iphik saahityam

ephic bhashayil samsaarikkunnatho ezhuthunnatho aaya saahityamaanu ephic saahityam (efik literature), prathyekichu ephic aalukal allengil ephic bhasha samsarikkunnavar. parambaraagatha ephic saahithyathe inipparayunna reethiyil tharamthirikkaam; azz (), utto (), mbook (puranangal, aithihyangal, charitra kathakal enniva ulkkollunnu), nke (kadankadhakal, pazhanchollukal, naav twisttarukal enniva ulkkollunnu), ikwa (mathaparamaya uddeshyangalum parihasa uddeshyangalum polulla vividha uddeshyangalude ganangal ulkkollunnu). gadyavum naadakavum (emm. bii. aarr. iii) aanu ephic saahithyathinte mattu vashangal.
1846ll missionarymaarude varavinu munbu, ephic saahithyathil bhooribhaagavum vaakkalulla saahithyamaayirunnu. saahithyamaayirunnu avasaanathode, ephic saahityam kramena likhitha roopathilekku maari. eee parivartthanatthil missionarymar nirnaayaka punk vahichu. pazhaya kalaabariludaneelam schoolukal sthaapikkaan eee kristhyan missionarymar sahayichu. eee skoolukalil, laattin aksharamalakal upayogichu ephic bhashayil engane ezhuthaamennu ephikkukalkku kaanichukodutthu. iphik likhitha saahithyathinte aadyakaala roopangal pradhaanamaayum baibil vibhagathilaayirunnu, avaa charchu oof scotland missionte aadyakaala missionarymaaraanu vikasippichath. vikasippichath, ephic saahityam kramena gadyam, naadakam, kavita thudangiya mattu likhitha, baibil ithara vibhaagangalilekku maari. 1920-num 1970-num edayilulla kaalayalavil ephic saahithyathil valareyadhikam valarchayundaayi.
nilavil, thaazhnna nadikkadiyilulla skoolukalile iphik bhasha padanatthinte oru pradhana vashamaan iphik saahityam, koodaathe vestt aafrikkan examinations kaunsil (dablyu. eiii. iii. sii) bhramanapathathinullile iphik ezhuthupareekshayude avibhaajya gadakamaanithu. pareekshayil vijayikkaan sahaayikkunnathin vidyaarthikal niravadhi iphik saahithyakruthikal padikkaan shupaarsha cheiyunnu. eee saahityarachanakalil edicot nwade mabuk seerees, mudaanda oayaam namondo, ansa udo enaan, cdbay thudangi niravadhi saahithyakruthikal ulppedunnu.
pree-missionary yugam.
missionarymaarude varavinu munbu, pradhaanamaayum vaakkalulla kalaaroopangalaayirunnu ephic saahityam. eee vaakkalulla kalaaroopangalil ganangal, sthuthikalude saahityam, kathaparayunna nrithangal enniva ulppedunnu. aaradhana, munkaala sambhavangal vivarikkal, samoohathil nadanna kuttakrithyangale parihasikkal thudangi niravadhi uddeshyangal iphik gaanangalkkundaayirunnu. geyimukal, naadakangal allengil rahasya samoohangalumaayi pattukal bandhappettirunnu. ekpri akatha polulla samoohangal samoohathile niyamalamghanakaarikalude pravrithikale vivarikkunna baaladukal raathriyil vivarikkum. pularche aayappozhekkum samooham niyamam lamghikkunnavare arast cheyyukayum avarude kuttakrithyatthinte kaadinyathinu anusrithamaayi shikshikkukayum cheyyum. devathakalude, prathyekichu ecpenyong, ekkaanam ennivayude oru katha velippeduthunnathinaal ekombi polulla ephic nrithangalum naadakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. charithrarekhakal samrakshikkunnathinum prabodhanam allengil parambaraagatha pravartthanangal punarnirvahikkunathinum rund pradhana aavasyangalkkaayi upayogichirunna oru thaddesheeya ephic kalayaanu youto ennum ariyappedunna itihaasa kavita.
aadyakaala yugam (1849-1929).
aadyakaala ephic likhitha saahithyathinte thudakkakkar missionarimaaraayirunnu. aadyakaala missionarymar 1846 januvari 6 nuu livarpoolil ninnu purappett pazhaya kalaabarilekku kappal yaathrathirichu. pazhaya kalaabaril ethiya aadyathe kristhyan missionarymaaril revu ulppedunnu. prathekshikkunnu emm. wadell; jamaikka missionte printarum mathabodhana vidagthanumaaya shree. saamuval edjareli; saamuval edjarliyude bhaarya srimati edgerly; marappanikkaranaaya andrew chisholm; edward miller, adhyaapakan; muun adima balanaaya jorj, pinneedu oru aadaraneeyanaayi. 1846 epril epril athiyappol avar ephic bhasha manasilakkaanum athine ezhuthaayi mattaanum niravadhi sramangal nadatthi. rund schoolukal sthaapichu, onnu creak tounilum mattonn duke tounilum. vidyaarthikalkkulla pusthakangal oru adiyanthira vishayamaayirunnu, ithu aadyathe lithographic press avatharippicha saamuval edgerly pariharichu. aadyathe kristhyan dauthyathil mattu niravadhi missionarymaarum chernnu, avaril revu aayirunnu. 1847 maarchil ethiya hyoog goldi. "ephic allengil pazhaya kalabar bhaashayude padavali praarthanakalum paadangalum" enna thalakkettilulla aadyathe ephic nighandu ezhuthiyathu revu aanu. 1849-leeii edgerly. thudarnnundaaya mattu kruthikalil bhooribhaagavum pradhaanamaayum baibil vibhagathilaayirunnu. pazhaya kalaabarile vidyaarthikalkku chila saangalppika kathakalum parichayappedutthukayum ephic bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 
eee kaalaghattatthil mathagrandhangal valare janapriyamaayirunnuvenkilum ardhasaahithyathinte oru cheria ennam thulyamaayi nilaninnirunnu. charitrasaahithyam palappozhum ephic bhashayil ezhuthiyirunnathu ephic samsaarikkunna aalukalaanu. udaaharanathinu, dayarist danielle obiyom amakku ephic bhashayil ayong abaattim bhashayil okpo sthaapikkappettathaayi rekhappeduthunnu. eee aadyakaalakhattathil ephic bhashayil ezhuthiya vividha tharatthilulla aksharangal ephic kaimaattam cheythirunnu.
baibil tharam.
ephic bhaashayude likhitha saahitya adithara roopappeduthunnathil kristhyan mathavibhagangal pradhana pankuvahichu. pazhaya kalaabarilum chuttumulla samoohangalilum kristheeya vishwaasam pracharippikkuka ennathaayirunnu missionarymaarude praadhamika lakshyam. pazhaya kaalaabarile saaksharata nirakk prolsaahippikkuka ennathaayirunnu avar sweekaricha aadya nadapadikalilonnu. pazhaya kalaabaril achadisaala sthaapichappol, baibil paadangalude oru parambara achadikkukayum pandithanmarkkum engleeshil vaayikkaan padichavarkkum labhyamakkukayum cheythu. yunaittad charchu oof scotland missionarymar prasidheekaricha aadyakaala ephic-likhitha kruthikalil onnu
iphik saahitya vikasanathinu vazhiyorukkiya vibhagangalil yunaittad charchu oof scotland catholica sabayum ulppedunnu. cheef essen ettim offiong III-nte shanaprakaaram 1903-ll catholica sabha pazhaya kalaabarilethi. ephic bhashayil ezhuthiya aadyakaala catholica grandhangalil iva ulppedunnu-
likhitha ephic saahithyathinte aadyakaala kaalaghattatthil pinneedu niravadhi thaddesheeya sabhaa sthuthigeeta ezhuthukaare srishtichu, avaril pramukhanaaya vilyam inyang namdang mathasamgeethathil pariseelanam nedunnathinaayi skotlandilekku ayakkapettu. kaalaabarile pallikalil niravadhi gaayakasamghangale samghadippikkukayum pariseelippikkukayum cheytha nandang eee kaalaghattatthil "ikwo ittoro edidam siyoon" (iquo itoro edidem zion) enna oru sthuthigrandham nirmmichu.
baibil allathava.
ephic saahithyathinte aadyakaalakhattathil baibilumaayi bandhapetta kruthikalkku valareyadhikam oonnal nalkiyittundenkilum, chila baibil ithara vibhagangal ippozhum eee kaalaghattatthil prathyakshappettu. baibil ithara likhithangalude aadyakaala udaaharanam revu hyoog goldiyude 1857 leeii pusthakamaaya "iphik vyaakaranathinte thathwangal" yill ninnu kandethaam. eee kruthiyil, goldi manushyanteyum lokathinteyum srishtiyekkurichu ephic veekshanakonil ninnu oru rekhaamoolamulla vivaranam nalkunnu. baibil ithara kathakalum vidyaarthikalkku ephic bhashayil goldi enna nilayil missionarymar vivarichathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. eee kathakalil syndrella, pied piyar, alibaba ennivayude oru ephic pathipp ulppedunnu. eee pathippil, fairy gooad-madarinu pakaram syndrellayude randaanammaye niyamikkunnu, avarude pretham syndrellaikku panthilekku pookaan aavashyamaaya enangal srishtikkunnu. 1880 aayappozhekkum, "awana" () enna iphik bhaashayilulla oru prathimasa pathram mission pras prasidheekarichu. saksharathayulla pothujanagalkk eee pathram eshtappettu.
kramena secular saahithyathe prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna kristhumathatthinte athivega vyaapanam undaayirunnittum eee kaalaghattatthil niravadhi baardukalum sajeevamaayirunnu. eee kaalaghattatthile sradheyamaaya baardukalil adiaha ettam anwa, iduva asamginte uttaa ettam asibong, attam ettayong, okpokk endem endem, neey eke mcpanani, ettimaanvaan ettam enza enniva ulppedunnu.
randaam yugam (1929-1975).
(1929-1975) 1929num edayilulla kaalaghattam ephic saahithyacharithrathile oru suvarnna kaalaghattamaayirunnu. 1929 nuu munbu niravadhi likhitha ephic kruthikal purathirangiyittunde, ephikkinte saahitya valarchayil sarkkar pradhana punk vahichathayi jerard choondikkaanikkunnu. 1929ll professor vilyam velmezhsinte adhyakshathayil nadanna internaashanal instittyoott oof aafrikkan langwej aandu kalcharinte konfaransil thekkukizhakkan mekhalayile eaka audyogikavum likhithavumaaya thaddesheeya bhashayaayi iphik bhasha sweekarikkanamennu sammathichu. athe varsham thanne, iphik padaavaliyude vipuleekaranathil shradha kendreekarichulla oru yogam pazhaya kalaabaril shree.iii.emm.phack, muthirnna thaamasakkaaran. ephic oorthoograafiyude standerdisation puthiya saahithyathinte vikasanavum urappaakkuka enna uddeshyathode niravadhi shupaarshakal nalki. anthaaraashtra aafrikkan bhaashaasamghathinte shupaarshayethudarnnu vidyaabhyaasa board, lagosumaayi chernnu oru puthiya aksharavinyasam avatharippichu. 1929ll igbo mathabodhanashaasthrathinte oru ephic pathipp nirmmicha father beechiyiloode catholica dauthyavum purogathi kaivarichu. eiii. ell. nigeriayile skoolukalude inspectoraaya guskin lunden sarvakalashaalayil phoenixil oru kozhs ettedukkaan nigerian sarkkar sponsor cheythu. 1930ll naijeeriyayilekk madangiyethiya addeham, addeham iphik bhaashayekkurichulla konfarans nadatthiya shupaarshakalil pravartthanam aarambhikkunnathinayi europianmaar, iphik, ibibio aalukal ennivaradangiya sannadha sahaayikalude oru samghathe orumichu. gaskin iphik translation beuro sthaapikkaan sahayikkukayum reves jeey sahayikkukayum cheythu.keey. mcgregor, iii.iii. prichard, okoon ephiong, jeey. balantine, pithaav meehan, doow. henshah, misttar. jeey.dablyu. westgaarthum mattu palathum. panthrand pazhanchollukalum oru naadodi kathayum" enna kruthi nirmmicha guskin pinneedu 1932-ll skoolukalude inspector sthaanam raajivachu. guskinte sthaanam roobert frederic jii etteduthu. aadams (aarr.eph.jii. adams) 1932-ll. skoolukalkkaayi niravadhi ephic grandhangal prasidheekarikkunnathil ephic translation beuroyile amgangal nirnaayaka punk vahichu. 1933ll beuro mikacha ephic saahitya kruthikkaayi oru malsaram samghadippichu, athu iii. vijayichu.iii. mudanda oyaam namondo" yulla nkaana onnaam sammanam nedi. aarr.eph.jii. aadams adhikaarametta sesham igo translation beuroyil chernnu. thekkan nigeriayil athivegam valarunna bhashakalaayi igbo ephic kanakkaakkappettirunnu. saahitya kruthikalude, prathyekichu enkaanayude mudanda oayaam namondoyude prasidheekaranathinu nigerian sarkkar saambathikamaayi utharavaadiyaayirunnu. ephic-aibo translation beuroyude pravartthanangal pettennu avasaanichuvenkilum pravarthanarahithamaaya boardile amgangal oru nighandu samaharikkukayum athinte aadya pathipp pinneedu 1939 ll prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. ephic saahithyathinte randaam yugam aagola amgeekaaramaaya ephic saahityathinu prathyekichum sradheyamaanu. niravadhi ephic ezhuthukaar niravadhi saahitya vibhagangalil vaividhyamaarnavaraayirumnum saadhaaranayaayi prathyeka vibhagangalil aadhipathyam pulartthukayo pradhaanamaayum prathyeka vibhagangalkkaayi oormmikkappedukayo cheiyunnu. udaaharanathinu, iii.enn. gadyathinulla sambhaavanakalude peril ettavum prashasthanaaya amakku kavithaarangatthum thulya mikavu pulartthi.
gadyam.
enke ennariyappedunna kathakal vivarikkunna paarambaryam efikkukalkkidayil oru purathana paarambaryamaanu. randaam yugathinu munbu, cherukathakalo kettukadhakalo ulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya saahitya upakaranangal. upakaranangal randaam pakuthiyode gadyakala kramena ephic saahithyaramgathekku praveshikkukayaayirunnu. aadyakaala saahithyathil ninnu verittuninna ephic gadyam saamskaarika sanbradaayangalil ninnum ephic janathayude parambaraagatha vishwaasangalil ninnum akarshikkappettu. iii polulla ezhuthukaar.iii. encana, iii. enn. amaku, iii. eiii. ephic saahithyathinte eee vashathinu ediang vazhiyorukki. 
asean iii. nkaana.
creak tounile ambo housilaanu asean ecpenyong nkaana janichathu. addeham kalaabaril aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasam ettedukkukayum beauvayile oru skoolinte cameroon hedmaastaraayi uyarukayum cheythu. oru ephic saahitya malsarathile ettavum mikacha entrikalilonnaayi uyarnnuvanna saahitya gadyamaaya muthanda oayam namondo aayirunnu nkamgayude ettavum valia kruthi. eee paatam iphik school saahithyathekkurichulla upadeshaka samiti shupaarsha cheyyukayum skoolukalil upayogikkunnathinaayi vidyaabhyaasa vakupp amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. thante makanaaya namondo kandethanulla anweshanathilaaya cheef mudandayude kathayaanu mudanda oom namondo vivarikkunnath. eee kruthi ephic samoohathile devanmaarude swaadheenam chithreekarikkunna ephikkinte parambaraagatha-matha vishwaasangalkku jeevan nalkunnu. ephic bhaashaykk purame mattu rund bhashakalil enkaanayude kruthikal niravadhi thavana veendum prasidheekarichittundu. athinte janapreeti kaaranam, mudanda oayam namondo naadakamaakki maattukayum lokathinte pala bhagangalilum avatharippikkukayum cheythu. ithu enkaanayude eaka ephic prasidheekaranamaayirunnuvum padinjaaran aafrikkayude saahithyacharithrathil ithu swaadheenam chelutthi.
oru prathyeka samsthaana.
ephic swarnna kaalaghattatthile aadhunika ephic saahithyathinte pradhana thudakkakkaaril oraalaayirunnu ekpo enta amakku. 1898-ll eniong abaattimile okpo pattanatthile danielle obiyom amaakkoovinte kudumbatthil janicha amaku mattu pala yuva ephikkukaleyum pole aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasathinte padavi nedi. ephic saahithyacharithrathinte aadya kaalaghattatthil likhitha ephic baibil ithara upayogathinte ettavum mikacha udaaharanangalilonnaanu amakuvinte pithaav.iii.enn. 1927ll aarambhicha amakuvinte saahityajeevitham addehathinte aadyakaala prasidheekaranangalil onnaayirunnu niravadhi kaavyathmaka kathakalum calaberil achadicha "kinny kinny" yum ufokuto ikko ephic (1933). gadyam, kavithakal, naadakam muthal cherukathakal vare amakuvinte kruthikal ulppedunnu. addehathinte ettavum janapriyamaaya kruthi noorsi, primery, secondary skoolukalil upayogikkunna edicot newd mbook parambarayaanu. 1945ll iphik translation beuro punarujjeevippikkadpe, amaku beuroyude prasidheekaranangalude pattikayil niravadhi laghulekhakal sambhavana cheythu. jeraardinte abhipraayathil, 1952 vare aadyathe rund naadakangal-asean-ekke ookkoon ezhuthiya "unam oboon enion kpaa oboon" (rajakeeya maamsam rajaavintethaayirikkanam), ernest iii ezhuthiya side bii "enniva vare ephic rachanayude eaka nilavaaramulla vaahakanayi amakku thudarnnu. edayang orotta vaalyathil achadichirunnu."iii. enn. amakuvinte kruthikal anthaaraashtra malsarangalilum pradharshippichirunnu. 1938ll, aafrikkan bhaashakalude anthaaraashtra saahitya malsarathil, "abasi ecpenyong" enna amakuvinte gadyathinu onnaam sammanam labhichu. 21-aamm noottaandil, skoolukalilum iphik bhasha patana sthaapanangalilum amakuvinte kruthikal ippozhum janapriyamaayi thudarunnu.
ernest iii. edayang.
innathe akwa ibom samsthaanathu sthithi cheiyunna oru samoohamaaya ibenoyil ninnullayalaayirunnu ernest ettifitt ediang. ayy parayunnathanusarichu, ediang "duke tounil poornnamaayum swaabhaavikavalkkarikkuppadu". duke taunn schoolilum hoopp wadell pariseelana sthaapanathilum ediang jolie cheythu. calaber public libraryil librarianaayi jolie cheythirunnu. vadhuvinte vila", "beninte emoton", "asibon edem", "sidib" thudangi niravadhi kruthikal edyaanginte kruthikalil ulppedunnu. addehathinte ellah kruthikalil ninnum, ephic samoohathinullile addehathinte ettavum pramukhamaayathu asibon edem side biyumaanu. saidib oru yaadhaarthyathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla kathayaanu. oru seeriyal comic naadakatthinte manobhaavathilaanu ithu avatharippikkunnath. lokamembaadumulla chila thaddesheeya samoohathinte nishedhaathmaka vivaha utharavukal, achaarangal, paarambaryam, saamoohikamo saamskaarikamo aaya virudha sanbradaayangalumaayi bandhapetta vividha saahitya virodhaabhaasangal, vichithrathakal, koodaathe/allengil daarunamaaya vairudhyangal enniva prameyaparamaayum synopticalaayum ithu prathifalippikkunnu. manushyathvaparamaayo swaabhaavikamaayo manushyante nilanilpp swaathanthryathe manushyathvarahithamaakkukayo parimithappedutthukayo bheeshanippeduthukayo cheiyunna samoohathinte arochakavum swaarthavum krooravumaaya nayangalkkethiraya vidhiyude vijayam, athupole bharanaadhikaarikalum bharikkappedunnavarum, prabhukkanmaarum/raajakudumbaamgangalum, saadhaaranakkaarum thammilulla saamoohika vivechana vidavukal vipuleekarikkunnathum eee naadakatthil avatharippikkunnu. sambannarum daridrarum thammilulla asukhakaramaaya saamoohika vidavu eee naadakam kooduthal chithreekarikkunnu. 1958ll ibaadanil calaber kalcharal association cdbay avatharippichu. 1963ll oru american sarvakalashaala samghadippicha paan-aafrikkan malsarangalil edyaanginte cdbay rosemont gilder awardinu onnaam sammanam nedi. pazhaya calaberil nadanna saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sambhavangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu edayaanginte mattoru sradheyamaaya kruthiyaaya asibon edam. ithu ephic janathayude niravadhi kettukadhakalkku jeevan nalkunnu, prathyekichu aakamgayilulla vishwaasam; oru vyakthi thante jananathinu munbu oru daivathinu munnil nadatthiya prathinjja allengil vaagdaanam.
naadakam.
randaam kaalaghattatthil naadakam ephic saahithyathinte oru pradhana vashamaayi maari. gadyam pole, ephic naadakatthinte bhooribhaagavum charitraparamaaya sambhavangal, parambaraagatha vishwaasangal, saamskaarika reethikal ennivayil ninnaan. ephic saahithyathile naadakatthinte thudakkakkaaril henry ephiocon aiyo, iii. enn. amakku, iii.iii. nkaana. iphik naadakatthinum anthaaraashtra samoohathil valia amgeekaaramundu. 1970ll ooksfoord sarvakalashaala samghadippicha oru saahitya malsarathil amakuvinte naadakamaaya "inyang abasi endem" onnaam sammanam nedi.
henry ephiocon aiyo.
randaam kaalaghattatthile pradhana naadakakrithumaaril oraalaayirunnu henry aiyo. addehathinte aadyakaala nirmmanangalil "ekkanem ebitto" (1945); "adiaha edem ekko ephiom" (1946); "aiyamba vii" (1948) ennivayundaayirunnu. pazhaya kalaabarile aiyamba vii raajaavinte jeevithathe kendreekarichulla addehathinte naadakamaaya aiyamba vii raajaavinte jeevithathil sambhavicha yadhaartha jeevita sambhavangal punarnirmikkaan shramikkunnu. eee kaalaghattatthil eee naadakam niravadhi thavana punarnirmmikkappettittundu. 1956ll elisabath raajnji randaaman kalabar sandarshichathinushesham addeham engleeshil ezhuthiyengilum "kween elisabath randaaman" enna mattoru naadakam ezhuthi. 1958ll ezhuthiya "ukku methe niyin" (nammude pithaakkanmaarude anthass) enna mattoru naadakatthil addeham niravadhi purathana ephic paarambaryangal vivarikkunnu. thaddesheeya achaarangaleyum charithratheyum kurichulla addehathinte arivil ninnaan ephic naadakatthile iyoyude prathyekatha udaledukkunnathu. ephic charithratthil ninnu varacha addehathinte naadakangalil chilath avarude purathana bhoothakaalathekkurichulla arivinaayulla ephikkinte aagraham thripthippeduthukayaanu lakshyamidunnathu.iii. yuu. gadyatheyum naadakatheyum kurichulla henriyude nilapad aii vivarikkunnath ingane "gadyavum naadakavum kavithayil ninnu verpeduthanamennu addeham vishwasikkunnilla, marichu onnu mattonninodu chernnu nilkkendathaanennu addeham vishwasikkunnu."
kavita.
ephic I-ll rund tharam ulppedunna kavithakalude kala.randaam kaalaghattatthil smaarakavum ithihaasavumaaya kavithakal parivartthanam cheyyappettu. oro charanatthinum naalu varikalulla ephic kavithakal saadhaaranayaayi charanangalal nirmmithamaan. vaakkalulla saahithyathil kaanapedunna aadima shailiyil ninnaan ephikkinte likhitha kavyashaili uruthirinjathu. eee kaalaghattatthile aadyakaala kavikalil oraalaayirunnu iii.enn. dainamdina ramgangaleyum sambhavangaleyum kurichulla panthrand cherukathaasamaahaaramaaya "ekwaado" ulppedunna amaku kavithakal; akkaalathe janapriya tinnilatacha pilchaardukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla "uvem dhoo keey tinapa"; "coop! kaalaabarile lebanese samoohamkkidayil sambhavicha oru episodinekkurichulla oru kavita; mattu niravadhi kavithakalum. ephic rajaakkanmaar, medhaavikal, samoohathile pramukha vyakthikal ennivarude kireedadhaaranatthinte oru pradhana vashamaayi smaaraka kavita maari. thiranjeduttha oru vyakthithvathe addehathinte chooshanangale prashamsikkukayum addehathinte purathana poorvvikare paarayanam cheyyukayum addehathinte poorvvikarude chooshanangal prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode prashamsikkuka ennathaayirunnu smaaraka kavithayude lakshyam. eee kaalaghattatthile shradheya kavikal elisabath iii aayirunnu. archibong, mbukpa iii. aiyo, joonn aii. ekkpeeme, ifioom ifanga ittaa, ivaa ifioom.
elisabath esso archibong.
1900-ll pazhaya kalaabarile duke kudumbatthil janicha elisabath archibong 1940-kalil velichathu vanna oru prakshepakayum prashastha kavayitriyumaayirunnu. nigerian broadcasting korppareshaniloode avarude kavithakal divasena prakshepanam cheyyappettu. miss esiyan edettum avalum thammilulla sambhaashanathinte roopathilaanu avarude aadyakaala kaavyathmaka kruthikal rachichathu. eee kruthiyil miss asean oru chodyaavaliyude bhagamaanu.iii.yuu. aii thante kaavyathmaka shaili inipparayunna vaakkukalil vivarikkunnu,
srimati. aarkkibonginte kavyashaili lalithavum swaabhaavikavumaanu, koodaathe kootticherttha alankaarangalude alavu maathrame nalkunna yadhaartha vivarangal shupaarsha cheyyaanum ruchikaramakkaanum mathiyaakoo. athu yadhaartha upadeshathmaka kavithayaan. ennirunnaalum maruvashathu avarude kavithakal praadhamikamaayi padippikkaanalla, marichu santhosham nalkaanaan uddeshikkunnathu. avalude kalaasrishtiyude kalaparamaaya poornatha ettavum uyarnna kramatthilullathum dhaarmika mikavil savisheshavum vivekapoornamaaya sidhaanthangalaal sambannavumaanu. aval idaykkide meteeriyalil ninnu amoorthathayilekku neengunnu. avalude kavithakal avalude sakthamaaya vyakthithvathinte prakadanamaanan aval avalude janmabhoomiyude arppanabodhamulla kaamukiyaan aval avalude prakrithi paristhithiyil thaalparyam kaanikkunnu; aval athil ninnu avalude thathwachinthaye aakarshikkukayum athinte soundaryathinum upayogathinum thante abhinandanam prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
elisabathinte kavithakal palappozhum puranangal, charithram, ephic vaasasthalangal thudangiya mekhalakale sparshichittund. akpa obiyo kanaan" enna kavithayil avar kalabar nadiyude soundaryathe prashamsikkukayum ephic janathayodu athinte moolyam vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. vaanijyavum paashchaathya vidyaabhyaasavum pazhaya kaalabaarilekk praveshicha paathayaayi ephic charithratthil nadiyude praadhaanyam archibong amgeekarikkunnu. 1963ll naijeeriya oru republicayappol, avar "republic" enna kavita purathirakkukayum athe varsham thanne "udak abasi" (daivathinte uddeshyam) purathirakkukayum cheythu, athu maattaanaavaathathum arcum maattaan kazhiyaathathumaanennu avar visheshippikkunnu.
ivaa ifioom.
eee kaalaghattatthile mattoru shradheya kaviyayirunnu eevaa ephium. uttam inwan" enna thante kavithayil addeham krishiyodulla pazhaya ephic abhinivesham vivarikkunnu. ephic pradhaanamaayum oru mathsyathozhilaali samoohamaanengilum, krishiyodum athinte varumaanathodumulla pazhaya sneham eee kavita prakadippikkunnu. kozhi polulla kaarshika mekhalayude mattu vashangalilekkum kavita kooduthal vyaapikkunnu. parambaraagatha ephic kavithakalil pothuvaaya naalu varikalulla khandikayil ninnu anchu varikalulla khandikakalilekkulla vyathiyaanamaan ephiominte kavithayude oru pradhana savisheshatha. krishiyude rakshaadhikaarikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunna ananza, ukkon esuk, asierebom allengil sango mongo thudangiya niravadhi devathakalude perukal addehathinte kavithayil ulppeduthiyittundu.
embukpa iii. aiyo.
embukpa iii. akpa yuyokkinekkurichulla kavita eee kaalaghattatthil ephic vrithangalil valareyadhikam aakarshanam nediya mattoru kaviyayirunnu aiyo. thaan jeevichirunnavare arochakaraayi kanakkaakkappedunnathra kaalam jeevicha uyuk ennariyappedunna oru endam purohithante ephic thammilulla oru pazhaya kettukadhaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee kavita. oru aattinte thaadiyellumaayi maathram thaarathamyappeduthaavunna vidhathil thante thaadiyellu vikruthamaayathaayi mbukpa vivarikkunnu. yooyokkil ninnu engane mukti nedaam ennathinekkurichu ephic vamshangal upadeshikkunnu. ekkonatto addehathe wilkan nirddeshikkunnu; obutong viyojikkukayum yuokinu eathu vilayum labhikkumennath asambandhamaanennu karuthukayum cheiyunnu. oru ukappa yuyokkine jeevanode kuzhichidanamennu nirddeshikkunnu; daivathil ninnulla prathikaaratthe bhayann atharam oru theerumaanatthil pankedukkaan asikpo ittoo visammathikkunnu, orupakshe. oduvil, athiraavile veliyettathil addehathe nimbayile naditirat upekshikkanamennu efut ekkott ekke nirddeshikkunnu. yooyokkine nishabdamaayi kondupoyi allengil boatil koottiyinakkiyittundu ennu paarambaryam velippeduthunnilla, ennaal ephic vamshangal enthaanu cheythathennu manassilaakkumbol, pakwathayulla vaardhakyathinte nettangal nishedhikkaan addeham thante kuttavaalikalkkethire devathakalaaya ananza, ukan esuk, attaakpo uruvaan ennivare kshanikkunnu. yuok upekshikkappetta nadhi pinneedu "akpa yuok" () ennariyappettu. oro charanatthilum naalu varikalulla muppathinaalu charanangalaanu eee kavithayilullathu.
moonnaam yugam (1975-2000).
dukinte abhipraayathil, "skoolukalil padippikkappedunna nigerian bhasha vishayangalilonnayi deerghakaalamaayi nilanilkkukayum padinjaaran aafrikkan school certificat pareekshayil labhyamavukayum cheythittum ephic bhaashayude upayogam paarshwavalkkarikkaan thekkukizhakkan samsthaana sarkkar manahpoorvvam shramichu."iphik bhasha samrakshikkanum prolsaahippikkaanum lakshyamitulla associationukal sthaapichathiloodeyaanu iphik bheeshanikkethire pooraadiyathu. 1971ll sthaapithamaaya instittyoott oof iffic arts aandu culture pinneedu association phoor dhaa pramoshan oof iffic langwej arts aandu culture (appelac) eee associationukalil ulppedunnu. associationte saambathika parimithikalkkidayilum iphik samskaaram samrakshikkunnathilum prolsaahippikkunnathum apelac valia munnettangal nadatthi. eee kaalaghattatthinte aadya varshangalil, nigerian sarvakalaashaalakalude vais chaansalarmaarude kaunsilinte abhyarthana maanich ephic oorthoograafi avalokanam cheyyaanum punaparisodhikkaanum lakshyamitulla oru samiti roopeekarichu. puthiya oorthoograafiyude aamukham ardhamaakkunnathu nilavilulla iphik vaayana saamagrikale aadhunika oorthograafiyilekku parivartthanam cheyyuka ennaanu. 1975 septambar 1 nuu vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam cross rivar stettu skoolukalil upayogikkunnathinaayi nilavile orthographic amgeekaaram nalki. iii. polulla pusthakangal.enn. eee oorthoograafi upayogichu puthiya grandhangal uyarnnuvannappol puthiya oorthoograafiyude aavasyangal ulkkollunnathinayi amakuvinte edicot enved embook seerees parishkarikkum. eee puthiya yugathinte aadya varshangalile saahitya ezhuthukaaril asean-eppe edattu okoon, merii jeey. ennivar ulppedunnu. edettu, eiii.jeey. udo-emma, ettoobom thomas ephium, asuko ottop.
gadyam.
asean-ekke edettu ookkoon.
ookkoon "unam oboon enion kpaa oboon" enna peril addeham naadakam purathirakkiyappol essen-eppe okkoninte aadyakaala saahitya kruthi kandethanakum. yui ephiyon asean" (1976), "nkunkunkpoyoyo" (1985) ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya kruthikal. abimaniyum sundariyum kadinadhwaniyum sambannayumaaya oru kuleenayay sthreeyude kathayaanu yui ephiyon asean parayunnath. creak tounile oru kuleena kudumbatthil ninnulla acabom enna vyakthiyeyaan avar vivaham kazhichathu. acabom ene marikkukayum yuyiye eaka makanaaya aantikha acabom ene ennayaalkku vittukodukkukayum cheiyunnu. samoohathile ettavum sundarikalaaya purushanmaaril oraalaan aantikha acabom. creak tounum obudongum thammilulla oru malsaram udan sambhavikkunnu, athil aantikha pankedukkunnu. malsaram ekadesham anishchithakaalathekku aantikhaye kidakkayil kidathunnu. panam kondo mattoru jeevan kondo aarogyam nedaan kazhiyumo ennu nokkaan oru durantham anubhavichukondu, thante makane rakshikkaan yui aavunnathellam cheiyunnu. ellah sramangalum falamillaathe, yui bhraanthanaayi oodunnu, bodham nashtappedukayum dukhathinteyum vedanayudeyum avasthayilaakukayum cheiyunnu. aval creak tounile missionarymaare parihasikkukayum britiish konsulinte bheeshanikal avaganikkukayum cheiyunnu. ookkooninte mattoru kruthiyaaya "nkunkunkpoyoyo", ephic janathayude prathyekichu ekki verthirichedukkunna charitraparavum puranaparavumaaya kadhakalude samaahaaramaan. 
thomas ephium.
eee kaalaghattatthile mattoru pradhana ezhuthukaaranaayirunnu ettoobom thomas ephium ennum ariyappedunna thomas ephium. addehathinte kruthiyaaya "ansa udo enaan" kaalabariludaneelamulla skoolukalil upayogikkunnu. samsthaanathinum raajakudumbathinum ethiraaya kuttakrithyathinu ansa udo enaan enna ethiraali engane dushta maranam anubhavichuvennum avide ninnu rajakumaran naayakanaayum pradhananaayum uyarnnuvannuvennum naadakeeyamaayi velippeduthiyappol prathikaram/thinmaykkethiraaya nanmayude vijayam ennivaye kendreekarichaanu naadakam. oru melodrama enna nilayil, abasi ephiom raajaavinte aadya makalaaya rajakumaariyaaya okoho abassi thattikkondupoyi aathmaavinte bhoomiyil thadavilaakkaan prathikaaramaayi oru prethatthe ayacha ansa udo enaan enna valare dushtanaaya manthrikanekkurichu naadakam parayunnu, kaaranam rajaavu madyapikkunnathu vilakkiyirunnu. bhagyavashaal, ansa udo enaan rajakumari thattikkondupokaan prethathodu nirddeshikkukayum athu rajyathodu report cheyyukayum cheythappol, "dushtamaaya vadhasiksha" shikshaykk ansa kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethi. thante maranam nadappilakkaan nirbandhitharaayavaril ninnu ansa samarthamaayi rakshappedukayum nirbhagyavashaal oru kuzhiyile shouchaalayathil veezhukayum lajjakaramaayi marikkukayum cheythu. thante ammaye pinthudarnnu, raajaavinte aadya makanaaya abasi prathima, kashtappaadukal anubhavichittum, akramikkukayum mochippikkukayum thadavilakkappetta thante sahodariyaaya okohoyodum ansayude aadya makalodum oppam aathmabhoomiyil ninnu madangukayum cheythu. angane, ansayude dushta/lajjakaramaaya maranathilum, rajakumarikkum ansayude aadya makalkkum aathmabhoomiyil ninnulla swaathanthryam/surakshithamaaya thirichuvaravilum raajyam santhoshichathode naadakam santhoshathode avasaanikkunnu.
kavita.
ephic saahithyathinte randaam kaalaghattatthil ephic kavita abhivridhi praapichuvenkilum athu kramena prathyeka avasarangalilekku tharamthaazhthappettu. atharam avasarangalil saamoohika varshikangal, ettoobommaarudeyum pramukha vyakthikaludeyum shavasamskaram, kireedadhaarana paripaadikal, thalavanmaarude nalkal paripaadikal, janmadina aakhoshangal enniva ulppedunnu. pathittaandukalaayi, niravadhi ephic vaakkukal nashtappettathinaal ephic kavithakal nigoodatha kuranjirikkunnu. vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalil iphik kavithayil shradha kendreekarikkunna kozhsukalude abhavam kavithakalude apabhramshathinum kramena kalayodulla thaalparyam kurayunnathinum kaaranamaayi. aadhunika kaalaghattatthil ephic kavithakal abhimukeekarikkunna budhimuttukalkkidayil, eee kaalaghattatthil athim iii polulla ephic kavithakalude paarambaryam nilanirtthiya kurachu kavikal undaayittund. bassie, peggy naakanda, cheef magnus ecpenyong ookku, ettoobom ukorebi yuu. asku. eee vyakthithvangalil chilar avarude kruthikalil ninnu thulyamaaya janapreeti nediyittundu, "ecpenyong ekpeniyan odusu" enna kavita ezhuthiya athim ekpo bassie, koodaathe edidam bassie aiyo ephraim aadam III-nuu smaaraka kavitayum ezhuthi.
mattu saahitya sambhavanakal.
gadyam, kavita, naadakam ennee saahitya vibhaagangalkk purathu, ephic saahithyathinte vyaapanavum valarchayum urappakkaan mattu niravadhi sambhavanakal nalkiyittundu. eee kaalaghattatthile oru pradhana vazhithirivu oru iphik indijeen, cheef ephong ukpong ayeyude aadyathe iphik-engleesh nighanduvinte prasidheekaranamaayirunnu. 1991ll aayeyude nighandu prasidheekarikkappedukayum pinneedu 1999ll veendum prasidheekarikkappedukayum cheythu. aayeyude iphik nighanduvinu munbu, munbu 1849num idayil niravadhi iphik-engleesh, engleesh-iphik nighandukkal prasidheekarikkappettu. aayeyude iphik-engleesh nighandu muun nighandukkalil ulppeduthaathathum ephic saahitya vikasanathil oru mikacha vibhavavumaya niravadhi vaakkukal velichathu konduvannu. merii jeey. mattoru ephic saahitya ezhuthukaaranaaya edettu oru ephic bhasha patana parambara prasidheekarichu, athu calaberilum chuttumulla samoohangaliludaneelamulla niravadhi skoolukalil janapreeti nedi. cheef miss grays davis 1-5 vaalyangalulla "coco" enna peril oru iphik reedezhs parambarayum thudakkakkaarkkaayi "ettitti" enna peril ganithavum prasidheekarichu. 
aadhunika yugam (2000-innuvare).
21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkam muthal, ephic bhasha niravadhi velluvilikal nerittu, ithu cross nadiyude pradhana bhasha enna nilayil athinte kuthane thakarchaykku kaaranamaayi. cross rivarile vyakthigatha vamseeya vibhaagangalodu desasneham kramena valarukayaanu. niravadhi nigerian samoohangalude maathrubhaashaye pathukke nasippikkunna engleesh bhashayumaayi ephic bhaashaykk kadutha malsaramundu. eee budhimuttukal enthuthanneyaayaalum, iphik saahityam vikasikkunnath thudarumennu urappakkaan parishramicha niravadhi ezhuthukaar undaayittund. eee ezhuthukaaril enn. jii. aarum ulppedunnu. ekke asean itta, cheef enkebem enkebem, philipp akoda. nilavile ephic oorthoograafiyil kooduthal vyakthatha nalkaan shramicha oru kaiyezhuthuprathi prasidheekarikkunnathil cheef ayee pradhana pankuvahichu. muthirnna rashtrathanthranjanaaya enger exian ittaa, ephic pazhanchollukale kendreekarichulla pusthakangalude oru parambarayum prasidheekarichu. 2014ll, idukki eniong abaattimile cheef encabem nkebem eniong abaattimile naadodikkadhakalil shradha kendreekarikkunna "embook endittoo ezz edku" prasidheekarichu. cheef nkebem prasidheekaricha mattu pusthakangalil ephic dokyumentariyaaya edidemanwan, ephic achaarangal, paarambaryangal, charithram ennivayekkurichulla lekhanangalude samahaaramaaya ephioecpo, ebook ideok, athakpa ekkott ephium ennivayum mattu niravadhi pusthakangalum ulppedunnu. 2017ll shree philipp akoda google play storil aadyathe iphik bhasha patana aaplikkeshan puratthirakki. 2021ll addeham lerr iffic 1,2 enniva ezhuthi, ithu kaalabariludaneelamulla niravadhi skoolukalil upayogikkunnu. 2022 eprilil akoda aadyathe iphik nighandu aapp vikasippichu. 2022 septambaril akoda pinneedu "21-aamm noottaandile ephic pokkatt nighandu" enna peril oru pokkatt sais ephic nighandu prasidheekarichu.

