
joonn haarisan

samudrathil rekhamsham kanakkaakkunna prashnam pariharikkunnathinulla deerghakaalamaayi aavashyappedunna upakaranamaya maraine chronometer kandupidicha oru engleesh marappanikkaranum clock makerumaanu joonn haarisan (-24 march 1776).
haarisante pariharam naavigeshanil viplavamundaakkukayum deerghadoora kadal yaathrayude suraksha valareyadhikam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. 1707leeii naavika duranthathetthudarnnu addeham pariharicha prashnam valare pradhaanamaanennu kanakkakkappettirunnathil britiish paarlament 1714 rekhamsha niyamaprakaaram 20,000 poundu (poundinu thulyamaaya) vare saambathika prathiphalangal vaagdaanam cheiyukayaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum rashtreeya sathrutha kaaranam haarisanin orikkalum poornnamaayum eee prathiphalangal sweekarikkaan kazhinjilla.
1730-ll haarisan thante aadya design avatharippikkukayum mechappetta designukalil varshangalolam pravartthikkukayum samayapalana saankethikavidyayil niravadhi munnettangal nadathukayum oduvil zee vaachukal ennu vilikkappedunnavayilka thiriyukayum cheythu. thante roopakalppanakal nirmmikkunnathilum pareekshikkunnathilum haarisan rekhamsha boardil ninnu pinthuna nedi. jeevithaavasaanathode addehathinu paarlamentil ninnu amgeekaaravum prathiphalavum labhichu. bii. bii. siyude 2002leeii 100 grettast brittanukalude pothu votteduppil haarisan 39-aamm sthaanathethi.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
yorkshareile vestt ridingile foulbiyilaanu joonn haarisan janichathu, addehathinte kudumbatthile anchu makkalil aadyatheyaalaayirunnu. addehathinte randaanachan aduthulla nassel priyari estettil marappanikkaaranaayi jolie cheythirunnu. kudumbaveedinte sthalathulla oru veedinu neela phalakam undu.
1700 oode haarisan kudumbam linkanshayar gramamaaya baaro oonn humberilake thamasam maari. oru marappanikkaaranenna nilayil pithaavinte vyaapaarathe thudarnnu, haarisan thante ozhivusamayangalil gadikaarangal nirmmikkukayum attakuttappanikal nadathukayum cheythu. aaram vayassil vasuri baadhicha kidakkayilvechu svayam rasippikkaan addehathinu oru vaachu nalkappettathaayum athu kelkkaanum athinte chalikkunna bhagangal padikkaanum addeham manikkoorukalolam chelavazhichathaayum aitihyam parayunnu.
samgeethathodulla thaalpparyavum addehathinu undaayirunnu, oduvil baaro parish palliyude chairmaastaraayi. 1713ll 20-aamm vayassil haarisan thante aadyathe longkes clock nirmmichu. eee samvidaanam poornnamaayum maram kondaanu nirmmichathu. haarisante aadyakaala thadi klokkukalil moonnennam nilanilkkunnu aadyathethu (1713) munbu landanile gildhall clock makermaarude shekharathinte aaraadhanayulla kambaniyilum 2015 muthal sayans myoosiyathil pradharshippichirikkunnu. randaamathethu (1715) landanile sayans myusiyathilum moonnaamathethu (1717) yorkshareile naasayude priyariyilum "joonn haarisan baaro" enna likhitham ulla mukhathumaanu. eee bhangiyulla veedinte billiards muriyil mookkinte udaaharanathil, oru victorian outtar cases undu, athil chalanatthinte iruvashathum cheria glass janaalakalund, angane thadi pravartthanangal parisodhikkaam.
1718 august 30nuu joonn haarisan baaro-oonn-humber palliyilvechu elisabath baarattine vivaham kazhichu. 1726-ll avarude maranashesham, 1726 november 23-nuu athe palliyilvechu addeham elisabath skottine vivaham kazhichu.
1720-kalude thudakkathil, north linkanshayarile brocklesby parkkil oru puthiya gopura gadikaaram nirmmikkaan haarisane niyogichu. clock ippozhum pravartthikkunnu, addehathinte muun klokkukaleppole ookkinteyum lignum vittayudeyum thadi chalanamundu. addehathinte aadyakaala klokkukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, samayapaalanathe mechappeduthunnathinulla chila yadhaartha savisheshathakal ithu ulkkollunnu, udaaharanathinu vettukkili rakshappedal. 1725num 1728num idayil, john addehathinte sahodaran, oru vidagdha joyiner koodiyaayirunna james, ookku, lignum vitta enniva upayogichu nirmmicha chalanangalum longkes upayogichu kuranjathu moonnu krithyamaaya longkes klokkukalenkilum nirmmichu. grid-irumbu pendulam eee kaalayalavilaanu vikasippichath. 2000ll museum adachupoottunnathuvare amerikkayile time myoosiyathinte bhagamaayirunna onnaam nambar, 2004ll lelathil vitharanam cheyyappedunnathuvare, ippol oru swakaarya shekharathilaanu. randaam nambar leads sitti myoosiyathilaan. joonn haarisante nettangalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna oru sthiramaaya pradarshanatthinte kaathalaya ithu, "joonn haarisan lokathe maattimaricha clockmaker", athinte audyogika udghaadanam 2014 januvari 23 nuu nadannu, rekhamsha niyamatthinte trikonamaasathe adayaalappeduthunna aadyathe rekhaamshavumaayi bandhapetta ivant. nambar 3 klokkmekkarmaarude shekharathinte aaraadhanayulla koottatthilaanu.
niravadhi kazhivukalulla oru vyakthiyaayirunnu haarisan, pendulam klokkinte prakadanam chittayayi mechappeduthaan addeham iva upayogichu. taapa vipuleekaranangalum sankochangalum parasparam radhaakkaan vendi marimari pichalayum irumbu vadikalum ulkkollunna gridiron pendulam addeham kandupidichu. addehathinte kandupidutha prathibhayude mattoru udaaharanam vettukkili rakshappedal aayirunnu-oru klokkinte driving power ghattam ghattamayi purathuvidunnathinulla oru niyanthrana upakaranam. nankooratthil ninnu rakshappedunnathil ninnu vikasippichedutha ithu mikkavarum gharshanarahithamaayirunnu, thadi kondaanu paalatukal nirmmichirikkunnathil lubrication aavasyamilla. lubricantukalum avayude apachayavum athrayonnum manassilaakkappedaatha oru samayat ithu oru pradhana nettamaayirunnu.
kadal gadikaarangalekkurichulla thante munkaala pravarthanangalil, vaachu maker upakarana nirmmaathaavumaaya jorjju graham haarisane saambathikamaayum mattu pala reethiyilum nirantharam sahayichu. harrison addehathinte kruthikaleyum vijayicha jyothishaasthranjanaaya royal edmund haaliyaan haarisane graahathinu parichayappedutthiyathu. eee pinthuna haarisanin pradhanamaayirunnu, kaaranam thante ashayangal yojicha reethiyil ashayavinimayam nadatthaan addehathinu budhimuttaayirunnu.
rekhamsha prashnam.
prime meridian ennu vilikkunna vadakku-thekk rekhayude kizhakotto padinjarotto bhoomiyile oru sthalathinte sthaanam rekhamsham nischayikkunnu. prime meridianil 0° muthal + 180° kizhakode −180° padinjarottum ulla oru koneeya alavaayaan ithu nalkiyirikkunnath. karayilethumbol oru kappalinte kizhakk-padinjaaru sthaanathekkurichulla arivu anivaryamaayirunnu. oru neenda yaathraykk sesham, dedd akkoundingile sanjitha pishakukal palappozhum kappal thakarchayilekkum valia jeevahaaniyilekkum nayichu. lokamembaadum vyapaaravum navigation naadakeeyamaayi vardhichukondirunna oru kaalaghattatthil atharam duranthangal ozhivaakkunnath haarisante jeevithakaalathu pradhanamaayi.
oru kadalyaathrayil rekhamsham engane nirnnayikkaam ennathinekkurichu niravadhi ashayangal nirddeshikkappettu. jemma frisius aadyamaayi nirddeshicha oru lalithamaaya sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakki greenwich allengil paarees polulla reference sthalathe ariyappedunna samayavumaayi praadeshika samayathe thaarathamyam cheyyaan muun reethikal shramichu. vividha swargeeya vasthukkalude chalanangalude pravachanatheethamaaya swabhaavathe aashrayichirunna jyotishaasthra nireekshanangale eee reethikal aashrayichu. reference sthalathe samayam krithyamaayi kanakkakkaan budhimuttu ullathinaal atharam reethikal prashnakaramaayirunnu.
reference sthalathinte samayam nilanirthaan kazhiyunna oru vishwasaneeyamaaya clock nirmmichukondu prashnam nerittu pariharikkan haarisan purappettu. thaapanila, marddam allengil eerppam ennivayile vyathiyanangal baadhikkaathathum deerghakaala edavelakalil krithyatha pularthunnathumaaya oru clock nirmmikkunnathilum uppuvellathile naashanashtatthe prathirodhikkunnathilum nirantharam neengunna kappalil pravartthikkaan kazhiyunnathilum addehathinte budhimuttu undaayirunnu. aisak nyoottan, kristhyan hyujans ennivarulppede niravadhi shaasthranjar atharamoru clock eppozhengilum nirmmikkaan kazhiyumennu samshayichu, koodaathe rekhamsham kanakkakkunnathinulla chandradura reethi polulla mattu reethikale anukoolichu. rekhamsham nirnnayikkunnathinulla reethikalaayi pendulavum sarppila balance spring clock upayogichu hyujans pareekshanangal nadatthi, rund tharangalum asthiramaaya phalangal nalkunnu. oru nalla vaachu kurachu divasathekku kadalil oru kanakk sookshikkaanum oru aakasha nireekshanatthinte samayam ariyanum sahayikkum; oru mikacha tharatthilulla vaachu kandethunnathuvare oru nalla ratnam mathiyakum" ennu nyoottan nireekshichu. ennaal kadalile rekhamsham nashtappedumbol, athu oru nireekshanatthiloodeyum veendum kandethaan kazhiyilla.
aadyathe moonnu maraine timekeepermaar.
1720-kalil, engleesh clock maker henry salli rekhamsham nirnnayikkaan roopakalppana cheytha oru maraine clock kandupidichu ithu oru valia balance wheel ulla oru klokkinte roopathilaayirunnu, athu friction rollerukalil lambamaayi gadippikkukayum frictional restt debaffer tharam escapement vazhi prachodippikkukayum cheythu. valare asaadhaaranamaayi, balance aandolanangal niyanthrikkunnath oru charadukondu baalansil gadippichirikkunna oru pevoted thirashcheena livarinte avasaanathilulla bhaaramaan. eee pariharam taapa vipuleekaranam kaaranam thaapanila pishak ozhivaakki, ithu steel balance springukale badhikkunna oru prasnamaanu. kappalinte pitching, rolling enniva balance aandolanangale baadhichathinaal shaanthamaaya kaalaavasthayil maathrame salliyude clock krithyamaaya samayam nilanirtthiyulloo. ennirunnaalum, eee reethiyil rekhamsham kandethanulla aadyathe gurutharamaaya sramangalil onnaayirunnu addehathinte klokkukal. haarisante yanthrangal valare valuthaanenkilum samanamaaya leauttilaanu echu 3 nuu lambamaayi gadippicha balance wheel undu, athe valippathilulla mattoru chakravumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, ithu kappalinte chalanatthil ninnu undaakunna prasnangal illaathaakkunna oru krameekaranamaanu.
1716-ll salli thante aadya kruthi franch akkadami dess sayansinu samarppikkukayum 1726-ll prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
1730ll, rekhamsha sammaanathinaayi malsarikkunnathinu haarisan oru maraine clock roopakalppana cheyyukayum saambathika sahayam thedi landanilekku pookukayum cheythu. addeham thante ashayangal jyothishaasthranjanaaya edmund haliyodu avatharippichu, addeham raajyathe munnira gadikaara nirmmathaavaaya jorjju graahathilekku addehathe ruffer cheythu. thante "zee clock" enna maathruka nirmmikkaan panam kadam vaangiyathinal haarisante ashayangal graahathe aakarshichirikkanam. asaadhaaranamaamvidham mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavecha thadi pendulam klokkukalude kadal pathipp nirmmikkanulla sramamaayathinaal addeham thadi chakrangal, roller piniyanukal, 'vettukkili' escapementinte oru pathipp enniva upayogichu. oru pendulathinu pakaram, addeham rund dumble baalansukal upayogichu, avaa orumichu bandhippichirikkunnu.
haarisan thante aadyathe kadal gadikaaram (allengil echu 1) nirmmikkaan anchu varshameduthu. rekhamsha bordinode thanikkuvendi samsaaricha rajakeeya samoohathile amgangalkku addeham athu pradharshippichu. kadal vichaaranaykk yogyamaanennu board kanakkakkiya aadyathe nirddeshamaayirunnu clock. 1736ll haarisan kyapttan jorjju proctorude neethrthwathil echms centurianil lisbanilekku kappal kayarukayum 1736 october 4nuu lisbanil proctor marichathine thudarnnu echms oorfoordil madangukayum cheythu. purathekkulla yaathrayil samayam nashtappettu. ennirunnaalum, madakkayaathrayil ithu mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavachu "orford" nte captanum sailing maastarum roopakalppanaye prashamsichu. echu1 upayogichu haarisan shariyaayi pravachicha kappal athinte yadhaartha landfallin arupath mile kizhakkayi sthaapichathaayi maasttar abhiprayappettu.
ithu board oof longitude aavasyappetta atlaantik kadalyaathrayalla, pakshe kooduthal vikasanathinaayi haarisanin 500 poundu nalkaan board paryapthamaayirunnu. 1737 aayappozhekkum haarisan landanilekku thamasam maarukayum kooduthal othukkamullathum parukkanthumaaya echu2 enna pathipp vikasippikkukayum cheythu. 1741-ll, moonnu varshathe nirmmaanathinum rund karaa parisodhanaykkum sesham, echu 2 thayyarayirunnu, pakshe appozhekkum austriyan pinthudarchaavakaasha yudhathil brittan spainumaayi yudhathilaayirunnu, eee samvidaanam spanish kaikalilekku veezhaanulla apakadasaadhyatha valare pradhaanamaanennu kanakkakkappettu. enthaayaalum, baar balance enna aashayathil gurutharamaaya design pishak kandethiyappol haarisan eee randaamathe yanthrathile ellah jolikalum pettennu upekshichu. baar baalansukalude andolana kaalayalav kappalinte yaving pravartthanam (kappal thirinjappol, tacking cheyyumbol "varunnath" polullava) baadhikkumenn addeham thiricharinjirunnilla. ithaanu moonnaam zee klokkil (echu 3) vrithaakrithiyilulla baalansukal sweekarikkaan addehathe prerippichathu.
board addehathinu 500 poundu koodi nalki, yuddham avasaanikkunnathinaayi kaathirikkumbol addeham echu 3-ll pravartthikkaan thudangi.
eee moonnaamathe 'zee klokki' ll haarisan pathinezhu varsham chelavazhichu, pakshe ellah sramangalum nadathiyittum athu thaan aagrahichathupole krithyamaayi pravarthichilla. balance veelukale niyantrikkaan upayogikkunna springukalkk pinnile bhauthikashaasthram haarisan poornnamaayum manassilaakkaathathinaal, chakrangalude samayam isocronous aayirunnilla, ithu athinte krithyathaye baadhicha oru savisheshathayaanu. enchiniyaring lokathinu mattoru rund noottaandukalolam atharam prayogangalkkulla neeruravakalude gunangal poornnamaayum manassilaakkendivannil. ithokkeyaanengilum, athinte nirmmaanatthil ninnu valareyadhikam padichathupole ithu valare moolyavathaaya oru pareekshanamaanennu theliyikkapettu. theerchayaayum eee yanthrathil haarisan lokathinu rund nilanilkkunna paarambaryangal vittu-bimetalic strip kej roller bairing.
rekhamsha vaachukal.
muppath varshathe pareekshanangalil vividha reethikal sthiramaayi pinthudarnnathinu sesham, graahaminte pingamiyaaya thomas mudge nirmmicha chila vaachukal thante valia kadal gadikaarangal pole thanne krithyathayode samayam sookshikkunnuvennu haarisan athbhuthappeduthi. 1740-kalude thudakkathil benchamin hundsman nirmmicha puthiya "hundsman" allengil "cruisible" steelinte labhyatha kaaranam 1740-kalude thudakkathil ithu cheyyaan madjinu kazhinjekkaam, ithu kadinamaaya piniyanukale praapthamakki, ennaal athilum pradhanamaayi, kooduthal kaduppameriyathum kooduthal minukkiyathumaaya silindar escapement ulppaadippikkaan ithu sahayichu.
oru vaachu maathram aaa dauthyathinu vendathra krithyamaakkaamennum oru maraine timekeeper enna nilayil upayogikkunnathinulla valare praayogikamaaya nirddeshamaanennum haarisan pinneedu manassilakki. mikacha shaasthreeya thathwangale adisthaanamaakki oru samayapalana upakaranamaayi vaachu enna ashayam punarroopakalppana cheyyaan addeham thudarnnu.
"jepharis" vaachu.
1750 kalude thudakkathil thanne addeham swantham upayogathinaayi oru krithyamaaya vaachu roopakalppana cheythirunnu, athu vaachu nirmmathaavaaya joonn jepheris addehathinaayi nirmmichu. eee vaachil oru puthiya frictional restt escapement ulppeduthukayum thaapanila vyathiyaanangalkk nashtapariharam nalkunna aadya vaachu mathramalla, parikkukalullappol vaachu thudaraan prapthamaakkunna haarisante roopakalppanayude aadyathe miniyechar "goying train fusey" ulkkollukayum cheythu. eee savisheshathakal "jepheris" vaachinte valare vijayakaramaya prakadanatthilekku nayichu, ithu haarisan nirmmikkaan nirddeshicha rund puthiya timekeepparmaarude roopakalppanayil ulppeduthi. iva oru valia vaachinteyum mattoru cheria valippathilullathum ennaal samanamaaya paatteninteyum roopathilaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, valia nambar maathram. 1 (allengil chilappol "echu4" ennu vilikkappedunna) vaachu eppozhengilum poortthiyaayathaayi thonnunnu (chuvadeyulla "echu4" ennathinekkurichulla reference kaanuka). landanile chila mikacha thozhilaallikalude sahaayathode, rekhaamshathil thante kappalinte sthaanam krithyamaayi vilayiruthaan oru naavigettare anuvadicha lokathile aadyathe vijayakaramaya maraine timekeeper roopakalppana cheyyaanum nirmmikkanum addeham thudarnnu. pradhanamaayi, rekhamsham kanakkakkaan oru vaachu upayogichu ithu cheyyaan kazhiyumennu haarisan ellaavarkkum kaanichukodutthu. akkaalathe oru valia pokkatt vaachinu samanamaaya soundaryathinte upakaranamaya ithu haarisante maastarpees aayirikkanam. onnaam nambar adayaalappeduthiyathum 1759-leeii theeyathiyullathumaaya haarisante oppu kondu ithu kothivachittundu.
echu4.
haarisante aadyathe "zee vaachu" (ippol echu4 ennariyappedunnu) chila vyaasamulla velli jody kesukalilaanu sookshichirikkunnathu. annathe nilavile parambaraagatha chalanatthinte oru valia pathippin samaanamaayi aaa kaalaghattatthile klokkinte chalanam valare sankeernamaanu. oru pichala maine spring baaralinullile oru coiled steel spring 30 manikkoor vaidyuthi nalkunnu. fusey ennariyappedunna konaakrithiyilulla kappikk chuttum pothinja oru shringhala valikkunna fusey barrell ithu moodunnu. fusic mukalil winding square undu (prathyeka qee aavasyamaanu). eee fuseyude adithattil gadippichirikkunna valia chakram backie chalanatthilekku shakti kaimarunnu. murivundaakumbol echu4 nilanirthunnathinulla oru samvidaanamaaya maintainance power fusiyil adangiyirikkunnu. goldil ninnu 
thaarathamyappeduthumbol, arikile escapementinu parimithamaaya balance arkkulla oru recoyil undu, koodaathe driving torkile vyathiyaanangalodu sensitiivu aanu. echu. yude oru avalokanam anusarichu. emm. 1878-leeii prasthaanatthinte mangiya roopamaaya echu4-nte rakshappedalinu "oru nalla 'settu' undaayirunnu, athrayadikam pinnottilla, thalphalamaayi avesham eratta chronometer pravarthanatthinu valare aduthethi".
haarisante escapementinte dii aakruthiyilulla paalatukal randum vajram kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, ekadesham 2 millimeter neelavum 0.6 millimeter valanja vashathinte vyaasavum; akkaalathe nirmmaanatthinte ganyamaaya nettamaayirunnu ithu. saankethika kaaranangalal balance aaa kaalaghattatthile parambaraagatha nireekshanathekkaal valare valuthakki, vyaasathil bharavum neelamulla nerttha vaalulla 3 tenukalulla paranna sarppila steel spring niyanthrikkunna vibrationukalum. spring taper cheythirikkunnu, stad attathu kattiyullathum madhyabhaagathulla kolettilekku taper cheiyunnathumaanu. eee chalanathinu oru sweep second kaii upayogichu sentar second chalanavumundu.
moonnaamathe chakratthil aantharika pallukal sajjeekarichirikkunnu, koodaathe eee kaalayalavile thulachathum kothupanikalullathumaaya paalathinu samanamaaya vipulamaaya paalavumund. secondil 5 beettukalil (tick) oodunna ithu oru cheria second remontoire sajjeekarichirikkunnu. fuseyude sthaanam upayogichu sajeevamaaya oru balance break, remontoire kurayaathirikkaan vaachu poornnamaayum pravarthanarahithamaakunnathi araa manikkoor munbu nirtthunnu.
thaapanila nashtapariharam oru 'compensation curb' (allengil haarisan vilikkunnathupole 'thermometer kirb') roopathilaanu. ithu regulating slidel gadippichirikkunna oru bimetalic strippinte roopamedukkukayum free endle curb pinnukal vahikkukayum cheiyunnu. prarambha parishodhanaykkide, haarisan slide upayogichu eee niyanthranam nadappaakkiyenkilum athinte soochippikkunna dial allengil figure pease avide upekshichu.
eee aadya vaachu nirmmikkaan aarr varshameduthu, thudarnnu porttsmoutthil ninnu jamaikkayile kingstanilekkulla yaathrayil ithu pareekshikkaan board oof longitude theerumaanichu. 1761 november 18nuu porttsmoutthil ninnu purappetta 50 thokkilaanu ithu sthaapichathu. 68 vayassaayappozhekkum haarisan thante makan vilyaminte samrakshanathinaayi eee atlaantik trans trialil ayachu. porttsmoutthile academyude maasttar robartsan purappedunnathinu munbu vaachu pareekshichu, 1761 november 6 nuu uchakazhinju ithu 3 second mandagathiyilaayirunnuvennum sharashari sourasamayathu 9 divasathinullil 24 second nashtappettuvennum report cheythu. athinaal vaachinte dainamdina nirakk prathidinam secondukal nashtappedunnuvennu nischayichu.
deptford" athinte lakshyasthaanathu athiyappol, 81 divasangalilum 5 manikkoorilum prathidina nirakkil 3 second pizhav thiruthukayum 3 minitt 36.5 second nashtam shekharikkukayum cheythappol, kingstaninte ariyappedunna rekhaamshavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vaachu 5 second mandagathiyilaanennu kandethi, ithu 125 minitt rekhaamshathile pishakin allengil ekadesham oru nottikkal mile. vilyam haarisan 14 thokkukalil thirichetthi, 1762 march 26 nuu englandilethi pareekshanatthinte vijayakaramaya phalam report cheythu. haarisan seeniyar appol 20,000 poundu sammaanathinaayi kaathirikkukayaayirunnu, ennaal krithyatha bhagyam maathramaayirikkumenn board bodhyappedukayum mattoru vichaarana aavasyappedukayum cheythu. nirmmikkaan aarr varshamedutha oru timekeeper rekhamsha niyamathinu aavashyamaaya praayogikathayude pareekshanam niravettunnuvennu boardinu bodhyapettilla. haarisanukal roshakularaakukayum avarude sammanam aavasyappedukayum cheythu, ithu oduvil paarlamentilekku ethi, athu roopakalppanaykkaayi 5,000 poundu vaagdaanam cheythu. haarisanmaar visammathichuvenkilum oduvil prashnam pariharikkunnathin barbados dveepile bridjtounilekku mattoru yaatra nadatthaan avar nirbandhitharaayi.
eee randaamathe pareekshana samayat, rekhamsham alakkunnathinulla mattoru reethi parishodhanaykk thayyarayirunnu chandradooratthinte reethi. chandran oru divasam pathimoonnu digri vegathil neengunnu, ithu dainamdina chalanam eluppathil alakkunnu. brittanil avasheshikkunna aadya divasathe chandran suryan thammilulla koonn thaarathamyam cheiyunnathiloode, chandrante "sariyaaya sthaanam" (englandile greenvichil aaa nirddishta samayat athu engane drishyamaakum) kanakkakkaan kazhiyum. chakravaalathinu mukalilulla chandrante konumaayi ithine thaarathamyam cheiyunnathiloode rekhamsham kanakkakkaam.
haarisante 'zee vaachu' (echu4) nevil maskelinte randaam pareekshanatthil echms tartarine anugamikkaanum chandradura samvidaanam pareekshikkaanum aavasyappettu. bridjtauninte rekhaamshathile oru pishakin anusrithamaayi, 39 secondinullil samayam nilanirthikkondu vaachu veendum valare krithyamaanennu thelinju. maskelinte alavukalum valare mikachathaayirunnu, pakshe athu upayogikkunnathinu ganyamaaya advaanavum kanakkukoottalum aavasyamaanu. 1765-ll board yogathil phalangal avatharippikkappettuve avar veendum alavukalude krithyatha bhagyam ennu paranju. vishayam veendum paarlamentil ethi, athu 10,000 poundu munkootty vaagdaanam cheythu, backie pakuthi addeham design mattu vaachu nirmmaathaakkalkk nalki. ithinidayil, haarisante vaachu deerghakaala oonn-land parishodhanaykkaayi jyothishaasthranjanaaya royalinu kaimaarendivarum.nirbhagyavashaal, barbadosil ninnu madangiyethiya nevil maskelin jyothishaasthranjanaayi royal aayi niyamikkapettu, athinaal rekhamsha boardilum addehathe niyamichu. vaachinte "goying rettu" (prathidinam athu nediyatho nashtappettatho aaya samayam) krithyathayillaathathinaal raddaakkiyathaanennum rekhamsham alakkumbol athu gadakamaakkaan anuvadikkillennum avakaashappett negatteevu aaya oru vaachinte report addeham thirike nalki. thathfalamaayi, haarisante eee aadya maraine vaachu munbathe rund pareekshanangalil vijayichenkilum bordinte aavasyangal paraajayappeduthi.
aadyathethil parisodhana nadathumbol haarisan thante randaamathe 'zee vaachil' (echu5) pravartthikkaan thudangi, athu board bandiyaakkiyathaayi haarisan karuthi. moonnu varshathinusesham addehathinu mathiyaya thuka labhichu; "njaan mechappetta chikitsa pratheekshichirunna manyanmaar valare moshamaayi upayogichuvennu" haarisan karuthukayum jorjju moonnaaman raajaavinte sahayam thedaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. bordinode angeyattam deshyappetta rajaavumaayi addeham koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. jorjju rajaavu kottaaratthil vaachu nambar 2 (echu5) svayam pareekshikkukayum 1772 meyy muthal juulai vareyulla patthu aazhchathe dainamdina nireekshanangalkk sesham, prathidinam oru secondinte moonnilonnu samayathinullil ithu krithyamaanennu kandethukayum cheythu. avare vasthram dharippikkan nerittu hajarakumennu bheeshanippeduthiya sesham muzhuvan sammanathinum paarlamentinodu apekshikkaan jorjju rajaavu haarisane upadeshichu. oduvil 1773-ll, 80 vayassullappol, haarisanin paarlamentil ninnu 8,750 poundu thukayulla oru dhanapuraskaram labhichu, pakshe addehathinu orikkalum audyogikapuraskaaram labhichilla (athu orikkalum arcum nalkiyittilla). moonnu varsham koodi addeham athijeevikkendivannu.
mothatthil, chronometerukalekkuritu pravarthanangalkku haarisanin 23,065 poundu labhichu. thante pravarthanatthinu board oof longityoodil ninnu 4,315 poundum 1765ll echu4naaiiii idakkaala shambalamaayi 10,000 poundum 1773ll paarlamentil ninnu 8,750 poundum addehathinu labhichu. ithu addehathinu jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum nyayamaaya varumanam nalki (2007ll prathivarsham ekadesham 450,000 poundinu thulyamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum mattu horologistukalkkul metteeriyalukalum sub contracting jolikalum polulla addehathinte ellah chelavukalum ithil ninnu purathuvarendivannu). thante jeevithathinte avasana dashakathil addeham oru multy milyanayarinu (innathe adisthaanathil) thulyanayi.
kyapttan jaims cook thante aadya yaathrayil chandradura reethi upayogichukondu randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum yaathrakalil echu4-nte pakarppaya keey1 upayogichu. joonn jeferisinte parisheelakanaayirunna larkam kendall aanu keey1 nirmmichathu. paachakakkaarante logue vaachinu prashamsa niranjathaanu, koodaathe thekkan pasaphik samudrathinte charttukal addeham athinte upayogathiloode nirmmichathu shradheyamaayi krithyamaayirunnu. echms "boundi" yude kamaandaraaya lefttanant vilyam blake keey2 vaaypa nalkiyengilum kuprasidhamaaya kalaapathethudarnn athu fletcher kristhyan nilanirtthi. 1808ll kyapttan folgerinu nalkunnathuvare pitcaren dveepil ninnu ithu veendedukkappettilla, thudarnnu landanile deseeya maaridaim myoosiyathil athunnathinu munbu niravadhi kaikaliloode kadannupoyi.
thudakkathil, eee chronometerukalude vila valare uyarnnathaayirunnu (oru kappalinte chelavinte ekadesham 30 sathamaanam). ennirunnaalum, kaalakramena, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil chelavu 25 poundinum 100 poundinum (oru vidagdha thozhilaalliyude araa varsham muthal rund varshathe shambalam vare) idayaayi kuranju. kaalakramena thaarathamyena kuranja ulppaadana alavukal chronometerukal vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnilla ennathinte thelivaanu pala charitrakaaranmaarum choondikkaanikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, chronometerukal pathittaandukalaayi nilaninnirunnuvennum avaa idaykkide maattenda aavasyamillennum lands choondikkaanikkunnu-vaasthavathil vyapara maraine vikasichappozhum aavasyam vitharanam cheiyunnathile eluppam kaaranam maraine chronometerukal nirmmikkunnavarude ennam kaalakramena kuranju. koodaathe, pala vyapara naavikarum pakuthi vilaykk oru deck chronometer upayogikkum. boxed maraine chronometer pole krithyathayillaatha iva palarkkum mathiyakum. chandradura reethi thudakkathil maraine chronometerinu poorakavum athiraaliyumaanenkilum, pathonpathaam noottaandil chronometer athine marikadakkum.
kooduthal krithyamaaya haarisan timekeeping upakaranam rekhaamshathinte valare aavashyamaaya krithyamaaya kanakkukoottalilekku nayichu, ithu upakaranathe aadhunika yugathinte adisthaana thacolacki. haarisanethudarnnu, joonn arnold samudra samayapaalanakkaarane veendum kandupidichu, addeham haarisante ettavum pradhanappetta thathwangale adisthaanamaakki thante roopakalppanaye adisthaanamaakki, athe samayam 1783 muthal thulyamaaya krithyathayullathum ennaal valare kuranja chelavilullathumaaya samudra kaalagananamapakal nirmmikkaan mathiyaya lalithamaakki. ennirunnaalum, pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode polum, kaalagananamapakal chelaveria apoorvamaayirunnu, kaaranam avayude datthedukkalum upayogavum krithyathayude uyarnna nirmmaanachelavu kaaranam saavadhaanam thudarnnu. 1790kalude avasaanathil aarnoldinte pettantukal kaalaharanappettathode thomas ernshah ulppedeyulla mattu niravadhi vaachu nirmmaathaakkalkk aarnoldinekkaal kuranja chelavil polum kooduthal alavil chronometerukal nirmmikkaan kazhinju.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, kadalile naavigeshan budhishoonyavum chinthikkaan kazhiyaathathumaanennu kanakkakkappettu. naavigeshane sahayikkaan oru chronometer upayogikkunnathu jeevanukalum kappalukalum rakshichu-insurance vyavasaayam, swaartha thalpparyam, saamaanyabudhi enniva eee upakaranathe samudra vyaapaarathinte saarvathrika upakaranamakki maattunnathil bakkiyullava cheythu.
maranavum smaarakangalum.
1776 march 24nuu, enpathirandaam vayassil, thante enpathiyonnaam janmadinathil maathram lajjayode haarisan marichu. randaam bhaarya elisabathinodum pinneedu avarude makan vilyaminodum oppam vadakkan landanile hampsteadile sent johns palliyude shmashaanathil addehathe samskarichu. haarisan orikkalum kambaniyil amgamaayirunnillenkilum 1879-ll clock makermaarude aaraadhanaathmaka samgham addehathinte shavakudeeram punasthaapichu.
landanile holbone jillayile 12, redu layan skvayaraayirunnu haarisante avasana veedu. squarinte thekk vashath 1925 leeii aadhunika oafees blocaya sammitt housinte chumaril haarisanin samarppichirikkunna oru neela falakamundu. 2006 march 24 nuu westminstar aabiyil haarisaninte oru smaaraka phalakam anaachaadanam cheythu, oduvil addehathe thante suhruthu jorjju graahathinteyum 'engleesh vaachu makinginte pithaav' thomas tompiyanteyum yogyanaaya koottaaliyaayi amgeekarichu. haarisante ettavum vyapakamaaya kandupiduthamaya bimetalic strip thermometer eduthukaanikkunnathinayi rund lohangalile oru meridian line (sthiramaaya rekhaamshathinte rekha) smaarakam kaanikkunnu. 0 digri, 7 minitt, 35 second padinjaaru enna rekhaamshathode strip kothivachittundu.
2008ll anaachaadanam cheytha kembridjile corpus clock, haarisante srishtikalodulla designarude aadarasoochakamaanu, pakshe ithu oru electromechanical roopakalppanayaanu. prathyakshatthil ithu haarisante vettukkili rakshappedal, oru yadhaartha vettukkiliyodu saamyamulla 'paalat frame' enniva avatharippikkunnu. ithaanu klokkinte nirvachikkunna savisheshatha. 
2014ll northen reyil deesal reyil kaarinu 153316 "joonn 'rekhamsham' haarisan ennu namakaranam cheythu.
2018 epril 3 nuu google athinte hompejinaayi oru google doodle nirmmichu addehathinte 325-aamm janmadinam aakhoshichu.
2020 februvariyil joonn haarisante venkala prathima baaro oonn humberil anaachaadanam cheythu. shilpi marcus cornish aanu prathima nirmmichathu.
thudarnnulla charithram.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, viramicha naavika udyogasthanaaya lefttanant commander rupert tii. royal greenwich obsarvettariyil haarisante timesukal veendum kandethi. gauldu.
kaalachakrangal valare takarnna avasthayilaayirunnu, addehathinte shramangalkk nashtapariharam nalkaathe avaa rekhappeduthunnathinum nannakkunnathinum punasthaapikkunnathinum niravadhi varshangal chelavazhichu. echu1 muthal echu5 vareyulla timesukale aadyam niyukthamaakkiya gauldu aanu thudakkathil avaye nambar 1 muthal nambar 5 vare vilichathu. nirbhagyavashaal, innathe nalla museum samrakshana sanbradaayathinte maanadandangal marikadakkaattha parishkkaranangalum attakuttappanikal nadathukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum mikka haarisan pandithanmaarum charitraparamaaya karakaushala vasthukkal innathe kaalam vare pravartthana samvidaanangalaayi nilanilkkunnuvennu urappaakkiyathin gauldu credit nalkunnu. 1923ll prasidheekaricha "dhii maraine chronometer" enna kruthi, madhyakaalakhattam muthal 1920 vare kaalamaapakangalude charithram ulkkollunna, haarisante kruthikalekkurichum thudarnnulla kaalamaapakatthinte parinaamathekkurichum vishadamaaya vivaranagal ulkkollunna, gauldu rachichu. samudra kaalagananamaapakathekkurichu aadhikaarika kruthiyaayi eee pusthakam thudarunnu.
innu punasthaapicha echu1, echu2, echu3, echu4 timepeasukal greenvichile royal obsarvettariyil pradharshippichirikkunnathu kaanam. echu1, echu2, echu3 enniva ippozhum pravartthikkunnu echu4 oru nirthalaakkiya avasthayilaanu sookshikkunnathu, kaaranam aadyathe moonnil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, lubricationaayi enna aavasyamaanu, athinaal athu oodumbool tharamthaazhukayum cheyyum. landanile clock makermaarude aaraadhanaathmaka kambaniyude udamasthathayilulla echu5 kambaniyude shekharathinte bhaagamaayi landanile gildhalile clock maker myoosiyathil pradharshippichirunnu; 2015 muthal eee shekharam landanile sayans myoosiyathil pradarshippichittundu.
thante jeevithathinte avasana varshangalil, joonn haarisan sangeetha tuninginekkurichum manikalude nirmmaana reethikalekkurichum thante gaveshanathekkurichu ezhuthi. addehathinte tuning sisttam (paiyil ninnu uruthirinja oru ardhamulla sisttam) addehathinte laghulekhayil vivarichittundu, "atharam samvidaanathekkurichulla oru vivaranam... (sii. ezz. emm). harmonics poornnasankhya aavruthi anupaathangalil sambhavikkunnu enna parambaraagatha kaazhchappaadine eee samvidaanam velluvilichu, athinte anantharafalamaayi eee tuning upayogikkunna ellah samgeethavum kuranja aavruthi beating srishtikkunnu. 2002-ll haarisante avasana kayyezhuthuprathi, "samgeethathinte aditharayekkurichulla yadhaarthavum hraswavum ennaal poornnavumaaya vivaranam, allengil pradhaanamaayum athil, raagathinte swaabhaavika svarangalude nilanilpp", us library oof kongrasil veendum kandethi. munny nirmmaanatthinte ganithashaasthrathekkurishulla ("radical nambarukal" upayogichu) addehathinte sidhaanthangal ithuvare vyakthamaayi manassilakkiyitla.
mathsaraadhishtithamaaya eathoru roopakalppanayekkaalum krithyathayode oru land clock nirmmikkaan kazhiyumennathaayirunnu addehathinte avasana varshangalile vivaadaparamaaya avakaashavaadangalilonn. prathyekamaayi, 100 divasathinullil oru secondinullil krithyamaaya samayam nilanirthaan kazhivulla oru clock roopakalppana cheythathayi addeham avakashappettu. akkaalat, "engleesh, videsha saahithyangalude lunden avalokanam" polulla prasidheekaranangal vichitramaaya avakaashavaadamaayi kanakkakkappettathinu haarisane parihasichu. haarisan oru roopakalppana varachuvenkilum orikkalum atharamoru clock nirmmichilla, ennaal 1970 ll haarisan vidagthanum svayam oru clock makerumaaya martin burgus padhathikal padikkukayum varachathupole timese nirmmikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. clock eiii, clock bii enningane rund pathippukal addeham nirmmichu. clock eiii 1975 ll norvichu nagarathinu nalkia gurney klokkaayi maari, athesamayam clock bii 2009 ll donald susph ettedukkunnathuvare pathittaandukalaayi addehathinte varkshoppil poortthiyaakaathe kidannu. poortthiyaakkiya clock bii kooduthal padanathinaayi greenvichile deseeya maaridaim myusiyathinu samarppichu. clock bick haarisante yadhaartha avakaashavaadam niravettaan kazhiyumennu kandethi, athinaal klokkinte roopakalppana shradhaapoorvvam parisodhikkukayum krameekarikkukayum cheythu. oduvil, 2015 januvari 6 muthal epril 17 vareyulla 100 divasathe kaalayalavil, royal obsarvettariyil clock bii oru sutharyamaaya kesil surakshithamaakki, pathiv windingine purame sparshikkappedaathe vittu. oottam poortthiyaayappol, oru secondinte anjilonnu maathram nashtamaaya clock alakkapettu, athaayath haarisante roopakalppana adisthaanaparamaayi mikachathaayirunnu. eee clock haarisante echu4 parisodhanayude theeyathiyaaya 1762ll nirmmikkukayum athinusesham thiruthalillaathe thudarchayaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythirunnenkil, eee clock haarisan labhyamallaatha duraluminium, inwar thudangiya vasthukkal upayogikkunnu enna vastutha naam avaganichaal, athu ippol () minittukalum secondukalum kondu mandagathiyilaakumaayirunnu. martin bargasinte clock bii "swatantra vaayuvil oonjaalidunna pendulamulla ettavum krithyamaaya mechanical clock" aanennu ginness loka recordukal prakhyaapichu."
saahityam, television, naadakam, samgeetham ennivayil.
1995ll naashanal association oof vaachu aandu clock collectormar samghadippicha rekhamsha prashnathekkurichulla harward sarvakalashaala simposiyathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond daava sobel haarisante srishtikalekkurichu oru pusthakam ezhuthi. "rekhaamsha thante kaalathe ettavum valia shaasthreeyaprashnam pariharicha eaka prathibhayude yadhaartha katha" enna chithram horology vishayathile aadyathe janapriya bestt sellaraayi maari. "chithreekaricha rekhamsham", athil vilyam jeey thiranjeduttha 180 chithrangal sobelinte vaachakathodoppam undaayirunnu. echu. 1998ll andruz prathyakshappettu. 1999ll chaanal 4-naayi granada productions 4 episode seereesil chaals sturidju yuke televisionaayi "rekhamsham" enna peril eee pusthakam naadakeeyamaakki. athe varsham thanne sahanirmmathaavaaya eiii & iii ithu amerikkayil prakshepanam cheythu. nirmmaanatthil maikkal gaamban haarisan, jeremi airons gauldu ennee kathaapaathrangale avatharippichu. kadalil nashtappettu rekhaamshathinaayulla thirayal" enna thalakkettilulla oru pbs nova episodinte adisthaanavum sobelinte pusthakamaayirunnu.
nammude kaikalile samayam" enna thalakkettilulla deerghakaalamaayi nadannukondirunna britiish sitcom "" viddikalum kuthirakalum maathram "enna 1996 leeii chrismus specialil haarisante maraine time keypermar ithivrithathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu. haarisante lesser vaachu echu6-nte kandethalineyum thudarnnulla lelatheyum sambandhicha kathayaanu ithivritham. saangalppika vaachu sothebisil 6.2 dasalaksham poundinu lelam cheythu.
bryan mcneal dick gauganum chernnu ezhuthiya "joonn haarisans hands" enna gaanam 2001-leeii "outlose & dreamsers" enna aalbathil prathyakshappettu. 2011 leeii thante aalbamaaya "live inn somersettil" prathyakshappetta steevu naitliyum eee gaanam ulppeduthiyittundu. britiish baand shhow oof hands ithu kooduthal ulkkollukayum avarude 2016 aalbamaaya "dhaa long way hoome" ll prathyakshappedukayum cheythu.
1998-ll britiish samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya haarisan birtvistil haarisante vividha gadikaarangalude sangeetha chithreekaranangal ulkkollunna "haarisans klokkukal" enna piano kashanam ezhuthi. samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya peettar graahaminte "haarisans dream" enna kruthi krithyamaaya oru gadikaaram nirmmikkanulla haarisante naalppat varshathe anweshanathekkurichaanu. graham eee kruthiyude brass baand, wind baand pathippukalil oresamayam pravarthichu, avaykku yathaakramam 2000 octoberilum 2001 februvariyilum naalu maasangalkk sesham avarude aadya prakadanangal labhichu.