aafrikkan naashanal kongrasinte 48-aamath deseeya sammelanam

aafrikkan naashanal kongras (enn. sii.) yude 48-aamath deseeya sammelanam 1991 juulai 2 muthal 7 vare darbanile durban-westwille sarvakalashaalayil nadannu, kwasulu-naattal (annathe naattal pravishya). 1960ll varnnavivechana sarkkar samghadanaye nirodhikkukayum 1967 muthal olivar tambo nadathiyirunna nelson mandelayude aank presidensiyilekku aarohanam adayaalappeduthukayum cheythathinusheshamulla aankiyude aadya deseeya sammelanamaayirunnu ithu.
prathyekichum, sammelanam trade unionist siril ramaphosa sekrattari generalayi thiranjedukkukayum niravadhi aikya janaadhipathya munnaniye enn. sii. deseeya executive kammittiyilekku thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. 1990 muthal dakshinaafrikkaykkullil niyamaparamaaya gadanakal punasthaapikkaan thudangiya aankiyude angathwa aditharayude thudarchayaaya vishaalathayude prathifalanamaayaanu aaa maattam eduthathu. munbu naadukadatthappettirunna aansiyude aasthaanathe aansiyude aabhyanthara bhoogarbhavum aduthide mochitharaaya rashtreeya thadavukaarumaayi (mandela polullava) samyojippikkunnathinop varnnavivechanathinethiraya aabhyanthara pooraattatthinte mattu gadakangalum ulppeduthunnathaayirunnu ithil ulppettirunnathu. linga kwata nalkaanulla aank womens leaginte nirddesham vivaadaparamaayi pinvalikkappettenkilum sammelanam samghadanaykkaayi oru puthiya bharanaghadana amgeekarichu. 
janaadhipathya bhavikkulla janangalude shakti" enna prameyathinu keezhil nadanna konfaransil varnnavivechanam avasanippikkunnathinulla charchakalil samghadanayude nayathekkurichu theerumaanangal eduthu, athil aansiyude sayudha vibhagamaaya umkhondo vii sis veye yuddha sannadhathayode nilanirthaanulla theerumaanavum ulppedunnu. sammelanathile prathinidhikal dakshinaafrikkayile varnnavivechanaanthara gavanmentinulla praadhamika naya nirddeshangalum roopappeduthi. vaasthavathil, 48-aamath deseeya sammelanathinum 1994-leeii adutha thiranjeduppinum edayilulla moonnu varshathinullil, raajyathe aadyathe janaadhipathya thiranjeduppil aank bhooripaksham nedukayum deseeya presidentaayi mandelayude keezhil oru sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. 
pashchaathalam.
pashchaathalam 1990 februveric idayil dakshinaafrikkan sarkkar aafrikkan naashanal kongras (enn. sii.) nirodhichu. aaa moonnu pathittaandukalil, aan. sii. pradhaanamaayum sambiayile luzaka aasthaanamulla naadukadatthal aasthaanamaakki, athinte pathiv bharana nadapadikramangalil ninnu vyathichalichu prathyekichum, athu athinte neethrthwathe thiranjedukkukayum vaarshika deseeya konfaransukalil nayaparamaaya theerumaanangal edukkukayum cheythilla, marichu nilavile neethrthwathinte nyayamaaya "adhock" adisthaanathil bharichu. naadukadatthappetta kaalayalavil, samghadana moonnu "consultative" konfaransukal nadatthi 1969-ll morogoroyilum 1985-ll simbabweyilum 1990-ll johannasburgilum. 1985-ll simbabweyil maathramaan amgathvam athinte nethaakkale thiranjedutthathu, athuvare acting prasidantaayirunna olivar tamboyude presidency sthireekarikkunnathiloode ulppede. 1990-ll dakshinaafrikkayil nadanna johannesburg sammelanam 1990-nuu sesham aadyamaayi nadannuvenkilum pradhana theerumaanangal edukkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum simbabweyil thiranjedukkappetta neethrthwathinte ghadanaye veendum sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. 
athinaal 48-aamath deseeya sammelanam oru puthiya neethrthwathe thiranjedukkunnathil mathramalla, varnnavivechanam avasanippikkunnathinulla charchakalil aansiyude thanthrathekkurichu theerumaanamedukkunnathilum janadhipathyaparamaaya theerumaanamedukkalinte munkaala maanadandathilekkulla thirichuvaravaayirunnu. 1990 februvari muthal, dakshinaafrikkaykkullil amgangalkkaayi niyamaparamaaya gadanakal punasthaapikkunnathinekkum samghadana theerumaanichirunnu, varnnavivechanathinethiraya aabhyanthara prasthaanatthinte gadakangalumaayi naadukadatthappetta aansiyude amgathvathe samyojippikkunna oru prakriya-aansiyude aantharika bhoogarbha prasthaanam mathramalla, bahujana janaadhipathya prasthaanavum (emm. dii. emm) aikya janaadhipathya munnaniyum (yuu. dii. eph) trade unionukalum ulppedeyulla athinte ghadaka samghadanakalum-koodaathe aduthide mochitharaaya rashtreeya thadavukaarum, rivonia trialistukal ulppede ennaal athil maathram parimithappedaathe. konfaransinte samayat, 760,000 aalukalude rajisterdu amgathvam enn. sii report cheythu; konfaransile prathinidhikalil palarum sharashari 34 vayass praayamulla yuvaakkalaayirunnu. 
aafrikkan aikya samghadana, varnnavivechanathinethiraya aikyaraashtrasabhayude prathyeka samiti, vividha idathupaksha rashtreeya partykal thudangiya 92 videsha samghadanakalude prathinidhikal ulppede 57 rajyangalil ninnulla 450 videsha athidhikal sammelanathil pankedutthathaayi anc report cheythu. raajyathinte mattu pradeshangalil ninnulla ensie prathinidhikalkkidayil, ensie-sakhyakakshikalum incata-sakhyakakshikalum thammilulla sameepakaala rashtreeya akramatthinte prabhavakendramaayirunna naattaal pravisyayil koodikkazhchayekkurichu chila aashankakal undaayirunnu.
udghaadana sammelanam.
janaadhipathya bhavikkulla janangalude shakti" ennathaayirunnu sammelanathinte vishayam, durban-westwille sarvakalaashaalayile konfarans haal swaathanthrya charteril ninnulla mudraavaakyangal kaanikkunna baanarukalaal alankarikkappettu. juulai 2 nuu, anthaaraashtra varnnavivechana virudha prasthaanatthinte aarch bishop trever huddleston nadatthiya praarthanayode oru prathinidhi nireekshichathupole, konfaransinte udghaadana sammelanam vaiki aarambhichu. oru strock moolam tumpo durbalamaayathinaal addehathinte deputy nelson mandelayumaayi samyukthamaayi nalkia aank presidentinte rashtreeya reportodeyaanu sammelanam neratthe aarambhichath. 1960 muthal pravaasatthilaayirunna aankiyude pravarthanangalekkurichu tumpo oru avalokanam nalki, athesamayam varnnavivechanathil ninnu dakshinaafrikkayude thudarchayaaya parivartthanatthil "nammude bahubhooripaksham janangaludeyum abhilaashangalude shekharam" enna nilayil aankiyude punk mandela prathiphalippichu. 
thiranjeduppu nadapadikramangal.
konfaransile 2,244 votting prathinidhikal aank amgathvathinte moonnu pradhana vibhaagangale prathinidheekarichu dakshinaafrikkaykkullil puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya aabhyanthara pradeshangal; thekkan aafrikkayileyum padinjaaran rajyangalileyum baahya pradeshangal, umkhondo vii siswe (emm. keey), vanita leag, yoothu leag enniva ulppede; aankkinte pradhana vakuppukaludeyum vividha anthaaraashtra offeesukaludeyum mukhya prathinidhikal. mattu ensie vakuppukalil ninnum udfil ninnum ensiyude trikakshi sakhyakakshikalaya dakshinaafrikkan communist party (sack), kongras oof southu aafrikkan trade unionukal ennivayil ninnum ulppede 117 noonn-votting prathinidhikalum sannihitharaayirunnu.
konfaransinte abhyarthana maanich-orupakshe konfaransinte phalangalil ganyamaaya anthaaraashtra thaalparyam kaaranam-konfaransil nadanna ellah thiranjeduppukalum dakshinaafrikkayile swatantra madhyastha sevanamaanu samghadippichathu, swatantra nireekshakarude melnottathilaayirunnu. oru divasatholam rahasya baalattiloodeyaanu avaa nadannathu. varnnavivechana sanbradaayathinte parimithamaaya vamseeya vottavakaasham kanakkileduthu, sammelanathekkurichulla prasthavanayil pinneedu enn. sii. choondikkaanichathupole, mikka prathinidhikalum munbu eee reethiyil vottu cheythitilla.
neethrthwa thiranjeduppu.
oru divasam neenduninna rahasya baalattin sesham juulai 6 avasaanathode prakhyaapicha neethrthwa thiranjeduppinte phalangal iprakaaramaayirunnu (vijayikalaaya sthaanaarthikal boldil):
sekrattari generalayi siril ramaphosa thiranjedukkappettathu prathyeka shradha nedukayum aankiyude puthiya dishayudeyum amgathvam maarunnathinteyum pratheekamaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu; khanithozhilaalikalude deseeya yooniyante nethaavenna nilayil konfaransil pankeduttha oru aabhyanthara pravartthakanaayirunnu ramaphosa. ramaphosayude jeevacharithrakaaran parayunnathanusarichu, sack neethrthwam addehathe eee sthaanathekku malsarikkaan prothsaahippichirunnu. thiranjeduppu prakhyaapichappol prathinidhikal addehathe tholil chumannu vediyilekku kondupoyi. mattu nethaakkal kooduthal parambaraagatha aank niyojakamandalangale prathinidheekarichu mandela walter sisuluvum aank stalvaarttukalum roban dveepile pramukha rashtreeya thadavukaarumaayirunnu, athesamayam tambo thomas encobie naadukadatthappetta aankkinte nilavile nethaakkalaayirunnu, jacob suma emm. keey. yumayi bandhappettirunnu. mandela prasidantiyilekkulla aarohanam apratheekshithamaayirunnil 1989ll tamboik masthishkaaghaatham sambhavikkukayum 1990ll jayilil ninnu mochithanaayappol mandela aank deputy presidentiyum thamboyude pala chumathalakalum ettedukkukayum cheythu. puthuthayi srishticha oru sthaanamaayirunnu tambo thiranjedukkappetta chairman sthaanam. 
jayilil kazhinjappol prayamaayathum aarogyanila moshavumaaya sizulu maadhyamapravarthakarodu paranju, "njaan nayikkunna aalukal oru prathyeka sthaanam ettedukkaan aagrahikkunnuvenkil, njaan madikkunnundenkilum, njaan athu cheyyum". yuvathalamurayile nethaakkalkkidayil-prathyekichu thamboyude anuyayiyaaya tabo mbeki sack, emm. keey nethaavaaya kriss haniyum thammilulla kadutha malsaram ozhivakkunnathinaayi deputy presidency sweekarikkaan addehathe prerippichathaayi reportund. vaasthavathil, aankiyude praadeshika shaakhakal thiranjeduttha deputy presidensikkulla prarambha naamanirddeshangalil sizulu, haari gwala enniva mathramalla, mbeki, haani, suma ennivayum ulppedunnu-ennirunnaalum, aarr. dablyu. jonson, imkaatha nethaavu mangosuthu boothelessy sumayude sthaanaarthithvathe parasyamaayi pinthunachuvenna vastutha addehathinte saadhyathakale sahayikkunnathinupakaram doshakaramaayi. sizulu, firebrand gwala enniva ozhikeyulla ellah naamanirddeshakarum malsarathil ninnu pinmaran prerippikkappettu. 
mandalayude muun bhaarya vinni madikisela-mandalayude swaadheenam kurayunnuvennu soochippikkaanaanu neethrthwa thiranjeduppu phalangal eduthathu. football klabbinte" perumaattam kaaranam emm. dii. emm.-nte madikisela-mandelayude pothu "bahishkarana" thumaayi ramaphosa bandhappettirunnu, avarude rakshadhikaariyum priyappetta sthaanaarthiyumaaya alfred enso rund vottukalil parajayappettu.
deseeya executive kammitti thiranjeduppu.
munnirayilulla aarr nethaakkale thiranjedutthathinethudar, deseeya executive kammittiyile (enisi) mattu ambathu amgangal-ensiyude unnatha executive oorgan-130 naamanirddeshangalude pattikayil ninnu thiranjedukkappettu. thaazhepparayunna sthaanaarthikalkku ettavum kooduthal vottukal labhichu
kammittiyude ghadana veendum samghadanayude aditharayude vishaalathaye prathinidheekarichu pramukha yuu. dii. eph pravartthakar thiranjeduppu phalangalil uyarnna rank nedi, avaril theevravaada lecota, steevu shwett, poppo molef, cheryl carolus, trevor maanuval ennivar ulppedunnu. saakkile amgathvam rahasyamaayi thudarunnathinaal avarude aanupaathikamaaya vihitam vilayiruthunnathu saadhyamallengilum niravadhi sack amgangalum uyarnna raankilaayirunnu. 
theerumaanangal.
pleanary seshanukalkkidayil, praadhaanyamulla vividha nayaparamaaya vishayangal charcha cheyyaan niyogikkappetta kammeeshanukalude yogangalil prathinidhikal pankedutthu. pradhana commissionukal aansiyude "thanthrangalum thanthrangalum" ulkkollunnu; sarkkarumaayulla charchakal; anthaaraashtra nayam; emm. keey.; aansiyude samghadanaa vikasanam; aansiyude bharanaghadana. pinneedulla kammeeshan samghadanayude karadu bharanaghadana charcha cheyyukayum athu pleanary amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, varnnavivechanaanthara gavanmentinaayi vidyaabhyaasavum deseeya bharanaghadanayum polulla praadhamika naya nirddeshangal roopeekaricha sessionukalil prathinidhikal pankedutthu.
charchakalum sayudha poraattavum.
kuranjathu kuranjathu madhyam muthal, ooppareshan vulayekkurichulla charchayil prathiphalichathupole, varnnavivechanam charchayiloode avasanippikkunnathinulla saadyathayekkurichum sayudha pooraattatthe oru pinnoca sthaanamaayi nilanirthaan niraayudeekaranam ozhivaakkano enna chodyathekkurichum aansinteyum saakkinteyum unnatha neethrthwam oru charchayil kudungi. 1991 aayappozhekkum varnnavivechanam avasanippikkunnathinulla gauravameriya charchakal nadakkukayum 1990 augustil nadanna pretoria minittil emm. keey. yude aabhimukhyathil nadanna sayudha poraattam thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkaan aank prathijnjaabadhamaavukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 48-aamath konfaransinte samayat, rajyath nadannukondirikkunna rashtreeya akramathe sarkkar anuvadikkukayo prothsaahippikkukayo cheiyumenna aank neethrthwathinte vishwaasam kaaranam deseeya party sarkkarumaayulla charchakal nilachu. konfaransile prathinidhikal eee samshayathodu yojichu moonnaam shakti sidhaanthathinte aadyakaala aavishkaarathil, akramathe "viplava virudha" vum "samsthaana ejansikal nadathiyathum" ennu konfarans visheshippichu. angane varnnavivechanam samaadhaanaparamaayi avasaanippikkanulla aankiyude prathibaddhatha sammelanam aavarthichu, ennaal raajyathinullil emm. keey. gadanakal nilanirthaanum vipuleekarikkanum theerumaanichu. mattu karyangalkkoppam, aansiyude udyogasthareyum swathukkaleyum samrakshikkunnathum "samadhaanavum sthirathayum" samrakshikkunnathum aayi athu emkeyude pankine visheshippichu; "oru janaadhipathya bharanaghadana sweekarikkunnathuvare ensie emke nilanirthukayum vikasippikkukayum cheyyum, koodaathe emke kedarukale samyojippikkunna oru puthiya prathirodha senayude roopeekaranavum undaakum. atharamoru ghattathil athunnathuvare chalanatthinte upakaranangal bharanakoodathinu keezhadakkaan paadilla. emm. keey. nirantharamaaya poratta sannadhathayil thudarum."
rashtreeya akramathekkurichulla konfaransinte aashanka aathyanthikamayi 1991 septambaril ulkkollapettu. aansiyude adisthaanaparamaaya charchaa nilapaadinte adisthaanathil, oru idakkaala sarkkarinum oru vyakthi, oru vottinte adisthaanathil thiranjedukkappedunna oru bharanaghadanaa assemblic vendiyulla aansiyude nilavilulla aavasyangal sammelanam aavarthichu.
nirddishta linga kwata.
sannihitharaya prathinidhikal parayunnathanusarichu, sammelanathinte ettavum chooderiya charcha juulai 3 nuu uchathirinju nadannu, samghadanayude puthiya bharanaghadanayil anukoolamaaya pravartthana thathwam ulppeduthaanulla nirddesham sabha charcha cheythu. ithu aazhchayude avasaanathil thiranjeduppu nadathunnathine nerittu badhikkum, kaaranam vanita leag ellah thalangalilum thiranjedukkappetta sthaanangalude muppath sathamaanam sthreekalkkaayi samvaranam cheiyunna linga kwaattaykkaayi lobying nadathukayaayirunnu-athinaal, enisiyile ambathu seettukalil pathinanju ulppede. eee nirddesham sthaanamozhiyunna enisi, karadu bharanaghadana ezhuthiya bharanaghadanaa samiti, ellah praadeshika shaakhakalum oru anthar-praadeshika varkshoppil amgeekarichirunnu; ennaal, konfaransil thanne, bharanaghadanaa commissionile prathinidhikal kwata karadil ninnu ozhivaakkanamenn nirddeshichu. prathinidhikal eee vishayathil aaveshakaramaaya oru charcha nadatthi udaaharanathinu, freen ginwala kwata shakthamayi prathirodhichu, athesamayam theevravaada lecota athu meritocratic virudhamaakumennu vaadichu. chodyam oduvil oru vottingilekku pooyi, pakshe vanita leag vottil ninnu vittunilkkumennu oru prathinidhi prakhyaapichappol athu thadassappettu-kwata pinthunaykkunnavar choondikkaanichathu, innuvare anukoolamaaya nadapadiyude abhavam kaaranam, konfaransilekkulla prathinidhikalil pathinezh sathamaanam maathrame sthreekalaayirunnulloo, athinaal oru vottu prashnamulla prashnam nilanirthaan saadhyathayund. prathinidhikal thangalude sthaanangalkku anukoolamaayi paadaanum prakadanam nadatthaanum thudangiyathode yogam thakarnnu. 
oru prathinidhi oorthathupoole, "shouchaalayangalilum sigarattinekkurichum athaazhasamayathu puratthumulla tharkkangal thudarnnu", sthreekal athaazha samayat oru prathyeka cocus nadatthi. vaikunneram sammelanam veendum chernnappol, purathaakkappedunna deputy presidentaayi mandela, vithaykkal vibhajanam ozhivakkaan vottinupakaram prathinidhikal oru vittuveezhchayil athanamennu abhyarthichu. eee nirddeshathodu prathinidhikal apahaasyathode prathikarichenkilum, ithu janaadhipathyavirudhamaanenna kanakkakki, mandela oru vottinte pradhana vakthaakkale-avaril lecota-pinmaran bodhyappedutthi. leegukalude neethrthwavum enisiyum ottaraathrikond koodikkaazhcha nadatthi; raavile, vanita leag president gertrude shope, kazhinja divasathe votteduppu thadassappettathil kshama chodikkukayum leag vittuveezhcha cheyyaan sammathichathayi parayukayum cheythu. kwata vyavastha bharanaghadanayil ninnu illaathaakkiyenkilum linga asanthulithaavastha pariharikkunnathinayi anweshikkaanum kriyaathmaka nadapadikal sweekarikkaanum enn. sii. yeei prathijnjaabadhamaakkunna oru vakupp chertthu. ellah ansie elective gadanakalilum sthreekalude 30 sathamaanam praathinidhyathe badhikkunna prameyam vanita leag pinvalichenkilum, prasthaanatthil mothatthil sthreekalude thulyavum poornnavumaaya pankaalittham urappakkunnathinulla kriyathmakamaaya nadapadiyude thathwam sammelanam poornnamaayum amgeekarikkukayum ithu phalapradamaakkunnathinulla uchithamaaya samvidaanangal nirnnayikkanamenn oonnipparayukayum cheythu.eee saahacharyathil, mukalil prathiphalippichathupole, aazhchayude avasaanathil thiranjedukkappettathu enisi seettukalude anchil oru bhaagathil thaazhe maathramaan sthreekal thiranjedukkappettathu, aadya aarr sthaanangalilekku oru sthriyeyum naamanirddesham cheythilla. 
samapana sammelanam.
juulai 6 nuu, embekkiyude neethrthwathilulla uparodhangalekkurichulla oru session ulppede ratri muzhuvan pleanary yogam cherunnu. puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta aarr. sii. president mandela pularche 5:30-nuu sammelanam samaapichu.emm. juulai 7 njaayarazhcha; thante avasana prasamgatthil, manushyathvathinte svarnnamaaya svarnnam, ooshmalatha, janaadhipathya manobhaavam, sahishnutha, ellaattinumupariyaayi boudhikamaaya thilakkam ennivayaal munnott pookaanulla vazhi thurannathaayi addeham visheshippicha thamboikku addeham adaranjali arppichu, athu oduvil eee raajyathe vamsheeyavaadikale marikadannu. theerchayaayum, sakhaakkale, oru pooraattatthinum oru vyakthiye aashrayikkaan kazhiyilla. poraattam adisthaanaparamaayi oru koottaaya kaaryamaan. ennaal oro niyamathinum apavaadangalundu, pravaasatthinte avasaanathe 30 varshangalude charithram nokkumbol, aaa sakhaavineyo allengil aaa apavaadatheyo kurichu chinthikkaan oraal pralobhippikkappettam.prathinidhikal samaapanathil "nossi sikelel aphrica" enna gaanam aalapichu. nammude rajyathinum lokathinum vendiyulla nammude koottaaya sandeshamaayi" sammelanam amgeekaricha prakhyapanam dakshinaafrikkayile aadyakaala parivartthana kaalaghattatthinte pratheekshaye prathifalippikkunnu nyoonapaksha aadhipathyam avasaanippikkaanum janaadhipathyathinteyum samadhaanathinteyum oru yugathinu thudakkamidaanumulla nammude neenda pooraattatthinte avasana ghattam aarambikkaan nammude raajyavum aviduthe janangalum thayyaaredukkunna samayathaan enn. sii. yude eee 48-aamath deseeya sammelanam varunnath. swaathanthryam, saamoohika neethi, janadhipathyam, samadhaanam ennivaykkulla janangalude prathekshakal eee noottaandile mattethoru kaalathekkaalum uyarnnathaan. janangalude poraattangaludeyum thyaagangaludeyum falamaayi, verukkapetta velutha aadhipathya sambradaayam anthimamaayi unmoolanam cheiyunnathinulla nimisham aarambhichu. nammude raajyathinteyum aviduthe janangaludeyum bhaaviyekkurichulla oreyoru yadhaartha prateeksha maanushika moolyangalil adhishtithamaaya oru janaadhipathya samoohathinte srishtiyilaanennu njangalkk bodhyamundu. eee moolyangal-janangalude, janangalude, janangalkulla gavanment-velutha aadhipathyathinte svechaadhipathyathinethir nammude dasalakshakkanakkinu janangalude thyagangalkku nandi paranju nammude rajyath nilanirthappedukayum athijeevikkukayum cheythu... swaathanthrya charteril ulppeduthiyittulla aikyavum vamsheeyamallathathum lingabhedamillaathathum janaadhipathyaparavumaaya dakshinaafrikkayude thathwangal paalikkunnathine njangal aavarthikkunnu. 

