
central acropolis

purathana maaya nagaramaya tikkalinte madhya acropolis grettu plaasayude thekk bhagathaayi sthithi cheiyunna oru vasthuvidyaa samuchayamaan. vadakkan gwatimala pettan departmentilaanu columboic munbulla maaya naagarikathayile ettavum pradhanappetta puraavastu kendrangalilonnaaya tikkal sthithi cheiyunnathu. bharanaparavum paarppidaparavumaaya eratta aavasyangal eee samuchayam niravettunnu. madhya acropolis aadyamaayi sthaapithamaayathu preclassic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilaanu (c. bii. sii. 350-250 edii) mesoamerican kaalaganana, ekadesham 950 edii vare ithu upayogathil thudarnnu.
madhya acropolisil tikkal raajakudumbangal thaamasichirunnu. aadyakaala upayogam muthal, pinneedu central acropolisaayi maariyathinte kizhakkan bhagam oru rajakeeya vasathiyayum aadyakaala classic kaalaghattatthilum (sii. 250-550 edii) oru pradhana residential kottaram samuchayathinte sthaanamaayirunnu ithu. madhya acropolisinu adisthaanamaaya prakrithidatha paarakkett, grettu plaasayude nilavaaratthil ninnu eathaanum meter uyarathil, madhya acropolisinu adivarayittu, tikkal nivaasikal samanilayil athichu. acropolisinte kizhakkum thekkum bhaagathekku paara kuthane veezhunnu.
charithram.
bii. sii. 350 muthal eiii. dii. 1 vareyulla kaalaghattatthilaanu samuchayathile ettavum aadyakaala pravartthanam. aadyathe gadanakalil kedaakunna superstructureukallu kallu plaattphomukal ulppettirunnu, ithu postholukal saakshyappeduthunnu. eee aadyakaala nirmmithikalonnum poornnamaayum khananam cheythitilla, avayude oru nottam acropolysilekku thurankam vazhi nalkunnu. eee aadyakaala avashishtangal pilkkala gadanakalkku thaazheyulla vividha sthalangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu, ithu central acropolisinte muzhuvan pradeshavum pravartthanatthinte aadyakaalakhattam vare vyaapichittundennu soochippikkunnu. acropolisinte thekkan athirthiyile aadyakaala gadanakal pilkkala gadanakalekkaal valare kuravaayirunnu, orupakshe ridjinte adithattil nerittu nirmmichavayaayirikkaam. acropolis vikasichathode, iva pilkkala vaasthuvidyayaal moodappettirunnuvenkilum samuchayathaal moodappetta pradesham aadyakaala athirthikalil thanne thudarnnu. eiii. dii 250num 550num idayil kottara nirmmanangalil kallukal upayogikkaan thudangi.
aadhunika charithram.
1911ll teoberto maller eee samuchayathinte oru vivaranam prasidheekarichu. niravadhi samrakshitha thadi lintalukalulla oru labirinthain bahunila samuchayamaayi maller central acropolisine visheshippichu, avayilonnu silpamaakkiyathaanu. peettar haarisante nirddeshaprakaaram 1962-ll acropolisinte aadya khananam nadathukayum 1967 vare seasonal khananam thudarukayum cheythu; padhathi poornnamaayum 25 gadanakal khananam cheythu. 1960kalil acropolis mapp cheythappol, chila gadanakal vanangalaal valarnna valia kunnukalaayirunnu; khananathil avaa niravadhi murikalulla sankeernamaaya gadanakalaanennu kandethi. 2003 vareyulla kanakkanusarichu, central acropolis ithuvare poornnamaayum khananam cheythitilla.
vivaranam.
madhya acropolis kizhakk-padinjaaru dishayilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, eee dishaabodham athinte charithratthinte valare thudakkathil thanne sthaapikkappettu. anjooriladhikam varshakkalam acropolis vikasikkunnath thudarnnu. kaalakramena samuchayam vikasichathode, oru valia pradesham ulkkollunnathin puratthekku allah, puthiya vaasthuvidyayude superpositionumaayi ithu mukalilekku vikasichu. oronnilum vyathyastha thalatthilulla aarr muttangalude oru parambarayilaanu acropolisile kottara gadanakal krameekarichirikkunnathu.
samuchayathil 43 gadanakalundu. khananangalil madhya acropolysinullil kurachu shavakudeerangal kandethiyenkilum naalu mrithadehangal orotta gadanaykku keezhil (5dii-46) kandethi. thaazhnna pradeshangalile maaya saittukalil, kudumba thaamasasthalangalkk keezhil shavasamskaarangal saadhaaranamaayirunnu; central acropolisile mikka gadanakalkkum keezhil shavasamskaarangalude abhavam soochippikkunnathu mikathum sthiramaayi kaivashappedutthiya residential gadanakalaayirunnilla ennaanu. shavasamskaarangalillaatha acropolisile sankeernamaaya gadanakal pourohithyam, schoolukal, aachaaraparamaaya retreat houseukal ennivaykkulla paarppidam polulla pravartthanangal nalkunna thaalkkaalika vasathikalaayirikkam. postclassic kaalaghattamaaya mayayumaayulla spanish sanbarkkathinu sesham samanamaaya sandarbhangalil prathinidheekarikkunna samanthara pravarthanangalaayirikkum eee upayogangal.
acropolysinullile muttangalkk chathuramallengilum naalu vashangalundaayirunnu. muttangal ellaam vyathyastha lamba thalangalilaayirunnuvenkum, ithu aasoothrakarude manappoorvamaaya theerumaanamaayirunnuvennu thonnunnu, koodaathe vasthuvidyaa leauttu, floor levelukal, muttangal thammilulla praveshanam enniva kaalakramena maariyengilum samuchayathinte multy-level swabhaavam athinte upayoga kaalayalaviludaneelam manappoorvvam nilanirthappettu. puraana, charitra vishayangale prathinidheekarikkunna sankeernamaaya silpangalaal alankaricha, hyroglyphic grandhangalumaayi samyojippicha, oru sankeernamaaya, bahumukha vaasthuvidyayude oru koottam muttangal chuttappettirunnu.
gadanakal.
5dii-46 oru sambannavum sankeernavumaaya gadanayaayirunnu, ithu raajakudumbathinte vasathiyaayirikkam; ithu nilamparisaal nirmmichathaanu. kettidatthinadiyil naalu shavakudeerangal khananam cheythu. radio kaarban dating seramic thelivukalum chernnu ekadesham eiii. dii 350 kaalaghattatthilaanu eee ghadana nirmmichirikkunnathu. pradhana padinjaaran padikalkku keezhil kuzhichitta oru seramic kappalile hyroglyphic likhitham sii muthal bharichirunna chaak toock ichaakku onnaaman raajaavinte vasathiyayi eee kettidatthe thirichariyunnu. eiii. dii 378-ll addehathinte akramasakthamaaya maranam vare 360. kizhakkum padinjaarum vashangalil praveshanam nalkunna padikal ulla oru uyarnna plaattphomil nirmmicha ottanila kottaramaayirunnu 5dii-46. anchu noottaandukalude vikasanathiludaneelam padinjaaran padikal thaarathamyena maattamillathe thudarnnu, athesamayam kizhakkan padikal vividha maattangalkk vidheyamaayi, oro parishkkaranavum anubandha shavakudeera vasthukkalkoppam samarppita manushya shavasamskaram kondu adayaalappeduthi. eee kottara ghadana anubandha adhinivesha samayat kollayadikkappedukayo pilkkala nirmmaanatthin keezhil kuzhichidukayo cheythilla ennathu sradheyamaanu, ennirunnaalum athe kaalaghattatthile mattu gadanakal, saadhaarana maaya sanbradaayathil, pinneedu nirmmaana padhathikalaal kuzhichidappettuvenkum, athinte yadhaartha leauttil pinneedu mattangal sambhavichu. chaak toock ichaakkinte vamshathinte vamshabhavanamaayirunnu yadhaartha ghadana ennu karuthappedunnu.
kedaakunna ghadanayil ninnu dwaarangalulla valare aadyakaala plaattfomaanu irma ghadana. 5dii-46 enna gadanayude thekkan muttathinu thekk bhagathaayi kandethiya ithu nerittu nilamparisaal nirmmichathaanu. aadyakaala plaattphomukalil ettavum aakarshakamaaya ithu central acropolisile aadyathe rajakeeya vasathiyaayirikkam. irma ghadana pinneedu tharaykkadiyil kuzhichidukayum pinneedu onpathaam noottaandil 5dii-46 enna gadanayude vipuleekaranathinu keezhil, athinte thekkan muttam kootticherkkal ulppede, mathilinte oru bhagam munbathe gadanaykku kuruke nerittu oodukayum cheythu.
5dii-52 thekkott abhimukhamaayi; ethir dishayil abhimukheekaricha oru muun gadanayilaanu ithu nirmmichathu. akathe mathilukalude adithattil chuvanna alankaarangalude oru baand varachathinal munbathe ghadana chuvanna dadoyude kottaram ennariyappedunnu. pilkkala nirmmaanam athinte muun corbell nilavarayude adithattil naashathinu kaaranamaayi, pakshe athinu thaazhe mathilukal nannayi samrakshikkappettittund. eee adisthaana ghadana ithuvare theeyathi nischayichittilla.
5dii-57 poornnamaayum khananam cheythitilla, ennaal eee sankeernamaaya kettidatthinte purambhaagam kandethiyappol, oru bharanaadhikaariyude rund chithrangal velippeduthi, oru hraswa hyroglyphic vaachakathodoppam. kaalakmulumayi sakhyamundaakkiya oru pradhana vyakthiye tikkal rajaavaaya jassa chaan qaa 'viyil onnaaman pidikoodiyathinte aakhoshamaanu eee rangam. eee sambhavam edii 695-ll nadakkukayum taamasiyaathe ghadana nirmmikkappedukayum cheythu. 5dii-57 enna ghadana orupakshe jasso chaan kavilile rajakeeya vasathiyaayirikkam.
5dii-60 poornnamaayum khananam cheythitilla, athinte krithyamaaya swabhaavam anjjaathamaanu. ennirunnaalum, kshethrathinte vadakkott abhimukhamaayi oru thettaaya munbhagam ithinu undaayirunnu. eee vyaja munbhagam uyarnnathum melkkoorayullathumaaya oru kshethrathinte bhavam nalki, ennirunnaalum uparithalam oru shethrakshethram pole sthaapichittilla, mathramalla kodumudiyil ninnu maathrame praveshikkaan kazhiyoo. eee munbhagam munkootty nilaninnirunna oru ghadanayil chertthirunnu, athu ippol pinneedu nirmmaanatthil kuzhichittirikkukayanu.
5dii-65nuu maalerinte kottaram ennu vilipperundu. athinte padinjaaran munbhagam acropolisinte thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathe nilanirtthal mathilaayirunnu. gadanayude padinjaaran muriyil nilanirtthal mathilinu mukalil oru baahya kavaadam thurannirikkunnu. thaazheyulla bhaagath ninnu kaanumbol oru kshethrathinte midhyaadhaarana nalkunnathinu roopakalppana cheythirikkunna, puram vaathilin ethirvashathu oru valia, villal niranja thettaaya vaathil muriyude akathalathilundu.
5dii-71 vadakkott valia plaasayilekku abhimukeekarikkunnu. sii muthalulla oru aadyakaala kallu plaattphominte avashishtangal. bii. sii. 350-1 edii kettidatthinu thaazhe kandethi. vadakkan acropolisiloode kadannupokunna vishudha achuthandil ithu sthithicheyyunnundengi aadyakaala ghadana aaa achuthandil kendreekarichaayirunno illayo ennu parayaan ithu paryaapthamalla.
shavasamskaarangal.
177-aamm nambar shavakudeeram oru cheria arayaayirunnu. 5d-71 enna gadanayude kendra akshamaya acropolisinte vishudha achuthandil kuzhichittirikkunna muttam 1-nte niraykkalil ithu kandethi; ithu aadyakaala classic kaalaghattatthilethaanu. samskaricha vyakthi valare uyarnna padaviyil aayirikkam.
180-aamm nambar shavakudeeram 5dii-46 enna gadanayude baahya padikalkku keezhil kandethi, oru samarppana vazhipaadaayi samskarikkapettu. athil shavakudeeravasthukkalonnum undaayirunnilla.

