
indiayile jaathi sambradaayam

indiayile jaathi sambradaayam jaathikale adisthaanamaakkiyulla saamoohika vargeekaranathinte maathrukaaparamaaya vamseeya udaaharanamaanu. purathana indiayil ninnu uthbhavicha ithu madhyakala, aadyakaala-aadhunika, aadhunika indiayile vividha bharanavarggakkaar, prathyekichu mugal saamrajyavum britiish rajum vazhi parivartthanam cheyyappettu. innu athu bharanaghadanayiloode nadappaakkunna indiayile kriyathmakamaaya pravartthana paripaadikalude adisthaanamaanu. jaathi sanbradaayathil "varnna", "jaathi" ennee rund vyathyastha ashayangal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa eee sanbradaayathinte vishakalanathinte vyathyastha thalangalayi kanakkakkaam.
mugal kaalaghattatthinte thakarchayudeyum indiayile britiish colonial gavanmentinte uyarchayudeyum falamaayaanu innu nilanilkkunna jaathi sambradaayam. mugal kaalaghattatthinte thakarcha, rajaakkanmaar, purohithanmaar, sanyasimar ennivarumaayi svayam bandhapetta shaktharaaya manushyarude uyarchaykku saakshyam vahichu, jaathi aadarshathinte raajathvavum ayodhana roopavum sthireekarikkukayum, prathyakshatthil jaathiyillaatha niravadhi saamoohika grouppukale vyathyastha jaathi samoohangalaayi punarroopeekarikkukayum cheythu. britiish raaj eee vikasanam munnott kondupoyi, karkkashamaaya jaathi samghadanaye bharanathinte kendra samvidaanamaakki. 1860num 1920num idayil britishukaar indian jaathi sambradaayam avarude bharanasamvidhaanathil ulppeduthi, kristhyaanikalkkum chila jathikalilppettavarkkum maathram bharanaparamaya jolikalum muthirnna niyamanangalum nalki. 1920kalile saamoohika aswasthatha eee nayathil maattathinu kaaranamaayi. pourasamoohathe pravartthanaparamaayi samghadippikkaan colonial authority jaathi upayogichirunnilla. bharanaparamaya reethikalile mattangal, vaidagdhyathekkurichulla daaranakal, puthiya europian pandithochitha sthaapanangalude uyarcha enniva ithu prathiphalippichu. 1920kalkk sesham colonial bharanakoodam sarkkar jolikalil oru nischitha sathamaanam thaazhnna jaathikkaarkkaayi neekkivachu nalla vivechana nayam aarambhichu. 1948ll jaathiyude adisthaanathil nishedhaathmaka vivechanam niyamaprakaaram nirodhikkukayum 1950ll indian bharanaghadanayil kooduthal ulppeduthukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum, indiayude chila bhaagangalil eee sambradaayam thudarunnu. indiayil 3,000 jaathikalum 25,000 upajaathikalum undu, oronnum oro prathyeka thozhililppettavayaan.
neppali budhamatham, kristhumatham, islam, joothamatham, sikh matham thudangiya indian upabhookhandathile mattu pradeshangalilum mathangalilum jaathi adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyathyaasangal nilanilkkunnund. niravadhi parishkaranavaada hindu prasthaanangal, sikh matham, kristhumatham, innathe indian budhamatham enniva ithine velluvilichittund. indian swaadheenathode baaliyilum thekkukizhakkan eshyayile cambodia, lavos, thayland thudangiya bhagangalilum jaathi sambradaayam nadappaakkappedunnu.
1947ll swaathanthryam nediya sesham india athinte bharanaghadanayiloode nadappaakkiya charitraparamaayi paarshwalkkarikkappetta vibhaagangalude unnamanathinaayi niravadhi kriyaathmaka pravartthana nayangal nadappaakki. unnatha vidyaabhyaasathilum sarkkar joliyilum eee grouppukalkkaayi oru kwata samvaranam cheiyunnathu eee nayangalil ulppedunnu.
nirvachanangalum ashayangalum.
"varna", "jaathi", jaathi ".
"varna".
"tharam, kramam, niram allengil vargam" ennartham varunna varnna ennathu veda indian samoohathil aadyamaayi upayogichirunna aalukale vargangalaayi tharamthirikkunnathinulla oru chattakkoodaanu. purathana indian grandhangalil ithu pathivayi paraamarshikkappedunnu. braahmanar (purohitar), kshathriyar (bharanadhikaarikal, bharanadhikaarikal, yodhaakkal; rajanyanmaar ennum vilikkappedunnu), vaishyar (karakaushalathozhilaalikal, vyapaarikal, vyapaarikal, karshakar), shudrar (thozhilaalivarggangal) enningane naalu vibhaagangalund. varnna" vargeekaranathil gothravargakkaarum thottukoodaathavarum (dalithar) polulla poornnamaayum athinte paridikk purathaanennu karuthappedunna anchaamathe ghadakam ulppedunnu.
"jaathi".
purathana grandhangalil, "jananam" ennartham varunna "jaathi" ennathu "varnna" yill ninnu valare kurachum vyakthamaayi verthirichathum paraamarshikkappedunnu. naalu varnangalaanenkilum aayirakkanakkin jaathikalund. saarvathrikamaayi baadhakamaaya nirvachanamo swabhaavamo illaathathum munbu anumaanichathinekkaal kooduthal vazhakkamullathum vaividhyapoornavumaaya sankeernamaaya saamoohika grouppukalaanu "jaathikal".
indiayile jeevithathinte vishudha gadakangal mathethara vashangale ulkkollunnuvennu karuthikkond jaathiyile chila pandithanmaar "jaathiye" mathathil adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayi kanakkaakkiyittund; udaaharanathinu, naravamshashaasthranjanaaya luis dumont "jaathi" sanbradaayathinullil nilanilkkunna aachaaraparamaaya rankingukal mathaparamaya vishudhiyum malineekaranavum enna aashayangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane visheshippichu. saambathikashaasthram, raashtreeyam, chilappol bhoomishaasthram ennivayude aavasyakathakalaal nayikkappedunna oru mathethara saamoohika prathibhasamaayi ithu vishwasikkunna mattu pandithanmaar eee kaazhchappaadine tharkkikkunnund. chila aalukal "jaathi" yeei thozhilparamaaya verthirivaayi kanakkaakkunnundenkilum, vaasthavathil, "jaathi" chattakkood oru jaathiyile amgathe mattoru thozhilil jolie cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayukayo thadayukayo cheiyunnillennu jeanin foular parayunnu. jaathikalude" oru savisheshatha, susan beyliyude vaakkukalil, "munkaalangalilum aadhunika kaalaghattatthil ellah indiakkaarum allengilum, oru prathyeka jaathiyil janikkunnavar saadhaaranayaayi avarude" jaathi "yill vivaha pankaaliye kandethumennu prathekshikkunnu".
"hindukkal, musleengal, kristhyaanikal, gothravargakkaar ennivarkkidayil indiayil "jaathikal" nilaninnirunnu, avarkkidayil vyakthamaaya rekheeya kramamilla.
jaathi.
jaathi" enna padam porchugees padamaaya "kaasta" ennathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, athaayath "vamsham, vamsham, inam", yadhaarthathil "shudhamo kalarthappedaathatho (stokku allengil breed)". yadhaarthathil oru indian padamallaattha ithu ippol engleeshilum indian bhaashakalilum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu, ithu "varnna", "jaathi" ennivayilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu.
ghoryayude 1932-leeii vivaranam.
saamoohyashaasthranjanaaya jii. ezz. niravadhi aalukal valareyadhikam padichenkilum, 1932-ll ghorye ezhuthi. 
pothuvaaya prameyathil praadeshika vyathiyaanangalundennu addeham sammathichenkilum indiayiludaneelam prayogikkaan kazhiyunna oru nirvachanam ennu addeham karuthiyath addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. jathiyekkurichulla addehathinte maathrukaa nirvachanathil inipparayunna aarr savisheshathakal ulppedunnu
athinusesham, mukalil paranjirunna ghoryarude jaathi maathruka colonial gavanment avatharippicha sensus reportukale, athaayath echu-nte "shreshtavum thaazhnnathumaaya" vamseeya sidhaanthangale aashrayikkunnathinaayi pandithochithamaaya vimarsanangalkk vidheyamaayi. echu. risley, jathiyekkurichulla annathe prabalamaaya ooriyantalist kaazhchappaadukalumaayi addehathinte nirvachanam poruthappedutthiyathinum.
1932ll, colonial jaathi nirmmaanam, saambathika avasarangalkkayi indiayil anukoolamaaya jaathi vargeekaranathinaayi britiish udyogastharodu jeevan, vibhajanam, lobbing ennivaykku kaaranamayennum ithu jaathi enna aashayathin puthiya sankeernathakal chertthuvennum gurye koottichertthu. graham chapman mattullavarum sankeernnatha aavarthikkukayum saidhaanthika nirmmithikalum praayogika yaadhaarthyavum thammil vyathyaasangalundenn avar shradhikkukayum cheythu.
nirvachanathekkurichulla aadhunika veekshanam.
jaathi" ennathinu saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta nirvachanam illennu indologist ronald inden sammathikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, chila aadyakaala europian documentermaarkku ithu purathana indian lipikalil paraamarsikkunna endogamous "varnangalumaayi" poruthappedunnuvennu karuthappettirunnu, athinte ardham "estetts" enna ardhathil yojikkunnu. raaj kaalaghattatthile pilkkala europianmaarkku, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil colonial bharanadhikaarikal adhinivesham anusarichu tharamthiricha 2378 jaathikal polulla "varnangal" ennathinekkaal "jaathikal" ennathaayirunnu antarvivaahithar.
thaarathamya matha professoraaya arvind sharmma abhipraayappedunnathu "varnna", "jaathi" ennivaye soochippikkaan "jaathi" enna padam paryaayamaayi upayogichittundengilum "gauravamulla indologistukal ippol ekkaaryathil ganyamaaya jagrata paalikkunnu", kaaranam, bandhappettirikkumbol, ashayangal vyathyasthamayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. indiayile porchugees kolanikkaar saamoohikashaasthranjane vivarikkan "kaasta" upayogichirunnuvennum classical hindu saahithyathil "varnna" pradhaanamaayum jaathiyude punk vahichirunnuvenkilum innathe kaalath aaa punk vahikkunnath "jaathi" yaanennum reey betteyil abhiprayappetta indian shaasthranjanaaya arther bashaminode addeham yojikkunnu. "varna" ennathu saamoohika kramangalude oru adanja shekharathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam "jaathi" poornnamaayum thurannathaanu, amgangal oru pothu padaartham pankidunna oru "prakrithidatha" inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."gothrangal, vibhagangal, vibhagangal, mathaparamo bhaashaaparamo aaya nyoonapakshangal, deseeyathakal thudangiya aavasyamanusarichu ethra puthiya jaathikalum cherkkaamenkilum. athinaal, "jaathi" ennathu engleeshil "jaathi" yude krithyamaaya praathinidyamalla. vamseeyatha, vamseeya swathuam, vamseeya vibhaagam ennivayaayirikkum mikacha padangal.
vazhakkam.
jaathi enna padatthe purathuninnullavar oru stereotypical paarambaryamulla indiayude sthiramaaya prathibhasamaayi kaanumbol, anubhavaparamaya vasthuthakal soochippikkunnathu jaathi samoolamaayi maarikkondirikkunna oru savisheshathayaanennu saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya aan waldrop nireekshikkunnu. eee padam vyathyastha indiakkaarkku vyathyastha karyangal ardhamaakkunnu. raashtreeyamaayi sajeevamaaya aadhunika indiayude pashchaathalatthil, joliyum school kwata jaathikale adisthaanamaakkiyulla kriyathmakamaaya pravarthanangalkkaayi neekkivachirikkunna eee padam oru sensiteevum vivaadaparavumaaya vishayamaayi mariyirikkunnu.
emm polulla saamoohikashaasthranjar. enn. sreenivaasanmaarum damless jaathiyile kaadinyathekkurichulla chodyam charcha cheyyukayum jaathi shreniyil ganyamaaya vazhakkavum chalanaseshiyum undennu vishwasikkukayum cheiyunnu.
uthbhavam.
kaazhchappaadukal.
prathyayashaasthraparamaaya gadakangalilo saamoohika-saambathika gadakangalilo shradha kendreekarikkunna purathana, madhyakala indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathinte uthbhavathekkurich kuranjathu rund kaazhchappaadukalenkilum undu.
aadyathe vidyaalayam mathaparamaya naravamshashaasthrathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum mattu charitraparamaaya thelivukal eee paarambaryatthinte dvitheeyamo derivativo aanennu avaganikkukayum cheythu. randaamathe vidyaalayam saamoohika thelivukalil shradha kendreekarikkukayum charitraparamaaya saahacharyangal manasilakkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. aadyathethu jaathi uthbhava sidhaanthathe vimarsikkukayum athu indian samoohathe charithravirudhavum vivarthanaparavumaakkiyathumane avakaashappedukayum cheythu.
aachaaraparamaaya rajathwa maathruka.
saamuval parayunnathanusarichu, jorjju ell. ennirunnaalum, pilkkala indian jaathi sanbradaayathinte kendra vashangal indiayil brahmanamatham, budhamatham, jainamatham ennivayude varavinu munbulla aachaaraparamaaya rajathwa sanbradaayathil ninnu uthbhavichathaakam. pothuvarsham moonnaam noottaand muthal aaram noottaand vareyulla sangam kaalaghattatthile dakshinenthyan thamizh saahithyathil eee sambradaayam kaanapedunnu. eee sidhaantham indo-aaryan "varnna" maathrkaye jaathiyude adisthaanamaayi thallikkalayunnu, koodaathe "thaazhnna saamoohika padaviyulla achaaraparavum maanthrikavumaaya vidagtharude oru koottam pinthunayode" avarude aachaaraparamaaya thozhilukale 'malinamaaya' aayi kanakkakkiya raajaavinte aachara sakthiye kendreekarichullathaanu. hart parayunnathanusarichu, thaazhnna nilayilulla grouppukalile amgangalude "malineekarana" thumaayi bandhapetta aashankakal nalkiyathu eee modalayirikkaam. jaathi uthbhavathinulla hart model, "aabhyanthara jaathi vibhajanangalillatha bhooripakshavum thozhilparamaayi malinamaaya niravadhi cheria grouppukal ulkkollunna nyoonapakshavum ulkkollunna purathana indian samoohathe" sangalppikkunnu.
vaidika "varnangal".
varnangal" uthbhavichath vedasamoohathinte avasaanathilaanu (c. 1000-500 bce). aadya moonnu grouppukalaaya braahmanar, kshathriyar, vaishyar ennivarkku mattu intho-europian samoohangalumaayi samaanathakalund, athesamayam shoodrarude kootticherkkal orupakshe utharenthyayil ninnulla oru braahmana kandupiduthamanu.
varnna" sambradaayam aadarshaparamaaya manushya aahvaanangalaayi kanakkaakkappedunna, aadarshaparamaaya hindu mathagrandhangalil prathipaadikkappedunnu. rigvedathile "purusha sukta", athinekkurichulla "manusmrithiyude" paramarsham, palappozhum udharicha grandhangalaanu. eee paatavarggeekaranangalkku virudhamaayi, niravadhi aadaraneeyamaaya hindu grandhangalum sidhaanthangalum eee saamoohika vargeekarana sanbradaayathe chodyam cheyyukayum viyojikkukayum cheiyunnu.
rigvedathile "varnna" vaakyathe pandithanmaar chodyam cheythittundu, athil "varnna" orikkal maathrame paraamarshichittulloo ennu soochippikkunnu. purusha sukta" enna vaakyam pinneedu rigvedathil cherthathaayi ippol pothuve kanakkaakkappedunnu, orupakshe oru charter puraanamaayi. samskritha, mathapadana professormaaraaya stephaani jamison joyal brettanum parayunnath, "vipulavum valare vibhajichathum vyapakavumaaya jaathi sanbradaayathinu" rigvedathil thelivukalonnumilla "," varnna "sambradaayam" rigvedathil "bhroonamaayi thonnunnu, pinneedu oru saamoohika yaadhaarthyathekkaal oru saamoohika aadarshamaanu" ennaanu. rigvedathile" "varnna" "sanbradaayathekkurichu vishadaamshangalude abhaavathinu vipareethamaayi," "manusmrithi" yill "" varnna "sanbradaayathekkurichu vipulavum valare aasoothrithavumaaya vyaakhyaanam ulppedunnu, pakshe athum" "vivaranangalekkaal maathrkakal" nalkunnu ". manusmrithiyum" mattu thiruvezhuthukalum saamoohika shreniyil braahmanare uyarthaan sahayichuvennum iva "varnna" sanbradaayathinte nirmmaanatthil oru gadakamaayirunnuvennum ennaal purathana grandhangal oru tharatthil indiayil "jaathiyude prathibhasam srishtichilla" ennum susanne bailey samgrahikkunnu.
"jathis".
jaathikal" engane, enthukondu nilavil vannu ennu nirnnayikkaan kazhiyillennu thathwachinthayudeyum mathapadanathinteyum professoraaya jeanin foular parayunnu. maruvashathu, swaathanthryathinu munbulla daaridryam, sthaapanaparamaaya manushyaavakaashangalude abhavam, asthiramaaya rashtreeya anthareeksham, saambathika arakshithaavastha ennivayude kaalaghattatthil nettatthinte uravidam vaagdaanam cheythathukondaanu "jaathi" sambradaayam uyarnnuvannathennu susanne bailey abhipraayappedunnu.
saamoohika naravamshashaasthranjanaaya deepankar guptayude abhipraayathil, mourya kaalaghattatthil samghangal vikasikkukayum mouryaananthara kaalath indiayil fyoodalisathinte aavirbhaavathode "jaathikalaayi" christalise cheyyappedukayum cheythu, athu oduvil ezhaam noottaandil christalise cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, indian charithratthil "jaathikal" eppol, engane vikasichu ennathinekkurichu mattu pandithanmaar tharkkikkunnu. charitra professormaaraaya barbera metkaafum thomas metkaafum ezhuthunnu, "likhithaparavum samakalikavumaaya mattu thelivukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla puthiya scholarshippinte athisayakaramaaya vaadangalilonnu, thaarathamyena sameepa noottaandukal vare, upabhookhandathinte bhooribhaagatheyum saamoohika samghadanaye naalu varnangal sparsichirunnilla ennathaanu. samoohathinte nirmmaana blokkukalayirunnilla "jaathi"."
basham parayunnathanusarichu, purathana indian saahityam palappozhum "varnangale" paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal orikkalum "jaathikale" "varnangalkkullile grouppukalude oru samvidaanamaayi paraamarsikkunnilla. jaathiye saadhaaranayaayi endogamous, komansal, kraaft exclusive aaya oru varggathinullile oru koottam samvidaanamaayi nirvachichaal, thaarathamyena avasanakaalam vare athinte nilanilppin namukk yadhaartha thelivukalonnumilla."
thottukoodaattha bahishkritharum varnna sambradaayavum.
thottukoodaattha aalukal enna aashayathekkuricho thottukoodaaymayude oru sanbradaayathekkuricho vedagrandhangalil paraamarsikkunnilla. vedangalile achaarangal kuleenanodo rajavinodo ore paathratthil ninnu saadhaaranakkaaranodoppam bhakshanam kazhikkaan aavashyappedunnu. pilkkaalatthe vedagrandhangal chila thozhilukale parihasikkunnundenkil thottukoodaayma enna ashayam avayil kaanapedunnilla.
poost-vedic grandhangal, prathyekichu "manusmrithi", purathaakkappettavare paraamarsikkukayum avare bahishkarikkanamenn nirddeshikkukayum cheiyunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthile indian saahithyathilum indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu dumontinte gadanaaparamaaya sidhaanthathilum vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyappedunna sanbradaayathil ninnu poost-vedik grandhangalile bahishkritharekkurichulla charcha vyathyasthamaanennu sameepakaala scholarship prasthaavikkunnu. vaidika saahityam, dharmasoothrangal, dharmashaasthrangal ennivayude aadhunika vivarthanangalude bahumati nediya samskritha, indian mathangalude professoraaya patrick olivelle parayunnath purathana, madhyakala indian grandhangal dumont sidhaanthathil antharleenamaaya aachaaraparamaaya malineekaranatheyum vishudhi-ashudhiyude aamukhatheyum pinthunaykkunnilla ennaanu. olivelle parayunnathanusarichu, dharmasaasthra grandhangalil vishudhiyum ashudhiyum charcha cheyyappedunnu, pakshe vyakthiyude dhaarmikavum achaaraparavum jaivaparavumaya malineekaranatthinte pashchaathalatthil (maamsam kazhikkuka, kulimuriyil pookuka thudangiya chila tharatthilulla bhakshanagal kazhikkuka). oleevelle thante poost-vedika "soothra", "shaasthra" grandhangalekkurichulla avalokanathil ezhuthunnu, "oru koottam vyakthikaleyo" varnna "allengil jaathiyeyo" paraamarshichu shudhavum ashudhavumaaya oru padam upayogikkunna oru udaaharanavum naam kanunnilla. onnaam sahasraabdathile "shaasthra" grandhangalil ashudhiyekkurichu paraamarshikkunnath gurutharamaaya papangal cheyyukayum athuvazhi avarude "varnna" thil ninnu purathupokukayum cheiyunna aalukalekkurichaan. ivaye "veenupoya aalukal" ennu vilikkukayum madhyakala indian grandhangalil ashudharaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu. eee paapikalaya, veenupoya aalukale bahishkarikkumennu grandhangal prakhyaapikkunnu. dharmasaasthra grandhangalile vishudhi/ashudhiyumaayi bandhapetta kaaryangalil valareyadhikam shradha kendreekarikkunnathu "vyakthikale avarude" varnna "affiliation pariganikkathe" baadikkunnuvennum naalu "varnangalkkum" avarude swabhaavam, dhaarmika uddeshyam, pravartthanangal, niraparaadhithvam allengil anjjatha (kuttikalude pravrithikal), vyavasthakal, aachaaraparamaaya perumattangal ennivayude ulladakkathiloode vishudhiyo ashudhiyo nedaan kazhiyumennum olivelle kootticherkkunnu.
purathana varnna shreni vishudhi-ashudhi ranking thathwathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathalle veda saahityam thottukoodaayma enna aashayathil ninnu mukthamaanennum dumont thante pilkkala prasidheekaranangalil sammathichu.
charithram.
aadyakaala charithravum aadyakaala veda kaalaghattavum.
jaathi ennathinte nilanilppum jaathiyude mungami indu thaazhvara samskaarathil (bisi 3300-bisi 1700) kandethiyittundu. saamoohyashaasthranjan ezz. sii. malik ezhuthunnathu, india thaazhvarayile nagarikathayil eee kaalayalav muthal indian samoohathil "jaathi padavi nilanilkkukayum" "jaathi-vargga reethikal" kandethukayum cheythu. nagara indus vaali samoohathil ninnulla vibhajanathethudarnnu thozhil grouppukalil ninnaan jaathi vargeekaranam udaleduthathennu chaals mysels kandethunnu. oru jathikk vedathinu munbulla gadakamaayirikkaanulla saadhyatha romila thapper kandethukayum jathikk munpulla vaidika varnnam undennu rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. paarambaryamaayi labhichathum, karsanamaaya vivaha niyanthranangalode vibhavangalilekkulla asamamaya praveshanathode kramanugathamaayi samghadippikkappettathumaa vividha thozhilukalude aavirbhaavathin saakshyam vahicha indus thaazhvara samskaarathile vamshangalil ninnaan "jaathikal" uruthirinjathennu thapper kootticherkkunnu. puraavastu gaveshakan emm.keey. indu thaazhvara samskaarathil jaathi vyavasthayude nilanilppine dhawalikar pinthunachittundu.
rigvedathinte kaalath (bisi 1500-1200), rund undaayirunnu gothravibhagangalil ninnaan eee vyathyasam aadyam uthbhavichath. vaidika gothrangal thangale (kuleenar) aayi kanakkaakkukayum athiraalikalaaya gothrangale "daasa", "dasyu", "paani" ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. dasanmar" aaryan gothrangalude pathiv sakhyakakshikalaayirunnu, avar orupakshe aaryan samoohavumaayi swaamsheekarikkappedukayum oru varggavivechanam srishtikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pala "dasanmarum" adimakalaayirikke, dassen allengil adima enna nilayil "dassen" enna ardhathinu kaaranamaayi.
rigveda" samoohathe thozhilukalaal verthirichariyappettirunna. niravadhi karshakarum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum niravadhi karakaushala vasthukkal abhyasichirunnu. ratha nirmmathaavum loha thozhilaalliyum () praadhaanyamulla sthaanangal aasvadichirunnu, avaykku oru kalankavum undaayirunnilla. marappanikkar, charmappanikkar, neythukaar, mattullavar ennivarkkum samanamaaya nireekshanangal undu.
atharvveda kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode puthiya varggavivechanangal uyarnnuvannu. orupakshe adima enna puthiya ardhathil ninnu verthirichariyaan munkaala "dasanmare" shudrar ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. vis" allengil "vaishya" (gothratthile amgangal ennartham) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum "braahmanar" (purohithanmaar), "kshathriyar" (yodhaakkal) ennivarude puthiya varenya vibhaagangale puthiya "varnangal" ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. shudrar munkaala "dasanmar" mathramalla, aaryan samoohathilekku swaamsheekarikkappettathum ganga vaasasthalangalaayi vikasichathumaaya adivasi gothrangalum ulppettirunnu. veda kaalaghattatthil bhakshanavum vivaahavum sambandhicha niyanthranangalude thelivukalonnumilla.
pilkkala vaidika kaalaghattam (1000-600 bce).
aadyakaala upanishathukalil, shoodrare "pusan" allengil poshanam nalkunnayal ennu vilikkunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu shoodraraanu manninte krishikkaar ennu. ennaal taamasiyaathe, nikuthidaayakaril shoodrare kanakkakkunnilla, bhoomi sammaanikkumbol avarkk bhoomi nalkumennu parayappedunnu. bhooribhaagam karakaushalathozhilaalikalum shoodra sthaanathekku churungiyenkilum avarude pravarthanangalodu avahelanamonnum soochippichitla. brahmanarkkum shathriyarkkum vaishyaril ninnum shoodraril ninnum verthirikkunna achaarangalil prathyeka sthaanam nalkiyittundu. vaishyan "ishtaprakaaram adichamarthappedunnu" ennum shoodran "ishtaprakaaram adikkappedunnu" ennum parayappedunnu."
randaamathe nagaravalkkaranam (500-200 bce).
eee kaalaghattathekkurichulla arivu paali budhamatha grandhangalaal poorakamaanu. braahmana grandhangal naaliratti "varnna" sanbradaayathekkurichu samsaarikkumbol, budhamatha grandhangal "jaathi", "kula", thozhil ennivayude adisthaanathil tharamthiricha samoohathinte oru badal chithram avatharippikkunnu. braahmana prathyayashaasthrathinte bhagamaayirikke "varnna" sambradaayam samoohathil praayogikamaayi pravarthichillaayirikkam. budhamatha grandhangalil brahmanan shathriyaneyum varnangalekkaal jaathikalaayi visheshippichittundu. avar yadhaarthathil uyarnna raankilulla "jathikalaayirunnu". thaazhnna raankilulla jaathikale "chandala" ennum mulla neythukaar, vettakkar, ratha nirmmathaakkal, thunikondupokunnavar thudangiya thozhil vibhagangalekkurichum paraamarshichirunnu. kula" enna ashayam vishaalamaayi samanamaayirunnu. brahmanarkkum shathriyarkkum oppam (aksharaarthatthil veettammaar, ennaal phalapradamaayi avakashamullavar) enna oru vibhaagavum uyarnna "kula" kalkkidayil ulppeduthiyittundu. uyarnna padaviyilulla thozhilukalil uyarnna aalukal earppettirunnu, athaayath.krishi, vyapaaram, kannukaali paripalanam, computing, accounting, ezhuthu, thazhnnavar ennivar basket neythu, thuzhaykkal thudangiya thaazhnna raankulla thozhilukalil earppettirunnu. bhoomiyil jolie cheyyaan "daasa-kammakaranmaare" (adimakaleyum vaadakaykkedutha thozhilaallikaleyum) niyamichirunna bhoovudamakalaaya karshakarude oru saambathika vibhagamaayirunnu avar. avaraanu samsthaanathe praadhamika nikuthidaayakar. eee varggathe jananam kondalla, marichu vyakthigatha saambathika valarchayal nirvachikkapettu.
kuranjathu uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya thalangalil "kulakalum" thozhilukalum thammil oru vinyaasam undaayirunnuvenkilum, varggam/jaathi, thozhil enniva thammil, prathyekichu madhyanirayilullavarkkidayi, karsanamaaya bandhamundaayirunnilla. accounting, ezhuthu thudangiya niravadhi thozhilukal jaathikalumayi bandhappettirunnilla.
peettar masfield, indiayile jathiyekkurichulla thante avalokanathil, thathwathil arcum eathu thozhilum nadathaamennu prasthaavikkunnu. braahmanan aaril ninnum bhakshanam kazhichathaayi grandhangal prasthaavikkunnu, ithu samabhaavathinte karsanathakal ithuvare anjjaathamaanennu soochippikkunnu. nikaaya" grandhangal soochippikkunnathu endogamy nirbandhamallennum.
brahmanarumaayulla budhante sambhashanangal vivarikkunna grandhangalil ninnum aaa kaalaghattatthile tharkkangal vyakthamaan. braahmanar avarude daivikamaaya shreshtatha nilanirthukayum thaazhathe nirayil ninnu sevanam nedaanulla avakasham urappikkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah manushyarkkum pothuvaayulla jaiva jananathinte adisthaana vasthuthakal choondikkaanichukondu buddhan prathikarikkukayum sevanam nedaanulla kazhivu saambathikamaayi labhikkumennum allathe daivika avakaashathiloodeyallennum urappichu parayunnu. upabhookhandathinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagatthinte udaaharanam upayogichu, buddhan athu thirichum maariyekkaamenn choondikkaanikkunnu. saamoohika chalanatthinte eee roopathe buddhan amgeekarichu.
classical kaalayalav (320-650 CE).
naalam noottaandinte avasaanathode poortthiyaayathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna mahaabhaarathathil, rund maathrkakal avatharippikkunna "varnna" sanbradaayathekkurichu 12.181 vibhaagathil charcha cheiyunnu. aadyathe maathruka varnnathe oru varnna adhishtitha samvidaanamaayi vivarikkunnu, bhrigu enna kathaapaathrathiloode, "braahmanarude" varnna "veluthathum kshathriyar chuvappum vaishyar manjayum shoodrarude karuppum aayirunnu. eee vivaranathe bharadwaja chodyam cheiyunnu, ellah varnangalilum nirangal kaanapedunnu, aagraham, kopam, bhayam, athyagraham, dukkham, uthkanda, vishapp, advaanam enniva ellah manushyarilum nilanilkkunnu, pittharasam, raktham enniva ellah manushyashareerangalil ninnum ozhukunnu, athinaal enthaanu varnangale verthirikkunnathu ennu addeham chodikkunnu. mahaabhaarathathil "varnangalil" oru vyathyasavumilla ennu prakhyaapikkunnu. eee prapancham muzhuvan brahmaavaan. munbu brahmaavu srishticha ithu pravrithikalkkanusarichu tharamthirickunnu."kopam, aanandam, dhairyam ennivayil chaayvullavar kshatriya" "varnna" "nedi; kannukaali valarthunnathilum kalappayil ninnu jeevikkunnathilum chaayvullavar vaishya" "varnna" "nedi; akramam, athyagraham, ashudhi enniva eshtappedunnavar shoodra varnna nedi". sathyam, kaadinyam, shudhamaaya perumaattam ennivaykku samarppichirikkunna manushyante aarkkaip sthiraavasthayaayi braahmana varggam ithihaasathil maathrkayaakkappedunnu. mahaabhaarathatthilum madhyakaalakhattathinu munbulla hindu grandhangalilum hiltabeettal parayunnathanusarichu, "sidhaanthathil" varnna "ennathu naaneniyaalajikal aanennu thirichariyunnathu pradhaanamaan. naalu "varnangal" vamshaavalikalalla, marichu vibhagangalaanu.
classical kaalaghattatthinte avasaanavum madhyakaalakhattatthinte thudakkavum (650 muthal 1400 vare).
madhyakala indiayile rekhakalilum likhithangalilum "varnna", "jaathi" ennivayude nilanilppinum swabhaavathinum charitraparamaaya thelivukal kandethaan pandithanmaar sramichittundu. pinthunaykkunna thelivukal avyakthamaanu, parasparavirudhamaaya thelivukal uyarnnuvannittund.
"udaaharanathinu, aandhraapradeshile vipulamaaya madhyakaalakhatta rekhakalil "varnna" valare apoorvamaayi maathrame paraamarshikkappettittu. ithu charitra, eshyan padanangalude professoraaya synthia talbottine eee pradeshatthinte dainamdina jeevithathil "varna" saamoohika praadhaanyamullathaano ennu chodikkaan prerippichu. andhra likhithangalil "varnna" thekkurichulla paraamarsangalil bhooribhaagavum braahmanaril ninnaan varunnath. pathinalam noottaandile yodhaakkalude kudumbangalil ninnulla rund apoorva kshetra daathaakkalude rekhakal shoodraraanennu avakaashappedunnu. onnu shoodraraanu ettavum dheerarennu parayumbol mattonn shoodraraanu ettavum shudharennu parayunnu. charitra professoraaya richard eedan ezhuthunnu, "saamoohika uthbhavam pariganikkathe arcum oru yodhaavaakaan kazhiyum, parambaraagatha indian samoohathinte mattoru sthambhamaaya" jaathi "-janangalude swathuathinte savisheshathakalaayi kaanapedunnilla. thozhilukal asthiramaayirunnu."11-aamm noottaandinum 14-aamm noottaandinum idayil decan mekhalayile hindu kakatia janasamkhyayil saamoohika padavi nediyirunnuvennum paarambaryamaayi labhichathallennum soochippikkunna niravadhi" "pithaavinum puthranmarkkum vyathyastha thozhilukalundaayirunnuve" "thelivukal kaanikkunnu".
indiayile thamizhnaad mekhalayil, matha professoraaya lessie oor padicha "chola kaalaghattatthile likhithangal pothuve (dakshinenthyan) samoohathinte gadanayekkurichulla nammude aashayangale velluvilikkunnu. braahmana niyamagrandhangal namme pratheekshikkan prerippikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, jaathi samoohathinte samghadanaa thathwamaanennu allengil vividha saamoohika grouppukal thammilulla athirthikal kuthane verthirikkappettirikkunnu nammal kanunnilla."thamizhnaattil, purathana, madhyakaalakhattangalil, vellaalar varenya jathiyum saahithyathinte pradhana rakshaadhikaarikalumaayirunnu.
utharenthyan mekhalaye sambandhichidatholam, susanne bailey ezhuthunnu, "colonial kaalaghattam vare, upabhookhandathinte bhooribhaagavum jaathibhedangalkku parimithamaaya praadhaanyam maathramundaayirunna aalukalaayirunnu; ganga uyarnna indiayude hindu hridayabhoomi ennu vilikkappedunna bhaagangalil polum, parambaraagatha jaathiyude gadakangal ennu ippol palappozhum visheshippikkappedunna sthaapanangalum vishwaasangalum pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil-athaayath mugal yugam thakarukayum paashchaathya shakti upabhookhandathilekku vikasikkukayum cheythappol-roopappeduka maathramaan cheythath."
padinjaaran indiaykku, dirk echu. eiii. madhyakaalakhattathil rajput charithratthil saamoohika grouppukal aadhipathyam pularthiyirunnathaayi colph soochippikkunnu. addeham prasthaavikkunnu, "utharenthyayil cognetic bandhuthwathinteyum jathiyudeyum sarvvyaapithvam thaarathamyena puthiya oru prathibhaasamaan, athu yathaakramam aadyakaala mugal, britiish kaalaghattangalil maathramaan aadhipathyam pulartthiyathu. charitraparamaayi paranjaal, sakhyavum thuranna staattas group, yudhasamghamo mathavibhaagamo aakatte, madhyakala, aadyakaala aadhunika indian charithratthil vamshaparambarayilum jaathiyilum aadhipathyam pulartthiyilla."
jainasaahithyathil "varnna", "jaathi" ennivayekkurichu aadyamaayi paraamarshikkappedunna jainamathathinte ettaam noottaandile grandhamaanu aadhi puraanam. varnna" sanbradaayathinte uthbhavam rigvedathilo purushanilo allah, marichu bhaarata ithihyathilaanu jinasena kandethunnathu. eee aitihyam anusarichu, bharathan oru "ahimsa-parisodhana" (ahimsayude parisodhana) nadatthi, aaa pareekshana samayat eathenkilum jeevajaalangale upadravikkaan visammathicha ellaavareyum purathana indiayil purohita "varnna" ennum bharathan avare "dvija" ennum vilikkunnu, randuthavana janichu. ellah jeevajalangalkkum haanikaramallaathathum ahimsayullathumaaya thathwathil prathijnjaabadharaayavar divya brahmananmaaraaya "deva-braahmanar" aanennu jinasena prasthaavikkunnu. aadhi puraanam (sii. onpathaam.) varnnavum jathiyum thammilulla bandhavum charcha cheiyunnu. jainamathathilum budhamathathilum indic stadees professoraaya pathmanabh jainiyude abhipraayathil, aadhi puraana grandhamanusarichu "manusyajathi" allengil manushya jaathi ennu vilikkunna oru jaathi maathrameyulloo, ennaal avarude vyathyastha thozhilukal kaaranam vibhajanagal undaakunnu ". jainamatha grandhangal anusarichu, rishabhan samoohathe sevikkunnathinaayi aayudangal sambharikkukayum oru raajaavinte adikaarangal ettedukkukayum cheythappol kshatriya jaathi uyarnnuvannu, athesamayam vaishya, shoodra jaathikal avar prathyekamaayi upayogichirunna vividha upajeevanamargangalil ninnaan uyarnnuvannathu.
madhyakaalakhattam, islaamika sulthaanettukal, mugal saamrajyakaalam (1000 muthal 1750 vare).
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum madhyathilum, 1927-ll hashimi, 1962-ll khureshi thudangiya musleem charitrakaaranmaar, "islaaminte varavinu munbu jaathi sambradaayam sthaapithamaaya"uvennum vadakkupadinjaaran indian upabhookhandathile "naadodi krooramaaya jeevitashaili" yaanu simdhi amuslimkal eee pradesham aakramichappol "aattinkoottamaayi islam sweekarikkaan" pradhana kaaranam ennum nirddeshichu. eee sidhaanthamanusarichu, "hindu vishwaasangaludeyum aachaarangaludeyum nuzhanjukayattam moolam ullil ninnu nasippikkappetta" thaazhnna jaathi hindukkalil ninnum mahayana budhamathakkaaril ninnumaanu bahujana mathaparivarthanangal nadannathu. eee sidhaantham adisthaanarahithavum thettaanenn ippol parakke vishwasikkappedunnu.
saamoohika charithrathinteyum islaamika padanangaludeyum professoraaya deryl maakalin parayunnath, charitraparamaaya thelivukal eee sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunnilla; labhyamaya thelivukal soochippikkunnathu vadakkupadinjaaran indiayile musleem sthaapanangal nilaninnirunna eathenkilum asamathvangale niyamavidheyamaakkukayum thudarukayum cheythuvennum, budhamathakkaaro thaazhnna jathikkaaro hindukkalo islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettillennum, kaaranam avar islaamine jaathi vyavasthayude abhaavamaayi kaanunnu. islaamilekkulla parivartthanangal apoorvamaayirunnuvennu maakalin parayunnu, mathaparivarthanam nadatthiyavar kurachuper braahmana hindukkalaayirunnuvennu charitraparamaaya thelivukal saakshyappeduthunna parivartthanangal sthireekarikkunnu (saidhaanthikamaayi, uyarnna jaathi). islaamika kaalaghattatthile indian samoohathekkurichulla jaathi, mathaparivarthana sidhaanthangal charitraparamaaya thelivukaleyo parishodhikkaavunna srothassukaleyo adisthaanamaakkiyullathalle marichu vadakkupadinjaaran indian upabhookhandathile islam, hindumatham, budhamatham ennivayude swabhaavathekkurichulla musleem charithrakaaranmaarude vyakthiparamaaya anumaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanum maakalin avakaashappedunnu.
berkleyile charitra professoraaya richard eedan, indiayil islaamika kaalaghattatthinu munbulla karkkashamaaya hindu jaathi sanbradaayathinte anumaanavum thaazhnna jaathikale adichamarthunnathum madhyakaalakhattathil "islaamilekku bahujana parivarthanatthinu" kaaranamaanennu vaadikkunnu. sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunna thelivukalonnum kandethaan kazhiyilla, athu valare yukthirahithamaan" enna prashnam eee avakaashavaadathinundu.
madhyakala dalhi sulthaanettu kaalaghattatthile (1200 muthal 1500 vare) hindu samsthaanangalile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichum islaamika sainyangalude kollaye cherukkunnathil hindu balaheenathaykku kaaranamaaya oru jaathi sanbradaayathinte nilanilppinekkurichum oohaapohangal aadya kaazhchayil thanne aakarshikkunnuvenn madhyakala charithrathinteyum muslim indiayudeyum professoraaya peettar jaaksan ezhuthunnu, pakshe "avaa kooduthal sookshumaparishodhanayum charitra thelivukalum sahikkunnilla". shathriyarkku maathrame yodhaakkalum sainikarum aakaan kazhiyoo enna jaathiyude saidhaanthika maathrkaykku vipareethamaayi, madhyakaalakhattatthile hindu yodhaakkalum sainikarum mattu jaathikalaaya vaisyarum shoodrarum ulppettirunnuvennu charitraparamaaya thelivukal sthireekarikkunnu. "koodaathe," "panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkathil thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya hindukkal vyapakamaaya islam matham parivartthanam nadathiyittundennathin thelivukalonnumilla" "ennum jaaksan ezhuthunnu". islaamika patana professoraaya jamal malik eee nireekshanam kooduthal vipuleekarikkukayum "charithratthil oru kaalathum thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya hindukkal" koottatthode "islaamilekku parivartthanam cheythitilla" ennu prasthavikkukayum cheiyunnu.
saamoohika sthareekaranam enna nilayil jaathi nannayi padicha oru indian samvidaanamaanennu jamal malik prasthaavikkunnu, ennirunnaalum islam indiayil varunnathinu munbu thanne sreniparamaaya ashayangal, varggabodham, saamoohika sthareekaranam enniva islaamil undaayittundennum thelivukal soochippikkunnu. madhyakala indiayile chila islaamika charitrakaaranmaar jaathi allengil islaamika saahithyathile 'kwam' enna ashayam paraamarshikkunnundenkum eee paraamarshangal indiayile musleem samoohathinte vighadanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave malik parayunnu. dalhi sulthaanettile siyaa alle-dhiin alle-barani akbarinte mugal saamraajyathile kottaaratthile abu alle-fadal jathiyekkurichu paraamarsikkunna churukkam chila islaamika rajasabha charitrakaaranmaaraanu. siya alle-dhiin alle-baraniyude charcha, ennirunnaalum, amuslim jaathikalekkurichalla, marichu musleengalkkidayil "ardhal" jathiyekkaal "ashraf" jaathiyude aadhipathyam prakhyaapikkunnathinekku, khuraan grandhatthil athine nyaayeekarikkunnu, "prabhukkanmaarude jananavum uyarnna vamshavaliyum oru manushyante ettavum pradhanappetta swabhaavangalaanu".
16-aamm noottaandil nikuthi pirikkunna kuleena vibhagangal (jameendaarukal), sayudha kuthirapadayum kaalalppadayum (yodhaakkal) karshaka karshakaraayi (thozhilaallivargam) erattiyaayi vardhichuvanna utharenthyayile hindukkalude jaatt karshaka jaathiyude charitraparamaaya rekhayum sensus abu alle-fasalinte "ainn-iii-akbari" nalkunnuvennu oru indian charitrakaaranaaya irrfan habib parayunnu. oru jaathiyil ninnulla eee thozhilparamaayi vaividhyamaarnna amgangal parasparam sevichu, onnukil musleem bharanaadhikaarikalude nikuthi sammarddathodulla prathikaranam kondo allengil avar ore jaathiyil pettavaraayathukondo ennu habib ezhuthunnu. islaamika bharanathinu keezhilulla pradeshangalil nikuthi varumanam shekharikkunnathinulla upakaranangalayirunnu karshaka saamoohika sthareekaranavum jaathi vamshaavalikalum.
indiayile bangal mekhalayil aadhunika jaathi sanbradaayathinte uthbhavam eee kaalaghattatthil kandethaanaakumenn richard eetton parayunnu. indiayile madhyakala islaamika sulthaanettukal saamoohika sthareekaranam upayogichu muslingalallaathavaril ninnu nikuthi varumanam shekharikkukayum bharikkukayum cheythu. bangaalile hindu samoohathe mothatthil nokkumbol, jaathi sambradaayam-pourasthyavaadikalude thalamurakal karuthiyirunnathupole indian naagarikathayude puraathanavum maattamillaathathumaaya sathayalla-athinte aadhunika roopavumaayi saamyamulla onnaayi uyarnnuvannathayi thonnunnu" ennu deettan parayunnu.
pilkkala mugal kaalaghattatthil (1700 muthal 1850 vare).
jaathi orikkalum indian jeevithathinte oru nischitha vasthuthayalla" ennum innu namukkariyavunna jaathi sambradaayam, 18-aamm noottaandinteyum 19-aamm noottaandinteyum thudakkathil mugal kaalaghattatthil rund ghattangalayi vikasippichedutha "saamoohika sthareekaranathinte aachaaraparamaaya padhathi" yaanennum oru naravamshashaasthranjanaaya susanne bailey abhipraayappedunnu. purohithakramam, raajathvam, sayudha sanyasi ennee moonnu moolyangal eee vikasanathil oru pradhana punk vahichu.
pathinettaam noottaandil islaamika mugal saamrajyam thakarnnathode, praadeshika poost-mugal bharana varenyavargakkaarum vaividhyamaarnna matha, bhoomishaasthra, bhashapara pashchaathalatthil ninnulla puthiya rajavamshangalum indiayude vividha bhaagangalil thangalude shakti sthaapikkaan shramichu. eee avyakthamaaya mugal-sheshamulla varenyavarggakkaar rajaakkanmaarumaayum purohithanmarumaayum sanyasimaarumaayum svayam bandhappettirunnuvennum avarude janataye vibhajikkunnathinum avarude adikaaram shakthippeduthunnathinum jathiyudeyum bandhuthwathinteyum chinnangal vinyasichirunnuvennum bailey parayunnu. koodaathe, eee draavaka raajyamillaatha anthareekshathil, samoohathile munbu jaathivirudharaaya chila vibhagangal jaathi grouppukalaayi svayam tharamthirichu. ennirunnaalum, pathinettaam noottaandil indiayiludaneelamulla vyaapaarikaludeyum sayudha sanyasimaarudeyum sayudha gothravargakkaarudeyum shringhala palappozhum eee jaathi prathyayashaasthrangale avaganichathaayi bailey ezhuthunnu. mikka aalukalum jaathi maanadandangale nalkiyirikkunnathupole pariganichilla, ennaal eee maanadandangale velluvilikkukayum charchakal nadathukayum avarude saahacharyangalkk anusrithamaayi poruthappedutthukayum cheythu. swathukkal paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinum nashtatthil ninnu svayam samrakshikkunnathinumayi saamoohika sthareekaranam roopappeduthunnathinaayi samoohangal indiayude vividha pradeshangalil "koottaaya vargeekaranathilekku" aninirannu. avakashangalum jeevithavum pravachanaatheethamaayirunna sarkkar samvidaanangal vighadippikkappedunnathum vishwasaneeyamallaathathum draavakavumaaya oru kaalaghattatthil roopappetta "jaathi, vargam, samooham" ghadana vilappettathayi maari.
eee saahacharyathil, puthuthayi ethiya eest india kambaniyude colonial udyogastharaaya indian charitra professoraaya rosalind oo 'haanlon, hindu, musleem parasparaviruddha thalpparyangal santhulithamaakkunnathiloode praadeshika bharanaadhikaarikalumaayum sainika sanyaasimaarude valia sammelanangalumaayum yojikkunnathiloodeyum indiayil vaanijya thalpparyangal nedaan sramichathaayi parayunnu. eest india kambani udyogasthar mathavum jathiyum anusarichu verthirikkapetta bharanaghadanaa niyamangal sweekarichu. niyamasamhithayum colonial bharanareethiyum pradhaanamaayum musleem niyamamaayum hindu niyamamaayum vibhajikkappettirunnu, randaamathethu budhamathakkaar, jainanmaar, sikhukaar ennivarkkulla niyamangal ulppede. eee kshanika ghattathil, hindukkalude saamoohikavum aathmeeyavumaaya niyamangal amgeekaricha ezhuthukaar, sanyasimar, vyapaarikal ennivarumaayi chernnu braahmanar hindu grandhangal, niyamam, hindu kaaryangalude bharanam ennivayil adhikaarathilekkulla kaalathamasam varuthi.
europian shakthikalude vardhichuvarunna shakthiyode niyamasamhithakalum samsthaana bharanavum indiayil uyarnnuvarikayaayirunnuppol, pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil indiayekkurichulla britiish rachanakal indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu valare kurachu maathrame parayunnulloovennum pradhaanamaayum praadeshika adhinivesham, sakhyangal, yuddham, nayathanthram ennivayekkurichu charcha cheiyunnuvennum dirks parayunnu. akkaalathe britiish saamoohika charitrakaaranaaya collin mccansey dakshinenthyayil ninnum decan mekhalayil ninnum indian mathangal, samskaaram, paarambaryangal, praadeshika charithrangal ennivayekkurichulla dhaaraalam grandhangal shekharichuvenkilum addehathinte shekharathinum rachanakalkkum pathinettaam noottaandile indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu valare kuravaanu.
britiish bharanakaalathu (1857 muthal 1947 vare).
varnangalkkum jathikalkkum aadhunikathaykk munbulla uthbhavamundengilum, innu nilanilkkunna jaathi sambradaayam mugal kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla sambhavavikaasangaludeyum britiish colonial kaalaghattatthinteyum falamaanu, ithu jaathi samghadanaye bharanathinte kendra samvidaanamaakki.
adisthaana.
"britiish colonial kaalaghattatthil jaathi vamsheeyathayude adisthaanamaayirunnu jaathi. 1881leeii sensus prakaram colonial vamsheeyashaasthranjar annathe britiish india (ippol india, paakistaan, bangladesh, barma) ennividangalile aalukale ennaanum tharamthirikkaanum jaathi (jaathi) thalakkettukal upayogichu. 1891leeii sensus prakaram 60 upagrooppukal ulppeduthi oronnum aarr thozhil, vamseeya vibhagangalaayi vibhajichu, thudarnnulla sensus prakaram eee ennam vardhichu. colonial kaalaghattatthile sensus jaathi pattikakal susanne bailey prasthaavikkunnu, "suvolaji, botanical vargeekaranangal ennivaykku samanamaaya thathwangalil indiakkaarkkaayi rank cheythathum staanderd cheythathum cross-reference cheythathumaaya jaathi listtingukal, avarude vishudhi, thozhil uthbhavam, koottaaya dhaarmika moolyam ennivayude adisthaanathil aaraan aarkkaan mikachathu ennu sthaapikkaan lakshyamidunnu". bureaucratic colonial udyogasthar indian janathayude suvological vargeekaranathekkurichu reportukal poortthiyaakkiyappol, chila britiish udyogasthar eee pravartthanangal indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathinte yaadhaarthyathinte kaarikkecharinekkaal alppam kooduthalaanennu vimarshichu. colonial udyogasthar sensus nirnnayicha jaathikale upayogichu colonial gavanmentil eathu vibhaagam aalukalkk eathu jolikalkku yogyaraanennum eathu janataye vishwaasayogyamallaathavari ozhivaakkanamennum theerumaanikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum colonial udyogasthar eee sensus jaathi vargeekaranangal upayogichirunnuvennum, bhoomi nikuthi nirakkukal roopappeduthunnathinum chila saamoohika vibhaagangale "criminal" jathikalaayum "kalapam" saadhyathayulla jathikalaayum lakshyamidunnathinum upayogichirunnuvennum naravamshashaasthra professoraaya gloria raheja parayunnu.
anchu pradhana mathangalilayi ekadesham 200 dasalaksham aalukalum 500,000-ladhikam kaarshika graamangalum ulppedunna janasamkhya, oronninum vividha praaya vibhagangalil ninnulla 100 muthal 1,000 vare janasamkhyayullavarum vividha jaathikalaayi vibhajikkappettavarumaayir. eee prathyayashaasthra padhathi saidhaanthikamaayi ekadesham 3,000 jaathikal ulkkollunnu, avaa 90,000 praadeshika endogamous upagrooppukal ulkkollunnavayaanennu avakashappettu.
karsanamaaya britiish vargga sambradaayam indian jaathi sanbradaayathodulla britteeshukaarude tirakkum colonial kaalaghattatthinu munbulla indian jaathikalekkurichulla britiish dharana swaadheenichittundaakam. britiish samoohathinte samanamaaya karkkashamaaya vargga sambradaayam britteeshukaarkk indian samoohatheyum jathikaleyum manassilakkunnathinulla oru maathruka nalki. varggathaal karkkashamaayi vibhajikkapetta oru samoohathil ninnu vanna britishukaar indiayile jaathikale britiish saamoohika vargangalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan shramichu. david kannadin parayunnathanusarichu, britiish bharanakaalathu indian jaathikal parambaraagatha britiish vargga sambradaayavumaayi layichu.
rays sayans.
colonial administrettar herbert hoopp risley, rays sayansinte vakthavaaya, indiakkaare aaryan, dravida vamshangalayum ezhu jathikalaayum vibhajikkaan mookkinte veethiyum athinte uyaravum thammilulla anupatham upayogichu.
nadappaakkal.
munnokka jaathikkarkkulla jolikal.
indiayile jaathi vyavasthayil britiish raajinte punk vivaadaparamaanu. britishukaar avarude patthu varshathe sensus samayat jaathikale kanakkakkaanum vyavasthaye sookshumamaayi krodeekarikkanum thudangiyappol jaathi sambradaayam niyamaparamaayi karkkashamaayi. 1860num 1920num idayil britishukaar jaathi sambradaayam avarude bharanasamvidhaanathil ulppeduthi, bharanaparamaya jolikalum muthirnna niyamanangalum uyarnna jaathikkaarkk maathram nalki.
criminal jathikaleyum avarude ottappedalineyum lakshyamidunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaand muthal britiish colonial sarkkar indiakkaar avarude mathathinteyum jaathi thirichariyalinteyum adisthaanathil baadhakamaaya niravadhi niyamangal pasaki. eee colonial kaalaghattatthile niyamangalum avayude vyavasthakalum "gothrangal" enna padam upayogichu, athil avarude paridiyilulla jaathikalum ulppedunnu. hindukkalude nirvachanamanusarichu jaathikale pariganikkunna muslim samvedanakshamathayum musleengal ulppedunna kooduthal pothuvaaya padamaaya "gothrangal" enna padavum ulppede vividha kaaranangalal eee padaprayogatthinu munganana nalki.
udaaharanathinu, britiish colonial gavanment 1871-leeii criminal tribes act pasaki. eee niyamam chila jaathikalilppettavarellam criminal pravanathakalumaayi janichavaraanennu prakhyaapichu. eee niyamathinu keezhilulla criminal-bye-barth jaathikalil thudakkathil ahirukal, gurjaarukal, jattukal enniva ulppettirunnuvennum ennaal pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode athinte nadappaakkal kooduthal shudrareyum thottukoodaathavarumaaya chaamar, sanyasi, malayora gothrangal ennivare ulppeduthiyathaayum charitra professor indian upabhookhandathile saamoohika ozhivaakkalile vidagthanumaaya ramnarayana rawat parayunnu. colonial niyamangalkkethire kalapam nadathukayum indiaykkaayi svayambharanam thedukayum cheythuvennu samshayikkunna dakshinenthyayile muun bharanakudumbangalaaya kallar, marawar, utharenthyayile ahirukal, gurjaarukal, jattukal thudangiya vishwasthamallaatha jaathikale "kollayadikkunnavarum kaattumrigikalum" ennu vilikkukayum criminal jaathikalude pattikayil cherkkukayum cheythu. akramamo criminal pravartthanamo report cheyyaathappol polum, avarude poorvvikar mugal allengil britiish adhikaarikalkkethire kalapam nadathiyathaayi ariyappettirunnappol, allengil eee jaathikal thozhil avakashangal aavasyappedukayum colonial nikuthi piriv adhikaarikale thadassappeduthukayum cheythappol chila jaathi vibhaagangale criminal tribes act upayogichu lakshyamitirunnu.
colonial sarkkar criminal jaathikalude oru pattika thayyarakkukayum jaathi-sensus prakaram eee jaathikalil rajisttar cheytha ellah amgangalum avarkk sandarshikkaano sanjarikkaano allengil avarumaayi edapazhakaan kazhiyunna aalukalude adisthaanathil niyanthrikkappedukayum cheythu. colonial indiayile chila pradeshangalil, muzhuvan jaathi vibhaagangalum jananam kondu kuttakkaaraanennu karuthappedukayum arast cheyyappedukayum maathaapithaakkalil ninnu verpeduthappedukayum shiksha kolanikalil paarppikkappedukayum allengil shikshavidhi allengil uchithamaaya prakriyakalillaathe kwaarantainil vaykkappedukayum cheythu. eee sambradaayam vivaadamaayi, ellah britiish colonial udyogastharudeyum pinthuna labhichilla, chila sandarbhangalil irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil eee pathittaandukal neenduninna sambradaayam "[paarambaryamaayi] mosham swabhaavam ennu karuthi aalukale anischithamaayi thadavilaakkaan kazhiyilla" enna prakhyaapanathode maatti. 1900 muthal 1930 vare padinjaaran, dakshinenthyayil criminal jaathikalude pattika vipuleekarikkunnathinoppa 20-aamm noottaandinte pakuthi vare lakshyamidunna jaathikalkkethiraya criminal-bye-barth niyamangal nadappaakki. noorukanakkinu hindu samudaayangale criminal tribes niyamathinu keezhil konduvannu. 1931 aayappozhekkum colonial sarkkar madras presidencyil maathram 237 criminal jathikaleyum gothrangaleyum niyamathinu keezhil ulppeduthi.
paarambarya kuttavaalikalekkurichulla ashayam colonial kaalaghattatthile kizhakkan steeriyodaippukalumaayumam nilavilulla vamseeya sidhaanthangalumaayum poruthappedunnunde, athinte nadappaakkalinte saamoohika swaadheenam hindukkalude niravadhi samudaayangale jananathinanusarichu kuttavalikalaayi profiling, vibhajanam, ottappeduthal ennivayaayirunnu.
mathavum jathiyum manushyaavakaashangale verthirichu.
colonial gavanment jaathi sensasiloode mathramalla, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil niravadhi niyamangaliloodeyum indiayile jaathi adhishtitha vibhajanangale kadinamaakkiyennu indiayile charithrathinteyum mathangaludeyum professoraaya elanor nesbitt parayunnu. udaaharanathinu, colonial udyogasthar 1900-ll land eliyaneshan act, 1913-ll panchab pree-emption act thudangiya niyamangal nadappaakki, niyamaparamaayi bhoomi swanthamaakkaan kazhiyunna jaathikale pattikappedutthukayum mattu sensus nirnnayicha jaathikalude thulya swathavakaashangal nishedhikkukayum cheythu. eee niyamangal bhoovudamakalaaya jaathikalil ninnu eathenkilum kaarshikethara jaathikalilekku bhoomi kaimarunnathu thalamurakalkidayilum thalamurakalkidayilum nirodhichu, athuvazhi swathinte saambathika chalanathmakatha thadayukayum athinte falamaayi indiayil jaathi thadassangal srishtikkukayum cheythu.
vadakkupadinjaaran indiayil bhoovudamakalum bhoorahitharumaaya jathikalkkidayil thadassangal srishtikkaanum sthaapikkaanum colonial kaalaghattatthile eee niyamangal sahayichathaayi sikh charitrakaaranaaya khushwant singh charitra professoraaya tonny baalanttainum parayunnu. jaathi adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanavum colonial bharanakoodatthinte manushyavakaasha nishedhavum indiayil mattidangalilum samanamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi.
saamoohika swathuam.
innu namukkariyaavunnathupole indian jaathi oru "aadhunika prathibhaasamaan", kaaranam jaathi "britiish colonial bharanathaal adisthaanaparamaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu" ennu nicolas dirks vaadichu."colonial bharanathinu munbu jaathi bandham valare ayanjathum draavakavumaayirunnu, ennaal colonial bharanam jaathi bandham karsanamaayi nadappilaakkukayum munbu undaayirunnathinekkaal valare karsanamaaya oru shreni nirmmikkukayum cheythu, chila jaathikale kriminalvalkarikkukayum mattullavarkk munganana nalkukayum cheythu.
jaathi sambradaayam hindu jeevithathile oru purathana vasthuthayayi kanakkaakkappettirunnum pakaram colonial adikaarikalaanu eee sambradaayam nirmmichathennum samakaalika pandithanmaar vaadikkunnuvennum dii swart rekhappeduthunnu. jolikalum vidyaabhyaasa avasarangalum jaathiyude adisthaanathil anuvadikkukayum janangal aninirannu avarude avasaram paramavadhi vardhippikkunna oru jaathi sambradaayam sweekarikkukayum cheythu" ennu addeham parayunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla anukoolamaaya nadapadi "munkaala sidhaanthangal jaathi sambradaayam nirmmicha britiish colonial padhathiye" shakthippeduthuka maathramaan cheythathennum dii swart abhipraayappedunnu.
jathiyekkurichulla europian sangalppam muun rashtreeya roopeekaranangale thallikkalayukayum indiayude "adisthaanaparamaayi mathaparamaya swabhaavam" nirbandhikkukayum cheythuvennu sweetmaan abhipraayappedunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthil, jaathiye oru mathavyavasthayaayi nirvachikkukayum rashtreeya adikaarangalil ninnu verpeduthukayum cheythu. colonial sakthikal kooduthal purogamicha oru raajyathin aavashyamaaya "dayaaparavum pithrthvaparavumaaya bharanam" nalkikkond "svechaadhipathyaparavum asaadhaaranavum" ennu avar vimarshicha muun indian samsthaanangalkku vipareethamaayi athmeeya aikyamulla oru samoohamaayi indiaye chithreekarikkaan colonial bharanaadhikaarikalkk ithu saadhyamaakki.
kooduthal vikasanam.
colonial bharanakaalathu indian samoohathile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu anumaanangalum athinte swabhaavavum vikasichu. indiayile niravadhi naatturajyangalodulla britiish nayangalum 10 varshathe sensus samayat, prathyekichu 1901,1911 leeii sensus prakaram, janasamkhyaye karkkashamaaya vibhagangalaayi kanakkakkunnathum jaathi swathuathinte kaadinyathinu kaaranamaayathaayi corbridge nigamanam cheiyunnu.
1920kalile saamoohika aswasthatha eee nayathil maattathinu kaaranamaayi. annumuthal colonial bharanakoodam thaazhnna jaathikkaarkkaayi oru nischitha sathamaanam sarkkar jolikal samvaranam cheythukondu nalla vivechanathinte nayam aarambhichu.
1932 augustil nadanna vattameshasammelanathil annathe britiish pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna ambedkarude abhyarthana maanich ramse mcdonald oru vargeeya puraskaaram nalki, athu musleengal, sikhukaar, kristhyaanikal, anglo-indiakkaar, europpukaar, dalithar ennivarkku prathyeka praathinidhyam nalki. eee adichamarthappetta vibhaagangalkk prathyeka niyojakamandalangalil ninnu thiranjeduppiloode nikathunnathinaayi niravadhi seettukal nalkiyirunnu, athil adichamarthappetta vibhagangalil ninnulla watermark maathrame vottu cheyyaan kazhiyoo. atharamoru krameekaranam hindu samoohathe rund grouppukalaayi vibhajikkumennu avakaashappett gaandhi eee vyavasthaykkethire nirahara samarathinu pooyi. varshangalkk sesham, gaandhiyude upavaasam oru tharatthilulla balaprayogamaanennu ambedkar ezhuthi. gaandhi niraharam avasanippikkukayum prathyeka vottarmaarkkaayulla thante aavasyam ambedkar upekshikkukayum cheytha eee karaarine poona udambadi ennu vilichu.
india swaathanthryam nediyathinushesham, pattikajathi, pattikavarga pattikakalumayi jaathi adisthaanamaakkiyulla thozhilavasarangalude samvarana nayam aupachaarikamaakki.
mattu sidhaanthangalum nireekshanangalum.
colonial indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu hattante padanathekkurichulla avalokanathil smelser lipsettum nirddeshikkunnathu, jaathibhedangaliludaneelamulla vyakthigatha chalanathmakatha indiayil aachaaraparamaayathinaal valare kuravaayirikkaam ennathaanu. colonial saamoohika sthareekaranam munbundaayirunna aachaaraparamaaya jaathi sambradaayavumaayi pravarthichathukondaayir ithu ennu avar parayunnu.
18-aamm noottaandilum 19-aamm noottaandilum britiish colonial bharanathinte aadyakaalakhattathil aadhunika roopathil oru jaathi vyavasthayude aavirbhavam dakshineshyayil orupoleyayirunnilla. colonial indiayile oru franch charitrakaaranaaya clad marcovits ezhuthunnathu pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagathum vadakku, padinjaaran indiayile (sind) hindu samoohathinu sariyaaya jaathi vyavastha illaayirunnu, avarude mathaparamaya swathuangal draavakamaayirunnu (shaivamatham, vaishnavamatham, sikhmatham ennivayude samyojanam), braahmanar vyapakamaaya purohita vibhagamaayirunnilla (pakshe "bavakal" aayirunnu). vadakkupadinjaaran indiayile hindu vyapara groupil "matham oru ghadana gadakamaayirunnillenkil, jathiyum aayirunnilla" ennu marcovits ezhuthunnu.
samakaalika india.
jaathi raashtreeyam.
saamoohika sthareekaranavum athinoppam varunna asamathvavum ippozhum indiayil nilanilkkukayum samagramaayi vimarshikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. samvaranathiloodeyum pinnakka vibhagangalkkulla kwaattayiloodeyum eee asamathvam kuraykkuka ennathaanu sarkkar nayangal lakshyamidunnathenkilum vairudhyaparamaayi eee sthareekaranathe sajeevamaayi nilanirthunnathinulla prachodanavum srishtichathaayi saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya arvind shhaa parayunnu. pattikajathi padaviyilulla thottukoodaatthavar, saambathikamaayi pinnakkam nilkkunna chila jaathikal thudangiya indiayile charitraparamaayi vivechanam neridunna samudaayangale indian sarkkar audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, uyarnna jaathikkaarude pothumekhalaa jolikalude kuthaka thadayunnathinu jaathiyude adisthaanathil samvaranam aavasyamaanennu mattullavar abhipraayappedunnu. indiayile samvaranam praadhamikamaayi daaridryam illaathaakkukayalla, marichu ellah jaathi vibhaagangaludeyum mathiyaya praathinidhyam urappaakkukayaanennum eee vyakthikal choondikkaanikkunnu.
vivaham.
indiayile bhooribhaagam vivaahangalum ippozhum antarjati, anthar matha vivaahangalulla endogamous aanu, kooduthalum "saambathikamaayum vidyaabhyaasaparamaayum saamskaarikamaayum purogamichavarum nagara kendreekritharumaaya" aalukalil kaanapedunnu. 1981num 2005num idayil antarjati vivahangal erattiyaayathaayum ennaal 6.1 shathamaanathilethiyennum 2005leeii oru patanam kandethi. 
jatiwarga vivaahathodulla ethirppum vyaapakamaayi thudarunnu, pyoo votteduppu soochippikkunnathu anchil moonnu indiakkaarum purushanmaarum sthreekalum avarude jathikk purathullavare vivaham kazhikkunnath thadayunnathu "valare pradhaanamaan" ennu sammathikkunnu ennaanu. hindukkal, muslimkal, sikhukaar ennivare apekshichu kristhyaanikalum budhamathakkaarum jatiwarga vivahangal thaarathamyena kooduthalaayi sweekarikkunnuvennum votteduppu soochippichu. jatiwarga vivaahangalude amgeekaaramillaaymayi bandhapetta durabhimaanakkolakalum pathivayi thudarunnu, "outlukku india" shradhikkunnu, "kazhinja anchu varshathinide thamizhnaattil ninnu maathram ariyappedunna 195 durabhimaanakkolakal report cheyyappettittundenna 2019 novemberil thelivukal velippeduthi."
india gavanment antarjati dambathikalkku doow. antarjati vivaahangaliloode saamoohika samyojanathinulla ambedkar padhathi. odeesha, hariana, panchab, karnataka, himachal pradesh, bihar, thamizhnaad, rajasthaan, maharashtra thudangiya vividha samsthaana sarkkarukalkkum samanamaaya padhathikalaanullathu.
jathiyumaayi bandhapetta akramam.
jathiyumaayi bandhapetta akramangalkk swatantra india saakshyam vahichittundu. 2005leeii yuu. enn report prakaram 1996ll dalitharkkethire ekadesham 31,440 akramasambhavangal report cheyyappettu. yuu. enn reportil 10,000 dalitharkk 1.33 akramasambhavangal avakashappettu. 2005ll vikasita rajyangalil 10,000 peril 40 muthal 55 vare akramasambhavangal report cheyyappettu. atharam akramangalude oru udaaharanam 2006leeii khairlaanji koottakolayaanu.
pattikajathi, pattikavarga amgangalkkethiraaya athikramangalum vivechanavum thadayaanum sikshikkaanum lakshyamittullathaan 1989leeii pattikajathi, pattikavarga (athikramangal thadayal) niyamam. eee niyamaprakaaram shikshikkaavunna kuttakrithyangalude udaaharanangalil "irakale arochakamaaya vasthukkal kazhikkaano kudikkaano nirbandhikkuka; visarjjyam, malinajalam, mrithadehangal enniva avarude veedukalilekko parisarangalilekko valicheriyuka; bhoomi pidichedukkal; apamanam; laingika peedanam" enniva ulppedunnu. deseeya crime records beuro athinte vaarshika reportukalude bhaagamaayi niyamaprakaaram report cheyyappedunna kuttakrithyangalude sthithivivarakkanakkukal ulkkollunnu. sameepa varshangalil eee niyamaprakaaram report cheyyappetta motham kuttakrithyangalude ennathil vardhanayundaayittunde shikshavidhi nirakk kuravaanu. pattikajathi samudaayangalkkethiraaya kuttakrithyangal 2019ll 7.3 sathamaanavum pattikavargakkaarkkethiraaya kuttakrithyangal 2019ll <aii. dii. 1> vardhichu.
indian pravaasikal.
indian pravaasikalil jaathi nilanilkkunnu. udaaharanathinu, amerikkayile dalith janatha vivechanavum akramavum anubhavikkunnathayi report cheiyunnu. oru indian enchineeyar avarekkaal thaazhnna jaathiyil ninnullayaalaayathinaal addehathodu vivechanam kaanichuvennu aaropich 2020 ll kaaliforniyayile fair employment aandu housing vakupp siscoic rund jeevanakkarkumethire cases aarambhichu. kesil udharichirikkunna pouraavakaasha grouppaaya ikvaalitti laabukalude 2018 leeii sarway prakaram 67 sathamaanam dalithukalum "jaathi kaaranam jolisthalathu anyaayamaayi perumarunnathaayi report cheythu".
2017 march muthal 2017 septambar vare jaathi vivechanathinethire niyama samrakshanam urappakkunnathinulla vazhikalekkurichu yunaittad kingdom sarkkar oru pothu koodiyaalochana nadatthi. koodiyaalochanayude adisthaanathil "jaathi kaaranam niyamavirudhamaaya vivechanathinethire aavashyamaaya samrakshanam nalkaanulla ettavum nalla maargam kodathikalum tribunalukalum vikasippichedutha uyarnnuvarunna cases niyamathe aashrayikkuka ennathaanu" ennu sarkkar theerumaanichu.
anukoolamaaya nadapadi.
indian bharanaghadanayude article 15 jaathiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanam nirodhikkukayum article 17 thottukoodaayma niyamavirudhamaanennu prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1955ll india thottukoodaayma (kuttakrithyangal) niyamam (1976ll pouraavakaasha samrakshana niyamam ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu) nadappaakki. athu niyamatthinte vyaapthi uddeshyam muthal nirbandhitha nadappaakkal vare vyapippichu. 1989laanu indiayil pattikajathi, pattikavarga (athikramangal thadayal) niyamam paasaakkiyat.
amgeekaaram.
pattikajathi, pattikavarga vibhagangal enna peril thottukoodaatthavar, saambathikamaayi pinnokkam nilkkunna chila shoodrajaathikal thudangiya indiayile charitraparamaayi vivechanam neridunna samudaayangale indian sarkkar audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkunnu. samakaalika saahithyathil pattikajathi vibhaagangale chilappol dalit ennu vilikkaarund. 2001ll indiayile motham janasamkhyayude 16.2 sathamaanam dalithukalaayirunnu. indiayile oru bilyan hindukkalil hindu munnokka jaathi 26 sathamaanavum mattu pinnakka vargakkaar 43 sathamaanavum hindu pattikajathi (dalithar) 22 sathamaanavum hindu pattikavargakkaar (aadivaasikal) 9 sathamaanavum aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
pattikajathi, pattikavarga vibhaagangalile janangalkkayi kriyathmakamaaya nadapadikal sweekarikkunnathinu purame, pavapetta, pinnakka jaathikalil ninnullavare saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya mukhyadhaarayil ulppeduthaanulla shramavum india vipuleekarichu. 1990ll mandal kammeeshante shupaarshakalude adisthaanathil pinnakka vibhaagangalkk 27 sathamaanam samvaranam nalki. athinusesham, sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhangalilum ejansikalilum saamoohikamaayum vidyaabhyaasaparamaayum pinnakkam nilkkunna vibhagangalkkaayi (ezz. iii. bii. sii) 27 sathamaanam thozhil avasarangal india neekkivachittundu. kazhinja 50 varshamaayi indiayile ettavum thaazhnna jaathikkaarkkaayi neekkivachirikkunna 22.5 sathamaanathinu purameyaanu 27 sathamaanam samvaranam.
mandal kammeeshan.
saamoohikamaayo vidyaabhyaasaparamaayo pinnakkam nilkkunnavare thirichariyunnathinum jaathi vivechanam pariharikkunnathinayi janangalkulla seett samvaranavum kwata pariganikkunnathinumayi 1979laanu mandal kammeeshan roopeekarichathu. 1980ll kammeeshante report indian niyamaprakaaram sthiramaaya nadapadikal urappichu, athiloode thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya mattu pinnakka vibhaagangalile adhika amgangalkku ithinakam dalitharkkum gothravargakkarkkum samvaranam cheytha 23 sathamaanathinu purame, sarkkar jolikaludeyum pothu sarvakalaashaalakalile slottukaludeyum 27 sathamaanam koodi prathyekamaayi anuvadichu. vii. pii. 1990ll mandal kammeeshante shupaarshakal nadappakkaan singh bharanakoodam shramichu, rajyath vann prathishedhangal nadannu. praayogikamaaya thiranjeduppu aavasyangalkkaayi jaathi adisthaanamaakkiyulla samvaranam muthaledukkaan raashtreeyakkaar sramikkunnuvennu palarum aaropichu.
mattu pinnakka vibhagangal (oo. bii. sii).
indiayil obisikalude krithyamaaya ennathekkurichu ganyamaaya charchakal nadakkunnundu; ithu saadhaaranayaayi ganyamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal ithu mandal commissiono deseeya sample sarveyo udharicha kanakkukalil kuravaanennu palarum vishwasikkunnu.
samvarana sambradaayam 2006leeii indian samvarana virudha prathishedhangal polulla vyapakamaaya prathishedhangalilekku nayichu, palarum munnira jaathikalod (samvaranathinu yogyathayillaatha jaathikal) vipareeta vivechanathekkurichu parathippettu.
2011 meyy maasathil, vividha saamoohika pashchaathalangalile daaridryam thirichariyunnathinaayi daaridryam, matham, jaathi sensus ennivaykku sarkkar amgeekaaram nalki. samakaalika yaadhaarthyangalumaayi bandhapetta nayangalil kooduthal vasthunishtatha konduvarunnathinaayi mandal kammeeshan polulla thidukkathil roopeekaricha chila nayangal veendum parisodhikkaanum pazhayapadiyakkaanum sensus sarkkaarine sahayikkum. samvarana sanbradaayathe vimarsikkunnavar vishwasikkunnathu pinnakka jaathiyilppettavarumaayi yadhaarthathil oru saamoohika kalankavum bandhappettitlennum vidyaabhyaasa, thozhil samvaranangalude roopathilulla valia bharanaghadanaaparamaaya prothsaahanangal kaaranam, dhaaraalam aalukal aanukoolyangal labhikkunnathin pinnakka jathiyumaayi thettayi thirichariyumennum. ithu pinnakka jaathikalude ennathil ganyamaaya panapperuppatthinu kaaranamaakuka mathramalla, atharam samshayaaspadamaaya jaathi prakhyapanangal chodyam cheyyappedumbol saamoohika aswasthathaykkum vyavaharangalkkumaayi vipulamaaya bharana, neethinyaaya vibhavangal neekkivaykkunnathinum kaaranamakum.
irupathaam noottaandil indiayil sarkkar jolikalilum paarlamentari praathinidhyathilum uyarnna vargakkaraaya ("ashraf") musleengal aadhipathyam pulartthi. thalphalamaayi, thottukoodaattha muslim, thaazhnna jaathikale "ezz. sii. aandu ezz. tii. ezz provision act" prakaram indiayil anukoola nadapadiyedukkaan arhatayullah grouppukalil ulppeduthunnathinulla prachaaranangal nadannittundu, koodaathe sachar kammitti reportinte adisthaanathil adhika samvaranam nalkiyittundu.
sarkkar sahaayathinte prathyaaghaathangal.
2008leeii oru padanatthil, desai mattullavarum. indiayile ettavum thaazhnna jaathi, gotra janasamkhyayil ninnulla kuttikaludeyum aii. dii. 1 vayass prayamaaya cheruppakkaarudeyum vidyaabhyaasa nettangalil shradha kendreekarichu. 1983num 2000num idayil nadanna naalu sarway varshangalil oronninum 100,000-ladhikam veedukalil avar oru deseeya sarway poortthiyaakki. primery school poortthiyaakkaanulla saadhyathayil thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya kuttikalil ganyamaaya vardhanavu avar kandethi. idatharam, unnatha, koleju thalangalil vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya dalith kuttikalude ennam deseeya saraashariyekkaal moonniratti vegathil vardhichu, koodaathe thaazhnna, uyarnna jaathikkaarude motham ennam sthithivivarakkanakusaricha thulyamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2000-ll, orikkalum oru schoolil chernnittillaattha dalith purushanmaarude sathamaanam, orikkalum skoolukalil chernnittillaattha uyarnna jaathi purushanmaarude erattiyiladhikamaanennu athe patanam kandethi. koodaathe, uyarnna jaathi vanithakalil aii. dii. 2 ullathinekkaal, dalita vanithakalil aii. dii. 1 maathramaan koleju birudadhaarikal. ithe kaalayalavil indiayil schoolil padicha dalith penkuttikalude ennam erattiyaayengilum deseeya saraashariyekkaal kuravaayirunnu. mattu pavapetta jaathi vibhaagangalum indiayile musleengal polulla vamseeya vibhaagangalum 16 varshathe kaalayalavil mechappeduthalukal kaivarichittundenkilum avarude purogathi dalithukaludeyum aadivaasikaludeyum mechappeduthalinekkaal pinnilaanu. 1999ll sthithivivarakkanakusaricha dalithukaludeyum musleengaludeyum motham school sathamaanam orepoleyaayirunnu.
2007ll locabank nadatthiya rajyavyaapaka sarveyil charitraparamaayi vivechanam neridunna jaathikalile 80 sathamaanathiladhikam kuttikalum skoolukalil pookunnuvennu kandethi. indiayude saambathika valarchayude sameepakaalakhattathilaanu dalith samudaayathile kuttikalude school hajar ettavum vegathil vardhichathu.
darshan singh nadatthiya oru patanam aarogyathekkurichum charitraparamaayi vivechanam neridunna indiayile jaathikalile saamoohika-saambathika maattatthinte mattu soochakangalekkurichum vivarangal avatharippikkunnu. addeham avakaashappedunnu
aadhunika indiayile vividha jaathi vibhaagangalude aayurdairkhyam vardhippichittundu; ennaal internaashanal instittyoott phoor poppuleshan sayans report soochippikkunnathu aadhunika indiayile aayurdairkhyathile valia vyathyasam jathiyalla, daaridryamaanu ennaanu.
mattu mathangalil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
hindumathavumaayi thirichariyappedumbol, budhamathakkaar, kristhyaanikal, muslimkal thudangiya mattu mathangal ulppede indian upabhookhandathile mattu mathangalilum jaathi sanbradaayangal kaanapedunnu.
musleengal.
indiayile musleengalkkidayil jaathi sambradaayam nireekshikkappettundu. avar endogamy, hypergamy, paarambarya thozhilukal enniva nadathukayum saamoohika kalarcha ozhivaakkukayum tharamthirikkappedukayum cheiyunnu. eee savisheshathakal avare saamoohika grouppukalo islaaminte jaathikalo aakkunnundo ennathil chila vivaadangalundu. chila pandithanmaar hindu mathavibhaagangaleppole muslim jathikkaar avarude vivechanathil theevrarallennu vaadikkumbol dakshineshyan muslim samoohathile vivechanam kooduthal moshamaanenn vimarshakar vaadikkunnu.
dakshineshyayil islam vanna aadyakaalam muthal arab, pershyan, afghan muslimkale uyarnna jaathiyayi amgeekarichittundu. islaamilekku parivartthanam cheytha chila uyarnna jaathi hindukkal bharana grouppukalude bhaagamaayi, eee videsha grouppukalkkoppam "ashrafukal" (allengil prabhukkanmaar) ennariyappettu. avarkk thaazhe "ajlafukal" ennu vilikkappedunna madhyavarga musleengalum "arsaalukal" ennathil ettavum thaazhnna sthaanathulla musleengalumundu. ambedkarineppolulla jaathi virudha pravartthakar musleengalkkidayilul "arsal" jaathiye thottukoodaattha hindukkalkku thulyamaanennu visheshippichu, britiish ethnographer herbert hoopp risley angane thanne cheythu.
bangaalil, chila muslimkal avarude samoohathinullile saamoohika sthareekaranathe "kwam" (allengil kwoms) ennu vilikkunnu, ithu indiayile mattidangalilum paakkisthaanilum afgaanisthaanilum musleengalkkidayil kaanapedunnu. "kwam"-kalkk rank cheytha thozhilukalum endogamy ulla pithriswaamya paarambaryamundu. oru "kwam" amgathvam jananathiloode paarambaryamaayi labhikkunnu. kudumbatthinte saamoohikamo mathaparamo aaya padavi, thozhil, laingika kuttakrithyangalil earppedal ennivayaal nirvachikkappedunna "paaku" (shudham), "pailed" (ashudham) enniva thammilulla charitraparamaaya verthirivukalil ninnu sthareekaranathinte uthbhavam barth thirichariyunnu. paaku"/"pealed" ennu nirvachikkunna charmmatthinte niratthinu charithramund, pakshe athinu charitraparamaaya verukalilla, hindu jaathi sambradaayavumaayi saadrishyam pularthunnathiloode purathuninnullavar ithu sweekarichu.
athupole, paakkisthaanile kristhyaanikale isaayude (yeshu) anuyaayikal ennartham varunna "isaay" ennu vilikkunnu. ennaal eee padam hindu jaathi sanbradaayathil ninnu uthbhavichathaan, koodaathe daaridryathil ninnu paakisthaanil kristhyaanikal nadathunna nindyamaaya jolikale soochippikkunnu. paakkisthaanile kristhyan pouranmaar eshtappedunna "masihi" (mishiha-anuyaayikal) enna padam maattisthaapikkaanulla sramangal nadakkunnundu.
indiayileyum paakkisthaanileyum muslimkalkkidayil krameekaricha rakthasaakshithva vivaahangalude roopathil endogamy musleengalil valare saadhaaranamaanu. mathaparamaya amgeekaarathinte abhavam "kwam" neey "ardha-jaathi" aakkukayum dakshineshyaykku purathulla islaamilum kaanapedunna onnaakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu malik parayunnu.
sikh.
sikh saahithyathil "varna" yeei "varan" ennum "jaathi" yeei "saath" allengil "saath-biradari" ennum paraamarsikkunnu. matha professor sikh mathathekkurichulla pusthakangalude rachayithaavumaaya elanor nesbitt parayunnath "varane" oru vargga sambradaayamaayi visheshippikkumbol "saath" nuu sikh saahithyathil chila jaathi sambradaaya savisheshathakalundu ennaanu. sidhaanthathil, sikh saahityam jaathi shreniyeyo vyathyaasangalo amgeekarikkunnilla, pakshe, praayogikamaayi, aadhunika kaalath sikhukaarkkidayil vyapakamaaya endogamy sanbradaayangal nilavilundennum pinnakkam nilkkunna jaathikalile daridraraaya sikhukaar avarude swantham aaraadhanaalayangalil othukoodunnathu thudarukayaanennum parayunnu. mikka sikh kudumbangalum, avarude kuttikalkkayi varaanirikkunna vivaha pankaaliyude jaathi parishodhikkunnath thudarunnu, nesbitt ezhuthunnu. sikhukaarude ellah gurukkanmaarum avarude "saath" prakaram vivaham kazhichuvennum avar swantham kuttikalkko pothuvaayi sikhukaarkko vendiyulla endogamous vivaahangalude kanvenshane apalapikkukayo lamghikkukayo cheythitillennum avar shradhikkunnu.
sikh gurukkanmar jaathi sanbradaayathinte sreniye vimarshichuvenkilum sikh samoohathil oraal nilanilkkunnu. jodhakayile sunarinder parayunnathanusarichu, bhoovudamakalaaya prabala jathikalilppetta sikhukaar dalithukalkkethire avarude munvidhikalellaam upekshichittilla. graamatthile gurudwaarakalil praveshikkaan dalithukale anuvadikkumbol avarkk paachakam cheyyaano lunger (saamudaayika bhakshanam) vilambaano anuvaadamilla. athinaal, vibhavangal samaharikkaan kazhiyumenkil, panchaabile dalithar oru nischitha alavilulla saamskaarika svayambharanaadhikaaram nedunnathinaayi svanthamaayi gurudwaarakalum mattu praadeshika thalatthilulla sthaapanangalum nirmmikkaan shramichu.
1953ll sikh nethaavu thaaraasinghinte mathaparivarthanam cheyyappetta thottukoodaattha sikh jaathikale pattikajathi pattikayil ulppeduthanamenna aavasyam india sarkkar amgeekarichu. shiromani gurdwara parbandhak kammittiyil 140 seettukalil 20 ennavum thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya sikhukaarkkaayi neekkivachittundu.
jainamathakkar.
jainamathathil jaathi sambradaayam noottaandukalaayi nilanilkkunnu, praadhamikamaayi endogaaminte kaaryatthil, ennirunnaalum, pooll dundakalude abhipraayathil, aadhunika kaalath eee sambradaayam oru pradhana punk vahikkunnilla. raajasthaanile pradhana jaina jaathikale avarude saamoohika padavi upayogichu vivarikkunna karittarukalum humphrykalum ithine ethirkkunnu.
kristhyaanikal.
indiayile kristhyaanikalkkidayil jathiyum avarude vibhaagavum sthaanavum adisthaanamaakki saamoohika sthareekaranam kaanapedunnu. pathinaram noottaand muthal avar allengil avarude poorvvikar kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta samayat avarude jaathiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu jaathi vyathyasam, avar saadhaaranayaayi parasparam vivaham kazhikkunnilla, palliyile praarthanakalil vevvere irikkunnu.
indian kristhyaanikalkkidayil jathiyekkurichulla aadyakaala sangalppam varunnath vishudha thomas kristhyaanikal (allengil "syrian kristhyaanikal") ennu vilikkappedunna keralatthil ninnaan. dunken forester nireekshikkunnathu "indiayil mattevideyum valuthum purathanavumaaya oru kristhyan samooham illa, athu purathana kaalath jaathi shreniyil uyarnna padavi nalkiyittundu. ... syrian kristhyan samooham oru jaathiyayi pravartthikkunnu, oru jathio kuranjathu oru jaathi polulla groupo aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."hindu samoohathinidayil, keralatthile vishudha thomas kristhyaanikal jaathi niyamangal paalichukondu indian jaathi samoohathinullil svayam ulppeduthukayum hindukkal avarude jaathi shreniyil uyarnna sthaanam vahikkunna oru jaathiyayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. thangalude poorvvikar nambudirikalum naayarmaarum polulla uyarnna jaathikkaraaya hindukkalaayirunnuvennum avar vishudha suvisheshakar aayirunnuvennum avarude parambaraagatha vishwaasam. thomas avarude uyarnna jaathi padaviyeyum pinthunachittundu. europian missionarymaarude varavode keralatthile thaazhnna jaathikkaarude idayil avarude suvishesha douthyathode, malabaarile laattin catholicar puthiya protestant kristhyaanikalum enna rund puthiya kristhyan grouppukal roopeekarikkappettuvenkum vishudha thomas kristhyaanikal ulppedeyulla uyarnna raankulla samudaayangal avare thaazhnna jaathikalaayi kanakkaakkunnath thudarnnu.
vitharanam.
deseeya sample sarway oorganaiseshan 55 (1999-2000), 61 raundu (2004-05) raundu sarveyil ninnu labhyamaya daattayude shedule 1, shedule 10 ennivayude layippicha saambilil ninnu labhicha jaathi vibhagangal anusarichu oro mathathileyum janasamkhyayude vitharanamaanu pattika 1. 1980leeii mandal kammeeshan reportil raajyathe janasamkhyayude 52 sathamaanam mattu pinnakka vibhaagangalaanennu kandethi, ithu 2006ll deseeya sample sarway oorganaiseshante sarway nadakkumbol 41 shathamaanamaayi churungi.
vimarsanam.
indiaykkakathum puratthum jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu vimarsanangal undaayittund. 1980kall muthal jaathi indian raashtreeyathil oru pradhana vivaadamaayi mariyirikkunnu.
indian saamoohika parishkarthaakkal.
niravadhi indian saamoohika parishkarthaakkal jaathi sanbradaayathe vimarsichittundu.
basava.
aadyathe saamoohika parishkartthaakkalil oraalaayirunnu basava (1105-1167). kshetra aaradhanayum aachaarangalum nirasicha bhakthipoorvathikku basava pinthuna nalkukayum, pakaram vyakthigathamayi dharikkunna prathimakalum cheria lingam polulla chinnangalum polulla aachaarangaliloode shivane nerittu aaraadhikkukayum cheythu. eee sameepanam lingabhedamo varggamo jaathi vivechanamo illaathe ellaayppozhum ellaavarkkumaayi shivante saannidhyam konduvannu. addehathinte padippikkalukalum kavithakalum (jolie kailaashilekkulla paathayaan (aanandam, swargam), allengil jolie aaraadhanayaanu) janapriyamaayi.
jyotirao phule.
jaathi sambradaayam swaabhaavikamaanennum hindu grandhangalile "srashtaavu" nirddeshichathaanennum parayunna eathenkilum vishadeekaranangale jyotirao phule (1827-1890) shakthamayi vimarshichu. brahma" kku jaathikal venamenkil, mattu jeevikalkkum addeham ithu nirddeshikkumaayirunnu ennu phule vaadichu. mrugangalilo pakshikaliloo jaathikalilla, appol enthukondu manushya mrugangalil onnu undaayirikkanam. thante vimarshanathil phule koottichertthu, "brahmanarkku jaathi kaaranam unnatha padavi avakashappedaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam yooropyanmaarodoppam vijayikkukayum bhakshanam kazhikkukayum cheyyumbol avar avare kaaryamaayi kaaryamakkaarilla."thozhilukal jaathikale nirmmichirunnilla, jaathikalalla oraalude thozhil theerumaanikkunnathu. aarenkilum vrithiketta oru jolie cheythaal, athu avare thaazhthukayilla; athupole oru amayum thante kunjinte visarjjyam vrithiyaakkunnathinaal thaazheyalla. aachaaraparamaaya thozhilo jolikalo oru manushyan unnathaneyo thaazhnnavanaakkunnillenna phoole vaadichu.
vivekanandan.
oru vyakthiyude swatantra chinthayudeyum pravrithiyudeyum sakthiye thadayunna niravadhi manushya sthaapanangalil onnaayi vivekanandan jaathiye vimarshichu. jathio jathio mathamo mathamo illa, swatantra chinthayude sakthiye thadayukayum oru vyakthiyude pravartthanatthe thadayukayum cheiyunna eathenkilum manushyano varggamo jathio raajyamo sthaapanamo pishaachaan, athu thaazhekku pookanam. chinthayudeyum pravrithiyudeyum swaathanthryam maathramaan jeevithathinteyum valarchayudeyum kshemathinteyum eaka vyavasthayennu vivekanandan urappichu paranju.
gandhiji.
thante cheruppakaalathu, indiayile jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu ambedkarude chila nireekshanangal, yukthikal, vyaakhyaanangal ennivayodu gaandhi viyojichu. "jaathi" hindumathathe vighadanathil ninnu rakshichuvennu addeham avakashappettu. ennaal matellaa sthaapanangaleyum pole ithu visarjanam anubhavichittundu."varnangalude naalu vibhagangal adisthaanaparavum swaabhaavikavum anivaaryavumaanennu addeham karuthi. ennamatta upajaathikaleyo jathikaleyo addeham oru thadassamaayi kanakkakki. ellah jathikaleyum varnangalude kooduthal aagola vibhajanathilekku samyojippikkaan addeham vaadichu. 1930kalil, jaathiyile paarambaryamenna ashayam nirasikkanamenn gaandhi vaadichu, "mattaarekkaalum mail eathenkilum vyakthi shreshtatha kaivarikkuka ennathu daivathinum manushyan ethiraaya paapamaan" ennu vaadichu. athinaal jaathi, padaviyile vyathyaasangale soochippikkunnuvenkil, oru thinmayaanu."
shaasthrangalude varnaasramangal innu praayogikamaayi nilavilillenn addeham avakashappettu. varnaashramathinte sidhaantha virudhamaanu ippozhathe jaathi sambradaayam. jathikk athinte nilavile roopathil mathavumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillenn gaandhi avakashappettu. jaathikalude vivechanavum aaghaathavum aachaarathinte falamaanennum athinte uthbhavam anjjaathamaanennum gaandhi vaadichu. aachaarangalude uthbhavam oru vivaada vishayamaayirunnuvennum, kaaranam eee achaarangal thettaanennum eathoru jaathi vyavasthayum manushyante athmeeya shemathinum oru raajyathinte saambathika shemathinum doshakaramaanennum oraalkk aathmeeyamaayi manassilakkaan kazhiyumennum gaandhi paranju. colonial indiayude yaadhaarthyam, athu oru braahmanano karakaushalathozhilaaliyo thaazhnna jaathiyile karshakano aakatte, vividha jaathikalile amgangalude saambathika sthithiyum varumaanavum thammil kaaryamaaya asamathwamillennu gaandhi abhiprayappettu. india daridramaayirunnu, ellah jaathikalileyum indiakkaar daridraraayirunnu. athinaal, aaghaathathinu kaaranam jaathi sanbradaayathilalla, marichu mattevideyengilum aanennu addeham vaadichu. indiayil prayogikkunna maanadandangalkkanusrithayi vilayiruthumbol, ellah manushya samoohavum paraajayappedumennu gaandhi avakashappettu. indiayile jaathi sambradaayam chila indiakkaare aathmeeyamaayi andharaakkiyenn addeham sammathichathinushesham, oro indiakkaarano mikka indiakkaarano polum jaathi sambradaayam andhamaayi pinthudarukayenno allengil samshayaaspadamaaya aadhikaarikathayum moolyavumulla purathana indian vedagrandhangalil ninnullathellam pinthudarukayenno ithinarthamillennum addeham koottichertthu. mattethoru samoohatheyum pole indiaye athinte ettavum mosham maathrkakalude kaarikkechar kondu vilayiruthaan kazhiyilla. athu uthppaadippicha ettavum mikachathum, arivu kurravulla durithangalkku upajeevanam nalkaan paadupedunna daridra indian graamangalile bahubhooripakshavum pariganikkanamennu gaandhi prasthaavichu.
bii. aarr. ambedkar.
bii. aarr. thottukoodaathavanaayi tharamthiricha oru jaathiyil janicha ambedkar indiayile manushyavakaasha prachaaranangalude nethaavaayum, vipulamaaya ezhuthukaaranaayum, 1940kalil aadhunika indiayude bharanaghadanayude karadu thayyarakkunnathil pradhana vyakthiyayum maari. vivechanam, aaghaatham, indiayile jaathi vyavasthayude daarunamaaya prathyaaghaathangal ennivayekkurichu addeham vipulamaayi ezhuthi. endogamy sanbradaayathil ninnaan jaathi sambradaayam uthbhavichathennum athu mattu grouppukalude anukaranatthiloode vyaapikkunnuvennum addeham vishwasichu. thudakkathil braahmanar, kshathriyar, vaishyar, shudrar ennivar janmana parimithappedutthaathum vivaahetharabandham nilaninnirunnathumaaya thozhilavasarangal thiranjedukkunna vibhagangalaayi nilaninnirunnuvennu addeham ezhuthi. braahmanar pinneedu endogamy cheyyaan thudangukayum svayam adaykkukayum cheythu, athinaal ambedkar jaathiye "adanja vargam" ennu nirvachikkunnu. satheebhavam, nirbandhitha vidhavathvam, balavivaham thudangiya paarambaryangal endogamy shakthippeduthendathinte aavasyakathayil ninnu vikasichuvennum eee sanbradaayangale mahathwappeduthunnathinu shaasthrangal upayogichuvennum addeham vishwasichu, angane avaa chodyam cheyyappedaathe aacharikkappedunnu. pinneedu mattu jaathi vibhagangal eee achaarangal anukarichu. ennirunnaalum, jaathi sambradaayam engane vyaapichuvenn soochippikkaan embedkar manasshaasthranjanaaya gabriel tardeyude sameepanam upayogikkunnundengil, jaathi sanbradaayathinte uthbhavathin braahmanareyo maanukkaleyo kuttappedutthaan kazhiyillennum vamshangalil jaathi sanbradaayathinte uthbhavam kandethunna sidhaanthangale addeham apakeerthippeduthunnum addeham vishadeekarikkunnu.
keey. keey. sarachandra booas.
2014ll keey. keey. sarachandra booas 30-ladhikam sannadhapravarthakarkkop thiruvananthapurath ninnu dalhiyilekkulla 40 divasathe "bhaarata yaatra" (indian yaatra) jaathi vyavasthayude avasaanathinaayi pracharanam nadatthi. jaathi' enna padam upayogikkunnathu 1948leeii saarvathrika manushyavakaasha prakhyapanavumaayi vairudhyamundaakkunnum booas vishwasikkunnu. 2014 disambarode jaathi sanbradaayathekkurichu ellah paraamarshangalum neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi bharanaghadanaa parishkaranatthinaayi addeham india sarkkarinodu abhyarthichu.
jaathi raashtreeyam.
indiayile niravadhi rashtreeya partykal jaathi adisthaanamaakkiyulla watebank raashtreeyathil earppettittundu. bahujan samaj party (bii. ezz. pii), samajwadi party, janata dhal thudangiya partykal thangal pinnakka jaathikale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu thiranjeduppil vijayikkaan palappozhum dalith, muslim pinthunayumaayi sakhyamundaakki oo. bii. sii pinthunaye ashrayikkunnuvennum avakaashappedunnu. maruvashathu, hindu valathupakshavum chilappol swantham jaathi adisthaanamaakkiyulla appeelukalekkurichu vivaadangal srishtichittundu, udaaharanathinu 2020 ll 'kshatriya mahasabha' enna jaathi samghadanaye abhisambodhana cheythukondu shoodrarekkurichu nadatthiya paraamarshangalude peril bii. jeey. pii empy (paarlament amgam) pragya singh thaakoor vimarsanathinu vidheyayayi.
saambathika asamathvam.
indiayile jaathi sambradaayam thaazhnna nirayilulla pavappettavare kooduthal sambannamaaya uyarnna raankulla grouppukal chooshanam cheiyunna oru samvidaanamaanennu 1995 leeii oru patanam soochippikkunnu. 2001ll prasidheekaricha oru reportil indiayil aii. dii. 2. aalukalude kaivasham bhoomiyillennum aii. dii. 1. yude udamasthathayil ekadesham 15 sathamaanam bhoomiyundennum athil 3.1 sathamaanam sambannarkku 15 sathamaanam bhoomiyundennum parayunnu. pattikajathi vibhaagangalilum (thaazhnna vibhaagangalilum) matellaa jaathikalilum (uyarnna vibhaagangalilum) 90 sathamaanathiladhikam perkkum svanthamaayi bhoomiyillennum prathivarsham 1000 dollaril thaazhe bhakshanavum varumaanavum ulppaadippikkaan kazhivulla bhoomi undennum hakh report cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, indiayile 99 sathamaanathiladhikam krishiyidangalum 10 hectoril thaazheyaan, 99.9 sathamaanam krishiyidangalum 20 hectoril thaazheyaan, karshakanteyo bhoovudamayudeyo jaathi pariganikkathe. koodaathe, nirbandhitha paridhiyil kooduthal bhoomi svanthamaakkunnathil ninnu aareyum vilakkunna kaarshika bhoomi paridhi niyamangal indian sarkkar shakthamayi pinthudarnnu. chilaril ninnu bhoomi nirbandhithamaayi ettedukkaanum thudarnnu pathinaayirakkanakkin ekkar bhoorahitharkkum thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya daridrarkkum punarvitharanam cheyyaanum india eee niyamam upayogichu. indian niyamanirmmathaakkal raajyathinte bhoopradeshangal parishkarikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheyyanamennum bhoopradeshathinte melkkoora vaadaka parishkaranavum andhamaayi paalikkunnathine aashrayikkaathirikkanamennum hakh abhipraayappedunnu.
1950num 1990num idayil saambathika chooshanathekkurichum athinte falamaayi indiaykkullil bhoomi punarvitharanam cheiyunnathinekkurichum ulla atharam gunaparamaaya sidhaanthangal jeevithanilavaaratheyum daaridrya laghookaranatheyum baadhichillennu 2011leeii oru padanatthil ayyarum abhipraayappedunnu. pakaram, 1990kall muthalulla saambathika parishkaarangalum kaarshikethara thozhilukalkkulla avasarangalum daaridryam kuraykkukayum indian samoohathile ellah vibhaagangaludeyum aalohari varumanam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. prathyeka thelivukalkkayi ayyar thaazhepparayunnava paraamarsikkunnu 
indiayile dalith samudaayathinte rund vibhaagangalkkullile vyathyasthamaaya falathekkurichu cassan padichu. indiayude mothatthilulla saambathika valarcha ettavum vegathayeriyathum kooduthal pradhaanappettathumaaya saamoohika-saambathika mattangal srishtichathaayi addeham kandethunnu. niyamaparavum saamoohikavumaaya paripaadikalude samrambhangal inii indiayude charitraparamaayi vivechanam neridunna jaathikalude kooduthal purogathikku praadhamika thadassamallennu cusson nigamanam cheiyunnu; indiayude saambathika valarchaykkoppam grameena, nagara indiayile gunanilavaaramulla skoolukalude vitharanathile mechappeduthalukalil ninnu kooduthal purogathi varaan saadhyathayund.
varnnavivechanavum vivechanavum.
indiayile dalithukalodulla mosham perumaattatthe anand teltumbde, gopal guruvum mattullavarum "indiayude maranjirikkunna varnnavivechanam" ennu visheshippichittundu. 1955leeii pouraavakaasha samrakshana niyamam nadappaakkiyathupole indian bharanaghadanayil prathishtichittulla avakashangalum aanukoolyangalum karsanamaayi nadappaakkiyathinte falamaayi swaathanthryaananthara indiayile dalithukalude avasthayil ganyamaaya purogathi undayathaayi aaropanangale vimarsikkunnavar choondikkaanikkunnu. nagara pothujeevithatthil eee sambradaayam aprathyakshamaayennum avar vaadikkunnu.
naveen bharathi, deepak malghan, andaleeb rahman ennivarude sameepakaala gaveshanangal kandethunnathu "karnaadakayile graamangalkkidayilulla verthirivukalude vyaapthi american thekk pradeshathe praadeshika black-vaitt verthirivinekkaal kooduthalaanu, athu innum residential paattenukale swaadheenikkunnu."grameena indiayile thaamasasthalam jaathi adisthaanathil verthirichirikkunnave kandethiya muun ethnographic gaveshanavumaayi eee kandethal yojikkunnuvennu avar avakaashappedunnu.
saamoohikashaasthranjaraaya kevin railey, steefan coffman, anchela bodino ennivar jaathi sanbradaayathe vimarshikkumbol, aadhunika india varnnavivechanam nadatthillennu nigamanam cheiyunnu, kaaranam sarkkar anuvadicha vivechanam illa. indiayile jaathivaadam nilavil varnnavivechanamallenn avar ezhuthunnu. vaasthavathil, thottukoodaathavarkkum gothravargakkarkkum indiayile ettavum thaazhnna jaathikkaarum vishalamaaya kriyaathmaka pravartthana paripaadikalil ninnu prayojanam nedukayum kooduthal rashtreeya adikaaram aaswadikkukayum cheiyunnu."
jaathi oru vamshamaanenna anumaanam chila pandithanmaar thallikkalanjittundu. udaaharanathinu, "panchaabile braahmanar vamsheeyamaayi panchaabile chaamarinte athe vamshakkaaraan" ennu ambedkar ezhuthi. jaathi sambradaayam vamseeya vibhajanathe verthirikkunnilla. jaathi sambradaayam ennathu ore vamshathile aalukalude saamoohika vibhajanamaan."vividha saamoohikashaasthranjarum naravamshashaasthranjarum charitrakaaranmaarum jaathiyude vamseeya uthbhavavum vamseeya oonnalum nirasikkukayum eee ashayathe poornnamaayum raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya andarnukalulla onnaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu. betteyil ezhuthunnu, "indiayile pattikajathi vibhagangal onnichaal avaa braahmanare onnippichathinekkaal oru vamshamalla. munvidhikalil ninnum vivechanathil ninnum athine samrakshikkaan njangal agrahikkunnathinaal oro saamoohika groupineyum oru vamshamaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyilla ", 2001 ll yuu. ezz aathidheyathvam vahicha vamsheeyathayekkurichulla durban konfarans.enn. sthaapithamaaya shaasthreeya abhipraayathilekku puram thirinjukondirikkukayanu".
janakeeya samskaarathil.
saahithyathil.
thottukoodaayma enna prameyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu mulk raaj aanandinte aadya novalaaya "thottukoodaattha" (1935). cheria kaaryangalude daivam" (1997) enna arundhathi royiyude aadya novalilum mathangaliludaneelamulla jaathi sanbradaayathe chuttipattiyulla prameyangalundu. vividha jaathikalile amgangal thammilulla laingika pravarthanangalekkurichu graphik vivaranamulla avasana adhyayam illaathe pusthakam prasidheekarikkanamennu aavasyappettu sabu thomas enna abhibhaashakan oru harji phayal cheythu. avasana adhyaayathile ashleelata novalinte adisthaanamaaya syrian kristhyan samoohathe aazhathil vedanippikkunnuvennu thomas avakashappettu. 
sinimayil.
ashok kumar devika raniyum abhinayicha hindi chithramaaya "achuthu kannya" (1936) aadyakaala parishkaranavaada chithramaayirunnu. athinusesham, jaathi vivechanathe kendreekarichum antarjati bandhangale chithreekarichum "sujata" (1959), "ankoor" (1974) thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna sinimakal puratthirangi. 1960 muthal 1990 vare samanthara sinimayude kodumudiyil thaazhnna jaathi praathinidyamulla jaathi kendreekritha sinimakalude ettavum valia vardhanavu undaayi. ennirunnaalum, 1990kall muthal, uyarnna jaathi naayakanmaarude vardhana, abhinethaakkalude vardhana, vyavasaayathile pankaalittham enniva kaaranam sinimayil jaathi praathinidhyatthil ganyamaaya asamathvam nilanilkkunnu. oru brahmananaaya dadasahib falke thudakkamitta chalachithra vyavasaayathinte thudakkathil ninnu ithu kandethanakum; athinusesham, dalithar vyavasaayathilekku praveshikkaan shramichappol, avare palappozhum side rolukalilo villanmarayo avatharippichu.
21-aamm noottaandil, sakthamaaya jaathi praathinidhyathinu peruketta niravadhi niroopaka prashamsa nediya praadeshika sinimakalundu. "sairath" (2016), "fandry" (2013) enniva antarjati pranayatheyum vivechanatheyum kurichulla marathi bhasha chithrangalaanu, avayude dalith samvidaanathinum thaazhnna jaathi anubhavangalude sathyasandhamaya thithreekaranatthinum bahumaanikkappedunnu. "jaathi akramathe aspadamaakki oru thamizh chithramaaya 'pariyerum perumaal' (2018), rajinikanth abhinayicha aakshan chithramaaya 'kabali' (2016) enniva dalita chalachithra nirmmaathaav paa samvidaanam cheythu. ranjit.
praadeshika sinimakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, jaathi vivechanam charcha cheyyaan shramikkumbozhum hindi sinimakalil uyarnna jaathi chalachithra nirmmaathaakkalum kathakalum aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. "rund dalith penkuttikalude kolapaathakathekkurichu anweshikkukayum police samvidaanathile jaathi vivechanam illaathaakkaan pravartthikkukayum cheiyunna oru braahmana naayakan abhinayikkunna oru crime trillaraanu article 15 (2019). boxes oafees vijayamaayirunnenkilum uyarnna jaathikkaarude veshangal cheythathinum dalithukale irayaakkiyathinum vimarshikkappedunnu.