
yirmiyahu yowell

oru israeli thathwachinthakanum pothu budhijeeviyumaayirunnu yirmiyahu yowell (20 october 1935, haifa-10 juun 2018). jarusalemile hebru sarvakalaashaalayilum newyorkkile nyoo school phoor soshyal researchilum addeham thathwachinthayude emeritus professoraayirunnu. israelile oru rashtreeya colomistum saamskaarikavum raashtreeyavumaaya vimarsakanum maadyamangalil pathivayi saannidhyavumaayirunnu yowell. thathwashaasthrathil israel sammana jethaavum paam academyude franch oordarinte "offeesarumaayirunnu" yowell. addehathinte pusthakangal engleesh, franch, jarmman, spanish, porchugees, rumenian, hebru, corian, japanese bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu. novelistum community oorganaisarumaaya shoshana yovaline yowell vivaham kazhichu, avarkk kaviyum niyama professorumaaya jonathan yowell enna oru makan ronnie, classical samgeethajnjan, tivi avathaarakan, famili theraappist ennee oru makalum undaayirunnu.
jeevacharitram.
vidyaabhyaasavum aadyakaala daarshanika vikasanavum.
palestine hyphayil janicha yirmiyahu yowell 1953ll hyphayile hebru riyali schoolil ninnu birudam nedi. nirbandhitha sainika sevanathethudarnnu addeham jerusalemile hebru sarvakalashaalayil thathwachinthayum saambathikashaasthravum padikkukayum bii. eiii. birudam poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu.eiii. 1961lum emm.eiii. 1964ll radio nyoos edittar, avathaarakan ennee nilakalil addeham thante padanatthe pinthunachu. ennirunnaalum, addeham prakshepanatthil sthiramaaya oru currier nirasikkukayum thante daarshanikapatanam poortthiyaakkaan sorbon, prinsettan sarvakalashaalayil pookukayum cheythu. 1968ll addeham hebru sarvakalashaalayil ninnu phd nedi. addehathinte upadeshtaavu nathan rothenstrich aayirunnu.
asthithvaparamaaya daarshanika aashankakalum yukthivaadathe samshayikkunnathum moolam yowell sarvakalashaalayilethi. vyakthigatha athmanishtatha uyarthippidichukondu, ellah boudhika aashankakaleyum kuthakayaakkaanum raashtreeyavalkkarikkaanu avarude aavasyam kaaranam yuva yowell akkaalathe koottaaya aadarshangalil ninnum rashtreeya prathyayashaasthrangalil ninnum (soshyalist-siyonist dhaarmikatha ulppede) akannu. mathavum athinulla utharamaayirunnilla, marichu oru rakshappedal aayirunnu. vaikaarikamaayi vilakuranjathum ennaal mochanam nalkunnathumaaya asthithvaparamaaya suthaaryathayilekkulla neesheyude samoolamaaya neekkam yowell thudakkam muthal pankittu.
prathyekichum, kaanthinte vimarsanaathmakamaaya yukthiyude paripadiyum (athinte yadhaartha nirvvahanamallengilum) parimithamaaya yukthivaadam enna aashayavumaanu yukthivaadathe kriyaathmakamaayi vimarsikkunnathinulla nibandhanakal yovalinu nalkiyathu, manushyajeevithathinum samskaarathinum yukthivaadathe anivaaryamaayi amgeekarikkunnu, kaanthinekkaal athinte paridhi kooduthal samoolamaayi edukkumbol, athinte doshasaadhyatha, thuranna anthyam, samagramallaatha swabhaavam enniva amgeekarikkunnu.
mikka daarshanika vyavahaarangalilum thathwachinthayude charithram ulchernnittundennum palappozhum athil shaashvathamaaya punarnirmmaana reethi vazhi phalapradamaayi samakaalikamaakkaan kazhiyunna prashnangalum ulkkaazhchakalum adangiyirikkunnuvennum yowell abhipraayappedunnu. addehathinte swantham daarshanika nilaye "ananthathayude oru thathwachintha" ennu visheshippikkaam, ithu spinosa pinthudarnnu, shaashwatha lokathe saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya maanadandatthinte eaka saadhyamaaya uravidamaayi kaanunnu. randaamathethu addehathinte rund vaalyangalulla spinocyilum mattu mathavirudharilum (prinsettan, 1989) vipulamaayi anweshikkappettu, ithu spinosa vare antharleenathvam enna ashayam kandethukayum kaant, hegel muthal neeshe vareyum athinappuravum aadhunikathayekkurichulla pilkkala chinthakaril athinte sahasikathakal pinthudarukayum cheiyunnu.
yowell mattu videsha niyamanagalkoppam prinsettan sarvakalaashaalayilekkum (1970-71) sorbonilekkum (1978-80) visitting professoraayi madangendathaayirunnu. atlaantik samudrathinte iruvashathumulla addehathinte varshangal anglo-american vishakalana thathwachinthayodulla yovalinte manobhaavathe roopappeduthaan sahayichu. vyakthathaykkum krithyathaykkumulla athinte aavasyam addeham pankidunnu-ithu addehathinte rachanayude mukhamudrayaayi amgeekarikkappettu-ennaal palappozhum athinte pandithochithamaaya pravanathakaleyum charitraparamaaya sameepanatheyum vimarshichu.
addehathinte academic, pothu pravarthanangaletthudarnna yirmiyahu yowell israeli boudhika jeevithathile oru pramukha shabdamaayi maari. pradhana pathrangalile addehathinte niravadhi kolangal, kooduthalum haaretts, yediyatt aharonot enniva pothujanangalude manobhaavangalum sarkkar nayangalum anweshichu. israelinoppam oru swatantra palasteen raashtrathinte aadyakaala vakthaavaayirunna addeham vestt baankileyum gasayileyum kudiyetta pravartthanangale raashtreeyamaayi thettaanennum thettaaya messianisathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanennum shakthamayi ethirthu.
pathrapravartthanavum pothupravartthanavum.
yovalinte pathrapravartthanatthile pankaalittham addehathinte vidyaarthi kaalaghattatthilaanu aarambhichath. aii. dii. 1ll addeham radio israelil jolie cheyyukayum athinte prathivaara warta maasikayude sahasthaapakanaavukayum cheythu. 1967ll oru swatantra israeli prakshepana authority roopeekarikkunnathinulla padhathiyil addeham pankedutthu, athinte kaunsilil rund thavana sevanamanushtichu. pinneedu addeham israel televisionte aadya rashtreeya dokyumentarikal edittu cheyyukayum, 1975-1978 samayat saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya vishayangalekkurichulla 30 pradhana television paripaadikal (mayakkumarunnu, swavarganuraga vimochanam, vivaahamochanam, datthedukkal, kaayikarangatthe akramam, arab bhoomi avakashangal; marikkanulla avakasham muthalaayava) edittu cheyyukayum hostucheyyukayum cheythu.). 1967lum 1973lum nadanna yudhathil sinaay munnirayile oru sainika reporteraayi addehathinte kazhchakkaar addehathe oormmippichu. 1973ll yudhathinte aadyaghattathil israelinte sainika thirichadikalekkurichulla sathyam report cheyyaan nirbandhicha churukkam chila pathrapravartthakaril oraalaayirunnu addeham.
1977leeii laber party charitraparamaaya paraajayathinu sesham, laber party parishkarikkaan shramichenkilum party raashtreeyathin ayogyanaanennu kandethiya oru koottam budhijeevikalaaya "sarkkil 77" ll addeham chernnu. athinusesham addeham ezhuthuprathiyil shradha kendreekarichu 1990kall vare niravadhi rashtreeya kolangal prasidheekarichu.
academic currier.
yovalinte kariyarinte bhooribhaagavum nadannathu hebru sarvakalaashaalayilaan, avide addeham vividha academic thasthikakalil sevanamanushtikkukayum thathwashaasthrathinte shulman chairman sthaanam vahikkukayum cheythu. aaa samayat, columbia, hamberg, milan, ooksfoord, paarees IV (paarees-sorbon) ennivayulppede lokamembaadumulla niravadhi sarvakalaashaalakalum sthaapanangalum addeham sandarshikkukayum prabhashanam nadathukayum cheythu. 1994ll soshyal researchinaayulla puthiya skoolinte biruda faakkalttiyil varsham thorum oru thavana padippikkunnathinulla niyamanam addeham sweekarichu, athu addehathinte randaamathe academic bhavanamaayi maari."thudarnnu thathwashaasthrathile udghaadana hans jonas chairmaanaayi naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum athil ninnu 2010 ll viramikkukayum cheythu.
1986-ll yowell eratta uddeshyathode jerusalem spinosa instittyoott sthaapichu-spinosa scholarship valarthunnathinum spinosayumaayi bandhapetta aashayangale (janadhipathyam, mathetharathvam, sahishnutha enniva polullava) chuttipattiyulla pothu vidyaabhyaasam prolsaahippikkunnathum, europian chinthakan enna nilayilum jootha aadhunikathayude pratheekamaaya vyakthiyayum).
2000-ll yowell thathwashaasthrathile nettangalkku israel sammanam nedi. sahapuraskaara jethaakkale prathinidheekarichu addeham nadatthiya nandi prasamgathinu "yukthiyude avasthayekkurichulla oru report" enna thalakkett undaayirunnu."kaaranam jeevanulathum shwasikkunnathumaayirikkum akathum puratthum sathrukkal athine uparodhikkunnu", yowell report cheythu. athinte paridhikalum niyanthranavum marikadakkaanulla athibheekaramaaya pravanathayum moonnu "baahya sathrukkalaanu": mistisism, aagola vaanijya samskaaram, poost-moden radical vimarsanam ennivayaanu yukthiyude "aantharika shatru". eee velluvilikale neridunnathu vivekapoornamaaya manobhaavathiloodeyum yukthisahamaya ellah kaaryangalilum prathijnjaabadhamaayiriknathum athinte doshasaadhyatha, paridhi, samboornna swabhaavathinte abhavam enniva amgeekarikkunnathiloodeyum aanennu yowell vaadichu. ithu mathatthinte mathethara prathiroopathekkaal "manushyathalatthilulla" yukthivaadamaanu.
prasidheekaranangal.
yirmiyahu yowell niravadhi pandithochitha lekhanangalum niravadhi pusthakangalum prasidheekarichu, avayil "kaant aandu dhii problem oof histtari" (prinsettan 1980,86) "spinosa aandu adhar heretics" (prinsettan 1989), "dark riddle hegel, neeshe aandu dhii jyoos" (politti 1996), "dhii anithar indime dhii maranos" (prinsettan 2013) enniva ulppedunnu. addeham rund pradhana daarshanika klaasikkukal (spinosayude "dhaarmikatha", kaantinte "shudhamaaya yukthiyekkurichulla vimarsanam") chittayaya aamukhathode ebraiah bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum joothanmaarude aadhunika mathethara samskaarathinte 5 vaalyangalulla vijnjaanakoshamulppede niravadhi koottaaya pusthakangal edittu cheyyukayum cheythu. dussen kanakkinu pathra kolangalum 30 pradhana television paripaadikalum pathrapravartthakanenna nilayil yovalinte kredittukalil ulppedunnu.
"kanthum metaafisiksinte naveekaranavum".
yovalinte phd prabandhathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla addehathinte aadya pusthakam "kaant aandu dhaa renewal oof metaphysics" (1974, hebru bhashayil.) kaant palappozhum metaphysics nasippichathaayi karuthappettirunnuvenkum, pazhaya sidhaanthaparamaaya metaafisiksinu pakaram oru puthiya nirnaayaka metaphysics upayogichu athu puthukkippanithu ennathaanu kaantinte yadhaartha padhathi ennu yovalinte pusthakam vaadikkunnu. metaafisikkal chodyangal niyamaanusrithamaaya utharangalude paridhi kaviyumbol polum avaykku aazhathilulla praadhaanyamund. chodyangal adichamarthukayo avaykku utharam nalkunnuvennu nadikkukayo cheiyunnathu thulyamaayi yukthirahithamaan. kaanthile yukthiykk oru metaafisikkal thaalpparyavum vimarsanaathmaka thaalpparyavumund, athu thulyamaayi anivaaryamaan, ennittum oru vimarshanathinte abhaavathil parasparam virudhamaanu. nirnnayakamaaya thiriv eee antinomy rund ghattangalilayi pariharikkunnu. onnamathaayi, ithu sthiramaaya (anubhavaparamaya) domaininte saadhuvaaya metaafisiksaayi pravartthikkunna synthetic eiii-priyari vibhaagangaludeyum thathwangaludeyum oru samvidaanam sthaapikkunnu; randaamathaayi, vairudhyathil, shoonyavum midhyaabodhamullathumaaya vasthukkalude thirachilil ninnu metaafisikkal drive veendum anubhava lokathekku punarnirmmikkukayum nammude adisthaana parimitiyum namukk paryavekshanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna eee lokathinullile ananthamaaya thuranna chakravaalangalum thirichariyukayum cheiyunnu.
metaphysics vazhi kaant (1) vivekapoornamaaya lokathile sathakale nirnnayikkunna, (2) avayude asthithvathinte ardhathe badhikkunna, athishakthamaya gadakangalude oru samvidaanam manassilakki. kanthian synthetic eiii-priyari vibhaagangalum thathwangalum aadya punk niravettunnu, pakshe avaa svayam nilanilkkunna supersensible objectukalallaathinaal praayogika vasthukkalude samanvayathile cheruvakal maathramaayathinaal avaa vimarsanaathmakamaayi cheiyunnu. athupole, anubhavaparamaya vasthukkal enthaayirikkanamennathinta ardhavum avaa nirnnayikkunnu (athaayath, vibhagangalaal bandhippichirikkunna indriyadhaaranakalude samanvayamaanu.) athinaal "oru munganana" samvidaanam oru njaanameemaamsa mathramalla, parimithavum swaabhaavikavumaaya jeevikalude oru oontoolajiyum koodiyaanu.
kanthian yukthiyude chalanathmakavum svayam-driving swabhaavavum (yowell chilappol platonic ardhathil "kaamasaktam" ennu vilikkunnu) pusthakam eduthukaanikkunnu. manushyante yukthibodham kaanthile oru calculus mathramalla, marichu lakshyathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru pravarthanamaanu, athu athintethaaya antharleenamaaya lakshyangal avatharippikkukayum avaa saakshaathkarikkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. avasaanamaayi, kaantinte reethiye yukthiyude svayam vishadeekaranamaayi pusthakam vivarikkunnu, ithu thakarchakalude oru parambara ulppede athinte swantham charithrathe aasrayichirikkunnu, athu oru vimarsanaathmaka viplavathil kalaashikkunnu.
"kanthum charithratthinte thathwashaasthravum".
kaantinekkurichulla yovalinte pradhana kruthi addehathinte "kaant aandu dhaa philosophy oof histtari" aayi maaruka ennathaayirunnu (prinsettan 1980,1986; franch 1989). kaanthinte charitraparamaaya chintha valarekkaalamaayi avaganikkappedukayo parimithavum asthiravumaanennu thallikkalayappedukayo cheythirunnu. eee veekshanam mattimarikkunnathil yovalinte pravartthanangal nirnaayakamaayirunnu. dhaarmmikathayude aupachaarikavum vyakthiparavumaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalekkuri prathipaadikkunna kaanthinte parambaraagatha dhaarmika padippikkalinu appurathekku eee pusthakam pookunnu, kaanthinte praayogika thathwachinthayile oru randaam, bhauthika thalathe anaavaranam cheiyunnu, athil dhaarmika ichhaashakthi oru loka roopeekarana ichhaashakthiyaayi maarunnu ichhaashakthi athinte vyakthiparamaaya daarmikathayil maathram samthrupthamalla, marichu muzhuvan saamoohika-charitra lokatheyum "oru dhaarmika samagratha" aayi punarnirmikkaan pravartthikkunnu. ichhaashakthi svayam nannakkaan sramikkuka mathramalla, yadhaartha lokathinte reethikalilum sthaapanangalilum ulkkollunna athinte dhaarmika lakshyangal kaanaan-swantham prathichaayayil lokathe punarnirmmikkaanum shramikkunnu. ithu charithrathekkurichum athinullile prathyeka mekhalakalekkurichum-raashtreeyam, niyamam, saamoohika dhaarmikatha, dhaarmika vidyaabhyaasam, yukthiyude matham ennivayekkurichum oru vimarsanaathmaka thathwachintha saadhyamaakkunnu.
randaam ghattathilekku nayikkunna liver kaantinte "ettavum uyarnna nanma" enna ashayavum athu prothsaahippikkendathi anivaaryavumaan. eee ashayathe sookshumamaayi vishakalanam cheiyunnathu athine charithrathekkurichulla kanthian niyanthrana aashayamaayi vyaakhyaanikkaan yovaline nayikkunnu, ithu paramavadhi daarmmikathaye (vyakthiparavum sthaapanaparavum dhaarmikavum raashtreeyavum) saarvathrika shemavum samriddhiyum samyojippikkunna oru aadarshamaanu. manushyar svayam maarukayum lokathe parishkarikkukayum cheiyunna dhaarmika charitramaanu oru lokavum manushyavamshavum undennathinu saadhyamaaya eaka nyaayeekaranamenn soochippikkunna kaant charitraparamaaya dauthyathe "srishtiyude aathyanthika avasaanam" ennu polum vilikkunnu, allengil athu thikachum aakasmikavum ardhashoonyavumaayirikkum.
reethi anusarichu, pusthakam oru aakhyaana vyaakhyaanamalla, marichu chittayaya punarnirmmaanamaan. shradhaapoorvvam vaachika vishakalanangale aashrayikkumbol, kaanthinte sthaanangalude aantharika yuktiyum avyakthamaaya prathyaaghaathangalumaayi bandhapetta metteeriyal ithu samghadippikkunnu, ithu yovaline thante thathwachinthayile anjjaathamaaya vashangalil velicham veeshunna puthiya nigamanagalil ethaan anuvadikkunnu.
parambaraagatha kaazhchappaadine vipareethamaakkunna sakthamaaya prathidhwanikalaanu pusthakathilullathu. munkaalangalil kettittillaatha oru aashayamaaya kaanthinte "charitraparamaaya vazhithirivine" kurichu polum innu charchakal nadakkunnundu).
prashastha jarmman thathwachinthakanum instittyoott phoor sosiyalforshchunginte (instittyoott phoor soshyal research, frankfurt schoolinte sthaapanakendravum vimarsanaathmaka sidhaanthavum) directorumaaya addeham aduthide pusthakatthinte swaadheenam vivarichu
"ekadesham irupathu varsham munbu kanthineyum charithratthinte thathwachinthayeyum kurichulla yirmiyahu yovalinte athbhuthakaramaaya pusthakam njaan aadyamaayi vaayichappol, classical grandhangale vyaakhyaanikkunna chumatala engane sameepikkanamenn njaan padichu oru thathwachinthakante rachanakalile oru kendra prashnam thirichariyunnathil ninnu aarambhich, yadhaartha rachayithaavinte vyakthamaaya uddeshyangalkkappuramalu oru puthiya ashayam uyarnnuvarunnathuvare nirddishta parihaaratthinte gadakangal punakrameekarikkaan shramikkanam. kaanthinte chittayaya chinthayil prayogicha eee reethi enne valareyadhikam aakarshichathinaal, njaan yirmiyahu yovalinte prasidheekaranangalude oru saadhaarana vaayanakkaaran mathramalla, ente swantham kruthiyil eee chinta reethi anukarikkaanum njaan shramichu "(-axel honeth, 2010).
"spinosa mattu mathavirudharum".
yovalinte ettavum prashasthamaaya pusthakam "spinosa mattu mathavirudharum" (prinsettan 1989) aanu, ithu spinosayude boudhika viplavathinte asthithvaparamaaya uthbhavathekkurich oru puthiya vyaakhyaanam nalkunna rund vaalyangalilulla oru diptic aanu (vaalyam. i) aadhunikathayekkurichulla pilkkala chinthakarile athinte sambhavavikasangalum (vaalyam. (bii). aadhunika chinthayude bhooribhaagathinteyum maathrkayaayi yowell kaanunna thante samoolamaaya thathwamaaya maanyathayiloodeyum addehathinte sradheyamaaya vyakthiparamaaya kesiloodeyum spinosa yovaline aakarshichu. neesheik munbulla oru aadhunika chinthakan charitraparamaaya ellah mathangalum athirukadanna ellah chakravaalangalum illaathaakkunnathil spinosa vare poyittilla. paashchaathya daivashaasthra paarambaryatthil ninnu svayam ithrayadhikam vighadippikkaan spinosa praapthamaakkiyathennathaane chinthichukondu, yowell spinosa nayikkunna yukthisahamaya vaadangalilekku nerittu thirinjilla, marichu aaa vaadangal uyarnnuvarikayum manassil pidichedukkukayum cheiyunnathinulla maanasika idam maaycha charitraparamaaya-asthithvaparamaaya saahacharyathinayi aadyam nokki.
yowell nirddeshicha utharam, holandilethunnathinum speyinilum porchugalilum thalamurakalayi jeevichirunna, kristhyan chinnangalum maanasika reethikalum chinthaareethikalum ulkkollunna, joothamathathil ninnu nirbandhitha parivartthanam cheyyappetta, spinosa vanna vichitramaaya jootha grouppaaya maranos ennu vilikkappedunnavarude dwaithathayumaayum aashayakkuzhappathilaya mathaparamaya swathuavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. rahasyamaayi joothanmaaraayi thudaraan shramicha muun juthanmaarkku joothamathathekkurichum avarkk ariyaavunna karyangal kristheeya padangalil sangalppichathinekkurim valare kurachu arivu maathrame undaayirunnulloo; mattullavar, rund mathangalum samyojippichappol, joothanmaaro kristhyaanikalo aayitheernnilla, koodaathe eee jeevithathinteyum eee lokathinteyum kaaryangale yeshuvinudeyo mosheyudeyo mathaparamaya rakshaykk pakaramaayi nokki. ennirunnaalum, 1506 epril 19 nuu lisbanile saavo domingos konventile athbhuthathodu prathikaricha maaranosinte sambhavangal vivarikkunnath "oru thadi kashanathinu engane athbhuthangal cheyyaan kazhiyum?", allengil" kurachu vellam iduka, athu puratthuvarum ", yowell prasthaavikkunnath, eee vaakkukal" "catholica nigoodathaye cherukkukayum athishayippikkunna prathibhaasangale avayude bhoumika perukalaal vilikkaan nirbandhikkukayum cheiyunna athe parukkan jootha saamaanyabudhi prakadippichu"."yowell abhipraayappedunnathu, pala muun-maranomarkkum spinosa theevravaadathe theevravalkkarikkukayum athinu sakthamaaya oru chittappedutthal nalkukayum cheytha sthiravum mathetharavumaaya kaazhchappaad sweekarikkaan kazhinjirunnu ennaanu.
vaalyam onnu (yukthiyude marano) charitraparavum saahityaparavumaaya vasthukkal upayogichu oru koottam saadhaaranavum aavarthichullathumaya marano paattenukal (udaaharanathina prathyakshavum maranjirikkunnathumaaya rund thalangalil jeevitam; avyakthathayudeyum eratta bhaashayudeyum upayogam; rakshaykkulla oru badal maarggathinaayulla thirachil, yesuvineyum moshey daarshanikamaaya kaaranam upayogichu maattisthaapikkuka muthalaayava).) avaa spinosayil mathatthinte pashchaathalatthil ninnu yukthiyilekku maattappedunnu. maruvashathu ninnu, spinosayile pradhana daarshanika prashnangalum (bhasha, raashtreeyam, janakkoottam, moonnaamathe tharatthilulla arivu) athe samayam, avaye kooduthal prakashippikkukayum sandarbhavalkkarikkukayum cheiyunna marano polulla gadakangalodu prathikarikkunnuvennu kaanikkunnu. eee sandarbhochithavalkkaranam kuraykkunnathallennu yowell vaadikkunnu spinosayude aashayangalkk oru swatantra yukthisahamaya praadhaanyamund, athu avaye uyarnnuvaraan anuvadicha charitraparamaaya saahacharyangalilekku churukkanavilla.
ellah mathangalkkum mathavirudhanaayirunna spinosa rabbikal nirodhichuvenkilum kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan visammathichu. aadyathe aadhunika joothan" ennu addehathe vilikkunnathiloode, aadhunika jootha saahacharyathodulla addehathinte prasakthi yowell eduthukaanikkunnu. addehathinte cases-addehathinte chinthayekkaal kooduthal-pill noottaandukalil paarambaryethara jootha asthithvathinu vaagdaanam cheytha athiraalikalum vairudhyamullathumaaya pariharangalil bhooribhaagavum pratheekshichirunnu. ennittum spinosa svayam aaa oopshanukalonnum vaadikkukayo vyakthiparamayi manassilaakkukayo cheythilla. angane, thaan svayam pankedukkaattha aadhunika jeevithathinte mikkavarum ellah roopangaludeyum sthaapaka pithavaayi addeham maari.
randaam vaalyam (aadhunikathayude sahasikathakal) aadhunika chinthayude chila pradhana vazhithirivukalil spinosayude viplavathinte saannidhyam velippeduthunnu. yowell prakrithivaadavum "ananthathayude thathwachintha" enna vishalamaaya ashayavum thammil verthirikkunnu. randaamathethu (eiii) asthithvathinte mothatthilulla chakravalamaaya shaashwatha yaadhaarthyam maathrameyulloo; (bii) athu (manushyariloode) dhaarmikavum raashtreeyavumaaya maanadandangalude eaka saadhuvaaya uravidam koodiyaanu; (sii) eee amgeekaaram aantharikamaakkunnathu manushyarkk pratheekshikkavunna eathu vimochanathino veendedukkalino ulla oru munvyavasthayaanennu vaadikkunnu. kaant, hegel, lephtt-hegalians (heyne, fureback, hess), marks, neeshe, froid ennivarude kruthikalil yowell vaayanakkaarane spinosayumaayi olinjirikkunnathum thuranna sambhaashanathilekku kondupookunnu-ivarellaam oru pradhana thathwachintha pankittuvenkilum athiraalikalude vazhikalil athu pravarthichu, avar spinosayil ninnu vyathichalikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee sameepanam jootha aadunikatha ulppedeyulla aadunikathayil spinosayude swaadheenam vyakthamaayi avatharippikkunnu. upasamhaarathil, svayam samsaarichukond, yowell spinosayude "pishaachuthathvam" parishkkarikkunnathinula samagrathayude vimarsanaathmaka thathwashaasthrathinaayi vaadikkunnu.
eee pusthakam vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyappedukayum franch, jarmman, hebru, spanish, porchugees, japanese bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu.
"irunda puthi hegel, neeshe, juthanmaar".
juthaprashnam" ennu vilikkappedunna eee pusthakam europine sambandhichidatholam praadhamikamaayi oru chodyamaayi kanakkakkunnu. hegel yukthiyude thathwachinthakanum neeshe athinte samboornna athiraaliyumaayirunnu; hegel oru (vipareeta) christianiyum neeshe svayam prakhyapitha 'ethirkristhu' yumaayirunnu; yukthisahamaya aadunikatha athinte paraakaashtayilekku konduvaraan hegel shramichu, neeshe athine "adhikaarathilekkulla ichhaashakthi" adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru "dionysian" samskaaram upayogichu maattisthaapikkaan aagrahichu. ennittum oororutharkkum thante padhathiyude kaaryatthil yoodaayisathinteyum joothanmaarudeyum prashnavumaayi poruthappedendivannu. rund vyathyastha tharatthilulla avyakthathayaan phalam.
yuva hegel kadinamaaya joothavirudha manobhaavam prakadippikkukayum athu addehathinte pakwathayulla thathwachinthaye laghookarikkukayum cheythu. juthanmaar manushyaraashiykk prayojanakaramaaya onnum nalkiyittillenna thante aadyakaala avakaashavaadam pinvalicha pazhaya hegel, manushyacharithrathile ettavum anantharafalamaaya vazhithirivukalilonnaya joothamathathe visheshippichu samboornna asthithvam aathmaavaanennum oru vasthuvo swaabhaavika sathayo allennum aaa aathmaav prakrithiyekkaal uyarnnathaanennum amgeekarikkunnu. ennittum, athu nirvahikkunnathil thanne yoodaayism swantham viplavathe thettayi chithreekarichu, kaaranam athu svayam "udaathathayude oru mathamaayi" roopappeduthi, hegel ennaal svayam-verpeduthalinteyum ananthamaaya vidoora yajamananu adimathvathinu keezhppedalinteyum matham ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, aaa vyakthikk munnil oru samboornna shoonyathayaayi bhayappedunnu. eee vairudhyaathmaka reethiyil, pakwathayulla hegel joothanmaare prashamsichukondu thanne avare nishabdamaayi apalapichu. koodaathe, neesheyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, kristhuvinu sheshamulla juthanmaarkku charitraparamaaya praadhaanyavum moolyavum hegel nishedhichu. purathana kaalath thanne juthanmaarkku avarude kaaranam nashtappedukayum avarude munkaala swabhaavathinte shoonyamaaya shell aayi maarukayum cheythuvennu hegalinte charithratthinte yukthiyil ninnu ithu pinthudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, oru saidhaanthika vairudhyam (oru "irunda kadankatha") enna nilayil avarude deerghakaala nilanilppil addeham aashayakkuzhappathilakukayum aswasthanaakukayum cheythenkilum, akkaalat germmaniyil janapreeti nediyirunnillaattha sthaanamaaya samakaalika joothanmaarude rashtreeya vimochanatheyum saamoohika sweekaaryathayeyum pinthunaykkunnathil ninnu ithu hegeline thadanjilla. jarmman senophobic deseeyathaye avahelikkukayum swaathanthryathinte thathwachinthakan enna nilayil joothanmaare avarude manushyathvathinu aavashyamaaya amgeekaaramaayi aadhunika lokathekku praveshippikkaan utsaahamillaathe addeham thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
neeshe thante aadyakaalangalile joothavirudha munvidhikale marikadakkuka mathramalla, hegalineppole abhiniveshathodeyaanu athu cheythath. wagnerumaayum shopenhoverumaayum edavelayedutha sesham pakwathayulla neeshe oru theevramaaya semit virudhanaayi maari. addehathe sambandhichidatholam, aadhunika semit virudhan ethirppinte oru srishtiyaayirunnu, athupole thanne purathana jootha purohithante vamshavali bandhuvaayirunnu, neeshe athe aaveshathodeyum athe maanasika-thathwachinthaaparamaaya kaaranangalal addehathe veruthu. yoodaayisathinu maattamillaatha orotta sathaye maathram nalkaan neeshe visammathichu. eee pusthakatthil punarnirmmichathupole, jootha charithratthile moonnu gattangalkkanusarichu addehathinte manobhaavam vyathyaasappedunnu. (1) pazhaya niyamathile hebrookal avarude mahathaaya roopangal, mahathaaya pravrithikal, aadhikaarikamaaya svayam sthireekaranam enniva kaaranam neesheyude prashamsayude lakshyamayirunnu. (2) randaamathe kshethrathinte (niyamavum) 'purohita' yoodaayisathe neeshe verukkukayum apamanikkukayum cheythu, pradhaanamaayum athu kristhumathatheyum sakrettik yukthivaadathodoppam europine dushippicha "adima dhaarmikatha" yeyum srishtichathukondaanu. (3) pravasikalaaya joothanmaarude charitraparamaaya aazhavum noottaandukalude prathirodhatthilum sthirothsaahathilum avar shekharicha asthithvashakthiyum kaaranam addeham avare prashamsichu. eee shakti neeshe ippol thaan vibhavanam cheytha puthiya europilekku ozhikkaan aagrahichu. athinaal joothanmaare mathetharavalkkarikkaanum mattu yooropyanmaarumaayi cheraanum ellah europian kaaryangalilum mikavu pularthaanum oduvil avarkk puthiya maanadandangalum moolyangalum nischayikkaanum addeham abhyarthichu. joothanmaarude asthithvashakthiyum kristhyan virudha manobhaavavum europilekku ozhuki, moolyangalude oru dionysian viplavathe prothsaahippichu. hegalineppole allathe neeshe joothanmaare oru mathamaayittalla, marichu oru vamsheeyavum charitraparavumaaya manushyasamoohamaayaanu kanakkaakkunnath.
1996ll hebroovil prasidheekarikkappedukayum engleesh, franch, japanese, roman bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum cheytha eee pusthakam, saarvathrikamaaya kaaranam sakthamaaya jootha virudha pakshapaathatthe ozhivaakkunnillennum adhikaarathinte thathwachintha yahooda virudhamaayirikkanamennil ennum kaanikkunnu.
"mattonn ullil vibhajana swathwavum uyarnnuvarunna aadunikathayum".
spinosayodulla thaalpparyathethudarnnu, yowell maaranosinte vishalamaaya prathibhaasatthil kauthukam prakadippikkukayum athinte swantham aavashyathinaayi athu padikkukayum cheythu. athinte phalam mattoru kruthiyaayirunnu "dhii anithar inn dhii maranosa splitt identityum emerging modenityum" (prinsettan 2009).
yowell maranosine "ullile matoraal" ennu visheshippikkunnu-randilum ulppettavarum ulppedaathavarumaaya aalukal. mikka juthanmaarum vimathar ennum mikka muthirnna kristhyaanikalum ashudhamaaya rakthamulla juthanmaar ennum nirasicha maranosinu krithyamaaya, avibhajyamaaya swathuamillennu yowell vaadikkunnu. rahasyamaayi jootharaayi thudaraan aagrahicha "yoodaayi" maranos yadhaarthathil joothanmaaraayirunnilla, swaamsheekarikkaan aagrahicha maranos yadhaarthathil hispano-catholicaraayi samyojippikkappettirunna. pakaram, jootha, kristhyan chinnangalum jeevithareethikalum samyojippichukondu, maranos saadhaaranayaayi oru vibhajana swathwathaal verthirichariyappettu. avar aathmanishtamaaya manasse kandethukayum saamoohikavum mathaparavumaya viyojippil earppedukayum mathetharathvathinteyum eee laukikathayudeyum aadyakaala adayaalangal prakadippikkukayum cheythu. eee reethiyil, yowell parayunnu, paashchaathya aadunikathayudeyum aadhunika jootha anubhavathinteyum niravadhi kendra savisheshathakal maranos pratheekshichu.
thangalude pravartthanangal deseeya swathuathinte kriyaathmakamaayi kaanunna charitrakaaranmaar maranosine (allengil, kanvorsos) swantham rajyathinum samskaarathinum maathramaayi upayogikkunnu. yovalinte pusthakam vaadikkunnathu, jootharo hispano-catholicaro allatha oru avibhaajyavum ekathaanavumaaya swathwavum maranosinu nalkunnathu asaadyamaanu, kaaranam ithu krithyamaayi, eee aalukalude ettavum vyathirikthavum rasakaravumaaya savisheshathayaaya madhyakala samoohathinte othukkamulla swabhaavathinte vighadanavum aadyakaala aadhunika europinu avar nalkia pradhana sambhaavanakalilonnumaan.
anweshanavum aadhunika deseeyathayum peedippikkappettathum niyamavirudhamennu apalapikkunnathumaaya vibhajana swathuam manushya nilanilppinte yadhaarthavum anivaryavumaaya roopamaanu, athu oru adisthaana manushya swaathanthryamaayi amgeekarikkappedaan arhamaanu ennathaanu eee pusthakatthinte daarshanika nigamanangalilonn.

