aampa risapttar

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxasolepropionic assid risapttar (aamba risapttar, aambaar, allengil kviskvaalettu risapttar ennum ariyappedunnu) kendra naadeevyavasthayile (cns) athivega synaptic transmission madhyasthamaakkunna glutamettinulla (igler) oru ionotropic transmembrane resepteraanu. kainett resepterinoppam parambaraagathamaayi ithu oru noonn-inmdb-type resepteraayi tharamthirichittundu. krithrima glutamate analog aamba upayogichu sajeevamakkaanulla kazhivil ninnaan ithinte peru uruthirinjathu. swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunna agonist kviskvalettinte peril watkins sahapravarthakarum resepterinu "kviskvaalettu risapttar" ennu perittu, pinneedu copenhagenile royal danish school oof faarmasiyile tagg oonarum sahapravarthakarum vikasippicha selective agonistinte peril "aamba risapttar" enna label nalki. gria 2"-encode cheytha aamba risapttar ligand binding coor (gluwa 2 elbidi) christalise cheytha aadyathe glutamate risapttar ayoon chaanal domainaayirunnu.
ghadanayum pravartthanavum.
sub yoonit composition.
gria 1" (gluwa 1 allengil gloor 1 ennum vilikkunnu), "gria 2" (gluwa 2 allengil gloor 2 ennum vilikkunnu), "gria 3" (gluwa 3 allengil gloor 3 ennum vilikkunnu), "gria 4" (gloova 4 allengil glura-dii 2 ennum vilikkunnu) enningane vyathyastha jeenukal encode cheytha naalu tharam subunitukal chernnathaanu aambarukal, avaa samyojichu tetramerukal roopappedunnu. mikka aambarukalum hettero tetrameric aanu, gluwa 2-nte samamithiyaya 'diamer oof diamer', gluwa 1, gluwa 3 allengil gluwa 4 enniva ulkkollunnu. enn-terminal livbipi domainukalude prathipravartthanathode endoplasmic rettikulathil dimerisation aarambikkunnu, thudarnnu ligand-binding domainiloode transmembran ayoon sushirathilekku "sipp upp" cheiyunnu.
plasma membranile subunit proteente roopeekaranam kurachukaalamaayi vivaadangal srishtichu. sub yoonittinte amino assid sequence soochippikkunnathu naalu transmembran domainukal (plasma membraniloode kadannupokunna proteente bhagangal) undennu thonnumbol, sub unitumaayi prathipravartthikkunna proteinukal soochippikkunnathu enn-terminus extra sellular aanennum sii-terminus intra sellular aanennum. ennirunnaalum, naalu transmembran domainukalil oronnum plasma membraniloode "muzhuvan vazhiyum" poyaal, rund terminikalum membraninte ore vashathayirikkanam. randaamathe "transmembron" domaine yadhaarthathil membrane kadakkunnillennu oduvil kandethi, pakshe membraninullil svayam veendum bandhippikkukayum intra sellular vashathekku madangukayum cheiyunnu. tetraamarinte naalu subunitukal orumichu varumbol, eee randaamathe membranus domaine resepterinte ayoon-permiable sushiramayi maarunnu.
scarfolding proteinukalumaayulla avayude edapedalukal nirnnayikkunna sii-terminal shreniyil aambar subunitukal ettavum vyathyasthamaan. ellah aambarukalilum pii. dii. ezz-binding domainukal adangiyirikkunnu, ennaal avaa eathu pii. dii. ezz domainumaayi bandhippikkunnu ennathu vyathyasthamaan. udaaharanathinu, gluwa 1, 1 klaas I pii. dii. ezz domainiloode swaadheenikkunnathaayum-maayi bandhippikkunnu, athesamayam gluwa 2 pick 1, grip/eiii. bii. pii ennivayumaayi bandhippikkunnu. stargasin (amper ooksilari sabyoonittukalude tarp kudumbatthile prototypic amgam) vazhi psd-95-maayi samvadikkunnundenkilum, poruthappedaattha pii. dii. isad domainukal kaaranam aamparukalkk saadhaarana synaptic protein psd-95-maayi nerittu bandhippikkaan kazhiyilla.
aamparukalude phosphorylation chaanal localisation, conductance, ooppan probability enniva niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. gluwa 1 nuu serin 818 818, pkc, thrionin 840, avasaanamaayi (mattu upavibhaagangalkk samanamaaya phosphorylation saittukalund, ennaal gler 1 aanu ettavum vyaapakamaayi padikkappettathu) enningane naalu ariyappedunna phosphorylation sittukal undu. protein kinace sii phosphorylated aaya aaya deerghakaala pottanshyeshanu aavasyamaanu (ell. tii. pii; ell. tii. piyil gluwa 1-nte punk, chuvade kaanuka). ell. tii. pii samayat kamkiyum pkc pkc phosphorylate cheiyunnu, ithu sinapsilekku gluwa 1 adangiya aambar athikkaanum avayude single chaanal conductance vardhippikkaanum sahayikkunnu. sahayikkunnu saitt aduthide kandethukayum limittadil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. avasaanamaayi, avasaanamaayi athinte thuranna saadhyatha niyanthrikkunna pka phosphorylate cheiyunnu.
ayoon chaanal pravartthanam.
oro aambarinum oro subunitinum oronnumaayi oru agonistine (glutamate polullava) bandhippikkaan kazhiyunna naalu saittukalund. enn-terminal vaalum transmembran domainukalkkum moonnum naalum thammilulla extra sellular loopum chernnaanu binding saitt roopappettathennu vishwasikkappedunnu. oru agonist bandhippikkumbol, eee rund looppukalum parasparam neengukayum sushirangal thurakkukayum cheiyunnu. rund sittukal niranjirikkumbol chaanal thurakkukayum kooduthal binding sittukal niranjirikkumbol athinte karant vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. orikkal thurannukazhinjaal, chaanal druthagathiyilulla samvedanakshamatha illaathaakukayum vaidyuthadhaaraye thadayukayum cheyyum. binding saittinte oru bhaagatthinte konile cheria maattam moolamaanu sushirangal adaykkunnathennu vishwasikkappedunnu. aambarukal vegathil thurakkukayum adaykkukayum cheiyunnu (1 emm. ezz), athinaal kendra naadeevyavasthayile vegathayeriya eksaittettari synaptic transmission kaaranamaakunnu. 
kaalsyathodum soodiyam, pottasyam thudangiya mattu kaattiyanukalodum aambarinte praveshanakshamatha niyanthrikkunnath gluwa 2 sabyoonittaan. oru aambarinu gluwa 2 subunit illengil, athu soodiyam, pottasyam, kaalsyam ennivayilekku praveshikkum. oru gluwa 2 sabyoonittinte saannidhyam mikkavarum ellaayppozhum chaanaline kaalsyathinu abhedyamaakkum. abhedyamaakkum emrnaude kyu-tuu-aarr editting saittinte poost-transcription parishkkaranamaya rna edittingaanu ithu nirnnayikkunnath. ivide, a → i editting charge cheyyaatha amino assid glutamine (q) resepterinte ayoon chaanalile positteev charjju cheytha arjinin (r) aayi maattunnu. nirnaayaka ghattathil positteev charjju cheytha amino assid sushirathiloode koshatthilekku praveshikkunnathu kaalsyathinu oorjjaparamaayi prathikoolamaakkunnu. cnsile mikkavarum ellah gluwa 2 sub yoonittukalum gluwa 2 (aarr) roopathilekku edittu cheythirikkunnu. ithinartham aambarukalaal bandhippichirikkunna pradhana ionukal soodiyam, pottasyam ennivayaanu, ithu kaalsyam ozhukaanum anuvadikkunna enmdi resepterukalil (thalachorile mattu pradhana ionotropic glutamate resepterukal) ninnu aambarukale verthirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aampa, enmday resepterukalkku 0 emvikk sameepam santhulithamaaya pottensial undu. gluwa 2 adangiya aambarukal sajeevamaakkumbol koshatthilekku kaalsyam praveshikkunnathu thadayunnathu excitotoxisityil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi nirddeshikkappedunnu.
eee risapttar modulate cheiyunna reethikk aambarinte subunit ghadanayum pradhaanamaan. oru aambarinu gluwa 2 subunitukal illengil, polyaamainukal ennariyappedunna oru klaas thanmathrakal voltejine aasrayikkunna reethiyil thadayappedaan saadhyathayund. athinaal, neuron depolarised membran pottensialil aayirikkumbol, polyaamainukal amper chaanaline kooduthal shakthamayi thadayukayum chaanal sushirangaliloode pottasyam ayonukalude ozhukk thadayukayum cheyyum. gluwa 2 illaatha aambarukalkku aantharikamaayi sariyaakkunna i/v vakramundennu parayappedunnu, athaayath avaa rivezhsal pottensialil ninnu thulyamaaya akalatthil aantharika vaidyuthadhaarayekkaal puratthekku kuranja vaidyuthadhaarayaanu kadannupokunnathu. prasavaananthara vikasanathinte thudakkathil, chila interneuronukalilo allengil oru asakti marunninte sanbarkkathinu sesham ventral tegmental eriyayile dopamine neuronukalilo kaalsyam permiable aambarukal saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu.
rna edittinginoppam, genome encode cheythathilum appurathu pravarthanakshamamaaya aampa risapttar sabyoonittukalude oru shreni badal spliesing anuvadikkunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, oro subunitinum (gluwa 1-gluwa 4) oru jeane ("gria 1"-"gria 4") encode cheythittundenkilum, dnal ninnulla transcriptionushesham spliesing chila exonukale parasparam vivarthanam cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu oro jeenil ninnum niravadhi pravartthanaparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya subunitukalilekku nayikkunnu.
flip/phloop sequence atharathilulla oru exon aanu. munbu kandethiya 38-amino assid shreni (i.iii.naalu aambaar subunitukalileyum naalaamathe membranus domaininte (n-Terminus) n-terminasinu munbu, ithu resepterinte desensitisationte vegathayum risapttar resensitise cheiyunna vegathayum chaanal adaykkunnathinte nirakkum nirnnayikkunnu. prasavapoorva aamba resepterukalil flip phoom kaanapedunnu, ithu glutamate sajeevamaakkunnathinod prathikarikkunnathin susthiramaaya vaidyuthadhaara nalkunnu.
synaptic plaastitti.
pala poost synaptic membranukalilum plaastitti, synaptic transmission ennivayude avibhaajya gadakamaaya glutamate resepterukalum kaatteshan chaanalukalumaanu aamba resepterukal (aambaar). naadeevyavasthayile plaastisittiyude ettavum vyaapakavum samagravumaaya anweshana roopangalilonnu deerghakaala pottenshyeshan allengil ell. tii. pii ennariyappedunnu. ell. tii. pii. kku rund gadakangal aavasyamaanu pree synaptic glutamate release, poost synaptic depolarisation. athinaal, depolarise cheytha oru poost synaptic sellil glutamate purathuvidunnathinu oru pree synaptic sell uthejippikkumbol oru jodiyakkiya electrophysiological recordingle ell. tii. pii. yeei pareekshanaathmakamaayi prerippikkaan kazhiyum. saadhaarana ell. tii. pii induction protocolil oru "tetanus" uthejanam ulppedunnu, ithu oru secondinulla 100 hearts uthejanamaanu. oraal eee protocol oru jodi koshangalil prayogikkumbol, tettanasinethudarnnu eksaittettari poost synaptic pottanshyalinte (epsp) aamplityoodil sthiramaaya vardhanavu kaanum. koshatthile padanatthinum oormmaykkum ulla shaareerika paraspara bandhamaayi ithu karuthappedunnathinaal eee prathikaranam rasakaramaan. vaasthavathil, elikalile orotta jody-ozhivakkal maathruka pinthudarnnu, chila hippocampal sinaapsukalil "inn vivo" ll eltp rekhappeduthaamennu theliyikkappettittund.
ell. tii. piyude tanmatra adisthaanam vipulamaayi padikkappettittund, eee prakriyayil aambarukal oru avibhaajya punk vahikkunnathayi theliyikkappettittund.
gler 1, gler 2 enniva synaptic plaasttittil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. eiii. pii. ezz. pii. valippam vardhikkunnathinulla adisthaana shaareerika bandhamaan membranile aambarukalude poost synaptic appregulation ennu ippol ariyappedunnu, ithu niravadhi sellular proteinukalumaayulla aambarukalude edapedalukaliloode poorttheekarikkunnu.
ell. tii. piyude ettavum lalithamaaya vishadeekaranam iprakaaramaanu (kooduthal vishadamaaya vivaranathinayi deerghakaala pottenshyeshan lekhanam kaanuka). glutamate poost synaptic aambarukalumaayum mattoru glutamate resepteraaya enmday resepterumaayum (enmdr) bandhippikkunnu. ligand binding aambarukal thurakkaan kaaranamaakukayum Na + poost synaptic koshatthilekku ozhukukayum cheiyunnu, ithu oru depolarisation kaaranamaakunnu. maruvashathu, enmdrukal nerittu thurakkunnilla, kaaranam avayude sushirangal migram 2 + ionukalaal vishrama membran pottensialil adanjirikkunnu. amper aaktiveshanil ninnulla oru depolarisation depolarisation + kaatteshan extra sellular speysilekku puranthallunnathilekku nayikkukayum sushirathe karant kadannupokaan anuvadikkukayum cheyyumbol maathrame enmdrukal thurakkaan kazhiyoo. ennirunnaalum, aambarukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, enn. emm. daarukalkk naa +, falamaayi + ennivayil praveshikkaan kazhiyum. koshatthilekku praveshikkunna falamaayi + ampers membranilekku niyantrikkaan prerippikkunnu, ithu eltipiyude adisthaanathilulla epsp valuppathil deerghakaala vardhanavinu kaaranamaakunnu. kaalsyam entry kamki phosphorylate cheiyunnu, ithu phosphorylate aampezhs cheiyunnu, avayude single-chaanal conductance vardhippikkunnu.
aampa risapttar trafficing.
ell. tii. pii-inducing stimulikalodulla molecular, signalling prathikaranam.
ell. tii. piyude samvidaanam valarekkaalamaayi charchaavishayamaanu, ennaal aduthide, samvidaanangal chila samavaayathilethi. uyarnna freekwansi uthejanathethudarnnu aambar-enn. emm. daar anupaathatthile vardhanavaanu ell. tii. pii inductionte pradhana soochakangalilonnaayathinaal eee prakriyayil aambarukal oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. aamparukal dendraittil ninnu sinapsilekku kadathukayum chila signalling kaaskedukaliloode samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu ashayam.
aamparukal thudakkathil avayude 5 'promoter pradeshangalil transcription thalatthil niyanthrikkappedunnu. camp response element-binding protein (creb), maittojan-activated protein kainesukal (mapec) ennivayiloode deerghakaala oormmayil aamba resepterukalude transcriptional niyanthranathilekku viral choondunna supradhana thelivukalundu. sandeshangal parukkan endoplasmic rettikulathil (parukkan err) vivarthanam cheyyukayum avide parishkkarikkukayum cheiyunnu. ruff erile parishkkarana samayathaan subunit rachanakal nirnnayikkunnath. golgi upakaranathil poost-err prosessinginu sesham, eltp prakriya aarambhikkunnathinayi kaathirikkunna oru reserve aayi aambarukal perry synaptic membranilekku vidunnu.
nmda resepterukaliloode kaalsyatthinte ozhukkum athinte falamaayi falamaayi +/calamoduline-dependent protein kinace (kamki) sajeevamaakkunnathumaan enmdakalumaayi glutamate bandhippikkunnathine thudarnnulla prakriyayile aadya pradhana ghattam. eee varavu thadayukayo kaamkiyude sajeevamaakkal thadayukayo cheiyunnathu ell. tii. piye thadayunnu, ithu ell. tii. pick aavashyamaaya samvidaanangalaanennu kaanikkunnu. koodaathe, oru sinapsilekku kaamkiyude samriddhi ell. tii. pick kaaranamaakunnu, ithu oru kaaryakaaranavum mathiyaya samvidaanavumaanennu kaanikkunnu.
perry synaptic membranilekku aampa resepterukal samyojippikkunnathin kaaranamakunna onniladhikam aaktiveshan modukal kaamkiyikk undu. neuronal koshangalude aaktin cytoskelittan vikasippikkunnathinum oduvil dendrait, aaksan vikasanathinum (synaptic plaastitti) kamki ensime utharavaadiyaanu. aadyathethu synaptic anubandha protein 97 (SAP97) nte nerittulla phosphorylationaanu. onnamathaayi, sapp-97, motor proteinaaya myosin-vii enniva aampezhsinte sii-terminesumaayi oru complexaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. kaamkiyude phosphorylationethudern, complexes perisainaptik membranilekku neengunnu. aakttiveshante randaamathe reethi mapk paathayiloodeyaanu. kamki raas proteinukal sajeevamaakkunnu, ithu pii 42/44 maapkine sajeevamaakkunnu, ithu perry synaptic membranilekku nerittu amper ulppeduthunnu.
ell. tii. pii. kku marupadiyaayi pii. ezz. diyilekk aampa risapttar trafficing.
ppa allengil swaadheenikkunnathaayum phosphorylation vazhi aamba resepterukal perisainaptik mekhalayilekku athichukazhinjaal, resepterukal poost synaptic densittiyilekk (psd) kadathappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, psdyilekkulla eee kadathu prakriya ippozhum vivaadamaayi thudarunnu. oru saadhyatha, ell. tii. pii samayat, perry synaptic saittukalil ninnu nerittu pii. ezz. diyilekk aampa resepterukalude parshwa chalanamundaakum ennathaanu. intra sellular vesikkilukalude exocytosis aanu psdyilekku nerittu aampa kadathaan kaaranamaakunnath ennathaanu mattoru saadhyatha. eee rund prakriyakalum oru ell. tii. pii. uthejakathinu sheshamaan sambhavikkunnathenn sameepakaala thelivukal soochippikkunnu; ennirunnaalum, perry synaptic mekhalayil ninnulla aampa resepterukalude laattaral chalanam maathrame pii. ezz. diyile aampa resepterukalude ennam vardhippikkunnulloo. psdyilekkulla aampa resepterukalude parshwa chalanathinu kaaranamakunna krithyamaaya samvidaanam kandethaanund; ennirunnaalum, aampa risapttar kadathinu aavashyamaaya niravadhi proteinukal gaveshanangal kandethiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, SAP97-nte amithamaya aavishkaaram sinaapsukalilekkulla aampa risapttar kadathu vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. synaptic localisatione swaadheenikkunnathinupurame, glutamettinodulla prathikaranatthil aampa risapttar kandakdansine swaadheenikkunnathaayum swaadheenikkunnathaayum kandethiyittundu. myosin proteinukal kaalsyam sensitiivu motor proteinukalaanu, avaa aampa risapttar kadathinu athyanthaapekshithamaanenna kandethiyittundu. raab 11, raab 11-phip 2 ennivayumaayulla myosin vii. bii. edapedal thadassappeduthunnathu nattellu valarchayeyum aampa risapttar trafficingineyum thadayunnu. athinaal, perry synaptic mekhalayile aampa resepterukalude parshwa chalanathe myosin psdyilekku nayikkaan saadhyathayund. transmembran aamba risapttar regulatory proteinukal (tarps) aamba resepterukalumaayi bandhappedukayum avayude kadathum chaalakavum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna oru kudumba proteinukalaanu. perisainaptik, poost synaptic pradeshangalil aampa resepterukale bandhippikkunnuvennu kaanapedunna atharam oru proteinaan kacking 2 (stargasin). perry synaptic, poost synaptic pradeshangal thammilulla kadathu staargaasinte punk avyakthamaayi thudarunnu; ennirunnaalum, psd-95-maayi samvadichukondu psdyile aampa resepterukale nischalamaakkunnathinu stargasin athyaavasyamaanu. psd-95 stargasin-psd-95 edapedal adichamarthappetta synaptic transmission sinapsin thadassappeduthunnathil aampa resepterukale sthirappeduthunnu.
aampa risapttar traafikkinginte biophysics.
synaptic membranile aampa resepterukalude chalanam oru brouniyan aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum nilanirtthal sakthikalaal psdyil sthirappeduthaan kazhiyum. eee shakthikalkk resepterukale kshanikamaayi sthirappeduthaan kazhiyum, pakshe perry-synaptic domainumaayi sthiramaaya kaimaattam anuvadikkunnu. eee sakthikal psd local oorganaiseshanil ninnu undakam, chilappol ghattam verthirikkal ennu vilikkunnu. 
bharanaghadanaaparamaaya kadathum upaghadaka gadanayile maattangalum.
aampa resepterukal plasma membranilekkum puratthekkum thudarchayaayi kadathappedunnu (endocytosed, recycle, reinsert). dendritik nattellinullile recycling endosomukalil atharam synaptic reinsersionaayi aamba resepterukalude poolukal adangiyirikkunnu. aampa resepterukalude kadathinu rund vyathyastha paathakalunda oru niyantritha pathayum oru gadanaaparamaaya pathayum.
niyantritha pathayil, gluwa 1 adangiya aamba resepterukal pravartthanatthe aasrayichulla reethiyil sinapsilekku kadathappedunnu, ithu enmdc risapttar aaktiveshan vazhi uthejippikkappedunnu. adisthaana saahacharyangalil, niyantritha paatha adisthaanaparamaayi nishkriyamaanu, deerghakaala pottenshyeshan induction cheyyumbol maathram kshanikamaayi sajeevamaakunnu. synaptic shakthippeduthunnathinum puthiya oormmakalude prarambha roopeekaranathinum eee paatha utharavaadiyaanu.
constitutive pathayil, gluwa 1-abhaavamulla aamba resepterukal, saadhaaranayaayi gloor 2-gloor 3 heteromeric resepterukal, gluwa 1 adangiya resepterukale onninu pakaram onnaayi, pravartthana-swatantra reethiyil maattisthaapikkunnu, sinapsile motham aamba resepterukalude ennam samrakshikkunnu. puthiya oormmakalude paripaalanatthinum niyantritha paathayude falamaayundaakunna shanikamaaya mattangal nilanirthunnathinum eee paatha utharavaadiyaanu. adisthaana saahacharyangalil, eee paatha pathivayi sajeevamaan, kaaranam kedupaadukal sambhavicha resepterukal maattisthaapikkunnathinum ithu aavasyamaanu.
gluwa 1, gluwa 4 sub yoonittukalil neelamulla carboxy (sii)-teyil adangiyirikkunnu, athesamayam gluwa 2, gluwa 3 sub yoonittukalil hrasvamaaya carboxy-teyil adangiyirikkunnu. aampa risapttar sabyoonittukalude sii terminyum synaptic samyukthangalum proteinukalum thammilulla edapedalukalaanu rund paathakalum niyanthrikkunnath. neelamulla sii-vaalukal gloor 1/4 resepterukal pravartthanatthinte abhaavathil poost synaptic density sonilek (psds) nerittu cherkkunnathil ninnu thadayunnu, athesamayam gloova 2/3 resepterukalude hraswa sii-vaalukal avaye nerittu psds-lake cherkkaan anuvadikkunnu. gluwa 2 sii terminus enn-ethylmalimide sensitiivu fusion proteinumaayi samvadikkukayum bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu synapsil gler 2 adangiya aamba resepterukal vegathil ulppeduthaan anuvadikkunnu. koodaathe, koodaathe sabyoonittukalekkaal sabyoonittukalekkaal subunitukal sinaapsumaayi kooduthal sthiramaayi bandhippichirikkunnu.
aampa resepterukalude ell. tii. dii-induced endocytosis.
clathrin, calcinurine ennivaye aashrayich thiranjeduttha dendritik nattellukalil aamba risapttar saandrata kuraykkunnathinulla samvidaanangal deerghakaala vishaadam nadappilaakkunnu, koodaathe constitutive aambar traafikkingil ninnu vyathyasthavumaan. kuranja freekwansi stimuleshanil ninnulla enmdr-ashrita kaalsyam ozhukkaanu amper endocytosisinulla prarambha signal, ithu protein phosphatases pipi 1, calcinurine enniva sajeevamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, volteju-ashrita kaalsyam chaanalukal, aampa resepterukalude agonism, insulin nalkal ennivayum amper endocytosis sajeevamaakkiyittund, ithu amper endocytosisinu kaaranamakunna pothuvaaya kaalsyam ozhukkine soochippikkunnu. soochippikkunnu thadayunnathu amper endocytosis thadayunnillengilum calcinurine upayogikkunnathinu ethiraaya prayogam eee prakriya ganyamaayi thadayunnathilekku nayichu.
poost synaptic sonile oru endocytotic complexumaayi calcinurine edapedunnu, ithu ell. tii. diyil athinte phalangal vishadeekarikkunnu. amper adangiya plasma membron parasparapravartthana proteinukalkkum thaazheyulla clathrin pothinja kuzhiyum sinapsile aamperukal, prathyekichu gler 2/gler 3 subunit adangiya resepterukal kuraykkunnathinulla nerittulla samvidaanamaanu complexes. calcinurinil ninnulla edapedalukal dynamine jidipes pravartthanatthe sajeevamaakkunnu, ithu clathrin kuzhiye kosha stharathil ninnu svayam excise cheyyaanum cytoplasmic vesikkilayi maranum anuvadikkunnu. clathrin kottu verpeduthikkazhinjaal, mattu proteinukalkku pii. dii. ezz carboxyl teyil domainukal upayogichu aambarukalumaayi nerittu samvadikkaan kazhiyum; udaaharanathinu, glutamate risapttar-interacting protein 1 (grip 1) aambarukalude intra sellular sequestrationil ulppettittund. intra sellular aambarukal pinneedu lysosomukal vazhi apachayam varuthunnathino kosha stharathilekku punarupayogikkunnathino vendi tharamthirikkunnu. randaamathethinu, pick 1, pii. keey. sii ennivaykku grip 1 sthaanabhrashtamaakki uparithalathilekku aambarukal thirike nalkaan kazhiyum, ithu endocytosisinteyum ell. tii. diyudeyum phalangal vipareethamaakkunnu. uchithamaaya samayat. ennirunnaalum, mukalil eduthukaanikkunna kaalsyam ashrithavum dynamine-madhyasthavumaaya samvidaanam ell. tii. diyude oru pradhana gadakamaayi ulppeduthiyittundu. athinaal kooduthal perumatta gaveshanathinu prayogangal undakam.
apasmarangalil punk.
apasmaram undaakunnathilum vyaapikkunnathilum aampa resepterukal oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. apasmara gaveshanathil vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna kainik assid, amba resepterukal sajeevamaakkunnathiloode bhaagikamaayi pidichedukkaline prerippikkunnu.
apasmara chikilsayude tanmatra lakshyam.
mathsaraadhishtithamallaatha aamba risapttar athiraalikalaaya thalampanal perampanal bhagikamaaya apasmarangalulla muthirnnavarude chikilsayil pravarthikkunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund, ithu aamba risapttar athiraalikal apasmara chikilsayude saadhyathayulla lakshyathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu soochippikkunnu.
 2012 juulai 27 nuu europian kammeeshan bhagika apasmara chikilsaykkaayi perambanalinu (vyaapaaranaamam phycompa) maarkkatting amgeekaaram nalki. 2012 october 22 nuu amerikkayil phudu aandu drugg administration (fda) eee marunnin amgeekaaram nalki. pregabalin, lacosamide, isogabine ennivayulppedeyulla ettavum aduthide vikasippicha aydukalude kaaryatthilennapole, perambanal oru scheduled marunnayi drugg enfozhsment administration (dia) tharamthirikkanamennu fda shupaarsha cheythu. ithu oru shedule 3 niyantritha padaarthamaayi naamanirddesham cheythittundu.
decanoic assid chikilsaaparamaayi prasakthamaaya saandrathakalil voltejilum sub yoonittilum aasrayikkunna reethiyil oru malsaraathmakamallaatha aamba risapttar ethiraaliyaayi pravartthikkunnu, ithu athinte anticiser efakttukal vishadeekarikkaan paryaapthamaan. thalachorile decanoic assid vazhi eksaittettari neuro transmission thadayunnathu meediyam-cheyin triglyceride kettojenik dietinte aantikanvalsant efakttinu kaaranamaakunnu. decanoic assid aampa risapttar aantagonist drugg perampanal aampa resepterile vyathyastha sthalangalil pravartthikkunnu, athinaal avaa aampa resepteril sahakaranaparamaya prabhavam cheluthunnu, ithu perampanal kettojenik dietum samanvayippikkaamennu soochippikkunnu.[82: doyi <aii. dii. 1>] 
aampa risapttar antagonism, glutamate release thadayal ennivayulppede antiglutamaterjic gunangalulla sugandha amino aasidukalude niravadhi derivateevukal, 3,5-dibromo-dii-tyrosine, 3,5-dibromo-ell-fenylalnin enniva mrugangalude modalukalil sakthamaaya aanti konvalsant prabhavam prakadippikkunnuvennu preclinical gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu.

