
chaunari

franch viplavakaalath fraansile panthrand padinjaaran "departmentukalil", prathyekichu brittani, maine pravisyakalil, aadyathe republicinethire nadanna oru rajakeeya prakshobhamo ethirviplavamo aayirunnu chaunari (chauvaan sahodaranmaaril ninnu, athinte rund nethaakkalil ninnu). moonnu ghattangalilayi 1794 leeii vasanthakaalam muthal 1800 vare neenduninnu.
pradhaanamaayum purohitharude sivil bharanaghadanayum (1790) deseeya kanvenshan theerumaanicha kootta sainikasevanavum (1793) aanu kalaapathin kaaranamaayath. 1789ll raddakia franch raajavaazhchaye prathirodhikkunnathinum brittaniyude prathyeka niyamangalum aachaarangalum punasthaapikkunnathinum "association bretton" oru kalapam nadathaanulla aadya sramam nadatthi. 1792ll aadyathe ettumuttalukal pottippurappedukayum ghattam ghattamayi oru karshaka kalapam, garilla yuddham, oduvil poornna thothilulla yudhangal ennivayaayi vikasikkukayum cheythu. 1800ll republican sainyam vimathare paraajayappedutthiyathode maathramaan athu avasaanichathu.
averan, losser thudangiya mattu "vakuppukalile" hrasvamaaya karshaka kalaapangaleyum "chounarikal" ennu thirichariyunnu. 1815-ll nooru divasathe yudhathinidayil mattoru "pettitt chaunari" pottipurappettu, avasaanatheth 1832-ll sambhavichu.
uthbhavam.
1791-ll, purohitharude sivil bharanaghadana amgeekarichathode samsthaana aavashyakathakalodulla vishwasthatha, eee vishwasthathayude prathijnjayedukkaan aagrahikkunna loriyantukalil ninnu thangalude bishop sebaastyan-maikkal amilottine samrakshikkaan vaanesinu chuttumulla karshakar ezhunnettu. mattoru sambhavathil, adutha vasanthakaalath, kvimbarinu chuttumulla pradeshathu, samadhaanathinte neethi praadeshika adhikaarikalkkethire luis pathinaraman raajaavinte peril niravadhi edavakakale kalaapathilekku nayichu.
1792-leeii venalkkaalath, carahikes (finister), laaniyon, pontriaks (coats-dii armer), kroon, chaatto-gontier, lawal ennee jillakalil kooduthal sambhavangal nadannu, avide karshakar sainyathinaayi sannadhapravarthakarude nikuthi ethirthu. seyint-yun-dess-toitsil, mayen vakuppile jeane cotero (jeane chauvaan ennariyappedunnu) kalaapakaarikale nayichu. oru thirichariyal-signalinaayi tonny moongayude ("chautte hulot") vilii anukarichathil ninnaan addehathinte vilipperu vannath. addehathinte thalaykku oru prathiphalam nalkiyengilum 1793 maarchil englandilethaan addehathinu kazhinju. republican bharanakoodam adhehatheyum sahodaran kalaapathinte nethaakkalaayi amgeekarichu.
prakshobham.
aadya ghattam 1794-1795.
1794 januvariyode, "viri dii gallerne" yude thirichadiyethudarnnu, general luis maari tatyoovinte naraka nirakale cherukkaan vendians shramichu. loyarinu vadakkulla chouvaanukalude samghangal vendianmar kadakkunna pradeshangalil veendum aayudangal uyarthi. faugezhs, vitre, lawal ennivaykku sameepamulla mayen, ill-ettu-villaine ennivayude athirthikalilaanu chaunari janichathu. jeane chauvaan, aime duu boisguy, ("jambe dii 'arjant" ennu vilipperulla) aii ennivarude neethrthwathilulla cheria grouppukal.iii. "silver legg"), veeri dii gallerene athijeevicha chouvanmaarum vendianmaarum, 1793 maarchile karshaka prakshobhangalil vittuveezhcha cheytha nethaakkalum, palayanam cheythavarum polum undaayirunnu. eathaandu poornnamaayum rahasyamaayi jeevikkaan vidhikkapetta chouvaanukalkku republicanmaar pidichedukkunnathu nischitha maranam ardhamaakkumennu ariyamaayirunnu. avaril bhooribhaagavum veeri dii gallernil kaanathaaya avarude bandhukkalodu prathikaram cheyyaanulla aagrahathaal prachoditharaayi.
garilla yudhathanthrangal upayogichu, kurachu skorukalulla grouppukalaayi allengil noorukanakkinu aalukalulla chauvaanmaar sarkkar fandukal vahikkunna sainika ditaachmentukal, koriyarukal, steju kochukal ennivayil pathiyirunnu akramanam nadatthi. avar republican pattanangal akramikkukayum vivaradaathaakkaleyum bharanaghadanaa purohithanmareyum republicanmaareyum niravadhi bharanadhikaarikaleyum vadikkukayum cheythu.
chouvaanukale ethirkkaan republicanmaar praadeshika praadeshika kavalkkar samrakshichirunna shakthikendrangalo kottakettya pattanangalo nirmmichu. breast theerathe sainyathinte cheef kamaandaraaya general jeane aantoyin rosignol avare nayichu. 1793 march 23nuu pasakia oru niyamam prakaram pidikoodiya kalaapakaarikale 24 manikorinullil firing schwadiloodeyo gillattin vazhiyo vadhikkanam. yadhaartha chouvaanukale apakeerthippeduthaan kazhiyunnathra cheyyaan rosignol vyaja chauvaan niyamavirudharude grouppukale koottichertthu.
yudhathiludaneelam vyathyastha theevrathayode kolapathakangal nadannu, udaaharanathinu, faugezhs, chauvaans, republicanmaarude ettakkurachilukal ennivayil 219 pere chouvaanmaarum 300 pere republicanmaarum kolappeduthukayo vadhikkukayo cheythu. eee ennathil poraattangalile maranangal, yudhakkalathile samkshiptha vadhasiksha allengil niyamatthinte vegathilulla viplavakaramaaya prakriya thudarnnulla vadhasiksha enniva ulppedunnilla.
chauvaani brittaniyilekku athivegam vyaapikkukayum chevalier dii boyardiyude aadipathyamulla coats-dii aarmaril athukayum cheythu. march 15 nuu athu morbihanilethi, avide vendian sainyathile muun udyogastharaaya joseph dii feyum bejari piyar gillemottinte sahaayathode vaanasine lakshyamit oru karshaka prakshobhatthe prerippichu. republicanmaar kalaapakaarikale eluppathil ethirthu. ennirunnaalum, finisteyarilum coats-dii 'aarmarinte padinjaaran bhaagathum, baas-kornauyil, liyon, tregor ennivar prakshobhatthil pankedutthilla.
saavane yudhathil ninnu rakshapetta georges kaadaudal, "laa vendi" ennu vilipperulla addeham morbihanilekku thamasam maari, avide boulainvilliyezhsine departmentinte general-inn-cheefaayi niyamichu. ennirunnaalum, aasthaanathu ninnu edutha panam upayogichu boulanvilliyezhs ill-ettu-vaileynilekku koorumari. sebaastyan dii laa hayy dii sills addehathinte pingamiyaayi generalayi. boulanvilliyezhs kurachu maasangalkk sesham mandatharathode morbihan thirichetthi. piyari gillemottinte aalukal addehathe pidikoodukayum vedivaykkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, mattu "vakuppukal" morbihaneppole aikyappettirunnilla. anjouvinu vadakku, maari pooll dii sepo dii bois-gignotine maine-ettu-loyarinte vadakku kamaandaraayi niyamichu. addehathinte adikaaram pinneedu lloyer-attaantik, mayen, saarth ennividangalilekkum vyaapichu. ennirunnaalum, mattu "vakuppukalile" pole, oru chauvaan thalavan enna nilayil addehathinte adikaaram swantham kantonilekku maathrame vyaapichirunnulloo ennathinaal addeham peril command cheythu. federalist kalaapangalil vittuveezhcha cheyyappetta muun udyogasthanaaya joseph dii puysaay kendreekritha kamaandinte aavasyakatha manassilakkukayum chouvaanukalude general-inn-cheef enna chumatala ettedukkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. chila thalavanmaar amgeekaricha puysaay 1794 septambar 11 nuu fraansile bhaavi rajaavaaya chaals pathaamane kandumuttaan dinardil ninnu landanilekku purappettu. addehathinte abhaavathil addehathinte second-inn-kamaandaaya mejar general piyari desotex dii cormettin chumathalayettu.
chaals X samboornna rajavaazhchayeyum paarlamentari raajavaazhchaye pinthunacha avishwaasiyaaya puisa anukoolichu. ennirunnaalum, britiish pradhaanamantri vilyam pitt dhii yangarinte edapedalinethudarnnu, 1794 october 15 nuu lephttanant general rangode brittaniyile royal, catholica sainyathinte general-inn-cheefaayi puisae niyamikkappedukayum angane raajaavinte adikaaram addehathe ealppikkukayum cheythu. angane addehathinte adikaaram loyarinu vadakkulla ellah vimatha pradeshangalilekkum vyaapichu, avide maine, anjou ennivayulppede, avide shipokal addehathe general-inn-cheef aayi niyamichu.
1794 juulai 28nuu maximilian dii robespier veenathinushesham bheekaravaadam avasaanikkukayum "kanvenshan naashanal" kooduthal vazhakkamullathum charchakalkku thurannathum aayitheerukayum cheythu. ejansi royalste dii paarees" fraansile luis XVII-yude peril chouvaanukalodu yuddham nirthaan aavasyappettu, pinneedu provence kaundu cheythu. desember 26nuu brigadier general jeane humbert chauvaan medhavi boyardy samadhana oopshanukal charcha cheyyaan koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. puysaay landanil ninnu oru landing samghadippikkaan shramichu, addehathinte lefttanant cormettin poornna command ettedukkukayum 1795 eprilil laa mabilays samadhana udambadi charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. addehathe pinthudarnnu kurachu praadeshika nethaakkal vannu. dii sils boyardy ulppede 21 perr maathramaan pankeduttha 121 nethaakkalil udambadiyil oppuvachathu.
randaam ghattam 1795-1796.
irupakshavum nalla vishwaasathode charcha nadathaathathinaal, juun 8 nuu luis pathinaaraamante maranathethudarnnu veendum pirimurukkam vardhichu. 1794 august 26nuu general lazare hoche samadhaanam thakarkkukayum jeane aantoyin rosignolinte pingamiyaayi breast theerathe sainyathinte thalavanayi niyamikkappedukayum laa mabilays udambadiyil oppuvaykkaan visammathichavare arast cheyyaan utharavidukayum cheythu. cormettin thanne marikadakkaan shramikkukayaanennu hoche karuthi. cormettin thadavilaakkappedukayum 1802nuu munbu mochippikkappedaathirikkum cheythu. oppidaatha boyardi, juun 17 muthal 18 vare raathriyil brehandinum monkondoorinum idayil kollappettu. athupole, veendum aayudangal uyarthiya dii silsine juun 28 nuu grand chaambyanshippil adjattant general josnettinte sainyam aakramichu. dii sills aakramanathil kollappedukayum addehathinte aalukal pinvaangukayum cheythu.
1795 juun 23nuu comodore joonn borlas vaarante neethrthwathilulla oru britiish kappalppada kudiyetta sainyathile sainikare kaarnakkil athichu. vinsent dii tinteniyaakkinte neethrthwathilulla chouvaanukalkkum marshell sebaastyan leeii pristre dii voubante muthumuthachanaaya jackwus aan josaf leeii pristre dii voubaanum avar chernnu. ennirunnaalum, "kudiyettakkaarude" general luis chaals dii herville paryaveshana nethaavu puisa thammilulla abhiprayavyathyaasangal raajakudumbaamgangalude vilayeriya samayam nashtappedutthi.
hocheyude thirichadiyaanu chouvaanukale kwiberon upadveepilekku madangaan nirbandhitharaakkiyathu. juulai 10nuu engleesh unifom dharicha chauvaan sainikarude rund nirakal upadveepil ninnu britiish kappalukalil kayarukayum republican lineukalkku pinnil irakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, aadyathe nirayil ninnulla purushanmaar, lantivi duu resttinte neethrthwathil chitharikkidannu. randaamathe nira, vinsent dii tinteniyaakkinte neethrthwathilum jorjas kaadoudalinte pinthunayilum, akramikkaan thayyaaraayenkilum "agence royalste dii paareesil" ninnu oru sandesham labhichu, coats-dii aarmaril randaamathe britiish landingle cheraan avar aavashyappedunnu. kaadaudalil ninnulla ethirppu kanakkileduthu tinteniyak madichuninnenkilum utharavu anusarichu. juulai 18nuu koyitlogonilvechu addeham kollappettu. avar seyint-breuk ulkkadalil athiyengilum britiish kappalppada avarodoppam chernnathinaal avar morbihanilekku madangukayum kaadoudaline avarude generalayi niyamikkukayum cheythu.
athesamayam, kviberonil, chaals dii virot dii sombruyil nayikkunna purushanmaarude shakthippeduthalukal "kudiyettakkaar" yill chernnu. juulai 16nuu avar akramikkaan shramichenkilum thakarkkapettu. juulai 20 nuu hoche oru anthima akramanam nadathukayum "kudiyettakkaare" paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. luis chaals dii hervillic maarakamaayi parikkelkkukayum puysaikku oru britiish kappalil kayaran kazhiyukayum cheythu. republicanmaar thadavukaarekkaal kooduthal eduthirunnu. avaril 748 pere sombruyil ulppede firing squad vedivachu. vadhashikshaykk thaledivasam cheef general joseph dii puysaayeyude palayanam apalapichu addeham commador vaaranu oru kathu ezhuthi.
aaa kathu chouvaanukalil valia swaadheenam chelutthi. morbihanile oru kaunsil oof officermaar puisae "asaannidhyathil" vadhashikshaykk vidhichu. 1795-leeii sharathkaalathil addeham brittaniyilekku madangukayum avide piyari-mathuran mercier addehathe arast cheyyukayum kaadoudalinte munbil konduvarikayum cheythu. puysaay svayam shakthamayi prathirodhikkukayum thanikk ippozhum aarttoyisukalude pinthunayundennu kandethukayum cheythu. kaadaulum puisa oduvil anurajanam nadatthi.
britiish rajakeeya paryaveshanatthinte paraajayathetthudarnnu garilla poraattam punararambhikkukayum 1795ll fraansil puthuthayi ethiya luis dii phottu oru kalapam samghadippicha normandiyilekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu.
prashasthiyude nashtam anubhavicha puysaay, prabhukkanmarodu sathrutha pularthunnavaraanennum "velutha pathaakaykk keezhil samathvam sthaapikkaan" aagrahikkunnuvennum addeham avakashappetta morbihante chouvaanukaleyum avarude thalavanmareyum kuttappedutthi. division medhaavikal prabhukkanmaril pettirunna ill-ettu-villeyninaayi puysaay morbihan upekshichu mordellus divisionil chernnu. morbihaanilethinekkaal kooduthal pinthuna addehathinu labhichillengilum aarttoyisukalude pinthuna kaaranam addeham commander-inn-cheefaayi thudarnnu. prabhukkanmaarude neethrthwathil oru chaunari venamennu puysaay aagrahikkukayum kambani sthaapikkukayum cheythu. niravadhi "kudiyettakkaar" chouvaanukalumaayi poraadaan fraansumaayi chernnenkilum avarkkidayil niravadhi tharkkangal pottipurappettu.
1796 januvariyil, puysaay ill-ettu-villeynile ettavum pradhanappetta faugezhs divisionil cherukayum ill-ettu-villeynudeyum coats-dii 'aarmarinteyum kizhakk bhaagathe cheef generalaya picket duu boisgyuvine cheef aime aayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, praayogikamaayi, boisui ill-ettu-villeyninte kizhakk maathrame niyanthrichirunnulla, koodaathe fotteyum sepio puisae peril general-inn-cheefaayi maathram amgeekarichu.
chouvaanukalodu poraadaan republican senaye moonnu sainyangalayi samghadippichu. lazare hocheyude neethrthwathilulla breast theerangalile sainyam marimari rennukaliloo vaanukalilo aasthaanamaakki finister, morbihan, coats-dii armer, ill-ettu-villaine, mayen enniva niyanthrichu. jeane baptist kaamili cancloxinte neethrthwathilulla padinjaaran sainyam naantas aasthaanamaakki lloyer-atlaantik, maine-ettu-lloyer, vendi, dukes-severse enniva niyanthrichirunnu. jeane-baptist anibal oubert duu bayettinte neethrthwathilulla cherberg theeradeshathe sainyam sent-maalo aasthaanamaakki maanche, oorne, calvados, saarth, ill-ettu-vilen ennivayude bhagangal enniva niyanthrichirunnu.
1795 desemberil, "dayaraktoyar" padinjaaru aasthaanamaayulla ellah republican senakaludeyum cheef general aayi hoche namakaranam cheyyukayum addehathinu poornna adikaaram nalkukayum cheythu. padinjaaran, breast theerangaludeyum cherberg theerangaludeyum sainyangale layippichu samudratheerangalude sainyam roopeekarichu.
kwiberon durantham undaayirunnittum, varum maasangalil chouvaanukalkku chila vijayangal labhichu. ennirunnaalum 1796-nte thudakkathil hoche thanthrangal maatti. addeham mobail kolangal sthaapikkukayum keezhadangukayum mathaswaathanthryam urappunalkukayum sainyathe achadakkam palikkaan sramikkukayum cheytha chouvaanukalkku pothumaapp vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. niravadhi chouvaanukalum vendianmaarum aaa nadapadikalkku vidheyaraakukayum avarude aayudangal vekkukayum cheythu.
vendi samaadhaanippikkuka ennathaayirunnu hocheyude munganana. 1796 februvari 25nuu jeane-nicolas stoflettine firing squad pidikoodi. 1796 march 29nuu francois sigarattine vettayaadukayum jayililadaykkukayum vedivaykkukayum cheythu. addehathinte maranam vendiyile yudhathinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi.
vendi samaadhaanippikkappettil hoche thante shradha chouvaanukalilekku thirikkukayum cheythu. valia republican samkhyaye abhimukheekaricha chauvaan medhaavikal kramena keezhadangi. meyy 14nuu aadyam keezhadangiyathu sepio aayirunnu. juun 19nuu jorjas kaadaudaal oru samadhana udambadiyil oppuvachu. luis dii fotte oru samadhana udambadiyil oppuvaykkaan visammathikkukayum englandilekku pookukayum juun 23 nuu athil oppuvaykkaan thante lefttanantumaare vidukayum cheythu. juun 26nuu avasaanamaayi keezhadangiyayaalaanu aime picket duu boisguy. puysaay englandilekku madangi.
moonnaam ghattam.
1800ll republican vijayam vare eee kalapam neenduninnu.
nethaakkal.
addehathinte sahodaran juuliyan, jeane chauvaan ennu vilikkappedunna jeane cotero; "bignan rajaavu" ennariyappedunna piyar gillemot; joseph dii puysey, luis-chaals dii soul dii grisols, august aandu sebaastiyan dii laa hayy dii sills, jambe dii 'aarjant ennu vilipperulla joonn-luis trettan; tristtan-larmitt, tailfer ennariyappedunna maikkal jaakvett; joseph-juste cockwero, aime duu boisgu, boishardy, piyar-mathurin mercier, bonfils dii sent lauppu ennivaraayirunnu kalaapathinte pradhana nethaakkal.
brittaniyil, chouvaanukale niravadhi prabhukkanmaar pinthunachu chaals armand tuffin, markvis dii laa rourie, shevelier dii boishardy, rosemordakkile kaundu luis, boigyoovinte pikkavatt sahodaranmaar, athupole saadhaaranakkaarum (sahodaranmaar kaadaudal). lover normandiyil, kaundu luis dii frotinu oru pradhana pankundaayirunnu. lover mainile leftanantumaaril oraal rochambue ennu vilipperulla gillom leeii metteyar aayirunnu.
vendiyil prabhukkanmaarkk avarude saadhaarana sainika punk vahikkaan kazhinjilla. shariyaayi samghadithamaaya oru sainyavum undaayirunnilla, kooduthalum cheria samghangalaayirunnu. chauvaan nethaakkal ellaattinumupariyaayi karshaka karshakaraayirunnu.
1793leeii muun yudhathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, nagarangalum niravadhi pattanangalum republicanaayi thudarnnathinaal chaunarikku oru pradeshavum undaayirunnilla, ennaal chila jillakal parasyamaayi kalapam nadatthi. talmond rajakumaran niyanthrichirunna maininte thaazhathe bhaagath "cheria vilppana" yum undaayirunnu.
prathikara yudhathil athinte poraalikal paraajayappedaatthathinaal chounariye adichamarthaan valare budhimuttaayirunnu. koodaathe, athinu niravadhi nethaakkalum undaayirunnu, athinte sainika unitukal cheruthum chitharikkidakkunnathumaayinnu.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
eee kalapam oonar dii baalsaakkinte "less chauvaans" enna novalilum baaranas oorsiyude chouvaanukalekkurichulla cherukathaasamaahaaramaaya "dhii maan inn gray", rafale sabaattiniyude "dhii markvis oof carabas" enna novalinte kendrapravarthanathilum avatharippikkappettu. paintingukalilum janapriya chithrangalilum ithu chithreekarichittundu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu prasidheekaricha brettan bhaashayile aadyathethum ekavumaaya novalaaya 1877-ll brettan saahithyathil laan inison "engan kergido" ("kergido yuddham") prasidheekarichu. 1793ll seyint pooll-dii-leonilundaaya kalaapathinte pashchaathalatthilaanu eee noval orukkiyirikkunnath.