general sarkkuleshan model

oru tharam kalavastha maathrkayaanu general sarkkuleshan model (jii. sii. emm). oru grahangalude anthareekshathinteyo samudrathinteyo pothuvaaya sanjaarathinte ganithashaasthra maathrkayaanu ithu upayogikkunnathu. vividha oorjja srothassukalkku (vikiranam, olinjirikkunna thapam) thermodynamic padangalulla oru karangunna golatthil ithu navier-stokku samavaakyangal upayogikkunnu. bhoomiyude anthareekshatheyo samudrangaleyo anukarikkaan upayogikkunna computer prograamukalude adisthaanamaanu eee samavaakyangal. samudrathile manjum karaa-uparithala gadakangalum ulppede anthareeksham, samudram ennivayude jii. sii. emm. (eiii. jii. sii. emm, oo. jii. sii. emm) pradhana gadakangalaanu.
kaalavastha pravachanathinum kaalavastha manassilakkunnathinum kalavastha vyathiyaanam pravachikkunnathinum jii. sii. emmukalum aagola kalavastha modalukalum upayogikkunnu.
nyoojezhsiyile prinsettanile geophysical fluid dynamics laboratariyil (jii. eph. dii. ell) sucuro manabe kirk bryan chernnaanu pathippukal roopakalppana cheythath. eee maathrkakal vaividhyamaarnna draavaka chalanathmaka, raasa, chilappol jaiva samavaakyangalude samyojanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
padavali.
jii. sii. emm" enna churukkezhuthu yadhaarthathil "general sarkkuleshan model" ennaanu soochippichathu. aduthide, "aagola kalavastha maathruka" enna randaamathe ardham upayogathilaayi. iva ore kaaryathe soochippikkunnillengile, pothuvaaya sarkkuleshan modalukal saadhaaranayaayi kaalavastha modeling cheyyaan upayogikkunna upakaranangalaan, athinaal rund padangalum chilappol parasparam upayogikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, "aagola kalavastha maathruka" enna padam avyakthamaanu, ithu oru pothu rakthachamkramana maathruka ulppede onniladhikam gadakangal ulkkollunna oru samyojitha chattakkoodine soochippikkaam, allengil kaalaavasthaye ganithashaasthraparamaayi prathinideekarikkaan vividha marggangal upayogikkunna pothuvaaya kalavastha maathrkakale soochippikkaam.
charithram.
1956-ll norman phillips troposphere prathimasa, seasonal paattenukal yaadhaarthyabodhathode chithreekarikkaan kazhiyunna oru ganitha maathruka vikasippichu. ithu aadyathe vijayakaramaya kalavastha maathrkayaayi maari. philipsinte pravarthanathetthudarnnu, niravadhi grouppukal jii. sii. emm. kall srishtikkaan pravartthikkaan thudangi. samudra, anthareeksha prakriyakal samyojippikkunna aadya prakriya 1960 kalude avasaanathil nova geophysical fluid dynamics laboratariyil vikasippicheduthu. 1980 kalude thudakkathil, american aikyanaadukalile deseeya anthareeksha gaveshana kendram community anthareeksham maathruka vikasippicheduthu; eee maathruka thudarchayaayi parishkarikkapettu. 1996ll mannum sasyajaalangalum maathrkayaakkaanulla sramangal aarambhichu. pinneedu hadley sentar phoor klaimat prediction aandu researchinte researchinte model samudra-anthareeksha gadakangale samyojippichu. samyojippichu madhyathilaanu guruthwaakarshana tharamgangalude punk cherkkappettath. praadeshikavum aagolavumaaya alavilulla rakthachamkramanagal krithyamaayi anukarikkaan guruthwaakarshana tharamgangal aavasyamaanu.
anthareeksha, samudra maathrkakal.
anthareeksha (eiii. jii. sii. emm), samudra jii. sii. emm (oo. jii. sii. emm) enniva samyojippichu oru anthareeksham-samudram koottiya pothu rakthachamkramana maathruka (sii. jii. sii. emm allengil eiii. ooo. jii. sii. emm) roopappeduthaam. kadal aise model allengil karayiludaneelam baashpeekaranathinulla oru model polulla upa modalukal chertthathode, oru samboornna kalavastha modalinte adisthaanamaayi aogcm maarunnu.
ghadana.
trimana (kooduthal krithyamaayi naalu dimensional) jii. sii. emm. draavaka chalanathinu vyathirikthamaya samavaakyangal prayogikkukayum avaa samayakramathil samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. nerittu pariharikkaanaakaathathra cheruth skeyilukalil sambhavikkunna samvahanam polulla prakriyakalkkulla paaraamettaraiseshanukal avayil adangiyirikkunnu.
oru lalithamaaya general sarkkuleshan modalil (ezz. jii. sii. emm) marddam, vegatha thudangiya thaapanila polulla gunangalumayi bandhapetta oru chalanathmaka coor adangiyirikkunnu. oorjja inputum oorjja visarjjanavum skeyil-dependent friction roopathil nalkikkond aadima samavaakyangal pariharikkunnathinulla prograamukalaan udaaharanagal, angane ettavum uyarnna tharamgasamkhyayulla anthareeksha tharamgangal ettavum ksheenithamaakunnu. atharam maathrkakal anthareeksha prakriyakal padikkaan upayogichekkaam, pakshe kalavastha pravachanangalkk anuyojyamalla.
samudra uparithala thaapanila (ezz. ezz. tii. ezz) upayogichu anthareekshathinte maathruka (saadhaaranayaayi karaa-uparithala maathrkayum adangiyirikkunnu) anthareeksha jii. sii. emm. (eiii. jii. sii. emm.). avayil anthareekshamoushadham ulppettekkaam.
draavaka chalanatthinte samavaakyangal samyojippikkunna oru chalanathmaka coor adangiyirikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi ivaykku
oru jii. sii. emm. ll samayathinte pravarthanamaaya (saadhaaranayaayi kaatt, thaapanila, eerppam, uparithala marddam) pravachana samavaakyangalum oru nischitha kaalayalavilekku avayil ninnu vilayiruthunna diagnostic samavaakyangalum adangiyirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, pravachicha uparithala marddathilum uparithalathinum thaalpparyatthinte uyarathinum edayilulla thaapanilayude pravachicha moolyangalilum hydrostatic samavaakyam prayogikkunnathiloode eathu uyarathilumulla marddam nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum. kaattinte samayathe aasrayikkunna samavaakyathil mardha gradient fozhsu kanakkakkaan marddam upayogikkunnu.
samudrathe (anthareekshathil ninnulla ozhukkukal chumathikkondu) ooo. jii. sii. emm. maathrkayaakkunnu, athil oru kadal aise maathruka adangiyirikkaam. udaaharanathinu, akshaamshathilum rekhaamshathilum hadom 3-nte staanderd resolution 1.25 digri aanu, 20 lamba thalangalode ithu ekadesham 1,500,000 veriyabilukalilekku nayikkunnu.
eiii. oo. jii. sii. emm. (udha.jii. iii.jii, jii. eph. dii. ell <aii. dii. 1>) ennee rund upa modalukalum samyojippikkunnu. samudra uparithalathinte interfasiludaneelam flexukal vyakthamaakkendathinte aavasyakatha avaa illaathaakkunnu. ipcc charcha cheiyunnathupole bhaaviyile kaalaavasthayekkurichulla maathrukaa pravachanangalude adisthaanamaanu eee modalukal. eiii. oo. jii. sii. emm.-kall kazhiyunnathra prakriyakal aantharikamaakkunnu. praadeshika thalatthil pravachanangal nalkaan avaa upayogichittundu. lalithamaaya modalukal saadhaaranayaayi vishakalanathin vidheyamaakukayum avayude phalangal manasilakkaan eluppamaakukayum cheyyumbol, kaalaavasthayeppole thanne vishakalanam cheyyaan ekadesham budhimuttaayirikkum.
grid.
parimithamaaya vyathyasa reethi allengil spectral reethi upayogichu eiii. jii. sii. emmukalkkulla draavaka samavaakyangal vyathirikthamaakkunnu. parimithamaaya vyathyasangalkkaayi, anthareekshathil oru grid adichelppikkunnu. ettavum lalithamaaya grid sthiramaaya angular grid spacing upayogikkunnu (i.iii., oru akshaamsham/rekhamsha grid). ennirunnaalum, deerghachathuramallaatha gridukal (udha.jii.icosahedral), variable resolution gridukal ennivayaanu kooduthalum upayogikkunnathu. grahatthinte eathu bhaagathum uyarnna resolution nalkunnathinu elmds model krameekarikkaam. ell nino thekkan aandolanathinu (enso) pradhaanamaanennu vishwasikkappedunna prakriyakal pariharikkan sahaayikkunnathin ushnamekhalaa pradeshangalil uyarnna resolutionulla oru samudra grid hadjem 1 (mattu samudra maathrkakal) upayogikkunnu. spectral, grid-pooyint space thammilulla parivartthanatthinte ganithashaasthram kaaranam spectral modalukal saadhaaranayaayi oru gausiyan grid upayogikkunnu. akshaamshatthilo rekhaamshathilo 1 muthal 5 digri vare saadhaarana eiii. jii. sii. emm resolutionukal undu udaaharanathinu, haadu. sii. emm 3 rekhaamshathil 3.75 umm akshaamshathil 2.5 degree upayogikkunnu, ithu 96 bye 73 pooyint (chila variabilukalkku 96 x 72) grid nalkunnu; koodaathe 19 lamba thalangalundu. ithu ekadesham 500,000 "adisthaana" veriyabilukalil kalaashikkunnu, kaaranam oro grid pooyintinum naalu variableukal ("yuu", "vii", "tii", "kyu") undu, ennirunnaalum oru poornna ennam kooduthal (meghangal; manninte alavu) nalkum. hadjem 1 anthareekshathil rekhaamshathil <aii. dii. 1> degree akshaamshathil 1.25 digri grid upayogikkunnu; hye resolution veriyantaaya haigem yathaakramam 1.25 x 0.83 digri upayogikkunnu. eee resolutionukal kaalavastha pravachanathinaayi saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnathinekkaal kuravaanu. samudra resolutionukal kooduthalaayirikkum, udaaharanathinu, hadcm 3 nuu thirascheenamaayi oro anthareeksha grid pooyintinum 6 samudra grid poyintukalundu.
oru staanderd parimithamaaya vyathyasa maathrkaykku, ekeekritha gridlineukal dhruvangalilekku othucherunnu. ithu computational asthirathakalilekku nayikkum (cfl avastha kaanuka) athinaal model variableukal dhruvangalkk sameepamulla akshaamsharekhakaliloode filter cheyyanam. vadakku dhruvam aduthulla bhoopradeshathekku mattunna oru karangunna grid upayogichillengil samudra maathrkakalkkum eee prashnam anubhavappedunnu. spectral modalukalkk eee prashnam anubhavappedunnilla. chila pareekshanangal geodesic gridukalum icosahedral gridukalum upayogikkunnu, avaykku (kooduthal ekeekrithamaayathinaal) pooll-prasnangalilla. grid spacing prashnam pariharikkunnathinulla mattoru sameepanam oru golatthinte uparithalathe moodunna tharatthil oru cartician cubine roopabhedam varuthuka ennathaanu.
fluxes buffering.
aogcmukalude chila aadyakaala pathippukalkk sthiramaaya kaalavastha kaivarikkunnathinu "fluxes thiruthal" enna "adhock" prakriya aavasyamaanu. oro gadakathinum ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya mattu gadakangalil ninnulla avyakthamaaya ozhukk upayogichukondu prathyekam thayyarakkiya samudra, anthareeksha maathrkakalil ninnaan ithu sambhavichathu. atharam oru maathruka nireekshanangalumaayi poruthappedunnathil parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, flexukal 'sariyaakkappettaal', eee yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathu flexukalilekku nayicha gadakangal thirichariyappedaathayiraam, ithu model censitivitye baadhichekkaam. thalphalamaayi, nilavile aii. pii. sii. sii reportukalil upayogikkunna bhooribhaagam modalukalum avaa upayogikkunnilla. ippol fluxes thiruthalukale anaavashyamaakkunna model mechappeduthalukalil mechappetta samudra bhauthikashaasthram, anthareekshathilum samudrathilum mechappetta resolution, anthareekshavum samudra upa modalukalum thammilulla kooduthal shaareerika sthirathayulla samyojanam enniva ulppedunnu. mechappetta modalukal ippol uparithala kaalaavasthayude sthirathayullathum multy-senchwari simuleshanukalum nilanirthunnu, avaa kalavastha pravachanangalkk upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnathinu mathiyaya gunanilavaramullathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
samvahanam.
eerppamulla samvahanam olinjirikkunna thapam purathuvidunnu, ithu bhoomiyude oorjja bajattin pradhaanamaan. kalavastha maathrkakal pariharikkan kazhiyaatha valare cheria alavilaanu samvahanam sambhavikkunnath, athinaal ithu paaraamettarukal vazhi kaikaaryam cheyyanam. cheyyanam muthal ithu cheiyunnundu. akkiyo arakawa aadyakaala jolikalude bhooribhaagavum cheythu, addehathinte padhathiyude vakabhedangal ippozhum upayogikkunnu, ennirunnaalum vividha padhathikal ippol upayogathilundu. samanamaaya alavukalude abhaavathil meghangalum saadhaaranayaayi oru paaraameettar upayogichaanu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu. meghangalekkurichulla parimithamaaya dhaarana eee thanthratthinte vijayam parimithappedutthiyittundum eee reethiyude chila antharleenamaaya poraaymakal kaaranam allah.
software.
nireekshanangalumaayo anthareeksha prakriyakalude padanavumaayo thaarathamyappeduthunnathi vishalamaaya variableukal nirnnayikkunnathinulla software mikka modalukalilum ulppedunnu. 2 meter thaapanilayaan oru udaaharanam, ithu vaayu thaapanilayude uparithala nireekshanatthinulla staanderd uyaramaan. eee thaapanila modalil ninnu nerittu pravachikkappedunnillenum uparithalathilum ettavum kuranja model-lair thapanilayil ninnum kanakkakkunnu. plottukalum aanimeshanukalum srishtikkaan mattu softweyarukal upayogikkunnu.
pravachanangal.
vividha saahacharyangalil kalavastha vyathiyanangal pravachikkaan/pravachikkaan cuppled aogcmukal shanikamaaya kalavastha simulationukal upayogikkunnu. iva anuyojyamaaya saahacharyangalaayirikkam (saadhaaranayaayi, prathivarsham 1 sathamaanam vardhikkunna kaarban dye ooksaid udvamanam) allengil sameepakaala charithrathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaakam (saadhaaranayaayi "is 92eiii" allengil aduthide ezz. aarr. iii. ezz saahacharyangal). eathu saahacharyangalaanu ettavum yaadhaarthyabodhamullathenna anishchithathvathilaanu.
choodaakkunnu ipcc moonnaam moolyanirnnaya report eph aiji 9.3, prathivarsham oru sathamaanam vardhanavu kaivaricha oru aadarsha pareekshanathodulla 19 vyathyastha cuppled modalukalude aagola sharashari prathikaranam kaanikkunnu. 9. 5 enna chithram sameepakaala trendukalodulla cheria modalukalude prathikaranamaanu kaanikkunnath. avide kaanichirikkunna 7 kalavastha maathrkakalil, thaapanila vyathiyaanam 2100 ll ninnu 2 muthal 4.5 digri selshyas vare vyathyaasappedunnu, sharashari 3 digri selshyas aanu.
bhaaviyile saahacharyangalil anjjaathamaaya sambhavangal ulppedunnilla, udaaharanathinu, agniparvvatha spodanangalo sourorjja nirvvahanathile maattangalo. deerghakaalaadisthaanathil harithagriha vaathakathe (jii. echu. jii) nirbandhithamaakkunnavayuma thaarathamyappeduthumbol eee phalangal cheruthaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu, ennaal udaaharanathinu, valia agniparvvatha spodanangalkku ganyamaaya thaalkkaalika thanuppikkal prabhavam cheluthaam.
manushyante jii. echu. jii. udvamanam oru maathrukaa inputtaanu, ennirunnaalum iva nalkunnathinu oru saambathika/saankethika upa modalum ulppeduthaan kazhiyum. anthareekshathile jii. echu. jii alavu saadhaaranayaayi oru inputtaayi vitharanam cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum atharam alavu kanakkaakkunnathin sasyangaleyum samudra prakriyakaleyum prathifalippikkunna oru kaarban saikkil model ulppeduthaan kazhiyum.
udvamana saahacharyangal.
aarr sress marker saahacharyangalil, ipcc (<aii. dii. 1>) 1.8 digri selshyas muthal 4 digri selshyas vareyulla aagola sharashari thaapanila vardhanavinte (<aii. dii. 2> kaalayalavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol <aii. dii. 3>) "mikacha kanakk" nalki. ithe kaalayalavil, eee saahacharyangalude "saadhyathayulla" paridhi (vidagtharude abhipraayathe adisthaanamaakki 66 sathamaanathiladhikam saadhyatha) aagola sharashari thaapanila 1.1 muthal 6.5 digri selshyas vare vardhippikkunnathaayirunnu.
2008ll nadatthiya oru padanatthil niravadhi udvamana saahacharyangal upayogichu kalavastha pravachanangal nadatthi. 2010 oode aagola udvamanam kurayukayum thudarnnu prathivarsham 3 sathamaanam sthiramaaya nirakkil kurayukayum cheiyunna saahacharyathil, 2050 oode aagola sharashari thaapanila vardhanavu vyaavasaayika kaalaghattatthinu munbulla nilavaarathekkaal 1.7 digri selshyasayi uyarumennu pravachikkapettu, 2100 oode ithu ekadesham 2 digri selshyasayi uyarumennu pravachikkapettu. aagola udvamanam kuraykkaan oru shramavum nadathaattha bhaviye anukarikkaan roopakalppana cheytha oru projectionil, aagola sharashari thapanilayil vardhanavu 2100 oode 5.5 digri selshyasayi pravachikkapettu. 7 digri selshyas vare uyarcha saadhyamaanennu karuthappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum saadhyatha kuravaanu.
mattoru noow-reduction sahacharyam bhoomiyil sharashari thaapanathinu (1980-99 kaalayalavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 2090-99) 5.1 digri selshyasinu kaaranamaayi. ore udvamana saahacharyathil, ennaal mattoru maathrkayil, pravachicha sharashari thapanam 4.1 digri selshyas aayirunnu.
model krithyatha.
 
eiii. oo. jii. sii. emmukal vendathra manassilaakkaavunnathra prakriyakal aantharikamaakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, avaa ippozhum vikasanathilaan, kaaryamaaya anishchithathvangal nilanilkkunnu. mikacha maathrukaa prathikaranangalkkayi avaa kaarban saikkil polulla bhouma samvidaana modalukalile mattu prakriyakalude modalukalumaayi jodiyakkaam. ettavum puthiya simulationukal harithagriha vaathakangalilum aerosolukalilum nireekshicha mattangalaal nayikkappedumbol kazhinja 150 varshathinidayile alanna thaapanila vairudhyangalumaayi "vishwasaneeyamaaya" dhaarana kaanikkunnu. swaabhaavikavum naravamsajanyavumaaya balaprayogangal ulppeduthunnathiloode karar mechappedunnu.
ennirunnaalum apoornnamaaya maathrkakal upayogapradamaaya phalangal nalkiyekkaam. kazhinja noottaandil nireekshicha aagola thaapanilayude pothuvaaya savisheshathakal punarnirmikkaan jii. sii. emmukalkku kazhiyum.
kalavastha maathrkayude pravachanangal engane samanvayippikkaam ennathinekkurichulla oru charcha, uparithala thapanam nireekshichathinekkaal kooduthalaayirikkanam, avayil chilath vyathyasthamayi kaanikkunnathayi thonni, daatta punaravalokanangaletthudarnna modalukalkk anukoolamaayi pariharichu.
kalavastha maathrkakalil anishchithathvathinte oru pradhana mekhalayaanu claude efakttukal. meghangal kaalaavasthayil mathsaraadhishtithamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu. sooryaprakaashathe bahiraakaashathekku prathiphalippichu avaa uparithalathe thanuppikkunnu; anthareekshathil ninnu uparithalathilekku kaimaattam cheiyunna infrared vikiranathinte alavu vardhippichu avaa athine choodaakkunnu. choodaakkunnu ipcc reportil kaalavastha pravachikkunnathile oru pradhana anishchithathvamaayi claude kavarile saadhyamaaya mattangal eduthukaanichu.
lokamembaadumulla kalavastha gaveshakar kalavastha samvidaanam manasilakkaan kalavastha maathrkakal upayogikkunnu. maathrukaaparamaaya padanangalekkurichu aayirakkanakkin prabandhangal prasidheekarichittundu. eee gaveshanathinte bhagam modalukal mechappeduthuka ennathaanu.
2000-ll, enso-drivend tropical insippitteshan, vaattar waper, thaapanila, outgoing long wave radiation ennivayude alavukalum dussen kanakkinu jii. sii. emm simuleshanukalum thammilulla thaarathamyathil mikka gadakangaludeyum alavukalum simuleshan thammil saamyam kandethi. ennirunnaalum, mazhayile krithrima maattam nireekshichathinekkaal naalilonn kuravaayirunnu. simulated mazhayile pishakukal mattu prakriyakalile pishakukale soochippikkunnu, athaayath baashpeekarana nirakkile pishakukal, mazha srishtikkaan eerppam nalkunnu. upagrahathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla alavukal thettaanennathaanu mattoru saadhyatha. atharam mattangal nireekshikkunnathinum pravachikkunnathinum purogathi aavasyamaanennu soochippikkunnu.
kalavastha vyathiyaanangalude krithyamaaya vyaapthi ippozhum anishchithathvathilaanu; 21-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathil (2071 muthal 2100 vare), surse sahacharyam sahacharyam sambandhichidatholam, 1961 muthal 1990 vareyulla thaarathamyathil aagola sharashari saatt maattam aogcmil ninnu + 3°sii (5.4°eph) umm shreni + 1.3 muthal + 4.5°sii (+ 2.3 muthal 8.1°eph) umm aanu.
ipcyude anchaamathe moolyanirnnaya report "charitraparamaaya kaalaghattatthile aagolathalathilulla vaarshika sharashari uparithala thaapanila vardhanavinte pothuvaaya savisheshathakal modalukal punarnirmmikkunnu ennathil valare uyarnna aathmavishwaasam" urappichu. ennirunnaalum, 114 cuppled model intercompaarisan project kalavastha modalukalil 111 ennavum pravachichathinekkaal kuravaanu eee kaalayalavile thaapana nirakk ennum report nireekshichu.
kaalavastha pravachanavumaayi bandhappettathaan.
kalavastha pravachanangalkkayi upayogikkunna aagola kalavastha maathrkakal kalavastha pravachanathinulla samkhyaa maathrkakalkku samanamaaya (palappozhum computer coode pankidunna) gadanayullavayaanenkilum avaa yukthiparamayi vyathyasthamaan.
mikka kalavastha pravachanavum cheiyunnathu samkhyaa maathruka phalangal vyaakhyaanikkunnathinte adisthaanathilaanu. pravachanangal saadhaaranayaayi kurachu divasangalo aazhchakalo aayathinal samudra uparithala thaapanila thaarathamyena saavadhaanathil maarunnathinal, atharam modalukalil saadhaaranayaayi oru samudra maathruka adangiyittilla, marichu chumathiya sstsukale aasrayikkunnu. pravachanam aarambhikkunnathin krithyamaaya prarambha vyavasthakalum avarkk aavasyamaanu, saadhaaranayaayi iva muun pravachanatthinte aouttputtil ninnu edukkukayum nireekshanangalumaayi samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. kalavastha pravachanangalekkaal uyarnna thaalkkaalika prameyangalil kalavastha pravachanangal aavasyamaanu, palappozhum kalavastha prathimasa allengil vaarshika sharaashariyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol manikkoorin thaazheyaan. ennirunnaalum, kalavastha pravachanangal ekadesham 10 divasam maathram varunnathinaal, kalavastha modinekkaal uyarnna lambavum thirascheenavumaaya resolutionukalil modalukal pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum. saadhaarana kalavastha maathruka upayogikkunna alavukolil ninnu vyathyasthamayi nilavil iii. sii. emm. dablyu. eph resolutionilaanu pravartthikkunnathu. palappozhum praadeshika modalukal athirthi vyavasthakalkkaayi aagola model phalangal upayogichaanu pravarthippikkunnathu, uyarnna praadeshika resolution nedunnathina udaaharanathinu, mettu oafees yuke ulkkollunna oru resolutionulla oru mesoskeyil model pravarthippikkunnu, usile vividha ejansikal ngm, naam modalukal polulla modalukal upayogikkunnu. gfs polulla mikka aagola samkhyaa kalavastha pravachana modalukaleyum pole, aagola kalavastha modalukal palappozhum grid modalukalkk pakaram spectral modalukalaanu. spectral modalukal palappozhum aagola modalukalkkaayi upayogikkunnu, kaaranam modalingile chila kanakkukoottalukal vegathil nadatthaan kazhiyum, angane pravartthana samayam kuraykkunnu.
kanakkukoottalukal.
kaalavastha maathrkakal anthareeksham, samudrangal, karaa uparithalam, aise ennivayude edapedalukal anukarikkaan alavukolukal upayogikkunnu.
ellah kalavastha modalukalum incoming oorjjathe short wave vaidyuthakaanthika vikiranamaayi kanakkakkunnu, pradhaanamaayum drishyavum short-tharamgavum (adutha) infrared, athupole bhoomiyil ninnulla long wave (vidoora) infrared vaidyuthakaanthika vikiranam pole outgoing oorjjam. eathenkilum tharatthilulla asanthulithaavastha thapanilayil maattathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
sameepa varshangalile ettavum kooduthal charcha cheyyappedunna modalukal thapanilaye harithagriha vaathakangalude puranthallalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee modalukal uparithala thaapanila recordil uyarnna pravanathayum uyarnna uyarathil thapanilayil kooduthal druthagathiyilulla vardhanavum kaanikkunnu.
moonnu (allengil kooduthal krithyamaayi, samayam muthal naalu) dimensional jii. sii. emm. kall draavaka chalanathinum oorjja kaimaattathinumulla samavaakyangal vivechikkukayum kaalakramena iva samyojippikkukayum cheiyunnu. nerittu pariharikkaanaakaathathra cheruth skeyilukalil sambhavikkunna samvahanam polulla prakriyakalkkulla paaraamettariseshanukalum avayil adangiyirikkunnu.
anthareekshamandalathile jii. sii. emm. (eiii. jii. sii. emm.) anthareekshathe maathrkayaakkukayum samudra uparithala thaapanila athirthi vyavasthakalaayi adichelppikkukayum cheiyunnu. cuppled atmosphere-ooshyan jii. sii. emm. (eiii. oo. jii. sii. emm., iii.jii. iii.jii, adgcm, gfdl cm2.x, arpej-klaimat) enniva rund modalukaleyum samyojippikkunnu.
modalukal sankeernathayil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu
kaalaavasthayum aavaasavyavasthayum thammilulla edapedal pravachikkaan gaveshakarkk avasaram nalkunna bhoopradesam polulla mattu upa modalukal parasparam bandhippikkaan kazhiyum.
mattu kalavastha maathrkakal thaarathamyam cheyyuka.
idatharam sankeernathayude bhouma-sisttam modalukal (emics).
parvathaarohaka-3 model 7.5°x22.5° resolution divasathil randilonnu samaya gattavumulla oru 2.5-dimensional stattistikkal-dynamical model upayogikkunnu. 3. 75° × 3.75° grid 24 lamba thalangalumulla moom-3 (modular ooshyan model) aanu oru samudra upa maathruka.
radiative-convective modalukal (arcm).
(arcm) 1980kalilum adisthaana kalavastha anumanangal parisodhikkaan ekamaana, vikirana-samvahana maathrkakal upayogichu.
bhouma samvidaana maathrkakal.
jii. sii. emm. kalkk bhouma samvidaana maathrkakal roopappeduthaam, udha.jii. greenlandinteyum antartic aise sheettukaludeyum chalanaathmakathaykkaayi aise sheett modalukalum kaalaavasthaykku pradhanappetta jeevivargangalkkayi onno athiladhikamo raasa gathagatha modalukalum (ctm) bandhippikkunnathiloode. athinaal oru kaarban rasatantra gathagatha maathruka kaarban dye ooksaidinte saandrathayile naravamshajanya mattangal nannayi pravachikkaan oru jii. sii. emmine anuvadichekkaam. koodaathe, eee sameepanam inter-sisttam feedback kanakkakkaan anuvadikkunnu udha.jii. rasatantra-kalavastha maathrkakal oosoon dwaarathil kalavastha vyathiyaanathinte prathyaaghaathangal padikkaan anuvadikkunnu.

