peettar fozhsu

oru american raashtreeyakkaaranum pathradhipar printarum aarkkivisttum aadyakaala american charithrakaaranumaayirunnu peettar fozhsu (november 26,1790-januvari 23,1868). washington dii. yude panthrandaam meyaraayi addeham randuthavana thiranjedukkappettu.sii. thante jeevithakaalathu addeham raashtrathanthranjaril ninnum american viplavathile american, britiish sainika udyogastharil ninnum vilamathikkaanaavaathathum vishalavumaaya pusthakangal, kayyezhuthuprathikal, yadhaartha bhoopadangal, mattu archival metteeriyalukal ennivayude shekharam shekharichu. senayude shekharam ettavum vipulamaaya onnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. thiranjedukkappettu yudhathil washington millisiayil leftanantaayi sevichu. raashtreeyamaayi addeham wig partyile amgavum joonn kwinsey aadamsinte pinthunakkaaranumaayirunnu. american kolanikal, american viplavam enniva ulppedunna niravadhi vaalyangalilayi charitraparamaaya rekhakal, pusthakangal, bhoopadangal ennivayude oru valia shekharam edittu cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythathil addeham kooduthalum sradheyanaanu, athu aathyanthikamayi library oof kongras valia thukaykku vaangi. fozhsu oru rashtreeya jenalum mattu prasidheekaranangalum sthaapikkukayum oru pradhana deseeya shaasthra samoohathinteyum, rashtreeya karyangal pothujanangalumayi ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinulla chumatala pradhaanamaayum vahichirunna typographical sosaitiyudeyum prasidantaayirunnu. library oof kongrasinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vakuppinu amgeekaaram nalkia samithiyil seena sevanamanushtichu. american aabhyantharayudham moolamundaaya anthaaraashtra rashtreeya aswasthathayude samayat, fransumaayum englandumaayum nayatantra bandham sthirappeduthunnathinayi linkon bharanakoodam europilekku sainyathe ayachu.
jeevithavum thozhilum.
vilyam fozhsinteyum saaraa fergusanteyum makanaaya peettar fozhsu nyoojezhsiyile pasaik vellachaattathin sameepamaan janichathu. viplava yudhathile oru sinikanum pathinezhaam noottaandil american theerangalil ethiya franch huganottukalude pingaamiyumaayirunnu vilyam. yudhathil pithaavinte pankaalittham peettarinu charithrathodulla thaalparyam vanthothil prachodippichu. newyorkkile alsttar kaundiyile nyoo paltsil valarnna fozhsu pinneedu newyork nagaratthilekku thamasam maari, avide addeham achadi vyavasaayathil padichu. american aabhyantharayudhakaalathu ohaayoyil ninnulla oru pramukha mejar janaralaayirunna vilyam kwero fozhsu (1820-1880), chaals fozhsu (dobb labhyamalla), manning fozhsu (1824-1899) ennivarulppede patthu kuttikalundaayirunnu. sakthiye oru ullasamanushyanaayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla, marichu shanthan karuthalullavanumaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum aalukale thannilekku aakarshicha oru souhaarddaparamaaya vyakthithvam addehathinundaayirunnu.
1812ll fozhsu akkaalat nagaratthinte printar trade unionaayirunna newyork typographical sosaittiyil amgamaayi. 1812 februvari 1 nuu nadanna pothuyogatthil addeham chumathalayettu. 1812 desember 5 nuu addeham director thiranjedukkappettu, 1813 juulai 3 nuu irupathirandaam vayassil presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu, 1814 lum 1815 lum addeham veendum thiranjedukkappettu.
thiranjedukkappettu yudhasamayathu, fozhsu newyork stettu millisiayil sevanamanushtikkukayum sarjant padaviyilekkum pinneedu lefttanant padaviyilekkum uyarukayum cheythu. 
vilyam eiii. kku vendi jolie cheiyunna oru travelman printaraayi fozhsu thante vaividhyamaarnna currier aarambhichu. newyork sittiyil davis valare nannayi prakadanam nadathukayum pathinaram vayassil taamasiyaathe oafees director niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. 1815-ll, kongras printinginaayi fozhsinte thozhiludama oru karar nedukayum washingtonilekku maarukayum cheythu.sii.irupathiyanchaam vayassil peettar fozhsum pinthudarukayum aaa nagaratthil oru thamasakkaaranum printarum aayitheerukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe addeham kongras printing plaantil forman, public printar ennee nilakalil pravarthicha davisumaayi oru pankaalittham roopeekarichu, akkaalat athu valare cheruthaayirunnu, naalu single-pull, thadi hand pressukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, avaa 1816 ll sarkkaarinte ellah jolikalum cheyyaan paryapthamaayirunnu. athe varsham thanne addeham columbia typographical sosaittiyil cherukayum 1826 ll athinte aadyathe "swatantra amgamaayi" maarukayum cheythu. davis pankaalittha senayil ninnu pinmaariyappol addeham maasttar maindaayirunna mattu pankaalitthangal roopeekarichu. 
washington senayile thante kariyarinte thudakkathil vishishta raashtrathanthranjarude shradha aakarshikkukayum jeevithathiludaneelam nagaratthile oru pradhana kathaapaathramaayirunnu addeham. washingtonil ethi naalu varshathinu sesham addeham aadyakaala american charithratthile vasthuthakal rekhappeduthunnathinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru vaarshikam sthaapikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu, athil audyogikavum sthithivivarakkanakkukalum ulppedunnu. 1820 muthal 1836 vare raashtreeyathil moonnu varshathe edavelayode addeham "deseeya kalandar" prasidheekarichu, athu pinneedu "american aikyanaadukalude deseeya colunder charithravum" aayi maari. 1836 november november deseeya achadi kanvenshan washingtonil othucherukayum moonnu peradangunna oru samitiye niyamikkukayum cheythu. eee nagaratthinte mayer (columbia typographical sosaittiyile oru amgam), kanvenshante ashamsakal addehathinu nalkaanum thante saannidhyathode athine aadarikkaan shanikkaanum...raashtrapathiyude prasamgathiloodeyum kanvenshanile amgangalude vyakthiparamaaya abhinandanangaliloodeyum aaveshathode swaagatham cheythu."
cheythu.", fozhsu arts aandu sciences pramoshan columbian instittyoott enna abhimaanakaramaaya sosaittiyil amgamaayirunnu, koodaathe presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1820-ll addeham 1836-ll avasaanicha 16 varsham neenduninna stattistikkal vaarshikamaya "deseeya kalandar" prasidheekarikkaan thudangi. 1823 november 12 muthal 1830 februvari 2 vare, pothu aashankakaleyum prasnangaleyum kurichulla mithamaaya yaadhaasthithika kaazhchappaadukalode fozhsu "deseeya jenal" prasidheekarichu, ithu joonn kwinsey aadamsinte presidentinte kaalath audyogika pathramaayi maari, koodaathe joonn kwinsey adams ulppede parakke ariyappedunna chila sambhaavakaril ninnu athinte kolangalilekku aakarshikkukayum cheythu. athesamayam, raashtreeyathil nishpakshatha palikkaan jenal shramichu. 1824ll oru dinapathramaayi marria jenal 1831 vare eee padaviyil thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum 1830ll pathram edittar enna thante sthaanam sainyam upekshichu.
1820 muthal 1828 vare fozhsu yuu. esinte audyogika directory "dvivatsara rajisttar" samaharikkukayum achadikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.ezz. sarkkar. 1827-ll pathinonnam streettinteyum pensylvania avanyoovinteyum moolayilulla washingtonile addehathinte printing shoppil library oof kongrasinte kaattalogilekk 109 pejulla anubandham achadikkaan senaykk chumatala nalki. 1820, 1825 ennee varshangalile anubandhangalil adangiyirikkunna rachayithaavinte soochikayum sheershakangalum anubandhathil ulppedunnu. 
thante jeevithakaalathu addeham smithsonian sthaapanathilum yunaittad stetts neval obsarvettariyilum amgamaayirunnu, 1836 ll washingtonil american historikkal sosaitiye samghadippikkunnathil pradhana punk vahichu. 1822 august 22 nuu, kalar printing reethikk fozhsinu 3573x pettant labhichu. addeham "deseeya jenalil" (1823-1830) sthaapikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheythu, pinneedu washington smaarakathin oru kallu sambhavana cheythu. 1824-ll joonn kwinsey adams prasidantavaanulla thiranjeduppine shakthamayi pinthunacha sesham addeham kaunsilmaanaayum aldermana praadeshikamaayi sevanamanushtichu. washingtonile thaamasatthinte ezhaam varshathil addeham sitti kaunsililekkum pinneedu alderman bordilekkum thiranjedukkappedukayum iru samghadanakalum presidentaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. cheythu 1836lum ethirppillaathe addeham washington meyaraayi thiranjedukkappettu, ennaal 1848ll veendum malsarichappol addeham wig partyile amgamenna nilayil valia bhooripakshathil parajayappettu. athinusesham addeham shaasthrathe prolsaahippikkunnathi deseeya instittyoottinte presidentaayi. 1851ll american anticarian sosaittiyilum fozhsu amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
thiranjedukkappettu arambham vare library oof kongrasil oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vakupum athinte valippathinum steshanum ulla oru sthaapanathinu mathiyaya bhoopadangalude shekharavum illaayirunnu. lefttanant edward bii. yuu vettayaadunnu.ezz. sainyam oru padhathi thayyarakkukayum atharamoru vakuppinu oru prameyam nirddeshikkukayum nirddesham avalokanam cheyyaan oru samitiye niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1856ll aaa prameyam pasakia kammittiyude mail balaprayogam undaayirunnu. "americayilo eee bhookhandathilo sahikkavunnavidham poornnamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vasthukkalude oru shekharam polum illa" ennu samiti prasthaavichu."fozhsu libraryil ninnulla niravadhi yadhaarthavum apoorvavumaaya bhoopadangal eee vakuppinu nalki. 
aabhyantharayudham.
1861 novemberil, union, konfedarasi ennivayumaayulla apakadakaramaaya bandhathekkurichu pareesileyum landanileyum rashtreeya vrithangalodu abhyarthikkaanulla nayatantra shramathil president linkon bharanathile swaadheenamulla suhruthukkalude shupaarshaprakaaram europilekku sainyam ayachu. confederasic sahayam nalkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkan athath sarkkaarukale prerippikkumenna pratheekshayode aarch bishop hyoogs bishop milwayne sainyathodoppam undaayirunnu. vividha britiish, franch raashtrathanthranjarumaayi sainyam aarogyakaramaya sthiramaaya bandham sthaapichu. 1862 juun aadyam amerikkayilekku madangiyethiya addehathinu newyork korppareshanil ninnu nagaratthinte swaathanthryathinulla bahumati labhichu. aaa varsham juun 9 nuu "nammude raajyathinte suraksha, bahumanam, kshemam enniva niranja" oru dauthyathil ninnu senayude surakshithamaaya varavinu typographical sosaitti nandi prakadippikkukayum athinte arakal sandarshikkaan addehathe shanikkukayum cheythu, athuvazhi addehathinte saha amgangalkku nandi prakadippikkaan kazhiyum.
american aabhyantharayudhakaalathu, peettarinte makan, thudarchayaaya raankukaliloode uyarnnu columbia jillayile millisiayil oru mejar generalayi. wixburg yudhathil pankeduttha addeham shermante kadalilekkulla maarchil vilyam techumse shermante keezhil sevanamanushtichu. aaa yudhasamayathu peettarum makan idaykkide kathidapaadukal nadathiyirunnu.
1862 leeii vadakkan virjeeniyan prachaarana velayil general roobert iii. leeyum sainyavum washington dii. yumayi apakadakaramaayi aduthukondirikkukayinnu.sii. chaals bii. general phitts joonn porttarude staafile union kenalaaya norttan, sivilian jeevithathil, oru aarkkivisttum prasadhakanum koodiyaayirunnu, koodaathe thalasthaanathu oru konfedarettu akramanamundaakumenna aashankayil american sainyathinte valia library maraykkaanum sambharikkaanum vaagdaanam cheythu, pakshe fozhsu addehathinte vaagdaanam nirasichu.
charithrakaaran.
oru aarkkaivistum uravida saamagrikalude prasaadhakanumenna nilayilulla fozhsinte reethikal jared theepporikal polulla addehathinte samakaalikaril chilaril ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu. theepporikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, edittoriyal kurippukal apoorvvamaayi cherkkukayum asamskritha rekhakal svayam samsarikkaan anuvadikkunnathil samthruptharaakukayum cheythu. kayyezhuthuprathi mattaruthenna addehathinte praadhamika niyamam fozhsu reethishaasthraparamaayi pinthudarnnu, athaanu addehathe thante kaalathe chila edittarmaaril ninnu verittunirthiyathu. onnum chercano pakaram vaykkaano undaayirunnilla. neremarichu, jorjju washingtonte naayakante aaraadhakan enna nilayil theepporikal addehathinte prabandhangal edittu cheyyumbol, theepporikal palappozhum washingtoninte vyaakaranathile thettukal thiruthukayum chilappol oru prasthaavanayude ardham washingtoninte manassil undennu thonnunnathinodu poruthappedunna tharatthil maattukayum cheyyum. ithu verukkappedukayum orikkalum sahikkathirikkukayum cheiyunna oru pariseelana shakthiyaayirunnu.
shakthiyaayirunnu mcclenberg swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam ennu vilikkappedunnathu avakaashappedunnathaayirunne kandethiya aadyathe charitrapandithanaanu fozhsu. thudarnnu addeham swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam allengil mahan prabhuvinte american swaathanthryaprakhyaapanthi charithrathekkurichulla kurippukal prasidheekarichu.
charitraparamaaya rekhakalude shekharanakkaaranum edittarumaayirunnu senayude ettavum valia nettam. vadakke amerikkayile kolanikal uthbhavichathum, adhivasichathum, purogathi praapichathum ennivayumaayi bandhapetta laghulekhakalum mattu prabandhangalum" (4 vooliyam washington, 1836-1846) addeham prasidheekarichu, athil apoorva laghulekhakal ulppedunnu. 1837 muthal 1853 vareyulla kaalayalavil prasidheekaricha addehathinte onpathu vaalyangalaaya "american archives" american viplavathile ettavum pradhanappetta rekhakalude samaahaaramaayirunnu. 
1833-ll addehathinte archival metteeriyalukalude vanthothilulla samahaaram thayyarakkunnathinum achadikkunnathinum prasidheekarikkunnathinu federal gavanmentumaayi addehathinu oru karar labhichu. valare shradhayodeyum samboornna vaidagdhyathodeyum shradhaapoorvvam krameekaricha onpathu vaalyangalayi ithu vyaapichu, ennaal onpathaam vaalyam vitharanam cheythathinushesham niyamam praayogikamaaya avalokanam nalkendathinte aavasyakatha chumathiya udyogastharkku orikkalum kayyezhuthuprathikal vaayikkaan kazhinjilla, koodaathe thudaraan shakti aakaamkshayode aayirikkumbol thanne kruthiyude varaanirikkunna prasidheekaranam nilachu, koodaathe niravadhi pradhana rekhakalum kayyezhuthuprathikalum achadikkaan iniyum undaayirunnu. thangalude mungaamikalude nadapadi pinvalikkaan samthruptharum thaalpparyamillaathavarumaaya udyogasthare keezhadakkanulla thante sramangal nishfalamaayi shakti thudarnnu, oduvil, 30 varshathilereyaayi addeham aathmaarthamaayi pinthudarnna thante priyappetta padhathi vimukhathayode upekshichu.
irupathu valia fooliyoo vaalyangal aasoothranam cheythirunnuvenkilum aadyathe 9 vaalyangal maathramaan 1837 num 1853 num idayil prasidheekarichathu. clair clark fozhsum fozhsinte "american aarkkaivukalude" saha-prasadhakar aayirunnu. library oof kongrasil sambhavana cheyyaanulla fozhsinte aajeevanantha aagraham oduvil 1867-ll oru kongras niyamathiloode addehathinte yadhaartha rekhakalude shekharam 100,000 dollarinu vaangiyappol athu yaadhaarthyamaayi, 1865 muthal 1897 vare library nayicha librarian ainsworth rand spofford nadatthiya library oof kongrasinte vipuleekaranam vardhippichu.
archival metteeriyal fozhsu pinthudarukayum vaangukayum cheytha varshangalil mattu malsaraarthikalkku ariyaatha lelathil sammanangal nalki. american aikyanaadukalude kizhakkan kadaltheerathu sanjaricha sainyam pusthaka kadakal kollayadikkukayum bosttanil ninnu chaalsttan vareyulla pusthaka lelathil pankedukkukayum cheythu. atharamoru avasarathil addeham library oof kongrasinethire, philadelphiyayile oru lelashaalayilekk ayacha oru aadyakaala collectorude swathaaya, valiyatho moolyavathaayathumaaya oru library oof boundu laghulettukalkkaayi lelam vilichirunnu. mattoru avasarathil boosttan senayil kazhinja irupathiyanchu varshathinide vilppanaykku vaagdaanam cheytha boosttan viplava pathrangalude eaka shekharam oru puraavastu pusthaka vilppanakkaaranil ninnu nedi. taamasiyaathe nyoo englandil ninnulla chila sandarshakar addehathe apamanikkukayum nyoo englandinte archival nidhi nashtappedutthiyathinu upadeshikkukayum cheythu. avan avarodu marupadi paranju "appol ningal enthukondu avare svanthamaayi vaangikoodaa?"thanikk kaivekkan kazhiyunna ellah washington pathrangaludeyum poornnavum thakarkkappedaathathumaaya shekharangal nedaanulla addehathinte sramangalil shakti ashraanthamaayirunnu. ekadesham muppath varshathinusesham addeham oru shekharam shekharichu, athu addehathinte veedinte adithara eathaandu niranju. addehathinte muthirnna varshathe sainyam palappozhum yudhavibhaagam sandarshikkukayum archival metteeriyalukalkkaayulla anweshanathinide thanikk ariyaavunna vividha sainika udyogasthare sameepikkukayum cheythu. yuddha vakuppil ninnulla achadicha "sainika utharavukal" addehathinte shekharam "poornnathayude athbhuthamaayi" kanakkakkappettu.
peettar fozhsu libraryile archival metteeriyalukalude vipulamaaya shekharam parishodhikkunnathinaayi 1867-ll library oof kongrasum samyuktha kongras kammittiyum roopeekarichu. ekadesham 150,000 enangalulla athinte valia valippam kaaranam, samiti vishadaamshangalilekku sookshumamaayi praveshikkukayum senayude library vilayiruthunathinulla jolikkayi valareyadhikam samayavum kadinamaaya parisramavum chelavazhikkukayum cheyyendathu aavashyamaayirunnu. oro rekha, kayyezhuthuprathi, pusthakam, bhoopadam muthalaayavayude parishodhanaykkaayi samiti rund maasathekku divasathil kuranjathu rund muthal moonnu manikorengilum chelavazhichu. karyangal lalithamakkaan sahaayikkunnathin fozhsu libraryude ulladakkangale ezhu adisthaana klaasukalaayi tharamthirichu. fozhsinte archival shekharam pala kaaryangalilum ulkkollunnathayi kammitti kandethithi "amerikkayude kandethal muthal amerikkayude kudiyettavum charitravumaayi bandhapetta ellah pradhana yadhaartha samsthaana pepparukal, kathukal, vivaranagal, mattu rekhakal ennivayude samboornna prasidheekaranathil kurayaathe mattonnum eee kruthiyude padhathiyil ulppettilla. laattin, franch, itaaliyan, spanish, jarmman, dutch, engleesh bhaashakalilulla aadyakaala american yaathrakalude oru valia shekharam addehathinte libraryil ulkkollunnu, athesamayam american kolanikal raashtreeyavum sarkkarum sambandhicha pusthakangalilum laghulekhakalilum ithu eee rajyath samaanathakalillaathathaanu."
franch, indian yudhathil ninnum american viplava yudhathil ninnumulla kaiyezhuthuprathiyile yadhaartha sainika bhoopadangaludeyum padhathikaludeyum oru parambarayaanu ettavum moolyavathaayathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna, balaprayogathinte shekharathilulla enangalil ulppedunnathu. chila charitrakaaranmaar valareyadhikam thaalpparyamullathaanennu avakaashappedunna avayil palathum american, britiish sainyangalile udyogastharude yadhaartha jolikalaanu. canada muthal meksikoo ulkkadal vare america muzhuvan kaikondu varacha 300 oolam bhoopadangalude shekharam ulkkollunnu. libraryile kayyezhuthuprathikalil apoorvamaaya charitraparamaaya autographukal adangiya 48 fooliyoo vaalyangalund. 1867ll ainsworth aarr. kammittiyude kandethalukaludeyum vilayiruthalukaludeyum ettu pejulla report spofford edittu cheythu. 1875-ll peettar fozhsinte makan vilyam kyu. addeham kandethiya vividha vyakthigatha prabandhangal library oof kongrassinu sambhavana cheythu. 
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare rekhakal, kayyezhuthuprathikal, pusthakangal, mattu archival metteeriyalukal ennivayude shekharathinte moolyam charitra samoohathil bhooribhaagavum oduvil amgeekarichu. fozhsinte vishalamaaya aarkkaivukalude shekharathil colonial, viplava kaalaghattangalile niravadhi pradhana rekhakalude avasheshikkunna pakarppukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ithu oru moolyavathaaya pandithochithamaaya vibhavamaanennu theliyikkapettu. americayileyum lokamembaadumulla niravadhi valia gaveshana librarikal avarude shekharangalil prasidheekaricha fozhsinte ombathu vaalyangal sookshikkunnu, ennirunnaalum, ithu thaarathamyena kuranja vivara srotassaayi thudarunnu. pandithanmaarum charitrakaaranmaarum vidyaarthikalum orupole vishalamaaya vasthukkalkkaayi shakthiyude sankeernavum vaividyamaarnnathumaaya soochika upayogichu valia pravartthanangal naavigettu cheiyunnathu budhimuttaanennu kandethiyittundu. 2001 ll northen illinois yooniversitti librarikalum jorjia sarvakalaashaalayile professor allen kulikoff fozhsinte "american aarkkaivukalude" digitalisation avayude avatharanathinum dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi naashanal endovement phoor hyoomaanitteesil ninnu oru graant labhichu.
avasana naalukal.
1868 januvari januvari 77-aamm vayassil addeham marikkunnathin orazhcha munbu vare pusthakangal, pathrangal, kayyezhuthuprathikal, mattu rekhakal enniva shekharikkaanulla addehathinte theevramaaya sramam sainyam nilanirtthi. washington dii. yile roock creak semitheriyil bhaaryaykkoppam addehathe samskarichu.sii. jarmman shilpi jackwus jovanalaanu fozhsinte shavakudeera adayaalam roopakalppana cheythath. 16 adii uyaramullathum chathuraakrithiyilulla aditharaykku mukalil sthithicheyyunnathumaaya oru marble obeliskaanu ithu. pusthakangal niranja oru book shelfinte sthambhathil oru kothupani cheythirikkunnu. 1879ll 1879ll 17num idayil masaachyusets avanyoovinte thekk bhaagath jilla peettar fozhsu school thurannu. 1962ll ithu thakarkkapettu.

