
denmaarkkinte aan

1589 august 20 nuu avarude vivaahathil ninnu skotlandile raajnjiyum 1603 march 24 nuu scotish, engleesh kireedangalude yooniyanil ninnu 1619 ll marikkunnathuvare englandileyum irelandileyum raajnjiyumaayirunnu aan oof denmark (; 12 desember 1574-2 march 1619).
denmarkile frederic randaaman raajaavinte randaamathe makalum mcclenberg-gustroyile sofiyumaaya aan 14-aamm vayassil jayimsine vivaham kazhichu. avarkk shaishavaavasthayil ninnu rakshapetta moonnu kuttikalundaayirunnu henry frederic, maathaapithaakkalude maranathinu munbu maricha weils rajakumaran; bohemiyayude raajnjiyaaya elisabath rajakumari; jaimsinte bhaavi pingamiyaaya chaals onnaaman. henry raajakumaarante samrakshanathekkurichum avalude suhruthu beatricks roothwanodulla perumaattathekkurichum jaimsumaayulla tharkkangalil oru swathanthramaaya parambarayum vibhageeya scotish raashtreeyam upayogikkaanulla sannadhathayum aan prakadippichu. aan aadyam jayimsine snehichirunnathaayi thonnunnu, pakshe dambathikal kramena maarukayum oduvil verpirinj jeevikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum paraspara bahumaanavum oru paridhivare vaalsalyavum nilaninnu.
englandil, aan thante oorjjam vibhageeya raashtreeyathil ninnu kalayude rakshaakarthvathilekku maattukayum europile ettavum sambannamaaya saamskaarika saloonukalilonninu aathidheyathvam vahichukondu svanthamaayi manoharamaaya kodathi nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1612 nuu sesham, avar anaarogyam anubhavikkukayum kramena kottaarajeevithatthinte kendratthil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythu. maranasamayathu avar oru prottastantaayirunnu report cheyyappettirunnuvenkum, jeevithathile eathenkilum ghattathil avar catholica mathathilekku parivartthanam cheythirikkaam.
chila charitrakaaranmaar aanne bharam kuranja, nissara svayambhogiyumaaya raajnjiyaayi thallikkalanjittundu. ennirunnaalum, thomas birch, vilyam gutri ennivarulppedeyulla pathinettaam noottaandile ezhuthukaar avare "athirukalillaatha goodaalochana" yulla sthriyaayi kanakkakki. sameepakaalathe punaparisodhanakal aanninte uracha swaathanthryavum prathyekichu jacobian kaalaghattatthile kalakalude rakshaadhikaari enna nilayil avalude chalanathmakamaaya praadhaanyavum amgeekarikkunnu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1574 desember 12 nuu denmark raajyathile jutland upadveepile scanderboarg kottayil mcclenberg-gustroyile sophi, denmarkile frederic randaaman rajaavu ennivarude makalaayi aan janichu. oru purusha anantharaavakaashiyude aavasyathil rajaavu oru makane pratheekshichirunnu, moonnu varshathinu sesham denmarkile kristhyan naalaaman enna makanu sophi janmam nalki.
mootha sahodariyaaya elisabathinoppam, aanneyum avalude maathru muthasshimaarum mcclenberghile duke duches gustroyil valarthaan ayachu. christianiyeyum gustroyil valarthanaayi ayachu, ennaal rund varshathinu sesham, 1579-ll, rajaavu thante pithaav thante bharthrupithaavinu kathezhuthi, thante makkalaya kristhyaanikaleyum alrichineyum (orupakshe, rigsradinte, danish privy kaunsilinte nirbandhaprakaaram) thirike nalkanamennu abhyarthichu, anneyum elisabath addehathodoppam madangi.
aanne denmarkil aduthathum santhushtavumaaya oru kudumba valarcha aasvadichu, pradhaanamaayum kuttikale avarude rogangaliloode paricharicha kween sophikku nandi. mathathil parishkaricha oru rajyamaayum labhakaramaaya oru vyapara pankaaliyaayum denmarkine anukoolicha skotlandile jaims araman ulppede europil udaneelamulla vaadikal aanninteyum elisabathinteyum kaikal vivaahathil thedi.
jaimsinte mattoru gurutharamaaya saadhyatha, addehathilninnu ettu varsham moothathaanengilum, englandile elisabath onnaaman anukoolicha navaareyile hugunot rajaavaaya henry moonnaamante (fraansile bhaavi henry naalaaman) sahodari catherine aayirunnu. denmarkile scotish ambasadermar aadyam avarude suit mootha makalil kendreekarichuvenkilum frederic elisabathine brunswickile duke henry juuliyasinoppam vivaham kazhippichu, pakaram skottukalkku vaagdaanam cheythu, "randaamathe [makal] annaykku, rajaavinu avale ishtamaanengil, aval avale svanthamaakkanam."
vivaahanischayavum paroksha vivaahavum.
1588ll frederikkinte maranashesham, thante makan kristhyan raajaavinte niyanthranathinaayi rigsraadumaayi adhikara pooraattatthil earppettappol, anneyude ammayaya sofiyude bharanaghadanaaparamaaya sthaanam budhimuttaayi. ennirunnaalum, oru maachu maker enna nilayil, sophi frederikkinekkaal kooduthal utsaahavathiyaanennu theliyikkukayum sthreedhanathinte alavum oorkniyude nilayum marikadannu 1589 joolaiyode avar karar urappikkukayum cheythu. aan thanne malsarathil aaveshabharithanaayathaayi thonnunnu. 1589 juulai 28nuu, engleesh chaaranaya thomas foular aan "raajaavinte mahathvavumaayi ithuvare pranayathilaayirunnuvennum athu thakarthathu avalkk maranamaayirunnuvennum thante vaalsalyathinu prathifalamaayi thante vaalsalyam nalkaan paryapthamaaya vividha vazhikal nalkiyittundennum report cheythu."jaims sthreekalekkaal purushanmareyaanu eshtappedunnathennu foularude aakshepam pathinaalu vayassulla aannil ninnu marachuvekkappedumaayirunu, aval thante prathisrutha varanu vendi sharttukal enbroidery cheythu, athesamayam 300 thayyalkkaar avalude vivaha vasthrathil jolie cheythu.
kimvadanthikalude sathyam enthuthanneyaayaalum, stuvartt line samrakshikkaan jaimsinu oru rajakeeya malsaram aavashyamaayirunnu. "daivamaanu ente saakshyam", addeham vishadeekarichu, "ente raajyathinte aarogyam anuvadikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal kaalam enikku vittunilkkaamaayirunnu, [illaayirunnengil] ente kazhivillaaymayekkurichu valia asooya palarudeyum nenchukalil valarnnu, njaan oru vandhyanaaya mrugamaanennapole."1589 august 20 nuu cronborg kottayil jaimsinte prathinidhiyaya jorjju keeth, anchaamathe erl marischal, aaninte aduthu vadhuvinte kidakkayil irunnukondu aan jaimsinte prathinidhiyayi vivahithayaayi.
vivaham.
10 divasathinullil aan skotlandilekku kappal yaatra aarambhichu, ennaal admiral pedder mankinte neethrthwathil avalude kappalppada niravadhi durantham nerittu, oduvil norway theerathekku madangaan nirbandhithayaayi, avide ninnu aval karayiloode ooslooyilekku abhayam thedi, erl marischal scotish, danish embassykalile mattullavarum.
septambar 12nuu, loard ding vaal laith ethi, "thaan raajnjiyude kappalumayi munnooru mile dooramethi, oru valia kodunkaattu moolam avaril ninnu verpirinju raajnji kadalil apakadatthilaanennu bhayapettu."paribhrantharaaya jaims deseeya upavaasathinum pothu praarthanakalkkum ahvaanam cheyyukayum thante suhruthu prabhu settan kottaaratthil ninnu aante varavinayi puramlokam nireekshikkukayum cheythu. addeham niravadhi ganangal ezhuthi, onnu naayakanteyum leanderinteyum duravasthayumaayi thaarathamyam cheyth, oru thirayal samghathe ayachu, franch bhashayil addeham avalkk ezhuthiya oru kathu vahichu "enne ariyaavunna oraalkkum oru glassile swantham prathiphalanatthinum maathrame enikku prakadippikkaan kazhiyoo, ente priyappetta sneham, ningal yaatra aarambhichathinusesham vipareeta kaattum akramasakthamaaya kodunkaattukalum kaaranam njaan anubhavicha bhayam...". aval crossing upekshichuvennu vishadeekarikkunna aanneyude kathukal octoberil ethi. aval franch bhashayil ezhuthi;
thante jeevithathile oru romaantik episode" ennu vilson vilikkunna chithratthil, jaims thante bharya vyakthiparamayi konduvaraan munnoorolam amgangalulla oru anucharanumaayi leythil ninnu kappal kayari. fleckefjordil ninnu tonsburg vazhi karamargam yaatra cheytha sesham november 19 nuu addeham ooslooyilethi. oru scotish vivaranam anusarichu, addeham "boottukalum ellaam" kondu aanikk munnil svayam avatharippikkukayum avalude prathishedhangale niraayudheekarikkukayum scotish reethiyil avale chumbikkukayum cheythu.
1589 november 23 nuu ooslooyile pazhaya bishop kottaaratthinte haalil, appol kristhyan myoolinte veettil, anneyum jamesineyum audyogikamaayi vivaham kazhichu, "aaa samayathum sthalathum saadhyamaaya ellah aadambarathodeyum."vaduvinum varan manasilakkaan vendi, laith mantri david lindsey franch bhashayil aan" "daivabhakthiyum sundariyumaaya oru raajakumaariyaanennu visheshippichukondu chadangu nadatthi"... aval avante mahatwatinu valia samthrupthi nalkunnu."oru maasathe aakhoshangal thudarnnu; desember 22 nuu, thante samghathe 50 aayi churukkia jaims, elsinorile cronborg kottayil thante puthiya bandhukkale sandarshichu, avide navadambathikale sophi raajnjiyum 12 vayassulla kristhyan rajaavaaya nalaman kristhyante naalu reejantumaarum swaagatham cheythu. march 7 nuu dambathikal koppenheganilekku thamasam maarukayum aanninte mootha sahodari elisabathinte vivaahathil brunswick duke henry juuliyasinoppam epril 19 nuu pankedukkukayum rund divasathinu sesham skaatt landilake oru paachu cheytha "gideonil" kappal kayarukayum cheythu. meyy onninu avar laith vellathil ethi. jaims elphinstan franch bhashayil nadatthiya swaagathaarhamaaya prasamgathinu sesham, aan raajaavinte warkill thaamasikkukayum jaims ottaykku edavaka palliyil patrick galoweyude prabhashanam kelkkaan pookukayum cheythu. anchu divasathinu sesham, jaims kuthirappurathu sawari cheythukondu denmarkil ninnu konduvanna oru soolid silver kochilaanu aan edinbergilekku samsthaana praveshanam nadathiyathu.
kireedadhaaranam.
1590 meyy 17nuu skotlandile aadyathe protestant kireedadhaaranamaaya hollrudile abbe palliyil aan kireedamaniyappettu. ezhu manikkoor neenda chadangil, president mantri roobert brusinaayi maar kaundas avarude gaunn thurannu "avalude nenjileyum kaiyileyum bhaagangalil" "oru nalla alavil enna" ozhikkukayum angane avale raajnjiyaayi abhishekam cheyyukayum cheythu. (oru purajaatheeya, jootha acharamenna nilayil chadangile eee gadakathe kirk mantrimar shakthamayi athirthirunnuvenkilum athu pazhaya niyamathil ninnullathaanennu jaims vaadichu.) rajaavu kireedam chansalar maitlaandinu kaimari, addeham athu aaneyude thalayil vachu. satyamathatheyum daiwaradhana samrakshikkumennum "ellah paappistikkal andhavishwaasangaleyum, daivavachanathinu virudhamaaya eathu chadangukaleyum achaarangaleyum neridumennum verukkumennum" avar prathinjja cheythu.
skotlandile oru kudumbam.
lady-inn-waiting, chambermar kathrin skinkel, anna kaas, maargarat vinstaar, prabhashakanaaya johannes sering, oru peju vilyam belo, svarnnappanikkaaranaaya jacob crogger, marappanikkaranaaya frederic, avalude paachakakkar hans poppilmaan, marian, thayyalkkaar ennivarulppede denmarkil ninnu aan sevekaray kottarakkareyum konduvannu. avarude danish sekrattari calixtus skeeninu vilyam foular, joonn geddy ennee rund scotish sahapravarthakar undaayirunnu. avarude aadya kudumbatthinte thalavan wilhem voonn derr vens aayirunnu. avarude swantham rajyath ninnulla sevakar parichayasambatthu nalkukayum oru saamskaarika vibhajanam nikathukayum cheythu.
aadyam, vilyam dundasineppolulla nireekshakar karuthiyath raajnji kurachu scotish koottalikalkkoppam eakaantha jeevitam nayikkunnu ennaanu. pinneedu 1590-ll esme stuvarttinte makalaaya maari stuvartt, lennoxinte onnaam duke, maargarat wood, ochiltri stuvartt kudumbatthile amgangal ennivarulppede kooduthal scotish prabhukkanmaare avale sevikkaan niyamichu. raajnjiyude sthreekalkku sawari cheyyaan hackney kuthirakalude sammanangal ayaykkaan caldwellile roobert myoor ulppedeyulla scotish lairdukale jaims kshanichu. danish thayyalkkaranaaya paal reyiyum furior henry cose nirmmicha vasthrangalum riding vasthrangalum aanii vaangi, koodaathe avarude vasthrangalude maasttar soren jonsante melnottatthil scotish thayyalkkaraaya peettar saandezhsanum peettar ranland vaangi. avalkk oru aafrikkan sevakan undaayirunnu, avalkk kuthiraye paricharikkunna "kuthirappuratthe peju" aaya "kuthirappurakkaaran" ennu maathrame akkoottatthil paraamarshichittulloo. ooranchu velvettum spanish taafettayum dharichirunnu. 1591 joolaiyil fackland kottaaratthil vachu addeham marichappol, jaims addehathinte shavasamskaarathin panam nalki.
rund danish priyappettavaraya kathrin skinkel sophi casses raajnjiyude thoovalukalulla velvett thoppikal dharichirunnu, ithu veettile oru muthirnna manyayaaya sthree, raajaavinte tutor peettar yamginte bharyayaaya elisabath gib nirmmichu. avar vivaahitharaayappol aan avarude sthreekalude vivaha gaunukalum trousoyum nalkukayum jeane, lady kennadiyude sthreedhanathin oru vaaypa polum krameekarikkukayum cheythu. 1592 desemberil vidhava joonn erskine, maar oof erl merii stuvarttine vivaham kazhichappol, jaims VI, denmarkile aan ennivar alovayile aakhoshangalil pankedukkukayum avide oru mask dharichu aan oof denmark avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 1594 muthal, jarmman doctor martin shonner avar rogabaadhithayaayirunnappo shishushayyayilaayirunnapo avare paricharichu. skotlandile avarude kottara samgeethajnjan joonn norley oru engleesh loottanistaayirunnu.
1593-ll, elisabath raajnjiye kaanaan aagrahikkunnuvennum oru yuva engleesh maanyano "nalla maathaapithaakkalude" kanyakayo avalude kudumbatthil cheraan aagrahikkunnuvennum aan engleesh ambasseder roobert bovsinode paranju. boves eee abhyarthana sesilinu pariganikkaan kaimari. 1595 meyy maasathil elisabath onnaamanod thante chhaayaachitram aavasyappettukondu avar mattoru sauhrudam sthaapichu. oru prathikaranavum undaayilla, villukalkk avalude abhyarthana aavarthikkendivannu. oduvil, 1596 februvariyil elisabath aaneyude "aathmaarthamaaya aagraham" amgeekarikkukayum avalkk oru chithram ayaykkukayum cheythu.
jaimsumaayulla bandham.
ellah kanakkukaliloodeyum, jaims aadyam thante vadhuvilekku praveshichuvenkilum addehathinte moham pettennu illaathaavukayum dambathikal palappozhum tharkkathilaakukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum avarude vivaahathinte aadya varshangalil jaims ellaayppozhum aanneyod shamayodum vaathsalyathodum koodi perumariyirunnathaayi thonnunnu. thettaaya vivarangalo apavaadangalo" moolam jaims avare prakopippichuvennu kettirunnengil skotlandile sathyasandharaya sabhaamgangalkkuvendi aan jaimsinode madhyasthatha vahikkumennu avarude bedd chembarile manyanaaya halhilile jaims melville ezhuthi.
vivaahathinte aadya varshangalil, jaims VI umm denmarkile anneyum vyakthiparamayi vasthram dharikkukayum kottaaratthile vivahangalil maaskukalil pankedukkukayum cheythu. eee prakadanangalil saadhaaranayaayi samgeetham, nritham, vesham enniva ulppedunnu. 1593num 1595num idayil jaims pinneedu lady glamisaaya aan mureyumaayi pranayabandhathilaayi. ente yajamanathiyum ente snehavum" ennaanu addeham avale vaakyathil abhisambodhana cheythath. aan oof denmark idaykkide apakeerthikaramaaya kimvadanthikalkku vidheyanaayirunnu. baasilikkon doron" enna kruthiyil jaims vivaahathe "oru manushyan labhikkaavunna ettavum valia bhoumikamaaya aadaravo dukhamo" ennaanu visheshippichathu.
vivaahathinte aadya nimisham muthal, jaimsin scotlandinum oru anantharaavakaashiye nalkaan aan sammarddathilaayirunnum 1591lum 1592lum garbhaavasthayude soochanakalonnumillaathe kadannupoyathu jaimsinu purusha kambaniyodulla snehathinte vishayathil puthiya presbytarian apakeerthippeduthalkal kaaranamaayi, aante peril "aval kuttikalillennu theliyikkunnu". aval garbhiniyaanennu karuthiyappol, avale kuthirasavaarikk pogunnathu thadayaan jaims shramichenkilum aval visammathichu. 1594 februvari 19nuu aan thante aadyakunjaaya henry fredericinu janmam nalkiyappol valia pothu aashvaasam labhichu.
henry raajakumaarante samrakshanam.
makante samrakshanathil thanikk oru pankumillennu aanii taamasiyaathe manassilakki. jayimsinte swantham ookku thottilil henry sthaapicha thante muun nazhs helen littil nazhsariyude thalavanayi jaims niyamithanaayi. aanne sambandhichidatholam ettavum vedanaajanakamaaya, scotish rajakeeya paarambaryatthinu anusrithamaayi, elakkimariyunna kottayil maar rajakumaaranaaya joonn erskaininte samrakshanathil rajakumarane nirthaan jaims nirbandhichu.
1594 avasaanathode, henriyude samrakshanathinaayi avar oru prakopanaparamaaya pracharanam aarambhichu, trilsteynile chansalar joonn maitlaand ulppedeyulla oru vibhaagathe thante lakshyathinaayi niyamichu. aan ethratholam pokumennathinekkurichu paribhrantharaaya jaims, "ente makante jaamyathil ente jaamyamund" ennathukondu, swantham vaayil ninnulla utharavukalallathe orikkalum henry arcum kaimararuthennu maryod rekhaamoolam aupachaarikamaayi aavasyappettu, koodaathe swantham maranathil polum henry raajnjikku nalkaanum nirddeshichu. vishayam kaunsilinu vidanamennu aan aavasyappettenkilum jaims athu kettilla. prashnam pariharikkappedaathe thudarukayum glenlivett yudhathinu sesham jaims vadakkott pookukayum cheythu. vimatha prabhukkanmaar evideyaanennu kandethaan shramichappol thannodoppam cheraan kshanichu addeham annekku kathezhuthi. aval yaatra cheythilla.
raajakumaaranekkurichulla vivaadam thudarnnu, pothu ramgangalil jaims eee vishayathil avale roshakulayaakkukayum kanneerozhikkukayum cheythu. 1595 joolaiyil garbhachhidram sambhavikkaan aan valareyadhikam aswasthayaayi. athinusesham, avar thante pracharanam puramlokam upekshichu, pakshe vivaahathin sthiramaaya kedupaadukal sambhavichathayi karuthappettu. 1595 augustil joonn colville ezhuthi "rajaavinum raajnjikkum idayil thanthraparamaaya bhinnathayude vesham dharichu olinjirikkunna vidveshamallaathe matonnumilla, oororutharum parasparam marikadakkaan uddeshikkunnu."eee abhipraayavyathyaasangalkki, 1595 desemberil aanneyum james elakkathil rajakumarane sandarshikkukayum avalude 21-aamm janmadinam aaghoshikkaan holirud kottaratthilekku madangukayum cheythu. avarkk aarr kuttikal koodi undaayirunnu. 1601ll aan dunfermline kottaram vipuleekarikkukayum punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu, makal elisabath rajakumariykku thamasikkaan orungi, ennaal raajaavinte nirddeshaprakaaram rajakumari linlitgo kottaaratthil thudarnnu. avarude ilaya makkalaya chalsinum robertinum dunfermline, dalkeet kottaram ennividangalil avarodoppam thamasikkaan anuvaadam nalki.
1603 februvariyil, landanile franch ambasseder christoph dii harley, kaundu oof beaumond, jayimsinte suhruthukkal pracharippicha oru kimvadanti report cheythu, aan crura abhilaashamullavalum thante bharthaavinte maranashesham thante makante reejantaayo govarnoraayo scotland bharikkumenn prathekshikkunnu. 1603ll elisabath onnaamante maranathethudarnnu engleesh simhasana ettedukkunnathinaayi jaims erl oof markoppam landanilekku poyappol henriyude kasttadi nedaanulla vaikia avasaram aan kandu. aaa samayat garbhiniyaya aanne, anchu varshamaayi thaan kandittillaatha onpathu vayassulla henry neekkam cheyyaan uddeshichukondu "nannayi pinthunaykkunna" prabhukkanmaarude oru shakthiyode elakimarichu; ennaal maarinte bharya ilaya makan randiladhikam parichaarakare kottaratthilekku konduvaraan avale anuvadikkum. henriyude sookshippukaarude anaastha anniye mattoru garbhachhidrathinu vidheyayakkiya oru roshathilekku ayachu david calderwoodinte abhipraayathil, aval "kopathode urangaan pooyi meyy patthaam theeyathi kuttiyumayi pirinju."
maar arl englandil aan thannodoppam cheranamennu jayimsinte nirddeshangalumaayi madangiyethiyappol, henriyude kasttadi anuvadikkunnillenkil thaan angane cheyyaan visammathichuvennu avar jayimsine kathiloode ariyichu. charitrakaaranaaya poolin kroftt vivarikkunnathupole eee "sakthamaaya maathrpravarthanam" oduvil thaazhekku kayaran jayimsine nirbandhithanaakki, ennirunnaalum addeham "sthreethvaparamaaya aashankakalkku" anneye shaasikkukayum maarkk ayacha kathil avalude perumaattatthe "manappoorvvamullath" ennu visheshippikkukayum cheythu.
maar prakopippikkunnathile avarude pravartthanangal mathaparamaya vibhageeyatha allengil "spanish kozhsukal" prachodippichathaanennu maarinte anuyaayikalil ninnu thanikk aropanangal labhichittillenn jaims annekku ezhuthi. aval oru raajaavinte makalaanennu addeham avale oormmippichu, pakshe "ningal oru raajaavinte makalaayaalum paachakakkaarante makalaayaalum, ningal ellaavarum enikku orupoleyayirikkanam, orikkal ente bhaaryayaayirikkanam", athinaal avan, avalude bharthaav, maarsil nalkia aathmavishwaasathe aval maanikkendathaayirunnu. oru goodaalochanayekkurichulla thettaaya kimvadanthikal illaathaakkunnathinaayi aan thante thookkumaratthil pooshiya thante janicha aankunjine englandil konduvannu pradarshippikkumennu landanile franch ambasseder maximilian dii bethoon, duke oof salli kettu.
windor kottayilekku ilakki.
garbhachhidrathil ninnu oru hrasvamaaya rogamukthikk sesham, bedfordinte kaundas lucie, kildeyarinte kaundas frances howard ennivarulppede niravadhi engleesh sthreekal thante kottaaratthil cherumennu pratheekshichukondu aan stitlingil ninnu edinbergilekku yaatra cheythu. aanii thafettayude oru puthiya gaunn oordar cheyyukayum avalude velutha saattin gaunn puthukkippanithu. avarude parivaaratthinaayi puthiya vasthrangal vaangukayum avarude jesttar toom duric oru pacha kottu nalkukayum cheythu.
avarude yaathrayude chelavukalkkum avare sandarshikkaan privy kaunsil ayacha sthreekalude samghathinum panavumaayi mermaduke darrelline landanil ninnu ayachu. aan rajakumaran henriotoppam thekkott yaatra cheyyukayum avarude purogathi englandil oru avesham srishtikkukayum cheythu. rund divasathinu sesham elisabath rajakumary taamasiyaathe pidikkappedukayum cheythu, ennaal chaals rajakumaran rogiyayathinaal dunfermlinil avasheshichu.
juun 11 nuu loard burgley thomas sessil avare newyorkkil kandumutty. addeham sarr roobert sesilinu ezhuthi, "njaan vanchikkappettillengil aval oru mahathaaya rajakumaran dayayullah bharya sthiramaaya yajamanathiyum aanennu theliyikkum". avalude anuyaayikalude valia janakkoottam kramarahithamaayirunnu, aargil oof earlum sussexinte earlum thammil, thomas somersettum vilyam mureyum thammil kuthirayude yajamanante pankinekkurichu tharkkikkukayum cheythu. lenox prabhuvum shroosburyudeyum cumberlandinteyum ealsum worksop menaril avarude anuyaayikal eathenkilum swakaarya kalahangal maattivaykkanamennum aupachaarika rolukalillaatha hankerukal upekshikkanamennum oru prakhyapanam nadatthi.
avalude yaathrayil kottaarakkaarum culliner avale kaanaan shramichu.dingliyil raajnjiye kaanaanaayi taanum amayum thidukkathil moonnu kuthirakale konnathayi lady aan clifford rekhappeduthiyittundu. windor kottayile grettu haalil, "ithrayum ananthamaaya ennam prabhukkanmaarum sthreekalum undaayirunnu, njaan bhaavikkunnathupole orikkalum ithupolonnu kaanillenn njaan karuthunnu."
1603 juulai 25nuu westminstar aabiyil vachu aaneyum james kireedamaniyikkukayum aanneyude kireedadhaarana praarthanakal jnjaanikalaaya kanyakamaareyum mattu baibil naayikamareyum soochippikkukayum cheythu.
oru engleesh estettum raajnjiyude varumaanavum.
avarude bhoovudamakalum varumaanavum paripalikkunnathinaayi 1593-ll scotland paarlament oru kaunsiline niyamichu. 1595 desember avasaanathode, raajnjiyude kaunsil, octavians ennariyappedunna oru saambathika bharanamaayi veendum niyamikkappedukayum, aan oof denmarkinu oru swarnna pezhs nalkukayum athu avar puthuvalsaradina sammaanamaayi rajaavinu sammanikkukayum cheythu.
munbu aragonile kaatharin nalkiyirunna bhoomi, menor, paarkkukal ennivaye adisthaanamaakki oru puthiya joyint estettu labhichappol englandil aanneyude saambathika sthithi maari. 1603 novemberil kodathi vilttan housilaayirikkumbol sarr roobert sesilinte neethrthwathilulla bharanaadhikaarikale niyamichu. 1603 desemberil jaims rajaavu aaneyude sahodaran kristhyan naalaaman amgeekaarathinaayi ayacha sangrahamanusarichu vaarshika varumanam 6,376 poundaayirikkum. oru raajaavinte makalaayirunna aaragonile kaathareenumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnathil santhoshathode aan kristhyan naalaaman kathezhuthi. somerset house, haattfeeldinte bahumati, pontefract kotta, nonsachu kottaram, heavering-attu-boverile pazhaya kottaram enniva estettil ulppedunnu. sessily oof york, merii tudor, fraansile merii ennivayulppede mattu rajakeeya sthreedhanangal roobert sessil pariganichirunnu. tamas edmundes kettathu eee othutheerppu "muun raajaavinte bhaaryaykk nalkiyathinekkaal kooduthalo kooduthalo aanu" ennaanu.
engleesh joyint varumanam aaneyude vasthrangalkkum avalude veettujolikkum prathiphalatthinum chelavazhikkendathaayirunnu. avalude veedu, steble, bhakshanam ennivayude mattu chelavukal king jaims vahikkum. jaims, nonsachu kottaram ennivayil ninnu vilayeriya aabharanangalum 40,000 kireedangalude vaarshika varumaanavum thanikk labhichathayi veneeshyan nayathanthranjanaaya scaramelli kettu. aval vidhavayaayal aval thante makanaaya prins henriyil ninnu swathanthrayaayirikkum. englandile swathum varumaanavum kaikaaryam cheyyaan oru upadeshaka samitiye niyamichu. aan thante scotish samyuktha swathukkalil ninnu varumanam nedunnathu thudarum. 1603 eprilil loard faivi alexander settante neethrthwathil avarude scotish swathukkalkkaayi samanamaaya oru kammeeshane niyamichirunnu. dunfermline adhipan, rosinte adhipan, ardmanokkinteyum etrick vanathinteyum adhipanmaar enniva ulppedunna scotish raajyangalile chamberline aayirunnu pitraaviyile henry wardlo, raajnjiyude varumanathekkurichulla vivaranagal samaaharichu.
1610 februvari 13nuu joonn chamberline ezhuthi, aan "thante samyukthathe kurichu earekkaalamaayi vishaadathilaayirunnu, athu avalkk poornnamaayum eshtappettilla", jaims rajaavu adhika fund vaagdaanam cheythirunnu. 1617-leeii sharathkaalathil, jaims rajaavu settilment maatti, aannin 20,000 poundu adhikamaayi nalki, prathivarsham 50,0000 poundu sambaadikkaan, athil ninnu aval avalude gaarhika bhakshanathinum avan avalude munbu marichaal sthirathaykkum panam nalkum.
vaivaahika samgharshangal.
aaneyum james thammilulla vaivaahika kalaha sambhavangal nireekshakar pathivayi shradhichu. 1600-leeii gauriyude yuva earl joonn rutwan sahodaran alexander rutwan raajaavine aakramichuvennu karuthappedunna jayimsinte paricharakar kolappeduthiya gauri goodaalochana, avarude sahodarimaraaya beatrixineyum barbera rutwan aanikk kaathirikkunna vanithakalayi pirichuvidaan kaaranamaayi, avarodoppam avar "ettavum valia kredittil" aayirunnu."anchu maasam garbhiniyaayirunna raajnji avare punasthaapikkunnillen kidakkayil ninnu ezhunnelkkaan visammathikkukayum rund divasam avide thaamasikkukayum bhakshanam kazhikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythu. jaims avalodu kalppikkaan shramichappol, aval gauriyude arl allaathathinaal avan thannodu engane perumariyennu shradhikkanamennu aval avanu munnariyipp nalki. avare rasippikkunnathinaayi oru prashasthamaaya acrobat nalkikkond jaims thalkkalam avare samaadhaanippichu, pakshe avar orikkalum pinmariyilla, adutha moonnu varshathinullil ruthwansinodulla avarude daarmmikamaaya pinthuna oru suraksha prashnamaayi kanakkakkaan sarkkar gauravamaayi eduthu. 1602-ll, aan beatricks rutwane holrudilekku kadathiyathayi kandethiya sesham, jaims muzhuvan kudumbatheyum cross examination nadatthi; 1603-ll, beatricks rutwan 200 poundu pension nalkaan addeham theerumaanichu.
1603-ll, jaims aanneyumaayi avalude engleesh kudumbatthinte nirddishta rachanayekkurichu poraadi, "addehathinte mahathvam avale thudarchayaaya vairudhyathe valare heenamaayi eduthuvennu avalkk oru sandesham nalki."jayimsinte madyapaanathil ninnu aanii vittuninnu 1604-ll aval franch ambasseder beaumontinode" rajaavu valareyadhikam kudikkukayum ellah kaaryangalilum svayam rogabadhithanaakukayum cheiyunnathinaal neratheyullathum cheethayumaaya phalam njaan prathekshikkunnu "ennu paranju."
1613ll theobaldsil nadanna oru vettaykkide jayimsinte priyappetta nayaye aan vedivachu konnathodeyaanu oru hrasvamaaya ettumuttal nadannathu. thante aadya kopathinushesham, ratnam ennu perulla naayayude smaranaykkaayi 2,000 poundu vajram nalkikkond jaims karyangal sugamamaakki.
veritta jeevitam.
aan landanil thaamasikkunnath aasvadichappol jaims thalasthaanathu ninnu rakshappedaan eshtappettu, palappozhum roystanile thante vettayaadal lodjilaanu. aaneyude chappline godfrey goodman pinneedu rajakeeya bandhathe sangrahichu "rajaavu thanne valare shudhanaaya oru manushyanaayirunnu, avane athyagrahiyaakkaan raajnjiyil kurachumaathrame undaayirunnulloo; ennittum avar orumichu samsaarikkathe purushan bharya cheyyaan kazhiyunnathupole sneham cheythu."aan greenwich kottaarathilekkum pinneedu somerset housilekkum thamasam maari, athine avar denmark house ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. 1607 nuu sesham, avalum james apoorvvamaayi maathrame orumichu thaamasichirunnulloo, appozhekkum avar ezhu kuttikale prasavikkukayum kuranjathu moonnu garbhachhidrangalkku vidheyaraakukayum cheythu. 1607-ll sophiya enna avalude avasana kunjinte jananatheyum maranatheyum cheruthaayi athijeevichathinushesham, kooduthal kuttikalundakaathirikalukalanu aanninte theerumaanam avalum james thammilulla vidavu vipuleekarichirikkaam.
oru shavasamskaaravum vivaahavum.
1612 novemberil avarude makan henriyude pathinettaam vayassil, orupakshe typhoid moolam maranamadanjathum avarude makal elisabathinte verpiriyalum aanneyum jamesineyum bandhippikkunna kudumbabandhangale kooduthal durbalapedutthi. henriyude maranam anniye vallathe vedanippichu; veneeshyan ambasseder phoscarinic avalodu anushochanam ariyikkaruthenn nirddesham nalki "kaaranam avalkk athu paraamarshikkunnath sahikkaan kazhiyilla; samriddhamaaya kaneerum neduveerppukalum illaathe aval athu orikkalum oorkkunnilla".
aadyam, paalattinettile frederic vii. yumayullah makalude malsarathe aan athirthirunnu, ithu raajakudumbathinte antassinu thaazheyaanennu. sandhivaathathinte akramanam kaaranam avar vaitthaalil oru vivaahanischaya chadanginu vannilla. ennirunnaalum, aval fredericilekku thamasam maarukayum 1613 februvari 14 nuu vivaahathil pankedukkukayum cheythu. pittennu nadanna toornamentukalil aval dukhithayaayi, athu avale henry oormmippichu. eprilil dambathikal englandil ninnu heidelbergylake pooyi. eee samayam muthal, aaneyude aarogyam vashalaavukayum avar saamskaarikavum raashtreeyavumaaya pravartthanangalude kendratthil ninnu pinmaarukayum 1614-ll avasaanamaayi ariyappedunna mukhammoodi pradarshippikkukayum oru rajasabha paripalikkaathirikkukayum cheythu. jayimsinte mail avalude swaadheenam prathyakshatthil kuranjuvarikayum addeham shaktharaaya priyappettavare parasyamaayi aasrayikkukayum cheythu.
priyappettavarodulla prathikaranam.
jaims ellaayppozhum thante kottarakkaarkkidayil purushanmaarude ishtangal sweekarichirunnuvenkilum, ippol gavanmentil oru punk vahikkaan addeham avare prothsaahippichu. bharthaavinte engleesh bharanathinte randaam pakuthiyil aadhipathyam pularthiya rund sakthamaaya priyappettavarodu aan valare vyathyasthamayi prathikarichu, roobert kaar, somersettile erl, buckinghaminte bhaavi duke jorjju villiyezhs. aval kaarine veruthuvenkilum villyarude uyarchaye aval prothsaahippichu, jaims avarkk bedd chembaril naitt padavi nalki; avale "naaya" ennu vilikkukayum avante koode souhrudabandham valarthukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, buckinghaminte uyarchaykku sesham aan svayam kooduthal avaganikkappedukayum jeevithaavasaanathode eakaanthayaaya oru vyakthiyayi maarukayum cheythu.
matham.
aanne, jaims enniva thammilulla vyathyaasathinte mattoru uravidam mathatthinte prashnamaayirunnu; udaaharanathinu, engleesh kireedadhaarana velayil avar engleesh communiyanil ninnu vittuninnu. oru lutheranaayi valarnna aan, avalude veettil oru lutheran chapline hans sering nadathukayum cheythu, pakshe aval oru ghattathil vivekapoorvvam catholica mathathilekku parivartthanam cheythirikkaam, ithu scotish kirkkinte manthrimaare bhayappeduthukayum engleesh englandil samshayam srishtikkukayum cheytha raashtreeyamaayi naanakkedundaakkunna oru saahacharyamaayirunnu.
elisabath raajnji theerchayaayum eee saadhyathayekkurich aashankaakulayaayirunnu, paappist kaunsilarmaarude vaakkukal kelkkaruthenn munnariyipp nalkaanum thanne parivartthanam cheyyaan shramicha aarudeyum perukal abhyarthikkaanum aan sandeshangal ayachu; atharam sramangal parajayappettathinaal perukal parayenda aavasyamillennu aan marupadi nalkiyirunnu. naadukadatthappetta catholica jorjju gordante bharyayaaya hentieta gordane oru vishwasthayaayi nilanirtthiyathinu aan kirkkil ninnu vimarsanam nerittu; 1596-ll hundley madangiyethiya sesham, sent andruz mantri david black anneye oru nireeshwaravaadiyaayi vilikkukayum oru prabhaashanatthil abhipraayappedukayum cheythu, "skotlandile raajnji oru sthreeyaayirunnu, fashion kaaranam, purohithanmaar praarthikkaamenkilum avaril ninnu oru nanmayum pratheekshikkanaavilla."
1603ll muun budhijeeviyaaya sarr aanthani staandan marpappa klement VIII-ll ninnu oru japamala konduvannathayi kandethiyappol jaims addehathe patthu maasam gopuratthil thadavilaakki. sammaanathil aan thante deshyathe ethirthuvenkilum oduvil staandante mochanam urappakki.
jayimsineppole, aan pinneedu avarude rund aanmakkalkkum oru catholica malsarathe pinthunachu, saadhyathayulla vadhuvaya spanish infaantayaaya maria annayumaayulla avalude kathidapaadukalil, tanikkum rajaavinum vendi praarthikkaan rund sanyaasimaare jarusalemilekku ayaykkanamenna abhyarthana ulppedunnu. aan evideyaanennu maarppaappaykk thanne orikkalum urappillaayirunnu; 1612-ll pooll anchaaman marpappa oru kanyasthreeye upadeshichu "aaa raajnjiyude asthirathayum mathaparamaya kaaryangalil avar varuthiya niravadhi maattangalum kanakkiledukkathe, aval oru katholikkayaayirikkaam ennathu shariyaanenkilum, oraal svayam oru vidhiyum edukkaruthu."
kodathiyum raashtreeyavum.
skotlandil, aan chilappol swantham aavasyangalkkaayi, prathyekichu maarnte shathrukkale pinthunachukondu, kodathi vibhaageeyathaye chooshanam cheythu. thalphalamaayi, jaims avale raashtrathinte rahasyangalil vishwasichilla. engleesh pinthudarchaavakaashathekkulle valare rahasya nayathanthrathil sajeevamaaya henry howard, aannin ellah sadgunangalum undengilum eevu sarppathal dushippikkappettuvenna jayimsine sookshumamaayi oormmippichu. jayimsinte rahasya lekhakaril oralaaya roobert sessil vishwasichathu "raajnji durbala samarthayum neethimaanallaathavarumaaya vyakthikalude kaikalile oru upakaranavumaayirunnu" ennaanu."praayogikamaayi, aan thante makkaludeyo suhruthukkaludeyo vidhiye sparshikkunnillenkil uyarnna raashtreeyathil thaalpparyamillenn thonnunnu, pinneedu stettu sekrattari roobert sesilinode paranju," "thante mikacha jolikalil avanekkaal avalude chithrangalil aval samthrupthayaayirunnu"."ennirunnaalum, 1600 novemberil spanish netherlands gavarnaraaya aarch duke albertumaayi thanikk undaayirunna kathidapaadukalekkurichu arian roobert sessil aakaamkshaakulayaayirunnu.
englandil, aan pradhaanamaayum raashtreeyathil ninnu saamoohikavum kalaparavumaaya pravarthanangalilekku maari. jayimsinte kottaarajeevithatthil avar poornnamaayum pankedukkukayum svanthamaayi oru rajasabha nilanirthukayum cheythuvenkilum palappozhum jaims swaagatham cheyyaathavare aakarshikkukayum cheythuvenkilum avar bharthaavinethire rashtreeya paksham cherunnathu apoorvamaayirunnu. jaimsumaayulla swakaarya budhimuttukal enthuthanneyaayaalum, englandil avar addehathinu nayatantra swath theliyichu, pothusthalathu vivechanaadhikaarathodum dayayodum koodi svayam nadatthi. udaaharanathinu, stuvartt raajavamshathinteyum athinte danish bandhangaludeyum anthassine ambasadermark videsha sandarshakarkkum ariyikkunnathil aan nirnaayaka punk vahichu.
veneeshyan sthaanapathiyaaya nicolo molin 1606-ll anne kurichu eee vivaranam ezhuthi
aaneyude abhipraayangal shradha aakarshikkukayum nayathanthranjar report cheyyukayum cheythu. 1612 meyy maasathil fraansile dovajaraaya maari dii medisiyude ambaasadaraayi bouyloon prabhuvu landanilethi. veneeshyan ambasseder antonio foscarini parayunnathanusarichu, fraansile randaamathe rajakumaariyaaya kristeen rajakumary henry rajakumaran thammilulla vivaahathinulla nirddeshavum addehathinte nirddeshangalil ulppedunnu. oru florentin rajakumari sthreedhanamillathe vivaham kazhikkunnathinekkaal sthreedhanamillathe oru franch rajakumari vivaham kazhikkanaanu thaan aagrahikkunnathenn aan thante muthirnna koottaalikalil oraalodu paranju.
prashasthi.
parambaraagathamaayi aanne avarude nissarathayum aadambaravum oonnipparanja charitrakaaranmaar avale anukambayodeyaanu pariganikkunnath. jamesinoppam, pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathile stuvartt virudha charitrakaaranmaaril ninnu aarambhich, engleesh aabhyantharayudhathinte uthbhavam jacobian kottaaratthinte svayam-aanandathilum ahankaarathilum kanda oru charitra paarambaryatthaal avar thallikkalayaan pravanatha kaanichu. charitrakaaranaaya david harris vilson, jayimsinte 1956 leeii jeevacharithrathil, eee daarunamaaya vidhi prasthaavichu "aannin bharthaavil kaaryamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunnil. addehathinte boudhika thalpparyangal pankuvaykkaan avalkk kazhinjilla, addeham sthreekale pariganicha viddithathe avahelikkunnathum avar sthireekarichu. kashtam! rajaavu oru viddiyaaya bharya vivaham kazhichirunnu."pathonpathaam noottaandile jeevacharitrakaaranaaya agnez strickland, henry raajakumaarante kasttadi veendedukkunnathinulla aanninte pravartthanangale nirutharavaadaparamennu apalapichu" "oru sthriyenna nilayilum raajnjiyenna nilayilum ellaavarudeyum drishtiyil aan oof denmaarkkinte swabhaavam kuraykkendathundu"... bharthaavineyum kunjineyum avarude raajyatheyum aswaabhaavika yudhathinte kalahathilum durithatthilum ulppeduthaanulla apakadasaadhyathayil prasavatthinte sahajaavabodham maathram ealppikkaan avar eshtappettu."
ennirunnaalum, kazhinja rund pathittaandukalaayi, skotlandil rajakeeya adikaaram vyaapippikkukayum thante bharanathiludaneelam thante raajyangale yudhathil ninnu samrakshikkukayum cheytha oru kazhivulla bharanadhikaariyenna nilayil jayimsinte punarmoolyanirnayathodu, rajakeeya vivaham yaadhaarthyamaayi nilanilkkunnidatholam kaalam, swaadheenamulla rashtreeya vyakthiyum uracha ammayumaaya anne punarmoolyanirnayikkayum cheythu. joonn leads barroll thante saamskaarika jeevacharithrathil skotlandile avarude rashtreeya edapedalukal munbu shradhichathilum kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnavanum theerchayaayum kooduthal prashnakaramaanennum vaadikkunnu; mattu saamskaarika charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil, ezhuthukaarudeyum kalakaaranmaarudeyum rakshaadhikaari enna nilayil mathramalla, oru kalakaranenna nilayilum jacobian saamskaarika poorvvathayil aaneyude swaadheenaparamaaya punk clair mcmanus eduthukaanichittundu.
kalayude rakshaadhikaari.
aan thante sthreedhanam theerkkaan niravadhi varshangal eduthengilum amithamaya chelavukalude thettu jamesinoppam pankittu. nrithavum malsarangalum avar eshtappettu, presbytarian skotlandil palappozhum verukkappedunna pravartthanangal, pakshe jacobian landanil avar oru oorjjaswalamaaya outlettu kandethi, avide avar rajasabhayil "sambannavum aathidhyamarulunnathumaaya" saamskaarika anthareeksham srishtichu, aaveshabharithayaaya kalikkariyaayi maari, adambara maaskukal sponsor cheythu. holsteente sandarshana velayil raajnjikkaayi oru naadakam thiranjedukkaan roobert sessil aavasyappetta sarr walter tappel ezhuthi, "barbej vannu, raajnji kandittillaatha puthiya naadakamonnumillennu parayunnu, pakshe avar" snehathinte adhvaanathinte nashtam "enna pazhaya naadakatthe punarujjeevippichu, athu budhikkum santhoshathinum vendi avale valareyadhikam santhoshippikkumennu addeham parayunnu."naadakeeyamaaya stejinginteyum kaazhchayudeyum abhoothapoorvamaaya uyarangal thaandiya aaneyude maaskukalil videsha ambasadermaarum vishishtaathidhikalum aaveshathode pankedukkukayum engleesh kireedatthinte europian praadhaanyatthinte sakthamaaya prakadanamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. veneeshyan ambasadaraaya sorsi gyoostiniyan 1604 leeii chrismus maskinekkurichu ezhuthi, "ellaavarudeyum abhipraayathil mattoru kodathikkum ithrayum aadambaravum sambathum prakadippikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla".
pathinezhaam noottaandinte aadya rund pathittaandukalile mikkavarum ellah sthreesabhakaludeyum prakadanatthinu utharavaadi aanneyude maaskukalaan, avaa sthreekalude prakadanatthinte charithratthil nirnaayakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. aanne chilappol thante sthreekalkkoppam maaskukalil thanne prakadanam nadathukayum idaykkide prekshakare vranappeduthukayum cheythu. 1604-leeii "panthrand devathakalude darshanathil", chila nireekshakar valare cheruthaanennu karuthunna oru adivasthram dharichu avar pallas atheena avatharippichu; 1605-leeii "karutha mukhaavaranathil", aarr maasam garbhiniyaayirikkumbol, anne avatharippichu, taanum avalude sthreekalum avarude charmmam "blackmoreukal" aayi varachukondu apavaadam srishtichu. pinneedu raajnji spanish ambasaderinoppam nritham cheythappol, "athu chundil oru adayaalam avasheshippikkumenna apakadamundaayirunnu" ennu addeham avalude kaiyil chumbichathaayi kathu ezhuthiya dudley calton report cheythu. benn jonson, inigo johns ennivarulppede eee maaskukal nirmmikkaan anne annathe pramukha prathibhakale niyogichu.
ettavum puthiya europian abhiruchiyil muzhukiya oru prathibhadhananaaya vaasthusilpiyaaya johns, englandile aadyathe yadhaartha palladian kettidangalilonnaya aansinaayi greenvichile raajnjiyude veedum roopakalppana cheythu. avalude poonthottangalkkum oodu laandukalile munthirithottathinum alankaara kavaadangal addeham roopakalppana cheythu. sarjant chithrakaaranaaya joonn dii kritts avalude "sheenithamaaya arra" yile oru aduppu, somerset housile avalude dressing room marblinginteyum anukarana kallinteyum vividha nirangal kondu alankarikkukayum oottu landsile chappalil karuppum veluppum marble varaykkukayum cheythu. 1618-ll somerset housile oru bhagam navothaana shailiyilulla vichitramaaya srishtikalaal alankarikkappettu, ithu "crotesk" ennu rekhappeduthiyittundu.
nayathanthranjanaaya ralph winwood, vorden gavarnaraaya jacob vaan denne aindeyil ninnu avalude vettaykkaayi prathyeka greyhoundukal nedi. dutch kandupiduthakkaranaaya salomon dii koos greenvichilum somerset housilum avalude poonthottangal sthaapichu. thaamesil avalude yaathrakalkkaayi glass janalukalulla oru barj undaayirunnu. munbu denmarkile sahodarante kottaaratthil jolie cheythirunna lutenistum samgeethasamvidhaayakanumaaya joonn daulaandineyum "niravadhi franch samgeethajnjareyum" aan prathyekichum snehikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheythu. 1607num 1619ll maranathinum idayil avar airish harper daniel duff oo 'kahillineyum niyamichu.
oru thalamurayayi vishwal artsil engleesh abhiruchiye nayicha pooll vaan somer, isak olivar, daniel maittans thudangiya kalakaaranmaareyum aan niyogichu. aanneyude keezhil, rajakeeya shekharam orikkal koodi vikasikkaan thudangi, aante makan chaals eee nayam thudarnnu. oru cheria galleryile nirupadravakaramaaya chithrangal" enna raajnjiyude prashasthiye salisbury "fair roomukalile mikacha thozhilukal" enna kruthiyumaayi aaneyude sevakanaaya jeane drummond thaarathamyam cheythu. raajnjiyude shekharam sthithicheyyunna cheruthum kooduthal svakaaryavumaaya edangale stettu kraaft nadappilaakkiya haalukalumaayum presence chembarukalumaayum drummontinte paramarsham thaarathamyappeduthunnu.
1604-ll yorkshareile reponil oru college sarvakalashaalayum sthaapikkaanulla parajayappetta shramathil avar earppettu. bishop edwin saandisinte vidhavayaya sessily sandis bess oof hardwick, shroosburyile ezhaamathe eal gilbert talbot ennivarulppedeyulla mattu anuyaayikalum eee padhathi prothsaahippichu. englandile ettavum prashasthamaaya chila naadakangalil urangikkidanna jayimsinekkaal aanninte rakshaakarthruthvathiloode ippol savisheshamaayi jacobian aayi kaanapedunna pala prathibhasangaleyum kooduthal aduthu thirichariyaan kazhiyumennu charitrakaaranaaya alaan stuvaartt abhipraayappedunnu.
pinneedu varshangalum rogavum.
1612 epril 10 muthal denmarkile aanne maranamadayunnathuvare addehathodulla chikilsayekkurichu vivarikkunna vipulamaaya laattin kurippukal rajakeeya vaidyanaaya sarr theodor dii mayerne avasheshippichu.
1614 septambar muthal aan avalude kaalukalile vedanayaal budhimuttunnundaayir, avalude chamberline wiscond leasilinteyum bedfordinteyum roxburgayudeyum kaundasukaludeyum kathukalil vivarichirikkunnu. 1611 octoberil thanne "raajnji alpam mudanthayaayirunnu" ennu leasley aadyamaayi rekhappeduthi. 1615 maarchil avalkk jaladosham undennu samshayikkunna asukhamundaayirunnu. aagasttil sandhivaathathinte akramanam avale orazhcha koodi kulikkaan nirbandhithayaakki, spaa tounile marunnu vellathinaayi aval nadatthiya randaamathe sandarshanamaanithu.
sukham praapikkunnathinte nalla adayaalamaayi" parayappedunna oru chrismus maskill nritham cheythenkilum 1616 januvariyil sandhivatham baadhicha avar whitehall kottaaratthil ninnu somerset housilekku maari. jaims rajaavu scotland sandarshikkaan padhathiyittirunnathinaal addehathinte abhaavathil reejantaayi englandu bharikkunnathinekkurichu avar swapnam kandirunnathayi parayappedunnu. februvariyil dunfermline erl "avalude mahathvam valare nannayi kaanapedunnu, ennittum aval thikachum sukhakaramallennu njaan karuthunnu, aval apoorvvamaayi vasthram dharikkunnu, koodaathe avalude kidakkayum eakaantha jeevithavum mikkappozhum nilanirthunnu."jaims skotlandilekku pooyi, anne greenwich kottaaratthil thaamasikkukayum juunil ootlaandilekku maarukayum cheythu. 1617 augustil vettayaadaan pookaan avalkk kazhiyumaayirunnu. 1617 avasaanathode, aanneyude asukhangal durbalamaayi; kathu ezhuthiya joonn chamberline rekhappeduthunnu "raajnji ippozhum aswasthathayode thudarunnu, aval thalarnnupoyenkilum avalude ellah rogangalum sandhivathathil kidakkunnu, ennittum avalude mikka doctormaarum avalude shareerathiludaneelam oru asukha sheelamo swabhaavamo kooduthal asoukaryamundaakkumennu bhayappedunnu."
1617 desemberil veneeshyan ambasseder piero contarinic asukham kaaranam avale kaanaanaayi kurachu divasam kaathirikkendi vannu. somerset housile avalude roopam addeham vivarichu. aval swarnna brokedinte melappinadiyil irikkukayaayirunnu. avalude vasthram pink niravum svarnnavumaayirunnu, munvashath oval aakruthiyil thaazhnna katt, avalude farthingelinu naalu adii veethiyundaayirunnu. avalude mudi vajrangalum mattu aabharanangalum dharichu, kiranangalaal allengil sooryakaanthinte dalangal pole, krithrima mudiyumaayi neettiyirunnu. ambaasadare kuraykkunna rund cheria naaykkal avarkkundaayirunnu. desemberil aanneyumaayi contarinic randaamathe sadass undaayirunnu, kottaaratthile swakaarya edanaazhikaliloode oru mezhukuthiri vahichu kaathirikkunna sambannayaaya vasthram dharicha oru sthree addehathe nayichu.
1618 epril 9 nuu rajakeeya kaimaattatthinaayi anjjaathamaayi oru shopping yaatra nadatthaan avalkk kazhiyukayum kaanikalude oru koottatthe aakarshikkukayum cheythu. 1618 septambaril oottu landlewech avalkk mookkil ninnu raktham ozhukukayum athu avale kidakkayil othukkukayum avalude yatra padhathikale thadassappeduthukayum cheythu. bedfordile kaundas aaya luci, athu thanne durbalappeduthiyathaayi karuthi, aval "apakadakaramaaya rogiyaayi" kaanapettu. novemberil, oru vaalnakshatram avalude maranatthinte soochanayaayi vyaakhyaanikkappettavikum aval aarogyavathiyaanennum avalude kidappumuriyude janala ninnu oru kurukkane vettayaadunnathu kandathaayum report cheyyappettu.
maranavum shavasamskaaravum.
aanii hampton kodathiyilekku thamasam maarukayum mayern henry atkinsum pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1619 januvariyil mayern aanneyod avalude rakthayottam mechappeduthunnathinaayi thadi maram vekkaan nirddeshichuvenkilum aaa parisramam avale kooduthal vashalakki. raajnjiyude aarogyanila moshamaayathin kaaranam avalude thanuthathum vadakkan valarchayum aanennu mayern thante kurippukalil ezhuthi, kuttikkaalathu nadakkaan anuvadikkunnathinupakaram onpathaam vayass vare nazhsumaar avale vahichirunnu.
avarude makan chaals palappozhum hampton court paalasile aduthulla kidappumuriyil urangukayum avasana manikkoorukalil avalude kidakkayude arikil kidakkukayum cheythuvenkilum, avalude avasana rogakaalath jaims aanne moonnu thavana maathrame sandarshichittulloo. 1590ll denmarkil ninnu avarodoppam ethiya avalude swakaarya velakkariyaaya anna kaas avasaanam vare avalodoppam undaayirunnu. 1619 march 2nuu 44-aamm vayassil kween aan jaladosham moolam marichu.
aanneyod avaganana kaanichittum, jaims avalude maranam vaikaarikamaayi baadhichu. sarr theodor dii mayerne parayunnathanusarichu, "bodham nashtappedal, neduveerppu, bhayam, avishwasaneeyamaaya dukkham" ennivayulppedeyulla lakshanagal kaaranam, avalude maranadivasangalil addeham avale sandarshikkukayo avalude shavasamskaarathil pankedukkukayo cheythilla...". anweshanathil aan "ullil, prathyekichu karalkkullil valare paazhaayippoyathaayi" kandethi. neenda kaalathaamasathinu sesham 1619 meyy 13 nuu westminstar aabiyile king henry chappalil avale samskarichu.
avarude shavakudeerathinu mukalil maximilian coult roopakalppana cheytha kaattaafaalkk aabhyantharayudhathil nasippikkappettu. kolttukalekkaal sankeernamaaya shilpa pratheekaathmakathayode ineego johns kaattalfeykkinu oru badal roopakalppana nalkiyirunnu.
thaan avale kandumuttunnathin munbu cheythathupole, jaims rajaavu adaranjali arppikkan padyatthilekku thirinju
valia alamaarakalude maasttar enna nilayil lionel cranfield 20,000 poundu shavasamskaarathinaayi chelavazhichu. shavasamskaarathin sesham, avalude franch sevakanaaya piero hugan danish kanyakayaaya annaye arast cheyyukayum 30,000 poundu vilamathikkunna aabharanangal moshtichathaayi aaropikkukayum cheythu. mattoru sevakanaaya maargarat hartside oru pathittaand munbu samanamaaya kuttangal neridendi vannirunnu.
vishayam.
prasavathinappuram athijeevicha ezhu kuttikalkk aan janmam nalki, avaril naalu perr shaishavathilo kuttikkaalatthilo marichu. kuranjathu moonnu garbhachhidrangalenkilum avalkk undaayittund. doctor martin shonner avalude garbhadhaaranathil pankedutthu. avarude randaamathe makan jayimsinte pingamiyaayi chaals onnaaman rajaavaayi. avarude makal elisabath bohemiyayude "shaityakaala raajnjiyum" grettu brittanile jorjju onnaaman raajaavinte muthasshiyumaayirunnu.

