
pukayila raattil vairas

pukayila raattil vairas (tii. aarr. vii) oru rogakariyaaya sasya vairasaanu. 50 kudumbangalil ninnulla 400-ladhikam inam sasyangal anubaadhaykk vidheyamaan.
narsisus" ulppede niravadhi alankaara pookkal ulppede niravadhi sasyangalil pukayila rogathinu eee vairas kaaranamaakunnu. ithu urulakkizhangil korkey ringspot enna rogathinu kaaranamaakunnu. rogam vividha reethikalil prakadamaakunnu, oru urulakkizhanginte uparithalathil thavitt valayangalum kamaanangalum ulppedaam, akathu niramillaatha paadukalum.
trichodoridae kudumbatthile nemattodukal, stubby-root nemattodukal, vairasinte vaahakangalaanu. udaaharanathinu, nemattod inamaaya "paratricoderus minor", sasyangalude verukal bhakshikkumbol vairas avatharippikkunnu. poonthotta upakaranagalilum vairas pakaraam. ithu yaanthrikamaayum vithu kaimaattam cheyyaavunnathaayum varaam.
aathidheyar, lakshanagal.
1931ll germmaniyil vachaanu boning aadyamaayi pukayila raattil vairas kandethiyathu. krishi cheiyunna pukayilayude oru inamaaya "nikottiyaana tabaakkathil" ninnaan ithu kandethiyathu. pukayila raattil vairas saadhaaranavum astilb, rakthasraavam, hridayam, pavizhapputt munny, daffodil, epimedium, gladiolus, haisint, marigold, tulip, vinka ennivayulppede vividha sasya alankaarangalil gurutharamaan. beans, beatoot, kurumulak, urulakkizhangu, cheera thudangiya pachakkari vilakaleyum pukayila raattil badhikkum. urulakkizhangil eee rogathe korkey ring spott ennu vilikkunnu. korkey ringspot oof urulakkizhangu enna rogam aadyamaayi report cheyyappettathu 1946-ll amerikkayilaan, janithakashaasthrathile purogathi ithu tii. aarr. vii. yude falamaanennu theliyikkunnathuvare ithu oru puthiya vairasayi thettayi thiricharinju.
pukayila raattil vairasinte lakshanagal plaant hosttine adisthaanamaakki vyathyaasappedunnu, ithu eee rogathil vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. mottling, chlorotic allengil necrotic local shathangal, ringspottukal allengil line paattenukal, systemic necrosis ennivayaanu saadhaarana lakshanagal.
rogachakram.
pukayila raattil vairas sasyangalil kaanapedunna oru "tobravirus" aanu. trichoderous", "paratricoderus" thudangiya nematodukalaanu "tobravirus" pakarunnathine kooduthalum pinthunaykkunnathu. eee inam noolkkombukale stubby root noolkkombukal ennu vilikkunnu. vairas pakarunnath naalu vyathyastha ghattangalayi thirichirikkunnu ettedukkal, agiranam, nilanirtthal, vairas kanikakalude release. bhakshanachakrathinte thudakkathil, stubby-root nemattod athinte prathyeka stailat, oru oongiyoosttail upayogichu onniladhikam vyakthigatha koshangale panchar cheiyunnu. thulachukayarunna koshangalil, nemattod athu bhakshikkunna oru koshatthe thiranjedukkunnu. thiranjedukkumbol, noolkkashanangal koshatthinte ulladakkam valichedukkaan thudangukayum ithu koshatthinte maranathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee prakriyayil, "tobravirus" adangiyirikkunna rogabadhitha koshangalude cytoplasm nematodukalilekku swaamsheekarikkunna prakriyaya "tobravirusinte" agiranam aarambikkunnu. praayapoorthiyaakaathathum praayapoorthiyaayathumaaya nemattodukalkk "tobravirus" kanikakal edukkaan kazhiyum. tobravirus" nematodukalilekku kaimaattam cheyyappettukazhinjaal, jeevithachakrathinte nilanirtthal bhagam aarambikkunnu. "nemattodukal kazhikkunna "tobravirus" nemattodukalil varshangalolam nilanilkkum. oduvil, "tobravirus" niranja nemattod anubaadhayillaatha root sellil athinte bhakshanachakram aarambikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil, "tobravirus" puthiya koshatthilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedukayum vairas kaimaattam poortthiyaakkukayum cheyyum.
laingika pravartthanangalude abhaavathil avaa punarnirmmikkunnu ennathaanu stubby root nemattodukalude jeevithachakrathinte rasakaramaaya oru savisheshatha. noolppaadatthinu prathyulppaadanathinu laingika pravartthanam aavasyamillaathathinaal, aann noolppaadangal apoorvvamaayi maathrame kandethanakoo. thalphalamaayi, penn noolkkombukal laingika pravarthanangalillaathe muttayidunnu. nemattodinte jeevitachakram aarambikkaan muttakal viriyunnu. praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar praayapoorthiyaakaatha noolkkashanangal moonnu thavana moltinginu vidheyamaakunnu. appol, jeevitachakram veendum aarambikkunnu.
paristhithi.
pukayila raattil vairas nemattodukalude pravartthanatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. athinaal, noolkkrimikalude chalanatheyo jeevithachakratheyo pinthunaykkunna paaristhithika gadakangal eee vairasinte vijayakaramaya vyaapanathilekku nayikkum. atharamoru paristhithi prerakamaanu uyarnna manninte eerppam. nemattodukal nirbandhitha paraannabhojikalaanu; ithinartham nemattodin athijeevikkaan oru hoost aavasyamaanu ennaanu. uyarnna manninte eerppam nemattodukale mannil kooduthal eluppathil neengaan prapthamaakkunnu. uyarnna mannil eerppam ullathinaal, noolkkashanangalkk verukalilekko verukalilekko mikacha praveshanamundu, ithu aaa koshangalil rogakaarikale eluppathil kaimaran prapthamaakkunnu. mithamaaya choodulla thaapanila nemattodinte vegathilulla jeevitachakram anuvadikkunnu; nemattodinte jeevithachakrathinu thaapanila ettavum anuyojyamaayirunnenkil, aathidheya chediyiloode "tobravirus" chitharaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaayirikkum.
maanejment.
pukayila raattil vairasine niyantrikkaan kazhiyunnath paristhithiye pakarunnathinum vairal vyapanathinum anuyojyamallathathaakkaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunna vividha reethikaliloodeyaanu. eathenkilum saadhyathayulla chedikalude kizhanguvarggangalo vithukaloo vrithiyullathaayi saakshyappeduthiya vilppanakkaaril ninnu maathrame vaangaavoo, koodaathe korkey ringspot allengil pukayila raattil virusumaayi bandhapetta rogangalude charithramulla vayalukalil orikkalum nadaruth. pala american samsthaanangalum mattu niravadhi raajyangalum urulakkizhanginayi vithu certification prograamukal nadathunnu. athinte upayogathinu pala samsthaana allengil praadeshika sarkkaarukalil ninnum anumathi aavashyamaanenkilum, vairasinte saadhaarana vaahakamaya stubby root nemattodukal kadannupokunna feeldukalkkethire 1,3-dichloropropene nemattiside upayogikkaam. nemattod nirmmarjanam urappakkaan aavashyamaaya 40 inch vare mannil ninnulla fumigantukal thulachukayarunnilla, koodaathe aldie carb, ooksaamail thudangiya kaarbamettukal avasana resortaayi shupaarsha cheiyunnu. pukayila raattil vairas "trichoderous", "paratricoderus" ennee janussukalile stubby root nematodukalumaayi sahakarichu maathrame prakrithiyil kaanappedunnulloo. doshakaramallaathathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, avaa bhakshana samayat anubadha paratthunnu. nemattodukal vilakalude bhramanangalkkidayil violile kalakalkkullil jeevikkukayum perukukayum cheythekkaam, koodaathe vairal vekttar nilanirtthiyekkaavunna kalakalodu malsarikkaan alfalfa polulla aathidheyamallaatha sasyangal upayogikkunnathu nallathaanu. neremarichu, naitt shade valare prasnakaramaaya kalayaanu, kaaranam ithu virusinum nemattodinum anuyojyamaaya aathidheyanaanu. neratthe nadukayum neratthe vilavedukkukayum cheiyunnathiloode karshakarkk rogalakshanangalude vikaasam kuraykkaan kazhiyum. russet burbank cultiver pukayila raattil vairas korkey ringspot, merimac, niravadhi pazhaya europian enangal ennivaykku valare vidheyamaanennu theliyikkunnu. valareyadhikam manninte eerppam noolkkallinte amita janasamkhyaye prothsaahippikkumenkume, nannayi pothinjirikkunna nalla mannu, kalimannu, manal enniva vyaapakavum kramarahithavumaaya feeld naashathinu kaaranamakunna vekttar chalanathe ganyamaayi thadayum. oru chedikku rogam baadichaal athu samskarikkaan kazhiyilla, athu kathikkukayo jaiva apakada maalinyangalayi neekkam cheiyukayo venam.
praadhaanyam.
pukayila raattil vairas noorukanakkinu sasyajaalangale baadikkukayum vilakal valarunna ellah bhookhandangalilum kaanappedukayum cheiyunnu. amerikkayil florida, mishigan, visconsin, minnesota, collado, idaho, origon, washington, california ennividangalil ithu report cheythittundu. ennittum, kaarshika mekhalakalil tii. aarr. vii elakalude yadhaartha swaadheenam parishodhikkunna kaaryamaaya padanangalonnum prasidheekarichittil. trivi yill ninnulla korkey ringspot pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayile vilavu <aii. dii. 1> sathamaanathil ninnu kuraykkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu, ithu baadhicha vilakale vipananam cheyyaan kazhiyathathaakkunnu. kizhanguvargga vilakalkku gurutharamaaya soundaryavardhaka kedupaadukal varuthunnathinupurame, pukayila raattil vairasil ninnulla korkey ringspot rogam urulakkizhangu vilavinu valareyadhikam doshakaramaayi kanakkakkunnilla. nirddishta taargett jeenukale nishabdamaakkunnathinulla oru vektaraayi transgenic sasyangal ulppedunna padanangalil tii. aarr. vii saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. athinaal, plaant physiologistukalkkum plaant developmental janithakashaasthra mekhalayilum ithu oru pradhana upakaranamaan. vairasinte prathyaaghaathangale prathirodhikkunnatho prathirodhasheshiyullatho aaya "cross-protected" sasyangal srishtikkunnathil atharam gaveshanangal pradhaanamaan.