
taapa kwaandam feeld sidhaantham

saidhaanthika bhauthikashaasthrathil, parimithamaaya thapanilayil oru kwaandam feeld sidhaanthathinte bhauthika nireekshanangalude prathekshikkunna moolyangal kanakkakkunnathinulla oru koottam reethikalaanu taapa kwaandam feeld sidhaantham (hrasvamaayi taapa feeld sidhaantham) allengil parimithamaaya thaapanila feeld sidhaantham.
matsubaara aupachaarikathayil, adisthaana ashayam (felix bloach kaaranam) oru canonical koottatthile oopparettarmaarude prathekshakal moolyangalaanu
oru saangalppika samaya soothravaakyam _ 2 upayogichu krameekaranam vikasippichedukkunna saadhaarana kwaandam feeld sidhaanthathil prathekshikkunna moolyangalaayi ezhuthaam. athinaal oraalkk euclidean signecharulla oru space timilekku marran kazhiyum, avide melpparanja trace (tra) ellah bosonic, fermionic feeldukalum yathaakramam periodic, aanti periodic aayirikkanamenna aavashyakathayilekku nayikkunnu, periodity formula _ 3 ulla euclidean samaya dishayumaayi bandhappett (nammal swaabhaavika yoonit formula _ 4 anumaanikkunnu). saadhaarana kwaandam feeld sidhaanthathile athe upakaranangal upayogichu, functional integralukal, fainman diagramukal enniva upayogichu, ennaal compact euclidean samayathode kanakkukoottalukal nadatthaan ithu oraale anuvadikkunnu. saadhaarana kramatthinte nirvachanam maattendathundennu shradhikkuka.
momentam spacil, ithu discreet imaginary (matsubaara) freekwansi formula 5 upayogichu thudarchayaaya freekwansikal maattisthaapikkunnathil dii broggy bandhatthiloode discretised thermal energy spectrum formula 6 lake nayikkunnu. parimithamaaya thapanilayil kwaandam feeld sidhaanthangalude swabhaavam padikkunnathinu ithu oru upayogapradamaaya upakaranamaanennu theliyikkappettittund.
ithu gej invarians ulla sidhaanthangalilekku saamaanyavalkkarikkappedum yang-mills sidhaanthathinte oohakkachavada deconfining ghatta parivarthanathekkurichu padanatthile oru kendra upakaranamaayirunnu.
eee euclidean feeld sidhaanthathil, vishakalana thudarchayiloode thalsamaya nireekshanangal veendedukkaan kazhiyum. euclidean samaya aupachaarikathayile gej sidhaanthangalkkaayulla fainman niyamangal sii aanu uruthirinjathu. dablyu. bernard.    
saangalppika samaya aupachaarikatha ennum ariyappedunna matsubaara aupachaarikatha taapa vyathiyanangalulla samvidaanangalilekku vyaapippikkam. eee sameepanathil, thaapanilayile vyathiyaanam euclidean metrik vyathiyaanamaayi punarnirmmikkunnu. partition functionte vishakalanam taapa vyathiyaanangalum euclidean spacinte vakrathayum thammilulla thulyathayilekku nayikkunnu.
saangalppika saangalppika kaalangalude upayogathinu badal rund roopangalil varunna oru thalsamaya aupachaarikatha upayogikkuka ennathaanu. thalsamaya aupachaarikathakalilekkulla oru paatha-kramappeduthiya sameepanathil shinger-keldish aupachaarikathayum kooduthal aadhunika vakabhedangalum ulppedunnu.
randaamathethil (valia negatteevu) riyal iniishyal time formula _ 7 muthal formula _ 8 vareyulla oru neraaya samaya kondoor aadyam (valia positteev) riyal time formula _ 9 lake oodukayum thudarnnu uchithamayi formula _ 8 lake madangukayum cheiyunnu. vaasthavathil aavasyamullathu thalsamaya achuthandil pravartthikkunna oru vibhagamaanu, kaaranam avasana pooyintilekkulla root, formula _ 8, pradhaanamalla.
thathfalamaayundaakunna sankeernamaaya samaya kondoorinte kashanangalayi ghadana feeldukalude erattiyilekkum kooduthal sankeernamaaya fainman niyamangalilekkum nayikkunnu, ennaal saangalppika-samaya aupachaarikathayude vishakalanaparamaaya thudarchakalude aavasyakatha ozhivaakkunnu. thalsamaya aupachaarikathakalilekkulla badal sameepanam thermo feeld dynamics ennariyappedunna bogoliyubov parivartthanangal upayogikkunna oopparettar adhishtitha sameepanamaan.
koodaathe, fainman rekhaachithrangalum perterbation sidhaanthavum, dispersion relations, katkoski niyamangalude parimithamaaya thaapanila analog thudangiya mattu saankethikavidyakalum thalsamaya roopeekaranathil upayogikkaam.
ganithashaasthra bhauthikashaasthrathil thaalpparyamulla oru badal sameepanam kilometer avasthakalumaayi pravartthikkuka ennathaanu.