavanaykk sheshamulla mozhiyil policinode parayunnu. eee vivarangal upayogichu police thokku kandethunnu. forencic parisodhanayil thokku kolapathaka aayudhamaanenn thirichariyukayum thokkil ninnu edutha viraladayaalangal prathiyude kaithokkumaayi poruthappedukayum cheiyunnu. miranda-defective prasthaavanayude ulladakkangal prosecution adisthaana thelivaayi nalkaan kazhinjilla, pakshe thokkum anubandha forencic thelivukalum vichaaranayile thelivaayi upayogikkaam.
nadapadikramaparamaaya aavasyakathakal.
niyamangal adhikaraparidhi anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnunde, saadhaaranayaayi thante bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakashangal lamghichu labhichathinte adisthaanathil thelivukalude sweekaaryathaye ethirkkaan aagrahikkunna oru vyakthi inipparayunna nadapadikrama aavasyakathakal paalikkanam
oru nadapadikramaparamaaya aavasyakatha paalikkunnathil paraajayappedunnathu prameyam samkshipthamaayi nirasikkunnathin kaaranamaayekkam. prathi nadapadikramaparamaaya aavasyakatha niravettunnuvenkil, prameyam saadhaaranayaayi jooriyude saannidhyathin purathulla jadji pariganikkum. jadji thelivukal kelkkukayum vasthuthakal nirnnayikkukayum niyamatthinte nigamanagalil athicherukayum prameyam anuvadikkukayo nirasikkukayo cheiyunna oru utharavil praveshikkukayum cheiyunnu.
bandhapetta sidhaanthangal.
miranda" ennathinu purame, "massia" sidhaantham, sannadhatha nilavaaram, federal, samsthaana criminal nadapadikrama niyamangalude vyavasthakal, samsthaana bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakal enniva prakaram kuttasammatham chodyam cheyyappedaam.
"massia" sidhaantham.
massia" sidhaantham ("massia vii. sthaapichathaanu. yunaittad stetts) prathiyude aaram bhedagathiyiloode kaunsiling avakasham lamghichu labhicha kuttasammatham nirodhichirikkunnu. prathyekichum, aupachaarika kuttapathram samarppichathin sesham oru prathiyude bhaagathuninnu police manappoorvvam kandedutha criminal nadapadikalil saakshyapatrangal upayogikkunnathinu "massia" niyamam baadhakamaan. massia" nuu keezhilulla aaram bhedagathiyude samrakshanangalkk kaaranamakunna sambhavangal (1) ethir criminal nadapadikal aarambikkuka, (2) sarkkar ejantumaar prathiyude vivarangal manappoorvvam shekharikkuka ennivayaanu.
aaram bhedagathi ellah criminal prosecutionukalilum abhibhashakanaakaan oru prathikk avakasham urappunalkunnu. aaram bhedagathiyude uddeshyangal nyayamaaya vichaaranaykkulla oru prathiyude avakasham samrakshikkuka, samsthaanathinte "prosecuteral sakthikal"kkethiraaya malsarathil prathikk abhibhashakanaayi yogyathayulla abhibhaashakane nalkikkond ethir neethinyaaya samvidaanam shariyaayi pravarthikkunnuvennu urappaakkuka ennivayaanu.
ethir criminal nadapadikal aarambikkuka.
aupachaarikamaaya kuttapathram, praadhamika vaadam, kuttapathram, vivarangal allengil niyamanadapadi" ennivayiloode ethir judicial nadapadikal aarambhich sarkkar kesinte prosecution svayam prathijnjaabadhamaayikkazhil aaram bhedagathiyil "attaach" cheyyaanulla avakasham nalkunnu. oru prathyeka sambhavamo nadapadiyo ethir criminal nadapadikalude thudakkamaano ennu nirnnayikkunnathin kuttakrithyam aaropikkappedunna adhikaaraparidhiyile criminal nadapadikrama niyamangalum aupachaarika prosecution aarambikkunna samayathe prashnam kaikaaryam cheiyunna supreme kodathi kesukalum parishodhikkendathundu. ethir criminal nadapadikal aarambhichukazhinjaal prosecutionteyum anweshanathinteyum ellah nirnaayaka gattangalkkum kaunsiling avakasham baadhakamaan. prosecutionte eathenkilum ghattam, aupachaarikamo anoupachaarikamo aaya, kodathiyilo purattho, abhibhaashakante abhavam nyayamaaya vichaaranaykkulla prathiyude avakaashathe avahelikkunna" oru nirnaayaka gattamaanu.
prathiyil ninnu kuttaaropithanaaya kuttakrithyavumaayi bandhapetta kuttaaropitha prasthavana neritto rahasyamo aaya maargangaliloode nedaanulla sarkkar sramangal oru nirnaayaka gattamaanu, oru abhibhaashakan sannihithanaanennu sarkkaarin canicano allengil prathi arinjo swamedhayaa, budhiparamaayum abhibhashakanumaayulla thante avakasham ozhivaakkaano kazhiyaathe angane labhikkuna eathu vivaravum adichamarthalinu vidheyamaan.
sarkkar ejantumaar prathiyude vivarangal manappoorvvam shekharikkuka.
prathikkethire kuttaaropithamaaya vivarangal nalkaan saadhyathayulla sarkkar ejantumaar manahpoorvvam saahacharyangal srishtikkunnathaayaanu manappoorvamaaya velippeduthaline nirvachichirikkunnathu. vyakthamaayi chodyam cheyyalinu (chodyam cheyyal) yogyathayundengilum rahasya ejantumaarudeyo panamadachulla vivaradaathaakkaludeyo upayogathiloode prathiyude vivarangal nedaanulla rahasyashramangalilekkum eee ashayam vyaapikkunnu.
manappoorvvam kandethal" enna nirvachanam "miraanda" niyamathinu keezhilulla "chodyam cheyyal" enna nirvachanathinu thulyamalla. "miraanda" chodyam cheyyalil vyakthamaaya chodyam cheyyalum oru udyogasthan nyayamaayum munkootty kanda eathenkilum pravartthanangalo prasthaavanakalo kuttakaramaya prathikaranatthinu kaaranamaakumenn ulppedunnu. "chodyam cheyyalinum kuttakrithyam aaropicha prathiyil ninnu manahpoorvvavum manappoorvvavumaaya vivarangal nedaanulla eathoru sramathinum "massia" baadhakamaan. kuttakaramaya vivarangal ("massia") srishtikkaan saadhyathayulla oru anthareeksham lakshyapoorvvam srishtikkunnathum athu udyogasthante uddeshyamo uddeshyamo ("miraanda") aayirunnillengilum kuttakaramaya prathikaranatthinu kaaranamakunna pravarthanavumaanu vyathyasam.
aaram bhedagathiyil kaunsiling avakasham kuttakrithyam-nirddishtamaanu-kuttakrithyavumaayi bandhapetta vivarangal nedaanulla thudakkathinu sheshamulla shramangalkk maathrame eee avakasham baadhakamaakoo. kuttaaropitha kuttakrithyavumaayi vasthuthaparamaayi bandhappettirikkunnavel aaa avakasham kuttaaropithamallaatha kuttakrithyangalilekku vyapikkunnilla.
prathikk kaunsiling cheyyaanulla avakaashathil ninnu ozhivaakkiyittundenn sarkkaarin sthaapikkaan kazhiyaathe prathiyude aaram bhedagathiyude kaunsil avakasham lamghikkunna vivarangal adichamarthalinu vidheyamaan. elavu arivullathum budhiparavum swamedhayaa ullathumayirikkanam. saadhuvaaya "miranda" elavu aaram bhedagathiyude avakaashathinte ilavaayaanu pravartthikkunnathu.
sannadhathayude maanadandam.
prathiyude kasttadi nila pariganikkathe, prathiykkethire audyogikamaayi kuttam chumathiyittundo ennathu pariganikkathe thanne ellah police chodyamcheyyalukalkkum sannadhatha maanadandam baadhakamaan. prasthavana prasthavanayil ninnu labhikkuna eathenkilum thelivukalum poornnamaayum adichamarthuka ennathaanu maanadandam lamghikkunnathinulla prathividhi. kuttabodhatthinte adisthaana thelivaayo prathiyude saakshyathe impeach cheyyaano prasthavana upayogikkaan kazhiyilla. nirbandhitha kuttasammatham avayude antharleenamaaya vishwaasyatha illaathathinaal upayogikkunnathinodu pothu niyamatthinte veruppaanu karshanathayude kaaranam. koodaathe, nirbandhitha kuttasammatham ozhivakkaanulla avakashangal ozhivaakkaano, nirbandhitha police perumaattatthinte ira thante avakasham urappikkaano kazhiyilla. sannadhathayude maanadandam pariganikkumbol oraal "collado vii" ennathil supreme kodathiyude theerumaanam pariganikkanam. koonli ". federal kodathikal "konelli" niyamam prayogikkunnathu asthiravum samsthaana kodathikal palappozhum kesinte anantharafalangal manassilakkunnathil paraajayappettathumaanenkilum, "konelli" swamedhayaa ulla maanadandatthinte prayogatthil kaaryamaaya maattam varuthiyathayi vyakthamaayi adayaalappeduthi. konelli" ennathinu munbu, saahacharyangalude samagratha kanakkileduthu kuttasammatham swamedhayaa ayirunno ennathaayirunnu parisodhana. "swamedhayaa" enna vaakkinte dainamdina ardham undaayirunnu kuttasammatham police balaprayogathekkaal prathiyude swatantra ichhaashakthiyude falamaayirikkanam. koonli" kku sesham, prathikk nirbandhitha police perumaattam kaanikkan kazhiyaathe saahacharyangalude parisodhanayude mothatthilulla pravartthanam polum aarambhikkappedunnilla. police durupayogam nilanilkkukayum durupayogavum kuttasammatham thammilulla kaaryakaaranaparamaaya bandham kaanikkan kazhiyukayum cheythillengil swatantra ichhaashakthiyum yukthisahamaya theerumaanamedukkalum sambandhicha chodyangal oru uchithamaaya prakriya claiminu aprasakthamaan.
samsthaana bharanaghadanaaparamaaya velluvilikal.
oro samsthaana bharanaghadanayilum vyakthigatha avakashangal urappunalkunna anuchedangalum vyavasthakalum undu. mikka kesukalilum vishayam federal avakasha billinu samaanamaan. mikka samsthaana kodathikalum avarude bharanaghadanayekkurichulla vyaakhyaanam federal bharanaghadanayude samana vyavasthakalude federal kodathiyude vyaakhyaanavumaayi poruthappedunnu. miranda" prasnangalumaayi bandhappett, federal kodathikal srishticha "miranda" niyamathile chila parimithikal avarude samsthaana niyamashaasthrathil ulppeduthunnathinu samsthaana kodathikal kaaryamaaya ethirppu prakadippichittundu. thalphalamaayi oru prathikk "miranda" niyamathile federal parimitiye marikadakkaanum samsthaana bharanaghadanaa vyavasthakalkku keezhilulla sweekaaryathaye vijayakaramaayi velluvilikkanum kazhinjekkum. miraanda" niyamatthinte praayogikamaayi ellah vashangalum samsthaana kodathi vimarsanathinu edayaakkiyittundu. ennirunnaalum tharkkatthinte praadhamika pooyintil "miranda" niyamatthinte vyapthiyil inipparayunna parimithikal ulppedunnu (1) "harris" exception (2) "burbine" niyamam, (3) "nirakk" niyamam.
samsthaana niyamaparamaaya velluvilikal.
bharanaghadanaaparamaaya velluvilikku purame, kuttasammatham oru prathiyude niyamaparamaaya avakashangal lamghichaanu labhichathennathinte adisthaanathil kuttasammatham sweekarikkunnathine chodyam cheyyaan samsthaanangal oru prathiye anuvadikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, north carolina criminal proseejyar act oru prathiye criminal nadapadikramangalude north carolina niyamangalude vyavasthakalude "ganyamaaya" lamghanathinte falamaayi labhicha thelivukal adichamarthaan anuvadikkunnu.
upayogathekkurichulla ashayakkuzhappam.
police kathaapaathrangal avarude avakashangal samshayikkunnathayi pathivayi vaayikkunna american television paripaadikaludeyum chalana chithrangaludeyum vyaapanam kaaranam, ithu arast nadapadikramatthinte oru pratheekshitha gadakamaayi mariyirikkunnu-2000 leeii "dikkezhsan" theerumaanatthil, cheef justice vilyam renkvist ezhuthi, "miranda" munnariyippukal "munnariyippukal nammude deseeya samskaarathinte bhaagamaayi mariyirikkunna ghattathilekku pathiv police parisheelanatthil ulchernnirikkunnu".
miraanda" munnariyipp nalkaathe arasttukalum chodyamcheyyalukalum niyamaparamaayi sambhavikkaamenkilum, eee nadapadikramam saadhaaranayaayi arast cheyyappettayaalude pree-miraanda prasthaavanakale vichaaranaykk sveekaaryamallaathaakkum. (ennirunnaalum, yunaittad stetts vii. leeii bahuswarata abhipraayathinu anusrithamaayi. ennirunnaalum, "pree-miranda" prasthaavanakalude falamaayi labhicha bhauthika thelivukal ippozhum amgeekarikkappedaam. aaa kesil kodathiyude bhooripaksham abhipraayamillaayirunnu.)
chila adhikaaraparidhikalil, oru "thadankal" niyamathil "arast" ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, koodaathe oru kuttakrithyathinu aaa vyakthiye arast cheiyunnathuvare police "miranda" munnariyipp nalkendathilla. atharam saahacharyangalil, oru vyakthiyude avakaashangalekkurichu upadeshichittillengilum poleesinu nalkunna prasthavanakal pothuve sveekaaryamaanu. athupole, "miraanda" munnariyipp nalkunnathino poortthiyaakkunnathino munbu arast nadannukondirikkumbol nalkia prasthaavanakalum pothuve sveekaaryamaanu.
kasttadi chodyam cheyyalinu maathram "miranda" baadhakamaayathinaal, peru, vilasam thudangiya staanderd booking chodyangalil ninnu thadavukaare ithu samrakshikkunnilla. svayam kuttaaropithanaanennu samshayikkunna vyakthikalil ninnu vaarant illaathe raktham edukkunnathil ninnu poleesine thadayunnilla ennathinaal ithu anchaam bhedagathiyude avakaashathe samrakshikkaan uddeshichulla oru samrakshana nadapadiyaanu. (atharam thelivukal svayam kuttakrithyamaayirikkaam, pakshe svayam kuttakrithyatthinte prasthavanakalaayi kanakkakkilla.)
oru thadavukaaran jayililaanengil oru kesil "miraanda" ennu vilikkukayaanenkil, ithu kastadiyilaayirikkumbol avarkkethire kuttam chumathaavunna mattethenkilum kesukalilekkaano vyaapippikkunnathenn vyakthamalla. udaaharanathinu, oru vyakthiye arast cheyyukayum kannukaalikale aakramichathinu kuttam chumathukayum vichaarana kaath kaundi jayilil paarppikkukayum cheiyunnu. kannukaali kesil addeham thante "miraanda" avakashangal abhyarthichu. kastadiyilaayirikkumbol, oru staaf amgathinu nadakkaanulla kazhivu nashtappedunna oru pooraattatthil addeham earppedunnu. staaf illaathe nadakkunna poraattathekkurichu addeham kasttadi staafumaayi samsaarikkunnu, aadyam "miranda" ennu vilikkunnu. yadhaartha "miraanda" prasthavana kaaranam eee prasthavana sveekaaryamaano ennu vyakthamalla.
pala police vakuppukalum "miranda" munnariyippumayi bandhappett chodyam cheiyunnavarkku prathyeka pariseelanam nalkunnu; prathyekichu, avakasham ozhivakkaanulla oru prathiyude theerumaanathe engane swaadheenikkaam. udaaharanathinu, avakashangal manassilaakkiyittundo ennum prathi samsarikkaan aagrahikkunnuvo ennum udyogasthan prathyekamaayi chodikkendathundu. samshayikkappedunnayaalodu oru chodyam chodikkunnathinu munbu, shekharicha thelivukal, saakshikalude prasthavanakal muthalaayavayekkurichu deerghamaayi samsarikkaan udyogasthane anuvadikkunnu. prathi samsarikkaan aagrahikkunnuvo ennu udyogasthan "appol" chodikkum, appol hajarakkiya thelivukal nishedhikkaanulla shramathil prathi samsarikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. orikkalum oru chodyam chodikkaathirikkuka ennathaanu saadhaaranayaayi padippikkunna mattoru thanthram; udyogasthanu prathiye oru chodyam cheyyal muriyil iruthi, ayaalude arikil irunnu pepparvarkkukal nadathukayum, prathi samsarikkaan thudangunnathuvare kaathirikkukayum cheyyaam. thelivukal nalkaan oru prathiye nirbandhikkunnathinethir niyama udyogastharkku earppeduthiya niyanthranangal laghookarikkaanum saadhuvaaya niyamaparamaaya thanthrangalaayi kodathiyil nilakollaanum uddeshichullathaanu eee thanthrangal. ennirunnaalum, atharam thanthrangale niyamaparamaaya avakasha grouppukal vanchanaaparamaanennu apalapikkunnu. 
rahasya ejantumaar nadathunna chodyam cheyyalukalil ninnu elavu.
illinois vii. perkins, "496 yuu.ezz. 292 (1990), yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi, kuttakaramaya prathikaranangal nalkunna chodyangal chodikkunnathinu munbu rahasya udyogasthar prathikalkk oru "miranda" munnariyipp nalkendathillennu vidhichu. eee kesil, oru rahasya ejantu oru thadavukaaranaayi veshamidukayum anweshanam nadakkunna oru kolapathakam nadathiyathaayi samshayicha mattoru thadavukaaranumaayi 35 minitt sambhashanam nadathukayum cheythu. eee sambhaashanathinidayil, rahasya ejantu anweshikkunna kolapaathakatthil prathi svayam ulppeduthi.
oru sarkkar ejantu kasttadi chodyam cheyyal nadathiyathaayi sarkkar sammathichittum supreme kodathi eee nigamanatthiletthi.
afgaanisthaanile thadavukaarkku munnariyipp nalkunna report.
2009 muthal, afgaanisthaanil pidikoodiya chila thadavukaare avarude "miranda" avakashangal efbi vaayichathaayi mishiganile kongras amgam maikkal rogezhs parayunnu. neethinyaaya vakupp parayunnathanusarichu, "videshathulla thadavukaare" mirrand "cheyyaan eph. bii. aii ejantumaarkku nayaparamaaya maattamo nirddeshangalo undayittilla. efbi ejantumaar bagramilum mattu saahacharyangalilum videshathu "mirand" aayi samshayikkunna prathyeka kesukal undaayittundengilum, labhicha thelivukalude gunanilavaaram samrakshikkunnathinaayi, thadavukaare sambandhichidatholam mothatthilulla naya mattangalonnum undayittilla."
mattu rajyangalil thulya avakashangal.
avarude bharanaghadanakalil ninno pothu niyamathil ninno niyamathil ninno uthbhavichalum, pala raajyangalum oru prathiyude nishabdathaykkulla avakaashathe amgeekarikkunnu.

