
terrech kosaakkukal

1577ll volgayil ninnu terrech nadiyilekku punaradhivasippicha swatantra kosaakkukalil ninnu srishticha oru kosak hostaayirunnu terrech kosak hoost. praadeshika thaddesheeya terrech kosaakkukal pinneedu eee kosak aathidheyarumaayi chernnu. 1792ll ithu cocusus line kosak hosttil ulppeduthukayum 1860ll vladikaavkaasinte thalasthaanamaayi veendum athil ninnu verpeduthukayum cheythu. 1916ll aathidheyarude janasamkhya 1,9,000 desatinas pradeshathu 255,000 aayirunnu.
aadyakaala charithram.
aadyathe cosac samooham terrecle engane prathyakshappettu ennu vyakthamalla. 1023-ll listweno yudhathil thimuthaarakante mastislav jnjaanikalaaya yaroslaavinte sainyathe nashippichappol kosaakkukal addehathinte pakshathundaayirunnuvennu soochippikkunna rekhakal ullathinaal avar khaasar samsthaanathinteyum thimutharakan naatturaajyathinteyum pingaamikalaayirunnu ennathaanu oru sidhaantham. ithinartham kokkasasile slavik janatha valare neratthe avide sthirathaamasamaakkiya eee pradeshathe swadeshikalaanu ennaanu.) ennaal pinneedu terrech kosaakkukal aadyathe terrech kosaakkukale swaamsheekarikkukayum avarude swantham puthiya krishi avatharippikkukayum cheythu.
1520ll moscoyile grand duchy ryasan principality pidichedukkukayum oru otappetta samgham terrech nadiyude (aadhunika vadakkan chechniya) swaabhaavika abhayakendrathil avasheshikkukayum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythathaanu lover terrech nadiyile slavik vaasasthalangalekkurichula ettavum pazhaya rekhakal. akshash nadiyude theerathaanu aadyakaala vaasasthalam sthithicheythirunnathu. ithu nadiyude irukarakalilum sthirathaamasamaakkiya ettavum pazhaya cosac grouppaaya greban kosaakkukal (grebensky kasaki "grebensky kasaki") roopeekarichu.
russiayude sardom, niravadhi prachaaranangalkkidayil, niravadhi kottakal nirmmichu, eee samayat aadyathe terca nirmikkappettu, pinneedu ippozhum swathanthramaaya kosaakkukal athu etteduthu. 1577-ll, volga kosaakkukale streletts ivaan murashkin paraajayappedutthiya sesham, chitharikkidanna palarum, avaril chilar terrech thadatthil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum vovoda novosiltsevu terrecle randaamathe terca nirmmikkukayum cheythu, ithu terrech kosaakkukalude thudakkathe adayaalappeduthunnu. 1584-ll eee terca veendum kosaakkukal etteduthu, avaril chilare cartleyile georgian rajaavaaya saiman onnaaman niyamichu.
oru prathyeka kathayil, doonn kosak avatharakanaaya andrey shadrin enna oru aathmaav moonnu kosak sotniyakalude oru samghathe kumik pradeshangalilekku nayichu, 'tersky' (sthaanam anishchithathvam) enna athirthi pattanam sthaapichu. yermac timofiyevichumaayulla addehathinte pirimurukkamulla bandhangal ithu bhaagikamaayi prachodippichirikkaam. pinneedu addeham andreyevo (aadhunika endairi) sthaapichu, athu addehathinte perilaanennu parayappedunnu.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil automan saamraajyathinethire (temruke) terrech kosaakkukalude niravadhi akramanangal nadannathinaal sultan bheekaranaaya ivanode paraathippedaan kaaranamaayi. 1589-ll sunshayile aadyathe outpost nirmmikkukayum pinneedu tersky gorodoc ennariyappetta oru sthiramaaya terca thaazhathe terrecle nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
pathinezhaam noottaand.
1606-leeii prashnangalude samayat naalayiram terrech kosaakkukal saarinulla swantham sthaanaarthiyaaya ilekka marumettukale pinthunaykkaan volgayilekku pooyi. 1614 aayappozhekkum padakkappalkkar puthiya romanov raajaavine pinthunaykkukayum aastraakhaanile aswasthatha samippikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. 1633ll avar nogaay koottatthinte avashishtangal nasippikkukayum oru pathittaandinushesham 1646ll crimean khaanettinethire doonn kosaakkukale sahayikkukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode kosaakkukal veendum sunshayilekku vyaapichu, avide avar 1651ll oru puthiya outpost nirmmichu. rund varshathinu sesham kumikkukaludeyum dagesthaanikaludeyum aakramanathe outpost ethirthu. yuddham saarinte bahumanam urappaakkiyengilum, kosaakkukal outpost thazheyirakkaan nirddeshichu. 1670kalil terrech kosaakkukal aastraakhaanil stenka raasine paraajayappeduthaan sahayichu.
1680ll russian oorthadoox sabhayile rascoll doonn kosaakkukalil athiyathinushesham niravadhi pazhaya vishwaasikal doonn nadhi upekshichu aadyam kumayilum pinneedu agraakhaanilum sthirathaamasamaakki. 1695-leeii assov pracharanangalil doonn kosaakkukalkk terrekinteyum roying kosakkukaludeyum sahaayathin sesham, automan saamrajyam terrech kosakkukalkkethire prathikarikkukayum 1707-ll avarude autposttukalil bhooribhaagavum terrekinte valathu theerathu nasippikkukayum cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaand.
1711-ll graph appraskin terrech nadiyude idathu theerathulla ellah roying kosaakkukalum veendum sthirathaamasamaakki, eee neekkam athrupthi nerittu, pathinettaam noottaandil terrech kosaakkukal ippozhum idathu theerathu vasikkukayum 1799 vare sambannamaaya munthirithottangalum bhoomikalum upayogikkukayum cheyyum. koodaathe 1720-ll roversum terrecukalum russian saamraajyathil poornnamaayum samyojippikkappedukayum russo-pershyan yudhathil (1722-1723), kizhakkan dagestan pidichedukkunnathinum derbant pidichedukkunnathinum russiayude peettar onnaamane kosaakkukal sahayichu. prachaarana velayil agrakhaan, sulac ennividangalil 1000 doonn kosaakkukal punaradhivasippichu agrakhaan kosak hoost ("agrakhaansko kasachway voyasko") roopeekarichu, athu terrech kosakkukalumaayi ikyappettu. 1735-ll pershyayumaayulla oru puthiya karar prakaram sulak rekha upekshikkappedukayum agrakhaan kosaakkukale lover terrech deltayil veendum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum kislyar kotta sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
angane 1735-ll moonnu aathidheyar roopappettu aadyakaala kosaakkukalude pingaamikalil ninnu grebenskoy (grebenskoy roying), punarnirmmicha agrakhaan kosaakkukalil ninnu tersco-semenoy (tersco-semenoy terrech-famili) kislyar vare, tersco-kislyarskoy (tersco-kisliarskoy terrech-kislyar) agrakhaan kosaakkukalil ninnum armeniyakkaar, jorjiyakkaar ennivaril ninnum. vadakkupadinjaaran caspian pradeshathu kalmaikkukal athiyappol, russian-turkish yudhathil (1735-1739) terrack kosaakkukale athamaansukayum petrovum nayicha terricinethire oru samyuktha akramanam nadatthi.
1736-lum veendum 1765-lum terrekinte valath theeram, ippozhum naamamaathramaaya kosak swath, russian rakshaakarthruthvam sweekarikkaanum avide veendum sthirathaamasamaakkaanum aagrahicha chechenmark vaagdaanam cheyyappettu (charitraparamaayi, terrech nadiyude thottaduthulla bhoomi mangol adhiniveshathinu munbum athinusheshavum oru paridhivare chechen aayirunnu, chechen malambradeshangal avarude kaarshika ulppaadanathe aashrayichirunnu). pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode kosaakkukalum parvathavaasikalum thammilulla bandham vashalakaan thudangi. 1765-ll mosdokkinte outpost sthaapikkappettu, ithu terrech lineyum kislyarineyum akramicha kabaardinukalude udanadi lakshyamaayi maari. 1771-ll yemelian pugachev terrecle ethi, vishwasthatha prakadippikkunnathinaayi athamaan tatarintsev addehathe arast cheythu. pugachev oodippoyi, 1772-1774 leeii pugachev kalaapathin terrecle oru pinthunayum labhichilla.
cocusus yuddham (1770-1860).
russia-turkey yudhavum (1768-1774) athinte falamaayundaaya cook kayarka udambadiyum russiayk noottaand neenduninna cocusus yudhathinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthikkondu cocusasilekku avarude vipuleekaranam aarambikkaan kaaranam nalki. 1769-1770 ll volga kosaakkukalil pakuthiyolam mosdockinu chuttum veendum sthirathaamasamaakki. 1776ll kooduthal volga kosaakkukalum (thaazhathe volgayile bakkiyulla kosaakkukale aastrakhaan kosaakkukalude aathidheyanaayi verthirichu) kizhakkan doonn pradeshathu ninnulla khopyor kosaakkukalum ulppede kooduthal kudiyettakkaar ethi. iva assov-mosdock prathirodha rekha roopeekarichu. 1777ll jorjiyavsk, 1784ll vladikavkas, khopiyor rejiment ennivar ulppede punarnivaasikalaan central kokkasilekkulla russian vipuleekaranathinulla pradhana munnirakal sthaapichathu.
eee aadyaghattathil niravadhi uyarnna nilavaaramulla yudhangal nadannu. 1774 juunil devlettu-giri terrech kosakkukalkkethire oru valia cabardine sainyathe ayachu, juun 1 nuu naurskaayayile stanitsa aakramanakaarikalkkethire veerochithamaayi prathirodhikkukayum 1785 ll kislyar sheikh mansoorinethire prathirodhikkukayum cheythu. 1788-91 ll terrech kosaakkukal moonnu pracharanangalil pankedutthu, athu avare padinjaaran kokkasasile syrcassian thuramukhamaaya anaappayilekku kondupoyi. 1792ll karinkadal kosaakkukal avide veendum sthirathaamasamaakkiyappol prathirodharekhayude padinjaaran bhaagathe pradhana vidavu pariharichu.
adutha moonnu pathittaandukal kokkasasile russian parishramathinu kadutha budhimuttukal konduvannu. 1801ll jorjia russiayumaayi chernnathinum thudarnnulla russian-pershyan yudhathinum (1804-1813) sesham, terrech kosaakkukal chila aalukale rakshikkukayum yerevaante keezhil yudhathil pankedukkukayum cheythu, pakshe mothatthil avaril bhooribhaagavum avarude hoome lainukale nirantharam prathirodhichu. 1816ll general yermolov cocusus sainyathinte chumatala etteduthappol ithellaam maari. pershyayumaayulla avasana yudhathinum athinte falamaayundaaya gulistan udambadikkum sesham vadakkan cocusasinteyum jorjiayudeyum bhooribhaagathum thanthraparamaaya pradhana chuvadukal urappicha addehathinu valia mattangal varuthaan kazhinju. 1818-ll addeham russian thanthrangal prathirodhatthil ninnu aakramanathilekku maattukayum grosnaaya, venesapnaya thudangiya shakthikendrangal sthaapikkappetta sunsha-vladikavkas line nirmmikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. yermolov kosaakkukalude muzhuvan ghadanayum kooduthal parishkarikkukayum 1819-ll thiranjedukkappetta attamaanukale niyukta commandermaare niyamikkukayum cheythu.
transcocatiayil, kosaakkukal russian-turkish yudhathil (1828-1829) pankedutthu, avide avar cars uparodhathilum mattu pradhana yudhangalilum pankedutthu. yermolovine cocusasil ninnu thirichuvilichathinusham, oru puthiya parishkkaranam nadakkukayum central kokkasasile idakkaala rejimentukal terrekile moonnu aathidheyarumaayi samyojippichu 1832-ll cocusus line cosac hoost (kavkaskoy linainoy kasachway voyasko, kavkasskoy linenoy kasachiye voyasko) roopeekarikkukayum puthiya nakasni attamaan peettar versilin ennu peridukayum cheythu. niravadhi parishkaarangal pinthudarnnu 1836-ll kislyar kudumba rejimentukalum onnikkukayum terrech delttayude utharavaaditham ettedukkukayum 1837-ll oru malorosian (cheria russian) rejiment (polandile november kalaapathe cherukkaan 1831-ll roopeekarichathu) vladikavkasinu vadakkulla mukalile terrecle punaradhivasippikkukayum cheythu. 1842ll rejiment line hosttil ulppeduthi. ithinethudarnnu athamaan sleeptsovinoppam sunsha rejimentinte roopeekaranam nadannu.
eee ghattathil kokkasasile russian niyanthranam mechappettu, munkaiyude uracha kaikalil. kosak veedukalil ninnu valare akaleyulla chechen, dagestani pradesangalilaanu mikka yudhangalum nadannathu. 1840kalil niravadhi vijayakaramaya paryaveshanangal parvathanirakalude aazhathil nadannu. line kosaakkukal crimean yudhathilum (1853-1856) oduvil 1859-ll shamilinethiraaya russian munnettatthinte avasana ghattathilum pankedutthu.
terrech kosak hoost 1860-1920 s.
cocusus yudhathinte avasaanam line cosac hosttinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi. 1860ll rund padinjaaran rejimentukal karinkadal kosaakkukalil chernnu kuban kosak hosttum bakkiyullava terrech kosak hosttum aayi vibhajikkapettu. adutha dashakam sainyathil ninnu sivil niyanthranathilekkulla kramena parishkkaranam kaanichu. 1865ll oru sthiramaaya police seena roopeekarikkukayum 1869ll ettu parvatha jillakaleyum (thaddesheeyaraaya janangal adhivasikkunna) ezhu cosac upavibhagangaleyum ulkkollunna terrech oblaast roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi rejimental parishkaarangal pinthudarnnu kislyar, rover, parvatha, mosdock rejimentukal ennivaye randaayi samyojippichu (sub divisionukalude ennam anjaayi kurachu), 1871 ll terrech kosakkukalkkaayulla oru charter prasidheekarichu.
1870kall muthal kizhakkan cocusus erekkure samaadhaanaparamaayi thudarnnu (1870kalude avasaanathil chechenukal nadatthiya kalaapangalum idaykkide reydukal nadathunnathum ozhivakkiyaal). ennirunnaalum 1873-leeii khivaakkethiraaya prachaaranangal ulppede niravadhi saamraajyathva yudhangalil terrech kosaakkukal pankedutthu. russian-turkey yudhasamayathu (1877-1878) terrech kosaakkukal aarr kuthirappada rejimentukalum oru gaard schwadron oru kuthirapadayum balkanilekku ayachu, koodaathe 1878-ll saarist adhikaarikalkkethire oru prakshobham aarambhicha vimatha chechanmaarkkum dagesthaanimaarkkumethire ezhu rejimentukalum mounded baattariyum aninirathi.
1880kalil reyilveyude varavum ennayude kandethalum terrech oblaasttine kokkasasile ettavum sambannamaaya oblaastukalilonnaayi maatti, athinte falamaayi kosakkilum thaddesheeya parvatha janasamkhyayilum valia valarchayundaayi. ithu bhoomiyude udamasthaavakaashathil samgharsham srishtichu. thaazhnna pradeshangalilum steppukalilum vipulamaaya phalabhooyishtamaaya pradeshangal kosakkukalkkundaayirunnu, athesamayam thaddesheeya parvatha janasamkhya parvathamekhalakalil maathrame bhoomi kaivashappeduthiyirunnulla. vishwastha vamshanethaakkale pinthunaykkukayum 1879-ll jiok-teppinethire prachaaranagalilum 1885-ll madhyeshyayile afghan athirthi vare terrech kosaakkukal pankeduttha bhakshanathinteyum charakkukaludeyum soujanya vitharanavum enna sankeernamaaya russian nayathiloodeyaanu samadhaanam samrakshikkappettath.
unifom upakaranangalum.
1914 vare terrech cosac avathaarakan ilam neela tholil straappukalum vishalamaaya kafukalil vezhppum ulla irunda chaara/karutha kaftan (kalmut neelamulla collerless kottu) ulkkollunna oru poornna dress unifom dharichirunnu. mookk-loading maskattukalkkaayi otta loading alavukalulla vedimarunnu adangiyirunna alankaara kandeynarukal ("serkeska") kafthaanmaarude sthanangalil dharichirunnu. ilam neela arakkett kaanikkunna oru thuranna munvashamaayirunnu kaftan. vishalamaaya chaaraniratthilulla trouserukal dharichirunnu, kuthikal illaathe mriduvaaya thukal boottukalil gadippichirunnu. udyogasthar velli epolettukal, brading, ferrulukal enniva dharichirunnu, randaamathethu avarude "serkeskakalil" aayirunnu. eee kokkeshyan deseeya vasthravum kuban cosac avathaarakan dharichirunnu, pakshe vyathyastha mukha nirangalil. uyaramulla karutha roma thoppikal ellah avasarangalilum ilam neela thunitharangalum (udyogastharkku) velli laze dharichirunnu. sparsinu pakaram oru vipp upayogichirunnu. 1908 nuu munbu, ellah aathidheyaril ninnumulla vyakthigatha kosaakkukal avarude swantham unifom (kuthirakal, kokkeshyan saddles, harnez enniva ulppede) nalkendathundu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu sajeeva sevanathil terrech kosaakkukal avarude vyathirikthamaya vasthram nilanirtthiyenkilum ilam neela niratthinu pakaram irunda arakkett dharichu, velli aabharanangalo poornna vasthrathinte neela mukhangalo illaathe. samaadhaanasamayathum sajeeva sevanathilum mosham kaalaavasthayil oru karutha feeld clock ("borkey") dharichirunnu.
saamraajyathva escortinte ("konvoyi") terk, kuban kosaakkukal swarnna vesham kondu chuvanna kaftan velutha arakkettum ulppede oru prathyeka gaalaa unifom dharichirunnu.
soviyatt kaalaghattam.
februvariyudeyum pinneedu october viplavathinteyum varavu kurdisthaanile munnirayile mikka kosakkukaleyum aakarshichu. nirupadhikam parvvathapradeshangal sansha lainile prathisandhikal, chechanukal, ingush enniva poornnamaayum prayojanappedutthi niravadhi cosac staanitsakal thudachuneekki. 
1918ll peettar kenesinte abhipraayathil, "aduthulla terrecle bolshevikkukal kooduthal vijayichu. novemberil panthrandaam chuvanna sainyam sannadhasenayil ninnu swathanthramaayi poraadiya kosaakkukale paraajayappeduthi."ennirunnaalum, 1919 januvariyode pathinonnaamatthe chuvanna sainyathinte parajayam panthrandaamatthethine terrecle ninnu aastraakhaanilekku pinwangan nirbandhithanaakki. ennittum, kenesinte abhipraayathil, "checheneyum ingushineyum orikkalum keezhppeduthiyirunnilla, avarude reydukalum uyarchakalum vadakkan kokkasasine sannadhasenaykku oru kadutha vedanayaakki."
1920ll niravadhi terrech kosaakkukale ukrainilekkum europian russiayude vadakkan bhaagathekkum naadukadatthukayum oru puthiya parvatha asr roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. ithu muun sunsha-terrech mesopotamia trikonathe madhyathiloode vyaapichukidakkunna chechen bhoomi kondu vibhajikkunnu. grosnick chuttumulla pradeshangal ulkkollunna sunsha cosac ookrag aanu bakkiyulla bhagangal roopappeduthiyathu. ennirunnaalum, thangalude charitraparamaaya bhoopradesha hridayam enna nilayil vyartharaaya janangalkk sunshayude praadhaanyam, thaddesheeya janathayude avakaashavaadangalekkurichu bodhavaanmaraaya aadyakaala kammyoonistukaar avare menshevikkukalil ninnu bolshevikkukalilekku (bolshevik virudha kosaakkukale santhulithamaakkunnathinu) thirikkunnathinaayi athu thirike nalkumennu urappakki. vadakkan cocusasil oru anishchithathvam roopappettu. oru vashath, kosaakkukal bolshevisathinu valare prathikoolamaayirunnu, randaamathethu oru decosaccisation nayathode prathikarichu. maruvashathu, pala parvathapradeshangalum chuvappo vellayo aaya eathu russian bharanathodum sathrutha pulartthiyirunnu (mikkavarum yadhaarthathil chuvapp nirakkaare avarude sathrukkalaaya kosakkukalkkethire pooraadunna oru shakthiyaayi nokki, ennaal chuvapp nirakkaar avarude tasaarist mungaamikalkk samanamaaya nayangal sweekarikkaan thudangiyathinu sesham, athrupthi veendum uyarnnu), russian/kosak janangalodu thudarnnum pooraadukayum cheythu. oduvil, chuvanna sainyathin cosac thanthrangal upayogikkukayum pradeshathe police udyogasthare niyamikkukayum cheyyendivannu. chechen svayambharanathinullil oru kosak jilla sandwich cheyyuka enna ashayam oru parihaaramaayi kaanapettu.
1930-kalil, parvathaswaathanthryangal saambathikamaayi kooduthal susthiramaakkunnathinu, avaa sheshikkunna kosak holdingukalumaayi ikyappettu terrech oblaasttinte muun thalasthaanamaaya chechen-ingush azr sunsha jilla thirichupidichu, vladikavkas vadakkan osseshyayude bharana kendramaayi maari, athupole cabardino-balkar svayambharana oblaastum kosak pradeshangalkk nalki. 1923num 1937num idayil thaazhathe terrecle dagestan azr avidatthe vipulamaaya pradesham (kislyar, terrech deltta) bharichu. angane randaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathode charitraparamaaya terrech lephtt baank maathram svayambharana sthaapanangalaalaayirunnil. ennirunnaalum, maruvashathu, eee bhoomikalellaam (vadakkan chechniya, kislyar, littil kabarda, charitraparamaaya vadakkan osseshya, kizhakkan pregorodney/padinjaaran ingusheshya muthalaayava).) charitraparamaayi kokkeshyan yudhangal avasaanikkunnathin munbu kokkeshyan janatha adhivasichirunnu.
angane randaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathode charitraparamaaya terrech lephtt baank maathram svayambharana sthaapanangalaayirunnil, ennirunnaalum, aaa pradeshangalile bharanathilum nagara janasamkhyayilum bhooribhaagavum vamseeya rashyakkaarude aadhipathyathilaayirunnu. ithu kosak virudha adichamarthalukal kramena kurayunnathinum 1930 kalude madhyathode avayude punaradhivaasathinum samaantharamaayirunnu, chuvanna sainyathil niravadhi unitukal roopeekarichu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte iruvashathum kosaakkukal poraadi. niravadhi kosak yudhathadavukaare naasi germmaniyil chertthu, avar thangalude bhoomiye bolshevisathil ninnu mochippikkumennu vaagdaanam cheythu. onnaam kosak divisionile randaam brigedinte anchaam rejimentaayirunnu terrech kosaakkukal. taamasiyaathe yuddham kosak laandukalilekku vannu, 1942-ll naasi aakramana cases blue, sharathkaalathode muun terrech kosak aathidheyarude padinjaaran pradeshangal kaivashappedutthi. navambarode, cocusus yuddham vadakkan osseshyayilethi, jarmmankaar ithinakam grosniyile ennappaadangal paattatthinu nalkaan padhathiyidukayaayirunnu. kosak janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum aakramanakaariye pinthirippikkunnathil pankedutthu.
1920kalilum 30kalilum coronisatsia polulla vividha paripaadikaliloode parvathapradeshangale samaadhaanippikkaan soviyatt union shramichenkilum malayora pradeshangalil appozhum thaazhnna thalatthilulla criminal vighadana prasthaanangal undaayirunnu. naasi jarmmani eee gharshanam upayogichu avayil ninnu anchaamathe koolam srishtikkaan theerumaanichu. central cocusasil, ivar thaazhnna thalatthilulla kalapam nadatthiya karachayum baalkkaarukalum aayirunnu. kooduthal kizhakk, iva vyarthangalaayirunnu, koodaathe oru khaasan israilov nilavilulla kalapam naasi paraadroppukal vazhiyulla vitharanathaal indhanakshamamaakki. 1942 sharathkaalathode, kalapam vyomayaanam ulppedeyulla ganyamaaya redu armi vibhavangal vazhithirichuvittu.
ennirunnaalum, stalingrad yudhathinushesham jarmmankaar cocusasil ninnu oru koottam ozhippikkal aarambhichu. parvathavaasikal nalkia vila vilayeriyathaayirunnu, 1943 avasaanathode soviyatt koottaaya shikshayude bhaagamaayi ooppareshan lentil aarambhichu, ithu ellah chechan, ingush, karaachaay, balkar janathayeyum kasakkisthaanilekku naadukadatthi. athinusesham, bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum kabaardinukal, osseshyakkaar, dagestani thudangiya vishwastha parvatha janathaykkum russiakkaarkkum kosakkukalkkum idayil vibhajichu. udaaharanathinu, charitraparamaaya lover-terrech cosac pradeshangal ulkkollunna oru vishalamaaya grosney oblaast srishtichu, athesamayam vadakkan osseshya sunsha cabardine asrinum central line cosac staanitsakalum undaayirunnu.
1950kalude randaam pakuthi vare eee avastha thudarnnu, joseph staalinte maranashesham soviyatt sarkkaaril kosakkukalodu veendum oru sheethalaavasthayundaayi. 1957ll naadukadatthappetta parvathapradeshangalile ellah janangaleyum punaradhivasippikkukayum avarude republicukal punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum ithu muun athirthikalil cheythirunnilla, udaaharanathinu, lover terrech, naurski, shyolkovsky jillakalude charitra maathrraajyam chechen-ingush asril ulppeduthi, athesamayam kislyar jilla dagestanilekku kaimari. bhoovudamakalude pazhaya prasnangal vegathil veendum uyarnnuvarikayum madangivarunna chechanukalum ingush, parvathangalil veendum sthirathaamasamaakkunnathu nirodhichirunnavayum cosac staanitsakalil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu.
naamamaatra raashtrangalodulla yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte raashtreeyavum randumukhamaayirunnu, oru vashath desheeyathayude ellah adayaalangalum adichamarthappettu, maruvashathu soviyatt adhikaarikal russiacarkku pakaram nyoonapakshangalkk jolikal nalkunnathinum thiranjedukkunnathinum sajeevamaayi prothsaahippichu. athinte falamaayi, yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte mattu pradeshangalile nalla vivechanathinteyum mechappetta saambathika saadhyathakaludeyum falamaayi, niravadhi russiakkaar vadakkan cocusasil ninnu selena, russian vidoora kizhakk, baltic republicukal thudangiya mattu pradeshangalilekku kudiyeri. swaabhaavikamaayum, parvathapradeshangalile janangalude uyarnna janananirakk ardhamaakkunnathu palarum avarude veedukal avarkk vittu ennaanu.
ithu russiakkaarum cocusus janathayum thammilulla charitraparamaaya prathikoolatha marachuvechenkilum, irupakshavum parasparam avarude chelavil aanukoolyangal nedunnathu kandathinal athu orikkalum pirimurukkam illaathaakkiyilla.
1990nuu sesham.
perestroica samayat, kosaakkukal orikkalkkoodi avarude deseeyatha punarnirmmikkanulla nadapadikal sweekarichu. muun aathidheyar udaneelam niravadhi cosac samghadanakal roopeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, angane cheyyumbol, vadakkan cocusasil nilavilulla bharana athirthikal avalokanam cheyyaanum deseeya svayambharana sthaapanangalil ninnu orikkal terrech oblaastil ulppettirunna cosac pradeshangal thirike nalkaanum palarum aagrahichu. cabardino-balkariyayilum vadakkan osseshyayilum daagestaanilum naamamaatra raashtrangalkk thulyamaayi uyarnnuvarunna kosakkukalkku poornna nyoonapaksha avakashangal nalkiyaanu ithu pariharichathu, innu kosaakkukal praadeshika bharanathilum samskaarathilum vikasanathilum oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum chechniyayilum ingusheshyayilum sthithi vyathyasthamaayirunnu. chechenilekku madangiyethiyavarum eee mekhalayile russian kudiyettakkaarum thammil deerghakaalamaayi vamseeya samgharshamundaayirunnu. 1989 nuu munbu, russiakkaar sarkkaarinteyum thozhilshakthiyudeyum ellah bhagangalilum aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum 1990 leeii "chechen viplavam" moolam ithu maari, avide chechen, ingush bhooripakshavum avarude maathrraajyathinte bharanam etteduthu. russiacarkku avarude sthaanangal nediyathinaal avarkk thozhilillaaymayundaayi. russian bhasha pala skoolukalilum nilanilkkukayum republicile russiakkaare udan irakalaayi mattaathirikkukayum cheythu.
kosaakkukalum russiakkaarum russiayil ninnulla chechen swaathanthryathinte kadutha shathrukkalaayirunnu ennathil athishayikkanilla. thangalude samsthaanathinte valiyoru bhaagathe verpeduthaanum, oru athyantham anivaryathayaayi avar kanda swaathanthryathe durbalappedutthaanum kosaakkukal vividha tharatthil goodaalochana nadathunnundennu chechenmar bhayapettu. soviyatt kaalaghattatthilum athinusheshavum chechniyayude vittumaaraatha saambathika budhimuttukalum 1990 nuu munbu russiakkaarum chechenukalum thammilulla valia varumaana vidavum pirimurukkangal vashalakki. eee kaaranangalal kosaakkukalum chechenukalum thammilulla noottaandukalude pooraattatthil vamseeya bandhangal valare shathruthayullathaayirunnu.
oru rashyakkaarane vivaham kazhicha president sokhar dudayev, ithinakam thanne daridrarum anthaaraashtrathalathil otappettathumaaya oru republicinte asthirappeduthunna gadakamaayi addeham kanda vamseeya pirimurukkangal adichamarthaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, "aathidhyamaryaadaye" kurichulla presidentinte prasthavanakal mathiyaya bodhyappedutthal nalkiyilla, koodaathe soviyatt kaalaghattatthil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha saambathika saahacharyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum mattoru pradhana prasnamaaya anthaaraashtra ottappedalum polulla mattu mungananakal dudayevinu undaayirunnu.
athinte kaaranangalum theevrathayum tharkkavishayamaanenkilum vamseeya rashyakkaarude oru palayanam sambhavichu. chila srothassukal parayunnath, aadya chechen yudhathinu munbu (300,000 aalukal) avasheshicha muzhuvan russian janasamkhyayum (300,000 aalukal), mattullavar tharkkikkunnathupole, pathinaayirakkanakkin aalukal (300,000-nuu vipareethamaayi) avide ninnu poyenkilum, aadya chechen yuddham kaaranam avaril bhooribhaagavum avide ninnu poyennumaanu; russian srothassukal avakaashappedunnathu russian virudha vivechanavum akramavum moolamaanu, mattullavar (russian liberalukal boris elwin, andrey illariov, paashchaathya kamantettarmaar gall aandu dii wall ennivar) saambathika kaaranangalum soviyatt kaalaghattatthil russiakkaar kaivasham vachirunna munbathe aanupaathikamallaatha padavi nashtappedunnathum, athupole thanne checheniyayile anchil naalu russiakkaar thaamasichirunna aadya chechen yudhathil grosney kootta bomb spodanavum udharikkunnu. vamseeya russian saambathika shaasthranjaraaya boris elvinum andray iliyaaronovum soochippichathupole, 1991-94 kaalayalavil chechniyayil ninnu vamseeya rashyakkaarude purappedunnathinte nirakkum ennavum yadhaarthathil mattu pradeshangale apekshichu (kalmikiya, thuva, yakuttia) kuravaayirunnu.
chechen vamseeya rashyakkaarodum kosakkukalodum sathrutha pularthiyirunnathinaal chechen vamseeya rashyakkaaraayirunnuvenna tharkkavum nilanilkkunnund (chechen samsthaanathvathodulla sathrutha kaaranam)-yadhaarthathil rund vamseeya russian chechen teeppukal undaayirunnu, presidentinte bhaarya rashyakkaariyaayirunnu. chechen vamshavyavastha vyakthikale moshanathil ninnum kolapaathakatthil ninnum samrakshikkunnu, kaaranam muzhuvan vamshavum ithil ulppedum, oraalkk oru teeppil cheraam-athinaal, teeppil cheraathavar (kosaakkukal pole) paavappettavarude moshanathinu vidheyamaakum.
vidyaabhyaasamulla varenyavargathil palarkkum sarkkar, vyavasaayam, academic mekhalakalile sthaanangal adhikaarathilirikkunnavaru bandhapetta pradeshavaasikalkk nashtappettu (munbu chechenukal pravaasatthil ninnu madangiyethiyathinu sheshamulla sahacharyam kaaranam avarkk valia nettamundaayirunnu). chechniya republicinte naderethni, naurski, shelkovskoy "rayons" ennivarkku parambaraagatha cosac janasamkhyaye praayogikamaayi nashtappettu.
dudayevinethiraaya (russian enna gathaagathathinu bheeshaniyaayi kanakkakkappetta) oru attimari sramam paraajayappettathinetthudar, chechniya veendum keezhadakkanulla oru sainika ooppareshanumaayi mosco prathikarichu (aadya chechen yuddham kaanuka); niravadhi terrech kosaakkukal avarude vishwasthatha prakadippikkaan avasaram upayogichu chaadi, russian sainyavumayi pravartthikkunna sannadha unitukal roopeekarichu. chechenukalodu sunsha, terrech sthaanithsakalil poraadaanaanu iva srishtichathu.
randaam chechen yudhasamayathu, cosac unitukal veendum oru sahaaya pinthunayaayi pankedutthu, eee samayam russian nyoonapakshamaayirunna norsky rayonil sthaapikkaan anuvadichu; innu norskaayayile sthaanitsa checheniyayile cosac prasthaanavumaayi shakthamayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
eee rund yudhangalum kosakkukalkkum chechenukalkkum valia durithangal konduvannu.

