
kanninte niram

kanninte niram rund gadakangalaal nirnnayikkappedunna oru polysenic phenotypic swabhaavamaanan kanninte airisinte pigmenteshan, airisinte stromayile turbid meediyam prakaashatthinte chitharalinte aavruthi-ashrayam.
manushyaril, airisinte pigment eppitheeliyathile (airisinte pinbhaagathu sthithicheyyunna) melaninte saandrata, airis stromicullile (airisinte munvashath sthithicheyyunna) melanin ulladakkam, stromayude sellular saandrata ennivaye aashrayich airisinte pigmenteshan ilam thavitt muthal karupp vare vyathyaasappedunnu. neela, pacha, hassel annukalude roopam stromayile tyndall chitharalil ninnaan undaakunnath, ithu neela aakaashathin kaaranamakunna railey chitharalinu samanamaaya oru prathibhaasamaan. manushya irisilo vitrius narmmatthilo neelayo pachayo nirangalilla. ithu gadanaaparamaaya niratthinte oru udaaharanamaanu, ithu prakasha saahacharyangale aasrayichirikkunnu, prathyekichu ilam niramulla annukalkku.
terridins, purins, carotenoidukal thudangiya mattu pigmentukalude saannidhyathil ninnaan pala pakshikaludeyum thilakkamulla niramulla annukal undaakunnath. manushyarkkum mattu mrugangalkkum kanninte niratthil niravadhi phenotypic vyathiyaanangalund.
manushyaril kanninte niratthinte janithakavum anantharaavakaashavum sankeernamaanu. 16 jeenukal kanninte varnna paarambaryavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. kanninte niramulla chila jeenukalil "okaa 2", "herk 2" enniva ulppedunnu. neelakkannukalude niram oru lalithamaaya resessive swabhaavamaanenna munkaala vishwaasam thettaanenn theliyikkappettittund. kanninte niratthinte janithakashasthram valare sankeernamaayathinaal eathu maathapithaakkaludeyum kuttikaludeyum kanninte nirangalude samyojanam sambhavikkam. ennirunnaalum, proximal 5 'regulatory mekhalayodu chernnulla okaa 2 jeane polymorphism, manushyante kanninte varnna vyathiyaanathe vishadeekarikkunnu.
janithaka nirnayam.
onniladhikam jeenukal nirnnayikkunna paarambarya swabhaavamaanu kanninte niram. single-nucleotide polymorphisangal allengil snps ennu vilikkunna jeenukalileyum ayal jeenukalileyum cheria mattangal padichaanu eee jeenukal thedunnathu. kanninte niratthinu kaaranamakunna jeenukalude ennam anjjaathamaanu, pakshe saadhyathayulla chila sthaanaarthikalundu. rotterdamil (2009) nadatthiya oru padanatthil, verum aarr snaappukal upayogichu thavitt, neela nirangalkk 90 sathamaanathiladhikam krithyathayode kanninte niram pravachikkaan kazhiyumennu kandethi. 
lokamembaadumulla eathoru janasamkhyayekkaalum europian vamshajaraaya aalukal kanninte niratthil ettavum valia vaividhyam kaanikkunnu. purathana dna saankethikavidyayile sameepakaala munnettangal europile kanninte niratthinte chila charithrangal velippeduthi. purathana dnaude vishakalanathiloode, "pareekshanathmaka dermattolaji" yill prasidheekaricha 2020 leeii oru padanatthil neelakkannukalude niratthinulla saadhaarana jeane ekadesham kizhakk ninnu uthbhavichathum 42,000 varshangalkk munbu aafrikkayil ninnu purappettathinusesham europil athiyathumaanennu soochippikkunnu.
manushyaril kanninte niratthinu 16 vyathyastha jeenukal kaaranamaakumennathin thelivukalundu; ennirunnaalum, kanninte varnna vyathiyanavumaayi bandhapetta pradhana rund jeenukal "okaa 2", "herk 2" ennivayaanu, iva randum chromosome 15 ll praadeshikavalkkarinchirikku.
okaa2" () enna jeane, oru vyathyastha roopathil aayirikkumbol, manushya albinism saadhaaranamaaya pink kanninte niratthinum hypopigmentation kaaranamaakunnu. (jeeninte peru athu undaakkunna thakararaya okyulo cutaneous albinism type II ll ninnaan uruthirinjathu.) "okaa 2"-nullile vyathyastha snpukal neela, pacha annukalumaayi shakthamayi bandhappettirikkunnu, athupole thanne chulivukal, moll kaundukal, mudi, charmmatthinte toonn ennivayile vyathiyaanangalum. polymorphisangal oru "okaa 2" regulatory seekwansilaayirikkaam, avide avaa jeane uthppannathinte aavishkaarathe swaadheenichekkaam, ithu pigmenteshane badhikkunnu. okaa2" expression niyanthrikkunna oru jeenaaya "herk2" jeeninullile oru prathyeka mutation neelakkannukalkk bhaagikamaayi kaaranamaakunnu. kanninte niravyathiyaanathil ulppedunna mattu jeenukal slc24eiii4, tyre ennivayaanu. 2010ll uyarnna resolutionulla digital phul-aii photographukal upayogichu niratthilum saturationilum ulla annukalude varnna vyathyasathekkurichulla oru padanatthil motham patthu jeenukalkku moonnu puthiya lokki kandethi, ithu kanninte varnna vyathyaasathinte 50 shathamaanatholam vishadeekarikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
thavittuniramulla paadukalulla neelakkannukal, pachakkannukal, chaaraniratthilulla annukal enniva genome poornnamaayum vyathyasthamaaya oru bhagam moolamaanu undaakunnath.
kanninte niratthil maattam.
europian vamshajaraaya navjata sisukkalil bhooribhaagathinum ilam niramulla annukalundu. kutty vikasikkumbol, melanositeukal (manushyante annukalude airisinullil kaanapedunna koshangal, athupole charmmavum romakoopangalum) pathukke melanin utppaadippikkaan thudangunnu. melanosite koshangal nirantharam pigment uthppaadippikkunnathil, sidhaanthathil kanninte niram maattaan kazhiyum. muthirnnavarude kanninte niram saadhaaranayaayi 3 muthal 6 maasam vare praayamullavarkkidayil sthaapikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu pinneedu sambhavikkam. airisinte pinbhaagathu ninnu prathifalanamillaathe pakaruna prakasham maathram upayogichu oru shishuvinte airis vashath ninnu nireekshikkunnathu, kuranja alavil melanin undo illayo ennu kandethaan kazhiyum. eee nireekshana reethikk keezhil neelayaayi kaanapedunna airis sisuvinu praayamaakumbol neelayaayi thudaraan saadhyathayund. svarnnanirathil kaanapedunna airisil eee cherupraayatthil thanne kurachu melanin adangiyittundu, sisuvinu praayamaakumbol neelayil ninnu pachayilekko thavitt niratthilekko marran saadhyathayund.
kuttikkalam, praayapoorthiyaakal, garbham, chilappol gurutharamaaya aaghaatham (heterochromia polullava) ennivaykkidayil kanninte niratthil undaakunna mattangal (minnal allengil irunda) soochippikkunnathu shareerathinullile raasapravarthanangalo hormon maattangalo kaaranam chila saahacharyangalil annukalkku chilappol niram maarunnu ennaanu.
sahodarathvavum samaanathayumulla kokkeshyan erattakalekkurichulla padanangal kaanikkunnath kaalakramena kanninte niram maattathinu vidheyamaakaamennum airisinte pradhana demelanisation janithakamaayi nirnnayikkappedaamennum. hassel, umber annukalulla kokkeshyan janasamkhyayilaanu mikka kanninte nira maattangalum nireekshikkukayo report cheiyukayo cheythath. ore paaristhithika saahacharyangalil, rund vyathyastha aalukalkkidayil oru vasthuvinte nirathekkurichu abhipraayavyathyaasamundaam; eee poruthakkedinu kaaranamakunna ghadakam airisile melanin saannidyamaanu, ithu kanninte niram nirnnayikkunnathinulla pradhana gadakamaanu. airisile melaninte alavu kooduthalum melaninte ghadana saandramaakumbozhum oru vyakthiyude annukalude niram irundupokunnu; athe melanin saandrata paarambaryavum paaristhithikavumaaya pala gadakangaleyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
kanninte nira paridhi.
thavitt.
mikkavarum ellah sasthanikalkkum thavitt allengil irunda niramulla irisukalundu. manushyaril, lokathile ekadesham 79 sathamaanam aalukalkkum ithu ullathinaal, ettavum saadhaaranamaaya kanninte niramaan thavitt.
airisinte stromayil thaarathamyena uyarnna alavil melanin adangiyirikkunnathinaal thavittuniramulla annukal undaakunnu, ithu cheruthum dairkhyameriyathumaaya tharamgadairkhyangalude prakasham agiranam cheyyaan kaaranamaakunnu.
irunda thavitt niramulla annukalaanu manushyaril prabalam. lokathinte pala bhagangalilum, ithu eathaandu airis niramaan. europe, kizhakkan eshya, thekkukizhakkan eshya, madhyeshya, dakshineshya, pashchimeshya, ooshyaaniya, aphrica, america ennividangalil thavitt niramulla annukal saadhaaranamaanu. 
thekke europilum amerikkayilum madhyeshyayude chila bhagangalilum pashchimeshyayilum dakshineshyayilum ilam allengil idatharam niramulla thavitt niramulla annukal saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunnu.
umber.
sakthamaaya manja/swarnna, russet/chembu niramulla uracha niramaan aambar annukal, ithu lipocrom (pacha annukalilum kaanapedunnu) enna manja pigment moolamaayirikkaam. amber annukale hassel annukalumaayi thettidharikkaruthu. hassel annukalil aambarinteyo svarnnathinteyo speckukal adangiyirikkaamenkilum, avaykku saadhaaranayaayi pacha, thavitt, ooranchu ennivayulppede mattu niravadhi nirangalundu. koodaathe, hassel annukalkku niram maarunnathayi thonniyekkaam, avayil fleckukalum tharamgangalum adangiyirikkaam, athesamayam aambar annukalkku uracha swarnna niramaan. umper svarnnathinu samaanamaanengilum, chila aalukalkk russet allengil chembu niramulla aambar annukalundu, avaa hassel ennu thettidharikkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum hassel mangiyathum chuvapp/swarnna flecukalulla pachayum adangiyirikkunnu. umper annukalil valare ilam swarnna-ishh chaaraniravum adangiyirikkaam.
chila praavukalude annukalil terridines ennariyappedunna manja fluoresing pigmentukal adangiyirikkunnu. airis stromayil sthithicheyyunna chila chromatophorukalkkull (saanthophorukal ennu vilikkunnu) terridine pigment santhopterin ullathaanu valia kombulla moongayude thilakkamulla manja annukalkku kaaranamenn karuthappedunnu. manushyaril, manjaniratthilulla paadukal allengil paadukal lipocrom ennum ariyappedunna lipophasin pigment moolamaanennu karuthappedunnu. naaykkal, valarthumrigangal, moongakal, kazhukanmaar, praavukal, malsyangal thudangi niravadhi mrugangalkku aambar kannukalundengilum manushyaril eee niram valare kuravaanu. loka janasamkhyayude 5 sathamaanathil pachayum chaaraniravum kazhinjaal moonnaamathe apoorvamaaya swaabhaavika annukalude niramaan aambar. pakistan, balcan mekhala, thekkan france, iberian upadveep, itali, hungery ennividangalil aaa kanninte niramulla aalukale kaanapedunnu, koodaathe middle eest, columbia, thekkan koonn ennividangalil kuravaanu.
hassel.
airisinte munvashathe athirthi paaliyile rele chitharalum mithamaaya alavil melane chernnathaanu hassel annukalkku kaaranam. hassel annukal palappozhum thavitt niratthil ninnu pacha niratthilekku maarunnathayi kaanapedunnu. haasalil kooduthalum thavitt, pacha nirangal adangiyirikkunnuvenkum kanninte pradhana niram thavitt/svarnnam allengil pacha aakam. athukondaanu hassel annukale aambar ennum thirichum thettidharikkappedunnathu. eee kompineshan chilappol oru multicolored airis, athaayath, undaakkum.iii.sooryaprakaashathil kaanumbol, puthappinaduthulla ilam thavitt/aambar niramulla kannum airisinte puram bhaagath curry allengil kadum pacha niramulla kannum (allengil thirichum).
kanninte niramaaya "hazell" ennathinte nirvachanangal vyathyaasappedunnu ithu chilappol oru hazelnut shellinte niratthilennapole ilam thavitt allengil svarnnathinte paryaayamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
american janasamkhyayude 18 sathamaanavum loka janasamkhyayude 5 sathamaanavum hassel annukalullavaraanu. spaniards, vadakke aphrica, middle eest, brazeel ennividangalilaanu hassel annukal kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath.
pacha.
oo. sii. eiii. 2"-num mattu jeenukalkkum ullile onniladhikam vakabhedangalude prathipravartthanathil ninnu pacha annukal undakam. venkalayugathil avaa thekkan cyberiayil undaayirunnu.
vadakku, padinjaaru, madhya europil pacha annukalaanu kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath. aise landile purushanmaaril ekadesham aii. dii. 1 umm sthreekalil aii. dii. 2 umm netherlandile 6 sathamaanam purushanmarkkum 17 sathamaanam sthreekalkkum pacha niratthilulla annukalundu. europian amerikkakkaarkkidayil, sameepakaala celtic, jarmman vamshajaraayavaril ekadesham 16 shathamaanavumaayi pacha annukal ettavum saadhaaranamaanu.
pacha niram undaakunnatha 1) airisinte stromayile (melaninte kuranjatho mithamaayatho aaya saandrathayulla) oru aambar allengil ilam thavitt pigmenteshan 2) prathifalikkunna prakaashatthinte railey chitharal srishticha neela niram. pacha annukalil manjaniratthilulla pigment lipocrom adangiyirikkunnu.
neela.
irisilo vitrius bodiyilo neela pigmenteshan illa. melanin ullathinaal airis pigment epithelium thavittuniramulla karuthathaanennu vichedanam velippeduthunnu. thavitt niramulla annukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, irunda eppitheeliyathinu munnil sthithi cheiyunna airisinte stromayil neela annukalil melanin saandrata kuravaanu. prakaashatthinte dairkhyameriya tharamgadairkhyangal irunda antharleenamaaya epithelium agiranam cheiyunnu, athesamayam hrasvamaaya tharamgadairkhyangal prathifalikkukayum stromayude malinamaaya maadhyamathil railey chitharalinu vidheyamaakukayum cheiyunnu. aakaashathinte neela roopathinu kaaranamakunna athe chitharalaanith. baahya prakasha saahacharyangalkkanusarich vyathyaasappedunna oru "tyndall neela" gadanaaparamaaya niramaan phalam.
neelakkannukal pinthudarunna anantharaavakaasha reethi munbu oru mendelian resussive swabhaavamaanennu karuthappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum, kanninte varnna anantharaavakaasham ippol oru polysenic swabhaavamaayi amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu, athaayath ithu niravadhi jeenukalude edapedalukalaal niyanthrikkappedunnu.
2008ll copenhagen sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakarude samgham neelakkannukalude prathibhaasathinu kaaranamakunna orotta mutation kandethi. jenal oof human janithakashaasthra' thilaanu gaveshanam prasidheekarichathu. neelakkannukalulla aalukalkkidayile okaa 2 jeeninte athe dna shreni soochippikkunnathu avarkk orotta pothu poorvvikan undayirikkaam ennaanu. europile karinkadal mekhalayude vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagath 6,000 muthal 10,000 varshangalkk munbu neolithic kaalaghattatthil thaamasichirunna oru vyakthiyilaanu neelakkannukalkk kaaranamakunna okaa 2 mutation uyarnnuvannathennu gaveshakar anumaanichu. ennirunnaalum, sameepakaalathe purathana dna gaveshanangal neelakkannukalkk okaa 2 mutation ulla puthiya shilaayugathekkaal valare pazhakkamulla manushyaavashishtangal thiricharinjittundu. ekadesham 50,000 varshangalkk munbu aafrikkayil ninnu aadhunika manushyar aduthide kudiyerukayum padinjaaran eshyayil ninnu europilekku praveshikkukayum cheytha kaalathaanu okaa 2 alleel ennu ippol vishwasikkappedunnu.
human janithakashaasthrathil" prasidheekaricha oru padanatthil iberg sahapravarthakarum nirddeshichathu "herk 2" jeeninte 86-aamathe intronile oru mutation, "okaa 2" jeane promoterumaayi edapazhakunnuvennu anumaanikkappedunnu, ithu "okaa 2" nte aavishkaaram kuraykkunnu, thudarnnu melanin ulppaadanathil kuravundaayi.
vadakkan europilum kizhakkan europilum, prathyekichu baltic kadalinu chuttum neelakkannukalaanu pradhaanamaayum kaanappedunnath. thekkan europe, madhyeshya, dakshineshya, vadakke aphrica, padinjaaran eshya ennividangalilum neelakkannukal kaanapedunnu.
aagola janasamkhyayude ekadesham 8 muthal 10 sathamaanam vare neelakkannukalullavaraanu. american aikyanaadukalile vellakkaarude idayil neelakkannukalude vyaapanam 1936 muthal 1951 vare janichavaril aii. dii. 2 aanennu 2002 leeii oru patanam kandethi, 1899 muthal 1905 vare janichavaril aii. dii. 3 aanennu kanakkakkiyaal. aarr amerikkakkaaril oraalkk, allengil motham yuu. ezz janasamkhyayil aii. dii. 4nuu vellakkaarude aii. dii. 1 ulppede neelakkannukalundennu kandethi. american kuttikalil neelakkannukalude ennam kurayunnathu thudarunnu. slovensil 56 sathamaanam perkkum neela/pacha niratthilulla annukalundu.
chaaraniram.
neelakkannukal pole, chaaraniratthilulla annukalkku airisinte pinbhaagathu irunda epitheeliyavum munvashath thaarathamyena vyakthamaaya stroma undu. chaaraniratthilullathum neelaniratthilullathumaaya annukalude roopathilulla vyathyaasathin saadhyamaaya oru vishadeekaranam chaaraniratthilulla annukalkku stromayil kolajan valia nikshepamundu ennathaanu, athinaal eppitheeliyathil ninnu prathifalikkunna prakasham railey chitharalinekkaal (prakaashatthinte hraswa tharamgadairkhyangal kooduthal chitharikkidakkunna) mye chitharalinu vidheyamaakunnu (ithu sakthamaaya aavruthiye aasrayikkunnilla). aakasham thelinjirikkumbol cheria vathaka thanmathrakal sooryaprakaasham vitharunnathu nalkunna neelayil ninnu aakasham meghaavrithamaakumbol valia jalathullikal chitharunnath moolamundaakunna chaaraniram vare ithu aakaashathinte niratthile maattathinu samanamaayirikkum. pakaramaayi, stromayude munvashath melaninte saandrathayil chaaraniratthilum neela niratthilumulla annukal vyathyaasappedaamennu abhipraayappettittund.
vadakkupadinjaaran aafrikkayile ooras parvathanirakalile aljeeriyan shavia janathayilum, middle eest/vestt eshya, central eshya, dakshineshya ennividangalilum chaaraniratthilulla annukal kaanam. greak devathayaaya eathen chaaraniramulla annukalode prathyakshappedunnu (γλαyκοπις). maagnifikkeshanu keezhil, chaaraniratthilulla annukal airisil cheria alavil manja, thavitt niram kaanikkunnu.
loka janasamkhyayude 3 sathamaanam varunna pacha kazhinjaal randaamathe apoorvamaaya swaabhaavika niramaan chaaraniram.
prathyeka kesukal.
chuvappum violetum.
valare kuranja alavil melanin ullathinaal chila prakasha saahacharyangalil albinism ullavarude annukal chuvannathayi kaanapedaam, ithu rakthakkuzhalukale kaanikkan anuvadikkunnu. koodaathe, flash photography chilappol oru "chuvanna-kannu prabhavam" undaakkum, athil oru flashil ninnulla valare thilakkamulla prakasham rettinayil ninnu prathifalikkunnu, ithu dhaaraalam rakthakkuzhalukalullathinaal photoyil puple chuvapp niratthil kaanapedunnu. 
elisabath tailerineppolulla chila aalukalude aazhathilulla neela annukal chila samayangalil purple allengil violet aayi kaanappedumenkilum, "yadhaartha" violet niramulla annukal albinism kaaranam maathrame undaakoo. albinism kaaranam chila saahacharyangalil chuvappo vayalatto aayi kaanapedunna annukal loka janasamkhyayude oru sathamaanathil thaazheyaan.
rund vyathyastha nirangal.
heterochromia airidathinte falamaayi rund vyathyastha annukalude nirangal undakanum saadhyathayund. ithu manushyarilum valarthumrigangalude chila enangalilum sambhavikkunnu, ithu loka janasamkhyayude oru sathamaanathil thaazhe maathrame baadhikkunnulloo.
medical prathyaaghaathangal.
airisile melaninte ettavum pradhanappetta punk sooryante doshakaramaaya kiranangalil ninnu annukale samrakshikkuka ennathaanu. neela allengil pacha polulla ilam niramulla annukalulla aalukalkk sooryanil ninnulla samrakshanam kuravaanu, athinaal irunda annukalullavarekkaal sooryakiranangalil ninnu kooduthal samrakshanam aavasyamaanu.
irunda airis niramullavarekkaal bharam kuranja airis niramullavaril praayavumaayi bandhapetta macular degeneration (ammed) kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu; bharam kuranja kanninte niravum ammed purogathikkulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. chaaraniratthilulla airis oru yuvaittisinte saannidhyathe soochippikkaam, neela, pacha, chaaraniratthilulla annukalullavaril yuveel melanomaykkulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, 2000-ll nadatthiya oru patanam soochippikkunnathu irunda thavitt niramulla annukalulla aalukalkk timiram varaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanennum athinaal sooryaprakaashathil ninnu annukale samrakshikkanamennum soochippikkunnu.
vilsons rogam.
karalinullile chembu koshangalile golji upakaranathilekku praveshikkunnathil ninnu thadayunna atpes 7 bii enna ensaiminulla jeane kodinginte parivartthanam vilsons rogathil ulppedunnu. pakaram, karalilum kanninte airis ulppedeyulla mattu tissuekalilum chembu adinjukoodunnu. ithu airisinte chuttalav valayam cheiyunna irunda valayangalaaya keyser-flasher valayangalude roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
sclerayude niram.
airisinu purathulla kanninte niravum rogathinte lakshanamayirikkaam. sclirayude ("annukalude vella") manjaniram manjappithavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu sirosis allengil heppattaitis polulla karal rogangalude lakshanamayirikkaam. sclirayude neela niravum rogathinte lakshanamayirikkaam.
aniridia.
upariplavamaaya parisodhanayil illaathaakunna valare avikasithamaya airis savisheshathayulla oru janmana ulla avasthayaanu aniridia.
okkular albinism, kanninte niram.
saadhaaranayaayi, airisinte pinbhaagathu melanin kattiyulla oru paaliyund. airisinte munvashath melanin illaatha ettavum ilam neela niramulla annukalulla aalukalkk polum kannil prakasham chitharunnath thadayaan athinte pinbhaagathu irunda thavitt niramundu. albinism enna cheria roopangalullavaril, airisinte niram saadhaaranayaayi neelayaanu, pakshe neela muthal thavitt vare vyathyaasappedaam. albinism enna kadinamaaya roopangalil, airisinte pinbhaagathu pigment illa, kanninte ullil ninnulla prakasham airisiloode munvashathekku kadannupokum. eee sandarbhangalil, airisinte kaappilarikalile rakthathile haemoglobinil ninnulla chuvapp maathramaan kaanappedunnath. atharam albino muyalukalkko elikalkko melaninte poornamaaya abhaavamulla mattethenkilum mrugangalkko pole pink niratthilulla annukalundu. iridial pigmenteshante abhavam kaaranam oru kannu parishodhanaykkide transilumination vaikalyangal mikkavarum ellaayppozhum nireekshikkaan kazhiyum. ookkular albinoyil rettinayilum saadhaarana alavil melanin illa, ithu rettinayil ninnum kannin puratthekkum prathifalippikkaan saadhaaranayekkaal kooduthal prakasham anuvadikkunnu. ekkaaranathaal, albino vyakthikalil pupillary reflex kooduthal prakadamaanu, ithu photographukalile chuvanna kanninte phalathinu oonnal nalkum.
heterochromia.
heterochromia ("heterochromia iridam" allengil "heterochromia iridis") ennathu oru airisinte niram mattonnil ninnu vyathyasthamaayatho (poornnamaaya heterochromia) allengil oru airisinte oru bhagam bakkiyullathil ninnu vyathyasthamaayatho (bhagika heterochromia allengil sectoral heterochromia) aaya oru netra avasthayaanu. oru irisilo airisinte bhaagatho ulla pigmentinte aapekshika amitata allengil abhaavathinte falamaanithu, ithu paarambaryamaayi labhikkukayo rogamo parikko moolam nedukayo cheyyaam. eee asaadhaaranamaaya avastha saadhaaranayaayi asamamaya melanin ulladakkam moolamaanu undaakunnath. chimerism, hornezhs syndrome, wardenberg syndrome thudangiya janithaka kaaranagal ulppede niravadhi kaaranagal ithinu kaaranamaakunnu.
oro koshatthinum vyathyasthamaaya kanninte niramulla jeenukal ullathinaal oru chimeraykku rund sahodarangaleppole rund vyathyastha niramulla annukal undakam. dna vyathyasam oru kanninte varnna jeenil aanenkil oru mosaikkinu rund vyathyastha niramulla annukal undakam.
rund vyathyastha niramulla annukal undakaan mattu niravadhi kaaranangalund. udaaharanathinu, chalachithra nadan liie vaan cleaf oru neelakkannum oru pachakkannumaayi janichu, ithu addehathinte kudumbatthil saadhaaranamaayirunnathaayi reportund, ithu oru janithaka swabhaavamaanennu soochippikkunnu. chalachithra prekshakarkku aswasthathayundaakkumenn chalachithra nirmmathaakkal karuthiya eee kramakkedine braun kondaakt lensukal dharichu vaan cleaf "sariyaakki". maruvashathu, oru puple sthiramaayi vikasippikkaan kaaranamaaya oru parikk kaaranam david bovic vyathyastha annukalude nirangal undaayirunnu.
hetterochromiyekkuriyukkur mattoru sidhaantham, oru kanninte vikaasathe badhikkunna "garbhaashayathile" oru vairal anubaadhayil ninnu ithu undakam ennathaanu, orupakshe eathenkilum tharatthilulla janithaka parivartthanatthiloode. idaykkide, heterochromia gurutharamaaya oru aarogyasthithiyude adayaalamaakaam.
heterochromia ulla sthreekalil oru saadhaarana kaaranam ex-inn aaktiveshanaanu, ithu calico poochakal polulla niravadhi heterochromatic swabhaavasavisheshathakalkk kaaranamakum. aaghaathavum chila prostaglandin analogukal polulla chila marunnukalum oru kannil vardhicha pigmenteshanu kaaranamakum. chila samayangalil, parikkin sesham airisil raktham kalarnnathaan kanninte niratthil vyathyasam varuthunnathu.
kaazhchaye badhikkunnu.
sooryaprakaashathil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi airisil pigment kuravaayathinaal ilam niramulla annukalulla aalukal pothuve prakaashathodu kooduthal sensitiivu aanenkilum, kaazhchayude theekshnatha polulla kazhcha gunangalil kanninte niram nerittu swaadheenam cheluthunnu ennathinu thelivukalonnumilla. ennirunnaalum, irunda annukalulla aalukal "reactive-type taaskkukalil" mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunnuvennu kandethiya oru padanamundu, ithu avarkk mikacha prathikarana samayangal undaakaamenn soochippikkunnu. ennaal ilam niramulla annukalulla aalukal goalf panthu adikkukayo baseball eriyukayo polulla pravartthanangal ulppedunna "svayam-vegathayulla jolikal" ennu vilikkappedunnavayil mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavachu. mattoru padanatthil, irunda annukalulla aalukal racketball adikkunnathil mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavachu. eee kandethalukale velluvilikkunna mattu padanangalum undu. eee phalangal parisodhikkaan kooduthal patanam aavasyamaanennu shaasthranjar parayunnu.
nirangalude vargeekaranam.
airis niratthinu oru vyakthiyekkurich dhaaraalam vivarangal nalkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe rogalakshanaparamaaya mattangal rekhappeduthunnathino oru vyakthikk ookkular farmaceuticalsinote engane prathikarikkaamenn nirnnayikkunnathino nirangalude vargeekaranam upayogapradamaakum. vargeekarana samvidaanangal adisthaana velicham allengil irunda vivaranam muthal thaarathamyathinaayi photographic maanadandangal upayogikkunna vishadamaaya gradingukal vare undu. mattullavar varnna thaarathamyathinte vasthunishtamaaya maanadandangal nischayikkaan sramichittundu.
martin skailil ninnu vikasippichedutha martin-shults skeyil, oru vyakthiyude kanninte niram sthaapikkaan bhauthika naravamshashaasthrathil upayogikkunna oru staanderd kalar skeyilaanu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil naravamshashaasthranjaraaya rudolph martin, bruno keey shults ennivaraanu ithu srishtichathu. airisile melaninte alavu moolamundaakunna swaabhaavika kanninte nirangalumayi poruthappedunna ilam neela muthal irunda thavitt-karupp vareyulla 20 nirangalaanu skailil adangiyirikkunnathu.
saadhaarana kanninte nirangal thavitt niratthinte irunda shadeukal muthal neelayude bharam kuranja nirangal vareyaanu. oresamayam lalithavum ennaal gaveshana aavasyangalkku mathiyaya vishadavumaaya staanderd vargeekaranathinte aavasyakatha niravettunnathinaayi, sedoon thudangiyava. pradhana airis niratheyum thavitt allengil manja niratthilulla pigmentinte alavineyum adisthaanamaakki oru graded sisttam vikasippichu. gadanaaparamaaya nirathodoppam airisinte baahyaroopavum avayude anupaathathe aashrayich nirnnayikkunna moonnu pigment nirangalundu. udaaharanathinu, pacha irisukalkku kurachu manjayum neelayum ghadana niramundu. braun irisukalil melanin kooduthalo kuravo adangiyittundu. chila annukalkku airisinu chuttum irunda valayamundu, ithine limbal ring ennu vilikkunnu.
manushyarallaatha mrugangalile kanninte niram vyathyasthamayi niyanthrikkappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, manushyaril kaanunnathupole neelaykku pakaram, "corusia seebratta" enna skink speesheesile autosomal resussive kanninte niram karuppum autosomal aadhipathya niram manja-pachayumaanu.
nirathekkurichulla dhaarana kaazhchayude avasthaye aasrayichirikkunnu (udha.jii.prakaashatthinte alavum tharavum athupole chuttumulla paristhithiyude niravum), athupole thanne kanninte nirathekkurichulla dharana.

