
saamuval visilius

dutch eest india kambani (vooku) thakarkkunnathilum keppinekkurichulla charchakalilum earppettirunna oru vijayakaramaya dutch abhibhashakanum pramukha desasnehi janaadhipathyavaadiyumaayirunnu naitt visilius (4 februvari 1769-15 meyy 1845) saamuval iperoosan. shaasthreeya prameyangalil naadakangal ezhuthikkondu thante kaalam avasaanippikkunna rashtreeya kazhchappadukalulla oru haasyavum voltairian manobhaavavumaayirunnu visilius. battaaviyan republicinte kaalathe mikkavarum ellah pradhana kalikkarumaayum visilius kathidapaadukal nadathiyirunnu, shradhaapoorvvam sookshikkukayum vrithiyaayi ezhuthukayum cheytha kathidapaadukalillaathe aaa kaalayalav poornnamaayum arian kazhiyilla. kaviyum charitrakaaranum police suuprandum koodiyaayirunnu addeham.
jeevitam.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1787 meyy maasathil kenalaayi sthaanakkayattam labhicha oru desasnehi sivik gaardile captanumaaya enna vyaapaariyaaya ipparas visiliyasinte eaka makanaaya amsterdaamilaanu saamuval janichathu. orupakshe nagara madhyathile ettavum pazhaya sthalamaaya newesijds kolkkilaanu addeham valarnnathu. saamuval eadheniyam illastreyil niyamavum klaasikkukalum padichu. 1786ll addeham frankerilekk yaatra cheyyukayum 1650ll praadeshika sainyathe pirichuvidunnathinekkuru thante lekhanam praadeshika sarvakalaashaalayile purogamana professormaaraaya johann valcanorinum theodorus vaan kootanum kaanikkukayum cheythu. lekhanam illaathaayengilum 1795nuu sesham raajyathinte bhaviyil moovarum pradhana punk vahichappol sauhrudam nilaninnu.
saamuvalin oru puthiya prabandham ezhuthukayum 1790-ll lidenil ninnu doktarettu nedukayum cheyyendivannu. addeham udan thanne holland kaunsilil abhibhashakanaayi, athu oru kodathi oof loow aayum sevanamanushtichu. 1791-ll freemasonariyumaayulla pranayamaaya lidenil "ell infanteri dess sink sabrez" ("anchu saabrukalude kaalaalppada") enna saahodaryathinte sthaapakanaayirunnu visilius. (aaa varsham thante kallukondu prachodanam ulkkonda oopparayaaya "dhii majik fluit" ennathiloode mosart valia vijayam nediyirunnu). norderkerkinu kuruke prinsengraachilulla oru veettile aamstardaamilekk visilius kudumbathodoppam thamasam maari. 1793ll kalvarstraattil "doctrina ettu amisishya" enna samoohathinaayi moonnu prabhashanangal nadatthi. franch viplavam oru samoolamaaya puthiya thudakkathinte soochana nalkunnuvennu visilius prakhyaapichu. bhoothakaalatthinte kanatha bharam shradhikkenda aavasyamillennum ennaal bhaavi vikasanatheyum purogathiyeyum adisthaanamaakkiyumenathirum addeham vaadichu.
baattaaviyan republic.
1794 novemberil franch sainyam raine, miyus nadikale sameepichappol, deshasnehikal oru viplavathinum aayudangal sambharikkunnathinum thayyaredukkaan thudangi. olivil kazhiyunna sthalam kandethukayum jacobus vaan staaforstinum cornellis rudolphus theodorus crainhoffin pidichedukkappedaathirin nagaram videndi varikayum cheythu. kalvarstraattile sosaitti police adachupoottukayum presidentaaya visilius athinte amgangalkku sandesham ariyikkukayum cheythu. 1795 januvariyil visilius, nicolas vaan staaforst ennivar tounhaal kaivashappedutthiya viplava samithiyude bhaagamaayirunnu. daam squareile aduthulla tounhaalil sitti sarkkaarin munnil visilius nilkkukayum avarkk raajivaykkenda samayam athikramichuvennu parayukayum cheythu. pittennu raavile, puthiya nethaakkal adhikam thirakkillathe akathekku neengukayum rutter jaann shimmalpenninkine avarude presidentaayi vottu cheyyukayum cheythu. stadholder vilyam vii englandilekkulla heginaduthulla beechil ninnu boatil rakshapettu; aalapayamonnum undaayilla, ithu velvett viplavam ennariyappedunnu.
piyattar polasinoppam, kooduthal sakthamaaya kendra neethrthwamulla oru puthiya kramatthe visilius vaadichu. durbalav, yojichathum, pala ardhathilum upayogashoonyavumaaya udambadi mikkavarum dainamdina lamghanamaayirunnu" () enna thante kazhchappadil utrekttinte aikyathilninn addeham vyakthamaayi akalam paalichu. kazhinja irunooru varshamaayi pravishya samsthaanangal (pravishyakalile ettavum uyarnna adhikaarikal) kaivashappeduthiyirunna vishalamaaya adikaarangal kevalam purohita sthaapanangalaayi churukkendathaayirunnu.
1796-ll eest-indees vyapara, swathukkal () sambandhicha samithiyile irupathiyettu amgangalil oralaayi addeham niyamithanaayi, vaibo fijjeyumaayi rund varshathinu sesham addeham vazhakkittu. purathana bharanathinte adhikaarathinte pratheekamaaya papparaaya vokkine kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla oru maargam kammittikk konduvarendivannu. dutch eest india kambani desasaalkkarikkappedukayum middleberg, delpht, enkhooyisen, hoonn ennividangalile outtar chembarukal ennu vilikkappedunnava adachupoottukayum athinte micha jeevanakkaare pirichuvidukayum cheythu. 1798-ll unitaristukalaaya visilius, voonn laibeher, vaibo fijnje, kvint ondaattje ennivar dendelsinte attimari padhathikalil earppettu. duchukaarkku ganyamaaya saambathika prathiphalam labhikkukayaanenkil franch ambasseder chaals delacroics sahayikkaan thayyarayirunnu. 1801-ll, visilius muun dutch eest india kambani-administratoraaya gillelmes titsingine parihasichukondu oru laghulekha ezhuthi. thalphalamaayi, eshyan swathukkaludeyum sthaapanangaludeyum kaunsilile onpathu amgangalil oralaayi visilius veendum niyamikkapettilla. prakopithanaaya oru jnjaaniyaaya thante muun sahapravarthakar thettaaya nadathippaanennu aaropichu. maltaduliyude munnodiyaaya dirk vaan hogendorpinode visiliasinu kooduthal bahumanamundaayirunnu. 1807-ll aavashyamaaya maattangalkkaayi thayyaaredukkunnathinaayi herman villem daidalukale battaaviyayilekk ayachu.
holland raajyam.
luis bonapartine netherlandsile rajaavaayi niyamichathinethire 1806ll sakthamaaya prathishedhangal uyarnnu. "misttar bonapart" ()-nuu avarude sevanangal nalkaan visammathichavaril visilius ulppedunnu. oru tasthikayum illaathe avasheshicha visilius ippol thante swakaarya thaalpparyangalkkayi svayam samarppichu purathana greasinteyum aamstardaam nagaratthinteyum charithram, vechttinte athirthiyilulla thante naadan bhavanathil thamasikkunna naadakangalum kavithakalum ezhuthuka.
pinneedu visilius 1275-leeii charter prasidheekarikkendathaayinu. myoosiyamaayi maaranirunna takarnna charitraparamaaya kottayaaya muderslottinte attakuttappanikalilum addeham earppettirunnu.
baattaaviyan janathayodulla oru appeel" enna thalakkettil samoolamaaya laghulekha ezhuthiyathu maria alatta hulshoff allah, visilius aanennu valarekkaalamaayi abhipraayappettirunnu. walkener avale prathirodhichu, radical halshofine englandilekku rakshappedaan visilius sahayichu. 1811-ll, adutha varsham, avar newyorkkilekku thamasam maari.
netherlands raajyam.
1814-ll, battaaviyayil oru sthaanam sweekarikkaan visammathichathinethudarn visilius aamstardaam poleesinte director niyamithanaayi. bhaarya marichappol makkalodoppam thamasikkaan addeham eshtappettu. 1817-ll villem bilderdijikkinte pingamiyaayi royal instittyoott oof sayansasinte (knii) sekrattariyaayi visilius niyamithanaayi. 1815 muthal addeham royal instittyoottil amgamaayirunnu. 1824 augustil visilius aduthide vaadakaykku edutha veettil, jootha ayalpakkathe oru prashasthamaaya kanaalil, luis bonapartalla (newe herengrach 99 leeii addehathinte veedinekkurichulla deerghakaala aithihyamaayi athu undaayirikkum), marichu sthaanabhrashtanum naadukadatthappettathumaaya sweeden rajaavaaya gustav IV aanu sandarshichathu. 1810ll swittsarlandil aarambhicha oru puthiya, punarujjeevanavaada matha prasthaanamaaya "hettu rivel" nekkurichu iruvarum charcha cheythu. paarkkile kazhchayum anchu valia sthirachithrangalumulla thante veettile ettavum valia murii visilius addehathinu kaanichukodutthu jaann veeniksinte vettayaadal ramgangal. eathaanum varshangalkk munbu gustav basalile durgandhamulla birsigil thante melkoora upekshichu.
sthiramaaya paintingukal valare fasionable romaantik kaalaghattatthil vilamathikkappedunnathumaayu. hendrick gray, isak dii pintoo thudangiya sambannarum prashastharumaaya kalaapremikal eee kettidatthe ellaayppozhum ishtappettirunnu. 1923-ll, californian theerathe thante kaasil estettinaayi vasthukkal thedi europiloode sanjarichirunna maadyama vyavasayi vilyam randolf haarstinu pavapetta sthreekalude utharavanusarichu eee paintingukal oru swakaarya krameekaranatthil vittu. eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi paintingukal chitharikkidakkunnu; avayil randennam newyorkkile carlile hotelilaanu, avide haarst kurachukaalam thaamasichirunnu, onnu edinburghilaanu, onnu 1953 muthal alan memorial art myoosiyathilund, oru painting nashtappettathayi thonnunnu.
1835-ll herenmark squareilum jordan ayalpakkathum veettudamakal samghadippicha nikuthi kalapangal niyanthrikkunnathil police medhavi enna nilayil visilius earppettirunnu. pinneedu, bhakshanam kazhicha sesham kaserakalil irunnukondu adhehavum sitti mayer kadutha vimarsanathinu vidheyaraayi. visilius nerittu pankedutthirunnilleng pakaram oru kammeeshanare ayachirunnu. 1840ll visilius raajivachenkilum kurachu varshangal koodi naise littarechar divisionte sekrattariyaayi sthaanam nilanirtthi.
sweekaranam.
addehathinte maranashesham addehathinte marumakan pii. oru vaidyan ezhuthukaaranumaaya vaan limberg brower chila nirnaayaka vishadaamshangalode oru mangiya jeevacharitram ezhuthi. stettsmaan jeey.aarr. 1860ll prasidheekaricha thante ("charitra rekhaachitrangal") thante aathmakathaakaaraneyum addehathinte vishayatheyum addehathinte poornnamaaya padaprayogatheyum thorbecke vimarshichu. chila ezhuthukaar visiliyasine shaktan moorchayullavanum oorjjaswalan allengil amithamaya kazhivullavanumayi kanakkakkunnu. saimon skaamaykk orikkalum visiliasineyum desasnehiyaaya saahodaryatheyum kurichu nalla abhipraayamilla, avare ardha-budhijeevikal maathramaanennum visilius thanne oru cheria vyakthiyayum, oru jacobin, oru vimathan, amithamaayi uchathil, nirashaavaadi droying room liberal, yadhaartha prasnangal ozhivaakkukayum raashtreeyathe oru kayperiya manushyanaayi upekshikkukayum cheythu.

