
rivar gaari, inverness-shire

lochabar mekhalayil rund neelamulla lochukalaal viraamachihnamulla oru scotish nadiyaanu inverness-shayarile gaari nadhi. noidartinu kizhakkulla oru marubhoomiyil ninnu aarambhich caledonian kanaalinte bhagamaaya grettu glenile loach oyichil avasaanikkunna glen gaariyiloode ithu padinjaaru muthal kizhakode ozhukunnu. glen gaariyil kurachu cheria vaasasthalangalundu, ennaal nadiyodu chernnulla valippathilulla oreyoru graamam athinte mukhathu invergory aanu. jalapaathayude padinjaaran attathulla loach kvochil skotlandile ettavum valia maas erthu phil daam anakkett nirmmikkukayum kwoch jalavaidyutha nilayathilekku vellam vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. loach gaariyil malayidukkile valare cheria anakkett anakkett nirmmikkukayum avide nadhi invergaryilekku erangaan thudangukayum nadiyude mukhathodu chernnulla invergory jalavaidyutha nilayathilekku vellam vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. eee mekhalayile saambathika punarujjeevanathe uthejippikkuka enna lakshyathode 1950-kalil nirmmichathaanu rund jalavaidyutha padhathikalum. anakkettukal nirmmichathinte falamaayi rund lochukalum ganyamaayi valuthakkiyathinaal avaa nadiyude paristhithiye maattimarichu.
1822ll poortthiyaaya caledonian kanaalinte nirmmaanatthil rund lochukalum oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu, valia poottukal pravarthippikkaan kanaalil mathiyaya vellam undennu urappakkaan kammeeshanarmaarkk avaye bandhippikkaan adikaaram nalki. praayogikamaayi, loach gaariyil ninnu purathukadanna nadeethadatthil ninnulla parakal neekkam cheiyunnathum loock kvoyichil ninnulla puranthallal niyantrikkaan oru sluis gadippikkunnathum kanal kammeeshanarmaar jalapathayil varuthiya pradhana parishkkaranangalaayirunnu.
vazhi.
noidartinu kizhakk janasandrata kuranja marubhoomiyaaya parukkan athirthikalile aruvikalude oru parambarayaayi nadhi uyarnnuvarunnu, avaa loach kuyichu allengil loach kvoyichilekku ozhukunnu. vishalamaaya kizhakk-padinjaaru dishayilaanu loach sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu oru pradesham ulkkollunnu. athinte uparithalam oordanans daattathinu (iode) mukalilaanu, ithinu paramavadhi aazhamund. athinte padinjaaran attathu, lochan naa krudachil ninnu rund cheria anakkettukalum mattoru cheria lochum verthirikkunnu, avaa padinjarottu ozhuki loach nevisile kadalil athunnu. lochinte madhyabhaagathu vadakku-padinjaaru dishayilekku viral choondunna oru jalaviral undu, ithu loach koyir naan naam enna aruviyiloode ozhukunnu, ithu loach koyir naan naam, loach eiii choyir bhaite ennivayiloode ozhuki loach kvochil cherunnathinu munbu koolii vellamayi maarunnu. randaamathe viral glen kwoich ulkkollunnu, kizhakode ozhukunna oru 'chaurain', padinjaaran glen kwoich kathukayum thekkott ozhukunna nadhi kwoich, padinjarottu ozhukunna eesttar glen kwoich ennivayaal ithu nirayunnu. oru cheria rooad aadya viralinte vadakkan theerathukoodi kadannupokukayum randaamathethu oru paalatthiloode kadannu lochinte vadakkan theerathu thudarukayum cheiyunnu.
loach kwoich jalavaidyutha nilayathinte oru jalasambharaniyayi pravartthikkunnu, athinte kizhakke attathu oru valia anakkettund. anakkett nirmmikkunnathin munbu, nadhi kurachukoodi mukalilekku oru thookumara paalatthiloode kadannirunnu. anakkettinte thaazhvarayil ninnu thekk-kizhakode pookunna eee anakkett kinky kulathilvechu kinky nadiyumaayi cherunnu. yukeyude oordanans sarway nadiyude eee mukal bhaagathe gear gaari ennaanu paraamarshikkunnath. ailiyan dub enna dveepinte iruvashathum nadhi ozhukunnu, vadakkan chanalil oru cheria anakkettum kwoich power steshanum undu. kurachukoodi thaazhekku loach kwoich anakkett poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu nirmmicha oru saalman kenii undaayirunnu. loach kvochinte alavu kooduthal uyarnnappol avayude muun muttayidunna maithaanangal nashichathinaal saalman kooduthal mukalilekku neengunnathu thadayunnathinaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. anakkett adaykkunnathinu munbu mukalile nadiyile urukal thaazhekku neengaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi nirmmaana padhathiyude thudakkathil thanne ithu poortthiyaakki. konkreett kondaanu kenii nirmmichirikkunnathu, neelamundu. keniyil kudungiya malsyathil ninnu beejasankalanam cheytha oova neekkam cheyth hydro electric board nadathunna invergariyile oru hatcheryilekku ayachu.
malsyakkunjinu thaazhe, nadhi loach polariyaayi veezhum, thudarnnu adutha nadeethadatthilekku veendum idungunnu. tomdown kugraamatthinte thekk, ithu cheria loach doyer iodeyil enna sthalathekku praveshikkukayum taamasiyaathe loach gaariyude padinjaaran attathekku ozhukukayum cheiyunnu. loach gaari oru vistheernnam ulkkollunnu, athinte uparithalam ayodil aanu, paramavadhi aazham. athinte neelatthinte naalilonn dooram, thekke theerathulla toorr naa carride enna kunnin mukalilekku oru track vahikkunna oru paalatthiloode kadakkunnu. loach kuyichinte vadakkan karaye pinthudarunna cheria rooad loach gaariyude vadakkan theerathu thudarunnu, ennaal athinte kizhakke attathu eiii82 invergariyil ninnu lochalsh roadinte kailil cherunnu.
munbu nadhi oru malayidukkiloode kadannupoyirunna kizhakke attathu oru anakkett nirmmichathaanu loach gaariyude nila uyarthiyathu. anakkettil borland tharam fish paas ulppedunnu, ithu kanal loock cheiyunnathinu samaanamaayi pravartthikkunnu, ithu salmon loach gaariyilekk praveshikkaan prapthamaakkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil nirmmichathum glasgoyile enchineeyarmaarum kambaniyum roopakalppana cheythathumaaya oru kattagari sii listtucheytha suspension footbridge anakkettin thottaduthaanu. vella paalam kurachukoodi thaazhekku aanu, nadhi invergari graamathilekku praveshikkumbol, athinte gathiyile eaka ganyamaaya vaasasthalamaaya aldernige bayne, loach landiyil ninnu thekkott ozhukunnu, koodaathe bii vibhaagathil ulppeduthiyittulla boastring suspension footbridge oru thadi dekkinoppam kadannupokunnu. 1892ll nirmmicha ithu "1892ll glengariyudeyum glenkwoichinteyum srimati ellis sthaapicha" oru phalakam vahikkunnu. paalatthinte aadyakaala urukk roopakalppanayaanu, ennaal 2009 aayappozhekkum chila pradhana trasukal kedaayathine thudarnnu suraksha kaaranangalal adachu. forestry kammeeshan attakuttappanikal nadathukayum 2011ll paalam veendum thurakkukayum cheythu. kooduthal ganyamaaya oru paalam nadikku mukalilulla fort vilyam roadylake eiii82 inverness vahikkunnu. 1932ll konkreett upayogichaanu ithinte orotta kamaanam nirmmichathu, orupakshe miyezhsum carres-willson chernnaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythath. eiii82-nte nirmmaanathinum punarvinyaasathinum munbu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil nirmmicha orotta spaan paalatthiloode rooad nadiye kooduthal thaazhekku kadannirunnu. ithu pinneedu glengari kaasil hotelinum aduthulla bhavanangalkkumulla praadeshika gathagatham maathrame vahichirunnulloo, ennaal 2020 ll mukalile mukham thakarnnu, athu ellah gathaagathathinum adachu. loach gaariyil ninnu chilath, nadhi loach oaychilekku praveshikkunnu, athinte uparithala nila iode aanu.
nadiyude theerathu invergory power steshan undu. pathinezhaam noottaandile invergory kottayude sthalathinaduthaanu invergory sthithicheyyunnathu, orikkal donald vamshathinte glengery shaakhayude mcdonnellinte aasthaanamaayirunnu, avarude janmadesham glen gaari aanu, nadikku chuttumulla thaazhvara.
jalavaidyutha.
jalavaidyutha nilayangalilekku vellam vitharanam cheyyaan loach kuyichu, loach gaari enniva upayogikkunnu. vadakkott kurachukoodi akaleyulla gaari nadiyilum morriston nadiyilum jalavaidyuthikkulla aadya nirddeshangal 1928 ll nirddeshikkappedukayum padinjaaran malayora vaidyuthi billil avatharippikkukayum cheythu. oru swakaarya kambaniyaanu ithu prothsaahippichathu, grettu glenilake kizhakode ozhukaan anuvadikkunnathinupakaram vellam padinjaaran theerathekku vazhithirichuvidunnathaayir ithil ulppeduka. 1936, 1937, 1938 varshangalil nirddeshikkappetta samanamaaya padhathikalkkaayulla moonnu caladonian jalavaidyutha billukalum paarlament nirasichu.
morriston nadiyile kooduthal power steshanukal ulppedunna gaari-morriston padhathi, 1943 ll uyarnna pradeshangalil jalavaidyuthi prolsaahippikkunnathi roopeekaricha oru pothu sthaapanamaaya scotland hydro-electric bordinte vadakku nirmmicha niravadhi padhathikalil onnaanu. pradeshatthinte saambathika punarujjeevanathe uthejippikkunnathinaayi, thekkan malambradeshangalile samanamaaya padhathikalil ninnulla labham avar ithupolulla vidoora padhathikalkku dhanasahayam nalki. prakrithidrishyangalil nirmmaana padhathikal cheluthunna swaadheenathekkurichu aalukal kooduthal ashankaakularaaya oru kaalaghattatthil kettidangal bhooprakrithiyumaayi layikkunnuvennu aarkkitekt jaims shearer urappakki. 1955ll dablyu. emm. halcroy pankaalikalum chernnu nirmmicha oru valia maas erthu phil anakkettaan loach kuyichinte kizhakkan attathulla anakkett. enchineeyarmaaraaya jaims vilyamsanum pankaalikalum sheareril ninnulla inputtodeyaanu roopakalppana cheythath. anakkettinte mukalile bhaagath oru konkreett mathilum thaazhekku konkreett kallum ulla oru compacted erthu coor anakkettil adangiyirikkunnu. anakkettiloode ozhukunna oru parambaraagatha spillwake pakaram, adhika vellam intake gettu housile oru thurankathilekku ozhikkukayum athinte vadakkan attathinappuramulla paarayilekku muricha oru spilveyilekku ozhukukayum cheiyunnu. spillwayude adiyil, ithu oru skee jump poleyaanu, athinaal chariviloode thaazhekku ozhukunna vellam vaayuvilekku uyarnnu anakkettinte aditharayil ninnu kurachu akale spray nadiyilekku veezhunnu. uyaravum neelavumulla eee anakkett nirmmikkumbol skotlandile itharathilulla ettavum valia anakkettaan. anakkettin thaazheyulla nadiyile ozhukk nilanirthunnathinaayi anakkettinte madhyabhaagathulla oru discharge vaalviloode nashtaparihara vellam puranthallunnu, athinu mukalil oru cheria turbine haal nirmmichittundu.
22 megawatt undershot turbine ulla oru idatharam power steshanaanu kwoich power steshan. loach kuyichil ninnu steshante vadakku bhaagathulla sarj shafttulla pipeline vazhiyaan vellam steshanilethunnathu. turbine vaidyuthi nalkia sesham vellam gaariyilekk ozhukunnu. turbinil ninnulla vaidyuthi oru transformer steshanilekku nalkunnu, athinu chuttum oru valia athirthi mathil undu, turbine hausinu kizhakkayi sthithicheyyunna kallukal upayogichu neridunnu, avide ninnu athu overhead transmission lineukal nalkunnu.
1956ll poortthiyaaya loach gaariyude kizhakke attathulla anakkett neelavum uyaravumulla oru pinda guruthwaakarshana gadanayaanu. loach kuyichile anakkett pole, anakkettin thaazheyulla nadiyile ozhukk nilanirthunnathinaayi compensation vaattar oru cheria janarettariloode kadannupokunnu. aarkkidekttukalaaya graattanum mcclean roopakalppana cheytha invergari power steshan 1950-51 ll nirmmichathaanu. munvashath mungiya muttamulla thaazhnna ottanila kettidatthilaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathu, athinaal ithu mattenthenkilum aayirikkam ennathinekkaal valare kuravaanu. bhooprakrithiyumaayi samyojippikkaan sahaayikkunnathin, praadeshika kallukal upayogichaanu ithu nirmmichathu. ithinu 20 megawatt sheshiyund, loach gaariyil ninnulla oru pipeline oru cuplan neekkaan kazhiyunna blade turbine oru thala nalkunnu. pipeline vyasamullathum ekadesham oodunnathumaayirikkum. steshante traansformarukalum swichgiyarukalum kettidatthinu pinnil maranjirikkunnu, avaa roadle ninnu drishyamalla.
charithram.
skotlandil ettavum kooduthal mazha labhikkuna oru pradeshathiloodeyaanu eee nadiyude gaari ozhukunnathu, ithu caledonian kanaalinte pravartthanatthinum pinneedu jalavaidyutha ulppaadanathinum athinte praadhaanyam nalkiyittundu. loach kvoyichile vellachaattam muthal invergariyile maasam vare neelamulla eee nadhi malayora pradeshangalile kooll, malyeg wardle sthithi cheiyunna glen gaariyiloode ozhukunnu. ithinu janasandrata maathrameyulloo, ithu pothuve malayora pradeshangale apekshichu valare kuravaanu. 2011leeii sensus prakaram glen gaariyil 275 nivaasikalundaayirunnu, avare 142 veedukalaayi tharamthirichu. ithu pathinettaam noottaandile thaamasakkaarude ennathinte naalilonnaan, kaaranam 1773 num 1850 num idayil kaanadayilekkulla kudiyettatthiloode eee pradesham janasamkhya kuranjirunnu, uyarnna pradeshangalile anumathikal kaaranam. caladonian kanal nirmmikkaan valia alavil thadi aavasyamullathinaal aaa kaalaghattatthil, aadukal valarthal gleninullile pradhana thozhil srotassaayi maari, vanavalkkaranavum pradhanamaayirunnu. vrishtipradeshathinte 20 sathamaanavum vanapradesangalaanu, ithu mikka malayora pradeshangalekkaalum uyarathilaanu.
parambaraagathamaayi gaelic samsaarikkunna glenile nivaasikal, kudiyettam, chemmariyaad karshakarude kudiyettam, 2000 kalude thudakkathil engleesh, velsh aalukal eee pradeshathekku kudiyeriyathinte falamaayi bhaashayude upayogam kuranju. 1950kalile jalavaidyutha padhathikal prothsaahippikkappedumbe, parasyangal gelikkilaanu nirmmikkappettathenkilum athinusesham athinte upayogam glenil ninnu eathaandu aprathyakshamaayi.
caledonian kanal nirddeshikkumbol, loach oyichu aayirikkum kanaalile ettavum uyaram koodiya sthalamennu sarvekal kaanichu. thaarathamyena cheruthaayirunnenkilum, nadhi gaariyaan ithinu vellam nalkiyirunnathu, ithu poottukal pravarthippikkaan paryapthamaaya vellam undennu urappakkum. 1803ll kanaalinte nirmmaanathinu anumathi nalkunnathinaayi paarlamentinte oru niyamam labhichappol, loach gaari, loach kwoich ennivaykku karayum loach lochiyilekku bhakshanam nalkunna loach aarkkaiginum kammeeshanarmaarkk adikaaram nalki, angane avaykku kooduthal phalapradamaayi jalasambharanikalayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyum. 1822ll kanal poortthiyaayi, 1824ll jalasambharanikalayi lochukalude falaprapti pareekshichu. venalkkaalam prathyekichu varandathaayirunnu, eee pradesham varalcha anubhavichu, athinte falamaayi loach ooyichinte alavu kuranju. sahacharyam laghookarikkunnathinaayi, loach gaariyude puranthallalil nadiyile parakal neekkam cheyyukayum ozhukk mechappeduthunnathinaayi loach kvochinte autlettil oru niyantritha slues gadippikkukayum cheythu, angane vellam lochil sambharikkam.
jalavaidyuthiyude ulppaadanathodoppam, aldernige kathikkunna vellavum oru cholam millinu vaidyuthi nalkaan upayogichu. rund nilakalum naalu bekalum ulla eee mill kettidatthinu orikkal oru aantharika choola undaayirunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ithu daanyam araykkunnathinaayi upayogikkunnathu avasanippikkukayum 1927 oode athu avasaanikkukayum cheythu. 1976 oode chakravum ellah aantharika yanthrangalum neekkam cheyyappedukayum 1995 ll oru veedaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettathinusesham ithu oru millayi eathaandu thirichariyaan kazhiyaathathaan. 1878 muthal vaitt vaash cheytha oru kottejulla oru groupilaanu ithu nilkkunnath, athinte pinbhaagathu invergari storum poost offeesum undaayirunnu. eiii87 rooad mechappeduthiyappol marikadanna millinaduthaanu yadhaartha paalam nilkkunnath.
2018 novemberil 9,000 tonn paarakalum mannum nadiyilekku neengiyappol kwoich anakkettin sameepam oru urulpottal sambhavichu. ithu anakkettin kedupaadukal varuthiyilla, kaaranam overflo spillway vazhi athu vyathichalichu, pakshe vasthukkal chuttum vyaapichu, rooad thadanju, vaidyuthiyum telephone lainukalum nashippichu, anakkett pravartthikkunnathil ninnu thadanju.
paristhithi.
nadiyile malsya shekharathil anakkettukal cheluthunna swaadheenathekkurichu 2010-kalil oru samagra patanam nadatthi, prathyekichu saalman, 1956 num 2019 num idayil ennam pathiladhikam ghadakam kuranju. gaari daamile fish kaundarine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu ennam. anakkettukal nirmmichathinetthudarnna lochukalile jalanirapp vardhichathinte falamaayi saalman aavaasavyavasthayude 40 sathamaanavum nasippikkappedukayum bakkiyullava palappozhum maattappedukayum cheythu. kwoich anakkettin thaazheyulla gear gaariyil muttayidunna malsyangalo praayapoorthiyaakaathavo kandethiyitla, koodaathe saalman badhikkunna gadakangalil reservoirude adiyil ninnu puratthuvanna compensation vaattarinte rasathanthrathilum thapanilayilum vanna mattangal, kwoich power steshanu sameepamulla fish trappil ninnu undaakunna prasnangal, aakramanathmaka paikkinteyum minokaludeyum saannidhyam, kaattum krishiyumulla saalman thammilulla parasparaprajananm enniva ulppedunnu. jalavaidyutha padhathiyude aasoothrana velayil, loach kvochinte alavu athepadi thudaranamennum saalman lochil ethaan anuvadikkunnathinu oru fish paas nirmmikkanamennum fisheries kammitti upadeshichirunnu, ithu pinneedu avaganikkapettu. oru haachariyil valarthunnathinayi muttakal shekharikkunnathinaayi malsya kenii sthaapichu, thudakkathil invergariyil, ennaal pinneedu kwoich power steshanu aduthaayirunnu. king nadiyude mukhathu malsyathinte kenii irikkunnathu aaa nadiyile muttayidunna maithaanangal malsyam upayogikkunnathu thadanju.
haachariyil ninnu pothinja praayapoorthiyaakaathavare palappozhum mattevideyengilum vittayakkaan vilkkukayum irakkumathi cheytha praayapoorthiyaakaathavare gariyilekku vidukayum cheythu. 2003ll oru malsyam maathramaan keniyil praveshichathu, hatchery pravarthichilla. 2004ll jeey vaatt oru report thayyarakki, athu kenii neekkam cheyyaan shupaarsha cheyyukayum athu aaa varsham avasaanam nadappaakkukayum cheythu, 2006leeii randaamathe reportil kingle saalman abhivridhi praapikkunnundennu kandethi, pakshe gear gaariyil onnum kandethiyilla. 2012-leeii mattoru report nadiyude punarnirmmaanatthinaayi upper gaari saalman punasthaapana padhathi srishtikkunnathilekku nayichu. yadhaartha thaddesheeya janasamkhyayil ninnu vannavarayirikkaam ennu thirichariyaan janithaka profiling upayogichu urulpottalukal kudungukayum valarthukayum cheythu. ivayil ninnulla muttakal raajakudumbathilekku vidukayum praadhamika phalangal prateeksha nalkukayum cheythu. 2019 leeii mattoru patanam invergory power steshanile turbineukaliloodeyum tailress screenukaliloodeyum kadannupokunna smoltukalude athijeevana nirakk 86 shathamaanamaayirunnuvennum athinaal avaa karant upayogichu schwash cheyyappedunna inlettu screenukal 2020 ll neekkam cheythuvennum athijeevana nirakk mechappeduthunnathinaayi tailress screenukalude roopakalppanayil maattam varuthiyennum sthaapichu. 2019 leeii corona vairas mahamari kaaranam 2018 leeii urulpottal gear gaariyil nikshepicha avashishtangalude aaghaatham vilayiruthunathinulla oru patanam raddaakkendivannu.
saalman nadiyilekku praveshikkaan praapthamakkunnathinulla mechappeduthalukal kadalinum shudhajala aavaasavyavasthakalkkum idayil sanjarikkunna lamprays eelukalum polulla mattu enangalkkum gunam cheyyum. jala-electric padhathikal aavaasavyavasthaye mattiyathinushesham kuranjuvarunna braun trout, artic chaar ennivayulppedeyulla shudhajala malsyangalude janasamkhya eee nadiyil undu. saalman nadiyil ninnu kadalilekku kudiyerunnathinaal glen sambadvyavasthaykkum vishalamaaya pradeshathinum meenpiduttham pradhaanamaan. ennirunnaalum, nadiyile gaariyil ninnullava ulppede ness vrishtipradeshathulla salmon ombathu sathamaanam maathrame yadhaarthathil kadalil athunnulloovennu sarvekal soochippikkunnu. enthukondaanu eee ennam ithra kuravaayathu ennathinekkurichum caladonian kanal mothathe baadhikkunnundo ennathinekkurichum 2020 ll gaveshanam nadannu.

