
pakuthi kamaanam (kireedam)

oru valanja kireedatthinte vrithathe (vrithaakrithiyilulla adithara) kireedatthinte mukalilulla mondeyumaayi bandhippikkunna svarnnam, velli allengil plaattinam kashanamaanu pakuthi kamaanam.
kamaanangalude ennam.
ettu ardha kamaanangalude europian paarambaryam.
bhookhanda europian chakravartthimaarude pala kireedangalilum parambaraagathamaayi ettu ardha kamanangal adangiyirikkunnu; denmark, netherlands, norway, spain, sweeden ennividangalile rajakeeya kireedangal nilavilulla raajavaazhchakalil ninnulla udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. ettu araa kamaanangalulla oru britiish raajaavinte kireedatthinte eaka udaaharanam 1911 leeii dalhi darbaaril jorjju anchaaman rajaavu indiayude chakravarthiyaayi dharikkan nirmmicha indiayude saamraajyathva kireedamaanu. irupathaam noottaandile rund britiish raajnjikalude kireedangalkku ettu araa kamaanangalund, athaayath raajnji alexandrayude kireedam (1902), raajnji meriyude kireedam (1911) enniva yathaakramam denmarkil ninnum germmaniyil ninnumulla europian rajakumaarimaaraayi avarude uthbhavam prathifalippikkunnu.
naalu ardha kamaanangalude britiish paarambaryam.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, britiish rajaakkanmaarude kireedangalil parambaraagathamaayi naalu pakuthi kamanangal adangiyirikkunnu; udaaharanangalil sent. edwardinte kireedam, jorjju onnaamante samsthaana kireedam, jorjju naalaamante kireedadhaarana kireedam, saamraajyathva samsthaana kireedam. modenayile meriyude samsthaana kireedam, adelide raajnjiyude kireedam, raajnji elisabath raajnjiyude kireedam thudangi niravadhi britiish bhaaryamaarude kireedangalude kaaryatthilum ithu baadhakamaan.
weils raajakumaarante eaka kamaanatthinte kireedam.
britiish simhaasanathinte prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashiyaaya weils raajakumaarante nilanilkkunna moonnu kireedangalkkum oru poornna kamaanamund, oro kamaanavum vevvere bandhippikkunna gadakamaayirikkunnathinum oro kamaanatheyum kendreekarichulla oru globe undu, 1677-ll chaals randaaman rajaavu nalkia nirddeshathe thudarnnu. 1902-lum 1969-lum ulla prinsley kireedangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ennirunnaalum, otta kamaanam uyarunna frederic kireedatthil, prins oof weils (1728) madhyathilulla orotta kamaanam mungunnu, globe mungiyude madhyathilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu.
kamaanatthinte aakruthi.
vyathyastha kireedangalkku vyathyastha aakruthiyilulla pakuthi kamaanangalund. chila kireedangalil, araa kamanangal kireedatthinte madhyathil thaazhekku mungukayum avaa bhoomiyumaayi kandumuttukayum cheiyunnu. ithinte ettavum vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta udaaharanam sent. edwardinte kireedam, britiish kireedadhaarana kireedam, elisabath raajnjiyude bhaaryayude kireedam polulla mattu naalu ardha kamaanangalum oru paridhivare samakonilaanu uyarunnathu, kendra mungal illa.
ennirunnaalum, jorjju onnaamante samsthaana kireedatthinte kaaryatthil, yadhaarthathil roopakalppana cheytha kireedatthinu mungunna kamanangal undaayirunnuvenkilum, jorjju randaaman raajaavinte kireedadhaaranatthinaayi avaye oru lamba konilekk valichidukayum aaa sthaanathu thudarukayum cheythu.
verpeduthaavunna kamanangal.
britiish saamraajyathva raajya kireedam polulla chila kireedangalil, araa kamanangal verpeduthaavunnathinaal kireedam vrithaakruthiyil dharikkan anuvadikkunnu. denmarkile alexandra, tekkinte merii, elisabath boves-liyon (britiish raajnjikal bhaarya alexandra, merii, elisabath) ennivarellaam vividha ghattangalil, prathyekichu bharthaakkanmaarude maranashesham, avarude kuttikalil oraal simhasanathilaayirikkum avar raajnjiyude ammayaakukayum cheythappol, vrithangalaayi swantham kireedangal dharichirunnu.
velvett inley.
oru kireedatthinu kamaanangalo pakuthi kamaanangalo ullidathu, kamaanangalkko pakuthi kamaanangalkko thaazheyulla kireedatthinte vritham saadhaaranayaayi velvett allengil mattu thunikondu allengil aabharana loha thoppi kondu niraykkunnu. vyathyastha samsthaanangalilum vyathyastha kireedangalilum vyathyastha niratthilulla thuni inley undayirikkaam.
elisabath raajnjiyude kireedatthilum sent centilum ullathupole, thuni nirangalkkayi ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna nirangal purple aanu. edwardinte kireedavum, austriyayude saamraajyathva kireedatthilennapole irunda chuvappum. 
kamaanangalilla.
ellah kireedangalkkum kamanangal illa. 1660ll samboornnatha avatharippikkunnathin munbu thiranjedukkappetta rajaakkanmaarude kireedadhaaranatthinaayi upayogichirunna kristhyan IV-nte danish kireedatthinu oru moodupadiyumilla, pakshe vrithaakruthiyil nilanilkkunnu, athesamayam maarppaappayude thalappavu oru khara velliyayi (allengil oru avasarathil svarnnam) uyarunnu. lombardy irumbu kireedatthil kamaanangalo iranian kireeda aabharanangalo kaanapedunnilla. russiayude saamraajyathva kireedatthinum austriyayude saamraajyathva kireedatthinum rund madhya pakuthi kamaanangalund, backie kireedatthinte bhooribhaagavum moodappettirikkunnu.

