
berlin prakhyapanam (1945)

1945 juun 5 leeii berlin prakhyapanam () allengil germmaniyude paraajayathekkurichulla prakhyapanam, randaam lokamahaayudhathile sakhyakakshikalkk vendi pravartthikkunna america, soviyatt union, yunaittad kingdom, france ennee sarkkarukal samyukthamaayi germmaniyude mail "dii juur" "paramonnatha adikaaram" ettedukkukayum varaanirikkunna potsdam konfaransinu munbu athinte bharanavum athirthikalum sambandhicha vishayangalil avarude samyuktha nirnnayathinte niyamasadhutha urappikkukayum cheythu.
pashchaathalam.
1945 meyy 8-leeii jarmman keezhadangal upakaranam jarmman sayudha senayude sainika keezhadangalinu maathrame nalkiyirunnulloo, jarmman haikkamaandinte prathinidikalaaya jarmman oppuvachavar. thathfalamaayi, jarmman bharanakoodatthinte nirupaadhikamaaya keezhadangalinulla poornna sivil vyavasthakal vyakthamaaya aupachaarika adisthaanamillaathe thudarnnu. germmaniyile naasi adhikaarathe sainikaro sivil adhikaarikalo attimarikkaan saadhyathayulla saahacharyangalil upayogikkaan uddeshichulla nirupaadhikamaaya keezhadangalinte samagramaya paatam europian upadeshaka kammeeshan vazhi sakhyakakshikal amgeekarichirunnu. pinneedu germmaniyil oru naasikkuseshamulla sarkkar roopeekarikkappedukayum oru vedinirthal thedukayum cheyyum. eee saahacharyathil, naasi adikaaram avasanakaalam vare nilaninnu; 1945 epril 30 nuu adolph hitlar berlinte avashishtangalil svayam kolappedutthi; addehathinte naamanirddesham cheyyappetta pingamiyaaya kaal donitsinte flensburgill oru sivil gavanment sthaapichenna avakaashavaadam sakhyakakshikalkk asveekaaryamaayirunnu. athinaal, munbu sammathicha keezhadangal vaachakam, oru prakhyapanamaayum vipulamaaya vishadeekarana aamukhathodeyum punarnirmikkappettu, 1945 juun 5 nuu germmaniyude paraajayathekkurichulla prakhyapanamaayi naalu sakhyashakthikal ekapaksheeyamaayi sweekarichu. naasisatthinte gurutharamaaya criminal durupayogangalkkum samboornna paraajayatthinte saahacharyangalilum germmaniyil ippol sarcaro kendra bharanakoodamo illennum germmaniyil ozhinjukidakkunna sivil authority thalphalamaayi sakhya sarkkaarukalkk vendi naalu sakhyakakshikalude prathinidhi shakthikalude oru kondominiyamaayi kanakkakkappettuvennum athu sakhyakakshikalude nilapad vyakthamaakkunnu, ithu pinneedu sakhyakakshikalude niyanthrana kaunsililekku roopeekarichu.
1943 oktobarile mosco prakhyapanangalil sakhyakakshikal nirupaadhikamaaya keezhadangalinte adisthaanathil sayudha seena avarude aayudangal vekkunnathuvare jarmmanikkethiraya sathrutha thudaranamenna thathwam, jarmman keezhadangalinushesham, jarmman adhinivesha pradesangalkkullil athikramangalil pankedukkunna eathoru vyakthiyeyum vidhikkanum sikshikkaanum aaa pradeshangalilekku thirike ayaykkumennum, koodaathe "kuttavaalikal" ennu tharamthirikkappedunna naasi germmaniyude muzhuvan neethrthwatheyum pidichedukkumennum "sakhyakakshikalude sarkkaarinte samyuktha theerumaanathaal shikshikkumennum" prasthaavichu, 1945 epril vare britiish nayamaayi thudarnnukondirunna vichaaranayillathe samkshiptha nirvvahanathe soochippikkunna oru soothravaakyam. europian upadeshaka kammeeshante nadapadikalil mosco prakhyaapanangalude thathwangal vishadeekarikkendathaayirunnu. aaa kaaryatthil, ellah vyakthigatha naasi nethaakkaleyum ippol kuttavalikalaayi vichaarana cheiyumennathinte anantharafalamaayi tribunalukal sthaapikkanam enna american nirddeshathodu britiish yuddha manthrisabha yojichu, koodaathe ellah naasi sthaapanangalum ejansikalum associationukalum "criminal oorganaiseshanukalaayi" prakhyapikkappedum, theliyikkapetta amgathvam judicial shikshakalude adisthaanamaanu. praayogikamaayi, 1945 meyy aayappozhekkum, atharam naasi samghadanakal jarmman sivil administreshante eaka pravartthana sthaapanangalaayirunnathil, germmaniyile muzhuvan sivil upakaranangaleyum athinullile ellah thozhilukaleyum naasi party sevanathile "criminal" pravartthanamaayi "naasi raashtram gadanaaparamaayum athinte uthbhavathilum athinte nilanilppiludaneelam oru vishalamaaya criminal samrambhamaayirunnu" ennathinte adisthaanathil naamanirddesham cheiyunnathaayirunnu phalam."
ennirunnaalum, naasi raashtrathe germmaniyil sivil adikaaram prayogikkunnathinulla saadhuvaaya avakaashavaadamillaatha oru criminal samrambhamaayi prakhyaapichirunnuvenku, sakhyakakshikal jarmman hikemandilekkum sayudha senayile amgangalilekkum "criminal" padavi vyapippichilla. naasi bharanakoodatthinte sevanathilulla generalukal generalukalaayi thudarnnu, sainikar sainikaraayi thudarnnu, jarmman hikemand purappeduvicha sainika utharavukal 1945 meyy 8 vare niyamaparamaayi praabalyatthil vanna saadhuvaaya utharavukalaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum germmaniyile sivil stettu ithinakam thanne vamshanasham sambhavichathayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. jarmman haikkamaandinte prathinidhikalkk berlinil keezhadanganulla upakaranathil oppidaan niyamaparamaayi avakaashamundennum sainyam, naavikasena, vyomasena ennivarkku avarude aayudangal vekkaanulla utharavukal saadhuvaaya utharavukalaanennum avaa sainika achadakkathinte nadapadikramangal shariyaayi nadappakkaamennum athu thudarnnu.
nibandhanakal.
ellah jarmman sayudha senayudeyum nirupaadhikamaaya keezhadangalinteyum jarmman kendra sarkkar adhikaarathinte poornnamaaya abhaavathinteyum falamaayi naasi germmaniyude samboornna niyamaparamaaya vamshanashavum yudhathinte jarmman utharavaadithavum prakhyaapanatthinte aamukham urappichu. ennirunnaalum, prakhyaapanatthinte aarttikkilukalude vaachakam, niravadhi sthalangalil, oru jarmman deseeya janathayudeyum pradeshathinteyum thudarchayaaya nilanilpp nilanirtthi, ithu prakhyaapanatthinte uddeshyathinaayi 1937 desember 31 nuu (1935 saar referendathinu sheshavum 1938 anslasinu munbum) nirvachichathupole kanakkakkappettu, naalu oppuvacha shakthikalkk vidheyamaayi germmaniyude bhaavi athirthikal nirnnayikkaan avarude adikaaram urappichu. germmaniyude athirthikal nirnnayikkanulla adikaaram udan thanne kizhakkan pradeshangale polandilum soviyatt unionilum samyojippikkunnathilum padinjaaru saar protectorate hraswakaala srishtiyilum prayogikkum. american aikyanaadukalile sarkkarukal, soviyatt soshyalist republicukaludeyum yunaittad kingdatthinteyum union, franch republicinte thaalkkaalika sarkkar ennivayude naalu naamanirddesham cheyyappetta prathinidhikale "sakhya prathinidhikal" aayi aaa aamukham sthireekarichu, avar athinusesham jarmman pradeshathinakatthum muun jarmman senaykkum mukalilum paramonnatha sivil, sainika adikaaram prayogikkum. allengil, europian upadeshaka kammeeshan munbu amgeekarichathum ennaal nirddishta vichedanam closs ulppeduthaathathumaaya 1945 meyy 8 leeii jarmman keezhadangal upakaranathil thayyarakkiyathum ennaal oduvil upayogikkathathumaaya prakhyaapanatthinte vaachakam yaltayile sammathicha keezhadangal upakaranathil chertthu.
jarmmanikkullil thangalude paramadhikaara adikaarangal ettedukkunnathu athinte kootticherkkaline baadhikkillenn sakhyakakshikal vaadichu. jarmman sayudha senayude keezhadangalumayi bandhappettathum sainika upakaranangaludeyum rahasyaanveshana swathukkaludeyum sakhyakakshikalkk keezhadangunnathumaaya 15 anuchedangal ulppedunnathaanu aadya ettu prakhyapanangal. 1945 joolaiyode aaa pravartthanangal erekkure poortthiyaayi.
naasi nethaakkaludeyum mattu yudhakkuttavaalukalum sakhyakakshikale arast cheyyaanum vichaarana cheyyaanum vyavastha cheytha 11-aamm anuchedavum sakhyashakthikalkk avarude niyanthranatthilulla mekhalakalile jarmman sivil, saambathika, niyamaparamaaya gadanakal nayikkaan eathaandu aniyanthrithamaaya adikaaram nalkia 13-aamm anuchedavumaayirunnu germmaniyude bhaavi bharanathinulla pradhana artikkilukal. jarmman samoohathinte ellah thalangalilum pothu sthaapanangaludeyum saambathika samrambhangaludeyum naseekaranathe baadikkunnathinum nashtapariharam edukkunnathinum soviyatt mekhalayil yudhathinu munbulla valia bhoovudamakalil ninnu pidicheduttha grameena bhoomi punarvitharanam cheythukondu bhooparishkaranathinte oru pradhana paripadi nadappilaakkunnathinum aaa aaa lekhanam vyaapakamaayi prayogichu.
anthaaraashtra niyamathil niyamaparamaaya padavi.
eee prakhyaapanathode, muun jarmman raashtram nilavilundaayirunnille amgeekarikkappettuvennum naasi adhikaarathinte criminal aakramanathinu keezhil athinte charitraparamaaya sthaapanangalum samghadanayum neekkam cheyyappettuvennum germmaniyude thudarchayaaya paramadhikaara swathuathe ippol sakhyakakshikal maathram prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu sakhyakakshikal vaadichu. potsdam karaarinte nibandhanakal prakaram, sakhyakakshikal thangalude uddeshyam prasthaavichathu sakhyakakshikal niyanthrikkunna kaunsil poornna jarmman paramadhikaaram prayogikkunnathu oru pariseelanavum parimithamaaya kaalayalavumullathayirikkumumum, aathyanthika samadhana udambadikkum yudhathinte anthima othutheerppinum nibandhanakal thayyarakkan videshakaarya manthrimaarude kaunsiline chumathalappeduthumennum, niyanthrana kaunsil vazhi poornnamaayum puthiya jarmman sarkkarum aaa othutheerppu amgeekarikkunnathinulla aavasyathinu mathiyaya samsthaanavum sthaapikkumennum.
ennirunnaalum, jarmman reach nilavililla enna sakhyakakshikalude vaadathe niyamaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya charchakalil velluvilichu, oru samsthaanathinte niyamaparamaaya vamshanasham athinte janangaleyum pradeshatheyum mattoru samsthaanathilekku aupachaarikamaayi kootticherkkunnathiloodi kaivarikkanaakillennum berlin karaaril aaa oopshan vyakthamaayi nishedhichathinaal, jarmman deseeya raashtram eathenkilum roopathil naasi germmaniyude thakarchaye athijeevichathaayi kanakkaakkanam ennum niravadhi pandithanmaar abhiprayappettu.
yudhaananthara niyama charcha, yudhakaalathe sainika adhiniveshathe thadassappeduthunna adikaarangalum utharavaadithangalum sambandhicha 1899,1907 leeii hage kanvenshanukalile vyavasthakalumaayi nerittu vairudhyathil germmaniyude poura, niyama, saambathika gadanakalil samoolamaaya maattam varuthaan 11,13 anuchedangalil sakhyakakshikal kaikkonda adhikaarangale velluvilichu. naasisathinteyum manushyarashikkum jarmman sainikathaykkum ethiraaya kuttakrithyangaludeyum poornnavum shaashvathavumaaya nirmarjanam avarude pradhana yudhakaala lakshyangalayathinaal jarmmani adhiniveshathinte saahacharyangalil kanvenshanukalkku athu baadakamaakillennum sakhyakakshikal vaadichu. vaasthavathil, 1944 octoberil, general isenhover, germmaniyude sakhya adhiniveshathekkurichulla thante 'onnaam nambar prakhyaapanatthil', naasisathinteyum sainikavaadathinteyum samboornna nirmmarjanam, jarmman niyamavyavasthayude suspension, paramonnatha executive, niyamanirmmaana, judicial adhikaarathinte sakhyakakshikalkkulla anumaanam enniva vaagdaanam cheythirunnu.
1990-leeii jarmman punarekeekaranathetthudarnnu, pidicheduttha yudhathinu munbulla bhoovudamakalude pingaamikal soviyatt-uthejippicha kizhakkan jarmman bhooparishkaranavumaayi bandhappett sakhya adhinivesha adhikaarathinte niyamaparamaaya adisthaanathe chodyam cheyyukayum parishkarana padhathiyude yudhaananthara gunabhokthaakkalude pingaamikale puratthaakkaano allengil nilavile vipani moolyathil nashtapariharam nalkano jarmman kodathikal vazhi sramikkukayum cheythu. oru pathittaandinide thudarchayaayi naalu kesukal federal bharanaghadanaa kodathiyil konduvannathinu sesham, 2005 ll europian manushyavakaasha kodathiyil oru appeel nalkappettu, athu sakhya adhiniveshathinte niyamasaadhuthaykk anukoolamaanennu kandethi. yudhaananthara germmaniyude adhinivesham sakhyashakthikalkk 'paramaadhikaaratthinte adikaarangal nalkia' 'oru adhinivesham' ennu kandethi.
oppuvachavar.
sakhyasenayude commander inn cheef eee prakhyaapanatthil oppuvachu
kooduthal sambhavavikasangal.
padinjaaran sakhyakakshikalude sainika senakal ozhinjukidakkunna pradeshangalude bharanam soviyatt adhinivesha mekhalayilekku maattikkond yadhaartha "kondaakt lainil" ninnu padinjarottu pinvaangukayum athesamayam athath mekhalakalaaya berlininte bharanaparamaya utharavaadithangal soviyatt senayil ninnu ettedukkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu, 1945 august 1 leeii potsdam karar britiish, american, franch adhinivesha mekhalakal sthaapikkunnathine sthireekarikkukayum polandum germmaniyum thammilulla athirthi oder-nees lainil nischayikkukayum cheythu. bhaaviyile anthima jarmman samadhana udambadiyil pradeshangalude anthima vibhajanam theerppaakkaathe, rekhayude kizhakkulla muun jarmman pradeshangal ippol poolish, soviyatt (kaliningrad oblaast) bharanakoodangalude keezhilaayi. sakhyashakthikal thammilulla prathyayashaasthraparavum raashtreeyavumaaya vyathyaasangal kaaranam udambadi vaikukayum oduvil 1991 vare amgeekarikkaathirikkukayum cheythu, germmaniyumaayi bandhapetta anthima othutheerppu udambadi falapradamaakukayum germmaniyude adhinivesham aupachaarikamaayi avasanippikkukayum cheythu.
jarmman kizhakkan pradeshangal ulppedaatha sakhya adhinivesha germmaniyude mail paramonnatha sarkkar adikaaram nadappilakkunnathinaayi 1945 august 30 nuu oru sakhya niyanthrana samiti sthaapikkappettu. athinte prarambha nadapadikalil, sakhyakakshikal niyanthrikkunna kaunsil jarmman raashtrathinte paramaadhikaaratthinte eaka shekharamaayi svayam kanakkaakkiyenkilum, prathyekichu baahyabandhangalude kaaryatthil, athu pradhaanamaayum oro sakhyakakshikalkkum uchithamennu thonnunnathupole swantham adhinivesha mekhalakal niyantrikkaan anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, sakhyakakshikal prathinidheekarikkunna adikaarangalil ninnulla thadassangal sakhyakakshikal niyanthrikkunna kaunsilinte pravartthanatthil gurutharamaaya vittuveezhchayundayathaayi theliyichu. thudakkathil potsdam konfaransilekku kshanikkappedaathathum potsdam kararinu vidheyanaakaan visammathichathumaya france, pinneedu 1948 ll soviyatt union kantrol kaunsilil ninnu erangippoyi, ithu 1971,1990 vare veendum yogam cherunnathil ninnu thadanju.
anusmaranachadangukal.
neebergal streettile berlin-kopenikkile vendenshloss jillayile saittil oru smaarakam (mukalil chithreekarichirikkunnu) sthaapichu. jarmman bhashayil ninnu vivarthanam cheythathil ingane parayunnu