chanka

apurimac, ayakkucho, peruvile lamas pradeshangalil thamasikkunna oru kvechuva janathayaan chanka janatha (allengil chanka). avar inkakalude shathrukkalaayirunnu, avar praadhamikamaayi aadhunika apurimac mekhalayil sthithicheyyunna aandavaahailaasilaayirunnu. chaanakyare moonnu grouppukalaayi thirichirunnu hanan chaanakyar, allengil mukalile chaanakyar, yoorin chaanakyar, allengil thaazhathe chaanakyar, vilkka allengil hancohollos. hanan chaanakyarude kendram andahuvailasilum yoorin chaanakyar yuraanmaarkkayilum villaka vilcas huwan ayakkuchoyilumaayirunnu.
nannayi adayaalappeduthiya swabhaavasavisheshathakalulla rund vamseeya vibhaagangale chaanakyar ulkkollunnu hanan chaanakyar (allengil pinneedu "parcos raajyam" ennu vilikkapettu); kyoochuvaan kuskoik swamedhayaa keezhadangukayum nasippikkappedukayo nirbandhitha bhoomi kaimattatthinu vidheyamaakukayo cheyyaatha yoorin chaanakyar (mittmakuna). hanan chanka graamangalallathe mattu valia sambhavanakal avasheshippichitla, koodaathe vaari manpaathrangaludeyum adisthaana upakaranangaludeyum avashishtangal kandethiyittundu. eee mekhalaykku kooduthal mechappetta patanam aavasyamaanu.
ayakkucho, huwankawelica, junin, peruvile apurimaakkinte bhagam ennividangalil adhivasichirunna oru vamseeya vibhagamaayirunnu hanan chankakal. chuklookcha enna thadaakathil ninnaan iva uthbhavichathennum colonial "choklopas" (allengil "chokorvos"), urkvacha ennivaye huwankawelica departmentil onnippichuvennum parayappedunnu. avarude prarambha pradesham apurimac nadiyude poshakanadikalaaya ancoyaco (nilavile mantaro), pambakal, pachachakka nadikal ennivaykkidayilaayirunnu. avar "ancoyaco aylukuna" pradeshathekku vyaapippikkukayum athinte aasthaanam poukaar aayirikkukayum aandavaahailaasile yoorin chankakale oru dvitheeya aditharayaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. avar oru svayambharana samskaaram vikasippikkukayum "pukwina" enna bhasha samsaarikkukayum cheythu. pampas nadiyude theerathulla aandavaahailaasil ninnu 35 kilometer akaleyulla anori thadaakatthinte theerathulla vaaman karpa ("faalkkans tent") aayirunnu avarude thalasthaanam.
chaanakyarude vipuleekaranam aarambhicha nethaavine uskovilka ennum inkakalude kaalam vare addehathinte mummy vaaman karpayil aadaravode samrakshichirunnuvennum vilikkunnu.
srothassukal.
vividha aithihyangal anusarichu, athinte sthaapakar yuzkovilka (loorinchaankayude sthaapakan), ancovilca (hananmarka allengil hanan chankayude sthaapakan) ennivaraayirunnu. hannon chankayude vamseeya vibhaagathe yoorin chankayumaayi thettidharippikkukayum randaamathethu "pokra-chankas konfedareshan" enna asthithwamillaatha oru gadakathil pacer pokkorakalil cherukayum cheythu ennathaanu ithuvare sambhavicha thettu."
charithram.
chila puraavastu gaveshakarkk, vaari samskaaravumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol nagara purogathiyude veekshanakonil ninnu oru padi pinnottaanu chanka samooham. avarude vaasasthalam cheria gramangalil (ekadesham 100 veedukal) ettavum vyaapakamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, mattu pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnathu, chaanakyarkk valia janasamkhyayundaayirunnu ennaanu. rund tharatthilulla shavakudeerangalundu chilath shavakudeerangalilum mattullava verum nilathum. guhakal allengil paarakkettukalil shavakudeerangalum undu.
avar inkakalude athiraalikalaayirunnilla, kaaranam avar kuskoyile kvechuvaykku samaadhaanaparamaayi keezhadangi, avarude "mootha sahodaranmaraaya" parcos allengil hanan chankakalkku avarude swaadheenam nashtappettu, kaaranam sorakalum rukkaanakalum dhirarum palathavana inkakalodu poraadiya yodhaakkalumaayirunnu.
avare karshakaraayi chithreekarichu. avarude daivam oru pooma devanaayirunnu, avar mukham varaykkukayum yuddham cheyyumbol nilavilikkukayum muthasshimaarude mammikal chumalil chumakkukayum cheythu. changakar aikyathode thudarukayum oru pradhana praadeshika prabhuthathvam vikasippikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu, athu 13-aamm noottaandil athinte uyarathilethi.
pooraattatthil chankanmaar.
chaanakya samskaarathekkurich paranja inca srothassukal anusarichu, hanan chaanakyar yudhathil raktharookshitharaayirunnu. shathrukkale pidikoodiyappol avare yudhathadavukaaraayi. thangale kabalippikkaruthenn shathruvine kaanikkan avar krooramaaya shikshakal nalki, udaaharanathinu, thadavukaare jeevanode charmmatthil thekkukayo charmmatthil thekkukayo cheyyuka. eee thadavukaare thalakeezhaayi thookkiyittathinaal kaalviralukalude munvashath cheria murivukal varuthiyathinaal raktham shareerathinte mukal bhaagath kendreekarikkukayum avide ninnu avar kramena charmmam kieran thudangukayum cheythu, athesamayam thadavukaaran nilavilikkukayum bhayappedukayum cheythu. shathrukkale bhayappeduthaanulla mattoru saadhaarana maarggam thadavukaarude thalayottiyil ninnu kappukal nirmmikkuka ennathaayirunnu, athil ninnu avar shathruvinte raktham kudichu, samakaalika vilipperu "aandeesinte vaambayarmaar" ennaayi.
apoji.
apoji 1200num idayilaanu chankayude vipuleekaranathinte uyaram. uyaram sesham chanka raashtram kuskoyile inca saamraajyathe aakramichu. munbu oru laama krishiyidathilekku ayacha yupanki rajakumaran chankaye paraajayappeduthi. yudhathinushesham, kadinamaaya yudhathinu sesham saapa inca pachakutty enna peru sweekarichu, kusko nagaram apurimac janatha pidichadakkaanulla apakadasaadhyathayundaayirunnu. chila incan paarambaryamanusarichu, 1230-ll sapan incan maayta kapak sainyavum munbu khapaakk mayoo ("pradhana nadhi") ennu vilikkapetta apurimac nadhi oru valia thoongikkidakkunna paalatthiloode kadakkumbol yoorin chankakal keezhadakkappettirunnu. ingaan garsilaso dii laa vega (1605) capac yupankiykku nooru varshangalkk sesham samanamaaya oru nettam nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ettavum dridamaayi gaveshanam cheytha pathipp incan pachakoottiyude neethrthwathilulla sainyathinte kaikalil avarude parajayavum thudarnnulla keezhadangalum sthaapikkunnu.
kusko.
1438-laanu hannon chanka "aanku huvallok" ennu aaropikkappedunna nethaavu svayam kettukadhayaakkiyathu, angane janangal allengil "ancoyakoyude aylas" (anco huvaaylu allengil hancoyallo ennum vilikkunnu) 40,000 yodhaakkale shekharikkukayum kusko keezhadakkaan aarambikkukayum cheythu. avar nagaratthe valanjukondu vijayakaramaayi munneri. incan virakochayum niravadhi prabhukkanmaarum kullaasuyuvinte dishayilekku palayanam cheyyukayum kusi yupanki (pinneedu svayam pachakuttek ennu prakhyaapicha) enna rajakumaran dhairyathode cheruthunilppinu neethrthwam nalkunnathuvare niraasaraakukayum cheythu. sakhyakakshikale shekharikkaan kazhinjappol addeham uparodhikkappettavarkk samadhaanam vaagdaanam cheythenkilum avar aaa vaagdaanam nirasichu. sauhruda senayude samayabandhithamaya varavode kusko vijayicha yarpampayil ("rakthakkalari") raktharookshithamaaya oru yuddham nadannu.
indian charitrakaaranaaya john dii santa cruze pachakutty yaamba salkamayguva (1613). chaanakyare viddikalaakkaan sainikarude vesham dharicha kallu sainikare ("pururaukka" kall) athbhuthakaramaayi naazhikakkallukalilekku konduvannillengil yuddham nashtamaakumaayirunnuvennu addeham parayunnu. vijayikalude abhipraayathil 22,000 chaankakalum 8,000 kuskyoonokalum (kusko swadeshikal) yaarpambayil vachu marichu. ankku huwalokinu parikkelkkukayum pidikoodukayum cheythu. hanan changakale antahuvalla (apurimac) vare pinthudarnnu.
kusko prathirodhicha nethaavu paramadhikaara adikaaram ettedukkukayum oru puthiya rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. garsilaso dii laa vegayude "kamantariyos reals dii loss incas" anusarichu, incan olichodippoyayaal pazhaya yaavar vakhaakh aayirunnu, kusko prathirodhikkaan ettedutha rajakumaran addehathinte makan haattun topa aayirunnu, pinneedu addehathe viraakocha inca ennu vilichirunnu. juvan dii beatansos (1551) parayunnathanusarichu, olichodiyayaal pazhaya viraakocha aayirunnu, avan mathramalla, avante pingami (kusi yupankiyude sahodaran) inca urko utharavaadithathil ninnu rakshapettu, kusi yappanki rajakumaran avarude rakshakanaayirunnu.
vijayikalude abhipraayathil, olichodiya muthirnna yaavar vakhaakh incan aayirunnu, kusko prathirodhikkaan chumathalayetta rajakumaran addehathinte makan toppa haattan aayirunnu, ithinu viraakocha inkayude peru nalki. migewell cabello dii balbovayude (1583) charithravum ettavum parishkrithamaaya kalaganana chernna ettavum amgeekarikkappetta pathippaanu ithu.
bernabe cobo (1653) ulppedeyulla mattu charitrakaaranmaar, thottupinnaale, pachakuttekkinethire aanku hyooykoyude neethrthwathilulla changakalude randaamathe aakramanathekkurichum paraamarsikkunnu. thadavilaayirunna nethaavu rakshappeduka mathramalla, 8,000 chanka poraalikale chaalkumaarkkayilum suramaarkkayilum shekharikkukayum, nashtappetta pradeshangal veendedukkunnathinaayi yuddham punararambhikkukayum cheythu. shakthiyil thaazhnnavaraayathinaal, urubamba nadiyude gathiye pinthudarnnu "valia kulangalo thadaakangalo ulla oru pradeshathekku" kaattilekku rakshappedaan addeham theerumaanichu.
inca saamraajyathinte spanish adhinivesham.
huwasher atahualpa thammilulla inca aabhyantharayudhathil, huaina kaapaakkinte puthranmaar inca saamraajyathe thakarkkukayayirunnu, nooriladhikam varshamaayi mittmayude adimakalaakkappettathum ithinakam vamshanaashathinte vakkilayirunnathumaaya chankakal, vadakku ninnu varunna kathakal kettu "kavacham dharichu ilam mukhangalulla nigoodaraaya manushyarekkurichum mrugangale (kuthirakal) sawari cheiyunnathinekkurichum".
aabhyantharayudham muthaleduthu, oru koottam changakar rakshappett spanish vijayikalaayitheernna eee nigoodaraaya purushanmaare kandumutty. koodikkaazhchaykkide, spaanishukaar ithinakam thanne niravadhi indian sahayikalumaayi chernnu kaanarikal (athaahuvaalpaykkethire huvaasharinte bhaagath poraadiyavar), huwankas, chachapoyas. felipillo vyaakhyaathaavaayi upayogichirunna chankakal, thangalude bhoomi moshticha, thangalude janangale konna, baakkiyullavare adimakalaakkiya inkakakalkkethire orumichu pooraadunnathinulla oru karar nirddeshichu. spaniardukalkku aadyam thaalpparyamundennu thonniyengilum yudhathile changakalude krooramaaya swabhaavathekkurichu avarude thaddesheeya sakhyakakshikalil ninnu ketta sesham avar udan thanne nirasichu, kaaranam aaa pravartthanangal (shathrukkalude raktham kudikkukayum trophikalaayi thala vekkukayum cheiyunnathu polullava) "avarude kristhyan moolyangalkku virudhamaayirunnu". indian sahaayikal spaniardukalumaayi oru karar undaakkukayaanengil avarumaayi sahakarikkaan visammathichu. ennaal spanish paryaveshanatthinte nethaavaaya francisco pisaro, avayil saadhyathakal kaanukayum, chaanakyare vishwasikkukayum, avarude poratta vaidagdhyam huvaankakal, kaanarikal, chaachapoyakal ennivarekkaal mikachathaayathukondu "sariyaaya neethrthwam" maathrame aavashyamulloo ennu thante aalukaleyum indian sahayikaleyum bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu, avarude sahakaranm avarude vijayam urappunalkum.
peruvinte viceroyaltti.
spanish vijayathode, karaarinte bhaagamaayi, chaanakyar avarude swaathanthryavum bhoomiyum veendeduthu. avaril bhooribhaagavum snaapanamettu spanish padikkaan thudangi. rund samskaarangalum thammilulla bandhatthinte bhaagamaayi, mestiso kuttikalulla spanish purushanmarumaayum sthreekalumaayum avar koodichernnu. ennirunnaalum, inkakalkkethiraaya pooraattatthil nirnaayaka punk vahichittum, peru keezhadakkunnathil sahaayichathin philipp randaaman rajaavu huvaankakale maathrame thiricharinjittulloo. koodaathe, leys dii laas indias thaddesheeya peruviyakkaar chaanakyare naamamaathramaayi samrakshichappol, spanish purohithanmaaril ninnulla niravadhi durupayogangal shikshikkappedaathe pooyi. patthu varshathinide (1601-11) vyakthiparamaaya sambathu sambaadikkumbol pambachiriyile janangale krooramaayi peedippicha pithaav juvan bouttista dii albaadaante kuttakrithyangalum ithil ulppedunnu. kolapathakam, peedanam, balaalsangam ennivayulppedeyulla kuttakrithyangalkku oru prosecution ozhivakkaan albadan niyamaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya samvidaanangal thanikk anukoolamaayi kaikaaryam cheythu. oru sambhavathil, doonn juvan kwaakrou enna kalakarane nagnanaakkukayum kurishinu mukalil thalakeezhaayi thukal thoonukal kondu kettukayum cheythathayi report cheyyappettu. albadan addehathe manikkoorukalolam marddikkukayum shareeram muzhuvan mezhukuthirikal kondu kathikkukayum cheythu. thante penmakkale laingikamaayi peedippichathino albaadaante vishalamaaya perumaattatthino ethiraaya prathishedhatthinte peril kwaakrou peedippikkappettu. albaadaante bharanathinte phalangal-oru "bhraanthan dashakam"-pathinettaam noottaand vare neenduninnu.
samghadana.
ayakkucho pravisyayil adhivasichirunna mattu gothrangalude adutha bandhukkalaayirunnu chanka andavahulas, koodaathe vaari vipuleekaranathinte thakarchaykku sesham oru rashtramenna nilayil sakthippettu. sarmianto dii gambovayude abhipraayathil, chaanka pradeshathe hannon chaanka (parcos, aylas dell ancoyaco), yoorin chaanka (yuranmaarkka, andavahylus), vilkka allengil rukana (wilcas) enningane moonnu grouppukalaayi vibhajichirunnu. ancoyaco, andavahaila, rukana, zora gothrangal chernnathaanu chanka raashtram.
thaddesheeya janathayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya bandhathekkurichu parayumbol, rukkaanakale moonnu grouppukalaayi thirichirikkunnu hannon rukana, hurin rukana, andamarca rukana. naravamshashaasthranjanaaya victor navarro dell agulayude abhipraayathil, shippermar allengil kovarkazhutha drivermar ennartham varunna "rukkak" allengil "lucac" ennathil ninnaan rukana varunnath. incan saamraajyathinte kaalath eee pravishyaykk eee padavi nalkiyathu avar thalayil prathyekamaaya vella chuvappum dharichirunnathinaal raajakudumbaamgangalude vahakar aayathinaalaanu. purathana bhashayaaya aymaarayude sorakalaayirunnu chaanakyarude moonnaamathe pradhana pravishya. hanan soraz, hurin soraz, chalco enningane sorakale moonnu grouppukalaayi thirichirunnu. avar valia aadaravode kharvaarasu enna manjumoodiya parvvatham kaivasham vachirunnu, orikkalum changakar parajayappettilla, pakshe inkakalumaayi sakhyakakshikalayathinaal avar nirantharam yudhathilaayirunnu.
sambadghadana.
ooraan chanjalukalude sambadvyavastha praadhamikamaayi kaarshika vilakaleyum mrugangaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.
avar vividha paaristhithika mekhalakalil vividha andean krishi cheiyunna sasyangal valarthukayum lamakal, vikuna, aalpakkakal, gwanacos enniva ganyamaaya valippamulla koottangalaayi valarthukayum idayamaakkukayum cheythu, avaye niyanthrikkunnathinum kambiliyum mamsavum nalkumbol prathyeka vyavasthakalulla pattanangalil ninnu kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheythu.
samskaaravum seramics.
saadhaaranayaayi seramics parukkan uparithalathodukoodiya parannathum chilappol chuvanna nerppicha slippumullathumaayirunnu. keeralukalo vrithaakrithiyilulla staambukalo upayogichu buttonukaloo kaliman prathimakaloo prayogichukondu alankaaram oru aashvaasamaayirunnu. thuranna paathrangalum idungiya kazhuthulla jagukalumaayirunnu avaa, avaykku chilappol naadan mukhangalundaayirunnu.
chanka samskaaram sthithicheyyunna bhoomi oru thantrapradhaana sthalamaayirunnu, kaaranam avarkk pradeshathu aadhipathyam pularthaanum prathirodha pravartthanangal eluppathil vikasippikkaanum kazhiyum. aduthulla jalasrothassukalkk sameepamulla eee sthalam, bhoomi vaagdaanam cheiyunna vibhavangalum sasyangal krishi cheyyaanum mrugangale valarthaanum avarkk upayogikkaan kazhiyunna niravadhi paaristhithika mekhalakalude saannidhyavum avarkk prayojanappedutthaan kazhinju.
damian dii laa bandera avarekkurichu ingane paranju avarellam choodinekkaal uyarnnathum thaazhnnathumaaya sthalangalkkidayilum, mazha moolamundaakunna uyarnna sthalangalilum thaazhvarakalilum, thanutha bhoomiyude rund athirukalum aaswadikkukayum, valarthumrigangale meikkukayum, avaa ullava, (illaathava) kaattupannikaleyum, choodulla bhoomiyeyum, vithukal vithaykkaanaayi, avarude samayat jeevikkunnu. gramangal vellathekkaal valuthalla, bhoomi anuvadikkum, avayil palathilum vellathinteyum bhoomiyudeyum abhaavathil pathiladhikam indiakkaarkku jeevikkaan kazhiyilla.
eee aalukalil moonnu pradhana vyaapaarangalundaayirunnu athe damian nammodu parayunnu kushavanmar, vellippanikkaar allengil loha thozhilaallikal, marappanikkar. colonial kaalam vare eee vyapaarangal nilaninnu.
avashishtangal.
maartha aandezhs padicha "inca raakhe" aanu avarude ettavum aakarshakamaaya avashishtangal. hoovandayude vadakku mantaro nadiyude theerathaanu avashishtangal, avide yoorin chankakal mikacha sandoor kotta, kurambayude lohanirmmaana kendram, andahuvaylas pravishyayude ettavum manoharamaaya bhaagangalil thanthraparamaayi sthithi cheiyunna uranmaarkkayile inthi watana enniva nirmmichu.
oro jillayilum vaari paker, chanka, ink samskaarangalude paarambaryam prakadippikkunna vaividhyamaarnna avashishtangalum undu.
avarude sainika charithrathekkurichum yudhaprabhukkanmaarekku vivarangal undengilum, chaanakyar ennu thirichariyappedunna puraavastu avashishtangal eee aalukalude jeevithatheyum achaarangaleyum kurichu krithyamaaya vivaranam anuvadikkunnilla.
vaaman karppa (aandaahuvayalaasin sameepam), athupole thanne karahuvasi, rumihuvasi (abancake sameepam) ennivayil kooduthal anweshanam aavasyamaanu.
niravadhi chanka seramics upakaranangalum chanka pingaamikalum thamasikkunna apurimac, ayakkucho, laama ennividangalil sthithicheyyunna myoosiyangalile pradarshanatthinte bhagamaanu.

