
nirmmaanam (thathwachintha)

thathwashaasthrathil, oru nirmmaanam ennathu "anuyojyamaaya" oru vasthuvaan, athaayath, manassinte allengil chinthayude oru vasthu, athaayath athinte nilanilpp oru vishayathinte manassine aashrayichirikkunnuvennu parayaam. bodhapoorvamaaya oru nireekshana vishayathinte nilanilppine aashrayikkaatha eathenkilum "manass-swatantra" vasthukkalumayi ithu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. athinaal, eee rund padangalum thammilulla vyathyaasathe mattu daarshanika sandarbhangalile prathibhasavum neumenonum thammilulla vyathyaasavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaam, koodaathe realism, idealism ennee padangalude pala saadhaarana nirvachanangalumaayum thaarathamyam cheyyaam. sathyathinte kathidapaadukalude sidhaanthathil, nirmmithikal polulla ashayangal, avayude paraamarshangalumaayi ethratholam poruthappedunnu ennathine adisthaanamaakki vilayiruthukayum parisodhikkukayum venam, palappozhum avaa oru "manass-swatantra" yaadhaarthyathinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
avalokanam.
manassine aasrayikkunna vasthukkal enna nilayil, nirmmithikalayi saadhaaranayaayi kaanunna ashayangalil 3 allengil 4 polulla chinnangal nirddeshikkunna amoortha vasthukkal allengil induction allengil amoortheekaranathinte falamaayi kaanapedunna swaathanthryam allengil thanupp polulla vaakkukal ulppedunnu, athu pinneedu nireekshikkaavunna vasthukkalil prayogikkaam allengil mattu nirmmithikalumayi thaarathamyappeduthaam. athinaal, shaasthreeya sidhaanthangalum sidhaanthangalum (udha.jii. parinaama sidhaantham, guruthwaakarshana sidhaantham), vargeekaranangal (udaaharanathinu, jaiva vargeekaranathil) ennivayum, melpparanja ardhathil nirmmithikalayi kanakkaakkappedunna aashayaparamaaya gadakangalaanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, nireekshakane chuttipattiyulla mikka dainamdina, vyakthamaaya kaaryangaleyum vasthunishtamaayi tharamthirikkaam ("yadhaartha" enna ardhathil, athaayath nireekshakanu baahyamaayi nilanilkkunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu).
nireekshakan ethratholam vasthunishtamaayi kaanunnu ennathu vivaadaparamaanu, athinaal nirmmithikalude krithyamaaya nirvachanam vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukalilum thathwachinthakalilum valare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. baahya vasthukkalude mikka allengil ellah gunangalum indriyangal nerittu pidichedukkunnu enna kaazhchappaad saadhaaranayaayi nerittulla yaadhaarthyabodham enna padavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. naamavaachakathayude pala roopangalum aashayaparamaaya nirmmaana prakriya bhashayodu thanne aaropikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, "malsyam" enna wack mattu vaakkukalum ("paara" polullava) thammilulla vyathyasam varaykkunnathiloodeyo allengil aaa vaakk soochippikkunna paraamarshangal thammilulla eathenkilum tharatthilulla saamyam vazhiyo "malsyathathvam" enna ashayam nirmmikkunnu. neremarichu, platonic aadarshavaadam pothuve nilanilkkunnath vishayathil ninnu swathanthramaaya oru "yaadhaarthyam" nilanilkkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee yaadhaarthyam bhouthikamo bhouthikamo allatha, aadarshamaayi kaanapedunnu, athinaal athu indriyangalkku arian kazhiyilla. athinaal, "swaathanthryam" allengil "thanupp" enna ashayam "paara" allengil "malsyathathvam" pole thanne "yadhaarthamaanu"."
nirmmaanangalude srishti pravartthanavalkkaranathintha bhagamaanu, prathyekichu saidhaanthika nirvachanangalude srishtiyaanu. oru aashayathinte upayogakshamatha mattonninekkaal pradhaanamaayum nirmmaana saadhuthaye aasrayichirikkunnu. nirmmithikalude paalikkappedaatthathine abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinu, yuu.ezz. naashanal instittyoott oof health, naashanal cancer instittyoott thudangiya federal ejansikal nirmmaana upayogavum punarupayogavum mechappeduthunnathinaayi grid praapthamakkiya nadapadikal (jemm) enna peril oru nirmmaana daattaabes srishtichu.
shaasthra thathwashaasthrathil, prathyekichu shaasthreeya sidhaanthangale paraamarshikkumbol, oru saangalppika nirmmaanam nerittu nireekshikkaanaavaatha oru vishadeekarana variablaanu. udaaharanathinu, manashaasthratthile prathibhasangal vishadeekarikkaan "buddhi", "prachodanam" ennee ashayangal upayogikkunnu, pakshe randum nerittu nireekshikkanaavilla. oru saangalppika nirmmaanam oru edayilulla variable ninnu vyathyasthamaan, athinu anubhavaparamaya gaveshanathil theliyikkappedaatha gunangalum prathyaaghaathangalumundu. kooduthal gaveshanathinulla maargganirddeshamaayi iva pravartthikkunnu. maruvashathu, nireekshicha anubhavaparamaya kandethalukalude sangrahamaanu oru intervending variable.
charithram.
kronbaakkum meelum (1955) oru saangalppika nirmmaanatthe nirvachikkunnath, nireekshikkaavunna oru reference illaathathum nerittu nireekshikkaan kazhiyaathathum onniladhikam referenceukal nilavilundenkilum ellaam ulkkollathathumaaya oru aashayamaanu. udaaharanathinu, kronbaakkinteyum meelinteyum abhipraayathil oru malsyam oru saangalppika nirmmithiyalla, kaaranam malsyangalude enangalilum enangalilum vyathyaasamundaayittum, oru malsyathe pakshiyil ninnu verthirikkunna prathyeka swabhaavasavisheshathakalulla oru malsyathinu oru amgeekritha nirvachanamund. koodaathe, oru malsyathe nerittu nireekshikkaan kazhiyum. maruvashathu, oru saangalppika nirmmaanathinu orotta reference illa; pakaram, saangalppika nirmmithikal pravartthanavumaayi bandhapetta perumattangal, manobhaavangal, prakriyakal, anubavangal ennivayude grouppukal ulkkollunnu. budhiyo snehamo bhayamo kaanunnathinupakaram budhishakthi, sneham allengil bhayam ennu vilikkaan naam sammathichathinte soochakangalo prakadanangalo naam kaanunnu.
mccorkwadel meelum (1948) intervening variabilukalum eee saangalppika nirmmithikalum thammilulla vyathyasam charcha cheythu. saangalppika nirmmithikale avaa alakkunna pravarthanangalekkaal kooduthal soochippikkunnathinaal avaa adhika ardham adangiyirikkunnuvennu avar vivarikkunnu.
posittivist paarambaryatthil, boaring (1923) intelligence testtinte alavukal enthuthanneyaayaalum intalijansine visheshippichu. atharam pravartthana nirvachanangalodulla prathikaranamaayi, kronbaakkum meelum (1955) buddhi polulla nirmmithikale saangalppika nirmmithikalayi kaanendathinte aavasyakatha oonnipparanju. kazhivukalum vyakthithvavum polulla nirmmithikalude pravartthana nirvachanathinu mathiyaya maanadandamillennu avar vaadichu. athinaal, cronback aandu meal (1955) parayunnathanusarichu, budhiyudeyo vyakthithvathinteyo upayogapradamaaya nirmmaanam verum testt skorukalekkaal kooduthal soochippikkanam. pakaram, eee nirmmithikal vaividhyamaarnna perumattangal pravachikkanam.

