
junippar maram (yakshikkatha)

"junippar trea" (badaam maram;) 1812-ll (keey. echu. emm 47) "grimsinte yakshikkadhakalil" grim sahodaranmaar loow jarmman bhashayil prasidheekaricha oru jarmman yakshikkadhayaanu. kuttikale durupayogam cheyyuka, kolapathakam, narabhojam, baibil pratheekathmakatha ennivayude prameyangal ulkkollunna eee katha, sahodaranmaarude irundathum kooduthal pakwathayullathumaaya yakshikkadhakalilonnaanu.
aarne-thompson tharam 720 ("junippar trea") aanu katha. atharathilulla mattoru katha engleeshile "rooss trea" aanu, ennirunnaalum ithu "junippar trea" yill ninnu lingangale vipareethamaakkunnu; maricha kutty oru aankuttiyayi nilanirthunnathinulla kooduthal saadhaarana paatten "junippar trea" pinthudarunnu.
uthbhavam.
1812-ll "kinder-undu housemerchen" enna pusthakatthinte aadya pathippil sahodaranmaraaya grim aanu eee katha prasidheekarichathu. kurachu maasangalkk munbu johann gustav bushinginte "volks-sagon, marchen undu legenden" (1812) enna kruthi kurachu vyathyasthamaaya oru pathipp prathyakshappettu.
1870 kalude arambham vare, thangalude ariyappedunna yakshikkadhakal ezhuthunnathinaayi praadeshika karshakaril ninnum pattanavaasikalil ninnum ketta vividha vaakkalulla vivaranangalum kettukadhakalum sahodaranmaar veendum sweekarichu ennu vishwasikkappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, vanesa jusen ulppedeyulla vividha vimarshakar eee anumaanam thettaanenn vaadikkunnu, ithu valia thothil tharkkaparamaaya thelivukalude adisthaanathilaanu. badaam maram" ennu aadyam ezhuthiyirunna "junippar trea" enna chithrakaaran philipp oottoo rangeyude yadhaartha pathippil ninnu grim sahodaranmaar prachodanam ulkkondathaanennu saahitya niroopakanaaya walter sherf vaadichu. 1812 leeii keey. echu. emminte aadya pathippinte anubandhathil grimma sahodaranmaar thanne eee vaachakam nalkiyathu philipp oottoo rangeyaanennu ezhuthi.
sangraham.
sambannarum bhaktharumaaya dambathikal thangalkk oru kutty labhikkanamenn ellah divasavum daivathinaayi praarthikkunnu. oru shaithyakaalath, muttatthe junippar marathinadiyil bhaarya oru apple tholi kalayunnu. aval viral murichu manju veezhukayum raktham thullikal veezhukayum cheiyunnu. ithu oru kutty manjupole vella raktham pole chuvappum aakanamenna aagrahathilekku avale nayikkunnu. aarumaasathinusesham, junippar berikal kazhichathumoolam bhaarya gurutharaavasthayilaakukayum thaan marichaal thanne junippar marathinadiyil kuzhichidanamennu bharthaavinodu aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu. oru maasathinushesham, aval manjupole vella raktham pole chuvappum niramulla oru aankunjinu janmam nalkunnu. aval santhosham kondu marikkunnu. thante vaagdaanam paalich bharthaav avale junippar marathinadiyil samskarikkunnu. oduvil addeham veendum vivaham kazhikkukayum adhehathinum puthiya bhaaryaykkum marlinchan enna oru makal janikkukayum cheiyunnu (chila pathippukalil marlyn, marjori allengil aan maari).
puthiya bhaarya marlinchane snehikkunnundenkil thante randaanachane verukkunnu. thante randaanachanu pakaram marlinchan thante pithaavinte sambathu avakaashamaakkanamenn aagrahikkunnuvennu avakaashappett aval ellah divasavum avane adhikshepikkunnu. school kazhinju oru uchathirinju, randaanamma thante randaanachane apple nench ulla oru ozhinja muriyilekku aakarshikkan padhathiyidunnu. marlinchan nench kaanukayum oru apple chodikkukayum cheiyunnu, athu randaanamma manoharamaayi nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aankutti muriyil praveshichu oru aappilinayi nenjil thaazhekku athumbol, randaanamma ayaalude kazhuthil adappu adichu shirachhedam cheiyunnu. randaanamma thante thala shareerathinte backie bhagangalumaayi oru bandej kondu bandhippikkukayum madiyil oru apple vechukondu shareeram purathulla oru kaserayil vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. eee saahacharyathekkurich ariyaatha marlinchan thante randaanachanodu oru apple chodikkunnu. oru prathikaranavum kelkkathe, avante cheviyil petti vekkaan avalude amma avale nirbandhikkukayum athu avante thala nilathekku uruttukayum cheiyunnu. marlinchan divasam muzhuvan valareyadhikam karayumbol randaanamma randaanachante shareeram thakarth athaazhathinu oru "blud-suupp" (black pudding sover/surr) pakam cheiyunnu. makan ammayude ammaavante veettilaanu thaamasichathennu paranju aval pinneedu bharthaavine vanchikkunnu. bharthaav ariyaathe athaazha samayat "rakthasasya" (karutha pudding/sover/surr) kazhikkukayum athu ruchikaramaanennu prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnu. athaazhathil ninnu marlinchan ellukal shekharikkukayum oru thoowala upayogichu junippar marathinadiyil samskarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
pettennu, junippar maratthil ninnu oru moodalmanju purathuvarikayum manoharamaaya oru pakshi puratthekku parakkukayum cheiyunnu. pakshi praadeshika pattanavaasikale sandarshikkukayum randaanammayude krooramaaya kolapaathakathekkurichu paadukayum cheiyunnu. athinte larabiyil aakrishtanaaya oru svarnnappanikkaaranum shhoo nirmmathaavum miller pakshiykk oru swarnna changala oru jodi chuvanna shoos oru millu kallum nalki pakaram pakshi veendum paatt aalapikkunnu. chuvanna shoos marlinchan nalkumbol swarnna changala bharthaavinu nalkaan pakshi veettilekku madangunnu. athesamayam, "thante dhamanikalile theepidithathekkurichu" randaanamma paraathippedunnu, ithu thante randaanammayodulla kopatthinum vidveshathinum yadhaartha kaaranamaanennu velippedunnu. aval aashvaasam labhikkaan purathupokunnu, pakshe pakshi milstoon avalude thalayil idukayum avale thalkshanam kollukayum cheiyunnu. pukayum theepidutthavum kondu chuttapetta makan pakshiyaanennu velippeduthi purathuvannu kudumbavumaayi veendum onnikkunnu. avar aaghoshikkukayum uchabhakshanathinaayi akathekku pookukayum santhoshathode jeevikkukayum cheiyunnu.
roopangal.
narabhojam, maranam, bhakshanam thudangi niravadhi vishayangal cherukathayil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu, "junippar trea."eee mothatthilulla vishayangal chuvade pattikappedutthiyirikku.
narabhojithvam.
hansell aandu grettal" enna cherukathayil ninnu "junippar trea" soochanakal nalkunnuvennu chilar vaadikkunnu. pradhana kathaapaathrathinte maranathethudarnnu, amma (avante maranam marachuvekkaanulla shramathil) aksharaarthatthil "avane kashanangalayi murichu, paanil iduka, ennittu... [avane rakthathinte suupp/karutha puddingukalil pakam cheythu]. bharthaav appol rakthathinte suupp/karutha pudding kazhikkukayum "bhakshanam ethra ruchikaramaanu" ennu parayukayum bhaaryayod "avanu kurachu koodi nalkaan" aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu."
bhakshanavum maranavum thammilulla samaantharamaayi.
bhakshanathinu maranavumaayi bandhamundennu kathayude avasaanathode vyakthamaakum. cherukathayude thudakkathil, aadya bhaarya oru apple murikkumbol viralukal murikkukayum "manjilekku raktham veezhukayum cheiyunnu."pilkkaalatthe oru appiline cheria kutty veettil varumbol pishaachilekku athikkunnathaayi polum vilikkunnu, pishach aalankaarikamaayi ammayodu ingane parayunnu" makane, ninakk oru apple labhikkumo?makane paachakavasthuvaayi maattumbol ningalkk avane maranatthinte uravidamaayi polum nokkaam. oduvil, ammaye kollan oru millu stoon upayogikkunnu. daanyam araykkaan saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna oru upakaranamaan milstoon.
rakshaakarthruthvam.
junippar maratthile" ammayude kathaapaathram oru raksha manobhaavathe prathinideekarikkaan upayogichathayi vimarshakar abhipraayappedunnu. syndrella, briar rooss, snow vaitt thudangiya mattu grim fairy storikaliludaneelam rakshaakarthruthvathinte eee vishayam kaanikkunnu. eee kadhakalilellaam, pradhana kathaapaathrathe pinthudarunna chila vasthukkal (saadhaaranayaayi prakrithiyiloode prathinidheekarikkappedunnu) undu. briar rooss" ennathinte kaaryatthil, briar veli avalude rosapoovinu kaaval nilkkunna prakrithiyude pratheekamaanu kottaykkullil urangunna rajakumari."
sammanangal nalkunnu.
makan pakshiyaakumbol, oru svarnnappanikkaarante svarnnachaayiyum sahodarikku oru jodi shoos polulla sammanangal addeham abhyarthikkunnu. koodaathe, oru koottam millarmaaril ninnu addeham oru millu stoon aavasyappedukayum athu bhaaryayude thalayil pathikkukayum athu avalude pettennulla maranathilekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. changala adhikaarathe prathinidheekarikkumenkilum (bharya upekshikkaan) shoos swaathanthryatheyum soochippikkumennu vimarshakar vaadikkunnu.
paatt.
makante thettaaya maranam thurannukaattunnathinulla oru paathramaayi pravarthichathil gaanam oru pratheekathmaka roopamaanu. pakshi paadunnathu ketta sesham thante sahodarikkum pithaavinum sammanangal nalkunnathinaayi pakshi eee gaanam vividha nagaravasikalkk aalapichu. manushyarumaayi vaakkukal ashayavinimayam nadathaanulla kazhivillaatha oru pakshiyude vyakthithvathinu eee gaanam aakkam kootti.
paatt ingane pooyi
varikal
"ente amma enne konnu.
ente achhan enne thinnu.
ente sahodari, kochu marlinchan,
ente ellukalellaam onnichucherthu,
avare oru pattunool thoovaalayil kettiyittu,
avare junippar marathinadiyil kidatthi.
kvitt, kvitt, njaan ethra manoharamaaya pakshiyaanu!"
kuttikale durupayogam cheiyunnu.
randaanamma thante randaanachane nirantharam adhikshepikkukayum oduvil avane kollukayum cheiyunnathiloode kaanikkunna oru pracharikkunna vishayamaan kuttikale durupayogam cheiyunnathu. krooramaaya adichamarthalinoppam eee prameyavum thavala rajakumaran, rapunsel thudangiya sahodaranmaarude kruthikalil aavarthichulla prameyamaanu. kuttikale durupayogam cheiyunna vishayam kooduthal muthirnnavare kendreekarichulla kathayilekku nayikkunnuvennu niroopakanaaya jacq sips abhipraayappedunnu. yakshikkadhakal kuttikalkkullavayaanenna kooduthal amgeekarikkappetta chinthayil ninnu ithu vyathichalikkunnu.
pishaachinte vyakthithvam.
palatharam vichithrakathakalilum palappozhum "vividha vesham" dharichu pishach prathyakshappedunnu.oru" "cheria manushyan" "muthal" "pazhaya aadu" "vare ulppede niravadhi vyakthithvangal addeham sweekarikkunnu".randaanammayude randaanammayodulla aazhathilulla veruppum akramasakthamaaya pravanathakalum aval pishaachinte oru shaakhayaayirikkaamenna maanasikaavasthayilekku nerittu kalikkunnu. randaanamma randaanachane krooramaayi kollunnathinu munbu oru apple vaagdaanam cheyyukayum kolapathakam marachuvekkaan makalude niraparaadhithvam kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunnathu eedan thottatthile eevinekkurichulla baibil pralobhanatthe nerittu soochippikkunnu. avasaanathode, randaanamma thante sirakalkkullil "ugramaaya thee" anubavikkunnu, ithu avalude paapangalude bhaaratheyum orupakshe avalude aathmaavinte shikshayeyum pratheekappeduthunnu. villan thakarunnathin munbu pishach (mikka pathippukalilum dushtan ennu vilikkappedunna) avalude manassilekku kadannuvennu kathayude oru ghattathil vivarikkappedunnu.
matham.
kathayil matham oru pradhana pratheekathmaka punk vahikkunnu. daivathodulla bhakti palappozhum vishudhiyumaayum nishkalankathayumaayum bandhappettirunnu, ithu aankuttiyude jaivika maathapithaakkaliloodeyum orupakshe ankuttiyum marlinchan kaanikkunnu. pakshiyil punarjanmam nedukayum prathikaram cheiyunnathinaayi randaanammaye millu stoon upayogichu kollukayum cheiyunna aankuttikk palappozhum oru velutha praav aayi chithreekarikkappedunna parishudhaathmaavine pratheekappedutthaanum dushtark daivika vidhi nadappakkaanum kazhiyum. randaayiram varshangalkk munbu" nadanna kathayum baibil kaalaghattatthil urachunilkkunnu. mikka engleesh bhaashayilulla vivarthanangalilum, vaachakathil vivarichirikkunna vibhavam/paachaka reethi "stoo" allengil maargarat hundinte 1884 leeii vivarthanathil "black puddings" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu."ivide pradhaanappettath aankuttiyude shareeravum rakthavum pithaav pakam cheyyukayum kazhikkukayum cheiyunnu ennathaanu. stoo" enna vaakkinte mikka engleesh bhashaantharangalilum kaanaatha kaaryam aankuttiyude rakthavum pakam cheyth kazhikkunnu ennathaanu. vishudha kurbbanayumaayi bandhapetta symbolism-shareeram kazhikkukayum kristhuvinte raktham kudikkukayum cheiyunnathu-appol avyakthamaakum.
punarjanmam.
"yakshikkadhakalil manushyajeevithachakram prakrithiyude chakravumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan." 
prathyekichu grimmy sahodarante "junippar trea" yill kaanunna punarjanmam kathayil oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu. aadya bhaarya junippar marathinadiyil samskarikkaan aavashyappedumbozhaanu prekshakar aadyam punarjanmam kaanunnath. amma orikkalum yadhaarthathil jeevithathilekku madangivarunnillenkilum, avalude aathmaavin junippar maratthil amanushika swaadheenam undennu thonnunnu, ithu kathayude avasaanathil makane oru pakshiyayum yadhaartha bhauthika roopamaayum shaareerikamaayi punarjanmam nedaan anuvadikkunnu.
grimminte sidhaantham.
oro grim kathayum munkootty nischayichathum vargeekarichathumaaya oru formet pinthudarunnu. oro kathaapaathravum thettumaayi janikkunnu enna ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu oro kathayum. udaaharanathinu, oru kutty maathaapithaakkal snehikkunnundenkil, oru sahodarano sahodariyo avane verukkunnu.mattoru udaaharanathil" vaalsalyathaal chuttapetta oru kutty "ulppedaam.grim sidhaantham upayogichu, kutty" jananathinu munbu cheytha oru kuttakrithyam pinthudarendathundu, saadhaaranayaayi addehathinte kudumbatthile oraal ".eee formaattaanu" "kathaapaathrangalude varavu" "munnott nayikkunnath, avide pradhana kathaapaathram (athijeevikkaan)" "apakadangalumayi oru roadle [kall] nilkkunnu, oru dushta ichhaashakthiye pinthudarunnu, akalam thanne avane [avante allengil avalude] kudumbatthinte maranathil ninnu akattaan kazhiyilla ennathupole"."
grimmile parivartthana shareerangal.
oro grim kathakalilum udaneelam thudarchayaayirikkunnathu parivartthana shareerangalude punarroopakalppanayaanu. kathaapaathrangalude shaareerika parivartthanavum avayude lingabhedavum thammil bandhamundennu niroopakayaaya jeena jorgenson vaadikkunnu. soundarya aadarshangal thammilulla bandham sthiramaayi varaykkunnathu sthree kathaapaathrangalude vikaasathil oru pradhana gadakamaanu, athesamayam parivartthanangal kooduthalum purusha kathaapaathrangalude vikasanathil pradhana punk vahikkunnu. praayavum valippavumayi karsanamaayi bandhappettirikkunna purusha parivartthanangalil upayogikkunna naamavaachakangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol cheria, cheria, dushta, manoharam, vrithiketta thudangiya shaareerika savisheshathakalil shradha kendreekarichu sthree kathaapaathrangale saadhaaranayaayi vivarikkunnuvennu avar nigamanam cheiyunnu. prathyekichum, "junippar trea" yill, jorgenson miriyathinte dukhathe thithreekarikkunnathu, pala grim kathakalilum "kashtappaadukal sthreekalude shareerathil avarude vedana swaabhaavikamaakkukayum yakshikkadhakalil sthreekal karayumennu pratheekshikkan namme nayikkukayum cheiyunna vidhathil ezhuthappettirikkunnu enna vasthuthayude praathinidhyamaayi upayogikkunnu."
grimmil faantasiyum maanthrikathayum.
kathayude faantasiyum maanthrikathayum saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya neethi sthaapikkunnathino punasthaapikkunnathino ulla upakaranangalayi vyaakhyaanikkaam"."ellah vichitramaaya yakshikkadhakalilum ithu sambhavikkunnuvennu robarta markman vishwasikkunnu, kaaranam srishtiparamaaya prakriyayude" "parivartthana shakthikalkk" "saamoohika maanadandangale maattaan kazhiyum". thalphalamaayi, saahityathinum mattu srishtiparamaaya kalaaroopangalkkum avarude saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya saahacharyangalekkurichulla oraalude vyakthiparamaaya manobhaavam maattaan kazhiyum. saadhaaranayaayi kathaapaathrathinte saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya avastha moshamaayirikkunna grimming yakshikkadhakalil ithu prathyekichum prachaaratthilundu. udaaharanathinu, grimminte syndrellayil, syndrellayude saamoohika sahacharyam avalude randaanammayodulla avalude adimathathe aasrayichirikkunnu. oru prekshaka amgamenna nilayil, ithu vaayikkumbol avarude saamoohika sahacharyam thaarathamyappeduthumbol ethra mikachathaanennu avare oormmippikkunnu.
kudumbatthil samgharsham.
grimsinte "junippar trea" yum addehathinte muun kruthikalaaya kudumba naadakavum thammil vyakthamaaya samaantharamund. shishasaahithyathinte aamukhangalekkurichulla oru padanatthil niroopakanaaya walter sherf, 176 grandhangalil 169 ennavum oru adisthaana kudumba samgharshathodeyaanu aarambhichathenn abhiprayappettu. junippar maratthile plottinu samaanamaayi, grimsinte "hansell aandu grettal" ll, kuttikal avare eshtappedaatha avarude randaanammayodoppam thaamasikkukayum avare ozhivakkaan oru padhathi thayyarakkukayum cheiyunnu. raavile taanum bharthaavum kuttikale kaattile ettavum kattiyulla bhaagathekku kondupoyi avide upekshikkumennu avar parayunnu, avarkk madangaan kazhiyaathe varikayum pattini kidannu marikkukayum cheyyum. junippar maratthile" randaanammayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, makal pithaavil ninnu ellaam avakaashamaakkanamenn aagrahicha aval eee saadhyatha urappunalkunnathinaayi makane konnu.
yadhaartha vivarthanavum pashchaathalavum.
"junippar trea" enna kruthi samaahaarathinte thalakettum pusthakathinullile gadyabhaagavumaanu. cherukathaa samahaaram grimmy sahodaranmaaralla ezhuthiyathu, marichu vividha srothassukalil ninnu shekharichathaanu... avaril palarum yadhaartha rachayithaakkalaayirunnu.motham munnootti muppathimoonnu pejukalulla irupathiyezhu cherukathakalaanullathu. mothatthilulla srishtiyilekku cherkkaan grimma sahodaranmaar chithreekaranangalum upayogichu. grimmanusarichu, "[upayogicha] chithreekaranangal vishadaamshangalil athilolavum aashayathil saangalppikavum sarikkum manoharavumaanu."
kamantari.
eee yakshikkadhayekkurichu academic pandithanmaar ezhuthiya vyaakhyaanathinte chila udaaharanagal aksharakramatthil chuvade pattikappedutthiyirikku. ithu "junippar maram" sambandhicha avarude vyakthigatha abhipraayangale prathinidheekarikkunnu.
alfred merii elisabath david.
alfredinteyum elisabath davidinteyum lekhanathil avar "junippar trea" yeei "prachodanatthinulla naadodi saahityam" ennu vyaakhyaanikkunnu."mikka vichitramaaya yakshikkadhakalilum avatharippikkappedunna prakrithiyum thaddesheeya samskaaravum mattu kalakaaranmaare avarude saahitya sramangalil prachodippikkunnuvennu avar vishwasikkunnu, eee prakrithiyude vishayam nilavilundu. ammayudeyum makanteyum jeevante uravidamaayi juuniyar maram grimma sahodaranmaar upayogikkunnu. prakrithiye oru jeeva srotassaayi upayogikkunnathu "briar rooss" polulla mattu saahithyasrushtikalkku prachodanamaayi.
maria taattar.
pala naadodikkadhakalum dushtayaaya randaanammamaare oru sthriyum avalude randaanammamarum thammilulla vibhavangalkkayulla yadhaartha malsarathil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn vyaakhyaanikkunnu. eee kathayil, uddeshyam vyakthamaakkunnu makal ellaam avakaashamaakkanamenn randaanamma aagrahikkunnu.
kathayile millstoninu aaa kaalathe vaayanakkaarkk baibil ardhangalundaakumaayirunnu, prathyekichu luca 17:2 enna vaakyam parayunnath oru kutty paapathinu prerippikkunna eathoraalum kazhuthil oru millston upayogichu kadalilekku eriyappedunnathaanu nallathennu parayunnu; iruvarum cheruppakkaareyum niraparaadhikaleyum upadravikkunnavarkkulla shikshayaayi oru millstonine paraamarsikkunnu. mattoru baibil ardham pishaachinte kaivashamulla randaanammayil ninnu makanu apple samarppikkuka ennathaanu, athu pishaachin samaantharamaayi, sarppathinte vesham dharichu, nishidhamaaya pazham (parambaraagathamaayi oru apple) eevinu samarppikkunnu.
jeey. aarr.aarr tolkeen.
oonn fairy storees" enna thante lekhanathil jeey. aarr. aarr. kuttikalkkulla sensarshippinte thinmakalude udaaharanamaayi tolkian "junippar trea" udharichu; addehathinte kaalathe pala pathippukalum stoo ozhivaakkukayum, muzhuvan yakshikkadhayum ozhivaakkiyittillengil kuttikale athil ninnu ozhivaakkaruthenn tolkian karuthukayum cheythu.
poruthappedutthalukal.
noottaandukaliludaneelam, grimmy sahodaranmaarude yakshikkadhakal dhaaraalam srothassukalaal punarnirmmikkappedukayum sweekarikkappedukayum cheythittundu. kathaye aaspadamaakki

