
madhyakala kudumbam

aadhunika kudumbangaleppole, europian samoohathile ellah vibhaagangaludeyum kudumbajeevithatthinte kendramaayirunnu madhyakala kudumbam. ennittum innathe kudumbatthil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, athil aanava kudumbathekkaal kooduthal vyakthikal undaayirunnu. raajaavinte kudumbam muthal ettavum thaazhmayulla karshaka vasathi vare, erekkure akanna bandhukkalum vyathyastha ennam bhrithyanmaarum aashritharum veettile yajamananodum adutha kudumbathodum oppam thamasikkum. aadhunika yooroppinte aadyakaalangalil svakaaryathayude varavode madhyakala kudumbatthinte ghadana valia thothil illaathaayi.
oru bhookhandathiludaneelam ekadesham 1000 varshathe kaalavadhiyulla vyathiyanangal valare valuthaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum madhyakala kudumbatthinte oru classical modalinekkurichu samsarikkaan ippozhum kazhiyum, prathyekichu athu carolingian fraansil parinamikkukayum avide ninnu yooroppinte valia bhaagangalil vyaapikkukayum cheythathinaal.
charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam.
greekino laattino aadhunikakaalathe "kudumbam" enna padatthinu samanamaaya oru wack undaayirunnilla. laattin "familia" ennathu "kudumbam" ennathinekkaal "kudumbam" ennathilekku vivarthanam cheyyanam. purathana romile prabhukkanmaarude kudumbam madhyakala europinu samanamaayirunnu, athil "paatterfemiliya" kalkk purame, addehathinte bharya kuttikalum-niravadhi idapaadukaarude (idapaadukaar) "allengil karthaavine aasrayikkunnavarum addehathe paricharikkukayum upadeshikkukayum prathiphalam nedukayum cheiyunnavarumaayirunnu. madhyakala thulyathakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya eee jolie cheria jolikal nirvahikkunnathin shambalamulla dasanmare upayogikkunnathinekkaal adimakale upayogikkunnathilaayirunnu. mattoru vyathyasam, roman saamraajyathinte athirthikalkkullile aapekshika surakshyum samadhaanavum kaaranam kottayude aavashyamillaayirunnu ennathaanu. maruvashathu, madhyakala europile prabhukkanmaarude kudumbam oru saamoohika-saambathika yoonit pole oru sainika vibhagamaayirunnu, onpathaam noottaand muthal anuyojyamaaya vaasasthalam kottayaayirunnu.
rachana.
madhyakala kuleena kudumbatthinte sainika swabhaavathinte falamaayi, athinte ghadana pradhaanamaayum purushanmarayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathode anupatham oru paridhivare vardhichu, ennaal munkaalangalil kudumbatthile sthree gadakathil sthreekalum avarude penmakkalum avarude parichaarakarum orupakshe alakkal polulla prathyeka jolikal cheiyunnathinulla kurachu veettujolikkaar maathrame undaayirunnulloo. purushabhrithyanmaaril palarum poornnamaayum sainika udyogastharaayirunnu; oru gettu keeparum athupole thanne oru sainika unitaayi kottayude kaavalkkaarkkaayi vividha ennam naittukalum escuerukalum undaayirikkum. ennittum ivayil palathum mattu pravartthanangalum nirvahikkukayum veettujolikalil poornnamaayum samarppichirikkunna sevakar undaakukayum cheyyum. thaazhnna thalatthil, ivar pradeshangalil ninnu recruit cheyyappetta praadeshika purushanmarayirunnu. uyarnna thalatthilulla sthaanangal-prathyekichu karthaavinte shushrooshayil earppedunnava-palappozhum prabhuvinte bandhukkalude puthranmaaro addehathinte nilanirthalkkaaro aaya raankilulla purushanmaaraan nirachathu.
kuleena jananathile daasanmaarude saannidhyam kudumbatthil pravarthanatthaal nirnnayikkappedunna shreniykk samaantharamaayi oru saamoohika shreni earppeduthi. eee randaamathe shreniyil ettavum mukalil veettudamasthan (pakaram "seneshal" allengil "majordomo") undaayirunnu, avarkk kudumbatthinte aabhyanthara kaaryangalude melnottamundaayirunnu. arayudeyo swakaarya leaving kwaarttezhsinteyo utharavaadithamulla chamberline vasthrangaludeyum mattu gaarhika vasthukkaludeyum pradhana utharavaadithamulla alamaarayude yajamananumaayirunnu karthaavinteyum kudumbatthinteyum vyakthiparamaaya kshemam paripaalikkunnath.
marshell marshalinu ekadesham thulyamaaya adhikaaramundaayirunnu. eee udyogasthanu veettile ("marshelsee") ashwangaludeyum ashwangaludeyum sainikamaayi supradhaanamaaya utharavaadithamundaayirunnu, koodaathe achadakkathinte chumatala undaayirunnu. marshalinum mattu unnatha udyogastharkkum avarude jolikal nirvahikkaan sahayikkunna sahaayikal undaayirikkum. valia rajasabhakalil yuva kuleena sabhaamgangalum palappozhum kalakaaranmaarum samgeethajnjarum anthaaraashtra prashasthi nediya mattu vidagtharum ulppettirunnuvenkilum, vaalat dii chambre, varanmaar allengil pejukal ennu vilikkappedunna ivar mikkappozhum cheruppakkaaraaya aankuttikalaayirunnu. ivarkku velatt oafees nalkunnathu kudumbatthinullil avarude sthaanam kramappeduthunnathinulla oru margamaayirunnu.
madhyakala kudumbatthinte ettavum pradhanappetta pravarthanangalilonnu bhakshanam sambharikkuka, sambharikkuka, thayyarakkuka ennivayaayirunnu. ithil thaamasakkaarkk divasena bhakshanam nalkunnathum athidhikalkkaayi valia virunnukal thayyarakkunnathum ulppedunnu, karthaavinte padavi nilanirthunnathinaayi. adukkalaye appam, chees, nyapari ennivaykkulla oru pantria veenju, aall, bear ennivaykkulla oru vennasaala aayum vibhajichu. eee offeesukalkku yathaakramam oru paantlarum oru buttler neethrthwam nalki. kudumbatthinte valipavum sambathum anusarichu eee offeesukal pinneedu kooduthal upavibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappedum. oru valia madhyakala prabhukkanmaarodo raajakudumbathilo oraalkk pratheekshikkavunna chila offeesukalude pattika chuvade
eee offeesukalkku purame vettayaadunna mrugangale paripaalikkenda aavasyavum sevakarkkundaayirunnu. maasttar hundsman allengil "veneer" valia kuleena kudumbangalil oru kendra sthaanam vahichirunnu. athupole, maasttar faalkkanar oru uyarnna raankulla udyogasthanaayirunnu, palappozhum kuleenanaaya janmakkaranaayirunnu. paricharikkappedenda athmeeya aavashyangalundaayirunnu, oru chaappal ellah valia veedukaludeyum swaabhaavika bhaagamaayirunnu. eee gaarhika chaappalukalil vyathyastha ennam purohithanmaar jolie cheyyum. purohithanmarkkum kanfesarmaarkkum almonersmaarkkum bharanaparamaya kazhivukalilum mathaparamaya kazhivukalilum sevikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
kuleena kudumbangal.
madhyakala rajaakkanmaarude kudumbangal pala tharatthil valia thothil kevalam prabhukkanmaarude kudumbangalaayirunnu burgandian raajasabhayile charitrakaaranaaya jorjas chaastaleyn burgandyile raajakumaaranmaarude gambheeramaaya kramatthilulla kottarathekkurichu nireekshichathupole, "yudhathinte pravrithikalkkum chooshanangalkkum sesham, mahathvam avakaashappedunna, veedaanu aadyam sradhayaakarshikkunnathu, athinaal nannayi nadathukayum krameekarikkukayum cheyyendathu ettavum aavasyamaanu."ennirunnaalum, chila kaaryangalil avaa adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyasthamaayirunnu. oru pradhana vyathyasam, raajakudumbathile udyogasthar raajyathinte bharanathinum kudumbatthinte bharanathinum valia utharavaadithamulla reethiyaayirunnu.
udaaharanathinu, pathinonnam noottaandile fraansile kaapeshyan rajaakkanmaar "pala kaaryangalilum avarude veettujolikkaaril ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhiyaatha rajakeeya udyogasthariloode bharichu."eee udyogasthar-praadhamikamaayi seneshal, constable, buttler, chamberline, chansalar-swaabhaavikamaayum vipulamaaya adikaarangal nedukayum saamoohika purogathikkaayi eee adikaaram chooshanam cheyyukayum cheyyum. kottaaratthile mayermaaraaya rajakeeya melnottakkaarude sthaanathu ninnu swantham nilayil rajaakkanmaaraakaan uyarnna fraansile carolingians ithinu oru udaaharanamaanu. pepin dhii shortin enna chaarlemeyninte pithaavaayirunnu, durbalanaaya merovingian rajaavaaya childeric III-ll ninnu gavanmentinte niyanthranam nediyathu. mattoru udaaharanam skotlandile stuvartt raajakudumbathil kaanam, avarude kudumbanamam avarude sevana pashchaathalatthinu saakshyam vahichu.
oduvil raajakudumbathinte kendrasthaanangal ettavum valia kudumbangalkk nalkunna oonarari padavikalallaathe mattonnayi maari, mathramalla kottaaratthile hajarnilaye polum aasrayikkendathilla. pathimoonnaam noottaandode flandezhsil constable, buttler, stuvard, chamberline ennivarude offeesukal chila unnatha kuleena kudumbangalude paarambarya avakaashamaayi maarukayum avaykku rashtreeya praadhaanyamillaathaavukayum cheythu.
oduvil, rajakudumbam avarude sainika gadakathinte valippathil mikka kuleena kudumbangalil ninnum vyathyasthamaayirunnu. oru rajaavinu ganyamaaya thothil kuthirakale orumippikkaan kazhiyumenkil, athu thante prajakalude sainika sevanathe aashrayikkunnath kuraykkum. englandile richard randaamante kaaryatthilum ithu thanneyaayirunnu sthithi, kooduthalum cheshire kaundiyil ninnu recruit cheyyappetta thante gaarhika naittukale ekapaksheeyamaayi aashrayikkunnath addehathe prabhukkanmaril janapreeti nediyilla, oduvil addehathinte pathanatthinu kaaranamaayi.
englandil, carnarvonile edwardinte ardha-rajakeeya kudumbam, pinneedu weils rajakumaaranaayirunnappol edward randaamanaanu, ithinu srothassukalil ninnu vishadamaaya arivu nedaan kazhiyunna aadyathethu.
punaravishkaaram.
madhyakala prabhukkanmaarude kudumbam oru sthalathu othungiyittillengilum sthiramaayi sanjarikkaamaayirunnu. valia prabhukkanmaarkk valia bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalil chitharikkidakkunna estettukal undaayirikkum, avarude ellah swathukkaludeyum sariyaaya niyanthranam nilanirthaan pradeshangal pathivayi parishodhikkendathu pradhanamaayirunnu. kuthirakalude yajamaananenna nilayil yaatra maarshalinte utharavaadithamaayirunnu. prabhuvinu thaan pookunnidatthellaam athe aadambaram aaswadikkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil kuleena kudumbatthile ellaam yaathraykkaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu.
prathyekichu rajaakkanmaare sambandhichidatholam, yaathraavivaranam bharanathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu, pala kesukalilum rajaakkanmaar rodilaayirikkumbol paripaalanathinaayi avarude prajakalude aathidhyamaryaadaye ashrayikkum. sandarshicha pradeshangalkk ithu oru chelaveria kaaryamakaam; valia rajakudumbam mathramalla, muzhuvan rajabharanavum avide undaayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathode, ashayavinimaya marggangal mechappettappol, culliner rajakeeyarumaaya kudumbangal oru thaamasthalavumaayi kooduthal sthiramaayi bandhappettirunnu.
praadeshika vyathiyanangal.
kottaye kendreekarichulla prabhukkanmaarude samooham, pothuve madhyakala samskaarathinte bhooribhaagavum carolingian fraansil uthbhavichu, avide ninnu padinjaaran yooroppinte bhooribhaagathum vyaapichu. yooroppinte mattu bhaagangalil sthithi vyathyasthamaayirunnu. bhookhandathinte vadakkum padinjaarum attangalil, samooham fudal ennathinekkaal bandhukkale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, kudumbangal athinanusarichu samghadippikkappettu.
irelandil, saamoohika samghadanayude adisthaanam "septt" aayirunnu, 250 kudumbangal allengil 1250 vyakthikal ulkkollaan kazhiyunna oru vamsham, ellaam enganeyengilum bandhappettirikkunnu. wiking kaalaghattatthile scandinaviayil, samakaalika fraansinteyo englandinteyo bhawana krameekaranangalekkaal thaazhmayullathaayirunnu, ennaal ivide valia prabhukkanmaarkk dhaaraalam athidhikale rasippikkaan kazhiyunna valia haalukal undaayirikkum.
baisantain saamraajyathil, shandanmaareppole saamraajyathinte avasaanam vare adimakalaayirunnu jolie cheythirunnathu. valare kurachu kettidangal avasheshikkunnathinaal baisaantainmaarude jeevita krameekaranangalekkurich valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. kottakal apoorvamaayirunnenkilum, chaappalukalum poonthottangalum mosaikkukaludeyum chuvarchithrangaludeyum sambannamaaya alankaarangalumulla vyathyastha alavilulla kottarangalilaanu sambannar thaamasichirunnathennu charitraparavum vaasthuvidhyaaparavumaaya thelivukalil ninnu ariyappedunnu.
saadhaarana kudumbangal.
grameena.
madhyakala karshaka kudumbangalile kudumbangal prabhukkanmaarekkaal swaabhaavikamaayum cheruthaayirunnu, athinaal aadhunika kudumbangalumaayi saamyamullavayaayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil vivaha reethikalil valia ettakkurachilukal undaayi. labhyamaya bhooribhaagam thelivukalum uyarnna vibhaagangale sambandhichathaanenkilum thekkan yooroppinte uravida saamagrikal mattullavayekkaal sambannamaanengilum, chila parukkan saamaanyavalkkaranangal nadatthaan ippozhum saadhyamaan. madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkathil vivaahathinte sharashari praayam thaarathamyena uyarnnathum irupathukalude thudakkathil purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum thulyavumaayirunnu ennu vyakthamaan. jarmman gothrangalil ninnu konduvanna paarambaryangalil ithinu kaaranam kandethaam, ennaal janasamkhya vardhanavinu niyanthranangal earppeduthiya oru gadakamaaya cheria pradeshangalil adhivasam parimithappedutthiyirunnu enna vasthuthayilum ithu kaananakum.
krishikkaayi kooduthal bhoomi nediyathode eee pravanatha maari. uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathilum avasanakaala madhyakaalakhattathilum, kaumaarapraayatthil thanne sthreekal vivaahitharaakunnath uyarnna janananirakkilekku nayichu. prathyulpaadana praayamaayikkazhinjaal sthreekal vivaahitharaavumbol, vivaahathilekku praveshikkunnathinu munbu purushanmaarkk oru kudumbam nalkaan kazhiyunnathinayi swatantra upajeevana marggangal undaayirikkanam. ekkaaranathaal, irupathukalude madhyam muthal avasaanam vare purushanmaarude sharashari vivaha praayam uyarnnathayi thudarnnu.
karshaka kudumbangal prabhukkanmaarekkaal cheruthaayirunnuvenkilum, ivayil ettavum sambannar jeevanakkaare niyamikkum. sevanam jeevithachakrathinte swaabhaavika bhaagamaayirunnu, cheruppakkaar kurachu varshangal veettil ninnu akale mattoru kudumbatthinte sevanathinaayi chelavazhikkunnath saadhaaranamaayirunnu. ithuvazhi avar jeevithathil pilkkaalatthu aavashyamaaya kazhivukal padikkukayum athe samayam oru vethanam nedukayum cheyyum. varumanam sthreedhanathinaayi nikshepikkaan kazhiyunna penkuttikalkku ithu prathyekichum upayogapradamaayirunnu.
aadhunika veedukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol madhyakala karshakarude veedukal mosham nilavaaramullathaayirunnu. thara saadhaaranayaayi mannintethaayirunnu, janaalakalude roopathil vaayusanchaaramo prakasha srothassukalo valare kuravaayirunnu. manushya nivaasikalkk purame niravadhi kannukalikalkkum eee veettil vaasamundaakum. ennirunnaalum, madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathode, saahacharyangal pothuve mechappettu. karshakarude veedukal valippathil valuthaakukayum rund murikalum randaam nilayum polum undaakunnath saadhaaranamaayitheerukayum cheythu.
nagarapradesham.
madhyakala lokam roman saamraajyathekkaalum aadhunika lokathekkaalum valare kuranja nagara samoohamaayirunnu. roman saamraajyathinte pathanam saamrajyathinullil nilaninnirunna pattanangaludeyum nagarangaludeyum janasamkhya vinaashakaramaayi kurayaan kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, patthaam noottaandinum panthrandaam noottaandinum idayil, samoohathinte nagaravalkkaranatthil vardhanayode europian nagaratthinte punarujjeevanam sambhavichu.
kuttikale daasanmaraayi ayaykkunna reethi graamapradeshangale apekshichu pattanangalil kooduthalaayirunnu. pattanangalile nivaasikal pradhaanamaayum vyaapaarikalaayo karakaushalathozhilaalikalayo upajeevanamaargam nadathukayum eee pravartthanam samghangalaal karsanamaayi niyanthrikkappedukayum cheythu. eee samghangalile amgangal yuvakkal-pradhaanamaayum aankuttikale-pariseelanam nedunnathinum pinneedu samghaamgangalaayi svayam sthaanam ettedukkunnathinum aprenteesukalaayi niyamikkum. eee aprenteesukal yajamanante makkaleppole thanne kudumbatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu-allengil "kudumbam".
pinneedulla kaazhchappaadukal.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathode, veedukalude pravartthanangalum ghadanayum marran thudangi. ithu pradhaanamaayum rund gadakangal moolamaanu sambhavichathu. onnamathaayi, yudhamekhalayil vedimarunnu avatharippichathu kottaye phalapradamallaatha prathirodham nalkukayum kudumbatthinte sainika pravartthanam illaathaakkukayum cheythu. sukhasoukaryangalilum aadambarangalilum kooduthal shradha kendreekarichathum ganyamaayi kooduthal sthreekalullathumaaya oru kudumbamaayirunnu athinte phalam.
maattam konduvanna randaamathe ghadakam vyakthiyude aadyakaala aadhunika uyarchayum svakaaryathayil shradha kendrikarikkalum aayirunnu. pilkkala madhyakaalakhattathil thanne kottakal prabhuvinteyum addehathinte daasanmaarudeyum upayogathinaayi swakaarya arakalude ennam vardhippikkaan thudangi. kottaarangaludeyo manyamaaya veedukaludeyo prayojanathinaayi kotta upekshichukazhinjal, eee pravanatha sakthippettu. veettujolikkaarude jolie avasaanippikkukayo ellah saahacharyangalilum veettujolikkaarude kuravu varuthukayo cheiyunnathalla ithinartham. ennirunnaalum, athu ardhamaakkunnathu oru punarkrameekaranamaayirunnu, athuvazhi kudumbam-vamshavali ardhathil-kudumbatthinte moolakkallaayi maari.
kurippukal.
eiii. charitrakaaranaaya einhard sardonical ezhuthi "pepin dhii short, chaarlemeyninte pithaav, kurachu varshathekku aaa padavi vahichu, aaa vaakk aanenkil, king childeric III..."
bii. eee aprenteesukalil palarum-mikkavarum allengilum-orikkalum thangalkkayi gild amgathvam nediyittilla, pakshe avarude jeevitam muzhuvan vethana thozhilaallikalaayi chelavazhichu.
sii. italiyile navothaanatthile vyakthiyude kandupidutham enna ashayam praadhamikamaayi jacob burkhardumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. pinneedulla vimarshanangalkkidayilum, eee prabandham ippozhum valare swaadheenamullathaanu.