
kattoo-cambressis udambadi (1559)

1559 eprilil nadanna kattiyo-cambressis udambadi allengil kattiyo-cambressis samadhaanam itaaliyan yudhangalil avasaanathe (1494-1559) 1551-1559 itaaliyan yuddham avasaanippichu. epril 2nuu englandile elisabath onnamanum fraansile henry randaman epril 3nuu speyinile henry philipp randaman thammil oppuvacha pradhana rund karaarukalum ulppedunna niravadhi vyathyastha udambadikalaanu athil ulppettirunnathu. addeham oppittayaalallenkilum, pala praadeshika kaimattangalum vishudha roman saamraajyathinte bhagamaayirunna samsthaanangalumaayi bandhappettathinal kararukalkk ferdinand onnaaman chakravarty amgeekaaram nalki.
italiyude pakuthiyiladhikam, athaayath thekkan rajyangalaaya naples, sisili, sardinia, vadakku duchy oof milan ennivayil habsburg spain paramadhikaaram nilanirtthi, utrekt samadhaanam vare nilanirtthiya pradeshangal, france athinte thekkan, kizhakkan athirthikal shakthippeduthukayum englandil ninnu kalai thirichupidichathaayi sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. pakaramaayi, france dachiyude melulla avakaashavaadam upekshichu, oru swatantra savoy punasthaapichu, corsica republic oof genovic thirike nalki, elisabath onnaamane scots raajnjiyaaya meriyekkaal englandinte raajnjiyaayi amgeekarichu.
pashchaathalam.
1494ll aarambhicha itaaliyan yudhangal edaykkideyulla edavelakalode 60 varshathilere neenduninnu. 1556 januvariyil sthaanathyaagam cheyyukayum thante swathukkal vibhajikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare eee kaalaghattatthinte bhooribhaagavum spain vishudha roman saamrajyavum chaals vii chakravarty bharichirunnu. palappozhum "austriya" ennu vilikkappedunna habsburg raajavaazhchayude bhoomi vishudha roman chakravarthiyaayi thiranjedukkappetta addehathinte sahodaran ferdinandinte aduthekku pooyi. 1554 joolaiyil merii onnamanumaayulla vivaahathiloode speyinile makan philipp randaaman ithinakam thanne spanish netherlands, milan ennivayude bharanadhikaariyum englandinte samyuktha bharanaadhikaariyumaayirunnu. addeham ippol spain, naples, sisili, thekke amerikkayile colonial swathukkal ennivayude rajaavaayi.
1556-ll chaals anchaaman sthaanathyaagam cheyyukayum spain austriyayum thammilulla habsburg saamraajyathinte vibhajanavum samaadhaanathin soukaryamorukkukayum cheythu speyinile philipp randaamanu spain, naples, sisili, sardinia ennee raajyangalum amerikkayile pradeshangalum labhichu; jarmmani muthal vadakkan itali vare vyaapichukidakkunna vishudha roman saamraajyathinte bharanadhikaariyaayi austriyayile ferdinand maari, danube raajavaazhchayude swamedhayaa niyamaanusrithamaaya niyanthranam. milaanile duchy habsburg netherlandukalum spain rajaavinu vyakthiparamaaya aikyathil vittukoduthenkilum vishudha roman saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi thudarnnu. vishudha roman saamraajyathinteyum speyininteyum ("habsburg chuttupaadukal") vyakthiparamaaya aikyam avasaanichathode france samadhana charchakalkku thayyarayirunnu. 1556 oode vaashellukalil oru vedinirthal karaarilethiyenkilum taamasiyaathe athu thakarkkapettu. yuddham punaraarambhicha saambathikavum mathaparavumaya prakshubdhatha 1559ll samadhaanam sthaapikkaan kakshikale nirbandhitharaakki.
eee vibhajanam rund saamrajyangaleyum orotta sthaapanamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla bharanaparamaya sankeernathaye prathifalippikkukayum avarude thanthraparamaaya lakshyangalile vyathyaasangale prathifalippikkukayum cheythu. spain oru aagola samudra mahaashakthiyaayirunnappol, austriyan habsburg germmaniyil oru pramukha sthaanam nedunnathilum automan saamrajyam uyarthunna bheeshani kaikaaryam cheiyunnathilum shradha kendreekarichu. protestantisathinte parishkaranatthodum valarchayodum engane prathikarikkaam ennathaayirunnu vyathiyaanathinte randaamathe mekhala. germmaniyil, lutheran catholica rajakumaaranmaarum thammilulla samgharsham 1552-leeii randaam schmalcaldic yudhathinu kaaranamaayi, 1556-leeii ogsburg samaadhaanathode ithu theerppaakki. thante protestant prajakalumaayi vittuveezhchaye anukoolicha ferdinandil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chals makan phillip spanish netherlandsile kaalvinisatthinte oresamayam uyarnnuvarunna adichamarthalinodu adichamarthal vazhi prathikarichu, eee nayam oduvil 1568-ll dutch swaathanthryasamaram pottippurappedaan kaaranamaayi.
spanish sainyam jarmman recruitmentukale aashrayichirunnathinaal rund habsburg shaakhakalum avarude lakshyangal othuchernnappol sahakaranm thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, saamraajyathil kramam punasthaapikkunnathilum automan adhinivesham uyarthunna bhishaniye neridunnathilum ferdinand shradha kendreekarichu. philipp poraattam thudarnnenkilum, fransumaayulla samadhaanam addehathe vimatha dachukaare neridaan praapthanakki, athesamayam 1557-ll sent kventinilum 1558 augustile charalkkukalilum nediya vijayangal addehathe shakthiyil ninnu charchakal nadatthaan anuvadichu. athiraalikaleppole addeham yudhathinu dhanasahayam nalkaan paadupedukayaayirunnu; 1558 desemberil addeham thante sainyathin inii panam nalkaan kazhiyillennu flandezhsile thante commander immaanuval philibertine upadeshichu.
samanamaaya saambathika prasnangal kaaranam fraansile henry randaman oru karaarilethaan thayyarayirunnu. moonnu athirthikalilaayi habsburg pradeshangal abhimukeekarikkunna franch lakshyangal avarude athirthikal shakthippeduthukayum athiraalikale durbalappeduthukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. 1552ll moonnu bishappukalude adhinivesavum 1558 januvariyil kaaley pidichadakkalum aadyathethu nediyappol, spain austriyayum thammil habsburg bhoomi vibhajichathode randaamathethu nedaanaayi chila vazhikal pooyi. koodaathe, fraansil protestantisathinte uyarcha moolamundaaya aabhyanthara vibhajanagal praadeshika vyathyaasangalum prabhukkanmaarkkulle vibhageeyathayum vardhippikkukayum ithu 1562-ll franch mathayudhangal pottippurappedaan kaaranamavukayum cheythu. spainumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum athu vinashakaramaaya theerumaanamaayi parakke kaanappedukayum cheytha yuddham avasaanippikkaan englandum aakaamkshayode kaathirikkukayaayirunnu. 200 varshathilereyaayi kaaley pidichadakkiyathu engleeshukaarude anthassine saaramaayi baadikkukayum europile pradhana bhoopradeshathu engleesh sainikarkk thaarathamyena eluppathil edapedaan anuvadicha oru bridge head nashtappedutthukayum cheythu.
charchakal.
mark vokkalukalum.
moonnu varshathe yudhathinushesham, franch, spanish kodathikal 1554 novemberilaanu samadhana charchakalkku munkaiyeduthathu. aadyathe gurutharamaaya franco-spanish samadhana charchakal, praadhamikamaanengilum, 1555 juunil annathe nishpaksha engleesh mannil-kaaleysinte paridhikkullil maarkk konfaransil nadannu. ennirunnaalum, irupakshavum thettukal varuthukayum konfarans paraajayappedukayum cheythu; avar samadhaanam aagrahichu, pakshe ithuvare anuranjanathinu thayyarayilla. eee parajayam rund rajakkanmareyum prathikaram cheyyaan prerippichu, pakshe avarude sainyavum saambathikavum theernnappol avar prathirodhatthil thudarukayum sainika sahacharyam maarukayum cheythu. 1555 oktobarode nayathanthram punaraarambhichu, 1556 februvari 5 nuu fraansinu anukoolamaaya vossellus vedinirthal amgeekarikkappettu. ennaal samaadhaanathilekkulla oru chuvaduveppinupakaram, vaxelles yudhathil oru vishramamaanenn thelinju; prathikaarathinulla thudarchayaaya aagraham charchakalil niravadhi sambhavangalilekku nayichu, 1556 septambaril franch anukoola marpappa raajyangalude spanish adhiniveshathode yuddham punaraarambhikkunnathin munbu vedinirthalinte vyavasthakal orikkalum poornnamaayum nadappaakkappedukayo nireekshikkappedukayo cheythilla.
thudakkathil, samgharsham maarppaappayude samsthaanangalilekku parimithappedutthaanulla sramangal irupakshavum nadannengilum 1556 disambarode ellah munnanikalilum sathrutha punaraarambhikkunnathinulla thayyaareduppukal nadathukayum 1557 januvari 6 nuu gyaas pard randaaman dii koligni (picardiyude franch govarnor) spanish netherlandile duvaay, lense ennivaykku nere apratheekshitha akramanangal nadathukayum cheythu. sent yudhathile spanish vijayam. kventin (1557) (10-27 august) nirnnaayakamaayi maari; englandu speyininte bhaagathuninnu yudhathil praveshichappol, 1557 septambar 12 nuu prathyeka samadhaanathil oppuvacha marpappa ulppede fraansinu onninupurake onnaayi sakhyakakshiye nashtappettu. ennirunnaalum, 1558 januvariyil kalai keezhadakkiyathiloode suhruthineyum sathruvineyum athbhuthappeduthaan henrique kazhinju, scots raajnjiyaaya meriyum makan francis (19 epril 1558) thammilulla vivaahathekkurich charcha nadatthi; sent. ennirunnaalum, ithu henry mukham samrakshikkanum charcha meshayil oru mikacha sthaanam nedaanum anuvadichu.
marcoing.
1558-nte thudakkathil spain, englandu, france enniva thammilulla samadhana charchakal aarambhichenkilum, kaaleysinte thirichuvaravinulla meriyude aavasyam pariganikkaan france visammathichathinal kaaryamaaya purogathi undaayilla, philippumaayulla avalude vivaham englandinu vevvere charchakal nadathunnathu budhimuttaakki. france aarambhicha kaambraaykkaduthulla marcoingle franco-spanish charchakal verum moonnu divasam (1558 meyy 1) neenduninnu, mikkavarum theonville uparodham (1558) nadannukondirunnathinaal, netherlandsile spanish sainyathe yudhathinu thayyaredukkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi charchakaliloode samayam nedaan granvelli shramichu, iru kakshikalkkum nayatantra pothu adithara kandethaan kazhinjilla.
sercamb kettoyum.
1558 october muthal 1559 epril vareyulla charchakal pariharikkappedaatha moonnu pradhana vishayangalil shradha kendreekarichu ennu hahn (2010) nigamanam cheythu
oduvil kattoo-cambressis udambadiyilekku nayicha avasana rund ghatta samadhana charchakal freventinaduthulla sercambile sistezhsiyan aashramathil (october 12-november 26,1558) aarambhichu, thudarnnu leeii kattoo-cambressis (februvari 10-epril 3,1559). valia aupachaarika yogangal christeenayude thaamasthalangalil nadannu, athesamayam anoupachaarika charchakal nayathanthranjarude swantham kwartezhsilo bhakshanathilekkulla vazhiyiloo nadannu. october 17nuu spanish franchukaarum aaa october maasatthile backie samayathekku oru vedinirthalinu sammathichu. 1558 desember 1nuu sercambile kakshikal vedinirthal puthukkaan sammathichu...kazhinja october 17-aamm divasam, adutha januvari avasana divasam ardharaathri vare, paranjathupole, ithu aadyam sammathichu...'1559 februvari 6nuu leeii kattiyo-cambressisilvechu avar eee charchakalilirikkunnidathu kaalam anischithamaayi vedinirthal (pinneedu februvari 10nuu avasanikkaan nischayichirunnathu) neettiyirunnu...'.
franch plenipottanshyarikal sent veendedukkaan uddeshichu. kventin, leeii kaatalett, haam, callays nilanirthunnathinum vadakkan italiyil uracha sthaanangal nilanirthunnathinum; sariyaaya nashtaparihaaratthinaayi duchy milan keezhadanganum fraansil ninnu rund sakthamaaya kottakettya sthalangalumaayi pookunnidatthoolam kaalam duchy oof savoyiyil vittuveezhcha cheyyaanum avar thayyarayirunnu. spanish prathinidhikal henry randaaman italiyile (peedmond, corsica, republic oof siena, montferrattinte bhagam) thante ellah (avakashappetta) swathukkalum upekshikkanamennu aavasyappettu, avar picardiyile spanish adhinivesha sthalangal eee lakshyam nedunnathinu vilapeshal saamagrikalayi upayogichu. naalu sthalangal maathram fraansinu keezhadanganum allengil muzhuvan krooramaaya pradeshavum thanikkayi veendedukkaanum thaan thayyaaraanenn immaanuval philibert paranju. engleeshukaarum franchukaarum kaaleysinte niyamaanusrithamaaya kaivashappeduthalinekkuru thulyamaayi avakaashavaadamunnayichu, fraansumaayi samadhaanam kaivarikkunnathil paraajayappedaathirikkaan spanish avarude engleesh sakhyakakshikale pinthunaykkaan dridanishchayathilaayirunnu.
1558 novemberil meriyude maranavum englandile avarude ardhasahodari elisabath onnaamante pingami anglo-franch chalanaathmakathaye maatti. puthiya bharanathinu kaaleyinekkaal samadhaanavum sthirathayum aavashyamaayirunnu, athesamayam fraansinte bhaavi francis randaamante 16 vayassulla catholica bharyayaaya scots raajnjiyaaya merii, engleesh simhaasanathil avakaashavaadamunnayichu. ithu oru prathyeka anglo-franch samaadhaanathinulla saadhyatha thurakkukayum desemberil oru puthiya engleesh sthaanapathiyaaya nicolas vottan leeii kaattiyoyile anoupachaarika charchakal nadatthaan fraansilethukayum cheythu. engleesh suraksha philippinte thudarchayaaya nanmaye aashrayichirikkunnuvennu irupakshavum amgeekarichathinaal, avar oru karaarilethanamenkil eee prashnam pariharikkunnathinulla oru maargam kandethunnathu nirnaayakamaayirunnu. elisabath kaaleyude thirichuvaravinaayi sammarddam cheluthunnathu thudarnnenkilum, aaa lakshyam nedunnathinaayi poraattam thudaraan avarkk kazhinjilla, franchukaarkku aaa yaadhaarthyathekkurich nannayi ariyamaayirunnu.
charchakal rahasyamaayi sookshikkaanulla sramangal undaayirunnittum, addehathinte chaaranmar philippine avarude purogathiyekkurichu ariyikkunnu; elisabathinte matham addehathinu eshtappettillengilum, pakuthi franch meriye engleesh simhaasanathil undaayirikkunnathu avar oru katholikkayaayirunnaalum valare moshamayirikkum. englandu sthirathaamasamaakkaan pookukayaanengil, speyinine ottappeduthaathirikkendathu pradhanamaayirunnu, prathyekichum februvariyil philipp thante nirashaajanakamaaya saambathika sthithi athine adiyanthira vishayamaakkiyathaayi sammathichathinaal. yudhathil athinte pankaalittham thaarathamyena cheruthaayirunnenkilum, athu avasaanippicha charchakalil englandu oru pradhana punk vahichu, athupole ferdinand chakravarty, vishudha roman saamraajyathile amgangalaaya rajyangal ulppettirunna pala praadeshika krameekaranangalum ulppettirunnathinaal athinte amgeekaaram aavashyamaayirunnu. oru vashath france scotland maruvashathu englandum thammilulla praadhamika samadhana udambadi 1559 march 12 nuu kattiyo-cambressisil oppuvachu.
nibandhanakal.
bertrand hahn (2010) thante prasidheekaranam vare, 'kettoo-cambressis udambadi roopappeduthunna vividha niyamangal orikkalum yadhaartha rekhakalil ninnu nirmmicha oru shaasthreeya pathippinte vishayamaayirunnilla' ennu prasthaavichu, jeane dumontinte 'corps yoonivezhsal diplometic' (1728) 'oru referenzaayi thudarunnu, pakshe pinneedulla pakarppukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.'franco-spanish karaarinte haante 2010 pathipp pathinaram noottaandile pakarppukalum koottukettukalum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu (yadhaartha udambadikalil ulla lekhanangal perillaatthathum annamillaathathumaayathaayi thonnunnu), kaaranam addehathinu yadhaartha karaarukalilekku praveshanamundaayirunnil. pradhana udambadiyumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi rekhakalum addeham ulppeduthi 'bhoomi, praadeshika avakaashavaadangal allengil prelateukal, mahanaaya prabhumar, dhanakaarya vidagdhar ennivarude mapp' ennivayekkurichulla oru 'swabhaavam dess speculiyezhs', christoph voonn rogjendorfin juvan dii luna udambadiyil ninnu ozhivaakkumenn oru prakhyapanam, montmorensiyum alba thammilulla thadavukaar kaimarunnathinulla karar. anglo-franch karar prasidheekarikkendenna addeham theerumaanichu, athinte yadhaartha pakarppukal archives naashanalukalude "trissore dess chaarttukalil" "jeey 652, enn ° 32" ennum public record offeesinte (ippol deseeya archives) "khajanaavil" "iii 30/1123" ennum samrakshichittundenn choondikkaatti.
anantharafalangal.
aakhoshangal.
fraansile henry randaamante sahodariyum beriyile duchesumaaya fraansile maargarattine immaanuval philibert vivaham kazhichu. speyinile philipp randaaman fraansile henry randaamante makalaaya elisabathine vivaham kazhichu. palappozhum avaganikkapetta ithine "pathinaram noottaandile ettavum pradhanappetta vivaha udambadi" ennu visheshippichittundu. juulai 1 nuu samadhaanam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi nadanna oru toornamentinide, franch courtile scotish gaardinte captanaaya gabriel montgomeriyude takarnna eettiyil ninnulla oru sleever addehathinte kannil thulachukayarukayum thalachorilekku praveshikkukayum cheythappol oru josting apakadatthil henry rajaavinu parikkettu. patthu divasathinu sesham 1559 juulai 10nuu addeham marichu. addehathinte 15 vayassulla makan francis randaaman addehathinte pingamiyaayi 1560 desemberil marikkukayum addehathinte 10 vayassulla sahodaran chaals addehathinte sthaanathekku varikayum cheythu. thathfalamaayundaaya rashtreeya asthirathayum, valia thothil shambalamillaatha aayirakkanakkin sainikarude pettennulla pirichuvidalum 1562-ll franch mathayudhangal pottippurappedaan kaaranamaayi, athu adutha muppath varshathekku fraansine vizhungukayum cheythu.
pradeshangalum rajavamshangalum.
udambadikal prakaram france spanish netherlandileyum vadakkan italiyile saamraajyathva kottakalileyum sainika pravartthanangal avasanippikkukayum corsica, tuscani, peedmond ennividangalile franch adhiniveshathinte bhooribhaagavum avasanippikkukayum cheythu. englandum habsburgukalum, pakaramaayi, kaaleyude pele, moonnu bishoperics, niravadhi kottakal ennivayude franch adhiniveshathodulla avarude ethirppu avasaanippichu. speyinin, puthiya nettangalonnum labhikkathe, adhinivesha pradeshangal fraansinu punasthaapikkukayum cheythenkilum, habsburg netherlands, duchy oof milan, sardinia, naples, sisili ennee raajyangalude niyanthranam sthireekarikkunnathiloode samadhaanam oru nalla phalamaayirunnu. ferdinand onnaaman moonnu bishappukalum franch adhiniveshathin keezhil upekshichu, ennaal netherlandukalum vadakkan italiyude bhooribhaagavum saamraajyathva kottakalude roopathil vishudha roman saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi thudarnnu. koodaathe, france habsburgukalum thammilulla yuddham thudarunnidatholam kaalam angane cheyyaan visammathicha vishudha roman chakravartthiyude sthaanam marpappa amgeekarichu. yudhasamayathu englandu moshamaayi pravartthikkukayum bhookhandathile avasaanathe shaktikendram nashtappedukayum cheythath athinte prashasthiye nasippikkukayum cheythu.
samgharshathinte avasaanathil, itali thekk spanish habsburgukalude viceroyalttikalum vadakku austriyan habsburgukalude aupachaarika feefukalum thammil vibhajikkapettu. tuscanyile medisi, milaanile spanish habsburg, modenayile estensi, peedmondile house oof saavoy (1562-ll athinte thalasthaanam tourinilekku maatti) ennivayaanu saamraajyathva rajyangal bharichirunnathu. naples, sisili, sardinia ennee rajyangal spanish habsburgukalude nerittulla bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandile europian pinthudarchaavakaasha yudhangal vare eee sahacharyam thudarnnu, vadakkan itali austriyan house oof habsburg-loraininum thekkan itali spanish borbansinum kaimari. italiye samadhaanathinteyum saambathika sthirathayudeyum oru neenda kaalaghattatthilekku konduvarunnathiloode (ithine vimarshakar stambhanam ennu vilikkunnu) itaaliyan navothaanatthinte avasaanavum barokkilekkulla (vivaldi, bernini, caravagio) parivartthanavum adayaalappeduthunnathaanu kattiyo-cambressis udambadi... ennaal vikko, bruno, gelilio).
matham.
chila charitrakaaranmaar avakaashappedunnathu udambadiyile ellah oppuvechavarum 'thangalude deshangale mathavirudhathayil ninnu shudheekarikkendathundu'; mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, avarude prajakalellaam balamaayi katholikkamathathilekku madangendivannu ennaanu. udaaharanathinu, visconti (2003) avakaashappettath, eee badhyatha nadappakkaan speyininte sammarddathil, saavoy rajakumaaranaaya immaanuval philibert oru valia pizha, adimatham allengil naadukadatthal ennivayude vedanayil protestantism nirodhikkunna neys utharavu (15 februvari 1560) prakhyaapichu, ithu taamasiyaathe protestant valdensianmaarude sayudha kalaapathilekku nayichu, athu 1561 juulai vare neenduninnu. ennirunnaalum, eee samadhana udambadi avasaanippikkanulla speyinile philipp randaamanteyum prathyekichu fraansile henry randaamanteyum praadhamika uddeshyangalekkurichu aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar viyojikkunnu. mathavidveshathinethiraaya poraattatthinu thante ellah shakthiyum aavasyamaanennum athinaal spainumaayi samadhaanam sthaapikkendathundennum henry randaaman paarees paarlamentinodu paranjathinaal, valia saambathika prashnangalkk purame, 'henriyude mathaparamaya uddeshyathinu nirnnaayakamallenkilum valia bhaaramundennu' lucian romier (1910) vaadichu. rainer babel (2021) parayunnathanusarichu, ithu 'pinneedu gaveshanam nadatthiya oru vidhiyaan, chila sookshumathakalode, athu nishedhikkappettittilla', ennirunnaalum bertrand hahn (2010) eee samavaayathe velluvilikkunna 'vyathichalikkunna vyaakhyaanam' undaayirunnu. aabhyanthara mathaparamaya abhipraayavyathyaasathekkal saambathikamaanu pradhaanamenn hahn (2010) vaadichu; 1560kalil fraansilum speyinilum randaamathethu pradhaanamaayirunnuvenna vastutha 1559leeii udambadiyil mathatthinte punk oonnipparayunnathil charitrakaaranmaare vazhithettichirikkam. megan vilyams (2011) sangrahichu 'theerchayaayum, hahn vaadikkunnu, ithu udambadiyalla, marichu athinte thudarnnulla nyaayeekaranangalaanu franch mathaparamaya kalahathinu kaaranamaayath. udambadiyude munganana mathavidveshathe unmoolanam cheiyunnathinulla oru catholica sakhyamaayirunnilla, marichu athil oppuvachavarude bahumaanavum souhaarddavum sthireekarikkukayum oru koottam rajavamsha vivahangal prathishtikkukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnuvennu addeham vaadikkunnu.'hahn parayunnathanusarichu, protestantisatthe unmoolanam cheiyunnathinaayi france spain thammilulla catholica sakhyathinu thelivukalonnumilla, chila samakaalikar atharam oru karar nilavilundennu vadikkaan udambadiyude randaamathe artikkililekku viral choondiyittundenkilum" "randaamathe article oru ekkumenikkal kaunsil vilikkanulla aagraham prakadippikkunnu". europilennapole thangalude samsthaanangalilum protestantisathine philipp randaamanteyum henry randaamanteyum oru aikyamunnani sthaapikkunnathinu karar mudravechathaayi janangal, samakaalikar aadyam nigamanam cheythu. charchakalude purogathiyude vishakalanam kaanikkunnath anganeyayirunnilla ennaanu.'
1569ll poppu payas anchaaman florent duke cosimo dii medisi tuscanyile grand ducayi uyarthi, speyinile philipp randaaman athu amgeekarichillenkilum chakravarty athu sthireekarichu. mathayudhangalil maarppaappayude nayatantra punk vardhichuvenkilum, eee yudhangalil habsburg valois rajaakkanmaarum thammilulla ettavum pradhanappetta sathyangalum udambadiyum charcha cheiyunnathil maarppappamaarum maarppaappayude paarambaryakkaarum oru pankum vahichilla.

