
1964 septambar thekkan vietnaamees attimari sramam

1964 septambar 13 nuu pularche, general enguen khaante neethrthwathilulla thekkan viyatnaamile bharana sainika bharanakoodathinu janaralmaraya laam vaan phaatt, dung vaan dack ennivarude neethrthwathilulla attimari sramam bheeshanippeduthukayum thalasthaanamaaya saigonilekk vimatha unitukale ayakkukayum cheythathodeyaanu 1964 septambar thekkan vietnaamees attimari sramam nadannathu. avar vividha pradhana karyangal pidichedukkukayum deseeya radioyiloode nilavile bharanakoodatthe attimarikkumenn prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. amerikkakkaarude sahaayathode, khaan pinthunaykkaan kazhiyukayum pittennu raavile attimari aalapaayamillaathe thakarukayum cheythu.
attimarikk thottaduttha maasathil, khaante neethrthwam kooduthal aswasthathayilaayi. adiyantharaavastha prakhyaapichukondu addeham thante adikaaram vardhippikkaan shramichuvenkilum ithu sainika bharanam avasaanippikkanamenn ahvaanam cheytha valia thothilulla prathishedhatthinum kalaapathinum kaaranamaayi, budhamatha pravartthakar munpanthiyilaayirunnu. adikaaram nashtappedumennu bhayann khaan prathishedhakkaarkku elavukal nalkaan thudangukayum sameepabhaviyil janadhipathyam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. kollapetta muun president engo dinh deemte vivechanaparamaaya catholica bharanavumaayi adutha bandhamullah niravadhi sainika udyogasthareyum addeham neekkam cheythu; budhamatha sammarddathodulla eee prathikaranam niravadhi catholica udyogasthare niraashappedutthi, avar addehathe adhikaarathil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan chila parajayappetta neekkangal nadatthi.
budhamatha prathishedhangalude sammarddam kaaranam, khaan yathaakramam aabhyanthara manthriyudeyum IV corps commanderinteyum thasthikakalil ninnu catholica faattineyum dackineyum neekkam cheythu. catholica sakhyakakshiyaya thaay viyatt kwak dang, khaan adhikaarathil varaan sahaayicha catholica general tran thiin kheem ennivarude pinthunayulla oru attimariyiloode avar prathikarichu. radio steshan pidicheduttha sesham, diaminte nayangal punarujjeevippikkumenna vaagdaanam cheyth phaatt oru prakshepanam nadatthi. pidichedukkunnathil ninnu rakshappedaan khaansinu kazhinju, attimariyude aadya ghattathil, mikka muthirnna udyogastharum irupakshatheyum pinthunaykkunnathil parajayappettathinaal cheria pravartthanangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. divasam muzhuvan, khaan kramena kooduthal sakhyakakshikaleyum yuu. esineyum aninirathi.ezz. addehathinte bharanathe pinthunakkukayum vimatharkk pinmaran sammarddam cheluthukayum cheythu. republic oof vietnaam airforcinte commander eyar marshell enguen cavo kiyum general enguen chaan thii yum pinthunayode, khaan pittennu raavile, septambar 14 nuu keezhadangan faattineyum dackineyum nirbandhikkaan kazhinju. dack, kii, thii ennivar oru maadyama sammelanathil prathyakshappettu, avide avar oru attimariyum nadannillennu nishedhikkukayum aikyathinte oru nrithasamvidhaanam pradarshippikkukayum cheythu, sambhavangalude peril aareyum vichaarana cheyyillennu avakashappettu.
kheem goodaalochanayil ulppettittundennu bodhyapetta khaan addehathe ambaasadaraayi washingtonilekku naadukadatthukayum general dung vaan minnine rashtreeya ramgathu ninnu ozhivaakkukayum athuvazhi bharanakakshiyile mattu rund naamamaatra amgangale neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, kiyum thiyum valare shaktharaayitheernnuvennu aashankappetta khaan, faattineyum dackineyum avarude sainika vichaaranaykkide rashtreeya athiraalikalaayi upayogikkaanulla shramathil kuttavimuktharakki. athijeevichenkilum, charitrakaaranaaya jorjju mcternan kahin eee attimari khaante aathyanthika rashtreeya thakarchayude thudakkamaayi kandu. keeyudeyum theeyudeyum edapedal kaaranam, khaan ippol avarodu kadappettirikkunnu, vardhichuvarunna sainika ethirppine abhimukheekarichu thante adikaaram nilanirthaanulla shramathil, vietnaam yuddham avasaanippikkunnathinaayi kammyoonistukaarumaayul charchakale pinthunacha budhamatha sivilian aaktivisttukalude kodathi pinthuna nedaan addeham shramichu. amerikkakkar atharam nayangale shakthamayi athirthathinaal, khaanumaayulla bandham kooduthal vashalaakukayum 1965 februvariyil njangalodoppam chernnu addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum cheythu.
pashchaathalam.
1964 januvariyil general guen khaan adhikaarathil vannath, oru vedi polum vekkathe niyanthranam etteduthukondu, general duwang vaan minninte bharanasarkkaarine oru prabhaathatthinu munbulla ooppareshanil athbhuthappeduthiyathinu sheshamaan. american sammarddam kaaranam, sainika viplava kaunsiline (emrc) niyanthrikkunnathiloode yadhaartha adikaaram nilanirtthiyappol, addeham janakeeyamaaya minh oru tokkan rashtrathalavanaayi nilanirtthi. augustil, tonkin gulf sambhavathode vietnaam yuddham vipuleekarichu, vadakkan vietnamese american naavika kappalukalum thammilulla tarkka ettumuttal; kammyoonistukaar anthaaraashtra jalathil akramanam nadathiyathaayi washington aaropichu.
thante shakti vardhippikkaanulla avasaramaayaan samgharshaavasthaye khaan kandathu. august 7 nuu addeham adiyantharaavastha prakhyaapichu, eathu saahacharyathilum swathukkal tirayan prathishedhangal nirodhikkanum "deseeya surakshaykk apakadakaramennu karuthunna gadakangal" ekapaksheeyamaayi jayililadaykkaanum poleesinu avasaram nalki. pothu kramatthinu haanikaramenn karuthunna ellah prasidheekaranangaludeyum rekhakaludeyum laghulekhakaludeyum vitharanam" thadayunnathinaayi addeham sensorship nadappaakki. wang taavu charter ennariyappedunna oru puthiya bharanaghadana khaan nirmmichu, athu ithinakam parimithappedutthiya minhinte chelavil thante vyakthiparamaaya adikaaram vardhippikkumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, nagarangalil valia prakadanangalum kalaapangalum pottippurappettappol ithu khaane durbalappedutthaan maathrame sahaayichulloo-bhooripaksha budhamathakkaar pradhanamaayi-adiyantharaavasthayum puthiya bharanaghadanayum avasaanippikkaanum sivilian bharanathilekkulla purogathikkum ahvaanam cheythu.
theevramaaya prathishedhangalaal thaan attimarikkappedumennu bhayann khaan budhamatha nethaakkalumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. puthiya bharanaghadana radhaakkaanum sivilian bharanam punasthaapikkaanum muun president engo dinh deam samoohathinte ellah vashangalilum nuzhanjukayaraanum niyantrikkaanum upayogikkunna oru rahasya catholica samghadanayaaya qaan lavo party neekkam cheyyaanum avar addehathodu aavasyappettu-adhikaarathil ninnulla amgangal, khaan sammathichu. bhooribhaagam janangaleyum sarkkaarinethire tirikkaan mathramalla sayudha senayude falaprapthy swaadheenikkaanum kazhiyunnathra tri kwaanginte swaadheenam valare valuthayathinaal amgeekarikkukayallaathe mattoru maargavumillenn khaan karuthiyennu general tran thiin kheem avakashappettu."wung taavu charter parishkarikkumennum prathishedham anuvadikkumennum maadhyamangale udaaravalkkarikkumennum khaan parasyamaayi vaagdaanam cheythu. ithu aaktivisttukalude kooduthal prakadanangale prolsaahippikkukayum khaan kooduthal elavukalode prathikarikkukayum cheythu. puthiya krameekaranangal prakaram puthiya bharanaghadana raddaakkukayum emrc pirichuvidukayum cheyyum. oru varshathinullil thiranjedukkappetta niyamanirmmanasabha srishtikkumennum khaan vaagdaanam cheythu.
niravadhi muthirnna udyogasthar, prathyekichu catholica janaralmaraya kheem, enguen vaan thiu ennivar budhamatha nethaakkalkku adikaaram kaimarunnathaayi avar kandathine apalapichu. minnin anukoolamaayi khaan neekkam cheyyaan avar sramikkukayum niravadhi udyogasthare avarude plotylake niyamikkukayum cheythu. kheem, tiyoo ennivar thangalude padhathiyude swakaarya amgeekaarathinaayi njangalude ambasseder maiks well taylore thedi, pakshe ithinakam asthiramaaya sarkkaaril naashakaramaaya prathyaaghaatham undaakumenn bhayann neethrthwathil kooduthal mattangal tailor aagrahichilla. ithu kheem samghathe avarude padhathikal paalikkunnathil ninnu thadanju.
aagasttil emarcyude yogathil generalukal thammilulla vibhajanam thalapokki. deseeya thaalpparyathinu munnil pakshapathaparamaaya goodaalochana nadathiyennu thaan aaropicha catholica sakhyakakshiyaya thaay viyatnaaminte (grettar viyatnaaminte deseeya party) amgangalum anuyaayikalum prashnamundaakkiyathaan asthirathaykku kaaranamenn khaan paranju. thaay viyattumaayi bandhapetta pramukha udyogastharil tiyoovum khiyum ulppedunnu. nagarangalile prakadanangalkkum kammyoonistukaarkk grameena nashtangalkkum budhamatha pravartthakare kaikaaryam cheiyunnathile khaante balaheenathaye kheem kuttappedutthi. khannin pakaram miin ennu maattanamenn thiyuvum mattoru catholica general enguen hyuyum aavasyappettenkilum randaamathethu nirasichu. washingtonil ninnu panam labhikkuna oreyoru vyakthi khaan maathramaanennu miin avakashappettu, athinaal avar addehathe pinthunaykkanam, kheem deshyathode parayaan prerippichu, "theerchayaayum, khaan us gavanmentinte oru paavayaan, njangalude aabhyanthara karyangal engane nadathanamennu amerikkakkar parayunnathil njangal maduthu."sahapravarthakarude sakthamaaya apalapanakalaal sammarddam anubhavicha khaan raajivaykkumennu vaagdaanam cheythenkilum pakarakkaranonnum sammathikkappedaathe mattoru yogam vilichu.
muthirnna udyogasthar thammilulla kooduthal tharkkangalkk sesham, oru puthiya sivilian sarkkar roopeekarikkunnathuvare rund maasam khaan, miin, kheem enniva oru thrayamvaittaayi bharikkumenn avar sammathichu. ennirunnaalum, avarude bhinnatha kaaranam, moovarum onnum cheythilla. khaan theerumaanamedukkalil aadhipathyam pulartthukayum kheem, miin enniva ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. viyatnaamile us milittari commander vilyam westmoreland rashtreeya athiraalikalkku khaan nalkia elavukale apalapikkukayum vadakkan viyatnaamine akramikkaan anumathi thedi washington lobby cheyyukayum cheythu, khaan illaathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyillennu paranju.
attimari.
1964 septambarinte thudakkathil, general laam vaan faattine aabhyanthara mantri sthaanathuninnu pirichuvittu, athesamayam general dung vaan daakkine IV corps commander sthaanathuninnu neekkam cheyyaan pookukayaayirunnu. neethrthwa sthaanangalil valareyadhikam catholica deyim anuyaayikale khaan ulppeduthiyathaayi aaropicha budhamatha pravartthakarude sammarddam kaaranam randupereyum bhaagikamaayi neekkam cheythu. 1963 novemberile attimari thadayaan sahayikkaan vishwastha phaatt upayogikkaan deam shramichuvenkilum dimm generaline paarshwavalkkarikkaanum presidentine vadhikkanum vimatharkk kazhinju. avarude attimarikalil asamthriptharaaya faattum dack septambar 13 nuu pularche oru attimari sramam aarambhichu, patthu armi battaaliyanukale niyamichu. ezhaam divishante kavachitha vibhaagathinte thalavanaaya kenal lii tong baa, diaminte kolayaalikalil oralaaya tank kamaandaraaya kenal dung hiyu nghiya ennivarude pinthuna avar nedi. eee ghattathil attimari catholica, thaay viyatt gadakangal pinthunachathaayi prathyakshappettu. goodaalochanayile mattoru amgam kenal phaam nagok thavo aayirunnu, addeham oru catholicanaayirikke, saadhyamaaya ellah avasarangalilum aabhyanthara poraattam paramavadhi vardhippikkaan sramikkunna oru communist chaaranaayirunnu.
aasoothrana ghattathil prathirodha mantriyum thrayamvairett amgavumaaya kheem daakkinteyum faattinteyum goodaalochanaye pinthunachu. muun president jeevichirunnappol catholican dayim vishwasthanumaaya general huin vaan cavo 1972 leeii oru pathra abhimukhathil kheem-appozhekkum pradhaanamantri-attimariyil cheraan thannodu aavasyappettathaayi avakashappettu. kheemte kshanam nirasichathaayi cavo paranju, "ningal ippol 'trika' yude bhagamaanu" ennu chodichukondu addehathe soumyamaayi parihasichu... ningal svayam attimarikkukayalle?"us president thiranjeduppu prachaarana velayil vietnaam pradhaanamaayirunnathinaal saiganile rashtreeya kalapam oru mosham aashayamaakumenn thaan choondikkaanichathaayum nishedhaathmaka pracharanam thekkan viyatnaamin american pothujanangaludeyum rashtreeya pinthunayudeyum kuravinu kaaranamakumennum cavo paranju.
sayudha pezhsanal kaariyarukalum mesheen gannukalulla jeeppukalum upayogichu vimatha sainikarude naalu battaaliyanukal pularche mccong deltayil ninnu saigonilekk neengi. thalasthaanatthinte arikil niravadhi police chekkposttukal mesheen gannum peeranki vedivayppum bheeshanippedutthi, goodaalochanakkaar avarude sthaanathu vimatha kaavalkkaare nirtthi, akatheko puratthekko pookunna gathaagathathil ninnu saigon adachu. sandeshangal akatheko puratthekko ayaykkunnath thadayunnathinaayi avar poost oafees ulppedeyulla thalasthaanathe ashayavinimaya soukaryangal pidichedutthu. thante sainyam nagaram etteduthappol, phaatt oru sivilian vaahanathil irunnu shaanthamaayi paranju, "njangal innu uchathirinju 4 manikk pattanatthil oru pathrasammelanam nadatthum.emm."addeham paranju," ithu vishamikkenda kaaryamalla. chila raashtreeyakkaarkkethiraaya oru cheria ooppareshan maathram."khaan saigon mayer sthaanathu ninnu neekkam cheytha general duong engok laamte saigon hausil vimathar avarude command poost sthaapichu. laam dimm presidencyude kaalath sivil gaardinu neethrthwam nalkukayum addehathinte vishwastha pinthunakkaaril oralumaayirunnu.
vimathar oru vedivayppum koodaathe nagaram pidichedukkukayum deseeya radio steshan upayogichu prakshepanam nadathukayum cheythu. raashtrathinte vimochanathinaayulla kaunsiline" prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu avakaashappedunna phaatt oru bharanamattam prakhyapikkukayum raajyathinte sainika, rashtreeya neethrthwathinullil samgharsham prothsaahippikkunnave khaan aaropikkukayum cheythu. khaan pidichedukkumennum sakthamaaya sarkkarum sainyavum upayogichu vardhichuvarunna communism virudha nayam pinthudarumennum addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. thante puthiya bharanakoodathinu aditharayidaan deeminte prathyayashaasthravum paarambaryavum upayogikkumennu phaatt paranju. chila nishpaksha gadakangalude thalasthaanathekkum sarkkaarile chila communist anukoolikalkkum kaimaattam" cheythathaanu attimari sramathinu kaaranamaayathenn dack avakashappettu. charitrakaaranaaya jorjju mcternan kahin parayunnathanusarichu, faattinte prakshepanam "vijayakaramaayirunnu", koodaathe yadhaartha goodaalochanayude bhaagamallaathatho khaanhinodu poornnamaayum vishwasthatha pulartthaatthatho aaya muthirnna udyogasthare faattum dack khaanhine upekshikkukayaanenkil avare aalinganam cheyyillennu nigamanathiletthaan prerippichirikkaam.
faattinte shaanthamaaya perumaattathinu vipareethamaayi, addehathinte sainyathinte varavu catholica cathedralile bhakthare-kurbanayil pankedukkunnavare-bhayann oodippokaan prerippichu. muun president avarodu vivechanam kaanikkunna nayangal pinthudarnnittundengi budhamathakkaar diyam anukoola attimariyodu vyakthamaaya prathikaranam nadatthiyilla. mikka sainika commandermaaril ninnum kaaryamaaya prathikaranamundayilla. republic oof vietnaam airfozhs commander eyar marshell enguen cavo kii randaazhcha munbu thante vimanam eathenkilum attimari shramathinethire upayogikkaamenn vaagdaanam cheythirunnuvenkilum addeham athiraavile oru nadapadiyum sweekarichilla. athesamayam, kheem, thiu ennivarude pothupravartthanathinte abhavam attimarikk parokshamaaya pinthunayaayi kaanapettu, kaaranam sarkkar yogangalil khaante neethrthwathe vimarsikkunnathum addehathe neekkam cheyyaanulla swakaarya sramangalum ellaavarkkum ariyamaayirunnu. attimari samayat stettu departmentinu nalkia us embassy reportil tiyoovum khiyum "valare nishkriyamaanennu visheshippichu, avar eee neekkathe nishabdamaayi pinthunaykkukayo bandhappettirikkukayo cheythathayi thonnunnu.
kurachu samayathinu sesham, raajyathe ettavum valuthum sainika aasthaanavumaaya taann sooan nuttu airbasil ethaan saigoninte praanthapradeshangalil sevanamanushtikkunna sainikare kii vilichu. addeham sainikare prathirodha sthaanangalilekku thadayukayum vimathar thaavalam aakramichaal oru "koottakkola" nadathumennu prathijnjayedukkukayum cheythu. thaavalatthinte paridhiyil vimatha taankukalum vishwastha sainikarum thammil samgharsham udaleduthenkilum vimathar pinmaariyathine thudarnnu athu akramamillathe purathupoyi. thaan attimari shramathinte bhaagamaanenn avakashappetta oru vimatha srothass nadatthiya paraamarsangalil kii prakopithanaayirunnu. viyatnaamile american sainika saannidhyavumaayulla adutha bandhatthinum theevramaaya manobhaavathinum perukettirunna qee, attimariyodulla yuu. ezz. ethirppu addehathe udan ariyichathaayi karuthappettu.
thalasthaanathu ninnu rakshappett central highlands resort pattanamaya daa laattilekku paranna khaanhine pidikoodaan faattinum dackinum kazhinjilla. avarude sainyam khaante oafees akramikkukayum duty offeesarmaare pidikoodukayum cheythenkilum sarkkar nethaavine kandethaan kazhinjilla. thudarnnu sainyathinteyum unitukaludeyum chalanatthil oru vishramamundaayirunnu. oru vietnaamees pothusevakan paranju, "eee thayyaareduppukalellaam iruvashathumulla valia thettidhaaranayude falamaanu. rund grouppukalum onnum aarambhikkumenn njaan karutunnilla, pakshe iruvarum karuthunnath matteth thudangumennu."muthirnna american sainika pramukharumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathiyirunna honoluluvil ninnu saigonilekk madangiyethiya tailor," "theerchayaayum aprakhyapithavum niyamavirudhavumaayirunnu" "ennu paranju"."uchakazhinju khaan oru vishwastha samvidaanathil oru radio prakshepanam nadatthi, attimari apalapikkukayum sainyathodu vishwasthatha pularthaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu," "vimatha nethaakkalkku" "pinthuna viyatt konginte kaikalilekku pookumennu avakashappettu".
yuu.ezz. edapedal.
chilar yuu.ezz. attimariyil ulppetta yoonittukalil sevanamanushtikkunna upadeshtaakkale edapedal aagrahikkaatha vimatha udyogasthar purathaakki. kammyoonistukalkkethir yudhathil "mukalilekkulla pravanatha" yekkurichu tailor aduthide samsaarichathinaal amerikkakkar avarude pravartthanangale amgeekarikkillennu goodaalochanakkaar karuthi, athesamayam president lyndon jonson viyatt konginethiraaya "thudarchayaaya purogathiye" prashamsichu. attimariyude athiraavile, washingtonile udyogasthar pothusthalathu kaaval nilkkukayum, thangal sthithigathikal nireekshikkukayaanennum irupakshatheyum vyakthamaayi pinthunaykkaathe shaanthathaykk ahvaanam cheiyunnuvennum paranju. ithokkeyaanengilum, avar nilavile avasthaykku munganana nalkunnathaayi soochana nalkki "neethrthwam thammilulla koodiyaalochanakal nagaratthile sthithigathikal saadhaarana nilayilekku punasthaapikkaan sarkkaarine udan anuvadikkumennu prathekshikkunnu". attimariyil pankedukkunnathinethire yoonit nethaakkale prolsaahippikkaan avar athath american sainika upadeshtaakkale upayogichu.
yuu.ezz. saigonilekk madangaanum thante niyanthranam veendum urappikkaanum addehathe prolsaahippikkunnathi udyogasthar khaanu pinnale parannu. amerikkakkar parasyamaayi pinthuna prakhyaapichillenkil general athu cheyyaan visammathichu. amerikkakkar pinneedu khaannodu bhaaviyekkurichulla padhathiyekkurichu chodichenkilum addehathinte utharangal dishaabodhathinte abhaavathe vanjichathaayi thonni. faattumaayum dakkumaayum samsaaricha sesham avar athe nigamanatthiletthi, athinaal avar sthaanapathiye pinthunaykkaan theerumaanikkukayum khaanh amgeekarichukondu embassy vazhi oru pathrakuripp purappeduvikkukayum cheythu. nirnnayakamaaya oru praharam adikkaan vimatharkk kazhiyaathe vanathum khaante bharanam thudarunnathinu amerikkakkaare kooduthal anukoolaraakkiyathum avarude theerumaanam vardhippichu. voys oof america yuu. yuu. yill thudarunnathinu oonnal nalkunna oru sandesham prakshepanam cheythu.ezz. khannine pinthunaykkukayum attimari ethirkkukayum cheythu. amerikkakkar sthithigathikal sookshumamaayi nireekshikkunnundenum nilavile bharanakoodam pravarthikkunnundennum athil parayunnu;
athe samayam, anjjaathanaaya yuu.ezz. attimari parajayappettaalum athinte asthirappeduthunna prathyaaghaathangal kaaranam aashankaajanakamaanennu vrithangal maadhyamapravarthakarodu paranju. viyatnaamile american senayude kamaandaraaya general vilyam westmorelandinode khaan abhyarthichu.ezz. naavikar addehathe sahayikkaan varikayum amerikkakkarodu addehathinaayi oru "ethir padhathi" roopeekarikkaan aavasyappedukayum cheythu. illengilum.ezz. sainyam karayil pathikkukayum naavikare saigon daa namginum sameepam theerathu sajjarakkukayum cheythu.
attimari thakarcha.
yuu.ezz. khaanhinulla pinthuna prakhyapanam rvn offeesarmaare faattilum daakkilum cherunnathil ninnu thadayaan sahayichu, avar upekshikkaan theerumaanichu. westmoreland dakkinode samsaarikkukayum addeham "anishchithathvamillaatha padangalil" washingtoninode report cheyyukayum cheythu... makvi, yuu ennu addehathe ariyichu.ezz. mission yuu.ezz. sarkkar addehathinte neekkathe oru tharatthilum pinthunachilla, [koodaathe] thante sainyathe udan thanne pattanatthil ninnu [saigonil] neekkaan upadeshichu. thanikk manassilayennum nandi paranjuvennum addeham paranju. addeham aswasthanum arakshithanumaaya oru cheruppakkaaranaanennu thonni."keeyum thante keezhudyogastharum attimariyil cherumennu thettu karuthi, pakshe pinneedu thante thettaaya theerumaanam addeham manassilakki. goodaalochanakkaarkku valia shakthiyundenn karuthi vanchikkappettuvenn arinjappol addeham pinmari. oru anjjaatha srothass parayunnathanusarichu, radio prakshepanatthinide faattinte sakthamaaya prasthaavanakalil dack aashankaakulanaayi, ithu attimariyile pankaalittham punaparisodhikkaan addehathe prerippichu.
onnaam divisionile brigadier general enguen chaan thiyum khaane pinthunachu. attimari nadapadikalude oru sii. aii. eiii logue paranju, thiyum khiyum "khaane alppam vaikiyaan uracha pinthuna prakadippichathu". faattum dack viraykkaan thudangiyappol shakti kaanikkan kii theerumaanichu, saigonin mukaliloode thaazhekku parakkanum vimatha staand avasaanippikkaanum addeham jettukale ayachu. avar thudarchayaayi chuttinadannenkilum yadhaarthathil vediyuthirthilla. khaanhinodu vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunna thekkan vietnaamees naavikarude rund kambanikale edukkaan addeham rund sii-47 vimanangal wung tavuvilekk ayachu. vishwastharaaya kaalaalppadayude niravadhi battaaliyanukal saigonilekk kondupoyi. thudarnnu phaatt thante sainyavumayi ezhaam divishante aditharayaaya amerikkayilekku pinwangi. septambar 14 nuu athiraavile, pularche, muthirnna attimari nethaakkale taann sooan nhatilekku kshanicha sesham kii avare kandumuttukayum pinmaran parayukayum cheythu, athu avar cheythu.
vishwastha sakthikal radio steshante niyanthranam veendedukkukayum niyanthranam avakaashappedunna oru prakhyapanam prakshepanam cheyyukayum vidyaarthikalodum pothupravartthakarodum avarude saadhaarana jeevitam nayikkaan utharavidukayum cheythu. ithinidayil, vyomasenayude vimanangal avarude jagrata kaanikkunnathinaayi theepidutthangal thudarnnu, koodaathe rokkatt loncharukalum kooduthal aayudangalum taann sooan nuttinu chuttum vinyasichu. airfieldinte paridhiyil patrolling nadatthaan moonnu battaaliyanukal paaraatroopparmaare konduvannu.
maadyama sammelanam.
attimari thakarnnappol, dakshina vietnaamees sainyam ikyappettathaayi prakhyaapicha oru warta sammelanathil mattu muthirnna udyogastharkkoppam kins dack prathyakshappettu. avar sayudha senayude oru prameyam prakhyaapichu, avar oppuvacha mattu ezhu perum azhimathikkethire oru aikyamunnani avakashappettu. kii, dack ennivaykku purame, mattu ezhu oppuvachavar thii, general cavo vaan viyan, oru airbone brigade commander, aii corps general toonn thaatt ksaanginte commander, maraine brigade commander general leeii enguin khaang, general staafinte general enguin dack thaang, republic oof vietnaam nevi commander admiral chung taann kaang, renchezhs commander kenal phaam shuwan nuwan ennivaraayirunnu.
attimari nadannittilla" ennathinaal thalasthaanathe sambhavangal nireekshakar thettayi vyaakhyaanichathaayi udyogasthar avakashappettu. khaan poornna niyanthranathilaanennum samgharshathil ulppetta muthirnna udyogasthar "communistukalkkethire pooraadunnathinaayi avarude yoonittukalil veendum cheraan sammathichuvennum" khaan paranju, dack, phaatt, laam, ezhaam division commander huin vaan toonn ennivare namakaranam cheythu. pramukha udyogasthar sammathichathayi dack avakashappettu
pouranmaarodulla nyayamaaya perumattamaanu kammyoonistukale paraajayappedutthaanulla eaka maarggamenn dack abhiprayappettu. ippol khaanhine pinthunaykkunnundo ennu chodichappol, "ksheenam kondu rogiyaayi kaanapedunnu, mattonnumallengil", sammathichukondu thalayaatti. daakkinteyum faattinteyum pravarthanangalil earppettavarkkethire thudarnadapadikal sweekarikkillennum kii avakashappettu.
saigonil khaan veendum surakshithanaya sesham addeham paranju, "aabhyanthara kalahathinte bhishaniye abhimukeekarikkumbol sayudha sena janangalum kaanicha aikyathinte manobhaavam enne valareyadhikam swaadheenikkunnu. raajyathinte uyarnna thalpparyangal matellattinum mukalil engane vaykkanamennu ariyunna ellah sainikarudeyum deshasnehathe njaan abhinandikkunnu."rund maasathinullil adikaaram upekshichu poornnamaayum sainika bharanathilekku madangumennu khaan paranju, ennaal poornnamaayum sivilian gavanmentinu urappu nalkaamenna munkaala vyakthamaaya vaagdaanam upekshichu, puthiya bharanakoodam" "muzhuvan janangaludeyum aathmavishwaasamulla onnayirikkum" "ennu paranju". thekkan viyatnaamile cheenja adithara washingtoninte nayam enthaanennu attimari orikkalkkoodi theliyichathaayi soviyatt union paranju.
arast.
kinteyum daakkinteyum maadyama paripadi undaayirunnittum, amerikkayile ezhaam divisionte aasthaanathekku madangiyethiyathinu sesham faattum tone ethirppaayi thudarunnathaayi thonni. toonn appozhum oru shathruthaaparamaaya rashtreeya nilapad nilanirthukayum americaykku chuttumulla pradeshathinu melnottam vahichukondu saigon bharanathil ninnu verpedumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. saigonil ninnu amerikkayilekkum thekk mccong delttayude mattu bhaagangalilekkum pradhana haiway vettikkuraykkumennu toonn bheeshanippeduthiyathaayi reportund, ennirunnaalum sigonine sainikamaayi akramikkaan addehathinu uddeshyamo maargangalo illennu karuthappettirunnu. tonn kanakkinu pere arast cheyyaan oru helikopttar ayachenkilum oru samgharsham undaayittundennu kii paranju. ennirunnaalum, septambar 16 nuu khaan goodaalochanakkaare kasttadiyiledutthu. koodaathe, vimatha tank commander nghiya, toonn, laam ennivareyellaam arast cheythu, thudarnnu phaatt, saigonilekk madangukayum svayam akathekku thirikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu oru vichaarana aasoothranam cheythu. faattinum dackinum ethire neengunnathil paraajayappettathin naalu corps commandermaaril movereyum onpathu division commandermaaril aareyum khaan neekkam cheythu.
power shift.
attimari sramam adichamarthunnathile keeyudeyum theeyudeyum punk saigoninte sainika raashtreeyathil avarkk kooduthal swaadheenam nalki. adhikaarathil thudaraan sahaayichathin yuva tarkkukalennu visheshippicha udyogastharude yuvasamghamaaya kii, thii ennivarodu kadappettirikkunna khaan ippol durbalamaaya avasthayilaayirunnu. azhimathikkaranum sathyasandhanallathavarum viplava virudharumaaya" udyogasthareyum sivil sarveesukaareyum "chooshanavaadikaleyum" neekkam cheyyaan kiyude samgham khaaninodu aavasyappedukayum avarude nirddishta parishkaarangal nadappaakkiyillenkil addehathe neekkam cheiyumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu, kaaranam "janangalum sayudha sena randaam viplavam nadatthaan nirbandhitharaakum". sivilian bharanathinaayulla eathoru padhathiykkum virudhamaayi, sainika upakaranangaliloode ganyamaaya adikaaram nilanirthaan yuva udyogasthar uddeshikkunnuvenna khaante parokshamaaya munnariyippayi ithine vyaakhyaanichu.
attimariyil pankedutthathinu mattu onpathu allengil patthu udyogasthare pirichuvidanamennu kii prathyekamaayi paranjenkilum aaraan thante manassil undaayirunnathennu thirichariyaan addeham visammathichu. khaane nanam keduthunnathinum rashtreeya vediyil praadhaanyavum antass nedaan anuvadikkunnathinum munbu goodaalochana aasoothranam cheiyukayo vikasippikkaan anuvadikkukayo cheythathayi chila nireekshakar kii yeyum thii yeyum aaropichu. pilkkala varshangalil, vadakkan pattanamaya daa nang aasthaanamaayulla professor budhamatha pravarthakanumaaya cavo huy tuwan, attimarikk kurachu divasangalkku munbu kii yumayum thii yumayum nadatthiya koodikkazhchayil, khaan attimarikkanulla padhathikal udyogasthar charcha cheythathayi avakashappettu. mattoru goodaalochana avakaashavaadam general tran vaan doonn pracharippichu, kheem polulla athiraalikalaaya generalmaare paraajayappedutthaanum avare sambhavasthalathu ninnu neekkam cheyyaanum athuvazhi svayam shakthippeduthaanum rashtreeya prathichaaya vardhippikkaanum vendi khaane prakopippikkano prakopippikkano shramichittundennu addeham anumaanichu.
thekkan vietnaamees sainyam aabhyanthara kalahathinaayi vibhavangalum oorjjavum paazhaakkiyathinaal kammyoonistukaar attimariyil santhushtaraayi. attimarikk thottupinnaleyulla divasangalil avar oru aakramanavum nadathiyittilla, kaaranam angane cheiyunnathu bhinnicha samoohathe oru pothu lakshyathinethire nadapadiyedukkaan prerippikkumennu avar bhayapettu.
prathikaaravum vicharana.
attimariyethudarnnu, thante trithwa pankaali kheem attimarikk prerippikkunnathil pradhana punk vahichuvennu khaan nigamanam cheyyukayum thanne saigonil ninnu purathaakkanamennu nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. amerikkakkar sammathikkukayum kheem washingtonil saigoninte prathinidhiyaakkanamenn ambasseder tailor samghadippikkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe, thavo khiyemil addehathinte pras attasheyaayi cheraan ayachu. attimariyude samayat, miin nadapadikalil ninnu akannunilkkukayum khaanhine prakopippikkukayum avarude deerghakaala sathrutha thudarukayum cheythu. october avasaanathode, jonson bharanakoodam minninekkurichulla taylorude nishedhaathmaka abhipraayathe kooduthal pinthunaykkukayum adhikaarasamarathil khaan vijayichaal njangalude thalpparyangal opttimais cheyyappedumennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, amerikkakkar oduvil minnine oru "nalla ichhaashakthiyulla paryadanatthinu" pookaan panam nalki, athinaal addehathe naanakkedillaathe rashtreeya ramgathuninnu thallikkalayaam.
october pakuthiyode, faattineyum mattu 19 pereyum oru sainika kodathiyil vichaaranaykk vidheyaraakki; phaatt maathramaan vadhasiksha neridukayennum ithu kasttadi kaalayalavaayi kuraykkumennum nireekshakar pravachichu. prathikalil 7 perr saadhaaranakkaarum 13 perr sainika udyogastharumaanu. avar aathmavishwaasathode kaanapedaan sramikkukayum kudumbathodum suhruthukkalodum kaikodukkukayum cheythu. vichaarana anyaayamaanennu shekharicha maadyamangalodu paranja dack, "njaan supreme kodathi manassakshiyil vishwasikkunnu" ennu paranju. thudarnnu addeham thante keezhudyogasthare choondikkaanichu avare "deseeya naayakanmar" ennu vilichu. rakthachorichil ozhivakkaan njaan aagrahichu" ennu avakaashappett addeham attimariyude samayat kiim bombit veezhaathirikkaan thaan pinmaariyenna maadyama oohaapohangal nishedhichu... ente theerumaanatthil njaan valare abhimaanikkunnu.
vimathare "chuvanna kaikondu" pidikoodiyittillennu avakaashappett goodaalochanakkaarkkethiraaya kuttangal thallanamennu aavasyappettukondu faattinte abhibhaashakar aarambhichu, ennaal eee abhyarthana nirasikkapettu. saakshikale vilikkaan anuvadikkaan anchu sainika jadjimaare prerippikkaan kazhinjukondu avar mattoru aavasyathil kooduthal vijayichu. khann, kii, sivilian deputy pradhaanamantri enguen suwan oon ennivare vaadam kelkkunnathinu munnil hajarakan nirbandhikkaanulla avarude abhyarthana kodathi amgeekarichu. khaanh attimarikkunnathinuparam shakti pradarshippikkaan maathramaan uddeshichathennu prathikalaaya udyogasthar avakashappettu. thante pravartthanangalude lakshyam "ente aashayangalkk oonnal nalkuka" aanennu dack avakaashappedukayum thante pravartthanangal oru attimari sramamallennu parayukayum cheythu. sarkkaarine attimarikkaan uddeshichirunnenkil, pothupravartthakareyo sainika udyogasthareyo arast cheiyumaayirunnuvennum angane cheythathayi nishedhikkunnuvennum dack paranju. maruvashathu, khaante nayangalil thanikk aashankayundennum addeham sammathichu. khaan thante aashankakal pariganikkumennu vaagdaanam cheythappol oru sainika prathishedha prakadanamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunna prakadanam avasaanippikkaan theerumaanichathaayum thudarnnu mccong delttayile IV corps aasthaanathekku madangiyathaayum dack paranju. naalaamathe corpsinte ezhaam divisione saigonilekk nayicha thante keezhilullavanum sahaprathiyumaya kenal toninte pravartthanangalude utharavaaditham addeham etteduthu. thalasthaanathekku thante sainyathe maattaan dack thannodu utharavittathayi toonn sammathichu. chodyam cheyyalinide, thante attimari pankaliyaaya faattine kurichu dack paraamarshichirunnilla.
attimari shramathinide oru radio prakshepanatthil enthukondaanu khaane oru "raajyadrohi" ennu apalapichathennu chodichappol, thaan "aaveshabharithanaaya" ennu phaatt paranju. attimari shramathinte thakarchayekkurichu faattinodu chodikkukayum septambar 13 nuu vaikunneram laber union nethaavu tran kwok buvinoppam american embassy sandarshikkunnathinekkur charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. deputy ambasseder yuu. yumayullah thante charcha addeham paranju. alexes jonson "athra pradhaanamalla", athinte swaadheenam kurachuparanju, jonson franch bhaashayude nishfalamaaya upayogam thaan aagrahichirunna eathu charchakalum parimithappedutthiyennu avakashappettu. jonsanumaayulla charcha ekadesham 90 minitt neenduninnathaayi maadhyamapravarthakarodu paranja buu ithine ethirthu. arasttilaaya saadhaaranakkaaril ettavum pramukhan buu aayirunnu. faattum johnson thammilulla koodikkazhchayil pankedutthathinaal bharanakoodatthe attimarikkaan shramichathil addeham ulppettathayi aaropikkapettu. thaan yogam samghadippichathaayi beyu sammathichuvenkilum neethrthwamaattatthinulla oru padhathiyilum thaan pankedutthitlennu paranju. shaareerikamaayi apakadakaramaaya eee kaalaghattatthil vyaavasaayika bandhangalil prakshobham nadathunnathil ninnu vittunilkkan union amgangalodu utharavidanamennu abhyarthikkaan us embassy udyogasthar attimariyude samayat thanne vilichathayi addeham avakashappettu. samgharshathinu ahimsaathmaka pariharam kandethaan kazhiyumo ennu parisodhikkaan attimari nethaakkalumaayi amerikkakkaarkkaayi oru yogam samghadippikkaan thaan vaagdaanam cheythathayi addeham paranju. thaan bhaagikamaayi pravartthikkunnillennum faattumaayulla jonsante charcha kelkkunnillennum buu paranju. amerikkakkar buvinte avakaashavaadangalodu yojikkukayum sainika adhikara poraattavumaayi bandhamillaattha laber union pravartthanangalum prakadanangalum nadathiyathinaanu addehathe arast cheythathennu svakaaryamaayi karuthukayum cheythu.
oraazhchaykk sesham october 24nuu kuttapathram pinvalichu. thudarnnu achadakkamillaaymaykku khaan dackinum faattinum rund maasathe thadavu nalki; avarude keezhudyogasthare hraswakaalathekku thadavilaakki. kahin parayunnathanusarichu, khaan sainika vichaaranayil krithrimam nadatthi, athuvazhi dackineyum faattineyum kuttavimuktharakki, athinaal khaante kannil kooduthal shaktharum ashubhakaravumaayitheernna qee, thii ennee yuva turk vibhaagathin avare oru catholica prathirodhamaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. 1964 januvariyil nadanna attimariyil avare attimarichathinu sesham avare veettuthadankalilaakkiyathi "daa laatt janaralmaarumaayi" oru sakhyam kettippadukkaanum khaan shramichu-avare sajeevamaaya rolukalilekku thirichuvilichu.
november 14 nuu khaan donine deputy cheef oof staaf aayi thirike konduvarikayum saha daa laatt general toonn thaath dine thante sahayiyaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, yuva thurkkikal khaante uddeshyangalekkurichu bodhavaanmaaraayirunnu, thangalkkayi kooduthal adikaaram nedaanulla shramathil donine dinniney paarshwavalkkarikkaan addehathinte mail sammarddam cheluthunnathu thudarnnu. thante bhaagathuninnu, bharanakoodatthinullile thante rashtreeya adithara apakadakaramaanennu manassilakkiya khaanu kooduthal janakeeya pinthuna thedendi vannu. kahin parayunnathanusarichu, "karsanamaayi soukaryapradamaaya oru vivaahathil", yudhathinu charchakaliloode avasaanam konduvaraan parasyamaayi ahvaanam cheytha thekkan viyatnaamile eaka valia sivilian rashtreeya sakthiyaaya budhamatha pravartthakare mechappeduthaan khaan shramikkendivannu. kammyoonistukaarumaayul sahavarthithvathe amerikkakkar shakthamayi athirthirunnathinaal khaante aathyanthika rashtreeya pathanatthinte thudakkamaayi ithu kahin kanakkakki, athinusesham khaantumaayulla avarude bandham kramanugathamaayi kuranju. desemberil, consultative hye naashanal kaunsil pirichuvittathinetthudar khaanum taylor deshyathode kaikorthu, ithu iruvareyum mattoraalod raajyam vidaan aavasyappedaanum maadhyamangalile ambaasadare aavarthichu apalapikkaan khaane prerippikkaanum kaaranamaayi. amerikkakkaarude pinthunayum prothsaahanavum samghadanaaparamaaya sahayavum upayogichu 1965 februvariyil khaane kii aandu thii sthaanabhrashtanaakki.

