
rupia

widgionweeds, ditch grass allengil vidjiyon grass ennum ariyappedunna rupia, ariyappedunna ettu enangalulla rupiyesi kudumbatthile eaka janussaanu. lokathinte bhooribhaagathum vyaapichukidakkunna jalasasyangalaaniva. jarmman sasyashaasthranjanaaya (1688-1719) heinrich bernhard rappine aadarikkunnathaanu eee janussinte peru. thanutha mekhalakalkkum ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalkkum purathu avaa vyaapakamaanu.
vivaranam.
ila lalithavum rhisomatus allaathathumaan. avaa vaarshikamo (saadhaaranayaayi) vattaathatho (apoorvvamaayi) aakam; thandinte valarcha prakadamaayi parasparavirudhamaanu, pakshe chilappol anganeyalla. eee enangal uppuvellathilum (uppu chathuppukalilum) anuyojyamaanu. elakal cherutho idatharam valippamullatho aanu. avayude swabhaavam itharamo vipareethamo vrithaakruthiyilullatho aakam (saadhaaranayaayi oru pushpakramam adichelppikkumbol ozhike). polum, lamina poornnamaayi sookshikkukayum setaasiyas allengil leanier aakukayum cheiyunnu. elakal cross-venyulukalillaatha oru sira maathrame kaanikkunnulloo. stomaatta nilavililla. mesophil kaalsyam ooksalettu paralukal chorthunnu. cheria ila sirakal floyam transfer cellukalum chorcha naalangalum avatharippikkunnilla.
eee chedikalkku dvitheeya kattiyillaatha thandukalum paathrangalillaattha sailam undu. arippa-tube plaastidukal pii-typaanu. root sailam pathrangal avatharippikkunnilla.
eee sasyangal hermaphroditic aanu, anaemophilus allengil hydrophilus paraaganamund. pookkal cheruthum saadhaaranavum ibractive aanu. saadhaaranayaayi, pookkal 'pookkalude' roopathil samaaharikkappedunnu, pakshe chilappol avaa eakaanthamaanu. palappozhum, avaa resemukal, spikkukal allengil pokkilukalil valarunnu. scapiphlorus influorescensukal terminal, hraswa spikkukalil, allengil subumbellaform resimukalil, chilappol onno athiladhikamo pookkalullavayaanu. avaykku hypogynus discukalilla. cheria staaminal anubandhangal perianth segmentukalaayi kanakkaakkumbol ozhike eee pookkalkku perianth illa. androsial amgangalellaam thulyaraanu. androsiathil rund phalabhooyishtamaaya kesarangal maathrame kaanappedunnulloo, avayil sesile aantharukal rekhamsha slittukalaal vighadippikkunnu. koombola polycyphonous aanu, athinte daanyangal trikoshangalum apertturettillaathu.
ginoisium (2-) 4 (-16) mikachathum carpel cheythathum eupacorpus aanu. carpel stailett allah, kalanka pelttett allengil ambonate upayogichu apically kalangappeduthunnu. eee pookkal oru andakosha pendulus, nonarilettu, campilotropus, baitgamik, crasinuselettu enniva maathrame nalkoo. marupilla apical aanu, bhroona-sack vikasanam polygonum tharatthilaanu. beejasankalanathinu munbu avaa dhruva nucleus samyojippikkunnu. eee pazham malabandhavum maamsalavumaan, ithu oru samuchayathe roopappeduthunnu. saadhaaranayaayi neelamullathum valanjathumaaya oru pedankilil, oro druplettum valare neelamullathaayi maarunna vidhathil, pazham varunna carpel nischalamaanu. eee pazhatthil annajamulla oru nondospermic vithu adangiyirikkunnu. bhroonathinu nereyo cheruthaayi valanjatho aakam. membranus testtaykku phytomelaan illa.
vargeekaranam.
1981 leeii kronkist sisttam magnoliophyta [= angiospermukal] vibhaagathil lilliopsida [= monocotylidence] classil subclass alismattideyude najaadelukalude kramatthil kudumbatthe sthaapichu.
2003leeii epiji II samvidaanam (1998leeii epiji samvidaanathil ninnu maattamillathe) atharamoru kudumbatthe thirichariyukayum claid monocottukalil alismattelas kramatthil sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
epi-websait anusarichu eee kudumbam psymodosisi kudumbatthil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaan psymodosisi, posidoniasi, rappiyesee ennee moonnu kudumbangalile sasyangal oru monophylatic grouppaanu.
lokathile inipparayunna enangal ulppede oru januss thalatthilulla vargeekaranam shavo vuyum hrasvamaayi parishkarichu
samudra pullukalude kudumbangal sostaresee, cymodosace, rappiyesee, posidoniasi. bandhapetta kudumbangal potaamojettonesee, sanicheliase (sthirathayilla).
phylogeny parinaamavum.
monogeneric kudumbatthile aadyathe molecular filogeny "aarr" enna moonnu vyathyastha enangale thiricharinju. "tuberosa", "aarr". "megacarpa", "aarr". "polycarpa", aarr vamshaavalikal ulkkollunna oru speeshees complexes. aarr" ennu peritta speeshees complexes. "maaritima" complexes pinneedu ettu vamshangalude oru groupaayi naveekarichu. eee janussinte parinaamatthil onniladhikam sankaravalkkaranavum polyploidae sambhavangalum chloroplast pidichedukkalum nadannittundennu eee padanangal velippeduthi.
phytochemistry.
eee sasyangal sii4 allatha oru shareeraghadana avatharippikkunnu. eee janussil ninnu ezhu labdanukal thiricharinjittundu 
moonnu stiroyidukalum verthiricheduthittundu