
baibilinte kaalakramam

baibilinte kaalaganana ayuss, 'thalamurakal', mattu marggangal ennivayude vipulamaaya samvidaanamaanu, athiloode masoretik hebru baibil (innu ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna baibilinte vaachakam) srishti muthal bisi 164 vareyulla sambhavangalude kadannupokal alakkunnu (randaamathe kshethrathinte punarsamarppana varsham). athu aadhunika ardhathil charithraparamalla, daivashaasthraparamaaya uddeshyathodeyullathaayinu, anthima sambhavathe thirichariyunnathil pradhaanamaaya oru paroksha pravachanamaayi pravartthikkunnu. aadyajatha puthranmaarude jananasamayath gothrapithaavinte praayam cherkkunnathiloodeyum pinneedu express prasthaavanakaliloodeyum pinneedu israelileyum yoodayileyum rajaakkanmaarude samanvayippicha bharanangaliloodeyum kaalakramam alakkunnu. 
kaalaganana valare aasoothrithamaanu, ithu 4,000 varshathe lokachakrathe adayaalappeduthunnu. naalayiram varshathinide krithyamaayi moonnil rund bhagamaaya 2666-ll nadanna yaathrayil solomonte kshethrathinte nirmmaanam 480 varsham allengil 40 varsham veethamulla 12 thalamurakalk sesham aarambikkukayum solomonte kshethrathinte nirmmaanathinum jarusalem uparodhathil athinte naashathinum idayil 430 varsham kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu. kshethrathinte naashathinum "siras utharavinum" edayilulla 50 varshavum babylonian pravaasatthinte avasaanavum, kshethram nilakonda 430 varshavumayi chernnu 480 varshathe mattoru samamita kaalayalav srishtikkunnu. siras saasanathinum mccabikal randaamathe kshethram punarnirmmikkunnathinum edayilulla 374 varshangal 4,000 varshathe chakram poortthiyaakkunnu.
aduthide pathinezhaam noottaandil, armaaginte aarch bishop jaims ashar (padam 1625-1656), isak nyoottan (1642-1727) enna nilavaaramulla pandithanmaarum dating srishti bybilil ninnu arian kazhiyumennu vishwasichu. innu, uthbhava srishtiyude vivaranam valarekkaalamaayi gurutharamaaya prapanchashaasthrathil ninnu aprathyakshamaayirikkunnu, pithrusahodaranmaarum pravaasavum purathana israayelinte ettavum gurutharamaaya charitrangalil ulppeduthiyitla, koodaathe joshuva pusthakathinum jadjimaarude pusthakathinum charitraparamaaya moolyam kuravaanennu eathaandu saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu. aikya rajavaazhcha polum chodyam cheyyappedunnu, rajaakkanmaarude pusthakangalude kaalaganana samanvayippikkunnathinu nirddeshangal pandithanmaar munnott kondupokunnundengilum, parasparavirudhamaaya daatta kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla sveekaaryamaaya reethikalil samavayam kuravaanu."
pree-masoretik kaalakramangal.
hebru baibil kaanon vikasippicha noottaandukalil, eee ghattangalum avayude samayakramangalum thirichariyaan pandithanmaar vividha sidhaanthangal vikasippichittunde, vyathyastha ghadana ghattangalil daivashaasthra kaalaganana uyarnnuvannu. eee kalagananayil ulppedunnu
masoretik vaachakam.
aadhunika jootha, kristhyan baibilukalude adisthaanamaanu masoretik paatam. baibil grandhangalile budhimuttukal krithyamaaya nigamanagalil athicherunnathu asaadhyamaakkumbol, orupakshe ettavum vyaapakamaayi nilanilkkunna sidhaantham bisi 164 ll mcabees kshethrathinte punarsamarppanatthe athinte avasana pooyintaayi eduthukondu 4,000 varshathe (oru "mahathaaya varsham") mothatthilulla oru padhathi ulkkollunnu ennathaanu. rund uddeshyangal ithilekku nayichirikkaam onnamathaayi, manushyacharitram ayiram varsham neelunna ezhu "divasangalude" daivika "aazhcha" enna padhathi pinthudarunnuvennu mccabeakalude kaalath oru pothu ashayam undaayirunnu; randaamathethu, 4,000 varshathe charithram (septhuvajint pathippil athilum kooduthal) joothanmaarude puraathanathvam avarude purajaatheeya ayalkkarkkethire sthaapikkum. thaazhepparayunna pattika anoe mundi (loka varsham) 1 ll lokathinte srishti muthal 4000 aam vayassil athinte avasana pooyint vare masoretik kaalaganana samgrahikkunnu
mattu kaalaganana septhuvajint, samaarittan, jubilese, sedder olam.
ebraiah baibilinte canonical paatatthe masoretik paatam ennu vilikkunnu, ithu pothuvarsham ezhaam noottaandinteyum patthaam noottaandinteyum thudakkathil jootha rabbikal samrakshichirunna oru paatamaanu. ennirunnaalum, septhuvajint, samarittan pentettookku ennee rund pradhana grandhangalundu. yadhaartha baibil ebraiah vishudha pusthakangalude oru coyin greak vivarthanamaan septhuvajint. thora allengil pentattookk ennariyappedunna septhuvajintinte aadya anchu pusthakangal bisi moonnaam noottaandinte madhyathil vivarthanam cheyyappettathaayum bakkiyulla grandhangal bisi randaam noottaandil vivarthanam cheyyappettathaayum kanakkaakkappedunnu. ithu kooduthalum masoretik vaachakathodu yojikkunnu, pakshe athinte kalagananayil allah. 
samarittan samooham samarittan paatam samrakshikkunnu. eee samooham bii. sii. iii. kazhinja eathaanum noottaandukalile chila kaalangalil-tharkkathil aayirikkumbol-avarude baibil athinte kaalagananayile masoretik paatatthil ninnu shradheyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. aadhunika pandithanmaar masoretik paatatthe mattu randennam melpparanjathaayi kanakkakkunnilla-masoretik chilappol vyakthamaayi thettaanu, kaaranam athu parayumbol soul oru vayassil bharikkan thudangukayum rund varsham bharikkukayum cheythu. kooduthal prasakthamaayi, moonnu grandhangalkkum vyakthamaaya uddeshyamundu, athu charithratthinte paryavasaanatthe prathinidheekarikkunna oru ghattathilekku aakhyaanathe konduvarunnathuvare charithram rekhappeduthukayalla. samarittan penthattyookkil, srishti muthal israayelyarude cannon vaasasthalam vareyulla 3000 varshathe kaalaganana urappaakkunnathinaan vamshaavalikalum vivaranangalum roopappeduthiyathu. joonn skinner (1910) nirddeshichathupole "proto-ezz. pii. kaalaganana" ennaanu northcoat ithine report cheiyunnathu, moonnu 1,300 varshathe ghattangalkk sesham randaamathe kshethrathinte punarnirmmaanam 3900 nuu samanilayil sthaapikkunnathinaayi eee kaalaganana vipuleekarichirikkamenna addeham anumaanikkunnu. pentettookkinte septhuvaajint pathippil israelya kaalaganana srishti muthal randaamathe kshethrathinte poorttheekaranam vare 4,777 varsham neendunilkkunnu, codex alexandrinus kayyezhuthuprathiyil ithu kaanapedunnu. emm. tii. yude rajaakkanmaarude kaalagananayumayi septhuvajint kootticherkkunnathiloodi maathrame eee kanakkukoottal uyarnnuvarikayulloo. septhuvaajint kaalagananayude kuranjathu 3 vyathiyaanangalenkilum undaayirunnu; eusebius oru vyathiyaanam upayogichu, ippol aalimganangalum mattullavarum eshtappedunnu. septhuvaajint kalandar paatten srishti muthal samakaalika tolomic eejipt vare 5,000 varshangal undaayirunnuvennu theliyikkaan uddeshichullathaanennu north kottu avakaashappedunnu.
bisi randaam noottaandile joobilikalude pusthakam aarambhikkunnath srishtiyil ninnu aarambikkukayum varshangalile "aazhchakal", varshangalude "grouppukal", joobilikal (ezhu varshangalude ezhu) enniva alakkukayum cheiyunnu, angane srishtiyil ninnu kanaan kudiyettathilekkulla edavela krithyamaayi ambathu joobilikalaanu (2450 varshangal).
randaam noottaand muthal joothanmaarkkidayil ippozhum saadhaarana upayogathilulla sedder olam rabba ("lokathinte mahathaaya kramam") lokathinteyum joothanmaarudeyum charithram srishti muthal randaam noottaand vare pinthudarunna oru kruthiyaanu. aadya kshethrathinte kaalaavadhikk 410 varshavum, athinte nasham muthal randaamathe kshethram vare 70 varshavum, randaamathe kshethrathinte kaalaavadhikk 420 varshavum anuvadikkunnu, ithu rund shethrangalkkum motham 900 varshamaan. samkhyakalodulla eee aasootritha sameepanam athinte ettavum sradheyamaaya savisheshathayaanu, ithu pershyan saamraajyathe rund noottaandukalil ninnu verum 52 varshamaayi churukkunnu, ithu babylonian naadukadathalinu nalkunna 52 varshathe prathifalippikkunnu.
kristheeya upayogavum baibil kaalagananayude vikasanavum.
aadyakaala sabhayude pithaav eusebius (<unk>) kristhuvine kalagananayil ulppeduthaan sramichukondu, 5199 ll thante jananam rekhappeduthukayum ithu paashchaathya sabhayude amgeekritha theeyathiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. eiii. emm. 6000 (sii. iii. 800) aduthethiyappol lokavasaanam aduthuvarikayaanenna bhayam vardhichukondirunnu, aadaraneeyanaaya bede swantham kanakkukoottalukal nadathukayum kristhuvinte jananam eiii. emm. 3592-ll nadannathaayi kandethukayum cheythu, ithu niravadhi noottaandukal koodi samayaavasaanathilekku anuvadichu.
martin luther (1483-1546) kristhuvinte jananathilninnu thaan 4000-aamm vayassil sthaapicha apostolica kaunsil oof acts 15lake shradha kendreekarichu, ithu mosaik niyamam nirthalaakkukayum anugrahathinte puthiya yugam aarambikkukayum cheytha nimishathe adayaalappeduthunnathaayi vishwasichu. europian protestantmaarkkilkilk ithu vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappettuvenkum engleesh samsaarikkunna lokath, aarch bishop jaims asher (1581-1656) srishtikkaanaayi bce 4004 enna theeyathi kanakkakki; eee phalatthilethiya aadyatheyaalalla addeham, ennaal addehathinte kaalaganana adutha irunooru varshathekku addehathinte theeyathikal engleesh baibilukalude arikukalil ulppeduthunnathuvare vishadamaayirunnu. yeshuvinte jananathode avasaanikkunna eee janapriyamaaya 4,000 varshathe daivashaasthraparamaaya kaalaparidhi, bisi 164-ll kshetra punarnirmmaanathode avasaanikkunna masoretik paatatthinaayi maathram pinneedu nirddeshicha 4,000 kaalaparidhiyil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
israel rajaakkanmaar.
munkaalakhattangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi raajavaazhchayude kalagananaye baibil ithara srothassukalil ninnu parisodhikkaan kazhiyum, ithu pothuvaayi sariyaanennu thonnunnu. raajabharanathinte kaalakramam punarnirmikkaan raajaavinte pusthakangal, hebru rajaakkanmaare adhikaarathilerunnathiloode bharanathinte dairkhyathiloodeyum bandhippikkunna ("israelile rajaavu y-nte" n "-aamm varshathil yehudayile rajaavu x simhaasanathil ethi" n "varshangal bharichu), raajavaazhchayude kaalakramam punarnirmikkaan upayogikkaamenna saadhyatha ithu uyarthunnu, ennaal eee dauthyam vaasthavathil asaadhyamaanennu theliyikkappettittund. eee pusthakangalil niravadhi vairudhyangal adangiyirikkunnu ennathaanu prashnam oru udaaharanam maathram edukkukayaanengil, yehudayile rehbeyam israelile jerobeyam ore samayam bharikkan thudangiyathinaal (1 rajaakkanmaar 12), yehudayile ahasyavum israelile joram ore samayam kollappettathinal (2 rajaakkanmaar 9:24,27), rund raajyangalilum ore samayam kadannupokendathaayirunnu, ennaal kanakk kaanikkunnath yehuda israelilum 95 varshavum 98 varshavum kadannupoyi ennaanu. churukkatthil, "[tii] simkranisangalekkurichu daatta bharanathinte dairkhyathekkurichulla daattayumaayi nirashaajanakamaaya vairudhyathilaanu prathyakshappettath."
vairudhyangal pariharikkanulla ettavum vyaapakamaayi pinthudarunna sramam edwin aarr nirddeshichathaanu. dhii misttari numpers oof dhii hebru kings" (1951num 1983num idayil moonnu pathippukal) enna thante kruthiyil, "ennamatta" qoo-regencykal avatharippikkunnathinum "sankeernamaaya kalandar samvidaanam" nirmmikkunnathinum "athulyamaaya" kanakkukoottal reethikal upayogikkunnathinum addehathinte kruthikal vyaapakamaayi vimarshikkappettittundu; thalphalamaayi addehathinte anuyaayikal pradhaanamaayum pandithanmaarkkidayilaan "... thiruvezhuthukalude samboornna aikyam enna sidhaanthathilekku (vimarsanam kaanunnath breward childsinte "pazhaya niyamathe thiruvezhuthaayi avatharippikkunnathilaanu"). theelinte kruthikalile balaheenatakal thudarnnulla pandithanmaare kaalakramangal nirddeshikkunnathu thudaraan prerippichuvenkilum, rajaakkanmaarekkurichu sameepakaala vyaakhyaanathinte vaakkukalil paranjaal, "parasparavirudhamaaya daatta kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla sveekaaryamaaya reethikalil samavayam kuravaanu."

