
thalamura azhimathiyeyum kurichu

oonn cumming aandu paas" ennum ariyappedunna thalamura azhimathiyeyum kurichulla (;), aristottil ezhuthiya oru grandhamaanu. addehathinte pala grandhangaleyum pole, ithu shaasthreeyavum aristottilinte jeevashaasthrathinte bhaagavum thathwachinthayumaanu. thathwachintha adisthaanaparamaayi anubhavaparamaan; aristottilinte ellah kruthikalilum ullathupole, anubhavaparichayamillaathum nireekshikkappedaathumathu kaaryangalekkurichu nadatthiya nigamanangal nireekshanangaleyum yadhaartha anubhavangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
avalokanam.
paatatthinte thudakkathil uyarnnuvanna chodyam aristottilinte muun kruthiyaaya "physixil" ninnulla oru ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. athaayath, kaaranangaliloodeyo eathenkilum pradhana vasthukkaliloodeyo karyangal roopappedukayaano atho ellaam poornnamaayum "altermation" vazhiyaano srishtikkappedunnathu."
pothuvayathum asaadhaaranavumaaya gunangale adisthaanamaakki gadakangalkku maranullah kazhivumayi bandhappettathaan maattam.
eee supradhana kruthiyil ninnu aristottil addehathinte ettavum oormmikkappedunna rund sambhavanakal namukk nalkunnu. onnamathaayi, naalu kaaranangalum naalu moolakangalum (bhoomi, kaatt, thee, jalam). aattangalekkurichulla mattu greekkukaarude sidhaanthangalkku oru vishadeekaranam nalkaan addeham eee naalu moolakangal upayogikkunnu, ithu asambandhamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna oru aashayamaanu. 
eee kruthi dii seylo, kalavastha shaasthram ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, koodaathe jaiva, shaareerika grandhangalil oru pradhana thayyaareduppu punk vahikkunnu. 
praadhamika prameyangalil onnu bhauthika vairudhyangalekkurichum (choodulla, thanutha, varanda, eerppamulla) prakrithiyilum jeevashaasthrathilum avaa roopappedunna prakriyakaludeyum gadanayudeyum tharangalekkurichum anweshikkuka ennathaanu. ejantinteyum rogiyudeyum ardham, sanbarkkam, ulppaadana prakriya, maattam, misritham, addehathinte mungaamikalkk manassilakkaan kazhiyaatha ellah kaaryangalum enniva vyakthamaakkikkond athinte sthaanam surakshithamakkaan uddeshichullathaanu eee sidhaantham. athinaal, chila vidhangalil, maattam, kaaranam, dravyam, roopam ennivayekkurichulla pothuvaaya ashayangal vyakthamaakkunna, kooduthal pothuvaaya bhauthikashaasthravumaayi ithu kooduthal saamyamullathaan. mukalil soochippicha shaasthreeya grandhangalil kandethiya oru praayogika anweshanathilekku ithu poornnamaayum neengiyitilla.
thalamura azhimathiyum.
vibhaagangalileyum bhauthikashaasthrathileyum maattangalude tharangal aristottil vishadeekarichu. varaanirikkunnathum kadannupokunnathum ennum vilikkappedunna thalamura azhimathiyum ethirvashangalum matellaa tharatthilulla mattangalil ninnum vyathyasthavumaan. mukalilekko thaazhekko neengunnathu poleyulla sthalamaattamo, choodaakkal allengil thanuppikkal polulla maattamo allah, veendum, valarukayum kurayukayum cheiyunnathupolulla valippathile maattamo allah. pakaram, uthppaadanam oru aathyanthika tharatthilulla maattamaan oru ganyamaaya roopathil ninnu mattonnilekku maarunnath (thilappikkal, baashpeekaranam, kathal thudangiya ghatta mattangalil nireekshikkappedunnu.), vellam vaayuvaayo bhoomi agniyayo maarumbol. 
aristottil parayunnathanusarichu, moolakangal naalu praadhamika bhauthika vairudhyangalaal nirmmithamaann choodu, thanupp, varandathu, eerppamullathu. oro "lalithamaaya shareerathinum" eee rund gunangalunda thee choodullathum varandathumaanu; vaayu choodullathum eerppamullathum; vellam, thanuppum eerppavum; bhoomi, thanuppum varandathum. jalathilo bhoomiyilo naam manassilaakkunnath bhauthika vairudhyangal maathramaan enna ardhathil lalithamaaya shareerangalude gadakangal eee vairudhyangalaanu. 
pravartthanatthinteyum grahanakshamathayudeyum kaaryatthil praadhamika vairudhyangalkkullil aristottil oru shreni avatharippikkunnu. neremarichu choodum thanuppum kooduthal sajeevamaan, athesamayam eerppavum varandathum nishkriya gunangalaanu. swaabhaavika prakriyakalilum gadanakalilum, choodum thanuppum eerppathilo varalchayilo "pravartthikkukayum athu oru avasthayilaayirikkanamenna nirnnayikkukayum cheiyunnu. choodum thanuppum veendum ethirvashathu vaykkunnu, athinaal thanupp choodinte abhaavamaan. varalcha eerppathinte abhaavamaan, athinaal, eerppathinu kooduthal aupachaarika swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu (unakkunnathu manpathrangal thakarkkukayum vighadippikkukayum cheiyunnu), varalcha kooduthal vasthukkalaan. 
eee moolaka shreni veendum kaanappedunnath aristottil sidhaanthathil [τοπος], allengil svarggathile pradeshangal. oro lalithamaaya vasthuvum swaabhaavikamaayum athinte sariyaaya sthalathekku neengunnu thee mukalilekkum bhoomi thaazhekkum, madhyathil vaayuvum vellavum. oro raajyathinteyum gadakangalkku mattonnilekku sanjarikkaan kazhiyumennu mathramalla, sooryante thapavum oorjjavum avaye thudarchayaayi punachamkramanam cheiyunnu.
misritham.
aadya pusthakatthile patthaam adhyayam misritham nerittu kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. bhagangal swaathanthryam nilanirthunna complomerationukalil ninno bandilukalil ninno vyathyasthamaan mishrithangal. aristottiline sambandhichidatholam, misrithangalil ekeekritha bhagangal adangiyirikkunnu, athinaal, nammal padaarthatthe vibhajikkukayaanenkil, namukk ellaayppozhum mishrithathilulla kurachu dravyam labikkum, orikkalum samyojanathile cheruvakal labikkilla. 
"mixis" oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu, athinaal aristottilinte praadhamika bhauthikashaasthrathilum rasathanthrathilum ithu oru pradhana aashayamaanu.frede 289
eee vibhagangalil vivarichirikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru savishesha tharam maattamo prakriyayo aanu misritham
patthu vibhagangalil onninullil oru tharatthilulla mattamaayi mixis eluppathil tharamthirikkappedunnilla. nammal kaanum pole, ithu vyathyastha padaarthangalum avayude gunangalum sankeernamaaya reethiyil ulkkollunna oru maattamaan. ithu sariyaaya uthppaadanathinte ardhathil lalithamaaya ganyamaaya maattathinteyo, maattam varuthiyathinteyo, alavile maattathinteyo, chalanatthinteyo falamalla. ithine eluppathil tharamthirikkaan kazhiyilla enna vastutha, aristottil saadhaaranayaayi athine thante saadhaarana maattangalude pattikayil ninnu ozhivakkaanulla oru kaaranamaayirikkam.frede 290
misritham oru prakriyayayirikkanam, athu thalamuraykkum azhimathikkum samanamallennum, muun adhyayangalil (327bii 6-22) addeham vivaricha mattethenkilum tharatthilulla mattangalodumallennum aristottil aadyam kaanikkunnu.frede 291
aattomistukalkk thikachum sangalppikkaanaavaatha oru kaaryathe vivarikkunnathinaal aristottil sidhaantham manassilaakkendathu pradhaanamaan. aattamisathe sambandhichidatholam, eathoru sankeernamaaya vasthuvinteyum ghadana eppozhum aattangalude oru koottatthinu mathramaayirikkum. attangal thammil athratholam aduthu cherunnathu asaadyamaanu, kalarthumbol avaa poornnamaayum puthiya onnaayitheerunnu. 
aristottil niravadhi ethirppukal parisodhikkukayum nirasikkukayum cheiyunnu
(eiii) mishrithatthinte cheruvakal kedukoodaathe nilanilkkunnu, eee saahacharyathil athinte gadakangalkku yadhaarthathil onnum sambhavikkathathinaal misritham illa; allengil (bii) cheruvakalilonnu nashikkunnu, eee saahacharyathil misrithavum undaakilla, kaaranam athil rund cheruvakalum adangiyirikkilla; allengil (sii) rund cheruvakalum orumichu chernnaal, veendum misritham undaakilla, kaaranam athil kalarthaanaakaatha oru misritham undaakilla.frede 191
addeham thante swantham nilapad rund bhagangalaayi avatharippikkunnu 
aadyam, thante pravartthana sidhaanthatheyum shakthiyeyum paraamarshichu aupachaarikamaaya reethiyil prasnangal pariharikkan addeham shramikkunnu.
"ennirunnaalum, chila kaaryangalkk oru saadhyathayullathum mattu kaaryangalkk oru yadhaartha asthithvavumullathinaal, oru mishrithathil samyojippikkunna kaaryangalkk oru ardhathil 'aayirikkanum' mattonnil 'aayirikkanum kazhiyum, athinte falamaayundaakunna samyuktham yadhaarthathil vyathyasthamaaya onnaanu [cheruvakalil ninnu] ennaal oro gadakavum avaa kalarthappedunnathinumlumlum nasippikkappedaathumaakinathu saadhyathayund."(327bii 22-27)
avaa yadhaarthathil illengilum eee mishrithathil shakti samrakshikkappedunnunnu addeham parayunnu. ithu kooduthal vishadeekarikkunnathinumbu, thaan nirasikkunna oru avasana ethirppu aristottil pariganikkunnu aaa misritham indriyadhaaranayude oru midhyaadhaaranayaanu.
randaamathaayi, eee sidhaantham kooduthal vishadamaakkikkondu addeham adhyayam avasaanippikkunnu. bhagangal oru pothu metteeriyal pankidanamennu addeham parayunnu. ore padaartham ullathinartham bhaagangalkk pravarthanangaludeyum abhiniveshangaludeyum paraspara bandhangal roopappeduthaan kazhiyum ennaanu. aaa reethiyil pravartthikkaan kazhiyunna oru vishayam illengil onninum nadapadiyedukkaan kazhiyilla. athinaal cheruvakalkk eee pothuvaaya gunangal undaayirikkanam. randaamathaayi, avaykku shakthiyude uchithamaaya anupaathamundayirikkanam oru ghadakam mattonnine marikadannaal oru misritham ulpaadippikkappedilla, pakaram onninte nasham sambhavikkum.
cheruvakal enganeyengilum thulya shakthiyaanenkil maathrame misritham undaakoo. anganeyaanengil rund gadakangalilum maattam undengilum randum matonnaayitheerukayilla. pakaram, paraspara maattam iruvarkkum 'idayil' (metaaksu kaii koyinoon) enna oru prabalamaaya avasthaykku (kraattaun) kaaranamakum.frede 195 
eee prabalamaaya avastha cheruvakalo avayude kootticherkkalo allah, ithu "sui janaris" enna oru puthiya roopamaanu. cheruvakal, avarkk munbu illaatha enthengilum puthiyath parasparam nedukayum avaykkidayilulla oru avastha nedukayum cheyyuka [± εταφις]. eee puthiya roopam puthiya saadhyathakal thurakkukayum puthiya gunangal pradarshippikkukayum cheiyunnu, avaa gadakangalil ottappedalil kaanapedunnilla. athinaal paal, veenju, vinagiri ennivayellaam ore moolakangalude misrithangalaanu, athesamayam avaykku valare vyathyasthamaaya shaareerika gunangalundu. koodaathe, eee misritham athinte cheruvakalude chila pravartthanangalum niyanthrikkum. agni bhoomiyile shareerangale kathikkunnu, ennaal maamsathil kalarnnal rund gadakangalum maamsamillathe sahavarthikkunnu, athuvazhi svayam kathikkunnu. vighadanathiloode moolakangalkk ghadanayil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhiyum.
madhyakala pathippukal.
arab ezhuthukaaranaaya alle-naadim ezhuthiya patthaam noottaandile "alle-fihrist" shiah daivashaasthranjanaaya thathwachinthakanaaya abu mohammed alle-hassen ibnu moosa alle-navbakthiyude "dii janareshan ettu karapshan" enna churukkavivaranam pattikappedutthunnu.
samakaalika pathippukal.
ettavum puthiyathum aadhikaarikavumaaya greak grandham marven raashedinte bude pathippaanu, "aristott. janareshanteyum azhimathiyudeyum. puthiya pathipp."pareesa less belles letress, 2005. eee pathippil oru franch vivarthanam, kurippukal, anubandhangal, grandhatthinte ulladakkavum vaachakathinte charithravum paryavekshanam cheiyunna oru neenda aamukham enniva ulppedunnu.