
parivartthana neethi

judicial pariharam, oru pradeshatho raajyatho ulla rashtreeya parishkaarangal, manushyavakaasha lamghanangal aavarthikkaathirikkunnathu mattu nadapadikal ennivayiloode vanthothilulla manushyavakaasha lamghanangalodu prathikarikkunna oru prakriyayaan parivartthana neethi. manushyavakaasha lamghanangalude paarambaryangal pariharikkunnathinayi nadappaakkiya judicial, noonn-judicial nadapadikalaanu parivartthana neethi. atharam samvidaanangalil "criminal prosecutionukal, sathya commissionukal, nashtaparihara paripaadikal, vividha tharatthilulla sthaapana parishkaarangal" ennivayum smarakangal, shamaapanam, vividha kalaaroopangal ennivayum ulppedunnu. yudhathil ninnu kriyaathmaka samadhaanathilekko allengil kooduthal vishaalamaayi akramatthil ninnum adichamarthalil ninnum saamoohika sthirathayilekkulla rashtreeya parivartthanatthinte oru ghattathilaanu parivartthana neethi sthaapikkappedunnathu (chila samayangalil ithu varshangalkk sesham cheyyappedunnundenkum), saamoohika vishwaasam punarnirmmikkaanum thettukalil ninnu shariyaayath punasthaapikkaanum takarnna neethinyaaya samvidaanam nannakkaanum janaadhipathya bharanasamvidaanam kettippadukkaanumulla oru samoohathinte aagrahamaan ithu ariyikkunnath. parivartthana neethiyude pradhana moolyam neethiyekkurichulla aashayamaanu-ithu criminal neethi ennu ardhamaakkunnilla. eee ashayavum bharanamattam allengil samgharshathil ninnulla parivartthanam polulla rashtreeya parivartthanavum kooduthal samadhaanaparavum nischithavum janaadhipathyaparavumaaya bhaviyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
aadhunika kaalaghattatthile parivartthana neethikku academic, nayaroopeekaranakkaaril ninnu kooduthal shradha labhichu. rashtreeya, niyama vrithangalilum, prathyekichu parivartthana samoohangalilum ithu vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyappedunnu. svechaadhipathya allengil svechaadhipathya bharanakoodangalil ninno sivil samgharshangalil ninno janaadhipathyathilekkula rashtreeya parivartthanangalil, kooduthal janadhipathyaparavum neethiyukthavum samaadhaanaparavumaaya bhaaviyilekkulla parivartthanatthinte saadhyatha vardhippikkunnathinaayi atharam samoohangalkku munkaala manushyavakaasha lamghanangal, kootta athikramangal allengil mattu tharatthilulla gurutharamaaya aaghaathangal enniva pariharikkanulla avasarangal parivartthana neethi palappozhum nalkiyittundu.
charithram.
randaam lokamahaayudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil europil neurembergil anthaaraashtra sainika tribunal sthaapikkukayum germmaniyil vividha dii-naasifikkeshan prograamukalum tokkiyo tribunalil japanese sainikarude vicharana aarambhichathode parivartthana neethi mekhalayude uthbhavam kandethanakum. vijayikalaaya sakhyasenakal yudhasamayathu nadanna yudhakkuttangalkku japanese, jarmman sainikarkkum avarude nethaakkalkkum criminal neethi nalkiyappol "neuremberg vichaaranakal" ennariyappettathu parivartthana neethiyude uthbhavathe adayaalappeduthi. 1980kalilum athinusheshavum greasileyum (1975) arjanteenayileyum (1983) muun sainika jandaasukalude vichaaranakalil ninnu aarambhich eee feeld vegathayum yojip nedi. 1970kalilum 1980kalilum parivartthana neethiyude shradha manushyavakaasha prachaaranatthil shradha kendreekarichukondu criminal neethiyil aayirunnu. ithu lokamembaadumulla shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum manushyavakaasha bharanathinte purogamanaparamaaya uyarchaykkum kaaranamaayi, athu anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha niyamangaludeyum kanvenshanukaludeyum sthaapanangalil kalaashichu.
rashtreeya parivartthana samayat manushyavakaasha lamghanangal engane kaikaaryam cheyyappedunnu ennathilaayirunnu parivartthana neethiyude oonnal niyamaparavum kriminalvumaaya prosecution. neratthe soochippichathupole, "neethi" enna saarvathrika sangalppangal parivartthana neethikku adithara paakunna vediyaayi maari. athinaal, aadyakaala njaanameemaamsayil eee mekhala manushyaavakaashangalude niyamashaasthram etteduthu. thalphalamaayi, parivartthana neethiyekkurichulla prarambha saahithyathil abhibhaashakarum niyamavum niyamaparamaaya avakashangalum aadhipathyam pulartthi niyamangalum prakriyakalum nirvachikkukayum manushyavakaasha lamghanathe engane kaikaaryam cheyyaamennum aalukale utharavaadikalaakkukayum cheyyuka. athinaal, parivartthana neethikku athinte verukal manushyavakaasha prasthaanatthilum anthaaraashtra manushyavakaashangalilum maanushika niyamathilum undu. manushyavakaasha prasthaanatthile eee uthbhavangal parivartthana neethiye "svayam bodhapoorvam irakale kendreekarichulla" aakki.
1980kalude avasaanathilum 1990kalude thudakkathilum parivartthana neethiyude shradhayil oru maattam kandu. lokamembaadumulla janaadhipathyavalkkaranathinthi tharamgam, prathyekichu moonnaam tharamgam, vivaramariyicha parivartthana neethi janaadhipathyavalkkaranathile oru puthiya patana mekhalayaayi veendum uyarnnuvannu. parivartthana neethi niyamashaasthrathekkurichurilla kooduthal idungiya chodyangalil ninnu susthiramaaya janaadhipathya sthaapanangal vikasippikkunnathinum pourasamoohathe puthukkunnathinumulla rashtreeya parigananakalilekku athinte vyaapthi vipuleekarichu. svechaadhipathya bharanangalil ninnu janaadhipathya bharanangalilekkulla parivarthanathekkurichu pandithanmaarude padanangal parivartthana neethi chattakkoodine janaadhipathya maattatthil antharleenamaaya rashtreeya prakriyakalude parisodhanayaayi samyojippichu. parivartthana kaalaghattatthile janaadhipathyavalkkaranathinthi velluvilikal palathaanu janaadhipathya purogathi paalam thettikkathe munkaala akkoundukal pariharikkuka, samgharshangal pariharikkanum nashtapariharam nalkaanum smarakangal srishtikkaanum kazhivulla judicial allengil moonnaam kakshi vedikal vikasippikkuka, saamskaarika kuravukalum sukhappeduthaatha aaghaathavum pariharikkunnathinulla vidyaabhyaasa paatyapadhathi vikasippikkuka.
parivartthana neethiyude gadakangal yudhaananthara niyamashaasthrathinte prarambha roopathe thakarthuvennu vyakthamaan. navothaana janaadhipathyangale shakthippeduthunnathinum anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha samavaayathil vyakthamakkiya dhaarmikavum niyamaparavumaaya baadhyathakalkk anusrithamaayi avare konduvarunnathinum shramicha janaadhipathya pravartthakaril ninnu parivartthana neethi chattakkoodinu prayojanam labhichu.
canada, austreliya, nyoosiland enniva thaddesheeya adichamarthal pariharikkunnathin parivartthana neethi sameepanagal upayogichittundu. yunaittad stetsile vamseeya neethi prasnangal parivartthana neethi bhasha upayogichu charcha cheythittundu.
sathyanirvahana kammeeshante roopamaanu oru prathyeka naveekaranam. 1983ll arjanteenayilum 1990ll chiliyilum 1995ll dakshinaafrikkayilum thudangi, laattin america, aphrica, eshya, kizhakkan europe ennividangalile parivartthana samoohangalil prathyakshappedunna sathya commissionukal parivartthana neethiyude pratheekamaayi maari. ennirunnaalum, muun yugoslaviayil (recom) oru praadeshika sathya kammeeshan srishtikkaanulla niravadhi sramangal rashtreeya thadassangal kaaranam parajayappettu. sameepa varshangalil middle eesttile samgharshamekhalakalil sathyavum anuranjana commission nirddeshangal undaayittund, eee parivartthana neethi sthaapanangal oru divasam israelilum palasteen, iraakh, lebanon, kurdish pradeshangalilum pramukhamaayi prathyakshappedaan saadhyathayund.
1990kall muthal madhya, kizhakkan europile vaividhyamaarnna lustration prograamukalude roopeekaranamaanu mattoru pradhana sthaapana naveekaranam. mikka raajyangalum vittuveezhcha cheytha udyogasthareyum samagramaya screening upakaranangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla paripaadikal pinthudarnnappol, mattu rajyangal apakeerthippeduthiya udyogasthare randaamathe avasaram anuvadikkunna kooduthal ulkkollunna reethikal nadappaakki.
parivartthanavum neethiyum thammilulla oru kanniyayi, parivartthana neethi enna ashayam 1940 kalude avasaanathil parivartthanam cheyyappettu, oru munkaalakhattatthil ninnu oru bhaavi sthaanathekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathil samoohathe samagramaayi parishodhikkunnathinulla vishalamaaya veekshanam sweekarikkukayum praadhamika lakshyangalilonnayi janaadhipathya ekeekaranam nadathukayum cheythu. janaadhipathyavalkkaranathinthi pandithanmaarum pariseelakarum oru parivartthana neethi chattakkoodinte pothuvaaya thathwangalekkurichu oru pothu nigamanathiletthiyittundu munkaala durupayogangale neridunnathinulla deseeya thanthrangal, samshayaaspadamaaya raajyathinte prathyeka swabhaavatheyum sandarbhatheyum aashrayich, utharavaadithathinum shikshavidhi avasanippikkunnathinum samsthaana-poura bandhangal punarnirmmikkunnathinum janaadhipathya sthaapanangalude srishtikkum sambhavana nalkaan kazhiyum.
internaashanal sentar phoor traansishanal justice (aii. sii. tii. jeey) internaashanal task fozhsum (aii. tii. jii.) parayunnathanusarichu, susthira vikasana lakshyangalude (ezz. dii. jii.) avibhaajya gadakathil "neethi vidavu" kuraykkunnathu ulppedunnu, traansishanal neethiyekkurichulla working group ezz. dii. jii 16 + paranju, "ezz. dii. jii. kall saarvathrikamaanenkilum", "vanthothilullathum gurutharamayathumaaya manushyavakaasha lamghanangal susthira samaadhaanathilekkum vikasanathilekkum purogathi kaivarikkaan asaadhaaranamaaya neethi edapedalukal aavasyamulla saahacharyangal srishtikkunnu."
nirvachanangal.
aii. sii. tii. jeey. parayunnathanusarichu, 1990kalil vividha american academic vidagdhar "thangalude mungaamikalude vanthothilulla lamghanangal neritta puthiya bharanakoodangalude adhikaarathilethunna prashnangale rajyangal sameepikkunna vyathyastha reethikale vivarikkaanaan" "parivartthana neethi" enna padam upayogichathu."
samgharshangaludeyum adichamarthalukaludeyum kaalaghattangalil ninnu uyarnnuvarunna rajyangal valia thothilullatho chittayaayatho aaya manushyavakaasha lamghanangale abhisambodhana cheiyunna vazhikale parivartthana neethi soochippikkunnuvennu aii. sii. tii. jeey parayunnu, saadhaarana neethinyaaya samvidaanathinu mathiyaya prathikaranam nalkaan kazhiyilla."criminal prosecution, sathya commissionukal, nashtapariharam, nashtaparihara paripaadikal, koottakkuzhimaadangal, shamaapanam, pothumaapp, smarakangal, sinima, saahityam, shaasthreeya gaveshanam, school paatapusthakangal ezhuthuka, lustration parisodhanayum, manushyavakaasha lamghanangal pariharikkunnathinulla vividha tharatthilulla sthaapana parishkaarangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
ennirunnaalum, parivartthana neethi aadyamaayi roopeekarichathumuthal aashayaparamaaya maattangalkk vidheyamaayittundu. neethi prakriyakal oru rashtreeya parivartthanatthe pinthunaykkunna asaadhaaranavaadathinte oru roopathe soochippikkaan upayogikkunna 'parivartthana' prefix. janaadhipathyathilekkula parivartthanam samrakshikkukayaanenkil neethi prakriyakal niyamavaazhchaye lamghikkukayo vittuveezhcha cheiyukayo cheyyum. feeldinte saadhaaranavalkkaranam kaaranam, asaadhaaranamaaya saahacharyangalil neethi saadhaarana neethi ennartham vannu. 2009ll yuu. enn. manushyavakaasha hicommissioner vishadeekarichathupole, parivartthana neethi 'vitharana allengil prathikara neethi polulla neethiyekkurichulla oru prathyeka aashayamalla', marichu 'asaadhaaranamaaya velluvilikalodulla oru saankethika sameepanamaan'.
lakshyangal.
oru parivartthana neethi nayatthinte praadhamika lakshyam shikshavidhi samskaaram avasanippikkukayum janaadhipathya bharanathinte pashchaathalatthil niyamavaazhcha sthaapikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. parivartthana neethiyude niyamaparavum manushyavakaasha samrakshanaparavumaaya verukal parivarthanangalkku vidheyamaakunna samsthaanangalil chila niyamaparamaaya baadyathakal chumathunnu. manushyavakaashangalodulla bahumanam adisthaanavum utharavaaditham pradhana lakshyangalayi pathivayi nadappaakkappedunna oru samoohathinaayi parisramikkaan atharam samoohangale ithu velluvilikkunnu. eee lakshyangalude pashchaathalatthil, parivartthana neethi lakshyamidunnathu
athinaal, pothuve, parivartthana neethi lakshyamidunna ettu vishalamaaya lakshyangal thirichariyaan kazhiyum sathyam sthaapikkuka, erakalkku oru pothu vedhi nalkuka, kuttavaalikale utharavaadikalaakkuka, niyamavaazhcha shakthippeduthuka, erakalkku nashtapariharam nalkuka, sthaapana parishkkaranam nadappaakkuka, anurajanam prolsaahippikkuka, pothu charchakal prolsaahippikkuka.
thanthrangal.
phalapradamaakanamenkil, parivartthana neethi nadapadikal samagramaya sameepanathinte bhagamaayirikkanam. chila manushyavakaasha lamghanangal criminal prosecutionukalkku kaaranamakum, prathyekichu ettavum gurutharamaayava. judicial ithara sthaapanangalude manushyavakaasha lamghanangalekkurichulla sathyavum vastutha kandethal prakriyakalum thedunnathinulla anweshanangalil "sathya commissionukal" ulppedunnu. "nashtaparihara paripaadikal" ennathu "vyakthigatham, koottaaya, bhauthikam, koodaathe/allengil pratheekathmaka" nashtaparihaarangalude roopathilaakaam. anweshanangal, kuttangal, koodaathe/allengil anweshanangalude falamaayi, puthiyatho parishkarichatho aaya niyamangal sweekarikkukayum police, judiciary, sainyam, sainika rahasyaanveshanavumaayi bandhappettava ulppedeyulla sthaapanangal parishkarikkukayum cheyyaam."chila sandarbhangalil durupayogangalude smaranaykkaayi sramangal nadakkunnundu. parivartthanam sugamamakkaan chilappol sthireekarana pravartthana nayangal upayogikkunnu. linganeeti sthreekalkku samvidaanangalilekku thulyamaaya praveshanam urappaakkunnu.
samvidaanangal.
vamshahathya, manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangal, yudhakkuttangal thudangiya gurutharamaaya anthaaraashtra kuttakrithyangalude anweshanavum prosecution niyamangal lamghikkunnavarkku criminal shikshakal nalkikkond niyamavaazhcha shakthippeduthaan sahayikkunnu. kuttakrithyangal sahikkappedillennum manushyavakaasha lamghanangal nadathunnavar avarude pravarthanangalkku utharavaadikalaayirikkumenume ithu theliyikkunnu. neuremberg vichaaranayile charitraparamaaya verukalil ninnu, rwandaykkulla anthaaraashtra criminal tribunal muun yougoslaviayude anthaaraashtra criminal tribunal, siera leoninaayulla prathyeka kodathi polulla hibrid kodathikal, dilly jilla kodathiyude prathyeka paanalukal, cambodia kodathikalile asaadhaarana arakal, bosnia, hersegovina kodathikal, anthaaraashtra criminal kodathi (aii. sii. sii) sthaapikkal enniva saarvathrika adhikaraparidhi ettedukkunna sameepakaala udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. aii. sii. sii, hibrid kodathikal/tribunalukal enniva prosecution samrambhangalude pradhana gadakangalaannu
anthaaraashtra criminal kodathi.
1998ll roome niyamaprakaaram sthaapithamaaya anthaaraashtra criminal kodathi (aii. sii. sii) aadyathe sthiramaaya anthaaraashtra criminal kodathiyaanu. vamshahathya, yudhakkuttangal, manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangal ennivayekkurichu anweshikkunnathinum vichaarana cheiyunnathinum raajyangalkk athu cheyyaan kazhiyaathatho ishtamillaathatho aaya kesukalil ithu sthaapichu.
hibrid kodathikalum tribunalukalum.
hibrid kodathikalum tribunalukalum manushyavakaasha kuttakrithyangal anweshikkunnathinum vichaarana cheiyunnathinumaayi sthaapithamaaya "moonnaam thalamura" kodathikalaayi uyarnnuvannittund. avar "onnaam thalamura" neuremberg, tokkiyo tribunalukalum "randaam thalamura" anthaaraashtra criminal kodathiyum muun yugoslavia (aii. sii. tii. aii), rwanda (aii. sii. tii. aarr) ennivaykkulla anthaaraashtra criminal tribunalukalum pinthudarunnu. anthaaraashtra, aabhyanthara neethinyaaya abhinethaakkal ulppedunnathaanu eee kodathikal. sheshi allengil rashtreeya ichhaashakthiyude abhavam kaaranam aabhyanthara neethinyaaya samvidaanangalkku ottaykku nalkaan kazhiyaatha neethi nalkaan avar shramikkunnu. koodaathe, anthaaraashtra niyamaparamaaya kazhivukalum vaidagdhyavum kaimaarunnathiloode manushyavakaasha lamghanangalkkethire kesedukkunnathinulla aabhyanthara sheshi shakthippeduthaan hibrid kodathikal shramikkunnu. siyara leoninaayulla prathyeka kodathiyum kambodiyayile kottaarangalile asaadhaarana arakalum udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. rwanda gakkaka oru sankara samvidaanamaayi rwandon adhikaarikal avatharippichu. kolambiyayile samaadhaanathinulla prathyeka adikaaraparidhiyum ithil onnaayi kanakkakkaam.
nashtapariharam.
manushyavakaasha lamghanathinu irayaayavarude durithangal pariharikkukayaanu nashtapariharam lakshyamidunnathu. erakalodu thiruthalukal varuthaanum durupayogathinte anantharafalangal marikadakkaan sahayikkaanum punaradhivasam nalkaanum avar shramikkunnu. saambathika paymentukal, aarogya pariraksha allengil vidyaabhyaasam ulppedeyulla saamoohika sevanangal allengil pothu shamaapanam polulla pratheekathmaka nashtapariharam enniva ithil ulppedaam. thangalude kuttikale neekkam cheythathinum avare palli nadathunna indian residential skoolukalil paarppichathinum thaddesheeya canadian kudumbangalodu canadian sarkkar mapp paranja "anuranjana prasthavana" oru udaaharanamaanu. schoolukal baadhichavare sahayikkunnathinaayi canada sarkkar 350 dasalaksham dollar fund srishtichu.
sathyam anweshikkunnu.
oru raajyathe abhinethaakkale munkaala durupayogangal anweshikkaanum erakalkku pariharam thedaanum anuvadikkunna samrambhangalaan sathyam thedal. munkaala kuttakrithyangalum manushyavakaasha lamghanangalum aavarthikkaathirikkaan avaa parisodhikkaanum avayumaayi poruthappedaanum samoohangale praaptharaakkukayaanu eee prakriyakal lakshyamidunnathu. adichamarthal bharanakoodangale charithram maattiyezhuthunnathil ninnum bhoothakaalathe nishedhikkunnathil ninnum thadayunna documentation srishtikkaan avaa sahayikkunnu. yadhaarthathil enthaanu sambhavichathenn (kaanathaaya aalukal polullavarkku) sathyam ariyunnathiloodeyum avar sahicha athikramangal manasilaakkunnathiloodeyum erakalkku adavu nedaan avarkk kazhiyum. sathyaanveshana nadapadikalil vivaraswaathanthrya niyamanirmmanam, aarkkaivukalude vargeekaranam, anweshanangal, sathya commissionukal enniva ulppedaam.
sathya commissionukal.
oru sarkkaarinteyo sarkkarithara pravartthakarudeyo munkaala durupayogangal kandethaanum velippeduthaanum lakshyamidunna judicial ithara anweshana kammeeshanukalaanu trooth commissionukal; lokamembaadumaayi ekadesham naalppatholam audyogika trooth commissionukal roopeekarichittundu. varnnavivechanam marikadakkaanum raajyathe samgharshangal pariharikkanum sahaayikkunnathin dakshinaafrikkayil sthaapithamaaya sathyavum anuranjana commission oru udaaharanamaanu.
oormmakalum smaarakangalum.
aalukaludeyo sambhavangaludeyo oormmakal samrakshikkaan smarakangal shramikkunnu. parivartthana neethiyude pashchaathalatthil, samgharshathilo mattu athikramangalilo marichavare aadarikkunnathinum bhoothakaalathe parisodhikkunnathinum samakaalika prashnangale abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinum erakalodu bahumanam kaanikkunnathinum avar pravartthikkunnu. nishedham thadayunnathinum samoohangale munnott kondupokaan sahayikkunnathinum rekhakal srishtikkaan avaykku kazhiyum. vasthuvidyaa smarakangal, myoosiyangal, mattu smaaraka paripaadikal thudangiya anusmarana pravartthanangal smarakangalil ulppedaam. oru udaaharanathil, avide prabhuvinte prathirodha sena avarkkethireyum nadatthiya yudhathinu marupadiyaayi srishticha smarakangal, vaarshika praarthanaa chadangu, vadakkan ugaandayile koottakkuzhi enniva ulppedunnu.
sthaapanaparamaaya parishkkaranam.
police, sainyam, judiciary ennivayulppedeyulla pothu sthaapanangal palappozhum adichamarthalinum mattu manushyavakaasha lamghanangalkkum sambhavana nalkunnu. samoohangal parivarthanatthinu vidheyamaakumbol, utharavaaditham srishtikkunnathinum durupayogam aavarthikkunnath thadayunnathinum eee sthaapanangal parishkarikkanam. manushyaavakaashangale maanikkukayum niyamavaazhcha palikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu urappakkunnathinaayi eee samsthaana abhinethaakkale punasamghadippikkunna prakriyayaan sthaapana parishkaranatthil ulppedunnathu.
parishkaranangalil parisodhana, lustration, niraayudeekaranam, demobilisation, reintegration (ddr) thudangiya nadapadikal ulppedaam. azhimathikkaraaya udyogasthareyo adhikshepikkunna udyogasthareyo pothusevana joliyil ninnu neekkam cheiyunna prakriyayaan parisodhana. udaaharanathinu, afgaanisthaanil 2009,2010 thiranjeduppukalile thiranjeduppu sthaanaarthikale parishodhichu. lastreshanu samaanamaayi, pothu sthaapanangalil ninnu manushyavakaasha lamghanakkaare parisodhikkaanum ozhivaakkaanum lakshyamidunna prakriyakale soochippikkunna vishalamaaya vibhagamaanu "vetting", athesamayam "lustration" ennathu sheethayudham avasaanichathinusesham kizhakkan, madhya europile muun communist rajyangalil nadappaakkiya parisodhana prakriyakaleyum niyamangaleyum prathyekamaayi soochippikkunnu. parisodhana ennaal sarkkar samvidaanathil ninnulla pirichuvidalukalalla. niravadhi rajyangal avarude velippeduthalino kuttasammatham nadathunnathino pakaramaayi paarambaryamaayi labhicha udyogasthare ulppeduthunnathinulla badal pezhsanal samvidaanangal vikasippichu. dii. dii. aarr. paripaadikal muun poraalikale samoohathil veendum cheraan sahayikkunnu.
takarnna tunisian bharanakoodatthinte kuttakrithyangalil ulppetta kodathi udyogasthare neekkam cheyyuka ennathaanu sthaapana parishkaranatthinte oru udaaharanam. benn aliyude bharanathin keezhil kodathikal palappozhum azhimathikku soukaryamorukkiyirunnu. eee durupayogam pariharikkanulla sarkkaarinte shramangalude bhagamaanu kuttaaropitha udyogasthare neekkam cheiyunnathu.
pravanathakalum velluvilikalum.
1980kalude thudakkam muthal janaadhipathyathilekkula parivartthana kaalaghattatthil samsthaanangal bhoothakaalathe kanakkiledukkunnathinum bhaaviyile oru janaadhipathya raashtram kettippadukkunnathinnum nadapadikalude bhaagamaayi vividha parivartthana neethi samvidaanangal upayogikkunnu. vichaaranakal, sathyaanveshana commissionukal, nashtapariharam, aadambaram, myoosiyangal, mattu memory sittukal thudangiya samvidaanangal munkaala manushyavakaasha lamghanangal pariharikkunnathin ottaykko samyojitha roopathilo upayogichittundu. thanthrangal thiranjedukkunnathinte theerumaanamedukkal prakriya muthal parivartthana neethi nayam nadappaakkal vareyum samoohathinte parivartthanatthilum bhaavi sthirathayilum cheluthunna prathyaaghaathangal vareyum vividha padanangal pandithanmaar sameepa varshangalil nirmmichittundu. catherine sicking kaari booth walling (2006) nadatthiya oru sradheyamaaya patanam, parivartthana neethiyudeyum janaadhipathyavalkkaranathinu naadakeeyamaaya puthiya pravanatha rekhappeduthunnu. justice cascade" ennu visheshippikkappedunna avarude gaveshana prabandhatthil, 1979 muthal 2004 vare lokamembaadum nadanna sathya kammeeshanukaludeyum manushyavakaasha vichaaranayudeyum vishakalanam nadathunna sicking wallang loka raashtreeyathinte praadeshikavum anthardesheeyavumaaya judicialisationil ganyamaaya vardhanavu velippeduthi. sarveyil pankeduttha 192 rajyangalil 34 ennavum sathyaanveshana kammeeshanukalum 50 ennathil kuranjathu oru parivartthana manushyavakaasha vichaaranayenkilum nadathiyittundu.
aaa kaalayalavil ekadesham 85 puthiya allengil parivartthana rajyangalil moonnil rund bhaagavum vichaaranayo sathya commissionukaloo oru parivartthana neethi samvidaanamaayi upayogichu; pakuthiyiladhikam perum eathenkilum tharatthilulla judicial nadapadikal pareekshichu. athinaal, parivartthana raajyangalkkidayil oru sathya kammeeshan allengil/allengil manushyavakaasha vichaaranayude upayogam oru ottappettatho naamamaathramo aaya sanbradaayamalla, marichu parivartthana rajyangalil bhooribhaagathilum sambhavikkunna oru vyapakamaaya saamoohika sanbradaayamaanu.
athinte aavirbhaavathinushesham, irakale thirichariyuka, meludyogasthareyo madhya ejantumaareyo shikshikkano ennu theerumaanikkuka, vijayiyude neethi ozhivaakkuka, nashtapariharam, vichaarana allengil sthaapana parishkaranatthinu mathiyaya vibhavangal kandethuka thudangiya niravadhi velluvilikal parivartthana neethi nerittittundu. koodaathe, parivartthana kaalaghattam durbalamaaya samaadhaanathino durbalamaaya janaadhipathyathino maathrame kaaranamaakoo. janaadhipathyathilekkula parivarthanathekkurichu samvaadathil soochippichathupole, janaadhipathyathilekkula sugamamaya parivartthanatthe apakadappeduthaathe munkaala durupayogangalkkulla utharavaaditham prolsaahippikkuka ennathaanu puthiya bharanakoodangalude ashayakkuzhappam. koodaathe, nilavilulla neethinyaaya samvidaanam durbalamo azhimathi niranjatho phalapradamallaathatho aayirikkam, phalatthil praayogikamaaya neethi nedunnathu budhimuttaakkunnu. parivartthana neethi prayogathinteyum mccavu dablyu polulla prakriyakaludeyum nireekshakar. parivartthana neethiyude ettavum pradhanappetta samvidaanangalilonnaaya vichaaranayiloode yadhaartha neethi kaivarikkunnathinulla budhimuttukalkku muthuva (2000) oonnal nalki. 1994ll rwandayil sthaapithamaaya anthaaraashtra tribunalinecurich abhiprayappetta addeham, "utharavaadithathe vyathichalippikkanum vamshahathya nirthaan thayyaaraakaatha samsthaanangalude manassakshiye shaanthamaakkaanum ithu sahayikkunnu" ennu vaadichu... [koodaathe] pradhaanamaayum thutsi bharanakoodatthinte niyamavirudhathaye marachuvekkunnu ". churukkatthil, rwanda, yugoslavia thudangiya criminal tribunalukal "lamghanangal pariharikkunnathin munvidhikalillathe prayogikkaano nadappilaakkaano kazhiyunnillengil allengil perumatta parishkkaranam polulla prathirodha prabhavam illengil avaa ardhashoonyamaanu" ennu maathuva vaadikkunnu.
aduthide, lial ezz. anthaaraashtra manushyavakaasha niyamam, anthaaraashtra criminal niyamam, anthaaraashtra maanushika niyamam enniva anusarichu sathya commissionukal roopeekarikkukayum nadathukayum cheythillengil, eee prosecutionukal deseeya thalatthilo anthaaraashtra thalatthilo nadathendathaanengilum avaa "criminal prosecutionukale" vairudhyappeduthukayo durbalappeduthukayo cheiyumennu sanga vaadichu. sathya commissionukal gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangalil earppedunnavarkku mapp nalkunnathinu mapp nalkunnathil eee apakadasaadhyatha prathyekichum prakadamaanennu addeham vaadikkunnu. maruvashathu, erakalil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum sambhavangal sariyaaya veekshanakonil sthaapikkunnathinum "criminal prosecutionukal" mikacha reethiyil krameekarikkanam. athinaal anthaaraashtra niyamathinu poornnamaayum anusrithamaayi sathyavum deseeya anuranjana kammeeshanukalum "criminal prosecutionukalkku" poornnamaayum poorakamaakkunnathinu sanga patthu thathwangal nirddeshikkunnu.
parivartthana neethi samvidaanangalekkurichulla itharathilulla vimarsanam chila pandithanmareyum nayaroopeekaranakkaareyum mukalil vivaricha lakshyangalil eathaanu ettavum pradhaanamenn chinthikkaan preripikkum, avaa nedaan kazhiyumenkilum. pothumaapp, nashtapariharam enniva sathyathin pakaramavaanulla saadhyatha kaaranam sathya kammeeshanukale randaamathe mikacha badalaayum niyamavaazhchaye apamanikkunnathaayum visheshippikkaam. eee velluvilikalude koottangalkku athinte prayogatthil parivartthana neethikkaayi nirnaayaka chodyangal uyarthaan kazhiyum. chodyangalum prashnangalum, udaaharanathina "sathyam" eppozhengilum yadhaarthathil sthaapikkaanaakumo? ellah erakalkkum nashtaparihaaramo pothu vediyo nalkaan kazhiyumo? ellah kuttavaalikaleyum utharavaadikalaakkaan kazhiyumo? atho athikramangal nadannuvennum erakalkku avarude kashtappaadukalkk nashtapariharam nalkanamennum amgeekarikkunnathu mathiyo?
koodaathe, feeldinte velluvilikalil shradha kendreekarikkunnathu valare idungiyathaanengil parivartthana neethi ardhashoonyamaanennu thonnunna apakadasaadhyathayundennum oraal vadikkam. ennirunnaalum, satyathinum neethikkum shamaykkum rogashaanthikkumaayi thudarchayaayi thirayukayaan parivartthana neethi lakshyamidunnathu, athinullil kaikkollunna sramangal muun shathrukkalodoppam jeevikkaan aalukale sahayikkunnu. lalithamaayi paranjaal, "bhaaviyilethaan bhoothakaalathe abhisambodhana cheyyanam". athinaal, parivartthana neethiyude swaadheenamo vyapthiyo naamamaathramaanennu thonniyalum, anthima phalam parishramathinu arhamaanu.
parivartthana neethikkulla sramangal vilayiruthunathinulla mattoru maarggam, theerumaanamedukkunnavarkku atharam nayangal pinthudaraan upayogikkunna reethikalil avar sangalppikkunnathinekkaal kuranja niyanthranam undayirikkaam ennathaanu. vaasthavathil, avarude aagraham enthuthanneyaayaalum, atharam nayangal thadayaan avarkk kazhinjekkilla. eiii enna nilayil. ekeekritha germmaniyil bhoothakaalathe vidhikkunnu" (2001) enna thante pusthakatthil jaims mcdams theliyichittundu, muun chansalar helmut kohlineppolulla padinjaaran jarmman nayaroopeekaranakkaar kizhakkan germmaniyude rahasya poleesaaya staasiyude fayalukalilekku pothujana praveshanam avasaanippikkaan aagrahichirunnuvenkila kizhakkan jarmman vimatharude sammarddangal avare angane cheiyunnathil ninnu thadanju.
samgharshathil ninnu oru samooham uyarnnuvannathinu sesham samadhaanavum neethiyum kaivarikkuka enna parasparavirudhamaaya lakshyangalil ninnu uyarnnuvarunna samadhaanavum neethiyum thammilulla pirimurukkamaanu mattoru velluvili. rund lakshyangalum anurajanam kaivarikkunnathinte avibhaajyaghadakamaanennu pothuve amgeekarikkappedunnumdum, eathu lakshyamaanu aadyam pinthudarendathennu pariseelakar palappozhum viyojikkunnu neethiyo samadhaanamo? manushyavakaasha lamghanangalil earppedunna ellah kuttavaalikalum vichaarana neridunnillengil, kuttakrithyangalkkulla shikshavidhi puthiya bharanakoodatthil thudarumennum samgharshathil ninnulla parivartthanam poornnamaayum poortthiyaakkunnathil ninnu thadayumennum "justice" chinthaadhaarayude vakthaakkal vaadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, akramam phalapradamaayi avasaanippikkanulla eaka maargam aayudangal nalkaan kuttavaalikale prerippikkunnathinayi shamaapanangalum madhyastha charchakalum nalkuka ennathaanu "pease" school oof tott vaadikkunnathu. vadakkan ireland polulla udaaharanagal thiranjeduttha anugrahikkalukk samgharsham engane avasaanippikkaan kazhiyumennu vyakthamaakkunnu. koodaathe, oru neethinyaaya edapedalinte nilavaaram aabhyantharayudham avasanippikkunnathinulla charchakaliloode parihaarathinulla saadhyathayulla saahacharyangale baadhikkunnuvenn anubhavaparamaya gaveshanangal theliyikkunnu. 
samgharshathinu sheshamulla mekhalayile sameepakaala pravanathakal "neethi" enna chintadharaye anukoolikkunnu, samgharshathinte erakalkku neethi karthavyapoorvvam nalkiyaal maathrame aabhyantharayudham aavarthikkunnathil ninnu thadayaan kazhiyoo. 2011ll 'dhii ekkanomist' enna pusthakatthil nadanna oru samvaadathil, neethi samvidaanangal nadappaakkunnathiloode maathrame samadhaanam kaivarikkanaakoo enna prameyathodu 76 sathamaanam samvaadathil pankedutthavarum yojichuvennu athinte samapana votteduppil nirnnayichu.
saahityaparamaaya prayogangal.
saahityapandithanmaarum charitrakaaranmaarum charitraparamaaya sambhavangalum grandhangalum punarparisodhikkaan parivartthana neethi enna ashayam upayogikkaan thudangi. christopher enn. udaaharanathinu, vaaran, raajavaazhchayude punasthaapanatthinu sammathikkaan engleesh rajakeeyakkaar presbitteriyanmaare engane bodhyappeduthiyennu vishadeekarikkaan sahaayikkunnuvenn avakaashappett, punasthaapanatthinu munbulla englandil parivartthana neethi prayogichu. engleesh kavi joonn miltone "parivartthana neethiyude aadyakaala vimarsakanaayi kaanaan kazhiyumennu" vaaran vaadikkunnu, thante itihaasa kavithayaya parudeesayile paapatthinteyum maranathinteyum upamaye parivartthana neethiyude "amithamaya-shatham" chithreekaranangal sankeernamaakkunnathinu upayogichu.
bhaaviyile ajanda.
parivartthana neethi athinte swaadheenam alakkunnathinulla budhimuttinu purame niravadhi nirnaayaka velluvilikalum ulkkollunnundengil, kaalakramena eathenkilum raajyathinte anubhavathile mattu gadakangalude ennam kanakkiledukkumbol, manushyavakaasha vichaaranayo sathya commissionukaloo manushyavakaasha sanbradaayangalil prathikoola swaadheenam cheluthendathilla. ithu parivartthana neethiye praayogikamaakkunnu, prathyekichu samgharshaananthara samoohangalil samsthaananirmmaanathinum janaadhipathya prothsaahanathinteyum eee yugathil. vaasthavathil, laattinamerikkan raajyangalile vichaaranaykk munbum sheshavumulla manushyavakaasha saahacharyangale rando athiladhikamo pareekshana varshangalumayi sicking walling thaarathamyam cheythath pathinaalu rajyangalil pathinonninum pareekshanangalkk sesham mikacha rashtreeya bheekaratha skeyil (pts) rating undennu kaanikkunnu. sathyaanveshana commission manushyavakaasha vicharana undaayirunna laattin american rajyangal vichaaranakal mathramulla raajyangale apekshichu avarude pii. tii. ezz ratingil kooduthal mechappettu. eee sthithivivarakkanakkukal soochippikkunnathu parivartthana neethi samvidaanangal raajyangalude manushyavakaasha sanbradaayangal mechappeduthunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu ennaanu. parivartthana neethi samvidaanangal upayogikkunna oro samsthaanavum lakshyamidunna lakshyangal mikacha reethiyil kaivarikkunnathinu eathu samvidaanangalaanu upayogikkendathennu nirnnayikkendathundu. erakalkkidayil niraashayundaakkunnath ozhivaakkunnathin, aaa samvidaanangalude lakshyangalekkurichum paridhikalekkurichum pothujanangale nannayi ariyikkunnuvennu samsthaanam urappaakkanam.
parivartthana neethi upayogam kurayunnathinte lakshanangalonnum kanikkunnilla. vaasthavathil, aikyaraashtrasabhayude (yuu. enn) samadhana nirmmaanatthilum janaadhipathyavalkkarana prakriyayude pravarthanangalilum parivartthana neethi nayangal, upakaranangal, paripaadikal enniva ulppeduthunnathum stockholm aasthaanamaayulla internaashanal instittyoott phoor electoral asisttans aandu democracy (internaashanal idea) ulppede niravadhi praadeshika, anthaaraashtra janaadhipathya pramoshan oorganaiseshanukalude paripaadikalilum mattu anthaaraashtra sarkkarithara samghadanakalude (ingos) sthaapanangalum internaashanal sentar phoor traansishanal justice (aii. sii. tii. jeey), instittyoott phoor justice aandu resilution (aii. aii. jii. aarr. aarr), aafrikkan traansishanal justice research network (eiii. tii. jeey. aarr. enn), traansishanal justice instittyoott polulla gaveshana kendrangalum 21-aamm noottaandile parivartthana raashtreeyathinte vyavahaarathil ethra nannayi sthaapicha parivartthana neethi oru savisheshathayaayi mariyirikkunnu ennathinte sakthamaaya prakadanangalaanu. internaashanal jenal oof traansishanal justice" polulla academic prasidheekaranangalum oru prathyeka samsthaanathinte saahacharyathin anusrithamaayi bhaaviyile puthumakal oru antharvishaya mekhala kettippadukkunnathinna sambhavana nalkunnu, koodaathe bhoothakaalathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna rashtreeya parivarthanangalkku sambhavana nalkukayum manushyaavakaashangalkkum janaadhipathyathinum bahumanam nalkunnathinu urappu nalkukayum cheyyum.
parivartthana neethiyude mukhyadhara, niravadhi toolkitt prasidheekaranangal, manuvalukal, varkshoppukal, deseeya, praadeshika, anthardesheeya naya paripaadikaliludaneelam upayogikkunna pothu ashayangal enniva parivartthana neethiyude mekhala nilavaramullathaayi maariyenn soochippikkunnu. sandarbha-sensitiivu neethi prakriyakalkku eee mekhala oonnal nalkunnathinaal ithu kauthukakaramaanu.
lokabaankinte "samgharsham, suraksha, vikasanam ennivayekkurichulla 2011leeii loka vikasana report" parivartthana neethiye surakshayumayum vikasanavumayum bandhippikkunnu. raajyangalkk akramatthinte chakrangal engane ozhivaakkaamenn ithu paryavekshanam cheyyukayum parivartthana neethiyude praadhaanyam oonnipparayukayum cheiyunnu, avaa munkaala sanbradaayangalil ninnu verpedukayaanennu kaanikkan sarkkaarukalkk upayogikkaavunna "signalling samvidaanangalil" onnaanithenn vaadikkunnu. parivartthana neethi nadapadikalkku utharavaadithathinte praadhaanyathekkurichum sthaapana sheshi mechappeduthunnathinum soochanakal nalkaamennum ithu vaadikkunnu.
2011 septambaril internaashanal sentar phoor traansishanal justice (aii. sii. tii. jeey) oru kuttiyude veekshanakonil ninnu parambaraagatha traansishanal justice nadapadikal manassilaakkendathinte aavasyakathayekkurichu vaadikkunna oru report prasidheekarichu. parambaraagatha parivartthana neethi nadapadikalil ninnu palappozhum ozhivaakkappedunna oru valia janasamkhyaashaasthra vibhaagamaayi report kuttikale thirichariyunnu. eee asanthulithaavastha pariharikkunnathin, parivartthana neethiyude valia paridhiyil kuttikale ulppeduthunnathinu oru puthiya shisu kendreekritha veekshanam aavasyamaanu.