
bombus pensylvanicus

bombus pensylvanicus, american bumblebee, vadakke amerikkayil ninnulla vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru inam bumblebee aanu. kizhakkan canadayilum kizhakkan american aikyanaadukalude bhooribhaagathum meksikkoyude bhooribhaagathum ithu kaanapedunnu.
thekkan yunaittad stetsil orikkal ettavum prachaarathilulla bumblebee ayirunna bombus pensylvanicasinte ennam sameepa varshangalil ganyamaayi kuranju, athinte shaasthreeya naamamaya pensylvania ulppede athinte ennam valare kuravaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. mothatthil, kazhinja 20 varshathinide janasamkhya ekadesham 90 sathamaanam kuranju.
"bombus pensylvanicus" thuranna krishiyidangalilum vayalukalilum thaamasikkukayum koodundaakkukayum cheiyunnu. sooryakanthi pookkaleyum cloverukaleyum anukoolikkunna niravadhi bhakshya sasyangale bhakshikkukayum paraganakkaaranaayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu.
taxonomy, phylogenetics.
"bombus pensylvanicus" "hymenoptere (urumbukal, kuttichedikal, theneechakal, sophlaikal enniva ulkkollunnu), epiday (kuyilukal, kuttichedikal, marappanikkar, bumble, theneechakal enniva ulkkollunnu), upakudumbamaaya apina (thaine, oorkkid, bumble, neelamulla kombulla, khanana theneechakal enniva ulkkollunnu), bombus (bumblebees ulkkollunnu) ennee janussukalil pedunnu"."bombasinullil", bii. bombus armeniacus, bombus pouloensis, bombus dalbomy, bombus aastidas, bombus humilis, bombus moreo, bombus maskaram, bombus paaskuvaram, bombus pomoram, bombus ruderarius, bombus silvaaram, bombus transwersalis thudangiya enangal ulppedunna thoracobombus upajathiyil pensylvanicus ulppedunnu."bombus pensylvanicus" chilappol "bii" ennu thettidharikkappedunnu. terricola "allengil" bii. meksikkoyilum arisonayilum kaanapedunna bombus sonoras aanu auricomus "ennaal athinte ettavum adutha bandhu. oro inavum purusha jananendriyathil vyathyaasangal nilanirthunnundengilum shaasthranjar chilappol "bombus sonorasine" "bombus pensylvanicasinte" oru upajathiyaayi kanakkakkunnu."bii" yude idatharam vyakthikal. pensylvanicus ", bii. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya ovarlaappu pradeshangalil sonoras kandethiyittundengil "bii" aano ennu verthirichariyaan kooduthal thelivukal aavasyamaanu. bii' yude oru upajaathiyaan sonoras. pensylvanicus."
vivaranavum thirichariyalum.
"bombus pensylvanicus" neelamulla naavulla oru vyapaka inamaanu. samanamaaya inangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol "bii. sonoras, "bii. pensylvanicus "irunda niratthilulla paatten ullathum kizhakkan yunaittad stetsilaanu sthithicheyyunnathum. bii" yude savisheshathakal. pensylvanicusil iva ulppedunnu manja thorassic dorsum, karutha pinbhagam, 3 prarambha marimari karuppum veluppum tergal segmentukal, neelamullathum neelamullathumaaya malar space, hrasvamaaya mudi. eee savisheshathakal "bii" yumayi saamyamullathaan. aandu" "bii. orikomas, "speesheesukalkkidayil aashayakkuzhappathilekk nayikkunnu. "bii. pensylvanicus "niratthilum shreniyilum" bombus aastidasinu "samaanamaan. theneechakoodinullile savisheshathakalude kaaryatthil, oru valia raajnji 13-19 mm-leeii thozhilaalliye apekshichu 22-26 mm alakkunnu. purushanmaarkk vishalamaaya vazhappazha aakruthiyilulla puram linga valve thalayund, koodaathe palappozhum thorassic dorsum pinbhaagathu vipulamaaya manja niramundu.
theneechakal saadhaaranayaayi avarude koodukalkku sameepam meyumbol, vyakthikalkk onnara mile vare akale ninnu madangaanaakumennu nireekshikkappettundu. hoaming seshiyilum oru theneecha koodilekku madangaan edukkunna samayathilum vyakthigatha vyathiyanangal undakaan saadhyathayund. theneechakal upayogikkunna reethi mikkavarum pareekshanavum pishakum reethiyaanu, aaram indriyamo hoaming sahajaavabodhamo allah, kaaranam theneechakal koodilekku madangaan edukkunna samayathil vyathyasthamaaya vyathiyanangal nilanirtthi. venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil purushanmaaraan kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath.
nirddishtamallaatha vyathiyaanam.
ezz.eiii. bombus janussile theneechakalkku avayude paridhiyiludaneelam thaarathamyappeduthaavunna roopaghadanayundennu cameron nireekshichu, athinaal perumatta poruthappedutthalukal vyathyastha aavaasavyavasthakale kolanivalkkarikkunnathil valia punk vahikkumennu soochippikkunnu. varnna paattenile paraspara nirddishtavum antharnirddishtavumaaya vyathiyanangal kanakkiledukkunnathinaanu anukarikkunna parinamam anumaanikkappedunnathu. kizhakkan vadakke american "bii. pensylvanicus padinjaaran vadakke american bii. samanamaaya roopaghadanayullathum ennaal vyathyastha varnna paattenukalum vyathyastha purusha jananendriyangalumula taxakalaanu sonoras. rund varggangalum ovarlaappu cheiyunna pradeshangalil, "bii" thammil janithaka intrograshan undu. sonoras ", bii. pensylvanicus, "rund varggangalum yadhaarthathil nirddishtamaayirikkaamenum (phalabhooyishtamaaya santhathikale ulppaadippikkunnathinaal) upajathikalaayi kanakkakkappedunnathaayir soochippikkunnu.
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
"bombus pensylvanicus kizhakkan valia samathalangal muthal kizhakkan, madhya america, thekkan canada, meksikoo vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. pradhaanamaayum athinte shreniyude vadakkan bhaagangalil ennam kurayunna eee inam apoorvamaayitheernniriknu. "bii. pensylvanicus saadhaaranayaayi neelamulla pullu vayalukalil koodukal undaakkunnu, pakshe chilappol bhoogarbhathil koodukal undakkaam. eee inam nilatthinu mukalil surakshithamaaya koodukal srishtikkaan pullukaludeyo neelamulla pullukaludeyo koottukal upayogikkunnu. pazhaya pakshikalude koodukal, elikalude kuzhikal allengil synder blokkukalil polulla sthaapitha villalukalilum kuzhikalilum chila koodundaakkunnu. bakkattukaloo kalappurakalo polulla manushyanirmmitha vasthukkalil koodukattunnathaayi polum eee inam rekhappeduthiyittundu.
kolanikalude chakram.
"bombus pensylvanicus" mattu inam vandalkkaadukalkk samanamaaya oru prathyulpaadana chakram nilanirthunnu. paaristhithika gadakangalum vibhavangalude labhyathayum kolaniyude chaakrika purogathiye badhikkunnu. februvariyil aarambikkunna eee chakram novemberilo disambarilo avasaanikkunnu. inacheralinte aavasyamillaathe penn theneechakalkku muttakal nalkaan kazhiyum, eee prakriya haplodiploidae ennariyappedunnu. beejasankalanam cheyyappedaattha muttakal aann muttakalayi vikasikkumbol beejasankalanam cheyyappetta muttakal penn thozhilaallikalaayo raajnjikalaaya theneechakalaayo vikasikkunnu. oru purusha inayum puthuthayi janicha raajnjiyum thammil juulai/august maasangalil prathyulpaadana chakram aarambikkunnu. beejasankalanam cheytha raajnji adutha varsham vasanthakaalam vare urakkaavasthayil thaamasikkukayum oru koodu thirayanulla ettavum anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangalkkayi kaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu. maarchil, kween bee poshaka srotassaayi koombolayum thaine shekharikkukayum oru mezhuk kalam nirmmikkukayum avalude koolani sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee kolanikal februvariyil krameekarikkukayum aarambikkukayum cheyyum. shekharicha koombolayiloode sthree thozhilaallikal vikasikkunnu, kaaranam ithu andaashayathe muttakal srishtikkaan prerippikkunnu, avaa oru varsham munbu purushanmaaril ninnu beejasankalanam cheyyappedunnu. raajnji thudakkathil muttakal choodaakkunnathu thudarunnu, thudarnnu muttakal avayude vikasanathinte jeevitachakram thudarunnu aadyam larva ghattam, thudarnnu pupa, avasaanamaayi praayapoorthiyaaya penn thozhilaallikal. penn thozhilaallikal koodum muttayum paripaalikkumbol raajnji muttayidunnu. mutta muthal muthirnna theneecha vareyulla eee prakriyaykku ekadesham 4 muthal 5 aazhchakal edukkum. prarambha thozhilaallikal valarchaykkayi vibhavangal konduvannu koolani valuppam vardhippikkukayum meikkukayum cheiyunnu. athinaal, varshavasaanam, venalkkaalathinte madhyathil viriyunna thozhilaallikal prarambha thozhilaalli theneechakalekkaal valuthayirikkum. theneechakkoodukal valarunnathu thudarunnu, venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil 200-ladhikam thozhilaalli theneechakal undakam. theneechakkoodukalude valippam mathiyaakumbol, raajnji theneechayude muttakaludeyum aann muttakaludeyum uthppaadanam vyakthamaakkunnathilekku nayikkunna chila penkuttikalude andashaya uthppaadanam thadayunna oru raasavasthuvinte uthppaadanam raajnji nirtthunnu. chila vanita thozhilaallikalkk svanthamaayi muttakal undakkaam, pakshe raajnji saadhaaranayaayi avaa ozhivaakkum. venalkkaalaavasaanam vare raajnjiyum thozhilaallikalum thammilulla nirantharamaaya poraattam thudarunnu, thozhilaallikal raajnjiye kuthikkollunnu. raajnjiyude theneechayude muttakal viriyukayum thozhilaallikalaaya theneechakal marikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal shaithyakaalath eee chakram veendum aarambikkunnu.
kolanikalude shreni.
"bii. pensylvanicasinu athinte kolanisankethatthil vyathyasthamaaya sthirathayundu. kolaniyile ettavum valia theneechakalaayathinaal raajnjikale prabalamaaya jaathiyayi kanakkakkunnu. thozhilaallikalaaya aann theneechakal sharashari chirakukalude neelatthil valuthayi valarumbol, raajnjikalude ennam kurayumbol avaa prabalamaaya jaathiyayi maarunnu. koolani vikasanathinte pooyintine aashrayich purushanmaarude chirakukalude neelam vyathyaasappedunnu. koolani kandethiya aadyakaala purushanmaarkk kolaniyude onno rando thalamurayekkaal cheria chirakukalude neelamundu. raajnjiyaanu meyunnathinaal thudakkathil bhakshya vitharanam kuravaanu. juulai vare thozhilaallikal meikkal jaathiyaan, shareera valuppathil valia vardhanavu nireekshikkappedunnu. november, desember maasangalil thozhilaallikalude ennam kurayumbol sajeevamaaya theneechakal oru raajnjiyude valippathilekku valarunnathuvare aann valippam vardhikkunnathinanusaricha, prathyulppaadana purushanmaar vikasikkumbol thozhilaallikalude anupatham kurayunnu, ithu kolaniyile oru vazhithirivayi prathinidheekarikkunnu. sharashari chirakukalude neelatthil ettavum kuranja staanderd vyathiyaanam nilanirthunna raajnjikalaanu kolaniyile ettavum sthirathayulla jaathi. koolani vibhavangal athinte paridhi vare athumbol churungiya samayathinullil raajnjikale nirmmikkunnathaan ithinu kaaranamenn anumaanikkappedunnu. bii" yude pravartthanam. oru uposhnamekhalaa mekhalayile pensylvanicus "mithasheethoshnameghalakalile speesheesukalumaayi saamyamullathaan, sajeevamaaya theneechakal illaatha kaalaghattangal nilanirthunnu.
mattu jeevajalangalumaayulla edapedal.
vettakkar.
bombus pensylvanicus aposematic niravum prathirodha stinger nilanirthunnundengilum ithu niravadhi vettakkaare abhimukeekarikkunnu. carbohydrate protein samriddhamaaya thaine, laarvakal, koombola enniva adangiyirikkunna theneechakkoodile vibhavangal nedunnathinulla akramanam moolam vettayaadal undakaan saadhyathayund. vettakkaaril kooduthalum sasthanikalaaya scunk, karadi, raakkoon enniva ulppedunnu. koodaathe, bhakshanathinaayi pakshikal theneechakale munkootty kaanunnu. vettakkar palappozhum akasherukkalaal munkootty kanakkaakkappedunnu. njandu chilanthikalum nigoodamaaya niratthilulla pathiyiripp keedangalum pookkalkku nere theneechakale thattikkond pooyi avaye pidikkunnu. moshtavu eechakal theneechakale poleyaanu, theneechakale pidichu ensimeukal cherthu avayude aantharika avayavangal bhakshikkunnu. "bii" yill prathyekamaayi vettayaadunna oru moshtakkalkkaayulla eechayaanu "mallophora bomboids". pensylvanicus "ithu baatteesiyan anukaranathinulla oru maathrkayaayi upayogikkunnu. philanthus bysinctus" polulla chennaaya inam theneechakale thadanju visham upayogichu thalarthukayum kuttichediyude laarvakale poshippikkaan avaa upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. kolayali bagukalum dragonflies theneechayude saadhaarana vettakkaaraan.
paraannabhojikal.
jeevanulla aathidheyarkkullil laarvakal valarunna vaividhyamaarnna paraannabhojikalkku saadhaaranayaayi theneechakal aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu. theneechakalude bhooribhaagam paraannabhojikalum eechakalaanu, eee pradeshathe 30 shathamaanamo athil kooduthalo theneechakalkku rogam pidipedaam. parakkunna samayat theneechayumaayi eecha bandhippikkukayum theneechayude tergaykkidayil avalude andakoshangal cherkkukayum cheiyunnathaanu paraannabhojiyude prakriya. larva eecha theneechayude aathidheyathinullil viriyukayum aathidheyarude tissue bhakshikkunnathiloode vikasikkukayum cheiyunnu. theneecha marikkunnathin munbu ekadesham randaazhchayolam jeevikkunnu. eecha pinneedu pupettu cheyyukayum adutha varsham athu prathyakshappedunnathin munbu poornnamaayum vikasicha shaithyakaalam theneechaykkullil chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnu. "bombus pensylvanicus" oru "kuyila" bumble bee inathinu aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu, bii. vyathiyanangal ". hibernating kween bumble theneechakale "spherularia bombi" enna nemattod puzhukkal paraannabhojikalaakkunnu. eee paraannabhojikal ayuss kuraykkunnilla, pakaram raajnjiyude vandhyamkaranathin kaaranamaakunnu. badhikkappetta raajnjikal baadhikkaathavayekkaal rando moonno aazhchakalkk sesham meikkunnathaayi nireekshikkappettundu. parannabhojikalaaya sookshumaanukkalum theneechakale avarude aathidheyanaayi upayogikkunnu. parannabhojikalaaya sookshumaanukkalude phalangal maarakamo apasmaaramo aakam. rogakaarikal oru kolanikkullil pakarnnekkaam allengil theneecha pookkalil ninnu baadhichekkaam. shwaasanaalathile praanikal ("locastackerus buchnerry") theneechayude alvioliyil vasikkunnathiloode mechilppurathinte karyakshamatha kuraykkunnu. chila protosovaanukalum fangasukalum theneechayude dahananaalathile aathidheya tissue allengil kudal padaarthangal kazhikkunnu, ithu mechil karyakshamatha, ayuss, angane kolaniyude shaareerikakshamatha enniva kuraykkunnu. theneechakalil rogakaarikalkk kurachu prathirodhasheshi nalkunna symbiotic bakteeriyakal adangiyirikkaam. aavaasavyavasthayude nashtavum keedanaashinikalude sanbarkkavum kooduthal exposure cheiyunnathu theneechayude pravanathayilekku nayichekkaam, angane speesheesukalude kshayathe prolsaahippikkum.
anukaranam.
kumilakalk sradheyamaaya varnna maathrkayum prathirodha stingum ullathinaal, avaa mattu praanikalumayi mimettik complexukalil (mulleriyan mimikri, baatteesiyan mimikri) earppedunnu, avayum kuranja vettayaadal nedunnu. "bombus pensylvanicus enna chithrathe pakal parakkunna vividha sophlaikal anukarikkunnu.jii. "hemoris definis"), vandukal, eechakal, marappanikkaaran, kuzhikkunna theneechakal thudangiya mattu theneechakal.
perumaattam.
paraaganathinu munganana.
wesselling arnold (2000) "airis phulwa" (chuvanna pookkal), "airis brevikkaulis" (neela pookkal) ennivayekkurichulla paragana mungananakal padichu. "bii. pensylvanicus 'purple-flover hybridukalkku munganana nalki. theneechakal mikkappozhum ettavum aduthulla pookkale sandarshikkunnathu thudarnnu, chalanagal saadhaaranayaayi oru tharam pookkalkku maathram munganana nalkunnathinupakaram vaividhyamaarnna pushpa tharangalkkidayilaannennu theliyikkunnu. athinaal, airis hybridukalude intermediat jeenodaippukalude abhavam paraaganathinu "bii" munganana nalkunnathu moolamalla. pensylvanicus, "ennaal, paragana swabhaavam cheiyunnathu vyathyastha paragana syndromecalude marimari varunna pushpangalude mishrita samyojanathiloodeyaanu.
vibhava vibhajanam.
bii" yile intraspeciphic sais resource utilisation vyathyasangalkkaayi jonson pareekshichu. pensylvanicus ". minnesottayil, hrasvamaaya korolakalum neelamulla korolakalumulla pookkal otappettathum misrithavumaaya enangalil nilaninnirunnu. hrasvamaaya korolakalum hrasvamaaya probosisukalum (naav) ulla vettakkaare mishra speeshees staandukalil kandethi. bii" ennu jonson nigamanam cheythu. pensylvanicus 'foragermaar avarude probosisis neelavumaayi poruthappedunna corola neelamaanu munganana nalkunnathu. otta inam cheruthonamaaya korola soochippikkunna otta inavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, mishra enangalude prathyekamaaya mechilppurangalude thaarathamyam, kuranja probosis dairkhyamulla mishra enangalude probosis dairkhyathe soochippikkunnu. poochedikalude vaividhyangal eee inathe paraganam cheiyunna prathyeka theneechaye swaadheenikkumennu eee patanam anumaanichu.
jeane ozhukkum shaamavum.
1940-1960 ll vandalmathsyangalude enangal ganyamaayi vashalakunnathaayi kandethiyittundu, nilavil avaa kurayunnathu thudarunnu. samsthaanathinullile kaarshika nikshepathodanubandhichu illinoyisil bombus pensylvanicasinte shreni prathyekamaayi kuranju. lossier cameron illinoyisile microsaattalait markerukal upayogichu janithaka ghadana vilayiruthukayum "bii" yile charitraparavum samakalikavumaaya shekharangalude janithaka vyathiyanangal thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu. pensylvanicus ". bii" ennu kandethi. pensylvanicasinu "kooduthal janasamkhya gadanayundaayirunnu, ithu jeane ozhukk kurayukayum janasamkhyaykkidayil chitharukayum cheiyunnu. janithaka vaividhyam kaalakramena mothatthil kaaryamaaya maattam varuthiyittillenn kandethi, pakshe "bii" yill chila kurravukal undaayi. pensylvanicus ". bii" yill janithaka vaividhyathinte cheria nashtam. pensylvanicus "inathinte thakarchayude soochanayaayirikkaam. sameepakaalathe janasamkhyayile kuravu kaaranam eee phalangal pratheekshichirunnu, ithu gurutharamaaya thadassa saahacharyangalil janithaka vaividhyathil kuravundaakkum. athinaal, jeane ozhukkile maattam bhaaviyile janithaka vyathyaasathe soochippichekkaam. pensylvanicus ".
padavi.
bombus pensylvanicus" asaadhaaranavum vegathil kurayunnathumaaya onnaanenn nilavile gaveshanam parayunnu. muun vibhagangalil paranjathupole, "bii" yude vadakkan shreni. pensylvanicus "ganyamaayi kuranju. thekkan amerikkayiludaneelam orikkal ettavum samriddhamaaya inam, "bii. pensylvanicus ippol chila pradeshangalil vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum mattullavayil idivu anubhavikkukayum cheytha oru apoorva inamaanu. velikal, keedanirmarjanam ennivayulppedeyulla vanyajeevi sauhruda saankethikavidyakal upayogichu krishi ulppedeyulla enangale nilanirthunnathinulla samrakshana sramangal prothsaahippikkunnu.

