
saadhaaranakkaaran

saadhaaranakkaaran, saadhaaranakkaar, saadhaaranakkaar allengil janangal ennum ariyappedunna oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru samudaayathilo raajyathilo kaaryamaaya saamoohika padavi illaatha oru saadhaaranakkaarane, prathyekichu raajakudumbathilo prabhukkanmaarilo prabhukkanmaarilo oru bhaagathilo illaatha oru saadhaaranakkaarane munbu upayogichirunnu. samskaaratheyum kaalaghattattheyum aashrayich, mattu unnatha vyakthikalkk (atharam purohita amgangalkku) avarude swantham avakaashathil uyarnna saamoohika padavi undayirikkaam, allengil kuleena pashchaathalam illengil saadhaaranakkaaraayi kanakkakkappettirikkam.
englandileyum veyilsileyum bhoo niyamatthinte deerghakaala savisheshathayaaya pothubhoomiyil swath thaalpparyamulla niyamaparamaaya vibhagavumaayi eee vibhaagam ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. oru prathyeka pothusamoohathinu avakashamulla saadhaaranakkaar saadhaaranayaayi ayalkkaaraan, pothuve pothujanangalalla.
raajavaazhchayude padaavaliyil prabhukkanmaarum prabhukkanmaarum eee padatthil ulppeduthiyittundu.
charithram.
charithrathiludaneelam vividha paramadhikaara rajyangal "saadhaaranakkaarude" peril bharikkukayo bharikkukayo cheythittundu. europil, bii. sii. aaram noottaandil purathana romile classical nagarikathayil "saadhaaranakkaar" ykku samanamaaya oru vyathyastha ashayam uyarnnuvannu, saamoohika vibhajanam patricianmaarum (prabhukkanmaarum) plebianmaarum (saadhaaranakkaar) aayi. aabhyanthara samgharshathinu kaaranamaaya muun vamshathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla divisionukalkku pakaramaayi servius tulius eee division sthaapichirikkaam. purathana greekkukalkku pothuve varggathekkurichulla oru ashayavum undaayirunnilla, avarude pradhana saamoohika vibhajanagal greekkukaarallaathavarum swatantra greekkukaarum adimakalumaayirunnu. purathana ethansinte aadyakaala samghadana oru apavaadamaayirunnu, arkkanukal, majistrettukal, treasurermaar thudangiya chila audyogika rolukal ettavum sambannaraaya pouranmaarkkaayi maathram neekkivachirunnu-eee varggam polulla vibhajanagal clistanese janaadhipathya parishkarangalaal durbalapedutthi, avar puthiya "thirashcheena" saamoohika vibhajanagal srishtichu, tullius srishtichathaayi karuthappedunna "lamba" vibhaagangalkk vipareethamaayi.
roman republic roman saamrajyavum "senaattas populesk romanus" (senattum romile janangalum) enna laattin padam upayogichu. eee padam roman lejiyanari maanadandangalkku anusrithamaayi nischayichu, roman chakravarthimaar samboornna vyakthigatha svechaadhipathyam nediyathinusheshavum avar senattinteyum romile janangaludeyum peril avarude adikaaram thudarnnu.
eiii. dii naalam noottaandil kristhumathatthinte valarchayode, kuranjathu aadhunika kaalatthinte arambham vare saamoohika vibhajanathekkurichulla europian chinthaye adivarayitta oru puthiya lokaveekshanam uyarnnuvannu. saamoohika vibhajanam manushyante pathanatthinte falamaanennu vishudhanaaya augustin abhiprayappettu. purohithathvam (purohitar), prabhukkanmaar, saadhaaranakkaar ennee moonnu pradhana vibhagangalaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. chilappol ithu "praarthichavar", "poraadiyavar", "jolie cheythavar" enningane prakadippichirunnu. oratorukal", "bellattorukal", "laborattorukal" ennee moonnu klaasukalude laattin padangal palappozhum aadhunika paatapusthakangalil polum kaanapedunnu, onpathaam noottaand muthal uravidangalil ithu upayogikkunnu.
eee moonniratti vibhajanam saamoohika sthareekaranathinte estettu sanbradaayathil aupachaarikamaakki, avide veendum janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum kuleena vibhaagathilo purohita vibhaagathilo amgangalallaatha saadhaaranakkaaraayirunnu. madhyakala europile karshakarum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum adangunna moonnu estettukalil moonnaamathethaayirunnu avaa.
madhyakaalakhattatthiludaneelam saadhaaranakkaarude saamoohika chalanathmakatha parimithamaayirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, adimakalkku "bellattorukalude" groupil praveshikkaan kazhinjilla. saadhaaranakkaarkku chilappol avarude kuttikalkk "autoors" classilake praveshanam urappakkaan kazhiyum; saadhaaranayaayi avar grameena edavaka purohithanmaaraayi sevanamanushtikkum. chila sandarbhangalil avar purohithanmaaril ninnu vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum muthirnna bharanaparamaya sthaanangalilekku kayarukayum cheythu; chila sandarbhangalil muun saadhaaranakkaar rajavamsha kalahangalil nishpakshatha pularthaan saadyathayullathinaal prabhukkanmaar atharam purogathiye swaagatham cheythu. vishudha roman saamraajyathil serfukal purohithanmaaraayitheernna sambhavangal undaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum carolingian kaalaghattatthil purohithanmaare saadhaaranayaayi prabhukkanmaril ninnaan niyamichathu. ettaam noottaand muthal pathinanjaam noottaand vare sevanamanushticha randaayiram bishappumaril anchuper maathramaan karshakaril ninnu vannath.
pathinanjaam noottaandil mobail peeranki vikasippikkunnathuvare madhyakala yooroppinte saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya kramam thaarathamyena sthiramaayirunnu. athuvare oru cheria sainyamulla oru prabhuvinu avarude kottayo mathilukalulla pattanamo varshangalolam valia sainyathinethire polum pidichunirtthaan kazhiyumaayirunnu-athinaal avaa apoorvamaayi maathrame avaye neekkamcheythirunnulloo. phalapradamaaya peerankikal labhyamaayirunnappol, mathilukalkk prathirodha moolyam valare kuravaayirunnu, oru pradeshatthinte niyanthranam nilanirthaan bharanaadhikaarikalkk vilayeriya feeld aarmikal aavashyamaayirunnu. ithu naatturajyangaludeyum rajabharana samsthaanangaludeyum roopeekaranathe prothsaahippichu, puthiya yugathil suraksha nalkunnathinu aavashyamaaya vilayeriya aayudangalkkum sainyangalkkum saadhaaranakkaarkku kooduthal nikuthi chumathendivannu. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare, sarkkaarinekkurichulla madhyakala udambadikal nilanilkkunnath pothu nanma engane sevikkanam ennathinekkurichu bharanaadhikaarikale upadesikkunnathumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu saadhaaranakkaarude thaalpparyangalkkayi prathyekamaayi thayyarakkiya madhyakala niyamatthinte oru udaaharanamaanu appam vaykkunnathu. ennaal pinneedu philipp dii communics, nicolo machiyavelli, pinneedu kardinal richeliu ennivarude kruthikal bharanaadhikaarikale avarude swantham thaalpparyangalum samsthaanathinte thaalpparyangalum "nallathinekkaal" munpaayi pariganikkaan upadesikkaan thudangi, "raisan dii ettaatt" polulla sidhaanthangalil raashtram dhaarmmikathaykk mukalilaanennu richeliu vyakthamaayi paranju. prabhukkanmarkkidayile eee aabhimukhyam saadhaaranakkaare samoohathil avarude sthaanathil samthruptharaakkiyilla. purohithanmaarude kaaryatthilum samanamaaya oru pravanatha undaayi, avide anuthapam moolam pala purohithanmaarum thangalkkulla valia adikaaram durupayogam cheyyaan thudangi. ithu sariyaakkaan lakshyamitta oru prasthaanamaayirunnu parishkaranamennumathramalla, athinusheshavum purohithanmaarilulla saadhaaranakkaarude vishwaasam kurayunnathu thudarnnu-purohithanmaare palappozhum athyagrahikalaayum yadhaartha vishwaasakkuravullavaraayum kaanapettu. prabhukkanmaarodum purohithanmaarodum saadhaaranakkaarkkulla avishwaasam bhaagikamaayi nayicha oru aadyakaala valia saamoohika kalapam 1642 leeii engleesh viplavathode grettu brittanil sambhavichu. olivar cromvellinte sakthikal vijayichathinusesham, levalarukaleppolulla prasthaanangal ellaavarkkum samathvam aavasyappettu praadhaanyathilekku uyarnnu. 1647leeii putni samvaadangalil oru puthiya kramam theerumaanikkaan cromvellinte sainyathinte general kaunsil yogam chernnappol, commandermaaril oralaaya kenal thomas rainsburo, rashtreeya adikaaram saadhaaranakkaarkku nalkanamennu abhyarthichu. charitrakaaranaaya rogger oosboorninte abhipraayathil, kenalinte prasangam aadyamaayi oru pramukha vyakthi saarvathrika purusha vottavakaashathin anukoolamaayi samsaarichuvenkilum 1918 vare athu anuvadichirunnilla. valareyadhikam charchakalkku sesham ganyamaaya swathukkalullavare maathrame vottu cheyyaan anuvadikkoo ennu theerumaanikkappettu, athinaal viplavathinushesham englandile rashtreeya adikaaram pradhaanamaayum prabhukkanmaarude niyanthranatthilaayi, thudakkathil ettavum sambannaro nannayi bandhappettirikkunna saadhaaranakkaaril chilar maathrame paarlamentil irunnirunnulloo.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil boorshwaasiyude uyarcha, sambannaraaya oru idatharam saadhaaranakkaar vikasikkunnath kandu, athu aathyanthikamayi aadhunika madhyavargathinu janmam nalki. madhyavargakkaare ippozhum saadhaaranakkaar ennu vilikkam. udaaharanathinu, pitt dhii eldarine palappozhum englandil "dhii grettu commonler" ennu vilichirunnu, eee appaleshan pinneedu irupathaam noottaandile american aanti-elittist campainer vilyam jennings bryan upayogichu. madhyavargathinte thalpparyangal ellaayppozhum thozhilaalivarggathile avarude saha saadhaaranakkaarumaayi yojichirunnilla.
saamoohika charitrakaaranaaya kaal polaaniyude abhipraayathil, pathonpathaam noottaandile brittanile madhyavargam 1832 leeii parishkarana niyamathiloode britiish uyarnna varggathil ninnu rashtreeya adikaaram pidichadakki avarude saha saadhaaranakkaarkkethire thirinju. vyaavasaayika viplavathinte aavirbhavam dhaaraalam thozhilaallivarga saadhaaranakkaarkku kadutha saambathika durithamundaakki, avaril palarkkum parambaraagatha kudiyaan krishiyude sambradaayam valia thothilulla kaarshika samvidaanathinu pakaram cheria ennam vyakthikal nadathunnathinaal upajeevanamaargam padikkaan margamilla. thozhilillaatha thaazhnna vargga britteeshukaarkk thozhil srothass kandethaan kazhiyunna thozhilsaalakal, thozhillillaathavarkkum thaazhnna varumanamullavarkkum athu sweekarikkaan oru thozhilsaalayil praveshikkenda aavasyamillaathe panavum mattu sahaayangalum nalkunna outtdoor aashvaasam thudangiya sthaapanangal sthaapichukondu uyarnna vargakkaar avarude duravasthayodu prathikarichirunnu.
vilyam pitt dhii yangarinte mosham niyamaparishkaarathodulla prarambha madhyavarga ethirppu raajyavyaapakamaayi yojichathum udaaravumaaya oru vyavasthayude aavirbhaavathe thadanjirunnuvenkilum, thathfalamaayundaaya speenhamland samvidaanathinu pothuve thozhilaallivarga saadhaaranakkaare pattiniyil ninnu thadayaan kazhinju. 1834-ll, outtdoor durithaashvaasam nirthalaakkukayum jolisthalangal manahpoorvvam aakarshakamallaatha sthalangalaakkukayum cheythathinaal palarum palappozhum avayil praveshikkunnathinekkaal pattini kidakkaan eshtappettu. polani sambandhichidatholam ithu akkaalat nilaninnirunna saambathika sidhaanthavumaayi bandhappettathaan, athu pattiniyude uthejanam maathrame swathanthravipaniyude sariyaaya pravarthanatthinu thozhilaallikale vazhakkamullavarakkaan kazhiyoo ennu abhiprayappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, kuranjathu brittanile pradhana bhoopradeshathu, saambathika purogathi mathiyaakukayum thozhilaalivarggathinu polum pothuve nalla jeevitam nayikkaan kazhiyukayum angane thozhilaallikaludeyum madhyavargathinteyum thalpparyangal othucherukayum saadhaaranakkaarude raankinullile vibhajanam kuraykkukayum cheythu. europe bhookhandathil, madhyavarga, thozhilaallivarga thalpparyangal brittanilethupole evideyum vyathyaasappettillenn polani abhipraayappedunnu.
triguna vibhajanam thakarcha.
franch viplavathinum nepolian yudhangalkkum vyavasayavalkkaranathinum sesham prabhukkanmaar, purohithanmaar, saadhaaranakkaar ennee moonnu estettukalile vibhajanam oru paridhivare kaalaharanapettu. saadhaaranakkaar" enna padam upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu, ennaal ippol kooduthal pothuvaaya ardhathil prathyekaavakaashamulla varenyavargathinu vipareethamaayi saadhaaranakkaare soochippikkaan.
communist sidhaantham samoohathe oru vashath muthalaalikalaayum maruvashathu thozhilaallivarggam allengil "janangal" ennum vibhajichu. maarksisathil, charithratthinte srashtaavaayi janangale kanakkakkunnu. janangal" enna vaakk upayogichukondu marks vargga vyathyaasangalekkurich vishadeekarichilla, marichu viplavam poortthiyaakkaan kazhivulla chila gadakangale onnippichu. 19-aamm noottaandil pala raajyangalilum budhijeevikalude saadhaaranakkaarodulla sahathapam sakthippettu. udaaharanathinu, saamraajyathva russiayil budhijeevikalude valiyoru bhagam athinte vimochanathinaayi parishramikkukayaayirunnu. niravadhi mikacha ezhuthukaar (nekrasov, herson, tolstoy muthalaayava).) saadhaaranakkaarude kashtappaadukalekkurichu ezhuthi. janangalude vimochanam prakhyaapikkunna samghadanakal, partykal, prasthaanangal enniva uyarnnuvannu. janangalude prathikara", "janangalude ishtam", "janakeeya swaathanthryathinte party", "janangalude soshyalist party" enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
1942ll amerikkayil vais president henry eiii nadatthiya oru prashasthamaaya prasangam. lokamembaadumulla "saadhaaranakkaar" maarchil pankedukkunnundennu, prathyekichu chainees, indiakkaar, russiakkaar, amerikkakkar ennivare paraamarshikkunnuvenn paranjukondu valas "saadhaaranakkaarante noottaandinte" varavu prakhyaapichu.
vaalasinte prasangam pinneedu aaron koplaantinte "saadhaaranakkaaranu aaradhakar" enna vyaapakamaayi punarnirmmicha janapriya kruthiye prachodippichu.
1948ll yuu.ezz. president haari ezz. muzhuvan panamulla purushanmaarude thaalpparyathinalla, saadhaaranakkaarude thaalpparyangalkkanusrithaayi pravartthikkunna oru sarkkar undaakanamenn truman oru prasangam nadatthi."
paashchaathya ithara samskaarangalile saamoohika vibhajanagal.
thaarathamya charitrakaaranaaya ooswald spengler thaan sarway nadatthiya vividha samskaarangalil prabhukkanmaar, purohithanmaar, saadhaaranakkaar ennivarumaayulla saamoohika verthiriv veendum veendum sambhavikkunnathayi kandethi (ennirunnaalum samskaarathin munbulla samoohathinu vibhajanam nilanilkkilla).
udaaharanathinu, babylonian samskaarathil, oru saadhaaranakkaaranekkaal kuleenane upadravichathinu kadinamaaya shikshakal nalkaan hammurabi coode vyavastha cheythu.

