
vadakkottulla kudiyettatthinte kaalam

1966ll prasidheekaricha sudanile novelist tayib salih ezhuthiya oru classic poost colonial arabic novalaanu season oof migration tuu dhaa north (). bairoot jenalaaya "hivaaril" aanu ithu aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. britiish koloniyalisathinteyum europian aadunikathayudeyum swaadheenam pothuve grameena aafrikkan samoohangalilum prathyekichu sudanese samskaarathilum swathuathilum cheluthunna swaadheenamaanu novalinte pradhana aashanka. addehathinte noval aadhunika sudaante samghattanangale prathifalippikkukayum europian koloniyalisatthinte krooramaaya charithram samakaalika sudanese samoohathinte yaadhaarthyathe roopappeduthunnathaayi chithreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. damascus aasthaanamaayulla arab saahitya akkadami irupathaam noottaandile arabiyile ettavum mikacha novalukalilonnaanithu. "kizhakkum padinjaarum thammilulla ettumuttalil shradha kendreekarikkunna colonial kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla aakhyaanangalude vikasanathile oru pradhana vazhithirivayi "mousim alle-hijrah-ill-alle-shamal" kanakkaakkappedunnu.
irupathiladhikam bhaashakalilekku eee noval vivarthanam cheyyappettittund. salihinu engleeshilum arabiyilum praaveenyamundaayirumnum eee noval arabiyil ezhuthaan theerumaanichu. denis jonson-davisinte engleesh vivarthanam 1969 ll swaadheenamulla heineman aafrikkan raittezhs seereesinte bhaagamaayi prasidheekarichu. iruttinte hridayam" ennathinte virudhamaaya oru vivaranamaan eee noval. arabi saahithyathile aarr mahathaaya novalukalil onnaayi edward ithine visheshippichu. 2001ll arab ezhuthukaarum niroopakarum chernnu irupathaam noottaandile ettavum pradhanappetta arab novalaayi ithine thiranjedutthu.
charitraparamaaya pashchaathalam.
1899 januvariyil brittan eejipt sudanine bharikkunnathinayi oru contominium allengil samyuktha adikaaram sthaapichu. 1956ll sudan swaathanthryam nediyengilum irupathaam noottaandinte sheshikkunna kaalayalavil rund neenda aabhyanthara yudhangalil akappettu. 1960kalil soodaante charithratthile supradhanavum prakshubdhavumaaya kaalaghattatthilaanu eee noval orukkiyirikkunnath.
sangraham.
"videshathu school vidyaabhyaasam kazhinju madangiyethiya aafrikkakkaaranaaya 'yaatra cheytha manushyan' enna kathaapaathrathe perillaattha oru aakhyaathaavu vyakthamaakkaatha prekshakarodu paranja kathayaanu 'mousim alle-hijrah-ill-alle-shamal'. 1950kalil 'oru avyakthanaaya engleesh kaviyude jeevitam' enna vishayathil doctoral prabandham ezhuthiya sesham aakhyaathaavu nailile thante sudanese gramamaaya 'vaad hamidilake' madangunnu.britiish koloniyalisatthinte kuttiyum colonial vidyaabhyaasathinte falavumaanu novalinte pradhana nayakanaaya mustafa sayeed. thante kaalatthinte oru bheemakaaramaaya uthppannam koodiyaanu addeham.
peru velippeduthaatha aakhyaathaavu thante raajyathinte puthiya poost colonial jeevithathinu oru sambhavana nalkaan utsukanaanu. veettilethumbol, mustafa sayeed enna oru puthiya graameenane aakhyaathaavu kandumuttunnu, avan mattullavaril bhooribhaagavum cheiyunna nettangalkku oru prasamsayum prakadippikkunnilla, koodaathe addeham ethir swabhaavam prakadippikkunnu. madyapaaniyaaya thante kazhinja oru saayaahnathil, anardhapoornamaaya engleeshil kavithakal vaayichukond mustafa vanchikkunnu, ithu aparichithante vyakthithvam kandethaan aakhyaathaavine dridanishchayathilaakkunnu. aakhyaathaavu pinneedu mustafayodu thante bhoothakaalathekkurichu chodikkukayum mustafa thante kathayude bhooribhaagavum addehathodu parayukayum palappozhum "njaan odhello allah, odhello oru nunayaayirunnu", "njaan oru nunayaanu" ennu parayukayum cheiyunnu."
mustafayil aakrishtanaaya aakhyaathaavu, mustafa paashchaathya bhashayil vidyaabhyaasam nediya oru munkoor vidyaarthiyaayirunnavum ennaal thante paashchaathya swathuavumaayum parichayakkarumaayum akramasakthavum veruppulavaakkunnathum sankeernavumaaya bandham pulartthiyirunnuvennum manassilakkunnu. europile mustafayude prasnakaramaaya bhoothakaalathinte kathayum prathyekichu britiish sthreekalumaayulla addehathinte pranayabandhangalum novalinte kendramaanu. mustafa sthreekale avarude ooriyantalist faantasikalkku aakarshikkukayum eee bandhangalellam duranthatthil avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. moonnu sthreekal aathmahathya cheyyukayum naalaamatheyaalaaya mustafayude bharya ayaal kolappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. kolapaathakatthinte vichaarana neridukayum engleesh jayilil samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
naadakeeyamaaya eee avasarathil, mustafa nailil mungukayum addehathinte vidhavayaya hosna punarvivaham cheyyaan nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunnu. bharthaavinu sesham vivaham kazhikkaan aagrahikkaathathinaal aval visammathikkunnu. mustafayude ishtaprakaaram thante puthranmaarude rakshaadhikaariyaayi niyamithanaaya aakhyaathaavinodu aval abhyarthikkaan shramikkunnu. vivaham nadakkunnathinu munbu aakhyaathaavu athu paraajayappeduthaan shramikkunnu, pakshe addeham thante bhooribhaagam samayavum khaarthoomilaanu chelavazhikkunnath, athinaal graamatthil valia swaadheenam cheluthaan kazhiyilla. hosna thante ishtathinu virudhamaayi vaad raayisine vivaham kazhikkunnu, avan vivaham nirbandhithamaayi poortthiyaakkaan shramikkumbol, aval aadyam avane kollukayum thudarnnu aathmahathya cheyyaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu iruvareyum shavasamskaram nadathaathe samskarikkunnu.
englandile mustafayude munkaala jeevithathekkurichum chuttumulla graamathe badhikkunna prathyaaghaathangalekkurim ulla kathakal, vivekathinte vakkilekk nayikkappedunna aakhyaathaavine badhikkunnu. avasana adhyaayathil, jeevithathinum maranathinum idayil apakadakaramaayi neelveettil pongikkidakkunna aakhyaathaavu, mustafayude deerghakaala saannidhyathil ninnu svayam mochanam nedaanum swantham nilayil swaadheenamulla oru vyakthiyayi nilakollaanum theerumaanikkunnu. nailinte naduvil avan nilavilikkunnu, "sahaayikkoo! sahaayikkoo!"aaa nilaviliyil noval avasaanikkunnu, addehathinte theerumaanam valare vaikiyathaano, athu shariyaayathaano, adhehathinum mattullavarkkum rajyathinum thanne aavashyamaaya sahayam labhikkumo ennu vyakthamalla.
mattu grandhangalumaayi bandhappettava.
frants faanante adisthaana srishtikalumaayi, prathyekichu "karutha charmmam, velutha maaskukal" ennivayumaayi eee novaline pala tharatthil bandhappedutthaam. mustafa sayeedinte bandhangalil salih vipulamaayi paryavekshanam cheiyunnathupole, karutha purushanmaarum vellakkarum thammilulla aagraha raashtreeyathe kurichu phaanan charcha cheiyunnu. koodaathe, ithu pala tharatthil joseph konraadinte "iruttinte hridayam" ennathumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyappettittund. rund novalukalum saamskaarika sankarathvam, cross-colonial anubavangal, oriyantalisam enniva paryavekshanam cheiyunnu.
seane, bandarshaayude vivaham" ulppede saliyude mattu chila kruthikaleppole vaad hameed enna athe graamathilaanu eee noval orukkiyirikkunnath. mahjoub, aakhyaathaavu thudangiya novalile pala kathaapaathrangalum eee mattu kruthikalilum aavarthikkunnu. athinaal, onniladhikam novalukalileyum cherukathakalileyum kathaapaathrangalude vikasanam oru vaayanakkaaran tracuchaian kazhiyumennathinaal vaad hameedinekkurichulla saliyude chithreekaranam kooduthal poornnamaayum saakshaathkarikkappettuve aami elad-boulaski ezhuthunnu.
tharkkam.
"vadakkottulla kudiyettatthinte kaalam" thudakkathil 1966 ll, serialised roopathil, bairoot aasthaanamaayulla saahitya maasikayaaya "hiwar" prasidheekarichu, athu rahasyamaayi sthaapikkukayum dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu.
islaamika sarkkaarine vranappeduthiya graphik laingikachithrangal kaaranam 1983 muthal ezhuthukaarante thaddesheeya soodaanil eee noval oru kaalayalavilekku nirodhichu. innu eee noval sudaanilaan eluppathil labhyamaakunnath.