
marubhoomi kaalavastha

marubhoomi kaalavastha allengil varanda kaalavastha (copen kalavastha vargeekaranathil "bii. dablyu. echu", "bii. dablyu. keey" ennivayil), mazhayekkaal amithamaya baashpeekaranam undaakunna oru varanda kaalaavasthayude upa-tharamaan. marubhoomi kaalaavasthayile saadhaaranayaayi kashandiyo paarakalo manalo ulla prathalangal varandathum eerppam kuravullathum ithinakam labhikkuna cheria mazhaye vegathil baashpeekarikkunnu. bhoomiyude karapradeshathinte <aii. dii. 1> ulkkollunna, dhruva kaalavastha kazhinjaal bhoomiyile randaamathe ettavum saadhaaranamaaya kaalavasthayaanu choodulla marubhoomikal.
copen kalavastha vargeekaranam anusarichu marubhoomi kaalaavasthaykku rund vyathiyaanangalund choodulla marubhoomi kaalavastha ("bii. dablyu. echu"), thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha ("bii. dablyu. keey"). thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha" yill ninnu "choodulla marubhoomi kaalavastha" yeei vivarikkunnathin, oru sharashari vaarshika thaapanila oru isothermaayi upayogikkunnu, angane eee isotherminu mukalilulla uchithamaaya thapanilayulla "bidablue" tharam kaalavasthayulla oru sthalathe "hoott arid sub type" ("bdablyuech) ennum isotherminu thaazheyulla uchithamaaya thapanilayulla oru sthalathe" colled arid sub type "(" bidablyuke) ennum tharamthirikkunnu.
mikka marubhoomi/varanda kaalaavasthakalilum prathivarsham mazha labhikkunnu, ennirunnaalum madhya australiyayile ettavum sthirathayulla choodulla pradeshangalil chilath, sahel, gwajira upadveep enniva vaarshika mazhayude alavu kooduthalullathum amithamaya baashpeekarana saadhyatha ullathumayathinaal varandathaayi tharamthirikkaam.
mazha.
bhoomiyude oru bhaagavum mazhayillathathaayi urappillengilum, vadakkan chiliyile attakama marubhoomiyil 17 varshathe sharashari vaarshika mazha nyayamaayirunnu. sahara marubhoomiyile kufra, libia thudangiya chila sthalangalil prathivarsham mazhayude varanda alavu rekhappeduthunnu. yunaittad stetsile deth vaaliyile audyogika kalavastha kendram prathivarsham report cheiyunnu, ennaal 1931 num 1934 num edayilulla 40 maasa kaalayalavil motham mazha alakkapettu.
oru sthalathinu varanda kaalaavasthayundo ennu nirnnayikkaan, mazhayude paridhi nirnnayikkunnu. mazhayude paridhi (millimeteril) aadyam sharashari vaarshika thapanilaye digri selshyasil 20 kondu gunikkukayum, thudarnnu motham mazhayude 70 shathamaanamo athil kooduthalo varshathile uyarnna sooryaprakaashamulla venalkkaala pakuthiyil (epril muthal vadakkan ardhagolathil septambar vare, allengil october muthal thekkan march vare) 280 cherkkukayum, allengil motham mazhayude 30-70% baadhakamaaya kaalayalavil labhikkukayaanenkil 140 cherkkukayum, allengil motham mazhayude 30 sathamaanathil thaazhe undengil 0 cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. pradeshathe vaarshika mazha paridhi (50 sathamaanam) pakuthiyil thaazheyaanenkil, athine "bii. dablyu" (marubhoomi kaalavastha) ennu tharamthirikkumbol, paridhi ardha varanda kaalaavasthaykku kaaranamaakunnu.
choodulla marubhoomi kaalavastha.
choodulla marubhoomi kaalavastha ("bii. dablyu. echu") saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna madhya akshaamshangalilo uposhnamekhalaa malanirakalk keezhilo kaanapedunnu, palappozhum 20° muthal 33° vare vadakkum thekkum akshaamshangalkidayilaanu. eee sthalangalil, sthiramaaya thaazhottulla vaayuvum uyarnna mardhavum meghangale maaychu, theevramaaya sooryaprakaashathode choodullathum varandathumaaya saahacharyangal srishtikkunnu. vadakke aphrica, padinjaaran eshya, indian upabhookhandathinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhagangal, ulnaadan austreliya, thekkupadinjaaran america, speyininte thekkukizhakkan theeram, vadakkan meksikoo, peru theeram, chili ennividangalile vishalamaaya pradeshangalil choodulla marubhoomi kaalavastha kaanapedunnu. ithu antartikka ozhikeyulla ellah bhookhandangalilum choodulla marubhoomikal srishtikkunnu.
uyarnna sooryaprakaashathinte (venalkkaalam) samayat, kathunna, unangunna choodu nilanilkkunnu. choodulla maasatthile sharashari thaapanila saadhaaranayaayi uchabhakshanathinte alavu thammilullathaanu. lokathinte samboornna thaaparekhakal pothuve choodulla marubhoomikalilaanu, avide bhoomiyile ettavum uyarnna thaapasheshi undakam. nilavil bhoomiyil rekhappeduthiyittulla ettavum uyarnna thaapanilayayi kanakkaakkappedunna inn deth vaali enna record ithil ulppedunnu. ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalile chila marubhoomikalil shaithyakaalath polum varsham muzhuvanum valare uyarnna thaapanila sthiramaayi anubhavappedunnu. eee sthalangalil bhoomiyil rekhappeduthiyittulla ettavum uyarnna vaarshika sharashari thaapanila dallol, ethiopia vare kooduthalaanu. aafrikkayileyum arabiyileyum chila bhaagangalil eee avasana savisheshatha kaanapedunnu. varshathile thanuppulla kaalayalavil, thelinja aakashathinadiyil asaadhaaranamaaya vikirana nashtam kaaranam ratri thaapanila maravippikkunnathino thaazheyo aayi kurayum. ennirunnaalum, valare apoorvvamaayi maathrame choodulla upavibhaagathin keezhil thaapanila maravippikkunnathinekkaal valare thazheyaayi kurayunnulloo.
vishalamaaya sahara marubhoomi, libian marubhoomi allengil nubian marubhoomi polulla vadakke aafrikkayile marubhoomikalil choodulla marubhoomiyude kaalavastha kaanam; daanaakil marubhoomi allengil grand baaraa marubhoomi polulla aafrikkayile kombukalude marubhoomikal; nameeb marubhoomi allengil kalahari marubhoomi polulla dakshinaafrikkayile marubhoomikal; arabian marubhoomi, syrian marubhoomi allengil dash-iii lutt polulla padinjaaran eshyayile marubhoomikal; dakshineshyayile marubhoomikalaaya dash-iii kavir allengil indiayude thaar marubhoomi, paakistaan; americayileyum meksikkoyileyum marubhoomikalaaya mojave marubhoomi, sonoran marubhoomi allengil chihuwah marubhoomi; australiyayile simpson marubhoomi allengil grettu victoria marubhoomi polulla marubhoomikal, mattu pala pradeshangal.
choodulla marubhoomikal angeyattatthe pradeshangalaann avayil bhooribhaagavum bhoomiyile ettavum choodullathum varandathum sooryaprakaashamullathumaaya sthalangalil onnaanu, kaaranam eathaandu sthiramaaya uyarnna marddam; thaazhnna mardha samvidaanangal, chalanathmakamaaya munnanikal, anthareeksha aswasthathakal enniva eathaandu shaashvathamaayi neekkam cheyyuka; mungunna vaayu chalanam; uparithalathinum mukalilum varanda anthareeksham; sooryanumaayulla vardhicha exposure ellaayppozhum uyarnna soura konukal ulla eee marubhumiye mikka jeevajalangalkkum abhayaarthyamaakkunnu.
thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha.
thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha ("bii. dablyu. keey") saadhaaranayaayi choodullathum (allengil chila sandarbhangalil choodullathum) varanda venalkkaalavum aanu, ennirunnaalum venalkkaalam saadhaaranayaayi choodulla marubhoomi kaalavastha pole choodullathalla. choodulla marubhoomi kaalaavasthayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thanutha marubhoomi kaalaavasthayil thanuthathum varandathumaaya shaithyakaalam kaanapedunnu. eee kaalavasthayulla pradeshangalil manju apoorvavum edaykkideyullathumaanu. vadakkan chainayileyum mangoliayileyum gobi marubhoomi thanutha marubhoomikalude oru udaaharanamaanu. venalkkaalath choodullathaanenkilum, eshyayude mattu bhaagangalil valare thanutha shaithyakaalam ithu pankidunnu. thekke amerikkayile attakama marubhoomiyile venalkkaalam mithamaan, seasonukalkkidayil thapanilayil cheria vyathyaasangal maathrameyulloo. thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha saadhaaranayaayi choodulla marubhoomi kaalaavasthayekkaal uyarnna uyarathilaanu kaanappedunnath, saadhaaranayaayi choodulla marubhoomi kaalaavasthayekkaal varandathaanu.
thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha saadhaaranayaayi mithasheethoshnameghalakalaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna parvathangalude mazhayude nizhalilaanu, ithu padinjaaran kaattil ninnulla mazhaye niyanthrikkunnu. padinjaaru andees parvathanirakalaal chuttapetta arjanteenayile patagonian marubhoomiyaanu ithinu oru udaaharanam. madhyeshyayude kaaryatthil, parvathangal kizhakkan kaalavarshathil ninnulla mazhaye niyanthrikkunnu. madhya eshyayile kaisil kumm, thaklamaakkan, katpana marubhoomikal ennivayaanu bidablyuke kaalaavasthayude mattu pradhana udaaharanagal. ladak mekhalayilum indiayile valia himalayangalile leh nagaratthilum thanutha marubhoomi kaalavasthayaanu. vadakke amerikkayil grettu basin marubhoomiyude varanda bhagangalilum vyomingile bigg hoonn, washaki kaundiyile bighon thadangalilum thanutha marubhoomi kaalavastha kaanapedunnu. morocoyude vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathum aljeeriyayilum sthithi cheiyunna houts samathalangal thanutha marubhoomi kaalaavasthayude mattoru pradhana udaaharanamaanu. kizhakkan asarbaijaanile absheron upadveep thanutha marubhoomi kaalaavasthayude udaaharanamaanu.
mikka mazhayum asaadhaaranamaamvidham thanutha varanda vaayu maravippikkunnathinaal artic, antartic pradeshangalilum varshathil valare kurachu mazha maathrame labhikkunnulloo; ennirunnaalum, avaa randum saadhaaranayaayi dhruva kaalavasthayullathaayi tharamthirickunnu, kaaranam avaykku edavittulla aruvikal, hypersaline thadakangal, antaarttikkayile mcmurdo varanda thaazhvarakal polulla glaciate cheyyaatha pradeshangalil angeyattam vandhyamaaya bhoopradesam thudangiya marubhoomi polulla savisheshathakal undengilum sharashari venalkkaala thaapanila thaazheyaan.

