
dravida janatha

pradhaanamaayum dakshineshyayil thamasikkunnathum eathenkilum dravida bhashakal samsarikkunnathumaaya oru bhashaaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya grouppaanu dravida janatha, dravida-samsarikkunnavar allengil dravider. ekadesham 250 dasalaksham thaddesheeya dravida bhashakal samsaarikkunnavarund. dakshinenthyayile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum draavidabhaasha samsaarikkunnavaraan, india, paakistaan, afgaanisthaan, bangladesh, maldieves, neppaal, bhoottaan, srilanka ennividangalil thaddesheeyamaayi kaanapedunnu. sameepakaala kudiyettatthiloode singapur, moureeshyas, maleshya, france, dakshinaafrikka, mianmer, kizhakkan aphrica, caribean, yunaittad arab emirates ennividangalilum dravida janathayundu.
moonnaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil aadya-draavidarude thaalkkaalika theeyathi" soochippikkunna aadya-dravida bhashakal indian nagarikathayil samsaarikkappettirikkam, athinusesham athu vividha dravida bhaashakalilekku shaakhayaayi. thekkan draviden onnaaman (thamizhinu munbullava ulppede), thekkan draviden randaaman (thelunginu munbullava ulppede) enniva bii. sii. pathinonnam noottaandil vibhajikkapettu, mattu pradhana shaakhakal ekadesham ore samayam vibhajikkapettu.
draavidarude uthbhavam "gaveshanathinteyum samvaadathinteyum valare sankeernamaaya vishayamaan". indian upabhookhandathile thaddesheeyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna ivaykku padinjaaran eshyayil ninnu, prathyekichu iranian peedabhoomiyil ninnu aazhathilulla pree-neolithic verukal undayirikkaam. avarude uthbhavam palappozhum indu thaazhvara samskaaravumaayi bandhappettathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athinaal bisi randaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil indu thaazhvara samskaarathinte pathanatthinu sesham aalukalum bhashayum kizhakkum thekkum vyaapichu, chilar intho-aaryan samsaarikkunnavarude varavinu thottumunbu nirddeshikkunnu, avarumaayi avar theevramaayi samvadichu. janithakaparamayi, purathana indus thaazhvarayile janangal praadhamikamaayi praadeshika vettayaadal-shekharana grouppukalil ninnulla vyathyastha alavilulla vamshaparambarayulla oru "iranian" vettayaadal-shekharanakkaar (allengil karshakar) vamshaparambarayilppettavaranu. aadhunikakaalathe draavidabhashakar samanamaaya janithaka ghadana kaanikkunnu, ennaal paashchaathya steppi meyikkunnavarude poorvvikarude oru cheria bhagam vahikkunnu, koodaathe praadeshika vettakkara-shekharana grouppukalil ninnulla adhika sambhaavanakalum undayirikkaam.
bisi moonnaam noottaand muthal dakshinenthyayil paandya, chola, chera, pallava, saathavahana, chaalukya, kakatheeya, raashtrakooda thudangiya niravadhi mahathaaya saamraajyangalude vikasanam nadannu. madhyakala dakshinenthyan samghangalum "karnataka, manigramam ennivayude ayyavol" polulla vyapara samghadanakalum thekkukizhakkan eshyan vyaapaarathilum eee pradeshatthinte saamskaarika indianvalkkaranathilum pradhana punk vahichu.
pradhana kendrangalile shailiyilulla kshetra vaasthuvidya kallu, venkala silpangalil chithrangal nirmmikkunnathum dravida drishyakalayil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. chola kaalaghattatthile shilpam hindumathathinte pratheekamaayi sradheyamaayitheernnir. indiayile thamizhnaattile shree ranganathaswamy kshethram lokathile ettavum valia hindu kshethramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. dravida shailiyil nirmmicha eee kshethram 156 ekkar (631,000 chathurashra meter) visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
enna samskritha padatthinte uthbhavam tamizhaanu. samskrithathil, pinneedu "thamizha" yill ninnu parinamicha "damela", "dameda", "dhamila", "daamila" thudangiya vaakkukal oru vamseeya swathuathe soochippikkaan upayogikkaamaayirunnu. samskritha paarambaryatthil dakshinenthyayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshathe soochippikkaanum 'enna vaakk upayogichirunnu. bii. sii. iii. aaram noottaand muthal anchaam noottaand vare "damela" allengil "dameda" vyakthikale paraamarsikkunna niravadhi likhithangal velichathu vannittulla purathana indiayil atharamoru vamseeya vibhaagathinte shilashasana thelivukal kandethiyittundu. kalinga bharanadhikaariyaaya kharavelayude hatigumpha likhitham bii. sii. iii 150-leeii oru "tii (aarr) meera samghatta" (thamizh bharanaadhikaarikalude konfedarasi) yeei paraamarsikkunnu. appozhekkum 113 varshamaayi thamizh raajyangalude leag nilavilundaayirunnuvennu athil paraamarsikkunnu. innathe aandhraapradeshile amaravathiyil pothuvarsham moonnaam noottaandile oru "dhameela-vania" (thamizh vyaapaari) yeei paraamarsikkunna oru likhitham undu. athe kaalathe mattoru likhitham nagarjunakondayil oru "daamila" yeei paraamarshikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. kanheri guhakalil moonnaamathe likhitham oru "dhameela-ghaarini" (thamizh veettudamasthan) yeei soochippikkunnu. akiti jathaka" ennariyappedunna budhamatha jathaka kathayil "dameela-ratha" (thamizh rajavamsham) yekkurichu paraamarshamund.
draviden" enna engleesh vaakk aadyamaayi upayogichathu roobert caldwell thante thaarathamya dravida vyaakarana pusthakatthil 'thanthravartthika' enna kruthiyil 'samskritham' enna vaakk upayogichathine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane, 'samskrithathil' enna vaakk charitraparamaayi dakshinenthyayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangale mothatthil soochippikkaan upayogichittundu. chila sidhaanthangal 'umm' umm thammilulla vyulppaadanathinte dishayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu; swelebilineppolulla bhaashaashaasthranjar disha 'muthal' vareyaanennu avakaashappedunnu.
vamseeya vibhagangal.
aandhraapradeshil ninnum thelankaanayil ninnumulla thelunkukaar, thamizhnaad, srilanka, maleshya, singapur ennividangalil ninnulla thamizh, karnaadakayil ninnulla kannada, keralatthil ninnulla malayaalikal, karnaadakayil ninnulla thulu janatha ennivayaanu ettavum valia dravida vamseeya vibhagangal.
bhasha.
dravida bhasha kudumbam lokathile ettavum pazhakkam chenna bhashakalil onnaanu. nilavil india aarr bhaashakale classical bhashakalaayi amgeekarichittundu, avayil naalu dravida bhashakalaaya thamizh, telung, kannada, malayalam ennivayaanu.
ettavum kooduthal samsaarikkunna dravida bhashakal telung (τελογο), thamizh (τηmiλιλι), kannada (τεννδ), malayalam (τελιλη), brahui (τεραι), thulu (τε), gondi, coorg ennivayaanu. dravida bhasha kudumbatthil moonnu upavibhaagangalund vadakkan dravida, madhya dravida, thekkan dravida, indian upabhookhandathile anubandha pradesangalumaayi mikka bhaagavum poruthappedunnu.
intho-aaryan bhaashakalude ghadanayilum vaakyaghadanayilum dravida vyaakarana swaadheenam dravida bhashayil intho-aarya vyaakarana swaadheenathekkaal valare valuthayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. madhya intho-aryan puthiya intho-aryan oru dravida uparithalathilaan nirmmichathennu vaadichukondu chila bhaashaashaasthranjar eee vairudhyam vishadeekarikkunnu. indo-aaryan bhaashakalilum thirichum noorukanakkinu dravida vaipa padangalundu.
david maclappin, addehathinte elamo-dravida sidhaantham enniva prakaram, innathe thekkupadinjaaran iraanil sthithi cheiyunna elaamil ninnu (eelamumaayi thettidharikkaruthu) indiayilekku kudiyeriyathiloodeyaanu dravida bhashakal indiayilekku konduvannathu. phalabhooyishtamaaya chandrakkala iranian bhaagath ninnulla karshakaraanu proto-draavidane indiayilekku konduvannathennu 1990-kalil renfrove kavalli-sphorsa vaadichittundu, ennaal aduthide heggerty renfrove abhipraayappettath "bhasha daattayekkurichulla mekaalpinte vishakalanam, athinaal addehathinte avakaashavaadangal yaadhaasthithikathayil ninnu valare akaleyaan", mattu bhashakalumaayi dravida bhaashaykk oru bandhavum illennu fuller kandethukayum angane athu indiayile thaddesheeyamaanennu anumaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. niravadhi saahacharyangal daattayumaayi poruthappedunnuvennum "bhashaaparamaaya juurii ippozhum valare puratthaanennum renfrove baann nigamanam cheiyunnu."
oru aadyabhasha enna nilayil, aadya dravida bhasha charithrarekhayil saakshyappeduthiyittil. athinte aadhunika sangalppam punarnirmmaanatthe maathram adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. bisi naalam sahasraabdathilaanu eee bhasha samsaarichathennum bisi moonnaam sahasraabdathode vividha shaakhakalaayi vighadikkaan thudangiyennum abhipraayappedunnu. krishnamoorthiyude abhipraayathil, aadya-dravida bhasha indian samskaarathil samsaarikkappettirikkam, ithu moonnaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil aadya-dravida bhaashayude thaalkkaalika theeyathi soochippikkunnu."bii. sii. pathinonnam noottaandil thekkan draviden onnamanum (thamizhinu munbullava ulppede) thekkan draviden randaman (thelunginu munbullava ulppede) verpirinjathaayum mattu pradhana shaakhakal ekadesham ore samayam verpirinjathaayum krishnamoorthi parayunnu.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
draavidarude uthbhavam "gaveshanathinteyum samvaadathinteyum valare sankeernamaaya vishayamaan."avaa indian upabhookhandathile thaddesheeyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, pakshe padinjaaran eshyayil ninnu, prathyekichu iranian peedabhoomiyil ninnu aazhathilulla pree-neolithic verukal undayirikkaam. dakshineshyayude janasamkhyaashaasthraparavum puraavasthushaasthraparavumaaya charithrathekkurichulla padanangal soochippikkunnathu praadhamikamaayi neolithic allengil neolithic-munkaala vettakkaarum iranian peedabhoomiyil ninnulla krishikkaarum, "neolithic iranian karshakarum" mattu padinjaaran yureshyakkaarum, thaddesheeya dakshineshyan vettakkaarum ("poorvvikar purathana dakshineshyakkaar" aasi ennum ariyappedunnu), aandamaaneesumaayum mattu kizhakkan yureshyakkaarumaayum vidooramaayi bandhappettirikkunna aazhathilulla poorvvikar thammilulla oru mishrita sambhavathil ninnaan aadyakaala dravider roopappettathu ennaanu. draavidarude uthbhavathinum vyapanathinum rund saahacharyangalund. janithaka vivarangalum puraavastu, bhashaaparamaaya thelivukalum adisthaanamaakkiyulla indus thaazhvara mekhalayil ninnulla uthbhavam, athil ivcyile janangal proto-draviden pracharippichu, allengil kizhakkan upabhookhanda indiayile pree-indus grouppukalil ninnullath, ithu upabhookhanda indiayile sasyajanthujaalangalekkur padaavaliyumaayi poruthappedunnu. jagros parvathanirakalil ninnu kizhakode dakshineshyayiludaneelavum proto-draavidarude kudiyettatthe vardhichuvarunna thelivukal pinthunaykkunnu. eee kudiyettam sii aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. bisi 10,000, mikka aadhunika dakshineshyakkaarudeyum prabalamaaya vamshaparambara gadakamaanu, ithu palappozhum dravida bhaashakalude vyaapanavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
aadhunika kaalath vividha dravida bhashakal samsarikkunnavar pradhaanamaayum indiayude thekkan bhagam kaivashappeduthiyittundu, intho-aaryan upabhookhandathilekkulla kudiyettatthinu munbu dravida bhasha samsarikkunnavar indian upabhookhandathiludaneelam vyaapakamayirunnirikkanam. horren tudu parayunnathanusarichu, "pala academic gaveshakarum vadakkupadinjaaran indiayil sthithicheyyunna mahathaaya indu thaazhvara samskaarathinte avashishtangalumayi draavidanmaare bandhippikkaan sramichittundu... ennaal dakshinenthyayilekkum maddhya indiayilekkum abhayaarthikalude intho thaazhvaraykku sheshamulla kudiyettamaanu dravider enna oohaapohangal maathramaan ithu."atharam avakaashavaadangal unnayikkunna ettavum sradheyanaaya pandithan ivc-lipikalekkurichu vipulamaaya gaveshanam nadatthiya asco paarpolayaan. paakkisthaanile baloochisthaanile brahui janasamkhyaye chilar oru avashishta janasamkhyaykku thulyamaaya bhashayaayi kanakkakkunnu, ithu orupakshe dravida bhashakal munbu valare vyaapakamaayirunnuvennum avaykku pakaram varunna intho-aaryan bhashakal upayogichirunnuvennum soochippikkunnu. innu thamizh, malayalam, telung, kannada ennee bhashakal indiayile janasamkhyayude 20 shathamaanatholam varum.
harappakkaare draavidaraanennu karuthunna asco parpola, mehergad (bisi 7000 muthal sii. bisi 2500), indas nadeethadatthinte padinjaaru, indas thaazhvara samskaarathinte oru munnodiyaanu, athinte nivaasikal indas thaazhvarayilekku kudiyeri indas thaazhvara samskaaramaayi maari. dakshineshyayile krishiyudeyum kannukaali valarthalinteyum thelivukalulla aadyakaala saittukalil onnaanith. lookkaakkukaludeyum hemphillinteyum abhipraayathil, mehergadile neolithic, chalcolithic (chembu yugam) samskaarangalkkidayil sakthamaaya thudarchayundenkilum, dental thelivukal kaanikkunnath chalcolithic janasamkhya mehergadile neolithic janasamkhyayil ninnu vannathallennu, ithu "jeane ozhukkinte mithamaaya alavu soochippikkunnu". mehergadile navashilaayugam nivaasikalude nerittulla vamshavali pingaamikale mehergadinte thekkum kizhakkum, vadakkupadinjaaran indiayilum decan peedabhoomiyude padinjaaran attatthum kaanapedunnu", navashilaayugam mehergad mehergadinu thekkulla chaaloklithik inaamgaanumaayi kooduthal aduppam kaanikkunnu, chalcolithic mehergad ennathinekkaal.
indus thaazhvara samskaaram.
dravida identification.
indian upabhookhandathinte vadakkupadinjaraayi sthithi cheiyunna indus thaazhvara samskaaram (bisi 900) chilappol draavidamathakkaaraanennu thirichariyappedunnu. ithinakam 1924-ll, aii. vii. siyude kandethal prakhyaapikkumbol, (athilonnu) bhasha (kall) draavidamaayirikkaamennu joonn marshell prasthaavichu. purathana indu thaazhvara samskaarathinte aadya-dravida uthbhavathinte sakthamaaya thelivukalaayi gaveshakar henry heraz, kaamil swelebil, asco parpola, iraavatham mahadevan ennivar saamskaarikavum bhashaaparavumaaya samanathakal udharichittundu. thamizhnaattil oru puthiya shilaayugathinte avasaanathe kandethal (bisi randaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil, i.iii. harappan pathanatthinu sheshamulla) indu chinnangal kondu adayaalappeduthiyathaayi aaropikkappedunna kallu draveedian identificationil pradhaanamaanennu chilar kanakkakkunnu.
chinnangal oru logosyllabic lipi prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu yoori norosov anumaanikkukayum computer vishakalanathe adisthaanamaakki, adisthaana bhaashaykk ettavum saadhyathayulla sthaanaarthiyaayi oru agglutinative dravida bhasha nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. oru aadya-dravida anumaanathe adisthaanamaakki adayaalangalude niravadhi vaayana nirddeshicha henry heraasinte kruthiyaanu norosovinte nirddeshathinu munbu undaayirunnathu.
indus lipiyum haarappan bhashayum "dravida kudumbatthil pettathayirikkaam" ennu bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya asco parpola ezhuthunnu. computer vishakalanam upayogichu likhithangal anweshikkunnathil parpola oru finnish samghathe nayichu. oru aadya-dravida anumaanathe adisthaanamaakki, avar niravadhi adayaalangalude vaayana nirddeshichu, chilar herakaludeyum norosovinteyum nirddeshitha vaayanakalodu yojikkunnu ("malsyam" chinnathe malsyathinulla dravida padamaaya "miinii" maayi thulanam cheiyunnathu polullava) ennaal mattu niravadhi vaayanakalodu viyojikkunnu. 1994 vare parpolayude kruthikalekkurichulla samagramaya vivaranam addehathinte "desifering dhii indas skript" enna pusthakatthil nalkiyittundu.
idivu, kudiyettam, dravidianisation.
200 varsham neenduninna varalchayude pradhana kaaranamaaya eee mekhalayile kalavastha vyathiyaanamaan harappan kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil indus thaazhvara samskaarathinte thakarchaykkum kizhakottulla kudiyettatthinum kaaranamenn paaliyoklaimattolajistu vishwasikkunnu. indus thaazhvara samskaarathin kramena avarude nagara aikyam nashtappedunnathaayi thonni, koodaathe avarude nagarangal kramena haarappan kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil upekshikkappettu, thudarnnu indian upabhookhandathilekkulla intho-aaryan kudiyettatthinu munbu kizhakottulla kudiyettam nadannu.
dakshinenthyayil harappananthara/dravida swaadheenangalude prakriya thaalkkaalikamaayi "draavidavalkkaranam" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu aii. vii. sii. yudeyum purathana poorvvika dakshinenthyan janathayudeyum harappananthara mishrithathil prathifalikkunnu. ennittum, krishnamoorthiyude abhipraayathil, intho-aaryan kudiyettatthinu munbu dravida bhashakal dakshinenthyayil athiyirikkaam.
dravida, intho-aaryan edapedalukal.
dravida substrate.
dravida bhasha intho-aaryan bhaashakale swaadheenichu. dravida bhashakal vipulamaaya lexical (padavali) kadamedukkal kaanikkunnu, ennaal intho-aaryanil ninnu kadamedukkunna gadanaaparamaaya (phonological allengil vyaakarana) chila swabhaavasavisheshathakal maathrame kaanikkunnulloo, athesamayam intho-aaryan dravida bhashakalil ninnulla lexical kadangalekkaal kooduthal gadanaaparamaayathaanu kaanikkunnath. eee savisheshathakalil palathum ariyappedunna ettavum pazhaya intho-aaryan bhashayaaya "rigveda" thinte bhashayil ithinakam nilavilundu (c. bii. sii. iii. 1500), athil draavidayil ninnu kadamedutha oru dasaniladhikam vaakkukalum ulppedunnu. samhithakalil ninnu pilkkala veda kruthikaliloodeyum shaasthreeya poost-vaidika saahithyathilekkum naam neengumbol dravida swaadheenathinulla bhashaaparamaaya thelivukal kooduthal shakthamayi valarunnu. ithu purathana draavidarum intho-aaryanmaarum thammilulla aadyakaala mathaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya samyojanatheyo samanvayatheyo prathinidheekarikkunnu.
malloryude abhipraayathil rigvedathil muppath muthal naalpat vare dravida kadamedutha padangal undennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. kulaya" nestt, "" kulfa "" kanankaal "," "vadi", "kula" "charivu", "bila" "pollayaya", "" khaala "" kalikkunna thara "enniva dravida padaprayogangalkku urappullavayaan. athesamayam jeey. block emm. rigvedathinte ettavum pazhaya bhagangal ithinakam rachichathinu sesham intho-aryanmaar ithinakam dravida bhasha samsaarikkunna pradeshathekku mariyathaayi vitsel vishwasikkunnu.
thomasan coffman parayunnathanusarichu, "shift" ennathiloode, athaayath thaddesheeya draavidabhaashakal soochi bhashakal padikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode draviden soochippikkunnathine swaadheenichathinu sakthamaaya thelivukalundu. erdosi parayunnathanusarichu, pazhaya intho-aaryan bhashakalil dravida gadanaaparamaaya savisheshathakalude saannidhyathinulla ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya vishadeekaranam aadyakaala intho-aaryan samsaarikkunnavaril bhooribhaagathinum oru dravida maathrubhaashayundaayirunnu, athu avar kramena upekshichu. onniladhikam aantharika vishadeekaranangaliloode soochakathile noothana swabhaavasavisheshathakal vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyumenkilum, aadyakaala dravida swaadheenamaanu ellah puthumakalkkum oresamayam kaaranamakunna oreyoru vishadeekaranam. aadyakaala dravida swaadheenam soochippikkunna niravadhi noothana swabhaavasavisheshathakalkk kaaranamaakunnu, nirddeshikkappetta eathoru aantharika vishadeekaranathekkaalum mikachathaanu. swelebil parayunnathanusarichu, "indiayile pree-intho-aaryan, pree-dravida dvibhaashaavaadam phonology, vaakyaghadana, padavali ennee mekhalakalil indo-aaryan bhashakalil draavidarude dooravyaapakamaaya swaadheenathinu vyavasthakal nalkiyennu niravadhi pandithanmaar theliyichittundu."
samskrithavalkkaranam.
kuru saamraajyathinte uyarchayode indian upabhookhandathinte vadakkulla janasamkhya pradhaanamaayum intho-aaryan bhashakal samsaarikkunnathinaal indiayiludaneelam swaadheenam cheluthiya oru samskrithavalkkarana prakriya aarambhichu.
dravida saamrajyangal.
bisi moonnaam noottaand muthal chera, chola, pandian, chudu, raashtrakooda, vijayanagar, pallava, chaalookya, hoisala, mysur raajyam thudangiya valia dravida saamraajyangaludeyum ayy, alupa, padinjaaran ganga, kizhakkan ganga, kadamba, kalabhra, andhra ikshuvaakku, vishnukundina, padinjaaran chaalookya, kizhakkan chaalookya, seena, kakkadiya, reddy, mysur, jaffna, travancore, venad, kochin, kannanoor, kozhikode, nayakka thudangiya cheria raajyangaludeyum vikasanam kandu.
madhyakala vyapaaravum swaadheenavum.
madhyakala thamizh samghangalum ayyavol, manigramam thudangiya vyapara samghadanakalum thekkukizhakkan eshyan vyaapaarathil pradhana punk vahichu. vyaapaarikalum mathanethaakkalum thekkukizhakkan eshyayilekku yaatra cheyyukayum eee pradeshatthinte saamskaarika indianvalkkaranathil pradhana punk vahikkukayum cheythu. grantha, pallava lipi thudangiya praadeshikamaayi vikasippicha lipikal khemar, javanese kavi, baybane, thaay thudangiya niravadhi thaddesheeya lipikalude vikasanathinu kaaranamaayi.
eee samayathaan dravider musleem vyaapaarikale abhimukeekarikkukayum aadyathe thamizh musleengalum sreelangan moorukalum prathyakshappedukayum cheythath.
europian kondaakt (1500 muthal).
vasco dii gamayeppolulla porchugees paryavekshakar pradhaanamaayum aadhunika keralatthile kozhikode (innu kozhikode ennu vilikkunnu) sugandhavyanjana vipanikalkkayi vikasippikkaan prachodanam nalki. ithu mangalapuram ulppede karnadakayudeyum keralatthinteyum padinjaaran theerangalil porchugees kolanikal sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu. eee samayat porchugees jesuit purohithanmaarum ethi aadhunika keralam, karnataka, thamizhnaad ennividangalile cheriyoru vibhaagam aalukale, prathyekichu paravaarukale, catholicaraayi parivartthanam cheythu.
dravida samskaaram.
mathavishwaasam.
vaidika grandhangalkku sheshamulla aagama, vaidika, vaidika ithara grandhangale swaadheenichirikkaavunna oru jeevathmaparavum vedaparamallaathathumaaya mathatthinte roopamaanu purathana dravida matham. agamangal" pradhaanamaayum kshethranirmmaanathintam "moorthi" srishtiyudeyum reethikal, devanmaarude aradhana marggangal, daarshanika sidhaanthangal, dhyana reethikal, aarr agrahangal kaivarikkal, naalu tharam yoga enniva ulkkollunna thamizh, samskritha grandhangalaanu. graamatthile devathakaleyum hindumathathile vishudha sasyajanthujaalangaleyum aaraadhikkunnath vaidika-vaidika mathatthinte nilanilppayi amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu. purathana draavidarum intho-aaryanmaarum mattu praadeshika gadakangalum thammilulla mathaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya samyojanamaayi hindumathathe kanakkakkaam.
purathana thamizh vyaakarana kruthikalaaya tholkkappiyam, patthu samahaarangalaaya pattupaattu, ettu samahaarangalaaya ettuthokai enniva aadyakaala purathana dravida mathathilekku velicham veeshunnu. neela mayilmel irikkunna, ennum cheruppavum thilakkavumulla chuvanna devan" ennu "thamizharude priyappetta devan" ennu murugane (seyyon ennum ariyappedunnu) mahathwappeduthi. shivan paramonnatha daivamaayum kanakkaakkappettirunnu. murukanteyum shivanteyum aadyakaala prathimakalum thaddesheeya sasyajanthujaalangalumaayulla avarude bandhavum indu thaazhvara samskaarathilekku pookunnu. maanasikavastha, kaalavastha, bhoomi ennivayude adisthaanathil sangam bhooprakrithiye "thynais" enningane anchu vibhagangalaayi tharamthirichittundu. eee 'thinai' kalkk oronninum 'kurinchi' yill (kunnukal) seyyon, 'mullaay' yill (vanangal) thirumal, 'maruthamil' (samathalangal) kotravai, 'naitalil' (theerangalum kadalum) vanchi-qoo thudangiya anubandha devathakal undayirunnathaayi tholkappiyam paraamarsikkunnu. innu hindu mathatthile pradhana devathakalaaya krishnanum balaraman ennu ippol ariyappedunna mayyonum valiyum aayirunnu paraamarshicha mattu devanmar. ithu purathana draavidarum intho-aaryanmaarum thammilulla aadyakaala mathaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya samyojanatheyo samanvayatheyo prathinidheekarikkunnu, ithu kaalakramena indian samskaarathe swaadheenikkukayum roopappeduthukayum cheytha vishudha prathimakal, paarambaryangal, thathwachintha, sasyajaalangal, janthujaalangal ennivayil kooduthal prakadamaayi.
thamizhatthiludaneelam oru raajaavine prakrithyaa daivikanaayi kanakkaakkukayum mathaparamaya praadhaanyam nalkukayum cheythirunnu. bhoomiyile daivathinte prathinidhi' yayirunna rajaavu 'daivathinte vaasasthalam' ennartham varunna 'koyilil' thaamasichirunnu. kshethrathinulla aadhunika thamizh vaakk "koyil" () aanu. raajaakkanmaarkk aachaaraparamaaya aaradhanayum nalkiyirunnu. qoo" ("rajaavu"), "irai" ("chakravarty"), "andavar" ("keezhadakkunnayal") thudangiya aadhunika padangal ippol praadhamikamaayi daivangale soochippikkunnu. madurayil bharichirunna meenaachiyumaayo pinneedu indrayil layikkunna vanji-qoo enna devathayumaayo shivan nadatthiya pouraanika vivaham pole eee gadakangal pinneedu hindumathathil ulppeduthi. kireedadhaaranam cheytha moonnu rajaakkanmaare "swarggathaal mahathwappeduthiya moonnu" ennu tolkappiyar paraamarsikkunnu. draavidabhaasha samsaarikkunna dakshinenthyayil, daivika raajathvam enna ashayam samsthaanavum shethravum pradhana punk vahikkunnathilekku nayichu.
sthreethvathe aaradhikkunna oru samoohathinte soochanayaayi maathrdeviyude aaradhanaye kanakkakkunnu. eee maathrdeviye oru kanyakayaayi kanakkaakkukayum ellaavarkkum janmam nalkukayum saadhaaranayaayi shakthisavumayi bandhappettirikkukayum cheythu. sangam kaalathe shethrangalil, pradhaanamaayum maduraayile shethrangalil, deviyude purohithimaarundaayirunnathi thonnunnu, avar pradhaanamaayum oru devathayaayum kaanapedunnu. samghasaahithyathil, pallava purohithayaaya kurava purohitan paalamuthircholayi kshethrathil nadatthiya aachaarangalekkurich vishadamaaya vivaranamundu.
aadyakaala draavidarkkidayil, naattukkal, viragal ennee smaaraka kallukal sthaapikkunna reethi prathyakshappedukayum sangam yugathinushesham pathinaram noottaand vare athu valarekkalam thudarukayum cheythu. yudhathil vijayam thedunna aalukal vijayathode anugrahikkunnathinaayi eee veerakkallukale aaraadhikkunnath pathivaayirunnu."
vaasthuvidya drishyakalayum.
"eiii. dii. anchaam noottaand muthal ezhaam noottaand vare prachaarathilundennu kanakkaakkappedunna mayamaatha, manasara shilpa ennee grandhangal vaasthushaasthra roopakalppana, nirmmaanam, shilpam, joyinari technic ennivayude dravida shailiyekkurichulla guidebukkukalaanu. "dakshinenthyayilum maddhya indiayilum indiayile nirmmanakala vivarikkunna onpathaam noottaandile mattoru grandhamaanu 'isaanashivagurudeva pathathi'. utharenthyayil, aaram noottaandil ninnu vyaapakamaayi udharikkappedunna purathana samskritha maanuvalaan varaahamihirayude "brihath-samhita", ithu "nagara" shailiyilulla hindu kshethrangalude roopakalppanayum nirmmanavum vivarikkunnu. parambaraagatha dravida vaasthuvidya pratheekathmakathayum aagamangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. agamangal uthbhavam vedamallaathavayaanu, avaa poost-vedic grandhangalaayo pree-vedic rachanakalaayo kanakkaakkappedunnu. pradhaanamaayum shethranirmmaanavum "moorthi" srishtikkalum, devanmaarude aradhana marggangal, daarshanika sidhaanthangal, dhyana reethikal, aarr agrahangal kaivarikkal, naalu tharatthilulla yoga ennivayude reethikal ulkkollunna thamizh, samskritha grandhangalude oru samaahaaramaan "agamangal".
chola shailiyilulla shethrangal mikkavarum sthiramaayi thaazhepparayunna moonnu bhagangal ulkkollunnu, avaa vyathyastha reethikalil krameekarichirikkunnu, pakshe avaa nadappilaakkiya praayathinanusarichu maathram vyathyaasappettirikkunnu
iva koodaathe, oru dakshinenthyan kshethrathil saadhaaranayaayi "kalyani" allengil "pushkarni" enna oru tank undu-vishudha aavasyangalkko purohithanmaarude soukaryathino upayogikkunnu-purohithathvatthinte ellah klaasukalkkumulla vaasasthalangal athinodu chernnirikkunnu, koodaathe mattu kettidangal samsthaanathino soukaryathino vendiyaanu.
naadakam, nritham, samgeetham.
naadakatthinteyum nrithathinteyum samgeethathinteyum parambaraagatha roopathinte saahitya thelivukal bisi moonnaam noottaandilethaanu. silappathikaram" polulla purathana saahithyakruthikal oru sangeetha sanbradaayathe vivarikkunnu. samghayugathinte thudakkathil naadaka samskaaram thazhachuvalarnnu. naadaka-nritha paarambaryangalkku dairkhyameriyathum vaividyamaarnnathumaaya charithramund, avayude uthbhavam ekadesham rund sahasraabdangalkku munbu "kottukotty", "kaapaalam", "pantharangam" thudangiya nritha-thiyettar roopangalil ninnu kandethanakum, avaa kalithokai enna purathana kavithaasamaahaarathil paraamarsikkappettundu. veshyakalum devadaasikal ennariyappedunna oru vibhaagam sthreekalum parisheelikkunna "katheer kasseri" ennariyappedunna pazhaya kshetra nritha roopangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu bharathanaadyam polulla nritha roopangal.
karnataka samgeetham uthbhavichath dravida mekhalayilaanu. indian samgeethathil pershyan, soofi samgeethathinte vardhichuvarunna swaadheenathode, panthrandaam noottaand muthal shailiyil vyakthamaaya vyathyasam prathyakshappettu. niravadhi saahithyakruthikal karnataka shailiyil rachikkappedukayum taamasiyaathe dravida pradeshangalil vyaapikkukayum cheythu. vijayanagar saamraajyathile krishnadevaraayarude kottaaratthil thaamasichirunna purandara daasanaanu ettavum sradheyanaaya karnataka samgeethajnjan. addeham karnataka samgeethathinte adisthaana ghadana roopappeduthukayum karnataka samgeethathinte "pitamaha" ("littu", "pithaav" allengil "muthachan") aayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu. purandaradaasante samakalikanaaya mattoru sradheyamaaya karnataka samgeethajnjanaanu kanakadasan.
pradhana dravida bhashakalil oronninum svanthamaayi chalachithra vyavasayamaaya collywood (thamizh), tollywood (telung), chandanam (kannada), mollywood (malayalam) ennivayundu. collywood tollywood chernnaanu indiayil ettavum kooduthal sinimakal nirmmikkunnath.
vasthrangal.
dakshinenthyayile draavidabhaashikar avarude pradeshathe aashrayich praadeshika aachaarangalum paarambaryangalum swaadheenikkunna vaividhyamaarnna parambaraagatha vasthrangal dharikkunnu. dravida purushanmaarude ettavum parambaraagathamaaya vasthram thamizhil "veshti" ennum kannadayilum thelungilum "panche" ennum malayaalathil "mundu" ennum vilikkunna lunki allengil kooduthal aupachaarikamaaya dhoti aanu. varnnabhamaaya check cheytha parutthi thuniyaanu lungiyil adangiyirikkunnathu. palappozhum eee lunkikal tube aakruthiyilullathum araykku chuttum kettiyathumaanu, kooduthal kadinamaaya pravarthanangalkkaayi kaalmuttukalkk mukalil eluppathil kettaan kazhiyum. saadhaaranayaayi dainamdina vasthramaan lunki, ithu prasavathinu upayogikkunnu, athesamayam dhoti kooduthal aupachaarika avasarangalil upayogikkunnu. pala graameenarudeyum vasthramaayi oru lungi maathrame ulloo. dhutik saadhaaranayaayi vella niramaan, idaykkide chuvapp, pacha, svarnnam ennivayude athirthiyum undu. kooduthal dainamdina upayogathinaayi saadhaaranayaayi parutthi kondaanu dhotthikal nirmmikkunnath, ennaal kooduthal chelaveria pattunool dhothikal uthsavangal, vivahangal thudangiya prathyeka chadangukalkkayi upayogikkunnu.
dravida sthreekalude parambaraagatha vasthram mikka indian sthreekaludeyum saadhaaranamaanu, saariyude. arayil pothinju tholil pothinja oru thuniyaanu eee saariyil adangiyirikkunnathu. thudakkathil saarikal nagnamaayi dharichirunnuvenkilum victorian kaalaghattatthil sthreekal saariyodoppam blouse (ravik ennu vilikkunnu) dharikkan thudangi. vaasthavathil, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare mikka kerala sthreekalum uyarnna vasthrangalonnum dharichirunnilla, allengil niyamaprakaaram nirbandhitharaakukayum pala gramangalilum, prathyekichu gotra samoohangalil, blouse illaathe saarikal dharikkukayum cheythirunnu. indo-aaryan samsaarikkunnavaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vadakkan karnaadakayile pradeshangalilozhike mikka dravida sthreekalum pallu kondu thala moodunnilla. saari pothiyunnathinte sankeernnatha kaaranam, ilaya penkuttikal "pavada" enna paavaadayil ninnaan aarambhikkunnath. praayamaakumbol, praayapoorthiyaakumbol, avar arayil kettiya pavadayum blousil pothinja thuniyum chernna "langa vonnie" allengil pakuthi saariyilekku maarunnu. praayapoorthiyaaya sesham penkuttikal saari upayogikkaan thudangunnu. pradeshangalilum samoohangalilum vyathyasthamaaya niravadhi vyathyastha shailiyilulla saari drupping undu. thamizh braahmana samudaayathinu prathyekamaayittulla madisar, mundam neriyathu ennivayaanu udaaharanagal.
ayodhanakala kaayikavum.
dakshinenthyakkaar pothuve vaalyudhathil vaidagdhyamullavaraanennum, addehathinte walpite kaaranam dakshinenthyan rajyangal keezhadakkaan sahadevane thiranjedutthuvennum mahaabhaarathathil bheeshman avakashappettu. dakshinenthyayil kalarippayatt, silambam thudangi vividha tharatthilulla aayodanakalakal parisheelikkappedunnu.
purathana kaalath ethir bharanadhikaarikal thammilulla tharkkangal pariharikkunnathinayi maranam vare pothuyudhangalaaya "ankangal" undaayirunnu. chila samudaayangalil, praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar penkuttikalkku praadhamika pariseelanam labhichu. vadakkan pattukaal" naadodikkadhakalil kuranjathu kurachu vanita yodhaakkalenkilum pariseelanam thudarukayum uyarnna vaidagdhyam nedukayum cheythu.
dravida vamseeya vibhaagangalkkidayil kambala, jallikkett, kabadi, vallam kaali, aattinkuttikalum kaduvakalum, maramaadi thudangiya kaayika enangal shakthamayi thudarunnu.

