
kolkkathayude charithram

kolkkatha (kalkatta) oru colonial nagaramaayirunnu. britiish eest india kambani pathinettaam noottaandil oru krithrima nadeethada thuramukham sthaapich kalkatta oru nagaramaayi vikasippichu. 1911ll dalhiyilekku thalasthaanam maattunnathuvare britiish indiayude thalasthaanamaayirunnu kolkkatha. pathonpathaam noottaandil kolkkatha athivegam valarukayum lunden kazhinjaal britiish saamraajyathile randaamathe pradhana nagaramaayi maarukayum britiish indiayude saambathika (vaanijya) thalasthaanamaayi prakhyaapikkappedukayum cheythu. indian thathwachinthakale europian paarambaryavumaayi samyojippicha oru samskaarathinte vikasanavum ithinoppam chernnu.
indian muthal idathupaksha naksalait, trade union prasthaanangal vareyulla viplava charithrathinum kolkkatha prashasthamaan. indiayude saamskaarika thalasthaanam", "ghoshayaathrakalude nagaram", "kottaarangalude nagaram", "santhoshathinte nagaram" enningane visheshippikkappedunna kolkkatha pramukha raashtrathanthranjarudeyum yogikaludeyum aasthaanamaanu. druthagathiyilulla nagaravalkkaranavumayi bandhapetta prasnangal 1930 muthal kolkkathaye badhikkaan thudangi, vikaswara raajyangalude nagaravalkarana velluvilikalude udaaharanamaayi eee nagaram thudarunnu.
britteeshukaarkk munbu.
pathinalam noottaand muthal pathinaram noottaand vare kolkkatha bangal sulthaanettinte bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. mugal saamrajyam keezhadakkiya ithu 1576ll bangal adhiniveshathethudarnnu bangal subayil ulppeduthi.
bangaalil engleesh vyapaaram sthaapikkuka (1600-1700).
eest india kambaniyude bangaalil varavinu pinnil, prathyekichu 1690-ll suthaanuthiyile job charnock, sambhavangalude oru neenda shringalayundu. eee sambhavangal eest india kambaniyude niravadhi rekhakalilum niravadhi rachayithaakkalilum rekhappeduthiyittundu [broose 1810 (vaalyam I, II), marshman vaalyam I, anjjaathamaaya 1829; chuvadeyulla paraamarshangal kaanuka]. mugal chakravartthiyude sainyam engleeshukaare ethra thavana bangaalil ninnu kadinamaayi marddikkukayum thudachuneekkukayum cheythuvennum oro thavanayum vyapaaram thudaraan avar enganeyaanu bangaalilekku madangiyethiyathennum eee rekhakal parayunnu.
mugal chakravarthiyaaya jahaamgeerinte kaalath bangaalile subadar (govarnor) ayirunna ibrahim khaante (ca 1617-1624) kaalaghattatthilaanu eest india kambaniyude ejantumaar aadyamaayi bangal, bihar pravishyakal vyaapaarathinaayi sandarshichathu. aadyathe factory 1620ll soorathilum pinneedu agrayilum sthaapikkukayum avide faaktarikal thurakkaanulla saadhyatha parisodhikkaan eee sthalangalil ninnu ejantumaare kizhakkan pravishyakalilekku ayakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum gathaagathachelavum logistics prathikoolamaayirunnu, padhathi upekshikkappettu. 1644 januvariyil chakravartthiyude makalkku gurutharamaayi pollalelkkukayum munbu eest indian 'hopewell' enna sarjanaayirunna gabriel bowttan enna doctore soorathil ninnu chikilsaykkaayi ayakkukayum cheythu.
avalude pollalukal vijayakaramaayi chikilsikkaan addehathinu kazhinju, prathiphalam nalkikkond odeeshayile ppliyil factory sthaapikkaan chakravarty kambaniye anuvadikkukayum aadyamaayi engleesh kappalukal oru kizhakkan thuramukhathu athukayum cheythu. 1638ll shhaa jahaan thante makan shhaa shuja bangaalile subadaaraayi niyamikkukayum bowttan rajmahal sandarshikkukayum avide kottaaratthile oru sthriye chikilsikkaan addehathinte sevanangal veendum upayogikkukayum pakaram odeeshayile pipilic purame balasore, odeesha, hooghly, bangal ennividangalil faaktarikal sthaapikkaan kambaniye anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
1664ll mugal chakravarthiyaaya aurangseb shaista khaane bangal govarnoraayi niyamikkukayum 1682ll addehathinte abhyarthana maanich addehathe mochippikkukayum cheythu. addeham dalhiyilekku madangumbol, bangaalil ennennekkumaayi bisinesses cheyyaan oru prathyeka firman nedanamennu engleeshukaar addehathodoppam chakravarthikku abhyarthana ayachu; avarkk firman nalkunnathil chakravarty santhushtanaayirunnu, hooghly 300 thokku salute nalkikkond eee avasaram aakhoshichu. bangaalile nikshepam vardhikkukayum bangal residency madraasil ninnum shree. bangaalile vyaapaarathin melnottam vahikkunnathinaayi hedgesine cheef offeesaraayi niyamichu. hooghly addehathinte vasathi madrasakalil ninnu labhicha sainikar surakshithamaakki. ithaadyamaayaanu engleesh sainikar bangal mannil varunnath. ennirunnaalum, eee nirmmiti pala kaaryangalilum avyakthamaayirunnu, taamasiyaathe engleeshukaarum govarnor thammil tharkkangal valaraan thudangi.
eee samayat bihaarile jamindar bihar govarnore aakramichappol praadeshika aswasthathayundaayi. emm. tharkkathil pankundennu karuthi patnayile factory medaaviyaaya mayil govarnor thadavilaakki. athesamayam avarude uppuvella vyapaaram mattoru ethiraaliyaaya engleesh kambani thadassappeduthi. bangaalile avarude vyapaaram samrakshikkunnathinaayi, yadhaartha eest india kambani hoogliyude mukhatho theeratho oru kotta nirmmikkaan abhyarthichu. eee abhyarthana shaista khaan udan nirasikkukayum neratthe labhicha firman undaayirunnittum ithinakam nilavilulla 3,000 roopaykku purame 3.5 sathamaanam nikuthi chumathukayum cheythu. kosimbasaarile faujdaarumaayulla mattoru sambhavam bangal govarnor kambaniyum thammilulla tharkkathinu kaaranamaayi, ithu avarude kappalukal charakk labhikkathe bangal vidaan kaaranamaayi.
eee saahacharyathil prakopithanaaya kambani 1685ll rajaavaaya jaims randaamanodu vishayam pariharikkan chakravartthiyude sainyathinethire balaprayogam anuvadikkaan abhyarthichu. chittagong thuramukham akramikkunnathinum athine shakthippeduthunnathinum mugalmaarkkethire nilakollunna arakkan rajaavumaayi sakhyamundaakkunnathinum oru mint sthaapikkunnathinum varumanam shekharikkunnathinum admiral nicholsone kappalukalumayi ayachu, angane chittagong kizhakkan bhaagathe kambaniyude oru kotta nagaramakki. thudarnnu daakayilekku pookaan addehathodu utharavittu. govarnor nagaram upekshikkumennum thudarnnu kambanikku swatantra vyapaaravum mattu saambathika nettangalum urappunalkunna oru samadhana udambadi vaagdaanam cheyyumennum addeham dhakka, chittagong pradesham upekshikkumennum anumanikkappettu. job charnock annu madraasayilaayirunnu, madras divisionil ninnulla 400 sainikarumaayi paryaveshanatthil cheraan nirddeshikkappettu.
nirbhagyavashaal padhathi parajayappettu; chila kappalukal, vaidyuthadhaarayilum kaattilum vanna maattam kaaranam, chittagonginu pakaram hooghly ethi, avarude madras sainikar chernnathinu sesham hooghly faaktariyil nankooramittu. dhaaraalam yudhakkappalukalude saannidhyam shaista khaane bhayappeduthukayum addeham udan thanne vedinirthal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1686 october 28 nuu hooghly chila kambani sainikar shaista khaante sainikarodu moshamaayi perumaariyappol samadhaanam veendum thakarnnu, athil aadyathethu randaamathethu kadinamaayi marddichu. athe samayam admiral vediyuthirkkukayum 500 veedukal kathikkukayum cheythu; ekadesham muppath laksham roopayude swath nashtam sambhavichu. ennirunnaalum shree. misttar thammil veendum oru vedinirthal labhichu. charnockinum praadeshika faujidaarinum engleeshukaarkkum avarude kappalukalil uppuvellam idaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu ketta shaista khaan bangaalile avarude ellah faaktarikalum swathukkalum adachupoottaanum kandukettaanum utharavidukayum engleeshukaare hooghly ninnu purathaakkaan oru valia senaye ayaykkukayum cheythu.
shaista khaante padhathiyekkurichulla vaartha kettappol, shree. hooghly thaamasikkunnath surakshithamallenn charnock theerumaanikkukayum 1686 desember 20 nuu hooghly nadiyude theerathulla oru cheria kugramamaaya suthaanoottiyilekku thaazhekku pookaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. eee samayat bangaalile avarude kappalukalkk vipulamaaya attakuttappanikal aavashyamaayirunnu, avarude bakkiyulla kappalukal apakadatthilaanennu kanakkakkappettu. eee saahacharyathil chittagongil thangalude aagrahangalkk pakaram nilavile sthaanam nilanirthaan kazhiyumenkil thangal angeyattam bhaagyavaanmaaraanennu avar karuthi, eee vishayathil chakravarthiyodu kshama chodikkaan avar theerumaanikkukayum munbu nediya firman punasthaapikkaan abhyarthikkukayum cheythu.
1686 desember avasaanathode govarnor veendum samadhana udambadi vaagdaanam cheythuvenkilum pradhaanamaayum aakramanathinu samayam kandethunnathinaayaayirunu athu, 1687 februvariyode shaista khaante sainyathinte oru valia samgham kambaniye bangaalil ninnu purathaakkaan hoogliyilethi. suthanuthiyil thaamasikkunnath surakshithamallenn theerumaanicha charnock hijli dweep graamathilekku thamasam maari. kothukukal, paambukal, kaduvakal enniva niranja thikachum abhayaarthyamaaya oru sthalathu addeham avide thante sainikarodoppam thaamasichu. kambanikku avide kooduthal kaalam nilanilkkaan kazhiyillennu ariyamennathinaal govarnorude sainyam avare avide shalyappeduthiyilla. vaasthavathil, moonnu maasathinullil chaarnokkinte sainikaril pakuthiyolam perr marikkukayum backie pakuthi perr ashupathriyil praveshippikkaan thayyarakukayum cheythu.
chumaril purakott nilkkunna charnock eee kuzhappathil ninnu rakshappedaan shaista khaanumayi charcha cheyyaan theevramaayi thayyarayirunnu. apratheekshithamaya oru sambhavam kaaranam bhagyam addehathinu anukoolamaayi. chittagongilekku pookaan nicholsone niyogicha samayat, bombayil ninnu kambaniyude sthaapanam pinvalikkaanum padinjaaran theerathu sathrutha aarambhikkaanum mugal thuramukhangal uparodhikkanum avarude kappalukal evideyengilum akramikkaanum sarr joonn childinode utharavittu. makkayilekkulla theerthaadakarude thadassamillaatha yaatra urappakkaan kambaniyumaayi anurajanam nadatthaan chakravarty aurangseb aagrahikkukayum avarumaayi karaarukal undakkaan thante govarnarmaarodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
thalphalamaayi, 1687 august 16 nuu shaista khaanum charnock thammil oru samadhana udambadi oppuvachu. shaista khaan avare bangaalil thudaraan anuvadichu, ennirunnaalum suthaanoottiyude thekk hooghly nadiyude theerathulla oru cheria pattanamaya uluberiyayil maathram parimithappedutthiyirunnu, avide avarkk oru thuramukham nirmmikkanum avide ninnu bisinesses cheyyaanum anuvaadamundaayirunnu, pakshe avarude yudhakkappalukalkku hooghly praveshikkaan karsanamaayi anuvaadamundaayirunnilla. charnock uluberiyayil ethi, avide oru kappal nirmmikkaan thudangi, ennirunnaalum taamasiyaathe aaa sthalam ishtappedaathe suthaanoottiyilekku madangaan aagrahichu. eee samayat govarnor avarodu madangaanum hooghly sthirathaamasamaakkaanum aavasyappettu, suthanuthiyil oru ghadanayum nirmmikkaruthenn avarodu utharavidukayum nashtaparihaarathinu valia thuka nalkaan charnokkinodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. govarnorude sainyathinethire poraadaan kazhiyaathappol, rund kambani ejantumaare daakkayilekku ayachu, avare suthaanoottiyilekku madangaanum avide oru kotta nirmmikkanum anuvadikkanamennu governorode abhyarthichu.
athesamayam, nikkolsante paraajayavaartha englandil athiyappol, nadiyude theerathu oru kotta nirmmikkunnathuvare engleeshukaarkku orikkalum eluppathil bisinesses cheyyaan kazhiyillennum ellaayppozhum govarnorude sainyathinte kaarunyathilaayirikkumnum theerumaanichu. ithinaayi, govarnorude sainyathinethire poraadaanum vijayikkanum allengil kambaniyude ellah swathukkalum madrasilekku thirike konduvarikayum bangaalile vyapaaram upekshikkukayum cheiyunnathinaayi kyapttan heethine 160 sainikarumaayi bangaalilekku ayachu. kyapttan heath 1688 octoberil bangaalil ethi, kambaniyile ellah vyakthikaleyum kappalil koottikondu 1688 november 8nuu balasurilekku kappal kayari. november 29nuu balasuriletthi, swantham factory ulppedeyulla pattanatthe akramikkukayum nasippikkukayum govarnorude jayilil ninnu chila engleesh thadavukaare mochippikkukayum cheythu.
desember 13nuu balasoril ninnu chittagongilekku purappetta avar desember 17nuu avideyetthi govarnorude kotta nasippikkaan kazhiyaathavidham shakthamaanenn kandethukayum govarnorude aavasyangalkku govarnor utharam nalkunnathuvare kaathirikkaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, govarnorude utharathinaayi kaathirikkunnathinuparam, kyapttan heath arakkaanilekku kappal yaatra cheyyukayum 1689 januvari 31 nuu avide athukayum rajaavinu karar vaagdaanam cheyyukayum engleeshukaar dhakkayil mugalmaarkkethire pooraadumennum rajaavu avarkk thante aadhipathyathil vaasasthalangal nalkumennum vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. rajaavil ninnu oru marupadiyumillaathe randaazhcha kadannupoyappol, nirashan niraasanumaaya kyapttan heath 1689 march 4 nuu madraasayilekku madangi. 1689-nte aadyakaalakhattathil bangaalile engleesh lakshyangalude samboornna parajayamaayirunnu ithu, ithu kizhakkan mekhalayile thangalude vyapara sthalamaayi bangal upekshikkaan kaaranamaayi.
kambani madrasakalkku kottayorukkukayum chuttumulla pradesham kaivashappeduthukayum mugal kappalukal pidichedukkukayum shatru saambhajiyumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum cheytha saahacharyathil prakopithanaaya aurangseb chakravarty indiayil allaayidathumulla thante commandermarode kambaniye rajyath ninnu unmoolanam cheyyaanum avarude swathukkal evideyum pidichedukkaanum utharavittu. vishaakhapattanathe warehouseukal nasippikkukayum niravadhi engleeshukaare pidikoodukayum vadikkukayum cheythu. shaista khaan daakayil avare pinthudarnnu pidikoodukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythu.
1689ll shaista khaan govarnor enna nilayil ninnu viramikkukayum ibrahim khaane arangseb chakravarty bangaalinte puthiya govarnoraayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum aurangseb visaapooril camp cheiyukayaayirunnu, kambani vyaapaarathil ninnu thanikk varumanam nashtappedunnu enna vasthuthayekkurichu addehathinu nannayi ariyamaayirunnu, koodaathe kambaniyude kappalukal kadalmargam niyanthrikkunnathinaal makkayilekkulla theerthaadanam nirthunnathiloode addehathinu valareyadhikam budhimuttu undaakkum. athe samayam, avar bangal vittathinushesham chakravarthiyumaayi charchakal aarambikkaan kambani niraashanaayirunnu. kutty addehathinte aduthekku ayachu. eee vaagdaanam sweekarikkaan addeham theerumaanikkukayum kambaniye avide thirichethaan anuvadikkaan bangal governorode utharavidukayum cheythu.
thathfalamaayi, ibrahim khaan shree. charnock bangaalilekku madanguka; pakshe shree. avar kooduthal apamaanathinu vidheyaraakaathirikkaan vyakthamaayi vyakthamakkiya nibandhanakalum vyavasthakalum ulla oru prathyeka nirddesham chakravarty purappeduvikkunnathuvar charnock thirichuvaraan visammathichu. ibrahim khaan veendum shree. chakravartthiyude prathyeka firman thaan aavasyappettathaayum athu varunnathinu kurachu maasangal edukkumennum athinidayil shree. bangaalil sthirathaamasamaakkaan chaarnokkine swaagatham cheyyukayum shaista khaante bharanakoodam nashippicha charakkukalk govarnor 80,000 roopa nalkukayum cheythu.
eee souhrudaparamaaya kshanathode, shree. 30 sainikarumaayulla job charnock 1690 august 24nuu suthaanuthiyilekk madangukayum hooghly nadiyude theerathu kambani staanderd uyarthukayum angane bangaalil kambani pankaalitthatthinte oru puthiya yugathinu thudakkamidukayum cheythu. adutha varsham ibrahim khaan chakravartthiyude utharavu shree. saadhaarana 3,000 roopa ozhikeyulla mattu nikuthikalonnum adaykkaathe aniyanthrithamaaya vyapaaram anuvadikkunna charnock.
emm. 1692 januvariyil charnock marichu. engleeshukaar ellaayppozhum bangaalile thangalude faaktarikalude kottakal thedumbol, ibrahim khaan avare orikkalum angane cheyyaan anuvadichilla. 1695ll hooghly pattanam oru anjjaatha afghan raheem khaanoppam shobha singh pidichedukkukayum sathrukkalaal thangalude faaktarikalkku chuttum thangalude swantham sayudha samrakshanam upayogikkaan suthaanoottyile engleeshukaar governorode abhyarthikkukayum cheythu.
swantham faaktarikal samrakshikkaan ibrahim khaan avare anuvadichuvenkilum oru kotta vyakthamaayi anuvadichilla. ennirunnaalum, prathyeka utharavukalude abhaavathil avarude swath samrakshikkaanulla anumathi kotta nirmmikkanulla anumathiyaayi edukkukayum labhyamaya ellah manushyashakthiyodum koodi nirmmaanam udan thanne raathriyode aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1701ll madraasil ninnu konduvanna mortar upayogichu soothaanuthiyil hooghly nadiyude theerathu nirmmicha eee kotta englandile vilyam moonnaaman raajaavinte peril fort vilyam ennu ariyapettu. ithu pazhaya kottayaaya vilyam aayirunnu, 1756-ll siraj udh-daula fort vilyam aakramichathinu sesham puthiya kottayude (ippozhathe) nirmmaanam aarambhichu.
1690ll eest india kambaniyude ejantaaya job charnock oru britiish vyapara othutheerppinaayi eee sthalam thiranjedutthu. padinjaaru hooghly nadhiyum vadakku oru creak kizhakk ekadesham randara mile akaleyulla uppu thadaakangalum samrakshichukondu eee sthalam shradhaapoorvvam thiranjedutthu. ganga nadiyude kizhakkan theerathu sutanuti, gobindapur, kaalikatta ennee moonnu valia graamangalundaayirunnu. eee moonnu graamangalum britishukaar praadeshika bhoovudamakalil ninnu vaangi. mugal chakravarty eest india kambanikku prathivarsham 3,000 roopaykku pakaramaayi vyapara swaathanthryam nalki.
uthbhavam.
peru.
pathinaram noottaandile [[akbar]] [[mugal saamraajyathinte] vaadaka-pattika|mugal] chakravarty pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathile oru bangali kaviyaya [[bipradas pply]] yude kruthikalum eee pradeshatthinte aadyakaala peru kolkkatha/kalkattayil ninnu uruthirinja "kolkkatha" aanennu paraamarsikkunnu.
nagaratthinte perinte uthbhavathekkurich dhaaraalam charchakal nadakkunnundu. ettavum amgeekarikkappetta kaazhchappaad hindu devathayaaya [[kaali]] yill ninnaan ithu varunnathennum yadhaartha peru "kaalikshethra", "kaali sthalam" ennaayirunnu.
mattu sidhaanthangalil iva ulppedunnu
ippol nagaram sthithicheyyunna pradeshathu yadhaarthathil moonnu graamangalile aalukal vasichirunnu "[[kalikatha]]", [[sutanuti] ", [[gobindapur, india]|gobindapur]]. ennirunnaalum, moonnu graamangalude athirthikal kramena vyathyasthamaayitheernnu, [[plassy yuddham]] munbu, nagaratthe naalu vyathyastha upamekhalakalaayi vibhajikkaan kazhinju europian kolkkatha (dihi kolkkatha); chila vishudha sthalangalulla oru paarppida graamam (gobindapur); oru parambaraagatha indian vipani (basar kaalikatta allengil burabazar); thuni vyaapaarathil (sutanati) shradha kendreekarikkunna oru nadeethada vipani. 1757leeii plassy yudhathinushesham kambani nagaram punarnirmikkaan thudangi.
kalkattayude sthaapakanaanennu pothuve vishwasikkappedunna engleeshukaaranaaya [[job charnock]] nagaratthinte sthaapakanallennum athinaal kolkkathaykku janmadinamillennum 2003 ll [[kalkatta haikodathi] vidhichu. kodathi parayunnathanusarichu, nagarathinu athinte uthbhavam mourya saamraajyathilaanu.|mouryanum [gupta saamrajyavum]|[[mugal saamraajyathinte] [[dalhi sulthaanettu]] adima raajavamshathin valare munbuthanne sthaapithamaaya oru vyaapaarakendramaayirunnu gupta]|mughalmar], [porchugal]|porchugees], [france]|franch] allengil [[eest india kambani] avide oru aadhunika tounshippu sthaapichu.
[[eest india kambani]] oru vyapara othutheerppinaayi eee sthalam thiranjedutthu. 1690ll kambani oru praadeshika bhoovudama kudumbatthil ninnu moonnu gramangal (sutanuti, kalikada, gobindapur) vaangi. adutha varsham kambani nagaratthe oru [presidency sitti] aayi vikasippikkaan thudangi. 1727ll, [[grettu brittanile jorjju onnaaman]]|jorjju onnaaman rajaavu], nagaratthil oru sivil kodathi sthaapichu. kalkatta munisippal korppareshan (ippol [[kolkkatha munisippal korppareshan]] ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) roopeekarikkappedukayum nagarathinu athinte aadya [[mayer]] undaayirikkukayum cheythu.
britiish bharanathil ninnu swaathanthryathilekkulla yaatra.
kalkatta sthithicheyyunna moonnu gramangal (sutanuti, gobindapur, kalikada), prathyekichu "kalikada" yill, 1690-ll [[britiish eest india kambani]] yude kaivashamaayi, chila pandithanmaar oru pradhana nagaramenna nilayil athinte thudakkam [[vilyam kotta, india] nirmmaanatthil ninnu aarambhichuvenn karuthunnu.|vilyam kotta] [[yunaittad kingdom]|1698ll britiish], ithu charcha cheyyappedunnundenkum (mukalil "perum uthbhavavum" enna kodathi vidhi kaanuka). 1772 muthal 1911 vare britiish indiayude thalasthaanamaayirunnu kalkatta. 1912 muthal 1947ll indiayude swaathanthryam vare ithu bangaalile ellah samsthaanangaludeyum thalasthaanamaayirunnu. swaathanthryaanantharam kalkatta indian samsthaanamaaya paschima bangaalinte thalasthaanamaayi thudarnnu.
kalkattayude pathanam siraj udh-daulayilekku.
franch eest india kambaniyumaayulla nirantharamaaya sathrutha kaaranam [ezhu varshathe yuddham] pottippurappettappol|franch], [[madraasinte] pathanam [[josaf francois duplexinte] sainyathin|duplexes], 1756-nte thudakkathil kalkattayile britiish adhikaarikal pazhaya [fort vilyam, india] kottakalude attakuttappanikal aarambhichu.|vilyam kotta], avaa angeyattam kshayikkappettavayaayirunnu. ithu thante paramaadhikaarathinu bheeshaniyaayi kanda puthiya [[bangaalile nawab]], [[siraj udh daula]] ennivare prakopippichu. [daaka] yude "devani" yill ninnu panam thattiyeduttha oru krishnaballavinu britishukaar abhayam nalkiyappol siraj udh-daula aadyam akramikkukayum [[kosimbazar]] pidichedukkukayum cheythu (vilyam whats (eest india kambani udyogasthan)|vilyam whats], [[begam jonson]], thudarnnu 1756 juun 20 nuu oru hraswa uparodhathin sesham veena kalkutta, eee samayat govarnor mattu niravadhi udyogastharum [[hooghly nadhi] yill ninnu rakshapettu, bakkiyulla gaarsan, [[anglo-indian]] enniva upekshichu.|eurasian]] avarude vidhikk kalkuttayile janasamkhya.
ithu ippol [[kalkattayude uparodham]] ennariyappedunnu. addehathinte vijayathin sesham 123 britishukaar pinneedu [kalkattayude thamogarthatthil] marichuvennu parayappedunnu, ennaal sameepakaala thelivukal ulppettirikkunna samkhyakale chodyam cheiyunnu, koodaathe enthaanu sambhavichathenn nawabinu thanne ariyillaayirunnuvennu soochippikkunnu. muun nawabin ammoommayaaya [aliwardi khaan]-num sesham addeham kalkutta alinagar ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. manikchandine alinagarinte bharanadhikaariyaayi niyamicha sesham siraj [murshidabadilekku] madangi. taamasiyaathe (1757 januvari 2nuu) whatson [roobert clive] [[royal nevi]] yude sahaayathodeyum [[sipayikal]] oru koottukettinodum koodi kalkatta thirichupidichu. vaartha ketta siraj udh-daula kalkatta akramikkaan neengi, pakshe [ahamed shhaa abdali] yude akramanam bhayann, kurachu divasathe yudhathinu sesham addeham eest india kambaniyumaayi [[alinagar udambadi] oppuvachu, avarkk kotta nirmmikkaan anumathi nalki.
alinagar udambadiyil siraj udh-daula thaalkkaalika parajayam sammathichenkilum addeham orikkalkkoodi briteeshukaarkkethire franchukaarumaayi goodaalochana aarambhichu. athesamayam, thekk [moonnaam karnataka yuddham] aarambhikkukayaayirunnu. eee samayathum, [[jagat seth]], [[mirr jaffer]], raay durlav, omichand, rajaballavu thudangiya prabhukkanmaar siraj udh-daulaykkethire (samakaalika srothassukalil nannayi saakshyappeduthiya navaabinte ahankaaramaanu pradhana kaaranam) goodaalochana nadathukayum avarude padhathikalil pankedukkaan avar klaivine shanikkukayum cheythu.
oresamayam rund shathrukkale ozhivakkaanulla eee padhathi clive pidichedutthu. nilavilillaattha kaaranagal choondikkaatti, bangaalile "musnudil" thanne sthaapikkaan munbu mirr jaafarumaayi oru karaarilethiya addeham [[murshidabad]] aakramichu. 1757 juun 23-nuu, murshidaabaadil ninnu 23 mile akale [palaashiyude] maambazhathoppukalil, [[plassy yuddham]] sainyangal ettumutti. britiish sainyathil 800 europian sainikarum 2,200 indian sainikarum ulppettappol navaabinte sainyathil 18,000 kuthirapadayum 50,000 kaalalppadayum ulppettirunnu. asaadhyamenn thonnunna eee yudhathinte thudakkathil, janaralmaraya raay durlavum iyaar lateef avarude sainyathe orumichu nirtthiyenkilum vanchanayude oru pravartthanatthil [mirr jaffer] thante sainyathe yudhakkalathil ninnu nayikkukayum mirmadanteyum mohanlalinteyum neethrthwathilulla sheshikkunna sainyam paraajayappedukayum cheythu.
siraj udh-daula rakshappettengilum pinneedu mirr jaafarinte makan miran pidikoodukayum kollukayum cheythu. mirr jaafarine puthiya nawabai niyamikkukayum britishukaar bangaalinte niyanthranam phalapradamaayi pidichedukkukayum cheythu. 1765ll adutha nawabin [mirr khaasimineyum] [auud nawabin] [mugal saamrajyatheyum] paraajayappeduthi.|[buxer yudhathil] mugal chakravarty] britteeshukaarudeyum utharenthyayile avarude aadhipathyathinum thadassamaayi nilkkaan aarumundaayirunnilla. angane, oru pradhana kaalaal kalkattayude mahathaaya nagaramaayirunna bangal keezhadakkiyathodeyaanu britiish saamraajyathvam indiayil aarambhichath.
[karnataka yudhangalude] yudhangalilum parokshavum ennaal pradhaanappettathumaaya swaadheenam kalkattaykku undaayirunnu. madrasakal duplexinte keezhilaayappol, britteeshukaarkk avarude mattoru shakthikendramaaya kalkattayil ninnu yuddham nayikkaan kazhinju. franchukaare paraajayappeduthaan avar bangaalile sambathum upayogichu. doow. [aarr. sii. indiayude oru vipulamaaya charithratthil" ", plassy yuddham indiayile franchukaarude vidhi nirnnayichuvennu majumdar] prasthaavichu."
britiish india.
pallikal.
[[sent. johns charchu, kolkkatha|sent. kolkkatha [[indiayile kambani bharanam]] yude phalapradamaaya thalasthaanamaayathinu sesham [[eest india kambani]] sthaapicha aadyathe pothu kettidangalil onnaayirunnu yadhaarthathil oru cathedralaaya johns charchu]. kolkkathayile raaj bhavante vadakkupadinjaaran moolayilaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.|raaj bhawan], [kalkatta roopatha (utharenthyayile palli) aayi sevanamanushtichu.|kalkattayile engleesh cathedral]] 1847 vare, zee [[sent. pools cathedral, kolkkatha|sent. pools cathedral]. landanile [[sent martin-inn-dhii-fiields]] maathrkayil 1784ll aarambhicha kettidatthinte nirmmaanam oru pothu lottariyiloode 30,000 roopa samaaharichukond 1787ll poortthiyaayi. armeniyan, [[pazhaya mission charchu, kolkkatha] ennivaykku aduthulla nagaratthile moonnaamathe ettavum pazhaya palliyaanith.|pazhaya mission palli].
pathinettaam noottaandile kumbakonangal.
eee noottaandinte avasaanabhaagathe ettavum kuprasidhamaaya sambhavangalilonn maharaja nandakumaarinte vicharana vadhavum aayirunnu.|nanda kumar], [aalinganam-coinsurance] gavarnaraayirunnu.|1756-ll kettippidikkukayum 1764-ll [[vaaran hashingukal]]-nuu pakaram [[bardwaaninte]] kalaktaraayi niyamikkappedukayum ithu iruvarum thammilulla deerghakaala shathruthaykk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. 1775ll, hashings [[govarnor general]] aayirunnappol, kaikkooliyum mattu adhikara durupayogangalum sweekarichuvennu aaropich nandakumar thanikkethire azhimathi aropanangal unnayichu. [[philipp francis (engleesh raashtreeyakkaaran)] yude neethrthwathilulla govarnor generalinte kaunsilile hasittinginte athiraalikal aaveshathodeyaanu iva etteduthathu.|philipp francis]. eee vishayam ippozhum anweshanathinaayi kaathirikkumbol nandakumarine oru rekha vyaajamaakkiyathin kuttappedutthi, apalapikkukayum vadikkukayum cheythu. kuttakrithyangal kandupidichathu haashingukalaanennum vadhasiksha nadappakkaan addeham jadjimaaril sammarddam cheluthiyittundennum sakthamaaya samshayam undaayirunnu. eee theeyathiyil kalkattayil engleesh niyamam baadhakamaano allayo ennathu valare vyakthamalla, koodaathe englandil polum vyaajarekhaykku vadhasiksha prayogikkunnathu valare apoorvamaayirunnu. koodaathe, nandakumar oru [braahmanan] aayirunnu, addehathinte thookkikkollal kalkattayil vyapakamaaya nirashayum roshavum srishtichu.
vaaran hustings cheef justisaaya sarr [[elijah empyum], iruvarum impeach cheyyappedukayum [[edmund burk]] pinneedu [[thomas babbington mccolle, 1st baaran mccolle] ennivar avare kuttappeduthukayum cheythu.|thomas babbington mccalle] oru judicial kolapathakam nadathiyathinte. eee sambhavathin anchu varshathinu sesham, 1780-ll, vaaran hashingukalum philipp francis thammilulla bandham oru paridhivare vashalayathinaal iruvarum [alipore] praanthapradeshathekkallu roadle belvedere (ippol deseeya library) maitanath oru yudhathil earppettu. fraansisinu gurutharamaayi parikkettenkilum hustings parikkelkkaathe rakshapettu.
karupp vyapaaram.
1757-ll bangal adhiniveshathinushesham, [britiish eest india kambani] indiayil ninnulla karupp uthppaadanathilum kayattumathiyilum kuthaka pinthudarnnu. kambani praadeshika vyaapaarikalil ninnum pinneedu karshakaril ninnum nerittu karupp vaangukayum kalkattayile lelathil vilkkukayum cheythu. avide ninnu athinte bhooribhaagavum gwaangshouvilekku kadathiyirunnu.|[[chaina]] ll videsha vyapaarikal nadatthiya kantoon, oduvil [[aadyathe karupp yudhathilekku]] (1839-1842) nayichu.
pathinettaam noottaandile saamoohikavum boudhikavumaaya jeevitam.
1772ll kalkatta britiish indiayude thalasthaanamaayi maari, govarnor general [[vaaran hashings]] edutha theerumaanamaayirunnu athu. 1780 januvari 29nuu, "[[hikkiyude bangal gasatt]]" allengil "kalkatta general advertiser" indiayil achadikkunna aadyathe pathramaayi maari, ithu kalkattayile anglo-indian samoohathinte saamoohika jeevithathinte vilamathikkaanaavaatha charitramaanu. [vilyam hikkiyude] (ormmakkurippukaaran) samakaalika oormmakkurippukal|vilyam hicky] dhaaraalam bhakshanagal kazhikkukayum, dhaaraalam klaarett, portt, madeera, mattu vainukal ennivayaal kazhuki kalayukayum thudarnnu [hukkakalude] pukavali rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. addehathinte engleesh bhaarya charlotty (southu paarkk street semitheriyil samskarikkapetta) yude maranashesham|]), 1796-ll prasavathil maricha jemdani enna bangali penkuttiye vivaham kazhicha hicky, "angane enikku purushaneppole soumyavum vaalsalyathodeyullathumaayu oru penkuttiye nashtappettu" ennu thante jenalil ezhuthaan prerippichu.
europianmaar, engleesh, franch, porchugees, hindu, musleem praadeshika sthreekal thammilulla atharam unionukal pathinettaam noottaandiludaneelam kalkattayil saadhaaranamaayirunnu, innu nagaratthile ganyamaaya anglo-indian (allengil eurasian) samoohathinte uthbhavamaan; ennirunnaalum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vardhichuvarunna vamseeya asahishnutha itharathilulla vivaahangale valare apoorvamaakki.
1784ll vilyam johns (bhaashaashaasthranjan) sthaapicha [[eshyaattik sosaitti oof bangal]] enna samghadanayude aditharayittu kalkattayude boudhika jeevithathinu valia uthejanam labhichu.|sarr vilyam johns], [[vaaran hastings]] nte prothsaahanathode, svayam oru saadhaarana ooriyantal pandithanalla. kalikhattile "[pandittukalumayi]" johns aduthu pravarthichu.|kalikhattu kshethram], praadeshika "[[ulamakal]]" ennivaykkoppam, apoorvavum marannupoyathumaaya grandhangalude puthiya pathippukal vivarthanam cheiyunnathilum nirmmikkunnathilum. [[nadia jillayil] [[panditt ramlochan]]-maayi addeham [[samskritham]] padichu.|[intho-europian bhaashakalude] nilanilpp sthaapikkaan nadia] addehathe nayichu.|intho-europian] bhaashakalude kudumbam. [henry thomas collebrook], [jaims prinsep], [panditt radhakanta sarman] thudangiya niravadhi vishishta pandithanmaar adutha noottaandil samoohathinte yogangalilum prasidheekaranangalilum pankedukkukayum indiayude samskaaratheyum bhoothakaalatheyum kurichulla arivu valareyadhikam sambannamaakkukayum cheythu.
hindu koleju (1817), samskritha koleju, sarvakalashaala ennivayulppede niravadhi paashchaathya shailiyilulla unnatha vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangal eee kaalayalavil sthaapithamaayi.|samskritha koleju] (1824), [medical koleju aandu hospital, kolkkatha|kalkatta medical koleju] (1835), [kalkatta sarvakalashaala] (1857), [[surendranath koleju] (1885), [[indian association phoor dhii cultivation oof sayans]] (1887), indiayile aadyathe gaveshana sthaapanam.
babu/babu samskaaravum bangal navothaanavum.
[[britiish india]] yude kaalath, kalkatta "[[britiish saamraajyathinte] randaamathe nagaramaayirunnu" ([[lunden]] ennathinushesham), uchithamayi "kottaarangalude nagaram" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum grettu eestten hotel "kizhakkinte ratnam" aayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu.
akkaalat kalkutta athinte "[babu]" [[babu] [[babu]] enna thalakkettin prashasthamaayirunnu.|babu] samskaaram, "engleesh [[liberalism]], europian adhapathanathinte oru misritham, [[mugal yugam]|mugal]] yaadhaasthithikathayum [hindu punarujjeevanavum]|thaddesheeya punarujjeevanavaadam], saamoohika-dhaarmika, rashtreeya maattatthinte vashangal ulkkollunnu. [[jaminder] I sambradaayam, [[dayabhaga]] sambradaayam, hindu samyuktha kudumba sambradaayam, [[mitakshara]] sambradaayam, musleem [[senana]] sambradaayam, swatantra muthalaalitha samrambhathinte protestant manobhaavam, mugal-prachoditha fudal sambradaayam, [[nauchu]] ennivayaanu eee samskaaram valarthiyeduthathu.
ithu pathonpathaam noottaandile aadhunika liberal chinthayude unarvvaya [[bangal navothaanam]] valarthukayum kramena indiayude mattu bhaagangalilekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu.
valarcha.
1750ll 120,000 janasamkhyayulla kalkatta, 1757 muthal bangal muzhuvan kambani niyanthranatthinte kendramaayirunna kalkatta 1850 muthal, prathyekichu tekstail mekhalayil, chuttumulla mekhalayile daaridryam undaayirunnittum, athivega vyaavasaayika valarchaykku vidheyamaayi. mattu rajyangalumaayulla vyapaaravum vardhichu. udaaharanathinu, aadyathe yuu.ezz. 1787ll kolkkathayiletthiya vyaaparakkappal. yadhaarthathil yuu.kalkattayile konsulettu yuu aanu.ezz. 1792 november 19 muthalulla stettu departmentinte randaamathe ettavum pazhakkamulla konsulettu.
60, 000 perr maricha oru chuzhalikkattil eathaandu poornnamaayum nasippikkappettenkilum, 1864 october 5 nuu, kalkatta adutha 150 varshathinullil 117,000 ll ninnu (praanthapradeshangal ulppede) 1,098,000 nivasikalaayi (aasoothrithamallaatha reethiyil) valarnnu, ippol ekadesham 14.6 dasalaksham metropolittan janasamkhyayundu.
indiayude swaathanthryasamarathinu nalkia sambhavanakal.
charitraparamaayi, deseeya swaathanthryasamarathinte aadyaghattangalil kalkatta pravartthanatthinte kendramaayirunnu. [plassy yudhathil] bangaalinte pathanatthinu krithyam nooru varshangalkk sesham, kalkatta indiayude aadya swaathanthryasamaram ennu vilikkappedunnathinte thudakkam kandu. palappozhum swaathanthryasamaram ennu vilikkappedaathathupole thanne, oru charithrakaaran paranjathupole, "onnaam deseeya swaathanthryasamaram aadyathethalla, desheeyathethalla, swaathanthryasamaram aayirunnilla". kalkattayude praanthapradeshangalil, [[barakpur]] sainika baarakkukalil, [[[mangal pandey]] britiish saamraajyathinte adithara kulukia oru valia kalaapathin kaaranamaayi. eee prasthaanatthe chilappol [[indian kalapam]] ennum vilikkunnu, ennirunnaalum sameepakaala thelivukal eee peru upayogikkunnathinu virudhamaanu, koodaathe "1857 leeii kalapam" oru mikachathum vivaadarahithavumaaya thiranjeduppaayi soochippikkunnu.
1883ll surendranath bannerji oru indian naashanal association samghadippichu.|deseeya sammelanam]-pathonpathaam noottaandile indiayile itharathilulla aadyathethu. eee sammelanam [indian naashanal kongras] yude jananathe prakhyaapichu. indian naashanal kongrassinte aadya thaddesheeya adhyakshan saar [[vanita chandh bonnerjea] aayirunnu, koodaathe indiakkaarude svayambharanathe prothsaahippicha aadya kongras president koodiyaayirunnu addeham, sarr [[surendra nath banerji] (britishukaar "keezhadangaruthu" ennu paraamarsikkunnu) pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum deseeya chinthaye prakopippikkukayum swaadheenikkukayum cheytha aadyakaala pramukha kalkkattakkaraayirunnu.
desheeyavaadamo mathaparamo aaya chinthakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla mattu samoohangal [hindu meela] thudangi. britiish bharanadhikaarikalkkethire shakti prayogikkuka enna lakshyathodeyaanu jugantar, anusheelana samiti thudangiya viplava samghadanakal roopeekarichathu. aadyakaala deseeyavaada nethaakkalil ettavum pramukhar [shree aravindo], indiradevi choudhuraani, [bipin chandra paal] ennivaraayirunnu. aadyakaala desheeyavaadikal [[hindu]] mistik shree [[raamakrishna]] yude munnira sishyanaaya [[swami vivekananda] ll ninnu prachodanam ulkkondavarum [[sahodari nivedita]] sahaayichavarumaayirunnu. indiayude aathmaavine unarthiya aaa unthunna nilaviliyaanu [[bunkim chandra chattopadhyay]] ezhuthiyathu. ippol raashtrathinte deseeyagaanamaaya ithu [india#bharat nte perukal] deshathodulla aadarasoochakamaanu.|bhaarat] (india) divya maathavaayi, "[[vanthe matharam]".
randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu britteeshukaaril ninnu rakshappett jarmmaniyilethiya sthalamaayirunnu kalkattayile [subhash chandra booas] yude eljin rooad vasathi.|randaam lokamahaayudham]. addeham [[indian naashanal armi]] yude sahasthaapakanum indiayile [[britiish raaj]] prathirodhikkunnathinum pooraadunnathinumaayi roopeekaricha [[arsi hukkumettu azad hind]] raashtrathalavanum aayirunnu. kavi puraskaara jethaav netaji ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta addehathe palarum orupakshe indian charithratthile ettavum pramukhanum swaadheenamullavanumaaya swaathanthryasamarasenaayi kanakkaakkukayum innum niravadhi bangali veedukalil aaraadhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
musleengalum deseeya prasthaanatthil earppettirunnu, prathyekichu 1930kalil kalkattayil ninnulla fazal hukh britishukaarkkum sambannaraaya indian bhoovudamakalkumethire prakshobham nadatthaan oru mathethara karshaka party samghadippikkaan shramichu. eee randaamathe groupile hindukkalil palarum praadeshika kongras samghadanayumaayi bandhappedukayum kalkattayil ninnu bangaalile mukhyadharaa deseeya prasthaanatthil aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythath hukkinte pravartthanangal paraajayappedutthaanulla shramangalilekku nayikkukayum 1946lum 1947lum kalkatta nashippicha vargeeya bandhangalile daarunamaaya thakarchayilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
swaathanthryaanantharam.
[[fayal kolkkatha munisippal corporationilekku (enn) charitraparamaaya kootticherkkal.ezz. vii. jii|thallaviral|kolkkatha munisippal korppareshante kramena vipuleekaranam]]
[[fayal kalkutta-slums-1986-ihs-40-02-alle.jeey. pii. iii. jii|thallaviral|1986ll kalkattayile cheri]]
[india vibhajanathinte] samayat undaaya theevramaaya akramam bangaalileyum prathyekichu kolkkathayileyum janasamkhyaashaasthrathil maattathinu kaaranamaayi; dhaaraalam musleengal [[kizhakkan paakistaan]] lake pooyi, lakshakkanakkin hindukkal avarude sthaanam ettedukkaan ethi. kendra sarkkaaril ninnu kaaryamaaya sahayam labhikkathe kizhakkan paakisthaanil ninnu dasalakshakkanakkinu abhayaardhikale kolkkatha sweekarichu.
1960kalilum 1970kalilum kadutha vaidyuthi shaamam, thozhil bandhangalile kalahangal (thozhilaallikalude panimudakkum thozhiludamakalude adachupoottalum ulppede), theevravaadam [[mavoism]]|maarksist-maavoyist] prasthaanam chilappol akramavum swath nashavum prathishedha thanthrangalaayi upayogichirunna-[naksalaittukal]-nagaratthinte adisthaana soukaryangalude bhooribhaagavum nasippikkukayum saambathika sthambhanathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. (virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, charitraparamaayi indian kammyoonisathinte sakthamaaya aditharayaaya athe nagaramaanitha paschima bangal bharichirunnathu [[communist party oof india (maarksist)] [[sii. pii. aii (emm)]] aadhipathyathilaayirunnu [[idathu munbhagam (paschima bangal)]|[idathu munbhagam] ekadesham moonnu pathittaandukalaayi-lokathile ettavum kooduthal kaalam janaadhipathyaparamaayi thiranjedukkappetta communist gavanment.)
1971ll indiayum paakistaanum thammilulla yuddham muun kizhakkan paakisthaanil (ippol bangladesh) ninnu mattoru valia abhayaarthikalude varavinum kalkattayile avarude sthirathaamasathinum kaaranamaayi, ithinakam takarnna adisthaana soukaryangal valia thothil budhimuttilaayi.
1980kalude madhyathil, [mumbai]|bombe]] indiayile ettavum janasamkhyayulla nagaramaayi kalkatta marikadannu.
vaidyuthi mudakkam, thozhil aswasthatha, aprathyakshamaaya vyavasaayam, [naksalait] prasthaanatthil ninnulla akramam enniva kalkatta baadhichu. 1985ll [rajeev gaandhi] saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya aaghaathangal kaaranam kalkatta "marikkunna nagaram" ennu visheshippichu.
1990kalude madhyathil kendra sarkkar avatharippicha [[indiayile saambathika parishkaarangal]] nuu sesham nagaratthinte saambathika veendedukkal vegatha kaivarichu. 2000 muthal, [[vivarasaankethikavidya]] (aidi) sevanangal nagaratthinte sthambhanaavasthayilulla sambadvyavasthaye punarujjeevippichu. ulppaadana mekhalayilum nagaram valarcha kaivarichu. rajyath mattidangalilum samanamaaya neekkangalethudarnnu, 2001 ll samsthaana sarkkar nagaratthinte audyogika peru "kalkatta" ennathil ninnu "kolkkatha" ennu maatti.
paraamarshangal.
pazhaya srothassukal.
[[varggamkolkkathayude charithram| ]]
[[vargampashchima bangaalinte charithram]]