
elisabath asbridge

elisabath asbridge (nee saampsan; 1713-meyy 16,1755) englandile chesheyaril janicha pathinettaam noottaandile puthiya englandu kwekar mantriyum aathmakathaakaariyumaayirunnu.
jeevacharitram.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1713ll englandile cheshayarile midilvichile kappal sarjanaaya thomasinteyum merii sampsoninteyum makalaayi elisabath saampsan janichu. merii saampsan englandile sabhayile oru bhakta amgamaayirunnu, thante makaleyum thomasinte rund makkaleyum muun vivaahathil ninnu avalude vishwaasathinu anusrithamaayi valarthi. elisabathinte kudumbathekkuricho avarude aadyakaala jeevithathekkuricho kurachu vishadaamshangal maathrame ariyoovenkilum avarude aathmakatha avarude jeevithathinte chila vashangalil velicham veeshunnu. thaan aadyamaayi vivaham kazhicha kaalam muthal randaamathe bharthaavinte maranam vare avalude jeevithathekkurichu vivarikkunna avalude aathmakadhayil, 1727-ll 14 vayassullappol, maathaapithaakkalude sammathamillaathe olichodi, vivaahathinte anchu maasathinu sesham vidhavayaayitheernnuvennu ashbridge velippeduthunnu.
maathaapithaakkalude veettil ishtappedaathe, aashbridjine irelandile dablinilekku ayachu; avide, avar aadyam dablinilaanu ammayude bandhuvinodum suhruthukkalude samoohathile amgathodum allengil kwekarmarodum oppam thaamasichathu. addehathinte karsanamaaya mathavishwaasangalkku anusrithamaayi jeevitam "vishaadakaramaanu" ennu kandethiya avar irelandinte padinjaaran theerathekku thamasam maari, avide avar catholica bandhukkalkkoppam thaamasichu.
yuu. yilekkulla yaatra.ezz. oppam nyoo englandile jeevithavum.
1732-ll ashbridge oru karar jeevanakkaranaayi newyorkkilekku kappal kayari, aadyam adimakkachavadathil oru sthreeyudeyum pinneedu kappalinte captanteyum udamasthathayilaayirunnu. kolanikalkkulla vazhi nalkaan aavashyamaaya naalu varshathe adimathathil moonnu varsham poortthiyaakkiya sesham, otappetta jolikalum thayyalum nadatthi sambaadicha panam upayogichu avar swaathanthryam vaangi. puthuthayi kandethiya swaathanthryathode avar vediyile oru currier pariganichu, praadeshika plehousukalile amgangalumaayi sauhrudam sthaapikkunnathinum ozhivusamayangalil skripttukal padikkunnathinum polum; pakaram, avar sullivan enna peril oru school adhyaapikaye vivaham kazhichu.
sullivante thozhilinte swabhaavam oru school maasttar aavasyamulla schoolukal thedi nyoo englandiludaneelam vyaapakamaayi sanjarikkaan dambathikale prerippichu. avar kurachukaalam padinjaaran rooad dveepil sthirathaamasamaakki, avide asbridge ardhahrudayam snapanasabhayil chernnu. englandilekku yaatra cheyyaanulla oru paraajayashramathinu sesham, 1735-ll avar bostanilekku thamasam maari, thudarnnu aaa varsham avasaanam rooad dveepilekku madangi, avide ashbridge veendum charchu oof englandil chernnu. pensylvaniayile bandhukkale sandarshikkumbol, asbridgine bhookamba vishwaasathode kondupookukayum bharthaavinte viyojippinu kaaranamavukayum cheythu. dambathikal delawareil kurachu samayam thaamasichu, thudarnnu swaadheenamulla kwekar joonn voolmaante vasathiyaya nyoojezhsiyile moundu holiyilekku maari. ashbridge bharthaavum avide schoolil padippichu. avarude mathavishwaasangal avarude vivaahathil valareyadhikam prakshubdhathayundakki, madyapaaniyaaya oru sthabdathayil, sullivan oru sainikanaayi svayam chernnu 1740-ll cubayilekku pooyi. pinneedu, kwekarude samaadhaanathinulla avakasham avakaashappettukond, sevanam cheyyaan visammathichathin addehathe krooramaayi marddikkukayum 1741-ll landanile oru ashupathriyil vachu marikkukayum cheythu. avarude aathmakatha avasaanikkunnath sullivante maranathodeyaanu.
karar cheytha adimatham.
amerikkayilekkulla yaathrayude bhaagamaayi, elisabath asbridge oduvil oru krooramaaya kudumbatthil oru karar jeevanakkariyaayi thaamasichu. atlaantik kadakkaan pookunna aadya paathayaayathinaal, samudrayaathrayumaayi bandhapetta apakadangalekkurichu ashbridginu ariyillaayirunnu. karar cheytha oru sevakanaayi sweekarikkappedumenna bheeshaniyaayirunnu aaa apakadangalilonnu. thudakkathil, ashbridge karuthiyath thaan amerikkayilekku pookunna oru sthree oru dayayullah "manyayaaya" koottaaliyaayirikkumennu; ennirunnaalum, ashbridge thante koottalikku durudheshyangalundenna manassilaakkunnathin munbu, avale thattikkondupoyi moonnaazhchathekku oru kappalil paarppichu.
avarude thadavukaarethudarnnu, ashbridge amerikkayilekku pookaan dridanishchayathilaayirunnu, avar kappalilekku madangi. taamasiyaathe, chila airish sevakar oru kalapam aasoothranam cheythathayi ashbridge manassilakki. kappal jeevanakkaarkk nereyulla aasootritha aakramanathekkurichu kappalinte kyapttane ariyichittum, ashbridge adimathathilekku nirbandhithanaayi "kyapttan oru karar undaakkukayum njaan athil oppidaan visammathichaal oru goal nalkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu."atlaantikkiloode kadannupokaan ashbridginu yatra fandukal illaayirunnu, kyapttan avalude nirbhagyam muthaledutthu.
orikkal amerikkayil, ashbridge thante mathaparamaya achaarangal baahyamaayi prakadippicha oru kaapatyamulla yajamaananodoppamaanu thaamasichirunnathu; ennirunnaalum, addeham thante dasanode svechaadhipathyavum adhikshepavumaayirunnu. oru sandarbhathil, asbridgine achadakkam nalkaan avalude yajamanan "taunn vipparinte" sevanam abhyarthikkunnu. addehathodulla perumaattam krooramaanengilum, aathmavishwaasamulla niraashayude oru nimishathil ashbridge kurikkunnu, "appol, eee krooranaaya manushyanil ente annukal urappichukondu njaan paranju, 'sarr,. . . njaan atharam shiksha arhikkunnuvennu ningal karuthunnuvenkil athu svayam cheyyuka."karar adimathathin keezhil moonnu varsham jeevichathinu sesham, karaarile backie nibandhanakal vaangi ashbridginu avalude swaathanthryam vaangaan kazhinju. atharam dushkaramaaya saahacharyangalodulla avalude anubhavam daivathilulla swantham vishwaasathe chodyam cheyyaan avale prerippichu "njaan kadinanaavukayum daivam illennu nigamanathiletthaan thayyarakukayum cheythu."asbridge yajamanante mathavishwaasangal nishedhikkunnathu eee sakthamaaya bhookamba mantri engane ejansi upayogikkukayum swantham mathaparamaya shabdam kandethukayum cheiyunnu ennathinte oru udaaharanamaanennu soochippikkunna vimarsanangal roxon harde parishodhikkunnu. karar adimatham nedunnathil avalude mosham saambathika sthithi vahicha punk ashbridginu ithinakam ariyamaayirunnu. angane yajamanante veettile dushkaramaaya anubhavangalude falamaayi aval kooduthal saambathikamaayi shaaktheekarikkappettu. athijeevikkaan, ashbridge thunnukayum aval vishadeekarikkukayum cheyyum, "njaan ekadesham moonnu varshatholam sevanamanushtichappol, njaan ente backie samayam vaangi, thudarnnu ente soochi eduthu, athiloode enikku svayam manoharamaayi nilanirthaan kazhiyum."
kalapavum purushaadhipathyavumaayulla anuranjanavum.
elisabath aasbridjinte jeevithathinte aadyakaalathe chila vivaranagal" enna pusthakatthinte thudakkathil, asbridge aval valarumbol aasbridjinte kudumbatthil avalude pithaav illaayirunnuvennu abhipraayappedunnu. oru sarjan enna nilayil, misttar. ashbridge "niravadhi neenda yathrakal nadathukayum" yuva elisabathine ammayodoppam upekshikkukayum cheythu. ashbridginu praayamaakumbol, avalude amma avalkk pinthudaraan oru "sadguna maathruka" aayi maarunnu.
panthrandaam vayassil, ashbridginu mathathodulla parasparavirudhamaaya vikarangal anubhavappedaan thudangunnu aval mathathe avaganikkunnu, pakshe karthavinaal snehikkappedaanulla theevramaaya aagrahavumund. asbridge thante hajarakatha pithavumaayi "karthaavine" bandhappettirunnathayi eee vikarangal soochippikkunnu. eee pithruroopangalaal snehikkappedaan aval aagrahikkunnu, atharam sneham thanikk anubhavappedaathathil avalkk deshyamundu. pathinalam vayassil, ashbridge pettennu pithaavinte veedu upekshichu anuchithamaya vivaahathil earppettukondu purushaadhipathyathe nirasikkunnu. anchu maasathinu sesham bharthaavinte maranashesham, avalude pithaav avale thante veettilekku thirike sweekarikkaan visammathikkunnu. pithaavinte sneham veendedukkaan kazhiyunnathuvare avalude amma avale dablinilekku ayaykkunnu. eee vivaranathil, ashbridge thante ammaye oru swaagataarha vyakthiyayum pithaavine oru vikaradheena sakthiyaayum chithreekarikkunnu.
ammayil ninnu akannupokumbol ashbridge oru catholica vidhava parichayappedunnu. aval eee sthriye thante maathru maathrkayaayi bandhappedutthaan thudangukayum catholica vishwaasathil urachunilkkaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. oororutharum [avarude] prathyeka thathwangale samrakshichukondu" avar mathathekkurichu parasparam swathanthramaayi samsaarichu."eee sambhaashanangalaan aashbridjine roman catholica mathathekkurichu kauthukamullathaakkiyathu; vidhavayude" "avarude purohithanmaar cheytha atharam sakthamaaya athbhuthangale" "kurichulla kathakal aashbridjine [avalude] swantham vishwaasathil ilakkaan thudangi"."aspiridge vidhavaykkoppam kurbanayil pankedukkaan thudangi, kaaranam avalkk thaalpparyamundengilum" avarude matham sweekarikkaruthennu andhamaayi theerumaanichu."aval mathaparivartthanathinte ghattathilethunnu, pakshe catholica purohithanumaayi samsaarikkunnath avale mathathil ninnu akattinirthunnu. roman catholica vishwaasa sanbradaayathodulla aashbridjinte swaram, avar eathaandu mathaparivarthanam nadathiyittundengilum, kooduthalum nishedhaathmakamaayirunnu. avar avare "paappistukal" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunna vivaranamaayirunnu, pakshe pradhaanamaayum nishedhaathmakamaayirunnu. thante papangal ettuparayaan thanikk "vimukhatha" illengilum, purohitan thaan sathyam cheyyanamennu aagrahikkunna vishwaasangalude paaraayanatthe "parihaasya" mennu avar vilikkukayum avar "[avale] puthiya uddeshyathil ninnu aswasthayaakki" ennu parayukayum cheythu."avalude athmeeya yaathrayude eee ghattathil, purushaadhipathya sanbradaayathaal nerittu swaadheenikkappedunna oru mathathil ashbridginu urachunilkkaan kazhiyilla.
pensylvaniayilekku pookumennu vaagdaanam cheiyunna "manyayaaya sthriye" nishkalankamaayi vishwasikkumbol maathrroopangal thedaanulla aasbridjinte pravanatha kaanikkunnu. eee sthree thanne vanjichuvennu manassilakkiya sesham ashbridge avale oru "neechajeeviyayi" visheshippikkunnu."aathmakadhayile eee ghattathil, ashbridge sthreekale avarude ellah sankeernathakalilum chithreekarikkaan thudangunnu. orikkal amerikkayil, ashbridge thaan sarikkum snehikkaatha oru purushane punarvivaham cheiyunnu. vivaahathinte krithyamaaya kaaranam avar orikkalum paranjittillengilum, ashbridge soochippikkunnathu iruvareyum orumichu konduvanna eathenkilum tharatthilulla upariplavamo shaareerikamo aaya bandhamundaayirunnu ennaanu.
thante vivaahathil, orikkalkkoodi, purushaadhipathya bharanathinte adichamarthal avalkk anubhavappedunnu. purushaadhipathyathinte randaamathe nagnamaaya kalaapathil, ashbridge thante athmeeya bodhyangal pinthudaraan thante vivaahathin purathukadakkunnu. kwekar mathathil, ashbridge oru purushaadhipathya shreniyekkaal samoohabodham kandethunnu. thangalude purusha athiraalikalkku aathmeeyamaayi thulyaraayi kanakkaakkappettirunna sthree samsaarikkunnavare kwekar matham swaagatham cheythu. eee samoohathil, ashbridge purusha aadipathyamulla samoohathil ninnu rakshappedunnu. aval bhookamba yogangalil pankedukkunnathu thudarunnathinaal, hajarakatha oru purusha vyakthithvavumaayi aval karthaavine bandhappeduthunnathu avasaanippikkunnu. thante avasana mathaparivarthanaanubhavathil, oru sthree rakshayude kshanam thanikk nalkunnuvennu ashbridge rekhappeduthunnu, aval ingane parayunnu ..oru "sthree" enna shavakudeeram avalude valankayyil kathunna oru vilakku pidichu nilkkunnundaayirunnu...[aval paranju ninne srishticha ninte daivamaaya karthaavinte aduthekku nee madangukayaanenkil avan ninnodu karuna kaanikkumenn ninnodu parayaan njaan ayakkapettirikkunnu...'"
aashbridjinte mosham randaam vivaham.
thante jeevithathinte savisheshathakal kashtappaadukalum thinmakalumaanennu vaayanakkaarane ariyichukondu ashbridge thante vivaranam aarambikkunnu, athil ettavum kuranjathu avalude randaamathe bharthaavaaya sullivante kaikalilaanu. karar adimathathil ninnu mochithanaayathin thottupinnaale ashbridge thaan bahumaanikkaatha oru purushanumaayi "utharavaadithamillaatha" vivaahathilekku praveshikkunnu. thante randaam vivaahathekkurich avar parayunnu, "njaan oru krooramaaya adimathathil ninnu ennethanne mochippikkukayum kurachu masangalkkullil jeevithakalam muzhuvan mattonnil praveshikkukayum cheythu", oru budhishoonyamaaya theerumaanam avale svayam "nashicha" aayi kaanaan prerippichu. thudakkam muthal anarogyakaramaaya vaivaahika bandhangale avar soochippikkunnu, idaykkide samadhaanathinte kaalaghattangal undaayirunnittum, eee bandhatthinte savisheshatha palappozhum asanthushty durupayogavumaanu. ashbridge thante aadya bharthaavine "ente hridayathile priyappettaval" ennu paraamarshikkumbol, randaamathe bharthaavinekkurichu aval parayunnu "njaan avanil kandathonnum njaan pranayathilaayirunnilla". snaapanamettathinusesham sullivanodu kooduthal vaalsalyam thonniyathaayum yadhaartha shabbat aacharikkan thudangiyennum avar vivarikkunnundenkilum, eee nalla prasthavana avarude aathmakathaaparamaaya vivaranathil adangiyirikkunna valare kurachu prasthaavanakalil onnaanu. palappozhum, ashbridge bharthaavinte vaakkaalullathum vaikarikavumaaya durupayogathinu irayaakunnathinekkurichu parayunnu. udaaharanathinu, aval "bhookambathilekku thirinjathaayi" avan kettathinushesham, aval marichuvennu kelkkaan thaan aagrahichirunnuvennu avan avalodu parayukayum taamasiyaathe "nee" enna vaakk upayogichathinu avalodu "deshyathil" parakkukayum cheiyunnu. prathyekichu aswasthappeduthunna oru ramgathil, avalude prathirodhavum karachilum undaayirunnittum oru koottam purushasuhrithukkalude munnil thannodoppam nritham cheyyaan nirbandhichukondu addeham shaareerika peedanam prakadippikkunnu. oduvil, mattoru purushan akathekku kadannu "ningalude bharya veruthe vidaan" sullivanodu parayendi varum.
ashbridge avalude bhookamba vishwaasathe pinthudaraan dridanishchayamullavalaanenkkum avalude bharthaav avale thadayaan thante kazhivinte paramavadhi shramikkunnu. yogangalkk thante kuthiraye kondupokaan avane anuvadikkaan addeham visammathikkukayum ettu mile kaalnadayaayi nadakkaan avale nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. athrayadikam nadakkumbol avalude shoos theernnappol, ithu yogangalil avalude hajar thadayumennu karuthi avan avalkk oru puthiya jody nirasichu. aval vivarikkunnu "addeham ithuvare upayogicha ellah maargangalum ente theerumaanangale maattaan kazhinjillennu kandethiya addeham enne niravadhi thavana kadinamaaya adichu...orikkal addeham ente aduthu vannu, thante panecaif purathedutthu paranju, 'ningal naale metinginu pookaan vaagdaanam cheythaal, eee katthi upayogichu njaan ningale amgavaikalyathilaakkum, kaaranam ningal oru kwekar aakilla'. aathyanthikamayi, aval thante randaam vivaahathe "[thante] vishwaasathinte vichaarana" aayi kaanunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhagyavashaal, sullivan oduvil avale sainika sevanathilekku upekshichu marikkukayum thante mathavishwaasangaleyum abhilaashangaleyum kurichu kooduthal manassilakkunna oru purushane punarvivaham cheyyaan avalkk kazhiyukayum cheythu.
matham.
athmeeya aathmakatha.
1741-ll thante randaamathe bharthaavinte maranathinum 1746-ll aaron asbridjumaayulla vivahathinum idayil, elisabath asbridge thante mathaparamaya anubhavangalilum suhruthukkalude samoohathilekkulla parivartthanatthilum shradha kendreekarichu thante jeevithakatha record cheythu. elisabath aasbridjinte jeevithathinte munbhaagathe chila vivaranagal" enna thalakkettil, avalude aathmeeyavum charitraparavumaaya vivaranamaan avalude aadyakaala jeevithatheyum mathavishwaasangaleyum kurichulla innathe arivinte bhooribhaagathinteyum uravidam. suhruthukkal samoohathile avarude pravarthanatthinu munbu colonial amerikkayile avarude jeevithathekkurichu kurachu rekhakal maathrame nilavilulloo. avarude "vivaranathinte" yadhaartha kayyezhuthuprathi polum kanakkakkiyittilla; pilkkala pathippukal mikathum 1774-ll prasidheekaricha aadya pathippine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
kaalakramatthil, aashbridjinte katha englandile avalude kuttikkaalatthum thudarnnulla irelandilekkum amerikkayilekkum neengunnathilum aarambikkukayum avalude randaamathe bharthaavinte maranathode avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. theeyathikalum perukalum avalude aakhyaanathil ulppeduthiyittundile, athil bhooribhaagavum avalude mathaparamaya anubhavathinum "yadhaartha" vishwaasathe amgeekarikkunnathinum samarppichirikkunnu. englandile sabhayile avarude kuttikkalam, kwekar, catholica bandhukkal ennivarumaayulla avarude aadyakaala anubavangal, snapana sabhayilekkulla avarude hrasvamaaya kadannukayattam, suhruthukkalude samoohathilekkum sveekaaryathayodum koodi avasaanikkunnavayaan aathmakatha. aathmeeyavum mathaparavumaya yaathrakalude atharam rekhakal akkaalathe vishwaasikalkkidayil asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla. joonn voolmaante athmeeya aathmakatha kwaker palliyilum nyoo englandiludaneelavum valare janapriyamaayirunnu. aashbridjinte vivaranam marananantharamaayi 1774ll pensylvaniayile philadelphiyayilaanu aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. pinneedulla yogangalil, ashbridge oru bhookamba nethaavaaya vilyam haamansine kandumuttunnu. ashbridge shradheyamaayi bahumaanikkunna aadyathe purusha vyakthiyaan addeham. kwekar samoohathil sthaapithamaaya samathvathinte adisthaanathil varunna eathoru vyakthiyeyum sweekarikkaan ashbridginu kazhiyumennu thonnunnu.
aashbridjinte athmeeya aathmakadhayude nirmmaanam.
elisabath aasbridjinte jeevithathinte munbhaagathekkurichulla chila vivaranagal" enna aashbridjinte vivaranam athmeeya aathmakadhayude uyarnnuvarunna saahitya shaili upayogicha aadyathe paatamaayirunnillenkilum, avalude vivaranathinu sheshamulla varshangalil formaattinte janapreeti nilanirthaan ithu sahayichu. eee saahitya thanthram upayogikkunna ezhuthukaaril ashbridge munpanthiyilaayirunnu, mathramalla athinte nirddishta ezhuthu shailiyekkurich bodhavaanmaaraayirikkumaayinu, ennirunnaalum avar athinte ghadanaye vyakthamaayi pinthudarunnilla. avalude saakshyam avalude bhookambathe thurannukaattunnathum sweekarikkunnathum vivarikkunnu, asbridge "avalude bhayathinteyum samshayangaludeyum irayalla, marichu oru neenda pooraattatthil earppettirikkunna oru ethiraaliyaayi" kaanikkunnu, athu oduvil aval marikadakkunnu. parambaraagathamaayi, oru athmeeya aathmakadhayude rooparekha palappozhum naalu munkootty nischayichittulla gattangal pinthudarunnu
asbridge eee gattangal oronnum thantethaaya reethiyil abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. melpparanja vibhaagathil vivarichirikkunnathu, avalude katha aarambhikkunnath avalude aadya vivaham moolam kudumbatthil ninnulla verpiriyal ulppede avalude youvanathinte vishadaamshangalil ninnaan. mathavumaayulla thante poraattangalum oru prathyeka vibhagathinullil thante vyakthithvam samanvayippikkaanulla sramangalum avar oorkkunnu. ithu udan thanne vaayanakkaarante shradha kendreekaranathekkurim aashbridjinte aabhyanthara poraattathekkurichum ulla avabodhathilekku aakarshikkunnu. aashbridjinte randaam vivaahathinte aamukham avarude athmeeya aathmakadhayude randaam ghattathe soochippikkunnu. ashbridge thante randaam vivaham rekhappeduthiyathinu thottupinnaale ezhuthunnu, "mathavumaayi bandhappett avalude manass appozhum samthrupthamaayirunnilla. [avale] ariyunnavarkk, oru shaanthayaaya sthriyenna nilayil, thante perumaattam parishkarikkendivannuve [aval] samthrupthayaayirunnilla ".
avalude uthkandakal pariharikkanulla shramathil, ashbridge veendum mathathinullil avalude vyakthithvam kandethunnathinayi pravartthikkunnu. oru bhookambakkaaranaayi svayam amgeekarikkaan thudakkathil aval paadupedunnundengilum, queckerism parisheelanathinullil aval oduvil eee swathuam kandethunnu. aashbridjinte aakhyaanathinte paraakaashta avalude naadakeeyamaaya sveekaaryathayodum avasana sambhashanaanubhavathodum koodi, avalude aakhyaanathil ezhuthiyirikkunnathupole ente munvidhikal maattinirthi, [njaan] sathyam sweekarikkaan ente hridayam thurannu; athinte soundaryam enikku kaanichuthannu... ellah nizhalukaludeyum tharangaludeyum shoonyathayum njaan enikku velippeduthiyirunnu, avaa avarude kaalath uchithamaanengilum, ippol, daivaputhrante varaviloode, avasaanam, nityaneeti... athinte muriyil sthaapikkendathaayirunnu. eee divasathinaayi enne orukkuka maathramaan njaan kadannupoyathu ennu kaanaan enikku anuvaadam labhichu.
asbridges thante bharthaavinodum avane oru bhookambakkaariyaayi sweekarikkunnathumaayum poraattam thudarukayaanenkilum, thaan valare dridamaayi aagrahicha mathaparamaya samthrupthi aval kandethunnu. avarude vivaranam mathaparamaya poorttheekaranatthinte vyakthiparamaaya vivaranam mathramalla, athmeeya aathmakadhayude shailiyudeyum vikasanathinteyum pradhana udaaharanam koodiyaanu. eee saahitya gadanayude upayogam akkaalathe ezhuthukaarkkidayil saadhaaranamaayitheerukayum vyaapakamaayi janapriyamaaya prasidheekaranangal srishtikkukayum cheythu. valarunna eee pravanathayekkurichu bodhavaanmaraaya ashbridge, eee formet ayanja reethiyil pinthudarunnathinu swantham rachanakal krameekarichu, pakshe ashayaparamaayi avalude aabhyanthara pooraattatthe marikadakkaanulla avalude sramam vivarikkunnathil shradha kendreekarichu.
sanjaara mantraalayam.
1746 meyy 7 nuu pensylvaniayile chesttar kaundiyile kwaker samoohathile ariyappedunna amgamaaya aaron asbridgine elisabath vivaham kazhichu. pensylvaniayile goshen kwekar metingukalil oru aadhikaarika prabhashakayaaya avar 1752ll filadelfiyayil nadanna manthrimaarudeyum muthirnnavarudeyum pothusammelanatthil joonn woolman, jaine fenn hoscans, aanthani benesettu thudangiya mattu pramukha kwekkarmaarkkoppam prathyakshappettu. march 16nuu oppuvacha pattikayil aasbridjinte kaiyaksharatthinte avasheshikkunna oreyoru maathrkayaanu oppu. 1753-ll avar sabhayude oru rekhappeduthiya manthriyaayi maarukayum bharthaavinte sammathathode englandiloodeyum irelandiloodeyum sanjarichu thante athmeeya yaathraykk saakshyam vahikkunna meating houseukalil samsaarikkukayum cheythu.
pinneedulla varshangal.
aaron asbridge ezhuthiya oru kurippil, 1746-ll asbridge punarvivaham cheythathayi velippedunnu. aaronumaayulla vivaahathin sesham asbridge oru kwekar manthriyaayi. 1753-ll ashbridge bharthaavinte sammathathode oru "mathaparamaya sandarshanathinaayi" irelandilekku purappettu. aaa varsham avar englandil samsaarikkukayum avide avarude mathaparivarthanam cheyyappettavaril merii brook ulppedunnu. ashbridge 1755-ll irelandil vachu marichu. avarude avasana naalukal avarude aathmakadhayude prasidheekaricha pakarppil ulppeduthiyittulla aashbridjinekkurichlu irelandinte deseeya yogathinte saakshyathil ninnulla oru bhaagathil rekhappeduthiyittundu.
maranam.
irelandile korkkil, ashbridge oru anjjaatha rogam baadhichu, avalude mosham aarogyathinu kaaranam "yaathrayile shaareerika budhimuttu", "manassil athmeeya vyayaamam" ennivayaanu. aazhchakalkk sesham avar waterfordilake pooyi, avide avar veendum rogabadhithayaayi. avar moonnu maasam saha kwekar joonn hachinsante veettil asukhabaadhithayaayi chelavazhichu. thudarnnu avar carlo kaundiyil thudarnnu, avide avar roobert lekkiyude veettil thaamasikkukayum 1755 meyy 16 nuu marikkukayum cheythu. moonnu divasathinu sesham irelandile carlo kaundiyile fennaaginaduthulla balibramhil shmashaanathil avale samskarichu.
sthreekalude ezhuthinulla sambhavanakal.
pala pandithanmaarum sthreekalude rachanaykk aasbridjinte sambhavanakalekkurichu charcha cheythittundu, chilar avakaashappedunnathu, oru paridhivare, avalude 'shabdam aval thamasikkunna purushaadhipathya samskaaravumaayi uracha karaarilaanennu' avakaashappedunnu, mattullavar avale "oru purushaadhipathya samskaarathil sthree nyaayeekaranathinulla oru upakaranamenna nilayil jeevita rachanayude praadhaanyatthinte udaaharanamaayi udharikkunnu."manass, shareeram, yukthi, vikaaram ennivayude edapedalukal avarude rachanayil ulkkollanulla avarude kazhivu palappozhum ardham undakkunnathinulla oru feminist maargamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. kwaakarisathilekkulla avarude parivartthanam (avar valarnnathinekkaal kooduthal lingasamathwa jeevitashailiyum vishwaasa samvidaanavum) purushaadhipathya samoohathinu melulla vijaythe soochippikkumbol, avar ardham nalkunna bahumukha reethi sthreekalude ezhuthinu thanne oru pradhana sambhavana nalkunnu. koodaathe, aashbridjinte athmeeya vivaranam aadyakaala amerikkayile oru sthreeyude oru udaaharanam nalkunnu, avalude nibandhanakalkkanusarichu aval svayam nirmmikkuka mathramalla, lokathekku avalude svayam nirmmikkukayum svayam nirmmikkukayum cheythathiloode aval avatharippikkunna vyathyaasangal pariharikkanulla oru maargam kandethaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu.
shradhikkaavunna avastha.
ashbridge oru athmeeya aathmakadhayude aadya ezhuthukaarano aadyathe vanita kwekar mantrio allengilum, aadyakaala american saahithyathilum charithratthilum ashbridge ippozhum sradheyamaaya vyakthiyaan. chila vimarshakarude abhipraayathil, feminist saahithyathinteyum athulyamaaya sthreeshabdathinteyum rasakaramaaya udaaharanamaanu avarude "vivaranam". thangalude athmeeya kathakal pankidunnathinu purushanmaarum sthreekalum thulya utharavaadikalaanenna bhookambakkaarante vishwaasam pathinettaam noottaandil nyoo englandile vishwaasangalkkidayil asaadhaaranamaayirunnu. eee reethiyil, kwekar samooham prabalamaaya samskaarathe velluvilichu vaasthavathil, oru kaalathekku bhookamba virudha niyamanirmmanam nilavilillaattha eaka samsthaanam rooad dveepaayirunnu.