kumbriayude charithram

englandinte oru kaundi enna nilayil kumbriayude charithram aarambhikkunnath 1972 leeii local gavanment aaktil ninnaan. ennirunnaalum athinte pradeshathinum ghadaka bhagangalkkum mattu vividha bharanaparavum charitraparavumaaya bharana unitukalkku keezhil oru neenda charithramund. adhiniveshangal, kudiyettam, kudiyettam, engleeshukaarum skottukalum thammilulla yudhangalum ettumuttalukalum ennivayude charithramulla oru uyarnna pradeshavum theeradeshavum grameena pradesavumaanu kumbria.
avalokanam.
1974ll comberland, vestt moreland, manalinu vadakkulla lancashire, yorksheyarinte oru cheria bhagam ennee charitraparamaaya kaundikalude pradeshathu ninnu oru kaundiyaayi kumbria roopeekarikkappettuvenkum eee pradeshatthinte manushyacharitram puraathanamaan. parvathanirakalum madhyapradeshavum thadaakangalum, vadakku phalabhooyishtamaaya theeradesha samathalangalum thekk soumyamaaya uyarnna malanirakalum ulla ithu vairudhyangalude oru kaundiyaanu.
kumbria ippol saambathika aditharayaayi krishiyeyum vinodasanchaaratheyum aashrayikkunnundenkil charitraparamaayi vyavasaayavum eee pradeshatthinte bhaagyathil nirnaayaka punk vahichittundu. charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum englandum aduthulla scotland thammil kumbria tharkkatthilaayirunnu. tharkkatthilaayirunnu union niyamangal vare skotlandil ninnulla reydukal pathivaayirunnu, athinte neenda theerapradesham munbu airish, norse reydukalkku irayaakumaayirunnu.
charitraparamaayi kumbria valare ottappettathaan. railway varunnath vare, eee pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum athicheraan prayasamaayirunnu, innum niravadhi vaahanamodikkunnavare alppam paribraantharaakunna rodukalundu. mosham shaithyakaalath, chila madhya thaazhvarakal idaykkide puramlokatthil ninnu vichedikkappedunnu. englandinte bhooribhaagavum adisthaanaparamaayi 'engleesh' aayirunnathinusesham valarekkalam kazhinju ekadesham patthaam noottaand vare brythonic selttukalude enclaveukal nilaninnu; madhyakaalakhattam vare norse oru prathyeka swathuam nilanirtthi. athinusesham kumbria scotlandinum englandinum edayilulla 'noow mans' landai thudarnnu, athaayath parambaraagatha kumbrian swathuam englisho scotisho aayirunnilla.
eee lekhanam 1974ll kumbria kaundiyaayi marria pradeshathe (athinte nivaasikaleyum) kurichullathaanu, 2023 muthal ithu oru aachaaraparamaaya kaundiyaayi thudarunnu. eiii. dii patthaam noottaandil kumbria enna padam upayogichirunnuvenkilum, ithu cheria rajyamaaya stratclydilpet oru asthithvathekkurichulla vivaranamaayirunnu. panthrandaam noottaandil cumberland vestt morland bharana kaundikalaayi nilavil vannu.
charithraatheethakaalatthe kumbria.
'charitraatheetha kumbria' romacar varunnathinu munbu vadakku-padinjaaran englandinte aaa bhaagathe, pinneedu kumbria kaundiye vivarikkunnu. 443 kallu upakaranangal, 187 loha vasthukkal, 134 kalangal ennivayum henjukal, kallu vrithangal thudangiya vividha smaarakangalum kaundiyude puraavastu rekhakal (2010 leeii kanakkanusarichu) baroclo rekhappeduthunnu. padinjaaran theerathe samudranirappu uyarunnathu, mannolipp, nikshepa reethikal, vyaavasaayika, kaarshika vikasanam, puraavastu gaveshakarudeyum puraavastu gaveshakarudeyum thaalpparyangalum kazhivukalum maarunnath thudangiya prakriyakal eee vasthukkalude nilanilppine swaadheenichittundu.
madhyashilaayugathil kumbria mekhalayile aadyathe sthira thamasakkaar guhakalil adhishtithamaayirunnu. navashilaayugathil smaarakangalude nirmmanavum raajyathudaneelam kallukallukal vahikkunna kodali 'factory' yude pravartthanavum nadannu. venkalayugathil navshilayuga jeevithareethiyudeyum irumbukaalathe kumbriayudeyum thudarcha kandu, celtic gothrangalude sthaapanam kandu-orupakshe romakkar carvetti, settaanti ennu vilikkunnavaraayirikkam.
avasaanathe upper paleolithic, sii. 12670-9600 bii. sii.: aadyakaala manushya nivaasikal.
kambriyayile manushya adhiniveshathinu kandethiya aadyathe thelivukal federmessor samskaara kaalaghattatthil (sii. 11400-10800 bc). kirkhead guhayude kandethalukalekkurichu charchacheyyumbol, baroclo oru muun srothass udharikkunnu "parimithamaanengilum, kumbriyayil ninnulla avasaanathe upper paleolithic meteeriyalaanu brittanile eee vidoora vadakku-padinjaaru vaasasthalathinte aadyakaala thelivukal, athinaal deseeya praadhaanyamund."(orupakshe ithu ippol brittaninekkaal" "englandile settilment" "ennu vaayikkanam, kaaranam skotlandile oru guha sthalam pinneedu kandethi)". puraavastu kandethalukalekkurichu samsaarikkumbol addeham ingane parayunnu "graanchinaduthulla kirkhead guhayil ninnulla lithik vasthukkal... theeyathi nischayichittundu... sii. 11000-9500 bc "(kaanuka lithik flake). kent nadiyude theerathulla lindell thaazhnna guhayilum blenkett maram, alithwaite, baarttinte shelter, choola (kaattukazhuthayum elkku asthikalum ulppede) ennividangalile guhakalilum mattu lithik bladeukal kandethi.
thaazhepparayunna yuva dryas staadiyal (thanutha kaalayalav), sii. bii. sii. yill federmessor sittukal upekshikkappedukayum 11,600 varshangalkk munbu (athaayath madhyashilaayugathil) yuva dryas kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam vare kumbria (brittanile mattu bhagangalkkoppam) sthiramaayi kaivashappeduthukayum cheythirunnilla.
mesolithic, sii. 9600-4000 bisi.
kumbriyayile madhyashilaayugathil kaalaavasthayude choodu kandu.
morekambe ulkkadaliloodeyum phalabhooyishtamaaya theeratthiloodeyum kudiyettakkaar kadannupoyathaayi karuthappedunnu. akkaalat kaundiyude uyarnna pradeshangal kanatha vanapradesangalaayirunnathil manushyare theerapradeshangalilum prathyekichu azhimukhangalkk chuttumulla edangalilum paarppichirikkaam "azhimukhangal, lagoonukal allengil samudra ulkkadalukalkku chuttumulla abhayam nalkunna sthalangal" ennathinulla kaaranam vaividhyavum samriddhiyum aayirikkam shudhajalavum abhayavum chernnu azhimukhangale poornnamaayum theeradesha sittukalekkaal kooduthal priyappetta sthalangalaakkunnu.
kumbriyayile aadyakaala madhyashilaayuga kaalaghattatthile thelivukal pradhaanamaayum guhakalil kandethiyathil othungunnu. othungunnu, kents baank guhayil (vadakkan morekambe bay eriyayil) manushya asthikal kandethi, avaa 2013-ll aadyakaala madhyashilaayugathil ninnullavayaayirunnu, ithu "britiish dveepukalile ettavum vadakkan aadyakaala madhyashilaayuga manushya avashishtangal" aayi maari. kuthirayudeyum elkkinteyum avashishtangal munkaalakhattatthil kandethiyirunnu. madhyashilaayugathinte avasaanathil, sanyasi moorukalile kuzhikalil ninnum eedan thaazhvarayile vellapokka samathalathile heathland kathikkunnathil ninnum thelivukal varunnu. 
vadakkan kumbrian samathalathilum, carlisil pradeshathinum thekkan scotlandinum chuttum, madhyashilaayuga kaalaghattatthil bhooprakrithi kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla oru reethiyaayi vanapradeshangal neekkam cheiyunnathinum manappoorvvam theekoluthunnathinum thelivukal kandethiyittundu.
airish kadalil ninnu ozhukippoya flintukal upakaranangalayi nirmmicha valia madhyashilaayuga flint-chipping sittukal padinjaaran theerathe ravenglassinu sameepamulla eschmealukalilum thekk vaalniyilum kandethiyittundu. escomeals pradeshathe vilyamsante mossil, bonsaal 34,000 worked flint (pebble flint), chert, tuff ennivayum alanjuthiriyunna vettakkaaran-shekharikkunna janasamkhyayude sthiramo ardha-sthiramo aaya vaasasthalathe soochippikkunna thadi raaft polulla gadanakalum kandethi. 30, 000-thiladhikam puravasthukkal sanyasi moorukalil ninnu kandethi, ithu uyarnna theerapradeshatthinte bhagamaanu. madhyashilaayugathil mathramalla, aayirakkanakkin varshangalilayirikkaam eee sthalangal upayogichirunnathu.
neolithic, sii. 4500-2350 bisi.
munbathe kaalaghattathekkaal kooduthal puthiya shilayuga pravartthanatthinte thelivukal drishyamaanu. kodaalikalude kandethalukalum smaarakangalude saannidhyavum (kallu vrithangal, kairnukal) ithil ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, "bhauthika gadanakalo uparithala philnt varco prathinidheekarikkunna settilment adayaalangal kuravaanu... manpathrangal kandethiyittundu... kumbriyayil valare moshamaayi prathinidheekarikkappettu ". saankethika purogathiyudeyum janasamkhyaa vipuleekaranathinteyum kaalamaayirunnu athu. kumbriyayile madhyashilaayugathil ninnu navashilaayugathilekkulla maattam kramenavum nirantharavumaayirunnu. enna maattam" ennathinte roopathaal adayaalappeduthunnu... ila aakruthiyilulla ambadayaalangal, scrapperukal, minukia kallukal, manpathrangal, achaaraparavum shavasamskaaraparavumaaya smarakangal ennivaykkoppam.
chila samayangalil, madhyasilaayugam theeradesha samoohangal kooduthal ulnaadan pradeshangalilekku neengiyirikkanam, orupakshe thaazhvara edanaazhikaliloode lakelandinte hridayabhaagathekku nadikale pinthudarnnukondaayirim. ennaal ethra perr sthalam maari ennu namukkariyilla. "theeradesha samathalathil ninnulla aadyakaala puthiya shilayuga chithrangalude cheria alavu puthiya shilayuga smarakangal sthithicheyyunna ulnaadan theerathu ninnu akaleyaanennu soochippikkunnu. madhyashilaayugathil saadhaaranamaayirunna athe thalatthilulla theeradesha vaasasthalavum chooshanavum navashilaayugathilum thudarnnuvennum ennaal pilkkaalakhattatthil bhooprakrithiyude mattu bhaagangalilekkum pravartthanam vyaapichirunnuvennum oru badal veekshanam soochippikkunnu."
padinjaaran kumbrian samathalathile ettavum ariyappedunna puthiya shilayuga saitt beckermettinu sameepamulla ehenside taarn aanu, rafaut (poortthiyaakaattha), poolish cheytha kodali, playin bowl manpathrangal, kannukaalikal, maan asthikal. ivideyum thekkan kumbriyayile bardsyilum ulla maanukalude asthikalude thelivukal kooduthal sthirathaamasamaakkiya, kaarshika, jeevita maargangalkkoppam vettakkaarude shekharanathinte thudarchaye soochippikkunnu. puthiya shilaayugathile kumbrianmar thanneerthada pradeshangalude upayogam ehenside choondikkaanikkunnu kalankam vattumbozhaanu avideyulla kandethalukal kandethiyathu. "thanneerthada pradeshangal, athu thurassaaya vellamo bogo aakatte, samakaalika smarakangalkkoppam vishwaasangaludeyum aachaarangaludeyum kendrangalaayirunnu, athinaal, ehenside taaninu sameepam oru kallu nilkkunnundaayirunnu ennathu sradhikkendathaanu".
thekke kumbria, prathyekichu choolayum walney, kodali kandethiya pradesamaanu (67 udaaharanagal-kumbriyayil kandethiya motham kodaliyude pakuthiyaanu). langdale kodali factory' ennu vilikkappedunna pradeshatthinte saameepyamaayirikkaam ithinu kaaranam. pala kodathikalum moss pradeshangalilum paarakalile villalukalilum manappoorvvam nikshepichathaayi thonnunnu.
vaasthavathil, aaa kodali factory orupakshe kumbriyayile puthiya shilayuga pravartthanatthinte ettavum prashasthavum pradhaanappettathumaaya kandethalaann ekadesham 6000 bii. sii. iii muthal paikk ooo 'sttikkilil kandethiya pacha agniparvvatha tuffle ninnu aayirakkanakkin kodali thalakal avide nirmikkappettu. kodali thalakal aayudangalil praadeshika upayogathinu mathramaayirunnilla norphoc muthal vadakkan ireland vare yunaittad kingdatthil vyaapakamaayi kandethiyittundu, avaa palappozhum aachaaraparamaaya allengil aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi upayogichathayi thonnunnu.
eee samayathum, kodali factory srishticha saambathika sakthiye prathifalippikkunna kallu vrithangalum henchukalum kaundiyiludaneelam nirmmikkaan thudangi. theerchayaayum, "englandile ettavum kooduthal samrakshitha feeld smaarakangalilonnaanu kumbria". pentithinaduthulla maybergile aakarshakamaaya hench, aduthulla arther raajaavinte raundu table (cart) bhaagikamaayi nasippikkappetta onnu, keswickinu mukalilulla castlerig kallu vritham enniva puthiya shilayuga udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. megalit long megum littil megum glaasanbiyil oru vrithavum eee samayat sthaapichittundaakam, ennirunnaalum avaa orupakshe aadyakaala venkala yugamayirikkaam.
chila kallukalil mattu smaarakangaludeyum othucheral sthalangaludeyum saannidhyathe soochippikkunna roopakalppanakal (vrithangal, vrithangal, kuzhikal, kapp-adayaalangal) undu koodaathe/allengil bhooprakrithiyiloode traakkukalum mattu paathakalum, prathyekichu nadeethadangaliloode bhakshana srothassukalilekkum aachaaraparamaaya othucheral sthalangalilekkum kodathikalude uravidangalilekkum.
vyapaaram, achaarangal, puthiya shilaayugathinte avasaanathil kooduthal 'tenurial' settilmentinum bhoomiyude udamasthaavakaashathinumaayi aalukale orumippikkunnathin kendrabindu nalkunnathinoppam, kallu vrithangalkku orupakshe prapanchashaasthraparamaaya upayogangalum undaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, athinoppamulla vrithathinu purathu nilkkunna neelamulla mega kallu thanne shaityakaala sooryaasthamayathinte madhyabhaagathu vrithathinte kendravumaayi vinyasichirikkunnu. ivide vyathyastha niramulla kallukalude upayogam vishuvath ayananthavum samayat nadatthiya nireekshanangalumaayi bandhappettirikkam.
venkala yugam, sii. 2500-700 bisi.
venkalayugathode kumbriyayile vaasasthalangal kooduthal sthiramaaya roopam kaivarikkaan saadhyathayund. madhyashilaayugathil ninnu navashilaayugathilekkulla parivartthanam pole, navashilaayugathil ninnu aadyakaala venkalayugathilekkula parivartthanam kramena aayirunnu, koodaathe saittukalude thudarchaykku saadhyathayund. beaker kaalaghattam' kondu parivartthanam adayaalappeduthiya thekkan englandil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, kumbriyayilum vadakkupadinjaaran beaker manpathrangalulla shavakudeerangal apoorvamaanu, atharam shavakudeerangal viralukalaayi maathrame rekhappeduthiyittulla. (pakaram, vrithaakrithiyilulla thadiyum pinneedu kallum kondu nirmmicha gadanakal pinneedu kayarnukalaal adaykkukayum noottaandukalaayi upayogikkukayum cheythathaanu mungananayulla reethi.)
venkalayugathinte thudakkathil, dhaanyavalarchayodoppam vanapradeshangal valare vardhichathinte thelivukal vadakkan kumbrian samathalathilum solway firthilum theerapradeshangalilum koombola rekhakalil kandethiyittundu. adhiniveshathinte thelivukal valare kuravaanu, ennirunnaalum saadhyathayulla niravadhi sittukal eriyal photographic varkkiloode thiricharinjittundu. plaaskatt laandukalile sthalam "krishiyogyamaaya, mechilppurangal, peett, vandal, samudra vibhavangal ennivayude samyojanam" enna savisheshathayaanu.
muun maala ashupatri (ippol carlisinu sameepamulla karlattan klinik), aggertree full, agliyonbi, eschmeals (oru kashticha shavasamskaram, shmashana kuzhikal, oru flint-nupping saitt) thudangiya sthalangalil collar kalangal kandethiyittundu. walney dveepilum beaker shavasamskaarangal nadanna saisarg, levens paarkk, alithwaite ennividangalilum kaaryamaaya vaasasthalangal undennathinu thelivukalundenkilum morekambe ulkkadal mekhalaykku chuttumulla pravartthanangal padinjaaran kumbrian theeradesha samathalathekkaal kuravaanennu thonnunnu.
kaundiyude eee thekkan pradeshathu ekadesham 85 thulacha kodali-chuttikakalude udaaharanangalund, ithu kaundiyude mattu bhaagangalil apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo. puthiya shilaayugathile kallu kodaalikal pole ivayum manahpoorvvam nikshepichathaayi thonnunnu (kodali kandethalukal vitharanathil kooduthal theerapradeshamaanu). eee sushiramulla achuthandukalude upayogathile vardhanavu orupakshe langdale achuthandi faaktariyile idivinu kaaranamaayi. bii. sii. 1500. "sushirangalulla kallu kodathikalude puthiya roopakalppanakal vikasippikkukayum, sushirangal anuvadikkaan kazhiyaathavidham valare durbalamaanennu langdale tuffukal pareekshanatthiloode kandethukayum cheythu."sushirangalillaatha kodaalikal upekshikkukayum englandinte mattu bhaagangalil ninnu lithik vasthukkalude mattu srothassukal thedukayum cheythu. randaam sahasraabdathil valare kramena maathramaan chembu, venkala upakaranangal kumbriyayil athiyathennu thonnunnu. vaasthavathil, sii. 1200 bii. sii. bii. combria ulppedeyulla vadakkan, malayora pradeshangalum raajyathinte thekkan pradeshangalum thammilulla saankethikavidyayude upayogathilum vyaapaarathilum thakarchayundaayathinulla thelivukalundu. veettil valarthiyedutha metallurgical pravartthanatthiloode ithinu nashtapariharam labhichilla.
shavasamskara reethikalude kaaryatthil, shavasamskaarangal (samskarikkappedaatha mrithadehangalude shavasamskaram), shavasamskaarangal enniva kumbriyayil nadannu, shavasamskaarangal (268) shavasamskaarangalekkaal kooduthal anukoolamaayirunnu (51). mikka shavakudeerangalum kayarnukalumaayi bandhappettirunnuvenkum mattu smaarakangalum upayogichirunnu vrithaakrithiyilulla baarokal (14); 'paranna' smashaanangal (12); kallu vrithangal (9); koodaathe valaya kayarnukalum nilkkunna kallukalum mattu smaarakangalum upayogichu. inhumationukalkkulla shavakudeerangal (baarokalilum kayarnukalilum) uparithalathil kaanapedunnu, oodendelilethupole, allengil kuzhikalil, saadhaaranayaayi muur devok, askham pole athil oru kosham roopappedunnu. shavasamskara samskaarangal "oru kuzhiyil, oru kuzhi, oru nadappaathaykku thaazhe, allengil ekadesham oru kallu kuzhi kondu chuttappettirikkunnu" ennum kandethaam. palappozhum, oru smaarakavumaayum bandhamillaattha onniladhikam shavakudeerangal undu-ithu puthiya shilayuga parisheelanatthinte thudarchayude mattoru soochanayaanu. dahanam cheytha ellukal bhakshana paathrangalil vaykkunnathu pinneedu collar allengil collar illaatha kalangalil sthaapikkunna reethiye pinthudarnnu, ennirunnaalum pala shavakudeerangalilum kalangal undaayirunnilla. palappozhum oru pothi kallu kalathil sthaapikkaarundaayirunnu, athu nereyo vipareethamo aakam. kumbrian shavakudeerangalil aachaaraparamaaya nikshepathil iva ulppedunnu oru neklesil ninnulla orotta muthukal (ivaantigilennapole); beaker allengil collard kalasham manpaathrangalude sherdukal; asthi pinnukal, buttonukal, jettu, slate, kaliman aabharanangal; oochar, allengil chuvanna porphory, quarts paralukal (birkrig, ursvikkilennapole); kathikal, kataara, vetta upakaranangal.
kendalinum levensinum chuttumulla niravadhi venkala kodali thalakal, glestanil oru kodathiyum vaalum, salta kugraamathinaduthulla oru rapier, kaarlisilinaduthulla kauthukakaramaaya kothupanikalulla graanait panthu, gresauthanil ninnu kandethiya fraansil ninno irelandil ninno ullathayi vishwasikkappedunna oru swarnna neklesinte oru bhagam ennivayulppede venkalakaala puravasthukkal kaundiyiludaneelam kandethiyittundu. kaarlisilinaduthulla uyarnna crossbyil oru thadi palisade kandethiyittundu. veendum, venkalayugavum nikshepanatthinte navshilayuga pariseelanavum thammil thudarchayundu. kallu thulacha kodali-chuttikalude vitharanavum choolayude pradeshathu venkala loha nikshepanavum thammil oru bandhamundennu thonnunnu. kumbriyayil kandethiya ekadesham 200 venkala upakaranagalil pakuthiyolam choolayilum cartmel mekhalayilum kandethiyittundu. mikathum flanged aaksukalum (21), flanged kunthangal (21), paalstevukal (20), parannathum sokkatt cheythathumaaya aaksukalum (16 veetham) aanu. aadyakaala venkalakaala lohanirmmaana vitharanam pradhaanamaayum ashayavinimaya thaazhvarakalilum (eedan thaazhvara polullava), choolayilum padinjaaran kumbrian samathalangalilum, padinjaaran theerathu (udaaharanathinu, maariporttile oru kandethal) irelandumaayulla bandhatthinte thelivukalundu. madhya venkalayugathil, orupakshe aachaaraparamaaya kaaranangalal, nikshepicha shavakudeerangal eerppamulla sthalangalilekku mariyathaayi thonnunnu. venkalayugathinte avasaanathil, sokkatt cheytha kodali kandethalukal ettavum saadhaaranamaanu (62), ennaal padinjaaran kumbriyayil apoorvamaanu, avaykku angle-flanged tharavum kandethiyitla. nikshepikkappetta venkalakaala lohanirmmithikalude (rando athiladhikamo enangal) shekharangal kumbriyayil apoorvamaanu (prathyekichu ambelside, hettan, phaal leyne, kirkhead guha, skellmore headukal), ippozhum charcha cheyyappedunna kaaranangalal. bhooribhaagavum madhya venkala kaalaghattatthil ninnullavaraan.
mukalil soochippichathupole, eee kaalayalavil kumbriyayil yadhaartha lohanirmmaanathinte thelivukal viralamaan. koonisttan pradeshathinu chuttum chembu ayiru verthirichedukkunnathi chila adayaalangalundu, ennaal ettavum sradheyamaaya kandethal eventigil kaanapedunna oru tuyer (choolayumaayi bello bandhippikkunna oru kaliman pipe) aanu, ithu aadyakaala venkala yugathile oru apoorva udaaharanamaanu. croglinil rund bhaagangalulla kallu achukalum kandethiyittundu.
aachaaraparamaaya allengil 'mathaparamaya' sthalangal kaundiyiludaneelam kaanaan kazhiyum, avaa palappozhum vyakthamaayi kaananakum. pradeshathudaneelam kayarnukalum vrithaakrithiyilulla baarokalum kaanapedunnu, alithweitinu sameepam oru semiteri kandethiyittundu. birkrig kallu vritham, neelamulla megum avalude penmakkalum, swinside, littil megum polulla kallu vrithangal kooduthal aakarshakamaaya avashishtangalil ulppedunnu. deerghakaalamaayi (sii. 2300-500 bce), eee pradeshathinu avidatthe janangalkk prathyeka ardhamundennu soochippikkunnu. venkalayugathinte avasaanathil, morekambe ulkkadalinte vadakkan theerathulla samrakshitha kunnin mukalile vaasasthalangal, lohanirmmanangal, prathyeka pravartthanangal, avayumaayi bandhapetta puraavasthukkalude deerghakaala nikshepam enniva pilkkala irumbukaalathe kunnin kottakalude mungaamikalaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee prathirodhikkappetta vaasasthalangalil palathum upekshikkappettathayi thonnunnu, orupakshe sii muthal kaalaavasthayile thakarcha kaaranam. bii. sii. 1250 muthal ekadesham irumbukaalathinte thudakkam vare.
irumbu yugam, sii. 800 bii. sii-100 eiii. dii.
brittanile irumbu yugathil chila kalaaroopangalum bhaashakalum ulppede celtic samskaarathinte varavinum irumbinte ulppaadanathil vyakthamaaya vardhanavinum saakshyam vahichu. grettu brittanileyum irelandileyum janangale vividha gothrangalaayi vibhajichu kumbriyayil carvetti orupakshe solway samathalathil adhishtithavum carlisiline kendreekarichumuklathum, ennirunnaalum oru badal kaazhchaykk klifttan daikkukalil avarude pree-roman sentar undu. vadakkan englandinte bhooribhaagavum kaivashappedutthiya brigenteesilekku iva randum ulppeduthunnathuvare settaanti kaundiyude thekk bhaagathaayirikkaam sthithicheythirunnathu. (eee padavi-prathyekichu brigentukalumaayulla bandhatthinte-kaarvettiyudeyum settaantiyiyudeyum sthaanam charitrakaaranmaar tharkkikkunnu). aadhunika velshinte mungamiyaaya purathana britiish bhashayaaya brithonic (allengil saadhaarana britonic) bhashayaaya kumbrick samsaarichavaraayirikkam avar, koodaathe kaundiyude chila bhooprakrithiparamaaya savisheshathakalaaya nadikalkku (udha.jii. kent, eedan, cocker, levens), parvathangal (udha.jii. blenkatra).
kanni kotta, dunmallard kunnu thudangiya kunnin kottakalum noorukanakkinu cheria vaasasthalangalum feeld samvidaanangalum ulppede niravadhi irumbukaala vaasasthalangalude avashishtangal kumbriyayil undennu thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, kumbriyayile irumbu yuga pravartthanatthinte surakshithamaaya theeyathi theliyikkaavunna thelivukal valare kuravaanu. vadakkan kumbriyayil, kunnin kottakal c kaalaghattatthilaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. bii. sii. 500ll caroc, swarthy kunnu ennivayil veenu, athupole rais kunnin mukalil oru shavakudeeravum scaleby mossil oru bogg bodiyum.
solway samathalathile aakaashachithrangalil ninnu dhaaraalam enclosure sittukal thiricharinjittundu. boasted hill, fingland, evantig, eddezhside ennividangalilum romakkar veendum upayogikkaan saadhyathayulla sthalangalundu. padinjaaran kumbriyayile aadyakaala irumbu yugathile kandethalukal eschmeal, seaskeyil moss (mattoru bogg body) ennividangalile saittukalil parimithappedutthiyirikku. thekk, skellmore heads, kaasil head, warton cragg, ursvikkile oru enclosure ennividangalil 'hilfortukal' thiricharinjittundu. ennirunnaalum, kumbriyayil 'vikasita kunnin kottakal' ennu vilikkappedunnavayonnum (muun pathippukalil ninnu vipuleekaricha, ekadesham 3 muthal 7 hector vare vistheernnam, onniladhikam kuzhikalum sankeernamaaya praveshana kavaadangalum) illennu thonnunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu kurachu undengil, ippozhum upayogichirunnu.
mukalil soochippicha bhoomiyum vaasasthalangalum upekshikkunnathu kalavastha vyathiyanathaal vishadeekarikkappettathaam. sii. kku idayil. bisi 1250, sii. bisi 800ll, kumbria, uyarnna pradeshangal, krishiyude praanthapradeshangal ennivayil kaalavastha athratholam vashalayi, athu susthiramaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, vanapradeshangal neekkam cheyyal vardhicha mannu mannolippinte lakshanangalumayi samyojippichirikkaam ulppaadana seshiye saaramaayi baadhichittundaakam, krishiye nirbandhithamaayi edayathvam maattisthaapichu, athinte falamaayi irumbukaalathinte thudakkathil "janasamkhyaa prathisandhi" undaayi.
ennirunnaalum, sii yill ninnu kalavastha saahacharyangalil purogathi. bisi 800 muthal sii. 100 ce sambhavichu. vardhicha dhaanya ulppaadanavumaayi bandhapetta oru pradhana vananaseekarana kaalayalav bii. sii. onnaam sahasraabdathinte avasaanathode (koombola rekhakal anusarichu) nadannathaayi thonnunnu. thaazhnna pradeshangalile vaasasthalangalude thelivukalude abhavam vishadeekarikkunna samudranirappile neriya uyarchayumaayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu. irumbu yugathinte avasaanathinum aadyakaala romano-britiish kaalaghattatthinum valare kurachu thelivukal maathrameyulloo. ennirunnaalum, crossby gaaratt, crossby rawansworth thudangiya uyarnna pradeshangalile aakasha photography ninnu kaanunna chuttupaadukal, solway playin, eedan thaazhvara ennivayil ninnulla samanamaaya thelivukal (pradhana saittukalude pattikaykkaayi roman kumbriyayile jeevithathekkurichulla chuvadeyulla vibhaagam kaanuka), brigantukalude kaivashamulla pradeshatthinte janasamkhyayude swabhaavathilekku ('agricola' leeii taasittas soochippichathupole) viral choondunnu. kunnin kottakal saambathika pravartthanangalude kendrangalaayi maarukayaanennum adhikaarakendrangalil aadhipathyam pulartthunna swabhaavam kuravaanennum charithrakaaranmaarude kaazhchappaad ippol thonnunnu. "vaasthavathil, irumbukaalathinte avasaanathil brittanile oru pinnoca pradeshamallaatha vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalaye purogamanaparavum samrambhakathvamullathumaaya oru mekhalayaayi kaanaan kazhiyum."ennirunnaalum, vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayile chila pradeshangalil maathrame ithu sathyamaayirunnullu solway samathalangal, eedan, luun thaazhvarakal, orupakshe thekkan kumbria, cheshire enniva, avaa "abhivridhi praapichirikkaam".
oru kuzhiyum punarnirmmicha theeravum kondu chuttapetta parambaraagatha irumbu yugathile vrithaakrithiyilulla veedu kaarvettikal upayogichirunnu. chilappol, theerathinu pakaram varanda kallu mathilukal upayogichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, volsti haalile oru raundu hausinu athirvashathulla rund praveshana kavaadangalum valayamulla oru baahya mathilum undu, ithu vadakkan, praadeshikamaaya raundu house kettidatthe soochippikkaam.
(pinneedu, madhya roman kaalaghattatthil, orupakshe moonnaam noottaandil, chila saittukalile vrithaakrithiyilulla gadanakalkku pakaram deerghachathuraakrithiyilulla kettidangal sthaapikkunnathil oru maattam sambhavichu).
janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum, athinte ettavum uyarnna samayat motham valuppam <aii. dii. 1>, 000 aalukalkkidayil kanakkaakkappedunnu, chitharikkidakkunna samoohangalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, saadhaaranayaayi orotta kudumba group maathram ulkkollunnu. krishiyogyamaaya upayogathinaayi chuttupaadukalullathum, mathramalla, adanjathum adaykkaathathumaaya mechilppurangalumulla sammishra krishi avar abhyasichu.
samskarikkappedunna reethikalude thelivukal valare apoorvamaanu. raishoyilum orupakshe butts bekkilum (kuzhikalilum kuzhikalilum kidanna vyakthikal) nelson square, levens, crossby gaaratt ennividangalile onniladhikam vyakthikalulla (brittanil motham ekadesham 30 irumbu yuga smashaanangal maathrame nilavilulloo) valare apoorvamaaya rund shmashaanangalilum inhumation kandethiyittundu. oru 'yodhaavi' nte mrithadehavum aayudangalum kutirayum (ithu oru yodhaavinekkaal kuthirayudeyum vandiyudeyum shavasamskaaramaayirikkaam, thadi vandikal cheenjupoyirikkaam). scalebyile bogg bodiyum kadaltheerathulla bodiyum innuvare budhimuttaanu, pathonpathaam noottaandil khananagal nadathukayum innathe puraavastu saankethikavidyakal illaathathinaal, brittanileyum europileyum mattu chila bogg bodikalil kaanappedunnathupole druidical aachaaraparamaaya yaagathinulla thelivukal kumbrian udaaharanangalil illa. ennirunnaalum, rund mrithadehangalum oru thadi vadi allengil vadi upayogichu kuzhichidappettu, ithu mattidangalil mattu bogg-shmashana sanbradaayathinu anusrithamaanu. aanthon, carlisile rickerby paarkk ennividangalil kallukal kandethiyathum muricha thalayudeyum aachaaraparamaaya yaagathinteyum celtic aaraadhanayumaayi poruthappedunnu. irelandumaayulla bandhathe soochippikkunna bevkasilum raavanstandelilum nikshepikkunna venkala bakkattukaludeyo coldronukaludeyo kaaryatthilum ithu sariyaayirikkaam. luguvalosil pettavan' ennartham varunna 'luguwaliam' enna kaarlisilinte aadyakaala peru soochippikkunnathu 'lugus pole shaktan' ennartham varunna oru vyakthiparamaaya perulla oru gothramedhaaviyaanu. august 1 nuu vividha yagangalkkoppam nadanna celtic devanaaya lugasumaayi avidatthe gothrathinu (orupakshe carvetti) oru saadhyamaaya aduppam ithu soochippikkunnu.
nikshepikkappetta kumbrian irumbu yuga lohanirmmaanangalude shekharangal praadeshika vyathiyaanathinte thelivukal kaanikkunnu, kumbrian shekharangal kooduthalum saittil kuzhichitta aayudangalum cheria ennam vasthukkalum ulkkollunnu. cheruthum chitharikkidakkunnathumaya krishiyidangal ulkkollunna vadakku-padinjaaran pradeshangalilennapole ithu irumbukaalathe kumbriayude chithrathinu anuyojyamaanu. pathinettaam noottaandil bisi 50-nuu aduthulla venkala scabardulla manoharamaaya irumbu vaal kokkarmouthinaduthulla emblettanil ninnu kandethi; athu ippol britiish myoosiyathilaan.
roman kumbria.
roman brittanile vadakku-padinjaaru bhagathaanu roman kumbria sthithicheyyunnathu. venushyasinte kalapam brigantumaareyum avarude sakhyakakshikalaya kaarvettikaleyum munbu roman anukoola gothrangalaakki mattunnathinupakaram roman virudha gothrangalaakki maattumenn bheeshanippeduthiyathine thudarnnaanu eee pradesham keezhadakkanulla theerumaanam romakkar eduthathu. chila theeradesha prathirodhangal cherthukondu, staingate lainine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru kaalaghattatthile adhiniveshathinum ekeekaranathinum sesham, muun turf mathiline urachathakkaan hadrian theerumaanichu. kooduthal vadakkan aantonain mathilinu anukoolamaayi hrasvamaayi upekshikkappettenkilum, hadrian rekha veendum thaazhekku veezhukayum roman kaalaghattatthinte backie kaalam nilanilkkukayum cheythu.
roman adhiniveshakaalathu sambhavicha atharam aswasthathakal mathilinte vadakku gothrangalude kadannukayattathinteyo allengil kumbrian sainyam pidichadakkiya romile vibhageeya tharkkangalude falamo aanennu thonnunnu. brigansian federation prasnangal srishtichathinu thelivukalonnumilla. athinaal janasamkhyayude romanvalkkaranam vyathyastha alavukalil, prathyekichu kottakalkku sameepam sambhavichirikkam.
vijayavum ekeekaranavum, 71-117 parasyam.
eiii. dii 43-ll romakkar brittan keezhadakkiyathinushesham, brigantukalude pradesham kurachukaalathekku roman bharanathil ninnu swathanthramaayi thudarnnu. akkaalat brigantukalude nethaavu cartimanduva raajnjiyaayirunnu, addehathinte bharthaav venusius oru kaarveshyanaayirikkam, athinaal brigantiyan federationil kumbria ulppeduthunnathinu utharavaadiyaayirikkaam. pennainukalkk kizhakkayi (orupakshe staanvikkil oru kendramulla) kaarttimaanduva brigantian janataye bharichirunnathaakaam, athesamayam kumbriyayile pennainukalkk padinjaaru (klifttan daikkukal adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru saadhyathayulla kendramulla) brigaantukalude (allengil carvetti) thalavanaayirunnu venusius.)
naamamaathramaaya swaathanthryam nilanirtthiyenkilum, cartimanduvayum venusius romakkarodu vishwastharaayirunnu, pakaram avarude saamraajyathva ayalkkar samrakshanam nalki. ennaal raajadambathikal vivaahamochanam nedukayum venusius thante muun bhaaryaykkethire rund kalaapangalkk neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu. aadyathethu, eiii. dii. 50-kalil, romakkar raddaakkiyenkilum randaamathethu, eiii. dii. 69-ll, saamraajyathile rashtreeya asthirathayude samayathaan vannath, athinte falamaayi romakkar kaarttimaanduvaye ozhippikkukayum venushyasine brigantukalude mail bharanam nadatthaan vidukayum cheythu.
ippol aant-roman aayirikkunna brigantukalude valippamulla oru muun roman anukoola gothrathe sweekarikkaan romacarc kazhinjilla, athinaal rund varshathinu sesham brigantukalude roman adhinivesham aarambhichu. pinneedu AD1-ll brittan gavarnaraayirunna agricolaykku (addehathinte bhaaryaasahodaran) vadakku keezhadakkunnathil taasittas abhimaanakaramaaya sthaanam nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, vettiyas bolanus (govarnor 69-71 AD), kvintas pettiliyas serialis (govarnor 71-74 AD) ennivarude muun gavarnarshippukalil valareyadhikam nettangal kaivarichathaayi karuthappedunnu. mattu srothassukalil ninnu, bolanus venushyasine kaikaaryam cheyyukayum skotlandilekku thulachukayarukayum cheythirikkaamennu thonnunnu, carlisile (lugwaliam) roman kottayude gateway thadikal kaarban dettingil ninnulla thelivukal soochippikkunnathu edii 72 ll seriyaalisinte gavarnarshippil avaa thakarkkapettu ennaanu. ennirunnaalum, agricola padinjaaru lejian XX valeria viktriksinte kamaandaraayi thante punk vahichu, athesamayam serialis kizhakk Ix hispania nayichu. koodaathe, lejio II adiutrics shathruvine athbhuthappeduthunnathini chesttar nadeemukhangalil ninnu kappal kayari.
oru ghattathil, seriyaalisinte shakthiyude oru bhagam corbridgil ninnu padinjarottu steyinmor churatthiloode agricolayil cherunnathinayi neengi. thudarnnu rund sainyangalum pentitthinu sameepathuninn carlisililekku neengi, AD-ll avide kotta sthaapichu.
oduvil, staingate roadinte (carlisilinum corbridginum idayil) lainine adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru ekeekaranam theerppaakki. carlisle oru 'senchurio regionaariyasinte' (allengil 'jilla kammeeshanar') aasthaanamaayirunnu, ithu athinte pradhana padavi soochippikkunnu.
eiii. dii 87-117 varshangal vadakkan athirthi pradeshatthinte ekeekaranamaayirunnu. staingate line vadakkulla kurachu sittukal maathrame paripaalikkappettittu, solway-tyne linelake chittayaya pinvalikkal nadathiyittundennathaanu adayaalangal. vividha gothrangalumaayulla yudhangalude falamaayi oru parajayavum undaayittillenn thonnunnu. 
staingate line purame, solway theerathu beckfoot, mariport, baroo mathilukal (innathe workington pattanatthinu sameepam), morezby (whitehaven sameepam) ennividangalilum mattu kottakal nilavilundaayirunnu. eee kottakalil hadrian likhithangalundu, ennaal chilath (udaaharanathinu beckfoot) onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil ninnayirikkaam. carlislil ninnu maariporttilekkulla roadle pazhaya carlislil (redu dial), seer mottu, papcasal (valia thothil sparshikkappedaatha thadaaka jilla mekhala paripalikkunnathil prathyeka utharavaaditham undayirikkaam) ennividangalil turf-aandu-timber kottakalundaayirunnu. kizhakk eedan, luun vaali rodukalilulla pazhaya penrith, brogum, loow loro bridge ennividangalile kottakal vipuleekarichittundaam, pakshe thelivukal kuravaanu. troutbeckil oru kotta trajan (eiii. dii. 98-117) kaalam muthal sthaapikkappettirikkaam, koodaathe pazhaya penritthinum/allengil brovin idayil troutbekkiloode (orupakshe keswick pradeshathe kandethaatha oru kotta) papcassilum mariporttilekkum pookunna oru anischithamaaya road. eee kaalayalavil sthaapikkappetta mattu kottakalil thadaaka jillayile kottakalilekkulla kappalgathagatha vitharanam prayojanappeduthunnathi sthithicheyyunna ambelsidil (galawa) orennam ulppedunnu. ivide ninnu, tragenic kaalaghattatthil oru kotta nirmmicha hardnote vare oru rooad nirmmichu (rooad oduvil poortthiyaaya ravenglassile kotta, haadriyante (117 edii-138 edii) bharanakaalathaanu nirmmichathu). hye streettiloode pookunna ambelside muthal pazhaya penrith vare allengil broham vareyulla oru road eee kaalayalavilethaakaam. yorkkil ninnu brohamilekkulla (ippozhathe a66-neey pinthudarnnu) roadle nilkkunna kirkby thorile (bravoniaccum) kottayil ninnu, vadakku aalstan attathukoodi vaitli kottayilekkum (epiyaakam) chuvaril carvoranilulla rodilekkum oru kanni pathayum undaayirunnu. kaundiyude thekk bhaagath, raavenglaasinte thekk bhaagathum baaro, cartell mekhalayilum eee kaalayalav muthal kottakal nilaninnirunnathaakam. nilanilkkunnath watercrookil (kendal) maathramaan.
hadrian, antoninus, severus, 117-211 AD.
AD 117num idayil, orupakshe vadakkan mekhalayude padinjaaran bhaagath, dumphries, galoway pradeshangalile gothrangal ulppetta britteeshukaarumaayi oru yuddham nadannirikkaam. padinjaaran mekhalayil turf thadiyum ("turf mathil") kondu nirmmicha kottakaludeyum mile killukaludeyum oru athirthi mekhala nalkuka ennathaayirunnu prathikaranam (chilar ithu nirddeshichittunde "kallu kurravulla solway samathalathil turf thadiyum ishtappettathukondaayirunu ithu").
eathu kaaranathaalum, ithu hadrian chakravarthikku (eiii. dii 117-eiii. dii 138) paryapthamaayirunnilla. orupakshe sainika saahacharyathinte gauravam kondo allengil saamraajyathinte nettangal ekeekarikkaanum jarmman athirthiyil sambhavichathupole athinte vipuleekaranam parimithappedutthaanumulla puthiya chakravartthiyude aagrahathin anusrithamaayathukondo mathil nirmmikkanulla theerumaanam eduthathaakaam (allengil orupakshe randum). oru amachwar aarkkidekttaayirunna hadrian eiii. dii 122-ll brittanilethiyathu kooduthal sakthamaaya athirthi nirmmaanathinu melnottam vahikkaanaan (englandile mattidangalil mattu nadapadikalkkoppam). mathil aasoothranam cheyyumbol hadrian vindolandayil (innathe northamberlandil) thaamasichirikkaam. agricolayude munkaala sainika thaavalangalude nirayil hadrian mathilinte nirmmaanam eiii. dii 122-ll aarambikkukayum kooduthalum patthu varshathinullil poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu, roman sainyathinte karyakshamatha athaayirunnu. kaundiyude vadakku bhaagathulla solway firthile bonus muthal northumberland vazhi tyne azhimukhathe walsend vare ithu sanjarichu, koodaathe compriyan theerathu bonus muthal raisho vare, maariporttin thekk vare samyojitha reethiyil (koodaathe baroo mathilukalileyum morsbyileyum kottakal orupakshe sisttathinte bhaagamallaathavayumaayirikkum) adhika sainika instaaleshanukal undaayirunnu.
mathilinte kumbrian pakuthiyil niravadhi kottakalum mailkaasttukalum undaayirunnu, athil ettavum valuth petriana (staanviks) aayirunnu, oru kuthirappada rejiment undaayirunnu, athu orupakshe mathilinte aasthaanamaayirikkaam (orupakshe athirthiyude eee padinjaaran mekhalayil gurutharamaaya aswasthatha nadakkunnundennu soochippikkunnu, allengil orupakshe athu mathilinte doorathilum solway theera sthaapanangalilum pakuthiyilaayirunnuvennu). petriyaanayude onnum avasheshichitilla, kumbriyayile ettavum valia drishyaavashishtangal ippol berdoswaldile kottayudethaanu-chumarinte valare kurachu maathrame kumbriyayil kaanaan kazhiyoo. mathilinte vadakkott oru kuzhiyum thekkott oru mannum (vallam) undaayirunnu. thudakkathil, kottakal staingate lainil paripalikkappettu, ennaal eiii. dii 124-125 kaalaghattatthil mathilil thanne kottakal nirmmikkaan theerumaanikkukayum staingateukal adaykkukayum cheythu. kumbriyayile roman kottakal "sahaaya kottakal" aanu-athaayath chesttarilennapole oru sainyathekkaal kaalalppadayudeyum kuthirappadayudeyum sahaaya unitukal. mathilumayi rooad bandhamullah 'outpost-kottakal' ennu vilikkappedunnava mathilinu vadakku nirmmichathaanu, orupakshe mathil thanne athinte turf thadiyum roopathil nirmmicha samayathayirikkaam. avayil kumbriyayile bevkasilum netherby dumfreeshayarile biranukalum ulppedunnu.
hadrian mathil aarambhich irupathu varshathinu sesham, antoninus payas (eiii. dii 138-eiii. dii 161) chakravarty adhikaaramettu eathaanum maasangalkk sesham eiii. dii 138-ll athu eathaandu poornnamaayum upekshichu, central skotlandinu kurukeyulla aantonin mathilaya swantham athirthi kottayilekku shradha thirikkunnu. orupakshe, haadriyante padhathi pole athirthi mekhalaykkullil sathrukkaleyum (suhruthukkaleyum) ulppeduthaan addeham aagrahichirikkam. rund mathilukalum samyojippichirunnil, theeradesha kottakalum sainikavalkkarikkappettu. ennaal thekkan skotlandinte niyanthranam surakshithamaakkunnathil antoninasinu paraajayappedukayum romacar eiii. dii. 164ll hadrian mathililekku madangukayum athu punarnirmmikkukayum athinusesham anchaam noottaandinte arambham vare avide kaavalkkaare nilanirthukayum cheythu.
mathil kaarvettiyude pradesham pakuthiyaayi murichumaattiyathinaal oru nischitha alavil praadeshika raid anishchithathvavum avaril ninnum mathilinte vadakku mattu praadeshika gothrangalil ninnum undakaan saadhyathayund. saadhyathayund thudakkathil vadakkan athirthiyil orutharam prasnangal nerittu. vadakkan athirthi mekhalayude thudarchayaaya nirmmaanam 2,3 noottaandukalude thudakkathil nadannu, ithu kooduthal prashnangale soochippikkunnu. 180-oode, roman sainyangalilonnine paraajayappedutthiya sathrushakthikal mathil murichukadannu. ennirunnaalum, 170 kalilum 180 kalilum yadhaartha sammarddam, aswasthathakalude kaaryatthil, valare vadakku gothrangalil ninnaan-prathyekichu kaalidonukalil ninnaan. edii 209ll kaalidonukale akramikkaan uddeshicha septimiyas severus chakravarty yorkkil svayam sthaapikkukayum athine vadakkan mekhalayude thalasthaanamaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythappol sambhavangal thalayuyarthi (britania thaazhnna eee pradesham 211ll addehathinte maranam vare audyogikamaayi sthaapikkappettikaattillam). addeham hadrian mathiline shakthippeduthukayum kaarvettiyude "sivitaas" (praadeshika gavanmentinte oru roopam) carlisilil (lugwaliam) sthaapikkukayum cheythirikkaam.
samriddhi, prasnangal, 'gothravargathilekkulla thirichuvaravu', 211-410 ad.
addehathinte makan caracalla nayathanthraparamaayi munnott kondupoya severus kudiyettam vadakku aapekshika samadhaanathinte oru kaalaghattatthilekku nayichu, athu moonnaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum neenduninnirikkaam (moonnaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagavum vadakkan athirthiyekkurichulla srothassukalude abhavam namme saaramaayi thadassappeduthunnu, athinaal ithu oru thettaaya chithramaayirikkaam). noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil, kottakal nannayi attakuttappanikal nadathukayum theeradesha prathirodham pathivayi upayogikkaathirikkukayum cheythathayi thonnunnu. sivitaasum roman sainyavum thammil adikaaram pankittirikkaam. hardnote, watercrook thudangiya chila kottakal sainikavalkkarikkappettikkim, mathilinte chila bhagangal kedayathaayi thonnunnu. berdoswaldilennapole cheria barac blokkukal nirmmikkappedunnathinte thelivukal sainyathinte aalukalude ennam kurayukayum sainyavum sivilian janathayum thammil pankidukayum cheythathayi soochippikkunnu. saamraajyathiludaneelamallu sainyathile mattangal (senattettar vibhagangalil ninnullavarallaatha sainikarude purogathiyum 'kattana' vidagdha thozhilaallikalude kooduthal upayogavum polullava) kooduthal alasathayulla achadakkathilekku nayichu. 
kumbria polulla sthalangalil kooduthal sthirathaamasamaakkiyirunnum, aantharikamaaya prasnangal saamraajyathe mothatthil badhikkaan thudangi. sainyathile aabhyanthara sthaanakkayatta parishkkaranam vividha aalukalkk sthaanakkayattam pratheekshikkunnathilekk nayichu, athu avarkk nalkappedaathe pookaam, ithu samgharshangalilekkum akramasakthamaaya pottippurappedalukali nayichu. romil adhikaarathinaayi vividha veshakkaar malsarichathinaal saamraajyathil panapperuppavum bharanaadhikaarikalkkidayil pilarppum sambhavikkaan thudangi, iva brittanil doshakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal srishtichu. gaul (259), brittanil adikaaram pidichadakkiya naavikasenaadhipanaaya carosius, athupole thanne cheytha allectus (286) ennividangalile kalapangal, paksham cheraan nirbandhitharaaya kumbriyayile sainikare baadhichittundaakam udaaharanathinu, oru sainika clark ambelsidil kollappettu. allektasinethiraaya poraattam moonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathil athirthiyil ninnu sainyathe nishedhikkunnathilekku nayichirikkaam, athinte falamaayi vadakku ninnulla akramanangal undaayi. ravenglassil theepidutthatthinum vadakku mattidangalil mattu naashanashtangalkkum thelivukalundu. constantius onnaaman chakravarty prasnangal pariharikkan randuthavana brittaniletthi (296-ll, allektasine paraajayappeduthi, 305-ll pikkattukalumaayi poraadi), punarnirmmaanam nadannathinte thelivukalundu. naalam noottaandinte thudakkathil, mathil oru 'curton' barrier kurayukayum 'strong pooyintukal' aayi kottakale kooduthal aasrayikkukayum cheythukondu athirthi mekhalayile prathirodham aazhathilulla thanthramaayi mariyathaayi thonnunnu.
chakravarthimaaraaya dioclesian, konsttantain ennivayude parishkaarangal kuranjathu raajyathinte thekk bhaagathenkilum samrudhiyilekku nayichu, ennaal eee sthiratha 337-ll konstantaininte maranathe adhikam neenduninnilla. 330-kalilum 340-kalilum saamraajyathil aabhyanthara yudhangalilekku madangiyethukayum veendum brittane baadikkukayum cheythu. britiish sainikarkkidayile athrupthiyo allengil "vadakkan athirthiyile prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathino" vendiyaayirunnu koonstans chakravartthiyude brittan sandarshanam.". englandinteyum veyilsinteyum padinjaaran theeram thekkan ('saaksan theeram') prathirodha samvidaanathinu samanamaaya reethiyil shakthippeduthappettir. ithu kumbrian theerathe engane baadhichu ennathu anishchithathvathilaanu, ennaal ravenglass, morezby, mariport, beckfoot ennividangalile kottakal paripalikkukayum adhinivesham nadathukayum cheythathayi thonnunnu, koodaathe cardernock (milefortlet 5) polulla chila hadrian theeradesha kottakalum gopurangalum veendum adhinivesham cheythathayi thelivukalundu.
magnentiasinte pidichedukkalum 353-leeii parajayavum bridaaniyayile prasnangal kooduthal vardhippichirikkaam. 360ll pravisyaykkethiraaya akramanangal nadannu, kurachu varshangalkk sesham, ariyani (allengil 'arkani') ennariyappedunna rahasya ejantumaar, rahasyaanveshana shekharanakkaraayi hadriante matilinum vallathinum idayil pravartthikkunnu, 367-368 enna valia goodaalochanayil earppettu. kaikkooliyum kollayadikkum enna vaagdaanathinum pakaramaayi saamraajyathinte sathrukkalaaya pikkttukal, scotty (irelandil ninnu), saxonukal ennivayude aduthekku avar poyathaayi aaropikkapettu.
mathilinu vadakkulla chila 'outpost-kottakalum' watercrock polulla mattu kottakalum 367 nuu sesham paripaalikkappettillendil thonnunnu, pakshe kaundu theodosius allengil orupakshe praadeshika 'thalavanmaar' mattevideyengilum punarnirmmanavum veendedukkal pravartthanangalum nadatthi. udaaharanathinu, berdoswaldile kavaadam idungiyathinum bonus-oonn-solveyilum ravenglassilum gadanaaparamaaya maattangalude thelivukalundu. rere haalil puthiya kottakalum barock veenathum carlisilinu thekk kammezhsdelilum undayirikkaam.
360-kalkk sesham theodosius 'eriyaani' yill ninnu purathukadannathu kaaranam 'visi' yude adhiniveshathil ganyamaaya idivu 'undaayittundennu thonnunnu. koodaathe, bhookhandathile saamraajyathva faaktarikalil ninnu sainika saamagrikal kooduthalaayi kayatti ayaykkappettu. thudarchayaayi sainikarude ennam nashtappedunnathum (mattevideyengilum pooraadunnathinaayi valichizhakkapettathum) panapperuppatthinte naashanashtangalum ardhamaakkunnathu visiyile praadeshika nivaasikalkk avide thudaraan kaaranam kuravaayirunnu ennaanu. naalam noottaandinte avasaanathilum anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum ('chithrayudhangal' ennu vilikkappedunna) piktukalum skottukalum nadatthiya reydukal vardhichuvarunna sammarddathe ardhamaakkunnu. udaaharanathinu, 385 num 398 num idayil (stilicho aakramanakaarikale purathaakkiyappol) kumbria 'swantham upakaranagalil' upekshikkappettu.
naalam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil berdoswald kottayude punarroopakalppanayude vividha gattangal soochippikkunnathu ithu oru saadhaarana roman kottayekkaal oru praadeshika yudhaprabhuvinte kottayaayi maarukayaanennu soochippikkunnu. roman adikaaram kuranjathode (udaaharanathinu, nikuthi shekharanavum sainikarkkulla panamadavum kramena avasaanichu) praadeshika janangal avarude swantham prathirodhatthilekku kooduthal nokkunnundaayirikkam (orupakshe svayam rakshayekkurichulla pelajian chinthayude swaadheenathilaayirikkaam). vadakkan athirthi pradeshathu, praadeshika roman kotta commander praadeshika yudhaprabhuvaayitheernnathu thonnunnu, praadeshika sainikar mukalil ninnu oru nirddeshavumillaathe oru praadeshika 'samrakshana raakkat' pravarthippikkunna praadeshika milissiayaayi maari. 350 muthal orupakshe pazhakkamulla ithine "gothravargathilekkulla thirichuvaravu" ennu haigam vilichu. athinaal, kumbria (brittan mothatthil) roman 'upekshikkal' oru pettennulla kaaryamayirunnilla, athaayath, brittanode (athaayath avarude swantham prathirodham nokkuka) ennu karuthappedunna, 410-leeii oonariyasinte prashasthamaaya upadesham soochippikkunnu. kuranjathu vadakku bhaagathulla romano-britishukaar kurachukaalamaayi athu cheiyukayaayirunnu.
roman kumbriyayile jeevitam.
labhyamaya thelivukalude abhavam roman kumbriyayile jeevitam enganeyaayirunnuvennum ethratholam "romaneekarana" thaayirunnu nadannathennum oru chithram varaykkaan budhimuttaakkunnu (ennirunnaalum windolanda gulikakal pradhaanamaayum, pree-hadrian mathilukalude athirthiyile roman jeevithathinte oru nerkkaazhcha nalkunnu). kottakalil nilayurappichirunna sahaaya sainikarkk vyakthamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunnu. kottakalkku chuttumulla bhoomi vividha upayogangalkkayi viniyogichu-paredu maithaanangal, anubandhangal (carlisililennapole), viramicha sainikarkk kaarshika upayogathinaayi nalkia bhoomi, khanana pravartthanangal (thadaaka jillayile chembu, aalstanin chuttumulla eeyam, velli) thudangiyava. mikka kottakalkkum chuttum, oru "vikas" (bahuvachanam, "visi")-oru sivilian settilment-vyapaarikal, vyapaarikal, karakaushalathozhilaalikal, camp pholoverse ennivar adangunna oru sivilian settilment sthaapikkappettittundum, sainyathe vitharanam cheiyunnathiloode nalkunna bisinesses avasarangalilekku aakarshikkappedunnu. nagarajeevitam polulla onninte thudakkam kaanaan kazhiyum, pakshe englandinte thekk bhaagathulla athe nagaravalkkaranatthilum sambathilumalla.
kottakalumaayi bandhapetta vaasasthalangalkku purame, roman kumbria chitharikkidakkunna grameena vaasasthalangal ulkkollunnu, solway samathalathilum padinjaaran theeradesha samathalathilum eedan, petteril, luun thaazhvarakalilum nalla kaarshika bhoomi kaanapedunnu.
janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum, athinte ettavum uyarnna samayat motham valuppam 20,000-30,000 aalukalkkidayil kanakkaakkappedunnu, chitharikkidakkunna, pakshe ottappettathallaatha, communitykalilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, saadhaaranayaayi orotta kudumba group maathram ulkkollunnu. krishiyogyamaaya upayogathinaayi chuttupaadukalullathum, mathramalla, adanjathum adaykkaathathumaaya mechilppurangalumulla sammishra krishi avar abhyasichu. roman adhiniveshathinte randaam pakuthiyil, kaarshika bhoomiyil ninnu mechilppurathilekkum mathilukalum thadassangalum nirmmichu 'maalinyangal' yilekkum oru neekkam nadannathaayi thonnunnu-orupakshe praadeshikamaayi dhaanyathinte aavasyam kuranjathu, roman sainika sthaapanathinte thakarchayude falamaayirikkaam, allengil uthppaadanakshamathayil idivundaayirikkaam.
kumbriyayile thaddesheeya nivaasikalil roman adhiniveshathinte deerghakaala prathyaaghaathangal vilayiruthunnathu budhimuttaanu. staffordshire moorlands paan (ilaam paan ennum ariyappedunnu) polulla puraavasthukkalil ninnu shekharicha thelivukal soochippikkunnathu celtic kalayude oru romano-britiish parivartthanam kumbriyayil nilaninnirunnu ennaanu. oru vidagthan parayunnu "... celtic paarambaryam roman veshammari nilaninnu..."," brittante romanvalkkaranam pala tharatthil oru uparithala veeniyarallaathe mattonnumayirunnilla."(randaam noottaandile chila kumbrian kottakalude perukal alekhanam cheytha hadrian mathilinte oru smaranikayaayirikkam paan, udamayude perum, orupakshe oru muun sinikanum, roma kaalaghattatthil mathi mathi sradheyamaayirunnuvennu kaanikkunnu.)
andhavishwaasa kaalaghattatthil, roman, celtic jeevithareethikal thammilulla vibhajanam nikathaanum oru roman-britiish samskaaram roopappeduthaanum mathathinu kazhinjekkum. druidukalude naashathinushesham, praadeshika celtic devathakalumaayi roman nigooda-kalathukalude mishrithathinu thelivukalundu, koodaathe chakravartthiyude aupachaarika roman aaraadhanakalum olimbyan devanmaare aaradhikkunnathum undu. 
mothatthil, kumbriyayilum vadakkum roman 'vijayikal', praadeshika 'parajayappetta' ennivayude pazhaya maathrkaye "paridikalkkullil, praadeshika janasamkhya romanvalkkarikkappettu" ennu kaanunna onnu marikadakkunnu.
madhyakala kumbria.
aadyakaala madhyakala kumbria, 410-1066.
romacarc shesham yuddham cheiyunna gothrangalum reged raajyavum, c. 410-600.
mukalil vivarichathupole, 410-ll brittaniyayumaayulla audyogika roman verpiriyal, brittante bhooribhaagavum ithinakam thanne saamraajyathil ninnu phalapradamaayi swathanthramaayirunnu. kumbriyayil, roman saannidhyam sivil ennathinekkaal eathaandu poornnamaayum sainikamaayirunnu, pinvalikkal valia maattathinu kaaranamakaan saadhyathayilla. vividha pradeshangalude niyanthranathinaayi poraadiya praadeshika yudhaprabhukkanmaarum avarude sookshippukaarum orupakshe adhikara shoonyatha nirachirikkaam, avayilonnu reged cheythirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, romanu sheshamulla kumbriayude raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya jeevithathinte kaaryatthil athu enganeyaayirunnu ennathinekkurichulla chodyangal avasheshikkunnu.
srothassukal-charithravum ithihyavum.
mukalil soochippicha chodyangalkku utharam labhikkendathundu, kaaranam puraavastu, paleobotanical kandethalukalude abhavam kaaranam irunda yugam ennu vilikkappedunna kaalaghattatthilekku ippol naam praveshikkunnu, (kazhinja kurachu pathittaandukal puraavastu thelivukalude vazhiyil kooduthal nalkiyittundenkilum, dettinginte mechappeduthal, prathyekichu radiocarbon vishakalanam vazhi), athinte falamaayi nammal upayogikkaan nirbandhitharaaya documentary srothassukalude vishwaasyatha illa. athinaal, kumbriyayumayi bandhamullah 5-aamm noottaandileyum 6-aamm noottaandileyum chila ariyappedunna vyakthikal ithihaasaparamo kapada-charithraparamo aanennu chila charitrakaaranmaar thallikkalayunnu. arther rajaavu, kunedda, koyal kozhi ennivayaanu eee roopangalil chilath.
aartharine sambandhichidatholam, celtic kanakshanukalulla mattu pala pradeshangaleyum pole, kumbriyayumayi bandhapetta niravadhi artherian aithihyangalundu.
roman pinvaangalinusesham, koyal kozhi vadakkan brittanile unnatha rajaavaayi (airish aard riyude athe sirayil) maarukayum eboraakkathil (ippol york) ninnu bharichathaayi karuthappedunnu.
yuddham cheiyunna gothrangal.
naalam noottaandilum anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum kumbriyayil ninnu thudarchayaayi roman sainikar pinvaangiyath oru adhikara shoonyatha srishtichu, athu aavashyamenkil praadeshika yudhaprabhukkanmaarum avarude anuyaayikalum nirachu, palappozhum oru graamatthilo thaazhvarayilo maathram. eee kaalaghattatthile pradhana kalahangal srishtichathu praadeshika 'svechaadhipathikal' allengil yudhaprabhukkanmaar, parasparam pooraadukayum reydukalil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
praadeshika 'rajaakkanmaar', pingaamikalodoppam, eee gotravarga yudhathil nirantharam srishtikkappedukayum nirmmikkappedaathirikkum cheythu, aaram noottaandinte avasaanathode chilar valareyadhikam adikaaram nedukayum oru valia pradeshathu raajathvam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. ivayilonnu alt klattinte (strathclide) coroticus aayirunnu, mattonn pabo poost pridine aayirunnu (addeham papcasal aasthaanamaayirikkaam). gothrangalkkidayilulla yudhathinte eee kaalaghattatthil uyarnnuvanna pazhaya vadakkan raajyangalile eee amgangalil oraalaayirunnu reged ennu thonnunnu.
regional.
regedinte vyaapthi tharkkavishayamaanu aadyakaala srothassukalonnum reged evideyaanennu nammodu parayunnilla. chila charitrakaaranmaar vishwasikkunnathu ithu pazhaya carvetti gothramekhalaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane-kooduthalum solway samathalavum eedan thaazhvarayum ulkkollunnu. dumfreeshire, lancashire, yorkshire ennivayude valia bhagangal ithil ulppettirikkaamenn mattullavar parayunnu. kizhakkan kumbriyayile eedan nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya livennett bekkinte thaazhvarayilo allengil pakaram carlisilo aayirikkaamenn vishwasikkappedunna "elviphenid" yilayirikkaam raajyathinte kendram.
regedineyum athinte rajakkanmareyum kurichu ariyaavunna cheria vivarangal varunnath eurian rajaavaayirunna, kaattaratthinteyum regedinteyum rajaavaayirunna (orupakshe elmettinte adhipanaayirikkaam) taalisinte kavithakalil ninnaan. yooriyante neethrthwathil vadakku rajaakkanmaar bernisiayude kaiyetta konukalkkethire pooraadiyennum edii 585-ll "yinis metkaatt" (lindisfarne) yudhathinu sesham addehathe vadhikkan krameekaricha swantham sakhyakakshikaliloraalaya morkkant bulk addehathe vanchichuvennum kaavyathmaka srothassukalil ninnu ariyaam.
britishukaar nadatthiya catterath yuddham (c. eiii. dii. 600) yooriyante maranashesham kaattarathu veendedukkaan shramichath avare sambandhichidatholam vinashakaramaaya parajayamaayirunnu. vijayiyaya eadhalfrithinu orupakshe reged, stratclide, gododin rajaakkanmaaril ninnu (orupakshe dalriyadayile skottukalil ninnu polum) kappam labhichittundaakam.
kristhyan vishudhar.
charitraparamaaya thelivukale sambandhichidatholam anishchithathvamulla kumbriyayile upa-roman kaalaghattatthinte oru vasham kristhumathatthinte aadyakaala sthaapanamaanu. sent patrick, sent niniyan, sent kentijern ennivarulppede niravadhi aadyakaala 'celtic' vishudhar eee pradeshavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. eee vishudharkkulla samarppanam eee kaalaghattatthiludaneellamulla oru celtic raashtreeyathinteyo janavibhaagathinteyo thudarchaye soochippikkunnundo atho thudarnnulla angleya, scandinavian kaalaghattangalaano, atho avaa panthrandaam noottaandile avarodulla thaalpparyatthinte punarujjeevanatthinte falamaano ennathu vyakthamalla.
aaram noottaandile kristhumathatthinte krithyamaaya thelivukal kumbriyayil kandethaan prayaasamaan-kallukondu nirmmicha pallikalude avashishtangalonnum nilavililla, maramkondullava aprathyakshamaayi.
irunda yuga' kumbriyayile jeevitam.
praadeshika thalavanmaarudeyum yudhathadavukaludeyum aavirbhavam undaayirunnittum allengil orupakshe kaaranam, anchaam noottaandum aaram noottaandum kumbriyayil saambathika sammarddathinu vidheyamaayirunnilla ennathinte soochanakalundu (saadhaaranayekkaal kooduthalalla).
konukal north ambrian ettedukkalum bharanavum, sii. 600-875.
ezhaam noottaandil northambriyayile anglo-saaksan saamraajyathinte adhikaarathilekkulla uyarcha kandu (ettaam noottaandil merseayudeyum onpathaam noottaandil vesexinteyum uyarcha kandathupole). 604 aayappozhekkum thangalude ayalrajyamaaya daira pazhaya vadakku bhaagathulla reged polulla mattu raajyangalum ettedutha bernisiayude vipuleekarana sakthiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu vadakkanbriyan raajyam, ennirunnaalum ettedukkalinte theeyathiyum thudarnnulla anglo-saaksan vaasasthalathinte vyapthiyum charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil tharkkavishayamaan. documentary, puraavastu thelivukal ennivayude abhavam moolam sthalanaamangal, shilpangal, rakthagroop padanangal ennivaye aashrayikkaan yogyathayullavaraan, ivayellaam velluvilikalkk vidheyamaan. 
ettedukkal.
eadhalfrithinte ethiraaliyum, bhaaryaasahodaran pingaamiyumaaya edvinte bharanakaalathu manushyante dweep pidichadakkiyathode vadakku-vadakku bhaagathulla adikaaram 'airish kadal pravishya' vare vyaapichu (c. 624), anglesi. eee neekkathil ethratholam ulppettirunnuvennu vyakthamalla. 685-ll dunn nechtain yudhathil pikkukalude kaiyil ninnu ekgfrithinte sainyathinte vinashakaramaaya paraajayathode vadakku-padinjaaran abhilaashangal oduvil parisodhikkappettu, ennaal kumbria pradesham ulppedeyulla vadakkupadinjaaran pradesham eee kaalayalavil vadakku-padinjaaran paridhiyil urachuninnu.
eiii. dii. 638-ll ooswaaldinte maranashesham northambriyayile rajaavaakaan pookunna oosviyu, eurian regedinte nerittulla pingami raajyathile rajakumaariyumaaya remelthine (rainfelt) vivaham kazhichu. vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath ninnulla konukal eedan thaazhvarayilekkum kaundiyude vadakku, thekk theerangalilekkum ozhukaan thudangiyathode briteeshukaarum engleeshukaarum thammilulla eee samadhaanaparamaaya sakhyam aupachaarika kumbrian swaathanthryathinte avasaanathinte soochana nalki.
engleesh settilment.
eee kaalayalavil kumbriyayile anglian kudiyettatthinte vyaapthi vyakthamalla. sthalanaama thelivukal soochippikkunnathu pazhaya engleesh (athaayath anglo-saaksan, allengil eee saahacharyathil, anglian) perukal malambradeshathinu (aadhunika thadaaka jilla) chuttumulla thaazhnna pradeshangalil kaanapedunnu ennaanu.
thanthrapradhaanamaaya solveyudeyum lover eedan thaazhvarayudeyum kaathal bhagam adisthaanaparamaayi 'celtic' aayi thudarnnuvennu oru charithrakaaranenkilum vishwasikkunnu, carlisil athinte pazhaya roman 'sivitaas' padavi northambrian melcoymaykku keezhil nilanirtthi, idaykkide northambriyayile rajaavum kuthbertineppolulla bishappumarum sandarshikkukayum orutharam sthiramaaya udyogasthanaaya 'prepositus' ('reeve') melnottam vahikkukayum cheiyunnu. athum "...bernician adhiniveshathiludaneelam niravadhi nivaasikal "kumbrick samsaarikkunnath thudarnnu"."mattu kumbrian pradeshangale apekshichu vadakkan engleeshukaar kooduthal kolanivalkkaricha apavaadangal orupakshe inipparayunnavayaayirikkam eiii) upper eedan thaazhvara; bii) bernisiayude padinjaaran attathu kizhakkulla pradesham; sii) kadalil ninnu sthirathaamasamaakkiya kumbrian theeram; dii) wilfriedinte shradhaykku vidheyamaayirikkaavunna thekk, kuthbartinu nalkia cartmel.
(ennirunnaalum, chila charitrakaaranmaar prepositus audyogikane sthiravum celtic, adhiniveshathinte thelivaayi kanunnilla).
historiya brittanam" prakaram, 628 oode yooriyante makan runn edwin raajaavine kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, bishop pollins aayirunnu ithinu pinnile pradhana shakti ennu bede parayunnu. reejadinte prathinidhiyayi edvinte kottaaratthil rann pathivayi sannihithanaayirunnirikkam. pinneedu, bernician ovar-king, oosviyu (643-671), randuthavana vivaham kazhichu-aadyam regedinte (roonile kochumakal) remelth randaamathu deerayude inflaid, angane moonnu rajyangaleyum onnippichu. athinaal, oru angleya upa-rajaakkanmaarude nira carlisilil bharikkan saadhyathayund, eee samayam muthal, kuranjathu, niyamaparamaaya padaviyude shakthiyil, mathramalla keezhadakkuka mathramalla.
670-ll, oosviyuvinte makan-pakshe remelth vazhiyalla-ecgfrith north ambriyayude simhaasanathil kayari, orupakshe aaa varshamaayirikkam engleesh roonukal vahikkunna bekkaastil cross sthaapichathu, ithu avar theerchayaayum eee pradeshathu undaayirunnuvennu kaanikkunnu.). ennaal eee samayat kumbria oru pravishyayekkaal alpam kooduthalaayirunnuvennum angleya swaadheenangal vyakthamaayi ozhukunnundengilum eee pradesham pradhaanamaayum briteeshukaaraayi thudarukayum swantham kakshi rajaakkanmaare nilanirthukayum cheythu.
sabayum samsthaanavum.
sabayum bharanakoodavum thammilulla bandham kumbria mekhalayile vadakkan pradeshangalude niyanthranam avasaanippikkaan kaaranamaayirikkam.
carlisilile palli sandarshikkumbol, thante koode undaayirunna ekgfrithinte (randaamathe) bharyayaaya eormenberghinu munnariyipp nalkikkond, ekgfrithinte (dunn nechteynil) maranam cuthbert munkootty kandathayi aitihyam parayunnu. eee varsham (685) muthal vadakkan saamraajyathinte shakti kuranjuvennu bede kanakkaakkiyenkilum sainika thirichadikal chithratthinte oru bhagam mathramaayirunnu. raajakudumbathinte vividha shaakhakalkkidayilulla antharkudumba poraattangal oru punk vahichu, athupole thanne rajabharanangal (villa ennu vilikkappedunna) vadakkan roman sabhaykku (simhaasanathile vividha shramangalkk pinthunayaayi) nalki, rajakeeya adhikaarathinteyum nikuthiyudeyum bharam kuraykkaan aagrahicha prabhukkanmaar prothsaahippichu. rajakeeya vibhavangaludeyum adhikaarathinteyum thakarchayude eee prakriyayude oru udaaharanamaanu cartmalinu chuttumulla bhoomi cuthbert anuvadichathu. 
sabhaykku nalkia valia estettukal ardhamaakkunnathu athu rajaavinu oru badal adhikara aditharayaayi maari ennaanu. kumbriyayil, saahitya srothassukalil ninnu ariyappedunna carlisal, dacker, heaversham ennividangalil ashramangalum kallu likhithangalil ninnu ariyappedunna kaalmuttukal, workington, beckermet ennividangalilum onpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil cross, urswik, addingam ennivayulla irttanile saadhyamaaya sthalangalilum thelivukalonnumillaathe undaayirunnu. angleya shilpangal sanyasi kendrangalil (avaa nalla kaarshika mekhalakalil kaanappedumaayirunnu) sthiramaayi kaanapettirunnu. kurishukal svayam shavakudeera adayaalangalaayirunnilla (chila smashaanangalil shavakudeera slaabukalundaayirunnu), marichu vishudharudeyum marichavarudeyum smarakangalaayirunnu."
sabhayude uyarchayum mathethara rajakeeya shakthiyude bhagyam samaantharamaayi kurayukayum cheythathukondu north ambria athinte kumbrian anubandhavum adutha koottam akramanakaarikaleyum kudiyettakkaareyum (793-ll lindisphan aashramathe aadyamaayi aakramichavar)-vaikkingukale prathirodhikkaan mathiyaya sainika shakthiyayirunnilla. 875 aayappozhekkum vadakkeyumbriyan raajyam danish wikingukal etteduthu. onpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal kooduthal britonic selttukalude ozhukkinte kootticherkkalumaayi airish-scandinavian (norse) othutheerppinte oru kaalaghattatthiloode kumbria kadannupokendathaayirunnu.
wikings, stratclide britiish, scots, engleesh, 'kumbria', 875-1066.
800-kalude thudakkathil norse vadakkanbriyan ashramangalil vinashakaramaaya reydukal nadathukayum 850 aayappozhekkum skotlandinte padinjaaran dveepukalilum manushyante dveepilum irelandinte kizhakk doublin chuttum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. saahithyaparamo mattu thelivukaloo illengilum avar kumbriayude padinjaaran theerathu raid cheiyukayo sthirathaamasamaakkukayo cheythirikkaam.
angleya adhikaarathinte thakarcha kumbriyayil sambhavichathine baadhichu baadhichu 870kalilum norsinte sammarddathinu vidheyaraaya norse, kizhakk dains, stratclide britishukaar ennivar adhikara shoonyatha nirachu. (vadakku skottukalum thekk engleesh vikasikkunnathum chithram sankeernamaakkunnu). orikkalkkoodi, enthaanu sambhavichathennathinte uravidangal valare parimithamaann udaaharanathinu, "anglo-saaksan chronicle" vadakku bhagathekkurichu paraamarsikkunnilla. patthaam noottaandile kumbriayude chithram niraykkunnathinaayi sthalanaamangal, puravasthukkal, shila shilpangal ennivayekkurichulla padanatthilekku namme thirichuvidunnu. thalphalamaayi, kumbriyayilekk vaikkingukaludeyum straatklaidarukalum ozhukkinte samayavum vyapthiyum sambandhichu charithrakaaranmaarkkidayil chila tharkkangalund.
stratclide britiish settilment.
kumbriyayile north cumbrian grahanam avasheshicha shoonyatha, nammal ippol kumbria ennu vilikkunna raajyathinte vadakkott neengaan stratclide raajyathil ninnulla aalukale (eee samayat 'kumbria', 'nammude saha naattukaarude naadu' allengil 'simri' ennum aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunnu) nayichuvennu chila charitrakaaranmaar vaadikkunnu. mattu charitrakaaranmaar eee saahacharyathe samshayikkukayum patthaam noottaandile straatclidermaar "pilkkaalatthe punar-kolanivalkkaranatthinte poornnamaayum saangalppika prakriya" yeei adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru 'punarujjeevana' thinupakaram, 200 varshathe angleya northbambrian bharanathiloode eee saahacharyathe oru celtic 'athijeevana' thaayi kaanukayum cheiyunnu. aamondinu thekk kumbriyayi maaraanirunnavayude bhooribhaagavum britonic janathayude eee chalanathaal sparsikkappedaathathaayi thonnunnu, ennirunnaalum comberland, loow furnus, cartmelinte bhagam ennivayellaam prathyakshamaayo parokshamaayo stratclide/kumbriayude niyanthranathilaayirunnu oru cases vannittundu.
sahakristhyaanikalude eee kudiyettatthe anglo-celtic prabhukkanmaar prothsaahippichirikkam karuthappedunnu, orupakshe kumbrian mekhalayude thekk engleeshukaarude pinthunayode, hiberno-nozhsinethiraaya ethirvashamaayi. ekadesham 927 vare scots, britiish, bernisians, mersians ennivarude oru sakhyam york aasthaanamaayulla avarude saha vaikkingukalumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya norsinethire pooraadiyirikkaam.
927-ll englandil ethelstaan adhikaarathil vannathode eee sahacharyam maari. 927 juulai 12-nuu, amond bridge (koodaathe/allengil dackerile ashramam, kumbria, koodaathe/allengil broumile pazhaya roman kottayude sthalam) "anglo-saaksan chronicle", malmesburyile vilyam, vorstarile joonn ennivarude charitrangalil rekhappeduthiyittullathu brittanil udaneelamulla rajaakkanmaarude othucheralinte ramgamaayirunnu. sannihitharayirunnavar ethelstaan; skotsile rajaavaaya konstaantin mack aida (konstaantain II); kumbrian rajaavaaya stratclide oovain; veyilsile rajaavaaya haiwell dada; baamburginte prabhuvaya eedulfinte makan ealdred. vaikkingukalkkethire orutharam sakhyam roopeekarikkunnathinaayi eee mattu rajaakkanmaaril chilarude keezhadangal ethelstaan sweekarichu. skottukaludeyum orupakshe straatklaidarukalum vardhichuvarunna shakti, vadakkott neengaanum vividha raajyangalude athirthikal nirvachikkaan sramikkaanum ethalstaane prerippichirikkaam. ithu saadhaaranayaayi englandu saamraajyathinte aditharayude theeyathiyaayi kaanapedunnu, athinte vadakkan athirthi amond nadiyaayirunnu (vestt moreland straatclidinte niyanthranathinu puratthaayirunnu).
ennirunnaalum, engleesh adhikaarathil ninnulla vardhichuvarunna bheeshani kanakkiledukkumbol, ippol danish northambriyayude niyanthranathilaayirunna engleesh raajaavinethire poraadaanum kumbrian pradeshatthinte vashathinu bheeshani uyarthanum stratclide/kumbria paksham maarukayum doublin norsumaayi chernnunilkkukayum cheythathayi thonnunnu. 937-leeii brunenber yudhathinushesham (skottukal, straatcliderukal, hiberno-nozhs ennivaykkethiraaya engleesh vijayam), athelstaan skottukalkkoppam oru thaamasasthalathekku vannu. eee samayat, anglo-celtic prabhukkanmaarum janangalum ithinakam kaivashappeduthiyittillathi kumbriyayile pradeshangalile stratclide melnottakkaar scandinavian kudiyettatthe prothsaahippichirikkaam.
945ll ethelstaante pingamiyaaya edmund onnaaman kumbria aakramichu. anglo-saaksan chronicle" kumbriyanmaarude parajayavum kumbriayude harring rekhappeduthunnu (engleesh kaundi cumberlandine mathramalla, glasgo vareyulla ellah kumbrian pradeshangaleyum paraamarsikkunnu). danmeyil (orupakshe straatklaidinte diffenwall III) ennariyappedunna avasaanathe kumbrian raajaavinethire edmandinte vijayam, paraajayathetthudarnnu, eee pradesham skotsile rajaavaaya malcom onnaaman kaimari, ennirunnaalum furnus, cartmal, kendell ennivaykku chuttumulla thekke attathulla pradeshangal engleesh niyanthranathilaayirikkaam.
scandinavian kudiyettam.
sthalanaamavum shilppakrithamaaya kallu thelivukalum oru charitrakaaranodu soochippikkunnathu pradhana scandinavian kolanivalkkaranam padinjaaran theeradesha samathalathilum vadakkupadinjaaran morlandilum nadannathaayi soochippikkunnu, avide chila mikacha kaarshika bhoomi kaivashamundaayirunnu. ivide sthirathaamasamaakkiya yodhaakkal shila shilpangal nirmmikkaan prothsaahippichu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika anglian karshakar eee pradeshangalilum athijeevichathaayi thonnunnu. chilath, vijayakaramallaatha, mattu thaazhnna pradeshangalude adhinivesavum, moonnaamathaayi, thaazhnna pradeshangalileyum uyarnna pradeshangalileyum 'maalinya' bhoomi adhinivesavum nadannu. nalla krishiyillaatha pradeshangalile eee thozhil "-rgi", "-thweet", "-becker", "-fell" ennee sthalanaamangalilekku nayichu, ennirunnaalum ivayil palathum wiking yugathinu valarekkaalathin sesham praadeshika bhashayil avatharippikkappettirim. "bhaaviyile furnus mekhala (lonsdale nooru), lankshareile amoundarness ennivayulppede "thekkan kumbria" yum "aaveshathode kolanivalkkarikkappettu". 
900 num 950 num idayil norse adhinivesham nadathiyirikkaamenkilum avar ireland, padinjaaran dveepukal, manushyante dweep, galoway, allengil norwayil ninnullavaraano ennu vyakthamalla. scandinavian othutheerppu ethratholam samaadhaanaparamaayirunnu, allengil mattenthenkilum, oru thuranna chodyamaayi thudarunnu. sii-kku idayil ennu nirddeshikkappettittund. 850 umm 940 umm, oru vashath skottukalum maruvashathu hebrideukaludeyum doublinteyum norse padinjaaran kumbriyayile samadhaanaparamaaya gaelic-nozhs settilmentumaayi bandhappett othuchernnirunnu. 902ll nagaratthil ninnu thaalkkaalikamaayi purathaakkappettathinu sesham dablinile hiberno-norse kumbrian theerathe kolanivalkkarikkaan prerippichathaayum abhipraayamund. yorkkile dains keezhadakkanulla ragnal yuu eiii aimerinte vijayakaramaya sramam (ekadesham 920) kambriyayiloodeyulla doublin-york root pathivayi upayogikkunnathinu kaaranamayirikkanam. westmorlandil, danish yorksheyaril ninnaan dhaaraalam kolanivalkkaranam undayirikkaanulla saadhyatha, mukalile eedan thaazhvara mekhalayil (appleby chuttipattiyulla) "-bye" ennu avasaanikkunna sthalanaamangal, prathyekichu 954 ll yorkkil danish adikaaram grahanam cheythathinu sesham (steyinmoril yorkkile norse rajaavaaya eric bloodaxinte marana varsham).
kumbriyayil samyojithavum samghadithavumaaya 'wiking' community undaayirunnilla-cheria grouppukal adhiniveshamillaatha bhoomi ettedutha kesaanu kooduthal. (ennirunnaalum, sthalanaama thelivukal scandinaviakkaar randaamathe mikacha bhoomi sweekarikkuka mathramalla, angleya villukalum ettedukkukayum cheythathayi mattullavar vaadikkunnu.)
swaadheenathinte kaaryatthil shilpathinte thelivukal vyakthamalla. chilar 'purajaatheeya' allengil 'wiking' ennu vilikkunnundenkilum, gosforth cross 'bheemante shavakudeeravum' polulla chila kurishukalum hogback silpangalum (mikkavarum poornnamaayum thekkan kumbriyayil, stratclide pradeshathu ninnu akale kaanapedunnu) purajaatheeyamaayavayekkaal mathetharamo aadyakaala kristhyan aashankakalo prathifalippikkunnu.
wiking avashishtangalude udaaharanamaayi, penritthile eedan thaazhvarayil wiking naanayangaludeyum vellikka vasthukkaludeyum oru shekharam kandethi. eedan thaazhvarayilum heskettilum ormsaidilum kandethiyittundu, ithu oru wiking shavakudeerathinte sthalamaayi mukalil paraamarshichittundu. wikinginte kandethalukalude mattu pradeshangalil carlisle (cathedralinu padinjaaru), kamvittanile purajaatheeya shavakudeerangal, luun thaazhvarayilum padinjaaran theerathum (udaaharanathinu, aspatria, sent. michles charchu, workington).
skottukalum 'kumbria' yum.
oru charithrakaaran abhipraayappettath, 'stratclide/kumbria' enna ashayam eee bandhatthil aadhipathyam pulartthunna straatklaidinte oru chithram valareyadhikam avatharippikkunnundenum orupakshe kumbrian pradesham-solway thadavum orupakshe galowayile laandukalum ulppede, ennaal pinneedu comberland kaundiyaayi marria pradeshavum ('kumbra-land' ennu vilikkappedunna)-samriddhiyum pravartthanavum nilakollunna sthalamaayirikkaam. rund rajaakkanmaar undayirunnathaayi polum abhipraayappedunnu, onnu clyde pradeshavum (onpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil skotlandile donald randaaman phalapradamaayi 'kootticherthathu') mattonn kumbrian (mukalil nirvachichathupole), randaamathethu vivaahathiloodeyo rakshaakarthvathiloodeyo scotish inputt vardhichukondirunnu. eee vyaakhyaanathinte bhooribhaagavum joonn fordente rachanakalil adhishtithamaayathinaal mattu charitrakaaranmaar athine velluvilichittund. 
pashchaathalam enthuthanneyaayaalum sii. 941, ithu nirddeshikkappettittund, kumbrian/scotish bharanam ekadesham 115 varsham neenduninnirikkaam, pradesham kumbrian mekhalayude thekk danmeyil rais (allengil 'kairn') vare vyaapichukidakkunnu (orupakshe danmeyil athu 'westmoringa land', bhaaviyile westmorlaandiloode vyaapippikkaan sramikkukayaayirunnu, 945 ll eee pradeshathe engleeshaayi kanakkakkiya edmund onnaamante kopam addeham nerittu). edmund, stratclide/kumbria nashippicha sesham, vadakku-padinjaaru engleesh bharanathinte paridhikal nirvachikkunnathinum/allengil skottukalumaayi oru udambadi urappikkunnathinum skotlandile malcom onnaaman skotlandile scots rajaavinu kaimari.
971-ll skotlandile kennathu randaaman 'westmoringa land' akramikkukayum kumbrian athirthi stainmorilekkum rear krosilekkum vyaapippikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. 973-ll, strathclyde kennathum mell kolum onnamanum engleesh rajaavaaya edgaril ninnu eee vipuleekaricha kumbriayude amgeekaaram nedi. 'angane 'westmoringa land' kumbrian/scots, engleesh ennivarkkidayilulla oru buffer sonaayi maari.
engleesh kumbria.
1000-ll, engleesh rajaavu, dakshina englandile densinte thaalkkaalika abhavam muthaleduthu, anjjaathamaaya kaaranangalal stratclide/kumbria aakramichu. 1015/16 ll knattu engleesh simhasana etteduthathinushesham, bamberg earlukalude pathanavum 1018-ll carham yudhathil skottukalum kumbriyanukalum north brian earline paraajayappedutthiyathum vadakkan mekhalaye ennathekkaalum aswasthamaakki.
eee pradesham niyantrikkaanulla skottinteyum kanttinteyum sramangal avasaanichathu northambriyayile siward, erl oru sakthanaaya manushyanaayi uyarnnuvannu. 1033 aayappozhekkum addeham vadakku kanttinte valamkaiyyanayi (1033 aayappozhekkum yorkshareile erl; 1042 aayappozhekkum northambriyayile erl) maari. maari 1042num idayil, siward solveyude thekk kumbriayude niyanthranam etteduthathaayi thonnunnu, orupakshe swatantra loards oof galowayil ninno straatklidil ninno ulla sammarddathodu prathikarikkukayo skotlandile rajaavaaya mcbethinte bharanavumaayi bandhapetta scotish prasnangal muthaledukkukayo cheythekkaam. taine vidaviloodeyum steyinmorinu mukalilulla eedan thaazhvarayiloodeyum ulla vazhikal yathaakramam northambria, yorkshare ennividangalil akramikkaan stratclide/kumbriayude scott ovarlordukale anuvadikkumennu bheeshanippedutthi (ennirunnaalum mikka scott reydukalum nadhi kadannu kizhakk lothian aayi maari). 
kumbrian charitravumaayi bandhapetta aadyakaala rekhakalilonnaaya "gospatrixinte ritt" ennariyappedunna oru rekhayil ninnaan chila thelivukal varunnath.
1054-leeii dansineyn yudhathil, rakshappettengilum oduvil 1057-ll kollapetta makbethinethiraayi, orupakshe 'kumbrian rajaavu' ennu ariyappedunna skotlandile thante bandhuvaya malcom moonnaamane siward sahayichu. eee sahayam labhichittum, malkkam 1061-ll north umbria aakramichu, orupakshe 'kumbrian rajaavu' enna thante avakaashavaadam nadappilakkaan shramichu, (athaayath, siward pidicheduttha sollwake thekkulla kumbriayude nashtappetta pradesham veendedukkaan), sivaardinte pingamiyaaya erl, toastig gooad vinson theerthaadanatthinu poyirikkumbol. 1061ll kambriyayude comberland bhagam veendedukkunnathil malcom vijayichirikkam 1070ll yorkshareine akramikkaan addeham cumberlandine thante thaavalamaayi upayogichu. malkkaminte atharam anchu reydukalil aadyathethaanu eee 1061-leeii kadannukayattam, 1066-leeii adhiniveshathinu sesham engleesh north ambriyanmaare anyavalkarikkukayum normaanukalodu poraadaan budhimuttaakkukayum cheytha oru nayam. adutha muppath varshathekku, kumbria, orupakshe veendum cross athirthi vare, skottukalude kaikalilaayirunnu.
skotsile rajaavaaya malcom III, yudhathil marikkunnathin oru varsham munbu 1092 vare comberland pradesham (orupakshe dervent nadhi, rivar emond, steyinmor lainile rear cross vare) kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. addeham ithu velluviliyillaathe cheythuvenna vastutha, saadhaarana vijayathin munbulla kaalaghattatthe sambandhichidatholam, north ambrian, yorkshire prabhukkanmarkkidayile prakshubdhathayudeyum anyavalkkaranathinteyum (yathaakramam pazhaya anglo-saaksan bamberg raajakudumbathinteyum danish/norse prabhukkanmaarudeyum raankukalil ninnu eduthathu) phalavum sent. vestt saaksan outside aaya erl tostiginte bharanam kaaranam cuthbert sanyasimar (durhamil). vadakku tostiginte bharanathinte abhaava swabhaavavum malcom rajaavumaayulla sauhrudavum mattu gadakangalil ulppedunnu.
uyarnna madhyakala kumbria, 1066-1272.
norman kumbria vilyam aii, vilyam 'rufus', henry aii, david aii, 1066-1153.
kumbria mekhalayude norman ettedukkal rund ghattangalayi nadannu millom, furnus, kendale, lonsdale ennivayude baaranikalayi maarunna thekkan jilla 1066-ll (thaazheyulla "thaazhikakkudam" ennathinte keezhil kaanuka) ettedukkappettu; vadakkan mekhala ("kaarlisilinte naadu") 1092-ll vilyam rufus etteduthu.
vilyam aii.
orupakshe, bhoomiyude aapekshika daaridryam (udaaharanathinu, ootsinu pakaram normanmaarude ishtappetta gothamb valarthaan anuyojyamalla), englandilum normandiyilum nadanna vividha kalapangal kaaranam, athaayath vilyam I mattevideyengilum aayirikkanam ennartham varunna englandinte vadakku bhagam norman adhinivesham saavadhaanam munnott pooyi.
skotlandile malcom III, danes, engleesh vimathar ennivarude vividha reydukalum north ambrian prabhukkanmaarude pathiv kalaapangalum vadakku vilyaminte niyanthranatthinte balaheenathaykku kaaranamaayi. athinaal kumbriayude bhooribhaagavum skottukalude kaikalilaayi thudarnnu, athupole thanne brigaindukaludeyum purathaakkappetta vimatharudeyum thaavalamaayi. parvathangalkk thekkulla kumbria, aamondinu thekkulla bhaavi vestt moreland, vadakkan lancashire enniva 1065 ll toastig kaivashappeduthiyirunnu, eee samayat addeham skottukalum brigaindukalude baandukalum thammil poraadi. vilyaminte bharanakaalathum eee sahacharyam nilaninnirunnathayi karuthappedunnu.
vilyam oduvil northambria niyanthranathilaakki addehathinte makan roobert karthos 1080-ll nyookaastal oonn tainil kotta panithu. 1086-ll northambriyayude earl aayi roobert dii mobre niyamichu, yorksheyaril "kaastlarikal" (oru kottayil ninnulla constable niyanthrikkunna pradeshangal) nirmmichathu brigandej prashnam pariharikkan sahayichu.
doms day.
1066ll normans englandu keezhadakkiyappol, englandinum scotlandinum edayilulla manushyarude bhoomiyaayirunna kumbriayude bhooribhaagavum bhoomikk valia moolyamundaayirunnil ennartham. randaamathaayi, thazhikakkudapusthakam (1086) samaaharichappol, kumbria normanmar keezhadakkiyittilla. kaundiyude thekkan bhagam (millom, choola, cartmel upadveepinte bhagam, allengil ellaam), hooganinte maanar ennariyappedunna, erl tostiginte kaivashamulla bhoomi ulppedunnava ulppeduthiyittundu, athu polum yorkshare praveshanathinte anubandhangalaayi mathramaayirunnu.(hoogan yadhaarthathil oru bharana jillayaayirunno atho mattu villukal pattikappedutthiyirunna furnassileyum koplaantileyum cheef villayirunno enna kaaryatthil chila samshayangalundu).
vilyam randaaman.
1087ll vilyam onnaaman thanikk vittukodutha sthithi, kizhakk humberinum padinjaaru ribilinum mukalilulla normaante thripthikaramallaatha sthaanathinte prasnangalkkulla oru pariharam maathramaanennu englandile vilyam randaaman (vilyam "rufus") thiricharinju.
1092-ll rufus praadeshika prabhuvaya dolphin (erl kospaatrikkumaayi bandhappettirikkam allengil illaayirikkaam) purathaakki comberland etteduthu. thudarnnu, addeham carlisilil kotta nirmmikkukayum swantham aalukalumayi chernnu kaaval nirthukayum orupakshe ivo tayleboyisinte linkanshayar pradeshangalil ninnulla karshakare avide krishi cheyyaan ayaykkukayum cheythu. carlisal pradesham ettedukkunnathu orupakshe pradesham nedunnathumaayum addehathinte vadakkupadinjaaran athirthi samrakshikkunnathinu oru sakthamaaya pooyint nalkunnathumaayum bandhappettirikkam. cumberland carlisilile kettidavum etteduthathu malcom raajaavine apamanikkaano yudhathilekku prerippikkaano aayirikkaamenn capelle abhipraayappedunnu. athinte phalam malcominteyum swantham aakramanathinteyum avasaanathe adhinivesavum alnwick yudhathil (1093) addehathinte makante maranavumaayirunnu. scotish simhaasanathinte pinthudarchaykkaayi (skotlandile donald randaman skotlandile rajaavaaya edger thammilulla) thudarnnulla malsaram 1100-ll marikkunnathuvare comberland, carlisil pradeshangalil thante pidi nilanirthaan roofasine anuvadichu. 
henry I.
englandile henry onnaamante pingamiyaayi kumbria pradeshatthinte bharanathil oru ghattam ghattamaayulla maattam sambhavichu. skotlandile alexander onnaaman, henriyude anantharavan, skotlandile david onnaaman ennivarumaayi henry nalla bandham pularthiyirunnathinaal scotish adhiniveshathinte bheeshaniyillaathe thante vadakkan pradeshangal vikasippikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. onnukil addehamo addehathinte mungamiyaaya rufazo, orupakshe 1098 oode, vadakku-padinjaaran athirthiyile sakthanaaya ranalph leeii meshinu appleby carlisilum nalki. (mattullavar tinchebray yudhathinu sheshamulla, athaayath 1106 muthalulla, dhanasahaayathinte theeyathi rekhappeduthunnu). kumbrian, linkanshayar bhoomi paarambaryamaayi labhicha ivo tailbois aayirunnu addehathinte aadya bharthaavaayirunna bollingbrokkile loosiyude moonnaamathe bharthaavaayirunnu ranalph.
adutha varsham, october allengil november 1122 muthal henry onnaaman thanne carlisle sandarshichu. avidevechu addeham kottaye kottakettaanum "baaranikalayi kanakkaakkappedunna niravadhi kaalavadhi" srishtikkaanum utharavittu koplaantile vilyam meshin (vilyam egrimond kotta nirmmicha sthalam); alerdalile gospaatrikkinte makan walthioff; graystokkile sigalfinte makan phoon; vigtanile sherief odaard; kirklintanile richard dii bovil. eee thattippukal puthiyathaayirunno atho raanalfinte muun bharanathin keezhilulla kudiyaanmaarude sthireekaranamaayirunno enna kaaryatthil chila samshayangalundu. nerittu chumathalayettappol henry "kaundi gavanmentinte sthaapanangal" srishtichillennu sharp vaadikkunnu.
aalstanile velli khaniyude nadatthippu avide ninnu nadakkunnuvennu urappakkunnathinaayi carlisilil (orupakshe 1122 nuu sheshamulla varshangalil) henry nerittu niyanthranam etteduthu. addeham vetheral sanyaasimaarude swathum avakashangalum sthireekarikkukayum carlisil sent meriyude augustin prairi sthaapikkukayum 1133-ll oru puthiya roopatha srishtikkappettappol carlisil cathedralaayi maarukayum cheythu. 
henry, thante saadhaarana sakhyakakshikale vadakku adhikaarasthaanangalilekku uyarthunnathinupurame, chila praadeshika prabhukkanmaare dvitheeya rolukalilekku niyamikkunnathilum shradhaaluvaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, orupakshe yorkshareil ninnulla rund anglo-saaksan northenezhsu, kaarlisilinte aadya bishappaya ethelwold graystokkinte phone aayirunnu. alerdalile walthioff oru north ambrian aayirunnu.
skotlandile david onnaaman.
1135ll henry onnaamante maranathode englandu araajakathvam ennariyappedunna oru aabhyantharayudhathil akappettu. henriyude makal mattilda (allengil moudu) yumayi engleesh kireedatthil bloyisinte steefan malsarichu. kumbrian rajakumaran (1113-1124) northaamptanileyum huntingdonileyum erlum ayirunna skotlandile david onnaaman 1124 muthal skotlandile rajaavaayirunnu. thante upadeshtaavinteyum ammaavante kottaaratthil valarnna henry onnaaman, oru saadhaarana rajakumaran enna nilayil, bloyisile steefan enna bandhuvinte mail maattildayude avakaashavaadangale addeham pinthunachu.
thante bharanathinte thudakkathil polum, david carlisilinteyum cumberlandinteyum bhoomiyekkurichu chinthichirunnuvennum, thaan cheythathupole, kumbria (athaayath, glasgo roopathayude keezhilulla stratclide/kumbriayude muun asthithvam) scots raajaavinte melnottathilaayirunnuve vestt moreland vare, orupakshe vadakkan lancassier vare allengil nadeethadam vare vyaapichirunnuvennum professor baaro avakaashappedunnu. (aadya) durham udambadi (1136) carlisilum cumberland davidinu kaimari.
davidinte sainyathile chila sainikar kumbrian (solway-esk laininte thekk ninnu) ayirikke, staanderd yudhathil pooraadumbool vadakkan englandinte niyanthranam vipuleekarikkaan david uddeshichirikkaam. yudhathil paraajayappettenkilum, david thante kumbrian bhoomi nilanirtthi, addehathinte makan henry (randaamathe) durham udambadiyil (1139) northambarlandinte earl aakki. eee krameekaranam mattoru irupathu varsham koodi neenduninnu, eee kaalayalavil david aalstan khanikalil ninnulla velli upayogichu swantham nanayangal achadichu, holm cultramil abbe sthaapichu, vadakku steefan, mattilda ennivayude aabhyanthara yudhathil ninnu valia thothil akattinirtthi, 1149 leeii "carlisil settilment" vazhi, englandinte raajaavaayitheernappol, carlisil, comberlandil scots raajaavinte bharanathe thaan velluvilikkillennu anjouyile henriyil ninnu oru vaagdaanam labhichu. makan henry marichu oru varshathinusesham 1153ll carlisilvechu david marichu.
aadyakaala aanchevinukalkk keezhilulla kumbria, 1154-1272.
henry II, 1154-89.
1154ll anjouvile henry englandinte rajaavaayappol anglo-scotish bandhangale sambandhichidatholam oru vashatho mattoo ulla balaheenathayude vyapara reethi thudarnnu. (1204 muthal, aanjevinukal plaantajenettukal ennum ariyappettirunnu). skotlandile rajaavaaya david pathinonnu vayassulla malcom naalaaman enna aankutty scotish simhaasanathil upekshichu. engleesh kireedatthinte kottakalaayi kumbria (northambriya) yude poorvvikapadavikal malcumminu paarambaryamaayi labikkukayum avarkkayi henrique adaranjali arppikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1157 joolaiyil chesttaril, henry englandile kumbriyakkum northamberlandinum niyanthranam thirike nalkanamennu aavasyappedukayum nedukayum cheythu. skotlandile rajaavinu pakaramaayi huntingdon, tinedale ennee bahumathikal nalkappettu, koodaathe iru raajyangalum thammilulla bandham vendathra souhaarddaparamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum 1158 juunil carlisilil nadanna mattoru koodikkazhchayil henry malkamum thakarnnathayi karuthappedunnu.
vadakku rajakeeya niyanthranam vardhippikkunnathinu henry eee aapekshika samadhaanathinte avasaram upayogichu jadjimar vidoora vadakkan pradeshangal sandarshichu, nikuthikal shekharikkukayum kramam nilanirthukayum cheythu. prathirodham shakthippeduthunnathinaayi hubert onnaaman dii voxinu gillslandinte baroni nalki. 1165-ll vilyam simhathinte scotish simhaasanathilekkulla praveshanam athirthi yudhangalkku kaaranamaayi (aii. dii. 1-nte yudhathil carlisal scotish raajaavinte sainyam randuthavana uparodhikkukayum bhakshanam theernnappol carlisal kottayile constable roobert dii vox nagaratthe keezhadakkukayum cheythu), ennaal thomas bekkattinte kolapaathakathinushesham henriyude prashnangalum fransumaayulla scotish sakhyavum undaayirunnittum combria (allengil northumberland) skottukalkku vittukoduthilla. vittukoduthilla falais udambadi iru raajyangalum thammilulla balaprayogaparamaaya samaadhaanathe aupachaarikamaakki.
vaasthavathil, eee samayathaan aadhunika kumbria roopeekaricha purathana kaundikal nilavil vannath. 1177ll appleby, kendell ennee baaranikalil ninnaan vestt moreland audyogikamaayi srishtikkappettathu. 1177ll comberland kaundi roopeekarikkunnathinaayi carlisil pradeshathekku koplaant baarani cherkkapettu. 1182ll englandil roopeekaricha avasana kaundikalilonnaanu lancashire, ennirunnaalum 1100 oode athinte athirthikal nischayichittundaakam.
richard aiyum john, 1189-1216.
englandile richard onnaaman, thante kurishuyudhathinu panam aavashyamaayi vannappol, scottle ninnulla subsidiykk pakaramaayi falays udambadi raddaki, avar richaardil ninnum (1189-1199) johnil ninnum (1199-1216) kumbria northambria thirike nalkanamennu aavasyappettenkilum elavukalonnum nirasikkapettu. vadakkan pradeshangalude mail, prathyekichu janapreethiyillaatha vividha nikuthikal shekharikkunna bisinessil, rajakeeya niyanthranam shakthippeduthunnathinu nayam joonn thudarnnu.
ennirunnaalum, 1215-ll englandil joonn rajaavum addehathinte prabhukkanmaarum thammil aabhyantharayudham pottippurappettappol athirthi othutheerppinulla pooraattatthinte abhavam kooduthal vashalayi. puthiya scotish rajaavaaya skotlandile alexander randaaman, kumbria northamberland scotish niyanthranathinu thirike nalkaamenna avarude vaagdaanathinu pakaramaayi prabhukkanmaare pinthunachu. skotsinte oru sainyam 1216-17 ll carlisililekku march cheythu. joonn skottukaare purathaakki, avar thudarnnu nadapadi aavarthichu. 1216 octoberil joninte maranathode eee sahacharyam shaanthamaayi.
henry III, 1216-72.
onpathu vayassullappol henry moonnaaman johninte pingamiyaayi, ennirunnaalum, 1219-ll engleeshukaarum scots thammil oru karar undaakki. engleeshukaar vadakkan kaundikal nilanirtthi, alexander huntingdon, tynadel ennee bahumathikal nedi, pentitthinum kaasal soverbick oppam, randaamathethu inklewood vanathilaayirunnu.
1237-ll york udambadi oppuvaykkukayum athiloode alexander northumberland, comberland, westmoreland ennividangalile avakaashavaadangal upekshikkukayum henry scotish rajaavinu vadakku chila bhoomi nalkukayum cheythu. alexanderinu anuvadicha bhoomiyude pradeshangalilonnaya penritthinte bahumatiyum penritthinte menarum kottayile soverby, kaarlattan, langwatbi, grettu salkeld, scotby ennivayude maanarukalum ulppedunnu. (1242 muthal 1295 vare penrith oonar skottinte niyanthranathilaayirunnu).
panthrandaam noottaandil sthaapithamaaya pala ashramangalum thazhachuvalaraan thudangiya pathimoonnaam noottaand aapekshika samriddhiyude kaalaghattamaayirunnuvennu thonnunnu; prathyekichu kaundiyude thekk bhaagathulla furnus abbe, englandinte vadakku bhaagathulla randaamathe sambannamaaya mathabhavanamayi maari, kumbriyayilum yorkshareilum bhoomi. eee samayat kambriyayude ettavum valia vaanijya swathaayirunnu kambili, aadukale chedikalil valarthukayum thudarnnu kambili packhozhs pathakal vazhi kendal polulla kendrangalilekku kondupookukayum cheythu, ithu kambili vyaapaarathil sambannamaavukayum oorjjaswalamaaya kendal pacha niratthinu peru nalkukayum cheythu. irumbum eee samayat vaanijyaparamaayi chooshanam cheyyappedukayum vishalamaaya vanapradeshangal sambannarude pradhana vettayaadal kendramaayi maarukayum cheythu.
pinneedu madhyakala kumbria, 1272-1485.
anglo-scotish prabhukkanmaar engleeshukaarkkoppam allengil ethirthu paksham chernnathinaal scotish yudhangal athirthi rekha kadinamaakaan kaaranamaayi. athirthi kadannulla sahakaranm athirthi kadannulla yudhamaayi maari. athirthi pradeshathe engleesh kireedatthinte adhikaarathinte balaheenata, perseys, nevilles, dacresses, cliffords thudangiya ardha-swatantra athirthi kudumbangalude uyarchayilekku nayichu, avaa raajyathinte phalapradamaaya niyamamaayi maari. athesamayam, cheria grouppukalude samgharsham saadhaaranamaayitheernnu, ithu kudumbangalkk tholi gopurangalum (allengil tholi) kudilukalum nirmmichu svayam prathirodhikkendivannu. kumbria mekhalayile rosaappookkalude yudhangalekkaal kooduthal dosham scotish reydukalum athirthi kadannulla kalahangalum varuthi.
scotish swaathanthryasamarangal.
pathimoonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, scotland niyantrikkaan aagrahicha edward onnaamante kaiyil englandum scotland thammilulla samadhaanam thakarnnu. 1286-ll addeham 1237-ll anuvadicha maanarukal pidichedukkukayum 1292-ll joonn baaliyoline scotish simhaasanathil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. (mattoru malsaraarthiyaaya annandelinte anchaamathe prabhuvaya roobert dii brus eee sahacharyam amgeekarichu). 1292-ll edward kaarlisilinte nerittulla niyanthranam ettedukkukayum nagaratthinte charter munisippal padaviyum phalapradamaayi nishedhikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1294-ll englandum france thammilulla yuddham pottippurappettathode balliol karar nirasikkukayum 1296-ll addeham kumbria akramikkukayum cheythu. edward addehathe paraajayappedutthukayum scotland sarkkar ettedukkukayum cheythu; baaliyoline pinthunacha aaa anglo-scotish prabhukkanmaarude bhoomi kanduketty.
1297-ll vilyam valas enna roopathil skotlandil ninnu puthiya prathirodham vannu (carlisil kotta veendum uparodham neridukayum cheythu), koodaathe valas uyarunnathinte avasaanathil (1305) edwardine pinthunaykkunna bruses robertinoppam. 1307-ll edwardinte maranavum englandile edward randaamante keezhil englandile aabhyanthara tharkkangalum scotish simhasanathinaayulla (1306) muthachante avakaashavaadam puthukkaan theerumaanichathinu sesham skotlandil svayam sthaapikkaan robertine anuvadichu. 1314-leeii bannokkben yudhathinushesham, athirthi yuddham kooduthalum rekhayude engleesh bhagathaanu nadannathu, munbu athu scotish bhaagathaayirunnu. carlisile bishop thante bhoomi samrakshikkunnathinaayi skottukalumaayi swakaarya krameekaranangalkk vannu. thudarnnu nadanna munnooru varshathe pathiv reydukalum prathi reydukalum rund noottaandukalkku munbu vadakku bhaagathundaaya aakramanathinusheshamulla saambathika purogathiye phalapradamaayi illaathaakki.
illaathaakki 1316lum broosinte neethrthwathil nadatthiya rund aadyakaala reydukal prathyekichu doshakaravum yorkshare vare dooreyullathumaayirunnu. randaamathe avasarathil, furnus abbeyude madaadhipathi thante madatheyum athinte bhoomiyeyum naashatthil ninnu rakshikkaan kaikkooli nalkaanulla shramathil broosine neridaan pooyi. scotish rajaavu kaikkooli sweekarichu, pakshe enthaayaalum muzhuvan pradeshavum kollayadikkunnath thudarnnu, 1341 leeii nikuthi anweshanathil aduthulla aldinghamile bhoomiyude moolyam 53 6s 8d ll ninnu verum 10 poundaayum alvarstanil 35 6s 8d ll ninnu 5 poundaayum kuranju.
scotish swaathanthryathinte eee aadya yudhathinte (1296-1328) falamaayi maarchukalude wardenmaarude samvidaanam nilavil vannu, athirthiyude iruvashathumulla pradeshangal sainika pravartthanangalude kaaryatthil shereefukal munbu cheythirunna karyangal cheytha 'wardenmaare' ealppichu. ivar sakthamaaya praadeshika kudumbangalil (dacresses, cliffords, graystox, perseys, kumbriyayile nevilles) ninnulla parichayasambannaraaya sainika udyogastharaayirunnu. avar svanthamaayi svakaaryasainyangal nadatthi, aadyam svanthamaayi panam nalki, pinneedu kireedatthaal panam nalki, chilappol avarude pinthunaykku pakaramaayi kollayadikkukayum cheythu. (chilar eee rolil abhivridhi praapikkunnathil parajayappettu 1315-ll carlisiline prathirodhikkukayum vestt maarchinte warden aakukayum cheytha kaarlisinte aadya earl andrew harkleyude currier oru udaaharanamaayirunnu). tharkkangalum criminal kesukalum kaikaaryam cheiyunna oru tharam parambaraagatha niyamam (march niyamam) valarnnu, raajyathe mattidangalilennapole rajakeeya neethikku pakaram wardenmaaraanu kaikaaryam cheythath. sainika sevanathinulla pakaramaayi wardenmar prathyeka athirthi vaadakakkaarude avakashangal amgeekarichu.
athirthi 'perukal' (magnettukal), cheria kudumbangal ennivar yudhathil earppedukayum athirthikkappurathu raid cheyyukayum cheythu, cheria brigedukalkku palappozhum valia prabhukkanmaril ninnu samrakshanam labhikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, pathinalam noottaandiludaneelam, valia dhanikarayavar kottakalude nirmmaanatthilum, kottakal nirmmicha veedukalude nirmmaanatthilum (peel towerukal, kooduthalum c.1350-1600 samayat nirmmichava; ardha-kottakettya veedukal, c.1400-1600; kooduthalum c.1540-1640 nirmmicha baastil veedukal) cheria kudumbangal vardhippichu. athinte falamaayi nagaratthinte prathirodham avaganikkappedukayaanenna carlisile adhikaarikal parathippettu.
akramanam nadakkunnathil ninnu palli mukthamayirunnilla holm kaltrathile sanyasimar nyoottan aarloshil aduthulla oru kottakettya palli polum nirmmichu. furnus abbe, sent bease priyari, cartell priyari, prathyekichu lanercoast priyari ennivaykku 1319-leeii lanercostine 'maalinyangal' ennu visheshippichu. (1337-ll carlisile bishop skotlandilekkulla oru raidle cliffordukalilum daakrasukalilum cherunnathuvare pooyi, rooss kottayile swantham vasathi shakthippeduthaan mathiyaya panam nedaan addehathe praapthanakki).
skottukale thadayunnathinulla mattoru margamaayirunnu samrakshana panam nalkkal udaaharanathinu, udaaharanathinu adhinivesha samayat carlisal 200 poundu nalki.
edward III umm nooru varshathe yudhavum, 1327-1453.
bannokkbeninte apamaanavum, engleesh kazhchappadil, kazhchappadil eddinberg-northaamptan udambadiyude (poornnamaayum swathanthramaaya scotland amgeekarichukondu) thripthikaramallaatha nibandhanakalum, englandile yuva edward III neey skotlandinte simhaasanathil edward baaliyoline sthaapikkaanulla shramathil 'paarambaryamillaattha' (skotlandil bhoomi nashtappetta prabhukkanmaar) avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkaan prerippichu. thudarnnulla randaam scotish swaathanthryayudham 1332 muthal 1357 vare neenduninnu, ithu swantham nattil edwardinte yogyatha vardhippichenkilum skotlandinte david randaaman oru swatantra raajyathinte simhasana nilanirtthiyathil avasaanichu. eee kaalayalavil vadakkan kaundikal akramikkukayum kurachu naashanashtangal neridukayum cheythu. mukalil soochippichathupole, 1346-ll nevilleyude kurish yudhathilekkulla yaathraamadhye carlisil david randaamanu samrakshana panam nalki (cumberlandil ninnulla aalukal avide engleesh bhaagath poraadi).
1337 aayappozhekkum fransumaayulla nooru varshathe yudhathil edward kudungaan thudangi, skottukal fraansinte paksham pidichirunnu. skottukal purathaayirikkumbol avar valia anglo-franch tharkkatthilekku valichizhakkunnath franchukaarude oru sheelamaayi maari" ennu parayappedunnu."1380,1385,1387 varshangalil carlisal uparodhikkukayum chuttumulla bhoomi paazhaayippokukayum cheythu; 1388 desemberil appleby" "eathaandu poornnamaayum nasippikkappettu"... vestt morlandinte kaundi pattanamayi thudarnnuvenkilum orikkalum athinte munkaala samriddhi kaivarichilla..."(ithe raidle broham kotta nasippikkappettirikkam). pradhaanamaayum eedan thaazhvara, solway samathalangal, padinjaaran comberland samathalangal, kent thaazhvara ennividangalil thadaaka jilla thaazhikakkudatthinu chuttum mikka peel gopurangalum munnariyipp beekkanukalum nirmmicha varshangalaayirunnu iva.
perseys, nevilles, rosaappookkalude yudhangal.
englandinte simhaasanathinte avakaashavaadikalaaya lancastrian, yorkkist ennivar thammil nadanna rosaappookkalude yudhangalkku kumbriyayil chila kaaranangalum falavumundaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum avide oru yudhavum nadannilla. kumbriyayileyum vadakku bhaagatheyumulla bhoovudamakal thammilulla theevramaaya sathrutha kottaaratthile vibhaageeyathayilekku nayichu, ithu englandile henry araman raajaavinte maanasika asthiratha vardhippichu. perseys nevilleesumaayirunnu rund pradhana kudumbangal.
vadakku naanayangalude swaadheena valarchaye santhulithamaakkunnathinaayi englandile rajaavaaya richard randaaman nevillukale sthaanakkayattam nalkiyirunnu. 1397-ll raabiyile ralph nevilleye vestt morlandinte earl aakkukayum penrithu, soverby ennivayude maanarukal nalkukayum vestt morlandinte sherief aakkukayum cheythu. appleby, broham aasthaanamaayulla cliffordukal nevil kudumbatthinte swaadheenam vardhikkunnathine bhayappedukayum (prathyekichu pentitthinu chuttumulla maantukal avarkk nalkiyathinu sesham) lancastrian persey thaalpparyathe pinthunaykkukayum cheythu.
thudarnnu rund kudumbangalude vadakku adikaaram kuraykkunnathinulla rajaavu richaardinte sramam (kireedatthinu kuleena kudumbangalude santhulithaavasthaye prathirodhikkaan vadakku kurachu estettukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo), 1399-ll englandile henry bollingbrokkine englandinte rajaavaayi marran persikalum nevillies pinthunachu. vaardanshippukalude mail persey adikaaram punasthaapikkappedukayum nevillesinum prathiphalam nalkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum athu kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, 1402-ll henrikkethire avar kalapam nadathiyappol (bhaagikamaayi nevilles nediya prathiphalangal kaaranam) naanayangalude uyarcha avasaanichu, athinusesham avar orikkalum avarude sthaanam veendeduthilla. persey parajayappetta shroosbury yudhathil persikkethire poraadiya vestt morlandile erlinu vestt maarchinte wardenship nalki aadarichu.
1455ll salisburyile anchaamathe erl richard nevil yorkkile moonnaamathe duke (addehathinte bhaarya salisbury sahodari sessily nevil aayirunnu) yorkkist kosinodu chernnu eee thaazhnna thalatthilulla praadeshika persey-nevil tharkkam deseeya thalatthilulla rakthachorichilaayi maari.
thudarnnulla rosaappookkalude yudhangalil (1455-1487), englandile edward naalaaman cumberlandilo vestt morlandilo nikuthi uyarthaan sramichilla, vadakkan kaundikal pradhaanamaayum lancastrian bhagathaanu. ennirunnaalum, tottan yudhathinusheshamulla yorkkist vijayangal carlisililum applebyilum yorkkist swaadheenathinte mps thirike nalkunnuvennu nevilles urappakki. vaarvikkile 16-aamathe erl ('king maker') richard nevil vestt morlandinte sherifai. 1470-ll 'king maker' henry VI-yude bhaagathekku poya sesham, glossester duke, edward IV-nte sahodaran richard, kumbriyayileyum yorkshareileyum neville bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum sweekarichu vestt maarchinte warden kambarlaandinte sherief aayi.
1483-ll rajavakanulla richaardinte shramathe vadakkan prabhukkanmaril bhooribhaagavum pinthunachu. ennirunnaalum, bosworth feeld yudhathil, northamberlandile naalaamathe erl henry persey richaardine pinthunaykkunnathil parajayappettu (englandile avishwaasiyaaya henry VII-neey vestt maarchinte warden aakki loard dackeray maattunnathin nayichu).
rajavamsha kalahathil praadeshika kumbrian pankaalittham undaayirunnittum, kumbria mekhalaykku kooduthal naashanashtangal sambhavichathu orupakshe thudarchayaaya scots reydukalum athirthi kadannulla kalahangalumaanu, "cussins yudhangal" ennu vilikkappedunnathinekkaal.
aadyakaala aadhunika kaalaghattam, 1485-1714.
tudor kumbria, 1485-1603.
tudor kaalaghattatthile kumbria, raashtreeyavum bharanaparavumaya sambhavavikaasangalude kaaryatthil, prakshubdhamaaya oru kaalaghattavum engleesh kireedatthinte prathikaranavum kandu. praadeshika vamshangal (athirthi punarujjeevippikkunnavar), englandile henry VIII aarambhicha mathaparishkaaram, thudarnnulla catholica prabhukkanmaarude kalapam, skottukalumaayi yuddham enniva moolamundaaya thudarchayaaya (vardhichuvarunna) kalahangalil eee pradesham kudungi. oduvil, praadeshika valia kudumbangalude chelavil rajakeeya adikaaram vardhippikkappettu. eee vividha vishayangal yadhaarthathil bandhappettirikkunnu.
athirthi reevezhs.
1603ll engleesh, scotish kireedangalude samyojanathilekkum iru raajyangalum thammilulla yadhaartha sainika ettumuttalukalilekkum nayicha munnooru varshangalil, athirthi pradeshangalile nivaasikalkk nandi paranju aswasthatha sthiramaayi thudarnnu, palappozhum athirthi reevezhs ennu vilikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, "boarder pepparukal", kathidapaadukalude samahaaram allengil kalandar, engleesh kireedatthinte bharanavumaayi bandhapetta mattu rekhakal (allengil athinte abhavam) ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla thante pusthakam adisthaanamaakkiyulla fraasarinte pravartthanangal kaaranam avaa pathinaram noottaandile prathibhasamaayi kooduthal ariyappedunnu.
oru nischitha kudumbapperinu keezhil (anglo-scotish athirthirekhayiludaneelam vyaapippikkaan kazhiyunna) vamshangal polulla grouppukal roopeekarikkunna sakthamaaya bandha bandhangalaan reverukalude savisheshatha. rajaavineyo praadeshika prabhukkanmaareyokkaal avarude perinodulla vishwasthatha kaaranam eee grouppukal praadeshika sarkkaaril ninnu ardha svayambharanamaayi maari. vadakkan kumbriyayil, vamshangalil kooduthal pramukhamaayathu grahams (athirthiyude scotish bhaagathum vitharanam cheyyappedunnu), hetheringtonukal, carlettanukal, krosezhs, amstrongs (scotish bhaagathulla liddesdalile oru sakthamaaya vamshavum), rutledjukal, prabhukkanmaar, milbanes, nilakal, hodgeons, hardens, thayyalkkaar, munny enniva ulppedunnu. 
raid cheythum (pazhaya engleesh bhashayil ninnu 'raphean' enna peril 'kollayadikkaan') athirthikkappurathu ninnu kannukaalikaleyum aadukaleyum kollayadikkukayum swantham raajaavinte sainyathe kollayadikkukayum cheythaanu avar jeevichathenna vasthuthayil ninnaan riverukal avarude peru eduthathu, avarude raajyangalodulla avarude vidvesham athaayirunnu. pathinaram noottaandode punarujjeevanam valare saadhaaranavum akramaasakthavumaayitheernatheer sambannamaaya athirthi kudumbangal baastil housukalo pell gopurangalo nirmmikkaan thudangi-kottakettya vaasasthalangal, palappozhum kannukalikalkkum thaamasathinu thaazheyulla saadhanangalum-avaa ippozhum vadakku kumbriyayil oru saadhaarana sthalamaanu.
vardhichuvarunna prashnam kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla shramathil, engleesh, scotish rajaakkanmaar vipulamaaya praadeshika bandhangalum ganyamaaya adikaaravumulla praadeshika dhanikare maarchukalude kaavalkkaraayi sthaapichu, ekadesham 1296 muthal (scotish swaathanthryathinte aadya yudhathethudarnnu) pravarthichu. pathimoonnaam noottaand muthal orupakshe athinumumbum vikasicha oru parambaraagatha niyamamaya march niyamam nadappakkaan sramikkukayum kramam palikkukayum cheyyaanulla chumatala wardenmaare ealppichirunnu. kumbriayude vadakku engleesh vestt march roopeekarichu (athirthiyude iruvashathumulla pradeshangal pathinalam noottaandil maarchukal ennu vilikkunna mekhalakalaayi vibhajichirunnu).
athirthiyile kadinamaaya pradeshathaayirunnenkilum, scotish vestt maarchinteyum prathyekichu liddesdailinteyum aniyanthrithamaaya vamshangal ethirvashathu abhimukeekarichappol, kambriya reeyvarukalil ninnu labhikkunnathupole moshamayirunnilla. bevcaslinu chuttumulla pradeshavum athirthirekhaykku chuttumulla pradeshavum durithamanubhavichuvenkilum sambannamaaya kaarshika bhoomikalaaya padinjaaran kumbrian samathalavum eedan thaazhvarayum thaarathamyena sparshikkappedaathe kidannu. carlisil kottayude saannidhyavum, ascurton kotta, bevcasal kotta, novorth kotta, manal, rockliffe ennivayude burg, eedan nadiyude barrier thudangiya cheria sakthamaaya pooyintukalum rivarmaarude shradha tyndale, readidale ennivayude middle march thaazhvarakalilekku tirikkaan sahayichu.
kumbriyayil, warden, deputy warden aayi niyamitharaaya shaktharaaya vadakkan kudumbangalum mattu cheria, jentrikalum, dackerukal, cliffordukal, masgrevukal, carlettanukal, lotherukal, ridlikal, salkeldukal (avaril palarum svayam punarujjeevippikkunnathi earppedukayo prothsaahippikkukayo cheythirunnu) enniva ulppedunnu.
praadeshika dhanikarayavar mathramalla rivarmaare prothsaahippichathu-engleesh, scotish sarkkaarukalum ithu thanne cheythu. aavashyamullappol ethir raajyathinethire prasnangal srishtikkunnathil rivar laitt kuthirappada kireedangalkku upayogapradamaayirunnu. athirthi kuthirappadayaalikal sarkkaarukalkk vendi videshathum swadeshathum yudhangalil earppettu udaaharanathinu, sarr vilyam musgrevinte 'prikkezhs' (laitt kuthirappadayaalikal) solway moss yudhathil earppettirunnu.
pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathe eathaanum pathittaandukalil reevezhsinte prashnam vashalayi, onnamathaayi, nikuthikalude vardhanavu vaadaka vardhanavinu nirbandhithamaakkukayum ithu bhoovudamakalum kudiyanmarum thammilulla bandham takarkkaan kaaranamaakukayum randaamathaayi, pala athirthi kudumbangalum protestant parishkaranathetthudarnnu kadutha catholicaraayi thudarnnu. 1603ll kireedangalude samyojanathode athirthi phalapradamaayi vighadichappol (pala reverukaleyum neekkam cheyyaanum kollanumulla krooramaaya nayatal sahaayicha oru prakriya) athirthi nivaasikalude jeevithathil aadhipathyam sthaapikkunnathu avasaanippichu.
kumbriyayile parishkkaranam.
sabhaa parishkaranatthilekkulla neekkatthinte ardhathil kumbriyayile parishkkaranam englandile mattidangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol falapradamalla. baaranikal matha yaadhaasthithikaraaya dacker, howards, cliffords ennivarude kaikalilaayirunnu. bishappukalkk (saadhaaranayaayi richmond aasthaanamaayulla rajakeeya naamanirddeshangalum pinneedu kumbriyayi maarunna thekk bharanam nadathunna chesttarum, vadakkan mekhalayile daridramaaya carlisil roopathayum) valia thaalpparyamundaayirunnil (ettavum thilakkamullavarum mikachavarumaaya sthaanaarthikal onnukil pandita swabhaavamullavaro kendra sarkkaarine sevikkaan landanil aagrahichirunnavaro aayirunnu, allengil atharam apradhanavum vidooravum apakadakaravum moshavumaaya sthaanathekku marran aagrahichilla-vadakku, valia sammanam durham aayirunnu). moonnaamathaayi, kendell ozhike, valarnnuvarunna, thaarathamyena sambannamaaya, vardhichuvarunna vyaapaarikalo madhyavargamo ulla pattanangal kumbriyakk illaayirunnu (atharam sthalangalil protestantism pidikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund).
kumbriyayile panthrand aashramangalilum prairikalilum, theevranaaya katholikkanaaya loard dacker, eee pradeshatthinte vadakku bhaagathullavayil aadhipathyam pulartthi holm kaltram abbe, kaarlisilinte augustin prairi, vetharaal prairi, lanercoast prairi, armathvaittile nanneri (kirkoswaldil pithaav purohithanmaarkkaayi oru koleju nirmmichathinu sameepam), sent. theneechakal. (bakkiyulla veedukal furnus abbe, calder abbe, seetton priyariyile nanneri, shapp abbe, conshed priyari, calder abbe ennivayaayirunnu). koodaathe, kumbriyayil scotish (catholica) swaadheenam shakthamaayirunnu.
krupayude theerthaadanatthil kumbrian pankaalittham (chuvade kaanuka) soochippikkunnathu aalukal catholica parishkaranatthinu thayyaranennum purohita virudharallennum soochippikkunnu. vishudharude dinangalum avarumaayi bandhapetta utsava pravartthanangalum illaathaakkunnathumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu mikka vikaarangalum.
palli swath punarvinyasikkunna kaaryatthil, ashramangal pirichuvidunnathu valia aswasthathayundaakkiyathaayi thonnunnilla. pradhana gunabhokthaakkal mahanaaya prabhukkanmaaralla, marichu mathathil athra yaadhaasthithikarallaathavarum henry VIII-nuu kumbriyayil adhikaarathinte oru liver nalkaan kazhiyunnathumaayavaraayirunnu. athinaal, vilyaminte niyamavirudhanaaya ardhasahodaranaaya loard dacker, thomas dacker, oru rajakeeya pinthunakkaaranaaya, 1542-ll lanercoast prioryum athinte bhoomiyum (palli ozhike) labhichu. sarr joonn lampluginu sent. theneechakal, sarr thomas karvan furnus abbi sweekarichu, sarr thomas warton shapp sweekarichu. aashramangalile amgangal jolie cheythirunna niravadhi edavakakal purohithanmaarillathe avasheshichu.
meriyude bharanakaalathu kumbriyakkaar catholica sevanangal valare eluppathil punasthaapikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. eee kaalaghattatthiludaneelam protestant prasamgakarude abhavam (kendal apavaadamaayirunnu) mattoru gadakamaayirunnu, koodaathe parishkaranatthinethire poraadiya playg, reeyvezhs, scots ennivaykkethiraaya athijeevanathil maathram shradha kendreekarikkuka enna lalithamaaya kaaryavum. orupakshe, janangalkkuvendi, daivashaasthraparamaaya vaadangalkkum andhavishwaasavum purajaatheeya reethikalum polum nilanirthunnathinum oru nischitha alavil anjathayundaakaam. edavaka purohithanmaar kuravum vidyaabhyaasamillaathavirum (bishappukaleppole mikachavarkku raajyathe kooduthal sambannamaaya pradeshangalil thaamasikkaanaayirunnu aagraham).
athinaal, 1560-kalil, carlisile bishop joonn bestt parishkaranatthinethire cheria cheruthunilppu kandethi (dacker cumberlandile erlum samrakshikkunna chila purohithanmaar ozhike, vadakku uyarnnathinusesham praadeshika adikaaram nashtappedunnathinekkur iruvarum aashankaakularaanu). yadhaartha prashnam prabhukkanmarkkum kuleenark edayilalla, allengil pinmariyavarkkoppamalla (1597 leeii carlisil roopathayil lancashireile ennavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ivayil thaarathamyena kuravaayirunnu), marichu mattu karyangal manassil undaayirunna aalukalodaayirunnu.
aadyakaala tudor kumbria, 1485-1558.
pathinaram noottaandile anglo-scotish yudhangaleyum kumbriyayil avaa cheluthiya swaadheenatheyum sambandhichidatholam, engleesh nayam palappozhum scotish kireedatthinu prashnamundaakkunna onnaayirunnu, chilappol punarujjeevippikkunna vamshangale ithu cheyyaan upayogikkukayo allengil thuranna yudhathe prothsaahippikkukayo cheythu. skotlandile protestant lakshyam munnott kondupokaanulla shramavum, pinthunayiloodeyo nirbandhathiloodeyo tudor nayatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu (englandile merii onnaaman ozhike). skotlandile raajnjiyaaya meriye oru saadhyathayullavalaayum englandile elisabath onnaamante pingamiyaaya catholicayaayum shradha kendreekarichathu kumbriyayile catholica prabhukkanmaril swaadheenam chelutthi.
aadyakaala tudor kaalaghattatthile scotish prashnangalodulla prathikaranam chithreekarikkunnathinaayi thomas daakkarinte currier, 2nd baaran dacker enniva fraser eduthukaanikkunnu. bosworth yudhathil henry tudorinethire poraadiya henry, bhaaviyile tudor lakshyathe pinthunaykkunnathil persikalude uddeshyangalekkurichu avishwaasam prakadippichathinaal, thaan rajaavaayirunnappol vestt maarchinte deputy wardenaayi dakkare niyamichu. 1513-leeii floaden yudhathil henrique vendi pooraadunnathilum thudarnnu athirthikkappurathulla skottukale vettayaadunnathilum dacker addehathinte kumbrian ridermar pramukharaayirunnu. athinusesham, 1524-ll marikkunnathuvare addeham vestt maarchinte phalapradamaaya wardenaayi.
thuranna yudhathinte kaaryatthil ettavum sradheyamaaya sambhavam, orupakshe 1542-leeii solway moss yudhamaayirikkaam. henry VIII-yude anantharavanaaya skotlandile jaims anchaaman, mathakaryangalil ammaavante parishkarana anukoola nayam pinthudaraan visammathichathinethudarnna ithu sambhavichathu. musgraves, curvence, dackerukal, lothers ennivayulppedeyulla praadeshika jentry skottukale paraajayappedutthunnathil earppettirunnu. praadeshika prabhukkanmaarude pidi kuraykkaan tudormaarude "puthiya purushanmaaril" oralaaya oru cheria westmoreland kudumbatthil ninnulla loard warton aanu avare nayichathu. (kireedatthinu vittukodutha muun pezhsi shakthikendramaaya kokkarmoutthinte kaavalkkaaranaayi warton niyamikkapettu). thudarnnulla parukkan yudhathilum aankram, pinky kloog yudhangalilum kumbrian sainyavum ulppettirunnu ennathil samshayamilla.
samshayamilla anglo-scotish yudhathinte bheekaratha oduvil avasaanichappol, eathu raajyathin eathu tharkkabhoomiyum niyamavirudhamaaya pradeshavum olichodiyavarude abhayasthaanavum undaayirikkumennu ennennekkumaayi nirvachikkaan avasaram labhichu. 1552 leeii oru kammeeshan oru kuzhiyum dike kondu adayaalappeduthiya (nerrekha) varachu, athu eee pradeshathe athirthi nirvachikkukayum athinaal munnott pookukayum cheythu.
(1537 februvariyile vargeeyavaadikalude kalaapathil kumbrian pankaalittham ulppettirunnu), (aii. dii. 1) enna anugrahaviplavathinte theerthaadanatthinu niravadhi kaaranangalundaayirunnu uyarnna vila, vilaveduppu parajayam, ashramangal pirichuvittathinaal jeevakaarunya sahayam nashtappettu, dashaamshangalkkethiraaya athrupthi, bhoovudamakale pidichedukkunnathinum mathaparamaya mattangalkkumethire. kumbriyayil, prathyekichu kokkarmouthu, penrith pradeshangalkk chuttumulla, pradhana ghadakam balaalsangikalaaya bhoovudamakalaanennu thonnunnu, daakrukalum cliffordukalum thammilulla sathrutha prasnangal neratthe nirthunnathu thadayunnu. (vadakkan prabhukkanmaare sambandhichidatholam 'vibhajikkukayum bharikkukayum cheyyuka' enna tudor nayam praadeshika sathruthayum durbalamaaya bharanavum vardhippikkaan sahayichu). ennirunnaalum, saambathikamaayathinekkaal mathaparamaya prachodanangalaanu kumbriyayil ulppettirikkunnathenna clark karuthunnu. udaaharanathinu, 1536ll adachupoottiyirunna ashramangal vimathar veendum thurannu. oduvil, rund pradhana kuleena kudumbangalum othucherukayum henry clifford daakkarinte sahaayathode kaarlisilinte vimatha uparodham uyarthukayum cheythu. mikka kumbrian prabhukkanmaarum purohithanmaarum vimathare pinthunaykkaan visammathichu, avaril 74 pere kumbriyayil ninnu vadhichu.
elisabath onnaamante keezhil kumbria, 1558-1603.
scotish kaaryangalile adutha pradhana edapedal, 1568 meyy maasathil varkkingtan haalil scots raajnjiyaaya meriyude sweekaranamaayirunnu. thudarnnu avar kokkarmouthilekku yaatra cheythu, athinusesham vestt maarchinte deputy warden richard lother avale carlisil kottayilekku kondupoyi, kaaranam chila vadakkan catholica prabhukkanmaar avale engleesh kireedatthinte pidiyil ninnu rakshikkaan aagrahichittundaakane abhyoohangal undaayirunnu. vestt maarchinte deerghakaala wardenaaya loard scope, avale rakshappedaan kooduthal budhimuttaakkunnathina carlisilil ninnu boltonile thante kottayilekku maatti.
meriye kooduthal thekkott neekkam cheythathinusheshavum thudarnnu avale rakshikkanulla sramam aasoothranam cheythathinusheshavum vadakku bhaagathe nirarthakamaaya uyarcha sambhavichu. uyarchayude praadeshikavum vyakthiparavumaaya kaaranagal kuleena pankaalikalkk prachodanamaaya kodathi raashtreeyathin thulyamaaya punk vahichathayi karuthappedunnu, avayil pradhaanamaayath westmorlandile aaraamathe erl chaals neville, thomas persey, northamberlandile ezhaamathe erl (oru emm.pii. vestt morlandinum leonard dackerinum (1570ll kalapam nadatthiyavar). ennirunnaalum, adikaaravum padaviyum nashtappedunnathinodu amarsham prakadippicha thaazhnna varenyarum asamthriptharaaya katholikkarumaayirunnu pradhana prakopanakkaar.
palli adavukalumaayi bandhappett (puthiya, protestant bharanakoodam vaadaka kudissika nalkanamennu aavasyappettirunnu) puthiya elisabath bharanathinte sammarddathinu westmorlandile earl vidheyamaayi. koodaathe, protestantisathodu sahathapam kaaranam, ippol adikaaram prayogikkunna puthiya sthalakkaarkku adikaaram nashtappedunnathinodu addeham mallidukayaayirunnu. daakkarinte samshayaaspadamaaya uddeshyangal norphoc prabhuvinte pidiyilekku thante anantharaavakaasham veezhaathirikkaan sramikkunnathumaayi bandhappettathaanennu thonnunnu (addeham thanne catholica pratheekshakalude kendrabinduvaayirunnu, pakshe elisabathinu keezhadangukayum oduvil (1601) avarude penmakkalkku paarambaryamaayi labikkukayum allengil kireedatthil ninnu vaangukayum cheytha leonard daakkarinte burg, gilland, graystock baaranikal, mattu maanorukal).
rajakeeya adhikaarathil vardhanavu.
vardhanavu kalaapathil furnus, holm kaltram abbekalil ninnulla chila sanyasimar chernnuvenkilum mattu kurachu aalukal maathrame ithil pankedutthittulloo. eee episode muzhuvan krupayude theerthaadanatthinu sesham vadakkan earlukalude balaheenata kaanichu (avarude kumbrian allengil mattu vadakkan estettukalil ninnu niravadhi sainikare uyarthaan avarkk kazhinjilla). elisabath raashtrathinte adhikaarathinte vardhanavum (vadakkulla kaunsililoode) kireedatthinte kooduthal phalapradamaaya sainika shakthiyum, prathyekichu peerankikaludeyum kottakaludeyum niyanthranathinteyum kaaryatthil, athu choondikkaanichu. (carlisal kotta kireedatthinte kaikalilaanu sookshichirunnathu, vadakkan prabhukkanmaarkk thangaan kazhiyaatha peerankikalile puthiya munnettangal kanakkiledukkunnathinaayi tudor kaalaghattatthil ithu naveekarichu).
vadakkan prabhukkanmaar ellaayppozhum avarude thekkan estettu udamakalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyumbol saambathikamaayi athijeevikkaan paadupettu. thirichuvaravukaarethireyum aabhyantharayudhangal, nettangal, anantharaavakaashikalkkum anantharaavakaashikalkkum edayilulla swaabhaavika marananirakk ennivaykkethiraaya athirthi kadamakal vadakku kuleenashaktiye durbalappeduthunnu. partible anantharaavakaasha samvidaanavum onniladhikam vaadakakkaare anuvadikkunna prabhukkanmaarum avare sainyathe samaharikkaan anuvadichu (yudhasamayatho revivermaarkkethireyo praadeshika varenyarude neethrthwathil). ennaal saambathika prathyaaghaathangal vyavasthaykku panam nalkunnathinu kadinamaaya vaadaka chumathuka ennathaayirunnu, ithu kudiyanmarkkidayil amarsham srishtikkukayum baaranukalude adhikaarathe durbalappedutthaan sahayikkukayum cheythu.
tudor bharanathinu richard moonnaamante vadakkan estettukal paarambaryamaayi labhichirunnu, avasaram labhikkumbozhellaam elisabath swantham praadeshika prabhukkanmaare sthaapichu (1589-ll francis dacker nediyathupolullava, 1601-ll pradhana baaranikal howard kudumbam vaangunnathuvare kumbriyayile dacker bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum kireedaavakaashikalaakki). elisabath kumbrian athirthiyile prabala bhoovudamayaayi maari."
georgian, victorian kaalaghattangal, 1714-1901.
thadaaka jilla" yude nirmmaanam aadyakaala sanjaarikal, manoharamaayavar, kalakaaranmaar, aadyakaala vinodasanchaaravum samrakshanavum, 1750-1900.
palarkkum kumbria "thadaaka jilla" aanu. "kumbriyayallattha palarkkum, kumbriyayude pradeshathe nirvachikkunnath thadaaka jillayaan, eee rund yoonittukalum palappozhum paryaayamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."kumbria oru" "pradesham" "enna ashayam velluvilikkaan thayyaaraanenn chilar vaadikkunnu, mattullavar parayunnath eee pradeshathinu (comberland, westmoreland, manalinu vadakkulla lancashire) thadakangal sandarshikkaan vinodasanchaarikal varunnathinu valare munbuthanne" "aikyam" "undaayirunnu ennaanu"."dablyu. polulla chila ezhuthukaar. jii. collingwood (1902-ll) kavi norman nicholson (1969-ll) thadakangaludeyum kumbriayudeyum rund vashangal avarude rachanakalil orumichu konduvaraan shramichu. millamil janikkukayum thaamasikkukayum cheiyunna nikkolsan thante "grettar lakeland" enna pusthakatthil, thadaaka jilla pradesham carlisil, solway playin, padinjaaran kumbrian vyaavasaayika pattanangal, prathyekichu, thadaakathinum parvathakendrathinum arikilulla cheria pattanangalaya kokkarmouthu, penrit, kendell, baaro thudangiyavaye aashrayichirikkunnuvennu vaadichu. theerchayaayum, addeham oru paridhivare vyakthamaayi paranju, "ithellaam marakkuka, raajyathinte backie bhagangal" lakeland "ennu vilikkunnathu maranamadanjathaayi maarukayum arikukalil ninnu akathekku pathukke marikkukayum oduvil azhukiya shavappettiyile manoharavum sugandhithavumaaya mrithadehathekkaal alppam kooduthalaayi maarukayum cheyyum."
aadyakaala sanjaarikal.
chuttum sanjarichu thadaaka jillayekkurichu abhipraayamittavaril palarum eee pradeshathu thaamasikkaatha aalukalaayirunnu. athinaal thadaakangalodulla avarude manobhaavam oru paridhivare brittanileyum europe bhookhandathileyum mattu pradeshangalekkurichu avarkk ariyaavunna reethiyil niranju.
grettu brittante muzhuvan dveep (1726) thante 'eiii touur throo' enna pusthakatthinte moonnaam vaalyathil, 'uyaramullathum shakthavumaya' parvathangalekkurichum avide kaanavunna upayogathinteyo alankaarathinteyo abhaavathekkurichum-thante koode nilanilkkunna bhooprakrithiyude oru pranayapoorvamaaya kaazhchayekkurichum-addeham abhipraayappettappol danielle depho thadakangal sandarshichittundaavilla.
mattu yaathrakkaarkk orupakshe athishayokthikk arhata kuravaayirikkaam. udaaharanathinu, 1684 num 1703 num idayil ("oru side saddle englandiloode") thante yaatra nadatthiya selia fience, kooduthal vasthuthayum kooduthal aval yadhaarthathil kanda kaaryangalude reporterumaayirunnu-nikkolsan parayunnathanusarichu "comberland landscapilekkulla avasaanathe yadhaartha nirupaadhikamaaya reflex" nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, avar ippozhum vestt morlandile "marubhumiyum tarishu paarakkettukalum" kurichu samsaarichu.
swaabhaavika charitrakaaranum puraavrithashaasthranjamu thomas pennanu thadakangalekkaal ("skotlandile oru paryadanavum hebrideukalilekkulla yathrayum", 1772) whitehaven khanikalil kooduthal thaalpparyamundaayirunnu; arther yuvaavin pradeshatthinte saamoohikavum karshikavumaaya avasthayil kooduthal thaalpparyamundaayirunnu ("englandinte vadakku bhaagathulla aarr maasathe paryadanam" vaalyam. 2, 1770) bhooprakrithiyekkaal.
manoharamaaya.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, mukalil soochippichathupole, parvathangalodum thadakangalodum ulla prakrithiyodulla nilavilulla manobhaavam aazhathilulla maattathinu vidheyamaayi. valia paryadanatthil ninnu madangiyethiya uyarnna klaas britiish yaathrakkaarude prathyaaghaathangalaanu ithinu kaaranam. italiyilum greasilum kaanapedunna puraathanakaalavumaayi bandhapetta sthalangal kaananulla yaatra palappozhum yaathrakkaare aalpsinappurathekku kondupoyi, athu marikadakkenda oru thadassamaayi aarambikkukayum saahasikathayude bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu. roman charithratthinte swaadheenam (udaaharanathinu, alps kadakkunna hanibal aanakalum); claude loraine, nicolas pousin, saalvettar rossa thudangiya chithrakaaranmaarude swaadheenam; joseph adison, hooras valpol, thomas gray thudangiya saahithyamanushyarude swaadheenam (iruvarum orumichu gambheera paryadanatthil yaatra cheyyukayum avar verpiriyukayum cheiyunnathuvare); athupole thanne arcadia enna puraanatthe (alexander poppu, mattullavarkoppam) saahithyaparamaayi eduthuparayukayum cheythathokke, avarkk chuttumulla parukkan alpine prakrithidrishyangale kooduthal vilamathikkukayum cheythu. eee vikaaram kuleenanaaya kaattumrigathekkurichum brittanile vyaavasaayika viplavathinte vardhichuvarunna prathyaaghaathangalil ninnu maari jeevikkenda oru jeevithathekkurichum ulla aashayangalumayi bandhappettirunnu. noottaandinte avasaanathil, nepolian yudhangalude arambham ardhamaakkunnathu france, itali, grease ennividangalilekkulla yathrakal inii nadatthaan kazhiyillennu; romaantik prakrithidrishyangalkkaayul thirayal mattu praadeshika pradeshangalil maathram othukkendivannu, engleesh thadaaka jilla billinu thikachum anuyojyamaayirunnu.
parvathangaleyum thadakangaleyum kurichu kooduthal grahanasheshiyulla kazhcha prolsaahippikkaan sahaayicha rund (thaarathamyena) praadeshika purohithanmaar doow. deanil ninnulla joonn dalton (eaglesfieldile shaasthranjanaaya joonn daltonumaayi thettidharikkaruthu) ("vaitthevinaduthulla khanikal kandu madangiyethiya rund yuvathikale abhisambodhana cheytha oru vivaranathmaka kavita", 1755) doow. vigttanile joonn braun ("keswikkinte thadaakathinteyum thaazhvarayudeyum vivaranam", 1767). aadyathethu ingane paranju "aadya alarmil ithupolulla bheekarathakal/ennaal taamasiyaathe krooramaaya gaambheeryathodukoodiya manoharita/manassine shreshtamaaya chinthakalilekku uyarthunnu."randaamathethu, (aadyam) svakaaryamaayi vitharanam cheytha kathil, dervent vaattarine dovedalumaayi anukoolamaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. eee vivaranam 1769-ll thadaaka jilla sandarshikkaan thomas greye ("thadaakangalile jenal") prerippichu, chilappol amithamaya abhipraayangalum bheeruthvavum undaayirunnittum, "tourist enchine jeevanode konduvannathu addehamaanennathil arcum samshayamilla."thadaakangale arcadian aanenna greak, roman classical kaazhchappaadin vipareethamaayi, chaaraniram ksheerashaasthraparamaaya paaradaisikal vashangalkk oonnal nalki.
steshanukalil" (steshanukalilekkulla sthalangal) ninnulla manoharamaaya kazhchakal choondikkaanichu oru guide book ezhuthiya aadya vyakthi thomas vestt ("comberland, vestt moreland, lancashire thadaakangalilekkulla guide", 1778) aayirunnu, athu ambathu varshathilereyaayi achadi nilaninnirunnu. swis, itaaliyan maathrkakalkku thulyamaayi padinjaaru "nischalavum chithraathmakavumaaya bhooprakrithiyum" thadaakangalude engleesh prothsaahippichu.
aalukal "steshanil" aayirunnappol, vilyam gilpin ("pradhaanamaayum manoharamaaya soundaryavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, 1772-ll englandinte pala bhagangalilum nadatthiya nireekshanangal; prathyekichu parvathangal, cumberlandile thadakangal, westmoreland" 1786) aayirunnu engane kaananamenn avarodu paranjathu."gilpinte" "obsessive pictorialisavum avyakthathayilekkum saamaanyavalkkaranathilekkulu pravanathayum" "addehathinte saidhaanthikavum sthalashaasthraparavumaaya krithyathayillaatha sameepanathe vimarsikkaan kaaranamaayi". ennirunnaalum, addehathinte "vishalamaaya praayogika prayojanam" addehathe swaadheenamullavanaakki. mikacha" kazhchakal nokkunnathinu oru claude glass (gray upayogichirunnu) upayogikkaan vestt, gilpin enniva shupaarsha cheythu. 
padinjaarum gilpinnum soundaryashaasthrathilum shaasthrathilum shradha kendreekarikkukayaanenkil, vilyam hutchinson charitraparavum bhooprakrithiparavumaaya kaaryangalil shradha kendreekarichu (1773 august westmorelandileyum cumberlandileyum thadaakangalilekkulla oru vinodayaathra, [anoon].]", 1774". westmorelandileyum cumberlandileyum thadaakangalilekkulla oru yaatra, yaatra 1773lum vadakkan kaundikalude oru bhaagatthiloode oru paryadanam, "1776". comberland kaundiyudeyum sameepathulla chila sthalangaludeyum charithram, "1794). adhehavum chila suhruthukkalum ulsvaattarinte madhyathil oru boat oodikkukayum thaazhvaraykku chuttum prathidhwanikkunna shabdam kelkkaan peerankikal prayogikkukayum cheythu. nicholsone sambandhichidatholam, ithu oru ahankaariyaaya "sounding board" enna nilayil manoharamaaya uyarnna jalachihnamaayirunnu-pradeshathe aalukalude bhooprakrithiyekkurichalla, marichu avarude swantham samvedanangalekkurichaanu aashanka.
vaasthavathil, tanikku munbulla mattullavareppole nikkolsan thante vimarsanaathmaka visham manoharamaaya vishathilekku lakshyamidukayum athine "kaazhchayude bhayanakamaaya valachodikkal" ennu vilikkukayum athu "lokathe manushyan oru scribbling paadayi maathram kuraykkunnu; athu prakrithiye oru soukaryapradamaakkunnu" ennu vaadikkukayum cheythu."koodaathe, paara, jalam, vaayu, pullu, maram, pakshi, mrugam, manushyan ennivayellaam bhagamaaya lokathinte sankeernamaaya yaadhaarthyamaaya jaiva, bhoomishaasthra, jaiva, bhauthika sankeernathaye ithu nishedhikkunnu."
sambannaraaya oru varenyavargathe lakshyamittullathum villakalude nirmmanavum prakrithiyude landscaping prolsaahippikkunnathu classic, arcadian, manoharamaaya kazhchayekkurichulla eee vimarsanam 1790-kalil yuvadel prais ("manoharamaaya lekhanangal", 1794) polulla ezhuthukaarude koode aarambhichu. prakrithiyude 'mechappeduthaline' addeham ethirkkukayum aupachaarikamallaatha kazhchappadinum kaalatthiloodeyum soumyamaaya avagananayiloodeyum karyangal swaabhaavikamaayi valarnna reethiyekkurichulla daaranaykkum vendi vaadikkukayum cheythu..."jaims plumpter, praisinte" "upanyasangal" "vaayicha sesham, gilpinil (" "dhii lekkersa eiii comic ooppara", "1798) oru aakshepahasyam ezhuthi, mattullavar marangal murikkunnathine apalapichu". oru 'puthiya manoharamaaya' samvedanakshamatha uyarnnuvannu. 'nirmmikkunna villakale prakrithidrishyangalumaayi 'samyojippikkaan' sramangal nadatthi.
thadaaka kavikalum mattu ezhuthukaarum.
thadaaka kavi vidyaalayam" (allengil 'thadaakatthinte bards', allengil 'thadaaka vidyaalayam') thudakkathil oru apakeerthikaramaaya padamaayirunnu (francis jephriyude abhipraayathil, "thadaakangale vettayaadunna karachilum hypocondriacal kavikaludeyum vidyaalayam"), athu oru thettaaya peraayirunnu, kaaranam ithu prathyekichu thadaaka jillayil ninnu janichathalla, allengil athu oru samyojitha kavita vidyaalayavumaayirunnu. vilyam wordsworth, saamuval tailor colridge, roobert southi ennivaraayirunnu 'groupile' pradhana amgangal. dorothy wordsworth svanthamaayi kavithakalonnum ezhuthiyittillengilum, sahodaran vilyaminte kavithakalkk avar prachodanam nalki.
kavita vaayichappol eee pradesham sandarshikkaan prachodanam nalkia vaayanakkaarude 'school' kazhchappadil oru nischitha alavil adhika virodhaabhaasamundaayirunnu, angane wades varthinte manassil thadaakangale savisheshamaakkiya kaaryamenkilum nasippikkaan sahayichu (addeham thanne eee pradeshathe mikacha gaidukaliloraale ezhuthi). koodaathe, onnum randum thalamurayile pranayakavithakal abhyasikkunnavaril palarkkum thadakangalumaayi (wordsworth ozhike) sankeernavum poornnamaayum eluppamallaathathumaaya bandhamundaayirunnu. "mikkappozhum mattu pranayakavithakal onnukil oru thadaaka kaviyude swathuavumaayi mallidukayo allengil thadakangal kaavyaathmakamaayi nalkunnathinu ethire svayam nirvachikkukayo cheiyunnu." 
kurachu varshathe alanjuthiriyalinu sesham thante sahodari dorotheotoppam grassmeyarile praav kudilil sthirathaamasamaakkiya wordsworthinte abhipraayathil, thadakangal oru kaviyenna nilayil addehathinte vyakthithvavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. kokkarmouthilum hoxhead vyaakarana schoolilum janichu valarnna wordsworth 1799 desemberil eee pradeshathekku madangiyethukayum thante 'janmadesha parvathanirakalil' oru 'kaavyathmaka viramikkalilekku' thaamasamaakkukayum cheythu.'wordsworth thadaaka jilla 'kandethukayo (mukalil kaanuka), athine ettavum janapriyamaakkiya aalaakukayo cheythillengilum, addeham eee pradeshathe pradhana aakarshanangalilonnayi marran vidhikkappettirunnu, athesamayam addehathinte thaddesheeya bhooprakrithiyekkurichulla prathyeka kaazhchappaad athinte bhaviyil shaashvathamaaya swaadheenam cheluthum."oru 'prakrithi kavi' mathramalla, addehathinte kavita 'manushyarum prakrithi lokavum thammilulla jaiva bandhathekkurichaanu...'thante kembridge varshangalile manoharamaaya kazhchakalumaayulla oru hraswa pranayathinu sesham, prakrithiyekkurichulla eee soundarya veekshanam palathil onnu maathramaayi addeham kandu (addeham' manoharamaaya sidhaanthathinte swaadheenathilaayirunnu 'ennu vaadikkaamenkilum, addeham palappozhum athine marikadannu.) prakrithiyekkurichulla addehathinte 'darshanam' kalaye nirmmikkunnathinayi athine valachodikkaatha onnaayirunnu.
wordsworthinte aadyakaala samoolamaaya rashtreeya ashayangal addehathe thante randaamathe kaavyathmakamaaya naveekaranatthilekku nayichu 'saadhaarana bhasha' yude upayogavum addehathinte vishayathinayi 'saadhaaranakkaaran' undaayirikkunnathum, ("rajaakkanmaarum raajnjikalum, prabhukkanmaarum sthreekalum allengil devanmaarum devathakalum" ennathilupari). prakrithiyeyum bhavana kurichu ardha-aathmakathaaparamaaya oru dhaarana srishtikkunna addehathinte manassinte aantharika-parivarthanavumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu addehathinte moonnaamathe naveekaranam dorothic addeham ezhuthiya "aamukham" enna kavita "ente swantham manassinte valarchayekkurichulla kavita" aayirunnu." 
thante vyakthithvathinte eee eakaakithva vasham undaayirunnittum, kudumbatthilum samoohathilum sakthamaaya vishwaasamundaayirunna wordsworth, janangalude saamoohika maattatthinte (prathyekichu paavappettavarude) jeevithareethikalil (udaaharanathinu, enclosure prasthaanam kaaranam) undaakunna prathyaaghaathangalekkurich valareyadhikam aashankaakulanaayirunnu. prakrithiyude munnil parannupoya maattam addeham eshtappettilla rejimentad laarchukalude lineukal nattupidippikkal; reyilveyude varavu; praadeshika bhashayumaayi poruthappedaattha puthiya kettidam; lancashireile vyavasayikal thadaakangalil valia veedukal nirmmichathu addehathe prathyekichu aswasthanaakki. 1810-ll addeham "thadaakangalilekkulla guide", "vinodasanchaarikaludeyum thaamasakkarudeyum upayogathinaayi" enna upasheershakavum "mattangal, avayude doshafalangal thadayunnathinulla abhiruchi niyamangal" enna thalakkettilulla moonnaam vibhaagavum prasidheekarichu."prakrithiyekkurichulla wordsworthinte kaavyathmaka kaazhchappaad nashtappedukayum" "varshangalkk sesham, orupakshe, mohabhangam, nirasha, athmeeya vandhyatha ennivaykku sesham thante vivekathe samrakshikkunnathinaayi kadinamaaya vasthuthakalayi maarukayum cheythathinte falamaanu" "guide" "ennu nikkolsan vaadikkunnu"..."mukalil soochippicha yuvadel vilayude aashayangalumaayulla bandhamaayirunnu athinte mattoru vasham, wades varthinu ariyamaayirunnu, aaraan" "yaadhaasthithikavum charitraparavum edapedaathathumaaya soundaryashaasthram" "nirddeshichathu". wordsworthinte jeevithakaalathu anchu pathippukalilekku oodiya guide valare janapriyamaanennu thelinju. theerchayaayum, "adutha nooru varshathekkulla thadaaka jillayile kettidanirmmaanatthinte poonthottaparipaalanathinthu vasthuvidyaa sidhaanthangal" guide "sthaapichathaanennu parayappedunnu.
mattu ezhuthukaare sambandhichidatholam, eee pradeshatthinte aakarshanam kooduthal anishchithathvathilaayirunnu. colridge thadaakangalilekku wareds varthine pinthudarukayum 1800-ll gretta haalilekk maarukayum cheythu. addehathinte samakaalikar oru 'thadaaka kavi' ennu thiricharinjittunde, bhooprakrithiyodulla colridginte prathikaranam wareds varthinte kazhchappaadumaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ithu colridgine bhooprakrithiyude 'gothik gadakangal' thirichariyaan prerippichu..."angane cheiyunnathu aashwaasathekkaal maanasika bheethiyude saadhyathaye thirichariyunnathaayi thonnunnu."gaanarachanakalude samaahaarathinaayi gretta haalil bhaagikamaayi ezhuthiya kristabel enna kavita wordsworth nirasichathu colridginte vyakthiparamaaya jeevithathekkurichulla vishaadam, thaan aagrahichathupole ezhuthaan kazhiyumenna addehathinte samshayangal, kumbrian kaalavastha moolam vashalaaya addehathinte asukham enniva vardhippichu. ithu kendal black drope avalambikkaan addehathe prerippikkukayum karyangal niraashaajanakamaakkukayum cheythu. 1804ll colridge eee pradeshathu ninnu maari. 
roobert southe, kendra 'thadaaka kavi' aayi thirichariyappettuvenkum (1803 muthal 1843 vare addeham gretta haalilaan thaamasichirunnathu), kooduthalum oru gadya ezhuthukaaranaayirunnu, koodaathe thadaakangalekkurichulla vaakksvarthiyan kazhchappadinodu prathyekamaayi yojichirunnilla. wordsworthineppole southikalum republican idathuvashathu ninnaan aarambhichath, ennaal neppoliyanil ninnulla bheeshani kurayumbozhekkum addeham raashtrathinteyum deshasnehathinteyum gunangale prashamsikkukayum thadaakangale oru sparsanakkallaayum "daivavumaayulla raashtrathinte udambadiyude pratheekamaayum" upayogikkukayum cheytha oru toriyude aalroopamaayi mariyirunnu."
randaam thalamurayile pranayakavithakal eakaanthathayude pranayadarshanavum pazhaya kavikalude republican kaazhchappaadukalum eee pradeshathekku aakarshikkappettuvenkilum avar athiyappol vyathyasthamaaya oru yaadhaarthyam kandethi. 1811ll keswickil moonnu maasam jeevicha shelly, "swaathanthryavum samathvavum" enna aadyakaalathe southi vaayikkunnathiloode thadaakangalilekku akarshikkappettu, southinte kaazhchappaadukal maariyittundennum thadakangal "nirmmathaakkal" kollayadichuvennum kandethi."1818-leeii venalkkaalath keetsinu shelliyude samanamaaya prathikaranamundaayirunnu, addehathinte naayakante veedu fasionable aalukalaal niranjirikkunnathum praadeshika torry sthaanaarthikkaayi waxworth thanne pracharanam nadathunnathum kandethi. keats skotlandilekku thamasam maari, athu addehathinu prachodanam nalki (prathyekichu, roobert bensinte swaadheenam addehathinu anubhavapettu). bairon thadakangal sandarshichirunnillenge pazhaya thadaaka kavikalude eakaanthathayum sankeernathayum, avar samoola raashtreeyathe upekshikkunnathum addeham parihasichu.
heyil aandu harty joonn vilson thadaaka kaviyude vesham oru badal take nalki. nalki 1808num idayil windermerinaduthaanu addeham thaamasichirunnathu, pazhaya thadaaka kavi movereyum addehathinu nannayi ariyamaayirunnu. addehathinte kavita ("kaippathikal dweep") thadaakatthinte prakrithidrishyangalodulla shaareerika prathikaranam velippeduthunnu (addeham oru oorjjaswalanaaya nadathakkaaranum parvathaarohakanumaayirunnu), koodaathe vaakkukalude shaanthathaykkum eakaanthathaykkum pakaram koottukettinum oorjjathinum oonnal nalkunnu.
vilson haariyat martino thomas dii kwinsy ariyamaayirunnu. 1845ll ambelside sameepam thaan nirmmicha oru veettil maarttinau thamasamaakki. avalude saamoohikashaasthrathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla pashchaathalatthil, thadaakangale puram lokavumaayi kooduthal bandhippikkendathinte aavasyakathayil avalude kaazhchappaadukal kendreekarichirunnu (udaaharanathinu, mechappetta shuchithvathinum puthiya railway sthaapikkunnathinum aval anukoolamaayirunnu, avalude suhruthu wareds varthil ninnu vyathyasthamayi). thadaakangalilekkulla avarude guide ("thadaakangalilekkulla samboornna guide", 1855) avide enthaanu kandethendathennum janangalude avasthayekkurichum vasthuthaparavum vyakthamayathumaaya vivaranamaayirunnu.
1809ll dii kwinsey thante naayakan wordsworthine rund thavana munbu raidal parvathatthilum pinneedu alaan baankilum kandumuttya sesham praav kudililekku thamasam maari ("thadaaka kavikalude oormmakal", edittu cheytha lekhanangal, 1834-1840). dii kwinsey oru praadeshika penkuttiye vivaham kazhichathinethudarnnu vaakksvarthinekkurillu addehathinte aaradhana vashalayi, waxworths avale kaanaan visammathichu. pakaram, nikkolsan parayunnathanusarichu, addeham praadeshika dalesphocilake kooduthal thiriyukayum aalukal enna nilayil, vyakthikal enna nilayil, wordsworth ennathekkaalum nannayi "dalesmenmaare arian kazhiyukayum cheythu."addeham manoharamaaya reethikk maattam varuthi-yadhaarthavum bahyavumaaya lokathe parivartthanam cheyyaanum (valachodikkaanum) bhavana upayogikkunathinupakaram, thante swapnangalkkum bhaavanaykkum poshanam nalkaan addeham thadaakangalude baahyalokathe upayogichu.
munbu niravadhi thavana thadakangal sandarshicha joonn ruskin 1871-ll 48-aamm vayassil koonisttan vellathinu abhimukhamaayi braant wood veettil thamasamaakki. shareerathilum manassinilum thalarnna addeham shaanthamaaya oru raksha thedukayaayirunnu, eee "ksheenavum niraashayumaan thadaaka sandarshakarude sahathapam pidichupattiyathu. aadyakaala sanjaarikalude santhoshamaaya "uthejanathinum aaveshathinum" pakaram avar sughathinum vishramathinumayi thadaakangalilekku thirinju.". ruskin, eee pradeshathekkurichu kurachumaathram ezhuthiyittundengilum, "thadaakangalude puthiya rishi, manoharamaaya roopam, konisttanile vrudhan" enna nilayil wareds varthinte mukham dharichu."naikkolsan addehathe" "manoharamaaya vyakthiyayi" "kandu, kaaranam addehathil athinte moonnu pradhana gattangal samyojippichirikkunnu-soundaryam, shaasthram, dhaarmikatha"...". thadaakangalile paarakalodum vellathodumulla addehathinte shaasthreeya sameepanam thante vishayam manasilakkaanalla, marichu "praayogikavum daarmmikavumaaya" reethiyil engane prathikarikkanamennu aalukale padippikkaanulla sramamaayirunnu ennu nikkolsan vaadikkunnu.
thadaaka chithrakaaranmaar.
kavikalumaayi malsarikkaan thulyamaaya oru thadaaka chithrakaaranmaarude vidyaalayam undaayirunnilla. thadaakangalil vannavar saadhaaranayaayi hraswakaalathekku maathrame thaamasikkaarulloo, palappozhum vadakku oru valia paryadanatthinte bhaagamaayi. koodaathe, jeey ozhikeyulla chithrakaaranmaarum rekhaachithrakaaranmaarum vannu. emm. dablyu. tenarum joonn constabilum, karakaushalathile ettavum uyarnna raankukalilalla. ennirunnaalum, munbu faashanaayirunna charitra chithrakalayudeyum chhaayaachithranathinteyum vibhaagangalkk pakaram asthisankethamaaya badalaayi landscape paintingine kooduthal kriyaathmakamaayi sweekarikkaan ivayellaam sambhavana cheythu.
cheythu muthal achadi nirmmathaakkal thadakangal sandarshichirunnu, aadyakaalangalilonn vilyam bellers ("englandinte vadakku aarr thiranjeduttha kazhchakal", 1752) aanu, athil "dervent vaattar, ulsvaattar, windermear ennivayude aadyathe prasidheekaricha chithrangal chithrangal thomas smith (athinusesham) bellarukalude idaya, arcadian kaazhchayekkaal thadaakangalude vanyathaykku oonnal nalki.
thomas gray vaayichathinusesham joseph farrington ("thadaakangalude irupathu kazhchakal", 1784-89) vadakkott keswikkilekku neengi. farrington varacha thadaakangalude paintingukal munbathe pathivinekkaal krithyamaayirunnu. britiish landscape paintinginte sthaapaka pithavaayi chilar kanakkaakkunna richard vilsante vidyaarthiyaayirunnu addeham, addehathinte rakshaadhikaari jorjju baymond aayirunnu (vilsante vidyaarthi, thomas heerneyude rakshaadhikaari). 1777ll furrington harne beaumontinoppam thadakangal sandarshikkukayum, sakthamaaya walpaul kudumbavumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum akkaalathe kalaa sthaapanathil swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu. landanile varaanirikkunna chithrakaaranmaarkkidayil "thadaaka jillayude padavi oru vadakkan aarkkediyayi sthaapikkaan" adhehavum beaumond sahayichu.
vadakkott vasheekarikkapetta chithrakaaranmaaril philipp dii lautherberg (1784); thomas gainsburo (1783); francis taunn (1786); derbyile joseph raitt (1783-1797); pooll sandby (1793) ennivar ulppedunnu.
jeey. emm. dablyu. 1797ll (keswick, lodor vellachaattam, boraudal, crummock vaattar, buttmere, grassmer, paattardel, ambleside, koonisttan, furnus abbe, manalinu kuruke laankaastar, yorkshare) thadakangal sandarshichu. manoharamaaya guidebookukal avaganichu, addehathinte paintingukal (shaithyakaalath studiyoyil akkaalat cheytha rekhaachitrangalil ninnu nirmmicha) bhooprakrithiyumaayi kurachu swaathanthryam eduthuvenkilum thadaakangalude moolakashakthikale mattaarekkaalum kooduthal pidichedukkaan kanakkaakkappedunnu. kanakkaakkappedunnu 1801lum pinneedu sandarshanangal nadannu. thadaakangalude arcadian, parudeesa vashangalekkurich oru puraana veekshanam tainer eduthu, "durbalata, transigns, vijayakaramaya madangivaravu" ennivaykku oonnal nalki."
1806ll joonn constable windermeril ethi, ammaavante veettilum stors haalilum thudarnnu brathe haalilum ezhu aazhcha thaamasichu. eee yaathrayil ninnu mikacha paintingukalonnum nirmikkappettilkittil, addeham nirmmicha niravadhi rekhaachithrangalum vaattar kalarukalum prashamsikkappedukayum oru kalakaranenna nilayil addehathinte vikasanathil avayude sthaanam ettedukkukayum cheiyunnu, pradhaanamaayum rachana maanasikaavasthayeyum kurichulla chodyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. hilvictoriayilum albert myusiyathilum (1984), arcadian panoramayil ninnu adutha kaazhchakalilekku neengunna ell cases, rekhaachithrathilekkulla neekkathinu soochana nalkia roobert hilsineppole aaa kalakaaranmaaril oraalaayirunnu constable. 1803ll joonn glover (aartist), vilyam green ennivarkkoppam kunnukal thadakangal sandarshichu. glover richard vilsante arcadian paarambaryamaanu pinthudarnnathu.
tenarum constabilum thadaaka jillayil kanda kaaryangalkk swaathanthryam nalkiyaal, 1800-ll ambelsidil thamasikkaan poya maanchasttaril ninnulla surveyor vilyam green, thaan kanda karyangal furrington pole vishwasthathayode punarnirmikkaan theerumaanichu. chithrangalilum kothupanikalilum jalavarnangalilum bhoomiyudeyum vaasthuvidyayudeyum bhooprakrithi (chila pazhaya praadeshika kettidangal naveekarikkaanulla mohathekkurichu addeham parathippettu) ennivayil kadinavum krithyavumaaya thithreekaranamaayirunnu addehathintethu. addeham wardsworthukalumaayum mattu praadeshika janavibhagangalumaayum sauhrudam pulartthukayum thante kothupanikal palathum avarkk vilkkukayum cheythu. arupath kothupanikalum oru vaachakavum ulkkollunna "touristinte puthiya guide" (1819) addeham nirmmichu.
pathonpathaam noottaandile chithrakaaranmaaril, peettar dii vintinekkurichu paraamarshikkappedaam, addeham thante paintingukal (1821 muthal nirmmicha vaattar kalarukalum ennakalum) "kristheeyamaaya anthassinoppam" ulppeduthi."noottaandinte avasaanathil, chithrakaaranmaar 'prakrithi ghadana' yekkurichulla ruskinte ashayangal pinthudarnnu, athaayath manushyarekkaal prakrithiyaanu, chithravaadathekkaalum panoramakalude nirmmaanathekkaalum maathruka. nireekshanatthinte sookshumamaaya kazhchayum krithyathayum thadaaka jillayile pilkkala chithrakaaranmaar ettedutha "rekhaachithrathinteyo padanatthinteyo pranaya aaradhana" yilek nayichu. nayichu muthalulla landscape realistukal eee vishayathin munnil vishadamaaya padanangal nadathukayum palappozhum pree-rafale prasthaanavumaayum puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya deseeya kalalayangalumaayum livarpoolileyum maanchastarileyum myoosiyangaludeyum gaalarikaludeyum vardhichuvarunna rakshaakarthruthvavumaayum bandhappettirikkukayum cheythu. atkinsan grimsha daniel alexander vilyamsanum eee prasthaanatthinte rund prathinidhikalaan.
aadyakaala vinodasanjaaram.
hutchinson, gray, vestt, gilpin thudangiyavarude rachanakalil prakadippichathupole puraathanatha, soundaryashaasthram, shaasthram ennivayilulla thaalparyam kaaranam aadyakaala vinodasanchaarikal (ekadesham 1760 muthal thadaakangalilekku vannavar) thadaaka jillayilekku valichizhakkapettu.") ennaal 1790 nuu sesham, eee uddeshyangal" shaasthranjante jijnjasa vichithrathakalkk verum chorichil maathramaayi maarunnu; drishya soundaryathinteyum roopakalppanayudeyum kaaryatthil kalakarante prakrithidrishyathekkurishullu shradhaapoorvamaaya vilayiruthal soundaryathinte ruchi maathramaayi maarunnu "ennu nikkolsan vaadikkunnu..."" "paryavekshakarallaathavarum ennaal" "avadhikkala nirmmaathaakkalumaaya" "aalukalude aaveshathinaayulla thirachil etteduthu".
kalakaaranmaarude rachanakalum paintingukalum avarude kalayude sthaanam kaananulla aalukalude aagraham vardhippichu, koodaathe merii robinsanekkurichulla oru jeevassutta katha, nagaratthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla naagarikathayude dushta reethikalaal nasippikkappetta oru aadima samskaarathinte manoharamaaya svarangal, vinodasanchaarikale vettukiliyilekku koottikkondupoyi. 1778ll dervent ailand house vangiya joseph poklington kaivashappedutthiya regaattakalum (1789ll bodder kallu nilkkunna bhoomiyum) kaananum avar vannu. poklingtoninte suhruthum (regata-oorganaisarum) peettar krostvaittinte myoosiyathil kaanapedunna kauthukangal avar kandu. vinodasanjaara vyapaaram ethratholam laabhakaramaakumenn kandathum sandarshakarkkaayi prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha akarshanangal kandupidichathumaaya aadyathe praadeshika vyakthiyaan crostwite."
aan radcliffe (1794-ll skidav kayarunnath), wareds worths, colridge, joonn vilson thudangiya kalakaaranmaar oru vinodamaayi nadakkaan thudakkamidukayum parkilo landscape cheytha poonthottatthilo nadattham graamapradesangalil nadakkaanulla agrahamaakki maattaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. englandinte vadakku vardhichuvarunna vyavasayavalkkaranavum athinoppam konduvanna ellah medical, saamoohika prashnangalum kaaranam, prakrithiyumaayi kooduthal sanbarkkam pularthaan "thozhilaallivarggathe" prothsaahippikkanamenna aagraham sarkkaarinundaayirunnu ("grettu brittan". paarlament. house oof koomans. pothu nadathathekkurichulla select kammitti. report, "1833). thadaakangalude lanksheyarumaayulla saameepyam vardhichuvarunna factory thozhilaalikalkkum pattanavasikalkkum shudhavaayuvinum vyaayaamathinum oru outlettu vaagdaanam cheythu.
kumbrian felsile parvathaarohanam felvakinginteyum (tourisathinteyum) athe prakriya pinthudarnnu, athu varenyarude vinodamaayi aarambikkukayum pinneedu ellah vibhagangalkkum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. 1857ll sthaapithamaaya alpine club, shaithyakaalath aalpsile saahacharyangal anuyojyamallaathappol parisheelanathinaayi thadaaka jilla felse upayogikkaan thudangi. ennirunnaalum, thadaakangalil pathivayi manju illaathirunnathu parakkettukal pirakkunnathilekku nayichu, athu pinneedu venalkkaalath nadakkaavunna paara kayaralaayi vikasichu. paara kayarunnavarkk prakrithiyude soundaryashaasthrathil prathyeka thaalpparyamundaayirunnil avar "kammyoon allengil avalumayi onnaayitheerunnathinekkaal prakrithiye velluvilikkaan sramikkukayaayirunnu."ooven glin johns (" "engleesh thadaaka jillayile paara kayaral", "1897) niravadhi puthiya roottukal sthaapikkukayum (keenn notts cragg, pillar roock, dau cragg) parvatha photographermaaraaya jorjinteyum ashley abrahaminteyum suhruthaayirunnu". walter paari hashkett smith mattoru pioneeraayirunnu, addehathinte peru palappozhum napes soochiyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
samrakshanathinte jananam.
wordsworthinu paristhithi, prakrithidrishya samrakshana prasthaanatthinte sthaapakaril oraalaanenn chila avakaashavaadangalundu, ennirunnaalum addehathinte uddeshyangal sammisramaayirikkaam, aadhunika amgeekaaravumaayi poruthappedunnilla.
kettidanirmmaanam avarude chuttupadukalumaayi poruthappedukayum saadhyamaakunnidathellaam praadeshika paarambaryatthil ninnu aakarshikkappedukayum venam ennathaanu addehathinte kaazhchappaadukalude oru udaaharanam. adhehavum dorothy praav kottejile poonthottaparipaalana pravartthanangal ithu pravarthanakshamamaakkunnu. pinneedu, tanikkum kudumbatthinum vendi oru puthiya villa nirmmikkaan padhathiyidumbol, windermearinteyum dervent vaattarinteyum theerathu akkaalathe vyavasaya dhanikar nirmmichathinekkaal (udaaharanathinu, reey kaasil, belsfield, brathe haal) cheria valippathilaayirunnu roopakalppana. maarttinau, professor vilson, beatricks potter ennivar nirmmichatho thaamasichirunnatho aaya veedukal eee kuranja sameepanathe prathiphalippichu.
railway oohakkachavadakkaar, vyavasaya vyavasayimaar (reyil maarggam avarude thozhilaallikale avadhikkaalathu ayaykkunnu), praadeshika thadaaka jilla bhoovudamakal, kadayudamakal ennivarellaam eee pradesham railwake thurannukodukkaan thaalpparyappettirunnu. 1844 muthal (nirddishta kendell muthal windermer variyil) pathrangalil wordsworth oru yuddham nadatthi, manoharamaaya prakrithidrishyangalude ruchi swathasidhamallennum aalukale padippikkendathundenum (addehathinte "guide" cheyyaan shramichathupole) nirbandhichu. graamapradeshangal thakarkkunnathinupurame, railway shabdavum aswasthathayum srishtikkukayum (shudheekarikkappedaatha) aanandam thedunna aalukale konduvarikayum cheyyum. haariyat maarttinuvineppole thadaakangalekkurichu "saadhaarana" aalukale avarude swantham vidhi upayogikkaan addeham thayyarayilla. ennirunnaalum, wareds varthinte "guide" enna apeksha bhaaviyile samrakshanavaadikal etteduthu "dveepiludaneelam shudhamaaya abhiruchiyulla vyakthikal thannodoppam cherumennu addeham pratheekshichu, avar englandinte vadakku thadakangal sandarshikkunnathiloode (palappozhum aavarthikkunnu), jilla orutharam deseeya swathaayi kanakkakkunnuvennu saakshyappeduthunnu, athil oro manushyan manassilakkaan kannum thaalpparyavumund, aaswadikkaan hridayavumundu."
ruskin windermer-ambelside/raidal line vipuleekaranathinethiraya poraattam ettedukkukayum 1886ll borodelilekku oru railway padhathiykkethire prathishedhikkukayum cheythu. wordsworthineppole, "thaazhnna varggakkaare" kurichu pithrthvaparamaaya oru veekshanam addeham sweekarichu, "avar madyapikkumbol avare helvelin kaanaan njaan agrahikkunnilla."
ennirunnaalum, thadaaka jilla yadhaarthathil deseeya vaarthayaakkiya padhathi 1876 ll aadyamaayi nirddeshikkappettathum oduvil 1894 ll "taappil" nirddeshikkappettathumaaya nagarathinu vellam nalkunnathinaayi thirlemayer anakkett nirmmikkanulla maanchastar korppareshante vaattar works padhathiyaanu. naashanal trasttinte bhaavi sahasthaapakanaaya canon hardwick ransley theerumaanikkappedaathe vinodam, vishramam, shudhavaayu, soundaryaparamaaya aanandam enniva nalkaanulla thadaaka jillayude kazhivinekkurichu addeham sakthamaaya abhibhaashakanaayirunnu, ennaal vadakku valia nagarangalkk rogam thadayaan shudhajalam engane aavasyamaanennu ariyamaayirunnu. 1879ll paarlamentil eee padhathi pasaki. theerapradeshathekkulla praveshanam neekkam cheiyunnathum coniferukal nattupidippikkunnathum vaithben kugraamatthinte chathupp, puthiya rodukalude nirmmaanam enniva chila pradeshavaasikalum sandarshakarum vijayichillennu vilayiruthi.
chuzhalikkaatt theerumaanavum thadaaka jillayude kooduthal sensitiivu bhaagangalilekku railway athikkaanulla mattu thudarnnulla sramangalum 1883 ll ransley mattullavareyum thadaaka jilla prathirodha sosaitti (pinneedu thadaaka jillayude suhruthukkal) sthaapikkaan kaaranamaayi. eee samghadana praveshanathinum samrakshanathinum vendi poraadi. mattoru neekkathil, ransley okdaaviya hill, sarr roobert hunder 1895-ll (bhoomi ettedukkunnathinum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinumaayi) deseeya trastt sthaapichu.
irupathaam noottaand.
1974 eprilil cumberlandinteyum vestt morlandinteyum bharana kaundikalude samyojanathiloodeyaanu kumbria kaundi roopeekarichathu, athilekku lancashireude (manalinu vadakku lancashire ennariyappedunna pradesham) bhaagangalum yorksheyarinte padinjaaran sawari pradeshavum chertthu.
21-aamm noottaand.
2000-10.
maarakamaayath) yuu. keey sensus prakaram kaundiyile janasamkhya 487,607 (237,915 purushanmaarum 249,692 sthreekalum) aanu. raajyathe vamsheeyamaayi ettavum kuranja vaividyamulla pradesangalilonnaanu kumbria 99.3% aalukal thangale eathenkilum 'velutha' pashchaathalathilullavaraayi tharamthirichu.
2001-lum kumbriyayil kalmut pottippurappettathinnettathu yukeyiludaneelam 10 dasalaksham kannukaalikalum aadukalum kollappettu; raajyavyaapakamaayi 2,000 kesukalil 843 ennam kumbriyayilaayirunnu. pottippurapettathil ettavum kooduthal baadhicha kaundiyaanu kumbria. kumbriayude kaarshika, vinodasanjaara vyavasaayangal saaramaayi thakarnnu, niravadhi vinodasanchaarikal thadaaka jilla sandarshikkunnathu nirtthivachu, athesamayam praadeshika sambadvyavasthaykku kodikkanakkinu dollar nashtamayathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. rogam kooduthal vyaapikkunnath thadayunnathinulla valia shramangalkk sesham (rogabadhitharaaya mrugangale kollukayum kaundiyude chila bhaagangalil praveshikkunna ellah vaahanangalum anuvimukthamakkukayum cheythukondu), 2001 octoberil (athe varsham februvariyil aarambhichathinusesham) pottippurappedunnathu audyogikamaayi nirtthi.
2001-ll, legionirus rogam pottippurappettathinnettathu thekkan kumbrian pattanamaya baaro-inn-furnus aagola thalakkettukalil idam nedi; foratthile 28 media aandu arts sentarile mosham reethiyil paripaalikkappedunna eyar contitioning yoonittil ninnu neeravi purathuvarunnathu bacteriayude uravidamaanennu pinneedu kandethi; rogam ezhu pere konnu, motham 172 kesukal undaayirunnu; ithu rekhappeduthappetta charithratthile itharathilulla ettavum mosham pottippurappedalukalina (yukeyude charithratthile ettavum maarakamaayath). maarakamaayath) pottippurappettathinnettathu, 2006ll, korpparettu narahatya aropanangal neridunna raajyathe aadyathe pothu sthaapanamaayirunnu baaro baroo kaunsil; aropanangal neekkiyengilum cheef aarkkitekt gillian beckingham, baaro baroo kaunsil ennivarkku yathaakramam 15,000 poundum 125,000 poundum pizha chumatthi. plaant paripalikkunnathinulla utharavaadithamulla attakuttappanikalkk pinneedu kaunsilinte motham 15 laksham poundu naashanashtangal undenna avakaashavaadathode kodathikku purathu othutheerppundaayi.
2004 februvari 5 nuu vaikunneram, dussen kanakkinu anadhikritha chainees thozhilaallikal kumbrian theerathu ninnu kokkilukal shekharikkumbol veliyettam vardhichathode avaril 23 perr morekambe ulkkadalil mungimarichu. avarellam pradhaanamaayum chainayile fujian pravisyayil ninnulla anadhikritha kudiyettakkaaraayirunnu, avare aprashikshitharum anubhavaparichayamillaathavari visheshippichu. 25 kilogram kokkilukalkku 5 poundu nalki samgham nethaavu lyne liangren avare chooshanam cheiyukayaayirunnu. mobail phonil bandhapetta samghathile oru amgam praadeshika adhikaarikalkk munnariyipp nalkiyengilum thozhilaallikalil oraale maathrame vellathil ninnu rakshappeduthiyittulla; bhaagikamaayi phoon kooll apakadatthinte vyapthiyekkurichum theevrathayeyumkkurichum avarude sthalathekkurichum vyakthamallathathinaal. sambhavathin sesham 18 num 45 num idayil praayamulla purushanmaarudeyum sthreekaludeyum 21 mrithadehangal ulkkadalil ninnu kandeduthu. erakalil randuper sthreekalaayirunnu; bhooribhaagavum 20,30 vayas praayamulla yuvaakkalaayirunnu, rund mrithadehangal koodi kadalil nashtappettathayi karuthappedunnu. eee durantham 2004 leeii gaangmaastar licensing niyamathilekkum gaangmaastar licensing authority roopeekarikkunnathilekkum nayichu (kuttavaliyaaya lyne liangren 14 varshathe thadavinu sikshikkappettu, duranthavumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi pere kudiyetta kuttangalkkum neethiyude gathiye vikalamakkiyathinum thadavilaakki).
21-aamm noottaandil padinjaaran theerathe pradhana pathayil sambhavicha niravadhi sambhavangalilonnaan tebe reyil apakadam; 2004 februvari 15-nuu sariyaaya surakshayillathathum niravadhi mile akaleyulla oru maintainance yardle ninnu oodippooyathumaaya reyilveyude neelamulla oru trolley naalu railway thozhilaallikale idichu konnu. reyil maintainance kambaniyude medhaviyum oru crain oopparettarum kadutha ashradha moolamundaaya narahathyayude peril vichaarana cheyyappettu; oduvil iruvarum jaililaayi.
2005 januvari 8 nuu, vellapokkam kaundiyude vadakku bhagathaayi valia thadassangalum naashanashtangalum undaakki, ithu 2009 novemberile grettu brittan, ireland vellapokkam vare jeevithathile ettavum valia vellappokkamayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. carlisilaanu ettavum kooduthal naashanashtamundaayath. moovaayirathiladhikam swathukkalkku kedupaadukal sambhavichu, 60,000 veedukalkku vaidyuthi illaayirunnu, nagaratthinte chila pradeshangal vellathinadiyilaayi. eedan, kent, dervent, gretta, cocker ennee nadikal avarude theerangal pottitherichu, 250 dasalaksham poundu naashanashtamundaayi.
2006 morekambe bay helikopttar apakadatthil kumbrian adhikaarikal, prathyekichu baroyile irnl steshan, sannadharaayirunnu; 2006 desember 27 nuu millom, morekambe gyaas plaattphomukalkkidayil pakarakkaare kondupokunnathinideyaanu marakamaaya vimana sambhavam nadannathu. pailattinte pizhav moolam eurocopter eiii. ezz. ezz kadalil erangiyathode aarr perr marichu.
2007 februvari februvari vestt koost "pendolino" train sarvees lunden yoosttanil ninnu glasgo centralilekku nadathunna 17:15 virjin train grarig paalam thettiyathine thudarnnu paalam thetti. muppath perude nila gurutharavum 58 perkku nizara parikkukalum report cheyyappedukayum oduvil oraal kollappedukayum cheythu. kanyaka saamraajyathinte udamayaaya richard braansan aaa sthalam sandarshikkukayum sambhavathil thakarnnupoyenkilum "train pazhaya stokku aayirunnengil parikkukaludeyum maranangaludeyum ennam bhayanakamaakumaayirunnu" ennu avakaashappedukayum cheythu. 2009 epril epril praadeshika samayam raavile <aii. dii. 1> nuu 3.7 theevratha rekhappeduthiya bhookambam kumbriyayil undaaya sambhavatheyaan sambhavatheyaan kumbria bhookambam soochippikkunnathu. alvarstaninu thazheyaayi oru prabhavakendramundennu britiish kalavastha samooham rekhappeduthiyittundu. lankshareile nivaasikalkk bhookambam anubhavappedukayum bhoochalanathinte theevratha second neendunilkkukayum cheythu.
2009 november november ratri, kumbriayude chila bhaagangalil oru shaityakaala maasathil pratheekshichathilum kooduthal mazha labhichu. ettavum theevramaaya mazhayude kaalayalav rajyavyaapakamaaya recordukal thakarkkukayum raajyathudaneelam ellaayidathum ithu baadikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vadakku, kokkarmouthu, varkkingtan ennivaykku chuttum ettavum kooduthal naashanashtangal sambhavichu, avide vellam ekadesham 3 meteraayi uyarnnu, thadaaka jillayile niravadhi thadakangal karakavinjozhukukayum niravadhi paalangal thakarukayum cheythu. oru maranam sambhavichu vadakku bhaagathulla paalatthil ninnu gathagatham nayikkunna police udyogasthanaaya bill barker, paalam nadiyil thakarnnuveezhumbol.
2010 juun juun britiish charithratthile ettavum valia kootta vedivayppukalilonnu padinjaaran kumbriyayilanu nadannathu. whitehaven, egrimond, seaskeyil pattanangalil taxi driver derick bared rund manikkoor neenda vedivayppil aathyanthikamayi panthrand perude jeevan apaharichu (athil addehathinte eratta sahodaran kudumba abhibhashakanum oru muun sahapravartakanum ulppedunnu; mattu maranangal kramarahithamayi lakshyamittathayi karuthappedunnu). boot graamathinaduthulla oru vayalil pakshi svayam thokku thirikkukayum aathmahathya cheyyukayum cheiyunnathinu munbu dussen kanakkinu perkku parikkettu. plaantinte 50 varshathe charithratthil kaanaatha oru pravarthanamaaya salefield nuclear prosessing saittinte poornnamaaya adachupoottalum eee paripaadiyil nadannu.
kaundiye baadhicha niravadhi videsha sambhavangal. afgaanisthaanile yudhathil ithuvare moonnu kumbrian sainikar kollappettu (rund purushanmaarum oru sthriyum-yukeyude aadya vanita nashtam), athesamayam iraakhile yudhathil rund kumbrian sainikar marichu.

