
1988leeii manjakkallu theepiduttham

1988leeii manjakkallu theepiduttham samyukthamaayi amerikkayile manjakkallu desheeyodyaanathinte charithratthile ettavum valia kaattutheeyaayi maari. cheria theepidutthangal thudangi, varalchayum vardhichuvarunna kaattum kaaranam theepidutthangal vegathil niyanthranaatheethamaayi padarukayum niravadhi valia samgharshangalilekku samyojippikkukayum athu maasangalolam kathikkukayum cheythu. theepiduttham rund pradhana sandarshaka lakshyasthaanangal eathaandu nasippikkukayum 1988 septambar 8 nuu paarkk muzhuvan athinte charithratthil aadyamaayi ellah adiyantharamallaatha udyogastharkkum adaykkukayum cheythu. sharathkaalathinte avasaanathil thanuthathum eerppamullathumaaya kaalaavasthayude varavu maathramaan thee anaykkaan kaaranamaayath. paarkkinte motham allengil 36 sathamaanam vividha thalangalil katthi nashichu.
agnishamana shramathinte kodumudiyil, paarkkile theepiduthatthinu 9,000-ladhikam agnishamana senaamgangale niyogichu, dussen kanakkinu helikopttarukalum fixed wing vimaanangalum vellathinum thee anaykkaan upayogichirunnu. grettar yelloston aavaasavyavasthayilum padinjaaran yunaittad stetsile mattu pradeshangalilum theepidithamundaayathinnethu, naashanal paarkk sarveesinteyum mattu land maanejment ejansikaludeyum jeevanakkaarude nila eee saahacharyathin aparyapthamaayirunnu; 4,000 yuu.ezz. kaattuthee adichamarthaanulla sramangalil sahayikkaan sainika udyogasthare udan konduvannu. agnishamana pravarthanangalkku 120 dasalaksham dollar ($in) chelavayi. pradhana sandarshaka pradeshangalkk sameepam agnishamana sramangal kendreekarichu gadanayude nashtam kuranju, oduvil motham 3.28 dasalaksham dollar ($) aayi. manjakkallu theepidithatthinethire pooraadumbool agnishamana senaamgangalaarum marichittillenkilum paarkkin purathu theepidithavumaayi bandhapetta rund maranangal undaayi.
1960kalude avasaanathinu munbu, theepiduttham parkkukalkkum vanangalkkum haanikaramaanennu pothuve vishwasikkappettirunnu, koodaathe maanejment nayangal thee ethrayum vegam adichamarthukayennathaayirnu lakshyamittirunnath. ennirunnaalum, 1988 nuu munbulla dashakangalil theeyude prayojanakaramaaya paaristhithika punk nannayi manassilaakkappettathode, niyantritha saahacharyangalil prakrithidatha thee kathikkaan anuvadikkunna oru nayam sweekarichu, ithu kaattuthee moolam prathivarsham nashtappedunna pradesham kuraykkunnathil valare vijayakaramaanennu thelinju.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, 1988-ll, oru valia theepiduthatthinu yelloston kaalathamasam varuthiyirunnu, asaadhaaranamaaya varanda venalkkaalath, niravadhi cheria "niyantritha" theepidutthangal samyojippichu. thee thudarchayaayi kathikkondirunnu, oru bhaagath ninnu mattonnilekku kuthichuyarnnu, edayilulla pradeshangal sparshikkappedaathe ninnu. chila pradeshangaliloode theevramaaya thee padarnnu, avarude paathakalile ellaam kathichu. dasalakshakkanakkinu marangalum ennamatta chedikalum kaattutheeyil kollappedukayum chila pradeshangal karuthathum chathathumaayitheerukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, durithabaadhitha pradeshangalil pakuthiyiladhikam pradeshangalum mannidichil moolam katthi nashichu, ithu kadinamaaya vruksha enangalkku kedupaadukal varuthi. theepiduttham avasaanichu adhikam taamasiyaathe, sasyangalum vrukshajaalangalum vegathil svayam punasthaapikkukayum thaddesheeya sasyangalude punarujjeevanam valare vijayikkukayum cheythu.
1988leeii manjakkallu theepidittham deseeya paarkk sevanathinte charithratthil abhoothapoorvamaayirunnu, nilavilulla agni niyanthrana nayangalekkurichu niravadhi chodyangalkku kaaranamaayi. thettaaya maanejmentinekkurichu maadyama akkoundukal palappozhum aaveshakaravum krithyathayillaathathumaayillu, chilappol paarkkinte bhooribhaagavum nasippikkappedukayaanenna thettayi report cheiyukayo soochippikkukayo cheiyunnu. theepidithasamayathu vaayuvinte gunanilavaaram thaalkkaalikamaayi kuranjuvenkilum, aavaasavyavasthayil prathikoolamaaya deerghakaala aarogya prathyaaghaathangalonnum rekhappeduthiyittil, praadhamika reportukalkku vipareethamaayi, theepidutthatthil kurachu valia sasthanikal marichu, ennirunnaalum thudarnnu moosinte ennathil kuravundaayi.
yunaittad stetsile fayar maanejment poolisi vikasanam.
kizhakkan yunaittad stetsil, ganyamaaya mazhayullathinaal, kaattuthee thaarathamyena cheruthaanu, mathramalla jeevanteyum swathinteyum valia apakadasaadhyatha apoorvvamaayi maathrame undaakkaarulloo. velutha vaasasthalangal kooduthal padinjaaru varanda pradeshangalilekku neengiyappol, aadyathe valia thothilulla theepidithangal nerittu. valia samathalangalile theepiduthangalum parakkettukalile kaattutheeyum kizhakkethinekkaal valuthum vinaashakaravumaan. varshangalayi niravadhi vinashakaramaaya theepidittha sambhavangal agni niyanthrana nayangale valareyadhikam swaadheenichu.
1871ll peshtigo theepidithatthil 1,200ladhikam perr kollappettappol american aikyanaadukalude charithratthile ettavum valia kaattuthee nashtam sambhavichu. 1889ll kaaliforniyayile santiago malayidukkilundaaya theepidutthavum prathyekichu 1910ll mondaanayilum idahoyilum undaaya vann theepidutthavum thee oru apakadamaanenna thathwashaasthrathinu kaaranamaayi, athu adichamarthendathundu. 1910leeii vann theepiduttham niravadhi samoohangale kathikkukayum nasippikkukayum 86 pere kollukayum cheythu; eee sambhavam vividha land maanejment ejansikale kaattuthee adichamarthalinu oonnal nalkaan prerippichu. 1960kalkk munbu, yuu.ezz. naashanal paarkk sarvees ulppedeyulla sarkkar land ejansikal saadhaaranayaayi yuu. ezz sthaapicha fayar maanejment nayangal pinthudarunnu.ezz. raajyathe bhooribhaagam vanapradeshangaludeyum melnottam vahikkunna vanasevanam. ellah kattana theepiduthangalum adichamarthuka ennathaayirunnu aaa nayam.
irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathinu munbu, mikka phoorast maanejarmaarum thee ellaayppozhum adichamarthanamennu vishwasichirunnu. 1935 aayappozhekkum yuu.ezz. ellah kaattutheekalum raavile 10 maniyode adichamarthanamennu phoorast sarveesinte fayar maanejment nayam vyavastha cheythu.emm. avare aadyamaayi kandathin sheshamulla prabhaathatthil. pothusthalangaliludaneelam agnishamana senaamgangal sthaapikkappedukayum theepidithakaalathu saadhaaranayaayi yuvakkal jeevanakkaare niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1940 aayappozhekkum smokkjambezhs ennariyappedunna agnishamana senaamgangal vidoora sthalangalile thee anaykkaan vimaanangalil ninnu parachute upayogichu puratthekku parakkum. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathil amerikkayil 8,000-ladhikam fayar lukktt towerukal nirmmichirunnu. thee kandethunnathinayi vimaanangalude upayogam vardhichathinaal avayil palathum thakarnnittundenkilum, oro varshavum randennam manjakkallilaanu upayogikkunnathu. kaattutheeyil kathikkappetta pradesham 1930kalile vaarshika sharashariyil ninnu 1960kalilekkum athinidayilekkum kuranjathode agnishamana sramangal valare vijayakaramaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu thadi aavashyamaayirunnu, thadi nashippicha thee asweekaaryamaanennu kanakkakkappettu. 1944ll yuu.ezz. ellah theepiduthangalum doshakaramaanennu pothujanangale bodhavalkarikkaan sahaayikkunnathin phoorast sarvees smokey bear enna cartoon karutha karadi upayogichu oru parasya kaambayin vikasippichu. ningalkk maathrame kaattuthee thadayaan kazhiyoo" enna vaachakamulla posttarukalil eee pratheekathmaka agnishamana karadiye ippozhum kaanaan kazhiyum. pukakkuthirayude aadyakaala posttarukal paashchaathya kaattuthee pradhaanamaayum manushyan moolamaanu undaayathenn vishwasikkaan pothujanangale thettidharippichu. ennirunnaalum, manjakkallukalil 78 sathamaanam theepiduthangalum minnal moolamaanu undaakunnath, athesamayam 22 sathamaanam maathramaan manushyan moolamundaakunnath.
ennirunnaalum, 20-aamm noottaandile chila gaveshakar eee nayam maattanamenn vaadichu, kaattuthee poshakangalkkaayulla kuranja malsarathode valaraan saambathikamaayi pradhanappetta vruksha enangale anuvadikkunna, kuranjathum chathathumaaya sasya padaarthangale vrithiyaakkunnu. thaddesheeya amerikkakkar palappozhum vanapradeshangal kathikkukayum amithavalarcha kuraykkukayum kaattukuthira, elkku thudangiya valia ira mrugangalkku pulmedukal vardhippikkukayum cheyyum. 1924ll thanne paristhithi pravarthakanaaya aldo leopold, kaattuthee aavaasavyavasthaykku gunakaramaanennum niravadhi vrukshangaludeyum sasyangaludeyum swaabhaavika vyaapanathin aavasyamaanennum vaadichu. adutha 40 varshathinullil vardhichuvarunna vanapalakarkkum paristhithi vidagtharkkum kaattutheeyude paaristhithika gunangalekkurichu daaranayaayi. 1963ll, desheeyodyaana sevanathinte upadesham sweekarichu oru koottam paristhithi shaasthranjar "desheeyodyaanangalile vanyajeevi paripalanam" ennariyappedunna leopold report puratthirakki, paarkkukalile paaristhithika santhulithaavastha punasthaapikkunnathinu kaattuthee idaykkide kathikkaan anuvadikkanamennu shupaarsha cheythu. 1964leeii vidernus act aavaasavyavasthayude swaabhaavika bhagamenna nilayil theeyude punk abhisambodhana cheyyaan sahayichu. 1968 aayappozhekkum naashanal paarkk sarvees puthiya gaveshanangale prathifalippikkunna agni niyanthrana nayangal krameekarichu. manushyarude jeevank swathinum apakadasaadhyatha kurravaanengil swaabhaavikamaayi (minnal) aarambhicha thee kathikkaan anuvadikkumennu sarvees nirnnayichu. nirddishta saahacharyangalil, paaristhithika vyavasthakalude santhulithaavastha punasthaapikkunnathinu niyantritha pollalukal manahpoorvvam sajjamakkumennum sarvees vidhichu.
1972 muthal, deseeya udyana sevanam manjakkallile prakrithidatha thee niyanthranavidheyamaaya saahacharyangalil kathikkaan anuvadikkaan thudangi. itharathilulla theepidutthangale "nirddishta prakrithidatha theepidutthangal" ennu vilichirunnu. 1972num 1987num idayil, puthiya nayatthinte nirddeshaprakaaram motham 235 nirddeshikkappetta prakrithidatha theepidutthangal thaarathamyena cheruthaayi kathichu. ithil 15 ennam maathramaan ithil kooduthal vyaapichath. 1988nuu munbulla anchu varshangal saadhaaranayekkaal valare eerppamullavayaayirunnu, ithu aaa kaalayalavil theepidithatthinte vistheernnam kurachirikkaam.
theepiduthatthinu kaaranamakunna gadakangal.
1931ll hridaya thadaakatthile thee kathichappol manjakkallile aupachaarika agni record sookshikkal aarambhichu. cheria alavil undaayirunnittum, paarkk srishticha kaalam muthal 1988 vareyulla kaalaghattatthile ettavum valia theepiditthamaayirunnu ithu. oro 1,000 varshathilum manjakkallu peedabhoomiyil rando moonno valia theepidutthangal maathrame sambhavikkunnulloo ennu gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu. velutha paryavekshakarude varavinu valare munbuthanne, pathinettaam noottaandinte arambham muthal madhyam vareyayirunnu munbathe pradhana manjakkallu theepidittham.
manjakkallu vanangalil lodjpol pine aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, 80 muthal 100 varshathinusesham vanangal pakwata praapikkumbol avaykku pakaram mattu vruksha enangal varunnu. manjakkallu, uyarnna uyaravum thaarathamyena mosham mannum kaaranam valare hrasvamaaya valarchaa season, engelman spruze, subblepine phir thudangiya mattu marangal sthaapikkunnathinu munbu munnooru varshathekku adukkunna loadspaul painine anuvadikkunnu. manjakkallu peedabhoomiyil uyarnna raajyathudaneelam kaanapedunna lodjpol pines vividha grouppukalil sharashari samanamaaya praayatthil thadassamillaatha idathoornna staandukalil valarunnu. kooduthal pakwathayulla vanangalil saadhaaranayaayi kaanapedunna marangal parakkettukalile mattu vanangalilennapole valia vanangalil kaanapedunnilla. 1980kalode, manjakkallile lodjpol pine vanangalil bhooribhaagavum 200 muthal 250 varsham vare pazhakkamullathum avayude jeevithachakrathinte avasaanathodu adukkunnathumaayirunnu.
1960 kalude avasaanam muthal 1980 kalude pakuthi vare grettar yelloston aavaasavyavasthayile niravadhi marangale parvatha pine vandukal konnu. ithu oru vaividhyamaarnna vanam srishtichu, athil nilanilkkunna pazhaya marangal vividha praayathilulla ilaya marangalumayi kalarthi. eee mixed staand ghadana theepiduthatthinu kaaranamaaya govani indhanangal nalkiyirikkaam. koodaathe, 1987-1988-nte shaithyakaalam saadhaaranayekkaal varandathaayirunnu, valia manjakkallu aavaasavyavasthaykku saadhaarana manjupaachinte 31 sathamaanam maathrame labhikkoo. ennirunnaalum, 1988 eprilum meyy maasavum valare eerppamullathum samriddhamaaya eerppavum pulineyum thaazhnna valarchayeyum valareyadhikam sahayichu. joonode mazha nilaykkukayum adutha naalu maasathekku valia manjakkallu aavaasavyavasthayil valare kurachu maathrame rekhappeduthiyittulla. joolaiyode, yelloston desheeyodyaanathinte charithratthile ettavum valia varalcha aarambhichu. venalkkaalathinte thudakkathil nannayi valarnna pullukalum chedikalum taamasiyaathe varanda tinderayi maari. eerppathinte alavu kooduthal kurayukayum kaadu vattikkukayum cheythu. chatthathum veenathumaaya thadikalil indhana eerppathinte alavu 5 shathamaanamaayi kuranju. august pakuthiyode eerppathinte alavu sharashari 20 sathamaanathil thazheyaayirunnuvennu mathramalla oru avasarathil 6 sathamaanathil thaazheyaayirunnuvennumanu rekhappeduthiyirunnathu. mazhayude abhavam koottunnathinaayi, manjakkallile mannil bhooribhaagavum rhiolitic agniparvvatha paarakalum eerppam nilanirthunna mannum aanu. shakthamaayathum ennaal varandathumaaya kodunkaattu munnanikalude oru parambarayum ettavum valia theepidithangalude druthagathiyilulla vyaapanathin kaaranamaayi.
shekharicha indhanam, pazhaya vanangal, thadassamillaathathum asaadhaaranavumaaya varanda avasthakal enniva manjakkalline budhimuttilaakki. ennirunnaalum, forestermaarum fayar ecologistukalum valia manjakkallu aavaasavyavasthaykku oru saadhaarana theekkaalam pravachikkukayum joolaiyil saadhaarana mazha pratheekshikkukayum cheythu. paarkk nilaninnirunna muun nooriladhikam varshangalil ninnu 1988 vyathyasthamaayirikkumenna soochippikkunnathinu charithram thelivukal nalkiyittilla. ennaal, paarakkettukalulla parvathapradeshangaliludaneelam valia theepiduttham pottippurappettathode maadyamangal shradhikkaan thudangi. joolaiyode irupathu cheria theepidutthangal manjakkallil aarambhichu, athil pathinonnu thee svayam puratthekku pooyi. bakkiyullava nirddishta prakrithidatha agni nayangalkkanusrithamaayi sookshumamaayi nireekshichu. juulai 15 aayappozhekkum, valia manjakkallu aavaasavyavasthayiludaneelam theepidithangal katthi, ithu asaadhaaranamaayirunnillengum, american padinjaaran mekhalayiludaneelam padarunna theepidutthatthil maadhyamangalude shradha juulai 15 nuu thee anaykkaanulla sramangal aarambhikkaanulla paarkk udyogastharude theerumaanathe swaadheenichu. adichamarthal sramangal aarambhich oraazhchaykkullil, thee parklandil maathram vyaapichu.
1988ll manjakkallile valia theepiduttham.
juuninum augustinum idayil yellostonilum chuttumulla deseeya vanangalilum ekadesham 250 vyathyastha theepidutthangal aarambhichu. ithil ezhennam motham kathikkarinja pradeshatthinte 95 sathamaanathinum kaaranamaayi. juulai avasaanathode, naashanal paarkk sarvees mattu ejansikalum labhyamaya udyogasthare poornnamaayum vinyasichu, ennittum thee padarnnu. cheria theekal parasparam kathikkukayum varanda kodunkaattukalaal munnott pookukayum cheythathinaal athu alarunna kaattum varanda minnal undaakki, pakshe mazhayilla. august 20 nuu, theepidithatthinte ettavum mosham divasavum pinneedu "black saattarde" ennu vilikkappedukayum, athu niravadhi theevramaaya theepiduthangalil onnil upayogichathinekkaal kooduthalaanu. paarkkiludaneelamulla theeyil ninnulla charam vadakkukizhakkan dishayilulla mondaanayile billingukal vare neengi. kaattil ninnulla theepidutthangal rodukalilum firelineukalilum kuthichuyarukayum kathunna embarukal deerghadoora nireekshanatthinu kaaranamaakukayum pradhana fayar frondukalkku oru mylo athil kooduthalo (1.6 kilometer) munbil puthiya theepidutthangal aarambikkukayum cheythu. thee indhanathukaye vanathaavalathilekku valicheriyukayum uyarnna theepiduthangalode kireedatthinte theeyaayi maarukayum cheythu. venalkkaalathudaneelam, thee oru divasathil valia munnettamundaakki, oru manikkooril kooduthal rekhappeduthappetta sandarbhangal polum undaayirunnu.
paambu nadiyude samuchayathil theepiduttham.
oru valia koottam theepidutthangal paambu nadeethada samuchayam ennariyappettirunnu. desheeyodyaanathinte thekk bhaagathum manjakkallu, paambu nadikalude uthbhavasthala pradeshathumaanu eee theepidithangal undaayath. juun 23nuu minnal moolam aarambhicha shoshon theepidithamaanu samghathile ettavum valia theepidittham. nirddishta prakrithidatha kathikkal nayam ippozhum praabalyathilundaayirunnu, thudakkathil eee thee anaykkaan oru shramavum undaayilla. aazhchakalolam cheria chalanathode athu katthi, thudarnnu juulai 1 nuu levis thadaakathinu sameepam chuvanna thee potti vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayilekku athivegam vyaapippikkaan thudangi, shoshon thee pole aazhchakalolam alpam munnott pooyi. juulai 19nuu thee vadakkukizhakkaayi neengukayum augustil shoshon theeyodoppam cherukayum cheythu. eee rund theepiduthangalum graant villej pradeshathekku neengiyappol, agnishamana senaamgangalkk ghadana samrakshanathil shradha kendreekarikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil ozhippikkalinu utharavittu. oru valia lodjpol pine vanathinidayil, graant villej complexes aaa seasonil baadhicha aadyathe pradhana vinodasanjaara mekhalayaayirunnu. niravadhi cheria kettidangalum camp graundu complexes nasippikkappettu. paambu nadiyile theepiduttha samuchayathil oduvil chuvapp, shoshon, mattu niravadhi theepidutthangal enniva ulppedunnu. juulai 11 nuu bridger-tettan deseeya vanathil minnalil ninnu aarambhicha mink thee, agnishamana senaamgangal swakaarya bhoomiyil ninnu thee nirbandhichathinetthudarnna yelloston nadeethadatthe pinthudarnnu vadakku katthi. juulai 23 nuu sesham mink theepiduttham paarkkinullile bhagangal kathichuvenkilum paarkkinte valare vidoora bhagamaayathinaal apakadasaadhyatha kuravaanennu kanakkakkappettu. paambu nadeethada samuchayathile moonnaamathe valia theepiduttham august 20 nuu flagg ranchinu sameepam oru maram vaidyuthi lainil veenathine thudarnnu aarambhicha huck theepidutthamaayirunnu. eee thee pradhaanamaayum joonn dii yill kathichu. rockfeller juuniyar. august 30nuu yellostoninte thekkan athirthi kadakkunna memorial parkway. paambu nadiyude theepiduttha samuchayam septambar pakuthiyode avasaanikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal katthi. august 23nuu levis nadeethadatthiludaneelam sakthamaaya theepiduttham pottippurappettappol eee agni samuchayathile ettavum sradheyamaaya sambhavangalilonn sambhavichu.
clover mush fayar.
juulai 9nuu absaroka parvathanirakalile paarkkinte kizhakkan bhaagath moodalmanju theepiduttham aarambhichu. rund divasathinu sesham, clover thee ore pradeshathu aarambikkukayum rund theekalum samyojippikkukayum juulai 20 nuu clover mush fayar ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. parukkan bhoopradeshathu kathunna eee theeye cherukkaan valare budhimuttaayirunnu, august 20 nuu thee thekk ninnu mondaanayile cook sittiyile cheria pattanatthilekku neengukayum aazhchakalolam pattanatthe bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. clover mush fayar oduvil athinekkaal kooduthal upayogichu.
kodunkaattu creak, narakashabdam, phaan fayar.
paarkkin vadakku absaroka-barthuth marubhoomiyil juun 14 nuu aarambhicha kodunkaattu creak thee, ekadesham rund maasatholam manjakkallinu cheria bheeshaniyundennu thonni. thudarnnu, august 20nuu, thee thekkott athivegam neengi, ithavana vadakku ninnu cook sitti pattanattheyum bheeshanippedutthi. vyapakamaaya theepidithangal niyantrikkaanum theepiduttham pattini kidathaanum shramicha thee anaykkaanulla sramam mikkavarum duranthatthilekku nayichu, kaattinte dishayile apratheekshitha maattam thee pattanatthinte nooru yardinullil athikkukayum septambar 6 nuu ozhippikkendivarikayum cheythu. kodunkaattu creak thee aathyanthikamayi 143,000 ekkariladhikam kathichu.
paarkkinte vadakkan bhaagath sthithi cheiyunna mattoru pradhana theepiditthamaayirunnu theepidittham. aagast 15 nuu gaalattin deseeya vanathil shradhikkaatha camp fayaril ninnulla theepidutthatthil ninnu aarambhicha thee thudakkathil vadakkott neengiyengilum kurachu divasangalkku sesham thirinj thekkott neengukayum tower jangshanu sameepamulla pradeshathe bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. oduvil 101,996 ekkar katthi nashichu.
vadakkupadinjaraayi, juun 25 nuu aarambhicha phaan fayar paarkkinte vadakke praveshana kavaadathinu thottupurathulla mondaanayile thottakkaaran pattanatthinu bheeshaniyaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. 1988leeii theepidithangalil ettavum vijayakaramaya pooraattamaayirunnu ithu. eathaanum maasangalaayi thee niyanthranavidheyamaayille august pakuthiyode athu jeevank swathinum bheeshaniyaayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla. phaan fayar motham 27,346 ekkar kathichu.
vadakkan fork thee.
paarkkile ettavum valia theepidittham vadakkan fork theepiditthamaayirunnu, kettidangalkkum kathicha pradeshathinum kedupaadukal sambhavichu. juulai 22nuu thadi murikkunna oraal paarkkinte padinjaaran athirthikkaduthulla kaaribou-targee deseeya vanathil sigaratt ittathodeyaanu theepiduttham aarambhichath. juulai 15 nuu nirddishta thee nayam nirthiyathinushesham aarambhichathumuthal thudakkam muthal poraadiya oreyoru valia theeyaanu north fork fayar. thee vadakkukizhakkan dishayilekku vyaapikkukayum august aadya aazhcha avasaanathode maadisan junction sameepathulla camp graundu soukaryangalum apakadathilaakkukayum cheythu. august 20nuu thee norris jangshanilekku neengi. avideyulla agnishamana senaamgangal kettidangal theepidutthatthil ninnu samrakshikkaan vellavum nura upayogichu. manjakkallu peedabhoomiyiloode thee kizhakode munnerunnathu thudarukayum august 25 nuu, land maanejment ejansikalum yuu. esum ulla malayidukkile sandarshaka soukaryangalil athukayum cheythu.ezz. kettidangal samrakshikkaan sainyam valia sramangal nadatthi. theeyude kizhakkan vasham niravadhi divasathekku shaanthamaayi, thudarnnu manjakkallu peedabhoomiyil ninnu thaazhekku veeshunna kaatt theeyude padinjaaru bhaagath padinjaaran manjakkallu pattanamaya mondaanayilekku theepiduttham undaakki. avide, pattanavum oru electrical power substation samrakshikkunnathinaayi noorukanakkinu ekkar vanabhoomi mukkivaykkunnathil swakaarya pouranmaar niyogikkappetta udyogasthare sahayichu. maadisan nadeethadatthile vanathinte ganyamaaya bhagam theeyil kathinashichu.
septambar 5 num 7 num idayil, oru varanda munbhagam vadakkan forkkinte thekkan bhaagath mukalile geiser thadathodu chernnulla valia pazhaya vishwastha sandarshaka samuchayathilekku theekoluthunnu. ellah adiyantharamallaatha udyogasthareyum ozhippikkaan utharavittu; ennirunnaalum, rashtreeya prasnangal deseeya paarkk sevana maanejment nirddeshangale swaadheenikkukayum varunna vinodasanchaarikalkkaayi samuchayam poornnamaayum adachupoottaathirikkukayum cheythu, chila sandarshakar uchakazhinju theevramaaya theepiduthatthinu thottumumbuthanne vrudha vishwaasikalude aduthekku athukayum cheythu. eyar tankerukal thee anaykkunna upakaranangal pathippicha oru samboornna vyoma bombakramanam parajayappettu. melkkoora mattu prathalangalum nananjathaayi nilanirthaan fayar enchinukalum portable vaattar pumping samvidaanangalum upayogichu, prathyekichu pazhaya vishwaasashaala polulla charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamullavayil, agnishamana senaamgangal gadanayude samrakshanathil shradha kendreekarichu. 120 sainika udyogasthar ulppede 1,200 agnishamana senaamgangal fayar lineukal kuzhichu kettidangalkk sameepamulla brushukal neekkam cheythu. padinjaaru ninnu thee aduthethiyappol kaatt uyarnnu.
thee aduthulla vanapradeshangalilekku vyaapichu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi pradhana gadanakalil ninnu akaleyaan, ennaal 19 cheria gadanakal nasippikkappedukayum oru pazhaya dormittarikk vyapakamaaya kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum cheythu. thee valare theevramaayirunnathinaal theeykku sameepam avasheshichirunna vaahanangalude chakrangal uruki, windsheeldukal thakarnnu, peyint katthi. pazhaya vishvaasayogyamaaya samuchayathil bhooribhaagavum ozhivaakkiyittundekkum, paarkk sevanam aadyamaayi, septambar 8 nuu muzhuvan park adiyantharamallaatha udyogastharkkaayi adachidumennu theerumaanichu. septambar 9 nuu rathriyum septambar 10 nuu ravileyum, vadakkan fork thee athinte vadakkukizhakkan vashath oru fireline chaadukayum charitraparamaaya gadanakalum paarkk aasthaanavum sthithicheyyunna valia choodulla neeruravakalilekku athukayum cheythu. theepiduttham mandagathiyilaakkaan samayabandhithamayi mazhayum manjum athukayum avaa samuchayathe bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. oduvil vadakkan fork theepiduttham avasaanikkumbozhekkum, paarkkinullile kathikkarinja pradeshatthinte 60 sathamaanathinum ithu kaaranamaayi.
theeyodu poruthuka.
padinjaaran yunaittad stetsile kaattutheeyude oru valia varshamaayirunnu 1988, varshathil 72,000-ladhikam theepidutthangal report cheyyappettu, athil 300 ennam pradhaanamaanennu vilayiruthappettu. agnishamana jeevanakkarum upakaranangalum paridhiyilekkum thalphalamaayi 11,700 yuu. esilum kooduthal vipuleekarichu.ezz. manjakkallu upayogichu agnishamana pravarthanangalil sainika udyogasthar sahayichu. theepidithatthinte uchathil, oru samayat 9,600 agnishamana senaamgangaleyum sahaaya udyogasthareyum yellostonil niyogichu, oduvil thee anaykkumbozhekkum 25,000-thiladhikam perr thee anaykkaanulla sramangalil earppettirunnu. jeevanakkar saadhaaranayaayi rando moonno aazhcha jolie cheyyukayum veettilekku ayaykkappedukayum onno rando toorukalkku koodi madangukayum cheyyum. saadhaarana jolie divasam 14 manikkoor vare neenduninnu. firelineukal kuzhikkuka, kettidangalkk vellam nalkuka, gadanakalkku sameepamulla valarchaye vrithiyaakkuka, vaattar pambukal sthaapikkuka enniva ithil ulppedunnu. kettidangalude samrakshanamaanu agnishamanapravarthanathinthi bhooribhaagavum lakshyamittirunnathinal noorukanakkinu agnishamana senaamgangale enchin crewill niyogichu. theepidithatthil parkkil agnishamana senaamgangalaarum marichittillenkilum oru agnishamana senangavum oru vimana pailattum paarkkin purathu nadanna vyathyastha sambhavangalil marichu. ksheenam, thalavedana, puka shwasikkal ennivayaanu kooduthal saadhaaranamaaya paraathikal. jeothermal pradeshathu ninnulla sulfur udvamanathil ninnulla doshakaramaaya pukaykku eathaanum agnishamana senaamgangal vidheyaraayi.
agnishamana senaamgangal kaikondu fireline upayogichum buldosarukal polulla yanthravalkkaricha upakaranangal upayogichum nirmmichu. buldosarinte bhooribhaagam jolikalum north fork fayarilaanu cheythath. mattu chila theepidutthangal kanatha upakaranangalude surakshithamaaya pravarthanatthinu valare vidooramo kuthaneyulla bhoopradeshatho aayirunnu, koodaathe uparithala savisheshathakalil avaa cheluthunna aaghaatham kaaranam buldosarukal pala pradeshangalilum nirodhichu. koodaathe, paarkkinte jeothermal savisheshathakalkk sameepamulla nertthathum asthiravumaaya nilam kanatha upakaranangalude bharam vahikkumennu vishwasikkaan kazhiyilla. buldosarukalude upayogam paarkk maanejmentumaayi tharkkavishayamaayirunnu, thee niyanthranaatheethamaayathinum maathrame avaa vadakkan fork theeye cherukkaanum mondaanayile vestt yelloston pattanatthe samrakshikkanum avaa anuvadichirunnulloo.
120 oolam helikopttarukalum fixed wing vimaanangalum agnibadhaye neridaan upayogichu. vimanam 18,000 manikkooriladikam parannuyarnnu, thee anaykkunna marunum vellavum theeyil pathichu.
nooriladhikam fayar enchinukal thee anaykkaan niyogichu. kettida samuchayangalil gadanaaparamaaya fayar enchinukal upayogichirunnu, avide nagara krameekaranangalilennapole sthiramaayi niravadhi fayar enchinukal nilayurappichittundu. parukkan bhoopradesangalil sanjarikkaan anuyojyamaaya cheria kaattuthee agnishamana enchinukal paarkkiludaneelam vinyasichu.
$thee anaykkaan 120 dasalaksham dollar chelavazhichappol gadanaaparamaaya nashtam 3 dasalaksham dollaranennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. pradhana vinodasanjaara kendrangalkku sameepam kendreekaricha thee anaykkaanulla shramangalkk purame, agnishamana pravarthanangalkku nirthaanaavaattha oru sakthiye thadayunnathil paraajayappettuvenn pinneedulla vishakalanam theliyichittundu. niravadhi charitraparamaaya gadanakalum mattu adisthaana soukaryangalum agnishamana senaamgangal samrakshichu, ennaal sharathkaalathe thanuthathum eerppamullathumaaya avasthayaanu oduvil thee anaykkaan kaaranamaayath.
septambar 11 nuu mazhayum manjum konduvanna thanutha kaalavastha valia manjakkallu aavaasavyavasthayiludaneelam thee ganyamaayi shamippichu. november pakuthi vare thee nannayi kathikkondirunnuvena avaa jeevano swathukkalokku udanadi apakadamundaakkiyilla. niravadhi agnishamana senaamgangale veettilekku ayachuvenkilum agnishamana sramangal baadhicha pradeshangalude punaradhivaasatthinaayi adhika manushyashakthi yellostonil athikkondirunnu. noorukanakkinu mile dairkhyamulla firelineukal, helikopttar landing sonukal, fayar kyaambukal enniva kooduthal swaabhaavikaavasthayilekku punasthaapikkendathundu, roadukalum kettidangalum samrakshikkunnathinu aayirakkanakkin apakadakaramaaya chattha marangal murikkendathundu. oduvil, november 18nuu manjakkallilulla ellah theepiduthangalum audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichu. appozhekkum paarkkinte motham 36 sathamaanam bhaagathe kaattuthee baadhichirunnu.
parkkil swaadheenam.
sasyangalum vanyajeevikalum.
manjakkallile theeyude aaghaatham valare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. theeyude paridhikkullil, valia vanapradeshangal poornnamaayum sparshikkappedaathe kidannu. moonnu pradhana tharam kathalukalundaayirunnu. soundaryaparamaaya kazhchappadil, mikka sthalangalilum muzhuvan vanangaleyum nashippicha melappulla kireeda theepiditthamaayirunnu ettavum vinashakaramaaya theepiduttham. katthi nashicha pradeshatthinte 41 sathamaanavum kireeda theepidithamaanu. mishrita thee bhoomiyile melaappukalum sasyajaalangalum kathichu, allengil vanathiloode vyaapikkumbol onno allengil mattonno kathichu. cheria chedikalum chattha chedikalum bhakshikkunna thee pathukke nilathu padarnnu; chila theepidutthangal deerghakaalathekkum theevrathayilekkum kathikkukayum, orikkalum nerittu kathikkaatha niravadhi marangal nashtappedaan kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
theepiduttham kazhinja eathaanum divasangalkkullil fireweed polulla chedikal prathyakshappettathode theepidutthatthil ninnulla veendedukkal eathaandu udan thanne aarambhichu. chuttumulla deseeya vanangal kurachu punarnirmmanavum pullu vithukal polum vimaanathiloode chitharikkidakkukayum cheythappol, manjakkallile punarujjeevanam pothuve poortthiyaayathukondu punarnirmmaanatthinu polum sramichirunnilla. chila cheria sasyangal theepiduthatthinu munbulla aavaasavyavasthaye udan thanne punarnirnnayikkunnillum, mikathum theeyil ninnulla choodil ninnu rakshapetta nilavilulla mulappicha sasyangalil ninnu punarnirmikkappettu. theepidithatthinu sesham rando ancho varshathinullil, theepidithamundaaya pradeshangalil dhaaraalam kaattupookkal undaayirunnu.
gurutharamaayi kathinashicha pradeshangalil polum vithukalkku sanjarikkaan kurachu dooram maathrame undaayirunnulloo. ettavum moshamaayi katthi nashicha vanangalil bhooribhaagavum durithabaadhitha pradeshangalkkullilaayir. ennirunnaalum, sasyangaludeyum marangaludeyum punarujjeevanathil bhooribhaagavum bhoomiyude mukaliloo thaazheyo ulla udanadi srothassukalil ninnaan vannath. lojpol pines saadhaaranayaayi avayude vithukal kooduthal chitharikkunnilla, athinaal kuranja pollaletta bhaagangalil ninnu vithu chitharunnath kooduthal gurutharamaayi kathicha pradeshangalil kaaryamaaya swaadheenam cheluthiyilla. poornnamaayum kathunna pradeshangalil, kathikkarinja manninte sharashari aazham araa inch (14 millimeter) mathramaayirunnu, athinaal kurachu verukal, pullukal polum theeyil kollappettu. ithu aavaasavyavasthayiludaneelam druthagathiyilulla punarujjeevanathinu anuvadichu.
manjakkallile pradhana maramaaya lodjpol pine theepidutthatthil ninnu moshamaayi pravarthichu, choodum theepidutthavum valare soumyamaaya pradeshangalilozhike. lodjpol pine serotenus aanu, palappozhum adanjunilkkunna pine konukal uthpaadippikkukayum theepiduthatthinu vidheyamaakaathe vithukal chitharikkalayukayum cheyyum. theepidithatthinu sesham sthaapicha testt plottukalekkurichulla gaveshanam soochippikkunnathu kadutha bhoogarbha theepidithamundaaya pradeshangalil ettavum mikacha vithu chitharal sambhavichuvennum uparithalathil cheria pollalukal maathram ulla pradeshangalil vithu chitharal ettavum kuravaanennum soochippikkunnu. kireeda theepidutthamulla pradeshangalil chilappol 5 varshathinu sesham lojpol paininte punarujjeevanatthinte ettavum uyarnna nirakk undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila pradeshangalil puthiya valarchayude saandrata valare uyarnnappol mattu pradeshangalil kuravaayathinaal, lodjpol punarujjeevana nirakk orupoleyayirunnilla. theepidutthatthil marichupoya lodjpolukalude nila pathittaandukalolam nilanilkkukayum puthiya valarchaykku mukaliloode uyarukayum pakshikalkkum mattu vanyajeevikalkkum aavaasavyavastha nalkukayum cheyyum.
coniferukal aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna pradeshangal pidichadakkiya aspin theepiduthatthinushesham kooduthal vyaapakamaayi. vithu chitharikkunnathinupakaram nilavilulla verukalil ninnu mulappichaanu aspen punarujjeevippikkunnathe valarekkaalamaayi vishwasichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, theepiduthatthinu rund varshathinu sesham ettavum aduthulla aspen marangalil ninnu aspen mulappichathaayi prathyakshappettu. elkkinu ishtamulla mechil bhakshanamaanu aspen, elkkinu athicheraan prayaasamulla pradeshangal ozhike puthiya aspenil palathum thalphalamaayi cheruthaanu. theepiduthatthinushesham aaspente punarujjeevanam theepiduthatthinu munbulla sambhavangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu, aspen parkkil kooduthal kuravaayirunnu. oru paridhivare bandhamillaattha, 1995 muthal chennaaykkale yelloston desheeyodyaanathilekku punasthaapikkunnathu chennaaykkaludeyum mattu vettakkaarudeyum vettayaadal kaaranam elkkukalude ennam kuranjathinaal paarkkile aaspente bhaviyil kooduthal nalla swaadheenam chelutthiyekkaam.
akkaalathe maadyama reportukalkkum oohaapohangalkkum vipareethamaayi, theepidutthatthil valare kurachu paarkk mrugangal maathrame kollappettulloo-sarvekal soochippikkunnathu ekadesham 345 elkku (ekadesham 40,000-50,000), 36 myool maan, 12 moose, 6 karutha karadikal, 9 kaattukrishi enniva maathramaan chatthathu ennaanu. radio collar cheythathum theepidithamundaaya hoome renchukalullathumaaya 21 grislikalil onnu maathrame nashtappettulloo. adutha varsham kathikkappedaatha pradeshangalekkaal palappozhum kathikkarinja pradeshangalil grillsy kaanapettu, verukaludeyum elakaludeyum vyaapanathe bhakshikkukayum athupole thanne chattha maram kaaranam thazhachuvalarunna urumbukale bhakshikkukayum cheythu. 1960kall muthal paarkkinte vadakkan bhaagangalil moose kurayunnundengilum theepidithatthinu sesham eee kuravu kooduthal prakadamaayi. oru kaalath ekadesham 1,000 ayirunna eee desheeyodyaanathil 2020 aayappozhekkum 200ll thaazhe aalukal maathrame thaamasichirunnulloovenna vishwasikkappedunnu. parkkil vasikkunna moosinte upajaathikal eshtappedunna idathoornna devadaaru vanangalude nashtamaanu ithinu kaaranam. praadhamikamaayi mechilppurangal kazhikkukayum pullukal bhakshikkukayum cheiyunna elkkil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, moose brouserukalaakaan kooduthal saadhyathayund, praadhamikamaayi woody bhakshana srothassukal, prathyekichu villo, subblepine phir enniva upayogikkunnu, avayum theepiduttham moolam kuranju. ellah ungulettukalum theepiduthatthinu sheshamulla shaithyakaalath uyarnna prarambha marananirakk anubhavichuvenkilum theepiduthatthekkaal kadinamaaya saithyakaalamaanu ithinu kaaranam. ennirunnaalum, mattu ungulettukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi moose janasamkhya thudarnnulla varshangalil veendeduthittilla. elikalkku ellah sasthanikaludeyum ettavum uyarnna marananirakk anubhavappettath avaykku eluppathil rakshappedaan kazhiyaatha choodum pukayum mathramalla, vanamekhalayile kuravu kaaranam, vettakkaare kandethanulla budhimuttu kuraykkunnu.
abadhathil thee anaykkunna marunnu rund aruvikalilekku pathichathine thudarnnu ekadesham 100 malsyangal chathathaayi report cheyyappettu. chila inam jala praanikalude ennam thaalkkaalikamaayi kurayunnu ennathinu purame, manjakkallile nadikaliloo thadaakangalilo jalajeevikalil deerghakaala swaadheenam onnum kandethiyitla.
vaayuvum vellavum.
theepidutthatthil ninnulla pukayum vaayuviloodeyulla kanangalum niravadhi avasarangalil praadeshika samoohangalkku bheeshaniyaayi. mondaanayile gaardinaril pukayum kanangalum prathyekichum uyarnna thothil undaayirunnu. avide, mondaana aarogya paristhithi shaasthra vakupum park paripaalikkunna nireekshana kendrangalum shupaarsha cheyyaavunna kanangalude saandrata kaviyunna 19 divasam rekhappeduthiyittundu. theepidithatthinum 7 thavana paarkk aasthaanamaaya mondaanayile maamathil ithu sambhavichu. chuttumulla mattu samoohangalilonnum sveekaaryamaaya alavinekkaal kooduthal kanikakal kandethiyirunnilla. pukayum moodalmanjum vaahanamodikkunnathu budhimuttaayathum chilappol apakadakaravumaakki. niravadhi agnishamana senaamgangale puka, podi shwasikkunnathinaayi klinikkukalilum chilare jeothermal pradeshangalilonnin sameepamulla sulfur ignitionil ninnulla puka ashradhamaayi shwasichathinum chikilsichu.
theepidithatthetthudarnnu, mannolipp oru prathyeka aashankayaayirunnu, prathyekichu adutha varsham kanatha mazha peythathinaal. helikopttarukal dasalakshakkanakkinu gaalan vellam theeyil pathippikkukayum kurachu cheria aruvikalil ninnu vellam veendedukkunnathu yadhaarthathil jalanirapp thaalkkaalikamaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu. jala pumping pravartthanangalum aruviyude ozhukkine baadhichu. oru dasalaksham gaalaniladikam diamon phoosphett adisthaanamaakkiyulla agninirodha vasthukkal chila aruvikale malinamakki, pakshe ithum kshanikamaayirunnu, jalathinte gunanilavaarathil deerghakaala doshafalangalonnum undakkiyilla. kaattutheeyil upayogikkunna thee anaykkaan upayogikkunna nurakal indhana thee polulla mattu saahacharyangalil upayogikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. avayil vishaamsham valare kuravaanu, 1989 leeii vasanthakaalathode avaa poornnamaayum chitharikkidakkunnuvennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
gadanayude kedupaadukal.
thee anaykkaanulla sramangalil paarkk sevanam jeevanum swathinum munganana nalki. parkkil sthithi cheiyunna aayirathiladikam kettidangalil 67 ennam maathramaan nashichathu. pazhaya vishwaasa samuchayathil 400 kettidangal undaayirunnu, avayil 19 ennam maathrame nasippikkappettittu, athil 12 ennam kanseshan housing unitukalaayirunnu. pazhaya vishwaasa samuchayathile aarr kettidangalkk kedupaadukal sambhavichenkilum avaa rakshappeduthi. paarkk rencharmaarum paarkk staafukalum upayogichirunna 38 backendry patrolling cabinukalil, theepidutthatthil nashtamaayath sportsman thadaakathilaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum mattu niravadhi perkku vellathinte kedupaadukalum theepidutthatthil ninnu avare samrakshikkunnathinaayi nirmmichirunna suraksha agnishamana kendrangalum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, theepidithatthil 61 picnic eriyakalilum camp groundukalilum 23 ennam, 73 kaalnada paalangal, vaidyuthi lineukal, 300 yoottility thoonukal ennivaykku valia naashanashtamundaayi. jeothermal pradeshangalkk mukalil vinodasanchaarikale uyarthaan upayogichirunna chila boardwaakkukalum nasippikkappettuvenkum avaa vegathil maatti. 
paarkkile pradhana vinodasanjaara kendrangalaaya pazhaya vishwaasikal, agnishamana senaamgangalum upakaranangalum, prathyekichu adiyanthira apakadasamayangalil, dhaaraalam jeevanakkaare niyamichirunnu. eee samuchayangalilum sameepath surakshita mekhalakal sthaapikkaan agnishamana senaamgangal vividha reethikal upayogichuvenkilum theepiduthasamayathu oro sandarshaka samuchayatheyum nirnaayakamallaatha udyogasthar oru thavanayenkilum ozhippichu.charitraparamaaya kettidangalkkum sandarshaka kendrangalkkum cheria nashtam maathrame sambhavichittulloo, kaaranam agnishamana sramangal ghadana samrakshanathilekku valareyadhikam kendreekarichirunnu. 1989ll gadanayude nashtam 3.28 dasalaksham dollar ($) aanennu report cheyyappettu.
maadyama vaartha.
lokathile ettavum prashasthamaaya desheeyodyaanangalilonnaaya yelloston vaarthavinimayam vipulavum chilappol aaveshakaravumaayirunnu. federal udyogastharkku chilappol maadhyamangalkk munnil avatharippikkan parimithamaaya vivarangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. naashanal paarkk sarveesinu ekadesham 3,000 maadyama abhyarthanakal labhichu, avayil randinum paarkk public information officermaarkku 40 ladhikam jeevanakkaarude sahaayathode polum nalkaan kazhinjilla. agnishamana senayude manushyashakthi kendreekaricha maadhyamangalumaayi bandhappedaanulla chumatala 16 paarkk udyogasthare koodi ealppichu. november pakuthiyode thee niyanthranavidheyamaakumbo paarkkin prathidinam 40 muthal 70 vare maadyama abhyarthanakal labhikkunnundaayirunnu. theepidithathekkurichu maadyama vaarthakal deseeya paarkk sevanathinu mumbathekkaalum kooduthal deseeya shradha nedikkodutthu, 1988 leeii theepidittha season aaa ejansiyude charithratthile ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavangalilonnayi visheshippikkappedunnu.
kaattuthee niyanthranathekkurichu maadhyamangalude daaranayude abhavam chila samvedanaathmaka reportingukalkkum krithyathayillaaymakalkkum kaaranamaayi. paarkkinte bhooribhaagavum nasippikkappedukayaanenna chila warta ejansikal abhiprayappettu. august 30nuu, oru vinodasanchaariyaaya staanli mottumaayulla abc nyoos abhimukhathil addehathe naashanal paarkk sarveesinte (vilyam mottu) director thettayi thiricharinju. mattoru kathayil, "newyork times" paarkk sevana nayam prakrithidatha thee svayam kathikkaan anuvadikkuka ennathaayirunnu, athesamayam yuu. esinte.ezz. atharam theepiduthangalellaam adichamarthukayaayirunnu phoorast sarvees-rund ejansikaludeyum nayangalude thettaaya vivaranam. eee rund thikachum vyathyasthamaaya ejansikale verthirichariyaan maadhyamangalkk chila budhimuttukal undaayirunnu. washington poost", "yuu. ezz. tude", "chikkago tribune" enniva udharicha vrithangal pinneedu avarkk nalkia abhipraayangal kettichamachathaanennu prasthaavichu, 1988 septambar 8 nuu "chikkago tribune" nalkia reportil vasthuthakalekkaal kooduthal pishakukal undennu oru srothass abhiprayappettu. athe divasam thanne, "washington poost" viyatnaamile daa naangil nadanna 1968 leeii sambhavangalumayi sainika vaahanangaludeyum helikopttarukaludeyum pukayum saannidhyavum bandhappettirunnu, ithu duranthatthinte bhavam nalki. juulai avasaanathode thee valare sajeevamaayirunnu. august aadyam, indhanathinte abhavam kaaranam thee kooduthal vyaapikkillenn agnishamana maanejarmaar oru nigamanathilethukayum august 11 nuu naashanal paarkk sarvees director thee niyanthranavidheyamaakkiyatha prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. eee shubhaapthivishwaasa prakhyaapanatthe thudarnnu august 20 nuu karutha shaniyazhchayum septambar aadyam pazhaya vishwaasa samuchayathe bheeshanippeduthiya theepidutthavum undaayappol, maadyamangal veendum paarkk sevanateyum athinte nayangaleyum angeyattam vimarshichu.
1988 muthal thee niyanthrana.
theepiduthatthinu sesham nadatthiya gaveshanathinte falamaayi, 1992-ll yellostoninaayi oru puthiya fayar maanejment plan nadappaakki. prakrithidatha thee niyanthrikkunnathinulla karsanamaaya maargganirddeshangal padhathi nireekshikkukayum fayar monittarukaludeyum anubandha thozhilukaludeyum jeevanakkaarude ennam vardhippikkukayum thee niyanthranathinu kooduthal panam anuvadikkukayum cheythu. 2004 aayappozhekkum wilde land fayar maanejment plaanil kooduthal bhedagathikal chertthu. 2004leeii padhathi prakaram, theeyude valippam, kaalavastha, apakadasaadhyatha ennivayekkurichulla maanadandangal kaviyaathidatholam kaalam prakrithidatha kaattuthee kathikkaan anuvadikkunnu. maanadandangal lamghikkunna theepiduthangalum manushyan moolamundaakunna ellah theepiduthangalum adichamarthanam. eee mattangal praadhamikamaayi 1972 leeii agni niyanthrana padhathiyude apdettukalaanu, koodaathe oru prakrithi aavaasavyavastha nilanirthunnathil theeyude punk oonnipparayunnu, ennaal karsanamaaya maarganirddeshangalum kuranja thothilulla sahishnutayum prayogikkunnu. naashanal paarkk sarvees fayar maanejment policykalude ettavum puthiya avathaaramaan wilde land fayar straattajik plan.
oru prathyeka thee engane kaikaaryam cheiyumennu vegathil nirnnayikkaan bhoomi adisthaanamaakkiyullathum aakasha nireekshanathiloodeyullathu vardhicha thee nireekshanam nadappaakkiyittund. thee manushyanal undaayathaano atho swaabhaavikamaano ennu fayar monittarukal aadyam nirnnayikkunnu. manushyan moolamundaakunna ellah theepiduthangalum prakrithivirudhamaayathinaal adichamarthappedunnu, athesamayam prakrithidatha theepidutthangal nireekshikkunnu. fayar monittarukal theeyude paridhi mapp cheyyukayum praadeshika kaalavastha rekhappeduthukayum kathunna indhanangalude tharangalum labhyamaya indhanathinte alavum parisodhikkukayum cheiyunnu. koodaathe, avar vyaapanathinte nirakk, theejwalayude neelam, indhana eerppam, oro theeyudeyum mattu savisheshathakal enniva parishodhikkunnu. monittarmaar avar shekharikkunna vivarangal fayar maanejarmarkk rile cheiyunnu, avar thudarnnu bhaavi pravarthanangalekkurichu theerumaanamedukkunnu.
apakada indhanangal kuraykkunnathinulla padhathi munganana nalkunna pradeshangalil ninnu land maanejment jeevanakkar chatthathum apakadakaravumaaya indhanangal neekkam cheiyunnu. jeevan, charitraparamaaya gadanakal, sandarshaka soukaryangal ennivaykku bheeshaniyakaanulla saadhyatha theepiduttham kuraykkunnuvennu urappaakkaanaan ithu. 2019 leeii oru nirddesham shupaarsha cheiyunnathu gadanakalkkum nirnayakamaaya infrastracharinum chuttumulla kuranja prathirodha indhana kuravu paridhi mikacha samrakshanathinu aavashyamaayi vannekkaavunna apakadasaadyathayulla chila gadanakalaanu. marangalude kireedangalkku adisthaana soukaryangalil ninnu akale oru sthalamundennum kaikaalukal nilatthinu mukalil ninnu vettimaattiyittunde nirddeshathil parayunnu.
theepiduthatthinu munbu manjakkallile valia niyantritha pollalukal 1988 ll upayogicha pradesham valareyadhikam kuraykkillennu forestukalum paristhithi shaasthranjarum vaadikkunnu. sariyaaya punarujjeevanathinu aavashyamaaya theevrathayode kathikkaan anuvadikkukayaanenkil niyantritha pollalukal vegathil aniyantrithamaakum. thathfalamaayi, niyantritha pollalukalekkaal prakrithidatha theepidithamaanu paarkkinte praadhamika attakuttappani upakaranam. 1970kalude avasaanam muthal ekadesham 300 prakrithidatha theepidutthangal svayam kathikkaan anuvadichittundu. prakrithidatha theepiduthatthinu chilappol niyantritha pollalukal koodivarunnu, avaa evideyaanu, ethra thadi indhanam upayogikkunnuvennu shradhaapoorvvam niyantrikkaan agnishamana senaamgangale anuvadikkunna saahacharyangalil chattha thadi neekkam cheyyaan manahpoorvvam aarambikkunnu.
deseeya thalatthil federal, stettu ejansikal thammilulla kooduthal sahakaranm deseeya inter ejansi fayar sentar vazhi ekopippichittundu. praadhamikamaayi oru deseeyathala agnishamana nayam vikasippikkunnathinulla federal ejansikal thammilulla sahakarana shramamaanenkilum, thee niyanthrana prasnangal pariharikkunnathil kendram praadeshika, samsthaana sarkkaarukale sahayikkunnu. nirddishta saahacharyangalil prakrithidatha thee thadassamillaathe kathikkaan anuvadikkunna maanejment nirddeshangal saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta mungananakalil ulppedunnu. 1988leeii theepidithatthilennapole, ellah agnishamana shramangalilum jeevanteyum swathinteyum samrakshanathinu munganana nalkunnathu thudarunnu.

