ruff bahumathikalum

16-aamm noottaandilum 17-aamm noottaandilum janapriyamaayirunna oru engleesh trick taking card geyimaayirunnu ruff aandu oonars, ruff aandu trump allengil slam; pathinettaam noottaandil ithu visi upayogichu marikadakkappettu.
charithram.
1674-leeii chaals kottaninte "dhii komplatt gamester" ll ruff oonarukalum ulppeduthiyittundu, avide ithu englandinte ellah bhagangalilum saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedunnu. aaa samayat randle cottgrave eee peru trumpinte paryayam maathramaanennu karuthi. eee geyim slam ennum ariyappettirunnu, janapriyamallaatha oru roopathe vist ennu vilichirunnu, ithu francis villuggi vivaricha rafumaayum trumpumaayum adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu.
ruff oonarukalum illaathe lalithamaaya oru trick taking geyim neratthe undaayirunnuvennu villoby anumaanichu. franch geyim oof triumphinte (madhya engleesh "vijayam" → aadhunika engleesh "trump") pingamiyaanu ruff oonarukalum ennu cavendish mattullavarum parayunnu. franch ruff ennariyappettirunna engleesh veriyantaaya triumph, oru hraswa deck, oru upp-taind trump card upayogichu anchu card geyimaayirunnu, ithu pankaalitthatthilo allengil 2-7 kalikkarkkoppam ottaykku kalichu. engleeshil "vijayam" enna card geyiminekkurichulla aadya paramarsham 1522-ll franch pusthakatthinte vivarthanamaan. englandil kalicha "vijayothsavathe" kurichulla aadya paramarsham 1529-ll hyoog laattimar nadatthiya oru prabhaashanathilaanu. triumfinecurichulla aadya paramarsham 1480-kalil francilake pookunnu.
ronfa ennariyappedunna 15-aamm noottaandile oru avyaktha itaaliyan geyimil ninnaan ruff uthbhavichath, orupakshe 1458-ll aadyamaayi rekhappeduthappetta ronflinu thulyamaaya franch bhaashayiloode engleesh bhashayil praveshichirikkaam-avide munbu pikvettu geyimil undaayirunnathupole "pooyint" ennaanu ardham. pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathode, engleesh kalikkaarude ashayakkuzhappam kaaranam, ruff athinte engleesh ardham "tuu trump" nedi.
savisheshathakal.
kottaninte "ruff aandu oonars", villabbiyude samanamaaya "ruff aandu trump" ennivayil ninnaan geyim punarnirmmichirikkunnathu.

