
mothatthil

oru upavibhaagathekkaal (prathyekichu oru nagaram, kaundi, samsthaanam, pravishya, raajyam, club allengil association) oru muzhuvan amgathvatheyo janasamkhyayeyo prathinideekarikkaan thiranjedukkappedukayo niyamikkappedukayo cheiyunna oru bharanasamithiyile amgangalekkurichulla vivaranamaan mothatthil ("oru naamathinu munbu": mothatthil). multy-hierarkical bodikalil, eee padam apoorvvamaayi maathrame ettavum uyarnna divisionu thaazheyulla oru nirayilekku vyaapikkunnulloo. chila thiranjeduppu jillakalilo idungiya divisionukaliloo oru vairudhyam soochippikkunnu. oru prathyeka pashchaathalatthil, athinte avibhaajya swabhaavathe soochippikkunnathinu, bandhapetta pradeshathinu, enthengilum undengil, athu nalkaam. cross-mempership allengil ool-stettu polulla cross-, ool-allengil hole-ennivayude prefixukalaanu avyakthamaaya paryaayapadangal.
nirddishta amgangale (yuu polullava) soochippikkunna oru prathyayamaayi eee padam upayogikkunnu.ezz. kongras prathinidhi/amgam/prathinidhi. valia thothil" ennu viominginu). ithu athinte vishayavasthuvinte pothuvaaya oru prefix aayi kanakkakkunnu (athaayath, yoaming ennathu oru valia yuu aanu.ezz. nilavil kongras jilla). munkaalamo varthamaanakaalamo aayirikkam allengil videsha thaarathamyangalil kaanappedavunna upavibhaagangalkk thulyamayavayumaayi nerittu oru vairudhyam undaakkukayo hailait cheiyukayo cheyyumbol ithu saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. vivaricha mekhalaykku athe praathinidhya aavashyathinaayi kooduthal upavibhagangal upayogikkillennu ithu soochippikkunnu. ore chamberilekku madangunnathinulla overlapping tayarukalude (jillayudeyum praadeshika prathinidhikaludeyum samaanamo allengil oru koottam "valia") oru nissara-ozhivakkal krameekaranavum athinte falamaayi oro voterch bahuvachana vottinginaayi onniladhikam balattukal nalkunnathum oru apavaadamaanu. ithu adhikaaraparidhiyile eaka vottingumaayi malsarikkunna bahuvachana votting ozhivaakkunnu, ithu antharleenamaaya vyathyastha thalatthilulla janaadhipathya adikaaramaanu.
chila samsthaanangalil janaadhipathya adhikara asamathvathinte udaaharanagal kandethi.ezz. 1853num 1967num idayil nadanna kongrasukalilum, chila watermark avarkk (muzhuvan samsthaana/kaundi), jilla (adisthaanamaakkiyulla) prathinidhikalkk vottucheyyaanum (lobby) vottucheyyaanum kazhiyunna yunaittad kingdatthileyum irelandileyum pazhaya adhosabhakalilum, bahuvachana votting sonukal nalkukayum angane sonukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthukayum cheiyunnu, ore deseeya asambliyil, otta vottinginteyum praathinidhyathinteyum. 1964ll yuu.ezz. yuu ennathinu atharam bahuvachana votting supreme kodathi nirodhichu.ezz. kongras (angane samsthaana upavibhagamaaya kongras jillakale ovarlaappu cheiyunna muzhuvan samsthaana kongras jillakalum nirodhikkunnu).
thiranjeduppu (kall) oru amgathinu vendiyaano allayo ennathu pariganikkathe thanne saarvathrika thathwangal baadhakamaan.
canada.
kaanadayile chila munisippaalittikal avarude sitti kaunsilukalude bhagamaayo allengil ellah kaunsilukalaayo thiranjedukkunnu. avarum njangalum" vaardukalaayi vibhajikkunnathinekkuri saamskaarika verpiriyal ozhivakkaan cheria pattanangalil munisippal thiranjeduppinte roopam vyaapakamaanu. kaanadayile pala valia nagarangalilum ithu upayogikkunnu. innu ellah valia thiranjeduppukalilum multy memper vaardukalilum nadakkunna votting reethi bahuswarata block vottingaanu. (munbu, 20 canadian munisippaalittikalil, valia malsarangalilo multy-memper vaardukalilo single transferrable votting (ezz. tii. vii) upayogichirunnu.)
padinjaaru muthal kizhakk vare sradheyamaaya valia udaaharanagal ivayaanu
moonnu pradeshangal (yookkon, nunawat, vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangal) canada paarlamentil federalaayi oru paarlament amgavum senattarum oororutharum sevanamanushtikkunnu. ivaykku uyarnna vibhajanamundengilum vamsheeyamaayi vaividyamaarnnathum asaadhaaranamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya valippavumund. mattu 335 thiranjeduppu jillakal (ridings allengil comtess) roopeekarikkaan pravishyakale vibhajichirikkunnu. 102 senattarmaare thiranjedukkunnathinaayi ridingukal valia pradesangalaayi samyojippichirikkunnu.
israel.
israelil, party listtukalil ninnulla aanupathika praathinidhyathiloodeyaanu (deseeya paarlament) kaalmuttinulla thiranjeduppu nadathunnathu. munisippal, taunn kaunsilukalude thiranjeduppu (ennaal praadeshikamalla) ore adisthaanathilaanu.
netherlands.
netherlandsile prathinidhikalude sabhayilekkulla (samsthaana generalinte adhosabha, deseeya paarlament) thiranjeduppu party listtukalil ninnulla aanupathika praathinidhyathiloodeyaanu nadathunnathu.
phillippeans.
eee thiranjeduppu reethi senattinu baadhakamaan. ellah watermark panthrand vottu cheyth senattinte pakuthiyum, athaayath panthrand senattarmaar, neenda sthaanaarthikalude pattikayil ninnu puthukkam. lalithamaaya kanakk vijayikale nirnnayikkunnu (bahuswarata-valia votting).
cheria janasamkhyayulla pravishyakal avarude prathinidhikale valia thothil thiranjedukkunnu. svanthamaayi kongras jillayulla chila nagarangalum eee reethiyil prathinidhikale thiranjedukkunnu. mattu mikka pravishyakalum kurachu nagarangalum rando athiladhikamo jillakalaayi thirichirikkunnu.
athupole, sanguniang kabatan (yoothu kaunsilukal), sanguniang barangaay (villej kaunsilukal), sanguniang bayan (munisippal kaunsilukal), chila sanguniang panlungsode (sitti kaunsilukal) enniva mattu amgangale thiranjedukkunnu. atharam yadhaartha allengil ardha-praadeshika sarkkar unitukal avarude bhoomishaasthram vishakalanam cheyyumbol amgangale thiranjedukkunnilla, kaaranam oro amgavum praadeshika ovarlaappu ulla mattullavarumayi sahavarthikkunnu, ithu valutho thaazhnnatho aaya rank jillakale prathinidheekarikkunnu. pothujanangal neritto allaatheyo niyamaprakaaram thiranjedukkunnavaraanu amgangal. sitti kaunsil allengil sanguniang panlavigan (pravishya board) thiranjedukkunna amgangal nagaratheyo pravishyayeo ezhu jillakalaayi vibhajikkukayum oororutharum kuranjathu rund amgangale thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunna tharatthilaanu thiranjedukkappedunnathu.
america.
american aikyanaadukalude bharanaghadanayude article onnu prathinidhikalude sabhayile amgangale nerittu thiranjedukkaan vyavastha cheiyunnu. 1967ll nadappaakkiyathum krodeekarichathumaaya unifom kongras jilla niyamam, prathinidhikale bhoomishaasthraparamaaya jillakalil ninnu thiranjedukkanamennum iva eakaamga jillakalaayirikkanamennum nirddeshikkunnu. samsthaanathinu oru prathinidhi maathrame ulloovenkil athu oru valia prathinidhiyaayirikkumenna athu sthireekarikkunnu.
yuu.ezz. prathinidhikalude sabha.
oresamayam valiathum upa-samsthaana valippathilullathumaya kongras jillakal.
atharam oro sambhavathinteyum oru pattikayaanith. moonnu kaalaghattangalilaayi cheria, vyathyasthamaaya oru koottam samsthaanangalkku baadhakamaaya sahacharyam ithu kaanikkunnu. 1853ll aarambhicha 33-aamath kongras rund varshathinu sesham avasaanichu. 38-aamm theeyathi 1863-ll aarambhichu; 50-aamm theeyathi 1889-ll avasaanichu. 53-aamm theeyathi 1893-ll aarambhichu; 89-aamm theeyathi 1967 januvariyil avasaanichu, atharathilulla avasana kaalayalav. 1964 leeii reynolds vii. cases moolamaanu ithu sambhavichathu. sims ": vibhajanathinte pothuvaaya adisthaanam" oru vyakthi, oru vottu "aayirikkanam ennu yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi nirnnayichu."
samsthaana thiranjeduppu.
2021 leeii kanakkanusarichu, patthu yuu.ezz. samsthaanangalkku kuranjathu oru niyamanirmmaanasabhayenkilum undu, athu multy-winner attu-large jillakal upayogikkunnu
1980kalil florida, havaay, illinois, southu carolina, virgenia ennivayellaam rund chamberukalilum multy-winner jillakalil ninnu poornnamaayum maari, thudarnnu 1990kalil alasca, jorjia, indiana enniva maari. 2010leeii american aikyanaadukalude punarvitharana chakrathinushesham, newada avarude sheshikkunna rund multy-memper senatt jillakale illaathaakkukayum irusabhakalilum single-winner jillakal nadappaakkukayum cheythu. 2020 leeii yunaittad stetts sensus prakaram avasheshikkunna ellah multy-winner house oof delegate seettukalum single-winner jillakalilekku mattunna niyamam 2018 ll vestt virgenia pasaki. 
thaddesha thiranjeduppu.
1965leeii vottavakaasha niyamam paasaakkiyathinusesham vottar rajistreshanum wattingin chila charitraparamaaya thadassangal kurachathinushesham, nyoonapakshangale praadeshika kaunsilukaliloo bordukalilo praathinidhyatthil ninnu phalapradamaayi ozhivakkiya niravadhi adhikaaraparidhiyilulla school board thiranjeduppukal ulppede kaundi allengil sitti thalatthilulla valia thiranjeduppu padhathikalude adisthaanathil niyamaparamaaya velluvilikal uyarnnittund. 2001ll cases phayal cheyyukayum 2004ll othutheerppilethukayum cheytha southu karolinayile chaalsttan kaundiyaanu oru udaaharanam. athinte kaundi kammeeshan otta anga jillakalil ninnu thiranjedukkappetta ombathu amgangalaayi maari; 2015ll avar aarr vella republicanmaarum moonnu aafrikkan-american demokraattukalum ulppeduthi, avide karutha nyoonapakshangal janasamkhyayude moonnilonnil kooduthalaanu.
mattoru udaaharanathil, 2013ll 70 sathamaanam vellakkarum 20 sathamaanam karutha nyoonapakshavumulla jorjiyayile fayettu kaundiyil, kaundi kaunsililekkum school bordilekkum amgangale thiranjedukkunnathinaayi eakaamga jillakal vikasippikkaan federal jilla kodathi utharavittu. vanthothilulla votteduppu kaaranam, aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkk pathittaandukalaayi eee bordukalilekkonninum thangalkk ishtamulla oru sthaanaarthiyeyum thiranjedukkaan kazhinjirunnilla. kooduthal praathinidhya thiranjeduppukal saadhyamaakkunnath nyoonapakshangalkkum sthreekalkkum rashtreeya samvidaanathilekku praveshikkaan idayaakkukayum kooduthal praathinidhya sarkkar nalkukayum cheiyunnathinaal atharam praadeshika thiranjeduppu samvidaanangal vyavahaarangalkk vidheyamaayi. 1980kalude avasaanathil, bhooripaksha janasamkhyaye anukoolichu valia thothil vottu cheythathiloode ozhivakkappetta nyoonapakshangalkk sitti kaunsilukalilekku avarkk ishtamulla sthaanaarthikale thiranjedukkaan kazhiyunnathinayi otta anga jillakal dathedukkunnathinaayi tennessiyile niravadhi pradhana nagarangal kodathi kesukalil othutheerppilethi. 2015 aayappozhekkum eee rund nagarangalile watermar sitti kaunsililekku thiranjedukkappetta vanita meyarmaare thiranjedutthu.
vivechanaparamaaya valia kaunsil samvidaanam nilanirthikkondu votting avakasha niyamam lamghichathinu newyorkkile islip pattanatthinethire 2018 ll naalu thamasakkaar cases phayal cheythu. dveepile janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu hyspanic aanenkilum oru pattana seettilekku oru varggakkaaran maathrame ithuvare thiranjedukkappettittu. 2020ll kaivaricha othutheerppinte bhaagamaayi, mothatthilulla samvidaanam nirthalaakkukayum 2023 oode naalu kaunsil jillakal sthaapikkukayum cheyyum.
chila samsthaanangal valia jillakalude upayogam kooduthal niruthsaahappeduthunna niyamangal paasaakkiyittund. udaaharanathinu, california votting avakasha niyamam vijayakaramaya oru federal votting avakasha niyama velluvilikku aavashyamaaya maanadandangalilonnu neekkam cheiyunnu, angane noorukanakkinu nagarangalilum school jillakalilum prathyeka jillakalilum otta anga mekhala adisthaanamaakkiyulla thiranjeduppukalilekku punakrameekarichu.
chila adhikaaraparidhikal nagara kaunsilukalum bordukalum valia thothil nilanirthiyittundu. masaachyusetsile cambridge sweekaricha pariharam ellah seettukalkkum aanupathika praathinidhyathiloode kaunsil udyogasthare thiranjedukkuka ennathaanu.
europian union.
europian paarlamentil "anthardesheeya pattikakal" cherkkaan yooroppinte bhaaviyekkurichulla sammelanam nirddeshichittundu, athil europian union muzhuvan party listtukalil ninnu cheria ennam amgangale thiranjedukkunnu. europian ekeekaranam aazhathilaakkunnathinulla nirddishta niravadhi parishkaarangalil onnaanith. 

