
gotra-samsthaana karar

1988leeii indian gaming regulatory act (igra) prakaram indian reservation sambandhicha eathenkilum klaas III gaminginu tribal-stettu compactukal aavasyamaanennu prakhyapikkappettittund. gotra, samsthaana sarkkaarukale oru "bisinus" karaarilethaan anuvadikkunnathinaanu avaa roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. adhikaaraparidhiyilulla utharavaadithangal kompaakttukal samsthaanangal, federal, gotra gavanmentukal thammilulla athilolamaaya adhikara santhulithaavasthaye badhikkunnu ennathine badhikkunna" parasparabandhithamaya adhikaaraparidhiyilulla utharavaadithangal sambandhicha chodyangal pariharikkunna rund rashtreeya sthaapanangal thammilulla charcha kararayi oru karaarine kanakkakkaam. indian gamingine chuttipattiyulla vivaadangalude pradhana uravidam eee roopangalaanu. athinaal, samsthaanangalkkum gothrangalkkum engane sahakaranathode compactukal undakkaam ennathinu valare vishadamaaya nirddeshangal igra nalkunnuvennum atharam karaarukal federal gavanmentinu engane niyantrikkaam ennathinulla nirddeshangal vishadamaakkunnuvennum manassilaakkaavunnathaan.
1988leeii igra gotra-samsthaana kombaakdukalum.
niyamathile sekshan 3 ayil oru gotra-samsthaana karar vikasippikkunnathinulla prathyeka nirddeshangal ulppedunnu. moonnaam klaas gaming venamenkil thaddesheeya american gothrangal samsthaanangalumaayi oru karar abhyarthikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. (onnum randum klaasukalile choothaattatthil samsthaanangalkku adikaaraparidhiyilla.) atharamoru abhyarthanayethudarnnu, samsthaanangal charchakalil earppedukayum gothrangalumaayi "nalla vishwaasathode" edapedukayum venam. samsthaanangal "kallukondu mathil" adichu adikkunna gotra choothaattatthinu shramikkukayaanenkil, gothrangalkk pinthunaykkaayi federal kodathikale sameepikkaamenn niyamatthinte yadhaartha vaachakam soochippikkunnu. ennaal igra gotra saambathika aashankakalil samsthaanangalkku abhoothapoorvamaaya swaadheenam cheluthumbol, gothrangalude "rakshaadhikaariyaayi" federal gavanmentine nilanirthaanum ithu shramikkunnu. athanusarichu, sekshan 3 bii eee kaaryatthil federal gavanmentinte adikaaram nilanirthunnu. yunaittad stetts interior sekrattari federal rajistriyil karar nalkunnathuvare oru karar saadhuvaayirikkilla. koodaathe, oru samsthaanam "nalla vishwaasathode" charcha cheiyunnillennu karuthunna gothrangalkk federal kodathiyil samsthaanangalkkethire cases phayal cheyyaan avakaashamund.
choothaatta pravartthanavumaayi bandhappett gothratthinteyo samsthaanathinteyo criminal/sivil niyamangalumayi bandhapetta vyavasthakal, eee niyamangal nadappilaakkunnathinu aavashyamaaya samsthaanavum indian gothravum thammilulla kodathi adhikaraparidhi anuvadikkal, choothaattatthe niyanthrikkunnathinulla chelavukal vahikkaan samsthaanathinu labhikkenda panam, gaming pravartthanangalude pravartthanavumaayi nerittu bandhapetta mattethenkilum vishayangal enniva compactukal ulkkollunnu. karaarinte chila vashangal lamghikkunnillenkil, samsthaanavumaayi oresamayam gaming niyantrikkaan indian gothrathinu avakaashamundennum ithu vyakthamaakkunnu.
oru indian gothrathinmel eathenkilum nikuthikal, phees, charge allengil mattu vilayiruthalukal chumathaan oru samsthaanathino athinte eathenkilum rashtreeya upavibhagangalkko adikaaram nalkunnilla enna vastutha igra prathyekamaayi shradhikkunnu. samsthaanangalil ninnu swathanthramaayi pravartthikkunna gotra gavanmentukalude maanadandangal paalikkunnillenn kongras manassilakkiyathaayi eee paramarsham soochippikkunnu.
samsthaanangalum gothrangalum thammilulla kompaakttukal valia vivaadangalkku kaaranamaayittund, koodaathe gotra-samsthaana kompaakttukalude yadhaartha nirvachanam niravadhi kodathi kesukalum kongras niyamangalum punarnirvachichittundu. gotra-samsthaana kompaakttukal sthaapikkunnathinulla reethikal parishkaricha kooduthal pradhanappetta pravartthanangale eee vibhaagam abhisambodhana cheyyum.
federal, samsthaana, gotra gavanmentukal thammilulla santhulithaavastha.
indian choothaattam valia vivaadangalude uravidavum kendravumaanu. niyamaparamaaya ardhathil gotra paramaadhikaaratthe chuttipattiyulla avyakthathayaan ithinu kaaranam.
gothraswaathanthryathinu niyamathinteyum hraswa charithram.
gothraswaathanthryathuklethu nilavile daaranayude bhooribhaagavum joonn maarshalinteyum addehathinte theerumaanangaludeyum bhaagamaanenn kandethaam. american gavanment valarekkaalamaayi "vorsestar vii." enna paarambaryatthin keezhil pravartthikkunnu. indiakkaarumaayulla bandhatthinte charithram gothrangal "praadeshika athirthikalulla, avarude adikaaram mathramulla, vyathyasthamaaya rashtreeya samoohangalaanennu" manassilakkiyathaayi jorjia "shakthamayi prasthaavichu. ennirunnaalum, gothrangal appozhum federal niyanthranathinum niyamangalkkum vidheyamaayirunnu. marshell ithinakam cheroki neshan vii. yill sthireekarichirunnu. jorjia" enna peril addeham gothrangale "guardian" deseeya sarkkaarumaayi ward bandhamullathayi mudrakuthi.
eee theerumaanangal valarekkalam munbu sambhavichathaanenkilum gothraswaathanthryavumaalu aadhunika edapaadukalude bhooribhaagavum roopappeduthi. gothrangalil chila swaadheenam cheluthaan samsthaanangalkku anumathi nalkunnathinu chila ozhivaakkalukal undaayittund (pothu niyamam 280, gotrabhoomiyil oru indiakkaaranallaathavar indiakkaaranallaathavarkka cheytha kuttakrithyangal enniva polullava), ennaal bhooribhaagavum samsthaanangale edapedunnathil ninnu niyanthrichittundu. gotravarga pravartthanangal niyantrikkaan samsthaanangalkku anuvaadam labhikkumbol karsanamaaya maargganirddeshangal paalikkanam. federal nadapadi oru nadapadiye prathyekamaayi thadayunnillengil gothrangalkk svayam bharikkanulla antharleenamaaya avakaashamundenn federal nadapadiyude bhaagath ninnu anumaanikkappedunnu.
indian choothaattavum gothraswaathanthryavum.
indian choothaattattheyum samsthaana niyanthranatheyum abhisambodhana cheytha aadyathe pradhana cases "california vii. 1987ll 'kabasoon baand oof mission indians'. eee kesil, samsthaanathu gaminginethire criminal nirodhanam illengil gaming niyantrikkaan kaaliforniyaykku avakaashamillenn supreme kodathi vidhichu. koodaathe, apoorvvamaayum federal munkoor nadapadiyumaayi maathram gothrangalude samsthaana niyanthranam anuvadikkunnathinte maathruka eee cases sthaapichu. gotravarga choothaattam niyantrikkaanulla avakasham samsthaanangalkku nishedhikkunnathil, kodathi pradhaanamaayum eee chumatala kongrasine ealppikkaan nirbandhitharaakki. angane, indian gaming regulatory aaktinte aavirbhavam 1988 october 17-nuu vannu. gotra paramadhikaaram nilanirthikkondu niyanthranam nalkaanulla sramamaayirunnu eee niyamam. oreyoru "stikki" prashnam casino shailiyilulla choothaattavumaayi bandhappettirunnu. casino shailiyilulla choothaattam oru "kyash bisinus" aayathinal (bingoyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol) ithu kuttakrithyangale (samghadithavum allaathathum) aakarshikkumenn palarum aashankappettirunnu. vaasthavathil, atharam nuzhanjukayattathinulla saadhyatha kaaranam gaming niyantrikkaanulla chila avakaashathinaayi federal sarkkaarine lobby cheiyunna samsthaanangalude bhaagathuninnulla pradhana aashankakalilonnaayirikkaam ithu. casino shailiyilulla choothaattatthe (klaas III) sambandhicha oru vittuveezhchayaayi gotra-samsthaana kompaakttukal vannu. gotra-samsthaana kombaakdukale kongras aavasyamullathum neethiyukthavumaaya rashtreeya othutheerppaayi kandirunnuvenkilum vaasthavathil eee compactukal ulppeduthunnathiloode, chila vidagtharude abhipraayangalil igra kaimaattathilekkulla samakaalika neekkathe chithreekarikkunnuvennu thonnunnu. gothravargakkaar chila adhikaraparidhi adhikaraparidhi samsthaana sarkkaarukalkk vittukodukkanamennu compactukal aavashyappedunnu. chilar igra gothraswaathanthryathe maanikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi kandekkaam, ennaal kompaakttukalude aavasyakatha sthaapikkunnathil, igra yadhaarthathil gothrangalude adhikaarathil parimithikal sthaapikkukayaanu.
igrayude yadhaartha niyamanirmmaanathinu keezhil, gotra paramadhikaaram nilanirthaan kongras shramichu. sadbhaavanayode" pravartthikkaattha samsthaanangalkkethire cases phayal cheyyaan gothrangale anuvadichukondu gothrangale muthaledukkaanulla samsthaanathinte kazhivu parimithappeduthunnathinu oru samvidaanam eee niyamam srishtichu. samsthaanangal nalla vishwaasathode charcha nadathiyillennu federal kodathi kandethiyaal, 60 divasathinullil oru karar amgeekarikkendathundu. eee samayam kazhinjirunnenkil, oru karar thayyarakkanulla chumatala aabhyanthara secretory ealppikkumaayirunnu-ithu mikkavarum samsthaanangalkku prathikoolamaayekkaam. eee kazhivinoppam aabhyanthara sekrattari ellah gaming kompaakttukalum amgeekarikkendathinte aavasyakathayum eathu samsthaana niyanthranathinteyum federal melnottam urappakkaan pravarthichu-ithu paramaadhikaarathekkurichu gotra samsthaana kompaakttukalude praharam mriduvaakkendathaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1991-ll, "seminol tribe vii. igraykku keezhil kongras uddeshichirunna gotra-samsthaana santhulithaavastha florida thakarthu. pathinonnam bhedagathiyude adisthaanathil (samsthaanangalude paramadhikaara prathirodham nalkunna) samsthaanangalkkethire kesedukkaanulla avakasham eee cases aathyanthikamayi gothrangalkk nishedhikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, igra thayyarakkunnathil kongras adhikaarathe marikadannuvennu cases vidhichu. "seminol gothram", gothrangalkkulla kongrasinte parimithamaaya samrakshanam neekkam cheiyunnathinaayi pravartthikkukayum "nalla vishwaasam" enna vyavastha nadappakkunnathinulla ellah samvidaanangalum neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. igrayude karadu thayyarakkunnathil kongras gothrangale samrakshikkaan shramichuvenkilum eee kesil theerumaanam pasakkunnathil kodathi eee uddeshyam avaganikkukayum adhikara santhulithaavastha samsthaanangalkku anukoolamaayi marran anuvadikkukayum cheythuvennu vidagdhar abhipraayappettittund.
seminol" yude pashchaathalatthil kompaakttukal.
seminol" cases gotravarga gaminginmelulla samsthaana adhikaarathe valareyadhikam vipuleekarichu. samsthaanangalkkethire cases phayal cheyyaanulla avakasham gothravargakkaarkk nishedhikkunnathil, kodathi othukkamulla prakriya nirtthiyilla, marichu avar aavishkaricha eaka parihara padhathi nashippichu.
thangalude gotra athiraalikalumaayi nalla vishwaasathode charcha cheyyaan samsthaanangale nirbandhikkunnathinulla kongras. samsthaanangalude "sadbhavana" nadappakkaan oru maargavumillengil, samsthaanangalkku compactukal charcha cheyyaan visammathikkaan kazhiyumennum gothrangalkk gaming nadathaanulla avakasham nashtappedumennum kongras ithinakam thiricharinjirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kodathi athinte theerumaanatthinte eee prathyeka anantharafalathil aashanka prakadippichathaayi thonnunnilla. eee kesinu sesham, chila samsthaanangal charchakal nadatthaan visammathichuvenkilum gothrangalil ninnu kooduthal elavukal aavasyappettu (mattu aavasyangalkkoppam gaming labham pankidunnu). chila samsthaanangalil, oru karar nedaanulla avasaram labhikkunnathin gothrangalkk udambadi avakashangal upekshikkendivannu. udaaharanathinu, visconsinil govarnor tommy thompson vettayaadunnathinum malsyabandhana udambadi avakashangalkkumulla gothrangalude avakashangal charchakalkkulla vishayangalayi ulppeduthaan shramichu. chila samsthaanangal varumanam pankidunnathinu shramichittundenkilum ithinaayi igraykku keezhil karsanamaaya niyanthranangalund. indian gamingumaayi bandhapetta kesukalil" nikuthi chumathunnathinethire igrayude nirodhanam lamghikkaan oru samsthaanathinu kazhiyillennum athu adichelppikkunnathinum charchakal nadathanamennum kodathi vidhichu. ennirunnaalum, orikkalkkoodi seminolinu pakaram, gothrangalkk charchakal nadatthaan margamilla. niyamathinu keezhilulla gotra choothaattam ippozhum charcha cheyyappedunna oru chalanathmaka prasnamaanu, koodaathe igrayil avasheshikkunna "seminol" cases "vidavu" pariharikkunnathinulla niravadhi nirddeshangalundu.