
angola adimatham

pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal angolayil adimatham nilaninnirunnu, porchugal innathe raajyathinte vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagath thamasikkunna aalukalumayi bandham sthaapikkukayum theerathu niravadhi vyapara posttukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. imbangala, mubundu thudangiya avaril palarum noottaandukalaayi sajeevamaaya adimakkachavadakkaaraayirunu (aafrikkan adimakkachavadam kaanuka). pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil, porchugal saamraajyathinte paryavekshakar luvandayude kottaketta vaasasthalavum pinneedu kwansa nadiyileyum atlaantik theerathum thekk bengwela vare cheria vyapara posttukalum kottakalum sthaapichu. avarude vyapara pravartthanangalude pradhana ghadakam atlaantik adimakkachavadathil kanatha pankaalitthamaayirunnu. 1836ll porchugees adhikaarikal adimakkachavadam nirthalaakki.
charithram.
vyapaaravum vijayavum.
porchugees saamrajyam angola mubundu janataye keezhadakki, praadeshika sambadvyavasthaye atlaantik adimakkachavadathil ulppeduthi. 1610-ll porchugees nadathunna luvaanda jesuit kolejinte thalavanaaya friar luis brando, thaddesheeya angolan adimathathinte niyamasaadhuthaye chodyam cheytha oru jesuitinu ezhuthi, "njangal naalpat varshamaayi ivideyundu, ivideyum brazeel pravishyayilum vyapaaram orikkalum niyamavirudhamaayi kanakkaakkaatha niravadhi pandithanmaar undaayittund."oru cheria vibhaagam thaddeshavaasikal maathrame niyamavirudhamaayi adimakalaakkappettum porchugeesukaar avare kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheythuvennum addeham paranju. 1612ll angola prathivarsham 10,000 adimakale kayattumathi cheythu. angolan adimakalilekkulla porchugalukalude praveshanam vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi porchugeesukaar 1616ll bengwela oru puthiya thuramukham nirmmichu. 1617 muthal 1621 vare, luis mendus dii vaaskonsallosinte gavarnarshippil 50,000 angolakkaare vare adimakalaakkukayum amerikkayilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. dutch adimakkachavadakkaaraaya "vergulde walk" 1660ll angolayil vitta 1,000 adimakalil 675 pere vaangi.
kuranjathu 18,19 noottaandukalil, atlaantik adimakkachavadathilekku nirbandhitharaaya adimakalude pradhana uravidamaayirunnu angola.
adimatham.
niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi, porchugees kolaniyaaya brazilumaayulla adimakkachavadam porchugees angolayil pradhanamaayirunnu; luvaanda, bengwela thuramukhangalil brazilian kappalukalaanu ettavum kooduthal. eee adimakkachavadathil praadeshika karutha vyaapaarikalum vyaapaarathil ninnu labham nediya yodhaakkalum ulppettirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil, luvaanda maarkkattilekk adimakale vitharanam cheiyunnathil imbungalar mubunduvinte pradhana athiraalikalaayi maari. 1750kalil porchugeesukaar prathivarsham 5,000 muthal 10,000 vare adimakale vittu, ithu mubundu sambadvyavasthayeyum janasamkhyayeyum nashippichu. porchugeesukaar adimakalkku pakaramaayi imbangala sainikarkk thokkukal nalki. mikacha aayudhangalumaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya imbangala sainikar oro puthiya adimayum aakramanakaarikalude mikacha sayudha senayaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedunnathinaal valare valia thothil naattukaare pidikoodukayum vilkkukayum cheythu. porchugees, imbangala sainikarude oru samyuktha seena 1618 muthal 1619 vare nongo raajyam akramikkukayum keezhadakkukayum cheythu, nongo thalasthaanamaaya kabasa uparodhikkukayum cheythu. porchugeesukaar 1619ll luvaanda thuramukhathu ninnu 36 kappalukalumayi aayirakkanakkin kabasa nivaasikale vittu, videshathu adimathottangalkkaayi nischayicha oru puthiya record sthaapichu. pathinettaam noottaandil porchugeesukaarum mattu europian shakthikalum niravadhi aafrikkan gothrangalum thammilulla yuddham kramena vyaapaarathin vazhiyorukki. valia vyapara paathakalum avaa saadhyamaakkiya karaarukalum vividha pradeshangal thammilulla pravarthanangalkku prerakashakthiyaayirunnu; yudhasamaanamaaya gotra samsthaanangal uthppaadippikkaanum vilkkanum thayyaraya samsthaanangalaayi maarunnu. plaanalttoyil (uyarnna samathalangal), ettavum pradhanappetta samsthaanangal biye, baylando ennivayaayirunnu, randaamathethu bhakshyavasthukkaludeyum rabbarinteyum ulppaadanathinu perukettathaanu. colonial sakthiyaaya porchugal, kooduthal sambannavum shakthavumaayitheernnathode, eee ayal samsthaanangalude valarchaye sahikkathirikkukayum avaye oronnaayi keezhadakkukayum cheythu, angane eee noottaandinte thudakkathil porchugeesukaarkku muzhuvan pradeshathinteyum mail poornna niyanthranam labhichu. 1764 muthal, adimathvathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla samoohathil ninnu aabhyanthara upabhogathinaayulla ulppaadanatheyum pinneedu kayattumathiyeyum adisthaanamaakkiyulla onnilekku kramena maattam vannu. 1822ll portugalil ninnu brazeel swaathanthryam nediya sesham porchugalinte videsha swathukkalile adimatham 1836ll porchugees adhikaarikal nirthalaakki.
nirbandhitha thozhil.
porchugees saamrajyam 1899-ll athinte kolanikalil udaneelam "chibalo" ennariyappedunna oru "dii juur" nirbandhitha thozhil sambradaayam aadyamaayi sthaapichu, ennaal porchugees sarkkar 1911 vare angolayil eee samvidaanam nadappaakkukayum 1913-ll athu nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. republicanmaar 1910 octoberil oru attimariyiloode maanuval randaaman raajaavine attimarichu. angola mattu nagarangalkoppam mosmedesile thozhilaallikalum nirmmaarjjanathinum manushyavalkkaranathinumaayi pracharanam nadatthi. saambathika maandyam rashtreeya maattangalkk kaaranamakumenna pratheekshayil chila pradeshangalil thozhilaallikal panimudakku prakhyaapichu. mokkameedasinte puthiya gavarnaraaya karwalhal korea henriques avarude avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkukayum thozhil parathikalkk vazhithelikkukayum cheythu. porchugees aadyathe republicaya puthiya samsthaanam nirbandhitha thozhil veendum nirthalaakkiyenkilum nirbandhitha thozhilil aasrayikkunna bisinasukalude thozhiludamakal avarude rashtreeya swaadheenam upayogichu porchugees sarkkaarine henricukale pirichuvidaan prerippichu. 1911ll porchugees sarkkar angolayil nirbandhitha thozhil veendum niyamavidheyamaakkukayum 1912 januvariyil henricukale pirichuvidukayum 1913ll eee sambradaayam veendum nirthalaakkukayum cheythu.
1926 meyy 28-leeii attimari porchugalile antonio dii olivira salasarine shaaktheekarichu. aaa varshavasaanam, porchugalile aafrikkan kolanikalile praayapoorthiyaaya, purusha thaddesheeyare jolicheyyan nirbandhikkaan colonial adhikaarikalkk nirdesham nalkikkond salazar nirbandhitha thozhil punasthaapichu. ellah varshavum aarr maasam maathrame jolie cheyyendathulloo ennu sarkkar thozhilaallikalodu paranju. praayogikamaayi, eee badhyatha nirbandhitha thozhilinte jeevaparyantham thadavaayirunnu. inii swaabhaavika niyamamaayi kanakkaakkaatha thaddeshavaasikalkkulla pouraavakaashangal oro kesinte adisthaanathil 'enna peril' sambaadikkendathundu. thaddesheeya janasamkhyayude oru sathamaanathil thaazhe aalukalkk maathrame eee padavi nedaanaayulloo. 1947 aayappozhekkum oro varshavum 40 sathamaanam thozhilaallikalum maranamadayukayum sisumarananirakku 60 shathamaanamaavukayum cheythu.
1940 aayappozhekkum angola vellakkaarude ennam janasamkhyayude 2 shathamaanamaaya naalpathinaayiramaayi uyarnnu. nirakshararum bhoorahitharumaaya eee kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum nilavilulla bhoovudamakalkku nashtapariharam nalkaathe labhyatha pariganikkathe mikacha kaarshika bhoomi eduthu. cholam, kaappi, beans enniva vilavedukkaan adhikrithar naattukaare nirbandhichu. thottangalil jolie cheyyaan thaddeshavaasikalkku "sannadhapravarthakar", "sannadhapravarthakar", allengil nirbandhitha niyamanam neridaan, prathimasam 1.5 dollarinu "contratados" aayi jolie cheyyaam. nirbandhitha thozhil sanbradaayathinte eee reethi 500,000 angolakkaare palayanam cheyyaan prerippikkukayum ithu thozhil shaamam srishtikkukayum colonial sambadvyavasthaykku kooduthal thozhilaallikalude aavasyakatha srishtikkukayum cheythu. 1947 aayappozhekkum, oro varshavum 40 sathamaanam nirbandhitha thozhilaallikal marikkukayum eee pradeshathu sisumarananirakku 60 shathamaanamaayi vardhikkukayum cheythu (loka fact book 2007-leeii kanakkukal prakaram, aadhunika angola sisumarananirakku (maranangal/1,000 jeevanulla jananagal) 184.44 aayirunnu-lokathile ellah raajyangalilum ettavum mosham phalam). charitrakaaranaaya basil davidson 1954ll angola sandarshikkukayum praayapoorthiyaaya purushanmaaril 30 sathamaanavum eee avasthayil jolie cheiyunnuvennu kandethukayum cheythu; "mumbathekkaalum kooduthal balaprayogam undaayittundaakam."porchugalinte kolanikal mantriyaaya marcello seetaano, eee samvidaanathile antharleenamaaya poraaymakal thiricharinju, ithu" "avarude vaanchha, thalpparyangal allengil agrahangal ennivayekkurichu aashankappedaathe upakaranangal pole" "upayogikkunnathaayi addeham visheshippichu". vashalaayikkondirikkunna sahacharyam charcha cheiyunnathinaayi 1947ll paarlament oru adanja sammelanam nadatthi. porchugees deseeya asambliyile angolan deputy henrique galvo thante "porchugees kolanikalile thaddesheeya prashnangalekkurichulla report" vaayichu. thaan thurannukaattiya "lajjakaramaaya prakopanangale" galvo apalapichu, "sthreekal, kuttikal, rogikal, [koodaathe] thakarnnupoya vrudhanmaar ennivarude nirbandhitha adhwaanathe"."angolayil" marichavare maathrame nirbandhitha thozhilil ninnu sarikkum ozhivaakkiyittullu "ennu addeham nigamanam cheythu."thaddeshavaasikalude melulla sarkkaarinte niyanthranam thante jeevanakkaare jeevichirippinulla thozhilaalli-thozhiludamayude prachodanam illaathaakki, kaaranam mattu colonial samoohangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thozhiludamayil ninnu nerittu panam eedaakkaathe maricha thozhilaallikale samsthaanam maatti. porchugees sarkkar eee report nishedhikkukayum 1952ll galwawo arast cheyyukayum cheythu. 1961ll porchugees adambara cruis liner thattikkondupokunnathil galwao ulppettirunnu.
bikesa dii kasanje kalapam.
porchugees-beljian paruthithotta kambaniyaaya kottonangil jolie cheiyunna thozhilaallikal 1961 januvari 3 nuu thangalude thozhil avakashangal mechappeduthaanum angola vidaan porchugeesukaarodu ahvaanam cheyth kalapam nadatthi. angolan swaathanthryasamarathile aadya yudhamaayi pothuve kanakkaakkappedunna kalapam avasaanichathu 
rakthathil kulii.
thaddesheeya prathishedhakkaar thadavukaare mochippikkaanum ezhu poleesukaare kollanum shramichu luvandayile ettavum valia jailum sainika sthaapanavumaaya saavo poulo kotta aakramichu. vamseeya bhooripakshathinethire velutha amgolakkaarude samghangal kramarahithamaya akramangal nadathunnathinu munbu porchugees adhikaarikal naalpat aakramanakaarikale vadhichu.
februvari 5nuu porchugees adhikaarikal 49 pere konnu. februvari 10nuu porchugees adhikaarikal thadavukaare mochippikkaanulla mattoru parajayappetta shramathe adichamarthi. bakongo karshakarum kaappi thotta thozhilaallikalum march 15 nuu bikesa dii cassanjeck sameepam kalapam nadatthi, velutha angolakkaareyum karutha thozhilaallikaleyum konnu, thottangal, paalangal, sarkkar soukaryangal, police steshanukal enniva kathichu, baarjukalum ferrikalum nashippichu. porchugees vyomasena 1961-nte aadya aarumaasathinullil 750 vella angolanmaar ulppede 20,000 pere konnu napam pradeshathu bombit prathikarichu.
porchugees sainyavum vyomasena prakshobham adichamarthukayum sambhavam maadyamangalodu thurannuparayukayum cheythu. porchugees sainyam koottakolayil pathinayiram pere vadhichathayi angola vimochanathinaayulla janakeeya prasthaanam (emm. pii. ell. eiii) ariyichu. yaadhaasthithika kanakkukal prakaram 400 oolam perr kollappettu. eee sambhavangal porchugees colonial yudhathinte (1961-1974) thudakkamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
portugalil ninnu swaathanthryam labhichathinushesham.
1975ll portugalil ninnu angola swaathanthryam nediyathinetthudarnnu, angolan aabhyantharayudhasamayathu (1975-2002), ettavum valia prathipaksha grouppaaya naashanal union phoor dhii total independence oof angola (unita), sarkkar enniva aabhyantharayudhathil baalasainikare upayogichu. pooraattatthinte avasana varshangalil 11,000 kuttikal pankedutthathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. 
innathe angolayil, uyarnna thothilulla kuttikalude kadathu, vaanijyaparamaaya laingika chooshanam, ashleelasaahithyam, nirbandhitha thozhil, laingika adimatham, mattu tharatthilulla chooshanam enniva report cheyyappedunnu, aabhyantharayudham moolamundaaya saamoohika gadanakalum swaathanthryathinu munbu sajeevamaaya parambaraagatha suraksha samvidaanangalum thakarnnathaanu ithinu kaaranam. nirbandhitha thozhil allengil laingika chooshana aavasyangalkkaayi kadathunna ganyamaaya ennam purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum kuttikaludeyum uravida rajyamaanu angola. laingika chooshanathinum gaarhika, vaanijya thozhil aavasyangalkkumaayi kuttikale aabhyantharamaayum nameebiayilekkum dakshinaafrikkayilekkum kadathiyirunnu. kadathu illaathaakkunnathinulla minimum maanadandangal angola sarkkar poornnamaayum palikkunnilla.

