
badal oorjjamaayi sasya ennakal

sasya ennakal phoosil indhanangalkku pakaramaayi kooduthalaayi upayogikkunnu. parambaraagatha deesal pole upayogikkaavunna biodiesalinte adisthaanamaanu sasya ennakal. chila sasya enna mishrithangal parishkkarikkappedaathu vahanangalil upayogikkunnu, ennaal neraaya sasya ennaykku palappozhum prathyekamaayi thayyarakkiya vahanangal aavasyamaanu, avaa ennayude viscosityum uparithala pirimurukkavum kuraykkunnathinu choodaakkunna oru reethiyaanu, chilappol prathyekamaayi nirmmicha injector nossels, vardhicha kuthivayppu marddam, sakthamaaya glow-plugukal enniva indhana pree-heatinginu purame upayogikkunnu. sasya enna shudheekaranamaanu mattoru badal.
parambaraagatha phoosil indhana srothassukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ippozhum cheruthaanenkilum lokamembaadum biodiesalinte labhyatha vardhichukondirikkanu. aalgakalil ninnu jaiva indhanam nirmmikkunnathinulla algaculture reethikalil kaaryamaaya gaveshanangalundu.
bhakshanathinupakaram indhanathinuvendiyulla vilakal valarthunnathinekkurichum indhana upayogathinaayi sasya ennayude uthppaadanam vipuleekarikkunnathin aavashyamaaya valia thothilulla krishiyudeyum bhoomi vrithiyaakkalinteyum paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangalekkurim aashankakal prakadippichittundu. eee prathyaaghaathangal/prathyaaghaathangal saambathikamaayum paaristhithikamaayum prathyekamaayi gaveshanam cheyyukayum vilayiruthukayum mattu indhana srothassukalude upayogavumaayi bandhappett sasya enna indhanathinte nirddishta nettangalumayi santhulithamaayi vilayiruthukayum cheyyendathundu.
loka sambadvyavasthayude oorjjathinte bhaavi.
bhoomiyil parimithamaaya alavil phoosil indhanamundu. nilavile loka oorjja vibhavangalum upabhogavum pradhaanamaayum phoosil indhanangalaayathinaal, gathaagathathinum vaidyuthorja ulppaadanathinum samooham avaye valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu. ennayude kshayam sameepabhaviyil enna uthppaadanam kurayaan kaaranamaakumenn hubbert peak sidhaantham pravachikkunnu. kaalam chellunthorum nammude sambadvyavasthaykku chila badal indhanangalilekku maarendivarum. phoosil indhanangal bhaviyil vevvere pariharikkaavunna rund prasnangal pariharichu praadhamika oorjja srothassinteyum oorjja sambharanathinteyum prashnam. neraaya sasya enna, biodiesel ennivaykkoppam bhaviyil oru pradhana punk vahikkaan kazhiyunna chila oorjja saankethikavidyakalum ulppedunnu
nettu kaarban dye ooksaid allengil harithagriha vathaka uthppaadanam.
sasyangal sooryaprakaashavum prakaashasamshleshanavum upayogichu bhoomiyude anthareekshathil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid (CO2) eduthu sasya enna nirmmikkunnu. athe kaarban dye ooksaid oru enchinil kathichathinushesham thirike vaykkunnu. athinaal sasya enna anthareekshathile kaarban dye ooksaid vardhippikkilla, mathramalla harithagriha vaathakathinte prashnathinu nerittu sambhavana cheiyukayumilla. ithu sarikkum sourorjjam pidichedukkunnathinum sambharikkunnathinumulla oru maargamaan; ithu oru punarupayoga oorjjamaanu.
ennirunnaalum, mattu "punarupayogikkaavunna" oorjja srothassukaleppole, sasya ennayude ulppaadanavumaayo vitharanavumaayo bandhapetta (thaarathamyena cheria) kaarban kaalppaadukal undakam.
suraksha.
petrol, petroleum adhishtitha deesal, ethanol allengil methanol thudangiya mattu indhanangale apekshichu sasya enna valare kuranja vishaamshamullathaan, koodaathe valare uyarnna flash pooyintum (ekadesham 275-290 ccm) undu. uyarnna flash pooyint aakasmikamaaya ignition saadhyatha kuraykkunnu. chila tharatthilulla sasya ennakal bhakshyayogyamaanu.
utppaadanavum sambharanavum.
hydrajan sambadvyavastha, baattarikal, compressed eyar energy storeju, flywheel energy storeju ennivayude saankethikavidyakal oorjja sambharana prashnathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnu, pakshe praadhamika oorjjathinte uravidamalla. fission power, fusion power, sourorjjam thudangiya mattu saankethikavidyakal praadhamika oorjja srothassinte prashnathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnu, pakshe oorjja sambharanamalla. sasya enna praadhamika oorjjathinteyum oorjja sambharanathinteyum uravidathe abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. sasya ennayaayi oru nischitha alavil oorjjam sambharikkunnathinulla chelavum bharavum phoosil indhanangalkku pakaramulla palathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kuravaanu.
sasya ennayude tharam.
sasya ennakalude pattika lekhanam eathutharam sasya ennayaanu indhanathinaayi upayogikkunnathennum vividha tharam ennakal evide valarthunnuvennum charcha cheiyunnu.
gathagatham.
sasya enna naalu vyathyastha reethikalil gathaagathathinaayi upayogikkunnu
jaiva deesal, sasya enna shudheekaranam, sasya enna mishrithangal ennivayil ninnu parivartthanam aarambhikkam, kaaranam eee saankethikavidyakalkku sasya ennakalil pravarthikkunnathinu oru enchin parivartthanam cheiyunnathinulla mooladhana chelavu aavasyamilla. sasya ennaye biodiesalakki maattunnathin chelavu varunnathinaal sasya enna ellaayppozhum biodiesalinekkaal vilakuranjathaayirikkumenna prathekshikkunnu. gyaas steshanukalil labhyamaya oru staanderd tharavum neraaya sasya ennayum upayogikkaan kazhiyunna ulppaadana kaarukal undengil, panam labhikkaan upabhokthakkal orupakshe neraaya sasya enna thiranjedukkum. athinaal sasya annayilekkulla parivartthanam kramena sambhavikkam.
vaidyuthi uthppaadanam.
aanavorjam, fusion power, kaattil ninnulla oorjjam, sourorjjam thudangiya mattu reethikal vilakuranja vaidyuthi nalkiyekkaam, athinaal deesal innuvare parimithamayathinaal sasya enna peaking power plaantukalilum cheria power plaantukalilum maathrame upayogikkaavoo. biodiesalil pravartthikkunna kuranjathu oru 5 megawatt power plaantengilum undu. deesal, deesal, mattu kambanikal enniva shudhamaaya plaant ooyilukal upayogichu indhanam ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna vaidyuthi ulppaadanathinu anuyojyamaaya enchinukal nirmmikkunnu.
vipani, chelavu, vila, nikuthikal.
europil, mikka soopparmaarkkattukalilum strait vejittabil oayil (ezz. vii. oo)-nuu littarin 150 penz nirmmaathaakkalil ninnu nerittu bulk aayi vaangumbol kurachu kuravum vilayundu, athesamayam deesalinu littarin kuranjathu 130 penz (yukeyil) athilum kooduthalaanu (varshathe aashrayich, 1.4 euroyaanu madhya europile nilavile vipani vila). amerikkayil deesalinu littarin ekadesham 0,6 dollar ettavum vilakuranja ezz. vii. oo. kku ekadesham athe vilayumaan, athinekkaal vilakoodiya ennakalkku (gaalanin 7 dollar vare) vilayundu.
lokamembaadum biodiesalinte labhyatha vardhichukondirikkanu. 2010 aakumbozhekkum yuu. esil biodiesalinte vipani 7.5 bilyan littar (2 bilyan yuu. ezz. gaalan) akumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.europil 9.5 bilyan littarum (2.5 bilyan yuu. ezz. gaalan). nilavil germmaniyile deesal vipaniyil 3 sathamaanam varunna biodiesalaanu onnaam nambar badal indhanamaayi nilakollunnath. 2010 aakumbozhekkum 10 sathamaanam jaiva indhanangalil athumennu prathekshikkunna jarmman sarkkaarinte oru jaiva indhana roadmap undu, deesal 10 sathamaanam sasya ennayil ninnu nirmmikkunna indhanathil ninnaan varunnath.
2005 muthal 2007 vare niravadhi tharam sasya ennakalude vila erattiyaayi. sasya ennayude vilayilundaaya vardhanavinu pradhaanamaayum kaaranam jaiva indhanathinte aavasyamaanu.
pambil indhanavilayude bhooribhaagavum indhana nikuthi moolamaanu. ningal palacharakk kadayil ninnu sasya enna vaangukayaanenkil athinu athra uyarnna nikuthiyilla. athinaal chila samayangalil aalukal avarude kaarukalkk sasya enna vilakuranjathinaal kadayil ninnu vaangiyittund. gaalan packaging chelavu vardhippikkukayum indhana nikuthi adaykkaathathinaal kaaril upayogikkunnathu niyamavirudhavumaanenkilum avar ithu cheythu.
sasya enna (biodiesel pole) harithagriha vaathakathin sambhavana nalkaathathinaal, sarkkarukal ethanolil cheythathupole gasolinekkaal valare kurache nikuthi chumathukayulloo.
kyotto protocol lakshyangalil ethaan ithu avare sahayikkum.
aavasyathinu alavil uthppaadanam.
sasya enna vithukalude loka uthppaadanam 418 dasalaksham tonn aayirikkumenn pravachikkappedunnu. ithu amarthiyaal 131 dasalaksham tonn sasya enna utppaadippikkum. ithil bhooribhaagavum oayil paam uthppaadanathil ninnaan, paam oayil uthppaadanam prathivarsham 5 sathamaanam valarukayaanu. ekadesham 7.5 poundu/yuu. ezz. jii. ell (900 gram/lii) aanenkil ithu ekadesham 38 bilyan yuu. ezz. gaalan (144 bilyan lii) aanu. nilavil sasya enna kooduthalum bhakshanathilum chila vyaavasaayika upayogangalilum upayogikkunnu, oru cheria sathamaanam indhanamaayi upayogikkunnu. 2009ll biodiesel aayi parivartthanam cheythathaanu pradhana indhana upayogam.
2004ll america 530 bilyan littar (140 bilyan usg) gasoline 150 bilyan littar (40 bilyan usg) deesalumaanu upayogichathu. biodiesalil oro varshavum hectorinu 5940 littar (ekkarinu 635 usg) paam oayil uthpaadippikkunnuvennu parayunnu. sasya enna oro varshavum nirmmikkaan oru vashath oru chathurashra bhoomi aavasyamaanu.
"ennayil ninnulla kramanugathamaaya neekkam aarambhichu. adutha 15 muthal 20 varshathinullil jaiva indhanangal lokathinte oorjja aavashyangalude 25 sathamaanam muzhuvan nalkunnathu naam kandekkaam. harithagriha udvamanam kuraykkunnathinu eee neekkam nallathaanengilum, uyarunna ennavila jaiva indhanangalude kooduthal upayogathilekku maarunnathiloode mikka rajyangaleyum 'haritamaakaan' prothsaahippichu."-alexander mullar, eph. eiii. oyile susthira vikasanathinte asisttant director general.
alga kalcharinu oru yoonit pradeshathu kooduthal enna utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. power plaantile smokkstaakkukalil ninnu sterail kaarban dye ooksaid upayogikkunna pailat algaculture projaktukalil ninnulla phalangal prateeksha nalkunnathaanu.
soyabeanil janithaka mattangal ithinakam upayogikkunnundu. janithaka mattangalkkum prajananathinum sasya ennayude vilavu vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. 1979 muthal 2005 vare ekkarinu bushell enna nirakkil soyabean vilavu erattiyiladhikamaayi. oru kambani saadhaarana inathekkaal 20 sathamaanam kooduthal enna uthppaadippikkunna vividatharam kamalina saattiva vikasippicheduthittundu.
paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangal.
sasya ennayude vardhichuvarunna aavasyam vananasheekaranathin kaaranamaakunnu enna aashankayundu, pazhaya vanangal ennappana kondu maattisthaapikkappedunnu. bhoomi vrithiyaakkumbol, athu palappozhum kathikkukayum valia alavil harithagriha vaathakamaaya kaarban dye ooksaid purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. petrolinum deesalinum pakaram sasya ennayude uthppaadanam ganyamaayi vardhippikkendathundu. nilavile saankethikavidyayil uthppaadanathile atharam vardhanavu ganyamaaya paaristhithika prathyaaghaathamundaakkum.
bhakshanavum indhanavum thammilulla charcha.
chila daridra rajyangalil sasya ennayude vardhichuvarunna vila prasnangal srishtikkunnu. indhanathinaayi bhakshyavilakal upayogikkunnathu pavapetta raajyangalile bhakshanavum sambanna raajyangalile indhanavum thammilulla malsaram srishtikkunnuvennu parayunnavarund. jatropha oayil polulla bhakshyavasthukkalallaath sasya ennakalil ninnu maathrame indhanam nirmikkoo ennu chilar nirddeshikkunnu. prashnam kooduthal adisthaanaparamaanennu mattullavar vaadikkunnu. kuranja karshakar bhakshya uthppaadanam nadathukayaanenkil bhakshyavila uyarumennu vitharana-demand niyamam pravachikkunnu. karshakarkk avar valarunna karyangal maattaan kurachu samayamedukkumenkilum jaiva indhanangalude aavasyam vardhikkunnathu palatharam bhakshanangalude vila vardhanavinu kaaranamakum. sasya ennayude uyarnna vila kaaranam daridra karshakarum daridra raajyangalum kooduthal panam sambaadikkunnuvennu chilar choondikkaanichittundu.
athirthi allengil vilayaatha bhoomiyil valarunna millettiya pinnatta (munbu pongamiya pinnatta) allengil moringa olifera maram polulla marangal ulppaadippikkunna bhakshyavasthukkalallaath sasya ennakal upayogikkunnathiloode, bhakshanavum indhanavum thammilulla tharkkam onnukil allengil chodyam kurayunnu. vilavedukkaan kazhiyaathathum koodaathe/allengil naamamaathravumaaya bhoomiyil valarunnathinulla soukaryathinu purame, eee marangal nilakkadala, soyabean, sooryakanthi muthalayavayekkaal valia gunangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.avarkk deerghaayussu (100 varsham vare), valare kuranja attakuttappanikal (theevramaaya valarthal avarude ulppaadana jeevithathinte aadya kurachu varshangalil parimithappeduthiyirikkunnathil), koodaathe grameena india polulla graamapradesangalil pana vilakal nalkaan kazhiyum. millettiya pinnattayudeyum mattu chilarudeyum kaaryatthil, avaa naitrajan fixing payarvarggangalaanenna vastutha mattoru pradhana gadakamaanu, avaa mannu illaathaakkunnilla. eee marangalude mattu gunangalil onnu avaykku verukalulla samvidaanangalundu, avaa valare aazhathil thulachukayarukayum pullu polulla aazham kuranja verukalulla sasyangalumayi malsarikkaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu (marangal oru nischitha pakwata kaivarichukazhinjaal). ithinartham mrugangale meyikkunnathu polulla onniladhikam aavasyangalkkaayi bhoomi upayogikkaamennaan. bio-deesal ulppaadippikkaan millettiya pinnatta upayogikkunnathinte mattoru prayojanam, kuranja mazhaye (prathivarsham 250 millie vare) sahikkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu, ithu mikka bhakshyavilakalkkum aavashyamullathinekkaal valare kuravaanu, angane avayude malsarasheshi kuraykkunnu.
sasya enna uthppaadanathinulla aalgakal.
chila inam aalgakalil 50 sathamaanam vare sasya enna adangiyittundu. sasya enna ulppaadippikkaan saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna sasyangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aalgakalude valarchaa nirakk valare uyarnnathaan. nilavile kaarshika reethikalekkaal kooduthal enna utppaadippikkaan saadhyathayulla aalgakalkk oro pradeshathinum kazhiyum. athinaal sasya enna eee reethiyil uthppaadippikkunnathu vananaseekaranam kuraykkaanum bhakshya ulppaadana bhoomikkulla malsaram kuraykkaanum kaaranamakum. massie sarvakalaashaalayile instittyoott oof teknolaji aandu enchineeyaringile yousuf chisthi parayunnu, "ivide kaanichirikkunnathupole, microalgal biodiesel saankethikamaayi saadhyamaan. petroleum uthppaadippikkunna draavaka indhanangale poornnamaayum sthaanabhramsham varuthaan kazhiyunna eaka punarupayogikkaavunna biodiesalaanithu. microalgal biodiesel uthppaadippikkunnathinta saambathikashaasthram petrodeesilumaayi malsarikkunnathinu ganyamaayi mechappedendathundu, ennaal aavashyamaaya mechappeduthal kaivarikkaan kazhiyumennu thonnunnu."
phoosil indhanangal upayogichu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkumbol, anuvimukthamaaya kaarban dye ooksaidinte uravidamundu. ithu algaculture valare eluppamaakkunnu. aalgakal valarthaan ningalkk dhaaraalam kaarban dye ooksaid aavasyamaanu, ennaal ningalkk athu vaayuvil ninnu labhikkukayaanenkil ningalkk ellaatharam mattu jeevikalum labikkum, avayil chilath aalgakale bhakshikkunnu. oru smokkstaakkil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid labhikkunnath valare nannayi pravartthikkunnu. kalkari oorjja nilayangalude baahya chelavukal pariharikkan sramikkunna sarkkaarukalkk kaarban nikuthiyo kaarban credito undayirikkaam, athu pukamanjukalil ninnu kaarban dye ooksaid upayogikkaan adhika prachodanam nalkunnu. niravadhi vaanijya pailat plaantukal nirmmaanathilaanu.
eee mekhalayil ganyamaaya gaveshanavum vikasana pravartthanangalum nadakkunnundengilum 2007 leeii kanakkanusarichu aalgakalil ninnu uthppaadippikkappedunna vaanijya sasya enna jaiva indhanamaayi upayogikkunnilla. exonmobil 600 dasalaksham dollar nikshepikkunnu, avaa ganyamaaya uthppaadanathil ninnu 5 muthal 10 varsham vare aanennu kanakkakkunnu, pakshe anthima vikasanathilum vaanijyavalkaranathilum kodikkanakkinu dollar nikshepikkaan kazhiyum. vaanijyavalkkarana velluvilikal marikadannaal sasya ennayude uthppaadanam valare vegathil vikasikkum. 2012ll american president barak obaama aalgakalil ninnu enna nedaanulla ashayathe pinthunachu.

