
amerikkayude spanish kolanivalkkaranam

1492ll kaasttilile raajnjiyaaya isabella onnaamante licensinu keezhil genois navikanaaya christopher kolambasinte aadya yaathraykk sesham caribean dveepaaya hispaniolayil 1493laanu amerikkayude spanish kolanivalkkaranam aarambhichath. 1898ll avasana pradesham nashtappedunnathuvare spanish saamraajyathinte eee videsha pradeshangal kaastail kireedatthinte adhikaaraparidhiyilaayirunnu. thaddesheeyarude idathoornna janasamkhyaye oru pradhana saambathika vibhavamayi spaaniyaardukal kaanukayum vyakthigatha spaniardukalkkum kireedatthinum valia sambathu ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyumennu avakaashappedunna pradesham avakaashappedukayum cheythu. spanish adhiniveshathilum thaddesheeya janataye samyojippikkunnathilum matham oru pradhana punk vahichu, avare samaadhaanaparamaayo balaprayogathiloodeyo catholica sabhayilekku konduvannu. vishalamaaya pradesham bharikkunnathinayi kireedam poura, mathaparamaya gadanakal srishtichu. idathoornna thaddesheeya janasamkhyayum verthirichedukkunnathinu vilapetta vibhavangalude nilanilppum ulla sthalangalil spanish kolanikkaar ettavum kooduthal ennam sthirathaamasamaakki.
caribean dveepukaliloodeyum thekke amerikkayude pakuthiyiloodeyum mikkavarum ellah madhya americayileyum vadakke amerikkayude bhooribhaagathileyum spanish saamrajyam vyaapichu. colonial kaalaghattatthil (1492-1832), motham 18.6 laksham spaaniyaardukal amerikkayil sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayum colonial kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthil (1850-1950) 3.5 dasalaksham perr kudiyettam nadathiyathaayum kanakkaakkappedunnu; 16-aamm noottaandil 250,000 perum pathinettaam noottaandil ettavum kooduthalum kudiyettam prothsaahippichathu puthiya borbon rajavamshamaanu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, kolambasinte yaathrakalethudarnnu, praadhamikamaayi pakarchavyaadhikalude vyaapanathiloode, onnaam noottaandil thaddesheeya janasamkhya 80 sathamaanam kuranjathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. nirbandhitha thozhil, vibhavangal verthirichedukkunnathinu adimatham, puthiya gramangalilum pinneedulla dauthyangalilum nirbandhitha punaradhivasam thudangiya sanbradaayangal kolanivalkkaranatthinte aadya dashakangalil saadhaaranamaayirunnu. thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude kuthane idivum kudiyettakkaar avarude advaanam chooshanam cheythuvenna reportukalum bhayann, puthuthayi parivartthanam cheyyappetta thaddesheeya saamanthanmaare samrakshikkunnathinaayi kireedam niyamangal konduvannu. thaddesheeya thozhilaallikalkk pakaramaayi europpukaar aadyakaala caribean vaasasthalangalilekku adimakalaakkiya aafrikkakkaare irakkumathi cheyyukayum adimakalaakkappetta swatantra aafrikkakkaar colonial kaalaghattatthile janasamkhyayude bhagamaavukayum cheythu. colonial kaalaghattatthil oru mishra-vamsha "kaasta" janasamkhya nilavil vannu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, spanish american swaathanthryasamarakal spanish amerikkayude bhooribhaagathinteyum vighadanathinum swatantra raashtrangalude sthaapanathinum kaaranamaayi. 1898-ll spanish-american yudhathethudarnnu cuba puerto rico americayode nashtappedukayum amerikkayile colonial bharanam avasaanikkukayum cheythu.
saamraajyathva vipuleekaranam.
kaasttilinte raajnjiyaaya isabella, avarude bharthaav aragonile rajaavaaya ferdinand rajaavu ennivarude keezhil speyininte pradeshatthinte vipuleekaranam nadannu, avarude vivaham iberian upadveepinu appurathulla spanish adhikaarathinte thudakkathe adayaalappeduthi. avar thangalude raajyangalude samyuktha bharana nayam pinthudarukayum pathinettaam noottaandile borbon rajaakkanmaarude keezhil poortthiyaakkiya orotta spanish raajavaazhchayude prarambha ghattam srishtikkukayum cheythu. 1492 januvari 1 nuu granadayile musleem emirate keezhadakkiyathum 711 muthal musleengal kaivashappeduthiyirunna iberian upadveepinte kristhyan punarvijayatthinte paryavasaanavumaayirunnu pradeshatthinte aadya vipuleekaranam. 1492 march 31 nuu kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan visammathicha speyinile joothanmaare purathaakkaan catholica rajaavu utharavittu. 1492 october 12nuu, genois navikanaaya christopher columbus padinjaaran ardhagolathil karayil pathikkukayum 1493ll amerikkayil sthiramaaya spanish kudiyettam aarambikkukayum cheythu.
kaasttilum aragon athath rajaakkanmaar samyukthamaayi bharichirunnuvenkilum avaa prathyeka rajyangalaayi thudarnnu. padinjarottu kappal kayarikkond "indees" enna raajyathekku athaanulla kolambasinte yaathrayude padhathikalkku catholica rajaakkanmaar audyogika amgeekaaram nalkiyappol, panam vannath kaasttile raajnjiyil ninnaan. spanish paryaveshanatthil ninnulla labham kaasteelilekku ozhuki. porchugal raajyam aafrikkayude theerathu niravadhi yaathrakalkk amgeekaaram nalkukayum avar thekke attam chuttippattiyappol indiayilekkum kooduthal kizhakode kappal kayaran kazhiyukayum cheythu. spain samanamaaya sambathu thedukayum kolambasinte padinjaaru sanjarikkunna yaathraykk amgeekaaram nalkukayum cheythu. caribean spanish kudiyettam nadannukazhinjaal, spain porchugal 1494 leeii tordezilas udambadiyil avarkkidayil loka vibhajanam aupachaarikamaakki. aazhathilulla punyamulla isabella speyininte paramaadhikaaratthinte vipuleekaranathinu, kristhyaanikalallaathuvar suvisheshavalkkaranavumaayi, sainika adhiniveshathodoppam "athmeeya keezhadakkal" ennu vilikkappedunna, verthirikkaanaavaathavidham jodiyakki. 1493 meyy 4-nuu marpappa alexander araman marpappa purappeduvicha "inter seettera" enna utharavil, padinjaaran ardhagolathile bhoomikalilekkulla avakashangal spain porchugal thammil kristhumatham pracharippikkanamenna vyavasthayude adisthaanathil vibhajichu. spain porchugal marpappa thammilulla eee aupachaarika krameekaranangal mattu europian sakthikal avaganichu, franch, engleesh, dutch ennivar kareebiyanilum vadakke amerikkayilum spain avakaashappettengilum phalapradamaayi sthirathaamasamaakkiyilla. tordesillas udambadi prakaram thekke amerikkayude oru bhagam porchugal avakaashappedunnathu brazeelile porchugees koolani roopeekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. chaals anchaamante bharanakaalathu, spanish saamraajyathe "suuryan orikkalum asthamikkaatha saamrajyam" ennu aadyam vilichuvenkilum phillippeans randaamante keezhil phillippeans dveepukalude sthiramaaya kolanivalkkaranam athine prakadamaayi sathyamakki.
vipuleekaranathinte pothuvaaya thathwangal.
spanish vipuleekaranathe chilappol "svarnnam, mahathvam, daivam", athaayath bhauthika sambathinaayulla thirachil, vijayikaludeyum kireedatthinteyum sthaanam vardhippikkal, mattu mathapaarambaryangal ozhivaakkunnathilekku kristhumathatthinte vipuleekaranam ennivayaal prachodanam ulkkondathayi churukkatthil samgrahikkappedunnu. videsha pradeshangalilekku spanish paramadhikaaram vyaapippikkunnathil, kandethal, keezhadakkal, vaasasthalam ennivayude paryaveshanangalkkulla ("entradas") adikaaram rajavaazhchayil nilaninnirunnu. paryaveshanangalkk kireedatthinte amgeekaaram aavasyamaanu, athu atharam paryaveshanatthinte nibandhanakal vyakthamaakkunnu. columbo yaathrakalkk sheshamulla ellah paryaveshanangalum, kaastail kireedatthinte dhanasahaayathodeyaanu, paryaveshanatthinte neethaavinteyum athil pankedutthavarudeyum chelavilaanu nadathiyathu. palappozhum pankedukkunnavare, vijayikale, ippol "sainikar" ennu vilikkunnundenkilum, avar oru sainyathinte raankukalil prathiphalam labhikkuna sainikaralla, marichu athil ninnu labham nedaamenna pratheekshayode oru paryaveshanatthil chernna bhaagyamulla sainikaraayirunnu. oru paryaveshanatthinte nethaavaaya "adelantado" bhauthika sambathum nilavaravumulla oru muthirnnayalaayirunnu, oru paryaveshanathinu licenses nalkaan kireedatthe prerippikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. paryaveshanatthinte vijayathinte pratheekshayil swantham jeevan panayappedutthiyavarum bhagyakkuravullavarumaaya pankaalikale paryaveshanathilekku aakarshikkendivannu. palavidhatthil oru vaanijya sthaapanamaayi pravarthicha samrambhathin mooladhanathinte valia punk nalkaamennu paryaveshanatthinte nethaavu vaagdaanam cheythu. paryaveshanatthinte vijayathin sesham, oru pankaali aadyam nikshepicha thukayude anupaathathil yudhathile kollakal vibhajichu, athil ettavum valia vihitam nethaavinu labhichu. pankedukkunnavar avarude swantham kavachangalum aayudangalum nalki, kuthirayundaayirunnavarkk rund oharikal labhichu, onnu tanikkum randaamathethu kuthirayude moolyam yuddha yanthramaayi thiricharinju. central meksikkoyile aastekkukale keezhadakkiya paryaveshanatthinte nethaavaaya hernan courtus, peruvile inkaye keezhadakkiya nethaavaaya francisco pisaro ennee uyarnna thaddesheeya naagarikathakalude vijayangalkk neethrthwam nalkiyathinaal adhinivesha kaalaghattatthil spaaniyaardukalude rund perukal pothuve ariyappedunnu. spanish jethaakkal thaddesheeya shathruthaye muthaleduthu avarude swantham lakshyangalkk oru nettam kaanunnathinaayi grouppukalumaayi sakhyamundaakki. astec saamraajyathinethire nahuwa nagara-samsthaanamaaya tlaxcala sakhyavumayi meksikoo pidichadakkunnathil ithu ettavum vyakthamaayi kaanapedunnu, athinte falamaayi thangalkkum avarude pingaamikalkkum shaashvathamaaya nettangal labhikkunnu.
caribean dveepukalum spanish pradhana dveepukalum.
kareebiyanile aadyathe spanish vaasasthalangalude paattenukal avide nilanilkkukayum spanish saamraajyathil shaashvathamaaya swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu.
thante maranadivasam vare, thaan eshyayilethiyennu columbusinu bodhyappettu. aaa thettidhaaranayiloode spanish janatha amerikkayile thaddesheeya janataye "indiakkaar" ("indiakkaar") ennu vilikkukayum, naagarikathakalum grouppukalum vyakthikalum oru vibhaagathil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaandil saamrajyam illaathaakunnathuvare spanish rajakeeya sarkkar thangalude videsha swathukkale "indees" ennu vilichirunnu.
kareebiyanil, meksikkoyilum peruvilum kaanappedunnathupole samyojitha thaddesheeya nagarikatha illaathathinaal, thaddesheeya janataye valia thothilulla spanish adhinivesham undaayirunnilla, pakshe spanish kolanivalkkaranathinethire thaddesheeya cheruthunilppu undaayirunnu. lokathinte eee anjjaathamaaya bhaagath columboic rajaakkanmaar vishalamaaya bharanaavakaashangal nalkiyathinaal columbo vestt indeesilekku naalu yathrakal nadatthi. kaasttilinte kireedam addehathinte atlaantik kadannakramana yaathrakalkk kooduthal dhanasahayam nalki, avaa mattevideyum aavarthikkilla. 1493ll kannukaalikal, vithukal, kaarshika upakaranangal enniva columbus konduvannathodeyaanu phalapradamaaya spanish kudiyettam aarambhichath. 1492-ll addehathinte aadya yaathrayil nirmmicha laa navidaadinte aadya vaasasthalam, 1493-ll madangiyethiyappozhekkum upekshikkappettirunnu. pinneedu addeham hispaniola ennu peritta dveepil (ippol haiti, dominican republic enningane vibhajikkappettirikkunnu) laa isabela vaasasthalam sthaapichu.
kareebiyanile mattu dveepukalileyum thekk, madhya amerikkayude pradhana bhoopradeshamaayithernna dveepukalileyum spanish paryaveshanangal rund pathittaandilereyaayi avaye pidichadakki. ippol thaan niyanthrikkunna pradeshathu svarnnathinteyum sugandhavyanjangaludeyum roopathil oru valia nidhi undennu columbus kireedatthinu vaagdaanam nalkiyirunnu. spanish kudiyettakkaar thudakkathil thaarathamyena idathoornna thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye kandethi, avar oru valia samyojitha rashtreeya samvidaanathinte bhaagamallaatha nethaakkal bharikkunna gramangalil thamasikkunna kaarshika thozhilaallikalaayirunnu. spanish eee janasamkhyaye avarude chooshanathinum, swantham vaasasthalangalkku bhakshyavasthukkal vitharanam cheiyunnathinum, athilum pradhanamaayi spaanishukaarkk, dhaatu sambathu verthirichedukkunnathum allengil spanish sambushteekaranathinaayi mattoru moolyavathaaya charakk uthppaadippikkunnathinum oru thozhil srotassaayi kandu. prathyeka thaddesheeya vaasasthalangal vyakthigatha spaniardukalkku nalkunna "encominda" ennariyappedunna oru sthaapanathile spanish kudiyettakkaarkku grantaayi tainokalude idathoornna janasamkhyayude advaanam anuvadichu. aadyakaala dveepukalil uparithala svarnnam kandethukayum encomindakalude udamakal thaddesheeyare athinaayi paniyedukkaan prerippikkukayum cheythu. ellah praayogika aavasyangalkkum ithu adimathamaayirunnu. isabelle raajnji aupachaarika adimatham avasanippikkukayum thaddesheeyare kireedatthinte saamanthanmaraayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythuvenkilum spaaniyaardukalude thaddesheeya thozhilaallikalude chooshanam thudarnnu. hispaniolayile teyno janasamkhya lakshakkanakkin allengil dasalakshakkanakkinu aayirunnu-pandithanmaarude kanakkukal vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu-ennaal 1490 kalude madhyathil avaa praayogikamaayi thudachuneekkappettu. rogangalum amita joliyum, kudumbajeevithathe thadassappeduthunnathum kaarshika chakravum (avare aasrayikkunna spaniardukalkku kadutha bhakshyakshamam srishtichathu) thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye athivegam nashippichu. spanish kazhchappadil, avarude thozhil srotassum swantham vaasasthalangalude pravarthanakshamathayum apakadatthilaayirunnu. hispaniolayile teyno janasamkhyayude thakarchaykku sesham, aaa janasamkhyaye adimakalaakkaan cuba, puerto rico, jamaikka ennivayulppede aduthulla dveepukalile thaddesheeya vaasasthalangal spaaniyaardukal akramikkaan thudangi, aviduthe janasamkhyaaparamaaya duranthavum aavarthichu. dominican republicile (hispaniola) spanish kolanivalkkaranathinethire kalaashicha rund thaddesheeya nethaakkalude ("kaasikkukal") perukal pradhaanamaayitheernnu.
dominican fryar antonio dii montessinos 1511-ll oru prabhaashanatthil spanish kroorathayeyum durupayogatheyum apalapichu, ithu dominican fryar bartolome dii laas kaasaasinte rachanakalil namme badhikkunnu. 1542-ll dominican sanyasi bartolome dii laas casas eee janasamkhyaaparamaaya duranthathekkurichu oru mosham vivaranam ezhuthi, "indeesinte naashathekkurichulla oru hraswa vivaranam". ithu vegathil engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum black legend ennariyappedunna spanish virudha rachanakalude adisthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu.
thaddesheeya janataye samrakshikkanum avarkk samrakshanam sthaapikkunnathil spanish kireedatthe ulppeduthaanum laas casas thante deerghakaalam chelavazhichu, 1542 leeii puthiya niyamangal nadappaakkunnathil ithu ettavum pradhanamaayi kaanapedunnu, ithu spaaniyaardukalude anantharaavakaashamaaya "encomindas" niyanthrikkunnu.
spaaniyaardukalude aadyathe pradhana bhoopradesha paryaveshanangalkk sesham ulnaadan paryaveshanangaludeyum adhiniveshathinteyum oru ghattam nadannu. 1500-ll veneswela kyubagwa dveepil newa cadis nagaram sthaapikkappettu, thudarnnu innathe gwajira upadveepil alonso dii ojeda santa cruze sthaapichu. 1501ll fraansiskan sanyasimar amerikkayile pradhana bhoopradeshathu europianmaar sthaapicha aadyathe sthiramaaya vaasasthalamaayirunnu veneswela kumana, ennaal thaddesheeyaraaya aalukalude vijayakaramaya akramanangal kaaranam, 1569ll dego hernandes dii serpayude foundeshan vare ithu niravadhi thavana punasthaapikkendivannu. spanish 1509ll saan sebaastyan dii yuraba sthaapikkukayum ennaal varshathinullil athu upekshikkukayum cheythu. amerikkayil sthaapithamaaya aadyathe sthiramaaya spanish pradhana bhoopradesam santa maria laa antigwa dell darrian aanennathin paroksha thelivukalundu.
spaaniyaardukal kareebiyanil 25 varshathilere chelavazhichu, avide thilangunna sambathinekkurichulla avarude prarambha uyarnna prathekshakal aprathyakshamaaya thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude thudarchayaaya chooshanam, praadeshika swarnna khanikal ksheenikkal, karimbu panchasaara krishi oru kayattumathi ulppannamaayi aarambikkal, adimakalaakkappetta aafrikkakkaare oru thozhil shakthiyaayi nirbandhitha kudiyettam ennivaykku vazhiyorukki. paryaveshanangaliloode spaaniyaardukal sarm-caribean mekhalayil avarude saannidhyam vipuleekarikkunnath thudarnnu. onnu 1517-ll francisco hernandes dii cordoba mattonn 1518-ll juvan dii grijalva avide saadhyathakalekkurich prateeksha nalkunna vaarthakal konduvannu.
1510kalude madhyathode polum padinjaaran caribean pradeshangal spaaniyaardukal adhikam paryavekshanam cheyyaathavayaayirunnu. cubayil nannayi bandhappettirunna oru kudiyettakkaaranaaya hernan courtesinu 1519-ll cuba govarnor eee vidoora padinjaaran mekhalayilekku maathram paryaveshana paryaveshanam nadatthaan anumathi nalki. lokacharitram srishtikkuvaanaayirunnu aaa paryaveshanam. caribean dveepukal speyininte videsha kolanivalkkaranatthinte kendramaayi maariyillengilum thanthraparamaayum saambathikamaayum, prathyekichu cuba, hispaniola dveepukalkku praadhaanyamullathaayi thudarnnu. spain avakaashappedunna cheria dveepukal engleeshukaarkkum duchukalkkum nashtamaayi, france hispaniyolayude pakuthi ettedukkukayum panchasaara uthppaadippikkunna kolaniyaaya sent domingue sthaapikkukayum mattu dveepukalum pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
meksikoo.
aadhunika meksikkoyilekkulla spanish vipuleekaranam vare spanish paryavekshakarkku avar pratheekshicha alavilulla sambathu kandethaan kazhinjilla. parimithamaaya sayudha poraattavum chilappol thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikalude pankaalitthavum ulppedunna kareebiyanile spanish vipuleekaranathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, madhya meksikkoyude adhinivesham neenduninnathum swantham aavasyangalkkaayi pankedukkaan thiranjeduttha thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikale aavashyamullathumaayirunnu. astec saamraajyathinte keezhadakkalil niravadhi thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikalude sainyangalude samyuktha sramam ulppettirunnu, oru cheria spanish senayude neethrthwathilaayirunnu ithu. aastekkukal parambaraagatha ardhathil oru saamraajyathe bharichirunnilla, marichu dussen kanakkinu nagara-samsthaanangal, gothrangal, mattu raashtreeyangal ennivayude oru konfedareshante aadhipathyamaayirunnu; oronninteyum padavi kadinamaayi keezhppeduthiyathil ninnu adutha sakhyakakshiyayi vyathyaasappettirunnu. aastekkukalkkethire sakhyamundaakkaan spaaniyaardukal astec saamanthanmaarudeyum tlaxcala (aastekkukal orikkalum keezhadakkaatha oru nagara-samsthaanam) nethaakkale prerippichu. atharam reethikaliloode, spaaniyaardukal aayirakkanakkin, orupakshe pathinaayirakkanakkin thaddesheeya yodhaakkalude oru valia senaye shekharikkaan vannu. central meksikoo pidichadakkiyathinte rekhakalil paryaveshana nethaavu hernan courtus, bernell dias dell kaasttillo, mattu spanish vijayikal, nagara-samsthaanangalaaya tlaxcala, texcoco, huxotsingo ennividangalil ninnulla thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikal ennivarude vivaranagal ulppedunnu. koodaathe, astec thalasthaanamaaya tenochtitlanil ninnu paraajayappettavaraan thaddesheeya vivaranagal ezhuthiyathu, vijayikal ozhikeyullavar charithram ezhuthiyathinte oru cases.
astec chakravarthiyaaya moctesuma randaamane courtus pidichadakkiyathu puthumayude oru mikacha aaghaathamaayirunnilla, marichu caribean kaalaghattatthil spanish vikasippicha playbookil ninnaan. oru muthirnna nethaavum pankedukkunna purushanmaarum jeevan nashtappettillenkil prathiphalatthinte poornna pratheekshayode samrambhathil nikshepikkunna oru staanderd paatten aayirunnu paryaveshanatthinte ghadana. courtasinte thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikale thedunnathu yudhathinte oru saadhaarana thanthramaayirunnu vibhajikkuka, keezhadakkuka. ennaal astec bharanam upekshichukondu thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikalkk valareyadhikam nettamundaayi. spaaniyaardukalude tlaxcallen sakhyakakshikale sambandhichidatholam, avarude nirnaayaka pinthuna aadhunika kaalaghattatthil meksikkan samsthaanamaaya tlaxcalayilekku nilanilkkunna rashtreeya paarambaryam nedikkodutthu.
keezhadakkiyathum ekeekarichathumaaya pradeshangalude maathruka pinthudarnnu kooduthal paryaveshanangalkkulla vikshepana kendramaaya madhya meksikkoyude adhinivesham kooduthal spanish adhiniveshangalkk kaaranamaayi. pedro dii alvarado polulla dvitheeya nethaakkal palappozhum ivaye nayichu. meksikkoyile pilkkala vijayangal astec saamrajyam keezhadakkiyathinekkaal kuranja pettennulla falangalulla neenda prachaaranangalaayirunnu. yookkaattan spanish adhinivesham, gwatimala spanish adhinivesham, mikovakkan pyoorepechayude adhinivesham, meksikkoyude padinjaaran yuddham, vadakkan meksikkoyile chichimekka yuddham enniva aayirakkanakkin mailukal neenduninna pradeshathinteyum thaddesheeya janasamkhyayudeyum mail spanish niyanthranam vipuleekarichu. samanamaaya thanthrangal prayogichu 1532ll aarambhicha ingaan saamrajyam keezhadakkunnathu vare, pradeshathinteyo nidhiyudeyo alavinodu poruthappedunna aastekkukale keezhadakkal nadannilla.
peru.
1532-ll kajamarkka yudhathil francisco pisaroyudeyum avarude thaddesheeya indian sahaayikaludeyum keezhilulla oru koottam spaaniyaardukal inca saamraajyathile atahulpa chakravarty akramikkukayum pidikoodukayum cheythu. amerikkayile ettavum sakthamaaya saamraajyathe keezhadakkaan pathittaandukalude poraattam vendivanna oru neenda prachaaranatthinte aadyapadiyaayirunnu ithu. thudarnnulla varshangalil inca samskaarathinte saamraajyathinte mail spain bharanam vyapippichu.
rund sahodaranmaraaya atahuwalpa, huwasher chakravartthimaarude vibhagangal thammilulla sameepakaala aabhyantharayudhavum incas keezhadakkiya thaddesheeya rashtrangalaaya huvaankakal, chachapoyas, canaris ennivayude sathruthayum spanish muthaledutthu. thudarnnulla varshangalil vijayikalum thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikalum grettar andees mekhalayil niyanthranam vyapippichu. 1542ll peruvinte viceroi sthaapikkappettu. avasana inca kotta 1572ll spanish keezhadakki.
1824 desember 9nuu ayakkucho yudhathil avasaanicha spanish bharanathin keezhilulla bhookhandathile avasana pradeshamaayirunnu peru (1898 vare cubayilum puerto recoyilum spanish bharanam thudarnnu).
chili.
peru aasthaanamaayulla spaaniyaardukal chili paryavekshanam cheythu, avide spaaniyaardukal phalabhooyishtamaaya mannum mithamaaya kaalaavasthayum aakarshakamaanennu kandethi. araukkans ennu spanish aalukal vilicha chiliyile maappuche janatha shakthamayi ethirthu. 1541ll pedro dii valdivia sthaapicha chiliyile vaasasthalam spanish sthaapichu.
1567ll chilo dveepasamooham keezhadakkiyathinu sesham chiliyile spanish vamshajarude thekottulla kolanivalkkaranam nirtthivachu. thekk vardhichuvarunna kadinamaaya kaalaavasthayudeyum paattagoniyayile fjordukalilum chaanalukalilum spaanishukaarkkidayil sthirathaamasamaakkaan janasamkhyayum nischalavumaaya thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude abhaavathinteyum falamaanithennu karuthappedunnu. bio-bio nadiyude thekk maapuche, 1599-1604 leeii ezhu nagarangalude naashathode kolanivalkkaranatthe vijayakaramaayi vipareethamaakki. eee maapuche vijayam laa frondera enna spanish-maapuche athirthi sthaapikkunnathinu aditharayittu. eee athirthikkullil spanish bharikkunna chiliyude "sainika thalasthaana" thinte punk kansepsiyoon nagaram etteduthu. sathruthayulla thaddesheeya janasamkhyayum, vyakthamaaya dhaathukkalo mattu chooshanayogyamaaya vibhavangalo illaathathum thanthraparamaaya moolyam kuravullathumaaya chili colonial spanish amerikkayude oru athirthi pradeshamaayirunnu, bhoomishaasthraparamaayi kizhakk andees padinjaaru pasaphik samudravum thekk thaddesheeyavumaayirunnu.
puthiya granada.
1537num 1543num idayil aarr spanish paryaveshanangal hyland kolambiyayil praveshikkukayum myuska konfedareshan keezhadakkukayum puthiya granada raajyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. gonsaalo jimenez dii kwezada addehathinte sahodaran hernan randaam sthaanathulla pramukha vijayiyaayirunnu. pradhaanamaayum aadhunika kolambiyaykkum veneswela chila bhagangalkkum anuyojyamaaya oru pradesham ulkkollunna ithu bogota oodiyanshyayude presidentinte bharanathilaayirunnu. vijayikal aadyam peruvinte vaisroythikkullil oru captancy generalayi ithu samghadippichu. 1549ll kireedam "oodiyanshya" sthaapichu. aathyanthikamayi, raajyam 1717lum 1739lum puthiya granadayude vaisroyalttiyude bhaagamaayi maari. 1810kalil swatantra rajyangal sthaapikkaanulla niravadhi shramangalkk sesham, 1819ll granu columbia sthaapithamaayathode raajyavum viceroyalttiyum poornnamaayum illaathaayi.
veneswella.
1490kalil columbus eee pradeshatthinte niyanthranathilaayirunpol, praadeshika thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye spanish nasippichathinushesham cubayileyum hispaniolayileyum spaaniyaardukalude thaddesheeya adimakalude uravidamaayi eee pradesham aadyamaayi sandarshichathu europianmaaraanu. sthiramaaya vaasasthalangal kuravaayirunnuvenkilum muthu kidakkakal chooshanam cheiyunnathinaayi spaaniyaardukal kyubagwa, maargaritta ennee theeradesha dveepukalil thamasamaakki. 1528ll speyininte aadyathe hapsburg rajaavaaya chaals onnaaman velsarmaarude jarmman banking kudumbatthinu kolanivalkkarikkanulla avakasham nalkiyappol padinjaaran veneswela charithram oru asaadhaaranamaaya dishayilekku neengi. vishudha roman chakravarthiyaayi thiranjedukkappedaan chaals sramikkukayum athu nedaan enthum nalkaan thayyaravukayum cheythu. jarmman velser, fuger banking kudumbangalkk addeham aazhathil kadappettirikkunnu. velsarmaarodulla kadangal theerkkunnathinaayi, padinjaaran veneswela 300 kudiyettakkaarulla rund pattanangal kandethi kottakal nirmikkaamenna vyavasthayode kolanivalkkarikkaanum chooshanam cheyyaanumulla avakasham addeham avarkk nalki. 1528ll avar clain-venedig koolani sthaapichu. avar cooroo, maracaibo pattanangal sthaapichu. thaddesheeya janathayeyum spaniardukaleyum orupole anyavalkarikkukayum avarude nikshepa shambalam undakkunnathil avar akramasaktharaayirunnu. 1545-ll chaals graant raddaki, jarmman kolanivalkkaranatthinte episode avasaanippichu.
rioo dii laa plaattayum paragwai.
thaddesheeya janasamkhya viralavum vilayeriya lohangalo mattu vilayeriya vibhavangalo illaathathukondu arjanteenaye central meksikoyudeyo peruvinteyo mahathaaya reethiyil keezhadakkukayo pinneedu chooshanam cheiyukayo cheythilla. innu rioo dii laa plaattayude mukhathulla buenos airs oru pradhana metropolisaanenkilum, athinu spaniardukalkku thaalpparyamillaayirunnu, koodaathe 1535-36 settilment paraajayappedukayum 1541 oode upekshikkappedukayum cheythu. yadhaartha paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkia pedro dii mendosa domingo martinus dii iraalayum ulnaadukalilekku pooyi spaaniyaardukalude thaavalamaayi marria asunsiyon, parague sthaapichu. 1580-ll randaamathe (sthiramaaya) vaasasthalam sthaapicha juvan dii gaare, ippol paragvaayiyude thalasthaanamaaya asuncionil ninnu parana nadiyilekku kappal kayari. peruvil ninnulla paryavekshanam innathe vadakkupadinjaaran arjanteenayil tukkumaante adithara paakunnathin kaaranamaayi.
america.
ippol thekkan american ikyanaadukalaayi maariyirikkunnathinte bhooribhaagavum spain avakaashappettirunnu, athil chilath 1500kalude thudakkathil spaanishukaar paryavekshanam cheyyukayum chila sthiramaaya vaasasthalangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. aadhunika kaalathe samsthaanangalaaya alabama, arizona, carolinus, collado, florida, jorjia, mississippi, nyoo meksikoo, texas, california ennividangalil spanish paryavekshakar kireedatthinaayi bhoomi avakashappettu. eee kaalaghattatthil puerto rico spaanishukaar kolanivalkkarichu, ithu aafrikkakkaarum america thammilulla aadyakaala sanbarkkathinu kaaranamaayi (swatantra karutha konkvisttadar juvan garrido vazhi). colonial kaalaghattatthiludaneelam swathanthrarum adimakalumaaya aafrikkakkaar puthiya speyininte oru savisheshathayaayirunnu.
puerto rico keezhadakkiya kolanikkaaril oralaaya juvan poons dii leone 1513-ll florida kanda aadyathe europian enna bahumati saadhaaranayaayi nalkappedunnu. rashtreeya kaaranangalal, laa florida muzhuvan vadakke american bhookhandamaanennu spain chilappol avakaashappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, upadveepineyum gulf theeram, jorjia, carolina, thekkan virgenia ennivayeyum soochippikkaan eee peru saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnu. 1521-ll floridayile ippol charlot thuramukhathinu sameepam oru vaasasthalam sthaapikkaan shramikkunnathinide poons dii liyon kollappettu. mattoru parajayappetta sramam nadatthiya lucas waskwess dii ayloon, ekadesham 500 kolanikkaarumaayi 1526 ll aadhunika thekkan carolinayil saan migual dii gwaldape kudiyettam sthaapichu.
1528 avasaanathode spanish paryavekshakanaaya alver nunez kabeza dii vaaka innathe follet dveepaaya texacil ethi. 1565ll spain sent. aadhunika kaalam vare onno allengil mattoo nilanilkkunna floridayile augustin. 1598ll aarambhicha nyoo meksikkoyil sthiramaaya spanish vaasasthalangal sthaapikkappettu, 1610ll santa phee sthaapikkappettu.
paryaveshanatthinte yugathinte avasaanam.
central meksikoo (1519-21), peru (1532) ennivayude athisayakaramaaya vijayangal mattoru uyarnna nagarikatha kandethanulla spaaniyaardukalude pratheekshakalkk kaaranamaayi. 1540kalilekkum 1550kalode sthaapithamaaya praadeshika thalasthaanangalilekkum paryaveshanangal thudarnnu. cubayil ninnu (1539-42) thekkukizhakkan vadakke amerikkayilekkulla hernando dii sotto; vadakkan meksikkoyilekkulla francisco waskwess dii coronado (1540-42), kwoto, ecavador (1541-42) ennivayil ninnu amasoniyayilekkulla gonsaalo pisaro ennivayaanu ettavum sradheyamaaya paryaveshanangal. 1561-ll, pedro dii ursuva ell dorado thirayunnathinaayi ekadesham 370 spanish (sthreekalum kuttikalum ulppede) aamasoniyayilekk oru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalki. kollapetta ursuvaykkethire kalapam nadatthiya loopu dii agvire ippol kooduthal prashasthanaan. peruvinte mail kireeda niyanthranam avakaashappettathinte pashchaathalatthil thanneppolulla vijayikalkkulla perumaattathekkurichu kadutha parati nalkikkond agvire pinneedu philipp randaamanu oru kathu ezhuthi. 1527ll purappetta oru muun paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu neratthe kollapetta panfilo navaasaan. athijeevichavar 1536 vare vadakke amerikkayude thekkum thekkupadinjaarum thaddesheeya grouppukalkkidayil yaatra cheiyunnathu thudarnnu. aaa paryaveshanatthil ninnu rakshapetta naalu peril oraalaayirunnu alver nunez kabeza dii vaaka, athinekkurichu oru vivaranam ezhuthi. kireedamanika pinneedu addehathe paaraagveyile asunsionilekku adelantado aayi ayachu. mattoru astec allengil inca saamrajyam kandethaamenna pratheekshayil paryaveshanangal pradeshangal paryavekshanam cheiyunnathu thudarnnu, thudarnnulla vijayangalonnum undaayilla. vadakkan nyoo speyinile saakaatekaasukalil ninnu francisco dii ibara oru paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkukayum duranco sthaapikkukayum cheythu. avasaanathe vijayikal" ennu chilappol vilikkappedunna juvan dii onettu, ippol nyoo meksikoo ennu vilikkappedunnathinu mail spanish paramadhikaaram vyapippichu. muun vijayikaleppole, oonettu indian janataye vyaapakamaayi durupayogam cheythu. santa phee sthaapichathinu thottupinnaale, spanish adhikaarikal oonettine meksikoo nagaratthilekku thirichuvilichu. thaddesheeyareyum kolanikkaareyum krooratha kaanichathinu pinneedu addehathe vichaarana cheyyukayum shikshikkukayum nyoo meksikkoyil ninnu aajeevanantha naadukadatthukayum cheythu.
spanish kudiyettatthe badhikkunna gadakangal.
rund pradhana gadakangal deerghakaalaadisthaanathil spanish vaasasthalathinte saandrathaye baadhichu. athilonnu, jolie cheyyaan kazhiyunna idathoornnathum kramanugathavumaaya thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude saannidhyamo abhaavamo aayirunnu. kudiyettakkaarude sambannathaykkaayi chooshanam cheyyaavunna vibhavangalude saannidhyamo abhaavamo aayirunnu mattonn. ettavum nallath svarnnamaayirunnu, ennaal velliyaanu samriddhamaayi kandethiyathu.
1550 nuu sesham spanish kudiyettatthinte rund pradhana pradeshangal meksikoyum peruvum aayirunnu, astec, inca thaddesheeya samskaarangalude sthalangal. thulya praadhaanyamullathum vilayeriya loha velliyude sambannamaaya nikshepavum. meksikkoyile spanish kudiyettam "vijayathin munbulla samayangalil eee pradeshatthinte samghadanaye pradhaanamaayum aavarthichu", athesamayam peruvil, inkakalude kendram valare thekk, valare vidooravum spanish thalasthaanathinu valare uyarathilumaayirunnu. thalasthaanamaaya lima pasaphik theerathinadutthaanu nirmmichathu. meksikoo, peru, meksikoo nagaram, lima ennivayude thalasthaanangalil valia thothil spanish kudiyettakkaarundaayirunu, ithu rajakeeya, sabhaa bharanathinteyum valia vaanijya samrambhangaludeyum vidagdha karakaushalathozhilaalikalum saamskaarika kendrangaludeyum kendrangalaayi maari. valia alavil swarnam kandethumennu spanish pouranmaar pratheekshichirunnuvena, valia alavil velliyude kandethal spanish colonial sambadvyavasthayude chaalakashakthiyaayi maarukayum spanish kireedatthinte pradhana varumaana srotassaayi maarukayum anthaaraashtra sambadvyavasthaye mattimarikkukayum cheythu. madhya, thekkan meksikoo mesoamericayile thaddesheeya kudiyetta mekhalaykku purathulla vidoora pradeshangalaayirunna meksikkoyile khanana pradeshangal colonial sambadvyavasthayile pradhana kendrangalaayirunnu saakaattekkaasileyum (1548 ll sthaapithamaayathu) gwaanaajuvaattoyileyum (1548 ll sthaapithamaayathu) khanikal. peruvil, 21-aamm noottaandil ippozhum velli uthppaadippikkunna sero rico dii potosi enna orotta velli parvathatthil velli kandethi. potosi (1545 ll sthaapithamaayathu) idathoornna thaddesheeya vaasasthala mekhalayilaayirunnu, athinaal ayiru verthirichedukkaan parambaraagatha paattenukalil thozhilaallikale samaharikkaam. uthppaadanakshamamaaya khananathinulla oru pradhana ghadakam uyarnna grade ayiru samskarikkunnathinulla merkuri aayirunnu. peruvinu oru uravidam huvankavelikkayil undaayirunnu (1572 ll sthaapithamaayathu), mexicoic speyinil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha mercuriye aashrayikkendivannu.
aadyakaala vaasasthalangalude sthaapanam.
spanish amerikkayiludaneelam praadeshikamaayi samanamaaya oru maathrkayil spanish caribean, hispaniola, cuba ennividangalil pattanangal sthaapichu. oru central plaasayude naalu vashangalilum ettavum pradhanappetta kettidangal undaayirunnu, prathyekichu rajakeeya udyogastharkkum pradhana pallikkum vendiyulla kettidangal. oru checkerboard paatten puratthekku vikiranam cheythu. udyogastharudeyum varenyavargakkaarudeyum thaamasasthalangal pradhana chathuppinu ettavum aduthaayirunnu. orikkal nagara vaasasthalangalil idathoornna thaddesheeya janasamkhya undaayirunna pradhana bhoopradeshathu, spaanishukaarkk athe sthalathu oru spanish vaasasthalam nirmmikkaan kazhinju, athu eppol sambhavichuvennathinte adithara. palappozhum avar oru thaddesheeya kshethrathinte sthalathu oru palli sthaapichu. avar nilavilulla thaddesheeya vaasasthalangalude shringhala aavarthichuvenkilum oru thuramukha nagaram koottichertthu. ulnaadan vaasasthalangale kadaliloode spainumaayi bandhippikkunnathin spanish shringalaykku oru thuramukha nagaram aavashyamaayirunnu. meksikkoyil, hernan courtes addehathinte paryaveshanatthile aalukalum 1519-ll thuramukha pattanamaya veracruz sthaapikkukayum cuba govarnorude adikaaram illaathaakkaanulla oru maargamaayi taunn kaunsilarmaaraayi svayam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. astec saamrajyam attimarichathinushesham avar astec thalasthaanatthinte avashishtangalil meksikoo nagaram sthaapichu. avarude kendra audyogikavum aachaaraparavumaaya pradesham astec kottarangalkkum shethrangalkkum mukalilaanu nirmmichathu. peruvil, inca bharanathinte kendramaaya kuskoyude uyarnna pradeshathekkaal lima nagaratthe avarude thalasthaanamaayum aduthulla thuramukhamaaya calavo aayum spanish pouranmaar sthaapichu. spaaniyaardukal avar keezhadakkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheytha pradeshangalil vaasasthalangalude oru shringhala sthaapichu. pradhaanamaayavayil santiago dii gwatimala (1524); puebla (1531); kverettaaro (sii. eiii.) enniva ulppedunnu. 1531); gwadalajara (1531-42); valladolid (ippol morelia), (1529-41); antekwera (ippol ooksaakka (1525-29); kampeche (1541); merrida. thekke madhya, thekke amerikkayil panaama (1519); liyon, nikkargwa (1524); cartagena (1532); piyura (1532); kvitto (1534); trujillo (1535); kaalii (1537) bogota (1538); kvitto (1534); kusko 1534); lima (1535); thuncha (1539); humanga (1539); arakvippa (1540); santiago dii chili (1544), kansepsiyoon, chili (1550) ennividangalilaanu vaasasthalangal sthaapikkappettathu. thekkan bhaagath ninnu sthirathaamasamaakkiyavar buenos airs (1536,1580); asunsiyon (1537); potosi (1545); laa paas, bolivia (1548); tukuman (1553) ennivaraayirunnu.
paaristhithika vijayangalum janasamkhyaaparamaaya duranthangalum.
columbian kaimaattam naagarikathakalude ettumuttal pole thanne pradhanamaayirunnu. amerikkayilekku konduvanna rogangalaayirunnu ettavum pradhanappetta aamukham, ithu pakarchavyaadhikalude oru parambarayil thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye nashippichu. thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude nashtam spaniardukaleyum nerittu baadhichu, kaaranam aaa janasamkhyaye avarude swantham sambathinte uravidamaayi avar kooduthalaayi kaanukayum avarude kanmunnil aprathyakshamaakukayum cheythu.
caribean mekhalayile aadya vaasasthalangalil, spaaniyaardukal manahpoorvvam paaristhithika bhooprakrithiye maattimaricha mrugangaleyum sasyangaleyum konduvannu. pannikal, kannukaalikal, aadukal, aadukal, kozhikal enniva spaaniyaardukale avarkk parichithamaaya bhakshanakramam kazhikkaan anuvadichu. ennaal kuthirakalude irakkumathi spaniardukalkkum thaddesheeyarum thammilulla yudhathe maattimarichu. yudhathil kuthirakalkk prathyeka praveshanam undaayirunna spaniardukalkku kaalnadayaayi nadakkunna thaddesheeya yodhaakkalekkaal nettamundaayirunnu. thudakkathil avaa viralamaaya oru charakkaayirunnu, ennaal kuthira prajnana pravartthanam oru sajeeva vyavasaayamaayi maari. spanish niyanthranatthil ninnu rakshapetta kuthirakale thaddesheeyarum pidichedutthu; niravadhi thaddesheeyarum kuthirakalkkayi raid nadatthi. kuthirasavaari cheytha thaddesheeya yodhaakkal spaaniyaardukalude pradhana shathrukkalaayirunnu. vadakkan meksikkoyile chichimekka, vadakkan valia samathalangalile komanche, thekkan chiliyile maappuche, arjanteenayile pambakal ennivar spanish adhiniveshathe prathirodhichu. vadakkan meksikkoyile khanana vibhavangal chooshanam cheythathinu spaaniyaardukale kadutha chichimekkakal vilakki. spaniards ambathu varshathe yuddham nadatthi (sii. eiii. 1550-1600) avare keezhppedutthaan, ennaal chichimekka aavasyappetta bhakshanavum mattu charakkukalum spaaniyaardukal ganyamaayi sambhavana cheythathiloode maathramaan samadhaanam kaivarichathu. "vaangunnathiloode samadhaanam" ennathukondu samgharsham avasaanichu. thekkan chiliyilum pambaasilum araukkaaniyakkaar (maappuche) kooduthal spanish vipuleekaranam thadanju. vellakkaraaya sthreekale pidikoodukayum kondupookukayum cheiyunna aarokkan kuthirappurakkaarude chithram nagarikathayeyum kroorathayeyum kurichulla spanish aashayangalude aalroopamaayirunnu.
vadakkan meksikoo, arjanteeniyan pambakal ennivayulppede spaniardukalkku labham undakkaan kazhiyaatha pradeshangalil kannukaalikal athivegam vardhichu. chedikalude punarujjeevanathe thadayukayum sasyangale nilathu bhakshikkukayum cheythathinaal, valia thothil valarthiya sthalangalil aadukalude uthppaadanam oru paaristhithika duranthamaayirunnu.
spanish krishikkaayi puthiya vilakal konduvannu. thaddesheeya carbohydrate srothassukalekkaal gothamb krishiyaanu avar thiranjedutthathu kasava, cholam (cholam), urulakkizhangu enniva, thudakkathil europil ninnu vithukal irakkumathi cheyyukayum meksikkan bajio polulla kalappa krishi upayogikkaan kazhiyunna pradeshangalil nadukayum cheythu. aadyakaala spanish amerikkayil uyarnna moolyamulla vilayaaya karimbu panchasarayum avar irakkumathi cheythu. spaaniyaardukal citrus marangal irakkumathi cheyyukayum ooranchu, naaranga, naaranga, munthirippazham ennivayude thottangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. athippazham, apricot, cherry, piyar, peechu ennivayaayirunnu mattu irakkumathi. kaimaattam oru vazhikkum nadannilla. europine parivartthanam cheytha pradhana thaddesheeya vilakal urulakkizhangum cholavumaayirunnu, avaa europile janasamkhyayude vipuleekaranathilekku nayicha samriddhamaaya vilakal ulppaadippichu. meksikkoyil choklettum vanila krishi cheyyukayum europilekku kayattumathi cheyyukayum cheythu. europian paachakareethikalil pradhaanamaayathum valarthaan kazhiyunnathumaaya bhakshyavasthukkalil, thakkaali, schwash, bell pepper, oru paridhivare, kurumulak; vividha tharatthilulla paripp walnut], kashuvandi, pekkan, nilakkadala ennivayum undaayirunnu.
sivil bharanam.
indeesile saamrajyam kaastail saamraajyathinte maathram puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya aashrithathvamaayirunnu, athinaal kireedaavakaashatthe nilavilulla korttukalonnum thadassappeduthiyilla (athaayath.iii. paarlament), bharanaparamaya allengil sabhaa sthaapanam, allengil signooriyal group. pala tharatthil vikendreekrithamaaya sankeernavum sreniparavumaaya oru bureaucrasiyude sahaayathode kireedaavakaashikal thangalude videsha swathukkalude niyanthranam sthaapikkaanum nilanirthaanum shramichu. athu avakaashappedunna pradeshathinteyum saamanthanmaarudeyum adikaaravum paramadhikaaravum kireedamaanu, nikuthi shekharikkukayum pothu kramam nilanirthukayum neethi nadappaakkukayum valia thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude bharanathinaayi nayangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. colonial kaalaghattatthinte arambham muthal kaasttilil sthaapithamaaya niravadhi sthaapanangal indian vamshajaril aavishkaaram kandethi. spainileyum athinte videsha saamrajyathileyum bharanaparamaya sthaanangalkkaayi abhibhaashaka-byoorokraattukale ("letrados") parisheelippikkunnathinaayi spanish sarvakalashaalakal vipuleekarichu.
1700-ll habsburg raajavamshathinte avasaanathode, aadyathe spanish borbon rajaavaaya philipp vii (aarr. 1700-1746) chaals III (r. 1759-1788). bharanathinte punasamghadanaye "gavanmentile oru viplavam" ennu vilikkunnu."bharanasamvidhaanathinte punasamghadanayiloode sarkkar niyanthranathe kendreekarikkaan parishkaarangal shramichu, vyapara, dhananayangalile maattangaliloode spainileyum spanish saamrajyathileyum sambadvyavasthaye punarujjeevippichu, oru sthiramaaya sainyam sthaapikkunnathiloode spanish kolanikale prathirodhikkukayum praadeshika avakaashavaadangal samrakshikkukayum cheythu.
bharanathinte aadyakaala sthaapanangal.
kireedavakashi thangalude videsha pradeshangalude bharanathil pradhana kaunsilarmaarum rajakeeya udyogastharum enna nilayil sabhaaprasangimaare aashrayichu. isabellayude kanfesaraaya aarch bishop juvan rodrigues dii phonsekkaye kolambasinte swaathanthryam niyantrikkaan chumathalappedutthi. catholica rajaakkanmaarude keezhil colonial nayam roopeekarikkunnathil addeham shakthamayi swaadheenam cheluthukayum vyaapaarathinum kudiyettatthinum mail kireeda niyanthranam saadhyamaakkunna "cassa dii kontraattaasiyan" (vyapara bhavanam) (1503) sthaapikkunnathil nirnaayaka punk vahikkukayum cheythu. maagellante samudrayaathraykku anuyojyamaaya ovando 1524-ll kaunsil oof dhii indeesinte aadya presidentaayi. caribean kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil, prathyekichu christopher kolambasinte pingamiyaayi niyamicha gavarnaraaya francisco dii bobadillayude bharanathekkurichu anweshikkaan ayacha free nicolas dii ovando, ecclesiastics videshathu administrettarmaarayum pravarthichu. pinneedu sabhaaprasangimaar idakkaala vaisroyimaaraayum general inspectormaaraayum (sandarshakar) mattu unnatha thasthikakalilum sevanamanushtichu.
vyaapaarathinte veedu.
1503ll sevilleyil "cassa dii kontraattaasiyan" (vyapara bhavanam) sthaapichathode kireedam vyaapaarathilum indiayilekkulla kudiyettatthilum niyanthranam sthaapichu. kappalukalum charakkukalum rajisttar cheyyukayum pazhaya kristhyan paarambaryamillaattha aarudeyum kudiyettam thadayunnathinaayi kudiyettakkaare parisodhikkukayum cheythu.iii.joothanmaaro muslim vamsajarum illaathe) kudumbangaludeyum sthreekaludeyum kudiyettam sugamamaakki. koodaathe, "cassa dii kontraatteshan" dhanakaarya samghadanayudeyum indian rajyangalumaayulla vyaapaarathinte samghadanayudeyum judicial niyanthranathinteyum chumatala etteduthu.
aadyakaala caribean kaalaghattatthil rajakeeya niyanthranam avakaashappedal.
kolambasine ethirkkaan rajakeeya adikaaram urappikkunnathinulla raashtreeyam addehathinte adikaarangal adichamarthunnathinum rajakeeya adhikaarathinu keezhil praadeshika bharanam srishtikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi. pravishyakal ennum vilikkappedunna eee govarnarettukal indiakkaarude praadeshika gavanmentinte adisthaanamaayirunnu, pradeshangal keezhadakkukayum kolanivalkkarikkappedum cheythathode avaa uyarnnuvannu. paryavekshanam, adhinivesham, pradeshatthinte prarambha settilment enniva ulkkollunna paryavekshanam ("entrada") nadappilaakkunnathinu, rajaavu, paramadhikaariyaayum oru paryaveshanatthinte niyukta nethaavaayum ("adlantado") oru prathyeka pradeshathe paryaveshanatthinte vyavasthakalude prathyekathakalode oru inam kararinu ("capitulasion") sammathichu. paryaveshanangalude vyakthigatha nethaakkal samrambhathinte chelavukal ettedukkukayum pakaram keezhadakkiya pradeshangalude sarkkaaril ninnu grantaayi labikkukayum koodaathe thaddesheeya janathayodu perumaarunnathinekkurichu nirddeshangalum avarkk labikkukayum cheythu.
vijayangalude kaalaghattam avasaanichathinusesham, sakthamaaya bureaucrasiyode vipulavum vyathyasthavumaya pradeshangal kaikaaryam cheyyendathu aavashyamaayirunnu. puthiya lokakaaryangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kaastiliyan sthaapanangalkku asaadhyamaayathinaal mattu puthiya sthaapanangal srishtikkappettu.
adisthaana rashtreeya asthithvamenna nilayil athu govarnarettu allengil pravisyayaayirunnu. govarnarmaar aadyaghattathil judicial saadhaarana pravartthanangalum oordinansukal vazhi niyamanirmmanam nadathunna sarkkaarinte prathyekaavakaashangalum nirvahichu. govarnorude eee rashtreeya pravarthanangalil, sainika aavasyangalkkanusarichu, kyapttan general rangode sainika pravarthanangalil cheraam. muzhuvan pradeshathinteyum paramonnatha sainika medaaviyaayi ulppettirunna kyapttan generalinte oafees, sainyathe recruit cheiyunnathinum nalkunnathinum, pradeshatthinte kottakal, vitharanam, kappal nirmmaanam ennivayude utharavaaditham addehathinaayirunnu.
1522ll puthuthayi keezhadakkiya meksikkoyil ninnu spanish saamraajyathile sarkkar unitukalkku oru koottam "officiles reals" (rajakeeya udyogasthar) niyanthrikkunna oru rajakeeya treasury undaayirunnu. pradhana thuramukhangalilum khanana jillakalilum sub treasurykalum undaayirunnu. sarkkaarinte oro thalatthilumulla rajakeeya treasuryile udyogastharil saadhaaranayaayi rund muthal naalu vare sthaanangal ulppedunnu oru "tessorero" (treasurer), kaiyil panam sookshikkukayum panamadaykkukayum cheytha muthirnna udyogasthan; varumaanavum paymentukalum rekhappeduthukayum rekhakal paripalikkukayum rajakeeya nirddeshangal vyaakhyaanikkukayum cheiyunna oru "contador" (akkoundant allengil kantrolar); raajaavinte aayudangalum vitharanangalum samrakshikkukayum pravisyayil shekharicha kappam neekkamcheyyukayum cheiyunna oru "ghadakam"; pravishyayile thaddesheeya nivasikalumaayi sanbarkkam pularthunnathinu utharavaadiyaaya oru "weeder" (melnottakkaaran), yudhathile eathenkilum kollayude raajaavinte vihitam shekharikkukayum cheiyunnu. weeder" allengil melnottakkaaran enna sthaanam mikka adhikaaraparidhiyilum pettennu aprathyakshamaayi, "ghadakam" enna sthaanathekku layichu. oru adhikaaraparidhiyile saahacharyangale aashrayich, "factor/weeder" enna sthaanavum palappozhum illaathaakkappettu.
rajaavaanu treasury udyogasthare niyamichathu, viceroi, oodiyanshya president allengil govarnorude adhikaarathil ninnu avar pradhaanamaayum swathanthraraayirunnu. rajaavu niyamikkunna oru puthiya gavarnarkk thante chumathalakal ettedukkunnathuvare maranam, anadhikrithamaaya abhavam, viramikkal allengil oru govarnore neekkam cheyyal ennivayil treasury udyogasthar samyukthamaayi pravishya bharikkum. treasury udyogastharkku pravisyayil ninnulla varumaanathil ninnu shambalam nalkendathayirunnathinaal varumanam undaakkunna pravarthanangalil earppedunnathil ninnu saadhaaranayaayi vilakkappettirunnu.
spanish niyamavum thaddesheeya janathayum.
spanish kudiyettakkaarude adimathathil ninnum chooshanathil ninnum thaddesheeya janathayude samrakshanam bargos niyamangalil sthaapikkappettu, 1512-1513. amerikkayile spanish kudiyettakkaarude perumaattatthe niyanthrikkunna aadyathe krodeekaricha niyamangalaayirunnu niyamangal, prathyekichu "encominda" sthaapanathile thaddesheeya indiakkaarodulla perumattavumaayi bandhappett. thaddesheeyare moshamaayi perumaarunnath avar nirodhikkukayum catholica mathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaanulla shramangaliloode thaddesheeya janathayude nirbandhitha punaradhivaasatthe amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. thaddesheeyare phalapradamaayi samrakshikkunnathil avar paraajayappettathinetthudam spanish astec saamrajyam keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnum spanish peru keezhadakkiyathinethudarnnum, vijayikaludeyum kudiyettakkaarudeyum adikaaraprayogam, prathyekichu thaddesheeya janangalodu avar moshamaayi perumaariyathine niyanthrikkunnathinulla kooduthal karsanamaaya niyamangal prakhyaapichu, puthiya niyamangal (1542) ennariyappettu. kireedatthinte niyanthranatthilallaatha indian prabhukkanmaarude roopeekaranam thadayuka ennathaayirunnu kireedatthinte lakshyam.
amerikkayile thaddesheeyarude adimatham catholica rajaavu nirodhicha thante niyamathil thaddesheeyarude samrakshanathinaayi aadyathe kallerinja aadyathe rajaavaayirunnu isabelle raajnji. 1542-ll aadyathe niyamaparamaaya chintha aadhunika anthaaraashtra niyamatthinte adisthaanamaayirunnu.
kolanivalkkarikkappett oru janathayude avakashangalum perumattavum kolanivalkkarikkappettavar charcha cheytha europian charithratthile aadyathe dhaarmika samvaadamaayirunnu valladolid samvaadam (1550-1551). spanish nagaramaya valladolidile kolagio dii saan grigoriyoyil nadanna ithu amerikkayude kolanivalkkaranathekkurim catholica mathathilekkulla parivarthanatthinulla nyaayeekaranathekkurichum kooduthal vyakthamaayi europian kudiyettakkaarum puthiya lokathile thaddeshavaasikalum thammilulla bandhathekkurichum oru dhaarmikavum daivashaasthraparavumaaya charchayaayirunnu. colonial jeevithathilekku thaddeshavaasikale engane samyojippikkanam, kristhumathathilekkulla avarude parivartthanam, avarude avakashangalum kadamakalum ennivayekkurichu niravadhi ethir kaazhchappaadukal ithil ulppettirunnu. franch charitrakaaranaaya jeane dumontinte abhipraayathil "valladolid samvaadam" lokacharithrathile oru pradhana vazhithirivaayirunnu "" speyinil aaa nimisham manushyaavakaashangalude prabhathamaayi "prathyakshappettu".
caribean mekhalayile thaddesheeya janatha saamraajyathinte paramaadhikaarikalum catholica sabhayude rakshaadhikaarikalumaaya sthaanangalil kireedatthinte kendramaayi maari. encomindayil thaddesheeya thozhilaallikalude graantukal kaivashappedutthiya spanish jethaakkal avare krooramaayi chooshanam cheythu. aadyakaalakhattathil niravadhi sanyasimar kristhumathathilekku puthuthayi parivartthanam cheyyappetta thaddesheeya janataye shakthamayi prathirodhichu. saanto domingoyile pramukha dominican sanyasimar, prathyekichu antonio dii montessinos bartolome dii laas casus eee durupayogathe apalapikkukayum thaddesheeya janataye samrakshikkaan nadapadiyedukkaan kireedatthe sammarddathilaakkukayum cheythu. spanish jethaakkalude shakti niyanthrikkunnathinum thaddesheeya janangalkk spanish adikaaravum kristhumathavum samaadhaanaparamaayi sweekarikkaan avasaram nalkunnathinumaayi kireedam bargosinteyum (1513) rakwarimentoyudeyum niyamangal nadappaakki. randum athinte uddeshyathil phalapradamaayirunnilla. indiakkaarude samrakshakanaayi audyogikamaayi niyamikkapetta laas casus, avarkkuvendi shakthamayi tharkkikkan thante jeevitam chelavazhichu. 1542leeii puthiya niyamangal, munbu shaashvathamaayi nilaninnirunna thaddesheeya thozhilaallikalkulla graantukal swakaarya udamakalaaya encomenderokalude adikaaram parimithappedutthiyathinte phalamaayirunnu. rajakeeya adhikaarathe badhikkunna oru koottam spaaniyaardukalude ekopanam illaathaakkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi encomindakalude anantharaavakaasham shaashvathamaayi parimithappeduthunnathinna kireedam thurannirunnu. peru, keezhadakkiyathinu thottupinnaale puthiya niyamangal nadappakkaanulla puthuthayi niyamithanaaya viceroi blasco neuness velayude sramam vaisroyikkethire vijayikal kalapam nadathukayum 1546-ll viceroi kollappedukayum cheythu. meksikkoyil, doonn martin courtus, vijayiyaya hernan courtasinte makan niyamaparamaaya anantharaavakaashiyum, encomindaasinte mattu anantharaavakaashikalum kireedatthinethire parajayappetta kalaapathin kaaranamaayi. doonn martine naadukadatthukayum mattu goodaalochanakkaare vadikkukayum cheythu.
thaddesheeya janathayum colonial bharanavum.
astec, inca saamraajyangalude keezhadakkal athath pradeshangalude mail avarude paramadhikaaram avasanippikkukayum spanish saamrajyam pakaram vaykkukayum thaddesheeya mathavishwaasangalum aachaarangalum adichamarthappedukayum janasamkhya kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu. praadeshika thalatthil nilavilulla thaddesheeya rashtreeya, saambathika gadanakal upayogikkaathe spanish saamraajyathin eee vishalamaaya pradeshangalum idathoornna thaddesheeya janasamkhyayum bharikkan kazhiyumaayirunnilla. puthiya bharanasamvidhaanavumaayi mikka thaddesheeya varenyavargangalum thammilulla sahakaranamaayirunnu ithinte thacol. spanish thaddesheeya varenyavargakkaare prabhukkanmaraayi amgeekarikkukayum avarude kammyoonittikalil thudarnnukondirikkunna sthaanam nalkukayum cheythu. thaddesheeya varenyavargakkaarkk "doonn", "donna" ennee mahathaaya padavikal upayogikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, avarkk thala nikuthiyil ninnu ozhivaakkappedukayum avarude bhoovudamakale "casicasgos" aayi ulppeduthukayum cheyyaamaayirunnu. eee varenyavarggakkaar spanish bharanaadhikaarikalum thaddesheeya saadhaaranakkaarum thammil oru edanilakkaarante punk vahichu. madhya, thekkan meksikkoyilum (mesoamerica) malayora pradeshangalile andis thaddesheeya janathayilum kappam nalkunnathinulla paarambaryavum aavashyamaaya thozhil sevanavum undayirunnathinaal spaanishukaarkk sambathu verthirichedukkaan eee samvidaanangal upayogikkaam. kurachu spaaniyaardukalum valia thaddesheeya janasamkhyayum undaayirunnu, athinaal thaddesheeya idanilakkaare upayogikkunnathu thaddesheeya janataye puthiya bharanasamvidhaanathil ulppeduthunnathinulla oru praayogika pariharamaayirunnu. samudaayangalkkullil sreniparamaaya vibhajanagal nilanirthunnathiloode, thaddesheeya prabhukkanmaar thaddesheeyavum spanish mekhalakalum thammilulla nerittulla interface aayirunnu, avar spanish kireedatthodu vishwasthatha pularthunnathuvare avarude sthaanangal nilanirtthi.
caribean spanish bharanathil ninnu thaddesheeyaraaya aalukal anubhavicha chooshanavum janasamkhyaaparamaaya duranthavum sambhavichu. 
spaaniyaardukal pradeshangalilum avarude thaddesheeya janasamkhyayilum avarude niyanthranam vipuleekarichu. republica dii indeos" srishtichukondu "republica dii espaanolukal" roopeekaricha thaddesheeya samoohangale (athupole karuthavargakkaarum) niyamaparamaayi spaniardukalil ninnu verthiricheduthathu kireedamaanu. 1542-ll puthiya niyamangalil thaddesheeya samoohangalude swakaarya graantukalkk prathiphalavum encomainda thozhilaallikalum nalkunnathu nirodhichukondu kireedavakashi spaaniyaardukalude chooshanam thadayaan shramichu. meksikkoyil, kireedam general indian kodathi ("jusgado general dii indeos") sthaapichu, ithu vyakthigatha thaddesheeya, thaddesheeya samoohangale badhikkunna tharkkangal kettu. paavapettavarkkulla niyamasahaayatthinte aadyakaala udaaharanamaaya pakuthi yadhaartha nikuthiyaanu eee kesukalude abhibhaashakarkku dhanasahayam nalkiyathu. samanamaaya niyamaparamaaya oru samvidaanam limayil sthaapichu.
thaddesheeya bharanathinte gadanakale spanish bharanavumaayi saamyamullavayayi maattaan spanish pouranmaar chittayode shramichu, athinaal thaddesheeya nagara-samsthaanam oru spanish pattanamayi maarukayum bharicha thaddesheeya prabhukkanmaar taunn kaunsilinte (cabildo) bhaaravahikalaayi maarukayum cheythu. thaddesheeya cabildo ghadana spanish sthaapanathinu samaanamaanengilum, athinte thaddesheeya pravartthakar thaddesheeya sanbradaayangal pinthudarunnathu thudarnnu. madhya meksikkoyil, pathinaram noottaandile yogangalude vishadaamshangal tlaxcala cabildo nahuvathalil undu. kolanivalkkaranatthinte aadyakaalakhattathil thaddesheeya prabhukkanmaarkk prathyekichum praadhaanyamundaayirunnu, kaaranam encominda sambadvyavastha thudakkathil avarude communitykalile saadhaaranakkaaril ninnu kappavum advaanavum verthirichedukkunnathil ninnaan nirmmichathu. colonial sambadvyavastha kooduthal vaividhyavalkkarikkappedum sambathu shekharikkunnathinulla eee samvidaanangale aashrayikkunnath kurayukayum cheythathode thaddesheeya prabhukkanmaarkk sambadvyavasthayude praadhaanyam kuranjuvannu. ennirunnaalum, prabhukkanmaar avarude samudaayangalude niyanthranatthilulla bhoomiyudeyum vellathinteyum avakashangal samrakshikkunnavaraayi maari. colonial meksikkoyil, prabhukkanmaarkk praadeshika sanyasi allengil purohitan allengil praadeshika raaja udyogastharil ninnu anukoolamaaya prathikaranam labhikkaathappol prathyeka thaddesheeya samoohangalkku pradhanappetta vividha vishayangalekkurich rajavinodu nivedanangalundu.
irupathonnaam noottaandile charithrakaaranmaarude kruthikal spanish adhiniveshathinte swaadheenathekkurichum munnooriladikam varshathe spanish bharanathinte kaalathe maattangalekkurichum ulla dhaarana vipuleekarichu. meksikkoykkaayi atharam niravadhi kruthikal undu, palappozhum nahuvatt, mixtech, eucatech maaya ennee bhaashakalile thaddesheeya bhasha documentation varachirikkunnu. andean pradeshathe sambandhichidatholam prasidheekaranangalude ennavum vardhichuvarikayaanu. gwaraniyude charithravum sameepakaala padanatthinte vishayamaan.
2000ll joonn pooll randaaman marpappa thaddesheeyaraaya janangal ulppedeyulla catholica sabha cheytha thettukalkk mapp paranju. 2007ll, thaddesheeyarude mathaparivarthanathil sambhavicha thettukalkk marpappa benedict pathinaraman mapp mapp paranju.
kaunsil oof dhii indees.
1524ll raajaavine upadeshikkukayum sarkkaarinte prathyeka kaaryangalil addehathinu vendi theerumaanangal edukkukayum cheytha kaunsilukalude samvidaanathe pinthudarnnu kaunsil oof dhii indees sthaapikkappettu. castile adisthaanamaakki, indeesinte bharananirvahanam ealppichukondu, niyamanirmmanam thayyarakkunnathinum sivil gavanmentinum sabhaa niyamanangalkkumayi rajaavinu niyamanangal nirddeshikkunnathinum judicial shiksha prakhyapikkunnathinum ithu utharavaadiyaayirunnu; videsha pradeshangalile paramavadhi adikaaramenna nilayil, kaunsil oof indees kireedatthinteyum catholica sabhayudeyum thaddesheeya janathayudeyum thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinaayi indeesile rund sthaapanangalum etteduthu. 1508-ll poppinte kireedatthinu marpappa nalkia graant prakaram, poppinu pakaram kireedam americayileyum philippainsileyum catholica sabhayude mail samboornna adikaaram prayogichu, eee padavi kireedatthinu mannolippino kadannukayattathino ethire theekshnathayode samrakshikkappettu. bishoperics sthaapikkunnathinum pallikalude nirmmaanathinum ellah purohithanmaarudeyum niyamanathinum kaunsil oof dhii indees vazhiyulla kireeda amgeekaaram aavashyamaayirunnu.
1721-ll, borbon raajavaazhchayude thudakkathil, kireedavakashi videsha saamraajyathe bharikkunnathinulla pradhana utharavaaditham kaunsil oof dhii indees-ll ninnu naavikasenayudeyum indees manthraalayathinum kaimari, avaa pinneedu 1754-ll rund vyathyastha manthraalayangalaayi vibhajikkapettu.
viceroyilittikal.
raajaavinte bhauthika saannidhyathinte asadhyathayum indian rajyangalil sakthamaaya rajakeeya bharanathinte aavasyakathayum sivil, sabhaa mekhalakalil raajaavinte nerittulla praathinidhyamaaya vaisroyimaare ("vais-kings") niyamikkaan kaaranamaayi. sivil, matha mekhalakalile bharanathinte ettavum valia praadeshika unitaayirunnu viceroyal, rund bureaucrassikaludeyum mail kireeda niyanthranam urappakkunnathinaayi sivil, sabhaa bharanathinte athirukal roopakalppana anusarichu yojichu. pathinettaam noottaand vare, rund viceroyal sthaapanangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, vaisroyaltti oof nyoo spain (1535 ll sthaapithamaayathu) vadakke america, caribean, phillippines ennivayude oru bhagam, vaisroyaltti oof peru (1542 ll sthaapithamaayathu) ennivaykku spanish thekke amerikkayude adhikaraparidhi undaayirunnu. vaisroyikalude (meksikoo sitti, lima) irippidangalil sthaapicha anweshanam ulppede catholica sabhayude vais rakshaadhikaarikalaayi vaisroyikal sevanamanushtichu. thangalude pradeshangalude sadbharanam, saambathika vikasanam, thaddesheeya janangalodu manushikamaaya perumaattam ennivaykku vaisroyimaaraayirunnu utharavaadikal.
pathinettaam noottaandile parishkaarangalil, peruvinte viceroyal punasamghadippikkappettu, bhagangal vibhajichu puthiya granada (columbia) (1739), rioo dii laa plaita (arjanteena) (1776) ennivayude vaisroyaltti roopeekarikkukayum peruvinu peru, charcas, chili ennivayude adhikaraparidhi nalkukayum cheythu. vaisroyikal uyarnna saamoohika nilavaaramullavaraayirunnu, mikkavarum oru apavaadavumillaathe speyinil janikkukayum nischitha kaalayalavil sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu.
oodiyanshyas, haikkodathikal.
vijayikalkkum aadya kudiyettakkaarkkum vipareethamaayi rajakeeya adikaaravum kireedatthodulla vishwasthathayum ulla oru pradhana bharana sthaapanamaayi kireedamaanu thudakkathil oodiyanshyakal roopeekarichathu. thangalude praadeshika adhikaaraparidhiyile ettavum uyarnna judicial athorittiyaayi roopeekarikkappettenkilum avarkk executive, legislative adhikaaravumundaayirunnu, koodaathe idakkaala adisthaanathil executive aayi sevanamanushtichu. jadjimark ("oyidoras") "sakthamaaya adikaaram" undaayirunnu. judicial kaaryangalilum rajakeeya niyamanirmmanam nadappaakkunnathil melnottam vahikkunnathilum avarude punk avarude theerumaanangale avar sevicha samoohangalkku pradhanamaakki."avarude niyamanangal aajeevanaanthamo raajaavinte santhoshathino vendiyullathaayirunnathil, vaisroyimaarum kyapttan generalukalum avarude hraswakaala niyamanangal kaaranam nashtappetta adhikaarathinteyum adhikaarathinteyum thudarcha avarkkundaayirunnu. avaa bharanasamvidhaanathinte kendramaayirunnu [koodaathe] indian sarkkaarin sthirathayudeyum thudarchayudeyum sakthamaaya adithara nalki."
avarude pradhana pravartthanam judicial aayirunnu, randaam thavana appeel kodathi enna nilayil-shiksha, sivil kaaryangalil, mathramalla aasthaanamulla nagaratthile aadya udaaharanam kodathikalaayirunnu, koodaathe rajakeeya treasury ulppedunna kesukalilum. kodathikku purame, vaisroyikalude adhikaarathinu virudhamaayi sarkkaarinte pravartthanangal oodiyanshyakalkku undaayirunnu, kaaranam visroyiyude anumathi aavasyappedaathe thanne kaunsil oof dhii indiasumaayum rajaavumaayum ashayavinimayam nadatthaan avarkk kazhiyumaayirunnu. kaunsil oof dhii indeesumaayulla oodiyanshyayude eee nerittulla kathidapaadukal kaunsilinu sarkkaarinte pothuvaaya vashangalil oodiyanshya nirddesham nalkaan saadhyamaakki.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode amerikkayil janicha varenyavargakkaarude adhikaarathinteyum swaadheenathinteyum oru pradhana aditharayaayirunnu oodiyanshyakal, 1687 aayappozhekkum naalilonn niyamanangalum indiayil janichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil saambathika prathisandhiyude samayat, kireedam oodiyanshya niyamanangal wilkan thudangi, amerikkayil janicha spaniardukalkku oodiyanshya niyamanangalude 45 sathamaanavum undaayirunnu. praadeshika varenya samoohavumaayulla niyamanakkaarude bandhatthinum praadeshika sambadvyavasthayile pankaalitthatthinum niyanthranangal undaayirunnengilum, avar panakkuravulla kireedatthil ninnu vitharanangal nedi. shabdaparamaaya vidhikalum mattu pravartthanangalum pradeshavumaayi kooduthal bandhappettirikkukayum kireedavum nishpaksha neethiyum kurayukayum cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil borbon parishkaarangalil, kireedam chittayayi adikaaram swantham kaikalil kendreekarikkaan sramikkukayum videsha swathukkalude ennam kuraykkukayum upabhookhandathil janicha spaaniyaardukale oodiyanshyakalkku niyamikkukayum cheythu. ekadesham oru noottaandolam thangal aasvadichirunna adhikaarathilekkulla praveshanam nashtappettathinaal amerikkayil janicha varenyavarggakkaar eee maattathekkurichu kadutha parathippettu.
sivil administrative jillakal, pravishyakal.
aadyakaalakhattathilum habsburgukalude keezhilum, oodiyansiyaykkum taunn kaunsilukalkkumidayillu corregimento sthaapanathil kireedaavakaasham colonial adhikaaraparidhiyude oru praadeshika paali sthaapichu. athode nagarakendrangalil ninnu graamapradeshangalilekkum thaddesheeya janasamkhyayilekkum rajakeeya adikaaram vyapippichu."pala colonial sthaapanangaleyum pole, catholica rajaakkanmaar munisippaalittikalude mail adikaaram kendreekarikkumbol korejimentoyude verukal castylilaayirunnu. indian kaalaghattatthil, churungikkondirikkunnu thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye samrakshikkunnathinum vijayikaludeyum sakthamaaya kudiyettakkaarudeyum oru prabhukkanmaarude roopeekaranam thadayunnathinum encomiendayil nilaninnirunna thaddesheeya janasamkhyaye chooshanam cheytha spanish kudiyettakkaarude mail niyanthranam konduvarunnathinaanu corregimiento thudakkathil pravarthichathu. oru jillayude chumathala rajakeeya udyogasthan korejidoraayirunnu, addehathe viceroi saadhaaranayaayi anchu varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi niyamichirunnu. corregidorukal thaddesheeya samudaayangalil ninnu kappam shekharikkukayum nirbandhitha thaddesheeya thozhilaallikale niyanthrikkukayum cheythu. alcalde mayer" enna rajakeeya niyamanamulla valia jillakalaayirunnu alcaldias mayermar.
thaddesheeya janasamkhya kuranjathode, korejimentoyude aavasyakatha kurayukayum pinneedu adichamarthappedukayum cheythu, pathinettaam noottaandile borbon parishkaarangalil rajakeeya udyogastharum uddeshakarum athine maattisthaapikkunnathuvar alcaldia mayer oru sthaapanamaayi thudarnnu. habsburg kaalaghattatthile udyogastharude shambalam valare kuravaayirunnuvenkilum vilayeriya uthppannamulla thaddesheeya vaasasthalangalude janasaandrathayulla pradeshangalile corregidor allengil alcalde mayerk thante oafees vyakthiparamaaya sambushteekaranathinaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. mattu pala rajakeeya thasthikakaleyum pole, eee sthaanangal 1677 muthal vittu. borbon kaalaghattatthile uddeshakare niyamikkukayum thaarathamyena nalla shambalam nalkukayum cheythu.
cabildokal allengil taunn kaunsilukal.
spanish kudiyettakkaar pattanangalilum nagarangalilum thamasikkaan shramichu, taunn kaunsil allengil "cabildo" vazhiyaan bharanam poortthiyaakkiyathu. munisippalittiyile pramukha nivaasikal ("vesinos") chernnathaanu cabildo, athinaal bharanam oru purusha varenyavargathil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu, janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum adikaaram prayogichu. speyinile athe maathrkayilaanu nagarangal bharichirunnathu, indeesil nagaram spanish jeevithathinte chattakkoodaayirunnu. nagarangal spanish graamapradeshangal thaddesheeyavumaayirunnu. sthirathaamasamaakkiya janasamkhyayulla muun thaddesheeya saamraajyangalude pradeshangalil, kireedadhaaranam nilavilulla thaddesheeya bharanathe oru spanish maathrkayilekku samyojippichu, cabildos sthaapikkukayum spanish padavikal kaivashamulla udyogastharenna nilayil thaddesheeya varenyavargathinte pankaalitthavum. nagaratthinte valippathe aashrayich kaunsilarmaarude ("rejidorukal") oru variable ennam undaayirunnu, koodaathe rund munisippal jadjimaarum ("alcaldus menoras"), aadyaghattathile jadjimaarum, police medhavi, supplies inspector, kodathi clerk, oru public herald ennee mattu udyogastharum undaayirunnu. ayalkkaarkk bhoomi vitharanam cheyyuka, praadeshika nikuthikal sthaapikkuka, pothu kramam kaikaaryam cheyyuka, jayilukalum aashupathrikalum parisodhikkuka, roadukalum jalasechana kuzhikalum paalangalum polulla pothupravartthanangalum samrakshikkuka, pothujanaarogyathinte melnottam vahikkuka, utsava pravartthanangal niyanthrikkuka, vipani vila nireekshikkuka, allengil indiakkaarude samrakshanam enniva avarkk chumathalayundaayirunnu.
philipp randaamante bharanathinushesham, kireedatthinte panatthinte aavasyam laghookarikkunnathinaayi kaunsilarmaar ulppedeyulla munisippal offeesukal lelam cheyyappettu, offeesukal polum vilkkaamaayirunnu, athu paarambaryamaayi maari, angane nagarangalile sarkkar nagarangalile kuleenarude kaikalilekku pooyi. munisippal jeevithathe niyantrikkunnathinaayi, cheria jillakalil kooduthal rashtreeya niyanthranavum judicial pravartthanangalum nadatthaan "corregidorukale", "alcaldus meyarmaare" niyamikkaan kireedam utharavittu. athath munisippaalittikale bharikkuka, neethi nadappaakkuka, "alcaldus menoras" vidhikalil appeel jadjimarayi pravartthikkuka ennivayaayirunnu avarude pravartthanangal, ennaal "corrigidorinu" maathrame "cabildo" yude adhyakshatha vahikkaan kazhiyoo. ennirunnaalum, pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanam muthal rund nirakkukalum soujanyamaayi vilppanaykku vachirunnu.
mikka spanish kudiyettakkaarum sthira thaamasakkaraayi indiayilekku varikayum kudumbangalum bisinessukalum sthaapikkukayum cabildosinte amgathvam polulla colonial samvidaanathil purogathi thedukayum angane avar praadeshikavum american vamshajarumaaya ("crillo") varenyavargakkaarude kaikalilaayi maarukayum cheythu. borbon kaalaghattatthil, kireedavakashi american vamshajar ennathilupari upadveepil janicha spaaniyaardukale rajakeeya sthaanangalilekku vyavasthaapithamaayi niyamichappozhum, cabildos praadeshika varenyarude kaikalilaayirunnu.
athirthi sthaapanangal-presidentum dauthyavum.
idathoornna thaddesheeya janasamkhyayillaatha pradeshangalilekku saamrajyam vikasichathode, kireedam presediokaludeyo sainika kottakaludeyo gaarisanukaludeyo oru shringhala srishtichu, athu spanish kudiyettakkaarkku indian akramanangalil ninnu samrakshanam nalki. meksikkoyil pathinaram noottaandile chichimek yudhathil sakattekkas khanikalil ninnu meksikoo nagaratthilekkulla velliyude kaimaattam samrakshichu. 60 shambalakkaaraaya sainikar presedioyil kaaval nilkkunnundaayirunnu. irakkumathi cheytha charakkukalude vaanijya samrambhangal sthaapikkukayum sainikarkkum indian sakhyakakshikalkkum vilkkukayum cheiyunna oru resident commander presediosinundaayirunnu.
thaddesheeya janataye parivartthanam cheiyukayenna mathaparamaya douthyamaayirunnu mattoru athirthi sthaapanam. rakshaadhikaariyaaya riyal vazhi rajakeeya adhikaarathodeyaanu dauthyangal sthaapikkappettathu. 1767ll speyinil ninnum athinte saamraajyathil ninnum purathaakkappedunnathuvar jesuitukal athirthi pradeshangalil phalapradamaaya missionarimaaraayirunnu. fraansiskanmaar chila muun jesuit dauthyangal ettedukkukayum saamraajyathil ulppeduthiya pradeshangalude vipuleekaranam thudarukayum cheythu. mathaparivarthanathilaayirunnu avarude praadhamika shradhayenkilum, missionarymar "nayatantra ejantumaaraayum shatru gothrangalude samadhana doothanmaaraayum" sevanamanushtichu... naadodi nonmissionary indiakkaarkkum mattu europian shakthikalkkumethire avar eee paatha nilanirtthumennum pratheekshichirunnu."saamraajyathinte athirthiyil, indiakkaare" "siin raason" "(" "kaaranamillathe" ") aayi kaanapettu; indiakkaarallaatha janasamkhyaye" "jeanne dii raason" "(" "yukthiyulla aalukal" ") ennu visheshippichirunnu, avar mishra-vamsha kaasttakalo karuthavaro aakam, athirthi pradeshangalil kooduthal saamoohika chalanaathmakathayundaayirunnu".
catholica sabhayude samghadana.
athmeeya adhinivesham" ennu vilikkappedunna thaddesheeya janataye keezhadakkiyathine spanish janatha nyaayeekarikkunnathil kristhyan ithara janathayude kristhyan suvisheshavalkkaranam oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu. 2000ll joonn pooll randaaman marpappa nirbandhitha mathaparivarthanam ulppedeyulla catholica sabha cheytha thettukalkk mapp paranju.
aadyakaala suvisheshavathkaranam.
colonial kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil, thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude parivartthana samayat purohithanmaaraayi pravartthikkaan catholica mathavibhaagangalude (fraansiskanmaar, dominicanmaar, augustiniyakkaar) sanyaasimaare kireedavakashi adhikaarappeduthi. kandethalinte cherupraayatthil thanne, speyinile diosession purohithanmaar mosham vidyaabhyaasamullavarum dhaarmika nilavaaram kuranjavarumaayi kanakkakkappedukayum, suvisheshavathakaranathinu neethrthwam nalkaan avare anuvadikkaan catholica rajaakkanmaar vimukhatha kaanikkukayum cheythu. oro oordarum vividha pradeshangalil (pravishyakal) edavakakalude shringhala sthaapichu, kristhyan pallikal nirmmikkappettathum thaddesheeyarude suvisheshavalkkaranam adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaya nilavilulla thaddesheeya vaasasthalangalil sthithicheyyunnu. tenochtitlan keezhadakkiyathinu thottupinnaale fraansiskan, dominican sanyasimar ennivare suvisheshavathkaranam aarambhikkunnathinayi puthiya spainilekku ayaykkaan hernan courtus abhyarthichu. 1525ll meksikkoyile panthrand apposthalanmaraaya panthrand peradangunna samghathilaanu fraansiskanmaar aadyam athiyathu. eee aadya groupil daridrarkkulla nahuwat enna padamaaya "motolinia" ennariyappedunna toribio dii benaventeyum ulppedunnu.
sabhayude shreniyude sthaapanam.
1550-kalkk sesham, mathaparamaya kramangalekkaal kireedavakashi mathapandita purohithare kooduthal anukoolichu. mathanirapeksha purohithanmaar ennum vilikkappedunna mathapandithanmaar (mathapandita purohithanmaar ennum ariyappedunnavar), yadhaartha rakshadhikaariyil marpappa nalkia adhikaarathiloode kireedatthaal niyamikkapetta bishappumaarude nerittulla adhikaarathinu keezhilaayirunnu. mathaparamaya vyavasthakalkku avarudethaaya aantharika niyanthranangalum neethrthwavumundaayirunnu. roopathakaludeyum edavakakaludeyum athirthikal varaykkaan kireedatthinu adhikaaramundaayirunnu. mathaparamaya mekhalayil kireedatthinte niyanthranatthil oru vazhithirivayi roopappettathaanu mathapandita purohitharude sabhaparamaaya shreni srishtichathu. adhikaarashreniyude ghadana pala tharatthil sivil bharanathinu samaantharamaayirunnu. catholica sabhayude thalavanaayirunnu marpappa, ennaal spanish raajavaazhchaykk yadhaartha rakshaadhikaari nalkiyathu sabhaaprasamgikale niyamikkaan (rakshaakarthruthvam) rajaavinu adikaaram nalki. sivil, mathaparamaya shrenikalude thalavanaayirunnu rajaavu. vaisroyithvathinte thalasthaana nagaram aarch bishappinte aasthaanamaayi maari. aarch bishappinte melnottatthilulla pradesham oru bishappinte neethrthwathilulla roopatha enna valia unitukalaayi vibhajikkapettu. roopathaye cheria unitukalaayi vibhajichu, edavaka purohitan jeevanakkaare niyamichu.
1574-ll philipp randaaman rakshaakarthruthva utharavu ("oordenaasa dell portaronaatto") purappeduvichu, mathaparamaya utharavukal avarude edavakakal mathethara purohithanmaarkk kaimaran utharavittu, mathethara purohithanmaar avarude valia thaddesheeya janasamkhyayulla saamraajyathinte kendra pradeshangalkkaayi deerghakaalamaayi anweshichirunna oru nayamaanith. nadappaakkal mandagathiyilaanenkilum apoornnamaayirunnenkilum, ozhinjukidakkunna tasthikakal nikathaan oordinansa malsarapareeksha nirbandhamaakkiyathinaal, purohitharude mail rajakeeya adikaaram avakaashappedunnathum edavaka purohithanmaarude gunanilavaaram mechappeduthiyathumaayinu athu.
 jesuitukalodoppam mathaparamaya oordarukalum saamraajyathinte athirthi pradeshangalil kooduthal suvisheshavathakaranathinu thudakkamittu.
jesuitukal.
purohitharude adhikaarashreniye pinthunaykkukayum bishappukalumayi samgharshathilaakukayum cheytha thangalude estettukalude dasaamsham nalkaan visammathichukondu jesuitukal kireeda niyanthranam ethirthu. meksikkoyile pueblayil bishop juvan dii palaphox vaii mendosa jesuitukal bishapparichil ninnu purathaakkiyathaanu ettavum pradhanappetta udaaharanam. aavashyamaaya rajakeeya licensukalillaathe indian edavakakal nadathunnathum purohithanmaaraayi pravartthikkunnathum thudarunna jesyoottukale bishop velluvilichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil avarude sariyaaya reethiyil niyamikkapetta bishappine samrakshikkunnathil parajayappettathinaal kireedatthinte durbalathayude udaaharanamaayi addehathinte adhikaarathil ninnulla pathanam kanakkaakkappedunnu. 1767-ll borbon parishkaarangalude samayat kireedam speyinil ninnum indeesil ninnum jesyoottukale purathaakki.
anweshanathinte vishudha oafees.
vigraharadhana mathavidveshavum verode pizhutheriyaan kazhiyunna bishappumaril anweshanaparamaaya adikaarangal thudakkathil nikshipthamaayirunnu. meksikkoyil, bishop juvan dii sumaraga 1539-ll texcocoyle doonn carlos ennariyappedunna oru nahuva prabhuvine kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheythathinu vishwaasathyaagathinum raajyadrohathinum vadikkukayum thudarnnu thante mathaparivarthanam upekshikkukayum mattullavarodu angane cheyyaan abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. thante adhikaarathe kaviyunna pravarthanangalkku sumaraga saasichu. 1571ll anweshanathinte aupachaarika sthaapanam sthaapithamaayappol, thaddesheeyare neophyteukal, puthiya mathaparivarthanam, mathasidhaantham manassilakkaan kazhivillaathavar ennee kaaranangalal athinte adikaaraparidhiyil ninnu ozhivaakkiyirunnu.
samooham.
kolanivalkkaranatthinte janasamkhyaaparamaaya swaadheenam.
1492num 1824num edayilulla kaalayalavil 18.6 dashalakshathiladhikam spaaniyaardukal laattin amerikkayilekku kudiyeriyathaayum swaathanthryathethudarna dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal kudiyettam thudarunnathaayum kanakkaakkappedunnu.
spanish vipuleekarana kaalayalavil thaddesheeya janasamkhya ganyamaayi kuranju. hispaniolayil, kolambasinte varavinu munbulla thaddesheeya tyno pree-kondaakt janasamkhya 1509 oode arupathinaayiramaayi kuranju. pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil meksikkoyile thaddesheeya american janasamkhya 90 sathamaanam (<aii. dii. 1> dasalaksham aayi kuranju). peruvil, ekadesham 6.5 dasalaksham thaddesheeya amerindian sanbarkkathinu munbulla janasamkhya pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil oru dashalakshamaayi kuranju. meksikkoyileyum peruvileyum idivu valia thothil kaaranamaayath vasuri, measles thudangiya pakarchavyaadhikalaanu, ennirunnaalum encomienda kroorathayum janasamkhya kurayunnathil pradhana punk vahichu.
kaaliforniyayile thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude charithrathekkurichu, sherben eph. paachakakkaaran (1896-1974) ettavum shradhaapoorvvam gaveshanam nadatthiya aalaayirunnu. pathittaandukalude gaveshanathil ninnu, spanish, poost-spanish kaalaghattangalile sanbarkkathinu munbulla janasamkhyayeyum janasamkhyaaparamaaya thakarchayude charithratheyum kurichu addeham kanakkukoottalukal nadatthi. paachakakkaarante abhipraayathil, 1769-ll thaddesheeya californian janasamkhya, aadya sanbarkkathil ekadesham 310,000 aayirunnuvennum 1910-oode 25,000 aayi kuranjuvennum. bhooribhaagam thakarchayum spanish kaalaghattatthinu sesham, californian charithratthinte meksikkan, us kaalaghattangalil (1821-1910), ettavum naadakeeyamaaya thakarcha (200,000 muthal 25,000 vare) us kaalaghattatthil (1846-1910) sambhavichu.
spanish american janasamkhyayum vamshavum.
spanish amerikkayile ettavum valia janasamkhya thaddesheeyaraayirunnu, thudarnnu, spanish pouranmaar "indiakkaar" ("indeos") ennu vilikkunna oru vibhaagam, yooroppyanmaarude varavinu munbu nilavilundaayirunnilla. spanish kireedam avare "republica dii indeos" ennu verthirichu. speyinile vividha pravisyakalil ninnu europianmaar kudiyeri, aadyakaala kudiyettatthil sthreekalekkaal kooduthal purushanmaaraan undaayirunnathu. avaye "espaanolukal", "espanolas" ennu vilikkukayum pinneedu speyinil janichavarkku "upadveep", amerikkayil janichavarkku "creoloo/creola" allengil "americano/americana" ennee janmasthalathe soochippikkunna padangalaal verthirikkukayum cheythu. adimakalaakkappetta aafrikkakkaare spanish pradeshangalilekku, pradhaanamaayum cubayilekku irakkumathi cheythu. upabhookhanda speyinilennapole, aafrikkakkaarkk ("neegros") avarude swaathanthryam (horoo) vaangaan kazhinju, angane saamraajyathinte bhooribhaagathilum swatantra karuthavargakkaarum mulaatto (karutha + spanish) janasamkhyayum adima janasamkhyayekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu. spaaniyaardukalum thaddesheeya maathaapithaakkalum mestiso santhathikale janippichu, avar republica dii espaanolukalude bhaagamaayirunnu.
sambadghadana.
thaddesheeya kappam kodukkalinteyum thozhilaallikaludeyum aadyakaala sambadvyavastha.
idathoornnathum tharamthirikkappettathumaya thaddesheeya janasamkhyayulla pradeshangalil, prathyekichu mesoamericayilum andean mekhalayilum, spanish jethaakkal sthiramaaya swakaarya advaanavum prathyeka thaddesheeya vaasasthalangalkku kappavum nalki, encomindayil avar swakaarya sambathu shekharikkaanulla prathyeka sthaanathaayirunnu. spanish upayogathinulla oru krodeekaranamaaya codex mendosa srishtikkaan spanish saamraajyathin nalkia prathyeka pradeshangal kooduthal vishadamaayi padikkaan spanish aalukalkk nilavilulla thaddesheeya thozhil sanbradaayangalekkurichum kappam nalkunnathinekkurichum kurachu arivu undaayirunnu. karuthavarum mishrita vamsha kaasttakalum ulppedunna thaddesheeyarum cheria ennam republica dii espaanolukalum thammilulla cheria interface ulla grameena pradeshangal valare thaddesheeyamaayi thudarnnu. meksikkoyile kappam vaangunna saadhanangal saadhaaranayaayi sthreekal neytha parutthiyude neelamulla thunikalum purushanmaar uthppaadippikkunna cholam, mattu bhakshyavasthukkalum aayirunnu. iva vipanikalil vilkkukayum athuvazhi panamakki maattukayum cheyyaam. spaaniyaardukalude aadyakaalakhattathil, thaddesheeya thozhilaallikalude niyanthranathekkaalum kappam sweekarikkunnathinekkaalum bhoomiyude aupachaarika udamasthaavakaasham pradhaanamallaayirunnu. caribean thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude aprathyakshatha spaaniyaardukal kandirunnu, athodoppam avarude pradhana sambathu srothass aprathyakshamaakukayum spaaniyaardukale avarude niyanthrana pradeshangal vipuleekarikkaan prerippikkukayum cheythu. astec, inca saamraajyangalude vijayathode, dhaaraalam spaaniyaardukal thangalude sambathu thedunnathino mechappetta saambathika saahacharyangal pinthudarunnathino iberian upadveepil ninnu kudiyeri. valuthum sthiravumaaya spanish vaasasthalangalude sthaapanam puthiya thaamasakkaare aakarshichu, avar marappanikkar, bakermar, thayyalkkaar, mattu karakaushala pravartthanangal enningane kada sthaapichu.
panchasarayum adimathavum.
dhaatu sambathum chooshanam cheyyaavunna thaddesheeya janasamkhyayum kandethumennu pratheekshichirunna aadyakaala caribean spaniardukalkku valia niraashayundaakki. svarnnam cheria alavil maathrame nilaninnulloo, thaddesheeyaraaya aalukal vanthothil marichu. kolaniyude thudarchayaaya nilanilppin, vishwasaneeyamaaya oru thozhil srothass aavashyamaayirunnu. athu adimakalaakkappetta africakkaarudethaayirunnu. pazhaya lokathil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha karimbu panchasaara uyarnna moolyamullathum kuranja bulk kayattumathi uthppannavumaayirunnu, athu caribean dveepukaludeyum theeradesha tayara firminteyum (spanish pradhana) porchugees braziludeyum ushnamekhalaa sambadvyavasthayude samrakshanakendramaayi maari.
velli.
spaaniyaardukal aagrahicha bonanza velliyaayirunnu. peru viceroyalattiyile orotta parvathatthilum, sero recoyilum, ippol boleeviyayilum, vadakkan meksikoo, sacatecas, gwanajuwatto ennividangalile idathoornna thaddesheeya settilment soninu purathulla niravadhi sthalangalilum valia nikshepangal kandethi. aandeesil, viceroi francisco dii tolado velli khananathinaayi thozhilaallikalkk vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi "mitha" yude thaddesheeya rottari thozhil samvidaanathe punarujjeevippichu. meksikkoyil, thozhil senaye kolaniyile mattevideyengilum ninnu aakarshikkendivannu, athu parambaraagatha rottari thozhil samvidaanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. meksikkoyil, "hassendas dii minaasil" shudheekaranam nadannu, avide merkkuriyumaayi samyojippichu velliyayiru shudhamaaya velliyayi shudheekarichu, ithu muttam prakriya ennariyappettu. kovarkazhuthakalude sahaayathode ayiru thakarkkukayum thudarnnu shudhamaaya velli puratthedukkaan merkuri prayogikkukayum cheyyaam. merkuri kireedatthinte kuthakayaayirunnu. peruvil, sero recoyude ayiru huwankaavelikkayile praadeshika merkuri khaniyil ninnaan samskarichathu, athesamayam meksikkoyil merkuri speyinile almaden merkuri khaniyil ninnaan irakkumathi cheythath. merkuri oru neurotoxin aanu, ithu manushyareyum kovarkazhuthakaleyum nasippikkukayum kollukayum cheiyunnu. huwankawelica mekhalayil merkuri paaristhithika naashanashtangal varuthunnathu thudarunnu.
krishiyudeyum mechilppurangaludeyum vikasanam.
nagaravaasikalum khanana thozhilaallikalum, cherukida faamukal (ranchokal), (estaansiyakal), valia thothilulla samrambhangal (hassiendakal) ennivaykku bhakshanam nalkunnathinaayi, prathyekichu spaaniyaardukal kazhikkaan aagrahikkunna bhakshyavasthukkalude, prathyekichu gothambinte aavasyam niravettunnathinaayi uyarnnuvannu. viralamaaya janasamkhyayulla pradeshangalil, kannukaalikalude ("ganado mayer") mechilppuravum aadukalum aadukalum polulla cheria kannukaalikalum ("ganado menor") vyaapakamaayi kaanappedukayum avaa pradhaanamaayum kaattumrigangalaayirunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthil mechilppurangal paristhithiye baadhikkunnathinekkurich charchakal nadakkunnundu, athesamayam mattullavar athine ethirkkunnu. oru cheria thozhil shakti maathram ullathinaal, chila pradeshangalkk mechilppurangal oru anuyojyamaaya saambathika pravartthanamaayirunnu. gathagatham budhimuttullathum mandagathiyilullathum chelaveriyathumaayirunnu ennathinaal mikka krishiyum mechilppuravum praadeshika aavasyangal niravettunnu. ettavum vilakuranja kuranja bulk uthppannangal maathrame kayattumathi cheiyukayulloo.
kaarshika kayattumathi uthppannangal.
europpukaar madhuramulla choklettinte ruchi vikasippicheduthathode choklettinulla coco beans oru kayattumathi ulppannamaayi uyarnnuvannu. mattoru pradhana kayattumathi uthppannamaayirunnu kaakttikalil vasikkunna unangiya praanikalil ninnu nirmmicha varnna-vegathayulla chuvanna chayamaaya kochiniyal. velli kazhinjaal spanish amerikkayil ninnulla randaamathe ettavum moolyavathaaya kayattumathiyaayi ithu maari.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
france spain thammilulla europile nepolian upadveep yudhathil, speyinile ferdinand VII-nte peril bharikkan "jundas" ennu vilikkunna asamblikal sthaapikkappettu. libertadorukal (spanish, porchugees bhashakalil "libarettezhs" ennartham) spanish american swaathanthryasamarangale pradhana nethaakkalaayirunnu. avar pradhaanamaayum "creolos" (amerikkayil janicha europian vamshajaraaya, kooduthalum spanish allengil porchugees), boorshwas, liberalism swaadheenikkukayum chila sandarbhangalil maathrraajyathu sainika pariseelanam nedukayum cheythu.
1809ll spanish bharanathil ninnulla swaathanthryathinte aadya prakhyapanangal peruvinte vaisroythiyil nadannu. aadya randennam innathe boleeviyayile alto peruvile charcassilum (innathe sukre, meyy 25) laa paasilum (juulai 16) moonnaamathethu innathe ikkaavaadorile ktuttoyilum (august 10) aayirunnu. 1810ll meksikoo swaathanthryam prakhyaapichu, thudarnnu oru pathittaandilere meksikkan swaathanthryasamaram nadannu. 1821-leeii cordoba udambadi speyinil ninnu meksikkan swaathanthryam sthaapikkukayum yuddham avasanippikkukayum cheythu. oru swatantra mexicoic bharanaghadanaaparamaaya adithara sthaapikkunnathinulla samadhana udambadiyude bhaagamaayirunnu igualayude padhathi.
iva colonial swaathanthryathinaayulla oru prasthaanatthinu thudakkamittu, athu amerikkayile speyininte mattu kolanikalkkum vyaapichu. franch, american viplavangalil ninnulla ashayangal shramangale swaadheenichu. cuba puerto rico ozhikeyulla ellah kolanikalum 1820-kalode swaathanthryam nedi. amerikkayile kolanikal thammilulla vyaapaarathil spanish kuthaka avasaanippikkaan aagrahichukondu britiish saamrajyam pinthuna vaagdaanam cheythu.
1898ll spainumaayulla spanish-american yudhathil america vijayichu spanish colonial yugam avasaanippichu. amerikkayile sheshikkunna kolanikalil spanish kaivasavum bharanavum aaa varsham athinte paramadhikaaram amerikkayilekku kaimaariyathode avasaanichu. cuba, phillippines, puerto rico enniva america pidichedutthu. puerto rico american aikyanaadukalude kaivashamaayi thudarunnu, ippol audyogikamaayi svayambharana incorporate cheyyaatha pradeshamaayi thudarunnu.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
irupathaam noottaandil christopher kolambasinte jeevitam chithreekarikkunna niravadhi sinimakal undaayittund. 1949ll frederic march columbus aayi avatharippichu. 1992 leeii kolambasinte smaranayodoppam (vimarshanathodoppam), aaa kaalaghattatthile kooduthal cinematic, television chithreekaranangal prathyakshappettu, ithil gabriel bairne columbus aayi oru tivi miniseries ulppedunnu. "christopher kolambasa dhii discovery" (1992) ll toms dii torqvida enna nilayil maarlon brando rajaavaaya ferdinandaayi toom selluck isabela raajnjiyaayi raashal ward ulppede kolambasaayi georges crophase undu. "1492: parudeesayude vijayam" jerard depardiyuvine columbus enna kathaapaathramaayum sigorni neythukaarane isabelle raajnjiyaayum avatharippikkunnu. 2010 ll purathirangiya gail garzia bernell abhinayicha "eevan dhaa raine" enna chithram kolambasinte vivaada jeevitam chithreekarikkunna oru chalachithra samghathe thudarnnu boleeviyayile aadhunika kochabambayil nadanna kochabamba jalayudhathinte pashchaathalatthilaanu orukkiyirikkunnath. 1995-ll bolivian nirmmithamaya oru chithram chila vidhangalil "mazha polum" ennathinu samaanamaan, oru aadhunika chalachithra samgham spanish adhiniveshathekkurichulla oru sinima chithreekarikkaanum vijayathinte vashangal aavarthikkaanum oru thaddesheeya settilmentilekku pookunnu.
meksikoo pidichadakkunnathinaayi, 2019 leeii ettu episodukalulla meksikkan television miniseereesaaya "hernan" meksikoo pidichadakkunnathine chithreekarikkunnu. malinche, courtus saamskaarika vivarthakan, mattu vijayikalaaya pedro dii alvarado, christobal dii olidu, bernell dias dell kaasttillo ennivaraanu nirmmaanatthile mattu sradheyamaaya charitra vyakthikal. spaaniyaardukalude tlaxcallen sakhyakakshikalude nethaavaaya texicottenkaatt, astec chakravarthimaaraaya moctesuma randaaman, cutlahuwack ennivaraanu thaddesheeya vashangal kaanikkunnath. malinche ennum ariyappedunna donna maarinayude katha 2018 ll oru meksikkan television miniseereesinte vishayamaayirunnu. meksikkoyile oru pradhana nirmmaanamaayirunnu 1998 leeii chithram, mattoru vijayam, vijayanandara kaalaghattatthile oru nahuva central meksikkoyude suvisheshavalkkaranatheyum kendreekarikkunnu.
1991 ll purathirangiya meksikkan chithramaaya "kabeza dii vaaka" yill alver nunez kabeza dii vaakayude itihaasa yaatra chithreekarichirikkunnu. loopu dii agvireyude samanamaaya ithihaasavum irundathumaaya yaatra verner herzog, closs kinsky abhinayicha "agvirar, dhii raath oof gooad" (1972) enna chitramaakki.
"spain porchugal thammilulla tharkkapradeshathe gwaaraaniyilekkulla oru jesuit dauthyathe aadarshamaakkunna 1996 leeii chithramaayirunnu 'dhaa mission'. roobert dii neero, jeremi airons, liam neeson ennivar pradhana veshangalilethiya eee chithrathinu akkadami award labhichu.
pathinezhaam noottaandile meksikkan kanyaasthreeyude jeevithakadhayaaya soar juvana innas dii laa cruze 1990-ll purathirangiya "aii, dhaa bestt oof ool" enna arjanteeniyan chithratthilum oru television miinii seereesaaya juvana innasilum avatharippikkappettittu. pathinezhaam noottaandile meksikkan thanthranjanaaya martin garaattoosa pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil meksikkan raashtreeyakkaaranum ezhuthukaaranumaaya visent riva palassio ezhuthiya oru novalinte vishayamaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandil, garatusayude jeevitam 1935-leeii oru chithrathinteyum 1986-leeii "martin garatusa" enna television novaludeyum vishayamaayirunnu.
swaathanthrya kaalaghattatthil, mestisa swaathanthryanethaavu juvana azurduy dii padillayekkurichu nirmmicha 2016 leeii bolivian nirmmitha chithram arjanteenayudeyum boleeviyayudeyum swaathanthryathil avarude punk aduthide amgeekarikkappettathinte bhagamaanu.

