kuduru

bisi 16-num 7-num idayil purathana babyloniayile kassaittukalum pilkkala rajavamshangalum saamanthanmaarkk bhoomi graant cheythathinte rekhayaayum athirthi kallaa upayogichirunna oru tharam shila rekhayaayirunnu kuduru. yadhaartha kuduru saadhaaranayaayi oru kshethrathil sambharikkukayum bhoomi anuvadicha vyakthikk niyamaparamaaya udamasthaavakaasham sthireekarikkaan kaliman pakarpp nalkukayum cheyyum. kuduru enna vaakk randaam sahasraabdam vare (vaasthavathil madhya babylonian) uyarnnuvannillenkilum samanamaaya oru uddeshyam niravettunna moonnaam sahasraabdathil ninnulla (saadhaaranayaayi sargonic, yur III) land graant kallukalaaya "purathana kuduras" ennu vilikkappedunnavayumaayi kudurasukal palappozhum bandhappettirikkunnu.
pashchaathalam.
parambaraagathamaayi eee vasthukkale kuduru ennu vilikkunnu, ithu "athirthi" allengil "athirthi" ennathinte acadian aanu. kaaranam aadyakaala epigraphermar palappozhum aaa vaakk vaachakathil kandethukayum avaa yadhaarthathil shethrangalalla, kaarshika pashchaathalatthilaanu sthaapichirikkunnathenna karuthukayum cheythu. kuduruvinte pradhana groupil samavaayamundengilum kaliman nakhangal polulla abhipraayangal bhinnichirikkunna mattu "charchaavishayamaaya kudurukkalundu. kuduru saadhaaranayaayi thangaletthanne "naru" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu kallu allengil stel (chilappol kuduru, asumittu allengil abnu) ennathinte acadian aanu. ariyappedunna 160 kudurukkalil moonnilonnu soosayile shethrangalil ninnu kandethi, avide elamaittukal mesopotamia keezhadakkiyappol avaye kondupoyi. babyloniayil khananam cheythathil pakuthiyum shethrangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu. 10 centimeter muthal 1 meter vare uyaramulla avayile likhithangal 39 muthal 390 varikalaayirunnu. louver, britiish museum, iraakhile deseeya museum enniva udaaharanangalaan. iseente randaamathe raajavamshathile marduk-nadin-aheyude (<aii. dii. 1> bii. sii) oru kuduru warwick myoosiyathil ninnu kandethiyittundu. aaa bharanaadhikaariyude mattoru kuttooru, neelameriyathum adisthaanaparamaayi poornnavumaayathu, chesiphone sameepam kandethi baghdad myoosiyathil sookshichirikkunnu. kassaitt raajavamshathinte avasaanathinu sesham niravadhi noottaandukalaayi kuduru upayogam engane thudarnnu ennathinte udaaharanangalaan avaa. babylonian bharanadhikaariyaaya ashur-nadin-shumiyude (bii. sii. <aii. <aii kuduru aayirunnu avasaanathe ariyapetta kuduru.
ulladakkam.
mikka kuduru rekhakalum bhoomi graantukal rekhappeduthumbol chilath mattu aavasyangal niravettunnu. nebuchadnesar onnaamante (1121-1100 bisi) rund kudurasukal elaamaittukalkkethiraaya addehathinte vijayavum varshangalkk munbu pidicheduttha baabilonile nagaradevanaaya mardukkinte aradhana prathima veendedukkalum rekhappeduthunnu. mattoru udaaharanam, babu-apla-iddeenayude (886-853 bisi) bharanakaalathu ekadesham bisi 1100 ll suthyanmar babyloniayile niravadhi aradhana kendrangal keezhadakkiyappol nashtappetta sipar sitti-gooad shamash veendedukkappettathine anusmarikkunnu. ithu bharanadhikaariyaaya simbar-shipak (1021-1004 bisi) sthaapicha oru sann diskine staandaayi maatti. mattu kuduru niyamaparamaaya kesukal rekhappeduthunnu, saadhaaranayaayi jeevan nashtappedumbol, athu bharanaadhikaariyude domaine akkunnu. avasaanamaayi, chila kudurumar munkoor sammanangal (shethrangalkko purohithanmarkko bhoomiyil ninnulla varumanam) allengil nikuthiyil ninno vyakthikalkk advaanikkunnathil ninno labhikkuna rajakeeya elavu rekhappeduthunnu.
kuduruvinu chila savisheshathakal oopshanalaaya oru staanderd formaattaanullath. avayil iva ulppedunnu

