
janithaka praathinidhyam

computer prograamingil, parinamaparamaaya kanakkukoottal reethikalil pariharangal/vyakthikal avatharippikkunathinulla oru maargamaan janithaka praathinidhyam. oru genome roopathil candidate parihaarangalude janithaka metteeriyal thirichariyaan upayogikkunna konkreett daatta gadanakalum daatta tharangalum, serch space prashna sthalavum thammilulla bandhavum eee padam ulkkollunnu. ettavum lalithamaaya saahacharyathil, thirayal idam prashna idavumaayi (nerittulla praathinidhyam) poruthappedunnu. prashna praathinidhyatthinte thiranjeduppu janithaka oopparettarmaarude thiranjeduppumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, iva randum opttimaiseshante karyakshamathayil nirnnayaka swaadheenam cheluthunnu. janithaka praathinidhyathinu vyakthikalude roopam, perumaattam, shaareerika gunangal enniva encode cheyyaan kazhiyum. janithaka praathinidhyangalile vyathyasam parinamaparamaaya kanakkukoottalinte ariyappedunna klaasukalkkidayil oru rekha varaykkunna pradhana maanadandangalilonnaanu.
padavali palappozhum swaabhaavika janithakashaasthravumaayi saamyamullathaan. oru candidate parihaarathe prathinidheekarikkunna computer memmariyude blockine oru vyakthi ennu vilikkunnu. aaa blokkile daattaye chromosome ennu vilikkunnu. oro chromosomilum jeenukal adangiyirikkunnu. oru prathyeka jeeninte saadhyamaaya moolyangale alleals ennu vilikkunnu. oru prograamarkk "bainari encoding", "permutteshanal encoding", "trea bye encoding" allengil mattu niravadhi praathinidyangalil eathenkilum onnu upayogichu oru janasamkhyayile ellah vyakthikaleyum prathinidheekarikkam.
chila janapriya parinaama algorithangalile praathinidyangal.
janithaka algorithangal (vaathakam) saadhaaranayaayi rekheeya praathinidyangalaanu; iva palappozhum, pakshe ellaayppozhum, binaryaanu. gaa ennathinekkurichulla hollandinte yadhaartha vivaranam bittukalude arekal upayogichu. mattu tharangaludeyum gadanakaludeyum arekal adisthaanaparamaayi athe reethiyil upayogikkaam. eee janithaka praathinidyangal soukaryapradamaakkunna pradhana savisheshatha avayude bhagangal avayude nischitha valuppam kaaranam eluppathil vinyasikkappedunnu ennathaanu. ithu lalithamaaya crosswor pravartthanam sugamamakkunnu. prayogatthe aashrayich, variable-dairkhya praathinidyangal pothuvaayi parinaama algorithangalilum (iii. eiii) prathyekichu janithaka algorithangalilum vijayakaramaayi upayogikkukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythittundu, ennirunnaalum kroswarinte nadappaakkal eee saahacharyathil kooduthal sankeernamaanu.
parinaama thanthram leanier riyal valued praathinidyangal upayogikkunnu, udha.jii.yadhaartha moolyangalude oru nira. ithu kooduthalum gausiyan mutation blending/aavarejing crosswor upayogikkunnu.
janithaka prograaming (jipi) vruksham polulla praathinidyangalkku thudakkamidukayum atharam praathinidyangalkku anuyojyamaaya janithaka oopparettarmaare vikasippikkukayum cheythu. aavasyamulla gunangalulla pravarthanaparamaaya prograamukale prathinidheekarikkunnathinum vikasippikkunnathinum jipiyil trea polulla praathinidyangal upayogikkunnu.
manushya adhishtitha janithaka algoritam (echbijie) ellah janithaka oopparettarmaareyum baahya ejantumaarkku outsozhs cheiyunnathiloode kadinamaaya praathinidhya prasnangal pariharikkathirikkaan oru maargam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, eee saahacharyathil, manushyar. swatantra roopathinum janithaka praathinidyangal vikasippikkunnathinum anuvadikkunna aaa praathinidyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhivulla mathiyaya baahya ejantumaar ullidatholam kaalam algorithathinu oru prathyeka nischitha janithaka praathinidhyathekkurichu arivu aavasyamilla.
thirayal sthalavum prashna sthalavum thammilulla vyathyasam.
jeevashaasthrathinu samaanamaayi, prashna edavum (phenotypeumaayi poruthappedunnu) thirayal edavum (genodypeumaayi yojikkunnu) thammil eluppathil verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. prashna idathil abhisambodhana cheyyappedunna prashnathinu vyakthamaaya pariharangal adangiyirikkunnu, athesamayam thirayal idathil encode cheytha pariharangal adangiyirikkunnu. serch space muthal problem space vareyulla mappingine genotype-phenotype mapping ennu vilikkunnu. janithaka oopparettarmaar thirayal sthalathinte gadakangalil prayogikkunnu, moolyanirnnayathinaayi, thirayal sthalathinte gadakangal genotype-phenotype mapping vazhi prashna sthalathinte gadakangalilekku mapp cheiyunnu.
thirayal sthalavum prashna sthalavum thammilulla bandham.
oru iii. eiii. aaplikkeshante vijayathinaayi uchithamaaya thirayal sthalathinte praadhaanyam neratthe thanne amgeekarikkappettu. anuyojyamaaya oru thirayal sthalathum anuyojyamaaya oru genotype-phenotype mappingilum inipparayunna aavasyakathakal sthaapikkaam
poornatha.
saadhyamaaya ellah sveekaaryamaaya parihaarangalum thirayal sthalathu adangiyirikkanam. 
anaavashyatha.
phenodypeukalekkaal kooduthal saadhyamaaya genodypeukal nilanilkkumbol, iii. eiii. yude janithaka praathinidhyathe "redundant" ennu vilikkunnu. prakrithiyil ithine degenerate janithaka coode ennu vilikkunnu. anaavasyamaaya praathinidhyatthinte kaaryatthil, "neutral mutationukal" saadhyamaan. genodypine mattimarikkunna, ennaal phenotypene baadhikkaatha mutationukalaaniva. athinaal, janithaka oopparettarmaarude upayogathe aashrayich, phenotypic maattamillaatha santhathikal undakam, ithu mattu karyangalkkoppam anaavashya phitnas nirnnayangalilekkum nayichekkaam. yadhaartha loka aaplikkeshanukalile vilayiruthal saadhaaranayaayi kanakkukoottal samayathinte simhabhagamaayathinaal, ithinu opttimaiseshan prakriya mandagathiyilaakkaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, ithu janasamkhyaykku phenotypic vaividhyathekkaal uyarnna genotypic vaividhyathin kaaranamakum, ithu parinaama purogathiye thadassappeduthukayum cheyyum. 
jeevashaasthrathil, tanmatra parinaamatthinte nishpaksha sidhaantham parayunnath eee prabhavam prakrithi parinaamatthil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu ennaanu. janithaka vyathiyaanathiloode aaa praadeshika opttimalil ninnu rakshappedaanulla oru maargam praadeshika opttimalilekku othuchernna janasamkhyaykku nalkikkond neutral mutationukalkku iii. eiii pravartthanam mechappeduthaan kazhiyumo ennu parisodhikkaan ithu iii. eiii kammyoonittiyile gaveshakare prerippichu. ithu vivaadaparamaayi charcha cheyyappedunnu, nishpakshathayil eluppathil nirnnayaka phalangalonnumilla. maruvashathu, akaala othucheral kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu mattu theliyikkapetta nadapadikalundu. 
pradesham.
janithaka praathinidhyatthinte sthaanam genotype-phenotype mappinginu sesham prashna sthalathu thirayal sthalathe dooram ethratholam samrakshikkappedunnu ennathumaayi poruthappedunnu. athaayath, thirayal sthalathe ayalkkaarum prashna idathile ayalkkaaraayirikkumbol oru praathinidhyathinu uyarnna pradeshamundu. oru cheria mutationushesham genotype-phenotype mapping vazhi vijayakaramaya skimatta nasippikkaathirikkaan, oru praathinidhyatthinte sthaanam uyarnnathayirikkanam. 
scaling.
genotype-phenotype mappingil, jeenodaippinte gadakangal vyathyasthamayi alakkaan (veytt) kazhiyum. ettavum lalithamaaya cases unifom scaling aannu jeenodaippinte ellah gadakangalum phenotypil thulyamaayi bhaaramullavayaan. oru saadhaarana scaling exponential aanu. poornnasamkhyakal bainari koducheythathaanengil, falamaayundaakunna bainari samkhyayude vyakthigatha akkangalk phenotypene prathinidheekarikkunnathil ganyamaayi vyathyastha bhaarangalund.
ekkaaranathaal, eee sookshumathakalkku anuyojyamaaya reethiyil janasamkhya adukkunnathinu munbu exponential scaling janithakaghadanayile "pinbhaagathe" sthaanangal kramarahithamayi sariyaakkunna falamundaakkunnu.
genotype-phenotype mappingil sankaravalkkaranavum attakuttappanikalum.
vilayiruthunna phenotypilekku genotype mapp cheyyumbol, phenotype mechappeduthunnathinum koodaathe/allengil parimithikal paalikkunnundennu urappakkunnathinum domaine-nirddishta arivu upayogikkaam. rantaim, solution gunanilavaaram ennivayude kaaryatthil iii. eiii. prakadanam mechappeduthunnathinna saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna reethiyaanithu. moonnu udaaharanangalil randennam thaazhe chithreekarichirikkunnu.
udaaharanagal.
nerittulla praathinidhyatthinte udaaharanam.
travelling salesman prashnathinum anubandha jolikalkkumaayi vyakthavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkappedunnathumaaya oru encoding thudarchayaayi sandarshikkenda nagarangalude ennam rekhappeduthukayum avaye chromosomil poornnasamkhyakalaayi sambharikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu. janithaka pravartthakar nagarangalude (jeenukal) kramam maathram maattukayum illaathaakkalukalo thanippakarppukalo undakkaathirikkukayum cheiyunnathinu anuyojyamaaya reethiyil poruthappedanam. athinaal, jeane kramam nagara kramavumaayi poruthappedunnu, koodaathe lalithamaaya oru mapping undu.
sankeernamaaya oru genotype-phenotype maappinginte udaaharanam..
oru koottam subtaskukalkku nalkenda vaividyamaarnnathum bhagikavumaaya badal vibhavangalulla oru sheduling task, vyakthigatha sheduling pravarthanangalkku aavashyamaaya ellah vivarangalum genome adangiyirikkanam allengil athil ninnu avaa nedunnathu saadhyamaayirikkanam. nadappilaakkenda subtaskukalude kramatthinu purame, vibhavangal thiranjedukkunnathinekku vivarangalum ithil ulppedunnu. oru phenotypil avayude arambha samayavum niyukta vibhavangalum ulkkollunna subtaskukalude oru pattika adangiyirikkunnu. ithu srishtikkaan, oru subtaskinu paramavadhi vibhavangal anuvadikkaan kazhiyunnathra alokkeshan maatrikkukal srishtikkanam. ettavum lalithamaaya saahacharyathil ithu oru vibhavamaan, udha.jii., oru yanthram, upa chumatala nirvahikkaan kazhiyum. oru alokkeshan matricks oru dvimaana maatriksaanu, oru maanam labhyamaya samaya yoonittukalum mattonn anuvadikkenda vibhavangalumaan. shoonyamaaya matricks cellukal labhyathaye soochippikkunnu, athesamayam oru entry niyukta subtaskinte ennathe soochippikkunnu. alokkeshan maatriksukalude srishti aadyam sveekaaryamallaatha onniladhikam alokkeshanukal illennu urappaakkunnu. randaamathaayi, sub task aarambikkunna samayavum athil ninnu niyogicha vibhavangalum vaayikkam.
sub taaskukalilekkulla vibhavangal shedule cheyyumbol oru saadhaarana parimiti oru resource oru samaya yoonittil orikkal maathrame anuvadikkaan kazhiyoo ennathum reservation oru thudarchayaaya kaalayalavilayirikkanam ennathaanu. ithu samayabandhithamayi nedunnathinu, ithu oru pothu opttimaiseshan lakshyamaanu, oru parimithiyalla, oru lalithamaaya huristic upayogikkaam aavasyamulla samayathekku aavashyamaaya vibhavangal ethrayum vegam anuvadikkuka, duplicate reservation ozhivaakkuka. eee lalithamaaya nadapadikramatthinte prayojanam erattiyaanu ithu niyanthranam ozhivaakkukayum opttimaiseshane sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
sheduling prashnam swatantra subtaskukalkku pakaram workflokalude schedulingilekku parishkkarikkukayaanenkil, oru workfloyude chila varkk steppukalenkilum oru nischitha kramatthil nadappilaakkendathundu. munbu vivaricha sheduling huristic ippol oru varkk steppinte mungaamikal athu aarambhikkenda samayat poortthiyaayittillenn nirnnayikkukayaanenkil, inipparayunna attakuttappanikalkk sahayikkaanaakum eee varkk steppinte sheduling athinte ellah mungaamikalum poortthiyaakunnathuvare maattivaykkuka. genotype maattamillathe thudarunnathinaal phenotype thalatthil maathrame attakuttappanikal nadathukayulloo ennathinaal ithine "phenotypic repire" ennum vilikkunnu.
huristic adisthaanamaakkiyulla genotype-phenotype maappinginte udaaharanam.
genotype-phenotype mappingil oru hyooristiksinte vyathyasthamaaya upayogam chithreekarikkaan uddeshichullathaanu inipparayunna leauttu planning taska oru chathuraakrithiyilulla uparithalathil kazhiyunnathra cheria vistheernnam upayogikkappedaathe thudarunna vidhathil vyathyastha jyaamitheeya tharam vasthukkal krameekarikkanam. vasthukkal thirikkam, sthaapichathinushesham ovarlaappu cheyyaruthu, poornnamaayum uparithalathil sthaapikkanam. oru steel plettil ninno fabric sheettil ninno bhagangal murikkumbol scrap minimisation aayirikkum anubandha aaplikkeshan. 
vasthukkalude kendrangalude kordinettukalum vasthukkalude jyaamithiyude saadhyamaaya isomorphisangalaayi churukkia bhramana konum nirnnayikkenda veriyabilukalaayi kanakkakkaam. ithu oru iii. eiii. nerittu cheiyukayaanenkil, orupakshe dhaaraalam ovarlaappukal undaakum. ithu ozhivakkaan, deerghachathurathinte oru vashathinte konum kordinettum maathrame ea nirnnayikkunnulloo. oro vasthuvum ippol karakkukayum aaa vashathinte attathu sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu, aavashyamenkil athu neekkukayum pinneedu neengumbol deerghachathurathinullil aayirikkukayum cheiyunnu. mattoru vasthuvine sparshikkunnathuvare allengil deerghachathurathinte ethir attathu athunnathuvare athu maruvashathekku samaantharamaayi neekkunnu. eee reethiyil, ovarlaappukal ozhivaakkukayum oro playsmentinum upayogikkaatha pradesham kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe pothuve allah, ithu optimaiseshanaayi vidunnu.

