
vaakkinte pattika

padangalude pattika (allengil "lexicon") ennathu oru bhaashayude nighanduvinte pattikayaanu (saadhaaranayaayi levelukal allengil rank cheytha listtukal anusarichu sambhavikkanulla aavruthi anusarichu krameekarichirikkunnu), ithu padasambatthu ettedukkunnathinte uddeshyam niravettunnu. aavruthi anusarichu krameekarichirikkunna oru nighandu "padithaakkalkku avarude padasanchaya patana parishramathinu mikacha varumanam labhikkunnundenn urappaakkunnathin oru yukthisahamaya adisthaanam nalkunnu" (), ennaal ithu pradhaanamaayum kozhs ezhuthukaarkku uddeshichullathaanu, nerittu padithaakkalkku vendiyalla. lexicographical aavasyangalkkaayi freekwansi listtukalum nirmmikkunnu, ithu saadhaarana vaakkukal ozhivaakkappedunnille urappakkunnathinulla oru tharam checklistaayi pravartthikkunnu. corpus ulladakkam, corpus rajisttar, "vaakkinte" nirvachanam ennivayaanu chila pradhana poraaymakal. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil kaikondu ippozhum bheemamaya vishakalanam nadathiyittulla padangalude ennathinu ayiram varsham pazhakkamundengilum, moovi subtitilukal (sookshuma megastudi) polulla valia korpparakalude swaabhaavika bhasha electronic prosessing gaveshana mekhalaye thwarithappeduthi.
computational bhaashaashaasthrathil, freekwansi listt ennathu padangalude (padha tharangal) avayude aavruthiyumaayi chernna oru tharam pattikayaanu, ivide freekwansi ennaal saadhaaranayaayi oru corpusile sambhavangalude ennam ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, athil ninnu rank pattikayile sthaanamaayi edukkaam.
reethishaasthram.
gadakangal.
corpus vishakalanam valare eluppamaakkunna computing kazhivukal nalkunna avishwasaneeyamaaya sahayam neshan () shradhichu. aavruthi pattikakalude nirmmaanatthe swaadheenikkunna niravadhi pradhana prasnangal addeham udharichu
korppara.
parambaraagatha ezhuthu corpus.
nilavil labhyamaya padanangalil bhooribhaagavum kooduthal eluppathil labhyavum prosess cheyyaan eluppamullathumaaya likhitha vaachaka corpusine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
sookshuma chalanagal.
ennirunnaalum, dhaaraalam prasamgangal vishakalanam cheiyunnathinaayi oonlainil labhyamaya dhaaraalam upasheershakangal tapucheyyan nirddeshichu. eee parambaraagatha vaachaka vishakalana sameepanathekkurichu deerghakaala vimarsanaathmaka vilayiruthal nadathukayum oonlainil labhyamaya chalachithra upasheershakangalude samsara vishakalanathilekkum vishakalanathilekkumulla neekkathe pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. vividha bhaashakalkk moolyavathaaya aavruthi enna vishakalanam nalkunna orupidi thudar padanangal aduthide ithine pinthudarnnu. franch (), american engleesh (;), dutch (), chainees (), spanish (), greak (), vietnaamees (), brazeel porchugees (), porchugees porchugees (), albanian (), poolish (), kaattalan (2019) ennee bhashakalkkaayulla poornna padanangal anchu varshathinullil nirvvahikkappettu. sookshumatha-ittu (2015) asamskritha daatta maathrame nalkunnulloo.
lexical yoonit.
enthaayaalum, adisthaana "vaakk" yoonit nirvachikkanam. laattin lipikale sambandhichidatholam, vaakkukal saadhaaranayaayi onno athiladhikamo aksharangal spaceukal allengil viraamachihnangal kondu verthirikkappedunnu. ennaal engleesh "kaantt", franch "aujardu hui" allengil bhaashaavarthanangal polulla ozhivaakkalukal undakam. oru kudumbapadatthinte adisthaana padatthinte praathinidhyatthin keezhil athinte vaakkukal koottiyinakkunnathum nallathaanu. athinaal, "saadhyamaayath, asaadhyamaayath, saadhyatha" ennathu "* saadhyatha *" enna adisthaana vaakk prathinidheekarikkunna ore padamaaya kudumbatthile vaakkukalaanu. sthithivivarakkanakku aavashyathinaayi, eee vaakkukalellaam oru aashayathinteyum roopathinteyum ranking anuvadikkunna adisthaana padamaaya phoom * saadhyatha * nuu keezhil samgrahichirikkunnu. koodaathe, mattu bhashakal prathyeka budhimuttukal srishtikkaam. vaakkukalkkidayil edangal upayogikkaatha chainees bhaashayude kaaryavum niravadhi pratheekangalude oru nirddishta shringalaye advitheeya-prateeka vaakkukalude oru vaakyamaayi allengil oru multy-prateeka padamaayi vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyunnathumaanu.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
eathenkilum swaabhaavika bhaashayude dairkhyameriya grandhangalil ninnu varacha aavruthi pattikakal siffinte niyamathil undennu thonnunnu. computational bhaashaashaasthrathile vaividhyamaarnna prayogangalkku munvyavasthayaaya oru electronic nighandu nirmmikkumbol freekwansi listtukal oru upayogapradamaaya upakaranamaan.
jarmman bhaashaashaasthranjar pattikayile oru inathinte "houfigkeytsklaas" (freekwansi klaas) formula _ 1 nirvachikkunnath athinte aavruthiyum ettavum kooduthal pathivulla inathinte aavruthiyum thammilulla anupaathatthinte adisthaana 2 logaritham upayogichaanu. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya inam freekwansi klaas 0 (poojyam)-ll pedunnathaanu, ekadesham pakuthiyolam pathivulla eathoru inavum klaas 1-ll pedunnu. mukalilulla udaaharana pattikayil, "outrageous" enna thettaaya aksharavinyasa padatthinu 76/3789654 enna anupaathamund, athu klaas 16-ll pedunnu.
ivide formula _ 3 floor functionaanu.
semantic compression prakriyayil avayude hypernimukal upayogichu maattisthaapikkenda ettavum saadhaaranavum prathyekavumaaya padangal thirichariyaan freekwansi listtukal, semantic netvarkkukalkkoppam upayogikkunnu.
adhyaapanashaasthram.
aaa pattikakal vidyaarthikalkku nerittu nalkaan uddeshichullathalla, marichu adhyapakarkkum paatapusthaka rachayithakkalkkum oru maargganirddeshamaayi varthikkunnu. pooll raashtrathinte aadhunika bhasha adhyapana sangraham aadyam "uyarnna aavruthiyilulla padaavaliyil ninnum prathyeka uddeshyangal [theemattik] padaavaliyil ninnum kuranja aavruthiyilulla padaavaliyilekku neengaanum thudarnnu svayambharana padaavaliyude vipuleekaranam nilanirthunnathinulla thanthrangal padithaakkale padippikkaanum" prothsaahippikkunnu.
vaakkukalude aavruthiyude phalangal.
vaakkinte aavruthikku vividha efakttukal undennu ariyappedunnu (;). padithaavu kooduthal exposureukalkku vidheyanaayathinaal uyarnna padha aavruthi oormmappeduthaline kriyaathmakamaayi badhikkunnu. lexical aaksasine uyarnna padha aavruthi positteev aayi swaadheenikkunnu, ithu vaid freekwansi ephakt () ennu vilikkunna oru prathibhaasamaan. vaakkinte aavruthiyude prabhavam vaakk padicha prayamaaya ettedukkunna praayatthinte falavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
bhashakal.
labhyamaya vibhavangalude avalokanam chuvadeyundu.
engleesh.
hellenistic kaalam muthal ariyappedunna charchakalulla oru purathana mekhalayaanu vaakk ennal. aadhunika computerukal atharam padhathikal valare eluppamaakkunnathinu munbu 1944-ll edward thorndike, irvin lorju, sahapravarthakar ennivar aadyathe valia thothilulla engleesh bhasha freekwansi listt nalkunnathinaayi 18,000,000 pravartthikkunna vaakkukal kaikondu kanakkakki. irupathaam noottaandile kruthikalellaam avarude praayathe badhikkunnu. prathyekichum, saankethikavidyayumaayi bandhapetta vaakkukal, 2014-ll samakaalika american engleeshinte corpusil #7665 aavruthiyaayirunna "blogg" 1999-ll aadyamaayi saakshyappeduthiyirunnu, eee moonnu listtukalilum ithu kaanapedunnilla.
adhyapaka vakkil 30,000 lemmakal allengil ~ 13,000 vaakk kudumbangal (gauldan, neshan aandu reed, 1990) adangiyirikkunnu. 18 dasalaksham ezhuthiya vaakkukalude oru corpus kaikondu vishakalanam cheythu. athinte uravida korppasinte valuppam athinte upayogakshamatha vardhippichu, pakshe athinte praayavum bhasha maattangalum athinte prayogakshamatha kurachittundu.
pothuvaaya sevana pattikayil 2,000 head vedukal 1,000 vaakkukalude rund settukalaayi thirichirikkunnu. 1940kalil 5 dasalaksham likhitha vaakkukalude oru corpus vishakalanam cheythu. vyathyastha ardhangalkkulla sambhavathinte nirakkum (%), prasamgatthinte bhaagangalum, thalakkettil nalkiyittundu. corpusil pathivukalum paridhiyum ozhikeyulla vividha maanadandangal shradhaapoorvvam prayogichu. athinaal, athinte praayam, chila pishakukal, athinte corpus poornnamaayum ezhuthiya vaachakam enniva undaayirunnittum, ithu ippozhum vaakkinte aavruthi, ardhangalude aavruthi, shabdam kuraykkuka () ennivayude mikacha daattaabesaan. 2013ll doow. chaals braun, doow. brant kuligan, joseph phillips ennivar puthiya general sarvees listaayi.
yunaittad stetts skoolukalil (vividha gradeukal, vividha vishaya mekhalakal) upayogikkunna likhitha grandhangalil ninnu 5 dasalaksham vaakkukalude oru corpus. school adhyapana saamagrikalilum oro vaakkinteyum aavruthi anusarichu oro school gradilum oro vishaya mekhalakalilum () vaakkukal tagg cheiyunnathilaanu athinte moolyam.
engleeshile vividha bhaashaabhedangale prathinidheekarikkunna oru likhitha corpusil ninnu ippol 10 laksham vaakkukal ithil adangiyirikkunnu. freekwansi listtukal () nirmmikkaan eee srothassukal upayogikkunnu.
franch.
oru avalokanam nadathiyittundu.
1950-60kalil oru sramam nadatthi. athil eph ulppedunnu.eph. 1 listt 1,500 uyarnna aavruthi vaakkukalullathum pinneedu eph upayogichu poorthiyaakkiyathumaayathaanu.1, 700 midu-freekwansi vaakkukalum ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna vaakyaghadana niyamangalum ulla pattika. 70 vyaakarana vaakkukal ashayavinimaya vaakyathinte 50 sathamaanavum 3,680 vaakkukal kavarejinte 95~98% umm aanennu avakaashappedunnu. pathivayi varunna 3,000 vaakkukalude pattika labhyamaan.
lexicologaaya ettiyen brunet nalkunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya 1,500 padakudumbangalude rank listtum franch vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam nalkunnu. jeane boudot american braun padanatthinte maathrkayekkurichu "freckwenses dii utilisation dess mots enn frankays ekritt kandamparan" enna thalakkettil oru patanam nadatthi.
aduthide, lexic 3 enna padhathi oorthoograafi, phoonetik, silabashan, samsaarathinte bhagam, lingabhedam, uravida corpusile sambhavangalude ennam, freekwansi rank, anubandha leximukal muthalaayava ulppede 1,42,000 franch vaakkukal nalkunnu., oru ooppan licenses cc-by-sa-4.0 nuu keezhil labhyamaan.
mukalil udharicha sookshuma chalanatthinte uthbhavam soochippikkunna oru thudarchayaaya padanamaanu eee lexic 3. oonlain philim subtitilukale adisthaanamaakki thikachum puthiya kanakkukoottal nadatthi.
spanish.
spanish padha aavruthi () yekkurichu niravadhi padanangal nadannittundu.
chainees.
chainees korpparaye freekwansi listtukalude veekshanakonil ninnu valarekkaalamaayi padikkunnundu. chainees padavali padikkunnathinulla charitraparamaaya maarggam aksharangalude aavruthi () adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. american sinologist joonn defrances "enthukondu jonic chainees vaayikkaan kazhiyilla" () ennathil oru videsha bhasha padanavum adhyapanavum enna nilayil chainees bhaashaykk athinte praadhaanyam paraamarshichu. oru freekwansi toolkitt enna nilayil, daa (), taiwan vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam () enniva aksharangalkkum vaakkukalkkum freekwansi raankukalulla valia daattabesukal nalki. peeples republic oof chainayile 8,848 uyarnnathum idatharavumaaya aavruthiyilulla vaakkukalude echu. ezz. keey listtum republic oof chainayude (taiwan) ekadesham 8,600 saadhaarana parambaraagatha chainees vaakkukalude topp listtum saadhaarana chainees vaakkukalum pratheekangalum pradarshippikkunna mattu rund listtukalaan. sookshumatha chalanathe thudarnnu, aduthide chainees padangaleyum akshara aavruthikaleyum kurichu oru sambannamaaya patanam nadatthi.
matoraal.
wikipedia samyojitha korpparayeyo adisthaanamaakki vividha bhashakalil mikkappozhum upayogikkunna vaakkukal.

