
viyatnaamile korpparettu niyamam

viyatnaamile korpparettu niyamam yadhaarthathil franch vaanijya niyama samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. ennirunnaalum, 1945ll vietnaam swaathanthryam nediyathinushesham, bharanakakshiyaya communist party athine pradhaanamaayum swaadheenichittundu. nilavil, korpparettu niyamatthinte pradhana uravidangal samrambhangalekkurichulla niyamam, securittikalekkuritlu niyamam, nikshepathekkurichulla niyamam ennivayaanu.
viyatnaamile korpparettu niyamathinteyum niyama srothassukaludeyum charithram.
swaathanthryathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattam (1945-1986).
colonial bhoothakaalam kaaranam viyatnaamile korpparettu niyamathe pradhaanamaayum swaadheenikkunnathu franch niyamangalaan. 1954 leeii jeneeva konfaransinu sesham vietnaam vadakkum thekkum enningane rund mekhalakalaayi vibhajikkapettu. 1980ll, vadakku thekk niyanthranam etteduthathinushesham, swakaarya vaanijyathe udyogasthar niruthsaahappeduthiya oru kendra aasootritha sambadvyavastha raajyam sweekarichu.
doyi moyi (1986nuu sesham).
1986ll, rogaavasthayilulla sambadvyavasthaye punarujjeevippikkunnathi korpparettu mekhalayil sarkkar saambathika parishkaarangal (doyi moyi) aarambhichu. vietnaam yudhathethudarnnu 1970kalilum 1980kalilum saambathika prathisandhiyilekku nayicha mikka nayangalum pinvalikkaan eee nayangal lakshyamittu. svakaaryamekhalayude vikasanam prolsaahippikkukayum saambathika vikasanathinulla saadhyathakal vardhippikkumenna pratheekshayil sambadvyavasthaye udaaravalkkarikkukayum cheythu. 1987ll videsha nikshepam sambandhicha niyamam pasaki, videsha nikshepakare raajyathekku anuvadichu.
1990ll saambathika vikasanam vardhippikkunnathinaayi swakaarya samrambhangalkkum kambanikalkkumulla niyamam avatharippichu. 1999-ll enterprises (loow) niyamam avaye marikadannu, ithu parimithamaaya badhyatha kambanikalkkum ohari udamakalkkum purame pankaalittham avatharippichu. loow nadappaakki moonnu varshathinullil 70,000-ladhikam samrambhangal rajisttar cheyyappettu, kazhinja onpathu varshathinidayil ithu 40,000-ladhikam mathramaayirunnu. 2005ll nikshepa niyamavum (videsha nikshepa niyamathinu pakaramaayi) oru puthiya niyamavum nilavil vannu. eee niyamangal viyatnaaminte sambadvyavasthayeyum anthaaraashtra saambathika samyojanathinulla athinte saadhyathakaleyum kooduthal shakthippeduthumennu prathekshikkunnu.
viyatnaamile niyamatthinte pradhana uravidangal.
bharanaghadana-pradhaanamaayum aathyanthika party naya rekhakalaayi kaanapedunnu.
 4 vyathyastha pathippukal (1946,1959,1980,1992)
niyamanirmmanam-franchukaaril ninnu pasakia sivil niyamathil ninnaan uthbhavichath.
bisinesses samrambhangalude roopangal.
viyatnaamile bisinus samrambhangale loow niyanthrikkunnu. ellah saambathika mekhalakalileyum samrambhangal article 7 (2) ll paranjirikkunna vyavasthakal paalikkanam.
naalu tharatthilulla bisinesses samrambhangalund.
limittad layabilitti kambani (ellc).
kambaniyilekkulla amgangalude mooladhana sambhaavanayaan oru ellc sthaapikkunnathu. oru ellc udamakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru niyamaparamaaya sthaapanamaayathinaal, sthaapanathinte kadangalkkum baadyathakalkkumulla udamayude badhyatha addehathinte mooladhana sambhavanayil parimithappedutthiyirikku.
ellc rund roopangalil nilavilundu-oru anga ellc allengil multy-anga ellc. aadyathethu oru samghadana/vyakthiyude udamasthathayilullathaanu, randaamathethu rund muthal ambathu vare amgangale anuvadikkunnu.
oru anga kaunsil (emm. sii.), emm. sii. chairperson, director enniva ulppedunnathaanu maanejment ghadana. ellcyil 11-ll kooduthal amgangal ullidathu oru parisodhanaa samitiyum (aisi) roopeekarikkanam.
ohari udamakalude kambani (ezz. sii.).
kuranjathu moonnu ohariyudamakalulla oru sthaapanamaanu ezz. sii., avide sthaapanathinte udamasthaavakaasham avarude kaivashamulla oharikalude ennathe aasrayichirikkunnu. mooladhanam swaroopikkunnathinaayi securitykal nalkaan kazhiyunna eaka enterprise aanith.
ohari udamakalude badhyatha avarude mooladhana sambhavanayil parimithappedutthiyirikku; ennirunnaalum, kambani roopeekarikkunnathil ganyamaayi mooladhanamillaathidathu ohari udamakalkku vyakthiparamayi baadhyastharaakaam.
oru ohari udamakalude yogam (sm), oru board oof maanejment (boom), oru director, oru aisi enniva ulppedunnathaanu maanejment ghadana.
pankaalittham.
oru pankaalitthatthil kuranjathu rund saha udamakalenkilum oru pothunaamatthil samyukthamaayi bisinesses nadathunnavarum kuranjathu oru saha udama oru vyakthiyumaan. oru pankaalitthatthil parimithavum paridhiyillaathathumaaya baadhyathakalulla pankaalikal undakam.
puthiya pankaalikalude praveshanam polulla ellah bisinesses kaaryangalum pariharikkanulla avakashamulla ellah pankaalikalum adangunna pankaalittha kaunsil, pankaalitthatthile ettavum uyarnna sthaapanamaanu.
swakaarya samrambhangal.
oru swakaarya samrambham ennathu oru vyakthiyude udamasthathayilulla oru sthaapanamaanu, athinte niyamaparamaaya prathinidhiyaya udamaykku bisinesses theerumaanangal edukkunnathil poornna vivechanaadhikaaramund, koodaathe thante ellah aasthikaludeyum paridhiyil athinte pravarthanangalkku utharavaadiyumaanu. oro vyakthikkum oru swakaarya samrambham maathrame sthaapikkaan kazhiyoo.
bisinasukalude udamasthaavakaashavumaayi bandhapetta niyamangal.
chila bisinesses lineukal niyanthrikkunnathin sarkkaarin niyamangalund, koodaathe idaykkide bisinesses saahacharyangal avalokanam cheyyukayum athinanusarichu enthengilum mattangal varuthukayum cheyyum.
bisinus samrambhangalude avakashangalum kadamakalum 8-10 enna lekhanangalil nalkiyittundu; ennaal enterprise pothu sevanangalo uthppannangalo vaagdaanam cheythaal alpam vyathyaasappedaam.
limittad layabilitti kambani (ellc).
elelsikalile udamakal poornnamaayum samayabandhithamaayum mooladhanam nalkanam. oru amgamulla ellcyil, kadangalkkum mattu swath baadyathakalkkum udama utharavaadiyaayirikkum. athesamayam, multy-memper ellcyil, amgangal aasthiyude tharatthil mooladhanam sambhavana cheyyanam, eathu maattavum mattu amgangalude sammathathin vidheyamaan.
elelsikalile udamakalkku nirodhichirikkunna sthalangalilozhike avarude mooladhana sambhavanayude oru punk nalkaam. oru anga ellcyil, udamasthanu mooladhanam pinvalikkanulla eaka maarggamaanith.
ohari udamakalude kambani (ezz. sii.).
pothujanagalkk securitykal vaagdaanam cheiyunna roopangalekkurichu sarkkar prathyeka vyavasthakal nalkunnu. securitykal vaagdaanam cheiyunnathil, securities niyamathil paranjirikkunna vyavasthakalkku vidheyamaan scs, athaayath kuranjathu 10 bilyan book moolyamengilum vaagdaanam cheiyunna samayat oru paid-upp charter capitalinte aavasyakatha.
bisinus rajistreshan certificat labhicha theeyathi muthal moonnu varshathekku saadhaarana oharikalude 20 sathamaanam kaivasham undengil sthaapaka ohari udamakalkku avarude rajisttar cheytha saadhaarana oharikal parasparam nalkaam. ezz. emm.-leeii amgeekaaram oru sthaapaka ohari udamayil ninnu rajisttar cheytha saadhaarana oharikal vaangaan sthaapakamallaatha ohari udamaye anuvadikkum.
pankaalittham.
paridhiyillaattha oru pankaali athinanusarichu mooladhanam sambhavana cheiyunnathil parajayappettaal, mattu pankaalikalkk nashtam varuthiya pankaalitthatthinu nashtapariharam nalkaan baadhyastharaakaam. ennirunnaalum, parimithamaaya badhyatha pankaali athanusarichu mooladhanam sambhavana cheiyunnathil parajayappettaal, adaykkaatha thuka aaa pankaali pankaalitthatthinu nalkenda kadamaayi maarum.
oru paridhiyillaattha badhyatha pankaalikku mattu paridhiyillaattha badhyatha pankaalikalude sammathathode maathrame pankaalitthatthile mooladhanathinte vihitam mattoru vyakthikk kaimaran kazhiyoo.
swakaarya samrambhangal.
udama thante nikshepa mooladhanam sthaapanathil rajisttar cheyyukayum nikshepa mooladhanam akkoundukalil rekhappeduthukayum venam.
korpparettu bharanavumaayi bandhapetta niyamangal.
bharanasamithikalude niyanthranam.
udamasthaavakaasham.
samrambhangalude udamasthaavakaasham ellc-kalude emsy/chairmanilum essie-kalude sm, boom ennivayilum nikshipthamaanu. oro samrambhathinteyum ettavum uyarnna theerumaanamedukkunna sthaapanangalaaya avarkk prameyangal paasaakkuka, kambani charter bhedagathi cheyyuka, kambaniyude pothuvaaya disha nischayikkuka thudangiya jolikal nirvahikkappedunnu. kuranjathu sathamaanam amgeekaarathode maathrame prameyam passacan kazhiyoo. ellah ohari udamakaludeyum thalpparyangal samrakshikkappedunnuvennu urappaakkaanaan atharamoru niyamam earppeduthiyittullath.
executive.
enterprisasinte udamasthaavakaasha sthaapanangal niyamikkunna directorq executive adhikaarangalund, koodaathe scs, ellc ennivaykkaayi kambaniyude dainamdina pravarthanatthinu melnottam vahikkunnu. niyukta avakashangalum kadamakalum nadappaakkunnathinu addeham niyamaparamaayi utharavaadiyaanu. kambaniyude udamasthathayum maanejmentum thammilulla adikaarangal verthirikkunnathu urappaakkunna vidhathil ellcyude directormark emm. sii. yile oru amgavumaayum affiliate cheyyaan kazhiyilla.
ennirunnaalum, ezz. sii. esine sambandhichidatholam, bominte director chairman enna nilayil eratta rolukal ettedukkaan loow vyakthikalkk anuvaadam nalkunnu. oru boom chairmaanmaaril 75 sathamaanavum avarude kambaniyude directormaaraanennu oru sarway kandethi. koodaathe, bombile mattu amgangal palappozhum kambaniyude bhooripaksham ohariyudamakalum maanejarmaarumaan. udamasthaavakaashavum maanejmentum thammilulla anischithamaaya vyathyaasathe ithu eduthukaanikkunnu.
parisodhana nadatthi.
udamasthaavakaashavum executive adikaarangalum nireekshikkunnathinum parisodhikkunnathinum nirbandhitha aii. sii. roopeekarikkaan loow nirddeshikkunnu. aii. sii. amgangalil kuranjathu professional yogyathakalo accounting/auditing pravrithi parichayamo undaayirikkanam, koodaathe udamasthaavakaashathilo executive bodikaliloo ulla amgangalumaayi bandhappedaan kazhiyilla. ithu nishpakshatha urappakkukayum thaalpparyangalude samgharsham thadayukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, ezz. sii. esil, aisi amgangalkku kambaniyil maanejment sthaanangalonnum vahikkaan kazhiyillengilum, avarkk kambaniyude oharikal swanthamaakkaano kambaniyude oru pothu jeevanakkaranaakaan anuvaadamundu.
korpparettu pravarthanangalkkulla vyakthigatha badhyatha.
udamasthaavakaasha prathinidhikal.
abhyarthana nadatthi 15 divasathinullil emm. sii./chairman abhyarthicha yogam vilikkunnathil parajayappettaal, kambanikku undaayekkaavunna eathenkilum naashanashtangalkk addeham vyakthiparamaaya badhyatha vahikkanam.
executive.
oru ellcyude director thante kadamakalum kadamakalum nirvahikkunnathil parajayappettaal ohari udamakalkku addehathinethire cases phayal cheyyaamennu loow nirddeshikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, oru ezz. sii. yill, avarude chumathalakal nirvahikkaatha directormaarkkethire nadapadiyedukkaan ohari udamakalkku adikaaram nalkunnathinu atharam vyavasthakalonnumilla. directormaarude vishwaasaparamaaya kadamakal niyamam vyakthamaakkunnundenkum eee kadamakal nadappilakkaanulla oru maarggavum athu nalkunnilla. ezz. sii. esile ohari udamakalude thalpparyangal vendathra samrakshikkappedunnille vimarsanathinu ithu kaaranamaayi.
inspectormaar.
aii. sii. athinte avakashangalum kadamakalum nadappaakkunnathinu niyamaparamaayi utharavaadiyaanu. ennirunnaalum, aii. sii. athinte avakashangalum kadamakalum avaganichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna saahacharyangal vyakthamakkunnilla, athinaal niyamaparamaayi baadhyasthanaanu.
udamakalumaayo ohari udamakalumaayo ulla edapaadukalkku niyanthranangal.
valia anubandha kakshi edapaadukal niyanthrikkunnathinum amgeekarikkunnathinum loow chila niyanthranangal nirddeshikkunnu. ezz. sii. esine sambandhichidatholam, oru vaipa karar/karar kambaniyude motham aasthikalude kuranjathu 50 shathamaanamenkilum moolyamullathaanenkil, athu bominte amgeekaarathinu vidheyamaan.
bandhapetta ellah edapaadukalum ohari udamakalude amgeekaarathode nadatthanam. 'anubandha kakshi' yill enterprisasinte maanejarmaaro ohari udamakalude kudumbamgangalo ulppedunnu, koodaathe anubandha kakshi edapaadukal muun bandhangalulla rund kakshikal thammilulla bisinesses krameekaranangalaanu.
maanejment udyogasthar mattu samrambhangalile avarude anubandha kakshikalude udamasthaavakaasha thaalpparyangalude vishadaamshangal velippeduthanam; bandhapetta kakshi charter mooladhanathinte 35 sathamaanathil kooduthal kaivashamulla sthalangalil randaamathethu baadhakamaan. vyakthiparamaaya thalpparyangal kambaniyude thaalpparyangale marikadakkunnillennu eee nadapadikal urappaakkunnu. koodaathe, edapaadil ohari udamakalkko directormarco vottu cheyyaan kazhiyilla.
ennirunnaalum, bandhapetta kakshi edapaadukalkkaayi oru baahya parisodhana samvidaanam loow nalkunnilla. bandhapetta kakshi edapaadukalkku amgeekaaram nalkaanulla ekavum aniyantrithavumaaya avakasham bombinu undu, koodaathe adhika parisodhana samvidaanathinte abhavam viyatnaamil nikshepaka samrakshanathinte abhaavathinu kaaranamaayi.
videsha nikshepam.
videsha, aabhyanthara nikshepangal loik keezhil samaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. videshanikshepamulla bisinasukalkko bisinus sahakarana cararino vendi jolie cheiyunna videsha nikshepakarkkum pravaasikalkkum yathaakramam nikshepa mooladhanam, labham, mattu asthikal, videshathu avarude varumanam enniva ayaykkaan kazhiyum.
viyatnaamil naalu tharatthilulla videsha nikshepangalundu
videsha udamasthathayilulla samrambham.
videsha nikshepakarkku videsha nikshepakarude mooladhanathinte roopathil saambathika samghadanakalo ellckaloo sthaapikkaam.
samyuktha samrambham.
kuranjathu oru videsha, oru aabhyanthara nikshepakanenkilum ulla oru samyuktha samrambhathil videsha nikshepakarkku praveshikkaam. oru videsha nikshepa padhathiyude pravartthana kaalayalav 50 varshathil kavian paadilla; thudarendathu aavasyamaanennu sarkkar karuthunnuvenkil athu 70 varshathil kavian paadilla. samyuktha samrambhangalekkaal shathrukkale shupaarsha cheiyunnu, nikshepa licensukal prayogikkunnathiloode avaa vegathil roopeekarikkaam. samyuktha samrambhangal azhimathi, bisinasinte melulla niyanthranakkurav thudangiya prasnangal neridunnu.
bisinus sahakarana karar.
videsha nikshepakarkku vietnaamees pankaalikalumaayi karar karaarukalil nikshepam nadatthaam, prathyeka bisinesses pravarthanangalil sahakarikkam. eee tharatthilulla nikshepam oru puthiya niyamaparamaaya sthaapanamalla, koodaathe bccyude kadangalkk nikshepakarkku paridhiyillaattha baadhyathayund.
boat/bii. tii. oo/bii. tii.
sarkkar nischayicha mekhalakalile adisthaana soukarya padhathikalude vipuleekaranathinum naveekaranathinumulla padhathikal nadappaakkunnathinu oru videsha nikshepakanu oru samsthaana sthaapanavumaayi atharamoru karar oppidaam.
nilavile niyamangalude vishakalanavum vilayiruthalum.
mattu adhikaaraparidhiyumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
korpparettu bharanasamvidaanangal thiranjedukkunnathinulla vazhakkam.
viyatnaaminte korpparettu niyamam anglo-american niyama thathwangal sweekarichittundengilum, us polulla pothu niyama adhikaaraparidhikal korpparettu bharana gadanakal thiranjedukkunnathil bisinasukalkku kooduthal vazhakkam nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, loow nirbandhitha aabhyanthara bharanasamvidaanangal earppeduthunnu. kambanikalkku avarude korpparettu bharanasamvidaanangal avarude aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi poruthappeduthunnathinu akshaamsham nalkunnathil paraajayappettathin ithu vimarshikkappettittundu.
anglo-american niyamam directormark avarude adikaarangal oru upasamithiyilekko mattoru vyakthiyilekko kaimaran anuvadikkunnu. athesamayam, viyatnaamil bombine sahayikkaan upasamithikal sthaapikkaamenkilum randaamathethinu athinte adikaarangal aadyathethinu kaimaran kazhiyilla. adikaarangal kaimarathe nirbandhitha korpparettu bharanasamvidaanangal adichelppikkunnathu vazhakkam kurayunnathilekkum kaaryakshamathayilekkum nayikkunnu.
melnotta, maanejment bodikale verthirikkal.
kambani maanejarmaarude melnottatthil aabhyanthara bharanasamvidaanangal pradhaanamaan. nammalil, supervisory body palappozhum single tyred board oof directormaaril ulppedunnu, athesamayam viyatnaamil aisi oru swatantra bodiyaanu. supervisory, maanejment pravartthanangal verthirikkunnathiloode, vietnaamees korpparettu niyama model, kuranjathu saidhaanthikamaayi, oru swatantra checking samvidaanam boom kooduthal utharavaadithathode nilanirthunnuvennu urappaakkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, vietnaamees aisi, boom ennivaykku oru shreniyum illa. ithu ezz. sii. asinaayulla jarmman rund nira board modalumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, worstaandinekkaal (maanejment board) sreniparamaayi mikacha oru aufsichtraattu (supervisory board). aii. sii. oru unnatha sthaapanamaayi amgeekarikkappedaathinaal, bombinmel athinu parimithamaaya adhikaaramund. praayogikamaayi, pala supervisormaarum kambanikkullile thaazhnna thalatthilulla jeevanakkaraanu. sthaapanaparamaayi swathanthraraanengilum, aii. sii. yile amgangal yadhaarthathil avarude upajeevanathinaayi avarude thozhiludamakale aasrayikkunnu, athinaal boom allengil directorude thettaaya maanejmentinethiraaya durbalamaaya niyanthranamaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu.
executive adikaarangal nalkuka.
viyatnaamil executive adikaarangal directoril maathram nikshipthamaanu, athesamayam germmaniyil executive adikaarangal vorstaandile amgangalkkidayil thulyamaayi pankidunnu. vorstaandile ellah amgangalkkum utharavaaditham pankidunnathinaal ithu jarmman kambanikalil samavaaya theerumaanamedukkaline prothsaahippikkunnu. korpparettu niyamam korpparettu officermaarkku (directorq thulyamaaya vietnaamees) oru sthaanavum nirddeshikkaatha jappaanumaayi ithu kooduthal vyathyasthamaakkaam, executive adikaarangal pradhaanamaayum director bordinullil nilanirthunnu (bomsinu thulyamaaya vietnaamees).
prasnangal.
korpparettu bharanavum maanejment gadanakalude pankum manassilakkuka.
viyatnaamile korpparettu bharanathe utharavaadithathinum nyoonapaksha ohari udamakale samrakshikkunnathinumulla oru samvidaanathekkaal oru maanejment chattakkoodayittaanu kaanunnath. prathyekichum, udamasthaavakaashavum maanejmentum verthirikkunnathu loow vyakthamaayi nirbandhikkunnilla. udamasthaavakaashavum maanejmentum verthirikkunnathu maanejarmaare vasthunishtamaayi vilayiruthaan anuvadikkunnathiloode utharavaadithathe prothsaahippikkunnu. maruvashathu, maanejarmaraayi sevanamanushtikkunna udamakal nyoonapaksha ohari udamakalude thalpparyangal nashtappeduthikkondu avarude swantham thalpparyangal pinthudaraan kooduthal saadhyathayund.
sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhangal.
loyude varavinethudarnnu, soos eaka samghadanayude udamasthathayilulla ellc-kalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, samsthaanam niravadhi adikaarangal nilanirthukayum maanejment theerumaanamedukkalil nerittu earppedukayum cheiyunnu. rashtreeya kaaranangalal kambanikal nadatthaan sarkkar udyogasthare thiranjedukkunnu. avarude bisinesses vaidagdhyathinteyum laabhathinte uddeshyathinteyum abhavam sarkkar udamasthathayilulla valia samrambhangalude kaaryakshamathayillaymayil thettaaya maanejmentilekkum nayichu.
koodaathe, moonnu supervisormaare maathrame niyamikkaan kazhiyoo ennathinaal kambani maanejarmaarude mail parimithamaaya nireekshanameyulloo. 2010ll sarkkar udamasthathayilulla kappal nirmmaana sthaapanamaaya binashin thettaaya maanejmentum saambathika prasthaavanakalude thettaaya reporting moolam papparaayi. ithu sosukalkkulla aparyapthamaaya nireekshana, auditing samvidaanangale prathifalippikkunnu.
nikshepakarude samrakshanam.
maanejmentine utharavaadithamullavaraakkan puthiya vazhikal avatharippichu nyoonapaksha ohari udamakalude thalpparyangal loow vardhippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna ohari udamakalude aavasyakathakal ulppedeyulla karsanamaaya munvyavasthakalum nyoonapaksha ohari udamakalkku ohari udamakalude yogam vilikkunnathinu munbu thelivukal kaanikkendathinte aavasyakathayum ullathinaal, mattu adhikaaraparidhiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol viyatnaamile nikshepakarude samrakshanam ippozhum parimithamaanu.
ohari udamakalkku oru meating abhyarthikkaanulla parimithamaaya avasarangal, anyayamaaya edapaadukal amgeekarikkunna board amgangalkku niyamaparamaaya utharavaadithangal chumathaathirikkuka, korpparettu bharana ghadanayil (ezz. sii. esinu) ullavarkkethire cases phayal cheyyaanulla ohari udamakalude avakashamilla, velippeduthal baadhyathakalum directormaarum aavashyappedunna vyavasthakalude abhavam enniva loyude mattu poraaymakalil ulppedunnu.

