
sikh matham

sikhi (,, ninnu), allengil sikh dharmam ennum ariyappedunna sikhisam (), pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathode indian upabhookhandathile panchab mekhalayil uthbhavicha oru dharma mathavum thathwashaasthravumaanu. aduthide sthaapithamaaya pradhana mathavibhagangalilonnaaya ithu ekadesham aii. dii. 1> dasalaksham anuyayikalumaayi (sikhukal ennariyappedunnu) lokamembaadumulla anchaamathe valia mathavibhagamaanu.
vishwaasathinte aadya guruvaayirunna guru naanakkinteyum (aii. dii. 1) addehathinte pingamikalaaya onpathu sikh gurukkanmaarudeyum athmeeya padippikkalukalil ninnaan sikh matham vikasichathu. pathaamatthe guru gobind singh (1666-1708), sikh grandhamaaya guru granth saahibine thante pingamiyaayi namakaranam cheythu, manushya gurukkalude varii avasanippikkukayum 11-aamatheyum avasaanatheyum nithyajeevanulla guruvaayi eee grandhatthe sthaapikkukayum cheythu. sathyam, vishwasthatha, aathmaniyanthranam, vishudhi" ennivayude "sajeeva sargaathmakavum praayogikavumaaya jeevitam" nayikkunnath adhibhouthika sathyathin mukalilaanennum aadarsha manushyan "daivavumaayi aikyam sthaapikkukayum thante ishtam ariyukayum aaa ishtam nadappilaakkukayum cheiyunnu" ennum guru nanak padippichu. aaraamathe sikh guruvaayirunna guru hargobind (1606-1644), "miri" ('rashtreeya'/'laukika'), "piri" ('athmeeya') ennee mekhalakalude paraspara sahavarthithvamenna ashayam sthaapichu.
sikh vedagrandham aarambhikkunnath "ikku oonkar" () ennathinekkurichulla adisthaana praarthanayaaya "mull manthar" allengil "mool manthar" () ennu mattaayi ucharikkunnathiloodeyaanu. guru grandha saahibil paranjirikkunna sikh mathatthinte adisthaana vishwaasangalil, oru srashtaavinte peril vishwaasavum dhyanavum ulppedunnu; ellah manushyavargathinteyum divya aikyavum samathvavum; 'sewa' yill ('niswaartha sevanam') earppeduka; ellaavarudeyum nettatthinum samriddhikkum vendi neethikkaayi parisramikkuka; oru gruhasthante jeevitam nayikkumbol sathyasandhamaya perumattavum upajeevanamargavum. eee maanadandam pinthudarnnu, eathenkilum prathyeka mathapaarambaryathinu samboornna sathyathil kuthakayundenna avakaashavaadangal sikh matham nirasikkunnu. keerthanatthiloodeyo allengil aantharikamaayi naam japnayiloodeyo ('addehathinte naamatthil dhyanam') daivathinte saannidhyam anubhavikkanulla maargamaayi prakadippikkaan kazhiyunna 'simran' (dhyanavum gurukkanmaarude padippikkalukalude oormmappeduthalum) enna padatthinu sikh matham oonnal nalkunnu. anchu kallanmaare" parivartthanam cheyyaan ithu anuyaayikale padippikkunnu (athaayath.iii. kaamam, kopam, athyagraham, aduppam, ahankaaram).
mathaparamaya peedanangalude kaalaghattatthil matham vikasikkukayum parinamikkukayum cheythu, hindu mathathil ninnum islaamil ninnum parivartthanam cheyyappettu. indiayile mugal bharanadhikaarikal rund sikh gurukkanmaraya guru arjan (1563-1605), guru tej bahadur (1621-1675) ennivare islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan visammathichathinethudarn peedippikkukayum vadikkukayum cheythu.
sikhukaare peedippichathu 1699ll guru gobind singh manassakshiyudeyum mathathinteyum swaathanthryam samrakshikkunnathinulla oru utharavaayi "khalsa" sthaapikkaan kaaranamaayi, amgangal "santh-sipahi" ('vishudha-sainikan') yude gunangal prakadippichu.
padavali.
innathe paakkisthaanilum utharenthyayilum charitraparamaayi upayogikkunna landa lipikalil ninnu guru angad staanderd cheytha "gurmukhi" aksharamaalayilaan bhooribhaagam sikh vedagrandhangalum ezhuthiyathu. sikh mathathe pinthudarunnavare 'vidyaarthikal' allengil guruvinte 'shishyanmar' ennartham varunna 'sikhukal' ennaanu vilikkunnathu. padikkaanulla" enna vakkil veroonniya "padanatthinte thaalkkaalika paatha" yeei soochippikkunna panchabi kriyayaya "sikhi" yill ninnaan "sikhisam" enna engleesh vaakk uruthirinjathu.
thathwashaasthravum padippikkalukalum.
budhamatham, hindu matham, jainamatham ennivaykkoppam sikh mathathe oru indian matham allengil dharma mathamaayi tharamthirickunnu.
guru naanakkinteyum addehathinte pingaamikaludeyum padippikkalukalilaanu sikh mathatthinte adisthaanam. athmeeya vikasanavum dainamdina dhaarmika perumattavum thammilulla samanvayathinu sikh dhaarmikatha oonnal nalkunnu. athinte sthaapaka guru nanak eee kaazhchappaad ingane sangrahichu "sathyamaan ettavum uyarnna sadgunamenkilum sathyasandhamaya jeevithamaan kooduthal uyarnnathu."sikh matham oonnal nalkunnathu" "eaku noor thee sub jug upjia" "ennathinaanu, oru prakaashatthil ninnu, prapancham muzhuvan uyarnnu.'
padippikkalukal.
ikku oonkar enna padam soochippikkunna oru saarvathrika daivathilulla vishwaasathe pinthunaykkunna ekadaivavaadavum sarvashakthavumaaya mathamaan sikh matham. sikh mathathil, daivathekkurichulla mothatthilulla ashayam "vaheeguru" ('athbhuthakaramaaya guru') "nirankar" ('aakruthiyillaathavan'), "aakal" ('kaalaatheethan'), "kartha purakh" ('srashtaavu'), "aagam munchar" ('manassilakkaan kazhiyaathavanum adrishyanum') enningane kanakkaakkappedunnu.
aksharaarthatthil, sikh mathathil daivathinu lingabhedamilla, ennirunnaalum roopakamaayi, daivathe pullingamaayum daivathinte sakthiye sthreelingamaayum avatharippikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, pathaamatthe guru gobind singh jii daivathe aavarthichu "akaal purkh" ('samayathinum sthalathinum atheethan'), "nirankar" ('roopamillaathavan') ennee perukalil paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal addeham daivathe thante pithavaayum daivathinte srishtiparamaaya sakthiye ammayayum paraamarsikkunnu. athupole, mattoru udaaharanam, vedagrandhavum nithyaguruvumaaya guru grandh sahib parayunnath ellah manushyarum bharthaavaaya karthaavumaayi onnikkaan aagrahikkunna athma-varggakkaaraanennu. koodaathe, divyadevan jeevan srishticha niravadhi lokangalundennum guru grandha saahibil gurukkanmar ezhuthiyittundu.
sikh paarambaryatthil daivathinte ekadaivamaaya ekathvam ennu manassilaakkappedunna 'roopamillaathavan' aaya 'ikku oonkar' (иичонар) enna daivathil ninnaan sikh thiruvezhuthu aarambhikkunnath. "ikku oonkar" (chilappol mooladhanam) kooduthal ayanja reethiyil vivarthanam cheyyappedunnathu 'oru paramonnatha yaadhaarthyam', 'oru srashtaavu', 'sarvvyaapiyaaya aathmaav', daivathinteyum srishtiyudeyum parakke ennaal ekeekrithavum ekathvavumaaya bodham prakadippikkunnathinula mattu vazhikal ennivayaanu.
parambaraagatha "mull manthar" "ikku oonkar" muthal "guru grandh saahibinte" aadya variyaya "nanak hossie bhee sachu" vareyum thudarnnulla oro "raagathilum" ikku oonkar "paraamarsikkunnu
laukikamaaya midhyaadhaarana.
"thaalkkaalika midhyaabodham allengil "yaadhaarthyam" ennu nirvachikkappedunna "maaya" ennathu daivathinteyum rakshayudeyum anweshanathil ninnulla pradhana vyathiyaanangalilonnaan laukika akarshanangal daivabhakthiyude prakriyayil ninnu vyathichalippikkunna mithya thaalkkaalika samthrupthiyum vedana maathrame nalkunnulloo. ennirunnaalum, maaya lokathinte yaadhaarthyathekkurichu paraamarshamalla, marichu athinte moolyangalekkurichaanu ennu nanak oonnipparanju. sikh mathathil, "panchu chore" ('anchu kallanmaar') ennariyappedunna ahankaaram, kopam, athyagraham, asakti, kaamam ennivayude swaadheenangal prathyekichum shradha vyathichalippikkunnathum vedanippikkunnathumaayane vishwasikkappedunnu. maayayodulla snehavum aduppavum lokathe vazhithettikkunnathinaal lokam ippol 'kaali yuga' ('iruttinte yugam') avasthayilaanennu sikhukaar vishwasikkunnu. anchu kallanmaarkk irayaakunna aalukalude vidhi daivathil ninnulla verpiriyalaanu, theevravum ashraanthavumaaya bhakthikkusesham maathrame sahacharyam pariharikkan kazhiyoo.
kaalatheethamaaya sathyam.
guru naanakkinte abhipraayathil, manushyajeevithathinte paramonnatha lakshyam "akkal" ('kaalaatheethan') ennathumaayi veendum bandhippikkuka ennathaanu. ennirunnaalum, eee bandham undakkunnathil ettavum valia thadassam ahankaaramaanu. guruvinte padippikkal "naam" (karthaavinte divyanamam) enna oormmappeduthal upayogikkunnathu ahankaarathinte avasaanathilekku nayikkunnu. arivinte uravidavum mokshathilekkulla maargganirddeshavumaaya 'aathmaavinte' shabdam ardhamaakkunnathinu guru nanak 'guru' ('guru') enna vaakk nirddeshichu. ikku oonkar" saarvathrikamaayi shaashwathamaayathinaal, "guru" ennathu "akkalil" ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhiyaathathum onnuthanneyaanu. oraal "guru" maayi bandhappedunnathu sathyathinte niswaarthamaaya anweshanathinte shekharanathiloode maathramaan. aathyanthikamayi, shareerathinullile bodhamaanu yadhaartha "guru" enna vaakkinte anweshakan/anuyayi ennu anweshakan manassilakkunnu. manushyashareeram sathyavumayulla punarekeekaranatthinulla oru maarggam maathramaan. oru vyakthiyude hridayathil sathyam thilangaan thudangiyaal, ellah mathangaludeyum nilavilullathum kazhinjathumaaya vishudha grandhangalude saaramsham aaa vyakthikk manassilakum.
mochanam.
guru naanakkinte padippikkalukal swarggathinteyo narakatthinteyo anthima lakshyasthanathalla, marichu mokshathinu kaaranamakunna "akkalumaayulla" athmeeya ikyathilaanu, allengil "jeevan mukti" (oraalude jeevithakaalathinullil prabudhatha/vimochanam), hindumathathilum kaanapedunna oru aashayamaanu. manushyante jananam valia bhaagyathodeyaanu undaakunnathenn guru gobind singh vyakthamaakkunnu, athinaal oraalkk eee jeevitam paramavadhi prayojanappedutthaan kazhiyanam.
budhamatham, hindu matham, jainamatham ennivayil kaanapedunna punarjanmavum karmma ashayangalum sikhukaar sweekarikkunnundengkum mattu mathangalil kaanappedunnathin samanamaaya oru metaafisikkal soteriology anumaanikkendathilla. ennirunnaalum, sikh mathathil, karmavum vimochanavum "daivakripa enna aashayathal" ("nather, meher, kirpa, karam" muthalaayava) parishkarikkappedunnu.). guru nanak prasthaavikkunnath "karmmam moolamaanu shareeram janikkunnath, ennaal kripayiloodeyaanu moksham labhikkunnath."daivavumaayi kooduthal adukkaan, sikhukaara" "maaya" "yude thinmakal ozhivaakkuka; nithya sathyam manassil vaykkuka;" "shahbad keerthanam" "(sthuthigeethangalude sangeetha paarayanam) pariseelikkuka;" "naam" "dhyanikkuka; manushyarashi sevikkuka". satsanga" ("sath", "sathyam", aalukalumayi) allengil "sath sangath" ennivayumaayi sahavasikkunnath punarjanma chakrangalil ninnu mochanam nedunnathinulla pradhana maargangalilonnaanennu sikhukaar vishwasikkunnu.
shakthiyum bhakthiyum (miriyum piriyum).
pathinezhaam noottaand muthal sikh mathathil aacharikkappedunna oru sidhaanthamaanu miri-piri. mirr" (jeevithathinte saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya vashangal), "pirr" (jeevithathinte athmeeya vashangalilekkulla maargganirddeshangal) ennee sidhaanthangal sikh mathatthinte aadya guru guru nanak velippeduthiyirunnuve sikh mathatthinte aaraamathe guruvaayirunna guru hargobind 1606 juun 12nuu avatharippichu. pithaavinte rakthasaakshithvathinu sesham guru hargobind gurupadaviyilekku uyarthappedukayum guruvinu aathmeeyavum laukikavumaaya shakti undaayirikkumennu sikh vamshajanaaya baaba buddhan nalkia pravachanam niravettukayum cheythu. laukika (saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya) athmeeya adhikaarathinte pratheekamaaya miri, piri ennee rund vaalukal guru hargobind avatharippichu. miri, piri ennee rund kirppanukal madhyathil oru khandavumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, athinaal iva randinteyum samyojanam paramapradhaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, avide athmeeya hridayathil ninnu vivaramullatho uthbhavikkunnatho aaya pravartthanam pravartthana lokathile oraalude uddeshyavum ardhavum poortthiyaakkunnu aathmeeyatha.
aadyathe sikh guruvum sikh mathatthinte sthaapakanumaaya guru nanak oru bhakti sanyaasiyaayirunnu. aaraadhanayude ettavum pradhanappetta roopam "bhakti" (vaaheguruvinodulla bhakti) aanennu addeham padippichu. guru arjan, "sukhmaani sahib" enna grandhatthil, yadhaartha matham daivathodulla snehapoornamaaya bhakthiyaanennu shupaarsha cheiyunnu. oru sikh engane nirantharamaaya bhakti nadatthanam ennathinekkurichulla nirddeshangal "guru grandh sahib" ulkkollunnu. chila pandithanmaar sikh mathathe indian paarambaryatthile oru bhakti vibhaagamaayi vilikkunnu, ithu "nirguni bhakti" ykku oonnal nalkunnuvennum koottichertthu.iii. gunangalo bhouthikaroopamo illaatha oru divyanodulla snehapoornamaaya bhakti. paashchaathya pandithanmaar sikh mathathe praadhamikamaayi oru hindu bhakti prasthaanatthinte chuttupaadinullil uthbhavichathayi kanakkaakkumbol chila soofi islaamika swaadheenangal amgeekarikkumbol, chila indian sikh pandithanmaar viyojikkukayum sikh matham athu uyarnnuvanna paristhithiye marikadannuvennu parayukayum cheiyunnu. bhakti paarambaryangal vedagrandhangalil ninnum avayude prapanchashaasthrangalil ninnum adhibhouthika lokaveekshanathil ninnum vyakthamaayi verpeduthiyitla ennathaanu randaamathe vishakalanathinte adisthaanam, athesamayam sikh paarambaryam vedapaarambaryathil ninnu vyakthamaayi verpeduthi.
maharashtrayilum biharilum kaanapedunna chila sikh vibhagangal indiayile panchab mekhalaykku purathulla oru sikh gurudwaarayil bhakti aacharikkunna samayat "aarathi" (vilakkukal aachaaraparamaayi upayogikkunnathu) nadathunnu. ennaal, mikka sikh gurudwaarakalum avarude bhakti sanbradaayangalil "aarathi" cheiyunnathu vilakkunnu.
bhakthiye oonnipparayumbol, athmeeya jeevithavum mathethara gruhasthajeevithavum parasparam bandhappettirikkunnavum verittathallennum sikh gurukkanmar padippichu. ithu yukthisahamaayi sikh thathwachinthayude sarvvabhooyishtamaaya swabhaavathil ninnu pinthudarunnu. sikh lokaveekshanathil, dainamdina lokam ananthamaaya yaadhaarthyathinte bhagamaanu, vardhicha athmeeya avabodham dainamdina lokath vardhichathum oorjjaswalavumaaya pankaalithatthilekku nayikkunnu. sathyasandhatha, vishwasthatha, aathmaniyanthranam, vishudhi" ennivayude "sajeeva sargaathmakavum praayogikavumaaya jeevitam" jeevikkunnath adhibhouthika sathyathekkaal uyarnnathaanennu guru nanak visheshippichu.
aaraamathe sikh guru, guru arjante rakthasaakshithvathinu sesham, islaamika mugal saamraajyathinte adichamarthal neritta guru hargobind, rashtreeya/laukika ("miri"), athmeeya ("piri") mekhalakal parasparabandhithamaanennu thathwachintha urappichu. onpathaamathe sikh guru tej bahadur parayunnathanusarichu, anuyojyanaaya sikh mathasthanu "shakti" (laukikathil vasikkunna shakti), "bhakti" (athmeeya dhyanagunangal) enniva undaayirikkanam. pathaamatthe sikh guru gobind singh aanu ithu "vishudha sainikan" enna aashayamaayi vikasippichath.
guru nanak vishadeekarichathupole manushyathvam enna ashayam "svayam/daivam enna ekadaiva sangalppathe" parishkarikkukayum nishedhikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe "snehathinte chalanathilum crossingle ekadaivavaadam mikkavarum anaavashyamaakunnu". sikh gurukkanmaare padippicha manushyante lakshyam, "svayam, mattullava, njaan, njaan allah" enna ellah dwaithangalum avasanippikkuka, "verthirikkal-samyojanam, svayam-mattonn, pravartthanam-pravartthanam, attaachment-verpiriyal ennivayude attandant balance neduka ennathaanu.
pattum samgeethavum.
gurukkalude sthuthigeethangale sikhukaar "gurbani" ('guruvinte vaakk') ennaanu vilikkunnathu. gurbaniyude gaanamaan shahbad keerthanam. guru grandh saahibinte muzhuvan vaakyangalum shaasthreeya indian samgeethathile muppathiyonnu ragangalil chollenda kavithayudeyum praasatthinteyum roopathilaanu ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, guru grandh saahibile ellah raagangalum ariyunna sikhukaarkkidayil ivayude prathipaadakar apoorvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo. guru nanak shahbad keerthana paarambaryam aarambikkukayum keerthanam kelkkunnathu dhyanam cheyyumbol samadhaanam nedunnathinulla sakthamaaya maargamaanennum paramamaya kaalatheethanaaya (daiva) nte mahathvangal bhakthiyode aalapikkunnath paramamaya kaalatheethanaaya vyakthiyumayi koottaaymayil varaanulla ettavum phalapradamaaya maargamaanennum padippikkukayum cheythu. sikhukaarude moonnu prabhatha praarthanakalil japji sahib, jup sahib, thavu-prasad savayi enniva ulppedunnu. snaanametta sikhukaar (amrithaarikal) neratthe ezhunnettu dhyanikkukayum prabhaathabhakshanathinu munbu nitneminte anchu baanikalum paarayanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. jup jii sahib, jup sahib, thavu-prasad savayi, chaupaay sahib, anand sahib enniva ulppedunna anchu baanikalilayi banis paath paarayanam cheiyunnathinu sesham gurukkanmar padippikkunna sarbat dhaa bhaala thathwam, athaayath aksharaarthatthil ellaavarkkum anugraham, vivechanamillaathe manushyavargathinu nalla vishwaasathode anugraham enniva ulppedunnu.
daivika naamatthinte oormmappeduthal.
naam" (divyanamam) vaaheguruvinte smaranayaan sikhukaarude oru pradhana aacharam. naam japna" (divyanaamathinte aavarthanam) allengil "naam simran" (paaraayanatthiloode divyanaamathinte oormmappeduthal) ennivayiloodeyaanu eee dhyanam nadathunnathu. daivathinte naamatthinteyo vishudha aksharatthinteyo vaakkalulla aavarthanam indiayile mathapaarambaryangalil oru purathana sanbradaayamaanu, ennirunnaalum, sikh matham "naam-simran" oru pradhana bhakti sambradaayamaayi vikasippichu. oraalude asthithvam daivika naamathodu poornnamaayum thurannukaattukayum dharmmathinu allengil "daivika kramatthinu" anusrithamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu guru naanakkinte aadarsham. naam simran" enna achadakkaparamaaya prayogatthinte phalam anchu ghattangalude kramanugathamaaya prakriyayiloode "daivathilekkum athilekku valarunna" kaaryamaanennu nanak visheshippichu. ivayil avasaanatheth "sachu khandu" ("sathyathinte raajyam") aanu, aathmaavinte daivavumaayulla anthimamaaya aikyam.
sevanavum pravartthanavum.
daivika namam (naam simran) nirantharam oormmikkunnathiloodeyum niswaartha sevanathiloodeyum (sewa) bhaktan ahankaarathe (houmai) marikadakkunnuvennu sikh gurukkanmar padippichu. anchu dushtapreranakaludeyum janana-maranachakrathinteyum praadhamika moolamaanithenn athil parayunnu.
sikh mathathil sevanathinu moonnu roopangalunda "taann" (shaareerika sevanam, athaayath.iii. thozhil), 'manushyan' (mattullavarude sevanathinaayi ningalude hridayam samarppikkunnath polulla maanasika sevanam), 'dhann' (saambathika pinthuna ulppedeyulla bhauthika sevanam). sikh matham "kirat karoo" ennu oonnipparayunnu athu "sathyasandhamaya pravrithi" aanu. samoohathinte prayojanathinaayi aavasyakkaarkku nalkunna pankidal allengil "vand chakka" enna ashayathinum sikh padippikkalukal oonnal nalkunnu.
neethiyum samathvavum.
sikh matham daivathe yadhaartha rajaavaayum ellah rajaakkanmaarudeyum rajaavaayum "karmma" niyamathiloode neethi nalkunavanum prathikara maathrkayum divya krupayumaanu kanakkaakkunnath.
sikh paarambaryatthile neethi enna padam niyaayayaan, ithu sikh mathathil 'dhaarmika kramam', neethi (padavyuthpathishaasthrapari bandhapetta hindu aashayamaaya dharmmathil ninnu uruthirinjathum ennaal athil ninnu vyathyasthamayathum) ennivaye soochippikkunna 'dharmam' enna padavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. pathaamatthe sikh guru, guru gobind singh parayunnathanusarichu, pashaura singh (sikh patana professor), "neethikkaayi charchakal nadathunnathinu aadyam samadhaanaparamaaya ellah maargangalum pareekshikkanam", avaa parajayappettaal "neethiye samrakshikkaan vaal valikkunnath" niyamaanusrithamaanu. dharmmathinethiraaya akramanam neethikkum neethikkum pothuve dhaarmika kramatthinum nereyulla aakramanamaan" ennu sikh matham kanakkakkunnu, dharmmathe "enthukondum samrakshikkanam". vedanaykkum thinmakalkkumulla marumarunnaan daivika namam. sikh mathathil kshama oru sadgunamaayi padippikkappedunnumdum, dushta uddeshyamullavare ozhivaakkaanum aneethikalkkum mathaparamaya peedanangalkkumethire poraadaan vaal edukkaanum athu athinte vishwasthare padippikkunnu.
sikh matham mathaparamaya kadamakale lingabhedam kondu verthirikkunnilla. sikh mathatthile daivathinu laingikathayilla, sikh vedagrandham sthreekalodu vivechanam kaanikkukayo oru rolilum ninnu avare thadayukayo cheiyunnilla. sikh mathatthile sthreekal yudhangalil nayikkukayum utharavukal allengil hukammakal purappeduvikkukayum cheiyunnathulppede neethrthwa sthaanangalil pravarthichittundu.
patthu gurukkanmaarum adikaaravum.
guru enna padam vannath guru, njaanodayam, maargganirddesham allengil upadeshtaavu ennartham varunna samskritha "guru" ennathil ninnaan. 1469 muthal 1708 vare patthu gurukkanmar sikh mathatthinte paarambaryavum thathwashaasthravum sthaapichu. oro guruvum muun guru padippicha sandeshavumaayi cherkkukayum shakthippeduthukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi sikh matham srishtikkappettu. guru nanak aadyathe guruvaakukayum oru sishyane pingamiyaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. manushyaroopatthile avasana guruvaayirunnu guru gobind singh. 1708ll guru gobind singh thante maranathinu munbu guru grandh sahib sikhukaarude avasaanatheyum shaashvathavumaaya guruvaakumenn vidhichu.
kaalatthinte thudakkam muthal avasaanam vare ore daivamaanu thante guruvennu guru nanak prasthaavichu. nanak oru daivathinte adimayum daasanumaanennu parayappedunnundengilum thaan oru vazhikaatti, guruvennu maathram paranju. maanikkappedendathum snehikkapedendathum ennaal aaraadhikkappedaathathumaaya manushyaguruvaan marthyanenn nanak prasthaavichu. guruvine allengil satguruvine (yadhaartha guru) "gurbaniyil" upayogikkumbol athu palappozhum sathyasandhathayude ettavum uyarnna aavishkaarathe soochippikkunnu.
guru naanaakkinte pingamiyaayi guru angad adhikaaramettu. pinneedu, sikh mathatthinte vikasanathinte oru pradhana ghattam moonnaamathe pingamiyaaya guru amar dasinoppam vannu. guru naanakkinte padippikkalukal mokshathinaayulla parishramathinu oonnal nalki; guru amar daas jananam, vivaham, maranam ennivaykkulla vyathirikthamaya chadangukal anuvadikkunnathupollu samrambhangaliloode anuyaayikalude oru ekeekritha samooham kettippadukkaan thudangi. amar daas "manji" (roopathayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna) purohita melnotta samvidaanavum sthaapichu.
guru amar daasinte pingami marumakanumaaya guru raam daas hurry mandir saahibinte vaasasthalavum ellah sikhukaarudeyum ettavum vishudhamaaya nagaramaayi parakke kanakkaakkappedunna amritsar nagaram sthaapichu. thaan valarthiyedukkunna mathasamoohathe samshayikkukayum sathrutha kaanikkukayum cheytha mugal adikaarikalaanu guru arjane arast cheythath. addehathinte peedanavum maranavum mugal shakthikalude akramanangalil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkunnathinaayi sikh samudaayangalude oru sainika, rashtreeya samghadanaye prolsaahippikkaan addehathinte pingaamikale prachodippichu.
maarikkondirikkunna saahacharyangalodu oru samudaayamenna nilayil prathikarikkaan sikh mathathe anuvadikkunna oru samvidaanam sikh gurukkanmar sthaapichu. aaraamathe guru, guru hargobind, sikh mathatthinte paramonnatha theerumaanamedukkal kendramaayi pravartthikkunnathum harmandir sahibinu athirvashathumullathum aaya akl thakh ("kaalatheethamaaya oraalude simhasana") enna ashayam srishtikkunnathinulla utharavaadithamaayirunnu. amritsar nagarathilaanu akhaal thakh sthithi cheiyunnathu. shiromani gurdwara bandak kammittiyaanu (ezz. pii. jii. sii) nethaavine niyamikkunnath. sarbat zhalsaa" (khalsa panthinte oru prathinidhi bhagam) charitraparamaayi vaishaakhi allengil hoola mohallah polulla prathyeka uthsavangalilum muzhuvan sikh raajyatheyum badhikkunna karyangal charcha cheyyenda aavasyamullappozhum akhaal thakhthilaanu othucherunnathu. guru grandha saahibinte saannidhyathil sarbat halsa pasakia oru utharavaanu "gurmata" (aksharaarthatthil, 'guruvinte uddeshyam'). sikh mathatthinte adisthaana thathwangale badhikkunna oru vishayathil maathrame oru "gurmata" kaimaran kazhiyoo; athu ellah sikhukaareyum badhikkunnu. hukamnamaa" (aksharaarthatthil, 'saasanam' allengil 'rajakeeya kramam') enna padam palappozhum "gurmata" enna padavumaayi parasparam maattiyedukkaan upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru "hukamnamaa" ennathu sikhukaarkku utharavittu nalkunna "guru grandh sahib" ennathil ninnulla oru sthuthigeethathe aupachaarikamaayi soochippikkunnu.
sikh mathatthile "guru" enna vaakk "akl purkh" (daivam) ennum soochippikkunnu, daivavum "guru" yum chilappol "gurbani" (sikh rachanakal) yude paryayamaakaam.
thiruvezhuthu.
sikhukaarkku oru praadhamika grandhamunda "guru grandh sahib". ithine chilappol "aadhi grandh" ennu paryaayamaayi vilikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, kaalakramatthil, "aadhi grandham"-aksharaarthatthil, 'aadya vaalyam'-1604 ll guru arjan srishticha thiruvezhuthukalude pathippaanu. guru gobind singh samaaharicha thiruvezhuthukalude avasana vipuleekritha pathippaanu "guru grandha sahib". sikh mathatthile chodyam cheyyappedaattha oru grandhamaanu "guru grandh sahib" ennaal mattoru pradhana mathagrandhamaaya "dasam grandh" saarvathrika samavayam aaswadikkunnilla, ennaal pala sikhukaarum ithu oru dvitheeya grandhamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
"aadhi granth".
1603num 1604num idayil guru arjante melnottatthil bhaay gurdasaanu "aadhi grandham" samaaharichath. akkaalat panchaabil upayogichirunna landa lipiyude pingamiyaaya gurmukhi lipiyilaan ithu ezhuthiyirunnathu. sikhukaarude randaamathe guruvaayirunna guru angad, sikh thiruvezhuthukalil upayogikkunnathinaayi gurmukhi lipi nilavaaramaakkiyirunnuvennum athu shaarada, devanagari lipikalude swaadheenathilaayirunnavum karuthappedunnu. madhyakala indiayile bhakti prasthaanatthile pathimoonnu hindu, rund musleem bhagat sanyasi paarambaryatthinteyum sikh gurukkanmaarudeyum sthuthigeethangaludeyum padippikkalukaludeyum samagratha samrakshikkunnathinaayi oru aadhikaarika grandham srishtichu. ramananda, namdev, pipa, ravidas, bayney, bhikhaan, dhanna, jaydev, parmananda, sadhana, saine, surr, trilochan ennivar eee grandhatthil ulppeduthiya pathimoonnu hindu "bhagat"-kaabeer, soofi sanyasi fareed ennivaraayirunnu rund musleem "bhagat"-kaabeer, soofi sanyasi fareed ennivaraayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, "aadhi grandha" thil oru musleem raajyamaanenn palappozhum aaropikkappedunna kabir, "njaan hinduvo musleemo allah", enna avarude mathaparamaya labelukal marikadakkunnathinekkuri bhagatmaar palappozhum prasamgichu."eee sandesham pinthudarunna gurukkanmar padippichathu ore ananthanaaya daivathinu vyathyastha bhakti reethikalundennu.
guru granth sahib.
sikhukaarude vishudha grandhamaaya guru grandh sahib jeevichirikkunna guruvaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
samahaaram.
guru naanakkinte kaavya rachanakalude oru vaalyamaayaanu guru grandham aarambhichath. maranathinu munbu addeham thante vaalyam guru angadinu (guru <aii. dii. 1>) kaimari. 1678ll guru gobind singh samaaharicha guru grandha saahibinte avasana pathippil guru tej bahaadoorinte sthuthigeethangal cherttha yadhaartha aadhi grandham ulppedunnu. guru grandha saahibinte pradhana bhagam ezhu sikh gurukkanmaraya guru nanak, guru angad, guru amar daas, guru raam daas, guru arjan, guru tej bahadur, guru gobind singh ennivarude rachanakalaan. ramananda, namdev thudangiya pathimoonnu hindu bhakti prasthaanatthile "sanyasimar" (sanyasimar), kabir, soofi sheikh fareed ennee rund musleem sanyasimar ennivarude paarambaryavum padippikkalukalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu.
kaavyaathmakamaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum thaalaathmakamaaya purathana utharenthyan shaasthreeya samgeethathilekku sajjeekarikkappedukayum cheiyunna 6,000 "shabd" (varikal) eee grandhatthil ulppedunnu. grandhatthinte bhooribhaagavum arupath "ragangalaayi" tharamthirickunnu, oro grandha raagavum neelathinum rachayithaavinum anusarichu upavibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. vedagrandhangalile sthuthigeethangal pradhaanamaayum avaa vaayikkunna "raagangal" anusarichaanu krameekarichirikkunnathu.
bhashayum lipiyum.
panchaabiyumaayum hindiyumaayum bandhappettathum madhyakala utharenthyayiludaneelam janapriya bhakti mathatthinte (bhakti) vakthaakkal vyaapakamaayi upayogichathumaaya bhashayaaya "santh bhasha" ennaanu vedagrandhathil upayogikkunna pradhana bhasha ariyappedunnathu. guru angad vikasippichathaanennu vishwasikkappedunna gurumukhi lipiyilaan eee vaachakam achadichirikkunnathu. indiayile niravadhi praadeshika bhashakalil kaanapedunna indo-europian verukal eee bhasha pankidunnu.
padippikkalukal.
oru tharatthilulla adichamarthalukalum koodaathe daivika neethiyil adhishtithamaaya oru samoohamaanu guru grandh saahibile darshanamennu torkel break parayunnu.
akkal puraakhil (daivam) ninnu nerittu guru nanak labhicha oru pratheekathmaka shlokamaaya "mool manthrathil" ninnaan grandham aarambhikkunnath. parambaraagatha mull manthar ikku oonkar muthal nanak hossie bhee sachu vare pookunnu.
guruvaayi.
pathaamatthe guru, guru gobind singh jii, sikh grandhamaaya guru grandh saahibine thante pingamiyaayi namakaranam cheythu, manushya gurukkalude varii avasanippikkukayum daivangal/gurukkalude vaakk sikhukalkku athmeeya maargganirddeshamaayi pravartthikkunna nithyavum aalmaaraattaparavumaaya guruvinte aksharaarthatthilulla aalroopamaakki maattukayum cheythu.
sikh "gurdwara" (kshethram) yill guru grandh sahib sthaapichittundu; niravadhi sikhukaar kshethrathil praveshikkumbol athinu munnil vanangukayo saashtaamgam cheiyukayo cheiyunnu. ellah divasavum raavile guru grandh sahib sthaapikkukayum raathriyil pala "gurudwaarakalilum" urangukayum cheiyunnu. grandham nithyamaaya "gurbania" athmeeya adikaaramaayum aadarikkappedunnu.
guru grandha saahibinte pakarppukal bhauthika vasthukkalaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla, marichu jeevanulla jeevanulla vishayangalayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. mirwold parayunnathanusarichu, aadyakaala kristheeya aaraadhanayile suvisheshathinu samanamaaya reethiyil sikh thiruvezhuthu oru jeevichirikkunna vyakthiyeppole bahumaanikkappedunnu. sikh vedagrandhangalude pazhaya pakarppukal valicheriyappedunnilla, marichu shavasamskara shushrooshakal nadathunnu.
indiayil guru grandh sahib sambhavanakal sweekarikkaanum bhoomi swanthamaakkaanum kazhiyunna oru judicial vyakthiyayi supreme kodathi audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappettittundu. ennirunnaalum, chila sikhukaar munnariyipp nalkunnu, paatatthe yadhaarthathil manassilaakkathe, paatathodulla aaradhana grandhasoochikayilekku nayichekkaam, padippikkalukalude vyakthamaaya roopam adhyaapanangalkk pakaram aaraadhanayude lakshyamaayi maarum.
hindumathavumaayum islaamumaayum ulla bandham.
hindu bhakti prasthaana paarambaryangalile vishnu, shiva, brahma, parvathi, lakshmi, saraswati, raaman, krishna thudangiya devathakaludeyum devathakaludeyum perukal, vedangale paraamarsikkunna hindu padangal, ennaal aaraadhikkuvaanalla sikh thiruvezhuthukal upayogikkunnathu. hindumathathile (eeswaran, bhagwan, brahman) athmeeya ashayangaleyum islaamile (allahu) daivamenna ashayatheyum ithu paraamarsikkunnu, iva sarvvashakthante ithara perukal maathramaanennu avakaashappedunnu.
guru grandh sahib vedangal, puranangal, khuraan enniva amgeekarikkumbol, athu hindumathavum islam thammilulla samanvaya paalathe soochippikkunnilla, marichu parichhedana allengil oru prathyeka dishayil daivathinu saashtaamgam namaskarichu praarthikkuka, allengil nool darikkunnath polulla hindu achaarangal polulla musleem sanbradaayangalkku pakaram japji polulla nitnem baanikalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
dasam granth.
guru gobind singhinte grandhangal adangiya sikhukaarude oru grandhamaanu dasam grandham. dasam grandh" dhaaraalam sikhukaarkku pradhaanamaan, ennirunnaalum athinu "guru grandh sahib" enna athe adikaaramilla. jup sahib, (amrith savayi), benthi chaupaay thudangiya "dasam grandha" thinte chila rachanakal sikhukaarude dainamdina praarthanakalude (nitnam) bhagamaanu. ardasa praarthanayude aadya vaakyam chandi dhii varil ninnullathaanu. dasam granth" pradhaanamaayum puranangalil ninnulla hindu puraanangalude pathippukalaanu, "charitra pakhyaan" ennu vilikkunna vividha srothassukalil ninnulla mathethara kathakal-ashradharaaya manushyare kaamatthinte apakadangalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinulla kathakal.
dasam grandh" ennathinte niravadhi pathippukal nilavilundu, koodaathe "dasam grandh" nte aadhikaarikatha aadhunika kaalath sikh mathathinullil ettavum charcha cheyyappedunna vishayangalilonnayi mariyirikkunnu. dasamin sarbloh grandhatheyum guru grandha saahibinte vipuleekaranangalaayi akaalinahangukal kanakkakkunnu. sikh charithratthil eee grandham oru pradhana punk vahichuvenkilum aadhunika kaalath eee grandhatthinte chila bhagangal sikhukaarkkidayil vidveshavum charchayum kandittundu.
janamsaakhikal.
guru naanakkinte jeevacharithrangalaanennu avakaashappedunna rachanakalaan janamsaakhikal (aksharaarthatthil "janmakathakal"). karsanamaaya ardhathil vedagrandhamallengilum, guru naanakkinte jeevithatheyum sikh mathatthinte aadyakaala thudakkatheyum kurichu avaa oru hajiographic veekshanam nalkunnu. palappozhum parasparavirudhavum chilappol vishwasaneeyamallaathathumaaya niravadhi janasaafikal undu, avaa mattu thiruvezhuthu vijnjaana srothassukaleppole pariganikkappedunnilla.
nireekshanangal.
thangalude vishwaasam shakthippeduthunnathinum prakadippikkunnathinumaayi deerghakaalamaayulla aachaarangalum paarambaryangalum paalikkunnavaraan sikhukaar. daivamaaya vaaheguruvinte divyanamam divasena paarayanam cheiyunnathum guru grandha saahibil ninnulla "japu" (allengil "japji", aksharaarthatthil "manthram") polulla nirddishta bhaagangalude oormmayil ninnu ezhunnettu kulikkunnathinu thottupinnaale sthuthigeethangal shupaarsha cheiyunnu. snaanametta sikhukaar ravileyum vaikunneravum nadakkunna anchu praarthanakal, raathriyile praarthanakal enniva paarayanam cheiyunnu. kudumba achaarangalil thiruvezhuthukalil ninnulla bhagangal vaayikkunnathum gurudwaarayil pankedukkunnathum ulppedunnu ("daivathilekkulla kavaadam" ennartham varunna "gurdwara" ennum chilappol "gurdwara" ennu lipyantharanam cheyyappedunnu). indiayiludaneelam, athupole thanne sikhukaar thamasikkunna mikkavarum ellah raajyangalilum niravadhi gurudwaarakal nirmmikkukayum paripalikkukayum cheiyunnu. matham, pashchaathalam, jaathi, vamsham enniva pariganikkathe gurudwaarakal ellaavarkkumaayi thurannirikkunnu.
oru gurudwaarayile aaradhana pradhaanamaayum vedagrandhangalil ninnulla bhagangal aalapikkunnathaan. sikhukaar saadhaaranayaayi gurudwaarayil praveshikkukayum vishudha grandhatthinu munbulla nilathu nettiyil sparsikkukayum cheyyum. pathinettaam noottaandile "aardaasukal" paarayanam cheiyunnathum sikhukaare sandarshikkunnathinulla aachaaramaan. ellah manushyavargathinum daivika krupa abhyarthikkunna samoohathinte munkaala kashtappaadukalum mahathvangalum ardas oormmippikkunnu.
charitraparamaaya sikh aachaaramaaya "lunger" allengil saamoohikabhakshanam nadathunnathinulla sthalam koodiyaanu gurdwara. ellah gurudwaarakalum eathoru vishwaasathinum soujanya bhakshanathinaayi, ellaayppozhum sasyaahaarathinaayi thurannirikkunnu. aalukal orumichu bhakshanam kazhikkukayum adukkala paripalikkukayum sikh samooha sannadhapravarthakar sevanam nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
sikh uthsavangal/paripaadikal.
guru amar daas vaishaakhi polulla sikhukaar aaghoshikkunnathinaayi uthsavangal thiranjedutthu, athil addeham sikhukaarodu othucheraanum aakhoshangal oru samoohamaayi pankidaanum aavasyappettu.
sikhukaarude ettavum pradhanappetta uthsavangalilonnaan vaishaakhi, athesamayam mattu pradhana uthsavangal gurukkanmaarudeyum sikh rakthasaakshikaludeyum jananatheyum jeevithatheyum anusmarippikkunnu. charitraparamaayi, eee uthsavangal chandra kalandar bikrami kalandarine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. 2003ll panchaabile charitraparamaaya gurudwaarakalude paripaalanatthinte chumatala vahikkunna sikh samghadanayaaya ezz. jii. pii. sii. nanakshahi kalandar sweekarichu. puthiya kalandar sikhukaarkkidayil valare vivaadaparavum saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappedaathathu. sikh uthsavangalil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
chadangukalum aachaarangalum.
harmandir sahib, anandpur sahib, fatehgarh sahib, patna sahib, hazoor nanded sahib, hemkund sahib thudangiya punyasthalangalilekkulla pradhana theerthaadana paarambaryangal vikasippikkaanum vikasippikkaanum khalsa sikhukaar sahayikkukayum cheythittundu. sikh theerthaadakarum mattu vibhaagangalile sikhukaarum ivaye vishudhavum avarude "thiraatthinte" bhagavumaakki kanakkakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, hollie utsavathinu chuttumulla hoola mohallah, ellah varshavum 100,000-thiladhikam sikhukaare aakarshikkunna anandpur saahibile oru achaaraparavum aachaaraparavumaaya othucheralaanu. chila sikhukaar pathivayi mungikkalayunna oru "sarovar" pradhana sikh shethrangalil undu. chilar taankinte vishudhajalam veettilekku kondupookunnu, prathyekichu rogikalaaya suhruthukkalkkum bandhukkalkkum, atharam punyasthalangalile vellathinu punarudhaarana shakthiyum oraalude "karmma" thhe shudheekarikkaanulla kazhivum undennu vishwasikkunnu. sikh mathatthile vividha gurukkanmaarkk theerthaadanathodu vyathyastha sameepanangalund.
oru kuttiyude jananashesham, kramarahithamaya oru ghattathil guru grandh sahib thurakkukayum idathu pejinte mukalil idathu moolayilulla aadya aksharam upayogichu kuttikk peru nalkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah aankuttikalkkum singh enna avasana namam nalkukayum ellah penkuttikalkkum kaur enna avasana namam nalkukayum cheiyunnu (ithu orikkal khalsayil chernnathinu sesham oru vyakthikk nalkia padaviyaayirunnu).
sikh vivaha aachaarathil "anand karaj" chadangu ulppedunnu. gurudwaarayile grandhiyaaya khalsayaanu guru grandha sahibinu munnil vivaha chadangu nadathunnathu. naalaamathe guruvaayirunna guru raam daas muthal guru grandh sahibin anand karajin khalsaykkidayil chuttikkarangunna paarambaryam nilavilundu. 1909ll singh sabhaa prasthaanatthinte samayathaan ithinu audyogika amgeekaaravum amgeekaaravum labhichathu.
maranashesham oru sikhukaarante mrithadeham saadhaaranayaayi samskarikkappedunnu. ithu saadhyamallengil, mrithadeham samskarikkunnathinulla eathenkilum manyamaaya marggangal upayogikkaam. shavasamskara chadangil ("anthim samskaaram" ennariyappedunnu) "keerthan sohila", "ardas" praarthanakal nadathappedunnu.
deekshayum khalsayum.
amrithasankara" (amritha chadangu) enna chadangil pankedutthukondu poornnamaayum thudakkamitta sikhukaarkku guru gobind singh nalkia koottaaya peraanu khalsa ("shudhavum paramadhikaaravum" ennartham). eee chadangil, madhuramulla vellam rund vashangalulla vaal upayogichu ilakki, aradhana praarthanakal aalapikkunnu; athu aachaaraparamaayi kudikkunna thudakkakkaraaya sikhukaarkku samarppikkunnu. pala sikhukaarum eee chadanginu vidheyaraakaathathinaal aupachaarikamaayum poornnamaayum deekshaasnaanam cheyyappedunnilla, pakshe sikh mathatthinte chila gadakangal palikkukayum sikhukalaayi thirichariyukayum cheiyunnu. punarjanmam nediyathaayi vishwasikkappedunna deekshasnana sikh vamshajane amrithaari allengil khalsa sikh ennum deekshaasnaanam nedukayo snaapanamelkkukayo cheyyaathavare keshdhari allengil sahajadhari sikh ennum vilikkunnu.
1699 march 30nuu panchaabile anandpur saahibil nadanna vaishaakhiyilaanu aadyamaayi eee chadangu nadannathu. aaa avasarathilaanu gobind singh panchu piyare-anchu priyappettavare-jnjaanasnaanappeduthiyathu, avar guru gobind singhine thanne jnjaanasnaanappeduthi. thudakkamitta purushanmaarkk "simham" ennartham varunna avasananamam singh ennum "rajakumari" ennartham varunna kaur ennum snaapanametta sikh sthreekalkku avasananamam nalki.
snaapanametta sikhukaar ellaayppozhum anchu ks (panchaabiyil "panchu kakka" allengil "panchu cacker" ennariyappedunnu) ennu vilikkunna anchu enangal dharikkunnu. anchu enangal ivayaanu "keys" (murikkaatha mudi), "kaang" (cheria thadi cheepp), "karaa" (vrithaakrithiyilulla urukk allengil irumbu bracelet), "kirpan" (vaal/kataara), "kachera" (prathyeka adivasthram). anchu keey. kalkk praayogikavum pratheekathmakavumaaya uddeshyangalundu.
charithram.
sikh mathatthinte sthaapakanaaya guru nanak (1469-1539) ippol nankana sahib (innathe paakisthaanil) ennu vilikkappedunna "raay bhaay dhii thalvandi" graamathilaanu janichathu. addehathinte maathaapithaakkal panchabi khathri hindukkalaayirunnu. addehathinte maranashesham rund noottaandilere kaalam rachichathum orupakshe vaakkalulla paarambaryatthe adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaya "puraana janamsakhi" enna hagiography anusarichu, nanak oru kuttyenna nilayil mathathilum athmeeya kaaryangalilum aakrishtanaayirunnu, alanjuthiriyunna sanyasimaarumaayum vishudhanmaarumaayum samayam chelavazhichu. addehathinte suhruthu mardana enna oru muslimaayirunnu. avar orumichu ratri muzhuvan pothujanagalkk munnil bhaktigaanangal alapikkukayum raavile nadiyil kulikkukayum cheyyum. oru divasam, saadhaarana kulikkaanirangiyappol, naanakkine kaanaathaavukayum addeham mungimarichathaayi kudumbam bhayappedukayum cheythu. moonnu divasathinu sesham addeham veettilekku madangukayum "hinduvilla, musleemilla" ("naa koyi hinduna naa koyi muslim") ennu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. athinusesham, sikh mathatthinte thathwangal roopappeduthunna thante ashayangal nanak prasamgikkaan thudangi. 1526-ll, guru nanak 50-aamm vayassil kartarpuril oru cheria kammyoon aarambikkukayum addehathinte shishyanmar "sikhukaar" ennariyappedukayum cheythu. addehathinte yaathraavivaranathekkurivallu krithyamaaya vivaranam tharkkavishayamaanenkilum, aayirakkanakkin mailukal neenduninna anchu pradhana yathrakal addeham nadathiyathaayi hagiographic vivaranagal parayunnu aadya yaatra kizhakk bangaalilekkum asamilekkum aayirunnu; randaamathethu thekk aandhrayilekkum thamizhnaattilekkum; moonnaamathethu vadakku kashmeer, ladak, tibattile sumeru parvvatham; naalaamathethu baghdadilekkum. thante avasaanatheyum avasaanatheyum paryadanatthil addeham thante naalukal avasaanippikkunnathinaayi raavi nadiyude theerathekku madangi.
guru naanakkinte padippikkalukalil rund malsaraadhishtitha sidhaanthangalundu. onnu, kooll, sambi ennivar parayunnathanusarichu, nagiographical janamsaakhikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, koodaathe naanakkinte padippikkalukalum sikh mathavum daivathil ninnulla oru velippeduthalaanennum, oru saamoohika prathishedha prasthaanamo pathinanjaam noottaandile hindumathatheyum islaamineyum samanvayippikkaanulla sramamo allennum parayunnu. nanak oru guruvaanennu mattullavar parayunnu. singayude abhipraayathil, "sikh matham avathara sidhaanthathino pravaachakathvam enna aashayathino anusrithamalla. ennaal athinu guru enna oru pradhana aashayamund. addeham daivathinte avathaaramalla, oru pravaachakan polumalla. avan oru prakashamulla aathmaavaanu."randaamathe sidhaantham thudarunnu, hagiographical" "janamsaakhikal" "ezhuthiyathu nanakkalla, marichu charitraparamaaya krithyatha kanakkiledukkathe pilkkala anuyaayikal ezhuthiyathaanennum nanakkinodu bahumanam kaanikkunnathinaayi srishticha niravadhi aithihyangalum puranangalum ithil adangiyirikkunnuvennum". sikh mathathil "velipaad" enna padam, kooll, sambi enniva, naanakkinte padippikkalukalil maathram othungunnilla, marichu ellah sikh gurukkanmarilekkum athupole thanne dhyaanathiloode avabodhapoorvvam divya njaanam kaivashamulla bhootakaala, varthamaanakaala, bhaavi purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum vaakkukalilekkum vyaapippichirikkunnu. sikh ithara bhagat vibhaagangalude vaakkukal, naanakkinte jananathinu munbu jeevichavarum marichavarumaaya chilar, avarude padippikkalukal sikh vedagrandhangalude bhagamaayavar enniva sikh velippeduthalukalil ulppedunnu. aadhi grandhavum thudarchayaaya sikh gurukkanmaarum aavarthichu oonnipparanjukondu, sikh matham "daivathil ninnulla shabdangal kelkkunnathalla, marichu manushyamanassinte swabhaavathe maattunnathinekkurichaanu, arcum eppol venamenkilum nerittulla anubhavavum athmeeya poornathayum nedaan kazhiyum" ennu parayunnu.
charitraparamaaya swaadheenangal.
sikh paarambaryatthinte verukal, orupakshe indiayude santh paarambaryathilaayirikkaam, luis fenneck prasthaavikkunnu, avarude prathyayashaasthram bhakti paarambaryamaayi valarnnu. koodaathe, fenneck kootticherkkunnu
sikh mathatthinte vikasanathe bhakti prasthaanam swaadheenichu; ennirunnaalum, sikh matham bhakti prasthaanatthinte oru vipuleekaranam mathramaayirunnilla. udaaharanathinu, bhakti sanyasimaaraaya kabeerinteyum ravidaasinteyum chila kaazhchappaadukalod sikh matham viyojichu. mugal saamrajyam eee pradesham bharikkumbozhaanu sikh matham vikasichathu. sikh gurukkanmaaril rund peraaya guru arjan, guru tej bahadur ennivar islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan visammathikkukayum mugal bharanadhikaarikal avare peedippikkukayum vadikkukayum cheythu. sikhukaare islaamika kaalaghattatthil peedippichathu manassakshiyudeyum mathathinteyum swaathanthryathinaayulla oru utharavaayi khalsa sthaapikkaan kaaranamaayi. oru sikh oru vishudha-sainikante "santh-sipahi" yude gunangal ulkkollumennu prathekshikkunnu.
sikh mathatthinte valarcha.
athinte thudakkathinushesham, panchab mekhalayile hindukkalkkum musleengalkkum idayil mathaparivarthanam nediyathode sikh matham valarnnu. 1539-ll guru nanak thante sishyanaaya lahana thante puthranmaaril oraalekkaalum gurupadatthinte pingamiyaayi thiranjedutthu. lahina guru angad ennu vilikkukayum sikhukaarude randaamathe guruvaakukayum cheythu. raavi nadiyude theerathulla kartarpur pattanathilaanu nanak thante thiranjeduppu nalkiyathu. guru naanakkinte makanaaya shree chandh oru mathavishwaasiyaayirunnu, koodaathe sikhukaarude swantham kammyoon thudarnnu. sikh charithratthil roopappetta sikh mathatthinte aadya samanthara vibhagamaaya udasi sikhukal ennaanu addehathinte anuyaayikal ariyapettath. naanakkinte makanaayirikkunnathinupuram punyasheelamulla oru manushyanayirunnathinaal guru padavi srichandinu pokendathaayirunnuvennu udasimar vishwasikkunnu.
guru naanaakkinte kammyoonil cherunnathinu munbu guru angad oru "poojari" (purohitan) yaayum hindu devathayaaya durga kendreekarichulla mathaguruvaayum pravarthichu. naanakkinte upadesaprakaaram, guru angad thante anuyaayikalum udaasikalum thammilulla bhinnatha nikathaan kazhiyunnathuvare kartharpuril ninnu bhaarya khiviyum kuttikalum thaamasichirunna khadoorilekku maari. guru nanak aarambhicha pravartthanam thudarnna guru angad, sikhukaarude vishudha grandhangalil upayogikkunnathupole gurmukhi lipi nilavaaratthilaakkiyathinte bahumati vyaapakamaayi labhikkunnu.
guru amar daas 1552-ll 73-aamm vayassil moonnaamathe sikh guruvaakukayum guru amgadinte kammyoonil cherunnathinu munbu jeevithakalam muzhuvan hindu mathatthinte vaishnava paarambaryatthil urachunilkkukayum cheythu. guru amar daas guruvaakunna kaalath goindwall sikh mathatthinte oru pradhana kendramaayi maari. addeham oru parishkarthaavaayirunnu, sthreekalude mukham (oru musleem aacharam), sathi (oru hindu aacharam) enniva maraykkunnath niruthsaahappedutthi. ithu dharmamaanennu paranju janangale samrakshikkunnathinum neethikkuvendiyum poraadaan addeham kshatriya janataye prothsaahippichu. guru amar daas "manjiye" ("sangathiyas" ennu vilikkunna oru niyukta medhaaviyodukoodiya mathaparamaya bharanamekhalakal) niyamikkunna paarambaryam aarambhichu, guruvinte perilum orukoottappetta saamoohika mathavibhavamaayum "daswand" (varumaanathinte pathaamatthe bhagam) varumaana shekharana sambradaayam avatharippichu, koodaathe oru tharatthilulla vivechanavumillaathe arcum oru saamudaayika irippidathil soujanya bhakshanam labhikkuna prashasthamaaya "lunger" sikh paarambaryavum. praadeshika niyamanangal vazhi sikhukaaril ninnulla varumanam shekharikkunnathu sikh mathathe valaraan sahayichu.
guru amar daas thante shishyan marumakanumaaya jaathaye adutha guruvaayi namakaranam cheythu, addeham guru raam daas ennariyappettu. puthiya guru guru amar daasinte puthranmaaril ninnu sathrutha neridukayum athinaal thante audyogika thaavalam guru amar daas guru-qaa-chuck ennu thiricharinja raajyangalilekku maattukayum cheythu. addeham thante sikh samudaayathe avidekku maattukayum aaa sthalathe addehathinte peril ramdaspur ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. eee nagaram valarukayum pinneedu sikh mathatthile ettavum vishudhamaaya nagaramaya amritsaraayi maarukayum cheythu. sikh kshethrangalile purohita niyamanagalkkum sikh prasthaanatthe daivashaasthraparamaayum saambathikamaayum pinthunaykkunnathinaayi varumanam shekharikkunnathinum guru raam daas "manji" samghadana vipuleekarichu.
1581ll guru raam daasinte ilaya makanaaya guru arjan sikhukaarude anchaamathe guruvaakunnu. sikh guruvinte pingaamikalude charithrathiludaneelamullathu pingami thiranjedukkunnathu sikhukaarkkidayil tharkkangalkkum aabhyanthara vibhajanagalkkum kaaranamaayi. guru raam daasinte mootha makanaaya preethi chandh sikh paarambaryatthil guru arjane shakthamayi ethirkkunnathaayi oormmikkappedunnu, ithu oru vibhaagam sikh samoohathe srishtichu, guru arjane pinthudarunna sikhukaar athine "minas" (aksharaarthatthil, "dushichavar") ennu vilikkunnu.
guru arjan pala kaaryangalilum sikhukaaril oormmikkappedunnu. addeham aadyathe hurry mandir sahib (pinneedu svarnnakshethramaayi) nirmmichu. addeham oru kaviyayirunnu, aadhi grandham (aksharaarthatthil "aadya pusthakam") ennariyappedunna sikh vishudha grandhatthinte aadya pathipp srishtikkukayum aadyathe anchu gurukkanmaarudeyum mattu prabudharaaya 13 hindu, 2 musleem soofi sanyasimaarudeyum rachanakal ulppeduthukayum cheythu. 1606ll islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan visammathichathin mugal chakravarthiyaaya jahangir addehathe peedippikkukayum kollukayum cheythu. addehathinte rakthasaakshithvam sikh mathatthinte charithratthile oru nirnaayaka sambhavamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
rashtreeya purogathi.
guru arjante rakthasaakshithvathinushesham, pathinonnam vayassil addehathinte makan guru hargobind sikhukaarude aaraamathe guruvaakukayum sikh matham naadakeeyamaayi mathaparamaayirikkunnathinu oru rashtreeya prasthaanamaayi parinamikkukayum cheythu. guru hargobind rund vaalukal vahichirunnu, onnine aathmeeyavum mattonnine laukika aavashyathinaayi vilikkunnu (sikh mathathil "merii", "piri" ennariyappedunnu). sikh paarambaryamanusarichu, sikh janataye samrakshikkunnathinum ellaayppozhum sayudha sikhukaar svayam valanjirikkunnathinumaayi oru sainika paarambaryam aarambikkaan guru arjan thante makan hargobindinodu aavasyappettu. guru hargobindil ninnaan sayudha sikh milishyayude nirmmaanam aarambhichath. guru hargobindine taamasiyaathe mughalmar arast cheyyukayum gwaaliyorile jayilil paarppikkukayum cheythu. 2 num 12 num idayil prayamullathaayi vividha grandhangalil paranjirikkunna addeham ethra varsham jayilil chelavazhichuvennu vyakthamalla. addeham moonnu sthreekale vivaham kazhichu, ramdaspurine prathirodhikkaan oru kotta panithu, ippol ettavum uyarnna khalsa sikh matha adikaariyaaya akhaal thakhtt enna aupachaarika kodathi srishtichu.
1644ll guru hargobind thante kochumakan harr raayiye guruvaayi namakaranam cheythu. mugal chakravarthiyaaya shhaa jahaan sikh paarambaryatthe durbalappeduthunnathinum pinthudarchaavakaashathe vibhajikkunnathinum swaadheenikkunnathinum rashtreeya marggangal shramichu. mugal bharanadhikaari kartarpuril thamasikkunna guru hargobindinte kochumakanaaya dheer maalinu bhoomi graant nalkukayum guru hargobindinte sariyaaya pingamiyaayi dheer maaline amgeekarikkaan sikhukaare prolsaahippikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. mugal bharanakoodathinu anukoolamaayi dheer maal prasthavanakal nadathukayum muthachan guru arjane vimarsikkukayum cheythu. guru hargobind dheermaline nirasikkukayum, aadhi grandhatthinte yadhaartha pathipp upekshikkaan visammathikkukayum sikh samooham bhinnikkukayum cheythu.
daaraa shiko ilaya sahodaran aurangseeb pinthudarchaavakaasha pooraattatthil earppettirunna oru samayat daaraa shiko kandumuttiyathil guru harr raay prashasthanaan. aurangseb guru harr raayiye vilichuvaruthi, addeham pookaan visammathikkukayum pakaram thante mootha makan raam raayiye ayaykkukayum cheythu. sikh vedagrandhathile musleengale apamaanikkunna oru vaakyam chakravarty kandethi, athu oru thettaanenn raam raay sammathikkukayum pinneedu athu maattukayum cheythu. angane raam raay arangasebine santhoshippichu, pakshe thante mootha makane bahishkaricha guru harr raayiye asanthushtanaakki. 1661ll addeham thante ilaya makan guru harr krishnane thante pingamiyaayi naamanirddesham cheythu. raam raik oru jagir (bhoomi graant) nalkikkond aurangaseb prathikarichu. raam raay avide oru pattanam sthaapikkukayum aurangsebinte rakshaakarthruthvam aaswadikkukayum cheythu; raam raayiyude kshethrathe paraamarsikkunna "dehra" ennathinu sesham eee pattanam deradoon ennariyappettu. raam raayiye pinthudarnna sikhukaar ramraiah sikhukaar ennariyappettu. ennirunnaalum, ekadesha kanakkukal prakaram, ekadesham 2 dasalaksham (1 kodi) guru harr krishnan anchaamathe vayassil ettaamathe guruvaakukayum ettaam vayassil athunnathinumumbu vasuri baadhichu marikkukayum cheythu. eee moonnu gurukkanmaarum rachicha sthuthigeethangalonnum guru grandha saahibil ulppeduthiyitla.
guru harr krishnante ammavanaaya guru tej bahadur 1665-ll guruvaakukayum kashmiri pandittukaludeyum amuslimkaludeyum nirbandhitha mathaparivarthanathe ethirkkukayum islam mathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan visammathichathin 1675-ll dalhiyile mugal chakravarty aurangsebinte utharavanusarichu parasyamaayi shirachhedam cheyyukayum cheythu. addehathinte shirachhedam sikhukaare vedanippichu. addehathinte mrithadeham dalhiyil samskarikkukayum sikhukaar rahasyamaayi thala vahikkukayum anandpuril samskarikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte makan gobind raay addehathinte pingamiyaayi 1699ll khalsa srishtikkukayum panchu piyare snaapanamelppikkukayum cheythukondu thante anuyaayikale sainikavalkkarichu. annumuthal addeham guru gobind singh ennariyappedukayum sikh swathuam mathaparamaya peedanatthe cherukkunna oru rashtreeya shakthiyaayi punarnirvachikkappedukayum cheythu.
sikh konfedarasiyum khalsayude uyarchayum.
1699ll guru gobind singh sikh laukika adhikaariyaayi khalsa (ellah thudakkakkaraaya sikhukaarudeyum koottaaya samghadana) udghaadanam cheythu. athu athinte athmeeya uddeshyavum lakshyangalum rashtreeya, sainika chumathalakalumayi samyojippikkunna oru samoohathe srishtichu. thante maranathinu thottumunbu, guru gobind singh guru grandh sahib (sikh vishudhagrandham) sikhukaarude aathyanthika athmeeya adhikaaramaanennu prakhyaapichu.
pathinezhaam noottaandil mugal bharanathinethire vardhichuvarunna theevravaadatthinte samayathaan sikh khalsa adhikaarathilethiyathu. indiayile mugal bharanadhikaarikalodum peer buddha shaaykkethire athikramangal nadathiyavarodum poraadaan guru gobind singh oru sikh general banda singh bahaadoorine ayachathodeyaanu oru sikh saamraajyathinte srishti aarambhichath. banda singh thante sainyathe pradhana musleem mugal nagaramaya sirhindilekku nayikkukayum guruvinte nirddeshangal paalich ellah kuttavaalikaleyum shikshikkukayum cheythu. sirhind adhiniveshathinu thottupinnaale, rehrayude praarthanaykku sesham thante muriyil vishramikkumbol guru gobind singhine mughalmar vaadakaykku edutha oru pathan kolayali kuthikkonnu. gobind singh thante vaal upayogichu aakramanakaariye vadhichu. oru europian sarjan guruvinte murivu thunnicherthenkilum, kurachu divasangalkku sesham guru sakthamaaya villil valichukeeriyathode murivu veendum thurannu, ithu valareyadhikam rakthasraavathinu kaaranamavukayum athu gobind singhinte maranathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
guruvinte maranashesham baba banda singh bahadur khalsayude commander-inn-cheefaayi. addeham sivilian kalapam samghadippikkukayum thaan sajeevamaayirunna samayat jamindari sambradaayam nirthalaakkukayo nirthalaakkukayo cheyyukayum karshakarkk avarude swantham bhoomiyude udamasthaavakaasham nalkukayum cheythu. islam mathathilekku parivartthanam cheythaal mapp nalkaan visammathichathine thudarnnu farookh siyar chakravarty banda singhine vadhichu. mislukal" ennariyappedunna sikh yodhaakkalude samghangal uyarnnuvannuvenkilum ivar thammil poruthi. ranjith singh niravadhi sainika vijayangal nedukayum 1799ll oru sikh saamrajyam srishtikkukayum cheythu.
thalasthaanamaaya lahorinoppam innathe vadakkupadinjaaran indian upabhookhandam ulkkollunna sikh saamrajyam vyaapichu. sikh saamrajyam colonial britiish shakthikalumayi oru udambadiyil earppedukayum irupakshavum satlaj nadiye niyanthranarekhayaayi amgeekarikkukayum maruvashathu adhinivesham nadatharuthennu sammathikkukayum cheythu. marble svarnnavum upayogichu sikhukaarude ettavum aadaraneeyamaaya gurudwaarayaaya harmandir saahibinte punasthaapanavum vipuleekaranavumaayirunnu ranjith singhinte ettavum shaashvathamaaya paarambaryam, athil ninnaan "swarnna kshethram" enna janapriya peru uruthirinjathu. 1839ll ranjith singhinte maranashesham sikh saamrajyam thakarnnadinju. sikh gavanmentino sthiramaaya pinthudarchakko vendi oru shaashwatha ghadana sthaapikkunnathil ranjith singh paraajayappedukayum addehathinte maranashesham sikh saamrajyam athivegam kshayichuveezhukayum cheythu. vibhagangal sikhukaare vibhajikkukayum anglo-sikh yudhangalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. aashayakkuzhappathilaya khalsa senaye britishukaar eluppathil paraajayappedutthukayum pinneedu avare daaridryathilekku pirichuvidukayum cheythu. ranjith singhinte ettavum ilaya makanaaya duleep singh aathyanthikamayi vijayichuvenkilum sikh khalsayude paraajayathinu sesham addehathe arast cheyyukayum naadukadatthukayum cheythu.
singh sabha prasthaanam.
sikh mathathe punarujjeevippikkunnathu prasthaanamaaya singh sabhaa prasthaanam, briteeshukaarumaayulla yudhangalil paraajayappettathin sesham-pinneedu randaam anglo-sikh yudhathil-thudarnnulla colonial bharanakaalathu sikh sthaapanangalude thakarchayum azhimathiyum, panchaabile mattu vishwaasa grouppukalude mathaparivarthanavum ennivaykku saakshyam vahichu. 1870kalil aarambhicha ithu, parasparamulla shathruthayude oru kaalaghattatthinu sesham, sikh achaarangaleyum sthaapanangaleyum punarujjeevippikkunnathi thaath khalsaykku keezhil onnichu.
sikh saamraajyathile avasaanathe maharajavaya dulape singh 1853-ll kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu, ithu sikh charithratthile vivaadaparavum ennaal swaadheenamullathumaaya sambhavamaan. addehathinte mathaparivarthanathodoppam, sikh saamrajyam pirichuvidappedukayum eee pradesham colonial britiish saamraajyathinte bhagamaakukayum cheythathinushesham, kristhyaanikal, brahmasamaajangal, aaryasamajam, musleem anjuman-iii-islaamiya, ahmedia ennivarude mathaparivarthana pravartthanangal vadakkupadinjaaran indian upabhookhandathile sikhukaare athath vishwaasangalilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan shramichu. eee sambhavavikasangal singh sabhaa prasthaanatthinu thudakkamittu.
1873ll amritsarile suvarnnakshethrathilaayinu prasthaanatthinte aadya yogam, ithu pradhaanamaayum sanathan sikhukaar, gianikal, purohithanmaar, grandhikal ennivar chernnaanu aarambhichath. taamasiyaathe, nihang sikhukaar prasthaanatthe swaadheenikkaan thudangi, thudarnnu 1880 kalude thudakkathil athivegam aadhipathyam nediya thaath khalsayude susthiramaaya prachaaranavum nadannu. sikh mathathe nirvachikkunnathilum vyaakhyaanikkunnathilum sanathan sikhukaarum thaath khalsayum thammilulla pooraattamaayi eee prasthaanam maari.
guru naanakkinte nerittulla pingaamiyaanennu avakaashappedunna khem singh bediyude neethrthwathilulla sanathan sikhukaar, avathar singh vahiria mattullavarum sikh mathathe hindumathathinte parishkaricha paarambaryamaayi kanakkaakkunna kooduthal ulkkollunna sameepanathe pinthunachu, athesamayam thaath khalsa sikh swathuathodulla prathyeka sameepanathinaayi pracharanam nadatthi, sanathan sikhukalodu viyojichu, sikh mathathe aadunikavalkkarikkaan shramichu. sikh sabhaa prasthaanam vadakku, vadakkupadinjaaran indian upabhookhandathil vyaapichu, ithu nooriladhikam singh sabhakalilekku nayichu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya dashakangalil, sikh mathatthinte swabhaavavum sikh gurudwaarakalude melulla avarude niyanthranavum vyaakhyaanikkunnathil thaath khalsayude swaadheenam vardhichu. 1800kalil "mahanthanmaarude" bharanakaalathu veroonniya paarambaryangalaaya "yanjja" theeyude upayogam, pakaram sikh vedagrandhangalkkanusrithanu "anand karaj" vivaha chadangu, 1905-ll swarnna kshethrathil ninnulla sikh gurukkanmaarude vigrahangalum chithrangalum ennivayulppedeyulla braahmana sanbradaayangal thaath khalsa purathaakki. sikh gurudwaarakalude roopavum pravartthanavum nilavaarappeduthunnathina avar oru susthiramaaya pracharanam nadatthi, athesamayam sikh thiruvezhuthukalum aadyakaala sikh paarambaryavum sikh swathuathe shudheekarikkunnathinaayi nokki.
1920kalile akaaliprasthaanavum gurdwara bharanasamithiyaya aadhunikakaalathe shiromani gurdwara parbandhak kammittiyum (ezz. jii. pii. sii) akaalidal rashtreeya party singh sabhayude athmeeya pingaamikalil ulppedunnu.
indiayude vibhajanam.
irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil sikhukaar pathittaandukalaayi neenduninna indian swaathanthryasamarathil pankedukkukayum sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. aathyanthikamayi britiish saamrajyam swatantra indiaye amgeekarichappol, 1947ll eee bhoomi hindu bhooripaksha indiayaayum musleem bhooripaksha paakistaanaayum (kizhakkum padinjaarum) vibhajikkapettu. bangayude abhipraayathil, vibhajanam sikh charithratthile oru neertthada sambhavamaayirunnu. indian upabhookhandathinte vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayil vibhajanarekhayude ("radcliffe line") iruvashathum sikhukaar charitraparamaayi thaamasichirunnu. bangayudeyum mattu pandithanmaarudeyum abhipraayathil, sikhukaar muslim leaginte aavashyangale shakthamayi ethirkkukayum nooru varsham munbu sikh saamraajyathinte bhagamaayirunna "musleem aadhipathyathinteyum sikh virudha nayangaludeyum shaashwathathayaayi" athine kaanukayum cheythirunnu. athupole, maasttar taaraa singhinte neethrthwathilulla cheef khalsa diwan, shiromani akaalidal ennivayulppedeyulla sikh samghadanakal lahore prameyatheyum paakistaan srishtikkaanulla prasthaanatheyum apalapichu, ithu peedanatthinu saadhyathayullathayi kandu; sikhukaar india vibhajanathe shakthamayi ethirthu. colonial adikaarikalumaayulla charchakalil, colonial indiayude vibhajanam thadayunnathinum sikhukaare oru moonnaam samudaayamaayi amgeekarikkunnathinum pracharanam nadatthiya oru pradhana nethaavaayi taaraa singh uyarnnuvannu.
vibhajanam prakhyaapichappol puthuthayi srishticha rekha sikh janataye vibhajichu. hindukkalkkoppam sikhukaarkkum padinjaaran paakisthaanil avarkkethire samghaditha akramavum kalaapangalum neridendi vannu. thalphalamaayi, sikhukaar thangalude swathukkalum punyasthalangalum upekshichu indian bhaagathekku maari. ennirunnaalum, sikh virudha akramam ekapaksheeyamaayirunnilla. sikhukaar vibhajanarekhayude kizhakk bhaagathekku neengiyappol, avar avide musleengalkkethire prathikaaratthil earppedukayum avare paakisthaanilekk nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. vibhajanathinu munbu, padinjaaran panchaabile janasamkhyayude 15 sathamaanam sikhukaaraayirunnu, bhooribhaagavum musleengalaanu (55 sathamaanam). ennirunnaalum, padinjaaran panchaabile saambathika varenyavargamaayirunnu sikhukaar. padinjaaran panchaabile prabhukkanmaarude ettavum valia praathinidhyam avarkkundaayirunnu, sikhukaarude thalpparyangal niravettunna 700 oolam gurudwaarakalum 400 vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalum undaayirunnu. vibhajanathinu munbu, bhooripaksha musleengalum nyoonapaksha sikhukaarum thammil jatka halal mamsavum, musleengal oru palliyaayum sikhukaar oru gurudwarayayum aavasyappetta lahorile gurdwara saahidganchinte tarkka udamasthaavakaasham, skoolukalil indian gurmukhi lipiyil ninnu arabic-pershyan nasthaalikh lipiyilekk maaranamenn pravishya muslim sarkkar nirbandham thudangiya vishayangalil niravadhi tharkkangal undaayirunnu. 1945 juunil loard vaavellinte neethrthwathilulla simla konfaransinidayilum athinusheshavum sikh nethaakkal thudakkathil oru moonnaam samudaayamaayi amgeekarikkappedaanulla aagraham prakadippichuvenkilum aathyanthikamayi eee aavasyangal thallikkalanju sikhukaarum hindukkalum musleengalum orumichu jeevikkunna oru ekeekritha india thedi. panchab muzhuvan paakkisthaan nalkanamennu aavasyappettukondu muslim leag eee sameepanam nirasichu. sikh nethaakkal pakaram yadhaartha vibhajanam thedukayum kongras pravartthaka samiti panchab bangal vibhajikkunnathine pinthunachu oru prameyam pasakkukayum cheythu.
1947 maarchinum aagastinum idayil nadanna kalapam, theeveppu, sikh nethaakkaludeyum swathukkaludeyum kolla, sikh nethaakkalude kolapathakam, jhalam jillakal, raavalpindi, attokk, mattu sthalangal ennividangalile kolapathakangal enniva panchaabile saahacharyathe "aabhyantharayudham" ennu vilikkaan kaaranamaayi, athesamayam loard moundu baattan "aabhyantharayudhathinulla thayyaareduppukal nadakkunnu" ennu prasthaavichu."kalapangal eprilil kudiyettatthinte aadyakaala tharamgangalkk kaaranamaayi, ekadesham 20,000 aalukal vadakkupadinjaaran panchab vittu paattiyaalayilekk maari. raavalpindiyil 40,000 perr bhavanarahitharayi. sikh nethaakkal nirashaajanakamaaya nivedanangal nalkiyengilum ellah mathavibhaagangalum rashtreeya prakshubdhathayil durithamanubhavikkukayaayirunnu. panchaabile motham 28 dasalaksham sikhukaaril 4 dasalaksham perum indiayile ekadesham 400 dashalakshathil 6 dasalaksham perum maathramaan; avar bhooripakshamaayirunnilla, oru jillayilum polum.
1947 augustil vibhajanarekha audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichappol, akramam abhoothapoorvamaayirunnu, maranangal, swath nashtam, parikk, aaghaatham, thadassappedutthal ennivayude kaaryatthil ettavum kooduthal baadhicha mathasamoohangalil onnaanu sikhukaar. sikhukaarum musleengalum parasparam prathikarichulla akramangalude erakalum kuttavaalikalumaayirunnu. sikhukaar, hindukkal, muslimkal ennivarude maranasamkhya 200,000 muthal 2 dasalaksham vareyaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. sikh sthreekal niravadhi balaalsamgangalum kootta aathmahathyakalum nadatthi, avare thadavilaakki, avare rakshappeduthi, ellaattinumupariyaayi puthuthayi srishticha paakisthaanil ninnu puthuthayi swathanthramaaya indiayilekku sikhukaarude kootta palaayanavum nadannu. vibhajanam "[manushya] charithratthil rekhappeduthiyittulla ettavum valia 100 kilometeriladhikam neelamulla abhayaarthikalude kaalnadayaathra" srishtichu, ekadesham 300,000 aalukal "aswastharum durithamanubhavikkunnavarum parikkettavarum roshakularumaaya sikhukaar" ulppettathayi banga parayunnu. paakistaanil ninnulla sikh, hindu abhayaarthikal indiayilekku ozhukiyethi, indiayil ninnulla musleem abhayaarthikal paakisthaanilekk ozhukiyethi, oororutharum avarude puthiya maathrraajyathekku.
khalisthaan.
1940ll kaanadayile komagata maaru baadhithareppolulla chila sikhukaar khalisthaan oru swatantra indiaykkum pakistanum edayilulla oru buffer stettu enna ashayam nirddeshichu. ennirunnaalum, eee nethaakkale valia thothil avaganichu. 1980kalude thudakkathil chila sikh grouppukal indiayilum paakkisthaanilum ninnu verthirichedutha khalisthaan enna swatantra raashtram thedi. 1982ll svarnnakshethravum akkal thakhthum vividha theevravaada grouppukal kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. jarnail singh bhindranwaleyude neethrthwathilulla dharam yuddha morcha, bubber khalsa, aii. ezz. eph, naashanal kaunsil oof khalisthaan enniva ithil ulppedunnu. 1982num 1983num idayil indiayude chila bhaagangalil saadhaaranakkaarkkethire bheekarakramanangal nadathanamennu aavasyappettu anandpur prameyam undaayirunnu. 1983 avasaanathode, bhindranwaleyude neethrthwathilulla samgham svarnnakshethrathilum parisaratthum bankarukalum nireekshana posttukalum nirmmikkaan thudangi, theevravaadikal aayudha parisheelanatthil earppettu. 1984 juunil annathe pradhaanamantri indiraagaandhi theevravaadikalkkethire ooppareshan blue staar aarambikkaan indian sainyathodu utharavittu. darbar saahibinte parisarathu nadanna kadutha ettumuttal bhindranwale, aayirathiladikam apoorva kayyezhuthuprathikal adangiya deseeya nidhiyayi kanakkaakkappettirunna sikh reference library nasippikkal, akhaal thakhtt enniva ulppede niravadhi maranangalkk kaaranamaayi. niravadhi sainikarum saadhaaranakkaarum theevravaadikalum cross fayaril kollappettu. ooppareshan bluestaar nadannu divasangalkkullil indiayile ekadesham 2,000 sikh sainikar kalapam nadathukayum suvarnna kshethram mochippikkaan amrithsarilethaan sramikkukayum cheythu. aarr maasathinullil, 1984 october 31 nuu indiraagaandhiyude sikh amgarakshakaraaya satwant biant singh avare vadhichu. eee kolapathakam 1984leeii sikh virudha kalaapathin kaaranamaayi. donald horovits parayunnathanusarichu, sikh virudha kalapangal valareyadhikam naashanashtangalkkum maranangalkkum kaaranamaayappol, theevravaadikalude gurutharamaaya prakopanangal 1980kaliludaneelam pala kesukalilum vamseeya akramathinu kaaranamakaan parajayappettu. kalaapangalum vargeeya kalahangalum prakopippikkaanulla sramangal sikhukaarum avarude ayalkkaarum bhooribhaagavum avaganichu.
sikh janatha.
lokamembaadum sikh mathathinu ekadesham 25-30 dasalaksham anuyaayikalundennu kanakkukal parayunnu. washington dii. sii aasthaanamaayulla oru think tank gaveshana grouppaaya pyoo research anusarichu, 10 ll 9 sikhukaar indiayil undengilum america, yunaittad kingdom, canada ennividangalilum ganyamaaya sikh samoohangalundu. indiaykkullil, ellah samsthaanangalilum kendrabharana pradeshangalilum sikh janasamkhya kaanapedunnu, ennaal ithu pradhaanamaayum vadakkupadinjaaran, vadakkan samsthaanangalilaanu kaanappedunnath. panchaabile doow sikhukal maathramaan bhooripaksham (2011leeii sensus prakaram motham janasamkhyayude 58 sathamaanam). panchaabinu purame, indiayile janasamkhyayude 1.5 sathamaanathiladhikam sikhukaar ulla samsthaanangalum kendrabharana pradeshangalum chandigarh, hariana, dalhi, uttaraakhandu, jammu kashmeer ennivayaanu, ivayellaam indiayude vadakkan pakuthiyilaanu. 
lokathile ettavum valia deseeya sikh anupatham (motham janasamkhyayude 2.1%) kaanadayilaan. kaanadaykkullil, britiish kolambiyayude padinjaaran pravishyayile motham janasamkhyayude 5.9% varunna sikhukaar, indiayile panchabinum chandigadinum sesham ellah aagola bharanavibhagangalilum moonnaamathe valia sikh anupaathathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. britiish columbia, manittoba, yookkon enniva lokathile naalu bharanavibhagangalil moonnennamaanu, janasamkhyayil ettavum kooduthal aalukal pinthudarunna randaamathe mathamaan sikh. 
1947leeii britiish indiayude vibhajanathinu munbu, dasalakshakkanakkinu sikhukaar pinneedu paakistaanaayi maariyathil thaamasichirunnu. athupole, sikh matham sthaapithamaayathu innathe paakisthaanil aanu, chila gurukkanmar lahorin paakisthaante mattu bhagangalilum janichu. vibhajanasamayath sikhukaarum hindukkalum puthuthayi srishticha musleem bhooripaksha paakistaan upekshichu kooduthalum hindu bhooripaksha indiayilekku thamasam maari-chilar musleem bhooripaksha afgaanisthaanilekku thamasam maari-athesamayam indiayile niravadhi musleengal paakisthaanilekku maari. 2017leeii warta reportukal prakaram, ekadesham 20,000 sikhukaar maathramaan paakisthaanil avasheshikkunnath, avarude janasamkhya kurayukayaanu (raajyathe 200 dasalaksham janasamkhyayil).
sikh vibhagangal.
gurukkanmaarude oru ithara vamshathil vishwasikkunnatho sikh thiruvezhuthukalekkurichu vyathyasthamaaya vyaakhyaanamullatho jeevichirikkunna oru guruvine pinthudarunnathil vishwasikkunnatho yaadhaasthithika khalsa sikhukaaril ninnu vyathyasthamaaya mattu ashayangal kaivashamullatho aaya sikh mathathinullile upa paarambaryangalaanu sikh vibhagangal. sikh mathatthile pradhana charitraparamaaya vibhagangalil udasi, nirmmala, nanakpanthi, khalsa, sahajadhari, namdhari kukka, nirankari, sarwaria enniva ulppedunnu.
sikhukaarkku yadhaarthathil 5 oordarukal allengil sanbradaayangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo (vyathichalikkunna vibhagangalaayi thettidharikkaruthu). ivayil ulppedunnu 
nihangukal-sikh panthinte yodhaakkal allengil sayudha sainikar. eee kramatthil rund pradhana grouppukalundu budhadal, allengil vettaranmaarude sainyam, tharnadal allengil yuvaakkalude sainyam. iva randumaayi bandhapetta mattu cheria upavibhaagangalund. budhadaalinte president, munbu ellaayppozhum akaal thakhttinte presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu, ithu akaali nihang oordarumaayi bandhapetta ellah kaaryangalilum adikaaraparidhiyilaanu. saidhaanthikamaayi, pathaamatthe guruvinte (makan) sahibzada baaba fatte singhinte swathaanu matham.
nirmmalar-pandithanmaar. rachicha grandhangalum parambaraagathamaayi indian, chila indiakkaarallaatha saahithyangalude vishalamaaya sreniyekkurichu padikkunnathum. avar mattu dharma paathakalumaayum samsaarikkunnu. pathaamatthe guruvum avare sthaapanavalkkarichu. bhaay dayaa singh jii sambarda bhaay dharam singh jii sambarda, panchu pyaare allengil pathaamatthe guruvinte priyappettavar, rund nirmmala oordarukal sthaapichu. eee rund oordarukalumaayi kooduthal sub oordarukalundu.
charitraparamaayi gurudwaarakale paripalikkukayum missionary pravartthanangal nadathukayum cheytha oru sanyasi samghamaanu udasi. ithu mattullavarkk pracharippikkunnillenkum, avarude chila achaarangal bhooribhaagam sikh vishwaasangalil ninnum vyathichalikkunnu. aadya guruvaayirunna guru nanak devinte mootha sahibzada (makan) baaba shree chandh aanu eee kramam sthaapichathu. avarude gurudev baaba shree chandh aanu.
sevanapanthikal-jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalil/sevanathil allengil niswaartha sevanathil earppedunna jeevakaarunya pravartthakar, shambalam pratheekshikkathe. avar academic padhathikalilum pravartthikkunnu. onpathaam, patthaam gurukkalude sikh vamshajanaaya bhaay kahnaiah, eee kramatthinte aadya thalavanayi sevanamanushtikkukayum parikketta shatru sainikarkk yudhakaala vaidyasahaayathinu perukettayaalum aanu. avayil valare kurachumaathrame innu nilavilulloo. avar thaamasikkukayum samvadikkukayum cheytha anthareeksham pradhaanamaayum oru musleemaayirunnu.
jnjaaniyan sambardam-sikhi sarvakalashaala, saankethikamaayi oru kramamallengilum, athu adisthaanaparamaayi onnaayi varthikkunnu. melpparanja ellah vibhaagangalilum petta vyakthikalil ninnaan ithu nirmmichirikkunnathu. eee kramatthil niravadhi shaakhakal undu.
sikh gurukkanmaarude audyogika pinthudarchaykku samaantharamaayi guru naanakkinte mootha makan baaba shree chandh, guru raam daasinte mootha makan preethi chandh ennivar sthaapicha udaasikalum minakalumaayirunnu aadyakaala sikh vibhagangal. pinneedu raam raay sthaapicha ramray vibhaagam aurangsebinte rakshaakarthruthvathode deradoonil valarnnu. mugal saamrajya kaalaghattatthil niravadhi sikh samudaayangal roopappettu. eee vibhagangalil chilath kooduthal anukoolavum anuyojyavumaaya pourathvam nedaamenna pratheekshayil mugal bharanadhikaarikal saambathikamaayum bharanaparamaayum pinthunachirunnu.
mugal saamraajyathinte thakarchaykku sesham, prathyekichu ranjith singhinte bharanakaalathu, udasi sikhukaar sikh aaraadhanaalayangal samrakshikkukayum sikh vedagrandhangal samrakshikkukayum musleem-sikh yudhangalil apavarthanam cheyyappedukayo nasippikkappedukayo cheythava punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, udasi sikhukaar eee sikh shethrangalkkullil vigrahangalum prathimakalum sookshichirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, sikh mathathil naamdhaarikalum nirankari vibhaagangalum roopeekarikkappettu, parishkarikkaanum sikh mathatthinte shudhamaaya roopamaanennu oororutharum vishwasikkunnathilekku madangaanum shramichu.
eee vibhagangalellaam khalsa yaadhaasthithika sikhukaaril ninnu avarude vishwaasangalilum achaarangalilum vyathyasthamaan, athaayath avarude vivahangal theeykku chuttum aaghoshikkunnathu thudaruka, karsanamaayi sasyahaaram kazhikkuka. guru baba dhyal singh polulla jeevichirikkunna gurukkanmaarude ashayam palarum amgeekarikkunnu. nirankari vibhaagam paarambaryetharamaanenkilum, thaath khalsayudeyum samakaalika kaalaghattatthile sikh vishwaasangaludeyum aachaarangaludeyum kaazhchappaadukal roopappeduthunnathil swaadheenam chelutthi. baaba shivdayal nayicha panchaabile radhasomiya prasthaanamaayirunnu pathonpathaam noottaandile mattoru pradhana sikh vibhaagam. 1971ll roopeekaricha 3hoow, indiaykku purathu, prathyekichu vadakke amerikkayilum europilum nilanilkkunnavayaan samakaalika kaalaghattatthile mattu sikh vibhagangal.
sikh jathikkaar.
surinder jodhkayude abhipraayathil, sikh bhooripakshamulla panchab samsthaanathaanu "indiayile pattikajathi janasamkhyayude ettavum valia anupatham". sikh mathathaal apalapikkappettittundum sikhukaar oru jaathi sambradaayam aacharichittund. thottukoodaaymaykkoppam eee samvidaanavum panchaabile graamapradesangalil kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu. bhoovudamakalaaya prabalamaaya sikh jaathikal, "thaazhnna jaathikalodo dalithukalodo ulla ellah munvidhikalum upekshichittilla; athesamayam dalith vibhaagakkaare graamatthile gurudwaarakalil praveshikkaan anuvadikkum, avarkk paachakam cheyyaano lunger vilambaano anuvaadamilla."panchaabile sikh dalithar svanthamaayi gurdwara mattu praadeshika thalatthilulla sthaapanangalum nirmmikkaan sramikkukayum mechappetta bhauthika saahacharyangalum antass thedukayum cheythu. jodhkayude abhipraayathil, samakaalika panchaabile saambathika chalanathmakatha kaaranam, jaathikal inii paarambaryamaayi labhicha oru thozhilo thozhil bandhangalo allah.
1953ll sikh nethaavu maasttar thaaraasinghinte sikh dalith jaathikale pattikajathi pattikayil ulppeduthanamenna aavasyam india sarkkar amgeekarichu. shiromani gurdwara prabandhak kammittiyil 140 seettukalil 20 ennavum thaazhnna jaathikkaraaya sikhukaarkkaayi neekkivachittundu.
60 sathamaanathiladhikam sikhukaar kaarshika jathiyaaya jaatt jaathiyil pettavaraan. ennathil valare kuravaanengilum, vyapara khathri, arora jaathikal sikh samudaayathinullil ganyamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu. sainikal, raamgadiya (karakaushalathozhilaalikal), ahluwalia (munbu madyanirmmaathaakkal), rajput, raay sikh (raay), kamboj (grameena jaathi), labana, kumhar, sikh padaavaliyil mashaabikal (chuhrakal), ravidasia (chamarukal) ennariyappedunna rund dalith jaathikal ennivayaanu mattu saadhaarana sikh jaathikal.
sikh pravaasikal.
sikh matham loka mathangalil anchaamathe valia mathavum ettavum praayam kuranja mathangalilonnumaan. lokamembaadum 30 dasalaksham sikhukaaraanullathu, ithu loka janasamkhyayude 0.40 sathamaanamaanu. ekadesham 75 sathamaanam sikhukaarum panchaabilaan thaamasikkunnath, avide avar samsthaana janasamkhyayude aii. dii. 1 aanu. 2001 leeii sensus prakaram 11 laksham sikhukaarumaayi indiayile randaamathe valia sikh janasamkhyayulla indian samsthaanamaaya hariana polulla ayal samsthaanangalilekku sikhukaarude valia samudaayangal kudiyerunnu, koodaathe indiayiludaneelam sikhukaarude valia kudiyetta samoohangale kaanam. ennirunnaalum, indian janasamkhyayude 1.7 sathamaanam maathramaan sikhukaar.
kaanadayil 771,790 perr (2 sathamaanam sikh), yunaittad kingdatthil 524,140 perr (0.9 sathamaanam sikh), amerikkayil 269,986 perr (0.1 sathamaanam sikh), austreliyayil 210,397 perr (0.8 sathamaanam sikh), nyoosilandil 40,908 perr (0.9 sathamaanam sikh) ennivaradangunna indiaykku purathulla mikka sikhukaarum pradhana anglosphereilaanu thaamasikkunnath. eee samudaayangalkku 125 varshathiladhikam pazhakkamundengilum padinjaaran mekhalayile mikka sikhukaarum onnaam thalamurayo randaam thalamurayo moonnaam thalamurayo aaya kudiyettakkaraanu. 2021leeii canadian sensus prakaram kaanadayile sikhukaaril pakuthiyiladhikam perum brampton (163,260), suurii (154,415), kalgari (49,465), abbotsford (38,395) ennee naalu nagarangalil onnil kaanapedunnu. brampton, surre, abbotsford enniva yathaakramam 25.1% sikh, 27.4% sikh, 25.5% sikh ennivayaanu. gurudwaarakal, pathrangal, radio steshanukal, vipanikal enniva eee valia, multy-janareshan sikh canadian grouppukale paripaalikkunnu. vaishaakhi, bandi chore thudangiya sikh uthsavangal kaanadayile nagarangalil panchaabinu purathulla lokathile ettavum valia anuyaayikalude samghamaanu aaghoshikkunnathu.
sikhukaar kizhakkan aphrica, middle eest, thekkukizhakkan eshya ennividangalilekkum kudiyeri. saamraajyathva thozhil vipanikalile vidavukal nikathunnathinaayi sikhukaar panchaabil ninnu kudiyeriyathode eee samudaayangal vikasichu. padinjaaran europile pala raajyangalilum, prathyekichu italiyilum, maleshya, phillippines, singapur, hongong, fiji, neppaal, chaina, afgaanisthaan, iraan thudangiya raajyangalilum sikhukaarude cheria janasamkhya kaanapedunnu.
sikh mathatthile nirodhanangal.
snaapanathin vidheyaraaya thudakkakkaraaya khalsa sikhukaar eee nirodhanangal karsanamaayi paalikkunnu. sikh gurukkanmar matham nadappaakkukayo eathenkilum prathyeka matham pinthudaraan aalukale nirbandhikkunnathil vishwasikkukayo cheythillengilum, guruvinte shishyapramaanam (maan-maatt) illaathe jeevitam nayikkunnathinu vipareethamaayi guruvinte vazhi (gurr-maatt) pinthudarnnu mikacha vyakthikalakaan sikh samooham ellah aalukaleyum prolsaahippikkunnu
4 pradhana lamghanangal
sikh rehat maryada anusarichu ozhivaakkenda mattu paraamarsikkappetta sanbradaayangal

