
tyoonmen yuddham

1521ll diogo kaalvoyude neethrthwathilulla porchugees kappalpadaye ming saamraajyathva naavikasena paraajayappedutthiya oru naavika yudhamaayirunnu tonmen allengil tamaavo yuddham.
pashchaathalam.
porchugees nayathanthranjanaaya ferno pirus dii andred 1517 juunil muthu nadiyude mukhathu ethi, naandau naavikasenaadhipanod thante kappalukal gwaangshouvilekku kondupokaan anumathi thedi. krithyamaaya marupadiyonnumillaathe oru maasathinushesham, ming adhikaarikalude anumathiyillathe gwaangshouvilekku nadhi kadakkaan andrade theerumaanichu. porchugees kappalukal athiyappol souhrudaparamaaya abhivaadyam enna nilayil peeranki prayogichu, ennirunnaalum shabdathil valareyadhikam paribhrantharaaya praadeshika chainakkar ithu oru sauhruda aamgyamaayi kandilla. malakkayilum chainees vyapaarikal ithe kaaryam cheythirunnuvennu porchugeesukaar vishadeekarichu, ennaal ming niyamaprakaaram chainees videsha vyapaaram nirodhichathinaal praadeshika udyogasthar kooduthal samshayalukkalaayi. gwaangshouvil ninnulla audyogika sweekaranam athiyappol, pirimurukkangal laghookarikkukayum porchugeesukaarkku valare aadambarathodeyum putt, cheenjamannu ennivaykkaayi avarude saadhanangal vyapaaram cheyyaanulla avakaashathodeyum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. toom piresinum mattu ezhu porchugeesukaarkkum avarude adimakalkkum embassic thamasam nalki. avar oru nalla mathipp srishtichathaayi oru porchugees rekha parayunnu.
1519 augustil addehathinte sahodaran simavo dii andrade athiyappol ming udyogastharumaayulla aandredinte charchakal parajayappettu. munbu ellah videshikalkkum thurannukodukkaan kazhinjirunna tyoonmen pradeshavaasikalil simavo udan thanne mosham swaadheenam chelutthi. moonnu kappalukalumayi ethiya simavo oru porchugees pourane vadikkukayum mattu videshikale vyapaaram nadathunnathil ninnu vilakki tyoonmenil oru kotta nirmmikkukayum cheythu. sthithigathikal anweshikkaan oru ming udyogasthan athiyappol, simavo akramasakthanaakukayum thoppi oorimaattukayum cheythu. ithinethudarnnu, porchugees malakkayil vilkkunnathinaayi chainees theerathu baala adimakale vaangaanum thattikkondupokaanum simavo thudangi. sambanna kudumbangalil ninnulla kuttikal polum moshtikkappedukayum varshangalkk sesham padinjaaran indiayile diyuvile kandethi. simavo mattu porchugeesukaarum bhakshanathinaayi kuttikale narabhojikalaakkukayaanenna abhyoohangal chainayiludaneelam vyaapichu. simaavoyude kadalkkolla pravartthanangal chainees janathayeyum kodathiyeyum valareyadhikam prakopippikkukayum ithu porchugeesukaaraaya tyoonmenmaare ozhippikkaan ming udyogasthare utharavidukayum cheythu.
1520 meyy maasathil porchugees embassy nanjingle athiyengilum simo dii aandredinte perumaattathekkurichu vaarthakal baijingle athiyirunnu, athupole thanne naadukadatthappetta malakka rajaavil ninnulla ambasadermaarum porchugeesukaarekkurichu paraathikal unnayichu. porchugeesukaar malakka pidichadakkiyathine apalapikkukayum avarude embassy nirasikkanamenn vaadikkukayum cheytha smarakangal ming udyogasthar simhaasanathilekku ayachu. 1521 epril 20nuu shengde chakravarty marichu. puthuthayi niyamithanaaya grand sekrattari yang tinge chakravartthiyude maranatthinte pittennu porchugees embassy nirasichathaayi prakhyaapichu. porchugees embassy gwaangshouvilekku purappettu, avide avar septambaril ethi.
poraattam.
baijingle ninnu ethiya tyoonmenil ninnulla ozhippikkal utharavukal palikkaan porchugeesukaar visammathichu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, commander wang hong ambathu kappalukalude oru schwadron kootticherkkukayum porchugeesukaarkkum avar aavasyappetta sayamese, pattani jangukalkkum uparodham earppeduthukayum cheythu. eprililoo meyy maasatthilo nadanna yuddham ming kappalppadayude nerittulla boarding nadapadiyode aarambhichuvenkilum porchugees thokkukalude uyarnna shreni kaaranam kappalppadaykku aduthekku ethaan kazhinjilla. adacha bhoopradesavum porchugeesukaarkku anukoolamaayirunnu; ming chuttupaadukal aakramanakaarikalkk haanikaramaanennu thelinju. thudarnnu, porchugeesukaare kudukkaan wang hong agnishamanakkappalukale oru screenil ayachu. porchugeesukaarkku theepidithatthil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhinjenkilum, minginte boarding sramangal ozhivaakkunnathil avar paraajayappedukayum poraattam porchugees manushyashaktiye saaramaayi baadikkukayum cheythu. oduvil, bakkiyulla aalukalumayi anchu kappalukalum oodikkaan kazhiyillennu porchugeesukaar manassilakki. rakshappedaan rund kappalukalum backie jankukalum upekshikkaan avar nirbandhitharaayi. eee ghattathil sakthamaaya kaatt uyarukayum pinthudarunna ming kappalukale chitharikkidakkukayum cheythathinaal porchugeesukaarkku pinvanganum octoberil malaakkayilekk pookaanum kazhinju.
anantharafalangal.
shathruthakalkkidayilum porchugeesukaar azhimathikkaraaya praadeshika vyaapaarikalude sahaayathode fujian theerapradeshathu vyapaaram thudarnnu. 1520ll gwaangshou vittathinushesham pathittaandukalolam simavo dii aandredinte pravartthanangalum thudarnnu, addeham siamenilekkum ningboyilekkum kappal kayari avide vaasasthalangal sthaapichu. simavo oduvil oru vyapara karaaril ninnu pinmaarukayum 1545-ll oru pradeshavaasi eratti kadakkukayum cheythu. marupadiyaayi simavo oru koottam aayudhadhaarikale pattanatthilekku ayakkukayum athu kollayadikkukayum avarude sthreekaleyum penkuttikaleyum thadavilaakkukayum cheythu. ithu pradeshavaasikalude shikshaanadapadiyilekku nayichu, ennirunnaalum, avar orumichu aninirannu porchugeesukaare simaavoyude keezhil vadhichu. porchugeesukaar mattu videshikaleyum aakramichu. oru sandarbhathil fujian jinshouvile oru sambannanaaya videsha nivaasiyude veedu coyalho dii susa pidichedutthu. ming adhikaarikal porchugeesukaarkkulla vitharanam nirtthi, porchugeesukaar aduthulla oru graamam saadhanangalkkaayi kollayadichu. prathikaaramaayi ming avarude 13 kappalukal nashippichu. athijeevicha muppath porchugeesukaar 1549-ll kooduthal thekkott gwangdonglake palayanam cheythu.
1554ll samudra prathirodhatthinulla vais kammeeshanaraaya wang boykku vyapaarikal leonel dii susayum simo dii almeda kaikkooli vaagdaanam cheythathode gwangdongile puthiya porchugees vyapara saannidhyam sakthamaaya thudakkamaayi. porchugees vyapaarikal avarude kappalukalil ninnu santhoshakaramaaya sweekaranathinu sesham, porchugeesukaare mccaville sthirathaamasamaakkaan anuvadichathinum avarude uthppannangalude pakuthiyil maathram 20 sathamaanam saamraajyathva theeruva chumathiyathinum pakaramaayi wang boykku prathivarsham 500 teyil vyakthigathamayi nalkaan irupakshavum sammathichu. 1557 nuu sesham porchugeesukaar shaithyakaalath mccavu vidaan aavasyappedaathe pooyi. porchugees ambasseder diogo perera 1563ll bandham saadhaarana nilayilakkaan ethi. 1568ll nooru kadalkkollakkarkkulla kappalukalkkethire poraadaan mingine sahaayichappol mccavuvile porchugees saannidhyam kooduthal sakthippettu. 1571ll saamraajyathva nireekshakar wang boyude bisinesses edapaadukalude swabhaavam mikkavarum kandethiyenkilum vais kammeeshanar avaye saamraajyathva treasuric nalkia "graundu rent" ennu thiricharinju. mccavuvinte vyapara kuleena vibhagakkaar avarude manderine melnottakkaarkk kaikkooli nalkunnathu thudarnnu, eee reethiyil othutheerppu thudarnnu. 1582ll gwangdongileyum gwangsyileyum viceroi mccavuvinte mukhya udyogasthare oru yogathinaayi vilichuvaruthiyappozhanu kaikkooliyude ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavam nadannathu. pathittaandukalkk munbu toom pairsinte vidhi oormmippichukondu mccavuvinte nethaakkal avarude sthaanathu oru prayamaaya jadjiye itaaliyan jesuitineyum thiranjedutthu. maing niyamathinu virudhamaayi bharanam nadathunnuvennu aaropich viceroi mccavu prathinidhikalodu roshakulanaayi, koolani nasippikkumennum ellah porchugeesukaareyum mccaville ninnu ozhippikkumennum bheeshanippedutthi.
iruvarum addehathinu 4,000 crusado moolyamulla sammanangal sammaanichathode addehathinte manobhaavam naadakeeyamaayi maari. addehathinte vaakkukalil "saamraajyathinte niyamangalkk vidheyaraaya videshikal mccavoyil thudarnnum vasichekkaam."
johorile malay sulthaanettu porchugeesukaarumaayulla bandham mechappeduthukayum aashe sulthaanettinethire avarodoppam pooraadukayum cheythu.
sthalam.
yudhathinte krithyamaaya sthaanam orikkalum sthaapichittilla. 
porchugeesukaar avarude vaasasthalathe tamo ennu vilichu, ithu tang rajavamsham muthal nilaninnirunna padinjaaran hongong, shenshen pradeshangalude peraaya "tyoonmen" (τονενεν) ennathinte apabhramshamaayi manassilakkunnu. porchugeesukaar tyoonmen inlettinu chuttum sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayi chainees srothassukal parayunnu, ennaal tyoonmen inlettinte nilavile sthaanam anjjaathamaanu, athinaal porchugees vaasasthalathinteyum yudhabhoomiyudeyum krithyamaaya sthaanam charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil charchaavishayamaayi thudarunnu.
innathe kaalath, "tyoonmen" ennathu athe chainees aksharangalude cantonese vaayanayaya tune munine soochippikkunnu. ithu chila gaveshakare ming kaalathe tyoonmenukale hongongile puthiya pradeshangalile tune munumaayi bandhippikkaan prerippikkunnu. "tyoonmen inlettu" ennathu tune muninu chuttumulla rund ulkkadalukalilonnine soochippikkum nilavile tune muun puthiya pattanatthinu aduthulla kaasil peak bay; allengil puthiya pradeshangalkkum innathe shenshenile naandauvinum edayilulla aazhathilulla ulkkadal, avide oru ming theeradesha prathirodha seena nilayurappichirunnu.
porchugees srothassukalil tamaavo oru dveepaayirunnuvenna vivaranam ashayakkuzhappam vardhippikkunnu. tuen muun oru dveepallaathathinaal, tamao yadhaarthathil aduthulla dveepukalilonnaanu soochippikkunnathennu gaveshakar nirddeshichittundu. tune muninu padinjaaru bhaagathulla lintin dweep paashchaathya academyil kooduthal saadhyathayulla oru saadhyathayaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu, athesamayam valare valia laantau dveep nirddeshikkappettittund.

