
thekkukizhakkan eshyayil sainika nirmmaanam

sainika falaprapti mechappeduthunnathinna rashtreeya ichhaashakthi aavashyamillengilum, balaprayogathinte aadunikavalkkaranam kaanikkunnathupole thekkukizhakkan eshyayil sainika nirmmaanam sradheyamaaya oru pravanathayaayirunnu. saambathika thaalparyam samrakshikkal, mekhalayile nammude prathibaddhatha kuraykkunnathil swaashrayathwam, aabhyanthara, videsha pirimurukkangal, colonial kaalaghattatthinte metteeriyal maattisthaapikkendathinta aavasyakatha, mathramalla deseeya anthass, rashtreeya azhimathi muthalaaya sainikamallaatha chila gadakangal ennivayulppede vividha gadakangalaanu eee prathibhaasathinu kaaranamaayi parayunnath.
vietnaam yudhathinte avasana varshamaaya 1975 muthal mikkavarum ellah thekkukizhakkan eshyan raajyangalum thangalude sainyathe aadunikavalkkarikkukayum 1997leeii eshyan saambathika prathisandhikkusesham eee prakriya mandagathiyilaayenkilum athinusesham thudarukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil sainika udyogasthar, taankukal, kavachitha pezhsanal carrierukal (eiii. pii. sii), idatharam rench hovitsarukal, misail aayudhangalulla naavika kappalukal, yuddha helikopttarukal, yudhavimaanangal enniva vardhippikkukayum aadunikavalkkarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ithu ippozhum aayudha malsarathinte nirvachanathinu anuyojyamallennu vidagdhar choondikkaatti.
thekkukizhakkan eshya samboornna prathirodha chelavil vardhanavu kandu, ithu lokathinte mattu pradesangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ettavum valia vardhanavaanu, ennirunnaalum avaa raajyathinte gdpyude anupaathathil thaarathamyena mattamilla. thekkan chaina kadal tharkkathe chila vishakalana vidagdhar lakshyamaayi udharichuvenkilum mattullavar prathiseersha sthiramaaya sainika chelavum pazhaya upakaranangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol sainika saadhanangalude maattatthil thaarathamyena cheruthaanennum choondikkaatti.
praadeshika avalokanam.
thekkukizhakkan eshyayile sradheyamaaya aadhunikavalkkarana pravanathakal guided aayudangal, command, kantrol, communication, computer prosessing, intelligence, survilance, reconnaisance sisttangal (sii4isr) ennivayile nikshepam thudangiya saankethika sankeernnatha nedunnu. multy-roll faittar aircraft, maaridaim reconnaisance aircraft, aadhunika misailukal (aanti-ship misailukal, vishwal renchinu atheethamaaya eyar-tuu-eyar misailukal, eyar-tuu-graundu misailukal, tactical graundu-tuu-graundu misailukal), aadhunika peeranki samvidaanangal, antharvaahinikal, scud misailukal, lettu-model maig 29, eph 16, eph 18, esue 27 jettu faittarukal, emrls sisttangal, haarpoon, exoset misailukal upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya aadhunika frigettukal ennivayulppede puthiya electronics, aanti-ship misailukal sajjeekarichirikkunna yudhakkappalukal enniva kooduthal vyaapakamaayi. ennirunnaalum, sainika vibhavangal, saankethikavidya, sayudha seena vidagtharude abhavam kaaranam oru praadeshika rajyathinum sainika kaaryangalil viplavam (rma) sweekarikkaan kazhiyillennu thonnunnu. mikkavarum ellah sainyavum athinte parambaraagatha kazhivukal vardhippichu, athesamayam dveepasamooha rajyangal athivega vinyaasam sweekarichu. khaniyude prathirodha nadapadikal, samudra nireekshanam, samudrathira patrolling, antarvaahini virudha kazhivukal ennivayude abhavam naavikasenakal ulkkollunnu. naalam thalamura jettu yudhavimaanangal aadyamaayi avatharippikkunna singapoorinoppam noothana yudhavimaanangal neduka ennathaanu mattoru sradheyamaaya pravanatha.
2009num 2018num idayil lokathile ettavum vegathil valarunna sainika chelavu mekhalayaayirunnu thekkukizhakkan eshya. 2009num 2018num idayil motham praadeshika chelavu 33 sathamaanam vardhichu 30.8 bilyan dollaril ninnu 41.0 bilyan dollarayi (sthiramaaya 2017 us dollar). aagola aayudha irakkumathiyude mekhalayile vihitam aii. dii. 2ll 5.8 sathamaanathil ninnu aii. dii. 1 kaalayalavil 8.1 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu. chainayude praadeshika sainika shakthiyilekkulla uyarchayum thekkan chaina kadalile aakramanavum eee kaalaghattatthinte uddeshyamaayi udharikkappettu, samgharshathil kakshikalaaya rajyangal ettavum kooduthal vardhanavu kandu. oro raajyathinteyum gdpumaayi sainika chelavinte anupatham sthiramaayi thudarukayum ippozhum aayudha malsarathinte nirvachanathinu anuyojyamallathirikkum cheythenkilum, praadeshika tarkka parihara samvidaanangalude abhaavamulla raajyangalkkidayil pravartthana-prathikarana reethiyum kuranja vishwaasavum bhaviyil thettidhaaranakalkku saadhyathayund.
audyogika prathirodha naya rekhakalil palappozhum theevravaadikal, sayudha vimathar, kadalkkollakkar, kallakkadathukal, maanushika sahayam, duranta nivaaranamulppedeyulla samghaditha kuttakrithyangal enniva aayudangal ettedukkunnathinulla kaaranangalayi udharichittundu. ennirunnaalum, tanker vimanangal, yudhavimaanangal, antarvaahini virudha yudhavimaanangal, eyar-tuu-graundu misailukal, vyoma prathirodha samvidaanangal, theeradesha prathirodha samvidaanangal, antharvaahinikal, uparithala yudhakkappalukal, ubhayachara aakramana landing kappalukal ennivayude ettedukkal rajyangal videsha bheeshanikal manassilaakkiyathinte thelivaanu. upakaranagalkk swantham rajyath ninnu valare akaleyulla videsha bheeshaniyumaayi edapazhakaan kazhiyum, ayalkkaarkk "aakramanaathmakamaayi" kaanaan kazhiyum."
raashtreeyathil sakthamaaya sainika swaadheenamulla raajyangalilennapole, aayudangal ettedukkunnathinu yukthirahithamaya niravadhi gadakangalundu. 2015leeii rashtreeya parishkaranatthinu sesham miyaanmarinte sainika chelavu kuranjuvenkilum 2014leeii attimarikk sesham thaaylandil ithu nere marichaanu.
raajyam anusarichu.
brunai.
mikka kadal raajyangale apekshichu gdpumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol raajyathin sainika chelavinte vihitam kooduthalaanu, ennaal ennavilayile ettakkurachilukal ardhamaakkunnathu chelavu kuraykkendivannu ennaanu. kappalukalum naavika aayudhangalumaayirunnu irakkumathi cheythirunnathil bhooribhaagavum.
cambodia.
2009num 2018num idayil compodia ellah varshavum sainika chelavu vardhippichu. 2018ll ithu $1 milyan aayirunnu, ithu <aii. dii. 2> ll sharashari 2.1 shathamaanamaayirunnu. 2008lum 2011lum thaaylandumaayulla athirthi prasnamaanu lakshyam. koodaathe, 2017 muthal sainyathinte vardhicha rashtreeya swaadheenavum oru punk vahichekkaam. eee kaalayalavil raajyathe sainika saadhanangalude shekharathil valia mattamonnum vannilla, athu nirthalaakkiya aayudhangalkk pakaram vaykkuka maathramaan cheythath. bhaviyil maattathinu vidheyamaanengilum 2018 aayappozhekkum raajyam kooduthal karaa aayudhangalilekku mariyirunnu.
indoneshya.
1975ll communist vietnaam etteduthathil ninnum 1976ll kizhakkan timore adhiniveshathile mosham prakadanatthil ninnum sayudha senaye aadhunikavalkkarikkendathin aavasyakatha indoneshya kandu. 1980kalil ees prakhyaapichathinushesham, oru valia dveepasamooham, kadal pathakal, jalapathakal ennee bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakal kanakkileduthu naavika, vyoma, drutha vinyasa kazhivukal vikasippichukondu samudra suraksha mechappeduthunnathilaanna aadhunikavalkkarana prakriya shradha kendreekarichathu. singappoorine pinnilakkaan aagrahikkunnillenkilum prathirodha chelavinte anupaathathil ithu shaanthamaanenn thonni. 1990kalile sharashari vaarshika chelavu athinte gdpyude 1.5 shathamaanamaayirunnu, ayalrajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ettavum thaazhnnathaanu, ithu saambathika vikasanathinum suhartoik sheshamulla kaalaghattatthil sainyathinte nila kurayunnathinum munganana nalkunnu. aadhunika aadhunikavalkkarana shramangalkk oonnal nalkiyathu athinte maraine corpusinum naavikasenaykkum aayirunnu, telung nirakkil oru pradhana naavika thaavalam nirmmichu.
109 sathamaanam vardhanavu rekhappeduthi raajyam athinte chelavu kuthane vardhippichu. ennirunnaalum, athinusesham raajyathinte jidipiyilekulla sainika chelavinte vihitam bajatt santhulithamaakkunnathinaayi kuranju. kooduthalum puthiya yudhavimaanangalum yudhakkappalukalum vaangunna pazhaya samvidaanangal maattisthaapikkuka ennathaanu athinte munganana, koodaathe licensulla ulppaadanavum chila thalatthilulla saankethika kaimattavum ulppedunna karaarukalulla aabhyanthara aayudha uthppaadanam vipuleekarikkuka ennathaanu athinte prathirodha nayatthinte oru lakshyam. nilavile chelavu nirakk kanakkiledukkumbol athu saadhyamallenn thonnunnundengilum 2030 oode 230 puthiya yudhavimaanangal, niravadhi dussen frigettukal, 12 antharvaahinikal enniva ithinte deerghakaala padhathikalil ulppedunnu.
2016ll, kadalil ettavum sakthamaaya sainyamaaya eee raajyathinte shekharathil russian sukhoy-<aii. dii. 1> jettukal, american eph-16kall, jarmman tharam 209 antharvaahinikal, pullipuli II rii pradhana yuddha taankukal, ukreniyan bii. tii. aarr-4emm ubhayachara kavachitha pezhsanal carrierukal ennivayulppede padinjaaran russiayil ninnulla ettavum aadhunika aayudangal ulppedunnu.
lavos.
laavosinte sainika chelavukalude vivarangal rahasyamaayi sookshichirunnuvenkilum eee mekhalayile randaamathe ettavum kuranja thukayaanu ithu. 2017lum 2018lum compodia puthiya vimaanangalum taankukalum oordar cheyyumbol eee ennam vardhikkaan saadhyathayund.
maleshya.
malaysian sayudha senaykk niravadhi pathittaandukal neenduninna communist kalaapathil ninnu kalaapathe cherukkunnathilum kaattumrigangalude yudhathilum anubhavamundaayirunnu. neenda theerapradeshangalil ninnum kadaltheera enna, vathaka mekhalakalil ninnum praadeshika saahacharyangalil ninnum athinte durbalathakal thiricharinjukondu, raajyam 1979 ll sainika build-upp prograam aarambhichu. parambaraagatha kazhivukalil ayalkkaarumaayi poruthappedaanulla ichhaashakthiyekkurichu vishakalana vidagdhar abhiprayappettu. 1997leeii saambathika prathisandhiyilum athinte anantharafalangalilum nirthalaakkappettathinu purame, aadunikavalkkaranam thudarchayaayirunnuvennum sarvvathonmukhamaaya kazhivukal vikasippikkunnathinum singappoorinte valarchaye prathirodhikkunnathinumalla dridanishchayam kaanikkunnuvennum addeham paranju. mechappetta samudra surakshyum oorjja prakshepana sheshiyumulla oru sayudha senayayirikkum phalam.
sameepa varshangalil ettakkurachilukal neritta maleshya athinte sambadvyavasthaykku anusrithamaayi sainika bajatt anuvadichu. naavika nirmmaanatthil shradha kendreekarikkukayum vyomasenayude sheshi mechappeduthunnathinulla oru deerghakaala padhathi prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
mianmar.
1988leeii attimari vare miyaanmarile sainyam avaganikkapettu. sainika bharanakoodathinu kaalaharanapetta aayudangal ulkkollanum manushyashakthi vardhippikkaanum lakshyamitulla oru aadhunikavalkkarana paripaadikku vidheyamaayi. ennirunnaalum, eee paripadi oru alavilulla vipuleekaranamaayirunnu. vividha vamseeya kalaapangale keezhadakkaan athinu kazhinjenkilum ayalrajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol athinte sainyam ippozhum durbalamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. vilakuranja aayudha samvidaanangal vaangunnathinaanu munganana nalkiyathu. ennaal praadeshika aayudha vyavasaayathile nikshepam bharam kuranja aayudangal, bharam kuranja kavachitha vahanangal, karaa khanikal, mortaarukal, vedikkoppukal enniva nirmmikkanulla kazhivinu kaaranamaayi. thaaylandinte vardhichuvarunna sainika sheshikalilum rajyath chainayude swaadheenathilum athu kooduthal kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu.
laavosinte kaaryatthilennapole miyaanmarinte chelavu vivarangal apoornnamaayirunnu. 2015 muthal sivilian gavanmentinushesham athinte chelavu kurayaan saadhyathayund, paashchaathya rajyangal nadappilaakkiya aayudha uparodham kramena praayogikamaayi pinvalikkappedunnu. athinte pradhana suraksha prasnangal ippozhum aabhyanthara samgharshangalaanu, ennaal banglaadeshumaayulla sameepakaala samudra samgharshamaanu naavika chelavu vardhippikkunnathu. svanthamaayi aayudha vyavasaayam vikasippikkaanum saankethika kaimaattatthinum thaalparyam prakadippichu.
phillippeans.
phillippeans aabhyanthara kalaapangalilum vibhaageeyathayilum muzhukiyirikkukayum amerikkayumaayulla sainika sakhyavum naavika, vyoma thaavalangalude thudarchayaaya saannidhyavum sainika aadhunikavalkkaranathin sammarddamillennu ardhamaakkukayum cheythu. amerikkayude sahayavum samgharshavum kuranjathinushesham, 1995ll sainika aadhunikavalkkarana bill niyamamaayi oppuvachenkilum 1999ll yadhaartha paripadi aarambhichu, bhaagikamaayi saambathika prathisandhi kaaranam.
2009num 2018num idayil sainika chelavu yadhaarthathil 50.3 sathamaanam vardhichu, ennirunnaalum, athinte saambathika bharam sthirathayode thudarnnu. sainikarude uyarnna shambalam moolamaanu vardhanavu. president duterteyude munganana pradeshika prathirodhatthilaayirunnu. duterteyude nayangale vimarshichathinethudarnna chila paashchaathya rajyangal raajyathekku aayudangal kayattumathi cheyyaan visammathichu. pinneedu russia, chaina, israel ennivayumaayi karaarukal undakkaan athu shradha maatti. eee mekhalayile ettavum kaalaharanapetta saadhanangalilonnaanu athinte saadhanasaamagrikal, 2013leeii parishkaricha eiii. eph. pii. aadhunikavalkkarana niyamam 2027 oode sayudha senaye naveekarikkaanulla shramathe roopappeduthi. aayudha irakkumathiyude enpathezhu sathamaanavum vimaanangalo kappalukaloo aayirunnu.
singapur.
1997leeii prathisandhi moolam nirthaathe singapur athinte sainyathe thudarchayaayi vikasippicheduthittundu. asthiramaaya oru mekhalayil oru nagara-samsthaanamenna padavi kanakkiledukkumbol, oru prathirodhamaayi pravartthikkaan sayudha seena aavasyamaanennu athinte neethrthwam karuthi. athu aarr. emm. eiii enna ashayam sweekarikkukayum athinte sainika saankethikavidyakal mechappeduthukayum cheythu. 2004 leeii kanakkanusarichu thekkukizhakkan eshyayile ettavum sakthamaaya sainyamayirunnu singapur, athinte sainyathe aadunikavalkkarikkaan thudarchayaaya rashtreeya ichhaashakthiyum fund undu. karasena, naavikasena, vyomasena ennivayilekku puthiya vahanangal irakkumathi cheiyunnathinupurame, praadeshikamaayi nirmmicha kaalaalppada poratta vaahanangalum sainyam avatharippichu.
2009 muthal 2018 vareyulla kaalayalavil raajyam athinte jii. dii. pii. yude oru sathamaanam sainika chelavukalkkayi maattamillathe neekkivechu. mekhalayile ettavum valia aayudha irakkumathikkaaranaayirunna ithu 2007 muthal boonn internaashanal sentar phoor kanvershan aagola sainikavalkkarana soochikayil aadya naalu sthaanangalil aayirunnu. praadeshikamaayi nirmmicha kavachitha vahanangal, peerankikal, kappalukal enniva nirmmikkanulla kazhivulla nannayi vikasicha aayudha vyavasaayamaan raajyathinullath, avayil chilath kayattumathi cheyyukayum cheythu. singapur vyomasenayaan deerghadoora pravarthanatthinu ettavum kazhivullathu. 2003 muthal yuu. ezz. eph-35 paripaadiyil singapur pankaaliyaanu.
thayland.
vietnaam yudhakaalathu thaaylandin amerikkayil ninnu dhaaraalam sainika sahayam labhichirunnu. 1975leeii communist vijayavum thudarnnulla raajyathuninnulla american pinwangalum athinte sainika aadhunikavalkkarana shramangalkk oorjjam pakarnnu. aabhyanthara gadakangalum oru punk vahichu athu niravadhi pathittaandukal neenduninna communist kalapavum kooduthal vibhavangalkkayi malsarikkunna unifom dharicha unitukalilum avaykkidayilum aabhyanthara poraattavum nerittu. 1990kall muthal, raajyam athinte prathyeka saambathika mekhalayile (eee. iii. ezz) thalpparyam samrakshikkunnathinaayi navikasena mechappeduthunnathil shradha kendreekarichu. oru vimaanavaahinikkappal "chakri narubettu" vaangunnath neela-jala sheshikal vikasippikkanulla athinte abhilaashathe soochippikkunnu, ennirunnaalum antass oru sambhavana gadakamaayirunnu. parishkarana sramangal nadakkukayum avide ellah sevanangalum kuraykkukayum mikacha pariseelanam nedukayum cheythu. peerankikal, aii. eph. vii. kall, taankukal, antharvaahinikal, yudhavimaanangal, yudhakkappalukal enniva vaangunnathaayirunnu munganana. raajyam palappozhum second hand aayudha samvidaanangal vangano nilavilulla upakaranangal naveekarikkaano theerumaanichu. malaysiayode vegatha nashtappedumenna aashanka moolamaanu eee sramam bhaagikamaayi nadannathu.
thaaylandil sainika azhimathi nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. aayudha vilppanayil sharashari 15-20% kammeeshan report cheyyappettu. 1991ll sainika bharanathil cheraatha naavikasenaykku sivilian sarkkar thirichadaykkumbol aabhyanthara rashtreeya gadakangalum bajatt vihithathil oru punk vahichu. antharvaahinikalude ennathil pinnokkam nilkkunnath athinu svanthamaayi orennam undaayirikkaan kaaranamaayi prathirodha mantrimar palappozhum udharichu.
2009num 2018num idayil thaaylandinte sainika chelavu yadhaarthathil 16 sathamaanam vardhichuvenkilum gdpyude vihitam kuranju. ennirunnaalum, 2014leeii attimarikk sesham, sainika chelavu kooduthal vegathil vardhippikkukayum athinte 20 varshathe deseeya thanthraparamaaya roadmap thudaraan saadhyathayund. thaaylandilekk aayudangal kayattumathi cheyyaanulla paashchaathya vimukhatha chainayil ninnulla karaarukal sweekarikkaan raajyathe prerippichu, ennirunnaalum aupachaarika aayudha uparodham undaayirunnilla. 2010 nuu sheshamulla ettavum valia aayudha nikshepam chainayil ninnulla moonnu aasootritha ezz-26 tii antharvaahinikalaayirunnu. pazhaya aayudangal nirthalaakkiyathinaal athinte sainika saadhanangalude alavu neriya thothil vardhikkunnu. eph-16, saab jaas 39 grippen multy-roll aircraft, tii-84 oplottu-emm pradhana yuddha tank, nox-klaas, type 025tii, type 053echti misail frigettukal enniva ithinte aadhunika upakaranagalil ulppedunnu.
kaalakramatthil.
timore-lestte thangalude sainika bajatt gdpyude oru sathamaanathil thazheyaayi nischayikkukayum 2018ll kuthane kurayukayum cheythu. chainayil ninnum dakshina koriyayil ninnumulla patrolling craftayirunnu raajyangalilekkulla ariyappedunna pradhana aayudha vitharanam.
vietnaam.
vietnaam yudhathethudarnnu, pidichedukkappetta us metteeriyalsinethudarnnu vietnaam sainika sheshi vardhippichu. ennirunnaalum, deerghakaalamaayi vedikkoppukalum upakaranangalum vitharanam cheytha soviyatt union athinte pinthuna vichedikkukayum cambodian aabhyantharayudhathinte stambhanam athinte neethrthwathe vichedikkaanum munnottulla vinyaasathil ninnu maranum prerippikkukayum cheythu. 1990kalil singapur, maleshya, thayland, mianmer ennee raajyangalude athe aadhunikavalkkaranathin raajyam vidheyamaayirunnilla.
sainika chelavinte kanakk oru rahasyamaayirunnu, pakshe 2009lum 2018lum yadhaarthathil 75 sathamaanam vardhanavu rekhappeduthiyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, bajatt chelavukalkku purameyulla reportukalum undaayirunnu. viyatnaamin indiayumaayi sainika sahakaranamundu, koodaathe athinte niravadhi puthiya aayudangalum vaangi. austreliyayum japan chernnaanu udyogastharkku pariseelanam nalkunnathu. praadeshika aayudha vyavasaayathin videsha pinthuna labikkukayum nilavil videsha roopakalppanayulla yudhakkappalukal nirmmikkaan labhyamavukayum cheiyunnu. chainayude bheeshani raajyathinte shramathinte kendramaayi thudarunnu. athu navikasena naveekarikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu, ithu phalapradamaayi oru puthiya navikasena swanthamaakki. puthiya antharvaahinikalum aadhunika yudhakkappalukalum naavikasenaykku neela-jala sheshi nalki.

