
saamoohikam

1901num 1910num idayil romaniyayil prasidheekaricha oru saahitya, rashtreeya maasikayayirunnu samenattorul allengil seminattorul. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil paarambaryavaadam, neoromentisism, vamseeya deseeyatha ennivayude oru tribunayi praadhamikamaayi oormmikkappedunna ithu, kavikalaaya alexandru vlahuva jorjju cosbuck chernnu sthaapichathaanu. 1905ll charitrakaaranum saahitya saidhaanthikanumaaya nikkola airga edittar inn cheef aayathin sheshamaan "samenattarisam" allengil "seminattarisam" ennariyappedunna maasikayude prathyayashaasthram aavishkarichathu. athinte janakeeyata, muthalaalithathekkurichu vimarsanam, karshaka samoohathinu oonnal nalkal enniva athine mattu yaadhaasthithika grouppukalil ninnu verthirichappol, "sarvakalaashaala" athinte pradhana yaadhaasthithika mungamiyaaya "junemia" samoohavumaayi kaazhchappaadukal pankittu, prathyekichu paashchaathyavalkkaranathodu karuthal prakadippikkunnathil. samaantharamaayi, athinte valathupaksha ajanda athine popporanistukalil ninnu vyathyasthamakki, soshyalist prachoditha prathyayashaasthravum drutha nagaravalkkaranathe ethirtha oru roman janakeeya vibhagamaanu, ennaal rund grouppukalum thammilulla amgathvathil ganyamaaya ovarlaappu undaayirunnu. "samenattorulum deseeya liberal raashtreeyakkaaranaaya spiru haarettum thammilulla sakhyam muthal irupathaam noottaandile roman liberalisathe jorgayude vyakthamaaya apalapanam vare prabalamaaya deseeya liberal partyumaayulla samenattorulinte bandham orupole avyakthamaayirunnu.
deseeya kaviyum yaadhaasthithika upanyasakanumaaya mihay emineskuvinte srishtikale adisthaanamaakki praadeshika charithratthinte aadarshaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam prothsaahippichukondu, onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu transylvaniayileyum austriya-hungery niyanthrikkunna mattu pradeshangalileyum adichamarthappetta romakkaarude shabdamaayi prasidheekaranam svayam parasyappedutthi. athinte abhedyathayum raashtreeyavum saamskaarikavumaaya sthaapanangalekkurichulla thuranna vimarsanavum roman raajyathil ninnum chuttumulla pradeshangalil ninnumulla yuva roman budhijeevikalude oru janapriya vediyaayi "saamaanattoruline" maatti. maasikaykku chuttum othucherunna paarambarya saahitya vibhaagam saadhaaranayaayi aadhunika saahityatheyum aadhunika kalayude soundaryashaasthratheyum athirthirunnuvenkilum pratheekaathmakathayodu kooduthal sahishnutha pulartthiyirunnu. kaalakramena, "saamantharul" praadeshika pratheekathmaka prasthaanatthinte oru upagrooppinu aathidheyanaayi.
hraswakaalamaayirunnengilum, pilkkala roman saahithyathilum samskaarathilum pothuve "saamaanattorul" oru pradhana swaadheenamaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam nilaninna paarambaryavum aadunikathayum thammilulla saamskaarika samvaadangalude kendramaayirunnu athinte paarambaryam. drum dreptt", "kugettu cler" ennee maasikakal upayogichu yorga vyakthiparamayi athine punarujjeevippikkaan shramichappol, "saamantarisam" mattu paarambaryavaadamo kaarshika pravaahangalo sweekarichu, praadeshika theevra valathupaksha, phaasist grouppukalude saamskaarika thathwangalkku ithu oru sambhavana nalki. yudhakaalakhattathil, bezarabiayilum (moldovaik ukraine idayil vibhajikkapetta oru pradesham) ithu kaaryamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi. samanaadist" prathyayashaasthram thanne parambaraagathamaayi ottappedalineyum anyagrahavaadatheyum prothsaahippichathinum athupole thanne yahoodavirudhathayumaayulla pranayathinum vimarsikkappettu. saahitya, kalaa vimarsanangalil, "saamanaadist" enna padam nirddishta idaya, desasnehaparamaaya klichukale soochippikkunna nindyamaaya ardhangal nedi.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
phiin dii seakle" europian saambathika charithratthile oru koottam supradhana sambhavangalumayi gaveshakar "samenattorul" sthaapichu. spanish charitrakaaranaaya francisco veega, europian-wide muthalaalithathinteyum madhyavargathe badhikkunna anubandha prathibhaasangaludeyum parinamavumaayi nerittu bandhappett "saamaanattorul" ennathinte aavirbhavam sthaapichu "pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilumulla saamraajyathva prathisandhikalude aaghaathakaramaaya saahacharyangalil [...]..] muthalaalithatthinte prathisandhi bheeshanippeduthunna cherukida, idatharam boorshwaasikalude nagara-vyaavasaayika samoohathe nirasikkukayum, oru aadarshaparamaaya bhoothakaalathe avalambikkunnathiloode bheeshanikalkku munnil deseeya swathuam samrakshikkaan sramikkunna boudhika prasthaanangalude grouppukalumaayi "samaanaattarisam" thirichariyaan kazhiyum."bahubhooripaksham karshakarum nirakshararumaaya janasamkhyayulla oru raajyathinullile vyaavasaayika aadhunikavalkkaranathinte aaghaathakaramaaya munnettam" prakopippicha "aidantitti prathisandhi" yodoppam, gaveshakanaaya pooll sernat praadeshika boyar prabhukkanmaarude "" thakarcha "" yeei "" samaanaattorul "", samana chinthagathikkaaraaya jenalukal ennivaykku adithara paakunna vishayangalayi charcha cheiyunnu ". athupole, sweedish kalacharithrakaaranaaya toom saandakvist karshaka samoohathe saambathika maattavum "uyarnnuvarunna vyavasayavalkkaranavumaayi" bandhapetta niyamaanusrithamaaya samskaarathinte uravidamaayi "samenattorulinte shradha" kaanunnu "1870 kalude madhyathil dhaanya vila vinaashakaramaayi kuranju, yadhaartha roman samskaarathinte udamayenna nilayil nandiyullah karshakanteyum 'swaabhaavika' graamasamoohathinteyum prathichaaya thettaanennum daaridryam, durithangal, svechaadhipathya boyaarukal, krooramaaya labhakkaar, panamidapaadukaar, grameena gendermar ennivarude savisheshathayumaayi valare nannayi poruthappedunnillenum kooduthal kooduthal vyakthamaayirunnu. samanatorism", "poporanism ennivayude aavirbhavam, saandakvist kurippukal," ithu undaayirunnittum-allengil athu moolamaanu ", kaaranam iruvarum ippozhum" parambaraagatha grama samoohathil ninnu uruthirinjathaayi roman samskaarathinte prathyeka swabhaavam "prakhyaapichu."gaveshakanaaya rodica lasku-poppu samanamaaya oru veekshanam avatharippikkunnu," "noottaandinte thudakkathil samoohathil sambhavikkunna mutationukalude prathidhwaniyaayi" "samenattarisam charcha cheiyunnu karshaka prashnatthinte kadutha prathisandhi ["...]nagravum grameenavumaaya paristhithikal thammilulla saamoohika vidavu."
samanatism" prathinidheekarikkunna charitra nimishathe charitrakaaranmaar paashchaathya samskaarathile vividha pravanathakalumaayi bandhippichittundu. vyaavasaayika samoohathe athu nirasikkunnath amerikkayile roobert frosttinteyo fraansile francis jamasinteyo kavithakalil prakadippicha vikaarangalkk thulyamaayi kaanapettu. thaarathamyavaadikalaaya joonn newbourum marsell cornis-poppum eee maasikaye kizhakkan-madhya europile "janakeeyathayum kaarshika deseeyathayum" enna valia prathibhaasatthinte bhagamaayaanu visheshippichathu, polandinte "gloss" maasikayum slovakiayude "naturismu" karantum, hangariyude desso sabo allengil "nepi irok", "vlaass" allengil "kelatt nep" grouppukalude prathyayashaasthrangalum, estoniyayude jaann tonisoninte rashtreeya paripadiyum. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ("clopomania") praadeshika karshakarodulla gallisian budhijeevikalude thaalparyam muthal roman dmovsky deseeya janaadhipathyathinte prathyayashaasthram vare "saamantharul" umm polandile vividha saamskaarika allengil rashtreeya prasthaanangalum thammil prathyeka saamyathakal kamantettarmaar kandethiyittundu. saahitya niroopakayaaya mirsia anglescu deseeya punarujjeevanasamayathum onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum roman samskaarathil nilaninnirunna boudhika faashanukalumaayi samyojippichu "saamantorist" prasthaanatthinte thudakkavum sthaapikkunnu vasily alexandry, grigor alexandrescu, jorjju melidon ennivarude desasnehaparamaaya yatra saahityam; roman vaasthuvidyayile neo-brancovenesk shaili; roman raajnji elisabath (carmen silva) deseeya roman vasthradhaaranam veendum kandethi. addehathinte sahapravarthakanaaya valeriyu raapinu "saamantorisam"-nte prarambha uyarchaye roman aksharangalil anubhavapetta "prathisandhi" yude nimishavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnu, oru thalamurayile pradhana ezhuthukaar-ayoon luca karagiyale, barbu shtefenesku delavransa, alexandru vlahut muthalaayava.- avarude kariyarinte avasaanathodu adukkukayaayirunnu.
valia alavil, transylvania, bukovina, austriya-hungery niyanthranatthilulla mattu pradeshangal (prathyekichu puthiya boudhika nethaakkal munnariyipp nalki, magyaariseshan nayangalaal bheeshanippeduthiyavar) ennividangalil thamasikkunna romakkaarude lakshyam yaadhaasthithika sthaapanam upekshichuvenna vikaaravum "saamantorist" aashayangalude prachaaranatthe sahayichu. rashtreeya varggathinte deshasnehathinte abhaavathinethiraaya samghathinte prathishedhavum "transylvaniayile puthukkiya roman prakshobhatthinte oru shaakha" ennu veega nirvachichathumaayi chernnu. samaantharamaayi, "avasaravaadaparamaaya oru anthaaraashtra nayathinethire" raajyathinte vipanikalil videsha mooladhanam nuzhanjukayarunnathinethi group prathikarikkukayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, akkaalat, deseeya liberalukal kendrashakthikalumaayulla king karol onnaamante sakhyatheyum athiloode austriya-hangariyumaayulla sakhyatheyum pinthunaykkaan vimukhathayode prathijnjaabadharaayirunnu. saahitya charithrakaaran Z. allengil, "prathyeka athmeeya jeevithathinte kaaryangalil roman janathayude aikyam" prakadippikkaanulla ichhaashakthi "saamanthoshathvathinte" savisheshathakalilonnaanu.
sthaapanam.
thalasthaanamaaya bucharasttil prasidheekaricha "saamanthorool" 1901 avasaanathode "pazhaya raajyathil" ninnulla alexandru vlahout transylvanian vamshajanaaya jorjju cosbuck chernnu sthaapichu. iruvarum parambaraagatha ajandakalulla maasikakalude edittarmaaraayi ariyappettirunnu vlahout "vietta" maasika sthaapikkukayum edittu cheyyukayum cheythirunnu, athesamayam cosebook "vaatra" yumayi samaanamaan cheythath. vietta" yumayi munbu bandhappettirunna niravadhi ezhuthukaaril ulppedunnu shtefaan okdaaviyan iosyph, demetry angel, ayoon goroon, konstaan hodos, vasile poppu. saadhaarana sambhavana nalkunnavaril ayoon agarbisanu, i enniva ulppedunnu. eiii. bazarabesku, panait serna, elana farago, emil garleyu, okdaaviyan goga, konstantin sandu-aldia, ayon slavichi, aii. iii. turkey. aadya varshangaliludaneelamulla mattu sradheyamaaya sahakaarikal saharia barsan, pooll bujor, ilari chendi, virjil seofleck, alexandru davila, sextil puskariyu, konstaantin senii, ariyappedaatha ayoon seocarlan, maria kuntan ennivayaayirunnu.
karshakarude jeevitashaili mechappeduthunnathinum raajyavyaapakamaayi budhijeevikalude thalpparyam uyarthunnathinum sarkkar sponsor cheytha vidyaabhyaasa sanbradaayathil aasoothrithamaaya mattangal amgeekarikkunnathinum avasaram labhicha deseeya udara vidyaabhyaasa mantriyaaya spiru haarettil ninnu puthiya prasidheekaranathinu pinthunayum fund labhichu. 1870kalil barladil prasidheekaricha "semanattorul" enna maasikayudeyum 1899ll gaalattiyil prasidheekaricha samanamaaya oru maasikayudeyum pingamiyaayi ithine chilappol visheshippikkaarundu. athu sthaapithamaayathinu sheshamulla varshangalil, "saamaanattorul" krovovayude "ramuri" muthal baarlaadinte "phaatt frumos" vare pravishya nagarangalil prasidheekaricha samana chinthagathikkaaraaya cheria jenalukalude srishtiye prachodippichu. 1902ll goga addehathinte sahapravarthakaraaya alexandru siurayum okdaaviyan tasluvanuvum chernnu sthaapicha "luzafarool" enna prasidheekaranam transylvaniayil athinte sidhaantham pradhaanamaayum aavarthichu.
puthiya maasikayude aadya lakkathil 1901 desember 2 theeyathi prasidheekarichu. edittura minerva publishing kambaniyumaayi sahakarichu achadicha ithu edittoriyal staafilum pravarthicha eosifinte dhanasahayavum udamasthathayum nediyirunnu. edittoriyal oafees thanne sthithicheythirunnathu regala streettilaayirunnu, illa. 6, kalia viktoriyiykaduthum (innathe ayoon kaambinanu streettil) minervayude printing pressukalude athe kettidatthilum. rund pradhana edittarmaar ezhuthiyathum ennaal oppittathallathathumaaya aadya lakkathe avatharippikkunna edittoriyal lekhanathil "primeley worb" ("aadya vaakkukal") enna thalakkett vahikkukayum roman saahithyathil nalla sandeshangalude abhaavathil aashanka prakadippikkukayum cheythu. irakkumathi cheytha", "asukhakaramaaya" saahityam ennu addeham vilichathine apalapicha kosbakkinte "yoonitti" ("yunaittad") enna kashanam randaamathe lakkathil eee avalokanam poortthiyaakki.
thudarnnulla varshangalil paper athinte perinte aksharavinyaasangal pathivayi marimari cheythu "samanaadorool" ennu sthaapithamaaya ithu 1901 muthal 1902 vare "semanattorool" aayi maari, 1909 vare yadhaartha aksharavinyaasathilekku madangukayum athinte avasana varshathil "iii" aksharavinyaasathilekku maarukayum cheythu. iva randum "vithaykkunnayaal" ennathinte aksharaarthatthil paryaayapadangalaayirunnavi avayude roopaka ardham kooduthal sankeernamaayirunnu. charitrakaariyaaya irena livesiano ezhuthi "roman padavum ashayavum vivarthanam cheiyunnathu eluppamalla. oru semina" allengil vithaykkal allengil (vithukal) nattupidippikkal enna kriyayil ninnu uruthirinja ithu, saahityam adisthaanaparamaayi grameenavum kaarshikavumaayirikkanamenna soochippikkunnu, yadhaarthathil karshakaraayirunna allengil 'vithaykkunna' roman janasamkhyayude 90 sathamaanam aalukaludeyum jeevithavum aachaarangalum."eee padam muyalinte swantham ajandaykku anusrithamaayi pothujanagalkkidayil ashayangal pracharippikkunnathine soochippikkunnu. saahithyacharithrakaaranaaya jorjju salainsku "vietta" ("vayatta" ennathinte purathana aksharavinyasamaaya "jeevitam" ennartham varunna) ennathinte paripaadikaleyum athinte pingaamikaleyum avarude sheershakangalil abhipraayappettukondu bandhippikkunnu "[" samenattorul "] 'jeevitam', 'sasyam' ennee ashayangal janangalilekku kaikaaryam cheyyanamennu karuthappettirunnu."" "saamantharul" "enna thalakkettilulla thante oru kavithayil vlahoota eee ashayam eduthukaanichathaayum addeham rekhappeduthunnu
eee paripaadiyude anthimatha kavithayude avasana bhagam ulkkollunnathayi raapinu kandu, athil ingane parayunnu
sadovanuvinteyum yorga varavu.
1903-ll, "samanaadarul" enna kruthiyodoppam bhaavi novelistaaya mihail sadovanu koodi chernnu, addehathe niroopakanaaya tudor vianu grouppinte ettavum valia swathaayi visheshippichu. aaa varshamaan nikkola iyorga pathratthinaayi thante aadya lekhanangal prasidheekarikkaan thudangiyathu. saankvisttinte nirvachanathil, "thathwachinthakanum kaviyumaaya lucian blagaik purame roman vamseeya-desheeyathayude ettavum prathinidhikaliloraalaya" yorga, prasidheekaranatthinte "ettavum pradhanappetta sambhaavanakkaaran" aayirunnu, athesamayam newbourum cornis-poppum addehathe "[kizhakkan-madhya europian] mekhalayile ettavum shaktan yadhaartha chinthakanumaayi" paraamarsikkunnu."1904 aayappozhekkum, sadovenu thante aadya vaalyangaliloode deseeya prashasthi nedukayum, minerva oresamayam prasidheekarikkukayum maasikaykkulla thante charitrangalil (athilonnu 1904" "sadovenu varsham" "aayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu) yorga prashamsikkukayum cheythu". samaantharamaayi, 1903 meyy maasathil "ooo nau epoca dii kalchara" ("oru puthiya saamskaarika yugam") enna thalakkettilulla oru lekhanathil ninnu aarambhich, jorga pathukke swantham thathwangal avatharippichu, ithu saamoohika vargga vyathyaasangalkkappuram oru deseeya samskaaram sthaapikkaan ahvaanam cheyyukayum paashchaathya lokath ninnu varunna "dushta kurangan bisinus" athmeeya "azhimathiyum" paraamarsikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu addeham "chronic" ("chronicle") enna thalakkett vahikkunna oru sthiramaaya "samanaattorul" kolatthinte chumatala etteduthu.
charithralekhanathil oru puthiya dishayaayi addeham nirvachichathine ethirtha addehathinte vividha sahapravarthakare lakshyamittukond ("соала сола", "dhii critical school") vivaadaparamaaya kashanangalaayirunnu yorgayude mattu sambhavanakal bogdan petrisikku hasdue, grigor tosilesku, vii. eiii. yurechiyayum eiii. dii. avarkkidayil senopaul. atharathilulla oru lekhanathil ingane ezhuthi "ente ellah shakthikalodeyum njaan ente rajyathinaayi oru saamskaarikavum daarmmikavumaaya aadarsham pinthudarunnu, ente jeevithathile ettavum vilamathikkappedunna lakshyamaya eee vazhiyil aarr nilkkunnuvo avaraanu ente shatru, oru shatru, ithu ethratholam asukhakaramo vedanaajanakamo aanennu theliyikkaamenkilum, athinte falamaayi njaan enthu prasnangal nerittalum njaan orikkalum vittukodukkilla."addehathinte sthaanathinu mattoru" "samanaadar" "sambhavana nalkia saahithyacharithrakaariyaaya ilari chendiyil ninnu amgeekaaram labhichu, addeham roman saahityam" "athmeeya adhapathanathe" "abhimukeekarikkunnathinaal, dhaarmika bodhatthinte pradhana vakthaakkal puthiya dishakalile charithrakaaranmaaraanennu aaropichu (yorga, ayoon bogdan, demetry onsiyul ennivayekkurichulla oru paramarsham)".
senopaul saahithyamoolyathinte oru mosham vidhikarthaavaanennum, saadhaarana ezhuthukaare (senopolinte swantham bhaarya cornelia "reeriya" gatovshi muthal victor vojan vare) prothsaahippichuvennum addeham vaadichappol, thante muthirnna samapraayakkaarekkurichu yorgayude vimarsanam palappozhum samakaalikavum vyakthiparavumaaya prasnangalil shradha kendreekarichu. maasikaykkulla thante lekhanangalil mattidangalil addeham tosileskuvine "ettavum kuranja jeevajaalangalude pandithanum vyakthiparamaaya nettamaanu maanadandam enna niroopakanum" ennu visheshippichu. 1904-ll ayoon gwenskool ennathum eee vivaadathil ulppettirunnu. academic ramgathulla praadhaanyamulla oru vyakthiyayi jorga aadyam amgeekaricha gwenskuline "oru dushichavanum bheeruvaanum" ennu "oru bheeruvum bheeruvum" ennu addehathinte puthiya lekhanangalilonnil paraamarshichu. atharathilulla mattoru lekhanam gaveshakanaaya jorjju ayonesku-jionine vimarshichu, bucharasttinte charithrathekkurichulla prasidheekaricha kruthiye ayorga asthiravum moshamaaya ghadanayum nalki (vaadangal addeham pathittaandukalkk sesham pinvalichu). athinoppam, maasikaykkulla addehathinte lekhanangal bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya sexil puskaariyuvine prathirodhichu, addeham thante sahapravarthakante reethikalkku paksham chernnenkilum "luzafaroolil" ninnulla vimarsanathinu vidheyanaayirunnu. 1905-ll, thante thalamura pazhaya husdue allengil senopol thammilulla samgharshathil undaaya pirimurukkatthil kurachu khedam prakadippikkaan yorga "saamaanattorul" upayogichu "ithu yuvaakkalude thettayirunnu, naamellaavarum parasyatthil valareyadhikam thaalpparyamullavarum svayam sambannaraakkunnavarumaayinu, upabhogathil kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkaathavarum samthruptharallaathavarumaaya vrudharude chelavil."
1905-ll "samanataruli" nte edittoriyal neethrthwam yorga etteduthu. eee nimisham, veega vaadikkunnathu, nayangalilum appealilum vanna maattathe soochippikkunnu "samanaattorul" enna vaakk, athoru yuva asamthriptha budhijeevikalude oru koottatthinu oru uthejakamaayi kramena svayam parivartthanam cheythappol maathrame athintethaaya shakti nedaan kazhinjulloo ". vyavahaarathinte atharam mattangalil samyojippichirunna, veega ezhuthunnu, ithu yorgayude "asthiramaaya" abhipraayangalaayirunnu, ithu deseeya liberal party idapaadukaare pinthunaykkunnu enna samshayamaayum oru "camerila" bharanakoodamaayum maari. swaadheenathil valarchayundaayittum, oru lakkathinu 300 koppikalil kooduthal prasidheekarikkaatha roman maanadandangal anusarichu prasidheekaranathinu mithamaaya prachaaramundaayirunnu. vyakthamaaya oru paripadi" yumayum "swantham dishayumaayum" jorjine bandhippikkaan sramikkunnuvennu soochippikkunna jorjju salainsku, atharam lakshyangal adisthaanaparamaayi oru puthiya sameepanam avatharippikkunnathil paraajayappettuvenn vilayiruthunnu, koodaathe itharathilulla mattu plaattfomukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol maasika "dvitheeya punk" nilanirthunnathu thudarnnuvennu vaadikkunnu.
1906leeii prachaaranavum thudarchayaaya pilarppukalum yorgayude purappadum.
1906 maarchil jorgayude prachaarana reethi kaaryamaaya phalangal nalki, franch bhashayil oru paripadi samghadippikkaanulla (naadakam roman bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnathinupakaram) bacharast naashanal thiyettarinte theerumaanathaal prachodanam ulkkond addeham bahishkaranavum bahujana vidyaarthi raalikal samghadippikkukayum athu theruvu yudhangalaayi adhapathikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu 1906-ll yorga masikayumaayulla bandham avasaanippichu. aaa varsham october 22 nuu, "samenattorul" sauhrudam niranja vaakkukalilaanu vibhajanam sambhavichathenn prakhyaapichu "misttar. enn. yoga [...] maasikayude [edittoriyal] director enna nilayil thudaraan addehathinte niravadhi kadamakal addehathe thadayunnuvennum ennaal addeham njangalkk ashamsakal nerunnuvennum njangal vijayikkanamenn aagrahikkunnuvennum addeham njangale prakhyaapikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru vivaranam anusarichu, thante edittoriyal nayam mattu maasikakalil vimarsanangalkk vidheyamaakkiyathine thudarnnu addeham pinmaran theerumaanichirunnu.
yorga "neemul romanesk" enna puthiya jenal prasidheekarikkukayum, iaasi aasthaanamaayulla prakshobhakanaaya eiii. yumayi chernnu athu srishtikkukayum cheythu. sii. samanamaaya oru ajandaykku vendi nilakondathum ennaal jootha roman samoohathe lakshyamit vyakthamaayi yahoodavirudha ulladakkam cherthathumaaya janaadhipathya deseeya partyaya kusa. athe varsham thanne, sadovianu ulppedunna oru idathupaksha vimatha samgham, popporanistukalaaya konstaantin steeriyum garabet ibrilyaanuvum puthuthayi sthaapicha "vayaa romaniaska" jenalumaayi affiliate cheiyunnathinaayi "samanaadool" ennathumaayi pirinju. athe ghattathil thanne moonnaamathe vimatha vibhaagam uyarnnuvannu 1906-ll yorgayude muun associate chendi sarkkil vittu ethiraaliyaaya "vayaatta littaraa" (1907-ll sthaapikkukayum vichedikkappedukayum cheythu) enna aanukaalikam srishtichu. sernat parayunnathanusarichu, verpiriyalukalethudarnn "samenattorul" thanne "pinthirippan prathyayashaasthram" anubhavichu.
thudarnnulla naalu varshangalil pathram kramanugathamaayi kuranju. eee prathibhaasatthe disha nashtappedal kaaranamaanennu reepanu visheshippikkunnu "[" saamaanattorul "] athe swaadheenam aaswadichilla, 1903-1906-nte thaalpparyamo vivaadangalo srishtichilla. ithu roman saahithyathinte bhooprakrithiyil puthiyathayi onnum konduvannilla. oraalkk athu parayaan kazhiyum, "samanaattor" ennathukondu pirinjukondu, enn. yorga thante aathmaavine thannodoppam kondupoyi."jenalinte charithrathe badhikkunna avasaanathe pradhana vishayangalil onnu 1907 leeii karshakarude kalapamaayirunnu, athu raajyathinte saamoohika pirimurukkangal pracharippikkukayum deseeya liberal manthrisabhayaaya demetry sturdsa akramathe neridukayum cheythu. sandqvist parayunnathanusarichu, parambarakaala kaazhchappaadukal sambhavangalil "yaadhaarthyavumaayi moshamaayi ettumutti", ithu "pala budhijeevikalkkidayilum eathaandu udanadi oru pinthirippan sameepanathilekku nayichu [...]..] munbu padinjaaran dishayilekkulla romaniayude vazhiye prolsaahippikkukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheythavar ".
rashtreeya veekshanam.
pothuvaaya thathwangal.
saamanettorulinte" kaazhchappaadinte oru pradhana bhagam romaantik desheeyathayude kanniloode roman prathyekatha enna ashayam nirvachikkanum samrakshikkanum shramichu. eee darshanam, vega rekhappeduthunnu, romaniayile itharathilulla "aadyathe chittayaya sramamaayirunnu", koodaathe "boudhika aithihyangalude" aashrayathe soochippikkunnu."karshakare mikavinte maathrkayaayi thithreekarikkunnathu romanian charithratheyum romaaniyanmaarude uthbhavatheyum kurichulla yorgayude swantham pandithochithamaaya kaazchappaadaayirunnu. thante audyogikajeevithathile aaa nimishathode, aadyakaala madhyakaalakhattathilum uyarnna madhyakaalakhattathilum jeevichirunna roman karshakar praathinidhya janadhipathyam bharikkunna vargeeya republicukalaayi svayam samghadippikkukayum saakshyappeduthaatha oru krodeekarikkappedaatha bharanaghadanaye chuttippattiyaan roman raashtram thanne swaabhaavikamaayi valarnnathennu vaadikkukayum cheytha oru sidhaantham nirmmikkaan yorga athiyirunnu. swatantra karshakarum boyaarukalum enna parambaraagatha saamoohika vibhaagangalkkidayil oru purathana aikyadaartyam undaayirunnuvenna addehathinte nirddeshavumaayi ithu chernnu. samanatorism" enna aashayathinte oru pradhana gadakamaayi eee ashayathe kaanunna veega, ithine "wolksjemeinshaafttinte" yadhaarthamo saangalppikamo aaya maathrkayaayi vyaakhyaanikkunnu. aaa aikyam veendedukkunnathinaayi, graamangale prathinidheekarikkunna rashtreeya samghadanakal (obstti) muthal karshakarude prayojanathinaayi pravartthikkunna credit unionukal vare oru prathyeka koottam sthaapanangal charithrakaaran nirddeshikkukayaayirunnu.
samenattorulinte" kaazhchappaadin prachodanamaaya oru vyakthi, maricha deseeya kaviyum saamskaarika niroopakanum mihay eminescu aayirunnu, addeham oru yaadhaasthithikanum desheeyavaadiyumaayirikke "junemia" saahitya klabbile oru pragatbha amgamaayirunnu. gaveshakanaaya ayona, maasikaykku chuttum roopappetta "reactionary" vrithathe "emineskuvinte aaradhana" yudeyum aadyakaala emineskuvinte chila samaahaarangaludeyum pradhana uravidamaayi visheshippikkunnu. 1903-ll maasikaykkaayi ezhuthiya oru lekhanathil, manushyarashi thakartha aadhunika kaalathinu ethiraaya oru "puthiya eminescu" allengil "oru samboornna manushyan" enna peril thante maranananthara rachanakalude prasidheekaranathe yorga swaagatham cheythu. athe ezhuthukaaran eminskuvinte aakdivisathe "aarogyakaramaya vamsha" thinte puthiya prathyayashaasthrathinte "prakhyapanam" aayi kanakkakki. jorgayude ethiraaliyum saamskaarika charitrakaaranum classical liberal chinthakanumaaya yoojan lavineskuvinte abhipraayathil, charithrakaaran prathyekichu emineskuvinte "pinthirippan" manobhaavangal pankittu roman liberalisathe pinthunacha boorshwaasiyude "vidvesham", "samrakshanavaadathinulla" pinthuna, "purushaadhipathya jeevithathinulla" nostaaljiya enniva.
vidyaabhyaasa parishkaranatthinulla aahvaanangalumaayi erattathaappulla "samenattorulinte" munkaruthalukalude mattoru pradhana ghadakam upadeshavaadamaayirunnu karshakarude aavashyathinaayi sajeevamaayum praadhamikamaayum svayam samarppikkaan magazin vidyaabhyaasa samvidaanathodu abhyarthichu. 1898 nuu sesham eee mekhalayil puthumakalkk soukaryamorukkiyathum spiru muyalukal konduvanna vishalamaaya parishkarangalumaayi poruthappedunnathumaaya deseeya udara ajandaye ithu aduthu pinthudarnnu. veegayude vivaranathil, thaazhnna vibhaagangale padippikkunnathinulla thaalparyam bhaagikamaayi europian mungaamikalkk kadappettirikkunnu fraansile jools ferry niyamangalum jarmman saamraajyathile "realshool" samvidaanavum, athupole audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta hangarian bhasha patana sthaapanangalumaayi malsarikkaan roman transylvanian adhyaapakarude sramangalum. samaantharamaayi, roman samskaarathekkurich avabodham srishtikkunnathu carpathian parvathanirakalude iruvashathumulla romakkaarude aikyam urappikkumenna yorgayude vishwaasathe eee nayam prathiphalippichu. charitrakaaranum thaarathamyavaadiyumaaya shtefaan borbelli parayunnathanusarichu, grouppinte vidyaabhyaasa sidhaanthathinte oru adhika prathiphalanam kuttikale karsanamaaya niyanthranatthil vaykkenda "vrithiketta" manushyarayi chithreekarichukondu oru "pothu faantasi" yeei prolsaahippikkunnathu.
theevra deseeyatha.
saamanettorul" cosmopolitanisatthe nirasichathu pala saamskaarika charitrakaaranmaarum "senophobia" yude maathrkakal ennu visheshippicha vaadangalilekkulla avalambathe soochippikkunnu. paashchaathyavalkkaranam sweekarichu loka vediyile roman paarshwavalkkaranam pariharikkan sramikkunnathinekkaal, ottappedal prolsaahippikkukayum romakkaarude swantham "prathyeka prathibha" yeei prolsaahippikkukayum cheytha aadyakaala deseeya pravahangalil "saamanattarisam" ulppedunnu ennu aashayangalude charitrakaaranaaya lucian boya charcha cheiyunnu. addeham eee kaazhchappaad ingane vyaakhyaanikkunnu "[romakkar] paashchaathyaralla, avar paashchaathyaraakaan shramikkaruth."saamskaarika charitrakaaranaaya lucian naastaasa" "saamaanattorulinte" "manobhaavangale paashchaathya ashayangalil" "prathirodha" "adichelppikkaanulla sramamaayum" "orutharam athmeeya oottarkki" "yaayum paraamarsikkunnu". charithrakaaranmaarude "pazhaya sanbradaayathe" vimarsikkunnathil, charithratthil vamseeya kendreekaranatthe vilamathikkaatha charithrakaaranmaarkkethire yorga valia thothil prathikarikkukayum professional, vyakthiparamaaya paraathikal pracharippikkukayum cheythu.
1906-leeii saamskaarika francophiliaykethiraayi prachaaranatthe jorga svayam franch samskaarathodulla shathruthayalla, marichu pradhaanamaayum videsha swaadheenathil ninnu romania svayam mochippikkendathundena vishwaasamaayaanu vishadeekarichathu. 1890 kalude thudakkam muthal, addeham aadyamaayi nagaram sandarshichappol muthal paarees samoohathekkurichu (prathyekichu athinte laattin bhagam) mosham dhaarana jorga nilanirtthiyirunnu. pathittaandukalkk munbu eminescu prakadippicha vikaarangale prathidhvanippichukondu addehathinte avakaashavaadam, fraansinte swaadheenam rund vyathyastha maathrkakalkku nilakollunnu ennathaanu "nammude yuvakkal" naagarikathayude gadakangalaayi thettayi kanakkakkiya "coffey houseukalum bhakshanashaalakalum" enna negatteevu onnu; "franch saahitya, shaasthra samoohangal" prathinidheekarikkunna oru positteev onnu, "raajyathinte aditharayaaya franch boorshwaasiyude vishudha kudumbam" pinthunaykkunnu."franchinodulla uyarnna varggathinte munganana deseeya swabhaavam nashtappedunnathinu thulyamaanennum bharanavargathinte thakarchayude charithrathinum bhoothakaalam soochippikkunna swaabhaavika pathayil ninnu oru janatha vazhithettikkunnathinum bhaaviyilekku nayikkunnathinum thulyamaanennum addeham avakashappettu."eee kaazhchappaadukalil chilath cosbuck polulla" "samenattorulinte" "mattu pradhana anubandha sthaapanangal prathidhvanichu (krishi cheiyunnavaril videsha bhaashakalude saadhaarana upayogam varenyarum janakkoottavum thammilulla vidavu vardhippikkukayaanenna vishwasichavar)". mattu pravaahangalude niraashaavaadatthe apalapikkunnathil praadhamikamaayi shradha kendreekarichu, "shoonyamaaya vaakyangal chitharikkunnavarude" roman bhaashayude "parihasavum" "apahasyavum" illaathaakkuka enna lakshyavum "primeley vorbe" edittoriyal prasthaavichu.
ennirunnaalum videsha swaadheenathinethiraaya akramanam parimithamaayirunnu, athinte nethaakkalude avyakthamaaya nilapaadukal athine niyanthrikkunnu. valeriyu raapinu parayunnathanusarichu "[yorgayude] avyakthathayekkurichum vivarthanangalkkum saahityathinum ethiraaya poraattathekkurichum charchakal nadannirunnu. enn. ennirunnaalum yorga aavasyappedukayaayirunnu [...] jarmman, engleesh, itaaliyan, russian, nordic ennee europian saahithyathinte ellah vibhaagangalilekkum vivarthanam cheytha kruthikal vipuleekarikkuka."kizhakkan europian mekhalayumaayulla romaniayude parambaraagatha bandhangalekkurichulla gaveshanathinu ithinakam thudakkamitta, yorga oru ottappedalukaaranallennum boya parayunnu.
1904 novemberile oru lekhanathilennapole, "saamaanattorul" ennathinaayulla yorgayude sambhavanakal idaykkide addehathinte yahoodavirudhathayude prakadanangalaayi nilakondu. iyashi nagaram mochitharallaattha juthanmaar etteduthuvenna aaropanatheyum seonisathinte nayangaleyum chuttippattiyaan eee vaachakam rooppeduthiyirikkunnathu" ayashi naalil moonnu joothanaanu. avarkk athinte sambathum jeevithavum pravartthanavum svanthamaanu. seonisathinte jwala avide kooduthal thilakkathode kathichu. njangalkk [romacarc] iyaasiyil rund karyangal maathrameyulloo school sabayum. mattoru raashtrathinte vrithiketta bisinesses manobhaavamulla nilanilpp moolam peedippikkappetta roman rajaavu [nagaratthilekku] athunnu. addehathinte pravrithikaliloodeyum pravrithikaliloodeyum, nammude bhoothakaalavum varthamaanakaalavum veendum anyamathakkaranum shathruvaaya anyagrahajeeviyumaayi verthirikkaanaavaathavidham bandhappettirikkunnu. labham thedunnavarude malinamaaya tiramala ethranaal namme vizhungikkondirunnaam, bhoomi nammudethaanu. kaatt udane athu nammudemel konduvanna thadiye pidichedukkum, naam sahikkum."
samenattorulin" sambhavana nalkia rashtreeya sidhaanthakarkkidayil oru pradhana saannidhyam transylvanian ooral popovichiyaayirunnu. rashtreeya shaasthranjanum saahitya vimarsakanumaaya eoin staanomir popovichi amgeekaricha plaattphomukalude samanvayathil oru vairudhyam rekhappeduthunnu irredentist kaaranatthinte vakthaavinekkaal ("yunaittad stetts oof grettar austriya" aashayathinte kandupiduthakkaaran) austriya-hangariyile federalisationte vakthaavaan, ennaal thante "samanaadar" sahapravarthakarude shabdathinu anusrithamaayi oru yaadhaasthithika shabdamaayirunnu, boudhika nethaavu shaasthreeya vamsheeyathayudeyum vamseeya yahoodavirudhathayudeyum shabdasamarakkaaranaayirunnu. 1909 muthal 1910 vare "saamantharul" parambaraagathamaayi rachicha popovichiyude "natonalism sou demokraatti" ("deseeyatha allengil janadhipathyam") enna lekhanam athinte rachayithaavin svechaadhipathyathodulla vardhichuvarunna aadarav vishadeekarikkunnu. pathinettaam noottaandile saidhaanthikanaaya edmund barkkine paraamarshikkunnathiloodeyum saamoohika karar thathwachinthayekkurichu thurannuparayunna vimarshanathiloodeyum yaadhaasthithika swaram samrakshikkappettappol, "natonalism sou demokraatti" roman samsthaanathinte jaivvum janapriyavumaya swabhaavathekkurichulla mattu sidhaanthangale prathifalippikkukayum eminescu, arther dii gobinou, hoosttan stuvartt chamberline ennivarude vamseeya sidhaanthangalil ninnu kadamedukkukayum cheythu. eee sameepanam "virudha vastutha" yaayirunnu ennu staanomir ezhuthunnu. sislitanian, roman pathrangale ("nyoo free pras", "nyoos weiner tagblat", "adevarul", "diminiyatta") niyanthrichukondu thangalude adikaaram prayogichuvennu avakaashappedunna eee lekhanam joothanmaare pothuve romanian virudharum laabhamundaakkunnavarum krithrimathvamullavarumaayi chithreekarichu. athinte thalakkett athinte kendra prameyathe soochippikkunnu, ithu janadhipathyam deseeya swathuathinte shathruvaanenna popovichiyude vishwaasamaanu (rund samvidaanangalkkidayil thiranjedukkaan romaniaykku avasaramundennu addeham avakashappettu).
"pothuvaayi paranjaal", "juunimisavum mukhyadharaa yaadhaasthithikathayum".
deseeya liberalukalumaayulla pankaalitthatthil ninnu "samanaadar" uyarnnuvannappol, jorgayude pashchaathalam addehathe romaniayude parambaraagatha yaadhaasthithikathayumaayi aduthunirthi, akkaalat "junemia" yum yaadhaasthithika party (raajyathinte dwikakshi samvidaanathinullile deseeya liberalinte malsaraarthi) prathinidheekarichu. adhehavum mattu grouppukalum thammilulla tharkkatthinte pradhana pooyint abhedyamaaya nayamaayirunnu nikkola philipeskuvineyum mattu viyojippulla yaadhaasthithikareyum pole, transylvanian vishayathil "yathaathathaavastha" nilanirthunnathinulla rashtreeya pravaahatthinte chaayvine yorga ethirthu. eee prathyayashaasthraparamaaya parivarthanathekkurichu charcha cheythukondu ayoon staanomir abhiprayappettu "[yorgayude vyavahaarathinte] sankaravalkkaranam oru desheeyavaadiyudeyum janakeeyavaadathinteyum samyojanathinu anuvadikkunnu."
junimist" emineskuvine paraamarsikkunnathinu purame, jorga munnottuvacha vaadangal "junemia" doyne yaadhaasthithika party raashtreeyakkaaranaaya taitu myoreskuvinum eare kadappettirikkunnu. mayoreskuvineppole, eminescu, yorga ennivar aadhunikavalkkaranathinteyum paashchaathyavalkkaranathinu deseeya udara pathippinekkurichu munnariyipp nalki, ithu romanian samooham ("padaarthamillaattha roopangal") swaabhaavikamaayi ulkkollaan kazhiyaathathra anukarikkunnathum vegathayeriyathumaaya idamaayi avar kandu. ennirunnaalum, purathana niyamanirmmaanathekkurim 1866 leeii bharanaghadanayekkurichulla samoolamaaya vimarshanathekkurichum paraamarsikkunna puthiya samvaadam "junemia" lokaveekshanavumaayi samoolamaaya oru villalaayirunnuvenn staanmomir abhipraayappedunnu "yorgayude vimarsanavum" junimist "sidhaanthavum thammilulla dooram vyakthamaan, deseeya paarambaryatthe prathyayashaasthraparamaaya samvaadavumaayi nirnnayikkunna bhaarathil thirichariyaan kazhiyum. yaadhaasthithika udaaravaadathinte oru anuyojyamaaya roopamenna nilayil "junemism" athinte parinaamatthinte oru nimishatthilum aadhunikathaykk munbulla oru purathana bharanaghadanayude prashamsayumaayi bharanaghadanaaparamaaya nirmmaanatthe bandhappedutthaan uddeshichirunnilla. 1866leeii bharanaghadanayude adisthaana nyoonatha (juunimiyayude abhipraayathil) athinte aparyapthathayaanu, oru boorshwas paristhithiye uthejippichum bharanaghadanaa maanadandatthinte karyakshamatha vardhippichum eee aparyapthatha kramena thiruthaan kazhiyum."mothatthil, staanomir nirddeshikkunnu," "semanattarisam" "ennathu" "oru romaantik maathruka adichelppichukondu" "" "juunimist" "victoriyanisavumaayi" "oru edavelaye soochippikkunnu, eee prakriyayil 'reyaakshanarisathinte' thandu [uthppaadippichu] oru tharam vipareeta yaadhaasthithikatha".
mayoreskuvum addehathinte anuyaayikalude vrithavum kalaparamaaya moolyangalum navashaasthreeyathayum upadeshavaadathinu munnil pothuve uyarthippidichappol, roman naadodikkadhakalude prachodanaathmaka moolyathekkurichulla mayoreskuvinte sidhaanthangalilum, ayoon krianke allengil eoin slavichi polulla "joonimisttukalude" srishtikalaal chithreekaricha "popporan" ("janangalude"), yaadhaarthya saahityam ennivaye addeham amgeekarichathilum paarambarya pravahangalumaayi oru paridhivare ovarlaappu undaayirunnu. 1900 nuu thottupinnaale "junemism" paarambaryavaadatthilekkum desheeyathayilekkum svayam thurakkunna nadapadiyiloode niravadhi anuranjanangal saadhyamaayi. "juunimist" prathyayashaasthrathile anthima parivarthanavumaayi "saamanthrolinte" nilanilpp poruthappettu, eee samayat klabbinte maasikayaaya "konvorbiri littarar" deseeyavaada grouppukalumaayi kooduthal aduthulla oru ajanda sweekaricha shaasthranjanaaya simiyoon mehadinthiyude neethrthwathilaayi. Z prakaram. junemia" yude prayamaaya sthaapakanaaya oorniya, anjjaathamaaya kaaranangalal, thaan nirasikkaan saadhyathayulla oru upadeshaka pravahavumaayi oru pooraattatthil earppedaruthennu thiranjedutthirunnu. mayoreskuvinte viramikkalin munbu, mehedinti yorgayude jenalil polum sambhavana nalkiyirunnu, oorniya rekhappeduthunnu, oru apposthalante sammanangal maathram illaatha karsanamaaya anusaranathinte "oru" samanaattarist "aayi thudarnnu."konvorbiri saahityavum paarambaryavaada vediyum thammilulla aduppam eduthukaanikkunnathil, cherukathaakrithukkalude kesukal udharichu avar avarkkidayil sambhavanakal pankittathaayum jorjju selainsku rekhappeduthunnu. eiii. basarabeskuvum nikkola geynum.
eee sambhavavikaasangalkk paarshwafalamaayi mayoreskuvinte sishyanaaya mihail dragomirescu svanthamaayi "konvorbiri krittais" enna maasika srishtichappol prakopippicha "junemia" ykkullil thanne oru bhinnathayundayi. kanvorbiri littarar" ennathinu virudhamaayi, puthiya prasidheekaranam mayoreskuvinte aadyakaala sidhaanthangal punasthaapikkaanum sookshumamaayi pinthudaraanum shramichu, avayude prayogam irupathaam noottaandilekku vyaapippikkaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, dragomireskuvinte swantham prathyayashaasthra sameepanavum "samanaadarulinte" sameepanam thaarathamyena aduthaayirunnu, athinte chila deseeyavaada, upadeshathmaka maargganirddeshangal sweekarichu. "konvorbiri krittais" athinaal munbu "" samenattorul "allengil" "phaatt frumos" "ennivayumaayi affiliate cheythittulla vividha ezhuthukaar ulppedunna oru klabbinte kendramaayi maari". saamanettarist" saahithyathe cherukkunnathinulla mattoru otappetta "juunimist" novelist duyliu samphiresku aayirunnu, addeham karshakarude kazhchappadukalkkethire samsaarichu, athupole thanne "popporan" kruthikalekkurichulla mayoreskuvinte kazhchappadukalkkethire, swantham tharatthilulla yaadhaasthithikathaye prothsaahippichu. eee thiranjeduppukal avalokanam cheythukondu, saamphairskuvinte kaazhchappaadukalum addehathinte "samanaattist" athiraalikalude kaazhchappaadukalum thammil ippozhum anivaryamaaya bandhamundennu oorniya vaadichu.
"saamoohika", soshyalist grouppukalum janakeeyathayum.
rashtreeya spektrathinte idathupakshathil, roman soshyal demookratik varkkezhs party pathanatthe athijeevicha soshyalisathinte abhibhaashakare "samanaattaristukal" kandumutty. kendra vishayangalil rund pravaahangalum viyojippundengilum, avarkk oru koottam pothu vishwaasangalum undaayirunnu, prathyekichu saahitya sidhaanthathinte kaaryangalil. viyaata" enna vishayavumaayi addeham oru vivaadathil praveshichappol, pramukha soshyalist vyakthiyum saahitya niroopakanum aaya konsttantin dobroganu-gheriya, aadyakaala "junimisathe"kkaal vlahoota upadeshavaada shaakhaye prashamsikkukayum (orupakshe prachodippikkukayum cheythu). kalaye oru saamoohika lakshyathin keezhppedutthiya" dobroganu-gheriyayude prathyayashaasthrathinte oru parivartthanamaayirunnu muzhuvan "saamanaadist" prasthaanavum ennu selainsku abhipraayappedunnu "desheeyavaadikal avarkk anuyojyamaaya kendrabindu nilanirtthi, athaayath kala oru maarggamaayi, lakshyathe maathram maatti...]. chila aadarshangal polum avarkkidayil pankuvaykkappedunnu. soshyalistukal karshakaril thaalparyam prakadippikkunnu, ithu thalkkalam nammude thozhilaalivarggamaanu; desheeyavaadikal, karshakar enna nilayil avar thanne viplavakaramaaya karshakaraanu."
appozhekkum dobroganu-gheriya thante maarksisathe raashtreeyathekkurichu "kooduthal swamedhayaa" ulla oru veekshanathilekku samyojippichirunnuvennu abhipraayappedunna vimarsakanaaya mihay samphir, taanum samakaalika avalokanathile sahapravarthakarum appozhekkum roman soshyalist saahityam avarude prathekshakal paraajayappedutthukayaanenna manassilaakkiyirunnuvennu vaadikkunnu. thante vilayiruthalil, maarksist maarganirddeshangalude praadeshika uthppannam "sub-mediocker" aayirunnu, atharam aparyaapthathakalekkurichu saidhaanthikan thanne "poornnamaayum bodhavaanaan". saamoohika prameyamulla" pravaahangale maattisthaapikkunnathinu gadakangalilonnaanu "saamanthoruline" chuttipattiyulla kooduthal kooduthal shabdamuyarthunna desheeyavaadikal "ennum avarude vijayam dabroganu-geria saahithyathil ninnu verpedaan prerippichuvennum samphir nigamanam cheiyunnu. athupole, maarksist nethaavinte pratheekshakalkk vipareethamaayi, "samakalikanum" 1890-kalile upagrahamaaya "littaraathura sii ttintaykkum" oru karant sthaapikkaan kazhinjilla "ennum vlahuttayeppolulla parambaraagatha ezhuthukaare prasidheekarichu avar nashtapariharam nalkiyathaayum reepanu rekhappeduthunnu.
"samanathorul" pothujanashradhaykkaayi idathu chaayvulla janakeeya prasthaanamaaya popporanisavumaayum malsarichu-randaamathethu russian saamraajyathinte narodnik prasthaanathilekku grameena soshyalisathinu chila prachodanam nalki. pothuvaaya abhiprayavyathyaasangal undaayirunnittum, iru grouppukalum niravadhi vishayangalil kaazhchappaadukal pankittu, koodaathe niravadhi pakshapaathikalum. samanaadisttukalude" "" "purushaadhipathya" "" kaazhchappaadukalum popporanisatthinte "" kooduthal saamoohika "" kazhchappadum thammilulla onnaanu pradhana vyathyaasamenn lucian boya thiricharinju ". popporaanistukal soshyalistukalekkaal "deseeya janaadhipathyavaadikalaanu" ennum athe adisthaana lakshyangalil athunnathinaayi paarambarya prakhyapanangal bhedagathi cheyyanamennu avar vaadichuvennum neratthe selainsku samanamaaya oru kaaryam unnayichirunnu. charitrakaaranaaya ayoon ilinsio rund prasthaanangalum "romaantik thathwachinthayil" veroonniyathaanennu vivarikkunnu, koodaathe "aakramanathmaka" muthalaalitha virudhatha janasamoohathinte samvidaanathe ullil ninnu parishkarikkanulla shramathe ethirkkunnu.
saahityaparavum kalaparavumaaya vishwaasyatha.
soundaryashaasthram.
"soundaryashaasthram, roman saahityam, roman kala ennivayekkurichulla samanaattorinte kaazhchappaadukal roman prathyekatha, karshaka vargam, upadeshavaadam ennivayekkurichulla athinte samvaadavumaayi adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu. yorgayude kariyarile "saamanaadarist" ghattathekkurichu charcha cheiyunna saandakvist ingane parayunnu "yorgayude abhipraayathil saahityavum samskaaravum pothuve roman janathayude prathyeka swabhaavathilekkum [...]..] roman graamathodum avidatthe janangalodum sneham valarthuka. manushyane thante swaabhaavikavum moulikavumaaya nilanilppilninn akattiya oru nagarikathaykkethiraaya nirantharamaaya prakshobhatthil kaadukalum nadikalum prakrithiyum muzhuvanum 'vishudha' aikyathil onnikkendathinte aavasyakatha enna aashayathin anusrithamaayi, roman karshakane uthejippikkukayum prakadippikkukayum cheyyuka enna dauthyamaanu kalaykku addehathinte prathyeka dhaarmika-vamseeya pravartthanam."eee vishayathekkurichulla atharam prakhyapanangal charitrakaaranmaar vimarsanaathmakamaaya verthirivode report cheythu" "saamentorul" "prothsaahippicha karshakan" "puraathanavum shaashwathamum valare 'alankaaravum' bukkolikkumaayirunnu" "ennu veega ezhuthunnu, athesamayam saandakvist" "saamentoristukaleyum popporanistukaleyum" "deseeyagaanangal", "" "roman karshakan roman graamatheyum sthuthikkunna avyakthamaaya ganangal", "athupole" "bhoothakaalathe dayaneeyamaayi mahathwappeduthal" "enniva nirmmikkunnathayi paraamarsikkunnu". pooll sernat parayunnathanusarichu, kalaykku vendi aadunikathaykkum kalaykkum pakaram "oru manoharavum adisthaanaparavum janapriyavum manoharavum prakrithishaasthraparavum vaikarikavumaaya dhaarmikatha" enna "saamanaattarist" lokaveekshanam anukoolamaayirunnu."mattu gaveshakar" "saattarist" "rachanakale praadhamikamaayi amithamaya purushaadhipathya nostaaljiyayude savisheshathayaayi visheshippichittundu".
saamanaadarist" saahitya sidhaanthathinte oru pradhana vishayam nagara anyavalkkaranathinte prathichaayayaayirunnu. nagaravargatthinte neurosukalum [koodaathe] apachayam" ennu karuthiyathin ethire prathikaricha eee samgham, pakaram "graameenamaayirikkaavunna oru" aarogyakaramaya "saahitya uthppaadanam aavasyappedukayaayirunnu."kalayum saahitya niroopakanum aaya daan grigorescu eee deseeya maargganirddeshathil" "praadeshika" "nagravum" "kolayali" nagravum [koodaathe] deshajeevithathinte purushaadhipathya prathichaayayum thammilulla ethirppu rekhappeduthunnu "."" "seymanaattorul" "sarkkilinte arikilulla eee" "seymanaattorist" "samvedanakshamatha athe varshangalil okdaaviyan goga ezhuthiya chila kavithakalil prathyekamaayi thiricharinju". shailiyude kaaryangalil, vlahootayil ninnu aarambhich (eminskuvinte kavithakale aduthu pinthudarunnavaro anukarikkunnavaro) "juunimist" ezhuthukaarude paarambaryam neettaan "saamanaadarist" sarkkilin thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. juunimist" affiliate naadodi ezhuthukaaranumaaya ayoon kreyanga gadya ezhuthukaarkku prachodanatthinte "samanaadar" shupaarsha cheytha uravidangalilonnaanu. ennirunnaalum, tudor vianu abhipraayappedunnu, ithu samshayaaspadamaayirunnu, kaaranam kriyaankayude sankeernamallaatha "grameena aadhikaarikatha" addehathe nammude ezhuthukaaril "ettavum kuranja" "samaanaattarist" aakki."
chithrakaaranaaya nikkola grigoreskuvinte paarambaryam roman vishwal aartsinte pradhana aditharayaayi samrakshikkaan prathijnjaabadhamaaya "saamanettarism" kalaa vimarshana mekhalayeyum sparshichu. grigoreskuvinte valia aaraadhakanaaya vlahuta ithinakam thanne addehathinu oru monograph samarppichirunnu, athil addeham chithrakaarante idaya prameyangalodu thante prathyeka abhinandanam prasthaavichu "grigoreskuvinte aattinkoottangale samrakshikkunna idayanmaar ethra sundararaanu! ethra abhimaanavum. avar raajaakkanmaaraanennathu, parvathangalude rajaakkanmaar, anganeyaan avar nadakkunnathu, avar engane nilkkunnu, avarude raajyangalilekku avar engane nokkunnu."ezhuthukaaranum collectorumaaya virjil seofleck oppitta maasikayude art kolatthilum romaniayude 'genious lockie' yude kandethalukaaranaayi grigoreskuvine visheshippikkunna yorgayude art upanyaasangalilum grigoreskuvinekkure atharam prashamsa pathivayi pradharshippichirunnu. chithrakaarane pinthudarenda maathrkayaayi maasika prashamsichu, pakshe addehathinte nagara prameyathilulla kruthikale avaganichukondu addehathinte srishtiyude sameepanathin anusrithamaayi anuyojyamaaya vashangal maathrame thiranjeduthulloo. "santerism" grameena, idaya, manoharamaaya vishayangalil shradha kendreekaricha "grigoreskuvinte" ennu idaykkide visheshippikkappedunna vishwal aarttistukale nerittu prothsaahippichu. transylvanian ipolit strambu, braila thaddesheeya arther verona ennee rund tharam chithrakaaranmaar eee vibhaagathil ulppedunnu, thudarnnu shtefaan popesku. praayamaayavarum ilayavarumaaya kalakaaranmaarkkoppam "seynattorist"-prachoditha chithrakaaranmaaril chilare grooppucheytha "tinerimia aartistik" sosaitti, akkaalathe academic kalaykku pakaramaayi nikkola grigoreskuvinte shaili uyarthippidichu, koodaathe puthiya europian-wide art novuvinte prakadanangalil ninnu gadakangal kadameduthu, pakshe oru soundaryaathmaka paripadi vyakthamakkiyilla.
saamskaarika ettumuttalukal.
franch irakkumathi cheytha pratheekathmakathayil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathum avant-gaard, aadhunika saahityam ennivaykku adithara paakiyathumaya cosmopolitan allengil decadent trendukal "saamantarisam" nte uyarchaye shakthamayi ethirthu. 1900-nuu munbuthanne roman pratheekathmaka sanbradaayathinte pramukhanum paarambarya saahithyathinte shathruvumaayi amgeekarikkappetta kaviyum saidhaanthikanumaaya alexandru masidonskyil maasika athinte pradhana athiraalikaliloraale kandethi, avar "littattoral" maasika puratthirakki. tharkkam pothumekhalayilekku kondupoyi kubbler coffey housile oru pathiv, maasidonski thante ethirvashathu mesha reserve cheytha "seymanaattoristukale" parasyamaayi parihasichathaayi reportund. 1908 aayappozhekkum, parambaraagatha pravaahangalekkurichulla vimarsanam mattu pratheekathmaka vyakthikalude pravarthanangalil munpanthiyilaayirunnu vimatha kavi ayoon minulescu, nagara maathrkakale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru saahityam parasyamaayi nirddeshicha professional vimarsakanaaya oovid denzianu. 1905-ll thanne, denzianu thante swantham prasidheekaranamaaya "viyaatha nau" vazhi "saamanaadarul", janakeeyavaadikal ennivarumaayi oru tharkkam aarambichirunnu, thante athiraalikal lokamembaadumulla pashchaathalatthil ninnum purogathiyil ninnum romania vettikkuraykkaan niraashaajanakamaayi sramikkunnuvennu addeham aaropichu.
atharam chooderiya kaimattangalkkidayilum, oru ezhuthukaarante aikyadaardyathinte praadhaanyam maasika oonnipparanju eee vishayathekkurichulla yorgayude lekhanangal 1909 ll oru roman ezhuthukaarude samooham sthaapikkaan sahaayichathinte bahumati chilar nalkunnu. appozhekkum, "saamnaattorul" thanne oru pratheekathmaka vibhaagam nedukayaayirunnu (neoromantic schoolinode saamyamulla onnaanengilum), praadhamikamaayi iosif saha kavi demetry anhel chithreekaricha (avar maasikaye avarude sahakarana kavita pareekshanangalkk oru pareekshana kendramaayi upayogichu, avaa pothuvaaya thoolikaanaamam "eiii" upayogichu oppittirunnu. miria "). eee vibhaagathil ulppetta mattu yuva ezhuthukaaraaya shtefaan petikka, alle. tii. staamattiyaad, alis selugaroo, elana farago. sernat parayunnathanusarichu, atharam sahakaranagal "autocthonous pratheekaathmakathayude 'yaadhaasthithika' vibhaagam thammilulla aidantitti breakinu" thelivaanu."radical minulescu, mithamaaya denzianu ennivayulppede" "samenattorulilekku" "idaykkide sambhavana cheiyunnavaril aadhunikavaada pravanathakalulla ezhuthukaarude saannidhyamaayirunnu mattoru vairudhyam". pravaahangalkkidayil neengukayum pinneedu eklaktik aadhunikathayude oru vyakthiyayi maarukayum cheytha yoojan lovinescu, oru "samanaadar" sambhavana nalkunnayalaakaan sramikkukayum 1906 leeii franch swaadheenathinethiraaya prachaaranatthe polum pinthunaykkukayum cheythathayi ariyappedunnu. athinte nilanilppinte oru bhaagamaayi, franch pratheekaathmakavaadikal, shayikkunnavar allengil paarnashyakkaar ennivarude grandhangalude vivarthanangal polum maasika aathidheyathvam vahichu. eee associationukale jorjju salainsku "saamanettorulin" oru yojicha prograam illennathinte adhika thelivaayi kandappol, sernat avaye oru vishalamaaya parivartthanatthinte bhaagamaayi charcha cheiyunnu, athinte avasaanam pratheekathmakatha classical swaamsheekarikkaavunnathumaayi veendum uyarnnuvannu.
1905ll oru nagara, boyar poonthottatthil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathayi aamgelinte rachanakalude pushpachithrangale apalapikkaan "saamaanattorul" upayogicha yorga aantharika pratheekathmaka pravanatha prakopippichu. anchu varshathinu sesham, iruvarum masikayumaayulla bandham avasaanippichappol, anhelinte kavithakal oru paarambarya vediyodulla "avahelana" thinte oru roopamaayi thaan kanakkakkunnuvennu vishadeekarichukondu "neemul romaneskile" oru lekhanavumaayi yorga madangi. selinskuvinte abhipraayathil, appozhekkum kuranja moolyamulla ezhuthukaarkku ayorga asamamaya anukoola sweekaranam nalkukayaayirunnu, athinartham, ayorgayude nirddeshaprakaaram, "saamaanattorul" ettavum pradhanappetta paarambaryavaadikalaaya ezhuthukaarude vediyaayi svayam parivartthanam cheiyukayaanennu addeham abhiprayappettu. raapinu ezhuthunnu "eathoru niroopakaneyum pole, [yorga] thettayirikkaam, prathyekichu soundarya maanadandam kanakkiledukkaatha saahacharyangalilum sahathapam prakadippicha vaakkukalilum [...] maasikayude thathwangal prayogikkaan oru aahvaanavumillaathe shramicha cheria ezhuthukaarkku."samanamaaya oru vilayiruthal saahitya niroopakanaaya ayoon simut nalki, moolyangal pariganikkathe, saahitya lokath thante ellah anuyaayikaleyum prothsaahippikkunna pravanatha jorgaik undaayirunnuvennum, vasile poppum sadovanu thammilulla yadhaartha vyathyasam kaanunnathil parajayappettuvennum addeham abhiprayappettu. sadovanu eee swabhaavam shradhikkukayum thante kruthikalum poppinte kruthikalum thammilulla iorgayude vyakthamaaya thaarathamyathil thaan prashamsikkappedaathayi oormmikkukayum cheythu.
aadhunika vrithangalkku puratthum "samanaattarist" manobhaavangalodulla ethirppukal prakadippikkappettu. romaniayude prashastha naadakakrithum hasyarachayithaavumaaya ayoon luca karajiyale, "vaatra" polulla paarambarya vrithangalumaayi oru paridhivare aduppamulla muun "juunimist" aanenkilum, "saamantorist" saahityam rasakaramaanennu kandethukayum athu thante parihaasatthinte lakshyamakki maattukayum cheythu. saamoohika vimarshanathinte thudakkakkaranaaya idathu chaayvulla henry saanilevichi 1905 ll gaalatti adisthaanamaakkiyulla avalokanam "currentul nau" sthaapikkunnathilum ariyappettirunnu, ithu valia thothil "saamantarisam" virudhathaykkaayi samarppichirikkunnu. saanilevikkiyum yorga thammilulla tharkkatthinte pradhana pooyintukalil randaamathethinte upadeshavaadavum athinte prayogavum ulppedunnu vyabhichaarathinteyum balaalsangathinteyum ramgangal chithreekarikkunna sadovaanuvinte aadyakaala kruthikale pinthunaykkunnathiloode, kalayile dhaarmikathayekkurichulla swantham kaazhchappaadukalkk yorga phalapradamaayi virudhamaanennu saanilevichi avakashappettu. chendi ippozhum "samanaadya" soundaryashaasthrathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnuvenkilum ilari chendiyum addehathinte muun sahapravarthakarum thammilulla ettavum pradhanappetta samghattanangalilonnaanu. chendiyum "chendistukalum" (avaril saharia barson, jorjju cosbuck, ayoon goroon, andrey naum ennivar ulppedunnu) avarude "saamantorist" athiraalikale kubleril ozhivaakkukayaayirunnuve parayappedunnu, avide "saamantoristukal" raavile session maathrame nadathiyirunnulloo.
paarambaryamaayi.
aadyakaala swaadheenam.
samanaadarulinte" aadya nerittulla prathyayashaasthra pingaamikalil oraalaayirunnu yorgayude swantham janaadhipathya deseeya party. veegayude abhipraayathil "eee puthiya ghattathil, yorga valare vyathyasthamaaya vaadangal avalambichilla, marichu" saamantharulinte "saahitya soundaryashaasthrathinu kooduthal raashtreeyamaayi vyakthamaaya aavishkaaram nalkaan shramichu."staanomirinte vivaranathil, janaadhipathya deseeyavaada paripadiyum" "neemul romanesk" "prathinidheekarikkunna" "avathaarangal" "smaanattorul" "pole, eminesian swathukkalude veendedukkalum moolyavalkkaranavum adayaalappeduthiya oru parambarayile episodukalaanu". karshakare abhisambodhana cheyyaanulla uddeshyam undaayirunnittum, "samanaadar" vaitt collar thozhilaallikale kooduthalum aakarshichathayi karuthappedunnu. junemia" vaadicha unnathavargakkarumaayum professionalisationumaayum athinte sameepanathe thaarathamyappeduthiya salainsku ingane upasamharichu "[" seminattorul "] praadhamikamaayi cheria samskaaramulla ezhuthukaar, udyogasthar, vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkaatha cheruppakkaar [koodaathe] svayamnirnayangal [...]. school adhyapakar, pravishya professormar, athirthikalkku purathulla romakkar ennivarkku eee maasika nannayi eshtappettu, eee parithasthithikaliludaneelam vyaapippikkunnathiloode sariyaaya saahityam sweekarikkunnathu kanakkileduthu athu janangale bodhavalkkarichu. athe vaayanakkaarkk 'anyagrahajeevikal', 'anarogyakaramaayava' ennivayekkurichu bhayamundaayirunnu ennathu sariyaanu, ennaal kooduthal parishkritha kalayekkurichu manassilakkaan aavashyamaaya oru thalathilethunnathu eppozhaanu sambhavichathu? seminatorulum" samana chinthagathikkaaraaya matellaa prasidheekaranangalum "junimist" ashayangal pracharippikkunnathinulla nandiyillaattha dauthyam ettedukkukayum, [kalayude thathwathinaayulla kala] upekshikkukayum, oru maasikayude lakshyangalodu sahanubhooti illaatha saahitya charitrakaaranmaarkku munnil svayam vittuveezhcha cheiyunnathinulla apakadasaadhyathayil upekshikkukayum cheythuvennu oraalkk parayaan kazhiyum."paarambaryavaadatthaal aakarshikkappedunna pradhana groupil, prathyekichu 1907 leeii kalaapathin sesham, kooduthalum" "kuranja shambalamulla klaasikkistukal, charitrakaaranmaar, raajyathe amithamaya udyogastharude roopeekaranam nadatthiya abhibhaashakar" "enniva ulppettirunnuvennum saandakvist abhipraayappedunnu".
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum sheshavum, "samanatism" (poporanism pole) yuva aadhunikavaadikalo avant-gaard ezhuthukaarum kalakaaranmaarum parihasikkunna oru priyappetta lakshyamaayi maari. sandqvistinte abhipraayathil, ithu rund sthaapitha pravaahangalude "oru prathyeka prathyekatha" ykku utharam nalki, athu "oru avant-gaard prathikaranatthe" prakopippikkaan maathrame sahaayichittullu ennu addeham abhipraayappedunnu."1912-ll tristaan saara, ayoon vaina, marsell janco ennivar prasidheekaricha" "simbol" "aayirunnu parambaraagatha pravaahangale prathyekamaayi lakshyamit lekhanangal hosttucheytha aadyathe avant-gaard maasikakalilonn. prathyekichu mattu prasidheekaranangal, praadhamikamaayi" "fakla", "" "kemeria" "ennivayiloode" "saamanettarist" "paarambaryatthinethiraaya aakramanangalumaayi vinagiri thudarnnu, athesamayam iyaasiyile addehathinte sahapravartakanum naadakakrithum bhaavi niroopakanumaaya benchaminan fontaine" "saamanettaristukalum" "janakeeyavaadikaleyum" "kazhivillaatha ezhuthukaar" "ennu shabdaparamaayi nirasichu". daan grigorescu parayunnathanusarichu, 1910-kalude thudakkathil roman kalayil svayam prakadamaayathum nagarajeevithathe oru daarunamaaya anubhavamayi pariganikkunnathumaya aavishkaaravaadathinu "uttejaka" enna nilayil "saamnaattorul" maasikaykkum athinte anubandha sthaapanangalkkum oru vairudhyaparamaaya pankundaayirunnu "ithu vichithramayi thonniyalum," saamnattorisam "paashchaathyadeshathe avishkaara manobhaavangalude velippeduthalilekku nayikkunna aashayangalkk anukoolamaaya anthareeksham srishtichu."chila muun" "samanaattaristukal" "paarambaryavaadatthil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda gadya ezhuthukaarude kaaryatthilennapole pratheekathmaka allengil poost-symbolist prasidheekaranangalilekku kudiyeri. dragoslav (1912-ll minulescu prasidheekaricha insula enna maasikayumaayi sahakarikkaan thudangiya), gaalaa galaction (kavi tudor argezi, soshyalist pathrapravartthakan enn. dii. idathu, aadhunika avalokanangalude thudarchayaayi edittu cheiyunnathil koshya).
1920kalode, "saantarisam" romanian academyile oru pravanathayayi svayam urappichu, lucian naastaasayude abhipraayathil, noothana sameepanagal thadayukayum anuroopatha prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. saamantosha" thathwangal ippozhum baadhakamaanennu bodhyapetta yorga, pravarthanarahithamaaya prasidheekaranatthinte punarjanmangalayi svayam parasyam cheiyunna jenalukalude oru parambara sthaapichu; "neemul romanexinte" saahitya anubandhathinu purame, iva ivayaayirunnu "drum dreptt" (1913-1947,1914 ll "ramuriyumaayi" layichu), "kugettu cler" (allengil "noll samantore", "puthiya vithaykkal", 1936-1940). eee shramathil addehathe pinthudarnna shishyanmaril kooduthal samoolamaaya rashtreeya abhipraayangalkk peruketta pathrapravartthakanaaya pamphil seekaru undaayirunnu. puthiya vedikal "saamnattarisam" (allengil "neo-" saamnattarisam ") yudhakaalakhattathile oru prathibhasamaayi, athaayath transylvaniayude union grettar romaniayude srishtikkum seshamullathaayi, prasthaanam athinte rashtreeya pashchaathalatthil ninnu athijeevichuvennum saamskaarika maanadandangal sthaapikkunnathil ippozhum prasakthamaanennum yorgayude vishwaasathe adisthaanamaakki. saamskaarika charitrakaaranaaya ileana ghemes abhipraayappedunnathu, yorgayude avakaashavaadam charchaavishayamaayirunnu "1920kalude thudakkathil, aadhunika kalaa soothravaakyangal kramena avarude aakramanathmakatha srishtikkumbol [...]..] dhaarmikavum vamsheeyavumaaya gadakangale soundaryathinu keezhppettavayayi punarnirtthunnathiloode 'araajakathvam' adichamarthaan kazhiyumennu nikkola iyorgaykku bodhyappettu. ennirunnaalum kaalangal vyathyasthamaayirunnu, pazhaya "sander" prameyangaludeyum roopakalpanakaludeyum veendedukkal annathe europian moolyangalumaayi kooduthal drishyaparamaayi yojicha oru pothujanavumaayi shakthiyeriya phalangal kuranju."
interwaar neo-"samanatarism", theevra valathupaksham.
saamskaarika ramgathulla athiraalikalkkethiraaya, prathyekichu aadunikathaykkum puthiya avant-gardinum athireyulla oru prachaaranamaayirunnu yorgayude puthiya maasikakalude pradhana uddeshyangalil onnu. "paarambaryavaadatthinte nilanilkkunna mattu vedikalodulla bahumanam (popporanist 'vayada romaniasca' ulppede) prasthaavicha drum dreptt, "saamantorist" soundaryashaasthrathe veruppodeyo karuthalo kondu veekshicha saahitya vimarshakare nirasichathil shradheyamaayirunnu denzianu, dragomirescu, lavinescu. aadhunikavaada virudha prachaaranatthe "kugettu clara" oru puthiya thalatthilekku kondupoyi, lavvineskuvum argeziyum chernnu roman saahithyathe "raakshasathvam" ennu kanakkakkiyathaayi avakashappettu. vividha roman ezhuthukaar, saadhaaranayaayi aadhunikavaadikal, "ashleelasaahithyam" prolsaahippikkukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheythuvennu aaropikkunna oru deseeya aakramanathinu athu thudakkam kurichu. akkaalat, praadeshika avant-gaardinu oru anyagrahajeeviyundenn, pradhaanamaayum jootha srothass undennu yorga anuyaayikalum prasthaavichu. 1930kalil, paarambaryethara saahithyakruthikalkkethiraaya pracharanam, jorgayude swantham saahithyacharithrathinte samanvayamaaya "istoria littaradoori romanetti samakaalika" ("samakaalika roman saahithyathinte charithram") enna thaalukalilekku praveshichu, athil addehathinte muun lekhanangalil ninnulla bhagangal bhaagikamaayi ulppedunnu. athinoppam, addehathinte ethiraaliyaaya lavanesku navaa-"saamanaadarist" ajandaye vimarshikkunna oru prathyayashaasthramaayi vikasippikkukayayirunnu, ithu nagara prameyathilulla aadunikatha, classical liberalism, saahitya impressionism ennivaye kalayude thathwangalkkaayi mayoreskuvinte kalaye nerittu paraamarsikkunnu. addehathinte lekhanangal "saamaanatorulineyum athinte pingaamikaleyum saamskaarika vikasanathe thadayunna gadakangalaayi visheshippikkukayum" saamaanatorisam "ennu roman kavithayude semiteri ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. valia rumeniyayude bhagamaaya russian saamraajyathinte muun pravisyayaaya bezarabiyayil neo-"saamantarisam" prathyeka swaadheenam chelutthi rashtreeya union thottupinnaale, paarambaryavaadam oru prathyeka shakti nedi, ennaal athinte sthaanathe pratheekavaadamo aavishkaaravaadamo pinthudarunna yuva ezhuthukaar velluvilichu (avaril alexandru robot). deseeyavaada upadeshavaadathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondum "kugettu clarine" pinthunaykkunnayaalum aanenkilum, ezhuthukaaranaaya nikkolaay coastencoyum addehathinte "vayaa bazarabiye" avalokanavum naveekaranathekkurichu kooduthal sweekarikkukayum rund saamskaarika athirukal thammilulla oru sahavarthithvathinu thudakkamidukayum cheythu.
athinoppam, "saamanaadist" prathyayashaasthrathinte prathidhwanikal romaniayude rashtreeya rangam punarroopakalppana cheyyaan lakshyamitulla chila puthiya prasthaanangalkk aakkam koottukayaayirunnu. atharamoru pravaham bhooparishkaranaanthara kaalaghattatthil karshaka party deseeya karshaka party (iva randum popporanisatthinte parivartthanangale prathinidheekarikkunnu) prathinidheekaricha kaarshikavaadatthinte pathippaanu. 1920kalude avasaanathilum 1930kalude thudakkathilum uyarnnuvanna theevra valathupaksha allengil phaasist prasthaanangalude oru reference pooyint koodiyaayirunnu eee maasika. atharam grouppukalil aadyathethu "gandiriya" jenalinte neethrthwam etteduthathinushesham, yorgayude maasikakalil idaykkide sambhavana nalkia kavi-thathwachinthakanaaya nichifor kreyinikkine chuttippattiyullathaan. vamseeya deseeyathayeyum vamseeya janaadhipathyatheyum roman oorthadoox sabha roman swathuathinte urappaanenna ashayavumaayi bandhippikkuka ennathaayirunnu kreyinikkinte pradhana naveekaranam, athinaal "samanaadarist" chinthayude antharleenamaaya mathetharathvam upekshikkuka. nikkolaay berdayevinte kristheeya asthithvavaadam muthal eurasian sidhaanthakarude rashtreeya theevravaadangal vareyulla russian "emigray" ezhuthukaarude aashayangalumayi kreyinikkinte "yaadhaasthithika" kaazhchappaadukal adutha bandhamullavayayirunnu. thante oru "ganderia" lekhanathil thante groupinte "saamanettarism" ennathumaayulla krithyamaaya bandham nirvachichukondu crainic ingane prasthaavichu "" saamanettarolilninn naam snehikkaan padicha deshathil yaadhaasthithika sabhayude neela tharpolin valanjathaayi naam kaanunnu. eee sabhayude eee padaartham vamseeya padaarthavumaayi samyojippikkunnath naam kaanunnu."addehathinte swantham saahityashailiye lavanesku navaa-" "samanaattarisathinte" "kooduthal sakthamaaya roopamaayi kaanukayum saahithyacharithrakaaranaaya mirsia eiii" "semanattarist moduleshanukalulla yaadhaasthithikatha" "aayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu". diacon. athinte koode, theevra valathupakshathulla kreyinikkinte ethiraaliyaaya "traivika" thathwachinthakanaaya neey ayonesku "samanaadarul", yorgayude chinthakal ennivaykku adaranjali arppichu.
samanathorul" vamshathinte "gaandirist" avakaashavaadam reservinoppam jorgaik labhichu. istoriya littaradoori romanetti samakaalikan" ennathil aadunikathayil ninnulla "mechappeduthalinte adayaalangalulla" crainic addehathinte maasikakalum ulppettirunnuvenkilum, "yaadhaasthithikatha" yeei yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathum abhikaamyamallaathathumaaya oru pooyintaayi vimarsikkukayum raashtreeyathodulla mathethara sameepanam parasyamaayi prasthavikkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, yorgayude navaa-"saamanthoshika" maasikakal prothsaahippicha saahithyathile mathaparamaya aadarshangalude abhavam crainic petre pandria oru nishedhaathmaka swabhaavamaayi charcha cheythu, akkaalat oru sahapravartakanum neey ayoneskuvinte shishyanumaayirunnu, eee saahitya mathetharathvathinu "eaka apavaadam" kavi vasily voyikulesku ("kugettu clarry" "gandria" prasidheekarichu) aanennum addeham abhiprayappettu.
eee pinthudarchayude avasaanathil oru samghadanayude neethrthwathil sthaapithamaaya irumbu kaaval samghadanayaayirunnu. sii. kusayude muun sishyanaaya cornelliu selia kodriyanu. romaniayile ettavum kuprasidhamaaya phaasist grooppukalilonnaayi parinamicha eee kaavalkkaaran mattu niravadhi srothassukalil ninnum prachodanam ulkkondirunnu, avayil "saamantarisam" undaayirunnu kodriyanu, thante pithaav ayoon seliayeppole, karshakarekkurichulla yorgayude kazhchappaadukalaal bodhyappettu, veegayude abhipraayathil, addehathinte prachaarana prachaaranangal aathyanthikamayi "saamantarist", oru paridhivare popporanist modalukal ennivaykku anusrithamaayi sajjeekarikkappettu. pravarthanarahithamaaya maasikayeppole, kodriyanuvum anuyaayikalum emineskuvine paraamarshikkukayo pathonpathaam noottaandile yaadhaasthithikatha allengil "junemism" enna ashayangalil ninnu thiranjedutthu kadamedukkukayo cheythu. joothanmaarude apakadathekkurichu" aadyamaayi samsaarichathin codrenu jorga parasyamaayi prashamsichathaayum ariyappedunnu. seymantoristukalumaayu" mattoru kanniyayi, irumbu kavalkkar kreyinikkinte chalanavumayum neey ionescuvumaayum sankeernavum ennaal palappozhum aduthathumaaya bandham vikasippikkukayum avarodoppam "oorthadoox" paripadiye pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ezhuthukaaranaaya mirsia strainul "aikkanar" review roopeekaricha mattoru gaard affiliateukal "samanaadarulil" ninnu akalam paalicha oru badal grameena-prameya saahithyathe prothsaahippichu.
itaaliyan faasisathodum korpparettisathodum addehathinu oru paridhivare sahathaapamundaayirunnuve, ayorga irumbu kaavalkkaarane romaniaykku apakadakaramaanennu kandu. 1920-kalode kusayumaayi pirinja addeham deseeya karshaka party hrasvamaayi thiranjeduttha addeham pradhaanamanthriyaayi thudarnnu, randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla varshangalil kodraanuvinte kadutha ethiraaliyaaya karol randaamante svechaadhipathya raashtreeyathe pinthunachavarumaayi chernnu. kodriyaanuvinte reethikalekkurichulla addehathinte parasya vimarsanavum irumbu kaaval nethaavinte utharavum muzhuvan samgharshavum vardhippikkunnathil oru punk vahichu, karolinte utharavanusarichu kodriyanu kollappettathinusesham, prasthaanatthinte akramasakthamaaya prathikaarathinu saadhyathayulla lakshyamaayi yorga maari. 1940 novemberil, gaard deseeya lejiyanari bharanam sthaapicha edavelayil ("randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu romania kaanuka"), yorga athinte kolayaalikalude irayaayi. eee avasana nadapadiye lovineskuvum staanomirum veega oru rashtreeya vamshahathyaykk thulyamaayi kandu.
randaam lokamahaayudhavum kammyoonisavum.
aadhunikavaadikalum "samanaadistukalum" thammilulla ettumuttalinte oru puthiya adhyayam deseeya lejiyanari kaalaghattatthil, oru puthiya svechaadhipathya, achuthandu-sakhya bharanasamvidaanam sthaapicha "conductor" ayoon aantoneskuvumaayulla kaavalkkaarude ettumuttalinethudarnnu kalichu ("lejiyonayarmaarude kalapavum ettavum valia vamshahatyayum kaanuka"). aantoneskuvinte bharanam aadhunikathaykk mail chumathiya sensorship neridukayum lavvineskuvine avarude udaaharanamaayi edukkukayum cheytha cbu saahitya vritham "samanaadya" aadarshangalekkurichulla swantham vimarsanam pracharippichu. yuva upanyasakanaaya ayoon negoisku thayyarakkiya maanifestoyude bhaagamaayi roopeekaricha ithu navaa-"saamanaadarist" saahithyathe nirvachikkunnathinayi "passunism" ("paasyoon", "mechilppurathu") enna nindyamaaya padatthe janapriyamakki, athinte vakthaakkal "nagaratthinte sukhapradamaaya arakkettukalil" ninnu purathupokaathe karshaka moolyangale mahathwappeduthiya demagogukalaanennu aaropichu. 1944leeii rajakeeya attimarikk thottupinnaale, rumenia sakhyakakshikalude melnottatthil konduvannappol, "samanatism" ennu visheshippikkunnathine apalapikkunna shabdangal veendum parasyamaayi kelkkappettu. deseeya karshaka party "dreptettiya" pathratthinu vendi ezhuthiya saahitya niroopakanaaya vladymyr strenu, varthamaanakaalathinte nishedhaathmaka vashangal charchaykku konduvarunnathil munpulla pankinaayi lavanesku, denzianu, dragomirescu ennivarkku adaranjali arppikkukayum "yaadhaasthithikatha" allengil mattu praadeshika deseeya pravaahangal avalokanam cheyyumbol avarude ethirppukal cheruthaayi sweekarikkendathundenna abhipraayappedukayum cheythu. theevra valathupakshathinte soundaryashaasthrathe apamaanikkunna oru padamaayi "saamanettarist" enna padam upayogikkunnathu roman vamshajanaaya aadhunikavaadiyaaya upanyasakanum naadakakrithu yujeen ionescoyude prabhaashanatthilum undaayirunnu, addeham asambandhangalude naadakavediyude sthaapaka vyakthiyayi ariyappedunnu. aazhathilulla boudhika durithatthinte lakshanangalayi" yudhakaalathum yudhakaalathum "saamanattarisavum" mattu paarambaryavaada pravanathakalum ionesco charcha cheythu samskaaram nirasikkal."
eee nishedhaathmaka vilayiruthalukal pinneedu saahitya charitrakaaranaaya jiorgetta ene amgeekarichu, addeham abhiprayappettu "yorgayude maasikakal cheria ezhuthukaarude ganyamaaya oru valia 'nakshathrasamoohathe' aakarshikkukayum mangiyathum, chittappedutthiyathum, asthiravumaaya oru saahityam srishtikkukayum cheythu, ithu" saamanthruthvathil "uthbhavikkunna prameyangale sthiramaayi nilanirthunnathuvare pooyi, ithu soundaryaparamaayi athicheraanulla avarude adisthaana kazhivillaayma prakadamaakkunnu. ileana ghemey parayunnathanusarichu "theerchayaayum, aadhunikavaada akramanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, navaa-" saamantosha "saahityam poornnamaayum purathanamaaya klichukalil nankooramidunnathaayi kaanapedum. [onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham] roman samskaarathinte vikasanapaathakale abhisambodhana cheiyunna ashayangal thammilulla samvaadangalil ninnu valare akale sthithicheyyunna eee saahityam abhisambodhana cheytha vaayanakkaarude vibhaagam, roman graamangalude lokath valare parimithamaaya thothil pracharanamulla aadhunika prasidheekaranangalude pinthunayulla noothana pravanathakal sweekarikkaan thayyaaraakaatha nikkola yorga roshathode prathirodhicha aaa parambaraagatha saahitya nirmmanangal aaswadikkunnathu thudarnnu."
samanatorism", paarambaryavaadam ennivayude puthiya vilayiruthalukal oru roman communist bharanam adichelppichathine thudarnnundaayi. athinte aadya ghattathil, avar oru praadeshika soshyalist realist pravaham srishtichappol, puthiya saamskaarika adhikaarikal romaniayude saahitya pravanathakalil thiranjeduttha sensorship earppeduthi. ennirunnaalum, saamoohikavum saamskaarikavumaaya vyavaharangalil "samanaattorul" prothsaahippicha soundaryashaasthravum nayangalum niravadhi meating poyintukalundaayirunnu. 1960 kalude avasaanathil nikkola seusescu anuvadicha bhagika udaaravalkkaranam communist maarganirddeshangalkkum navaa-"saamanthareeyatha" kkum oru puthiya soundaryaparamaaya prathikaranatthinu idam nalki, ithu yudhaanthara aadunikathayudeyum paashchaathya swaadheenangaludeyum veendedukkalil ninnu praadeshika postmoden saahithyathinteyum "optsesity" thalamurayudeyum jananathilekku nayichu. thudarnnulla dashakangalil, seaseskuvinte "juulai theesis" deseeya kammyoonisathe sthireekarikkukayum ottappedalukalude paatha thurakkukayum cheythathode, paarambaryavaada, deseeyavaada pravaahangal prathyayashaasthra mungamikalaayi audyogikamaayi punarvichinthanam cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, eee kaalayalavil Z prasidheekaranavum nadannu. 1970 ll aadyamaayi achadicha "seymantorist" prathyayashaasthrathekkur oorniyayude swaadheenakaramaaya avalokanam. ithu pravanathayil ninnu nirnaayaka akalam paalichu, saahitya charitrakaaranaaya nikkola manolescu abhipraayappedunnathu, athinaal "seymantorist" prograaminu puthukkiya audyogika amgeekaarathinu athiraayirunnu. ghemey parayunnathanusarichu, jiorgetta eneyude 1984 leeii yorgayude neo-"saamantorist" aanukaalikangalekkurichu patanam ulppede pilkkala dashakangalil prasidheekarikkenda vaidyuthadhaarayekkurichulla atharam mattu vilayiruthalukal uthejippikkunnathil eee kruthi oru pradhana punk vahichu.
1940ll grettar romaniayude thakarchayethudarnnu bezarabiayude bhooribhaagathil ninnu roopeekaricha soviyatt yooniyante moldavian ssril "samaanaattarist" kaazhchappaadukalude samanthara veendedukkal nadannathaayi vaadikkappedunnu. moldovenist prathyayashaasthram sweekarikkunna samayat praadeshika janathayude romaniyayumaayulla saamskaarika thirichariyal audyogikamaayi niruthsaahappeduthukayum adichamarthukayum cheythappol, "saamanettarism" enna grameena soundaryashaasthram audyogika samskaaram anukoolikkunna thozhilaallivargga prameyangalumaayi poruthappettu. eee prathibhaasatthe pinneedu saahitya niroopakanaaya eulian siokan saamskaarika samanvayathinte adisthaanathil vivarichu "saamanettarism" proletkulttisathinte shabdamundaakkunna vaaganilekku upayogichu. yadhaartha prathyayashaasthram theerchayaayum punarnirmikkappettu. 'deseeya nirddishtatha' kku pakaram 'saamoohika vargga nirddishtatha' yum 'thozhilaallivargga anthaaraashtratha' kku keezhppettathum, manoharamaaya gramavum manushyathvarahithamaaya nagravum thammilulla vyathyasavum [...]..] kaarshika thozhilaallivarggavum (cheria) boorshwasi thammilulla sathruthayaanu ithinu pakaram vaykkunnathu. gramavum nagravum thammilulla villal laghookarikkunna thozhilaallivarggam munpanthiyil vilikkappedunnu."seokkan parayunnathanusarichu, moldavian ssril postmoden ezhuthukaar uyarnnuvannittundengi eee layanathinethiraaya prathikaranam romaniyayekkaal kuravaayirunnu.
kammyoonisttinu sheshamulla sambhavavikasangal.
1989leeii roman viplavam kammyoonisathe attimarikkunnathil vijayichathinusheshavum "saamantarisavum" athinte swaadheenavum saamskaarikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sambhavavikasangalil oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu. 1990 kalude thudakkathil nadanna saamskaarika samvaadangalil, saahitya charitrakaaranum saamoohika vimarsakanumaaya adrian marino vaadichathu, viplavaananthara romaniayude europian samyojanam athinte "adisthaana saamoohika ghadana", "ellah parambaraagatha samoohangalkkum prathyekamaaya manahshaasthram" ennivayumaayi bandhapetta prasnangalaal thadassappedunnu, kaaranam "oru grameenan anivaryavumaaya vamsheeyavaadiyum yaadhaasthithikanum ottappedalum paarambaryavaadiyum", "saamoohikavaadiyum", janakeeya romaniaykku orikkalum 'europe' aavashyamaayi varilla. neremarichu, athu 'deseeya asthithwa' thinte samrakshanathinu gurutharamaaya apakadamaanennu manassilakkum."eee saahacharyathin vipareethamaayi, cheruppakkaarum vidyaasambannarum nagara madhyavarggakkaarum paashchaathya samskaaravumaayi allengil" "samanatism" "ennathinu munbulla communist saamskaarika badalukalumaayi nerittu parichayappedunnathiloode addeham maattathinulla prathekshakal sthaapichu". athupole, ezhuthukaaranum vimarsakanumaaya ghiyorge crassian, mattu pravarthanarahithamaaya paarambaryavaada prasidheekaranangalkkoppam, roman samskaarathinte staanderd sweekaranathil aadhipathyam pularthunnathu thudarukayaanennu nishedaathmakamaayi vilayiruthi, prathyekichu 2000-nuu sheshamulla roman paatyapadhathiyude kaaryangalil. sarkkar sponsor cheytha vidyaabhyaasathil, addeham vilayiruthukayum kosbakkineyum gaga avarude aadhunika athiraalikalaaya ayoon barbu, jorjju bakovia ennivarekkaal uyarnna rating nalkukayum mothatthil, roman saahithyathile "parochiyal, karshaka, ithihaasam, ethnographic, daised-metaafisikkal" gadakangale anukoolikkukayum cheythu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, valeriyu raapinu "roman chinthaye urappikkunnathinulla avashya sambhavanakal" ulla maasikakalil "saamanettorul", "ganderia" enniva pattikappedutthukayum "saamanettorism" ennathinekkurichu apamaanakaramaayi samsaarikkukayum, prathyekichu "saamanettorism" enna saahithyamoolyamillaatha kaalaharanappettathum pinnokkavumaaya kazhchappadayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnathu oraal swantham soundaryaparamaaya uyarnna nilaye vilikkunna oru pravrithiyaayi polum mariyirikkunnu."
samanaatyavaada" paarambaryavaadatheyum vividha sandarbhangalil athinte saannidhyatheyum kurichulla vimarsanangalum pilkkala varshangalil uyarnnuvannu. atharamoru kesil, charitrakaaranaaya mihay sorin radulesku vaadichathu atharam pravanathakal roman museologyilekku kadannuvannuvennu "roman karshakarude museum [...]..] grama myoosiyathil "semaanattorist" paarambaryatthinu anusrithamaayi romakkare pradarshippikkunnu. 2007-ll romaniayude vidyaabhyaasa nayathe vimarshikkunna oru lekhanathil, paatapusthaka rachayithavaaya dumitrita stoika staanderd bachaloriyatt pareekshaykkullil "samanatarism" enna vishayangalude saannidhyam oru kaalaharanavaadamaayi visheshippichu, atharam vishayangal ithinakam thanne pathiv paatyapadhathiyil ninnu neekkam cheythittundennu choondikkaatti. ilusil littaradoori roman" ("roman saahithyathile midhyaadhaaranakal") enna thante 2008-leeii pusthakatthil, saahithyacharithrakaaranum saidhaanthikanumaaya yugan neegrichi navaa-"saamantarist" maarganirddeshangalude nilanilppine mattoru deseeyavaada pravahamaaya proto kronisavumaayi bandhippikkukayum avaye thulyamaayi negatteevu prathibhasangalaayi charcha cheyyukayum cheythu "enikku santhosham thonnunnillengilum, oru" saamantarist ", proto kronist tharatthinte prathyayashaasthra-saahitya prasthaanangal susthiramaanennu njaan sammathikkanam, roman samooham parinamicha vazhikalil ninnu karsanamaayi prachodanam ulkkondathaanu. avaa samrakshana prerana nashtaparihaaratheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu...]. oru valia apakadatthinte aadya adayaalathil, aazhathil ninnu veendum uyarnnuvarunna puraanangalude magmetic shabdamaanu naam kelkkunnathu.
1991leeii soviyatt pathanatheyum moldavian ezz. ezz. aarinte athirthikalkkullil swatantra moldovayude aavirbhaavatheyum thudarnnu, eee pradesham samanamaaya aashayangalude samgharshathinu saakshyam vahichu. moldovan saahithyaramgathu ippozhum nilanilkkunna paarambarya soundaryashaasthravumaayi uyarnnuvarunna unionist prasthaanatthe bandhippikkanulla shramamenna nilayil eee prathibhaasatthe charcha cheythukondu, eulian seokkan vaadichu "nirbhagyavashaal, bahujanangale 'valarthunna' bezarabian 'saamantoristukalil' bhooribhaagavum svayam samskarikkappedaatha vyakthikalaanu. avar svayam deseeya moolyangalude rakshaadhikaarikalaayi kaanunnu, pakshe vaasthavathil, saankethikabheeshani, autoctonism enniva pariposhippikkukayum vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu...]. (moldovan) gramavum (russian) nagravum thammilulla ethirppu avarude pusthakangalil vivarikkunnavarum, nammude deseeya swathuathinu bheeshaniyaanennu munnariyipp nalkunnavarum muun soviyatt proletkulttisathe vishwasthathayode sevikkunnu."moldovayile navaa-" "saamantorist" "saahitya pravanathayude oru kendra ghadakam, parambaraagatha ezhuthukaaranaaya ayoon druttaykku nalkunna praadhaanyamaanu, seokkan vaadikkunnu".

