
alfred nossig

alfred nossig (jananam lemberg 18 epril 1864-varso 22 februvari 1943) oru jootha shilpiyum ezhuthukaaranum seonisathileyum poolish sivil samoohathileyum pravartthakanum aayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu addehathe varso ghettoyil paarppichirunnu. gestappoyumaayi sahakarichathayi aaropikkappedukayum oru prathirodha samghadana addehathe vadikkukayum cheythu.
jeevacharitram.
annathe austriyan saamraajyathinte (ippol ukraine) bhagamaayirunna lembergile (ippol elviv) oru sambanna kudumbathilaanu alfred nossig janichathu. nosiginte pithaav addehathe jarmman samskaarathilekku thurannukaattukayum galishyayile jootha avakaashangalkkaayulla pravarthakanaayum avidatthe jootha samoohathinte sekrattariyaayum sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. 1880 kalude thudakkathil, poolish samskaarathile jootha swaamsheekaranathekkurichu ashayangal roopappeduthaan poolish romanticism nosigine prachodippichu, athu addeham "oojsisna" (pithrubhoomi) enna aanukaalikathilum (addeham thanne sthaapicha) "prasimiyezhs brashi" (sahodaranmaarude union) enna samghadanayilum prakadippichu. lemberg sarvakalashaalayil vidyaarthiyaayirunna kaalath jootha janasamkhyaashaasthra mekhalayile oru thudakkakkaaranaayirunna addeham 1884-ll yooniversitti senattil ninnu "ooo ludnosy" (janasamkhyayekkurichulla) enna lekhanathinu oru sammanam nedi. nosiginte sahodari (1855-1939) poolish saamoohika janaadhipathya raashtreeyathilum vanita avakaashangalilum sajeevamaayirunnu, maarksist soshyalist aaktivist aadam proknikkinte (addehathinte pithaav orupakshe soshyalist raashtreeyakkaaranaaya ignacy dassinsky aayirikkam) ammayaayirunnu.
aadyakaala currier.
nosij poolish, jootha pathrangalkkayi naadaka avalokanangal ezhuthaan thudangi, 1888-ll vaarsoyil oru malsarathil vijayicha thante aadya kavita samahaaramaaya "poije" prasidheekarichu. pinneedu addeham roman saamrajyathinethiraaya baar kochba kalaapathin prerippicha saiman baar kokhbayekkurichu "joothanmaarude rajaavu" enna naadakam prasidheekarichu. 1887ll nossig poolish bhashayil aadyathe siyonist kruthi prasidheekarichu. juthaprashnam pariharikkanulla oru sramam" (proba rosviasania kwestji sidovskeej) enna thalakkettilulla eee paripadi, pravaasikalil juthanmaarkku bhaaviyillenn vaadichu; athinaal, juthanmaar palestine, sameepa rajyangal ennividangalil svanthamaayi swatantra raashtram sthaapikkanam. thante ashayangal sthireekarikkunnathinaayi addeham madhya europile jootha janasamkhyayude sthithivivarakkanakkukale gaveshanam ettedukkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. siyonist' enna vaakk aadyamaayi upayogicha vyakthi addehamaanennu avakaashappedunna nosiginte deseeya jootha abhipraayangalilekku koorumattamaanu addehathinte vrithangalil vivaadangalkku kaaranamaayath.
1892ll nossig viyannayil thaamasikkukayum avide oru kalaa-curettarum ezhuthukaaranumaayi sajeevamaavukayum kalaparamaaya vrithangalilekku maarukayum cheythu. addehathinte suhruthukkalil piyaanistum samgeethasamvidhaayakanumaaya paderevsky ulppedunnu, avarkkayi addeham "manru" (1901) enna oopparayude libretto ezhuthi. aaa kaalaghattatthe parichayamulla oraal addehathekkurichu ingane ezhuthi "addehathinte aathmaavinte moolam oru kaavyathmaka joothathvam; addehathinte ettavum aantharikamaaya maranjirikkunna jeevithathinte uravidam jootha janathayude deseeya punarujjeevanam; addehathinte sahishnutha, perumaattam, mattu manushyarodulla perumaattam, addehathinte muzhuvan baahya mukhaavaranavum oru thikanja dhruvam; [...] addehathinte samskaaram, addehathinte thozhilshaili, sookshumatha enniva yadhaartha jarmman bhaashayaan."
1894-ll nossig paareesilekk thamasam maari, avide addeham poolish pathramaya gasatta lvovskayude lekhakanaayirunnu. avidevechu addeham jarmman bhashayil "joothanmaarudeyum purathana kizhakkan janathayudeyum saamoohika shuchithvam" enna peril oru vishadamaaya lekhanam ezhuthi, aadhunika shuchithva maanadandangalekkurichulla sthaapaka pravarthanangalil aarogyatheyum shuchithvatheyum kurichulla mosaik niyamam sthaapikkaan shramichu. eee samayat theoder hersal paareesil oru pathra lekhakanaayum pravarthichirunnu. hersalinte siyonist thanthrangale nossig vimarsichirunnuvenkilum galishyayil ninnulla kudiyettakkaarkkaayi palastheenil oru graamam kandethanulla hersalinte aadyakaala sahapravarthakanaaya ebraham saalsinte padhathikalil addeham earppettirunnu.
eee kaalayalavil paarees, vienna, berlin ennividangalil pradarshippichukondu oru (svayam padippicha) silpiyaayum nossig sajeevamaayirunnu. alanjuthiriyunna joothan, judas mccabayus, solaman rajaavu, paderevskyudeyum maiks nordauvinteyum chhaayaachithra prathimakal, austriyayile chakravarthini elisabathinte marana mukhammoodikal enniva addehathinte prajakalil ulppedunnu.
siyonist activism.
1900-ll nossig veendum berlinilekk maari. ellah europian raajyangalum amgeekarikkenda udambadikalude adisthaanathil lokasamaadhaanathinaayi addeham aaa varsham oru lekhanam prasidheekarichu-orutharam aadyakaala europian union-athinte bhaagamaayi joothanmaare automan palastheenil sthirathaamasamaakkaan praaptharaakkum. hersalinte loka siyonist samghadanayude (dablyu. ezz. oo) pravarthanangalil ninnu vyakthamaaya akalam paalicha "praayogika seonistukal" ennu vilikkappedunnavarumaayumaam addeham bandhappettirunnu. martin boobarinoppam jootha prasidheekarana sthaapanamaaya "jusher verlaaginte" boardilum addeham irikkukayum "oostt undu vestt" enna jenalil sthiramaayi sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. jootha sthithivivarakkanakkukalkal oru association" vikasippicha addeham, thathfalamaayundaakunna thelivukal yahoodavirudhathaye mathramalla, joothanmaarude svayam vidveshatheyum prathirodhikkumenn vaadichu. mattu rachanakalil addeham oru naadakakrithaayi thudarukayum "soshyalisathinte punaravalokanam (soshyalisathinte oru punaravalokanam)" enna oru patanam ezhuthukayum cheythu, athu joothamathathinte saamoohika sandeshangalkk oonnal nalki.
1903-ll oru jootha sarvakalashaala sthaapikkaamenna pratheekshayil nossig cheyim veysmaanumaayi chernnu pravarthichu. aaa varsham baasalil nadanna siyonist kongrasil pankedukkaan weisman nosigine naamanirddesham cheythu. palastheenil oru janmadesham "vaangaan" sramichathinu kongrasil nossig addehathinte sakhyakakshikalum hersaline vimarshichu, juthanmaar joliyiloode svayam sthaapikkunnathinupakaram 'vyapaarikal' enna charitraparamaaya aaropanathin joothanmaare thurannukaatti. eee edapedal addehathinu weismanudeyum mattullavarudeyum vyakthiparamaaya pinthuna nashtappedutthi. 1907leeii ettaamathe siyonist kongrasil, palasteen, ayalraajyangalile nagara, grameena vaasasthalangalulla jootha europian samoohangaliludaneelam seonisathodu vishalamaaya sameepanam nossig vaadichu. dablyusoyude propoganda kammitti amgamenna nilayil addeham oru siyonist warta ejansikkum pathratthinum padhathikal thayyarakkukayum kudiyettam sthaapikkunnathinu automan saamraajyavumaayi sahakarikkaan vaadikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, nosiginte vyakthithvam pinthunakkaare anyavalkkarikkunnath thudarnnu, 1908 nuu sesham addehathinu dablyusoyumaayi nerittu edapedal undaayirunnilla. aaa varsham addeham svanthamaayi "ooljemeyn judise colonisation-oorganaiseshan" (ajko) sthaapichu, thudarnnulla varshangalil konstantinoppile yuva turke viplavathinte nethaakkalumaayi pravartthikkaan niravadhi samrambhangal nadatthi, avide pathivayi sandarshikkunnu. 1911ll addeham britiish pathramaya 'dhii dayley meyil' nodu russian kudiyettakkaarude ozhukk vazhithirichuvidunnathiloo ajko brittanu gunam cheiyumennu avakashappettu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, kizhakkan europian joothanmaarude kudiyettam sweekarikkaan sultan mehmed anchaamane prerippikkanulla shramathil, jarmman jootha samghadanakal dhanasahayam nalkikkond 1915 ll addeham turkish senakalkku oru medical yoonit nalki. ithum thudarnnulla sandarshanangalum oru phalavum undakkiyilla. 1917 novemberile balfour prakhyaapanathinu sheshamulla kaalayalavil, prakhyaapanathinu thulyamaaya oru turkish lobby cheyyaan sahaayikkunnathin chila jarmman siyonist samghadanakal nosigine chertthu. 1918 januvari 5 nuu nossig berlinil annathe turkey aabhyanthara manthriyaayirunna thalath pashaye kandumutty, addeham addehathinu avyakthamaaya vaagdaanangal nalki. anishchithathvathilulla charchakalkku sesham, sthiramaaya aalukalil charchakal avasaanichu; ennirunnaalum chilaril (sthiramaaya aalukalil us ambasseder henry morgenthou sr ulppede) eee dhaarana nilaninnu.), aaa nossig jarmman adhikaarikalude ejantaayi pravarthikkukayaayirunnu.
vezhsaay udambadikku sesham oru swatantra polandinte roopeekaranam, addehathinte pazhaya suhruthu paderevsky pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamichathu, paderevsky pingamiyaaya vladisla grabskyude sarkkarinum poolish jootha samoohathinum idayil oru madhyasthanaayi pravartthikkaan nosiginu avasaram nalki. vividha jootha vibhaagangale orotta prathinidhi samghamaayi onnippikkumenn addeham pratheekshichu. ennirunnaalum, poolish joothashaasthrathile swaamsheekaranavaadikal, paarambaryavaadikal, seonistukal, soshyalistukal enniva thammilulla vibhajanavum marshell pilosudsky (yadhaarthathil puthiya samsthaanathu rashtreeya adikaaram kaivashappeduthiyirunna) adisthaana yahoodavirudhathayum kaaranam oru purogathiyum undaayilla.
nossig polandu vittu joothanmaarkkaayi lokamembaadum oru pinthunaa samghadana sthaapikkaan shramichu. eee pashchaathalatthil arab aashankakalodulla samvedanakshamathayillaaymkay addeham nilavilulla siyonist neethrthwathe shaasikkukayum "oru jootha trotsky" ennu visheshippicha seave jabottinsky theevra jootha desheeyathayil ninnu svayam akannunilkkukayum cheythu. seonisavum joothathvavum prathisandhiyum pariharavum" (1922) enna lekhanathil addeham thante ashayangal prasidheekarichu. pathittaandinte avasaanathil polandilekkulla madakkayaathrakal poolish gavanmentumaayo jootha samoohavumaayo addehathinu rashtreeya swaadheenam kuravaanennu kaanichu, koodaathe nossig jarmman gavanmentinte thaalpparyangalkkanusrithaayi pravarthikkunnuvennu abhyoohangal veendum pracharikkaan thudangi. 
kazhinja varshangalil.
naasi bharanathinte aadya varshangalil berlinil thaamasichirunna addeham, 20-ladhikam prathimakal ulppede oru shilppa smaarakathe sangalppikkaan thudangi, athu addeham siyoon parvathatthil sthaapikkaan uddeshikkukayum 1936-ll berlinil athinte oru maathruka pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. yudhathinu munbu, nosiginu palastheenil abhayam vaagdaanam cheyyappettirunnuvenkum thante prathimakalillaathe berlinil ninnu pookaan visammathichu.
1938-ll, nosiginu 75 vayassullappol, praagil thaamasikkukayaayirunnu, avide ezhuthukaaranaaya joseph frenkel addehathe "vrudhanum rogiyum prayamaayavanum" ennu visheshippichu. oru jarmman nazhs addehathe paricharichu."yuddham pottippurappettappol nossig polandilekku palayanam cheyyukayum vaarsoyile jootha kshema bordinte samrakshanathil vaykkappedukayum cheythu. varso ghetto judentaattinte thalavanaaya aadam serniakovinode addehathe niyamikkaan jarmman adhikaarikal nirddeshikkukayum nosigine ghetto emigration offeesaraayi niyamikkukayum cheythu; eee sthaanathu addeham chila jootha nethaakkalkku kudiyeraan gestappoyude anumathiyode charcha cheyyaan shramichu, (theerchayaayum) phalamone undaayilla; 1940 novemberil kudiyettam vyakthamaayi nirodhichu. nosigine pinneedu ghettoyude arts aandu kalcharal departmentinte directorakki, sradheyamaaya falamonnumillaathe. 
maranam.
avyakthamaaya saahacharyangalil jarmmankaarumaayi sahakarikkunnayalaayi nossig ghettoyil charcha cheyyappettu. ghettoyile joothanmaarude bhoogarbha pravarthanangalekkurichu naasikalkk pathivayi reportukal nalkiyathinu nossig kuttaaropithanaayirunnu, koodaathe oru bhoogarbha prathirodha grouppaaya jootha yuddha samghadana munkootty vichaaranaykkukayum vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum cheythu; 1943 februvari 22 nuu vediyettu addehathinte appaartmentil vachu addehathe vadhichu. addehathinu 78 vayassayirunnu. nosiginte chila vadhasikshakar parayunnathanusarichu, oru gestappo thirichariyal card joothanmaarude bhoogarbha chalanathekkurichulla aarr pejulla rekhayum vadhashikshaykk sesham addehathinte vyakthiparamaaya swaadheenangalil ninnu kandeduthu. vaarsoyile okopova streettile jootha semitheriyil addehathe samskarichu. addehathinte shavasamskaarathinte krithyamaaya sthalam anjjaathamaanu; addehathinte shavakudeerathil ninnulla oru phalakathinte oru bhagam maathrame avasheshichittulloo (plott 67, varii 7 ll).

