
thekkupadinjaaran america

american thekkupadinjaaru allengil lalithamaayi thekkupadinjaaru ennum ariyappedunna thekkupadinjaaran american aikyanaadukal, california, colorado, newada, oklahoma, texas, utta ennivayude sameepa bhagangalkkoppam arizona nyoo meksikoyum ulppedunna american aikyanaadukalude bhoomishaasthraparavum saamskaarikavumaaya oru pradesamaanu. phoenix, laas vegas, ell passo, albookerk, tuxon ennivayaanu metropolittan pradeshatthinte ettavum valia nagarangal. 1848 nuu munbu, santa phee dii newo meksikkoyude charitraparamaaya pradeshathum alta californiayudeyum kohuyila vaii tejaasinteyum chila bhagangalilum, newo meksikkoyude pueblosinum spanish allengil meksikkan munisippaalittikalkkum purathu vaasasthalam eathaandu nilavilundaayirunnilla. 1848-leeii gwadaloope hidalgo udambadiyiloodeyum 1854-leeii cheria gadsden vaangaliloodeyum america eee pradesham ettedukkunnathuvare eee pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum puthiya speyininteyum meksikkoyudeyum bhaagamaayirunnu.
eee pradeshatthinte athirthikal audyogikamaayi nirvachikkappettillettil athinulla sramangal nadannittundu. atharamoru nirvachanam padinjaaru kaaliforniyayile mojavu marubhoomi (117° padinjaaran rekhamsham) muthal kizhakk nyoo meksikkoyile calsbad (104° padinjaaran rekhamsham) vare; mattonn parayunnath thekk meksikoo-yunaittad stetts athirthi muthal vadakku collado, uttaa, newada ennivayude thekkan pradeshangal (39° vadakkan akshaamsham) vare vyaapichukidakkunnu ennaanu. mattoru nirvachanathil, coor thekkupadinjaaran yuu.ezz. arizona, nyoo meksikoo samsthaanangal maathrame ulppedunnulloo; mattullava "newo meksikoo" pravishyayudeyo pilkkala american nyoo meksikoo pradeshathinteyo pazhaya spanish, meksikkan athirthikkullile bhoomiyil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
paashchaathya vasthradhaaranam, thaddesheeya american, nyoo meksikkan, tex-meks ennivayulppedeyulla thekkupadinjaaran paachakareethikal, allengil thaddesheeya, nyoo meksikoo, tejano sangeetha shailikal polulla paashchaathya samgeethathinte vividha vibhagangal enniva paashchaathya jeevithashailiyude vyathyastha gadakangal eee mekhalayil thazhachuvalarunnu. athupole, medittareniyan punarujjeevanam, spanish colonial vaasthuvidya, mission punarujjeevana vaasthuvidya, pueblo deco, ranch-stail houseukal enniva samyojippicha pueblo punarujjeevanatthinteyum praadeshika punarujjeevana vaasthuvidyakaludeyum roopathil puebloy praadeshika shailikalum samyojippichukondu prachodanam ulkkonda mekhalayile thekkupadinjaaran vasthuvidyaa shailikal. thaddesheeya amerikkakkar (prathyekichu appaache, pueblo, navajo), hispano, meksikkan american, athirthi kauboy ennivarude eee pradeshathe "caballero" paithrikam ithinu kaaranamaan.
praadeshika bhoomishaasthram.
eee pradeshatthinte bhoomishaasthram pradhaanamaayum naalu savisheshathakalaal nirmmithamaann mojave, sonoran, chihuvahuvan marubhoomikal, colladado peedabhoomi; ennirunnaalum grettu basin marubhoomiyude oru bhagam polulla mattu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakalum undu. eee pradeshatthinte thekk, padinjaaru bhaagangalil marubhoomikal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, athesamayam peedabhoomi (pradhaanamaayum uyarnna marubhoomi kondu nirmmicha) mogolon rimsinu vadakkulla pradhana savisheshathayaanu. vadakkum padinjaarum pradeshangalil ozhukunna colorado nadhiyum kizhakk, vadakku muthal thekk vare ozhukunna rioo grandeyumaanu eee mekhalayile rund pradhana nadikal.
ekadesham 8000 varshangalkk munbu roopamkonda chihuvahuvan marubhoomi thaarathamyena varanda marubhoomiyaanu, ennirunnaalum padinjaaru sonoran marubhoomiyekkaal alpam eerppamullathaanu. chihuvahuvan marubhoomi eee mekhalayude thekkukizhakkan bhaagathudaneelam vyaapichukidakkunnu, thekkukizhakkan arisonayil ninnu thekkan nyoo meksikoyiludaneelam, padinjaaran teksaasinte bhagam thekkupadinjaraayi ulppedunnu. amerikkayile randaamathe valia marubhoomiyaaya ithu marubhoomiyude moonnilonnu maathramaan amerikkaykkullil, backie meksikoyilaanu. ell passoy albuckerk aanu eee marubhoomiyile pradhana yuu. ezz. nagarangal, mattu cheria nagarangal nyoo meksikkoyile laas croose rosewell arisonayile wilcox aanu.
oorgan parvathangal, gwadaloop parvathangal, chirakkahuva parvathangal thudangi niravadhi valia parvathanirakalum nyoo meksikkoyile animas, saan andrez, donna anaa parvathanirakalum texasile franklin, huco, davis parvathanirakalum eee pradeshathu adangiyirikkunna niravadhi cheria parvathanirakalum ullathinaal chihuvaahuvaanile uyaram ekadesham vyathyaasappedunnu. nyoo meksikkoyile black rench, ooscura parvathanirakal thudangiya uyarnna parvathanirakalude thaazhvaarangalilekkum ithu athunnu. marubhoomikku mukalil, vanangalaal moodappettathum chilappol manjumoodiyathumaaya eee parvathangal aakaashadveepukalaayi maarunnu, thaazhe chuttumulla marubhoomiyekkaal thikachum vyathyasthamaaya sasyajanthujaalangalund. vasanthakaalathe ozhukkilum puthiya meksikkan kaalavarshakaalatthe venalkkaala kodunkaattukalkkum sesham chuttumulla marubhoomiyude thaazhvarakalil eee aakaashadveepukal ozhukunna vellavum nalkunnu. chihuvahuvan oru "mazha nizhal" marubhoomiyaanu, ithu rund parvathanirakalkkidayil (padinjaaru siera madrey ookseedantalum kizhakk siera madrey ooriyantalum) roopappettirikkunnu, ithu samudrathile mazhaye eee pradeshathekku athunnathil ninnu thadayunnu. chihuvahuvan marubhoomi "padinjaaran ardhagolathile ettavum jaivashaasthraparamaayi vaividhyamaarnna marubhumiyum lokathile ettavum vaividhyamaarnna marubhoomikalilonnumaayi" kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe lokathile mattethoru marubhoomiyekkaalum kooduthal inam kallichedikalum ithil ulppedunnu. vividha kaaktti enangalude sarvvyaapiyaaya saannidhyathin purame bhoovarggam, yukka, creosot kuttikkaadukal ennivayaanu eee mekhalayile ettavum samriddhamaaya sasyangal.
aalukal thekkupadinjaaran marubhoomiyekkurichu chinthikkumbol, sonoran marubhoomiyude bhooprakrithiyaanu kooduthalum manassil varunnath. thekkupadinjaaran bhaagatthinte thekkupadinjaaran bhagamaanu sonoran marubhoomi; marubhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum meksikoyilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, ennaal athinte yunaittad stetts ghadakam kaaliforniyayude thekkukizhakkan athirthiyilum thekkan arisonayude padinjaaran moonnil rund bhaagathumaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. prathivarsham sharashari mazha labhikkunnathum marubhoomiyile ettavum vyaapakamaayi ariyappedunna nivasiyum marubhoomiyude savisheshamaaya saguwaro kallichediyaanu. vadakkupadinjaaru mojave marubhumiyum vadakku colarado peedabhoomiyum kizhakk arizona parvatha vanangalum chihuvahuvan marubhumiyum athirthi pankidunnu. vyaapaaramudrayaaya saguaroykku purame, lokathile eathoru marubhoomiyekkaalum ettavum vaividhyamaarnna sasyajaalangal eee marubhoomiyil undu, koodaathe oorgan-pipe, senitta, pricky piyar, barrell, fishhook, hedge hogg, chola, silver dollar, jojoba ennivayulppede niravadhi inam kallichedikalum ithil ulppedunnu. thekkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetsil sthithi cheiyunna sonora marubhoomiyude bhagamaanu eee mekhalayile ettavum janasamkhyayulla pradesham. mekhalayile patthu pradhana janasamkhyaa kendrangalil aarr athinte athirthikkullil kaanapedunnu phoenix, tuxon, messa, chandler, glendell, scotsdale ennivayellaam arisonayilaanu. athinte athirthikalil yuma, prescoat arizona ennivayum undu.
amerikkayude thekkupadinjaaran bhaagatthinte ettavum vadakkupadinjaaran bhagam mojave marubhoomiyaal moodappettirikkunnu. thekk sonoran marubhumiyum kizhakk collado peedabhoomiyum athirthi pankidunna eee pradeshathinullile athirthi nevadayude thekkukizhakkan attam, uttayude thekkupadinjaaran koonn, arisonayude vadakkupadinjaaran koonn ennivayaanu. bhooprakrithiyude kaaryatthil, mojave athinte vadakku bhaagathulla grettu basin marubhoomiyumaayi valare saamyamullathaan. eee pradeshathinullil, ettavum janasamkhyayulla nagaramaan laas vegas; mattu pradhana janasamkhyaa kendrangalil nevadayile nevadayile laflin, pahrambu enniva ulppedunnu. yoottayile jorj chuzhalikkattum arisonayile lake havasu sitti, kingman, bulhead sitti ennivayum. american aikyanaadukalile ettavum cheruthum varandathum chooderiyathumaaya marubhoomiyaanu mojave. mojaveyil prathivarsham mazhayekkaal kuravaanu labhikkunnath, samudranirappinu mukalil ninnu athinte uyaram vyathyaasappedunnu. ettavum samriddhamaaya sasyangal uyaramulla joshwa maramaan, avaa ekadesham 1000 varsham jeevikkunnathaayi karuthappedunnu. mattu pradhana sasyangalil paari saltbush, mojavu sej enniva ulppedunnu, iva randum mojaavil maathram kaanapedunnu, athupole creosot mulpadarppum.
colorado peedabhoomi padinjaarulla valia vanapradeshangalil ninnu lokathile ettavum valia ponterosa pine marangal ulppede kizhakk messas vare vyathyaasappedunnu. marubhoomi ennu vilikkappedunnillengum, colorado peedabhoomi kooduthalum uyarnna marubhoomi kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. thekkupadinjaaran yuu.ezz. eee pradeshatthinte thekk mogolon riim, sonoran marubhoomi, padinjaaru mojave marubhoomi, kizhakk paarakkettukalulla parvathangal, rioo grande riftt thaazhvara, lano estacado ennivayaanu athirthikal. malayidukkukalkkidayil chitharikkidakkunna peedabhoomikaludeyum mesakaludeyum oru parambarayaanu peedabhoomiyude savisheshatha. ettavum naadakeeyamaaya udaaharanam grand kaanyan aanu. ennaal peedabhoomiyil ulppeduthiyittulla niravadhi naadakeeya kaazhchakalil onnaanith, athil athisayakaramaaya laava roopeekaranangal, "peyint cheytha" marubhoomikal, manalkkunnukal, mosham pradeshangal enniva ulppedunnu. kuranjathu 500 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu nilavil vanna eee peedabhoomiyude ettavum savisheshamaaya savisheshathakalilonnaanu athinte deerghaayussu. peedabhoomiye aarr vibhagangalaayi thirikkam, avayil moonnennam thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayilaanu. thekk padinjaaran american aikyanaadukalude vadakkan athirthi roopeekarikkunna navajo vibhaagathil ninnu aarambhich, vadakku malayidukkukalekkaal aazhamillaatha malayidukkukalulla navajo vibhaagathinte thekk grand malayidukku vibhaagavum, theerchayaayum grand malayidukku aadipathyamullathum, peedabhoomiyude thekkukizhakkan bhagam thaazhvarakal, mesakal, agniparvvatha roopeekaranangal enniva ulkkollunna daattil vibhagavumaanu. thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayil eee bhaagatthinte attathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna ettavum janasamkhyayulla nagaramaan albookerk, ennaal santa phee, nyoo meksikoo, flagstaaf, arizona ennivayum pradhana janasamkhyaa kendrangalaanu.
phoenix, tuxon, laas vegas enniva thekkupadinjaaran metropolittan pradeshangalil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, athesamayam albookerk-santa phee, ell passo-laas cruze enniva kizhakke metropolittan pradeshangalil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu.
charithram.
pree-europian kondaakt.
bii. sii. 9000-ll ethiya palio-indian vettakkaaran-shekharana samskaramaaya clovis samskaarathinte varavodeyaanu thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile manushya charithram aarambhikkunnath. eee samskaaram niravadhi sahasraabdangalaayi eee pradeshathu nilaninnu. oru ghattathil avaykku pakaram moonnu mahathaaya columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla indian samskaarangal vannu poorvvikar, pueblo janatha, hohokam, mogolan, ivayellaam fremontpathayaan ulppedeyulla chuttumulla mattu samskaarangalil nilaninnirunnu. bii. sii. onnaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil eee pradeshathu cholam krishi cheyyaan thudangiyirunnuvenkilum thaddesheeya samskaarangalkk bhakshya srotassaayi ithine aashrayikkaan noorukanakkinu varshangalolam vendivannu. cholaye aashrayikkunnath vardhichathode, 1500 oode columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla indiakkaar jalasechana samvidaanangal vikasippikkaan thudangi.
puraavastu kandethalukal anusarichu, anasasi ennum ariyappedunna poorvvika pueblo janatha (aaa padam kooduthal kooduthal upayogikkappedunnille) ekadesham bii. sii. 1500-ll eee pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkaan thudangi. oduvil avaa thekkupadinjaaran bhaagatthinte vadakkan bhaagathudaneelam vyaapichu. eee samskaaram ekadesham bii. sii. 1500 muthal eiii. dii. pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyam vare neenduninna niravadhi vyathyastha kaalaghattangaliloode kadannupokum basket maker I, II, III gattangal thudarnnu pueblo I, II, III, IV enniva. pueblovenmaar naadodi jeevitashailiyil ninnu krishiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla onnilekku maariyappol, avarude aadya adivaasangal pidhousukalaayirunnu. bii. sii. 300-ll eee pradeshatthinte kizhakkan pradeshathu uthbhavicha puebloninekkaal pilkkaalathu mogolon samskaaram vikasichu. avarude shreni oduvil meksikoyaayi maarunnathilekku aazhathil vyaapikkukayum thekkupadinjaaran thekkukizhakkan bhaagath aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheyyum. kaalakramena avarude vaasasthalangal kuzhikalkkidayilulla thaamasthalangalil ninnu pueblose vazhiyum oduvil malancherivukalilulla vaasasthalangal ulppeduthunnathiloodeyum vikasikkum. eiii. dii. 1-nuu chuttum vikasicha eee poorvvika samskaarangalil avasaanatheth hohokamaayirunnu, ennaal 1300-oode avaa moonnil ettavum janasamkhyayullathaayi maarum, vistheernnathinte kaaryatthil moonnil ettavum cheruthaanenkilum thekkupadinjaaran bhaagatthinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu. ekadesham eiii. dii 600 muthal, hohokam jalasechana kanaalukalude vipulamaaya oru parambara vikasippikkaan thudangi; thekkupadinjaaran moonnu pradhana samskaarangalil, hohokam maathramaan avarude krishiyil jalasechanam vikasippichath.
hohokam avarude samskaarathinte unnathiyilethiyathinusham, thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile moonnu pradhana samskaarangalum anjjaathamaaya kaaranangalal kshayichuthudangi, ennirunnaalum kadinamaaya varalchayum mattu aalukalil ninnulla kaiyettavum anumaanikkappettittund. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathode moonnu samskaarangalum aprathyakshamaayi. dveepukal, hoppy, suni, sandia, kochitti, santa anaa, tavos, akoma, laguna ennividangalile aadhunika indian gothrangal avarude poorvvikarude poorvvikarude vamshaparambara kandethunnu, athesamayam akimel ooo 'oom, thono ooo' oom enniva hohokaamil ninnulla vamshajarennu avakaashappedunnu. munbu mogolan kaivashappeduthiyirunna pradesham bandhamillaattha oru gothramaaya appaache etteduthu. aadhunika indian gothrangalil eathenkilum mogolanil ninnullavaraano ennu vyakthamallengilum, chila puraavasthugaveshakarum charitrakaaranmaarum vishwasikkunnathu avar poorvvika pueblonukalumaayi koodichernnu hoppy, suni ennivayude bhaagamaayitheernnuvennaanu.
yooroppyanmaarude varavinu munbu, thekkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetsil american indian gothrangalude oru valia janasamkhya adhivasichirunnu. orikkal poorvvikar pueblovenmaar kaivashappeduthiyirunna pradeshathu niravadhi american indian gothrangal adhivasichirunnu, avayil ettavum janasamkhyayullava navajo, yoott, thekkan paayyoott, hoppy ennivayaayirunnu. thekkupadinjaaru vikasicha aadhunika indian gothrangalil aadyathethaanu hopiotoppam nawajo. 1100 oode avarude samskaaram eee pradeshatthinte naalu konukalilum vikasikkaan thudangi. vadakkupadinjaaran kaanadayil ninnum kizhakkan alaskayil ninnum nawahose kudiyeri, avide bhooribhaagam athabaaskan samsaarikkunnavarum thaamasikkunnu. aadhunikakaala utta, colorado ennivayude bhooribhaagathilum vadakkan nyoo meksikoo, arizona ennividangalilum yoott kandethi. thekkan newada, california, thekkan-madhya utta, vadakkan arizona ennivayude 45,000 chathurashra myliladhikam visthruthiyulla oru pradeshathu paayoottukal chuttinadannu. vadakkan arisonayude madhya, padinjaaran bhaagangalile bhoomi hoppy nivaasikal adhivasippichu. ekadesham eiii. dii 1100-ll sthirathaamasamaakkiya avarude gramamaaya oraibi, nyoo meksikkoyile akoma skye sittiyodoppam, yunaittad stetsile ettavum pazhaya thudarchayaayi adhinivesamulla vaasasthalangalilonnaanu. mogolon pradesham appaachikalum sunikalum kaivashappedutthi. 1200num 1500num idayil vadakke amerikkayude vadakkan pradeshangalil ninnu thekkupadinjaaran amerikkayilekku kudiyeriya appaache nyoo meksikoo, kizhakkan arizona, vadakkan meksikoo, padinjaaran teksaasinte chila bhagangal, thekkan colarado ennividangalil thamasamaakki. poorvvikarude pueblonukaliloode suunii avarude nerittulla poorvvikare kanakkakkunnu. aadhunikakaala suni vidoora kizhakkan arisonayilum padinjaaran nyoo meksikkoyilum suni nadiyude theerathu oru samskaaram sthaapichu. oo 'oom gothratthile rund pradhana gothrangalum thekk, madhya arisonayil, orikkal avarude poorvvikaraaya hohokam niyanthrichirunna rajyangalil sthirathaamasamaakki.
yooropyanmaarude varavu.
eee pradeshathekkulla aadyathe europian nuzhanjukayattam thekk ninnu vannu. 1539-ll marcos dii nissa enna jesuit fraansiskan meksikoo nagaratthil ninnu kizhakkan arisonayiloode kadanna oru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalki. adutha varsham francisco waskwess dii coronado, meksikoo nagaratthilekkulla yaathrayil kizhakkan texas kadannu narways paryaveshanatthil ninnu (1528-36) rakshappettavaril ninnulla reportukale adisthaanamaakki, sibola ezhu suvarnna nagarangal kandethunnathinulla oru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalki. antonio dii espejoyude 1582-3 paryaveshanam nyoo meksikoyum kizhakkan arizona paryavekshanam cheythu; ithu 1598-ll spanish pravisyayaaya santa phee dii newo meksikkoyude sthaapakanaaya juvan dii onettilekku nayichu, ohke oveenge puebloic sameepam oru thalasthaanam sthaapichu, athine addeham saan juvan dii loss caballeros ennu vilichu. 1599ll oonettinte party arisonayil oru vaasasthalam sthaapikkaan shramichuvenkilum mosham kaalavastha moolam avaa thirichupoyi. 1610ll sthaapithamaaya santa phee amerikkayile ettavum pazhaya thalasthaanamaayi maari.
1664-ll yuwan arculate ippol koladoyilekkulla oru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalki, praveshikkunna aadya europianaayi. 1706ll juvan ulibari colladoyilekku randaamathe spanish paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkukayum aaa samayat addeham speyininte collado pradesham avakaashappedukayum cheythu.
1687 muthal 1691 vare jesuit purohithanaaya eusebio kinoo santa cruze nadeethadatthil niravadhi dauthyangal sthaapichu; 1694 ll kinoo thekk, madhya arizona kooduthal paryavekshanam cheyyukayum athinidayil cassa grandeyude avashishtangal kandethukayum cheythu. 1732 muthal spanish kudiyettakkaar eee pradeshathu praveshikkaan thudangi, spanish meksikkoyilum thekkupadinjaaran amerikkayilum bhoomi graantukal nalkaan thudangi. 1751ll spanish adhiniveshathinethire oodhaam kalapam nadathiyenkilum kalapam parajayappettu. vaasthavathil, ithinu nere vipareeta falamundaayirunnu, kaaranam kalaapathinte phalam arisonayile aadyathe sthiramaaya europian vaasasthalamaaya tubakkil presidio sthaapikkalaayirunnu.
1768ll spanish janatha california thekkupadinjaaran america ulppedunna provincia dii laas california srishtichu. ekadesham adutha 50 varshakkalam spanish thekkupadinjaaran mekhala paryavekshanam cheiyunnathu thudarnnu, 1776-ll presedio saan august dell tuxon srishtichappol tuxon nagaram sthaapikkappettu, ithu tubackil ninnu presedio maatti.
1776-ll francisco attanasio domingues, sylvestre veles dii escalant ennee rund fraansiskan purohithanmaar saanta fail ninnu kaaliforniyayilekkulla oru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalki. koladoyiloode kadannupoya sesham, ippol uttaayilekk yaatra cheiyunna aadyathe yooropyanmaaraayi avar maari. octoberil mosham kaalavastha moolam avarude yaatra nirtthivekkukayum kizhakk saanta failake thiriyunnathin munbu avar thekk arisonayilekku madangukayum cheythu.
1804-ll spain provincia dii laas california vibhajichu alta california pravishya srishtichu, athil praadhamikamaayi california, newada, arizona, colorado, utta, nyoo meksikoo enniva ulppedunnu. 1821-ll meksikoo speyinil ninnu swaathanthryam nedukayum taamasiyaathe 1824-ll athinte bharanaghadana vikasippikkukayum athu muun spanish pravishyayude athe bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshamaaya alta california pradesham sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
1825-ll, arisonayile aadyathe spanish ithara yooropyanmaaraaya engleesh trappermar sandarshichu. 1836ll thekkupadinjaaran american aikyanaadukalude kizhakke attathulla republic oof texas meksikkoyil ninnu swaathanthryam nedi. 1845ll republic oof texas american ikyanaadukalaal pidichedukkappedukayum saadhaarana pradeshathe ghattathe marikadannu udan thanne oru samsthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu. puthiya samsthaanathu pinneedu mattu samsthaanangalude bhaagamaayitheerunnathinte chila bhagangal ippozhum undaayirunnu. 1846ll, thekkupadinjaaru meksikkan-american yudhathil kudungi, bhaagikamaayi america texas pidichadakkiyathinte falamaayi. 1846 august 18nuu oru american sainyam nyoo meksikkoyile saanta phee pidichedutthu. athe varsham desember 16nuu american sainyam thekk padinjaaran american aikyanaadukalile shathruthayude avasaanathe adayaalappeduthikkondu arisonayile tuxon pidichedutthu. 1848 februvari 2 nuu gwadaloope hidalgo udambadiyumaayi yuddham avasaanichappol, innathe california, newada, utta ennivayude bhooribhaagathinteyum niyanthranam america nedi, athupole thanne arisonayudeyum nyoo meksikkoyudeyum coloradoyudeyum (innathe kolaradoyude backie bhagangal, nyoo meksikkoyude bhooribhaagavum republic oof teksaasinte kootticherkkaliloode america nediyirunnu). 1853-ll gadsden vaangaliloode arisonayudeyum nyoo meksikkoyudeyum thekke attathulla bhagangal etteduthaanu thekkupadinjaaran american aikyanaadukalude avasana bhagam vannath.
1851-ll saan luis innathe coloradoyile aadyathe europian vaasasthalamaayi maari.
samsthaanangalaayi maarunnu.
thekkupadinjaaru bhagamaaya samsthaanangalude oru bhaagamenkilum ulkkollunna texasaanu aadyamaayi samsthaana padavi nediyathu. 1845 desember 29nuu texas republic oru pradeshamenna padavi marikadannu kootticherkkappedukayum udan thanne oru samsthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu. thudakkathil, athinte athirthikalil nyoo meksikkoyude pakuthiyolam, kolaradoyude moonnilonnu, kansas, oklahoma, vyoming ennivayude cheria bhagangal enningane mattu niravadhi samsthaanangalaayi maarunna bhagangal ulppettirunnu. 1850leeii othutheerppilaanu texassinte nilavile athirthikal nischayichathu, avide texas 10 dasalaksham dollarinu pakaramaayi federal gavanmentinu bhoomi kaimari, ithu meksikkoyumaayulla yudhathil texas shekharicha kadam thirichadaykkaan pookum.
meksikkan seshanethudarnnu, meksikkan pradeshamaaya alta kaaliforniyayude bhoomi ozhukiyethi ippol nyoo meksikoo ennu vilikkappedunnathinte chila bhagangal texas avakaashappettirunnuvel orikkalum niyanthrichirunnilla. 1850leeii othutheerppode texes, california ennee samsthaanangalum (texes oru adima rashtramaayum california oru swatantra rajyamaayum) uttaa pradeshavum nyoo meksikoo pradeshavum roopeekarikkappettu. nyoo meksikoo pradeshathu bhooribhaagavum arizona nyoo meksikoyum (avarude thekkan athirthikalile oru strip ozhike), thekkan koladoyude oru cheria bhagam, nevadayude thekke attam enniva ulppedunnu; athesamayam uttaa pradeshathu utta, nevadayude bhooribhaagavum, yominginteyum colladoyudeyum bhagangal enniva ulppedunnu. 1853 desember 30 nuu gadsden vaangal udambadiyil oppuvachathode puthiya meksikoo pradesham athinte thekkan paridhiyil, nilavile athirthiyilekku vipuleekarichu, athu yuu. ezz. amgeekarichu.ezz. 1854 eprilil cheria maattangalode kongras.
1861 februvari 28 nuu nilavil utta, kansas, nebrasca, nyoo meksikoo pradeshangalil ninnu roopeekarichathaanu collado pradesham. 1861 march 2 nuu nilavilulla uttaa pradeshathu ninnu bhoomi eduthukondu newada pradeshavum samghadippichu. thudakkathil, nilavil newada samsthaanathinte padinjaaran randilonnu bhagam maathrame eee pradeshathu ulppeduthiyirunnull, kizhakk athirthi washingtonil ninnu padinjaaru 39-aamathe meridian thekk 37-aamathe samaantharavum aayirunnu. 1862ll nevadayude kizhakkan athirthi washingtonil ninnu 38-aamm meridian padinjaarilekkum oduvil 1866ll washingtonil ninnu 37-aamm meridian padinjaarumulla nilavile sthaanathekku maari. 1866leeii athirthi parishkkaranatthil innathe samsthaanathinte thekkan thrikonaakrithiyilulla attam arizona pradeshathu ninnu cherkkunnathum ulppedunnu.
1861 juulai muthal, ell. tii. yude neethrthwathil oru konfedarettu fozhsu. kenal joonn roobert bailer nyoo meksikkoyile mesilaykkaduthulla fort filmoril nilayurappichirikkunna cheria union gaarisan keezhadangan nirbandhithanaayi. 1861 august 1 nuu bailer arizona pradesham srishtikkunnathaayi prakhyapikkukayum messila thalasthaanamaakki konfedarasikkaayi avakaashappedukayum cheythu. 34-aamm samaantharathinu thaazheyulla nilavilulla puthiya meksikoo pradeshatthinte bhagathaal roopeekaricha eee pradesham 1862 februvari 14 nuu audyogikamaayi.
1864 october 31nuu newada yooniyanil cherkkukayum 36-aamathe samsthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu. ithinethudarnnu 1876 august 1 nuu 38-aamathe samsthaanamaayi marria colorado unionilekku praveshanam labhichu. ennirunnaalum, konfedarettu arizona hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu. 1862 meyy aayappozhekkum union sainikar konfedarettu senaye eee mekhalayil ninnu purathaakki. athe maasam thanne yuu. esil oru bill avatharippichu.ezz. kongrasum 1863 februvari 24nuu ebraham linken audyogikamaayi yuu srishticha arizona oorgaanik aaktil oppuvachu.ezz. 107-aamm meridianil nyoo meksikoo pradeshathe vibhajikkunna arizona pradesham.
mukalil kaanichirikkunnathupole, 1850-ll srishticha yadhaartha pradeshatthinte bhagangal kothiyedutthathode uttaa pradeshathu ninnu parinamichu 1861-ll bhagangal newada, viom, colorado ennivaykku vittukoduthu; 1862-ll mattoru bhagam nevadaykkum 1866-ll avasana vibhaagam nevadaykkum. 1890-ll ell. dii. ezz. sabha 1890-leeii manifesto puratthirakki, athu sabhayile amgangalkku bahubhaaryaathvam audyogikamaayi nirodhichu. yoottaayude unionilekku praveshikkunnathinulla avasana thadassamaayirunnu ithu, 1896 januvari 4 nuu yoottaaykk audyogikamaayi samsthaana padavi nalki 45-aamathe samsthaanamaayi maari.
1869ll joonn wesley powell moonnu maasathe paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalki, athu grand malayidukkum colorado nadhiyum paryavekshanam cheythu. 1875-ll addeham thante paryaveshanangale vivarikkunna oru pusthakam prasidheekarikkum, "padinjaaran columbia nadiyudeyum athinte poshakanadikalkkum vendiyulla paryaveshanathekkurichulla report", athu pinneedu "colorado nadiyudeyum athinte malayidukkukaludeyum paryavekshanam" ennu punaprasidheekarichu.
1877ll thekkukizhakkan arisonayil velli kandethi. kuprasiddha khanana pattanamaya tompston, khanithozhilaalikale sevikkunnathinaayi janichathaanu arizona. pazhaya padinjaarinte charithratthile ettavum valia vedivayppaayi kanakkaakkappedunna oo. oo. yile vedivayppinte rangamaayi eee pattanam anashwaramaakum.keey. corell.
1877ll arisonayile bisbee, jerom ennivaykku sameepam chembu kandethi, ithu thekkupadinjaaran sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana gadakamaayi maari. 1880-ll uthppaadanam aarambikkukayum 1880-kalil pradeshathudaneelam reyilveyude vipuleekaranathiloode kooduthal labhakaramaakkukayum cheythu.
1880-kalude thudakkathil thekkupadinjaarinte hridayabhaagathukoodi sanjarikkunna randaamathe bhookhandaanthara reyilveyude poorttheekaranavum nadannu, ithu "santa phee root" ennu vilikkappedunnu. ithu chikkaagoyil ninnu topeca vazhiyum pinneedu thekk albukkarkkilekkum vadakku arisonayiloode padinjarottu loss enjalsilekkum neengi.
1893-ll sherman velli vaangal niyamam raddaakkiyathu eee mekhalayile velli khanana vyavasaayathinte thakarchaykku kaaranamaayi.
1901-ll, santa phee railway grand malayidukkinte thekke attathu ethi, ithu oru tourism kuthippin vazhiyorukki, ithu restorantum hotel samrambhakan fred haarviyude neethrthwathilulla oru pravanathayaanu.
thekkupadinjaaran samsthaana padavi nediya avasana rund pradeshangal nyoo meksikoyum arisonayumaayirunnu. 1863 aayappozhekkum, arizona pradesham vibhajikkappettathode nyoo meksikoo athinte aadhunika athirthikalilethi. parasparam naalppat divasathinullil avaa samsthaanangalaayi maari. 1912 januvari 6nuu nyoo meksikoo unionile 47-aamathe samsthaanamaayi. arizona taamasiyaathe pinthudarukayum 1912 februvari 14 nuu 48 thudarchayaaya american aikyanaadukalil avasaanathethaayi maarukayum cheythu.
samsthaana padavi labhicha kaalam muthal.
 1930kalil thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayil skee vyavasaayathinte thudakkam kandu. coloradoyil estes paarkk, gannisan, loveland paas thudangiya pradeshangalil resortukal sthaapichu. nyoo meksikkoyile ettavum pazhaya skee eriya 1936 ll skiermaarkkaayi thuranna aalbukkarkkinte kizhakkan attathulla sandia peak skee eriyayaanu. dashakathinte avasaanathil, 1939 ll, alta skee eriya sthaapichathode, uttayude skiing vikasippikkaan thudangi.
samsthaanathe skee saahacharyangal kaaranam, randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, patthaam parvathavibhagam elaitt skee sainikare parisheelippikkunnathinaayi colladoyil camp heyil sthaapichu.
eee padatthinte uthbhavavum charitraparavum saamskaarikavumaaya vyathiyaanangalum.
eee lekhanam american thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayude pradhana nirvachanam kaikaaryam cheyyumbol, mattu niravadhi nirvachanangalund. vividha nirvachanangale naalu pradhana vibhagangalaayi tirikkaam charitra/puraavastu; bhoomishaasthra/bhooprakrithi; paaristhithikam; saamskaarikam. 1930kalilum 1940kalilum thekk padinjaarinte pala nirvachanangalilum texas, oklahoma, nyoo meksikoo, arizona, california, collado, utta ennivayude muzhuvan allengil bhaagavum ulppettirunnu. kaalam kadannupokumbol, thekkupadinjaarin nirvachanam kooduthal urachathum kooduthal othukkamullathumayi maari. udaaharanathinu, 1948-ll naashanal geographic sosaitti american thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathe california, newada, uttaa, arizona, colorado, nyoo meksikoo ennivayaayum origon, idaho, vyoming ennivayude thekke atta bhaagangalum thekkupadinjaaran nebrasca, padinjaaran kansas, oklahoma, texas ennivayude bhagangalaayum nirvachichu. 1977 aayappozhekkum, samoohathinte nirvachanam uttaa, arizona, colorado, nyoo meksikoo ennee naalu samsthaanangalilekku churungi; 1982 aayappozhekkum samooham nirvachichathupole, amerikkayile thekkupadinjaaran bhagam arizona, nyoo meksikoo, uttaa, colorado ennivayude thekke attathulla strip, kaaliforniyayile mojavu, colorado marubhoomikal ennivayaayi churungi. chuttumulla pradeshangalude cheria bhaagangalulla arisonayilum nyoo meksikkoyilum kendreekarikkaan pradeshatthinte parimithamaaya vyaapthiye anukoolicha thekkupadinjaaran padanangalil shradha kendreekarikkunna mattu vyakthikalil erna ferguson, chaals lummis (thekkupadinjaaru enna padam srishtichathaayi avakaashappedunnavar), saamskaarika bhoomishaasthranjan reymond gaastil, ethnologist migewell liyon-porttila ennivar ulppedunnu.
bhoomishaasthranjan dii. dablyu. mainig thekkupadinjaarine naanalinodu valare saamyamulla reethiyil nirvachikkunnu llano estacadoic padinjaaru nyoo meksikkoyude bhaagavum mojave-sonoran marubhoomiyude kizhakk arisonayude bhaagavum "malayidukku pradeshangalkk" thekkum padinjaaran texasile elso jilla kolaradoyude thekke bhaagavum ulppedunnu. mainig thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathe naalu vyathyastha upamekhalakalaayi vibhajikkunnu. addeham aadyathe upamekhalaye "vadakkan nyoo meksikoo" ennu vilikkukayum albukkarkkilum saanta failum shradha kendreekarichathaayi athine visheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. thekkan colladoyile saan luis thaazhvara muthal sokoroyude thekk vare vyaapichukidakkunna ithu vadakku kizhakk-padinjaaru veethiyulla mansano parvathanirakal ulppede kaanadayude mukalile nadhi muthal saan juvan nadiyude mukalilekku vyaapichukidakkunnu. albukarkkinu chuttumulla pradeshathe chilappol central nyoo meksikoo ennu vilikkunnu.
"phoenix metropolittan pradeshathinu thulyamaaya oru vishalamaaya oyaasisiludaneelam vyaapichukidakkunna oru vishalamaaya metropolittan pradesamaanu central arizona. phoenix nagaram ettavum valia nagara kendramaanu, ithu tempe, messa ennivayum mattu palathum ulppedunna pradeshatthinte ekadesha madhyathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
moonnaamathe upamekhalaye "ell passo, tuxon, thekkan athirthi pradeshangal" ennu mainig vilikkunnu. ell passoy tuxon vyathyastha nagarangalaanenkilum avaykkidayilulla ulnaadan pradeshangalude nankooramaayi pravartthikkunnu. ell passo-tuxon idanaazhiyude padinjaaran attathu tuxon oru valia oyaasis ulkkollunnu. haiway, railway aavasyangal niravettunna vaasasthalangalulla rund nagarangalkkidayilulla pradesham oru pradhana gathagatha trankaanu. valia khanana pravartthanangal, krishiyidangal, kaarshika oyaasukal ennivayum undu. ell passoic tuxon sameepathaayi valia sainika instaaleshanukalundu; nyoo meksikkoyile ell passoic vadakku kotta bliss, vaitt sands misail rench, tuxoninu sameepam davis-monton vyomasena thaavalam. ekadesham thekkukizhakk bhagathaayi fort huvaachukkayile gaveshana kendrangalundu. eee sainika instaaleshanukal ell passo-tuxon mekhalaykku chuttum orutharam ulpradeshangal roopappeduthunnu, koodaathe siera vistta, laas cruze, alamogordo thudangiya shaasthreeya, paarppida samoohangalkku sevanam nalkunnu. ell pasoyude swaadheenam vadakku messilla thaazhvarayilekkum thekkukizhakk rioo graandiloode texasile trans-pecos mekhalayilekkum vyaapikkunnu.
naalaamathe upamekhalaye "vadakkan idanaazhiyum navajolaandukalum" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu albucarkineyum flagstaafineyum bandhippikkunna oru pradhana highway railway trunk aanu. gathagatha trunkinu vadakku american indian bhoomiyude valia blokkukalundu.
charitraparavum puraavasthushaasthraparavum.
america padinjarottu vikasichathode, raajyathinte padinjaaran athirthiyum padinjarottu maari, thalphalamaayi, thekkupadinjaaran, vadakkupadinjaaran american aikyanaadukalude sthaanavum maari. american aikyanaadukalude aadya varshangalil, appalechiyan parvathanirakk thottupinnilaayi sthithi cheiyunna puthuthayi kolanivalkkarikkappett pradeshangal vadakkan carolinayil ninnu verpeduthukayum thekkupadinjaaran pradesham enna peru nalkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil, "thekkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetts" ennariyappedunna eee pradesham mississippi nadiyude thekkukizhakkan bhaagatthinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu.
ennirunnaalum, meksikkan-american yudhathinu sesham padinjaaran pradeshangalum aathyanthika samsthaanangalum chertthathode, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya "thekkupadinjaaru" vikasikkukayum thekk thanne eee puthiya ettedukkalukalude bandham "kooduthal vyakthamallathaavukayum cheythu."
ennirunnaalum, puraavastu gaveshakanaaya eric reed, vadakku colladoyile duranco muthal thekk meksikkoyile duranco vareyum padinjaaru nevadayile laas vegas muthal kizhakk nyoo meksikkoyile laas vegas vareyum neelunna american thekkupadinjaarine nirvachikkunnathayi ettavum vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta oru vivaranam nalkunnu. kansaasinteyum oklahomayudeyum eathu bhaagavum texassinteyum bhooribhaagavum nyoo meksikkoyude kizhakkan pakuthiyum ozhivaakki, american thekkupadinjaaran nirvachanatthinte patana kendratthinte padinjaaran pakuthiyodu ekadesham thulyamaanu eettinte nirvachanam. eee lekhanam thekkupadinjaaran amerikkayekkurichaayil meksikkoyile sonora, chihuvahuva pradeshangal ozhivaakkum. avasheshikkunna bhaagath arizona, padinjaaran nyoo meksikoo, uttayude thekke attathu, thekkupadinjaaran collado, padinjaaran teksaasinte attam, nevadayude thekke attam roopeekaricha trikonam enniva ulppedunnu. oru prathyeka mekhalayil vyakthamaakkiyittillengil eee lekhanathil upayogikkunna nirvachikkapetta vyaapthi ithaayirikkum.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya/bhooprakrithiparamaaya.
mattu samsthaanangalude chila bhagangal uravidathe aashrayich thekkupadinjaaru ulppeduthaavunna vividha pradesangalaanu. american thekkupadinjaaran patana kendram (ell. sii. eiii. ezz) nilavile samsthaana athirthikale aasrayikkunnilla, koodaathe american thekkupadinjaaran mekhalaye arizona, colorado, kansas, nyoo meksikoo, oklahoma, texas, utta ennivayude bhagangalaayi nirvachikkunnu.
eee veekshanakonil, eee pradeshatthinte mikkavarum ellah bhauthika swabhaavasavisheshathakalum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya roopeekaranangalum kaalaavasthayum 26° muthal 38° vadakkan akshaamshathinum 98° 30 'muthal 124° padinjaaran rekhaamshathinum edayilulla oru boxinullil adangiyirikkunnu.
paaristhithikam.
eee mekhalayile janthujaalangale nokkumbol, american thekkupadinjaaru ennathinu vishalamaaya nirvachanamund. herpatological gaveshanathinte thekkupadinjaaran kendram thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathe nirvachikkunnath california, newada, texas, utta ennivayude bhaagangalulla nyoo meksikkoyile arizona samsthaanangal maathramaan; ennirunnaalum avaa aaa aarr samsthaanangalum athirthi nirvachikkunnathinulla eluppathinaayi maathram avarude bhoopadatthil ulppeduthiyittundu.
saamskaarika.
1958-leeii oru lekhanathil american thekkupadinjaaran mekhalaye nirvachichukondu laurence clark powell, "pecosinu padinjaaru, [meksikkan] athirthikku vadakku, messa verdinum grand malayidukkinu thekk, thekkan kaaliforniyayil ninnu mathil nirtthi athine oru bhoopradeshamaakkunna parvathangalude kizhakk" ennaanu nirvachichirikkunnathu."
texas valarekkaalamaayi eee vairudhyathinte kendrabinduvaayirunnu, palappozhum thekk padinjaaru bhaagatthinte "coor eriya" aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."trans-pecos pradesham pothuve" "marubhoomiyude thekkupadinjaaru" "bhaagamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnumdum, teksaasinte bhooribhaagavum oklahomayude valia bhaagangalum palappozhum thekk oru upa-mekhalayaayi sthaapikkappedunnu, chilar yadhaartha prayogatthinte pothuvaaya chattakkoodil thekkupadinjaraayi kanakkakkunnu, athaayath" "padinjaaran thekk". " thekkan charithram, samskaaram, raashtreeyam, matham, bhashaaparavum adhivaasaparavumaaya reethikal ennivayude adisthaana gadakangal adangunna eee pradesham athirthi padinjaarinte swabhaavasavisheshathakalumaayi samyojippichirikkunnu. eee prathyeka thekkupadinjaaru classic "pazhaya thekk" allengil thekkukizhakk "ennivayil ninnu pala tharatthil vyathyasthamaanenkilum, eee savisheshathakal padinjaaran ulnaadan thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangalil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru prathyeka thekkupadinjaaran swathuam nalkaan paryaapthamaan.
texasile eee savisheshathakalilonn-aabhyantharayudhasamayathu oru konfedarettu samsthaanamaayirunnathinu purame-thaddesheeyavum spanish american samskaaravum mattullavayumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee pradeshatthinte vikasanathil orikkalum oru pradhana punk vahichittilla ennathaanu, kaaranam kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum anglo thekk ninnulla karuthavarumaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte arambham vare innathe oklahoma samsthaanam indian pradeshamaayirunnuvenkilum, eee american indiakkaaril palarum thekkukizhakkan amerikkayil ninnullavaraayirunnu, avar aadyakaalangalil thanne saamskaarikamaayi swaamsheekarikkappettu. eee gothrangalile bhooribhaagam amgangalum aabhyantharayudhasamayathu konfedarasiyumaayi sakhyamundaakki. athumaayi chernnu, pradesham kudiyettatthinaayi thurannukazhinjaal, thekkukizhakkan pioneermaar eee puthumukhangalil asamamaya ennamaayirunnu. ithellaam valia american indian janasamkhyayulla thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile mattu bhaagangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru swabhaavam puthiya samsthaanathinu undakaan kaaranamaayi.
texassileyum oklahomayileyum bhooribhaagam nivaasikalum-mattu "thekkupadinjaaran" samsthaanangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi-thekk thaamasikkunnathayi svayam thirichariyukayum padinjaaran, paashchaathyarekkaal thekk bhagakkaaraayi svayam kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu enna vasthuthayum eee rund samsthaanangaleyum praadeshika vargeekaranathinte kaaryatthil alppam vyathyasthavum vyathyasthavumaya oru gadakamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
sasyangalum bhoopradesavum.
thekkupadinjaaran sasyajalangalil saadhaaranayaayi saguwaro kattaar vaazha, barrell kattaar vaazha, mulpadarnna piyar kattaar vaazha, marubhoomi spoon, creosot bush, sej brush, greaswood ennivaykkoppam vividha tharam yukka ulppedunnu. newada, uda, collado, vestt texas ennividangalil udaneelam niravadhi thaddesheeya kallichedikal valarunnu. colorado, nyoo meksikoo, texas ennividangalile uyarnna samathala pradeshangalilum steppi sthithicheyyunnu. thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangalile parvathanirakalil valia thothil alpine marangalundu.
malanirakal, malayidukkukal, messa, butts, uyarnna vishalamaaya thadangal, peedabhoomikal, marubhoomi, thadatthinteyum rench pravisyayudeyum savisheshathakalaaya chila samathalangal enniva thekkupadinjaaran pradeshangalude pradhana prakrithidrishya savisheshathakalil ulppedunnu. thekkupadinjaaran mekhala muzhuvan ardha varandathum varandathumaaya bhoopradesamaanu. udaaharanathinu, thekkupadinjaaran texassinte vidoora kizhakkan bhaagath, texas malambradeshathil chunnaambukallukaludeyum graanaittinteyum varandathum uyaramullathum parukkanthumaaya paarakkettukalulla kunnukal adangiyirikkunnu. thekk texas rioo grande thaazhvarayum kooduthalum parannathaanu, padinjaaru marubhoomikaleppole kuttichedikalum nagnamaaya mukalile mannum adangiya niravadhi sthalangalundu.
vanyajeevikal.
eee pradeshathu valare vaividhyamaarnna pakshikalude ennamundu, noorukanakkinu enangal american thekkupadinjaaru kaanapedunnu. chirikahuva parvathanirakalil maathram, thekkukizhakkan arisonayil, 400-ladhikam enangale kaanam. canadian ("braanta canadensis"), snow vaathakal, sandhill kreyinukal ("grass canadensis"), nyoo meksikkoyude samsthaana pakshiyum eee mekhalayile ettavum prashasthamaaya pakshiyumaaya rodrannar enniva thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangalile ellah samsthaanangalilum kaanapedunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunth (beautio jamaisensis), kooppar parunth (asippittar kooppari), oospri (pandian halliates), golden eagles (akvila chrisettos), harris hoock (parabuto unisynctus), american kestral (falco sparvarius), peregrin faalkkan (falco peregrinus), gray hoock (beautio plejiyats), baann moonga (taitto alba), padinjaaran screak moonga (megascopes kennikotty), valia kombulla moonga (bubinin virjiniyan), whitenensilf (whitenensilf), burhensilf (whitenensilf), burhensilf (whitenensilf) ennivayaanu erapidiyan pakshikal.
turkey kazhukan ("cathertus aura"), karutha kazhukan ("corragips attrattas"), vadakkan cardinal ("cardinalis cardinalis"), neela grossbeck ("passerina seerulia"), house finch ("hemorous mexicanus"), cheria goldfinch ("spinus saltria"), vishalamaaya build humming bared ("sainanthus lattirostris"), karutha-chind humming bared ("archylocus alexandry"), kosttayude humming bared ("kaalipte kostte"), gambels kweyil ("calliple", "raven"), brassolensil ("brassole"), brassolensil ("corpus"), brassolensil ("corpus"), corpus ("kalippi naalu tharam praavukal thekkupadinjaaran praav ennu vilikkunnu velutha chirakulla praav ("senaida eshyaattikka"), vilapa praav ("senaida maakraura"), saadhaarana graundu praav ("kolambina passerina"), inca praav ("kolambina inca").
sasthanikalile enangalil bobcat, koyatt, black karadi, black-tailed jackrabit, desert kottandeyil, desert bighon aadukal, myool maan, vaitt-tailed maan, gray phoox, parvatha simham, rivar oottar, long-tailed veesel, vestten spott scunk, prongon, raakkoon, oords kangaroo elii enniva ulppedunnu, ivayellaam ellah thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangaludeyum bhaagangalil kaanapedunnu. colarado, nyoo meksikoo, utta, arizona ennivayude chila bhaagangalil elkkukal kaanapedunnu. thekk padinjaaru bhaagath velutha mookk kotti, kotti, collar pecarior "javalina" enniva saadhaaranayaayi meksikkan athirthikkaduthulla arizona, nyoo meksikoo, texas ennivayude thekkan pradeshangalil kaanapedunnu. thekkupadinjaaran nyoo meksikkoyile booteel mekhalayil jaagvaarukale kaanam. meksikkan chennaaya ("canis lupus bailey") 1998 ll arisonayilum nyoo meksikkoyilum veendum avatharippikkappettu.ezz. 2014 avasaanathode thekkupadinjaaran nyoo meksikkoyilum thekkukizhakkan arisonayilum 109 meksikkan chennaaykkalude kuranja janasamkhyayundennu malsya, vanyajeevi sevana patanam report cheythu.
eee pradeshathu thaddesheeyamaaya paambukalude oru valia samghamundu. avayil rossie bowa ("lichanura triveergaatta"); thilangunna paambinte niravadhi upajaathikal ("arizona elegans"); trans-pecos raattsnekk ("bogertophis subocularis"); shawal-nosed paambukalude niravadhi upajaathikal; marubhoomi kingsnake ("lampropeltis gettula splendida"), arizona parvatha kingsnake ("lampropeltis pyromelana"), arizona pavizha paambu ("microids eurixanthus"); padinjaaran diamondback raattilsnekku ("crotalus attrox"); transcos head ("agrodon"); krosttar sernus ("krosttar"); krosttar sernus ("krosttar"); krosttar sernus ("krosttar"); krosttar sernus ("krostta
pallikalum aamakalum eee pradeshathe mattu uragangalil ulppedunnu. pallikal eee pradeshathu valareyadhikam prathinidheekarikkappedunnu, ettavum vyathirikthamaya denison american thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathum meksikkoyile sonora samsthaanathum maathram kaanapedunna gila raakshasanaan. nyoo meksikkoyude samsthaana uragamaan nyoo meksikoo vaiptteyil. mattu pallikalil iva ulppedunnu sonoran collar pallikal (crotafitus nebrius); vestten banded geco ("colionics veregatus"), kooman house geco ("hemidactylus frenatus"), medittareniyan house geco ("hemidactylus tursicus") ennivayulppede niravadhi tharam gecos, avasana rund enangal eee pradeshathe thaddesheeyamallaathavayaane avatharippikkappettu; marubhoomi igwana ("dipsessorus dorsalis"); chakwala ("soromalus aattar"); valia cheviyillaatha pallikal ("cophosorus texanus citulus"); kombulla pallikalude niravadhi upa-enangal ("sprinosy"); niravadhi speesheesukal; pledidos ("skinpidos"); skincos ("skinpidos"); skinpidos ("skinpidos") aamakalude ennam avayude mattu uragangalude athiraalikale apekshichu kuravaanengilum avayil palathum eee pradeshathu kaanapedunnu, avayil iva ulppedunnu padinjaaran peyint cheytha aama (chrysemis picta bellie); rioo grande cooter (seudemis gorsugi); desert boxes aama (terrapene oornaatta lutyola); bigg bend slider (trekkimis gaigee gaigee); sonora cheli aama (kinosternon sonorrheans); marubhoomi aama (goferres agassisi).
american thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile niravadhi thavalakalum thavalakalum ubhayajeevikalil ulppedunnu. eee pradeshathu kaanapedunna todukalil grettu plains tooad ("anaxorus kognettas"); green tooad ("anaxorus debilis"); arizona tooad ("anaxorus microcaphus"); nyoo meksikoo spadefoot ("spiya multiplicatta stagnalis"); sonoran desert tooad ennum ariyappedunna collado rivar tooad ("insilius alvarius") enniva ulppedunnu. thavalayude praathinidhyatthil iva ulppedunnu vestten borking frogg (krogaastar augusty); kaanyon trea frogg (haila arinicolor); arizona triefrog (haila raittoram); vestten corus frogg (seudacris triceriatta); chirikahuva pullipuli thavala (lithobates chirikahuvensis); avashishta pullipuli thavala (lithobates oonga). arizona tiger salamander ("ambistoma maavorshyam nebulosam"), peyint cheytha ensaattina ("ensaattina escoltsy picta") ennivayulppede eee mekhalayiludaneelam niravadhi salamanderukal undu.
thekkupadinjaaru bhagangal kooduthalum varandathaanenkilum, eee pradeshathe savisheshamaaya vividha enangal ulppede vividha malsyangal vellam labhyamaya sthalangalil kaanapedunnu. appaache trauttum gila trauttum eee pradeshathe rund salmonidukalaanu, aadyathethu arisonayilum randaamathethu arisonayilum nyoo meksikkoyilum maathram kaanapedunnu. cyprenodone janussile adutha bandhamullah niravadhi inam malsyangalaanu desert pupfishukal, avayil palathum padinjaaran texas muthal kaaliforniyayile deth vaali vare parasparam noorukanakkinu mile akaleyulla otappetta spring-pheed kulangalil kaanapedunnu. eee pupefishukal mikka malsyangalkkum sahikkaan kazhiyunnathinekkaal uyarnna thapanilayilum layikkunna kharapadaarthangalilum vellathil valarunnu. eee marubhoomi malsyangalil palathum avayude parimithavum durbalavumaaya aavaasavyavastha kaaranam vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnu, athupole thanne bhoogarbhajalam manushyar upabhogam cheiyunnathum uparithala jalam vazhithirichuvidunnathum, vinodathinaayi sportsfish polulla enangalude aamukham enniva kaaranam aavaasavyavasthayude nashtam (kaanuka rioo grande silvari minoo vii. beuro oof reclamation).
kaalavastha.
thekkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetsil, sthalamanusarichu ardha varandathum varandathumaaya kaalavasthayaanu. thekkupadinjaarin bhaagatthinte bhooribhaagavum varanda marubhoomi kaalavasthayaanu, ennaal padinjaaran texas ozhikeyulla oro samsthaanatheyum parvathanirakalile uyarnna uyarangalil valare valia alavil manjuveezhchayulla alpine kaalavasthayaanu. parvathangalulla marubhoomiyaayathinaal phoenix, tuxon, laas vegas, ell passo ennee metropolittan pradeshangalil orikkalum manju veezhilla. mattu nagarangale apekshichu albukkarkkil kuranja manjuveezhchayaanu labhikkunnath, pakshe shaithyakaalath idaykkide ganyamaaya manjuveezhchakal labhikkunnu. eee pradeshathu manju peythalppolum, american aikyanaadukalude eee bhaagathe manju athivegam urukunnu, palappozhum ratri veezhunnathinu munbu. eee samsthaanangalile uyarnna uyaravum samriddhamaaya sooryaprakaashavumaanu ithinu pradhana kaaranam.
newada arizona pothuve marubhumiyum parvathangalum niranja varandathum parvathangalkkaduthulla uyarnna pradeshangalil valia alavil manju labhikkunnathumaaya sthalangalaanu. nyoo meksikoo, uttaa, colorado enniva pothuve varandathum marubhumiyum parvathangalum ullathumaanu. thekkupadinjaaran, thekkan nyoo meksikkoyile chila pradeshangalil thaazhnna uyarangalil adhikam manju labhikkunnillenkilum avaykkellaam parvathanirakalile uyarnna pradeshangalil manyamaaya alavil manjum valia alavil manjum labhikkunnu. padinjaaran texas pothuve varandathaanenkilum mattu thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangalkku avarude uyarnna pradeshangalil labhikkuna athe alavil manju labhikkunnilla. thekkupadinjaaran teksaasinte bhoopradesam samathalangalude parannathum urundathumaaya bhoomiyaanu, athu oduvil chila kunnukalulla marubhoomiyaayi maarunnu. trans-pecos pradeshathu athumbol padinjaaran texacil ganyamaaya parvathangalundu.
 uyarnna marubhoomi" enna padavum eee pradeshatthinte paryaayamaan. uyarnna marubhumiye saadhaaranayaayi mojave marubhumiyum colorado peedabhoomiyum ennu nirvachikkunnu, ithu ulnaadan thekkan california muthal thekkan newada vare, kizhakk nyoo meksikkoyile rioo grande villal vare vyaapikkunnu. uyarnna marubhoomi vadakkupadinjaaran bhagangalaaya thekkupadinjaaran vyomingile chuvanna marubhoomi vareyum vyaapichukidakkunnu. sonoran marubhoomiyile arisonayil kaanapedunna thaazhnna marubhoomiyil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaan uyarnna marubhoomi. marubhoomiyude eee pradesham saadhaaranayaayi valare uyarnna uyarathilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, saadhaarana marubhoomiyekkaal valare kooduthalaanu, shaithyakaalath raathriyil valare thanutha thaapanila labikkum (california, thekkan newada, thekkupadinjaaran utta ozhike), chilappol valare thanutha raathrikalil poojyathinu aduthu. uyarnna marubhoomiyil shaithyakaalath (california, thekkan newada, thekkupadinjaaran utta enniva ozhike) manyamaaya alavil manjuveezhcha labhikkunnundenkilum athu valare vegathil urukunnu. vadakke american kaalavarshakaalathu venalkkaalathaan eee pradeshathu pradhaanamaayum mazha labhikkunnath.
kizhakkan utta, vadakkan arizona, colorado, nyoo meksikoo ennividangalil kaanapedunna marubhumiye saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna marubhoomi ennu vilikkunnu. samsthaanathinte thekk, thekkupadinjaaru, padinjaaru, vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagangalil chitharikkidakkunna marubhoomi colladoyilundu. roonn peedabhoomi, dinosar deseeya smaarakam, colorado deseeya smaarakam, rajakeeya malayidukku, courtus, praav creak, poorvvakaala deseeya smaarakathinte malayidukkukal, naalu konukalulla smaarakam, montros, blue messa reservoir, pueblo, saan luis thaazhvara, valia manalkkunnukal, joshuva trea desheeyodyaanam thudangiya pradeshangalilum parisarathumaayi chitharikkidakkunna eee marubhoomi sthithicheyyunnu. chihuvavuvaan marubhoomikku purame, thekkupadinjaaran nyoo meksikkoyile pradeshangal koodaathe, uyarnna marubhoomi ennu vilikkappedunna avarude samsthaanathinte vadakkupadinjaaran, vadakkan bhaagangalil chitharikkidakkunna marubhumiyum avarkkund.
ell nino samayat, shaithyakaalavum neeruravakalum eee pradeshatthinte thekkan bhaagangalil pothuve thanuppum eerppavumullathaanu, athesamayam thekkan jettu stream kaaranam vadakkan bhagam choodullathum varandathumaayi thudarunnu. laa ninaykku keezhil, nere vipareethamaanu sambhavikkunnath, athaayath thanuthathum eerppamullathumaaya kaalavastha vadakkott kooduthal doore nilkkunnu. 2000 muthal uyarnnuvanna thekkupadinjaaran vadakke american megadrot ulppede thekkupadinjaaru niravadhi varshangalum niravadhi pathittandukalumulla kadutha varalchayude episodukalum anubavikkunnu.
desheeyodyaanangal, smarakangal, vanangal.
thekkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetsil arisonayile grand kaanyan, kaaliforniyayile deth vaali, colladoyile valia manalkkunnukal, uttayile kamanangal, texasile valia valavu, nevadayile valia thadam, nyoo meksikkoyile velutha manal ennivayulppede niravadhi prashasthamaaya desheeyodyaanangal undu.
grand kaanyon, smaaraka thaazhvara (oru navajo desheeyodyaanam), petrified phoorast, saguwaro desheeyodyaanangal enniva arizona paarkkukalilum smaarakangalilum ulppedunnu; aguwa fria, kaaniyon dii chelli, cassa grande avashishtangal, chirikahuva, irumbunool vanam, montezuma kotta, navajo, oorgan pipe kattaattas, pipe spring, sonoran marubhoomi, sooryaasthamaya gartham, tonto, tusigoot, sindura parakal, walnut malayidukku, wupatki ennivayude deseeya smarakangal. mattu federal pradeshangalil appaache-sitgreeves deseeya vanangalum tumakori deseeya charitra udyaanavum ulppedunnu.
thekkan kaaliforniyayile paarkkukalilum smaarakangalilum deth vaali, joshuva trea naashanal paarkkukal, kotta parvathangalude deseeya smarakangal, mojavu pathakal, manal muthal manju, saan gabriel parvathangal, mojavu deseeya samrakshanam enniva ulppedunnu.
valia manalkkunnukal, gannisante karutha malayidukku, messa verde desheeyodyaanangal, braun malayidukku, poorvvakaalatthe malayidukku, collado, hovenweep, yukka house ennivayude deseeya smarakangal enniva collado paarkkukalilum smaarakangalilum ulppedunnu. mattu federal pradeshangalil curecanti deseeya vinoda mekhalayum bentinte pazhaya kotta deseeya charitra saittum saan isabelle, saan juvan, ankappahgre ennee deseeya vanangalum ulppedunnu.
nevadayil grettu besinil oru desheeyodyaanavum basin aandu rench deseeya smaarakangalum gold butt, tyool springs phoosil bedd undu. mattu federal pradeshangalil humbolt-toyabe deseeya vanam, lake meed deseeya vinoda mekhala, redu roock kaanyon deseeya samrakshana mekhala enniva ulppedunnu.
calsbad guhakalilum vaitt sandilum nyoo meksikkoyil rund desheeyodyaanangalundu. astec avashishtangal, bandelier, ell malpays, ell mooroo, gila cliff vaasasthalangal, kaasha-kaaduve tent rokkukal, oorgan parvatha-marubhoomi kodumudikal, petroglyphe, rioo grande dell norte, salinas pueblo dauthyangal enniva deseeya smarakangalil ulppedunnu. chacko kalchar naashanal historikkal paarkk, pecos naashanal historikkal paarkk, sevilletta naashanal wilde life shercher, appaache, kaarsan, gila, linkon, santa phee ennee deseeya vanangal ennivayaanu mattu federal paarkk pradeshangal.
padinjaaran texacil valia valayathilum gwadeloop parvathanirakalilum rund desheeyodyaanangalundu. mattu federal paarkk pradeshangalil chamisal deseeya smaarakam, fort davis deseeya charitraparamaaya sthalam enniva ulppedunnu.
youta desheeyodyaanangalil kamanangal, brais malayidukku, malayidukku, capitol reef, siyoon enniva ulppedunnu. karadiyude chevikal, devadaaru breakkukal, valia staircase-escalaant, hovenweep (coloradoyilum), prakrithidatha paalangal, mazhavillu paalam enniva deseeya smarakangalil ulppedunnu. glen kaanyon deseeya vinoda mekhala, dixi deseeya vanam, mandi-laa saal deseeya vanam ennivayaanu mattu federal mekhalakal.
vamseeyatha.
ell passo (80 sathamaanam), saan antonio (63 sathamaanam), loss enchals (48 sathamaanam), albookerk (47 sathamaanam), phoenix (43 sathamaanam), tuxon (41 sathamaanam), laas vegas (32 sathamaanam), messa (27 sathamaanam) thudangiya thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile ellah pradhana nagarangalilum hyspanic amerikkakkaare valia thothil kaanam.
eegil paas (96 sathamaanam), laas cruze (56 sathamaanam), yuma (55 sathamaanam), blaith (53 sathamaanam), pueblo (48 sathamaanam), santa phee (48 sathamaanam), glendell (36 sathamaanam) thudangiya cheria nagarangalilum valare valia hyspanic american janasamkhya kaanapedunnu. thekkupadinjaaran samsthaanangaliludaneelamulla niravadhi cheria pattanangalilum ganyamaaya valia laattino janasamkhyayundu.
thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile ettavum valia aafrikkan american janasamkhya laas vegas (10 sathamaanam), saan antonio (7 sathamaanam), phoenix (5 sathamaanam) ennividangalilaanu.
thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile ettavum valia eshyan american janasamkhya californiayilum texassilum kaanapedunnu, phoenixil chila eshyan janasamkhyayundu. ettavum pradhanappetta american indian janasamkhya nyoo meksikkoyilum arisonayilum kaanapedunnu.
nagarangalum nagarapradeshangalum.
grameena mekhalakalil janasandrata thaarathamyena kuravaanengilum raajyathe ettavum valia nagarangalum metropolittan pradeshangalum eee pradeshathu ulppedunnu. raajyathe ettavum janasamkhyayulla anchaamathe nagaramaan phoenix, albuckerk laas vegas american aikyanaadukalile athivegam valarunna nagarangalaayirunnu. koodaathe, eee pradesham mothatthil yunaittad stetsile ettavum uyarnna janasamkhyaa valarchaykku saakshyam vahichittundu, us sensus beuroyude kanakkanusarichu, 2008-2009 ll, amerikkayil athivegam valarunna samsthaanamaayirunnu utta. 2010leeii sensus prakaram, kazhinja patthu varshathinidayil 35.1% vardhanayode amerikkayile ettavum vegathil valarunna samsthaanamaayirunnu newada. koodaathe, arizona (24.6%), uttaa (23.8%), texas (20.6%), colarado (16.9%) ennivayellaam athivegam valarunna aadya patthu samsthaanangalaayirunnu.
phoenix (5 dashalakshathiladhikam janasamkhyayulla), laas vegas (2.2 dashalakshathiladhikam), tuxon (1 dashalakshathiladhikam), albookerk (900,000-ll kooduthal), ell passo (840,000-ll kooduthal) ennivayaanu ettavum valia metropolittan pradeshangal. aaa anchu metropolittan pradeshangalile motham janasamkhya 96 lakshathiladhikamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, avaril ekadesham 60 sathamaanavum rund arizona nagarangalaya phoenix, tuxon ennividangalilaanu thaamasikkunnath.
sports.
professional.
naalu pradhana professional sportsil, phoenix, laas vegas ennivayaanu thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayile eaka metropolittan pradeshangal. laas vegas ridezhs enfl football team vegas golden naitts enll hockey team ulla sthalamaanu laas vegas, phoenix 13 yuu.ezz. mejar leag baseballe arizona diamondbaakkukal, deseeya football leagile arizona kardinalmar, deseeya basketball associationile phoenix sansu, deseeya hockey leagile arizona koyattukal enningane naalilum prathinidhikal undaayirikkenda nagarangal. mejar leag basebolinaayulla rund spring pariseelana leegukalilonnaaya kattaar vaazha leaginte aasthaanamaanu grettar phoenix pradesham; emm. ell. biyude muppath teamukalil pathinanjum ippol kattaar vaazha leegilaanu ulppeduthiyittullathu. niravadhi enn. eph. ell suuppar boulukalude drishyavum eee pradeshathaanu. 1996ll dallas kauboykal pittsburg steelarmaare paraajayappedutthiyappol tempeyile sann devill stadiyathil suuppar bowl XXX nadannu. 2008 februvari 3 nuu grindelile stettu phaam stadiyathil suuppar bowl xlii aathidheyathvam vahichu, athil newyork bhimanmar nyoo englandu desasnehikaleyum suuppar bowl xlix-neyum paraajayappeduthi, athinte falamaayi nyoo englandu deshasnehikal seettil seahoxine paraajayappeduthi.ezz. 1995lum 2009lum enn. bii. eiii. ool-staar geyimukalkku airways sentar aathidheyathvam vahichu.
1997ll vanita deseeya basketball association (dablyuenbie) aarambhicha yadhaartha ettu teamukalil onnaayirunnu phoenix merkuri. phoenixil sthithi cheiyunna arizona raatlarmaaraanu indor american footballine prathinidheekarikkunnath. eee pradesham niravadhi pradhana professional goalf evantukalkkum aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu lpgayude sthaapaka kapp; phoenix ooppan, kuttikalkkayulla shriners aashupathrikal (laas vegasile); tuxon kankvistadors classic (tuxonile), pgaude chaambyans touril chaals shwab kapp chaambyanshippu (scotsdale).
naaskaarin eee mekhalaykkullil rund vedikalunda 1964 ll oru mile oval, oru prathyeka roopakalppanayum oru aidi1 rooad kozhsum, motorsports racinginaayi onniladhikam tracukalude 1,200 ekkar (490 hector) samuchayamaya laas vegas motor speedway ennivayumaayi nirmmicha phoenix internaashanal raceway. boosttan maarathaninulla yogyathaa malsaramaaya phoenix maarathan, phoenix, laas vegas ennividangalile roock 'enn' roll maarathan seerees ennivayulppede niravadhi desheeyathalathil amgeekarikkappetta oottaparipaadikal eee mekhalayilundu. lokamembaadumulla niyama nirvvahana teamukal nadathunna 120 mile dairkhyamulla kaalnada malsaramaaya laas vegas tuu vegas chalanchu kapp rileyude avasana pooyint koodiyaanu laas vegas, ithu lokathile ettavum valia niyama nirvvahana athlattik ivantaanu. 
professional bull ridezhs associationte aasthaanam colladoyile puebloyilaanu. deseeya final rhodeoic aathidheyathvam vahikkunna laas vegaasilaan ellah varshavum pbr loka finalukal nadakkunnathu.
1950kall muthal, laas vegas professional boxinginte ettavum valia evantukalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu, 1955 ll loka laitt heviveyt chaambyan aarchi moorum vattaatha malsaraarthi nino waldez thammilulla heviveyt noonn-taittil boatil ninnu aarambhich. mohammed alii thante avasana loka kireedam 1980 ll laas vegasil laari holmesinethire poraadi, floyd mayweather thante pradhana poraattangalil palathum avide poraadi.
koleju.
koleju kaayika vinodangalude sambannamaaya paarambaryatthinte aasthaanamaanu thekkupadinjaaru. paaku-12 konfaransil eee mekhalayil rund teamukalundu, arizona stettu sann devils, yooniversitti oof arizona wilde kyatts. moundan vestt konfaransil anelvi vimathar, yooniversitti oof nyoo meksikoo lobos ennee rund teamukalum undu. ell passo khanithozhilaalikalile texas sarvakalaashaalayaan konfarans americaye prathinidheekarikkunnath. bigg skye konfaransinu rund teamukalunda flagstaafile vadakkan arizona sarvakalaashaalayile lambarjaakkukal, arizona, yoottayile sedar sittiyile thekkan yootta yooniversitti thunderbirds. vestten athlattik konfaransil rund prathinidhikalund, nyoo meksikoo stettu yooniversitti laas cruseile aggis, nyoo meksikoo, phoenixile grand kaanyon yooniversitti maan.
enn. sii. eiii. eiii leag basketball toornamentukalude koottukettu aayi laas vegas maarukayaan. moundan vestt konfarans, vestten athlattik konfarans, vestt koost konfarans, paaku-12 konfarans ennivayellaam laas vegaasilaan avarude konfarans basketball toornamentukal nadathunnathu.
thekkupadinjaaru aarr koleju football bowl geyimukalude sthalamaanu tempeyil munbu insaitt bowl ennariyappettirunna ticket sitti kattaar vaazha; tuxonile arizona bowl; phoenix stadiyathil sarvakalashaalayil kalikkunna phiyasta bowl; laas vegas bowl; aalbukkarkkile nyoo meksikoo bowl; texasile ell pasoyile sann bowl.
munkaala [irupathaam noottaandil] thekkupadinjaaran konfaransinu eee pradeshatthinte peru nalkiyittundennu thonnumenkilum athil arisonayil ninno nyoo meksikkoyil ninno teamukalonnum undaayirunnilla. athinte teamukalilonnu ozhike matellaam texasile skoolukalil ninnullavayaayirunnu.

