asplanium plaattinyooron

asplanium plaattinyooron (siin. "ebony pleanovert allengil brounstem pleanovert ennariyappedunna "asplenium ebenium") paarakkettukalude kizhakk vadakke amerikkayil kaanapedunna oru phern aanu. irunda, chuvapp-thavitt, thilangunna staip, rachis (ila thandu, midrib) ennivayil ninnaan ithinu pothuvaaya peru labhichathu, avaa orikkal vibhajikkapetta, pinnatt ilaye pinthunaykkunnu. shaithyakaalath nasikkunna phalabhooyishtamaaya thaikal irunda pachaniratthil nivarnnunilkkumbol anuvimukthamaaya thaikal nithyaharithavum nilathu parannathumaanu. oro pinnayudeyum adithattilulla oru arakal frontinte agrathilekku viral choondunnu. dimorphic frondukalum itharavum, athirvashathekkaal, pinna athine samanamaaya black-stemdu pleehayude varttil ninnu verthirikkunnu.
1753ll linnaeus eee inathe "acrosticum platinurose" ennu visheshippichuvenkilum linneyasinte tharam mattu niravadhi enangalil ninnulla vasthukkalil ninnaan. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil linnian visheshanathinte punarnirmmanavum punarujjeevanavum vare 1789 ll vilyam ittan prasidheekaricha peraaya asplanium ebenium ennaanu ithine kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi vilichirunnathu. eee inathinte niravadhi roopangalum enangalum vivarichittundu, ennaal innu avayil chilath maathrame amgeekarikkappettittul; prathyekichu, valuthum phalabhooyishtavumaaya maathrkakal, kooduthalo kuravo pallukalulla elakal, valarunna mukulangal enniva inathinte swaabhaavika vyathyasa paridhiyil varunnathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, avaykku vargeekarana vyathyasam aavasyamilla.eiii. plaattinyooron "eph. "hortone", pallulla pinnyoolukalayi murikkunna pinna, eph. ulla oru anuvimukthamaaya roopam. "forking frandukalulla "farkaattam" ippozhum thirichariyappedunnu.
eee inathile prathyulppaadanathinulla niravadhi asaadhaaranamaaya poruthappeduthalukalil onnaanu valarunna mukulangalude roopeekaranam. staippinte adithattinaduthu mukulangal roopappedukayum mannu kondu moodappedumbol avaye vahikkunna poovu marikkunnathinaal puthiya vyakthikalayi valarukayum cheyyum. ebony pleeha vortt beejaanukkalaal pracharippikkan nannayi poruthappedunnu neraaya anuvimukthamaaya thaikal beejaanukkale deerghadoora dispersalinaayi airstream praveshikkaan sahayikkunnu, koodaathe kuranja janithaka looad oru gametophytaayi valarnna beejaanukkale svayam valaraan anuvadikkunnu. eee chitharal kazhivu irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil grettu thadaaka mekhalayil athivegam vyapikkaan eee inathe sahayichathaayi thonnunnu. deerghadoora dispersal dakshinaafrikkayile athinte swaabhaavika roopatheyum 2009 ll slovakyayil kandethiya otappetta janasamkhyayude nilanilppineyum vishadeekarikkaam, ithu europil aadyamaayi ariyappedunna sambhavamaan.
mattu pala vadakke american pleehappookkaleyum pole paarakalilum vividha mannukalilum valarunna ebony pleehappoovinu vishalamaaya aavasa mungananakalundu. mattu pala pleehappookkalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, ithu manninte phinode prathyekichu sensitiivu allah. ithu mattu niravadhi pleehappookkalumaayi, prathyekichu parvatha pleehappoovum nadattham fern samyojippikkunnu; eee enangal, avayude anuvimukthamaaya sankarayinam santhathikal, phalabhooyishtamaaya allotetraploid hybridukal, allotetraployidukalkum maathapithaakkalkkum edayilulla baakkrosukal enniva koottaayi "appalechiyan" asplenium complexes "ennariyappedunnu. a"-nuu idayil rund sankarayinangal. eee samuchayathinu purathulla plaattinyooron, pleehappookkal ennivayum ariyappedunnu.
vivaranam.
thilangunna chuvapp-thavitt staippum raachikalum ulla tafttukalil valarunna pinnettu thaikalulla oru cheria fernaanu ebony pleanort. elapozhiyum neelamullathum nerayathum irunda pachaniratthilullathum phalabhooyishtavumaaya elapozhiyum elapozhiyum cheruthum, parakkunnathum, ilam pacha anuvimukthavumaaya elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapozhiyum elapa
verukalum kaandangalum.
eee phern verukaliloode vyaapikkukayum puthiya chedikal roopappedukayum cheiyunnilla. raisom, allengil orupakshe vyaasathil, karupp muthal irunda thavitt vare niramullathum sakthamaaya klaathrettu (laattis polulla paatten vahikkunna) ullathumaaya kurachu nerttha leanier-delttett skeyilukal vahikkunnu. skeyilukal neelavum veethiyumullathum, arikukal muzhuvanaayo (pallillaatha) allengil eathaandu angane thanne.
elakal.
staip (ilayude thandu, bladinu thaazhe) neelamullathum bladinte neelatthinte naalilonn muthal moonnilonnu vare ulkkollunnathumaan. ithinu chirakukal illa, athinte neelatthiludaneelam thilangunna chuvapp-thavitt allengil karupp-thavitt niramaan. adithattilekku, rhizominte niratthinu samanamaaya kurachu nool polulla skeyilukal ithinu undu. annajam kanikakal staippinte adithattilulla tissuevilum oru paridhivare rhizomilum sambharikkappedunnu, ithu aditharakalkku vishalamaaya roopavum uracha ghadanayum nalkunnu. staip baseukal deerghakaalam nilanilkkunnavayayathinaal bakkiyulla staip, blade ennivayude vighadanathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyum.
ebony pleehayude ila blade rekheeyavum nertthathum (bladinte mukal pakuthiyil alpam veethiyullathum) aakruthiyilullathum neelatthil ninnu veethiyullathum chilappol athra veethiyullathumaanu. athinte agrathil ithu nishithavum (pooyint) kramena athinte adithattil kurayunnu. blade thilangunnathaanu, chitharikkidakkunna kurachu romangalundu, allengil avaa poornnamaayum illa. raachikal (ila achuthandu), staip pole, chuvapp, purple allengil karupp-thavitt, thilakkamullathum mudiyillaathathumaanu.
oru ilaykku 15 muthal 45 jody vare neelamulla blade pinnayayi (laghulekhakal) murikkunnu. raachikaliludaneelam pinnakal vyakthamaayi marimari kaanapedunnu. avaa deerghachathuraakrithiyilullatho chathuraakrithiyilullatho aaya aakruthiyilullavayaanenkilum chilappol ilayude adithattilekku oru paridhivare mangukayum konullavayaayirikkukayum ila bladinte madhyathil neelatthilum veethiyilum alakkukayum cheiyunnu. oro pinnaykkum athinte adithattil bladinte agrathilekku viral choondukayum raachikale ovarlaappu cheyyukayum cheiyunna oru vyakthamaaya arayundu. chilappol bladinte adithattilekku viral choondunna oru cheria arayum pinnayude arikukal kranettu allengil serulettu (vrithaakruthiyilullatho cheria moorchayullatho aaya pallukal vahikkunna) aanu; avaa cheria roopangalil kooduthal aazhathil murikkunnu. pinnayude agrangal acute allengil obttus (moorchayulla) aakam. bladinte adibhaagathu, sirakal vyakthamaayi drishyavum swathanthravumaanu (avaa anastomos cheiyukayo parasparam veendum cherukayo cheiyunnilla). kurachu minitt skeyilukal adibhaagathu chitharikkidakkaam.
soriyum beejaanukkalum.
phalabhooyishtamaaya thaikalil oronninum neelamulla onno panthrando allengil pathinetto jody soorii avayude adibhaagathu vahikkunnu. oro jody soriyum oru chevron roopappeduthunnu, pinnayude adithattilekku athinte madhyabhaagathu choondunnu, athil avaa kendreekarichirikkunnu. oru indusium oro sorasineyum moodunnu; iva veluthathum ardhasuthaaryavum allengil velliyullathum cheruthaayi pallullatho (kramarahithamayi katt cheytha) attamullathum soorii velippeduthaan taamasiyaathe vaadippokunnathumaayavayanu. oru sorasile oro sporaanchiyathilum 64 beejaanukkal undu. diplooid sporophytinu 72 enna chromosome nambar undu.
ilam muthal irunda thavitt vare beejaanukkal monolettaanu, oru margo (uyarnna athirthi) ulla neraaya lesserayundu. avayude neelamulla achuthandil 41 muthal 52 micron vare neelamundu. perin (beejakoshathinte ettavum puram paali) karayullathayi kaanapedunnu, parukkan malancherivukal oru valayulla paatten roopappeduthunnu. malancherivukalkkidayillu perin pradeshathinu granular gadanayekkaal minusamarnna gadanayundu.
valarunna mukulangal.
chediyude adithattilulla raachikalile mukulangalil ninnu puthiya chedikal roopappeduthunnathiloode ebony pleehakkuruvinu valaraan kazhiyum. prostettu thaikal elakkashanangalil kuzhichidumbol puthiya vyakthikale vyathyastha thalangalil roopappedaan iva anuvadikkunnu. wagner johnson padicha valia thadaakangalude janasamkhyayil mikkavarum ellah sthalangalilum proliferous mukulangal kandethi; valare apoorvvamaayi maathrame oru chedikku onniladhikam mukulangal sambhavichittulloo. avaa sharashari, 6 chedikalil onnil, anuvimukthavum phalabhooyishtavumaaya thaikalil sambhavichu, ettavum thaazhnna pinnayude adithattil avayude sthaanam thaikalkkidayil kandethunnathu budhimuttaakki. mukulangal button poleyum ilam niratthilumaanu, ettavum thaazhnna pinnayude mukal bhaagath kaanapedunnu. oro mukulathilum oru chimbum onno rando ila primordy adangiyirikkunnu, klaathrett skeyilukalil pothinjirikkunnu, chilappol mukulam vikasikkaan thudangiyaal verukalode. chediyude adithattilulla mannumaayulla sanbarkkam avayude vikasanathe uthejippikkukayum rakshaakarthru ilayumaayulla avayude bandham shayikkukayum cheiyunnathu oru puthiya chediyude vikasanathinu kaaranamaakunnu. single-sooras pleehakkuruvil ninnum samanamaaya mukulangal report cheyyappettittund, "asplanium monanthes".
thirichariyal.
asplanium plattinyooroninodu" ettavum saamyamulla inam black-stemdu pleanovert aanu, "eiii. resilians ". ennirunnaalum, eee inathinte eee staip irundathaanu, pinnakal raachikaliludaneelam marimari pakaram vipareethamaanu. midenhair pleanwort, "eiii. irundathum thilakkamullathumaaya raachikal upayogichu trichomanukal "cheruthaayi murikkunnu, ennaal pinnakal vishalamaaya deerghachathuraakrithiyilullathi oval aakruthiyilullathum oru paridhivare vrithaakruthiyilullathumaanu, saadhaaranayaayi veethiyude eratti neelatthil thaazheyaan. eee rund enangalkko mattu pinnettu american pleanortukalkko dimorphic phalabhooyishtavum anuvimukthavumaaya thaikal illa. tutewilerude pleehakkuru "asplenium tutevilleray" ulla valare apoorvamaaya backrosaaya "asplenium × boidstoniya" enna boidstaninte pleehakkuruvinu ithu valare saamyamullathaan; ennirunnaalum, boidstaninte pleehakkuruvinu tutewilerinte pleehakkuruvinu samanamaaya neelameriyathum acute frond tippund. samanamaaya dakshinaafrikkan pleehakkuruvikalil, "a. loonulaattathinu "valarunna frond tippukal undu, athesamayam" a. monanthesil oro pinnayilum oru sooras maathrame ulloo.
valia fernukalkkidayil, "eiii. plaattinyooron "oru yuva chrismus phern, polisticham acrosticoids" aayi thettidharikkappettam, pakshe aaa inam pothuve valare valuthaanu, koodaathe pachayum, cheliyum, rachis undu. manja-pacha pinna pacha raachiyum ulla "nephrolepis cordifolia" enna fishbone fern athupole valuthaanu.
vargeekaranam.
eee inathe saadhaaranayaayi "ebony pleanovert" allengil "brounstem pleanovert" ennu vilikkunnu, kaaranam athinte staippinteyum raachikaludeyum irunda niramaan.
1753-ll linnaeus prasidheekaricha speeshees plaantaram (aadhunika botanical naamakaranatthinte audyogika arambha pooyint) enna pusthakatthil eee inathinte adisthaana namam "acrosticum platinurose" ennaanu. 1745ll addehathinte vidyaarthi jeey. linneyasinte oru prabandhatthil ninnaan linneyasinte chikitsa vannath. bii. hailigtag, ithu munkaala adhikaarikalude vivaranangale aakarshichu. collector joonn kleydan shekharicha oru maathrkaye adisthaanamaakki 1743-leeii "flora virjinikka" enna grandhatthil linnayasinte upadesakanum sasyashaasthranjanumaaya jaann gronoviusinte vivaranamaan pattikappedutthiya aadya vivaranam. 1696-leeii sasyashaasthranjanaaya leonard plukenet thante "aalmaajestathil" nalkia vivaranathil ninnaan "platinurose" ("phlait nerves") enna prathyeka namam varachathu. nirbhagyavashaal, ippol speesheesukalude lectotype kleydaninte sample maathramaan ippol "asplanium plaattinyooron" ennariyappedunna speesheesine prathinidheekarikkunnath; mattu vivaranagal adisthaanamaakkiyulla saambilukal, nirddishta namam nalkia plukenet ulppede, "pleopeltis polypodioids", "polypodium virjiniyam" "sensu laatto" ennivayude misrithamaanu. 1789-ll vilyam ittan "hortus kevensis" ennathil eee inathe swathanthramaayi vivarikkukayum athinte thandinte ebony niratthe soochippikkunna "asplanium ebenium" enna peru nalkukayum cheythu. 1801-ll olof swarts eee inathe "asplenium polypodioids" ennum 1803-ll andrey micox "asplenium trichomanoids" ennum swathanthramaayi visheshippichu; kaal ludwig vildeno eee rund perukalum "asplenium ebenium" ennathinu samaanamaayi churukki. ennirunnaalum, "asplanium trichomanoids" enna peru 1767-ll linnaeus upayogichirunnu, ithu micoxinte perine "niyamavirudhamaaya peru" aakki.
pathonpathaam noottaandil bhooribhaagavum american sasyashaasthranjar upayogichirunna "ebenium" enna aittaninte visheshanamaayirunnu ithu. asplanium plaattinyooron" enna peru roopappeduthunnathinaayi linneyasinte prathyeka visheshanam kaimaattam cheiyunnathu dii. sii. 1878-ll eee kompineshan "flora virjinikka" yude oru pakarppinte arikilulla vilyam ooks ezhuthiya pensil notteshanaan ennu addeham paranju. athinaal, eee kompineshan charitraparamaayi ookku allengil ookku ex dii ennaanu parayappedunnathu.sii.thinnu. ennirunnaalum, 1981-ll david bii. 1878ll eee kompineshan eettan amgeekarichillennu lellinger choondikkaatti, seeniyar plaattinyooron vazhi krithyathayillaathathinekkaal kooduthal vivaranathmakamaaya "ebenium" enna visheshanamaanu avar thiranjedutthathu. athinaal, eettoninte upayogam thaalkkaalikamaayi kanakkaakkanam, allathe addeham prasidheekaricha samyojanamaayittalla. oru vashath, "asplanium plaattinyooroninte" aadyathe saadhuvaaya prasidheekaranam brittan, emezhsan iii aayirunnu. sterns, justus eph. 1888-leeii pogenberg, linneyasinte adisthaana naamathe parokshamaayi paraamarsikkunnu. linneyasinte visheshanam punarujjeevippikkadumpedum, 1896 vare "asplanium ebennium" enna peru vyaapakamaayi upayogichu, brittan & brouninte "elastrated flora" yill lucian underwood, basionine vyakthamaayi paraamarshichu "asplanium plaattinyooron" enna peru upayogichu.
asplanium" ennathil ninnu verthirichedutha rund janussukalilayi eee inathe randuthavana sthaapichittundu olivar eiii "chamephilics platinurose". 1931ll farwell, 1960ll sisuvo momos ezhuthiya "tharaachiya plaattinyoora" enna perilum. eee kompineshan vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappedaathinaal nilavile adhikaarikal eee janussukale amgeekarikkunnilla.
2020ll prasidheekaricha asplanium enna aagola filogeny eee janussine pathinonnu kledukalaayi vibhajichu, avaykku kooduthal vargeekarana patanam nadakkunna anoupachaarika perukal nalki.eiii. plaattinyooron "a" yill pedunnu. " "shaffneria" "claidinte insism" "subclade" "". shaffneria" vamshathinu lokamembaadum vitharanamundu, amgangal roopathilum aavaasavyavasthayilum vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. eiii" yill parinamicha vyakthamaaya roopaghadana savisheshathayonnumilla. insism subclade ithu nirvachikkaan, ennaal subcladile amgangal chestnut-braun staip bays pankidunnu. eee vamshathinullile bandhangal nannayi pariharikkappettilla; athil thekke america, europe, chaina ennividangalil ninnulla enangal ulppedunnu, pakshe mattu vadakke american enangalonnumilla.
roopangalum vaividhyangalum.
kaal taylor mattullavarum chernnu moonnu enangale enangale eee inathe avar kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil" "eiii". plaattinyooron "vaar. "plaattinyooron", "saadhaarana inam", a. plaattinyooron "vaar. "insism", kooduthal aazhathil muricha pinna "eiii". plaattinyooron "vaar. "bakulam-rabram", pallulla pinnayulla mattullavaye apekshichu valuthum phalabhooyishtavumaanu. ennirunnaalum, eee rund enangalum parasparam tharamthirikkunnathum "vadakke amerikkayile sasyajaalangal" oru infraspecific taxa amgeekarikkunnillennu avar shradhikkunnu. eee enangalkku purame, moonnu roopangal taylor mattullavarum amgeekarichu."eiii. plaattinyooron "eph. "chuvade charcha cheytha "proliferum" pinneedulla chikilsakalaal amgeekarikkappedunnilla.eiii. plaattinyooron "eph. "hortona" ennathu pinne ulkkollukayum aazhathil murikkukayum loob cheyyukayum cheiyunna edaykkideyulla, anuvimukthamaaya saambilukalil ninnu maathrame ariyoo. eiii. plaattinyooron "eph. "farkaattam", raachikal agrathinaduthu gunicha shaakhakalaanu, pakshe roopam saadhaaranamaanennu thonnunnu.
"asplanium ebenium" vaar. "1871ll american fetherman aanu "bakulam-rabram" aadyamaayi vivarichathu. addehathinte visheshanam baattan rooj, louisiana soochippikkunnu, avide krishi cheiyunna vayalukaludeyum kaanbrekkukaludeyum arikukalil athu valarunnathu addeham kandu. oro pinnayilum irupathu muthal muppath vare neelamulla soorii ulla uyarnna nilayil nilkkunnathayi addeham athine visheshippichu. thekkukizhakkan american aikyanaadukaliludaneelam kaanapedunna "asplanium plaattinyooroninte" oru valia inam, samyojitha soric pakaram vyathyasthamaan, emm vivarichu. ell. 1935ll fernald "asplenium plaattinyooron" vaar enna peril ariyapettu. "euro austrinum", fethermaante prasidheekaranathekkurichu annu ariyillaayirunnu. pinneedu addeham iva randum samaanamaanenn kanakkaakkukayum fethermaante inam "eiii" yilek maattukayum cheythu. plaattinyooron, "a" aayi. plaattinyooron "vaar. "bakulam-rabram", 1936 ll. tailor muthalaayavarude abhipraayathil.", eee inathe, nivarnna thaikalil soriyude eathaandu saarvathrika saannidhyathekkaal kooduthal neelamulla pinna neelathaal thirichariyaan kazhiyum. ezhupathu pinna vare phalabhooyishtamaaya thaikal vahikkunnathum ekadesham pallukalulla ilayude arikukal "a" aayi parasparam tharamthirikkunnathumaaya parukkan roopamaanennu avar ithine visheshippichu. plaattinyooron "vaar. "insism". herb wagner david emm. kaas kaundiyile mishigaanil samanamaaya vasthukkal shekharicha jonson (vaividhyathinte shreniyude vadakkupadinjaaru) vaarile roopaghadana vyathiyaanam pariganichilla. "bakulam-rabram" athinte valippathilozhike saadhaarana metteeriyalukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirikkanamennum athu amgeekarikkappettaal oru roopathekkaal uyarnna taxonomic padavi nalkanamennum shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
"asplanium ebenium" vaar. "insism" eliot sii shekharichu. newyorkkile posttenkilile hove 1869 ll chaals echu vivarichu. peck. pinnaykku pradhaanamaayum "insised-pinnatifid" undennu visheshippikkappedunnum, eee tharatthilulla metteeriyalile pinnayil bhooribhaagavum eratti seretto (pallulla) allengil serettulla inside aanu. 1873ll elihu ezz. miller newyorkkile wading nadiyil ninnu shekharicha pookkal saadhaaranayekkaal veethiyum moorchayulla serettum aayirunnu. ithinu addeham "asplanium ebenium" vaar ennu perittu. "seraattam", aasaa greyude nirddeshaprakaaram. miller tharam metteeriyal kandethiyittillengilum, saambilukal vaar aayi nirnnayikkappedunnu. "seraattam" enna chaaraniram taylor mattullavarum kandethi."vaaril ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhiyaathath. "insism". ennirunnaalum, rund visheshanangalum kurachukaalathekku rachayithakkal amgeekarichathu thudarnnu. brittan, sterns, pogenberg enniva vaar transfer cheythu. "seraattam" enna aaaa. plaattinyooron "vaar. "1888-ll "seraattam"; willard clute athinte rank kurachukondu "eiii" aayi. ebenium "eph. "1901-ll "seraattam", eee raankile kompineshan "eiii" yilek maatti. 1922ll ralph hofmann ezhuthiya plaattinyooron. benchamin linkon robinson vaarine transfer cheythu. "insism" muthal "eiii. 1908-ll plaattinyooron, farwell vaarine thiricharinju. "1931ll addeham "chamephilics" neey "asplanium" ll ninnu verthirichappol "seraattam". 1940ll verry vaar ennathinu mathramalla paryaayamaayi upayogichu. "vaarinoppam "seraattam". "insism", ennaal vaar ulppeduthi. "bakulam-rabram", vaar. "aaa visheshanathinu keezhil "euro austrinum". addeham varr enna visheshanavum srishtichu. "ebony pleehayude saadhaarana roopathinu "typicum". tailor thudangiyavar.", eee chikilsakal avalokanam cheythukondu, verthirichu. "eratti serettulla pinna enna nilayil insism kosttayilekkulla vazhiyude 80 sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame saadhaarana prathyulpaadanakshamathayode (vandhyathayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi) murikkunnulloo. plaattinyooron "eph. "hortone"). eee sasyangal saadhaarana maathrkakal thammil samyojippichu avayumaayi roopashaasthraparamaayi parasparam tharamthirikkunnathiloode jeevivarggangalude paridhiyiludaneelam kaanappedunnathinal, wagner johnson avaye vargeekaranaparamaaya amgeekaarathinu yogyamaanennu karuthiyilla.
1901ll jorjju iii aazhathil murikkapetta maarjinukal ulla mattoru taxon vivarichu. asplenium ebenium" vaar enna peril davenport. "hortone". 1900ll frances bii. yude vermontile braattilboroyile chunnaambukallukalil valarunna eee maathrkakal kandethi. horttan, addehathinaanu davenport inathinu peru nalkiyathu. eee inathil, ellah pinnakalum (kooduthal kuranja basel pinna ulppede) charinja pallukalullatho allengil valare aduthu thanne verittu pallukalulla pinnyoolukalayi murikkunnu. neraaya thaikal anuvimukthamaan. willard clute athine oru roopamaayi kanakkakki, "eiii. ebenium "eph. "hortone", 1906-ll. bii. ell. 1908ll robinson "eiii" ennu prakhyaapichu. ebenium vaar. "hortone" ennathu "eiii" yude paryaayamaan. plaattinyooron "vaar. "insism". clute "eiii" roopappeduthunnathinaayi vyathiyana thalatthil visheshanam maatti. plaattinyooron "vaar. "1909-ll "hortone", ennaal addeham ithine vaarumaayi thulanam cheythu. "insism". lyman bii. masaachyusetsil smith ithine "eiii" enna roopamaayi kanakkakki amgeekarikkunnathu thudarnnu. plaattinyooron "eph. "1928-ll "hortone". 1937-ll arther leads ithine vyathyastha thalatthil vyakthamaayi verthirichu, "eiii" tharatthinte oru foto ennu soochippichu. ebenium vaar. "insism" "eiii" yumayi adutha bandhappedunnilla. ebenium vaar. "hortone", aazhathil murichathum overlapping cheiyunnathumaaya pinnayekkaal verum pallu ullathaanu. edger veriyum "eiii" yeei vyakthamaayi verthirichu. plaattinyooron "vaar. "hortone" "a" ll ninnu. plaattinyooron "vaar. "insism", kloottinte 1909 kompineshan thettayi thanippakarpp cheiyunnu. sent. merris kaundiyaaya merilaandine jaims iii vivarichu. benedict, juu. 1947ll "eiii". plaattinyooron "eph. "desectum", eph-nuu samaanamaanengilum. "hortone", addehathinte metteeriyalile chila pinnakal poornnamaayum pinnyoolukalayi murichu, avaa thanne aazhathil loob cheyyappettu. tailor thudangiyavar."ennirunnaalum, benedikttinte metteeriyalinte bhooribhaagavum saadhaarana eph-maayi saamyamullathaanennu addeham abhiprayappettu. "hortone", vaarine sameepikkunnundengilum. "bakulam-rabram" valippathil. avar eph. "desectum" ennathil f. "hortone", randaamathethinte maathrkakal vaarine sameepikkumennu addeham abhiprayappettu. "insism", vaar. "bakulam-rabram". athesamayam wagner johnson "eiii" ykkullile mikka infraspecific taxakalum verthirichariyaan visammathichu. plaattinyooron, "avar eph thiricharinju. "hortone" "oru" "apoorva vandhyamkarana roopamaayi".
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode fork cheytha thaikal ulla oru roopam ariyappettirunnu, 1909 ll willard clute ithine "eiii" ennu aupachaarikamaayi visheshippichu. plaattinyooron "eph. "farkaattam". roopam saadhaarana "eiii" yill ninnu vyathyasthamaan. plaattinyooron "bladinte mukalbhaagathinaduthulla forkingle maathram. roobert emm. tetric randaaman samanamaaya sasyangal vestt virjeeniyayil kandethi, avaykku "valare shaakhakalullathum athyanthikamaaya vibhagangal crested" aanennu addeham visheshippikkukayum "eiii" ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. plaattinyooron "eph. "multifidum". tailor thudangiyavar."eee roopathinte tharatthe kloottinte f-nte thithreekaranavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. "farkaattam" ennu parayukayum avaa orepoleyaanennu karuthukayum cheythu. vadakke american fernile pala enangalilum itharam roopangal pathivayi undaakunna vikasana pishakaanenn wagner johnson abhiprayappettu.
ebony pleehayude valarunna mukulangalude roopeekaranavum oru vargeekarana vyathyaasathin kaaranamaayi. 1817-ll grettu brittanile krishiyile maathrkakalil nazhsarimaan konraad looad daijukalaanu mukulinte roopeekaranam aadyamaayi nireekshichathu. ennirunnaalum, 1879 vare eee prathibhasam avaganikkapettu, dii. sii. floridayil ninnulla saambilukalil eettan ithu nireekshichu. addeham ithine oru asaadhaarana inamaayi sweekarichu, athinu addeham "aaaa" ennu perittu. ebenium vaar. "proliferum". willard clute athinte padavi vaividhyathil ninnu oru roopathilekku kurachu, "a. ebenium "eph. "1906-ll "proliferum". samanamaaya maathrkakal pinneedu maryland, pensylvania, connecticut ennividangalil ninnu report cheyyappettu; anuvimukthamaaya thaikalude raachikalil mukulangal prathyakshappettu, palappozhum maathruka sthaapikkumbol maathrame avaa kandethiyittulloo. 1924ll frederic jii. eee vyaapanangalude roopeekaranam eee inathinte oru saadhaarana swabhaavamaanennu floyd vaadichu, ithu saarvathrikamallenkilum pathivayi prathyakshappedukayum oru vaividhyamaarnna padavi urappunalkukayum cheiyunnilla. phalabhooyishtamaaya "eiii" raachikalil valarunna mukulangalude roopeekaranavum addeham nireekshichu. ebenium vaar. "seraattam". floydinte nilapad saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkapettilla luis tanger "eiii" enna roopathinaayi oru puthiya samyojanam undaakki. plaattinyooron "eph. "1933-ll "proliferum", tailor thudangiyava."1976-ll eee speesheesile infraspecific taxayekkurichulla charchayil ithu thiricharinju. ennirunnaalum, eee rachayithakkal" "a" "-yude maathrkakal shradhichu". plaattinyooron "eph. "proliferum" mattu pala enangalkkum nalkumaayirunnu, avaa proliferous allengil. 1981ll floydinu samanamaaya kaaranangalal wagner johnson taxonine amgeekarikkaan visammathichu, koodaathe "vadakke amerikkayile sasyajaalangal" enna chithratthile wagnerude chikilsayil eee roopathekkurichu paraamarsikkunnilla.
hybridukal.
appalechiyan" asplenium "complexinte bhaagamaayi," ebony pleahupove mattu niravadhi pleehappookkalumaayi sankarayinangal roopappeduthunnathaayi kandethiyittundu. parvatha pleanovertumaayulla sankarayinam ("a. mondaanam ") apoorvvamaayi maathrame shekharichittulloo, ennaal onniladhikam avasarangalil, bradleyude plevort (" eiii ") ennariyappedunna phalabhooyishtamaaya inathinu kaaranamaakunnathinaayi eee sankarayinam chromosome erattiyaayittundu. bradley "). a"-nuu edayilulla oru backross. bradley "," eiii "enniva. pensylvaniayile ippol nasippikkappetta oru sthalathu ninnum sekwachi kaundiyil ninnulla praadhamika reportil tennessi, plaattinyooron "rund thavana shekharichathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu. nadattham fernumaayi ("a. rhisophillum), skottinte pleeha (a) ennariyappedunnu. x ebenoides "), rund maathru enangalum orumichu valarunna sthalangalil pathivayi prathyakshappedunnu. oru pradeshathu, hawanah glenil, alabamayil, "aaaa. × ebenoidukal "chromosome erattiyaayi valarunna oru phalabhooyishta inamaaya tutwilerinte pleanovert (" a ". ). a"-nuu edayilulla backross. plaattinyooron "," eiii. tutevilera "boidstans pleanwort (" a ") ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. x boidstoniya), prakrithiyil "a" ennathukondu maathram sambhavikkunnu. hawanah glenil".eiii. plaattinyooron "loob cheytha pleanovert (" eiii ") upayogichu sankaravalkkarikkappedunna ariyappedunnu. apoorva kentakki pleanovert ("eiii". × kentakkiyens "). cytological padanangal, chromatography, alosime electrophoresis ennivayiloode eee sankaravalkkaranangalude thelivukal labhichu.
appalechiyan" asplanium "complexinu purathu," eiii. plaattinyooronin "vaal-ruu" (eiii) upayogichu sankaravalkkarikkaanum kazhiyum. rutta-muraria), morgante pleahupove ("a". × morgani), midenhair pleanovertinoppam ("a. trichomanus) virgenia pleehakkurukkinte roopeekaranam ("a. × virjinikkam ").eiii. merilaandile potomac nadikku abhimukhamaayi chunnaambukallu malancherivil ninnu shekharicha oru maathrkayil ninnaan 'x morgani' ariyappedunnathu, athesamayam 'a'. pensylvania, virgenia, north carolina ennividangalil ninnu moonnu thavana '× virjinikkam' shekharichittundu. eshyan wacking fernumaayi oru sankarayinam, "a. ruprechi, "krishiyil uthppaadippikkappedunnu, anoupachaarikamaayi" eiii "ennariyappedunnu. hortikalcharil × crucibuli. ithu "eiii" kku samaanamaan. × ebenoidukal ", ennaal frond adithattil veethiyullathinekkaal rekheeya aakruthiyilaanu.
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
vadakke amerikkayil, "eiii. kizhakkan yunaittad stetsil thekkan maine muthal visconsinte thekkukizhakkan koonn vare, thekk florida vare, padinjaaru kizhakkan nebrasca, kansas, oklahoma, texas, kaanadayude thekkukizhakk bhagangal ennividangalile thaddesheeyamaanu plaattinyooron. colorado, nyoo meksikoo, oklahoma ennivayude samgamasthaanathinum nyoo meksikoo, arizona, vestt indees ennividangalile otappetta cheria janasamkhyayilum ithu kaanapedunnu. vadakke americaykku purathu, "eiii. vadakke american ferninu perillaattha oru vitharanamaaya ushnamekhalaa, uposhnamekhalaa dakshinaafrikkayil plaattinyooron kaanapedunnu. dakshinaafrikkayile padinjaaran keppu pravishya muthal vadakkan kadaltheerathu ninnu lesotho ulppedeyulla athinte vitharanamaaya gautteng, empumalanga pravishyakal vare ithu vyaapichukidakkunnu. 2009ll slovakkiyayile oru ookku vanathile sarppamann mannil otappetta oru janasamkhyaye kandethi. 1960 muthal, "aaaa. plaattinyooron "munbu asaadhaaranamaayirunna grettu lakes mekhalayil athivegam vyaapikkukayum akramikkukayum cheythu. dakshinaafrikkayil vyaapakamaanenkilum, ithu prathyekichu samriddhamalla, athinte shreniyude aaa bhagathaanu lesothoyil saadhaaranayaayi kaanappedunnath.
"asplanium plaattinyooron" vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthakalil, athinte uyarathil kaanapedunnu. ithu (piechu 3.5-4.0) muthal sublecaline (piechu 8.0-8.5) vareyulla mannine sahikkum, ennirunnaalum ithu sabasid mannine (piechu 4.5-5.0) kooduthal eshtappedunnu. mattu pala vadakke american pleehappookkalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ithinu mannilum paarayilum valaraan kazhiyum. mannil valarumbol, manal niranja pinlaantukal ulppedeyulla vanangalilum vanapradeshangalilum pazhaya vayalukalilum mattu aswasthamaaya sthalangalilum ithu kaanapedunnu. ithinu vividatharam paarakale, prathyekichu (ennaal avayil maathram parimithappedaathe) kolanivalkkarikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe mortard mathilukalilum valarum. dakshinaafrikkayil, vadakke amerikkayil (cheria kuttikkadukalkkum parakkettukalkkum keezhil) eshtappedunna aavaasavyavasthakalkku samanamaaya 600 meter (2,000 adii) uyarathil ithu saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi poornna nizhalilo poornna sooryaprakaashathilo allah, marichu pulmedukalileyum vanatheerangalileyum paarakalude adithattilum "leucosidia" scrubbilum sambhavikkunnu.
paristhithiyum samrakshanavum.
eiii" yill ninnulla protein sathil ninnu. plaattinyooron "soyabeanil praanikale vettayaadunnathu ganyamaaya alavil thadayumennu theliyikkappettittund, misauri botanical garden ithine" gurutharamaaya praanikaludeyo rogangaludeyo prasnangal "illaathathaayi visheshippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, floridayile noorukanakkinu vyakthikalude janasamkhya praanikalude pravartthanam moolam eathaandu thudachuneekkappettathayi reportund. ithu sluggukalkk vidheyamaan. black phern affid ("idiopteras nephrelepidis") ithu bhakshikkunnathayi reportund.
sporophyteukal varalchaye sahikkunnavayaanenkilum avaykku nannayi vattunna mannu aavasyamaanu. eiii" yude prothalia (gaamettofaittukal). plaattinyooronin "oru maasam vare varalchaye athijeevikkaan kazhiyum. prakasha theevrathayile vyathiyaanangaliloode laboratariyil prerippicha clonel punarulppaadanatthinum vighadanathinum prothalia vidheyamaakaamenn kaanikkunnathin chila thelivukalundu.
vividha tharatthilulla poruthappedutthalukal "a" undaakkunnu. mattu pleehappookkalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, kalakal polum ulla oru aakramanathmaka kolanivalkkarikkunna plaattinyooron, ennirunnaalum choodulla kaalaavasthayum randaamathe valarchaa aavaasavyavasthayile vardhanavum valia thadaaka mekhalayile athinte vipuleekaranathil oru punk vahichittundaakam. ithu piechu ulppedeyulla manninte avasthayile vishalamaaya vyathiyaanathe sahikkukayum sooryaprakaashathilum nizhalilum valarukayum cheyyum. annajam adangiya staip baseukal vasanthakaalath druthagathiyilulla valarchaykku oorjjam nalkunnu, ithu malsaraadhishtitha sasyajalangalekkaal munnil nilkkaan thaikale anuvadikkunnu. aaspleeniyathin" asaadhaaranamaaya, nivarnna phalabhooyishtamaaya thaikal, deerghadoora chitharalinaayi kaattil beejakangal vidaan sahayikkunnu, athesamayam proliferative mukulangal eerppamullathum phalabhooyishtavumaaya aavaasavyavasthakalil clonel vyaapanam anuvadikkunnu. eee inam valare kuranja janithaka bharavum vahikkunnu, athinaal intragamettophitic svayam beejasankalanathil ninnu 83-89% vijayathode praayogikamaaya sporophyteukal vikasippikkaan kazhiyum. ithinartham puthiya sporophytukalkku saadhaaranayaayi orotta beejaanuvil ninnu roopappedunna gametophytil ninnu valaraan kazhiyum ennaanu. thekkan ayovayile kalkari kollayadikkal polulla aduthide aswasthamaaya aavaasavyavasthakalude vidoora sthalangalil ninnulla aadyakaala kolanivalkkaranakkaaranaakan ithu ebony pleanovertine anuvadichu. eiii" yude roopam. kizhakkan vadakke amerikkayile ettavum aduthulla sthalangalil ninnulla slovakiayile aswasthamaaya aavaasavyavasthayilulla plaattinyooron orupakshe deerghadoora vyaapanathinte falamaayirikkaam, ithu dakshinaafrikkayil kolanivalkkarikkaanum swaabhaavikavalkkarikkaanum anuvadichittundaakam.
aagolathalathil surakshithamaanenkilum, vadakke american shreniyude vadakkum padinjaarum attathulla chila samsthaanangalilum pravishyakalilum ebony pleanovert vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. arisonayilum coloradoyilum ithu gurutharamaaya apakadatthilaanennum nebrasca, maine, rooad dweep, cubec ennividangalil apakadatthilaanennum minnesottayil apakadasaadhyathayullathaanennum natureserve kanakkakkunnu.
krishi.
ebony pleahupove chilappol oru terrarium allengil poonthotta sasyamaayi valarthunnu. manal peett, sabasid garden mannu, mattu charal, manal allengil gritti mannu, allengil eerppamullathum varandathumaaya saahacharyangalil paatting misritham ennivayil ithu krishi cheyyaam. assid, kshara mannu enniva sveekaaryamaanu. nalla jalanirggamanam athyaavasyamaanu, eee inam varanda mannil polum valarum. poornnamaaya nizhal sahikkaamenkilum bhagika sooryaprakaashamo kuranjathum uyarnnathumaaya prakaashamo shupaarsha cheiyunnu. chedikal sthaapikkappettaal avaa paripalikkaan eluppamaanennu parayappedunnu, ennaal germmaniyil valarthunnathu "valare budhimuttaanu" ennu visheshippikkappettindu. grettu brittanil ebony pleehakrishi cheiyunnathinu krithrima thapam upayogikkendathu aavasyamaanennu konraad looad daijukal kandethi.

