
randaamathe valia kudiyettam (aafrikkan american)

irupathaam noottaandile american aikyanaadukalude charithratthinte pashchaathalatthil, randaamathe valia kudiyettam thekk ninnu vadakkukizhakkan, madhya padinjaaru, padinjaaru ennividangalilekku 5 dashalakshathiladhikam aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude kudiyettamaayirunnu. 1940ll randaam lokamahaayudham aarambhicha ithu 1970 vare neenduninnu. kudiyettakkaar pradhaanamaayum thekk ninnu varunna grameena karshakarayirunnathum vadakkukizhakkan, madhya padinjaaru ennividangalilekku maathram vannathumaaya aadyathe valia kudiyettathekkaal (1916-1940) valare valuthum vyathyasthavumaya swabhaavamaayirunnu ithu.
randaamathe valia kudiyettatthil, vadakkukizhakkan, madhya padinjaaru enniva 5 dashalakshathiladhikam aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude lakshyasthaanamaayi thudarnnu, mathramalla padinjaaran nagarangalaya loss enchals, ookklaand, phoenix, portland, siyaattil ennivayum prathirodha vyavasaayathil vidagdha jolikal vaagdaanam cheythu. eee kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum thekk nagarangalil ninnu vanna nagara thozhilaallikalaayirunnu. koodaathe, aafrikkan amerikkakkar ippozhum raajyathinte chila bhaagangalil vivechanathode perumaarappedukayum palarum ithil ninnu rakshappedaan sramikkukayum cheythu.
nagara vaasasthalam.
aaa kaalaghattatthile kooduthal grameena kudiyettakkaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, thekk niravadhi aafrikkan amerikkakkar ithinakam thanne nagarapradeshangalil thaamasikkukayum avar sthalam maattunnathin munbu nagara thozhil vaidagdhyamullavaraayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu prathirodha vyavasaayam ulppede vadakkum padinjaarum valarunna vyaavasaayika nagarangalil jolie ettedukkaan avar maari. chila nagarangalile verthirichathum kuranja vaidagdhyamullathumaaya jolikalil parimithappedutthiyirunna thozhilaallikalkk california, origon, washington kappalsaalakalil uyarnna vaidagdhyamullathum nalla shambalamullathumaaya jolikal nedaan kazhinju.
randaamathe valia kudiyettatthinte avasaanathode aafrikkan amerikkakkar uyarnna nagaravalkarikkappetta janasamkhyayaayi maari. 80 sathamaanathiladhikam perum nagarangalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, ithu mattu american samoohathekkaal valia anupaathamaan. 53 sathamaanam thekkan amerikkayilum 40 sathamaanam vadakkukizhakkan, vadakkukizhakkan samsthaanangalilum 7 sathamaanam padinjaaran samsthaanangalilum thaamasichu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu aafrikkan amerikkakkaare palappozhum pinthunaa rolukalilekku tharamthaazhtthiyenkilum, palappozhum eee rolukal angeyattam apakadakaramaanu. 1944ll kaaliforniyayile portt chikkaagoyil undaaya oru aakasmikamaaya vedimarunnu spodanathil 200ladhikam aafrikkan american naavikar kollappettu. chila naavikar saahacharyangal apakadakaramaakunnathuvare jolie punaraarambhikkaan visammathichu. kalaapathil kodathi marshell avare shikshichathine thudarnnu 50 perr vare jaililaayi.
padinjaaran theerathu kooduthal uyarnna shambalamulla kappal nirmmaana yuddha jolikal dhaaraalam aafrikkan-amerikkakkaare nilavilulla cheria samoohangalilekku aakarshichu. washingtonile siyaattilile avarude ennam moonnirattiyaayi; origonile portlandile ennam naalirattiyayi. karuthavargakkaarude rashtreeya swaadheenam valarthiyedukkukayum, naakp polulla pouraavakaasha samghadanakale shakthippeduthukayum, vivechana virudha niyamanirmmaanathinu ahvaanam cheyyukayum cheythukondu puthumukhangal sthira thaamasakkaraayi. prathikoola vashath, vamseeya pirimurukkangal vardhichu, karuthavarum vellakkarum thamasikkunna pradeshangal tirakk moolam vashalayi, karutha samoohathinullil "pazhaya kudiyettakkaarum" karutha samoohangalile neethrthwathinaayi aduthide vannavarum thammil deshyamulla vaakkukal undaayirunnu.
kaaranagal.
valia kudiyettatthil pankedutthavareppole, randaamathe valia kudiyettatthil undaayirunnavare saambathika kaaranangalal neengaan prerippichu. valia kudiyettatthinu munbu thekkan aafrikkan amerikkakkar anubhavicha saambathika nashtam nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. kaarshika padikal" nedunnathinum uyarthunnathinum parimithamaaya aafrikkan amerikkakkaare pankidal polulla thottakrishi. oru thozhilaalliyude padavi avarude sthaanam nirnnayikkunna oru samvidaanamaayirunnu kaarshika govani, allathe avar ethratholam vaidagdhyamullavaro moolyavathaayavaro aayirunnu. verthiriv kaaranam, aafrikkan american purushanmaare kaarshika jolikalilum sthreekale gaarhika sevanangalilum niyamichu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya dashakangalil eee saahacharyangalil kaaryamaaya mattamonnum undaayilla, ithu aafrikkan american thekke amerikkakkaarkk mattevideyengilum pooyi avasaram thedaanulla sakthamaaya prachodanamaayirunnu.
1930kalilum 1940kalilum mechanical kottan picker mattu kaarshika yaanthreekarana roopangalum avatharippikkunnathiloode thekkan kaarshika mekhalayile feeld laberinte aavasyam kuranju, ithu niravadhi aafrikkan amerikkakkaare nagarapradeshangalil puthiya jolikal thedaan prerippichu. thekk ninnu vadakkum padinjaarum kudiyerunnathu avarude saambathika bhagyam mechappeduthunnathinulla oru margamaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudham dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukale sajeeva sainika sevanathilekku cherkkukayo avare ulppeduthukayo cheythathinaal thozhil shaamathinu kaaranamaayi. thalphalamaayi, vadakkan, padinjaaran thozhiludamakal yudhashramathinaayulla raajyathinte aavasyangal niravettunnathinaayi thekkan karuthavareyum vellakkareyum recruit cheyyaan thudangi. vidyaabhyaasa avasarangal, rashtreeya vottavakaasham nashtappedal, vamseeya akramam thudangiya saamoohika gadakangalum kudiyettatthinu kaaranamaayi.
nagara speshyal segregation.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu vibhavangaludeyum aayudhangaludeyum druthagathiyilulla samaharanam niravadhi aafrikkan amerikkakkaare valarnnuvarunna aayudha vyavasaayathil jolie thedi vadakkan, padinjaaran nagarangalilekku kudiyeraan prerippichu. aadyathe valia kudiyettam muthal thanne vadakkan karutha samoohangalaaya chikkago, newyork nagaram enniva nannayi sthaapithamaayirunnuvenki, padinjarottu thamasam maarunnath saan francisco bay eriya, loss enchals, portland, phoenix, washingtonile pugettu soundu reejian thudangiya sthalangalile kudiyettakkaarkku oru puthiya lakshyasthaanamaayirunnu. avar athiyukazhinjaal, uyarnnuvarunna kudiyetta samoohangale vellakkaaril ninnu verthirikkunna vividha gadakangal avarkk neridendi vannu. eee nagara speshyal verthiriv valia alavil aafrikkan american kudiyettam kanda nagarangalil vamsheeyamaayi ekeekrithamaaya pradeshangal srishtikkunnathilekku nayichu. 1960ll loss enjalsile 4,61,000 karuthavarga nivaasikalil oru sathamaanathil thaazhe maathramaan karutha bhooripakshamillaatha samoohangalil thaamasichathennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu yadhaarthathil verthirivilekku nayichu.
niravadhi kudiyettakkaar undaayirunna mosham saambathika sthithi chooshanam cheiyunnathinaayi, nagara aasoothrakar thamasikkaan aagrahikkunna sthalangalil thaazhnna varumaanamulla bhavanangal sthaapichu. udaaharanathinu, 1920 kalilum 1930 kalilum yathaakramam aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkkaayi niyukta pradesangalaayi chikkagoyude thekk bhaagavum loss enchalsinte thekk madhya pradeshavum sthaapikkappettu. nyoonapakshangale vellakkaaril ninnu akattinirthaan prolsaahippikkunnathi manappoorvvam sthaapicha bhavanangalude kuranja vila thozhilaallivargathile karuthavargakkaare aakarshichu. vamseeya samoohangale ottappeduthunnathu manassil vechaanu palappozhum swatantra pathakal nirmmikkappettath. avaa verthirikkal lineukal shakthippeduthunnathinum vamsheeyamaayi vaividhyamaarnna nagarangalil vamsheeyamaayi ekeekrithamaaya samoohangale ottappeduthunnathinum kooduthal sambhavana nalki. vamseeya prerithamaaya akramatheyum vivechanatheyum kurichulla bhayam nyoonapaksha samudaayangale ottappeduthaan sahayichu, kaaranam avar koottaaya surakshyum vivechanarahithamaaya perumattavum veedinaduthaayi thedi. parimithamaaya alavil paarppidavum randaamathe valia kudiyettasamayathu kudiyettakkaarude uyarchayum chernnu kadutha tirakkum bhawana shaamavum srishtikkukayum athu swath moolyangal vardhikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
eee samudaayangalkkullile swath moolyangal kuranjathode, lakshyasthanangalile bhooribhaagavum vellakkaraaya thaamasakkaare koottatthode ozhippichu. vaitt flaitt ennariyappedunna oru prathibhaasamaanith. parambaraagathamaayi velutha pradeshathekku vellakkaarallaatha thaamasakkaare praveshippichathu, eee saahacharyathil, nagaratthinte akathalangal, vellakkaare, saadhaaranayaayi praanthapradeshangalilekka, athivegam ozhippikkaan kaaranamaayi. eee reethiyil, velutha praanthapradeshangalude pothuvaaya saamoohika trope vamsheeyamaayi vaividhyamaarnna aantharika nagravum roopappettu. oru prathyeka metropolittan pradeshathu pravartthikkunna karuthavargakkaaril 70 sathamaanathiladhikam perum nagara madhyathilaanu thaamasikkunnathenn nilavil kanakkaakkappedunnu. thaarathamyena, athe nagaratthil pravartthikkunna vellakkaaril 30 sathamaanam maathramaan nagaratthinullile thamasakkaar. blockbusting prakriyayaan bhaagikamaayi vaitt flaitt nayichathu. nyoonapaksha vibhaagangale bhayann vella swath udamakal avarude veedukal riyal estettu ejantumaarkku kuranja vilaykk vittu, palappozhum riyal estettu kambanikalude thanthrangal kaaranam. thangale ottappeduthiya tirakkeriya ayalpakkangalil ninnu aashvaasam thedi karutha kudumbangal ozhinjukidakkunna swathukkal vaangaan ejantumaar prolsaahippikkum. oru karutha kudumbam thamasam maariyappol, vellakkaraaya ayalkkar udan thanne avarude veedukal kaathirikkunna riyal estettu kambanikalkku vilkkukayum avar kooduthal karuthavargakkaarkku ganyamaaya maarkkappil vilkkukayum cheyyum.
kudiyettakkaaraaya karuthavarggakkaar abhimukeekarikkunna mattoru thadassam randaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna purogamanaparamaaya niyamanirmmaanathe prathirodhikkunnathinaayi nadappaakkiya vivechanaparamaaya bhawana niyamangalaayirunnu. bhavanangalile vivechanam niyamavirudhamaakkiya 1963-leeii rumford fair housing act 1964-leeii california proposition 14 phalapradamaayi asadhuvaakki. california riyal estettu association yaadhaasthithika samsthaana sthaapanangalum sponsor cheytha eee niyamanirmmanam, vamshathinte adisthaanathil maathram avarude swath vilcano vaadakaykku nalkano paattatthinu nalkano visammathikkanulla swath udamayude avakasham sthireekarichu. federal sarkkar udan thanne california bhavanathinulla dhanasahayam vettikkuraykkukayum california american aikyanaadukalude supreme kodathiyum prop 14 bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. 1974ll kaaliforniyayude 7-aamm nirddesham ithu audyogikamaayi raddaakkiyenkilum athu praayogikamayirunnappol karutha kudiyettakkaare verthirikkunnathin ithu kaaranamaayi, 1965leeii whats kalaapathin ithu nerittulla kaaranamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
lakshyasthana nagarangalile speshyal verthiriv kaaranam roopappetta kudiyetta karuthavarggakkaar ulppedunna vamsheeyamaayi ekeekrithamaaya samoohangalude swaadheenam avar konduvanna thekkan samskaaram avare pradhaanamaayum swaadheenichu ennathaanu. bhakshanam, samgeetham, eee ayalpakkangalile vivechanathmakamaaya velutha police saannidhyam ennivayellaam oru paridhivare valareyadhikam kendreekrithamaaya aafrikkan american kudiyettakkaarude koottaaya anubavangalil ninnaan irakkumathi cheythath. nagaratthinullile aafrikkan-american kudumbatthile maattangalkk thekkan kudiyettakkaar asamamaya sambhavana nalkiyathaayi ezhuthukaar palappozhum anumaanichittundu. ennirunnaalum, 1940 muthal 1990 vareyulla sensus daatta kaanikkunnath eee kudumbangal yadhaarthathil kooduthal parambaraagatha kudumba reethikal prakadippichu ennaanu-rund maathaapithaakkalkkoppam thamasikkunna kooduthal kuttikal, avarude pankaalikalkoppam thamasikkunna kooduthal vivahita sthreekal, orikkalum vivaham kazhikkaatha ammamar.

