
genome (pusthakam)

1999ll shaasthra ezhuthukaaranaaya maatt ridley rachicha prashasthamaaya shaasthrapusthakamaan genome dhii autobiography oof eiii speeshees inn 23 chapterukal. manushya chromosomukalude jodic adhyayangal ennappedunnu, oru jody x, y linga chromosomukalaanu, athinaal x, y adhyayangal 7 num 8 num idayil cherthu 22 vare numpering pookunnu.
nechar" polulla jenalukalilum "dhii newyork times" ulppedeyulla pathrangalilum eee pusthakatthe niroopakar swaagatham cheythu. ennirunnaalum, "pusthakangalude lunden avalokanam" eee pusthakatthe "oresamayam prabodhanaparavum prakopanaparavumaanennu" kandethi, kaaranam "addehathinte valathupaksha raashtreeyam gaveshanathinte prathyaaghaathangale tirikkaan addehathe prerippichu.
sandarbham.
shaasthram, paristhithi, saambathikashaasthram ennivayekkurichu ezhuthunnathil prashasthanaaya oru britiish pathrapravartthakanum bisinasukaaranumaan pusthakatthinte rachayithavaaya maatt ridley. addeham suvolaji padikkukayum 1983ll defill nedukayum cheythu.
ghadana.
oro jody manushya chromosomukalkkum oru adhyayam eee pusthakam samarppikkunnu. linga chromasomukalekkurichu charcha cheyyaan oru (akkamillaatha) adhyayam aavasyamullathinaal, avasana adhyayam nambar 22 aanu. primo leviyude "dhii periodic table" enna pusthakatthiloode eee maathruka sweekarikkaan ridley prachodippichu.
jeevithachakrathekkurichu alexander poppinte oru udharaniyode aadya adhyayam aarambikkunnu. valare vishalamaaya vishayamaaya "jeevitam" enna vishayavum adhyaayathinte vishayamaan. nammude "avasaanathe saarvathrika pothu poorvvikan" ulppede, jeeninte charithram ridley hrasvamaayi charcha cheiyunnu.
janithakaparamayi vyathyasthamaaya oru jeevivarggamenna nilayil manushyaraashiyude charithram ridley charcha cheiyunnu. manushya genome chimbaansikalumaayum poorvvika praimettukalumaayum addeham thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. pathonpathaam noottaand vare mikka pandithanmaarum vishwasichirunnathu 24 koottam jeenukalundaayirunnuvennu innu ariyappedunna 23 ennam illaayirunnuvennum addeham choondikkaanikkunnu.
gregor mendell, chaals darvin, herman joseph mullar, francis crick ennivarulppedeyulla aadyakaala janithakashaasthranjar thammilulla parasparabandhathe eee adhyayam charcha cheiyunnu.
aaghaathakaramaaya aarogya prathyaaghaathangal undakkaan chromosome naalil oru prathyeka kramam upayogikkunnathu charcha cheyyaan huntingtons korea upayogikkunnu. jeane paarambaryamaayi labhichirikkaamenkilum mattullavaril athu padikkaan shaasthreeya pravarthanangalilekku tiriyunna oralaaya nancy vekslarude pravarthanatthiloodeyaanu ithudeyum mattu anubandha rogangaludeyum chromosomal uravidathinaayulla thirayal charcha cheiyunnathu.
pleotropy, janithaka bahuswarata ennee ashayangal avatharippikkappedunnu. aasthmayekkurichulla padanatthinte oru hraswa charithram cases padanamaayi upayogikkunnu. aasthma pathinanju vyathyastha jeenukalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, avayil palathum anchaam chromosomilaanu. prathyekichum, adrb2 jeenil 46-aamm sthaanathu adenosine (eiii) ll ninnu gwanine (jii) lekkulla maattam ithil ulppedunnu. broncocodilation, broncoconstriction ennivayude niyanthranavumayi bandhappettathaan eiii. dii. aarr. bii 2 jeane.
1997ll roobert plomin chromosome 6ll "budhikkulla oru jeane" kandethiyathayi prakhyaapichathaanu budhiyude janithaka aditharayekkurichulla eee adhyaayathinte deerghamaaya charchayude adisthaanam. ithil chromosome 6-nte neelamulla kaiyile jeane igf 2 aarr ulppedunnu, ithu karal kaansarumaayi bandhappettirikkam. genome allengil rogathinte kaaranatthinte poornnamaaya pravartthanatthe vivarikkan lalithamaaya janithaka adayaalangalude upayogam aparyaapthamaanenna thante aamukham eee adhyaayathil ridley thudarunnu.
bhaashayude roopathinum nilanilppinum janithaka gadakamundo ennu eee adhyayam charcha cheiyunnu. prathyekichum, "nirddishta bhasha vaikalyam" orupakshe chromosome 7 leeii oru jeenil bandhappettirikkam. eee takaraar vyaakarana roopeekaranathile budhimuttukalumaayi bandhappettathaano atho vishalamaaya boudhika thakaraaraano ennathinekkurichu canadian bhaashaashaasthranjayaaya mirna gopnik mattullavarum thammilulla shaasthreeya abhipraayavyathyaasathekku ridley charcha cheiyunnu.
vaii chromosomile sri, ex chromosomile daaks 1, ex kyu 28 ennee jeenukal upayogichu ridley parinaama manashaasthrathekkurichu chinthikkunnu. janithaka samgharshathinteyum parinaamathinteyum sidhaantham vaachaadopa chodyam upayogichu charcha cheyyappedunnu, nammal shareerangalil jeenukalaano atho shareerangalil jeenukalaano?
richard dokkinsinte "swaartha jeane" enna ashayam ridley retrotraansposanukalekale charchayiloode vivarikkunnu. ithil line-1, aalu transposonukalude swabhaavam ulppedunnu. koodaathe, vikasanathil cytosine methylationte saadhyamaaya uddeshyangalekkurichu ridley charcha cheiyunnu. reverse traanskriptesiloode, echuaivi polulla retrovirusukal engane manushya genome pakartthaamennum adhyayam charcha cheiyunnu.
chromosome 9-neey sambandhichidatholam, raktham type cheiyunna janithaka shrenikalekkurichulla charcha pusthakam parishodhikkunnu. athaayath, abo rakthagrooppukalum parinaamatthil avaa cheluthunna swaadheenavum charchacheyyunnu. soochippicha mattu jeenukalil sistik fibrosisinulla sii. eph. tii. aarr ulppedunnu. manushya genome padhathi pradhaanamaayum orotta manushya genome undenna thettaaya vishwaasathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane ridley nigamanam cheiyunnu. ithu thettaanennathinte thelivu eee chodyathinu utharam nalkunnathil ninnaan varunnath, oronninum vyathyastha roga prathirodhasheshiyum parinamaparamaaya prathyaaghaathangalum ullathinaal, raktham typing janithaka shreniyude niravadhi choisukalil eathaanu thiranjedukkunnathu?
manushyashareerathil sammarddathinte swaadheenam vivarikkunnath chromosome 10-ll saip 17 jeane hormonukal srishtikkunnathil ninnaan. collustroll, stiroyidal hormonukalaaya projestrone, courtisol, aaldostiron, testostiron, ostraadiyol enniva thammilulla bandham ridley choondikkaanikkunnu.
dopamine nirmmaanathinu coode cheiyunna dii4dr jeane ridley thiranjedukkunnu, ithu chromosome 11-nte cheria kaiyilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. dopamine, serotonin, mattu serotonin neurochemistry enniva thammilulla edapedalukal cheruthaayi moodappettirikkunnu.
janithaka coode manassilaakkunnath kasherukkalkkidayile bhroona vikasanathinulla maathrkakalkku engane yojikkunnu ennathumaayi eee adhyayam bandhappettirikkunnu. ridley 'gapp' jeenukal, 'perr-ruul' jeenukal, 'segment-polaaritti' jeenukal enniva charcha cheiyunnu. homeotic jeenukalum hooks jeenukalum hrasvamaayi vivarichirikkunnu. 1983ll walter gehring kandethiya homeobox kodukal roopakamaayi oonn aandu oof svichumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
intho-europian, mattu purathana verukal ulkkollunna bhaashakalude vikaasavum eurasiayile janithaka aavruthikal mapp cheiyunna classical polymorphisangalum thammilulla bandhathe ridley vivarikkunnu. chromosome 13-leeii stanarbuda jeenukalaaya bii. aarr. sii. eiii. 2 umm chromosome 17-leeii bii. aarr. sii. eiii. 1 umm thammilulla parasparabandham eee valia ashayangal vishadeekarikkaan sahayikkunnu. muthirnnavare praayapoorthiyaayappol laaktes dahippikkaan anuvadikkunna oru mutation aalukal vikasippicheduthath enthukondaanennu verthirichariyaan vividha tharatthilulla aalukalude janithaka padanangalum ridley vivarikkunnu. lokathile mechil gothrangalellaam eee parivartthanam aadyakaalangalil vikasippicheduthathinaal, eee aalukalude jeenukal avarude paristhithiyumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu addeham nigamanam cheiyunnu. ithu kammaarante sakthamaaya kaikal thante makkalkk 'kaimaria' laamarkkinte katha pole thonniyekkaam, pakshe anganeyalla. naam poruthappedenda paristhithiye maattunnathiloode ichhaashakthiyulla pravarthanangalkku nammude parinaama charithratheyum janithaka ghadanayeyum maattaan kazhiyumennathaanu vivaadaparamaaya nigamanam.
eee adhyayam janithaka kodile 'amarthyatha' ennu vilikkappedunnava parishodhikkunnu-i.iii. jeevante arambham muthal 50 bilyan koppikalkku ullathupole janithaka coode engane krithyathayode nilanilkkum? utharathinte oru bhagam chromosome 14-ll sthithicheyyunna protein ensaimaaya telomerasil jeane tepp 1 coode cheythirikkunnu.
preder-villi syndrome, enchalmaansu syndrome ennee rund chromosome 15 janithaka rogangalekkurichu ridley charcha cheiyunnu preder-villi pithaavil ninnu paarambaryamaayi, enchalmaansu ammayil ninnu, laingika vairudhyathiloode, marupillayude pithruthulya jeenukalude niyanthranam.
ridley pazhaya arivum sahajaavabodha prashnavum charcha cheiyunnu, swaabhaavika thiranjeduppu vyakaranathinulla sahajaavabodhathinte vishadeekaranamaakumennu avakaashappedukayum akasherukkal ulppede niravadhi mrugangalkku padikkaan kazhiyumennu shradhikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, jeenukalum jeane uthppannangalum aanu thalachorine niyanthrikkunnathenn addeham vaadikkunnu.
chromosome 17 leeii tipi53 jeane cancer koshangale adichamarthunnu, athesamayam oongoojenukal koshavalarchaye uthejippikkukayum switch oonaakkiyaal cancerinu kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum, athesamayam tipi53 switch oof cheyyumbol cancerinu kaaranamakum. mattu myoottettar jeenukalaaya bii. aarr. sii. eiii. 1, bii. aarr. sii. eiii. 2 enniva sthanaarbudathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
recompinant dna niyanthrana ensaimukalum ligase upayogichu janithaka krithrimathvam saadhyamaakki. janithaka enchiniyaring valare vivaadaparamaanu, prathyekichu bhakshya ulppaadanathil; ithu oru divasam manushyaril upayogikkappedaam ennu ridley ezhuthunnu.
alsheimer rogavum coronary hrudrogavum thadayaano sukhappeduthaano ithu saadhyamaan. appo polulla appo jeenukal kozhuppineyum collustroll mettabolisatheyum swaadheenikkunnu. epoyude iii4 alleel alshaimarinte plack nirmmikkunnathin kaaranamaakunnu. janithaka parisodhana rogikale neratthe prathirodha nadapadikal sweekarikkaan sahaayichekkam.
aattinte masthishkarogamaaya scrappy pakarchavyaadhiyaanennu thonniyengilum athil oru sookshumaanuvum ulppettirunnilla. manushyaril cruitsfeld-jacob rogathinte durantham undaakunnath oru priyon protein uthpaadippikkunna prp jeane moolamaanennu kandethi, athu klambukalaayi koottichernnu mastishka koshangale nasippikkunnu. sarkkarukal priyon rogam pottippurappedunnathi paribhranthamaaya kaikaaryam cheiyunnathine ridley akramikkunnu.
oru noottaand munbu, janithakashaasthrathekkuristhurulla thettaaya arivine adisthaanamaakkiyulla sujananashaasthram, sarkkaarukaludeyum us supreme kodathiyudeyum adaarmika pravarthanangalilekku nayichu, daun syndrome undaakkunna trisomy 21 ullavareppolullavare nirbandhitha vandhyamkaranathilekku nayichu. samoohavum bharanakoodavum vyakthiyum thammilulla samgharsham ridley charcha cheiyunnu.
janithaka nirnnayavum swaathanthryavum thammilulla chooderiya samvaadathe ridley abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. kuttikale avarude samapraayakkaarum (mattu kuttikalum) avarude jeenukalum roopappeduthunnu. perumaattam hraswakaalathekku pravachanaatheethamaanenkilum deerghakaalaadisthaanathil "vishaalamaayi" pravachikkaavunnathaanenna addeham vaadikkunnu.
sweekaranam.
"" "nechar" "ulppedeyulla shaasthreeya jenalukalilum" "nyoo englandu jenal oof medisin" "polulla medical jenalukalilum" "chilappol vanyamaayi" "ridley oohikkunnathaayi roobert schwarts rekhappeduthiyittundu". manushya chromosomukaliloode oru "gambol" aanu eee pusthakam. ennirunnaalum, eee pusthakam "prabodhanaparavum velluvili niranjathum vaayikkaan rasakaravumaan" ennu schwarts ezhuthunnu. purathuninnullavarkku manassilakkaan kazhiyunna sankeernamaaya vasthuthakalum ashayangalum, dayayillaathe avatharippikkunathinulla ridleyude kazhivinodu enikku asooyayundu."
liie emm. newyork timesil" "genome" avalokanam cheytha silver, oro vyakthiyudeyum genome avarude poorvvikarude jeevithathinte "prathidhwani" (ridleyude vaakk) ulkkollunnu ennathaanu pusthakatthinte prameyam ennu vaadikkunnu. oru noottaand munbu eugenicsil sambhavicha thettukal pinthudarnnu, "vyakthigatha janithakashaasthrathinte" upayogam doctormarco sarkkaarukalkko niyantrikkaan vidaruthu, ennaal "avarude swantham dnayile sandeshangal avarkk uchithamennu thonnunnathupole kaanukayum upayogikkukayum cheyyuka ennathu oru moulika manushyaavakaashamaanennu vishwasikkunnathil ridley" urachunilkkunnu "."" "shudhamaaya boudhika kandethalil" "shradha kendreekarikkunnathinum" "aanandakaramaaya kathakal" "nalkunnathinum eee pusthakam sradheyamaanennu silver vivarikkunnu". janithakashaasthranjare parisheelikkunnath polum pusthakatthile "maranjirikkunna rahasyangalil" ninnu athbhuthabodham nedumennu addeham nirddeshikkunnu.
jeevashaasthranjanaaya jerry coyne, "lunden review oof booksil" ezhuthumbol, "genome" "oresamayam prabodhanaparavum prakopanaparavumaanennu vimarshikkunnu. shaasthrathinte oro kashanathinum, ridley oru pishako thettaaya avatharanamo ulkkollunnu. ivayil chilath mosham scholarshippil ninnaan uruthirinjathu; mattullava addehathinte rashtreeya ajandayil ninnaan."udaaharanathinu," "ningalude aikyuyude pakuthi paarambaryamaayi labhichathaan" "enna ridleyude thettaaya avakaashavaadathe coyin paraamarsikkunnu; roobert plomin upayogikkunna marker, igf 2 aarr, athu adayaalappeduthunna" "intelligence jeane" "aanennu ridley anumaanikkunnu; koodaathe jeenukal oonaakkukayum oofaakkukayum cheiyunnathiloode perumaattatthil [ellaayppozhum] saamoohika swaadheenangal pravartthikkunnu, ithu" "idaykkide sariyaanu" "ennu coyin parayunnu". paristhithiyude swaadheenam nishedhikkukayum thante raashtreeyathe "valathupaksha" ennu vilikkukayum cheiyunna ridley oru "avishwasaneeyamaaya" janithaka nirnnaayakanaanennu coyne vaadikkunnu. 23 jody manushya chromosomukalumaayi poruthappedunna adhyayangalaaya pusthakatthinte ghadanaye addeham "vichithravum" "vichithravum" ennu vilikkukayum, parinaama manahshaasthrathe "janapriyamakkaan" sramikkunna ridleyude pusthakangalil moonnaamathethaanu "genome" ennu rekhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
shaasthra ezhuthukaaranaaya maikkal shermer ridleyude saankethikavidya "oresamayam samarthavum parimithappeduthunnathumaa" aayi kandethunnu oro adhyayavum oru chromosomine prathinidheekarikkunnu, athinaayi aaa chromosome nirnnayikkukayo swaadheenikkukayo cheythuvennu karuthappedunna orotta entitti addeham thiranjedutthu."shermerude kazhchappadil," eee paridhiyillaattha vishayathekkurichu vaayanakkaare avarude manass manassilakkaan sahayikkunnathinulla oru lalithamaaya saahitya upakaranamaanith, ennaal buddhi, sahajaavabodham allengil swaartha thalpparyam thudangiya karyangal poornnamaayum aaa chromosomilaanu sthithicheyyunnathennu thettaaya dhaarana, niraakaranangal enniva nalkunnuvennu njaan bhayappedunnu (athinaal, janithakamaayi prograam cheyyukayum jaivashaasthraparamaayi nirnnayikkukayum cheiyunnu)."
avaardukalum puraskaarangalum.
"2000-ll saamuval jonson sammaanathinaayi "genome" shortlist cheyyappettu.

