
hondurakalude charithram (1932-1982)

1948 vare, mahaamaandyakaalathu svechaadhipathya general tibersio carias andino hondurakale niyanthrichu. 1955-ll-rund svechaadhipathya bharanakoodangalkkum vaazhakkrishi thozhilaallikal aarambhicha oru pothu panimudakkinum sesham-yuva sainika parishkaranavaadikal oru attimari nadatthi, athu oru thaalkkaalika bharanakoodatthe sthaapikkukayum 1957 ll bharanaghadanaa assembly thiranjeduppinu vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu. eee assembly raamon villeda moralessine presidentaayi niyamikkukayum 6 varshathe kaalaavadhiyode svayam oru deseeya niyamanirmmaanasabhayaayi maattukayum cheythu.
1963ll yaadhaasthithika sainika udyogasthar bharanaghadanaa thiranjeduppukal munkootty nirthukayum raktharookshithamaaya oru attimariyil villeda sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum cheythu. general nayikkunna sayudha seena. 1970 vare bharichirunna oswaldo lopus arellano. 1969ll ell salvadorumaayulla athirthi yudhathinu sesham "socker yuddham" ennariyappettirunna janakeeya asamthripthi vardhichukondirunnu. deseeya party raamon ernesto cruze enna sivilian president 1970ll hraswakaalathekku adhikaaramettengilum sarkkaarine niyantrikkaan kazhinjilla.
1972ll jeey. lopez mattoru attimari nadatthi. bhooparishkaranam ulppede kooduthal purogamanaparamaaya nayangal lopez sweekarichu, ennaal 1970 kalude madhyathil azhimathi kumbhakonangalal addehathinte bharanam thakarkkapettu. jente bharanagal. juvan alberto melgar kaastro (1975-78), jenne. hondurakalude nilavile bhauthika adisthaana soukaryangalum telecommunication samvidaanavum pradhaanamaayum nirmmichathu polycarpo paas garzia (1978-82) aanu. uthppannangalkulla kooduthal anthaaraashtra aavasyavum videsha vaanijya vaaypayude labhyathayum kaaranam eee kaalayalavil raajyam ettavum druthagathiyilulla saambathika valarchayum aasvadichu.
1979ll nikkaargvayile anaestasio somosa debeyle attimarichathinethudarnum akkaalat ell salvaderile pothu asthirathayethudarnnum honduranmaar 1980ll oru bharanaghadanaa assembly thiranjedukkukayum 1981leeii pothutheranjeduppil vottu cheyyukayum cheythu; president roberto suyaso cordovayude liberal party sarkkar adhikaaramettu.
tibersio carias andinoyude yugam, 1932-1954.
kaariyakalude thiranjeduppu.
vardhichuvarunna aswasthathakalum gurutharamaaya saambathika pirimurukkangalum undaayirunnittum, 1932 leeii thiranjeduppu thaarathamyena samadhaanaparavum neethiyukthavumaayirunnu. 1932 februvariyil, naashanal party oof honduras (pnh) kaariyaasine athinte president sthaanaarthiyaayi naamanirddesham cheythu; thudakkathil venancio alleesine vais presidentaayi naamanirddesham cheythenkilum addeham nirasichappol ebraham vilyams calderonine niyamichu. liberalukale avarude sthaanaarthiyaayi niyamichu. ekadesham 20,000 vottinte bhooripakshathinaanu carias thiranjeduppil vijayichathu. 1932 november 16nuu general adhikaaramettu, ithu hondurakalude charithratthile oru sarkkaarinte ettavum dairkhyameriya kaalaghattamaayi maari.
thudakkathil, kaariyaasinte sarkkar, addehathinte mungaamikaleppole, adikakaalam nilanilkkillenn karuthiyirunnu. addehathinte udghaadanathinu thottumunbu, liberal vimathar kalaapathilekku uyarnnu. carias sarkkar senayude niyanthranam etteduthappol, addeham ell salvadoril aayudangal nedukayum athil kalaapathe vegathil adichamarthukayum cheythu.
addehathinte bharanathinte aadya bhaagath, saambathika thakarcha ozhivaakkunnathilum sayudha senaye mechappeduthunnathilum roadukal nirmmikkunnathilum carias shradha kendreekarichu. athesamayam, adhikaarathil thudaraan sahaayikkunnathin addeham adithara sthaapichu.
1930kalude dashakathil hondurakalude sambadvyavastha moshamaayi thudarnnu. mahaamaandyathil ninnulla upabhokthru aavasyam kuranjathu moolam vazhappazha kayattumathiyil undaaya ganyamaaya idivinu purame, 1935-ll black sigattoka polulla pakarchavyaadhikal vazhappazha vyavasaayathe bheeshanippedutthi. oru varshathinullil, trujillo mekhalayilullava ulppedeyulla vipulamaaya pradeshangal upekshikkappedukayum aayirakkanakkin honduraanukal joliyillaathe thudarukayum cheythu. 1937 aayappozhekkum playg niyanthranathilaayirumnum baadhicha niravadhi mekhalakal uthppaadanamillaathe thudarnnu. ithumoolam hondurakalkku anthaaraashtra vipaniyude valiyoru bhagam nashtappettu.
thaan prasidantaakunnathinu munbuthanne sayudha senaye mechappeduthaanulla sramam carias nadathiyirunnu. adhikaarathilirunnappol, thante jolie thudaraanulla prachodanam vardhichu. oru american kenal kamandaayi milittari school oof eviyeshan (1934) sthaapichukondu addeham takarnna vyomasenaykku prathyeka shradha nalki.
kaalakramena, carias thante shakti shakthippeduthunnathinaayi pathukke, pakshe oru edavelayumillaathe neengi. panimudakkukalodum mattu thozhil kalaapangalodum ethirppiloode addeham vaazhakkambanikalude pinthuna nedi. yaadhaasthithika saambathika raashtreeyathiloode deseeya saambathika vrithangalilum videsikalumaayum addeham thante sthaanam shakthippeduthi. maandyathinte uchathil polum, britiish bondukalude ohari udamakalumaayulla karaarile nibandhanakal karsanamaayi paalichukondu addeham videsha kadathinu pathivayi adaykkal thudarnnu. athupole, addeham mattu kadam kodukkunnavare thripthippeduthi. 1935ll rund cheria vaaypakal poornnamaayum adachu.
adichamarthal.
carias sarkkaarinte keezhil rashtreeya niyanthranangal pathiye aarambhichu. communist party oof honduras (pii. sii. echu) niyamavirudhamaayi prakhyapikkappettu. ennaal liberal party oof honduras (plh) appozhum sajeevamaayirunnu. 1935leeii oru cheria kalaapathile nethaakkalkku polum hondurakalilekku madangaan thaalpparyamundengil soujanya vyomagathaagatham vaagdaanam cheythu.
1935 avasaanathode, aabhyanthara kramatthinteyum samadhaanathinteyum aavasyakatha oonnipparanja carias, maadhyamangaleyum thanikkethiraaya rashtreeya pravarthanangaleyum adichamarthaan thudangi.
maruvashathu, pnh kaariyakalude thudarchaye aswasthamaakkunna oru prasidheekarana kaambayin aarambhichu, angane athu raajyathe samadhaanavum kramavum thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, 1924leeii bharanaghadanayum 1894leeii bharanaghadana pole punar thiranjeduppu nirodhichu. tegusigalpa american aikyanaadukalude prathinidhi samghathinu munnil carrius thante punar thiranjeduppinulla padhathi avatharippichu. gwatimala rakshakanilum nirgguvayilum samanamaaya sarkkarukal sthaapithamaayirunnenkil enthukondaanu cariasinu thante adikaaram neettaan kazhiyaathepoyathennu amerikkakkar nigamanam cheythu. eee reethiyil america athine '1923leeii udambadi' ennu enbrioderykal erinju.
bharanaghadanayil maattam varuthunnathinayi general carias pinneedu oru deseeya bharanaghadanaa asambliyilekku vilippichu. 1924leeii bharanaghadanayude 30 artikkilukal puthiya bharanaghadanayil ulppeduthaan eee assembly 'didasso' thiranjedutthu. presidentineyum vais presidentineyum udan veendum thiranjedukkunnathinulla nirodhanam illaathaakkukayum presidentinte kaalavadhi naalil ninnu aarr varshamaayi neettukayum cheyyuka ennivayaayirunnu pradhana mattangal. vadhasiksha punasthaapikkal, niyamanirmmaanasabhayude adikaarangal kuraykkuka, pourathvam nishedhikkal, sthreekalude vottavakaasham enniva mattu mattangalil ulppedunnu.
prathipaksha liberal party (plh) mattu mekhalakalum eee maattangalodu prathikarikkukayum kaariyakale attimarikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. 1936lum 1937lum niravadhi sramangal nadathiyenkilum vijayichilla. 1930-nte dashakathinte avasaanathode, deseeya party maathramaan rajyath amgeekarikkappetta eaka rashtreeya samghadana. niravadhi nethaakkalude prathipaksha nethaakkale jayililadaykkukayum chilare changlayitt tegusigalpa theruvukalil jolie cheyyaan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. plhinte nethaavaaya suniga hyoote ulppedeyulla mattullavar naadukadatthappettu.
thante presidency kaalayalavil, carrius madhya amerikkayile saha svechaadhipathikalaaya generalukalaaya gwatimala jorjju ubiko, ell salvaderile maximiliano hernandes martinus, nikkaargvayile anastasio somosa garzia ennivarumaayi oru idungiya bandham valarthiyeduthu. thante rahasya poleesine punasamghadippikkaan sahaayicha svechaadhipathiyaaya ubikoyumaayulla addehathinte bandham kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe gwatimalan pradeshathekku kadakkunnathil thettu cheytha honduraasile oru kalaapathinte nethaavine pidikoodukayum vedivaykkukayum cheythu. athirthi tharkkatthinte falamaayi nirgguvayumayulla bandham alppam vashalayi. ennaal 1930 muthal 1940 vare eee tharkkam niyanthranavidheyamaakkaan carias somosa vijayichu.
kaariyaasinte avasana kaalaghattam.
aarr varshathe randaam kaalayalavil vijayichappol, presidential kaalayalav aarr varshathekku neettivekkunna bharanaghadanayude article amgeekarikkukayum 1948 desember 31 vare general thalakkettukalil carias aandu vilyams presidency sthaanamozhikkukayum cheythu.
1944-ll eee svechaadhipathikalumaayulla carria bandhangal aavashyamillaatha onnaayi maari, orikkal aaa janakeeya prakshobhangal gwatimala salvadorian martinus hernandezine sthaanabhrashtaraakki. oru kaalath, viplavakaramaaya pakarchavyaadhi hondurasilekku vyaapippichathupole thonni.
kaariyakale attimarikkaan uddeshichulla saadhaaranakkaarudeyum sainyathinteyum oru goodaalochana kandethiyenkilum 1943ll sarkkar thakarthu. 1944 meyy maasathil oru koottam sthreekal rashtreeya thadavukaare mochippikkanamennu aavasyappettu tegusigalpa presidential kottaarathinu purathu prathishedhikkaan thudangi. sarkkar sweekaricha sakthamaaya nadapadikal undaayirunnittum, pirimurukkam vardhikkukayum oduvil chila thadavukaare mochippikkaan carria nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. eee aamgyam prathipakshatthe thripthippeduthiyilla, sarkkaarinethiraaya prakadanangal thudarnnu.
joolaiyil saan pedro sulayil niravadhi prathishedhakkaare sarkkar sainyam kolappedutthi. octoberil naadukadatthappetta oru samgham rakshakanil ninnu hondurakale aakramichenkilum sarkkaarine attimarikkanulla addehathinte sramangalil vijayichilla. sainikar vishwasthatha pulartthukayum carias chumatala thudarukayum cheythu.
juvan maanuval galves.
gaalvesinte thiranjeduppum parisramavum.
madhya amerikkayile prasnangal pariharikkan american sarkkar aagrahichu. athinaal, addehathinte nilavile kaalavadhi avasaanichukazhinjaal swatantra thiranjeduppu anuvadikkaan athu kaariyakalodu abhyarthichu. athinaayi, carias, ezhupathu varshathilere undaayirunnu. general sammarddathinu vazhangukayum 1948 oktobarile thiranjeduppu prakhyapikkukayum athil oru sthaanaarthiye avatharippikkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, carias thante shakti upayogikkaanulla vazhikal kandethi.
general carias thante muun yudhamanthriyaaya juvan maanuval galvesine deseeya party president sthaanaarthiyaayi naamanirddesham cheythu. maruvashathu, naadukadatthappetta prathipaksha nethaakkalkku hondurakalilekku madangaan adhikaaramundaayirunnu. eee roopathil, plh, varshangalude nishkriyathvatheyum vibhajanatheyum marikadakkunnathaayi kanakkakkunnu, athinte president sthaanaarthiyaayi aamgal suniga hyootteye naamanirddesham cheythu.
ennaal thangalkk vijayikkaan saadhyathayillenn pettennu bodhyapetta liberalukal thiranjeduppu prakriyayil krithrimam nadathiyennu sarkkaarinethire aaropikkukayum thiranjeduppu bahishkarikkukayum cheythu. ithu galvezinu ethirppillaathe vijayam nalkukayum 1949 januvariyil addeham presidentinte chumatala ettedukkukayum cheythu.
orikkal president ayirunna galves oru swatantra vyakthiyaanennu thelinju. pratheekshichathilum ethrayo kooduthal. rodukalude nirmmaanam, kaappi kayattumathiyude vikasanam thudangiya chila carria nayangal president galves sweekarichu. 1953ll sarkkar bajattinte naalilonn bhagam rodukalude nirmmaanathinaayi neekkivechu.
muun bharanathinte saambathika raashtreeyathinte bhooribhaagavum galves pinthudarnnu, athaayath videsha kadam kuraykkuka, avasaanathe britiish bondukal adaykkuka. pazhakkambanikalkk galvezinte oru bhagam nalla edapaadu labhichu. udaaharanathinu, 1949-ll yunaittad fruitinu irupathiyanchu varshathe anukoolamaaya karar labhichu.
koodaathe, kazhinja pathinanju varshavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol galves sradheyamaaya chila mattangal sthaapichu. vidyaabhyaasathinu kooduthal shradha labikkukayum deseeya bajattinte valiyoru bhagam manassilakkaan thudangukayum cheythu. aadaayanikuthi niyamam kongras amgeekarichu, ennirunnaalum athinte prayogam idaykkide aayirunnu.
ettavum vyakthamaaya maattam rashtreeya manalilaayirunnu. ganyamaaya thothilulla maadyama swaathanthryam punasthaapikkappettu. liberal partic mattu rashtreeya grouppukalkkum punasamghadippikkaan anuvaadam nalki. eee kaalayalavil thozhilaalikalkkum prayojanam labhichu. 8 manikkoor jolie samayam, shambalathodeyulla avadhi divasangal, jolisthalathe surakshaykkum sthreekaludeyum aankuttikaludeyum thozhilinte niyanthranangalkkumulla thozhiludamayude utharavaaditham enniva addeham sthaapichu.
1954leeii panimudakku.
ekadesham rund pathittaandaayi hondurakal aasvadichirunna aapekshika samadhaanam gaalvesinte bharanakaalathe avasana varshathile (1954) sambhavangalude oru parambara nashippichu. gwatimala president jacobo arbens gusmante idathupaksha chaayvulla sarkkarum america thammilulla ettumuttalode madhya american mekhalayiludaneelam pirimurukkam vardhichu.
eee ettumuttalinte oru bhagam gwatimalan sarkkar yunaittad fruit kambaniyil ninnu bhoomi pidichedukkunnathaayirunnu. athupole, arbens guzman sarkkar fruit kambaniyile thozhilaalikalkkidayil prakshobham vardhippichuvennu america aaropichu.
1952ll gwatimalan presidentine attimarikkaan nadapadiyedukkaan america aalochichirunnu. ennaal eee sarkkaarinethire ethirkkaarkku abhayam nalkia galves sarkkar, gwaattimaalaykethiraaya nerittulla nadapadikalil sahakarikkaan aagrahikkaathathum padhathikal sajeevamaakkathathum.
1954 leeii thathwangal vare gwatimalan presidentinu ethire honduran pradeshathu oru valia rahasya ooppareshan vikasichu. vaazhakkrishi thozhilaallikalum ekeekritha pazhangalum thammilulla samgharshangal kaaranam hondura sarkkar aashanka prakadippichirunnu. gwatimala idamkaiyyan sarkkar honduran thozhilaallikalil cheluthiya swaadheenamaanu ithinu kaaranamenn gaalvasinte bharanakoodam nigamanam cheythu.
1954 meyy maasatthile thathwangal anusarichu pirimurukkangal vardhichu. onnamathaayi, honduraasinte vadakkulla theerathu yunaittad fruit kambaniyude pravarthanangalkkethire avar niravadhi samarangal nadatthi. eathaanum divasangalkku sesham, panimudakku neendunilkkukayum raajyathe vazhappazha mekhala oru sthambhanaavasthayilethiya staanderd fruit kambaniyude pravartthanangal ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
samarakkar niravadhi paraathikal nalki. vethana vardhana, mechappetta thozhil saahacharyangal, medical labham, adhika manikkoor adaykkal, koottaaya charchakalkkulla avakasham enniva ithil ulppedunnu. panimudakku avasaanippikkanulla sarkkaarinte prarambha sramangal paraajayappedukayum thozhilillaayma mattu vyavasaayangalilekkum vyapikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. meyy 21nuu, strikermaarude ennam 30.000 lake ethi, raajyathinte sambadvyavastha sakthamaaya sammarddathilaayirunnu.
panimudakku neridunnathinu purame, gwatimala arbens sarkkaarine attimarikkanulla prasthaanatthilum sarkkar kooduthal kooduthal earppettirunnu. meyy avasaanathode, america honduras thammil sainika sahayathinulla oru karar oppuvaykkukayum valia alavil american aayudangal hondurasilekku vegathil ayaykkukayum cheythu.
eee sahaayathinte valiyoru bhagam kottayude neethrthwathilulla vimathanaya arbans virudha vibhaagathilekku ayachu. juunil eee sakthikal gwatimalayude athirthi kadakkukayum niravadhi divasathe rashtreeya thanthrangalkkum cheria sayudha pooraattatthinum sesham arbens pravaasatthilekku rakshappedukayum kottayude karaa eee rajyath adikaaram pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
arbenzine attimarichathode honduran thozhilaallikal thammilulla videsha swaadheenam avasaanichu. eee varsham joolaiyil panimudakku avasaanichenkilum gwatimaalayumaayi bandhamundennu aaropich syndical nethaakkale jayililadachenkilum vaazhakkambanikal thozhilaallikalude chila aavasyangalkku vazhangi. ithu kooduthal samghadithamaaya thozhil shakthiyude thudakkavum kambanikalude shakthiyile kuravum adayaalappeduthi.
1954leeii bharanaghadanaa prathisandhi.
eee samgharshangalkkidayil 1954leeii thiranjeduppinulla pracharanam thudarnnu. udaaravalkkaranathodulla gaalvesinte chila nayangalil athrupthi prakadippicha carias, praayapoorthiyaayirunnidum presidentinaayi malsarikkaan theerumaanichu, ithu pnhinte naamanirddesham urappakki. ennaal eee neekkam party bhinnippichu. ettavum mithavaadikalaaya amgangal partyil ninnu verpett deseeya viplava prasthaanam (emm. enn. aarr) roopeekarichu. muun vais president ebraham vilyams calderon aayirunnu sthaanaarthi. desheeyavaadikalkkidayile eee vibhajanam tegusigalpayil ninnulla doktaraaya raamon villeda moraalasinte sthaanaarthithvathinu pinnil onnikkaan liberalukale prerippichu. prachaaranavum thiranjeduppum valare swathanthravum sathyasandhavumaayirunnu. 1954 october 10nuu 400,000-thiladhikam votermaaril ekadesham 260,000 perr vottu cheythu. villeda moral 121,213 vottukal nedi, carias 77,041 vottukal nedi, vilyams 53,041 vottukal nedi.
liberal party oof honduras (plh) niyamanirmmaana samithiyil bhooripaksham nedi. ennaal bharanaghadana prakaram, villedaykku prasidantaakaan aavashyamaaya bhooripaksham (-8000 vottukal) labhichilla. 1924-lum samanamaaya oru sambhavam nadannu. eee sahacharyam puthiya presidentine thiranjedukkaanulla theerumaanam niyamanirmmaana samithiyude kaikalilekku vittu. karyangal kooduthal sankeernamaakkunnathinaayina, galves mayaamiyilekku pooyi, vaidyachikitsa nedunnathinaayi, chila srothassukal parayunnath addeham raajyam vittuvennu, sarkkaarine vais president juulioo losano diyaasinte kaikalil vittathayi.
naashanal party (pnh) viplava deseeya prasthaanavum (mnr) villedayude thiranjeduppu amgeekarikkaathirikkukayum niyamasabha bahishkarikkukayum cheythathode bharanaghadanaaparamaaya prathisandhi udaleduthu. bharanaghadanayanusarichu supreme kodathikku presidentine thiranjedukkendivannu. carias niyamichavar kodathiyil aadhipathyam pularthiyirunnathinaal, honduraasile liberal party atharamoru nadapadiye ethirthu. eee saahacharyathil, losano dias pettennu niyamanirmmaana samitiye suspended cheyyukayum puthiya thiranjeduppu nadakkunnathuvare svayam presidentaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu.
thozhil aswasthathayum rashtreeya parivartthanavum 1954-1957.
ekadesham rund pathittaandaayi hondurakal aasvadichirunna aapekshika samadhaanam 1954-ll gaalvesinte adhikaarathile avasana varshamaaya niravadhi sambhavangalaal thakarkkapettu. gwatimala president jacobo arbens gusmante idathupaksha chaayvulla sarkkarum america thammilulla ettumuttal vikasichathode mekhalayiludaneelam samgharsham kramanugathamaayi vardhichukondirunnu. ettumuttalinte bhaagamaayi yunaittad fruit kambaniyude bhoomi pidichedukkukayum gwatimalan sarkkar vaazhakkrishi thozhilaalikalkkidayil prakshobhatthe prolsaahippikkukayaane aaropanavum ulppedunnu.
1952ll america gwatimalan sarkkaarine attimarikkanulla nadapadikal pariganikkaan thudangi. kenal carlos kaasttillo armas ulppede aarbensinte naadukadatthappetta niravadhi athiraalikalkku honduras abhayam nalkiyengilum gwaattimaalaykethiraaya nerittulla nadapadikalil sahakarikkaan galves vimukhatha kaanikkukayum padhathikal sajeevamaakaathirikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1954-nte thudakkathil, gwaattimaalaykethire oru valia rahasya ooppareshan samghadippikkappettu, ithavana kooduthal honduran sahakaranathode. vaazha uthppaadippikkunna pradeshangalil vardhichuvarunna thozhil pirimurukkangalekkurichu honduran sarkkaarinte ashankayum, phala kambanikal bhaagikamaayi gwatimalan swaadheenathe kuttappeduthiya pirimurukkangalumaayirunnu sahakaranathin oru kaaranam.
1954 meyy aadyam aarambhicha samgharshangal panimudakkilekku uyarnnu. aadyam, honduraasinte caribean theerathu yunaittad fruit kambaniyude pravarthanangalkkethire oru parambara panimudakku pottipurappettu. eathaanum divasangalkkullil, saadhaarana pazhakkambanikalude pravartthanangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi panimudakku vyaapichu, ithu raajyathe vaazhakkrishi eathaandu nilachu. vethanam, thozhil saahacharyangal, medical aanukoolyangal, ovartaim shambalam, koottaaya vilapeshalinulla avakasham enniva ulppedunna niravadhi paraathikal samarakkar avatharippichu. panimudakku avasaanippikkanulla sarkkaarinte prarambha sramangal paraajayappedukayum jolie nirtthivaykkal mattu vyavasaayangalilekku vyapikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. meyy 21 aayappozhekkum, strikermaarude ennam 30,000-lake adukkukayum raajyathinte sambadvyavastha kadutha sammarddathilaakukayum cheythu.
panimudakku vyaapikkumbol, gwatimala arbens sarkkaarine attimarikkanulla prasthaanatthil hondurakalum kooduthal aazhathil earppedukayaayirunnu. meyy avasaanathode, america honduras thammil oru sainika sahaaya karar oppidukayum valia alavil american aayudangal hondurasilekku vegathil ayaykkukayum cheythu. eee varaanirikkunna sahaayathinte bhooribhaagavum kaasttillo aarmaasinte neethrthwathil arbans virudha vimatharkk kaimari. juunil eee sakthikal gwatimalayilekku kadakkukayum niravadhi divasathe rashtreeya thanthrangalkkum ennaal yadhaartha poraattangalkkum sesham arbens naadukadatthappedukayum kaasttillo armas prasidantaakukayum cheythu.
angane panimudakkil videsha swaadheenathinte bheethiyethudarnnu charchakal aarambikkukayum juulai aadyam panimudakku avasaanikkukayum cheythu. gwatimaalayumaayi bandhamundennu aaropicha thozhilaalli nethaakkale jayililadaykkukayum yadhaartha aavasyangalil chilath niravettunna anthima othutheerppil thozhilaallikalekkaal sarkkarinum pazhakkambanikalkkum kooduthal sveekaaryamaaya gadakangal oppuvaykkukayum cheythu. parimithamaaya nettangal undaayirunnittum, hondurayile samghaditha thozhilaallikalkk kooduthal swaadheenavum pazhakkambanikalude shakti kurayunnathumaaya oru pradhana chuvaduveppaayi panimudakku adayaalappeduthi.
1954 leeii thiranjeduppu.
eee samgharshangalkkidayil 1954leeii thiranjeduppinulla pracharanam thudarnnu. udaaravalkkaranathodulla gaalvesinte chila aamgyangalil athrupthi prakadippicha carias, praayapoorthiyaayirunnidum, presidentinaayi malsarikkaan theerumaanikkukayum pnh naamanirddesham nedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee neekkam party vibhajikkukayum kooduthal mithavaadikalaaya amgangal pirinju viplava deseeya prasthaanam ("movimiento naashanal revolsianaario", emm. enn. aarr) roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. muun vais president ebraham vilyams calderonayirunnu avarude nominikal. bharanakakshiyile pilarpp party rashtreeya spectrathil oru paridhivare kendratthinte idathuvashathaayi kaanapettirunna tegusigalpa doktaraaya raamon villeda moralasinu pinnil onnicha plhine prothsaahippichu.
prachaaranavum thiranjeduppum shradheyamaayi swathanthravum sathyasandhavumaayirunnu. 1954 october 10nuu yogyaraaya 4,00,000 votermaaril ekadesham 260,000 perr votteduppilekku pooyi. villeda morals 121,213 vottukalum carias 77,041 vottukalum vilyams 53,041 vottukalum nedi. plh niyamanirmmanasabhayil bahuswarata nedi. ennirunnaalum, honduran niyamaprakaaram, presidentaayi thiranjedukkappedaan motham vottukalude bhooripaksham aavasyamaanu; villeda moralsinu 8,000-ladhikam vottukalkku bhooripaksham illaayirunnu. 1924leeii aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna pakshaaghaatham aavarthikkaan vedhi orukkiyirunnu, kaaranam bharanaghadana aadyam, puthiya niyamanirmmaanasabhayile moonnil rund amgangal hajaraakukayum oru presidentine thiranjedukkaan vottu cheyyukayum venam, randaamathu, vijayikalkk niyamasabhayude moonnil rund vottu labhikkanam. karyangal kooduthal sankeernamaakkunnathinaayina, galves miyaamiyilekk pooyi (vaidyachikitsa nedunnathinaayi, chila srothassukal addeham raajyam vittuvennu avakaashappedunnundenkum), sarkkaarine vais president juulioo losano diyaasinte kaikalil vittu.
thangalude abhiprayavyathyaasangal pariharikkanum villeda daarmmikathaye presidentaayi amgeekarikkaan thayyarakathirikkaanum kazhiyaathe vanna pnh, mnr prathinidhikal niyamanirmmanam bahishkarikkukayum deseeya prathisandhi srishtikkukayum cheythu. kongrassinte sthambhanamundayaal supreme kodathi presidentine thiranjedukkumennu bharanaghadana vyavastha cheythu. carias niyamichavar kodathi bharichirunnathinaal, plh atharamoru nadapadiye ethirthu. eee ghattathil, losano dias pettennu niyamanirmmaanasabhaye suspended cheyyukayum puthiya thiranjeduppu nadakkunnathuvare thaan presidentaayi pravartthikkumennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. ellah pradhana paarttikalil ninnum kaabinat amgangale eduthu oru deseeya sarkkar roopeekarikkumennu addeham prakhyapikkukayum 1954 leeii thiranjeduppil moonnu sthaanaarthikalil ninnum pinthuna vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. mattoru bharanaghadana ezhuthaan oru bharanaghadanaa assembly thiranjedukkunnathuvare suspended cheytha kongrasine maattisthaapikkaan oru piechu amgathinte neethrthwathilullathum ennaal moonnu pradhana partykalileyum amgangal ulppedeyullathumaaya oru kaunsil oof stettu niyamichu.
athivegam illaathaaya vishalamaaya pinthunayodeyaanu losano dias president enna nilayil thante kaalayalav aarambhichath. anthaaraashtra vaaypakalum vardhicha nikuthikalum vazhi dhanasahayam nalkaanulla oru abhilasha vikasana padhathi addeham anaachaadanam cheyyukayum raajyathe aadyathe thozhil coode avatharippikkukayum cheythu. eee rekha thozhilaallikalkk samghadippikkaanum panimudakkaanum ulla avakasham urappunalkiyenkilum thozhiludamakku loock daun cheyyaanulla avakasham nalkukayum pothu sevanangalile panimudakkukal nirodhikkukayum cheythu. chila saamoohikakshema, minimum vethana vyavasthakalum niyantritha manikkoorukalum thozhil saahacharyangalum eee niyamathil ulppeduthiyittundu. eee vyavasthakalellaam addehathinu kurachu thozhil pinthuna nedikkodutthuvenkilum pinneedulla maasangalil presidentum thozhilaalliyum thammilulla bandham vashalakaan thudangi.
kaalam kadannupokumbol, parambaraagatha partykalkku pakaram thaan niyanthrikkunna orennam upayogikkaanum adhikaarathil thante pidi neendunilkkaan sahayikkaanum losano diasinu aagrahamundennu vyakthamaayi. addeham kaunsil oof stettu oru consultative bodiyaayi churukki, thiranjeduppu maattivachu, koodaathe swantham partyaya naashanal yoonitti party (partido dii unidad naashanal, pann) roopeekarikkaan thudangi. mattu paarttikalude pravartthanangal parimithamaayirunnu, 1956 joolaiyil villeda moralukalum mattu piechu nethaakkalum pettennu arast cheyyappedukayum naadukadatthappedukayum cheythu. eathaanum aazhchakalkk sesham thalasthaanathu 400 sainikarude prakshobhatthe sarkkar adichamarthi. ennirunnaalum, pothujanabhipraayam presidentinu kooduthal sathruthayullathaayi maarukayum addehathinte pathanam asannamaakumenna abhyoohangal pracharikkaan thudangukayum cheythu.
1956 august kalaapathethudarnn, losano diyaasinte aarogyam vashalakaan thudangiyenkilum addeham dhaarshtyathode adhikaarathil urachuninnu. raashtrapathiyude anuyaayikalkk anukoolamaayi nadapadikramangalil parasyamaayi krithrimam nadathiyennu aaropich octoberil nadanna niyamasabhayilekkulla thiranjeduppu bhooribhaagam prathipakshangalum bahishkarichu. kongrasile ambathiyaaru seettukalilum sthaanaarthikale vijayikalaayi prakhyaapichathinaal phalangal eee aaropanathe sthireekarikkunnathaayi thonni. ennirunnaalum, avarude vijayangalude santhosham hraswamaayirunnu. october 21nuu karasena vyomasenayudeyum akkaadamikalkkum muun presidentinte makanaaya mejar roberto galvezinteyum neethrthwathil sayudha seena losano diyaasine puratthaakkukayum raajyam bharikkan oru sainika bharanakoodatthe roopeekarikkukayum cheythu.
eee attimari honduraante charithratthile oru vazhithirivayi maari. aadyamaayi sayudha seena oru rashtreeya partyudeo oru nethaavinteyo upakaranamaayittalla, marichu oru sthaapanamaayi pravarthichu. puthiya bharanadhikaarikal sainyathile cheruppakkaarum kooduthal desheeyavaadikalum parishkarana chinthagathikkaaraaya gadakangaleyum prathinidheekarichu. 1940 kalilum 1950 kalilum vardhicha professionalisationte uthppannangalaayirunnu avaa. mikkavarkkum hondurakalilo videshatho american aikyanaadukalude sainika upadeshtaakkalil ninnu kurachu pariseelanam labhichirunnu. varum pathittaandukalil sainyam honduran raashtreeyathinte anthima madhyasthanaayi pravartthikkum.
oru niyamanirmmaanasabhayilekkulal thiranjeduppu nadathukayum puthiya presidentine thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnu sainyathinte ettavum valia prashnam. aanupathika praathinidhyathinulla oru samvidaanam amgeekarikkappedukayum octoberil thiranjeduppu nadakkukayum cheythu. plh bhooripaksham nedi, novemberil muppathezhinum irupathinum idayil vottu cheythukondu, 1958 januvari 1 muthal aarambikkunna aarr varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi assembly villeda moralessine presidentaayi thiranjedutthu.
villeda morals gavanment, 1958-1963.
honduraante jeevitam mechappeduthunnathinum aadhunikavalkkarikkunnathinu puthiya plh bharanakoodam niravadhi pradhana sramangal nadatthi. currency sthirappeduthunnathinayi anthaaraashtra naanayanidhiyil ninnum caribean theerathu ninnu thalasthaanathekku oru haiway nirmmikkaan loka baankil ninnum panam labhichu. vidyaabhyaasam vipuleekarikkunathinulla mattu sramangal nadatthi. oru puthiya thozhil niyamam paasaakkuka, oru saamoohika suraksha samvidaanam sthaapikkuka, kaarshika parishkarana paripadi aarambikkuka ennivayilaayirunnu ettavum kooduthal shradha.
parishkarana paripadi honduran samoohathile kooduthal yaadhaasthithika gadakangalkkidayil vardhichuvarunna ethirppu srishtichu. villeda moralasinte adhikaarathile aadya varshangalil chitharikkidanna kalapangal nadannengilum sainyam vishwasthatha pulartthukayum aswasthathakal vegathil adichamarthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1960-kalude thudakkathil sainika pinthuna baashpeekarikkaan thudangi. valia bhoovudamakale prathinidheekarikkunna naashanal federation oof agriculturists aandu stokkaraisezhs oof honduras (federation naashanal dii agriculturers vaii ganaderos dii honduras, fenag) polulla yaadhaasthithika samghadanakal sarkkaarine vimarshichathinte phalamaayirunnu sainika pinthuna kurayunnathu.
kooduthal pathivayi grameena kramakkedukalaayi kaanapedunnavayeyum thozhil, karshaka grouppukalil vardhichuvarunna samoolamaaya swaadheenangaleyum kurichulla ashankayum sainyathinte manobhaavathile maattam prathiphalippichu. ayal samsthaanangalumaayulla, prathyekichu nirgaagvayumaayulla bandham vashalaakunnathum samgharshathinu kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, 1957ll presidentinte sivil gaard ("guardia sivil")-sayudha senayude thalavante neethrthwathil nerittu presidentinte neethrthwathil oru sainikavalkkarikkappett police-rupikarikkalum 1963leeii thiranjeduppil mattoru piechu vijayathinte saadhyathayum samgharshathinte pradhana kaaranangalaayirunnu.
thiranjeduppu 1963 octoberil shedule cheythirunnu. 1954ll pii. ell. echu bhinnicha prathipakshatthe abhimukeekarikkukayaayirunnu. pnh raamon ernesto crusine naamanirddesham cheythu, pakshe oru vibhaagam pilarnnu muun president kaariyaasinte makane oodichu. plh avarude presidentinte agrahangal avaganikkukayum villeda moralukalude idathuvashathu vishwasikkappedunna charismetic, uyarnna pakshapaathamulla vyakthiyaya momento rodas alvarado naamanirddesham cheyyukayum cheythu. ellah adayaalangalum plhinte vambicha vijayathilekku viral choondukayum, ithu sainyathin kooduthal abhikaamyamallaatha oru falamaayi kaanukayum cheythu.
1963 honduraanil nadanna attimari.
1963leeii venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil oru attimariyekkurichulla kimvadanthikal pracharikkaan thudangi. atharam nadapadiye ethirkkaan america shramichu-panaama kanal sonile yunaittad stetts sathen commandle ninnulla oru unnatha udyogasthane polum sayudha senayude thalavanaaya vyomasena kenal oswaldo lopus arelano attimari pinvalikkaan prerippikkaan shramichu. sivil gardle ninnu carbineukal eduthukalayukayum sainyathinte nerittulla command presidentinu punasthaapikkunnathinulla bharanaghadanaa bhedagathiyilekkulla padhathikale ethirkkukayum cheythukondu sainika bhayathe shaanthamaakkaan villeda morals shramichu. eee sramangalellaam parajayappettu.
1963 october 3 nuu pularche, sainyam adikaaram pidichedukkaan neengi. presidentum plhinte 1963 leeii president sthaanaarthikalum naadukadatthappettu, kongras pirichuvittu, bharanaghadana suspended cheythu, aasoothrithamaaya thiranjeduppu raddaki. kenal lopus arellano svayam presidentaayi prakhyapikkukayum america udan thanne nayatantra bandham vichedikkukayum cheythu.
sainika bharanavum anthaaraashtra samgharshavum, 1963-78.
1963-1968.
adhikaarathil thante pidi urappikkaan lopus arellano athivegam neengi. vardhichuvarunna samoolamaaya swaadheenamaanu attimari nyaayeekarikkan kaaranamaayath. adhikaarathilirunnappol sarkkar pirichuvidukayo communistineyum castro anukoolikaleyum idathuvashathulla mattu gadakangaleyum aakramikkukayo cheythu. deseeya kaarshika instittyoottinu ("instityootto naashanal agrario", inn) uchithamaaya panam nalkaan bharanakoodam visammathichathinal kaarshika parishkarana niyamam phalapradamaayi asadhuvaakki.
raajyathe rund karshaka unionukal peedippikkappettu, ennirunnaalum grameena thozhilaallikalude oru puthiya samghadanayaaya naashanal union oof karshakar ("union naashanal dii campasinos", yuu. enn. sii), kristhyan janaadhipathya bandhangalullava, yadhaarthathil 1960 kalude madhyathilum avasaanathilum vikasichu. mattoru niyamanirmmaana sabhayilekku thiranjeduppu vilikkumennu lopus arellano vaagdaanam cheythu, 1964-nte thudakkathil addehathinte sarkkaarine president lyndon bii. yude puthiya yunaittad stetts bharanakoodam amgeekarichu. jonson. athinusesham taamasiyaathe, attimariyethudarnnu nirtthivachirunna sainika sahayam punaraarambhichu.
sainika sarkkarum pnh thammil adutha bandham taamasiyaathe vikasichu. eee bandhangalude vikasanathil oru pradhana ghadakam pii. enn. echu nethaavu ricardo suniga augustinius aayirunnu, addeham presidencyude stettu sekrattariyaayi, pradhana kaabinat sthaanamaayirunnu. mattu niravadhi party amgangal sarkkaaril sevanamanushtikkukayum athinu oru sivil-sainika swabhaavam nalkukayum cheythuvenkilum bharanakoodavum phd thammilulla vidavu vardhippikkukayum cheythu. sarkkaarumaayi bandhapetta oru rahasya samghadanayum idathupakshathe akramikkunnathinum rashtreeya athiraalikale bhayappeduthunnathinum upayogichirunnu. mancha brava" (kadinamaaya sthaanam) ennariyappedunna ithu athinte amgathvathinte bhooribhaagavum pothu jeevanakkaarude raankukalil ninnu aakarshichu.
thante sarkkaarin niyamasaadhuthayude oru roopam nalkunnathinaayi, lopus arellano oru ekasabha kongrasumaayi oru puthiya bharanaghadana prakhyaapichu. thudarnnu addeham eee puthiya kongrasinaayi thiranjeduppu vilichu. novemberil rashtreeya vyakthikalkk pothumaapp prakhyapikkukayum naadukadatthappettavare madangaan anuvadikkukayum phh rashtreeya pravartthanangal punararambhikkukayum cheythu. kongrasinte niyanthranam nediyaal athinte amgangal lopus arellano presidentaayi thiranjedukkumennu prachaaranatthiludaneelam pnh prathinjja cheythirunnu. 1965 februvari 16nuu votteduppu nadannu; pnh 35 seettukalum plh 29 seettukalum nedi. phalangal vanjanaaparamaayi kaikaaryam cheythathinu plh sarkkaarinethire kuttam chumatthi, chila party nethaakkal avarude anuyaayikalodu niyamasabhayude yogangal bahishkarikkaan abhyarthichu. plhnu eee thanthrathil yojikkan kazhinjilla, aavashyamaaya koram nalkunnathinaayi march 15 nuu kongras yogam chernnappol mathiyaya plh amgangal avarude seettukal nedi. pnh prathinidhikal avarude vaagdaanam palikkukayum 1965 muthal 1971 vare puthiya aarr varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi lopus arellano presidentaayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
oru kaalathekku videsha kaaryangalil lopus arellanoic vijayamundaayirunnu. addehathinte sarkkaarinte aadya pravarthanangalilonnu gwatimalayumaayum nirgaagvayumaayum chernnu central american defense kaunsil (konsejo dii defenza centroamericana, conteca) sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu, ithu eee central american samsthaanangalkkum amerikkaykkum idayil theevravaada virudha pravartthanangalude ekopanathinaayi oru sainika kararayirunnu. taamasiyaathe ell salvador cherukayum 1965-ll conteca honduraasile caribean theerathu aadyathe samyuktha sainika abhyasam nadathukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne, dominican republicile thiranjeduppu nireekshikkunna american stetts (oo. eiii. ezz) senayude samghadanayilekku honduras oru cheria sainika samghathe sambhavana cheythu.
1960kall purogamikkumbol, nikkaargvayumaayum amerikkayumaayum honduraasinte bandham mechappettuvenkilum honduras ell salvador thammil prasnangal vardhichuvannu. 1967 meyy, juun maasangalil athirthiyile sambhavangalude oru parambara samgharshangal ganyamaayi vardhippichu. oru sambhavathil rund salvadoran offeesarmaareyum truck samgham niravadhi kilometerukal hondurayilekku nuzhanjukayariya muppathombathu pereyum pidikoodiyirunnu. oduvil oru varshathinusesham salvadoran sainyam thirichethiyenkilum samgharshangal thudarnnu.
ell salvaderumaayulla yuddham (1969).
1968 aayappozhekkum lopus arellano bharanakoodam gurutharamaaya prashnathilaayennu thonni. saambathika sahacharyam vardhichuvarunna thozhil samgharshangal, rashtreeya aswasthatha, fenag polulla yaadhaasthithika grouppukalil ninnulla vimarsanam enniva srishtikkukayaayirunnu. akramatthinteyum thuranna thattippinteyum aaropanangalude bhaagamaayi 1968 maarchil munisippal thiranjeduppu nadannu, ithu pnh vijayangal srishtichu, mathramalla pothujanangalude athrupthi vardhippikkukayum american embassy aashanka uyarthukayum cheythu. 1968 madhyathil oru sambhashanam aarambhikkaanulla sramangal nadannuvenkilum avaykku kaaryamaaya vijayam labhichilla. aaa varsham avasaanam sarkkar nadapadiyiloode oru pothu panimudakku hrasvamaayi nilanirthukayum athu panimudakku takarkkaan sahayikkukayum pradhana caribean koost laber federationte nethaavine naadukadatthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1969 leeii vasanthakaalath adhyapakarkkum mattu grouppukalkkumidayil puthiya panimudakkukal pottipurappettu.
rashtreeya sahacharyam vashalaayathode honduraasile rekhakalillaatha ekadesham 300,000 salvadoran kudiyettakkaare raajyathinte saambathika prashnangalkk kooduthal kooduthal kuttappedutthaan honduran sarkkarum chila swakaarya grouppukalum vannu. fenag salvadoran kudiyettakkaare anadhikritha bhoopradesha aakramanangalumaayi bandhappedutthaan thudangi, 1969 januvariyil honduran sarkkar avarude pothu athirthikkappurathulla vyakthikalude ozhukk niyantrikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha 1967 leeii ell salvadorumaayulla kudiyettathekkurichulla ubhaykakshi udambadi puthukkaan visammathichu. kaarshika parishkaranatthinu keezhil swath sambaadichavare janichu honduran aakanamenna niyamaparamaaya aavasyakatha niravettaathe avarude bhoomiyil ninnu purathaakkaan thudangumennu eprilil inn prakhyaapichu. caribean theerathe thozhilillaaymayilum vethanathilum salvadoran kudiyetta thozhilaallikal cheluthunna swaadheenathekkurichum maadyamangalil akramanangal aarambhichu. meyy avasaanathode, salvadoranmaar hondurakalil ninnu amita janasamkhyayulla ell salvadorilekku thirichuvaraan thudangi.
1969 juunil samgharshangal thudarnnu. lokakappinte praadhamika gattamenna nilayil iru rajyangalileyum football teamukal aaa maasam moonnu malsarangalulla elemination malsarathil earppettu. tegusigalpayil nadanna aadya malsarathinide samgharshangal pottippurappettengilum saan salvadoril nadanna randaam malsarathil sthithigathikal ganyamaayi vashalayi. honduran aaraadhakare marddikkukayum honduran pathakayum deseeyagaanavum apamanikkukayum iru raajyangaludeyum vikarangal ganyamaayi prakopippikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi vais konsalmaar ulppede honduraasile salvadoran nivasikalkkethiraaya nadapadikal kooduthal akramaasakthamaayi. anjjaatharaaya niravadhi salvadoranmaar kollappedukayo krooramaayi vadhikkappedukayo pathinaayirakkanakkin aalukal raajyam vidaan thudangukayum cheythu. iru rajyangalileyum pathrangal unmaadathinte valarunna kaalaavasthaykku sambhavana nalkukayum 1969 juun 27 nuu hondurakal ell salvadorumaayulla nayatantra bandham vichedikkukayum cheythu.
ell salvaderumaayulla yudhasamayathu mancha bravaykk rashtreeya paarttikale bhayappeduthunnathinuparume mattu uddeshyangalum undaayirunnu. honduran siviliyanmaarude amgathvathode salvadorian nivaasikalkkum thaalkkaalika thozhilaalikalkkumethire eathenkilum salvadorian saannidhyam illaathaakkaan ithu upayogichu. yudhathinte aadyakaalangalil salvadoriyakkaarkkethire upayogichirunna reethikal thookkikkollappedukayum, nazhsanam cheyyappedukayum, penkuttikalude sthanavum jananendriyavum neekkam cheyyukayum, kathikkukayum cheythu.
1969 juulai 14 nuu athiraavile, football yuddham ennariyappettirunna samghaditha sainika nadapadi aarambhichu. salvadoran vyomasena honduraasinullile lakshyangal akramikkukayum salvadoran sainyam iru rajyangaleyum bandhippikkunna pradhana roadle golfo dii phonsekkayile honduran dveepukalkkethire valia akramanangal nadathukayum cheythu. thudakkathil, salvadoranmaar valare vegathil purogathi kaivarichu. juulai 15 vaikunneram, honduran athiraaliyekkaal valuthum mikacha sajjathayumulla salvadoran sainyam honduran sainyathe ettu kilometeriladhikam pinnott thallukayum newa okottepekkinte vakupputhala thalasthaanam pidichedukkukayum cheythu. athinusesham, akramanam thadassappedukayum salvadoranmarkku indhanathinteyum vedikkoppinteyum shaamam anubhavappedaan thudangukayum cheythu. cheria salvadoran vyomasena valia thothil nasippikkunnathinu purame ell salvadorinte enna sambharana soukaryangalkku saaramaayi kedupaadukal varuthiya honduran vyomasenayude pravartthanamaayirunnu indhana shaamathinu oru pradhana kaaranam.
yuddham aarambhichathinte pittennu, oaas oru adiyanthira sammelanathil yogam cherukayum udan vedinirthal aavasyappedukayum hondurakalil ninnu ell salvadorinte sainyathe pinvalikkukayum cheythu. salvadoran pouranmaarkkethiraaya aakramanangalkk nashtapariharam nalkaan hondurakal aadyam sammathikkanamennum hondurakalil avasheshikkunna aaa saalvadoranmaarude suraksha urappakkanamennum aavasyappettu ell salvador niravadhi divasathekku oaasil ninnulla sammarddangale prathirodhichu. juulai 18 nuu ratri vedinirthal earppeduthi; juulai 20 nuu maathramaan ithu poornnamaayum praabalyatthil vannath. sainyathe pinvalikkanulla sammarddangale cherukkaan ell salvador juulai 29 vare thudarnnu. thudarnnu sammarddangalude samyojanam august aadya divasangalil pinvalikkaan ell salvaderine prerippichu. ell salvadorinethire oo. eiii. ezz saambathika uparodhathinulla saadhyathayum aaa rajyath avasheshikkunna saalvadoranmaarude surakshaykk melnottam vahikkunnathinaayi oo. eiii. ezz nireekshakare hondurasilekku ayakkunnathum aaa bodhyappeduthunna sammarddangalil ulppedunnu. yadhaartha yuddham naalu divasathiladhikam neenduninnengilum anthima samadhana othutheerppilethaan oru pathittaandilere samayamedukkum.
yuddham irupakshathinum nashtam maathramaan varuthiyathu. 60, 000 muthal 130,000 vare salvadoranmare nirbandhithamaayi puratthaakkukayo hondurakalil ninnu palayanam cheiyukayo cheythath chila pradeshangalil gurutharamaaya saambathika thakarchayundaakki. iru raajyangalum thammilulla vyapaaram poornnamaayum thadassappedukayum athirthi adaykkukayum cheythu, ithu iru raajyangaludeyum sambadvyavasthaye nasippikkukayum central american kooman maarkkattinte (cacm) bhaviye bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. honduran pouranmaaril bhooribhaagavum ulppedunna 2,000 perr kollappedukayum athirthi pradeshathe aayirakkanakkin honduraanukal bhavanarahitharakukayum cheythu. iru raajyangalum thammilulla vimana sarvees oru pathittaandilereyaayi thadassappettu.
yudhaananthara (1969-1972).
yudhathinushesham sainyathinulla pothu pinthuna kuranju. vyomasena mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavechenkilum sainyam athu cheythilla. sainyathekkurichulla vimarsanam pothujanangalil maathram othungunnathaayirunnil; juuniyar officermaar palappozhum meludyogasthare vimarsikkunnathil shabdamuyarthukayum juuniyar, seeniyar offeesarmaarkkidayil villal udaledukkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, yuddham honduran desheeyathayudeyum deseeya abhimaanathinteyum oru puthiya bodhatthilekku nayichu. pathinaayirakkanakkin honduran thozhilaallikalum karshakarum thangalude raajyathe samrakshikkaan aayudangal yachikkaan sarkkarinodu pooyi. praadeshika prathirodha kammittikal roopappettu, aayirakkanakkin saadhaarana pouranmaar, palappozhum kathrikakal maathram upayogichu, praadeshika suraksha chumathalakal etteduthu. poraattatthodulla eee prathikaranam officer corpsinte oru mekhalayil sakthamaaya swaadheenam cheluthukayum sayudha senaykkidayil deseeya vikasanathilum saamoohika kshemathilum vardhicha aashankaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
salvadorian sainika vijayathile pradhana vyakthi general jose alberto "chele" medrano aayirunnu. chumathalayettathum naashanal gaardinte (jii. enn) pradhana medhaaviyumaayirunna addehamaanu hondurakalilekku kaavalkkaarude tharamgathe aadyamaayi nayichathu. honduran sarkkaarilekku nuzhanjukayarunnathinum honduran president oswaldo lopex arelanoyilekku athunnathinum, general jose alberto "chele" medrano oru purohithanaayi veshammari, honduran president thannodu kuttasammatham nadathunnathinaayi. presidentinte aduthekku pookaanulla utharavode catholica sabhayile amgamenna vesham dharichu presidentinu thanne nerittu vivarangal shekharikkaan kazhinju, kaaranam president thante uddeshyangalum poraattangalum bhayangalum general medranoyode sammathichu. vivarangal shekharichukazhinjaal samgharshathekkurichulla aadya vivarangalumayi addeham ell salvadorilekku madangi, aaa padhathikal upayogichu addehathinu vegathil neengaanum evide pookaanum kazhinju. oduvil addeham salvadorian sainika samoohathinteyum salvadorian janathayudeyum naayakanayi.
ell salvadorumaayulla samgharshathil aabhyanthara rashtreeya poraattam hrasvamaayi nirthivachirunnuvenkum 1970 nte thudakkathil athu veendum poornnathothil purogamikkukayaayirunnu. bharanaparavum thiranjedupparavumaaya parishkaarangal aarambhikkaanum 1971ll thuranna thiranjeduppu anuvadikkaanum sainyathe punasamghadippikkaanum cacmumaayulla honduran bandhangalude punaravalokanam ulppede puthiya saambathika paripaadikal sweekarikkaanum sarkkar sammarddathilaayirunnu. furesas vivas" (jeevashaktikal) ennariyappettirunna sthalangalil thozhil, karshaka, bisinesses samghadanakal orumichu yogam cherukayaayirunnu. avarude prathinidhikal lopus arellaanoyumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum swatantra thiranjeduppu, oru sakhya manthrisabha, sarkkar thasthikakaludeyum kongras seettukaludeyum vibhajanam ennivaykku ahvaanam cheythukondu deseeya aikyathinte oru padhathi nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. eee nirddeshangalkku udanadi prathikaranam labhikkunnathil paraajayappettenkilum charchakal thudarnnu. athesamayam, oru pothu rashtreeya pothumaapp prakhyapikkukayum honduran kristhyan demookratik party (partido demokraatta christiyaano dii honduras, pii. dii. sii) roopeekarikkukayum 1971 march 28 nuu presidental, kongras thiranjeduppukalkku ahvaanam cheiyunna oru utharavu purappeduvikkukayum cheythu.
ganyamaaya charchakalkkum samvaadangalkkum sesham phl, pnh kakshikal thozhil, bisinesses, sainyam ennivayude sammarddangalodu prathikarichu. 1971 januvari 7nuu march thiranjeduppinu sesham oru deseeya-aikya sarkkar sthaapikkaan avar oru rashtreeya karaaril oppuvachu. karaarinte uddeshyangal randaayirunnu. kongrasine piechechinum pnhnum idayil thulyamaayi vibhajikkunna kongras sthaanaarthikalude orotta slate avatharippikkuka ennathaayirunnu aadyathethu (oro party presidensic swantham sthaanaarthiye nayikkum).
kaarshika parishkkaranam kaivarikkuka, saankethika vidyaabhyaasam vardhippikkuka, sivil sarvees niyamam paasaakkuka, ell salvadorumaayulla samgharsham pariharikkan sramikkuka, cacm punasamghadippikkuka, sarkkar bharanam parishkarikkuka enniva ulppedunna minimum gavanment plan (plan minimo dii gobiero) prolsaahippikkuka ennathaayirunnu randaamathe lakshyam. kakshikal thammilulla pilkkala karar-"cheria udambadi" ("udambadi")-supreme kodathiyile sarkkar thasthikakalude vibhajanathinu sammathichu.
1971leeii thiranjeduppu thaarathamyena swathanthravum sathyasandhavumaayirunnu. pradhana party vibhaagangalude vittuveezhchakalulla sthaanaarthikale irupaarttikalum vaagdaanam cheythu. plh jorjju beauso eriyaasineyum pnh raamon ernesto crusineyum naamanirddesham cheythu. mikka nireekshakarum oru piechu vijayam pratheekshichu, pakshe honduraante charithratthil aadyamaayi bahujana maadyamangalum aadhunika prachaarana saankethikavidyakalum upayogichu pnh kooduthal aakramanathmakamaaya oru pracharanam nadatthi. thiranjeduppu dinathil, cruze 299,807 vottukal nedi, beauso eriyaasinu 269,989 vottukal nedi. ennirunnaalum, 1965 muthal thiranjeduppil janakeeya pankaalittham ganyamaayi kuranjuvennathu pnhine sambandhichidatholam aswasthathayundaakkunna oru kaaryamaayirunnu. bharanaghadana votting nirbandhamaakkiyenkilum vottu cheyyaan rajisttar cheythavaril moonnil rund perr maathramaan angane cheythath.
thudakkathil, cruze kakshikal thammilulla karaarukalude nibandhanakalkku anusrithamaayi jeevikkunnathaayi thonni. addeham anchu piechu amgangaleyum anchu pnh amgangaleyum oru sainika udyogasthaneyum thante manthrisabhayilekku niyamichu. lopus arellano sayudha senayude thalavanayi thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, samayam kadannupokumbol, plh pnh thammilulla vibhajanam kramanugathamaayi vipuleekarikkappettu. bajatt prathisandhiye neridunnathinaayi, cruze oru vimukha kongrasiloode nikuthi aanukoolyangalum irakkumathi elavukalum vettikkuraykkunna oru bill pasaki. eee bill bisinus, thozhil mekhalakalil ninnu ethirppu srishtichu. kaarshika parishkarana mekhalayil, president taamasiyaathe inaayude chalanathmaka director roberto sandovaline neekkam cheyyukayum parishkaranatthinte vegatha mandagathiyilaakkiya pnh amgamaaya horazio moya posasine niyamikkukayum cheythu. piechu eee nadapadiye ethirkkukayum supreme kodathiyilekku pnh anuyaayikale niyamichathu karar lamghichuvennum vaadichu. oduvil 1972 maarchil pii. ell. echu. manthrisabhayile rund amgangale rashtrapathy pirichuvittu. 1972 madhyathode sarkkaarin pnh ithara pinthunayude bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu.
sainika bharanavum parishkaranavum (1972-1978).
1972 leeii sharathkaalathil, sainyathinte pinthunayode, kakshikalum pradhana thozhil, bisinesses grouppukalum thammilulla krameekaranangal parishkarikkaan iru kakshikalum shramichu. eee sramangal parajayappettilla, phalapradamallaathathum bhinnippikkunnathumaya bharanamaayi kooduthalaayi kanakkaakkappettathinodu ethirppu kramanugathamaayi vyaapichu. kaarshika parishkaranatthinte vaasthavathil nirthalakkalum olancho vakuppile sainyam niravadhi karshakare kolappeduthiyathum karshaka grouppukale prakopippichirunnu. sambadvyavasthayude prasnangal kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla phalapradamallaatha sramangal thozhilaallikaleyum bisinesineyum anyavalkkarichu.
sarkkaarinullile thangalude nilapad kramanugathamaayi kshayichukondirikkanum pnhumaayulla karar pathivayi lamghikkappedunnuvennum plhnu thonni. desemberil karshaka, thozhil samghadanakal sarkkaarinte kaarshika nayangalil prathishedhikkunnathinaayi 20,000 vyakthikalude nirahara march teguzigalpayilekku prakhyaapichu. 1972 desember 4nuu thozhil prasthaanavumaayulla muun karar pinthunachu sainyam raktharahithamaya oru attimariyiloode crusine attimarichu lopus arellano veendum presidentaayi niyamichu.
1974ll lopus arilano bharanathinte prasnangal vardhikkaan thudangi. 1974 septambaril pheephi chuzhalikkaatt caribean theerathinu varuthiya valia naashanashtangal kaaranam sambadvyavastha ippozhum mandagathiyil valarukayaayirunnu. 10,000-thiladhikam jeevan apaharikkukayum dhaaraalam vazhappazhangal nasippikkukayum cheytha eee kodunkaattu sameepakaala honduran charithratthile ettavum vinashakaramaaya prakrithi duranthamaayirunnu. eee durantham kaarshika parishkaranatthinulla aavasyangalum vardhippichu.
ennirunnaalum, sarkkaarinte ettavum valia prashnam vaazhakkrishi vyavasaayathinte mattoru vashathe kendreekarichaayirunnu. aaa pazhatthinu kayattumathi nikuthi chumathunnathinulla samyuktha karaaril hondurakal mattu vaazha kayattumathi rajyangalumaayi chernnirunnu. 1974 eprilil honduran nikuthi praabalyatthil vannuvenkilum naalu maasathinu sesham pettennu raddaki. taamasiyaathe, nikuthi pinvalikkaan yunaittad fruit kambani honduran udyogastharkku oru milyan dollariladhikam nalkiyathaayi reportukal pracharikkaan thudangi. eee aropanangalil pradhaanamaayum ulppettirunnathu lopus arellanoyum addehathinte sambadvyavastha, vaanijya manthriyumaayirunnu.
1975 march 31 nuu eee aaropanangalodu prathikaricha sainyam lopus arellano sayudha senayude thalavan enna sthaanathu ninnu mochippikkukayum addehathinu pakaram kenal juvan alberto melgar kaastroye niyamikkukayum cheythu. moonnaazhchaykku sesham, avar lopus arellano presidencyil ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum addehathinu pakaram melgar kaastro nalkukayum cheythu. sayudha senayude vardhichuvarunna sakthamaaya supreme kaunsilaanu ("konsejo superior dii laas furesas armadas", konsufaa) eee theerumaanangal eduthathu, sayudha senayile ekadesham irupathu muthal irupathiyanchu vare pradhana kenalukalude oru samghamaanu sthaapanathinu oru koottaaya neethrthwam nalkiyathu.
1976 joolaiyil ell salvadorumaayulla athirthi ippozhum tharkkatthilaayirunnu. joolaiyil, avide samgharshathinte oru cheria kuthichuchaattam oo. eiii. ezz. edapedal konduvannu, ithu samgharsham vardhikkunnathu thadayaan sahayichu. octoberil iru raajyangalum thangalude tharkkam vyavahaarathin samarppikkaan sammathichu. eee vikasanam drutha samadhana othutheerppinulla prathekshakal uyarthi. ennirunnaalum, purogathi mandagathiyilaanennu thelinju; 1978-ll honduran sarkkar ell saalvadarilekkulla yaathraykkulla ellah anumathikalum pettennu raddaakkiyappol, hrasvamaayi, pirimurukkangal veendum uyarnnu. ell salvadorile garilla samgharshathinte uyarchayum mattu rajyangalil ninnulla sakthamaaya sammarddangalum thudarnnulla maasangalil oru othutheerppu kooduthal adiyanthiramaakki. 1980 octoberil peruvian madhyasthathayode, oduvil peruvile limayil ubhaykakshi pothu samadhana udambadi oppuvachu. vyapaaravum yathrayum taamasiyaathe punaraarambhichuvenkilum athirthiyile chila cheria pradeshangalude anthimatheerumaanam ulppede niravadhi prasnangal pinneedu parigananaykk avasheshichu.
1970 kalude avasaanathil aaa rajyath aabhyanthara samgharsham vardhichathinethudarnna nirgavumaayulla bandhavum kooduthal budhimuttaayi. 1978 maarchil honduran sainikar nirgguvayile anaestasio somosa debeylinte bharanathinethire pooraadunna garilla senayaaya saandinista naashanal liberation frontinte (frent saandinista dii liberasion naashanal, efsln) nethaavaaya jerman pomaarasine pidikoodi. juun avasaanam vare pomaras thadavilaayirunnuvenkilum naadukadatthaanulla nirgagwan abhyarthanakal nirasikkappedukayum oduvil addehathe panaamayilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. 1978lum 1979nte thudakkathilum nikkaargvayile poraattam vardhichathode hondurakal budhimutteriya avasthayilaayi. janapreethiyillaatha somosa bharanakoodatthe pinthunaykkaan hondurakal aagrahichillengilum eph. ezz. ell. enn.-nte maarksist chaayvine bhayapettu. koodaathe, 1978 septambar muthal, nikkaargvayil ninnulla abhayaarthikalude ennam nirantharam vardhichukondirunnathi hondurakalkku bharam koodiyirunnu.
sivilian bharanathilekku madanguka, 1978-82.
1978ll melgar kaastroyude adhikaarathinmelulla pidivili illaathaakaan thudangi. sarkkar azhimathi, mayakkumarunnu gathagathavumaayulla sainika bandham ennee aropanangal kooduthal vyaapakamaayitheernnu, ithu raajyathe vendathra prathirodhikkunnathil sarkkar parajayappettuvenna aaropanathilekku nayichu. valia bhoovudamakalkidayil pinthuna illaathirunnathinaal melgarinte adhikaarathinmelulla pidi durbalamaayirunnu. koodaathe, vaagdaanam cheytha thiranjeduppukalilekku melgar sarkkar kaaryamaaya purogathi kaivarichillennu thonnukayum ithu adhikaarathile samayam neettumennu pratheekshikkunnathayi samshayangal uyarnnu.
mayakkumarunnu kadathum saadhaaranakkaare kollunnathum ulppettathum sainyathile amgangale ulppeduthiyathumaaya ferrari cases melgar bharanakoodam kaikaaryam cheythathine valathupaksha rashtreeya sakthikal vimarshichu. unionukalum vidyaarthi samghadanakalum valathupakshathinte vimarshanathe oru attimariyude munnodiyaayi shariyaayi vyaakhyaanichu. melgarine pinthunaykkaan prathishedhakkaar theruvilirangiyappol, sainyathinullile valathupaksha gadakangal melgarinu pothu kramatthinte niyanthranam nashtappettu ennu aaropikkukayum addehathe puratthaakkukayum cheythu.
1978 august 7nuu melgar castroikkum addehathinte manthrisabhaykkum pakaram moonnu anga bharanasamithi roopeekarichu. sayudha senayude thalavanaaya general police parpo paas garsiayude neethrthwathilum vyomasena commander sainika suraksha medhaviyum ulppedeyullavarkkum valia bhoovudamakalumaayi adutha bandhamundaayirunnu, koodaathe ferrari kesil ulppetta sainikare samrakshikkaan avar neengi.
athinte thudakkam muthal, paas garzia sarkkar hondurakale sivilian bharanathilekku thirike nalkumennu vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. 1980 eprilil oru puthiya kongrasinaayi prathinidhikale thiranjedukkunnathinaayi honduran pouranmaare thiranjeduppilekku vilippichu. kongras oru idakkaala sarkkaarine thiranjedukkukayum 1981-ll president, kongras thiranjeduppukalkkulla nadapadikramangal sthaapikkukayum cheyyum.
1980leeii thiranjeduppukalude aadyakaala soochanakal ricardo sunigayude neethrthwathilulla pnhinte vijayathilekku viral choondunnu. ethiraaliyaaya plhinekkaal kooduthal ekeekrithavum samghadithavumaayi pnh prathyakshappettu, bharanasena pnhinu anukoolamaakumennu mikka aalukalum anumaanichu. plh aabhyanthara vibhajanangalum neethrthwathinte abhavavum anubhavichu. muun president villeda moralus 1971ll marikkukayum party nethaavaaya momento rodas alvarado 1979ll marikkukayum cheythu.
kooduthal yaadhaasthithikaraaya roda anuyaayikalum janakeeya liberal sakhyam ("alianza liberal dell pueblo", alipo) roopeekaricha party idathupakshavum thammil oru pilarpp undaayi. koodaathe, oru moonnaam kakshiyaya innoveshan aandu yoonitti party ("partido dii innovaasiyon vaii unidad", pinu) rajisttar cheyyappedukayum piechechil ninnu pinthuna nedumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheythu. pdhinte likhitham thadayunnathil pnh vijayichu, ithu pdhinte anuyaayikale thiranjeduppine prahasanavum vanjanayum ennu apalapikkunnathilum janangalil ninnu vittunilkkan abhyarthikkunnathilum kooduthal idathuvashathulla grouppukalumaayi cheraan prerippichu.
1980 epril thiranjeduppu record rajistreshanum vottarmaarude ennavum srishtichu. 12 lakshathiladhikam honduraanukal rajisttar cheyyukayum 1 dashalakshathiladhikam perr vottu cheyyukayum cheythu-arhathayullavaril 81 sathamaanathiladhikam. 49. 4 sathamaanam vottu nediya plhine uyarnna watermar anukoolichu. sankeernamaaya vibhajana samvidaanathinu keezhil, plh kongrasil muppathiyanju seettukal nedi; pnh muppathimoonnum pinu moonnum. eee phalam adutha sarkkaarinte gadanayekkurichu ganyamaaya charchakalkku kaaranamaayi.
paas garsia idakkaala presidentaayi naamanirddesham cheiyunnathil pothuvaaya dhaaranayundaayirunnu, tharkkangal manthrisabhayude ghadanaye kendreekarichaayirunnu. aathyanthikamayi, oru piechu nethaavu, roberto suzo cordova, kongrassinte presidentaayi, piechu puthiya supreme kodathiyile anchu seettukal nedi. manthrisabha moonnu kakshikalkkum sainyathinum idayil vibhajikkapettu; sayudha senaykk deseeya prathirodha, pothusuraksha manthraalayavum videshakaarya manthraalayavum labhichu, pnh pradhana saambathika sthaanangal nedi.
1981leeii president, kongras thiranjeduppukalude puthiya bharanaghadanayum thiranjeduppu niyamavum thayyarakkan kongras oru varshathilere eduthu. punny pathukke nadakkukayum 1981 augustil aadyam nischayichirunna thiranjeduppu november vare maattivaykkendivarikayum cheythu. idakkaala deseeya thiranjeduppu tribunal ("tribunal naashanal dii elakshyons", tii. enn. iii) 1981 leeii baalattil oru sthaanathinu aavashyamaaya niyamaparamaaya padavi pii. dii. sick ekakandamaayi nalki.
1981 novemberile baalattil pinuvinum pii. dii. sii. kumulla sthaanaarthikalude saannidhyam undaayirunnittum, thiranjeduppu pradhaanamaayum piechechum pnh thammilulla dvidala kaaryamaayirikkumenn vyakthamaayirunnu. 1981 november 29nuu rajisttar cheythavaril 80.7 sathamaanam honduraanukalum vottu cheythu, ithu piechechinu vann vijayam nalki. suvoso cordova 636,392 vottukal (52.4 sathamaanam) nedi, 491,089 vottukal nedi, 48,582 vottukal pinuvinum pii. dii. sii. kkum idayil vibhajichu. plh kongrasinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum naalppathinaalu seettukal nedukayum cheythu; pnh muppathinaalu; pinu moonnu; pdco onnu. munisippal kaunsilukalil 61 sathamaanavum piechu nedi. oru pathittaandolam neenduninna sainika prasidantumaarkku anthyam kurikkunna vidhathil 1982 januvariyil honduraasinte presidentaayi suzo cordova udghaadanam cheyyappettu.