
vidhiye vimarshikkunnu

jarmman thathwachinthakanaaya immaanuval kaant 1790ll rachicha oru pusthakamaanu 'dhii critic oof judgment' (The Review of Deachment). chilappol "moonnaamathe vimarsanam" ennu vilikkappedunna "vidhiyude vimarsanam" "shudhamaaya yukthiyude vimarsanam" (1781), "praayogika kaaranatthinte vimarsanam" (1788) ennivaye pinthudarunnu.
sandarbham.
immaanuval kaantinte "nyaayavidhiyekkurichulla vimarsanam" ennathu "shudhamaaya nyaayathekkurichulla vimarsanam", "praayogikamaaya nyaayathekkurichulla vimarsanam" (yathaakramam "aadyathethu", "randaamathe vimarsanam") ennivayil aarambhicha kaantinte vimarshanaathmakapadhathiyile moonnaamathe vimarsanamaanu. soundaryaparamaaya vidhinyaayathinte vimarsanam", "teleological vidhinyaayathinte vimarsanam" enningane rund pradhana vibhagangalaayi eee pusthakatthe thirichirikkunnu, koodaathe kaanthinte samagramaya vimarsanaathmaka samvidaanathekkurichulla oru valia avalokanavum athinte anthima roopathil krameekarichirikkunnu. kaantinte jeevithakaalathu "aadya aamukham" ennu vilikkappedunna pusthakam prasidheekarikkappettilla, kaaranam kaant prasidheekaranathinu pakaramaayi oru pusthakam ezhuthi.
arivinte paridhikalum vyavasthakalum paryavekshanam cheiyunna nirnaayaka padhathi ithinakam thanne "shudhamaaya yukthiyude vimarsanam" srishtichirunnu, athil kaanth oru ateendriya soundaryathinaayi vaadichu, ithu sthalavum samayavum vasthukkalallenn vaadikkunna daaranayude prashnangalodulla sameepanamaan. nireekshana vishayathinte manass indriyalokathe samghadippikkunnathinum roopappeduthunnathinumal vazhikal sthalavum samayavum nalkunnuvennu aadya vimarsanam vaadikkunnu. aadya vimarshanathile eee anweshanathinte anthimaphalam yukthiyude vairudhyaparamaaya upayogathil chila adisthaana virudhathakalundu ennathaanu, prathyekichu ellah perumattavum chinthayum nirnnayikkunnath baahya kaaranangalaanennum maruvashathu manushyante perumaattatthil oru yadhaartha "swaabhaavika" kaaryakaarana thathwam undennumulla vaadathe oru vashath anukoolikkaan poornnamaaya kazhivillaaymayundu.
kaantinte kazhchappadil, kaaryakaarana nirnnayathinte aadya sthaanam, ellaatharam anubhavashaasthranjarum sweekarichu; koodaathe, ellah anubhava vijnjaanavum lokathinu saadhyamaaya ellah sambhavangaleyum kurichulla poornnavum poornnavumaaya kaaryakaarana vishadeekaranamaayi samanvayippikkaan kazhiyunna oru anthima shaasthrathinte aashayathilekku (orupakshe orikkalum poornnamaayum saakshaathkarikkappedaathu) athu nayichu.
swaabhaavikamaaya kaaryakaaranatthinte randaamathe sthaanam, ellah aalukalum dhaarmika perumaattatthil earppedumbol parokshamaayi sweekarikkunnu; eee nilapad "praayogika kaaranatthinte vimarshanathil" kooduthal poornnamaayum paryavekshanam cheyyappedunnu.
vidhiyude vimarsanam" ennathu vidhiyude sthalathekkurichulla oru charchayaanu, athu dhaarana ("manassilakkuka") (oru nirnnayaka chattakkoodinullil ninnu pravarthikkunnathenthum), kaaranam ("vernanft") (swaathanthryathinte adisthaanathil pravartthikkunna) enniva ovarlaappu cheyyanam.
vidhiyude vimarshanathinte aamukham.
soundaryaparamaaya vidiyekkurichulla kaanthinte vimarshanathinte aadya bhagam kaanth "ruchiyude vidhi" yude naalu nimishangal avatharippikkunnu. iva kaant (1) aadya nimishamaayi kramatthil nalkunnu. ruchiyude vidhi gunanilavaaratthinte nimisham "; (2) randaamathe nimisham. abhiruchiyude vidhi alavinte nimisham; (3) abhiruchiyude vidhi atharam vidhikalil avalokanam cheyyappetta lakshyangalude bandhatthinte nimisham; (4) ruchiyude vidhi vasthuvil aanandathinte reethiyude nimisham. abhiruchiyude vidhiyude naalu nimishangal avatharippicha sesham, kaanth "analytic oof dhaa sublime" enna thalakkettilulla moonnaamathe vimarshanathinte 2-aamm pusthakathekkurichulla charcha aarambikkunnu.
soundaryaparamaaya vidhi.
pusthakatthinte aadya bhagam saadhyamaaya naalu "soundaryaparamaaya prathiphalana vidhikale" charcha cheiyunnu sveekaaryamaayava, manoharamaayava, udaathamaayava, soundaryaparamaaya prathiphalanangal. shudhamaaya nyaayabodhathekkurichulla vimarsanam" ennathil ninnulla vidhikalude pattikayumayi avaye bandhappeduthumbol iva maathrame saadhyamaaya naalu prathiphalana vidhikalaanenn kaant vyakthamaakkunnu.
"prathiphalithamaaya vidhikal" nirnnayakamaaya vidhikalil ninnu (aadyathe rund vimarsanangalil ninnullava) vyathyasthamaan. prathiphalithamaaya vidhiyil nalkiyirikkunna vishadaamshangalkku anjjaathamaaya saarvatrikathakal kandethaan njangal shramikkunnu; athesamayam nirnnayakamaaya vidhiyil, kaant parayunnathupole, ithinakam ariyappedunna saarvathrikathakalkk keezhil nalkiyirikkunna vishadaamshangal njangal ulkkollunnu
eee steekku nallathaanu" allengil "eee kasera mriduvaayathaanu" enna roopathilulla vidhinyaayangal-sveekaaryamaayathu poornnamaayum indriyaparamaaya vidhiyaan."iva kevalam aathmanishtamaaya vidhinyaayangalaan, chaayvine maathram adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
nanma ennathu adisthaanaparamaayi enthengilum dhaarmmikamaanenna vidhiyaan-entho dhaarmika niyamavumaayi poruthappedunnu enna vidhi, ithu kanthian ardhathil, adisthaanaparamaayi reethiyude avakaashavaadamaanu-yukthiyekkurichulla sthiravum samboornnavumaaya aashayavumaayulla oru poruttham. pala tharatthil ithu sveekaaryamaayathinte thikachum vipareethamaanu, kaaranam ithu poornnamaayum vasthunishtamaaya oru vidhiyaan-kaanth parayunnathanusarichu karyangal onnukil dhaarmikamo allathatho aanu.
bakkiyulla rund vidhikal-manoharavum udaathavum-sveekaaryavum nallathum ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. avayaanu kaant "aathmanishtamaaya saarvathrika" vidhikal ennu vilikkunnathu. prathyakshatthil eee auximoronic padam ardhamaakkunnathu, praayogikamaayi, vidhikal aathmanishtamaanu, mathramalla avaa kevalavum nirnnayakavumaaya oru ashayavumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum. ennirunnaalum, manoharamo udaathamo aaya enthengilum undenna vidhi mattullavar eee vidhiyodu yojikkanam enna vishwaasathodeyaanu nadathunnathu-palarum sammathikkillennu ariyaamenkilum. eee "venam" ennathinte shakti varunnath oru "sensus communis"-ruchiyude oru samoohathe paraamarsikkunnathil ninnaan. hannah arrend, thante "kaantinte rashtreeya thathwachinthayekkurichulla prabhashanangalil", eee "sensus communis" "dhaarmmikathayude metaphysic" ll kaant paranjathil ninnu shradheyamaayi vyathyasthamaaya oru rashtreeya sidhaanthathinte adisthaanamaayirikkaam ennu soochippikkunnu.
soundaryathekkurichulla kaanthinte vishakalanathinte kendra ashayam bhavanayudeyum daaranayudeyum vaijnjaanika sakthikal thammilulla 'swatantra kalii' ennaanu addeham visheshippichathu. nammal oru vasthuvine manoharamennu vilikkunnu, kaaranam athinte roopam nammude vaijnjaanika shakthikalkk anuyojyamaanu, koodaathe atharam oru 'swatantra kalii' (§22) prapthamaakkunnu, athinte anubhavam namukk aanandakaramaanu. enthengilum manoharamaanenna vidhi athinu "anthimathayude roopam" undenna avakaashavaadamaanu-athaayath, athinu vyakthamaaya praayogika pravartthanamonnumillengum oru uddeshyathodeyaanu roopakalppana cheythathennu thonnunnu. oru vasthuvine manoharamaayi kandethunnathinu namukk oru nirnnayaka ashayam aavasyamilla (§9). ekkaaryathil, kaanth "swatantra", "anusarikkunna" soundaryam thammil kooduthal verthirikkunnu. athesamayam "swatantra soundarya" thekkurichulla vidhikal vidhikkappedunna vasthuvinekkurich oru nirnnayaka ashayam illaathe thanne nadathappedunnu (udha.jii. atharamoru nirnnayakamaaya ashayam nammude manassil undengil (udha.jii. nannayi nirmmicha kuthira, angane amgeekarikkappetta). eee rund vidhikalum thammilulla pradhana vyathyasam swatantra soundaryathinte kaaryatthil vasthuvinte uddeshyamo upayogamo oru pankum vahikkunnilla ennathaanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, vasthu athinte uddeshyathinu anuyojyamallengil maathrame soundaryathekkurichulla anusaranaparamaya vidhikal saadhyamaakoo.
enthengilum udaathamaanenna vidhi athu graahyathinte paridhikkappuramaanenna vidhiyaan-athu bhayathinte oru vasthuvaanennathaanu. ennirunnaalum, vasthu yadhaarthathil bheeshanippeduthunnathalne kaant vyakthamaakkunnu-athu bhayathinu arhamaanenn amgeekarikkanam.
praayogikamaaya yukthiyude vimarshanathil" dhaarmika niyamathe chithreekarichathinethudar avasheshikkunna prashnangalilonn pariharikkanulla sramamaayi sundari udaathathayeyum kurichulla kaantinte kaazhchappaad palappozhum vaayikkappedunnu-athaayath namukk ichhaashakthiyundennu theliyikkaan asaadyamaanu, athinaal naam dhaarmika niyamathinu keezhil bandhikkappettirikkunnavu theliyikkaan asaadyamaanu. sundariyum udaathavum chila baahya nomenal kramatthe soochippikkunnuvennu thonnunnu-angane swatantra ichhaashakthiyulla oru nomenal svayam undakanulla saadhyatha.
vimarshanathinte eee vibhaagathil kaanth pala tharatthil vidhinyaayathinte vipareethamaaya oru manassinte faakkalttiyum sthaapikkunnu-prathibhayude faakkaltti. enthengilum manoharamaano udaathamaano ennu nirnnayikkaan vidhi oraale anuvadikkumbol, prathibha oraale manoharamo udaathamo srishtikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
teleology.
vimarshana" thinte randaam pakuthi teleological vidhi charcha cheiyunnu. karyangal avayude lakshyangalkkanusarichu vilayiruthunathinulla eee reethi ("telos": greak bhashayil avasaanam) kuranjathu soundaryathekkurichulla aadya charchayumaayi yukthisahamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennaal orutharam (svayam) uddeshyabodham (athaayath, oraalkk svayam ariyaavunna ardhabodham) soochippikkunnu.
jeevashaasthrathe teleological ennu visheshippikkunna kaant, jeevajalangal polulla vasthukkalundennu avakaashappedunnu, avayude bhagangal avayude muzhuvanum avayude muzhuvanum avayude bhagangalkkaayi nilanilkkunnu. ithu bhauthika lokath oru vidavu thurakkaan addehathe anuvadikkunnu eee "jaiva" vasthukkale matellaa roopangalkkum baadhakamaaya niyamangalkk keezhil konduvaraan kazhiyaathathinal, avayekkurichu nammal enthucheyyum?
kaaryakshamathayode kaaryakaarana vishadeekaranangal ellaayppozhum mikachathaanenkilum (x ennathu y-nuu kaaranamaakunnu, y ennathu x-nte falamaanu), teleology abhyarthikkaathe oru pullu blade vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyunna mattoru nyoottan pratheekshikkunnath asambandhamaanennu kaant vyakthamaayi parayunnu, athinaal jaivathe vishadeekarikkanam athu teleologically roopappettathupole. chila aadhunika sidhaanthangalil ninnulla vimarshanathinte eee bhagam, kaanth ettavum samoolamaayathaanu; manushyane aathyanthika lakshyamaayi addeham avatharippikkunnu, athaayath, prakrithiyude matellaa roopangalum manushyanumayulla bandhatthinte uddeshyathinaayi nilanilkkunnu, neritto allaatheyo, manushyan thante yukthibodhasheshi kaaranam ithil ninnu vittunilkkunnu. samskaaram ithinte aavishkaaramaayi maarunnuvennum athu ettavum uyarnna teleological lakshyamaanennum, kaaranam prakrithi niyamangalkk purathulla manushya swaathanthryathinte eaka aavishkaaramaanithennum kaanth avakaashappedunnu. praayogikamaaya kaaranathekkurichulla vimarshanathil" kaanth nirddeshikkunna dhaarmika samvidaanathinum "dhaarmmikathayude thathwachinthayude adisthaana thathwangalkkum" anusrithamaayi varunna daarmmikathaykkulla allengil praayogikamaaya kaaranathinulla kazhivu kaaranam manushyan ettavum uyarnna teleological lakshyamaayi sthaanam nedunnu.
daivashaasthraparamaaya prathibadhathayillaathe jeevashaasthrathile uddeshyaparamaaya vibhaagangale niyamavidheyamaakkaan kaant shramichu. uddeshyamenna aashayathin anthimathaykku jnjaanashaasthraparamaaya moolyamundennu addeham thiricharinju, athesamayam jeevithathilum prapanchatthinte uravidathilum srishtiparamaaya uddeshyangalekkurichula athinte prathyaaghaathangal addeham nishedhichu. kaant prakrithi uddeshyangale samghaditha jeevikalaayi visheshippichu, athaayath arivinte thathwam jeevajaalangale uddeshyaparamaaya asthithvangalaayi anumaanikkunnu. jeevajaalangalude arivinte prathyekathaye thripthippeduthunna oru niyanthranaparamaaya upayogamaayi addeham eee anumaanathe anthimatha enna ashayam ennu vilichu. uddeshyathinte uravidathil oru teleology thathwamundennu eee huristic chattakkood avakaashappedunnu, ithu athinte paarambaryamulppede oro yadhaartha jiviyudeyum mechanical upakaranangalaan. atharam sthaapanangal svayam samghadithamaaya paattenukalaayi kaanapedunnu. kaantinte ashayangal johann friedrich blumenbackineyum addehathinte anuyaayikaleyum tharangalude shaasthram (roopaghadana) roopappeduthunnathinum athinte svayambharanathe nyaayeekarikkunnathinum anuvadichu.
oru vasthuvinte soundaryathekkurichulla soundaryaparamaaya vidhiyil oru uddeshyavum prathinidheekarikkunnille kaant abhiprayappettu. shudhamaaya soundaryaparamaaya vidhi vasthuvinte uddeshyathe ozhivaakkunnu.
swaadheenangal.
manushya manass oru "avabodhajanyamaaya dhaarana" allennu kaant sthiramaayi vaadikkunnundenkilum-athu manassilakkunna prathibhasangal srishtikkunna onnu-addehathinte vaayanakkaaril palarum (fichthil ninnu aarambhich, shellingle avasaanikkunnu) athu aayirikkanam (palappozhum kaantinu credit nalkunnu) ennu vishwasichu.
vidhinyaayathinte vimarshanathinte" aadya pakuthiyude avasaanathil kaantinte schema chinnatheyum kurichulla charchakal manass athinte vasthukkale prathinidheekarikkunna reethiyekurichum chodyangal uyarthunnu, athupole thanne irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathe bhookhanda thathwachinthayude vikasathekkurichulla daaranayude adisthaanavum jackwus derida eee pusthakam vishadamaayi padichathaayi ariyappedunnu.
sathyavum reethiyum" (1960) enna pusthakatthil hans-jorg gadamar kaantiyan soundaryashaasthrathe charitraparamaayi adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru hermenuticsinte vikasanathil charitraparamennu nirasikkunnu.
shopenhoverinte abhipraayangal.
kaant manassilakkiya vasthukkalumayi bandhappettathalla, marichu amoorthamaaya aashayangalude vishakalanavumayi bandhappettirikkunnave shopenhover abhiprayappettu. "...avan sundariyekkuricho, nerittullathum manoharavumaaya kazhchappadil ninno allah, marichu sundariyekkurichulla "vidhi" yill ninnaan [aarudeyengilum prasthavanayil] aarambhikkunnath...."
thante ellah vimarshanangalilum, maanasika pravartthanangalum baahya vasthukkalum thammilulla bandhatthil kaanthin sakthamaaya thaalpparyamundaayirunnu.
"atharamoru vidhi theerchayaayum vishayathil sambhavikkunna onninte aavishkaaramaanenkilum athu vasthuvinte gunanilavaravumaayi bandhappettathupole saarvathrikamaayi saadhuthayullathaanu enna sahacharyam addehathinte shradhaye prathyekamaayi unarthunnu. ithaanu addehathe baadhichathu, sundariyeyalla."
anuyojyatha" enna ashayam parishodhikkunnathiloode soundaryam vishadeekarikkaamenna nigamanatthinte falamaanu pusthakatthinte roopam. soundaryathekkurichulla arivum prakrithidatha vasthukkalude anuyojyathayum" "vidhinyaayathinte shakti" ennu vilikkunna "" oru "vijnjaanashaakhayaayum rund vaividhyamaarnna vishayangale oru pusthakatthil kaikaaryam cheiyunnathaayum" [tii] namukk vichitramaaya samyojanam undennu shopenhover prasthaavichu."
shopenhoverinte abhipraayathil kaant asthiramaanu, kaaranam "...shudhamaaya yukthiyude vimarshanathil" daaranayaanu vidhikkanulla kazhivu ennathum athinte vidhinyaayangalude roopangal ellah thathwashaasthrathinteyum aditharayaakkiyathinushevum, aaa kazhivil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya oru vichitramaaya vidhinyaya shakti ippol prathyakshappedunnu."
teleological vidhiyekkurich, kaant ithu maathrame parayaan shramichulloo ennu shopenhover avakashappettu "...samghaditha sthaapanangal avaykku munbulla oru uddeshya sangalppathinanusarichaanu nirmmichathennu namukk thonnumenkilum, ithu vasthunishtamaayi cases aanennu karuthunnathil namme nyaayeekarikkunnilla."aathmanishtathayum (nammal chinthikkunna reethi) vasthunishtathayum (baahyalokam) thammilulla parasparabandhavumaayi kaantinte saadhaarana aashankaykku anusrithamaanithu. nammudethupolulla oru uddeshyabodhamulla budhiyaanu prakrithidatha vasthukkale nirmmichathennu chinthikkaan nammude manass aagrahikkunnu.