
naitrayude principality

onpathaam noottaandil innathe slovakiayile naitraykk chuttum vikasicha oru koottam vaasasthalangal ulkkollunna oru padinjaaran slavik raashtreeyamaayirunnu naitrayude duchy ennum ariyappedunna naitrayude principality (;). samakaalika srothassukalude abhavam kaaranam athinte charithram anishchithathvathilaanu. pradeshatthinte padavi pandithochithamaaya charchakalkku vidheyamaan; chila aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar ithine 833 allengil 870 kaalaghattatthil moravia principality pidichadakkiya oru swatantra raashtreeyamaayi visheshippikkunnu, mattullavar parayunnath athu thudakkam muthal moraviyayil ninnulla ayalrajyamaaya padinjaaran slaavukalude swaadheenathilaayirunnu ennaanu.
pashchaathalam.
aaram noottaandinte pakuthi vare kwadi, langobards allengil lombards ennivayulppede jarmman janathayaan noottaandukalaayi aadhunika slovakyayil aadhipathyam pulartthiyathu. kaikondu nirmmicha manpathrangal, shavasamskara shavasamskaarangal, saadhaaranayaayi oru moolakkallu aduppu ulkkollunna cheria, chathuraakrithiyilulla, mungiya kudilukal enniva savisheshathayulla oru puthiya bhauthika samskaaram akkaalat madhya danubil samathalangalil prathyakshappettu. sparten, samathwa" swabhaavamulla puthiya samskaaram madhya europile munkaala puraavastu samskaarangalil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu. barford parayunnathanusarichu, baisaantain charitrakaaranaaya procopiusinte oru report innathe slovakiayude bhaagangalil vasikkunna aadyakaala slave grouppukalekkurichulla aadyathe nischitha paraamarsamaanu. hildigis enna naadukadatthappetta lombard rajakumaran 540kalil "thanne pinthudarnna lombaardukalude mathramalla, pala sclavinikaleyum koode kondupoyi" oru sainyathe orumichukonduvannathayi procopius ezhuthi.
eurasian steppukalil ninnu vanna naadodi avarukal aaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil carpathian thadam akramikkukayum praadeshika nivaasikale keezhadakkukayum cheythu. athinusesham, avar khagaanettinte pradhana pradeshangalkk chuttumulla pradeshangalil thamasikkunna slavik grouppukal avarukalkku adaranjali arppichu. 630kalil khagaanett aabhyanthara samgharshangalude oru parambara anubhavichu. chronicle oof fredegger" anusarichu, "vends ennariyappedunna adimakal" avarukalkkethire kalapam nadathukayum ezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil samo enna frankish vyaapaariye avarude rajaavaayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. carpathian thadatthinte vadakkan allengil vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangalil uyarnnuvanna samoyude raajyam moonnu pathittaandilereyaayi nilaninnirunnu. sthaapakante maranashesham udan thanne athu vighadikkukayum pradeshatthinte avar niyanthranam punasthaapikkukayum cheythu.
avar khagaanett 803-ll fraankukal athinethire nadatthiya niravadhi vijayakaramaya sainika prachaaranangalude falamaayi thakarnnu. khagaanettinte pathanam eee mekhalayile adimakalkkidayil puthiya raashtreeyangalude uyarchaykku kaaranamaayi. rashtreeya niyanthranatthile maattathodoppam sainika thanthrathilum upakaranagalilum mattangal vannu. kurtha anusarichu, "dagnica-mikulsis chakravaalatthinte" vaalukalum mattu vasthukkalum "naadodi yudhathinte savisheshamaaya kuthirappada upakaranangalilekku kuthirappadayude yudhathanthrangalil ninnulla oru maattavum" onpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil danube nadiyudeyum grettu hungarian samathalathinteyum vadakkulla pradeshangalil oru praadeshika varenyavarggathinte vikasanavum kaanikkunnu.
srothassukal.
onpathaam noottaandile oru kottayude avashishtangal, athinte praayam nirnnayikkappettilla, naitrayude madhyathil ninnu kandethi. eee kotta "grettu moravian kaalaghatta" thilethaanennu beebi ezhuthunnu. stainhubel parayunnathanusarichu, kotta nilakollunna kunninu thaazhe ozhukunna naitra nadiyude perilayirikkaam ithinu eee peru nalkiyirikkunnath. kottayil kammaranmarum svarnnakkachavadakkaarum mattu karakaushalathozhilaalikalum adhivasichirunna oru vaasasthalam vikasippichathayi puraavastu gaveshanangal kaanikkunnu. onpathaam noottaandil ithinu chuttum vishalamaaya vaasasthalangalude shringhala uyarnnuvannu.
ippol naitra principality ennariyappedunna raashtreeyathekkurichu vivarangalude pradhana uravidam pannoniyayile salsburg athiroopathayude thalpparyangal prolsaahippikkunnathi 870-ll samaaharicha rekhayaaya "baveriyanmaarudeyum kaaraanthaaniyakkaarudeyum parivartthanam" aanu. moravian rajakumaaranaaya mojmir danubinu kuruke oodicha" "oru pribina", pannoniyayile margrevaaya radbodylake palayanam cheythathayi kayyezhuthuprathikal prasthaavikkunnu (c. 833ll kizhakkan franciayilvechu rudboad addehathe jarmman rajaavaaya louisine parichayappedutthi, addeham prebinaye "vishwaasathil padippikkukayum snaapanamelppikkukayum" cheyyanamennu utharavittu. mathaparivarthana" thinte nilavilulla pathinonnu kayyezhuthuprathikalil moonnil oru vaachakam anusarichu, sallsburghile aarch bishop adalram (aarr. 821-836) oru nirddishta theeyathiyil "danubinu mukalilulla naitrava enna sthalathu" pribinaykkaayi oru palli prathishtichu. eee vaachakam yadhaartha grandhatthinte bhaagamaayirunno atho panthrandaam noottaandil pradhana grandhatthilekku vyaakhyaanikkappetta oru naamamaathramaaya kuripp maathramaayirunno ennu aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar charcha cheiyunnu.
pandithochithamaaya samvaadangal pribinayude naitravayude sthithiyum sthaanavum.
parivartthana" thinte parakke amgeekarikkappetta vyaakhyaanam anusarichu, naitra kendreekarichulla oru swatantra raashtreeyathinte bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnu pribina. udaaharanathinu, pribina "prathyakshatthil naitrayude rajakumaaranaayirunnu" ennu barford ezhuthunnu. madhya danubinu vadakkulla aadyathe prakadamaaya slavik samsthaanamaayi pribinayude anumaanikkappedunna saamraajyathe lucaca visheshippikkunnu. prebinaykku oru anuyayi undaayirunnuvennum athinte amgangalil bhooribhaagavum "theerchayaayum muun gotra prabhukkanmaarude pingaamikalaayirunnuvennum" ennaal avaril chilar "janakkoottathinte swatantra vibhaagathil ninnu vannavaraayirikkaamaayirunnum lucaca parayunnu. pribina oru valia gothratthinte rajakumaaranaano atho rando moonno cheria chernna gothrangalude rajakumaaranaano ennu vyakthamalla" ennu richard marsina parayunnu. hoonn, naitra, vaahu nadikalude thaazhvarakalil ninnu uyarnnuvanna eee raashtreeyathinte thalavanmaaril randaamatheyo moonnaamatheyo thalamurayilppettavaraayiril pribinayennu addeham kootticherkkunnu.
pribina oru swatantra bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnuvennu ezhuthunna pandithanmaar parayunnath addeham janmanaattil ninnu naadukadathappettathinushesha addehathinte raajyam moraviyayumaayi ikyappettu ennaanu. kirshbom, stainhubel enniva kootticherkkunnathu, rund naatturaajyangalaaya moraviayudeyum pribinayude naitroundar mormirinteyum nirbandhitha ekeekaranam grettu moravia saamraajyathin kaaranamaayi ennaanu. maarsinayude abhipraayathil, "moravian slaavukalil ninnulla vyathyaasathekkurich theerchayaayum arinjirunna" pribinayude naatturaajyatthile nivaasikal avarude "prathyeka bodham" valia moraviyaykkullil polum samrakshichu, ithu slovac janathayude poorvvikarude pothubodhatthinte vikasanathinu kaaranamaayi.
pribina oru swatantra bharanadhikaariyaayirunnilla, marichu naitrayile moraviayude leftanantile duke mojmir aayirunnu, vlaasto parayunnathanusarichu. swaathanthryam nedaanulla prabeenayude sramangal addehathe naadukadatthunnathilekku nayichuvennu addeham parayunnu. naitra" yeei "naitrava" maayi thirichariyunnathu pandithanmaar saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkunnilla. imre boba chaals bolasum aaa thirichariyaline velluvilicha pandithanmaaril ulppedunnu. hungarian charitrakaaranaaya imre boba parayunnath, maanavika charitrakaaranaaya johannes avantinas naitrava (avantinas parayunnathanusarichu jarmmankaranaaya luis brono, olomoc ennivaykkoppam nalkia) naitrayumaayi thettayi thiricharinju, kaaranam naitrava bavariaykku thekk "hunia allengil avaria" yilaayirunnu. locus naitrava" enna laattin padatthinu oru nagaratthe soochippikkaan kazhiyillennum addeham parayunnu. addehathinte kaazhchappaad anusarichu, naitrayude (slovac naitra, hangarian naitra, jarmman neutra) aadhunika perukalonnum naitrava roopathil ninnu vikasippikkaan kazhinjilla. bobayude bhashaaparamaaya sameepanam onomaastik gaveshanavumaayi poruthappedunnilla, ithu soochippikkunnathu sthalanaamathinte praadhamika roopamaayirunnu naitra ennum "naitrava" ennathu dvitheeya namam maathramaanennum soochippikkunnu; rund roopangalum onpathaam noottaandil ithinakam rekhappeduthiyittundu. naitra naitra thammilulla bandhathe velluvilikkaan kazhiyillennu parayunna check charitrakaaranaaya dussan treastic, intho-europian toponymukalude samvidaanavumaayi nannayi yojikkunna naitra nadiyude peril ninnaan randaamathethu vikasichathennu ezhuthunnu; samanamaaya perukalulla mattu nadikal ariyilla. naitra naitrayumaayi thirichariyunnathum chaals boulas nirasikkunnu, kaaranam prebena purathaakki varshangalkk sesham, swaattoplukkinte bharanakaalathu maathrame randaamathe pattanam moravia pidichadakkiyirunnulla, sallsburghile aarch bishop theodmer addehathinte votermaarum 900 oolam ezhuthiya oru kathu anusarichu. treastikkinte abhipraayathil, kathinte ulladakkam munkaalangalil eee pradesham moraviyayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru prathyeka raajyamaanenn ariyamaayirunna athinte kampailettarmaarude nyayamaaya thettayi vishadeekarikkaam.
duchy oof naitra (hungery raajyam).
11-12 noottaandukalil hungery raajyathinullil arpad raajavamshathile amgangal (dukeukal) idaykkide vevvere bharikkunna pradeshangalude vibhagamaanu duchy allengil ducatus. ducal shakthiyude chihnam oru vaalaayirunnu, athesamayam rajakeeya sakthiye prathinidheekarikkunnath kireedamaayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile hungery raajyathinullil raajakudumbaamgangal bharikkunna dachiyude allengil praadeshika yoonittukalude uthbhavathekkurich aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar oru sammathathodeyulla kaazhchappaad pankidunnilla. hangarian gothrangalude federationil chernna kabaarukaludeyum mattu vamseeya grouppukaludeyum melnottatthil ninnaan ducatus allengil "duchy" vikasichathennu georgi georphy ezhuthunnu.
addehathinte abhipraayathil, eee command thudakkathil, ekadesham 895 ll carpathian thadam hangarian adhiniveshathinu munbuthanne, eurasian steppukalile turkey janathayude aachaarangalkkanusarich hangarian tribal federationte paramonnatha thalavanu anantharaavakaashiyaayi nalkiyirunnu. athinaal, eee vamseeya vibhaagangalude mail kireedaavakaashiyude adikaaram patthaam noottaandil avar sthirathaamasamaakkiya pradeshangalude mail addehathinte adhikaaramaayi maari. maruvashathu, georphiyude sidhaantham nirasicha gyula kristoo ezhuthunnathu, 1048 oode andrew onnaaman rajaavu thante raajyathinte moonnilonnu thante ilaya sahodaran belaykku nalkiyappol maathramaan duchy nilavil vannathennu. ithu "raajyathinte aadya vibhajanam" aanennu vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunna prakashikkunna charithrarekha addeham udharikkunnu.
1048ll hangariyile andrew onnaaman rajaavu thante raajyathinte moonnilonnu kaundikal thante sahodaranaaya belaykku appanajil vittukoduthathodeyaanu raajyathinte pradeshangalude rajavamsha vibhajanam aarambhichath. bharana raajavamshathile amgangalkku ealppichirikkunna pradeshangal rando moonno kendrangalil samghadippikkappedukayum dachiyaanu raajyathinte pradeshatthinte moonnilonnu bhagamaavukayum cheythath. belayude svayambharana duchy (ducatus) morawa nadhi muthal transylvaniayude athirthi vare vyaapichu. ithu rund bhagangalaal nirmmithamaayirunnu naitra ayal beehar, vadakku mukalile tissa muthal thekk coros nadhi vare, kizhakk transylvanian athirthikal muthal padinjaaru tissa nadhi vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. bela thante demessionte paramadhikaariyaaya prabhuvaayirunnu. ducal haff-denary-avayil belaa dvx enna vaakkukalum-athupole thanne munbu paraamarshicha hangarian charithravum ithu saakshyappeduthunnu. belah orupakshe naitrayile thante ducal seettil nanayangal pathippikkukayum naitra kottayil puthiya kottakal cherkkukayum cheythirikkaam. akkaalat, duke belah anantharaavakaashiyaayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu andrew onnaaman rajaavu solomon enna oru makane prasavichu. solamante jananam rund sahodaranmaar thammilulla samgharshangalkku kaaranamavukayum athu aabhyantharayudhathinu kaaranamavukayum cheythu. 1060ll belah thante sahodarane paraajayappeduthi simhaasanathil kayariyathode aabhyantharayudham avasaanichu.
1063ll belah marichappol, addehathinte makkalaya geza, ladislas, lampert ennivarkku hungery rajyathuninn palayanam cheyyendivannu, kaaranam avarude cussin solomon (1057ll ithinakam kireedadhaaranam cheyyappettavan) madangiyethiyathinethudnar addehathinte bhaaryaasahodaran henry naalaaman, vishudha roman chakravarty addehathinu nalki. taamasiyaathe, polandile rajaavaaya boleslo randaaman moonnu raajakumaaranmaarkk sainika sahayam nalki, angane avarkk raajyathekku madangaan kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, uyarnnuvarunna aabhyantharayudham ozhivakkaan kakshikal aagrahichu, athinaal 1064 januvari 20 nuu georil avar oru karar undaakki. karar prakaram, moonnu sahodaranmaar geza, ladislas, lampert ennivar avarude bandhuvaya solomon raajaavinte bharanam sweekarichu, avar avarude pithaavinte muun duchy (ducatus) sweekarichu.
onpathu varshathe sahakaranathethudarnnu, rajaavum rajakumaaranmaarum thammil samgharshangal udaleduthu, randaamathethinu raajyathinte valiyoru bhaagath thangalude adikaaram vyaapippikkaan kazhiyukayum rajaavinu padinjaaran athirthikalilekku palayanam cheyyendivarikayum cheythu. 1074-ll, mootha duke, geza rajaavaayi prakhyapikkappettu, athesamayam solaman rajaavinu raajyathinte chila padinjaaran kaundikalil maathrame thante bharanam nilanirthaan kazhinjulloo. simhaasanaarohanathethudarn, geza rajaavu thante sahodaranmaraaya ladislas lampert dachiyude kaivashamundenn sthireekarichu. 1077 epril 25 nuu geza marichappol, addehathinte pakshakkar 1081 ll solaman raajaavine thante bharanam sweekarikkaan nirbandhikkaan kazhiyunna laadislaus raajaavine prakhyaapichu. laadislausinte bharanakaalathu, duchy bharikkunath addehathinte sahodaranaaya duke lampertayirikkaam, pakshe athu ithuvare theliyikkappettittilla.
ladislas onnaaman raajaavinte maranathethudarnnu simhaasanathilekkulla kolomante avakaashathekkurichu charcha cheythirunna thante sahodaranaaya rajakumaaranaaya almosumaayi hangariyile coloman rajaavu oru karar undaakkukayum pradeshangal addehathinu vittukodukkukayum cheythappol, ducatus punarujjeevippikkappedu. 1105-ll duke almos thante sahodaranethire kalapam nadathukayum vishudha roman saamraajyathil ninnum polandil ninnum sainika sahayam thedukayum cheythenkilum taamasiyaathe addehathinte sainyathe rajaavu paraajayappeduthi. 1107-ll duke almos vishudhabhoomiyilekku theerthaadanam nadathukayum addehathinte abhavam muthaleduthu coloman rajaavu dachiyude pradeshangal kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu.
duke almos vishudha bhoomiyil ninnu madangiyethukayum thante pradeshangal rajakeeya domainukalil ulppeduthiyittunde manassilakkukayum cheythappol addeham vishudha roman chakravarthiyaaya henry vinte kottaratthilekku rakshapettu. dukinte abhyarthana maanich chakravarty bratislava uparodham nadatthi. ennirunnaalum, coloman rajaavu bohemia akramicha polandile duke bolslo moonnaamante sahayam thedi. novemberil, chakravarty kolomanumaayi samadhaanam sthaapichu, avar thante sahodarane thante kottaratthilekku madangaan anuvadichu, pakshe duchy ducal shakthiyum punasthaapikkaanaayilla. taamasiyaathe, coloman ducatasinte oru irippidathil naitrayude bishoper sthaapichu.