
illawara steem naavigeshan kambani

1858 muthal 1950 kalude arambham vare australiyayile nyoo southu veyilsinte thekkan theerathu sevanam nalkia oru shipping kambaniyaayirunnu illawara steem naavigeshan kambani. general steem naavigeshan kambani, kiama steem naavigeshan kambani, sholhaven steem naavigeshan kambani ennivayude samyojanathiloodeyaanu ithu roopeekarichathu, avaril oororutharum thekkan theeratthinte chila bhagangal athath kappalukalumayi sevichu. layichathinushesham, puthiya kambanikku thekkan theerathe shippingumaayi bandhappett kuthakayundaayirunnu, avarude kappalppada sydnic victoriyayude athirthikkum edayilulla ellah pradhana thuramukhangalum sandarshichu. kambani yaathrakkaareyum kannukaalikal ulppedeyulla uthppannangaludeyum oru shreni athichu, athinaal ithu 'panni, visil line' ennariyappettu kappalukal oru pannikkaayi oru manikkoor kaathirikkumennu parayappedunnu, pakshe oru yaathrakkaaran oru minitalla.
varshangalayi 1112 tonn "merrimbula", 693 tonn "eedan" ennivayulppede irupathiladhikam steemshippukal kappalppadayude bhaagamaayirunnu. eee kappalukalil palathum kambaniyude aavasyangalkkaayi nirmmichavayaayirunnu, avaa oostreliyaykkakathum videshathumulla kappalsaalakalil nirmmichavayaayirunnu. rooad, reyil ennivayil ninnulla vardhicha malsaram, randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham kappalukal maattisthaapikkunnathinu chelavu, waterfrond tharkkangal, vardhichuvarunna chelavu ennivayulppede niravadhi gadakangalude falamaanu kambaniyude athyanthikamaaya thakarcha. thalphalamaayi, ekadesham 100 varshathe pravarthanatthinu sesham, kambani swamedhayaa sweekarikkunna sthaapanamaayi maarukayum 1955ll stokku ekschenchil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum cheythu.
charithram.
1858ll illawara steem naavigeshan kambani roopeekarikkunnathinumbu, niravadhi kambanikalum vyakthikalum nyoo southu veyilsinte thekkan theerathu steemshippukal oodichirunnu. ivayil aadyathethu yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu swantham adhikaarathil oostreliyayilekku yaatra cheytha sophiya jaine aayirunnu (angane cheytha aadyathe neeravi kappalaayirunnu), 1831 ll sidniyilethi. ennaal sophiya jaine volongongilekku oru sevanam nadathumbol, 1839 muthal illawara steem paakkat kambani sthaapichathode kooduthal pathiv sevanam nalki. sthaapithamaayi moonnu maasangalkk sesham kambani brisbane vaattar steem passenture kambaniyumaayi layichathinaal illawara steem paakkat kambani aaa peril valarekkalam ariyapettirunnilla. general steem naavigeshan kambaniyaayi maaruka. puthuthayi roopeekaricha kambani thudakkathil vilyams nadiyile nyoo southu veyilsil nirmmicha "maitlaand", "vilyam IV" ennee rund neeravi kappalukal upayogichu, koodaathe kambani thekkan theeratthinoppam vettayaadal nadhiyum sevichu.
general steem naavigeshan kambani vikasippikkunnath thudarnnu, jervis beyilekkum kiyamayilekkum sevanangal pareekshichu (pinneedu upekshikkappettu), kambani volongongilekkulla oottam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi "illavaara" aarambhichu. ennirunnaalum, taamasiyaathe malsaram uyarnnuvannu. vaanijyaparamaaya vijayam nedunnathil paraajayappettenkilum 1852ll sydnic volongonginum idayil pravartthanam aarambhicha scru-driven steamship "keera" victorian thaalpparyangalkk vittu. mattu malsarangal uyarnnuvannathu volongonginu thekk thuramukhangalil nalkunna sevanathinte abhaavathinte nerittulla falamaanu. aaa rund pattanangalile thaamasakkaraaya kiama, sholhawen ennivar 1854-ll rund puthiya steamship kambanikal roopeekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. kiama steem naavigeshan kambaniyum sholhawen steem naavigeshan kambaniyum yathaakramam "kiama", "nora kraina" ennee steemshippukal nadatthi.
eee samayat moonnu steamship kambanikal thekkan theeram kaikaaryam cheiyukayaayirunnu, ithu athath thaalpparyangalkkayi valareyadhikam malsaramaanennu thelinju. angane 1855-ll oru karaaril ethi, thekkan theeram "illawara", "kiama", "nora kraina" ennivaykku maathram vittu. ennirunnaalum, 1851-ll bega jillayile gathagatha soukaryangalekkurichu oru anweshanam aarambichirunnu, 1858 octoberil puthiya southu weils paarlamentinte niyamathiloode illawara steem naavigeshan kambani moonnu kambanikalude samyojanamaayi maari. puthiya samyojitha kambanikku kuranjathu moonnu kappalukalude oru kappal undaayirunnu "illawara", "kiama", "nora kraina" enniva eee pradeshathe sevichirunnu. eee pattikayil "naura" cherkkapettu, aaraamatheth-"mimosa"-taamasiyaathe rajisttaril ulppeduthi.
kappalukalude ennam vardhichukondirunnu, 1866 aayappozhekkum elavaara steem naavigeshan kambani thekke theerathe thuramukhangalil ninnu sidniyilekku vaaranthya sarveesukal nadathukayum kambili, devadaaru, kalkari, vividha asamskritha vasthukkal enniva vahikkukayum cheythu. kambani vipuleekarichathode pradhana charakkum thuramukhathu ninnu purappedunnathinu munbu kappalukal nirmmicha "visil" kaaranam ithu "pigg & visil" rann ennariyappettu. theeradesha nyoo southu veyilsinte vikasanathil kambani oru pradhana punk vahikkendathaayirunnu, avarude kappalukal sydnic victorian athirthikkum edayilulla ellah thuramukhangalilum nirthendathaayirunnu. 1905 aayappozhekkum sidani, lonsesttan, tasmania, hobart, nyoosiland ennivayumaayi pathivayi neeravi ashayavinimayam nadathunnathiloode eedane bandhippikkaan kambanikku kazhinju. reyil, rooad gathaagathathil ninnulla malsaram kambaniyude avasaanathil nirnaayaka punk vahikkumennenkilum, niravadhi varshangalolam thekkan theera vyaapaarathil kambani kuthakaykku sameepamaayirunnu, saadhyathayulla niravadhi athiraalikalumaayi charcha cheiyukayo ettedukkukayo cheythu.
charakkinodoppam kambani yaathrakkaareyum, 1910-ll 'bullattinil' prasidheekaricha henry losante oru lekhanavum 'bermagui-oru vichitramaaya sooryaasthamayathil' enna thalakkettil bermaguvil ninnu sidniyilekkulla oru steamer yaathrayekkurich vivarikkunnu-orupakshe losan kambaniyumaayi yaatra cheiyukayaayirunnu. nirbhagyavashaal, 1928-ll kambaniyude kappalukalilonnaya "merrimbula" thekkott pookumbool beekroft thalayil karayilethi. eee thakarchaykku sesham, thekkan theerathekkulla yaathrakkaarude shipping poortthiyaayi, kambani poornnamaayum charakkukalil shradha kendreekarichu.
1904ll kambani illawara aandu southu koost steem naavigeshan kambaniyaayi (aii. ezz. sii. enn. sii) samyojippikkappedukayum randaam lokamahaayudham vare kambani vijayakaramaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, kambani nalla saambathikaavasthayil thudarukayum kaaryamaaya prasnangal uyarnnuvarikayum cheythu. prathyekichu, rooad gathaagathathinu veeduthorumulla sevanam nalkaan kazhinju (kambani naroomayil samanamaaya enthengilum nalkaan shramichenkilum), railway vardhicha malsaram nalki, chila hotelukalumaayi prathyeka karaarukalil earppedukayum chila charakk karaarukal shipping lainil ninnu maattukayum cheythu. theerapradesha tharkkangal, vardhichuvarunna chelavukal, yudhaananthara kappal maattisthaapikkal chelavukal ennivayumaayi samyojippikkumbol, kambani prashnathilaayi, 1948 ll aadyamaayi nikshepakarkku labhavihitam nalkiyilla. 1950ll kambani swamedhayaa liquidationilekku praveshikkukayum ithu 1955ll australian stokku ekschenchil ninnu ozhivaakkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
thuramukhangal.
1850 kalude thudakkathil, general steem naavigeshan kambani, kiama steem naavigeshan kambani, sholhaven steem naavigeshan kambani enniva swatantra pravarthanangalaayirunnappol, nyoo southu veyilsinte thekkan theerathulla pradhana thuramukhangalil sidani, volongong, sholhaven, merrimbula, kiama, tuffold bay enniva ulppedunnu. moonnu kambanikaludeyum samyojanathinushesham, eee pattikayil jerringong, battemans bay, nellijan ennividangalile stoppukal ulppedunnu. pinneedu, moruyayilum vagonga jillayilum cheria swarnna kuthippukal avaa ulppeduthunnathinu kaaranamaayi, mattu thuramukhangalil bermagui, eedan, narooma, thaatra enniva ulppedanam.
1870leeii avarude shedyulil moonnu divasathilorikkal kiama, sholhaven, jerringong ennividangalilekkum ekadesham ore nirakkil ulladullah, clyde, sholhaven, volongong ennividangalilekkum yaatra cheiyunna ilaavara steem naavigeshan kambaniyude theerathe pravartthanangalude vyaapthi kaanaan kazhiyum. randaazhcha koodumbol mourya sandarshikkukayum aazhchayil orikkal merimbulayilekkum ulladullayilekkum oru adhika yaatra nadathukayum cheythirunnu. 1873ll eee sevanangal lalithavalkkarikkappedukayum merrimbula, eedan, thaatra ennividangalilekkulla prathivaara oottavum mattangalil ulppedunnu.
illawara steem naavigeshan kambaniyude sevanangal nilanirthunnathu chilappol thaamasakkaarude bhaagathuninnu kurachu parisramam nadatthi. udaaharanathinu, kambaniyude sevanangal nilanirthunnathinaayi 1859-ll ulladullah oru thadi jetty nirmmichu; mechappetta mooring soukaryangal nalkiyillengil thangalude kappalukal veendum ulladullayilekku vilikkillennu avar karshakare ariyichirunnu. (ezhu varshathinusesham jettikk pakaram prakrithidatha paarakkettukalil sarkkar nirmmicha oru kallu thuramukham sthaapichu). athupole praadeshika karshakarkk munbu 25 kilometer akale merrimpula nirtthiyirunna theeradesha kappal gathaagathathilekku praveshanam nedunnathinaayi oru cheria jetty nirmmichathiloodeyaanu thaatra pattanam srishtikkappettathu.
kappalukal.
akkaalathe mikka steamship kambanikalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi kambaniyude parasyatthilo avarude varavinum purathekkumulla ariyippukalilum kappalukalude perukalo undaayirunnilla ennathinaal illawara steamship naavigeshan kambaniyude kappalukal orumichu cherkkunnath budhimuttaanu. pakaram avar kappalukale "i" ennu pattikapedutthi.ezz.enn. steemarukal, "kappalukal paraamarshichittundenkil. ennirunnaalum, kambani samyojippikkappettpol thekkan theera vyapaaram kaikaaryam cheyyaan kuranjathu moonnu kappalukalenkilum undaayirunnuvennu ariyappedunnu kiama steamship kambaniyil ninnulla "kiama", sholhaven steem naavigeshan kambaniyil ninnulla "nora kreena", general steamship kambaniyude "illaavara".
eee moonnil, 1855-ll kambaniyumaayi sevanathil praveshicha 104 tonn paddle steemaraayirunnu "kiama". 1854-ll glassgoyil nirmmicha avar austreliyayil ethaan 144 divasamedutthu, 1876-ll avar vilkkukayum oru halkayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum cheiyunnathuvare avar thekkan theerathu sevanamanushtichu. vilppanaykku munbu avalkk yadhaartha 123 adiyil ninnu 154 adiyaayi neelam koottukayum avalude tanej 111 tannayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, "nora kraina" 93 tonn bharam kuranjathum praadeshikamaayi sidneyil nirmmichathumaanu. 1861ll kambani avale vittu. aadyathe moonnu kappalukalil moonnaamathethu, "illawara", 1849ll waterfordil 166 tonn bhaarathode nirmmichathaanenkilum "nora kraina" pole 1861ll vilkkunnathuvare avar puthiya kambaniyil thudarnnu.
1864 aayappozhekkum kambani kuranjathu naalu kappalukalude oru kappalppadayengilum pravarthippikkukayirnu-"kiama" appozhum sevanathilaayirunnu, avarodoppam "vettakkaaran", "mainora", "kembla" ennivayum chernnu. 204 tonn bharamullah irumbu steemshippaaya "kembla", 105 tonn bharamullah paddle steemaraaya "hunder" enniva skotlandile glassgoilaanu nirmmichathu. australiyayile sidneyile primontilaanu "mainora" nirmmichathu. 117 tonn bharamullah thadi paddle steamer, 1864-ll rekku beyil sent jorjas thalayil idichathinethudarnnu kambaniyumaayulla avarude samayam avasaanichu. yaathrakkaarudeyum jeevanakkaarudeyum jeevan rakshikkanulla shramathil, kappal thalappaavil ninnu ekadesham moonnu mile akaleyulla manal niranja kadaltheerathu thakarnnuveezhunnathuvare kappal thudarnnunilkkaan kyapttan poraadi. boat nashtamaayappol, "mainora" yile yaathrakkaarum jeevanakkarum rakshapettu.
1878ll "illawara (II)" vaangiyathiloodeyaanu kambaniyude kappalppadayil adutha supradhana maattam sambhavichathu. 533 tunnum 190 adii neelavum ulla avar kambanikkaayi yaathrakkaarum charakkukalum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum 1908 ll sthaapikkappedunnathuvar "ettavum janapriya" maayi maarukayum oduvil athu upekshikkappedukayum cheythu. "illavaara (II)" taamasiyaathe kannukaalikalum ksheera uthppannangalum ulppedeyulla yaathrakkaarum charakkukalum vahikkunnathinaayi 1880-ll nirmmicha 504 tonn bharamullah kappalaya "alavari" yumayi chernnu. (1909ll "illawara (II)" pole avale jolikkedukkunnathuvare "alavari" illawara steem naavigeshan kambaniyil sevanamanushtichu). eee kaalayalavile moonnaamathe pradhana kappal "kamerukka" aayirunnu. 1880ll nirmmicha 515 tonn bharamullah steamer 1897 octoberil moruviyayile pedro reefil thakarnnuveenathine thudarnnu nashtamaayi.
1904ll kambani illawara, southu koost steem naavigeshan kambaniyaayi punasamghadippikkappettu, avarude kappalukalil "alavari" yum "eedan", "bega" ennee rund puthiya steemarukalum ulppedunnu. "sidani-merrimbula-eden-thaatra roottil pravarthippikkunnathinna glassgoyil kambanikkaayi nirmmicha 693 tonn bharamullah scru steamer aayirunnu 1900ll ethiya "eden". "eedan" oru halkkayi parivartthanam cheyyappedunnathuvare kambaniyumaayi thudarnnu, oduvil 1933-ll avar thakarkkapettu. 1883-ll vikshepichappozhum 1907-ll yaathrakkaaril oraalude nashtatthode mungiyathinum idayil 567 tonn bharamullah "bega" yaathrakkaarum charakkukalum kondupoyi.
1900-kalude thudakkathil kuranjathu rund kappalukalenkilum kappalppadayil chernnu shelharber steem naavigeshan kambaniyil ninnu ettedutha "peterbo", "merrimbula". akkaalat kambaniyude ettavum mikacha kappalaayirunnu merrimbula. 106 yaathrakkaarkk (96 saloon 10 second classes) thaamasoukaryavum refrigerated cargo space ullathum 13 muthal 14 nottu vare sheshiyullathumaaya 1122 tonn bharamullah scru steemaraayirunnu avar. nirbhagyavashaal 1928-ll avar beekroft thalayil ninnu thennimari.
onnaam lokamahaayudham aarambhikkunnathin thottumunbu, kambani naalu puthiya kappalukal vaangi "bermagui", "bonandera", "bodalla", "bergalia". "bodalla" yudhashramathinaayi aavasyappedukayum oru mainsweepparaayi punarnirmmikkappedukayum cheythu. 1924-ll aval nashtappettu. yudhathinushesham kambani moonnu kappalukal koodi vaangi "" nergalia "," "" cobargo "," "" kianga "."  "randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu "nergalia", "kianga" enniva aavasyappettirunnuvenkum randum shathruthaye athijeevichenkilum "kianga" pirichuvitta sesham kambanikku thirike nalkiyilla.