
septhuvajint

chilappol greak pazhaya niyamamo ezhupathukalude vivarthanamo ennum palappozhum lxx ennum churukkipparayappedunna septhuvaajint (), yadhaartha hebruvil ninnulla hebru baibilinte nilavilulla aadyakaala greak vivarthanamaan. tolami randaaman philadelphasinte (285-247 bce) abhyarthana maanich israelile panthrand gothrangalil oronnil ninnum aarr veetham ezhupathirandu jootha vivarthakar "joothanmaarude niyamangal" greak bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheythuvennu philocratesinulla prabhukkanmaarude kathil rekhappeduthiyittulla kathayil ninnaan poornna greak thalakkett uruthirinjathu.
hebru bybilile aadya anchu pusthakangal bii. sii. moonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathilo madhyathilo tolomic raajyathil thamasikkunna juthanmaar baibil hebroovil ninnu coyin greekkilekk vivarthanam cheythathaanennu baibil pandithanmaar sammathikkunnu. bakkiyulla pusthakangal bii. sii. iii randaam noottaandil vivarthanam cheyyappettathaakaam. randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthil baibil aramic bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheiyukayo vyaakhyaanikkukayo cheiyunna chila taargumimukalum nirmikkappettu.
randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthil kurachu aalukalkk maathrame samsarikkaan kazhiyoo, athil kurachuperkku maathrame hebru bhashayil vaayikkaan kazhiyoo; akkaalat jootha samoohathil ettavum kooduthal samsaaricha bhashakal koyin greak aramic bhashayumaayirunnu. athinaal septhuvajint jootha samoohathile oru aavasyam thripthippeduthi.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
vettas testamentam ex version septtuvaajinta interprettam" ("ezhupathu vivarthakarude pathippil ninnulla pazhaya udambadi") enna laattin vaakyathil ninnaan "septtuvaajint" enna padam uruthirinjathu. eee vaachakam athil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. hippoyude aagasttin kaalam (354-430 CE) vare jootha thiruvezhuthukalude greak vivarthanathe laattin padamaaya "septhuvaaginta" ennu vilichirunnu. roman akkamaaya lxx (ezhupathu) saadhaaranayaayi soothravaakyam _ 1 allengil "g" ennathinu purame oru churukkapperaayi upayogikkunnu.
rachana.
jootha ithihaasam.
paarambaryamanusarichu, tolami randaaman philadelphus (eejipthile greak faravo) ezhupathirandu jootha vivarthakare-israelile panthrand gothrangalil oronnil ninnum aarr perr-jerusalemil ninnu alexandriayilekku ayachu, baibil hebroovil ninnu "thaanaakh" koyin greekkilekk vivarthanam cheiyunnathinaayi, thante libraryil ulppeduthunnathinaayi. eee vivaranam addehathinte sahodaran philocratesinu nalkia prabhukkanmaarude kapadalekhanatthil kaanapedunnu, alexandriayile philoo, josephus ("joothanmaarude puraavasthukkalil"), pilkkala srothassukal (hippoyude augustin ulppede) enniva aavarthikkunnu. babylonian talmoodinte tractate megilla ithu kaanapedunnu
israelile panthrand gothrangalil oronnil ninnum aarr pandithanmaare thiranjedutthaanu pandithanmaarude ennam thiranjedutthathennu alexandriayile philoo ezhuthunnu. tolami raajaavinte bharanakaalathu panthrand gothrangal ippozhum nilaninnirunnuvennum nashtappetta panthrand gothrangalile patthu gothrangale ekadesham 500 varsham munbu assyria nirbandhichu punaradhivasippichittilne soochippikkunnathinaal alexandriayile philoyude eee prasthaavanayude krithyathayekkurichu ivide jagrata aavasyamaanu. pilkkaalatthe rabbinik paarambaryamanusarichu (greak vivarthanam vishudha grandhatthinte valachodikkalum sinagogil upayogikkaan anuyojyamallaathathum aayi kanakkakkiya), tevett upavaasathinte vaarshika patthaam theeyathikku rund divasam munbu tolomic septhuvajint nalkiyirunnu.
alexandriayude bhagam 3-leeii aristobulus parayunnathanusarichu, niyamatthinte chila bhagangal ariyappedunna septhuvaajint pathippin valare munbuthanne hebruvil ninnu greekkilekk vivarthanam cheyyappettirunnu. plaattoykkum pithagorasinum jootha niyamam ariyaamennum athil ninnu kadameduthuvennum addeham paranju.
1844-ll thante septhuvajint vivarthanathinte aamukhathil, lancelot chaals liie brantan, alexandriayile joothanmaaraanu septhuvajintinte rachayithaakkalaayirunnathenna sammathikkunnu, ennaal prabhukkanmaarude vivaranam oru punyakathayennu thallikkalayunnu. pakaram, "septhuvaajint" enna perinte yadhaartha uthbhavam aadyakaala pathipp rachayithakkal edittinginum amgeekaarathinumaayi alexandriayile jootha sunheadrinilekku ayachuvenna vasthuthayumayi bandhappettirikkunnave addeham avakaashappedunnu.
charithram.
greak aadyakaala koyin greekkine prathinidheekarikkunnathum bisi randaam noottaandil thanne aarambhicha avalambangalum bisi randaam noottaandile aadyakaala kayyezhuthuprathikalum ulppede niravadhi gadakangal bisi moonnaam noottaandil pentaattookkinte vivarthanathe pinthunaykkunnu. thoraykku sesham, mattu pusthakangal adutha rund moonnu noottaandukalil vivarthanam cheyyappettu. eathaanu eppol, evideyaanu vivarthanam cheythathennu vyakthamalla; chilath rund thavana (vyathyastha pathippukalilekku) vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum pinneedu parishkarikkappedukayum cheythirikkaam. vivarthakarude gunanilavaaravum sailiyum pusthakatthil ninnu pusthakathilekku, aksharaarthatthilulla vivarthanam muthal vaachakam vare, vyaakhyaana shaili vare ganyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
septuvajintinteyum septuvajintinteyum mattu pathippukalilekku vivarthana prakriya niravadhi ghattangalayi tirikkaam greak vaachakam hellenistic joothamathathinte saamoohika anthareekshathil nirmmikkappedukayum bisi 132 oode poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu. aadyakaala kristhumathatthinte vyaapanathode, eee septtuvajint vividha pathippukalil laattinilekk vivarthanam cheyyappettu, randaamathethu, mothatthil "vettas lattina" ennariyappedunnu, thudakkathil alexandriayil septtuvajint ennum ariyappettirunnu. kristheeya pazhaya niyamatthinte slavonic, syriac, pazhaya armeniyan, pazhaya georgian, kooptik pathipukalkkum septhuvajint adithara paakiyittund.
bhasha.
coyin greekkilaan septhuvaajint ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. chila vibhagangalil semittisangal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa hebru, aramic thudangiya semittik bhaashakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla bhaashakalum shailikalumaan. danielle, pazhanchollukal thudangiya mattu pusthakangalkk sakthamaaya greak swaadheenamundu.
septhuvaajint pree-masoretik hebroovinte uchaaranavum vyakthamaakkiyekkaam; sariyaaya niravadhi namangal vivarthanathil greak svaraaksharangal upayogichu ezhuthiyittundu, ennaal samakaalika hebru grandhangalil swaraaksharam illa. ennirunnaalum, ellah baibil hebru shabdangalkkum krithyamaaya greak thulyathakal undayirunnathaayi kaanaan saadhyathayilla.
canonical vyathyaasangal.
septtuvaajintil orotta ekeekritha corpus adangiyittilla. pakaram, ippol saadhaaranayaayi apocrypha ennu vilikkappedunna mattu jootha grandhangalkkoppam "thaanaakhinte" purathana vivarthanangalude oru shekharamaanithu. pradhanamaayi, septhuvajint ezhuthappetta noottaandilo athiladhikamo calatho hebru baibilinte canon vikasichukondirunnu. koodaathe, eee grandhangal vividha aalukal, vyathyastha sthalangalil, vyathyastha samayangalil, vyathyastha aavasyangalkkaayi, palappozhum vyathyastha yadhaartha hebru kayyezhuthuprathikalil ninnu vivarthanam cheythu.
thaanaakh" ennum vilikkappedunna hebru bybilinu moonnu bhaagangalunda "thora" ("niyamam"), "neveem" ("pravachakanmaar"), "kethuvim" ("rachanakal"). septhuvajintinu naalu undu niyamam, charithram, kavita, pravachakanmaar. aporifayude pusthakangal uchithamaaya sthalangalil chertthu. naalam noottaandil nirmmicha septhuvajintinte nilavilulla pakarppukalil, jootha canonil sthaapichittullathupole hebru bybilil illaathathum avayude ulladakkathil orupoleyallathathumaaya pusthakangalum kootticherkalukalum adangiyirikkunnu. chila pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil, eee adhika pusthakangal septhuvajintil ulppeduthiyittunde thelivukalonnumilla. septhuvajintinte eee pakarppukalil greekkil "anajignoscomina" ennum engleeshil duterocanon ("second kaanon" ennathinulla greak padangalil ninnu uruthirinjathu) ennum ariyappedunna pusthakangal ulppedunnu, avaa jootha canonil ulppeduthiyitla. eee pusthakangal bisi 200 num ce 50 num idayil ezhuthappettathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. avayil mcabeasinte aadyathe rund pusthakangal ulppedunnu; toobit; judith; solomonte njaanam; syrac; barook (jeramiyayude kathu ulppede), esthar, danielle ennivaykkulla kootticherkkalukal. danielle, esthar thudangiya chila pusthakangalude septhuvaajint pathipp rabbinik joothamathathil canonical ennu sthireekarikkappetta masoretik paatatthekkaal neelamullathaanu. jeramiyayude septhuvajint pusthakam masoretik paatatthekkaal cheruthaanu. solamante sankeerthanangal, 3 mcabees, 4 mcabees, jeramiyayude kathu, oods pusthakam, manasseyude praarthana, sankeerthanam 151 enniva septhuvajintinte chila pakarppukalil ulppeduthiyittundu.
randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthile juthanmaar septhuvajint vyaapakamaayi amgeekarichathaayi thonnumenkilum, purathana kaalam muthal niravadhi kaaranangalal mukhyadharaa rabbinik joothamatham ithu valia thothil thiruvezhuthaayi nirasichittundu. onnamathaayi, septhuvajint pala kesukalilum (prathyekichu job pusthakatthil) hebru srothass grandhangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. randaamathaayi, vivarthanangal chilappol ebraiah bhaashaapraadhaanyathekkurathu anjjatha prakadamaakkunnu. eee prathibhaasatthinte oru sradheyamaaya udaaharanam kaanappedunnath, athil hebru vaakk ('alma', engleeshilekku 'yuvathikal' ennu vivarthanam cheiyunna) koyin greekkilekk ('parthenos', engleeshilekku 'kanyaka' ennu vivarthanam cheiyunna) vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu. oduvil, thangalude paarambaryatthe septhuvajintine valareyadhikam aasrayikkunna kristhumathatthinte uyarnnuvarunna paarambaryatthil ninnu verthirichariyaan rabbikal aagrahichu.
hebru kaanonte pusthakangal adhika grandhangalumaayi ulkkollunna oru kristhyan canonaya greak pazhaya niyamatthinte paryaayamaayi septhuvajint maari. catholica sabayum kizhakkan yaadhaasthithika sabayum septambuvajintile mikka pusthakangalum avarude niyamangalil ulppeduthiyittundile protestant pallikal saadhaaranayaayi ulppedunnilla. parishkaranathinushesham, pala protestant baibilukalum jootha kaanon pinthudaraan thudangi, koodaathe adhika grandhangale (apocrypha ennu vilikkappedunna) noonn canonical ennu ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. baibilinte king jaims pathippil oru prathyeka thalakkettil apocrypha ulppeduthiyittundu.
avasana roopam.
paashchaathya pazhaya niyamathile ellah pusthakangalum baibil niyamangalum septambuvajintil kaanapedunnu, ennirunnaalum kramam ellaayppozhum paashchaathya pusthaka kramavumaayi poruthappedunnilla. naalam noottaandil ezhuthappetta aadyakaala kristhyan baibilukalil septhuvajint kramam vyakthamaan.
masoretik paatatthil verthirichirikkunna chila pusthakangal orumichu koottiyittundu. saamuvelinte pusthakangalum rajaakkanmaarude pusthakangalum septambuvajintil (bharanakaalathe) enna peril naalu bhaagangalulla oru pusthakamaanu. chronicles pusthakangal, koottaayi ariyappedunna παραλειπονων (ozhivakkiya kaaryangalude) supplement bharanagal. septhuvajint athinte panthrand bhaagangalulla pusthakatthil cheria pravaachakanmaare samghadippikkunnu.
chila purathana thiruvezhuthukal septhuvajintil kaanapedunnu, pakshe hebru bybilil kaanapedunnilla. adhika pusthakangal toobit; judith; solamante njaanam; siraakkinte makanaaya yeshuvinte njaanam; barook jeramiyayude aksharavum, athu valgettil baarookkinte aaram adhyaayamaayi maari; danielilekku kootticherkkalukal (asariyaasinte praarthana, moonnu kuttikalude gaanam, susanna, bell, draagan); estherilekku kootticherkkalukal; 1 mcabees; 2 mcabees; 3 mcabees; 4 mcabees; 1 esdras; oodes (manasseyude praarthana ulppede); solamante sankeerthanangal, sankeerthanam 151.
kumranil ninnu kandethiya dedd zee scrollukalil hebruvile duterocanonical pusthakangalude shakalangalum ulppedunnu. hebru bhaashayilulla vaachakam ithinakam keyro jenisayil ninnu ariyappettirunna syrac, hebru bhaashayilulla rund churulukalil (2 kyusir allengil 2 kyu 18,11 kyu pii ezz eiii allengil 11 kyu 5) kandethiyittundu. siraakkinte mattoru hebru churul masaadayil (massir) kandethiyittundu. toobit pusthakatthil ninnulla anchu sakalangal kumranil kandethiyittundu naalu aramic bhashayilum onnu hebru bhashayilum ezhuthiyittundu (pappiri 4q, nambarukal. 196-200). 1956ll kandethiya onnaam noottaandil nirmmicha oru churulaaya dedd zee scroll 11kupis (eiii) (11kupis) (11kupis) ll niravadhi canonical, noonn-canonical sankeerthanangalodoppam sankeerthanam 151 prathyakshappedunnu. eee churulukalil rund hraswa hebru sankeerthanangalundu, avayaanu sankeerthanam 151-nte adisthaanamennu pandithanmaar sammathikkunnu. eee pusthakangalude canonical sveekaaryatha kristheeya paarambaryamanusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu.
theodotionte vivarthanam.
daaniyalinte pusthakam 12-adhyaya masoretik paatatthilum rund dairkhyameriya greak pathippukalilum, yadhaartha septhuvaajint pathippilum, pinneedulla theodotion pathippilum samrakshikkappettittund. rund greak grandhangalilum danielilekku moonnu kootticherkkalukal adangiyirikkunnu asariyayude praarthanayum moonnu vishudha kuttikalude gaanavum; susannayudeyum mooppanmaarudeyum katha; belinteyum dragoninteyum katha. theodotion masoretik vaachakathodu valare aduthaanu, athu valare janapriyamaayitheernnathil athu septtuvajintinte thanne rund kayyezhuthuprathikalozhike matellaa pathippukalilum yadhaartha septtuvajint pathippine maatti. greak kootticherkkalukal orikkalum hebru vaachakathinte bhagamaayirunnilla. danielle pusthakatthinte niravadhi pazhaya greak grandhangal kandethiyittundu, pusthakatthinte yadhaartha roopam punarnirmmikkappedunnu.
upayogikkuka.
jootha upayogam.
alexandrian juthanmaar septhuvajintinte adikaaram ethratholam amgeekarichuvennu vyakthamalla. septhuvaajintinte kayyezhuthuprathikal mrithakkadal churulukalil ninnu kandethiyittundu, akkaalat vividha jootha vibhaagangalkkidayil ithu upayogichirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu.
pothuvarsham randaam noottaandil mikka juthanmaarum septhuvajint upekshikkaan niravadhi gadakangal kaaranamaayi. aadyakaala vijatheeya kristhyaanikal aavasyamillaathe septhuvajint upayogichu, kaaranam ithu bybilinte eaka greak pathippaanu, eee aadyakaala joothanmaarallaatha kristhyaanikalil mikkavarkkum (ellaavarkkum allengilum) hebru vaayikkaan kazhinjilla. oru ethiraaliyaaya mathavumaayulla septhuvajintinte bandham puthiya thalamurayile joothanmaarudeyum jootha pandithanmaarudeyum kannil athine samshayaaspadamaakkiyirikkaam. pakaram juthanmaar pinneedu masoraittukal samaaharicha hebru allengil aramic targum kayyezhuthuprathikalum ongalose, raabi yonathan benn usiyel thudangiya aadhikaarika aramic vivarthanangalum upayogichu.
septhuvaajintine sambandhichidatholam, mattu greak pathippukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, septhuvaajintum samakaalika hebru thiruvezhuthukalum thammilulla vyathyaasangal kandethiyathinethudarnn jootha anumathi nashtappedaan thudangi ennathaanu septhuvaajintine sambandhichidatholam ettavum pradhaanappettath. greak samsaarikkunna juthanmaar polum greekkile mattu jootha pathippukal (akvilayude vivarthanam polullava) eshtappedunnu, ithu samakaalika hebru grandhangalumaayi kooduthal yojikkunnuvennu thonni.
kristheeya upayogam.
aadyakaala kristhyan sabha greak grandhangal upayogichirunnu, kaaranam akkaalat roman saamraajyathinte "lingwa franca" yaayirunnu greak, greco-roman sabhayude bhashayum, athesamayam aramic syriac kristhumathatthinte bhashayumaayirunnu.
septhuvajintinte apostolica upayogavum hebru grandhangalum thammilulla bandham sankeernamaanu. apposthalanmaarude pradhana uravidamaayirunnu septhuvajint ennu thonnumenkilum athu mathramalla athu. sent. udaaharanathinu, jerom, yohannan 19:3, yohannan 7:38,1 korinthyar 2:9 enniva hebru grandhangalil kaanapedunna udaaharanangalaayi vaagdaanam cheythu, pakshe septhuvajintil allah. mathaayi 2:23 nilavile masoretik paarambaryatthilum illa; jerom parayunnathanusarichu, athu undaayirunnu. puthiya niyama rachayithakkal jootha thiruvezhuthukal udharikkumbol (allengil yeshu angane cheythathayi udharikkumbol) greak vivarthanam swathanthramaayi upayogichu, ithu yesuvum addehathinte apposthalanmaarum avarude anuyaayikalum athu vishwasaneeyamaayi kanakkakkunnuvennu soochippikkunnu.
aadyakaala kristheeya sabhayil, kristhuvinte kaalathinu munbu juthanmaar septhuvajint vivarthanam cheythuvennum chila sthalangalil randaam noottaandile hebru grandhangalekkaal kristheeya vyaakhyaanathin athu kooduthal sambhavana cheiyunnuvennum anumanikkappettu, "juthanmaar" hebru paatatthe kristheeyatha kuranja reethiyil maattimarichathinte thelivaayi ithu edukkappettu. septhuvaajint garbham dharikkunna oru "kanyaka" yeei (greak "παρθένος"; hebroovil "betulah") vyakthamaayi thirichariyunnuvennu irenius ezhuthunnu. hebru grandhatthile "alma" enna vaakk, irenius parayunnathanusarichu, theodotion akvila (jootha mathaparivarthanam cheythavar) garbham dharikkan pookunna oru "yuvavaayi" vyaakhyaanichu. veendum ireniusinte abhipraayathil, josafaanu yeshuvinte jeevashasthraparamaaya pithaav ennu avakashappedaan abioniteukal ithu upayogichu. pazhaya kristheeya-pree-septhuvajint vyakthamaakkunnathupole, ebraiah bhaashayile thiruvezhuthukalude kristhyan virudha mattangal mathavirudhathaykku soukaryamorukki.
jerom sabhayude paarambaryam thakarthu, thante valgettinte pazhaya niyamatthinte bhooribhaagavum greekkinekkaal hebruvil ninnu vivarthanam cheythu. addehathinte samakalikanaaya augustin addehathinte thiranjeduppine rookshamaayi vimarshichu. bhaashaashaasthraparavum daivashaasthraparavumaaya adisthaanathil septhuvajint sariyaakkunnathil hebru grandhangalude shreshtathaykkaayi jerom vaadichenkilum, mathavirudhathayude peril kuttaropithanaayathinaal addeham septhuvajint grandhangalum amgeekarichu. jeromile pathippinte sveekaaryatha vardhikkukayum athu septhuvaajintinte pazhaya laattin vivarthanangale maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu.
kizhakkan yaadhaasthithika sabha pazhaya udambadi mattu bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnathinulla adisthaanamaayi septhuvajint upayogikkaan eshtappedunnu, koodaathe greak aradhana bhashayaayirikkunna vivarthanam cheyyaatha septhuvajint upayogikkunnu. masoretik paatatthe adisthaanamaakki upayogikkunna pazhaya niyamatthinte vimarsanaathmaka vivarthanangal, avyakthamo kedaayatho avyakthamo aaya hebru vaachakathinte ardham punarnirmikkaan septhuvajintum mattu pathippukalum parisodhikkuka. puthiya jerusalem baibil aamukham anusarichu, "ithu (masoretik vaachakam) apoornnamaaya budhimuttukal avatharippikkumbol maathrame [polulla] bhedagathikalo mattu pathippukaloo undaakoo...] lxx, upayogichu."puthiya anthaaraashtra pathippinte vivarthakante aamukham iprakaaramaanu" vivarthakar septhuvajint [ulppede] kooduthal pradhanappetta aadyakaala pathippukalum (upadesham) parishodhichu...] eee pathippukalil ninnulla vaayana idaykkide emm. tii. samshayaaspadamaayi thonniyappol pinthudarnnu."
paatacharithram.
paata vishakalanam.
bii. sii. iii. moonnaam noottaand muthal onnaam noottaand vare ezhuthiyathaanu septhuvajint ennu aadhunika paandithyangal karuthunnu, ennaal nirddishta pusthakangal (bii. sii. iii. moonnaam noottaandinte arambham muthal pakuthi vare pentettookku ozhike) dating cheyyaanulla mikkavarum ellah sramangalum thaalkkaalikamaanu. pinneedu joothanmaarude parishkkaranangalum heebruvinethire greak bhaashayude punarnirmmanangalum nannayi saakshyappeduthiyittundu. akvila (128 sii. iii), symacus, theodotion ennivayaanu ettavum ariyappedunnathu. pazhaya greekkine (yadhaartha septhuvajint) apekshichu eee moonnum avarude samakaalika hebru thiruvezhuthukalude kooduthal aksharaarthatthilulla vivarthanangalaan. aadhunika pandithanmaar moonnil onno athiladhikamo hebru baibilinte puthiya greak pathippukalayi kanakkakkunnu.
uthbhavasthaanathe "hexapla" yude (hebru baibilinte aarr pathippukal adangiya vimarsanaathmaka pathipp) bhooribhaagavum nashtappettittundengil, shakalangalude niravadhi samahaarangal labhyamaan. origan pazhaya greekkinaayi (septhuvaajint) oru koolam sookshichu, athil ellah greak pathippukalil ninnumulla vaayanakalum oro variyum eathu pathippilekku (graa. ) ulppettathaayirunnu. orupakshe "hexapla" orikkalum poornnamaayum pakartthiyirunnilla, pakshe orijante samyojitha vaachakam pathivayi pakarthappedukayum (oduvil editting maarkkukal illaathe) septhuvaajintinte pazhaya samyojithamallaatha vaachakam avaganikkappedukayum cheythu. hexappler resension" ennu palappozhum vilikkappedunna septhuvajintinte aadyathe pradhana kristheeya resensionaayirunnu samyojitha vaachakam. lushian (lucianic, allengil aantioocheen, resension), hesisius (hesisian, allengil alexandrian, resension) ennivaykku kaaranamaayi jerom eee noottaandil mattu rund pradhana resensionukal thiricharinju.
kayyezhuthuprathikal.
septhuvajintinte ettavum pazhaya kayyezhuthuprathikalil bii. sii. iii. randaam noottaandile levittikkasinteyum duteronomy (ralfs nose) sakalangal ulppedunnu. 801, 819, 957), onnaam noottaandil uthbhavam, purappaadu, leviticus, samkhyakal, aavarthanapusthakam, panthrand cheria pravachakanmaar (alfred ralfs nambar 9) ennivayude sakalangal. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, 943). septhuvaajintinte thaarathamyena poornnamaaya kayyezhuthuprathikal hexappler resensionusheshamullavayaanu, koodaathe naalam noottaandil nirmmicha codex vaatikkanasum anchaam noottaandile codex alexandrinus ithil ulppedunnu. eathoru bhashayileyum pazhaya niyamatthinte ettavum pazhakkam chenna-nilanilkkunna eathaandu poornnamaaya kayyezhuthuprathikalaaniva; nilavilulla ettavum pazhakkam chenna samboornna hebru grandhangal ekadesham 600 varshangalkk sheshamullathaan, patthaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthi muthal. naalam noottaandile codex sinaiticus bhaagikamaayi nilanilkkunnu, niravadhi pazhaya niyamagrandhangalundu. jootha (pinneedu, kristhyan) parishkkaranangalum paaraayanangalum kodisukalude vyathiyaanathin pradhaanamaayum kaaranamaakunnu. codex marchalians mattoru sradheyamaaya kaiyezhuthuprathiyaanu.
vulgate, masoretik vaachakangalil ninnulla vyathyaasangal.
septhuvajintinte vaachakam saadhaaranayaayi masoraittukaludeyum vulgatinteyum vaachakathodu aduthaanu. septtuvajint, vulgate, masoretik tekst ennivayil genesis 4:1-6 samaanamaan, koodaathe adhyaayathinte avasaanam vare genesis 4:8 samaanamaan. aaa adhyaayathil 4:7 ennathil sradheyamaaya oru vyathyasam maathrameyulloo
septtuvajintum emm. tii. yum thammilulla vyathyaasangal naalu vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnu
maricha kadal churulukal.
dedd zee scrollukal (dii. ezz. ezz) ennariyappedunna kumranil ninnu kandethiya baibil kayyezhuthuprathikal hebru baibilumaayi (septhuvajint ulppede) bandhapetta grandhangalude thaarathamyathinu kaaranamaayi. vivarthanam cheytha churulukalude edittar immaanuval tove dii. ezz. ezz grandhangalude anchu vishalamaaya vakabhedangal thirichariyunnu
paata srothassukal vaividhyamaarnna vaayanakal avatharippikkunnu; bastian vaan elderen mosheyude gaanamaya duteronomy 32:43 yude moonnu vyathiyanangal thaarathamyam cheiyunnu
achadi pathippukal.
ellah achadi pathippukaludeyum vaachakam orijan, lucian allengil hesisius ennivayude paarayanangalil ninnaan uruthirinjathu
onomaastik.
vivarthakar avarude kruthiyude samayat abhimukheekaricha pradhana velluvilikalilonn, hebru bybilil upayogikkunna vividha onomaastik padangalkku anuyojyamaaya greak roopangal nadappaakkendathinte aavasyakathayil ninnaan. hebru bybilile mikka onomaastik padangalum (toponymukal, aanthroponimukal) chila sradheyamaaya ozhivaakkalukalode roopathilum shabdathilum samanamaaya anubandha greak padangalaal vivarthanam cheyyappettu.
aaa ozhivaakkalukalilonn aram, purathana arameen pradeshangalkkaayulla oru prathyeka koottam onomaastik padangalumaayi bandhappettirunnu. greak onomaastik padaprayogatthil ninnu swaadheenikkappettukondu, vivarthakar araamyarkkum avarude bhoomikkum bhashaykkum peraayi "syrian" labelukal upayogikkunna greak aacharam sweekarikkaan theerumaanichu, angane hebru bybilil upayogichirunna endonic (thaddesheeya) padangal upekshichu. greak vivarthanathil, araam pradeshathe saadhaaranayaayi "syria" ennum araamyare "syriakkaar" ennum label cheythirunnu. videsha padangal sweekarikkunnathum nadappaakkunnathum araamyanmaarumaayum avarude bhoomiyumaayum bandhapetta pilkkala padaavaliyil dooravyaapakamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi, kaaranam athe padavali pilkkala laattinilum engleesh vivarthanam ulppedeyulla septhuvajintinte mattu vivarthanangalilum prathiphalichu.
aaa prashnangale prathifalippikkunna american ooriyantalist roobert dablyu. roggers (dii. 1930) 1921-ll ingane ezhuthi "syria syriakkaarum engleesh pathippukalilekku vannath ettavum nirbhagyakaramaanu. athu ellaayppozhum aram araamyarum aayirikkanam ".
engleesh vivarthanangal.
1808-ll chaals thomson ezhuthiya aadyathe engleesh vivarthanam (apocrypha ozhivakkiya) sii. yill parishkarikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. eiii. 1954-ll muse cheyyukayum faalkkans wing pras prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
1854-ll lancelot brantan vivarthanam cheytha septhuvaajint vithu apocrypha greak, engleesh enniva pathippil ulppeduthiyittundu. ithu parambaraagatha vivarthanamaan, prasidheekaranam muthal mikkappozhum ithu maathrame eluppathil labhyamaakoo, ithu nirantharam achadiyilundu. codex vaattikkanasine adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivarthanathil greak, engleesh grandhangal samanthara kolangalil adangiyirikkunnu. alex", "jike" ennee churukkipparayunna oro pejilum sharashari naalu adikkurippulla, lipyantharana vaakkukal undu.
"samboornna apposthalanmaarude baibil" (pooll dablyu vivarthanam cheythu. esposito) 2007-ll prasidheekarichu. 23-aamm sankeerthanathile (orupakshe mattevideyengilum) masoretik vaachakam upayogichu, athu apocrypha ozhivaakkunnu.
septambuvajintinteyum mattu greak vivarthanangaludeyum oru puthiya engleesh vivarthanam parambaraagathamaayi aaa thalakkettil (netts) ulppeduthiyittundu, puthiya parishkaricha staanderd pathippine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru academic vivarthanam (masoretik paatatthe adisthaanamaakki) 2007 octoberil internaashanal oorganaiseshan phoor septambuvajint aandu kognettu stadees (iosc) prasidheekarichu.
2003ll prasidheekaricha "apostolica baibil polyglot" oru greak-engleesh interlinear septhuvaajint avatharippikkunnu. hebru kaanoninte greak pusthakangalum (apocrypha illaathe) greak puthiya niyamavum ithil ulppedunnu; yadhaartha numperingle illaatha vaakkukal cherkkaan srishticha sakthamaaya numpering sisttathinte oru puthiya pathippilekku baibil muzhuvan samkhyaaparamaayi coode cheythittundu. monotonic oorthograafiyilaanu pathipp sajjeekarichirikkunnath. eee pathippil oru baibil yojip soochikayum ulppedunnu.
2008-nte thudakkathil prasidheekaricha "oorthadoox stadi baibil", greak paatatthinte alfred raalfinte pathippine adisthaanamaakkiyulla septhuvaajintinte oru puthiya vivarthanam avatharippikkunnu. rund pradhana srothassukal koodi chertthittunda 1851 leeii brantan vivarthanavum hebru masoretik vaachakavumaayi vivarthanam poruthappedunna sthalangalil puthiya king jaims pathipp paatavum. eee pathippil enn. keey. jeey. vii. yude puthiya niyamavum kizhakkan yaadhaasthithika veekshanakonil ninnulla vipulamaaya vyaakhyaanavum ulppedunnu.
nicolas rajaavu "pazhaya udambadi" naalu vaalyangalilum "baibil" ennivayilum poortthiyaakki.
"brantans septhuvaajint, ristoord names pathipp" (srnv) rund vaalyangalayi prasidheekarichittundu. westminstar leningrad codexine adisthaanamaakkiyulla hebru-names restoration, daivika naamatthinte punasthaapanatthil shradha kendreekarikkunnu, koodaathe vipulamaaya hebru, greak adikkurippukalum undu.
"peettar eiii ezhuthiya "vishudha yaadhaasthithika baibil". paappouttisum maikkal azar ezhuthiya "ezhupathanusarichu pazhaya niyamavum" greak sabhayile aposthaliki diaconia prasidheekaricha greak septhuvaajint paatatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
2012-ll lexham pras "lexham engleesh septtuvaajint" (less) prasidheekarichu, ithu aadhunika vaayanakkaarkk septtuvaajintinte aksharaarthathilullathum vaayikkaavunnathum sutharyavumaaya engleesh pathipp nalkunnu. 2019-ll lexham pras "lexham engleesh septtuvaajint", randaam pathipp (less 2) prasidheekarichu, aadyathethinekkaal uthppaadippikkunnathine labhicha vaachakathil shradha kendreekarikkaan kooduthal shramichu. eee sameepanam reference pooyintine vaividhyamaarnna groupil ninnu orotta soochippikkunna vaayanakkaaranilekku mattunnathinaal, puthiya less aadya pathippinekkaal kooduthal sthiratha prakadippikkunnu. "lexham engleesh septhuvaajint (less), appol, greekkil ninnu nerittu nirmmicha elxxinte samakaalika engleesh vivarthanamaan."
samoohavum jenalum.
laabhechayillaathe padikkunna oru samoohamaaya internaashanal oorganaiseshan phoor septhuvajint aandu kognettu stadees (iosc) septhuvajintineyum anubandha grandhangaleyum kurichulla anthaaraashtra gaveshanavum padanavum prothsaahippikkunnu. kaambasukalilum communitykalilum pravartthanangal prolsaahippikkunnathi oru divasamaaya 2006 februvari 8 anthaaraashtra septambuvajint dinamaayi sosaitti prakhyaapichu. ioscs "jenal oof septhuvaajint aandu kognettu stadees" prasidheekarikkunnu.
baahya linkukal.
general
grandhangalum vivarthanangalum
elxx, enty

