call kalappa

nilam krishi cheiyunnathinaayi calveta pole upayogikkunna oru tharam kalappayaan calveta.
nyoosilaand.
europil ninnulla loha phaam upakaranangal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnathinu munbu, mavori janatha poornnamaayum maram kondu nirmmicha call kalappayude oru pathippaanu upayogichirunnathu.
scotland.
vadakkupadinjaaran skotlandil prachaarathilulla scotish gaelic bhashayil vividha enangalkku niravadhi padangal adangiyirikkunnu, udaaharanathinu neraaya inathinum mukalilum 'strait phoott', ennaal 'bent phoott' aanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya inam, ithu valanja spedine soochippikkunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya varshangalil hebrideukalil kaas-crome upayogashoonyamaayi.
1760-ll scotish malanirakale vivarichukondu saamuval punchiri ezhuthi kalappa ithuvare malambradeshangalilekku thulachukayariyirunnilla; europile matellaa raajyangalilum noorukanakkinu varshangalayi marannupoyirunna "valanja call" enna aksharaarthatthil kaas-crome enna upakaranam, yunaittad kingdatthinte mattu bhaagangalil ninnu erekkure kadannupokaan kazhiyaatha parvathanirakalaal verpeduthappetta malambradeshangalude aaa bhaagangalil krishi cheiyunnathil upayogichirunna eaka upakaranamaayirunnu.
parakal neekkam cheiyunnathinulla liver, bhoomi murikkunnathinulla oru spade, athu thirikkunnathinulla oru call-kalappa ennivayude parushamaaya samyojanamaayirunnu kaas-crome. ... ekadesham pathinettu poundu bharamundaayirunnu athinu.  athu pravartthippikkumbol, idathu kaii prayogicha handilinte mukal bhagam thozhilaalliyude tholil ethi, cheruthaayi uyarthiyathinaal, irumbu kondu pothinja pooyint thirascheenamaayi nilathekku thallappettu; handle romabhaagathekku chaaychukondu mannu thirikkukayum athe samayam kuthikal upakaranathinte pooyint uyarthunnathinulla oru fulkramaayi pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu.  thakarkkappedaatha nilam uyarthunnathil, ithu aadyam kuthikal ettavum mukalilaayi upayogichu, tirikkaan paadatthinte veethi murikkan strockukal thallukayum cheythu; athinusesham, mukalil vivarichathupole thirascheenamaayi upayogichu.  purathana kaarshikamekhalayude eee rasakaramaaya avashishtathe thaazhepparayunna reethiyil prathinidheekarikkunnathin oru paarlamentari neela pusthakathodu naam kadappettirikkunnu.  1821 epril epril house oof koomans achadikkaan utharavitta 'malayora rodukaludeyum paalangaludeyum kammeeshanarmaarude onpathaamathe report' enna anubandhathil ithu nalkiyittundu. parukkan, kallu, asamamaya nilam kaaranam oru saadhaarana kalappaykku pravartthikkaan kazhiyaatha nilam tirikkaan upayogikkunna malayora pradeshangalude savisheshamaaya krishiyude oru upakaranamaayirunnu ithu. ithu valare puraathanamaan, ithu thaazhepparayunna reethiyil amstrong vivarikkunnu
padinjaaran dveepukalil, oru call kalappa upayogichu, oru saadhaarana eetti upayogichu oru manushyan naalu aalukalude jolie cheyyaan kazhiyum, kuthira kalappayumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ithu porenkilum, ithu raajyathin anuyojyamaanu.
andees.
europiarude varavinu munbu puthiya lokath ariyappettirunna ettavum noothanamaaya kaarshika upakaranam andean footplo aayirunnu, ithu oor simple ennum ariyappedunnu. ithu kuzhikkunna vadiyil ninnu parinamikkukayum moonnu gunangal samyojippikkukayum cheythu mettal pooyint, curved handle, footrest. mattoru thaddesheeya upakaranavum sooad kuzhikkunnathil kaalinte sammarddam upayogichilla, ithu columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla amerikkayil mattevideyengilum ariyappedunna ellah kaarshika upakaranagalil ninnum vyathyasthamakki. thaarathamyena lalithamaaya oru upakaranamaanengilum, central aandeesil kooduthal sankeernamaaya saankethikavidya avatharippichu valarekkaalathinusesham ithu nilanilkkunnu, koodaathe chila saahacharyangalil kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayirikkavunna aadima roopangale kooduthal noothanamaaya puthumakal maattisthaapikkunnille athinte nilanilkkunna saannidhyam theliyikkunnu.
charitraparamaaya vitharanavum roopangalude nilavile vaividhyavum thekkan peruvile parvathapradeshathe uthbhavasthalamaayi choondikkaanikkunnu. inca saamraajyathinte vipuleekaranathode, inca saamrajyam vadakku ecodorilekkum thekk boliviyayilekkum kondupoyi, avide aadyakaala colonial rachanakal athinte saannidhyam sthireekarichu. spaaniyaardukal keezhadakkunnathinu munbo sheshamo thekkan chiliyil ithu orikkalum sambhavichittillayirikkam.
ennirunnaalum, inkakalude aashayathin valare munbuthanne peruvian theerathu thamasikkunna kaarshika janatha sambhavana cheythirikkaam. mochikka samskaaram () ennariyappedunna chembu-shaad kuzhikkunna vadi oru mungaamiyaayirunnirikkam. theerathe chimu samskaarathil (pothuvarsham 1300) ninnulla manpaathrangalude praathinidyangalum aadyakaala upakaranangalude avashishtangalum kuranjathu aaa samayathenkilum athinte vikasanam sthireekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, theeradesha marubhoomiyile pottia mannu eluppathil thirikkappettu, atharamoru upakaranam vikasippikkanulla prachodanam orupakshe aduthulla malambradeshangalil ninnaan.
aaa ennu vilikkunna kalappa purushanmaar upayogichu. thadiyudeyo venkalathinteyo oru pooyint attamulla oru thoon kondum mukalil oru handle allengil vakrata kondum thaazhe oru call vishramavum kondu nirmmichathaanu ithu.
inca chakravarty anugamicha pravishya prabhukkanmaarum kaarshika chakratthinte thudakkathil "bhoomiyude udghaadanam" chadangil call kalappa upayogichu. incan krishi oru tharam call kalappa upayogichirunnu.
 peruvian, bolivian aandisinte chila bhaagangalil thaddesheeya paithrukamulla karshakar ippozhum iva upayogikkunnu. aadhunikarkk oru steel pooyint undu.

