
tordezilas udambadi

1494 juun 7 nuu speyinile tordesillasil oppuvacha tordesillas udambadi, porchugalile settoobalil amgeekarikkukayum, europinu purathulla puthuthayi kandethiya bhoomiye porchugees saamrajyathinum spanish saamrajyathinum (kaasttailinte kireedam) idayil, aafrikkayude padinjaaran theerathu keppu verde dveepukalkku padinjaaru 370 leagukal enna meridianil vibhajichu. aaa athirthi nirnaya rekha cape verde dveepukalkkum (ithinakam porchugees) christopher columbus thante aadya yaathrayil (kaasttilinum leone avakashappetta) sandarshicha dveepukalkkum edayilulla paathivazhiyilaayirunnu, udambadiyile sipanku, antilia (cuba, hispaniola) ennu perittirunnu.
kizhakkulla bhoomi porchugalinum padinjaaru bhoomi kaastilekkum ullathayirikkum, ithu alexander araman marpappa nirddeshicha muun vibhajanam parishkkarichu. spain porchugal chernnaanu karaaril oppuvachathu. eathaanum pathittaandukalkk sesham oppuvacha saragosa udambadiyiloode lokathinte maruvasham vibhajikkapettu, ithu tordezilas udambadiyil vyakthamakkiya athirthi nirnnayathil vyakthamaakkunnu.
puthiya lokathinte bhoomishaasthrathekkurichu vivarangalude ganyamaaya abhavam undaayirunnittum porchugal spain udambadiye valia thothil bahumaanichu. ennirunnaalum, mattu europian sakthikal udambadiyil oppidaathirikkukayum athu pothuve avaganikkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu parishkaranatthinu sesham protestantaayava. athupole, amerikkayile thaddesheeyarum udambadi amgeekarichilla, koodaathe kandethal sidhaanthathinte niyamaparamaaya adithara enna nilayil, aadhunika kaalam vare bhoomiyude udamasthaavakaashavumaayi bandhappett thudarunna pirimurukkatthinte uravidamaanithu.
loka paripaadiyude smaranaykkaayi 2007ll unesco eee udambadi ulppeduthi. rund udambadikalinteyum yadhaartha rekhakal speyinile indeesinte general aarkkaivilum porchugalile torre doow tombo naashanal aarkkaivilum sookshichirikkunnu.
oppidukayum nadappaakkukayum cheyyuka.
kaastail kireedatthinu keezhil kappal yaatra cheytha christopher columbus samghavum thirichethiyathinethudar uyarnnuvanna tharkkam pariharikkan uddeshichullathaayirunnu tordezilas udambadi. speyinilekkulla madakkayaathrayil addeham aadyam lisbonil nirtthi, avide kaanari dveepukalude thekkupadinjaraayi kooduthal dveepukal undennu theliyikkaan joonn randaaman rajaavumaayi mattoru koodikkaazhcha abhyarthichu.
kaastiliyan sponsor cheytha yaathrayekkurich arinjathinushesham, porchugees rajaavu catholica rajaakkanmaarkkum ferdinand rajaavinum isabella raajnjikkum oru bheeshani kathu ayachu, 1479-ll oppuvacha alcacovas udambadiyiloodeyum 1481-ll kaanari dveepukalkku thekkulla ellah bhoomiyum porchugalinu nalkia maarppaappayude kaalayaya "etterni rejis" vazhiyum columbus kandethiya ellah bhoomiyum vaasthavathil porchugalilethaanennu prasthaavichu. porchugees rajaavu taamasiyaathe purappett puthiya bhoomi kaivashappeduthunnathinu oru kappalppadaykku (francisco dii almedayude neethrthwathilulla oru naavikasena) krameekaranangal nadathukayaanennum paranju. columbus kandethiya dveepukal speyininte udamasthathayilaanennu spanish bharanadhikaarikal marupadi nalkukayum portugalil ninnulla aareyum avide pookaan anuvadikkaruthennu jovo rajaavinu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. oduvil, atlaantikkile oro raajyathinteyum avakashangal pariharikkukayenna lakshyathode nayatantra charchakal aarambikkaan ambaasadarmaare ayaykkaan bharanadhikaarikal porchugaline kshanichu.
1493 meyy 4 nuu valencyayil ninnulla aragonian marpappa alexander vii (rodrigo borjia), boole "inter seettera" yill, oro pooll-tuu-pooll line padinjaaru ulla ellah laandukalum 100 leagukal assorus allengil cape verde dveepukalude eathenkilum dveepukalkku padinjaaru kaasttilin keezhilaayirikkanamenn vidhichu, ennirunnaalum 1492 christumous vare kristhyan bharanathinu keezhilulla pradesham sparshikkappedaathe thudarum. kaala porchugalineyo athinte bhoomiyeyo kurichu paraamarshichirunnilla, athinaal porchugalinu puthuthayi kandethiya bhoomi rekhayude kizhakk bhaagathaayirunnaalum avakashappedaan kazhinjilla. 1493-leeii mattoru kaalayaya "dudum sikvidam", "apostolica graantinteyum indeesinteyum sambhavanayudeyum vipuleekaranam" enna thalakkettil, ellah pradhana bhoopradeshangalum dveepukalum, "oru kaalath allengil ippozhum indiayude bhaagamaanenkilum", line kizhakk aanenkilum, speyinin nalki.
porchugees rajaavaaya joonn randaaman aaa krameekaranatthil samthrupthanaayirunnilla, athu thanikk valare kurachu bhoomi nalkiyennu thonni-athu thante sameepakaala lakshyamaya india kaivashappeduthunnathil ninnu addehathe thadanju. 1493 aayappozhekkum porchugees paryavekshakar aafrikkayude thekke attathu ethi, nalla pratheekshayude keppu. columbus abhimukeekarikkunna dveepukalecholli porchugeesukaar yudhathinu pookaan saadhyathayillaayirunnuve indiayekkurichu vyakthamaayi paraamarshikkunnath oru pradhana prashnamaayirunnu. marpappa mattangal varuthaathathinaal, porchugees rajaavu catholica raajaakkanmaarumaayi nerittu charchakal aarambikkukayum rekha padinjarottu neekkukayum variyude kizhakk puthuthayi kandethiya bhoomi avakashappedaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. vilapeshalil, joonn "inter seettera" neey ferdinandumaayum isabella charchayude prarambha pooyintaayi sweekarichu, ennaal athirthi 270 leagukal padinjarottu neekki, porchugees paatha aafrikkayude theerathekku samrakshikkukayum porchugees avakashangal nalkukayum cheythu. oru pandithan phalangal vilayiruthiyathupole, "oru athirthi krithyamaayi nischayikkaan kazhiyillennu irupakshathinum ariyamaayirunnu, parasparam vanchikkappettuvenn oororutharum karuthukayum porchugeesukaarkku indiayilekkulla yadhaartha paatha mathramalla, thekkan atlaantik samudrathinte bhooribhaagavum sthireekarikkukayum cheythu.
alexander araman maarppaappayumaayi koodiyaalochikkaathe udambadi charcha cheyyukayum addehathinte kaalakale phalapradamaayi prathirodhikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pinneedu addehathinte pingamiyaaya juuliyas randaaman marpappa "eee kwa proo boonoo passis" enna kaalayiloode ithu anuvadichu, athinaal chila srothassukal thathfalamaayundaakunna variye "maarppaappayude athirthi rekha" ennu vilikkunnu.
udambadiyiloode maathram vibhajichathinaal puthuthayi vibhajicha pradeshatthinte valare kurachu maathrame yadhaarthathil europianmaar kandittulloo. 1494ll theliyikkapetta sambathu kuravaayirunna amerikkayude bhooribhaagavum ulppedeyulla bhoomi kaastail nedi. 1500ll indiayilekkulla yaathraamadhye pedro alverase cabrell portugalil athiyappol nilavile braseelinte kizhakke bhagam porchugalinu nalkappettu. braseelinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna thekke american baljinekkurichu porchugeesukaarkku eee samayathinu munbu ariyaamaayirunnathinaal brazeelile addehathinte landing oru apakadamaayirunnillennu chila charitrakaaranmaar vaadikkunnu. pratheekshicha cape saavo rokkinekkaal 12 digri thekk cabrell brazilian theerathu erangiyathaayi oru pandithan choondikkaanikkunnu, athaayath "vichitramaaya kaalaavasthayo naavigeshanal pishako moolam atharamoru karayil pathikkanulla saadhyatha valare akaleyaayirunnu; koodaathe nilanilpp samshayikkappedaathe ithinakam ariyappettirunna oru theeram anweshikkaan cabralinu nirddesham nalkiyittundakaan saadhyathayund".
eee rekha karsanamaayi nadappakkappettilla-meridianu kuruke braseelinte porchugees vipuleekaranathe spanish athirthilla. ennirunnaalum, meridian rekha lokamembaadum vyaapichittundennum, lokathe muzhuvan atlaantik ennathinekkaal pakuthiyaayi vibhajikkunnuvennum avakaashappett eshyayile porchugees munnettam thadayaan spain shramichu. atlaantikkilekkul athirthi rekha parimithappedutthunna mattoru maarppaappayude prakhyapanam thedi porchugal pinnott neengi. porchugalinodum athinte kandethalukalodum souhaarddaparamaaya lioo pathaaman marpappa 1514-ll "presselse bhakti" enna kaalayil ithu nalki.
1580num 1640num idayil spain porchugal orotta raajaavinte keezhil onnichappol polum, 1750leeii madrid udambadi udambadi marikadakkunnathuvare udambadi anuvadicha vibhajicha swathukkal thudarnnu.
valarnnuvarunna protestant samudrashakthikalum, prathyekichu englandum netherland, catholica france polulla mattu moonnaam kakshikalum maarppaappayude madhyasthathayil rund catholica rajyangal thammilulla loka vibhajanathe amgeekarichilla.
tordesillas meridian.
cape verde dveepukalil ninnulla leegukalile athirthi nirnnayathinte rekha maathramaan tordesillas udambadi vyakthamaakkiyath. leaginte neelam, bhoomadhyarekhayude alavil athinu thulyamaaya alavu, allengil eathu keppu verde dveepukalaanu uddeshichathennu athu vyakthamakkiyittilla. pakaram, eee karyangal oru samyuktha yaathrayiloode pariharikkanamenn udambadi vyavastha cheythu. eee yaatra orikkalum sambhavichilla, pakaram adutha niravadhi pathittaandukalil nirbandhithamallaatha vidagdha abhipraayangalude oru parambara maathrame undaayirunnulloo. bhoomiyude krithyamaaya bhoomadhyarekhayude chuttalav sambandhichu anishchithathvam nilanilkkunnathiloode avayude kanakkukoottalukal kooduthal sankeernamaayi. athinaal, nirddishta oro variyum bhoomiyude valippam pariganikkathe baadhakamaaya anupatham upayogichu oru digriyude adisthaanathil nirvachichirikkunna bhoomishaasthraparamaaya leagukal upayogicho allengil bhoomiyude yadhaartha bhoomadhyarekhayude chuttalavil prayogikkunna prathyeka alavu leag upayogicho, athinte yadhaartha alavukalekkurichulla apoornna porchugees, spanish arivinu aavashyamaaya alavansukal upayogichu vividhamaayi kanakkakkaam.
antimeridian molookkakalum saragosa udambadiyum.
thudakkathil, athirthi rekha bhoomiye valayam cheythirunnilla. pakaram, spain porchugal lokathinte maruvashathu parasparam kadannupoyengilum, avar aadyam kandethiya eathu puthiya raajyavum, padinjaaru spain kizhakk porchugal keezhadakkaan avarkk kazhinju. ennaal 1512-ll porchugal valare moolyavathaaya molookkakale kandethiyathode 1518-ll tordezilas udambadi bhoomiye rund thulya ardhagolangalayi vibhajichathayi spain vadikkaan kaaranamaayi. 1521ll magallante kappalukalude kappalukal molucas sandarshichathinushesham, aaa dveepukal padinjaaran ardhagolathinullilaanne spain avakashappettu. pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil, spain porchugal thammilulla udambadi 1524 februvari 19 nuu vittoriyayil avasaanikkukayum 1524 ll badajos bharanakoodatthe yogam cheranamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu, athil iru raajyangalum aanti-meridian sambandhicha oru karaarilethaan shramichenkilum parajayappettu. porchugal speyinin 350,000 ducat swarnam nalki spain molookkakalkkulla avakaashavaadam upekshikkumennu avar oduvil saragosa udambadiyil sammathichu. porchugalinte molucas kaiyerunnathil ninnu spain thadayunnathinaayi, aanti-meridian leegukalo allengil molucasinte kizhakk 17° aayirikkanam, ithu laas velas, saanto thom dveepukaliloode kadannupokunnu. loss ladronil ninnu philippain dveepaaya samarilekkulla padinjaaran dooram enna nilayil magallan nirnnayicha 300 leegukalekkaal eee dooram alpam cheruthaanu, ithu molucasinte vadakku padinjaaru bhagathaanu.
nyoo giniyaykk padinjaaru sthithicheyyunna oru koottam dveepukalaanu molukkakal. ennirunnaalum, maaluku dveepukalile valia aadhunika indoneshyan dveepasamoohathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, pathinaram noottaandile europianmaarkku, bhoomiyile graamboo valarnna eaka sthalamaaya dveepukalude oru cheria shringalayaayirunnu molukkakal, valia vadakkan malukkaan dveepaaya halmaheraykk (akkaalat gilolo ennu vilikkapettu) padinjaaru. aushadha upayogangalkk europpukaar graamboovinu vila nalkiyirunnathinaal avayude bharam svarnnathil vilamathikkappettirunnu. 16-umm 17-umm noottaandukalile bhoopadangalum vivaranangalum soochippikkunnathu pradhana dveepukal ternet, tidor, motty, makkian, backen ennivayaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum avasaanatheth ettavum valia dveepaayirunnenkilum palappozhum avaganikkappettirunnu. pradhana dweep shringalayude vadakke attathu (0°47n, vyaasam maathram) ternet aayirunnu, athinte thekkupadinjaaran theerathu porchugeesukaar 1522-23 samayat oru kallukallu (forte dii saavo joou baptista dii ternet) nirmmichu, athu sharagosa udambadi anusarichu attakuttappanikal maathrame cheyyaan kazhiyoo, parishkkarikkanaavilla. eee vadakku-thekk shringhala bhoomadhyarekhayaal 127°24e ll vibhajikkapetta rund digri akshaamsham ulkkollunnu, madhyarekhaykku vadakku ternet, tydor, motty, mckian, athinu thekk backen enniva ulppedunnu.
udambadiyude saanto thom dweep thiricharinjittillengum, athinte "aislas dii laas velas" (kappalukalude dveepukal) 1585 leeii spanish charithratthilum, 1594 leeii petrus plaansiyasinte loka bhoopadatthilum, 1598 leeii linshottante lunden pathippile molookkakalude anjjaatha bhoopadatthilum, 1607 leeii petro keriyoyude loka bhoopadatthilum, vadakkupadinjaaran pasafikkile dveepukalude vadakku-thekk shringalayaayi thirichariyappedunnu, avaye "aislas dii loss ladrons" (moshtaakkalude dveepukal) ennum vilichirunnu. 1667ll spain avarude peru "aislas dii laas marianas" (mariana dveepukal) ennu maatti, athil avayude thekke attathu guwam ulppedunnu. guwaminte 144°45e rekhamsham molookkakalude 127°24e rekhaamshathin kizhakkayi 17°21 aanu, ithu 16-aamm noottaandile udambadiyude 17° kizhakk maanadandangalkku valare aduthaanu. eee rekhamsham pradhana vadakkan japanese dveepaaya hokkaidoyude kizhakkan attathiloodeyum frederic durrand athirthi rekha sthaapicha puthiya giniyayude kizhakkan attathiloodeyum kadannupokunnu. morierty keystmaanum puthiya giniyayude padinjaaran attathu ninnu (allengil 130°iii-yude 17° kizhakk) 16.4° kizhakk alannu athirthi rekha 147°iii yill sthaapichu. athirthi rekha molookkakalkku 17° kizhakode kadannupokunnuvennu udambadiyude vyakthamaaya prasthavana undaayirunnittum, chila srothassukal eee rekha molookkakalkku kizhakkayi sthaapikkunnu.
tordezilas udambadi nalkia athirthi rekhayil saragosa udambadi maattam varuthukayo vyakthamaakkukayo cheythilla, thulya ardhagolangal (180° oronnum) enna speyininte avakaashavaadathe athu saadhookarikkukayo cheythilla, athinaal rund rekhakalum bhoomiye asamamaya ardhagolangalayi vibhajichu. porchugalinte bhagam ekadesham 191° aayirunnappol speyininte bhagam ekadesham 169° aayirunnu. tordesillas laininte sthaanathekkurichulla abhipraayangalil vyapakamaaya vyathiyaanam ullathinaal rund bhagangalkkum ±4° enna valia anishchithathvamundu.
ithuvare kandethiya eshyayum ayal dveepukalum ulppede, saragosa rekhaykku padinjaaru ellah karakaludeyum kadalukaludeyum niyanthranam porchugal nedi, ithu speyininte pasaphik samudrathinte bhooribhaagavum upekshichu. udambadiyile philippainsinte peru illengilum, avar rekhaykku padinjaaru bhagathaayathinaal spain avarude melulla avakaashavaadam parokshamaayi upekshichu. ennirunnaalum, 1542 aayappozhekkum, chaals vii philippainsine kolanivalkkarikkaan theerumaanichu, dveepasamoohathil sugandhavyanjanagal illaathathinaal porchugal prathishedhikkillennu vidhichu. puthiya speyinil ninnu ayacha niravadhi paryaveshanangal philippeensil athiyengilum, pasafikkinu kuruke madakka paatha anjjaathamaayathinaal avarkk oru settilment sthaapikkaan kazhinjilla. 1565ll philipp randaaman rajaavu mygual lopus dii legaspie andrez dii urdanettayeyum ayachukondu sebuvil prarambha spanish vyapara kendram sthaapikkukayum pinneedu 1571ll manila sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
brazilinum molookkakalkkum purame, porchugal oduvil aafrikkayile angola, mosambik, porchugees ginia, saavo tome, princip (mattu pradeshangalkkum thaavalangalkkum idayil) enniva niyanthrichu; pershyan gulfile maskatt, oormas, bahrain, indiayile gova, bombe, daman, diyu (mattu theeradesha nagarangalkkidayil) thudangiya niravadhi thaavalangalo pradeshangalo; innathe indoneshyayile mccasser, solar, ambon, porchugees timer ennee thaavalangalaaya seyloon, malakka, mccavuvinte "entrepot"-aditharayum vidoora kizhakk dejimayude (nagasaki) entrepot-clave.
maruvashathu, innathe yunaittad stetts muthal innathe arjanteena vareyulla pradeshangalilum, phillippines vare vyaapichukidakkunna oru saamraajyathilum, ternet, formosa (pathinezhaam noottaand) ennividangalile thaavalangalilum, amerikkayile vishalamaaya padinjaaran pradeshangal spain niyanthrikkum.
mattu europian shakthikalil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
laattin americaye vibhajikkunnathilum padinjaaran pasafikkil spain sthaapikkunnathilum eee udambadi pradhanamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, vadakke amerikkayilum pinneedu eshyayilum aafrikkayilum ithu kaalaharanapettu, avide ithu kolanivalkkaranatthe baadhichu. mattu europian rajyangal ithu avaganichu, spanish, porchugees shakthiyude thakarchayode, swantham raajyangalkk avarude avakaashavaadangalil palathum nilanirthaan kazhinjilla, avaye moshamaayi paryavekshanam cheytha pradeshangalilekku vyapippichu. athinaal, mathiyaya pinthunayode, eathoru europian samsthaanathinum thuranna pradeshangalo lisboninteyo madridinteyo durbalamaaya kaivashamulla pradeshangalo kolanivalkkarikkaan kazhinju. malakka dachukaarude keezhilaayathode, vookku (dutch eest india kambani) indoneshyayile porchugees swathukkalude niyanthranam ettedukkukayum padinjaaran nyoo ginia padinjaaran austreliyayum puthiya hollandaayi avakaashappedukayum cheythu. 1770ll jaims cook brittane avakaashappedunnathuvare kizhakkan austreliya lokathinte spanish pakuthiyil thudarnnu. athu gill 'adhu sukerman parayunnathanusarichu, "oru vashath padinjaaran austreliyayum maruvashathu thekkan austreliyayum vadakkan pradeshavum thammilulla nilavile athirthi (yadhaarthathil nyoo southu veyilsinte padinjaaran athirthi, 1788) ippozhum tordezilas rekhaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu".
mattu sarkkaarukalkk udambadiyodulla manobhaavam prakadippichathu fraansile francis onnaamanaan, addeham prakhyaapichu, "mattullavarkk suuryan prakaashikkunnathupole enikkum suuryan prakashikkunnu. lokathil ente vihitam enikku nishedhikkappedenda aadaminte ishtathinte vyavastha kaanaan njaan valare aagrahikkunnu."
madrid udambadi.
1750 januvari 13 nuu porchugalile joonn anchaman speyinile ferdinand araman madrid udambadiyil oppuvachu, athil iru kakshikalum brazil spanish america thammilulla athirthikal sthaapikkaan shramichu, 1494 ll vibhavanam cheythathupole tordezilas udambadi asaadhuvaanennum athu asaadhuvaanennum sammathichu. philippeensil spanish paramadhikaaram amgeekarikkappettappol porchugalinu aamason nadeethadatthinte pradesham labikkum. ezhu douthyangalude pradesham nedumbol porchugal aadhunika urugvaayile plaita nadiyude vadakkan theerathulla sacramento koolani upekshikkum.
gwarani yudhathethudarnnu, ell pardo udambadiyil (1761) spain porchugal eee udambadi raddaki. 1777-ll saan ildephonsoyude aadya udambadiyil athirthi oduvil sthireekarikkappettu, spain uruguay nadiyude kizhakk pradeshangal ettedukkukayum porchugal aamason thadatthile pradeshangal ettedukkukayum cheythu.
aadhunika avakaashavaadangal.
irupathaam noottaandil chili dakshinadhruvathilekkalu oru meridianil vyaapichukidakkunna oru antartic mekhalayude thathwathe samrakshikkunnathinaayi tordezilas udambadi abhyarthichu, athupole thanne udambadi spanish (allengil porchugees) kandedukkappedaatha bhoomiye dhruvathinu thekk akkiyenna avakaashavaadavum.
fackland dveepukalodulla avakaashavaadathinte bhaagamaayi irupathaam noottaandil arjanteenayum tordezilas udambadi nadappaakki.

