
kakka paambum

eesoppinte kettukadhakalilonnaaya kakkayo kakkayo paambo paambo perry soochikayil 128-aamm nambarullavayaanu. badal greak pathippukal nilavilundu, avayil randennam europian navothaanakaalathu sweekarikkappettu. thikachum vyathyasthamaaya "panchathanthra" thile eee thalakkettinte kathayumaayi eee kettukadhaye thettidharikkaruthu.
badal greak pathippukal.
purathana kaalath eee kettukatha greak srothassukalil maathrame kaanappedunnulloo, koodaathe bhakshanam thirayunna oru kakka sambandhichidatholam sooryanil urangunna paambine kandethunnu. ennaal kakka avale pidikoodumbol paambu avalude kuthu kondu athine kollunnu. bhagyam thonnunnathupole aayirikkilla ennathaanu kathayude dhaarmikatha. kakka thelineyum kurichulla oru badal kettukatha greak samahaarathil maittileenile archaeas ezhuthiya kavithayayi ulppeduthiyittundu. katha erekkure onnuthanneyaanenkilum dhaarmmikathayude aakarshanam kaduppamullathayirikkum ennathaanu. bisi onnaam noottaandil thessalonikayile aantipaattar ezhuthiya mattoru epigraamil, oru kazhukan oru paarayil sooryaprakaasham veeshunna oru octopus vahikkunnu, athu athinte koodaarangalil kudungi kadalil veezhukayum 'irayum jeevan nashtappedukayum cheiyunnu'.
europian pathippukal.
iraasmasinte samahaaramaaya "adajia" (1508) aanu eee kettukadhakale navothaana yooroppinte shradhayilppeduthiyathu. eesoppinte kettukadhayil ninnaan vannathennu abhipraayappettukondu addeham greak pazhanjollaaya κοραφιν ("corves serpentem" [rapute] ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu) rekhappeduthukayum athupole thanne athu chithreekarikkukayum vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheiyunna greak kavita udharikkukayum cheythu. thante shekharathil neratthe shradhichirunna cornix scorpium (cornix scorpium) enna pazhanjollumaayi addeham eee pazhancholline thaarathamyam cheythu.
kakkayudeyum thelinteyum randaamathe kettukatha chinnapusthakangalude samaahaarikalkk oru dhaarmika upakaranamaayi svayam shupaarsha cheythu. ivayil aadyathethu andrea alsioto aayirunnu, 1531 muthal niravadhi formaattukalilum niravadhi raajyangalilum addehathinte swaadheenamulla "emblamaatta" prasidheekarichu. avide athu 173 enna chihnamaayi chithreekarikkappedukayum laattin bhashayil oru kavithayodoppam varikayum cheiyunnu. just revenj' allengil 'kaavyathmaka neethi' enna engleesh vaachakam ippol manassilakkunna 'yoostta altio' ennaanu upakaranathinte peru. 1536-leeii franch vivarthanathil ithu kooduthal oonnipparayukayum avide franch pazhanjollaaya "less prineeyezhs soondu prins" (vettakkar avarude swantham thanthrangalil kudungunnu) jeane lefeverinte oru kavithayil prathipaadikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1536 muthal jarmman vivarthanangalum undaayirunnu. 1615-leeii spanish pathippil "declaration majistral sobre laas emblemas dii andrez alsioto" enna vyaakhyaanathodoppam "adajia" yeei paraamarsikkukayum archaeas ezhuthiya kavithayude iraasmasinte laattin vivarthanam nalkukayum cheiyunnu; 1621-leeii ithilum poornnamaaya itaaliyan pathippil greekineyum udharikkunnu.
warrachige fabulen dii dieren" (1567) enna pusthakatthinte bruggase pathippil marcus gheererttukal eee chinnathe swathanthramaayi chithreekarichu, daivam thante janangalodu prathikaram cheiyumennu soochippikkunna edward dii dene flemish vaakyangal ezhuthiyittundu. oru franch vivarthanam "esbaatment moral" (1578) ennum jarmman bhashayil agdius sadeller "thiyettaram moram" (1608) ennum prasidheekarichu. ivayil avasaanatheth 1659,1689,1743 varshangalil pathippukal undaayirunna traishet duu fresney franch bhaashayilekku punarvarthanam cheythu.
athesamayam, navaa-laattin vaakyathile nooru kettukadhakalude samaahaarathinaayi gabriel fairno thiranjeduttha kakkayudeyum paambinteyum kettukadhayaanu, palappozhum nammude nettangal khedathinulla avasarangalayi maarunnu enna nigamanathil. adutha dashakathil franch kavi jeane aantoyin dii bife thante "mimes, ensignamens ettu proverbs" (1576) enna kruthiyile hasyaparavum vaakkaalullathumaaya kendreekritha pathippinaayi ithu upayogichu
englandil eee kathayude eee pathipp aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath rogger ell 'estraanchinte eesoppinte kettukadhakalude samaahaarathilaanu (1692), avide addeham vaayanakkaare aparichitharumayi edapedaruthennu upadeshichu. saamuval croxaline sambandhichidatholam eee katha athyagrahathinethiraaya oru munnariyippayum thomas bevikkine sambandhichidatholam krooramaaya vishapp bharikkappedaanulla apakadatthe ithu chithreekarichu. randaamathe vyaakhyaanam neratthe gillom laa perrior thante chihna pusthakamaaya "leeii thiyettar dess boons enchins" (1544) ll thiranjedutthirunnu. avide athyagrahamullah kakka paambine vizhungiyathinushesham "panchasaarayo panniyo pole ruchiyullathaanennu karuthi" ullil visham kalarthunnu.

