
vilyam chaals wells

doow. vilyam chaals wells efrs efrcp (24 meyy 1757-18 septambar 1817) oru scotish-american vaidyan printarumaayirunnu. asaadhaaranamaaya vaividhyamaarnna jeevitam nayicha addeham sradheyamaaya chila medical gaveshanangal nadathukayum prakrithinirnnayathekkur aadyathe vyakthamaaya prasthavana nadathukayum cheythu. manushyavamshathile vividha charmma nirangalude uthbhavathilekku addeham eee ashayam prayogichu, pashchaathalatthil ithu kooduthal vyaapakamaayi prayogikkaamennu addeham karuthunnu. chaals darvin paranju "[kinarukal] prakrithinirnnayathinte thathwathe vyakthamaayi amgeekarikkunnu, ithu soochippicha aadyathe amgeekaaramaanu".
jeevitam.
1757 meyy 24nuu chaalstanil printaraaya meriyudeyum roobert velsinteyum randaamathe makanayi wells janichu. 1753ll thekkan carolinayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya skottsukaaraayirunnu addehathinte maathaapithaakkal. louisa susanna kinarukaludeyum helena kinarukaludeyum sahodaranaanu addeham.
1768-ll 11-aamm vayassil skotlandile dumfreesile schoolilekku ayaykkapetta addeham, praadhamika school patanam poortthiyaakkiya sesham oru varshathekku eddinberg sarvakalashaalayil chernnu.
1771ll wells chaalstanilekku madangiyethukayum edinburghile botanical gardens director chaals aalstaninte vidyaarthiyaayirunna prakrithishaasthranjanum vaidyanumaaya doow. alexander gaardante keezhil medical aprenteesaayi maarukayum cheythu.
1775-ll, american swaathanthryasamaram aarambhichathin thottupinnaale, addeham pettennu chaalsttan upekshichu englandile landanilekku pooyi. britiish gavanmentinte avakaashavaadangalkkethire janangale onnippikkuka enna lakshyathode oru pepparil oppidaan addehathe vilichirunnu. athu addeham cheyyilla. 1776-ll addeham 1778-ll medical birudam nedi vaidyashaasthram padikkaan eddinberg sarvakalaashaalayilekk madangi. sharathkaalath addeham landanilekku madangukayum vilyam hunderude prabhaashanangalude oru kozhsil pankedukkukayum praayogika shareeraghadanayil nirddeshangal sweekarikkukayum sent barthalomuse ashupathriyil sarjante vidyaarthiyaayi maarukayum cheythu.
1779ll addeham scotish rejimentil chernna britiish sainyathinte sarjanaayi hollandlake pooyi. avidevechu addeham thante commanding offeesaril ninnu moshamaayi perumaarukayum thante kammeeshan raajivaykkukayum cheythu. sarveesil ninnu pirichuvitta divasam, addeham udyogasthane oru yudhathinu velluvilichu udyogasthan prathikarikkaan visammathichu. pinneedu netherlandsile lidenilekku thamasam marria wells, februvari 19 nuu lyden sarvakalashaalayil metrikkuleshan nedi. 1780. eee sarvakalashaalayil addeham thante prabandham thayyarakki. 1780ll addeham doctor oof medisin birudam nediyappol edinbergil prasidheekaricha udghaadana prabandhamaayirunnu ithu; addehathinte prabandhatthinte vishayam "colled" ("dii frigor") aayirunnu. addehathinte prabandhatthinte thalakkett vivaranam ithaanu disputasio medica, ooppaneshans, dii frigor... - edinburghy balfour ettu smee, 1780.
1781-nte thudakkathil addeham thante kudumbakaaryangal krameekarikkunnathinaayi karolinayilekku madangi. athe samayam addeham sannadhapravarthakarude oru korppile oru udyogasthanaayirunnu; oru printar, oru pusthaka vilppanakkaaran, oru vyaapaari, carolinayil ganyamaaya praadhaanyamulla karyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi englandile thante pithaavinte chila suhruthukkalude trastti; oru avasarathil, milishyayude kenal kamaandantinte nirddeshaprakaaram, milishya udyogastharude oru pothu court marshyalil prosecution nadathunnathil jadji abhibhaashakante oafees."1782 desemberil britishukaar chaalstanil ninnu pinmaariyappol addeham sent. augustin, florida. avide addeham floridayil achadicha aadyathe prathivaara pathramaya "eest florida gasatt" prasidheekarichu. britiish kaalaghattatthile floridayile mattu prasidheekaranangalil "kizhakkan floridayile pradhana nivaasikalude vilasam" ulppedunnu. 1784ll vaidyashaasthrathinaayi addeham englandilekku madangi.
1790ll finsbury dispensoryile doctormaaril oralaayi niyamikkapetta addeham 1798 vare angane thudarnnu. 1793ll addeham royal sosaittiyude fello aayi thiranjedukkappettu. 1798ll addeham sent thomas ashupathriyil asisttant physicianaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum 1800ll doctormaaril oralaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1800 muthal addehathinte aarogyam anishchithathvathilaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum medical gaveshanathil valare phalapradamaaya oru parimithamaaya jeevitam addeham nayichu.
1814-ll wells edinburghile royal sosaittiyude fello aayi thiranjedukkappettu. vilyam miller, loard glenly, joonn playfair, david hyoominte anantharavan baaran humie ennivaraayirunnu addehathinte nirddeshakar. athe varsham thanne landanile royal sosaitti addehathinu "manjinekkurichulla prabandhathinu" rumford medel nalki aadarichu.
hridayasambandhamaaya thakaraarukalude (oorikkulaar fibrilation) lakshanagal anubhavappettathine thudarnnu 1817 septambar 18 nuu landanile sergents sannil vachu addeham marichu. vishudha vadhuvinte palliyil addehathe samskarichu. addehathinte maathaapithaakkalaaya roobert, merii wells ennivare aduthaanu kuzhichittirikkunnathu. louisa susanna wells avalude maathaapithaakkalodu kadamayudeyum sahodaranodulla vaalsalyathinteyum aadarasoochakamaayi oru phalakam sthaapichu."
swaabhaavika thiranjeduppinulla kinarukalude amgeekaaram.
aaa kaalaghattatthil parinaama ashayangal roopappeduthiya moonnu britiish vaidyanmaaril moothayaalaayirunnu wells. addeham eee shramathil ettavum vijayakaramaayirunnu; mattullavar jaims kauls prichard, vilyam laurence ennivaraayirunnu.
1813ll kinarukal chernna oru prabandham royal sosaittikk munnil vaayikkappettu; athu 1818ll prasidheekarikkappettu. ithu "rund lekhanangal" aayirunnu... purushanmaarude vella, neegro vamshangal thammilulla niratthinteyum roopathinteyum vyathyaasangalude kaaranangalekkurichulla chila nireekshanangal. vaikiyaan dablyu.sii. kinarukal...addehathinte jeevithathekkurichulla oru ormmakkurippumaayi, addeham thanne ezhuthiyathaanu."
vyathyastha vamshangal engane uyarnnuvannirikkam ennathil kinarukalkku vyakthamaayi thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. manushyante vividha vamshangalekkurichum valarthumrigangalude thiranjeduppinekkurim chila praadhamika paraamarshangalkk sesham addeham nireekshikkunnath
1858ll thangalude sidhaantham prasidheekarichappol chaals darvinum alfred russell valesinum eee kruthiyekkurichu ariyillaayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu darvin sammathichu
athinaal prakrithinirnnayathinte aadya moolyanirnnayathinte bahumati edward blythino patrick maattiyoykku pakaram kinarukalkku pookaam. darvinum valas cheythathupole jeevithathinte muzhuvan shreniyilum allah, charmmatthinte niratthil maathram prayogikkunna paridhiyil maathramaan vijayam parimithappeduthiyirikkunnu. eee aashayathinte oru roopam neratthe thanne eddinberg ezhuthukaaranaaya jaims hutton munnottuvachirunnavi aaa saahacharyathil athinte prabhavam puthiya enangalude roopeekaranathekkaal enangalude mechappeduthalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu.
manjil kinarukalude jolie.
1780kalil kinarukalkkum mattu chilarkkum, mukalil vaayuvinekkaal kurachu digri thanuppullappol manjum manjum undaakumenn dhaaranayundaayirunnu. ennaal manjum manjum moolamaanu jaladosham undaayathenn avar karuthi, marichalla. 1811-leeii sharathkaalathil kinarukal chila alavukal edukkukayum taamasiyaathe addehathinte pazhaya ashayathe samshayikkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe addeham gurutharamaaya pareekshanangal aarambikkukayum 1814 augustil phalangal prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. vasthukkal, sthaanam, thaapanila, eerppam, kaalavastha, meghaavaranam, season, pakal samayam thudangiya vyathyastha saahacharyangalil manjinte roopeekaranam addeham thaarathamyam cheythu. prathyekichu thaapanila, thaapanilayile maattam, vasthukkalude thaapachalakatha enniva ulppedunna avasthakalude sariyaaya samyojanam moolamundaakunna vaayuvile neeravi ghaneebhavikkunnathaanu manjennu kinarukal nigamanam cheythu.
manjinte swabhaavathekkurichulla kinarukalude anweshanam 1830-kalil inductive shaasthreeya anweshanathinte mikacha udaaharanamaayi vyaapakamaayi udharikkappettu. sarr joonn hershell thante "prakrithi thathwachinthayekkurichulla padanathekkurichulla prabhaashanatthil" praadhamika thithreekaranamaayi eee sidhaanthathe upayogichu, "mithamaaya dishayilulla inductive pareekshanathmaka anweshanathinte ettavum manoharamaaya maathrkakalilonnaanu ithu."1836-ll" "encyclopedia metropolittaana" "report cheythu," "doow". theerchayaayum, bekkan padippikkenda lakshyamayirunna prashamsaneeyamaaya inductive systethe praayogikamaayi shudhavum mikachathumaaya roopathil udaaharanamaayi kaanikkunna onnumilla."joonn tindal vilyam veevelum ithepole athine prashamsichu.
prasidheekaranangal.
medical vishayangalekkurichulla addehathinte rachanakalil bhooribhaagavum "medical, chirarjikkal arivu prolsaahippikkunnathi oru samoohathinte edapaadukal" enna kruthiyude randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum vaalyangalil adangiyirikkunnu
srothassukal.
ellah srothassukalum aathyanthikamayi addehathinte jeevithathekkurichulla kinarukalude swantham vivaranathe aasrayichirikkunnu.