
petroleum vyavasaayam

enna vyavasaayam allengil enna paachu ennum ariyappedunna petroleum vyavasaayathil paryavekshanam, verthirichedukkal, shudheekaranam, gathagatham (palappozhum enna tankerukalum pipe lainukalum vazhi), petroleum uthppannangalude vipananam ennivayude aagola prakriyakal ulppedunnu. indhana ennayum petrolum (petrol) aanu vyavasaayathile ettavum valia uthppannangal. farmaceuticals, layakangal, valangal, keedanashinikal, synthetic sugandhangal, plaastikkukal ennivayulppede niravadhi raasa uthppannangalude asamskritha vasthukkalum petroleum aanu. vyavasaayathe saadhaaranayaayi moonnu pradhana gadakangalaayi thirichirikkunnu upstream, midstream, downstream. crude oayil paryavekshanam cheiyunnathum verthirichedukkunnathum mukalilekku, madhyapravaham crude oayil gathagathavum sambharanavum ulkkollunnu, koodaathe thaazhekku crude oayil vividha anthima ulppannangalilekku parishkarikkunnathumayi bandhapetta aashankakalundu.
pala vyavasayangalkkum petroleum athyanthaapekshithamaanu, koodaathe vyaavasaayika naagarikathayude nilavile krameekaranatthil nilanirthunnathinu ithu aavasyamaanu, ithu pala rajyangalkkum nirnaayaka aashankayaayi maarunnu. lokathinte oorjja upabhogathinte valia sathamaanam ennayaanu, europilum eshyayilum 32 sathamaanam enna thaazhnna nilayil ninnu middle eesttil 53 sathamaanam vare uyarnnathaan.
mattu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalude upabhoga reethikal inipparayunnavayaanu thekk, madhya america (44 sathamaanam), aphrica (41 sathamaanam), vadakke america (40 sathamaanam). vikasita rajyangalaanu ettavum kooduthal upabhokthakkal enna nilayil lokarajyangal prathivarsham 36 bilyan barrell (5.8 chathurashra kilometer) enna upayogikkunnu. 2015ll uthppaadippicha ennayude 18 sathamaanavum america upayogichu. petroleum uthppaadanam, vitharanam, shudheekaranam, chillara vilppana enniva mothatthil dollar moolyathinte kaaryatthil lokathile ettavum valia vyavasaayathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
enna, vathaka vyavasaayam athinte motham vilppanayude 0,4 sathamaanam maathramaan gaveshanathinum vikasanathinumaayi chelavazhikkunnath, ithu mattu vyavasaayangalude ettavum kuranja vihithavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol. ennappaada paattatthinum drilling upakaranagalkkumulla chelavu ulppede enna paryaveshanathinteyum verthirichedukkalinteyum vividha ghattangalil valia nikuthi elavukalode yunaittad stetts sarkkar polulla sarkkarukal petroleum kambanikalkku kanatha pothu subsidy nalkunnu. sameepa varshangalil, mechappetta enna veendedukkal saankethikavidyakal-prathyekichu multy-steju drilling, hydrolic fracturing ("fracking")-eee puthiya saankethikavidya puthiya enna verthirichedukkal reethikalil nirnaayakavum vivaadaparavumaaya punk vahikkunnathinaal vyavasaayathinte munpanthiyilekku neengi.
charithram.
charitraatheethakaalam.
paarakalude roopeekaranathil kaanapedunna swaabhaavikamaayi undaakunna draavakamaanu petroleum. vividha tanmatra bharamullah hydrocarbonukaludeyum mattu jaiva samyukthangaludeyum sankeernamaaya misritham ithil adangiyirikkunnu. dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangalayi bhoomiyude puramthottile choodum mardhavum sanbarkkam pularthiyathinu sesham purathana planktonile kaarban sambushtamaaya avashishtangalil ninnaan enna kooduthalum roopappedunnathennu pothuve amgeekarikkappedunnu. kaalakramena, shayikkunna avashishtangal cheliyudeyum cheliyudeyum paalikalaal moodappedukayum bhoomiyude puramthottatthilekku kooduthal thaazhekku mungukayum choodullathum sammarddamullathumaaya paalikalkkidayil avide samrakshikkukayum kramena enna sambharanikalayi maarukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala charithram.
shudheekarikkappedaatha avasthayil 5000 varshathilereyaayi manushyar petroleum upayogikkunnu. manushyacharithrathinte aadyakaalam muthal thee kathikkaanum yudhathilum enna pothuve upayogikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, loka sambadvyavasthayil athinte praadhaanyam pathukke vikasichu, pathonpathaam noottaandil timingala enna velichathinayi upayogikkukayum irupathaam noottaandil thadiyum kalkary choodaakkaanum paachakam cheyyaanum upayogikkukayum cheythu. vyaavasaayika viplavam oorjjathinte aavasyakatha vardhippichuvenkilum, ithu thudakkathil pradhaanamaayum kalkariyiloodeyum timingala enna ulppedeyulla mattu srothassukalil ninnum niravettappettu. ennirunnaalum, crude oayil ninnu mannenna verthirichedukkaanum lighting, heating indhanamaayi upayogikkaamennum kandethiyappol, petroleum aavasyam valareyadhikam vardhikkukayum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil loka vipanikalil vyapaaram nadathunna ettavum moolyavathaaya charakkayi maarukayum cheythu.
aadhunika charithram.
1825ll saamraajyathva russia 3,500 tonn enna uthppaadippikkukayum noottaandinte madhyathode athinte uthppaadanam erattiyaakkukayum cheythu. 1846ll innathe azarbaijan mekhalayil enna thurankam aarambhichathinusesham, russian saamrajyam baakkuvil rund valia pipe lineukal nirmmichu caspian thuramukhathu ninnu black zee portt oof baattamilekk (bakku-baattam pipe line) enna kondupokunnathinulla 833 kilometer neelamulla pipe line, 1906ll poortthiyaayi, chechniyayil ninnu caspian vare enna kondupokunnathinulla 162 kilometer neelamulla pipe line. baakkuvile aadyathe ennakkinarukal nirmmichathu baakkuvile enna vyavasaayathinte 'sthaapaka pithakkanmaaril' oralaayi visheshippikkappedunna armeniyan bisinasukaranaaya ivaan mirsov aanu.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, eathaandu poornnamaayum aferon upadveepil ninnulla saamraajyathva russiayude enna uthppaadanam loka ulppaadanathinte pakuthiyum anthaaraashtra vipanikalil aadhipathyam pulartthukayum cheythu. 1884 aayappozhekkum baakkuvile praanthapradeshangalil pravarthicha 200 oolam cheria refinerykal. eee aadyakaala sambhavavikaasangalude paarshwafalamaayi, aferon upadveep lokathile "enna malineekaranathinteyum paaristhithika ashradhayudeyum ettavum pazhaya paarambaryamaayi" uyarnnuvannu. 1846-ll bakku (bibi-hebat settilment) enna paryaveshanathinaayi 21 meter aazhathil thaalavaadya upakaranangal upayogichu thurathiya aadyathe kinner avatharippichu. 1878-ll ludwig nobal addehathinte branball kambaniyum aadyathe enna tanker kammeeshan cheyth caspian kadalil vikshepichukondu enna gathaagathathil viplavam srishtichu.
1853-ll graant streettinaduthulla ezhaam avanyoovil pittsburgil saamuval kiir amerikkayile aadyathe enna shudheekaranashaala sthaapichu. innathe polandile jasloic (annathe austriyan ashrita rajyamaaya galishyayilum madhya europian galishyayile lodomia) sameepam ignacy lucassivics aadyathe aadhunika enna shudheekaranashaalakalilonn nirmmichu. shudheekaricha indhanathinte aavasyam parimithamayathinaal galician shudheekaranashaalakal thudakkathil cheruthaayirunnu. lukkaasiviksinte mannenna vilakkinu purame krithrima asphaalt, mesheen oayil, lubricantukal ennivayil shudheekaricha uthppannangal upayogichirunnu. mannenna vilakkukal janapreeti nediyathode eee pradeshathu shudheekarana vyavasaayam valarnnu.
kaanadayile aadyathe vaanijya ennakkinar 1858 ll ontaariyoyile (pinneedu canada vestt) ennakkulangalil pravarthanakshamamaayi. vyavasayiyaaya jaims miller vilyams 1855 num 1858 num idayil niravadhi kinarukal kuzhichu, athinusesham bhoomiyil ninnu naalu meter thaazheyulla sambannamaaya enna shekharam kandethi. 1860 aayappozhekkum vilyams 15 laksham littar asamskritha enna verthirichedukkukayum athil bhooribhaagavum mannenna-vilakku ennayaayi parishkarikkukayum cheythu. vadakke amerikkayile aadyathe ennappaadathekkurichu kaanadayude avakaashavaadathe chila charitrakaaranmaar velluvilikkunnu, pensylvaniayile prashasthamaaya drake kinaraanu bhookhandathile aadyathethennu vaadikkunnu. ennaal vilyamsine pinthunaykkunna thelivukal undu, athil ettavum kuranjathu 1859 august 28 vare drake kinner uthppaadanathilekku vannilla ennathaanu. vivaadaparamaaya kaaryam vilyams oru aditharaykkullil edwin dreykkinte kinner sthithicheyyumbol aditharaykku mukalil enna kandethi ennathaanu. ennakkulangalile kandethal enna kuthichuchaattatthe sparshichu, ithu noorukanakkinu oohakkachavadakkaareyum thozhilaallikaleyum eee pradeshathekku konduvannu. 1862 januvari 16nuu praadeshika ooyilmaan joonn shhaa 158 adii (48 meter) uyarathil ennayil idichappol kaanadayile aadyathe gusher (ozhukunna kinner) pottitherichu. orazhchayaayi prathidinam 3,000 barrell vare ennayude alavu parishodhikkathe uyarnnu.
1850kalil vestt virjeeniyayilum pensylvaniayilum american aikyanaadukalile aadyathe aadhunika enna thurankam aarambhichu. aadyathe yadhaartha aadhunika ennakkinaraayi kanakkaakkappedunna pensylvaniayile titusvilleykaduthu edwin drekkinte 1859 leeii kinner oru valia kuthichuchaattatthe sparshichu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya paadatthil america russia marikadannu lokathile ettavum valia enna uthppaadakaraayi. 1920kalode canada, polandu, sweeden, ukraine, america, peru, veneswella ennivayulppede niravadhi rajyangalil ennappaadangal sthaapikkappettu.
aadyathe vijayakaramaya enna tankeraya "soraastar" 1878 ll sweedenil ludwig nobal roopakalppana cheythathaanu. bakku muthal aastrakhaan vare ithu pravarthichu. 1880kalil niravadhi puthiya tanker designukal vikasippichu.
1930 kalude thudakkathil texas kambani meksikoo ulkkadalile uppuvellamulla theerapradeshangalil thurathunnathinaayi aadyathe mobail steel baarjukal vikasippichu. 1937ll shudha enna kambaniyum (ippol chevron korppareshante bhagamaanu) athinte pankaali superior oayil kambaniyum (ippol exonmobil korppareshante bhagamaanu) louisianayile calcassiu paarishin oru mile (1.6 kilometer) kadaltheerathu oru feeld vikasippikkaan oru nischitha plaattphom upayogichu. 1947-nte thudakkathil louisianayile vermillion parishil ninnu ekadesham 18 mile akale unnatha enna oru drilling/ulppaadana enna plaattphom sthaapichu. phillips petroleum (conocophillips), staanolind oayil & gyaas (bipi) ennivayude oopparettarmaar enna nilayil kerr-mcgee enna vyavasaayangal 1947 novemberil athinte charitraparamaaya kappal shoal block 32 kinner poortthiyaakki, superior avarude sindura plaattphomil ninnu kadaltheerathu ninnu oru kandethal nadathunnathinu maasangalkk munbu. enthaayaalum, athu kerr-mcgeyude meksikoo ulkkadaline nannayi cheythu, kermack nambar. 16, aadyathe enna kandethal karayude kaazhchayil ninnu thurannu. 1949 avasaanathode naalpatthinaalu gulf oof meksikoo paryavekshana kinarukal 11 enna, prakrithivaathaka mekhalakal kandethi.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu (1939-1945) romania, bakku, middle eest, dutch eest indees ennividangalil ninnulla enna vitharanathinte niyanthranam yudhathinte sambhavangalilum sakhyakakshikalude aathyanthika vijaythilum valia punk vahichu. iraanile anglo-soviyatt adhinivesham (1941) middle eesttile enna ulppaadanathil sakhyakakshikalude niyanthranam urappakki. dutch eest indeesile ennappaadangalilekku praveshikkuka ennathaayirunnu saamraajyathva jappaante thekk bhaagathe vipuleekaranathinte pradhana lakshyam. sakhyakakshikalude uparodham moolam kadal vazhiyulla enna vitharanathil ninnu vichedikkappetta jarmmani, 1942 ll axis sainyathinaayi cocusus ennappaadangal surakshithamaakkunnathil parajayappettu, athesamayam 1944 august muthal europile ettavum valia ploosti ennappaadangalilekkulla praveshanam romania vermactinu nishedhikkukayum cheythu. eest indees enna vitharanam (prathyekichu antarvaahini prachaaranangaliloode) nirthalaakkiyathu yudhathinte avasana bhaagath jappane ganyamaayi durbalapedutthi. 1945ll randaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusesham, middle eest rajyangal amerikkayil ninnulla enna ulppaadanathil munpanthiyil ethi. randaam lokamahaayudhathinusheshamal pradhana sambhavavikasangalil aazhathilulla jalathil thurankam thekkuka, drillshippinte aamukham, enna tankerukaleyum pipe lainukaleyum aasrayikkunna petroleum aagola shipping shringalayude valarcha enniva ulppedunnu. 1949ll asarbaijaanil ninnu caspian kadalile enna paarakalil (nephtt dashlary) aadyathe kadaltheera enna-drilling oduvil pylonukalil nirmmicha oru nagarathinu kaaranamaayi. 1960kalilum 1970kalilum enna uthppaadippikkunna raajyangalude multy-gavanmental oorganaiseshanukalaaya opeku, opeku enniva petroleum vilayum nayavum nischayikkunnathil pradhana punk vahichu. enna chorchayum avayude shucheekaranavum vardhichuvarunna rashtreeya, paaristhithika, saambathika praadhaanyatthinte prashnamaayi mariyirikkunnu. cyberia, sakhaalin, veneswella, vadakku, padinjaaran aphrica thudangiya sthalangalil hydrocarbon ulppaadanathinte puthiya mekhalakal vikasichu.
hydrolic fracturinginteyum mattu thirashcheena drilling saankethikavidyakaludeyum varavode, sheyil play ulppaadanathil valia vardhanavu kandu. permian thadam, eegil-foord thudangiya sheyil pradeshangal amerikkayile ettavum valia enna korppareshanukalude valia ulppaadana kendrangalaayi mariyirikkunnu.
ghadana.
american petroleum instittyoott petroleum vyavasaayathe anchu mekhalakalaayi vibhajikkunnu
mukalilekku.
vilppanayude adisthaanathil ennakkambanikale "suuppar mejarukal" (bipi, chevron, exonmobil, conocophilips, shell, enii, totalenjis), "mejarukal", "swatantrar" allengil "jolikkar" enningane tharamthirichirunnu."ennirunnaalum, sameepa varshangalil, deseeya enna kambanikal (aiosi, anthaaraashtra enna kambanikalkku vipareethamaayi) ettavum valia enna shekharathinte avakashangal niyantrikkaan vannirikkunnu; eee nadapadiyiloode aadya patthu kambanikalum enosi aanu. 2012leeii karuthal shekharavum uthppaadanavum anusarichu rank cheytha ettavum valia patthu deseeya enna kambanikale thaazhe koduthirikkunna pattika kaanikkunnu.
ennappaadathilo ennakkinariloo ulla mikka mukalile jolikalum drilling kararukaarkkum ennappaada sevana kambanikalkkum karar nalkiyittundu.
upstream mekhalayil aadhipathyam pulartthunna enn. oo. sikalkku purame, vipani vihitamullah niravadhi anthaaraashtra kambanikalundu. udaaharanathina
madhyapravaham.
madhyapravaha pravartthanangale chilappol thaazhekkumulla mekhalaykkullil tharamthirichittundenkum eee pravartthanangal petroleum vyavasaayathinte prathyekavum vyathirikthavumaya mekhalayaanu. madhyapravaha pravarthanangalilum prakriyakalilum inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
chila upstream kambanikal chila midstream pravartthanangal nadathumbol, midstream mekhalayil eee sevanangalil vaidagdhyamulla niravadhi kambanikalude aadhipathyamund. idatharam kambanikalil iva ulppedunnu
paaristhithika aaghaatham.
jalamalineekaranam.
chila petroleum vyavasaya pravartthanangal shudheekaranathinteyum enna chorchayudeyum upolppannangaliloode jalamalineekaranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. hydrolic odivukal prakrithivaathaka verthirichedukkal ganyamaayi vardhippichittundile, eee vathaka verthirichedukkal kaaranam upabhogajalathil meedhane malineekaranam vardhichuvennu pinthunaykkunna chila vishwaasangalum thelivukalum undu. bhoogarbha taankukalil ninnum upekshikkappetta refinerykalil ninnumulla chorcha chuttumulla pradeshangalile bhoogarbha jalathe malinamaakkiyekkaam. shudheekaricha petroleum adangiya hydrocarbonukal jaiva nasheekaranathe prathirodhikkunnavayaanennum malinamaaya mannil varshangalayi nilanilkkunnuvennum kandethiyittundu. eee prakriya vegathilaakkaan, petroleum hydrocarbon malineekaranavasthukkalude bioremediation palappozhum aerobic degradation vazhiyaan upayogikkunnathu. aduthide, faittoremediyeshan, thermal remediation thudangiya mattu bioremediative reethikal paryavekshanam cheythittundu.
vaayu malineekaranam.
bhoothalathile oosoon (pukamanju) roopappedunnathinu kaaranamakunna raasavasthukkalude oru koottamaaya asthira jaiva samyukthangalude (vox) puranthallalinte ettavum valia vyaavasaayika uravidamaanu eee vyavasaayam. phoosil indhanangalude jwalanathiloode harithagriha vaathakangalum mattu vaayu malineekaranavasthukkal upolppannangalayi uthpaadippikkappedunnu. naitrajan ooksaidukal, sulfur dye ooksaid, asthira jaiva samyukthangal, kanatha lohangal enniva malineekaranavastukkalil ulppedunnu.
petrochemical vyavasaayathin venalkkaalathekkaal shaithyakaalath uyarnna alavil bhoothalathilulla oosoon malineekaranam undakkaan kazhiyumennu gaveshakar kandethi.
kalavastha vyathiyaanam.
phoosil indhanangal moolamundaakunna harithagriha vaathakangal kalavastha vyathiyaanathin kaaranamaakunnu. 1959ll american petroleum instittyoott samghadippicha american enna vyavasaayathinte nooram vaarshikathil bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya edward teller aagola kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte apakadathekkurichu munnariyipp nalki. anthareekshathile kaarban dye ooksaid harithagriha phalathinu kaaranamaakunnu" ennum kooduthal phoosil indhanangal kathikkunnathu "iscap urukki newyorkkine vellathinadiyilaakkum" ennum edward teller vishadeekarichu.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal nireekshicha thaapanila vardhanavinu kaaranam manushyanirmmitha harithagriha vaathakangalaanennu 1988 ll ikyaraashtrasabha sthaapicha kalavastha vyathiyanathekkurichulla anthar gavanmental paanal nigamanam cheiyunnu.
kalavastha vyathiyana aashankakalude falamaayi, pala badal oorjja premikalum sourorjjam, kaatt thudangiya mattu oorjja reethikal upayogikkaan thudangi. eee sameepakaala kazhchappadil chila petroleum premikalkku vyavasaayathinte yadhaartha bhaviyekkurichu samshayamundu.