
nicolas tindell

pooll dii rapin ezhuthiya "histtari oof englandu" enna grandhatthinte vivarthakanum thudarchayaayum nicolas tyndall (1687-27 juun 1774) aayirunnu. akkaalat valare kurachu samagramaya charithrangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, jaims randaaman muthal jorjju randaaman vareyulla bharanakalam muthal raajyathinte charitramaaya moonnu vaalyangalulla 'thudarcha' tindell ezhuthi. timdall hamshareile aalvarstokkinte rector, grettu vaalthaaminte vikaari, essex, greenwich hospitalile chapline, ooksfoordile trinity kolejile fello ennivayaayirunnu.
pashchaathalam.
tindalinte pithaav, konvudinte rector, devon, konvaalile sent aivsinte vikar, prashastha daivavaadiyum 'srishtiyude pazhaya kristhumatham' enna grandhatthinte rachayithaavumaaya mathyoo tindalinte sahodaranaayirunnu. thomas, chaals randaamante unnatha treasurer onnaam loard clifford, ennivarude adutha bandhamaaya tindell kudumbam henry randaamante kudiyaan ayirunna baaran aadam dii tindelil ninnaan uruthirinjathu.
1713ll ooksfoordile eksittar kolejilekku poya tyndall avide ninnu emm. eiii birudam nedi. ooksfoordil ninnu hamshareil rectory ettedukkukayum pinneedu trinittiyude fello aayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. tyndall franch bhashayil praaveenyam nediyappol vyakthamalla, ennirunnaalum addehathinte kudumbatthile aadya amgamaayirunnu addehathinte perinte franch spelling vahichirunnathu-addehathinte pingaamikalkkidayil valare janapriyamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, assyriakkaar, kaldanmar, eejipthukar, pheeninikanmaar, chainees, sii ennivarude puraavasthukkalum charithravum parishodhikkunna "mattethoru raajyathekkaalum hebrookalude charithratthinte shreshtathayude prabandham" enna thante vivarthanathinte (aantoyin augustin kaalmettinte franch bhashayil ninnu) prathimasa samkhyakalil prasidheekaranathil addeham aadyamaayi earppettu. american janathayodoppam... franch bhashayil ezhuthiyathu aarr. pii. dii 'augustin kaalmett', ithu ganyamaaya oru samrambhamaanenn thonnunnu. eee padhathi orikkalum phalavathaayillengilum, mahanaaya walthaminte vikaaramaayi marria tindell oru "essexinte charithram" ezhuthi.
'englandinte charithram' & 'thudarcha'.
1727ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha rappins histtariyude pathimoonnu vaalyangalude vivarthanamaayirunnu tindalinte mahathaaya kruthi. gibraltaaril ezhuthiya muun vaalyangalude samarppanathil ninnaan addehathe kappalppadayilekku chapline niyamichathennu naam manassilakkunnu. kurippukal, vamshavali pattikakal, swantham rachanayude bhoopadangal enniva ulkkollunnathinayi tindell avarude randaam pathippil (1732) vaalyangal vipuleekarichu. pathinettaam noottaandile britiish charithralekhanatthinte vikasanathinu eee kruthi oru valia sambhavanayaayirunnu, kaaranam akkaalat valare kurachu nannayi ezhuthappetta charithrangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo; avayil onnupolum samagramaayirunnilla. kruthikal pradhaanamaayum aakhyaana roopathilaanengilum, niravadhi kaalaghattangalile pala srothassukaludeyum vaadangaludeyum charchaa vishakalanam akkaalathe valare purogamanaparamaayirunnu. thaan randaamathe vaalyam samarppicha weils rajakumaran frederic oru swarnna medel sammaanichukond tindalinu prathiphalam nalki.
jaims randaamante maranathode rapin thante jolie poortthiyaakki, tindalinu swantham charitraparamaaya kazhivukal prakadippikkaanulla avasaram nalki. addehathinte "thudarcha" jorjju randaamante bharanakaalathekku kruthikale konduvannu. vivaadangalonnumillenkum tindalinte srishtikal akkaalat valareyadhikam vilamathikkappettirunnu. chilar "thudarcha" yude rachayithaavine chodyam cheythirunnu; aaa vaadangale pinthunaykkunnathinu thelivukalonnumillenkum addehathinte mattu niravadhi kruthikalum saahitya sailiyum addehathinte penayilekku viral choondunnu.
mattu jolikalum jeevithavum.
1734ll kaantamir raajakumaarante 'histtari oof dhaa othmaan empire' ('sic') enna kruthiyude vivarthanam tindell thudarnnu. addeham edittar ayirunna 'guide tuu classical laining, allengil polymetis ebraded, phoor schoolukal' enna apoorva classical paatapusthakamaayirunnu athu noottaandiludaneelam praadhaanyathode thudarnnu.
thante jeevithathil tindell chila vivaadangalkku idayaakkiyathaayi thonnunnu. thante 'thudarcha' yumayi bandhappettathozhichaal, ammavan mathyoo tindell thante prathyakshamaaya anantharaavakaashathe kurichu oru yoostes badgelumaayi addeham kadutha tharkkathil earppettirunnu. budgell tindalinte chila swathanthrachinthaka kaazhchappaadukal sweekarikkukayum thante 'srishti pole pazhaya kristhumatham' prasidheekarikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, addeham dushkaramaaya samayangalil veenu, thekkan kadal kumilayil 20,000 poundu vare nashtappettu. athinaal, munbu prasidheekaricha oru vilppathrathil perittirunna tindell ozhivakkaan, mathevu tindell thante sambathinte bhooribhaagavum eee manushyan vittukoduthuvennathu chila athbhuthangalaayirunnu. vyaajarekha chamachathinu budgell vichaarana cheyyappettenkilum cases vichaaranaykk varunnathinu munbu thaanaan aathmahathya cheythath. thaan vanjikkappetta 2000 ginia eppozhengilum thirichadachathaano ennu vyakthamallengilum alexander poppu paranju
gaarikkinte 'pravartthanatthil' badhirar avane kelkkunnuvennum andhar avane 'shabdathil' kaanunnuvennum tindell thanne gaarikkinekkurichu paranjathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu.'.
greenwich aashupathriyumaayum naavika offeesumaayum tindaalinte deerghakaala bandhathe jorjju napttan oru chhaayaachitram anusmarikkunnu, ippol deseeya maaridaim myoosiyathinte shekharathil, ithil ninnu greenwich eee lekhanathe chithreekarikkunna kothupani eduthittundu.
kudumbam.
tindalinte makanaaya kyapttan jorjju tindell, rn, tindalinte jeevithakaalathu chelmsfordile koval haal vaangi, avide kudumbam chila thalamurakalayi thaamasichirunnu. addehathinte cherumakan sarr nicolas coningham tindell 1829 muthal 1843 vare pothu harjikalil cheef justisaayirunnu.
paarambaryamaayi.
kembridge histtari oof engleesh aandu american littarechar" enna onpathaam vaalyathile rachayithakkal nigamanam cheiyunnathu 

