
kaattalan kambani

14-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil rogger dii florinte neethrthwathilulla oru koolippadayaalikalude kambaniyaayirunnu kaattalan kambani allengil grettu kaattalan kambani (kaattalan "graan kambaniya kattalaana", laattin "exercitus francorum", "sosaitaas exercitus kaattalanoram", "sosaitaas kaathalanoram", "magna sosaitaas kaattalanoram"), anatolian bailixinte vardhichuvarunna sakthiye cherukkaan baisaantain chakravarty andronicos randaaman paleolocos niyamichu. 1302ll aragon kireedavum aanchevinukalude franch rajavamshavum thammil caltabellotta samadhaanathil oppuvachathin sesham thozhillillaathavaraayi thudarnna sisilian vespezhs yudhathile "almogavar" vettaranmaaraan ithu roopeekarichathu.
uthbhavam.
reekankvisttayude sainika aavasyangal pathimoonnaam noottaandil iberian upadveepil "almogaavaarukal" ennariyappedunna elaitt laitt infantriyude roopeekaranathe uthejippichu. medittareniyanile mattu saamraajyathva samrambhangalkkayi, prathyekichu sisilian vespezhsinte yudhathinaayi eee sainikare aragon kireedam valare phalapradamaayi upayogichu. amgeekritha sainika vaidagdhyamulla oru medhavi pinthudarnnu 20 muthal 50 vare purushanmaarude kambanikalilaanu ("sosaittettukal") avaa saadhaaranayaayi samghadippikkappettathu. 1302-ll caltabellotta samadhana karar oppuvachathode aaa poraattam sisiliyil avasaanikkukayum "almogavaarukalkk" udanadi thozhil labhikkathirikkukayum cheythu. aragonile jaims randaman sisiliyile addehathinte sahodaran frederic moonnaman ithu sivil kramatthinu uyarthunna bheeshani kandu. sisiliyude prathirodhatthinaayi avaril chilare nilanirthaan frederic aagrahichirunnuvenkila, aachaaraprakaaram, angane cheyyaan avarkk nirbandhikkaanaayilla. pakaram, pala "almogaavaarukalum" itaaliyan koolikkaaranaaya rogger dii florinte neethrthwathilulla oru "kambanikalude kambaniyilekku" baisaantain sevanathil panam nalkunnathinaayi recruit cheyyappettu.
eee samghadanaye (shathruthaaparamaaya) aamgeevinum maarppaappayude chaansalarikalum "[magna] sosaitaas [exercitus] kaattalanoram", [grettu] kaattalan [milittari] kambani ennu vilichirunnu. sisilian chansalary kambaniyile kaattalan ithara amgangale bahumaanichukondu avare kaattalan ennathinekkaal francorum, frankish ennu vilichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kambani nirmmicha rekhaamoolamulla kathukal pradhaanamaayum kaattalan aayirunnu.
konstantinoppilil ethuka.
grettu kaattalan kambani messinayil ninnu 36 kappalukalumayi (18 gaalikal ulppede) ekadesham 8,000 pere (1,500 kuthirappada, 4,000 "almogavar" kaalnada sainikar, anischithamaaya ennam sevakar, sahaaya udyogasthar) kondupoyi. krithyamaaya kanakkukal tharkkavishayamaan, kaaranam raamon mundaanar nalkia samkhyakal pilkkala charitrakaaranmaaraaya francisco dii monkaadayum jorjju pacvimerous vishwasikkunnundengil, samakaalika baisaantain charitrakaaranaaya naisphoras grigoras motham 1,000 purushanmaarude ennam maathrame nalkunnulloo.
monemvasiyayil oru hraswa stoppinu sesham, kambani 1303 januvariyil konstantinoppilil ethi, avide athu chakravarty sweekarikkukayum blackerne jillayil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. bulgariayile saar ivaan assen moonnaamanteyum airin paleologinayudeyum makalaaya 15 vayassulla rajakumaariyaaya maria asaninayumaayi chakravarty rogger dii florinte vivaham krameekarichu. dii florinu "megas dauks" (grettu ducks, aii.iii. saamraajyathva senayude commander).
eee puthiya koolippadayude varavu baisantain saamraajyathe pinthunacha adhikara santhulithaavasthaye thakarthu. republic oof genovayude swaadheena mekhalayilekku barsalonayude bhavanathinte nuzhanjukayattamaayi kaattalan kambaniyude varavu kanda genoysine ithu prathyekichum prakopippichu.iii. kizhakkan medittareniyanum baisantain saamrajyavum. 1303 septambaril sayudha samgharsham pottippurappedaan adhikam samayamaayilla, 3,000 vamshavali vamshajare (avarude nethaavu rosso dell finar ulppede) kollappettu.
anatoliayile prachaaranangal.
cysicus yuddham (1303).
eee sambhavangaleyum aduthide buffius yudhathil baisaantains parajayappettathineyum thudarnnu, aadhunika turkeyile anatoliayile yudhamukhathekku ethrayum vegam thante "almogaavaarukal" maattaan chakravarty rogger dii florinode utharavittu. kaattalan admiral ferran dii 'oonesinte neethrthwathil kappalppadayilekku kondupoya rogger dii florinte sainyam purathana cysicusinte avashishtangalkk sameepamulla keppu aarttekkil erangi. 1303 octoberil sysicus yudhathil avar taamasiyaathe karasid tarkkukalkkethire oru valia vijayam nedi. keppu aarttekkil sthithicheyyunna oghusu turkish campinu nere "almogaavaarukal" apratheekshithamaayi akramanam nadatthi, ekadesham 3,000 kuthirapadayeyum 10,000 kaalalppadayeyum kollukayum niravadhi sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum pidikoodukayum cheythu.
eee vijayathin sesham, uparodhikkapetta pattanamaya philadelphiyayilekkulla oru march maattivaykkaan rogger dii floor theerumaanikkukayum shaithyakaalam keppu aarttekkil chelavazhikkukayum cheythu, ithu nalla prathirodhavum eluppathilulla vitharana maargavum nalki. eee kaalayalavil rogger dii florumaayulla abhipraayavyathyaasathethu kambani thaalkkaalikamaayi upekshichu ethans prabhuvinte sevanathil earppettu. maruvashathu, rogger dii floor, eee vishramathe muthaleduthu bhaaryayodoppam naalu gaalikalulla sthiramaaya aalukalilekku yaatra cheyyukayum chakravartthiyude panam aavasyappedukayum adutha prachaaranathekkurichu addehavumaayi charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. andronicos randaaman santhoshathode rogger dii florinu panam nalkukayum philadelphiyayude vimochanam addehathe ealppikkukayum cheythu.
sisikkasilekku madangiyethiyappol, thante achadakkamillaatha sainikar ithinakam avarude shambalathinte rando moonno madangu chelavazhichathaayum kollayadikkukayaayirunnum rogger dii floor kandethi. greak charitrakaaranmaar parayunnath, almogavaarukale kollayadichathumoolam sysicus pradesham nasippikkappettathinaal andronicos chakravartthiyude sahodarikku thante sainyathe udan thanne philadelphiayilekku maattaan rogarine prerippikkaan nagaratthilekku pokendivannu ennaanu.
anukkalude yuddham.
1304leeii pracharanam aarambhichath "almogavaarukalum" avarude alan sakhyakakshikalum thammilulla thudarchayaaya tharkkangal kaaranam oru maasathe kaalathaamasathodeyaanu, ithu randaamathethinte sainyathil 300 perude maranathinu kaaranamaayi. oduvil, meyy maasatthinte thudakkathil, rogger dii floor 6,000 almogavaarukalum 1,000 alaanukalum upayogichu philadelphia uparodham uyarthaanulla pracharanam aarambhichu. germian-ohlu enna sakthamaaya emirettil ninnulla germianidukalude gavarnaraaya yakup biinn alii sir aaa samayat philadelphi uparodhikkukayaayirunnu. kurachu divasangalkku sesham, "almogaavaarukal" baisantain nagaramaya achiraasil ethi, kaikos nadiyude thaazhvarayiloode erangi, munbu turkukalkku veenathaayirunna baisantain kottayaaya jerme nagaratthil (ippol soma ennariyappedunnu) ethi. avideyundaayirunna thurkkikal kazhiyunnathra vegathil oodi rakshappedaan shramichuvenkilum avarude pinbhaagathe rogger dii floor sainyam aakramichu.
aulaaks yudhavum philadelphiyayude vimochanavum.
jermile vijayathin sesham, kambani athinte march punaraarambhichu, kliara (aadhunika karkaga), thyaithira ennivayiloode kadannupoyi hermos nadiyude thaazhvarayil praveshichu. vazhiyil, baisantain gavarnarmaare avarude dhairyakkuravin adhikshepikkunna avar vividha sthalangalil nirtthi. avaril chilare thookkikkollaan polum rogger dii floor padhathiyittu; bulgarian kyapttan sosi chrysanislavo ennu perittu, oduvil mapp labhichu.
mahathaaya kambaniyude varavu arinjappol, germian-ohlu, aydin-ohlu emiratesil ninnulla turkish sainikarude sakhyathinte thalavanaaya bay yakup biinn alii sir, philadelphiyayude uparodham pinvalikkaanum thante 8,000 kuthirappadayodum 12,000 kaalalppadayodum oppam anuyojyamaaya sthalathu (aulaaks) kambaniye neridaan theerumaanichu.
rogger dii floor kuthirappadayude command etteduthu athine moonnu samghangalaayi (alance, kaattalans, romans) vibhajichu, athesamayam alettile corberan kaalaalppadayude kaaryatthilum angane thanne cheythu. 500 turkey kaalalppadayum 1,000 kuthirappadayaalikalum maathram jeevanode rakshappettathode kaattalans tarkkukalkkethire valia vijayam nedi. eee yudhathinushesham dii floor philadelphiayilekku vijayakaramaayi praveshichu, athinte majistrettumaarum bishop teoleptoyum sweekarichu.
chakravarty thanne ealppicha pradhana dauthyam ithinakam poortthiyaakkiya rogger dii floor, tarkkukalude kaikalil veena aduthulla kottakal keezhadakki philadelphiyayude prathirodham shakthippeduthaan theerumaanichu. angane, "almogavaarukal" vadakkott kula kottayilekku neengi, avideyundaayirunna thurkkikale palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakki. kulayile greak kaaval senaykk oru vimochanakkaaranaayi dii floor labhichu, pakshe oru yudhavumillaathe thurkkikalude kaikalil veezhunnathinu abhedyamennu thonnunna oru kottaye engane anuvadikkaamennu addeham vilamathikkathe govarnore shirachhedam cheyyukayum kamaandare thookkikkollukayum cheythu. divasangalkku sesham, kooduthal vadakku sthithicheyyunna choolakalude kotta "almogavaarukal" etteduthappol ithe kaadinyam prayogichu. athinusesham, dii floor thante vijayakaramaya prachaaranatthinu panam aavasyappedunnathinaayi thante sainyavumayi philadelfiyayilekku madangi.
magneeshyayude adhinivesham.
thudarnnu kambaniyude captanmaar automan samudrapradeshangale akramikkaan theerumaanichu. filadelfiyayil ninnu kambani hermos nadiyude thaazhvarayiloode pinvaangukayum baisaantainukalude niyanthranatthil avasheshicha anattoliyayude eaka pradeshamaaya magneeshya nagaratthinte (aadhunika manissa) prefecturil praveshikkukayum cheythu. ferran dii 'oonesinte neethrthwathil kaattalan kambani kappalppada nankooramitta chios dveepil ninnu eathaanum mile akaleyaan magneeshyaykk uracha mathilukal undaayirunnathu. eee saahacharyathil, rogger dii floor nagaram kaivashappeduthaanum avide thante aasthaanam sthaapikkaanum thante yudhathinte kollakal avide kaimaran sainyathodoppam athu kaavalkkaarilekk mattaanum theerumaanichu. greekkukaarude kazhchappadil, rogger dii floor oru koolippadayaliyo sainikanethavo enna nilayilalla, marichu ellah anatoliayudeyum govarnor enna nilayilaanu pravartthikkaan thudangiyathu, angane prefect nostongos ducassinteyum magneeshya nagaratthinte govarnor demetrios attaliyottayudeyum sathrutha nedi. sthithigathikal chakravarty ariyikkaan nostongo ducas konstantinoppilikka yaatra cheyyukayum athuvazhi thalasthaanathu paribhranthi srishtikkukayum cheythu.
tayar yuddham.
thante kollayum magneeshyayile "almogaavaarukalude" oru cheria kaavalppadayum upekshichu rogger dii florinte sainyam nif (nymphione) nagaratthil ethi, avide addehathinu rund tayar nivaasikalil ninnu sahayathinulla abhyarthana labhichu. aulaaks yudhathil athijeevichirunna automan sainikar mentte-ohlu emirettinte sainyavumayi aikyappedukayum tyreinu nere samyuktha akramanam aarambikkukayum cheythathayi thonni. rogger dii floor thante sainyathe randaayi vibhajichu oru pakuthiyodu magneeshyayilekku madangaan utharavittu. dii florinu keezhilulla sheshikkunna sainikar ratri vaikumbol tayarinte mathilukalil ethaan nirbandhitha march nadatthi, uparodhikkunna turkukal kaanathe nagaratthilekku praveshichu. pittennu raavile aarambhicha aakramanathinu thayyaredukkaan nagaratthinaduthulla oru samathalathil thurkkikal othukoodi, greak sainikarude oru cheria kaaval senaye maathrame thirakkil kandethukayulloovenn pratheekshichukondu.
tayarinullil, rogger dii floor thante seneshalinode kuthirappurathu 200 aalukaludeyum 2,000 "almogavaarukaludeyum" oru vibhaagam thayyarakkan utharavittu. thurkkikal mathilukalkkarikilethiyal, alettile corberante neethrthwathilulla sainyam nagaratthil ninnu puratthekku oodiyethi ottomanmaare aakramichu, avarkk churungiya samayathinullil kuthirappurathu 700 purushanmaarum athilum kooduthal kaalaalppadayaalikalum nashtappettu. paribhraantharaayi, bakkiyulla turkey kuthirappada "almogavar" kuthirappada pinthudarnna parvathangalilekku oodippoyi. parvathangal kayaran thudangiyappol pinvaangunna tarkkukalkkethiraaya akramanam thudaraan alattile corberan theerumaanichu, thante kuthirappadayaalikalodu erangaan utharavidukayum avare pinthudarnnu kayarukayum cheythu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, thurkkikal kallukal eriyukayum ambukal prayogikkukayum cheythukondu "almogavaarukale" upadravichu, athilonnu alattinte corberane konnu, helmet neekkam cheytha nimisham addehathinte thalayil adichu. kambaniyude seneshalinte maranathil njettitharicha "almogavar" sainikar avarude thirachil thadassappeduthukayum alettinte corberente mrithadeham vahichu thalarnnu pinvaangukayum angane athijeevicha tarkkukale rakshappedaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
sainyam thalarnnu madangiyethukayum addehathinte seneshalinte maranathekkurichu ariyikkukayum cheythappol, nagaratthil ninnu rund leagukal sthithicheyyunna saan jorjju palliyil corberane ellah bahumathikalodeyum samskarikkaanum addehathinte shavakudeeram manoharamaayi alankarikkaanum addeham utharavittu. kambani ettu divasam koodi tyril nilayurappichu.
rocafortinte bernaattinte varavu.
tayar yudhathinidayil, bernat dii rocafort sisili raajyathil ninnu konstantinoppilil ethi. naples raajyathil thaan keezhadakkiya rund kottakal thirike nalkaan nirbandhithanaaya caltabellotta samadhaanathinte nibandhanakal sweekarikkaan visammathichathinethudarn bernad kazhinja varsham kambaniyil chernnilla. oduvil, 1304 joolaiyil, addeham kambaniyil cheraan theerumaanikkukayum 200 kuthirappadayaalikalum 1,000 almogavaarukalum 2 gaalikalum upayogichu sthiramaaya aalukalkk nankooramidukayum cheythu. avidevechu andronicosi addehathe sweekarichu, kambani chios dveepilaanennu addeham ariyichu. bernat pinneedu cheosinaayi nirmmikkukayum avide addeham ferran dii 'oonesinte neethrthwathilulla kappalpadaye kandumuttukayum avar orumichu aniyayilekku (aadhunika kusadasi) kappal kayarukayum cheythu. orikkal aniyayil avare raamon mundaanar sweekarichu, addeham bernattine ephesasilekku nayichu, avide addeham rogger dii florine kandumutty. dii floor kambaniyude puthiya seneshal (alattinte parethanaaya corberan pakaram) bernattine namakaranam cheyyukayum thante makale (munbu korbaraanumaayi vivaahanischayam nadathiyirunna) vivaham kazhikkukayum 100 kuthirakalum panavum nalkukayum cheythu.
rogger dii floor bernat dii rocafort pinneedu aniyayilekku march cheythu, pakshe aadyam ephesasil kooduthal yuddha sambhavanakal aavasyappedaathe, veendum niravadhi durupayogangalum "almogavaarukal" kollayadikkukayum cheythu. addeham purappettathinusesham rogger dii floor 30 kuthirappadayaalikalum 100 kaalaalppadayaalikalum ulla aragonese deego dii orosine tayarinte suraksha ealppichu.
aniyayude yuddham.
thangalude bhaagathuninnu, aydinile emirettile athijeevicha sainikarkk aniyaykk chuttum veendum onnikkaan kazhinju, ithu avidatthe janasamkhyaye bhayappedutthi. eee prakopanathetthudarnnu, "almogavaarukal" avarude captanmaaril oraalil ninnum utharavukal sweekarikkaathe thanne, poornnamaayum kramakkedilaavukayum, avarkkethire udan kuttam chumathaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. aswasthathakalkkidayilum avar 1,000 kuthirappadayaalikaleyum 2,000 turkey kaalalppadayeyum konnu.
eee puthiya vijayathin sesham captanmaar kizhakkan pravishyakalilekku madangaan theerumaanichu, anattoliyayude ulbhaagathulla tarkkukalumaayi valia ettumuttal thedi, kaaranam kambaniyude parimithamaaya ennam sainikar adhinivesha yuddham anuvadichilla.
kibistra yuddham.
1304 joolaiyil kambani carria, lyconia pradeshangaliloode march cheyyaan thudangi, rund noottaandukalkku munbu kurishuyudhakkaar punyabhoomiyilekkulla yaathrayil pinthudarnna rodumaayi bandhippichu. oduvil, kambani edavam parvathangalude thaazhvaarathulla silishyan gettukalil ethi, ithu silishya pradeshathe cheria armeniyayile kristhyan raajyathil ninnu verthirichu.
kuthirappada bhoomi veendum niyantrikkaan munnerumbol, oru thaazhvarayil ottoman sainyathinte (20,000 kaalalppadayum 10,000 kuthirapadayum) oru valia samghathe avar kandethi. avaa muun paraajayangalude avashishtangalaayirunnu, veendum groupucheythu kambaniye pathiyirunnu akramikkaan thayyarayirunnu. orikkal kandethiyappol, thurkkikal samathalathilekku erangukayum iru sainyangalum kibistrayile thuranna maitanath oru valia yudhathinu thayyaaredukkukayum cheythu. (august 15,1304).
sainyangal thammilulla samkhyaaparamaaya asamathvam undaayirunnittum rogger dii floor poraattam ozhivaakkiyilla, marichu kuthirappadayude thalayil svayam nirtthi. bernat dii rocafort marulli "almogawar" kalodum ithepole cheythu, avar valia manobhaavam prakadippikkukayum yudhathil earppedunnathinumbu vijayam aaghoshikkukayum avarude prashasthamaaya yuddha nilavili "unarnnirikkuka irumbu, unarnnirikkuka!"avar kunthangalude avasaanam kondu nilathu adikkumbol.
oduvil mahathaaya kambaniyude sainyam turkish sainyathe neridaan oodiyethukayum yuddham aarambikkukayum cheythu. thudakkathil thurkkikal avarude samkhyaaparamaaya nettam urappichu, ennaal yuddham automanmaarkku anukoolamaayi neengunnathaayi thonniyengilum, "almogavaarukal" veendum kuttaaropanam nadathukayum avarude rekha lamghikkaanum nasippikkaanum kazhinju. almogavar kuthirappada pinthudarnnu automan sainyathinte avashishtangal rakshappedunnathinu munbu ardharaathri vare yuddham thudarnnu. orikkalum sambhavikkatha oru turkish prathyaakramanathinaayi kaathuninnukondu "almogavaarukal" avarude aayudhangalumaayi ratri chelavazhichu.
pittennu raavile rogger dii floor thante vijayathinte theevratha kandu athbhuthappettukond yudhakkalathil sarway nadatthaan thudangi. yudhathil kuranjathu 6,000 kuthirappadayaalikalum 12,000 turkey kaalaalppadayaalikalum kollappettirunnu. edavam parvathangaliloode cheria armeniyayilekkulla yaatra thudaraanum noottaandukalaayi baisantain saamraajyathin nashtappetta karyangal vegathil veendedukkaanumulla aagraham "almogavaarukal" thudarnnu prakadippikkaan thudangi, ennaal avarude captanmaar eee ashayathe ashradhamaayi vilayiruthi.
baisaantain vanjanayum kaattalan prathikaaravum.
kibistrayude pradhana vijayathethudarnnu, bhoopradeshathekkurichulla arivinte abhavam valare apakadakaramaayathinaal kambani aniyayilekku madangaanum avide shaithyakaalam chelavazhikkanum theerumaanichu. munbu turkukal keezhadakkiya eee pinvaangalinidayil, greak charitrakaaranmaar "almogavar" sainikarude kolla, durupayogam, krooratha ennivayude niravadhi udaaharanagal report cheiyunnu, avarude abhipraayathil ithu automan nukatthin keezhil anubhavichathinekkaal moshamaan.
magneeshyayude uparodham.
ennirunnaalum, magneeshyayilethiya kambaniye oru bhayanakamaaya sambhavathekkurichu ariyichu. praadeshika janatha, athinte kyapttan attaliyottine thalayil vechum alanmaarude pinthunayodeyum, kaaval senayude shirachhedam cheyyukayum athinte nidhi moshtikkukayum cheythu. ithu arinja rogger dii floor udan thanne nagaram uparodhichu.
ennaal thottupinnaale andronicos chakravartthiyude utharavanusarichu uparodham pinvalikkendivannu, addeham swantham ammaavante neethrthwathilulla oru prakshobhatthil ninnu bulgaria rajakumarane (rogarinte bhaaryaasahodaran) samrakshikkaan kambaniyude sahayam abhyarthichu. ennirunnaalum, magneeshyayude prathirodham thakarkkunna kambaniyude asadhyatha marachuvekkaanulla oru ozhikazhivaayirunnu chakravartthiyude abhyarthanayennu charitrakaaranaaya naisphoras grigoras avakashappettu. appozhum kambaniyude bhagathundaayirunna 500 alanmar aaa samayat upekshichu.
rogger dii florinte kolapaathakavum adrianople koottakola.
tarkkukalkkethiraaya rund varshathe vijayakaramaya prachaaranangalkk sesham saamraajyathinte hridayabhaagathulla oru videsha sainyathinte achadakkamillaaymayum swabhaavavum vardhichuvarunna apakadamaayi kaanappedukayum 1305 epril 30 nuu chakravarty samghadippicha oru virunnil pankedukkumbol rogger dii florine kollanum kambaniye adrianopilil unmoolanam cheyyaanum chakravartthiyude makan (maikkal iks paleolos) koolippadayaalikalodu utharavidukayum cheythu. 100 oolam kuthirappadayaalikalum 1,000 kaalaalppadayaalikalum kollappettu.
dii florinte kolapaathakathinushesham praadeshika baisantain janatha konstantinoppile kaattalanmaarkkethire uyarnnuvarikayum pradhana baarakkukalil ulppede avaril palareyum kollukayum cheythu. galipoliyile pradhana senayil vaartha athunnathinumumbu kazhiyunnathra perr kollapedunnuvennu maikkal rajakumaran urappakki. ennirunnaalum chilar rakshappedukayum koottakkolayude vaartha galipoliyilekku kondupookukayum athinusesham kaattalans svanthamaayi oru kolapaathakashramatthil earppedukayum ellah praadeshika baisaantainukaleyum kollukayum cheythu. 2000 vare athos parvvathatthile sanyasimar kaattalan pouranmaarude praveshanam nirodhichathupole eee naashatthinte oormma noottaandukalaayi pradeshathe pattanangalude oormmayil nilanilkkum.
galipoliyude uparodham.
14, 000 kuthirappadayaalikalum 30,000 kaalalppadayum adangunna greekkukaarum alans turcopolos adangunna baisaantain sainyam galipoli valanju. uparodhikkapetta kambaniyude puthiya nethaavu sahayam chodikkaan sisiliyilekku ambaasadarmaare ayachu.
dii 'entenza konstantinoppilkke oru raid aasoothranam cheythu, aadyam propontide dweep pidichedukkukayum kollayadikkukayum thudarnnu 5 gaalikalumayi recreayilekku pookukayum, raamon mundanar (galipoliyude captanaayi) bernat dii rocafort (seneshal aayi) nayikkunna 206 kuthirappadayaalikalum 1,256 kaalalppadayum roopeekaricha oru gaarisan galipoliyil upekshikkukayum cheythu. galipoli dii 'entensayilekkulla madakkayaathrayil 18 genois kappalukalude oru valia kappalppadayilekku kappal kayari. dii 'entanza kappalil swaagatham cheythenkilum pinneedu vanjanaaparamaayi pidichedukkukayum pradeshathe oru genois shakthikendrathilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. pinneedu addehathe mochippikkum.
ennirunnaalum galipoliyil avasheshikkunna cheria sainyam aaa sthalavum avarude bahumatiyum samrakshikkaan sammathikkukayum rakshappedaathirikkaan sheshikkunna kappalukalil virasamaya dwaarangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1305 juun 21nuu avar baisantain sainyathe neridaan purappedukayum avare poornnamaayum keezhadakki, eathaanum aalukale maathram nashtappetta aayirakkanakkin shathrukkale kollukayum cheythu.
aprokalude yuddham.
galipoliyil kurachu kudumbangale upekshichu kaattalan kambani thudarnnu threysilekku march cheythu. moonnu divasathe maarchinu sesham, aprokalkk sameepam, chakravartthiyude makan maikkalinte keezhil 6,000 kuthirapadayum athilum kooduthal kaalalppadayum ulla baisantain sainyathe avar kandu.
alaanukaludeyum niravadhi turcopolukaludeyum oru valia samghavum ulppedunna baisaantain sainyathin munnil kaattalan sainyam varivariyayi nilkkunnu. saamraajyathva sainyathinte samkhyaaparamaaya menma undaayirunnittum, aadya aakramanathinu sesham alanmar pinmari, thudarnnu turcopolukal "enn block" kaattalanmaarkk vittu. kaattalans kanatha nashtam varuthukayum maikkal rajakumaran polum parikkelkkukayum thante sainyam pinthudarnnu maithanam videndi varikayum cheythu. kaattalans aaa divasam vijayichuvenkilum baisantain prathyaakramanamundaayal aayudhangalumaayi urangi.
adrianoply 60 kaattalan thadavukaar vijayathekkurich kettappol avar pottitherikkaan theerumaanichuvenkilum oru gopuratthinte melkkoorayil kayaran maathrame kazhinjulloo. bhooribhaagam kaattalanmaarum maricha gopuratthinu theeyidan praadeshika janataye oduvil prerippichu. chaadiyavare janakkoottam adichu.
thraasinte mail aadhipathyam.
rund varshathekku kaattalans thrays nasippikkaan thudarnnu, ferran iximenis dii 'aarenosinte madangivaravinte sahaayathode avar niravadhi pattanangal pidichedutthu.
himas parvvathatthinte yuddham.
heamus parvathathinu sameepamullathum rogger dii florinte kolapaathakatthil ulppettathumaaya magasettaas ennariyappedunna oru gothrasamoohavumaayi ettumuttaanaanu kambani theerumaanikkunnathu. thangal kaivashappeduthiyirunna passia, modico, rodesto thudangiya vividha pattanangalil ninnu thayyaareduppinaayi avar sainyathe pinvalichu. sthreekaleyum avarude swathukkaleyum paripalikkaan galipoliyil oru kaaval senaye upekshichu pradhana kaattalans magasettakale thirayunnathinaayi purappettu. niravadhi divasangalkku sesham avar avare kandethukayum 3,000 kuthirapadayeyum 6,000 kaalalppadayeyum avarude bagej train ennukayum cheythu.
pittennu himas parvathatthinte thaazhvaarathulla oru samathalathilaan yuddham nadannathu, avide magasettakal avarude vaaganukalude prathirodha mathil nirmmichu. orikkalkkoodi unnatha kaattalan kuthirapadayum kaalalppadayum shathruvine keezhadakki avarude general grigoriyo vadhichu. magasettakalile 9,000 poraalikalil 300 perr maathramaan athijeevichathu. ksheenitharaaya kuthirakalil rakshappedaan sthreekalum kuttikalum parajayappettu.
aabhyanthara ettumuttalukalum kambaniyude avasaanavum.
aantharika vibhajanam.
thudarnnu, kaattalan kambani niyantrikkaan aagrahikkunna videshashakthikalude tharkkangalum thaalpparyangalum prakopippicha aabhyanthara ettumuttalinte oru kaalayalav nerittu. angane sisiliyile frederisi mejarkkayile kireedavakashi ferdinandine kambaniyude captanaayi galipoli niyamichu. eee neekkathe bernat dii rocafort ethirthappol berengavar dii 'entenza, ferran iximenis dii' arenos thudangiyavar niyamanam sweekarichu. ferran rajakumaran poyathilum entensayude maranathilum poraattam avasaanichu, kambaniyude thalavanayi bernat dii rocafortine vittu. administrettar raamon mundanar kambani vidukayum pinneedu athinte charithrathekkurichu oru charithram ezhuthukayum cheythu.
aabhyanthara pooraattatthinte eee kaalaghattatthinu sesham, bernat dii rocafort baisaantain saamraajyathodulla thante abhilaashangal shakthippeduthunnathinaayi chaals oof valoyisinu kambaniyude sevanangal vaagdaanam cheythu. 1309-ll chaals oof valoyisinte prathinidhiyaya thibolt dii cheppoy bernat dii rocafortine arast cheyyaan utharavidukayum athe varsham thanne pattini kidannu marikkunna napplesilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu.
greasylake maaruka.
1308 aayappozhekkum galipoli upadveepinte vibhavangal theernnupokukayum kambani padinjaaru greasylake neengukayum chaalsidisile kasandra upadveepil svayam punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. avide ninnu avar moundu athos monastry ulppedeyulla pradeshangal akramikkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu. thessalonica pidichedukkaan kazhiyaathe avar kooduthal padinjaarum thekkum neengi, 1309 aayappozhekkum tesali pradeshathu ethi, athu ippol madhya grease aanu.
halmyrosinte yuddham.
1310-ll kambaniyude puthiya nethaavaaya rogger deslore ethans rajakumaaranaaya bryan waltervinu thante sevanangal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum oru varshathinullil thante ellah sathrukkaleyum illaathaakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, duke avarude sevanangalkkayi sammathicha thuka nalkiyilla, ithu kambaniyude rosham azhichuvittu. dukinethire yuddham prakhyapikkaan kambani theerumaanikkukayum 1311 march 15 nuu halmyros yudhathil addehathe kandumuttukayum cheythu. 700 naitukal ulppedunna ethansinte frankish senayekkaal kooduthalaayirunnittum, eee yuddham thanne kaattalanmaarude nirnnayakamaaya avasana vijayamayirunnu. walter vii. yum addehathinte mikka kuthirakalum kollappedukayum kambaniyude kaarunyatthil ethans avasheshikkukayum cheythu.
ethansinteyum neopatrasinteyum duchikal.
churungiya samayathinullil, kambani ethansile dachiyude niyanthranam ettedukkuka mathramalla, thebas nagaratthilekkum tesali pradeshathekkum athinte aadhipathyam vyaapippikkukayum randaamathethu neopatrasile dachiyaayi parivartthanam cheyyukayum avide avar svayam fudal prabhukkalayi sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1312-ll avar sisiliyude aragonese kireedatthinte aadhipathyam amgeekarikkukayum sent jorjinte thala vahikkunna oru puthiya mudra sweekarikkukayum cheythu. aragon kireedatthinte peril avar duchikal kaivashappeduthukayum avaa avarude niyamaanusrithamaaya anantharaavakaashikalkku thirike nalkaan visammathikkukayum cheythathinte anantharafalamaayi, 1318 ll avar nirasichappol amgangale bahishkarichukondu kambani pradesham thirike nalkanamennu marpappa aavasyappettu.
pedro dii saan superno, juvan dii urtubia, korinthile nerio aii asioliyude floren sainyam ennivayude neethrthwathilulla navaras kambani avare paraajayappeduthunnathuvar rund dachikalum aragon kireedatthinte saamanthanmaraayi mahathaaya kambaniyude kaikalilaanu thudarnnathu. 1456ll automan saamrajyam keezhadakkunnathuvare dachikalude pingaamikal avare niyanthrichu. appozhekkum grettu kaattalan kambani illaathaayi.

