
planocus sitri

citrus mealibugh ennariyappedunna planocus sitri eshyayil ninnulla oru inam meelibagukalaanu. europe, america, ooshyaaniya ennivayulppede lokathinte mattu bhaagangalil ithu oru kaarshika keedamaayi avatharippikkappettittu. ithu sitrasumaayi bandhappettirikkunnavum ithu vaividhyamaarnna vila sasyangal, alankaara sasyangal, vanya sasyajaalangal ennivaye akramikkunnu.
vivaranam.
malibugs laingikamaayi dviroopamaanu. praayapoorthiyaaya penn citrus meelibaginu ekadesham neelamundu, velutha mezhuk kondu moodappetta velutha, thavitt allengil pink niratthilulla shareeram. shareerathinte arikukal mezhuk philamentukalaal pothinjirikkunnu. ithinu purakil ilam chaaraniratthilulla rekhaamsharekhayund. athinte kaalukalum aantinakalum thavitt niramaan. praayapoorthiyaaya penpakshikku chirakukal illa, oru nymphinode saamyamund. praayapoorthiyaaya aanpakshikk alpam valuppamund, shareerathinte pinbhaagathu neelamulla mezhuk filamentukalundu, koodaathe pravarthanakshamamaaya chirakukalumundu. parakkunna samayat aanpakshi oru kothukinodu saamyamullathaan.
penn chedikal sasyangalil dhaaraalam muttakal nikshepikkunnu. oovisaakkukal ennariyappedunna pindangal mezhuk philamentukalude paruthiyullathum paruthiyullathumaaya paalikalaal moodappettirikkunnu. oovisaakkil ekadesham neelamulla 20 thilangunna manja, pink allengil aambar muttakal vare adangiyirikkum. aadyathe nakshatramaaya nymphine croller ennu vilikkunnu. chuvanna annukalulla manjaniramulla ithinu mezhuk pooshiyittundu. chrollerukal sajeeva koottaayathumaanu. penn nymph praayapoorthiyaaya penn nymphinode saamyamullathaanenkil aann nymph neelavum idungiyathum aanu. avaa vikasikkumbol, penn nymph purushanekkaal kooduthal instarukaliloode purogamikkunnu, purushan pree-pupal ghattathinu vidheyanaakunnu. aanpakshi oru kottani kokkoon nirmmikkunnu, penpakshi nirmikkunnilla.
citrus mealibugh kaanappedunnath wine mealibugh ("planocus phicus")-maayi valare saamyamullathaan, koodaathe rund enangalum pradhaanamaayum penthumbiyude cheria shareerathile sushirangaludeyum tubular dakttukaludeyum krameekaranatthaal verthirichirikkunnu. eee saamyam kaarshika mekhalayil oru prashnam srishtikkum. udaaharanathinu, karshakar onnukil meelibaginte jaiva keeda niyanthranam pareekshikkaan thayyaaraakumbol, anuyojyamaaya oru parannabhoji upayogikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil inathinte aidantitti sthireekarikkaan tanmatra vishakalanam upayogikkaan shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
vargeekaranam.
"1813ll nicard prakrithishaasthranjanaaya aantoyin rizoyanu "planocus sitri" aadyamaayi vivarichathu. ithu seudocosidae enna malibugh kudumbatthile "planocus" janussil pedunnu. hemiptere (yadhaartha bagukal) kramatthil suuppar famili cocoidia (skeyil praanikal) prakaram avaye tharamthirickunnu.
jeevashasthram.
muthirnnavarude ayuss thapanilaye aasrayichirikkunnu, ennaal sthreekal aazhchakalolam jeevikkumbol, purushanmaar muthirnnavarude roopathil moonnu divasathil thaazhe maathrame jeevikkunnulloo. eee samayat, aann bhakshanam kazhikkunnilla. athu orotta jody chirakukalode parakkukayum penpakshikale thedukayum cheiyunnu. penpakshi athinte deerghakaalam bhakshanam nalkunnathinum muttakal uthppaadippikkunnathinum chelavazhikkunnu. jeevithachakrathinte mattu vashangalil bhooribhaagavum thapanilaye aasrayichirikkunnu, muttayude marananirakk, nymph marananirakk, vikasana nirakk, linganupatham, prathyulppaadanam, muttayidunna kaalayalavinte dairkhyam ennivayulppede.
inacheralinide, citrus mealibugh "triple koyittas" ll earppedunnathaayi ariyappedunnu; oru sthreek ore samayam rund purushanmarumaayi inacheraam, moonnaamathe purushan kuranjathu eee prakriyayil cheraan shramichekkaam. purushanmaar avarude muthirnna jeevithathinte onno rando divasam inacheralil chelavazhikkunnu, sharashari onpathu sthreekalumaayi 23 sthreekalumaayi inacherunnathu nireekshikkappettundu.
saadhaaranayaayi varshathil niravadhi thalamurakal undu. vasanthakaalathum venalkkaalathum ettavum saadhaaranamaaya eee mealibugh, thapanilaykkum labhyamaya aathidheya sasyangalkkum anusarichu athinte janasamkhyayil ettakkurachilukal sambhavikkunnu. venalkkaalathinte thudakkathil florida citressil ettavum kooduthal samriddhi kaanapedunnu. harithagrihangalude sthiramaaya avasthakalil sasyangale badhikkunna malibugukalkku sthirathayullathum varsham muzhuvan sthiramaayi punarnirmmikkunnathumaaya janasamkhyayundu.
ithuvare anweshicha ellah mealibugh speesheesukalkkum endosymbiondukalundu avayude shareerathinullil vasikkukayum praanikalk upayogikkaan kazhiyunna amino aasidukal polulla upayogapradamaaya samyukthangal samanvayippikkukayum cheiyunna symbiotic bakteeriyakal. parishodhicha mikka meelibagukalilum betaproteobacterium "tremblaya prinsps" ("candidates tremblaya prinsps") adangiyirikkunnu. mattu bacteria taxakalum aduthide malibagukalil kandethiyittundu. citrus meelibaginu oru nested endosymbiosis undu. athinte thaamasakkaaran tii. prinspukalil avayude swantham endosymbiantukal adangiyirikkunnu, gamaprotiobacterium "moranella endobia" ("candidates moranella endobia"). oru praanikkullile oru baakteeriyakkullil oru bacteriayude eee "mathroshka" nested krameekaranatthe oru koshatthinte gadanayumaayi thaarathamyam cheythittundu. "tii. mattu mikka jeevante pravarthanangalkkumulla jeenukal nashtappettathinaal amino aasidukalude ulppaadanam ozhike prinspukalkku upapachayam pravarthanangalonnumilla. ithu "emm" neey aasrayichirikkunnu. endobia "oorjjathinu, athu illaathe punarnirmikkaan polum kazhiyilla. "tii. ithuvare padicha bakteeriyakalil ettavum cheria genome prinspilaanu ullathennu janithaka vishakalanam velippeduthiyappol prinsps shradha aakarshichu. 139 kiloo-bays jodikalil, ithinu ekadesham 120 jeenukal maathrameyulloo, ithu endosymbiantillaathe pravartthikkaan kazhiyaathath enthukondaanennu vishadeekarikkaan sahayikkunnu.
prathyaaghaathangal.
citrus meelibaginu "mikkavarum eathu poochediyilum" jeevikkaan kazhiyum. munthirippazhathinu munganana nalkunna oru citrus keedamaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu, pakshe ithu ekadesham 70 kudumbangalil ninnulla sasyangalil kaanapedunnu. pinaple, panchasaara-apple, thenga, kasthoorippazham, jaam, athippazham, stroberry, madhurakkizhang, maambazham, vazhappazham, avocado, eenthappana, peraykka, maathalanaaranga, saadhaarana piyar, apple, vazhuthananga, coco maram, soyabean ennivayulppedeyulla pazhangal, pachakkarikal, mattu bhakshyavilakalil ithu kaanapedunnu. ithu indor sasyangal ulppedeyulla alankaara sasyangale badhikkunnu, ithu harithagrihangalil saadhaaranamaanu. amarillis", "bigonia", "boganvillia", "kaana", "saiklamen", "impatians", "narsisus", "nikottiyaana", kaaktti, collius, krottan, sedges, dahlias, spurges, guardania, rosaappookkal, tulips ennivayil ithu kaanapedunnu.
praayapoorthiyaaya sthreekalum nymphukalum avarude thulaykkunna vaayile bhagangal upayogichu sravam kudikkunnu. ithu elakalude vaadippokal, chlorosis, ilayude thullal, valarcha muradikkal, chilappol chediyude maranam ennivayude roopathil chedikku kedupaadukal varuthunnu. ooranchu polulla pazhangal praanikal bhakshikkumbol avaa kattapidichu niramaakukayum avaa maratthil ninnu veezhukayum cheyyum. vilavedutha pazhangal niranja praanikal bhakshanam nalkunnathu thudarukayum ithu shipping samayat kooduthal nashtam varuthukayum cheiyunnu. eee malibugh thaine sravikkukayum elakalum pazhangalum pothinju sooty pooppal valarchaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. pooppal oru paalikk prakaashasamsleshanam nadathaanulla ilayude kazhivu kuraykkaanum pazhangal vipananam cheyyappedaathirikkaanum kazhiyum. citrus mealibugh sasya vairasukalude oru vaahakamaanu.
maanejment.
kaarshika mekhalayil, saamskaarikavum jaivaparavum rasaparavumaaya niyanthrana reethikal upayogichu praanikale niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. parasparam thodaathirikkaan thottangalude marangal murikkunnath vyaapanathe mandagathiyilaakkaan sahayikkum. krishiyida upakaranangalum vayalil upayogikkunna mattu vasthukkalum vrithiyaakkunnathu athinte gathagatham thadayaan sahayikkum. chila keedanashinikal malibagukalil valare phalapradamaanennu ariyappedunnu, kaaranam avaykku olippikkaanum thalikkunnathu ozhivaakkaanum kazhiyum, avayude mezhuk paalikal chila raasavasthukkale prathirodhikkunnu, avayude overlapping thalamurakal poornna niyanthranam thadayunnu.
keedanashini chikilsaykku rund pradhana prashnangalund "p. sitri "avayil chilathinodu prathirodhavum" pii "yude niyanthranavum vikasippicheduthittundu. ore keedanashinikal upayogichu ennam kuraykkukayo illaathaakkukayo cheiyunna prakrithi shathrukkale valareyadhikam aasrayikkunna onnaanu sitri. chlorpyriphos saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu, pakshe tunisiayil uyarnna alavilulla prathirodham vikasichittundu, orupakshe aavarthichulla upayogam kaaranam. prathirodham thadayunnathinulla shramathil, california saadhaaranayaayi "p" samayat maathrame chlorpyriphos upayogikkunnulloo. sitri "dormancy allengil vilaveduppinu sheshamulla chikilsayaayi. (kaaliforniyayile munthirithottangal tunisiaykku samanamaaya kaalaavasthayilullathinaal, samanamaaya vidhi anubhavikkunnathinekkur avar aashankaakularaanu.)
palatharam swaabhaavika sathrukkal undu. eejipthile oru sarveyil citrus meelibagil 12 inam parannabhojikalaaya kuttichedikal kandethiyirunnu. ladybird vandukal, nishaashalabhangal, oru pittham, oru pacha laseving ennivayulppede ombathu vettayaadal praanikalum ithu rekhappeduthiyittundu.
leptomastidiya asaadhaaranatha", "leptomastics dactilopy", "chrysopletisaras splendense", "anagiras seudococci" ennivayulppede nimphukale akramikkunna niravadhi paraannabhojikal jaiva niyanthranatthinte ejantumaaril ulppedunnu. braun laseving "sympherobius barberry", green laseving "chrysopa lattaraalis", hoverfly laarvakal, skeyil feeding mookkutthi laarvakal enniva vettakkaaril ulppedunnu. oru ladybird vandaaya mealibugh distroyer ("cryptolymus montrussiary") citrus meelibagine eluppathil akramikkunnu.
aankuttikale pidikkunnathinayi eee inathinte laingika ferromon upayogichu kettiya oru stikki trappaanu mattoru oopshan. ferromon verthirichedukkukayum samanvayippikkukayum cheythathinaal ithu vaanijyaparamaayi labhyamaan.