
kaal binding

prathikaaramatsaraneethiyude prabodhakanaayi ariyappedunna oru jarmman niyamanjanaayirunnu kaal ludwig laurence binding (4 juun 1841-7 epril 1920). cycatrist alfred hocheyumaayi chernnu ezhuthiya addehathinte swaadheenamulla pusthakamaaya "dye freegabe derr wernichtung lebensonverton lebens" ("jeevikkaan yogyamallaatha jeevan nasippikkaan anuvadikkunnu") naasikal avarude tii-4 dayaavadhathe nyaayeekarikkan upayogichu.
jeevitam.
jorg christoph bindinginteyum dorothea bindinginteyum moonnaamathe kuttiyaya frankfurt aam meyinilaanu binding janichathu.
1860-ll binding gottinjanilekku thamasam maari, avide addeham charithravum niyamashaasthravum padichu. niyamapuraskaaram nediya heidelbergil oru hraswakaala thaamasathinu sesham addeham patanam poortthiyaakkaan gottinganilekku madangi. 1864-ll addeham roman criminal niyamathekkurichu laattin bhashayil "haabilitteshan" paper poortthiyaakkukayum heidelberg sarvakalashaalayil criminal niyamathil prabhashanam nadathukayum cheythu. rund varshathinu sesham swittsarlandile basalil loow oof stettu, criminal loow aandu proseasure professoraayi niyamithanaayi. athe varsham thanne addeham maari luis vairingine vivaham kazhikkukayum "daas bargundish-romanishe konigrichu", "entworf ains strafgesetsbuchs phur denne nordution bund" enniva prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. eee samayat addeham puraavastu gaveshakanaaya johann jacob bernauli, kalacharithrakaaranaaya jacob burkhard, thathwachinthakanaaya friedrich neeshe ennivarumaayum sauhrudam sthaapichu. 1867 augustil addehathinte aadya makan rudolph jorg janichu, rund varshathinu sesham addehathinte randaamathe makan janichu. rudolph jii binding pinneedu oru prashastha ezhuthukaaranaayi. kaal bindingin bhaaryaykkum oru makan rund penmakkalum koodi janikkendathaayirunnu. 1869-ll addehathinte kudumbam freebergilekku thamasam maarukayum franco-russian yudhathil pooraadunnathinu binding sannadhatha prakadippikkukayum cheythu. sainika parisheelanatthinte abhavam addehathe oru sainikanaayi sevikkaan kazhinjilla ennartham, addehathe oru chittayaya udyogasthanaayi amgeekarikkukayum oru feeld ashupathriyil sevanamanushtikkunna munnirayil niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1872-ll addeham strabergile rakes sarvakalashaalayil oru tasthika etteduthu. athe varsham thanne addeham leapsig sarvakalaashaalayilekk thamasam maari, avide adutha 40 varshathekku jolie thudarendathaayirunnu. 1879 muthal 1900 vare binding leapsig jilla kodathiyil pravarthichu. leapsig sarvakalaashaalayude rectoraayathinum emeritus nediyathinusheshavum addeham freebergilekku thamasam maari, avide eathaanum divasangalkku sesham bhaarya 71-aamm vayassil marichu. 1918ll onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu macedoniayile jarmman sainikarkkum sophiyayile bulgarian budhijeevikalkkum prabhashanam nalkaan idathu germmany nirbandhichu.
ashayangal.
jeevikkaan yogyamallaatha jeevithathinte naashathe anuvadikkunnu "dye freegabe derr wernichtung lebensenverton lebens".
cycatrist alfred hoche sahakarichu ezhuthiya bindinginte ettavum kuprasidhamaaya pusthakangalilonninte thalakkettaayirunnu ithu. aadyathethu bindingiloodeyum randaamathethu hocheyiloodeyum ezhuthiya rund bhagangalaayi pusthakatthe vibhajichu. aathmahathyayude niyamaparamaaya avastha dayaavadhathil undaakkunna anantharafalangalum maanasikarogikale kollunnathinte niyamasadhuthayum binding charcha cheythu. doctormar avarude rogikalumaayum gurutharaavasthayilullavarum pulartthunna bandhathilaanu hoche shradha kendreekarichathu. (alfred hoche kaanuka.) binding hoche avarude pravartthanangal naasikalil, prathyekichu akshan tii 4 dayaavadha paripaadiyil cheluthiya swaadheenathinu perukettathaanu.
jarmman niyamatthinte rund saadhyamaaya vyaakhyaanangal.
1920-kalil germmaniyil niyamathekkurichulla bindinginte swantham vyaakhyaanathil, aathmahathyayo aathmahathyaykk shramikkukayo cheiyunnathu niyamavirudhamalla, athu niyamathinu keezhilaanennu kanakkaakkanam. ithinartham oraal aathmahathya cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayaan arcum avakashamillennum marikkaan aagrahikkunna oraalkk atharam shramathil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkaan polum avakaashamundennum.
aathmahathya cheyyaanulla avakashavum mattoru vyakthikk kaimaarendathundennu binding anumaanikkunnu; athaayath, oru vyakthikk avar aagrahikkunnuvenkil mattoraale avarude maranathinu kaaranamakaan anuvadikkaanum avakaashamund. eee saahacharyathil, gurutharamaaya rogiyaaya oraale konnu aaa vyakthikk vendi pravarthicha eathoraalum niyamathinu anusrithamaayi pravarthichittundu.
jarmman niyamathekkurichulla bindinginte randaamathe saadhyamaaya vyaakhyaanam ardhamaakkunnathu aathmahathya niyamaparamo niyamaviruddhamo allah ennaanu. kolapathakavumaayi bandhapetta niyamam mattullavare kollunnathinekkurinnum aathmahathyayallennum addeham vaadichu. eee saahacharyathil aathmahathya thikachum niyamaparamayirikkum, ennaal avarude anumathiyode polum mattoraale kollunnath ulppedunna dayaavadhathe kolapaathakamaayi kanakkaakkendathund.
veendum, aathmahathya niyamavirudhamallenkil, mattoru vyakthi aathmahathya cheiyunnathil ninnu arcum thadayaan kazhiyilla. vaasthavathil, aathmahathya sramam thadayunna bhooribhaagam aalukalum saadhaaranayaayi vichaarana cheyyappedunnillennum aathmahathya cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayappedunna mikka aalukalum randaamathe sramam nadathunnillennum binding abhiprayappettu. dayaavadham moolamulla prosecution kesil, aarogyamulla oru jeevanum marakamaaya rogiyaaya oru vyakthiyum thammilulla vyathyasam kodathi verthirichariyanamennu addeham abhiprayappettu.
dayaavadhathinte nirvachanam.
vedana kuraykkuka enna uddeshyathode oru vyakthi maaraka rogiyaaya oru vyakthikk udanadi allengil oduvil aaa vyakthiyude vedanayillaatha maranathilekku nayikkunna oru marunnu nalkumbol sambhavikkunnathaan dayaavadham ennu binding nirvachichirikkunnathu.
dayaavadhathinte oru cases niyamathinu keezhil nilanilkkunnathin, marunnu aaa vyakthiye vedanayillaathe marikkaan praapthamaakkanam, allengil avar marikkumaayirunnu. eee reethiyil doctor rogathaal undaakunna vedanayeriyathil ninnu marunnu moolamundaakunna vedanayillaathathilekku maranakaaranam kaimarukayaanu cheiyunnathu. oru jeevan kuraykkunna eathoru kolapaathakavum niyamavirudhamaayi kaanapettu.
maaraka rogiye kollunnath kolapaathakathinethiraaya niyamathil ninnu vyatyasthamallennum marichu rogiyude thaalpparyangalkkanusrithaayi niyamaparamaaya oru pravarthanamaanennum binding avakashappettu. athu avarude bhayanakamaaya kashtappaadukalkk anthyam kurikkukayum oru kolapathakamaayittalla, marichu avarude kashtappaadukal kuraykkunnathinaayi kaanukayum venam. kollappedenda oru vyakthiyil ninnu anumathi vaangendathu aavasyamaanennu binding karuthiyilla, pakshe avarkk kazhiyukayum jeevikkanulla aagraham prakadippikkukayum cheythaal, aaa aagraham maanikkappedanam.
kollunnathinaayi addeham pariganikkaan aagrahikkunna aalukalude samghathe "rund valia grouppukalum oru madhya group" enningane moonnu grouppukalaayi vibhajichu.
aaa vyakthi vedana anubhavikkendathilla, avar nissahaayaavasthayilaayirikkum avarude avastha bhedamaakkaanaavaathathaayirikkum cheythaal mathi. mattoru saahacharyathil aaa vyakthiye rakshikkaan kazhiyumo ennathum aprasakthamaan.
eee aalukalkk marikkanulla ichhaashakthiyo jeevikkanulla ichhaashakthiyo illennu binding vivarikkunnu. avar "ardhashoonyamaaya jeevitam nayikkukayum samoohathinum avarude kudumbangalkkum oru bhaaramavukayum cheiyunnu". atharam "jeevikkaan yogyamallaatha" jeevithangal nilanirthunnathu paricharanakkaarkk anyayamaanennum addeham vishwasichu.
"avarude kolapathakam oru kolapaathakamaayi kaanaruth, marichu aaa vyakthiye bhayankaramaaya anthyathil ninnu rakshikkunnathayi kaanam."
eee samghathe kollunnathinu oru pothu niyamam roopappeduthaan bindinginu kazhinjilla. eee aalukalude niravadhi kolapathakangal yadhaarthathil nyaayeekarikkaanaavaathaanathe addeham sammathichu, ennirunnaalum ithu maranashesham maathrame vyakthamaakoo. itharam kolapaathakangale niyamam narahathyayayi kanakkaakkumenn addeham vishwasichu. ithu thante kaazhchappaadukal anusarichu "nyaayeekarikkaavunna" atharam kolapathakangal anuvadikkunnathinulla oru puthiya niyamathinaayi vadikkaan addehathe prerippichu.
oro kesilum kolapaathakathekkurichu theerumaanikkaan oru samiti venamennu binding aavasyappettu. samiti niyamathinu anusrithamaayi pravartthikkunnundo ennu parisodhikkaan oru doctor, oru cycatrist allengil mattu doctor, oru niyamanjan ennivaradangiya samithiyaayirunnu athu. saakshikale vilikkaan samithikk kazhiyukayum nadapadikal nadatthaan vottavakaashamillathe oru chairperson undaayirikkukayum cheyyum. apekshakano avarude doctorco kammittiyil amgangalaakaan kazhinjilla. oru apekshakanu thangale prathinidheekarikkam, avarude doctoro kudumbamo allengil avar aavasyappetta aarenkilum prathinidheekarikkam. 18 vayassinu thaazheyulla oralco maanasikarogikalkko jeevikkano marikkano ennu theerumaanikkaan valare saadhyamaan" enna abhipraayamaayirunnu bindinginu.
oru vyakthi maanadandangal paalikkunnundennu oru samiti parishodhicha sesham, athinu oru theerumaanam edukkaam. oru theerumaanam anthimamaakanamenkil, athu moonnu kakshikalum amgeekarikkukayum poornnamaayum anukambayode nadathukayum vedanayillaathe kolapathakam nadathukayum venam. theerumaanathinu anthimaroopam nalkiyathinu sheshamullath ulppede, arcum eppol venamenkilum kollappedanulla apeksha pinvalikkam. abodhaavasthayilulla vyakthiyudeyo maanasikarogiyudeyo kaaryatthil, binding anthima theerumaanam edukkaan ammaye anuvadichu. aaa vyakthiye svayam ettedukkaano ashupathriyil praveshippikkunnathinu chelavukal vahikkano kudumbam thayyaaraanengil aaa vyakthi kollappedilla. bodhamullah oru vyakthiyude kaaryatthil kudumbatthinte thaalpparyangalo abhyarthanakalo pariganikkathe vyakthiyude agrahangal maanikkappedanam.
oru kammittiyude adhikaaraparidhiyillaatha kolapathakangal.
oru kammittiyude niyanthranatthilallaatha kolapathakangal anuvadikkaanum binding aagrahichu. kolayali onnukil anuvaadathodeyo allengil abodhaavasthayilulla oraal marikkaan aagrahikkunnuvennu karutiyo pravarthichittundel maathrame atharamoru kolapathakam niyamavidheyamaakoo. maranashesham oru kammittikk kolapathakam saadhaarana aavasyangal niravettunnuvennu bodhyappedutthaan kazhiyanam.
thettaaya vyakthiye kollan ellaayppozhum saadhyathayund, "thettinulla saadhyatha pariganikkathe thanne nallathum nyayayukthavumaaya karyangal nadakkanam" ennu binding vaadichu. oru jeevan nashtappedaanulla apakadasaadhyatha apradhaanamaanennu addeham kandu, kaaranam "manushyaraashikk nirantharam abadhathil niravadhi jeevan nashtappedunnu, oraal koodi oru maattavum varuthilla".