
swapna guha

englandile derworthyle virksvarthinaduthu sthithicheyyunna oru prakrithidatha chunnaambukallu guhayaan dream cave (chilappol dream hole allengil dream mine ennu vilikkunnu).
1822-ll ledu khanithozhilaalikal kandethiya ithil oru kambili kaandaamrigathinteyum mattu valia sasthanikaludeyum asthikooda avashishtangal eathaandu poornnamaayum adangiyirikkunnuvennu kandethi. geologist vilyam buckland ettedutha eee avashishtangal ippol ooksfoord myoosiyathil sookshichirikkunnu.
sthalavum vivaranavum.
monsal deyil formation ennu vilikkunna thaazhnna carboniferous chunnaambukallu paarakalude oru parambaraykkullil dhaathuvalkkaranathinte sirayiloode oru swaabhaavika kaarstik arayayi dream guha roopappettu. swapna guhayilekkulla praveshanam (guhakale swapna dwaaram ennu vilikkunnu) pultthakidiyulla oru kunnin kunnilaanu, wirksworth pattanatthinte padinjaaru, carsington reservoirinu kizhakk, vanapradeshangal kaanunnu. chunnaambukallinulle aazhameriyathum kuthaneyullathumaaya prakrithidatha villalaan eee praveshana kavaadam, muun leed-mining pravarthanangalaal adayaalappeduthiya vayalukalilaanu ithu.
ekadesham uyarathilum aazhathilumulla dream guhayil padinjaaru-vadakkupadinjaaru muthal kizhakk-thekk-kizhakk dishayil arakal undu.
yadhaarthathil poornnamaayum ayanja vasthukkalaal nirachathaanenkilum, mikkavarum ellaam neekkam cheyyappettu, cheria avashishtangal yadhaartha strattigraphy onnum kaanikkaathavidham aswasthamaanu.
kandethal.
1822 desemberil ledu khanithozhilaalikal oru puthiya shaaft virkswarthinu mukalilulla oru kunninpurathekku mukki dream khaniyile ledu ayirinte ulppaadana sirakalil athikkunnathinulla jolikkidayilaanu dream guha kandethiyathu. angane cheyyumbol, khanithozhilaalikal apratheekshithamaayi kunninpurathulla oru valia prakrithidatha guhayilekk thulachukayari, athu poornnamaayum argilasius mannum paara shakalangalum kondu niranjirunnu. vishadamaaya samakaalika vivaranam anusarichu, thaazhekkulla purogathi thudarunnathinaayi avar eee metteeriyal khananam cheyyumbol, ayanja infil avaykku chuttum maranum thakarukayum cheythu. eee ayanja vasthukkal neekkam cheiyunna pravrithi oduvil guhayude melkoora thanne thurannukaatti. thakarnnuveezhunna pindatthinte madhyabhaagathu, khanithozhilaalikal niravadhi asthikal kandethi, orupakshe aaa samayat oru valia sasthaniyude poornna asthikoodamaayirikkaam thakarnnadinja avashishtangal ellukal verpeduthunnathinu kaaranamaayath. infil neekkam cheiyunnathil, vidagdha parisodhanayil kaandaamrigatthinte eathaandu poornnamaaya asthikoodamaanennu khanithozhilaalikal kandethiyirunnu. ithu oru kambili kaandaamrigamaanennu ("collodonda antiquitatis") pinneedu sthireekarichu.
thudakkathil, guha uparithalavumayi bandhappettirunnuvenni thelivukalonnum undaayirunnilla. mine shaaft mungunnathinoppam, takarunna vasthukkal neekkam cheythathode, mukalilulla vayalil oru nyoonatha roopappedaan thudangi. oduvil, kooduthal takarunna infil neekkam cheythappol, pathukke thuranna connecting shoonyatha ekadesham veethiyum aazhavumullathayi kandethi.
sasthanikalude avashishtangal.
oru maasathinushesham, 1823 januvariyil, prashastha ooksfoord geologist vilyam buckland swapna guhayile kandethalukal parisodhikkaan ethi. eee samayamaayappozhekkum bhoovudama philipp jellinte nirdesaprakaaram pala asthikalum neekkam cheyyappettu. swapna guha athinte avashishtangaleyum kurichulla bucklandinte vishadamaaya vivaranam pinneedu addehathinte "riliki diluviye, allengil, oru saarvathrika pralayam theliyikkunna jaiva avashishtangalekkurichula nireekshanangal" enna pusthakatthil prasidheekarichu. kaandaamrigatthinte asthikoodathil oru thala, patthu mollar pallukal, thaadiyellu thaazhathe pakuthiyude oru bhagam, matte pakuthiyude kedupaadukal enniva ulppettittundennu addeham vivarichu. rund servical kasherukkal, niravadhi dorsal, rund cadell kasherukkal, vividha vaariyellukal, sacrum, pelvis ennivayum naalu kaikaalukaludeyum neelamulla asthikalum veendeduthu. ellaam nannayi samrakshikkappedukayum eathaandu poornnavalarcha kaivaricha mrugathil ninnu samrakshikkappedukayum cheythu. mattu valia sasthanikalude asthikalum kandethiyenkilum randaamathe mrugam avide marichuvennu soochippikkunna adhika kaandaamrigangalude asthikalonnum kandethiyilla. kuthira, kaala, maan enniva ithil ulppedunnu. emm. jell pinneedu eee saambilukal ooksfoord myusiyathinu sambhavana cheythu. pinneedu nadanna gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu avar aadyam bucklandinte swantham swakaarya shekharangalil christchurch kolejilekku praveshichathinushesham 1860 ll sthaapithamaayathinushesham ooksfoord myoosiyathilekk mattappettu. 1861 aayappozhekkum valia asthikal ooksfoord myoosiyathil pradharshippichirunnu, ennirunnaalum 1874 aayappozhekkum chila cheria maathrkakal sambharanathilekku maatti.
swapna guhayil ninnulla kaandaamrigangalude asthikal evideyaanennu 1880-kalil ippozhum oormmikkappedunnumdum, nootti irupathu varshangalkk sesham avaa marannupoyi, chilar shaasthrathin nashtappettathayi vishwasikkunnu. athinaal, irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, swapna guhayil kandethiya kaandaamrigangalude krithyamaaya inam urappode ariyapettirunnilla.
21-aamm noottaandile gaveshanam.
swapna guhayil ninnu buckland neekkam cheytha asthikalum anubandha vasthukkalum nashtappettitla, munbu anumaanichathupole, ooksfoord myoosiyathil avasheshichu, athil addeham "kaandaamriga ticorhinus" (kambili kaandaamrigatthinte paryayam) ennu label cheytha saambilukal ulppedunnu. thudarnnu kooduthal chikitsa vishadamaaya padanangalum noottaandinte avasaanathode aarambhichu. 2000-ll, buckland shekharicha floostoon metteeriyalinte paroksha radiometric dating, sasthanikalude asthikale udan thanne marikadannuvennu karuthiyathin 36,450 varshangalkk munbulla theeyathi (plus/mainus 1,260 varshangal) nalki. ithu soochippikkunnathu, varthamaanakaalathin (bipi) 37,000 varshangalkk munbu kambili kaandaamrigavum mattu mrugangalum swapna guhayil veenu ennaanu. ithu avasaanathe himayugathile (aadyakaala deventian) maraine isotope ghattam 3 interstaadiyalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
2016ll chila yadhaartha gaveshana samghangal swapna guha punarujeevippikkukayum kambili kaandaamrigathinaduthaayi kaanapedunna oorookkukal/kaandaamrigangalude asthikalude nerittulla radiocarbon dating nadathukayum cheythu. ithu 45,083-48,613 bipi calibrated theeyathikal nalki. poornnamaaya kambili kaandaamriga asthikoodam guhayilekk nerittu veenathukondalla, marichu kadutha vellappokkathil ninnu kazhukiyathaanu kaaranamenn buckland thante yadhaartha vyaakhyaanathil paranjathil shariyenn team nigamanam cheythu. athesamayam buckland ithu "dailuviyal detritasinoppam ore samayam poornnamaayum vyathichalicha oru" (i.iii.baibil vellapokkam), aadhunika shaasthram ithine oru uyarnna alavilulla vellapokka sambhavathil ninnulla inn-washing ennu vyaakhyaanikkunnu, ithu oru thanutha shaithyakaalathin sesham pettennulla vasanthakala urukal moolamaanu, athu akkaalathe aaa pradeshathe glacial-kaalayalavile kaalaavasthayude savisheshathayaayirunnu.
speeshees listt.
swapna guhayil ninnulla inipparayunna enangal ippol ooksfoord myoosiyathil sookshichirikkunnu 
valia sasthanikalude avashishtangal maathrame veendedukkukayum nilanirthukayum cheythittulloovenkilum, sookshichittillengilum sookshumajeevikalude avashishtangalum undaayirunnirikkaan saadhyathayund. ithu akkaalathe shekharana mungananakale prathifalippikkunnu, ennaal sarr everard hoome ennathinodu yojichukondu philipp jell 1823-ll ezhuthi "kaandaamrigam guhayude madhyabhaagathu, kaalayum maanum oru attatthum cheria mrugangal maruvashathum adivasichirunnathaayi thonnunnu."
praadhaanyam.
vilyam buckland thante sidhaanthangal vikasippikkukayum guha paliyantolajiyekkurichum vamshanasham sambhavicha phoosil kasherukkalude uthbhavathekurichum avayude bandhathekkurichum oru pradhana kruthi prasidheekarikkaan thayyaaredukkukayum cheiyunna samayathaan swapna guhayudeyum athinte janthujaalangalude avashishtangaludeyum kandethal charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamullath; guha ganyamaaya vishadamaayi vivarikkukayum 1823 leeii addehathinte grandhamaaya "riliki diluviyaane" yill chithreekarikkukayum cheythu.
swapna guhayil ninnulla eathaandu poornnamaaya kambili kaandaamrigam yukeyil apoorvvamaayi kaanapedunna oru inathinte asaadhaarana udaaharanamaanu, prathyekichum hayenakal bhakshichathinte lakshanangalonnum kaanikkaathathinaal.
bheeshanikal.
kaarshika avashishtangal thalliyathum bhaagikamaayi nirachathum swapna guha baadhichathaayi 2016ll report cheyyappettu. 2013 aayappozhekkum ithum parisara pradeshangalum "peak jillayile pradhana loha, gangu khanana sthalangalude update cheytha inventariyil" audyogikamaayi pattikappeduthiyittundum prathyeka shaasthreeya thaalpparyamulla oru saittayi niyamaparamaaya padavi ithu samrakshikkunnilla.

