
arbela charithram

ippol iraakhi kurdistan ennariyappedunna, ennaal annu adiabeneyude thalasthaanamaaya arbela ayirunna nagaratthile kristhumathatthinte aadyakaala charithram rekhappeduthiyathaayi arbela charithrarekha avakaashappedunnu. 1907ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha eee pusthakatthinte praayavum charitraparathayum pandithanmarkkidayil tharkkathilaanu.
vivaranam.
"dhii chronicle oof arbela" aadhunika iraakhile rund saab nadikalkkidayil sthithi cheiyunna vadakkan mesopotamian pravisyayaaya adiabenile nestoriyan kristhumathatthinte charitravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. pradhana kizhakk-padinjaaru, vadakku-thekk caravan roottukalile oru pradhana junction pooyintaayirunnu arbela, vidoora purathana kaalam muthal ithu oru adhinivesha sthalamaanu."
oru hraswa bhakti aamukham eee kruthiye oru charitramaayi vivarikkunnu, oru pinhaskulla oru kathinte roopathil, adiabenile ellah bishappumaarudeyum rakthasaakshikaludeyum charithram rekhappeduthunnu. chronicle" anusarichu, edii randaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aposthalanaaya addaay niyukthanaaya pekkida aayirunnu aadiyaabeneyude aadya bishop. randaamathe bishop shemshon aayirunnu, addeham manushyabali ulppedunna "shahrabgamud" utsavathil pankedukkunnavarodu prasamgikkukayum palareyum kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu. aduthathaayi ishaq, "anyamathakkaare" ethirkkukayum graamapradeshangalilekk kristhumatham vyaapippikkunnathin sambhavana nalkukayum cheytha aadiyaabenile gavarnaraaya rakhbakthine sahayichu.
randaam noottaandinte madhyathil sevanamanushticha naalaamathe bishop, sorostriyakkaar akramicha oru yudhathil kristhyaanikale rakshicha ebraham onnamanaayirunnu. athbhuthangal nadathikkondu addeham soraastriyan aakramanakaarikale samaadhaanippichu. addehathinte pingamiyaaya bishop noah soraastriyakkaarude peedanangal anubhavikkunnath thudarnnu, pakshe ayal pradeshangalil kristhumatham pracharippikkanum kazhinju, bhaagikamaayi addeham maricha oru aankutty jeevanode valarthiya oru athbhuthathiloodeyum mattoru athbhuthathiloodeyum addeham oru maram aprathyakshamakki.
peedanathetthudarnnu bishoperic naalu varshathekku ozhinjukidannathinu sesham, kristhyaanikalum sorostriyakkaarum thammilulla nayathantravum mechappettathumaaya bandhamullah habel enna bishappine niyamichu. addehathinte kaalath, paarthiyan rajaavaaya naalaaman vologus roman, pershyan sainyangalkkethire pooraadukayum paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu, addehathinte vijayathinte bahumati "chronicle" rachayithaav daivathinu nalki.
moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, samadhaanaparamaaya muppathiyanju varshathinu melnottam vahicha ebed meshiha addehathinte pingamiyaayi. paarthiyan saamraajyathinte avasaanathil adutha bishappaya hairan (bishop <aii. dii. 1>) arbela melnottam vahichu, aaa samayat arbela sassanian saamraajyathil ulppeduthi. pershya pinthudarnna romakkaaril ninno saasaaniyakkaaril ninno vyathyasthamayi, pershyakkaar kristhumathatthe kurachukoodi sahikkukayum athinanusarichu vyaapikkukayum cheythu.
charithram.
kaalaghattatthinte charithram.
aaram noottaandil classical syriakkil ezhuthiya eee charithram oru "lieber pontificalis" roopathilaanu."meshiha-sekhikha praadhamikamaayi aakarshichu... 100-nuu munbu kristhumatham kaduvayude kizhakk, adiabeneyil vyaapichathayi reportukal velippeduthunna adhyapakanaaya habel.. selyushya-tesiphonile (540-552) pathriarchese marbabayude bharanakaalathaanu eee charithram avasaanikkunnath."charithrarekhayude charitraparamaaya krithyatha tharkkavishayamaan.
"eiii. dii 115 allengil 116 ll trajan adiabene aakramichappozhekkum 75 varshathilereyaayi oru jootha rajavamshamaanu satrapi bharichirunnathu. arbela charithramanusarichu, traajante kaalath kristhumatham adiabenil urachu veroonniyirunnu. eee paarambaryam niravadhi charitrakaaranmaar nirasichittundu, prathyekichu eph. sii. burkitt."kristhumathatthinte oru syrian bhasha samsaarikkunna pathipp adiyaabenilundaayirunnum paarthiyan saamraajyathinte thakarchaykku munbu arbela bishappukal undaayirunnuvennum burkit parayunnu, ennaal edessayile abgarh parivartthanam cheythathinushesham ekadesham 200. sassaniyakkaar [224 ll] pershyayil kristhyaanikal undaayirunnuvennu tertulian mattullavarum sthireekarikkunnu, pakshe avar ethrakaalam avide undaayirunnuvennu oru soochanayum nalkunnilla.
mattu vivarangal barkkittine ethirkkunnu. eiii. dii. 324nuu munbu ezhuthiya "hii <aii. dii. 1>", "hii <aii. dii. 2>" ennee kruthikalil thomas thaddaayasine (syriac 'addaay' enna bhashayil) "ezhupathu shishyanmaril oraale" edesayil prasamgikkaan ayachathaayi "oru syrian srothassil ninnu rekhappeduthunnu. mattullavar eee avakaashavaadam thallikkalayukayum pershyayile sabhayude sthaapakan enna nilayil tashiane vaadikkukayum cheiyunnu. "saamuval hyoog moofett," "tashian dhii assyrian" "enna thalakkettil, kristhumathatthinte aadyathe sthireekarikkaavunna charitraparamaaya thelivukal taashyante jeevithavum pravarthanavumaanu nalkunnathennu ezhuthunnu (c. 110-180 AD) randaam noottaandinte madhyathinushesham."ivayil ninnum mattu paarambaryangalil ninnum naam enthu nigamanagalil athichernnaalum", eiii. dii 170 aayappozhekkum eee pradeshathu kristhyaanikal undaayirunnathinu uracha thelivukal mathramalla, aadya noottaandukalil, adiabenile arbela ausronile edesayileyum thaavalangalil ninnu kristhumathatthinte kizhakottulla chalanathinu vipulamaaya thelivukalum undu."
"eiii. dii. 100 aayappozhekkum kristhumatham [adiabenile] sathrapiyil athiyennu charithrarekha anumaanikkunnu, koodaathe edward saachou paarambaryatthe mikachathaayi kanakkakkunnu."pravrithikal 2:9-leeii lookkinte vivaranam anusarichu, penthakosttil aadyam prathikarichavar 'paartthiyakkaarum medikalum elaamaittukalum mesopotemiyayile nivaasikalum' aayirunnu."eiii. dii. 70ll jarusalem nasippichathinushesham palarum kizhakode palayanam cheythathaayum paarambaryam parayunnu". "aramic samsaarikkunna aadyathe kristhyan kendrangalilonnu adiaben aayirikkam...eiii. dii. 40-ll praadeshika bharanasamithi joothamathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta sthalam. eee jootha nagara-samsthaanathinu palestine rajyavumaayi pathivayi bandhamundaayirunnu, eee paathayiloode kristhumatham onnaam noottaandil thanne adiabenilethi ennu thonnunnu."mattidangalil peedanatthil ninnu saadhyamaaya abhayasthaanamaayi adiabene ullathinaal, kristhyaanikalude ennam ganyamaayi vardhichu" angane eiii. dii 235 aayappozhekkum avarkk 20 ladhikam bishappumarum 18 roopathakalum undaayirunnu."
abghar VIII raajaavinte mathaparivarthanathinushesham (r. edessayude (pinneedu classical syriac ennu vilikkappedunna) aramic bhasha vyaapikkukayum vaividhyamaarnna aramic samsaarikkunnavarkk "lingwa franca" aayi maarukayum cheythu. "sassanid bharanaadhikaarikalude keezhil (moonnaam noottaandil) sorostriyanisathinte punarujjeevanam pershyakkaarude [charitraparamaaya] pahlavi bhaashayude punarujjeevanavum konduvannu."athesamayam sabhayude sthaapithamaaya padavi pahlavikk pakaram syriac upayogikkunnathu thudaraan avare sahayichu."innathe syrian pallikalellaam randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum noottaandukalil syriayilum mesopotemiyayilum vikasicha kristhyan samoohangalil ninnaan uthbhavichath, prathyekichu eee kaalaghattatthil greekkinekkaal chilatharam aramic bhashakal avarude praadhamika bhashayaayi upayogichavaril."
bii. sii. 53 muthal eiii. dii. 215 vare, "rund mahashakthikalaaya" romum pershya aavarthichu "aakramanangaludeyum prathyaakramanangaludeyum oru dushicha chakratthil parasparam earppettu". "moonnaam noottaandiludaneelam romakkarum sassaanidukalum thammilulla athirthi mekhala samgharshathinte oru mekhalayaayi thudarnnu. nagarangal rund shakthikalkkidayil angotum ingottum kadannupoyi, avaykkullile pallikale baadhichu."" syrian [kristhyan] pallikal avasana kizhakkan roman, aadyakaala baisantain saamrajyangal, athupole paarthiyan, sassanian saamrajyangal (pershyayil) enniva vyaapichukidakkunnu. angane syrian kristhyan paarambaryam rund ethir lokangalil svayam kandethi, [padinjaarum kizhakkum] avaa randum ulkkollendathundu, avaa randum idaykkide akramaasakthamaayi peedipikkum."
AD1-ll, adiaben arbela sweekaricha pershyan saamraajyathile paarthiyan bharanadhikaarikal, adiabeneyude sahakaranathode thekkan medikaludeyum pershyakkaarudeyum sakhyasenayude keezhilaayi. sassanid saamraajyathinte thudakkamaayirunnu athu. puthiya bharanadhikaari "shhaa oof shhaa" enna padavi ettedukkukayum samsthaana mathamaaya sorostriyanisathe shakthamayi prathirodhikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. adutha thalamura "sassaanidukalkkidayile sorostrian vishwaasathinte saamraajyathva punarujjeevanam kandu, athu oduvil pershyan saamraajyathil kristhyaanikalkk krooramaaya peedanam varuthi."[eee samayamaayappozhekkum pershyan saamraajyathile kristhyaanikalude ennam] kanakkaakkunnath asaadyamaanu, pakshe avar janasamkhyayude ganyamaaya nyoonapakshamaayirunnuvennu mothatthil nalla vidyaabhyaasamullavarum vaidyashaasthrathilum shaasthrathilum avarude kazhivukalkk perukettavarumaayirunnuve namukkariyam."
eiii. dii. 258-ll, shahpur aadyam padinjarottu thallappedukayum edessa uparodhikkukayum valerian chakravarty pidikoodukayum dhaaraalam thadavukaare pershyayilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. avaril palarum kristhyaanikalaayirunnu. "kristheeya sabhayude aadyathe roopam vyakthamaayi uyarnnuvannathu eiii. dii. 300 oode selyushya-tesiphoninte bishappaayitheernna pappayaan. charithrarekhayil pappa paraamarsikkunnu, appayil ninnu paatatthinte charitraparamaayathinu nalla pinthunayundu. 341 epril 17, good friedale, shaappooril randaamathethu 100 kristhyaanikale vadhashikshaykk vidheyaraakki, naalppat varshatholam oru aashwaasavumillaathe neenduninna peedanam aarambhichu, avare "seesarumaayi vikarangal pankitta raajyadrohikal" ennu vilichu."" eiii. dii 344 num 367 num idayil susianayilum adiabenilum nadanna peedanam valare kadinamaayirunnuvennum rakthasakshikalaayi 16,000 perukal pattikappedutthiyittundum ithu erakalude ennathil ithilum kooduthal undayathaayi soochippikkunnu."naalam noottaandinte avasaanathode, yasdgard onnaamante sahishnuthayude utharavode kristhumatham niyamaanusrithamaaya nyoonapakshamaayi amgeekarikkappettu. bahram vii. prakaram chila peedanangal thirichuvarum. eiii. dii. 422ll pershya roman saamrajyavum thammil oru puthiya udambadi oppuvaykkukayum athu pershyayile kristhyaanikalkk aaraadhanayude swaathanthryam urappunalkukayum cheythu."
lekhanathinte charithram.
1840-nuu munbu iraakhile kristhumatha charithratthil thaalpparyamillaayirunnu, athu arbelaik mukalilulla malambradeshangalile koottakkolakalekkurichu vaarthakalaal uthejippikkappettu. "vadakkan iraakhileyum thekkukizhakkan anattoliyayileyum pallikalil ninnum ashramangalil ninnum kandedutha syrian kayyezhuthuprathikalude pakarppukal kramena europilekku filter cheyyukayum avide eejiptil ninnum syriayil ninnum nediya shekharangalkku anubandhamaayi avaa nalkukayum cheythu. 1880 num 1910 num idayil eee kizhakkan-syrian kayyezhuthuprathikale adisthaanamaakkiyulla prasidheekaranangal... munbu ariyappedaatha dussen kanakkinu syrian grandhangal samrakshichirikkunnu."
1907ll daivashaasthranjanaaya aalphons minkanayaan dhii chronicle oof arbela aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. aaram noottaandilaanu ithu ezhuthappettathennu aaropikkappedunnu. mattethoru saahitya srothassinekkaalum kizhakk sabhayude aadyakaala charithrathekkurichu kooduthal vishadamaaya vivarangal "chronicle" nalkunnu. 1925ll syrian saahithyathile chila pandithanmaar athinte charitraparamaaya vishwaasyathayekkurichu chodyangal uyarthaan thudangunnathuvare ithu "pandithanmaarude oru muzhuvan thalamura" upayogichirunnu. saahithyacharithrakaaranaaya pooll peettezhs eee grandhatthinte aadhikaarikathayeyum vishwaasyathayeyum chodyam cheyyukayum 1936ll veendum parishodhikkanamenn aavasyappedukayum cheythu. 1967ll sabhaa charitrakaaranaaya jeane-morris feyiyude "kadutha vimarsanam" charitraparamaaya uravidamenna nilayil "kronikkilinte" vishwaasyathaye velluvilichu. 1995ll charitrakaaranaaya eric kettenhofen eee charithram oru madhyakala samaahaaramaakaanulla saadhyathaye nyaayeekarichu. 2006ll charitrakaaranaaya joyal wacker alphons minkanayude vyaajarekha avakashappettu.
1959-ll saamoohika shaasthranjanaaya pooll kahle "chronicle"-nte aadhikaarikathaye pinthunaykkunna oru pusthakam ezhuthi, jootha bharanakudumbatthinte parivartthanam kaaranam munbu chinthichathinekkaal munbe kristhumatham adiabinilethi ennu paranju. addeham upasamharikkunnu, "edessine" abgaarumaayi "saamyathakal (sii. eiii. dii. 200) aaa ithihaasathinte uthbhavam arbela aanennathinte falamaanu, pinneedulla oru theeyathiyil athu edesaykk maathram anuyojyamaayi."" "kronikkilinte" "(kuranjathu bhaagikamenkilum) aadhikaarikathayeyum charitraparamaaya vishwaasyathayeyum pinthunacha mattu pandithanmaaril kaal edward saachou, ooriyantalist (1915), adolph voonn harnack, daivashaasthranjanum charitrakaaranum (1924), syriac bhaashakalile pandithanaaya sebaastyan pooll brock (1967,1992) ennivarum ulppedunnu, paarthiyan kaalaghattatthile kristhumathatthinte aadyakaala vyapanathekkurichulla vivaranathinu charitraparamaaya aditharayillennu avar parayunnu". charitrakaaranaaya peettar cavero 1985lum 1991lum ezhuthiyathu "bisaapoorile dwibhasha likhithavum 218 juulai 10nuu sambhavicha sooryagrahanam enna grandhatthile paraamarshavum" aadhikaarikatha sthireekarikkunnu ennaanu. iranian stadees professor maari luis choumondu (1988), mattu palarkkumoppam, eee vaachakathin charitraparamaaya vishwaasyathayundennu pinthunaykkunnu.
rachayithaav.
1907-ll alphons minkanayaan" "chronicle oof arbela" "aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. aaram noottaandile ariyappedaatha oru sabhaa charitrakaaranaaya" "mishiha-ska" "('kristhu keezhadakki' ennartham varunna oru samyuktha kizhakkan-syrian peru) ennaanu addeham ithine visheshippichathu". maar khaadaginekkurichulla arivine adisthaanamaakkiyulla eee grandhatthinte rachayithaav minkanayaanennu charitrakaaranaaya joyal wacker avakashappettu. arbella khardaaginteyum paatatthile moonnu naayakanmarkkum sambhavana nalkia aakhyaana paarambaryangalude oru koottatthil ninnu pravartthikkunna oru madhyakala ezhuthukaaranaayirikkaam rachayithaavenn kettenhofen parayunnu. minkanayude eee grandhatthile krithrimathvam sammathikkumbol, kristtallum florence julien" "oru aadyakaala documentary korum oru syrian ezhuthukaaranum prathifalippikkunna niyamaanusrithamaaya kizhakkan-syrian uravidamaayi" "kronikkiline shakthamayi prathirodhichu".
theemattik kanakshanukal.
chronicle" rund pradhana kathaapaathrangalude kathakal ulppedunnu moonnaam noottaandile valia iraanile sasanian chakravarthiyaaya bahram randaamante bharanakaalathu (c. 274-291 ad), koodaathe rakbakt, adiabenil vyakthamaakkaatha neethrthwa sthaanamulla oru bharanadhikaari. avarude samyojitha currier upper mesopotemiyayile oru sassanian "marsban" (kaavalkkaaran) maar khardaaginte charitraparamaaya vyakthiyodu saamyamullathaan, addeham oru kristhyan rakthasakshiyaayi. 360 shahpur randaaman kristhyaanikale valia thothil peedippikkumbol. maar khardaaginte charithravum" arbela charithravum eee kathaapaathrangaliloode prameyaparamaaya bandhangal pulartthunnu.
arbela khardaagum thammilulla chila samanathakal ivayaanu rakhbakkinum maar khardaagineppole oru gavarnaraaya viceroi polulla oru pothu padavi undaayirunnu. iruvarum kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum, bhoomi samrakshikkaan oru kaalalppadaye nayikkukayum, niravadhi sainika vijayangaliloode thangalude raajaavine sevikkukayum cheythu. "oru kuntham thante vashathekku valicheriyukayum 'youdas mccabiyeppole thante aathmaavine upekshikkukayum' cheythathil addehathinu (ruckbuct) maarakamaayi parikkelkkukayum cheythu."pershyan rajaakkanmaarkkethire kalapam nadathukayum veeramaaya ambeythiloode adiabenile thante kottaye prathirodhikkukayum cheiyunna oru punyavanaaya" "majian" "aayi charithrarekha chithreekarikkunna gufraasnaaspinte kaaryatthil prathidhwanikal ippozhum kooduthal aduthaanu". rackbuckto gufrasnaspo khardaaginu krithyamaaya maathruka nalkunnillengilum, avarude samyojitha kariyaril khardaag ithihaasathinte niravadhi kendra savisheshathakal adangiyirikkunnu."

