
joonn neel grandhasoochika

american ezhuthukaaranaaya joonn neelinte grandhasoochika (1793-1876) 1812 leeii yuddham muthal arupath varshathilere neendunilkkunna punarnirmmaanatthiloode novalukal, cherukathakal, kavithakal, lekhanangal, naadakangal, prabhashanangal, pathrangal, maasikakal, saahitya jenalukal, sammana pusthakangal, laghulekhakal, pusthakangal ennivayil prasidheekaricha vivarthanangal enniva ulppedunnu. sthreekalude avakashangal, feminism, lingabhedam, vamsham, adimatham, kuttikal, vidyaabhyaasam, niyamam, raashtreeyam, kala, vaasthuvidya, saahityam, naadakam, matham, gymnastics, pourashaasthram, american charithram, shaasthram, frenology, yaatra, bhasha, rashtreeya sambadvyavastha, manodhairyam enniva priyappetta vishayangalil ulppedunnu.
1817num 1835num idayil, neel britiish saahitya jenalukalil prasidheekaricha aadyathe amerikkakkaaranum, american saahithyathinte aadya charithratthinte rachayithaavum, aadyathe american kalaa niroopakanum, kuttikalude saahithyathinte thudakkakkaaranum, american navothaanatthinte mungami, sthreekalude avakaashangalkkaayi vaadikkunna aadyathe american purushanmaaril oralumaayi. swaabhaavika shabdaprayogam upayogicha aadyathe american ezhuthukaaranum praadeshika american ucharanangalulla kathaapaathrangal ezhuthiya aadyatheyaalum enna nilayil, neelinte fiction saahitya deseeyavaada, praadeshika prasthaanangalumaayi poruthappedunnu. oru american fiction kruthiyil "soonn-oof-eiii-bitch" enna vaachakam aadyamaayi upayogichathum samsaarashailiyude thudakkakkaaranumaaya neel aanu. addehathinte fiction romaantik, gothik vibhagangal paryavekshanam cheiyunnu.
1830kalude randaam pakuthiyil, visheshichum, aanukalikangalil neel oru mikacha sambhavana nalki. saahityam, kala, naadakam ennivayekkurichulla addehathinte vimarsanangal bhaaviyile prasthaanangal pratheekshikkukayum neelinte kariyarine charitraparamaayi marikadanna niravadhi ezhuthukaarude kariyarinu sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu. oru vimarsakanum rashtreeya niroopakanum enna nilayil, addehathinte lekhanangalum pathrapravartthanavum sthaapanangalodulla avishwaasavum svayam parisodhanayodum swaashrayathvathodumulla aduppavum kaanichu. 1829num 1848num idayil lysium sarcutil yaatra cheythukondu thante varumaanathin poorakamaayi addeham nalkia prabhaashanangalaan neelinte laghulekhakalil palathum. eee kaalayalavil prathivarsham sharashari orennam enna nilayil niravadhi cherukathakalum addeham prasidheekarichu. neelinte kathakal eee vibhaagatheyum aadyakaala baalasaahithyatheyum roopappeduthaan sahayikkukayum jaxonian janaadhipathyavumaayi bandhapetta saamoohika-rashtreeya prathibhaasangale velluvilikkukayum cheythu. oru vivarthakanenna nilayil addeham kooduthalum franch rachanakalil pravarthichuvenkilum thante maathrbhaashayaaya engleeshozhikeyulla pathinonnu bhashakalil oru paridhivare vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum addehathinu kazhinju. 1822num 1828num idayil addehathinte novalukalil bhooribhaagavum prasidheekarikkappettum addeham thante jeevithathinte avasana dashakam vare novalukal ezhuthunnathu thudarnnu. addehathinte avasaanathe pradhana kruthi 1874-ll addehathinte janmanaadaaya portlaandinaayulla oru guide book aayirunnu. 1920num 1978num idayil prasidheekaricha addehathinte maranananthara rachanakalude naalu samaahaarangalund.
bandhita prasidheekaranangal.
novalukal.
oru novelistenna nilayil, joonn neel "thante shabdashailiyil swaabhaavikamaaya amerikkayile aadyatheyaalaayi" amgeekarikkappedukayum amerikkayil annu prabalamaayirunna britiish maanadandangal marikadakkaan oru puthiya "vanyavum parukkan dhikkari american sailiyum" vikasippicheduthathin "american subversive fictionte pithaav" aayi amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu. american samsaarashailiyudeyum novalukalile bhaashaabhedangaludeyum thudakkakkaranaaya neelinte novalukal saahitya deseeyavaada, praadeshika prasthaanangalumaayi yojikkukayum american navothaanatthe munkootty kaanukayum cheiyunnu.
laghulekhakal.
1829num 1848num idayil lysium sarcutil yaatra cheythukondu thante varumaanathin poorakamaayi addeham nalkia prabhaashanangalaan neelinte laghulekhakalil palathum.
thiranjeduttha lekhanangal.
saahityam, kala, naadakam, raashtreeyam, vividha saamoohika prasnangal ennivayekkurichu abhiprayappetta joonn neel "orupakshe [thante] kaalaghattatthile munnira vimarshakanaayirunnu". oru vimarsakanum rashtreeya niroopakanum enna nilayil, addehathinte lekhanangalum pathrapravartthanavum sthaapanangalodulla avishwaasavum svayam parisodhanayodum swaashrayathvathodumulla aduppavum kaanichu. srishtiparamaaya kruthikalil thante saahitya sidhaanthangal upayogappeduthunnathil neel nediya thaarathamyena kuranja vijayavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, addehathinte vimarsanaathmaka vidhikal ingane abhipraayappedunnu. addeham apalapichidathu, kaalavum eathaandu apavaadamillaathe apalapichittundu."pathrangaludeyum maasikakaludeyum vaarshika prasidheekaranangaludeyum edittarmaar vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalil, prathyekichu 1830-kalude randaam pakuthiyil neelil ninnu sambhavanakal thedi. addehathinte aadyakaala lekhanangal addehathe amerikkayile sthreekalude avakashangalkkum feminist vishayangalkkumulla aadya purusha vakthaakkalil oralakkunnu.
eathenkilum britiish saahitya maasikayil prasidheekaricha aadyathe amerikkakkaaranaayirunnu neel, aaa padaviyil american saahithyathinte aadya charithram rachichu. joonn greenleaf vittiyar, edger alaan poow, henry wadsworth long fello, elisabath ooks smith, nathaniel hathon thudangi niravadhi ezhuthukaare addeham aadyakaalangalil prothsaahippichathu avarude currier aarambikkaan sahayichu. oru kalaa niroopakan enna nilayil neel yuu. esile aadyatheyaalaayirunnu, 1820kalil ninnulla addehathinte lekhanangal "praavachanika" maayi amgeekarikkappedunnu. naadaka vimarshanathile oru "aadyakaala thee brand" enna nilayil, american naadakathinaayulla addehathinte "pravachanam" arupath varshangalkk sesham bhaagikamaayi maathrame saakshaathkarikkappettu.
ettavum pandithochithamaaya shradha nediyathum koodaathe/allengil pandithochithamaaya kruthikalil neelinte kariyarile pradhana nazhikakkallukalaayum koodaathe/allengil avaa ulkkollunna vishayangalude charitrangalaayum paraamarshikkappedunna lekhanangal maathrame eee pattikayil ulppedunnulloo. ivide ozhivaakkiyava joonn neelinte lekhanangalude valia pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu.
cherukathakalum saangalppika rekhaachithrangalum.
american cherukathayude kandupiduthakkaaran" ennu vilikkappedunna joonn neelinte kathakal "addehathinte ettavum uyarnna saahitya nettamaanu", addeham 1828 num 1846 num idayil prathivarsham sharashari onnu prasidheekarichu. avayil palathum american saamoohika-rashtreeya prathibhaasangale velluvilichu, athu us president enna nilayil andrew jaaksante kaalavadhi (1829-1837) vare valarnnu, athil ulppedunnu maanifest vidhi, saamrajya nirmmaanam, indian neekkam, federal adhikaarathinte ekeekaranam, vamseeya pourathvam, aabhyantharathayude aaradhana. thaarathamyena puthiya cherukathaa vibhaagathe, prathyekichu aadyakaala baalasaahithyathe roopappeduthaan addehathinte kruthikal sahayichu.
kavithakal.
1810kalude avasaanathil baltimoril niyamam padikkumbol neelinte kavithakalude bhooribhaagavum "portico" yill prasidheekarichu. 1830 aayappozhekkum addeham onniladhikam kavita samahaarangalil amgeekarikkappettukondu "oru kavi enna nilayil, prathyekichu oru prashasthi nedi".
matoraal.
naadakam.
neelinte rund poornnamaaya naadakangalo addehathinte naadaka rekhaachithrangalo orikkalum vedikkaayi nirmikkappettilla.
vivarthanangal.
neel franch bhashayil praaveenyamullayaalayirunu, spanish, itaaliyan, jarmman bhashakalil eluppathil samsarikkaanum ezhuthaanum addehathinu kazhiyumaayirunnu. koodaathe, addehathinu "kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhinju... porchugees, sweedish, danish, hebru, laattin, greak, pazhaya saaksan enniva ezhuthukayum vaayikkukayum cheiyunnathu valare nallathaanu. maranathinu thottumunbu addeham chainees vaayikkaan padichu.
neel ezhuthiya pathrangal.
niyamavidyaarthiyaayirikka neel pathrangalkkayi ezhuthaan thudangi, vadhasiksha, lottarikal, insolvency niyamam, kadathinulla thadavu, "starjas vii. kireedaavashishtam ". eee aadyakaala kruthikal addehathe aadyamaayi desheeyathalathil pothujanashradhaykku munnil athichu. jeevithathiludaneelam addeham oru pathrapravartthakanaayi parakke amgeekarikkappedukayum jeevithavasaanam vare pathrangalil prasidheekarikkunnathu thudarukayum cheythu.
eee grandhasoochikayil mattevideyengilum pattikappedutthiyittilla pathrangal eee pattikayil ulppedunnu.

