
germmaniyile chainees janatha

germmaniyile chainees janatha europile videsha chainees janathayude cheria grooppukalilonnaanu, pradhaanamaayum germmaniyil thamasikkunna chainees pravaasikalum chainees vamshajaraaya jarmman pouranmaarum ulppedunna jarmman chainees samooham athivegam valarukayaanu, 2016 leeii kanakkanusarichu federal instittyoott phoor poppuleshan research ekadesham 212,000 aanennu kanakkakkunnu. athumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, 2008ll chainees vamshajaraaya 1,10,000 perr germmaniyil thaamasikkunnathayi taywanese okaak kanakkaakkiyirunnu.
kudiyetta charithram.
pathonpathaam noottaand muthal onnaam lokamahaayudham vare.
pinneedu roopeekaricha praadeshika chainees samoohangalkku polum ariyillengilum, germmaniyile aadyakaala chainees, gwangdongle ninnulla feng yaxing, feng yaxue ennivar 1822 ll lunden vazhiyaan berlinilethiyathu. stokkarmaar, kalkari trimerukal, lubricatorukal enningane jarmman steemshippukalil jolie cheythirunna cantonese samsaarikkunna kadalyaathrikar 1870 oode hamberg, bremen thudangiya thuramukhangalil prathyakshappedaan thudangi. 1890 aayappozhekkum naalppathimoonnu perr hambergill thaamasichu, 1910 ll 207 perr, kooduthalum muun naavikar. germmaniyile eaka chaina tounaayirunnu hamberg (yadhaarthathil onno rando theruvukal maathram). 1890kalil, pala shipping kambanikalum avarude vellakkachavadakkaare valare vilakuranja chainees (indian, aafrikkan) thozhilaallikal upayogichu maattisthaapikkaan thudangi. enchin roomukalile (palappozhum 40 digri selshyasil kooduthal thapanilayil) angeyattam maduppikkunna jolikalkku. 1900 oode seaberufsgenosenshaftl (ekadesham naavikarude insurance sosaitti) rajisttar cheytha 47,780 amgangalil moovaayirathiladhikam perr chainakkaraayirunnu. laber unionukalum soshyal demookratik party avarude saannidhyathe shakthamayi amgeekarichilla; vamseeya aashankakalaal prachodanam ulkkond 1898 ll chainees kroo bahishkarichathinte falamaayi 1898 october 30 nuu reachstag oru niyamam pasaki, oostreliyayilekkulla shipping roottukalil chainakkaare niyamikkaan kazhiyillennum chainayilekkum jappanilekkum pookunna roottukalil vellakkaar aarogyathinu hanikaramaayathinaal edukkaatha sthaanangalil maathrame avare niyamikkaan kazhiyoo ennum prasthaavichu. chainees kadalyaathrakkaare vanthothil pirichuvidunnathaayirunnu phalam.
1880kall muthal, kizhakkan elbiyayil chainees "koolikale" karshaka thozhilaallikalaayi niyamikkunnathinekkuri charchakal nadannirunnu.iii. prashyayude vipulamaaya kizhakkan pravishyakal valia kaarshika estettukalude savisheshathayaanu. saadhaaranayaayi kizhakkan europpukaar, prathyekichu. dhruvangal avide aavashyamaaya thozhilaallikal nalkiyengilum eee pradeshangalil ninnulla jarmman kudiyettam, uyarnna poolish phalabhooyishtatha, poolish nyoonapakshatthinte vardhichuvarunna rashtreeya samaharanangal enniva avarude "nuzhanjukayattathe" kurichu uthkandakal srishtichu. praadeshika jarmmankaarumaayi kalarthunnathiloode. chila nireekshakar verthirikkaan eluppamulla (udha.jii. friedrich syrup, pinneedu veymarinteyum naasikaludeyum kaalatthinte avasaanathil raich laber beuroyude director). australiyayileyum vadakke americayileyum anubhavangalude adisthaanathil saamskaarika swaamsheekaranathe chainakkar prathyekichu prathirodhikkunnavarayi kaanapettu. athinaal estettu udamakal avarude kudiyettatthino allengil atharam nirddeshangal pariganikkunnathino prerippichu, udha.jii. 1889-ll pomeraniyayil, akkaalathe engleesh samsaarikkunna lokathile prathikoola abhipraayangal kaaranam pothujanangaludeyum bharanapararudeyum abhiprayam "eathaandu poornnamaayum nishedhaathmakamaayirunnu" (sii. eph. manja apakadavum) vamseeya apaakathakalekkurichulla bhayavum. ennirunnaalum, prussian videshakaarya oafees anweshanam nadatthi, udha.jii. netherlands eest indeesile chainees thozhilaalikalekkurichu. 1895ll baijingle ninnu samagramaya oru report labhicha sesham, gathagatha, vethana chelavukalude adisthaanathil atharam padhathikal vijayakaramallenn oafees nigamanam cheythu. 1906/07 ll oru puthiya nirddeshangal vannuvenkilum chainayile kiyaavutschouvil ninnulla jarmman colonial adhikaarikalude prasthaavanaykk sesham samaanamaayi parajayappettu.
kadalyaathrikarkk purame, noottaandinte thudakkathil germmaniyil thamasikkunna chainakkaarude mattoru pradhana grouppaanu vidyaarthikal. 1904ll sann yaatt-seen germmaniyilum mattu padinjaaran europian raajyangalilum sandarshanam nadatthiya samayat irupathiladhikam perr berlinil samghadippicha kwing virudha chainees yunaittad leagil chernnu. shandongle ninnulla vinodasanchaarikalude oru koottavum undaayirunnu, sejiangil ninnulla oru cheria anupatham, avar rashyayiloodeyum polandiloodeyum berlinilethaan jarmmaniyilekku karayiloode vannu.
britiish, franch sanbradaayangalkku samaanamaayi jarmman videsha kolanikalilum chainees thozhilaallikal jolie cheythirunnu. 1894 vare jarmman kizhakkan aafrikkayilekku ekadesham 1,000 "koolikale" niyamichirunnuvenkilum shaareerika sikshayum ushnamekhalaa kaalaavasthayum valare kadinamayirunnathinaal singappoorileyum hongongileyum britiish colonial adhikaarikal kooduthal kudiyettam anuvadichilla. labhakaramaaya thottangalkk chainees thozhilaallikal anivaaryamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna pasaphik kolanikal aayirunnu kudiyettatthinte mattoru kendram. 1914ll jarmman nyoo giniyayil 1,377 chainees (1,137 vellakkaarkkethire), samovayil 2,184 chainees (373 jarmmankaarkkethire) enniva undaayirunnu. thozhilaalikalkkethiraaya krooramaaya perumaattathekkurichu chainees sarkkarumaayulla pirimurukkangal orikkalum avasaanichilla. chainakkaarkk orikkalum vellakkaarkk thulyamaaya avakashangal nalkiyittillengilum avarude "thaazhnna nilavaaratthilulla samskaaram" kaaranam pradeshavaasikalkk samaanamaayi pariganikkapettu. ennirunnaalum, naattukaarumaayi edapazhakunnathu thadayunnathinulla sramangalum nadannu.
weimer republic naasi germmaniyum.
1920kalude madhyathode germmaniyile videsha vidyaarthikalude naalaamathe valia samghamaayi chaina maari. palarum theevra raashtreeyathil earppettu, prathyekichu berlinil; avar germmaniyile communist partyil chernnu, koodaathe athinte chainees bhasha vibhagamaaya "sirkal phur chaineesshe spraache" sthaapikkunnathinulla utharavaadithavumundaayinu. chainees kammyoonistukalaaya suu dii, liavo chengsi ennivar 1920 kalude avasaanathilum 1930 kalude thudakkathilum sajeevamaayi thudarnnu; chainayilekku aayudangal kayattumathi cheiyunnathu thadayunnathinaayi hambergill chainees naavikarkkidayil oru panimudakku samghadippikkunnathil liavo vijayichu.
1933ll adhikaarathil vanna naasikal chainakkaare jappaaneesukaarekkaal vamsheeyamaayi thazhnnavaraayi tharamthirichilla, pakshe chainees samoohathil bhooribhaagathinum idathupaksha prasthaanangalumaayi bandhamundayirunnathinaal avar audyogika parishodhanaykk vidheyaraayi, palarum raajyam vittu, onnukil spainilekku pookukayum avide pottippurapetta aabhyantharayudhathil poraadukayo allengil chainayilekku madangukayo cheythu. 1935 vare, ovarsees chainees afayezhs kammeeshante sthithivivarakkanakkukal kaanikkunnath 1,800 chainakkar ippozhum germmaniyil thaamasikkunnu; avaril aayirathiladikam perr berlinile vidyaarthikalaayirunnu, athesamayam noorukanakkinu perr hamberg aasthaanamaayulla kadalyathrakkaaraayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1939 aayappozhekkum eee ennam 1,138 aayi churungi.
1941ll muthu thuramukhathinu nereyundaaya aakramanathethudarnnu chainees sarkkar naasi jarmmanikkethire yuddham prakhyaapichathinushesham, gestappo jarmmaniyiludaneelam chainees jarmmankareyum chainees pouranmaareyum koottatthode arast cheythu, 1942ll berlinil ippozhum thamasikkunna 323 pere arast cheyth langer morgan varkk campilekku ayachu. palareyum gestappo peedippikkukayo kollukayo cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanathode hambergile ellah chainees restorantukalum adachu.
germmaniyude vibhajanavum punarekeekaranavum.
yudhathinushesham, germmaniyil avasheshicha noorukanakkinu chainakkaarkk thirichayakkal samghadippikkaan chainees sarkkar udyogasthare ayachu. hambergill ninnulla 148 peril oraal maathramaan langer morjan rogathe athijeevichavan; addeham hamberghinte yudhaananthara chainees restorantaaya pease restorant thurannu. ennirunnaalum, poyavarkk taamasiyaathe puthiya kudiyettakkaare niyamichu. 1947ll berlinte padinjaaran mekhalayil 180 chainakkaarum kizhakkan mekhalayil 67 perum undaayirunnu; oru varshathinusesham aaa ennam yathaakramam 275,72 aayi uyarnnu. peeples republic oof chainayude sthaapanavum thudarnnu kizhakkan jarmmani athinte amgeekaaravum labhichathode, pala vyaapaarikalum kizhakkan berlinilekk thamasam maari, avide avarude maathrraajyathinte puthiya sarkkar avare kooduthal nannayi samrakshikkumennu pratheekshichu. padinjaaran jarmmani thaayvaanil (aarr. oo. sii) republic oof chaina audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkukayum 1972 vare peeples republic oof chainayumaayi bandham sthaapikkukayum cheythilla.
1960kalilum 1970kalilum padinjaaran jarmmaniyilekkulla vamseeya chainees kudiyettam pradhaanamaayum netherlandile britiish chainees, chainees samudaayangalil ninnaan. itali, porchugal, spain ennividangalil ninnaan mattu kudiyettakkaar vannath. jarmman adhikaarikal pothuve prc pouranmaarkku thaamasa anumathi nalkaruthennu aagrahichu. pariganikkathe, germmaniyile prc, aarosi pouranmaarude ennam vardhichukondirunnu, 1967 aayappozhekkum aadyathethil ninnu 477 umm pinneedullathil ninnu 1,916 umm. vyakthigatha kudiyettakkaarkku purame, prc aarosiyum ubhaykakshi karaarukal prakaram germmanic prathyeka kazhivukal nalki. 1960kalilum 1970kalilum aarr. oo. sii. 300 nazhsumaare ayachu. pii. aarr. siyude kaaryatthil, kizhakkan jarmmaniyilekku 90,000 vyaavasaayika parisheelakare nalkunnathinaayi 1986 ll chaina oppuvacha karar berlin mathil veenathinodakam nadappakkaanaayilla; chainakkar ayaykkaan sammathicha 90,000 peril 1,000 perr maathram pooyi, 1990 disambarode 40 perr ozhike ellaavarum veettilekku madangi. pii. aarr. siyil ninnu padinjaaran jarmmaniyilekkulla kudiyettam kizhakkan jarmmaniyilethinekkaal valare valuthaayirunnu; 1983 ll avide thamasikkunna pii. aarr. sii pouranmaarude ennam aarr. oo. sii pouranmaarude ennathe marikadannu, 1985 aayappozhekkum 6,178 aayi valarnnu, 3,993 aarr. oo. sii pouranmaar maathram. verum ettu varshathinusesham, avarude ennam naalirattiyiladikam vardhichu; 5,626 aarosi pouranmaarkku pakaram 31,451 prc pouranmaar germmaniyil thaamasichirunnu. melpparanja vibhagangalil onnilum ulppeduthiyittillaathi pathinaayirakkanakkin vamseeya chainees vamsajarum undaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum chainees vamshajaraaya vietnaamees janathayum britiish deseeya (videsha) pasporttukalulla hongong nivaasikalum.
kizhakkan germmaniyil 1980kalude avasaanathil peeples republicil ninnu aayirathil thaazhe chainees "karar thozhilaallikal" ("vertragsarbiter") undaayirunnu. 1989leeii venalkkaalath tianenmen koottakkola kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu sii. sii. pii. yude pinthunaye sedu neethrthwam soochippichu. pakaramaayi, vardhichuvarunna kudiyettam 1989leeii sharathkaalathil jii. dii. aarinte saamoohika-saambathika prathisandhi aazhathilaakkiyappol, pii. aarr. sii. bhawana mantri lyne hanxiong "jii. dii. aarinu aavashyamullathupole thozhilaallikalude ennavum yogyathayum nalkaan vaagdaanam cheythu."kizhakkan jarmman bharanakoodatthinte thakarchaykku divasangalkku munbu eee nirddesham vannathinaal, druthagathiyilulla rashtreeya mattangal ithu kaalaharanapettu.
saamoohika saambathikashaasthram.
thozhil.
chainees samoohathil upajeevanamarggam srishtikkunnathinulla oru pradhana maarggamaayi bhakshyasevanam thudarunnu. udaaharanathinu, tilbergill, restorant vyavasaayam chainees janasamkhyayude ekadesham 60 shathamaanatholam perkku thozhil nalkunnu. shaasthrathil doktarettu nediya germmaniyile vidyaarthikal polum avarude padanavumaayi bandhapetta eathenkilum joliyil earppedunnathinupakaram restorantukalo cattering sevanangalo aarambhichu.
berlinil, walther shriber plaatsilum albrectstrass, groonwaldstrass ennividangalilum niravadhi chainees restorantukal kaanam. trackle ejansi bisinesses ennathu intra-ethnik netvarkkukal vilappettathaanennu theliyikkapetta mattoru kaaryamaan; germmaniyile chainees traval ejansikal praadhamikamaayi mattu chainakkaarkk avarude uthbhava raajyathekku madakkayaathrakal nadathunnu. germmaniyile chainees traval ejansikalude ennam muppathiyanju muthal noorukanakkinu vareyaanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, samudra adhishtitha vyavasaayangal chainees samoohathinte valiyoru bhaagathe ippol niyamikkunnilla; 1986 aayappozhekkum jarmman kappalukalile videsha thozhilshakthiyude 2 sathamaanathil kooduthal allengil 110 vyakthikalil kooduthal chainakkaarundaayirunnil.
vidyaabhyaasam.
germmaniyile chainees janasamkhyayude valiyoru bhaagavum vidyaarthikalaanu. 1987ll jarmman chansalar helmut kohlinode nadatthiya paraamarshatthil, europilekku valia anupaathavum amerikkayilekku cheria anupaathavum ayaykkukayenna lakshyathode videshathekku pookunna chainees vidyaarthikalude lakshyasthaanangal vaividyavalkkarikkaanulla thante aagraham deng siavopping oonnipparanju. 2000 aayappozhekkum, jarmman sarvakalaashaalakalil ettavum valia videsha vidyaarthikalude samgham chaina roopeekarichu, 2002 ll 10,000 umm 2007 ll 27,000 umm. germmaniyile chainees nivaasikalude kuttikale lakshyamitulla schoolukalum sthaapichittundu; 1998 ll thanne berlinil rund chainees schoolukal undaayirunnu, onnu nagara sarkkar nadathukayum mattonn oru koottam maathaapithaakkal svakaaryamaayi sthaapikkukayum cheythu. stattgaarttilum atharamoru school undu; ennirunnaalum, birudaananthara birudatthinu sesham chainayilekku madangaan aagrahikkunna chainees biruda vidyaarthikal saadhaaranayaayi avarude kuttikale chainayude deseeya paatyapadhathikku anusrithamaayi hoome-school thiranjedukkunnu, ithu public school samvidaanathilekku avare veendum samyojippikkaan sahayikkunnu.
randaam thalamurayile chainees vidyaarthikal avarude vamseeya jarmman athiraalikale apekshichu oru jimneshyathil (koleju preparatory school) pankedukkaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaayirunnu.
janasamkhya.
jarmman chainees samooham sameepa varshangalil athivega valarcha kaivarichu. 2016ll, germmaniyil 201,000 peeples republic oof chaina pouranmaar thaamasichirunnu, ithu 2013 neey apekshichu 35 sathamaanam vardhanavaanu. rajyath thamasikkunna taiwan pouranmaarude ennam 5,885 aayirunnu (2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu). koodaathe, jarmman pouranmaaraayi swaabhaavikavalkkarikkadeppedu rajyath thaddesheeyamaayi janichavaro aaya dhaaraalam chainees janathayundu. 2004num 2007num idayil maathram 4,213 prc pouranmaar jarmman pouranmaaraayi swaabhaavikavalkkarikkuppadu. athinupurame, germmaniyile chainees samoohathil singapur, maleshya, indoneshya thudangiya rajyangalil ninnulla pathinaayirakkanakkin vamseeya chainees vamshajar ulppedunnu.
chainees samoohathinte valarchaykku udaaharanamaayi duisburg nagaram parayaam. 2010ll duesburgil pii. aarr. sii. yude 568 pouranmaar undaayirunnappol 2018ll ekadesham 1136 perr undaayirunnu. eee ennathil swaabhaavika jarmman chainees ulppedunnilla.
anadhikritha kudiyettam.
1989 nuu sesham, kizhakkan europe vazhi jarmmaniyilethiya anadhikritha chainees kudiyettakkaarude ennam vardhikkaan thudangi, 1990 kalude madhyathil maathram kuranju; 1990 kalude avasaanathil oro varshavum sharashari 370 pere adhikaarikal pidikoodunnu, ennirunnaalum niyamaviruddha kudiyettatthinte yadhaartha vyaapthi valare valuthaanennu avar vishwasikkunnu. niravadhi anadhikritha kudiyettakkaar restorantukalil jolie cheiyunnu, avarude maanejarmaar avarude kudiyetta chelavukal sponsor cheyyukayum avaa thirike nalkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu. atharam chelavukal saadhaaranayaayi 60,000 muthal 120,000 roopa vare paambinte thalakalkk (chainees kallakkadathukaar) nalkunnu. network efakttukal kaaranam, jarmmaniyilekkulla anadhikritha chainees kudiyettakkaar pradhaanamaayum sejiyaangile quingtian parisarathu ninnaan varunnath; avar kooduthalum irupathu muthal naalpat vayass vare praayamulla purushanmaaraan. kudiyettakkaar vinodasanchaarikalaayi varikayum pinneedu amithamaayi thaamasikkukayum cheyyaam (onnukil avarude yadhaartha prc pasportil tourist visaykku apekshikkukayo allengil jarmmaniyilekku visayillaatha yaatra anuvadikkunna valia eshyan janasamkhyayulla oru rajyath ninnu vyaja pasport nedukayo cheyyuka), allengil avare check-jarmman athirthikkappurathekku kadathi ayaykkaam.
saamoohika bandhangalum vibhajanangalum.
jarmmankaar saadhaaranayaayi chainakkaare oru ekashilaasamghamaayum palacharakk kadakal, laghubhakshana baarukal, chainees restorantukal ennivayude udamakalaayum chilappol kuttavaalikalaayum trikakshi amgangalaayum kaanunnu. vaasthavathil, samooham aabhyanthara vibhajanangalaal thakarnnukidakkunnu, pradhaanamaayum rashtreeya vishwasthatha; taiwan anukoola (republic oof chaina) vezhsas. proo-mainland (peeples republic oof chaina), pinthunakkaar vezhsas. chainees janaadhipathya prasthaanatthinte athiraalikal muthalaayava. oru pothukaaryatthe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi samoohathinte vividha vibhagangal othuchernnathinte oru apoorva udaaharanam 1995 eprilil berlin dinapathramaaya "build-seatung" nagaratthile chainees restorantukalil naaya maamsam vilambunnuvennu aaropich oru valia feature inam prasidheekarichappol; oru chainees restorant adukkalayil oru misttari maamsam thilappikkunnathu kanda oru pathrasammelanatthinide oru jarmman udyogasthan nadatthiya oru varnnarahithamaya parihaasamaan eee kathaykku thudakkamittathenn thonnunnu. chainees cattering restorantukalum bisinessil valia idivum avarude jarmman ayalkkaarude vyakthiparamaaya ninda nerittu. vividha chainees associationukal prathikarichukondu samghadippicha prathishedhangal chainakkarodulla jarmman vamsheeyathayude prashnathe shradhaapoorvvam avaganichu, pakaram pradhaanamaayum pathratthil thanne shradha kendreekarikkukayum mukhyadharaa samoohathe anyavalkkarikkathirikkaan janangalude bisinasukalkkum upajeevanamargathinum hanikaramaaya thettaaya prasthavanakal prasidheekarichu enna vasthuthayil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu. oru pandithan "cheria vijayam" ennu visheshippichathu avar oduvil nedi "build-saittang" ennathukondu pinvalikkal. ennirunnaalum, prathishedhangalude vijayam chainees restorant udamakalkkidayil kooduthal professional sahakaranathin adithara paakunnu.
vadakkupadinjaaran chainayile sinjiang mekhalayil thamasikkunna chainayile turkeek samsaarikkunna vamseeya nyoonapakshamaaya cheria ennam uyigoorukalum germmaniyil undu; europile chainees deseeya nyoonapakshangalude churukkam chila kammyoonittikalil onnaanith. avar chainees pouranmaaro munbu chainees pourathvam kaivashappeduthiyavaro aanenkilum, avarude vamsheeyavum raashtreeyavumaaya swathuam pradhaanamaayum nirvachikkappedunnathu chainayodulla ethirppaanu, bhooribhaagavum avar svayam chainees samoohathinte bhaagamaayi kanakkakkunnilla. jarmmaniyilekkulla aadya uyigur kudiyettakkaar turkeyiloodeyaanu vannath, avide oru divasam chainayil ninnu swaathanthryam nedaamenna pratheekshayode pravaasathinu sesham avar sthirathaamasamaakki; 1960kalil turkeyil ninnu jarmmaniyilekku vanna dasalakshakkanakkinu "gasterbiteril" orupakshe ambathu vyakthikalude ennamulla oru cheria bhaagamaayi avar myoonikkilekk kudiyeri. mikkavarum ardha-vaidagdhyamulla vyapaarangalil jolie cheythu, rashtreeya chaayvulla chila prathyekaavakaashamullavar yuu. esil sthaanangal nedi.ezz.-radio free europe/radio liberty ennivaykku dhanasahayam nalki. sheethayudhaananthara shinjiangil ninnu nerittu jarmmaniyilekku kudiyeriyathum myoonichine kendreekarichathumaaya kudiyettam pinneedu avarude ennam vardhippichu.
2005ll germmaniyude federal stattistikkal offeesil ninnulla kanakkukal prakaram germmaniyil thamasikkunna 71,639 peeples republic oof chaina pouranmaar raajyathe kizhakkan eshyayil ninnulla kudiyettakkaarude randaamathe valia grouppaanu. 2005ll 3,142 chainees, athaayath 4.3 sathamaanam perr maathramaan germmaniyil janichathu, ithu pouranmaarallaathavarude sharashari 20 sathamaanathil valare kuravaanu.

