
sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal

sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal moolaka sulfurine (ezz0) hydrajan sulfide (echu2ezz) kuraykkaan kazhiyunna sookshumaanukkalaanu. eee sookshumaanukkal ajaiva sulfur samyukthangale electron sweekarthaakkalaayi upayogichu ooksijante abhaavathil shwasanam, oorjjam samrakshikkal, valarcha thudangiya niravadhi pravartthanangal nilanirthunnu. eee prakriyakalude anthima ulppannamaaya sulfide paristhithiyude rasathanthrathil ganyamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu, koodaathe, vaividhyamaarnna microbial mettabolisangalkk electron daathaavaayi upayogikkunnu. palatharam bakteeriyakalkkum pala methanogenic allatha aarkkiyakalkkum sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyum. microbial sulfur kuravundaakunnathu aadyakaala padanangalil ithinakam kaanichirunnu, ithu cheliyil ninnulla vibrioid baakteeriyayile ezz0 kuravundaakunnu ennathinte aadya thelivu eduthukaanichu, sulfur electron sweekarthaavaayum electron daathaavaayum. sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakalude aadyathe shudhamaaya samskaricha inamaaya "deselfuromonas asettoxidans" 1976 ll kandethukayum sulfate kuraykkaan kazhiyaatha vaayurahita sulfur kuraykkunna, asattett-ooksidaising baakteeriyaayi fennieg norbert beable hanon ithine visheshippikkukayum cheythu. sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal maathramaan yadhaartha sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal, sulfur kuraykkunnathu eaka allengil pradhana kaattabolik prathikaranamaayi upayogikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, avar eee prathikaranatthe asattett, sussinate allengil mattu jaiva samyukthangalude ooksideshanumaayi bandhippikkunnu. pothuve, sulfate kuraykkunna baakteeriyakalkk sulfate, moolaka sulfur enniva electron sweekarthaakkalaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. samriddhiyum thermodynamic sthirathayum kaaranam, sulfur samyukthangal ulppedunna vaayurahita shwasanathinaayi ettavum kooduthal padicha electron sweekarthaavaanu sulfate. ennirunnaalum, moolaka sulfur valare samriddhavum pradhaanavumaanu, prathyekichu aazhakkadal jalathapanila dwaarangal, choodulla neeruravakal, mattu theevramaaya parithasthithikal ennivayil, athinte verthirikkal kooduthal budhimuttaakkunnu. proteus", "campylobacter", "seudomonas", "salmonella" thudangiya chila baakteeriyakalkk sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyumenkilum ooksijanum mattu terminal electron sweekarthaakkalum upayogikkaam.
vargeekaranam.
bacteria domainil ekadesham 74 janussukale sulfur reducerukal ulkkollunnathayi ariyappedunnu. aazhathilullathum aazhamillaathathumaaya kadal jalathapanila dwaarangal, shudhajalam, agniparvvatha acidity chooduvellachaattangal thudangi vividha aavaasavyavasthakalil sulfur kuraykkunna niravadhi tharam bakteeriyakal kandethiyittundu. pala sulfur reducerukalum failam thermodesulfobacteriot ("deselfuromonas", "pelobacter", "desselfurella", "jiobacter"), klaas gamaprotiobacteria, failam campilobacterota ennivayil ulppedunnu. sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal avatharippikkunna mattu failakal ivayaanu basilota ("desulfitobacterium", "amonipex", "carboxidothermus"), akviphota ("desulfurobacterium", "aquifex"), synergistota ("dethiosulfovibrio"), deferibactota ("jiovibrio"), thermodesulfobacteriot, spirochettotta, crisiogenota.
metabolism.
phylogenetic vrukshathinte aazhathilulla shaakhakalil kaanapedunna oru purathana prakriyayaan sulfur reduction metabolism. sulfur reduction moolaka sulfur (ezz0) upayogikkukayum hydrajan sulfide (echu2ezz) pradhana anthima ulppannamaayi srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee metabolism pradhaanamaayum angeyattatthe parithasthithikalilaanu, prathyekichu sameepa varshangalil, niravadhi sookshumaanukkal verthirichedukkappeduka eee vishayathil puthiyathum pradhaanappettathumaaya vivarangal konduvarikayum cheiyunnu.
sulfur kuraykkunna pala bakteeriyakalkkum lithotrophic sulfur shwasanathiloode atp utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum, electron sweekarthaavaayi seero-valence sulfur upayogikkunnu, udaaharanathinu "voleenella, amonifex, deselfuromonous", "desulfurobacterium" ennee janussukal. maruvashathu, moolaka sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyunna nirbandhitha pulippikkalukal undu, udaaharanathinu "thermotoga, thermosifo", "exidobacterium". eee pulippikkunnavayil sulfur kuraykkunnathine aashrayikkaatha "thermotoga marittina" polulla enangalundu, avaye oru anubandha electron singhai upayogikkunnu. sulfide laayaniyil sambhavikkunna moolaka sulfurine polysulfidaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinaal polysulfied sulfur shwasanathinte oru idatharam aayirikkaamenna sidhaantham chila gaveshanangal nirddeshikkunnu, eee prathikaranam nadathunnu
soothravaakyam _ 1 
seudomonadota.
seudomonadota" gram-negatteevu bakteeriyakalude oru pradhana failamaanu. mettabolisangalude oru vishalamaaya shreni undu. mikka amgangalum facultative allengil nirbandhithamaayi vaayurahita, chemoatotrophukal, heterotrophics ennivayaanu. palarkkum flazella upayogichu neengaan kazhiyum, mattullava chalanasheshiyillaathavayaanu. alphaprotiobacterio, betaproteobactery, gamaprotiobacteria, cetaproteobactery thudangiya aalphaaprottiyobaakteeriyota sreniye adisthaanamaakki greak aksharangalal paraamarshikkappedunna avaye nilavil niravadhi vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu."
klaas gamaprotiobacteria.
gamaprotiobacteria vibhaagathil vaidyashaasthraparamaayum paaristhithikamaayum shaasthreeyamaayum pradhanappetta niravadhi bacteria grouppukal ulppedunnu. vaividhyamaarnna samudra aavaasavyavasthakalilum angeyattatthe paristhithikalilum polum avaa pradhana jeevikalaanu. aerobic, vaayurahita enangal, chemolitoathotrophic, chemorganotrophic, phototrophic enangal, swatantra jeevitam, biophilim formerukal, commonsal, symbiondukal ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna vargeekarana, upapachayam vaividhyangal eee vibhaagathil ulppedunnu.
"acidithiobasilus" spp..
"irumbinteyum sulferinteyum ookseekaranathil ninnulla oorjjam valarchaykku upayogikkunna gram negatteevu rooad aakruthiyilulla baakteeriyaya chemolithoatrophicsanu acidithiobasilus. avaykku valare kuranja piechu (piechu 1-2) ll jeevikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe anthareekshathil ninnu carbon naitrajan sthirappeduthunnu. ithu paarakalil ninnu chembum mattu lohangalum layikkukayum assid parithasthithikalil poshakangalilum loha jaiva bhooraasaayanika saiklingilum pradhana punk vahikkukayum cheiyunnu. pyritic ayiru bodikal, kalkari nikshepangal, avayude acidified drainageukal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta prakrithidatha parithasthithikalil acidithiobasilus ferroxidance daaraalamundu. kuranja sulfur samyukthangalude ooksideshan vazhi ithu oorjjam nedunnu, koodaathe ferric ayon moolaka sulfur kuraykkaanum kazhiyum, angane vaayurahithamaya saahacharyangalil irumbu, sulfur samyukthangalude punarulppaadanam prothsaahippikkunnu. ithinu naitrajan sthirappeduthaanum acidity anthareekshathil carboninteyum naitrajanteyum praadhamika uthppaadakaraakaanum kazhiyum.
"shevanella" spp..
"shevanella" ennathu gram-negatteevu, chalanathmakamaaya baasilliyaan. 1931-ll eee inathekkurichulla aadya vivaranam nalkappettu, parambaraagatha khara maadyamangalil nannayi valarunna orotta dhruva flazellamullah oru noonn-fermentative basilliyaaya "shevanella" putrephasians ". anubadhakal apoorvamaanengilum, prathyekichu choodulla kaalaavasthayude savisheshathayulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshathu report cheyyappettittunde eee inam manushyarkk rogakaariyaan.
"seudomonas" spp..
"seudomonas" ennathu gram-negatteevu chemurganotrophic gamaprotiobacterian, ithu nereyo cherutho valanja vadi aakruthiyilaanu. onno athiladhikamo dhruva flagellakal kaaranam avaykku neengaan kazhiyum; apoorvvamaayi nonmottilil. aerobic, terminal electron sweekarthaavaayi ooksijanumaayi karsanamaayi shwasana tharam metabolism undu; chila sandarbhangalil, vaayurahithamayi valarcha anuvadikkunna, naitrettu oru ithara electron sweekarthaavaayi upayogikkaam. mikkavarum ellah enangalum assid avasthakalil (piechu 4.5 allengil athil thaazhe) valarunnathil paraajayappedunnu. seudomonas prakrithiyil vyaapakamaayi kaanapedunnu. chila speesheesukal manushyarkko mrugangalkko sasyangalkko rogakaarikalaan. tharam speesheesa "seudomonas mendosina."
failam thermodesulfobacteriot.
thermodesulfobacteriot" failathil roopashaasthraparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya niravadhi bacteria grouppukal adangiyirikkunnu, gram-negatteevu, noonn-sporforming, avaa vaayurahithamo aerobic valarchayo prakadippikkunnu. avaa samudra avashishtangalil sarvavyaapiyaanu, koodaathe ariyappedunna sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakalil bhooribhaagavum adangiyirikkunnu (udha.jii. "deselfuromonas" spp.). aerobic prathinidhikalkk mattu bakteeriyakal dahippikkaan kazhiyum, eee amgangalil palathum mannileyum vellathileyum microfloorayude pradhana gadakangalaanu.
"desselfuromusa" spp..
"desselfuromusa" janussil electron sweekarthaavaayi sulfurine upayogikkunna baakteeriyakalum electron daathaakkalaayi short cheyin phaatti aasidukal, dicarboxylic aasidukal, amino aasidukal enniva poornnamaayum ooksidais cheytha electron daathaakkalaayi nirbandhamaayum vaayurahithamaya baakteeriyakalum ulppedunnu. avaa gram negatteevu, samboornna ooksidaisar baakteeriyakalaan; avayude koshangal chalanathmakavum cheruthaayi valanjatho vadi aakruthiyilullatho aanu. sulfur kuraykkunna moonnu enangal ariyappedunnu, "desulfromoosa kaisinki, desulferomoosa backie", "desulferomoosa succinoxidance".
"desselfurella" spp..
"desselfurella" hraswa vadi aakruthiyilulla, gram negatteevu koshangalaan, orotta dhruva flazellum allengil nonmottail, noonn-sporforming ennivayaal chalanathmakamaanu. nirbandhamaayum vaayurahitavum mithamaaya thermophilic aaya iva saadhaaranayaayi choodulla avashishtangalilum jaiva samyukthangalum moolaka sulfur kondu sambannamaaya taapa choodaakkiya cyanobacterial allengil baakteeriyal communitykalilum sambhavikkunnu. tharam speesheesa "desselfurella assettivorance."
"hipiah" ezz. pii. pii..
"hipiah" enangal aasidophailukale mithamakkunnathinum, gram-negatteevu vadi aakruthiyilulla koshangalumayi anarobukal sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakale nirbandhikkunnathinum mithamaaya thermophile neutrophylukalaanu. hydrajan sulfur upayogichu lithotrophically valaraan avaykku kazhiyum, koodaathe poornnamaayum asthiramaaya phaatti aasidukal, phaatti aasidukal, alcoholeukal enniva ookseekarikkaanum kazhiyum. avaa antarvaahini choodulla dwaarangalil vasikkunnu. hipiah maaritima" aanu eee inam.
"deselfuromonas" spp..
"deselfuromonas" enangal gram-negatteevu, mesophilic, nirbandhithamaayi vaayurahitavum sulfur kuraykkunna poornna ooksidaisarukalumaaya baakteeriyakalaan. avaykku asattettil eaka jaiva substrate valarukayum moolaka sulfur allengil polysulfied sulfide kuraykkukayum cheyyaan kazhiyum. deselfuromonas asettoxidans", "deselfuromonas assetexijans", "samudrajeevikalaaya" deselfuromonas paalmittets "," deselfuromonas theophila "ennivayaanu nilavil ariyappedunna deselfuromonas januss enangal.
"jiobacter" spp..
jiobacter speesheesukalkk shwaasakosha metabolisamundu, ellah speesheesukalilum pothuvaaya terminal electron sweekarthaavaayi phee (iii) pravartthikkunnu.
"pelobacter" spp..
"failam thermodesulfobacteriotiol ulppedunna pulippikkunna sookshumaanukkalude savisheshamaaya koottamaanu "pelobacter". avar 2,3-beautanediol, asettoyin, ethanol thudangiya pulippikkunna alcoholeukal upayogikkunnu, pakshe panchasaarayalla, asattett plus ethanol koodaathe/allengil hydrajan anthima uthppannangalayi upayogikkunnu.
thermodesulfobacteriot.
thermodesulfobacteriot gram-negatteevu, vadi aakruthiyilulla koshangalaan, avaa ottaykko jodikalaayo yuva samskaarangalil changalakalaayo sambhavikkunnu. beejaanukkal undaakkaruth. saadhaaranayaayi chalanasheshiyillaatha, ennaal chila speesheesukalil chalanathmakatha nireekshikkappedaam. thermophilic, karsanamaayi vaayurahithamaya, chemoheterotrophukal.
failam campilobactota.
failam campilobacterot sulfur-ooksidaising ariyappedunna niravadhi enangal avatharippikkunnu, avaykku moolaka sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyumennu aduthide amgeekarikkappettittundu, chila sandarbhangalil hydrajan ooksideshanodoppam eee pathayum eshtappedunnu. moolaka sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyunna enangalude oru pattika ithaa. eee enangalil chilathinu sulfur kuraykkaan upayogikkunna samvidaanam ippozhum vyakthamalla.
"voleenella".
"sulfur kuraykkunna bacteriayudeyum asattettine electron daathaavaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyaatha apoornnamaaya oksidaisarinteyum oru janussaanu "volinella". pothuvaayi ariyappedunna oru inam "volinella sasinogenance" aanu."
"sulfurospirillam".
"sulfur kuraykkunna baakteeriyakalum asattett allathe electron daathaavaayi upayogikkunnatho roopappeduthunnatho aaya apoornna ooksidaisaraanu "sulfurospirillam" inam.
"sulfurimonus".
"sulfurimonas" enangal munbu chemolithoatrophic sulfur-ooksidaising bacteria (sob) aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, sulfur kuraykkunna mettabolisathe pinthunaykkunna janithaka thelivukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ennaal ippol eee janussil sulfur kuravundaakunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund. sulfurimonas" ezz. pii. upayogichu eee prakriyayil ulppedunna samvidaanavum ensaimukalum kandethiyittundu. oru prathinidhiyayi enn. dablyu. 10. vent parithasthithikalil moolaka sulferinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya roopamaaya cycloctasulfer kuraykkunnathinu cytoplasmic, periplasmic polysulfied reductasukalude saannidhyam prathyekichum kandethiyittundu.
kooduthal janithaka vishakalanam "sulfurimonas" spiyil ninnulla polysulfied reductaseukal velippeduthi.dablyu" ennathil ninnullathumaayi 40 sathamaanathil thaazhe sequence samaanathayaan enn. dablyu. 10 pankidunnathu.succinogens ". ithinartham kaalakramena rund baakteeriyakalum thammil kaaryamaaya janithaka vyathyasam undaayittundennaan, mikkavarum avayude vyathyastha parithasthithikal kaaranam. koodaathe, "sulfurimonas" ezz. pii. nadathunna cytoplasmic sulfur-reduction. mesophilic sulfur kuraykkunna ellah bakteeriyakalilum oreyoru udaaharanamaaya enn. dablyu. 10 innu savisheshamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee kandethalinu munbu, cytoplasmic sulfur-reduction cheyyaan kazhiyunna rund hyperthermophilic bakteeriyakal, "aquifex eyolikkas", "thermovibrio amonificans" enniva maathrame ariyappettirunnulloo.
"notiliya".
"alvinella pompejana" enna aazhakkadal jalathapanilakkuzhalukalil vasikkunna oru policheett puzhuvil ninnu aadyamaayi kandethukayum verthirichedukkukayum cheiyunna vaayurahitavum neutrophile, thermophilic sulfur kuraykkunna baakteeriyakalaan notiliya inam. avaa valare hraswavum gram negatteevu, chalanathmakavum otta dhruva flazellamullah vadi aakruthiyilulla koshangalumanu. avaa tanmatra hydrajan, moolaka sulfur, ennivayil chemolithoadotrophicalical valarunnu. sulferinte abhaavathilum saannidhyathilum panchasaara, pepttaidukal, oorgaanik aasidukal allengil alcoholeukal enniva upayogikkendathilla. avar apoorvvamaayi maathrame sulfite colloydal sulfur electron sweekarthaakkalaayi upayogikkunnulloo. sulfate, theosulfate, naitrettu, fumert, ferric ayann enniva upayogikkunnilla. notiliya lithotrophica", "notiliya profundicola", "notiliya nitritraducence", "notiliya abisi" enningane naalu enangale kandethiyittundu. notiliya lithotrophica" aanu eee inam.
akviphota.
"akviphota" failathil vadi aakruthiyilulla chalanaseela koshangal adangiyirikkunnu. ithil chemoorganotrophukal ulppedunnu, avayil chilathinu moolaka sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyum. piechu 6 muthal 8 vare valarcha nireekshikkappettundu.
"aquifex".
"aquifex" vadi aakruthiyilullathum gram negatteevu, vrithaakrithiyilulla attangalulla nonsporulating koshangalaan. koshangalile vedju aakruthiyilulla refractile pradeshangal valarchayude samayat roopappedunnu. tharam speesheesa "aquifex pyrophilus."
"disulfurobacterium".
"desulfurobacterium" vadi aakruthiyilulla, gram negatteevu koshangalaan. tharam speesheesa "desulfurobacterium thermolithotropham".
"thermovibrio amonificans".
"aazhakkadal hydrothermal ventu chimminiyil kaanapedunna gram negatteevu sulfur kuraykkunna bacteriayaanu thermovibrio amonificans. naitrettu allengil moolaka sulfur electron sweekarthaakkalaayi yathaakramam amonium allengil hydrajan sulfidinte samyojana roopeekaranathode upayogikkukayum athinte saannidhyathil valarukayum cheiyunna oru chemolithoatroph aanu ithu. theosulfate, sulfite, ooksijan enniva electron sweekarthaakkalaayi upayogikkunnilla. koshangal hrasvamaaya vadikalude aakruthiyilullathum dhruveeya flagalation kaaranam chalanathmakavumaanu. avayude valarchaa paridhi thaapanila 60 digri selshyas muthal 80 digri selshyas vareyum piechu 5 muthal 7 vareyumaanu.
"thermosulfidibuctor" spp..
"thermosulfidibaktar" gram-negatteevu, vaayurahita, thermophilic, neutrophilic baakteeriyakalaan. karsanamaayi chemolithoatrophic. thermosulfidibuctor thakayi" aanu eee inam.
basilota.
"basilota" kooduthalum gram-positteev baakteeriyakalaan, chila gram-negatteevu ozhivaakkalukalund.
"amonifex".
eee bakteeriyakal gram-negatteevu, angeyattam thermophilic, karsanamaayi vaayurahitavum, faculative chemolithoatrophic aanu. tharam speesheesa "amonifex degency."
crisiogenota.
orotta dhruva flazellum, valanja, vadi aakruthiyilulla koshangal ennivayaal chalanathmakamaaya gram-negatteevu baakteeriyakalaan crisiogenota. avaa mesophilic aanu, vaayurahita shwasanam pradarshippikkunnu, athil aarsenett electron sweekarthaavaayi pravartthikkunnu. karsanamaayi vaayurahithamaya eee bakteeriyakal 25-30 °C-ll valarunnu.
"desulferispirillam" spp..
"desulfurispirillam" inam gram-negatteevu, chalanathmakamaaya spirilla, shwasana metabolisavumaayi nirbandhithamaayi vaayurahithamaanu. electron sweekarthaakkalaayi moolaka sulfur nitrateum upayogikkuka, electron daathaakkalaayi short cheyin phaatti aasidukalum hydrajan upayogikkuka. alcalyphilic, alpam halophilic.
spirochettotta.
"spirocheettukal" swathanthramaayi jeevikkunna, gram-negatteevu, helical aakruthiyilulla, chalanathmaka baakteeriyakalaan, palappozhum prottist allengil mrugangalumaayi bandhappettavayaan. avaa nirbandhithavum faakkaltteevumaaya anarobukalaanu. eee failathil, sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakalaayi "spirochetta perfiliavy", "spirochetta smargedine" ennee rund enangale thiricharinjittundu."
sahakaranm.
"dethiosulfovibrio" spp..
"vividha lavana parithasthithikalil ninnu labhikkuna baakteeriyal sulfur mattukalaaya "theodendronil" ninnu verthirichedutha gram negatteevu sulfur kuraykkunna bacteriayaanu "dethiosulfovibrio". koshangal valanjatho fibroid polullatho aaya thandukalum koshangalude konkevu vashath sthithi cheiyunna flazella chalanasheshiyullathumaan.
thaapanila paridhi 15° muthal 40° selshyas vareyum piechu moolyangalil 5±5 muthal 8±0 vareyum aanu. avayude mettabolisathekkurichu, avaa proteinukal, pepttaidukal, chila oorgaanik aasidukal, serin, histidin, lysine, arjinin, sisttain, thrionin thudangiya amino aasidukal enniva pulippikkunnu. sulferinteyo theosulfatinteyo saannidhyathil maathrame alanine, glutamate, isolusin, lucine, valin enniva upayogikkaan kazhiyoo, koodaathe sulferinteyo theosulfatinteyo saannidhyam koshangalude vilavum valarchaa nirakkum vardhippikkunnu. avaa nirbandhithamaayi vaayurahitavum alpam halophilic aanu. pulippikkaavunna substrateukalude saannidhyathil avaykku moolaka sulfur theosulfate kuraykkaan kazhiyum, pakshe sulfate allengil sulfite sulfide kuraykkaan kazhiyilla. electron daathaavaayum kaarban dye auxido asattetto electron sweekarthaavaayi theosulfate allengil moolaka sulferinte saannidhyathil kaarban srothassukalaayi valarcha undaayilla. carbohydrateukal, alcoholeukal, asattett allengil succinate polulla chila jaiva aasidukal enniva upayogikkaan kazhiyilla. dethiosulfovibrio rusensis", "dethiosulfovibrio marinus", "dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorance", "dethiosulfovibrio acidaminoverance" ennee naalu enangale kandethi." 
"thermanerovibrio" spp..
thermophilic, neutrophilic gram-negatteevu bakteeriyakal. koshatthinte konkevu vashath sthithi cheiyunna laattaral flajellakku chalanathmakamaaya nandi. beejaanukkalallaatha roopeekaranam. bainari fission vazhiyaan gunanam sambhavikkunnath. pulippikkaavunna substrateukalil keemo-organotrophic valarchayo allengil molecular hydrajan moolaka sulfur upayogichu lithoheterotrophic valarchayo ulla karsanamaaya vaayurahitatha, sulfurine sulferilekku kuraykkunnu. granular methanogenic cheliyilum neutral chooduvellachaattangalim ithu vasikkunnu. thermanerovibrio acideminovorance" aanu eee inam." 
thermotogota.
"thermotoga" spp. gram-negatteevu, vadi aakruthiyilulla, beejaanukkalallaatha, hyperthermophilic sookshumaanukkal, "toga" enna aavaranampolulla kavarinte saannidhyathil avaykku peru nalkiyittundu. avaa karsanamaayi anerobukalum pulippikkalukalum, panchasaarayeo annajatheyo catabolise cheyyukayum laaktett, asattett, uthppannangal enniva uthppaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe 48-90 °C paridiyilulla thapanilayil valaraan kazhiyum. uyarnna alavilulla jeans avayude valarchaye thadassappeduthunnu, koodaathe thirashcheena jeane kaimaattam moolamundaakunna aarkkiyayumaayi avaa niravadhi janithaka samanathakal pankidunnu, electron daathaavaayum saadhaaranayaayi electron sweekarthaavaayum upayogichu vaayurahita shwasanam nadatthaan avarkk kazhiyum. thermotoga" janussilpetta enangal bhouma choodulla neeruravakalilum samudra jalathapanila dwaarangalilum kandethi. sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyunna enangal jaiva uthppannangalude valarchaa vilavil maattam kanikkunnilla, koodaathe eiii. tii. pii ulppaadanavum nadakkunnilla. koodaathe, sulfur kuraykkumbol vardhikkunnathinulla sahishnutha, angane avaa valarchaa thadassam marikadakkaan uthppaadippikkunnu. thermotoga" sppyude genome. uyarnna thaapanila, sookshumajeevikalude parinamam, biohydrajan uthppaadanam, biocatalysis thudangiya jaiva saankethika avasarangal ennivayumaayi poruthappedunnathinulla oru maathrkayaayi ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
paristhithi.
sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal kooduthalum mesophilic, thermophilic ennivayaanu. thaapanila paridhi <aii. dii. 1> digri selshyasinullil valarcha nireekshikkappettundu, ennirunnaalum speesheesukale aashrayich opttimal vyathyasthamaan (i.iii. "thermotoga neopolitaana" "opttimal 77 digri selshyas", "notiliya lithotrophica" "opttimal 53 digri selshyas)". anoxic samudra avashishtangal, uppuvellavum shudhajalavumaaya avashishtangal, anoxic cheli, bowine rooman, solfatterakalil ninnulla chooduvellam, agniparvvatha pradeshangal thudangi niravadhi vyathyastha parithasthithikalil avaa report cheyyappettittund. eee bakteeriyakalil palathum choodulla dwaarangalil kaanapedunnu, avide moolaka sulfur samriddhamaaya sulfur inamaanu. bhoomiyude puramthodinte odivukaliloode choodulla neeravi, moolaka sulfur enniva orumichu purathuvidunna agniparvvatha pravartthanangal moolamaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. oru electron daathaavaayo sweekarthaavaayo seero valence sulfur upayogikkaanulla kazhivu "sulfurimonas" spp anuvadikkunnu. valare kuranjuvarunnathu muthal aazhakkadal paristhithikale kooduthal ooksidais cheiyunnathuvare vividha aavaasavyavasthakalkkidayil vyaapakamaayi vyaapikkuka. hydrothermal ventukalil kaanapedunna chila kammyoonittikalil, thermophilic foto allengil chemoatotrophukal nadathunna prathikaranangal kaaranam avayude vyaapanam vardhikkunnu, athil oresamayam electron sweekarikkunna moolaka sulferinteyum jaivavasthukkaludeyum ulppaadanam, sulfur kuraykkunna baakteeriyakalkulla oorjja srothass enniva uthppaadippikkunnu. jalathapanilayude sulfur reducerukal swathanthramaayi jeevikkunna jeevikalo chemmeen, tube vemukal thudangiya mrugangalude endosymbionukalo aakam.
sahajeevitam.
"aerodolarant spirocheettukaludeyum vaayurahita sulfidogenukaludeyum oru sahajeeviyaaya bandhamaan "theodendron laattans". eee paayakalude pradhana gadanaaparavum pravarthanaparavumaaya gadakamaanu spirochate speesheesukal, avaa intra sellular spacil moolaka sulfur shekharichekkaam. sulfide, manganese allengil ferric ayann allengil sulfide-ooksidaising bakteeriyakalude pravartthanam vazhi sulfidinte raasa ooksideshan theosulfate allengil moolaka sulfur roopappedunnathinu kaaranamakunna sulfide sambannamaaya aavaasavyavasthakalil sookshumajeevikalude eee bandham vasikkunnu. aavasyathinu ooksijan undengil bhaagikamaayi ooksidais cheytha sulfur samyukthangal sulfur-ooksidaising bakteeriyakalaal poornnamaayum ooksidais cheyth sulfate mattaam allengil sulphidogenic bakteeriyakalaal sulfide kuraykkaam. atharam aavaasavyavasthakalil ninnulla micro-profile alavukal soochippikkunnathu pole atharam sthalangalil ooksijan parimiti pathivayi kaanapedunnu. eee bandham sulfur chakratthile phalapradamaaya kurukkuvazhiye prathinidheekarikkam.
sintofi.
"deselfuromonas asettooksidans" chlorobodium (vibriophom, pheovibroids) polulla pacha sulfur bakteeriyakalulla vithu valarthalil valaraan kazhiyum. sulfur kuraykkunna bacteriayude electron daataav asattett aanu, sulfidilekku moolaka sulfur kuraykkunnathinoppam. pacha sulfur bacteria prakaashatthinte saannidhyathil munbu uthppaadippichava ree-ooksidais cheiyunnu. eee vithu krishi pareekshanangalil vaidyuthiyil moolaka sulfur prathyakshappedunnilla, kaaranam athu udan kurayum.
sulfur saikkil.
sulfur chakram pradhana jaiva bhooraasaayanika prakriyakalilonnaan. bhoomiyile sulferinte bhooribhaagavum avashishtangalilum paarakalilum kaanappedunnundengilum samudrangalile athinte alavu muzhuvan jaivamandalathileyum sulfatinte praadhamika sambharani prathinidheekarikkunnu. phoosil indhanangal kathikkunnathu polulla manushya pravartthanangalum anthareekshathil ganyamaaya alavil sulfur dye ooksaidilekku praveshikkunnathiloode eee chakratthinu kaaranamaakunnu. bhoomiyile aadyakaala jeevajalangal sulfur metabolisamaanu nilanirtthiyathu, innathe sookshumaanukkalude valia vaividhyathe ippozhum sulfur chakram pinthunaykkunnu. kaarban, ooksijan, naitrajan, irumbu thudangiya mattu moolakangalude niravadhi jaiva bhooraasaayanika chakrangalumaayi ithu edapedunnu. sulferinu + 6 muthal −2 vareyulla vaividhyamaarnna ooksideshan avasthakalundu, ithu sulfur samyukthangale electron daathaakkalaayum niravadhi microbial mettabolisangalil electron sweekarthaakkalaayum upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu jaiva, ajaiva sulfur samyukthangale parivartthanam cheyyukayum jaivamandalathinte bhauthika, jaiva, raasa gadakangalkku sambhavana nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
sulfur chakram niravadhi bandhapetta paathakale pinthudarunnu.
vaayurahithamaya avasthakalil sulfate kuraykkunnathu, sulfate kuraykkunna bakteeriyakalaaya "desulfovibrio", "desulfobacter" ennivayiloode sulfate sulfide kurayunnu.
 (zoo 4 + 4h2 formula _ 4h2s + 2h2o + 2h−)
sulfide ookseekaranam
aerobic saahacharyangalil, sulfide sulfura pinneedu sulfur ooksidaising bakteeriyakalaaya "theobasilus", "beggiattova" ennivayum mattu palathum sulfide ooksidais cheiyunnu. vaayurahithamaya saahacharyangalil, sulfide sulfura pinneedu purple, green sulfur bakteeriyakalaal sulfateayum ooksidais cheyyaan kazhiyum.
sulfur ooksideshan
theobasilus", "acidithiobasilus" thudangiya chemolithotrophic bakteeriyakal vazhi sulfurine sulfuric aasidaayi ooksidais cheyyaanum kazhiyum."
sulfur kuraykkuka
chila baakteeriyakalkk sulfurine sulfide kuraykkaan kazhiyum, ithu orutharam vaayurahita shwasanam nadathunnu. sulfate bacteria kuraykkunnathiloodeyum sulfur bacteria kuraykkunnathiloodeyum eee prakriya nadatthaam. avaa ore aavaasavyavasthayil valarunnundengilum, sulfur kuraykkunna baakteeriyakalkk sulfate kuraykkaan kazhiyilla. deselfuromonas asettoxidans" polulla baakteeriyakalkk asattett chelavil sulfur kuraykkaan kazhiyum. irumbu kuraykkunna chila bakteeriyakal sulfurine kurachukondu eiii. tii. pii. uthpaadippikkunnu.
ivayaanu sulfur chakratthil ulppedunna pradhana ajaiva prakriyakal, ennaal jaiva samyukthangalkk chakratthinu sambhavana nalkaan kazhiyum. dimethyl sulphoniopropionate" enna padaarthatthinte apachayathaal uthppaadippikkappedunna "dimethyl sulfide" (ch3-s-ch3) aanu prakrithiyil ettavum samriddhamaayathu. methanethiyol", "diametheyil disulfide", "kaarban disulfide" ennivayulppede mattu niravadhi jaiva samyukthangal aagola sulfur chakrathe badhikkunnu.
upayogikkunnu.
sulfur adhishtitha metabolisamulla sookshumaanukkal vyaavasaayika prakriyakalkku, prathyekichu sulphidogenesis (sulfidinte uthpaadanam) nadappilaakkunnavaykku oru mikacha avasarathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, lohashaasthra, khanana vyavasayangalil thiranjeduttha mazhayum kanatha lohangalude veendedukkalum nedunnathinaayi hydrajan sulfide ulppaadippikkaan itharathilulla bakteeriyakal upayogikkaam.
flue vathaka chikitsa.
noothana chainees gaveshanam anusarichu, flue vaathakangale desulferise cheyyaan upayogikkunna ezz. sii. dii. dii prakriyayude chelavu kuraykkaanum paaristhithika aaghaatham kuraykkaanum kazhiyum, moolaka sulferinte jaiva kuravu upayogichu, eee prakriyayile kuraykkunna ejantine prathinidheekarikkunnu. asattett, glucose thudangiya malinajalathil ninnulla jaivavasthukkalayirikkum electron daathaakkal. eee reethiyil punaparisodhikkunna ezz. sii. dii. dii prakriya piechu, thaapanila, reyejantukalude saandrata enniva nirnnayikkunna avasthakalil moonnu gattangal edukkum. aadyathethil jaiva sulfur kuravundaakunnu, randaamathethu malinajalathil layikkunna hydrajan sulfide vaathakamaayi maarunnu, moonnaamathethu flue vaathakangalude chikilsayil ulppedunnu, eee patanam anusarichu 90 sathamaanathiladhikam neekkam cheiyunnu, illa. koodaathe, sulfur inputtinte 88 sathamaanavum octasulferaayi veendedukkukayum pinneedu veendum upayogikkukayum cheyyum, ithu raasa-labhakaramaaya parihaarathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
arsenic malinamaaya jalathinte samskaranam.
assid mine drainage (amd), metalarji vyavasaya maalinyangal, mannu, uparithalam, bhoogarbha jalam thudangiya arsenic malinamaaya vellathil ninnu aarsenait neekkam cheyyaan sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal upayogikkunnu. sulfur kuraykkunna bacteria ("desselfurella") nayikkunna sulphidogenic prakriya assid avasthayil nadakkukayum aarsenait veezhunna sulfide ulppaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. arsenic malinamaaya vellathil piechu kuraykkunna protonukalum microbial sulfur reduction ulppaadippikkukayum sulfide upayogichu theoaarsenait upolppaadanam thadayukayum cheiyunnu.
formula _ 9 
merkuri malineekaricha jalathinte chikitsa.
chloralcally, baattari uthppaadanam ennivayil pravartthikkunna vyavasayangalil ninnu labhikkuna malinajalam uyarnna alavil merkuri ionukal adangiyirikkunnu, ithu jala aavaasavyavasthaye bheeshanippeduthunnu. merkuri-malineekaranamulla jalathinte samskaranathil sulfur kuraykkunna bakteeriyakal vazhi sulphidogenic prakriya oru nalla saankethikavidyayaanenna sameepakaala padanangal theliyikkunnu.

