prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi

bhoomiyil ninnu nireekshikkappedunna oru nakshathrathinteyo mattu jyotishaasthra vasthuvinteyo thelichathinte alavaanu apertent magnitude (). oru vasthuvinte prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi athinte aantharika prakasham, bhoomiyil ninnulla dooram, nireekshakanu kazhcha rekhayil nakshathraanthara podi moolamundaakunna vasthuvinte prakasham ennivayude vamshanaashathe aasrayichirikkunnu.
jyothishaasthrathile "magnitude" enna vaakk, mattuvidhathil paranjittillenkil, saadhaaranayaayi oru aakasha vasthuvinte prathyaksha vyaapthiye soochippikkunnu. magnitude skeyil purathana roman jyothishaasthranjanaaya claudius tolami muthalullathaanu, addehathinte nakshatra pattikayil onnaam magnitude (thilakkam) muthal aaram magnitude (mangiya) vareyulla nakshathrangal pattikappedutthiyirunnu. eee charitra samvidaanavumaayi aduthu poruthappedunna vidhathilaan aadhunika skeyil ganithashaasthraparamaayi nirvachichirikkunnathu.
skeyil reverse logarithamik aannu oru vasthu ethra thilakkamullathaano athra athinte magnitude nambar kuravaanu. 1 enna alavilulla vyathyasam formulayude thelicha anupathavumaayi allengil ekadesham 2.512-maayi poruthappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, 2-magneeshyam ulla oru nakshatram 3-magneeshyam ulla oru nakshathrathekkaal 2.512 madangu thilakkamullathum 4-magneeshyam ulla oru nakshathrathekkaal 6.31 madangu thilakkamullathum 7-magneeshyam ullathinekkaal 100 madangu thilakkamullathumaanu.
jyothishaasthraparamaaya alavukalile vyathyaasangal mattoru logarithamik anupatha skeyilumaayi bandhappettirikkam, desibela oru jyothishaasthraparamaaya vyaapthiyude vardhanavu krithyamaayi 4 desibel (db) kuravinu thulyamaanu.
ettavum thilakkamulla jyotishaasthra vasthukkalkk negatteevu prathyaksha vyaapthiyund udaaharanathinu,-4.2 ll veenas allengil-1.46 ll syrious. irunda raathriyil nagnanethrangalaal drishyamaakunna ettavum mangiya nakshathrangalkk ekadesham + 6.5 drishya vyaapthiyund, ennirunnaalum ithu oru vyakthiyude kazhchashakthiyeyum uyaratheyum anthareeksha avasthakaleyum aashrayich vyathyaasappedunnu. ariyappedunna vasthukkalude prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi suuryan muthal-26.832 muthal aazhathilulla hubble bahirakasha dooradarshiniyile vasthukkal vare + 31.5 vyaapthiyullavayaanu.
prathyaksha vyaapthiyude alaveduppine photometry ennu vilikkunnu. ultraviolet, visible allengil infrared tharamgadairkhya baandukalil ubv sisttam allengil strongren "ubbbta" sisttam polulla photometric sisttangalil ulppedunna staanderd passband filterukal upayogichaanu photometric alavukal nadathunnathu.
oru aakasha vasthuvinte prathyakshamaaya thelichathekkaal aantharikamaaya prakaashatthinte alavaanu kevala vyaapthi, athu athe vipareeta logarithamik skailil prakadippikkunnu. oru nakshathratthino vasthuvino akale ninnu nireekshikkukayaanenkil undaakunna prathyaksha vyaapthiyaan kevala vyaapthiye nirvachichirikkunnathu. athinaal, oru nakshatram bhoomiyodu ethra aduthaanengilum athinte savisheshathaye soochippikkunnathinaal nakshatra jyothishaasthrathil ithu kooduthal upayogapradamaanu. ennaal nireekshana jyothishaasthrathilum janapriya stargassingilum, "magnitude" ennathinekkurichulla yogyathayillaatha paraamarshangal prathyakshamaaya vyaapthiye ardhamaakkunnuvennu manassilakkunnu.
amachwar jyothishaasthranjar saadhaaranayaayi parimithamaaya vyaapthiyude adisthaanathil aakaashathinte iruttu prakadippikkunnu, athaayath.iii. nagnanethrangal kondu kaanaan kazhiyunna ettavum mangiya nakshathratthinte prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi. prakashamalineekaranam padarunnathu nireekshikkunathinulla oru maargamaayi ithu upayogapradamaakum.
prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi yadhaarthathil prakaashatthinte oru alavukolaanu, ithu luxes polulla photometric unitukalilum alakkaan kazhiyum.
charithram.
nagnanethrangalkk drishyamaakunna nakshathrangale aarr "maagnityoodukalaayi" vibhajikkunna hellenistic sanbradaayathilaanu magnitude soochippikkaan upayogikkunna skeyil uthbhavikkunnath. ratri aakaashathile ettavum thilakkamulla nakshathrangal aadya theevratha (= 1) aanennu parayappedunnu, athesamayam ettavum mangiya nakshathrangal aaram theevratha (= 6) aayirunnu, ithu manushyante drishya daaranayude paridhiyaan (dooradarshiniyude sahayamillaathe). oro grade magnitude thaazhepparayunna gradinte (oru logarithamik skeyil) prakaashatthinte eratti aayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum foto dittaktarukal illaathirunnathinaal aaa anupatham aathmanishtamaayirunnu. nakshathrangalude thilakkathinaayulla eee asamskritha skeyil tolami thante "almajestil" janapriyamakki, hipparkasil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn pothuve vishwasikkappedunnu. hippaarkkasinte yadhaartha nakshatra pattika nashtappettathinaal ithu theliyikkaano nishedhikkaano kazhiyilla. hiparcus thanne (araattasinte oru vyaakhyaanam) samrakshichirikkunna oreyoru vaachakam, samkhyakal upayogichu prakasham vivarikkan addehathinu oru samvidaanamillennu vyakthamaayi rekhappeduthunnu addeham ellaayppozhum "valia" allengil "cheria", "thilakkamulla" allengil "mangiya" allengil "poornnachandranil drishyamaakunna" polulla vivaranagal polum upayogikkunnu.
1856-ll norman roobert pogson aaram magnitude nakshathrathekkaal 100 madangu thilakkamulla oru nakshathramaayi aadyathe magnitude nakshathrathe nirvachichukondu eee samvidaanam aupachaarikamaakki, athuvazhi innum upayogathilulla logarithamik skeyil sthaapichu. ithu soochippikkunnathu oru nakshathratthinte valippathinte oru nakshathratthinte prakaashatthinte ekadesham 2.512 madangu thelichamullathaanu ennaanu. 100-nte anchaamathe moolamaaya eee kanakk pogson anupatham ennariyappettu. pogson skeyilinte poojya pooyint yadhaarthathil nirvachichathu dhruvathe krithyamaayi 2 magnitude nalkiyaanu. jyothishaasthranjar pinneedu dhruvam alpam variable aanennu kandethi, athinaal avar saadhaarana reference staraayi vegayilekku maari, eathenkilum nirddishta tharamgadairkhyathil poojya maagnittyoodinte nirvachanamaayi vegayude thelicham nirddeshichu.
cheria thiruthalukalkku purame, vegayude thelicham ippozhum drishyavum infrared tharamgadairkhyathinaduthumal poojyatthinte nirvachanamaayi varthikkunnu, avide athinte spectral oorjja vitharanam (sedu) oru black bodiyude thaapanilaykk ekadesham kanakkakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, infrared jyothishaasthrathinte varavode, vegayude vikiranathil infrared adhikamaayi ulppedunnuvennu velippettu, orupakshe choodulla thapanilayil podi adangiya oru saahacharya disk kaaranam (ennaal nakshathratthinte uparithalathekkaal valare thanuppaanu). hrasvamaayi (udha.jii. drishyamaaya) tharamgadairkhyamulla eee thapanilayil podiyil ninnu valare kurachu puranthallal maathrame undaakoo. ennirunnaalum, magnitude skeyil infraredilekku shariyaayi vyaapippikkunnathin, vegayude eee prathyekatha magnitude skeyilinte nirvachanathe baadhikkaruth. athinaal, saahacharya vikiranathaal malinamaakaatha oru anuyojyamaaya nakshatra uparithalathinayi black body vikirana vakrathinte adisthaanathil magnitude skeyil "ellah" tharamgadairkhyangalilekkum extrapolate cheythu. eee adisthaanathil tharamgadairkhyathinte pravartthanamenna nilayil poojya magnitude pooyintinulla spectral irradians (saadhaaranayaayi jaanskikalil prakadippikkunnu) kanakkakkaam. vyathyastha jyothishaasthranjarkku labhicha daatta shariyaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyunna tharatthil swathanthramaayi vikasippichedutha alavukolukal upayogikkunna samvidaanangalkkidayil cheria vyathiyanangal vyakthamaakkappedunnu, ennaal oru tharamgadairkhyathil allah, marichu vividha tharamgadairkhya baandukaliloode photometriyil upayogikkunna staanderd spectral filterukalude prathikaranatthinu baadakamaakunna alavinekkurichulla nirvachanamaan kooduthal praayogika praadhaanyam.
aadhunika magnitude sisttangalil, eee seero reference upayogichu chuvade vishadamaakkiya logarithamik nirvachanam anusarichu valare vishalamaaya shreniyile thelicham vyakthamaakkunnu. praayogikamaayi atharam prathyakshamaaya alavukal 30 ll kaviyaruth (kandethaavunna alavukalkku). vegayude thelicham ratri aakaashathile naalu nakshathrangal drishyamaaya tharamgadairkhyathilum (infrared tharamgadairkhyathilum kooduthal) athupole thanne thilakkamulla grahangalaaya veenas, maars, jupittar enniva marikadakkunnu, ivaye "negatteevu" magnitude kondu vivarikkanam. udaaharanathinu, aakaashagolathile ettavum thilakkamulla nakshatramaaya syriasinu drishyamaayathil − 1.4 vyaapthiyund. valare thilakkamulla mattu jyotishaasthra vasthukkalude negatteevu maagnityoodukal chuvadeyulla pattikayil kaanam.
sasyavyavasthayku pakaramaayi jyothishaasthranjar mattu photometric seero pooyint samvidaanangal vikasippicheduthittundu. ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnathu abb magnitude sistamaanu, athil photometric seero pooyintukal oru staaral spectrum allengil black body karvu referenzaayi upayogikkunnathinu pakaram yoonit freekwansi edavelayil sthiramaaya fluxes ulla oru saangalppika reference spectrathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. oru vasthuvinte abb, vega adisthaanamaakkiyulla maagnityoodukal vii filter bandle ekadesham thulyamaayirikkumenna reethiyilaan abb magnitude seero pooyint nirvachichirikkunnathu.
alakkal.
maagnittyoodinte (photometry) krithyatha alakkunnathinu photographic allengil (saadhaaranayaayi) electronic dittakshan upakaranathinte calibration aavasyamaanu. eee spectral filter upayogichu krithyamaaya alavil ariyappedunna staanderd nakshathrangalude samakaalika nireekshanam, samanamaaya saahacharyangalil, ithil ulppedunnu. koodaathe, bhoomiyude anthareekshathiloode pakarunnathinaal oru dooradarshinikku yadhaarthathil labhikkuna prakaashatthinte alavu kurayunnathinaal, lakshyathinte vaayusanjaaravum calibration nakshathrangalum kanakkiledukkanam. saadhaaranayaayi, mathiyaya saamyamulla ariyappedunna alavilulla kurachu vyathyastha nakshathrangale nireekshikkum. aakaashat lakshyathodu chernnulla kaalibrettar nakshathrangalkk anukoolamaanu (anthareeksha paathakalile valia vyathyaasangal ozhivakkaan). aaa nakshathrangalkk alpam vyathyasthamaaya konukalundenkil (uyaram), airmaasinte pravartthanamenna nilayil oru thiruthal ghadakam nedaanum lakshyasthaanathulla airmaasilekku prayogikkaanum kazhiyum. atharam calibration anthareekshathinu mukalil ninnu nireekshikkappedunna prakasham nedunnu, avide prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi nirvachikkappedunnu.
jyothishaasthrathil puthumukhangalkk, labhicha shakthiyodukoodiya (amplitudinu vipareethamaayi) prathyaksha magnitude skeyilukal, athinaal astrophotographica ningalkk nakshathrangal thammilulla exposure samayam alakkaan aapekshika thelicham alakkaam. prathyakshamaaya vyapthiyum muzhuvan vasthuvinumukalil kootticherkkunnu (samyojippikkunnu), athinaal ithu focus swathanthramaanu. suuryan, chandran, grahangal thudangiya drishyamaaya valippamulla vasthukkalude exposure samayam skeyil cheyyumbol ithu kanakkiledukkendathundu. udaaharanathinu, chandranil ninnu sooryanilekkulla exposure samayam nerittu skeyil cheiyunnathu pravartthikkunnu, kaaranam avaa aakaashat ekadesham ore valuppamullavayaan, ennaal chandranil ninnu shaninilekkulla exposure skeyil cheiyunnathu amita exposurinu kaaranamakum, shani chithram chandranekkaal ningalude censoril oru cheria pradesham edukkukayaanengil (athe maagnifikkeshanil allengil kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi eph/#).
kanakkukoottalukal.
oru vasthu ethra mangunnu, athra uyarnna samkhyaa moolyam athinte vyaapthikkanusarich nalkunnu, krithyamaaya 100 nte thelicha gadakavumaayi poruthappedunna 5 magnitude vyathyaasamund. athinaal, spectral baandile magnitude nalkunnathu
soothravaakyam _ 2
ithu saadhaaranayaayi pothuvaaya (bays-10) logaritham adisthaanathil prakadippikkunnu
soothravaakyam _ 3
spectral filter upayogichu nireekshicha vikiranasheshi evideyaanu, aaa photometric filterinte reference fluxes (seero-pooyint) evideyaanu. 5 maagnittyoodinte vardhanavu krithyam 100 enna ghadakam prakasham kuraykkunnathinodu yojikkunnathinaal, oro magnitude vardhanavum soochippikkunnathu ghadakam formula _ 4 (pogson anupatham) vazhi thelichathil kuravundaakunnu ennaanu. melpparanja soothravaakyam vipareethamaakkumbol, oru magnitude vyathyasam oru thelicha ghadakam soochippikkunnu
soothravaakyam _ 5
udaaharanathina suryan chandran.
"suryan poornnachandran thammilulla prakaashatthinte anupatham enthaanu?"
sooryante prathyaksha vyaapthi − 26.832 (thilakkam) aanu, poornnachandrante sharashari vyaapthi − 12.74 (mangiya) aanu.
vyaapthiyile vyathyasam
soothravaakyam _ 6
thelicha ghadakam
soothravaakyam _ 7
poornna chandranekkaal eratti thilakkamullathaayi suuryan kaanapedunnu.
magnitude kootticherkkal.
chilappol oraalkk thelicham cherkkaan thaalpparyamundaakam. udaaharanathinu, aduthu verthiricha eratta nakshathrangalile photometric avayude samyojitha prakasha ulppaadanathinte alavu maathrame nirmmikkaan kazhiyoo. oro gadakangaludeyum vyaapthi maathram ariyunna aaa eratta nakshathratthinte samyojitha vyaapthi kandethunnathinu, oro alavinum anusrithamaaya thelicham (rekheeya yoonittukalil) cherkkunnathiloode ithu cheyyaan kazhiyum.
soothravaakyam _ 8
formula _ 9 vilavu pariharikkuka
soothravaakyam _ 10
aandu ennu paraamarsikkunna thelicham chertthathinu sheshamulla falamaayundaakunna vyaapthi evideyaanu.
prathyakshamaaya bolometric magnitude.
magnitude saadhaaranayaayi oru prathyeka filter baandile chila tharamgadairkhyangalumaayi bandhapetta oru alavine soochippikkumbol, prathyakshamo samboornnamo aaya bolometric magnitude (mbol) ennathu vaidyuthakaanthika spektrathinte ellah tharamgadairkhyangalilum samyojippichirikkunna oru vasthuvinte prathyakshamo samboornnamo aaya thelichathinte alavaanu (yathaakramam vasthuvinte vikiranam allengil shakti ennum ariyappedunnu). 0 maaginte vyakthamaaya bolometric magnitude oru chathurashra meterinu (w·m−2) 2.518 × 10−8 whats enna reseived irediyansinu thulyamaanenna nirvachanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu prathyaksha bolometric magnitude skeyilinte poojya pooyint.
samboornna vyaapthi.
oru prathyeka nireekshakan kaanunnathupole oru vasthuvinte thelichathinte alavukolaanu prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi, ennaal kevalamaya vyaapthi ennathu oru vasthuvinte "aantharika" thelichathinte alavukolaanu. oru vipareeta-chathurashra niyamamanusarichu dooram koodunnathinanusarichu fluxes kurayunnu, athinaal oru nakshathratthinte prathyaksha vyaapthi athinte samboornna thelichatheyum dooratheyum (koodaathe eathu vamshanashatheyum) aasrayichirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru doorathullah oru nakshathrathinu athinte eratti doorathil oru nakshathratthinte naaliratti prakashamulla athe drishyamaaya vyaapthiyundaakum. ithinu vipareethamaayi, oru jyotishaasthra vasthuvinte aantharika prakasham nireekshakante dooratheyo vamshanaashatheyo aasrayichirikkilla.
oru nakshathrathinteyo jyotishaasthra vasthuvinteyo kevalamaya vyaapthiye nirvachichirikkunnathu athinte doorathilninnu kaanunnathupole drishyamaaya vyaapthiyaan. sooryante kevala theevratha vii bandle (vishwal) 4.83 umm gaya upagrahathinte jii bandle (green) 4.68 umm bii bandle (blue) 5.48 umm aanu.
oru grahatthinteyo chhinnagrahathinteyo kaaryatthil, kevalamaya vyaapthi ennaal athu nireekshakanil ninnum sooryanil ninnum aanenkil undaakunna prathyakshamaaya vyaapthiye ardhamaakkukayum paramavadhi ethirvashathu poornnamaayum prakashippikkukayum cheiyunnu (saidhaanthikamaayi maathram nedaan kazhiyunna oru krameekaranam, nireekshakan sooryante uparithalathil sthithicheyyunnu).
staanderd reference moolyangal.
magnitude skeyil oru reverse logarithamik skeyilaanu. manushyante kannin thanne oru logarithamik prathikaranamullathinal skeyilinte logarithamik swabhaavam undennathaanu oru saadhaarana thettidhaarana. pogsante kaalath ithu sariyaanennu karuthappettirunnu (weber-fechner niyamam kaanuka), ennaal ippol prathikaranam oru adhikara niyamamaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
prakasham ekavarnnamalla enna vastutha kaaranam vyaapthi sankeernamaanu. oru laitt dittaktarinte censitivity prakaashatthinte tharamgadairkhyathinanusaricha vyathyaasappedunnu, athu vyathyaasappedunna reethi laitt dittaktarinte tharatthe aasrayichirikkunnu. ekkaaranathaal, moolyam ardhavathaayirikkaan magnitude engane alakkunnuvennu vyakthamaakkendathu aavasyamaanu. eee aavashyathinaayi yuu. bii. vii samvidaanam vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu, athil magnitude moonnu vyathyastha tharamgadairkhya bandukalaayi alakkunnu yuu (ekadesham 350 enm, ultravioletinu sameepam), bii (ekadesham 435 enm, neela mekhalayil), vii (ekadesham 555 enm, pakalsamayathu manushyante drishya paridhiyude madhyathil). spectral aavasyangalkkaayi thiranjeduttha vii baand manushyante kannu kaanunna alavukalumayi aduthu poruthappedunna alavukal nalkunnu. kooduthal yogyathayillaathe oru prathyaksha magnitude charcha cheyyumbol, vii magnitude saadhaaranayaayi manassilakkunnu.
chuvanna bheemanmarum chuvanna kullanmaarum polulla thanutha nakshathrangal spektrathinte neela, yuvi pradeshangalil cheria oorjjam purappeduvikkunnathil, avayude shakti palappozhum ubv skeyil prathinideekarikkunnilla. vaasthavathil, chila ell, tii klaas nakshathrangalkk 100-ll kooduthal theevrathayundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam avaa valare kurachu drishyaprakaasham purappeduvikkunnu, pakshe infraaredil ettavum shakthamaan.
alavukalude alavukalkku jaagrathayodeyulla chikitsa aavasyamaanu, athupole alakkunnathu valare pradhaanamaan. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum pazhaya orthochromatic (neela-sensitiivu) photographic philim, neela superjayint rigal chuvanna superjayint beetaljyoos kramarahithamaya variable staarum (paramavadhi) manushya annukal kaanunnathumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vipareethamaanu, kaaranam eee purathana philim chuvanna prakaashathekkaal neela velichathodu kooduthal sensitiivu aanu. eee reethiyil ninnu labhikkuna alavukal photographic maagnityoodukal ennariyappedunnu, avaa ippol kaalaharanappettathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
oru nischitha alavilulla ksheerapathatthinullile vasthukkalkk, vasthuvilekkulla doorathil oro pathiratti vardhanavinum 5 prathyaksha alavilekku cherkkunnu. valare valia dooratthilulla vasthukkalkk (ksheerapathatthinappurathu), eee bandham pothuvaaya aapekshikatha kaaranam redshifttukalkkum euclidean ithara dooraparidhikalkkum krameekarikkanam.
grahangaleyum mattu sourayoodha pindangaleyum sambandhichidatholam, prathyakshamaaya vyaapthi athinte ghatta vakrathil ninnum sooryanilekkum nireekshakanilekkum ulla doorathil ninnum uruthirinjathaanu.
prathyakshamaaya vyaapthikalude pattika.
listtucheytha alavukalil chilath ekadeshamaanu. dooradarshini samvedanakshamatha nireekshana samayam, opttikkal bandpass, chitharalukalil ninnum vaayuvil ninnum prakaashatthe thadassappeduthuka ennivaye aasrayichirikkunnu.

