
peficer ink. vii. india gavanment

peficer ink. vii. india gavanment, 434 yuu.ezz. 308 (1978), yunaittad stetsile supreme kodathiyude vidhi, athil videsha samsthaanangalkku yuu. esil moonniratti naashanashtangalkk cases phayal cheyyaan arhathayundennu kodathi vidhichu.ezz. kodathikal, kleydan act prakaram "vyakthikal" aayi amgeekarikkappedanam.
vasthuthakal.
1975ll, india gavanment farmaceutical sthaapanangalaaya faisar incorporationethire oru vishwaasa virudha cases phayal cheythu.american cyanamid kambani, bristtol-mayers kambani, squib korppareshan, olin korppareshan, apjon kambani enniva eee kambanikal broad spectrum antibioticukalude nirmmaanam, vitharanam, vilppana ennivayil antharsamsthaana, videsha vyapaaram niyantrikkaanum kuthakayaakkaanum goodaalochana nadathiyennu aaropichu. iraan saamraajyathva raashtram, phillippines republic, vietnaam republic enniva eee farmaceutical sthaapanangalil onno athiladhikamo kambanikalkkethire samanamaaya kesukal konduvannu, supreme kodathi oduvil athinte vidhiyil adhika kesukal amgeekarikkaan theerumaanichu.
eee kesil apakadatthilaaya bharanaghadanaaparamaaya prasnangal yuu. esine chuttippattiyaan.ezz. videshikal, sthaapanangal allengil sarkkarukal ennivarkku ningalude ullil cases konduvaraan avakashavum kazhivumulla "vyakthikal" aayi bharanaghadana amgeekarikkunnu.ezz. yuu. yethire kodathikal.ezz. yuu. esinu keezhil rajisttar cheytha korppareshanukal.ezz. vishwaasa virudha niyamangal. sherman niyamam lamghichu chila broad spectrum antibioticukalude nirmmaanathinum vitharanathinum chuttumulla antharsamsthaana, videsha vyapaaram niyantrikkaanum kuthakayaakkaanum sramichathinu eee anchu farmaceutical kambanikalkkethire kleydan aantitrast act prakaram naashanashtangalkkaayi india sarkkar cases phayal cheythirunnu. vila nischayikkal, vipani vibhajanam, us pettant offeesinethire nadatthiya vanchana enniva aropanangalil ulppedunnu.
kleydan aantitrast act.
1914ll yuu ennathil adhika padaartham cherkkunnathinaayi kleydan aantitrast act nadappaakki.ezz. chila malsara virudha sanbradaayangal avayude aarambhathil thadayukayum 1890 leeii sherman vishvaasavirudha niyamathil ninnu aarambhicha oru bharanam thudarukayum cheythukondu vishvaasavirudha niyamam. kleydan niyamam prathyeka nirodhitha perumaattam vyakthamaakkukayum niyamathinu prathyeka elavukal roopappeduthukayum nirodhitha perumaattam pariharikkunnathinulla nadapadikal ulppede oru tritala nadappaakkal vyavastha nalkukayum neratthe nadappaakkiya sherman vishvaasavirudha niyamathinu keezhil nalkia upabhokthru samrakshanangal vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu.
sherman aantitrast act.
1890-ll kongras pasakia sherman aantitrast act upabhokthaakkalkk doshakaramaanennu kanakkaakkappedunna, prathyekichu vipani malsaram kuraykkunnathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna bisinesses reethikale nirodhicha aadyathe federal niyamamaayirunnu. federal kodathikalile mikka vishwaasa virudha vyavahaarangaludeyum adisthaanamaayi eee niyamam thudarunnu.
prathirodham.
kesil ulppettirikkunna farmaceutical kambanikal yunaittad stetts appeel kodathi 8-aamm sarcutil appeel nalki cases asaadhuvaakkaan sramikkukayaayirunnu, us ithara kambanikal kleydan, sherman niyamangal prakaram nirvachichirikkunna vyakthikalallenn prathirodham nalki, ithu usil moonniratti nashtapariharam thedaan ayogyaraakkunnu.ezz. kodathi samvidaanam. avishwaasa lamghanangal moolam parikketta vyakthikalkk moonnu kedupaadukal aadyam sherman niyamathile sekshan 7 ll nalkiyittundennum 1914 ll kleydan niyamathile sekshan 4 ll kaaryamaaya maattamillathe veendum nadappaakkiyennum kandethiyukondu appeel kodathi prathikalkkethire vidhichu.
ettaam surcuted appeel kodathi vazhi thangalude cases asaadhuvaakkunnathil parajayappetta prathikal yuu. esinode appeel nalki.ezz. kleydan niyamathile sekshan 8 prasthaavikkunnathupole, kleydan, sherman niyamangalkk keezhilulla 'vyakthikal' enna nirvachanam vyakthamakkaan supreme kodathi kodathiyodu aavashyappedunnu
vidhi.
justice potter stuvarttaanu supreme kodathiyude abhiprayam nalkiyathu. oru videsha raajyathin yuu. esil cases phayal cheyyaan arhathayundennu sthireekarikkunna vidhathil kodathi india sarkkaarinaayi vidhichu.ezz. mattethoru vaadiyeyum pole thanne vishwaasa virudha niyamangalkk keezhil naashanashtangalkk kesedukkaan kodathikalkku avakaashamund. prathikarikkunnavar paramadhikaaramulla videsha sthaapanangalaanenna vastutha, yuu. esinu moonniratti naashanashtangalkkulla prathividhi nishedhikkaan kaaranamalla.ezz. yuu lamghanangalaal prathikoolamaayi baadhikkappedunna eathoru vyakthikkum kongras nalkiyittundu.ezz. allengil anthaaraashtra vishwaasa virudha niyamangal. jadjimar avarude vidhiyil sherman, kleydan vishwaasa virudha niyamangalekkurichum athupole thanne jorjiyayude samsthaanathinu "jorjia vii. yill cases phayal cheyyaanulla avakaashathe anukoolikkunna oru munvidhiyekkurichum paraamarshichu. evens ".
justice stuvartt thante abhipraayathil ingane paranju
oru videsha raajyathin athinte bisinaso swatho mattoru sthaapanathinte vishwaasa virudha lamghanangal moolam naashanashtangal sambhavikkumbol naashanashtangal varuthaan arhathayundennu bhooribhaagavum vaadichu. oru videsha raajyam yuu. esil bisinesses nadathumbol.ezz. vaanijya vipanikalil, aabhyanthara yuu. eiii. yude athe reethiyil malsara virudha sanbradaayangalaal ithu irayaakkappedaam.ezz. swakaarya vyakthiyude avastha.
oru paramadhikaara gavanmentinte vyakthithvam enna vishayathe munkaala cases niyamam pinthunachirunnu, justice steevartt bhooripaksha vaadathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi rund prathyeka kesukal paraamarshichu. randum yunaittad stetts vii. kooppar corp ", jorjia vii. evansinte kesukal sarkkar sthaapanangalude vyakthi padaviyude avakashangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. yuu. ezz. aantitrast niyamangalkk keezhil yunaittad stetts sarkkaarine oru "vyakthi" aayi kanakkaakkaruthenn kooppar cases vidhikkumbol, kodathi "jorjia vii. oru vyakthiyenna nilayil samsthaanam pariganikkaan anuvadichuvennu avan parayunnu. eee theerumaanam oru samsthaanamenna nilayil jorjiyayude padaviyil adhishtithamaayirunnilla, marichu yuu. esile federal gavanmentil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu.ezz. vii. kooppar korppareshante vidhiyil, jorjia samsthaanathinu niyamangalude nirodhanangal nadappilaakkunnathinu mattoru pariharavum nalkiyittilla. jorjia samsthaanatheppole, india gavanmentinum kodathi samvidaanathinu purathu mattoru pariharavum undaayirunnilla.
viyojip.
cheef justice burger vidhiyodu viyojichu, justisumaaraaya povalum rehenkvistum avarodoppam chernnu. thante viyojippil, justice burger oru videsha raajyathin yuu. esil naashanashta nadapadikal konduvaraan arhathayundennu prasthaavichu.ezz. sherman, kleydan niyamangal nadappaakkiyappol aabhyanthara vitharanakkarkkethiraaya kodathikal orikkalum pariganichirunnilla, koodaathe kleydan, sherman niyamangal videsha shakthikalkk vyakthihakkathinulla avakasham nalkiyirunnilla.
cheef justice burger thante viyojippil kleydan, sherman aantitrast niyamangalkk keezhil oru videsha sarkkaarine oru vyakthiyenna nilayil bhooripaksham amgeekarikkunnathil nirasha prakadippichu, athesamayam bhooripaksham oopshanum sherman, kleydan niyamangal videsha sarkkaarukalil prayogikkunnathinekkur chodyam niyamangal nadappaakkiya samayat orikkalum pariganichirunnillenna sammathichuvennum abhiprayappettu. kleydan niyamathile vyakthiyekkurichulla kooduthal nirddishta nirvachanam ulppede eee niyamangalkk keezhilulla muun vidhikalekkurichum addeham paraamarshichu. blue chipp staambukal vii. yude cases udharichu. mainer mayakkumarunnu storukal, "cheef justice burger kleydan niyamathil vivarichirikkunna vyakthikalude nirddishta nirvachanathe kodathikal aasrayikkunnathine eduthukaanichu, prathyekichu eathenkilum videsha raajyathinte niyamathinu keezhil nilavilullatho amgeekrithamaayatho aaya videsha korppareshanukaleyum associationukaleyum niyamatthinte paridhiyil varunna sthaapanangalaayi paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal videsha raajyangalile sarkkaarukalekkurich paraamarsikkunnilla.

