britania superior

septimiyas severus claudius albinus thammilulla aabhyantharayudhathinu sesham srishticha roman brittanile oru pravisyayaayirunnu britania superior ("upper brittan" ennathinte laattin). roman brittane britania inferiorinteyum britania superiorinteyum vadakkan pradeshamaayi vibhajichathinu herodian severasine credit cheiyunnundenkilum, aadhunika scholarship vaadikkunnathu moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil karasellayanu vibhajanam nadathiyathennu. muun britiish thalasthaanamaaya launtinium britania supeeriyarinte kendramaayi thudarnnappol eberacom allengil aadhunika york britania infiyariyarinte thalasthaanamaayirunnu. upper brittan ippol weils, thekkan englandu, kizhakkan anglia ennivaye ulkkollunnuvennu epigraphic thelivukal kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, britania superior inferior thammilulla audyogika athirthi ippozhum vyakthamalla.
eee kaalayalavil launtinium kshayicha kaalaghattatthiloode kadannupoyengilum, pravishya mothatthil vikasikkunnath thudarnnu. villakal vipuleekarikkukayum thalasthaanathinu chuttum oru puthiya mathil srishtikkukayum cheythu.
brittaniyayile gavarnarmaare kandethaan prayaasamaan, koodaathe pravishya athinte eratta bridaaniyayil ninnu vyathyasthamaayappol krithyamaayi manassilakkaan prayaasamaan. avarude bharanasamvidhaanathekkuricho avarude janangalekkuricho innu valare kurachu vivarangal maathrame nilavilulloo. ennirunnaalum, britania supeeriyarinekkurichu chila puraavastu gaveshanangal romano-britiish bandhangal kooduthal aadhunika sameepanathode punaravalokanam cheyyendathundennu charitrakaaranmaare vishwasippikkunnu.
roman saamrajyathinullile asthiratha, moonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil dioclesian, carosius ennivarude motham pravishya adikaaram pidichadakkiya parishkaarangal enniva kaaranam naalam noottaandinte thudakkathil constantius pravishya punasamghadippichu.
kettippadukkukayum aabhyantharayudham nadathukayum cheyyuka.
eiii. dii. 192 desember desember commadus chakravartthiyude kolapaathakathinu sesham, kamaadasinte goodaalochanakkaar roman bharanadhikaari enna padavikku anuyojyamaaya pakarakkaranaayi pertinaxine thiranjedutthu. anchu chakravartthimaarude prakshubdha varsham ennariyappedunna 193 eiii. dii. yill anchu chakravartthimaaril aadyatheyaalaayirikkum addeham. eee varsham, roman saamraajyathinte moonnu valia sainika senakal thammilulla aabhyanthara yudhathil athinte nethaavine theerumaanikkendathaayirunnu. eee aabhyantharayudhathil brittanile claudius albinus danubile septimiyas severus syrian nethaavu pesinnius niger malsarichu.
eiii. dii. 193 march march swantham kaavalkkaaran pertinaxine kolappeduthiyathinu sesham severus albinus balipeetamaaya austiyayil kaanichirikkunnathupole oru sakhyam prathinjja cheythu. severus ozhikeyulla ellah perukalum (albinus ulppede) likhithathil ninnu kothivachittundennu balipeetam kaanikkunnu. severus oduvil aabhyantharayudhathil vijayichu ennathinte thelivaanithu. albinasumaayulla sakhyathil, aduthide kollapetta chakravarthiykku prathikaram cheiyunnathinaayi severus petrinex enna peru nalki. severus romilek march cheyyukayum swantham thavana upayogichu praitorian gaardine pirichuvidukayum cheythu.
roman saamraajyathinte simhasana pidichedukkunnathinulla severasinteyum aalbinasinteyum poraattam thammilulla pirimurukkam 197 februvari februvari lugadunam (aadhunika liyon) yudhathinu kaaranamaayi. cassius deoyude "roman charithram" anusarichu severus albinus iruvashathum 150,000 sainikarumaayi thulyamaayi aayudhadhaarikalaayirunnu. ettumuttal angotum ingottum nadannuvenkilum aalbinasinte idathuvashathinte nirnnayaka thakarcha yudhathe severus vijayathin anukoolamaakki. thante parajayam aasannamaanennu manassilakkiya albinus roman saamraajyathinte poornna niyanthranam severasinu nalkikkond aathmahathya cheythu.
roman brittante vibhajanam.
roman charitrakaaranaaya herodiante "saamraajyathinte charithram" enna kruthi anusarichu, lugdinum yudhathinu thottupinnaale severus roman britaini mukalilum thaazheyumulla pravisyakalaayi vibhajichu. ennirunnaalum, roman brittante vibhajanathinu pinnile krithyamaaya theeyathiyum saahacharyangalum sambandhichu charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil ippozhum ashayakkuzhappam nilanilkkunnu.
eiii.jeey. herodiante vibhajana theeyathi 197 edii ennathinu kaaryamaaya thelivukalude abhaavamaan eee samshayathinte kaaranamenn graham vaadikkunnu. cassius deoyude lejian listtukalude anubandha thelivukal herodiante avakaashavaadangal sthireekarikkaan upayogichekkaam, pakshe deoyude likhithangal theeyathi vyakthamakkiyittilla. severus roman brittane thanne vibhajikkunnillenn graham nigamanam cheiyunnu. pakaram eiii. dii dii 211num idayil power severasinte saha-chakravarthiyaaya carasellayude keezhil audyogikamaayi vibhajanam nadannirikkumennu graham vaadikkunnu. vibhajanathinte prathyekathakal anishchithathvathilaanenkil vibhajanathinte swabhaavam ippozhum pradhaanamaanennu graham nigamanam cheiyunnu. thaazhnna lover brittan pravishyayude vadakke attathaayathinaal uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya vyathyasam pradhaanamaan. eee vastutha roman athirthikkappurathulla meshyan kaattaanakalumaayulla karaarinteyum pinvaangalinteyum carasellayude nishkriya swabhaavam velippeduthunnu.
lucius juuliyas jooliyaanasinte kaalath AD-yill nirmmicha oru likhitham addehathinte sainyangal upper brittan aakaan pookunna carlionilaanennu vivarikkunnuvennu epigraphic thelivukal kaanikkunnu. edii 209 aayappozhekkum brittan vibhajikkappettittille charitrakaaranmaar vishwasikkunnu. vadakku kurachu sainyangal maathrame undaayirunnulloovenkilum lover brittan thekk ninnulla sainikare aashrayichirunnuvennathin thelivaanithu. lover brittanile corbridginu sameepam oru thekkan concord nilanilkkunnathayi soochippikkunna thelivukal nilavilundu. oru thekkan commanderinu samarppichirikkunna mattoru balipeetam rund upper britiish sainyathinte ditaachmentukal vadakkan athirthiyil orumichu sevanamanushtichirunnave theliyikkunnu.
unnatha, thaazhnna govarnarmaar thammilulla padavi pradhaanamaan. sainyangalude vibhajanam kaaranam bridaaniyayile govarnor superior oru consular rank vahichirunnuvennum bridaaniyayil addehathinte ethirvibhaagam thaazhnna praitorian rank aayirunnuvennum charitrakaaranmaar anumaanikkunnu. ithu charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil ashayakkuzhappam srishtichu, kaaranam yudhasamayathu bridaaniyayile govarnor superior vadakkan sainyathinte neethrthwam ettedukkumennu abhipraayappettittund, ithu vibhajanathinu pinnile kaaranangale aadyam malinamakkum. severasinte saamraajyathva bharanavum addehathinte pingamiyaaya caracalla thammil roman brittanu valare vyathyasthamaaya bharanasamvidaanangalundaayirunu ennathaanu charitrakaaranmaarkku surakshithamaayi yojikkan kazhiyunnath.
eiii. dii 194ll roman syria verthirichukondu chakravarty enna nilayil addeham ithe vibhajana pravartthanam nadatthi ennathaanu vibhajanathil severasinte swaadheenam. ennirunnaalum, vibhajanam carasellakku kaaranamaanengil, edii 214 allengil 214 ll pannonias superiorinteyum pannonias infiyarinteyum athirukal punakrameekarikkumbol addeham ithu cheythu. brittanile sainyathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi addeham motham naalu sainyangaleyum rund pravishyakalkkidayil thulyamaayi vibhajichu. pakaram rund sainyangal upper brittanil kaaval nilkkumbol lover brittanil orennathilekku maathrame praveshanam undaayirunnulloo. poornnamaayum samanamaaya oru neekkamallengilum, akkaalat roman saamrajyam athinte pravisyakalkku nere nadatthiya oru pothu naya neekkamaayi charitrakaaranmaar ithine visheshippichittundu.
brittan mukalilum thaazheyumulla pravisyakalaayi vibhajikkappettath roman pravishya abhimukheekaricha oru prashnathe prakadamaakkunnu. saamraajyangalude paridhiyil orotta govarnorude kaikalil oru valia sainyam undaakunnath thadayunnathu aavashyamaayirunnu. severasumaayulla samgharshathil oru valia sainyathe aninirathaanulla aalbinasinte kazhivil kaanaanaakunnathra shakthamaayirunnu adhikara adithara.
eee division roman brittante rund vyathyastha thalasthaanangal srishtichu. launtinium (innathe lunden) supeeriyarinte thalasthaanamaayirunnu, eboracom (innathe york) britania infiyariyarinte thalasthaanamaayi srishtikkappettu. brittaniyayude vadakku thaazhnna nilayilulla asthiramaaya maitte janasamkhya kaaranam, dveepinte niyanthranam veendedukkaan shramikkumbol eboraakkathil ninnu muzhuvan roman saamrajyavum bharikkan severus theerumaanichu.
kettidangal.
britania superiorude oru pravishya enna nilayil, pradeshathudaneelam kottakalude nirmmaanam kaanapettu. upper brittanu yadhaartha aakramanathmaka bheeshaniyillaathathinaal ithu oru sainika uddeshyathinum vendiyalla. nagarangal avarude ozhivusamayangalil thanne kottakettirunnu. eiii. dii onnaam noottaandil verulaliyavum winchesterum ithinakam thanne kottakettithudangiye randaam noottaandiludaneelam kuranjathu eiii. dii 270 vare kettidanirmmaanam thudarnnu. eee kotta mathilukalude nirmmaanam kuranjathu moonnu pradhana kolanikal thammilulla malsara mekhalayaayi maariyirikkam. ennirunnaalum, cheria villakalkk chuttumulla kottakalude abhavam roman varenyavargakkaarude manassil aayirunnengilum eee samayat karshaka kalaapathin yadhaartha bheeshaniyillennu vishwasikkaan pandithanmaare prerippikkunnu.
mathilukalude uddeshyam ippozhum avyakthamaanu. lalithamaaya padhathikalallaathathinaal vibhavangalum manushyasakthiyum nirmmikkaan anuvadikkanamennu chakravarty bodhyappedutthaan pattanangalkk saadhuvaaya oru kaaranam aavashyamaayirunnu. eee pattanangale athbhuthakaramaayi oru karshaka kalapam marikadannaal kottakal romakkaarkkethire upayogikkaamenn chakravarthimaar aashankaakularaayi.
mukalil soochippicha villakal kanatha kottakettiyirikkillengille uyarnna pravishyaykk chuttumulla villakalude adisthaana soukaryangal vipuleekarikkunathinulla theevramaaya kettidatthinte oru kaalaghattatthe soochippikkunna puraavastu thelivukal undu. udaaharanathinu, cottswoldukalude puram ridjile vitcombe, frosttar court ennee rund villakal AD-ykku idayil vipuleekarichu.
pravisyaykkullile theeradesha vaasasthalangal chakravarty probus shakthippeduthiyathayi urappakkiyathaayum karuthappedunnu. engleesh chanalil surakshithamaaya pidi urappakkunnathinaayi gaulile kadal kottakalumaayi chernnaanu ithu cheythath.
launtinium.
severan kaalaghattatthinte (<aii. dii. 1> sii. iii.) oru bhaagath roman brittanil achadicha naanayangalude abhavam kaaranam, londiniyathinte thakarchaykku dhaaraalam thelivukalundenkilum, oru muzhuvan pravishya enna nilayil upper brittan thakarchayude kaalaghattatthilaayirunno illayo ennu parayaan pandithanmaarkk prayaasamaan. eee kaalayalavil londiniyathinte oru puthiya mathil poortthiyaakkaan mathiyaya panavum vibhavangalum undaayirunnuvennu vyakthamaayi ariyaam. lunden saittil komodasinte chithram adangiya oru nanayam kandethiyathode mathilinte nirmmaanam pothuvarsham pothuvarsham munbo orupakshe pothuvarsham pothuvarsham sheshamo poortthiyaayittillenn charitrakaaranmaar vishwasikkunnu. puthiya mathilinu mukalil 8 adii (2.4 meter) kattiyulla oru adithara ulppede bhoothalathil 9 adii (2.7 meter) kattiyundaayirunnu.
akkaalat eee punny praadeshika sheshikkappuramaayirunnu, athinartham ithu nirmmikkanulla utharavu roman saamraajyathinte mukalil ninnu vannathayirikkanam ennaanu. albinus allengil severus upayogichaanu mathil nirmmichathu. eathu nethaavaanu mathil nirmmichathennu parayaan, avarude rund prachodanangalum charitrakaaranmaar padichittundu. nagara mathilukal shathrukkalil ninnulla pradhana samrakshakanaayi pravarthichirunnuvena randaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare brittanile mikka pattanangalkkum valia kottakal labhichirunnilla. londiniyathil oru tharatthilulla adiyantharaavasthayeyum neridaan thidukkathil mathil nirmmichathallennu puraavasthugaveshanam kaanikkunnu. kaanikkunnu simhaasanathinaayi pooraadunnathinaayi thante sainyathil bhooribhaagavum romilek pinvalikkumbol kooduthal mechappetta kottakettya britiish thalasthaanam undaayirikkunnathu budhiparamaakumennu munkootty kandukond albinus mathil nirmmichathinte thelivaanu eee thidukkathinte abhaavamenn charitrakaaranmaar parayunnu.
brittanilethiyappol severus enthukondaanu aalbinasinte mathil thakarkkaathathennu charitrakaaranmaar ippozhum chinthikkunnu. brittanile vadakkan asthirathayekkurichu severasinu kooduthal aashankayundaayirunnathil mathilukal kedukoodaathe nilanirthaan addeham theerumaanichathaayi ettavum prachaarathilulla sidhaantham parayunnu. thalasthaanamaaya eee pradesham ithinakam thanne susthiramaaya oru pradeshamaayathinaal pravisyayilethunnathinna munbu severus oru launtinium mathil nirmmikkaan padhathiyidillennu gaveshakar vishwasikkunnathinum ithu kaaranamaakunnu.
ithu saambathika thakarchayude kaalamaayirunnuvenkilum eee kaalayalavil nirmmicha smaaraka silpangalum kandethiyittundu. naalam noottaandile nadeetheerathe mathilil (mathilinte vipuleekaranam) nirmmicha 52 valia chunnaambukallukal, chilath indented aabharanangalullava 1975 ll kandethi; avayil 45 ennam herculese, minerva, chovva, mattu niravadhi roman devathakal enniva adangiya rund valia smarakangalil ninnaan.
ludgate, newgate, bishopgate, aldgate ennividangalilum gettu houseukal nirmmichu. walbrook, southwaarkku thudangiya praanthapradeshangal upekshikkappettappol landanile maandyathinte madhyathilaanu eee cheria mathilukalum gettu houseukalum poortthiyaakkiyathu.
bharanam.
carresella punasthaapicha samaadhaanathin keezhil, mukalilum thaazheyumulla pravishyakal samaanavum vyathirikthavumaya oru bharanasamvidaanam aarambhichu. pravishyakal saankethikamaayi verthirichenkilum, getta paalatthil ninnulla rund likhithangalum cherterhomil ninnulla oru likhithavum, keezh pravishyayile deutyilulla thante jeevanakkaril ninnu meludyogasthante govarnor "beneficiary" yekkurichu samsaarichathayi paraamarsikkunnu. oru kaalamenkilum brittan orotta sthaapanamaayi thudarnnu bharichirunnathaayi pandithanmaar abhipraayappedunnu. ithinartham getta seaser, alpius marcellus thudangiya consular gavarnarmarayirikkum vibhajanathinu munbulla avasaanathe rund govarnarmaar. athinusesham, eathu prathyeka gavarnarmaaraanu uyarnna pravishyayude melnottam vahichathennu vyakthamalla. vibhajanathinu sesham eathutharam pothu bharanaparamaya maattangalaan sambhavichathennum vyakthamalla. ettavum puthiya sidhaantham thaazhnna pravishyayude sivil adhikaraparidhi yorkkile lejian commanderinu nalkiyittundennathaanu, ennaal thekkan pravishyayude consular govarnor aavashyamullappol raajyam muzhuvan adhikaaramettu.
upper brittanile govarnarmaar saadhaaranayaayi thaazhepparayunnava ulppede consular raankilaayirunnu
britania supeeriyarinte pirichuvidal.
britania superiorude abhivridhiyude nirbhagyavumaayi aadyathe shabdangal eiii. dii 260-laanu sambhavichathu. roman saamrajyam jarmman adiniveshangalil budhimuttukal neridukayum athinte chila pravisyakalil hraswakaalathekku niyanthranam nashtappedukayum cheythu. britania, germania, gaul, hispania enniva oru swatantra chakravarty pinthudarnnu. eee pradeshathe "gallic pravishyakalude saamrajyam" allengil laattin bhashayil "imperium gallerium" ennu vilichirunnu. brittan valareyadhikam prachaarana shakti konduvannathinaal upper brittanile aapekshika samadhaanam gallic chakravartthiyude souhaarddabodhathinu kaaranamaayirikkam.
eee kaalayalavil roman saamrajyam durithamanubhavichu. sii. iii. 244ll gordian moonnaamante kolapaathakathinusheshavum dioclesian (sii. iii. 284) vare ambathiyanju vyathyastha chakravarthimaar svayam "seaser" ennu prakhyaapichu.
eiii. dii. 287ll sakthamaaya oru engleesh chaanalinte praadhaanyam veendum aavarthikkunnu. muthirnna roman udyogasthanaaya carosius chaanalile kadalkkollakkarumaayi koottukettu pularthiyathaayi samshayikkappettu. vadhasikshayil ninnu svayam rakshikkaanaayi addeham kalapam nadathukayum brittan muzhuvan pidichedukkukayum cheythu. kadal samrakshichirunna karosiyasinte bharanam prathyekichum ozhippikkaan prayasamaayirunnu. 293ll swantham dhanakaaryamantri electus addehathe kolappedutthi, ennaal brittante chila bhaagangalude niyanthranam nashtappettathinusesham maathramaan.
293-leeii sharathkaalathil alectus roman brittante niyanthranam etteduthu; ennirunnaalum addehathinte bharanam hraswavum sambhavabahulavumaayirunnu. 296 septambaril puthiya chakravarthiyaaya constantius brittan aakramichu. thante sahapravarthakanaaya aslepiodotus chanalil oru vazhithirichuvidal srishtichathode, shatru kappalukale ozhivakkaan carosius moodalmanju muthaleduthu southaamptaninu sameepam ethi. valare sakthamaaya oru thantrapradhaana kamandaraayirunnilla alectus, oru naavikayudhathinu prerippikkaathathil addeham thettu cheythu. adhiniveshathil addeham pinkaalukalil pidikkapettu. mosham kaalavastha kaaranam constanteeshyasinu madangendi vannuvenkilum aadhunika silchastarinu sameepamulla ulnaadan yudhathil alectus parajayappettu. eee samayathaan puthiya vijayikal carasellakku sesham roman brittante aadya punaravalokanam aarambhichath. britania superior inferior thalkshanam cheria praadeshika unitukalaayi verpeduthappettathaayi thonnunnu. constantius aadyam upper brittane randaayi vibhajichathayi pandithanmaar karuthunnu, ithu landane kendreekarichulla oru puthiya pravishyaykk chesttar nalkukayum seeniyarinte kizhakkan bhagam thekk bhaagath ninnu thaazhekku verthirikkukayum cheythu. verona listt (313-314 AD) aayappozhekkum, roman brittanile naalu puthiya pravishyakal britania prima, bii aayirunnu. sekkanda, maxima siseriyansis, flavia siseriyansis.
charitraparamaaya praadhaanyam.
onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, manpaathrangaludeyum saamskaarika sanbradaayangaludeyum maarikkondirunna vitharanathinte aasthaanamaayirunnu britania superior. eee kaalaghattatthile thekkukizhakkan britiish vaasasthalangalekkurichula nireekshanangal kaanikkunnath aagolavalkkaranathinte sramangal roman brittanil kandethamennaanu. prathyekichum, britania superiorinullile pradeshangal oru unnatha bharana samskaarathinullil polum saamskaarika sankaravalkkaranam sambhavikkaamenn theliyichathaayi gaveshakar kandethi. ithu romanvalkkaranam oru varenya prathyayashaasthramaayirikkane enna kandethalilekku gaveshakare nayichu, ithu "roman" ennathilekku aagrahikkaan brittane nirbandhithanaakki. pakaram, romano-britiish samskaarangal varenyathayude maathrkaykku purathulla reethiyil maari. eee rund samskaarangalum keezhadakkalinte shakti gadanaykku pakaram kooduthal purogamanaparamaaya connectivityil svayam sankaravalkkarikkaan saadhyathayund.
upper brittante mudra.
norphokkil sthithi cheiyunna burg kottayil 1993 ll kandethiya oru kandethal anusarichu, oru leed seal "upper brittan pravishyayude (seal)" ennu svayam visheshippichu. mudrayil oru maratthinte moodupadam thaazhe oru pullipuly undu. ithu staagine upper brittanile audyogika mrugamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvennu vishwasikkaan charitrakaaranmaare prerippichu. lover brittanil ninnu varunna audyogika mudrakalil saadhaaranayaayi kaalakal adangiyirunnu.

