
pii dii less tress brankukal

speyinile vadakkan-madhya kaattaloniyayile berga pattanathinaduthulla graamapradesangalil sthithicheyyunna oru chattha pine maramaan paii dii less tress brankukal (kaattalan bhashayil, "moonnu shaakhakalulla pine" ennartham). moonnu "kaattalan raajyangalude" aikyathe prathinideekarikkunnathaayi chila kaattalan desheeyavaadikal valarekkaalamaayi kanakkaakkukayum pathivayi rashtreeya-saamskaarika othucheralukalude sthalamaanithu.
1915 muthal maram chathupoyi, bhaagikamaayi rashtreeya prerithamaaya nasheekaranathetthudarnnu mosham gadanaaparamaaya avasthayilaanu, ennaal kurachu dooram "paii jove dii less tress brankukal" ("yuva moonnu branchukalulla pine") ennariyappedunna samanamaaya oru jeevanulla maramundu, ithu athinte pingamiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. randum kaattalan generalitaatt "smaaraka marangal" aayi samrakshikkunnu.
sahacharyam.
scots pine ("pinas sylvestries") enna uyaramulla eee maratthil peru soochippikkunnathu pole oru pothu aditharayil ninnu uyarunna moonnu pradhana shaakhakalo thumbikaloo adangiyirikkunnu. camplong samathalathinte madhyathilaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu oru thaazhvarayude paranna nilaye alakkukayum, chuttum pree-paireeneesinte vanaparvathangalaal chuttappettirikkunnu, ithu ekadesham oru kilometer uyarathilaanu. thekk, thaazhvaraye berga pattanatthil ninnu verthirikkunna, mathaparamaya samuchayathinte aasthaanamaaya ridge, vadakku rassos dii peguera parvathangalum skee resort undu. berga rooad maarggam akaleyaan.
uyaravum poornna elakalum kaaranam thaazhvarayile krishiyidathilum mechilppurathum munbu aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna eee maram pazhaya photographukalil kaanichirikkunnathupole valare doore ninnu kaanaamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, chuttumulla bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum ippol vanangal etteduthittundu, koodaathe paii dii less tress shaakhakalkku ippol sameepathaayi mattu niravadhi marangalundu, avayude nilavile asthikooda roopathodoppam mumbathethinekkaal valare kuravaanu.
thaazhvarayiloode kadannupokunna oru cheria rooad athinte padinjaaran attathulla castellar dell riyu enna cheria vaasasthalathu avasaanikkunnu. oru sainpost soochippikkunna pii dii less tress brankukalkku sameepamaan rooad kadannupokunnathu.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
aithihyangal eee maram valare neratthe sthaapichathaanenkilum, 1630 num 1632 num idayil praadeshika phaam house nirmmichappol paii dii less tress shaakhakal veroonniyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
saamskaarika amgeekaaram.
parambaraagathamaayi vishudha thrimoorthikalude pratheekamaayi aaghoshikkappettirunna eee vruksham ippozhum mathaparamaya chadangukalude vediyaanu. nilavilulla rekhakalil aadyathe paramarsham 1685-ll oru cartographer ithu thrimoorthikalude vruksham ennariyappettirunnave ezhuthiyappol aayirunnu. 1746ll solsonayile bishop aaa sthalathu praarthichavarkku anugraham nalkiyathaayum rekhappeduthiyittundu.
1876ll, thadikku vendi eee maram wilkan padhathiyidunnathaayi nishedhikkunna oru praadeshika maasikaykku ayacha kathil, swaathanthryam, samathvam, saahodaryam ennivayude viplavakaramaaya aadarshangale ithu prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu saittinte bhoovudama choondikkaatti.
pathonpathaam noottaandile kaattalan bhaashayude saamskaarika punarujjeevanathil kaattalan saahithyathilum samskaarathilum valia vardhanavundaayi. 1875-ll naadakakrithu 'bergayilum maratthilum' chithreekarichirikkunna oru naadakam prasidheekarichu, athil aaa vruksham ithinakam oru kaattalan deseeya chihnamaayirunnuvennu soochippikkunna oru bhagam adangiyirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1888 ll kavi fra jaasint verdaguer thante 'antology' yill prasidheekaricha 'loow pii dii less tress brancus' enna kavithayaan eee vrukshathe vyapakamaaya shradhayilekku konduvannathu, pradhaanamaayum oru praadeshika mathachihnamaaya ithine oru pradhana mathethara deseeya chihnamakki maatti. thante kavithayil, jaasint verdagvar aragonile rajaputhranaaya rajaavaaya jaims onnaamante 'ithihaasam' ennu vilikkappedunna oru katha srishtichu, addeham narbonile (france) thadavil ninnu mochithanaaya sesham kaattaloniyayiloode thante anuyayikalkkoppam aragonile monsonile thante seettilekku yaatra cheythu, oru ratri pii dii less tress shaakhakalkku keezhil urangunnathayi karuthappedunnu, avidevechaanu addehathinu prachodanaathmakamaaya oru swapnam undaayirunnathu, moonnu rajyangal bharikkan addeham vidhikkappettirunnu, maratthinte moonnu thadikal prathinidheekarikkunnu, baleric dveepukalum moorukalil ninnu valentia raajyavum keezhadakki, athu pinneedu addeham nedi.
kazhinja varsham, verdagvar aduthulla kverlatt sankethathil kurachu divasam thaamasikkukayum maram sandarshikkukayum cheythirunnu. "loow paii dii less tress brankukal" jaimsinte kathayum vrukshathinte thrithwathinteyum kaattalan raajyangalude aikyathinteyum pratheekavaadavum vivarikkukayum athu kaattaloniyayude deseeya vrukshamaayi sweekarikkappedanamenna aagraham prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnu. aaa vrukshathinte pradhana saahithyabandhamaayi eee kavita thudarunnu, aviduthe sammelanangalil pathivayi paarayanam cheyyappedunnu. palappozhum udharicha varikalil aarambikkukayum avasaanikkukayum cheiyunna 'pregume kyu siyaa akwiks paii/ell' arbre saagraat dii laa patria '."(eee pine pithrubhoomiyude vishudha vrukshamaakanamennu njangal praarthikkunnu.").
vaasthavathil jayimsinte pravaasatthinte katha verdagvar thante kavithaykkayi kandupidichuvennum athinumumbu athinte rekhakalonnumillaathinal kavithayude janapreeti eee ithihaasathe srishtichuvennum amgeekarikkappedunnu.
1901-ll, parambaraagatha kaattalan kavita malsaramaaya pushpa gamesil verdaguer adhyakshatha vahikkumbol, bask swaathanthryathe pratheekappeduthunna ookku maramaaya gwernikaye paraamarshichu addeham maratthinu "kaattaloniyayude gwernica" enna vilipperu srishtichu. maratthinte thumbukal malsarathile moonnu pradhana puraskaarangale pratheekappeduthunnuvennum addeham nirddeshichu raajyam, vishwaasam, sneham.
1901 meyy maasathil bhoovudama eee vrukshathinte udamasthaavakaasham terrasayil nadanna avarude yogathil vividha deseeya samghadanakalude oru grouppaaya ("unio catalaanista") lake maatti, ennaal edapaadu orikkalum niyamaparamaayi rajisttar cheythitilla.
eee puthiya janapreeti maratthinte mandagathiyilulla kshayam, oduvil 1915 ll marichu.
1987-ll kaattalan regional gavanment eee maratthe oru samrakshitha "smaaraka vruksham" aayi pattikapedutthi, atharam aadyathe moonnu marangalil onnu (santh sadurni dii 'anoyayile paii jove, "ruur dii qaan codorneyu" ennivaykkoppam). paii dii less tress braankukalude (athu jeevichirunnappol) oru silautt ippol smaaraka marangalude pothuvaaya logoi sarkkar upayogikkunnu.
nashavum maranavum.
maranathinu munbu, saambathikamo raashtreeyamo aaya kaaranangalal pii dii less tress brankukal niravadhi thavana aakramikkappettirunnu.
1901-ll, oru maram murikkunnayal aduthide oru thandu murikkan sramichathaayi jaasint verdagvar report cheythu, ithu maram puratthekku chaadaan kaaranamaayi; ithil ninnu kedupaadukal veendedukkaan saadhyathayilla. 1895 oode, resin maratthil thattunnathinayi murivukal varuthiyathayum prakriya vegathilaakkaan athinte adithattil thee koluthiyathaayum report cheyyappettu. ithum mattu naashanashtangalum 1907-ll kooduthal akramanangalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi maratthinu chuttum oru uyarnna kallu mathil nirmmikkaan kaattalanist unione prerippichu, ennirunnaalum nirmmaana pravartthanangalum thudarnnulla maratthinte maranathinu kaaranamaayathaayi abhiprayappettu. 1915 aayappozhekkum melpparanja mathil thakarkkapettu.
1910-ll, eee maratthinu elakal nashtappettathayi report cheyyappettu, mattullavar 1913-leeii theeyathi soochippikkunnu, 1915-oode ithu poornnamaayum illaathaayi. scott painsinu pradeshathe aashrayich 700 varshathilere swaabhaavika ayussund.
varshangalkkusesham, verdagvar report cheythathupole kedupaadukal sambhavicha thumbikkai idiminnalelkkukayum mukal pakuthi thakarukayum cheythu. aaa thumbikkaiyude sheshipp ippozhum oru cheria kallu mathilukondu pinthunaykkunnu.
pinneedu kedupaadukal.
maratthinte maranathethudarnnu, athinte rashtreeya pratheekaathmakathaye ethirkkunna gadakangal maratthe niravadhi thavana aakramikkunnath thudarukayaanu.
1939ll, aabhyantharayudham avasaanichathinusesham, vijayikalaaya deseeyavaada vibhaagathinte anuyaayikal maram idikkaan shramichuvenkilum pradeshavaasikal avare pinthirippichu. aanti-kaattalan graafitti polulla pathivayi cheria kedupaadukalkkum ithu vidheyamaayittundu.
ennirunnaalum, 2014 meyy maasatthile raathriyil, ettavum uyaram koodiya thumbikkai anjjaatharaaya kuttavaalikal athinte adithattil oru chainso upayogichu valicherinjappozhaanu ettavum gurutharamaaya manappoorvamaaya kedupaadukal sambhavichathu. nasheekaranathetthudarnnu, muricha trunk sambharikkukayum oduvil athu krithrima pinthuna upayogichu veendum gadippikkaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu, trunkine adithattumaayi bandhippikkunna niravadhi steel strappukal; 2015 juulai aadyam 35,000 euro chelavil eee jolie nadatthi, kaattalan sarkkarum barsalona pravishya bharanakoodavum pankittu.
2016 januvariyil, maratthe veendum aakramichu (paii jovinoppam) 10 centimeter chainso upayogichu matte thumbikkaiyilekku murichu. eee kedupaadukal munbatheppole steel strappukal upayogichu vegathil pariharichu.
pii jove.
pii dii less tress braankukalude maranathethudarnnu, moonnu branchukalulla mattoru pine athinte pingamiyaayi sweekarikkappettu. "paii jove dii less tress brankukal" allengil "paii dii less tress brankukal II" ennathum noorukanakkinu varsham pazhakkamullathaanu, pakshe uyarathil cheruthaanu. 1810ll maldayile baaran thante dayariyil paraamarshichappol pradhana vrukshavumaayulla athinte samanathakal sradhikkappettu.
1921ll aaa sthalathu nadanna raaliyil, kaviyum raashtreeyakkaaranumaaya ventura gasolinte prachaaranathetthudarnnu, annathe marichupoya pradhana vrukshathinte pingamiyaayi pii jove udghaadanam cheyyappettu. paripaadiyil samsaaricha gassol, komanvelthu oof kaattaloniyaykk (ardha-amgeekritha svayambharana sarkkar) eee vruksham sambhavana cheyyaan sannihithanaya bhoovudamaye kshanichenkilum chinnangalekkaal praayogika parisramamaanu pradhaanamenn paranju addeham nirasichu.
athinusesham deseeya prasthaanatthile cheruppakkaarum kooduthal theevravaadi gadakangalumaayavarude pradhana akarshanamaayi ithu maari. pazhayathum ilayavumaaya marangale yathaakramam "ell paii well" (pazhaya pine), "ell paii jove" (yuva pine) ennu vilikkunnu.
1987ll paii well, paii jove ennivaykkoppam oru samrakshitha "smaaraka vrukshamaayi" rajisttar cheyyappettu.
kedupaadukal.
pii vellil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, pii jove athinte kuranja rashtreeya vyakthithvavum roadle ninnu kooduthal dooravum (200 meter) kaaranam adutha kaalam vare akramikalude shradhayil ninnu rakshappettirunnu. 2010-ll, prathyakshamaaya shotgan kedupaadukalkk purame, puramtholikku chuttumulla murivukalode ithu kandethi. 2015 juunil akramikal athine akramikkukayum athinte oru thumbikkaiyiloode kadannupokaan sramikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum kedupaadukal baadhicha thumbikkaiye kollan paryaapthamaanennu karuthiyirunnilla. munkaruthal nadapadiyaayi, 2015 desemberil aarbaristukal moonnu trankukalum orumichu pidikkaanum avayude sthiratha urappakkaanum oru frame sthaapichu. 2016 januvariyil, ithinakam kedupaadukal sambhavicha thumbikkaiyil aazhathilulla chainso murivukal kandethi, avaa thumbikkaiye mothatthil kollan paryaapthamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu; eee akramikal paii velline aakramichu.
vaarshika sammelanam.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal, thudakkathil idaykkide, ennaal 1980 muthal ellah varshavum valia rashtreeya raalikal nadakkunna sthalamaanu aikya kaattalan raajyangalude pratheekamaayi allengil kaattalan svayam nirnnayathinte pratheekamaayi pii dii less tress brankukal.
1900 octoberil oru raashtreeyasammelanathinte aadya record, parajayappettathil avarude pankinulla thayyaareduppinaayi oru valia koottam kaarlist sainikar avide nilayurappichappol aayirunnu.
1904ll kaattalanist union septambar 25 njaayarazhcha saitt etteduthathinte aaghoshathinaayi avide oru sammelanam samghadippichappozhaanu aadyathe pradhana raali nadannathu. thaledivasam bergayil nadanna chadangum anubandha paripaadikalum noorukanakkinu pravartthakare aakarshichu, videsha anubhaavikalil ninnulla sandeshangal vaayichu. 1915ll mattoru raali nadannu.
adutha pradhana raali 1921 juulai 25 nuu sent. jaims holiday; aaa paripaadiyude oru pradhana pooyintil yadhaartha maratthinu pakaramaayi pii jovinte udghaadanam ulppedunnu.
thudarnnulla rashtreeya sambhavavikasangal aaa sthalathu valia samghaditha raalikal nadathunnathu budhimuttaakki. migual primo dii riverayude svechaadhipathyakaalathu kaattalan rashtreeya othucheralukal nirodhichu, spanish aabhyantharayudhakaalathu yaatra budhimuttaayirunnu, francoist speyinil (1939-1975) rashtreeya othucheralukal veendum nirodhichu.
speyinile janadhipathyam punasthaapikkappettathinnathu 1980 vare aadhunika kaalaghattatthile aadyathe vaarshika sammelanam nadannu, ellah varshavum juulai moonnaam njaayarazhcha eee sthalathu oru valia othucheralinte paarambaryam aarambhichu.
sammelanathile hajar vyathyasthamaan; 1980leeii udghaadana sammelanam 3,000 sandarshakare aakarshichu, 1986ll ithu 14,000 enna ettavum uyarnna nilayilethiyenkilum 2001ll 2,000,2012ll 1,000,2014ll 1,500 enna thothil kuranjittundu.
oru bahujanathil pankedukkunnavar, muzhuvan deseeyavaada spectrathil ninnumulla rashtreeya pravartthakar, idathu, valath prabhashanangal, staandukal hostucheyyunnathum rashtreeya pusthakangalum suvaneerukalum vilkkunnathumaaya samghadanakal, "sardana" baandukalum nartthakarum, "castellermaar" (human towerukal), "gegants" (bheeman pavakal) thudangiya parambaraagatha kaattalan saamskaarika pravartthanangalude prakadanakkaar ennivarulppede niravadhi vyathyastha kazhchappadukalulla kaattalan desheeyavaadikale ithu aakarshikkunnu. 2001 muthal mikkavarum ellah varshavum bergayil nadakkunna naalu divasathe "ell rebroat" ("shoot") sangeetha/rashtreeya uthsavathinte paryavasaanavum eee sammelanam adayaalappeduthunnu, ithu mouletts/krameekaricha idathu yuvajana samghadana samghadippikkunnu.
saittil paarkkinginte kuravu kaaranam, shuttle basukal berga taunn kaunsil nalkunnu, avar paripaadikku sesham pattanatthile aalkkoottathinu bhakshanam nalkunnathinum krameekarikkunnu.
vivaadangal.
sammelanathile sambhavangal niravadhi thavana vivaadangalkkum athiraalikalaaya rashtreeya vibhagangal thammilulla ettumuttalukalkkum kaaranamaayittund. 1981leeii sambhavathethudarnnu, kaattalan paarlament president herribert barrera, rund paarlamentari prathinidhikal, mattu niravadhi perr ennivar "spanish raashtrathinte vikaarangaleyum aikyatheyum apamanikkukayum niyamavirudhamaaya prasidheekaranangal vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu" enna criminal kuttangal nerittu. moonnu varshathinu sesham kuttapathram pinvalichu. 1986leeii sammelanam spanish pathaakakal kathikkukayum mitavaada grouppukale upadravikkukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, mukhyadharaa rashtreeya partykalaaya janaadhipathya othucheralum republican levum 1987leeii paripaadiyil ninnu vittuninnu. 1988ll, bhoomi prathirodhikkunathinulla theevra idathupaksha prasthaanatthinte (emm. dii. tii) vividha vibhagangal parasparam poraadi. 1991ll emm. dii. tii theevravaadikal janaadhipathya aikyathinteyum republican idathupakshathinteyum yuvajanangale akramikkukayum 1996ll pii jovile avarude asambliyil ninnu pii velile estaatt kaattalayile amgangale akramikkaan mukhammoodi dharicha idathupaksha theevravaadikal varikayum cheythu. 1996leeii sambhavangal muthal, adhikaarikal sammelanathile suraksha vardhippikkukayum paripadi samadhaanaparamaaya saamskaarika anthareekshathilekku madangukayum cheythu.
maanejment, vikasana padhathikal.
paii well, paii jove enniva audyogikamaayi samrakshikkappedunnum, otappetta vanapradeshathu eluppathil athicheraavunnathinaal avaa nasheekaranathinum minnal, kaattuthee thudangiya prakrithiduranthangalkkum irayaakunnu. saitt mechappeduthunnathinaayi varshangalayi niravadhi nirddeshangal nalkiyittundu.
1990 oode, oru swakaarya bisinesses "identirama" enna valia thothilulla kaattalan-aidantitti theem paarkkinte saadhyamaaya sthalangalilonnaayi pii dii less tress shaakhakalulla camplong thaazhvaraye oru kendra akarshanamaayi thiricharinju. oduvil mattoru sthalam thiranjeduthenkilum padhathi upekshikkappettu.
2003ll kaattalan paarlament eee sthalam mechappeduthunnathinulla oru sarkkar padhathi vikasippikkanamenn abhyarthichu oru prameyam pasaki. 2004ll veendum prasidheekaricha 2001leeii oru sarkkar reportil, durbalamaaya paii well vettikkuraykkaanum oru smaaraka smaarakathodoppam stump sthaapikkaanum saitt vaangaanum oru pothu soukaryamaayi vikasippikkaanum oru nirddesham ulppedunnu.
2010-ll pii jovinu nereyundaaya akramanam adhikrithar thudarchayaayi nadapadiyedukkaathathaayi paraathippedaan aaktivisttukale prerippikkukayum saitt surakshithamaakkunnathinulla oru padhathi vikasippikkunnathin thaalpparyamulla kakshikalumayi pravartthikkaan castellar dell reuvile praadeshika munisippalittiye prerippikkukayum cheythu. rund marangalkkum chuttumulla bhoomiyude paripalanam ettedukkaanum kaar parking, information paanalukal ennivayulppede sandarshakarkkaayi soukaryangal vikasippikkaanum mayer 2012 ll padhathi prakhyaapichu.
2015 maarchil, patthu maasam munbu pii vellinu nereyundaaya gurutharamaaya aakramanathethudarnnu, rund marangaludeyum paripalanavum samrakshanavum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi barsalona pravishya bharanakoodam, praadeshika munisippaalitti, instittyoott oof kaattalan stadees ennivayude prathinidhikal adangunna oru pravartthaka samghathe sarkkar roopeekarichu. aadyathe phalam joolaiyil takarnna maratthinte attakuttappanikalaayirunnu, 2016 februvariyil avar saittil viidiyoo suraksha camerakal sthaapikkaan theerumaanichu, rund marangalum nokki.
mattu anubandha moonnu shaakhakalulla pines.
central kaattaloniyayile rainar munisippalittiyile freeksinett graamathinu sameepam sthithi cheiyunna "paii dii less tress brancus dii freeksinett" ennaanu samanamaaya mattoru vruksham. 1988 muthal kaattalan sarkkarum eee maratthe samrakshikkunnundenkum 1998 ll oru kaattutheeyil ithu kollappettu.
sameepakaalath, castellar dell riyu allengil berga munisippaalitti allengil kaattalan deseeya asambliyude praadeshika shaakha polulla thaddesha svayambharana sthaapanangal, moonnu shaakhakalulla oru pine maram allengil paii dii less tress shaakhakalude pingaamiyaanennu avakaashappedunna thaikal mattu sthaapanangalkku aikyadaardyathinte pratheekangalayi avatharippikkunna reethi sweekarichu. 1986-leeii galifa kottayodulla avatharanangalum sent kotta aadyakaala udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. 1992ll berga ferran (gwernica maratthinte oru thadiykkoppam). 2014 februvariyil folgurols pattanatthil janicha jaasint verdagurinte smaranaykkaayi oru yuvamaram avatharippichathinethudar eee sambradaayam aakkam pidichu; aaa maram pinneedu nasippikkappettu. thudarnnulla 2014 sweekarthaakkalil andora laa vella, saant hiplit dii voltrega, saldus enniva ulppedunnu. santh seloniyile phoorast myoosiyathil pii dii less tress braankukalude anchu pingaamikal undennu avakaashappedunnu.

