
oru federal samsthaanamenna nilayil swittsarland

27 divasathe aabhyantharayudhamaaya "sonderbandscreeg" ennathinodulla prathikaranamaayi oru federal bharanaghadana roopeekarichukondu 1848 septambar 12 nuu oru federal samsthaanamaayi swittsarlandinte uyarcha aarambhichu. american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayum franch viplavathinte ashayangalum valareyadhikam swaadheenicha bharanaghadana, thudarnnulla dashakangalil niravadhi thavana parishkarikkappedukayum 1999-ll poornnamaayum maattisthaapikkappedum cheythu. 1848-leeii bharanaghadana aadyamaayi prathinidheekarichathu, hraswakaala helvetic republic adichelppikkappettu ozhike, swissinu udambadikalaal bandhikkappetta svayambharana kantonukalude oru shekharam ennathinupakaram oru kendra gavanmentaayirunnu.
sonderbund yuddham.
1847-ll, restoration ennariyappedunna swis charithratthinte kaalaghattam yaadhaasthithika roman catholicar liberal protestant kantonukalum ("sonderbandscreeg") thammilulla yudhathode avasaanichu. catholica, protestant kantonukal thammilulla samgharsham parishkaranathinushesham nilaninnirunnu; pathonpathaam noottaandil protestant janasamkhyaykku bhooripakshamundaayirunnu. theevravaadi party swittsarlandil adikaaram ettedukkukayum, bhooribhaagam kantonukalum, 1841ll aargauvile ashramangalum konventukalum adachupoottunnathu polulla nadapadikal sweekarikkukayum cheythathinu sesham "sonderbund" (jarmman prathyeka sakhyam) avasaanichu. athe varsham thanne loosen jesyoottukale thirichuvilichappol, sayudha theevravaadikalude ("freesharler") samghangal kantoon aakramichu. grameena kantonukal ultramontanisathinte shakthikendrangalaayirunnathu adhinivesham oru kalaapathin kaaranamaayi.
sonderbund" 1815leeii federal udambadiyude lamghanamaayirunnu, athu prathyeka sakhyangal nirodhichu, "taagsatsungile" samoolamaaya bhooripaksham athu 1847 october 21 nuu pirichuvittu. nyoochaattalum appensel innerhoden ozhikeyulla matellaa samsthaanangalileyum sainikar adangunna "sonderbandile" amgangalkkethire oru konfedarettu sainyam roopeekarikkappettu, athu nishpakshamaayi thudarnnu. oru catholica kantoon ayirikke tisino "sonderbandil" cheraathe protestantukalkkom poraadi.
oru maasathil thaazhe neenduninna yuddham nooril thaazhe perkku maathrame jeevan nashtamaayittulloo. cheria kalaapangalkk purame, swis pradeshathe avasaanathe sayudha samghattanamaayirunnu ithu.
sonderbund yudhathinte avasaanathil, thurgauvile johann konraad kern (1808-1888) voudile henry druy (1790-1855) thayyarakkiya oru puthiya federal bharanaghadanayekkurichu diet charcha cheythu. 1848-leeii venalkkaalath yoori, shwis, unterwalden, wallays, tisino, appensel innerhoden ennivar athirthukondu pathinanju kantonukal eee bharanaghadana amgeekarichu. 1848 septambar 12naanu puthiya bharanaghadana prakhyaapikkappettath.
federal bharanaghadana.
1848leeii bharanaghadana.
aadyamaayi kantonal pourathvam koodaathe swis pourathvam srishticha puthiya bharanaghadana.
oru federal kendra gavanment roopeekarikkukayum athinu kantonukal avarude paramadhikaara avakaashangalude chila bhagangal upekshikkukayum cheythu. federal assembly rund sabhakalaal nirmmithamaayirunnu oro kantonilum ninnu rund prathinidhikal (akkaalat 44 amgangal) ulkkollunna kaunsil oof stetts ("staanderaatt"), moonnu varshathekku thiranjedukkappetta prathinidhikal ulkkollunna deseeya kaunsil ("naashanaltaatt"), oro 20,000 pouranmaarkkum oraalude anupaathathil allengil oro kantonilum ninnu 10,000-ll kooduthal bhinnasankhya. federal assembly thiranjedukkunna ezhu amgangal ulppedunnathaanu federal kaunsil allengil executive ("bundestraatt"). 1848leeii bharanaghadanayil federal kaunsilinu "konfedareshante paramonnatha executive, dayarakteshan adikaaram" nalki. federal kaunsilile oro amgavum ezhu executive vakuppukalil onninu neethrthwam nalkunnu. federal kaunsil amgangalkkidayil sthaanam karangunna oru varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi kaunsilinte chairman swis konfedareshante president enna padaviyum vahikkunnu.
federal assembly moonnu varshathekku thiranjeduttha pathinonnu amgangal chernnathaanu judiciary ("bundesjerict"). bundesjerrich" pradhaanamaayum konfedareshan oru kakshiyaya sivil kesukalil othungukayum valia rashtreeya kuttakrithyangal nadathukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum ellah bharanaghadanaa chodyangalum federal asamblikkaayi neekkivachirikkunnu.
oru federal sarvakalashaalayum oru polytechnic school sthaapikkappedanam. bhaviyil ellah keezhadangalukalum nirodhichu. kristheeya kuttasammatham nadathunna swis pouranmaare avarude swantham pouranmaareppole pariganikkaan ellah kantonukalum aavashyamaayirunnu. munbu, oru kantonile pouranmaar mattullavarude pouranmaare videsha raajyangalile pouranmaaraayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. ellah kristhyaanikalum avarude matham paalikkumenn urappunalkiyenkilum jesuitukalum samanamaaya mathaparamaya utharavukalum oru kantonilum sweekarikkilla. jarmman, franch, itaaliyan bhashakal deseeya bhashakalaayi amgeekarikkappettu.
ippol poornnamaayum samghadithamaaya oru kendra gavanment undaayirunnengilum swittsarland valare vikendreekrithamaaya oru federationaayirunnu. federal gavanmentinu vyakthamaayi nalkiyittillaattha ellah adikaarangalum ulppede mikka adikaarangalum kantonukalil thudarnnu. federal asambliyude aadya niyamangalilonnu federal adhikaarikalude veedu (puthuthayi srishticha konfedareshante "yadhaartha" thalasthaanam) nirnnayikkanulla adikaaram avarkk nalkukayum 1848 november 28 nuu bernn thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. aadyathe federal kaunsil 1848 november 16 nuu irunnu, poornnamaayum theevravaadikal (free demookratik party mungaamikal) ulppettathaanu.
puthiya federal asambliyude aadya niyamangalil chilath raajyathe dainamdina jeevithathe ekeekarikkukayum nilavaarathilaakkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. 1849ll oru ekeekritha tapal sevanam sthaapikkappettu. 1850ll kantonal karansikalkku pakaram orotta currency earppeduthukayum kantonukal thammilulla ellah aachaarangalum nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. 1851-ll ellah bharangalum alavukalum ekeekarichukondu telegraph samghadippichu. 1868ll metrik sambradaayam anuvadikkukayum 1875ll nirbandhithavum saarvathrikavumaanennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. 1854ll kaivashappedutthiya roadukalum kanaalukalum federal niyanthranathilaakki. puthiya bharanaghadana amgeekaricha federal sarvakalashaala ithuvare sthaapichittillenkilum 1855 vare federal polytechnic soorichil thurannirunnilla.
1859-ll, vaattikkan gaard ozhike "reslouferry" (cooley sarvees) niyamavirudhamaakki.
1866ll 1848leeii bharanaghadana prakaram kristhyaanikalkk (swatantra sanjaaravum mathaswaathanthryavum) maathram nalkia avakashangal matham pariganikkathe ellah swis pouranmaarkkum vyapippichu.
1874-ll bharanaghadana parishkarichu.
1848 muthal kantonukal avarude bharanaghadanakal nirantharam parishkarichu, bhooribhaagavum referendum avatharippikkunnathadakkam, kantonal niyamanirmmanasabha undaakkunna niyamangal (facultive referendum) allengil (nirbandhitha referendum) avarude amgeekaarathinaayi janangalkk samarppikkanam. athinaal 1848leeii federal bharanaghadanaye janadhipathyaparavum kendreekrithavumaaya ardhathil parishkarikkaan shramikkendath swaabhaavikamaayirunnu, kaaranam federal assemblic swantham munkailo 50,000 swis vottarmaarude rekhaamoolamulla abhyarthanayo upayogichu punaravalokana chodyam oru janakeeya vottinu samarppikkaan kazhiyumennu vyavastha cheythirunnu. 1872-ll punaravalokanatthinulla aadya sramam kendreekarana virudha party sramangal kaaranam cheria bhooripakshathaal parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, oduvil mattoru karadinu munganana nalkukayum 1874 epril 19 nuu puthiya bharanaghadana janangal amgeekarikkukayum cheythu-7 kantonukalkkethire 14 kantonukal (1848 leeii tisino illaathava, pakshe freeberg, loosen ennivayullava).
1874leeii bharanaghadana federal adhikaarathe kooduthal shakthippeduthi. bhedagathi cheytha bharanaghadanayil moonnu pradhana pooyintukal ulppedunnu. aadyam, konfedareshante melnottatthil soujanya praadhamika vidyaabhyaasa samvidaanam sthaapikkukayum ennaal kantonukal kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu. randaamathaayi, mattoru kantonile sthirathaamasamaakkiya oraalkk moonnu maasathinu sesham (1848 leeii bharanaghadanayil rund varshathinu pakaram) ellah kantonal, vargeeya avakashangalum (munbu kantonal avakashangal maathrame nalkiyirunnulloo) nalki. oduvil, hitaparisodhana athinte "facultative" roopathil avatharippichu; athaayath.iii.ellah federal niyamangalum 30,000 swis pouranmaarudeyo ettu kantanukaludeyo aavasyaprakaaram janakeeya vottinu samarppikkanam. samrambham" (i.iii.1891 vare (50,000 swis pouranmaarkku nalkappedunnathuvare) oru prathyeka vishayamo billo pariganikkaan niyamanirmmaanasabhaye nirbandhikkaanulla avakasham federal bharanaghadanayil avatharippikkappettil, thudarnnu aaa bharanaghadanayude bhagikamaaya (motham allah) punaravalokanam mathramaayirunnu.
vyavasayavalkkaranavum saambathika valarchayum.
1847 muthal 1914 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil swis railway shringalayude vikasanam nadannu. shweeserishe nordbahn" (snb) sosaitti 1847 ll soorichineyum badane bandhippikkunna swis mannil aadyathe railway line thurannu.
1881ll gottard reyil thurankam poortthiyaayi.
18-aamm noottaandil uthbhavicha swis vaachu nirmmaana vyavasaayathin 19-aamm noottaandil laa chooks-dii-fonds graamathe oru vyaavasaayika kendramaakki maatti. druthagathiyilulla nagaravalarcha soorichine vipuleekarikkukayum 1891-ll athinte vyaavasaayika praanthapradeshamaaya ausersihline munisippaalittiyilekk samyojippikkukayum cheythu.
1862ll union baank oof swittsarland, 1872ll swis baank korppareshan ennivayude adithara paakiyathode banking swis sambadvyavasthayil oru pradhana gadakamaayi uyarnnuvannu.
1850 muthal 1860 vareyulla aalpinisathinte suvarnnakaalakhattam vinodasanjaara vyavasaayathin aditharayittu.