
kulam

swaabhaavikamaayo krithrimamaayo oru nyoonamarddatthinullil koodikkalarnnu roopappedunna cheruthum nischalavumaaya oru bhoopradesamaanu kulam. oru kulatthinu oru thadaakathekkaal cheruthaanu, iva randum verthirichariyaan audyogika manadandangalonnumilla, ennirunnaalum oru kulathe vistheernnathekkaal kuravum aazhathil kuravum 30 sathamaanathil thaazhe uyarnnuvarunna sasyajalangalumullathaayi nirvachikkunnath kulangalude paristhithiye thadaakangalil ninnum thanneerthadangalil ninnum verthirichariyaan sahayikkunnu. vaividhyamaarnna prakrithi prakriyakalaal kulangal srishtikkaan kazhiyum (udha.jii. vellapokka samathalangalil, nadeetheerangal, himanadikal, peetlaand roopeekaranam, theeradesha manalkkoona samvidaanangal, beaverukal enniva vazhi) allengil avaa ozhukkil, bhoogarbhajalam, mazha ennivayaal niracha otappetta thaazhnna pradeshangalaayirikkaam (kettil dwaaram, vernal pool, prairy kuzhikal, allengil shoonyamaaya bhoomiyile prakrithidatha thiramaalakal) allengil iva moonnum. avaye sasyamekhala, thuranna jalam, thaazhathe cheli, uparithala chithram enningane naalu mekhalakalaayi thirikkam. kulangalude valipavum aazhavum palappozhum varshathile samayathinanusarichu valareyadhikam vyathyaasappedunnu; nadikalil ninnulla vasanthakala vellappokkamaan pala kulangalum uthppaadippikkunnathu. kulangal shudhajalamo uppuvellamo aakam. 'poornna lavanathvam nilanirthunna kadalumaayi nerittu bandhamullah uppuvellamulla 'kulangal' saadhaaranayaayi samudra paristhithiyude bhaagamaayi kanakkakkappedum, kaaranam avaa shudhajalathinte mekhalaykkullil allaathathinaal shudhajalathinte mekhalayilulla shudhajalathinte bhaagamallaatha shudhajala jeevikale pinthunaykkilla.
kulangal saadhaaranayaayi nirvachanam anusarichu valare aazhamillaatha jalashayangalaanu, avayil vaividhyamaarnna jalasasyangalum mrugangalum undu. aazham, jalanirappil kaalaanusrithamaaya vyathiyanangal, poshaka pravaahangal, kulangalil athunna prakaashatthinte alavu, aakruthi, valia sasthanikalude saannidhyam, eathenkilum malsya samoohangalude ghadana, lavanatha ennivayellaam sasyangaludeyum mrugangaludeyum samoohangale badhikkum. swathanthramaayi ozhukunna aalgakaleyum jalasasyangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu bhakshyajaalangal. aalgakal, ochukal, malsyangal, vandukal, jala keedangal, thavalakal, amakal, ottakangal, kasturi ennivayulppede chila udaaharanagal ulppede vaividhyamaarnna jalajeevikalude oru nira saadhaaranayaayi undu. valia malsyangal, heronukal allengil muthalakal enniva ettavum uyarnna vettakkaaril ulppedaam. ubhayajeevikalude laarvakale pradhanamaayi vettayaadunna malsyamaayathinaal, oro varshavum vattivaranda kulangal, athuvazhi thamasikkunna malsyangale kollukayum ubhayajeevikalude prajananathinu pradhana abhayakendrangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu. oro varshavum poornnamaayum vattunna kulangale palappozhum vernal poolukal ennu vilikkunnu. muthalakalude dwaarangalum beaver kulangalum ulppede mrugangalude pravarthanatthiloodeyaanu chila kulangal ulppaadippikkappedunnathu, iva prakrithidrishyangalkku pradhana vaividhyam nalkunnu.
kulangal palappozhum manushyanirmmithamo avayude yadhaartha aazhathinum athirukalkkum appurathekku manushyajanyamaaya kaaranangalal vikasippichatho aanu. uyarnna jaivavaividhyam enna nilayil avayude punk koodaathe, adisthaanaparamaayi prakrithidathamaaya shudhajala aavaasavyavasthakalkku, krishi, kannukalikalkkum samoohangalkkum vellam nalkal, aavaasavyavasthayude punasthaapanatthinu sahayikkuka, praadeshikavum kudiyettavumaaya jeevajaalangalude prajnana kendrangalaayi pravartthikkuka, prakrithidrishya vaasthuvidyayude alankaara gadakangal, vellapokka niyanthrana thadangal, pothu nagaravalkkaranam, malineekaranathinum srothassukalkkumulla thadangal, harithagriha vaathakangalude mungal enniva ulppede niravadhi upayogangalundu.
vargeekaranam.
oru kulavum thadaakavum thammilulla saankethika vyathyasam saarvathrikamaayi nilavaarappeduthiyittilla. limnologistukalum shudhajala jeevashaasthranjarum "kulatthinu" aupachaarika nirvachanangal nirddeshichittundu, bhaagikamaayi 'jalaashayathinte adithattilekku prakasham thulachukayarunna jalashayangal', 'verukalulla jalasasyangalkk udaneelam valaraan kazhiyunnathra aazhamillaatha jalashayangal', 'theerapradeshathu tharamgapravartthanam illaatha jalashayangal' enniva ulppeduthunnu.'eee nirvachanangal oronnum praayogikamaayi alakkano parishodhikkaano prayaasamaan, avaa parimithamaaya praayogika upayogamullavayaan, avaa ippol kooduthalum upayogikkunnilla. athanusarichu, chila samghadanakalum gaveshakarum valippathe maathram aasrayikkunna "kula", "thadaakam" ennivayude saankethika nirvachanagalil theerumaanameduthittundu.
american aikyanaadukalile chila pradeshangal 10 ekkaril thaazhe (4 hector) uparithala vistheernnamulla oru jalaashayathe kulamaayi nirvachikkunnu. 10,000 thadaakangalude naadu" ennariyappedunna minnesota, eee nirvachanathiloode thadaakangale kulangal, bogukal, mattu jala savisheshathakal ennivayil ninnu verthirikkunnuvennu pothuve parayappedunnu, ennaal oru thadaakathe pradhaanamaayum theerathethunna tharamgapravartthanathiloodeya verthirikkunnathennum parayunnu. valippam kondu maathram kulangalil ninnu thadaakangale verthirichariyunna samghadanakalkkum gaveshakarkkum idayil polum, oru kulatthinte paramavadhi valippathin saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta maanadandamilla. anthaaraashtra ramser thanneerthada kanvenshan kulatthinte valuppathinte uyarnna paridhi 8 hector (80,000 chathurashra meter; 20 ekkar) aayi nischayikkunnu. britiish chaarity kula samrakshanathinaayulla gaveshakar (ippol shudhajala aavasa trastt ennu vilikkappedunnu) oru kulathe 'manushyanirmmithamo prakrithidatthamo aaya oru jalaashayamaayi' nirvachichittundu, athu 1 chathurashra meter (0.00010 hector; 0.00025 ekkar) muthal 20,000 chathurashra meter (2 hector; 4.9 ekkar) vare visthruthiyil varshathil naalumaasamo athil kooduthalo vellam kaivasham vaykkunnu.'mattu europian jeevashaasthranjar uyarnna valippa paridhi 5 hector (50,000 chathurashra meter; 12 ekkar) aayi nischayichittundu.
vadakke amerikkayil, athilum valia jalaashayangale kulangal ennu vilikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, 33 ekkar (130,000 chathurashra meter; 13 hector) kristtal thadaakam, konkordile walden kulam, masaachyusets 61 ekkar (250,000 chathurashra meter; 25 hector), aduthulla spott kulam 340 ekkar (140 hector). 10 ekkaril thaazheyulla jalaashayangale (40,000 chathurashra meter; 4 hector) thadakangal ennu vilikkunna niravadhi udaaharanagal mattu samsthaanangalilundu. kristtal lake kaanikkunnathupole, vipanana uddeshyangal chilappol vargeekaranathinu pinnile preraka gadakamaakaam.
praayogikamaayi, oru jalaashayathe vyakthigatha adisthaanathil kulam allengil thadaakam ennu vilikkunnu, kaaranam kanvenshanukal oro sthalathum kaalakramena maarunnu. uthbhavathil, oru kulam ennathu poundu enna vaakkinte oru vyathyastha roopamaanu, athaayath oru parimithamaaya aavaranam. munkaalangalil, kulangal krithrimavum upayogapradavumaayirunnu, stoo kulangal, mill kulangal thudangiyava. chila sandarbhangalil, eee vaakk kudiyettakkaarodoppam videshathekku kondupoyappol eee savisheshathayude praadhaanyam nashtappettathayi thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, nyoo englandinte chila bhaagangalil mattu rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol yadhaarthathil oru cheria thadaakatthinte valippamulla "kulangal" undu. amerikkayil prakrithidatha kulangale palappozhum kulangal ennu vilikkunnu. oru prathyeka aavashyathinaayi kulangal kannukaalikalkk vellam nalkaan upayogikkunna "stokku pondu" polulla namakaranam sookshikkunnu. uparithalathile ozhukkil ninnu ("kulamulla" vellam) vellam thaalkkaalikamaayi adinjukoodunnathinum eee padam upayogikkunnu.
swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna kulangalkk vividha praadeshika perukalundu. skotlandil, oru thadaakam polulla valia jalaashayathinum baadhakamaayekkaavunna lochan enna padamaanu athilonnu. vadakke amerikkayude thekk padinjaaran bhaagangalil, thaalkkaalikavum varshathinte mikka bhagangalilum palappozhum vattivarandathumaaya thadaakangaleyo kulangaleyo plays ennu vilikkunnu.  eee kalikal varanda pradeshangalile aazham kuranja thaazhnna pradesangalaanu, avaa adhika praadeshika drainage, bhoogarbhajalam ozhukal allengil mazha polulla chila avasarangalil maathrame vellam niraykkaavoo.
roopeekaranam.
mathiyaya alavil vellam shekharikkukayum nilanirthukayum cheiyunna bhoomiyile eathoru nyoonamekhalayeyum oru kulamaayi kanakkakkaam, atharam bhooprakrithiyum paaristhithikavum manushya bhooprakrithiyum roopappeduthunna vividha sambhavangalaal ithu roopappedaam.
paristhithi sambhavangal moolamundaakunna kulangalaanu prakrithidatha kulangal. iva himanikal, agniparvvathangal, fluevial allengil tectonic sambhavangal ennivayil ninnu vyathyaasappedaam. plistoseen yugam muthal, glacial prakriyakal vadakkan ardhagola kulangalil bhooribhaagavum srishtichu; vadakke amerikkayile prairy kuzhikal oru udaaharanamaanu. himanikal pinvaangumbol, adithattilulla ilaastik rebound kaaranam avaa asamamaya bhoomi avasheshippichekkaam, koodaathe avashishtangal samathalangale marikadakkunnu. eee pradeshangalil adhika mazhayo allengil ozhukunna bhoogarbhajalamo nirachu oru cheria kulamaayi maarunna thaazhnna pradeshangal undakam. oru valia himaniyil ninnu aise pottukayum oduvil chuttumulla himanikal kuzhichidukayum kaalakramena urukukayum cheyyumbol kettil thadaakangalum kulangalum roopappedunnu. oorojenikalum mattu tectonic uyarthal sambhavangalum lokathile ettavum pazhaya thadaakangalum kulangalum srishtichu. praadeshika jalanirappin thaazheyaanenkil eee indentionukalkku vegathil bhoogarbhajalam niraykkaanulla pravanathayundu. mattu tectonic villalukaloo thaazhnna pradeshangalo mazhayo praadeshika parvathapravaahamo allengil parvatha aruvikal niraykkaam. agniparvvatha pravartthanangal takarnna laava tyoobukaliloodeyo agniparvvatha konukaliloodeyo thadaakathinteyum kulathinteyum roopeekaranathilekku nayichekkaam. nadikalkkarikilulla prakrithidatha vellapokka samathalangalum niravadhi thaazhnna pradeshangalulla bhooprakrithikalum vasanta/mazhakkaalathu vellappokkavum manju urukunnathum anubhavichekkaam. thaalkkaalikamo varnamo aaya kulangal eee reethiyil srishtikkappedunnu, malsyangal, praanikal, ubhayajeevikal ennivayude prajananam, prathyekichu aamason polulla valia nadeethadangalil iva pradhaanamaan. chila kulangal yathaakramam beaver, kaattukuthira, muthalakal, mattu muthalakal thudangiya mrugangal, koodu, khananam ennivayiloode maathramaan srishtikkunnathu. jaivamanmukalulla bhooprakrithiyil, praadeshika theepidutthangal varalchayude kaalaghattatthil marddam srishtikkum. saadhaarana jalanirapp madangivarunnathuvare cheria alavil mazha niraykkaanulla pravanatha ivaykkundu, ithu eee otappetta kulangale thuranna vellamakki maattunnu.
praadeshika paristhithi, vyaavasaayika krameekaranangal allengil vinoda/alankaara upayogathinaayi manushya edapedal vazhi srishtikkappetta kulangalaanu manushyanirmmitha kulangal.
upayogikkunnu.
niravadhi aavaasavyavasthakal vellathaal bandhippichirikkunnu, valia shudhajala thadaakangalekkaalum nadeethada samvidaanangalekkaalum kooduthal jeevajaalangalude jaivavaividhyam kulangalil undennu kandethiyittundu. athinaal, sasyangal, ubhayajeevikal, malsyangal, uragangal, jalapakshikal, praanikal, chila sasthanikal ennivayulppede niravadhi inam jeevikalude aavaasavyavasthayaanu kulangal. kulangal eee enangalude prajnana sthalangalkkum mattu vanyajeevikalude paarppidam, kudivellam/bhakshana sthalangal ennivaykkum upayogikkunnu. manushya upabhogam, gaveshanam, speeshees samrakshanam allengil vinoda kaayika vinodangal ennivaykkaayi vividha tharam malsyangal valarthunnathinum paripalikkunnathinum akwakalchar reethikal krithrima kulangale valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu.
kaarshika reethikalil, praadeshika aruvikalilo bhugarbhajala sambharanikalilo athunnathil ninnulla poshaka pravaham kuraykkunnathinu shudheekarana kulangal srishtikkaam. kulangalil praveshikkunna malineekarana vasthukkale palappozhum prakrithidathamaaya avashishtangal, jalathinullile mattu jaiva, raasa pravartthanangal ennivayaal laghookarikkaanaakum. athinaal, maalinya sthireekarana kulangal pothuvaaya malinajala samskaranathinulla kuranja chelavil janapriyamaaya reethikalaayi maarukayaan. varalchaa samayangalil kashtappedunna krishiyidangalkku avaa jalasechana jalasambharanikalum nalkiyekkaam.
nagaravalkkaranam vyaapikkunnath thudarunnathinaal, puthiya bhawana vikasanangalil nilanirtthal kulangal kooduthal saadhaaranamaayikkondirikku. eee kulangal praadeshika samoohangalil adhikamaayi kodunkaattu vellathinte ozhukkiloode vellappokkathinum mannolippinum kaaranamakunna naashanashtangalkkum kaaranamaakunnu.
paristhithi shaasthram, rasathanthram, jalajeevashasthram, limnology ennee mekhalakalile sidhaanthangal pareekshikkaan pareekshanathmaka kulangal upayogikkunnu.
kulikkal, shuchithvam, malsyabandhanam, saamoohikavalkkaranam, achaarangal enniva nadakkunna sub-saharan aphrica polulla varanda raajyangalile niravadhi cheria graamangalude jeevanaan chila kulangal. indian upabhookhandathil, hindu kshetra sanyasimar mathaparamaya aachaarangalkkum theerthaadakar kulikkunnathinum upayogikkunna vishudha kulangal orupole paripaalikkunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil europil, niravadhi aashramangalilum kottakalilum (cheruthum bhaagikamaayi svayamparyaapthavumaaya samoohangal) malsyakkulangal undaayirunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu. europilum kizhakkan eshyayilum (prathyekichu jappan) iva ippozhum saadhaaranamaanu, avide koyi sookshikkukayo valarthukayo cheyyaam.
neppaalile krithrima kulangal purathana kudivella vitharana samvidaanathinte pradhana gadakangalaayirunnu. eee kulangalkk mazhavellam, kanaalukaliloodeyo avayude swantham neeruravakaliloodeyo allengil eee srothassukalude samyojanam enniva nalki. vellam nilanirthaanum athe samayam praadeshika jalasambharanikalkk bhakshanam nalkunnathinaayi kurachu vellam ozhukaan anuvadikkunnathinumaanu avaa roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
kulatthile jaivavaividhyam.
kulatthinte nirnnayaka savisheshatha kulajeevitam ennu saadhaaranayaayi vilikkappedunna oru jaiva samoohathinu aavaasavyavastha nalkunna nilkkunna vellathinte saannidyamaanu. ekkaaranathaal, pala kulangalilum thadaakangalilum dhaaraalam thaddesheeya enangal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa avar ishtappetta aavaasavyavasthayilekku prathyekamaayi maarunnathinayi adaptive radiationiloode kadannupoyi. jalathile lillikalum mattu jalasasyangalum thavalakalum aamakalum malsyangalum parichithamaaya udaaharanangalil ulppedaam.
palappozhum, kulatthinte muzhuvan arikum thanneerthadatthaal chuttappettirikkunnu, eee thanneerthadangal jalabhakshana shringalaye pinthunaykkukayum vanyajeevikalkk abhayam nalkukayum kulatthinte theerathe sthirappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. eee marjin theeradesha mekhala ennum ariyappedunnu, koodaathe eee aavaasavyavasthayile photosynthetic aalgakalum maakrofaittukal ennariyappedunna sasyangalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu. phaittoplanktan (suspended aalgakal), periphaittanukal (cyanobacteria, ditrittas, mattu sookshumaanukkal ennivayulppedeyulla jeevikal) thudangiya mattu prakaashasamsleshitha jeevikal ivide valarukayum kulatthile bhakshyajaalangalude praadhamika uthppaadakaraayi nilakollukayum cheiyunnu. vaathakal, kasturi thudangiya chila mechil mrugangal thanneerthada sasyangale bhakshana srotassaayi nerittu upayogikkunnu. mattu pala kesukalilum kulatthile chedikal vellathil nasikkum. niravadhi akasherukkalum sasyabhukkukalumulla sooplanktan pinneedu shayikkunna sasyangale bhakshikkunnu, eee thaazhnna trophic thalatthilulla jeevikal theeradesha mekhalayilum limnettik mekhalayilum malsyam, dragonfly, heron ennivayulppedeyulla thanneerthada enangalkku bhakshanam nalkunnu. sooryaprakaasham ippozhum ivide thulachukayarunnathinaal thuranna jala limnettik mekhala aalgakale valaraan anuvadichekkaam. jalajeevikalum mattu cheria malsya enangalum ulppedunna mattoru bhakshyajaalathe eee aalgakal pinthunaychekkaam. athinaal, oru kulatthinu moonnu vyathyastha bhakshyajaalangalude samyojanam undayirikkaam, onnu valia sasyangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum onnu shayikkunna sasyangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum onnu aalgakaleyum avayude prathyeka uyarnna trophic thalatthilulla upabhokthaakkaleyum vettakkareyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathum. athinaal, jaivaparamaaya prathipravartthanangalaane vaividhyamaarnna bhakshya srothassukal upayogichu kulangalil palappozhum niravadhi vyathyastha mruga enangalundu. athinaal avaa bhooprakrithiyile jaiva vaividhyathinte oru pradhana uravidam nalkunnu.
deerghakaalamaayi nilanilkkunna kulangalkk ethirvashathu varna kulangalundu. eee kulangal varshathinte oru bhagam varandupokukayum avaa saadhaaranayaayi vasanthakaalath ettavum aazhathilullathinal vilikkappedukayum cheiyunnu ("vernal" ennathinte ardham vasanthathinte laattin padatthil ninnaan varunnath). swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna vernal kulangalil saadhaaranayaayi malsyam illa, eee kulangal pathivayi vattunnathinaal uyarnna tropic level upabhokthaavaan. neenda changalakalulla jaivapravarthanangal sthaapikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinaal malsyathinte abhavam eee kulangalude valare pradhanappetta savisheshathayaanu. eee malsaraadhishtitha vettayaadal sammarddangalillaatha kulangal vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna allengil kudiyerunna jeevikalkk prajnana sthalangalum surakshita thaavalangalum nalkunnu. athinaal, oru kulatthil malsyam cherkkunnath gurutharamaaya doshakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum. california polulla lokathinte chila bhaagangalil, vernal kulangalil apoorvavum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathumaaya sasyajaalangalund. theeradesha samathalathil, mississippi goffer thavala polulla vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna thavalakalkku avaa aavaasavyavastha nalkunnu.
palappozhum oru prathyeka bhooprakrithiyile kulangalude koottangal-'kulangal' ennu vilikkappedunnava-otta kulangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol uyarnna jaivavaividhya aanukoolyangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. oru koottam kulangal uyarnna thothilulla aavasa sankeernathayum aavasa bandhavum nalkunnu.
sthareekaranam.
pala kulangalum vendathra aazhathilullatho kaattil ninnu samrakshikkappedunnatho aanenkil valia thadaakangalude athe kaaryatthil oru pathiv vaarshika prakriyaykku vidheyamaakunnu. yuvi vikiranam, pothuvaaya thaapanila, kaattinte vegatha, jala saandrata, valippam enniva polulla ajaiva gadakangalkkellaam thadaakangalilum kulangalilum undaakunna seasonal efakttukalude kaaryatthil pradhana pankundu. vasanthakaalathe thirimari, venalkkaala sthareekaranam, sharatkaala vittuvarav, vipareeta shaityakaala sthareekaranam, kulangal eee swaadheenangal kaaranam avayude sthareekaranam allengil thaapanilayude lambamaya soneshan krameekarikkunnu. eee paaristhithika gadakangal kulatthinte rakthachamkramanatheyum vellathinullile thaapanila gradiantukaleyum badhikkunnu, ithu vidoora paalikal ulppaadippikkunnu; epilimniyon, mettalimniyon, hypolymineon.
oro mekhalaykkum prathyeka jeevajaalangaleyum kaalaavasthaye aashrayich uparithalathinu thaazheyulla jaiva edapedalukaleyum nilanirthukayo doshakaramaayi baadhikkukayo cheiyunna vyathyastha swabhaavasavisheshathakalundu. shaityakaala uparithalathile aise vasanthakaalath urukaan thudangunnu. ithu sourorjja samvahanavum kaattinte vegathayum kaaranam jala niraye kalarthaan anuvadikkunnu. kulatthil kalarnnathode mothatthilulla sthiramaaya thapanilayil athunnu. venalkkaalath thaapanila vardhikkumbol, taapa sthareekaranamaanu nadakkunnathu. venalkkaala sthareekaranam eee mekhalayiludaneelam sthiramaaya choodulla thaapanila nilanirthikkondu kaattil epilimniyon kalarthaan anuvadikkunnu. ivide prakaashasamshleshanavum praadhamika ulppaadanavum abhivridhippedunnu. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna alinja ooksijan saandrathayulla thanutha vellam aavasyamulla enangal kuranja mettalimniyon allengil hypolymanione anukoolikkum. veezhcha aduthuvarunnathode vaayuvinte thaapanila kurayukayum aazhathilulla oru mixing paali undaakukayum cheiyunnu. vellam sharashari thanutha thapanilayil athumbol uyarnna alavil alinja ooksijan ulla isothermal thadakangal sharatkaala vittuvaravin kaaranamaakunnu. oduvil, uparithala aise veendum roopappedaan thudangumbol shaityakaala sthareekaranam venalkkaala sthareekaranathin vipareethamaayi sambhavikkunnu. vasanthakaalath souravikiranam, samvahanam enniva madangivarunnathuvare eee aise cover nilanilkkunnu.
lambamaya soneshanile eee nirantharamaaya maattam kaaranam, seasonal straattifikkeshan aavaasavyavasthakal valarukayum athinanusarichu churungukayum cheiyunnu. chila speesheesukal jalanirappinte eee vyathyastha paalikalumayi bandhappettirikkunnu, avide avaykku ettavum mikacha kaaryakshamathayode abhivridhippedaanum athijeevikkaanum kazhiyum.
kulangaludeyum thadakangaludeyum seasonal taapa sthareekaranathekkurichlu kooduthal vivarangalkk, dayavaayi "thadaaka sthareekarana" nokkuka.
samrakshanavum paripalanavum.
kulangal paristhithi moolyangal mathramalla, samoohathinu praayogika nettangalum nalkunnu. kulangal nalkunna oru nirnaayaka nettam harithagriha vathaka mungalukalaayi pravarthikkaanulla kazhivaanu. mikka prakrithidatha thadaakangalum kulangalum harithagriha vathaka srothassukalaanu, eee layikkunna samyukthangalude ozhukkine sahayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, manushyanirmmitha kaarshika kulangal vathaka laghookaranathinum kalavastha vyathiyanathinethiraaya pooraattatthinum kaaryamaaya mungalukalaayi maarukayaan. eee kaarshika kulangalkk chuttumulla mannil ninnu uyarnna piechu level vellam labhikkunnu. uyarnna acidity ulla drainage kulangal adikamaaya (kaarban dye ooksaid) avashishtangalil eluppathil sambharikkaan kazhiyunna kaarban roopangalaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinulla catalysis aayi pravartthikkunnu. eee puthiya drainage kulangal nirmmikkumbol, aalgakal polulla chattha jaivavasthukkale saadhaaranayaayi thakarkkunna bakteeriyakalude saandrata kuravaanu. thalphalamaayi, n2o polulla eee jaivavasthukkalil ninnu naitrajan vaathakangal pottukayum purathuvidukayum cheiyunnathu sambhavikkunnilla, athinaal nammude anthareekshathil cherkkappedunnilla. kulangalude anoxic paaliyil pathivayi denitrification eee prakriya upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ellah kulangalkkum harithagriha vaathakangalude mungal aakaan kazhiyilla. valangalil ninnum ozhukkil ninnum amithamaya poshakangal labhikkunnathine abhimukeekarikkunna mikka kulangalilum eutrofication anubhavappedunnu. ithu kulatthile vellathe amithamaayi shudheekarikkukayum vanthothil aalgakal pookkunnathinum praadeshika malsyangal kollunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu.
chila phaam kulangal ozhukkinte niyanthranatthinalla, marichu kannukaalikalkko pothukalkko vellam nalkunnathinum kulikkunnathinum upayogikkunnu. upayoga vibhaagathil soochippichathupole, jaivavaividhyathinte pradhana hotspottukalaanu kulangal. chilappol ithu bhakshya-web ghadana, nichu partitioning, gild assainmentukal thudangiya kula aavaasavyavasthayude chalanaathmakathaye thadassappeduthunna aakramanaathmakamo parichayappedutthiyatho aaya speesheesukalude prashnamaayi maarunnu. thaddesheeya jalasasyangale bhakshikkunna saadhaarana carp allengil breeding ubhayajeevikale akramikkunna vadakkan paambukalude thala, mattu speesheesukale kollunna pakarchavyaadhi paraannabhojikale vahikkunna jala ochukal, jalathinte ozhukk niyantrikkaanum overbank vellappokkathin kaaranamakaanum kazhiyunna hydrilla, duckweed thudangiya jalasasyangal polum ithil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
kulangalkk avayude ooriyanteshanum valipavum anusarichu, avayude thanneerthada aavaasavyavastha praadeshika nadeethada mekhalakalilekko neertthada athirthikalilekko vyaapippikkaan kazhiyum. kulangalilekkulla bhoomiyude soumyamaaya charivukal thanneerthada sasyangalkkum eerppamulla pulmedukalkkum kulatthinte parimithikalkkapuram vikasikkunnathin aavaasavyavasthayude oru visthrithi nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nilanirtthal mathilukal, pultthakidikal, mattu nagaravalkarikkappetta vikasanangal ennivayude nirmmaanam kulatthinte aavaasavyavasthayude vyapthiyeyum kulatthinte deerghaayussineyum saaramaayi tharamthaazhthum. roadukalum haivekalum ore kottaarathilaanu pravartthikkunnathu, ennaal avaa vaarshika prajnana chakratthinte bhaagamaayi kulangalilekkum puratthekkum kudiyerunna ubhayajeevikaleyum aamakaleyum thadassappeduthukayum avaye sthaapitha kulangalil ninnu kazhiyunnathra akale sookshikkukayum venam. eee gadakangal kaaranam, vishalamaaya thanneerthada sasyangalulla mriduvaaya charivulla theerapradeshangal vanyajeevikalkk mikacha avastha nalkuka mathramalla, chuttumulla bhooprakrithiyile srothassukalil ninnu jalathinte gunanilavaaram samrakshikkaan sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee soumyamaaya theerapradeshangal punasthaapikkunnathinu oro varshavum varanda kaalayalavil jalanirapp kurayaan anuvadikkunnathum prayojanakaramaanu.
krithrimamaayi nirmmicha kulangal prakrithidrishyangalil, vanyajeevi kaazhchaykkum samrakshana avasarangal nalkunnathinum malinajalam samskarikkunnathinum, verthirichedukkunnathum malineekaranam thadayunnathinum allengil soundaryaparamaaya aavasyangalkkumaayi avaa cheiyunnu. prakrithidatha kula samrakshanathinum vikasanathinum, ithu uthejippikkunnathinu oru maarggam pothuvaaya aruviyum nadiyude punarudhaaranavumaanu. niravadhi cheria nadikalum aruvikalum ore neerthadatthinullile praadeshika kulangalilekko avayil ninno ozhukunnu. eee nadikalum aruvikalum vellappokkathil mungi alanjuthiriyumbol, varna kulangalum thanneerthadangalum ulppede dhaaraalam prakrithidatha kulangal vikasikkunnu.
udaaharanagal.
chila sradheyamaaya kulangal ivayaanu

