
athu

 () ennathu purathana greak chinthayile oru aashayamaanu, athinte ettavum adisthaana ardhathil, eathenkilum tharatthilulla "mikavu" soochippikkunnu-prathyekichu oru vyakthiyudeyo vasthuvinteyo "saadhyathayeyo antharleenamaaya pravartthanatheyo poornnamaaya saakshaathkaaram"."dhaarmika sadgunathile mikavineyum eee padam soochippikkaam."
eee ashayam idaykkide oru cheria devathayaayi prathifalippikkappettu, (puraana raajnji aarettumaayi thettidharikkaruthu), avar sahodari homonoyayumaayi chernnu ("neethiyude krithyamaayavar") roopeekarichu.
greekkil athinte aadyakaala roopathil, mikavu enna eee ashayam uddeshyathinteyo pravarthanatthinteyo poorttheekaranamenna ashayavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu oraalude kazhivukalkk anusrithamaayi jeevikkuka. oru vyakthi ettavum uyarnna falapraapthiyullayaalaanu; atharamoru vyakthi yadhaartha phalangal nedaan avarude ellah kazhivukalum-shakti, dheerata, buddhi enniva upayogikkunnu. homerick lokath, manushyarkk labhyamaya ellah kazhivukalum saadhyathakalum ulppedunnu. purushathwa" gunangalumayi prathyekamaayi bandhappettirikkunnavum, eee padatthinte homerick upayogam linga nirddishtamaayirunnilla, kaaranam hommer eee padam greak, trojan naayakanmarkkum greak heero odeeshyasinte bhaarya penelope polulla pradhana vanita vyakthikalkkum prayogichu. homerick kavithakalil, palappozhum dheerathayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, pakshe palappozhum falapraapthiyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
chila sandarbhangalil, "sadgunamaanu arivu", "arivu" ennee padaprayogangal parasparam upayogikkappedunna manushya arivumaayi ithu vyakthamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee ardhathil, ettavum uyarnna manushyasheshi arivaanu, matellaa manushya kazhivukalum eee kendra seshiyil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. arivu aanenkil, ettavum uyarnna manushya arivu "arivinekkurichulla arivu" aanu. eee velichathil, manushya arivinekkurichulla saidhaanthika patanam, aristottil "dhyanam" ennu vilikkunnu, athu manushyante ettavum uyarnna kazhivum santhoshavumaanu.
charithram.
purathana greekkukaar () enna padam enthinum prayogichu udaaharanathinu, oru chimmaniyude mikavu, prajananam nadathunnathinulla kaalayude mikavu, oru manushyante mikavu. ellaathinum athintethaaya mikavundu ennathinaal athu vivarikkunna kaaryangale aashrayich vaakkinte ardham maarunnu; oru manushyante ardham kuthirayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. guhayude roopakalppanayil kaanaan kazhiyunna plaattoyil ninnaan eee chintareeti uthbhavikkunnath. prathyekichum, prabhukkan varggam nirvachanam anusarichu maathrkayaanennu anumanikkappettu padatthinte moolavum, shreshtamaaya kazhivum shreshtathayum kaanikkunna padatthinu thulyamaanu, koodaathe prabhukkanmaare soochippikkaan bahuvachanathil nirantharam upayogichirunnu.manushyarkk baadhakamaayathupole, (neethi), (aathmaniyanthranam) thudangiya shaanthamaaya gunangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi vikasichu. eee puthiya upayogam ulppeduthiya oru dhaarmika thathwachintha srishtikkaan plaatto shramichuvenkilum, aristottilsinte nicomachian daarmmikathayilaanu eee sidhaantham poornnamaayi poovaniyunnathu. aristottilinte sharashari sidhaantham addehathinte chinthayude oru maathrukaaparamaaya udaaharanamaanu.
praayogika vaidagdhyavum sidhaanthavum ulppede vidyaabhyaasathinte vividha lakshyangalekkurich aristottil charcha cheythu. maargangalkkaayi vidyaabhyaasam nalkunnathu aankuttikalkku jeevithathil upayogapradamaaya kaaryangalekkurichu vidyaabhyaasam nalkum. ennirunnaalum, enthaanu ulkkollunnath ennathinekkurichu oru daaranayumilla, ithu vidyaarthikale engane pariseelippikkanam ennathinekkurichulla abhipraayavyathyaasathilka nayikkunnu. mikavinteyo poorttheekaranatthinteyo pothuvaaya nirvachanam undennu parayunnath, athu krithyamaayi choondikkaanikkaan valare budhimuttaayathinaalum athu nedunnathinulla sariyaaya vazhikal valare kuravaayathinaalum oru amita prasthaavanayaayirikkam.
hommer.
homarude "iliad", "odeesi" ennivayil, pradhaanamaayum veeranmaareyum prabhukkanmareyum avarude chalanathmaka vaidagdhyatheyum shakti, dhairyam ennivayekkurichu prathyeka paraamarshatthode vivarikkunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu ithil parimithappedunnilla. udaaharanathinu, daivangalude shreshtathayil saadhaaranayaayi avarude shakti ulppedunnu, ennaal "odeesi" yill (<aii. dii. 1>), odeeshyas devanmarodu feyaasiyanmaare nalkaan aavasyappettu, ithu ivide saadhaaranayaayi samriddhi ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu. penelopes, mattoru udaaharanamaayi, sahakaranavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu, athinu agamemnon avare prashamsikkunnu. purushathwa" gunangalumayi bandhappettathaanenkilum, eee padatthinte homerick upayogam linga nirddishtamaayirunnilla, kaaranam hommer eee padam pradhana vanita vyakthithvangalkkum greak, trojan herokalkkum prayogichu.
iliad" ennathil, hommer akkillasine vivarikkunna reethi oru udaaharanamaanu. oru yodhaavinte nanmayumayum shakthiyumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. bahumaanavum lajjayumaan maanadandangalaaya dhaarmika dhruvangalaaya "prashasthiyude raashtreeyathil" etheniyan sadgunathinte maanadandangalum sanbradaayangalum pravarthikkunnuvennu debra haavi choondikkaanikkunnu."ennaanu ardham. yudhathil marikkukayo olimbiku gamesil vijayam nedukayo cheiyunnathu ("nallath") aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, athinaal ("bahumanam") arhanan. athinaal, akkillas dheeran midukkanumaaya oru yodhaavu mathramalla, thudakkam muthal thanne, troiyil yudhathil angeyattam mahathwathode marikkaan vidhikkappettirikkunnu-oru urappu nalkunnayal.
roobert faagilsinte 'odeesi' yude vivarthanathile bernard noxinte kurippukal anusarichu, 'praarthikkuka' ennathinulla greak padavumaayum 'bandhappettirikkunnu.
odeesi" yill paraamarshikkappedunna, greekkil peru ezhuthiyirikkunna (randaamathe aksharathil mattoru swaraaksharamulla) puraana raajnjiyaaya aarettumaayi eee padam thettidharikkaruthu.
vyakthithvam.
idaykkide oru devathayaayum homonoya (aikyam, aikyam, manassinte aikyam ennivayude devata) sahodariyaayum praaksidikkinte (neethiyude devata) makalaayum aarette prathiphalippichirunnu. argonotica", "odeesi" ennivayil paraamarshichirikkunna puraana raajnjiyaaya aarettumaayi avale thettidharikkaruthu, avarude peru greekkil spelling cheythirikkunnu (randaamathe aksharathil mattoru swaraaksharam).
("neethiyude krithyatha") ennaanu arettum homonoa samyukthamaayi ariyappettirunnath. pala cheria greak devathakaleyum pole, sadgunathinte vyakthithvamaayi upayogikkunna aarettinum yadhaartha puraana pashchaathalam kuravo illayo.
aarettumaayi bandhapetta avasheshikkunna oreyoru katha sophist prodicus paranju. crostodukalile herculese" ennariyappedunna ithu nayakanaaya chaaranmaarude aadyakaala jeevithathekkurichaanu. oru kavalayil, oru yuva kanyakayaayi aarett chaaranmaarkk prathyakshappedukayum avanu mahathwavum thinmaykkethiraaya pooraattatthinte jeevithavum vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu; avalude prathiroopamaaya kakia () addehathinu sambathum anandavum vaagdaanam cheythu. arabikalude paatha pinthudaraan chaaranmar theerumaanichu.
eee katha pinneedu olimbasile methodius, justin rakthasakshi, alexandriayude klement, siseriyayude tulsi thudangiya kristhyan ezhuthukaar upayogichu.
upayogathinte udaaharanagal.
athlattiks.
 athlattik parisheelanathekkurichum cheruppakkaaraaya aankuttikalude vidyaabhyaasathekkurichu charcha cheiyunnathil plaatto ithu upayogichu. oru manushyante jeevithathinu manasse shareeravum athmaavum oronnum vikasippikkendathunde pothuve vishwasikkappettirunnu. ithu nedunnathinu athlattiks undaayirikkanam enna chinthayilekku nayichu. avarkk oraalude jeevan edukkenda aavashyamillaayirunnu, manassin athmaavinum mattu maargangaliloode vyayaamam cheiyunnathupole shareerathe sariyaaya avasthayilekku vyayaamam cheyyuka maathramaan cheythath.
pydia.
 purathana greekkukaarude oru pradhana bhagamaanu aankutty purushathvathilekku parisheelippikkuka. eee parisheelanatthil greekkukaar vikasippichedutha shaareerika pariseelanavum, prabhashanavum vaachaadopavum adisthaana shaasthrangalum ulppedunna maanasika pariseelanavum, samgeethavum sadgunavum ulppedunna athmeeya pariseelanavum ulppedunnu.