
kudumba saambathikashaasthram

kudumba saambathikashaasthram uthppaadanam, thozhil vibhajanam, vitharanam, theerumaanamedukkal thudangiya saambathika ashayangal kudumbatthinu baadhakamaakkunnu. vivaham, kuttikalundakanulla theerumaanam, prathyulppaadanam, gaarhika ulppaadanathinaayi neekkivacha samayam, saambathika vishakalanam upayogichu sthreedhanam nalkal thudangiya kudumbatthinte savisheshamaaya phalangal vishadeekarikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu.
aadam smithil ninnu adisthaanakaaryamaayi amgeekarikkappettenkilum 1960-kalkk munbu saambathikashaasthrathil chittayaya paricharanam labhichilla. thomas roobert maalthasinte janasamkhyaa valarchayude maathrkayum kudumbaghadanayekkurichulla friedrich engalsinte pioneering kruthiyum pradhana apavaadangalaanu, randaamathethu maarksist, feminist saambathikashaasthrathil palappozhum paraamarshikkappedunnu. gaari becker jacob minser avarude vidyaarthikalum aarambhicha puthiya aabhyanthara saambathikashaasthrathaal nayikkappedunna kudumba saambathikashaasthram 1960kall muthal mukhyadharaa saambathikashaasthrathillathinul vikasichu. staanderd theemukal ulppedunnu
eee vishayathekkurichulla niravadhi sarvekal, prabandhangal, kaippusthakangal enniva labhyamaan.
charithram.
aadyakaala saambathika vidagtharkku saamoohika uthppaadanathinu vyakthikal ethratholam sambhavana nalkunnuvennathil kooduthal thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, ithu thozhil vipaniyil avar athramaathram thozhil nalkunnu ennathilekku vivarthanam cheythu. aadyakaala saambathika vidagdhar chittayaya pariganana labhicha oru vishayamaayirunnilla veettinullile uthppaadanam.
raashtrangalude sambathu" enna pusthakatthil aadam smith vethanathekkurichulla thante adhyaayathil kudumbatthinte praadhaanyatthe soochippikkunnu. smith ezhuthi "ennaal avarude thozhilaalikalumaayulla tharkkangalil, yajamaananmaarkk pothuve nettamundaayirikkanam, ennirunnaalum, oru nischitha nirakk undu, athil thazheyaayi, ganyamaaya samayathekku, ettavum thaazhnna thozhilaallikalude polum saadhaarana vethanam kuraykkaan asaadhyamaanennu thonnunnu...oru manushyan ellaayppozhum thante jolikkanusarichaanu jeevikkendathu, avane paripalikkaan kuranjathu avante vethanamenkilum mathiyakanam. mikka avasarangalilum avaa kurachukoodi kooduthalaayirikkanam; allengil oru kudumbatthe valarthuka addehathinu asaadhyamaayirikkum, atharam thozhilaallikalude vamshathinu aadya thalamuraykk appurathekku nilanilkkaan kazhiyilla."athanusarichu, thozhilaallivarggathinte thalamurakalkidayilulla punarnirmmaanam urappaakkunnathin kudumbatthe pottaan kazhiyunnathra uyarnna vethanam thozhilaalliykku labhikkanam. janasamkhya vardhanavu enna thante sidhaanthathil malthus eee vishakalanathin koottichertthu, avide addeham vaadichathu, vethanam kooduthalaayirikkumbol, kooduthal kuttikal undaakunna kudumbangalaanu, ithu janasamkhya vardhikkunnathinum vethanathil kuravundaakkunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu ennaanu.
thozhilshakthiyude punarulppaadanam, athaayath thozhilaallikal kuttikale svayam maattisthaapikkunnathina valarthunna reethi, maarksist sidhaanthathile oru kendra prasnamaanu. kyaapittal, vooliyam I" ennathil, thozhilaallikalude punarnirmmaanatthinu aavashyamaaya thozhil samayathinte alavu oru kudumbatthe nilanirthaan aavashyamaaya varumaanathin thulyamaanennu marks vaadikkunnu, athu thozhilaalliye maattisthaapikkaan oru kutty valarthum. eee thukaye aavashyamaaya thozhil samayam ennu vilikkunnu. adhika thozhil samayathe thozhilaallikal aavashyamaaya samayathinu purame chelavazhikkunna thozhil samayamaayi addeham vilikkunnu. maarksine sambandhichidatholam thozhilaallikalkk avarude kudumbatthe nilanirthaan aavashyamaaya vethanam sambadvyavasthaye niyanthrikkunna adisthaana gadakangalilonnaanennu ithu soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aavashyamaaya thozhil samayam addeham nirvachikkumbol, marks ennaal thozhilaallikalkk avarude kudumbatthinu athijeevikkaan aavashyamaaya varumanam nedaan aavashyamaaya vipani thozhil ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil kudumbavethanathinaayulla thozhilaalivarggathinte aavashyangale chilar maarksinte aashayangalumayi bandhippikkunnu maarkkat jolie cheyyaan bhaaryamaarudeyum kuttikaludeyum aavasyam illaathaakkaan mathiyaya thalatthil avarude vethanam venamennu purusha thozhilaallikal aavasyappettu. mooladhanam" enna kudumbatthil nadakkunna ulppaadanathekkurichu onnum illa.
varggasamoohathinte ghadana kudumbatthinte saambathika ghadanaye engane roopappeduthunnu ennathinekkurichu friedrich engals ezhuthi. engalsinte abhipraayathil, oru purushan oru sthriyum kuttikalum adangunna ekabhaarya kudumbam vargga sambradaayam srishticha onnaanu. athupole thanne ekabhaaryaathva kudumbavyavasthayumaayi chernnu pravartthikkunna sthaapanangalaaya vyabhicharavum veshyaavrithiyum. group vivaahavum jody vivaahavumaayirunnu engals charcha cheytha poorva muthalaalitha vivahangal. saamudaayika swathinu mail swakaarya swath pariganikkunnathiloodeyum athinte anantharaavakaashathil thaalpparyamullathiloodeyum pithaavinte avakashangalum ekabhaaryathvavum aadhipathyam nedi" ennu engals vaadichu. muthalaalithatthinte pathanathode ekabhaaryaathvam illaathaakumennu addeham pratheekshichu. kudumbatthinullil purushanmaar muthalaalikaleppoleyaanennum sthreekal thozhilaalivarggatheppole sthreekale "pothu vyavasaayathilekku" thirike konduvannaal maathrame sthreekalkku poornna swaathanthryam saadhyamaakoo ennum addeham ezhuthi. 138) addeham pratheekshichathupole soshyalisathinte keezhil sambhavikkum. addehathinte kazhchappadil soshyalisathinu keezhil sthreekalkku vethana joliyudeyum shambalamillaatha veettujoliyudeyum eratti bharam neridendivarilla, kaaranam pothusevanangalayi veettujolikal nalkumennu addeham pratheekshichirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilumulla mattu maarksist saambathika vidagtharaaya bebel, luxemburg, lenin ennivarum sthreekale pothu vyavasaayathilekku thirike konduvarendathinte aavasyakathayekkurichu ezhuthi.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil vikasippicha paarshwalkkarikkappetta eee vidyaalayam saambathikashaasthrathinthin shradha kudumbatthilninnu kooduthal akatti. liyon valras, staanli jevons, alfred marshell thudangiya aadyakaala paarshwalkkarmaarude shradha vipani edapaadukalilaayirunnu, athinaal veettil cheiyunna eathoru joliyum paarshwalkkarmaarkku thaalpparyamullathaayirunna. adisthaana saambathika yoonit onnukil vyakthiyo kudumbamo aayirunnu, avar kudumbatthe adisthaana unitaayi eduthappol, oru kudumbatthinullil theerumaanangal engane edukkunnu ennathil avarkk thaalpparyamundaayirunnil.
1920kalilum 30kalilum eric lindall, ainar dalgren, currin kookk, saiman kusnetts thudangiya saambathika vidagdhar veettinullile uthppaadanam deseeya uthppaadanathinte oru pradhana bhagamaanennum athil ulppeduthaathe gnp deseeya ulppaadana nilavaaratthinte poornna soochakamaakillennum vaadichu. ithe kaalayalavil hazell kirk, maargarat raid, elisabath hoydu ennivar upabhoga saambathikashaasthram enna oru puthiya mekhala vikasippikkaan shramichu, saambathikashaasthra mekhalaykkullil upabhogavum ulppaadanavum konduvaraan shramichu.
1960kalil vikasicha puthiya aabhyanthara saambathikashaasthram 21-aamm noottaandil kudumba saambathikashaasthra mekhalayile pradhana sameepanangalilonnayi thudarunnu. gaari becker thante lekhanathil avatharippicha "samayam anuvadikkunna sidhaantham" enna lekhanathil avatharippicha gaarhika ulppaadana pravartthanangal pala gaarhika theerumaanangaludeyum vishakalanathil upayogikkunnu. theodor dablyu. muzhuvan sambadvyavasthaykkum pradhanappettathum, enn. iii. iii. yude sthaapakaraaya becker, minasar ennivar oonnipparanjathumaaya kudumbatthinte vashangal shults pidichedukkunnu kuttikalil nikshepam nadathunna roopathil manushya mooladhanathinte uthppaadanam, muthirnnavarude manushya mooladhanathinte paripalanam, kudumbamgangal vipaniyilum veettujoliyilum avarude samayam neekkivaykkunna reethi, kudumbatthile upabhoga theerumaanangal."1970kall muthal maarksistukaludeyum theevravaadi feministukaludeyum sambhavanakalaal samakaalika kudumba saambathikashaasthravum sambannamaayittundu. vargga bandhangalum muthalaalithavum kudumbaghadanaye engane roopappeduthunnu ennathil marxism shradha kendreekarikkumbol, samoolamaaya feminism lingabhedam, purushaadhipathyam, vivaahangalilum veedukalilum sthreekalude melulla purusha aadhipathyam ennivayilaayirunnu. maarksist-feministukal pinneedu purushaadhipathyavum muthalaalithavum engane parasparam edapedunnuvennu kaanikkan sramichukondu eee rund sameepanangalum samyojippikkaan shramichu.
sthaapanangal enna nilayil vivahangal.
vivahangal sthaapanangal poleyaanenna ashayam puthiya aabhyanthara saambathika vidagdhar, maarksistukal, feministukal ennivarude pravarthanangalil kaanam. chila maarksistukalum feministukalum sthreekaludeyum purushanmaarudeyum vivaahathe oru muthalaalitha samoohathile thozhil bandhathinu samaanamaayi kaanunnu. udaaharanathinu, shoshana grossbard purushanmareyum sthreekaleyum gaarhika nirmmaanatthil parasparam jolie cheiyunnavaraayi maathrkayaakkunnu, athine avar "bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaarkku thozhil" allengil "veettilulla jolie (viho)" ennu vilikkunnu. maarksist-feminist saambathika vidagdhar avakaashappedunnathupole, bharthakkanmaar avarude bhaaryamaarude viho niyamikkukayum avarkk kuranja "ardha vethanam" nalkukayum cheiyunna sthreekale avarude bharthakkanmaar chooshanam cheiyunnathaayi kanakkakkaam.
kudumbatthinte niyamaparamaaya udamasthaavakaasham sthaapanangalenna nilayil vivaahangalekkurichulla vishakalanavumayi bandhapetta oru chodyamaanu. kudumbatthinte uthppaadanathil jolie cheiyunnavarekkaal kudumbatthinte thalasthaanatthinte udamakalkku kudumbavumaayi bandhapetta theerumaanamedukkalil kooduthal swaadheenam undaakanamenn roobert ellikson vaadichu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, kudumbatthinte uthppaadanam nadathunnavarkku kudumbatthinte mooladhanathinte udamakalekkaal theerumaanangalil kooduthal niyanthranam undaayirikkanamennu grossbard nirddeshichittundu. chikkaagoyil pariseelanam nediya feminist saambathika vidagtharum maarksist-feminist saambathika vidagtharum thammilulla samaanathakalude mattoru udaaharanamaanithu.
oru pankaali aabhyanthara uthppaadanathil cheiyunna jolic engane nashtapariharam nalkunnu enna chodyam joliyil ninnu prayojanam nedunna mattoru pankaali specialisation, thozhil vibhajanam ennivayude saahacharyathil vyapara nibandhanakal sthaapikkunnathinu thulyamaanu. gaar becker, saadhaaranayaayi gaarhika uthppaadanathil sthreekalkkum veedinu purathulla uthppaadanathil purushanmarkkum thaarathamyaparamaaya nettamundennu anumaanichukondu, thaarathamya nettatthinte adisthaanathil veettile thozhil vibhajanam vishakalanam cheythittundu. ithu feminist saambathika vidagdhar vivahathekkurichulla bekarude vishakalanangal thallikkalayaanulla pravanathayilekku nayichu.
sthaapanangalude saadhaarana saambathika vishakalanagalil samantharamaaya vivaahathinulla mattu saambathika vishadeekaranangalil risk poolinginu oonnal nalkunnathum thalphalamaayi vivaahathinte falamaayi asukhamo thozhilillaaymayo undakanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinum kuttikal polulla nirddishta nikshepangal sugamamaakkunnathil vivaahangalude punk ulppedunnu.
kudumbatthinullile thozhil vibhajanam.
kudumbamgangal avarude samayam veettinullile joliyum maarkkat joliyum thammil pankidunnu. kudumbatthile eathu amgamaanu eathu jolie cheyyanamennu oru yoonit enna nilayil kudumbatthinu theerumaanikkaam. muzhuvan kudumbatthinum prayojanam labhikkunnundo atho veettile chila amgangalkku maathram prayojanam labhikkunnundo ennathinte adisthaanathil veettujolikale tharamthirikkaam. alakkal allengil vrithiyaakkal, veettile mattoru amgathinu vendi prathyekamaayi cheiyunna 'paricharana pravartthanangal' thudangiya muzhuvan kudumbatthinum prayojanam cheiyunna 'veettujolikal' pravartthanangal ennu chilar vilikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi aaa amgathinu aaa jolie taniko taniko cheyyaan kazhiyaathathinal. kuttikalude paricharanavum muthirnnavarude paricharanavumaanu rund adisthaana paricharana reethikal. vyakthiyekkaal pankaalikku prayojanam cheiyunna veettujolikalil paachakam allengil alakkal, jolie svayam cheyyaan kazhiyunna pankaalikalkulla paricharana jolikal enniva ulppedaam.
chila neoclassical sidhaanthangal anusarichu, veettujoliyum vipani joliyum thammilulla thozhil vibhajanam kudumbatthinullile vyakthikalude upayoga pravartthanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. oru kudumbatthinu vipaniyil ninnu vaangaan kazhiyunna saadhanangalkk kooduthal mungananayundengil, avarkk maarkkat jolikalkkum maarkkattil ninnu saadhanangal vaangunnathinum kooduthal samayam neekkivaykkaam. veettil uthppaadippikkunna saadhanangalodu avarkk thaalpparyamundengil, avar kooduthal veettujolikal cheyyaanum veettil uthppaadippikkunna saadhanangal upayogikkaanum ishtappettekkaam. gaarhika joliyil sthreekalkku thaarathamyaparamaaya nettamundennum athesamayam maarkkat joliyil purushanmaarkk thaarathamyaparamaaya nettamundennum becker prasthaavichu. atharam kazhchappadanusarichu, sthreekal gaarhika ulppaadanathil vaidagdhyamullavarum purushanmaar vipani ulppaadanathil vaidagdhyamullavarum avar uthppaadippikkunnathu pankidunnavarumaayirikkul, purushanmaarum sthreekalum avarude upayogangal paramavadhi vardhippikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, samboornna specialisation chila apakadasaadhyathakalum doshangalum konduvaraan kazhiyum gaarhika joliyude aavasyakatha kurayukayum (prathyekichu kuttikal valarumbol) gaarhika joliyil poornnamaayum vaidagdhyamulla sthreekalkku maarkkat joliyilekku madangumbol manyamaaya vethanam nedaan kazhinjekkilla; rund pankaalikalkkum gaarhika joliyil kurachu parichayamundengil vivaahamochanamo pankaaliyude maranamo undaayal avarkk kooduthal swathanthraraakaam. veettujoliyil sthreekalude samboornna vaidagdhyam, athaayath avar muzhuvan samaya veettammamaaraakunnath palappozhum sthreekalude saambathika arakshithaavasthayilekku nayikkukayum vipaniyil jolie cheiyunna sthreekaludeyum vethanam nedunnathudeyum saahacharyangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol gaarhika peedanatthinu vidheyaraakaanulla saadhyatha vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu barbera bergman ezhuthi.
vyakthamaayatho antharleenamaayatho aaya vilapeshal, samgharsham koodaathe/allengil sahakaranm ennivayiloode upabhogavum ulppaadana phalangalum thiranjedukkunnathil kudumbamgangal thammilulla chalanathmakatha vishakalanam cheiyunnathinulla oru badal chattakkood geyim saidhaanthika vilapeshal model vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. vilapeshal maathruka, vivaahathil praveshikkunnathiloodeyo nilanilkkunnathiloodeyo enthengilum nettamundennu anumaanikkunnu, ennaal oro pankaaliyudeyum thozhil samayam engane vitharanam cheyyappedunnu, avar uthppaadippikkunna charakkukalum sevanangalum engane vitharanam cheiyunnu ennathu vilapeshalinte nerittulla falamaanu. adhikara parigananakalulla vilapeshal prakriyakal kaushik baasuvinte pepparil aupachaarikamaakkiyittundu "lingabhedam parayuka endogenal aayi nirnnayikkappetta adhikara santhulithaavasthayulla gaarhika perumaattatthinte oru maathruka". eee sameepanathil, vyakthigatha yoottility maximisation function (oru pankaalikku kooduthal varumanasheshi undengil, aaa pankaalikku mikacha yoottility maximisation sthaanam labikkum) vazhiyum, adhikaarathinte santhulithaavasthaye endogenous aayi baadhikkunnathiloode prakriyayilekku vilapeshal prathikaranatthiloodeyulla falangaliloodeyum vaidyuthi vitharanam cheiyunnu. phalam oru pankaaliyude sthaanathe anukoolikkunnuvenkil, aaa pankaaliyude shakti matte pankaaliye apekshichu kooduthal sakthippedum.
thozhil vipaniyile sthreekalude pankaalittham, dambathikal parambaraagatha thozhil vibhajanam pinthudarunnillennu soochippikkunna 19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum naadakeeyamaayi valarnnu. jeremi greenwood, ananth sheshadri, mehmet yorukoglu ennivar veettil samayam laabhikkunna upakaranangal avatharippichathu ithinu kaaranamaayittund. chila vyavasayangalil ethra sthreekale niyamikkaan kazhiyum ennathinekkurichulla kwata polulla sthaapana gadakangalaal pankaalitthatthile eee valarcha parimithappeduthiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil englandil sthree vipani thozhil niyantrikkunnathinaayi thozhilaallivarga purushanmaarude pinthunayode oru pracharanam nadannu. athupole, vivaahasesham sthreekale joliyil earppeduthunnathu thadayunna niyamangal ulppede amerikkayil sthreekalude thozhilinum nirodhanamund. jappan polulla chila rajyangalil, sthreekalude thozhil allengil vivahita sthreekalude thozhil vipaniyil ippozhum chila kwaattakalundu. vivaahavipanikal sthreekalude thozhil pankaalitthatthe engane swaadheenikkunnuvennu shoshana grossbard ezhuthiyittundu.
kudumbatthil theerumaanamedukkal.
kudumbatthinullil thozhilaallikale anuvadikkunna kaaryatthil saambathika vidagtharkku theerumaanamedukkunnathinu vyathyastha maathrkakalundu. veettil theerumaanamedukkunna oraal maathrame ulloo ennu chilar anumaanikkunnu. kudumbathalavan paropakaariyaanenkil, mattu kudumbaamgangalude prayojanam kanakkileduthu oru theerumaanam edukkumbol addehathinu kurachu samthrupthi labikkum. kudumbatthile theerumaanamedukkunnayaalu paropakaaravum veettile mattu amgangalkku gunam cheiyumennu gaari becker vaadikkunnu, kaaranam paropakaaratthinte falamaayi addeham mattu amgangalude nettangal kanakkileduthu thante theerumaanangal edukkum. ithu cheiyunnathiloode avan avare kudumbatthinullil sookshikkukayum kudumbatthinu kooduthal sambhavana nalkaanulla avarude sannadhatha vardhippikkukayum cheyyum. bekarude cheenja kuttikalude sidhaantham anusarichu, kudumbamgangalil oraal mattoru kudumbaamgatthe upadravikkaan aagrahichaalum, kudumbatthile paropakaraparamaaya theerumaanamedukkunnayaal aaa amgathe matte amgathe upadravikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnu. eee saahacharyathil, oru paropakaara theerumaanamedukkunnayaal kudumbatthinte varumanam vardhikkunnathiloode cheenja kuttikk labhikkuna prayojanam, thaan asooyappedunna kudumbaamgatthinu nalkunna doshathil ninnu labhikkuna upayogathekkaal kooduthalaayirikkum. ennirunnaalum, bekarude paropakaara maathruka polulla theerumaanamedukkal maathrkakal veettile oru amgam edukkunna theerumaanangal mattu amgangalkkaayi srishtikkunna samgharshangal kanakkiledukkunnilla.
atharam samgharshangal kanakkiledukkumbol veedinullile theerumaanamedukkal engane thudaraam ennathil shradha kendreekarikkunna maathrkakal vilapeshal maathrkakal aanu. eee maathrkakal gruhanirmmaana theerumaanangal edukkunnathu vilapeshal prakriyayiloodeyaanennu anumaanikkunnu. bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaar thammilulla vilapeshalino maathaapithaakkalum kuttikalum thammilulla vilapeshalino avaa baadhakamaan. oru theerumaanatthinte phalam oru kakshikk kooduthal prayojanam nalkukayum badal theerumaanam mattoru kakshikk kooduthal nettamundaakkukayum cheythaal samgharshangal undaakunnu. amartya senninte abhipraayathil chila sandarbhangalil vilapeshal ejantumaarkku kudumbatthinu nalkunna saambathika sambhaavanakalekkuricho avarude thaalpparyangalekkuricho sariyaaya dhaarana undakanamennilla. eee saadhyathayude adisthaanathil addeham vilapeshal phalangale badhikkunna rund gadakangal koodi cherkkunnu "sambhavanayekkurichulla dhaarana", "swaartha thaalpparyathekkurichu dhaarana". oru vyakthikk kudumbatthinu nalkia sambhaavanakalude moolyathekkurichu nannayi bodhamundengil vilapeshal prakriyayil avante allengil avalude shakti vardhikkum. seen parayunnathanusarichu, sthreekal vipani jolie cheyyumbol avarude vilapeshal shakti mechappedum, bhaagikamaayi sambhavana swaartha thaalpparyatheyum kurichulla mikacha daaranakal kaaranam. thalphalamaayi, edutha theerumaanangal sthreekalkku kooduthal gunam cheyyum. udaaharanathinu, lokathinte chila bhaagangalile janasamkhyayile sthreekalude kuravu ("kaanathaaya sthreekal" prashnam) vishadeekarikkaan seen eee vilapeshal chattakkood prayogichu shambalamulla jolikalil avarude parimithamaaya pankaalittham kanakkileduthu sthreekalkku veettil vilapeshal shakti durbalamaanu, purushanmarumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol veettinullil vibhavangal (bhakshanam, paricharanam, aarogya labhyatha) kooduthal parimithamaanu, athinaal sthreekal vipani jolikalil kooduthal pankedukkunna lokathinte mattu bhaagangale apekshichu athijeevikkaan saadhyatha kuravaanu.
mattullavar ippozhum kudumbamgangale swatantra vyakthigatha theerumaanamedukkunnavaraayi maathrkayaakkunnu, avar kudumbam roopeekarikkunnathinu munbu theerumaanangal eduthirikkaam.
prathyulppaadanam sambandhicha theerumaanam.
prathyulpaadana theerumaanavum varumanavumaayulla bandhavum aadyamaayi charcha cheythath maalthasaanu. prathyulpaadana theerumaanangalkku malthus rund gadakangal nalkki aadyathethu aalukal vivaham kazhikkunna praayavum randaamathethu vivahita dambathikal ethra thavana laingika pravarthanangalil earppedunnu ennathaanu. gaari becker eee vishayam kooduthal charcha cheiyunnu.
varumaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla kuttikalude alavinekkurichum gunanilavaarathekkurichum gaari becker samsaarikkunnu. uyarnna varumanam kuttikalundakanulla theerumaanathilekku nayikkunnuvenna daaranayundu, ennaal phalabhooyishtatha varumanavumaayi prathikoolamaayi bandhappettirikkunnavum iva randum thammil saambathika bandhamillennum padanangal kandethiyittundu. saambathikashaasthrathil varumaanathinteyum prathyulpaadanakshamathayudeyu prathyaaghaathangal nannayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnathinu, becker rund anumanangal nadathunnu mungananakalum alavum gunanilavaaravum. gunanilavaaramillathe, kuttikale oru thaazhnna nanmayayi kanakkakkaam. ennirunnaalum, nirvachanamanusarichu, kuttikalkk adutha pakarakkarilla. alavilum gunanilavaarathilum varumaanathinte ilaasthikathayude nilavaaram nirnnayikkaan becker vyathyastha thaarathamyangal upayogichu. varumanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, alavinu ilaasthikatha kuravaanennum gunanilavaaram uyarnna elaasthikathayullathaanennum addeham kandethi. janana niyanthranatthinte aamukham prathyulpaadana theerumaanangaleyum aasoothrithamallaatha garbhadhaaranavumaayi bandhapetta prasnangal laghookarikkunnathineyum valareyadhikam baadhichu. gulikayude naveekaranam sthreekalkku vivaahitharaayirikkumbol thanne avarude currier pinthudaraan vazhiyorukki. garbhanirodhana marggangal kudumbangalumayulla theerumaanamedukkalinte vyapthiyum vardhippichu. gulika rund theerumaanangalum thammil verthirikkaan anuvadichu eppol vivaham kazhikkanam, ethra thavana laingika pravarthanangalil earppedanam ennathinethudarnnu avar neritta prathyaaghaathangalonnumal. munbu, thozhilmekhalayile sthreekalude kuravinu kaaranamakunna aasoothrithamallaatha garbham ozhivakkaan sthreekal laingika pravarthanangalil ninnu, vivahangalil polum vittunilkkum. kuttikalundaakunnath thozhilmekhalayile sthreekalude purogathiye thadassappeduthunnu. shishukkale paripalikkaan avar thozhil mekhalayil ninnu samayam mattivekkukayum madangiyethiyaal avarkk shambalathil kuravundaakukayum venam. eppozhaanu oru kunjinu janmam nalkendathu enna theerumaanam kudumbatthinullil pradhaanamaan, koodaathe pariganikkenda mattu niravadhi gadakangalundu.
prathyulppaadanakshamathaye bisinesses chakrangalum baadhichekkaam. prathyulppaadanakshamathayum bisinesses chakravum thammil oru negatteevu parasparabandhamund.
vivaahangaludeyum vivaahamochanangaludeyum prathyaaghaathangal.
iruvarum chernnu avivaahitharaayirikkunnathi aanukoolyam kaviyumbozhaanu vivahangal nadakkunnathennu becker charcha cheiyunnu. gaarhika uthppaadanathinullile thozhil vibhajanavum iva randum thammil thaarathamyappeduthaavunna nettam aarkkaanenn theerumaanikkunnathum nettatthinu kaaranamakaam. orikkal avivaahitar nalkiyirunna chelavukal ippol rund aalukalkkidayil vibhajikkaamenna ardhathil vivahangal kooduthal nettam nalkunnu. ithu rund perkkum mumbathethinekkaal kuranja chelavu srishtikkunnu. ulppaadana nilavaaratthe apekshichu rund perr uthppaadippichathinaal chelavu laabhikkunnath vardhichathinaal ippol sambadvyavasthayude thoth vardhikkum. vivahangal sambadvyavasthaye badhikkunnu, kaaranam avaa ippol thozhil vibhajanam srishtikkunnu. vivaahitharaayikkazhinjaal, eathu pankaaliyaanu veettil thaamasikkunnath kooduthal prayojanakaramaakunnathennum eathu pankaaliyaanu jolie cheiyunnathennaannennum avar theerumaanikkanam. veettujolikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vipaniyil chelavazhikkunna samayam oronnilum aarkkaan thaarathamyaparamaaya nettam ennu theerumaanikkum. vipaniyilekku ethra thozhilaallikal nalkanamennu rund vyakthikalum pradhaanamaayum theerumaanikkunnu. vivaahachelavukal chelaveriyathayirikkaam. oru valia theerumaanam edukkunnathinu munbu rund vyakthikalum varumaanavum avarude saambathika sthithiyum pariganikkendathu pradhaanamaan. thozhil vpaniye nokkumbol santhulithaavasthayilaanu vivaham sambhavikkunnath. thozhilaallikalude aavasyathinum vitharanathinum atheethamaaya enthum vivaahamochanathinulla avasaram nalkum.
vidyaabhyaasa nilavaaram vardhichathode vivaahamochanathinulla saadhyatha kuranju. vivaahamochanathilekku nayichathaayi orikkal theliyikkapetta mattu gadakangale adisthaanamaakkiyaanu aalukal ippol theerumaanamedukkunnathu. avayil chilathil vidyaabhyaasa nilavaravum varumaanathile vyathyaasangalum ulppedunnu. vivaahangalude aanukoolyangalum athu vardhichukondirikkumbum vivaahamochana nirakkum vardhichu. thaazhnna varumaanamullavarilaan ithu kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath. ennirunnaalum, ningal eathu kaazhchappadineyaanu nokkunnathu ennathine aashrayich vivaahamochanam moshamalla. moonnaam kakshikalude kaazhchappaad nokkiyaal vivaahamochanam sambadvyavasthaye sahayikkunnu. vivaahamochanathil earppettirikkunna dambathikalkku avaa chelaveriyathaanenkilum avar abhibhaashakarkkum mattu kakshikalkkum thozhil avasarangal thurakkunnu.

