
jorjju escol vilppanakkaar

oru american bisinasukaaranum mechanical enchineeyarum kandupiduthakkaaranumaayinu jorjju escol sellezhs (november 26,1808-januvari 1,1899). addeham vividha bisinasukalude udamasthanum maanejucheyyunnavanum niravadhi kandupiduthangalkk pettant nedukayum cheythu. addeham thante sahodaran chalsinoppam oru kambani sthaapichu, avide choodulla draavaka leddle ninnu ledu paippukal thudarchayaayi nirmmikkunna oru yanthrathinte aadyakaala kandupiduthathinu addeham pettant nedi. 1850-kalil panaama reyilveyil jolie cheyyumbol, kuthaneyulla kunnukal kayaran kazhiyunna oru railway enchin ulppede railway locomotteevukalil addeham varuthiya mechappeduthalukalkku addehathinu vividha pettantukal labhichu.
puraavastu mekhalayil addehathinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. addeham niravadhi lekhanangal ezhuthukayum karakaushala vasthukkal shekharikkukayum vidagthanaaya ambadayaala nirmmathaavaayi maarukayum cheythu. addehathinte ambadayaalangalil chilath naashanal museum oof dhii american indiansil pradharshippichirunnu. kalayil thaalpparyamulla addeham kalayil earppedukayum jeevithathiludaneelam kalakaaranmaarodoppam samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. maarkk twaininteyum chaals dudley warnerinteyum "(1873)" kenal escol sellezhs "enna aadya pathippile oru kathaapaathrathinte peru vilppanakkaarkk samanamaayirunnu, athinte thudar upayogathe addeham ethirthappol athu maattendivannu. ennirunnaalum, "kenal mulberry vilppanakkaar" enna puthiya peru addeham janicha ayalpakkathe manappoorvvam paraamarshichappol eee bandham veendum aavarthichu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1808 november 26nuu filadelfiyayil colleman sellarmaarudeyum sophonisba angusiola peelinteyum makalaayi jorjju escol cellers janichu. mulberry kottaarathinu sameepamulla philadelphia mintinu sameepamaayirunnu addehathinte janmasthalam. addehathinu oru mootha sahodaran chaals undaayirunnu (bii. 1806), rund ilaya sahodaranmaar, harvy (bii. 1813), colman vilppanakkaar II (bii. 1827), rund ilaya sahodarimaar, elisabath (bii. 1810), anna (bii. 1824).
addehathinte pithavum niravadhi poorvvikarum enchineeyarmaaraayirunnu. addehathinte maathrpithaavu chaals vilson peel aayirunnu, addehathinte pithrupithaavaaya nathan sellezhs vayar paper achukalude kalaasrishtikalkku perukettayalaayirunnu. schoolil padikkumbol addeham peelinte philadelphia myoosiyathil jolie cheythu-pinneedu myoosiyathinte director board amgamaayi sevanamanushtichu. vilppanakkaar public skoolukalil vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum pensylvaniayile vestt chesttarile vestt chesttar academyil tutor aanthani bolmerinoppam anchu varsham padikkukayum cheythu. 1832ll paper nirmmaanathinu upayogikkunna yanthrangalekkurichu padikkaan addeham englandilekku pooyi.
currier kandupiduthangalum.
1833-ll vilppanakkaar amerikkayilekku madangukayum pithaavinteyum muthachanteyum sthaapanamaaya nathan & david sellezhsil jolie cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu; chals avide jolie cheythirunnu. kambiyum kadalas nirmmikkunnathinulla yanthrangal nirmmicha kambani, locomotteevukal nirmmikkaan vyaja frameukal upayogicha raajyathe aadya kambaniyaanu. avar yunaittad stetts mintilum jolie cheythu. 1830ll nathan vilppanakkaar marichappol, bisinesses punasamghadippikkukayum colleman vilppanakkaarum addehathinte rund aanmakkalum bisinesses nadathukayum cheythu. 1837leeii maandyathinte anantharafalamaayi kambani paapparaakukayum adachupoottappedukayum cheythu. sthaapanathile addehathinte pravartthanangal addehathinte enchiniyaring rachanakalil palathinum prachodanamaayi.
kizhakk vilppanakkaar thante bisinesses adachathinushesham addeham sahodaran chalsinoppam ohaayoyile sinsinnaattiyilekku thamasam maarukayum avar ledu pipe nirmmikkunnathinayi oru factory sthaapikkukayum cheythu. ledu paippinte thudarchayaaya ulppaadanathinaayi choodulla draavaka ledu upayogikkunna yanthrangal vilppanakkaar kandupidichu-1840 desember 17 nuu addehathinte designinu pettant labhichu, nambar yuu. ezz. 08eiii. avarude bisinesses oduvil vitt raajyathe ledu paippinte pradhana nirmmathaavaaya oru kambaniyaayi layichu. vilppanakkaar sinsinnaatti bisinasukaranaaya josia lorensumaayi pankaalittham vahikkukayum globe rolling millukal enna vayar nirmmaana kambani samghadippikkukayum cheythu. avayude ulppaadana prakriyayil addeham roopakalppana cheytha yanthrangal addeham ulppeduthukayum ledu paipum wire nirmikkunnathil athu kooduthal kaaryakshamamaanennu theliyikkukayum cheythu.
1850 aayappozhekkum addeham kambaniyilulla thante thaalparyam vilkkukayum 1851 ll panaama railwaykaayi railway lokkomotteevukalude nirmmaanam ettedukkukayum charinja vimaanangalkkayi oru locomotive kandupidikkukayum cheythu. avide jolie cheiyunna samayat railway locomotteevukalil addeham varuthiya mechappeduthalukalekkura vilppanakkaar niravadhi pettantukal eduthu. kuthaneyulla parvathangalum kanatha charivulla vimaanangalum kayaran kazhivulla oru railway enchin addeham kandupidichu-ithu kanatha gradeukal pravarthippikkunnathinu oru enchin boyilaraayi nirvachikkappedukayum 1850 juulai 9 nuu yuu. ezz. 7498eiii ennu pettant nedukayum cheythu. 1850 kalil niravadhi varshangalayi railway upakaranangalude nirmmaanatthilum vilppanayilum addeham earppettirunnu.
american aabhyantharayudhakaalathu, vilppanakkaar ohiyo nadikku sameepamulla thekkan illinoyisilekku maarukayum avarude khanana pravarthanangalil thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. 1864 januvari 5 nuu yuu. ezz. 41101eiii enna pettant nediya pachakkari naarukalil ninnu paper stokku nirmmikkunnathinulla oru prakriya addeham kandupidichu. thante kariyarinte backie samayam mechanical enchiniyaring design abhyasichu chelavazhichu. 1888-ll addeham viramicha sesham tennessi chattanoogayil thamasam aarambikkukayum mission ridjil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. vilppanakkaar 1899 januvari 1 nuu 90-aamm vayassil chattanoogayile veettil vachu marichu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
1833 march 6 nuu vilppanakkaar rashell brooks paarishine vivaham kazhichu. avarkk anchu kuttikalundaayirunnu, koodaathe addehathinte bandhuvinte anaadhayaaya oru makale dathedutthu. 1860 septambar 14nuu illinoyisil vachu marikkukayum avarude anchu makkalil oru makane maathram athijeevikkukayum cheythu.
puraavasthushaasthrathil addehathinu aazhathilulla thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. illinoyisile kunnin nirmmaathaakkalude avashishtangalekkurichu addeham niravadhi lekhanangal ezhuthi-smithsonian sthaapanam prasidheekaricha onnu aadivaasikalude manpathrangal uppu pathrangal nirmmikkunna reethiyekkurichaayirunnu. praadeshika american indiakkaar ambadayaalangalum shilayuga upakaranangalum engane nirmmichuvennathinekkum addeham vishadamaaya lekhanangal ezhuthi. ambadayaalangal nirmikkunnathil addeham vyakthiparamayi valare vaidagdhyamullathinaal addehathinte karakaushalathinte chila maathrkakal washingtonile naashanal museum oof dhii american indian dii. sii. yill pradharshippichirunnu.sii. ohiyo thaazhvarayile charitraatheetha gothrangalude manpaathrangaludeyum upakaranangaludeyum ganyamaaya shekharavum addehathinte pakkalundaayirunnu.
addehathinte muthachan chaals vilson peelum ammavanmaaraaya rembrand peelum raffel peelum akkaalathe shradheya kalakaaranmaaraayirunnu. vilppanakkaarude abhipraayathil, chaalsinte kalakaaranmaaraaya kuttikalil ettavum kazhivullayalayirunnu raffelle. vilppanakkaar kalaparamaaya kazhivukalum thiricharinjirunnu; thomas salli cherupraayatthil thanne oru chhaayaachithrakaaranaakaan addehathe prerippikkukayum padippikkaan vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythuvenkilum oru thozhil jeevitam pinthudaraan addehathinu kooduthal thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kalayodum kalakaaranmaarude samoohathodumulla abhiruchiyil addeham jeevithathiludaneelam earppettu. addeham kaalaakaalangalil vividha kalaa kandupiduthangalkk pettant nedukayum "philadelphiyayile kalakaaranmaarude aadyakaala saamoohika samghadanakalilonnu" ekopippikkukayum cheythathayi cappel (1904) parayunnu.
"" "swarnna yugam innathe oru katha".
maarkk twaininteyum chaals dudley warnerinteyum 1873 leeii novalinte aadya pathippil "" kenal escol sellezhs "ennu vilikkappedunna oru saangalppika kathaapaathram undaayirunnu-saamoohika moolyangal veendedukkaatha oru aakshepahaasyamaaya chooshana muthalaali. escol vilppanakkaar" enna peru munnariyipp nalkunnayal nirddeshikkukayum "escol" upayogikkunnathu shradhaapoorvvam pariganicha theerumaanamaayirunnu, athinte poorvvikarude apocryphal vivaranangalodeyaanu. eee pusthakam ezhuthunnathinu 20 varsham munbu oru "escol vilppanakkaarumaayi" thaan samvadichirunnuvennum apoorvvamaayathinaal eee peru upayogikkaan theerumaanichathaayum warner paranju. orupakshe, addehathinte peru ithinu munbu thanne swaadheenichittundaakam; illengil addeham orikkalum pusthakam kaanukayilla" ennum addeham koottichertthu."
 1892-leeii thante novalaaya 'dhii american kleymanti' ll twayne "escol vilppanakkaar" ennathinupakaram "beria vilppanakkaar" upayogichirunnuvennu paraamarshichirunnu, ennaal matoraal athinte upayogathe ethirthappol athu veendum maattendivannu. novalinte adutha pathippukal pakaram "kenal mulberry vilppanakkaar" upayogichu. "vilppanakkaar janikkukayum valarukayum cheytha ayalpakkathinte peru mulberry aayirunnu, eee anaavashya bandham vilppanakkaarude anushochana sandeshangal vare aavarthichu.

