indiayile manushyaavakashangal

lokathile ettavum valia paramadhikaaravum mathetharavum janaadhipathyaparavumaaya republicayi padavi undaayirunnittum, raajyathe valia valipavum janasamkhyayum vaividhyamaarnna samskaaravum sankeernnamaakkunna oru prasnamaanu indiayile manushyaavakashangal. mathaswaathanthryam ulppedeyulla moulikaavakaashangal indian bharanaghadana nalkunnu. abhipraaya swaathanthryavum executive judiciary verthirikkunnathum raajyathinakathum puratthumulla sanjaara swaathanthryavum khandangal nalkunnu. manushyavakaasha prasnangal parisodhikkaan oru swatantra judiciary samghadanakalum raajyathund.
manushyavakaasha nireekshanakendrathinte nireekshanakendrathinte report mukalil soochippicha soukaryangal amgeekarikkunnundenkum indiaykku "gurutharamaaya manushyavakaasha aashankakal" undennu prasthaavikkunnu. sivil sosaitti grouppukal upadravam neridukayum sarkkar vimarshakar bheeshaniyum vyavahaarangalum neridukayum cheiyunnu. abhipraaya swaathanthryam samsthaanathil ninnum thaalpparyamulla grouppukalil ninnum aakramikkappettittund. thangalude avakashangal samrakshikkaan adhikaarikal vendathra pravartthikkunnillenna muslim, kristhyan nyoonapakshangal aaropikkunnu. pothu udyogastharkkum suraksha senaykkum durupayogathinu prosecutionil ninnu shikshavidhi nalkunna niyamangal sarkkar ithuvare raddaakkiyittilla."
pouraswaathanthryam.
2021ll, rashtreeya avakashangalum pouraswaathanthryangalum sambandhicha loka rankingle indiayude vaarshika swaathanthryathil 67 pooyintumaayi (0-100, kooduthal mechappettathaanu) indiaye "bhaagikamaayi swatantra" ennu freedam house rank cheythu.
 koodaathe, lokamembaadumulla janaadhipathyathinte avasthayekkurichulla vaarshika reportukal sweeden aasthaanamaayulla vii-deme instittyoott indiaye oru "thiranjeduppu svechaadhipathyam" aayi tharamthirichu, kaaranam "janaadhipathyathinte onniladhikam vashangalile niyanthranangal" athaayath sivil sosaitti grouppukalum abhipraaya swaathanthryavum. swaathanthryavum reportil prasthaavichathu, "svechaadhipathya prakriya indiayil ganyamaayi mandagathiyilaayatho nischalamaayatho aanennu thonnunnu, pakshe svechaadhipathyangalaayi maariyathin sesham."2018 vare indiaye oru 'thiranjeduppu janadhipathyam' aayi tharamthirichirunnu.
police peedanangal upayogikkuka.
2002 muthal 2008 vare prathidinam naliladhikam perr police kastadiyilaayirunnappol marichathaayum athil noorukanakkinu maranangal police peedanatthe thudarnnaanennum eshyan sentar phoor human raitts kanakkakkunnu. panchaabile instittyoott oof karakshanal administration ezhuthiya oru report anusarichu raajyathe 50 sathamaanam police udyogastharum thadavukaare shaareerikamo maanasikamo aaya durupayogam cheythittundu. shuchithvam, sthalam, vellam ennivayude abhavam polulla peedana sambhavangal paschima bangaalilum rekhappeduthiyittundu.
anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha samghadanayaaya peedanatthinethiraaya deseeya prachaaranatthinte (enn. sii. eiii. tii) reportil 2019ll indiayil 1,731 kasttadi maranangal rekhappeduthiyathaayi velippeduthi. erakalil bhooribhaagavum durbala samudaayangal, dalithar, muslimkal, aadivaasikal ennivaril ninnullavaraayirunnu. deseeya manushyavakaasha kammeeshan (enn. echu. aarr. sii) prathivarsham sharashari 139 police kasttadi kesukalum 1,576 judicial kasttadi kesukalum report cheythu. aii. dii. 1 vareyulla ettu varshathinide oro varshavum 1,500-ladhikam judicial kasttadi maranangal enn. echu. aarr. sii report cheythu.
mathaparamaya akramam.
britiish bharanathil ninnu swaathanthryam labhicha kaalam muthal mathavibhagangal thammilulla (kooduthalum hindukkalum musleengalum thammilulla) vargeeya samgharshangal indiayil nilanilkkunnund. india vibhajanasamayath hindukkalum sikhukaarum musleengalum thammil vargeeya kalapangal nadannirunnu, avide valia thothilulla akramangalil dhaaraalam aalukal kollappettu.
kollappettu sikh virudha kalapam indiayil sikhukaare koottakkola cheytha naalu divasathe kaalaghattamaayirunnu. chila kanakkukal prakaram prakaram perr kollappettathayi parayunnu. sarkkarum swatantra sivil sosaittikalum niyogicha vividha kammittikalude anweshanathil indiraagaandhiyude kongras party pankaalittham kandethiyittundu. 1987ll meerattile vargeeya kalaapathinide nadanna hashimpura koottakkola, pravishya sayudha constaabulariyile 19 amgangal 42 musleem yuvaakkale krooramaayi vedivachukollukayum avarude mrithadehangal aduthulla jalasechana kanaalil valicheriyukayum cheythathayi aaropikkappedukayum, aaropikkappedukayum bombe kalapam, kalapam dalhi kalapam ennivayil 53 perr kollappedukayum athil 36 perr musleengalum 15 perr hindukkalumaayirunnu. dalhiyile oru bii. jeey. pii raashtreeyakkaaranaaya kapil mishrayude samadhaanaparamaaya caa virudha prathishedhakkaare lakshyamitulla oru bheeshaniprasangavum anthima munnariyipum kalaapathin kaaranamaayathaayi pothuve vishwasikkappedunnu. dalhi kalaapasamayath "professionalisamillaatha" pravarthanatthinu dalhi poleesine kuttappeduthiya supreme kodathi, swathanthramaayum aathmaarthamaayum pravarthikkunnathinu pakaram bharatheeya janata party neethrthwathilulla kendra sarkkar nirddeshangal nalkunnathinaayi police kaathirikkukayaanennu nerittu soochippichu. vaadam kelkkumbol justice keey.emm. joseph paranju-"yukeyil police engane pravarthikkunnuvennu nokkoo. aarenkilum prakopanaparamaaya paramarsham nadathukayaanenkil avar nadapadiyilekku neengunnu. utharavukalkkayi avar kaathirikkukayilla. police avideyum ivideyum thirayaruth ".
audyogika kanakkukal prakaram nalki gujarat kalapam 1,044 perr kollappedukayum 223 pere kaanaathaavukayum 2,500 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. marichavaril 790 perr musleengalum 254 perr hindukkalumaayirunnu. 2, 000 perr vare marichathaayi anaudyogika srothassukal kanakkakkunnu. balaalsangam, kuttikale jeevanode kathikkal, vyapakamaaya kollayum swath nasippikkalum thudangiya sambhavangal undaayi. godhra train kathichathumoolam 59 perr (babari masjid thakartha sthalathu oru mathaparamaya aaghoshathinu sesham ayodhyayil ninnu madangukayaayirunnavar) kathikkappettu. thudarnnu, akramanangalil isiyude pankundennu aaropikkunna praadeshika pathrangalil thettaaya vaarthakal pracharikkukayum praadeshika musleengal thangalumayi goodaalochana nadathukayum musleemkal hindu sthreekale thattikkondupokukayum balaalsangam cheyyukayum cheythuvenna vyajavaarthakal sthithigathikal kooduthal vashalaakkukayum cheythu. niravadhi akkoundukal aakramanangale mobail phonukalumaayi valareyadhikam ekopippichathaayum musleengalude veedukalum bisinessukalum pattikappedutthunna printauttukal sarkkar purappeduvichathaayum vivarikkunnu. erakalil ninnu policylake niravadhi kolukal vannuvenkilum "ningale rakshikkaan njangalkk utharavukalonnumillenna police avarodu paranju. pala kesukalilum, janakkoottathinte vazhiyil vanna muslimkale kollan police vediyuthirthukondu kuttakrithyathinu neethrthwam nalki. nalki oru manushyavakaasha nireekshana report anusarichu, oru pradhana bharatheeya janata party samsthaana mantri koottakkolayude aadya divasam ahammadaabaadile police kantrol roomukal etteduthathaayi reportund, musleengalude sahayathinulla abhyarthanakal avaganikkaan utharavukal purappeduvichu. athesamayam, godhra akramanangalodu prathikaram cheyyaan hindukkalodu parasyamaayi ahvaanam cheiyunna kettichamacha kathakalum prasthaavanakalum gujarati bhasha pathrangalude chila bhagangal achadichu. pala kesukalilum, sahayam vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinte maravil, police irakale nerittu avarude kolayaalikalude kaikalilekku nayichu. prathyeka anweshana samgham nadatthiya anweshanathinte adisthaanathil annathe gujarat mukhyamanthri narendra modiye praadeshika kodathi thanikkethire chumathiya aropanangalil ninnu ozhivaakki. ennirunnaalum, eee reportine sakia jaffrey chodyam cheythu, addehathinte bharthaavum muun kongras raashtreeyakkaaranumaaya ahsan jaffrey ahammadabad nagaratthil oru janakkoottam vadhichu. emm. ezz. anweshanathil shree. jaffrey kudukkaan mathiyaya thelivukal kandethiyathayi jaffrey avakashappettu. modiyum mattu 62 perum. modikk nalkia clean cheettine chodyam cheythulla harji supreme kodathi pinneedu nirasichu. yunaittad stetts kammeeshan phoor internaashanal relegious freedam 2020-leeii report indiaye prathyeka aashankayulla rajyamaayi prakhyaapichu.
jathiyumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal.
ennirunnaalum, samakaalika indiayil jaathiyude swaadheenam kurayaan thudangi. rashtreeya samvidaanathil janaadhipathyavalkkarana swaadheenam cheluthiya ellah jathikalilekkum vidyaabhyaasam vyaapippichathaan ithinu kaaranam. ennirunnaalum, kalisthalathinte eee "samanila" vivaadangal illaathe aayirunnilla. mandal commission athinte kwata samvidaanavum prathyekichum sensitiivu vishayamaan. indian thiranjeduppukalil jaathikalude punk amithamaayi kalikkappettuvennu professor deepankar gupta vaadichittundu.
aduthide jaathi raashtreeyathil oru ozhukk undaayittund, pradhaanamaayum indiayile saambathika udaaravalkkaranam moolamaanu. thaazhnna jaathikkaarude shaaktheekaranathile eee uyarcha chila pradeshangalil azhimathiyude thoth vardhippichathinoppam undaayi. thaazhnna jathikkaar vikasana paripaadikaleyum niyamavazhchayeyum thaazhnna jaathikale keezhppedutthaan uyarnna jathikkaar upayogikkunna upakaranangalayi manassilaakkiyathaan ithinu kaaranam.
aamnasti internaashanal parayunnu "jathiyudeyum vamshathinteyum adisthaanathil vivechanam kaanikkunnathinethire niyamaparamaaya vyavasthakal poornnamaayum nadappaakkukayum prayogikkukayum cheyyendathu indian sarkkaarinte utharavaadithamaanu.
indiayile denotified gothrangalum 60 dasalaksham janasamkhyayulla niravadhi naadodi gothrangalum saamoohika kalankavum saambathika budhimuttukalum neridunnathu thudarunnu, criminal tribes act 1871 enna vastutha undaayirunnittum, 1952 ll sarkkar raddaakkukayum pakaram pathiv kuttavaalikalude niyamam (hova) (1952) konduvarikayum cheythu, athupole thanne athu pazhaya criminal gothrangalude pattikayil ninnu oru puthiya pattika srishtichu. eee gothrangal innum 'saamoohika virudha pravartthanangal thadayal niyamam' (paasa) yude anantharafalangal abhimukeekarikkunnu, ithu avaril bhooribhaagavum daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyaan jeevikkunnathinaal nilanilppinulla avarude dainamdina pooraattatthe vardhippikkunnu. deseeya manushyavakaasha commission vamseeya vivechanam illaathaakkunnathinulla yuenninte aanti discrimination body kammittiyum (sii. aarr. dii) eee niyamavum radhaakkaan sarkkarinodu aavasyappettittundu, kaaranam eee muun "criminal" gothrangal valia thothil adichamarthalinum saamoohika bahishkaranathinum vidheyaraakunnu, koodaathe palarkkum essie, ezz. tii allengil obisi padavi nishedhikkappedukayum avarude saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya padavi uyarthunna samvaranangalkk praveshanam nishedhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
abhipraaya swaathanthryam.
athirthikalillaatha reportermaarude kanakkukal prakaram, 2010ll maadhyamaswaathanthrya soochikayil india lokamembaadum 122-aamm sthaanathaanu (2009ll 105-aamm sthaanathaayirunnappol). 2010ll 2010ll 0 (ettavum soujanyamaayathu) muthal 105 (ettavum kuranjathu soujanyamaayathu) vareyulla skailil indiayude pathraswaathanthrya soochika 38.75 aanu. 2014ll india lokamembaadum 140-aamm sthaanathekku thaazhekku pooyi (105ll <aii. dii. 1> score), ennirunnaalum ithu eee mekhalayile ettavum mikacha skorukalil onnaanu.
indian bharanaghadana, "pras" enna vaakk paraamarshikkaathappol, "abhipraaya swaathanthryathinum abhipraaya swaathanthryathinumulla avakasham" nalkunnu (article 19 (1) eiii). ennirunnaalum eee avakasham (2)-aamm upavakuppinu keezhilulla niyanthranangalkk vidheyamaan, athil "indiayude paramadhikaaravum samagrathayum, samsthaanathinte suraksha, videsha rajyangalumaayulla souhrudabandham, pothu kramam, manyatha samrakshikkal, dhaarmikatha samrakshikkal, kodathiyalakshyam, apakeerthippeduthal allengil oru kuttakrithyathinu prerippikkal" ennee kaaranangalal eee swaathanthryam niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. audyogika rahasya niyamam, theevravaada nirodhana niyamam thudangiya niyamangal
(potta) maadhyamaswaathanthryam parimithappedutthaan upayogichittundu. theevravaadavumaayi bandhapetta kuttakrithyangalude peril police kuttam chumathunnathinu munbu oraale aarumasam vare thadankalil vaykkaam. 2004ll potta raddaakkiyenkilum pakaram yuu. eiii. pii. yile bhedagathikal varuthi. vivaravakaasha niyamam 2005 nuu sesham 1923 leeii audyogika rahasya niyamam nirthalaakki.
swaathanthryathinte aadya ardha noottaandil, maadhyamaswaathanthryathinu bharanakoodatthinte niyanthranamaayirunnu pradhana thadassam.
ool india radio oru sarkkar sthaapanamaanennum athu oru sarkkar sthaapanamaayi thudarumennum 1975ll indiraagaandhi prasiddhamaayi prasthaavichu.
prasthaavichu udaaravalkkaranam aarambhichathode maadhyamangalude swakaarya niyanthranam valarnnu, ithu swaathanthryam vardhippikkunnathinum sarkkaarinte kooduthal sookshumaparishodhanaykkum kaaranamaayi.
haryanayile sakthanaaya mantri vinod sharmmayude raaji konduvarunnathil tehelka, endtv thudangiya samghadanakal prathyekichum swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. koodaathe, sameepa varshangalil pasakia prasada bharathi niyamam polulla niyamangal sarkkaarinte maadhyamangalude niyanthranam kuraykkunnathinu ganyamaaya sambhavana nalkunnu.
ell. jii. bii. tii avakashangal.
2009 juulai 2 nuu muthirnnavar thammilulla sammathathodeyulla swakaarya laingika pravartthanangal dalhi haikodathi kuttakaramallaathaakkunnathu, britiish colonial sarkkar pasakia niyamamaya 150 varsham pazhakkamulla indian shiksha niyamathile (ipc) avyakthamaaya sekshan 377 nte vyaakhyaanangal anusarichu swavarggalaingikatha criminal aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee niyamam valare apoorvamaayi maathrame nadappaakkappettittul. swavarggalaingikathaye kuttakaramallenn vidhiyil, indian bharanaghadana urappunalkunna moulikaavakaashangalumaayi vairudhyamulla niyamam nilavilundennum atharam criminalisation bharanaghadanayude 21,14,15 vakuppukal lamghikkunnathaanennum dalhi haikodathi abhiprayappettu.
2013 desember desember supreme kodathi vidhi swavarggalaingikathaye veendum criminal kuttamakki.
2018 septambar 6 nuu, supreme kodathiyude anchu jadjimaarude bharanaghadanaa bench, oru supradhana vidhiyil, swavarggalaingikathaye kuttakaramallenn prakhyapikkukayum vivechanam nirodhikkunnathinaayi 'laingika aabhimukhyam' ulppeduthunnathinaayi article 15 nte paridhi vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu.
samsthaana prakaram.
asam.
manushyavakaasha lamghanangalekkurichu vyaajamaayi report cheythathinu maadhyamapravarthakareyum manushyavakaasha pravartthakareyum arast cheythathayi oru manushyavakaasha nireekshana report rekhappeduthunnu. manushyavakaasha lamghanangal india avakaashappedunna munnira samsthaanangalilonnaayi asam thudarunnu. athinte falamaayundaaya vighadanavaada, swaathanthrya anukoola prasthaanangal rashtreeya sahacharyam kooduthal vashalakki, indian suraksha seena manushyavakaasha lamghanangal nadathiyenna vyapakamaaya aropanangal ippozhum aaropanathin vyakthamaaya thelivukalonnumilla. asamadakkam kalaapangale neridunna grameena mekhalakalileyum pradeshangalileyum maadhyamapravarthakar durbalaraanennum samgharshangalude iruvashathuninnum sammarddam neridunnundennum indiayekkurichulla avarude 2013 leeii reportil freedam house prasthaavichu.
panchab.
1984 muthal 1994 vare utharenthyayile panchab samsthaanam theevravaada vighadanavaadi khalisthaan prasthaanavum indian suraksha sena thammilulla adhikara pooraattatthil earppettirunnu. vardhichuvarunna panchab kalapathodu indian sarkkar prathikarichukondu 1984ll ooppareshan blue staar aarambhich, chila theevravaada grouppukal pinwangia sikh matha, athmeeya jeevithathinte kendramaaya amritsarile harmandir sahib allengil suvarnna kshetra samuchayathilekku aakramichu. eee ooppareshan vivaadamaakukayum noorukanakkinu saadhaaranakkaarum theevravaadikalum sainikarum kollappedukayum cheythu. eee sambhavathin sesham sikh amgarakshakaraanu pradhaanamantri indiraagaandhiye kolappeduthiyathu, thudarnnu kooduthal akramangal nadannu.
eee sambhavangalude anantharafalangal oru pathittaandilereyaayi anubhavapettu. oru manushyavakaasha nireekshana report anusarichu, samsthaana suraksha seena "kalapam thadayaan vardhichuvarunna krooramaaya reethikal sweekarichu, ekapaksheeyamaaya arast, peedanam, vichaaranayillathe deerghakaala thadankal, kaanathaakal, saadhaaranakkaareyum theevravaadikalaanennu samshayikkunnavareyum churukkatthil kollal" ennivayulppede. saadhaaranakkaar, samsthaana suraksha seena, sarkkaarumaayi charcha cheiyunnathaayi karuthappedunna sikh rashtreeya nethaakkal ennivare lakshyamit theevravaada samghadanakal akramam vardhippichu.
jammu kashmeer.
1989ll, munkaala jammu kashmeer samsthaanathu oru vighadanavaadi theevravaada kalapam aarambhichu. jammu kaashmeeril manushyavakaasha lamghanangal nadannathaayi yuu. enn ulppede niravadhi anthaaraashtra ejansikal report cheythittundu. oru pathrakkurippil ohshar vakthaakkal paranju, "indian bharanathilulla kashmeeril aduthide nadanna akramasakthamaaya prathishedhangalil manushyavakaasha hicommissionerude oafees aashankaakulamaanu, ithu sivilian maranangalkkum othucherunnathinum abhipraaya swaathanthryathinumulla niyanthranangalkkum niyanthranangalkkum oru manushyavakaasha nireekshana (echardableu) report indian sainyavum indian sarkkar pinthunayulla ardhasainika vibhaagangalum" "kashmeeril gurutharavum vyapakavumaaya manushyavakaasha lamghanangal" "nadathiyathaayi aaropichu". samoohangale shikshikkunnathinum apamaanikkunnathinumulla oru maargamaayi balaalsangatthe" indian sakthikal upayogikkunnundennum echardableu aaropichu. aamnasti internaashanal, echardableu ennivayulppede niravadhi manushyavakaasha samghadanakal kashmeeril niyamavirudhamaaya kolapathakangal, kaanathaakal, police sainyavum peedippikkal ennivaykku avakaashavaadangal unnayichittundu. sainyathe arast cheyyaanum kollanum theevravaada virudha pravarthanangalil swath kaivashappeduthaano nasippikkaano ulla avakasham nalkunna sayudha senayude prathyeka adhikara niyamam (afspa) 1990 ll jammuvilum kashmeerilum prayogichu, athu athinusesham baadhakamaan. sayudha poraalikalil ninnu deseeya suraksha gurutharamaaya apakadatthilaakumbol maathrame sainyathe vinyasikkukayullu ennathinaal sainikarkk atharam adikaarangal aavasyamaanennu indian udyogasthar avakaashappedunnu. atharam saahacharyangal asaadhaaranamaaya nadapadikal aavashyappedunnuvennu avar parayunnu. oru thadavukaare kodathi utharavillaathe paramavadhi rund varsham vare bharana thadankalil paarppikkam" ennathinaal pothu suraksha niyamam radhaakkaan manushyavakaasha samghadanakal indian sarkkarinodu aavasyappettittundu."2008-ll freedam housinte oru reportil jammuvum kashmir" "bhaagikamaayi swathanthram" "aanennu visheshippichirunnu".
mattu manushyavakaasha lamghanangal.
narco analysis" (niyantritha anastheshya), braine mapping, lye dittaktar testtukal thudangiya vanchana kandethal parisodhanakal orikkal indian kodathikal kuttakrithya anweshanathinaayi saadhaaranayaayi anuvadichirunnu. vanchana kandethal parisodhanakal (ddt) nadathunnathile manushyavakaasha lamghanangalekkurichulla aashankakal valarekkalam munbu uyarnnuvarikayum polygraph parisodhanakal nadathunnathinaayi 2000 ll deseeya manushyavakaasha kammeeshan oof india maargganirddeshangal prasidheekarikkukayum cheythirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kurachu anweshana ejansikal maathramaan eee maargganirddeshangal paalikkunnath.
ennirunnaalum, 2010 meyy 5 nuu indiayile supreme kodathi ("smt. selvi vezhsas. karnataka samsthaanam) "nirbandham prayogichaanu parishodhanaafalam labhichathenkil athu thelivaayi amgeekarikkaan kazhiyilla" ennu prakhyaapichu."article 20 (3)," "thudarnnulla saakshyam prachodanaathmakamo kuttamattatho aanennu theliyikkunnundo ennathu pariganikkathe samsaarikkunnathum nishabdatha palikkunnathum thammilulla oru vyakthiyude thiranjeduppine samrakshikkunnu", "koodaathe" "swamedhayaa niyantritha parisodhanaa phalangalude sahaayathode pinneedu kandethiya eathenkilum vivarangalo metteeriyalukalo 1872 leeii thelivu niyamathile sekshan 27 anusarichu sweekarikkaam"."
sthreekalude avakashangal.
muslim sthreekalude avakashangal.
indiayile pradhana aashankakalilonnu lingabhedam thammilulla vivechanamaanu. manushyavakaasha chattakkoodinullil avarude samathvam nishedikkappetta pradhana grooppukalilonnaanu indiayile musleem sthreekal. avarude kashtappaadukal saamskaarikavum mathaparavumaya kaaranangalal undaayittund. mathathinakathum purogamana vrithangalkkakathum polum negatteevu stereotype cheyyappedunnathu ithil ulppedunnu. khuraan, islam ennivayekkurichulla purushaadhipathya vyaakhyaanangalum purusha vyaakhyaanangalum ithil ulppedunnu. oru mathathinteyum linga nyoonapakshathinteyum bhagamaayathinaal musleem sthreekal eratta paarshwavalkkaranam neridunnu. thangalude svayambharanathekkurichulla musleem sthreekalude abhipraayangal pariganikkendathu pradhaanamaanennu intersectional feminist grouppukal vaadikkunnu, allengil aalukal musleem sthreekale stereotype cheyyukayum islamophobia prolsaahippikkukayum cheythekkaam.
indiayile musleem niyamatthinte hraswa charithram.
dakshineshyayile muslim niyamam islaamika shariat niyamathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. oro musliminteyum jeevithathe ellah vashangalilum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi roopappeduthiya mathaparamaya niyamangalude oru samghamaayaanu shariat niyamam (shariat allengil fikh) niyamam kaanunnath. ennirunnaalum, indiayil eee niyamangalil chilath maathrame nadappaakkiyittulloo. britiish colonial bharanathinte thudakkam muthal parambaraagatha engleesh pothu niyamavum nyayamaaya thathwangalum vazhi indiayude niyamangal parishkarichathaanu ithinu kaaranam. ithine ippol "anglo-mohammed niyamam" ennu vilikkunnu. islaamika niyamam pavithramaanengilum, aadhunika raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya sambhavavikasangal kaaranam indiayile classic islaamika niyamangalude vishudha vyaakhyaanam saamoohika aavasyangalkku marupadiyaayi maari.
article 14 prakaram thulyathaykkulla indiayile moulikaavakaashangal indian bharanaghadana roopappeduthunnu. article 15 lingasamathvam ulppedunna vivechanathil ninnulla swaathanthryam ulkkollunnu. ennirunnaalum, article 25 musleem samudaayangalude mathaparamaya avakashangal samrakshikkunna mathaswaathanthryathe nyaayeekarikkunnu, athaakatte musleem purushanmaarum sthreekalum thammilulla vivechanamulla musleem vyakthi niyamavum. musleem vyakthi niyamatthinullile vivechanam thudarunnathu indian bharanaghadanayil, prathyekichu article 14,15 ennivayil paranjirikkunnathinu virudhamaanu.
vyakthi niyamavum asamathvavum.
bharanaghadanaykkullil avakaashangalkk aupachaarikamaaya amgeekaaram undengilum, musleem sthreekal vyakthi niyamamekhalayil praayogikamaayi linga asamathvangal anubavikkunnu. indiayile musleem sthreekalkku thaazhnna padavi nalkunna reethi thudaraan vyakthi niyamam prapthamaakkunnu. ithu niyamaparishkaranatthinte aavasyakatha uyarthunnu. parambaraagatha muslim achaarangal islaamika aadarshangalkku anusrithamaayi nilanirthunna mathapaarambaryangalude uracha pinthunakkaar palappozhum kudumba niyamangalude ekathvam uyarthippidikkunnathil ithu nedaan prayaasamaan. vyakthiparamaaya niyamathil bharanaghadanaaparamaaya avakashangal nuzhanjukayaraan anuvadikkaruthennum kodathikal anukoolikkunnu. haikodathi kesil "harvinder kaur vii. harmander singh chaudhari, "vyakthi niyamam indiayile linga asamathvathodu vivechanam kaanikkunnuvenn nirasikkappedukayum"...bharanaghadanaa niyamam veettil avatharippikkunnath ettavum anuchithamaan ". samathwa niyamangalekkaal mathaparamaya niyamangalkk kooduthal praadhaanyam nalkunnathinaal eee vidhi indiayile ellah sthreekalkkum bharanaghadanaykkullile moulikaavakaashangal nashtappeduthunnathilke nayichekkaam. maruvashathu, "aamina" yude kaaryatthil vyakthi niyama vivechanam anukoolamaayi amgeekarikkappettu, ivide musleem vyakthi niyamam musleem sthreekalodu vivechanam kaanikkunnuvennum athu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennum kodathi abhiprayappettu.
ennirunnaalum, islaamika niyamam chila avakashangal nalkunnu. oru udaaharanam oru vivaahapathrathil allengil "nikahnama" yill kaanaan kazhiyum. oru "nikahnama" kku bahubhaaryaathvavumaayi bandhapetta chila avakashangalum vivaahamochana nadapadikal nadappakkaanulla sthreeyude avakashavum ulkkollaan kazhiyum. swathavakaashathile oharikal polum ithil ulppedaam. vivaahamochanam moolamulla saambathika sahayathinulla musleem niyamam 1986 leeii musleem vanita (vivaahamochanathinulla avakaashangalude samrakshanam) niyamathil krodeekarichirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee avakashangal valare kuravaanu. udaaharanathinu, vivahamochithayaaya bhaaryaykk moonnu maasathe saambathika pinthuna maathrame labhikkoo. koodaathe, vivahamochithayaaya bhaaryayude bharthaav moonnu maasathinullil aaa kutty janikkukayaanengil maathrame 3 maasathekku child support nalkendathulloo, ennaal avarkk athinumumbu oru kutty undengil bharthaav oru pinthunayum nalkaan baadhyasthanalla. islaamika samoohathinullile avakaashangalkkaayi muslim sthreekalkku vidyaabhyaasamillaathinal eee kaaryangalil sthreekalude avakashangal palappozhum nadappakkaarilla. koodaathe, ekabhaaryaathva vivaahangalude kaaryatthil indiayile musleem sthreekalkku samrakshanamilla, ennaal musleem purushanmaarkk indian shiksha niyamaprakaaram samrakshanamundu.
pouraavakaashangalkkum raashtreeyaavakaashangalkkumal anthaaraashtra udambadikku (aii. sii. pii. aarr.) keezhilulla manushyavakaasha kammeeshan (echu. aarr. sii) 1997-leeii indiayude reportil mathathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyakthigatha niyamangal eduthukaanichu. islaamika niyama samoohathile musleem sthreekalkkethiraaya pakshapathaparamaaya vyavasthakaleyum achaarangaleyum abhisambodhana cheyyumbol bahusamskaaravaadathodulla manushyavakaasha chattakkood oru parihaaramaayirikkanamenn ariyichu.
muslim sthreekalum vidyaabhyaasavum.
vidyaabhyaasam, thozhil, pothuvaaya saambathika sthithi ennee mekhalakalil kuranja nettangal kaaranam musleem sthreekal palappozhum vivechanam neridunnu. parambaraagathamaayi musleem sthreekale pothu-swakaarya mekhalakalil pankedukkunnathil ninnu vivechanam kaanikkunnathinaanith.

