
kuthirappada

charitraparamaayi kuthirappada (kuthira ennartham varunna cheval enna vakkil ninnu uruthirinja franch padamaaya kavaleeri) kuthirappurathu kayarunna sainikaro yodhaakkalo aanu. pala sainyangalilum rahasyaanveshanam, parisodhana, ettumuttal ennee veshangalil neriya kuthirappadayayo mattu sainyangalile nirnnayaka shock akramanangalkkulla kanatha kuthirappadayayo pravartthikkunna kuthirappadayaayirunnu yudhaayudhangalil ettavum chalanaathmakamaayath. kuthirappadayile oru sainikane kuthirappadayaliyum kuthirappadayaliyum pattalakkaaranum kaattafraakttum kuthirappadayaliyum drabant husar uhlan mamluk curassier lancer dragon kuthira ambeythukaaranum polulla kaalaghattattheyum thanthrangaleyum aashrayich niravadhi padavikalaal ariyappedunnu. ottakangalo aanakalo polulla mattu mrugangale parvathaarohanathinaayi upayogikkunna oru sainika senaykkum kuthirappadayude padavi nalkiyirunnilla. kuthirappurathekku neengiya kaalaalppada, ennaal kaalnadayaayi poraadaan erangiya kaalaalppada, pathinezhaam noottaandinte arambham muthal pathinettaam noottaandinte arambham vare "dragons" ennariyappettirunnu, ithu mikka sainyangalilum pinneedu avarude charitraparamaaya padavi nilanirthikkondu staanderd kuthirappadayayi parinamichu.
kuthirappadaykku mechappetta chalanasheshiyude nettamundaayirunnu, kuthirappurathu ninnu pooraadunna oru sainikan kaalnadayaayi nadakkunna ethiraaliyekkaal kooduthal uyaram, vegatha, jadatwa pindam ennivayude gunangalum undaayirunnu. kuthirappurathu kayarunna oru sainikan ethiraaliyil undakkaan kazhiyunna maanasika aaghaathamaanu kuthirappurathu kayarunna yudhathinte mattoru ghadakam.
purathana, madhyakaalakhattangalil sayudha senayil kuthirappadayude vegatha, chalanathmakatha, aaghaatha moolyam enniva valareyadhikam vilamathikkappedukayum chooshanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu; chila senakal kooduthalum kuthirappadayaayirunnu, prathyekichu eshyayile naadodi samoohangalil, prathyekichu attilayudeyum pilkkala mangol sainyathinteyum vettakkar. europil kuthirappada kooduthal kooduthal kavachitha (bharameriya) sainyamaayi maarukayum oduvil madhyakaalakhattatthile kuthirappadayalikalaayi parinamikkukayum cheythu. pathinezhaam noottaandil, europile kuthirappada saadhaarana upayogathilekku varunna thokkukalkkum peerankikalkkumethire phalapradamallaatha athinte aayudangalil bhooribhaagavum upekshichu, pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathode aayudangal pradhaanamaayum kaalaharanapettu, ennirunnaalum chila rejimentukal oru cheria kattiyulla curas nilanirtthi, athu lansukal, saabarukal, bionettukal ennivayil ninnu samrakshanam nalki; doore ninnu oru shottil ninnu kurachu samrakshanam ulppede.
randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu chila kuthirappadaamgangal (prathyekichu redu armi, mangolian peeples armi, royal itaaliyan armi, royal hangarian armi, roman armi, poolish land fozhsu, waffen ssinullile jarmman laitt reconnaisance unitukal) sevanamanushtichappol niravadhi kuthirappada unitukal motorised infantry, yaanthrika infantry unitukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu, allengil tank sainika vibhagangalaayi parishkarikkapettu. kaalaalppada tankukalkkappuram vegathayum uddeshyavum upayogichu roopakalppana cheytha kuthirappada tank allengil cruiser tank pinneedu pradhana yuddha tankayi vikasikkum.
aadhunika sainyangalil kuthirappurathu kayarunna mikka kuthirappada yoonittukalum poornnamaayum aachaaraparamaaya veshangalil allengil parvathangal allengil kanatha vanapradeshangal polulla dushkaramaaya bhoopradesangalil kuthirappurathu kayarunna kaalalppadayaayi sevanamanushtikkunnu. eee padatthinte aadhunika upayogam saadhaaranayaayi rahasyaanveshanam, nireekshanam, taargett ettedukkal (charitraparamaaya laitt kuthirappadaykku samanam) allengil pradhana yuddha tank unitukal (charitraparamaaya kanatha kuthirappadaykku samanam) ennivayude punk vahikkunna unitukale soochippikkunnu.
vesham.
charitraparamaayi, kuthirappadaye neriya kuthirappadayayum kanatha kuthirappadayayum vibhajichirunnu. yudhathile avarude punk, avarude parvathangalude valippam, parvathayaathrakkaarum savaarikkaarum ethra kavacham dharichirunnu ennivayaayirunnu vyathyaasangal.
europile aadyakaala madhyakaalakhattatthile baisantain kaattafraaktukalum naittukalum polulla kanatha kuthirappadaye shock sainikaraayi upayogichirunnu, oru yudhathinte uchathil shathruvinte pradhana shareerathe charge cheythu; pala kesukalilum avarude pravartthanangal yudhathinte phalam nirnnayichu, athinaal pilkkala padam "yuddha kuthirappada". kuthiravillaalikal, husaarukal, kosak kuthirappada thudangiya laghuvaaya kuthirappadaykku kooduthal idungiya kendreekrithamaaya kanatha senakalkku anuyojyamallaatha niravadhi rolukal nalkiyirunnu. scouting, shatru skauttukale thadayal, vettayaadal, raid, ettumuttal, shatru senaye pinvalikkal, pinvaangunna sauhruda senaye parisodhikkal, verthiricha sauhruda senaye bandhippikkal, shathrukkalude neriya shakthikale prathirodhikkal ennivayellaam ithil ulppedunnu.
aadyakaala aadhunika yudhathiloode bharam kuranja kuthirappadayude veshangal thudarnnenkilum, kooduthalum nirayudharaaya bharam kuranja kuthirappadayude ayudham kuranju. ennittum pala kuthirappada yoonittukalum ippozhum vaalinum bionet aakramanangalkkumethiraaya samrakshana moolyathinaayi curasukalum helmettukalum nilanirthukayum avaa dharikkunnavarkk manoveeryam vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum iva thokkukalil ninnu cheria samrakshanam nalkunnu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum bharam kuranja kuthirapadayum cheruthum thammilulla pradhana vyathyasam avarude pariseelanavum bharavumaayirunnu; aadyathethu peedanatthinum rahasyaanveshanathinum ettavum anuyojyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, randaamathethu closs-oordar chaarjukalkk ettavum mikachathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, yudhabhoomiyile motham vedivayppu vardhichathode, ellah kuthirapadayum praayogikamaayi dragonukalaayi maarukayum yudhangalkkidayil kuthirasavaari nadathukayum, ennaal eathu yudhathilum kaalalppadayaayi pravartthikkaan erangukayum cheythu, palarum avarude pazhaya kuthirappadayude veshangale prathifalippikkunna yoonit perukal nilanirtthiyaalum.
kavachitha yudhathinte vikasanathode, nirnnayaka shock sainikarude kanatha kuthirappadayude punk idatharam, kanatha taankukalum pinneedu pradhana yuddha taankukalum upayogikkunna kavachitha unitukal etteduthu. kuthirappada kaalaharanappettupoyenkilum, kuthirappada enna padam ippozhum upayogikkunnu, aadhunika kaalath kuthirappadayude parambaraagatha laitt kuthirappadayude rolukal niravettunnathu thudarunna unitukale soochippikkunnu, kuthirakalkk pakaram phaast kavachitha kaarukal, laitt taankukal, kaalaalppada pooraadunna vahanangal enniva upayogikkunnu, athesamayam eyar kuthirappada helikopttarukal upayogikkunnu.
aadyakaala charithram.
uthbhavam.
irumbukaalathinu munbu, yudhabhoomiyile kuthirappadayude punk pradhaanamaayum nadathivannathu ilam rathangalaayirunnu. maddhya eshyayile sintashta-petrovca samskaarathil ninnu uthbhavicha eee ratham naadodikaloo ardha naadodikaloo aaya indo-iraaniyakkaar vazhi vyaapichu. sainika saankethikavidyayaayum aachaaraparamaaya padaviyude lakshyamaayum, prathyekichu bii. sii. 1550 muthal eejipthile puthiya raajyathile faravokalum assyrian sainyavum babylonian rajakudumbavum eee ratham vegathil sweekarichu.
kuthirakalkk (appol kooduthalum cheruth) kanatha aayudangal vahikkaanulla kazhivillaaymayum valia sainyathe uyarthaanulla budhimuttum moolam kuthirakalkk (appol kooduthalum cheruth) thirichariyaan kazhinjirunnuvenkilum kuthirakalkk nalkia chalanaseshi neratthe thanne thiricharinju. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. pathinanjaam noottaand muthal, purathana sameepa kizhakk samsthaanangalile sainika varenyavarggakkaarkkidayil, prathyekichu eejipt, assyria, hittait saamrajyam, mysenian grease ennividangalile sainika varenyavarggakkaarkkidayil kuthirasavaari abhyasichirunnathaayi soochanakalundu.
madhya eshyan, iranian steppikalile kuthirasavaari naadodikaludeyum iranian paarthiyan, sarmattiyan thudangiya idaya gothrangaludeyum oru naveekaranamaayirunnu kuthirappada saankethikavidyakalum yadhaartha kuthirappadayude uyarchayum. kavachitha laansarmaarude oru korkkoppam, ivar pradhaanamaayum paarthiyan shoat thanthram upayogikkunna kuthira ambeythukaaraayirunnu. 
mukalilulla photoyil bii. sii. yill ninnulla assyrian kuthirappadaye kaanikkunnu. eee samayat, purushanmaarkk sparukal, saddles, saddle thunikal, stirappukal ennivayonnum undaayirunnilla. kuthirayude pinnil ninnu pooraadunnathu verum sawari cheiyunnathinekkaal valare budhimuttaayirunnu. kuthirappada jodikalaayi pravarthichu; kuthirappurathulla ambeythukaarante niyanthranam ayalkkaarante kaikalaayirunnu. eee aadyakaalathum kuthirappada vaalukal, parichakal, kunthangal, villukal enniva upayogichirunnu. shilpam rund tharam kuthirappadaye soochippikkunnu, pakshe ithu kalakarante lalithavalkkaranamaayirikkam. oro ambeythukaaranum swantham kuthiraye niyantrikkaan anuvadikkunna aadima thunnalukalayi assyrian kuthirappadayude pilkkala chithrangal thadi thunikale kaanikkunnu.
bisi 490-ll thanne vardhichuvarunna alavilulla kavachangalulla (herodotus 7,40,9,20) purushanmaare vahikkunnathinaayi nissian samathalathil oru inam valia kuthirakale valarthiyirunnuvenkilum valia kuthirakal appozhum valare asaadhaaranamaayirunnu. bisi naalam noottaandode (bisi) yudhathil earppettirunna raajyangalude kaalaghattatthil chainakkar athiraalikalaaya rajyangalkkethire kuthirappadaye upayogikkaan thudangi, bisi 331 aayappozhekkum alexander dhii grettu pershyakkaare paraajayappedutthiyappol mikka raajyangalilum yudhathil rathangalude upayogam kaalaharanapettu; kathikkathiya rathangale punarujjeevippikkaanulla chila phalapradamallaatha sramangal undaayirunnittum. europe bhookhandathil avasaanamaayi rathangal oru shock fozhsaayi upayogikkunnathu bii. sii. 225 leeii telaaman yudhathilaanu. ennirunnaalum, vijayikalaaya generaline oru roman vijayathil vahikkukayo racing nadathukayo polulla aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi rathangal upayogichu.
yooroppinte pradhana bhoopradeshathinu purathu, thekkan britishukaar bisi 55,54 kaalaghattangalil juuliyas seesarine rathangalumaayi kandumutty, ennaal oru noottaandinu sesham brittan roman keezhadakkiyappozhekkum rathangal kaalaharanapettu, britaniyayil polum. brittanile ratha upayogathekkurichu avasaanamaayi paraamarshichathu eiii. dii 84-ll moons grupiyasil kaalidoniyakkaraanu.
purathana greesa nagara-samsthaanangal, theebs, tesali, macedonia.
classical greak kaalaghattatthil kuthirappada saadhaaranayaayi vilayeriya yuddha kuthirakale thangaan kazhiyunna pouranmaaril maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. moonnu tharatthilulla kuthirappada saadhaaranamaayitheernnu javelin upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya kuthirappadayaalikku upadravikkaanum ettumuttaanum kazhiyunnathumaaya neriya kuthirappada; kuthirappadakkaarkk, avarude sainikarkk, eechakal upayogichu, athiraalikale keezhadakkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu; oduvil kuthirappurattho kaalnadayilo poraadaan upakaranangal anuvadikkunnavar. ennirunnaalum, vividha nagara samsthaanangalile pouranmaarude pradhana shakti ulkkollunna hoplaittukal allengil kanatha kaalalppadayekkaal kuthirappadayaalikalude punk dvitheeyamaayi thudarnnu.
purathana greak nagara-samsthaanangalil kuthirappada thaarathamyena cheria punk vahichirunnu, samgharshangal theerumaanikkunnathu vanthothilulla kavachitha kaalalppadayaanu. ennirunnaalum, thebs avarude aadyathe mahanaaya kuthirappada kamaandaraaya pelopidasine nirmmichu, philipp thebsil athidhi-bandiyaakkiyirunnappol maasidonile philipp randaaman avarude thanthrangalum kazhivukalum ulkkollunnu. yogyathayulla kuthirappadayaalikale srishtikkunnathil tesali parakke ariyappettirunnu, pinneedu pershyakkarkkoppavum ethireyum nadanna yudhangalile anubavangal greekkukaare ettumuttalilum pinthudarunnathilum kuthirappadayude moolyam padippichu. ethaniyan ezhuthukaaranum sainikanumaaya senophone prathyekichum cheruthenkilum nannayi pariseelanam labhicha kuthirappadaye srishtikkaan vaadichu; athinaayi addeham kuthirapadayeyum kuthirappadayude pravarthanangaleyum kurichu niravadhi manuvalukal ezhuthi.
maruvashathu, vadakku macedonian raajyam sakthamaaya oru kuthirappadaye vikasippicheduthu, athu maasidonile philipp randaamanteyum alexander dhii grettinteyum "hetteyroyi" yill (koottaali kuthirappada) kalaashichu. eee kanatha kuthirappadaykku purame, macedonian sainyam scoutinginum screeningin prodromoy enna bharam kuranja kuthirappadayaalikaleyum athupole macedonian paikk falxine vividha tharatthilulla bharam kuranja kaalalppadayeyum niyamichu. contos (allengil kuthirappadayude kuntham), vaal enniva upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya "ipico" (allengil "kuthirappadayaali"), greak "kanatha" kuthirappada ennivayum undaayirunnu. ivar thukal kavacham allengil meyil koodaathe helmettum dharichirunnu. avar kanatha kuthirappadayekkaal idatharam aayirunnu, athaayath avar munnira poraalikalekkaal skauttukal, ettumuttalukal, pinthudarunnavar ennivarkku anuyojyamaayirunnu. kuthirappadayudeyum kaalalppadayudeyum eee samyojanathinte falaprapti shatru nirakale takarkkaan sahayichu, alexanderude pershya, bactria, vadakkupadinjaaran india ennividangalile vijayangalil ithu ettavum naadakeeyamaayi prakadamaayi.
roman republic aadyakaala saamrajyavum.
aadyakaala roman republicile kuthirappada "ekwaitts" ennariyappedunna sambanna bhoovarggathinte samrakshanamaayi thudarnnu-saadhaarana sainyathekkaal bharamullah aayudangalkkum kavachangalkkum purame oru kuthiraye paripalikkunnathinulla chelavu thangaan kazhiyunna purushanmaar. kuthirakale republic nalkukayum avaganikkappedukayo durupayogam cheiyukayo cheythaal kuthirappadayaaliyenna padavikkoppam pinvalikkaavukayum cheythirunnu.
eee varggam oru pravarthanaparamaaya swath adisthaanamaakkiyulla sainika groupinu pakaram oru saamoohika varenyavarggamaayi valarnnappol, romakkar avarude kuthirappadayude raankukal niraykkunnathinu itaaliyan sosai niyamikkaan thudangi. randaam punic yudhathil roman kuthirappadayude balaheenata kaanichathu hanibal baarkkayaan, avide addeham niravadhi yudhangal vijayikkaan thante unnatha kuthirappadaye upayogichu. ivayil ettavum sradheyamaayathu addeham romacarc vinashakaramaaya parajayam varuthiya kaanne yudhamaayirunnu. ekadesham athe samayam thanne romacar gauls, iberians, numedians ennivayil ninnu videsha sahaaya kuthirappadaye niyamikkaan thudangi, avasaanatheth kuthirappurathu ettumuttunnavarum skauttukalum aayi valare vilamathikkappedunnu (numedian kuthirappada kaanuka). jarmman mixed kuthirappadayude akambadiyekkurichu juuliyas seaserinu uyarnna abhipraayamundaayirunnu, ithu "cohortus ekvittaatteykku" kaaranamaayi. aadyakaala chakravarthimaar baattaaviyan kalaapathin sesham galba yoonittine pirichuvidunnathuvare baattaaviyan kuthirappadayude oru alaye avarude vyakthigatha amgarakshakaraayi nilanirtthi.
bhooribhaagavum, aadyakaala republicil roman kuthirappada legionary infantriyude anubandhamaayi pravartthikkukayum oru consular sainyam ulppedunna staanding fozhsinte anjilonnu maathram roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. valia samghattana samayangalilozhike, oro sainyathilum munnoorolam kuthirappadayaalikalulla 1,800 kuthirappadayaalikale paripalikkappettu. 
kuthirappadayaalikaludeyum kaalalppadayudeyum thaarathamyena kuranja anupatham kuthirappadayude upayogathe kurachukaananamennu ardhamaakkunnilla, kaaranam scouting, ettumuttal, outpost dutykal ennivayil athinte thanthraparamaaya punk shathruthayo aparichithamo aaya pradeshathu deerghadoora pravartthanangal nadathaanulla romakkaarude kazhivinu nirnaayakamaayirunnu. chila avasarangalil roman kuthirapadayum akviloniya yudhathile avasana akramanam polulla durbalamaaya allengil thayyaaraakaatha shathruvinethire nirnaayaka thanthraparamaaya praharam ealppikkaanulla kazhivu theliyichu.
karhe yuddham polulla paraajayangalkk sesham, romakkar valia kuthirappadayude praadhaanyathekkurichu paartthiyakkaaril ninnu manassilakki. 
athe samayam greak nagara-samsthaanangalile kuthirappadayaalikku ishtappettavayude maathrkayil nirmmicha kanatha kunthangalum parichakalum aadyakaala romile bharam kuranja aayudhangalkk pakaramaayi sweekarichu. thanthrangalilum upakaranagalilum eee mechappeduthalukal ayiram varshangalkk munbu iranian peedabhoomiyiletthiya aadyathe iraanikal samanamaaya parishkkaranam ettedukkaan aseeriyakkaare nirbandhichathine prathiphalippichu. ennirunnaalum, romacar pradhaanamaayum sahaaya kuthirappadayude pinthunayulla avarude kanatha kaalalppadaye aashrayikkunnath thudarum.
avasaanathe roman saamrajyavum kudiyetta kaalaghattavum.
avasaanathe roman saamraajyathinte sainyathil kuthirappada kooduthal pradhana punk vahichu. onnaam sahasraabdathiludaneelam classical vaalaya spaatha saamraajyathinte kuthirappadayude staanderd modalaayi sweekarikkappettu. aaram noottaandode pershyan, mattu kizhakkan paattenukal swaadheenicha iva neenda neraaya aayudhangalaayi parinamichu.
iranian saamraajyangaludeyum paartthiyarudeyum avarude pershyan sassanian pingaamikaludeyum sainyathilaan eee samayat ettavum vyapakamaaya kuthirappadayude thozhil kandethiyathu. iruvarum, prathyekichu aadyathethu, avarude sainyathil bhooribhaagavum bharam kuranja kuthira ambeythukaar aayirunnengilum kaattafraakttin (eenukalulla poornnamaayum kavachitha kuthirappada) prashasthamaayirunnu. ettu noottaandukalile roman-pershyan yudhangalil kooduthal theevramaaya sanbarkkathode padinjaaru eee kizhakkan kanatha kuthirappadaye aadyamaayi nerittu. thudakkathil paartthiyakkaarude chalanathmakatha romakkare valareyadhikam aashayakkuzhappathilaakki, avarude kavachitha closs oordar kaalaalppadaykk paartthiyarude vegathayumaayi poruthappedaan kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, pinneedu romacar avarude swantham kaattafraaktukalum "clibanary" srishtichukondu atharam kanatha kavachangalum kuthirappada thanthrangalum vijayakaramaayi poruthappedutthi.
roman adisthaana soukaryangalude thakarcha valia kaalalppadaye vinyasikkunnath kooduthal budhimuttaakki, naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum noottaandukalil kuthirappada europian yudhakkalathil kooduthal aadhipathyam pularthaan thudangi, koodaathe puthiyathum valuthumaaya inam kuthirakalude roopeekaranam moolam ithu saadhyamaayi. stirappukalude sweekaaryathayum raidarude seettinte sthirathayil thudarchayaaya vardhanavum pole roman saddle maattisthaapikkunna sistiyan modalil pommel kaantilum oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu. pershyan sainyam sthaapicha mungaamikale pinthudarnnu kizhakkan europilum sameepa kizhakkum kavachitha kaattafraakttukal vinyasikkaan thudangi, sainyathinte pradhana striking fozhsaayi, skauttukal, reydarukal, outfankerukal ennee kuthirappadayude muun rolukalkku vipareethamaayi.
oru nilakollunna sainyathile samghaditha yoonittukalude pilkkala roman kuthirappada paarambaryam adisthaanaparamaayi jarmman aakramanakaarikalude prabhukkanmaril ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu-swantham kuthirakalum upakaranangalum nalkaan kazhiyunna vyakthigatha yodhaakkal. eee mungamikalumaayi nerittu bandhamillaayirunnuvenkum aadyakaala madhyakala kuthira oru saamoohika, ayodhana varenyavargathile amgamaayum vikasichu, bhoomi graantukalil ninnum mattu varumaanangalil ninnum aavashyamaaya ganyamaaya chelavukal niravettaan addehathinu kazhinju.
eshya.
central eshya.
siangnu, tuju, avarukal, kipchakkukal, khithaan, mangoliyar, doonn kosaakkukal, vividha turkey janatha ennivayum kuthirappurathu kayarunna grouppukalude udaaharanangalaan, avar sthirathaamasamaakkiya kaarshika, nagara samoohangalumaayulla sainika samghattanangalil ganyamaaya vijayangal nedaan kazhinju, avarude thanthraparavum thanthraparavumaaya chalanathmakatha kaaranam. europian rajyangal professional staanding sainyangale pinthunaykkunna bureaucratic deseeya-samsthaanangalude swabhaavam ettedukkaan thudangiyappol, skauttukaludeyum reydarmaarudeyum thanthraparamaaya rolukal niravettunnathinaayi eee kuthirasavaari yodhaakkale niyamichu.
kuthirasavaari cheiyunna gotra sahaayikalude thudarchayaaya thozhilinte ettavum ariyappedunna udaaharanam russian saamraajyathile cosac kuthirappada rejimentukalaayirunnu. kizhakkan europilum steppikalilekkum kuthirappada valarekkalam praadhaanyathode thudarukayum pathinezhaam noottaandinte arambham vareyum athinappuravum vare yudharamgathu aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu, kaaranam kuthirappadayude thanthraparamaaya chalanathmakatha pala steppi samskaarangalum nayicha ardha naadodi edayajeevithathinu nirnaayakamaayirunnu. chainees tang rajavamshavumaayulla (AD) niravadhi sainika edapedalukalil tibattukaarkk kuthirappada yudhathinte paarambaryavumundaayirunnu.
kizhakkan eshya.
chaina.
kooduthal kizhakk, chainayude sainika charithram, prathyekichu vadakkan chaina, sthirathaamasamaakkiya rajavamsha saamrajyangalile hahn chainees kaalalppadayum vadakku kuthirasavaarikkaraaya naadodikalum allengil "barbariyanmaarum" thammilulla theevramaaya sainika kaimaattatthinte oru neenda paarambaryamaayirunnu. chainayude naavika charithram kooduthal dakshinenthyayil kendreekarichaayirunnu, avide parvathangal, nadikal, valia thadakangal enniva valiathum nannayi paripalikkappedunnathumaayu naavikasenayude thozhil aavashyamaayi vannu.
bisi 307-ll, muun jiinn samsthaanathinte bharanaadhikaariyaayirunna shavoyile rajaavu wooling, naadodikalude trouserukal sweekarikkaanum naadodikalude kuthirappadayude puthiya kazhivukal mechappeduthunnathinaayi kuthirappurathu kayarunna ambeythu pariseelikkaanum thante commandermarode sainikarodum utharavittu.
chainayil koottamaaya kuthirappadaye sweekarikkunnathu purathana shang rajavamsham (bisi-1050) muthal upayogichirunna yudhathil radhathil sawari cheiyunna chainees prabhukkanmaarude paarambaryavum thakarthu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum 100,000 muthal 200,000 vare sainikarulla valia chainees kaalaalppada aasthaanamaayulla sainyangal ippol niravadhi lakshakkanakkin kuthirappadaye pinthunachukondu allengil phalapradamaaya striking fozhsaayi shakthippeduthi. bisi naalam noottaandil chainayil kaikondu pidikkunna pisttalum trigger crossbowe kandupidichu; song rajavamsha pandithanmaraya seng gongliang, ding duu, yang waid ennivar avarude "wujing songyo" (edii 1044) enna pusthakatthil crossbomanmarude koottamaaya misail vedivayppaanu shatru kuthirappadayude aakramanangalkkethiraya ettavum phalapradamaaya prathirodhamenn ezhuthiyirunnu.
pala avasarangalilum chainakkar naadodi kuthirappadayude thanthrangal padikkukayum swantham sakthamaaya kuthirappadaye srishtikkunnathinulla paadangal prayogikkukayum cheythu, mattullavayil avar gotra kuthirappadayaalikale avarude sainyathilekku mothatthil niyamichu; mattu sandarbhangalil naadodi saamrajyangal chainees kaalalppadayeyum enchineeyaringineyum cherkkaan utsukaraayi, mangolian saamraajyathinteyum athinte sainikettad bhagamaaya yuwan raajavamshathinteyum (1279-1368) kaaryatthilennapole. vadakkan naadodi janatha avarude sainyathil othukoodiya kuthirakalude ennathil kuravundennu hahn raajavamshathinte (bii. sii. 202-eiii. dii. 220) thudakkathil thanne chainakkar thiricharinju. hellenized-greak pradeshamaaya ferganayil (alexander dhii grettu alpam neratthe sthaapicha) valia alavil uyaramullathum shakthavum madhyeshyan vamshajayumaaya kuthirakale dayuwan sookshichirunnathinaal hahn chakravarty vuu (aarr <aii. dii. 1> bii. sii) eee kaaranathaal dayuvaanumaayi yudhathinu pooyi. prachaaranatthinte thudakkathil chila parajayangal neridendi vannuvenkilum bisi 104 muthal bisi 102 vareyulla vuu chakravartthiyude yuddham ferganayil ninnu kuthirakalude vilayeriya kappam shekharikkunnathil vijayichu.
naalam noottaandode saddle gadippicha stirappinte kandupiduthathiloode chainayile kuthirappadayude thanthrangal mechappettu, kaaranam jody stirappukalulla oru savaarikkaarante ettavum pazhaya vishwasaneeyamaaya chithreekaranam eiii. dii 322-leeii jiinn raajavamshathinte shavakudeerathil ninnu kandethi. anchaam noottaandil chainees kuthirakkoli kandupidichathum nench harnezil ninnulla oru valia mechappeduthalaayirunnu, ithu kuthiraye athinte asthikooda ghadanayil kanatha bhaaramillathe kooduthal bharam valikkaan anuvadichu.
korea.
purathana corian rajyamaaya gojosionilaanu koriyayile kuthirayoddam aadyamaayi aarambhichath. bii. sii. moonnaam noottaand muthal corian yudhathil vadakkan naadodi janathayudeyum yemeik janathayudeyum swaadheenam undaayirunnu. ekadesham bii. sii. onnaam noottaandode purathana rajyamaaya buviyoyilum kuthirappadayalikalaaya yodhaakkal undaayirunnu. koriyayile moonnu rajyangalilonnaaya goguriyoyile kuthirappadaye "gaimamusa" (<unk>, <unk> <unk> <unk>) ennu vilikkukayum bhayappeduthunna kanatha kuthirappadayayi ariyappedukayum cheythu. grettu king gwangetto palappozhum bekje, gaya konfedarasi, beo, pinneedu yaan, japanese aakramanakaarikalkkethire thante kuthirappadayodoppam paryaveshanangalkk neethrthwam nalki.
panthrandaam noottaandil jurchen gothrangal goriyio-jurchen athirthikal lamghikkaan thudangukayum oduvil goriyio korea akramikkukayum cheythu. jurchente adhinivesham anubhavichathinushesham corian general yun gwan goriyioykku kaaryakshamamaya kuthirappada unitukal illennu manassilakki. addeham goriyyo sainyathe maanyavum nannayi pariseelanam labhichathumaaya kuthirappada unitukal ulkkollunna oru professional sainyamaayi punasamghadippichu. 1107-ll jurchen aathyanthikamayi paraajayappedukayum yun gwan keezhadangukayum cheythu. vijayathinte adayaalamaayi general yun goriyio-jurchan athirthikalude vadakkukizhakkaayi ombathu kottakal nirmmichu.
jappan.
eiii. dii anchaam noottaandode kofun kaalaghattatthile purathana japanese kuthirapadayum kuthira samskaaravum sweekarichu. samuraay prabhukkanmaarude aavirbhavam kavachitha kuthiravillaalikalude vikasanathilekku nayichu, avar thanne charging lancer kuthirappadayayi vikasichu, thokku podi aayudangal villukal kaalaharanappettathayi maari. japanese kuthirappada pradhaanamaayum kuthirappurathulla bhoovudamakal ulkkollunnathaayirunnu, avar oru ettumuttalilekku konduvaraan vilicha sainikare nannayi sarway cheyyaan kuthirappurathaayirikkum, mattu samskaarangalil kaanapedunna parambaraagatha kuthirappada yoonittukalulla kuthirappada yudhathekkaal.
parambaraagatha japanese ambeythile oru tharam mounded ambeythaaya yaabusame (<unk>) oru udaaharanamaanu. oodunna kuthirayil oru ambeythukaaran moonnu thadi lakshyangalil thudarchayaayi moonnu prathyeka "turnip-head" ambukal vekkunnu.
eee ambeythu shailiyude uthbhavam kamakura kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathilaanu. thante samuraik ambeythu vaidagdhyathinte abhaavathil minamoto noow yorittomo paribhranthanaayi. addeham abhyaasathinte oru roopamaayi paatapusthakatthe samghadippichu.
nilavil, kamakurayile surugoka hachiman-goo, kyottoyile shimogamo kshethram (meyy aadyathil ayoi matsuri samayat) ennivayaanu yagasame avatharippikkunnath kaananulla ettavum mikacha sthalangal. samukaavayilum sushiyile beechilum mattu sthalangalilum ithu avatharippikkunnu.
kasagakke allengil kasakke (<unk>, <unk> Â). "haatt shooting") oru tharam japanese mounded ambeythaanu. yabaseyimil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, lakshyangalude tharangal vyathyasthamaan, ambeythukaaran kuthiraye nirthaathe vedivaykkunnu. aupachaarika chadangukalude bhaagamaayi yabusem kalichittundengilum kuthira ambeythinte saankethika gadakangalil shradha kendreekarichukondu kasagakke aayodhanakalayude oru kaliyaayi allengil parisheelanamaayi vikasichu.
dakshineshya.
indian upabhookhandam.
indian upabhookhandathil gupta rajavamsham (320-600) kaalam muthal kuthirappada oru pradhana punk vahichu. kaalviralukalkk stirappukal nalkiyathinu ettavum pazhaya thelivukalum indiayude pakkalund.
madhya eshyan kuthira naadodikalude kuthirappurathulla yodhaakkalekkurichu, prathyekichu shakar, kambojar, yavanar, pahlavakal, paradar ennivarekkurichu niravadhi paraamarshangal indian saahithyathil adangiyirikkunnu. niravadhi puraana grandhangal purathana indiayile (bisi pathinaram noottaand) oru samghattanathe paraamarsikkunnu, athil anchu raajyangalile kuthirappadayaalikale "anchu koottangal" ("pancha") ennu vilikkunnu.ganan) allengil kshatriya samgham (kshatriya gana), vaidika rajaavaaya baahuvine sthaanabhrashtanaakki aayudhathinte avasthaye akramikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
mahabhaarathavum ramayanavum niravadhi puranangalum chila videsha srothassukalum purathana yudhangalil kamboja kuthirappada pathivayi punk vahichirunnuvennu saakshyappeduthunnu. vii. aarr. ramchandra deekshitaar ezhuthunnu "sindhu, kamboja pradeshangalile kuthirakal ettavum mikacha inathilundennum kuthirappadayalikalaayi kambojarude sevanangal purathana yudhangalil upayogichirunnuvennum puranangalum ithihaasangalum sammathikkunnu". jeey.eiii.oo.ezz. ezhuthunnu "ettavum prashasthamaaya kuthirakal onnukil sindhuvil ninno allengil kambojayil ninno vannathaanennu parayappedunnu; randaamathethil (i.iii. kamboja), indian ithihaasamaaya mahaabhaarathatthile ettavum mikacha kuthirappadayaalikalil oraalaan.
kamboja bharanadhikaariyaaya sudakshin kambojinte paramonnatha commandinu keezhil kurukshetra yudhathil pankedutthirunna kamboja, shaka, yavana, tushara ennivarude manyamaaya kuthirappadayekkurichaanu mahaabhaarathathil parayunnath.
mahabhaarathavum vishnudharmothara puraanavum kamboja, yavansa, gandhara muthalaayavaykku prathyeka shradha nalkunnu. ashwa" aayirikkuka.yuddha.kushala "(vidagdha kuthirappadayaalikal). mahabharata yudhathil, kamboja kuthirapadayum shakanmarum yavananmaarum hastinapurayile kuru rajaavaaya duryodhanan chernnathayi reportund.
ganderiyan koolippadayaalikal (i.iii. "akkeemenidukalude 20-aamath therappiyil ninnulla gandari therapy "gandharans/composions") serxus onnaaman chakravartthiyude (486-465 bisi) sainyathil niyamikkapettu, athu addeham narakangalkkethire nayichu. athupole, madhyakala kohistan (paakistaan) nuu thulyamaaya kaabool nadiyude vadakku ninnu "parvathapradeshathe aalukal", arbela alexanderinethire darius III-nte sainyathil prathyakshappedukayum oru kuthirapadayeyum 15 aanakaleyum nalkukayum cheiyunnu. hindukushinu thekkulla kamboja kuthirappadaye ithu soochippikkunnu.
kambojakal kuthirakalkum kuthirappadayalikalkkum (ashwa-yuddha-kushala) prashasthamaayirunnu. kuthira (ashwa) samskaarathile avarude paramonnatha sthaanam kaaranam, avar ashwakar ennum ariyappettirunnu.iii. kuthirappadayaalikalum avarude bhoomiyum" "kuthirakalude veedu" ennaanu ariyappettirunnath ". avar classical rachanakalude asakanoy aspasioy, paaniniyude ashtadhyaayiyile ashwakayaanangalum ashwayaanangalumaanu. 30, 000 kaalalppadayum 20,000 kuthirapadayum 30 yuddha aanakalum ulppetta asakanoyi alexanderine nerittu. kunar, swaatt thaazhvarakalile asakenoi, aspasioi vamshangale kambojakalude oru vibhaagamaayi pandithanmaar thiricharinjittundu. alexander kaabool, kunar, swat thaazhvarakalile nadatthiya prachaarana velayil eee kadinamaaya gothrangal alexanderinode daarmmikamaaya cheruthunilppu nadathukayum alexanderude charithrakaaranmaarude prashamsa polum nedukayum cheythirunnu. paaniniyude ashtadhyaayiyil "parvatiya ayudhajeevina" ennu visheshippikkappetta eee malayora pradeshakkaar, orikkalum oru adipanodum eluppathil vazhangaatha, vimatharum theevramaayi swathanthrarum swaathanthryathe snehikkunna kuthirappadayaalikalumaayirunnu.
vishaakhaa dattha" enna kruthiyude samskritha naadakamaaya "mudra-prakasha" yum jaina kruthiyaaya "paarishisthaparvan" yum himalayan rajaavaaya "parvathaka" yumayullah chandragupthante (-) sakhyathe soochippikkunnu. mudra-prakashangal (mudra-rakshasa 2) saakshyappeduthunnathu, himalayan sakhyam chandraguptan shakanmar, yavananmaar, kambojanmaar, kirathanmar, paraasikal, baahlikakal ennivarude kuthirappadayude sakthamaaya samyuktha sainyam nalki. eee koottangal chandragupta mouryane magadhayile bharanadhikariye paraajayappeduthaan sahayikkukayum chandraguptane simhaasanathil irikkukayum angane utharenthyayil mourya raajavamshathin aditharayittuthudanguyum cheythu.
samskritha kavi kaalidaasante raghuvamsha itihaasa kavithayilum hoonarudeyum kambojarudeyum kuthirappada saakshyappeduthiyittundu. kaalidaasatthile raghu ariyappedunna gupta raajavamshathile chandragupta randaaman ("vikramaadithya") (AD1) aanennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathode, eiii. dii ettaam noottaand muthal patthaam noottaand vare kamboja kuthirapadayum gurjara-pratihara sayudha senayude bhaagamaayirunnu. prathiharanmaar pravishyayude oru bhagam keezhadakkiyappol avar prathihaaranmarodoppam bangaalilekku vannirunnu.
kaudilyathinte ardhashaasthramaayum mahaabhaaratharekhayaayum thangalude raashtreeyavum sainikavumaaya karyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi purathana kambojanmaar sainika samghangaleyum shrenikaleyum (korppareshanukal) samghadippichu. avare "yuddha-jeeva" allengil "shaasthra-opajivis" (raajyangalude aayudangal) ennu visheshippikkunnu, athaayath kamboja kuthirappada mattu rajyangalkkum sainika sevanangal vaagdaanam cheythu. purathana yudhangalil kuthirappadayalikalaayi puram rajyangal kambojakale aavasyappettathaayi niravadhi paraamarsangalundu.
mugal saamrajyam.
mugal sainyangal ("lashkar") praadhamikamaayi oru kuthirappadayaayirunnu. chakravarthikku nerittulla sevanam nalkukayum kaaval kuthirappadayayi pravartthikkukayum cheytha "ahadi" yaayirunnu elaitt corps. anubandha kuthirappadaye allengil "dakhilikale" kendra samsthaanam niyamikkukayum sajjamaakkukayum panam nalkukayum cheythu. ithu vyakthigatha prabhukkanmaarude anuyayikalaaya "tabinan" kuthirappadayaalikalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu. avarude pariseelanavum upakaranangalum vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappettirunnuve avaa mugal kuthirappadayude nattellaayirunnu. oduvil poshakanakshathrangalude thalavanmaarude neethrthwathilum vishwasthathayilum gothravargakkaar kramarahitharayi. saamraajyathva sarkkar avarude svayambharana nethaakkale vilichuvaruthiyappol sainika sevanathinaayi vilichuvaruthiya hindukkalum afgaanukalum thurkkikalum ithil ulppedunnu.
europian madhyakaalakhattam.
roman saamraajyathinte pathanathode europil kanatha kaalaalppadayude gunanilavaaravum labhyathayum kuranjathode kanatha kuthirappada kooduthal phalapradamaayi. irukiya roopeekaranangalude aikyavum achadakkavum illaatha kaalaalppada shock pooraattatthiloode thakarukayum chitharikkidakkukayum cheyyaan kooduthal saadhyathayund-kanatha kuthirappadayude pradhana punk, ithu europian yudhakkalathil prabala shakthiyaayi uyarnnu.
kanatha kuthirappadayude praadhaanyam vardhichathode athu sainika vikasanathinte pradhana kendramaayi maari. kanatha kuthirappadaykkulla aayudangalum kavacham vardhikkukayum uyarnna pinbalamulla saddle vikasikkukayum stirappukalum sparsukalum cherkkukayum cheythu, ithu kanatha kuthirappadayude nettam kooduthal vardhippichu.
sainika praadhaanyatthile eee maattam vardhichuvarunna oru sreniparamaaya samoohathilum prathiphalichu. patthaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal kanatha aayudhadhaarikalaaya kuthirappadayalikalaaya "milittikal" allengil naitukal yudhakkalathilum puratthum kendrasthaanathethunna oru chelaveria varenyavargamaayi uyarnnuvannu. kanatha kuthirappadayil eee varggathile prabhukkanmaraaya yodhaakkale "aathyanthika" maayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu mikacha aayudangal, thala muthal call vare athyaadhunika kavacham, poornnamaaya oru galappilulla yudhathil eettiyode nayikkunnu, aduthulla roopathilulla "naitli charge" aprathirodhyamaanennu theliyikkukayum yuddham aarambhichayudane thanne vijayikkukayum cheythu.
ennaal labhyamaya motham yuddha senayil naitukal nyoonapakshamaayi thudarnnu; aayudangal, kavacham, kuthirakal ennivayude chelavu thiranjeduttha kurachu perkku maathrame thaangaanaavoo. shock kombaattinte idungiya pooraattatthil shradha kendreekarikkumbol, madhyakala sainyangal bakkiyullathellaam (ettumuttal, flank gaardukal, scouting, graundu holding muthalaayava) niravettaan vaividhyamaarnna kaalnada sainikare aashrayichu.). madhyakala charitrakaaranmaar saadhaarana sainikarude chelavil naittukale anaavashyamaayi shradhikkaan pravanatha kaanichu, ithu madhyakala europian yudhakkalangalil bharameriya kuthirappada maathramaan pradhaanamenn sainika charithratthile aadyakaala vidyaarthikale anumanikkaan prerippichu. ennaal nannayi pariseelanam labhichathum achadakkamullathumaaya kaalaalppadaykk kuthirakale paraajayappeduthaan kazhiyum.
massed engleesh long bomans franch kuthirappadaye chrissy, poyittiyars, ajinkort ennividangalil vijayichu, athesamayam jisozhs (1188), baanokkben (1314), loppan (1339) ennividangalil kaalppadayaalikal kuthirappadayude aakramanangale prathirodhikkaan kazhiyumennu theliyichu. aakramanathinum prathirodhatthinumaayi swis avarude paikk squareukal vikasippichukazhinjaal, kaalaalppada pradhana aayudhamaayi marran thudangi. eee aakramanathmakamaaya puthiya sidhaantham niravadhi athiraalikalkkethire swissinu vijayam nalki, marignano yudhathil thelinjathupole, avare paraajayappedutthaanulla eaka vishwasaneeyamaaya maargam kooduthal samagramaya samyojitha aayudha sidhaantham upayogikkuka maathramaan ennu avarude sathrukkal kandethi. crossbo, hand kaanan thudangiya neelamulla villinekkaal kuranja vaidagdhyam aavasyamulla misail aayudhangalude avatharanam kuthirappadayile varenyavargathil ninnu eluppathil padikkaan kazhiyunna aayudangal sajjeekarichirikkunna vilakuranja kaalaalppadayude ganangalilekku shradha kendreekarikkaan sahayichu. eee misail aayudangal hyoosait yudhangalil wagenberg thanthrangalumaayi samyojippichu valare vijayakaramaayi upayogichu.
kaalaalppadayude aadhipathyathile eee kramanugathamaaya vardhanavu thaazhekku erangunna thanthrangal sweekarikkunnathilekku nayichu. aadyakaalam muthal naittukalum kuthirappadayaalikalum kuthirappurathu keezhadakkaan kazhiyaatha shathrukkale neridaan pathivayi erangiyirunnu, udaaharanathinu dyle yudhathilum (891) bremule yudhathilum (1119), ennaal 1350-kalkk sesham eee pravanatha kooduthal adayaalappeduthi, rund kaii vaalukalum polaaksukalum upayogichu suuppar-hevi kaalalppadayaayi pooraadunna aayudhadhaarikalaaya purushanmaar. enthaayaalum, madhyakaalakhattatthile yudhathil pitch yudhangalekkaal reydukalum uparodhangalum aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnu, koodaathe oru kottakettya sthaanathe akramikkaan saadhyatha neridumbol aayudhadhaarikalaaya purushanmaarkk erangunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi mattu maargangalonnum undaayirunnilla.
grettar middle eest.
arabikal.
islaamik pravachakanaaya mohammed thante pala sainika prachaaranagalilum kuthirappadaye upayogichu, dhuu kharaadinte paryaveshanavum islaamik kalandarile aaram maasatthile anchaam masamaaya eiii. dii. 627 septambaril nadanna alle-isile sayeed ibn harithayude paryaveshanavum ulppede.
rashidun khaleefayude keezhil aadyakaala samghaditha arab kuthirappadayil eettiyum vaalum upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya oru neriya kuthirappada undaayirunnu. shathrukkalude vashangaleyum pinbhagangaleyum aakramikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte pradhana punk. thaarathamyena laghuvaaya kavachitharaya eee kuthirappadayaalikal levent islaamika adhiniveshathinte pilkkaalakhattangalil musleem sainyathinte ettavum phalapradamaaya gadakamaayirunnu. eee cheruthaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya athivegam neengunna kuthirappadayude ettavum mikacha upayogam yarmook yudhathil (eiii. dii. 636) velippettu, athil khaalid ibnu valid thante kuthirappadayaalikalude kazhivukal arinjukondu, yudhathinte ellah nirnaayaka ghattangalilum meshakal tirikkaan avaa upayogichu. iraakhileyum syriayileyum sainikare ulppeduthi khaalid ibn valid oru sakthamaaya kuthirappada rejiment roopeekarichu. aadyakaala muslim charitrakaaranmaar ithinu "talia muthaharika" (തലിയാഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅഅ eathenkilum baisantain sainyathinethire thanthrangal prayogikkumbol melkkai nalkunna kooduthal chalanaathmakathayode ethir sainyathe nayikkaan ithu oru advanced garda sakthamaaya striking fozhsaayum upayogichirunnu. eee sanjarikkunna adikkunna shakthiyiloode syria pidichadakkunnathu eluppamaakki.
eiii. dii. 751leeii talas yuddham arab abbazid khilaafathum chainees tang rajavamshavum thammilulla madhyeshyayude niyanthranathecholli nadanna oru samghattanamaayirunnu. chainees kaalalppadaye arab kuthirappada talas nadiyude theerathu paraajayappeduthi.
pinneedu maamlukkukalkk kuthirappadayalikalaayi pariseelanam nalki. dhairyavum audaaryavum polulla moolyangalum kuthirappadayude thanthrangal, kuthirappadayude kuthirappurayaathra, ambeythu, murivukalkkulla chikitsa ennivayude sidhaanthavum ulppedunna alle-furusiyayude perumattachattamaanu maamlukkukal pinthudarendathu.
magrab.
vadakke aafrikkayile islaamika berber rajyangal kunthangalumaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya kuthirappadaye niyamikkukayum mekhalayile yadhaartha arab adhiniveshakkaarude maathruka pinthudarukayum cheythu. kuthirapadayum aayudangalum praadeshikamaayi nirmmikkukayum kuthirappadayaalikalkulla aarr maasathe stipend avarude kaalaalppadayile athiraalikale apekshichu erattiyaayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu. ettaam noottaandil ibeeriyayile islaamika adhiniveshathil, reydingil vaidagdhyamullavarum pradhana sainyathile koottamaaya berber kaalnadakkaarkku pinthuna nalkunnathumaaya niravadhi kuthirakaleyum ridermareyum vadakke aafrikkayil ninnu ayachu.
magrebi paarambaryatthilulla kuthirappura yudhangal oduvil madhyakaalakhattatthile niravadhi sub-saharan aafrikkan raashtreeyangale swaadheenichu. yoruba janathayude sainika prabhukkanmaraaya ikkoyiyude essos eee prathibhaasatthinte sradheyamaaya prakadanamaayirunnu.
iraan.
pathinanjaam noottaand muthal pathinettaam noottaand vare iraanile safavid theevravaada yodhaakkalude oru vibhagamaayirunnu khilbaash, avar palappozhum unnatha kuthirappadayayi poraadi.
automan.
pathinalam noottaand muthal pathinezhaam noottaand vareyulla athinte ettavum valia vipuleekarana kaalaghattatthil, kuthirappadayanu automan sainyathinte sakthamaaya kaathal roopeekarichathu. 1475leeii rajisttarukalil europil 22,000 sipahi fudal kuthirapadayum anattoliyayil ninnu 17,000 sipaahikalum 3,000 kapikulu kuthirapadayum (saadhaarana body-gaard kuthirappada) chumathiyathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum pathinettaam noottaandil automan kuthirappada middle eesttileyum vadakke aafrikkayileyum janasandrata kuranja pradeshangalil sevanamanushtikkunna neriya kuthirappadayayi parinamichu. atharam athirthi kuthirappadayaalikale pradhaanamaayum praadeshika gavarnarmaaraanu valarthiyathu, avar automan saamraajyathile pradhana feeld sainyangalil ninnu vyathyastharaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil sulthaante kuthirappadayaalikalil ninnu chumathalayetta muzhuvan samaya kuthirappada unitukal ulppede aadhunikavalkkaricha "nissam-iii credit" ("puthiya sainyam") rejimentukal prathyakshappettu. 
europinte navothaanam.
virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil kaalaalppadayude uyarcha kanatha kuthirappadayude "suvarnna kaalaghatta" thumaayi poruthappettu; noottaandinte thudakkathil oru franch allengil spanish sainyathin vividha tharatthilulla bharam kuranjathum bhaarameriyathumaaya kuthirappadayude pakuthi vare undakaamaayirunnu, athesamayam aadyakaala madhyakaalakhattathilum pinneedu pathinezhaam noottaandile sainyangalilum kuthirappadayude anupatham apoorvvamaayi naalilonnil kooduthalaayirunnu.
nitehoodinu athinte sainika pravartthanangal nashtappedukayum vardhichuvarunna muthalaalitha paashchaathya samoohathil saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya anthassumaayi kooduthal adutha bandhappedukayum cheythu. thurankam thekkukayum pariseelanam nedukayum cheytha kaalaalppadayude uyarchayode, ippol chilappol "gendarmukal" ennum palappozhum nilakollunna sainyathinte bhagamennum vilikkappedunna kuthirappurathulla purushanmaar, hellenistic yugathile athe punk sweekarichu, yuddham ithinakam nadannukazhinjaal nirnnayakamaaya praharam nalkuka, shathruvine vashath charjju cheiyukayo avarude commander-inn-cheefine aakramikkukayo cheyyuka.
1550 muthal, vedimarunnu aayudhangalude upayogam yudhakkalathil kaalaalppadayude aadhipathyam shakthippeduthukayum yadhaartha bahujanasainyangale vikasippikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil udaneelam sainyangalude valippam vardhikkunnathumaayi ithu adutha bandhamullathaan; kanatha kavachitha kuthirappadayaalikale valarthunnathinum paripalikkunnathinum chelaveriyathum vidagtharaaya kuthirappadayaalikaleyo kuthirayo parisheelippikkaan varshangalolam vendivannathum athesamayam aarkvyoosiyezhsineyum pinneedu thokkudhaarikaleyum valare kuranja chelavil parisheelippikkaanum vayalil sookshikkaanum kazhiyumaayirunnu, avare niyamikkaan valare eluppamaayirunnu.
spanish terseo pilkkala formationukalum kuthirappadaye oru pinthunaa rollylake tharamthaazhtthi. caracol polulla thanthrangalkoppam kuthirappadaye samgharshathilekku thirike konduvaraan sramikkunnathinaanu pisttal prathyekamaayi vikasippicheduthath. ennirunnaalum, caracol prathyekichu vijayamayilla, koodaathe charge (eettiyo vaalo pisttalo upayogichu) palatharam europian kuthirappadayude praadhamika thozhil maarggamaayi thudarnnu, ennirunnaalum eee samayamaayappozhekkum ithu valare aazhathilulla roopeekaranangalilum mumbathethinekkaal kooduthal achadakkathodeyum vitharanam cheyyappettu. 16-aamm noottaandilum 17-aamm noottaandilum uyarnna nilavaaramulla kuthirappadayude tharangalil demi-lancermar kanatha kavachitha vaalum pisttol reydarukalum ulppedunnu. eee kaalayalavil poolish chirakukalulla husaarukal kizhakkan europile aadipathyamulla kanatha kuthirappadayaayirunnu, thudakkathil sweedish, russiakkaar, turkukal ennivarkkethire valia vijayam nedi, onnukil samyojitha aayudha thanthrangalaal aavarthichu paraajayappedunnathuvare, vedivayppu vardhippikkunnathuvar allengil sweedish saamraajyathile durbalamaaya kuthirappadayumaayi ettumuttunnathuvare. 1702-leeii avasaanathe vivaahanischayam muthal (klisov yudhathil) 1776 vare, kaalaharanapetta chirakukalulla husaarukale sthaanabhrashtaraakkukayum pradhaanamaayum aachaaraparamaaya rolukalkku niyogikkukayum cheythu. 1683ll charithratthile ettavum valia kuthirappadayude aakramanathil husar baanarukal pankedukkukayum automan aakramanathe vijayakaramaayi pinthirippikkukayum cheythappol poolish chirakukalulla husar sainika shakti vienna uparodhathil ethi.
pathinettaam noottaandile europe nepolian yudhangalum.
europian sainyangaliludaneelam kramappeduthalinteyum maanadandavalkkaranathinte eee yugathil kuthirappada oru pradhana punk nilanirtthi. shatru kuthirappadaye neridunnathinulla praadhamika choys avayaayirunnu. thakarkkappedaatha kaalalppadaye nerittu aakramikkunnath saadhaaranayaayi paraajayathinu kaaranamaakumenkilum vipuleekaricha leanier kaalaalppada roopeekaranangal vashatho pinbhaagatho ulla aakramanangalkk irayaakumaayirunnu. blenheim (1704), roseback (1757), marengo (1800), ailau, friedland (1807) ennividangalil kuthirappada pradhanamaayirunnu, nepolian yudhangaliludaneelam ithu pradhanamaayirunnu.
kaalaalppadayude vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyam undaayirunnittum, kuthirappadaykku avarude kooduthal chalanathmakatha kaaranam sainyathil maattaanaavaatha punk undaayirunnu. avarude yudhethara chumathalakalil palappozhum sainika kyaambukalude arikukalil patrolling nadathukayum, samshayaaspadamaaya shirkarmar palayanam cheiyunnavareyum thadayunnathinulla staanding oordarukal nalkukayum, pradhana bodic munbaayi outpost pikkattukalayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. yudhasamayathu, husaarukalum uhlanukalum polulla bharam kuranja kuthirappada mattu kuthirappadayumaayi ettumuttukayo, bharam kuranja kaalalppadaye aakramikkukayo, allengil akramanam nadathukayo, shathruvinte peerankikal pidichedukkukayo allengil irumbu koombaarangal upayogichu touchholukal poottunnathiloode avaa upayogashoonyamaakkukayo cheythekkaam. kuviraasiyezhs, dragoonukal, kaarabiniyezhs thudangiya bharameriya kuthirappada saadhaaranayaayi kaalaalppadayude roopeekaranangalilekko kuthirappadaye paraajayappeduthunnathinaayi ethirkkunna kuthirappadayilekko akramikkunnu. yudhathil ettavum kooduthal naashanashtangal sambhavicha sthalamaaya, cheruthum bhaarameriyathumaaya kuthirappada pinvaangunna shathrukkale pinthudarnnu.
aadhunika charithratthile ettavum valia kuthirappadayude akramanam 1807leeii ailau yudhathilaayirunnu, jochim muraattinte neethrthwathilulla 11,000 varunna sakthamaaya franch kuthirappada reserve russian kaalaalppada lainukaliloodeyum athiloodeyum valia akramanam nadatthi. yudhakkalathil kuthirappadayude aadhipathyavum bhayappeduthunna saannidhyavum kaalaalppada squareukalude upayogathiloode prathirodhikkappettu. kwater brass yudhathilum pinneedu waterloo yudhathilumaanu ettavum sradheyamaaya udaaharanagal, maikkal nee utharavittu 9,000 franch kuthirappadayaalikal aavarthichu nadatthiya akramanangal chathurangalayi roopappetta britiish sakhyasenaye thakarkkunnathil parajayappettu.
koottamaaya kaalaalppada, prathyekichu chathurangalil roopappettava kuthirappadaykku maarakamaayirunnuvenkilum peerankikalkku mikacha lakshyam nalki. oru bombakramanam kaalaalppadayude roopeekaranathe kramarahithamaakkiyappol, chitharikkidakkunna kaalnada sainikare paraajayappedutthaanum pinthudarukayum cheyyaan kuthirappadaykku kazhinju. vyakthigatha thokkukal krithyathayum mechappetta thokku nirakkum nedunnathuvare kuthirapadayum eee rolil kuranju. appozhum onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte aadyaghattangalil sainika vimanangal eee rolil avare maattisthaapikkunnathuvar, sainyathinte chalanagal parisodhikkunnathinum shathrukkalude vitharana lainukale upadravikkunnathinum laghu kuthirappada oru anivaarya upakaranamaayi thudarnnu.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
europe.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil europian kuthirappada naalu pradhana vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettu
oro rajyathinum kuthirappadayude vyathyaasangal undaayirunnu fraansil "chassures eiii cheval" undaayirunnu; prashyayil "jagger suu ferde" undaayirunnu; bavaria, saxony, austriya ennividangalil "chevaulegarukal" undaayirunnu; russiayil kosaakkukal undaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte pakuthi muthal brittanil ilam kuthirapadayum dragoonukalum, draagan gaardukalum, gaarhika kuthirapadayum bharameriya kuthirapadayum aayi undaayirunnu. nepolian yudhangal avasaanichathinusesham maathramaan kuthirappadayude gaarhikavibhagangal curasukal kondu sajjeekarikkappettath, mattu chila rejimentukal lancerukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. 1862 nuu munbu american sainyathil kuthirappada mikkavarum ellaayppozhum draaganukalaayirunnu. saamraajyathva japanese sainyathinte kuthirappadaykku husaarukal pole unifom undaayirunnu, pakshe avar dragonukalaayi poraadi.
crimean yudhathil, balaklawa yudhathile laitt brigedinteyum nerttha chuvanna varayudeyum chumatala, phalapradamaaya pinthunayillaathe vinyasikkumbol kuthirappadayude durbalata kaanichu.
franco-russian yuddham.
franco-russian yudhasamayathu, 1870-leeii maars-laa-touur yudhathil, oru prussian kuthirappada brigade avarude sameepanam naipunyathode marachuvechathinu sesham franch yudharekhayude madhyabhagam nirnnaayakamaayi thakarthu. brigade commander adalbert voonn bredoyude maranayaathra enna peril eee sambhavam ariyapettu; aadhunika yudhakkalathil ippozhum koottamaaya kuthirappadayude chaarjukalkk sthaanamundennu vadikkaan adutha dashakangalil ithu upayogikkum.
saamraajyathva vipuleekaranam.
aadhunika aayudhangalude abhavavum pathukke neengunna kaalaalppada-artilary train allengil sthiramaaya kottakal thaddesheeya kalapakaarikalkkethire phalapradamallaathathumaaya colonial pracharanangalil (kramarahithamaya yuddham) kuthirappada oru puthiya punk kandethi (tell-ell-kebir, oomdurmaan muthalaayava pole thulya nilavaaratthil yuddham vaagdaanam cheythillengil).). kuthirappadayude "parakkunna nirakal" pala prachaaranagalilum phalapradamo kuranjathu chelavu kuranjatho aanennu thelinju-ennirunnaalum oru samarthanaaya thaddesheeya commanderk (padinjaaran aafrikkayile samori, kokkasasile shamil allengil eathenkilum mikacha boyer commandermar) meshakal thirikkanum europian senayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avarude kuthirappadayude aapekshikamaya vedivayppinte abhavam nikathaan avarude kuthirappadayude kooduthal chalanathmakatha upayogikkaanum kazhiyum.
1903ll britiish indian sainyam britiish, indian udyogastharulppede 25,000tholam indian sowar (kuthirappadayaalikal) ulla naalpat kuthirappada rejimentukal nilanirtthi.
aadhunika indian, paakistaan sainyangalude vamshaavaliyile ettavum prashasthamaaya rejimentukalil iva ulppedunnu
eee roopeekaranangalil palathum ippozhum sajeevamaan, ennirunnaalum avaa ippol kavachitha roopeekaranangalaanu, udaaharanathinu paakkisthaanile gaidukal kuthirappada.
1830 muthal randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanam vare franch sainyam aljeeriyayilum morocoyilum ganyamaaya kuthirappadaye nilanirtthi. medittareniyan theerapradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum kuthirasavaarikk anuyojyamaayirunnu, arab, berber nivaasikalkkidayil kuthirasavaari samskaaram deerghakaalamaayi nilaninnirunnu. franch sainyathil spaahikal, chaasiyezhs dii 'aphrica, videsha lejian kuthirappada, kuthirasavaari, moundan gomiyezhs enniva ulppedunnu. spain italiyum avarude vadakkan aafrikkan pradeshangalile thaddesheeya kuthirappadayaalikalil ninnu kuthirappada rejimentukal uyarthi (yathaakramam regularukal, itaaliyan spaahikal, sawari enniva kaanuka).
saamraajyathva jarmmani thekk padinjaaran aafrikkayil eee pradeshathe kaaval nirvahikkunna shuttstrooppen (colonial sainyam) yude bhaagamaayi kuthirappurathulla roopeekaranangal upayogichu.
america.
american aabhyantharayudhathinte thudakkathil saadhaarana yunaittad stetts armi moundu cheytha raifil, draagan, nilavilulla rund kuthirappada rejimentukal enniva punasamghadippikkukayum kuthirappada rejimentukal ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu, athil aarr ennam undaayirunnu. nooriladhikam mattu federal, stettu kuthirappada rejimentukal samghadippikkappettuve kaalaalppada athinte valia ennam, feeld cheytha oro raifilinum kuranja chelavu, valare eluppathilulla recruitment enniva kaaranam pala yudhangalilum valare valia punk vahichu. ennirunnaalum, kuthirappada screening senayude bhagamaayum chaarapravartthanatthilum scoutingilum oru punk kandu. yudhathinte pilkkaalakhattangalil federal sainyam skauttukal, reydarukal, aavarthichulla raifilukal, kuthirappada enningane pooraadunna yadhaarthathil phalapradamaaya kuthirappadaye vikasippicheduthu. konfedarettu bhaagathe ettavum phalapradavum vijayakaravumaya kuthirappada unitukalilonnaayi vishishtamaaya 1st virgenia kuthirappada sthaanam pidikkunnu. prashastha kuthirappada commandermaaril konfedarettu general jeey.iii.bii. stuvartt, nathan bedford phoorast, joonn singleton mosby (aaaa.keey.eiii. "gray ghostt"), union vashath, philipp sheridan jorjju amstrong custerum.
aabhyantharayudhathinusham, sannadhasenakal pirichuvidappettathode, saadhaarana armi kuthirappada rejimentukalude ennam aaril ninnu patthilaayi vardhichu, avayil kastezhs yuu ulppedunnu.ezz. cheria bighon prashasthiyude ezhaamathe kuthirappada rejimentum aafrikkan-american yuu.ezz. 9-aamm kuthirappada rejimentum yuu.ezz. patthaam kuthirappada rejiment. karutha vibhaagangalum mattullavarum (kuthirapadayum kaalalppadayum) koottaayi pothu sainikar ennariyappettu. roobert emm. uttli 
apoorvvamaayi maathrame eee mekhalaye samboornna samghadanakalaayi eduthittulloovennathil 1890kalil athirthi avasaanicha american indian yudhangaliludaneelam eee rejimentukal sevanamanushtichu. ruff ridezhs polulla sannadha kuthirappada rejimentukalil kauboy, ranchermar, mattu outdormaar thudangiya kuthirappadayaalikal ulppettirunnu, avar american sainyathil kuthirappadayayi sevanamanushtichu.
vikasanangal 1900-1914.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, ellah sainyangalum ganyamaaya kuthirappadaye nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum avarude punk kuthirappadayilekku (charitraparamaaya draagan function) madanganamo ennathinekkurichu tharkkamundaayirunnu. motor vaahanangalum vimaanangalum ippozhum vikasanathilayirikke, kuthirasavaari sainikar 1914 vare maanuvar yudhathinu labhyamaya eaka samboornna mobail senayaayi thudarnnu.
englandu.
dakshinaafrikkan yudhamaaya aii. dii. 1-nte anubhavathetthudarnnu (saadhaarana kuthirappadayekkaal kooduthal phalapradamaanennu thelinja bower sittisan commandokal) britiish sainyam aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi ozhike matellaa aavasyangalkkumaayi eettupolichu, 1903-ll erangunnathinulla parisheelanathinu puthiya oonnal nalki. ennirunnaalum 1912-ll sajeeva sevanathinaayi eettupoli veendum thiranjedutthu.
russia.
1882-ll, saamraajyathva russian sainyam thangalude ellah line husar, lancer rejimentukaleyum kuthirappada parisheelanathinu oonnal nalki dragonukalaayi maatti. 1910-ll eee rejimentukal avarude charitraparamaaya rolukal, padavikal, unifom ennivayilekku madangi.
jarmmani.
1909 aayappozhekkum, aadhunika yudhathinte yaadhaarthyangalekkurichu vardhichuvarunna thricharivu soochippikkunnathinaayi saamraajyathva jarmman kuthirappadayude punk nirnnayikkunna audyogika niyanthranangal parishkarikkapettu. munbu vaarshika thanthrangalude avasaanathe adayaalappeduthiya moonnu tharamgangalile vann kuthirappadayude charge nirthalaakkukayum pradhana yudhathil earppedunnathinupakaram scouting, raid, pinthudaral ennivaykkulla parisheelanathinu puthiya oonnal nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1914-ll yuddham pottippurappedunnathi thottumunbu pathimoonnu puthiya raifilukal ("jagger suu ferde") uyarthiyathode kuthirappadayude praadhaanyam ippozhum vyakthamaayirunnu.
france.
aii. dii. 1. kaalayalavil morocoyile kuthirasavaari yudhathil kaaryamaaya anubhavam undaayirunnittum franch kuthirappada valare yaadhaasthithikamaaya oru sthaapanamaayi thudarnnu. kanatha, idatharam, neriya kuthirappada shaakhakal thammilulla parambaraagatha thanthraparamaaya vyathyaasangal nilanirtthi. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte aadya maasangalil nepolian kaalaghattatthil maattamillathe franch curasiers breast plettukalum plum helmettukalum dharichirunnu. dragonukal samaanamaayi sajjeekarichirunnuvenkum avar curasukal dharikkukayum lansukal vahikkukayum cheythirunnu. nirangalude oru jwaalayaanu" ennaanu neriya kuthirappadaye visheshippichathu. ellah shaakhakalileyum franch kuthirappada nannayi kayarukayum sthaanam mattaanum vegathil charge cheyyaanum pariseelippikkukayum cheythu. parisheelanatthile oru balaheenata, franch kuthirappadaamgangal maarchil apoorvamaayi erangiyirunnu, 1914 augustil avarude kuthirakalkk puram moolamulla budhimuttukal valareyadhikam anubhavapettu.
onnaam lokamahaayudham.
europe 1914.
1914 augustil, ellah poraalikalum ippozhum ganyamaaya ennam kuthirappadaye nilanirtthi, kizhakkan, padinjaaran munnanikalile prarambha yudhangalude chalanathmaka swabhaavam parambaraagatha kuthirappadayude pravartthanangalude niravadhi udaaharanagal nalki, ennirunnaalum muun yudhangale apekshichu cheruthum chitharikkidakkunnathumaya thothil. saamraajyathva jarmman kuthirappadayude 110 rejimentukal, samaadhaanakaalatheppole varnnabhavum parambaraagathavumaaya kaazhchayil, kaaryamaaya ethirppu neridumbol kaalaalppadayude pinthunayil ninnu pinmarunna oru sambradaayam sveekarichirunnu. eee jagrathayulla thanthrangal avarude kooduthal yaadhaasthithika franch, russian athiraalikalkkidayil parihasam srishtichuvenkilum yudhathinte puthiya swabhaavathinu anuyojyamaanennu thelinju. 1914 august 12nuu jarmman sainyam nadatthiya orotta shramathil, beljian feeld army raifil fayar vazhi samgharshaavasthayil thirichayachappol thakarnnadinja aant verppil ninnu vichedikkaan koottamaaya kuthirappadayude aarr rejimentukal upayogichu. rund jarmman kuthirappada brigedukal ulppetta beljian lancermark kaalalppadaykkum ethire aavarthichulla kuttakrithyangalil 492 aalukalum 843 kuthirakalum nashtappettu. franch kuthirappadayude avasaanathe record cheytha chaarjukalilonn 1914 septambar raathriyil 16-aamm dragonukalude oru schwadron soysanukalile oru jarmman airfield marikadannu kanatha nashtam nerittappol nadannu. trench yudhathinte thudakkathode padinjaaran munnaniyil munnira sthiratha kaivarichappol, mulluvandi, asamamaya cheli niranja bhoopradesam, mesheen gannukal, rapid fayar raifilukal ennivayude samyojanam kuthirasavaari sainikarkk maarakamaanennu thelinju, 1915 nte thudakkathil mikka kuthirappada yoonittukalum munnira pravartthanam kandilla.
kizhakkan munnaniyil, paranna thuranna bhoopradeshathu ninnu kooduthal draavakamaaya oru yuddha roopam uyarnnuvannu. 1914ll yuddham pottippurappettappol russian kuthirappadayude bhooribhaagavum athirthi gaarshanukalil poornna shakthiyode vinyasikkapettu, pradhana sainyangal kizhakkan prashyayilekkum austriyan galishyayilekkum aninirakkukayum scouting nadathukayum raid cheyyukayum cheytha kaalaghattatthil parambaraagatha shailiyil saber eettayum upayogichu poraadaan pariseelanam labhicha kuthirasavaari sainikar etteduthu. 1914 august 21 nuu naalaamathe austro-hungarian "cavalleridivison" russian pathaamatthe kuthirappada vibhagavumaayi jaroslaavikkil oru pradhana kuthirasavaari poraattam nadatthi, ithu iruvashathumulla aayirakkanakkin kuthirappadayaalikale ulppeduthiya avasana charitra yudhamaayirunnu. kizhakkan munnaniyile avasaanathe kootta kuthirappada ettumuttalaayirunnelkum, nalla rodukalude abhavam yaanthrika gathaagathatthinte upayogam parimithappedutthukayum saankethikamaayi purogamicha saamraajyathva jarmman sainyam polum 1917 vare kizhakk irupathinaalu kuthirasavaari divisionukal vare vinyasikkunnath thudarukayum cheythu.
europe 1915-1918.
padinjaaran munnaniyile yudhathinte sheshikkunna samayat kuthirappadaykku phalatthil oru pankum undaayirunnilla. britiish, franch sainyangal avarude kuthirappadayude pala rejimentukalum irakkukayum avaye kaalaalppadayilum mattu veshangalilum upayogikkukayum cheythu udaaharanathinu life gaardukal yudhathinte avasana maasangal mesheen gann korppaayi chelavazhichu; galipoli prachaarana samayat australian laitt hozhs laitt kaalalppadayaayi pravarthichu. 1914 septambaril fraansile britiish paryaveshana senayude motham manushyashakthiyude aii. dii. 2 kuthirappada ulppettirunnu-1918 joolaiyode eee anupatham aii. dii. 1 aayi kuranju. yudhathinte aadya shaithyakaalath thanne mikka franch kuthirappada rejimentukalum oro schwadronine veetham kuzhikalile sevanathinaayi irakkiyirunnu. 1915 meyy maasathil franch kuthirappadayude ennam 102,000 aayirunnuvenkilum 1918 oktobarode athu 63,000 aayi kuranju. jarmman sainyam padinjaarulla avarude kuthirappadayellam purathaakki, 1917 januvariyode aaa munnaniyil oru kuthirappada division maathrame nilanirtthiyulloo.
1915ll line kuthirappada, lancer, laitt hozhs ennivayude muppath rejimentukalumaayi itali yudhathil praveshichu. isonso nadikku kuruke nadanna prarambha akramanangalil avarude austro-hangarian athiraalikalkkethire phalapradamaayi pravarthichenkilum, munbhagam parvathapradeshangalilekku mariyathinaal itaaliyan kuthirappadaykku kaaryamaaya punk illaathaayi. 1916 aayappozhekkum mikka kuthirappadayude mesheengan vibhaagangalum rund samboornna kuthirappada vibhaagangalum irakkukayum kaalalppadayilekku pinthunaykkukayum cheythu.
ethir kuzhikal orikkalum varillennu thonnunna reethiyil nuzhanjukayarumennu pratheekshichukondu chila kuthirappadaye nirakalkk pinnil reserve cheythirikkunna kuthirappadayalikalaayi nilanirtthi. 1916 septambaril soam yudhasamayathu britishukaar padinjaaran munnaniyil avatharippicha tankukalkku atharam munnettangal kaivarikkaan kazhiyumenkilum avaa chooshanam cheyyaan vishwasaneeyamaaya paridhi undaayirunnilla. cambray yudhathil (1917) avarude aadya pradhana upayogathil, tankukalkku pinnil oru kuthirappada vibhaagathe pinthudaruka ennathaayirunnu padhathi, ennirunnaalum oru tank eaka paalam thakartthathinaal avarkk oru kanal kadakkaan kazhinjilla. mattu chila avasarangalil, yudhathiludaneelam, kaporetto yudhathilum moreyil maram yudhathilum polulla pradhana akramanangalil pankedukkaan kuthirappada ganyamaaya thothil thayyarayirunnu. ennirunnaalum 1918leeii nooru divasathe aakramanathil jarmman sainyam pinwangan nirbandhitharaakunnathuvare parimithamaaya ennam kuthirappadaykku avarude uddeshicha rolil eathu falapraapthiyodeyum veendum pravartthikkaan kazhinju. yudhathinte avasana divasam britiish ezhaamathe draagan gaardukal vijayakaramaayi akramanam nadatthi.
kizhakkan munnaniyude vishalamaaya sthalangalil, kooduthal draavakamaaya oru yuddha roopam thudarnnu, appozhum kuthirasavaari cheiyunna sainikarkk oru upayogam undaayirunnu. veendum kooduthalum yudhathinte aadya maasangalil chila vishalamaaya pravartthanangal nadannu. ennirunnaalum, ivide polum kuthirappadayude moolyam amithamaayi vilayiruthappedukayum russian sainyam munvashath valia kuthirasavaari samvidaanangal paripaalikkunnath railway samvidaanathe valia thothil sammarddathilaakkukayum cheythu, ithu thanthraparamaaya nettatthinu kaaranamakunnilla. 1917 februvariyil, oro rejimentileyum rund schwadronukal irakkukayum adhika kaalaalppada battaliyanukalil ulppeduthukayum cheythathinaal russian saadhaarana kuthirappada (kosaakkukal ozhike) athinte ettavum uyarnna samkhyayaaya 200,000 ll ninnu ekadesham moonnilonnu kuranju. pariseelanam labhicha kaalaalppadayude kuravu moolam budhimuttunna avarude austro-hangarian athiraalikal 1914 avasaanathode mikka kuthirappada rejimentukaleyum thazheyirakkiya raifil unitukalaayi parivartthanam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaayi.
middle eest.
middle eesttil, sinaay, palasteen prachaarana samayat kuthirappada (britiish, indian, automan, australian, arab, nyoosiland) kuthirappada, kuthirappada ennee nilakalil oru pradhana thanthraparamaaya punk nilanirtthi.
eejiptil, nyoosiland moundu cheytha rifles brigade, australian laitt hozhs oof ansac mounted division thudangiya moundu cheytha kaalaalppada roopeekaranangal, moundu cheytha kaalalppadayaayi pravartthikkukayum jarmman, automan sainyathe romaniyil ninnu magdhaabayilekkum raafayilekkum 1916 ll eejipthile sinaay upadveepil ninnu puratthekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
1917 maarchinum octoberinum idayil ghaza-birsheba lainil undaaya oru sthambhanathin sesham, australian mounded divishante 4-aamm laitt hozhs brigade birsheba pidichedutthu. britiish kaalalppadayudeyum yomaniri kuthirappadayudeyum australian, nyoosiland laitt hozhs, mounded rifles brigedukaludeyum ekopitha aakramanathinu sesham avarude kuthirappadayude akramanam vijayichu. eee eejipshyan paryaveshana senayude kaalalppadayudeyum kuthirappadayudeyum ekopitha aakramanangalude oru parambara mugar ridge yudhathil vijayikkukayum eee samayat britiish kaalaalppada divisionukalum desert mounded corps rund ottomaan sainyangale jafa-jerusalem linelake thirichayakkukayum cheythu. pradhaanamaayum erangiya kuthirapadayum kuthirapadayum chernna kaalaalppada judian kunnukalil poraadi, oduvil taamasiyaathe adhinivesham cheytha jarusalemine eathaandu valayam cheythu.
1918-ll jarmman vasanthakala aakramanathethudarnnu padinjaaran munnaniyil aavashyamaaya pravartthanangal thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthiyappol, samyuktha kaalalppadayum samyuktha kaalalppadayum amman ezz saltinumethiraaya akramanangal jordan thaazhvarayilekku thirichupokaan kaaranamaayi, athu 1918-leeii venalkkaalath mounded divisionukal kaivashappedutthi.
australian mounded division vaalukalaal aayudhamaakkiyirunnu, septambaril, medittareniyan theerathu britiish saamraajyathinte kaalaalppada ottomaan line vijayakaramaayi lamghichathinu sesham, naalam kuthirappada division, anchaam kuthirappada division, australian mounded division enniva kuthirappada akramanangal nadatthi, ithu judian kunnukalil rund ottomaan sainyangale valayam cheythu, avare pinwangan nirbandhitharaakki. athesamayam, ansack mounded divisionile chaittarinte kaalalppadayum kuthirapadayum jordan thaazhvara pidichedutthu, valath vasham ulkkollukayum pinneedu ezz salt amman pidikkaan kizhakode munnerukayum moonnaamathe ottomaan sainyathinte pakuthiyum pidichedutthu. thudarnnu naalam kuthirappada division australian mounded division thudarnnu anchaam kuthirappada division damascasilekku pinthudarnnu. ottomaan saamrajyam mudrakalude vedinirthal karaaril oppuvachappol kavachitha kaarukalum anchaam kuthirappada division lancerukalum aleppoykk vadakkulla ottomaan yoonittukalude pinthudarcha thudarnnu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalam.
mikkavarum ellah sainyangalileyum sainika yaadhaasthithikathayum yudhaananthara saambathika parimithikalum chernnu aii. dii. 1 enna paadangal udan nadappaakkunnathu thadanju. britiish, franch, itaaliyan, mattu paashchaathya sainyangalil kuthirappada rejimentukalude ennathil pothuvaaya kuravundaayittundengilum bhaaviyile yudhathil kuthirappadaykku oru pradhana pankundennu bodhyathode (udaaharanathinu 1922 leeii encyclopedia britanikkayude pathippil) vaadichu. 1914 nuu munbullathinekkaal valare kuravaanengilum, 1920-kalil kuthirappada ellah pradhana sainyangaludeyum abhimaanakaravum prakadavumaaya gadakamaayi thudarnnu.
russian aabhyantharayudhathilum soviyatt-poolish yudhathilum kuthirappadaye vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. 1920ll polandum russian bolshevikkukalum thammilulla comero yudhamaayirunnu avasaanathe pradhana kuthirappada yuddham. moroco, syria, middle eest, indiayude vadakkupadinjaaran athirthi ennividangalile colonial yuddham noothana aayudhangalillaatha shathrukkalkkethire sakthamaaya nadapadiyedukkaan chila avasarangal nalki.
vezhsaay udambadiyude vyavasthakalkkanusrithamaayi yudhaananthara jarmman sainyathin (reachsheer) kuthirappadayude oru valia anupatham (18 rejimentukal allengil motham manushyashakthiyude <aii. dii. 1>) anuvadichirunnu.
britiish sainyam 1929 num 1941 num idayil ellah kuthirappada rejimentukalum yaanthrikavalkkarichu, kuthirayil ninnu kavachitha vahanangal vareyulla avarude punk punarnirvachichu royal tank rejimentinoppam royal kavachitha corps roopeekarichu. yuu.ezz. 1934ll kuthirappada athinte peerankikal upekshichu 1933 januvariyil kuthirappadayude aadya rejimentil ninnu aarambhich kuthirappadayude rejimentukale yaanthrika kuthirappadayakki maattaan thudangi.
1922-leeii damlupinaar yudhathil adhinivesha greak sainyathinethiraya kemaalist vijayathil turkish swaathanthryasamarathil general farettin altheyude neethrthwathilulla turkish kuthirappada pradhana punk vahichu. anchaam kuthirappadaykku pradhana greak sainyathe marikadakkaan kazhinju, ellah ashayavinimaya, vitharana lainukalum pinvaangal oopshanukalum vichedichu. ithu sheshikkunna greak sainyathe keezhadangan nirbandhitharaakkukayum charithratthil avasaanamaayi oru yudhathinte phalatthil kuthirappada oru nischitha punk vahikkukayum cheythirikkaam. 
1930kalil franch sainyam kuthirappadaye valia roopeekaranangalumaayi samyojippichu pareekshanangal nadatthi. dragon rejimentukal motorised infantriyaayum (trekkukalum motor saikkilukalum) curassierukalum kavachitha yoonittukalaayum parivartthanam cheyyappettu; athesamayam laitt kuthirappada (cheval, husaarukal, spaahikal) mounded sabar schwadronukalaayi thudarnnu. eee vaividhyamaarnna unitukal ulkkollunna mishra shakthikalkk saahacharyangalkkanusarich oronninteyum shakti upayogikkaan kazhiyumennaayirunnu sidhaantham. praayogikamaayi, kuthirasavaari cheiyunna sainikarkk vegathil neengunna yanthravalkkaricha unitukale oru doorathilum nilanirthaan kazhinjilla.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna udan thanne niravadhi samyojanangalude falamaayi britiish indian sainyathinte 39 kuthirappada rejimentukal 21 aayi churungi. 1936 vare puthiya sthaapanam maattamillathe thudarnnu, moonnu rejimentukal sthiramaaya pariseelana unitukalaayi punarroopakalppana cheyyappettu, oronnum aarr, ippozhum gadippichirikkunna, rejimentukalumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. 1938ll oru samboornna kuthirappadaye (rund indian rejimentukalum oru britishukaaranum) kavachitha kaar, tank unitukalaayi parivartthanam cheythathodeyaanu yaanthreekarana prakriya aarambhichath. 1940 avasaanathode, ellah indian kuthirapadayum yaanthrikavalkkarikkuppedu, thudakkathil, mikka kesukalilum, 15 sii. dablyu. tii trekkukalil kondupookunna motorised kaalalppadayilekku. britiish indian sainyathinte avasaanathe kuthirappada rejiment (visroyiyude amgarakshakanum chila indian stetts fozhsu rejimentukalum ozhike) 19-aamath king jorjinte swantham lancerayirunnu, 1939 october 28 nuu raavalpindiyil avasana moundu paredu undaayirunnu. eee yoonit ippozhum paakistaan sainyathil oru kavachitha rejimentaayi nilanilkkunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
1939ll randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettumbo mikka sainyangalum kuthirappada unitukal nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum, ganyamaaya kuthirasavaari pravartthanangal pradhaanamaayum poolish, balcan, soviyatt pracharanangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. kuthirappadayude unitukal avarude kuthirakale yudhathilekku charge cheiyunnathinupakaram, onnukil kuthirappadayayi (kuthirakale sthaanathekku neengaanum thudarnnu yudhathinaayi irakkaanum upayogikkunnu) allengil rahasyaanveshana unitukalaayi (prathyekichu track cheythatho chakrangalullatho aaya vaahanangalkk anuyojyamallaatha pradeshangalil) upayogichu.
poolish.
1939 septambarile prachaarana velayil laansukalulla poolish kuthirappada jarmman taankukal charge cheythuvennathaanu oru janapriya kettukatha. septambar 1 nuu krojanthiykku sameepam nadanna orotta ettumuttal thettayi report cheythathil ninnaan ithu uyarnnathu, jarmman kavachitha kaarukal thuranna sthalathu pidikkappedunnathinu munbu jarmman kaalalppadaye chitharikkidakkunna saabarukalulla poolish 18-aamm laansarmaarude rund schwadronukal.
eee kettukatha engane vikasichuvennu rund udaaharanagal vyakthamaakkunnu. aadyam, motor vaahanangalude labhyatha kuravaayathinaal, thoonukal tank virudha aayudangal valikkaan kuthirakale upayogichu. randaamathaayi, poolish kuthirappadaye jarmman taankukal pidikoodi swathanthramaayi poraadaan shramicha chila sambhavangal undaayi. ennirunnaalum, kuthirappada upayogichu taankukale akramikkaan poolish sainyam thiranjedutthuvennu ithinarthamilla. pinneedu, kizhakkan munnaniyil, chuvanna sainyam jarmmankaarkkethire kuthirappadaye phalapradamaayi vinyasichu.
kuthirappadaykku pakaram kuthirappadayanu kooduthal sariyaaya padam, kaaranam kuthirakale praadhamikamaayi gathagatha maargamaayi upayogichirunnathinaal yudhathinu munbulla polandile valare mosham rooad avastha kanakkileduthu avaa valare anuyojyamaayirunnu. mattoru puraanam poolish kuthirappadaye saabarukalum eenangalum upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaayi visheshippikkunnu; eenangal samadhaanakaala aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkku mathramaayirunnu upayogichirunnathu, 1939-ll poolish kuthirappadayaaliyude praadhamika ayudham oru rifilaayirunnu. orupakshe susthaapithamaaya paarambaryam kaaranam vyakthigatha upakaranagalil oru sabar ulppettirikkaam, oru samgharsha pooraattatthinte kaaryatthil eee dvitheeya ayudham oru raifilinekkaalum bionettinekkaalum falapradamaayirikkum. koodaathe, 1939-leeii poolish kuthirappadayude yudhakramathil, kuthirappuratthu kayarunna sainikarkk purame, bharam kuranjathum bhaarameriyathumaaya mesheen gannukal (chakrangalulla), aanti-tank raifil, model 35, vimana virudha aayudangal, bofozhs 37 emm polulla aanti tank peerankikal, laitt, scout taankukal ennivayum ulppedunnu. avasaanathe kuthirapadayum. europil kuthirappadayude paraspara akramanam nadannathu pooll, jarmman kuthirappada unitukal parasparam ettumuttiya crasnobroad yudhathil polandil vechaanu.
1945 march 1 nuu onnaam "varso" swatantra kuthirappadayude brigade sconfeld yudhathil yudhathinte avasana classical kuthirappadayude charge nadannu. jarmman sthaanathinethire kaalalppadayum taankukalum cheria thothil upayogichirunnuvenkilum thuranna thanneerthadangalil avaa randum thakarnnuveezhukayum 157-aamm noottaandile kunnin mukalile charivil jarmman kottakalil ninnulla kaalalppadayum antitank fire thanneerthadangalkku abhimukhamaayi aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. jarmmankaar thangalude sthaanam shakthippeduthumbol kuthirappadaye kanakkileduthirunnil, ithu "varso" yude drutha akramanavumaayi chernnu jarmman aanti-tank thokkukale marikadannu graamathilekku thanne akramanamaayi ekeekarikkukayum ippol kaalalppadayudeyum taankukaludeyum pinthunayode.
greak.
1940 octoberil itaaliyan greak adhiniveshathil albeniyayumaayulla parvatha athirthiyil greak prathirodhakkar kuthirappadaye phalapradamaayi upayogichu. moonnu greak kuthirappada rejimentukal (rund kuthirapadayum onnu bhaagikamaayi yanthravalkkarikkappettum) eee dushkaramaaya bhoopradeshathe itaaliyan paraajayatthil pradhana punk vahichu.
soviyatt.
aadhunika sainika pravartthana sidhaanthathinte vikasanathinu soviyatt kuthirappadayude sambhaavanakalum naasi germmany paraajayappedutthunnathil athinte praadhaanyavum taankukaludeyum vimaanangaludeyum uyarnna profileukal avaganichu. soviyatt kuthirappada akshasainyangalude paraajayathinu ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki. trekkukalum mattu upakaranangalum gunanilavaaram kuranjappol, aadyaghattangalil labhyamaya ettavum kooduthal sanjarikkunna sainikare nalkaanum pinvaangunna senakalkku samrakshanam nalkaanum avarkk kazhinju.
thaarathamyena parimithamaaya ennam kanakkiledukkumbol, yudhathinte aadyaghattangalil germmanic aadya yadhaartha parajayangal nalkunnathil soviyatt kuthirappada oru pradhana punk vahichu. mosco yudhathil, guderian, sakthamaaya madhya jarmman onpathaam sainyam ennivaykkethiraaya kuthirasavaari sainikarude thudarchayaaya sheshi pradharshippichu. paaval belovinu staavka oru mobail group nalki, elaitt 9-aamm tank brigade, skee bataaliyan, katyusha rokkatt launcher bataaliyan ennivayulppede, yoonittin puthiya aayudangalum labhichu. november avasaanathode, desember 5 nuu pothu akramanam aarambhichappol, soviyatt prathirodham aadyamaayi nadatthiya eee puthuthayi srishticha samgham. eee mobail unitukal palappozhum prathirodha, aakramana pravarthanangalil pradhana punk vahichu.
stalingrad yudhathil chuttupaadukal poortthiyaakkiya aadyathe soviyatt yoonittukalil kuthirapadayum ulppedunnu, angane jarmman aaraamathe sainyathinte vidhi adachu. 1945 eprilil chila kosak kuthirappada unitukal reykkstaagil athiyathode berlin chuttikkarangunnathil soviyatt sainyavum oru punk vahichu. yudhathiludaneelam avar bridge headukal pidichedukkunnathu polulla pradhana jolikal cheythu, ithu yudhathile ettavum budhimuttulla jolikalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, palappozhum kuranja ennathil athu cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, 2-aamm gards kuthirappada vibhaagathile (soviyatt union) 8-aamm gards kuthirappada rejiment, 1-aamm gards kuthirappada palappozhum jarmman unitukalekkaal kooduthal ennam pooraadiyirunnu.
yudhathinte avasaanakhattangalil soviyatt union mathramaayirunnu yanthravalkkarikkappettum kuthirakalullathumaaya yoonittukalil ganyamaaya ennam gadippichirunna unitukal nirtthiyirunnathu. eee thanthraparamaaya sameepanathinte pradhana nettam munnerunna taankukalumaayi vegatha nilanirthaan kuthirappadaye praapthamaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. kuthirasavaarikkaare nilanirthunnathinu anukoolamaaya mattu gadakangalil uyarnna nilavaaramulla russian kosaakkukal ulppedunnu, ithu yudhathiludaneelam kuthirasavaari nadathunna soviyatt kuthirappadayude pakuthiyolam nalki. rodukalude abhavam kizhakkan munnaniyude pala bhagangalilum chakra vaahanangalude falaprapti parimithappedutthiyathinaal avar yudhathanthrangalil mikavu pulartthi. mattoru pariganana, valare valia motor cheytha sainyathe pinthunaykkaan mathiyaya logistic sheshi palappozhum labhyamallennathaayirunnu, athesamayam pradhana sainyathil ninnu verpett swantham munkaiyil pravartthikkumbol kuthirappadaye paripalikkaan thaarathamyena eluppamaayirunnu. soviyatt kuthirappadayude pradhana upayogam munnirayiloodeyulla nuzhanjukayattavum thudarnnulla aazhathilulla reydukalum ulppedunnu, ithu jarmman vitharana lainukale kramarahithamakki. pradhana munnira pravarthanangalilum munnettangalilum shatru senaye pinthirippikkukayennathu mattoru punk.
hangarian.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, royal hangarian sainyathinte husaarukal saadhaaranayaayi soviyatt senakalkkethire rahasyaanveshana pravartthanangal ettedukkaan maathrame upayogichirunnulloo, thudarnnu sekshan allengil schwadron shakthiyude ditaachmentukalil maathram.
1941 august 16 nuu nikkolevil lefttanant kenal calman micux aanu avasaanamaayi rekhappeduthiya husar akramanam nadathiyathu. jarmman sainyathin munnil russian sthaanangal takarkkaan sainyathe shakthippeduthunnathinaayi ethiya husaarukale niyamichu. vaalukalum submussin thokkukalum gadippicha husaarukal orotta aakramanathil russian lineukal thakarthu.
jarmman udyogasthanaaya eric kernn avasaanamaayi nadatthiya husar aakramanathekkurichulla oru driksaakshi vivaranam 1948-ll addehathinte oormmakkurippil ezhuthiyittundu
... uyarnna railway karayil svayam kuzhicha theevramaaya prathirodha shathruvumaayi njangal veendum kadinamaaya poraattatthilaayirunnu. njangal ithinakam naalu thavana aakramikkappettittund, naalu thavanayum njangale thirichadichu. bataaliyan commander sathyam cheythenkilum kambani commandermar nissahaayaraayi. thudarnnu, ennamatta thavana njangal aavasyappetta peeranki sahaayathin pakaram, oru hangarian husar rejiment sambhavasthalathu prathyakshappettu. njangal chirichu. avarude manoharavum gambheeravumaaya kuthirakalumayi avarkk ivide enthaanu vendathu? njangal pettennu maravichu eee hangariyakkaarkku bhranthaayi. oru kuthirappada schwadronine pinthudarnnu kuthirappada schwadron aduthuvannu. command vaakk muzhangi. venkala-thavitt, nerttha rydermar avarude thaadiyilekku valarnnu.
avarude thilangunna swarnna parolis kenal avante vaal idichu. naalo ancho kavachitha kaarukal chirakil ninnu murichumaattukayum rejiment uchakazhinju sooryaprakaashathil minnunna vaalukal upayogichu vishalamaaya samathalathiloode murichumaattukayum cheythu. seedlits munbu orikkal ithupole aakramichu. ellah jagrathayum marannukondu njangal kavarukalil ninnu kayari. ithellaam oru mikacha kuthirasavaari sinima poleyaayirunnu. aadyathe shottukal pottipurappettu, pinneedu pathiv kuranjirunnu. ithuvare njangalude aakramanangale kadutha nischayadaarthyathode pinthirippicha soviyatt rejiment ippol thirinj paribhraanthiyode thangalude sthaanangal vittupokunnathu njangal athbhuthappetta annukalode, avishwaasathode kandu. vijayikalaaya hangariyakkaar avarude munnil russiakkaare pinthudarnnu avarude thilangunna sabarukal upayogichu avare murichumaatti. husser vaal rashyakkaarude njarambukalkku alppam kooduthalaayirunnathaayi thonnunnu. ippol, orikkal, purathana ayudham aadhunika upakaranangale marikadannu...
itaaliyan.
itaaliyan kuthirappadayude avasaanathe mounded sabar charge 1942 august 24 nuu russiayile isbusenskyil sambhavichu, appol savoya kuthirappada rejimentinte oru schwadron 812-aamath cyberian kaalaalppada rejimentine aakramichu. rejimentinte bakkiyullavar, nowara lancermarodoppam oru aakramanathiloode erangiyappol irubhaagathum kanatha nashtangalkku sesham russiakkaar pinvaangiyathode avasaanichu. 1942 october 17nuu pologil (ippol croatia) alexandria kuthirappadayude oru schwadron oru valia koottam yugoslav pakshakkaarkkethire itaaliyan kuthirappadayude avasana nadapadi nadannu.
mattu akshashakthikal.
russiayil ninnu achuthandinte sainyam pinvaangiyathinetthudarnnu roman, hangarian, itaaliyan kuthirappadaye pirichuvidukayo pirichuvidukayo cheythu. yudhathinte avasana naalukal vare jarmmani chila mounded (saikkilukalumayi kalarnna) ss, cosac unitukal nilanirtthi.
finnish.
thudarchayaaya yudhathil finland russian sainyathinethire vanapradeshangalil kuthirasavaari nadatthiya sainyathe phalapradamaayi upayogichu. avasaanathe finnish kuthirappada yoonit 1947 vare pirichuvidappettirunna.
amerikkakkaaran.
yuu.ezz. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathaanu sainyathinte avasana kuthirappadayude pravartthanangal nadannathu eiii) 26-aamath kuthirappada rejiment-philippain skauttukalude oru cheria kuthirappada rejiment, baattaan upadveepil pinvaangumbol japanese sainyavumayi poraadi, 1942 januvariyode athu phalapradamaayi nasippikkappedunnathuvar; bii) yuu. esile kuthirappadayude rahasyaanveshana vibhaagam pidicheduttha jarmman kuthirakale aakramichu.ezz. 1945 eprilil italiyile poow thaazhvarayiludaneelam jarmman sainyathinte kunthatthe pinthudarunna pathaamatthe parvathavibhagam. avasaanathe kuthirayuyarthiya yuu.ezz. kuthirappadaye (randaamathe kuthirappada vibhaagam) 1944 maarchil irakki.
britishukaar.
muun varsham syriayile vichi franchukaarkkethire kuthirasavaari cheythathinetthudarnnu raajnjiyude swantham yorkshare dragonukal (yomanri) oru motorised rolaayi parivartthanam cheytha 1942 march 1 muthal ellah britiish armi kuthirappada rejimentukalum yanthravalkkarikkappettu. britiish saamrajya senayude avasana kuthirappadayude akramanam 1942 march 21 nuu barma athirthi senayude 60 sakthamaaya patrolling central miyaanmarile tungoo airfieldinu sameepam japanese kaalalppadaye nerittappol nadannu. central india kuthirappadayude (21-aamath rajaavaaya jorjju vinte swantham kuthira) kyapttan arther sandmante neethrthwathil athirthi senayile sikh kuthirappadayaalikku pazhaya reethiyil saabarukal earppeduthukayum avaril bhooribhaagavum kollappedukayum cheythu.
mangolian.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte praarambhaghattangalil, mangolian peeples aarmiyude kuthirasavaari unitukal jappan sainyathe akramikkunnathinethire khaalkhin goal yudhathil earppettirunnu. jorji shukovinte neethrthwathil soviyatt sena mangolian sainyavum chernnu japanese aaraamathe sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum soviyatt-japanese athirthi yudhangal phalapradamaayi avasanippikkukayum cheythu. 1941leeii soviyatt-japanese nishpakshatha udambadikku sesham, mangolia yudhathiludaneelam nishpakshamaayi thudarnnu, ennaal athinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sahacharyam ardhamaakkunnathu jappan senaykkum soviyatt union idayil raajyam oru rakshaakarthaavaayi pravarthichu ennaanu. janasamkhyayude 10 shathamaanatholam aayudhangalkk keezhil sookshikkunnathinu purame, mangolia soviyatt sainyathinte upayogathinaayi araa dasalaksham pariseelanam labhicha kuthirakale nalki. 1945ll bhaagikamaayi kuthirasavaari nadatthiya soviyatt-mangolian kuthirappadayude yanthravalkkaricha samgham soviyatt manchuria adhiniveshathinte padinjaaran bhaagath oru pinthuna punk vahichu. mangolian sainyathinte kuthirappada unitukal avasaanamaayi kanda sajeeva sevanam mangolia republic oof chinayum thammilulla athirthi ettumuttalukalil 1946-1948 ll sambhavichu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla kaalam muthal innuvare.
mikka aadhunika "kuthirappada" unitukalkkum munbu kuthirasavaari nadathiyirunna sainikarumaayi chila charitraparamaaya bandhamundengilum ithu ellaayppozhum anganeyalla. aadhunika airish prathirodha senayil (dii. eph) kavachitha kaarukalum thel track cheytha yuddha rahasyaanveshana vaahanangalum sajjeekarichirikkunna oru "kuthirappada" yum ulppedunnu. 1922ll sthaapithamaayathinushesham dii. eph. kuthirappadaye orikkalum ulppeduthiyitla (aachaaraparamaaya avasarangalil peerankippadayil ninnu aavashyamullappol neela husaarukalude oru cheria kuthirappadaye akambadi ozhike). ennirunnaalum, kuthirappadayude nigoodatha enthennaal ellaayppozhum oru yaanthrika senaykk eee peru avatharippikkappettu.
20-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum nadanna garilla yudhangalil chila ettumuttalukalil, prathyekichu mosham gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangalulla pradeshangalil pakshapaathaparamo garilla poraalikalo aaya sainikarkkethire, kuthirasavaari nadathiyirunnu. atharam unitukal kuthirappadayalla, marichu kuthirappadayayi upayogichirunnu. afgaanisthaan, porchugees aphrica, rodeshya ennividangalil udaaharanagal sambhavichu. franch sainyam aljeeriyan yudhasamayathu (1954-62) patrolling jolikalkkaayi parimithamaaya alavil nilavilulla mounded schwadronukalaaya spaahikale upayogichu. 1973 vare swis sainyam yuddha aavasyangalkkaayi oru kuthirappadaye upayogicha dragon rejiment nilanirtthi. porchugees sainyam kuthirappadaye upayogichukondu 1960 kalilum 1970 kalilum angola mosambikkileyum swaathanthryasamarangalil kurachu vijayam nedi. rodatian bush yudhasamayathu robert mugabe, joshuva encomo ennivarude vimatha senaykkethire paarambaryethara nadapadikalkkethire pooraadunnathinaayi rodatian sainyam grays scouts enna elaitt mounded infantry yoonit srishtichu. skauttukalude kuthirappurathu kayarunna kaalaalppada phalapradamaayirunnu, vimatha aafrikkan senayile avarude athiraalikal bhayappettathayi reportund. 1978 muthal nilavile afghan aabhyantharayudha kaalaghattatthil kuthirappurathu kayarunna pooraattatthinte niravadhi sambhavangal undaayittund.
madhya, thekke american sainyangal eshya, europe, vadakke america ennivayekkaal kooduthal kaalam kuthirappadaye nilanirtthi. 1990kalude madhyathode meksikkan sainyathil kuthirappurathu kayarunna niravadhi kuthirappada rejimentukal ulppettirunnu, 1983ll chilian sainyathin parvathanirayil kayarunna sainikarenna nilayil atharam anchu rejimentukal undaayirunnu.
1955 vare soviyatt sainyam kuthirappada vibhagangal nilanirtthi.
ooppareshan kuthirappada.
innu indian sainyathinte 61-aamath kuthirappada ippozhum pravartthana sheshiyulla ettavum valia kuthirappada yoonittaanenn report cheyyappedunnu. 1951ll gwalior, jodhpur, mysur ennividangalile samyuktha samsthaana kuthirappada schwadronukalil ninnaan ithu uyarnnathu. praadhamikamaayi aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkumbol, aabhyanthara surakshaykko aavashyamenkil police rolukalkko rejimentine vinyasikkaam. 61-aamath kuthirapadayum presidentinte body gard ellah varshavum puthutilliyil poornna vasthra unifomil paredu nadathunnu, ithu orupakshe lokath ippozhum kaanaatha parambaraagatha kuthirappadayude ettavum valia sammelanamaanu. indian, paakistaan sainyangal pathonpathaam noottaandil lancer allengil kuthira enna thalakkettukalulla kavachitha rejimentukal paripaalikkunnu.
2007 leeii kanakkanusarichu, chainees peeples liberation armi athirthi patrolling aavasyangalkkaayi sinjiangil kuthirasavaari nadathunna rund battaaliyanukale niyamichu. 1970kalilum 1980kalilum viyatnaamumaayulla athirthi ettumuttalukalilaanu plaa mounded unitukal avasaanamaayi pravarthichathu, athinusesham 1980kalil pradhana sainika valippathinte bhaagamaayi mikka kuthirappada yoonittukalum pirichuvittu. 2008leeii sichuwan bhookambathinte pashchaathalatthil, dushkaramaaya bhoopradesangalil duranta nivaaranathinaayi sainyathinte kuthirakalude pattika punarnirmikkaan ahvaanam cheyyappettu. scouting, logistic, athirthi suraksha aavasyangalkkaayi sinjiangileyum innar mangoliayileyum schwadron shakthiyil pii. ell. eiii pravartthana kuthirappadaye paripaalikkunnuvenn thudarnnulla chainees maadyama reportukal sthireekarikkunnu.
chili sainyam ippozhum oru mixed kavachitha kuthirappada rejiment paripaalikkunnu, athinte gadakangal angol nagaram aasthaanamaayulla parvatha paryaveshana sainikaraayi pravartthikkunnu, ithu III parvatha divishante bhagamaanu, koodaathe chaittan pattanatthile mattoru swatantra paryavekshana kuthirappadayude dittaachmentum. parukkan parvathapradeshangal aaa upayogathinu anuyojyamaaya prathyeka kuthirakale upayogikkendathundu.
arjanteeniyan sainyathin rund kuthirappada yoonittukalund kooduthalum aachaaraparamaaya chumathalakal nirvahikkunnathum ennaal athe samayam presidentinte surakshayude utharavaadithamullathumaaya kuthirappadayude rejiment (eee saahacharyathil, kaalalppadayaayi pravartthikkunnu), naalaamathe parvatha kuthirappada rejiment (kutirayum bharam kavachitha schwadronukalum ulkkollunnu), saan martin dii loss andsilaanu nilayurappichirikkunnathu, avide aaraamathe parvatha brigedinte bhaagamaayi paryaveshana punk undu. sainyathinte mikka kavachitha kuthirappada yoonittukalum swaathanthrya yudhangalil ninnulla pazhaya kuthirappada rejimentukalude pingamikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe avarude parambaraagatha perukalaaya husaarukal, curasiers, lancerukal muthalaayava nilanirthunnu., unifom. kuthirasavaari pariseelanam avarude paarambaryatthinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayi thudarunnu, prathyekichu udyogastharkkidayil.
aachaaraparamaaya kuthirapadayum kavachitha kuthirapadayum parambaraagatha padavikal nilanirthunnu.
aljeeriyan, arjanteeniyan, bolivian, brazilian, britiish, bulgarian, canadian, chilian, columbian, dutch, finnish, franch, hangarian, indian, itaaliyan, jordan, malaysian, morocan, neppali, nigerian, vadakkan corian, omaani, pakistani, panamian, paragvian, peruvian, poolish, porchugees, russian, senegalese, spanish, sweedish, thaay, tunisian, turkmenistan, yunaittad stetts, urugvaayan, veneswellen sayudha senakal poornnamaayum praadhamikamaayum aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi kuthirappadayo kuthirappadayo nilanirthunnu.
britiish sainyathile niravadhi kavachitha rejimentukal husaarukal, dragonukal, laitt dragonukal, draagan gaardukal, lancerukal, yomaniri ennivayude charitraparamaaya padavikal nilanirthunnu. life gaardukalude kuthirappada schwadron, blues aandu royalsinte kuthirappada schwadron, gaarhika kuthirappadayude samsthaana kahalangal, gaarhika kuthirappadayude kuthirappadayude kuthirappadayude baand enniva ulppedunna gaarhika kuthirappadaye maathrame landanil aachaaraparamaaya chumathalakalkkayi paripaalikkunnulloo.
franch sainyathin ippozhum curasiers, husaarukal, chaasiyezhs, dragonukal, spaahikal ennee charitraparamaaya padavikal ulla rejimentukal undu. republican gaardinte kuthirapadayum kuthirappada/kavachitha shaakhakalkkaayi aupachaarikamaaya "adambara" kaahalangalude oru vibhaagavum maathramaan ippol gadippichirikkunnathu.
canadian sainyathil, royal canadian husaarukal (montriyal), govarnor generalinte kuthirappadayaalikal, loard straatkonayude kuthira, britiish columbia dragonukal, royal canadian dragonukal, southu alberta laitt hozhs ennivayulppede niravadhi saadhaarana, reserve unitukalkku kuthirappadayude verukalundu. ivayil, loard straatkonayude kutirayum govarnor generalinte kuthirapadayum maathramaan kuthirappurathu kayarunna kuthirappadayude audyogika sainikavibhaagamo schwadrono paripaalikkunnath.
aadhunika paakistaan sainyam lancer, kuthirappada allengil kuthira enna charitraparamaaya padaviyulla 40 kavachitha rejimentukal paripaalikkunnu. ivayil aarr ennam pathonpathaam noottaandilethaanu, ennirunnaalum presidentinte body gaard maathramaan kuthirappurathu nilkkunnath.
2002ll russian federationte sainyam charitraparamaaya unifom dharicha oru aachaaraparamaaya kuthirappadaye veendum avatharippichu.
aadhunika yanthravalkkarikkappetta unitukalkkaayi parambaraagatha thalakkettukal (laitt hozhs allengil mounted raifilukal) nilanirthunna britiish sambradaayam australian, nyoosiland sainyangal pinthudarunnu. ennirunnaalum, iru raajyangalum kuthirappurathu kayarunna yoonit nilanirthunnilla.
aadhunika yunaittad stetts sainyathinte niravadhi kavachitha unitukal "kavachitha kuthirappada" enna padavi nilanirthunnu. helikopttarukal sajjeekarichirikkunna "eyar kuthirappada" yoonittukalum amerikkayilund. yuu. yude kuthirappadayude ditaachment.ezz. 1880kalil american kuthirappada upayogikkunna aayudangal, upakaranangal, upakaranangal, saankethikavidyakal enniva ekadeshamaayi kanakkakkaan pariseelanam labhicha, sajeeva duty sainikar ulkkollunna sainyathinte onnaam kuthirappada division ippozhum oru sajeeva unitaayi pravartthikkunnu.
noonn-combatt support rolukal.
federal sevanathilaayirikkumbol oru poratta senayaayi pravartthikkunna pensylvania armi naashanal gaardinullile oru sannadha yoonittaan phastt troop philadelphia sitti kuthirappada, ennaal samsthaana sevanathilaayirikkumbol oru kuthirappura duranta nivaarana rolil pravartthikkunnu. koodaathe, texas eiii & emm sarvakalaashaalayile kedattukalude corpsinte bhagamaaya oru reserve officer training corps yoonittaan paarsans mounded kuthirappada. vaali forge milittari academyilum collegilum dii-troop ennariyappedunna oru mounded kambaniyumundu.
chilar vyakthigathamayi yuu.ezz. samsthaanangal athath samsthaana prathirodha senayude bhaagamaayi kuthirappada unitukal paripaalikkunnu. maryland prathirodha senayil oru kuthirappada yoonit, kuthirappadayude oru yoonit enniva ulppedunnu, ithu praadhamikamaayi oru aachaaraparamaaya unitaayi pravartthikkunnu. yoonit parisheelanatthil 1926 yuu adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru sabar yogyathaa kozhs ulppedunnu.ezz. armi kozhs. kuthirappadayude oru vibhaagam mattu maryland ejansikale grameena thirachilinum rakshaapravarthanathinum sahayikkunnu. masaachyusetsil, deseeya lancermar 1836 ll sthaapithamaaya oru sannadha kuthirappada milishya unitilekku avarude vamshavali kandethunnu, nilavil masaachyusets samghaditha milishyayude audyogika bhaagamaayi samghadippikkappedunnu. deseeya lancermar moonnu unitukal paripaalikkunnu, eiii, bii, sii ennee sainikar, avaa aachaaraparamaaya rolil pravartthikkukayum thirachilum rakshaapravarthanangalum sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. 2004 joolaiyil, 2004 leeii demookratik naashanal kanvenshanil camp curtis gild samrakshikkunnathinaayi deseeya lancermare sajeeva samsthaana sevanathilekku utharavittu. connectikkattile govarnorude kuthirappadayaalikal nagaratthile alkkootta niyanthranatthil pariseelanam labhicha rund kambanikale paripaalikkunnu. 2020ll california stettu gaard 26-aamath mounded ooppareshans ditaachmentaaya serch aandu rescue kuthirappada yoonittine uyarthi.
saamoohika padavi.
naagarikathayude thudakkam muthal irupathaam noottaand vare, kanatha kuthirappadayude kuthirakalude udamasthaavakaasham sthirathaamasamaakkiya janangalkkidayil sambathinte adayaalamaanu. oru kuthirappadayude kuthirayude prajananathinum parisheelanathinum bhakshanathinum upakaranangalkkumayi ganyamaaya chelavu ulppedunnu, koodaathe oru gathagatha maarggam ennathilozhike valare kurachu uthppaadanakshamathayulla upayogamundu.
ekkaaranathaalum palappozhum nirnnayakamaaya sainika punk kaaranam kuthirappada saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna saamoohika padaviyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. oru prabhuvu kavachitanum kuthirappurathumulla yudhathil praveshikkukayum cheruthaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya karshakarude oru samghathe kaalnadayaayi konduvarikayum cheiyumennu pratheekshichirunna fudal sanbradaayathilaanu ithu ettavum vyakthamaayi kaanappettath. bhoovudamakalum karshaka nikuthidaayakarum samgharshathilaayaal, mosham pariseelanam labhicha kaalaalppadayaalikalkk kavachitharaya kuthirakale paraajayappeduthaan kazhivillaayirunnu.
pilkkala deseeya sainyangalil, kuthirappadayile oru udyogasthanenna nilayil sevanam pothuve uyarnna saamoohika padaviyude oru badjaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, 1914 nuu munbu britiish kuthirappada rejimentukalile mikka udyogastharum saamoohikamaayi prathyekaavakaashamulla pashchaathalatthil ninnullavaraayirunnu, line infantry rejimentukalile udyogastharkku avarude shambalathil jeevikkaan kazhinjittum avarude rolumaayi bandhapetta ganyamaaya chelavukalkku pothuve swakaarya marggangal aavashyamaayirunnu. vividha europian sainyangalile pavapetta kuthirappada udyogastharkku thurannirikkunna oopshanukalil fashion kuranja (palappozhum uyarnna professional aanenkilum) athirthi allengil colonial yoonittukalulla sevanam ulppedunnu. britiish indian kuthirappada, russian kosaakkukal allengil franch chaasiyezhs dii aphrik enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum mikka raajavaazhchakalum avarude rajakeeya allengil saamraajyathva kaavalkkaril kuthirappadayude oru ghadakam nilanirtthi. aachaaraparamaaya escortukalum kottara kaavalkkaarum nalkunna cheria unitukal muthal sajeeva sevanathinaayi uddeshichittulla valia roopeekaranangal vare ithil ulppedunnu. spanish raajakudumbathinte kuthirasavaari akambadi prussian saamraajyathva gaardinte munkaala kuthirappadayudeyum panthrand kuthirappadayudeyum oru udaaharanam nalki. rund saahacharyangalilum atharam yoonittukalile udyogasthare athath samoohangalile prabhukkanmaril ninnu aakarshikkan saadhyathayund.
sinimayil.
kuthirappadayude aakramanathinte shabdavum shakthiyum 1970-leeii "waterloo" enna chithratthil ninnu manassilakkaam, athil 2,000 kuthirappadayaalikal undaayirunnu, avaril chilar kosakkukalaayirunnu. kuthirappadaye valia thothil kaikaaryam cheyyaan aavashyamaaya kuthirappadayude vishadamaaya pradarshanangal ithil ulppedunnu (aazhathilulla cheli kuthirakale ganyamaayi mandeebhavippicha waterloo yudhathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi). gaari kooppar sinimayaaya "avar kordurayilekku vannu" march muthal yudharekha roopeekaranam vare vinyasichirikkunna oru kuthirappadayude oru rangam ulkkollunnu. oru cheria thothilulla kuthirappadayude charge "" (2003) ll kaanaan kazhiyum; poortthiyaaya ramgathinu computer srishticha ganyamaaya chithrangalundenkilum, ridermaarude asamskritha drishyangalum prathikaranangalum vipuleekritha pathippaya dvd anubandhangalil kaanikkunnu.
kuthirappadayude pravartthanangal kaanikkunna mattu sinimakalil iva ulppedunnu

