anchu pooyint, manhattan

newyork nagaratthile lover maanhattanile 19-aamm noottaandile oru ayalpakkamayirunnu anchu pooyintukal (allengil anchu pooyintukal). shekharana kulam ennariyappedunna shudhajala thadaakathil niranja thaazhnna nilangalil bhaagikamaayi nirmmicha eee ayalpakkathe padinjaaru madhya theruvu, kizhakk bowery, vadakku kanal theruvu, thekk paarkk roow ennivayaal bandhippichirikkunnu. 70 varshathilereyaayi nilaninnirunna janasaandrathayullathum rogabadhithavum kuttakrithyangal baadhichathumaaya cheriyaayi anchu pooyintukal anthaaraashtra kuprasiddhi nedi.
irupathaam noottaandil, theruvukal maattukayo adaykkukayo cheythukondu muun anchu pooyint pradesham kramena punarnirmikkappettu. eee pradesham ippol padinjaarum thekkum pradhana federal, samsthaana, nagara soukaryangal ulppedunna pourakendratthinte kaivashamaan. kizhakkum vadakkum, muun anchu pooyint ayalpakkangal ippol maanhattante chaina touninte bhagamaanu.
peru.
rund crossing theruvukalum avayude kavalayil avasaanikkunna moonnaamathethu anchu konukal allengil "pooyintukal" undaakkunnu. 1809-ll, aanthani street kizhakk cross, ooranchu theruvukalude junction vare vyapippichu. thathfalamaayi chuttumulla ayalpakkathe anchu pooyint ennu vilikkapettu. 1854ll moonnu theruvukaleyum aanthani streettil ninnu varthu street, ooranchu street muthal baakstar street, cross street muthal paarkk street ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. 1868-ll, anchu pooyintulla intersection muthal chaatham square vare kizhakode vyaapippichukond aaraamathe pooyint koottichertthu. athinusesham, baagsattar (munbu ooranchu) intersectionte thekk ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum paarkk (munbu cross) athinte iruvashathum ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu; athinaal, bagsterinteyum innu avasheshikkunna moolyathinteyum jangshanu rund konukal maathrameyulloo. paarkk streettil avasheshichirunna sthalathe 1982ll mosco street ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
kulangal shekharikkuka.
maanhattanile europian kudiyettatthinte aadya rund noottaandukalil, valarunna nagaratthinte kudivellatthinte pradhana uravidam shekharikkunna kulamaayirunnu, allengil shudhajala kulamaayirunnu, athu dhaaraalam malsyangalum vitharanam cheythu.
kulatthinte aazham eathaandu athrayere aayirunnu. oru bhoogarbha neeruravayaal pooshippikkappedunna ithu vadakkukizhakkaayi beyaardinte parvvathathodoppam (lover maanhattanile ettavum uyaram koodiya kunnu) oru thaazhvarayilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. kulatthil ninnu vadakkottum pinneedu padinjarottum oru uppuvella chathuppiloode (athu vattiyathinushesham "lispenard pulmedukal" enna peril oru pulmedaayi maari) hudson nadiyilekku ozhukumbol mattoru aruvi kulatthinte thekkukizhakkan bhaagath ninnu kizhakk dishayilekku ozhukunnu. pathinettaam noottaandil eee kulathe venalkkaalath picnic eriyayaayum shaithyakaalath scating rinka upayogichirunnu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, vellam upayogikkunnathinaayi kulatthinte theerathu vividha vaanijya samrambhangal nirmikkappettu. coolthards brewery, mulberry streettile nicolas beyaardinte aravushaala (aravushaala theruvu ennu vilipperulla), thekkukizhakkan theerathe niravadhi charmakkashanangal, thekk-thekk padinjaaran theerathe pottu baker kunnin mukalilulla jarmman kudiyettakkaaraaya johann villem kroliyasinteyum johann remmiyudeyum manpaathra nirmmanangal enniva eee bisinasukalil ulppedunnu. kulatthinu chuttumulla bisinassukalile malinajalam veendum kulathilekku ozhukukayum gurutharamaaya malineekarana prashnavum paaristhithika aarogya apakadavum srishtikkukayum cheythu.
piyar chaals enfaant kulam vrithiyaakkaanum nagaratthile paarppida pradeshangalkk valaraan kazhiyunna oru vinoda paarkkinte kendrabinduvaayi mattaanum nirddeshichu. addehathinte nirddesham nirasikkappedukayum kulatthil niraykkaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. 1811ll landfill poortthiyaayi, veendedutha bhoomiyil taamasiyaathe madhyavarga veedukal nirmikkappettu.
landfill moshamaayi roopakalppana cheythathaayirunnu. kuzhichitta sasyangal meedhane vaathakam (vighadanathinte upolppannam) puratthuvaraan thudangi, prakrithidatha nyoonamarddatthil eee pradeshathu mathiyaya kodunkaattu azhukkuchaalukal illaayirunnu. thathfalamaayi, bhoomi kramena kuranju. veedukal avayude aditharayil maatti, nilampottha theruvukal palappozhum manushyarudeyum mrugangaludeyum visarjjyavumaayi kalarnna cheliyil kuzhichumoodukayum mosham drainage srishticha nischalamaaya kulangalil kothukukal valarthukayum cheythu.
mikka madhyavarga, uyarnna vargga nivaasikalum eee pradesham vittu palayanam cheyyukayum 1820-kalude thudakkathil athicheraan thudangiya pavapetta kudiyettakkaarkkaayi ayalpakkangal thurakkukayum cheythu. cheythu valia kshaamathil ninnu dhaaraalam airish catholicar palayanam cheythathode eee varavu uyarnna nilayiletthi.
cherikal.
anchu pooyint adhiniveshathinte unnathiyilirikke, landanile kizhakke attathe chila pradeshangal maathramaan janasamkhya saandrata, rogam, sisumarananirakku, thozhilillaayma, veshyaavrithi, akramasakthamaaya kuttakrithyangal, nagara niraalambarude mattu classic thinmakal ennivaykkaayi paashchaathya lokath athumaayi malsarichathu. thudakkathil puthuthayi mochitharaaya karuthavarggakkaarum (kramena vimochanam 1827 juulai 4 nuu newyorkkil adimatham avasaanippikkunnathilke nayichu) 1600 muthal eee pradeshathu cheria nyoonapaksha saannidyamulla vamseeya irishukaarum ulppedunna yadhaartha american urukunna paathramaayi ithu chilappol kanakkaakkappedunnu. pazhaya aaram wardinte" (pooyintinte praadhamika munisippal votting jilla) praadeshika raashtreeyam, azhimathi mukthamallengilum, pradhana rashtreeya offeesukalilekkulla katholikkarude thiranjeduppinu pradhana mungaamikal sthaapichu. athinumumbu, newyorkkum america anglo-prathishedha sthaapakar bharichirunnu. aafrikkakkaarum irishukaarum thammil niravadhi pirimurukkangal undaayirunnuvenkilum, anchu pooyintukalilulla avarude sahavarthithvam american charithratthile sannadha vamseeya samyojanathinte aadyathe valia thothilulla udaaharanamaayirunnu. kramena, eee aafrikkan-american samooham maanhattante padinjaaru bhaagathekkum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil prashasthamaaya harlemile dveepinte vadakke attathulla avikasita pradeshangalilekkum nagaram vadakkott vikasichathode harlem nadikku kuruke thekkan bronxilekkum maari.
akkaalat lokathile eathoru cheriyekkaalum uyarnna kolapathaka nirakk anchu poyintukalilaanennu aaropikkappedunnu. oru pazhaya newyork nagara aithihyamanusarichu, munbu munbu koolthaardinte madyashala ayirunna pazhaya madyashala, annu cross streettile tirakkeriya oru kudilil 1,000 pavappettavar thaamasichirunnathinaal 1852ll athu thakarkkunnathuvare 15 varshatholam oru raathriyil oru kolapathakam nadannathaayi parayappedunnu.
1850-kalil italikkaar aadyamaayi anchu pooyintukalil sthirathaamasamaakki. sthirathaamasamaakki 25 mottu streettile charchu oof dhii transfiguration edavaka pradhaanamaayum itaaliyan aayirunnu. chaatham jillayile mulberry streettile valavinte peril ariyappedunna mulberry bend, ettavum janasamkhyayulla cheria italiyude hridayamaayi maari, thekk varthu streetum kizhakk bowery padinjaaru broadway athirthi pankidunnu.
"mulberry bendile (innu baakstar street) 67 ooranchu streettil sthithi cheiyunna aafrikkan american udamasthathayilulla dance haalaya "almax" (peett vilyams plays ennum ariyappedunnu), bared streettumaayulla kavalaykku thekk, airish reelukaludeyum jigukaludeyum aafrikkan shafilumaayulla samyojanathinte aasthaanamaayirunnu. american aikyanaadukalude mattu bhagangalilum vyathyastha vamseeya grouppukal samvadikkukayum puthiya nrithavum sangeetha roopangalum srishtikkukayum cheythuvenkilum, newyorkkil eee samgeethavum nrithavum swaabhaavikamaayi aafrikkan-american, airish samgeethajnjarum nartthakarum thammilulla malsarathil ninnu theruvil kalaashichu. athu almakkilekku vyaapichu, avide athu hraswakaalathekku tapp danzin (maasttar juba kaanuka) deerghakaalaadisthaanathil jassinteyum roock aandu rolinteyum pradhana munnodiyaaya oru music haal vibhaagathinum kaaranamaayi. eee maithanam ippol columbus paarkkaan.
pakarchavyaadhikal.
dutch colonial kaalam muthal collara, kshayarogam, typhus, malaria, manjappani thudangiya pakarchavyaadhikal newyork nagaratthe baadhichirunnu. shaasthreeya arivukalude abhavam, shuchithva samvidaanangal, tirakkeriya niravadhi veedukal, adisthaana aarogya parirakshayude abhavam enniva eee rogangalude vikasanathinum vyapanathinum anuyojyamaaya anchu pooyintukal polulla daridra mekhalakale aakki. 18, 19 noottaandukalil newyork nagaratthil niravadhi pakarchavyaadhikal padarnnu pidichirunnu, avayil chilath anchu pooyintukalil ninnaan uthbhavichath. kudiyettakkaar ulppede videshathu ninnulla kappalukalil ninnu erangunna yaathrakkaaraanu mattullava parichayappedutthiyathu. 1832 juunil, anchu sthalangalil collara pottippurappettath newyork nagaratthinte mattu bhaagangalilekku vyaapikkunnathin munbu ayalpakkathe thirakkeriyathum shuchithvamillaathathumaaya veedukaliludaneelam athivegam vyaapichu. rogavaahakareyo pakarunnathineyo kurichu oru dhaaranayumillaatha chila nireekshakar eee pakarchavyaadhikal cheriyile nivaasikalude adaarmikatha moolamaanennu vishwasichu
oro divasatheyum anubhavam sukhakaramaaya saahacharyangalil kazhiyunna mithasheethoshnavum vivekashaaliyumaayavarude surakshayekkurich namukk urappu nalkunnu.... apakeerthippeduthalintum malineekaranathinteyum vettayil kalapam pottippurappedunnathinne kooduthalaanu ippol eee rogam. innale oru manikk glass munnil svayam alankarikkukayaayirunna 62 mottu streettile oru veshya moonnu manikk aramanikk oru aduppil kondupoyi. eee dayaneeyajeevikalude takarnna bharanaghadanakal aakramanathil eathaandu thalkshanam nashichupokunnu.... ennaal nammude janasamkhyayude bisinesses bhagam pothuve poornna aarogyathodeyum surakshithathvathodeyum aanennu thonnunnu.
- "newyork merkuri", juulai 18,1832
kalapam.
1834 juulai 7 muthal newyork nagaratthil naalu raathrikalude oru parambarayil nadanna farren kalapangal ennum ariyappedunna 1834 leeii nirmmarjana virudha kalapam. american viplavam muthal nagaratthe niyanthrichirunna protestantukaarkkilekki nettivisatthinteyum nirmmaarjjanavaadathintam samyojanathilum jolikalkkum paarppidatthinumaayi thangalumayi malsarikkunna vardhichuvarunna airish kudiyettakkaaril karuthavarggakkaarude bhayathilum neerasathilumaanu avayude aazhathilulla uthbhavam.
1827-ll grettu brittan irelandil ninnulla kudiyettam niyanthrikkunnathum niyanthrikkunnathumaaya niyamanirmmanam raddaakkukayum 20,000 airish kudiyettam nadathukayum cheythu. 1835 aayappozhekkum prathivarsham prathivarsham airish aalukal newyorkkil athiyittundu. kalaapathil kollappettavaril sent. nagaratthile aadyathe karutha episcopal palliyaya philipp episcopal palli 122 sentar streetilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. kooduthalum vamseeya airish janakkoottam ithu kollayadikkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu.
maadyamangal "roach gaardukalude" oru shaakhaye, "chattha muyalukal" enna akramasakthamaaya airish samghamaayi prakhyaapichu. 
1857 juulai 4 nuu oru vibhaagam 26 boveryil bowery aankuttikalude aasthaanam nasippichathodeyaanu chattha muyalukalude kalapam aarambhichath. bowery aankuttikal thirichadichu, ithu valia thothilulla kalaapathilekku nayichu, ithu bowery, mulberry streettukalkkidayil bared streettil angotum ingottum nadannu. juulai juulai kalapam punaraarambhichu. 40,42 bowery theruvukalkk (yadhaartha kettidangal 2017 meyy maasathil ippozhum nilavilundu) munnil bowery aankuttikalum maricha muyalukalum veendum poraadi, theruvil baarikkedukal sthaapichu. juulai 6 nuu bowery aankuttikal aanthaniyilum sentar streettilum keriyoniyanmaarumaayi (kaundi keriyil ninnulla irishmaar) poraadi. maricha muyalukalude" peru newyorkkarmaarude bhavana aakarshichathinaal atharam clubbo samghamo nilavililla ennathinu dhaaraalam thelivukal undaayirunnittum maadyamangal athu upayogikkunnathu thudarnnuvennu charitrakaaranaaya tailar unbinder parayunnu. oru pathittaandilereyaayi, 'maricha muyal' ennathu nagaravaasikal eathenkilum apakeerthikaramaaya kalapakaariyaaya vyakthiyeyo groupineo visheshippikkunna saadhaarana padamaayi maari" ennu unbinder rekhappeduthunnu."
munisippal, metropolittan poleesukal thammilulla samgharsham moolam nagaratthile police senayude asamghadithaavasthaye thamasakkaar muthaleduthathode nagaratthinte ellah bhaagangalil ninnumulla gundakalum mattu kuttavaalikalum vyapakamaaya kollayilum swath nasippikkunnathilum earppedaan thudangi. 1857 juulai 8 leeii "deseeya budhijeeviyaaya" dinapathram kanakkaakkunnath 800 muthal 1,000 vare samghaamgangalum mattu noorukanakkinu amgangalum kalaapathil pankedutthathaayum avar bowery pradesham kollayadikkaan eee samgharsham upayogichathaayum aanu. aanu aasttar plays kalaapathin sheshamulla ettavum valia aswasthathayaayirunnu ithu. newyork stettu milishya (mejar general chaals dablyu. sandford), sitti poleesinte dittaachmentukalude pinthunayode. ettu perr kollappettathaayum nooriladhikam perkku gurutharamaayi parikkettathaayum reportund.
saamoohika parishkaranavum naveekaranavum.
vividha jeevakaarunya samghadanakaludeyum vyakthikaludeyum vividha sramangal, avayil bhooribhaagavum kristhyan prameyathilullava, daridrarude kashtappaadukal anchu pooyintukalil laghookarikkaan shramichu. cubayil janicha purohithanaaya padrey felix varela, pavapetta airish katholikkare shushrooshikkunnathinaayi 1827-ll aan streettile muun episcopalian kristhyan palliyil oru roman catholica edavaka sthaapichu. 1836-ll father varelayude edavaka rund edavakakalaayi vibhajikkapettu, onnu jaims streettil sent. jaims, randaamathethu chembezhs streettile oru muun presbytarian palliyil thaamasichirunnu, athu charchu oof dhii transfiguration (roman catholica) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. 1853-ll, edavaka mottu aandu cross streettukalude moolayilekku thamasam maari, avar athinte sabhayil ninnu siyoon protestant episcopal palliyude (c.1801) kettidam vaangiyappol, athu mukalilekku maari.
mothakkachavadathiloode anchu pooyintukalulla cherikal neekkam cheiyunnathinulla aadya ahvaanam 1829 ll ayalpakkathodu chernnu bisinasukal nadathunna vyaapaarikalil ninnaan. cheri vrithiyaakkaanulla sramangal (1890 ll prasidheekaricha "hau dhaa alfar lifes" enna kruthiyude rachayithavaaya jacob riz prathyekichum prothsaahippichathu), anchu pooyint ayalpakkangalile ettavum mosham vibhagangalilonnaaya mulberry streettil ninnu mulberry valanjathinte oru bhagam thakarkkunnathil vijayichu. prashastha landscape aarkkitekt calvert vox roopakalppana cheytha oru paarkkayi ithu punarnirmmikkukayum 1897 ll athinte udghaadana velayil mulberry bend paarkk ennu peridukayum cheythu; ithu ippol columbus paarkk ennariyappedunnu.
cross streettile pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaala vrithiyaakkaan oru pradhana sramam nadatthi, "oru vishalamaaya irunda guha, oro nagara pediswapnavum parayaanaavaattha bhayavum avatharippikkan kazhiyunna oru thamogarthamaanu."muppathu varshathilere munbu munbu pattanatthinte praanthapradeshathu sthithi cheythirunna koolthaardinte madyanirmmaanashaalayaayirunnu pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaala. pinneedu valarunna nagarathaal moodappetta ithu anchu pooyint intersectionte thekk cross streetilaanu sthithi cheythath. 1837ll oru vaadaka/boarding hausaakki parivartthanam cheythathinushesham eee madyanirmmaanashaala "pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaala" ennariyappettu. athinte thaazhathe, uyarnna sealingullah nilayum mukalilulla rund nilakalum naalu nilakalulla randaun appaartmentukalaayi maatti. vaadaka vilakuranjathum kudiyettakkaaraaya niravadhi thaazhnna varumaanamulla kudiyaanmaare aakarshichathumaayirunnu. 1850-ll edutha eaka sensus rekhayil 35 appaartmentukalil 221 perr thaamasikkunnathayi report cheythu, oru appaartmentin sharashari 6.3 perr. madyanirmmaanashaalakalude flaattukalil thaamasikkunnavarude aake ennathekkurichu kanakkukal vairudhyamundaakkunnum athu seshikk mukalilaanennu ellaavarum sammathichu.
anchu poyintukaliludaneelam kaanunna daaridryam pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaalayil pradarshippikkukayum hoome missionte sthreekal nadapadiyedukkukayum cheythu. eee methadist chaarity group anchu pooyintukal vrithiyaakkaan theerumaanichu. methadist episcopal charchu prasidheekaricha ningalude aazhchappathippaaya 'kristhyan advakkettu aandu jenal' ennum vilikkappedunna 'kristhyan advakkettu' 1853 octoberil nadannukondirikkunna padhathiyekkurichu report cheythu
1851 desemberil metropolittan haalil nadanna oru yogathil, eee padhathiyile pothuthaalpparyathinu atharam bodhyappeduthunna thelivukal nalki, pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaala vaangaanulla prameyam executive kammitti pasaki. mattu abhyarthanakal pothujanangalodu nadathukayum maanyamaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum cheythu. prashasthamaaya aaa sthalam vaangukayum eathaanum masangalkkullil poornnamaayum polichuneekkukayum ithinakam thanne oru mahathaaya missionary kettidam athinte sthaanam pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
anchu pooyint douthyathinte nirddeshaprakaaram puthiya mission house pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaala maatti. jeevakaarunya pravartthanatthinte bhaagamaayi athu paarppidam, vasthram, bhakshanam, vidyaabhyaasam enniva nalki. puthiya kettidatthil thamasikkaan 58 murikal labhyamaayirunnu, pazhaya madyanirmmaanashaalayekkaal irupathimoonnu murikal kooduthalaayirunnu athu.
innathe pradesham.
munbu anchu pooyintukal kaivashappeduthiyirunna eee pradesham irupathaam noottaandil kramena punarnirmikkappettu. padinjaarum thekkum, pradhana federal, stettu, sitti administration kettidangalum manhattan sivik sentar ennariyappedunna kodathimurikalum ivideyundu. koodaathe columbus paarkk, kalaktt pondu paarkk, phooli square, newyork sitti department oof karakshante vividha soukaryangal enniva lover sentar streetinu chuttum koottamaayi sajjeekarichirikkunnu. thiruthal soukaryangal ayalpakkathinte bhoothakaalavumaayi ettavum nerittu bandhippikkunnathaanu kuprasidhamaaya shavakudeera jayil/jayil, athil anchu pooyintukalil ninnulla niravadhi kuttavaalikal thadavilaakkappedukayum kurachupere vadikkukayum cheythu, 125 vaitt streettile nilavile "sitti jayil manhattan" enna sthalathinu sameepam nilkkunnu. anchu pooyintukalude vadakkukizhakkan, kizhakkan bhagam ippol vishalamaaya chaina touninullilaanu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil nirmmicha niravadhi vaadaka kettidangal ippozhum eee pradeshathe theruvukalil nirathunnundu.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
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