
shuchithvam

shuchithvam ennathu shudhamaaya kudivellavum manushya visarjjyavum malinajalavum samskarikkunnathum neekkam cheiyunnathumaayi bandhapetta pothujanaarogya saahacharyangale soochippikkunnu. sopp upayogichu kaii kazhukunnathu pole malavumaayulla manushya sanbarkkam thadayunnathu shuchithvathinte bhagamaanu. rogavyapanam thadayunna, prathyekichu malaa-vaayuviloodeyulla, shudhamaaya anthareeksham nalkikkond manushyante aarogyam samrakshikkukayaanu shuchithva samvidaanangal lakshyamidunnathu. udaaharanathinu, poshakaahaarakkuravinum kuttikalil valarcha muradippinum pradhana kaaranamaaya vayarilakkam mathiyaya shuchithvathiloode kuraykkaam. kuranja alavilulla shuchithvamulla kammyoonittikalil eluppathil pakaruna niravadhi rogangalundu, udaaharanathinu ascariasis (oru tharam kudalppuzhu anubadha allengil helminthiasis), collara, heppattaitis, poliyo, skistosomiyasis, trachoma enniva. 
niravadhi shuchithva saankethikavidyakalum sameepanangalum nilavilundu. samoohathinte neethrthwathilulla samboornna shuchithvam, container adhishtitha shuchithvam, paaristhithika shuchithvam, adiyanthara shuchithvam, paaristhithika shuchithvam, oonsaitt shuchithvam, susthira shuchithvam ennivayaanu chila udaaharanagal. manushya visarjjyavum malinajalavum pidichedukkal, sambharanam, gathagatham, samskaranam, neekkam cheyyal allengil punarupayogam enniva oru shuchithva samvidaanathil ulppedunnu. shuchithva samvidaanathinullile punarupayoga pravartthanangal visarjjyathilum malinajalathilum adangiyirikkunna poshakangal, vellam, oorjjam allengil jaivavasthukkal ennivayil shradha kendreekarikkaam. ithine "shuchithva moolya shringhala" allengil "shuchithva sambadvyavastha" ennu vilikkunnu. shuchithva shringalayude eathu ghattathilum oru shuchithva saankethikavidya vrithiyaakkunnathino paripaalikkunnathino pravarthippikkunnathinna shoonyamaakkunnathino utharavaadikalaaya aalukale "shuchithva thozhilaallikal" ennu vilikkunnu.
raajyangalilo raajyangalilo ulla shuchithva sevana nilavaaram thaarathamyam cheyyaan niravadhi shuchithva "levelukal" upayogikkunnu. 2016-ll samyuktha nireekshana paripadi nirvachicha shuchithva padikal thuranna malavisarjjanathil ninnu aarambhich "mechappeduthaatha", "parimithamaaya", "adisthaana" ennee padangal upayogichu mukalilekku neengunnu, ettavum uyarnna nila "surakshithamaayi kaikaaryam" cheiyunnu. vikaswara raajyangalkk ithu prathyekichum baadhakamaan.
2010ll aikyaraashtrasabhayude (yuu. enn) potusabha jalathinum shuchithvathinumulla manushyavakaasham amgeekarichu. shuchithvam oru aagola vikasana munganana susthira vikasana lakshyathinte vishayavumaanu. 2017ll jeey. emm. pii. nadatthiya kanakkukal prakaram 4.5 bilyan aalukalkk nilavil surakshithamaayi shuchithvam kaikaaryam cheythitilla. shuchithvathinte abhavam pothujanaarogyathe mathramalla, manushyante anthassineyum vyakthiparamaaya surakshayeyum badhikkunnu.
nirvachanangal.
raajyangalum samghadanakalum thammil "shuchithvam" enna padam upayogikkunnathil chila vyathyaasangalund. lokaarogya samghadana "shuchithvam" enna padam inipparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkunnu
shuchithvathil eee naalu saankethikavum saankethikamallaathathumaaya samvidaanangalum ulppedunnu visarjjya maanejment samvidaanangal, malinajala maanejment samvidaanangal (ivide ulppeduthiyittundu malinajala samskarana plaantukal), kharamaalinya maanejment samvidaanangal, mazhavellathinulla drainage samvidaanangal, kodunkaattu drainage ennum ariyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, vaash mekhalayile palarum shuchithvathekkurichulla avarude nirvachanathil visarjjya maanejment maathrame ulppeduthiyittulloo.
shuchithvathil ulppeduthiyittullathi mattoru udaaharanam "maanushika charter maanushika prathikaranatthile minimum staanderdukalum" enna kaippustakam anusarichu kaanapedunnu, ithu maanushika prathikarana saahacharyangalile naalu "pradhana prathikarana mekhalakalile" minimum maanadandangal vivarikkunnu. avayilonnu "jalavitharanam, shuchithvam, shuchithvam enniva prolsaahippikkuka" (vaash) aanu, athil inipparayunna mekhalakal ulppedunnu shuchithva pramoshan, jalavitharanam, visarjjya paripalanam, vekttar niyanthranam, kharamaalinya paripalanam, rogavyapanam, aarogya samrakshana krameekaranangal ennivayil kazhukal.
shuchithvathe prothsaahippikkunnath shuchithvathinte avibhaajya gadakamaayi palarum kaanunnu. jalavitharana, shuchithva sahakarana kaunsil shuchithvathe nirvachikkunnath "manushya visarjjyam, gaarhika malinajalam, kharamaalinyangal ennivayude shekharanam, gathagatham, samskaranam, neekkam cheyyal allengil punarupayogam, anubandha shuchithva pramoshan ennivayaanu."
shuchithvathil malinajala samskaranam ulppedunnundengilum, eee rund padangalum palappozhum "shuchithvavum malinajala paripalanavum" enna peril upayogikkunnu.
1998 muthal jalavitharana, shuchithva padhathikalekkurichulla dii. eph. aii. dii maarganirddesha maanuvalil mattoru nirvachanamunda
shuchithvathil vyakthigatha shuchithvavum pothu shuchithvavum ulppedaam. aarthava maalinyangal kaikaaryam cheyyuka, veettile shouchaalayangal vrithiyaakkuka, veettile maalinyangal kaikaaryam cheyyuka enniva vyakthigatha shuchithva pravarthanangalil ulppedaam. pothu shuchithva pravarthanangalil maalinya shekharanam, kaimaattam, samskaranam (munisippal kharamaalinya paripalanam), azhukkuchaalukal, theruvukal, schoolukal, trainukal, pothu edangal, community toylattukal, pothu toylattukal, azhukkuchaalukal, malinajala samskarana plaantukal ennivayude pravartthanam enniva ulppedaam. mattullavarkk eee sevanangal nalkunna thozhilaallikale shucheekarana thozhilaallikal ennu vilikkunnu.
lakshyangal.
ellaavarkkum aarogyakaramaya jeevithaanthareeksham nalkuka, prakrithivibhavangal (uparithala jalam, bhoogarbhajalam, mannu polullava) samrakshikkuka, aalukal malavisarjanam nadathumbozho moothramozhikkumbozho surakshyum antass nalkuka ennivayaanu shuchithvathinte mothatthilulla uddeshyangal.
2010ll aikyaraashtrasabhayude (yuu. enn) potusabha jalathinum shuchithvathinumulla manushyavakaasham amgeekarichu. manushyavakaasha udambadikal, prakhyapanangal, mattu maanadandangal ennivayiloode anthaaraashtra niyamathil ithu amgeekarikkappettittundu. mathiyaya jeevithanilavaarathinulla manushyaavakaashathil ninnaan ithu uruthirinjathu.
phalapradamaaya shuchithva samvidaanangal visarjjyavum manushyarum thammilulla thadassangal roga vyaapana chakrathe thakarkkunna vidhathil nalkunnu (udaaharanathinu malam parathunna rogangalude kaaryatthil). malam, viralukal, eechakal, vayalukal, draavakangal, bhakshanam ennee aksharangalil ninnu aarambikkunna malam-ooral rogam pakarunnathinte ellah pradhana vazhikalum eph-diagram upayogichaanu eee vasham drishyamaakunnathu.
shuchithva adisthaana soukaryangal upabhokthaakkalude pratheekshakalum labhyamaya praadeshika vibhavangalum ulppede niravadhi prathyeka sandarbhangalumaayi poruthappedendathundu.
shuchithva saankethikavidyakalil malinajala samvidaanangal, malinajala samskaranam, uparithala ranf samskaranam, kharamaalinya landfillukal thudangiya kendreekritha sivil enchiniyaring gadanakal ulppedaam. malinajalavum munisippal kharamalinyavum samskarikkunnathinaan eee gadanakal roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. shuchithva saankethikavidyakal thaarathamyena lalithamaaya oonsaitt shuchithva samvidaanangalude roopavum eduthekkaam. chila sandarbhangalil visarjjana maanejment bhaagathinaayi oru lalithamaaya pitt shouchaalayamo mattu tharatthilulla noonn-flush toylatto ithil ulppedaam.
janangalkk shuchithvam nalkunnathinu toylet, malakkashanangal kaikaaryam cheyyal allengil malinajala samskarana plaant thudangiya saankethika vashangalil maathram shradha kendreekarikkaathe muzhuvan samvidaanathilum shradha aavasyamaanu. shuchithva shringhala" yill upayokthaavinte anubhavam, visarjjya, malinajalam shekharana reethikal, maalinyangal kondupokunnathum samskarikkunnathum, punarupayogam allengil neekkam cheyyal enniva ulppedunnu. ellaam samagramaayi pariganikkendathundu.
saambathika prathyaaghaathangal.
manushya visarjjyam kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinte gunafalangal pothujanaarogyathinum paristhithikkum ganyamaanu. oru ekadesha kanakku shuchithvathinaayi chelavazhikkunna oro yuu. ezz. dollarinum, samoohathilekkulla madakkam yuu. ezz. dollar 5.50 aanu.
vikaswara raajyangale sambandhichidatholam aparyapthamaaya shuchithvathinte saambathika chelavu oru valia aashankayaan. udaaharanathinu, lokabaankinte oru patanam anusarichu, indian sambadghadanayude aparyapthamaaya shuchithvam moolamundaakunna saambathika nashtam athinte jii. dii. piyude 6.4 sathamaanathinu thulyamaanu. akaalamarananirakk, labhyathayil samayam nashtappedal, uthppaadanakshamatha nashtappedal, aarogyasamrakshanathinula adhika chelavukal enniva ivayil bhooribhaagavum moolamaanu. aparyapthamaaya shuchithvam vinodasanjaara varumaanathil ninnulla nashtatthinum kaaranamaakunnu. pavappettavarkkum sthreekalkkum kuttikalkkum aanupaathikamallaatha thothil aaghaatham kooduthalaanennum eee patanam kandethi. maruvashathu, veettilulla shouchaalayangalude labhyatha sthreekalude saambathika shemathinu gunaparamaaya sambhavana nalkunnu, kaaranam ithu saksharatha vardhippikkunnathinum thozhil shakthiyile pankaalitthatthinum kaaranamaakunnu.
tharangalum ashayangalum (visarjjya paripaalanathinaayi).
chila tharatthilulla shuchithva samvidaanangale soochippikkunnathinu (manushya visarjjya maanejmentumaayi allengil muzhuvan shuchithva samvidaanavumaayi maathram bandhappettekkaavunna) vividha vivaranangalumaayo naamavisheshathakalumaayo shuchithvam enna padam bandhappettirikkunnu.iii. gray vaattar, stoom vaattar, soolid vesttu maanejment ennivayum)-aksharakramatthil
adisthaana shuchithvam.
2017ll jeey. emm. pii. oru puthiya padam nirvachichu "adisthaana shuchithva sevanam". mattu veedukalumaayi pankidaattha mechappetta shuchithva soukaryangalude upayogamaayaan ithine nirvachichirikkunnathu. rando athiladhikamo kudumbangalkkidayil pankitta mechappetta shuchithva soukaryangalude upayogathe soochippikkunna thaazhnna thalatthilulla sevanathe ippol "parimithamaaya shuchithva sevanam" ennu vilikkunnu.
samoohathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla shuchithvam.
samoohathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla shuchithvam vikendreekritha malinajala samskaranavumaayi (devat) bandhappettirikkunnu.
dry saanitteshan.
dry saanitteshan" enna padam vyaapakamaayi upayogikkappedaathathum valare nannayi nirvachikkappedaathathumaanu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi oru tharam dry toylet upayogikkunna oru samvidaanathe soochippikkunnu, koodaathe visarjjyam kondupokaan azhukkuchaalukalilla. palappozhum aalukal "dry saanitteshane" kurichu samsaarikkumbol avar ardhamaakkunnathu moothram vazhithirichuvidunna dry toylet (uds) upayogikkunna oru shuchithva samvidaanamaanu.
paristhithi shuchithvam.
rogavyaapanavumaayi bandhapetta paaristhithika gadakangalude niyanthranam paristhithi shuchithvathil ulppedunnu. kharamaalinya samskaranam, jalam, malinajalam samskaranam, vyaavasaayika maalinya samskaranam, shabda malineekarana niyanthranam ennivayaanu eee vibhaagathile upaghadakangal. lokaarogya samghadanayude (aarr) abhipraayathil, manushyante shaareerika vikasanam, aarogyam, athijeevanam ennivayil doshakaramaaya swaadheenam cheluthunna bhauthika paristhithiyile ellah gadakangaludeyum niyanthranamaan paaristhithika shuchithvathe nirvachichirikkunnathu. pothujanaarogyam samrakshikkuka ennathaanu paristhithi shuchithvathinte praadhamika pravarthanangalilonnu.
shuchithvathinte abhavam.
shuchithvathinte abhavam ennathu shuchithvathinte abhaavathe soochippikkunnu. praayogikamaayi paranjaal, saadhaaranayaayi toylattukalude abhaavamo aarenkilum swamedhayaa upayogikkaan aagrahikkunna shuchithva toylattukalude abhaavamo ennaanu ithinartham. shuchithvathinte abhaavathinte phalam saadhaaranayaayi thuranna malavisarjanam (thuranna moothramozhikkal ennaal ithu aashankayilla) gurutharamaaya pothujanaarogya prasnangalumaayi bandhappettathaan. 2015leeii kanakkukal prakaram surakshithamaaya kudivellam labhyamallaatha 660 dasalaksham aalukal ulppede 2.4 bilyan aalukalkk ippozhum mechappetta shuchithva soukaryangal illennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
oonsaitt shuchithvam allengil nanaykkaattha shuchithva samvidaanam.
visarjjyavum malinajalavum shekharikkukayum avaa uthppaadippikkunna sthalathu sambharikkukayo samskarikkukayo cheiyunna oru shuchithva samvidaanamaanu oonsaitt shuchithvam (allengil oonn-saitt shuchithvam)" ennu nirvachichirikkunnu. ithe samvidaanathinu upayogikkunna mattoru padam pala raajyangalilum prachaarathilulla noonn-severd saanitteshan sistangalaanu (enss). malatthile cheliyude surakshithamaaya maanejmentil enn. ezz. ezz. kall oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu, ithu nilavilulla ellah shuchithva vyavasthakaludeyum pakuthiyolam varum. chikilsayude alavu vyathyaasappettekkam, onnumillathathil ninnu vipulamaayathilekku. kuzhi shouchaalayangal (samskarikkaathava), septik taankukal (malinajalathinte praadhamika samskaranam) ennivayaanu udaaharanagal. oonn-saitt shuchithva samvidaanangal palappozhum malam cheli maanejment (eph. ezz. emm) samvidaanangalumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, avide oonsaittil srishtikkunna malam cheli oru offsaitt sthalathu samskarikkunnu. kettidangalkkullil allengil avaykku sameepam pipe jalavitharanam labhyamaakumbol maathrame malinajalam (malinajalam) uthpaadippikkappedukal.
oru anubandha padam vikendreekritha malinajala samvidaanamaanu, ithu prathyekichu oonn-saitt shuchithvathinte malinajala bhaagathe soochippikkunnu. athupole, oru oonsaitt malinajala soukaryathinu praadeshikamaayi ulppaadippikkunna malinajalam samskarikkaan kazhiyum.
2020ll enn. ezz. esil ninnulla aagola meedhane udvamanam prathivarsham 377 metrik tonn kaarban dye ooksaid allengil aagola naravamshajanya meedhane udvamanathinte 4.7 shathamaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu malinajala samskarana plaantukalil ninnulla harithagriha vathaka udvamanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha. ithinartham enn. ezz. esil ninnulla jii. echu. jii. udvamanam oru nissara srothassaayittaanu.
surakshithamaayi kaikaaryam cheytha shuchithvam.
susthira vikasana lakshyam nambar 6 vibhavanam cheiyunna ettavum uyarnna thothilulla gaarhika shuchithvamaanu surakshithamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunna shuchithvam. susthira vikasana lakshyam 6.2, soochika 6.2.1 prakaram ithu alakkunnu, "(eiii) surakshithamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunna shuchithva sevanangal, (bii) soppum vellavum upayogichu kaii kazhukal soukaryam" enniva upayogikkunna janasamkhyayude anupatham. 2017leeii jeey. emm. pii. yude adisthaana kanakkukoottalil 4.5 bilyan aalukalkk nilavil surakshithamaayi shuchithvam kaikaaryam cheythitilla ennathaanu nilavile moolyam. 
surakshithamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunna shuchithvathe nirvachichirikkunnathu mattu veedukalumaayi pankidaattha mechappetta shuchithva soukaryamaayaanu, uthppaadippikkunna visarjjyam onnukil samskarikkukayum sittuvil nirveeryamaakkukayum cheiyunnu, thaalkkaalikamaayi sambharikkukayum thudarnnu shoonyamaakkukayum oof-saittilekk samskarikkukayum cheiyunnu, allengil malinajalam upayogichu azhukkuchaaliloode kondupookukayum pinneedu oof-saitt samskarikkukayum cheiyunnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, surakshithamaayi kaikaaryam cheiyunna shuchithvam oru adisthaana shuchithva sevanamaanu, koodaathe visarjjyam surakshithamaayi sittuvil nirthalaakkukayo allengil offsaittil kondupookukayum chikilsikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
mattu tharangal, ashayangal, samvidaanangal.
malinajala maanejment.
malinajalam shekharikkuka, malinajalam samskarikkuka (athu munisippal allengil vyaavasaayika malinajalam aakatte), samskaricha malinajalam neekkam cheyyuka allengil punarupayogikkuka ennivayaanu malinajalam kaikaaryam cheyyalil ulppedunnathu. randaamathethu jala veendedukkal ennum ariyappedunnu.
vikasita raajyangalile nagarapradeshangalile shuchithva samvidaanangalil saadhaaranayaayi guruthwaakarshanathiloode pravartthikkunna azhukkuchaalukalil malinajalam shekharikkunnathum nadikal, thadakangal allengil kadal ennividangalil punarupayogikkunnathino neekkam cheiyunnathino malinajalam samskarikkunna plaantukalil athu samskarikkunnathum ulppedunnu.
vikaswara rajyangalil mikka malinajalavum ippozhum samskarikkathe paristhithiyilekku puranthallappedunnu. kendreekritha azhukkuchaal samvidaanangalkkulla badalukalil oonsaitt shuchithvam, vikendreekritha malinajala samvidaanangal, malaa cheli maanejmentumaayi bandhippicha dry toylattukal enniva ulppedunnu.
kodunkaattu vellathinte ozhukk.
azhukkuchaalukal onnukil kodunkaattu azhukkuchaalukalumayi samyojippikkukayo avayil ninnu saanittari azhukkuchalukalaayi verthirikkukayo cheiyunnu. samyojitha azhukkuchaalukal saadhaaranayaayi madhya, pazhaya bhaagangalilo nagarapradeshangalilo kaanapedunnu. kanatha mazhayum aparyapthamaaya paripalanavum samyuktha azhukkuchaal ozhukunnathino shuchithva azhukkuchaal ozhukunnathino kaaranamakum.iii., kooduthalo kuravo nerppicha asamskritha malinajalam paristhithiyilekku puranthallunnu. vyavasaayangal palappozhum malinajalam munisippal azhukkuchaalukalilekku ozhukunnu, ithu vyavasaayangal avarude dischaarjukal munkootty samskarikkunnillenkil malinajalam samskarikkunnath sankeernamaakkum.
kharamaalinya nirmarjanam.
kharamaalinyangal neekkam cheiyunnathu saadhaaranayaayi landfillukalilaanu, ennaal kathikkal, recycling, composting, jaiva indhanangalilekku parivartthanam cheyyal ennivayum vazhikalaanu. landfillukalude kaaryatthil, vikasita raajyangalkk saadhaaranayaayi mukalile mannu upayogichu dainamdina moodunnathinu karsanamaaya protocolukal undu, avide avikasita rajyangal saadhaaranayaayi karshanamallatha protocolukale aasrayikkunnu. vekttar sanbarkkam kuraykkunnathilum rogakaarikalude vyaapanathilumaanu dainamdina kavarinte praadhaanyam. dainamdina cover durgandham puranthallunnathu kuraykkukayum kaattuveeshunna maalinyangal kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. athupole, vikasita raajyangalkk saadhaaranayaayi bhoogarbha jalathe malinamaakkunna (athinaal chila kudivella vitharanathe apakadatthilaakkunna) leachettinte kudiyettam kuraykkunnathinu kaliman tharam mannu upayogichu landfillinte paridhi adaykkendathundu.
kathikkaanulla oopshanukalkkaayi, chila visha gadakangal ulppedeyulla vaayu malineekaranavasthukkalude release oru prathikoola falamaanu. punarulppaadanavum jaiva indhana parivarthanavumaanu pothuve uyarnna jeevithachakra chelavukalulla susthira oopshanukal, prathyekichu motham paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangal pariganikkumbol. composting moolyam aathyanthikamayi compoost uthppannathinte vipani aavasyam kondu parimithappedutthum.
bhakshyasuraksha.
bhakshya vyavasaayathinullile shuchithvam ennaal pothujanaarogya praadhaanyamulla sookshumaanukkalude sasyakoshangale nasippikkunnathinum mattu abhikaamyamallaatha sookshumaanukkalude ennam ganyamaayi kuraykkunnathinum phalapradamaaya oru prakriyayiloode bhakshya sanbarkka prathalangale mathiyaya reethiyil chikilsikkuka, ennaal bhakshanatheyo upabhokthaavinte surakshayeyo prathikoolamaayi baadhikkaruth (yuu.ezz. phudu aandu drugg administration, coode oof federal regulations, 21cfr 110, usa). amerikkayile bhakshya vyavasaayangalkk shuchithva staanderd operating nadapadikramangal nirbandhamaanu. athupole, jappanil bhakshya shuchithva niyamam paalikkunnathiloode bhakshya shuchithvam kaivarikkendathundu.
bhakshya, biopharmaceutical vyavasayangalil, "saanittari upakaranangal" enna padatthinte ardham clean-inn-plays (sii. aii. pii), sterilisation-inn-plays (sip) nadapadikramangal upayogichu poornnamaayum vrithiyaakkaavunna upakaranangalaann athu cleaning laayanikalil ninnum mattu draavakangalil ninnum poornnamaayum neekkam cheyyaavunnathaanu. roopakalppanayil kuranjathu deadleg allengil vrithiyaakkunna samayat prakshubdhatha uthppanna nikshepangal neekkam cheyyaan paryaapthamallaatha pradeshangal undaayirikkanam. pothuve, shuchithvam mechappeduthunnathinaayi, eee upakaranam stainless steel 316ell (cheria alavil molybdinum adangiya oru aloy) upayogichaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. bacteriayude ottikkalinulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu uparithalam saadhaaranayaayi 0.50 micrometeril thaazhe phalapradamaaya uparithala parukkanayi vaidyutheekarikkappedunnu.
shuchithvathe prolsaahippikkuka.
pala saahacharyangalilum, shuchithva soukaryangal nalkunnathu maathram janangalude nalla aarogyam urappunalkunnilla. shuchithva sanbradaayangalude swaadheenam shuchithvavumaayi bandhapetta rogangalil yadhaartha shuchithva soukaryangalude vyavastha pole thanne valia swaadheenam cheluthunnuvennu padanangal soochippikkunnu. athinaal shuchithvathe prothsaahippikkunnath shuchithvathinte oru pradhana bhagamaanu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi nalla aarogyam nilanirthunnathil pradhaanamaan.
vellam, shuchithvam, shuchithvam (vaash) ennivayumaayi bandhapetta rogangal kuraykkunnathino thadayunnathino vendi aalukale pravartthikkaanum avarude perumaattam mattaanum praaptharaakkunnathinulla oru aasootritha sameepanamaan shuchithva pramoshan. saadhaaranayaayi vaash sevanangaludeyum athinte pravartthanavum paripalanavum ulppedeyulla adisthaana soukaryangaludeyum utharavaaditham ettedukkaan aalukale edapazhakunna oru pankaalittha sameepanam ithil ulppedunnu. shuchithvam prothsaahippikkunnathi moonnu pradhana gadakangal; vivarangalum arivum parasparam pankidal, durithabaadhitha samoohangalude samaharanam, avashyavasthukkalum soukaryangalum nalkal ennivayaanu.
paaristhithika vashangal.
soochika jeevikal.
paaristhithika saambilukal vishakalanam cheyyumbol, saambilinte malineekaranam parisodhikkaan vividha tharam soochaka jeevikal upayogikkunnu. baakteeriyal jala vishakalanathin saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna soochakangalil bacteria "escherichiya koolii" ("iii" ennu churukkatthil) ulppedunnu. koolii) "koodaathe nirddishtamallaatha malam colifomukal"."mannu, malinajalam, biosolidukal allengil dry toylattukalil ninnulla malavasthukkalude saambilukale sambandhichidatholam, helminth muttakal saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna soochakamaanu. helminth mutta vishakalanathiloode, saambilil ninnu muttakal verthirichedukkukayum athinusesham praayogikavum laabhakaramallathathumaaya muttakal thammil verthirichariyaan oru pravarthanakshamatha parisodhana nadathukayum cheiyunnu. saambilile helminth muttakalude praayogikamaaya bhagam pinneedu kanakkakkunnu.
aagola samvidaanangal.
susthira vikasana lakshyam nambar 6.
 2016ll susthira vikasana lakshyangal sahasraabda vikasana lakshyangalkk pakaramaayi. shuchithvam oru aagola vikasana mungananayaan, athil susthira vikasana lakshyam 6 (ezz. dii. jii 6) ulppedunnu. 2030 aakumbozhekkum "ellaavarkkum shudhajalavum shuchithvavum" ennathaanu lakshyam. 2015 vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram 660 dasalaksham aalukalkk ippozhum surakshithamaaya kudivellam labhyamalla.
2020leeii covid-19 mahamaric sesham, shudhajalathinum shuchithvathinumulla poraattam ennathekkaalum pradhaanamaan. kaii kazhukal corona vairasinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya prathirodha reethikalilonnaanu, ennirunnaalum anchil rund perkkum kaii kazhukal steshan illa.
2015 vareyulla sahasraabda vikasana lakshyam nambar 7.
2000ll newyorkkil nadanna sahasraabda uchakodiyilum 2002ll johannasburgil nadanna susthira vikasanathekurichulla loka uchakodiyilum ikyaraashtrasabha daaridrya nirmarjanavum susthira vikasanavum lakshyamit sahasraabda vikasana lakshyangal (emm. dii. jii. ezz) vikasippichu. 1990leeii adisthaana varshathil kudivellavum shuchithvavum labhikkatha aalukalude ennam pakuthiyaayi kuraykkuka ennathaayirunnu 2015leeii prathyeka shuchithva lakshyam. jeey. emm. pii. yum 2006leeii aikyaraashtrasabhayude vikasana paripadiyum (yuu. dii. pii) maanava vikasana report kaanikkunnath pole, emm. dii. jii. shuchithva lakshyam kaivarikkunnathil purogathi mandagathiyilaanu, lakshya vyapthiyum nilavile yaadhaarthyavum thammilulla valia vidavu. 2006 desemberil ikyaraashtra potusabha 2008neey "anthaaraashtra shuchithva varsham" aayi prakhyaapichu, emm. dii. jii. ezz shuchithva lakshyathilekkulla mandagathiyilulla purogathikku amgeekaaram nalki. avabodham valarthukayum lakshyam nedunnathinaayi kooduthal pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu eee varsham lakshyamittath.
eee vidavinu niravadhi kaaranangalund. pradhana praadhaanyam undaayirunnittum mattu vishayangalkk labhikkuna rashtreeya shradha apoorvamaayi maathrame nalkunnulloo ennathaanu pradhaanappettath. anthaaraashtra vikasana ajandayil shuchithvam uyarnnathalla, jalavitharana padhathikal polulla padhathikalkku oonnal nalkunnu.
jalavitharanathinum shuchithvathinumulla samyuktha nireekshana paripadi arcum unicefinum (jeey. emm. pii) deseeya, praadeshika, aagola thalangalil vividha tharatthilulla kudivella srothassukaludeyum shuchithva soukaryangaludeyum upayogathekkurichu oro rund varshathilum update cheytha esttimettukalude reportukal prasidheekarikkunnu. 2015leeii jeey. emm. pii report ingane prasthaavichu
shuchithvam prolsaahippikkunnathi samrambhangal.
2011ll bill & melinda gates foundeshan manushyamaalinyangal samskarikkunnathinulla surakshithavum kooduthal phalapradavumaaya marggangal prolsaahippikkunnathi "toylet chalanchu punarnirmmikkuka" aarambhichu. aagola shuchithva vidavu nikathaan sahayikkunna saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkukayaan paripadi lakshyamidunnathu (udaaharanathinu oomni prosessor allengil malam cheli kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla saankethikavidya). 2015ll bill & melinda gates foundeshan avarude "vellam, shuchithvam, shuchithva thanthram portfolio update, avalokanam" "shuchithvathinaayulla kettida aavasyam" enniva prasidheekarichu.
nilavil pareekshana ghattathilulla pothujanaarogya shuchithva mekhalayile ettavum puthiya kandupiduthangalil ulppedunnu-'praadeshikamaayi uthppaadippikkunna alcohol adhishtitha hand rubb'; 'puthiya shauchaalaya mechappeduthal'; 'container adhishtitha shuchithvam'. american aikyanaadukalile deseeya pothujanaarogya ejansiyaaya sentezhs phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention (cdc) eee moonnu samrambhangale amgeekarichu.
sheshi vikasanam.
shuchithva mekhalayil purogathi kaivarikkunnathinulla oru pradhana samvidaanamaayi sheshi vikasanam kanakkaakkappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, 2015 muthal 2022 vare bill & melinda gates foundeshante dhanasahaayathode "vikendreekritha shuchithva pariharangal aasoothranam cheiyunnathinum nadappilaakkunnathinumalla pattanangaludeyum nagarangaludeyum sheshi pinthunaykkunnathinum kettippadukkunnathinum" roopakalppana cheythathaanu indiayil shuchithva sheshi vardhippikkal plaattphom (ezz. sii. bii. pii). eee padhathiyude phalangal kaanikkunnath joliyilum oru patana samghadanayude samskaarathilum sheshi vikasanam ettavum mikachathaanennu. oru sarkkar sheshi vikasana samrambhathil, sheshi vikasana inputt prograamilekkum adisthaana soukarya ulppaadanangalilekkum vivarthanam cheiyunnathinu oru prapthamaakkunna nayavum prograam funting undaayirikkendathu nirnaayakamaan. jeevanakkareyum sthaapanangaleyum shaaktheekarikkuka, oru patana thanthram vikasippikkuka, patana ulladakkavum pariseelana modyoolukalum vikasippikkuka, athupole thanne pankaalitthavum patana sthaapanangalum shakthippeduthuka ennivayaanu sheshi vikasanam lakshyamidunnathu. sheshi vikasana falaprapti ladder framework (sii. dii. ell) sheshi vikasana edapedalukalkulla anchu nirnaayaka gattangal thirichariyunnu yadhaartha patana ulladakkam vikasippikkuka, padanatthinum prachaaranathinumulla pankaalittham, patana thanthram, kaazhchappaad maattam, pariharangal roopakalppana cheyyuka, sheshi vikasana vyavaharathinulla sambhavana.
chelavukal.
aafrikkayileyum eshyayileyum vikaswara nagarangalile samboornna shuchithva shringhala samvidaanangalude jeevithachakra chelavukal thaarathamyam cheiyunnathinaayi 2018 ll oru patanam nadatthi. septik taankukal, vaayusanjaaramulla mechappetta pitt shouchaalayangal (vipi), moothram vazhithirichuvidunna dry toylattukal, pore-flush pitt shouchaalayangal enniva ulppedunna shuchithva samvidaanangal, chelavu anusarichu, parambaraagatha azhukkuchaal samvidaanangalaanu mikka kesukalilum ettavum chelaveria shuchithva oopshanukalennu kandethi. nagara shuchithvathinte saambathika chelavukalude pradhana nirnnayaka gadakangalil iva ulppedunnu saankethikavidyayude tharam, thozhil, metteeriyal, yoottility chelavu, saandrata, bhooprakrithi, shuchithva samvidaanam nalkunna sevana nilavaaram, manninte avastha, oorjja chelavu ennivayum mattullavayum (malinajala samskarana soukaryathilekkulla dooram, kaalavastha, samskarana uthppannangalude anthima upayogam, bisinesses modalukal, jalathalathinte uyaram).
chila thaazhethattil pravartthikkunna samghadanakal samoohathinte niyanthranatthilulla shauchaalaya blokkukal pareekshichu, avayude nirmmanavum paripaalanachelavum kudumbangalkk vahikkaan kazhiyum. mumbai anoupachaarika vaasasthalangalekkurichula oru padanatthil, muthirnnavarkk 1.58 dollar nirmmaanathinu mathiyaakumennum, oru kudumbatthinu prathimasam 1 dollaril thaazhe maathram attakuttappanikalkk mathiyaakumennum kandethi.
charithram.
nadikaludeyo prakrithidatha neeruravakaludeyo sameepathulla shudha uparithala jalam dhaaraalamaayi ulla sthalangalil maathrame pradhana manushya vaasasthalangalkku thudakkathil vikasikkaan kazhiyoo. charithrathiludaneelam aalukal avarude samoohangalilekkum veedukalilekkum vellam athikkunnathinum malinajalam neekkam cheiyunnathinum (pinneedu samskarikkunnathinum) samvidaanangal aavishkarichittundu. akkaalat malinajala samskaranathinte shradha asamskritha malinajalam oru swaabhaavika jalasambharaniyilekku athikkunnathilaayirunnu.jii. oru nadeo samudramo, athu layippikkukayum illaathaavukayum cheiyunna oru nadhi.
eshyayile indus thaazhvara samskaarathile shuchithvam venkalayugathile (3300-1300 bce) pothu jalavitharanathinteyum shuchithvathinteyum oru udaaharanamaanu. purathana romile shuchithvam valare vipulamaayirunnu. eee samvidaanangalil janavasameriya pradeshangalil ninnu malinajalam shekharikkunnathinum neekkam cheiyunnathinumulla kallum thadiyum kondulla azhukkuchaalukal ulppedunnu-udaaharanathinu romile tibber nadiyilekku cloca maxima kaanuka. purathana romile aadyathe azhukkuchaalukal bii. sii. iii. 800num 735num idayilaanu nirmmichathu.
samoohavum samskaaravum.
shuchithva mekhalayil ulppettirikkunna dhaaraalam thozhilukalundu, udaaharanathinu saankethikavum pravarthanaparavumaaya vashath shuchithva thozhilaallikal, maalinya shekharanakkaar, saanittari enchineeyarmaar.

