
ethir positivism

saamoohika shaasthrathil, antipositivism (vyaakhyaanavaadam, nishedaathmakatha allengil prakrithivirudhatha) ennathu prakrithishaasthrathinulla upayogikkunna anweshana reethikal upayogichu saamoohika mekhalaye padikkaan kazhiyillennum saamoohika mekhalayekkurichulla anweshanathinu vyathyasthamaaya njaanameemaamsa aavasyamaanennum nirddeshikkunna oru saidhaanthika nilapaadaanu. gaveshakar avarude gaveshanathil upayogikkunna ashayangalum bhashayum avar anweshikkukayum nirvachikkukayum cheiyunna saamoohika lokathekkurichulla avarude dhaaranakale roopappeduthunnu enna vishwaasamaanu aaa aantiposittivist epistamology adisthaanaghadakam.
manushya edapedalukalil kaanapedunna sookshumathayum vyathiyaanavum prathifalippikkaan kazhiyaathathra pothuvayathum anuyojyamallaathathumaya sidhaanthangalaaya poost-posittivisatthil asamthriptharaaya gaveshakarkidayil interprettivism (aanti-positivism) vikasichu. gaveshakarude moolyangalum vishwaasangalum avarude anweshanathil ninnu poornnamaayum neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyaathathinal, "manushyare" kurichulla "manushyare" kurichulla gaveshanathinu vasthunishtamaaya phalangal nalkaan kazhiyillennu vyaakhyaanavaadikal vishwasikkunnu. athinaal, oru vasthunishtamaaya veekshanam thedunnathinupakaram, saamoohika edapedalukalil earppedunna vyakthikalude aathmanishtamaaya anubavangalil vyaakhyaanavaadikal ardham thedunnu. pala vyaakhyaanavaadikalum avar padikkunna saamoohika pashchaathalatthil svayam muzhukukayum oru samoohathekkuricho vyakthikalude groupinekkuricho ullile nireekshanatthiloode sidhaanthangal manasilakkaanum roopappeduthaanum sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. vyaakhyaanashaasthram, prathibhasam, pratheekathmakamaaya parasparapravartthanam thudangiya daarshanika chattakkoodukalaal swaadheenikkappetta oru inductive pariseelanamaanu interprotivism. manushya bhoomishaasthram, saamoohyashaasthram, raashtrashaasthram, saamskaarika naravamshashaasthram thudangi saamoohika shaasthrathinte pala mekhalakalilum vyaakhyaana reethikal upayogikkunnu.
charithram.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil giambattista vikkoyil ninnu aarambhich pinneedu montescuvil prakrithi charithratheyum manushya charithratheyum kurichulla patanam boudhika anweshanathinte prathyeka mekhalakalaayirunnu. prakrithi charithram manushyante niyanthranatthilalla, athesamayam manushya charithram oru manushya srishtiyaanu. athinaal, prakrithi lokavum saamoohika mekhalayum thammilulla jnjaanashaasthraparamaaya vyathyaasamaan aantiposittivisathe ariyikkunnath. prakrithi lokathe athinte baahya savisheshathakalaal maathrame manassilakkaan kazhiyoo, athesamayam saamoohika mekhalaye bahyamaayum aantharikamaayum manassilakkaanum angane ariyanum kazhiyum.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, hegaliyanmaarude neethrthwathilulla budhijeevikal anubhavaparamaya saamoohika vishakalanathinte saadhyathaye chodyam cheythu. aupachaarika saamoohika shaasthram sthaapikkunnathinu munbu kaal marks marichuvenkilum, charitraparamaaya oru bhauthikashaasthra samooham sthaapikkaanulla sramamundaayittum, auguste komdeyude saamoohika prathyakshavaadathe addeham nirasichu.
emily durkheyiminte mechappetta positivism aadhunika academic sociologyudeyum saamoohika gaveshanathinteyum aditharayaayi pravartthikkukayum ennittum athinte mungamiyude niravadhi mechanical gadakangal nilanirthukayum cheythu. wilhem dilthiyeppolulla hermenuticianmaar prakrithishaasthravum saamoohikashaasthravum ('geasteswissenshaft') thammilulla vyathyaasathekkurich vishadamaayi sidhaantham nalkiyappol, heinrich recurtineppolulla navaa-kaanthyan thathwachinthakar saamoohika mekhala, athinte amoorthamaaya ardhangalum pratheekangalum ullathinaal, shaasthreeya vishakalana reethikalumaayi poruthappedunnillenna vaadichu. athesamayam, ephinomology roobarikkiloode edmund husserl posittivisatthe nishedhichu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, jarmman saamoohikashaasthranjarude aadya tharamgam "verstende" (vyaakhyaanaathmaka) saamoohika virudha positivism aupachaarikamaayi avatharippichu, gaveshanam manushya saamskaarika maanadandangal, moolyangal, chinnangal, saamoohika prakriyakal ennivayil shradha kendreekarikkanamennu nirddeshikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru ethir posittivist enna nilayil, prakrithi shaasthranjar pinthudarunnathupole "charithraparamo, maattamillaathatho, saamaanyavalkkarikkaavunnathu" bandhangalalla oraal thedunnathu.
sidhaanthavum (allengil nirmmitha ashayangalum) daattayum thammilulla edapedal ellaayppozhum saamoohika shaasthrathil adisthaanaparamaanu, eee vidheyathvam athine bhauthikashaasthrathil ninnu verthirikkunnu. amoorthathil ashayangal nirmmikkendathinte praadhaanyam durkheem thanne shradhichu (udha.jii. "koottaaya bodham", "saamoohika anomy") pareekshanangalkkayi pravarthanakshamamaaya vibhagangal roopappeduthunnathinu. weber jorg simmal saamoohika shaasthrathodulla versteen (allengil 'vyaakhyaana') sameepanathin thudakkamittu; oru baahya nireekshakan oru prathyeka saamskaarika grouppumaayi allengil thaddesheeya janangalumayi avarude swantham nibandhanakalilum avarude swantham kaazhchappaadilum bandhappedaan sramikkunna oru chittayaya prakriya.
prathyekichum simmalinte pravartthanatthiloode, saamoohikashaasthram posittivist daatta shekharanathino allengil gadanaaparamaaya niyamatthinte mahathaaya, nirnnayaka samvidaanangalkko appuram saadhyamaaya oru swabhaavam nedi. thante jeevithathiludaneelam saamoohika academyil ninnu thaarathamyena otappetta simmal, komde allengil durkheem ennathinekkaal asaadhaaranavum asthithvaparavumaaya ezhuthukaare anusmarippikkunna aadhunikathayekkurichulla savisheshamaaya vishakalanangal avatharippichu, saamoohika vyakthithvathinte roopangalilum saadhyathakalilum prathyeka shradha chelutthi. addehathinte saamoohyashaasthram manushyante daaranayude paridhikalekkurichulla oru navaa-kaanthyan vimarshanathil earppettu.
athinaal shaasthrangalude reethishaasthraparamaaya aikyam illennu antipositivism karuthunnu posittivisatthinte moonnu lakshyangal-"vivaranam, niyanthranam, pravachanam"-apoornnamaanu, kaaranam avaykku "dhaarana" illa. niyanthranam prayogikkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil kaaryakaaranatthe manassilaakkukayaan shaasthram lakshyamidunnathu. ithu saamoohyashaasthrathil vijayichaal, arivullavarkk anjare niyantrikkaan kazhiyum, ithu soshyal enchineeyaringilekku nayichekkaam.
eee veekshanam oraalkk aathmanishtavum vasthunishtavumaaya gaveshanam thammilulla rekha varaykkaanum paristhithiyum manushya samghadanayum thammil oru krithrima rekha varaykkaanum kazhiyumennathinekkurichu vivaadathinu kaaranamaayi (paristhithi saamoohikashaasthram kaanuka), koodaathe vyaakhyaanashaasthra padanatthe swaadheenikkukayum cheythu. aantiposittivisathinte adisthaana ashayangal saamoohika shaasthrathinte paridhikkapuram vikasichu, vaasthavathil, prathibhaasashaasthrathinu athe adisthaana thathwangalundu. lalithamaayi paranjaal, posittivistukal saamoohyashaasthrathe oru shaasthramaayi kaanumbol posittivistukalkku virudhamaayi kanunnilla.
frankfurt school.
vimarsanaathmaka sidhaantham sthaapikkunnathil, prathyekichu frankfurt school oof soshyal researchumaayi bandhapetta pravarthanangalil, ethir posittivist paarambaryam thudarnnu. shaasthram' allengil shaasthrathe 'prathyayashaasthramaayi' nirasikkunnathiloode ethir positivism kooduthal sugamamakkum. ellah shaasthrangaleyum oru prakrithi-shaasthreeya maathrkayilekku swaamsheekarikkunna ekeekritha shaasthrathinte posittivist theesis, saamoohika shaasthrangalum charithravum thammilulla aduppamulla bandham kaaranam paraajayappedunnu, avaa hermenutically maathram vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyunna ardhathekkurichulla saahacharya-nirddishta daaranaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu enna vastutha kaaranam paraajayappedunnu" ennu jurgan hebermas thante "oonn dhii lojik oof soshyal sciences" (1967) ll vaadikkunnu... pratheekaathmakamaayi munkootty nirmmicha oru yaadhaarthyathilekkulla praveshanam nireekshanatthiloode maathram nedaan kazhiyilla."
saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya sigmund boumaan vaadichathu "dhaarmika aashanka prakadippikkaanum mattullavarude aagrahangalumaayi thirichariyaanumulla nammude swathasidhamaaya pravanathaye posittivist shaasthravum pingamikalaaya bureaucrasy aadunikathayil adichamarthunnu ennaanu. mattonn aadhunikathayude amgeekritha vargeekaranangalumaayi 'poruthappedunnillengil' athu illaathaavaan saadhyathayund."

