genovayude mathilukal

jinovayude mathilukal (itaaliyan bhashayil "mura dii jinova", ligurian bhashayil "miyaj dii sena") avayude muzhuvan mathilukalude niravadhi vrithangal ulkkollunnu, athu samananama republicinte muun thalasthaanamaaya jinova nagaratthe samrakshikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheythu. innuvare, eee mathilukalude valia bhagam avasheshikkunnu, italiyile mattethoru nagarathekkaalum kooduthal neelamulla mathilukal genovayilund.
purathana mathilukal.
purathana kaalavum madhyakaalakhattavum.
roman kaalaghattatthil sarsano kunnin mukalilulla genova yadhaartha kendram oru mathil kondu samrakshikkappettirikkam, pakshe athinte nilanilppin puraavastu allengil documentary thelivukalonnumilla.
onpathaam noottaandil italiyile berenger randaamante nandi, thudarnnulla saambathika vikasanavum janasamkhya vardhanavum moolam nagaram vishalamaaya svayambharanaadhikaaram nediyathodeyaanu ariyappedunna aadyathe nagara mathilukal nirmmikkappettath.
sarzano kunnu ulppedunna aadya mathilukalkk moonnu kavaadangalundayirunnu saan lorenzo palliyude vadakku bhaagath seravali gettu, bhaaviyile porta sopranayude sthalathinaduthulla sent andrew kunnil mattonn, mattonn "kaanetto ill curto vazhi", saan peettar pallikkaduthulla avasaanathil.
mathilukalum theerapradeshangalum kondu chuttapetta vaasasthalam ekadesham irupathirandu hector visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkunnu.
pallikal, ashramangal, fudal kottarangal ennivaykku chuttum valarnna chila cheria vaasasthalangal (pradhaanamaayum thozhilaallikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum) mathilukalkk purathu avasheshichu.
barbosa mathilukal.
1155ll, mathilukalkk purathulla puthiya vaasasthalangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi eee prathirodha mathil vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagathekku vyapippichu. mathilukal sent. porta sopranayodoppam andrew hill.
55 hector vistheernnam ulppede munvashathethinekkaal puthiya mathilukal akathulla pradesham valareyadhikam vikasippichu.
mathilukalude nirmmaanam 1163 vare neenduninnu; aaa varsham, anthaaraashtra rashtreeya sahacharyavum prathyekichu frederic barbarosa chakravarthiyumaayulla bandhavum cafaro saakshyappeduthunnathu pole pravartthanatthinte thwarithappeduthalilekku nayichu, muzhuvan janasamkhyayudeyum parisramam kaaranam 53 divasathinullil punny poortthiyaayi.
moonnu pradhana kavaadangalkk uyarnna ardhavrithaakrithiyilulla gopurangalulla oru smaaraka roopamundaayirunnu. avayil randennam innum nilanilkkunnu "porta soprana", "porta deyy waca"; moonnaamathethu, 18-aamm noottaandil ithinakam bhaagikamaayi thakarkkapetta porta ooriya ("golden gettu"), 20-aamm noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil poornnamaayum thakarkkapettu. 13-aamm noottaandil, thuramukhathinte thekkan paridiyilulla pazhaya piyer upadveep mathilukalkkullil ulppeduthi, angane nagaratthinte kadaltheerathe kottakal poortthiyaayi.
pathinalam noottaandile vipuleekaranam.
pathinalam noottaandil, vaanijya pravartthanangalile vardhanavu moolam nagaratthinte nagara vipuleekaranam, yadhaartha nagara kendratthinte padinjaarum kizhakkum nilakollunna puthiya kwaarttezhsukal ulkkollunnathinayi mathilukalude puthiya vipuleekaranathilekku nayichu.
nayichu 1320num idayil, mathilukalude kizhakk bhagam carignano kunnu ulppeduthunnathinaayi vipuleekarichu, ippol akwasolayude esplanade smaaraka paalavum kadannupokunnu. eee mathilinu porta dell akwasola, porta degli aarchi enningane rund kavaadangalundayirunnu.
athinaal, ippozhum drishyamaaya purathana mathilukal santa chiyara, mura dell praatto, mura delle capusin ennivayude mura perukalil thudarunnu, kadalinu abhimukhamaayi oru malancherivil avasaanikkunnu.
avasaanikkunnu 1347num idayil casteletto kotta muthal puthiya sent vare padinjaaru bhaagathekku mattoru vipuleekaranam nirmikkappettu. thomas gettu, ippozhathe principe railway steshanu sameepam. eee mathilukalude neelam nilavilillaattha gopurangaludeyum kavaadangaludeyum oru parambara ulppedunnu (carbonara, pietraaminootta, sent. jorj, mukalil soochippicha sent. thomas gettum innu castello dii albertis nilkkunna sthalathulla mattoru gopuravum). eee vipuleekaranathinu sesham, 155 hector visthruthiyulla nagarabhithi 4,550 meter neendu.
pathinaram noottaandile mathilukal.
pathinaram noottaandil, aadhunika thokkukalude aakramanathe neridaan mathilukalkk kazhinjilla, athinaal puthiya nakshatra kottakal srishtikkunnathinaayi avaa parishkarichu.
1528-ll andrea doria republic oof genova spaaniyaardsinte samrakshanathin keezhil konduvannu. franch sainyathinte puthiya aakramanangalkk saadhyathayundennu bhayann, pathinaram noottaandinte moonnaam dashakathil aasoothranam cheyyukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheytha nagara mathilukalude aadhunikavalkkaranathe addeham prothsaahippichu. pazhaya chathura gopurangalkku pakaram thrikonaakrithiyilulla kothalangal sthaapikkukayum kaundarkaarppu profile upayogichu puthiya thirasseelakal nirmmikkukayum cheythukondu "barbosa mathilukalum" avayude pathinalam noottaandile vipuleekaranangalum naveekarichu.
sent kadalinaduthulla muzhuvan theerapradeshavum ulppede kadalinaduthu oru koottam mathilukalum nirmmichu. thomas gettum mollo vechiyoyum (pazhaya thuramukham). eee mathilil, thuramukhathinte oro thuramukhathinum oro puthiya kavaadangal srishtichu.
noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil mollo vechiyoyude avasaanathil, navothaana sainika vaasthuvidyayude udaaharanamaaya porta cyberia roopakalppana cheythath galiazo alessi aayirunnu. ivide ninnu, sarzano, carignano kunnukalude kadaltheerathu ithinakam nilanilkkunnavayumaayi mathilukal bandhippichirikkunnu, avaa bisagno aruviyude mukhathu athunnu.
pathinaram noottaandile mathilukalude moonnu pradhana kavaadangalil porta cyberia porta degli archiyum (yadhaartha sthalathu ninnu XX settambar vazhi thurakkunnathinaayi neengi) innum nilakollunnu, athesamayam sent. principe railway steshan nirmmikkunnathinayi thomas gettu polichumaatti.
mura new (puthiya mathilukal).
pathinezhaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil nirmmichathum jinova nagarakendrathe chuttipattiyulla kunnukalude malancherivil nirmmichathumaaya avasaanathethum ettavum aakarshakavumaya mathilukalaanu "mura new" (puthiya mathilukal).
randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham valarnna malayora pradeshangalkk mukalil kunnukalude malancherivukalil kottakalulla puthiya mathilukalude variyaanu kadalil ninnulla genovayude kaazhchayude savisheshatha; vadakku ninnu train allengil kaaril varunna aadyathe drishyamaaya ghadana wall polseverayude idathu karayilulla parvathatthil uyarathilulla kotta diamonde, fort fraattello minor ennivayaanu. taamasiyaathe, akaleyulla ridjil, peralto parvathatthinte mukalbhagam vare uyarunna kottakalude nirayil ulppedunna fort begatto undu, avide uyarnna mathilukalulla fort speron sthithicheyyunnu.
1626ll aarambhicha avasaanatheyum valuthumaaya nagaramathilukalaya "puthiya mathilukal", jinova akramikkaan saavoyiyile chaals immaanuval onnaaman aavarthichu nadatthiya sramangal puthiyathum kooduthal shakthavumaya prathirodha mathilukalude aavasyakathayekkurichu sarkkaarine bodhyappeduthiyathinu sheshamaan nirmmichathu.
1568ll eee prathirodha mathil nirddeshikkappettirum, 1625 meyy meyy pertuso churatthil franch-peedmontis sainyam nadatthiya parajayappetta aakramanathethudarnnu (sambhavathinte smaranaykkaayi, pinneedu "njangalude vijayathinte sthree" ennartham varunna nostra signora della vittoriyayude kshethram nirmikkappettu) 1626ll genova sarkkar pravartthanam aarambhichu.
naalu varshathinullil, 1629 num 1633 num idayil, kuzhichedukkunnavarum ishtikakkallu nirmmikkunnavarum kallukattunnavarum (chila srothassukal anusarichu, ennooru, mattullavar anusarichu moovaayiram polum) irupathiyettu teamukalaayi vibhajikkapettu, polsevera, bisagno thaazhvarakalkku abhimukhamaayi rund malancherivukalil moodupadam uyarthi.
ganithashaasthranjaraaya vincenso makulanoyum galilio galeeliyude suhruthaaya jiovanni baattista baliani chernnaanu padhathi nadappilaakkiyathu.
lombard aarkkitekt bartolomio biancoyude sahakaranathode ansaldo dii maariye joliyude melnottam ealppichu.
puthiya mathilukal" ekadesham irupathu kilometer neenduninnu, athil ezhu theerapradeshathaayirunnu. avarude nirmmaanam saan teodoroyude naalilonn mathilukalkkullil ulppeduthaan kaaranamaayi. mukalil ninnu kaanunna mathilukalkk thrikonaakrithiyilulla aakruthiyundu, shringangal moundu peralto, laitt house, bisagno aruviyude vaaykkal ennivayaanu.
genova climb granarolo kunninte laitt hausil ninnu aarambikkunna kottakal pinneedu peralto parvathathiletthunnu, avide wall polsevera abhimukeekarikkunna thirasseelakalum wall bisagno abhimukeekarikkunnavayum kandumuttunnu; thudarnnu avaa "fronty baas" ennariyappedunna sakthamaaya kottakalaal samrakshikkappedunna bisagnoyude avasana bhaagathukoodi samathalathil erangunnu.
laitt hausil ninnu pazhaya mathilukalude padinjaaran paridhi vare (sent. thomas gettu).
kuthaneyulla charivukalil polum kunnukalil nirmmicha eee ghadana innum janasandrata kurravulla pradesangalilaanu. ithu avayude samrakshanathinu kaaranamaayi, athesamayam nagarathinu ettavum aduthulla bhagangal kooduthalum puthiya kwaarttezhsinteyum mattu adisthaana soukaryangaludeyum nirmmaanathinaayi polichuneekki.
puthiya mathilukalude" neelam 19,560 meteriletthi, 903 hector visthruthiyil (pathinaram noottaand vare "pazhaya mathilukalil" ulppeduthiya 197 hectorinte anchiratti).
kizhakkan ridge.
fort speronil ninnu thekkukizhakkan (peralto mathilukal) oru cheria neelam kazhinjaal, mathilukal castellasio kottayumaayi kandumuttunnu, thudarnnu "chiappe", "saant ermo", "saan bernardino", "serbino" enningane vilikkunna mathilukalude vividha bhagangal brignoll railway steshanu mukalil avasaanikkunnu. railway steshan nirmmikkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi pathonpathaam noottaandil "montessanoyude mathilukal" ennu peritta mathilukalude oru bhagam polichumaatti.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasana dashakangalil nagaratthinte kizhakottulla nagaravikasana puthiya mathilukalude ettavum shakthavum unarthunnathumaaya bhagangalilonnaaya "fronty bays" ennu vilikkappedunna, bisagnoyude valath karayilulla samathalathil rund valia kothalangalulla oru valia praakaaram takarkkaan kaaranamaayi. eee valia ghadana puthiya mathilukale ippol railway steshan nilkkunna sthalam muthal "praattoyude mathilukal" vare "pathinaram noottaandile mathilukalumayi" bandhippichu.
fronty baas" ll rund kavaadangal undaayirunnu, smaaraka porta pila (bartolomio bianco), giulia vazhi avasaanam (XX settambar vazhi poortthiyaayathinaal gettu brignoll steshanu pinnil maatti), koodaathe "porta romana", kizhakk kwaarttezhsilekkulla purathana rooad aarambhicha saan vincenso vazhi avasaanam.
padinjaaran malancherivu.
peralto parvathatthinte mukalil ninnu, fort speron irikkunna, mathilukal thekkupadinjaaru oru nerrekhayil fort begaattoyilekk thaazhekku varunnu, thudarnnu thirasseela nadathatthiloode kadannupokunna panoramic rodiloode veezhunnathu thudarunnu, aadyam athe perilulla gettinu sameepam "granaroloyude mathilukal", thudarnnu "monde moroyude mathilukal". tenaglia kottaykku sesham, mathilukal "porta muraattayude mathilukalaayi" thudarunnu, "anjeli gettilum" "anjeli mathilukalilum" athunnu, 1930-kalil saan benigno kunninte khananathethudarnnu avaa pettennu nirtthunnu, munbu saan benignoyile pally ashramavum nilakondirunna oru parakkettulla ridge pinneedu baarakkukalayi maari. saan benignoyude mathilukal" eee kunninte malancheriviloode ozhuki vilakkumaadathilekkum vilakkumaadathilekkum pooyi.
theeram.
pathinezhaam noottaandile vipuleekaranathode, theerathe mathilukal puthiya kothalangal upayogichu shakthippeduthukayum sent. padinjaaran malanirakaliloode erangivarunnavare kandumuttya capo faaroyilekkulla thomas gettu. thuramukha vipuleekaranam kaaranam, kadalile mikka mathilukalum polichumaatti; oru cheria bhagam maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo, aduthide ferry terminalil ninnu laitt housilekkulla nadathatthiloode mechappeduthi. laitt hausinu sameepam 1633ll nirmmicha antonio ponsonelli nirmmicha smaaraka vilakku gettu undaayirunnu, kurachu akale "porta newa" (puthiya gettu) enna puthiya gettu nirmmichathinetthudarnna 1830ll polichumaatti, ithu vardhicha gathaagathathinu anuyojyamaayirunnu.
kottakal.
pathinettaam noottaandilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyilum mathilukalude paridhiyil castellasio, speron (peralto parvathatthinte mukalil), begaatto, tenaglia ennivayulppede chila kottakal nirmikkappettu. nagara mathilukalkk purathulla kunnukalilum wall bisagnoyude idathu theerathulla malancherivukalilum vividha kaalaghattangalil mattu kottakal nirmikkappettu. bhooribhaagam genois kottakalum (motham 16) ippozhum drishyamaanu, avayil chilath sandarshikkukayum cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil, 1747 leeii austriyan uparodhathin thottupinnaale, franch sainika enchineeyarmaaraaya jackwus dii sikre, piyari dii kotte ennivar roopakalppana cheytha diament, kyusi, richeliu, santa tekla ennee naalu kottakalude nirmmaanathode kottakal vipuleekarichu.
1800 eprilil genova uparodha samayat, franch, austriyan sainyangal thammilulla niravadhi kadinamaaya yudhangalude sthalamaayirunnu eee kottakal.
1814-ll vienna kongras theerumaanicha sardinia rajyavumaayi nepolian ligurian republicinte kootticherkkalinushesham, saavoy gavanment (1815-1840) kottakal, gopurangal, theeradesha baattarikal ennivayude oru parambara nirmmichu, ithu medittareniyanile ettavum mikacha sajjeekaricha kottayaayi genova maatti. genois kottakalude nirmmaanatthinte avasana ghattatthinte roopakalppana cheythath mejar giulio dii andrise aayirunnu.
puthiya mathilukalude paridiyilulla kottakalil iva ulppedunnu
padinjaaran kottakalil (sampierderina) iva ulppedunnu
chuvarukalkk vadakkulla malancherivukalile kottakalil iva ulppedunnu
kizhakkan kottakal (wall bisagno, albaro):
pathonpathaam noottaandile gopurangal.
1820-ll sardinia raajyathile enchiniyaring milittari corps martello gopurangalkku samaanamaayi mathilukalkk purathu oru koottam gopurangal nirmmikkaan thudangi. 
kurachu varshangalkk sesham, chelavum kuranja upayogakshamathayum kaaranam avayude nirmmaanam nirtthivachu. avayil moonnennam maathrame poorthiyaayittulloo torre kyusi, torre saan bernardino, torre serbino (avasaanatheth nilavililla).
mattullavar ippozhum randaam nilayum melkkoora illaathaayi jolie nirtthumbol avasheshicha avasthayilaanu.
innu puthiya mathilukal.
puthiya mathilukalum kottakalum, avaa aasoothranam cheytha aavasyangal illaathaayikkazhinjaal, 1914-ll sainika swathil ninnu nirthalaakkappettu. eee theeyathikku sesham, eee gadanakalil chilath warehouseukalaayo onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathe yudhathadavukaarude jayilukalaayo vimana virudha sthaanangalaayo randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu ozhippikkappettavarkkula veedukalaayo upayogichu. mattullava swakaarya udamasthaavakaashathinu nalkukayo upekshikkukayo cheythu. 
innu, avaa pothu swathaanengilum, avayude avastha orupoleyalla pradhana kottakal aduthide punasthaapikkappedukayum abhyarthana prakaram sandarshikkukayum cheyyaam, mattullava, kshayicha avasthayilaanenkilum, soujanyamaayi sandarshikkappedukayum avayil chilath television allengil selphone towerukal hostucheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
ippol carabiniyeriyude pravishya kamaandinte aasthaanamaaya albaroyude kwaarttarile corso itaaliyaye abhimukeekarikkunna fort saan giulianoyanu ippozhum oru sainika sthaapanam upayogikkunna eaka kotta.
puthiya mathilukalum kottakalum ippol 876 hector uparithalamulla" parco arbano delle mura "(mathilukalude sitti paarkk) yill ulppeduthiyittundu, ithu genovayude ettavum valia pacha" shwaasakosham "aanu, ithu charitraparavum vanyajeevi thaalpparyamullathumaaya vyathyastha vinodangalkkulla saadhyatha nalkunnu.

