
fayalnama vipuleekaranam

oru phayal neyim ekstanshan, phayal neyim ekstanshan allengil phayal ekstanshan ennathu oru computer fayalinte perinte prathyayam aanu (udha.jii., coach _ 1, coach _ 2, coach _ 3). ekstenshan phayal ulladakkathinteyo athinte uddeshicha upayogathinteyo oru savisheshatha soochippikkunnu. oru phayal neyim ekstenshan saadhaaranayaayi fayalinte backie peril ninnu oru phul stopp (kaalayalav) upayogichu verthirikkappedunnu, ennaal chila sisttangalil ithu speysukal upayogichu verthirikkappedunnu. linuxinte aadyakaala pathippukalile daashukalum koodaathe/allengil underscoreukalum ibm aiksinte chila pathippukalum mattu ekstenshan formaattukalil ulppedunnu.
chila phayal sisttangal phayal sisttathinte thanne oru savisheshathayaayi phayal neyim ekstenshanukal nadappilaakkukayum ekstenshante dairkhyavum formaattum parimithappedutthukayum cheyyumbol mattullava prathyeka vyathyaasamillathe phayal neyim ekstenshanukale phayal neyimsinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
operating sisttam kaikaaryam cheyyal.
unix polulla operating sistangalkkaayulla phayal sisttangal ekstenshan mettaadaattaye backie phayal naamatthil ninnu verthirikkunnilla. dott caractor pradhana fayalnaamathile mattoru pratheekamaanu. oru fayalinte perinu ekstenshanukal undakanamennilla. chilappol ithinu onniladhikam ekstenshanukal undennu parayappedunnu, ennirunnaalum ekkaaryathil padavali vyathyaasappedunnu, mikka rachayithaakkalum ore fayalinte peril onniladhikam ekstenshanukal anuvadikkaatha vidhathil "ekstenshan" nirvachikkunnu. onniladhikam ekstenshanukal saadhaaranayaayi cocks _ 4 polulla nested parivartthanangale prathinidheekarikkunnu (cocks _ 5 soochippikkunnathu phayal onno athiladhikamo fayalukalude taar aarkkaivaanennum cocks _ 6 soochippikkunnathu taar archive phayal jissip upayogichu compress cheythathaanennum). fayalukal parivartthanam cheiyunnatho srishtikkunnatho aaya prograamukal inputt phayal namangalil ninnu anumaanikkappedunna perukalilekku uchithamaaya vipuleekaranam cherthekkaam (oru outtputtu phayal namam vyakthamaayi nalkiyittillenkil), ennaal fayalukal vaayikkunna prograamukal saadhaaranayaayi vivarangal avaganikkunnu; ithu kooduthalum manushya upayokthaavine uddeshichullathaanu. 
fayalil athinte ulladakkangal vivarikkunna aantharikamo baahyamo aaya mettaadaatta adangiyirikkunnathu kooduthal saadhaaranamaanu, prathyekichu bainari fayalukalil.
eee modalinu saadhaaranayaayi kamaandukalil muzhuvan fayalnaamavum nalkendathundu, athesamayam mettaadaatta sameepanam palappozhum ekstenshan ozhivakkaan anuvadikkunnu.
vindosinaayulla viphaat, entfs, refs phayal sisttangalum ekstenshan mettaadaattaye backie phayal naamatthil ninnu verthirikkunnilla, koodaathe onniladhikam ekstenshanukal anuvadikkunnu.
graaphikkal user interfaceukalude varavode, phayal maanejmentinteyum interface perumaattatthinteyum prashnam uyarnnuvannu. oru nischitha vipuleekaranavumaayi onniladhikam aaplikkeshanukal bandhappedutthaan microsopht windos anuvadikkukayum, aavashyamaaya aaplikkeshan thiranjedukkunnathinu vyathyastha pravartthanangal labhyamavukayum cheythu, udaaharanathinu, phayal kaanuka, edittu cheyyuka allengil print cheyyuka ennivaykkidayil oru thiranjeduppu vaagdaanam cheiyunna oru sandarbha menu. eathoru vipuleekaranavum orotta phayal tharatthe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu anumaanam; vipuleekaranavum aikkanum thammil oru avyakthamaaya mapping undaayirunnu.
classic mack oesu fayalnaamam adisthaanamaakkiyulla ekstenshan mettaadaatta poornnamaayum neekkam cheythu; pakaram, phayal formet thirichariyaan oru prathyeka phayal tharam coode upayogichu. koodaathe, fayalinte aikkanil eratta klikkucheyyumbol eathu aaplikkeshanaanu samaarambhikkunnathenn nirnnayikkaan oru kriyettar coode vyakthamaakkiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, unix polulla adutha ghatta operating sisttathil ninnu uruthirinjathinte anantharafalamaayi macos fayalnama prathyayangalum type, kriyettar kodukalum upayogikkunnu.
phayal sisttam pinthuna.
fayalnama vipuleekaranangal upayogicha mattu chila operating systengalkku saadhaaranayaayi fayalnaamangalil kurachu niyanthranangalundaayirunnu. 14 allengil athil kooduthal aksharangalulla poornna fayalnama dairkhyam anuvadikkunna palathum 255 vare paramavadhi peru dairkhyamullathum asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla. multics, unix thudangiya operating sisttangalile phayal sisttangal fayalinte peru orotta stringayi sambharichu, adisthaana namamaayum vipuleekarana gadakangalaayum vibhajikkappedaathe, ithu "" anuvadikkunnu."phayal namangalil anuvadaneeyamaaya mattoru pratheekamaayirikkuka. atharam samvidaanangal saadhaaranayaayi variable-dairkhyamulla fayalnaamangal anuvadikkunnu, ithu onniladhikam dottukal anuvadikkunnu, athinaal onniladhikam prathyayangal. multixinteyum unixinteyum chila gadakangalum avayil pravartthikkunna aaplikkeshanukalum chila sandarbhangalil phayal tharangale soochippikkaan suffix upayogikkunnu, pakshe avaa athrayonnum upayogikkunnilla-udaaharanathinu, executable, saadhaarana tekst fayalukalkku avayude perukalil suffix illaayirunnu.
microsophttilum ibminte oesu/2-lum upayogikkunna hye perfomence phayal sisttam (echpfs) neelamulla phayal naamangale pinthunaykkukayum fayalinte peru oru peraayum extensionaayum vibhajikkaathirikkukayum cheythu. oru fayalinte tharam vipuleekritha attributaayi fayalil sambharikkaan anuvadikkunna vidhathil, fayalukalkkaayi vipuleekritha aatribyoottukale echpfs pinthunachuvenkilum, prathyayakal upayogikkunnathinulla kanvenshan thudarnnu.
microsophttinte windos enty-yude native phayal sisttamaaya entfs, neenda phayal naamangale pinthunaykkukayum fayalinte peru oru peraayum extensionaayum vibhajikkaathirikkukayum cheythu, ennaal vindosinte nilavilulla pathippukalumayi poruthappedunnathinaayi ekstenshanukal anukarikkaan suffixukal upayogikkunna reethi thudarnnu.
internettu yugam aadyamaayi vannappol, 8.3 fayalnama formaattukalil parimithappedutthiyirunna windos sisttangal upayogikkunnavarkk cockways 7 ll avasaanikkunna perukalulla web pejukal srishtikkendivannu, athesamayam mackintosh allengil unix computerukal upayogikkunnavarkk shupaarsha cheytha cockways 8 fayalnama vipuleekaranam upayogikkaam. jaava prograaming bhasha pareekshikkunna programarmaarkkum ithu oru prashnamaayi maari, kaaranam ithinu sozhs coode fayalukalkku naalu aksharangalulla cocks _ 9 enna suffix, jaava compiler object coode outtputtu fayalukalkku anchu aksharangalulla cocks _ 10 enna suffix enniva aavasyamaanu.
oduvil, windos 95 neelamulla phayal namangalkk pinthuna nalkukayum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna phaatt phayal sisttamaaya viphaattinte vipuleekritha pathippil noonn-enty vindosil ninnu phayal naamangalile 8.3 peru/ekstenshan vibhajanam neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. windos enn. tii. 3.5, windos 95 ennivayilaanu viphaat aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath. viphaattile neelamulla phayal naamangalude aantharika nadappaakkal pradhaanamaayum oru cludge aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, pakshe ithu pradhana dairkhya niyanthranam neekkam cheyyukayum windos enn. tii nannayi pravartthikkaattha mesheenukalil uppercase, lovercase aksharangalude misritham fayalukalkku anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
ulladakka tharam.
fayalnama vipuleekaranangal oru tharam metaadaattayaayi kanakkakkaam. fayalil daatta engane sambharikkam ennathinekkurichulla vivarangal soochippikkaan avaa saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. fayalinte perinte eathu bhagamaanu athinte vipuleekaranam ennu theerumaanikkunnathinulla maanadandam nalkunna krithyamaaya nirvachanam, upayogichirikkunna nirddishta phayal sisttathinte niyamangalil pedunnu; saadhaaranayaayi vipuleekaranam ennathu dott pratheekatthinte avasana sambhavathe pinthudarunna substring aanu ("udaaharanam" cocks _ 11 ennathu fayalnaamathinte vipuleekaranamaanu cocks _ 12, cocks _ 13 ennathu cocks _ 14 nte vipuleekaranamaanu).
vm, vms ennivayile cms polulla chila mainframe sisttangaludeyum sipi/emm polulla pisi sisttangaludeyum ems-doses polulla derivative sisttangaludeyum phayal sisttangalil, ekstenshan fayalnaamathil ninnu oru prathyeka namespace aanu. microsophttinte dosinum windosin keezhil, coach _ 15, coach _ 16 allengil coach _ 17 polulla ekstenshanukal soochippikkunnathu oru phayal executable prograam aanennaan. oesu/360 lum pingaamikalilum, avasana kaalayalavine thudarnnulla daattasettinte perinte bhagam, loow level yogyathaa ennu vilikkunnu, chila softweyarukal oru vipuleekaranamaayi kanakkakkunnu, udha.jii.tso edittu cheyyuka, pakshe operating systethinu thanne ithinu prathyeka praadhaanyamilla; mvsile unix fayalukalkkum ithu baadhakamaan.
fayalinte pothuvaaya tharam nirnnayikkaan fayalnama vipuleekaranam aadyam upayogichirunnu. oru fayalinte tharam moonnu pratheekangalayi churukkendathinte aavasyakatha palappozhum hrasvamaaya vipuleekaranangalilekk nayichu. graphics fayalukalkku kookk 18, playin tekstinu kookk 19, samgeethathinu kookk 20 enniva upayogikkuka ennathaanu udaaharanagal. ennirunnaalum, eee daatta tharangalum (mattullavayum) vividha reethikalil kaikaaryam cheiyunna niravadhi vyathyastha software prograamukal nirmmikkappettathinaal, fayalnama vipuleekaranangal chila uthppannangalumayi-nirddishta uthppanna pathippukalumayi polum adutha bandhappedaan thudangi. udaaharanathinu, aadyakaala verdstaar fayalukal cockways _ 21 allengil cockways _ 22 upayogichirunnu, avide "enn" prograaminte pathipp nambaraayirunnu. koodaathe, chila fayalnama vipuleekaranangalude parasparavirudhamaaya upayogangalum vikasichu. oru udaaharanam rpm paakkej maanejar paakkejukalkkum riyal player media fayalukalkkum upayogikkunna cackways _ 23 aanu. desque fondukal, drutha saambathika ledgerukal, druthasamaya chithrangal enniva pankidunna cocks _ 24; graabit skripttukalum geyim booy advanced roome emejukalum pankidunna cocks _ 25; smallbasicinum scratchinum upayogikkunna cocks _ 26; moonnu space, dii. tii. ezz enniva dynamics cheyyaan upayogikkunna cocks _ 27 ennivayaanu mattullava.
maimin tharavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol.
HTTP, maim imeyil polulla pala internettu protocolukalilum, oru bittstream tharam oru phayal neyim ekstenshanekkaal streaminte media tharam allengil maim tharam ennaanu prasthaavikkunnath. ulladakka-tharam vaachakam/playin" polulla streaminu munbulla vaachakathinte oru variyilaanu ithu nalkiyirikkunnath.
fayalnama vipuleekaranangalum media tharangalum thammil staanderd mapping illa, ithu internettiloode fayalukal kaimaarumbol rachayithakkal, web serverukal, klayant software enniva thammilulla vyaakhyaanathil poruthakkedu undakaan saadhyathayund. udaaharanathinu, oru ulladakka rachayithaav oru compress cheytha scalable vekttar graphics fayalinaayi "ezz. vii. jii. jess" enna ekstenshan vyakthamaakkiyekkaam, ennaal eee ekstenshan thirichariyaattha oru web server sariyaaya ulladakka tharam "aaplikkeshan/ezz. vii. jii + ex. emm. ell" umm athinte aavashyamaaya compression header ayaykkaanidayilla, ithu web brouserukalkku chithram shariyaayi vyaakhyaanikkaanum pradarshippikkaanum kazhiyilla.
bfs phayal sisttam extended aatribyoottukale pinthunaykkunna beos, oru media type ulla oru phayal extended attributaayi tagg cheyyum. kde, gnome desktop envayonmentukal phayal kamaandinte reethiyil fayalnama prathyayam, fayalinte ulladakkangal enniva parishodhikkunnathiloode oru media tharatthe oru fayalumaayi bandhappeduthunnu. fayalnama vipuleekaranangale aashrayikkunnath kurachukondu aaa media tharatthe adisthaanamaakki oru phayal thurakkumbol samaarambhikkaan avar aaplikkeshan thiranjedukkunnu. phayal tharam aantharikamaayi thirichariyaan oru ekeekritha tharam identifier thiranjedukkunnathinu macos phayal neyim ekstenshanukalum media tharangalum phayal tharam kodukalum upayogikkunnu.
nadappilaakkavunna prograamukal.
oru command naamatthil oru phayal neyim ekstenshan upayogikkunnathu idaykkide prathyakshappedunnu, saadhaaranayaayi oru skripttaayi nadappilaakkiya kamaandinte paarshwafalamaayi, udha.jii.boonn shellino paithanino vendi, interprettarinte peru command naamathinu prathyayam nalkukayum cheiyunnathu, fayalnama vipuleekaranavum interprettarum thammilulla bandhangale aasrayikkunna sisttangalil saadhaaranamaaya oru sanbradaayamaanu, ennaal linux, orakkil solaris, bsd adisthaanamaakkiyulla sisttangal, aappilinte maakokal thudangiya unix polulla sisttangalil kuthane kaalaharanappettirikkunnu, avide interprettar saadhaaranayaayi skripttil ("shehbang") oru hedaraayi vyakthamaakkunnu.
association adhishtitha samvidaanangalil, fayalnama vipuleekaranam saadhaaranayaayi aaa vipuleekaranathinaayi ("polullava) orotta, sisttam-wide interprettar thiranjedukkunnathilekku mapp cheiyunnu.paitthan upayogikkuka ennartham varunna 'paii'), ekstenshan ozhivaakkiyittundekkum command lainil ninnu command thanne pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum (uchithamaaya sajjeekaranam cheythuvennu karuthuka). nadappaakkal bhasha maattukayaanengil, command neyim ekstanshanum maattunnu, koodaathe rund saahacharyangalilum kamaandinte ore extensionless pathipp upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnathiloode oesu sthiramaaya api nalkunnu. association maappinginte adisthaanaparamaaya aagola swabhaavavum athupole thanne prograamukal vilikkumbol developermar ekstenshanukal poornnamaayum ozhivaakkunnathum eee reethikk oru paridhivare dosham cheiyunnu, koodaathe developermark aaa ozhivakkal nirbandhikkaan kazhiyilla. windos maathramaan eee samvidaanathinte vyapakamaaya thozhiludama.
yuniksinte ellah pathippukalum ulppede interprettar nirddeshangalulla sisttangalil, command neyim ekstanshanukalkku prathyeka praadhaanyamilla, avaa saadhaarana parisheelanatthiloode upayogikkunnilla, kaaranam skripttukalkkaayi interprettarukal sajjeekarikkunnathinulla praadhamika reethi interprettar vyakthamaakkunna orotta variyil aarambikkuka ennathaanu (ithu oru degenerate resource forkaayi kaanavunnathaanu). eee parithasthithikalil, oru command naamatthile vipuleekaranam ulppede, nadappaakkal vishadaamshangal anaavashyamaayi thurannukaattunnu, ithu nadappaakkal maarukayaanengil mattu prograamukalil ninnulla kamaandukalekkurichulla ellah referenceukalum bhaviyil apakadatthilaakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru shell skript paithanilo rubiyilo veendum nadappilaakkunnathu thikachum saadhaaranamaayirikkum, pinneedu sii allengil sii + + ll, kamaandinte peru mattunnavayellaam ekstenshanukalaayi upayogichirunnu. vipuleekaranangalillathe, oru prograaminu ellaayppozhum ore vipuleekaranamillaatha perayirikkum undaayirikkuka, interprettar directive koodaathe/allengil majik nambar maathram maarunnu, mattu prograamukalil ninnulla programinekkurichulla paraamarshangal saadhuthayullathaayi thudarum.
suraksha prasnangal.
microsopht windos nalkiyirikkunna phayal brouseraaya phayal explorarinte sthirasthithi swabhaavam phayal neyim ekstenshanukal pradarshippikkaathirikkalpaanu. kshudra upayokthaakkal cocks _ 28 polulla phayal namangal upayogichu computer vairasukalum computer vemukal pakaraan sramichittundu. ithu oru doshakaramaaya computer prograamaanenna vasthuthayekkurichu upayokthaavine ariyikkathe, ithu oru nirupadravakaramaaya tekst fayalaaya cocks _ 29 aayi drishyamaakumennu prathekshikkunnu, eee saahacharyathil, vii. bii. ezz. skripttil ezhuthiyittundu. reactose exploreril fayalnama vipuleekaranangal pradarshippikkuka ennathaanu reactosinte sthirasthithi swabhaavam.
pilkkala windos pathippukalil (windos expi sarvees paaykk 2, windos server 2003 ennivayil ninnu aarambhich) webble ninnu daunlodu cheiyumbozho iii-meyil attaachmentaayi sweekarikkumbozho polulla chila "sonukalil" "apakadakaramennu kanakkaakkenda fayalnama vipuleekaranangalude ishtaanusrithamaaya pattikakal ulppeduthiyittundu. saadhyamaakunnidathellaam itharam akramanangalil ninnu upayokthaakkale prathirodhikkanum aadhunika antivirus software samvidaanangal sahayikkunnu.
chila virusukal iva thammilulla saamyam prayojanappeduthunnu.com "topp level domain".urlukalkku ("iii.jii."," mye party.yaahuu.coom), websaittukalilekk nayikkumennu avar karuthunna imeyil-embaded linkukalil klikkucheyyunnathinaal, ennaal yadhaarthathil kshudrakaramaaya attaachmentukal daunlodu cheyyukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
chila windos aaplikkeshanukalile kedupaadukal chooshanam cheiyunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha malveyarukalude udaaharanangalund, ithu amithamaayi neelamullathum kaikaaryam cheyyaathathumaaya fayalnama vipuleekaranathode oru phayal thurakkumbol staakk adhishtitha buffer ovarfloykku kaaranamakum.
fayalinte perinte ekstenshan oru marker maathramaan, fayalinte ulladakkam athumaayi poruthapedendathilla. kshudrakaramaaya ulladakkam marachuvekkaan ithu upayogikkaam. suraksha kaaranangalal oru phayal thirichariyaan shramikkumbol, vipuleekaranathe maathram aashrayikkunnath apakadakaramaanennu kanakkaakkukayum fayalinte ulladakkathinte sariyaaya vishakalanam munganana nalkukayum cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, unix polulla sisttangalil, ekstenshanukalonnumilla fayalukal kandethunnathu asaadhaaranamalla, kaaranam cockways _ 30 polulla commandukal pakaram upayogikkendathaanu, koodaathe athinte ulladakkam nirnnayikkaan fayalinte header vaayikkum.