
ezz-sultanode parayoo

ezz-sultanode parayuka (, "littu."tell jericho (<unk>) allengil purathana jericho ennum ariyappedunna sultans hill, jerichoyude madhyabhaagathu ninnu rund kilometer vadakkaayi ainn aas-sultan abhayaarthi campinode chernnu sthithicheyyunna palasteen samsthaanathinte padinjaaran theerathulla unesco naamanirddesham cheytha oru puraavastu sthalamaanu. bisi patthaam sahasraabdam muthal adhivasichirunna eee sthalam niravadhi pradhana puraavastu kandethalukalulla "lokathile ettavum pazhaya pattanam" ennu vilikkappedunnu; leventain puraavasthushaasthrathinte charithratthile pankinum eee sthalam sradheyamaanu.
moonnu pathittaandukalkk munbu edward robinson eleeshayude vasanthamaayi nirddeshicha ainn ezz-sulthaante valia neeruravayude saameepyathinte adisthaanathil 1868 ll chaals vaaran aadhunika kaalath purathana jerichoyude sthalamaayi eee pradeshathe aadyamaayi thiricharinju.
charithram.
bisi 10,000-ll nechufian vettakkar.
bii. sii. 10,000 num 9000 num idayil eee sthalathe aadyathe sthiramaaya vaasasthalam vikasichu. thanuppinteyum varalchayudeyum kaalaghattatthil oru sthalathum sthiramaaya vaasasthalam asaadhyamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, aduthulla ainn aas-sultan vasantham kaaranam nachufian vettakkara-shekharana grouppukalkku oru janapriya camping groundaayi ezz-sultan parayuka; eee vettakkar-shekharikkunnavar avarude pinnil chandrakkala aakruthiyilulla microlith upakaranangalude chitharal avasheshippichu. bisi 9600 oode, cheruppakkaaraaya dryas staadiyalinte varalchayum thanuppum avasaanichu, ithu nachufian grouppukalkku avarude thamasakaalam neettunnathu saadhyamaakki, oduvil varsham muzhuvanum vaasasthalathilekkum sthiramaaya vaasasthalathekkum nayichu. bhoomiyude charithratthile holocene yugathinte thudakkamaaya bisi 9000 nuu munbu aarambhicha nachufian gadanakalude nirmmaanathode eee sthalathe epiliolithic nirmmaanam kaarshika kandupiduthathinu munbullathaayi thonnunnu.
pree-manpathram neolithic, bisi 8500.
pree-manpathram neolithic eiii (pii. pii. enn. eiii).
manpaathrathinu munbulla navashilaayugatthinte oru ghattam ezz-sultane ariyikkuka (c. 8500-7500 bce) lokathile aadyathe pradhana proto-nagarangalilonninte aavirbhaavathin saakshyam vahichu. lokam choodaakumbol, krishiyeyum nischalamaaya vaasasthalatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru puthiya samskaaram uyarnnuvannu, athine puraavastu gaveshakar "pree-manpathram neolithic eiii" (ppna ennu churukkatthil) ennu vilikkunnu, chilappol pattanatthinu sesham sultaneeya yugam ennu vilikkunnu. cheria vrithaakrithiyilulla veedukal, kettidangalude tharayil marichavare samskarikkuka, vettayaadal, vanyamo gaarhikamo aaya daanyangalude krishi, manpaathrangalude upayogam enniva illaathathinaal pii. pii. enn. eiii graamangalude savisheshathayaanu.
chuttumulla oru vaasasthalamaaya pii. pii. enn. eiii kaalaghattatthile pattanatthil vrithaakrithiyilulla cheli ishtikakalulla veedukal undaayirunnu, ennittum theruvu aasoothranamilla. vrithaakrithiyilulla veedukal nirmmichathu veyilathu unangaan avasheshikkunna kalimannum vaikkol ishtikakalum upayogichaanu, avaa oru cheli mortar upayogichu pothinjirunnu. oro veedinum chuttum alakkukayum cheli niranja brush kondu melkoora sthaapikkukayum cheythu. veedinakathum puratthum aduppukal sthaapichittundu.
pii. pii. enn. eiii kaalaghattatthile jerichoyile nivaasikalude identityum ennavum ippozhum charchaavishayamaanu, kanakkukal <aii. dii. 1> vare uyarnnathum <aii. dii. 2> vare thaazhnnathumaayathinaal eee janasamkhya emer gothamb, barley, payarvarggangal enniva krishi cheyyukayum vanyamrugangale vettayaadukayum cheythathayi ariyappedunnu.
pattanatthinu chuttum adithattil uyarathilum veethiyilumulla oru valia kallu mathil undaayirunnu (jerichoyude mathil kaanuka), athinullil oru kallu gopuram undaayirunnu (jerichoyude gopuram kaanuka), ithu tellinte padinjaaru vashath madhyathil sthaapichirikkunnu. joserinte pyramid vare lokathile ettavum uyaram koodiya ghadanayum tell kharaamel gopuratthinu sesham randaamathe ettavum pazhakkamulla gopuravumaayirunnu ithu. bii. sii. iii 8000-ll aanu mathilum gopuravum nirmmichathu. 1981lum 1983lum prasidheekaricha gopuratthinte kaarban theeyathikal soochippikkunnathu ithu ekadesham bii. sii. iii 8300ll nirmmichathaanennum sii. bisi 7800. mathilum gopuravum nirmmikkaan nooriladhikam divasangaledukkumaayirunnu, angane orutharam saamoohika samghadanayum thozhil vibhajanavum soochippikkunnu.
thekkan levantile sultaneeya kaalaghattatthile vaasasthalangalekkurichula daaranaykku pradhana gadanakal eee kettidatthinte praadhaanyam eduthukaanikkunnu.
pree-manpathram neolithic bii (ppnb).
eathaanum noottaandukalkku sesham aadyathe vaasasthalam upekshikkappettu. pii. pii. enn. eiii settilment ghattathinu sesham niravadhi noottaandukalude settilment edavelayundaayi, thudarnnu manpaathrathinu munbulla neolithic bii settilment chellinte mannolicha uparithalathil sthaapikkappettu. bisi 6800-ll sthaapithamaaya eee randaamathe vaasasthalam orupakshe yadhaartha nivaasikale avarude prabalamaaya samskaarathilekku ulppeduthiya oru adhinivesha janathayude pravartthanatthe prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee kaalaghattatthile karakaushala vasthukkalil vyakthikalude savisheshathakal punarnirmmikkunnathinaayin varacha patthu plaasttar cheytha manushya thalayottikal ulppedunnu. iva onnukil terrafimukaleyo kalaacharithrathile chhaayaachithrangalude aadyakaala udaaharanatheyo prathinidheekarikkunnu, mrithadehangal kuzhichidumbol avaa aalukalude veedukalil sookshichirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu.
kallu aditharayil cheli ishtikakal kondu nirmmicha deerghachathuraakrithiyilulla kettidangalaanu vaasthuvidyayil ulppettirunnathu. chuttikkarangaan eluppamaakkunnathinu aazhathilulla thallaviral printukalulla munn ishtikakal appatthinte aakruthiyilaayirunnu. oru kettidavum poornnamaayum khananam cheythitilla. saadhaaranayaayi, oru madhya muttathinu chuttum niravadhi murikal koottamaayi kidakkunnu. oru valia murii (), randaamathethu alpam cheria murii () enniva aantharika vibhagangal ulkkollunnu. bakkiyulla pradeshangal cheruthaanu, sambharanathinayi upayogikkunnundaakam. murikalil chunnaambu kondu nirmmicha chuvapp allengil pink terrazzo nilakalundu. naanalukal kondo rushukal kondo nirmmicha paayakalude chila bhaavangal samrakshikkappettittund. muttangalkk kaliman nilakalundu.
kathleen keniyan oru kettidatthe oru kshethramaayi vyaakhyaanichu. athil chumaril oru idam undaayirunnu. sameepat kandethiya agniparvvatha kallinte oru thoon eee idathilekku chernnirikkaam.
marichavare nilaykkadiyilo upekshikkappetta kettidangalude avashishtangal niranjatho aayi kuzhichumoodiyirunnu. niravadhi koottaaya shavasamskaarangalund. ellah asthikoodangalum poornnamaayum vyakthamalla, ithu samskarikkunnathinumbullu exposure samayathekku viral choondiyekkaam. oru thalayotiyile kasheyil ezhu thalayottikalundaayirunnu. thaadiyellukal neekkam cheyyukayum mukhangal plaasttar kondu moodukayum cheythu; kaurikal annukalaayi upayogichu. aake patthu thalayottikalaanu kandethiyathu. tell ramad, beysamoun ennividangalilum maathrukaaparamaaya thalayottikal kandethi.
ambadayaalangal (tanged allengil side nochu), sookshumamaaya denticulated ariwal bladeukal, burrins, scrapperukal, kurachu traanchat aaksukal, obsidian, anjjaatha srothassil ninnulla green obsidian thudangiya flintukal mattu kandethalukalil ulppedunnu. kvernukal, haamarstonukal, greenston kondu nirmmicha kurachu nilathu kallu kodathikal ennivayum undaayirunnu. mriduvaaya chunnaambukallu kothiyeduttha paathrangalum paathrangalum, kallum saadhyamaaya thadiyum kondu nirmmicha spindle vorlukal, spattulakalum drillukalum, stylised anthropomorphic plaasttar figureukal, eathaandu ayuss, anthropomorphic, theriomorphic kaliman prathimakal, shell, malaakkait muthukal enniva kandethiya mattu vasthukkalil ulppedunnu.
venkala yugam.
bisi 4500 muthal thudarchayaayi niravadhi vaasasthalangal undaayi, bisi 2600 ll nirmmichathil vachu ettavum valuth.
madhya venkalayugathil ezz-sultan nirantharam adhiniveshathilaayirunnu; venkalathinte avasaanathil ithu nasippikkappettu, athinusesham ithu oru nagara kendramaayi pravarthichilla. chathuraakrithiyilulla gopurangalaal shakthippeduthiya vipulamaaya prathirodha mathilukalaal nagaram chuttappettirunnu, koodaathe lambamaya shaaft-shavakudeerangalum bhoogarbha shmashana arakalum ulla vipulamaaya oru semiteri undaayirunnu; ivayil chilathile vipulamaaya shavasamskara vazhipaadukal praadeshika rajaakkanmaarude aavirbhaavathe prathifalippichekkaam.
madhya venkalayugathil ezz-sultan cannon mekhalayile oru cheria pramukha nagaramaayirunnu, bisi 1700 muthal 1550 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil athinte ettavum valia venkala kaalaghattatthiletthi. akkaalathe eee pradeshathe valia nagaravalkkaranathe prathifalippichathaayi thonnunna ithu vadakku mitaanaitt samsthaanathinte uyarchayumaayi bandhapetta ratham upayogikkunna prabhukkanmaarude oru vibhagamaaya maaryannuvinte uyarchayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. kathleen keniyan report cheythath "madhya venkala yugam orupakshe kaante charithratthile ettavum sambannamaanu. ... prathirodham... aaa kaalaghattatthil valare purogamicha theeyathiyullathaanu ", koodaathe" oru valia kallu punarnirmmaanam undaayirunnu... prathirodhatthinte sankeernamaaya samvidaanathinte bhagam (pipi. 213-218). madhya venkalayugathinte avasaanathil pathinaram noottaandil venkalayuga nagaram veenu, calibrated kaarban bce 1617-1530 kaalaghattatthile athinte sitti-aivi distruction leyaril ninnu avasheshikkunnu. bii. sii. 1573-leeii eee kaarban keniyan 1550-leeii straattigraaphik dettinginte krithyatha sthireekarichu.
irumbu yugam.
bisi 15-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam muthal 10-9 noottaandukal vare nagaram punarnirmmikkappettpett vare ezz-sultan aalillathathaayi thudarnnu. eee puthiya nagaratthinte kizhakke charivile naalu murikalulla oru veedinekkaal kooduthal avashishtangal illa. ezhaam noottaandode jerico oru vipulamaaya pattanamayi maariyirunnuvenkilum aaram noottaandinte thudakkathil babylonian yoodaa keezhadakkiyappol eee vaasasthalam nasippikkappettu.
vaakk upekshikkuka.
aaram noottaandinte avasaanathil babyloniakkaar yoodaayile nagaram nasippichathinushesham, babylonian adimathathinusheshamulla punarudhaaranatthinte bhaagamaayi pershyan kaalaghattatthil punarnirmmichava valare kurachu avashishtangal maathrame avasheshichulloo. eee kaalayalavin thottupinnaale eee sthalam oru vaasasthalamaayi upekshikkappettu.
puraavastu khananagal.
1868ll palestine paryavekshana fundine prathinidheekarichu chaals vaaran aanu ainn ezz sultane () chuttipattiyulla pradeshangalude aadya khananam nadathiyathu. vasanthakala pradeshathu onpathu kunnukal vaaran khananam cheythu; oru khananathinide addehathinte thozhilaallikal athu enthaanennu ariyaathe mathilile cheli ishtikakal kuzhichu.
1838-ll edward robinsante "baibil gaveshanangal palastheenil" jerichoykkaduthulla praadhamika neeruravayude adisthaanathil "eleeshayude athbhuthathinte rangam" ennaanu eee vasanthathe thiricharinjathu. eee adisthaanathil vaaran chuttumulla kunnukale purathana jerichoyude sthalamaayi nirddeshichuvenkilum poornnamaaya khananam nadatthaan addehathinte pakkal panamundaayirunnilla. elisha sukham praapicha vasantham aanennu vyakthamaayi vishwasicha addeham, thelivinaayi muzhuvan kunnum maattaan nirddeshichu, athu 400 poundinu cheyyaamennu addeham karuthi.
1907num 1909num idayil ernst seylin, kaal vaatsingar ennivar khananam cheytha ezz-sultan tulul abu ell-alayikkum 1911ll kandethiya rund mathilukalude avashishtangal jericho yudhathekkurichulla baibil vivaranathe pinthunaykkunnathaayi avar thudakkathil nirddeshichu. avar pinneedu eee nigamanam parishkarikkukayum avarude kandethalukal madhya venkalayugathilekku (1950-1550 bce) theeyathi nischayikkukayum cheythu.
1930num 1936num idayil joonn garstang veendum eee sthalam khananam cheythu, avar veendum nirddeshichathu mukalile mathilinte avashishtangal bybilil vivarichirikkunnathaane bisi 1400 kaalaghattatthilaannennum aayirunnu.
1952num 1958num idayil kathleen keniyan kooduthal aadhunika saankethikavidyakal upayogichu vipulamaaya anweshanangal nadatthi. avarude khananangalil oru gopuravum mathilum kandethi. rund nirmmaanangalum saittinte praayathekkurichulla muun kanakkukalekkaal valare munbullathum, puthiya shilaayugathilethaanennum aadyakaala proto-sittiyude bhagamaayirunnuvennum keniyan thelivukal nalki. avarude khananangalil pathinezh aadyakaala venkalayuga mathilukalude oru parambara kandethi, avayil chilath bhookambangalaal nasichathaakaamennu avar karuthi. naadodi aakramanakaarikal eee vaasasthalam nasippichathaayi soochippikkunna avasaanathe mathilukal thidukkathil orumichu. madhya venkalayugathil kooduthal sankeernamaaya samskaarathaal nirmmicha mattoru mathil, mukalil cheli ishtikakal vare nayikkunna kuthaneyulla plaasttar cheytha escarpmentaanu.
lorenzo nigro nicolo marchettiyum 2009 muthal itaaliyan-palasteen puraavastu padhathi khananavum punarudhaaranavum roome "laa sapiansa" sarvakalashaalayum palestinian motta-dack lorenzo nigroyudeyum hamdan thahayudeyum nirddeshaprakaaram punaraarambhichu.
2009 muthal 2023 vare lorenzo nigro romile sapiansa sarvakalashaalaykkum jehad yasinikkum vendi palestine tourism, puraavastu manthraalayathinumaayi nadatthiya itaaliyan-palasteen paryaveshanathilaanu tell ezz-sultanil puthiyathayi khananam nadathiyathu. eee kruthikal venkalayuga nagaratthinte niravadhi smarakangal kandethithi spring kunnin mukalilulla kottarangal (aadyakaala venkala II-III, 3000-2350 bce; emby aii-III, "idaya rajaakkanmaarude kottaram" ennum "hikesos kottaram" ennum vilikkunna emby III kottaram), thekk-kizhakkan kavaadam, jerusalem gettu ennum purathana nagara mathilukalude niravadhi savisheshathakal.
mathilukal.
pii. pii. enn. eiii kaalaghattatthile nagarabhithi prathirodha allengil vellapokka samrakshana aavasyangalkkaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu; mathilinte pindam (ekadesham kattiyullathum uyarnnathumaaya) gopuratthinte pindove prathirodha uddeshyavum soochippikkunnu. ekadesham bii. sii. iii 8000 vareyulla kaalathaanu ithu kanakkaakkappedunnath. nagara kotta" ennu vyaakhyaanikkukayaanenkil, jerichoyude mathil lokathilevideyum puraavastu gaveshakar kandethiya ettavum pazhaya nagara mathilaanu. mathilinu chuttum aazhathilulla oru kuzhiyundaayirunnu, nagarathinu chuttum chuttalavulla khara paarakaliloode murichumaattiyirunnu. keniyan abhipraayappettath "khara paarayil ninnu eee kuzhiyil khananam cheiyunnathil ulppettirikkunna advaanam valare valuthayirikkanam."
jericho gopuram.
bisi 8000 kaalaghattatthil manpaathrathinu munbulla neolithic kaalaghattatthil nirmmicha oru kallu gadanayaanu jerico gopuram. manushyaraashiyude aadyakaala shila smarakangalil onnaanith. konaakrithiyilulla gopuratthinu adithattil ekadesham vyaasamund, mukalil vare kurayunnu, chuvarukal ekadesham kattiyullathaanu. 22 kallu padikalulla oru aantharika padikal ithil undu. gopuratthinte nirmmaanathinu 11,000 pravrithi divasameduthathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.

