
landing kappal, tank

taankukal, vahanangal, charakkukal, landing sainikar enniva dokkukalo piyarukalo illaathe nerittu theerathekku kondupokunnathiloode ubhayachara pravartthanangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu (1939-1945) aadyamaayi vikasippicha kappalukalkkulla naavika padanaamamaan landing ship, tank (lst) allengil tank landing ship. ithu mikkavarum eathu beechilum ubhayajeevikalude aakramanathinu kaaranamaayi.
samudratheerangal kadakkanum theerapradeshangal sthaapikkaanum prapthamaakkunna valare savisheshamaaya roopakalppanayaanu aadyathethu. thurakkaanum ramp vinyasikkaanum vahanangal irakkaanum kazhiyunna oru valia vaathil villinundaayirunnu. kappalin theerathu kayaran nivarnnunilkkaanum anuvadikkunna oru paranna keel aayirunnu aadyam undaayirunnathu. eratta propullerukalkkum radarukalkkum groundingil ninnu samrakshanam undaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu pasaphik yudhathilum europian naadakavediyilum ulppede lokamembaadum ell. ezz. tii. ezz sevanamanushtichu.
nilavilulla kappalukale parivartthanam cheythukondu britiish aavashyangalkkanusrithamaayi aadyathe tank-landing kappalukal nirmikkappettu; ukyum us samyuktha roopakalppanayil sahakarichu. 1942 avasaanathode aljeeriyayile sakhyasenayude adhiniveshathil britiish kappalukal upayogichu, 1943 aayappozhekkum sisili, italiyude pradhana bhoopradesam ennivayude adhiniveshathil pankedutthu. 1944 juunil avar normandi landinginulla valia adhinivesha kappalppadayude bhaagamaayirunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu sakhyakakshikalude upayogathinaayi amerikkayil aayirathiladikam ell. ezz. tii. kall sthaapichu; yunaittad kingdow canada enpathu ennam koodi uthppaadippichu.
emm. keey. 1.
"maracaibo" landing kappalukal.
1940-ll dankirkkil ninnu britteeshukaare ozhippichathu, europe bhookhandathile ubhayachara akramanangalil taankukaludeyum mattu vaahanangaludeyum theerathu ninnu theerathekku vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna thaarathamyena valuthum samudrathilekkullathumaya kappalukal sakhyakakshikalkk aavasyamaanennu naavikasenaykku theliyichu. oru idakkaala nadapadiyaayi, veneswela maracaibo thadaakatthinte niyantritha baarukal kadakkaan nirmmicha moonnu 4,000 muthal 4,800 vare graatt "thadaaka tankerukal" avayude aazham kuranja draaft kaaranam parivarthanatthinaayi thiranjedutthu. eee kappalukalil boow dorukalum raambukalum chertthu, ithu aadyathe tank landing kappalukalayi maari, lst (1):, and. 1942-leeii aljeeriyan adhiniveshathil avar pinneedu thangalude moolyam theliyichu, ennaal avarude bluff bove aparyapthamaaya vegathaykku kaaranamavukayum minusamarnna oru purambhaagam ulkkollunna oru puthiya roopakalppanayude aavasyakatha choondikkaanikkukayum cheythu.
"boxer"-klaas.
aadyathethu uddeshichulla aadya roopakalppanayaayirunnu. pradhaanamantri vinsttan charchil ezhuthiya ashayangalil ninnulla oru cheria roopakalppanayaayirunnu ithu. 13 charchil infentry taankukalum mattu 27 vaahanangalum 200 oolam aalukalum (kroovinu purame) oru vegathayil vahikkaan kazhiyunnathinayi, eluppathil irakkaan paryapthamaaya aazham kuranja draaft athinu undaayirikkilla. thalphalamaayi, 1941 maarchil oordar cheytha moonnil oronninum (,,,,) villu vaathilukalkk pinnil valare neenda ramp undaayirunnu.
1941 muthal harlandilum wolfilum nirmmicha kappalukal 1943 ll poortthiyaayi. bruserukalum thrasttarukalum salerno landingle pankedutthu. 
landing ooppareshanukalil shatru vimaanangale nilathu niyantrithamaayi thadassappeduthunnathinayi iva moonnum yuddha dishayilulla kappalukalayi parivartthanam cheyyaan uddeshichirunnuvenkilum "boxer" maathramaan parivartthanam cheythath.
yuu.ezz. ezhennam (1) nirmmikkendathaayirunnu, ennaal roopakalppanayileyum randaam maarkkile purogathiyileyum prasnangal kanakkileduthu padhathikal raddaki. 1943 vare neenduninna aadya (1)-kalude nirmmaanam avarkk munbu aadyathe yuu. ezz. ell. ezz. ell. ezz. tii. (2) aarambhichu.
emm. keey. 2.
vikasanam.
1941 augustil newfoundlaandile arjanteenayil nadanna atlaantik konfaransil nadanna avarude aadya koodikkazhchayil president franklin dii. roosvelttum pradhaanamantri vinsttan charchilum naavikasenayude kaazhchappaadukal sthireekarichu. 1941 novemberil, navikasenayil ninnulla oru cheria prathinidhi samgham yunaittad stetts naavikasenayude beuro oof shippukalumayi kappalukalude vikasanavum amerikkayil kooduthal boxerukal nirmmikkanulla saadhyathayum sambandhichu ashayangal shekharikkunnathinaayi amerikkayiletthi. eee yogathil, beuro oof shippukal eee kappalukal roopakalppana cheiyumennu theerumaanichu. britiish kappalsaalakalkk rajakeeya naavikasenaykkaayi kappalukal nirmikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil eee kappalukal sthiramaaya karaarilennapole america nirmmikkum. atlaantik kadakkaan kazhivulla kappalukalkk prathyekathakal aavasyappedukayum avaykku nalkia yadhaartha peru "atlaantik tank landing kraaft" (atlaantik (tii.ell.sii.). oru kappaline "kraaft" ennu vilikkunnathu oru thettaaya peraayi kanakkaakkukayum aaa tharam "landing ship, tank (2)" allengil "lst (2)" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu.
britiish prathinidhi samghathinte bhagamaayirunna avarude designaraaya sarr rolland bakeril ninnulla aadyathe britiish lekttukalude gadakangal aadya (2) roopakalppanayil ulppeduthi. tank deck vellathinadiyilaayaalum kappal pongikkidakkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil kappalukalude side vaalil mathiyaya kuthichuchaattam nalkunna gadakangalilonnu. aadyathethu (2) echms "boxerude" vegatha maathram upekshichu, pakshe kadaltheerathu pookumbool maathram munnott varaykkumbol samanamaaya bharam vahichu.
design.
eathaanum divasangalkkullil, joonn sii. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu nirmmicha aayirathiladikam "ell. ezz. tii (2)"-kalude adisthaana roopakalppanayaayi theliyikkapetta vichithramayi kaanapedunna oru kappal beuro oof shipsinte needermayer varachu. samudrayaathraykkulla aazhathilulla karadum kadaltheerathinaayulla aazhamillaatha karadum ennivayude parasparavirudhamaaya aavasyakathakal niravettunnathinaayi, samudrapaathayil niraykkaanum kadaltheera pravarthanangalkkaayi pump cheyyaanum kazhiyunna oru valia baalast samvidaanam upayogichaanu kappal roopakalppana cheythath. oru anker mechanical vinch samvidaanavum kadaltheerathu ninnu svayam valichedukkaanulla kappalinte kazhivine sahayichu. 1941 november 5 nuu eee parukkan rekhaachithram brittanilekku ayaykkukayum udan thanne sweekarikkukayum cheythu. vaipa paattatthinte nibandhanakalkku keezhil royal nevikkaayi 200 "lst (2)" nirmmikkanamenn admiraltti americayode abhyarthichu.
praadhamika padhathikal thudakkathil 280 adii (85 meter) neelamulla oru kappal venamennu aavasyappettirunnuvenkum 1942 januvariyil beuro oof shippukal neelamulla oru kappalinte savisheshathakalkk anukoolamaayi eee droingukal upekshichu. oru maasathinullil, mothatthilulla dairkhyam kooduthal neettukayum oru beam aavasyappedukayum oru minimum draaft aavasyappedukayum cheiyunna anthima pravartthana padhathikal vikasippikkukayum cheythu. eee padhathi kappalinte bharam kooduthal visthruthiyil vitharanam cheythu, ithu landing trimil aayirikkumbol vellathil kooduthal uyarathil oodaan avale praapthayakki. aadyathethinu taankukalum vaahanangalum vahikkaan kazhiyum. valia alavukal designermaare boow doorr thurakkunnathinum raambinte veethi vardhippikkunnathinum anuvadichu, ithu mikka anubandha vaahanangaleyum ulkkollaan kazhiyum. aadyathethinte alavukalum bharavum vardhichathode, steel plating kanam dekkinteyum vashangaludeyum vashangalilekkum villinte keezhil plating cheythukondu vardhichu. 1942 januvariyode, ellstinte aadya skeyil model nirmmikkukayum washingtonile david tailor model besinil pareekshanangalkk vidheyamaakukayum cheythu.sii.
tank motorukal oodumbool tank sthalathinte thripthikaramaaya vaayusanjaaram urappakkaan vyavasthakal earppeduthukayum pradhana deckil ninnu tank dekkilekkulla thaazhnna vaahanangalkk erangaan oru elevator nalkukayum cheythu. 1942 eprilil kentakkiyile fort noxil oru kinarinte oru mookk-upp nirmmichu, aadya kinarinullile vaayusanjaara prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi. yadhaartha ell. ezz. tii. yill kandethiya ellah savisheshathakalum thanippakarppakkunnathinna kettidatthinte ulvasham nirmmichathu. kavachitha fozhsu bordinte aasthaanamaayathinaal, fort nox akathu oodaan taankukal vitharanam cheythu, athesamayam naavika aarkkitektukal doshakaramaaya vaathakangalude kinner ozhippikkaan kazhivulla oru vaayusanjaara samvidaanam vikasippichu. moonnu maasathinullil parisodhana poortthiyaayi. eee charitraparamaaya kettidam innu kottayile noxil avasheshikkunnu.
aadyakaala pravarthanangalkku 18-aamm noottaandile american naavikasenayude lekhanangalude bhasha marikadakkendathundu "paarakalilum paarakalilum sthaapikkaan thante kappalukal ealppikkunnavan shikshikkappedum..."1943-nte thudakkathil rooad dveepile kvonsettil designer nidermayer aadyathe yuu-yude commanding offeesare prothsaahippichappol aashaya parisodhanayude chila pirimurukkamulla nimishangal undaayirunnu.ezz. aadyam thante kappal poornna vegathayil kadaltheerathekku oodikkuka.
uthppaadanam.
ell. ezz. tii (2) ell. ezz. tii-1 "classa ell. ezz. tii-491" classa nirmmichu.
1942 februvari 6,1943 meyy 26,1943 desember 17 theeyathikalil moonnu vyathyastha niyamangalil, mattu sahaayikal, distroyer escortukal, vividha landing kraafttukal ennivaykkoppam ell. ezz. tii. kalude nirmmaanathinum kongras adikaaram nalki. valia nirmmaana paripadi vegathil aakkam kootti. ell. ezz. tikalude nirmmaanathinu ithrayum uyarnna munganana nalkappettathinaal oru vimaanavaahinikkappalinte munbu itta keel thidukkathil neekkam cheythu, avalude sthaanathu niravadhi ell. ezz. tikal nirmmikkaan idamundaakki. aadyathe elstinte keel 1942 juun 10 nuu virjeeniyayile newport nyoosil sthaapikkukayum aadyathe staanderd elst octoberil avarude kettida dokkil ninnu ozhikkukayum cheythu. 1942 avasaanathode irupathimoonnu perr commissionil ethi.
aadya kettida nirmmaana paripadi pala kaaryangalilum savisheshamaayirunnu. adisthaana roopakalppana vikasippichayudane, karaarukal anuvadikkukayum oru pareekshanakkapal poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. praadhamika utharavukal vaakkaalullatho telegraamukal, telephone, eyar meyil kathukal ennivayiloodeyo athichirunnu. chila vasthukkalude oordar yadhaarthathil design varkk poortthiyaakkunnathinu munbaayirunnu. pradhana propulsion meshinarikal polulla niravadhi kanatha upakaranangal naavikasena nerittu nalkumbol, sambharanathinte balance kaikaaryam cheythath metteeriyal coordinating ejansiyaanu-beuro oof shippukalude anubandham-athuvazhi prograamile niravadhi nirmmaathaakkalkk parasparam lelam vilikkendivarilla. oordar cheytha vasthukkalude sakthamaaya thudarnadapadikaliloode, record samayathinullil nirmmaana shedyoolukal poortthiyaakkunnathu ejansi saadhyamaakki.
ell. ezz. tii. esinte aavasyakatha adiyanthiramaayirunnu, yudhathiludaneelam paripaadikku uyarnna munganana labhichu. mikka kappal nirmmaana pravartthanangalum pradhaanamaayum valia, aazhathilulla kappalukalude nirmmaanathinaayi upayogichirunna theeradesha yaardukalilaayathinaal, ulnaadan jalapaathakalil ell. ezz. tii. kalkkayi puthiya nirmmaana soukaryangal sthaapichu, chilath urukk fabrication yardukal polulla kanatha vyavasaya plaantukalil ninnu parivartthanam cheythu. jalapaathakaliloodeyulla paalangal kappalukal maattunnath sankeernamaakkiyirunnu, avayil palathum kadannupokaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi naavikasena parishkarichu. oru samarppita naavikasena "ferry command" theeradesha thuramukhangalilekku puthuthayi nirmmicha kappalukal anthima fittinginaayi kondupokunnathinu krameekarichu. yudhasamayathu nirmmicha 1,051 kappalukalil 670 ennavum midu vestt mekhalayile anchu "confield kappalsaalakal" aanu vitharanam cheythath. pensylvaniayile neville dveepile dravo korppareshante soukaryam, padhathikku pradhana kappalsala niyukthamakki, 145 kappalukal nirmmikkukayum aadyathe kappalshaalakalile nirmmaana samayavum chelavum kuraykkunna fabrication teknikkukal vikasippikkukayum cheythu. misauri vaali bridge & ayann kambani. 171 ennam indiaanayile evaansvilleyil nirmmichathaanu eathoru kappalsaalakalilum ettavum kooduthal nirmmikkappettath. chikkago bridge illinoyisile senekkayile irumbinte kappalsala 156 kappalukal puratthirakki, avayude prasasthiyum vaidagdhyavum kaaranam, prathyekichu weldingle, prathyekamaayi thiranjedutthu. pensylvaniayile ambridjilulla american bridge kambani 119 nirmmichu.
mattangal.
1943 aayappozhekkum oru varshathe nirmmaana samayam naalu maasamaayi kurachirunnu. yudhathinte avasaanathode ithu rund maasamaayi vettikkurachirunnu. kappalinte roopakalppana sthiramaayi nilanirthaan ganyamaaya parisramam nadathiyenkilum, 1943 madhyathode, pravartthana parichayam puthiya kappalukalil chila mattangal ulppeduthunnathilekku nayichu.
513 muthal, tank deckin pradhana deckin idayil upakaranangal kaimarunnathinulla liftt pradhana deckil gadippichirikkunna oru ramp upayogichu maatti. ithu pradhana deckil ninnu tank dekkilekkum thudarnnu boow raambiloode beechilekko kosweyilekko nerittu vahanangal oodikkaan anuvadikkukayum erangunna prakriya vegathilaakkukayum cheythu.
pilkkala "ell. ezz. tii-542" classile mattangalil oru naavigeshan bridge kootticherkkal; prathidina sheshiyulla oru vaattar disttileshan plaant sthaapikkal; pradhana dekkinte madhyabhaagathu ninnu tank deck ventilettar tubeukal neekkam cheyyal; oru cheria landing kraaft tank (ell. sii. tii) vahikkunnathinaayi pradhana deck shakthippeduthal; 3 "/50 caliber thokku cherthu kavachathilum aayudhangalilum naveekaranam enniva ulppedunnu.
emm. keey. 3.
design.
aadya (2) roopakalppana vijaykaravum uthppaadanam vipulavumaayirunnu, pakshe britiish pravarthanangalkku kooduthal elsts aavashyamaayirunnu. athinaal, 1945 leeii vasanthakaalath yukeyilum canadayilum 80 kappalukal koodi nirmmikkaan theerumaanichu.
britiish staaf avarude swantham savisheshathakal thayyarakki, kappal aavashyappedunnu
rund pradhana prasnangal oru punarroopakalppana aavasyamaakki. ishtappetta bharam kuranja idatharam vegathayulla (locomotive tharam) electro-motive deesal <aii. dii. 1> deesal enchinukal udan labhyamayilla. jeevanakkaarkk kooduthal shakthiyum saadhyamenkil uyarnna vegathayum venamennu aagrahichu, athu iii. emm. dii enchinukalkku nalkamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, raddakia frigettukalil ninnulla valare kanatha neeravi resiprocating enchinukal maathramaan labhyamaya enchinukal. iva deesalinte randara eratti karuth nalki. avaa valare valuthayirunnathinaal avaye ulkkollunnathin kaaryamaaya mattangal varuthendivannu. welding nirmmaana soukaryangalude abhavam ardhamaakkunnathu purambhaagam revate cheyyendivannu ennaanu. kanatha kappal kanatha enchinukalum chernna eee kompineshan ardhamaakkunnathu vegatha ell. sii. tii (2) nekkaal vegathayullathaayirunnu ennaanu.
athesamayam, mattu mechappeduthalukalum, mikka ghadanayum rivettukal upayogichu kootticherkkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil lalithavalkkaranangalum aavasyamaanu. maarkk 2 kappalukalude american pathippil pathippichirunna kattaway haard chaine punasthaapichu. waterline mukalilulla tank deck keelinu samaantharamaayi nirmmikkukayum mukalile dekkilekku thaazhekku vrithaakruthiyil varaathirikkukayum kooduthal valia yanthrangal ulkkollunnathinayi kappal vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu.
american aakramanakkappalukk pakaram britiish landing kraaft attaalt (ell. sii. eiii) guruthwaakarshana davitsil vahikkunnathinulla vyavastha cheythu. landing kraaft tank (ell. sii. tii), landing kraaft mechanised (ell. sii. emm), enn. ell. pondoon koswekal enniva vahikkunnathinulla vyavasthayum earppeduthi.
roopakalppana aarambhichappol, kappalukal erangumennu prathekshikkunna beechukal valare parannathaayirikkumenn enchineeyarmaarkku ariyamaayirunnu, pakshe munnott varaykkunna varalchayum valare cheria keel charivum ulla thripthikaramaaya oru kappal nirmmikkaan kazhiyilla, athinaal 50 keel charivil 1 nilanirtthi. 1:50 charivu palappozhum aazham kuranja kadaltheerathu pinbhaagathu nilampathikkaan kaaranamakumennum athinte falamaayi vahanangal thaarathamyena aazhathilulla vellathilekku ozhukumennum ariyamaayirunnu.
prashnam marikadakkaan vividha reethikal anweshichirunnu, ennaal kanatha grounding skegukalum enn.ell. pondoon koswekal oduvil staanderdaayi amgeekarikkappettu; pondoon koswekal charadukalum raafttukalum kondu nirmmicha pondoonukal × 5 adii × kondaanu roopappettathu. irakkumbol, rafttukal kappalinte munvashath surakshithamaakkukayum looad nerittu theerathekku ozhukukayo allengil raafttil kadaltheerathekku valichidukayo cheythu.
valare thanuthathum ushnamekhalaavumaaya saahacharyangalil kappalukal sevanathinaayi sajjeekarichirunnu. jeevanakkarum sainika udyogastharum thamasikkaan anuvadichirunna thaamasoukaryam (2) neey apekshichu valareyadhikam mechappettu. shatru nadapadiykku purame pradhana apakadam tank deckil vediyuthirkkukayaayirunnu. fayar sprinklerukal nalkiyengilum pilkkala american kappalukalil sthaapichirunna vaattar drenching samvidaanam nalkaan kazhinjilla.
boow doorr krameekaranangal ell. ezz. tii (2) nuu samanamaayirunnu, ennaal nerittulla discharge saadhyamaakunna beechukalude ennam vardhippikkunnathinulla shramathil design boow ramp rund bhagangalaayi krameekarichu. boow dorukalum rambum pravarthippikkunnathinu yanthrangal vaidyuthamaayirunnu, allaathapaksham, steem aaksilarikal electrical gearinu pakaram elisttil (2).
tank dekkinte pothuvaaya krameekaranangal samanamaayirunnu, ennaal roopakalppana head room vardhippikkukayum pilkkaalatthe (2) kalilennapole topp deckil oru ramp cherkkukayum cheythu. american nirmmitha aakramana bottukalkku pakaram guruthwaakarshana devittukalil lca vahikkunnathinulla vyavastha cheythu. krameekaranangal pothuve aadyathethinekkaal mechappettathaayirunnu (2), pakshe aazhathilulla varalchayum oru paridhivare nirmmaanatthinte thidukkavum moolam avarkk budhimuttundaayi.
1943 desemberil britiish nirmmathaakkalkkum 35 canadian nirmmathaakkalkkum aadyathe oordarukal nalki. 1944 desemberil hamsa vettakkaaran aadyathe kappalukal athichu. 1944 ll, thudarnadapadikalkkaayi kaanadayil 36 ennam koodi oordar cheythu. yuddham avasaanichappol eee paripaadikal poornnathothil nadannuvenkilum ellah kappalukalum poortthiyaayirunnilla.
kappalukalkk "lst-3001" muthal "lst-3045" vareyum "lst-3501" muthal "lst-3534" vareyum nambarukal nalkiyirunnu. "lst-3535" pinneedu raddaki.
kalavastha deckil pathinaalu lorikal koodi ulppeduthi pathinanju 40 tonn taankukalo 27 25 tonn taankukalo tank deckil kondupokaan kazhiyum.
propulsion.
oru jodi admiraltti paatten 3-drum vaattar-tube tharam boyilarukalaanu neeravi vitharanam cheythath. pradhana enchinukal 4 silindar triple expansion 4-crank tharatthilaayirunnu, yaaro-tweedy-slick sisttathil santhulithamaayirunnu, silindarukal inipparayunnavayaanu
saadhaarana strock aayirunnu. pisttan, slide valve vadi ennivayellaam stuffing boxukalil loha packing gadippichirikkunnu, koodaathe ellah pisttanukalilum packing ringukalum springukalum gadippichirikkunnu. uyarnna mardhamullah valve pisttan tharathilaayirunnappol bakkiyullava samatulita tharatthilaayirunnu. 185 arpmil thudarchayaayi vikasippikkaanaan pradhana enchinukal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
kappalukal eratta scru aayathinal, enchinukalkku forwade endle crank shaftilekku oru shaaft coupling gadippichirunnu, ithu portt allengil starboard side fittinginu anuyojyamaaya reethiyil enchin end tuu end tirikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
landing craftinulla mattangal.
aadya (3) kalkk oordar nalkiyappol, aadya (2) prograam poornnathothil nadakkukayaayirunnu, koodaathe royal nevikkaayi amerikkayil nirmmikkunna neelamulla ell. sii. tii 5 allengil ell. sii. tii 6 vahikkaan ell. ezz. tii. kalkk saadhikkunnathinaayi samanamaaya krameekaranangal nadatthi.
vedju aakruthiyilulla support blokkukalil kondupokenda kappalinte dekkilekku ell. sii. tii uyarthendathundu; vikshepikkunna samayat vedju blokkukalile bolttukal slock cheyth "lonch vazhikalil" avale sajjamakki, ithu vikshepana maarggathe bharam vahikkaan anuvadichu. oru vikshepanam nadatthaan, puramthodil taankukal shradhaapoorvvam vellapokkam srishtichathode 11 degrick mukalilekku ell. ezz. tii. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. ell. eiii thulliyude uyaram ekadesham aayirunnu, vikshepanathinu thottupinnaale kraafttinte enchinukal aarambikkukayum avaa pravarthanatthinu thayyarakukayum cheythu.
brittanil ninnu vidoora kizhakode ell. sii. tii5kall neekkaan eee reethi upayogichirunnuvenkilum ell. ezz. tii (3) kall upayogichathinekkurich paraamarsamonnum illengilum, avayil bhooribhaagavum yudhathinte avasaanathilo sheshamo poortthiyaayi.
yudhathinte avasaanathilum cheria landing kraaft vahikkaan kazhiyunna kooduthal kappalukalude aavasyamundaayirunnu, appol poortthiyaakkiya aadya (3) kappalukalil randennam lcm (7) vahikkaan prathyekamaayi gadippichirunnu. ekadesham 28 tonn bharamullah eee kappalukal kappalinte mukalile deckil thirascheenamaayi kondupoyi. prathyekamaayi gadippicha 30 tonn derick vazhiyaan avaa uyarthiyathu; eee 30 tonn derrick 15 tonn derikkinu pakaram vannu, athil randennam ell (3) nte staanderd fittaayirunnu. 30 tonn derrick 15 tonn derikkinekkaal uyaramullathum saadhaaranayaayi ganyavumaayirunnu.
hydrolic jaakkukal gadippicha trolleykalilaanu lcm (7) kall irakkiyathu. iva dekkinte iruvashathum thaazheyulla reyilukaliloode oodukayum vinchukal vazhi angotum ingottum valichidukayum cheythu. oro kappal reyilukalkkidayil sthiramaaya thottilukalil pothinjathinaal stoveju munnil ninnu pinbhaagathekku nirachu. eee nilavaaratthil poortthiyaakkiya kappalukal "ell. ezz. tii-3043"/echu. emm. ezz "messina", "ell. ezz. tii-3044"/echu. emm. ezz "narwick" ennivayaayirunnu. eee kappalukalkk lcm vahikkaan kazhiyumenkilum, anuyojyamaaya kaalaavasthayil maathrame loading, unloading pravartthanangal nadatthaan kazhiyoo, athinaal aakramana pravarthanangalkku upayogikkaan kazhiyilla; landing kraaft (doock landing kappalukal nalkiyirunnathu) paripalikkunnathinulla soukaryangalum avarkk illaayirunnu.
landing kraaft akramanam ayudham pooshiya thadi kondu pothinja kappalukalaayirunnu, mothatthil neelavum veethiyum 13 tonn poornnamaayum nirachathum. draaft undaayirunnu, saadhaarana looad upakaranangalumayi 35 sainikarumaayirunnu. foord vii8 enchinukalude oru jodi scrips maraine parivartthanangal oru enchinil anloducheytha, sevana vegatha nalki. mile dooramaayirunnu dooram. aayudangal saadhaaranayaayi oru bren laitt mesheen gann pinbhaagathaayirunnu; rund luis thokkukal oru portt forwade sthaanathu undaayirunnu.
ell. sii. emm (7) kall ell. ezz. tii (2) yill vahichava ganyamaayi valuthaayirunnu, neelatthil, beam, 28 tonn uyarthal bharam, 63 tonn poornna looad sthaanachalanamundaayirunnu. beaching draaft aayirunnu, oru jodi hudson aakramanakaari petrol enchinukal propulsion nalki, pinneedu gray deesalukal upayogichu maatti, rund settukalum nalki, vegatha nalki.
40 tonn charchil tank allengil buldozer vahikkuka ennathaayirunnu roopakalppanayude pradhana aavasyam. yuddham avasaanikkumbol 140 poortthiyaayi, chilath 1970 vare sevanam kandu.
vakabhedangal.
chila ell. ezz. tii (3) kall ettavum bharameriya britiish taankukal surakshithamaayi vahikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil stephining cherthu ell. ezz. tii (eiii) (eiii ennaal "attaalt") aayi parivartthanam cheythu.
rund ell. ezz. tii (3) kall command kappalukalayi parivartthanam cheythu, ell. ezz. tii (sii): ell. ezz. tii 3043, ell. ezz. tii 3044. yudhaananthara avaa echu. emm. ezz messina (ell112), ell. emm. ezz narwick (ell114) aayi maari. avarkk patthu 20 emm oorlikkanukalum naalu 40 emm boforukalum undaayirunnu.
kettidanirmmaanatthinide rund ell. ezz. tii (3) kall headquartezhs command kappalukalayi (ell. ezz. tii. (kyu)) parivartthanam cheythu. iva L3012 aayirunnu, athu L3101 (pinneedu echms "benn nevis") aayi maari, els 3013, els 3102 aayi maari, thudarnnu echms "benn lomond" aayi maari. avar ell. ezz. tii (2) kappaline adisthaanamaakkiyulla american kappalukalkk samaanamaayi mikka kaaryangalilum "mother kappalukal" aayi pravarthichu. 40 udyogasthare ulkkollaan pradhana deckil rund kwaansett kudilukal sthaapichu. tank dekkile berthukalil 196 perr koodi undaayirunnu. oru bake shope puthiya saadhanangalkkaayi 16 rafrijareshan boxukalum saadhaaranayaayi jeevanakkaarkk nalkunna soukaryangal vardhippichu. naalu adhika vaattiyedukkal unitukal cherkkukayum shudhajalam sambharikkunnathinaayi baalast taankukal parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathil sevanam.
kavacham pariseelana schoolil adii. nox, kentakki, kettidangal enniva oru ellesinte krithyamaaya mookk-appukalaayi sthaapichu. parisheelanatthil tank kroo eee soukaryangalodoppam avarude vahanangal engane akathekkum puratthekkum kaikaaryam cheyyanamennu padichu. eee kettidangalilonnu adii uyarathil samrakshikkappettittund. charitraparamaaya kaaranangalal nox ippozhum kaanaan kazhiyum.
1943 juunil solomon dveepukalil avarude poraattam aarambichathu muthal 1945 augustil shathruthayude avasaanam vare, randaam lokamahaayudhathil ell. ezz. tii. ezz oru supradhana sevanam nadatthi. europian thiyettarile sisili (ooppareshan haski), itali, normandy, thekkan france ennivayude akramanangalil avar pankedutthu, pasafikkile dweep-hopping pracharanangalil avar oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu, athu philippainsinte vimochanathilum aivo jima, okinaava ennivayude pidichadakkalilum kalaashichu.
valia ennam uthppaadippikkappettittum, ell. ezz. tii. kall oru viralamaaya charakkaayirunnu, italiyile ubhayachara jolikalkkaayi meditareniyanil mathiyaya ell. ezz. tii nilanirthunnathile budhimuttineyum pinneedu europile valia sainyathin vitharanam cheiyunnathinidayil valia ennam kizhakkan theaterukalilekku mattunnathinulla logistiksineyum charchil vivarikkunnu.
aadyathethu sradheyamaaya oru vaividhyamaarnna kappalaanennu thelinju. avayil muppathonpathu landing kraaft repire kappalukalayi (rl) parivartthanam cheythu. eee roopakalppanayil, boow rambum vaathilukalum neekkam cheyyukayum villu adaykkukayum cheythu. attakuttappanikalkkayi kedupaadukal sambhavicha landing kraaft boardil athikkunnathinu derikkukal, booms, vinchukal enniva cherkkukayum pradhana deckilum tank deckilum kammaran, mesheen, electrical varkshoppukal enniva nalkukayum cheythu.
muppathiyaaru ell. ezz. tii. kall cheria ashupatri kappalukalaayum niyukta ell. ezz. tii. echu. aayum parivartthanam cheythu. avar niravadhi staanderd lstsukalkku anubandhamaayi, taankukalum vaahanangalum irakkiya sesham beechil ninnu naashanashtangal neekkam cheythu. dii-day + 114 (1944 septambar 28) aayappozhekkum 41,035 parikkettavare normandiyil ninnu engleesh chaanaliloode ell. ezz. tii. ezz thirike konduvannu. adhika kreyinukalum handling gearukalum nalkia mattu elsts, vedikkoppukal niraykkaan maathramaayi upayogichirunnu. saadhaarana vedicope kappalukalekkaal vegathil punarnirmmaanam poortthiyaakkunnathinu nankooramitta yudhakkappalo cruiserodo oppam rando moonno elst-kalkk oresamayam pookaan avayude valippam anuvadichathinaal eee rolil avarkk oru prathyeka nettamundaayirunnu.
moonnu els (2)-kall britiish "faittar direction tenderukalaayi" (efdidi) parivartthanam cheythu, motor lonchukalkkayi avarude landing kraaft maattukayum dii-day landing eriyakalude vyoma prathirodhatthinaayi graundu-kantrol interception (gci) kavarej nalkunnathinaayi amez type 11, type 15 faittar kantrol radar enniva sajjeekarikkukayum cheythu. eee kappalukalil, echms "efdidi 216" omaaha, uttaa beechukalil nilayurappichirunnu, echms "efdidi 217" vaal, juno, gold beechukal enniva anuvadichu. mothatthilulla pradhana shipping chaanalinte kavarejinaayi echms "efdidi 13" upayogichu. juun 6 muthal juun 26 vareyulla kaalayalavil efdidi-yude niyanthranatthilulla sakhyasenayude poraalikal pakal 52 shatru vimaanangalum ratri 24 shatru vimaanangalum nashippichu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasana ghattangalil, chila ell. ezz. tikalil ubhayachara pravarthanangalil cheria nireekshana vimanangal vikshepikkaan kazhiyunna flaitt dekkukal gadippichirunnu. iva yuu. ezz. ezz. "ell. ezz. tii-16", yuu. ezz. ezz "ell. ezz. tii-337", yuu. ezz. ezz "ell. ezz. tii-386", yuu. ezz. ezz "ell. ezz. tii-525", ell. ezz. tii-776 ", ennivayaayirunnu. mattu rund (yuu. ezz. ezz. ell. ezz. tii-393, yuu. ezz. ezz. ell. ezz. tii-776) take oof cheiyunnathinum land cheiyunnathinumulla brody samvidaanam gadippichirunnu.
jappanethiraaya yudhathinaayi kootticherttha samyojitha kappalukalil, landing kraaft ozhikeyulla landing kappalukalude tanej anchu dasalaksham tonn kaviyumennum mikkavarum ellaam naalu varshathinullil nirmmichathaanennum kanakkaakkappedunnu.
yudhathiludaneelam, shikshaye ulkkollunnathinum athijeevikkanumulla sradheyamaaya kazhivu ell. ezz. tii. ezz prakadippichu. kroo amgangal avarkk prayogicha "valia mandagathiyilulla lakshyam", "valia nischala lakshyam" enniva undaayirunnittum, ell. ezz. tii. kalkk avayude ennathinum pravartthanatthinte vyapthikkum aanupaathikamaayi kurachu nashtangal maathrame sambhavichittulloo. avarude athisayakaramaaya gadanaaparamaaya krameekaranam asaadhaaranamaaya shakthiyum kuthichuchaattavum nalki; yudhaananthara oru vijayakkappal koottiyidichu thakarnn olichirikkukayum athijeevikkukayum cheythu. aadyathethu shatru vilapetta lakshyamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum, shatru nadapadi kaaranam 26 ennam maathrame nashtamaayittulloo, 13 perr maathramaan kaalavastha, reef allengil apakadam ennivaykku irakalaayathu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathile mahathaaya naavika nirmmaana paripaadiyil motham 1,152 ell. ezz. tii. kalkk karar nalkiyengilum 1942 avasaanathode 101 ennam nirmmaana mungananakal maattiyathinethudarnnu raddaki. yadhaarthathil nirmmicha 1,051 ennathil 113 ennam vaipa paattatthinu keezhil brittanilekku maattukayum naalu ennam koodi greak naavikasenaykku kaimarukayum cheythu. vividha kappalukalilekkulla parivartthanangalil 116:6 vividha kappalukal (eji), 14 motor torpido boat tenderukal (agp), 7 svayam-chornna barrack kappalukal (apb), 13 yuddha naashanashtangal attakuttappanikal (arby), 39 landing kraaft repire kappalukal (rl), 3 salvej kraaft tenderukal (rst), 4 aircraft repire kappalukal (aarvi, aarvi), 1 advance eviyeshan bays ship (avb), 4 vargeekarikkappedaatha vividha kappalukal (ikes), 36 elechechu enniva ulppedunnu. oru apakadatthil mungiya oru barj pinneedu uyarthukayum oru moodiya barjai (vaii. eph) parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
yudhaananthara sambhavavikasangal.
america.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathode naavikasenaykku ubhayachara kappalukalude oru valia shekharam avasheshichu. ivayil noorukanakkinu polikkukayo mukkukayo cheythu, sheshikkunna kappalukalil bhooribhaagavum bhaaviyilekkulla samrakshanathinaayi "mothbolukalil" sthaapichu. koodaathe, yudhathethudarnnu amerikkayile kappalnirmmaanathil valia maandyathinu kaaranamaaya aayirakkanakkin mattu gathagatha kappalukalkkoppam pala ell. ezz. tikalum sainikavalkkarikkukayum svakaaryamekhalaykku vilkkukayum cheythu. yudhaanantharam jala aanava pareekshanangalil lakshyangalayi upayogichirunna pala ell. ezz. tikalum eluppathil labhyamayathum vyakthamaaya sainika prayogangalonnum nalkaathathumaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalaghattathil ell. ezz. tii. kall sarvavyaapiyaayi mariyirikkunnu, koodaathe cheria charakk, ferrikal, drudgeukal ennivayulppede niravadhi puthiya vaanijya upayogangal kandethiyittundu. thathfalamaayi, yudhaananthara varshangalile ell. ezz. tii. kalude nirmmaanam mithamaayirunnu. "1947lum 1949lum yathaakramam kammeeshan cheytha "ell. ezz. tii-1153", "ell. ezz. tii-1154" enniva maathramaan naavikasena ithuvare nirmmicha neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna ell. ezz. tii. kall. avar avarude mungaamikale apekshichu mechappetta berthing krameekaranangalum kooduthal charakk seshiyum nalki.
corian yudhasamayathu injonile ubhayajeevikalude aakramanathinte vijayam ell. ezz. tii. esinte prayojanam orikkalkkoodi kaanichu. aanava bombinte varavu ubhayachara landingukale bhoothakaalathilekku tharamthaazhthiyenna pala sainika adhikaarikalum neratthe prakadippicha abhipraayathinu virudhamaayirunnu ithu. corian yudhasamayathu piggy-back reethi upayogichu amerikkayil ninnu corian yudhavediyilekku valare aavasyamullathum ennaal mandagathiyilullathum hrasvavumaaya ell. ezz. yuu. athikkunnathinaayi niravadhi ell. ezz. tii. kall parivartthanam cheythu. ethiya sesham ell. ezz. yuu. ell. ezz. tiyil ninnu vashathekku thennimari. koodaathe, corian yudhasamayathu greenlandile thoolil oru vyomasena thaavalam nirmikkunnathil gathaagathathinaayi ell. ezz. tii. kall upayogichirunnu. pinneedu "terribon edavaka" klaas ennariyappettirunna pathinanju klaasukal 1950-kalude thudakkathil nirmikkappettu. eee puthiya elst-kall dairkhyameriyathum randinupakaram naalennam deesal enchinukal gadippichathumaayirunnu, ithu avayude vegatha vardhippichu. moonnu inch/50 caliber eratta moundukal pazhaya eratta 40 emm thokkukalkku pakaram vaykkukayum niyanthrikkaavunna pitch propellerukal kappalinte backing power mechappeduthukayum cheythu. 1955 juulai 1 nuu, kaundi allengil louisianayude kaaryatthil, edavakayude perukal pala ell. ezz. tii. kalkkum nalkiyirunnu, avaykku athuvare aksharasamkhyayulla oru hole padavi maathrame undaayirunnulloo.
1950kalude avasaanathil, "dii sotto kaundi" classile ezhu ell. ezz. tii. kall nirmikkappettu. crewin kappalil kayarunna sainikarkkum uyarnna thothilulla thaamasoukaryamulla iva munkaalathe ell. ezz. tii. kalekkaal mechappetta pathippaayirunnu. parambaraagatha ell. ezz. tii boow doorr konfigareshan upayogichu kaivarikkaan kazhiyunna "aathyanthika" roopakalppanayaayi kanakkaakkappedunna avarkk athinu kazhivundaayirunnu.
yunaittad kingdom.
vaanijyaparamaaya ferry upayogam.
1946ll yukeyil gathagatham enna oru puthiya ashayam vikasippichu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, landing kappalukaludeyum craftinteyum valia saadhyathakal amgeekarikkappettu; taankukal, thokkukal, lorikal enniva nerittu oru kadaltheerathekku oodikkaan kazhiyumenkil, saidhaanthikamaayi athe landing kraaft sivilian vaanijya vipaniyil samanamaaya pravartthanam nadatthaan upayogikkaam, nyayamaaya thuramukha soukaryangal undengil. eee aashayathil ninnu lokamembaadumulla roll-oonn/roll-oof ferry vyavasaayam valarnnu. lokamahaayudhangalkidayil kaalaghattatthil, ell. vilakuranja atlaantik yathrakal lakshyamit kenal frank bustard atlaantik steem naavigeshan kambani roopeekarichu. ithu orikkalum yaadhaarthyamaayilla, ennaal 1943 ll samaadhaanakaalathe kazhivukal vyakthamaayirunnappol oru laittinte braittan manalil addeham pareekshanangal nireekshichu.
1946 leeii vasanthakaalath, eee kappalukalil moonnu ennam vaangaanulla abhyarthanayumaayi kambani admiralty sameepichu. naavikasena wilkan thayyaaraayillengilum charchakalkku sesham prathidinam 13 6s 8d enna nirakkil moonnu kappalukal bareboat charteril upayogikkaan anuvadikkaan sammathichu. 3519", "3534", "3512" ennivayaayirunnu eee kappalukal. avaye "empire baltic" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum, yudhasamayathu sarkkar sevanathilulla kappalukalude "empire" kappalukalude naamakaranavumayi samyojippichu vaitt staar line kappalukalude peru nilanirthukayum cheythu.
charted kappalukalkk avayude puthiya rolinaayi poruthappedendivannu. aadyam boardile thaamasoukaryam mechappeduthendivannu, koodaathe enchin, boiler murikal ennivayilum mattangal varuthendivannu. parishkkaricha phanalukalum naavigeshan sahaayangalum sevanathilekku praveshikkunnathinu munbu nalkendathundu. 1946 septambar 11 nuu raavile, atlaantik steem naavigeshan kambaniyude aadya yaatra nadannathu dutch sarkkaarinaayi 64 vaahanangalude muzhuvan bharavumaayi "empire baltic" tilberryil ninnu rotordamilekku sanjarichappozhaanu. valhavanil athiyappol, yudhasamayathe landinginide upayogicha reethi upayogichu kappal oru karkkashamaaya nankooram kondu theerathu ethi. kappal ratri kadaltheerathu thaamasikkukayum pittennu raavile <aii. dii. 1>-ll madangukayum cheythu. aadyathe kurachu yaathrakalil eee shaanthamaaya vegatha pinthudarnnu, yudhakaala naashanashtangal kaaranam saadhaarana thuramukha soukaryangal labhyamallathathinaal beach upayogichu. prarambha rotterdam yaathrayethudarnnu, britiish sainyathinaayi aayirakkanakkin vahanangal tilberryil ninnu hambergilake pinneedu 1955 ll aant verpilekkum kaimaran aan avarude puthiya kappalukal upayogichu.
lancashireile preesttan dockinum vadakkan ireland thuramukhamaaya larninum edayilulla puthiya roottine pinthunaykkaan vaanijya oopparettarmaare bodhyappedutthaan aasinu kazhinjathinethudarnnu 1948 ll "empire doric" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheytha mattoru kappal yadhaartha moonnu elesttikalumaayi chernnu. yadhaarthathil livarpool thiranjedutthirunnuvenkum mattu oopparettarmaaril ninnulla ethirppu lankaashayarilekkulla neekkatthilekku nayichu. ennirunnaalum, puthiya root thurakkunnathinu munbu preestanilum larnilum prathyeka thuramukha soukaryangal nirmmikkendivannu-randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu preestanil enchineeyarmaar nirmmicha yudhakaala end-loading rambum, oru mulberry thuramukhathu ninnu oru floating pondoonum larnile keyy vazhi bandhippichirikkunnu.
1948 meyy 21nuu "empire sedric" aayirunnu eee puthiya paathayude aadya kappalyatra. udghaadana kappalottatthinu sesham, "empire sedric" vadakkan ireland sarveesil thudarnnu, thudakkathil aazhchayil randuthavana sevanam vaagdaanam cheythu. "yaathrakkaarude certificat kaivashamulla aasn kappalppadayile aadyathe kappalaya "empire sedric" ambathu yaathrakkaare vahikkaan anuvadichirunnu. angane "empire sedric" oru vaanijya/passenture roll-oonn/roll-oof ferriyaayi pravartthikkunna lokathile aadyathe kappalayi maari, itharathilulla sevanam vaagdaanam cheiyunna aadyathe kambaniyaayi aasn maari.
eee sevanathile aadyathe charakkukalil chilath blackbane mofaattukalkku vendi 65 gyaas kukkarukal veethamulla rund laurie-lodukalaayirunnu, charakkayi eee reethiyil kondupookunna aadyathe vaanijya vaahanangalaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. preesttan-laarn sevanam vipuleekarikkunnath thudarnnathinaal 1950-ll athu belfastilekku oru root chertthu. 1950ll aarambhicha eee sarvees, preestanil ninnulla kappal yathrakal taamasiyaathe aazhchayil aaroo ezho aayi belfast allengil larnilekku uyarthi.
1954ll britiish transport kammeeshan (bii. tii. sii) thozhil sarkkaarinte desasaalkkarana nayathinu keezhil aasn etteduthu. 1955ll nilavilulla kappalppadayilekku rund ell. ezz. tii. kall koodi charter cheyyukayum kappalppadayude shakti ezhaayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu. 1955ll hamberg sarvees avasanippikkukayum aant verppinum tilberrick idayil oru puthiya sarvees aarambikkukayum cheythu. ezhu kappalukalude kappalpadaye vibhajikkendathaayirunnu, saadhaarana moonnu kappalukal tilberryilum mattullava vadakkan ayarlandilekkulla preesttan sevanavum paripaalikkunnu.
1956 avasaanathode, syoos prathisandhi samayat medittareniyan upayogathinaayi aasn kappalppada muzhuvan ettedukkukayum 1957 januvari vare drive oonn/drive oof sevanangal veendum sthaapikkappedaathirikkum cheythu. eee samayat syoos prathisandhiyude falamaayi reservil ninnu konduvanna panthrand admiraltti ell. ezz. tii (3)-kalude maanejmentinte utharavaaditham aasne ealppichu, ennirunnaalum sevanam kaanaan valare vaikiyittund.
sainika sevanam.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathil lokamembaadumulla storukaludeyum upakaranangaludeyum punarvitharanam oru pradhana douthyamaayirunnu. vyapara kappal gathaagathatthinte kuravum chelavum kaaranam 1946ll royal armi sarvees corps sivilian fleet royal neviyil ninnu ezhu elsts ettedukkaan theerumaanichu. ivan gib, chaals macuload, maiks well brander, snoden smith, humphry gail, reginald kerr, frederic glover ennee vishishta corps offeesarmaarude perilaanu iva ariyappedunnathu.
board oof trade regulationukal palikkukayum adhika thaamasoukaryam ulppedeyulla neenda mattangal ulppedunna marchant nevi maanadandangal vare konduvarikayum cheyyendathundu. poortthiyaayappol anchu kappalukal middle eesttilekkum rund kappalukal vidoora kizhakode sanjarichu.
nirbandhitha palestine ozhippikkal samayat, "humphry gail", "ivaan gib" enniva hyphike thuramukhathinum idayil pathinanju yathrakal veetham nadatthi, avaykkidayil 26,000 tonn vaahanangalum storukalum uyarthiyathayi paranju.
1952ll atlaantik steem naavigeshan kambanikku kappalukal kaimaarunnathuvare lokamembaadum samanamaaya pravartthanangal nadannirunnu, thudarnnu 1961ll yuddha oafees nerittu chumathalappedutthiya britiish-india steem naavigeshan kambanikku kaimarukayum avarude bharanathil kooduthal aashankayillaathathinaal avarkk avarude bharanathil kooduthal aashankayilla.
vyomayaana pariseelanam.
1950 kalude avasaanathilum 1960 kalilum royal neviyil helikopttarukalude upayogam athivegam vardhichathinu theerathum ozhukunna pariseelana, pinthunaa soukaryangalil vardhanavu aavasyamaanu. portlandileyum kuldrosileyum naavika vyoma nilayangalaanu vimaanakkambanikalkkulla pravartthana pariseelanam nadathiyathu. 1950kalude madhyathil chila vimaanakkambanikal polikkukayum mattullava commando vimaanakkambanikalaakki maattukayum cheythath anuyojyamaaya dekkukalude kuravu srishtichu. ithu 1964-ll oordarilekku nayichu; ennirunnaalum 1967 vare avar labhyamayirunnilla. athinidayil "3027-aamm theeyathi" oru idakkaala pariseelana kappalayi parivartthanam cheyyaan theerumaanichu.
1964ll devonport doock yardle vechaanu eee punny nadathiyathu. cargo hatchinu munnilulla deck ellah thadassangalil ninnum neekkam cheyyukayum helikopttar upayogathinaayi shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. thokkukal gadippichittillenkum thokku sthaapikkaan sahayikkunna oru cheria deck house nilanirthukayum flaitt deck officer helikopttar kantrol positionaayi ithu upayogikkukayum cheythu. deckinu thaazhe, tank dekkinte munvashath rund vyomayaana indhana taankukalum flaitt dekkinte munvashath indhanam niraykkunna sthaanangalum sthaapichu. taankukal oru bulkhead upayogichu adachu, backie sthalam storukal, varkshoppukal, thamasam ennivaykkaayi upayogichu. oduvil villu vaathilukal adachu, kaaranam avaa inii aavasyamilla. rottarukal thirikkunna rund vestt land vessex helicopterukalkku vendathra valuppamullathaayirunnu flaitt deck, allengil rottarukal madakki paarkk cheyyaan kazhiyunna aarr. punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta avar sevanathil angeyattam upayogapradamaanennu theliyikkukayum "engadine" ll ulppeduthaavunna niravadhi paadangal padikkukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathil athijeevichavar.
phillippeans.
1940kalude avasaanathil philippain naavikasenaykku ellmke 2-nte 20 + unitukal labhichu. ithil bii. aarr. pii. "laguna" (ell. tii-501), ex-yuu. ezz. ell. ezz. tii-230, bii. aarr. pii "benkuvatt" (ell. tii-507), ex-yuu. ezz. "davis kaundi" (ell. ezz. tii-692) enniva ulppedunnu. bii. aarr. pii "siyara madrey" (ell. tii-57), muun us "haarnett kaundi" (ell. ezz. tii-821) randaam thomas sholil sthiramaayi theerathu ethi. oru advanced autposttaayi pravartthikkunna eee kappal nilavil chinayum phillippines thammilulla praadeshika tharkkatthinte kendramaanu.
singapur.
rss "resolution" (ell-204), muun us "elst-649", singappoorile tuwas naavika thaavalathil oru pariseelana kappalayi republic oof singapur navikasenayanu pravarthippikkunnathu. 1975 desember 5 nuu singapur vangiya anchu landing kappalukalil onnaaya avayil yuu. ezz. ezz. ell. ezz. ell. ezz. tii-836,,,,, enniva ulppedunnu.
dakshina korea.
 1945ll kammeeshan cheyyappetta avar 2006 vare sajeevamaaya oru kappalaayirunnu. 1945 meyy-juun maasangalil okinaava prachaaranatthil sevanamanushtikkukayum randaam lokamahaayudhathil sevanamanushtichathinu oru yudhathaaram nedukayum cheythu. 1958ll republic oof corian neviyilekku sthalammaattam cheyyappedukayum rox "vii bong" (ell. ezz. tii-676) aayi kammeeshan cheyyappedukayum 2006 vare avide sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. vietnaam yudhasamayathu aayirakkanakkin sinikareyum avarude upakaranangaleyum dakshina koriyayil ninnu dakshina viyatnaamilekku kondupokaan avar upayogichu. 2007ll avale pirichuvidukayum naavikasenayumayulla karaaril oru maaridaim myoosiyathil pradarshippikkunnathinaayin dakshina koriyayile gunson nagarathinu vilkkukayum cheythu.
taiwan.
republic oof chaina naavikasena nilavil 4 ell. ezz. tii-542 klaas kappalukalum 1 ell. ezz. tii-1 klaas kappal pravarthippikkunnu, koodaathe avarude ell. ezz. tii-542 klaas kappalukalil 1 ennam aduthide nirthalaakkukayum cheiyunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu 6 kappalukalum sevanamanushtichu.
vietnaam.
"tran khaan duu" (echu. kyu.-501), munpu, republic oof vietnaam naavikasenayilekku maattappedukayum saigoninte pathanathinushesham vadakkan vietnaamees sainyam pidichedukkukayum cheythu. avar sajeeva vietnaamees peeples neviyil kammeeshanumaanu.
aadhunika vikasanangal.
1969ll kammeeshan cheytha ell. ezz. tii. ezz.-nte roopakalppanayil poornnamaayum puthiya oru ashayam avatharippikkappettu. sthiramaaya vegathayil aaviyil kayaran kazhivulla 20 elstsukalude puthiya classil aadyatheyaalaayirunnu avar. aaa vegatha nedunnathinaayi, aadyathethinte parambaraagatha moorchayulla villukalkk pakaram oru pooyint kappal villu sthaapichu. villinu mukaliloode pravartthikkunna oru ramp upayogichaanu (yadhaartha echms "boxer" enna aashayathin samaanamaayi) unloading poortthiyaakkunnathu, koodaathe eratta derick aayudangal pinthunaykkunnu. tank dekkilekkulla oru karkasha gettu elvidikal vellathilekku iracano mattu vahanangal landing kraaft utilityilo (elsiu) allengil oru piyarilo iracano anuvadikkunnu. elhs, elpidikal, elsdkal enniva ulppedunna athivega ubhaya schwadronukalil pravartthikkaan kazhivulla "newport"-klaas elsteinu taankukal, mattu kanatha vahanangal, helikopttarukalo landing kraafttukalo upayogichu eluppathil irakkaan kazhiyaatha enchiniyaring upakaranangal enniva kondupokaan kazhiyum. newport" tharam yuu neekkam cheythu.ezz. 1990kalil naavikasevanavum spanish naavikasena, chili, austreliya, maleshya ennee raajyangalum brazeel, meksikoo, moroco, taiwan ennee raajyangalude naavikasenakalil parishkaricha roopathilum taamasiyaathe peruvilum sevanamanushtikkunnu.
1967 muthal 2002 vare nooriladhikam poolish kappalukal nirmikkappettu. indian naavikasena ezhu polnocki klaas elsts, lcs ennivayude oru kappalpadaye paripaalikkunnu.
saamskaarika paraamarshangal.
saahityam.
"aarr ezhuthiya "jonas cathedral". dii. 1966ll mccong deltayil oru elstil sevanamanushtikkumbol rachayithaavinte anubhavangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla vietnaam yudhathinte oru novalaanu vaal. joonaa winchester parambarayile #1 enna pusthakam yuu. yude chooshanangale pinthudarunnu.ezz. 1966 leeii puthuvalsaradinathil virjeeniyayile littil kreekkile naavika jalasambharaniyil naavikasenayude gannarude inayaaya joona winchester thante puthiya niyamanamaaya ell. ezz. ezz winchester kaundiyil report cheytha kaalam muthal kappal viyatnaamilekku purappedunna samayam vare. cathedral" ennathu kappalin jeevanakkar nalkia vilipperine soochippikkunnu, ready reserve fleettil oru takarnna, rann-daun ell. ezz. tii, athu pettennu veendum pravarthanakshamamaakkukayum vietnaam thiyettaril athivegam vikasichukondirikkunna ell. ezz. tikalude aavashyakathaykaayi poornnamaayum pravarthippikkukayum cheiyunnu. mccong udambadi" enna pusthakam pasafikkinu kuruke mccong delttayile marakamaaya thavitt vellathilekku kappaline pinthudarunnu.
"dond goo kku dhaa vaattar" enna kruthiyude rachayithavaaya vilyam bingli ezhuthiya "thonnootti ombathu" randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu ansioic aadyamaayi vitharanam cheiyunna oru chithrathe chithreekarikkunnu. kappalil chernna thonnooru perum onpathu udyogastharum adangunna kambaniyaanu eee peru. vinsttan charchilinte-"rund mahathaaya saamraajyangalude vidhi"-enna udharaniyode pusthakam aarambikkunnu... ell. ezz. tii. ezz ennu vilikkunna chila daivaninda vasthukkalaal avar bandhikkappettathayi thonni."
staanli sii ezhuthiya "maan inn moshan mishigante itihaasa senatt bhooripaksha nethaavu, emil lockwood" enna jeevacharithrathil. fedeva merlyn echu. randaam lokamahaayudhathil "ell. ezz. tii-478" enna kappalil nadatthiya sevanathe lockwood varnnabhamaayi vivarikkunnu. "njangal ellaayppozhum athinte aazhathilaayirunnu", emil paranju, "kaaranam udyogasthar nadathunna taankukal, peerankikal, saadhanangal-ningal athine enthum, ningal vilikkuka-oru yudhamekhalayude hridayathilekku kondupookuka ennathu njangalude joliyaayirunnu."
donald aarr ezhuthiya "warm bodikal" enna noval. 1950kalile oru jeevithathe morris chithreekarikkunnu. attakuttappanikal nadathumbol thuramukhathu labhyamaya eathenkilum body aavashyamaaya eathenkilum dutic upayogikkunnathine thalakkett soochippikkunnu. "oru kaiyum rund viralukalumulla oru manushyan, thannodu parayumbol enthengilum edukkaan kazhiyunna oru choodulla sareeramaanu."oru fiction kruthiyaanengilum, oru udyogasthanenna nilayil morisinte anubhavathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee noval.

