
ottomaan irumbu pothinja avnilla

1860kalude avasaanathil automan naavikasenaykkaayi nirmmicha irumbu pothinja oru yudhakkappalaaya avnilla (automan turkisha daivika sahayam). brittanile tamas irumbu nirmmaanakkachavadakkaarana avar nirmmichathu. 1868ll nirmmicha kappal 1869ll vikshepichu, adutha varsham avar kappalppadayil kammeeshan cheyyappettu. oru central baattari kappalaya avalkk oru central kesmettil naalu thokkukalude baattari undaayirunnu, koodaathe avarkk ettavum uyarnna vegatha nalkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
"avnila" "russo-turkish yudhathil 1877-1878 ll pravartthanam kandu, avide avar cocusasil automan senaye pinthunachu. yudhathinushesham, avale reservil vaykkukayum vashalakaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu; 1897-ll greco-turkish yuddham pottippurappettappol avalkk sevanam labhikkatha avasthayilaayirunnu. "yudhathinushesham aarambhicha oru pradhana punarnirmmaana paripaadiyil "avnila" aadunikavalkkarikkappettu. beyroothil nilayurappichirikkunna oru thuramukha prathirodha kappalayi avar maari. 1912 februvariyil itali-turkey yudhathil bairoot yudhathil itaaliyan kavachitha cruiser avale mukki.
design.
"avnilah" lambamaya idaykku neelamullathum oru beam, draaft ennivayullathumaayirunnu. irumbu upayogichaanu puram nirmmichathu, bhaagikamaayi eratta adibhaagam ulppeduthi, saadhaaranagathiyil sthaanabhramsham varuthukayum boom cheyyukayum cheythu. 15 udyogastharum 130 perum adangunna oru samghamaayirunnu avarkk undaayirunnathu.
oru scru propeller oodikkunna orotta thirashcheena samyuktha enchinaanu kappalin karuth pakarunnath. kalkari upayogichu pravartthikkunna naalu boxes boyilarukal neeravi nalki, avaa orotta kuzhal amidshippaayi trank cheythu. 1877 aayappozhekkum enchinu paramavadhi vegatha nalkiyengilum 1877 aayappozhekkum avarkk athu cheyyaan maathrame kazhinjulloo. pathittaandukalude mosham attakuttappanikal 1892 aayappozhekkum kappalinte vegatha kalkari vahikkunna "avanila" aayi kurachu. oru anubandha brigaintin rigum gadippichirunnu.
central, kavachitha kesmettil gadippichirikkunna naalu mookk loading thokkukalude baattari, oru vashath rund thokkukal enniva kappalil undaayirunnu. nere munnilekko, vazhithettikkaayo, allengil akalathekko vedivaykkaan anuvadikkunna tharatthilaayirunnu thokkukal sthaapichirunnathu. kappalinte kavachitha beltt kattiyullathum, waterline mukalilulla kattiyulla bhaagavum thaazhe kanamkuranjathumaayirunnu. iruvashathum kattiyulla transwers bulkheadukal kondu beltt pothinjirunnu. thokku baattari 150 millimeter irumbu pooshikkondu samrakshichirunnathinal kesmettinu kanatha kavacha samrakshanamundaayirunnu.
sevana charithram.
"1867ll oordar cheytha 'avnila' adutha varsham landanile blackwalile tamas irumbu panikalil sthaapichu. 1869 epril 21 nuu avar vikshepichu; 1870 oode phitting outtu jolikal poortthiyaayi, aaa varsham avasaanam kammeeshan cheyyappedunnathinu munbu avar kadal pareekshanangal nadatthi. poortthiyaayappol, "avnilla" yum pinneedu brittanilum fraansilum nirmmicha mattu irumbu kappalukalum 1866-1869-nte kreettan kalaapathe thudarnnu sahayikkaan kreettilekku ayachu. eee kaalayalavil, hobart paashayude keezhil automan kappalppada, pradhaanamaayum nishkriyamaayi thudarnnu, pariseelanam vivarthanam cheytha britiish prabodhana manuvalukal vaayikkunnathil maathram othungi. "avnila" yeei eshyan kappalppadayude randaam schwadronilekku avarude sahodari kappalinum irumbu kappalukalkkum oppam niyamichu. kappalinte kariyarinte thudakkathil, ottomaan irumbu pothinja kappalppada ellah venalkkaalathum swarnna kombu muthal bosporus vareyulla hraswa yaathrakalkkaayi avarude propulsion samvidaanangal pravarthanakshamamaanennu urappakkaan sajeevamaayirunnu.
russia-turkey yuddham.
varshangalayi rajyavumaayulla samgharshangal vardhichukondirikkum 1875 madhyathil automan bosniyayil oru kalapam aarambikkukayum 1876 joolaiyil serbia automan saamraajyathinethire yuddham prakhyapikkukayum cheythathinaal 1876 septambaril russiayumaayulla samgharshathinulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhikkunnathinayi automan kappal aninirakkaan thudangi. 1876 desemberil, eee pradeshathe sajeevamaaya russian naavika seena kaaranam "avnilla" yum avalude sahodari kappal baattumiyilekk maatti. 1877 epril 24nuu russian yuddha prakhyaapanathode russia-turkey yuddham aarambhichu. "avnila" yudhathil ottoman irumbu pothinja kappalppadayude bhooribhaagathodoppam karinkadal schwadronilaanu chelavazhichathu. hobartinte neethrthwathil karinkadalil ottomaan kappalppadayude ettu irumbukattakal russian karinkadal kappalukalekkaal valare mikachathaayirunnu; rashyakkaarude kaivashamundaayirunna oreyoru irumbukattakal, vrithaakrithiyilulla kappalukal, avayude vegatha valare kuravum avaye niyanthrikkunnathile budhimuttum kaaranam sevanathil upayogashoonyamaanennu theliyikkapettu.
kappalukalude saannidhyam rund sainikare theeradesha prathirodhatthinaayi reserve cheyyaan russiakkaare nirbandhitharaakkiyenkilum, prathyekichu baalkkaanilekkulla russian munnettatthe thadassappeduthunnathinayi, ottoman hikemand athinte naavika medhaavithvam kooduthal ardhavathaaya reethiyil upayogikkunnathil parajayappettu. hobart paasha kappalpadaye kizhakkan karinkadalil athikkukayum avidevechu rashyakkaarumaayi pooraadunna automan senaye pinthunaykkaan athu kooduthal aakramanaathmakamaayi upayogikkaan addehathinu kazhiyukayum cheythu. kappalppada pottiyilekku bombit battumiyude prathirodhatthil sahayichu. 1877 meyy 14nuu, "avnila", "muin-iii-suffer",,,,, enniva ulppedunna oru ottomaan schwadron, kaalalppadaye irakkunnathinum praadeshika janataye aayudangal nalkunnathinum munbu sokhumiyude karinkadal thuramukhathinu chuttumulla russian sthaanangal bombit thakarthu. rund divasathinu sesham automankaar sokhumi pidichedutthu. yudhakaalathu, russian torpido bottukal battumiyil nilayurappichirikkunna kappalukalkk nere niravadhi akramanangal nadathiyenkilum avayilonnum "avnila" nuu kedupaadukal sambhavichittilla. yudhathinte avasaanam vare russian aakramanangalkkethire nilayurappichappol baattumiyile automan gaarisane kappal pinthunakkunnathu thudarnnu.
pinneedu currier.
1878-ll kappal konstantinoppilil sthaapichu; adutha irupathu varshathekku aval kooduthal pravartthanangal kandilla. bosporasilekkulla vaarshika venalkkaala kappalyaathrakal avasaanichu. eee kaalayalavil kappal cheria naveekaranathinu vidheyamaayi. 1882-ll krup nirmmicha oru jodi breach loading thokkukal chertthu. chila ghattangalil, avalkk puthiya scoach maraine boyilarukalum labhichu, avalude brigaintin rigg neekkam cheyyukayum athinte sthaanathu kanatha sainika maastukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. oru jodi crup thokkukal, rund hotchkis revolver peerankikal, hotchkis nirmmicha rund thokkukal, oru torpido tube enniva upayogichu kappalinte aayudangal kooduthal shakthippeduthaan automans padhathiyittirunnuvenkum padhathi parajayappettu.
1880kalude madhyathode, automan irumbu pothinja kappalppada mosham avasthayilaayirunnu, "avnilaykku" kadalilekku pookaan kazhinjilla. kappalukalude pala enchinukalum thurumbukalil ninnu pidichedukkappedukayum avayude puramtholi moshamaayi malinamakukayum cheythu. saamraajyathva aayudhashekharathil anchu irumbu pothinja vasthukkal kadalil pookaan thayyaaraakunnathin aarr maasamedukkumennu akkaalathe automan saamraajyathile britiish naavika attaashe kanakkakki. eee kaalayalaviludaneelam, kappalinte kroo saadhaarana samkhyayude moonnilonnu maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. 1886-ll greesumaayulla pirimurukkatthinte kaalaghattatthil, kappalukale muzhuvan crewin konduvarikayum kappalukal kadalilekku pookaan thayyarakukayum cheythuvenkilum aarum yadhaarthathil swarnna kombu upekshichilla, avaa vegathil veendum sthaapikkappettu. appozhekkum mikka kappalukalkkum athinekkaal alpam kooduthal cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
1897 februvariyil greco-turkish yudhathinte thudakkathil, automans kappalpadaye parisodhikkukayum "avnila" ulppede mikkavarum ellah kappalukalum moonnu aadhunika kappalukal kaivashamulla greak naavikasenaykkethiraaya poraattatthinu poornnamaayum yogyamallennu kandethukayum cheythu. kappalukalude thokkukalum kavachangalum valarekkaalamaayi kaalaharanappettavayaayirunnu, avarude jeevanakkaarkk mosham pariseelanam undaayirunnu. greak senaye akramikkaan ottomankaarkku uddeshyamillaayirunnavum kappalukalude jeevanakkaarude manoveeryam vardhippikkunnathinaayi epril, meyy maasangalil automan kappal ejiyan kadalilekku niravadhi thavana parannu. videsha nireekshakaril ninnu, prathyekichu britiish admiral henry wood, parishodhanaykk neethrthwam nalkia jarmman admiral yoojan kalau voom hoff ennivaril ninnu automan kappalppadayude avastha marachuvekkaan kazhinjilla. kappalppada sarkkaarin naanakkedaayi maarukayum oduvil sultan abdul hameed randaamane oru aadhunikavalkkarana paripaadikku amgeekaaram nalkaan nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu, athu videsha kappalsaalakalil irumbu pothinja kappalukal aadunikavalkkarikkaan shupaarsha cheythu. krup, shichou-werk, eji valkkan ennivayulppedeyulla jarmman sthaapanangal kappalukal punarnirmmikkendathaayum kappalukal naveekarikkunnathile apraayogikathayum ottomaan sarkkaarinte panamadaykkaanulla kazhivillaaymayum kaaranam 1897 desemberil kappalukal sarway cheytha sesham padhathiyil ninnu pinmari. 1900 aayappozhekkum karaarukal nalkiyengilum "avnila" paripaadiyil ulppeduthiyitla. kooduthal charchakalkku sesham jio. ansaldo & sii. 1903ll kappal punarnirmmikkanulla karar labhichu, 1906 vare neenduninna jolie. avarude pazhaya mookk-loading thokkukalkku pakaram puthiya krup 40-caliber thokkukalum aarr kwick-firing (qf) crup thokkukalum patthu qf crup thokkukalum rund qf crup thokkukalum adangunna oru puthiya laitt baattariyum upayogichu.
kaalaharanapetta kaalam muthal, 1910-ll bairoot aasthaanamaayulla oru nischala kappalayi "avnila" churukki, avide praadeshika prathirodham nalkaan avale chumathalappedutthi. appozhekkum avalkk naalu pettennulla thokkukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. 1911 septambaril itali automan saamraajyathinethire yuddham prakhyapikkukayum itali-turkish yudhathinu thudakkamidukayum cheythu. thuramukhathaayirunna "avnila" allengil torpido boat, syoos kanaaliloode kadannupokunna itaaliyan sainika gathaagathathe akramikkum ennu itaaliyan command aashankaakulamaayirunnu, athinaal kappalukale nirveeryamaakkaan theerumaanichu. 1912 februvari 24 nuu raavile rund itaaliyan kavachitha cruiserukal thuramukhathu ethi rund kappalukalum keezhadanganamennu aavasyappettu. 09:00 ll, automan "vaali" (govarnor) yill ninnu oru marupadiyum kelkkaathathinaal, itaaliyan kappalukal niravadhi sthalangalil vediyuthirthu. thudarnnulla bairoot yudhathil, itaaliyanmaar "avnila" adichu avalkk theeyittu; avar itaaliyan cruiserukalkku nere thirichadichu, pakshe oru hittum nediyilla. thudarnnu cruiserukal thuramukhathu praveshichu, avide "giuseppe garibaldi" "avnillaykk" nere rund torpidokal prayogichu, athil aadyathethu nashtappedukayum aarr sivilian kappalukal mungukayum cheythu. randaamathethu avalude arikil thatti aazham kuranja vellathil mukki. rund udyogastharum naalpathombathu listed purushanmaarum muthal moonnu udyogastharum mungimarichathil ambathiyanju perum vare maranamadanjathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ettu udyogastharkkum noorukanakkinu perkkum parikkettu.