
joonn kerr (govarnor general)

1974 muthal 1977 vare oostreliyayude 18-aamath govarnor generalayi sevanamanushticha oru australian baaristtarum jadjiyumaayirunnu sarr joonn roobert kerr (24 septambar 1914-24 march 1991). 1975 leeii bharanaghadanaa prathisandhiyil addeham pankedutthathinte peril addeham ariyappedunnu, ithu nilavile pradhaanamantri goff vaitlaamine puratthaakkaanum malkkam fraasarine addehathinte pakarakkaranaayi niyamikkanumulla theerumaanatthil kalaashichu, australian federal raashtreeyathile abhoothapoorvamaaya pravartthanangal.
sidneyil thozhilaallivargga maathaapithaakkalkk kerr janichu. fort street boys haiskoolilekkum sidani sarvakalaashaalayilekkum scholarship nedi, avide addeham niyamam padichu. randaam lokamahaayudham addehathinte niyamajeevitam thadassappeduthukayum aaa samayat addeham australian aarmiyude dayaraktarettu oof research aandu sivil afayezhsil (dorka) sevanamanushtikkukayum kenal padavi nedukayum cheythu. yuddham avasaanichathinusesham addeham australian school oof pasaphik administreshante udghaadana medaaviyaayi. 1949ll barylake madangiyethiya kerr sidneyude pramukha vyavasaya abhibhashakariloraalaayi. australian laber partyil (alp) chernna addeham 1951 leeii federal thiranjeduppile hraswakaala amgeekritha sthaanaarthiyaayirunnu. 1955leeii party vibhajanathinushesham addeham thante amgathvam upekshichu.
nyoo southu weils baar associationteyum australiyayile loow kaunsilinteyum presidentaayi kerr sevanamanushtichu. 1966ll komanvelthu vyavasaya kodathiyilekku niyamithanaaya addeham pinneedu territory supreme kodathikalilum nyoo southu veyilsinte (1972-1974) cheef justisaayum sevanamanushtichu. alp pradhaanamantri goff vaitlaaminte naamanirddeshathetthudarnna 1974 joolaiyil kerr govarnor generalayi niyamikkapettu. vaitlaam sarkkaarin senattil bhooripaksham undaayirunnilla, 1975 leeii vivaadangalude oru parambarayetthudarnnu, prathyekichu vaaypa sambandhicha kaaryathethudarnnu, liberal prathipaksha nethaavu malcom fraser neratheyulla thiranjeduppinu nirbandhithamaakkunnathinaayi vitharana billukalude pariganana maattivaykkaan senattinodu (addehathinte sakhyathinu bhooripakshamullidathu) aavasyappettu. vaitlaam cheyyaan thayyaarallaatha vidhathil raaji vaykkukayo pothutheranjeduppu vilikkukayo cheyyaan pradhaanamantri baadhyasthanaanennu vishwasicha kerr sthithigathikal amgeekarikkaanaavaathathaayi kanakkakki.
1975 november 11 nuu, govarnor general enna nilayil thante karuthal adikaarangal upayogichu vaitlaamineyum addehathinte manthraalayatheyum pirichuvittu oru kaaval sarkkaarine nayikkaan fraasare niyamichu. eratta pirichuvidalinulla fraasarude abhyarthana addeham udan thanne amgeekarichu, ithu oru federal thiranjeduppilekku nayichu, athu vaitlaamum alppum mannidichilil parajayappettu. sarkkaarine pirichuvittathu vaitlaaminte anuyaayikalil ninnu prathishedhangalkku kaaranamaayi, 1977 desemberil kerr neratthe viramikkunnathinum thudarnnu pothujeevithatthil ninnu pinmarunnathinum pradhana kaaranamaayi. pirichuvidaline chuttipattiyulla addehathinte pravartthanangalude aouchithyavum niyamasadhuthayum vivekavum ganyamaaya charchakalkkum vishakalanathinum vidheyamaan.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1914 septambar 24 nuu sidneyile ballmainil kerr janichu. lora meikkum (nee cardwell) haari kerinum janicha moonnu makkalil moothayaalaayirunnu addeham; addehathinte ilaya sahodaran dudley ilaya sahodari elainum 1917 ll janichu. kerinte maathaapithaakkalum maathru muthasshimaarum austreliyayil janichavaraayirunnu, athesamayam addehathinte pithrupithaamakkal englandile sunderlandil ninnu 1886 ll sidniyilethiyirunnu. addeham waterside thozhilaallikalude oru nirayil ninnaan vannath-addehathinte pithaav oru boiler nirmmaathaavaayirunnu, muthachan oru steevador aayirunnu, muthachan oru kappalppanikkaaranaayirunnu. makan janikkumbol kerinte pithaav eevlee railway varkshoppukalil jolie cheythirunnu. moonnu maasathinu sesham addehathe pirichuvittuvenkilum taamasiyaathe nadannukondirunna yuddham kaaranam poornna sheshiyulla kokkaattoo dweep doock yardle jolie kandethi. union prasthaanatthil earppettirunna addeham 1917leeii pothu panimudakku ulppede niravadhi samarangalil pankedukkukayum rund maasatholam shambalamillaathe kazhiyukayum cheythu. yuddham avasaanichathinusesham thuramukhangalile jolie kramarahithamaayitheerukayum oduvil 1925ll addeham veendum reyilveyil cherukayum cheythu.
jeevithathinte aadya rund varshangalil kerum maathaapithaakkalum balmainile oru wetherboard kottejil muthasshimaarodoppam thaamasichu. pinneedu avar rosellilum dulwich kunnilum kottejukal vaadakaykku edukkukayum randaamathethu 1949ll maathram vaangukayum cheythu. kerr birchgrove public schoolil vidyaabhyaasam aarambhichu. akkaadamikamaayi mikavu pularthiya prashasthamaaya fort street boys haiskoolil cherunnathinu addeham scholarship nedi. avasana varshathil engleesh, charithram, rasathanthram ennivayil addeham schoolil onnaamathethi. addehathinte samakaalikar addehathe valare akaleyullayalaayi oormmippichu; addehathinte eathaanum adutha suhruthukkalil oraalaayirunnu francis jaims. oru kariyaraayi niyamam pinthudaraan theerumaanikkunnathil, kerr echu ennathil oru maathruka kandethi. vii. 1930ll haikkodathiyile ettavum praayam kuranja jadjiyaya saha kottakkaranaaya iwat athe varsham thanne rajakeeya adhikaarathekkurichulla doctoral prabandham poortthiyaakki. kerinte pithaavin laber partyile amgathvathiloode ivaattine ariyamaayirunnu, athu oduvil ivaat nayikkum, 1925-ll ballman samsthaana seettinaayulla vijayakaramaya prachaaranatthil addehathe sahayichu. thaarathamyena thaazhmayulla pashchaathalamundaayittum kerinte kariyaril purogathi kaivarikkaan sahaayicha rakshaadhikaarikalude oru parambarayil iwat aadyatheyaalaayi.
niyamaparamaaya thozhil.
1932ll kerr sidani sarvakalashaalayil niyamam padikkaan thudangi. niravadhi sammanangal nediya addeham veendum akkaadamikamaayi mikavu pulartthiyenkilum paatyethara pravarthanangalil thaalparyam kuravaayirunnu. addehathinte ettavum adutha suhruthukkaliloraalaya kenn gee oduvil judiciaryil addehathodoppam chernnuvenkilum trotskisavumaayulla pranayathinu perukettayalaayirunnu. oduvil 1936ll phastt klaas bahumathikalum yooniversitti medal nedi kerr birudam nedi. 1938ll addehathe nyoo southu weils barylake vilippichu. athe varsham thanne kerr alison "peggy" bestedine vivaham kazhichu, avarkk moonnu kuttikalundaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu addeham australian intelligence oorganaiseshanum gaveshana, sivil kaarya dayaraktarettu aaya think tankinum vendi pravarthichu. 1946ll addeham australian school oof pasaphik administreshante principal southu pasaphik kammeeshante aadya sekrattari generalum aayi.
1948ll barylake madangiyethiya kerr trade union kakshikale prathinidheekarikkunna oru pramukha abhibhashakanum laber partyile amgavumaayi. 1951leeii thiranjeduppil oru paarlamentari seettinaayi thozhil amgeekaaram thedaan addeham uddeshichirunnuvenkilum mattoru sthaanaarthikku anukoolamaayi pinmari. ennaal 1955leeii laber party vibhajanathinushesham party raashtreeyathil addehathinu niraashayundaayi. evattinte neethrthwathil laber party idathupaksha pravanathayayi thaan kandathenthaanenn addeham eshtappettillengilum verpirinja grouppaaya demookratik laber partyilekku addeham akarshikkappettilla. pinneedu 1950kalil, american aikyanaadukalude saamskaarika swaathanthryathinaayulla association sthaapicha communist virudha abhibhaashaka groupil chernna addeham 1957ll athinte executive boardil chernnu.
1960kalil kerr sidneyile pramukha vyavasaya abhibhashakariloraalaayi. 1950kalil addeham kyu. sii. aayi. 1964ll ashleelathin vichaarana cheyyappettappol aakshepahasya maasikayaaya "oosinte" prasaadhakarkk avarude vaidagdhyam nalkia abhibhaashakarude oru koottatthil oraalaayirunnu addeham (athil bhaaviyile enn. ezz. dablyu premiier nevil raan ulppedunnu).
judicial currier.
1966ll kerr komanvelthu vyavasaya kodathiyilum pinneedu mattu niravadhi judicial sthaanangalilum jadjiyaayi niyamithanaayi. eee kaalayalavil addehathinte rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal kooduthal yaadhaasthithikamaayi. 1964ll australian haikkodathiyude cheef justisaaya liberal attorni generalaya sarr garfield baarvikkinte suhruthaayi addeham maari. 1966ll justice pooll toose joonn broose pigot chernnu sthaapicha loow association phoor eshya aandu dhii vestten pasaphik (loyeshya) yude aadya chairmaanaayirunnu kerr. 1970 vare aaa samghadanayude chairmaanaayi kerr sevanamanushtichu.
1972ll kerr nyoo southu veyilsinte cheef justisaayi niyamithanaayi. sarr pooll hussluck 1974 joolaiyil govarnor generalayi viramikkendathaayirunnu, pradhaanamantri goff vaitlaaminu anuyojyamaaya pakarakkaarane kandethendathundu. addehathinte aadya choys, kenn mayer, nirasichu; thudarnnu addeham eee padavi justice kerinu (annu thannathupole) vaagdaanam cheythu, addeham padaviyil patthu varsham thudarumennu pratheekshikkamennum rajyathalavanaayi videshathu oostreliyaye prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyumennumulla vyavasthayil addeham athu sweekarichu. 1973 septambaril eee charchakal aarambhichu. 1974 februvari 27nuu govarnor generalayi niyukthanaaya kerr prakhyaapikkappedukayum appozhekkum addeham sarr joonn kerr aayitheerukayum cheythu. 1972 desemberile thiranjeduppu phalam varaathe hasluck budhipoorvvam thadanjirunna aaa bahumathiykkayulla thante mungamiyaaya billie mcmohante shuparshaye amgeekarikkaan vaitlaam visammathichathinethudarn nyoo southu veyilsinte pradhaanamantri sarr roobert askinte upadesaprakaaram 1974 leeii puthuvalsara bahumathikalil addehathinu naitt padavi nalkiyirunnu. kurachu varshangalkk munbu avar niyamaparamaaya arakal pankittirunnuvenkilum kerinu vaitlaamine nannayi ariyillaayirunnu, ennaal jiim mccullelland, joou reorden thudangiya vaitlaaminte sarkkaarile niravadhi manthrimaarumaayi addeham sauhrudam pulartthiyirunnu. kerinte bhaarya peggy yooniversitti divasangalil maargarat vaitlaaminte sahapatana vidyaarthiniyaayirunnu. laber partyile kerinte muun amgathvam kaaranam, kerinte rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal maariyennum govarnor generalinte punk vaitlaamilninn vyathyasthamayi kaanaanaan thaan vannathennum thirichariyaathe thaan ippozhum raashtreeyamaayi "vishwasaneeya" maanennu vaitlaam vishwasichirunnathaayi thonnunnu.
govarnor general.
1974 meyy maasathil vaitlaam sarkkar randuthavana pirichuvidappettathinnettathu randaam thavana vijayikkukayum moonnu senatt seettukal koodi nedukayum cheythu, ithu liberal-kantri party sakhyathodoppam thulya ennathilum rund swathanthrarude adhikara santhulithaavasthayilum avasheshichu. juulai 9 nuu sarr pooll hasluck puthiya paarlament udghaadanam cheyyukayum juulai 11 nuu kerr govarnor generalayi sathyaprathinja cheyyukayum cheythu. eratta pirichuvidalilekku nayicha tharkkabil veendum avatharippikkukayum pratheekshichathupole veendum nirasikkappedukayum cheythu. paarlamentinte samyukthasammelanathinulla vyavasthakal ippol paalichirunnu. august 6,7 theeyathikalil australian paarlamentinte charitraparamaaya samyuktha yogam vilikkunna oru prakhyaapanatthil juulai 30 nuu kerr oppuvachu. malsaricha ellah billukalum pasaki.
septambar 9 nuu addehathinte bhaarya peggy neenda asukhathethudarnnu, 59-aamm vayassil marichu. 1975 eprilil addeham aduthide vivaahamochanam nediya thante aadya bharthaavaaya puthiya southu weils jadjiyum kersinte muun sahapravarthakanumaaya hyoog robson kyusiye vivaham kazhichu. avaliloode kerr rund randaanachanmaare nedi.
1975ll sarkkar niravadhi manthrithala kumbhakonangalal ("vaipa vishayam") moodappettu, ithu rund muthirnna mantrimaaraaya rex konorineyum upapradhaanamanthri jiim cairnsineyum pirichuvidaan kaaranamaayi. liberal prathipaksha nethaavaaya malcom fraser, sarkkaarinte bajatt billukal thadayaan senattine upayogikkaan theerumaanichu, angane prathinidhi sabhayilekku neratheyulla thiranjeduppu nadatthaan nirbandhithanaayi (ithine "blocking supply" ennu vilikkunnu).
kadalaasil, australian bharanaghadana govarnor generalinu manthrimaare niyamikkaanum pirichuvidaanum paarlament pirichuvidaanumulla adikaaram ulppede vishalamaaya adikaarangal nalki. ennirunnaalum, 1975 aayappozhekkum oafees eathaandu poornnamaayum aachaaraparamaayathaayi kanakkakkappettu, mikka kesukalilum govarnor general pradhaanamanthriyudeyum manthrisabhayudeyum upadesaprakaaram pravartthikkaan baadhyasthanaanennu manassilakkappettu. eee adikaarangal prayogikkunnathil govarnor generalinu vivechanaadhikaaramillennum avaa ellaayppozhum pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram prayogikkanamennum vaitlaamum mattullavarum abhiprayappettu. govarnor generalinte adikaarangal bharanaghadana valare vyakthamaayi vyakthamaakkunnuvenn vaadichukondu kerum mattullavarum eee kazhchappadinodu adisthaanaparamaayi viyojichu.
saadhaaranayaayi pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram maathram prayogikkunna adhikaarangalkk purame, govarnor generalinte swantham munkaiyil prayogikkaavunna chila krodeekarikkappedaatha karuthal adhikaarangalund. britiish aadhipathyangalaaya "rajaavum addehathinte aadhipathya gavarnarmaarum" (1936) prayogichathupole reserve adhikaarangalekkurichulla staanderd varkkinte rachayithavaaya ivaattumaayulla thante munkaala professional bandhatthiloode reserve adhikaarangalekkurichu padikkaan kerr theerumaanichu. kerinu eee pusthakam parichithamaayirunnu, govarnor general padavi vaitlaaminte vaagdaanam sweekarikkunnathinumbu athu veendum vaayichu.
1975leeii prathisandhi.
1975 octoberil senattile liberal-kantri party prathipaksha sakhyam (malcom fraasarinte neethrthwathil) vaitlaam sarkkar 'australian janathaykku keezhadangan' sammathikkunnathuvare vitharana billukalude pariganana maattivaykkaan vottu cheyyukayum oru rashtreeya stambhanam undaakukayum cheythu. cocus vaitlaaminte poornna pinthunayode prathipaksham senattile vitharanam thadayunnathu thudarukayaanenkil desemberil pakuthi senatt thiranjeduppu nadathumennu prakhyaapichu. adutha 4 aazhchakalilekku eee billukalile votteduppu fraser maattivachu. november 6 nuu vaitlaam kerine ariyichu, prathipaksham senattil vitharanathekurichulla vottu nishedhikkunnathu thudarukayaanenkil, adutha chovvazhcha-november 11,1975-nuu ardha senatt thiranjeduppu nadathumennu. thudarnnu aavashyamaaya rekhakal thayyarakkukayum adutha 4 divasathinullil pradhaanamanthriyude offeesum sarkkar bhavanavum thammil drafttukal kaimarukayum cheythu. november 11 nuu raavile vaitlaam kerr raing cheyyukayum annu uchathirinju prathinidhi sabhayil thaan nadathunna prakhyaapanatthinte vaakkukal sthireekarikkukayum cheythu, ithu trainil pakuthi seettulla thiranjeduppu krameekarikkukayum cheythu.
eee parigananakalekkurichu fraasarinum ariyamaayirunnu. vitharanathe thadayunnathinekkurichu niravadhi liberal senattarmaar aswastharaanennum kooduthal kaalam aashrayikkaanaavillennum addehathinu ariyamaayirunnu-pirichuvittathinu sesham liberal senattar regg unangiyennu addeham sthireekarichu. vitharanam thadassappeduthiya 4 aazhchakalil sakhya votteduppu 10 sathamaanam kuranjathode vitharanam vaikippichathil senattinte nadapadiyil pothujanangal asanthushtaraanenna abhipraaya sarvekalil addeham thelivukal kandu. ekkaaranathaal, prathisandhi neratthe avasaanippikkanamenn addeham aagrahichu. vitharanam niyamavidheyamaakkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum pradhaanamantri oru thiranjeduppine upadesikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythaal govarnor generalinte edapedal mathramaayirunnu vyakthamaaya prathividhi.
october 16nuu liberal frond bencharaaya roobert ellikote (oru muun komanvelthu solisittar general), nizhal manthrisabhaykkaayi thaan thayyarakkiya oru niyamaparamaaya abhiprayam fraasarude amgeekaarathode prasidheekarichu, govarnor generalinu avakashavum kadamayumundennu vaadichu. ellikkottinte kaazhchappaad 'mandathara' maanu ennu thaan karuthunnuvennu kerr vaitlaaminodum mattu sarkkar manthrimaarodum paranju. ellaayppozhum thante pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram pravartthikkanamenna kanvenshan kanakkileduthu govarnor generalinu prathisandhiyil edapedaan kazhiyillennu october 17 nuu vaitlaam oru abhimukham nadathunnavarodu paranju. govarnor generalinu edapedaan adikaaramillenna thante kaazhchappaad vyakthamaakkikkond kerine samrakshikkaanaan eee paraamarshangal uddeshichathennu vaitlaam pinneedu paranju.
vikasichukondirikkunna rashtreeya naadakatthil sajeevamaaya oru kalikkaranaayi kerr svayam kandu. vitharanasheshi theernnupokunnathuvare govarnor generalinu prathisandhiyil oru pankum vahikkaan kazhiyillenna kaazhchappaad thaan amgeekarikkunnillennu manthrimaarumaayulla niravadhi sambhashanangalil addeham vyakthamaakkiyirunnu karyangal aaa ghattathilethunnathu thadayaan sahayikkuka ennathu thante kadamayayi addeham kandu. october 30 nuu addeham vaitlaaminum fraasarinum oru vittuveezhcha pariharam nirddeshichu, athu phalatthil fraser pinmaarunnathine ardhamaakkum (vaitlaaminte upekshicha padhathikalkku pakaramaayi supply billukal passacan prathipaksham anuvadikkanamennu kerr nirddeshichu) neratheyulla senatt thiranjeduppu), pakshe fraser ithu amgeekarichilla. 1976 madhyathinu munbu oru thiranjeduppu vilikkaan vaitlaam sammathikkukayaanenkil billukal passacan november 2 nuu fraser vaagdaanam cheythenkilum vaitlaam aaa pariharam nirasichu.
eee ghattathil vaitlaamumaayulla kerinte vyakthiparamaaya bandham shakthamaayirunnilla, vaipa vyavahaarathil executive kaunsil anuchithamayi pravarthichuvenna nirddeshangalil addeham aswasthanaayirunnu, koodaathe, sarkkaarine pirichuvidunnathinekkur vitlaaminu ariyaamenkil, pakaram kerine pirichuvidaan raajnjiye munkootty upadeshichukond addeham (vaitlaam) prathikarikkumennu addeham samshayichu. muun vais-reegal niyamanakkaarude parambaraagatha reethiyil kerr pravachanatheethamaayi pravartthikkumennum sarkkaarinte nilapaadil poornna sahathapam prakadippikkumennum thanikkethire nadapadiyedukkaan onnum cheyyillennum vaitlaam savishesha aathmavishwaasathode karuthi.
pirichuvidal.
november 6 nuu kerr fraasarumaayi (vaitlaaminte amgeekaarathode) mattoru koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. eee yogathil fraser kerinte mail sammarddam vardhippikkukayum prathipaksham pinmarillennum oru vittuveezhchayum sweekarikkillennum upadeshikkukayum vaitlaaminethire nadapadiyedutthillenkil, "thante kadamayil paraajayappettathin" prathipaksham addehathinethire nerittu parasya vimarsanam nadatthaan thudangumennu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. 1975 avasaanathinu munbu oru thiranjeduppu nadatthaan fraser kerinode abhyarthichu. thiranjeduppu niyamathile vyavasthakal ardhamaakkunnathu 1975 leeii thiranjeduppu prakhyapikkaanulla avasana theeyathi november 11 aayirunnu.
november 9nuu kerr australian haikkodathiyude cheef justice sarr garfield baarvikumaayi koodiyaalochichu. vaitlaamine purathaakkaan bharanaghadanaaparamaaya adikaaram undo ennu upadesikkaan kerr barvikinode aavasyappettu, barwick rekhaamoolam upadeshichu. mattoru haikodathi jadjiyaya sarr aanthani mesan eee kazhchappadinodu yojichuvennum addeham addehathe upadeshichu.
november 9nuu vaitlaamine purathaakkaan kerr theerumaanichathaayi thonnunnu. govarnor general enna nilayil kerinte kammeeshan avasaanippikkaan raajnjiye bharanaghadanaaparamaaya adikaaram prayogikkaan vaitlaam upadeshikkumennu bhayann vaitlaaminum thante manthrimaarkkum eee uddeshyam velippeduthenda aavasyamillennu addeham karuthi. angane cheyyumbol, 1932ll jacq laanginte sarkkaarine pirichuvitta nyoo southu veyilsinte gavarnaraaya sarr philipp geyim sthaapicha maathrkayekkurichu kerinu ariyamaayirunnu. thaan chila niyanthranangal pinvalichillenkil, thaan geyim, avane purathaakkumennu geyim munkootty munnariyipp nalkiyirunnu. ithu laang dhairyappettenkil kaliyil ninnu purathaakkaan sramikkaan anuvadichu, athu addeham cheythilla.
november 11 chovvazhcha raavile vaitlaam kerine vilichu anusmarana dhina chadangukalkku sesham <aii. dii. 1> nuu addehathe kaanaan krameekarichu. call manikkoorin sesham fraser varanum kerr krameekarichu. enthukondaanu addeham varanamennu njaan aagrahikkunnathenn misttar fraserinode paranjilla."kerr thanne telephone cheythathaayum pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkappettal thaan cheyyumo ennu chodichathaayum fraser pinneedu avakashappettu 
eee chodyangalkkellaam "athe" ennu utharam nalkiyathaayi fraser oormmippichu. thante ormmakkurippukalil kerr atharamoru phoon kooll fraserilekku nadathiyathaayi nishedhichu, ennaal thudarnnulla ellah vivaranangalilum fraser urachuninnu.
uchabhakshana edavelaykkaayi <aii. dii. 1> nuu prathinidhikalude sabhaye suspended cheythu. vaitlaam 15 minitt vaikiyaan uchaykku 1 manikk sarkkar bhavanathilethiyathu. neratthe ethiya fraser mattoru muriyilekku kaanichu. kerinte padanatthil vaitlaamum kerum ottaykkaanu kandumuttiyath. vitharanamillathe nadathenda oru pakuthi-senatt thiranjeduppu aavasyappedaan vaitlaam uddeshikkunnuvennu kerinu ariyamaayirunnu. athinaal, paarlamentari vitharanamillathe bharikkuka ennathaayirunnu vaitlaaminte uddeshyamennu veendum sthireekaricha sesham, kerr thante kammeeshan pinvalikkukayum pirichuvidal kathu addehathinu nalkukayum cheythu. kerine purathaakkaan upadesikkaan vaitlaam pinneedu buckingham kottaaratthe telephone cheyyaan shramichuvenkilum vaitlaam ellaayppozhum ithu nishedhichittundu. annu uchathirinju oru pathrasammelanatthil addeham "kwaadrant" maasikayile (march 2005, vaalyam 49, nambar 3) oru lekhanathil "kammeeshan udan pinvalichukondu raajnjiyumaayi bandhappedunnathu govarnor general enne thadanju" ennu paranju, kerinte audyogika sekrattariyaaya david smith, vaitlaaminu kerinte uddeshyangalekkurichu ariyamaayirunnuvennum raajnji ithinakam thanne edapedaatha nilapad vaitlaamineyum kerineyum ariyichittundennum avakashappettu, iru sthaanaarthikalkkum nyayamaaya eratta pirichuvidal ennu kerr vilichirunnu, vaitlaaminu irusabhakalilum aavashyamaaya bhooripakshathode sarkkaarine thirike nedaan kazhiyumennu aathmaarthamaayi vishwasichu.
vaitlaam poyappol, kerr fraasarine vilichu athe chodyangal chodikkukayum annu raavile fraser utharam nalkiyathaayi avakaashappedukayum cheythu. fraser anukoolamaayi marupadi nalkiyappol kerr addehathe pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamichu.
kerr pinneedu thante pravartthanangale nyaayeekarikkan anchu nirddeshangal munnottuvachu
vaitlaam "orupakshe njaan partyil thudarnnirunnenkil, addehathintethupole aayirunnekkaavunna oru kaaryathe" prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu pirichuvidal "charithratthil vaitlaaminte sambadvyavasthayude thettaaya nadatthippu pole thanne addehathinte sthaanam thedunna oru parajayappetta ahankaarathinte kesaanennum" kerr pinneedu prasthaavichu. kerinte maranashesham, addehathinte muun utta suhruthum vaitlaam kaabinat amgavumaaya jaims mccaleland, kerr deerghakaalamaayi "australiyayile mikacha naaya" aakaan aagrahichirunnuvennum kerr orikkal thanne lakshyamittirunnuvennum kerinte adichamarthappetta swavarggalaingikathaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane maathrame puratthaakkal poornnamaayum manassilakkaan kazhiyoo ennum avakashappettu.
pirichuvittathinu sesham.
vaitlaamine pirichuvittuvenna vaartha uchathirinju oostreliyayiludaneelam vyaapichu, ithu addehathinte anuyaayikalude roshakulamaaya prathishedha prakadanangalkku kaaranamaayi. adutha maasathil, 1975 desember 13 nuu nadakkaanirunna eratta pirichuvidal thiranjeduppilekku nayicha vaitlaamum alp anubhaavikalum kerine nirantharam apakeerthippeduthi, purathaakkappetta thozhil sarkkarinodu watermar anubhavam kaanikkumenn vishwasikkunnathil samshayamilla.
thudarnnulla thiranjeduppu prachaaranatthil, australian laber party shradha pradhaanamaayum pirichuvidalinte niyamavirudhathayil aayirunnu ("lajjikkuka, lajjikkuka" enna mudraavaakyathode), athesamayam sakhyam laberinte saambathika maanejmentine vimarsikkunnathil shradha kendreekarichu. octoberilum november thudakkathilum nadanna abhipraaya votteduppukal prakaram, fraasarinte thanthrangale athirthukondu, vaitlaaminu (ningalude rosham nilanirthaan thante anuyaayikalodu ahvaanam cheyth thante pracharanam aarambhicha) anukoolamaayi oru valia thirichadi chilar pratheekshichirunnu. thiranjeduppu vilichukazhinjappol, bhooripaksham perum sambadvyavasthayil shradha kendreekarikkukayum liberalukalude mudraavaakyamaaya "laittukal kathikkuka" ennathinodu prathikarikkukayum cheythu. oru thozhil sarkkaarine nasippikkaanulla oru sthaapana goodaalochanayaayi avar kandathil roshakularaaya thozhil pinthunakkaarude abhinivesham undaayirunnittum, 1983 vare adikaaram nilanirtthiya sakhyathinte kaikalil ninnu thozhilaallikalkk ekkaalatheyum valia nashtam (1974 leeii vottinekkaal 7.4 sathamaanam kuravu) nerittu.
thozhil anukoolikal kerinethire vimarsanam unnayikkukayum prakadanam nadathukayum cheythu. tanikkum bhaaryaykkum nereyundaaya vyakthiparamaaya akramanangal (vaitlaamum mattullavarum moshamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyathaayi aaropich) aazhathil murivelppikkunnathaayi addeham kandethi. govarnor general enna nilayil thante sheshikkunna kaalayalavil, roshakulamaaya prakadanangal neridaathe kerinu pothuvediyil prathyakshappedaan kazhinjilla. oru avasarathil, deshyappetta janakkoottathiloode thante kaar oodichukalayukayallaathe melbonil oru samsara chadangu upekshikkaan kazhiyaathappol addehathinte jeevan apakadatthilaanennu karuthappettu. govarnor general enna nilayil addehathinte niyamasadhutha sweekarikkaan federal, stettu laber paarlamenteriyanmaar visammathichu, addeham pankedutthirunna audyogika pravartthanangal ozhivaakki. thante kaalavadhi avasaanikkumbol 1977 leeii melbone kapp avatharippikkumbol addeham madyapichirunnathaayi prashasthamaayi.
raaji vaykkuka.
aarogyathekkurichulla aashankayaan addeham thante anchu varshathe kaalavadhi vettikkuraykkukayum 1977 desemberil sthaanamozhiyukayum cheythathinte oru kaaranam. vaasthavathil, 1977 maarchil raajnjiyude sandarshana velayil addehathinte raaji ithinakam nirddeshikkappettirunnu. kerinte athiraalikale "sathruthayum kayperiyathumaaya nyoonapaksha" mennu fraser apalapichu, avarude pravartthanangal anyayamaayirunnu. paarlamentinakatthum puratthum thanikkethire thudarchayaaya kadutha akramanangal kaaranam ettedukkaan kazhiyaatha oru offeesaaya unescoyile ambasseder sthaanathekku kerine niyamichu. ippol prathipakshathulla laber party puthiya nethaavaaya bill haydon unesco niyamanathe vimarshichavaril oraalaayirunnu. paarlamentil addeham prasthaavichu, "joonn kerine ambaasadaraayi niyamichu... ithu ettavum neechamaaya nindayude oru ashleela vyayaamam mathramalla. ellah ardhathilum ithu eee raajyathin apamaanamaan."
pinneedulla jeevithavum maranavum.
charitrakaaranaaya philipp naitliyude abhipraayathil, "sarr joonn kerinte jeevithathile sheshikkunna varshangal dayaneeyamaayirunnu. parasyamaayi prathyakshappedumbozhale addeham nirantharamaaya peedanatthinu vidheyanaayirunnu."athinaal addeham landanilekku thamasam maari", avide addehathe mikka divasangalilum, saadhaaranayaayi dharikkan moshamaaya onno athiladhikamo maanyanmaarude clubble kaanaan kazhiyum."ellaattinumupariyaayi," "sarr joninte paarambaryam viceroyaltiye ettavum vivaadaparamaaya oru thasthikayaakkukayum athu vahicha ettavum charcha cheyyappetta vyakthikalil oralaakkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu".
1991ll sidneyile royal north shoar ashupathriyil braine tumour baadhichu marichathaayi sthireekarichu, avide addeham komayilaayirunnu, moonnu makkalum randaamathe bharya undaayirunnu. nyoo southu veyilsile makwari paarkkile semitheriyilum shmashaanathilum sarr joninte shavasamskaram nadakkunnathuvare kudumbam maranavaartha ariyikkunnath thadanjunirtthi. oru muun govarnor generalinu saadhaaranayaayi yaanthrikamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna oru bahumathiyaaya oru audyogika shavasamskaram nadathanamo vendayo ennu theerumaanikkunna sthaanathu annathe thozhil sarkkaarine nirtthillennu ithu urappakki. randaam vanithayaya kerr 1997-ll marichu, aadya vivaahathil rund makkal undaayirunnu.
kerinte makkal ivaraanu oru taunn planner pinneedu enn. ezz. dablyu stettu directorumaaya gabrielle kibble; oru cycatrist kristtin jonson; oru abhibhashakanaaya philipp kerr.
bahumathikal.
australian niyama kaunsilinte presidentaayi sevanamanushtikkunnathinayi 1966 januvari 1 nuu oordar oof sent michaelinteyum sent jorjinteyum (cmg) koottaaliyaayi kerr niyamithanaayi. sarr roobert mensisinte neethrthwathilulla australian gavanmentinte supaarshayilaanu ithu cheythath.
1973leeii puthuvarsha bahumaanaartham prakhyaapikkappedunna naitt commander (keey. sii. emm. jii) sthaanakkayattathinaayi 1972ll pradhaanamantri vilyam mcmohan kerine shupaarsha cheythirunnu. 1972 desember 2nuu nadakkaanirikkunna federal thiranjeduppum laber party deerghakaala nayamaaya saamraajyathva bahumathikale pinthunaykkukayallenna arivum kanakkileduthu, govarnor general sarr pooll hasluck atharam shupaarshakal raajnikku kaimarendathillennu theerumaanichu. goo vitt lamine thiranjedutthathinushesham, kerinte naitt padavikku mcmohante shupaarsha amgeekarikkaan thayyarano ennu hasluck addehathodu chodichenkilum addeham visammathichu. nyoo southu weils pradhaanamantri sarr roobert aaskkinine prathinidheekarichu yuke videshakaarya sekrattariyude shupaarshaprakaaram 1974 leeii puthuvarsha bahumaanaartham enn. ezz. yuvinte cheef justice enna nilayilulla sevanangalkkayi kerr keey. sii. emm. jiyayi niyamithanaayi.
1974ll addehathe jarusalemile sent joonn oordarinte naitt aakki.
1975 februvari 14nuu oordar oof austreliya sthaapithamaayappol govarnor general enna nilayil addehathe oordarinte (essy) pradhana koottaaliyaayi niyamichu. 1976 meyy 24nuu kuthirayude vibhaagam oordaril cherthappol addehathe principal naitt oof dhii oordar (eke) aakki.
1976ll addehathe naitt grand cross oof dhii oordar oof sent maikkal aandu sent jorj (jii. sii. emm. jii) aayi uyarthi. 1974ll govarnor generalayi chumathalayetta udan thanne addeham eee niyamanathinaayi goff vitlaaminodu aavasyappettirunnuvenkum addeham nirasikkapettu.
1977 march 30 nuu govarnor general enna nilayilulla sevanagalkk paramaadhikaariyude vyakthiparamaaya sammanamaaya naitt grand cross oof dhaa royal victorian oordar (jii. sii. vii. oo) aayi addehathe niyamichu. australiyayile audyogika sandarshanathinide raajnji nalkia eee award fremantil thuramukhathe britania boardil sammaanichu.
malcom fraasarinte preranayetthudarnnu 1977-ll kerr oru privy kaunsilaraayi niyamikkapettu; 1974-ll addeham vaitlaamil ninnu parajayappetta mattoru niyamanamaayirunnu ithu. vaitlaaminte "dhii trooth oof dhaa mettar" enna pusthakatthil addeham avakaashappettath, kerinu oru piyarej, prathyekichu viscantsi nalkaan fraser yuke pradhaanamantri jaims kallaganinodu aavasyappettuvennum ennaal aaa kallagan visammathichu.

