
vaattar kalar painting

vaattar kalar (american engleesh) allengil vaattar kalar (britiish engleesh; spelling vyathyaasangal kaanuka), akverali (; laattin "vaattar" enna itaaliyan minimutivil ninnu), vellathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla laayaniyil thookkiyidunna pigmentukal upayogichu peyint nirmmikkunna oru painting reethiyaanu. "vaattar kalar" ennathu maadhyamatheyum athinte falamaayundaakunna kalaasrishtiyeyum soochippikkunnu. aadhunika jala nirangalkk pakaram vellathil layikkunna niramulla mashi kondu varacha akwarelilsine vidagdhar vilikkunnu (mashi kondu nirmmicha akwarelil ennathinte laattin). ennirunnaalum, eee padam ippol upayogashoonyamaayitheernnir.
vaattar kalar paintingukalkku parambaraagathavum ettavum saadhaaranavumaaya pinthuna-peyint prayogikkunna metteeriyal-vaattar kalar pepparaanu. kallu, anakkombu, putt, nanayam, papirus, bark pepparukal, plaastikkukal, vellam, thukal, thuni, thadi, vaattar kalar kyanwas (vaattar kalarukal upayogichu prathyekamaayi roopappeduthiya oru gesso kondu pothinjirikkunnu) ennivayaanu mattu sapporttukal allengil substrateukal. vaattar kalar paper palappozhum poornnamaayo bhaagikamaayo parutthi upayogichaanu nirmmikkunnath. ithu uparithalathinu uchithamaaya ghadana nalkukayum nanayumbol valachodikkal kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. vaattar kalar pepparukal saadhaaranayaayi thanutha amarthia pepparukalaanu, avaa kuranjathu 300 gram bharamullah mikacha ghadanayum roopavum nalkunnu. 300 jii. ezz. emmil thaazhe saadhaaranayaayi sketchingallathe mattenthinum shupaarsha cheiyunnilla. suthaaryathayaan jalavarnangalude pradhana savisheshatha. chainees vella cherkkunnathiloode vaattar kalarukal athaaryamaakkaanum kazhiyum. ithu "yadhaartha jalavarnnathil" (parambaraagatha) upayogikkaavunna oru rethiyalla.
vaattar kalar peyint oru purathana painting roopamaanu, allengilum ettavum purathanamaaya kalaaroopamaanu. kizhakkan eshyayil, mashi upayogichu vaattar kalar paintingine brush painting allengil scroll painting ennu vilikkunnu. chainees, corian, japanese paintingukalil ithu pradhana maadyamamaanu, palappozhum monocrome black allengil braun nirangalil, palappozhum inkstikko mattu pigmentukaloo upayogikkunnu. indiaykkum edhiyopiyaykkum mattu rajyangalkkum neenda jalavarna painting paarambaryamundu.
pala paashchaathya kalakaaranmaarum, prathyekichu pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, ennayilo kothupanikalilo "poortthiyaaya" srishtiyude thayyaareduppinaayi praadhamikamaayi jalavarnam oru rekhaachithra upakaranamaayi upayogichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare parambaraagatha jalavarnangal 'chaayamulla droingukal' ennariyappettirunnu.
charithram.
orupakshe paleolithic europile guhaachithrangal muthalulla vaattar kalar painting valare pazhayathaanu, europian madhyakaalakhattathil prathyeka praadhaanyamulla eejipshyan kaalam muthal kaiyezhuthuprathi thithreekaranatthinaayi ithu upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru kalaa maadyamamenna nilayil athinte "thudarchayaaya" charithram navothaanatthil ninnaan aarambhikkunnath. niravadhi mikacha sasyashaasthra, vanyajeevi, prakrithidrishya jalavarnangal varacha jarmman vadakkan navothaana kalakaaranaaya aalbrekt durer (1471-1528) pothuve jalavarnnathinte aadyakaala udaaharanangalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. durer navothaanatthinte bhaagamaayi germmaniyile jalavarna chithrakalayude oru pradhana vidyaalayathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu hans booal (1534-1593) aayirunnu.
eee aadyakaala thudakkam undaayirunnittum, vaattar kalar paintinginte aadyakaala pariseelakar vaan dike (englandil thaamasikkumbol), claude loraine, jiovanni benedetto kaastigliyon, niravadhi dutch, flemish kalakaaranmaar ennivaraayirunnu barok eesel chithrakaaranmaar saadhaaranayaayi skechukal, pakarppukal allengil cartoonukal (poornna thothilulla design droingukal) ennivaykkaayi maathram vaattar kalarukal upayogichirunnathu. ennirunnaalum, sasyashaasthra thithreekaranavum vanyajeevi thithreekaranavum orupakshe vaattar kalar paintingile ettavum pazhakkameriyathum pradhaanappettathumaaya paarambaryamaanu. pusthakangalilo broadsheettukalilo kaikondu chayam pooshiya maramkothi chithreekaranangalaayum vellathilo kadalasilo chayam pooshiya mashi chithrangalaayum botanical chithreekaranangal navothaanakaalathu janapriyamaayi. sasyashaasthra kalakaaranmaar parambaraagathamaayi ettavum krithyathayullavarum vaidagdhyamullavarumaaya jalavarna chithrakaaranmaaril chilaraanu, innum, jalavarnangal-poornna niratthil samgrahikkaanum vyakthamakkaanum aadarshamaakkaanumulla savisheshamaaya kazhivu-shaasthreeya, museum prasidheekaranangal chithreekarikkaan upayogikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil joonn jaims oodubonineppolulla kalakaaranmaarumaayi vanyajeevi chithreekaranam athinte unnathiyilethi, innu niravadhi prakrithishaasthranja feeld gaidukal ippozhum vaattar kalar paintingukal upayogichu chithreekarichirikkunnu.
engleesh school.
pathinettaam noottaandil, prathyekichu englandil, jalavarna chithrakalayude vyaapanathin niravadhi gadakangal kaaranamaayi. unnatha, prabhukka vibhaagangalkkidayil, jalavarna painting oru nalla vidyaabhyaasathinte aakasmika alankaarangalilonnaanu; bhooprakrithikal, bhoopradesam, kottakal, feeld jiyolaji, pothupravartthanangal allengil kammeeshan cheytha padhathikal enniva chithreekarikkunnathilum athinte upayogakshamathaye mapp nirmmaathaakkalum sainika udyogastharum enchineeyarmaarum vilamathichu. medittareniyan, eshya, puthiya lokam ennividangalile kandethalukal rekhappeduthunnathinaayi sosaitti oof dilettaandi (1733 ll sthaapithamaayathu) dhanasahayam nalkunna bhoomishaasthraparamo puraavasthushaasthraparamo aaya paryaveshanangalkkaayi vaattar kalar kalakaaranmaare saadhaaranayaayi kondupookunnu. akkaalathe ellah fasionable yuvaakkalum ettedutha italiyilekkulla mahathaaya paryadanatthil prashasthamaaya saittukalude (kazhchakal) memmanto paintingukal nirmmicha bhooprakrithiyilulla chithrakaaranmaarude aavasyam eee paryaveshanangal uthejippichu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, engleesh purohithanaaya vilyam gilpin grameena englandiludaneelamulla thante manoharamaaya yaathrakale vivarikkunna valareyadhikam janapriyamaaya pusthakangalude oru parambara ezhuthukayum nadeethadangal, purathana kottakal, upekshikkappetta pallikal ennivayude svayam nirmmicha vaikarikamaaya ekavarna jalavarnangal upayogichu avaa chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. eee udaaharanam vyakthigatha tourist jenalinte oru roopamaayi vaattar kalarukale janapriyamakki. eee saamskaarika, enchiniyaring, shaasthra, vinodasanjaaram, amachwar thaalpparyangalude sangamam jalavarnnathe oru prathyeka engleesh "deseeya kala" yaayi aaghoshikkunnathilum prolsaahippikkunnathum paryavasaanichu. vilyam blake kaikondu kothivacha kavithakalude niravadhi pusthakangal prasidheekarikkukayum danteyude "narakatthinu" chithreekaranangal nalkukayum jalavarnnathil valia monotype kruthikal pareekshikkukayum cheythu. thomas gainsbaro, joonn roobert cosense, francis taunn, maikkal anchalo rooker, vilyam paars, thomas heern, joonn warwick smith ennivaraayirunnu eee kaalaghattatthile mattu niravadhi pradhana jalavarnnavaadikalil palarum.
 
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare achadicha pusthakangaludeyum aabhyanthara kalayudeyum vipani maadhyamathinte valarchaykku ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki. shekharikkaavunna bhooprakrithiyo vinodasanjaara kothupanikalo vikasippicha adisthaana rekhayaayi vaattar kalarukal upayogichirunnu, koodaathe kaikondu varacha vaattar kalar orijinalukaloo prashastha paintingukalude pakarppukaloo niravadhi uyarnna klaas art portfolioykku sambhavana nalki. rudolph ackerman prasidheekaricha thomas rollandson ezhuthiya aakshepahasya broadsideukalum valare janapriyamaayirunnu.
engleesh vaattar kalarinte pithaav" ennu palappozhum vilikkappedunna pooll sandby (1730-1809); valia formaattilum romaantik allengil manoharamaaya landscape paintinginum athinte upayogathinu thudakkamitta thomas girtin (1775-1802); vaattar kalar paintingine ettavum uyarnna shakthiyilekkum parishkaranatthilekkum konduvanna joseph mallord vilyam turner (1775-1851), noorukanakkinu mikacha charitra, bhooprakrithiya, vasthuvidyaa, puraana vaattar kalar paintingukal srishtichu. vaattar kalar painting ghattamghattamaayi vikasippichedukkunnathu addehathinte reethi, nananja pepparil sthaapicha valia, avyakthamaaya varnnamekhalakalil ninnu aarambhich, thudarnnu vaashukaliloodeyum glaceukaliloodeyum chithram parishkarikkukayum, "workshop kaaryakshamathayode" dhaaraalam paintingukal nirmmikkaan addehathe anuvadikkukayum, bhaagikamaayi thante vyakthigatha art galleryil ninnulla vilppanayiloode addehathe oru multy milyanayaraakkukayum cheythu, itharathilulla aadyathethaanu. joonn warley, joonn seyil coatman, aanthani copley feelding, saamuval pammer, vilyam havell, saamuval pruit ennivaraayirunnu tenarinteyum girttinteyum pradhanavum kazhivullathumaaya samakaalikar. swis chithrakaaranaaya ebraham-luis-rodolph ducross thante valia roopathilum vaattar kalarile romaantik paintingukalkkum parakke ariyappettirunnu.
amachwar pravartthanangal, prasidheekarana vipanikal, madhyavarga kala shekharanam, pathonpathaam noottaandile saankethikavidya ennivayude sangamam engleesh vaattar kalar painting sosaittikalude roopeekaranathilekku nayichu "vaattar kalar paintingukalude samooham" (1804, ippol royal vaattar kalar sosaitti ennariyappedunnu), "puthiya vaattar kalar sosaitti" (1832, ippol vaattar kalar paintermaarude royal instittyoott ennariyappedunnu). (1878-ll sthaapithamaaya "vaattar kalarile chithrakaaranmaarude scotish sosaitti", ippol royal scotish sosaitti oof painters inn vaattar kalar ennariyappedunnu.) eee sosaittikal niravadhi kalaakaaranmaarkk vaarshika pradarshanangalum vaangunnavarude referralukalum nalki. avar cheria nilavaaratthilulla malsarangalilum soundaryaparamaaya samvaadangalilum earppettu, prathyekichu parambaraagatha ("sutharyamaaya") jalavarnnathinte vakthaakkalum shareera niramo gaucheyo ("atharyamaaya" jalavarnam) upayogichu saadhyamaaya saandramaaya niram aadyam sweekarichavarum thammil. 19-aamm noottaandile ettavum aakarshakamaaya kadalas kruthikalil onnaanu georgian, victorian kaalaghattangal, kalakaaranmaaraaya turner, warley, coatman, david cox, peettar dii vint vilyam henry hund, joonn frederic levis, miles birkkat phosttar, frederic wacker, thomas collier, arther melville thudangi niravadhi paper kruthikal. prathyekichu, richard parks bonnington varacha manoharavum lapidary anthareeksha jalavarnangalum ("tharam paintingukal") 1820kalil prathyekichu englandilum fraansilum jalavarna chithrakalaykk oru anthaaraashtra vyaamohamundaakki. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthiyil, chhaayaachithrakaaranaaya frederic haavil englandil vaattar kalar sthaapikkunnathil oru pradhana kalikkaranaayi. kalaa niroopakanaaya vettakkaranaaya carter haaviline "vaattar kalar skoolinte sthaapakan" ennaanu visheshippichathu." 
vaattar kalarukalude janapreeti bhaarameriyathum kooduthal valippamullathumaya neythu pepparukal, vaattar kalarinaayi vyakthamaayi nirmmicha brushukal ("pensilukal" ennu vilikkunnu) ennivayulppede niravadhi puthumakalkk uthejanam nalki. vaattar kalar tutorialukal aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu eee kaalaghattatthilaanu, warley, cox, mattullavar ennivar, innum eee vibhaagathe savisheshamaakkunna ghattam ghattamaayulla painting nirddeshangal sthaapichu; engleesh art critic joonn ruskinte vaattar kalar tutorialaaya "droinginte gadakangal" 1857 ll aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathinushesha oru thavana maathrame achadichittilla. vaanijya brandukalaaya vaattar kalar vipananam cheyyukayum peyintukal mettal tyoobukalilo allengil dry kekkukalaayo paakkejucheyyukayum cheythu, athu studiyo porsalainil "rabbu outtu" (layippicha) cheyyaano violile portable mettal peyint boxukalil upayogikkaam. rasathanthrathile munnettangal synthetic ultramerine blue, cobalt blue, viridian, cobalt violet, cadmium yello, ooroolin (pottasyam cobaltinitraitt), sink vaitt, carmin, madder thadaakangalude vishalamaaya shreni ennivayulppede niravadhi puthiya pigmentukal labhyamakki. eee pigmentukal, ellah painting maadhyamangalilum, ennaal engleesh vaattar kalarukalil, prathyekichu pree-rafale saahodaryathil, nirangalude kooduthal upayogathe uthejippichu.
america.
pathonpathaam noottaandil vaattar kalar painting amerikkayil janapriyamaayi; mikacha aadyakaala pariseelakaril joonn jaims ooduboonum vilyam echu polulla aadyakaala hudson rivar school chithrakaaranmaarum ulppedunnu. bartlettum jorjju harvy. noottaandinte madhyathode, joonn ruskininte swaadheenam jalavarnangalodulla thaalparyam vardhippikkaan kaaranamaayi, prathyekichu joonn dablyu. yeppolulla kalakaaranmaar vishadamaaya "ruskinian" shaili upayogichu. hill henry, vilyam trost richards, roderic neuman, fidelia bridges. 1866ll sthaapithamaaya 'american sosaitti oof peyintezhs inn vaattar kalar' (ippol american vaattar kalar sosaitti). pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil thomas morren, thomas eekkins, joonn lafarge, joonn singer saarjant, child haasam, pradhaanamaayum vinslo hommer enniva eee maadhyamathile american vakthaakkalil ulppedunnu.
europe.
europe bhookhandathil vaattar kalar athra prachaaratthilundaayirunnilu. pathinettaam noottaandil, itaaliyan kalakaaranmaaraaya marco richi, francesco sukarelli ennivarude oru pradhana maadhyamamaayirunnu gauche, avarude landscape paintingukal vyaapakamaayi shekharikkappettu. fraansilum niravadhi kalakaaranmaar gauche upayogichirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, engleesh schoolinte swaadheenam fraansil "sutharyamaaya" jalavarnnathe janapriyamakkaan sahayikkukayum yujeen delacroics, francois marius graanat, henry-joseph harpignis, aakshepahaasyakkaaranaaya oonar dumier ennivarkku ithu oru pradhana maadhyamamaayi maarukayum cheythu. germmaniyile adolph menzel, polandile staanislaav maslovsky ennivaraayirunnu jalavarnnathil pathivayi pravarthicha mattu europian chithrakaaranmaar.
prakashavumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthumbol vegathil mangukayum irupathinaayiram jeey shariyaayi samrakshikkaanulla sramangalum cheiyunna thilangunna niramulla, petroleum-derived anilyn chayangal (avayil ninnu samyukthamaaya pigmentukal) sweekarikkuka. emm. dablyu. 1857ll britiish myusiyathinu paarambaryamaayi labhicha turner paintingukal vaattar kalarile pigmentukalude sthirathayekkurichulla nishedhaathmakamaaya punarmoolyanirnnayathilka nayichu. ithu avarude nilayilum vipani moolyathilum kuthane idivinu kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, otappetta pariseelakar irupathaam noottaand vare maadhyamathinu munganana nalkukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythu. pooll signac bhooprakrithiyum samudra jalavarnangalum srishtichu, pooll sessan poornnamaayum shudhamaaya niramulla overlapping cheria glaceukal ulkkollunna oru jalavarna painting shaili vikasippichu.
20-umm 21-umm noottaandukal.
vaattar kalaril pradhana kruthikal nirmmicha 20-aamm noottaandile niravadhi kalakaaranmaaril vassily kandinsky, emil nolde, pooll klee, egon sheel, raul dufi ennivarum ulppedunnu. amerikkayil chaals birchfield, edward hopper, jorjia ooo 'keef, chaals demath, joonn maarin (addehathinte motham srishtikalude 80 sathamaanavum vaattar kalar aanu) ennivaraanu pradhana prathipaadakar. eee kaalayalavil, american vaattar kalar painting palappozhum europian impressionisatheyum poost impressionisatheyum anukarichuvenkilum 1920 muthal 1940 vare vaattar kalar paintinginte "praadeshika" shailikalil kaaryamaaya vyakthivaadam thazhachuvalarnnu. prathyekichum, cleveland museum oof aarttine kendreekarichulla chithrakaaranmaarude "cleveland school" allengil "ohiyo school", california seane paintermaar palappozhum hollywood aanimeshan studiyokalumaayo chaunaard art instittyoottumaayo (ippol california instittyoott oof arts) bandhappettirunnu. kaaliforniyayile chithrakaaranmaar avarude samsthaanathinte vaividhyamaarnna bhoomishaasthram, medittareniyan kaalavastha, "automobility" enniva upayogichu outtdoor allengil "playin eyar" paarambaryatthe punarujjeevippichu. phil dike, millard sheettukal, rex brand, dong kingman, milford soons ennivayaayirunnu avayil ettavum swaadheenam cheluthiyava. 1921ll sthaapithamaaya california vaattar kalar sosaitti pinneedu naashanal vaattar kalar sosaitti ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum avarude srishtikalude pradhana pradarshanangal sponsor cheyyukayum cheythu. nilavil lokathile ettavum valia vaattar kalar (uyarathilum veethiyilum) "6 chhaayaachithrangal nirmmikkunnu interior."american kalakaaranaaya barbera ira maas mokkaykkaayi commissionil nirmmicha eee kruthi maas mokkayude roobert dablyu. yill kaanam. vilson kettidam.
amoorthamaaya aavishkaaravaadathinte uyarchayum amachwar chithrakaaranmaarudeyum parasyam allengil workshop swaadheenicha painting shailikaludeyum nissaramaaya swaadheenavum pinneedu vaattar kalar paintinginte janapreeti thaalkkaalikamaayi kurayaan kaaranamaayi, maartha birchfield, joseph raffel, andrew vaith, philipp pelsteen, eric fish, gerhard rictor, anselm keyfer, francesco klement thudangiya kalakaaranmaar vaattar kalarukal upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu. speyinil, sepheri olivu thante vidyaarthikal pinthudarnna rafale alonso lopus-montero, francesk torn gawalda thudangiya oru noothana shaili srishtichu. ignacio barrios, edgardo koglan, angel mouro, visent mendiola, paasttar velasquez ennivaraanu meksikkoyile pradhana prathipaadakar. kaanari dveepukalil, eee chitra saankethikavidyaykku niravadhi anuyaayikalulla francisco bonin guerine, jose comas kwesada, alberto maanrik thudangiya vishishta kalakaaranmaar undu.
vaattar kalar peyint.
vaattar kalar peyintil naalu pradhana cheruvakal adangiyirikkunnu oru pigment; pigment suspensionil sookshikkunnathinulla oru binderaayi arabic gumm; glycerine, ooks gall, thaine thudangiya aditteevukal, pigmentinteyum vahana mishrithathinteyum viscosity, maraykkal, eedu allengil niram ennivayil maattam varuthunnathinu preservatevukal; koodaathe, peyint nerthathaakkaano nerppichathaakkaano upayogikkunna laayakamaayi vellam baashpeekarikkunnu.
kooduthal pothuvaaya padam "vaattar media" ennathu vellam laayakamaayi upayogikkunnathum brush, pena allengil sprayer upayogichu prayogikkaavunnathumaaya eathoru painting maadhyamatheyum soochippikkunnu. mikka mashi, vaattar kalarukal, temperakal, kesinukal, gauchukal, aadhunika akrilik peyintukal enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
vaattar kalar" enna padam vellathil layikkunna, sankeernamaaya carbohydrateukal oru binderaayi upayogikkunna peyintukale soochippikkunnu. yadhaarthathil (16 muthal 18 vare noottaandukalil), vaattar kalar binderukal panchasarayum koodaathe/allengil maraykkunna glookalum aayirunnu, ennaal pathonpathaam noottaand muthal, ishtappetta binder prakrithidatha gumm arabic aanu, glycerine koodaathe/allengil thaine enniva baindarinte plaastisiyum layakshamathayum mechappeduthunnathinulla aditteevukalaayum uthppannathinte shelf life mechappeduthunnathinaayi mattu rasavasthukkal cherkkukayum cheiyunnu.
body kalar" enna padam suthaaryamallathe atharyamaaya peyintine soochippikkunnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi gauche ennariyappedunna atharyamaaya jalavarnnathe soochippikkunnu. aadhunika akrilik peyintukal oru akrilik resin dispersion oru binderaayi upayogikkunnu.
vaanijyaparamaaya vaattar kalarukal.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathinu munbu vaattar kalar paintermaarkk oru aushadhashaalayil ninno prathyeka "colourman" ll ninno vangiya pigmentukal upayogichu peyintukal svayam nirmmikkukayum avaa arabio mattethenkilum bindero upayogichu kalarthukayum cheyyendivannu. upayogayogyamaaya varnna theevratha labhikkunnathin nanaykkukayum vellathil "thechu pidippikkukayum" cheyyenda cheruthum resinus blokkukalumaayirunnu aadyakaala vaanijya peyintukal. 1766ll vilyam reaves oru colourman enna nilayil thante bisinesses aarambhichu. 1781ll, adhehathinum sahodaran thomas reevinum engleesh vaattar kalar paintinginte "suvarnna kaalaghattatthil" avatharippicha eerppamulla vaattar kalar "peyint-kekku" kandupidichathin sosaitti oof aartsinte velli paalat labhichu. nananja brush sparshikkumbol kekku udan laikkum.
aadhunika vaanijya vaattar kalar peyintukal tyoobukalilum paanukalilum draavakangalilum labhyamaan. innu vilkkunna bhooribhaagam peyintukalum saadhaarana valuppathilulla cheria loha tubeukalilaanu, koodaathe tooth pesttinu samanamaaya sthirathayode ithinakam oru prathyeka jala gadakavumaayi kalarthi roopappeduthiyittundu. upayogathinaayi, eee pesttu vellathil kooduthal layippikkendathundu. paan peyintukal (yadhaarthathil cheria unakkiya kekkukal allengil thuranna plaastik kandeynarile peyint baarukal) saadhaaranayaayi rund valuppangalil vilkkunnu, phul paanukalum pakuthi paanukalum.
aadhunika vyaavasaayika jaiva rasathanthram kaaranam, innu labhyamaya kalakaaranmaarude nirangalude vaividhyam, saachureshan, sthiratha enniva valareyadhikam mechappettittund. hansa manja, fthaalo neela, kwinakridon (pivi 122) ennivayude varaviloode sariyaayathum visharahithavumaya praadhamika nirangal ippol nilavilundu. atharam moonnu nirangalude oru koottatthil ninnu, thathwathil matellaa nirangalum kalarthaam, kaaranam oru classical saankethikavidyayil vella upayogikkilla. pigmentukalude aadhunika vikasanam kalaparamaaya aavasyathaal nayikkapettitla. aagola dye allengil pigment nirmmaanatthil vipani swaadheenam cheluthaan kazhiyaathavidham art metteeriyal vyavasaayam valare cheruthaanu. ooroolin polulla apoorva ozhivaakkalukalode, ellah aadhunika vaattar kalar peyintukalum vishalamaaya vyaavasaayika upayogamulla pigmentukal upayogikkunnu. peyint nirmmathaakkal, vyaavasaayika nilavaaratthil valare cheruthaanu, eee pigmentukalude vitharanam vaangukayum avaa vahanam, layakam, aditteevukal enniva upayogichu millu cheyyukayum paakkej cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. kooduthal chelaveria braandukalil ajaiva pigmentukal upayogichu milling prakriya, peyint vellathil prayogikkumbol varnna ozhukk mechappeduthunnathinaayi kanangalude valuppam kuraykkunnu.
suthaaryatha.
pathonpathaam noottaandile engleesh kalaa lokathile pakshapathaparamaaya samvaadangalil, gauche parambaraagatha jalavarnangalumaayi shakthamayi vyathyaasappedukayum athinte uyarnna maraykkal shaktiyo "suthaaryatha" yude abhaavamo kaaranam apakeerthippeduthukayum cheythu; "sutharyamaaya" jalavarnangal uyarthappettu. pathonpathaam noottaandil kavarinte gunanilavaaram vardhippikkaan ledu vaitt upayogichirunnuvenna vasthuthayilaan atharyamaaya peyintinodulla veruppinte uthbhavam. sulferous vaayu malineekaranatthinte swaadheenathil aaa pigment taamasiyaathe karuppayi maarukayum kalaasrishtikale poornnamaayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. pepparil ittirikkunna karayulla glassinte paalipole pravarthikkunnathinaal "sutharyamaaya" jalavarnangal "prakasham" nedunnu enna parambaraagatha avakaashavaadam-prakasham pigmentiloode kadannupokukayum pepparil ninnu prathifalikkukayum pigmentiloode randaam thavana kadannupokukayum cheiyunnathinaal niram theevramaakunnu. akrilik allengil oayil peyintukal pole vaattar kalar peyintukal saadhaaranayaayi oru cohessive peyint lair roopappeduthunnilla, marichu paper uparithalathiludaneelam pigment kanangale kramarahithamayi chitharikkunnu; kanikakalkkidayil paper drishyamaakunnathu moolamaanu suthaaryatha undaakunnath. akrilikkukalekkaalum ennakalekkaalum jalavarnangal kooduthal thelichamullathaayi thonniyekkaam, kaaranam pigmentukal shudhamaaya roopathilaanu sthaapikkappedunnathu, pigment nirangale avyakthamaakkunna fillarukal kuravo illa (kayolin polullava). saadhaaranayaayi, gumm baindarinte bhooribhaagavum allengil muzhuvan paper agiranam cheyyum, ithu binderine pigmentinte drishyaparatha maattunnathil ninnu thadayunnu. agiranam cheyyappedunna moona kurayunnilla, pakshe pepparilekku pigmentinte ottikkal vardhippikkunnu, kaaranam athinte kanikakal naarukalilekku kooduthal eluppathil thulachukayarum. vaasthavathil, oru peyint cheytha sthalathu kalakaran oru bharam kuranja sthaanam srishtikkaan thaalpparyamundengil, niram "uyarthuka" (neekkam cheyyuka) sugamamaakkuka ennathaanu monayude oru pradhana pravartthanam. koodaathe, pigment kanangalude floculation moona thadayunnu.

