
ensisheem

vadakkukizhakkan fraansile grand esttile howt-rinn vakuppile oru communaanu ensisheem (alsasian ansa). samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya liyon bolmaante janmasthalam koodiyaanithu. graamatthinte perinte jarmman uthbhavam eee pradeshatthinte charithrathe prathifalippikkunnu.
trepanation sanbradaayathinte aadyakaala vyakthamaaya udaaharanangalil onnu pattanathinaduthulla oru puthiya shilayuga shmashana sthalathu ninnu thiricharinju. freeberg sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakar 1997-ll ekadesham 50 vayassulla oru manushyante nannayi samrakshikkappetta asthikooda avashishtangalude vishakalanam report cheythu, avarude thalayotti rund trepanation nadapadikramangalude vyakthamaaya thelivukal kaanichu. oraal poornnamaayum matoraal bhagikamaayum sukham praapichu, ithu vishayam shasthrakriya athijeevichathaayi soochippikkunnu. bii. sii. 5100num 4900num edayilullathaanu avashishtangal.
1492 november 7nuu 127 kilogram bharamullah oru ulkkashila avide veenu, athinusesham athu niravadhi ulkkaashilakalodu thaalpparyamullavare aakarshichu. samakaalika kavi sebaastyan braant ithine vishadamaayi vivarichu. nagaratthile museum musey dii laa rejansil ippozhum ulkka kaanaan kazhiyum.
charithram.
aadyakaala navashilaayugatthinte vidoora kaalaghattatthil, aadya kudiyetta samayat nirmmichava madhya europil ninnulla charakk charakkukalude samskaaramaanu. bceak munbu ayiram varsham pazhakkamulla vii, "less octrois", "radfeld" ennivayude valia danbian faamukalile uyarnna melkoorayulla melkoora-viggukal ithinakam chakravaalatthe niraykkukayaayirunnu. eee charadukalude puraavastu verthirichedukkalukal charitraatheetha kaalam muthal "less oktroyisinte" danbian killokalil vikasicha carolingian samuchayam vare thudarchayaaya manushya adhiniveshathe sthireekarikkunnu, ennirunnaalum, ensisheyimnte uthbhavam ippozhum avyakthamaayi thudarunnu. 768ll eee graamathe engisehaim ennu paraamarsikkunnu.
13-aamm noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil, pinneedu romanmaarude rajaavaaya germmaniyile rudolph onnaaman, ensisheyimil oru kotta nirmmichu, athu "conigsburg" ennariyappettu. eee kottayil orupakshe aadima graamatthinte sthaanachalanamundaakaam. 1293ll marikkunnathuvare ezhu varshatholam rothenbergile raabi mayer aaa kottayil thadavilaayirunnu.
1431-ll vishudha roman chakravarthiyaaya sigismund austriyan regencyude aasthaanamaayi sthaapikkukayum swittsarlandinu vadakkum baded rajyavumaaya uyarnna pradeshangalile thante swathukkalude thalasthaanamaakki nagaratthe maattukayum cheythu.
1444 october 28nuu sent sent yudhathilekkulla karar. konfedareshan, soorich, franch koolippadayaalikal ennivar jacob aan derr birsil prasiddhamaayi oppuvachu.
1492 november 7 nuu 250 poundu bharamullah ensisheem ulkkashila pattanathinaduthulla oru vayalil veenappol, "viddikalude kappal" enna kruthiyude rachayithavaaya sebaastyan braant (1458-1521), fraansinethiraaya yudhathinu raajaavine nayicha "ulkkaashilayude pathanathekkurichu ayanja elakal" ezhuthi austriyayile maximilianil thante swaadheenam cheluthaan eee avasaram upayogichu. nagaratthinte bharanaparavum niyamaparavumaaya pravartthanangal 16-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathinum 17-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathinum idayil athinte unnathiyilethiya samrudhiykku avale nalki. 200 ll kooduthal kuleena kudumbangalillaatha oru grameena samoohamaayirunnu essisheem.
1585 muthal 1634 vare, nagarathinu oru dhanakaarya workshop undaayirunnu, athu strasburg kazhinjaal ettavum pradhaanappettathaayi maari. ennirunnaalum, "muppath varshathe yudhathinte" (1618-1648) vinashakaramaaya nizhal valarumbol, 1630-ll saamraajyathva bharanakoodam athil ninnu pinmaarunnu. 1631-num 1638-num idayil eee bhayanakamaaya kaalaghattatthil 7 thavana kollayadikkappedum. eee yudhathinte daarunamaaya anantharafalam nagaratthinte naashathinum thakarchaykkum kaaranamakum.
1648-ll westfaaliya samadhaanathinushesham, habsburg swathukkal franch kireedatthilekku maatti, athu oru rajakeeya chamber srishtichu avaye nadatthi, thudarnnu 1662-ll pravishya kaunsil. eee pravartthanam hraswamaayirunnengilum appozhekkum, franch pravisyayaaya alsays ennaanu ensisheem veendum ariyappettirunnath. 1674ll saamraajyathva sainyam madangiyethiyappol pravishya kaunsil niyamalamghanathiloode viramichu. adutha varsham marshell turren nagaram veendum pidichedukkukayum 1682-ll oru kotta eee maitanath sthaapikkukayum cheythu. paramadhikaara kaunsilinte verpiriyal ensisheem maaychukalayaan kaaranamaayi. viplavam vare ippol beyliyejinte oru lalithamaaya pradhana pattanamayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. saamraajyathinte avasaanathil, 1814num 1820num idayil kosaakkukalum austriyakkaarum eee nagaram veendum kaivashappedutthi. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, pottash verthirichedukkunnathi vikasanam randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu valareyadhikam naashathinu vidheyamaaya ensisheem nagarathinu oru puthiya uyarchayilekku nayichu. innu, ensisheem, valare pradhanappetta oru janasamkhyaashaasthraparavum saambathikavumaaya kendramaanu.
sahodari nagarangal.
essisheyiminu moonnu eratta pattanangalunda
communet dii communous duu sentar howt-rinn, paise rinn-wignoble-grand baalan ennivayilum ithu amgamaanu.

