
chainayude janasamkhyaa charithram

chainayile janasamkhyaa valarchayude deerghakaala maathrkayum chainayude charithratthil athinte swaadheenavum chainayude janasamkhyaa charithram ulkkollunnu. 
oro saamraajyathva shakthiyilum pothuve ettavum uyarnna nilayilethiyathum yudhangalum kattana aakramanangalum moolam nasippikkappettathumaaya niravadhi chakrangaliloode janangal kadannupoyi. 
loka janasamkhyayude sathamaanam vihithamenna nilayil 6 sathamaanam staanderd vyathiyaanathode deerghakaala sharashari 26 shathamaanamaanennu sensus daatta kaanikkunnu. kuranjathu 16 sathamaanam vareyum uyarnnathu 33 sathamaanam vareyum aakam.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathiyonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum eee sathamaanam kuranju kondirikkukayaanu. rund vipareeta gadakangalaanu ithinu kaaranamaayatha oru vashath, loka janasamkhya spodanaathmakamaayi vardhichukondirikkanu. maruvashathu, daaridryaprashnam pariharikkunnathinayi chaina karsanamaaya janana niyanthrana nayam nadappaakki.
sameepakaala pravanathakalkkayi chainayudeyum chainayudeyum janasamkhyaashaasthram kaanuka.
hahn, bii. sii. 202-220 edii.
yudhathil earppettirunna samsthaanangalude kaalaghattatthil (bii. sii.) swakaarya vaanijyam, puthiya vyapara pathakal, karakaushala vyavasaayangal, pana sambadvyavastha ennivayude vikasanam puthiya nagara kendrangalude valarchayilekku nayichu. prabhukkanmaarude adhikaarakendrangalaayi maathram pravarthichirunna pazhaya nagarangalil ninnu eee kendrangal valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu. kiinn raajavamshathinte kaalath (221-206 bisi) oru staanderd, rajyavyaapaka karansiyude upayogam nagarangal thammilulla deerghadoora vyapaaram sugamamaakki. niravadhi hahn nagarangal valuthayi valarnnu padinjaaran hahn thalasthaanamaaya chaangaanil ekadesham 250,000 nivaasikalum kizhakkan hahn thalasthaanamaaya luvoyangil ekadesham 500,000 nivaasikalumundaayirunnu. eiii. dii 156leeii nikuthi sensasil rekhappeduthiyittulla hahn saamraajyathile janasamkhya, aii. dii. 1 kudumbangalile 55.6 dasalaksham aalukalaayirunnu. nagarangalil adhivasichirunna bhooribhaagam saadhaaranakkaarum nagara mathilukalkkum gettu houseukalkkum purathulla vipulamaaya nagara, suburban pradesangalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu.
trendukal tang tuu sathen soong.
chainees sambadvyavasthayude pradhana adithara ekadesham 750 eiii. dii. num 1250 eiii. dii. ykkum idayil thekkott maariyenn vadikkaan janasamkhyaa charitrakaaranaaya angus maadisan vipulamaaya daatta upayogikkunnu. 750ll janasamkhyayude naalil moonnu bhaagavum gothambum thinnu daanyavum valarthikkond vadakkan graamapradesangalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. 1250 aayappozhekkum naalil moonnu bhaagavum yangsic thekk thaamasikkukayum pradhaanamaayum nellu krishi cheyyukayum cheythu. 1000 AD aayappozhekkum chainayile prathiseersha varumanam athe samayam europe saraashariyekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandilum pathinettaam noottaandilum europian sambadvyavastha athivegam valarnnathode vyathiyaanam sambhavichu. 1250 muthal 1900 vare chaina janasamkhyayil naaliratti vardhanavu rekhappeduthi, athesamayam sharashari prathiseersha varumanam erekkure sthirathayode nilanirtthi. samadhaanavum jalasechanavum vegathil pakamakunna vithukalum varshathil rund vilakal anuvadikkunnavayumaayirunnu pradhana vishadeekaranangal. 1700 muthal 1820 vare chainayude motham jii. dii. pii padinjaaran europinekkaal vegathil valarnnu, ennirunnaalum europian prathiseersha varumanam athivegam valarnnu.
ming, 1368-1644.
ming raajavamshathile oro kaalaghattatthileyum janasamkhyayude kanakkukal sinologist charitrakaaranmaar charcha cheiyunnu. saambathika baadyathakal pala kudumbangaleyum avarude veedukalile aalukalude ennam kuraykkaan prerippichathinaal ming sarkkar sensus kanakkukal samshayaaspadamaanennu charitrakaaranaaya timothi brook abhipraayappedunnu, koodaathe pala kaundi udyogastharum avarude adhikaaraparidhiyilulla kudumbangalude ennam kuraykkaan prerippichu. mingiludaneelamulla janasamkhyaa sthithivivarakkanakkukal kaanikkunnathupole, kuttikal palappozhum report cheyyappettirunnil, prathyekichu penkuttikal. muthirnna sthreekal polum report cheyyapettilla; udaaharanathinu, vadakkan siliyile daam prefecturil 1502-ll 378,167 purushanmaarum 226,982 sthreekalum janasamkhyayundennu report cheythu. oro veedileyum prathekshikkunna sharashari aalukalude ennam upayogichu sensus kanakkukal parishkarikkaan sarkkar shramichuvenkilum ithu nikuthi rajistreshante vyapakamaaya prashnam pariharichilla. linga asanthulithaavasthayude chila bhagangal penn shishuhathyayude parisheelanathinu kaaranamakaam. randaayiram varshathilere pazhakkamulla eee sambradaayam chainayil nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu, samakaalika ezhuthukaar ithine "vyaapakavum" "mikkavarum ellah kudumbangalum pariseelikkunnathum" ennu visheshippichu. ennirunnaalum, 1586 aayappozhekkum pala kaundikalum 2:1 kavinjathayi report cheytha naadakeeyamaayi vakramaaya lingaanupaathangal shishudinathiloode maathram vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyilla.
1381leeii sensus prakaram ennappetta aalukalude ennam <aii. dii. 1> aayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, 1391leeii nikuthi sensus prakaram ekadesham 3 dasalaksham aalukale kaanaathaayathaayi sarkkar kandethiyappol eee ennam ganyamaayi kuranju. 1381ll report cheyyaatha kanakkukal gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyamaayi kanakkaakkappettenkilum, athijeevanathinte aavasyakatha palareyum nikuthi rajistreshan upekshikkanum hongwu janangalkk mail karsanamaaya achanjalatha adichelppikkaan shramicha avarude pradeshathu ninnu alanjuthiriyaanum prerippichu. 1393-ll <aii. dii. 1> aalukalude swantham yaadhaasthithika kanakk srishtichukondu sarkkar ithu laghookarikkaan shramichu. "chainayile janasamkhyayekkurichulla padanangalil", hoow ping-tii 1393 sensus 65 dasalaksham aalukalilekku parishkarikkaan nirddeshikkunnu, vadakkan chainayileyum athirthi pradeshangalileyum valia pradeshangal aaa sensasil kanakkakkiyittillenn shradhichu. 1393 nuu sheshamulla audyogika sensus prakaram shekharicha janasamkhyayude kanakk 51 muthal 62 dasalaksham vareyaanennum athesamayam janasamkhya vardhichukondirikkunnum brook parayunnu. hongsi chakravarty polum (aarr. 1487-1505) vishayangalude dainamdina vardhanavu rajisttar cheytha siviliyanmaarudeyum sainikarudeyum prathidinam kurayunnathinodu yojichathaanennu abhiprayappettu. ekadesham 1400 ll chainayile janasamkhya orupakshe 9 kodi aayirikkumenn vilyam attwel parayunnu.
janasamkhyayil sthiramaaya valarcha kaanikkunna soochanakalkkaayi charitrakaaranmaar ippol ming chainayile praadeshika gasateermaarilekku thiriyunnu. gasatteerukal upayogichu, chenguva chakravartthiyude keezhilulla mothatthilulla janasamkhya (aarr. sensus kanakkukal ekadesham 62 dasalaksham aanenkilum 1464-87) ekadesham 75 dasalaksham aayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil saamraajyathiludaneelamallu prefecturukal janasamkhyayude valippam kurayukayo nischalamaakukayo cheythathayi report cheyyumbol, praadeshika gasatteermaar vanthothil varunna naadodi thozhilaallikalkk krishi cheyyaan mathiyaya krishiyidamillennu report cheythu, athinaal palarum vananasheekaranathin kaaranamaaya drifttarukal, konmen allengil maram murikkunnavarayi maarum. honshiyum shengde chakravartthimaarum avarude swantham pradeshathu ninnu palayanam cheythavarkkethiraaya shikshakal kurachu, athesamayam jiajing chakravarty (aarr. 1521-67) oduvil kooduthal varumanam konduvarunnathinaayi udyogasthar kudiyettakkaare avar neengukayo palayanam cheiyukayo cheythidathellaam rajisttar cheythu.
kudiyetta thozhilaallikaleyum vyaapaarikaleyum rekhappeduthunnathinulla jiajing parishkaarangal undaayirunnittum, ming kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode sarkkar sensus janasamkhyayile valia valarchaye krithyamaayi prathiphalippichilla. saamraajyathiludaneelamallu gasatteermaar ithu rekhappeduthukayum mingile mothatthilulla janasamkhyayekkurichu swantham kanakkukoottalukal nadathukayum cheythu, 1368 muthal ithu erattiyaayo moonnirattiyaayo anchirattiyaayo valarnnuvennu chilar oohichu. avasana ming raajavamshathil janasamkhya 160 dashalakshamaayirikkaamennu fairbank kanakkakkunnu, athesamayam brook 175 dasalaksham kanakkakkunnu, ebri samsthaanangal orupakshe 200 dasalaksham vare valuthayirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, 1641-ll vadakkupadinjaaran chainayil praveshicha oru valia pakarchavyaadhi grand kanaalile janasaandrathayulla pradeshangale nashippichu; vadakkan sejiyaangile oru gasatteer aaa varsham janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam perr rogabaadhitharaayathaayum 1642 oode oru pradeshathe praadeshika janasamkhyayude 90 sathamaanavum marichathaayum rekhappeduthi.
kwing, 1644-1911.
aadyakaala, madhya-kwing saamoohika charithratthile ettavum pradhanappetta vasthuthakal janasamkhyayile valarcha, janasandrata, chalanathmakatha ennivayaayirunnu. vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta kanakkukal prakaram 1700-leeii janasamkhya ekadesham 150 dashalakshamaayirunnu, oru noottaandinte avasaanathil minginte kaalaghattam aayirunnathinekkal, adutha noottaandil erattiyaayi, 1850-leeii typing kalaapathinte thalennu 450 dashalakshathinte uyarathilethi. mikacha jalasechanavum prathyekichu vegathil pakwata praapikkunna arrie vithukalude varavum kaaranam bhakshya vitharanam vardhichu, ithu ore bhoomiyil varshathil rando moonno vilakal vilavedukkaan anuvadichu. nilakkadala, urulakkizhangu, prathyekichu madhurakkizhang thudangiya puthiya loka vilakalude vyaapanamaayirunnu oru adhika ghadakam. nellu, gothamb thudangiya vilakalkku vilaveduppinte shaamam undaakumbol janangale nilanirthaan avar sahayichu. eee vilakal kadinamaaya saahacharyangalil krishi cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athinaal avaa vilakuranjavayaayirunnu, ithu daridra karshakarkk pradhaanamaayitheeraan kaaranamaayi, poshakaahaarakkurav moolam maranappedunnavarude ennam kuranju. pathinezhaam noottaandil vyapakamaaya vasuri polulla rogangal prathirodha kuthivayppukalude vardhanavu moolam niyanthranavidheyamaakki. koodaathe, prasava saankethikavidyakalile mechappeduthalukalum midwifeukalum doctormaarum nadathunna shisu paricharanavum kaaranam sisumaranangalum ganyamaayi kuranju. sarkkar prachaaranangal sisumaranangal kurachu. eee kaalaghattatthil nagarangalil ettavum kooduthal samkhyaaparamaaya valarchayundaayirunna europil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chainayil nagarangalilum thaazhnna yangsiyilum valarcha kuravaayirunnu. karshakarkk valia chathuppunilangalum vanangalum neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyunna athirthi pradeshangalilum uyarnna pradesangalilumaanu ettavum valia valarcha.
chainees charithratthile mattethoru kaalathekkaalum kooduthal janasamkhyayum shradheyamaayi sanjarikkunnathaayirunnu. vaasthavathil, kwing sarkkar chalanathe niruthsaahappedukalthunnathu kooduthal cheythath chalanathe prolsaahippikkaanu. pathinettaam noottaandil dasalakshakkanakkinu hahn chainakkar yunnaan, guisho ennividangalilekkum thaayvaanilekkum kudiyeri. 1750kalileyum 1760kalileyum vijayangalkk sesham, kodathi sinjiangil kaarshika kolanikal samghadippichu. kudiyettam sthiramaayirikkaam, punaradhivaasatthinaayi, allengil kudiyettakkaar (sidhaanthathil kuranjathu) eee neekkathe oru thaathkaalika thaamasamaayi kanakkakkaam. randaamathethil vardhichuvarunna valuthum mobail thozhil shakthiyum ulppedunnu. praadeshika vamshajar adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyapara grouppukalum swathanthramaayi sanjarichu. vyapaaravum mattu saambathika avasarangalum thedi videshathu, pradhaanamaayum thekkukizhakkan eshyayilekku kwing vishayangalude samghaditha prasthaanavum eee chalanatthil ulppedunnu.
shaamam.
chainees pandithanmaar bisi 108 muthal 1911 vare oru pravisyayil allengil mattoru pravisyayil 1,828 kshaama sambhavangal kanakkaakkiyirunnu-prathivarsham sharashari oru shaamathinu aduthaanu. 1333 muthal 1337 vare vadakku bhaagathe kshaamathil 60 laksham chainakkar kollappettu. 1810, 1811, 1846, 1849 ennee naalu shaamangalil orupakshe 45 dasalaksham aalukalude jeevan nashtappettu.
1850 muthal 1873 vareyulla kaalayalavil, thiping kalapam, varalcha, shaamam ennivayude falamaayi chainayile janasamkhyayil 3 kodiyiladhikam kuravundaayi. shaamam kuraykkunnathinu vipulamaaya shradha nalkia chainayude kwing raajavamshathile bureaucracy, ell nino-thekkan aandolanavumaayi bandhapetta varalchayeyum vellappokkatheyum thudarnnulla niravadhi shaamangal ozhivaakkiyathinte bahumati nediyittundu. eee sambhavangal, alavil alpam cheruthaanenkilum, 19-aamm noottaandile chainayile vishalamaaya kshaamangalude paaristhithika trigger sambhavangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha. karshakarkk ("ming-sheng" ennariyappedunna) upajeevanathinulla samsthaana gyarandiyude bhaagamaayi, sambannar paavappettavarkkaayi avarude sambharanasaalakal thurakkendathinte aavasyakatha, bhakshyathinte vishalamaaya kayattumathi, vila niyanthranam enniva ulppedunna durithaashwaasa sramangal kwing chaina nadatthi.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil sammarddathilaaya rajavaazhcha samsthaana bharanathil ninnum daanyangalude nerittulla kayattumathiyilekku dhanaparamaya jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalilekku maariyappol, eee sambradaayam thakarnnu. angane tongshi punasthaapanatthinu keezhilulla 'aii. dii. 2' shaamam vijayakaramaayi pariharichu, ennaal vadakkan chainayiludaneelam varalcha moolamundaaya 'aii. dii. 1' enna mahathaaya vadakkan chainayile shaamam oru duranthamaayirunnu. daanyangal theernnathinaal shangsi pravishya ganyamaayi janavasam illaathaayi, pattiniyilaya aalukal vanangalum vayalukalum bhakshanathinaayi avarude veedukalum apaharichu. 9. 5 muthal 13 dasalaksham vare aalukalaanu maranamadayunnathu.
valia kuthichuchaattam 1958-1961.
irupathaam noottaandile ettavum valia shaamavum eathaandu ellaayppozhum theerchayaayum ekkaalatheyum shaamavum chainayile valia kuthichuchaattavumaayi bandhapetta 1958-1961 kshaamamaayirunnu. chaina oru kaarshika raashtrathil ninnu oru valia kuthichuchaattatthiloode oru vyaavasaayika shakthiyaayi mattaanulla maavo sedonginte nirbhagyakaramaaya sramamaanu eee kshaamatthinte pettennulla kaaranagal. chainayiludaneelamulla communist party pravartthakar karshakar koottaaya krishiyidangalkkaayi avarude krishiyidangal upekshikkanamennum cheria foundarikalil urukk ulppaadippikkaan thudanganamennum, palappozhum avarude kaarshika upakaranangal urukippokanamennum nirbandhichu. koottaaya pravartthanam krishiyile thozhilaallikaludeyum vibhavangaludeyum nikshepathinulla prothsaahanangale durbalapedutthi; vikendreekritha loha ulppaadanathinaayulla yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathu padhathikal aavashyamaaya thozhilaallikale illaathaakki; prathikoolamaaya kaalavastha; saamudaayika daining haalukal labhyamaya bhakshanathinte amita upabhogathe prothsaahippichu. vivarangalude kendreekritha niyanthranavum ulppaadana kwaattakal niravettukayo kaviyukayo polulla nalla vaarthakal maathram report cheyyaan party pravartthakarkku mail kadutha sammarddavum vardhichuvarunna duranthathekkurichulla vivarangal phalapradamaayi adichamarthappettu. kshaamatthinte thoth neethrthwam arinjappol, athu prathikarikkaan kaaryamayonnum cheythilla, koodaathe duranthathekkurichulla oru charchayum nirodhichathu thudarnnu. vaarthakalude eee moodalmanju adichamarthal valare phalapradamaayirunnathinaal valare kurachu chainees pouranmaarkku kshaamatthinte thoth ariyamaayirunnu, irupathaam noottaandile ettavum valia samadhaanakaala janasamkhyaaparamaaya durantham irupathu varshathinu sesham sensarshippinte moodalmanju uyarthaan thudangiyappol maathramaan parakke ariyapettath.
<aii. dii. 1> kaalayalavil kshaama maranangalude ennam 18 dasalaksham muthal kuranjathu 42 dasalaksham vare aalukalundu, koodaathe 3 kodi jananagal raddaakkukayo vaikukayo cheiyunnu. 1978ll kaarshika koottukettukalude nayangal pinvalikkaan thudangi.
chainees pravaasikal.
aayirakkanakkin varshangalkk munbaanu chainees kudiyettam aadyamaayi nadannathu. pathonpathaam noottaand muthal 1949 vare nadanna vanthothilulla kudiyettam pradhaanamaayum chainayile yudhangalum pattiniyum rashtreeya azhimathiyum moolamaanu undaayath. america, austreliya, dakshinaafrikka, thekkukizhakkan eshya, maleshya thudangiya vikaswara raajyangalilekku thozhil aavasyamulla vikaswara raajyangalilekku kudiyeriya mikka kudiyettakkaarum nirakshararo mosham vidyaabhyaasamullavaro aaya karshakaraayirunnu.
2009ll videshathu 10 laksham chainees pouranmaar undaayirunnu. avar 180 rajyangalil thaamasichu; 75 sathamaanam thekkukizhakkan eshyayilum 19 sathamaanam amerikkayilumaan thaamasichirunnathu.
2011ll videshathulla chainakkaril 35 eshyan raajyangalilum amerikkayile 40 raajyangalilum aii. dii. 2 aayirunnu thaamasichirunnathu.
oru kutty nayam.
1980 muthal 2015 vare chaina sarkkar bhooribhaagam kudumbangalkkum oru kutty maathram undakaan anuvadichirunnu. nadannukondirikkunna saamskaarika viplavavum athu raajyathin mail cheluthiya sammarddavum valia gadakangalaayirunnu. eee kaalayalavil, janananirakk oru sthreek ekadesham 6 kuttikalil ninnu verum 3 vayassinu thazheyaayi kuranju. (samsaarabhashayil "oru sthreek jananam" enna padam saadhaaranayaayi "motham prathyulpaadana nirakk" (tii. eph. aarr) aayi aupachaarikavalkkarikkappedunnu, ithu janasamkhyaa vishakalanathile oru saankethika padamaanu, athaayath oru sthreek avalude jeevithathiludaneelam krithyamaaya nilavile praaya-nirddishta prathyulpaadana nirakk anubhavichaal avalude jeevithakaalathu janikkunna kuttikalude sharashari ennam.)
chainayile ettavum praayam kuranja thalamura (oru kutty nayathinu keezhil janichavar) adutha thalamura roopeekarikkunnathinaayi praayamaayathinaal, orotta kuttikk avarude rund maathapithaakkalkkum naalu muthasshimaareyum pinthunaykkendivarum. 2014 aakumbozhekkum maathaapithaakkalil oraal ekakuttiyaanenkil kudumbangalkk rund kuttikal undakam.
eee nayam swamedhayaa ullathaanennu karuthappedunnu. bhavananirmmaanathil valare kuravundaayirunna nagarapradeshangalil ithu kooduthal shakthamayi nadappaakki. soujanya garbhanirodhana marggangal, saambathikavum thozhilparavumaaya aanukoolyangal, saambathika shikshakal, chilappol nirbandhitha garbhachhidravum vandhyamkaranavum enniva nayangalil ulppedunnu.
rund kuttikalude nayam.
2000nushesham nayam kramanugathamaayi laghookarikkappettu. aadya kutty oru makalaanenkil ozhivaakkalukal nilaninnirunnathinaal graamapradesangalil thamasikkunna hahn chainakkaarkk rund kuttikal janikkaan palappozhum anuvaadamundaayirunnu. ithupolulla kesukalum kooduthal kuttikalundakaan pizha (allengil "saamoohika paripalana phees") nalkia nagara dambathikalum kaaranam, vaasthavathil, oru kudumbatthil oru kutty ennathinekkaal oru kudumbatthil rund kuttikal ennathinekkaal 1.8 shathamaanamaayirunnu chainayude pradhana bhoopradeshathe mothatthilulla prathyulpaadana nirakk. koodaathe, 2012 muthal, thekkan sinjiyaangile hahn chainakkaarkk rund kuttikal janikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu. uyarnna muslim uyigur prathyulpaadanakshamathaykkar prolsaahanangalum niyanthranangalum ulppede ithu uyigur vighadanavaadathinte bhishaniye prathirodhikkanulla sramamaayi kaanapettu.
2016ll deseeya nayam rund kuttikal enna nayamaayi maari; 2018ll athu moonnu kuttikalulla nayamaayi maari. chainayile vaardhakya prashnam pariharikkan sahaayikkunnathinaan puthiya nayangal uddeshichathu. 
puthiya nayapariskaranam nadannu ekadesham rund varshathinu sesham 2018ll chaina rund kuttikalude nayathil ninnu puthiya prathyaaghaathangal neridukayaanu. oru kutty nayam parishkarichathinushesham 90 dasalaksham sthreekalkku randaamathe kuttikk arhata labhichu. saambathika shaasthranjan" parayunnathanusarichu, puthiya rund-kuttikalude nayam lingaparamaaya rolukalil prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum, sthreekal kooduthal kuttikale prasavikkumennum avarude currier upekshikkumennum puthiya prathekshakal undu.
parishkaranathinushesham, 2016ll chainayude prathyulpaadana nirakkil hraswakaala vardhanavundaayi. 2016ll chainees sthreekal 17.9 dasalaksham kunjungalkku janmam nalki (21-aamm noottaandile record moolyam), ennaal jananangalude ennam 2017ll 3.5 sathamaanam kuranju 17.2 dasalakshamaayum 2018ll 1.5.2 dasalakshamaayum kuranju.
chainayil, purushanmaarkk ippozhum kooduthal vaivaahika shakthiyund, ithu avarude sthree pankaalikalude mail prathyulpaadana sammarddam vardhippikkunnu. bandhangalude chalanathmakatha (oro maathapithaakkaludeyum kaivashamulla "adhikaarathinte" alavu), oro maathapithaakkaludeyum vibhavangalude alavu enniva aadhipathyathinaayulla poraattatthinu sambhavana cheiyunnu. varumanam, aarogya insurance thudangiya inangalaayirikkum vibhavangal. garbhaavasthayil anthimatheerumaanam aarkkaan, maathru/rakshaakarthru avadhikkaayi avarude kariyaril ninnu raajivaykkendivarunnavara aadhipathyam ennu vivarikkappedum. ennirunnaalum, aadyathe kuttikk aavasyamulla lingabhedam illengil sthreekal randaamathe kuttiyil thaalparyam prakadippichu.
chainees dambathikalum sarway nadathukayum rund kuttikalkk pakaram oru kuttiyil nikshepikkaanaanu thangal aagrahikkunnathenn prasthavikkukayum cheythu. dambathikale sambandhichidatholam mattoru aashanka mattoru kutty valarthunnathinulla uyarnna chelavaanu; chainayude sisusamrakshana samvidaanam kooduthal vikasippikkendathundu. saamskaarika maanadandangalile maattam prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal undakkunnathaayi thonnukayum cheria yuvathalamurakalulla oru valia prayamaaya janasamkhyayekkurichulla bhayathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu; athinaal sambadvyavasthaye nayikkaan thozhilshakthiyude abhavam.
chainees adhikaarikal avarude janasamkhyaa niyanthrana nayangal avasaanippikkunna prakriyayilaanennu 2018 meyy maasathil report cheyyappettu. 2021 meyy maasathil, chainees sarkkar moonnu kuttikalude nayathinu anukoolamaayi rund kuttikalude nayam raddaakkumennu prakhyaapichu, ithu raajyathe janananirakk kuraykkunnathinaayi dambathikalkku moonnu kuttikal janikkaan anuvadikkunnu.

