
academic fencing

jarmmani, austriya, swittsarland, laatviya, estoniya, oru paridhivare beljiyam, litwania, polandu ennividangalil chila vidyaarthi korppareshanukal () parisheelikkunna parambaraagatha tharam fencingaanu academic fencing (). moorchayulla aayudhangalulla vyathyastha saahodaryangalil ninnulla rund purusha amgangal thammilulla parambaraagathavum karsanamaayi niyanthrikkappedunnathu eppi poraattamaanithu. pathinaram noottaandile jarmman saankethika padam ('alavu' ennartham varunna laattin bhashayil ninnu) oro fencermaarum thammilulla nirddishta doorathe soochippikkunnu.
saankethikavidya.
aadhunika academic fencing, "menzoor", oru dvamdvayudhamo kaayika inamo allah. swabhaavatheyum vyakthithvatheyum parisheelippikkunnathinum bodhavalkkarikkunnathinumal oru parambaraagatha maargamaanith; athinaal, oru menzer malsarathil vijayiyo paraajayappedunnavaro illa. sports fencingle ninnu vyathyasthamayi, pankedukkunnavar oru nischitha akalatthil nilathu nilkkunnu. paarambaryatthinte thudakkathil, dwamdhwayudhakkaar avarude saadhaarana vasthrangal (chilappol dvamdvayudhangal swamedhayaa undakumennathinaal) allengil kaii, shareeram, thonda ennivayil ilam vasthra kavachangal maathrame dharichirunnulloo. sameepa varshangalil, fencerukale sareerathinu meyil allengil padding, fencing kaii, fencing kaii (gaundlettu), thonda enniva upayogichu samrakshikkunnu, ithu oru nose gaard upayogichu steel gogilukal upayogichu poortthiyaakkunnu. austriyayilum swittsarlandilum oru nose gaard asaadhaaranamaanu. athiraalikalude mukhathinteyum thalayudeyum surakshithamallaatha bhaagangalil adikkaan shramikkumbol athiraalikal kaii neelatthil veli vaykkukayum oridathu kooduthalo kuravo nilkkukayum cheiyunnu. parikk sahikkunnathinekkaal parikk ozhivakkaan kuravaayathinaal, vazhukkukayo ozhivaakkukayo cheiyunnathu anuvadaneeyamalla. parikkukal chikilsikkaanum aavashyamenkil poraattam nirthaanum rund doctormar (oro ethiraalikkum oraal) undu.
pankedukkunnavar, allengil "pokkanttan", prathyekamaayi vikasippicha vaalukal upayogikkunnu. mensurshlagger" (allengil lalithamaayi "schlagger") ennu vilikkappedunna eee padam rund pathippukalil nilavilundu. basket type gardulla "corbsclagger" aanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya ayudham. chila sarvakalashaalakal munny aakruthiyilulla gaard sajjeekarichirikkunna "glockenslagger" ennu vilikkappedunnathaanu upayogikkunnathu. leapsig, berlin, griefswald, dresden, tharrend (forestry collegil, ippol technishe yooniversitti dresdente bhagamaaya), haale oonn dhii saale, frankfurt-aan-derr-ooder, freeberg ennivayaanu eee sarvakalashaalakal. jenayil, "corbsclagger", "glockenslagger" enniva upayogikkunnu. "chila paashchaathya nagarangalil ninnulla "studantenverbindam" "glockenslagger" upayogikkunnu, kaaranam avarude paarambaryatthinte uthbhavam kizhakkan sarvakalashaalakalilonnil aayirunnuvenkilum randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sesham padinjaaran jarmmaniyilekku maari.
oru hittil ninnulla vadu "smite" (jarmman "shmis") ennu vilikkappedunnu, ithu prathyekichu pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyilum irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyilum bahumaanatthinte badjai kaanapettu. innathe kaalath paadukalude saannidhyam saadhaaranayaayi oru thettine soochippikkunnu, athinaal avaa prathyekamaayi maanyamaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla. innu, mikacha vaidyachikitsa kaaranam oru purathuninnullayaalkku menzer paadukal thirichariyuka eluppamalla. koodaathe, 20-aamm noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil nirbandhitha mensureente ennavum kuranju. mikka menzoor paadukalum nettiyude idathu shethrathilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. kavililum thaadiyilum paadukal innu asaadhaaranamaanu, chilappol apakadangal moolavum.
charithram.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil speyinil ninnu aarambhich, duval vaal (rapier) europiludaneelamulla prabhukkanmaarude vasthradhaaranathinte oru pathiv bhaagamaayi maari. vishudha roman saamraajyathil vidyaarthikalkkidayilum ithu saadhaaranamaayi. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil jarmman samsaarikkunna pradeshangalile vidyaarthikalude pathiv thozhilaayirunnu kalahavum poraattavum. prabhukkanmarileyum sainyathileyum sambhavavikaasangalkk anusrithamaayi, niyantritha yudhayudhangal academic anthareekshathilum avatharippichu. oru vidyaarthiyaayirikkuka ennathinartham mattu janasamkhyayil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirikkuka ennathaayirunnu ithinte adisthaanam. vidyaarthikal prathyeka vasthrangal dharichu, prathyeka tharatthilulla aakhoshangal vikasippichu, vidyaarthi ganangal aalapichu, chilappol swamedhayaa ("rencondre", franch "meating" allengil "combatt" ennu vilikkappedunnu), chilappol "kamant" (franch "hau") enna karsanamaaya niyanthranangal anusarichu yudhayudhangal nadatthi. aadyam rapier, pinneedu cheria vaal (kodathi vaal, dress vaal, franch "eppi dii coor", jarmman "kostamdejan", "galanteridejan"), vasthrathinte bhaagamaayi kaanappedukayum ellaayppozhum oru vashathe kaiyayi kaivasham vaykkukayum cheythirunna sivilian yudhathil upayogichirunna aayudhangalkk thulyamaayirunnu avaa.
eee varshangalil, prathyekichu 16,17 noottaandukalil parishkarana yudhangalilum muppathu varshathe yudhathilum (1618-1648) jarmman janasamkhyayude valiyoru bhagam kollappettappol vidyaarthi jeevitam valare surakshithamallaayirunnu. pothujeevitam krooramaayirunnu, vidyaarthikal theruvil parasparam kollunnath asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla.
pathinezhaam noottaandil ninnulla aadyathe recordingukal nilavilundaayirunna "niyantritha" dvamdvayudhathinte thudakkamaayirunnu naagarikathayilekkulla oru pradhana chuvaduveppu. poraattam sambhavasthalathu thanne theerumaanikkappettillettim samayavum sthalavum nischayikkukayum udyogasthar charchakal nadathukayum cheythu. carteltragger" ennu vilikkappedunnayaal krameekaranangal nadathukayum "second" yudhasamayathu poraaliyude thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkukayum niyamavirudhamaaya pravarthanangalil ninnu shaareerika samrakshanam nalkaan polum kazhiyukayum cheythu. theerumaanangal edukkaan orutharam raphari sannihithanaayirunnu, oduvil, parikk pattiyal vaidyasahaayam nalkunnathinaayi oru doctore niyamikkunna reethi saadhaaranamaayi.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil (franch viplavathinushesham), dainamdina jeevithathil aayudangal darikkunnath faashanil ninnu illaathaavukayum vidyaarthikalkku polum kooduthal kooduthal nirodhichirikkukayum cheythu. ithu theerchayaayum swaabhaavikamaaya yudhangalude ennam ganyamaayi kurachu. niyantrithamaaya eee yudhayudham nirodhichirunnenkilum upayogathilundaayirunnu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil vegathayeriyathum gambheeravumaaya thrastt fencing parisheelikkunnathinulla oru pariseelana aayudhamaayi fraansil foyil kandupidichu. fencermar bladinu chuttum oru foyil pothinju allengil pooyintil oru noob urappichu ("blasom", franch "fluorettu") pooyint mangikkunnu. parisheelanathinu purame, chila fencermar samrakshanam eduthukalayukayum moorchayulla foyil yudhangalkkaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. jarmman vidyaarthikal aaa reethi sweekarikkukayum "stosmensoor" ("thrusting menzoor") ennathinaayi cheria vaal thallunna "paareesar" ("paareeshyan") vikasippikkukayum cheythu. dress vaal nirthalaakkiya sesham, germmaniyil academic thrastt fencinginulla eaka aayudhamaayi "paareesar" maari.
moorchayulla pooyint upayogichu thallunnathil veli vaykkunnathu valare apakadakaramaayathinaal, pala vidyaarthikalum avarude shwaasakoshathil thulachukayarunnathu ("langjenfachar") moolam marichu, ithu shwasikkaan budhimutto asaadhyamo aakki. ennirunnaalum, 1760kalil gottinjenil ethir prasthaanam ithinakam aarambichirunnu. ivide "gottinger hiber" kandupidichu, aadhunika "corbsclagger" enna puthiya aayudhathinte mungamiyaanu. thudarnnulla varshangalil, kizhakkan jarmman sarvakalaashaalakalil vettunna veli nirmmikkunnathinayi "glockenslagger" kandupidichu.
19-aamm noottaandinte aadya dashakangalil praadeshika mungananakalode germmaniyil thrastt fencing ("paareesar" upayogichu) katt fencing ("corbsclagger" allengil "glockenslagger" upayogichu) samaantharamaayi nilaninnirunnu. myoonichu sarvakalaashaalayude mungaamikal sthithi cheythirunna rund pattanangalaya jena, erlangen, woorsburg, ingolstaad/landshut ennividangalil thrastt fencing prathyekichum janapriyamaayirunnu. 1860ll woorsburgill avasaanamaayi 'menzoor' oothivechathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthi vare, moorchayulla aayudhangalulla ellah velikalum bahumaanathekkurinchaayinnul ellaatharam academic veliyum yudhakkalangalaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. aupachaarikamaaya apamaanamillathe moorchayulla bladeukal upayogichulla oru poraattavum nadannilla. pisttal dualukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, eee sambhavangal thaarathamyena nirupadravakaramaayirunnu. oru malsaraarthikku kuranjathu oru inch neelamulla murivu undaayappol kuranjathu oru thulli rakthamenkilum ulpaadippichathode poraattam pathivayi avasaanichu. vidyaarthikal avarude sarvakalashaala varshangalil itharathilulla ekadesham 10 muthal 30 vare yudhangal nadathiyathu asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla. 1860 num 1866 num idayil gottingan, jena, woorsburg ennividangalil nadanna 100 menzoor malsarangal kaaranam 19-aamm noottaandile record udamayaanu jarmman vidyaarthi fritts baakmisttar.
20-aamm noottaandilum 21-aamm noottaandilum 70 perumaayi alexander klaish (landsmanshaft brandenberg berlin) aayirunnu.
vidyaarthikalallaathavaru yudhangalkku, udha.jii.sainika udyogasthar, "academic sabar" saadhaaranamaayi maari, prathyakshatthil sainika saabaril ninnu uruthirinjathaanu. corbsclaggerinu" samanamaaya valanja blade hilttum ulla oru kanatha aayudhamaayirunnu athu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyilum pathinettaam noottaandile chila samayangalilum, karsanamaaya niyanthranangalkk keezhil moorchayulla bladeukal upayogichu pooraadunnathu kaanunnathiloode oru vyakthiyude swabhaavam eluppathil vilayiruthaanaakumenn vidyaarthikal vishwasichu. apakadakaramaaya saahacharyangalil polum mukhabhaavavum nyaayabodhavum prakadippichukondu academic fencing orutharam vyakthithva parisheelanamaayi kooduthal kooduthal kaanapettu. thangalude yooniversitti kaalath moorchayulla bladeukal upayogichu oru yudhamenkilum nadathanamennu vidyaarthi korppareshanukal thangalude amgangalodu aavasyappettu. samadhaanaparamaaya chila vidyaarthikale vranappeduthaan aarumillennathaayirunnu prashnam. yadhaarthathil bahumanam lamghikkaatha orutharam aupachaarika apamanamaayirunnu pariharam, marichu veli vaykkunnathinulla oru velluviliyaayi maathram kaanapettu. saadhaarana padaprayogam "dummer junch" ("stupid booy" ennathinte jarmman ardham.")
deerghakaalaadisthaanathil eee pariharam thripthikaramallaayirunnu. 1850 oode, "bestimungsmenser" (jarmman "besttimman" ennaal "nirnnayikkuka", "nirvachikkuka" allengil "nirnnayikkuka") jarmmaniyiludaneelam vikasippikkukayum avatharippikkukayum cheythu. ithinartham oru "mensorinte" athiraalikale avarude korppareshanukalile fencing udyogastharaanu nirnnayichathu. eee udyogasthar pathivayi vais chairmaanmaarum ("kansaneeyar") mattu korppareshanukalil ninnulla avarude sahapravarthakarumaayi sahakarichu "menzer" malsarangal samghadippikkunnathinte utharavaadithavumullavarinu. rund pankaalikalkkum malsaram velluvili niranjathaakkunnathinu thulyamaaya shaareerikavum velimattaanulla kazhivumulla athiraalikale kandethuka ennathaayirunnu avarude lakshyam. innum athu cheiyunna reethiyaanithu, aadhunika ardhathil "menzer" enna ashayam ithaanu.
russiayile communist viplavathinum randaam lokamahaayudhathinum munbum kizhakkan europile mikka raajyangalilum academic fencing ariyappettirunnu.
aadhunika menzoor.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, dwamdwa roopamaaya eee roopam aadhunika mensoraayi parinamichu. 1884-ll britiish "shaniyazhcha avalokanam" eee dvamdvayudhathe thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vivarichu
jarmman schlagger pooraattatthil, idathu kaii sareerathinu pinnil, sabar kaliyilennapole, sookshikkukayallaathe, back-vordinginu thulyamaanu sthaanam; saadhaaranayaayi trouserinte arakkett idathu kaii pidikkum. ayudham neelamullathum idungiyathumaaya blade aanu, oru ardhashoonyamaaya rapier pole, pakshe kooduthal vazhakkamullathaan. yadhaartha attathu irupathu centimeter (ettu inch ennu parayuka) neelavum thettaaya attathu anchu inch neelavum moorcha koottunnu. parisheelanathinum nirddeshathinum moorchayullathum pakaram stauttar bladeukalum upayogikkunnu. mask oru engleesh single stikku mask poleyaanengilum shakthavum bhaaravumullathaan. eathaandu kaalmuttilekku varunna oru padd lether vestt, shareeram moodunnu, valath kaii oru gaundlettil gadippichirikkunna oru sleevil pothinjirikkunnu, ithu neelameriya rugby footballumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaam. yadhaartha yudhathil, prathirodhatthinte kooduthal vipulamaaya samvidaanamundu; valath kaithanda oru meyil mothiravum kizhakk thalappavu pole, oru saadhaarana murivu nirthaan paryapthamaaya pattunool madakkukalulla kaiyum kondu samrakshikkappedunnu. praayogikamaayi, karsanamaaya niyamangalkkanusrithamallenga, shareeram poornnamaayum moodappettirikkunnu. annukal irumbu kannadayaal samrakshikkappedunnu, kannadaykku pakaram sakthamaaya vayar nettu undu. 
moonnaam reachinte kaalath deseeya soshyalist neethrthwam academic veli nirodhikkan theerumaanichu. 1930kalude avasaanathil ippozhum nilanilkkunna avasaanathe swatantra vidyaarthi saahodaryangalude aantharika shakthiyude avibhaajya gadakamaanu menzoor fencing ennu avar thiricharinjirunnu. naasi sammarddam vardhikkukayum saahodaryangal avarude pravartthanangal audyogikamaayi nirtthivaykkaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythathode sakhaakkal ennu vilikkappedunnava sthaapikkappettu. naasi rahasya poleesinu kandethappedathe kazhinja sahodarangalkkidayil menzer pariseelikkunnathinum samghadippikkunnathinumalu marggangal iva nalki. atharamoru udaaharanam germmaniyile freebergile corps hubertia freebergileyum mattu saahodaryathileyum amgangal aarambhicha ezz. sii-commardship "herman loans" aayirunnu. avide, 1941 muthal fencing menzer "dualukal" thudarukayum theevramaavukayum cheythu, randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu freebergill maathram atharam nooriladhikam dualukal nadannu. yudhathethudarnnu, munbu suspended cheytha mikka saahodaryangalum veendum sajeevamaakkukayum naasi adhinivesha kaalathudaneelam thudarnnillengil menzoor veliyude paarambaryangal punararambhikkukayum cheythu.
innu, germmaniyile 400 oolam parambaraagatha "studantanverbindang" saahodaryangalum niravadhi corpsukal, barshenshaftan, landsmanshaftan, turnershaften, sangershaftan ennivar menzoor pariseelikkunnu. randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusesham athinte janapreeti kuranjuvenkilum menzoor enna peru polandil ariyappedunnu, ippozhum ithu acharikkunnu. mattu chila europian raajyangalilum ithu ippozhum ariyappedunnundengilum, samrakshana upakaranangalude upayogam vipulamaanu, koodaathe dwamdwa paadukal mikkavarum kettitilla.
saahithyathil.
american sanjaariyaaya maarkk twayne "videshathu oru tramp" (1880) enna kruthiyude niravadhi adhyayangal heidelberg vidyaarthikalude fenzinginaayi samarppichu.
three menn oonn dhaa bammal" (1900), jerom keey. jerom jarmman vidyaarthi jeevithathinaayi oru adhyayam samarppikkukayum "jarmman menzer" vishadamaayi vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. pusthakatthinte bhooribhaagavum jarmman janathayodu aadarav prakadippikkumbol, eee paarambaryatthodu addeham kadutha viyojip prakadippichu.
jorjju mcdonald fraasarude "royal flash" (1970) ll, naayakan haari flashman oru danish rajakumaran enna vesham dharichathinte bhaagamaayi oru "schlagger" kondu vranappedunnu.
heinrich maaninte 'maan oof stroo' (derr antarttan) enna novalil menzoor avatharippikkappettittu.
catherine aan porttarude "ship oof fools" enna novalile jarmman kathaapaathrangal menzoor paadukal aavarthichu rekhappeduthukayum soundaryathinteyum purushathvathinteyum adayaalamaayi visheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
boot kyaambinte thudakkathil rund jarmman recruitmentukalkk avarude paadukal evide ninnu labhichuvennu chodikkumbol roobert hainline "staarshipp trupersil" kadannupokunnathil menzoor paadukal paraamarshikkappedunnu. drill sarjant "corpsbruder" (aadhunika jarmman bhashayil aksharavinyasam cheythathupole) enna padam polum upayogikkunnu. iii. sii. hainline "glory rooad" enna chithratthile nayakanaaya gorden, heidelbergil ninnu birudam nedaanulla thante aagrahavum athinoppam pookaanulla mardhanachihnangalum paraamarsikkunnu.
iyaan fleminginte jaims boond pusthakangalil suuppar villan ernst staavro bloefeldinte kannin thaazhe oru duveling vadundu.
sinimayil.
menzoor niravadhi jarmman sinimakalil avatharippikkappettittu, prathyekichu
germmanic purathulla sinimakalil saadhaaranayaayi kuravaanu, udaaharanathinu
athum kaanuka.
"onniladhikam chithreekaranangalulla kooduthal vishadamaaya lekhanam (jarmman bhashayil) jarmman wikipediyayil kaanaam"