
yosemite dasaamsha samvidaanam

pradhaanamaayum americayileyum canadayileyum parvathaarohakar upayogikkunna nadattham, malakayattam, kayatangal ennivayude budhimuttu vilayiruthunnathin upayogikkunna anchu bhaagangalulla samvidaanamaanu yosemite dasaamsha samvidaanam (vaii. dii. ezz). 1950-kalil thekkan kaaliforniyayile siyara klabbile amgangalaanu munkaala samvidaanangalude, prathyekichu yosemite thaazhvarayil vikasippicheduthavayude parishkkaranamayi ithu aadyamaayi aavishkarikkukayum vadakke amerikkayiludaneelam athivegam vyaapikkukayum cheythath.
vivaranam.
klaas skeyilinte anchaam klaas bhagam praadhamikamaayi oru roock climbing vargeekarana samvidaanamaanu, athesamayam 1-2 klaasukal pradhaanamaayum kaalnadayaathrayilum trial oottathilum upayogikkunnu. klaas 3 eluppavum mithavumaaya kayattam vivarikkunnu (i.iii. scrambling), vyathyastha alavilulla exposure (saadhyamaaya veezhchayude dairkhyam). pii. dii +-nte aii. eph. eiii. ezz vargeekaranavumaayi ekadesham poruthappedunna valare thurannuparayunna oru scrambline vivarikkunna oru "inn-between" ratingaanu klaas 4. parvathaarohakar, prathyekichu saankethika klaas 5 climbingle earppettirikkunnavar, palappozhum yathaakramam "klaas 3", "klaas 4" enniva yathaakramam "3", "4" enningane churukkunnu.
thudakkathil eee samvidaanam orotta bhagamaayulla vargeekarana samvidaanamaayirunnu. "grade", "protection" vibhagangal pinneedu samvidaanathilekku chertthu. puthiya vibhagangal oro kayattatthinum baadhakamalla, upayogam vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. "grade" oru kayattathinu aavashyamaaya samayathe vivarikkunnu, koodaathe "samrakshanam" oru malakayattappathayile sthalangalude labhyathayum gunanilavaaravum vivarikkunnu, avide oru parvathaarohakanu kayaral samrakshanam upayogikkaam; evaykkulla ratingukal aathmanishtamaayirikkum.
anchaam klaas ippol 5 muthal 5.15 vareyulla bhagangalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu. 5.10 umm athinu mukalilulla ratingukalum kooduthal upavibhagangalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, 5.10b allengil 5.15c. oru phul vaii. dii. ezz rating ezhuthumbol, vargeekaranathinu sesham grade cherkkukayum thudarnnu pariraksha nalkukayum cheiyunnu, athinaal oru saadhaarana vaii. dii. ezz root vivaranam "<aii. dii. 1> vi r" poleyaayirikkum. palappozhum grade ozhivaakkukayum vargeekaranavum samrakshana ratingukalum maathram upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru roottil labhyamaya samrakshanathinte alavu prashnamallengil, samrakshana rating ozhivaakkum.
vaii. dii. ezz praadhamikamaayi oru swatantra kayatta samvidaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, chilappol oru aid-climbing padavi cherkkunnu, a0 muthal a5 vare akkamund. udaaharanathinu, ell kaapittanile vadakke american mathiline eee mishrita samvidaanam upayogichu "5.8 vi a5" ennu tharamthirikkum.
oru kayattatthinte mothatthilulla "gunanilavaaram" (kayattam ethratholam "rasakaramaan" allengil "moolyavathaaya") soochippikkunnathinu guidebookukal chilappol yds ratingilekku kurachu nakshathrangal cherkkunnu. eee "staar ranking" vaii. dii. ezz samvidaanavumaayi bandhamillaathathaanu, ithu guide book muthal guide book vare vyathyaasappedunnu.
klaasukal.
eee samvidaanam ippol ellah uyarchakaleyum vibhajikkukayum anchu klaasukalaayi kayarukayum cheiyunnu
klaasukalude krithyamaaya nirvachanam oru paridhivare vivaadaparamaanu.
eee vargeekaranangalude update cheytha pathippukal nirddeshichittundu.
sthaanavum charithravum anusarichu malakayattangalude vargeekaranam alppam vyathyaasappedaam. outtdoor rettingukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol indor jiim ratingukal valare kooduthalaanu ("mriduvaaya", valarnna). neratthe malakayatta pathakal vikasippichedutha outtdoor pradeshangalil rating kuravaayirikkum ("pazhaya school" allengil "manal bagg cheytha"). puthiya rettingukalumaayi kooduthal thaarathamyappeduthunnathini guidebookukal palappozhum pazhaya kayattangalude rating uyarthiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, thahkvitsile truff yadhaarthathil 5.0-nte staanderdaayirunnuvel, staanderd guide bukkinte 2001 pathipp athine 5.4 aayi rettucheyyunnu.
gradeukal.
vaii. dii. ezz grade sisttathil roottinte neelavum gauravavum soochippikkunna oru oopshanal roman akka grade ulppedunnu. gradeukal ivayaanu
parvathaarohanathinum valia mathilukal kayarunnathinum eee grade kooduthal prasakthamaanu, hrasvamaaya paara kayaralukalekkurichu samsaarikkumbol palappozhum ithu prasthaavikkappedunnil.
samrakshana rating.
oru oopshanal protection rating nannayi sajjeekarichathum vaidagdhyamullathumaaya oru nethaavinu labhyamaya samrakshanathinte akalavum gunanilavaaravum soochippikkunnu. thiranjeduttha akshara kodukal, akkaalat, sinimakalude ulladakkam rettucheyyunnathinulla american samvidaanathinu samanamaayirunnu, pj piji 13 umm thammil pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappetta vyathyasamilla ennathozhike
saadhaarana dainamdina kayattatthinte savisheshathayaayathinal jii, piji ratingukal palappozhum ozhivaakkappedunnu. aarr, ex malakayatangal saadhaaranayaayi ashradhanaaya nethaavinu oru munnariyippayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. samrakshana rettingukalude prayogam oro pradeshathinum guidebook muthal guidebook vare vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu.
charithram.
yadhaarthathil, siyara nevadayile malakayattakkarum parvathaarohakar mattu roottukalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol roottukal vivarikkum. udaaharanathinu, z ennathu x nekkaal kadinavum ennaal y nekkaal eluppavumaayirunnu. x allengil y ennivayude anubhavam illaathavarkku eee aadima sambradaayam padikkaan prayasamaayirunnu. athinaal 1930-kalil, siyara club padikkaan eluppamullathum athinte prayogatthil praayogikamaayi thonnunnathumaaya oru samkhyaa vargeekarana samvidaanam sweekarichu. dashaamshangalillaatha eee samvidaanathe thudakkathil siyera club grading sisttam ennu vilichirunnu."onnaam klaas oru uyarchayaayirunnu, unnatha klaasukal kooduthal budhimuttullathum saankethikavumaayirunnu, aaram klaas vare, ithu aid climbingine soochippikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, anchaam klaas raidu free climbingile vaividhyamaarnna thalatthilulla budhimuttukal ulkkollunnu, thekkan kaaliyile thahkvits kodumudiyil parvathaarohakar eee samvidaanam parishkarikkaan thudangi. anchaam klaas malakayattangale thudakkathil eluppam, mithamaaya allengil kadinamennu visheshippichirunnu. ithu valare parukkan daanyangalaanennu kandethiyathinal royal robins, doonn vilson, chuck vilts ennivar 5,5,5.1 muthal 5.9 vare ulkkollunna anchaam klaasinte oru dasaamsha upavibhagam konduvannu. 1950 kalude thudakkathil eee samvidaanam nadappaakki, siyara klabbile enchals adhyaayathile roock climbing vibhaagathinte mimograph cheytha vaarthaakkurippukalil thahkvitsile puthiya roottukalum ratingukalum vivarichu. eee samvidaanathe aadyam "sathen california" allengil "vilts-siyara sisttam" thudangiya perukalil paraamarshichirunnuvenkilum yosemitalla, tahkvitsilaanu ithu roopakalppana cheyyukayum staanderd cheyyukayum cheythathenkilum oduvil yosemite dasaamsha samvidaanam ennu vilikkapettu. 1956-ll viltss guide book phoor thahkvitsinte pathippilaayirunnu aadyathe chittayaya avatharanam. maarkk powell athe samayathaan yosemitilekku eee samvidaanam kayattumathi cheythathennu parayappedunnu.
anchaam klaas climbing gradukalude yadhaartha maanadandangal iprakaaramaayirunnu
sahaaya-kayatta roottukal vivarikkunna aaram classil 5.9 aayirikkum saadhyamaaya ettavum budhimuttulla swatantra kayattamennathaayirunnu yadhaartha uddeshyam. thudakkathil eee skeyil thahkvitsile patthu kayattangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, thaarathamyena mithamaaya saankethika kayattamaaya 5-leeii "truff" muthal 5.9-leeii "ooppan book" vare, akkaalat manushyarkk saadhyamaaya ettavum budhimuttulla unaided kayattamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. pilkkala varshangalil, kaayikarangatthe gear athlattik maanadandangalum kooduthal purogamichathode, niravadhi sahaaya pathakal "swathanthramaayi" (athaayath.iii., sahayamillaathe kayari), klaas 6 label upayogashoonyamaayi, athinaal 5. x eathu saankethika paara kayarunnathinum oru label aakam, mikka aalukalum athu soujanyamaayi cheiyunnundo atho sahaayikkunnundo ennathu pariganikkathe. 1960kalilum 70kalilum vardhicha kaayika nilavaravum mechappetta upakaranangalum ardhamaakkunnathu 1950kalil ninnu 5.9 klaas kayarunnath chilarkk mithamaaya budhimuttaayi maarukayum puthiya 5.9 malakayatangal valare budhimuttaavukayum cheythu. 5. 9-umm 5.9 + umm enningane 5.9-umm klaass upavibhagangalaayi vibhajikkaan thudangi. oduvil, parvathaarohakar 5.10,5.11 klaasukal cherkkaan thudangi. 1970 kalude thudakkathil, 5.11 kayattathinu 5.10 nekkaal valare budhimuttaanennu nirnnayichu, ithu pariharikkunnathin, vividha budhimuttukalulla niravadhi kayatangal 5.10 lake koottikkalartthi. ithu pariharikkunnathin, skeyiline 5.10 lake mukalilekkum "a" muthal "d" vareyulla prathyayangalode veendum vibhajichu. 2017 septambar 3 nuu aadam ondra aadyamaayi kayariya 'nishabdatha' enna peril oru kayattathinu maathrame budhimuttu ulloo. 
mattu samvidaanangal.
lokamembaadum mattu samvidaanangalum upayogikkunnundu. grade (climbing) sambandhicha lekhanathil avaa ulppeduthiyittundu.