
chuvanna vaalulla parunth

alascayudeyum vadakkan kaanadayudeyum ulvasham muthal panaama, vestt indees vare thekk vare vadakke amerikkayude bhooribhaagathum prajananam nadathunna oru erapidiyaanu redu-tailed hoock (beautio jamaisensis). vadakke americayilo lokamembaadumulla "beautio" janussile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya amgangalilonnaanithu. saadhaarana valippathilulla kozhikale apoorvvamaayi vettayaadunnundengilum amerikkayil "chickenhock" ennariyappedunna moonnu enangalil onnaanu chuvanna vaalulla parunth. sandarbhathil ardham vyakthamaakumbol paksiye chilappol hrasvamaayi chuvanna wall ennum vilikkunnu. idathoornna vanangalum manal marubhoomikalum polulla anuyojyamallaatha aavaasavyavasthakalude arikukalil kaanapedunna chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku avayude paridiyilulla ellah biomukalumaayum poruthappedaan kazhiyum. marubhoomikal, pulmedukal (cheria pulmedukal muthal kooduthal vipulamaaya pulmedukalude marangalude arikukal vare), coniferous, elapozhiyum vanangal, kaarshika mekhalakal, nagara pradeshangal ennivayulppede vishalamaaya aavaasavyavasthayum uyaravum chuvanna vaalulla parunth ulkkollunnu. athinte akshamsha paridhikal upa-aarttikkile vruksharekhaykku chuttum varunnu, ithu uyarnna artikkililla. pothuve ithu thuranna vanapradeshangal, vanapradeshangalude arikukal, thuranna bhoopradesam ennivayulla vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthakale anukoolikkunnu. canada, meksikoo, america ennividangalil deshaadana pakshi udambadi niyamam vazhi ithu niyamaparamaayi samrakshikkappedunnu.
14 amgeekritha upajaathikal roopathilum shreniyilum vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, palappozhum niratthil vyathyaasappedunnu, vadakke amerikkayude padinjaaru, chuvanna vaalukal mikkappozhum sakthamaaya polymorphic aanu, vyakthikal ekadesham veluthathu muthal mikkavarum ellah karuppum vare. upajathikalaaya harlens hoock (bii. jeey. harlani) chilappol oru prathyeka inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu (bii. harlani "). chuvanna vaalulla parunth "beautio" janussile ettavum valia amgangalilonnaanu, saadhaaranayaayi thookkam, neelam, chirakukal ennivayil ninnu alakkunnu. eee inam valippathil laingika dviroopatha kaanikkunnu, penthumbikalkku purushanmaarekkaal sharashari 25 sathamaanam bhaaramund.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude bhakshanakramam valare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, avasaravaadikalaaya generalistukal enna nilayilulla avarude padavi prathifalippikkunnu, ennaal vadakke amerikkayil, avaa palappozhum kudumbangaludeyum speesheesukaludeyum aparamaaya vaividyamulla elikaleppolulla cheria sasthanikalude vettakkaaraan. bhoomiyilullathum kuranjathu bhaagikamaayi divasenayullathumaaya iraykku munganana nalkunnu, athinaal nilathu kidakkunna annaakkal polulla enangal swaabhaavikamaayi kaanapedunna sthalathaanu munganana nalkunnathu. shreniyude bhooribhaagathum, valia muyalukalumaayum muyalukalumaayum marimari varunna volukal polulla cheria elikalaanu palappozhum koottaayi bhakshanathinte bhooribhaagavum undaakkunnath. niravadhi pradeshangalile bhakshanathil dhaaraalam pakshikalum uragangalum undaakaarund, avaa praadhamika bhakshanagal polum aakam. athesamayam, ubhayajeevikal, malsyangal, akasherukkal enniva parunthukalude pathiv bhakshanathil apoorvamaayi kaanappedunnundengilum pakwathayillaattha parunthukal avaye apoorvamaayi edukkunnilla. njandukal polulla akasherukkalum pallikalum pakshikalum ulppede vividha bhakshanangalil thaddesheeya sasthanikalillaatha dveepukalil chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku athijeevikkaan kazhiyum. pala "beautio" enangaleyum pole, avaa mikkappozhum oru perchil ninnaan vettayaadunnathu, ennaal irayum aavaasavyavasthayum aavashyappedunna avarude vettayaadal saankethikavidyakalil vyathyaasamundaakam. avar valare saadhaaranavum kazhivulla vettakkaarenna nilayil eluppathil parisheelippikkappedunnathil, amerikkayil avaraanu falconneric ettavum saadhaaranayaayi pidikkappedunna parunthukal. prajnana janasamkhyaye baadhikkaathirikkaan falkonermark pasej hockukal (koodu vittupoyava, svanthamaayi, ennaal oru varshathil thaazhe prayamullava) maathrame edukkaan anuvaadamulloo. pasej redu-tailed hockukalkku faalkanarmaarum munganana nalkunnu, kaaranam avarkk pariseelanam nalkaan kooduthal budhimuttaakkunna muthirnnavarude perumattangal ithuvare vikasippichitilla.
vargeekaranam.
1788ll jarmman prakrithishaasthranjanaaya johann friedrich jimelin "falco jamaisensis" enna binomial naamatthil chuvanna vaalulla parunthine aupachaarikamaayi vivarichu. 1781ll joonn laatham thante "pakshikalude pothuvaaya sangraham" enna grandhatthil vivaricha "cream niramulla bussard" adisthaanamaakkiyaanu jimelin thante vivaranam nalkiyathu. jamaikkayaan eee tharam pradesham. 1799-ll franch prakrithishaasthranjanaaya bernard jermaine dii lasseped sthaapicha "beautio" janussil chuvanna vaalulla parunth ippol sthaapichittundu.
nilavil amgeekrithamaaya 55 enangal ulppedunna beautionine upakudumbathile amgamaanu chuvanna vaalulla parunth. aafrikkayil ninno dakshineshyayil ninno vikiranam cheythathayi thonnunna niravadhi vamshaavalikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, phoosil rekhakaludeyum nilavile speeshees vitharanangaludeyum adisthaanathil beautionine vyakthamaayi amerikkayil uthbhavichu (eee vamshathil ninnulla nilavilulla parunthukalil 75 sathamaanathiladhikam amerikkayilaan kaanappedunnath). oru upakudumbamenna nilayil, janithaka vasthukkale adisthaanamaakkiyulla beautionine valare pazhayathaanennu thonnunnu, monophylatic januss niravadhi dasalaksham varshathe vyakthigatha parinamam vahikkunnu. thoovalukalude roopam, aavaasavyavastha, ira, koodundaakkal mungananakal ennivayil vaividyamulla beautionin parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi idatharam muthal valia valippamulla dhaaraalam chirakukalulla parunthukal aanu (chila phoosil roopangal valare valuthaanu, innu jeevichirikkunna eathoru kazhukanekkaalum valuthaanu). sakthamaaya shareerangalum vishalamaaya chirakukalumulla idatharam valippamulla raapttarukalude oru koottamaaya "beautio" janussile amgamaanu chuvanna vaalulla parunth. eee janussile amgangal yureshyayil "bussards" ennum vadakke amerikkayil "hooks" ennum ariyappedunnu. nilavile vargeekaranathil, eee janussil ekadesham 29 enangal ulppedunnu, ithu "asippittarin" sesham nilavilulla ellah asypitrid janussukalilum randaamathe ettavum vaividyamaarnnathaanu. beautonine upakudumbathile mattu rund cheria janussukal aafrikkayilaanu kaanappedunnathenkilum yureshyayileyum aafrikkayileyum basardukal kooduthalum beauto janussinte bhagamaanu.
oru kaalath, rufus-tailed hoock (bii. paattagoniyayilum thekke amerikkayile mattu chila pradeshangalilum vyaapichukidakkunna ventralis) chuvanna vaalulla parunth inathinte bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. thekke amerikkayude bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna valia vitharana vidavu ullathinaal, rufus-tailed hoock ippol oru prathyeka inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal rund parunthukalum ippozhum oru "speeshees jody" allengil suuppar speesheesumaayi vittuveezhcha cheiyunnu, kaaranam avaa vyakthamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. thaarathamyena kurachu padichuvenkilum, ekadesham ore valipavum ore chirakukalude ghadanayum ullathum, eathaandu samaantharamaayi koodundaakkunnathinum vettayaadunnathinumulla seelangalumullathumaaya rufus-tailed hoock chuvanna tailed hokkumaayi valare saamyamullathaan. ennirunnaalum, shaareerikamaayi, rufus-tailed hoock muthirnnavarkk chuvanna tailed hokkukaleppole thilakkamulla ishtika-chuvapp wall labhikkunnilla, pakaram juvenile chuvapp-tailed hockukalkku samanamaaya niravadhi karutha krosbaarukalulla irunda thavitt-karuvapatta wall nilanirthunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthumaayi adutha bandhamullah mattoru, kooduthal ariyappedunna, saadhaarana bussard (bii. beautio), athinte eurasian "vishalamaaya paaristhithika prathiroopamaayi" kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalulla oru speeshees complexinullilum ithu undakam. saadhaarana bussard, mattu pazhaya loka basardukal, athaayath parvatha bussard (bii. ooriyoophilas), phoorast bussard (bii. trisonatus), madagaskar bussard (bii. brachipetteras "). aarr enangalum, valippathilum thoovalukalude swabhaavasavisheshathakalilum shradheyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnedum, chuvanna vaalulla parunth pankidunna aaropanavidheya speeshees complexil karutha paattajiyam adayaalappeduthalinte savisheshathayundu, ithu mattu mikka "beautio" sppyilum kanunnilla.
upajaathikal.
kuranjathu 14 amgeekritha upajaathikalenkilum. shreniyilum niratthilum vyathyasamulla jamaisansis "vivarikkappedunnu. ellah rachayithaakkalum ellah upajaathikaleyum, prathyekichu ushnamekhalaa mekhalayile chila insular vamshangaleyum (chila sandarbhangalil ettavum aduthulla pradhana bhoopradesha roopangalil ninnu alpam maathram vyathyaasappettirikkunnu) prathyekichu ettavum vivaadaparamaaya chuvanna vaalulla parunth vamshamaaya criders parunth, oru samboornna upajathiyenna nilayil athinte anuyojyathayekkurichu chila rachayithakkal sammathikkunnathinaal, amgeekarikkunnilla.
vivaranam.
upajaathikaleyum pradeshatheyum aashrayich chuvanna vaalulla parunth thoovalukal vyathyaasappedaam. eee varnnavyathiyaanangal morfukalaanu, avaa moltingumaayi bandhappettathalla. padinjaaran vadakke american janasamkhya, "bii. jeey. ettavum maarunna upajathiyaaya calouresinu moonnu pradhana varnna roopangalunda ilam, irunda, idatharam allengil rufus. irundathum idatharavumaaya morphukal padinjaaran yunaittad stetsile janasamkhyayude 10-20% aanu, pakshe "b" yude 1-2% maathramaan. jeey. padinjaaran kaanadayile calurus. thoovalukalude paatteningil thirascheenamaaya varakalaal roopappetta vayarinu kuruke irunda thavitt niratthilulla oru vellanirathilulla underbelli mikka varnna vyathiyanangalilum kaanapedunnu. eee savisheshatha kizhakkan parunthukalil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, chila neriya upajaathikalil (athaayath.iii. "bii. jeey. ). mikka muthirnnavarude chuvanna vaalukalkkum irunda thavittuniramulla kazhuthum mukalile thalayum undu, ithu avaykku oru paridhivare hudd roopam nalkunnu, athesamayam thondaykku ilam thavittuniramulla "necklace" avatharippikkan kazhiyum. prathyekichu cheruppakkaaraaya pakshikalil, adibhaagam irunda thavittuniratthilulla spotting kondu moodappettirikkaam, chila muthirnnavarum eee stipping prakadippichekkaam. purambhaagam saadhaaranayaayi mattevideyekkaalum alppam irunda thavitt niramullathum, mangiya scapular thoovalukalullathum, tunny muthal veluthathu vare, pinnil apoornnamaaya "vii" roopappedunnu. eee inathinu athinte peru nalkunna mikka muthirnnavarudeyum wall, vyathyastha valippamulla, karutha subterminal bandullah mukalil rufus ishtika-chuvapp niramaan, saadhaaranayaayi thaazhe ninnu ilam buff-ooranchu aayi kaanapedunnu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, saadhaarana ilam pakwathayillaatthava (i.iii. rund vayassinu thaazheyullavarkk) saadhaaranayaayi neriya mangiya thalayum mukalil kooduthal mangiya chiraku-thoovalukalude arikukalulla muthirnnavarekkaal irunda puram kaanikkunnu ("bii" yill ninnulla irunda morph juvanailukalude vivaranangalkkayi. jeey. mattu vamshangalude apoorva irunda roopangalekkurichulla vivaranathinum saadhaaranayaayi anuyojyamaaya 'calurus', aaa upajathiyude vivaranathinu keezhil kaanuka). ellah morphukaludeyum pakwathayillaattha chuvanna-vaalulla parunthukalil, wall ilam thavitt niramullathum ekadesham thulya veethiyulla niravadhi cheria irunda thavitt baarukalullathum aanenkilum irunda morph pakshikalil iva valare vishaalamaayirikkum. chuvanna vaalukalil polum wall thavittuniratthil alppam parukkanayirikkaam. raapparmaarude swabhaava savisheshathakalulla bill thaarathamyena cheruthum irundathumaanu, kattiyulla body framinu ethire thala chilappol valippathil cheruthaayi kaanapedum. vividha vamshaavalikalile pala accipitridukalilum nagnabhaagangalude niram pole, daanyam, chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte kaalukal, kaalukal ennivayellaam manjayaanu. pakwathayillaattha pakshikale avayude manjaniratthilulla irisukal upayogichu adutha paridhiyil eluppathil thirichariyaan kazhiyum. moonnu muthal naalu varshathinullil pakshi poornna pakwata kaivarikkunnathode, airis pathukke chuvapp-thavitt niramaayi maarunnu, ithu ellah vamshangalilum muthirnnavarude kanninte niramaan. parakkunna samayat kaanapedunna muthirnnavarkk saadhaaranayaayi chirakukalude thaazhathe attathu irunda thavitt niramundu, kooduthalum ilam thavitt niramulla chirakinodu, ithu ilam thavitt niramullathaanu. vyakthigathamayi, underving kavarukal irundathu muthal oof-vaittish (mikkappozhum thavitt niramulla varakalulla) vare aakam, ithu oru vyathirikthamaya karutha paattajiyam adayaalavumaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. muthirnnavarudeyum pakwathayillaathavarudeyum chirakukalude niram samaanamaanengilum kurachu bharamullah thavitt adayaalangalulla saadhaarana ilam roopathilulla pakwathayillaathavarkku.
adayaalangalum niravum upajaathikaliludaneelam vyathyaasappedunnunde, chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte adisthaana roopam thaarathamyena sthirathayullathaanu.
mothatthil, eee inam blocky veethiyullathumaaya aakruthiyilullathaanu, palappozhum samanamaaya neelamulla mattu "byoottokalekkaal" bharam koodiyathaanu. kizhakkan vadakke amerikkayil sharashari ettavum bharameriya "beautios" aanava enangal, valia chirakukalulla parukkan kaalukalulla basardinekkaal ("beautio lagopus") valare munnilaanengilum valippathil padinjaaru ferraginus hockinu ("beautio regalis") sesham randaamathaanu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal eathokke roopangal upayogikkunnu ennathine aashrayich lokathile anchaamathethu muthal onpathaamathe vare bharamullah "beautio" aakam. ennirunnaalum, vadakkupadinjaaran yunaittad stetsil, fetugenous hoock penpakshikalkku athe pradeshathu ninnulla penn chuvanna vaalukalekkaal 35 sathamaanam bhaaramund. sharashari, padinjaaran chuvapp-vaalulla parunthukal thaarathamyena neelamullathum neelamulla anupaathathilullathumaanu, ennaal vadakke amerikkayile kizhakkan chuvapp-vaalulla parunthukalekkaal alpam kuravum othukkamullathum bhaaramullathumaan. kizhakkan parunthukalkku padinjaaran parunthukale apekshichu cheruthaayi valia taalonukalum billukalum undayirikkaam. ellah aaksipitridukaludeyum roopashaasthrathinteyum pravartthanatthinteyum thaarathamyathe adisthaanamaakki, eee savisheshathakal soochippikkunnathu padinjaaran chuvanna vaalukalkk avayude vettayil kooduthal idaykkide vyathyaasappedendathundu, kaaranam aavaasavyavastha kooduthal thuranna saahacharyangalilekku vaividhyavalkkarikkappedum kooduthal variable vegathilullathumaaya iraye vettayaadukayum cheyyum, athesamayam charitraparamaayi nannayi marangal niranja kizhakkan pakshikal kooduthal samarppita perch vettakkaaraan, avaykku kurachu valia iraye edukkaan kazhiyum, pakshe avaa kooduthal samarppita sastani vettakkaaraan. valippa vyathyaasathinte kaaryatthil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal bergmante niyamathinu (athaayath.iii. oru speesheesinullile bhoomadhyarekhayodu aduthirikkunnavaye apekshichu vadakkan mrugangal valuthayirikkanam) ettavum vadakke upajathikalilonnaaya "bii. jeey. rekheeya alavukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla randaamathe ettavum cheria vamshamaan alacensis, koodaathe yunaittad stetsil ettavum thekk sambhavikkunna rund vamshangalaan", bii. jeey. furtessi ", bii. jeey. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalil ettavum valia anupaathamaan yathaakramam ambrinus. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku thaarathamyena cheruthum ennaal vishalavumaaya vaalukalum kattiyullathum chunkiyullathumaaya chirakukalundu. palappozhum neelamulla chirakukalayi visheshippikkappedunnum, chirakukalude aanupathika valuppam valare cheruthaanu, chuvanna vaalukalkk beautionin parunthine uyarnna chirakukalullathaanu. thaarathamyappeduthunnathi, vadakke amerikkayile mattu rund vyapakamaaya "beautio" parunthukalkku thookkam kandethiyittundu parukkan kaalulla basardile ("bii". lagopus),/sem2 enniva chuvanna tholil (bii. lainettas "). ithinu vipareethamaayi, chuvanna vaalulla parunthinu avayude chirakinte vistheernnathin ganyamaaya bharam undaayirunnu oru chathurashra centimeteril.
pala raaptarukaludeyum kaaryatthilennapole, chuvanna vaalulla parunth valippathil laingika dviroopatha kaanikkunnu, kaaranam sthreekalkku purushanmaarekkaal sharashari 25 sathamaanam valuppamund. valia raaptarukalil saadhaaranapole, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude sharashari shareera pindam vipulamaaya gaveshanangal velippeduthunnathinekkal kuravaanu. eee bhaaravyathiyaanathinte oru bhagam seasonal ettakkurachilukalaanu; kudiyettasamayathekkaalum prathyekichu venalkkaala prajnana seasoninekkaalum shaithyakaalath parunthukalkku bharam kooduthalaanu, koodaathe klainal vyathiyaanavum kaaranam. koodaathe, pakwathayillaattha parunthukalkku alpam neelamulla chirakukalum vaalukalum undaayirunnittum avayude muthirnna athiraalikale apekshichu pindatthil bharam kuravaanu. aann chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku bharavum penpakshikalkku bharavum undakam (nevadayile goshoot parvathanirakalil ninnu kudiyerunna pakwathayillaattha penpakshikalil ninnulla ettavum thaazhnna kanakk, visconsinile shaityakaala penpakshikalil ninnulla ettavum uyarnna kanakk). ettavum valia penpakshikalkku thookkam vare undennu chila srothassukal avakaashappedunnu, ennaal ithu kaattupoochakale (thadavilullavayo parunthukalkku upayogikkunnatho allathava) sambandhichathaano ennu vyakthamalla. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalile shareera pindathekkurichulla ettavum valia sarway ippozhum crighead, crighead (1956) ennivayil ninnaan, avar sharashari 100 purushanmareyum sharashari 108 sthreekaleyum kandethi. ennirunnaalum, eee kanakkukal museum saambilukalile labelukalil ninnum, visconsinileyum pensylvaniayileyum prakrithicharithra shekharangalil ninnum, saambilukalude pradesham, praayam allengil upajaathikal ennivayil ninnu eduthathaanennu vyakthamaan. ennirunnaalum, melpparanja 208 saambilukal muthal puerto recoyile naalu parunthukal vare (chuvanna vaalukal kudiyerunnathinekkurichu 16 padanangalil 9 ennavum) sample valuppathil 16 srothassukal kaanikkunnath purushanmaarude sharashari bharavum sthreekalude sharashari bharavum muun speesheesukalude vishalamaaya prasidheekaricha bhaarathekkaal ekadesham 15 sathamaanam bharam kuravaanennu kaanikkunnu. american bhookhandathinullil, purushanmaarude saadhaarana bharam (washingtonile chelan kaundiyil kudiyerunna purushanmaarkk) muthal (masaachyusetsil maricha nilayil kandethiya purusha parunthukalkku) vareyum (goshoottukalil kudiyeriyavarkku) muthal (roganirnayam nadatthiya sthreekalkku) vareyum aakam. jeey. padinjaaran kansaasile borialis). shareera pindatthile valippa vyathyasam chuvanna vaalulla parunth saadhaaranayaayi mithamaaya alavil maathrame vyathyaasappedunnulloo valippa vyathyaasangal bhoomishaasthraparamaayi asthiramaanennum velippeduthunnu.
aann chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku motham neelavum penpakshikalkku neelavum alakkaan kazhiyum. avayude chirakukal saadhaaranayaayi muthal muthal vare aakam, ennirunnaalum ettavum valia penpakshikal vare neelaam. chirakinte valippam alakkunnathinulla saadhaarana shaasthreeya reethiyil, chirakinte coord neelamullathaanu. wall neelam alakkunnu. thurannukattappetta kulmen resukalil udaneelam tarses sharashari muthal vareyaanennu report cheyyappettu. madhya calviral (taalon ozhike) neelatthil ninnu alakkunna hallex-kloo (pinn kaalviralinte taalon, ithu asypitridukalil ettavum valuthayi parinamichu) muthal aakam.
thirichariyal.
mattu mikka american dainamdina rapterukalumaayum avaa ovarlaappu cheiyunnundenkilum, mikka pakwathayulla chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale speesheesukalumaayi thirichariyunnathu thaarathamyena nereyaanu, prathyekichu oru saadhaarana muthirnna vyakthiye nyayamaaya akalatthil kaanukayaanengil. chuvanna vaalulla parunth vadakke american parunth aanu, athinte chirakinte munvashath oru rufus vaalum karutha paattajiyam adayaalavumundu (ithu irunda morph muthirnnavarilum haarlante parunth pakshikalilum samanamaaya irunda niratthilulla thoovalukalaal maathram maranjirikkunnu). mattu valia muthirnnavar "beautio" spp. vadakke amerikkayil saadhaaranayaayi chuvanna vaalukalil illaatha vyakthamaaya adayaalangalundu, sweynsante parunthukalude rufus-braun "thaadi" ("bii. swanesony) allengil varnnabhamaaya vayarilum tholilum adayaalangalum chuvanna tholil parunthukalude karuppum veluppum niratthilulla aavaranavum (avarude primerikalude avasaanathil kaanunna cheria "janalakal"). varthamaanakaala vyakthikalil, silauttukal pole polum, valia "beauto" sppyude aakruthi. mattu niravadhi enangalil wall thookkiyidunna chirakukal pole vyathirikthamaayirikkam, pakshe chuvanna vaalukalilalla. vadakke american "beauto" spp. vishalamaaya chirakukalulla parunth (bii. plaattipteras)) cheruthum cheruthumaaya kazhuthu, valare cheruthumaaya tarsey enniva kaaranam pakshikalil chuvanna wall pole cheruthum othukkamullathumaya ferraginus hokkukaludeyo parukkan kaalukalulla basardukaludeyo bhaarameriyathum kazhuthillathathumaaya roopathilekku, athesamayam valare valia chirakukalulla parukkan kaalukal parakkunnathil vipareeta phalam sambhavikkunnu. parakkunna samayat, mattu valia vadakke american "beautio" spp. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalekkaal neelamullathum nertthathumaaya chirakukalullathum valare mangiyathum, valare mangiyathumaaya fetugenous parunthinu athinte valia, chunky bodiyumaayi bandhappett savisheshamaayi nerttha chirakukalundu. sweynsante parunthukalkku chirakil vyakthamaayi irunda niramaan, saadhaarana chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalekkaal valare mangiya chirakukalullavayaanu fetugenous parunthukal. ilam morph muthirnna ferraginus parunthinu neriya tanny-pink (pakshe orikkalum sarikkum rufus allah) upper wall kaanikkan kazhiyum, koodaathe chuvanna vaalukalkk underving-kavarukalil irunda adayaalangal undaakukayum irunda vayarulla baand undaakukayum cheyyum, ennaal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale apekshichu avaykku vyakthamaaya vishalamaaya thalayund, avayude remigukal valare cheruthum irundathumaaya praadhamika tippukalulla valare veluthathayi kaanapedunnu, avaykku chuvanna vaalukalude diagnostic paattaajiyal adayaalangal illa, koodaathe saadhaaranayaayi irunda subterminal teyil-band illa, koodaathe ferrisinus parunthukalkku poornnamaayum thoovalukalulla tarsey undu. velutha thalayulla fetugenous parunth, prathyekichu pakwathayillaattha thoovalukalil, criderinte chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalumaayi valare saamyamullathaan, ennaal valia parunthinu vishalamaaya thalayum idungiya chirakukalude aakruthiyumundu, koodaathe fetugenous aprapthamaaya parunth kaalukalkk thaazheyum thaazheyum mangiyathaanu. niravadhi enangal saadhaarana chuvanna vaalulla parunthumaayi oru bellie baand pankidunnu, pakshe avaa sookshumamaaya (ferraginus parunthineppole) muthal khara karupp vare vyathyaasappedunnu, randaamathethu ettavum bharam kuranja roopathilulla parukkan kaalulla basaardukalil. vadakke amerikkayile "beautio" yude mikka enangalkkum irunda roopangal ullathinaal muthirnnavarude chuvanna vaalukalkkidayil thirichariyaan kooduthal budhimuttaanu. vestten dark morph redu-tails (i.iii. "bii. jeey. ennirunnaalum, muthirnnavar, mattu enangalkku illaatha saadhaarana ishtika-chuvapp wall nilanirthunnu, allengil choklettu-thavitt muthal karutha pakshikal vare kooduthal verittunilkkunnu. saadhaarana ilam praayapoorthiyaakaathavar irikkumbol chirakinte mukal uparithalathinte puram pakuthiyil velutha paachu kaanikkunnu, ithu mattu praayapoorthiyaakaatha "beautio" spp aanu. abhavam. irunda morph juvanailukal, harlens hoock, chila criders hockukal (randaamathethu pradhaanamaayum soochippichathupole saadhaarana ferrunus hockukal) ennivayaanu ghattangalum thoovalukalum thirichariyaan ettavum budhimuttullava. chila irunda praayapoorthiyaakaathavar mattu "beauto" praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar samaanamaan, avaye "vividha feeld saahacharyangalil oru aathmavishwaasathodeyum speesheesukalumaayi thirichariyaan kazhiyilla."ennirunnaalum, kazhinja eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi feeld identification teknikkukal vikasichittundu, mikka parichayasambannaraaya parunth nireekshakarkkum ettavum vedanippikkunna plum cheytha pakwathayillaattha parunthukale polum verthirichariyaan kazhiyum, prathyekichum oro inathinteyum chirakukalude aakruthi palathum kandathinushesham vyakthamaakum. harlens hockukal irunda morph parukkan kaalukalulla basaardukalodum irunda morph ferraginus hokkukalodum saamyamullathaan. haarlante parunthukale ivayil ninnu verthirichariyunnathinula ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya thirichariyal upakaranamaan chirakinte aakruthi, mathramalla haarlante nenjil ilam varakalum, ithu mikka vyakthikalilum prakadamaanu, mattu parunthukalkku abhaavamund. koodaathe, irunda morph fetugenous parunth pakshikalkk harlens hockinte irunda subterminal baand illa, pakshe harlens illaatha karutha undertail marachuveppu vahikkunnu.
shabdaprayogam.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte nilavili 2 muthal 3 second vare neendathum, parukkanthum, rasping shabdamullathum, "kree-eee-aarr", "tea-eee-aarr" allengil "shee" enningane vividhamaayi lipyantharanam cheyyappettathumaaya oru nilaviliyaanu, athu uyarnna swarathil aarambhich thaazhekku slur cheiyunnu. eee nilaviliye palappozhum neeravi visil poleyulla shabdamaayi visheshippikkunnu. vettayaadumbozho parakkumbozho chuvanna vaalulla parunth idaykkide shabdam nalkunnu, pakshe oru vettakkaaran allengil ethiraaliyaaya parunth athinte pradeshathekku nuzhanjukayarunnathinodu prathikarikkunnathil, dhikkaaramaayo deshyathilo uracha shabdathil shabdamuyarthunnu. aduthu, ithu oru munnariyipp shabdamaayi oru crocking "guh-runk" undaakkunnu. nesslingukal "mriduvaayathum urakkamullathumaya gunanilavaaramulla" nottukal nalkiyekkaam, athu vikasikkumbol idaykkide nilavilikalkk vazhiyorukkunnu, pakshe avaa muthirnnavarude kadinamaaya nilavilikalekkaal mriduvaaya visil aayirikkanulla saadhyathayund. 11 divasam muthal (alaskayil rekhappeduthiyittullathu) (kaaliforniyayil), rund aksharangalulla, maathaapithaakkal koodu vidumbozho avarude kazhcha mekhalayilekku praveshikkumbozho kuttikal karayunna "klee-ukku" enna karachilulla avarude randaamathe vishapp vyathyasthamaan. vidoorajalathinte thirakkil ninnu valare vyathyasthamallatha" oru vichitramaaya mechanical shabdam oru aakasha nrithatthinte naduvil ucharichathayi report cheyyappettittund. pranayabandhathil "chirpp-shwirk" enna parishkkaricha kooll nalkumbol, taaraav polulla oru thacol "gank" avar vishramikkumbol jodikalkku nalkaam.
muthirnnavarude chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte ugravum nilavilikkunnathumaaya nilavili television shokalilum mattu maadhyamangalilum oru saadhaarana raapttar shabda falamaayi palappozhum upayogikkunnu, pakshikal chuvanna vaalulla parunth allengilum. kashandi kazhukante chithreekaranangalil ithu prathyekichum upayogikkunnu, ithu kashandi kazhukante nilaviliyaanenna pothuvaaya thettidhaaranaykku kaaranamaakunnu; yadhaartha kashandi kazhukante shabdangal chuvanna vaalulla parunthinekkaal valare mriduvum kooduthal shabdamullathumaanu.
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
amerikkayile ellah raapttarukalilum ettavum vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna onnaanu chuvanna vaalulla parunth. american kestralinu ("falco sparvarius") thottumunbu, meksikkan athirthikku vadakkulla eathoru dainamdina raapttarilum ettavum valia prajnana shreni ithu ulkkollunnu. peregrin faalkkanin ("falco peregrinus") vadakke amerikkayil oru nesttar enna nilayil valia akshamsha vitharanamundengilum, oru prajnana inamenna nilayil athinte paridhi chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale apekshichu valare viralavum viralavumaan. vadakku-madhya alasca, yookkon, vadakkupadinjaaran pradeshangalude ganyamaaya bhagam ennividangalil ninnulla chuvanna vaalulla parunth, inuvik, mckenzie nadeethada deltta vare athicherukayum grettu bear thadaakathinteyum grettu slave thadaakathinteyum thekkan theerangalil athicherukayum cheiyunnu. athinusesham vadakkan kaanadayil, chuvanna vaalukalude prajananam vadakkan suscatchevaanilekkum vadakku-madhya ontaariyo kizhakk muthal central cubec, kaanadayile samudra pravishyakal vareyum thekk florida vareyum thudarnnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude prajananamundaakaatha, thudarnnulla amerikkayiludaneelam kaaryamaaya vidavukalonnum sambhavikkunnilla. pasafikkiludaneelam, avarude shreniyil islas marias ulppede baja california revillagigedo dveepukalile sokoro dveep ulppedunnu. pradhana bhoopradeshathu, ooksaakkayil thudarchayaayi valarunna chuvanna vaalukal kaanapedunnu, thudarnnu tehuvaantepekkinte isthmasil oru hraswa vidavu anubhavappedunnu, thudarnnu chiyaapaasil ninnu central gwatimala vazhi vadakkan nirgaavayilekku thudarunnu. thekk, kostaarikka muthal central panaama vareyulla malayora pradeshangalile janasamkhya nirgaagvayile pakshikalude prajananatthil ninnu verthirichirikkunnu. kooduthal kizhakk, vadakkan bahamaasile vestt indeesil (athaayath.iii. grand bahama, abaco, andros), ellah valia dveepukalum (cuba, jamaikka, hispaniola, puerto rico polullava), vadakkan cheria aantileesilekkum (virjin dveepukal, sent barthalemy, saaba, sent kitts, nevis, sent yoostaashyasil thamasikkunna oru apoorva vyakthiyayathinaal orupakshe sent martinil vamshanasham sambhavichathaakam). avayude saadhaarana shaityakaala shreni thekkan kaanadayil ninnu thekk prajnana shreniyude backie bhaagangaliludaneelam vyaapichukidakkunnu.
vadakkum madhya amerikkayilum ulla eathu aavaasavyavasthayodum poruthappedaanulla kazhivu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kaanichittundu. ivayude ishta aavaasavyavastha mishrita vanangalum vayalukalumaanu, pradhaanamaayum uyaramulla marangalulla vanapradeshangalude arikukaloo allengil koodundaakkaanum parching saittukalaayi upayogikkaavunna uyarnna blafukaloo aanu. marubhoomikal, pulmedukal, eathaandu eathu theeradesha allengil thanneerthada aavaasavyavastha, parvathangal, thaazhvarakal, coniferous, elapozhiyum vanangal, ushnamekhalaa mazhakkaadukal ennivayulppede vishalamaaya aavaasavyavasthakalum uyarangalum avaa ulkkollunnu. amerikkayude mikka bhagangalilum thottangal, malancherivukal allengil aruviyude arikilulla marangal ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamallatha kaarshika vayalukalum mechilppurangalum, prajananatthino shaityakaala chuvanna vaalukalkko anuyojyamaaya aavaasavyavasthayaayirikkaam. avaa suburban pradesangalumaayi nannayi poruthappedunnu, prathyekichu uyaramulla marangalo eathenkilum tharatthilulla paarkk lando ullava. chila chuvanna vaalukal nagarapradeshangalil nilanilkkukayo thazhachuvalarukayo cheyyaam, saadhaaranayaayi labhyamaya nagara paarkkukal, smashaanangal, rooad verjukal muthalaayavayil vettayaadukayum valarukayum marangalil allengil phalatthil eathenkilum uyaramulla manushyanirmmitha gadanakalil swathanthramaayi koodundaakkukayum cheiyunnu. pelyan mell" ennariyappedunna oru prashastha nagara chuvanna vaalulla parunth, "pranayatthile chuvanna vaalukal central paarkkile oru vanyajeevi naadakam" enna nonfiction pusthakatthinte vishayamaayi maari, koodaathe pathittaandukalkkullil vijayakaramaayi koodundaakkukayum manhattan nagaratthile tirakkeriya nagarapradeshathu kunjungale valarthukayum cheytha aadyathe chuvanna vaalaan ithu. newyorkkile syracusil padichathupole, marangalum thurassaaya pradeshangalum koottimuttukayum velikal upayogichu manushyarude kaiyettatthe thadayukayum cheiyunnathinaal haiway samvidaanam chuvanna vaalukalkk valare prayojanakaramaanu, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kaar gathagathavumaayi eluppathil poruthappedunnu. haiveyil adhivasikkunna chuvanna vaalukale prathikoolamaayi badhikkunna oreyoru reethi videsha "fraagmaittukal" nattupidippikkalaanu, ithu idaykkide anuyojyamaaya haiway aavaasavyavasthaye avyakthamaakkiyekkaam.
vadakkan valia samathalangalil, kaattuthee adichamarthunnathinum manushyar anyadesha marangal nattupidippikkunnathu vyapakamaaya sanbradaayangal aspen thoppukalum mattu niravadhi marangalum orikkal vishalavum eathaandu thudarchayaayathumaaya prairy pulmedukal akramikkaan anuvadichu, ithu ferraginus hockukal polulla pulmedukalkku kaaranamaakukayum parkland eshtappedunna chuvanna vaalukal thazhachuvalaraan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. neremarichu, nyoo englandile pakwathayulla vanapradeshangal vyakthamaayi murikkunnathiloode, marangalude vighadichathum otappettathumaaya nilakal allengil kuranja second valarcha maathram avasheshikkunnu, chuvanna thool parunthukalude prajananathe thadayunnundengilum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku ithu gunam cheiyumennu rekhappeduthiyittundu. vadakke amerikkayile vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthayude upayogathil chuvanna vaalulla parunth mothatthil peregrin faalkkanumaayum valia kombulla moongayumaayum malsarikkunnu. uyarnna arttikkinappuram (avaa marangalude nirayil oru breederaayi nilkkunnath), vadakku, madhya amerikkayil chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal illaathatho apoorvamo aaya mattu chila pradeshangal nilavilundu. thakarkkappedaatha vanangalude chila pradeshangal, prathyekichu thaazhnna pradeshangalile ushnamekhalaa vanangal, apoorvvamaayi maathrame chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkaarulloovenkilum avaykku vanapradesangalaaya ushnamekhalaa uyarnna pradeshangal athbhuthakaramaamvidham nannayi ulkkollaan kazhiyum. marubhoomikalil, chilatharam aarborasant valarchayo dhaaraalam paarakkettukalo malayidukkukaloo sambhavikkumbol maathrame avaa sambhavikkukayulloo.
perumaattam.
chuvanna vaalulla parunth athinte dainamdina perumaattatthil manushyarkk valare prakadamaanu. ellah chuvanna vaalulla parunthukaludeyum pakuthiyiladhikam varunna thaamasa janasamkhyayile mikka pakshikalum saadhaaranayaayi prajananamallaatha seasonile pravartthanangale praadeshika parakkal parakalum oru perchil irikkalum thammil vibhajikkunnu. palappozhum, vettayaadal aavasyangalkullathaanu perching, ennaal palarum manikkoorukalolam oru marakkombil irikkunnu, chilappol oru chirakil allengil kaalil neetti, vettayaadal uddeshyathinte lakshanangalonnumillathe. shaithyakaalath archensasile saadhaarana ilam-roopathilulla parunthukal uyaramullathum otappettathumaaya marangalude mukalilulla thurassaaya pradeshangalil vasikkunnathayi kandethi, athesamayam irunda roopangal idathoornna marangalude koottangalil kooduthalaayi vasikkunnu. palarkkum, orupakshe mikkavarkkum, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale vividha pakshikal koottatthode koottatthode koottatthode koottunnathu dainamdina aashankayaan, ithu avarude dainamdina perumaattangale phalapradamaayi thadassappeduthum. asippittar" parunthukalum parunthukalum polulla mattu raaptarukal undaayirunnittum, svechaadhipathikal muthal icteridukal vareyulla onniladhikam kudumbangalude valia paasarinukal, aalkkoottathinte chuvanna vaalukal, avarkk sradheyamaaya valia apakadamaanu. ettavum akramanakaariyum apakadakaariyumaaya aakramanakaari vividha kaakkakalo mattu corvidukaloo aayirikkam.iii. american kakkakal ("corves brackirinchos"), kaaranam avayil oru alkkootta samghathinu (allengil "kolapathakam") 75 kakkakal vare aakam, ithu oru otta parunthine gurutharamaaya shaareerika dosham cheyyum, parunthukal koodundaakkukayaanenkil, maathru parunthukale verthirikkukayum avarude koodinullile muttakaleyo koodu valarthukaleyo kakkakal vettayaadunnathilekku apakadathilaakkukayum cheiyunnu. aalkkoottamaaya chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku parunthukalude vila ethratholam vyaapippichuvenn parayaan kazhiyum (i.iii. nenchinte mukal bhaagavum thondayude mukal bhaagavum veekkam ullathum paranna thoonukalum minusamaarnnathumaayathinaal parunth vettayaadaan pokumbozhaanu aalkkoottam kooduthalaayi undaakunnath.
parannu.
parakkumbol, oorjjam samrakshikkaan kazhiyunnathra kuranja thothil thattikkond, eee parunth palappozhum cheria diheadralil chirakukalode parakkunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku parakkanulla ettavum kaaryakshamamaya reethiyaanu parakkal, athinaal ithu palappozhum upayogikkunnu. sajeevamaaya parakkal mandagathiyilullathum manappoorvvamullathum aazhathilulla chirakukalude spandanangalullathumaanu. mattu mikka "beautio" parunthukalekkaalum sajeevamaaya parakkalil chirakukalude spandanangal kuravaanu, chirakukalude roopaghadana kaaranam ferrunus parunthukal polulla bharameriya enangal polum kooduthal vegathil flap cheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu. kaattil, ithu idaykkide thoongikkidakkunna chirakukalil karangukayum nilatthinu mukalil nischalamaayi thudarukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal eee parakkal reethi eee inam apoorvamaayi maathrame upayogikkunnulloo. chirakukal uyarthumbozho thattumpozho, athu saadhaaranayaayi sanjarikkunnu, pakshe diving cheyyumbol athu kaviyunnu. vadakke amerikkayile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal idaykkide parakkunna samayat vettayaadumenkilum, eee pradeshathe chuvanna vaalukalulla parakkalil bhooribhaagavum vettayaadaatha aavasyangalkkaanu. koodu prathirodhatthinidayil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku athishayakaramaamvidham vegathayeriyathum oorjjaswalavumaaya parakkal saadhyamaan, athesamayam thirichariyaan kazhiyunna bheeshanikalil aavarthichu mungunnu.
kudiyettam.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale bhagika kudiyettakkaaraayi kanakkakkunnu, kaaranam canadayileyum alaskayileyum avarude shreniyude bhooribhaagavum varunna avayude vitharanathinte vadakkan moonnilonnu bhaagavum avayude prajnana maithaanangal eathaandu poornnamaayum shoonyamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, vadakku theerapradeshangalaaya pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaru muthal thekkan alasca vareyum atlaantikkile nova skottiyayilum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi kudiyerunnilla. shaithyakaalath manju moodalmanju eathaandu thudarchayaayi thudarunna eathoru pradeshavum mikka chuvanna vaalulla parunthukaludeyum deerghakaala abhavam kaanikkunnu, athinaal mondaana vare thekk chila pradeshangalil chuvanna vaalukalude sakthamaaya seasonal shoonyathakal kaanichekkaam. thekkan mishiganil, pakwathayillaattha chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal shaithyakaalath dhaaraalam volukal ullappol maathrame nilanilkkoo. mishiganile thaarathamyena neendathum kadinavumaaya shaithyakaalath vadakkukizhakkan meksikkoyil kooduthal cheruppakkaar report cheyyappettu. neremarichu, alaskayile fairbankukal vare vadakku thamasikkunna parunthukalkku avarude swantham pradeshathu shaithyakaalath nilanilkkaam, thudarchayaayi moonnu varshathinide oru purushante kaaryatthil rekhappeduthiyittundu. shaithyakaalath eathu praayathilumulla pakshikal praadesikamaayirikkumenkume bhakshanathinte aavasyamullappozhellaam avayude paridhi mariyekkaam. shaityakaala pakshikal, prathyekichu avarkk poornna vilavu undengilo mosham allengil amithamaya kattulla kaalaavasthaykkidayilo aanenkil, abhayam thedunna, aprasakthamaaya marangalude paarchukalil irikkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu. muthirnnavarude shaityakaala chuvanna vaalukal apoorvvarekkaal kooduthal praadhaanyathode nilkkunnu, avaa thaazhnnatho kooduthalo otappetta perchukal thiranjedukkunnu. prabalaraaya muthirnnavar avare maattippaarppikkunnil, shaityakaala pakshikalude ennathil apoorvvaraaya pakshikale palappozhum nashtappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, shaithyakaalath muthirnnavar akramikkaan saadhyatha kuravaanennum athishayakaramaamvidham avarkk aduthu nilkkaan kazhiyumennum apoorvvarkku thirichariyaan kazhiyum. sheetakaala parunthukalude shreniyude ettavum pradhanappetta pariganana praayamaan, ennaal valuppam gadakamaanu, kaaranam valia apoorvvar (saadhaaranayaayi sthreekal) cheriyavare apekshichu sthaanabhrashtaraakaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu. irunda muthirnna chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale mattu chuvanna vaalukale apekshichu kandethuka budhimuttaanennu thonnunnu. udaaharanathinu, oklahomayil, shaithyakaalath muthirnna haarlante parunthukal apoorvvamaayi maathrame ettumuttalukalil earppedukayo mattu chuvanna vaalukal pinthudarukayo cheythirunnulloo. eee parunthukal praadeshika bhaagangalil othukoodukayum varsham thorum palappozhum ore parunthukal sambhavikkukayum cheythu. pothuve, deshaadana swabhaavam sankeernavum oro parunthanteyum theerumaanamedukkaline aasrayikkunnathumaanu (athaayath.iii. neenda manju moodalmanju sahikkaan parunthine vasheekarikkan erakalude ennam mathiyo). sharatkaala kudiyetta samayat, septambar avasaanathode puratthekku pookaam, pakshe october avasaanathilum november muzhuvan amerikkayilum ettavum uyarnna chalanagal sambhavikkunnu, desember pakuthikk sesham kudiyettam avasaanikkunnu. ettavum vadakke attathulla kudiyettakkaar aduthulla yunaittad stetsile residant redu-tailed hockukalkku mukaliloode kadannupokaam, randaamathethu ippozhum valarunna flagingukalkkidayilaanu. ontaariyo, cubec, vadakkan yunaittad stetts ennividangalile niravadhi sharatkaala hoock vaachukal oro sharathkaalathiloodeyum 900 chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kudiyerunnathaayi rekhappeduthunnu, oru seasonil 15,000 vare recordukal minnesottayile duluthile hoock ridge hoock vaachil undu. mattu chila "beauto" espipikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi.sweynson parunthukal, vishalamaaya chirakukalulla parunthukal enniva pole, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi grouppukalaayi kudiyerunnilla, pakaram oronnaayi kadannupokunnu, kaatt anukoolamaaya divasangalil maathrame kudiyerukayulloo. mikka kudiyettakkaarum sharathkaalathinte avasaanathil thekkan meksikkoyiloode neengunnilla, ennaal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale valarthunnathinaal kurachu vadakke american kudiyettakkaarkku varsham thorum thekkott neengaam.iii. madhya america muthal vidoora thekkan panaama vare. ennirunnaalum, sheetakaalath kudiyettakkaarude chuvanna vaalukal kolambiyayil vannathayi chila rekhakal report cheyyappettu, ithu thekke amerikkayil evideyum ulla aadyathe recordaanu. vasanthakala vadakkottulla neekkangal februvari avasaanathode aarambhikkam, ettavum uyarnna ennam saadhaaranayaayi march avasaanathilum epril thudakkathilum sambhavikkum. newyorkkile ooswegooyile derby hill hoock vaachil vasanthakaalath 19,000 chuvanna vaalukal vare seasonal ennangalil ulppedaam, chilappol oru divasam 5,000-ll kooduthal rekhappeduthunnu. ettavum vadakke deshaadana vyakthikalkk, muthirnnavarkk polum, juun vare prajananasthalangalil athaanaavilla.
praayapoorthiyaakaatha parunthukal sharashari vasanthakaalath muthirnnavarekkaal vaikiyaan kudiyerunnathu, pakshe pothuve paranjaal sharathkaalathalla. vadakkan valia thadaakangalil, muthirnnavar ithinakam thanne koodundaakkunna seasonilekku athukayum aalillaatha parvathanirakal kandethukayum cheiyunna meyy avasaanathode juun aadyathode apoorvvar madangiyethunnu. alaskayil, muthirnnavar septambar aadyam muthal septambar pakuthi vare, mattu pradeshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, orupakshe kanatha manjuveezhcha aarambhikkumbol, pakwathayillaathathinu munbu kudiyerunnu. thekkupadinjaaran idahoyil baand cheythirunna kuttikal, avar valarnnuvannathinu sesham ekadesham 2 maasam thaamasikkukayum thudarnnu sakthamaaya dishaasoochanayode deerghadooram sanjarikkukayum cheythu, 12 ll 9 perum patana mekhalayude thekkukizhakkayi veendedukkukayum cheythu-avaril aarr perr thekk meksikkoyile theeradesha thaazhnna pradeshangalilekku neengukayum cheythu] koodaathe gwatimala vare, avarude prarambha bandingle ninnu. kaaliforniyayil, 35 parunthukale koodujeevikalaayi kettiyittirunnu; 26 ennam 50 mylil thaazhe akale ninnu veendeduthu, multidirectional juvenile dispersalukal. thekkan kaaliforniyayil baand cheytha nesslingukal chilappol vadakku origon vare sanjarichu, thekk sinalovayilekku neengiya siyara nevaadakalil ninnulla oru banded pakshi vare. october-november maasangalil thaarathamyena valare dooram sanjarichillengilum disambarode illinois, ayowa, texas, louisiana, florida ennivayulppedeyulla samsthaanangalil rogamukthikal kandethi.
bhakshanakramam.
chuvanna vaalulla parunth mamsabhojiyum valare avasaravaadiyaaya poshakavumaanu. avar kandumuttunna mikkavarum eathu cheria mrugatheyum saadhyathayulla bhakshanamaayi kanakkakkaam. elikalum lagomorphukalum polulla cheria sasthanikalaan ivayude ettavum saadhaaranamaaya ira, ennaal avaa pakshikal, uragangal, malsyangal, ubhayajeevikal, akasherukkal ennivayeyum bhakshikkunnu. praadeshikavum kaalaanusrithavumaaya labhyatha anusarichu irayil ganyamaaya vyathyaasamundengilum saadhaaranayaayi elikale kendreekarikkunnu, ithu parunthinte bhakshanathinte 85 sathamaanam vare varum. mothatthil, ekadesham 500 ira enangal avarude bhakshanathil rekhappeduthiyittundu, eathaandu valia kombulla moongakal kazhikkunnathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. 27 vadakke american padanangal avalokanam cheyyumbol, sasthanikal bhakshanathinte aavruthi anusarichu aii. dii. 2, pakshikal vazhi aii. dii. 1, uragangal vazhi aii. dii. 3, akasherukkal vazhi 2.8 sathamaanavum ubhayajeevikalum malsyangalum vazhi 0.20 sathamaanavum aakunnu. vadakke amerikkayile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal edukkunna erakalude jyaamitheeya sharashari shareera pindam bhookhandathiludaneelamulla oru jodi samahara padanangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, praadeshikamaayi kuranjathu athil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. pradhana iraykku (akasherukkal ozhike) ekadesham oru cheria eliyudeyo palliyudeyo valippam muthal karutha vaalulla jackrabitinte ("lepus californicus") valippam vare bhaaramundennu avakaashappedunnu. dainamdina bhakshana aavasyakathakal avarude swantham shareerabhaarathinte 7 muthal <aii. dii. 1> vareyaanu, athinaal oru saadhaarana rench muthirnnayaalkk prathidinam moonnu volukalo thathulyamaaya bhaaramo aavasyamaanu.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude taalonukalum kaalukalum oru "beautio" parunthine thaarathamyena valuthaanu; sharashari valippamulla muthirnnavarude chuvanna vaalilulla "hallex-kloo" allengil ellah aaksipitridukalileyum ettavum valia nakhamaaya rear taalon sharashari ekadesham. vaasthavathil, chila pradeshangalile chuvanna vaalukalude talonukal ferrunus parunthukalude athe valippamullavayaan, avaykku ganyamaayi bharavum cheruthaayi bharam kuranja sweynson parunthinekkaal valuthum aakam. eee inam athinte kaalukaliloode sharashari marddam chelutthiyekkaam. athinte roopaghadana kaaranam, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku saadhaaranayaayi mattu "beauto" parunthukale apekshichu valia iraye akramikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe vettayaadunna samayat labhyamaya swantham valippathilulla ettavum valia iraye thiranjedukkaan avaykku kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum mikka erakalum ennathil parunthukalude swantham bhaaratthinte sharashari 20 sathamaanam bhaaramullathaayirikkam (pala erapidiyan pakshikaludeyum swabhaavam pole). chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna perchil ninnu irayude pravartthanam nireekshichukondu vettayaadunnu, ithu nischala vetta ennum ariyappedunnu. kandethumbol parunth iraye thaazheyirakkunnu. chuvanna vaalukal palappozhum oru nischitha parithasthithiyil labhyamaya ettavum uyarnna perchukal thiranjedukkunnu, kaaranam avaa ethra uyarathilaano athra kuranja flapping aavasyamaanu, athra vegathil aduthulla irayilekku thaazhekku kayaran kazhiyum. ira saraashariyekkaal aduthaanengil, parunth kurachu flaappukalulla kuthaneyulla thaazhekkulla konilekk parakkaam, saraashariyekkaal akaleyaanengil, glydukalkkoppam marimari kurachu swift wingbeatukal flap cheyyaam. saadhaaranayaayi chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalekkurichu samsaarikkunna ettavum vijayakaramaya vettayaadal reethiyaanu perch vettayaadal, ithu avarude dainamdina pravartthanangalude 83 sathamaanam vare vahikkum (athaayath.iii. shaithyakaalath). shaityakaala jodikal orumichu cherukayum marangal polulla annaakkukale svayam pidikkaan budhimuttundaayekkavuna churuchurungiya irakale vettayaadaan kaalaanusrithamaayi sainyathil cherukayum cheyyaam. oru maratthinte ethirvashangalil pinthudaruka, annaakkine chuttikkaranguka, mikkavarum anivaryamaayum elikale matte parunth flush cheythathinu sesham oraal pidikkaan prerippikkuka enniva ithil ulppedaam. 
chuvanna vaalinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya parakkunna vettayaadal reethi flap-aandu-glide tharam parakkal upayogichu nilatthinu mukaliloode sanjarikkuka ennathaanu, idaykkide harrier polulla kwaarttezhsumaayi nilathu chitharikkidakkunnu. eee reethi perch vettayekkaal vijayakaramalla, pakshe cheria pakshikale pidikkaan thaarathamyena upayogapradamaanennu thonnunnu, malayora rajyangalil vettayaadumbol mikacha phalangal kaanichekkaam. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale vettayaadunnathinu apratheekshithamaayi aakramikkunnathin munbu marangal, kuttikkaadukal allengil parakal enniva eluppathil marachuvekkaan upayogikkunnu, ithu "aaksipittar" polulla reethiyil marangalkkidayil ninnu rakshappedaanulla bhagika kazhivu polum kaanikkunnu. alaskayile kattiyulla sproosukalil, konifarukalude vipulamaaya pradeshangalil thamasikkunna chuvanna vaalukalkk oru vettayaadal parakkal asaadhaaranamaamvidham pradhaanamaanennu karuthappettirunnu, parunthukal nilathekku varikayum iraye pinthudarunnathil thidukkathil nadakkukayum cheiyunnu, prathyekichu ira valuthaanenkil, goshokkukalkk samanamaaya perumaattam. texacil saadhaaranayaayi vavvaalukale vettayaadunna chuvanna vaalukalil kooduthal athisayakaramaaya druthagathiyilulla aakasha vetta report cheythittundu. ivide, vavvaalukale vettayaadunna vidagdhar paathi adanja chirakukalode, valare parunth poleyulla, guhayil ninnu purathukadakkunna vavvaalukalude valia aruviyiloode uzhuthumarichu, thudarnnu athinte taalonukalil oru vavvaalumaayi mukalilekku valarnnu. eee parunthukalum aruviyodu samaantharamaayi parannu, thudarnnu athilekku kuthane neengukayum oru baatt pidichedukkukayum cheiyunnu. neotropicsil, vettayaadumbol vanaa melaappukalil ninnu rakshappedaanulla kazhivu chuvanna vaalukal kaanichittundu. kansaasil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal parakkunna praanikale pidikkaan kappalodikkunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu, ithu oru sweynson parunthinte saadhaarana vetta reethiyaanu. pakaramaayi, vettukkilikal, vandukal thudangiya praanikalkkum mattu akasherukkalkkum orupakshe ubhayajeevikalkkum malsyangalkkum (pinneedulla kesukalil vellam ozhike) meikkaanaayi avaa nilathekku veezhaam. apoorvvaraayavarkkidayil vettayaadal prathyekichum prachaarathilundennu thonnunnu. vadakkukizhakkan floridayile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal palappozhum bhoomiyude uparithalathinu sameepam ninnu mannirakal verthirichedukkunnathi rekhappeduthiyittundu, chilath mazhaykku sesham mannirakal niranja vilakal undaayirunnu. thaddesheeya karaa sasthanikal undaakaatha sokoro dveepilum bhoo vetta valare saadhaaranamaanu, akasherukkal avarude mothatthilulla bhakshanathil kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnu. pidikoodiya udan thanne oru kazhuthaye mungimarichukondirunna oru paarambaryethara vadha reethi ulppeduthunnathinaayi oru chuvanna vaalulla parunth nireekshikkappettu. oru chuvanna vaalulla parunth oru cheria nilathulla annaakkine pidikkaan sramikkunnathu kaanukayum athu kaanaathaayappol uchathil nilavilikkukayum cheythu, ithu mattoru cheria annaakkine oodichennu pidikkukayum cheythu. ithu manahpoorvamaaya vettayaadal saankethikavidyayaano ennu anweshikkendathundu. pidikoodumbol, cheria iraye oru feeding perchilekku kondupookunnu, ithu mikkavarum ellaayppozhum oru vettayaadal perchinekkaal kuravaanu. cheria erakalil, elikalum cheria paambukalum pole palappozhum poornnamaayum vizhungappedunnu, athesamayam pakshikale parichedukkukayum shirachhedam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. chipmunks pole cheria erayeppolum kazhikkaan rando moonno kadiyettekkaam. gathagathayogyamaaya valippamulla valia sasthanikale chilappol shirachhedam cheyyukayum avayude romangalude oru bhagam upekshikkukayum pinneedu bakkiyullava oru maratthil sambharikkukayo nilathu veezhukayo cheiyunnu. valia ira, prathyekichu chirakil kondupokaan kazhiyaathathra bhaaramullathaanenkil, palappozhum otappetta sthalathekku valichizhaykkappedukayum vividha reethikalil nasippikkukayum cheiyunnu. avasheshikkunnath thaazhnna perchilekku vijayakaramaayi kondupokaan avarkk kazhiyumenkil, avar nirayunnathuvare bhakshanam nalkukayum bakkiyullava upekshikkukayum cheiyunnu.
sasthanikal.
elikal theerchayaayum aavruthi anusarichu mikkappozhum edukkunna irayude tharamaan, ennaal koodukalil biomass erayaakkunnathinulla avayude sambhavana praadeshikamaayi kuravaayirikkaam, koodaathe elikal irayude tharam, vaividhyam, praadhaanyam enniva valare vyathyasappettirikkum. mothatthil, nooriladhikam elikalude enangal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude bhakshanathilekku ethi. kizhakkan vilaveduppu eliyude ("rheuthrodontomis humulis") muthal poornnamaayi valarnna maskraattukal ("oondatra sybethicus") vareyulla valippamulla enangalulla valare vyathyastha valuppathilulla elikale chuvanna vaalukal vettayaadunnu. chilappol, chuvanna vaalulla parunthine oru ardha-prathyeka wall-catcheraayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal muyalukal, annaakkal thudangiya valia irakale pidichedukkunnathuvare erekkure edukkunna oru upajeevana bhakshanamaanu volukal. mishigan pradeshathu, pakwathayillaattha parunthukal eathaandu poornnamaayum oorjjaswalatha kaivarichirunnuvenkilum muthirnnavar vaividhyamaarnna bhakshanadaathaakkalaayirunnu. vaasthavathil, vadakke amerikkayiludaneelamulla 27 bhakshana padanangalil ettavum uyarnna aavruthiyilulla ira inamaayirunnu pulmedukal (microtus pensylvanicus), ithu koodukalile bhakshanathinte 54 sathamaanam vare aavarthikkunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude eathoru bhakshana padanatthilum oru inam mrugangal bhakshanathinte pakuthiyil kooduthal ulkkollunnath valare apoorvamaanu. motham 9 "microtus" enangal mothatthilulla bhakshanathil ariyappedunnu, mattu 5 volukalum lemingukalum avayude ira spectrathil ulppeduthiyittunde ariyappedunnu. kizhakkan kansaasile 1322 saambilil ninnu 26.4% roopappeduthiya prairi wall ("microtus akrogaasttar") aayirunnu mattoru mikacha praathinidyamulla inam. praadhamika theetta pravartthanatthil crepuscular aayirikkumbol, volukal ravum pakalum sajeevamaanenn ariyappedunnu, athupole thanne mikka skviral allatha elikalekkaalum parunthukalkku vishwasaneeyamaaya bhakshanamaanu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi rathrikaala pravarthanangalil sajeevamaan. vaasthavathil, mattu mikka microtain elikalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku avayude sakthamaaya rathrikaala mechil paattenukal kaaranam valia thothil praapyamalla, ennirunnaalum volukalkkum lemingukalkkum purathulla 24 enangal vettayaadappedunnu. mattu mikka crictettid elikalekkaalum valare valuthaya vudtaattukale chila pradeshangalil pradhana anubandha irayaayi edukkunnu, koodaathe chila vadakke american deermouse ("peromiscus maniculates") vannekkaam. randaamathe inathinte ettavum valia praathinidhyam yoottaayile valia thadatthile bhakshanathinte <aii. dii. 1> sambhavana cheiyunnathaayirunnu, ithu avare avidatthe randaamathe mikacha ira inamaakki maatti. rathrikaala elikalumaayulla eee parimithamaaya bandham kanakkiledukkumbol, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude bhakshanathil pokkatt gofarukalude uyarnna praadhaanyam pala jeevashaasthranjarkkum aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunu, kaaranam iva pakal samayat valare rathrikaalavum avyakthavumaanu, apoorvvamaayi maathrame avayude arayude paridhi avasheshikkunnulloo. kuranjathu 8 inam pokkatt gofarukalenkilum erakalude pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu (5 inam pokkatt elikale paraamarsikkendathilla). northen pokkatt goffer ("thomis talpoids") prathyekichum report cheyyappedukayum, aavruthi anusarichu, 27 american bhakshana padanangalil ettavum kooduthal rekhappeduthappedunna moonnaamathe ira inamaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. orupakshe, orikkalum kandittillaatha chuvanna vaalukal upayogichu pokkatt gofarukale vettayaadunnathu aadya prabhaathatthil mangiya velichathilum sandhyayude avasana velichathilum oru goffer vettayaadumbol avar bhagyavaanmaaraakunnu.
eathaandu poornnamaayum dainamdinamaayathinaal elikalil ettavum pradhanappetta ira annaan aanu. annaan kudumbatthil ninnulla ekadesham 50 enangal bhakshanamaayi maariyenn ellaavarum paranju. prathyekichum, avaa vitharanam cheyyappedunna sthalangalil, nilathu vasikkunna sheelangal kaaranam nilathu kidakkunna annaakkal praadhamika bhakshya srotassaayi eratti aakarshakamaan, kaaranam chuvanna vaalukal bhoomiyile iraye akramikkaan eshtappedunnu. irayenna nilayil nilathu kidakkunna annaakkalkk niravadhi poraaymakalundu avaykku avayude kuzhikalude surakshayilekku vegathil rakshappedaan kazhiyum, avaa valare saamoohikavum alaram kolukalkku marupadiyaayi valare phalapradavum vegameriyathumaanu, koodaathe dhaaraalam speesheesukal hibernationil praveshikkunnu, ettavum thanuppulla kaalaavasthayil 6 muthal 9 maasam vare aakam (ennirunnaalum manjuveezhchayillaatha choodulla kaalaavasthayilullavarkku palappozhum hrasvamaaya urakkamillaymayum yadhaartha hibernation illa). ennirunnaalum, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal nilathu kidakkunna annaakkukalude arppanabodhamulla vettakkaaraan, prathyekichu avar mechilkkaan pookumbool (palappozhum cheruppakkaaraaya mrugangal) jaagrathayillaathavaye pidikkunnu. kaaliforniyayile saan jokwin pareekshanathmaka shreniyil nadatthiya oru multy-varsha patanam, 4031 enangal parishodhichu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkkaayi innuvareyulla ettavum valia bhakshya patanam, kaalangaliludaneelam california graundu annaan ("autospermophilus beachy") ettavum pradhanappetta irayaayirunnuvennu kaanichu, ithu prajnana seasonile bhakshanathinte 60.8% umm parunthukalude bhakshanathinte ekadesham 27.2% umm varsham muzhuvanum kanakkakkunnu. eee shreniyile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude valare uyarnna saandrata kaaranam, chila jodikal kangaru elikal, pallikal, paambukal allengil chippmankukal enniva ulppedunna vaividhyamaarnna ithara erakalil vaidagdhyam nedi. oru jody nilathu annaakkukalude pravartthanatthinte kendrathinaduthaanenkum pokkatt gofarukalil shradha kendreekarichu malsaram kurachathaayi kaanapedunnu. paambu nadiyaaya enn. sii. ayil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude praadhamika bhakshanam tounsendinte graundu annaan ("eurositellas tounsendi") aayirunnu, ithu avide nilathu annaan janasamkhyayude moorchayulla koorchayudeyum thakarchayudeyum idayilum niravadhi varshangalayi 382 ira enangalile bhakshanathinte 21 shathamaanatholam varum. thekkukizhakkan washingtonile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude pradhana bhakshanamaayirunnu ithe inam, 170 enangalil 31.2% ulppedunnu. mondaanayudeyum thekkan-madhya mondaanayudeyum noottaand thaazhvarayil kooduthal aduthulla kollayadi bandham report cheyyappettu, avide yathaakramam 194 erakalude bhakshanathil aii. dii. 2 umm 261 enangalil aii. dii. 1 umm richaardsante nilathundaaya annaan ("eurositellas richardsony") ulppedunnu. praadeshikamaayi rochasttaril, alberta, richaardsante graundu annaan, sharashari kanakkaakkappedunnu, thirichariyappedaatha cheria elikalude ennathil dvitheeyamaayirunnu, ennaal eee mekhalayile chuvanna vaalukal pradeshathe graundu annaante oru valia dvaaramaaya aidi 1 neey konnu. kooduthal kizhakk, nilathuninna annaakkal athra vishwasaneeyamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunnilla, pakshe thekkan visconsinil nadanna oru padanatthil, aaa samsthaanathe niravadhi vyathyastha bhakshana padanangalilonnil, pathimoonnu varakalulla nilathuninna annaakkaayirunnu ("ectidomis tridesemlinates") pradhana ira inam, bhakshanathinte 29.7% (165-nte saambilil ninnu).
cluwain thadaakathil, yookkonil, artic graundu annaakkal ("spermophilus paari") haarlante chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude mothatthilulla pradhana bhakshanamaayirunnu, ithu 1074 erakalude saambilil 30.8% aanu. eee nilathunilkkunna annaakkal avayude neenda urakkaavasthayilekku praveshikkumbol, prajnana haarlante parunthukal shaithyakaalathekku thekkott kudiyerunnu. cluwain thadaakatthile eathaandu athe praadhaanyamulla american chuvanna annaan ("tamissurus hadsonicus") mukalil paranja saambilil 29.8% aayirunnu. chuvanna annaakkal idathoornna spruze staandukalil valare chadularaaya nivaasikalaan, ithu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku engane pathivayi pidikkaan kazhiyumennu jeevashaasthranjar chinthikkaan kaaranamaayi. parunthukal avayude kashukal kuzhikkumbol pole avaye nilathu pidikkaan saadhyathayund, ennaal saidhaanthikamaayi, haarlante parunthukalkku irunda niram vanangalkkullil praadeshikamaayi kooduthal phalapradamaayi annaakkukale pathiyirunnu akramikkaan avare anuvadichekkaam. american chuvanna annaakkal vadakke amerikkayil mattevideyengilum anubandha irayaayi apoorvvamaayi kaanappedunnillenkilum, mattu maraa annaakkal thaarathamyena apoorvvamaayi pidikkappedunnu, kuranjathu venalkkaala prajnana seasonilengilum. orupakshe sharathkaalathinte avasaanathinum vasanthakaalathinte thudakkathinum idayil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude jody chilappol marangalude annaakkukale sahakarikkumennu ariyappedunnu. vadakke amerikkayile maratthile annaakkukalil ettavum valia kurukkan annaakkal ("surus niger") thaarathamyena saadhaarana anubandha irayaanu, ennaal bharam kuranjathum kooduthal chadulamaaya kizhakkan chaara annaakkal ("surus carolinensis") bhakshana padanangalude adisthaanathil apoorvvamaayi maathrame pidipedunnulloo. muthirnnavarkkulla maarmottukal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale pidikkaan budhimuttaayirikkumbol, colladoyile paarakkettukalil manja vayarulla maarmottinte ("marmota flaviventries") uyarnna aavruthi polulla ilaya maarmottukal mulayoottunnathinu sesham eluppathil edukkunnu. annaakkukalude mattoru koottam, ennaal annaakkukalude valippa spektrathinte ethir attathu, chippmankukalum kooduthalum anubandha irayaanu, pakshe avaa kooduthal pathiv bhouma vettakkaaraanennu kanakkiledukkumbol maraa annakkukalekkaal eluppathil pidikkappedunnathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. central ohaayoyil, sharashari bharamullah chipp mankinte ettavum valia inamaaya eestten chipp munk ("tamias straittas") yadhaarthathil ennathil munpanthiyilulla irayaayirunnu, ithu 179 enangalude saambilil 12.3% aanu.
elikalkku purathu, vadakke amerikkayile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude ettavum pradhanappetta ira muyalukalum muyalsasyangalumaan, athil kuranjathu 13 enangalenkilum avayude ira spectrathil ulppeduthiyittundu. janasamkhyaykkullil biomass prathyulpaadana vijayavum moolam, iva avarude ettavum pradhanappetta bhakshya srothassaanenn urappaan (kuranjathu vadakke amerikkayil). chuvanna vaalukal vettayaadunna muthirnna "sylvilagus" muyalukal brush muyal ("sylvilagus bachmani") muthal tress marias muyal ("sylvilagus graysony") vare aakam, athesamayam vettayaadunna ellah kushtarogikalum pigmi muyal ("brackilagus idahoensis") muthal muyal, jackrabidukal enniva parunthinte swantham bhaaratthinte eratti vare aakam. praadhamikamaayi crypuscular aayirikkumbol, muyalukalum muyalukalum palappozhum ravum pakalum vettayaadunnu, athinaal vaividhyamaarnna vettakkaaril ninnu mikkavarum nirantharamaaya vettayaadal sammarddam neridunnu. aarogyamullathum athivegam valarunnathumaya santhathikal urappaakkunna bhakshanathinte valupavum poshakaahaaravum kaaranam kazhivulla muyal vettakkaraaya aann chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkko jodikalkko sharashari uthppaadanakshamathayekkaal kooduthal undakam. ettavum vyaapakamaayi report cheyyappedunnathu vadakke amerikkayile moonnu saadhaarana inangalaaya kottandeyilukalaanu, avaa kooduthalum allopatric srenikalaayi mriduvaayi tharamthirikkunnu, avaa vitharanathil ovarlaappu cheiyunna aavasa mungananakalaal pradhaanamaayum verthirikkappedunnu. athaayath, reportinginte avarohana kramatthil ivayaayirunnu vadakke amerikkayil mothatthil ettavum vyaapakamaayi report cheyyappetta randaamathe ira inamaaya kizhakkan kottandeyil ("sylvilagus floridanus"), oru padanatthil ariyappedunna paramavadhi sathamaanam oklahomayile (958 ira enangalil) 26.4% aayirunnu, parvatha kottandeyil ("sylvilagus nattali"), kaibab peedabhoomi, arizona, marubhoomi kottandeyil ("sylvilagus oodubooni") ennivayile 478 saambilil paramavadhi praathinidhyam 17.6% aanu, padinjaaran-madhya arisonayile 326 saambilil ninnu paramavadhi praathinidhyam 22.4% aanu. karutha vaalulla jackrabidukal ("lepus californicus") padinjaaru kaanapedunna parunthukal, prathyekichu grettu basin, oru bhakshya srotassaayi kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkunnu. chuvanna vaalukal pathivayi vettayaadunna ettavum valia irayaayirikkaam eee inam, koodaathe praadhamikamaayi jackrabitukale vettayaadunna sharashari irayude valuppamaan mothatthil ettavum kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. jackrabit nambarukal thakarumbol, chuvanna vaalulla parunth uthppaadanakshamathayum kurayunnu. vadakkan uttayil, 329 saambilukalude ennathaal karutha vaalulla jackrabidukal 55.3% aayi nirmmikkappedunnu. mattidangalil, avaa saadhaaranayaayi samkhyayude adisthaanathil alpam dvitheeyamaanu. praayapoorthiyaakaathathum praayapoorthiyaakaathathumaaya jackrabitukal pidikkappedumbol, avaa idaykkide praayapoorthiyaaya jackrabitukal ekadesham bharam vare edukkunnu. vaitt-tailed jackrabit ("lepus tounsendi") polulla mattu valia enangale chilappol irayaakkunnu, ennaal ithil aarogyamulla muthirnnavar ulppedunnundo ennu vyakthamalla.
canadayileyum alaskayileyum boriyal vanangalil, chuvanna vaalukal snoshoo muyal ("lepus americanus") neey aasrayichirikkunnu, eee bhakshya srothassine praadeshikamaayi aasrayikkunnathil valia kombulla moongaykku pinnilum vadakkan goshokinu munnilum evideyengilum veezhunnu. snoshoo muyalukale aasrayikkunna chuvanna vaalukalude vettayaadal mungananakal vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. alberta rochasttaril pidikkapetta snoshoo mualil 52 sathamaanavum muthirnnavaraayirunnu, atharam ira sharashari kanakkaakkappedunnu, chila varshangalil praayapoorthiyaakaatha muyalinekkaal aarr madangu kooduthal muthirnnavar edukkappettu, ithu sharashari kanakkaakkappedunnu. 1.rochasttarile praadeshika janasamkhyayile muthirnnavaril% chuvanna vaalukal eduthappol praayapoorthiyaakaatha muyalukalude% aii. dii. 2 maathram eduthirunnu. avar athine aashrayikkunnundenkil, ivide bhakshanathinte 4 sathamaanam (biomassinte <aii. dii. 1> nekkaal) maathramaan muyalukal kondu nirmmikkappettath. maruvashathu, yookkonile cluwain thadaakathil, praayapoorthiyaakaatha muyalukale muthirnnavarekkaal ekadesham 11 madangu kooduthal edukkunnu, ivide praayapoortthiyaayavarude valippam sharashari kooduthalaanengilum, eee kooduthal vadakkan kaalaavasthayil mothatthilulla irayude adithara vaividhyapoornamalla. rochasttar, cluwain thadaakangalil edutha snoshoo muyalkalude ennam edutha nilathuninnukondul annaakkukalude ennathekkaal valare kuravaayirunnu. vettayaadappetta snoshoo muyalukalude sharashari swabhaavasavisheshathakalile vyathyaasangal bhaagikamaayi aavaasavyavastha (idathoornna vanathilekkulla bogg thurakkal) allengil bhooprakrithi moolamaakaam. lagomorpha kramatthile mattoru amgamaaya valare cheria american pica ("okkottona prinsps") bhakshanathil kandethiyittundengil ithu saadhaarana irayaayi ariyappedunnilla.
elikal, kushtarogikal ennivayude pradhana bhakshya grouppukalkku purathu sasthanikalude vaividhyam avasaraparamayi kazhikkaamenkilum saadhaaranayaayi kuranja ennathilaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath. kuranjathu anchu enangalenkilum oronninum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oronnilum oklahomayilum kansasilum ninnulla padanangalil eestten molinte ("scalopus aquaticus") manyamaaya ennam rekhappeduthiyittundu. naalu inam vavvalukal avayude bhakshanathil rekhappeduthiyittundu. texasile meksikkan free-tailed vavvaalukalude ("tadarida brasiliansis") valia guha kolanikalilulla chuvanna tailed parunthukalkku athisayakaramaaya churuchurukku kaanikkan kazhiyum, athe parunthukalil chilar avarude athiraavileyum athiraavileyum guhayude praveshana kavaadangalil patrolling nadathukayum parakkunna eee sasthanikalude mail pettennu veezhukayum cheiyunnu. onpathu baandukalulla armadillo ("diasypus novemsinctus") pole praayapoorthiyaakaathavo allengil virgenia oposam ("dedelphis virjeeniyana") pole pradhaanamaayum carionayo aanu valia vividha sasthanikalude iraye saadhaaranayaayi edukkunnathu. cheria maamsaahaarikalaaya cheria mastalidukal, athaayath ettavum cheria veeselukal ("masttela nivalis"), stottukal ("masttela ermina"), neelamulla vaalulla veeselukal ("niyogale frenatta") enniva saadhaaranayaayi edukkaam. cheria indian mungoosukal (herpestus auropangactas), ringteyilukal (basariscus aastyuttas), cheria american minkukal (neovison visan), poornnamaayum valarnna parunthinekkaal valare valuthaya praayapoorthiyaaya varayulla scunk (mephitis mephitis) thudangiya cheruthaayi valia maamsabhojikale polum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kazhichathaayi reportund. koodaathe, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale velutha mookk kotti ("nasuva narikka"), kitt phoox ("vulps macrotis") ennivayude saadhyathayulla vettakkaraayi kanakkakkunnu, asaadhaaranamaaya valia mamsabhojikalaaya poochakalude avashishtangal ("felis kaattas"), chuvanna kurukkan ("vulps vulps"), saadhaarana raakkoon ("proosiyoon lotter") enniva chilappol avarude bhakshanangalil kaanapedunnu, pakshe mikathum praayapoorthiyaakaathavayi kanakkaakkappedukayo kedupadukalaayi maathram kazhikkukayo cheiyunnu. eee idatharam maamsabhojikalil palathum rooad killayi sandarshikkappedunnum, prathyekichu shaithyakaalath, ennaal munbu karuthiyathinekkaal vyaapakamaayi kedupaadukal undaayittund. (gaveshakarude edaykkideyulla njettal) valia gaarhika mrugangalaaya aadukal ("oovis erees"), pannikal ("sus domesticus"), kuthirakal ("ekwas kaballas"), kannukaalikal ("booas torres") (maan polulla vanya enangal) ennivayil ninnulla sareerabhaagangal kandethiya chila koodukal chuvanna vaalukal mechilppurangalil puthuthayi chathupokumbol sandarshikkukayum rund taalonful maamsam edukkukayum venam. oru sandarbhathil, chuvanna vaalulla parunth cheruthenkilum aarogyamullathayi thonnunna oru kunjaadine kollunnath nireekshikkappettu. iva mikka chuvanna vaalukalekkaalum bharamullathaayi janikkunnu, ennaal eee saahacharyathil, udaaharanathinu saakshiyaya idayante raifil fayar athinte kollal dahippikkunnathinu munbu parunth bhayapettu.
pakshikal.
mikka (ennaal ellaavareyum allah) beauto parunthukaleppole, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal mikka pradeshangalilum praadhamikamaayi pakshikale vettayaadaarilla, pakshe durbalaraaya chilare avarkk anuyojyamaakumbozhellaam avaye edukkaan kazhiyum. 200-ladhikam enangal avayude bhakshanathil ariyappedunna pakshikal, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude ira spectrathile ettavum vaividhyamaarnna vibhagamaanu. pakshikal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude pradhana bhakshanamaayi maarunna mikka saahacharyangalilum, ithu dhaaraalam praadeshika gaalimfomukalkkulla prathikaranamaanu. iva mamsamullathum kooduthalum apakadangalil ninnu parakkunnathinupakaram oodunna bhouma pakshikalayathinaalum (vadakke amerikkayile ellah vanyamrugangalkkum parakkaan kazhiyumenkilum), chuvanna vaalukalkk anuyojyamaaya pakshikalude irayaanu galifomukal. ekadesham 23 inam galifomukal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal edukkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu, ivayil moonnilonnu manushyar avatharippicha enangalaanu. anchu vadakke american enangalileyum thaddesheeya kaadukal idaykkide nashtam pratheekshikkaam. vadakke amerikkayil ninnulla 12 inam grousukalum idaykkide avayude ira spectrathil ulppeduthiyittundu. visconsin samsthaanathu, vaappan, green kaundi ennividangalil ninnulla rund valia padanangal, ring-necked phesant ("fasianus colchicus") aanu pradhana ira inamennu kandethi, yathaakramam 139 saambilil 176 nte saambilil ninnu 22.7% umm 33.8% umm ulppedunnu. shareera pindam saraashariyullathinaal, muthirnna muyalukaludeyum muyalukaludeyum kuravu nalkaan saadhyathayulla ettavum valia bhakshanangalil onnaanu muthirnnavaril ninnulla thengukal, athinaal eee koodukal thaarathamyena uthppaadanakshamamaanu. vadakke american thaddesheeyamallengilum, thengukal saadhaaranayaayi oru vanya samsthaanathaanu jeevikkunnath. kozhikalum (gallus gallus domesticus) vadakke amerikkayiludaneelam edukkunnu, ellah visconsin padanangalum avayil valia ennam kandethi, ithu bhakshanathinte <aii. dii. 1> aanu. rathrikaala vettakkaarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol (athaayath, swathanthramaayi valarunna kozhikal) mothatthil kurachu kuravaanu edukkunnathenkilum avaa chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku irayaakumennu pala padanangalum prathifalippikkunnu.iii. moongakalum kurukkanmaarum) goshokkukalum. alberta rochasttaril, valare valia alavil ruff cheytha graus ("bonasa ambellus") eduthuvenkilum ivide biomassilake sambhavana cheytha mattu rund pradhana enangale apekshichu thaarathamyena kooduthal praayapoorthiyaakaathavare eee inathil ninnu eduthittundu, snoshoo muyal, tounsendinte graundu annaakk, kaaranam avaa valare neratthe thanne swathanthravum kooduthal eluppathil labhyavumaan. ivide praayapoortthiyaayavarude graus sharashari praayapoorthiyaakaathavaril ninnu sharashari kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu venalkkaalathinte madhyathil sharashari aayirunnu.
galifomukalkkappuram, mattu moonnu vyathyastha kudumbangalude pakshikal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude pakshikalude bhakshanathil ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavanakal nalkunnu. eee moonnu kudumbangalonnum prathyeka vaidagdhyamullavaro vegathayeriyavaro ennariyappedunnillengum avaa pothuve parakkunnathil eluppathil vegathayullavayaakunnathra cheruthaanu. ivayilonnaanu maramkothikal, oru inathinu maathram, vadakkan flicker ("collaptus auraattas"), ithu 27 vadakke american padanangalil bhakshanathil ettavum mikacha reethiyil prathinidheekaricha pakshi inamaayirunnu, koodaathe naalaamathe ettavum kooduthal kanduvarunna ira inam polum aayirunnu. maramkothikal palappozhum valia raapttarukalude bhakshanathil priyappettavayaan, kaaranam avayude thaarathamyena mandagathiyilullathum uyarnna nirayilullathumaaya parakkal eee thaarathamyena eluppamulla lakshyangal undaakkunnu. marangalum thurassukalum allengil paarkk land tharam marangal niranja mosaikkukalulla vighadicha bhooprakrithikal eshtappedunna, prathyekichu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku samanamaaya aavasa mungananakalulla niravadhi enangalaanu flicker, palappozhum urumbukalkku nilathu meyunnu, ithu avaye kooduthal durbalamakkum. vadakke amerikkayil ettavum cheriyathu muthal nilavilullathil vachu ettavum valiyathu vareyulla vividha maramkothi enangal avayude bhakshanangalil prathyakshappettekkam, pakshe bhakshana padanangalil avaa valare apoorvamaayi maathrame kandethiyittulloo. thaarathamyena valia valipavum sakthamaaya alkkootta seshiyum budhiyum undaayirunnittum paaserainukalude sharashari parathunnavarekkaal mandagathiyilulla corvidukalaanu thaarathamyena palappozhum thiranjedukkappedunna mattoru irakudumbam. 14 inam corvidukal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku irayaakunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. kaibab peedabhoomiyil, stellars jayy ("syaanositta stelleri") ettavum kooduthal thiricharinja naalaamathe ira inamaayirunnu (bhakshanathil 10.3%). american kaakkakalum niravadhi pradeshangalil pathivayi anubandha irayaayi kandethiyittundu. chuvanna vaalulla parunth pole thanne valuthaya valia saadhaarana kakka ("corves corax") polum chuvanna vaalukalkk irayaakaam, ennirunnaalum valare apoorvavum nannayi sthaapichirikkunna oru pathiyirunnu maathrame sambhavikkoo. alpam cheruthum valia, jagrathayulla attin koottangalil sanjarikkaanulla pravanathayum undaayirunnittum, ettavum athisayakaramaaya kanatha sambhavana nalkunnavayil onnu icteridukalaanu, 12 enangale vettayaadunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. oru speeshees jody, medolarkkukal, mikkappozhum thiranjedukkappedunnathu avaa mattu pala icteridukaleyum pole ozhukaathathinaal palappozhum nilathekku varunnu, avarude jeevita charithrathiludaneelam, apoorvvamaayi kuttichedikalude uyaram avasheshikkunnu. vadakke amerikkayil ettavum kooduthal kanduvarunna moonnaamathe pakshi ira inamaanu vestten medolarch ("sturnella deblecta"). orupakshe valare cheruthum sharashari bharamullathum chuvanna vaalulla parunthine eppozhum chirakil pinthudaraan kazhiyunna (prathyekichu shaithyakaalath valia aattinkoottangalil sanjarikkunnu) chuvanna chirakulla blackbirdukal ("agalius phoenesius") avarude bhakshanathil kaanapedunnu, ithu chuvanna valukalkkulla praadeshika bhakshanathinte 8 sathamaanam vare prathinidheekarikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi dheeravum palappozhum pradarshippikkaan uyarnna perchukal thiranjedukkunna purushanmaaraan pathivayi pathiyirunnu akramanam nadathaarullathu. shaithyakaalath palappozhum chuvanna chirakukalulla blackberdukalumaayi aalkkoottathe prathinidheekarikkunna oru pakshi inam chuvanna vaalulla bhakshanathil kooduthal nannayi prathinidheekarikkunnu, thaddesheeyamallaatha europian staarling ("sturnas vulgaris"), ettavum kooduthal pakshikale vettayaadunna randaamathe inavum vadakke amerikkayil mothatthil ezhaamathethum aanu. oru perchil ottaykku vilikkumbol ariyaathe pidikkappedumbol ettavum durbalamaayirikkaamenkilum, chila staarlingukal (allengil vividha blackbirdukal) chuvanna vaalukalaal pidikkappedaam, ithu pakshikalude chadulavum valachodikkunnathumaaya pirupirukkalukal pareekshikkukayum attin koottatthilekku vyakthamaayi parakkukayum avaye manappoorvvam shalyappeduthukayum aarogyamulla pakshikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi pidikkaan kazhiyunna pinnilullathum parikkettathumaaya vyakthigatha pakshikale kandethukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee perumaattam parishodhikkunnathinuparam soochippichirikkunnu.
corvidukal, icteridukal, staarlings ennivaykku purathulla vividha kudumbangalil ninnulla 50 ladhikam paaserin enangal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude ira spectrathil ulppeduthiyittundile saadhaaranayaayi vyakthigatha paramarsham aavasyamillaathavidham apoorvvamaayi maathrame pidikkaarulloo. apoorvamaayi edukkunna noonn-passerine irayil praavukalum praavukalum, kuyilukal, naitjaarukal, kingfisherukal, thatthakal enniva ulppedaam, ennaal avayil maathram parimithappedunnilla. ennirunnaalum, irayaakkaavunna pakshikalude angeyattatthe valippamaan thaalpparyamullath. caribean dveepukalile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal ivide kasherukkal irayaakkunna vaividhyathinte kuravu kaaranam cheria pakshikale kooduthal idaykkide pidikkunnathayi thonnunnu. elphin woods warbler (settophaaga aanchale), bananakvit (coreba flaviola) enniva polulla cheria pakshikal bhakshanamaayi apoorvvamaayi athiyekkaam. eee cheruthum vegathayeriyathumaaya chuvanna vaalukalkk engane iraye pidikkaan kazhiyumennu vyakthamalla (orupakshe ithilum cheria kooduvaan kazhiyunnatho cheruthaayatho aaya kooduvaan kazhiyunnatho aaya pakshikal nasippikkappettirikkam). kaaliforniyayil, mikka pakshisankethangalum oru staarlinginteyum oru kaadayudeyum valippathinidayilaanenna parayappedunnu. kuranjathu 22 inam theerapakshikal, kuranjathu 17 inam jalapakshikal, kuranjathu 8 inam heron, egrettukal, kuranjathu 8 inam reyilukal, koodaathe cheria vaividyamulla greabukal, shearwaterukal, ibisukal ennivayulppede niravadhi jalapakshikale irayaakkaam. iva cheruthum nigoodavum eliyeppoleyullathumaaya black reyil (lattarallas jamaisensis), sharashari bharam, manjumoodiya plover (charadrius nivosus), sharashari bharam (eee irayude muthirnnavare avar engane pidikkunnuvennu ariyilla), chila thaaraavukal, thaaraavukal, vaathakal ennivaykku chuvanna vaalulla parunthinekkaal bhaaramo bhaaramo aakam.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku pidikkaan kazhiyunna oru taaraav ethra valuthaanennu vyathyaasappedaam. oru udaaharanathil, oru chuvanna vaalulla parunth aarogyakaramaya oru drake chuvanna nench mergansarine ("mergus serettar") kollan parajayappettu, eee thaaraavin bharam kanakkaakkappedunnu, pinneedu athe chuvanna vaalinu poshakaahaarakkuravulla chuvanna kazhuthulla greeb ("podiseps grisejeena") (saadhaaranayaayi mergenser pole bharam koodiya oru inam) ayaykkaan kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, ulnaadan alaskayil, praadeshikamaayi chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal pacha chirakulla teal ("anas carolinensis") muthal mallard ("anas plattiringos") vare praayapoorthiyaaya thaaraavukalude pathiv vettakkaraayi mariyirikkunnu. ithilum valuthum idaykkide praayapoorthiyaaya rosinte ("chenn rossie") sharashari bharamullathum kollappettittund. koodaathe, muthirnnavarude sharashari ulla oru thaddesheeya eejipshyan allatha goose ("allopochen eejipthiyakka") texacil chuvanna wall kondu kollappettu. grettar sej graus ("centrosercus europhasianus") enna yuvaavine vettayaadukayum praayapoorthiyaaya oru sthriye vettayaadukayum cheytha niravadhi sambhavangal report cheyyappettittund. athilum valuthayi, kuranjathu oru kesilengilum valarnnuvarunna oru kuttichedi paksiye apoorvavum thaddesheeyamallaathathumaaya himalayan snokokkil ("tetrogallus himalinesis") pidichedutthu, eee inam muthirnnavaril sharashari kaanapedunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi kaattu turkeyude ("meligris galopavo") polttukalkku bheeshaniyaanu, avaa kuranjathu bharam vare varum. oru sandarbhathil, oru muthirnna penn turkey akramikkaan sramikkunna oru chuvanna vaalulla parunth nireekshikkappettu, pakshe avale ayakkunnathil vijayichilla. koodaathe, kaattupoochakal ozhikeyulla valarthumrigangalude cheria pakshikal, mattu valia pakshikal, chilappol thante chuvanna vaalukal, athaayath, thante thante (signus bakkinattar), sandhill kreyinukal (grass canadensis), grettu blue heronukal (ardia herodias) ennivaykku cheruppam nashtappedunnu.
uragangal.
aadyakaala reportukal, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal uragangale thaarathamyena kurachumaathrame vettayaadunnulloovennu avakaashappettirunnuvel iva kizhakkan theerathekkum american aikyanaadukalude madhya padinjaaran bhaagathekkum praadeshikamaayi pakshapaathaparamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshikamaayi uragangalude vetta praadeshikamaayi valare bhaaramullathaayirikkam, avaa valia, sthirathayulla elikal, kushtarogikal enniva vishwasaneeyamaayi kaanappedaattha praadhamika irayaayi mariyekkaam. eee ghattathil ekadesham 80 inam uraga irakale bhakshanathil rekhappeduthiyittundu. erakalude spectrathil ariyappedunna 40-ladhikam enangalulla paambukalilaanu ettavum kooduthal vettayaadal. bhakshanathil ettavum kooduthal kaanapedunna uraga inam (27 vadakke american bhakshana padanangalil mothatthil aaraamatheth) goffer paambaayirunnu ("pittuvophis catanifer"). cheruthum cheruthumaaya niravadhi goffer paambukale edukkunnundengilum chuvanna vaalukal eee valia paambukalude kaaryakshamamaya vettakkaaraan, avaa praayapoorthiyaayavaril sharashari kaanapedunnu. washingtonile columbia nadiyude theerathu, valia colubrad paambukalaanu praadhamika irayaayi kandethiyathu, eestten razer ("coluber kanstraktar"), ithu praayapoorthiyaaya muthirnnavaril sharashari, 150 erakalil ettavum kooduthal rekhappeduthunnathu 21.3%, goffer paambu 18 sathamaanam. eee nadeethadatthil nilathu annakkukalilla, koodaathe kushtarogikalude ennavum kuravaanu. 43.ividuthe mothatthilulla bhakshanathinte 2 sathamaanam uragangal ulkkollumbol sasthanikal aii. dii. 1 aanu. enn. sii. eiii. enna paambunadiyil, goffer paambu varshangalayi ettavum pathivayi rekhappeduthappetta randaamathe (382 enangalil <aii. dii. 1>) ira inamaayirunnu, koodaathe ivide sasthanikalude irayude angeyattatthe janasamkhyayile ettakkurachilukalkku vidheyamaayi kaanapettilla. nalla ennam cheria kolubridukalum edukkaam, prathyekichu garter paambukal. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal vishamulla paambukalumaayi bandhappett oru paridhivare ozhivakkal perumaattatthil earppettekkaam. udaaharanathinu, kaaliforniyayile saan jovakvin pareekshanathmaka shreniyil, avar 83 padinjaaran raattilsnekkukalkkethi ("crotalus oorigaanas") 225 goffer paambukale eduthathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, sarvekalude adisthaanathil, goffer paambukale apekshichu raattilsnekkukal eee shreniyil anchiratti kooduthalaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte bhakshanathil kuranjathu 15 vishamulla paambukalenkilum rekhappeduthiyittundu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal vettayaadunna ettavum cheria paambaanu redbelli paambu (storeriya osipittomaakuletta). chila sandarbhangalil neelam kaviyunna paambukadatthumaayi chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal parakkunnath kaanam. oru chuvanna wall oru "valare valia" kizhakkan diamondback raattilsnekkine ("crotalus adamanattiyas") kollunna foto eduthirunnu, ithu vadakke amerikkayile ettavum bharameriya paambum amerikkayile ettavum bharameriya vishamulla paambum ekadesham ekadesham praayapoorthiyaaya valippamulla paambum aanu. vadakke amerikkayile ettavum neelam koodiya thaddesheeya paambaaya kizhakkan indigo paambukalkku ("drimaarkkan koopperi"), saadhaaranayaayi cheruthum cheruthumaaya paambukal apakadathilaanu.
vadakke amerikkayil, paambukale apekshichu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude bhakshanangalil pallikal kuravaanu, orupakshe paambukal thanutha, seasonal kaalaavasthayumaayi nannayi poruthappedunnathinaal, pallikalude vipulamaaya vaividhyam thottaduthulla american aikyanaadukalude thekke attangalil maathram kaanapedunnu. thekkan kaaliforniyayile bhakshanathil dhaaraalam pallikal rekhappeduthiyittundu, koodaathe american aikyanaadukalile valia pallikalkk pothuvaaya chakkawala ("soromalus aattar") polulla praadhamika kollayadi bheeshanikalil chuvanna vaalukal kanakkakkaam. ennirunnaalum, neotropics vareyulla chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal pathivayi niravadhi inam pallikale edukkunnu. cheria sasthanikal swaabhaavikamaayi kolanivalkkarikkaatha dveepukalil thamasikkunna parunthukalude kaaryatthil ithu prathyekichum sathyamaan. insular chuvanna vaalukal saadhaaranayaayi cheria anolukal parichedukkunnu, avaa speesheesukale aashrayich praayapoorthiyaayavaril maathram sharashari undakam. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal edukkunna ellah ushnamekhalaa pallikalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku yathaakramam keppu spintail iguanas ("settinosora hemilopha"), pacha iguanas ("iguana iguana") pole valippamulla pallikale edukkaan kazhiyunnathinaal irayaakkaan kazhiyilla. paambukalkkum pallikalkkum appuram, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kunjineyo praayapoorthiyaakaatha aamakaleyo vettayaadunna chila kesukalundu, athaayath.iii. goffer aama (gopharas polyphemus), marubhoomi aama (gopharas agassisi), saadhaarana snapping aama (chelaidra serpenteena).
mattoru ira.
ubhayajeevikalil vettayaadalinte rekhakal valare apoorvamaanu. atharam irakale cheruthaayi prathinidheekarikkappedum karuthappedunnu, kaaranam avaa palappozhum muzhuvanaayum kazhikkukayum gulikakalil oru adayaalam avasheshippikkaathirikkum cheyyum. avayude nerttha ellukal upabhogam cheyyumbol laikkam. ariyappedunnathupole, vadakke american chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal 9 inam ubhayajeevikale irayaakkiyittundu, avayil naalu todukalaanu. ariyappedunna ubhayajeevikalude ira chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude ettavum cheria kasherukkal, american bulfrog (lithobates kettsbiyaanas) vare, chuvanna pinbhaagathulla salamander (plethodon sinerius) vare cheruthaanu. vandukal, krikkatt thudangiya praanikalaal kooduthalum prathinidheekarikkappedunna akasherukkal, avayude gulikakalekkaalum irayude avashishtangalekkaalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude vayattil nannayi prathinidheekarikkunnu. chila akasherukkal aakasmikamaayi bhakshikkaan saadhyathayund, mattu vividha erapidiyan pakshikaleppole, avaa chila sandarbhangalil yadhaarthathil raapttar bhakshikkunna pakshikalude vayattil ninnayirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, chila chuvanna vaalukal, prathyekichu vettayaadal shramangalude thudakkathil pakwathayillaatthava, palappozhum bhoomiyile praanikaleyum chilanthikaleyum pidichu divasathinte bhooribhaagavum nilathu chelavazhikkunnu. puerto recoyile chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal sharashari puerto rican shudhajala njandukale ("epilobosera sinuvaattiphonukal") pathivayi kazhikkunnu. sokoro dveepile mattu dweep janasamkhyayum palappozhum bhouma njandukale bhakshikkunnu, ivide palappozhum avaye pidikkumbol nakhangal mangikkunnu. bhakshana padanangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla ettavum apoorvamaaya irakalaanu malsyangal. avar malsyam pidichedukkunna apoorva sandarbhangalil kaattu chaanal catfish ("ectalurus panchaattas"), noonn-native kooman carp ("cyprinus carpio"), alankaara koyi ("cyprinus rubrofuscus") ennivayum chattha cham salmonil ("ongorhingus ketta") thonikkunnathaayi kanda chila parunthukalum ulppedunnu.
vamshangalude idayil kollayadikkunna bandhangal.
ellah american raptoriyal pakshikalilum ettavum samriddhamaaya onnaayi, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal ellah dainamdina erapidiyumaayum edapazhakunnuvennu rekhappeduthiyittundu. chuvanna vaalukalude amithamaya bhakshana plaastitti kaaranam, mattu erapidiyan pakshikalude bhakshanasheelangal pathivayi chuvanna vaalukalumayi ganyamaayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. koodaathe, vividha aavaasavyavasthakalil koodundakkaanulla kazhivu kaaranam, mattu raapttar speesheesukalude aavaasavyavasthakalum palappozhum aduthaanu. avayude shreniyile ettavum vyakthamaaya samanamaaya enangal mattu "beauto" parunthukal, prathyekichu samanamaaya paaristhithika sthaanamulla valia enangal ennivayaanu. sweynson parunthum fetugenous parunthukalumaanu valuthum kooduthal vyapakavumaaya mattu "beautokalil" randennam, mattu pala erapidiyan pakshikaleyum pole, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalum eee pakshikalude prajnana shrenikalil mikkavarum muzhuvanum kaanapedunnu. eee enangalkku, prathyekichu ferraginus, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku, ekadesham samanamaaya prajnana kaala bhakshanakramamund. paambu nadiyaaya enn. sii. eiii polulla chila pradeshangalil rund enangaludeyum bhakshanakramam ore inathinte 90 sathamaanathiladhikam varum, koodaathe erakalude sareerabhaaram samanamaayirunnu. athinaal, moonnu valia "beautio" parunthukal avarude pradeshangale parasparam prathirodhikkunnath avarude swantham inathil ninnulla mattullavaril ninnu samrakshikkunna athe alavilulla samarppanathodeyaanu. chila sandarbhangalil, sweynson parunthukalkkum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkkum idayil 12 manikkoor vare neendunilkkunna ettumuttalukal undengilum, ulppedunna pakshikal saadhaaranayaayi shaareerika sanbarkkam ozhivakkaan shradhikkunnu. bhakshanangalude samaanathakalum avayude parasparam aakramanathmakamaaya swabhaavavum kaaranam, eee "beautokalkku" parasparam nilanilkkunnathin oru paridhivare vibhajanam aavasyamaanu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi aavasa mungananakaliloodeyaanu nalkunnathu. fetugenous parunth thurassaaya, praayogikamaayi marangalillaatha pulmedukalaanu eshtappedunnathu, ithil chuvanna vaalulla parunth valia marangalulla ettavum vanapradesangalaanu eshtappedunnathu, athesamayam sweynson parunth ekadesham idatharam pradesangalaanu eshtappedunnathu. cassia kaundi, idaho polulla aavaasavyavastha kooduthal thurannirikkunna sthalangalil, sweynson, fetugenous parunthukalkku ennathil nettamundu, chuvanna vaalukal viralamaan. ennirunnaalum, thee adichamarthal, mechilppurangal veendedukkal thudangiya manushyarude aavaasavyavasthayile mattangal saadhaaranayaayi chuvanna vaalulla parunthine anukoolikkukayum mattu rund enangalkku dosham varuthukayum cheiyunnu. eee sanbradaayangal mattu pala inam pakshikaludeyum vyaapthi vardhippikkaan kaaranamaayittundengilum mattu pala pakshikalilum ithu kurayunnu. eee moonnu "beautio" enangalil, sweynsons hoock ettavum vyathyasthamaan, ellah shaithyakaalathum thekke amerikkayilekku yaatra cheiyunna oru deerghadoora kudiyettakkaaranaayathinaal, varshathil bhooribhaagavum praanikale vettayaadaan eshtappedunnu (prajananam samayat ozhike, nilathu annaakkal polulla kooduthal poshakasamriddhamaaya bhakshanam pradhaanamaayum kunjungalkku nalkumbol). mattu rund enangale apekshichu ithu valare vaikiyaan prajananam nadathunnathu. athisayakaramennu parayatte, ithu shareera pindatthil alpam cheruthaanenkilum ferraginus, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale apekshichu cheruthum (durbalavumaaya) kaalukallullathaanenkilum, mattu randinekkaalum praadeshika samghattanangalil sweynsons yadhaarthathil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu (pakshe sthiramaayi allah). eee nettatthinte oru bhagam, sweynson parunth deerghadoora, hraswadura vimaanangalil kooduthal mikacha parakkunnayaalaan ennathaanu, athinte kooduthal pooyint cheytha chirakinte aakruthiyum thaazhnna chirakinte loading athine kooduthal chadulavum susthiravum vegathayeriyathumaaya parakkal anuvadikkunnu. athinaal, vadakkan-madhya origonil, prairy sthithicheyyunna marangalil sweynsante parunthukal kooduthal uthppaadanakshamamaanennu kaanikkukayum, munkaala prajnana chuvanna vaalukal bhaagikamaayi palathavana mattippaarppikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum randaamathe parunthukalil mothatthilulla prajnana vijaya nirakk kuranjittilla. meksikkoyile chihuvahuvan marubhoomiyil, sweynsante parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna pradeshangalil koodundaakkukayum uyarnna pradeshangalil chuvanna vaalukal koodundaakkukayum cheiyunnuvenkilum vamshangal thammilulla samgharshangal valare saadhaaranamaayirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal, fetugenous parunthukal ennivayude aavasa mungananakal gurutharamaaya praadeshika samgharshangal kuraykkaan paryaapthamaan. ennirunnaalum, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalum fetugenous parunthukalum idaykkide shaithyakaalath parasparam cleptopaarasittilsthil earppedunnu. bhakshana samgharshangalile muun reportukale adisthaanamaakki chuvanna vaalukal oru paridhivare prabalamaayirikkaamenkilum fetugenous hoock iva nediyekkaam. avaa ovarlaappu cheyyumbol, parunth enangal sanbarkkam kuraykkunnathinu avarude dainamdina dinacharya krameekarikkaam, ithu samayavum oorjjavum chelaveriyathum parunthukalkku deerghakaalathekku avarude koodukal upekshikkaan idayaakkukayum cheyyum, ithu avarude kunjungale vettayaadalinu irayaakkunnu. palappozhum manushyarude edapedal moolam aavaasavyavasthakal athivegam maarukayum avaa swaabhaavika vibhajanam anuvadikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal aduthu koodundaakkukayum cheyyumbol, moonnu koodundaakkalum vijayam ganyamaayi kurayunnu.
sweynson, fetugenous parunthukalkkapuram, vadakke amerikkayude vividha bhaagangalil chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkkoppam mattu aarr beautokalum sambhavikkunnu. ivayil palathum chuvanna vaalukalekkaal cheruthum avayumaayulla ettavum gurutharamaaya praadeshika samgharshangal swaabhaavikamaayum aazhathilulla vanapradeshangalil koodundaakkunnathiloode laghookarikkappedunnu. mattoru valia inamaaya parukkan kaalukalulla bussard, kooduthalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude prajnana shreniyude vadakku bhagathaanu koodukal. ennirunnaalum, alaskayil avaa chilappol ore pradeshangalil koodundaakkunnu. parukkan kaalukalulla basardukal cliff trea nesttarukalum aanu, rund speesheesukalum upayogikkunna pradeshangal parasparabandhithamallenkilum oronnum parasparam ozhivakkunnathaayi thonnunnu, bhaagikamaayi vyathyasthamaaya prajnana shedyoolukal kaaranam. shaithyakaalath parukkan kaalukalulla basardukal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalumaayulla bhakshanathecholli pathivayi samgharshathilaayekkaam, avaa chuvanna vaalukalkk keezhilaanennu thonnunnu, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal avaye kollukayum kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythathayi niravadhi rekhakalundu. shaithyakaalath avarude vettayaadal sheelangal avare kurachu vyathyasthamayi nilanirtthiyekkaam, parukkan kaalukal kooduthal aakasha vettakkaaranaayathinaal, ennaal chuvanna vaalulla parunth avarude aduthekku parannal parukkan kaalukalulla basardukal saadhaaranayaayi pinwang. ennirunnaalum, oru parukkan kaalulla bussard oru chuvanna vaalulla parunthumaayulla kolapaathakathecholli oru samgharshathil vijayichathinte oru kessengilum undu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kooduthal aakramanathmakavum chuvanna tholil valarunna parunthukal, soonn-tailed parunthukal (beauto albanotattas) thudangiya nertthathum idatharavumaaya "beautio" kalkk mail aadhipathyam pulartthunna pravanatha kaanikkunnu. masaachyusetsil, chuvanna tholil valarunna parunthukal mishrita vanangalum kattilukalum koodundaakkunna aavaasavyavasthayaayi upayogikkumbol chuvanna vaalukal palappozhum pitch painil upayogikkunnu, keppu codil valarcha kuranja ookkukalum. ivide koodundaakkunna shreni ovarlaappu palappozhum velutha pine vanangalilaanu sambhavikkunnath. kaalakramena aavaasavyavastha thurannathinaal, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal palappozhum muun chuvanna thool ulla parunth pradeshangal pidichedutthu, rund kesukalil avarude koodukal polum upayogichu. vadakkan-madhya floridayil, shaithyakaalath chuvanna thool, chuvanna wall parunth aavaasavyavasthayude upayogam mangiyathaayum praadeshika aavaasavyavastha chuvanna thool parunthukale anukoolikkunnathinaal, avayude ennam pradeshathe chuvanna wall parunthukalude ennathe eluppathil marikadakkunnuvennum kandethi. athinaal, mathiyaya aavasa vibhajanathode, rund enangalkkum parasparam prathikoolamaayi baadhikkathe parasparam aduthu jeevikkaan kazhiyum. american thekkupadinjaaran, texasukalil, thaarathamyena valia rund beautionin parunthukal, harris hoock ("parabuto unisynctus"), vaitt-tailed hoock ("geranoetus albicadatus") ennee chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkkoppam vasikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, aavasa mungananakal samgharshangal kurachukondirunnu, chuvanna vaalulla parunth koodundaakkaan kooduthal uyaramullathum kooduthal otappettathumaaya saguwaro kallichedikale anukoolikkunnu, athesamayam mattu enangal saandravum kooduthal kuttichedikalumulla pradeshangalil chuvanna vaalukalekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu. haarisinte parunth chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalekkaal mikacha oru aakasha vettakkaaranaanennu nischayikkappedukayum parakkunna pakshikale kooduthal pathivayi thazheyirakkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu.
beautionin vamshathinu purathulla parunthukalum pattangalum saadhaaranayaayi ganyamaayi cheruthaanu allengil bhakshanathilum aavaasavyavasthayilum kuranjathu vyathyasthamaan, ithu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalumaayulla kanatha samgharsham ozhivaakkunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, valare kuranja chirakukalulla northen haariyarukal ("sarkkas hadsonius"), chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale avarude hoome renchil ninnu koottatthode koottatthode koottatthode kondupokumenkilum shaithyakaalath bhakshanathekkurichulla samgharshangalil chuvanna vaalukal avayekkaal prabalamaanennu thonnunnu. asippittar" parunthukalil, bhakshanathilum valippathilum chuvanna vaalulla parunthinodu ettavum saamyamullath vadakkan goshokkaan. chila pradeshangalil, ivayude ira enangal valare saamyamullavayaayirikkaam, koodaathe vadakke amerikkayile goshokkukalude janasamkhya avarude eurasian athiraalikalekkaal kooduthal annaakkukaleyum kushtarogikaleyum edukkunnu. vadakke amerikkayude chila bhaagangalil chuvanna vaalukalkk 10 sathamaanam vare bhaaramundenkilum, vettayaadunna goshokkukalude kaalukalum adikkunna shakthiyum chuvanna vaalulla parunthinekkaal shakthamaanenn kandethi. athinaal, kaattu goshokkukalkk sharaashariyilum paramavadhi irayude valippathilum valia iraye ayaykkaan kazhiyum, muthirnna muyalukal, turkey, capercally thudangiya galifomukal polulla penn goshokkukalkk irakalaakunna chilarkk ekadesham bhaaramo athil kooduthalo bhaaramund. ennirunnaalum, arisonayile kaibab peedabhoomiyile oru thaarathamya padanatthil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku niravadhi janasamkhyaa gunangalundennu kandethi. chuvanna vaalukal bhakshanathil kooduthal vazhakkamullavayaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum thiranjeduttha ira enangalil valare vishalamaaya ovarlaappum goshokkukalekkaal koodundaakkunna aavaasavyavasthayum undaayirunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kooduthal adutha bandhamullah mattu "beautio" parunthukalumaayi samgharshathilaakunnathu apoorvvamaayi (eppozhengilum undengil) iruvashathum maranathinu kaaranamakunnathinaal, goshokkukalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalum parasparam eluppathil kollunnathayi thonnunnu. rund inathileyum muthirnnavarkk mattonninte muthirnnavare kollan kazhiyumennu theliyikkappettittund.
valia kombulla moonga raathriyil chuvanna vaalulla parunthinu samanamaaya paaristhithika idam vahikkunnu. eee rund sakthamaaya raapttarukalude paristhithiye vyathyasthamaakkunna niravadhi padanangal nadannittundu. valia kombulla moongayude sharashari bharavum valia kaalukalumullathaanu, vadakke janasamkhyayil moongayil parunthinekkaal sharashari 26 sathamaanam vare bhaaramund. ennirunnaalum, chuvanna wall nilathu ulla annaakkal polulla valia erakalilekku kooduthal vipulamaaya praveshanam ullathinaal, niravadhi vyathyasthamaaya bhakshana padanangal chuvanna wall parunthukalude sharashari irayude valuppam valia kombulla moongayekkaal ganyamaayi kooduthalaanennu kandethi. koodaathe, chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte bhakshanakramam irayude tharatthil kooduthal vazhakkamullathayi thonnunnu, kaaranam avarude bhakshanathinte 65 sathamaanathiladhikam maathrame sasthanikalaal nirmmichirikkunnulla, athesamayam valia kombulla moongakal sasthanikale kooduthal niyanthrikkunna feedarukalaayirunnu, avaye 87.6% thiranjedutthu. ennirunnaalum, valia kombulla moongakalude mothatthilulla ira spectrathil kooduthal inam sasthanikalum pakshikalum ulppedunnu (ennaal uragangal valare kuravaanu) koodaathe valia kombulla moongaykku chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal edukkunnathinekkaal valare valia ira enangal ulppede vishalamaaya valippathilulla iraye akramikkaan kazhiyum. valia kombulla moongakalude vividha pradeshangalile sharashari irayude bharam vyathyasthamayirikkum, athinaal ithu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale (eiii. tii) apekshichu valare vyathyasappettirikkum, koodaathe chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude sharashari irayude bharam ariyappedunna ettavum valia valippathekkaal valare valuthayirikkum (ekadesham 45 sathamaanam), ennaal neremarichu moongaykku parunthine pinthunaykkunnathinekkaal shareera valuppathil valare cheruthaanu. valia kombulla moongakalaal kollappedunna chila erakalude bharam ekadesham uyarnnathaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. valia kombulla moongakalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalum bhakshanathinaayi mathramalla, koodundaakkunna pradeshangalilum hoome renchukalilum kooduthal gauravamaayi malsarikkunnu. valia kombulla moongakalkku koodukal nirmmikkanum nilavilulla chuvanna wall koodukal eluppathil pidichedukkaanum kazhiyilla. rund enangaludeyum aavasa mungananakal valare samaanamaan, moonga palappozhum pazhaya chuvanna-wall koodukal upayogikkunnu, ennaal chuvanna-wall parunth koodukalkku chuttumulla pothuve thuranna saahacharyathekkaal kooduthal adacha koodu sthalangalaanu avar eshtappedunnathu. chilappol choodulla pradeshangalil, moongakal neratthe koodundaakkukayum chuvanna vaalukal kidakkaan thudangumbozhekkum avaa cheruppamaavukayum cheyyum. ennirunnaalum, prathyulpaadana chakrangalil oru thaalkkaalika ovarlaappu undaakumbol, moonga chilappol oru adhinivesha chuvanna wall koodu ettedukkukayum athu upekshikkaan kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku mukalil paranjathupole pradhana irayude vazhakkathil oru gunamundu, athesamayam muyalukal, jackrabidukal thudangiya kushtarogikale aashrayikkumbol, ishtappetta ira viralamaakumbol valia kombulla moongakalude ennam sammarddathilaakkaam. udaaharanathinu, alberta, snoshoo muyalukal janasamkhyayude ettavum uyarnna nilayilaayirunnappol, sharashari clutch valuppathil cheria vardhanavu maathram undaayirikke, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude ennam vardhichilla, athesamayam moongakal snoshoo muyal samkhyakalkku anusrithamaayi kooduthal naadakeeyamaaya reethiyil ettakkurachilukal nadatthi. chuvanna vaalukalulla deshaadana swabhaavamaanu eee phalatthinte abhaavathinu kaaranamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnath, athesamayam valia kombulla moongakal shaithyakaalath nilanilkkukayum shaithyakaalathe sammarddathinum pattinik kooduthal saadhyathaykkum vidheyamaakukayum cheythu. oru nesttar enna nilayil, valia kombulla moongaykku vazhakkam enna kaaryatthil nettamundu, ithu vividha aavaasavyavasthakalil kurachukoodi thulyamaayi vyaapikkunnu, athesamayam aswasthathakalillaatha pradeshangalil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kooduthal koodundakkunnathaayi thonnunnu, athinaal aavaasavyavastha anukoolamaaya klasttarukalil. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalum valia kombulla moongakalum thammilulla kollayadikkunna bandhangal thikachum ekapaksheeyamaanu, valia kombulla moonga chuvanna vaalukalude mothatthilulla pradhana vettakkaaranaayirikkam. maruvashathu, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal apoorvvamaayi maathrame (eppozhengilum) valia kombulla moongaykku bheeshaniyaakoo. idaykkide oru chuvanna vaalulla parunthinu pakal samayat oru moongaye adikkaan kazhiyum, ennaal chila otappetta kesukalil maathrame ithu oru moongaye konnu. parunthukalil moongakal nadathunna mikka vettayum raathriyil maathaapithaakkalkk koodundaakkaan kazhiyaathavidham chuvanna vaalukalude koodundaakkunna sthalathulla koodundaakkunnavare kendreekarichaanu. oru janasamkhyayile chuvanna vaalulla parunth koodu valarthumrigangalil kuranjathu 36 shathamaanamenkilum valia kombulla moongakalkku nashtamaayekkam. muthirnnavarum pakvathayillaathavarumaaya chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale eathu seasonilum raathriyil valia kombulla moongakal irayaakkunnu. oru kesil, oru valia kombulla moonga pakal samayat polum valarnnuvarunna kudiyetta chuvanna wall akramikkukayum kollukayum bhakshikkukayum cheythathayi thonni. idaykkide, chuvanna vaalukalum valia kombulla moongakalum pakal samayat parasparam edapazhakunnu, eee samayat chuvanna vaalulla parunthinu nettamundengilum, onnukil mattonnine oodikkunnathil vijayikkam. tharkkaparamaaya bandhangal undaayirunnittum, rund enangalum parasparam valare aduthu koodundaakkaam. udaaharanathinu, suscatshevanil koodukal thammilulla ettavum cheria dooram mathramaayirunnu. eee aduthulla pradeshangalil ellah moonga koodukalum vijayichu, athesamayam rund chuvanna wall koodukal maathrame vijayichulloo. visconsinile waterloovil, rund enangalum koodundaakkunna samayathinanusarichu pradhaanamaayum verthirichirikkunnu, kaaranam epril-juunil madangiyethunna chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku saadhaaranayaayi valia kombulla moongakale pidikkunna thoppukalil koodundaakkunnathu vijayakaramaayi ozhivakkaan kazhinju, ithu februvariyil thanne koodundaakkunna pravartthanangal aarambikkum. delaware kaundi, ohiyo, central newyork stettu ennividangalil, vettayaadalinteyum koodundaakkalinteyum vyathyaasangal saadhaaranayaayi rund enangaleyum koodundaakkunnathil vijayikkaan anuvadichu. moonnu pradeshangalilum, chuvanna vaalukal valia kombulla moongakalodu adukkaan shramikkumbozhellaam, avayude prajnana vijaya nirakk ganyamaayi kuranju. viralamaaya aavaasavyavasthayum ira vibhavangalum rund enangaludeyum koodundaakkunna sheelangalude saameepyam vardhippichu chuvanna vaalukalkk dosham varuthiyathayi anumaanikkappedunnu. valia kombulla moongakalumaayi koodundaakkunna saameepyam kaaranam, pakwathayulla chuvanna vaalukalkk 10 muthal 26 sathamaanam vare nashtam sambhavikkam.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku valare vishalamaaya vettayaadal mrugangalil ninnu malsaram neridendivannekkaam, saadhaaranayaayi sajeevamaaya vettayaadal kudumbangalkk purathulla pakshikal, mamsabhojikalaaya sasthanikal, paambukal polulla chila uragangal enniva ulppede. eee vaividhyamaarnna vettakkaare avayude vettayaadal reethikal, praadhamika pravartthana samayangal, aavasa mungananakal ennivayaal verthirikkunnu. kaaliforniyayil, chuvanna vaalukalum vestten diamondback rattilsnekkukalum (crotalus attrox) pradhaanamaayum kaaliforniyayile nilathunilkkunna annakkilaanu vasikkunnath, ennaal raattilsnekku saadhaaranayaayi annaakkukale avarude kuzhikalilekkum chuttumullavayum akramikkunnu, athesamayam parunthukal avaye pidikkaan kuzhikal vidunnathuvare kaathirikkanam. american baadjarukale (taxidia taxes) pinthudarnnu avar flush cheiyunna iraye pidikkaan parunthukale nireekshikkappettundu, iva randum malsaraarthikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, prathyekichu avarkk ishtamulla elikalkku bhakshanam kurravulla viralamaaya upa-marubhoomi pradeshangalil. mrithadehangalkkethiraaya malsaram american kaakkakalumaayi sambhavikkam, koodaathe niravadhi kakkakal, saadhaaranayaayi aaroo athiladhikamo, orumichu pravarthichaal oru parunthine maattisthaapikkaan kazhiyum. mattoru pakshisoucharanam nadathunna pakshiyaya turkey kazhukan ("cathartus aura") chuvanna vaalukalaal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, koodaathe kazhukan kandethiya oru mrithadehathe avayude theevramaaya manam upayogichu maattisthaapikkunnathina chuvanna vaalukal pinthudarnnekkaam. chila sandarbhangalil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale avayude prathyekathayillaayma moolam bhakshya malsaraarthikalaayi kanakkakkaam. udaaharanathinu, snoshoo muyalukalil jeevikkunnundengilum avayum canada links ("links canadensis") thammil gurutharamaaya malsaramonnum undaakilla.
raptoriyal pakshikalil praadeshika ozhivakkal perumattavum vettayaadal virudha perumattavum verthirichariyaan prayaasamaan. ennirunnaalum, kestralukal, cheria "asippittar" parunthukal thudangiya valare cheria raapparukalil, malsaramaayi chuvanna vaalukale pinthudarunna mattu idatharam muthal valia parunthukalkku vipareethamaayi, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkkethiraaya avarude aakramanathmaka prathikaranam mikkavarum theerchayaayum oru vettakkaarana virudha swabhaavamaanu. goshokkukalekkaal phalabhooyishtamallenkilum, chila kazhukanmarkkum prathyekichu valia kombulla moongakalkkum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkkum cheria erapidiyan pakshikale irayaakkaanum kazhiyum. nesslingukal, fleglingukal, pakwathayillaatthava, koodaathe/allengil muthirnnavar ulppede chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku irayaakunnathaayi ariyappedunna inipparayunna enangal swalo-tailed pattam ("elanoids forficattas"), mississippi pattam ("iktiniya missippinsis"), velutha vaalulla pattam ("elanus leukurus"), vadakkan harrier ("sarkkas hadsonius"), sharp-shind parunth ("aasippittar stricurus"), koopparukalude parunth ("asippittar kopperi"), goshokkukal, gray hoock ("beauto plagiatus"), chuvanna thool ulla parunth, vishalamaaya chirakulla parunth ("beauto plaattiopittas"). vadakke amerikkayile ettavum cheria asypitrid aaya sharp-shind hoock muthal ekadesham chuvanna vaalulla hoock valippamulla goshok vare eee enangal undu. koodaathe, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal 9 inam moongakale vettayaadunnathinte rekhakalum undu, avayil vadakkan zoo-vettu moonga ("agolius acadius") muthal gray gray moongayude ("stricks nebulosa") praayapoorthiyaakaathavar vareyum thadavilulla moongayude ("stricks veriya") muthirnnavaraanennu thonnunnavayumaanu. chuvanna vaalukal muthirnna american kestralukal ("falco sparvarius"), merlins ("falco columbarius"), peregrin faalkkan ("falco peregrinus") ennivayude koodundaakkunna koodumaattukal ennivayulppedeyulla parunthukale vettayaadunnu. mattu raptoriyal pakshikale vettayaadumbol, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal oru perchil ninnu avare pathiyirunnu akramikkukayum, kwari kandethiyappol pettennu apratheekshithamaayi dive cheyyukayum, raptoriyal iraye vyathichalippikkumbol ettavum valia vijayam nedukayum cheiyunnu, udaaharanathinu kaattil veeshunna divasangalil kudiyerukayum swantham iraye bhakshikkukayum koodundaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
athaakatte, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal sajeevamaayi vettayaadunna vadakke amerikkayile rund valia rapterukalaaya kazhukanmaare praadeshika ozhivaakkalilum vettayaadal virudha perumaattatthilum vyaapikkunna perumaattatthil earppettekkaam. chuvanna vaalukal saadhaaranayaayi parakkunna kashandiyulla kazhukanmaarilekkum ("halliotus leucosephalus") swarnna kazhukanmaarilekkum ("akvila chrisettos") aakramich sthaanabhrashtamaakkunnathum parakkunnathum kaanapedunnu, marichu, oru kazhukane kandethumbol parakkalil ninnu avyakthamaaya oru perchilekku thadassamillaathe thaazhekku veezhukayum cheyyaam. perumatta vyathiyaanam orupakshe parunthukalude pravartthanavumaayi bandhappettirikkam, avaa sajeevamaayi prajananam nadathumbol avarude koodukalum bhakshya vibhavangalum samrakshikkendathinte aavasyakatha anubhavappettekkam, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi kudiyerumbozho shaithyakaalatho kazhukane akramikkunnathil avarude jeevan apakadathilaakkaan thayyaaralla. chilappol cheria raapttarukalude alkkootta perumaattam rund kazhukanmareyum thirinj avarude valia talonukal avarude aakramanakaarikalkk munnil avatharippikkan idayaakkum, ithu cheria parunthine apakadakaramaanu. valia kombulla moongaykku purame, eathu praayathilumulla chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale pathivayi bheeshanippeduthunna oreyoru mrugamaanu eee rund kazhukan enangal. prathyekichum, swarnna kazhukan orupakshe pakwathayillaathathum muthirnnavarumaya chuvanna valukalkkulla ettavum valia pakal bheeshaniyaanu, kaaranam iva sakthamaaya kazhukanekkurichulla niravadhi bhakshana padanangalil kandethiyittundu. chuvanna vaalukalude vettakkaaranenna nilayil karyakshamatha kuranja, kashandi kazhukanmaar ennirunnaalum chila sandarbhangalil muthirnnavare kollukayo allengil palappozhum chuvanna vaalulla parunth koodukale nasippikkukayo cheiyunnu. chila samayangalil, ithu kashandi kazhukan koodundaakkunna chuvanna vaalukale swantham koodilekku konduvarikayum chila kaaranangalal avaye kollathirikkukayum cheythekkaam. chila sandarbhangalil, kashandiyulla kazhukanmaar ashradhamaayi chuvanna vaalukal svayam uyarthukayum kunjinte chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal vijayakaramaayi valarukayum cheyyum. oru saahacharyathil, oru kashandiyulla kazhukane kollan oru chuvanna vaalulla parunth nireekshikkappettu, athu kollayadikkunnatho mathsaraadhishtithamo aakatte, kazhukante maathaapithaakkal madangiyethiya sesham athu chattha koodundaakkunnathine vegathil upekshichu. idatharam allengil cheria valippamulla mattu parunthukal, moongakal, faalkkanukal ennivayumaayi maathram pankidaarullathum saadhaaranayaayi valia raapttarukalo maamsabhojikalo illaathathumaaya niravadhi ushnamekhalaa dveepukalil, chuvanna vaalulla parunth ettavum valia thaddesheeya vettakkaaranaayirikkam, eee sandarbhangalil, athine agra vettakkaranaayi kanakkakkum. valia erapidiyan pakshikal ozhike, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale vettayaadunnathinte vipulamaaya rekhakal athishayakaramaamvidham moshamaan, niravadhi janasamkhya swaabhaavika vettayaadal pravarthanangaliloode koodu valarthukalum muttakalum aprathyakshamaakunnathayi rekhappeduthunnundena. muttakaludeyum koodu valarunna kuttikaludeyum ettavum pradhana vettakkaaran rakkoon aanu, athu rathrikaala mechil samayat, mikkavarum eathu tharatthilulla pakshikaludeyum koodundaakkunna kuprasiddha shathruvaayitheerunnu. orupakshe pakal samayat chuvanna vaalukal valare eluppathil munkootty kaanapedunna athe inam paambukal ulkkollunna thirichariyappedaatha valia paambukal, koodundaakkunna chuvanna vaalukale irayaakkumennum ariyappedunnu. kaaliforniyayil, saadhaarana kakkakal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude ilaya kochu kochu kochu kochu kochu kozhikale vettayaadunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. blue jaise (syaanositta kristaatta), california scrub jaise (aphelocoma californica), kakkakal ennivayulppedeyulla mattu corvidukal muttakalum cheria koodujeevikalum kazhikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu, onnukil parunthukalude koodu hajar asaadhaaranamaayi kuravaayirikkumbozho allengil avarkk rakshaakarthru parunthukale thirakkil ninnu kadinamaayi upadravikkaan kazhiyumbozho avaa thaalkkaalikamaayi koodu vidunnu. blackflies ("simulium canonicolum") rakthakshayam moolam niravadhi chuvanna wall kunjungale kollunnathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. ira chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale meshappurathekku thirikkukayum avaye amgavaikalyam varuthukayo kollukayo cheiyunna niravadhi kesukalum undu. ithu paambukalude kaaryatthil prathyekichum sathyamaan, chila ira inangalaaya "pittuvophis", "pantherophis", "coluber" enniva shakthavum eathaandu kollunnathumaayi ariyappedunnu, palappozhum manushya edapedal vazhi maathrame parunth athijeevikkoo. apoorvvamaayi irayaakkaatha pavizhapputukal, raattilsnekkukal enniva chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale avayude visham upayogichu kollunnathil vijayikk, avayum kollappedukayum bhaagikamaayi kazhikkukayum cheythaalum. peregrin faalkkanukal koodukalkku valare aduthu vanna chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale avarude mail kunichu kollumennum ariyappedunnu.
punarnirmmaanam.
pranayavum pree-laying perumattangalum.
prajananatthilekku pookunnathinumumbu dambathikal aadyamaayi court cheiyukayo allengil munpu undaayirunna jody bandhangal shakthippeduthunnathinaayi pranaya chadangukalil earppedukayo cheiyunnu. prajananakalam saadhaaranayaayi februvari avasaanathode march vare aarambikkunnu, pakshe desember avasaanathode arisonayilum januvari avasaanathode visconsinilum allengil albertayilennapole epril pakuthi vare vipareeta theevrathayo aarambhikkam. eee koodundaakkunnathinu munbulla kaalayalavil, valareyadhikam vilikalulla uyarnna vritham sambhavikkum. oru jodiyile onno rando amgangal ithil ulppettekkaam. pranayaprasamgatthil palappozhum thoongikkidakkunna kaalukal ulppedunnu, chila samayangalil eee jody parasparam chirakukal sparsikkukayum purushante kaalukal sthreeyude purakil sparsikkukayum cheythekkaam, aval idaykkide uruttukayum talonukal avatharippikkukayum cheythekkaam. phudu paasukal apoorvamaayi maathrame report cheyyappedunnulloo. uyarnna uyarcha kaalaanusrithamaayi sambhavikkunnu. pradeshathinu mukalil chuttikkarangunnath shabdathodeyum prakadamaayum cheyyappedunnu, ithu ettedukkalukalil ninnu parirakshikkaan sahayikkunnu. oru jodiyude spring sircling maidhunathinulla oru aamukhamaayirikkum. oru saadhaarana skye dancil aazhathilullathum athishayokthiparavumaaya thaalangalumaayi uyarnna parakkal, thudarnnu valia vegathayil pakuthi adacha chirakukalil vegathil diving, checking, back upp shooting, allengil palappozhum kuranja kuthaneyullathum aavarthikkunnathumaaya prakriya enniva ulppedunnu. eee jodiyude pradeshatthinte paridhiyilaan aakasha nrithangal nadathunnathu, ithu pradeshaparidhikal nirnnayikkunnathaayi thonnunnu, idaykkide oru purushante aakasha nritham ayalkkaranaaya oru purushante aakasha nrithathinu kaaranamakum, avar aakaashat samaantharamaayi sanjarikkaam. vaikunna inkubeshanushesham aakasha nrithangal nadakkunnilla. aduthulla rund jodikalulla naalu pakshikalum athirthi parakkal pradarshanangalil earppedaam. interlocking taalonukalulla cart wheeling vasanthakaalath idaykkide kaanapedunnu, mikkavarum ellaayppozhum oru praadeshika purushan nuzhanjukayattakkarane purathaakkunnu, randaamathethu palappozhum randaamatheyo moonnaamatheyo varshathile puthuthayi pakwata praapicha purushanaan. eee samayat, nench thoovalukal pottia oru perch display sambhavikkam. vasanthakala kudiyettatthilulla purushanmaar polum oru prathyeka pradarshanatthil earppettirikkunnathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu bhaagikamaayi chirakukal adaykkunnathinu munbu mandagathiyil karanguka, kaalukal veeshukayum kaalukal vashangalil ninnu vashathekku charikkukayum cheyyuka. oru penn parunth saadhaaranayaayi kudiyerumbol purushan ithu cheyyumbol chuttumund, pakshe aval eee pradarshanatthil svayam earppedunnilla. praadeshika aavasa ghadanaye adisthaanamaakki prajnana pradeshangalude acupency eriya jody anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. jodikal ettavum kooduthal saandrata rekhappeduthunnathu kaaliforniyayilaanu, avide oro jodiyum sambhavichu, ithu yadhaarthathil puerto recoyekkaal thottumumbaayirunnu, avide ettavum uyarnna aavaasavyavasthayil jody acupency sharashari aayirunnu. ariyappedunna ettavum valia sharashari pradesha valuppangal athisayakaramennu parayatte, ohiyoyilaan, avide jodikalude sharashari pradeshatthinte vistheernnam rekhappeduthiyittundu. visconsinil purushanmaarude sharashari paridhi venalkkaalathum shaithyakaalathum yathaakramam purushanmaaril ninnum sthreekalil ninnum aanu. ivideyum mattidangalilum, eee jodiyile rund amgangalum udaaseenamaanengil shaithyakaalath udaneelam valare aduthaanu thaamasikkunnath. maruvashathu, kudiyettakkaar kudiyerumbol verpiriyukayum chilappol avarude swantham paridhiyilethunnathinumbu athe pradeshathekku madangukayum avarude muun pankaaliye kandethukayum cheiyunnu. alaskayil, madangiyethiya kudiyetta jodikalkku, prathyekichu otappetta aankuttikale, ennaal chilappol otappetta penkuttikaleppolum, thaamasthalathu thaamasichirunna eaka chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale maattippaarppikkaan kazhinju. pothuve, chuvanna vaalulla parunth athinte yadhaartha inayude maranashesham maathrame oru puthiya inaye edukkoo. eee saadhaarana pakshi inathinu palappozhum jeevithakalam muzhuvan inacherunna eee jodic inakale maattisthaapikkunnath valare vegathilaayirikkum. baja kaaliforniyayile oru kesil, meyy 16 nuu oru sthriye vedivachappol, aaa jodiyile purushan adutha divasam oru puthiya inaye thiranjedutthathaayi kaanapettu. laingikabandhathil, sthree, irikkumbol, munnott kuninj, purushane kaalukal thirascheenamaayi purakil vaykkaan anuvadikkunnu. penpakshi valanju wall thoovalukal oru vashathekku neekkunnu, athesamayam aaroo aaroo thante vasthrathinte dwaaram penpakshikku chuttum valayunnu. 5 muthal 10 second vare neendunilkkunna maithunam shaithyakaalathinte avasaanathilo vasanthakaalathinte thudakkathilo koodundaakkunnathinu munbulla pranayabandhathil oro divasavum niravadhi thavana sambhavikkam.
koodukal.
eee jody palappozhum nilathuninnoru valia maratthil oru vadi koodundaakkunnu. avarkk phalatthil manushyanirmmithamaya eathu gadanakalilum koodundaakkaam, vaividhyamaarnna dhaaraalam ledjukalo uparithala sthalamo chuttumulla paristhithiyude nalla kaazhchakalum (athaayath.iii. powerline thoonukal, radio transmission towerukal, ambarachumbikalaaya kettidangal). koodu upayoga swabhaavathil valareyadhikam vyathiyanangal rekhappeduthiyittundu, munkootty nischayichirunna koodukal chilappol nalla nilayilaanengilum aalillaathavayaanenkilum pala chuvanna vaalukalum ellah varshavum puthiya koodukal nirmmikkunnu, chilar thudarnnulla varshangalil oru koodu veendum upayogichekkaam allengil oru varshathekku oru koodu upekshichu adutha varsham athilekku madangiyekkaam. labhyamenkil uyaramullathum pakwathayullathumaaya marangalulla vanangalkkum kuttichedikalo pulmedukaloo kaarshika pradeshangalo chernna thurassukalum thammilulla oru gradient sonilaanu chuvanna vaalulla parunth koodu sthithicheyyunnathu. sthalaghadanayilum sasyaghadanayilum koodu sthalangal valareyadhikam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. marangalude koodukalkku kooduthal munganana nalkumbol, chilappol avaa mattu koodundaakkunna sthalangal labhyamaayidathu polum cliff ledjukalil koodundaakkaan upayogikkaam. ettavum aduthulla paranna nilatthinu mukaliloo mukaliloo cliff koodukal sthithicheyyaam. chila samayangalil, valia kombulla moongakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal athbhuthakaramaamvidham thakarkkappedaatha vanangalil koodundakkunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. vadakkan dakkottayil, koodundaakkunna sthalangal vanapradeshangalil vanapradeshangalil kendreekarichirikkunnu. sweynson parunth, fetugenous parunth ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, chuvanna vaalulla parunth koodukal saadhaaranayaayi uyaramulla marangalilayirikkum, avaa jalapathakalodu aduthaayirikkum. puerto recoyil, palappozhum varanda thaazhnna pradeshangalkkum parvatha mekha vanangalkkum edayilulla parivartthana mekhalayilaanu koodukal kaanappedunnath, avayude ayalkkarekkaal uyaramulla marangal avarude hoome renchukalude pakuthiyiladhikam kazhchakal anuvadikkunnu. puerto recoyil 21-ladhikam vruksha enangal upayogichathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. marangalude enangal chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale sambandhichidatholam apradhaanamaanennu thonnunnu. arisonayude chila bhaagangalil, saguwaro kallichedi koodundaakkunna sthalangalaayi mathramaayirunnu upayogichirunnathu. pakaramaayi, mattu "beautio" parunthukal, corvidukal, swarnna kazhukanmaar, marangalude annaakkukalude ila koodukal ennivayude pazhaya koodukalum chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal upayogichittundu. eee jodiyile rund amgangalum koodukal nirmmikkum, pakshe penn pathrangal roopeekarikkaan kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkunnu, ettavum valia pravartthanam palappozhum raavile, koodukal nirmmikkunnath oraazhchayo athil kuravo samayathinullil poortthiyaakum. koodu saadhaaranayaayi vyasamullathum sharashari sharashari vyasamullathum niravadhi varshathe upayogathinu sesham uyaramullathumayirikkum. akathe paathram sharashari veethiyum aazhavumullathaan. thaikal, pine soochikal, daanyangal, puramtholi, thandu, aspen kaatkins allengil mattu sasyangalude lining vasthukkal ennivayaal pothinjaanu koodu nirmmichirikkunnathu. koodundaakkunnathu koodundaakkunnathu mattu chuvanna vaalukalkk koodundaakkunnathinekku munnariyipp nalkunnathayirikkaam. mithamayathum vadakkan kaalaavasthayumaaya kaalaavasthayil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal thekotto padinjarotto abhimukeekarikkunnu, ithu sakthamaaya vadakkukizhakkan kodunkaattu kaattin irayaakaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkaan kaaranamaakunnu.
muttakal.
american aikyanaadukalile mikka ulnaadukalilum aadyathe mutta idunnathu march pakuthikkum epril aadyathinum idayilaanu, koodu nirmmichu 3 muthal 5 aazhcha vare, aadya mutta ittathinu 2 muthal 5 divasam vare clutch poortthiyaakkunnu. aadyathe mutta idunna sharashari theeyathi vyathyaasappedaam puerto recoyil januvari pakuthiyode, arisonayil sharashari march 9, frond rench arban idanaazhiyil march 26, alberta meyy 1. march maasathil visconsinil manju nilathu thudarukayaanenkil aazhchakalkk sesham arikil veezhunnathinte sharashari arambham undakam. akshaamshathe aashrayich march allengil eprilil onnu muthal moonnu vare muttakal idunnu, naalu muttakal asaadhaaranavum anchum orupakshe aarum polum apoorvamaanu. klachinte valippam praayapoorthiyaayavarkkal irayude labhyathaye maathram aasrayichirikkunnu. speeshees thalatthil, shareera valupavum klachinte valuppathe nirnnayikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, motham klachinu sthreekalude bhaaratthinte 18 sathamaanavum clutch sais sharashari 2 muthal 3 vareyumaanenkilum, golden eegil polulla oru valia raapttar oru cheria clutch idunnu, saadhaaranayaayi randil koodaruthu, athu motham sthreeyude shareerabhaarathil 10 sathamaanathil thaazheyaan, athesamayam kestral polulla oru cheria raapttar sthreekalude bhaaratthinte 50 sathamaanam bharamullah sharashari anchu valia clutch idunnu. alaskayil erakalude ennam kuranjappol sharashari clutch valuppam 1.96 muthal washingtonil 2.86 vare vyathyaasappedunnu. ekadesham ellah divasavum muttakal idunnu. uyarathilum veethiyilum sharashari muttayude valuppangal (oronninum 20 sample valuppamund) thaazhepparayunna upajaathikalilaan-"bii". jeey. borialis ":" bii. jeey. calurus ":" bii. jeey. furtezi ": chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude muttakal kooduthalum veluthathaanu, chilappol mangiya buffy vaashodukoodiyathaanu; chilappol muttakal viralamo kanatatho aaya buff, ilam chuvapp-thavitt, kadum thavitt allengil purple niratthilulla paadukal kondu adayaalappeduthunnu. adayaalangal palappozhum avyakthamaayi kaanappedukayum avaa samyojichu oru nerttha paadukal roopappedukayum cheyyum. avaa praadhamikamaayi penn pakshiyaanu incubate cheiyunnathu, aval vettayaadaan pokumbozho chirakukal neettukayo cheyyumbol aanpakshiyaanu pakaram vaykkunnathu. apoorvvamaayi maathrame purushanmaar naalu manikkooriladikam pakal velicham incubate cheyyaarulloo. incubate cheyyumbol aann aanu sthreek ettavum kooduthal bhakshanam nalkunnathu.
muttayidal, vikasanam, valarthal.
28 muthal 35 divasam vare incubation kazhinju (vadakke american chuvanna vaalukale apekshichu kareebiyanil sharashari moonnu divasam kooduthal neelamullathum), muttakal 2 muthal 4 divasam vare viriyunnu. mikka raptoriyal pakshikaleyum pole, koodujeevikal viriyumbol parithasthithavum nidicolus aanu. kunjungalkku pindatthinu ekadesham 29 divasavum bill, taalon valuppam polulla baahya rekheeya staanderd alavukalkku 21 divasavum praayamaakunnathuvare lingangalude valuppathil vyathyaasamillathe hatchingukal shareera pindatthil sharashari. penn avaye valarthunnu, athesamayam aanpakshi penpakshikkum kunjungalkkum bhakshanathinte bhooribhaagavum nalkunnu, avaa iyaasis ennum ariyappedunnu ("aii-ezz-ezz" ennu ucharikkunnu). bhakshanam cheria kashanangalayi keeriya sesham penpakshi annukalkku bhakshanam nalkunnu. randaamathe divasam avar mriduvaaya thurichunokkal kolukal, bounce, chirakukal upayogichu thudarchayaayi aliyal enniva purappeduvikkumbol chuvanna vaalukal sajeevamaan. ezhaam divasam, kuthichuchaattavum thurichunokkalum kurayukayum kunjungal avarude koodile iraye vettayaadaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. nesslingukal 10-aamm divasam uyarnna wisling nottukal (saadhaaranayaayi muthirnnavarkk mukaliloode) purappeduvikkunnu, 15-aamm divasam tarsometaarsiyil irikkuka, 16-aamm divasam nuzhanjukayattakkaarod aakramikkuka, 21-aamm divasam taalonukalum chirakukalum upayogichu adikkuka, 30-aamm divasam chirakukal neettaan thudanguka, pathivayi vyayaamam cheyyuka. 42 muthal 46 divasam vare, kannada koodu vittu iraye keeritherikkaan thudangunnu. koodundaakkunna bhakshanathinte alavu, santathi valupavum irayude labhyathayum anusarichu, ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. alberta, oro divasavum sharashari 1 muthal 3 vare koodungal konduvarunnu, athesamayam washingtonil, athijeevicha 1 koodungalkku prathidinam kuranjathu oru ennam aavasyamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu, visconsinil, 1 koodundaakkaan aavasyamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu, koodaathe 2. maathaapithaakkalude chuvanna vaalukalkk valarthal kadinamaanu, koodaathe eee jodiyile rund amgangalkkum saadhaaranayaayi kurachu bharam kurayum, prathyekichu penkoottikalkku. chila sthreekalkku viriyunnathinum pongunnathinum idayil nashtappedaam. valarthumbol penkutty manushyar ulppedeyulla nuzhanjukayattakkaarod akramaasakthayaayirikkam. kizhakk, chuvanna vaalulla parunth penkuttikal apoorvvamaayi maathrame manushyaril ninnu koodukal samrakshikkunnulloo, pakshe charitraparamaayi californiayilum palappozhum alaskayilum, chila penkuttikal aavarthichu "krooramaayi" mungukayum chilappol avalude kopatthil valia shaakhakal valichukeerukayum idaykkide svayam athbhuthappeduthukayum allengil swantham kutty ashradhamaayi thaazheyirakkukayum cheyyum. prathyakshatthil, manushyarumaayi avarkk munbe ulla sanbarkkam kuravaayathinaal pakwathayulla penkuttikal koottinaduthulla manushyarodu kooduthal aakramanaathmakamaayekkaam. mikka koodukalilum vikasanam asinkranal aanenkilum, chilappol oodunnathu rekhappeduthaam, sahodarahathya polum sambhavikkam, maathaapithaakkal durbalaraaya, ilaya kunjungalkku bhakshanam nalkunnathu kuravaayathinaal sahodarangalum maathaapithaakkalum idaykkide koodundaakkunna "randukal" aakramich thuzhayunnu. aathyanthikamayi, atharam sandarbhangalil rund saadhaaranayaayi athijeevikkarilla, onnukil koodinullil takarnna nilayil kandethaam, pattinik sesham koodinu purathu upekshikkukayo maathaapithaakkalo sahodarangalo bhakshikkukayo cheyyaam. ennirunnaalum, mothatthil, atharam kolapathakangal valare apoorvamaanu, bhakshya vitharanam valare kuravaayirikkumbol maathrame ithu sambhavikkoo, palappozhum ithu mosham vasanthakala kaalaavasthayumaayi (amithamaya mazha allengil thanupp polullava) samanvayippikkunnu. kaaliforniyayile california graundu annaakkal polulla valareyadhikam bhakshanamundenkil, irayude vighadanam anubadha, mattu rogangal, raktham chulikkunna praanikal enniva koodilekku shanikkunnathinaal onno rando divasathinu sesham maathaapithaakkal avashishtangal upekshikkum. ennirunnaalum, ekadesham naalu aazhchakalkk sesham, penpakshi palappozhum avasheshikkunna iraye upekshikkunnathu nirtthunnu, eechakalude vardhicha saannidhyam cheruppakkaaril rogathinu oru paridhivare apakadasaadhyatha undaakkumenkilum kunjungale vegathil koodu vidaan prerippikkukayum cheyyum. kaaliforniyayile oru koodile rund penkuttikalum oru ankuttiyum undaayirunnu; aankutti thante pathiv pravartthanam nirvahichirunnuvenkil penkuttikal randuperum valarukayum koodilekku valarukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. koodaathe, kashandi kazhukanmaar idaykkide avarude koodukalil chuvanna wall valayangal sweekarikkunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. britiish kolambiyayile sidniykkaduthulla shoal harber deshaadana pakshi sankethathil 2017 juun 9 nuu rekhappeduthiyittullathu, oru juvenile redu-tailed parunthine oru jodi kashandi kazhukanmaar avarude koodilekku thirike kondupoyi, thudarnnu aadyam irayaayi edutha kozhiye maathaapithaakkalum kazhukanmaarude moonnu thavalakalum kudumbatthilekku sweekarichu. kazhukanmarkkidayil aarr aazhcha athijeevichathinushesham, pakshi nireekshakar "spunky" ennu vilipperulla eee parunth vettayaadaanum parakkanum vijayakaramaayi padikkaan thudangi, ithu aakramanathmaka parunthinu valare valia dathedukkunna sahodarangalude koodukalkkidayil athijeevikkaan kazhinjuvennu kaanikkunnu.
valarchayum pakwathayillaaymayum.
kunjungal saadhaaranayaayi aadyamaayi koodu vittu viriyunnathinu sesham ekadesham 42-46 divasangalil avarude aadya parakkal nadatthaan shramikkunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi avaa aadyathe kurachu divasangal koodinadutthaayi thanne thaamasikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil, eee kombukal valare nischalamaayi thudarunnu, ennirunnaalum avar maathaapithaakkale pinthudarukayum bhakshanathinaayi yachikkukayum cheythekkaam. maathaapithaakkal bhakshanam nerittu vitharanam cheiyukayo allengil saadhaaranayaayi athu kunjungalude aduthekku idukayo cheiyunnu. cheria vimanangal saadhaaranayaayi flanglinginu sheshamulla aadya 3 aazhchakalil ettedukkukayum yuva chuvanna vaalukalude pravartthana nila palappozhum erattiyaakukayum cheiyunnu. valarnnu ekadesham 6 muthal 7 aazhchakalkk sesham, cheruppakkaar avarude swantham iraye pidikkaan thudangunnu, athil palappozhum praanikalum thavalakalum adangiyirikkunnu, avaye cheruppakkaaraaya parunthukalkku thaarathamyena eluppathil nilathekku irakkaan kazhiyum. avarkk 15 aazhcha praayamaakumbol, susthiramaaya parakkalinaayi puthuthayi vikasippicha kazhivukalumaayi samanvayippichu kooduthal budhimuttulla sasthanikaleyum pakshisankethangaleyum vettayaadaanulla sramangal avar aarambhichekkam, koodaathe atharam erayekkurichulla aadya shramangalkk thottupinnaale avayil mikathum kaaryakshamamaya sastani vettakkaaraan. taamasiyaathe, kuttikalkk ekadesham 4 maasam praayamaakumbol, avar avarude maathaapithaakkalil ninnu swathanthraraakunnu. chila theevramaaya kesukalil, kaumaarakkaraaya chuvanna vaalukal visconsinil rekhappeduthiyittullathu, avarude maathaapithaakkalumaayulla bandham araa vayass vare neettaan saadhyathayund. maathaapithaakkalude pradeshathu ninnu pirinjathinushesham, niravadhi koodukalil ninnulla praayapoorthiyaakaathavar oru juvenile staging eriyayil othukoodukayum samvadikkukayum cheythekkaam. maathaapithaakkalude paricharanatthilulla sahodarangal valare saamoohikamaanengilum, avarude maathaapithaakkalude paridhiyil ninnu vitharanathinu sesham avar apoorvvamaayi maathrame orumichu kaanappedunnulloo. saadhaaranayaayi, puthuthayi swathanthramaaya yuvakkalaaya parunthukal praayapoortthiyaayavare apekshichu prajnana pradesham vittu aavashyamenkil kudiyerunnu, ennirunnaalum muthirnnavar aadyam vittupoyathaayi rekhappeduthappetta alaskayude vadakku attathu nere vipareethamaayirunnu. deshaadana janasamkhyayile pakwathayillaattha parunthukal eee janasamkhyayile muthirnnavarekkaal shaithyakaalath kooduthal vyaapikkunnu. shaithyakaalath sthirathaamasamaakkaan sramikkunna pakwathayillaathavare palappozhum pazhaya chuvanna vaalukal oro pradeshathum upadravikkukayum cheruthum naamamaathravumaaya pradeshangalil maathram sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. nagarapradeshangalkk sameepamullathupolulla chila sandarbhangalil, apoorvvaraayavare kuranja vrukshaavaranavum parimithamaaya bhakshya vibhavangalumulla nagara sasyajaalangalude oru cheria bhaagathekku nayikkam. akaleyulla oru muthirnnayal prathyakshappedumbol, pakwathayillaathavar oru pramukha perchil ninnu kooduthal maranjirikkunna onnilekku veezhaam. chila sandarbhangalil, vishakkunna pakwathayillaattha chuvanna vaalukal avayude sheshikkappuram iraye vettayaadaan sramikkukayum koyottukal ("canis latrance"), kurukkanmaar, badgerukal, aarogyakaramaya parakkunna paasarinukal thudangiya valia mamsabhojikalaaya aarogyamulla muthirnnavarkk vilapetta oorjjam chelavazhikkukayum cheythathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. rund vayassinu thaazheyulla chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal, palappozhum athirlingathilulla oru muthirnna pakshiyumaayi prajananam nadatthaan sramikkunna chila kesukalundu. atharam kesukal alberta, arizona, visconsin ennividangalil rekhappeduthiyittundu, eee sramangalil pakuthiyolam cheruppakkaare uthppaadippikkunnathil vijayichu. ennirunnaalum, muthirnna thoovalukalum saankethikamaayi laingika pakwathayum rund vayassil kaivarikkumbol, pala chuvanna vaalukalum ekadesham 3 vayass vare vijayakaramaayi prajananam nadathunnilla.
prajnana vijayavum deerghaayussum.
pala gadakangal kaaranam prajnana vijayam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. koodundaakkunnathinte vijayam saadhaaranayaayi 58 muthal 93 sathamaanam vare kurayunnu. koottam koodunnathinte vijayanirakk orupakshe pradhaanamaayum erakalude ennam, praadeshika aavasa ghadana, mattu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalumaayulla malsara nilavaaram, vettayaadal nirakk (palappozhum valia kombulla moongakal allengil orupakshe rakkoonukal kaaranam), manushyarude aswasthathayude alavu ennivayaayirikkaam. origonil prathyekichum, koodundaakkal vijayam pradhaanamaayum "chitharalum perchukalude saandrathayum" adisthaanamaakki vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, randaam sthaanathu nilathu annaakkukalude samriddhiyum mattu jody chuvanna vaalukalude koodu oru koodukalil ninnu nerittu drishyamaano ennathum. koodundaakkunna chakratthinte thudakkathil koodile aavarthichulla aswasthathakal chila sandarbhangalil muttakalo koodundaakkunnatho upekshikkaan kaaranamaayekkam, ennaal manushyarude aswasthathayude kesukalil seasonil pinneedu jodikal kunjungale upekshikkaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu. visconsinil ninnulla oru padanatthil koodundaakkunna maranangalil 30 sathamaanavum koodundaakkunna kunjungal veezhukayo koodu thakarukayo cheythathaanu. puerto recoyil, aavaasavyavasthayaanu prajnana vijayathinte praadhamika chaalakashakti ennu thonni, thaazhnna pradeshangalile mechilppurangalil koodundaakkunna vijayam 43 sathamaanam sharashari 1.5 ennam fleglingukal uthppaadippikkumbol claude forestil 34 sathamaanam sharashari 0.7 fleglingukal uthppaadippikkunnu. puerto recoyile oru modeling patanam kaanikkunnath, muthirnnavarude athijeevanathinu purame, janasamkhyayude valarchayil randaamathe valia swaadheenam nessling athijeevanathinu undaayirunnu ennaanu. yomingle, 12 chathurashra mile pradeshathe 12 jody oru jodic sharashari 1.4 cheruppakkaare uthpaadippichu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, mishigaanil 0.96 umm mondaanayil 1.36 umm appalechiyansil 1.4 umm aayirunnu flenglingukalude sharashari ennam. visconsinil, vijayakaramaayi valarunna yuvaakkalude ennam orupakshe pradhana erakalude ennathe aashrayich varsham thorum 1.1 muthal 1.8 vare aayirunnu. banding padanangalil ninnu 25 varshavum 5 maasavumaan chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte record ayuss. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, 29.5 varsham vare ayuss thadavil rekhappeduthiyittundu. kaattile mattu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal kuranjathu 25 varshamenkilum jeevichittundu, udaaharanathinu, ilam aann 1990 ll janichu, 2014 vasanthakaalath ippozhum annukal uyarthukayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru baandarude recordingukalil 5195 banded kaattupoochakalil 31 ennam maathrame 17 vayass vare athijeevichathaayi report cheyyappettittulloo, 11 ennam maathramaan 20 varsham athijeevichathu. oru vayassullappol chuvanna vaalukalude sharashari marananirakk 54 sathamaanamaanu, athinusesham banding srothassukalil ninnu ekadesham 20 sathamaanamaanu. pakwata kaivarikkunna chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalude sharashari ayuss, perr pammer (1988), 6 muthal 7 varsham vare maathramaanennu avakashappettu. vaidyuthi lainukalile vaidyuthaaghaatham, mattu koottiyidikal, vedivayppu, mattu mrugangalkkaayi sajjeekarichirikkunna vishamulla bettukal kazhikkal, vaahanangalumaayum mattu karakaushalavasthukkalumaayum koottiyidikkal ennivayaanu maranatthinte pradhana kaaranagal. cheruppatthilulla chuvanna vaalukalude marananirakk pradhaanamaayum swaabhaavika kaaranagal moolamaanengilum, valanjatho pazhakkamullatho aaya chuvanna vaalukalude marananirakk ippol kooduthalum manushyane kollunnathum, aakasmikamo manappoorvamo ayathum manushyanirmmitha vasthukkalilekku parakkunnathum aanu. nagarapradeshangalile parunthukal elikale kollan elikalude kenikalum vishamulla bettum upayogikkunnathu bheeshanippeduthunnu. ithil saadhaaranayaayi elikalilum elikalilum aantharika rakthasraavathinu kaaranamakunna warferin kukkikal adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe elii visham kazhicha elikale kazhikkunna oru parunthine thanne badhikkaam. perittonitis, myocarditis, granulamotus, sarcosystosis, micobattariosis ennivayum chilatharam vairal anubaadhakalum marakamaaya bacteria anubaadhakalkk irayaakunna chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalum, prathyekichu pakwathayillaattha parunthukalkku mosham kaalaavasthayil kavarej labhikkaan kazhiyaathathinal avaykku ettavum durbalamaanu. thaarathamyena hraswavum bhouma adhishtithavumaaya bhakshyashrinkhalakalude bhagamaayathinaal ivayo mattu "beautio" parunthukaloo deerghakaala ddt mutta-shell melinjupokaan valare saadhyathayullathayi kandethiyitla.
manushyarumayulla bandham.
falconneryil upayogikkuka.
faalkkanariyile oru janapriya pakshiyaanu chuvanna vaalulla parunth, prathyekichu falconnery kaayika vinodam karsanamaayi niyanthrikkunna amerikkayil; itharathilulla parunth vyaapakamaayi labhyamaan, ithu palappozhum apprentis falkonermark nalkappedunnu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal valare niyantrikkaavunnathum parisheelikkaavunnathumaayil haarisinte parunth ozhikeyulla matellaa parunthukaleyum parunthukaleyum apekshichu kooduthal saamoohika swabhaavamullavayaanu. avaa deerghakaalam jeevikkunnavayum rogathe prathirodhikkunnavayumaanu, ithu oru parunthine rund pathittaandukal vare vettayaadunna koottaaliyaayi chuvanna vaalulla parunthine nilanirthaan anuvadikkunnu. amerikkayil 5,000-ll thaazhe faalkkanarukal maathrame ulloo, athinaal avayude janapreeti undaayirunnittum amerikkayil ekadesham oru dasalaksham ennu kanakkaakkappedunna chuvanna vaalulla parunth janasamkhyayil enthengilum swaadheenam undaayal athu valare kuravaanu.
faalkkanukaleyo accipittarukaleyo pole vegathayillathathinaal, muyalukaleyum annaakkukaleyum polulla cheria kalikaleyum muyalukal polulla valia kwaarikaleyum vettayaadaan chuvanna vaalulla parunthukale saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila vyakthikal parannuyarukayum poornna vegathayilekku thwarithappeduthukayum cheiyunnathinu munbu allengil oru vettaykku sesham avaa maravil parakkunnathinaal kalikkaranaaya pakshikale nilathu pathiyirunnu akramikkaan padichekkaam. thuranna raajyangalile fesantukal polulla velluvili niranja geyim pakshikale pidikkaan chilar faalkkan polulla diving stoop upayogikkaan polum padichu.
oru saadhaarana vettaykkide, chuvanna vaalulla parunth upayogikkunna oru parunth parunthine saadhaaranayaayi purathuvidukayum oru maratthilo mattu uyarnna soukaryapradamaaya sthalatho irikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru naayayude sahayathaal, thudarnnu nilatthe moodupadam ilakki iraye thurathaan shramikkunnu. nannayi pariseelanam labhicha oru chuvanna vaalulla parunth falconnere naayayum pinthudarukayum avarude pravartthanangal geyim pidikkaan avasarangal srishtikkunnuvennu manassilakkukayum cheyyum. oru raapttar kalii pidichukazhinjaal, athu faalkkanarilekku thirike konduvarunnilla. pakaram, parunth paksiyeyum athinte pidicha irayeyum kandethukayum, "make inn" (shradhaapoorvvam sameepikkuka) cheyyukayum, vaagdaanam cheytha maamsatthinte oru kashanathinu pakaramaayi paksiye athinte kollan idayaakkukayum venam.
thoovalukalum thaddesheeya american upayogavum.
chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte thoovalukalum mattu bhaagangalum pala thaddesheeyarkkum pavithramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, kashandiyulla kazhukanteyum swarnna kazhukanteyum thoovalukal pole, chilappol mathaparamaya chadangukalil upayogikkukayum amerikkayile niravadhi thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarude raajabharanathe alankarikkukayum cheiyunnu; eee bhagangal, prathyekichu avayude vyathirikthamaya wall thoovalukal, thaddesheeya american samoohathil oru janapriya inamaanu. mattu rund enangaleppole, chuvanna vaalulla parunthinte thoovalukalum bhaagangalum niyanthrikkunnath eegil thoovalukalude niyamamaan, ithu thoovalukaludeyum deshaadana pakshikalude bhaagangaludeyum kaivashathe niyanthrikkunnu.

