
duu phu

tang raajavamshathile oru chainees kaviyum raashtreeyakkaaranumaayirunu duu phu (; 712-770). thante muthirnna samakalikanum suhruthumaaya lii baay (lii poow) ennayaalodoppam addehathe chainees kavikalil ettavum mikachavan ennu palappozhum vilikkunnu. oru vijayakaramaya sivil sarvees udyogasthanenna nilayil thante raajyathe sevikkukayennathaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum valia aagraham, ennaal aavashyamaaya thaamasoukaryam undakkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla. 755leeii lushan kalapam muzhuvan raajyatheppole addehathinte jeevithatheyum thakarthu, addehathinte avasaanathe 15 varshangal eathaandu nirantharamaaya aswasthathayude kaalamaayirunnu.
thudakkathil mattu ezhuthukaarkku addehathe adhikam ariyillaayirunnuvenkilum addehathinte kruthikal chainees, japanese saahitya samskaarathil valareyadhikam swaadheenam chelutthi. addehathinte kavithasaahithyangalil pathinanchaayiratholam kavithakal kaalangalayi samrakshikkappettittund. chainees vimarshakar addehathe "kavi-charithrakaaran" ennum "kavi-rishi" ennum vilichittundu, athesamayam addehathinte kruthikalude vyaapthi paashchaathya vaayanakkaarkk "chainees kanyaka, hooras, oovid, shakespeare, milttan, bains, wareds varthu, berancher, hugo allengil boudeleyar" ennu parichayappedutthaan addehathe anuvadichu.
jeevitam.
parambaraagatha chainees saahitya vimarsanam oru kruthiye vyaakhyaanikkumbol rachayithaavinte jeevithathinu oonnal nalki, american pandithanaaya burton vaatsan "parambaraagatha chainees chinthakal kalayum daarmikathayum thammilulla adutha bandhathinu" kaaranamaayi. duu fuvinte pala kavithakalilum daarmikathayum charithravum ullathinaal eee sambradaayam prathyekichum pradhaanamaan. chainees charitrakaaranaaya vilyam hung thiricharinja mattoru kaaranam, chainees kavithakal saadhaaranayaayi samkshipthamaanu, prasakthamaaya sandarbham ozhivaakkunnu, pakshe arivulla oru samakaalikanu ariyaamenn anumanikkaam. aadhunika paashchaathya vaayanakkaare sambandhichidatholam, "samayavum sthalavum pashchaathalatthilulla saahacharyangalum krithyamaayi ariyaathathinaal, athu thettayi sangalppikkaan naam kooduthal baadhyastharaanu, athinte phalam onnukil kavithaye thettidharikkukayo allengil athu poornnamaayum manassilakkunnathil paraajayappedukayo cheyyum". kaviyude kruthikalude vaividhyathin parimithamaaya kavikalkku upayogikkunna "reductive" vargeekaranangalekkaal addehathinte jeevithakalam muzhuvan pariganana aavasyamaanennu vaadikkunna steefan ooven duu phuvinu prathyekamaayi moonnaamathe ghadakam nirddeshikkunnu.
aadyakaala varshangal.
duu fuvinte jeevithathekkurichu ariyappedunnavayil bhooribhaagavum addehathinte kavithakalil ninnaan varunnath. addehathinte pithrupithaavu duu shenian aayirunnu, chakravarthini vuu seshyante (aarr. 690-705). duu phu 712-ll janichu; krithyamaaya janmasthalam anjjaathamaanu, athu henan pravishyayile (gong kaundi oru priyappetta sthaanaarthiyaanu) luvoyaanginaduthaayirunnu ennathozhike. pilkkala jeevithathil, duu kudumbatthinte poorvvikarude janmanaadaaya thalasthaana nagaramaya chaangaanil pettayalaayi addeham svayam kanakkakki.
duu fuvinte amma janichu taamasiyaathe marichu, addehathe bhaagikamaayi valarthiyathu addehathinte ammayiyaanu. cheruppatthil thanne marichupoya oru mootha sahodaran addehathinundaayirunnu. addehathinu moonnu ardhasahodaranmaarum oru ardhasahodariyum undaayirunnu, avare addeham thante kavithakalil pathivayi paraamarshikkunnundenkum addeham orikkalum thante randaanammaye paraamarshichittilla.
oru cheria pandithan-udyogasthante makanaaya addehathinte youvanam bhaaviyile oru sivil sarveesukaarante nilavaaramulla vidyaabhyaasathinaayi chelavazhichu thathwachintha, charithram, kavita ennivayude kanfyooshyan klaasikkukalude padanavum oormmappeduthalum. kaumaarapraayatthil thanne vishwasaneeyamaaya kavithakal nirmmichathaayi addeham pinneedu avakaashappettuvenkilum avaa nashtappettu.
730-kalude thudakkathil addeham jiangsu, sejiang pradeshangalil sanjarichu; oru kavita malsarathe vivarikkunna addehathinte athijeevichirikkunna aadyakaala kavita eee kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam muthal ekadesham 735-ll aanennu karuthappedunnu.
aaa varsham addeham saamraajyathva pareeksha ezhuthi, orupakshe chaang 'aanil. adhehavum noottaandukalkkusheshamulla vimarshakarum athbhuthappeduthunnathilum addeham parajayappettu. akkaalat addehathinte gadyashaili valare saandravum avyakthavumaayirunnu ennathinaal thaan paraajayappettirikkamenna hung nigamanam cheiyunnu, athesamayam thalasthaanathu bandhangal valarthiyedukkunnathil addeham paraajayappettathin kaaranam kuttakkaaranaayirikkamenna chau soochippikkunnu. eee paraajayathinu sesham addeham yaathrayilekku madangi, ithavana shandonginum hebeik chuttum.
740-oode pithaav marichu. pithaavinte padavi kaaranam duu phuvine sivil sarveesil praveshikkaan anuvadikkaamaayirunnu, pakshe ardhasahodaranmaaril oraalkk anukoolamaayi addeham aaa padavi upekshichathayi karuthappedunnu. adutha naalu varsham addeham luvoyang pradeshathu thaamasikkukayum aabhyanthara kaaryangalil thante chumathalakal niravettukayum cheythu.
744-leeii sharathkaalathil addeham aadyamaayi lii bayiye (lii poow) kandumuttukayum rund kavikalum sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. sivil sarvees pareekshayile paraajayathinu sesham thaan akarshikkappetta eakaanthamaaya kavi-pandithajeevithatthinte jeevanulla udaaharanam nalkiyathinaal "duu fuvinte kalaparamaaya vikasanathile ettavum pradhanappetta roopeekarana ghadakam" ennaanu david yang ithine visheshippikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, aaa bandham oru paridhivare ekapaksheeyamaayirunnu. duu phu kurachu varshangalkk ilayavanaayirunnu, athesamayam lii baayi ithinakam oru kaavyathmaka thaaramaayirunnu. ilaya kaviyude lii bayiyekkuricho athinekkuricho ulla panthrand kavithakal namukkund, ennaal onnu maathramaan maruvashathu. 745ll avar veendum kandumutty.
746ll addeham thante audyogika jeevitam punarujjeevippikkaanulla shramathil thalasthaanathekku maari. adutha varsham addeham randaam thavanayum sivil sarvees pareeksha ezhuthi, ennaal ellah sthaanaarthikalum pradhaanamantri parajayappettu (prathyakshatthil athiraalikalude aavirbhavam thadayunnathinaayi). addeham veendum orikkalum parishodhanakalkk sramichilla, pakaram 751,754-lum orupakshe 755-lum nerittu chakravarty apekshichu. 752-oode addeham vivaham kazhichu, 757 aayappozhekkum dambathikalkku anchu kuttikalundaayirunnu-moonnu aanmakkalum rund penmakkalum-ennaal 755-ll oru aankutti shaishavathil thanne marichu. 754 muthal addehathinu shwaasakosha prasnangal (orupakshe aasthma) undakaan thudangi, ithu jeevithakalam muzhuvan addehathe alattiya rogangalude parambarayile aadyathethaanu. aaa varshamaan eee mekhalayil vann vellapokkam srishticha kshaamatthinte prakshubdhatha kaaranam duu phu thante kudumbatthe maattaan nirbandhithanaayathu.
755ll kireedaavakaashiyude kottaaratthile raitt kamaandantinte offeesinte rajistraaraayi addehathinu niyamanam labhichu. ithoru cheria thasthikayaayirunnenkilum, saadhaarana kaalath ithu oru audyogika kariyarinte thudakkamayirunnene. ennirunnaalum, addeham jolie aarambhikkunnathin munbuthanne, aaa sthaanam sambhavangalaal olichupoyi.
yuddham.
755 desemberil aarambhicha lushan kalapam ekadesham ettu varshatholam poornnamaayum adichamarthappettilla. ithu chainees samoohathinu valia thadassamundaakki 754 leeii sensus 52.9 dasalaksham aalukale rekhappeduthi, ennaal patthu varshathinu sesham, sensus verum 16.9 dasalaksham aayi kanakkakki, bakkiyullavar kudiyozhippikkappedukayo kollappedukayo cheythu.
eee samayat, yudhangal, anubandha shaamangal, saamraajyathvaparamaaya athrupthi ennivayaal aswasthamaaya oru yaathraavivaranamaanu duu phu nayichathu. oru kaviyenna nilayil dufuvine srishtikkuka ennathaayirunnu eee asanthushtiyude kaalaghattam ivaa shahn chau ezhuthiyittundu, "thanikk chuttum addeham kanda karyangal-addehathinte kudumbatthinteyum ayalkkaarudeyum aparichitharudeyum jeevitam-addeham kettathum vividha prachaaranangalude purogathiyil ninnu addeham pratheekshichathum bhayappettathum-iva addehathinte kavithayude shaashwatha prameyangalaayi maari". thante ettavum ilaya kuttiyude maranathekkurichu arinjappol polum addeham thante nirbhagyavumaayi jeevikkunnathinupakaram thante kavithakalile mattullavarude kashtappaadukalilekku thirinju. duu phu ezhuthi
756ll suwansong chakravarty thalasthaanathu ninnu palayanam cheyyaanum sthaanathyaagam cheyyaanum nirbandhithanaayi. nagaratthil ninnu akaleyaayirunna duu phu thante kudumbatthe surakshithamaaya oru sthalathekku kondupoyi puthiya chakravartthiyude (susong) kottaaratthil cheraan shramichenkilum vimathar addehathe pidikoodukayum chaangaanilekku kondupookukayum cheythu. sharathkaalathil addehathinte ilaya makan duu songhvu (karadi) janichu. eee samayathaan duu phu malaria baadhichathennu karuthappedunnu.
adutha varsham addeham chaangaanil ninnu rakshappedukayum 757 meyy maasathil veendum kottaaratthil chernnappol oormmappeduthalaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. eee padavi chakravarthikku praveshanam nalkiyengilum athu pradhaanamaayum aachaaraparamaayathaayirunnu. duu fuvinte manassaakshicheyyal athu upayogikkaan sramikkaan addehathe nirbandhithanaakki thante suhruthum rakshaadhikaariyumaaya fang gwane oru cheria aaropanathil neekkam cheythathil prathishedhichukondu addeham svayam prasnangal srishtichu. addehathe arast cheythenkilum juunil mapp nalki. septambaril kudumbatthe sandarshikkaan addehathinu avadhi nalkiyengilum taamasiyaathe addeham veendum kodathiyil cherukayum 757 desember 8 nuu sarkkar sainyam chakravarty thirichupidichathinethu addeham chaangaanilekku madangukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte upadesham vilamathikkappedaathe thudarukayum 758-leeii venalkkaalath addehathe huvaashoyile vidyaabhyaasa kammeeshanar sthaanathekku tharamthaazhthukayum cheythu. aaa sthaanam addehathinu eshtappettirunnilla oru kavithayil addeham ezhuthi
759-leeii venalkkaalath addeham munnott pooyi; ithu parambaraagathamaayi shaamamaanennu aaropikkappedunnu, ennaal niraashayaan kooduthal saadhyathayulla kaaranamenn hung vishwasikkunnu. aduthathaayi addeham ekadesham aarr aazhchakal kinshouvil (ippol tianshui, gansu pravishya) chelavazhichu, avide addeham arupathiladhikam kavithakal ezhuthi.
chengdu.
759 desemberil addeham hraswakaalam tonguvil (aadhunika gansu) thaamasichu. desember 24nuu addeham chengduvilekku (sichuwan pravishya) purappettu, avide praadeshika prefectum saha kaviyumaaya pee dii addehathinu aathidheyathvam vahichu. thudarnnu adutha anchu varshangalil bhooribhaagavum duu sichuvaanil thanne thudarnnu. aaa varsham sharathkaalathode addeham saambathika prathisandhiyilavukayum vividha parichayakkaarkk sahayam yachikkunna kavithakal ayaykkukayum cheythu. chengduvil govarnor generalayi niyamithanaaya suhruthum muun sahapravarthakanumaaya yaan vuu addehathe aashwasippichu. saambathika prasnangal undaayirunnittum, ithu addehathinte jeevithathile ettavum santhoshakaravum samaadhaanaparavumaaya kaalaghattangalilonnaayirunnu. eee kaalaghattatthile duyude pala kavithakalum duu phu thottu kottejile addehathinte jeevithathinte samadhaanaparamaaya thithreekaranangalaanu.
762-ll addeham oru kalaapathil ninnu rakshappedaan nagaram vittuvenkilum 764-leeii venalkkaalath tibattan saamrajyathinethiraaya pracharanangalil earppettirunna yaante upadeshtaavaayi niyamithanaayappol addeham madangi.
kazhinja varshangalil.
762 leeii shaithyakaalath addehathinte janmasthalamaaya luvoyang pradesham sarkkar sainyam veendedukkukayum 765 leeii vasanthakaalath duu phuvum kudumbavum yangsiyil ninnu kappal kayarukayum cheythu. addehathinte anaarogyam moolam avar pathukke sanjarichu (appozhekkum addeham munkaala rogangalkk purame kazhchakkuravu, badhiratha, vaardhakyasahaayam ennivayaal budhimuttukayaayirunnu). 766 leeii vasanthakaalathinte avasaanam muthal ekadesham rund varshatholam moonnu malayidukkukalude praveshana kavaadatthilulla kuyishovil (ippol bidicheng, chonkving) avar thaamasichu. eee kaalayalav duu fuvinte avasaanathe mahathaaya kaavyathmaka pookkalaayirunnu, ivide addeham thante idathoornna, avasana shailiyil 400 kavithakal ezhuthi.
766-leeii sharathkaalathil boow mavolin eee pradeshatthinte govarnoraayi addeham duu phuvine saambathikamaayi pinthunaykkukayum addehathe thante anaudyogika sekrattariyaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu.
768 maarchil addeham thante yaatra punaraarambhichu hunan pravisyayiletthi, avide addeham thante 58-aamm varshathil 770 novemberilo disambarilo taanshouvil (ippol chaangsha) marichu. kurachu varshangalenkilum eee pradeshathu thaamasicha bharya rund aanmakkalum addehathinundaayirunnu. addehathinte avasaanathe pingamiyaaya oru kochumakan 813-ll yuwan senil ninnu kaviyude shavakudeeralekhanam abhyarthichu.
addeham oru pithavaaya makan, snehamullah pithaav, udaaranaaya sahodaran, vishwasthanaaya bharthaav, vishwasthanaaya suhruthu, karthavyanirbharanaaya udyogasthan, desasnehiyaaya vishayam ennivayaayi thonni" enna nigamanatthiloode hung thante jeevitam samgrahikkunnu."
duu fuvinte pilkkala kruthikalilonnaaya "tuu mye retaired frond veyu" ("seng veyu baa chashi") yude oru udaaharanam chuvadeyundu. taangile mattu pala kavithakaleyum pole, suhruthukkal thammilulla deerghakaala verpiriyalinte vishayam ithil ulppeduthiyirunnu, ithu palappozhum udyogasthare pravishyakalilekku idaykkide sthalam maattunnath moolamaayirunnu
aarogyam.
charitraparamaaya rekhakalil prameha rogiyaayi thirichariyappedunna aadya vyakthiyaan duu phu. pilkkala varshangalil, addeham pramehavum shwaasakosha kshayam baadhichirunnathinaal 58-aamm vayassil yangsi nadiyile oru kappalil vachu marichu.
jolie cheiyunnu.
duu fuvinte kruthikalekkurichulla vimarsanam addehathinte sakthamaaya charitrabodham, dhaarmika edapedal, saankethika mikavu ennivayil shradha kendreekarichu.
charithram.
gaanavargam muthal, vimarshakar duu phuvine "kavi vishudhan" (, "shhii sheng") ennu vilichittundu. sainika thanthrangalekkuricho sarkkaarinte vijayangaleyum paraajayangaleyumkkuricho addeham chakravarthikku ezhuthiya upadesha kavithakalekkuricho abhipraayamidunnathaanu addehathinte kavithakalil ettavum nerittulla charitraparamaaya kavithakal. parokshamaayi, thaan jeevicha kaalatthinte swaadheenathekkurichu addeham thanteyum chainayile saadhaaranakkaarudeyum mail ezhuthi. vaatsan soochippikkunnathu pole, ithu "aaa kaalaghattatthile audyogikamaayi samaaharicha charitrangalil apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo".
duu fuvinte rashtreeya paraamarshangal kanakkukoottalinekkal vikaarathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu addehathinte nirddeshangal "namukkellavarkkum swaarthatha kuraykkaam, namukkellavarkkum cheyyendathu cheyyaam" ennu vyaakhyaanichittund. addehathinte kaazhchappaadukalod viyojikkaan kazhiyaathathinal, addehathinte sakthamaaya sathyasandhathakal chainees kaavyacharithratthinte kendra vyakthiyayi addehathe sthaapikkaan praapthamakki.
dhaarmika edapedal.
chainees vimarshakarude randaamathe priyappetta namam daarshanika rishiyaaya kanfyooshyasinte prathiroopamaaya "kavi rishi" (shshi sheng) aanu. avasheshikkunna aadyakaala kruthikalilonnaaya "vaaganukalude gaanam" (ekadesham 750 muthal) saamraajyathva sainyathile oru sainikante kashtappadukalkkum kashtappaadukalekkurichu vyakthamaaya kazhchappadinum shabdam nalkunnu. duu phu thante jeevithathiludaneelam srishticha sainikarudeyum saadhaaranakkaarudeyum jeevithathekkurichulla kavithakalil eee aashankakal thudarchayaayi vyakthamaakkunnu.
duu phu thante swantham budhimuttukalekkurichu pathivayi paraamarshikkunnath ellaam upayogikkunna oru solipsisathinte bhavam nalkumenkilum, hooks vaadikkunnathu addehathinte "prashasthamaaya anukamba yadhaarthathil svayam ulkkollunnu, thikachum vasthunishtamaayum eathaandu oru pinneedulla chinthayaayum kaanapedunnu" ennaanu. athinaal addeham vishalamaaya chithrathe "thante thante cheria thamasha niranja nissaarathayumaayi" thaarathamyam cheythukondu athinu "mahathvam nalkunnu".
tanikkum mattullavarkkum vendiyulla duu fuvinte anukamba, kavithayude vyaapthi vishaalamaakkunnathinte bhaagamaayirunnu munbu kaavyathmakamaaya paricharanatthinu anuyojyamallennu karuthiyirunna vishayangalkkayi addeham niravadhi kruthikal samarppichu. duu phuvine sambandhichidatholam, "eee lokathile ellaam kavithayaan", gaarhika jeevitam, calligraphy, paintingukal, mrugangal, mattu kavithakal thudangiya vishayangalil duu vipulamaayi ezhuthiyittundennu shang jee ezhuthi.
saankethika mikavu.
duu fuvinte srishtikal ellaathinumupari athinte shreniykk sradheyamaanu. chainees vimarshakar parambaraagathamaayi eee padam ("jidacheng", "samboornna symphany") upayogichu, ithu mensiyasinte kanfyooshyasinekkurichu vivaranathe paraamarsikkunnu. duu fuvinte nettatthinte vyaapthi aadyamaayi shradhicha yuvan seen, 813-ll thante mungamiyaaya "muun purushanmaar ottaykku maathram prakadippicha thante pravrithi swabhaavangalil ikyappettu" ennu ezhuthi. chainees kavithayude ellah roopangalilum addeham praaveenyam nedi ellah roopathilum addeham "onnukil mikacha purogathi kaivarichu allengil mikacha udaaharanagal sambhavana cheythu" ennu chau parayunnu. koodaathe, addehathinte kavithakal nerittullathum samsaaraparavum muthal aakarshakavum svayam bodhapoorvavumaaya saahityam vare vaividhyamaarnna rekhakalaanu upayogikkunnathu. eee vaividhyam vyakthigatha kruthikalil polum prakadamaanu oru saahacharyathinte vividha vashangale prathinideekarikkaan kaviye prapthamaakkunna kavithakalile "drutha shailiyilullathum prameyaparavumaaya mattangal" ooven thirichariyunnu, athesamayam chau thante kruthiyile pradhana vishakalana upakaranamaayi "jextaposition" enna padam upayogikkunnu. thante kaalathe mattethoru ezhuthukaaraneyum apekshichu kavithwatheyum chitrakala kurichu kooduthal ezhuthiyathil duu phu sradheyanaanu. mattethoru tang kaviyekkaalum kooduthal chithrakalayekkurichu maathram addeham pathinettu kavithakal ezhuthi. hahn gaanile vilayeriya kuthirachithrangalekkurithu duu fuvinte nishedhaathmakamaaya vyaakhyaanam innum nilanilkkunna oru vivaadathinu kaaranamaayi.
addeham thante shaili vikasippikkukayum chuttupadukalumaayi poruthappedukayum cheythathode addehathinte kruthiyude kaalaghattam maari (vaatsan parayunnathanusarichu "pachiliyon poleyulla"): addehathinte aadyakaala kruthikal thaarathamyena derivative, kottara sailiyilaanu, pakshe kalaapathinte varshangalil addeham svanthamaayi vannu. marubhoomiyude bhooprakrithiye prathifalippikkunna kinshou kavithakalude "kadinamaaya laalithyathe" kurichu ooven abhipraayappedunnu; addehathinte chengdu kaalaghattatthile kruthikal "bharam kuranjathum palappozhum sookshumamaayi nireekshikkappedunnathu"; athesamayam kuyishou kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathe kavithakalkk "saandrathayum kaazhchayude shakthiyum" undu.
ellah kaavyaroopangalilum addeham ezhuthiyittundengilum, udaaharanathinu, roopathilum ulladakkathilum karsanamaaya niyantranangalulla oru tharam kavithayaya "lushi" ykku vendiyaanu duu phu kooduthal ariyappedunnathu
dufuvinte nilavilulla 1500 kruthikalil moonnil rund bhaagavum eee roopathilaanu, addeham pothuve athinte pramukha soochakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. addehathinte ettavum mikacha "lishi" verum saankethika niyanthranangalaayittal, avishkaara ulladakkam cherkkaan roopathinu aavashyamaaya samaantharangal upayogikkunnu. ithrayadhikam stylise cheytha oru roopam athra swaabhaavikamaaya reethiyil upayogikkaan thuu phuvinu kazhiyunnath athishayakaramaan" ennu hooks abhipraayappedunnu.
swaadheenam.
encyclopedia britanica" anusarichu, duu fuvinte rachanakal ekkaalatheyum mikachathaayi pala saahitya niroopakarum kanakkakkunnu, koodaathe "addehathinte saandravum churukkiyathumaaya bhasha oru vaakyathinte ellah ardhavathaaya svarangalum vyakthigatha padatthinte ellah swarasheshikalum, oru vivarthanathinum orikkalum velippeduthaan kazhiyaatha gunangalum upayogikkunnu" ennu athu prasthaavikkunnu."
addehathinte jeevithathilum maranashesham udan thanne duu phu athra vilamathikkapettilla. bhaagikamaayi ithu addehathinte shailiparavum aupachaarikavumaaya puthumakalkk kaaranamakaam, avayil chilath ippozhum chainees vimarshakar angeyattam dheeravum vichithravumayi kanakkakkunnu."addehathekkurichu samakaalika paraamarshangal kuravaanu-aarr ezhuthukaaril ninnulla pathinonnu kavithakal maathram-iva addehathe vaathsalyathinte adisthaanathil vivarikkunnu, pakshe kaavyaathmakamo dhaarmikamo aaya aadarshangalude maathrkayaayittalla. samakaalika kavita samahaarangalilum duu phuvine moshamaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, thookkiyidunna kurippukal pole, "kaalakramena swaadheenam valarthiya eaka chainees kaviyaanu addeham", onpathaam noottaandil addehathinte kruthikal janapreeti vardhippikkaan thudangi. duu fuvinte chila kruthikalude dhaarmika vikaarangale prashamsicha baayi jooyi (kavithakalude oru cheria bhagam maathrame iva kandethiyulloovenkilum), soundaryaparamaaya adisthaanathil duu fuvine lii bayiyeyum prathirodhikkunna oru kashanam ezhuthiya hahn yoovil ninnaan aadyakaala anukoola abhipraayangal vannath. eee rund ezhuthukaarum avarude swantham kaavyarachanakalil duu fuvinte swaadheenam prakadippichu. patthaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, veyu suwang sichuvaanil thante melkoorayulla kudilinte aadya pakarpp nirmmichu.
pathinonnam noottaandilaanu vadakkan gaana kaalaghattatthil duu fuvinte prashasthi athinte unnathiyilethiyathu. eee kaalaghattatthil muun kavikalude samagramaya punarmoolyanirnayam nadannu, athil chainees samskaarathile budhamatha, daavoyist, kanfyooshyan izhakale yathaakramam prathinideekarikkunnathaayi wang veyu, lii baayi, duu phu enniva kanakkakkappettu. athesamayam, navaa-kanfyooshyanisathinte vikasanam duu phu athinte kaavyathmaka maathruka enna nilayil paramapradhana sthaanam vahikkunnuvennu urappakki. duu phu "pradhaanamaanennu ezhuthiyappol suu shhii eee nyaayavaadam prasiddhamaayi prakadippichu... kaaranam... thante ellah vyathiyanangalilum, oru bhakshanasthaanathekku addeham orikkalum thante paramaadhikaariye marannilla. prathyakshamaaya ethirvashangal samanvayippikkaanulla addehathinte kazhivu addehathinte swaadheenathe sahayichu rashtreeya yaadhaasthithikar sthaapitha kramathodulla addehathinte vishwasthathayaal akarshikkappettu, athesamayam rashtreeya theevravaadikal daridrarodulla addehathinte aashanka sweekarichu. saahitya yaadhaasthithikarkku addehathinte saankethika vaidagdhyathilekku nokkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athesamayam saahitya radicalukal addehathinte puthumakalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. peeples republic oof chaina sthaapithamaayathumuthal, duu fuvinte bharanakoodathodulla vishwasthathayum daridrarodulla ashankayum bhroona deseeyathayum soshyalisavum aayi vyaakhyaanikkappedunnu, koodaathe lalithavum "janangalude bhasha" upayogichathinu addeham prashamsikkappedunnu.
englandile shakespeareude swaadheenam alakkaan prayasamullavidham duu fuvinte janapreeti valarnnu oru chainees kavikkum addehathe swaadheenikkaan prayasamaayirunnu. mattoru dufu orikkalum illengilum, vyakthigatha kavikal addehathinte kruthiyude prathyeka vashangalude paarambaryatthil pinthudarnnu paavappettavarod baayi jooyiyude aashanka, luu yooyude desasneham, kodidiyanekkurichulla meyy yochente prathiphalanangal enniva chila udaaharanangalaan. kooduthal vishaalamaayi paranjaal, "lashi" yeei verum vaakkukalil ninnu "gauravameriya kaavyathmaka uchaaranathinulla oru vahanam" aakki mattunnathinulla duu fuvinte pravartthanangal eee vibhaagathile thudarnnulla oro ezhuthukaaranum vediyorukki.
burton vaatsan duu fuvinte kavithakalude vivarthanam prasidheekarichathil, columbia yooniversitti pras duu phuvine "chainayude ettavum mikacha kavi" ennu vilikkunnu, chilar addehathe eathu bhashayilum nilanilkkunna ettavum mahanaaya nonepic, nondrametik kavi ennu vilikkunnu."
japanese saahithyathil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
duu fuvinte kavita japanese saahithyathil, prathyekichu muromachi kaalaghattatthile saahithyathilum haikkoo kavikalil ettavum mikacha maatsuyo basho ulppedeyulla edo kaalaghattatthile pandithanmaarilum kavikalilum aazhathilulla swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. aadhunika japanese bhashayil polum eee padam kooduthalum duu fuvinte paryaayamaan.
pathimoonnaam noottaand vare, japanese ellah kavikalekkaalum baayi jooyiye ishtappettirunnu, duu fuvinekkurichu kurachu paraamarshangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ennirunnaalum onpathaam noottaandile "bunga shurishu" polulla chila kanshi ("japanese kavikal nirmmicha chainees kavithakal") samahaarangalil addehathinte swaadheenam kaanaan kazhiyum. duu fuvinte kavithaye aadyamaayi prashamsicha japanese ezhuthukaaran rinsai seen pathriyarkar anchu parvathangalile saahithyathile ettavum pramukharaaya rachayithaakkalil oralumaaya cocan shiren (1278-1346) aayirunnu; addeham duu phuvine valareyadhikam prashamsikkukayum oru seen purohithante veekshanakonil ninnu duu fuvinte chila kavithakalekkurichu oru vyaakhyaanam nadathukayum cheythu. saihokushu" ennathil 11. addehathinte vidyaarthi chugan engetsu rachicha niravadhi kanshi avarude aamukhangalil "duu phu swaadheenichathaayi" vyakthamaayi prasthavikkappettu. chugante vidyaarthi gido shushinu kottaravumaayum ashikaga shogunettumaayum adutha bandhamundaayirunnu, koodaathe dhuu fuvinte kavita laukika lokath pracharippichu; oru divasam kottaaratthile kambaaku reejantum renka kavithayude ettavum uyarnna adhikaariyumaaya nijo yoshimoto gidoyod chodichu, "njaan duu fuvinteyum lii baayiyudeyum kavita padikkanoo?"ningalkk mathiyaya sheshiyundenkil athe" ennu marupadi nalkaan gido dhairyapettu. illengil venda."athinusesham, seen kshethrangalilum prabhukkanmaarude samoohathilum duu fuvinte kavithakalekkurichu niravadhi seminaarukal nadannirunnu, athinte falamaayi muromachi kaalaghattatthil japanese saahithyathil addehathinte kavithakal palappozhum udharikkappettu.jii.pathinalam noottaandinte avasaanathile charitra ithihaasamaaya "taiheekki", koodaathe "hayakuman", "basho", "shungan" thudangiya chila noah naadakangalum.
edo kaalaghattatthile (<aii. dii. 1>) kaani kaalaghattatthil, ming raajavamshathinte "shaavo chuwan" () jappanilekku irakkumathi cheyyappedukayum kanfyooshyan pandithanmaarilum chonin (tounpeeppil) classilum ithu spodanaathmakamaaya janapreeti nedukayum cheythu. eee vyaakhyaanam ellah kavikalilum ettavum uyarnna kaviyayi duu fuvinte prashasthi sthaapichu; udaaharanathinu, sradheyanaaya kanfyooshyan pandithanaaya hayashi shunsay vaalyathil abhiprayappettu. gaho banshu" ennathil 37-ll shmi [duu phu] charithratthile ettavum mikacha kaviyayirunnu, koodaathe shaavo chuvaante vyaakhyaanathe athinte laalithyathinum vaayanaakshamathaykkum prashamsikkukayum, yuwan raajavamshathile pazhaya vyaakhyaanangale valare apagradhikkaanaavaathavayi addeham vimarsikkukayum cheythu. ettavum mikacha haikkoo kaviyaya maatsuvo basho duu phu shakthamayi swaadheenichu; addehathinte maastarpeesaaya "ooku noow hosomichi" yill, oru hicoovinu munbulla "eiii spring view" () nte aadya rund varikal addeham athinte aamukhamaayi udharikkunnu, koodaathe addehathinte mattu haikkoovil palathinum samanamaaya vaakkukalum prameyangalumundu. oru neenda yaathraykkide addeham osaakkayil marichappol, duu fuvinte kavithayude oru pakarpp addehathinu kondupokaan kazhinja chila vilayeriya vasthukkalil onnaayi addehathodoppam kandethiyathayi parayappedunnu.
vivarthanam.
duu fuvinte srishtikal engleeshilekku vivarthanam cheyyaanulla sramangalil vividha shailikal upayogichittundu. duu fuvinte thiranjeduttha kavithakalil" burton vaatsan paraamarshikkunnathupole, "duu phu vivarthanam cheiyunnathil ulppedunna prashnangale sameepikkaan niravadhi vyathyastha vazhikalundu, athinaalaan namukk kazhiyunnathra vyathyastha vivarthanangal aavashyamaayi varunnath" (p. xxii). paashchaathya cheviyil shabdamundaakkaathe (prathyekichu niyantritha padyam allengil "lishi" vivarthanam cheyyumbol) yadhaarthathinte aupachaarika parimithikal purathuvidunnathilum prathyekichu pilkkala kruthikalil adangiyirikkunna sankeernamaaya soochanakal ulkkollunnathilum vivarthakarkk budhimuttendi vannittundu (hooks ezhuthunnu "addehathinte kavithakal saadhaaranayaayi vivarthanathil valare nannayi varunnilla"-p. ix).
oro vishayathilum oru aathyathyamthikatha kenneth reksrothinte "chainees bhashayil ninnulla nooru kavithakal" prathinidheekarikkunnu. ulladakkathinte samyojanathiloodeyum vipuleekaranathiloodeyum sankochathiloodeyum samantharathakal marachuvekkaan sramikkunna swatantra vivarthanangalaan addehathintethu; eee soochanakalodulla addehathinte prathikaranangal aadyam eee kavithakalil bhooribhaagavum addeham thiranjedutthathil ninnu ozhivaakkuka, randaamathaayi addeham thiranjedukkunna kruthikalile paraamarshangal "vivarthanam cheyyuka" ennivayaanu. duu phu upayogikkunna kaavyaroopangalekkurichu oru bodham nalkaan sramikkunnathil mattu vivarthakar kooduthal praadhaanyam nalkiyittundu. moonnu chainees kavikalile" vikram seth engleesh shailiyilulla praasapadhathikal upayogikkunnu, athesamayam "chandrane abhimukeekarikkunna" kaith holyock chainees praasapadhathiye ekadeshamaayi kanakkakkunnu; randum avasana-nirthalaakkiya varikal upayogikkukayum oru paridhivare samaantharatha nilanirthukayum cheiyunnu. dhii selected kavitas oof duu phu" enna pusthakatthil burton vaatsan samaantharavaadangal valare karsanamaayi pinthudarukayum paashchaathya vaayanakkaarane kavithakalumayi poruthappedaan prerippikkukayum cheiyunnu. athupole, aksharaarthatthilulla vivarthanavum vipulamaaya vyaakhyaanavum samyojippichu pilkkala kruthikale addeham paraamarsikkunnu. arther kooppar pengvin classic mudraykku keezhil prasidheekaricha duu phu, lii baayi ennivayude thiranjeduttha kavithakalum vivarthanam cheythu. david hinton thiranjeduttha kavithakalum puthiya dishakalkkaayi prasidheekarichu, aadyam 1989-ll, thudarnnu 2020-ll vipuleekarikkukayum parishkarikkukayum cheytha pathipp. 2015-ll steefan ooven duu fuvinte poornnamaaya kavithayude chainees grandhangal abhimukeekarikkunna vyaakhyaana vivarthanangal aarr vaalyangalayi prasidheekarichu.

