
calabosos

madhya chiliyude moul mekhalayile (ezhaamathe mekhala) oru holocene calderayaanu calabosos. chilian aandisinte agniparvvatha vibhaagathinte bhagamaaya ithu thekke amerikkayile moonnu vyathyastha agniparvvatha valayangalilonnaya thekkan agniparvvathameghalayile (ezz. vii. ezz) amgamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. aandeesinte ettavum sajeevamaaya eee bhagam madhya chiliyude padinjaaran attathukoodi ozhukunnu, chiliyude 70 ladhikam straattovolkkaanokalum agniparvvatha shethrangalum ithil ulppedunnu. valare vidooramaayathum moshamaayathumaaya manjumoodiya parvathapradeshathaanu calabosos sthithi cheiyunnathu.
calabosos bhooribhaagam andean agniparvvathangalum roopappettathu bhookhanda thekke american bhookhanda lithospherinu keezhilulla samudra nasca plettinte subductionil ninnaan. kattiyullathum nertthathumaaya lithosphere edayilulla oru parivartthana pradeshathaanu caldera, orupakshe andesitic, rhiolitic magmayude oru kulamaanu ithu nalkunnathu. agniparvvathathinteyum plutonic avashishta paarayudeyum (bhoomikkullil roopappetta paara) charitraparamaaya oru adithattil ithu sthithicheyyunnu, athu layippicha avashishta, roopaanthara paarakalude oru paaliyude mukalil irikkunnu.
valia alavilulla lohangalude oru koottamaaya loma seka tuffinu calabosos kaaranamaakunnu. 800, 000 varshangalkk munbu (0.8 miah) aarambhich 150,000 varshangalkk munbu (0.15 miah) vare neenduninna kuranjathu moonnu pottitheri kaalaghattangalilaayenkilum ithu adinjukoodiyirunnu.
calderayude alavukal bye aanu, athinu uyaramundu. calderayil ninnulla pravartthanam mattu niravadhi straattovolkkaanokal uthppaadippichu oru sankeernna agniparvvatham roopappeduthiyittundu.
bhoomishaasthravum ghadanayum.
padinjaaran aandeesil curicoyudeyum talcayudeyum sameepamulla madhya chiliyude moul mekhalayilaanu calabosos sthithi cheiyunnathu. sthiramaayi janasamkhyayillaatha mosham himanikalullah parvathapradeshamaanith. rodukalonnumilla, kuthirayodo kalnadayayo maathrame ivide athicheraan kazhiyoo.
madhya chiliyude padinjaaran attathu ozhuki thekkott vyaapichukidakkunna thekkan agniparvvatha mekhalayude bhagamaanu calabosos, athirthi chaadukayum arjanteenayil athinte gathi thudarukayum cheiyunnu. eee shreniyil kuranjathu ombathu caldera samuchayangal, chiliyude 70 ladhikam straattovolkkaanokalum kwaattarnariyil sajeevamaaya agniparvvatha shethrangalum noorukanakkinu cheria pottitheri kendrangalum ulppedunnu. chiliyile ettavum sajeevamaaya agniparvvatha mekhalayaanu thekkan agniparvvatha mekhala, ithu prathivarsham oru pottitheri srishtikkunnu. sero asulinte kodumudiyude vadakku bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna kvisaappu garthatthilaayirunnu athinte ettavum valia charitraparamaaya pottitheri, athinte ettavum sajeevamaaya agniparvvathangal laima villarikkayumaan.
uyarathil veethiyulla oru valaya aakruthiyilulla calderayaanu calabosos. garthatthile pottitherikaliloodeyaanu agniparvvathangal roopappettathu. calderayude thekkan attathulla ettavum valia holocene sero dell medio complexes aanu. ithu pradhaanamaayum andesite, daasait enniva kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, koodaathe ithu oru vooliyam undu. thekkupadinjaaran attathu niravadhi pottitherikal descabesado chikko agniparvvatham (uyaram) srishtichu, athil naalu pongikkidakkunna agniparvvatha garthangal adangiyirikkunnu. holocene kaalaghattatthilaanu avasaanathe pottitheri sambhavichathu, ithu oru daasittik laava ozhukk (voliyathil) srishtichu. sero colorado, uyarathil, samuchayathil mattoru koonn roopeekarikkunnu.
calderayude madhyabhaagathu, kaajon loss calabosos, banos dii lollie ennivayulppedeyulla choodulla neeruravakal undu. eee neeruravakalkku 0.3 miah vare pazhakkamund, calderayile veendum sambhavikkunna pravartthanam moolamundaakunna uyarchayude falamaayi calabososinte randaamathe pottitherikku sesham nerittu roopappettathaakaam. ventukal colorado, pyoosto calabosos ennee rund klasttarukalilaayi kaanapedunnu, avaa calderayude thekkupadinjaaran attathu oru thakaraarinte arikilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. hildreth mattullavarum. (1983) jeothermal energy vilaveduppinu calabosos upayogapradamaakumennu vilayiruthukayum paryavekshana dwaarangal kuzhikkukayum cheythu.
bhoomishaasthram.
thekke american plettinte padinjaaran attathulla nasca plettinte kizhakkan attatthinte subduction peruvinum chilikkum padinjaaru ekadesham sambhavikkunnu, prathivarsham 9 muthal 30 digri thekkan akshaamshathil. eee subduction prakriya pasaphik samudrathile oru samudra kuzhiyaya peru-chail tranchinte roopeekaranathinu kaaranamaayi. ithu andean agniparvvatha valayavum bakkiyulla andees nirmmichu.
madhya chiliyilum arjanteenayilum sthithi cheiyunna 45 holocene yugathile agniparvathangalil onnaanu calabosos. chilian aandisinte ettavum sajeevamaaya bhagamaaya thekkan agniparvvatha mekhalayilaanu ithu ulppettirikkunnath. holocene kaalaghattatthilaanu ithu sambhavichathenkilum athinte avasaanathe pottitheriyude theeyathi krithyamaayi ariyilla.
keey-aarr dettingiloode, geologist roobert edward drake central chiliyil 66 sambhavangalude praayam sthaapikkukayum avayude uthbhavasamayathe adisthaanamaakki grouppukalaayi vibhajikkukayum cheythu. 1976ll prasidheekaricha oru prabandhatthil, oro groupinteyum sthaanavum eee shreniyile agniparvvathathinte padinjaaru-kizhakk-pravanathayulla chalanavum addeham vivarichu.
chili aandisinte padinjaaru oligozene, aadyakaala mayoseen (33.3-20.2 miah) kaalaghattatthile oru aadyakaala spodanangalaanu. eee savisheshathakal srishticha pottitheri sambhavangalude thoth vyakthamalla. kooduthal kizhakk, yadhaartha shreniyil, valia thothil pottitherikalundu. 15. 3 num 6.4 maaykkum idayil, vyapakamaaya agniparvvathangal sambhavichu, thudarnnu vipulamaaya madakkavum; eee prakriya pinneedu mayoseen kaalath 18.4 muthal 13.7 maay vare aavarthichu. 6. 4 muthal chilian andees nishabdaraayirunnu, ennirunnaalum eee shaanthamaaya kaalaghattam ellah andeesilum nadanno illayo ennathu anjjaathamaanu. madhya chilian agniparvvathangal randara mile akale veendum sajeevamaayi, athinusesham eathaandu thudarchayaayi pottitherichu.
praadeshika.
kattiyullathum nertthathumaaya bhookhanda puramthodinu edayilulla oru pradeshathaanu calabosos sthithicheyyunnathu, athinte pottitherikal orupakshe athinte calderaic thottuthazheyulla andesitic, rayoolitik magmayude kulatthil ninnaan. mesosoic kaalaghattatthil ninnulla agniparvvatha plaastik avashishta paarakalude oru paali, moonnaam kaalaghattatthile nuzhanjukayattavum agniparvvatha paarakalumayi samyojippichukondu, pilkkala plutonukalil ninnu (magma nuzhanjukayatangal) roopappetta precambrian-triasic avashishta, roopaanthara paarakalude oru paaliyude mukalilaanu caldera. athinte vadakkukizhakkan attathu, jipsipharas kaarbanettukalum ulppedunna avashishta paarayude vadakku-thekk pravanathayulla oru bhagam calabososine murichedukkunnu.
calabososinu sero azul, descabesado grande ennivaykku samanamaaya praayamund, athinte pottitherikal rund agniparvathangalileyum munkaala pravarthanangalumaayi poruthappettekkaam. valare samanamaaya gadanayulla (maphik andesite, agglutinate, daasait ennivayulppede) pottitheri ulppannangalaanu agniparvvathangal nirmmikkunnath. valippathilum samaanathayund (ellaam 40 muthal 70 cubic kilometer vare voliyamaanu).
aandeesinte backie bhaagangalude vadakku-vadakkukizhakkan dishayil ninnu vyathichalikkunna raioolittik, silisic kwaattenari agniparvvathangalude (puelshe agniparvvatha mandalam, laguna dell moul, volcan domuo ennivayulppede) vadakku-thekk pravanathayulla oru groupinte bhagamaanu agniparvvatham. eee belttinte dishasoochana aduthulla malarge foltinte madakkavum-thrasttum chalanavumaayi poruthappedunnu, ithu moonnaam sthaanathu roopappedukayum aadyakaala pleosene allengil avasana mayoseen vare sajeevamaayi thudarukayum cheythu. nasca plettinte subductionekkaal praadeshika prakriyakale aashrayichaan calabososinte pravartthanam kooduthal ennu ithu soochippikkaam.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya record.
aandeesinte varanda, madhyabhaagathe nannayi samrakshikkappetta paarakalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, thekkan mekhalaye nirvachikkunna rekhakal moshamaayi samrakshikkappettittund. madhyabhaagathulla mayoseen, kwaattenari pottitherikalude avashishtangal paara recordil vyakthamaayi samrakshikkappettittund. pradeshathe motham pottithericha vasthukkalude 40 sathamaanam vare aashh phloo sheettukalaan, ithu eee samayat pyroclastic pottitherikal valare pradhaanamaayirunnuvennu soochippikkunnu. hildreth mattullavarum ulppedunna oro agniparvvathathinteyum pottitheri nirakk parishodhichu."thekkan mekhalayilum samanamaaya alavil charapravaha agniparvvathangal undayathaayi nigamanam cheythu. avarude patanam rekhakalil ninnu prathyekichu silisic charam kaanaanillenn sthaapikkukayum mannolipp agniparvvatha paarayude nikshepathe thadassappeduthiyirikkamne nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
eee pradeshatthinte agniparvvatha charithram valare pinnilekku vyaapikkumbol, eee mekhalayile poornnamaayum thirichariyaan kazhiyunna aadyakaala sambhavangal pyroclastic campanario roopeekaranathilaanu rekhappeduthiyittullathu. eee kramam laguna dii laa invernadayil aarambhich 15 muthal 6 maaya vare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. 7 miah vare praayamulla magma nuzhanjukayattatthinte avashishtangal thadaakathil (laguna dii laa invernada) kaanam.
ettavum puthiya agniparvvatha ghattam ekadesham 4 miah aarambhichu, ithu pradhaanamaayum andesitic pottitherikal undaakkunnu. spodanangalude oru parambara laavayude vishalamaaya peedabhoomi nirmmikkukayum ippol calabosos sthithicheyyunna pradeshathekku vyaapikkukayum cheythu. praadeshikamaayi, eee peedabhoomi olivainodoppam maphik andesite chernnathaanu, ithu kaalakramena kattiyulla paalikalaayi roopappettu. eee kaalayalavil roopappetta rund miah laavakalkk mukalilaanu aduthulla agniparvvathangal sthithicheyyunnathu, athesamayam descabesado grandale ninnulla andesitic nikshepangalkku mukalilaanu loma seka tuff sthithi cheiyunnathu.
rachana.
calabosos rund vyathyastha tharam agniparvvathangalkkidayil sthithicheyyunnathu-vadakku, andesite riolite laavayude praadhamika gadakangalaanu, athesamayam athinte thekkan ayalkkar kooduthal maphik andesite basalt chernnathaanu. pradhaanamaayum basaltic andesite rayodasaittum calabosos undaakkunnu, ithu pottasyam niranja oru calculclic suit roopappeduthunnu. athinte laavakalil avayude pindatthinte 2 muthal 25 sathamaanam vare vyathyaasappedunna phenochristukal niranjirikkunnu. eee phenochristukal saadhaaranayaayi plagioclase kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, ennaal clinopyroxine, orthopyroxine, ilmenite, appaattait, titanomagnettait ennivayum adangiyirikkunnu.
kaalaavasthayum sasyajaalangalum.
eee pradeshathe mazhayude sharashari prathivarsham ettavum kuranjathu muthal ettavum uyarnnathu vare vyathyaasappedunnu. meyy muthal august vareyulla mazha (praadhamikamaayi manju) saadhaaranayaayi 20 muthal 35 centimeter vareyaanu, venalkkaalath ithu oru centimeteril thazheyaayi kurayunnu. thapanilayum vyathyaasappedunnu, saadhaaranayaayi venalkkaalath 25 digri selshyas rekhappeduthunnu, pakshe uyarnna uyarangalil (mukalil) freesingil thazheyaayi kurayunnu.
eee pradeshathu sasyajaalangal apoorvamaanu. 1932ll sero asulinte kvisaappu garthatthinte pottitheri bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum pumise marubhoomiyaayi maatti. mukalil, sasyangal kooduthal viralamaakunnu.
spodanaathmakamaaya charithram.
plaistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil, pradhaanamaayum rayodasaittum dasite chernna tuff calabosos pottitherichu. kazhinja dasalaksham varshathinide moonnu vyathyasthamaaya pottitherikal nadannittundu. ellah pottitherikalilum avasheshikkunna chaaratthinte sheettukal mothatthil alavu muthal alavu vare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, avaa loma seka tuff ennariyappedunnu.
aadyathe pottitheri, 0.8 miah, pilkkala pottitherikalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu, athinte uthppannathil paranna lenticleukal (lense aakruthiyilulla daathukkalude paalikal allengil paarayil pothinja parakal) illa. oro kanikayudeyum pindatthinte 5 muthal ekadesham 15 sathamaanathil thaazhe vare varunna pradhaanamaayum plagioclase phenochristukal kondu tuff kuthappettirikkunnu. pottitherichathinusham, eee padaartham malayidukkukalil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum avide athu himaanipravaahathin vidheyamaavukayum cheythu. athra thaazhekku veezhunna eee kothiyeduttha parakal. samuchayathinu chuttum eathaanum kilometerukal maathram parimithappedutthiyirikku.
0. 3 maay enna nilayil nadanna randaamathe pottitheri ettavum vyaapakamaayirunnu. ithu orupakshe alavinteyum alavinteyum idayilaayirikkaam, koodaathe aduthulla thaazhvarakalude thaazhvarayil calderayude paridhikkappurathekku vyaapichukidakkunnu. calderaic appurathu, pottitheri uthppannangalil phenochristukal kuravaanu (aadyathe pottitheriyudethil ninnu vyathyasthamayi). pakaram avayil lythium adangiya vasthukkal dhaaraalamaayi adangiyirikkunnu, ithu paarayude 10 sathamaanam bhagangal (calderayude adithattil 50 sathamaanam) ulkkollunnu. aadyathe charam nikshepichathinaal, athu vegathil roopappedukayum mannolippine prathirodhikkukayum cheytha paalikalakki shekharikkappedukayum cheythu, pakshe bhaagikamaayi maathrame orumichu kalarnnittulloo. ennirunnaalum, charam vyathichalippicha eee adisthaana paalikalum nerttha mekhalakalum ozhike (oru glassinte gunangal nashtappedukayum pottukayum cheiyunnu), muzhuvan sheettum orumichu kalarthunnu. calabososinullil, aashh weldingine prathirodhikkukayum kooduthal phenochristukal adangiyirikkukayum cheiyunnu. pakaram, mannolipp assid leachinginte roopathil athine vizhungukayum athinte pumise ulladakkathinte bhooribhaagavum thakarkkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ividuthe paara paaliyil anchu muthal 30 sathamaanam vare phenochristukal adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe uyarnna alavilulla vyathichalanavum lithik ulladakkavumundu.
pottitheriyude samayavum sthaananirnayavum ulppede chila gadakangal eee rund nikshepangalum thammilulla vyathyaasangal kanakkakkaam. kaalderaykkullile padaartham cheruthum valia paralukal ulla magmayude kulatthil ninnu pottitherikkunnathum. hydrothermal ventukalude saannidhyathaal athinte vipulamaaya mannolipp vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe athinte uyarnna alavilulla lithikkukal onnukil pottitherichathinusham paarakalumayi sanbarkkam pularthunnathiloodeyo avaa thaazhekku veezhumbol avayodu chernnu kidakkunnathiloodeyo allengil neendathum mandagathiyilullathumaaya roopeekaranathinte falamaayirikkaam. ivayil eathenkilum kaaranagal laavakalude mosham mishrithathinum phalapradamaayi kaaranamakum.
himavisphodanam nadannathode shaanthamaaya andesitic pottitherikalude roopathil ekadesham 150,000 varshatholam pravartthanam thudarnnu. ekadesham 0.15 miah (150,000 varshangalkk munbu), moonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum chaarapravaham pottipurappettu. randaamathe pottitheriyekkaal cheruthaayirunnenkilum samanamaaya reethiyil pravarthicha ithinu valare saandramaaya welding tuff undaayirunnu. loma sekkayil charam ettavum kattiyullathaayirunnu, nikshepathinte mukalbhagam mannolippinu vidheyamaayi. ithu villalukalil saandramaayi weld cheythirikkunnu, pakshe nerttha paalikalilalla, avide metteeriyalinte bhooribhaagavum weld cheiyukayo weld cheiyukayo cheiyunnilla.
avasana nikshepathinte aadya paalikal ilam, irunda niramulla vasthukkalude marimari belttukalaayirunnu, avaa idathoornna welding aayirunnu. payarvarggangalil pottitherichathaayi thonnunna iva noorukanakkinu meter neendunilkkunnu. oru thadassamallaathe nikshepam thudarchayaayi undaayirunnu, ithu calderaic sameepam kaanaan kazhiyum, avide paalikalkku pakaram nertthathum weld cheyyaathathumaaya laava sheettukal sthaapikkunnu. kaajon loss calabososinu sameepamulla weld cheyyaatha vasthukkalude mattoru mekhala mannolippinu vidheyamaayilla, ithu pravartthanam nirtthiyennum pinneedu veendum aarambhichuvennum soochippikkunnu.
fiamil uyarnna moonnaamathe tuff paali randaamathethil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, athil kooduthal phenochrist ulladakkam undu, pakshe lithikkukal moshamaan. fiameyil, paarayude 5 muthal 15 sathamaanam vare phenochristukal undu, ithu calderaic sameepam 25 muthal 30 sathamaanam vare vardhikkunnu. cheruppakkaaraaya sthaanachalanangalil, maphik ulladakkathil vardhanavinoppam clinopyroxine prakadamaanu.
bheeshanikalum thayyaareduppukalum.
moundu hudson, llaima, villarica thudangiya maarakavum sajeevavumaaya agniparvvathangal adangiya thekkan agniparvvatha mekhalayilaanu calabosos sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1558 muthal villarica llaima chernnu agniparvvathathinte 80 ladhikam episodukal report cheythittundu, kuranjathu 40 thekkan agniparvvatha mekhala agniparvvathangalkk holocene kaalaghattatthile pottitherikal undaayittund. 2010leeii moul bhookambathinushesham caldera maarjinukalil lambamaya chalanam nadannu.
calabosos manushyarkk cheria bheeshaniyaanu srishtikkunnathennartham, ennaal aavashyamenkil durithaashwaasa sramangal aasoothranam cheyyaan kazhiyum. kolambiyayile nevado dell ruis pottitherikku marupadiyaayi roopeekaricha agniparvvatha duranta sahaaya paripadi (vii. dii. eiii. pii) 1991 ll chiliyile moundu hudson pottitherichathinethu ozhippikkal samghadippichu jeevan rakshichu. vikaswara raajyangalile pottitheri moolamundaakunna maranangalum saambathika nashtangalum kuraykkuka" ennathaanu teaminte prakhyapitha lakshyam. moundu sent nireekshikkunathinulla utharavaadithamulla cascades agniparvvatha nireekshana kendram (sii. vii. oo) polulla vividha yuu. ezz. jii offeesukal chernnathaanu ithu. helens, eathu agniparvvathavum nireekshikkunathinulla upakaranangal teaminte pakkalund, ithu agniparvvatha spodanangalekkurichu samayabandhithamayi pravachikkanum aduthulla veedukal ozhippikkaanum anuvadikkunnu.