automan aayudangal

noottaandukaliludaneelam automan saamraajyathile sainika sakthikal vividha aayudangal upayogichirunnu. topcapy kottaaratthile aayudhashaalayil thiranjeduttha enangal kaanikkunna oru valia shekharamundu.
yathagan.
pathinaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil prathyakshappetta yathagan ("yathagan"), saadhaaranayaayi asthiyo anacompo kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, koodaathe pommel kathikkunna oru kaalaalppada aayudhamaan. athinte cheruthum cheruthaayi valanjathumaaya blade oru attathu moorchayullathum oru mikacha poyintilekku varunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare eee roopam maattamillathe thudarunnu. ottoman sainyathilum naavikasenayilum, prathyekichu jaanissaarikalkk, corpsinte oppu aayudhamaayathinaal, yathagan vaal vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu.
kilij.
maddhya eshyayil ninnu uthbhavicha turko-mangol saabarukalude automan vakabhedamaanu automan kuthirappada sabar allengil kilij. turkish, mamlook sainikar eshtappedunna mounded closs pooraattatthinaayi ithu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnu. phalapradamaayi murikkaanum thallaanum paryapthamaaya cheria vakrathayulla ottathavana sabar aayirunnu ithu; bladinte avasana bhaagathulla "yalman" ennariyappedunna moorchayulla pinvasham kilijinu prathyekamaayirunnu.
a (kılıc) ll saadhaaranayaayi grove cheytha oru blade, hiltt, gaard, scabbard enniva adangiyirikkunnu. sultan mehmed randaamante vaal, pinnil kattiyulla cheruthaayi valanja blade enniva ithinte adisthaana roopathe chithreekarikkunnu. sultan bayesidinteyum sulaiman onnaamanteyum bharanakaalathu turkey vaal athinte classic roopam nedukayum cheruthum bharam kuranjathum neriyathum aayi maarukayum cheythu.
vananguka.
moonnu tharam recurve villukalundu vaar (tirke), taargett (putta), long rench (menzil) villukal. maram, kombu, tendon, pasha enningane naalu vasthukkal upayogichaanu moonnu tharangalum nirmmichathu. oro villinteyum madhyathilaanu oru pidi ("kabsa") sthithicheyyunnathu. avaa saadhaaranayaayi lackwar saankethikavidyayilaanu alankarikkunnathu.
ambukalude shaaft pine upayogichum irumbu, pichala allengil asthi ennivayude thala upayogichum nirmmichathaayirunnu. ambinte attathu parakkal sthirappeduthunnathinu thoovalukalum ("telech") ambine villu stringle urachu pidikkaan nottu cheytha nokkum ("gess") undu.
garbhini.
shathruvine adichamarthaan upayogikkunna moorchayulla aayudhangalaayirunnu gadhaa. kavachitha sainikarkkethire phalapradamaaya eee aayudangal saadhaaranayaayi minusamarnnatho allengil aayudhathinte mukalil ninnu purakott neengunna 3-12 flanchukalo bledukaloo ullavayaayirunnu.
thokkukalum peerankikalum.
uthbhavam.
automan sainyathil peerankikalude upayogam aarambhichath valare krithyamaaya kaaryamalla. ottomaan peerankikalekkurichulla aadyakaala charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum yadhaartha yudhangalkku valarekkaalathin sesham pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathilaanu ezhuthappettathennu ottomaan sainyathil peerankikal praveshicha samayathekkurichulla theeyathi kanakkukal vyathyaasappedunnu. kosovo (1389), nukaap (1396) yudhangalilum theerchayaayum theerchayaayum automans peerankikal upayogichuvennathaan oru vaadam. ennirunnaalum, varna yudhathinu (1444) thottupinnaale feeld thokkukal sevanathil praveshichathaayum randaam kosovo yudhathil (1448) theerchayaayum upayogichathaayum mattoru vaadam parayunnu.
automans avarude peerankikalude purogathiyum upayogavum sambandhicha manushya, saankethika uravidamaayi baalkkanukal upayogichirunnu. itali, jarmmani ennivaykkoppam bosnia serbia ottoman sainyathe sambandhichidatholam pradhanamaayirunnu. specialist 'topku' allengil peeranki unitukal pradhaanamaayum kristhyaanikal chernnaanu roopeekarichathu; taifa-iii ephreesi polulla unitukal. pershyakkaaril ninnu ottomakkar nagaram thirichupidicha baghdad uparodhathil (1638), europian vamshajaraaya thokkudhaarikal eee nirayil sevanamanushtichu. marichavarude sakhaakkal avarkkuvendi panam shekharichathinaal payrol registry rekhakal thokkudhaarikalude ennam nilanirthunnathil nallathallengilum. chuvadeyulla pattika trendukalekkurichu vyakthamaaya kazhcha nalkunnu.
automan peeranki corpsinte valippam 1514-1769
ottomaan thokkukalile ettavum valia purogathi vannath beyazid randaamante bharanakaalathaanu, addeham thokkukal muthal 'tuffecukal' vareyulla feeld peerankikaludeyum mattu niravadhi thokkukaludeyum roopakalppana mechappeduthi. ithilekku kootticherkkaan pathinaram noottaand thokku nirmmaanatthile ettavum puthiya saankethika munnettangal automan janathayilekku konduvannu; spanish anweshanathil ninnu palayanam cheiyunna joothanmaarude roopathil.
tharangal.
automan peerankikal peerankiyude valippathinum avayude ennathinum prashasthamaayirunnu enna ashayathe archival thelivukal pinthunaykkunnu; uyarnna chalanathmakamaaya aanti pezhsanal abus thokku muthal valia turkish bombard vare. aksharaarthatthil kaasil smaasharukal 'kaale-cob' ennariyappedunna 'bheeman thokkukalude' nirmmaanatthile prathyeka padanatthinte uthppannamaayirunnu eee bombardukal. atharam aayudangal praadhamikamaayi uparodhangalil upayogikkunnundengil; avaa avide athikkunnathinulla logistic budhimuttukal kaaranam saittil erinjappol, 1809 vare dardenellus ooppareshan samayat britiish kappalukalkkethire valia kalleriyunna thokkukal upayogichappol avaa upayogichu, 1000 poundu marble erinjukondu 1 mile dooraparidhi. ready-alanna podikal upayogichu aadukalude tholiyil pothinja wadded shottukal upayogichaanu krithyatha kaivarichathu. europian podiyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, automan podi vedivaykkunnathinaanu nallathennu karuthappedunnu; ithu karutha pukayekkaal velutha puka uthpaadippikkunnu.
eee venkala bombardukal upayogicha ettavum prashasthamaaya yuddham 1453-ll constantinoppil uparodhathilaan. bombardukalkku 19 tonn bharamundaayirunnu, 200 aalukalum arupath kaalakalum undaayirunnu, oru divasam ezhu thavana maathrame vedivaykkaan kazhiyoo. sarr chaals omaan parayunnathanusarichu, mehmed randaamante valia venkala peerankikal nagaratthinte mathilukal lamghichu baisaantain saamrajyam avasaanippichappol, orupakshe "peerankikalude upayogathaal nirnnayikkappetta paramapradhaanamaaya aadya sambhavamaayirunnu constantinoppil pathanam".
ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna thokku baattaring gann (daarbson) ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. eee thokku 0.15-2.5 kilogram bharamullah vediyundakal prayogichu. cheruthum idatharavumaaya thokkukalkku oonnal nalkiyathinaal eee thokkukal kottakalil kooduthal upayogichirunnu. galionukalilum rivar bottukalilum cheria caliber venkala kashanagal upayogichirunnu; avaykku 3.7 muthal 8.6 kilogram vare bharamundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, mikka rivarbottukalkkum 0.50 kilogram thokkukal prayogikkunna kaast-irumbu thokkukalude ayudhashala undaayirunnu; sharashari avaykku 20 muthal 40 kilogram vare bharamundaayirunnu. balimes' oru idatharam bharamullah, deerghadoora peerankiyaayirunnu, athu 31-74 kilogram bharamullah shottukal prayogichu. pradhaanamaayum rivarbottukalil upayogikkunna laghuvaaya peerankiyaayirunnu 'sahalas', ithu 0.50 kilogram thokkukal prayogikkunna kaast-irumbu peerankiyaayirunnu. pradhaanamaayum danubil rivarbottukalil upayogikkunna vividha valuppathilulla thokkaayirunnu 'sayaha'. 31 muthal 74 kilogram vare bharamundaayirunnu. 16, 17 noottaandukal automanmaar upayogichirunna 'sasma toppu' (grapeshot), 'agak topu' (peetterd) thudangiya mattu tharam peerankikalkku kaaranamaayi.
reethiyum uthppaadanavum.
oru meter vyaasavum 400 kilogram bharavumulla kallu panthukalaayirunnu venkala bombardukal upayogichirunna vedikkoppukal. rund bombaardukalude gathagatham logistic velluvili niranja oru joliyaanennu thelinju. 70 kaalakalum 1000 purushanmaarum avare constantinoples veezhchayilekku valichizhachu. eee bombaardukalude casting critoboulose 1467 vivarikkunnu. irumbu, maram, mannu, kallu ennivayaal shakthippeduthiya kaliman achineyum kaambineyum addeham vivarikkunnu. simant kondu pothinju thee ishtikakalaal moodukayum kalimannil pooshukayum cheytha valia kallu blokkukal kondu nirmmicha rund choolakalil 45 tonn chembum tinn sthaapichathaayi parayappedunnu. thadi maravum kalkary choolaykkullil sthaapikkukayum tapping chaanalukal ozhikeyulla ellah dwaarangalum adaykkukayum cheiyunnu. akathulla loham draavakaavasthayilaakunnathu bellos pravarthippikkunnu. draavaka venkalam kaliman achilekku ozhikkukayum avide athu arichedukkukayum minukkukayum cheiyunnu.
mohammed randaaman istamboolil niravadhi peeranki-foundarikal sthaapichu, athil ettavum prashasthamaayath uparodha yudhathinaayi venkala peerankikal nirmmicha toffen foundariyaanu. 60 muthal 100 centimeter vare vyaasamulla valia bombardukal nirmmikkukayum 1562ll maathram 481 tonn bharamullah 1012 thokkukal eriyukayum cheythu.

