hunsa (natturajyam)

1892 muthal 1947 august vare britiish indiayumaayulla anubandha sakhyathil oru naatturajyavum pinneedu moonnu maasathekku sakhyamillathathum pinneedu 1947 november muthal 1974 vare paakkisthaante oru naatturaajyavumaayirunnu kanchoot (;) ennum ariyappedunna hunsa (,). hunsa ulkkollunna pradesham ippol paakkisthaanile giljit-baltistante vadakke attathaanu.
thekk gilgitt ejansi, kizhakk muun natturajyam nagar, vadakkukizhakku chainayile sinjiang, vadakkupadinjaaru afgaanisthaan ennivayaanu naatturaajyatthinte athirthikal. samsthaana thalasthaanam baalttit (karimabad ennum ariyappedunnu) aayirunnu. hunsa natturajyam ippol paakkisthaanile hunsa jillayaan.
charithram.
noottaandukalaayi oru swatantra naatturaajyamaayirunnu hunsa. thum enna padavi sweekaricha hunsayile mirmaaraan ithu bharichirunnathu.
1760 allengil 1761 muthal chaina paramadhikaariyaayi amgeekaricha hunsaayikal chainayude poshakanadikalum sakhyakakshikalumaayirunnu. hunsa bharanadhikaarikal mahanaaya alexanderil ninnulla vamshajarennu avakaashappedukayum thangaleyum chainayude chakravarty lokathile ettavum pradhanappetta nethaakkalaayi kaanukayum cheythu. naadodi kirgisinte chila grouppukal pradhana nivasikalaaya saidula ulppedeyulla karkkoratthile parvathapradeshangalilum kunloon parvathanirakalilum kanchoottikal (hunsayile aalukal) raid cheythappol avar kyrgyzsine adimakalaayi vittu.
1847 muthal hunsayile mirr chainayodu naamamaathramaaya vishwasthatha nalki. yaarkandile uyigur vighadanavaadi afaakhi khoja kalapangalkkethiraaya pooraattatthil mirr ghazanfoor khaan chaina sahayichu, athinusesham chaina hunsayk yaarkandil oru jagir (bhoomi graant) nalkukayum addehathinu subsidy nalkukayum cheythu. 1860-ll, gilgit keezhadakkiya sesham mirr dograkalkku kappam nalkukayum hunsa kashmeerinteyum chainayudeyum poshakanadiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1886 muthal bharichirunna avasaanathe poornnamaayum swathanthranaaya bharanadhikaariyaaya mirr safdar khaan britteeshukaarude adhiniveshathinu sesham chainayilekku rakshapettu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, indiayilekkulla vadakkan sameepanangalude niyanthranathinaayi brittan russia thammilulla sathruthayaaya mahathaaya kaliyil hunsa kudungi. kashmeerinte vadakkan athirthiyile cheria samsthaanangalile bharanaadhikaarikalumaayi" russian edapedal undennu britishukaar samshayichu; 1888-ll russian kyapttan bronislav grombchevsky hunsa sandarshichu, adutha varsham britiish kyapttan francis younghesband rascamile kanchuthi reydukalil britiish athrupthi prakadippikkaan hunsa sandarshichu. hunsayile janangaleppole oru jaathi nannayi bharikkan yogyanallathavanum hridayathil shaapamullavanumaaya" bharanadhikaariyaaya safdar aliyekkurich younghasbaant oru thaazhnna abhiprayam roopeekarichu.
1891ll britishukaar hunsa-nagar akramanam nadathukayum hunsayudeyum ayalpradeshamaaya nagar thaazhvarayudeyum niyanthranam nedukayum cheythu. safdar khaan enna mirr thante rund sahodaranmaraaya mohammed naphis khaan rajakumaran mohammed naseem khaan rajakumaaranumaayi chainayilekku palayanam cheythu.
mirr ghazan khaan onnaamante mootha makanayi hunsayude mirr kappalinte praadhamika avakaashavaadiyaayirunnu mohammed naphis khaan rajakumaran. ennirunnaalum, britishukaar 1892 septambaril addehathinte ilaya sahodaran mohammed naseem khaane miraayi niyamichu. britiish indiayumaayulla oru anubandha sakhyathil hunsa oru naatturaajyamaayi maari, 1947 vare athu nilanirtthi. britiish indiayude vibhajanathinidayil, indiayilum paakisthaanilum ninnu swathanthramaaya hunsa samsthaanavumaayulla chainayumaayulla samsthaanathinte muun bandham punasthaapikkunnathinaayi kumintang republic oof chaina sarkkar mirr oof hunsayumaayi rahasya charchakalil earppettu. puthuthayi swathanthramaaya indiayude balaheenata muthaleduthu kashmeeril thangalude swaadheenam vyaapippikkaanum kumintang padhathiyittu. ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum kashmeer yuddham kaaranam, hunsayude mirr addehathinte manass maattukayum gilgithile indiaykkethiraaya attimarikk sesham paakisthaanil cherukayum cheythu.
praadeshika avakaashavaadangal.
charitraparamaayi hunsayile janangal vadakku bhaagathulla pradeshangal krishi cheyyukayum meikkukayum cheythu, mirr aaa pradeshangal hunsayude pradeshangalude bhaagamaayi avakashappettu. tagdumbash pameer, ruscam thaazhvara enniva aaa pradeshangalil ulppedunnu.
kanchuthi paarambaryamanusarichu, mcmohan vivarichathupole, meerinte ettaamathe poorvvikanaaya shhaa salim khaan naadodikalaaya khirgis moshtaakkale thaashkurkhaanilekku pinthudarnnu avare paraajayappeduthi. "eee vijayam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi shhaa salim khaan dafdaril oru kallu kayar nirmmikkukayum hunsa pradesham dafdar vare vyaapichittundenna sandeshathode oru khirgis thalayude trophy chainakkaarkk ayaykkukayum cheythu. kanchoottikal ithinakam thanne raaskathinte phalapradamaaya kaivashamundaayirunnu, athinekkurichu oru chodyavum uyarnnilla. meerinte avakaashavaadangal krishiyude avakaashathinappurathekku pooyi. dafdar, khurghan, ujad bhaay, yarcond nadiyile aasar, rascamile moonno naalo sthalangal ennividangalil chainakkaarude ethirppo edapedalukalo illaathe hunsa janathayaan kottakal nirmmichathennu addeham avakaashappedunnu."
kanchoothinte praadeshika paridhikal ekadesham nirvachikkaan mcmohanu kazhinju. "kanchoottukal avakaashappedunnathupole tagdumbash, khuncheraab, rascom ennivayude athirthikal inipparayunnavayaanu vakhjirile tagdumbash pameerinte vadakkan neertthadangal byik kodumudiyiloode dafdaarilekkum avide ninnu nadikku kuruke sankan naalayilekkum kadannupokunnu; avide ninnu masariloodeyum athirthikku mukaliloodeyum sibjaidaykkum ittakthurukkinum edayilulla yarcond nadiyile oru pooyintaaya urokilekkum. avide ninnu ithu rascom thaazhvarayude vadakkan neertthadatthiloode basar daaraa nadiyudeyum yarcond nadiyudeyum samgamasthaanathekku ozhukunnu. avide ninnu thekkott parvathangalkk mukaliloode mustagh nadhi vare, ahil diwan allengil ahil churam hunsa paridhikkullil avasheshikkunnu."
1898ll kyapttan echu. pii. pii. mcmohante vivarangal deesee ganyamaayi sthireekarichu. himalayan paryaveshanathinaayi svayam samarppikkunnathinaayi deesee thante kammeeshan raajivachu. raaskaaminte paridhikalekkurichulla deesiyude vivaranamaayirunnu prathyeka thaalpparyamulla oru inam. karakkoram parvathanirayile aghil devan allengil churam muthal aarambhich, vibhajanarekha vadakku-kizhakk bhagathaayi basar daara vare neengi, avide athu yarcond nadiyumaayi koodicherunnu. oru chainees pathaakayude mukalil basar daarayil nirmmicha oru bhouma outpost addeham kandethi (1898 aayappozhekkum chainakkar kuun lune parvathanirakalude thekk bhaagathekku nuzhanjukayariyirunnu, kurachu nirayudha kyrgyzs adhiniveshathilaayirunnu. ithu chaina avakaashappedunna athirthiye adayaalappeduthi. avide ninnu rascom thaazhvarayude vadakkan neertthadatthiloode tagdumbash pameerile dafdar vare, avideyulla millukalude vadakku, avide ninnu byik kodumudiyilekku eee paatha neengi. kanchuthi adhinivesham maathramaayirikkaamennathini vyakthamaaya thelivukalum deesee kandethi. asgarinu thekk "veedukal, pazhaya jalasechana chaanalukal, vayalukal ennivayude niravadhi avashishtangal ippol krishi cheiyunnilla, rascom munbu janavasamullathum krishi cheyyappettathumaayirunnu". hunsayil labhyamaya ellah sthalangalilum kanchoottukal krishi cheiyunna paricharanam parichayamulla arcum deerghakaalathe kanchoothi adhiniveshathinte thelivaayi ithinekkurichu oru madiyum undaakilla. avashishtangal kyrgyzs aanennu parayaan kazhiyilla; avarkk athyaadhunika avastha parichayamillaayirunnu. "ruscamile ezhu sthalangal ithil ulppettirunnu. valathu theerathu asghar ursur, idathuvashathu mattu anchu perum-mustagh-karakkoram vashath-kukbash, kirajilga, ofrang, uroclock, oyittugraakk, kuncherab churatthinu vadakku sarakamish muthal arghil churatthinu vadakku basar daara vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. ithu ekadesham oru pradeshamaanennu addeham paranju.
chainakkar 1878-ll sinjiang veendum keezhadakki. 1863-ll yacoob beginu pravishyayude thekkan bhagangal nashtappedunnathinumbu, avarude praayogika adikaaram, nee elias yaung husband sthiramaayi nilanirtthiyathupole, kuun lune parvathanirakalude vadakkan thaazhvarayil avarude autposttukalkku thekk bhaagathekku sanjuvilum kiliyanilum orikkalum vyapichirunnilla. madangiyethiyathinu thottupinnaale panthrand varshathinullil avar autposttukalude laininte thekk ariyappedunna saannidhyam sthaapichittilla. niravadhi varshangalayi ladaakkil joyint kammeeshanaraayirunna nee elias, elias 1879lum thaan kashgarh sandarshichappol chainakkaare kandumuttiyenn 1889 septambar septambar rekhappeduthi. "avar ennodu paranju, avarude 'chaattse' allengil posttukal avarude athirthiyaayi kanakkakkunnu-athaayath.kugar, killian, sanju, kiria muthalaayava.- parvvathangalkkappuramulla kaaryangalil avarkk oru aashankayumilla ".iii. vadakkan kashmeerile kuun lune parvatanira.
1899 maarchil britishukaar sarr claude mcdonald chainayilekkulla oru kurippil chinayum britiish indiayum thammilulla oru puthiya athirthi nirddeshichu. hunsayude mail chaina aadhipathyam avakaashappedanamennum pakaram hunsa tagdumbash, rascom jillakalile bhooribhaagam pradeshangalileyum avakaashavaadangal upekshikkanamennum kurippil nirddeshichittundu. chainees aaa kurippinodu prathikarichilla.
1937 vare tagdumbash pameerile nivaasikal mechilppurangalude niyanthranam earppeduthiya hunsayude mirinu adaranjali arppichu.
jammu kashmeerumaayulla bandham.
ayalrajyangalaaya jammu, kashmeer enniva orikkalum nerittu bharichittillenkilum, 1860 ll jammu, kashmeer ennividangalile maharaja ranbeer singhinte kaalam muthal jammu, kashmeer ennivayude saamanthanaayirunnu hunsa. hunsayile mirukal chainaykkum nagarile mirukalkkum maharaja kashmeerin vaarshika kappam ayachu. 1947 vare darbar nagar bharanadhikaariyum jammu kashmeerile mahaaraajaavinte ettavum vishwastharaaya saamanthanmaaril oralaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. emma nikkolsante abhipraayathil, "1877 aayappozhekkum gilgit, baltistan mekhala jammu kashmeerinte ghadaka bhaagangalaayirunnuvenna vasthuthayilekku ellah thelivukalum viral choondunnu". jammu, kashmeer mahaaraajaavinte paramaadhikaarathinu keezhilaayirunna avar 1947 october 26 nuu "poornnamaayum indiayude puthiya aadhipathyathilekku" chernna theeyathi vare eee naatturaajyatthil thudarnnu.
koodaathe, jammu, kashmeer maharajavu 1947 october 26 nuu indiayude govarnor generalaya loard moundu battanumaayulla kathidapaadukalil ninnu eee vastutha sthireekarikkukayum aavarthikkukayum cheiyunnu, athil jammu, kashmeer samsthaanangalkku "soviyatt republicumaayi" oru pothu athirthi undennu prasthaavikkunnu, koodaathe "mattu karyangalkkoppam" gilgithum kanchuthum (rascom, hunsa thaazhvara, tagdumbash enniva ulppedunna) jammu, kashmeerinte avibhaajya gadakangalaanenna vasthuthayum eee prasthavana nirnnayikkunnu. panditt jawaharlal nehruvum samanamaaya oru prasthavana nadathiyittundu, "ningalkkariyaavunnathu, jammu kashmeerinte vadakkan athirthikal afgaanisthaan, soviyatt soshyalist republicukalude union, chaina ennee moonnu rajyangalumaayi pothuvaayi pravartthikkunnu". jammu kashmeer maharajavinteyum panditt jawaharlal nehruvinteyum eee prasthaavanakalk, 1947 august pathinanjaam theeyathi samsthaanathinte paramaadhikaaratthino paramaadhikaaratthino keezhilaayirunna ellah pradeshangalum ulkkollunna samsthaanathinte bhoopradesavum, 1947 october october jammu kashmeer bharanaghadanayude sekshan (4), jammu kashmeer samsthaanathinte puthiya aadhipathyathilekkulla avarude praveshanasamayathe jammu kashmeer naatturaajyatthinte backie bhaagangalum ulkkollunna swaadheenamundu.
paakkisthaanilekkulla praveshanam.
1947 november november bharanadhikaariyaaya mohammed jamal khaan mohammed alii jinnaykku thante raajyam paakisthaanil cherkkunna oru telegram ayachu. athil ingane parayunnu
"enikkum paakisthaanilekkulla ente samsthaana praveshanathinum vendi njaan santhoshathode prakhyaapikkunnu."
sarkkar.
paarambarya bharanadhikaarikalaaya "mirmare" vaseerukaludeyo manthrimaarudeyo oru kaunsil sahaayichirunnu. aadyakaala bharanaadhikaarikalude vishadaamshangal anishchithathvathilaanu, 1750 muthal aadyathe krithyamaaya theeyathikal.
bhoomishaasthram.
2, 438 meter (7,999 adii) uyarathilaanu hunsa thaazhvara sthithi cheiyunnathu. muun thalasthaanamaaya baalttittil ninnu 2477 meter (8129 adii) uyaramundu. baltittum muun kottayaaya altitt kotta vipulamaayi punasthaapikkukayum eee mekhalayile pradhana vinodasanjaara aakarshanangalavukayum cheythu.
niravadhi noottaandukalaayi, kaalnadayaayi yaatra cheiyunna oraalkk swaathilekkum gaandhaarathilekkum ettavum vegathil praveshanam nalkunnathu hunsayaanu. mrugangale kayattikkond pookaan kazhiyaatha eee paathayiloode manushya portermark maathrame kadannupokaan kazhiyoo, thudarnnu pradeshavaasikalude anumathiyode maathrame kadannupokaan kazhiyoo.
paathakalkk palappozhum araa meettaril (ekadesham 18 inch) thaazhe veethiyundaayirunnathinaal hunsa eluppathil prathirodhikkappettu. uyarnna parvatha pathakal palappozhum paarakkettukalil villalukalayi kettiyitta marangalkk mukaliloode paarakalude samathulithaavasthayil nagnamaaya malancherivukaliloode kadannupoyi. kaalaavasthayil ninnum parakal veezhunnathiloodeyum pathivayi kedupaadukal sambhavikkunnathinum avar nirantharam vidheyaraavunnu. niravadhi prashastha chainees buddha sanyasimar ulppede ellaavareyum bhayappeduthiya aadyakaala chainees charithratthile valare bhayappeduthunna "thoongikkidakkunna paathakalaayirunnu" iva.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
hunsayile bhooribhaagam aalukalum ismaayil musleengalaanu. 1947ll urdu pakaram vaykkunnathuvare samsthaanathinte audyogika bhasha pershyan aayirunnu. hunsayude pothuvaaya bhasha burushaaskiyaan, athesamayam vaakhi, sheena bhashakal yathaakramam upper hunsayilum lover hunsayilum samsaarikkunnu. hunsayilum urdu manassilaakkappedunnu.

