parvatha paas khani

emm. pii metteeriyalukalude udamasthathayilulla parvatha paas apoorva bhouma khaniyum samskarana soukaryavum, nevadayile laas vegaasinte thekkupadinjaraayi kaaliforniyayile clark parvathanirakalude thekk vashathulla apoorva bhouma moolakangalude oru thuranna kuzhiyaanu. 2020ll khaniyil lokathile apoorva bhoomi ulppaadanathinte 15.8% vitharanam cheythu. amerikkayile eaka apoorva bhoomi khanana, samskarana soukaryamaanithu.
2022 leeii kanakkanusarichu, aabhyanthara laitt rear-erthu gadakangalude (lrees) prosessing kazhivukal punasthaapikkunnathinulla pravartthanangal nadakkunnu, koodaathe vitharana shringhala apakadasaadhyatha laghookarikkunnathinaayi kanatha apoorva-erthu lohangalude (echu. iii. ezz) prosessing kazhivukal punasthaapikkunnathinulla pravarthanangalkku yunaittad stetts prathirodha vakupp dhanasahayam nalkiyittundu. 
bhoomishaasthram.
naisilekk nuzhanjukayariya 1.4 bilyan varsham pazhakkamulla precambrian carbonettaittilaanu parvatha churam nikshepam. ithil 8 muthal 12 sathamaanam vare apoorva-bhoomi ooksaidukal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa kooduthalum dhaatu bastnaasaittil adangiyirikkunnu. kaalsait, baarait, dolomite ennivayaanu gangu daathukkal. lokothara nilavaaramulla apoorva-bhoomi dhaatu nikshepamaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu. ithil ninnu verthirichedukkaan kazhiyunna lohangalil serium, lanthanam, neodymium, europium enniva ulppedunnu.
2020 juulai 1-nuu, theliyikkappettathum saadhyathayullathumaaya shekharangal, motham apoorva-bhoomi ooksaid (rioo) kattoof grade upayogichu, sharashari grade 7.06% reoyil 13.6 laksham tonn rioo adangiya 18.9 dasalaksham tonn ayiru aayirunnu.
ayiru samskaranam.
baastnaasait ayiru prosess cheiyunnathinu, ithu nannayi nilathu pothinju baastnaasaittinte bhooribhaagavum anugamikkunna baaritt, kaalsait, dolomite ennivayil ninnu verthirikkaan froth floatationu vidheyamaakkunnu. vipananam cheyyaavunna uthppannangalil ayiru dressing prakriyayude oro pradhana idanilakkaarum ulppedunnu floatation konsentrettu, assid-vaash floatation konsentrettu, calsined assid-vaash cheytha baastnaasait, oduvil oru serium konsentrettu, ithu calsined baastnaasait hydrochloric assid upayogichu chornnolichathinushesham avasheshikkunna layikkaatha avashishtamaayirunnu.
assid samskaranathinte falamaayi layikkunna lanthanideukal europium pidichedukkunnathinum ayiru mattu vyakthigatha gadakangal shudheekarikkunnathinum layakam verthirichedukkunnathi vidheyamaakunnu. mattoru uthppannathil oru lanthanide misritham, seriyathinte bhooribhaagavum kurayunnu, koodaathe pradhaanamaayum ellah samariyavum bharameriya lanthanideukalum ulppedunnu. baastnaasaittinte calcination kaarban dye ooksaidinte alavu illaathaakkukayum oru ooksaid-fluoride avasheshikkukayum cheiyunnu, athil serium ulladakkam adisthaanamallaatha kwaadrivalant avasthayilekku ooksidais cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, kaalsineshante uyarnna thaapanila kuranja prathikaranasheshiyulla ooksaid nalkunnu, koodaathe kwaadrivelant seriyathinte kuravinu kaaranamakunna hydrochloric aasidinte upayogam seriyathinteyum trivalent lanthanideukaludeyum apoornnamaaya verthirivilekku nayikkunnu.
charithram.
1949ll herbert ezz aanu parvatha churam kandethiyathu. wood ward, clarence vaatkins, pii. eiii. asaadhaaranamaaya uyarnna radio aaktivitti shradhicha saiman. molybdinum korppareshan oof america khanana avakaashavaadangalil bhooribhaagavum vaangukayum 1952ll cherukida uthppaadanam aarambikkukayum cheythu.
kalar television screenukalil upayogikkunna yooroppiyathinte aavasyam niravettunnathinaayi 1960-kalil uthppaadanam valareyadhikam vikasichu. vikasichu 1965num idayil, lokamembaadumulla apoorva-bhouma loha upabhogathinte bhooribhaagavum eee khani vitharanam cheythu.
molybdinum korppareshan oof america 1974ll athinte peru molecorp ennu maatti. 1977ll union oayil korppareshane ettedukkukayum athu 2005ll chevron korppareshante bhagamaavukayum cheythu.
1998-ll, khaniyude verthirikkal plaant shudheekaricha apoorva-bhoomi samyukthangalude uthppaadanam nirtthi; athu baastnaasait konsentrettu uthppaadippikkunnathu thudarnnu.
vishamaalinya chorchayethudarnnu 2002ll khani adachupoottukayum chainees vitharanakkaaril ninnulla malsaram kaaranam veendum thurakkathirikkukayum cheythenkilum munbu khananam cheytha ayiru samskaranam thudarnnu.
2008ll, parvatha churam khaniye punarujjeevippikkunnathi roopeekaricha kambaniyaaya swakaarya udamasthathayilulla molecorp minerals elsic chevron khani vittu. khani veendum thurakkunnathinum vipuleekarikkunnathinumayi 500 dasalaksham dollar chelavazhikkanulla padhathikal molecorp prakhyaapichu, 2010 juulai 29 nuu, oru prarambha pothu oofariloode 400 dasalaksham dollar samaaharichu, newyork stokku ekschenchil ticker chinnamaaya emm. sii. pii. kku keezhil 14 dollarinu <aii. dii. 1> oharikal vittu.
khaniyil oru puthiya ayiru samskarana plaant nirmmikkunnathin aavashyamaaya ellah paaristhithika anumathikalum nediyathaayi 2010 desemberil molecorp prakhyaapichu; nirmmaanam 2011 januvariyil aarambikkumennum 2012 avasaanathode poortthiyaakumennu pratheekshikkunnathaayum 2012 august 27 nuu khananam punaraarambhichathaayi kambani prakhyaapichu.
2015 juun juun prosessing plaant poornna ulpaadanathilaayirunnu, molecorp 11-aamm adhyaayathil paapparatthatthinaayi phayal cheythappol 1.4 bilyan dollar kudissikayulla bondukal. kambaniyude oharikal nyooseyil ninnu neekkam cheythu.
2015 augustil khani adachupoottumennu report cheyyappettu.
2016 august 31 nuu molecorp ink. paapparatthatthil ninnu puthiya prakadana saamagrikalayi uyarnnuvanna eee khaniye molecorp minerals ellc enna peril athinte thanne 11-aamm adhyaayathile paapparatthatthil upekshichu. 2016 januvariyile kanakkanusarichu, athinte oharikal emm. sii. pii. aii. kyu chinnathinu keezhil oo. tii. sii aayi vyapaaram nadatthi.
amerikkayile apoorva-bhouma vyavasaayathe punarujeevippikkuka enna lakshyathode 2017 joolaiyil paapparatthatthil ninnu parvatha paas ettedukkappettu. emm. pii metteeriyalukal 2018 januvariyil khananavum shudheekarana pravartthanangalum punaraarambhichu.
nilavile udamasthaavakaasham.
empy metteeriyalukal 51.8%-owned yuu. ezz. hedge fandukal jl kyaapittal group (athinte ceo jaims littinsky) cuvity financial elpiyum aanu, athesamayam shenghe resources holding qoo. ell. tii. dii.chaina sarkkaarinte bhaagikamaayi sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhamaya eee samrambhathin 8 sathamaanam ohariyundu. sthaapanangalkku purame pothujanagalkk 18 sathamaanam ohariyundu.
paaristhithika aaghaatham.
aaghaatham kambani 14 mile vare malinajalam nevaadaykkaduthulla antharsamsthaana antharsamsthaana kizhakkayi ivanpa dry thadaakatthilo sameepatho ulla baashpeekarana kulangalilekku pipe cheyyaan thudangi. skeyil ennariyappedunna dhaatu nikshepangal neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi vrithiyaakkal pravarthanangalil eee pipe line aavarthichu pottitherikkunnu. apoorva-bhouma ayiru swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna thoriyathinteyum radiathinteyum saannidhyam kaaranam skeyil radio activaanu. activaanu 1984num idayil khaniyile pipeline raasa samskaranavum adachupoottiyathinuseshavum report cheyyappedaattha 60 oolam chorchakal undayathaayi oru federal anweshanathil pinneedu kandethi. federal adhikritharude abhipraayathil, ekadesham 600,000 gaalan radio active mattu apakadakaramaaya maalinyangalum marubhoomiyilekku ozhuki. ozhuki avasaanathode, oru clean upp oordarum saan bernardino kaundi jilla abhibhaashakante kesum unocalinu nalki. 14 laksham dollariladhikam pizhayum othutheerppukalum kambani nalki. oru shucheekarana padhathi thayyarakkukayum vipulamaaya paristhithi patanam poortthiyaakkukayum cheytha sesham, 2004 ll yunokkal oru kaundi permittinte amgeekaaram nedi, athu khaniye mattoru 30 varshathekku pravartthikkaan anuvadichu. 2007ll khani oru pradhana kaundi parisodhanayil vijayichu.
nilavile pravartthanam.
2007 muthal, chaina vibhavangal samrakshikkunnathinum chainees nirmmaathaakkalkk munganana nalkunnathinumaayi reasukalude (apoorva-bhoomi gadakangal) kayattumathi niyanthrikkukayum kayattumathi thaarifukal chumathukayum cheythu. 2009ll lokathile reasukalude 96 sathamaanathiladhikam chaina vitharanam cheythirunnu. chila haitek, punarupayoga oorjjam, prathirodhavumaayi bandhapetta saankethikavidyakalkku apoorva bhoomikal anivaaryamaayathinaal, lokam oru vitharana raajyathe maathram aashrayikkaruthenn chainaykku purathulla chilar aashankappedunnu.
2010 septambar 22 nuu chaina jappanilekkulla apoorva bhoomikalude kayattumathikk nishabdamaayi nirodhanam earppeduthi, ithu oru praadeshika tharkkathil oru chainees troller kyapttane japanese arast cheythathinu prathikaaramaayittaanu ennu samshayikkunnu. amerikkayil upayogikkunna apoorva-bhoomi kanthika vasthukkalude eaka srothass japan chainayumaan ennathinaal, jappanilekkulla chainees apoorva-bhoomi vitharanathinte sthiramaaya thadassamaanu chaina eaka uravidamaayi maattunnath. prathirodha vitharana shringalayude gadakangal nirmmikkunnathin njangal 100 sathamaanam chainakkaare aashrayikkaan pookunnu" ennu apoorva-erthu lobist jeff green paranju."2010 septambar 23 nuu shaasthra saankethikavidyayekkurikulla house kammitti, parvatha paas khani veendum thurakkunnathu ulppede american apoorva bhoomi vyavasaayathinte punarujjeevanathinu subsidy nalkunnathinulla vishadamaaya billinte avalokanam shedule cheythu.
us-chaina vyapara yudhathinte falamaayi chaina apoorva bhoomiyude irakkumathi theeruva erattiyaayi 25 sathamaanamaakki vardhippichathinushesham, 2019 meyy maasathil amerikkayil svanthamaayi bhagika prosessing pravartthanam aarambhikkumenn empy metteeriyalukal paranju, ennirunnaalum shenghe vibhavangalillaatha poornna prosessing pravartthanangal vaiki. bloomberg parayunnathanusarichu, 2019 ll chaina yuu niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru padhathi aavishkarichu.ezz. shikshaanadapadi aavasyamaanennu karuthiyal chainees kanatha apoorva bhouma gadakangalilekkulla praveshanam. 2022ll, laitt rair-erthu moolakangaleyum (lrees) hevi rair erthu moolakangaleyum (hrees) pinthunaykkunnathinaayi prathirodha vakupp graantukal nediyathaayi kambani prakhyaapichu. 2023 nte thudakkathil enn. dii. pii. aarr ooksaid verthirikkaan padhathiyidunnu.

