grettu brittante tapal staambukalum tapal charithravum

grettu brittante tapal staambukalum tapal charithravum yunaittad kingdatthil ninnulla tapal charithravum aaa raajyavum athinte vividha charitra pradeshangalum innuvare purappeduvicha tapal staambukalum sarway cheiyunnu.
yunaittad kingdatthinte tapal charithram kuranjathu rund kaaryangalil sradheyamaanu onnamathaayi, 1840-ll tapal staambukal avatharippichathinum randaamathaayi, britiish saamraajyathiludaneelam kaaryakshamamaya tapal samvidaanam sthaapichathinum, innum nilanilkkunna niravadhi deseeya samvidaanangalkku aditharayittu. tapal staambukalude thudakkakkaaranenna nilayil, staambukalil raajyam vyakthamaakkendathilla, marichu moolyanirnnayam maathram aavasyamulla eaka rajyamaanu yuke.
1971ll britiish karansiyude dasaamshavalkkaranathinushesham 2022 vare eathenkilum tapal staambukal upayogikkaamaayirunnu; baarkodukalillaattha pazhaya "krithyamaaya" design staambukal 2023 august 1 muthal saadhuthayullavayalla, pazhayava anischithamaayi barcoducheythavaykku kaimaattam cheyyaavunnavayaayirikkum. baarkodukalillaattha staambukal 2023 februvari 1 muthal saadhuthayullavayallenn thudakkathil prakhyaapichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, royal meyil aarr maasathe grays pyriid koodi cherkkaan theerumaanichu. chithrangalulla prathyeka staambukalum barcode illaatha chrismus staambukalum saadhuthayullathaayi thudarum.
yuke staambukalude chithrangal royal meyil pakarppavakaashathaal karsanamaayi parirakshikkappedunnu, nilavile staambukalude chithrangal eee lekhanathil ulppeduthilla.
aadyakaala charithram.
panthrandaam noottaandil henry onnaaman sarkkaarinaayi kathukal kondupokaan doothanmaare niyamichathodeyaanu katha aarambhikkunnath. aarambhikkunnath 1100num idayil 4,500 kathukal eee doothanmaar vahichirunnathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee samayat swakaarya vyakthikalkk avarudethaaya krameekaranangal nadathendivannu. henry III doothanmaarkku unifom nalkukayum edward onnaaman doothanmaarkku kuthirakal maattaan kazhiyunna pooasting houseukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. edward randaamante bharanakaalathu aadyathe tapal adayaalam kandu; "thidukkam" ennu kaiyyaksharangal. thidukkathil poost cheyyuka ". noottaandukalkku sesham, elisabath onnaamante bharanakaalathu, prasavatthinte angeyattatthe adiyanthiratha prakadippikkunnathinaayi, kathil thookkikkollal kathukal ennu ariyappedunna thookkikkollal varaykkapettu, koodaathe "thidukkam, thidukkam" ennathinte oru pathipum ithil ulppeduthiyittundu.
henry VIII 1516-ll royal meyil srishtichu, bryan tukine "posttukalude maasttar" aayi niyamichu, athesamayam elisabath onnaaman thomas randolfine "cheef poost maasttar" aayi niyamichu. chaals onnaamante keezhil cheef postmaastaraaya thomas vittaringinte keezhil, postrodukal, veedukal, staaf ennivayude pathiv samvidaanathode royal meyil pothujanagalkk (1635) labhyamakki. eee samayam muthal 1839-1840 leeii tapal parishkaarangal vare sweekarthaavu tapal adaykkunnathu ettavum saadhaaranamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum ayaykkumbol thanne charge munkootty adaykkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu.
1661ll chaals randaaman henry bishappine aadyathe postmaastar generalayi niyamichu. kaalathamasam sambhavicha kathukalekkurichulla upabhokthru parathikalkk marupadiyaayi, bishop bishop maarkk avatharippichu, maasavum pakalum ulla oru cheria sarkkil, landanilum general poost offeesilum videsha vibhaagathilum prayogikkukayum taamasiyaathe skotlandilum (eddinberg) irelandilum (doublin) sweekarikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla varshangalil, tapal samvidaanam aarr roadukalil ninnu raajyathe ulkkollunna oru shringalayilekku vikasippikkukayum valuthum cheruthumaaya pattanangalil tapal offeesukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu, avaykku oronninum athintethaaya postmaarkku undaayirunnu.
1680ll vilyam dockwra lunden nagaratthilum athinte sameepa praanthapradeshangalilum oru poundu vare bharamullah kathukalum paazhsalukalum oru paisaykk vitharanam cheiyunna oru meyil delivari samvidaanamaaya lunden penni poost sthaapichu.
tapal staambukalum mahathaaya oafees parishkaranavum.
parishkaranavum 1839leyum mahathaaya poost oafees parishkaarangalkk rolland hill neethrthwam nalki, poost offeesinte sthiramaaya saambathika nashtam nikathunnathinulla oru maargamaayi tapal staambu kandupidichathinte bahumati palappozhum addehathinundu. dooram pariganikkathe thanne araa aunsinu aunsinu (bharameriya vasthukkalkk vasthukkalkk 10ezz ennathinu thulyamaaya) nirakkil charge eedaakkunna ekeekritha forpenni poost sweekarikkaan hill paarlamentine bodhyappedutthi.
1839 desember muthal yunaittad kingdatthile eathu vilaasathilum kathukal athicheraamaayirunnu. 1839 desember desember phlait tapal nirakk praabalyatthil vannuvenkilum 36 divasam maathrame neenduninnulloo. ithu udan thanne vijayikkukayum 1840 januvari 10 nuu prepaid kathukalkku 1 dii, sweekarthaavil ninnu phees eedaakkukayaanengil 2 dii enniva maathram eedaakki unifom penni poost aarambikkukayum cheythu. nischitha nirakkukal ardhamaakkunnathu "pasha label" upayogichu oru kathu ayaykkunnath ozhivaakkunnath praayogikamaayirunnu, athanusarichu, meyy 6 nuu, penni black lokathile aadyathe tapal staambaayi maari.
2, 000-ladhikam nirddeshangal samarppichathinusesham, rolland hill reethiyum printarum thiranjedukkukayum aavashyamaaya phalam nedunnathinu pareekshanathmakavum pishakullathumaya reethiyil pravartthikkukayum cheythu. steel kothupanikalude prakriyayiloode panikal nadatthaan baank nottu printarukalude sthaapanamaaya perkins, bekkan, pechu ennivaykkoppam pookaan addeham theerumaanichu, koodaathe kireedadhaarana varshathil raajnjiyude audyogika sandarshanathodanubandhichu raajnjiyude thalaykku vilyam viyan kothivacha prathyeka medel nalki."
grettu brittan, ireland ennee raajyangalude yunaittad kingdatthil maathram upayogikkunna staambaayirunnu ithu, phalatthil ithu oru praadeshika staambaayirunnu. ekkaaranathaal raajyathinte peru roopakalppanayil ulppeduthiyitla, staambil paramaadhikaariyude kolam prathyakshappettal videsha poost offeesukalumaayulla karar thudarnnu. tapal panamadachu vilkkunna kavarukalil ithu ulppeduthiyitla, athinaal avaa raajyathinte peru kondu adayaalappeduthiyirunnu. 1951ll britiish uthsavathinte prathyeka anusmarana lakkathil aakasmikamaayi 'brittan' enna peru ulppeduthi. 1924 leeii britiish saamraajyathinte smaaraka staambukalil 'britiish' enna vaakk prathyakshappettirunnum, brittante staambil raajyathinte peru aadyamaayi prathyakshappettathayi parayaam.
staambu pracharichathinushesham, eathenkilum radhaakkal adayaalangal kaanaan prayasamullathinaal staambu niratthinu karupp nallathallenn vyakthamaayi. athinaal, 1841 muthal staambukal ishtika-chuvapp niratthil achadichu. ekadesham 21 bilyan dollar uthppaadippikkappetta penni redu pathittaandukalaayi upayogathil thudarnnu.
victorian yugam.
victorian yugam pareekshanangalude oru spodanam kandu. sheettil ninnu staambukal murikkan kathrika upayogikkunnathinte kaaryakshamathayillayma raulatting (ambeythu raulattu) upayogichum thudarnnu sushirangal upayogichum pareekshanangalkk prachodanamaayi, ithu 1854 ll staanderd praakteesaayi maari. 1847 ll, (ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla) 1 shilling (0.05 poundu) puratthirakkiya britiish embose cheytha tapal staambukalil aadyathethaanu, thudarnnu adutha varsham 10 dii staambukalum 1854 ll 6 dii (0.025) moolyangalum.
uparithalathil achadicha staambukal 1855-ll dii laa ruu achadicha 4 dii staambinte roopathil aadyamaayi prathyakshappedukayum pinneedu staanderd tharamaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1870ll puratthirakkiya dii (haff penni), dii (penni haff penni-pennihepni allengil treehepens ennu ucharikkappedunnu) kothupanikalulla staambukal raajnji victoriyayude avasaanathe kothupanikalaayirunnu; aduthathu 1913 vare prathyakshappettilla. 1860 kalileyum 1870 kalileyum uparithala-achadicha staambukal ellaam victoriyayude ore profile upayogichirunnu, pakshe vividha frameukal, watermarkkukal, corner aksharangal enniva upayogichu.
1867ll 5-shilling (5/- allengil 5s ennu churukkatthil) (£0.25) staambum 1878ll 10 shilling (£0.50), 1 poundu moolyangalum 1882ll 5 poundu staambil kalaashichu.
athesamayam, perkins bekkan printing kararinoppam penni redsinte yugavum avasaanichu. puthiya kuranja moolyangalum uparithalathil achadichavayaayirunnu aadyam 1880-ll puratthirakkiya chathuraakrithiyilulla chuvapp niratthilulla oru penni staambaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kasttams aandu inland ravanyoo act 1881 paasakkiyathinaal ravanyoo staambukalaayum saadhuthayulla puthiya staambukal aavashyamaayi vannu, athinaal aaa varsham penni lilac puratthirakki, athil "tapal, ulnaadan varumanam" ennu alekhanam cheythu. victoriyayude bharanakaalatthinte sheshikkunna kaalaghattatthil eee staambu saadhaarana akshara staambaayi thudarukayum valia alavil achadikkappedukayum cheythu. pinneedu tapal varumaanavum varumaanavum alekhanam cheyyappettu, ithu kooduthal parichithamaaya tapal varumaanamaayi maari.
maari 1883lum 'lilac aandu green issue' upayogichu olichodiya mashi upayogichulla staambukal pareekshichu. iva lalithamaaya designukalum, lilaakkil kuranja moolyangalum pachayil uyarnna moolyangalumaayirunnu, kaaranam avaa maathramaan labhyamaya nirangal. avar avarude uddeshyathil vijayichu-thaarathamyena kurachu staambukal maathrame upayogathil ninnu rakshappettulloo, kavaril ninnu kuthirkkumbol avayude nirangal mangunnu-pakshe avaa pothujanagalkk eshtappettilla.
victoriyayude avasaanathe pradhana lakkamaayirunnu 1887-leeii "jubili lakkam", dii muthal 1 vare panthrand designukalude oru koottam, mikathum rund nirangalil allengil niramulla pepparil achadichu. (jubili varshathil purathirakkiyathaanenkilum, avaa prathyekamaayi eee avasarathinaayi purappeduvichittil, athinaal avaa smaarakangalalla.)
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil.
edward VII simhaasanathil adhikaaramettappol puthiya staambukal aavashyamaayi vannu. sameepanam valare yaadhaasthithikamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum jubili frameukalil bhooribhaagavum veendum upayogikkukayum raajaavinte prathichaaya appozhum orotta prophylayirikkukayum cheythu. edwardinte bharanam valare hraswamaayirunnu, athinte falamaayi roopakalppanayil valia mattangalonnum undaayilla. eee samayathaan chokku-uparithala paper avatharippichathu (vellikondu uparithalam thechu pidichu itharathilulla paper kandethaam, ithu oru karutha adayaalam avasheshikkunnu).
ithinu vipareethamaayi, jorjju anchaamante staambukal aadyakaalam muthal thanne noothanamaayirunnu. muun bharanakaalathu upayogicha athe nirangalilulla dii, dii moolyangalaayirunnu aadyathe prasidheekaranam. pradhana design savisheshatha athepadi nilaninnengilum-chhaayaachithrathinu oru central ellipse, oru alankaara frame, adibhaagathu moolya tablet, mukalil oru kireedam-naalil moonnu chhaayaachitram aadyamaayi upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla designukal staanderd prophyllake madangi.
1924ll britiish saamraajyathinte pradarshanathinaayi yuu. keyude aadyathe smaaraka staambukal puratthirangi. valia formet staambukalude jodi gambheeramaaya nilapaadil oru simhathe ulkkollunnu; avaa avaa 1924lum rund thavana puratthirakki, thudarnnu oro varshathileyum staambukal issue cheytha varshavumayi alekhanam cheythu. 1929-ll nadanna randaamathe anusmarana sammelanam aaa varsham landanil nadanna yoonivezhsal poosttal yooniyante (yuu. pii. yuu) onpathaamath kongrasine adayaalappeduthi.
airish swatantra raashtrathinte swaathanthryam.
swaathanthryam anglo-airish udambadiyethudarnnu posttukaludeyum telegraphukaludeyum utharavaaditham puthiya thaalkkaalika sarkkaarin kaimari. 1922 desemberil airish swatantra raashtrathinte aupachaarika swaathanthryathinushesham, pinneedu swatantra samsthaana sarkkaarilekku maatti. 1924ll swatantra samsthaana sarkkar oru postmaastar generaline niyamichu, pakaram posttukalkkum telegraphsin manthriyude oafees sthaapichu. airish staambukal avatharippikkunnathin munbu ellah poost boxukalum chuvappin pakaram pacha niratthil veendum varaykkukayum britiish tapal staambukal ovarprint cheyyukayum cheiyunnathaayirunnu aadyakaala prakadanangal.
sthaanathyaagam, yuddham.
1936ll edward VIII sthaanathyaagam cheiyunnathinumumbu naalu staambukalude oru koottam puratthirakki. jorjju aaraamante kireedadhaaranam oru smaarakathode adayaalappeduthi saamraajyathile ellah kolanikalum ulppedunna oru oomnibas prashnatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu athu. edmund dulaakkinte plaasttar kaast adisthaanamaakki puthiya nirvachanagalil uracha varnna pashchaathalatthil raajaavinte oru profile ulppeduthiyirunnu. moonnu pathittaandukalkk sesham yanthrangalude mungamiyaayirunnu ithha chuvade kaanuka.
1940ll victoria jorjju araman orumichu chithreekarikkunna aarr staambukalodeyaanu tapal staambinte noottaand aaghoshichathu. adutha varshathode, yudhakaala aavasyangal staambu printingine baadhichu, 1937 leeii staambukal kuranja mashi upayogichu achadichu, ithu ganyamaayi bharam kuranja shedukalkku kaaranamaayi. yudhaananthara vishayangalil samadhaanathinte thirichuvaravinulla smarakangal, 1948 leeii velli jubili, 1948 leeii venalkkaala olimpiks, 1949 leeii upuvinte 75-aamm vaarshikam enniva ulppedunnu.
1950ll ellah kuranja moolyangaludeyum nirangal maatti. 1951ll uyarnna moolyangalude (2s 6d, 5s, 10s, £1) oru puthiya parambarayum britiish uthsavathinte rund smaarakangalum kandu.
aadhunika yugam.
1952ll elisabath randaaman pithaavinte pingaamiyaayappol puthiya staambukal aavashyamaayi vannu. elisabath raajnjiyude chhaayaachithrathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla wilding prasnangal ennariyappetta oru vishayathekkurichulla vyathiyaanangalude oru shekharam athinte phalamaayirunnu. photographer dorothy wildingaanu eee chithram varachathu.
1967 juun 5 nuu mesheen prasnangal avatharippikkunnathuvare wildingukal upayogichirunnu. mesheen design valare lalithamaanu, sakthamaaya varnna pashchaathalatthil raajnjiyude profile, valare janapriyamaan, ippozhum saadhaarana britiish staambaanu. avaa niravadhi vyathyastha nirangalil achadichittundu; koodaathe, dashaamshavalkkaranathinu puthiya moolyangal aavasyamaanu, koodaathe achadi prakriyayil saankethika mechappeduthalukal undaayittund, athinte falamaayi aksharaarthatthil noorukanakkinu enangal vidagtharkku ariyaam. chithrangalulla prathyeka staambukalum chrismus staambukalum nirmmikkunnu; avayil raajaavinte oru cheria rooparekhayundu.
oru noottaandilereyaayi oro staambukalum verpeduthaan kazhiyunna vidhathil chillukalulla sheetukalaayi gumm staambukal nirmikkappettu. pilkkala staambukal sushirangalillathe svayam pashayullavayaan.
phastt klaas, second klaas tapal sevanam avatharippichathinushesham, aaa klaasinte ettavum kuranja bhaarathinu saadhuthayulla "1", "2" enningane adayaalappeduthiya noonn-value indicated (envi) staambukal nirmmichu. onnukil oru "klaas" staambu upayogikkaam, allengil tapal moolyathinu anusrithamaayi staambukal upayogikkaam. "vilavardhanavinu sheshavum "klaas" staambukal prasthaavicha classinu saadhuthayullathaayi thudarunnu. tapal nirnnayikkaan aksharangalude valippam koodaathe bharavum upayogathilaayappol, onnum randum klaas staambukal adhikamaayi "valia aksharangal" chertthu.
grettu brittanile kolanikalaaya barbados, nevis, fiji, trinidad, britiish gayana, india ennivayellaam oru kaalath victoria raajnjiyude vilyam viyan chhaayaachitram avarude staambukalil upayogichirunnu. britiish rajaavaaya rashtrathalavanaayirunna pala muun kolanivalkkarikkappett raajyangalilum ippozhum raajaavinte profile ulppedunnu, ennirunnaalum chilath prakrithidrishyangal, pakshikal allengil mrugangal ennivaye chithreekarikkunna staambukalaayi shaakhakal cheythittundu.
chaals III-nte thalayulala yuke staambukal 2023 epril 4 muthal labhyamakum. purusha rajaakkanmaare chithreekarikkunna muun staambukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, puthiya settil kireedangalo mattethenkilum alankaarangalo illa.
britiish staambukalude design trendukal.
trendukal vare, britiish smaaraka staambukal valare kuravaayirunnu; mikka staambukalum audyogikamaayi "defitteeves" ennu vilikkappedunnavayaayirunu, athil bharichirunna raajaavinte chhaayaachitramaayirunnu pradhana ghadakam. ghadakam 1960 kalude thudakkathilum smaaraka staambukal kooduthal thavana prathyakshappedaan thudangiyathinu sheshavum, raajaavinte prathima pradhanamaayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi staambinte roopakalppanayude naalilonn muthal moonnilonnu vare edukkukayum ithu vazhakkavum sargaathmakathayum parimithappedutthukayum cheythu. 1965ll annathe postmaastar general tonny benn staambukalil enthokke drishyamaakumennathinu puthiya maanadandangal purappeduvichappozhaanu oru maattam vannath. designer david jentilmaan badal design sameepanangalekkurich benninu ezhuthi, raajaavinte thalaykku pakaram mattoru deseeya chinnamaaya kireedam allengil rajyanaamam; "grettu brittan" allengil "yunaittad kingdom" enniva nalkanamennu nirddeshichu. merii gillikkinte nanaya thalaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla raajnjiyude oru cheria silautt, oru othutheerppu, amgeekarikkappettu, ithu annumuthal smaaraka staambukalude maanadandamaanu. raajaavinte chhaayaachitram staambinte pradhana roopakalppanayude bhaagamaakumbol (udaaharanathinu raajnjiyude janmadinathe anusmarippikkunna prashnangalude kaaryatthil), silautt aavasyamilla, saadhaaranayaayi prathyakshappedukayumilla.
1967ll sarr thomas laurencinte 'dhii redu booy' oru britiish tapal staambil prathyakshappedunna aadyathe kalaasrishtiyaayi maari.
innathe raajakudumbavumaayi bandhapetta sambhavangalude smaranaykkaayi staambukalude vardhichuvarunna upayogamaanu mattoru pravanatha. 1952ll elisabath randaamante rajaavaakalkkaalam vare 1935ll jorjju vii. yude velli jubili, 1937ll jorjju vii. yude kireedadhaaranam, 1948ll jorjju vii. yude 25-aamm vivaha vaarshikathodanubandhichu puratthirakkiya oru prasidheekaranam ennivayaayirunnu rajakeeya sambhavangalumayi bandhapetta eaka smaaraka staambukal. ennirunnaalum, 1952 muthal, niravadhi rajakeeya avasarangalude smaranaykkaayi staambukal purathirakkiyittundu. koodaathe, diana, weils rajakumari (1998 ll), raajnji elisabath raajnji (2002 ll) ennivarude maranashesham smaaraka staambukal purathirakkiyittundu.
muun rajaakkanmaare sambandhichidatholam, 1987ll victoria raajnjiyude adhikaaramettathinte 150-aamm vaarshikathodanubandhichum 1997ll henry VIII raajaavinte 450-aamm vaarshikathodanubandhichum staambukal puratthirakki. 2008 muthal 2011 vare englandile ellah rajaakkanmaarum raajnjikalum ulkkollunna staambukalum scotish house oof stuvarttum purathirakkiyirunnu.
2022 februvariyil puthiya barcode cheytha "definitive design" staambukal avatharippichu. oro staambinum savisheshamaaya chathuraakrithiyilulla (matricks) kodukal, vyaajarekha thadayunnathinum aksharangalude tracking praapthamakkunnathinum karaspondantukale avarude staambukalumaayi digital ulladakkam bandhippikkaan praapthamakkunnathinum roopakalppana cheytha oru vyaapaaramudrayulla coding upayogikkunnu. 2022 vare onnum randum klaasukalullathum dasaamsha karansikalullathumaaya tapal staambukal upayogikkaam; baarkodukalillaattha pazhaya mesheen raajyavum nischitha design staambukal 2023 juulai 31 muthal sadhuvalla, pazhayava barcoducheythavaykku anischithamaayi kaimaattam cheyyaavunna oru prakriyayiloode royal meyil "staambu swaapp outtu skeem" ennu vilikkunnu. chithrangalulla prathyeka staambukalum barcode illaatha chrismus staambukalum thudarnnum saadhuthayullathaayirunnu. staambukal samaanamaayi kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu oru "phastt klaas" staambinu pakaram pakaram allah, phastt klaas staambu aayirikkum.
praadeshika prasnangal.
1958 muthal chaanal dveepukal, maan dweep, vadakkan ireland, scotland, weils ennividangalil praadeshika prasnangal avatharippikkappettu. eee issuekal athath raajyangalile tapal offeesukalil maathrame vilkkunnulloovenkilum vadakkan airish, scotish, velsh issuekal yunaittad kingdatthiludaneelam saadhuthayullathaanu. chaanal dveepukalum (1969 muthal) ail oof maan (1973 muthal) ippol mattevideyum saadhuthayillaatha swantham staambukal puratthirakkunnu.
videshathu britiish tapal sevanangal.
yunaittad kingdom lokamembaadum tapal sevanangal avatharippikkukayum palappozhum praadeshika ovarprintukal vahikkunna britiish nirddishta padangal upayogikkukayum cheythittundu.

