
smollensk yuddham

poolish-lithwanian komanveltthum russia thammil nadanna oru samghattanamaayirunnu smollensk yuddham (1632-1634).
1632 octoberil russian sainyam smollensk nagaram pidichedukkaan sramichathodeyaanu sathrutha aarambhichath. cheria sainika edapedalukal irupakshathinum sammishra phalangal nalkiyengilum 1634 februvariyil pradhana russian senayude keezhadangal polyanovka udambadiyilekku nayichu. smollensk mekhalayude mail poolish-lithwanian niyanthranam russia sweekarichu, athu mattoru 20 varsham neenduninnu.
pashchaathalam.
1632ll polandile rajaavum lithwaniayile grand ducumaaya sigismund moonnaaman vaasa marichu. komanvelthu prabhukkanmaar sigismandinte makan vladislo IV vasaye avarude puthiya bharanadhikaariyaayi vegathil thiranjeduthenkilum, thiranjeduppu prakriyayile kaalathamasam pratheekshichukondu polandinte ayalkkar komanveltthinte balaheenata pareekshichu. sweedish rajaavaaya gustav randaaman adolph komanveltthinethire oru sakhyavum yudhavum nirddeshikkaan russiayilekkum automan saamraajyathilekkum doothanmaare ayachu.
komanvelthu yudhathinu thayyarayirunnilla. 1631ll rajakeeya sainyathil 3,000 perr mathramaayirunnu undaayirunnathu; smollensk gaarisan ekadesham 500 perr mathramaayirunnu, athirthi pradeshathe mikka gaarisanukalum saadhaarana allengil koolippadayaalikalalla, marichu 100 muthal 200 vare praadeshika sannadhapravarthakaraanu. russia yudhathinu thayyaaredukkukayaanennu arinja 1632 leeii vasanthakaalath sejam (poolish-lithwanian paarlament) 4,500 pere koodi niyamichu sainyathe vardhippichu; 1632 madhyathode smollenskile deputy voyovode ("podvojovada"), saamuval drukey-sokolinskikk, 500 oolam sannadhapravarthakarum 2,500 saadhaarana sainikarum kosaakkukalum undaayirunnu. meyy maasathil polandile senatt sainyathinte valippam vardhippikkaan sammathichuvenkilum grand lithwanian hetmaan leve sapeeha ethirthu, nilavile sainyam mathiyennum yudhathinu saadyathayillennum vaadichu. ennirunnaalum, lithwanian feeld hetmaan chrysistophe radsival 2,000 sainikare koodi niyamichu.
prashnangalude samayat ninnu oru paridhivare karakayariya russia, raajaavinte maranathaal komanvelthu durbalamaakumenna vilayiruthalinodu yojikkukayum sweedenteyum automansinteyum kaathirippillaathe ekapaksheeyamaayi akramikkukayum cheythu. 1618-ll dulino vedinirthalil komanveltthinu vittukodutha smollenskinte niyanthranam neduka ennathaayirunnu russiayude lakshyam, ithu avasaanathe russian-poolish yuddham avasaanippichu. komanveltthinte smollensk voyivodshippinte thalasthaanamaayirunnu smollensk, ennaal ithu palappozhum malsarichirunnu, 15,16,17 noottaandukalil (maskovatt-lithwanian yudhangalude kaalam muthal) ithu palathavana kaii maari. yudhathinte oru pradhana pinthunakkaaran saarinte pithavaaya pathriarchese philaratt aayirunnu, addeham kottaaratthil poolish virudha campine prathinidheekarichu. nashtappetta bhoomiyude prathikaaratthinum veendedukkalinum vendi semsky sobarinte (russian paarlamentinte) aahvaanathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond russian sainyam padinjaaru bhaagathekku kuthichu.
sathrutha.
1632 october aadyam lithwanian athirthi kadanna russian sainyam shradhaapoorvvam thayyarakkukayum munbu aii. dii. 1 uparodhathil dhruvangalil ninnu smollenskine prathirodhicha mikhaayil borisovic sheyninte parichayasambannamaaya commandinu keezhilaayirunnu. russiakkaar munneriyathode niravadhi pattanangalum kottakalum thakarnnu, 1632 october 28 nuu (charitraparamaaya dorogoboos nagaram pidicheduttha athe divasam) smollensk uparodham aarambikkaan sheyne neengi.
russian senayude valippathekurichulla muun poolish kanakkukal 160 peerankikalulla 25,000 muthal 30,000 vare 34,500 vare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandile russian archive rekhakalekkurichulla sameepakaala gaveshanangal kaanikkunnath russian sainyathinte valippam 23,961 aayirunnu. muun russian sainyangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol sheyninte sainyam ganyamaayi naveekarikkapettu. thangalude parambaraagathamaaya thokkupayogicha kaalaalppadayude ("streltsi") roopeekaranangalil athrupthi prakadippicha russiakkaar, padinjaaran europian modalaaya regularukal, dragonukal, retarukal ennivayude adisthaanathil thangalude sainikarude upakaranangalum pariseelanavum update cheyyaan videsha udyogasthare nokki. 14, 000 muthal 17,000 vare purushanmaarulla atharam ettu rejimentukalil sheyninte sainyathinte bhaagamaayirunnu.
smollensk uparodham.
smollenskile komanvelthu senayil smollensk gaarisan (alexander corvin gozeevsky neethrthwathil 170 peerankikalulla ekadesham 1,600 perr) ulppettirunnu, praadeshika prabhukkanmaar ithu shakthippeduthi, ithu ekadesham 1,500 shaktharaaya oru pospholite ruseni seena roopeekarichu. itaaliyan shailiyilulla kottakal upayogichu nagaratthinte kottakalum aduthide mechappeduthiyittundu.
kottaykku chuttum shhein chuttupaadukalude lineukal nirmmichu. thurankangalum khanikalum upayogichu addehathinte sainyam nagaramathilinte oru neenda bhaagavum athinte oru gopuravum nashippichu. kooduthalum paashchaathya nirmmanamulla russian kanatha peerankikal 1632 desemberil smollenskilethi, adutha maarchil ithilum bharameriya thokkukal ethi. praadhamika peeranki bombaakramanathinu sesham, sheyne oru aakramanathinu utharavittu, athu poolish prathirodhakkar thirichadichu. ennirunnaalum uparodham purogamikkukayaayirunnu; smollenskinte kottakal nasippikkappedukayaayirunu, prathirodhakkaarkk kanatha naashanashtangal sambhavikkukayum saadhanangal theerukayum cheythu. 1633 joonode chila sainikar upekshikkaan thudangi, mattullavar keezhadangunnathinekkurichu samsaarichu.
eee budhimuttukalkkidayil, deputy voyvode saamuval drukey-sokolinskyude neethrthwathil nagaram 1633 ll udaneelam nilaninnu, komanvelthu, puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta rajaavaaya vladislo naalaamante keezhil oru durithaashwaasa senaye samghadippichu. 1632 october 30-oode russian adhiniveshathekkurichu sejam ariyikkukayum november muthal durithaashwaasathinulla saadhyatha charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1633 leeii vasanthakaalam vare eee prakriya vaiki, sejam audyogikamaayi oru yudhaprakhyaapanathinu anumathi nalkukayum anuyojyamaaya oru senaye uyarthunnathinaayi oru valia thuka (65 laksham slottikal, vlaadislaavinte muzhuvan bharanakaalatheyum ettavum uyarnna nikuthi sambhavana) anuvadikkukayum cheythu. uddeshicha durithaashwaasa senaykk ekadesham 21,500 sainikarude phalapradamaaya shakti undaayirikkum, athil iva ulppedum 24 chirakulla husaarukal (~ 3,200 kuthirakal), laitt kuthirappadayude 27 choragyookal-cosac kuthirappada ennum ariyappedunnu, pakshe kosaakkukal ulkkollunnilla-(3,600 kuthirakal), 10 squadrons retaarukal (~ 1,700 kuthirakal), 7 lithwanian pettihore rejimentukal (~ 780 kuthirakal), 7 valia rejimentukal dragonukal (~ 2,250 kuthirakal), ~ 20 rejimentukal kaalaalppada (~ 12,000 purushanmaar). munbu komanvelthu sainyangalil saadhaaranamallaatha paashchaathya maathrkaye adisthaanamaakki pathinaayiratthiladhikam kaalaalppada samghadippikkum.
athesamayam, lithwaniayile feeld hetmaan, vilniyasinte voivode, chrysistophe radsival, voivode gozeevsky ennivar smollenskill ninnu oorshayil ninnu bajovilekkum pinneedu kraasneyilekkum maarikkond oru camp sthaapichu. 1633 februvariyode, avar 2,000-ladhikam kaalaalppada ulppede 4,500-tholam sainikare shekharikkukayum russian uparodhakkaarude logistics thadassappeduthunnathinayi pinbhagangalil raid nadathukayum cheythu. kottaye shakthippeduthunnathinum prathirodhakkaarude manoveeryam uyarthunnathinumaayi ekadesham 1,000 sinikareyum saadhanangalum smollenskilekku konduvannu niravadhi avasarangalil russian lineukal marikadakkaan hetmaan radsivilinu kazhinju.
1633-leeii venalkkaalathode, raajaavinte vyakthiparamaaya neethrthwathilulla 25,000tholam varunna durithaashwaasa seena (jaasenikayude abhipraayathil poolish-lithwanian sainyathil 20,000 perr) smolenskinaduthethi; avar 1633 august 17-nuu oorshayilethi. septambar aadya divasangalil, smollenskine sameepikkunna durithaashwaasa senayude pradhana samgham ekadesham 14,000 aayirunnu. aduthide shakthippeduthiya russian sainyathinte ennam 25,000 aayirunnu. times (timophi) orendarengoyude neethrthwathilulla 10,000-num 20,000-num idayil ennamulla kosak shakthippeduthalukal septambar 17-nuu athiyappol maathramaan komanvelthu sainyam samkhyaaparamaaya menma nedunnathu. orendarenkoyudeyum marsin kasanovskyudeyum keezhilulla kosaakkukal russian pinn lineukal akramikkukayum radsivil, gozeevsky ennivarude keezhilulla poolish-lithwanian unitukale mochippikkukayum uparodham thakarkkanulla shramathil pankucherukayum cheythu.
wadislawinte sahodaran joonn randaaman kasimir durithaashwaasenayile oru rejimentinu neethrthwam nalki. feeld kireedamaaya hetmaan, marsin kasanovsky aayirunnu mattoru sradheyanaaya commander. komanvelthu sainyathinte aadhunikavalkkaranathinte valia pinthunakkaaranaaya rajakkan vladislo naalaaman oru nalla thanthranjanaanennu theliyikkukayum paashchaathya aashayangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla peerankikaludeyum kottakaludeyum upayogathile addehathinte puthumakal aathyanthika poolish-lithwanian vijayathin valareyadhikam sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. pazhaya aarkvibasiyarukalkk pakaram addeham thokkukal upayogikkukayum komanvelthu peerankikal (3 muthal 6 poundar vare rejimental thokkukal avatharippichu) staanderd cheyyukayum cheythu.
chirakukalulla husaarukal ulppedeyulla komanveltthile kuthirappada russian chalanathe ganyamaayi niyanthrichu, ithu avare avarude kuzhikalil thudaraan nirbandhitharaakki. kadutha ettumuttalukalude oru parambarayil, komanvelthu sainyam kramena russian feeld kottakale marikadakkukayum septambar avasaanathode uparodham athinte avasana ghattathilethukayum cheythu. 1633 septambar 28nuu komanvelthu sainyam pradhana russian vitharana kendrangal pidichedukkukayum october 4 aayappozhekkum uparodham thakarukayum cheythu.
october pakuthiyode komanvelthu senayal chuttapetta pradhana campilekku sheyninte sainyam pinwangi. uparodhikkapetta russiakkaar aashwaasathinaayi kaathirunnuvenkilum aarum athiyilla, kaaranam russian pinbhaagathe thadassappeduthaan komanveltthum kosak kuthirapadayum ayachirunnu. chila charitrakaaranmaar russian campile viyojippukalum aabhyanthara vibhajanangalum avayude nishkriyathvathinum falapraapthiyillaathinum kaaranamaanennu udharikkunnu. (jasenica russian yudhaprabhukkanmaare kuttappeduthunnu, videsha koolippadayaalikale paarkk cheiyunnu.) thekkan russian athirthi pradeshangale bheeshanippeduthunna taattar adhinivesham oru sambhavana nalkunna gadakamaayirunnu, aaa pradeshangalil ninnulla niravadhi sainikarum boyaarukalum russian camp upekshichu avarude janmadesham samrakshikkaan madangi. chila videsha koolippadayaalikalum komanvelthu bhaagathekku palayanam cheythu.
1634 januvariyil sheyne keezhadangal charchakal aarambikkukayum februvariyode avaa poornnathothil nadakkukayum cheythu. oduvil 1634 februvari 25nuu russiakkaar keezhadangal udambadiyil oppuvaykkukayum march 1nuu avar thangalude camp ozhinjukalayukayum cheythu. (recard, black thudangiya chila pandithanmaar sheyninte keezhadangalinayi march 1 theeyathi nalkunnu.) keezhadangal nibandhanakalkku keezhil, russiacarkku avarude peerankikalude bhooribhaagavum upekshikkendivannuvel oru chadanginushesham avarude baanarukal nilanirthaan avare anuvadichu, athil avar vladislav raajaavinte munnil vachirunnu. adutha moonnu maasathekku komanvelthu senayumaayi edapazhakaathirikkumennum avarkk vaagdaanam cheyyendivannu. keezhadangumbol sheyninte sainyathinte ennam ekadesham 12,000 aayirunnuvenkilum mikka videsha samghangalum ulppede 4,000-thiladhikam perr udan thanne komanveltthilekku koorumaran theerumaanichu.
mattu edapedalukal.
eee mekhalayile mattu niravadhi pattanangalum kottakalum cheria yudhangalude sthalamaayirunnu. 1632-ll russian sainyam avarude munnettathinidayil niravadhi pradhana sthalangal pidichadakkiyenkilum eee sramam durbalappeduthiyathumoolam smollenskile avarude pradhana senayudeyum peerankikaludeyum varavu vaikiyathumoolam uparodhathinum thalphalamaayi yudhathinum avarkk vila nalkiyittundaakumennu nageelsky anumaanikkunnu. 1633 joolaiyil russiakkaar polatsk, velis, usvyaatt, oserish ennee pattanangal pidichedutthu. russiakkaar nagravum kottayude bhaagavum pidichedutthathinaal prathyekichu kanatha pooraattatthinte ramgamaayirunnu polatsk. ennirunnaalum, vittbsk, emm. ezz. tii. sislo ennivaykkethiraaya akramanangal vijayakaramaayi thirichadichu. poolish sainyam pudival uparodham earppeduthiyenkilum avarude cosac sakhyakakshikal upekshichathinaal avar pinmaran nirbandhitharaayi.
1633-leeii sharathkaalathil, komanvelthu sainyam muun varsham pidichedutthathinu sesham oru pradhana russian vitharana kendramaaya dorogoboosh thirichupidichu. eee thirichadi sheyninte sainyathilekku sainyathe ayaykkanulla russian padhathikale thakarthu, ennirunnaalum 1634 januvari vare russiakkaar 5,000-oolam sakthamaaya sainyathe shekharikkaan thudangiyittilla. aaa sharathkaalathilum, grand kraun hetmaan staanislaa konikpolsky komanveltthinte thekk oru ottomaan kadannukayattathe paraajayappeduthi, russian pattanamaya sevsk uparodhikkaan thante sainyathe swathanthranaakki; konikpolsky kotta pidichedukkunnathil paraajayappettenkilum, addeham valia russian sainyathe kettiyittu, avare vadakkott smollenskilekku neengunnathil ninnu thadanju.
1634 leeii vasanthakaalath smollensk kottayude nirmmaanathinushesham komanvelthu sainyam belaya kottayilekku neengi. ennirunnaalum, vyasmaye pidichedukkaan rajaavinu kazhinjenkilum belaaya uparodham parajayamaayi maari.
polynovka udambadi.
1634 leeii vasanthakaalathode, russiacarkku sheyninte sainyam nashtappeduka mathramalla, thekkan russia nashippicha taattar reydukalaal bheeshanippeduthappedukayum cheythu. pithavaaya philaarett kazhinja varsham marikkukayum addehamillaathe yudhathinte avesham kurayukayum cheythu. 1633 avasaanathinu munbuthanne russiayile saar maikkal samgharsham engane avasaanippikkaamenn aalochichu. orikkal russiayude saarayi thiranjedukkappedukayum russian simhaasanathin avakaashavaadam unnayikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythathinaal, yuddham thudaraan rajaavu vadislo aagrahichu, allengil poolish-sweedish udambadi oof altmark udan avasanikkunnathinaal, sweedanethire akramikkaan rashyakkaarumaayi sakhyamundaakki. ennirunnaalum, sejam kooduthal samgharsham aagrahichilla. sheyne keezhadangi randaazhcha kazhinju, plock bishappaya staanislaa lubinsky ingane ezhuthi "aarogyavum shemavum urappunalkkond athirthikkullil thudarunnathaanu njangalude santhosham."yuddham neettaan irupakshavum thaalpparyappedaathathinaal, avar oru vedinirthalinu vendiyalla, marichu "shaashwatha samaadhaanathin" vendi charchakal aarambhichu."
1634 epril 30nuu charchakal aarambikkukayum sathrutha avasaanippikkunnathin juunil polyanovka udambadi oppidukayum cheythu. russia valia yuddha nashtapariharam (20,000 rubles svarnnam) nalkikkond udambadi yudhaananthara sthithi sthireekarikkukayum athesamayam russian simhaasanathin thante avakaashavaadam samarppikkaanum moscoic rajakeeya chihnam thirike nalkaanum vladislo sammathikkukayum cheythu. russian veekshanakonil tharkkatthilulla athirthi nashtappedunnathinekkaal aabhyanthara sthirathayude thudarnnulla vardhanavinte kaaryatthil, thante avakaashavaadathe vladislo nirasichathaanu kooduthal pradhaanamenn jasenica abhipraayappedunnu. sainikamaayi vijayikkathirunnittum russiakkaar nayatantra vijayam nediyirikkaam. hellie polulla mattu ezhuthukaar eee vyaakhyaanathe pinthunaykkunnu.
anantharafalangal.
yudhathinte pilkkaalakhattangalil, komanvelthu sainyam smollenskill ninnu beliyilekku maariyappol, automan saamrajyam oru adhinivesha senaye aninirathiya thekkan athirthikalil oru puthiya bheeshani uyarnnuvannu. angane vladislo thante sainyathe aaa naadakavediyilekku thirichuvilikkaan thudangi. aaa varsham avasaanam, staanislaa koneekpolskyude neethrthwathilulla komanvelthu sainyam thekk oru vijayam nedi, ottomanmaarkkethiraaya yuddham avasaanippichu.
irupakshavum paashchaathya modalukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla puthiya thanthrangalum yoonittukalum upakaranangalum avatharippichu, ennaal poolish-lithwanian sakthikal rashyakkaarekkaal eee puthumakalil kooduthal vaidagdhyamullathaayi thelinju. ennirunnaalum, russiakkaare vijayikkunnathil ninnu thadanja pradhana gadakangal uparodha peerankikal smollenskilekku neekkunnathinulla kaalathamasam, poolish kuthirappada russian vitharana lineukalkku kanatha thadassamundaakkal ennivayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum oru balikazhivu aavashyamaayirunnu mikhaayel shainil raajyadrohakkuttam chumathappedukayum, addehathinte randaamathe command artemy ismaylovinum makan 1634 epril 28nuu moscoyil vachu vadhikkappedukayum cheythu. eee paraajayatthil ninnu padichukondu, russiakkaar poolish-russian yudhathil puthiyathum kooduthal vijayakaravumaya thanthrangal sweekarikkum (1654-1656).
yudhaanantharam, sweedish virudha sakhyathil cheraan saarine prerippikkumenna pratheekshayil, vadislo russiacarkku athirthi pattanamaya serpisk sameepa pradeshangalum nalki. ennirunnaalum, stumska veesh udambadikku sesham sweedanode poraadaan thayyaarallaatha poolish-lithwanian sejiminte ethirppukal marikadakkaan rajaavinu aathyanthikamayi kazhinjilla. atharamoru sakhyathil prayojanam kaanaan kazhiyaatha russiakkaarum utsaahamillaathavaraayirunu, nirddishta sakhyam nishfalamaayi.
yudhathil komanvelthu treasuric ekadesham 4,300,000 slottis chelavayi.
smollensk yuddham anjjaathanaaya sainikanaaya warzoyude shavakudeerathil smollensk 18 x 1632-25 II 1634 enna likhithathode anusmarikkappedunnu.

