
stoxe kotta

englandile ettavum mikacha kottakettya kottarangalilonnaanu stoxe kotta, ithu shropshireile stoxeyilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ludloyude laurence aanu athinte ippozhathe roopathil nirmmichathu, athinte yadhaartha udamakalaaya dii lassie kudumbam sthaapicha muun kottayil (avayil chilath ippozhum nilanilkkunnu), avaril ninnu athu avarude dii verden anantharaavakaashikalkku kaimari, avar kuranjathu 1317 vare stoxeyude fudal melcoyma nilanirtthi. englandile pramukha kambili vyaapaarikalil oralaaya ludloyude laurence oru surakshita swakaarya veedu roopeekarikkaanum oru vaanijya estettaayi varumanam undakkaanum uddeshichu. pathinaram noottaandil vividha swakaarya udamakaliloode kadannupokunnathuvare laurencinte pingaamikal kottayude udamasthaavakaasham thudarnnu. 1642ll aadyathe engleesh aabhyantharayudham pottippurappettumbo, chaals onnaaman raajaavinte pinthunakkaaranaaya craven raajaavinte (1608-1697) aadya earl vilyam craven stoxeyude udamasthathayilaayirunnu. 1645ll rajakeeya yudhashramangal thakarnnathinethudarnnu paarlamentari sainyam juunil kotta uparodhikkukayum athinte kaaval senaye vegathil keezhadangan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. paarlament swath cherukkaan utharavittu, pakshe mathilukalkk cheria kedupaadukal maathrame sambhavichulloo, ithu pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare baldwin kudumbam stoxe oru veedaayi thudaraan anuvadichu.
pathinettaam noottaandil baldwins niravadhi kaarshika, ulppaadana aavasyangalkkaayi kotta vaadakaykku eduthirunnu. athu kedupaadukalkk vidheyamaakukayum 1813-ll puraathanakaalatthe joonn brittan thante sandarshana velayil athu "avaganikkappedunnathinaayi upekshikkappedukayum athivegam nasippikkappedunnathilka neengukayum cheythu" ennu rekhappeduthukayum cheythu. 1830kalilum 1850kalilum kothukukalude randaamathe karmmamaya vilyam craven aanu punarudhaarana pravartthanangal nadathiyathu. 1869-ll, annu kadakkeniyilaayirunna eee kozhinjupokku 1870-kalil vipulamaaya punasthaapanatthinu panam nalkia sambannanaaya vyavasayiyaaya joonn derby oolkroofttinu vittu. eee rund udamakalum avarude samrakshana pravarthanangalil nilavilulla kettidangalil enthengilum mattangal varuthaan shramichu, ithu eee kaalayalavil asaadhaaranamaayirunnu. vinodasanchaarikalkkum kalakaaranmaarkkum oru janapriya sthalamaayi marria eee kotta 1908 ll sandarshakarkku panam nalkunnathinaayi aupachaarikamaayi thurannu.
ennirunnaalum, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil oolkroofttinte pingaamikal saambathika budhimuttukalil akappedukayum stoxe paripalikkunnathinulla chelavukal vahikkunnath avarkk kooduthal budhimuttaavukayum cheythu. 1986-ll jewellery magnus-alcroft oduvil stoxe kottaye engleesh paithrukathinte rakshaakarthvathilekku sthaapikkaan sammathikkukayum 1992-ll avarude maranashesham kotta samghadanaykku vittukodukkukayum cheythu. 1980-kalude avasaanathil engleesh paithrikam kottayude vipulamaaya punarudhaarana pravartthanangal nadatthi. 21-aamm noottaandil stoxe kotta oru vinodasanjaara akarshanamaayi thudarunnu, 2010-ll 39,218 sandarshakare sweekarichu.
charitrakaaranaaya henry sumezhsan parayunnathanusarichu, vaasthuvidyayude kaaryatthil stoxe kotta "englandile ettavum mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedunna madhyakala kottakettya kottarangalilonnaanu". pathinezhaam noottaandile thadi, plaasttar gatehouse ennivayiloode praveshana maargamulla mathilukalum kuzhikalumulla oru enclosure eee kottayil ulppedunnu. akathu, muttam rund kallu gopurangalaal samrakshikkappetta oru kallu haalinum solar blockinum abhimukhamaayi nilkkunnu. haalil 13-aamm noottaandile thadi-beamed melkkoora 17-aamm noottaandile kothiyeduttha roopangalum gettu housineyum suryan alankarikkunnu. kotta orikkalum gurutharamaaya sainika kottayaayi uddesichittilla, pakshe athinte shaili north veyilsil edward onnaaman nirmmicha valare valia kottakale prathidhvanippikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu (avalambam aavasyamaanu). yadhaarthathil oru abhimaanakaravum surakshithavum sukhakaravumaaya veedaayi roopakalppana cheytha eee kotta 13-aamm noottaand muthal valare kurachu maathrame maariyittulloo, ithu eathaandu poornnamaaya madhyakala kettidangalude apoorvavum nilanilkkunnathumaaya udaaharanamaanu. engleesh paithrikam vasthu pradharshippichirikkunna vyaakhyaana saamagrikalude alavu kuraykkukayum kottaye valiyathothil sajjeekarikkatheyum nilanirthukayum cheythu.
charithram.
13-15 noottaandukal.
kannukaali phaam ennartham varunna anglo-saaksan padamaaya "stochas" ennathil ninnum panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal bhoomi kaivashappedutthiya dii says faamiliyude kudumbapperilum ninnaan stoxe athinte peru sweekarichathu. staantan laasiyude avarude kottaarathinullil aadyathe ludlo kotta nirmmicha dii lassie kudumbatthinte udamasthathayilaayirunnu stoxe. rogger dii lassie" enna domsday pusthakatthil raajaavinte "stochukal" kaipittiyil kaivasham vachathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. eee bhoovudama pinneedu dii seey kudumbatthile amgangal dii laasisinte keezhil pidichedutthu, avarude peru 'stokku' enna peril chertthathu stoxe enna peru srishtichu-athu innum ariyappedunnu. 1241-ll stoxeyude annathe prabhuvaayirunna walter dii lassie, meethinte prabhuvaya addeham marichu. addehathinte makan gilbert addehathinu munbu marichathinaal addehathinte vipulamaaya estettukal vaalttarinte perakkuttikalkkidayil vibhajikkapettu. avaril oralaaya margari, staafordshayarile alton kottayile sarr joonn dii verdoonine vivaham kazhichu, avar rossia dii verdoninteyum theobald leeii bottilarinteyum makanaayirunnu. avalude muthachante estettukalil maargariyude vihithathil stoxeyum aduthulla ludloyude oru bhaagavum ulppedunnu, avaa pinneedu dii verdoonukalude kaivashamaayirunnu. 1270 septambar 1 nuu, edward rajakumaranoppam ettaam kurishuyudhathinu panam swaroopikkunnathinaayi, joonn dii verdon thante stoxe menarinte oru vaadaka philipp dii vichekkottine 3 varshathekku kaimari, athu pinneedu philippinte jeevithakaalathekku neettukayum athu joonn dii verdoninu thirike nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1274-ll joonn marikkukayum stoxe addehathinte makan theobald oy dii verdoninu paarambaryamaayi labikkukayum cheythu. joninte maranathethudarnnulla anweshana postmorttatthil akkaalathe stoxeyile dii verdonsinte fiofi reginald dii gray aayirunnuvennu velippeduthi. 1284 leeii pheodarikalil, laurence dii ludlo "joonn dii greyude keezhil oru naitts feesinaayi stoxeyude villu kaivasham vachirunnuvennum athu joonn raajaavinte keezhilulla theobald dii verdente keezhilaayirunnu" ennum parayappedunnu. stoxe kotta pradhaanamaayum athinte ippozhathe roopathil 1280kalilum 1290kalilum stoxe graamatthil valare sambannanaaya kambili vyaapaariyaayirunna laurence dii ludloyanu nirmmichathu.
aakasmikamaayi laurence dii ludlo dii verdonsum thammil munkaala bandhangal undaayirunnirikkam, ithu addeham avarude vaadakakkaaranaaya sandarbhathe vardhippichekkaam. irelandile justicyum staafordshayarileyum shropshireileyum sherief aaya jaims dii oodliyude makalaayirunnu agnez dii oodli. jaims dii oodliyude kudumbam altonile dii verdonukalude kudiyaanmaarum adutha koottalikalumaayirunnu. jayimsinte pithaav, henry dii oodli, aadam dii oodliyudeyum ralaf/radelphus fitsominte makalaaya emmayudeyum makanaayirunnu, addehathinte anantharaval aleena, roobert fitsominte makal, dii stafford kudumbatthile oralaaya enchenulf dii gresley vivaham kazhichu, addehathinte muthumuthachan roobert dii staafordaayirunnu. engenulfinteyum alinayudeyum makal hays dii gresley henry dii oodliyude randaamathe cussin aayirunnu; avar bertram III dii verdente makan henry dii verdoonine vivaham kazhichirunnu. ithinartham laurence dii ludlo thante fudal prabhuvaya theobald dii verdoninte kasinsumaayi vivahabandham pularthiyirunnuvennaanna. vilyam randaaman longespea makalaayirunnu laurencinte ammayiyamma elah dii oodli, addehathinte pithaav vilyam aii longespee, salisburyile erl, ida dii tosni ezhuthiya henry randaamante niyamaviruddha makanaayirunnu, avar norphokkinte erl rogger bigodinte bharyayaayi. joonn dii verdente muthachanaaya nicolas dii verden idayudeyum rogger bigodinteyum kottaarathilaanu valarnnathu.
1281-ll laurence stoxeyude vaadaka philipp dii vichekkottil ninnu vaangi, orupakshe ekadesham 266 poundinu, kambili vyaapaarathil ninnu sambathu sambaadichathinaal addehathinu eluppathil thangaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. velsh maarchukalil ninnu laurence kambili kayattumathi cheyyukayum vilppana charchakalkkaayi europiludaneelam sanjarikkukayum shroosburyilum landanilum offeesukal paripalikkukayum cheythu. sarkkar vyapara nayangal nischayikkaanum pradhana prabhukkanmaarkk panam vaaypa nalkaanum sahaayichukond addeham englandile ettavum pradhanappetta kambili vyaapaariyaayi maari. eee mekhalayile addehathinte mattu bisinesses pravarthanangalkku aduthaayi sthithicheyyunna stoxe kotta, sammaanagalkk surakshithamaaya oru swakaarya bhavanamaayi maarum. kaarshika bhoomi, pulmedukal, vanapradeshangal, vaattar millukal, oru kallichedi ennivaykkoppam prathivarsham ekadesham 26 poundu vilamathikkunnathinal ithu oru vaanijya estettaayi upayogikkaanum uddeshichirunnu.
1285 nuu sesham oru ghattathil kottayude punny aarambikkukayum 1290 kalude thudakkathil laurence thante puthiya swathilekku maarukayum cheythu. nigel pounds vivarikkunnathupole, kotta "aadambaravum sukhakaravumaayirunnu", thudakkathil thaamasavum vadakku oru gopuravum ulkkollunnu. 1291-ll laurencinu thante kotta shakthippeduthaan rajaavil ninnu anumathi labhichu-krenalettu licenses ennu vilikkunna oru rekha-addeham eee adikaaram upayogichu thekkan gopuram nirmmichirikkaam, athu prathyekichu ayodhana roopathil kaanappedukayum taamasiyaathe kottayil cherkkappedukayum cheythu.
1294 novemberil laurence englandinte thekk kadalil mungimarichu, addehathinte makan vilyam stoxeyude avasana jolikal poortthiyaakkiyirikkaam. ludlo kudumbapperu sweekaricha addehathinte pingaamikal pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare stoxe kottayude niyanthranam thudarnnu, athu vivaahathiloode vernon kudumbatthilekku kadannupoyi.
1317-ll, stoxe ippozhum dii verdonukalkku keezhil ludlose kaivasham vachirunnathayi thonnunnu. aaa varsham maarchil edutha theobald randaaman dii verdooninte (theobald aii dii verdooninte makan) postmortem anweshanathil ithu kaanikkunnu, ithu "sarr vilyam dii lodloyude anantharaavakaashikalkku marichayaalude southstokkil oru naitt phees nalkunnu" ('north stokku' shropshireile dii verdooninte mattu maanarukalil onnaayirunnu, stokku-oonn-tern). eee theeyathikku sesham kurachu samayathinu sesham maathramaan stoxe oduvil poornnamaayum ludlo kudumbatthinte kaivashamaayath.
16-17 noottaandukal.
1563ll thomas vernon thante kochumakan henry vernon stoxe kotta kaimari. kudumbatthinu peerejil amgangalaakaamenna pratheekshayundaayirunnu, orupakshe athinte anantharafalamaayi, eee kaalayalavil aadyamaayi eee vasthuvine pathivayi "kotta" ennu vilikkaan thudangi. orupakshe north toweril thaamasicha henry thante samayam landaninum stoxeykkum idayil vibhajichu. henry oru asosiyettinte kadangalkk jaamyathil nilkkukayum avar veezhcha varuthiyappol eee panatthinaayi addehathe pinthudarukayum athinte falamaayi fleet jayilil thadavu anubhavikkukayum cheythu; 1598 aayappozhekkum addeham thante ganyamaaya kadangal thirichadaykkunnathinayi kotta 6,000 poundinu vittu. puthiya udama, sarr jorjju mainwaring, 1620-ll, nikshepakarude oru kansorshyam vazhi, sambannayaaya vidhavaykkum landanile muun mayerasinum, daim elisabath craven 13,500 poundinu veendum vittu. stoxeic chuttumulla estettukal ippol vilappettathaayirunnu, prathivarsham 300 poundiladhikam varumanam konduvarunnu.
elisabathinte makan vilyam stoxeyil kurachu samayam maathrame chelavazhichittulloo, 1640 aayappozhekkum athu chaals baldwinninum makan samuvalinum paattatthinu nalki. 1640-lum 1641-lum addeham gettu house punarnirmmichu, ennirunnaalum, ekadesham 533 poundu chelavil. 1642-ll chaals onnaaman raajaavinte anuyaayikalum paarlamentum thammil engleesh aabhyantharayudham pottipurappettu. oru rajakeeya pinthunakkaaranaaya vilyam yudhakaalam hegile elisabath stuvarttinte kottaaratthil chelavazhikkukayum raajaavinte yudhashramathinu valia thuka nalkukayum cheythu. vilyam kottayil oru kaaval seena sthaapichu, avide baldwinmaarum sakthamaaya raajakeeyavaadikalaayirunnu, samgharsham purogamikkumbol, shropshire kaundi anubhaavathode kooduthal raajakeeyavaadiyaayi maari. ennirunnaalum, 1644 avasaanathode shropshireil kaaval club amgangalude samghangal uyarnnu, eee mekhalayile rajakeeya shakthikalude pravarthanangalekkurichu paraathippedukayum mattu karyangalkkoppam stoxe kottayil ninnu kaaval senaye neekkam cheyyanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
1645-nte thudakkathil yuddham raajaavinethire nirnnaayakamaayi maarukayum februvariyil paarlamentari sainyam kaundi pattanamaya shroosbury pidichedukkukayum cheythu. ithu pradeshatthinte backie bhagangal akramikkaan idayaakkukayum juunil 800 paarlamentari sainikarude oru sainyam thekk ludloilek neengukayum vazhiyil stoxeye akramikkukayum cheythu. kyapttan dorattinte neethrthwathilulla rajakeeya kaaval senayude ennam valare kooduthalaayathinaal alankaaravasthukkalulla puthiya gettu housine phalapradamaayi prathirodhikkunnath avarkk asaadhyamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, irupakshavum akkaalathe yudhathinte protocolukal paalichu, athinte falamaayi paarlamentari senaykk raktharahithamaya vijayam labhichu uparodhakkar kaaval seena keezhadanganamennu aavasyappettu, kavalsena nirasichu, aakramanakaarikal randaam thavanayum keezhadanganamennu aavasyappettu, ithavana kaavalsenaykk kotta anthassode upekshikkaan kazhinju.
taamasiyaathe juun 9 nuu sarr maikkal wood housinte neethrthwathilulla oru rajakeeya seena ippol paarlamentinte kaaval nilkkunna kotta thirichupidikkaan shramichu. ethir akramanam paraajayappedukayum aduthulla vistaansto graamatthil nadanna ettumuttalil rajakeeya senayude paraajayatthil avasaanikkukayum cheythu.
sainika upayogathinu atheethamaayi manahpoorvvam gurutharamaayi kedupaadukal varuthukayo cheruthaayi kaanukayo cheytha englandile pala kottakalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, yudhathinushesham stoxe ganyamaaya naashanashtangalil ninnu rakshapettu. paarlament vilyamil ninnu swath pidichedukkukayum 1647-ll kottayude chillukal takarkkaan utharavidukayum cheythuvenkilum kottayude thirasseela mathil thakarthukondu backie samuchayam kedupaadukal koodaathe avasheshichu. komanveltthinte varshangalil kotta vaadakaykku edukkunnathu thudaraan 1649-ll saamuval madangiyethi, thadi paneling puthiya janalukalum vasthuvinte chila bhaagangalil sthaapichu. 1660ll chaals randaaman simhaasanathil thirichethiyathode vilyaminte bhoomi addehathinu thirike nalkukayum baldwins addehathil ninnu stoxe kotta paattatthinu nalkunnathu thudarukayum cheythu.
18-19 noottaandukal.
pathinettaam noottaandil, stoxe kotta baldwin kudumbam paattatthinu nalkunnathu thudarnnu, ennirunnaalum avar swath niravadhi kudiyaanmaarkk nalki; eee ghattathinu sesham ithu oru gaarhika vaasasthalamaayi upayogikkunnathu avasaanippichu. haalinte vashath nirmmicha rund maravum plaasttarum 1800 oode polichuneekki, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil barrell nirmmaanam, nanayangal nirmmikkal, oru smithi ennivayulppede daanyangal sambharikkunnathinum nirmmaanathinum kotta upayogichu.
kotta vashalakaan thudangi, 1813-ll purathana joonn brittan thante sandarshana velayil athu "avaganikkanaayi upekshikkappedukayum athivegam nasippikkappedunnathilka neengukayum cheythu glass nasippikkappettu, melkkoora tharakalum veezhunnu, mazha nananjathum roopappeduthunnathumaaya mathilukalile melkkoorayiloode ozhukunnu". 1830ll thekkan gopuratthinte adithattilulla smithi theepiduthatthinu kaaranamaayi, ithu kottaykku ganyamaaya naashanashtamundaakkukayum thekkan gopuram kathikkukayum cheythu. kottayude melkkoorayile crook tressinte aditharayile vyapakamaaya kshayam haalinu oru prathyeka bheeshani uyarthi, kedupaadukal sambhavicha melkoora mathilukale valichukeeraan thudangi.
1830-kalil randaam earl oof craven vilyam craven aanu punarudhaarana pravartthanangal nadathiyathu. nilavilulla kettidam punarnirmmikkunnathinum athu samrakshikkaanulla bodhapoorvamaaya sramamaayirunnu ithu, eee samayat ithu valare asaadhaaranamaaya sameepanamaayirunnu. 1845 aayappozhekkum haalinteyum melkkoorayudeyum bhaagangalkk pinthuna nalkunnathinu kallu batrasukalum thoonukalum chertthu. kottayude charithrathe roopappeduthikkondu thomas tenarude gaveshanam 1851-ll prasidheekarichu. praadeshika bhoovudamayaaya frances stackhouse aaktan kottayil prathyeka thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum 1853-ll 103 poundu chelavil avalude melnottatthil kottayude kooduthal attakuttappanikal nadatthaan vilyamine bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu.
1869-ll joonn derby oolkrooft 215,000 poundinu vangiya eee kothukulla estettu, valippathil ennaal ippol valareyadhikam panayam vachirikkunnu. oru pradhana kayyura nirmmathaavaaya dentukalude thalavanaayirunnu oolkrooft, athiloode addeham angeyattam sambannanaayi. 1875 muthal oolkrooft niravadhi varshangalayi vipulamaaya punarudhaarana pravartthanangal ettedutha stoxe kotta eee estettil ulppedunnu. stoxeic attakuttappanikal valare aavashyamaayirunnu sandarshakanaaya ezhuthukaaran henry jaims 1877-ll eee vasthu "angeyattam kshayicha avastha" yilaanennu abhiprayappettu.
puraavastu gaveshakanaaya gill chitti visheshippichathupole, amithamaya edapedal ozhivakkaan shramicha "lalithavum baadhikkappedaathathumaaya" oru thozhil paripadi oolkrooft pareekshichu. kottayude charithratheyum vaasthuvidyayum kurichulla vishakalanathil alppam romaantik sameepanam sweekaricha praadeshika vikaari jaims laa tacheyude samakaalika rachanakal addehathe swaadheenichittundaakam. 1870-kalode eee kotta vinodasanchaarikalkkum kalakaaranmaarkkum oru janapriya kazhchayaayi maarukayum swathinu melnottam vahikkaan oru caretakerk oru veedu roopeekarikkaan gettu house sajjeekarikkukayum cheythu. eee paniyethudarnnu 1880kalude avasaanathode kotta veendum nalla avasthayilaayi.
20-21 noottaandukal.
1902ll oolkroofttinte anantharaavakaashiyaaya herbert purathana kettidangalude samrakshanathinaayi sosaittiyude sahaayathode stoxe kottayude kooduthal attakuttappanikal nadatthi. irupathaam noottaandil oolkrooft kudumbam vardhichuvarunna saambathika budhimuttukal neridukayum 1908 ll kotta sandarshakarkkaayi aupachaarikamaayi thurakkukayum cheythu, varumaanathinte bhooribhaagavum eee vasthuvakayil veendum nikshepichu, pakshe attakuttappanikalkkull panam kuravaayirunnu. 1930kalode oolkrooft estettu gurutharamaaya saambathika budhimuttukalilaayirunnu, 1946lum 1950lum rund settu marana dutykal nalkiyathu kudumbatthinte prasnangal vardhippichu.
1955ll 16,000-thiladhikam sandarshakare labhichenkilum kotta paripaalikkunnath kooduthal praayogikamallathaavukayum aaa vasthu ettedukkaan samsthaanathodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi philipp, jewellery magnus-oolkrooft udamakal eee nirddeshangal nirasikkukayum kotta svakaaryamaayi nadathukayum cheythu. 1986-ll jewellery oduvil stoxe kottaye engleesh paithrukathinte rakshaakarthvathilekku sthaapikkaan sammathikkukayum 1992-ll avarude maranashesham kotta samghadanaykku vittukodukkukayum cheythu.
kuranja vyaakhyaana saamagrikalulla eee kotta engleesh paithrukathilekku kaimarukayum athinu puthiya punarudhaaranangal aavashyamaayi varikayum cheythu. kottayude charithratthile oru prathyeka kaalaghattavumaayi saamyamullathayi punasthaapikkuka; sandarshakare sandarshikkaan "leaving histtari" polulla samvedanaathmaka sameepanagal upayogikkuka; allengil vyathyastha kaalaghattangalkku anuyojyamaaya punarudhaarana saankethikavidyakal pradarshippikkaan saitt upayogikkuka enniva ulppede vividha oopshanukal undaayirunnu. kettidatthinte attakuttappanikal nadathaattha ulvasham ulppede engleesh paithrukathilekku kaimarunna avasthayil punarudhaarana velayil eathenkilum tharatthilulla shaareerika edapedal kuraykkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheiyunna nayathinu anukoolamaayi iva nirasikkapettu. kottaykku chuttum "charitraparamaaya bandhatthinteyum sambhavathinteyum oru bodhatthinte vyakthiparamaaya kandethalinu" vidheyanaakaan sandarshakare prolsaahippikkunnathinna ithu ennu puraavastu gaveshakanaaya gill chitti visheshippichu. eee pashchaathalatthil 1986 augustinum 1989 desemberinum idayil punarudhaarana pravartthanangalude vipulamaaya paripadi nadatthi.
21-aamm noottaandil, stoxe kotta oru vinodasanjaara akarshanamaayi engleesh paithrukathaal pravartthikkunnathu thudarunnu, 2010-ll 39,218 sandarshakare sweekarichu. britiish airways, engleesh paithrukavumaayi chernnu avarude avasana boying 757 vimaanathin 2010-ll athinte avasana maasathe parakkalinaayi "stoxe kaasil" ennu perittu. onnaam grade listtucheytha kettidamaayum oru shedule cheytha smaarakamaayum yuke niyamaprakaaram kotta samrakshikkappedunnu.
vaasthuvidya.
ghadana.
ooni nadiyude thadatthil cheruthaayi uyarunna oru pradeshathaanu stoxe kotta nirmmichathu. ithu oru solar blokkinteyum vadakkum thekkum gopuravumaayi bandhippichirikkunna haalinteyum roopameduthu; haalinteyum gopuratthinteyum eee samyojanam pathimoonnaam noottaandil englandil mattevideyengilum, prathyekichu vadakkan englandil nilavilundaayirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandil nasippikkappetta oru kranal cheytha thirasseela mathil, oru muttatthe valayam cheythu, oru gettu house-orupakshe aadyam kallil nirmmichathum 1640 oode thadiyum plaasttarum upayogichu punarnirmmichathum-praveshana kavaadatthe niyanthrikkunnu. kuzhiyude adithattil ninnu mathil uyarathilethumaayirunnu. kottayude charithratthil 1800 oode thakarkkapetta oru adukkala, bake house, store roomukal ennivayulppede adhika kettidangal muttathu undaayirunnu.
kottaykku chuttum, 21-aamm noottaandilennapole, ithu yadhaarthathil oru varanda kuzhiyaano atho kulatthil ninnum aduthulla aruviyil ninnum vellam nirachathaano ennu urappillengilum, athinumidayilum athinappurathum oru kuzhiyal chuttappettirikkunnu. akathu kuzhichedukkunnathil ninnulla kolla muttatthinte uyaram uyarthaan upayogichu. kuzhikku purathu oru thadaakavum kulangalum undaayirunnu, avaa orupakshe thekkan gopuratthil ninnu kaanaan uddeshichullavayaayirikkam. norman uthbhavamullathum ennaal pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil pradhaanamaayum punarnirmmichathumaaya sent joonn dhaa baapttistinte edavaka palli kottaykku thottaduthaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
madhyakala kettidangalude "thaarathamyena samboornnamaaya oru koottam" ennaanu puraavastu gaveshakanaaya gill chitti visheshippikkunnathu, avayude nilanilpp, eathaandu maattamillathe, valare asaadhaaranamaanu. charitrakaaranaaya henry sumezhsan ithine "englandile ettavum mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappetta madhyakala kottakalulla kottarangalil onnaayi" kanakkakkunnu.
kettidangal.
17-aamm noottaandil thuranna thadiyum plaasttar varkkukalum ulla rund nilakalulla kettidamaanu gettu house, ithu oru prathyeka praadeshika shropshire shailiyil nirmmichathaanu. maalaakhamaar, aadam, eevu, eedan thottatthile sarppam ennivayude baibil kathaapaathrangal, dragonukalum mattu nagna roopangalum ulppede baahya, aantharika kavaadangalil vipulamaaya thadi kothupanikal ithil ulppedunnu. prathirodha moolyam kurravulla oru alankaara kettidamayaanu ithu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
thekkan gopuram asamamaya panchabhujaakrithiyilullathum kattiyulla mathilukalulla moonnu nilakalullathumaanu. padikalum poonthottangalum ulkkollunnathinaan mathilukal nirmmichathu, asamamaayi sthaapicha shoonyamaaya edangal ghadanaye durbalappeduthunnu, ithinartham mathilukale pinthunaykkaan gopuratthinte nirmmaana samayat rund valia batrasukal cherkkendathundu. 1830 leeii theepiduthatthinu sesham nirmmichathaanu nilavile nilakal, ennaal 13-aamm noottaandilennapole gopuram thilakkamillaathathayi thudarunnu, janaalakalil shutterukal shaithyakaalath samrakshanam nalkunnu. basementil aadyam onnaam nilayil ninnu maathrame praveshikkaan kazhiyoo, koodaathe oru kinner adangiyirikkunnathinu purame sambharanathinayi oru surakshita sthalam nalkumaayirunnu. gopuratthinte yadhaartha kavaadam roopeekaricha onnaam nilayil pathinezhaam noottaandile oru aduppundu, athu pathimoonnaam noottaandile yadhaartha chimmini veendum upayogikkunnu. randaam nila munkaalangalil upavibhagamaayi vibhajikkappettirunnuve aadyam nirmmichathupole orotta arayayi punasthaapikkappettu.
thekkan gopuratthinte melkoora chuttumulla bhooprakrithiyude kazhchakal nalkunnu; 13-aamm noottaandil samrakshitha thadi maantlettukal yudhakkappalukaliludallu merlonukalude vidavukalil gadippikkappedumaayirunnu, engleesh aabhyantharayudhasamayathu gaarisan samrakshikkunnathinaayi adhika thadi prathirodham sajjeekarichirunnu.
haalum solar block southu gopurathodu chernnaanu, muttathu ninnu kaanumbol samamithiyayi roopakalppana cheythirikkunnuvenkil pathonpathaam noottaandil adhika kallu buttressukal chertthathu eee roopathe maattimarichu. haalinu neelavum veethiyumundu, 13-aamm noottaandile moonnu valia thadi kamanangal melkkoora pinthunaykkunnu, asaadhaaranamaamvidham, athinte valippam kanakkiledukkumbol, laattaral thadi collarukal upayogikkunnu, pakshe lambamaya raaja posttukalilla. melkkoorayude crook joyistukal ippol 19-aamm noottaandile kallu aditharayil vishramikkunnundenkum yadhaarthathil nilathekku athumaayirunnu. charitrakaaranaaya henry sumezhsan melkkoora "aaa kaalaghattatthile apoorva athijeevanam" aayi kanakkakkunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil oru thadi screen vadakke attathe murichumaattukayum kooduthal otappetta bhakshanashala nalkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu.
solar blockinu rund nilakalum oru nilavarayum undu, addeham aadyamaayi kottayilekku maariyappol ludloyude lorenskulla thaamasthalamaayi pravarthichittundaam. solar room thanne onnaam nilayilaanu, baahya padikaliloode athicherunnu. thadi paneling kothiyeduttha thadi aduppum pathinezhaam noottaandil uthbhavichathaayirikkam, orupakshe 1640 muthal. eee thadippani yadhaarthathil thilakkamulla reethiyil varaykkappedukayum haal sooryanil ninnu nireekshikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil chaara dwaarangal ulppeduthukayum cheiyumaayirunnu.
moonnu nilakalulla vadakkan gopuratthiletthumbol 13-aamm noottaandile oru padiyaanu haalil ullathu, athu onnaam nilayilekku nayikkunnu. gopuratthinte nirmmaanathinu thottupinnaale onnaam nila rund vyathyastha murikalaayi vibhajikkapettu, koodaathe vividha alankaara tailukal adangiyirikkunnu, orupakshe ludlo laurencinte veettil ninnu. randaam nilayude mathilukal mikkavarum pakuthi maram kondu nirmmichavayaanu, avaykku thaazheyulla kallu mathilukalkk mukalil jetti cheiyunnu; gopuratthinu athinte yadhaartha 13-aamm noottaandile aduppundu, ennirunnaalum thadi melkoora 19-aamm noottaandilaanu, 13-aamm noottaandile yadhaartha maathrkayilaanu, janalakal 17-aamm noottaandile ulppeduthalukalaanu. haal, solar, north gopuram ennivayellaam 1280kalude avasaanathilum 1290kalude thudakkathilum ore marappanikkaarante nirddeshaprakaaramaanu nirmmichathennu marappanippanikalile vishadaamshangalum marappanikkaarude vyakthiparamaaya adayaalangalum kaanikkunnu.
vyaakhyaanam.
stoxe kotta orikkalum gurutharamaaya sainika kottayaayi uddesichittilla. 1787 vare, purathana francis gross ithu "shakthiyude kottayekkaal oru kottayulla bhavanam" aanennu nireekshichu, aduthide charitrakaaranaaya nigel pounds kottaye "cheruthaayi urappulla veedu" roopappeduthunnathaayi visheshippichu, ithu suraksha nalkunnu, pakshe sainika aakramanathe prathirodhikkaan uddeshichullathalla. charitrakaaranaaya henry sumezhsan athinte sainika savisheshathakale "upariplava" maayi visheshippikkunnu, olivar kraittan stoxeye oru kottayekkaal "manoharamaaya vaasasthalam" aayi visheshippikkunnu.
kottayude thettaaya vashath, roadle ninnu akale abhimukeekarikkunna gatehousinte sthaanam, haalile valia janalakal, nilathekku thaazhekku athukayum eathoru nuzhanjukayattakkaaranum thaarathamyena eluppathil praveshikkukayum cheyyuka ennivayaayirunnu athinte balaheenathakalil onnu. vaasthavathil, eee durbalata manappoorvvam aayirikkam. athinte nirmmaathaav laurence uyarnna varggathile puthuthayi panamadacha amgamaayirunnu, eee mekhalayile sthaapitha marcher prabhukkanmaare bheeshanippeduthunna oru kotta nirmmikkaan addeham aagrahichirikkilla.
ennirunnaalum, north veyilsil edward onnaaman nirmmicha kottakale prathidhvanippikkunna naadakeeyavum sainikavumaaya oru roopam nalkaan stoxe kotta uddeshichullathaayirunnu. vellathil niracha kuzhiyil prathifalikkukayum roopappeduthukayum cheiyunna thekkan gopuratthinte mikacha kaazhchayode sandarshakar oru koswake kuruke kottaye sameepichirikkum. thekkan gopuram orupakshe samakaalika kottakalaaya kernarphone, denbig ennivayude kavaadangalodu saamyamullathaayirikkam uddeshichathu, orupakshe aadyathethinte "banded" kallu panikal pankittirikkaam. surakshayekkaal anthass vardhippikkunnu" ennaanu coordingly thekkan gopuratthe visheshippikkunnathu. kottayil praveshikkunnathinu munbu sandarshakar pradhana haal blockinu purathulla aakarshakamaaya pradeshathiloode kadannupookumaayirunnu, ithu madhyakala sandarshakante kazhchappadil oru "anticlimax" aayirikkaamenn roobert lydiard rekhappeduthunnu.
naadodikkadhakalil.
aithihyamanusarichu, stoxe orikkal rund bheemanmaarude vaasasthalamaayirunnu, avaril oraal view edjilum matteyaal norttan campilum thaamasichirunnu. avar avarude nidhi stoxe kottayil sookshichirunnuvenkilum kottayude thacol nashtappettappol avar randuperum dukkham moolam marichu.

