
faalkkaatta

pree-roman ibeeriyayude savisheshamaaya oru tharam vaalaan faalkkaatta. purathana iberian upadveepil yudhathinu faalkkaatta valia falamaayi upayogichirunnu, hispaniayile mattu purathana janangalkkidayil thekkan iberian gothrangalumaayi ithu uracha bandhamullathaan. randaam punic yudhathil carthagenian sainyathe sajjamakkiya purathana general hanibal ithu valare vilamathichirunnu.
peru.
purathana ibeeriyakkaar eee aayudhathin nalkia peru anjjaathamaanu. "faalkkaatta" ennathu oru thaddesheeya naamamo classical srothassukalil upayogikkunnatho allah, marichu 19-aamm noottaandil charitrakaaranaaya fernando fulgozio athinte bladinte aakruthi vivarikkan upayogicha padamaanu. aksharaarthatthil "faalkkan aakruthiyilulla" ennartham varunna laattin "faalkkattas" ennathil ninnaan eee padam uruthirinjathu. classical padasanchayatthil "ensis faalkkattas" enna peril oru vaal undaayirunnu, pakshe athu onnukil oru falks allengil oru haarp aayirikkumenn thonni. enthaayaalum, eee peru valare vegathil pidikkappedukayum ippol pandithochithamaaya saahithyathil urachunilkkukayum cheiyunnu.
roopam.
faalkkaattaykk poyintilekku munnott pitch cheiyunna orotta attamulla bladeund, edju hilttinu sameepam konkevu aanu, pakshe pooyintinu sameepam convex aanu. eee aakruthi oru vaalinte neelamulla cutting edj thallaanulla soukaryavum nilanirthikkondu, oru kodaliyude vegatha upayogichu oru adii nalkaan kazhivulla reethiyil bharam vitharanam cheiyunnu. pidi saadhaaranayaayi hook aakruthiyilullathaanu, avasaanam palappozhum kuthirayudeyo pakshiyudeyo aakruthiyil stylise cheythirikkunnu. haandilinte kattiyulla buttine hilttumayi bandhippikkunna nerttha shringhala palappozhum undu. greak koppikalumaayi eathaandu saamyamundengilum, falcattaye athinte neelatthinte randaam pakuthiyude eratta-vashathaal verthirichariyunnu.
uthbhavam.
chilar faalkkaatta urukkuyugathile ariwal aakruthiyilulla kathikalil ninnaan uruthirinjathennu abhipraayappedunnu; ithu avayude aachaaraparamaaya upayogavumaayi poruthappedunnu. irumbinte pravarthanathodoppam selttukalaanu ithu iberian upadveepil avatharippichathenn chilar anumaanikkunnu. faalkkaattayude uthbhavam greak koppikalude aakasmikamaanennu vishwasikkunna niravadhi charitrakaaranmaar undu. ennirunnaalum, padinjaarum kizhakkum aazhathilulla hellenistic swaadheenathinte vyaapthi, bisi ettaam noottaandil ibeeriyayude kizhakkan theerathu ninnu emporian (aadhunika empoorikal) polulla greak vyapara thuramukhangal, noottaandukalaayi faalkkaattaykk munbulla kopikalude avyakthamaaya puraavastu rekhakal, athupole thanne lokacharithrathiludaneelam thikachum asamathwamulla "recoverve" krameekaranam enniva greak uthbhavathinum swaadheenathinum vendi shakthamayi vaadikkunnu.
gunanilavaaravum nirmmanavum.
randaam punic yudhathilum pinneedu hispania pidichadakkiya samayathum roman sainyangal iberian koolippadayaalikalum yodhaakkalum upayogikkunna aayudhangalude gunanilavaaram kandu aascharyappettu. faalkkaattayude mothatthilulla gunanilavaaram roopathil ninnu mathramalla, irumbinte gunanilavaarathil ninnum vannu. urukk falakangal rando moonno varshathekku nilathu kuzhichidukayum avayil ninnu durbalamaaya urukkine nasippikkukayum cheythuvennu parayappedunnu, ennaal 'mikacha' urukkinte uyarnna kaarban ulladakkam raasa naashathinu kooduthal irayaakunnathinaal ithu saankethikamaayi ardhashoonyamaanu. oru forgil fayar-welding prakriyayil urukkinte paalikal bandhippikkunnathinulla saankethikavidya oru saadhaarana prakriyayayirunnu.
alankaara, aaraadhanaaparamaaya upayogangal.
ibeeriyayile gothrangalude aadyakaalangalil, athinte upayogam sainyathekkaal alankaaravum aaraadhanaakramavumaayirunnu. shavakudeerangalil ninnu valare alankaricha faalkkaatta kandethiyittundu, udaaharanathinu faalkkaatta dii almedinilla. aadyakaalangalil faalkkaattayude kuravu eee pradeshathe irumbinte chelavum shaamavum moolamaayirunnu.
purathana grandhangalil.
faalkkaatta" ennathu classical lattinil upayogikkunna oru padamallaatthathinaal, purathana saahithyathil ithu eppol paraamarshikkappedunnu ennu parayaan prayaasamaan. ennirunnaalum, senekayude "dii benefices" 5.24 ll itharathilulla vaaline paraamarsikkaan pothuve sammathikkunna oru bhagam undu
<ayalkkaarumaayi alppam parushamaayi perumariya oru muthirnna sainikan juuliyas seaserinu munnil thante cases vaadikkukayaayirunnu. "ningal oorkkunnundo", addeham paranju, "imperter, ningal enganeyaanu sucroic sameepam ningalude kalmut valachathu?"seaser oorkkunnundennu paranjappol" appol ningal theerchayaayum oorkkunnundo, oru cheria nizhal maathram veeshunna oru marathinadiyil, valare kadinamaaya bhoopradeshathu, aaa eakaanthamaaya oru maram maathram ottippidichu, ningalude aalukalil oraal ningalkkayi thante anki ittathu?"
seaser paranju, "njaan thalarnnittundenkilum enthukondu njaan oorkkaruthu? enikku nadakkaan kazhiyaathathinal enikku aduthulla neeruravayilekku pookaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla, dhairyasaaliyaaya oru dheeranaaya sainikan illaayirunnengil, helmettil vellam konduvannillaayirunnil, kaiyum kalmuttum uyarthi avide izhayaan njaan thayyaravumaayirunnu."athinodu aaa manushyan marupadi paranju
"appol, nirbandham, ningalkk aaa manushyaneo aaa helmettineyo thirichariyaan kazhiyumo?"seaser helmet thirichariyaan kazhiyillennu marupadi nalki, pakshe theerchayaayum aaa manushyan, njaan alppam prakopithanaayi," ningal theerchayaayum avanalla!"athil athbhuthamilla", aaa manushyan paranju, "seaser, nee enne thirichariyunnilla; kaaranam athu sambhavikkumbol njaan poornnanaayirunnu. pinneedu, mundayilvechu ente kannu puratthekku valichedukkukayum thalayotti thakarukayum cheythu. ningal aaa helmet kandaal athu thirichariyukayumilla athu oru hispanian vaal ("machera hispana") kondu vibhajikkappettathaan."</kavita>
greak makhairayumayi saamyamulla falcattaye soochippikkunna polybius iberian vaalukale "machera" ennum vilikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, gaulukalum romakkarum polum upayogikkunna neraaya vaalukalkkum addeham eee peru upayogikkunnu. hispaniyayil ninnulla mattu gothrangalum neraaya vaalukal upayogichuvennathu pinneedu roman gladiasinu prachodanamaayitheernnuvenna athath perukalude vyathyaasathe avyakthamaakkunnu.

