
maymuna kallu

12-aamm noottaandile marble shavakudeeramaanu (roman uthbhavam) malttayile gosoyile sevkijayil ninnu kandethiyathayi vishwasikkappedunna mayana kallu (allengil "ill-rga taa majmuna"). jadjiyum charitrakaaranumaaya jiovanni bonnelloyude abhipraayathil, majmuna kallu maltayile islaamika saannidhyathinte athisayakaramaaya drishyaavashishtamaanu."ithu ippol victoriyayile citadellayile archaeology myoosiyathil pradharshippichirikkunnu.
vivaranam.
marble kallu yadhaarthathil roman kaalaghattatthilaanu upayogichirunnathu, athinte pinbhagam soochippikkunnu. rosaappoovinte roopathilulla oru shilpam roman vasthuvidyaa shailiyil kothivachittundu. pinneedu ithu oru shavakudeeramaayi veendum upayogichu. maltayile akkaalathe eaka islaamika shavasamskara kallaya ithu athinte yadhaartha valippathil ippozhum kedukoodaathe nilanilkkunnu, koodaathe oru theeyathi nalkunna oreyoru kallaanith.
1174 march 21nuu maricha majmuna enna penkuttiyude shavakudeeramaanu majmuna kallu. pinnil roman alankaarangalulla oru marble slabanit (islaamika vadakke aafrikkayil atharam punarupayogam oru saadhaarana sambhavamaayirunnu). kufik arabic likhitham ekadesham vivarthanam cheiyunnatha
karunanidhiyum karunanidhiyumaaya allahuvinte naamatthil. addeham pravachakanaaya mohammedin anuyayikalkkum anugrahikkappedukayum avarkk nithyaraksha nalkukayum cheyyatte.<bii. aarr.>
daivam mahanayavan nithyanumaan, thante srishtikal nashichupokanamennu avan vidhichittund. allahuvinte pravaachakan ithinu saakshyam vahikkunnu.<bii. aarr.>
ibnu azz-susi ennariyappedunna alii alle-hudaliyude makan hasaante makalaaya mayanayude shavakudeeramaanith. 569-leeii shaban maasatthile 16-aamm divasam vyaazhazhcha aval marichu, thulyanillaatha oreyoru daivamundennu avakashappettu.<bii. aarr.>
chuttum nokkoo! bhoomiyil nithyamaaya enthengilum undo; maranathe pinthirippikkukayo athil oru manthravaadam nadathukayo cheiyunna enthengilum undo? maranam enne oru kottaaratthil ninnu kollayadichu, nirbhagyavashaal, vaathilukalkko boltukalkko enne rakshikkaan kazhinjilla. ente jeevithakaalathu njaan cheythathellaam avasheshikkunnu, kanakkakkappedum.<bii. aarr.>
ooo, eee shavakudeerathe nokkunnavan! njaan ithinakam athil dahichirikkunnu, ente annukalil podipadalangal pathinjirikkunnu. ente vaasasthalathulla ente kattilil kanneerallathe matonnumilla, njaan ente srashtaavinte munbil prathyakshappedumbol ente punarutthaanatthil enthaanu sambhavikkuka? ooo ente sahodarane, jnjaaniyaayirikkukayum anuthapikkukayum cheyvin.
1091-ll maltayile norman adhiniveshathinu ekadesham oru noottaandinu sesham 1174-ll ezhuthappettathaanu eee likhitham. 1224-ll muslimkale purathaakkunnathuvare islam maltayile prabala mathamaayi thudarnnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
sameepakaala charithram.
majmuna kallu kandethiya theeyathiyum sthalavum anjjaathamaanu. sevkijayileyum sannathileyum gojitan graamangalkkidayilulla "taa majmuna" ennariyappedunna pradeshathaanu eee kallu kandethiyathenn parambaraagathamaayi vishwasikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, maltayil eee kallu kandethiyittillenum athu vadakke aafrikkayile tunisiayil ninnu uthbhavichathaayirikkamenum saadhyathayund.
1772-ll ezhuthiya 'malta illastratta ovaro descrision dii malta aisola dell maare sisiliano iii adriatico' enna pusthakatthil kaundu jiovanantoniyo siyantaar kallinekkurichu ezhuthukayum chithreekarikkukayum cheythuvenkilum athinte rachana manassilakkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. oru swakaarya vasathiyude muttathaanu shavakudeeram sthithicheyyunnathennu siyantaar ezhuthi.
1799-ll franch adhiniveshathinethiraaya malties prakshobhatthil russiayile pooll onnaaman nayathanthranjanaaya andrey italinskiye kalaapakaarikalkk russian samrakshanam undennu urappakkaan ayachu. maltayil thaamasikkumbol italinsky kallu parishodhichu, athinte likhithathinte oru bhagam manassilakkaan kazhinja aadya vyakthiyaan addeham.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil theeyathi rekhappeduthaatha oru scrapbookil, pithaav giuseppe carmelo gristti eee kallu "maltayil" kandethiyathayum vaalattayile baaran maskattinte vasathiyil samrakshichathaayum rekhappeduthiyittundu. 1839 aayappozhekkum eee kallu saaraa kudumbatthil pettathaayirunnu, oduvil athu baaran sarr giuseppe maria dii piroic kaimari. 1845ll dii piroo ithu pothu libraric sambhavana cheythu.
1960 muthal eee kallu goso museum oof archaeology shekharangalude bhagamaanu. myoosiyathinte "abhimaanavum santhoshavum" ennaanu ithine vilikkunnathu.

