sukarno

1945 muthal 1967 vare indoneshyayude aadya prasidantaayirunna oru indoneshyan raashtrathanthranjanum vagmiyum viplavakaariyum desheeyavaadiyumaayirunnu sukarno (,; jananam coesno sosrodihardjo,; 6 juun 1901-21 juun 1970).
dutch colonialistukalil ninnu swaathanthryam nedaanulla indoneshyan pooraattatthinte neethaavaayirunnu sukaarno. colonial kaalaghattatthil indoneshyayude deseeya prasthaanatthinte pramukha neethaavaayirunna addeham randaam lokamahaayudhathil adhinivesham nadatthiya japanese sainyam mochippikkunnathuvare oru pathittaandilere dutch thadankalil chelavazhichu. deseeya ashayangal pracharippikkunnathin japanese sahaayathin pakaramaayi japanese yudhashramathinu janangalil ninnu pinthuna nedunnathinu sukarnoyum saha desheeyavaadikalum sahakarichu. japanese keezhadangiyathinushesham, sukarnoyum mohammed hattah 1945 august 17 nuu indoneshyan swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum chukaarno presidentaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. 1949ll dutch indoneshyan swaathanthryam amgeekarikkunnathuvare nayatantra, sainika maargangaliloode dutch punarcolonisation sramangalkkethiraaya indoneshyan cheruthunilppinu addeham neethrthwam nalki.
paarlamentari janaadhipathyathinte araajakathva kaalaghattatthinushesham, 1959ll sukarno "guided democracy" enna peril oru svechaadhipathya samvidaanam sthaapichu, athu vaividyamaarnnathum thakarnnathumaaya raajyathinte nilanilppin bheeshaniyaaya asthirathayum kalaapangalum vijayakaramaayi avasaanippichu. avasaanippichu thudakkathil sukarno saamraajyathva virudhathayude peril aakramanathmaka videshanayangalude oru parambara aarambikkukayum chericheral prasthaanatthe vyakthiparamayi pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. eee sambhavavikasangal padinjarumaayulla samgharsham vardhikkunnathinum yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr. yumayullah adutha bandhatthinum kaaranamaayi. 1965 septambar septambar prasthaanatthe chuttipattiyulla sambhavangalkk sesham, sukkaarnoyude neethrthwathilulla sarkkaarine padinjaaran pinthunayulla sainika attimariyiloode sainika general suharto raajyathinte niyanthranam etteduthu. ithinethudarnnu communist party amgangaleyum anubhaavikalaanennu samshayikkunnavareyum sii. aii. eiii, britiish intelligence sevanangalude pinthunayode niravadhi koottakkolakalil vadhashikshaykk vidheyaraakkiyathulppede yadhaarthavum bodhapoorvavumaaya idathupakshakkaare adichamarthukayum 500,000 muthal athil kooduthal maranangalkk kaaranamavukayum cheythu. 1970ll marikkunnathuvare veettuthadankalilaayirunna sukarno maatti 1967ll suharto audyogikamaayi president sthaanam etteduthu.
1947ll pithaavinte bharanakaalathu janicha addehathinte mootha makal megawati sukarnoputri pinneedu 2001 muthal 2004 vare indoneshyayude anchaamathe presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu.
peru.
mahaabhaarathatthile puraana nayakanaaya karnanil ninnaan sukarno enna peru vannath. mahakaavyam mahaabhaarathatthile karnnanil atheeva aakrishtanaaya sukarnoyude pithaav thante makanu "shreshta karnnan" ennu aksharaarthatthil ardhamaakkunna sukarno ennu perittu."dutch aksharavinyaasathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla sukarno enna aksharavinyasam ippozhum pathivayi upayogikkunnu, pradhaanamaayum addeham pazhaya aksharavinyaasathil thante peril oppittathinaal. sukarno thanne "ooo" allah, "yuu" ennu ezhuthi nirbandhichuvenkilum dutch shaili upayogikkaan schoolil thannodu paranjathaayum 50 varshathinu sesham thante oppu maattunnath valare budhimuttaanennum athinaal thante oppu "ooo" ennu ucharikkukayaanennum paranju. ennirunnaalum, aii. dii. 1 kaalaghattatthile audyogika indoneshyan presidential utharavukal 1947 leeii aksharavinyasam upayogichu addehathinte peru achadichu. indoneshyayude thalasthaanamaaya jakkarthaykku sameepamulla pradeshathu sevanam nalkunna sukarno-hattah anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam ippozhum dutch aksharavinyasam upayogikkunnu.
indoneshyakkaar addehathe bung carno (sahodaran/sakhaavu carno) allengil paaku carno (misttar. carno "). pala javanese janathayeyum pole addehathinu oru peru maathrame undaayirunnulloo.
videsha akkoundukalil addehathe chilappol "akmed sukarno" allengil athinte chila vyathiyanangal ennu vilikkunnu. oru peril maathram aareyengilum kurichu aashayakkuzhappathilaya paashchaathya pathrapravartthakaraano, allengil musleem rajyangalil ninnu pinthuna nedunnathinaayi swaathanthryathe pinthunaykkunna indoneshyakkaaraanu saangalppika aadyanamam chertthathu. achmad" (pinneedu arab samsthaanangalum mattu videsha samsthaana pathrangalum "ahamed" allengil "ahamed" ennu ezhuthi) emm aanu srishtichathennu videshakaarya manthraalayathil ninnulla oru srothass pinneedu velippeduthi. alle-azar sarvakalaashaalayile indoneshyan vidyaarthiyum pinneedu manthraalayathile jeevanakkaranumaaya seane hassan, akkaalat eejiptil oru hraswa vivaadathinu sesham eejipshyan pathrangalil sukarnoyude peru "mathiyaya muslim allah" ennu aaropich oru musleem enna nilayil sukarnoyude swathuam sthaapikkaan shramichu. achmad" enna peru upayogikkaan thudangiya sesham muslim, arab rajyangal sukarno swathanthramaayi pinthunachu. athinaal, middle eesttumaayi bandhappettukond, sukarno ellaayppozhum thante peril "akmed sukarno" ennu oppittu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
aadyakaala jeevithavum vidyaabhyaasavum.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
oru javanese primery school adthyaapakante makan, oru prabhukkan, bulelengil ninnulla braahmana kudumbatthil ninnulla hindu balinese bharya, sukarno dutch eest indeesile (ippol indoneshya) surabaayayilaan janichathu, avide jaavayilekk mattunnathinulla apekshayethudarnnu pithaavine ayachirunnu. kusno sosrodihardjo ennaanu addehathinte yadhaartha peru. javanese aachaaramanusarich, kuttikkaalatthe rogathe athijeevichathinu sesham addehathe punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
1912ll oru thaddesheeya primery schoolil ninnu birudam nediya sesham addehathe mojokertoyile "europeashe lagere schoolilekku" (oru dutch primery school) ayachu. pinneedu, 1916-ll, sucarno surabaayayile oru "hogare bargezhs schoolil" (oru dutch tharam hier level secondary school) pooyi, avide addeham desheeyavaadiyum sarekath islaaminte sthaapakanumaaya jokrominotto kandumutty. 1920-ll sukarno thjokrominotto makal sithi oythaariye vivaham kazhichu. 1921-ll addeham "technishe hooges school teey bandoweng" (bandoweng instittyoott oof teknolaji) ll sivil enchiniyaring (vaasthuvidyayil shradha kendreekarichu) padikkaan thudangi, avide addeham oru enchineeyar birudam ("ir" ennu churukkatthil) nedi.", oru dutch tharam enchineeyar birudam) 1926-ll. baandungile padanakaalatthu, sucarno vidyaarthiyaayi thaamasichirunna boarding housinte udamayaaya sanosiyude bharyayumaayi pranayathilaayi. ingitt sukarnoyekkaal 13 vayass moothayaalaayirunnu. 1923 maarchil sukarno sithi oythaariye vivaahamochanam cheyth ingittine vivaham kazhichu (avar bharthaav sanosi vivaahamochanam cheythu). sukarno pinneedu ingittumaayi vivaahamochanam nedukayum fatmawati vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu.
asaadhaaranamaayi raajyathe cheria vidyaabhyaasamulla varenyavargakkaarkkidayil polum sukarno niravadhi bhashakalil praaveenyamullayaalayirunu. kuttikkaalatthe javanese bhaashaykk purame, addeham sundanese, balinese, indoneshyan bhashakalil praaveenyamullayaalayirunu, dutch bhashayil prathyekichum shakthanaayirunnu. jarmman, engleesh, franch, arabic, japanese bhaashakalilum addeham valare soukaryapradamaayirunnu, avayellaam addehathinte echbsil padippichirunnu. photographic oormmayum akalamanassum addehathe sahayichu.
thante padanakaalatthu, sukarno vaasthuvidyayilum raashtreeyathilum "theevramaaya aadhunikanaayirunnu". pinnokkam" ennu thaan kanakkakkiya parambaraagatha javanese fudalisatheyum dutch adhiniveshathinum chooshanathinum keezhil raajyathinte pathanatthinu kuttappeduthunnathine paashchaathya rajyangal pinthudarunna saamraajyathvatheyum addeham veruthirunnu, ithine addeham "mattu manushyar manushyare chooshanam cheiyunnu" ("chooshanam dii ell hoome paar ell hoome") ennu visheshippichu. dachukaarude keezhil indoneshyan janathayude aazhathilulla daaridryathinum thaazhnna vidyaabhyaasa nilavaarathinum addeham ithine kuttappedutthi. indoneshyakkaarkkidayil deseeya abhimaanam valarthunnathinayi, sukarno eee ashayangal thante vasthrathilum thalasthaanathinaayulla nagara aasoothranathilum (oduvil jakkartha) soshyalist raashtreeyathilum vyaakhyaanichu, ennirunnaalum aadhunika kalayodulla abhiruchi poppu samgeethathilekku vyapippichilla; sthreevalkkaranathil prashasthi undaayirunnittum avayude gaanarachanayude peril addeham koos bersoudaaraye jayililadachu. sukarno sambandhichidatholam, aadunikatha vamshathinu andhavum vrithiyullathum gambheeravumaaya sailiyum saamraajyathva virudhavumaayirunnu.
vasthuvidyaa jeevitam.
sukarno & anwari kambani.
1926ll birudam nediya sesham sukarnoy addehathinte sarvakalashaala suhruthu anwari chernnu aasoothranavum kararukara sevanangalum nalkunna vaasthushilpa sthaapanamaaya sukarno & anwari bandungilaanu sthaapichathu. sukkaarnoyude vasthuvidyaa pravarthanangalil priyenchar hotelinte (1929) naveekaricha kettidavum ulppedunnu, avide addeham prashastha dutch aarkkitekt chaals profair wolf shoomekarude sahayiyaayi pravarthichu. innathe jaalan gatot subrato, jaalan palasari, baandungile jaalan devi sarthika ennividangalil niravadhi swakaarya veedukalum sukarno roopakalppana cheythu. pinneedu, president enna nilayil, jakkaarthayile prakhyapana smaarakavum athinaduthulla "gedung poola" yum roopakalppana cheythukondu sukarno vaasthuvidyayil earppettu; semarangile yoothu monument ("tugu muda"); malangile aloon-aloon monument; surabaayayile veeranmaarude smaarakam; madhya kalimanthaanile puthiya nagaramaya paalankaraaya.
aadyakaala swaathanthryasamaram.
omaarinte keezhil jeevikkumbozhaanu sukarno aadyamaayi deseeya aashayangalkk vidheyanaayathenn tjochrominoto paranju. pinneedu, baandungile vidyaarthiyaayirikke, europian, american, deseeya, communist, matha rashtreeya thathwachinthayil addeham muzhuki, oduvil indoneshyan shailiyilulla soshyalist svayamparyaapthathayude swantham rashtreeya prathyayashaasthram vikasippichu. thante ashayangal marheinism ennu addeham roopappeduthaan thudangi, thekkan bandung pradeshathu thaan kandumuttya indoneshyan karshakanaya marhaininte perilaanu addeham peru nalkiyathu, addehathinte cheria bhoomi swanthamaakki athil svayam jolie cheyyukayum kudumbatthe pottaan mathiyaya varumanam undaakkukayum cheythu. dutch vidyaarthikalude aadipathyamulla sthaapitha vidyaarthi klabbukalkkethire sarvakalashaalayil, sucarno indoneshyan vidyaarthikalkkaayi oru patana club, "aljemeen stadi club" samghadippikkaan thudangi.
indoneshyan naashanal partyile pankaalittham.
1927 juulai 4 nuu sukaarnoyum "aljameen studi clubble" ninnulla suhruthukkalum chernnu indoneshyan naashanal party (pii. enn. aii) enna oru swaathanthrya anukoola party sthaapichu, athil ninnu sucarno aadya nethaavaayi thiranjedutthu. party indoneshyayude swaathanthryathe vaadichu, saamraajyathvatheyum muthalaalithatheyum ethirthu, kaaranam rund samvidaanangalum indoneshyan janathayude jeevitam vashalaakkiyenn abhiprayappettu. aikya indoneshya sthaapikkunnathinaayi dutch eest indeesile vividha vamseeya vibhaagangalkkidayil mathetharathvathinum aikyathinum party pinthuna nalki. paashchaathyashakthikalkkethi jappan oru yuddham aarambikkumennum jappaante sahaayathode jaavaykk swaathanthryam nedaanaakumennum sukaarno pratheekshichu. pratheekshichu thudakkathil sarakkath islaaminte vighadanathinum vighadanathinum parajayappetta kalaapathin sesham indoneshyan communist party thakartthathinusheshavum pii. enn. aii valia thothil anuyaayikale aakarshikkan thudangi, prathyekichu dutch koloniyalisatthinte vamsheeyavum karsanavumaaya rashtreeya samvidaanathil vishalamaaya swaathanthryangalkkum avasarangalkkum vendi aakamkshayulla puthiya sarvakalashaalayil vidyaabhyaasam nediya yuvaakkalkkidayil.
arast, vichaarana, thadavu.
arast, vichaarana.
pii. aii. aii pravartthanangal colonial sarkkaarinte shradhayilppedukayum sukarnoyude prasamgangalum yogangalum palappozhum colonial rahasya poleesinte ejantumaar nuzhanjukayarukayum thadassappeduthukayum cheythu. oduvil, 1929 desember 29 nuu dutch colonial adhikaarikal jaavayiludaneelamulla reydukalude oru parambarayil sukarno mattu pradhana pii. aii. aii nethaakkaleyum arast cheythu. yogakartha sandarshanathinide sukarno thanne arasttilaayi. 1930 august muthal desember vare bandung "landred" kodathiyil nadanna vichaaranaykkide, colonialisatheyum saamraajyathvatheyum akramikkunna "indoneshya mengoighat" ("indoneshya kuttappeduthunnu") enna thalakkettilulla neenda rashtreeya prasamgangalude oru parambara sukarno nadatthi.
sikshayum thadavum.
1930 desemberil, baandungile sukamiskin jayilil kazhiyunna chukaarnoykku naalu varshathe thadavu shiksha vidhichu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte prasangam pathrangalil ninnu vipulamaaya kavarej nedi, netherlandsileyum dutch eest indeesileyum liberal gadakangalil ninnulla sakthamaaya sammarddam kaaranam, 1931 desember 31 nuu sukarno puratthirangi. eee samayamaayappozhekkum addeham indoneshyayiludaneelam parakke ariyappedunna oru janapriya naayakanayi mariyirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, addehathinte thadavil, colonial adhikaarikalude adichamarthalum aabhyanthara abhipraayavyathyaasavum pini vibhajikkapettu. yadhaartha pii. enn. aii duchukal pirichuvidukayum athinte muun amgangal rund vyathyastha partykal roopeekarikkukayum cheythu; bahujana prakshobham prothsaahippichirunna sukarnoyude associate sarthonoyude keezhil indoneshyan party (partindo), netherlandsile padanatthil ninnu aduthide madangiyethiyathum dutch bharanathinu phalapradamaaya prathirodham nalkaan kazhiyunna oru boudhika varenyavarggathe vikasippikkunnathinayi vidyaabhyaasamillaatha indoneshyan janathaykku aadhunika vidyaabhyaasam nalkunnathinulla deerghakaala thanthram prothsaahippichathumaaya rund desheeyavaadikalaaya mohammed hattayudeyum soytan shajaaririnteyum keezhil indoneshyan deseeya vidyaabhyaasam (nyoo pii. enn. aii). oru aikya desheeyamunnani sthaapikkaan irupaarttikaleyum samanvayippikkaan shramicha sesham, 1932 juulai 28 nuu sucarno partindo thalavanakaan theerumaanichu. partindo sukkaarnoyude swantham thanthramaaya udanadi bahujana prakshobhavumaayi sakhyam nilanirtthiyirunnu, koodaathe sucarno hatthayude deerghakaala cader adhishtitha poraattatthodu viyojichu. thante jeevithakaalathu indoneshyan swaathanthryam sambhavikkillenn hattah thanne vishwasichirunnuvenkilum, raashtreeyathin shakthiyude roopeekaranathiloodeyum upayogathiloodeyum maathrame yadhaartha mattangal varuthaan kazhiyoo enna vastutha hattayude thanthram avaganichuvennu sukarno vishwasichu.
eee kaalayalavil, thanneyum party saambathikamaayi pinthunaykkunnathinaayi, sukarno vaasthuvidyayilekku madangi, thante sarvakalashaala juuniyar rusenoicoppam sucarno & rusenoyude beuro thurannu. party pathramaya "fikiran rajat" enna lekhanavum addeham ezhuthi. bandung aasthaanamaayi pravartthikkumbol, mattu desheeyavaadikalumaayi bandham sthaapikkunnathinaayi sukarno jaavayiludaneelam vipulamaayi sanjarichu. addehathinte pravartthanangal dutch piedi kooduthal shradha aakarshichu. 1933 madhyathil sukarno "menjapay indoneshya merdeca" ("swatantra indoneshya kaivarikkuka") enna peril oru rachanakalude parambara prasidheekarichu. eee ezhuthinu, 1933 august 1 nuu jakkaarthayile saha desheeyavaadiyaaya mohammed hosni tamrin sandarshikkunnathinidayil dutch police addehathe arast cheythu.
naadukadatthal.
ithavana, rashtreeya prasamgangal nadatthaan sukarnoik oru vedhi nalkunnathu thadayaan, karkkashakkaranaaya govarnor general jonkheer bonifasius cornellis dii jong thante adiyanthara adikaarangal upayogichu sukarno vichaaranayillathe aabhyanthara pravaasatthilekku ayachu. 1934-ll sukarnoy kudumbavum (ingitt garnasih ulppede) flores dveepile vidoora pattanamaya endailekku ayachu. florukalile thante kaalath, addeham thante parimithamaaya sanjaaraswaathanthryam oru kuttikalude naadakam sthaapikkaan upayogichu. athinte amgangalil bhaaviyile raashtreeyakkaaranaaya france seda undaayirunnu. floresil malaria pottippurappettathinnettathu, 1938 februvariyil dutch adhikaarikal sukarno kudumbatheyum sumatrayude padinjaaran theerathulla benkoolanilekku (ippol bengulu) maattaan theerumaanichu.
benkuluvil vachu, sukarno muhammadiya samghadanayude praadeshika thalavanaaya hassan dine parichayappedukayum muhammadiyayude udamasthathayilulla oru praadeshika schoolil mathapadanangal padippikkaan addehathe anuvadikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte vidyaarthikalil oraal hassan dinte makalaaya 15 kaariyaya fathmaavathiyaayirunnu. 20 varshathe vivaahathil kuttikal janippikkaan ingitt garnasih praapthanallenn paranjukondu addeham fathmaavathiyumaayi pranayathilaayi. 1942ll japanese dveepasamooham aakramikkumbol sucarno appozhum bangaalu pravaasatthilaayirunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhavum japanese adhinivesavum.
japanese adhinivesham.
pashchaathalavum aakramanavum.
1929-nte thudakkathil, indoneshyan deseeya punarujjeevana samayat, sukarnoy saha indoneshyan desheeyavaadi nethaavu mohammed hattah (pinneedu vais president) oru pasaphik yudhavum indoneshyayile japanese munnettam indoneshyan swaathanthryathinaayi nalkunna avasaravum aadyam munkootty kandu. 1942 februvariyil, saamraajyathva jappan dutch eest indeesine aakramichu, sucarno addehathinte samghatheyum bengulu muthal sumatrayile padaamgilekku munnooru kilometer sanjarikkukayum bassukalil kayattukayum truck oodikkukayum cheytha dutch sainyathe vegathil paraajayappeduthi. avar avane thadavilaakkaanum oostreliyayilekku ayaykkaanum uddeshichirunnuvenkilum jappan sainyam padaangilekku varaanirikkunna sameepanam moolam svayam rakshikkaanaayi avane pettennu upekshichu.
jappanumaayulla sahakaranm.
jappancark avarude swantham fayalukal sucarnoyil undaayirunnu, sumatrayile japanese commander addehathe bahumaanathode sameepichu, indoneshyakkaare samghadippikkaanum samaadhaanippikkaanum addehathe upayogichu. maruvashathu, indoneshyaykku swaathanthryam nedaan japanese bhasha upayogikkaan sukaarno aagrahichu "karthaav sthuthikkappette, daivam enikku vazhi kaanichuthannu; nagarayi thaazhvarayil njaan paranju athe, swatantra indoneshya kaivarikkaan kazhiyunnath daay nipponiloode maathrame kazhiyoo...jeevithathil aadyamaayi njaan eshyayude kannaadiyil ennethanne kandu."1942 joolaiyil sukarno jakkaarthayilekku thirichayachu, avide addeham mohammed hattah ulppede jappan aduthide mochippicha mattu deseeya nethaakkalumaayi veendum onnichu. avidevechu addeham japanese commander general hittoshi imamura kandumutty, addeham japanese yudhashramathe sahaayikkunnathin indoneshyan janathayude pinthuna nedanamennu sukarnoyodum mattu desheeyavaadikalodum aavasyappettu.
deseeya ashayangal bahujanangalilekku pracharippikkunnathinulla oru vedikkupakaram japanese janataye pinthunaykkaan sukaarno thayyarayirunnu. maruvashathu, jappancark indoneshyayude yudhashramathe sahayikkaan thozhil shakthiyum prakrithivibhavangalum aavashyamaayirunnu. japanese bhashayil "rimusha" ennu vilikkunna nirbandhitha thozhilaayi japanese pradhaanamaayum jaavayil ninnulla dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukale niyamichu. indoneshyaykkakathum barma vare doore japanese janangalkkayi railway, airfieldukal, mattu soukaryangal enniva nirmmikkaan avar nirbandhitharaayi. koodaathe, jappankar thangalude sainyathin vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi indoneshyan karshakar uthppaadippikkunna ariyum mattu bhakshanavum aavashyappettappol, vyomayaana indhanamaayum lubricantukalaayum upayogikkaan karshakare kaasttar oayil plaantukal krishi cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakki.
indoneshyan janathayil ninnu sahakaranm nedunnathinum eee nadapadikalodulla cheruthunilppu thadayunnathinum japanese sucarno "tiga-eiii" bahujana samghadana prasthaanatthinte thalavanayi niyamichu. 1943 maarchil japanese sukarno, hattah, kii hajjar devantara, khaas mansore ennivarude keezhil "posat tenaga raktat" (kavithvam/janangalude shakthiyude kendram) enna peril oru puthiya samghadana roopeekarichu. rimusha" yeei niyamikkunnathinum bhakshya uthppannangal aavasyappedunnathinum indoneshyakkaarkkidayil japanese anukoolavum paashchaathya virudhavumaaya vikarangal prolsaahippikkunnathum janakeeya pinthuna nalkukayaanu eee samghadanakal lakshyamittath. sakhyavirudha vikarangal prolsaahippikkunnathi sukarno "america kitta setrica, ingris kitta lingis" ("namukk irumbu america, bladjan dhii britiish") enna padam upayogichu. pinneedulla varshangalil, "romusha" yumayullah thante veshathekkurichu sukarno oduvil lajjichu. koodaathe, japanese bhakshya abhyarthana jaavayil vyapakamaaya shaamathinu kaaranamaayi, ithu oru dashalakshathiladhikam aalukale konnu. addehathinte kazhchappadil, bhaaviyile indoneshyayude swaathanthryam anuvadikkunnathinu iva aavashyamaaya thyagangalaayirunnu. japanese radioyilum uchabhaashini shringalakalilum sampreshanam cheytha prasamgangaliloode "maathrraajyathinte prathirodhakkar" (petta), "heiho" (indoneshyan sannadhasena sainikar) ennivayude roopeekaranathilum addeham earppettirunnu. 1945 madhyathode ekadesham 20 laksham varunna eee unitukal jaava veendum ettedukkaan ayacha eathenkilum sakhyasenaye paraajayappeduthaan thayyaaredukkukayaayirunnu.
athinidayil, sukarno oduvil vivaahamochanam nedi, avar bahubhaaryaathvathinaayulla bharthaavinte aagraham sweekarikkaan visammathichu. bandungil oru veedum jeevithakalam muzhuvan pension avarkk nalki. 1943ll addeham fatmawati vivaham kazhichu. jaalan pegangsan timur nambarile oru veettilaanu avar thaamasichirunnathu. 56, athinte muun dutch udamakalil ninnu pidichedukkukayum japanese sucarnoic sammanikkukayum cheythu. eee veedu pinneedu 1945-ll indoneshyan swaathanthryam prakhyaapikkunna sthalamaayi maari.
1943 november 10 nuu sukarno hattayeyum 17 divasathe jappan paryadanatthinu ayachu, avide avare hirohito chakravarty alankarikkukayum tokkiyoyile pradhaanamantri hikey tojo veettil wine cheyth bhakshanam kazhikkukayum cheythu. 1944 septambar 7 nuu, jappancark yuddham moshamaayi nadannappol, pradhaanamantri kuniyakki coiso indoneshyaykku swaathanthryam vaagdaanam cheythu, ennirunnaalum theeyathi nischayichittilla. yuu. enn. eiii. yude abhipraayathil eee prakhyapanam kaanapettu.ezz. audyogika charithram, japanese janathayumaayulla sukkaarnoyude prathyaksha sahakaranathin valia thelivaayi. yuu.ezz. akkaalat sukarno "munnira sahakarana nethaakkaliloraalaayi" kanakkaakkiyirunnu."
swaathanthryathinaayulla thayyaareduppukalkkaayul anweshana samiti.
1945 epril 29 nuu phillippeans american sainyam mochippichappol, indoneshyayile mikka vamseeya vibhagangalil ninnumulla 67 prathinidhikal adangunna ardha-niyamanirmmanamaaya swaathanthryathinaayulla thayyaareduppu samiti (bipupek) sthaapikkaan jappan anuvadichu. sukarno bii. pii. pukkinte thalavanayi niyamikkukayum bhaaviyile indoneshyan raashtrathinte adisthaanam thayyarakkunnathinulla charchakalkku neethrthwam nalkaan chumathalappeduthukayum cheythu. bii. pii. pukkile vividha tarkka vibhaagangale onnippikkunnathin pothuvayathum sveekaaryavumaaya oru vedhi nalkunnathinaayi, kazhinja irupathu varshathinide vikasippicha thante prathyayashaasthra chintha anchu thathwangalaayi sukarno roopappeduthi. 1945 juun 1 nuu muun volksrad kettidatthil (ippol pankasila kettidam ennu vilikkunnu) nadanna bipupkinte samyuktha sammelanathil addeham "pankasila" ennariyappedunna eee anchu thathwangal avatharippichu.
"bipupk prasamgatthil sukarno avatharippicha "pankaasila" ennathil anchu thathwangal ulppedunnu, athu ellah indoneshyakkaarum pothuvaayi pankidunnathaayi sukarno kandu
juun 22 nuu, bii. pii. pukkinte islaamika, deseeya gadakangal onpathu peradangunna oru cheria samiti roopeekarichu, athu jakkartha charter ennariyappedunna oru rekhayil sukarnoyude ashayangal anchu pooyint panchashilayaayi roopappeduthi
islaamika gadakathil ninnulla sammarddam kaaranam, aadya thathwathil islaamika niyamam (shariat) paalikkanulla muslimkalude badhyatha paraamarshichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1945 august 18 nuu praabalyatthil vanna 1945 leeii bharanaghadanayil adangiyirikkunna anthima sila deseeya ikyathinaayi islaamika niyamathe paraamarshikkunnath ozhivaakki. kristhyan prathinidhi alexander andris maraamisinte abhyarthanayude adisthaanathilum mithamaaya islaamika prathinidikalaaya teku mohammed hassan, kasman singodimedjo, kii bagos hadikosomo ennivarumaayi koodiyaalochichasheshavum mohammed hattayaanu shariat illaathaakkiyathu.
indoneshyan swaathanthryathinulla thayyaareduppu samiti.
1945 august 7 nuu, bhaaviyile indoneshyan samsthaanathinte prathyeka sarkkar ghadana srishtikkaan chumathalappedutthiya 21 anga samithiyaaya indoneshyan swaathanthryathinaayulla oru cheria thayyaareduppu samiti (ppk) roopeekarikkaan japanese anuvadichu. august 9 nuu jappaanile thekkan paryaveshana senayude commander-inn-cheef feeld marshell hisaichi terauchiyaanu ppkyude (sukarno, hattah, krautt radjiman vedeodiningraatt) unnatha nethaakkale saigonil ninnu 100 kilometer akaleyulla daa laattilekku vilippichathu. feeld marshell terauchi japanese edapedalillaathe indoneshyan swaathanthryathinulla thayyaareduppumaayi munnott pookaanulla swaathanthryam sukarnoik nalki. eare wine kazhichathinusheshavum bhakshanam kazhichathinusheshavum august august sukarnoyude samghathe jakkaarthayilekku thirichayachu. athidhikal ariyaathe, hiroshimayilum naagasaakkiyilum aattam bombukal pathikkukayum jappankar keezhadangan thayyaaredukkukayum cheythu.
japanese keezhadangal.
pittennu, august august, japanese potsdam prakhyapana nibandhanakal amgeekarikkunnathaayi prakhyapikkukayum sakhyakakshikalkk nirupaadhikamaayi keezhadangukayum cheythu. annu uchathirinju, paashchaathya radio prakshepanangal kelkkunna yuvajanasamghangalude nethaakkalilum petta chairul seyli, sukarni, vikana amgangalilum ninnu sukarnoik eee vivarangal labhichu. sakhyasenayude varavinu munbu jappankar aashayakkuzhappathilaayirikka, udan thanne indoneshyan swaathanthryam prakhyapikkaan avar sukarnoyodu abhyarthichu. eee pettennulla sambhavavikaasangale abhimukheekarichu sukarno kaalathamasam varuthi. atharamoru neekkathodu japanese anukoola prathikaranam kaaranam addeham rakthachorichil bhayappedukayum bhaaviyile sakhyakakshikalude prathikaaratthinte saadhyathakalekkurich aashankappedukayum cheythu.
thattikkondupokal.
august 16 nuu athiraavile, sukarnoyude theerumaanamedukkaathathil akshamaraaya moonnu yuvanethaakkal avane veettil ninnu thattikkondupoyi oru chainees kudumbatthinte udamasthathayilullathum pettayude kaivashamullathumaya kaaraavaangile rengasdenklokkile oru cheria veettilekku kondupoyi. avidevachu avarkk pittennu swaathanthryam prakhyapikkaanulla sukarnoyude prathibaddhatha labhichu. annu ratri, yuvakkal sucarno indoneshyan swaathanthryathodu anubhavam prakadippicha jakkaarthayile menteng pradeshathe japanese naavika licenses offeesaraaya admiral tadashi maidayude veettilekku thirike kondupoyi. avidevechu adhehavum addehathinte sahayiyaaya sajothi melic chernnu indoneshyan swaathanthryaprakhyaapanthi paatam thayyarakki.
indoneshyan deseeya viplavam.
indoneshyan swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam.
1945 august 17 nuu athiraavile sukarno jaalan pegangsan timur nambar thante veettilekku madangi. 56, avide mohammed hattah addehathodoppam chernnu. raavile muzhuvan, pettayum yuva gadakangalum achadicha udanadi laghulekhakal varaanirikkunna prakhyaapanathekkurichu janangale ariyichu. oduvil, raavile 10 manikk, sukarnoy hattah munpottu chennu, avide 500 aalukalude janakkoottathinu munnil sukarno republic oof indoneshyayude swaathanthryam prakhyaapichu. ettavum charitraparamaaya eee kettidangal pinneedu sukarno thanne vyakthamaaya kaaranamonnumillathe polichuneekkaan utharavittu.
adutha divasam, august 18 nuu, ppk puthiya republic oof indoneshyayude adisthaana sarkkar ghadana prakhyaapichu
sukaarno indoneshyan bharanaghadanayekkurichulla sukarnoyude kazhchappadil panchashila ("anchu thathwangal") ulppedunnu. sukkaarnoyude rashtreeya thathwachintha pradhaanamaayum marxism, deseeyatha, islam ennivayude gadakangalude samyojanamaayirunnu. 1945 juun 1 nuu oru prasamgatthil swaathanthryathinaayulla thayyareduppukalkkaayi (bipupike) anweshana samithikk addeham nirddeshicha pankasilayude oru pathippil ithu prathifalikkunnu.
raashtrathinte ellah thathwangalum "gotong royong" enna vaakyathil sangrahikkaamennu sukarno vaadichu."eee yadhaartha (pinneedu parishkaricha) bharanaghadanayude adisthaanathil sthaapithamaaya indoneshyan paarlament bharanam asaadhyamaanennu theliyikkukayum cheythu. vividha saamoohika, rashtreeya, matha, vamseeya vibhagangal thammilulla pariharikkaanaavaattha vyathyaasangalaan ithinu kaaranam.
viplavavum bersiap.
prakhyaapanathinu sheshamulla divasangalil, japanese sainikar vaarthakal adichamarthaan shramichenkilum indoneshyan swaathanthrya vaarthakal radio, pathram, laghulekhakal, vaakkalulla vaarthakal ennivayiloode pracharippichu. septambar 19 nuu, sukarno swaathanthryathinte oru maasathe smaranaykkaayi jakkaarthayile ikada feeldil (ippol merdeca squarinte bhagam) oru dasalaksham aalukale abhisambodhana cheythu, ithu puthiya republicinu sakthamaaya janakeeya pinthunaye soochippikkunnu, kuranjathu jaavayilum sumatrayilum. eee rund dveepukalilum, sukarno sarkkar vegathil sarkkar niyanthranam sthaapichu, backie japanese kooduthalum sakhyasenayude varavinayi kaathirunna avarude baarakkukalilekku pinwangi. europukal, chainakkar, kristhyaanikal, thaddesheeya prabhukkanmaar, indoneshyan swaathanthryathe ethirkkunna eathoraalkkum nere sayudha grouppukal nirantharam akramanam nadatthiya kaalamaayirunnu ithu. ettavum gurutharamaaya kesukal, islaamik grouppukalum communist neethrthwathilulla aalkkoottavum (vadakkan sumatrayil) dhaaraalam asseny maleya prabhukkanmaarum kollapetta asheyileyum vadakkan sumatrayileyum saamoohika viplavangalaayirunnu, koodaathe madhya jaavayude vadakkupadinjaaran theerathe "moonnu pradeshangal", avide dhaaraalam europpukaar, chainakkar, thaddesheeya prabhukkanmaar ennivare janakkoottam vadhichu. eee raktharookshithamaaya sambhavangal 1945 avasaanathode 1946 nte arambham vare thudarnnu, republican adhikaarikal niyanthranam prayogikkaanum ekeekarikkaanum thudangumbol avaa pittar cheyyaan thudangunnu.
sakhya adhinivesha senaye ethirkkumenna bhayavum pidicheduttha pradeshatthinte niyanthranam nilanirthaan mathiyaya sainika upakaranangal roopeekarikkaan kazhiyumo enna samshayavum kaaranam sukarnoyude sarkkar thudakkathil oru deseeya sainyathinte roopeekaranam maattivachu. pirichuvidappetta petta, heiho thudangiya japanese adhiniveshakaalathu roopeekaricha vividha milishya grouppukalile amgangale akkaalat bii. keey. aaril cheraan prothsaahippichu-"badhan keemanan raktat" (janangalude suraksha samghadana)-"yudhathinirayaayavarude sahaaya samghadana" yude keezhilullavar. 1945 octoberil maathramaan indoneshyayil vardhichuvarunna sakhyakakshikaludeyum dachukaludeyum saannidhyathin marupadiyaayi bii. keey. aarr. yeei tii. keey. aarr-"tentara keemanan rakjat" (janangalude suraksha sainyam) aayi parishkarichathu. japanese sainyathe akramikkukayum avarude aayudangal kandukettukayum cheythaanu tii. keey. aarr kooduthalum svayam aayudangal upayogichathu.
general dougless mccartherinte american niyantritha thekkupadinjaaran pasaphik commandle ninnu britiish niyantritha thekkukizhakkan eshyan commandylake java sumatra pettennu kaimaariyathinethudarnnu, aadyathe sakhya sainikar (seaforth hailaandezhsinte onnaam bataaliyan) 1945 septambar avasaanam vare jakkaarthayilethiyilla. britiish sainyam 1945 octoberil pradhana indoneshyan nagarangal kaivashappeduthaan thudangi. britiish 23-aamm divishante commander, lefttanant general sarr philipp kristtisan, jakkaarthayile muun govarnor generalinte kottaaratthil command sthaapichu. ellah sakhyakakshikalaya yudhathadavukaareyum mochippikkaanum netherlandsinte oru kolaniyenna nilayil indoneshya yudhathinu munbulla sthaanathekku madangaan anuvadikkaanumaanu thaan uddeshikkunnathennu kristtisan prasthaavichu. sakhyakakshikalaya saadhaaranakkaareyum sainika kuthirakaleyum mochippikkunnathilum thirichayakkunnathilum republican sarkkar sahakarikkaan thayyarayirunnu, japanese, yudhathadavukaareyum interneekaleyum ("paanishya orosan pengancoitan dijepang daan apvi"/popda) thirichayakkunnathinula samiti roopeekarichu. popda, britteeshukaarumaayi sahakarichu, 1946 avasaanathode 70,000-ladhikam japanese, sakhyakakshikalaya povinukaleyum interneekaleyum thirichayachu. ennirunnaalum, republic oof indoneshyayude sainyathinte aapekshikamaya balaheenata kaaranam, sucarno britiish, dutch sainika senakalumaayi yudhathil earppedunnathinupakaram thante puthiya raajyathin anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram nedi swaathanthryam thedi.
oru japanese sahakaariyenna nilayil thante charithravum adhinivesha samayat japanese amgeekritha neethrthwavum paashchaathya raajyangalkk thanne avishwaasiyaakkumennu sucarnoic ariyamaayirunnu. anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram nedunnathinum praathinidhyathinaayulla aabhyanthara aavasyangal ulkkollunnathinum, oru pradhaanamantri sarkkaarinte dainamdina karyangal niyanthrikkunna oru paarlamentari sarkkar samvidaanam roopeekarikkaan sukarno "anuvadichu", athesamayam sukarno presidentaayi oru pramukhanaayi thudarnnu. presidentinu pakaram pradhaanamantriyum addehathinte manthrisabhayum central indoneshyan naashanal kammittiyude utharavaadithamaayirikkum. 1945 november 14 nuu sucarno suttaan shahjahararine aadya pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamichu; addeham europian vidyaabhyaasamulla oru raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu, addeham orikkalum japanese adhinivesha adhikaarikalumaayi bandhappettirunnilla.
1945 avasaanathode dutch eest indees pravasa sarkkarinum japanesinode poraadiya sainikarkkum neethrthwam nalkia dutch bharanadhikaarikal britteeshukaarude samrakshanathode netherlands indees sivil administration (nikka) enna peril madangaan thudangi. australiyayile brisbainilekku ozhippicha colonial bharanadhikaariyaaya hubertus johannes vaan mookkaanu avare nayichathu. japanese sainyathinte keezhil kuthiyirunna dutch sainikare mochippikkukayum veendum aayudangal upayogikkukayum cheythu. puthiya republican gavanmentine pinthunaykkunna eee dutch sainikarum police thammilulla vedivayppu taamasiyaathe vikasichu. ithu taamasiyaathe swaathanthrya anukoola janakkoottathinteyum dutch, britiish senakaludeyum sahaayathode puthuthayi roopeekaricha republican senakal thammilulla sayudha samghattanamaayi maari. november november britiish indian sainyathinte 49-aamath kaalaalppada brigade indoneshyan deseeyavaada milishyakalum thammil surabaayayil oru poornna thothilulla yuddham pottipurappettu. britiish-indian senaye vyoma, naavika senakal pinthunachirunnu. aayirakkanakkin desheeyavaadikalum mattu indoneshyakkaarum kollappettath pole ekadesham 300 indian sainikarum (avarude commander brigadier oubertin walter sothern mallabi ulppede) kollappettu. dutch thokkudhaarikal pradhaanamantri shaajaaririne vadhikkan shramichathulppede bhayanakamaaya kramatthil jakkaarthayil vedivayppukal pottipurappettu. eee bheeshani ozhivakkaan, sukarnoy addehathinte sarkkaaril bhooribhaagavum 1946 januvari 4 nuu yogyakarthayude surakshaykkaayi purappettu. avide republican sarkkaarin sultan hamenkubuvono ix-ll ninnu samrakshanavum poornna pinthunayum labhichu. 1949ll yuddham avasanikkunnathuvare yogyakartha republicinte thalasthaanamaayi thudarnnu. britteeshukaarumaayi charchakal nadatthaan shajarir jakkaarthayil thudarnnu.
1945 avasaanathilum 1946 thudakkathilum nadanna prarambha yudhangal javayileyum sumatrayileyum pradhana thuramukha nagarangalude niyanthranam britteeshukaarkk nalki. japanese adhiniveshakaalathu, dweep nivaasikalude rashtreeya samaaharanathin anuvadikkaatha japanese naavikasena (kaigun) puram dveepukal (jaava, sumatra enniva ozhike) kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. thalphalamaayi, prakhyaapanathinu sesham eee dveepukalil republican pravartthanangal kuravaayirunnu. 1945 avasaanathode australian, dutch senakalkku kooduthal poraattangalonnumillaathe eee dveepukalude niyanthranam vegathil ettedukkaan kazhinju (baaliyile iii gusthi ngurah raayiyude cheruthunilppu, thekkan sulavesiyile kalapam, thekkan kalimanthaanile hulu sungay pradeshathu poraattam enniva ozhike). athesamayam, jaavayudeyum sumatrayudeyum ulpradeshangal republican niyanthranatthilaayi.
indoneshyayil ninnu thangalude sainikare pinvalikkaan aakaamkshayode, 1946 ll udaneelam raajyathekku valia thothilulla dutch sainyathe ulppeduthaan britishukaar anuvadichu. 1946 navambarode ellah britiish sinikareyum indoneshyayil ninnu pinvalichu. avarkk pakaram 150,000-ladhikam dutch sainikare niyamichu. dachukaareyum indoneshyakkaareyum charcha meshayilekku konduvaraan britishukaar loard archibald clark kerr, phastt baaran inverchappal, miles lampson, phastt baaran killen ennivare ayachu. eee charchakalude phalam 1946 novemberil oppuvacha lingadjati kararayirunnu, avide duchukal jaava, sumatra, madhura ennivayude mail "yadhaartha" republican paramadhikaaram amgeekarichu. pakaramaayi, bhaaviyile komanvelthu polulla netherlands, indoneshya ennee raajyangalude yunaittad kingdom charcha cheyyaan republicanmaar thayyarayirunnu.
lingadjati karar pravartthana uthppannavum.
lingadjati karar.
dachukaarumaayi charcha nadathaanulla sukarnoyude theerumaanathinu vividha indoneshyan vibhagangal sakthamaaya ethirppu nerittu. communist raashtreeyakkaaranaaya taann maalaka eee grouppukale "persattoyaan perdjowang" (pipi) enna aikya munnaniyaayi samghadippichu. samboornna swaathanthryam, ellah videsha swathukkaludeyum desasaalkkaranam, ellah videsha sainikarum pinmaarunnathuvare ellah charchakalum nirasikkal enniva aavashyappedunna oru "minimum prograam" pipi vaagdaanam cheythu. sayudha senayude commander general sudirman ulppede vyapakamaaya janakeeya pinthuna eee paripaadikalkk labhichu. 1946 juulai juulai yogakartha sandarshikkunna pradhaanamantri shaajahreerine pii. piyumayi bandhapetta sainika unitukal thattikkondupoyi. dachukarumaayulla charchakalkku shajarir neethrthwam nalkukayaayirunnu. sudirmane vijayakaramaayi swaadheenicha sesham, sjahririnte mochanavum taann malakkayudeyum mattu pii. pii nethaakkaludeyum arast urappakkaan sukarnoik kazhinju. lingadjati nibandhanakalude ethirppu, kararinu anukoolamaayi niyamikkapetta niravadhi amgangale ulppeduthi lingadjati amgathvam erattiyaakkunna utharavu purappeduvikkaan sukarno prerippichu. thalphalamaayi, 1947 maarchil nipp lingagadjati karar amgeekarichu.
ooppareshan uthppannam.
1947 juulai juun dachukaar lingadjati karar lamghichu republican niyanthranatthilulla pradeshangalilekku vanthothilulla sainika adhiniveshamaaya oopparettee uthppannam aarambhichu. puthuthayi punasamghadippicha tniykk kaaryamaaya sainika prathirodham nalkaan kazhinjillengilum, anthaaraashtra thalatthil madhyasthatha vahikkunna karaarinte dutch nagnamaaya lamghanam loka abhipraayathe prakopippichu. anthaaraashtra sammarddam 1947 augustil dachukaare avarude adhinivesha senaye nirthaan nirbandhitharaakki. ameer sjarifuddin pradhaanamanthriyaayi sthaanametta shajarir ikyaraashtrasabhaykku munnil indoneshyan kesinethire appeel nalkaan newyork nagaratthilekku parannu. yuu. enn. suraksha kaunsil udan vedinirthal aavasyappettu oru prameyam purappeduvikkukayum vedinirthalinu melnottam vahikkaan oru good oafees kammittiye (jii. oo. sii) niyamikkukayum cheythu. jakkartha aasthaanamaayulla gokkil austreliyayil ninnulla prathinidhikal (indoneshya thiranjeduttha richard kirbiyude neethrthwathil), beljiyam (netherlands thiranjeduttha pooll vaan sealandinte neethrthwathil), america (frank porter graham nayikkunna, neutral) enniva ulppedunnu.
dutch sainyam padinjaaran java madhya jaavayudeyum kizhakkan jaavayudeyum vadakkan theeravum sumatrayude pradhana ulppaadana mekhalakalum kaivashappeduthiyathode republic ippol dutch sainika niyanthranathilaayirunnu. koodaathe, dutch naavikasena republican pradeshangale supradhana bhakshanam, marunnu, aayudangal ennivayude vitharanathil ninnu thadanju. thalphalamaayi, pradhaanamantri ameer jarifuddin 1948 januvari 17 nuu renville karaaril oppidukayallaathe mattu maargangalillaayirunnu, athu oopparettee uthppannathinte samayat edutha pradeshangalil dutch niyanthranam amgeekarichu, athesamayam republicanmaar vedinirthal rekhayude maruvashathu avasheshikkunna ellah sena pinvalikkumennu prathinjja cheythu ("vaan mookk line"). athesamayam, duchukal indoneshyayile vamseeya vaividhyam upayogichu republican swaadheenathe prathirodhikkunnathinaayi avarude adhinivesha pradeshangalil paava raashtrangale samghadippikkaan thudangunnu.
renville karar madiyoon kaaryavum.
valare prathikoolamaaya renville karar oppuvachathu republican rashtreeya gadanaykkullil kooduthal asthiratha srishtichu. dutch adhinivesha padinjaaran jaavayil, sekarmadji maridjan cartosuvirjoyude keezhilulla darul islam garillakal avarude dutch virudha cheruthunilppu nilanirthukayum republicinodulla ellah vishwasthathayum raddaakkukayum cheythu; swaathanthryathinte aadya dashakangalil avar padinjaaran jaavayilum mattu pradeshangalilum raktharookshithamaaya kalapam srishtichu. karaaril oppuvacha pradhaanamantri jarifuddin 1948 januvariyil raajivaykkaan nirbandhithanaakukayum pakaram mohammed hattaye niyamikkukayum cheythu. republican pradeshangal vipuleekaricha dhaaraalam sayudha grouppukale pirichuvidunnathiloode sayudha senaye yukthisahamaakkunna hutta manthrisabhayude nayavum kadutha athrupthikku kaaranamaayi. musoyude keezhil punarujjeevippicha indoneshyan communist party (pii. keey. aii) neethrthwathilulla idathupaksha rashtreeya gadakangal 1948 septambar 18 nuu kizhakkan jaavayile madunil oru kalapam aarambhich pothujanangalude athrupthi muthaledutthu. 1948 october avasaanam vare raktharookshithamaaya poraattam thudarnnu, avasana communist baandukal paraajayappedukayum muso vedivachu kollukayum cheythu. janangalkkidayil sukarnoyude sakthamaaya aakarshanathe athirkkaanulla thangalude kazhivine kammyoonistukaar amithamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu.
oopparettiyum naadukadatthalum.
adhinivesavum naadukadatthalum.
1948 desember desember, communist kalaapathethudarnn republicinte durbalamaaya sthaanam muthaledukkunnathinaayi, duchukal republicine ennennekkumaayi takarkkaan roopakalppana cheytha randaamathe sainika adhiniveshamaaya oopparaathi kraay aarambhichu. republican thalasthaanamaaya yogyakarthaykku nereyulla vyoma akramanathodeyaanu akramanam aarambhichath. sukhirmaante keezhilulla sayudha senayodu graamapradesangalil oru garilla akramanam aarambikkaan sukarno utharavittu, athesamayam adhehavum mattu pradhana nethaakkalaaya hattah, shahjarir ennivarum dachukaar thadavilaakkaan anuvadichu. sarkkaarinte thudarcha urappakkaan, padinjaaran sumatrayile adhiniveshamillaatha ulpradeshangale adisthaanamaakki republic oof indoneshyayude (pii. dii. aarr. aii) oru adiyanthara sarkkaarine nayikkanulla adikaaram nalkikkond sukaarno jaffruddin praveeranegaraykku oru telegram ayachu, 1949 juunil sukaarno mochithanaakunnathuvare addeham eee sthaanam nilanirtthi. dachukaar sukarno mattu republican nethaakkaleyum vadakke sumatrayude dutch adhinivesha bhagamaaya paaraappatthileyum pinneedu banka dveepilekkum thadavilaakki.
anantharafalangal.
randaamathe dutch adhinivesham kooduthal anthaaraashtra prathishedhatthinu kaaranamaayi. upayogikkunnu communist velluvili purathuninnulla sahayamillaathe paraajayappedutthaanulla indoneshyayude kazhivil mathippulavaakkiya america, indoneshyayile sainika pravartthanangal thudarukayaanenkil netharlandilekkulla marshell sahaaya fund vichedikkumennu bheeshanippedutthi. niin vighadippikkaathirikkum dachukalkkethire garilla prathirodham thudarukayum cheythu, prathyekichu 1949 march 1 nuu lefttanant-kenal suhaarthoyude neethrthwathilulla dutch kaivashamulla yogyakaarthaykethiraaya akramanam. thalphalamaayi, 1949 meyy 7 nuu roome-vaan roijen karaaril oppuvaykkaan duchukal nirbandhitharaayi. eee udambadi prakaram, duchukal republican neethrthwathe mochippikkukayum 1949 juunil yogyakaarthaykk chuttumulla pradesham republican niyanthranathilekku thirike nalkukayum cheythu. ithinethudarnnu hegeyil nadanna dutch-indonesian vattamesasammelanam netherlandsile juliana raajnji 1949 desember 27 nuu indoneshyayilekku paramadhikaaram poornnamaayum kaimaran kaaranamaayi. aaa divasam, sukarno yogyakaarthayil ninnu jakkaarthayilekku parannu, govarnorude kottaaratthinte vijayakaramaya chuvadukal, merdeca kottaram (merdeca kottaram) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.
american aikyanaadukalude indoneshyan president.
eee samayat, dachukarumaayulla oru othutheerppinte bhaagamaayi, indoneshya oru puthiya federal bharanaghadana sweekarichu, athu raajyathe republic oof yunaittad stetts oof indoneshya (indoneshyan "republic indoneshya sericat, riz") enna oru federal samsthaanamaakki, athil republic oof indoneshya athirthikal "vaan mookk line" nirnnayikkukayum dachukaar srishticha aarr samsthaanangalum ombathu svayambharana pradeshangalum ulppedunnu. 1950-nte aadya pakuthiyil, munbu avare pinthunachirunna dutch sainyam pinvalichathinaal eee samsthaanangal kramena svayam pirichuvittu. 1950 augustil, avasana samsthaanamaaya kizhakkan indoneshya samsthaanam svayam pirichuvidappettathode, sukarno 1950 leeii puthuthayi roopeekaricha thaalkkaalika bharanaghadanayude adisthaanathil oru ekeekritha republic oof indonesiayaayi prakhyaapichu.
udara janaadhipathya kaalaghattam (1950-1959).
aarambhichu federal bharanaghadanayum bharanaghadanayum thaalkkaalika bharanaghadanayum paarlamentari swabhaavamullavayaayirunnu, avide executive adikaaram pradhaanamanthrikkaayirunnu, koodaathe ithu-kadalaasil-presidentinte adikaaram parimithappedutthi. ennirunnaalum, audyogikamaayi thante punk kuranjittum, rashtrapithaavenna nilayil addeham nalla dhaarmika adikaaram nalki.
asthiratha.
paarlamentari janaadhipathyathinte aadya varshangal indoneshya sambandhichidatholam valare asthiramaanennu thelinju. puthuthayi niyamithamaaya paarlamentinullile vividha rashtreeya partykal thammilulla moorchayulla abhiprayavyathyaasangal ("diwan pervaakilan raktat"/dpr) kaaranam manthrisabhakal athivegam veenu. indoneshyan raashtrathinte bhaavi pathayil, oru mathethara raashtram aagrahikkunna desheeyavaadikal (sukarno aadyamaayi sthaapicha partay nassional indoneshyayude neethrthwathil), oru islaamika raashtram aagrahikkunna islaamistukal (masyumi party neethrthwathil), oru communist raashtram aagrahikkunna kammyoonistukaar (1951ll pii. keey. aiyude neethrthwathil veendum pravartthikkaan anuvadicha) ennivar thammil kadutha abhipraayavyathyaasangalundu. saambathikaramgathu, valia dutch korppareshanukaludeyum vamseeya-chainees korppareshanukaludeyum thudarchayaaya saambathika aadhipathyathil kadutha athrupthi undaayirunnu.
darul islam vimathar.
padinjaaran jaavayile cartosuvirjoyude keezhilulla darul islam vimathar sukarnoyude adikaaram amgeekarikkaan visammathikkukayum 1949 augustil oru (neegara islam indonesia-islaamik stettu oof indonesia) prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. darul islaamine pinthunachu 1951 ll thekkan sulavesiyilum 1953 ll aashayilum kalapangal pottipurappettu. athesamayam, pirichuvitta nailile federalism anukoola amgangal 1950 ll makassarilum 1950 leeii aapra kalapam, 1950 leeii republic oof southu maaluku kalapam ennivayil parajayappetta kalapam aarambhichu.
sainyathil vibhajanam.
koodaathe, colonial kaalaghattatthil ninnu uthbhavicha udyogastharum cheruthum unnathavumaaya professional sainyathe aagrahichavarum japanese roopeekaricha pettayil thangalude currier aarambhicha bhooribhaagam sainikarum thammilulla sathruthayum pirichuvidappedumennu bhayappedukayum professionalisatthil deseeyavaada-theekshnathaykku kooduthal ariyappedukayum cheytha sainyathe thakarthu.
1952 october october muun nail vibhaagathile nethaakkalaaya karasena medhavi kenal abdul harris naasyushan, sayudha senayude medhavi taahi bonar simattupang ennivar thangalude sainyathe shakti pradarshanathinaayi aninirathi. sainyathile muun petta vibhaagathin vendi sainika bisinessil edapedaanulla dprinte sramangalil prathishedhicha nasution simattupaangum avarude sainyathe merdeca kottaarathinu chuttum athikkukayum avarude tank gopurangal kettidatthilekku choondikkaanikkukayum cheythu. nilavile dpr pirichuvidanamennaayirunnu sukarnoyodulla avarude aavasyam. eee aavashyathinaayi, nasution simattupaangum sivilian prathishedhakkaare aninirathi. sukarno kottaaratthil ninnu purathuvannu sinikareyum saadhaaranakkaareyum veettilekku pookaan bodhyappedutthi. nasution simattupaangum pinneedu pirichuvittu. ennirunnaalum, 1955ll sukarnoyumaayi anurajanam nadatthiya sesham naaseshane karasena medaaviyaayi veendum niyamikkum.
1955 leeii niyamasabha thiranjeduppu.
nalki thiranjeduppu oru puthiya paarlamentum bharanaghadanaa assembly srishtichu. pii. aii., masyumi, nahdlatul ulama, pii. keey. aii paarttikalude virudhashakthikalkku thiranjeduppu phalangal thulya pinthuna kaanichu. vyakthamaaya bhooripaksham oru vibhaagathinum niyanthrikkaanaavaathe aabhyanthara rashtreeya asthiratha thadassamillaathe thudarnnu. puthiya bharanaghadana ezhuthaanulla bharanaghadanaa asambliyile charchakal islaamika niyamam ulppeduthanamo enna vishayathil anishchithathvathinu vidheyamaayi.
thante vyakthithva sthaanatheyum raajyathinte rashtreeya jeevithathile vardhichuvarunna kramakkedineyum prakopippikkaan sukarno vannu. paashchaathya shailiyilulla paarlamentari janadhipathyam indoneshyaykku anuyojyamallennu avakashappetta addeham, thaddesheeya bharana thathwangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru "maarganirdeshitha janaadhipathya" samvidaanathinu ahvaanam cheythu. graamathalatthil, graamatthile muthirnnavarude maarganirdeshaprakaaram samavayam nedunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheytha neenda charchakaliloodeyaanu pradhana chodyangal theerumaanikkunnathennu sukarno vaadichu. graamatthile muthirnnavar vahikkunna punk rashtrapathy ettedukkunnathode ithu raajyathin muzhuvan maathrkayaayirikkanamennu addeham vishwasichu. rashtreeya paarttikale mathramalla, raajyathinte avashya gadakangal ulkkollunna "pravartthana grouppukale" adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru sarkkar addeham nirddeshichu, athu orumichu oru deseeya kaunsil roopeekarikkukayum athiloode presidentinte maarganirdeshaprakaaram oru deseeya samavayam prakadippikkaan kazhiyukayum cheyyum.
uparashtrapathi mohammed hattah sukarnoyude nayikkapetta janaadhipathya ashayathe shakthamayi ethirthu. ithum mattu pariharikkaanaavaattha abhipraayavyathyaasangalum choondikkaatti 1956 desemberil hattah thante sthaanathu ninnu raajivachu. addehathinte viramikkal indoneshyayiludaneelam, prathyekichu javanese aadipathyamulla sarkkaaril hattaye thangalude prathinidhiyayi kanda javanese ithararkkidayil njettalundakki.
sainika ettedukkalukalum sainika niyamavum.
praadeshika sainika ettedukkalukal.
1956 desember muthal 1957 januvari vare vadakkan, madhya, thekkan sumatra pravishyakalile praadeshika sainika commandermar praadeshika sarkkar niyanthranam etteduthu. avar athath pradeshangal niyanthrikkenda sainika kaunsilukalude oru parambara prakhyapikkukayum jakkaarthayude utharavukal sweekarikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythu. samanamaaya oru praadeshika sainika prasthaanam 1957 maarchil vadakkan sulavesiyude niyanthranam etteduthu. sarkkaarile communist swaadheenam illaathaakkanamennum sarkkar varumaanathil thulya vihitam nalkanamennum muun sukarno-hattah doomveett punasthaapikkanamennum avar aavasyappettu.
sainika niyamatthinte prakhyapanam.
republicinte aikyathin eee gurutharamaaya velluvili neritta sukarno 1957 march 14 nuu sainika niyamam (staatt vaan oorlog enn beleg) prakhyaapichu. sainyam thante vishwastha general naasyooshante kaikalilayirikke addeham pakshapaathamillaattha oru pradhaanamantriye niyamichu. indoneshyayil paashchaathya janaadhipathyathinte prathikoola swaadheenathekkurichu sukarnoyude kaazhchappaadukal naasyushan kooduthalaayi pankuvaykkukayum rashtreeya jeevithathil sainyathin kooduthal supradhana punk vahikkukayum cheythu.
oru anuranjana nadapadiyenna nilayil, sukarno praadeshika kaunsilukalude nethaakkale 1957 septambaril oru deseeya sammelanathil ("musjawara naasinal") pankedukkaan jakkaarthayilekku kshanichu, athu prathisandhikk oru pariharam konduvarunnathil parajayappettu. 1957 november november central jakkaarthayile sikini enna sthalathu nadanna oru school chadangu sandarshikkumbol grenade aakramanathiloode sukarno vadhikkan shramichu. aarr kuttikal kollappettengilum sukarnoik gurutharamaaya parikkukalonnum sambhavichittilla. darul islam groupile nethaavu sekarmadji maridjan karthisuvirjoyude utharavanusarichu amgangalaayirunnu kuttavaalikal.
1957 disambarode, raajyathinte mail thante adikaaram nadappakkaan sukarno gauravamaaya nadapadikal sweekarikkaan thudangi. aaa maasam, addeham indoneshyan sambadvyavasthayil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna 246 dutch kambanikale deshasaalkkarichu, prathyekichu netherlands trading sosaitti, royal dutch shell subsidiary "battaafshe petroleum maattshappij", escomptobank, "bigg five" dutch trading korppareshanukal ("envi borneo sumatra maattshappij/borsumij", "envi internaashanal credit-enn handelswearing" rotterdam "/internaashyo", "envi jacobson vaan denne berg & qoo", "envi lindettevs-stokvis", "envi jio verry & qoo"), koodaathe indoneshyayil avasheshikkunna 40,000 dutch pouranmaare avarude swathukkal kandukettunnathinidayil purathaakki, dutch sarkkar vaagdaanam cheythathupole avarude bhaavi charchakal thudarnnu. presidentinte nirddesha nambar 1 purappeduvichathode sukarnoyude saambathika desheeyathayude nayam sakthippettu. sakthippettu 10-aamm vakupp, graamapradesangalil videsha pouranmaarude vaanijya pravartthanangal nirodhichu. eee samayat avaril chilarkk maathrame indoneshyan pourathvam undaayirunnulloovenkilum grameena, nagara chillara sambadvyavasthayil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna vamseeya chainakkaare eee niyamam lakshyamitirunnu. eee nayam grameena vamseeya-chainees janasamkhyaye nagarapradeshangalilekk valia thothil maattunnathin kaaranamaayi, ekadesham 100,000 perr chainayilekku madangaan theerumaanichu.
vimatha praadeshika commandermaare neridaan, "musjawara naasinal" ennathinte paraajayathetthudarnnu kadutha nadapadikal sweekarikkaan sukarnoy karasena medaaviyaaya nasution theerumaanichu. jakkarthayodu vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunna praadeshika udyogasthare upayogichukondu, naasyushan "praadeshika attimarikalude" oru parambara samghadippichu, ithu 1957 disambarode vadakkan sumatrayileyum (kenal maluddin simbolon) thekkan sumatrayileyum (kenal barlian) vimatha commandermaare purathaakki. ithu pradhana nagarangalaya medaanteyum paalembaanginteyum mail sarkkar niyanthranam thirike nalki.
1958 februvariyil central sumatrayile (kenal ahamed hussain) bakkiyulla vimatha commandermar (kenal ventje sumuval) north sulavesiyum (kenal ventje sumuval) jakkartha sarkkaarine attimarikkaan lakshyamitulla prii-permesta prasthaanam prakhyaapichu. kammyoonistukaarude vardhichuvarunna swaadheenathe ethirtha jaffruddin praveeranegarayepolulla niravadhi sivilian raashtreeyakkaarum avarodoppam chernnu. communist virudha vaachaadopangal kaaranam, vimatharkk dveepasamooham ennariyappedunna oru prachaaranatthil sii. aii. ayil ninnu panavum aayudangalum manushyasakthiyum labhichu. 1958 eprilil sarkkar niyanthranatthilulla ambonil bomb aakramanathinu sesham american pailattaaya alan laurence poppu vediyettu marichathode eee pinthuna avasaanichu. 1958 eprilil kendra sarkkar vimatha thalasthaanangalaaya padaangilum manadoyilum vyoma, kadal akramanangal nadatthi. 1958 avasaanathode vimathar sainikamaayi paraajayappedukayum sheshikkunna avasaanathe vimatha garilla samghangal 1961 augustil keezhadangukayum cheythu.
nayikkapetta janaadhipathya kaalaghattam (1959-1966).
prri-permesta vimatharkkethiraya sradheyamaaya sainika vijayangalum dutch kambanikalude janakeeya desasaalkkaranavum sukarno uracha sthaanathekku nayichu. 1959 juulai juulai presidentinte utharaviloode sukaarno sukaarno bharanaghadana punasthaapichu. athu oru presidential samvidaanam sthaapikkukayum athu nayikkapetta janaadhipathyathinte thathwangal nadappaakkunnathu eluppamaakkumennu addeham vishwasikkukayum cheythu. addeham eee samvidaanathe "manifesto polittik" allengil manipul ennu vilichu-ennaal athu yadhaarthathil utharaviloode sarkkaraayirunnu. usdeck thathwathinu anusrithamaayi oru indoneshyan shailiyilulla soshyalist samoohamaanu sukarno vibhavanam cheythathu
1960 maarchil sukarno paarlament pirichuvidukayum pakaram oru puthiya paarlament sthaapikkukayum cheythu, avide pakuthiyolam amgangale president niyamichu ("devan pervaakilan rakjat-gotong rojong"/dpr-grr). 1960 septambaril addeham 1945 leeii bharanaghadana prakaram ettavum uyarnna niyamanirmmaana adhikaariyaayi oru thaalkkaalika peeples consultative assembly ("mudjelis permusjavaaratthan raktat simantara"/emm. pii. aarr. ezz) sthaapichu. dpr-jiaarile amgangalum president niyamikkunna "pravartthana grouppukalile" amgangalum emm. pii. aarr. ezz amgangalil ulppedunnu.
sainyathinte pinthunayode, sucarno islaamik party massumiyum sutan shaajaririnte party psi pirichuvittu, avarkk prii-permesta bandhatthil pankundennu aaropichu. soshyalist shajarir muthal islaamika rashtreeyakkaaraaya mohammed natsir, hamka ennivare sainyam arast cheyyukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythu. ayodhana niyama adikaarangal upayogichu sarkkar sukarnoyude nayangale vimarshicha pathrangal adachu.
eee kaalayalavil sukarnoyude jeevanu nere niravadhi vadhasramangal nadannu. 1960 march 9 nuu, permesta kalapathodu anubhavam prakadippicha indoneshyan vyomasenayile leftanantaaya danielle moukkar, merdeca kottaaratthilum bogger kottaaratthilum thante maig-17 yudhavimaanam upayogichu adichukayatti, presidentine kollan shramichu; addehathinu parikkettitla. 1962 meyy maasathil darul islam ejantumaar kottaaratthinte maitanath eedh alle-adha praarthanaykkide presidentinu nere vediyuthirthu. sukarno veendum parikkukalode rakshapettu.
suraksha rangathu, sainyam phalapradamaaya prachaaranangalude oru parambara aarambhichu, ithu padinjaaran jaava (1962), aache (1962), southu sulavesi (1965) ennividangalile deerghakaalamaayi nadanna darul islam kalapam avasaanippichu. darul islaaminte nethaavaaya carthosuvirjo 1962 septambaril pidikoodukayum vadikkukayum cheythu.
sainyathinte sakthiye prathirodhikkaan sukarno communist party oof indoneshyayude (pii. keey. aii) pinthunaye aashrayikkaan thudangi. 1960-ll addeham thante sarkkar indoneshyan samoohathil nilavilulla moonnu prathyayashaasthra izhakalude samyojanamaaya nasacomine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane prakhyaapichu "nassialism" (deseeyatha), "aagama" (mathangal), "communism" (communism). athanusarichu, sukarno kooduthal kammyoonistukaare thante sarkkaarilekku praveshippikkaan thudangi, athesamayam pii. keey. aii chairman deepa nusanthara aydithumaayi sakthamaaya bandham valarthiyeduthu.
indoneshyayude anthass vardhippikkunnathinaayi, jakkaarthayil nadanna nadanna eshyan gamesinullah lelathil sukarno pinthunaykkukayum vijayikkukayum cheythu. geyimukal ulkkollunnathinayi senayan sports complexes (100,000 seettukalulla bung carno stadium ulppede) polulla niravadhi kaayika soukaryangal nirmmichu. israelil ninnum thaayvaanil ninnumulla prathinidhikalude praveshanam indoneshyakkaar nirasichappol rashtreeya samgharsham udaleduthu. eee ozhivakkal nayam kaaranam anthaaraashtra olimbiku kammitti indoneshyaykku uparodham earppeduthiyathinu sesham, sucarno "games oof nyoo emerging fozhsu" (ganepho) ennu vilikkunna olimbiku gamesinu "saamraajyathva ithara" malsaraadhishtitha paripadi samghadippichu prathikarichu. 1963 novemberil jakkaarthayil nadanna ganephoyil 51 rajyangalil ninnulla 2,700 athlattukal pankedutthu.
thante anthass kettippadukkal padhathiyude bhaagamaayi, deseeya smaarakam ("monumen nassional"), istiklal palli, jakkartha, konfo kettidam (ippol paarlament kettidam), hotel indoneshya, jakkarthaye muun colonial kaayalil ninnu aadhunika nagaramakki maattunnathinaayi sareena shopping sentar thudangiya valia smaaraka kettidangal nirmmikkaan sukarno utharavittu. jaalan tamrin, jaalan sudirman, jaalan gatot subrato ennivayude aadhunika jakkartha boulevaardukal sukarnoyude keezhil aasoothranam cheyyukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
videsanayam.
bandung konfarans.
anthaaraashtra thalatthil, america soviyatt union prathirodhikkunnathinaayi vikaswara eshyan, aafrikkan raajyangale chericheraatha prasthaanathilekku onnippikkuka enna lakshyathode 1955 ll sucarno bandung sammelanam samghadippichu.
sheethayudham.
sukarnoyude aabhyanthara adikaaram surakshithamaayathode addeham loka vediyil kooduthal shradha nalkaan thudangi. indoneshyayude anthaaraashtra anthass vardhippikkunnathinaayi saamraajyathva virudhathaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla aakramanathmakavum dridavumaaya nayangalude oru parambara addeham aarambhichu. palappozhum mattu rajyangalumaayi chernnu nilkkunna eee saamraajyathva virudha, paashchaathya virudha nayangalum vaividyamaarnnathum vighadichathumaaya indoneshyan janataye onnippikkaanaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. ithil addehathinte videshakaarya mantri subandrio addehathe sahayichu.
1956-ll baijing sandarshichathinushesham, peeples republic oof chainayumaayum communist blockumaayum sukarno thante bandham shakthippeduthaan thudangi. vardhichuvarunna soviyatt-block sainika sahayavum addeham sweekarikkaan thudangi. 1960 kalude thudakkathil, soviyatt block mattethoru communist ithara raajyathekkaalum kooduthal sahayam indoneshyaykku nalki, athesamayam indoneshyaykkulla soviyatt sainika sahayam kyoobaykkulla sahaayathin thulyamaayirunnu. communist sahayathinte eee ganyamaaya varavu dwait isenhoveril ninnum joonn eph. ll ninnum sainika sahayam vardhippikkaan kaaranamaayi. edathottulla vyathiyaanathekkurich aashankayulla kennidi bharanakoodangal sucarno soviyatt-block sahaayathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkanam.
1956ll american aikyanaadukal sandarshicha samayat american aikyanaadukalude kongrassinte samyuktha sammelanathe abhisambodhana cheythukondu sukarno aadarichu. innuvare, oru indoneshyan president yuu. esinte samyuktha sammelanathe abhisambodhana cheytha eaka samayamaanith.ezz. kongras. amerikkayilekkulla thante aadya sandarshanathinu thottupinnaale, sukaarno soviyatt union sandarshikkukayum avide addehathinu kooduthal aadambaramaaya swaagatham labikkukayum cheythu. soviyatt pradhaanamantri nikita krishchev 1960-ll jakkaarthayilum baaliyilum madangiyethi, avide addeham sucarnoic lenin samadhana sammanam nalki. prii-permesta kalaapathil sii. aii. eyude pankaalitthatthinu bhedagathikal varuthuka, yuu.ezz. president kennidi sukarno washingtonilekku kshanichu.sii. koodaathe indoneshyaykku shathakodikkanakkin dollar sivilian, sainika sahayam nalki.
nalki vijayakaramaya bandung sammelanathe thudarnnu, "pazhaya sthaapitha sakthikal" (oldefo) ennu vilikkappedunna paashchaathya mahaashakthikalkk (oldefo) ethiraayi "puthiya uyarnnuvarunna sakthikal" (nepho) enna peril oru puthiya sakhyam roopeekarikkaan sukarno shramichu, avare "navaa-colonialisavum saamraajyathvavum" (necolim) pracharippichuvennu addeham aaropichu. 1961ll sukarno eejipt president gamal abdul nasser, indian pradhaanamantri panditt jawaharlal nehru, yugoslavia president josip broze tittoo, ghaanayude president kwame nkruma ennivarodoppam chericheraatha prasthaanam (naam, indoneshyayil jeracan noonn-block, jii. enn. bii) enna peril mattoru rashtreeya sakhyam sthaapichu. sheethayudha malsarathil earppettirunna american, soviyatt suuppar power blokkukalil ninnu swaathanthryam nilanirthaan aagrahikkunna raajyangalkk rashtreeya aikyavum swaadheenavum nalkaanaan naam uddeshichathu. puthuthayi swathanthramaaya raajyangalude swaadheenam prothsaahippikkunnathil addeham vahicha pankinaayi sukarno ippozhum snehapoorvvam oormmikkappedunnu. keyro, eejipt, rabat, moroco ennividangalil theruvu namamaayum paakkisthaanile peshavaarile oru pradhana chathuramaayum addehathinte peru upayogikkunnu. 1956ll belgrade sarvakalashaala addehathinu oonarari doktarettu nalki aadarichu.
pappuva samgharsham.
1960ll indoneshyan pradeshika avakaashavaadangal surakshithamaakkunnathinaayi sukarno oru aakramanathmaka videsanayam aarambhichu. aarambhichu dutch-indonesian vattameshasammelanathil sammathichathupole, netherlandsinte puthiya giniyayude bhaviyekkurichu charchakal aarambikkunnathil thudarchayaaya paraajayathetthudarnnu aaa varsham augustil sukaarno netherlandumaayulla nayatantra bandham vichedichu. 1961 eprilil, oru swatantra paappuvan raashtram srishtikkaan uddeshichulla "nyoo ginia raadu" roopeekarikkumennu dutch prakhyaapichu. 1961 desember desember yogakarthayil nadatthiya thante "thri comando raktat" (trikora) prasamgatthil sukarno sainika ettumuttal prakhyaapichu. thudarnnu addeham padinjaaran iraan ennu visheshippicha pakuthi dveepilekku sainika kadannukayattathinu nirddesham nalki. 1962 avasaanathode padinjaaran iraanilo padinjaaran paappuvayilo udaneelam 3,000 indoneshyan sainikar undaayirunnu.
1962 januvariyil vlacke hoock theerathu naalu indoneshyan torpido bottukale dutch kappalukalum vimaanangalum thadanjappol oru naavika yuddham pottipurappettu. oru indoneshyan boat mungi, navikasena deputy cheef oof staaf commador jose sudarzo marichu. athesamayam, duchukal padinjaaran iranian/padinjaaran pappuvayil pidichunilkkukayaanenkil kamyoonisathilekkulla indoneshyan maattathe kurichu kenneddy bharanakoodam aashankaakularaanu. 1962 februvariyil yuu.ezz. attorni general roobert eph. kennidi netherlandsilekku yaatra cheyyukayum indoneshyayumaayulla sayudha pooraattatthil america netherlandukale pinthunaykkillennu sarkkaarine ariyikkukayum cheythu. soviyatt aayudangalum upadeshakarum chernnu, sucarno 1962 augustil biyaakkinte dutch sainika aasthaanathu valia thothilulla vyoma, kadal adhinivesham aasoothranam cheythu, ithu "operaasi dijavidjaja" ennu vilikkunnu. indoneshyayude bhaavi presidentaaya mejar general suharthoyaanu ithinu neethrthwam nalkendathu. eee padhathikal yaadhaarthyamaakunnathinu munbu, 1962 augustil indoneshya netherland newyork karaaril oppuvachu. bunker plan (american nayathanthranjanaaya elsworth bunker roopeekaricha) nadappilakkaan iru raajyangalum sammathichu, athiloode 1962 october 1 nuu vestt iraan/vestt pappuva untteykku kaimaran duchukal sammathichu. 1963 meyy maasathil unttey eee pradesham indoneshyan authoritic kaimari.
"konfrandaasi".
padinjaaran iraan/padinjaaran paappuvayude niyanthranam nediya sesham, 1963ll britiish pinthunayulla malaysian federation sthaapikkunnathine sucarno ethirthu, ithu indoneshya durbalappeduthaanulla britteeshukaarude navaa-colonial goodaalochanayaanennu avakashappettu. britiish borneo pradesangalaaya saravakkileyum bruneyileyum idathupaksha rashtreeya gadakangal federation padhathiye ethirkkukayum sukarnoyumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum cheythappol sukarnoyude rashtreeya munnettangalkku kurachu pinthuna labhichenkilum, 1963 septambaril maleshya sthaapithamaayi. ithinethudarnnu indoneshya-maleshya ettumuttal ("konfrandaasi"), sukarno 1964 meyy 3 nuu jakkaarthayil nadatthiya "dvi comando raktat" (dwikora) prasamgatthil prakhyaapichu. sukarnoyude prakhyapitha lakshyam, chilar aaropikkunnathupole, sabah saravakineyum indoneshyayilekku kootticherkkukayalla, marichu vadakkan kalimanthan communist party niyanthranatthil oru "vadakkan kalimanthan samsthaanam" sthaapikkuka ennathaayirunnu. 1964 muthal 1966 nte arambham vare parimithamaaya ennam indoneshyan sainikar, saadhaaranakkaar, malaysian communist garillakal ennivare vadakkan borneoyilekkum malaysian upadveepilekkum ayachu. puthuthayi roopamkonda malaysian raashtrathe samrakshikkaan vinyasicha britiish, komanvelthu sainikarkkethire eee seena poraadi. indoneshyan ejantumaar singappooril niravadhi bombukal pottitherichu. aabhyantharamaayi, sukarno britiish virudha vikaaram valarthukayum britiish embassy kathikkukayum cheythu. 1964ll charted baankinteyum unileverinteyum indoneshyan pravartthanangal ulppede rajyath pravartthikkunna ellah britiish kambanikalum desasaalkkarikkappettu. 1964 augustil malaysian pradhana bhoopradeshathe pondiyanilum laabisilum indoneshyan sainikare irakkaan sukarno adhikaarappeduthiyappol samgharsham oru paraakaashtayiletthi, samgharshangal vardhichathode samboornna yuddham anivaaryamaanennu thonni. ennirunnaalum, septambar pakuthiyode sunda kadalidukku prathisandhiyude paryavasaanatthode sthithi shaanthamaavukayum 1965 eprilil plaman maappuvinte vinashakaramaaya yudhathinu sesham saravaakkilekkulla indoneshyan akramanangal kuranju.
1964ll sucarno oru american virudha pracharanam aarambhichu, athu communist blokkilekkulla maattavum lyndon jonson bharanakoodavumaayulla souhaarddaparamaaya bandhavum prachodippichu. indoneshyayile american thaalpparyangalum bisinessukalum sarkkar udyogasthar apalapikkukayum pii. keey. aii neethrthwathilulla janakkoottam akramikkukayum cheythu. american sinimakal nirodhichu, american pusthakangalum beettils aalbangalum kathichu, american shailiyilulla roock aandu roll samgeetham aalapichathin indoneshyan baand koos plus jaililaayi. thathfalamaayi, yuu.ezz. indoneshyayilekkulla sahayam nirtthivachu, athinodu sukarno thante prashasthamaaya paramarsham nadatthi, "ningalude sahaayathode narakatthilekku pookuka". 1965 januvari januvari sukarno ikyaraashtrasabhayil ninnu indoneshya pinvalichu.ezz. pinthunayode maleshya yuu. enn. suraksha kaunsilil oru sthaanam nedi.
puthiya uyarnnuvarunna shakthikalude sammelanam.
naam rajyangal vividha vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappedumbol, kurachu rajyangal addehathinte paashchaathya virudha videshanayangale pinthunaykkaan thayyaaraayathode, sukarno thante chericheral vaachaadopangal upekshikkaan thudangi. chaina, vadakkan korea, vadakkan vietnaam, cambodia ennivayumaayi sukarno oru puthiya sakhyam roopeekarichu, athine addeham "baijing-pyongyang-hanoy-noom penn-jakkartha axis" ennu vilichu. 1965 januvariyil "saamraajyathva aadipathyamulla" ikyaraashtrasabhayil ninnu indoneshya pinvalichathinushesham, akkaalat ikyaraashtrasabhayil amgamallaatha peeples republic oof chainayude pinthunayode konfarans oof nyoo emerging fozhsu (konfo) ennu vilikkunna oru malsaraadhishtitha samghadana sthaapikkaan sukaarno shramichu. soviyatt unionode sarkkar valareyadhikam kadappettirikkunnathil, indoneshya pinthunaykkaayi chaina kooduthalaayi aasrayikkunnu. oru puthiya saamraajyathva virudha loka samghadanayaaya konfoyude kaathalaya baijing-jakkartha achuthandinekkurichu sukarno kooduthal samsaarichu.
aabhyanthara nayam.
jeevithathinum vyakthithvathinte aaraadhanaykkum vendiyulla president.
aabhyantharamaayi, sukarno thante niyanthranam shakthippeduthunnath thudarnnu. 1963ll emm. pii. aarr. ell addehathe aajeevanantha presidentaayi niyamichu. manipul-usdekkineyum nasacomineyum kurichulla addehathinte prathyayashaasthra rachanakal indoneshyan skoolukalilum sarvakalaashaalakalilum nirbandhitha vishayangalayi maari, athesamayam addehathinte prasamgangal ellah vidyaarthikalum oormmikkukayum charcha cheyyukayum venam. ellah pathrangalum, eaka radio steshanum (aarr. aarr. aii, sarkkar nadathunna), eaka television steshanum (tivi. aii, sarkkar nadathunna) "viplavathinte upakaranangalayi" maattukayum sukarnoyude sandeshangal pracharippikkan pravartthikkukayum cheythu. puthuthayi ettedutha padinjaaran iranian thalasthaanathe sukarnapura ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum raajyathe ettavum uyaram koodiya kodumudiye kaarstans pyramidil ninnu pundjack sukarno (sukarno kodumudi) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythukondu sukarno oru vyakthithva aaradhana vikasippichu.
piki uyarnnu.
velluviliyillaatha eee niyanthranatthinte roopangal undaayirunnittum, sukkaarnoyude maarganirddeshitha janadhipathyam athinte rund adisthaana pinthunaa sthambhangalaaya sainyavum kammyoonistukalum thammilulla antharleenamaaya samgharsham kaaranam durbalamaaya aditharayilaanu nilakondathu. sukarnoyude samrakshanathin keezhil communist party druthagathiyilulla valarchayil sainyam, desheeyavaadikal, islaamika grouppukal ennivar njettippoyi. indoneshyayil oru communist raashtram udan sthaapikkappedumennu avar bhayapettu. 1965 aayappozhekkum pii. keey. aii. yill moonnu dasalaksham amgangalundaayirunnu, central jaavayilum baaliyilum avaa prathyekichum shakthamaayirunnu. indoneshyayile ettavum sakthamaaya party pii. keey. aii maari.
indoneshyayude paramaadhikaaratthil vittuveezhcha cheiyumennu karuthiya communist chainayumaayulla sukkaarnoyude adutha sakhyathekkurichu sainyavum desheeyavaadikalum jagrata pularthukayaayirunnu. maleshyayumaayulla sukarnoyude ettumuttal nayathodu sainyathile gadakangal viyojichu, ithu avarude kazhchappadil kammyoonistukaarkk maathrame gunam cheythulloo, koodaathe malaysian sarkkaarilekku rahasya samadhana vikarangal pracharippikkan niravadhi udyogasthare (bhaaviyile sayudha seena medhavi leonardes benchamin mordani ulppede) ayachu. bhooribhaagavum bhoovudamakalaayirunna islaamika purohithanmaarkk, graamapradesangalile pikinte bhoomi kandukettal nadapadikalum ("axi sepihack") "ezhu grama pishachukkal" enna communist prachaaranavum moolam bheeshani anubhavapettu, eee padam bhoovudamakalkko mechappetta karshakarko (staalinist kaalaghattatthile kulak virudha prachaaranatthinu samaanamaayi) upayogikkunnu. upayogikkunnu raktharookshithamaaya communist kalaapathinte oormmakal kaaranam iruvibhaagangalum pikeyod aazhathilulla avaganana pulartthi.
nasakom sanbradaayathinu keezhilulla moonnu grouppukalude madhyasthanenna nilayil sukarno kammyoonistukalodu kooduthal sahathapam prakadippichu. sukarnoyude ellah nayangaleyum pinthunaykkaan pii. keey. aii valare shradhaaluvaayirunnu. athesamayam, indoneshyayile ettavum mikacha samghadithavum prathyayashaasthraparamaayi karuthuttathumaaya party communist block rajyangalil ninnu kooduthal sainikavum saambathikavumaaya sahayam nedunnathinulla upayogapradamaaya maarggamaayum sukarno pk kandu. thante swantham aashayangalkk samanamaaya kammyoonistukaarude viplavaparamaya aadarshangalodu sukarno anubhavam prakadippichu.
sainyathinte swaadheenathe durbalappeduthunnathinaayi, sukarno 1963-ll sainika niyamam (sainyathin vishalamaaya adikaarangal nalkia) raddaki. 1962 septambaril addeham sayudha seena medhaaviyude swaadheenamillaatha sthaanathekku sakthamaaya general naaseshane "prothsaahippichu", athesamayam karasena medhaaviyude swaadheenamulla sthaanam sukarnoyude vishwasthanaaya ahamed yaaniykk nalki. athesamayam, thuranna communist anubhaaviyaayirunna omar dhanik vyomasena medhaaviyude sthaanam nalki. 1964 meyy maasathil, hans bague jassin, viraatmo sokkitto thudangiya pramukha indoneshyan ezhuthukaar ulppedunna kalakaaranmaarudeyum ezhuthukaarudeyum samghadanayaaya "manifesto kebudjan" (manikebu) yude pravartthanangal sukarno nirodhichu. pramoyedya anantha thorinte neethrthwathilulla communist ezhuthukaarante samghadanayaaya lembaga kebudjan raktat (lekra) manikebuvine ethiraaliyaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. 1964 desemberil, sukarnoyude swantham pancassila roopeekaranam abhyarthichukondu kammyoonisathe ethirkkaan sramikkunna samghadanayaaya "sucarnoism prolsaahippikkunnathi association" enna "badhan pendukung sukarnoisme" (bps) sukarno pirichuvittu. 1965 januvariyil pii. keey. aiyude sammarddathe thudarnnu sukarno murba party nirodhichu. maarksisathekkurichulla pii. kiyude chainees anukoola republic kaazhchappaadin virudhamaaya prathyayashaasthramulla oru soviyatt anukoola union partiyaayirunnu murba.
1965 eprilil sayudha karshakarum thozhilaallikalum adangunna "anchaamathe sayudha seena" roopeekarikkaan pii. keey. aii chairman aidit ahvaanam cheythappol sainyavum kammyoonistukaarum thammilulla samgharshangal vardhichu. sukarno eee ashayam amgeekarikkukayum 1965 meyy 17 nuu atharamoru senaye udan roopeekarikkanamennu parasyamaayi aavasyappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, karasena medhavi ahamed yaniyum prathirodha mantriyaaya nasution eee ashayam nadappaakkunnathil kaalathamasam varuthi, kaaranam ithu pkiye swantham sayudha seena sthaapikkaan anuvadikkunnathinu thulyamaayirunnu. taamasiyaathe, meyy meyy "gilchrist kathu" prathyakshappettu. praadeshika sainika suhruthukkalude" sahaayathode indoneshyayil attimari nadathaanulla american, britiish samyuktha shramathe paraamarshichu landanile videshakaarya offeesile britiish ambasseder andrew gilchristaanu kathu ezhuthiyathennu karuthappedunnu. subandrio nirmmicha eee kathu, thanne attimarikkanulla oru sainika goodaalochanayekkurichulla sukarnoyude bhayam unarthi, adutha kurachu maasangalil addeham aavarthichu paraamarshicha oru bhayam. 1968ll koorumariya checoslovakian ejantu ladislav bitmaan, communist virudha generalukale kalankappeduthunnathinaayi soviyatt union vazhi pii. keey. aii. yude abhyarthana maanich thante ejansi (ezz. tii. bii) vyaja kathu ayachathaayi avakashappettu. 1965 august 17-leeii swaathanthryadina prasamgatthil, chainayumaayum mattu communist bharanakoodangalumaayum oru saamraajyathva virudha sakhyathinu indoneshya samarppikkanulla thante uddeshyam sukaarno prakhyapikkukayum sainyathin edapedaruthennu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. sayudha karshakarudeyum thozhilaallikaludeyum "anchaamathe seena" sthaapikkunnathinulla pinthunayum addeham prasthaavichu.
saambathika maandyam.
sukarno aabhyanthara, anthardesheeya raashtreeyathinaayi thante oorjjam neekkivechappol, indoneshyayude sambadvyavastha avaganikkappedukayum athivegam vashalaavukayum cheythu. sainika chelavukalkkayi sarkkar panam achadichu, athinte falamaayi <aii. dii. 1> ll prathivarsham <aii. dii. 2> kaviyunna uyarnna panapperuppam undaayi. kallakkadathum kayattumathi thotta mekhalakalude thakarchayum sarkkaarin valare aavashyamaaya videsanaanya varumanam nashtappedutthi. thathfalamaayi, paashchaathya, communist block rajyangalil ninnu shekharicha vanthothilulla videsha kadangal nikathaan sarkkaarin kazhinjilla. sarkkar bajattinte bhooribhaagavum sainikarkkaayi chelavazhichathinaal roadukal, railway, thuramukhangal, mattu pothu soukaryangal thudangiya adisthaana soukaryangal vashalayi. gathagatha adisthaana soukaryangal vashalaakunnathum vilaveduppinte aparyapthathayum pala sthalangalilum bhakshyakshaamathinu kaaranamaayi. nikshepathinte abhavam moolam cherukida vyavasaya mekhala 20 sathamaanam seshiyil maathramaan uthppaadippichathu.
sukarno thanne macro economicsine avahelikkukayum raajyathinte mosham saambathika avasthaykku praayogika pariharangal nalkaan kazhiyaathirikkukayum cheythu. pakaram, rashtreeya paramadhikaaram, saambathika svayamparyaapthatha, saamskaarika swaathanthryam thudangiya "trisakthi" polulla kooduthal prathyayashaasthra ashayangal addeham srishtichu. indoneshyakkaar swantham kaalil nilkkanamennum (berdikari) videsha swaadheenathil ninnu mukthamayi saambathika svayamparyaapthatha kaivarikkanamennum addeham vaadichu.
thante bharanathinte avasaanathode, saambathikashaasthrathodu sukarnoyude thaalpparyakkurav adhehavum saambathikamaayi durithamanubhavichirunna indoneshyan janathayum thammil akalam srishtichu. addehathinte mukham rogathaal niranju, addehathinte aadambaravum laingika vijayangalum-orikkal addehathe janangalkk priyappettathaakkiyathum-pothu vimarsanathinu kaaranamavukayum sainyathin pinthuna nalkukayum cheythu.
adhikaarathil ninnum maranathil ninnum athinusheshavum neekkam cheyyal.
septambar 30 prasthaanam.
thattikkondupokalum kolapaathakangalum.
1965 october 1 nuu, indoneshyayile ettavum muthirnna aarr sainika generalukale "30 septambar prasthaanam" (jii 30) ennu svayam visheshippikkunna oru prasthaanam thattikkondupoyi kolappedutthi. kollappettavaril ahamed yaani ulppedunnu, naasyushan cheruthaayi rakshapettu, ennaal prasthaanam addehathinte adjustantaaya phastt lefttanant piyari tendiane thattikkondupoyi, iruttil general naasyushan ennu thettidharichu. lefttanant-kenal thundung biinn samsooriyude neethrthwathil presidential gards, bravidjaja division, deponegoro division ennivayile amgangal jii 30 kalil ulppettirunnu. aarr. aii radio steshanteyum merdeca squarinteyum niyanthranam prasthaanam etteduthu. siyaa swaadheenamulla generalukalude attimari shramathil ninnu sukarno samrakshikkaan uddeshichullathaanu thattikkondupokalennu prakhyaapikkunna oru prasthavana avar prakshepanam cheythu. pinneedu, sukarnoyude manthrisabha pirichuvidunnathinekkur vaarthakal prakshepanam cheythu, pakaram oru "viplava kaunsil" sthaapikkum. central jaavayil, jii jii bandhapetta sainikar october 1 muthal 2 vare yogakarthayudeyum soloyudeyum niyanthranam pidichedukkukayum eee prakriyayil rund kenalukale kollukayum cheythu.
prasthaanatthinte avasaanam.
sainyathinte straattajik reserve kamaandinte kamaandaraaya mejar general suharto pittennu raavile sainyathinte niyanthranam etteduthu. aarr. aii radio steshanum merdeca square ettedukkaan suharto sainyathodu utharavittu. annu uchathirinju, uchathirinju thangal sthaapichirunna hallim vyomasena thaavalathinum sukarno (addehathinte saannidhyathinte kaaranagal vyakthamallathathum avakaashavaadathinum ethir avakaashavaadathinum vidheyamaayirunnu), eyar marshell omar dhaani, piki chairman aidit ennivar othukoodiya sthalathinum suharto oru anthima munnariyipp nalki. pittennu, kazhivillaathathum samghadithamallaathathumaaya attimari paraajayappettuvenn vyakthamaayi. sukarno bogger kottaaratthil thaamasichappol omar dhaani kizhakkan jaavayilekk palayanam cheyth central jaavayilekk oodi. october 2 aayappozhekkum suhaarthoyude sainikar oru cheria vedivayppinu sesham hallim vyomasena thaavalam pidichedutthu. october 1 nuu suhaarthoyude haleem vidaanulla anthima munnariyippinodu sukarnoyude anusaranm ellah adhikara bandhangaleyum mattimarikkunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. addehathinte "maarganirdeshitha janaadhipathyathin" adivarayidunna sainika, rashtreeya islam, kammyoonistukaar, desheeyavaadikal enniva thammilulla sukarnoyude durbalamaaya adhikara santhulithaavastha ippol thakarnnukondirikkukayaanu. october 3 nuu, thattikkondupoya generalukalude mrithadehangal hallim vyomasena thaavalathinu sameepam kandethukayum october 5 nuu suhaarthoyude neethrthwathilulla oru pothu chadangil avare samskarikkukayum cheythu.
prasthaanatthinte anantharafalangal.
1965 october aadyam, oru sainika prachaarana pracharanam raajyathudaneelam vyapikkaan thudangi, ithu oru communist attimariyaanennum vedivachavar muthirnna sainika udyogastharaayathinaal indoneshyan naayakanmarkkethiraaya bheeruthvaparamaaya athikramangalaanennum indoneshyan, anthaaraashtra prekshakare vijayakaramaayi bodhyappedutthi. piki edapedal nishedhikkunnathu kaaryamaaya falamundaakkiyilla. october 5 nuu generalukalude mrithadehangal kandethukayum pothusamskaaram nadathukayum cheythathinetthudarnnu, islaamika samghadanakalaaya muhammadiya, nahdlatul ulama ennivarodoppam sainyam indoneshyan samoohatheyum communist party mattu idathupaksha samghadanakaludeyum sarkkarineyum sayudha sena shudheekarikkunnathinula oru prachaaranatthinu neethrthwam nalki. pramukha pii. keey. aii amgangal udan thanne arast cheyyappedukayum chilare churukkipparanjaal vadikkukayum cheythu. 1965 novemberil aidit pidichedukkukayum kollappedukayum cheythu. javayileyum baliyileyum ettavum valia koottakkolakalode shudheekaranam raajyathudaneelam vyaapichu. chila pradeshangalil sainyam sivilian grouppukaleyum praadeshika milishyakaleyum samghadippichu, mattu pradeshangalil sainyathin munbulla vargeeya jagrata. ettavum vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta kanakkukal kuranjathu araa dasalaksham perr kollappettuvennanu. oru ghattathil allengil mattoru ghattathil 15 laksham perr thadavilakkappettathaayi karuthappedunnu.
shudheekaranathinte falamaayi, sukarnoyude moonnu pinthunayulla sthambhangalilonnaya indoneshyan communist party mattu rund, sainika, rashtreeya islam phalapradamaayi illaathaakki. addehathinte durbalamaaya "viplava" thinte kolapaathakangalum parajayavum durithamanubhavicha sukarno, generalukalude kolapaathakangale "een rimpalje inn dii oosiyaan" ("viplavathinte kadalile tharamgam") ennu paraamarshichu pk samrakshikkaan addeham parajayappettu. 1966 januvariyil raajyam thanne pinthudarunnathinu vendi oru prakshepanatthil thante swaadheenam nilanirthaan addeham shramichu. sukhaarthoyude sukaarnoyodulla vishwasthathayude prathinjayum sucarnoyode vishwastharaaya ellaavarkkum sainyathin pinthuna prakhyapikkaanulla ekakaala nirddeshavum moolam durbalappeduthiya oru sukkaarnoist koolam (barrison sucarno) srishtikkaan subandrio shramichu.
puthiya oordarilekkulla parivartthanam.
1965 october 1 nuu maricha ahamed yaaniyude sthaanathekku general pranoto rexosamudruvine karasena medaaviyaayi sukarno niyamichuvenkilum randaazhchaykku sesham suhartoik eee sthaanam nalkaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi. 1966 februvariyil, sukaarno thante manthrisabha punasamghadippikkukayum prathirodha mantri sthaanathuninnu sthaanamozhiyukayum sayudha senayude cheef oof staaf sthaanam nirthalaakkukayum cheythuvenkilum sthaanamozhiyaan naasyushan visammathichu. 1966 januvari muthal sarvakalashaala vidyaarthikal piki pirichuvidanamennum vardhichuvarunna panapperuppam niyantrikkaan sarkkarinodu aavasyappedanamennum aavasyappettu sukarnoykkethire prakadanam aarambhichu. 1966 februvariyil merdeca kottaarathinu munnilulla vidyaarthi prathishedhakkaare presidential gaardukal vedivachu konnu, vidyaarthi prakadanakkaar udan rakthasakshiyaakkiya vidyaarthi arif rachman huckim kollappettu.
"supermar".
1966 march march merdeca kottaaratthil sukarnoyude samboornna manthrisabhayude yogam nadannu. vidyaarthikal bharanakoodatthinethire prakadanam nadathave, anjjaatharaaya sainikar purathu othukoodaan thudangi. sukarnoy subandrio mattoru mantriyum udan thanne yogam vittu helikopttaril bogger kottaratthilekku pooyi. moonnu suharto anukoola generalukale (basuki rahmat, aamir makmad, mohammed jusuf) bogger kottaratthilekku ayaykkukayum avar sukarno kandumuttukayum avarkk vendi "supersemar" ennariyappedunna presidential utharavil oppuvaykkukayum cheythu. utharaviloode, sukarno suharto "sarkkaarinteyum viplavathinteyum suraksha, shaantatha, sthiratha enniva urappakkunnathinum [sukarnoyude] vyakthiparamaaya surakshyum adikaaravum urappakkunnathinum aavashyamaaya ellah nadapadikalum kaikkollan" niyogichu. rekhayude rachayithaav, orupakshe thokku choondikondu polum oppidunnathinu sukarno nirbandhithanaayirunno ennathu charitraparamaaya charchayude oru gattamaanu. ennirunnaalum, suhartoik adikaaram kaimarunnathaayirunnu utharavinte phalam. presidentinte utharavu labhicha sesham suharto pii. keey. aiye niyamavirudhamaayi prakhyapikkukayum party nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. piki amgangalum/allengil anubhaavikalaanennaaropich sukarnoyodu vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunna niravadhi unnatha udyogasthareyum addeham arast cheythu, ithu sukarnoyude rashtreeya shakthiyum swaadheenavum kooduthal kurachu.
veettuthadankalilum maranathilum.
1966 juun juun, thanneyum nayikkapetta janaadhipathya samvidaanatheyum prathirodhikkanulla avasana shramathil parajayappetta sukarno, ippol communist, sukarno anukoola gadakangalil ninnu shudheekarikkappetta emm. pii. aarr. kalkk munnil thante "navakshara" prasangam nadatthi. 1966 augustil, sukarnoyude athirppukalethudarnnu, indoneshya maleshyayumaayulla ettumuttal avasanippikkukayum ikyaraashtrasabhayil veendum cherukayum cheythu. 1967 januvari 10 nuu nadanna mattoru parajayappetta utharavaaditha prasamgatthe (navakshara anubandham) thudarnnu, sukarno thante executive adikaarangal suhartoik vittukoduthu, 1967 februvari 20 nuu naamamaathramaaya presidentaayi thudarnnu. oduvil 1967 march 12 nuu addehathinte muun sakhyakakshiyaya naasyooshante adhyakshathayil nadanna oru sessionil emprmar addehathinte aajeevanantha president padavi eduthukalanju. athe divasam thanne emm. pii. aarr. suharto acting presidentaayi niyamichu. mathiyaya vaidyasahaayam labhikkathathinaal aarogyanila vashalaaya visma yasoyil (ippol sathriyaamandala museum) sukarno veettuthadankalilaakki. vrukka takaraar moolam 1970 juun juun 69-aamm vayassil jakkartha armi ashupathriyil vachu addeham marichu. addehathe indoneshyayile eest jaavayile blittaaril samskarichu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
kudumbam.
vivahangal.
javanese, balinese vamshajaraayirunnu sukarno. 1921ll addeham sithi oythaariye vivaham kazhikkukayum 1923ll vivaahamochanam nedukayum cheythu. 1943 ll fatmawati vivaham kazhichu. fatmawati vivaham kazhikkunnathinu munbu, sucarno benkuluvil ninnulla jarmman sthreeyaaya ninaye vivaham kazhichu, avarkk 1942 ll janicha rukmini enna makalundaayirunnu. 1954 ll, sucarno salatigayil ninnulla 30 kaariyaya vidhavayaya hurtiny vivaham kazhichu, avale oru sweekarana velayil kandumutty. eee naalam vivaahathil prakopithayaaya fatmawati sukarno avarude makkaleyum upekshichu, ennirunnaalum avar orikkalum audyogikamaayi vivaahamochanam nediyittilla. 1959ll annathe 19 kaariyaya japanese hosttas navoco nemotoyumaayi parichayappedukayum 1962ll addehathe vivaham kazhikkukayum ratna devi sucarno ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. sukarnoik mattu naalu pankaalikalum undaayirunnu karthini manoppo (1959-68); haryati (1963-66); euric sanger (1964-68); holdie dijafar (1966-69). gusthi nurul, bebi huway, nurbani yousuf, amelia dii laa raama thudangiya niravadhi sthreekalumaayulla bandhatthinte perilaanu sukarno ariyappettirunnath.
kuttikal.
indoneshyayude anchaamathe presidentaayi sevanamanushticha megawati sukarnoputri addehathinte bhaarya fathmaavathiyude makalaanu. avarude ilaya sahodaran guruh sukarnoputra (jananam 1953) sukarnoyude kalaparamaaya valavu paarambaryamaayi nediyittundu, koodaathe oru nrithasamvidhaayakanum gaanarachayithaavumaan, addeham indoneshyan samskaarathekkurich "thuttukmu, indoneshyaaku" (ningalkkayi, ente indoneshya) enna sinima nirmmichu. megavathiyude indoneshyan demookratik party-poraattatthinaayulla indoneshyan peeples representative kaunsil amgavumaanu addeham. addehathinte sahodarangalaaya gundur sukarnoputra, rakshamaavathi sukarnoputra, sukamavati sukarnoputra ennivarellaam raashtreeyathil sajeevamaayirunnu. devi sukarnoyal karthika enna peril sukarnoik oru makalundaayirunnu. 2006ll karthika sukarno barclays global retail aandu komezhsyal baankinte netherlandil janicha cheef executive offeesaraaya fritts seegezhsine vivaham kazhichu. bhaarya hurtinyude toufaanum bayuvum, bhaarya karthini manoppoyude totok sooryavan sukarnoputra (1967 ll germmaniyil janichu) enna makan mattu kuttikalil ulppedunnu.
bahumathikal.
columbia sarvakalashaala, mishigan sarvakalashaala, berlin sarvakalashaala, alle-azar sarvakalashaala, belgrade sarvakalashaala, lomonosov sarvakalashaala thudangi niravadhi anthaaraashtra sarvakalaashaalakalil ninnum gadja maada sarvakalashaala, indoneshya sarvakalashaala, bandung instittyoott oof teknolaji, hazanuddin sarvakalashaala, padjajarjar sarvakalashaala ennivayulppedeyulla aabhyanthara sarvakalaashaalakalil ninnum sucarnoic irupathiyaaru oonarari doktarettu labhichu. akkaalat indoneshyan sarkkar addehathe palappozhum 'doow. aii. aarr. sukarno ', sivil enchineeyaringile birudavumaayi samyojippichu (aii. aarr.) bandung instittyoott oof teknolajiyil ninnu.

