
amerikkayil maathrumarananirakku

garbhaavasthayil allengil garbham avasaanichu oru varsham vare oru sthreeyude maranathe maathrumarananirakku soochippikkunnu; eee metrik garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta kaaranagal maathram ulkkollunnu, koodaathe aakasmikamaaya kaaranangalum ulppedunnilla. chila srothassukal maathrumarddathe nirvachikkunnath garbham avasaanichu 42 divasam vare oru sthreeyude maranamaanu, oru varshathinu pakaram. 1986ll sii. dii. sii. garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta maranangal tracucheyyanum vivarangal shekharikkaanum garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta marananireekshanam samvidaanam srishtichukondu eee maranangalkk kaaranam enthaanennu nirnnayikkaanum thudangi. oru <aii. dii. 1> report anusarichu, lokathile mattethoru raajyathekkaalum kooduthal aarogyasamrakshanathinaayi america chelavazhikkunnundenkum, oro divasavum randil kooduthal sthreekal prasava samayat marikkunnu, ithu vikasita lokathile mattu 49 rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol amerikkayil ettavum uyarnna maathrumarananirakkaanu (100,000 jananangalil 12.7 maranangal). 
2021leeii kanakkanusarichu amerikkayil 100,000 jananangalil 32.9 maranangal undennaanu kanakkaakkappedunnath. 2000num 2014num idayil yunaittad stetsile maathrumarana anupatham 100,000 jananangalil 18.8 maranangalil ninnu 100,000 jananangalil 23.8 maranangalayi vardhichathaayi cdc report cheythu, ithu oru <aii. dii. 1> vardhanavaanu. 2019num 2020num idayil amerikkayil garbhinikaludeyum aduthide garbhinikalaya sthreekaludeyum marananirakk ekadesham 30 sathamaanam uyarnnu. sii. dii. sii. yude kanakkanusarichu, 36 samsthaanangalil ninnulla daatta ulppeduthiya oru padanatthil 2017num 2019num idayil garbhavumayi bandhapetta maranangalil 80 sathamaanathiladhikam thadayaan kazhiyumennu kandethi.
maathrumarananirakku nireekshikkuka.
1986ll sentezhs phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention (cdc), american koleju oof obstatreeshyans aandu gynaecologists (akog) ennivar garbhakaalathum prasavam kazhinju oru varsham vare maathrmaranangal nireekshikkunnathinaayi garbhavumayi bandhapetta marananirakk nireekshana samvidaanam srishtichu. ithinu munbu, prasavaananthara aarr aazhcha vare sthreekale nireekshichirunnu.
2016ll cdc foundeshan, sentezhs phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention (cdc), association oof mettezhs aandu child health prograamukal (amhp) enniva "building yuu" enna sahakarana samrambham nadatthi.ezz. maathrmaranangal avalokanam cheyyaanum thadayaanumulla sheshi-merck phoor mothers prograaminu keezhil merck dhanasahayam nalkunnu. amerikkayile maathrumarana anupaathatthile vardhanavinekkurichulla dhaarana vardhippikkunnathinum prathirodha edapedalukal thirichariyunnathinum avar maathrumarananirakku avalokanam cheiyunnu. eee samrambhathiloode, avarude reportukalum vibhavangalum hostucheyyunna review tuu aakshan websait avar srishtichu. avarude 2017 leeii reportil, collado, delaware, jorjia, ohiyo ennee naalu samsthaanangal maathrmardhana avalokana vivara aaplikkeshante (imr) munnodiyaayi uddeshichulla maathrmardhana avalokana dattaa sisttathinte (mmrds) vikasanathe pinthunachu. maathrumarana avalokana vivara aaplikkeshanaayi (imr) vivarangal shekharikkunnathinaayi moonnu ejansikalum collado, delaware, jorjia, havaay, illinois, north carolina, ohiyo, southu carolina, utta ennivayumaayi pankalikalaayi; ombathu samsthaanangal 2018 ll avarude aadya reportukal samarppichu.
yuu. esinte bhaagathuninnu pathittaandukalude nishkriyathvathinu sesham.ezz. maathrumarana anupatham kuraykkunnathinulla kongras, american sthreekalude garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta maranangal thadayunnathinaayi 50 dasalaksham dollar abhyarthikkaan yunaittad stetts senatt kammitti oonn propreorations 2018 juun 28 nuu vottu cheythu. gaveshanathinum vivarashekharanathinum sii. dii. sick 12 dasalaksham dollar labikkum. maathrmaranangalekkurichulla kanakkukal ennunnathinum avalokanam cheiyunnathinum avar oro samsthaanatheyum pinthunaykkum. federal maathru, shisu aarogya beuroic aarogyakaramaya staartt prograamilekkum aashupathrikalile "jeevan rakshikkunna, thelivukal adisthaanamaakkiyulla prograamukalilekkum" nirddeshichittulla backie 38 dasalaksham dollar labikkum. sisumarananirakku kuraykkunnathinu emm. sii. bii. yude aarogyakaramaya thudakkam nirbandhamaayirunnu.
2019ll karutha vargakkaariyaaya maathru aarogya abhibhaashakayum "maathaapithaakkal" enna ezhuthukaariyumaaya kristeen maikkal carter vais president kamala haarisumaayi abhimukham nadatthi. oru senattar enna nilayil, 2019 ll harris maathrparipaalanathinulla praveshanavum adiyantharaavasthakal kuraykkunna (paricharanam) niyamavum veendum avatharippichu, ithu antharleenamaaya vamseeya pakshapaathavum paricharanatthil athinte swaadheenavum thirichariyunnathinekkur pariseelana daathaakkal neridunna maathrumarana asamathvam pariharikkukayenna lakshyathode nadappaakki. harris prasthaavichu "sthreekal-prathyekichu karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekal-aarogyasamrakshana samvidaanam palappozhum shradhikkukayo gauravamaayi edukkukayo cheiyunnilla enna asukhakaramaaya sathyam naam samsaarikkendathundu, athinaal avar arhikkunna anthass nishedhikkappedunnu. innu, 25 varsham munbu undaayirunnathinekkaal moshamaaya maathrumarananirakkulla lokathile 13 rajyangalil onnaanu america ennathinaal nammal eee sathyam samsaarikkendathundu. garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta kaaranangalal velutha sthreekale apekshichu moonnu muthal naalu madangu vare kooduthal marikkunna karutha sthreekalkku aaa apakadasaadhyatha kooduthalaanu. eee kanakkukal verum apahasyamaanu."
1930kalil, uyarnna maathrumarchaa nirakkinodu prathikarichukondu newyork nagaratthilum philadelphiayilum roopeekaricha garbhakalavumaayi bandhapetta maranangal avalokanam cheiyunna samsthaana, praadeshika kammittikal (mmrc), maathrumarchaa avalokana samithikal (mmrc). avarude mmrcyil ninnu shekharicha daattayiloode nirakkukal kuraykkunnathil philadelphia vijayam kaanukayum adutha rund pathittaandukalilaayi mmrckal raajyathudaneelam prathyakshappedukayum cheythu. athinusesham mmrc-kalude janapreeti vardhikkukayum churungukayum cheythu, ennaal maathrumaranathinteyum aasoothrana edapedalukaludeyum kaaranagal manasilakkunnathinulla suvarnna maanadandamaayi mmrc daattaye cdc ippol shupaarsha cheiyunnu.maranangale garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhappettavayayi tharamthirikkunnathile budhimuttukalkkidayil pravarthanatthinulla avasarangal thirichariyaan mmrc advitheeyamaayi thayyaaraan ennathaanu kaaranam.
alavukalum vivarashekharanavum.
mcdorman mattullavarum chernnu "obstetriks aandu gynaecology" enna 2016 leeii oru lekhanam anusarichu.amerikkayil maathrumarananirakkine badhikkunna oru ghadakam maathrumaranangalude kanakkukoottalile vyathiyaanamaan. garbham avasaanichu 42 divasathinullil sambhavikkunna maathrumaranangalaanennu kanakkaakkunna garbhadhaarana marananireekshana samvidaanam, garbham avasaanichu oru varshathinullil sambhavikkunna maathrmaranangale alakkunnu. chila samsthaanangal onniladhikam prathikaranangal anuvadikkunnu, athaayath garbhaavasthayil, garbhaavasthaykku sesham 42 divasathinullil, allengil garbham dharichu oru varshathinullil, ennaal california polulla chila samsthaanangal, prasavaananthara oru varshathinullil maranam sambhavicho ennu chodikkunnu.
maathrumarananirakkinekkuranuririri vivarashekharanam engane oru "anthaaraashtra naanakkedu" aayi maariyenn rachayithakkal avarude lekhanathil vivarichu. 2003ll deseeya yuu.ezz. staanderd deth certificat marichayaalude garbhadhaarana nilayekkurichu oru "tick boxes" chodyam chertthu. pala samsthaanangalum puthiya marana certificat maanadandangal sweekarikkaan vaikunnu. eee "kuzhappamulla" daattayum maathrumarana nirakkile pravanathakalude vishakalanathe thadassappeduthunnu. anthaaraashtra thalatthil daatta shekharikkunna okediyilekko mattu shekharangalilekko oru deseeya maathrumarananirakku report cheyyaan americaykku varshangalolam kazhinjillennum ithu ardhamaakkunnu.
maathrmaranangal nireekshikkaanulla samsthaanangaludeyum federal gavanmentinteyum kazhivillaayma allengil vimukhatha" velippeduthunna mcdorman padanatthinu marupadiyaayi, 2016 ll maathram 700 muthal 900 vare sthreekal garbhadharanam, prasavam enniva moolam marichathaayi propublica enpr kandethi. nashtappetta ammamar" enna pusthakatthil 16 muthal 43 vayass vare praayamulla chila sthreekalude kathakal avar prasidheekarichu.
aarogyamulla aalukal yuu. esile oafees oof disease prevention aandu health pramoshan (oo. dii. eph. pii) niyanthrikkunna oru federal samghadanayaanu.ezz. aarogya, maanava sevana vakupp (echhs). 2010ll yuu. esile maathrumarana anupatham 12.7 aayirunnu (jeevichirikkunna 100,000 jananangalil maranangal). 2010ll american sarkkar nischayicha aarogyamullavarude deseeya lakshyathekkaal moonnirattiyaanithu.
2009-ll "anthropology nyoos" enna lekhanathil, anthaaraashtra pothumaapp, ikyaraashtrasabha, cdc polulla federal paripaadikal enniva nadatthiya padanangal 1999 muthal maathrmarddanam kurayunnilla, vardhichukondirikkaam.
2017 navambarode baltimore, philadelphia, newyork sitti enniva maathrumarananirakku thadayunnathinaayi avarude nagarangalile "maranangalum garbhadhaaranavum prasavavumaayi bandhapetta gurutharamaaya sankeernathakalum avalokanam cheyyaan" kammittikal roopeekarichu. newyorkkinte paanalaya maathrmarddanam, rogaavastha avalokana samiti (emm3aarsi) yill doctormar, nazhsumaar, "daulaas, midwifeukal, saamoohika pravartthakar" ennivar ulppedunnu. newyork sitti newyork samsthaanavumaayi sahakarikkum, ithu usile aadyathe sahakaranamaan. 2018 joolaiyil, newyork sittiyile dii blaasiyoyude bharanakoodam athinte panchavatsara padhathiyude aadya moonnu varshathekku 12.8 dasalaksham dollar "maathrmaranangalum varnnavargakkaraaya sthreekalkkidayil prasavatthinte jeevanu bheeshaniyaakunna sankeernathakalum kuraykkunnathinu" anuvadikkumennu prakhyaapichu.
kaaranagal.
medical kaaranagal.
garbhakaalathudaneelamulla aarogyavum adisthaana paricharanatthilekkulla praveshanavum ulppedunna maathru aarogyathil maathrumaranathe kandethaam.
lokaarogya samghadanayum sii. dii. siyude naashanal vaittal statistiks sisttavum (enn. vii. ezz. ezz) jananathinu sheshamulla aadyathe 42 divasathinullil sambhavikkunna maathrumaranathe nirvachikkunnu.
1986 muthal, maathrumaranathinte medical kaaranagal padikkunnathinaayi sentar phoor disease kantrol oru garbhakala marana nireekshana sevanam (pms) nadathunnu. garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta ellah maranangalum pidichedukkunnathinaayi garbhadharanam kaaranamaayi oru sthreeyude garbham poortthiyaakki oru varshathinullil allengil athinidayilulla eathenkilum kaaranathaal garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta maranamaanu eee upakaranam nirvachikkunnath.
vamsham, sthaanam, saambathika nila ennivayellaam maathrumarananirakku raajyathudaneelamulla sthreekale engane badhikkunnu ennathinu sambhavana nalkunnu. hyspanic ithara karuthavarggakkaar yunaittad stetsile maathrmaranangalil <aii. dii. 1> aanu. (johnsum mattullavarum) prasidheekaricha oru padanamanusarichu, vamshathinu purame., 2022), oru sthreeyude aarogyathe nirnnayikkunna saamoohika gadakangal avalude aarogyatheyum garbhadhaarana seshiyeyum badhikkum. rakthasraavam, athilum moshamaaya maathrufalangal thudangiya jeevan apakadappeduthunna sankeernathakal mattu vamshangale apekshichu karutha sthreekalkku anubhavappedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. maathrrogaavasthayum aarogyathinte saamoohika nirnnayaka gadakangalum thammilulla bandham gaveshanam anweshikkunnu. eee sthreekalude jeevithathinte saamoohika nirnnayaka gadakangalumaayi bandhapetta prathikoola garbhadhaarana falangalkkulla chila apakada gadakangalum padanatthinte rachayithaav paraamarshichu. ithil ammayude praayam, nilavilulla aarogyaprasnangal thudangiyava ulppedunnu (johnsum mattullavarum.2022).
garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta maranangal avalokanam cheiyunna maathrmardhana avalokana kammittikalum (mmrc) samsthaana, praadeshika kammittikalum pankeduttha 36 samsthaanangalil ninnulla maathrumarddathinte pradhana kaaranagal 2017-2019 aanennu kandethithi
saamoohika gadakangal.
aarogyathinte saamoohika nirnnayaka gadakangalum maathrumarananirakkinu sambhavana nalkunnu. aarogya samrakshanam, vidyaabhyaasam, praayam, vamsham, varumanam ennivayilekkulla praveshanam eee gadakangalil chilathaanu.
aarogya parirakshaykkulla praveshanam.
amerikkayile sthreekal saadhaaranayaayi prasavam kazhinju oru thavana, prasavam kazhinju aarr aazhchakalkk sesham avarude doktarmaarumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathunnu. prasavaananthara kaalayalavil eee neenda edavela kaaranam, pala aarogya prashnangalum parishodhikkappedaathe thudarunnu, ithu maathrumaranathinu kaaranamakum. sthreekalkku, prathyekichu varnnavargakkaraaya sthreekalkku prasavapoorva paricharanatthinulla budhimuttu ullathupole, prasavaananthara paricharanatthinulla labhyathayilum ithu baadhakamaan. prasavaananthara vishaadam ammaykkum kunjinum akaala maranathilekku nayichekkaam.
insurance kambanikalkku garbhadhaaranathe munkootty nilanilkkunna avasthayaayi tharamthirikkanulla avakaashamund, athuvazhi sthreekale swakaarya aarogya inshuransinu ayogyaraakkunnu. bureaucrasy kavarejile kaalathamasavum (amgeekaaram labhichaal) kaaranam chila sthreekalkku vaidyasahaayathinulla praveshanam polum vettikkuraykkunnu. medical phees kaaranam niravadhi sthreekal nirasikkappedunnu. erikka ell nadatthiya 2020 leeii oru padanamanusarichu. athinaal, prasavapoorva aarogya parirakshaykkulla praveshanam parimithappedutthunna medicaid funting vettikkuraykkunnu, ithu maathrumarananirakku vardhippikkumennu theliyikkappettittund. vaidyasahaaya vipuleekaranangal maathrumarananirakkile kuravumaayi nerittu bandhappettirikkunnave eee patanam nigamanam cheythu.
oru daulayude supportive cair practicinu ammayudeyum kuttiyudeyum aarogyam mechappeduthaanum aarogya asamathvangal kuraykkaanum kazhiyumenkilum, mosham maathru aarogya falangalkku kooduthal apakadasaadyathayulla thaazhnna varumaanamulla sthreekalilum varnnakkaraaya sthreekalilum eee sevanangal kuravaanu. sthreekalkku sevanangal kandethaano thaangaano kazhiyaathe vannekkaam allengil avaa vaagdaanam cheyyappedunnundennu ariyilla. 2012ll prasava kanakshan vazhi nadatthiya oru deseeya sarveyil jananachelavukalkkayi vaidyasahaayam upayogikkunna sthreekal swakaarya insurance upayogikkunnavarekkaal erattiyaanennu kandethi. 19 sathamaanam). oru sthreeyude prasavapoorvamo prasavaanantharamo aaya kaalayalavil vaidyasahaayam daula paricharanam ulkkollunnilla. gathaagathatthinte abhavam koodaathe/allengil aarogya inshuransinte abhavam polulla prasavapoorva paricharanam thedaan kazhiyaathathinte kaaranangalayi sthreekal praveshanavum chalanaseshiyum report cheythittundu. prasavapoorva paricharanam labhikkatha sthreekal garbhakaalatho athinusheshamo marikkanulla saadhyatha garbhakaalathundaakunna sthreekale apekshichu 3 muthal 4 madangu kooduthalaanu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
haiskool vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkaatha 18num 44num idayil praayamulla ammamaaril haiskool vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya sthreekalil ninnu maathrumarananirakkil 5 sathamaanam vardhanayundaayathaayi theliyikkappettittund. primery school vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkunnathiloode 17 vayassinu thaazheyulla penkuttikalil 10 sathamaanam perr garbhinikalavilla, maathrmaranangalil moonnil rund bhaagavum thadayaan kazhiyum. secondary vidyaabhyaasam, yooniversitti school vidyaabhyaasam, garbhadhaaranathinteyum maathrumaranathinteyum nirakk kooduthal kuraykkukaye cheiyukayulloo.
unnatha vidyaabhyaasam ippozhum maathrumarananirakkile vamseeya vyathyaasangal mechappeduthunnilla ennathum vellakkaraaya ammamaarkk samrakshanam nalkunnathupole karuthavarggakkaaraaya ammamaarkk samrakshanamallennathum sradheyamaanu. haiskool vidyaabhyaasathil thaazheyulla vellakkaraaya ammamaare apekshichu koleju vidyaabhyaasamulla karuthavarggakkaaraaya ammamaarkk maathrumarananirakku kooduthalaanennu kandethiyittundu.
praayam.
eathoru praayathilumulla cheruppakkaarkkum marakamaaya sankeernathakal undakanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. prayamaaya sthreekalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kaumaarakkaar aadyamaayi prasavikkanulla saadhyatha polulla vividha kaaranangalal eee uyarnna apakadasaadhyatha kanakkakkaam. eee praayakkarkkidayil uyarnna apakadasaadhyathayilekku nayichekkaavunna mattu gadakangalil thaazhnna saambathika nilayum vidyaabhyaasavum ulppedunnu. kaumaarakkaarkk maathrumarana saadhyatha kooduthalaanengilum 2005num 2014num idayil nadatthiya oru padanatthil prayamaaya sthreekalil maathrumarananirakku kooduthalaanennu kandethi. koodaathe, mattoru padanatthil 30 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamulla sthreekalil eee nirakk kooduthalaanennu kandethi.
aduppamulla pankaaliyude akramam.
aduppamulla pankaaliyude akramam (ipv) laingikamo shaareerikamo vaikaarikamo aaya durupayogam ulppede pala tharatthilulla durupayogamo durupayoga bheeshaniyo ulkkollunnu, ithu oru aduppamulla pankaaliyil ninnulla akramatthinte oru maathrkayaayi prakadamaakunnu. praayavum vaivaahika nilayum samrakshana gadakangalil ulppedunnu, athesamayam apakadasaadhyatha gadakangalil aasoothrithamallaatha garbham, vidyaabhyaasathinte abhavam, kuranja saamoohika saambathika nila, puthiya echuaivi positteev roganirnayam enniva ulppedunnu. ettavum apakadasaadyathayulla samgham oru yuvavum avivahithayumaaya sthreeyaan. garbhaavasthayil aii. pii. vii. maathru, garbhapindangalil vinashakaramaaya phalangal undaakkum, koodaathe 3 muthal 9 sathamaanam vare garbhinikalkk aii. pii. vii anubhavappedunnathaayi kandethiyittundu.
prasavapoorvakaala kesukal vaikukayo aparyapthamaakukayo cheyyuka, sareerabhaaram kurayuka, nicottin, madyam, mayakkumarunnu ennivayude durupayogam ennivayil vardhanavu enniva maathru prathikoola phalangalil ulppedunnu. 40 sathamaanam durupayogam cheyyappedunna sthreekalilum vishaadam polulla prathikoola maanasikaarogya falangalumaayi ipv bandhappettirikkunnu. jananasamayath kuranja bharavum akaala jananavum, garbhakala praayathinu cheruthaakkunna oru sisuvum prasavasamayatthe maranavum polum ipv moolamundaakunna navajaathashishukkalude prathikoola phalangalil ulppedunnu.
aarogyaparipalana vidagtharude mathiyaya parisheelanatthiloode, pathiv obstetrik sandarshanangalil prathirodhatthinum edapedalinum avasaramund, koodaathe pathiv parisodhana shupaarsha cheiyunnu. prasavapoorva paricharana samayat 50 sathamaanam sthreekalkku maathrame ipv kaunsiling labhikkoo. garbhadharanam oru sthreeyude jeevithathile oru savisheshamaaya samayamaan, pala sthreekalkkum pathiv aarogya samrakshanam sthaapikkunna oreyoru samayamaan, ithu daathaavil ninnulla phalapradamaaya paricharanatthinte aavasyakatha vardhippikkunnu.
rays.
aafrikkan american sthreekalkku kokkeshyan sthreekale apekshichu maathrrogavum marananirakkum anubhavappedaanulla saadhyatha naalirattiyaan, eee avasthakal pariharikkunnathin 20 varshathinidayil valia thothilulla purogathiyonnum undayittilla. koodaathe, varnnakkaraaya sthreekal, prathyekichu "aafrikkan-american, thaddesheeya, lattina, kudiyettakkaaraaya sthreekalkkum engleesh samsaarikkaatha sthreekalkkum" avarkk aavashyamaaya paricharanam labhikkanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu. koodaathe, videshathu janicha sthreekalkku, prathyekichu hyspanic sthreekalkku, maathrumarana saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. maranakaaranam, prathyekichu prayamaaya sthreekalil, vyathyastha vamshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. kokkeshyan sthreekalkku rakthasravavum cardiomayoppathy, embolism enniva anubhavappedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu, athesamayam aafrikkan american sthreekalkku hypertensive disordezhs, strock, anubadha enniva anubhavappedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. amerikkayile karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalude kaaryatthil, waled jenal oof gynaecology aandu womens healthil ninnulla oru padanatthil hridayasambandhamaaya rogangalum maathrmaranavum thammilulla bandhathinu purame, aarogyasamrakshanathile vamseeyatha eee falangalkku kaaranamaakunnuvenn kandethi. aarogyasamrakshanathil vamsheeyathayum vivechanavum anubhavikkunnath karuthavargakkaaraaya ammamaarkk aarogyasamrakshana samvidaanathe vishwasikkaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnu, eee padanatthinte rachayithakkal ithu abhisambodhana cheiyunnathu vishwaasam punarnirmmikkunnathinum aarogyasamrakshana samvidaanathe aashrayikkunnath prolsaahippikkunnathum pradhaanamaanennu shupaarsha cheiyunnu. aarogyasamrakshana samvidaanathilulla avishwaasam karutha vargakkaarudeyum nyoonapaksha ammamaarudeyum avarude sisukkaludeyum aarogyathinum shemathinum haanikaramaan. aarogyasamrakshana samvidaanathilulla avishwaasam palappozhum samvidaanavumaayulla ettumuttalukal kuraykkaan kaaranamaakunnu, ithu prasavapoorva paricharanatthinte vaikiyullathum aparyapthavumaaya bandhavum kuranja janana bharam, akaala jananam, sisumarananirakku thudangiya mosham garbhakala phalangalum thammilulla bandham kanakkiledukkumbol valare doshakaramaanu. moonnaam sarway prakaram, nyoonapaksha pankaalikalil 40 sathamaanam perr ashayavinimaya prasnangal anubhavichu, nyoonapaksha ammamaaril naalilonn perkkum prasava ashupathriyil praveshippikkumbol vivechanam anubhavapettu. karuthavargakkaarum hyspanic ammamarum avarude vamsham, bhasha, samskaaram enniva kaaranam aarogyasamrakshana samvidaanathil vivechanam anubhavikkan ekadesham moonniratti saadhyathayundennu athe sarway velippeduthi. eee prasnangal amerikkayil nyoonapaksha ammamarum vellakkaraaya ammamarum thammilulla maathru, shisu rogaavasthayum marana asamathvavum vardhippikkunnu.
aafrikkan american, nyoonapaksha sthreekalil vardhichuvarunna maathru, shisu rogaavasthaykkum marananirakkinum kaaranamakunna mattoru ghadakam nyoonapaksha sthreekalum vellakkarum thammilulla prasava aashupathriyude gunanilavaaratthile vyathyaasamaan. nadatthiya padanamanusarichu doow. elisabath eiii. velutha sthreekale apekshichu, vamsheeyavum vamsheeyavumaaya nyoonapaksha sthreekal "vyathyasthavum thaazhnnathumaaya aashupathrikalil" prasavikkunnu. parayunnathanusarichu doow. howell, aafrikkan american sthreekale jananasamayath asamamaayi paricharicha aashupathrikal, "aaa aashupathrikalile karuthavarum vellakkarum aaya sthreekalkku uyarnna apakadasaadhyatha-krameekaricha gurutharamaaya maathrroga nirakk undaayirunnu."newyorkkil, karutha sthreekalkku" "risk-adjust cheytha gurutharamaaya maathru rogaavastha nirakk" "uyarnna nirakkulla aashupathrikalil prasavikkanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu, athe nagaratthil nadatthiya oru padanatthil velippeduthi, aafrikkan american sthreekal velutha sthreekalude athe aashupathrikalil prasavichaal, 1000 karutha sthreekalkku avarude prasava ashupathriyil praveshippikkumbol gurutharamaaya rogaavastha ozhivakkaan kazhiyumennu, ithu karuthavarude kadinamaaya maathru rogaavastha nirakk 4.2 sathamaanathil ninnu 2.9 shathamaanamaayi kuraykkum"."
ellah vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta raajyangalilum garbhakalavumaayi bandhapetta marananirakk allengil maathrumarananirakku ettavum kooduthal amerikkayilaanennu theliyikkappettittund. cdc aadyamaayi 1986 ll garbhakala marananirakk nireekshana samvidaanam nadappaakki, athinusesham maathrumarananirakku 1987 ll 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil 7.2 maranangalil ninnu 2015 ll 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil 17.2 maranangalayi uyarnnu. maathrumarananirakku prashnam velutha hyspanic ithara sthreekalile nirakkumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol varnna sthreekale aanupaathikamaayi badhikkunnu. 2011num 2015num idayil 100000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil maathrumarananirakku kaanikkunna thaazhepparayunna sthithivivarakkanakkukal sii. dii. siyil ninnu veendedukkukayum cheythu karutha hyspanic ithara/alascan thaddesheeya hyspanic ithara-32.5, eshyan/pasaphik dweep hyspanic ithara-14.2, velutha hyspanic ithara-13.0, hyspanic-11.4.
amerikkayil maathrumarananirakku pariganikkumbol vamseeya asamathvangalundu, vella, eshyan, hyspanic sthreekalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol karutha sthreekal garbhakalavumaayi bandhapetta sankeernathakal moolam marikkanulla saadhyatha 3 muthal 4 madangu vare kooduthalaanu. eee sthreekalkkidayile maranakaaranam vyathyasthamaayirunnu, chilath adhika rakthaathimarddam, sirakalude thromboempolism enniva polulla paarambaryetharamaayirunnu.
varumanam.
99 sathamaanam sthreekalum aashupathrikalil prasavikkumbol sharashari 8,900 muthal 11,400 dollar vareyum siseriyan phees 14,900 muthal 20,100 dollar vareyum aayirikkum. pala sthreekalkkum eee uyarnna chelavukal thangaan kazhiyilla, swakaarya aarogya insurance thangaan kazhiyilla, koodaathe sarkkar dhanasahaayathodeyulla paricharanatthinaayi kaathirikkunnathu polum maarakamaanennu theliyikkum, kaaranam pariraksha vaikunnath saadhaaranayaayi sthreekalkku thudakkam muthal aavashyamaaya paricharanam labhikkaathathin kaaranamaakunnu.
mattu apakada gadakangal.
ponnatthadi, vittumaaraatha uyarnna rakthasammardham, vardhicha praayam, prameham, siseriyan delivari, pukavali ennivayaanu mattu chila apakada gadakangal. prasavathinu munbulla 10 sandarshanangalil thaazhe pankedukkunnathum maathrumarana saadhyatha vardhippikkunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
prasava samayat karutha sthreekalkku nalkunna shradhayude abhavavum preaclampsia, eclempsia ennivaykku kaaranamakunna prameham, rakthaathimarddam thudangiya aarogyaprasnangal thirichariyunnathil paraajayavumaan amerikkayile uyarnna maathrumarana nirakkin kaaranamakunna mattoru gadakamennu gaveshakar kandethi. karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalkkidayil maathrumarananirakku pakarchavyaadhiyude thothilaanengilum, california polulla niravadhi samsthaanangal eee ennam kuraykkaan shramikkunnu.
vittumaaraatha rakthaathimarddam munbu anubhavichittillaatha kesukalil polum, karutha sthreekalkku hemarej, cardiomayoppathy, garbhaavasthayile hypertensive rogangal ennivayil ninnu marikkanulla saadhyatha hyspanic sthreekale apekshichu kooduthalaanu (howell, 2018). oru deseeya patanam velutha, karutha sthreekalil garbhakaalathe marananirakk parishodhichu. anchu prathyeka garbhakala prashnangalkk, karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalil maranasadhyatha 2.4 muthal 3.3 madangu vare kooduthalaanennu patanam kandethi. preaclampsia, marupilla aakasmikatha, marupilla previya, prasavaananthara rakthasravavum avayil ulppedunnu (howell, 2018).
aarogyamulla aalukal 2010leeii lakshyam apakadasaadhyatha kuranja aadya thavana ammamaarkk sii-sekshan nirakk 15 shathamaanamaayi kuraykkuka ennathaayirunnu, ennaal aaa lakshyam niravettapettilla, sii-sekshan nirakk 1996 muthal vardhichukondirikkum 2009ll ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nilayilethukayum cheythu. amithavum vaidyashaasthraparamaayi aavashyamillaathathumaaya siseriyan maathrumaranathinu kaaranamakunna sankeernathakalilekku nayichekkaam.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanavum oru sambhavana nalkunna gadakamaanennu kandethiyittundu. amerikkayile graamapradesangalil maathrumarananirakku kooduthalaanennu kanakkukal vyakthamaakkunnu. 2015ll grameena mekhalayile maathrumarananirakku 100,000 jananangalil 29.4 aayirunnu, metropolittan pradeshangalil ithu 18.2 aayirunnu.
mesha. mothatthilum vamsham, praayam, vamseeyatha enniva anusarichu.
1 maathrumarananirakku 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil maranamaanu.
2-ll, vivarikkappedaatha onniladhikam vamshangalilppettavarum uthbhavasthaanathullavarumaya sthreekal ulppede, verittu kaanikkaatha vamshathinum hyspanic vamshathilppetta grouppukalkkumulla maranangal ulppedunnu.
3 rays grouppukal otta rays aanu.
kurippukal "rogangalude anthaaraashtra vargeekaranam, patthaam pathipp" ennathinte coode nambarukalaaya eiii34, oo00-oo95, oo98-oo99 ennivaykku nalkiyittullavayaan maathrkaaranangal. garbhiniyaayirikkumbozho garbhiniyayirikke 42 divasathinullil ammamar marikkunnu.
prathirodham.
asthiramaaya obstetrik practies, vittumaaraatha avasthakalulla sthreekalude vardhanavu, maathru aarogya daattayude abhavam ennivayellaam yunaittad stetsile maathrumaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. 2015leeii oru edittoriyal prakaram, garbhadhaaranathinum prasavathinumulla desheeyathalathil nadappaakkiya maargganirddeshangal, prasavapoorva sevanangalilekkum paricharanatthilekkum eluppathilum thulyamaayum praveshanam, mikacha maathru aarogya daatta nirmmikkunnathin 50 samsthaanangalil ninnum sajeeva pankaalittham ennivayellaam maathrmarddanam kuraykkunnathinu aavashyamaaya gadakangalaanu. jananathinulla oru ekeekritha maargganirddeshathinu mothatthil maathru paricharanam mechappeduthaan kazhiyumennu hospital korppareshan oof america kandethi. ithu aathyanthikamayi maathru parikkinte alavu, sii-sections, marananirakk enniva kuraykkum. raajyavyaapakamaayi oru staanderd protocol nadappaakkikkond preaclampsia maranangal ganyamaayi kuraykkunnathil yuke vijayichu. ennirunnaalum, amerikkayil nilavil atharam nirbandhitha maarganirddeshangalonnum nilavililla.
maathrumarananirakku munnott pogunnathu thadayunnathinu, aamnasti internaashanal eee nadapadikal nirddeshikkunnu
yuu prakaram.ezz. aarogya-maanava sevana vakupp, centers phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention, naashanal sentar phoor health statistiks, aashupathrikk purathulla jananagal (veettilundaakunna jananagal, dhatree sahaayathodeyulla janana kendrangal enniva polullava) "saadhaaranayaayi ashupatri jananangalekkaal kuranja apakadasaadhyatha profile nalkunnu."sthiramaayi hoome nazhs sandarshanangal shishukkalilum avarude ammamaarilum marananirakk kuraykkunnathaayi kandethiyittundu.
episiottamikal, siseriyans thudangiya nadapadikramangal chila sandarbhangalil sahaayakaramaanengilum, anaavashyamaayi nalkumbol maathrumarana saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. midwifery mukhyadharaa obstetrik cair poorakamaakaam, ithu saadhaaranayaayi kaanadayil sambhavikkunnu, avide sthreekalkku garbhadhaaranathinum janana oopshanukalkkum vishalamaaya krameekaranamundu, athil vivaramulla thiranjeduppum sammathavum avarude parishkaricha prasava paricharanatthinte adisthaana vaadakakkaaraanu. ikyaraashtrasabhayum lokabank nadatthiya aagola sarway prakaram kaanadayil maathrumarananirakku amerikkayekkaal eratti kuravaanu.
linga pakshapaatham, antharleenamaaya pakshapaatham, medical mekhalayile obstetrik akramam ennivayum amerikkayile maathrkshemam, paricharanam, maranam ennivayekkurichu charcha cheyyumbol pradhana gadakangalaanu.
centers phoor disease aandu prevention anusarichu, maathrmardhana avalokana kammittikalil ninnulla daatta upayogichaanu samsthaana prathirodha thanthrangal ettavum nannayi vikasippicheduthath.
samsthaanangalude thaarathamyangal.
yuu ennu vyakthamaan.ezz. padinjaaran ardhagolathile ettavum uyarnna maathrumarananirakkukalilonna ividam. yuu.ezz. lokathile ettavum sambannavum vikasithavumaya rajyangalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu aarogya samvidaanathile chila mekhalakalil ithu kuravaanennu thonnunnu. yuu. eiii. yill.ezz.maathru aarogya samrakshanathinulla ashupatri billukal motham 98 bilyan dollariladhikam, ammayude adhapathanathekkurichulla aashankakal oro samsthaanavum thakarunnathin kaaranamaayi. amerikkayil, kazhinja rund varshamaayi thekk, prathyekichu jorjiyayil, maathrumarananirakku vardhichukondirikkanu. aarogya professionalukalude abhavam aarogya parirakshayilekku parimithamaaya praveshanamaanu, prathyekichu thaamasakkaarkk prathirodhathekkurichu arivillaatha kammyoonittikalil. uchithamaaya reethiyil kaikaaryam cheythaal thadayaan kazhiyunna aarogyaprashnangalilona maathrumarananirakku. ithu kooduthal prathirodhatthinaayi abhisambodhana cheyyenda aarogyasamrakshanathile oru vidavaanu, prathyekichum 2020 oode maathru aarogya pravartthakarude aavasyam 6 sathamaanam vardhikkumennu pratheekshichirunnathinaal. avarude samoohathil paricharanavum daathaakkalum illaathathinaal jorjiaykku prathirodhamillenn vyakthamaan. daaridryathinte shradhaakendramaaya 730,000 hyspanic vamsajarum karutha varggakkaarum 200% nilavaaratthil thaazheyaanennu parayunnu. jorjiyayile janasamkhyayude naalilonn perr maathramaan daaridryathil jeevikkunnath, avar nyoonapakshangalaanu. jorjiyayile aarogya parirakshaa soukaryamulla pradeshangalilekku yaatra cheyyaan sthreekalkkum kuttikalkkum saambathika soukaryamillaathathinaal daaridryathil jeevikkunnath maathrumarana saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. 2018 leeii kanakkanusarichu, 79 kaundikalil maathrame obi-jiinn ulloo; kazhinja rund varshathinullil ithu kuranju, prathyekichu trump bharanathin keezhil. maathru aarogya pravartthakarude eee kuravu raajyathudaneelam vyaapakamaanu, 2016 leeii kanakkanusarichu 46 sathamaanam.ezz. yuu. esil ninnulla kanakkukal prakaram kaundikalil obi-jinnukalum 56 sathamaanam nazhsumaarum midwifukalumilla.ezz. aarogya, maanava sevana vakupp.
desheeyathalathil 40 sathamaanathiladhikam jananagal samsthaana sarkkarukal niyanthrikkunna medicadinte paridhiyil varunnathinaal sthalathinanusarichu vyathyaasappedaavunnathil, medicaid parirakshayile vyathyaasangal maathrumarananirakkile asamathvathinum kaaranamaakunnu. nilavil, federal daaridryanirakkil <aii. dii. 1>-ll thaazheyulla ellah garbhinikalum vaidyasahaaya parirakshaykk arharaanu; ennirunnaalum, uyarnna varumaanamulla garbhinikale ulppeduthaan samsthaanangalkku thiranjedukkaam, allengil avarude apeksha prosess cheyyumbol thanne aalukale thaalkkaalikamaayi parirakshitha aarogya pariraksha sweekarikkaan anuvadikkaam. chila samsthaana-samsthaana vyathyasangalil medisidinu yogyatha nedaanulla yogyatha, eathu sevanangalaan prasavapoorva, prasava paricharanatthinte kudakkeezhil varunnath, rogikalkku labhikkuna paricharanatthinu engane prathiphalam nalkunnu enniva ulppedunnu. ellah samsthaanangalum ore tharatthilulla prasavapoorva sevanangal nalkunnillengilum federal nirbandhithamaaya 60 divasathe kaalayalavinusesham prasavaananthara paricharanam nalkunnillengilum prasavapoorva paricharanam sweekarikkunnathiloode prasavapoorva paricharanam labhikkuna prakriyayil ninnu prasavapoorva paricharanam nalkunna maathaapithaakkale medic aid pariraksha badhikkunnu. 60 divasathinu sheshamulla paricharanam vikasippikkunnath garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta chila maranangal thadayaam, athil 42 divasathinum 1 varshathinum idayil sambhavikkunnu. 2022 septambar vare 27 samsthaanangal maathramaan eee kavarej kaalayalav vipuleekarichathu, mattu 9 samsthaanangal eathenkilum tharatthilulla vipuleekaranam nirddeshichu. ithe theeyathi vare 12 samsthaanangal vaidyasahaaya vipuleekaranangalonnum nadappakkiyittilla.
nagara aashupathrikale apekshichu grameena aashupathrikal delivari sevanangal nalkaanulla saadhyatha 6 sathamaanam kuravaayathinaal samsthaanathe ethra aashupathrikale graameenamaayi kanakkakkunnu ennathaanu mattoru vyathyasam. grameena aashupathrikalilum siseriyan vibhaagangalude nirakk kooduthalaanu, ithu prasavikkunna vyakthikk sankeernathakal undakanulla saadhyatha vardhippikkum, ennirunnaalum enthukondaanu nirakk kooduthalennu ippozhum vyakthamalla.
mesha.
cdc srothassil ninnu "garbhaavasthayil allengil garbham avasaanippichu 42 divasathinullil, garbhaavasthayude dairkhyavum sthalavum pariganikkathe, garbhaavasthayumaayo athinte niyanthranavumaayo bandhappettatho vashalaakkiyatho aaya eathenkilum kaaranathaal sthreekalude maranangal maathrmaranangalil ulppedunnu, pakshe aakasmikamo aakasmikamo aaya kaaranangalal allah."
usinte mothatthilulla nirakk 2021-lethaanu, ithu vyakthigatha samsthaanangalude cdc referencinekkaal ettavum puthiya cdc referencil ninnaan.
vishwaasyathayum rahasyathmakathayum kaaranam dattaa kolangalile nakshatrachihnam (*) daatta adichamarthappedunnu.
mattu rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
amerikkayile maathrumarananirakkine mattu raajyangalile marananirakkumayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathu maanadandavalkkaranathinte abhavam moolam sankeernamaanu. chila rajyangalil maathrmaranangal report cheiyunnathinu oru saadhaarana reethi illa, chila rajyangalil sthithivivarakkanakkukali garbhaavasthayude nerittulla falamaayi maathram maranangal kanakkakkunnu.
1950kalil yunaittad kingdatthileyum americayileyum maathrumarananirakku onnuthanneyaayirunnu. 2018 aayappozhekkum, oru staanderd protocol nadappakkiyathinaal yunaittad stetsile nirakk yunaittad stetsile nirakkinte moonnilonnaanu. 2010ll amnesty internaashanal amerikkayile maathrumaranathekkurichulla 154 pejulla report prasidheekarichu. 2011ll, marananirakk varshangalayi vashalayathinaal, american aarogya samrakshanathil munpanthiyilulla oru manushyavakaasha prashnamaayi ikyaraashtrasabha maathrumarddathe visheshippichu. 2015leeii oru report anusarichu, 1990num 2013num idayil amerikkayil mmr "100,000 jananangalil 12 muthal 28 vare maathrmaranangalil ninnu erattiyiladhikamaayi."2015 aayappozhekkum americaykku islaamik republic oof iraan, libia, turkey ennivayekkaal uyarnna mmr undaayirunnu. 2017 enn. pii. aarr, propublica seereesukalil "nashtappetta ammamara yuu. esile maathrumarananirakku.ezz."aarumasam neenduninna sahakaranaparamaya anweshanathinte adisthaanathil, mattethoru vikasita raajyathekkaalum ettavum uyarnna maathrumarananirakku amerikkayilaanennum marananirakk vardhichukondirikkunna oreyoru rajyamaanithennum avar report cheythu. amerikkayile maathrumarananirakku ayalrajyamaaya kaanadayekkaal moonnirattiyum scandinaviayekkaal aarr madangum kooduthalaanu. 2020 leeii kanakkanusarichu, yunaittad stetsile maathrumarananirakku kaanadayekkaal erattiyum nyoosilandinekkaal 10 madangum kooduthalaanu.
prathyekichum amerikkayil, maathrumarananirakku ippozhum aarogya parirakshayil oru saadhaarana prasnamaanu. 2003 muthal 2013 vareyulla kaalayalavil lokamembaadumulla 8 rajyangalil maathramaan maathrumarananirakkil vardhanayundaayathu. kazhinja moonnu pathittaandukalaayi garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta marananirakkil vardhanavu kanda americaye eee groupil ulppeduthi. lokamembaadumulla veekshanakonil ninnu varshangal nokkumbol, eee kaalayalavil maathrumarananirakkil vardhanavu kanda eaka raajyam amerikkayayirunnu.
vikasita rajyangalil ettavum kooduthal maathrmaranangal nadakkunna samsthaanamaanu america. vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta lokathile ettavum uyarnna maathrumarananirakku amerikkayilaan."yunaittad stetsil, maathrumarananirakku, athaayath, aii. dii. 1. varshangalil 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil sharashari 9.1 maathrmaranangal, ennaal pinneedu 2000-ll 100,000-ll 14-umm 2009-ll 100,000-ll 17.8-umm aayi athivegam uyarnnu. 2013-ll 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil 18.5 maranangalaayirunnu nirakk. amerikkayil maathrumaranathinte vardhanavu mechappetta thirichariyalum thettaaya vargeekaranavum moolamaayirikkaam thettaaya positteevukalkku kaaranamaayathenn abhipraayappedunnu. 2014ll eee nirakk kramanugathamaayi 100,000 jananangalil 18 maranangalayi uyarnnu. 2011num 2014num idayil, garbham kazhinju oru varshathinullil sthreekalkku 7,208 maranangal sii. dii. sii. yill report cheyyappettu. ithil 2,726 perr garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta maranangalaanennu kandethi.
2016 muthal, propublica enn. pii. aarum amerikkayil maathrumarananirakku vardhikkunnathilekku nayicha gadakangal parishodhichu. yuu. esile puthiya ammamaarkk jeevan apakadappeduthunna sankeernathakalude nirakk" ennu avar report cheythu.ezz. neratthe nilavilundaayirunna avasthakal, vaidyashaasthra pishakukal, paricharanatthinulla asamamaya labhyatha enniva kaaranam rund pathittaandinide ithu erattiyiladhikamaayi."centers phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention anusarichu, sii. amerikkayil prathivarsham prasavikkunna 4 dasalaksham sthreekal, athaayath prathivarsham 50,000-thiladhikam, apakadakaravum jeevanu bheeshaniyumaanu."
yunaittad stetts sentezhs phoor disease kantrol aandu preventionte oru report anusarichu, 1993-ll gurutharamaaya maathrrogaavasthayude nirakk 2014-ll 10,000 prasava ashupathriyil praveshippikkunnavaril 49.5-ll ninnu 144 aayi uyarnnu, ithu ekadesham 200 sathamaanam vardhanavaanu. ithe kaalayalavil rakthappakarchayum vardhichu, 1993 ll 24.5 ll ninnu 2014 ll 122.3 aayi, ithu smm vardhanavinte pradhana chaalakashakthiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. rakthappakarcha ozhivakkiya sesham, ezz. emm. emm.-nte nirakk kaalakramena ekadesham 20 sathamaanam vardhichu, 1993-ll 28.6 sathamaanathil ninnu 2014-ll 35.0 shathamaanamaayi."
kazhinja 60 varshamaayi garbhakalavumaayi bandhapetta maranangalil ganyamaaya vamseeya asamathvangal sthiramaayi kaanikkunnu. 2011num 2014num idayil, garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta maranangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyathyastha vamseeya janasamkhyayude marana anupatham iprakaaramaayirunnu vellakkaraaya sthreekalkku 100,000 jananangalil 12.4 maranangalum karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekalkku 40 maranangalum mattu vamshangalile sthreekalkku 17.8 maranangalum. karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekalkku garbhavumayi bandhapetta prasnangal moolam marikkanulla saadhyatha moonno naalo madangu kooduthalaanennu ithu kaanikkunnu. american aikyanaadukalile maathru aarogya asamathvangalkku pradhana sambhavana nalkunna onnaanu saamkramikethara rogangalude vardhichuvarunna nirakk ennum theliyikkappettittund. koodaathe, varnnavargakkaraaya sthreekalkku aarogyaparipalana vidagtharkku thulyamaaya praveshanavum aaa professionalukalkku thulyamaaya chikitsa labhichitilla.
"karutha vargakkaraaya sthreekalude mosham prathyulpaadana phalangal palappozhum sthreekalude vyakthiparamaaya parajayamaayi kaanapedunnu. udaaharanathinu, karutha sthreekalude prathikoola janana phalangal saadhaaranayaayi sthreekal cheiyunnathenthaanennathu charcha cheiyunnu, udaaharanathinu madyam kazhikkuka, pukavalikkuka, amithavannathilekkum uyarnna rakthasammardhathilekkum nayikkunna opttimal bhakshanasheelangalekkaal kuravu kazhikkuka. vaasthavathil avarkk oru pankaaliyundengilum avivaahitharaanennathinaal avar 'avivaahitharaanu' enna anumaanathinte adisthaanathil avar apakadatthilaanennu kaanapedaam.". amerikkayile karuthavarggakkaaraaya sthreekal amerikkayil vellakkaraaya sthreekale apekshichu uyarnna nirakkil marikkunnu. vikasita raajyamaanengilum ettavum mosham maathrumarananirakkulla samsthaanangalilonnaanu america.
amerikkayil garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta maranangal vardhichathenthukondaanda vyakthamalla. samsthaanangal computerised dattaa servarukalude upayogavum maranangal coode cheiyunna reethiyile maattangalum, pala samsthaanangalilum marana certificattukalil oru garbhakala checkbox chertthathum, eee garbhakalavumaayi bandhapetta maranangalude thirichariyal mechappeduthumennu kaanikkunnu. 2016 nuu munbu, amerikkayil maathrmaranangal report cheyyaan oru staanderd maarggam undaayirunnilla. oro samsthaanavum vyathyastha reethi upayogichirunnathinaal raajyathudaneelam mmril vyathiyanamundaayi. kooduthal kooduthal samsthaanangal checkbox nadappaakkiyathode, maathrumaranangalude ennathil valia vardhanayundaayi. ennirunnaalum, ithu yadhaartha maranasamkhya kuraykkunnathinu kaaranamakunnilla. koodaathe, garbhadhaarana nila report cheiyunnathil pishakukal kaanappettittund, ithu garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta maranangalude ennam amithamaayi kanakkaakkunnathilekk nayikkunnu. veendum, marananirakk vardhichathinte kaaranam vishadeekarikkunnathinu ithu sahayikkunnilla, pakshe reporting maathrumarananirakkinte mothatthilulla yadhaartha sambhaavanakalum thammilulla sankeernathakal kaanikkunnu.
amerikkayil 99 sathamaanam jananangalilum eathenkilum tharatthilulla vidagdha aarogya professionalukal pankedukkunnundenkum, 2015-leeii maathrumarana anupatham 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil 14 maranangalaayirunnu, maathrumarananirakku vardhichukondirikkanu theliyikkappettittund. mattu mikka vikasita rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta maranangal thadayunnathil america athra kaaryakshamamalla.
ikyaraashtrasabhayil ninnu nischayicha sahasraabda vikasana lakshyangalil (emm. dii. jii. ezz) america pankedutthu. 2015ll emm. dii. jii. kall avasaanichenkilum 2016ll aarambhicha susthira vikasana lakshyangalude roopathil avaa pinthudarnnu. emm. dii. jii. kalkk niravadhi jolikal undaayirunnu, avayilonnu aagolathalathil maathrumarananirakku mechappeduthuka ennathaayirunnu. eee paripaadiyil avar pankedukkukayum mattethoru raajyathekkaalum kooduthal ashupatri adisthaanamaakkiyulla maathrparipaalanathinaayi chelavazhikkukayum cheythittum, yunaittad stetsil ippozhum maathrmarddanirakku vardhichuvarikayaanu. eee vardhicha maathrumarchaa nirakk, athe kaalayalavil aagola maathrumarchaa nirakk 44 sathamaanam kuranja mattu rajyangalumaayi bandhappett prathyekichum prakadamaayirunnu. koodaathe, 2020 oode maathrumarananirakku 10 sathamaanam kuraykkukayenna aarogyamulla 2020leeii lakshyam kaivarikkanulla pathayil america ippol illa, koodaathe maathrumarananirakku kuraykkunnathil deseeya lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathil paraajayappedunnu. 2010leeii kanakkanusarichu 23 samsthaanangalkku maathramaan maathrumarddashathamaanathekkurathu prathyeka avalokana boardukal sthaapikkunna eathenkilum tharatthilulla nayangal ullathu.
amerikkayile maathrumarananirakkinodu prathikarikkanulla shramathil, 52 reporting pradeshangal (ellah samsthaanangalum newyork nagravum washington dii. sii. yum) maricha ellah sthreekalkkum marana certificattukal ayaykkanamennum garbhaavasthayumaayi bandhapetta maranathekkurichulla avarude nirvachanathinu anuyojyamaayirikkamennum shishuvinte janana allengil marana rekhakalude pakarppukal ayaykkanamennum sii. dii. sii abhyarthikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee abhyarthana swamedhayaa ullathaanu, chila samsthaanangalkku eee sramam anusarikkaan kazhinjekkilla.
thaangavunna vilayilulla paricharana niyamam (aca) insurance illaathavarkku aarogya insurance nedunnathinulla avasarangal vipuleekarikkunnathiloode chila aarogya aanukoolyangalkku pariraksha undennu nirbandhikkunnathiloodeya prasava paricharanatthilekku adhika praveshanam nalki. swakaarya insurance ulla sthreekalkkulla parirakshayum ithu vipuleekarichu. vittumaaraatha rogangalude parisodhanaykkum paripaalanatthinum ulppedeyulla praadhamika, prathirodha aarogya parirakshaa sevanangalilekku mikacha praveshanam eee vipuleekaranam avare anuvadichu. mikka insurance plaanukalum chelavu pankidaathe garbhanirodhana pariraksha nalkendathinte aavasyakatha kudumbaasoothrana sevanagalkk oru adhika nettamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, nilavile bharanathinu keezhil mathaparamo dhaarmikamo aaya kaaranangalal kooduthal thozhiludamakku elavukal claim cheyyaan kazhiyum. nilavile bharanathin keezhil, aarogya-maanava sevana vakupp (echhs) kaumaarakkaraaya penkuttikalkkulla garbhanirodhana paripaadikalkkulla dhanasahayam kurachittundu.
prasavapoorva paricharanam, prasava samayat labhikkuna paricharanam, prasavaananthara paricharanam enniva labhikkumbol vaidyasahaaya pariraksha labhikkuna sthreekalkku pariraksha labikkum. amerikkayil prasavikkunna sthreekalil pakuthiyolam perkkum eee sevanangal nalkunnu. nilavil, yunaittad stetsile federal daaridryarekhayude aii. dii. 1-ll thaazheyulla varumaanamulla sthreekalkku medicaid pariraksha nalkendathundu.
jeevichirikkunna 100,000 jananangalil maranangal
mattu vikasita raajyangale apekshichu amerikkayil mmr valare kooduthalaanennathinu niravadhi kaaranangalunda pala aashupathrikalum maathru adiyantharaavasthakalkku thayyarakunnilla, maathru-garbha graantukalude 44 sathamaanavum ammayude aarogyathilekku pookunnilla, garbhakala sankeernathakalude nirakk nirantharam vardhichukondirikkanu.
us sentezhs phoor disease kantrol aandu preventionil (cdc) ninnulla oru sameepakaala report kaanikkunnath, maathrumarananirakku-garbhaavasthayilo prasavam kazhinju 42 divasathinullil sambhavikkunna maranangal-2021 ll 40 sathamaanam vardhichuvennu. eee kanakk sthireekarikkunnu garbhaavasthayilo prasavatthilo jeevikkaan ettavum apakadakaramaaya sambanna rajyamaanu us. maathrumarananirakku 100,000 jeevichirikkunna jananangalil 32.9 maranangal-allengil 3,000 jananangalil oru maranam-aanennu kanakkukal parayunnu. 2017ll uyarnna varumaanamulla rajyangalil 11 shathamaanamaayi lokaarogya samghadana eee nirakk prakhyaapichittundu.

