
greasinte bhoomishaasthram

europian, aafrikkan tectonic plettukal thammilulla junctionil sthithi cheiyunnathinaal greasinte bhoomishaasthram gadanaaparamaayi valare sankeernamaanu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya charithram, strattigraphy & tectonics.
greasile ettavum pazhakkam chenna paarakalil chilath paleosoicil ninnullavayaan, avaa saadhaaranayaayi fosilukalillaathe roopaantharappedunnu. rhodop pindam vadakkan pradhana bhoopradeshathu vyaapichukidakkunnu, avaa amphibolite shist, gneese enningane vibhajikkappettirikkunnu, oligozene, mayoseen kaalaghattangalil ninnulla thaarathamyena sameepakaala graanait nuzhanjukayatangal. stremonas nadiyude padinjaaru serbo-macedonian massif aanu, ithu chokkidiki upadveepine kattiyulla marble gneese upayogichu graanait nuzhanjukayattathode moodunnu. 
alpine chakram.
alpine saikkil sedimentari parakal rhodop maasifilum serbo-macedonian maasifilum europian ulnaadukalkkum aafrikkan plettinte vadakkan muun mekhalaykkum idayilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. baahyamekhalakalil paxi mekhala ulppedunnu, ionian kadalile dveepukale ulkkollunna jurassic, cretatius-mayoseen maarl, jipsum ennivayil ninnulla dolomitised chunnaambukallu. ionian mekhala padinjaaran greasinte bhooribhaagavum vyaapichukidakkunnu, triasik baashpeekaranangal jurassic nerittik chunnaambukallukalaal moodappettirikkunnu. tortian kaalaghattatthil, extensive block folting ionian thadatthe verthirichu. eosene alpine oorojeni samayat ekstenshanal folttukal veendum sajeevamaayi. ionian mekhala prepulian mekhalaykku mukaliloode padinjarottu thallappedukayum molas faceukalaal moodappedukayum cheiyunnu.
gavrovo-tripolis mekhala kreett, dodecanese dveepukal, padinjaaran pradhana bhoopradesam ennivayude bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnu. eosene, oligozene flaishchukalil varanda samayathe boxiteukal soochippikkunnu, pazhaya kaarbanettukalkk mukaliloode ithu kramarahithamayi pathikkunnu. mekhalayile peloponnesus, kreett pradeshangal plaattankaakk yoonittine amithamaayi vishwasikkunnu. naalu kilometer sthaanachalanamulla saadhaarana thakaraarukal asaadhaaranamallengilum madakkal parimithamaanu-oligoseenil tectonic pravartthanam uyarnnu.
koodaathe, olonos-pindus mekhala montenegro muthal roads vare vyaapichukidakkunnu, ithu klaastik triasic manalkallum drimos chunnaambukallum ulla aazhathilulla alochan trafaanu.
aantharika mekhalakal.
serbo-macedonian pindatthinum baahya mekhalakalkkumidayilulla aantharika mekhalakal
axios mekhala.
vardar soonn ennum ariyappedunna axios soonn axios samudrathinte adavine prathinidheekarikkukayum pelagonian mekhalaye serbo-macedonian maasifil ninnu verthirikkukayum cheiyunnu. paleosoic, mesosoic offioliteukalil ninnulla klaastik avashishtangalum avashishtangalum saadhaaranamaanu. jiyolajistukal ithine pionias subsonile kaalk-skisttukal, graanait, diabase, chert, ophiyolaitt, triasik-jurassic paikkon subsonile (oru pazhaya dweep chapam) acidity agniparvvatha paarakalum chunnaambukallum enningane vibhajichirikkunnu. vadakkukizhakkan pelagonian mekhalayude athirthiyilulla almopias subsonile silicified offioliteukal oru pazhaya samudra kuzhiye prathinidheekarikkunnu.
senosoic (66 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu-innuvare).
alpine chakram puranthallappettathinum nikshepicha niyojen avashishtam vyaapakamaayi. mesohelin truff, epirus-arcania thadam, cycladic thadam ennivayellaam aadyakaala mayoseen kaalaghattatthile molas thadangalude udaaharanangalaan. ionian dveepukalude thadam prepulian mekhalayude bhagamaanu, koodaathe mayoseen avasaanathil pleosenilekkulla avashishtangalil maathrame thadassamundaayirikkoo. mattu neojeen thadangalile mikka avashishtangalum samudramaanu, ennaal ejiyan dveepukalude thadam bhookhanda avashishtangalaal niranjirikkunnu. 
burdigalian, langian kaalaghattangalil molas thadangal nirayumbol, pindus cordillerayude uyarcha naapp roopeekaranangal cycladeukalude roopaanthara paarakalilekku vazhuthiveezhaan kaaranamaayi. tortonian mekhalayil, arck odivukal kreettan thadatthinte thakarchaykku kaaranamaayi. ulnaadan thadangal bhookhandathile kalimannile ethansinu vadakkulla pickermi saitt polulla niravadhi sastani fossilukal samrakshichu.
ejiyan agniparvvatha pravartthanangal neojeen, kwaattenari ennivayil aarambhichu. padinjaaran thrays, limnos, samothres ennividangalile agniparvvathangal rhodop maasifinte arikilaanu, athesamayam ejiyan agniparvvatha chapam menderes massif, attikko-cycladic massif ennivayude athirthiyilaanu. holocenil niyojen saantorini agniparvvathangal pottitherichu myseen naagarikathaye nashippichu. akathe thadaakangalil chathuppunilatthil ninnulla kattiyulla thadaakathada avashishtangal adangiyirikkunnu, ithu thanutha marubhumiyum eerppamulla antharhimaanangalum thammilulla aandolanathe soochippikkunnu. travertine neeruravakal palappozhum ettavum puthiya phoosil asamblekal samrakshikkunnu. karinkodinaduthulla uppuvellam madhya plistoseen kaalath aakramichu, ennirunnaalum mikkappozhum, himayugathil ejiyan dveepukalum jalamekhalayum eerppathil maattam varuthiyilla.
prakrithi vibhavangalude bhoomishaasthram.
hydrocarbonukal.
sakintos dveepinte thekke attathulla limin keriyil oru bittumen kinner herodotus thiricharinju. 1938ll kadaltheera enna paryavekshanam aarambikkukayum 1970ll kadaltheerathekku neengukayum cheythu. mayoseen paarakalkk keezhil prinsos anticline kadaltheerathu enna adangiyirikkunnathaayi kandethi. 

