
carpel asthikal

kaii munkaiyumaayi bandhippikkunna kaithanda (allengil carpus) nirmmikkunna ettu cheria asthikalaanu carpel asthikal. carpus" enna padam laattin kaarppasil ninnum "kaithanda" ennartham varunna greak καρπος (carpos) ll ninnum uruthirinjathaanu. manushya shareeraghadanayil, kaithandayude pradhana punk kaikalude phalapradamaaya sthaanavum kaithandayude ekstansarukalum flexerukalum sakthamaaya reethiyil upayogikkunnathum vyakthigatha carpel asthikalude chalanathmakatha kaithandayile chalana swaathanthryam vardhippikkunnathum aanu.
tetrapodukalil, trijyathinum alnaykkum mettakaarppasinum edayilulla kaithandayile asthikalude eaka koottamaanu carpus. kaarppasinte ellukal oro viralukaliletho (allengil kaalviralukal naalayi) mettaakaarppasinte asthikaliletho allah. kaalinte anubandha bhagam tarses aanu. carpel asthikal kaithandaye lambamaayi chalikkanum karakkanum anuvadikkunnu.
ghadana.
asthikal.
ettu carpel asthikal ashayaparamaayi rund thirashcheena varikalaayo moonnu rekhamsha nirakalaayo krameekarikkaam.
jodiyakkiya varikalaayi kanakkaakkumbol, oro variyum oru kamaanam undaakkunnu, athu sameepathaayi convex aanu, vidooramaayi konkevu aanu. pammer vashath, carpus konkevu aanu, ithu flexer rettinakkulam kondu moodappettirikkunna carpel tunnel roopappeduthunnu. proximal varii (scaphoid, lunettu, trikewetrum, saiphom enniva ulkkollunnu) aaram, vidoora carpel varii ennivayude uparithalangalumayi ucharikkukayum angane eee chalanathmaka prathalangalumayi nirantharam poruthappedukayum cheiyunnu. proximal variyil, oro carpel asthikkum cheria swatantra chalanaseshi undu. udaaharanathinu, trapeasiavum trapesoid upayogichu vidooramaayi prakadippikkunnathiloode scaphoid midu carpel sthirathaykku sambhavana cheiyunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, vidoora varii kooduthal karkkasamaanu, kaaranam athinte thirashcheena kamaanam mettakaarpalukalumaayi neengunnu.
biomechanicalayum vaidyashaasthraparamaayum, carpel asthikal moonnu rekhamsha nirakalaayi mikacha reethiyil sangalppikkappedunnu
eee saahacharyathil, flexer carpy alnaarisinte tendonil ulchertha oru sessamoid asthiyaayi pisiphom kanakkaakkappedunnu. alnar nira alnaykkum trikewetrathinum idayil oru vidavu avasheshippikkunnu, athinaal, radial allengil scaphoid, central allengil kyapitt nirakal maathrame aaram vyakthamaakkunnulloo. asthikoodathinte interlocking bhagangalekkaal vividha capsuleukaludeyum ligamentukaludeyum shakti kaaranam kaithanda vipuleekaranathekkaal valachodikkalil kooduthal sthirathayullathaanu.
mikkavarum ellah kaarpalukalkkum (pisiphom ozhike) aarr prathalangalundu. ivayil "pammer" allengil "antrior", "dorsal" allengil "posteeriyar uparithalangal" enniva ligamentas attaachmentinaayi parukkan aanu; lunettu ozhikeyulla dorsal prathalangal vishaalamaan.
superior" allengil "proximal", "infierer" allengil "disttal prathalangal" articular aanu, superior pothuve convex, infierer konkevu; "medial", "laattaral prathalangal" ennivayum avaa thudarchayaaya asthikalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthunna sthalangalil articular aanu, allaathapaksham avaa parukkan tuberculated aanu.
mothatthil ghadana samaanamaan othukkamulla asthiyude oru paaliyil pothinjirikkunna tissue.
anubandha asthikal.
idaykkide aaksasari asthikal kaarppasil kaanapedunnu, ennaal atharam vivaricha 20-ladhikam asthikalil, naalu (central, stylooid, secondary trapasoid, secondary pisiphom asthikal) maathrame theliyikkapetta aaksasari asthikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnulla. chilappol scaphoid, trikewetrum, pisaphom asthikal ennivaye randaayi thirichirikkunnu.
vikasanam.
carpel asthikal endocontrally aayi (tharunaasthikkullil ninnu) oossifai cheyyappedukayum jananathinu sesham maathrame oossifik kendrangal prathyakshappedukayum cheiyunnulloo.
eee kendrangalude roopeekaranam ekadesham jeevithathinte aadya varshathil capittettilum haamettilum aarambikkunna oru kaalanukramaparamaaya sarppila maathruka pinthudarunnu. alnar asthikal radial asthikalkku munbu oossifai cheyyappedunnu, athesamayam patthu varshathilereyaayi flexer carpy alnaarisinte tendonil sessamoid pisiphom uyarnnuvarunnu.
 oro asthikkum osifikkeshan aarambhikkunnath mattu asthikaleppole kaalakramena sambhavikkunnu. forencic prayaparidhiyil ithu upayogapradamaanu.
pravartthanam.
asthibandhangal.
kaithandayude pradeshathu naalu grouppukalulla asthibandhangalundu
chalanagal.
moonnaamathe viral kaipittettad asthiyude mukaliloode oodukayum kaimutt kondu nerrekhayil nilkkukayum cheyyumbol kaii neraaya sthaanathaanennu parayappedunnu. 12 digri alnar vyathiyanavumaayi poruthappedunna kaiyude madhyasthaanavumaayi ithu thettidharikkaruthu. neraaya sthaanathu ninnu rund jody kaii chalanagal saadhyamaan kaii karsanamaaya urakkathilaayirikkumbol 15 digri thattikkondupokal (radiasilekkulla chalanam, radial vyathiyaanam allengil thattikkondupokal ennu vilikkunnu), 40 digri koottikkondupokal (alnayilekkulla chalanam, alnar vyathiyaanam allengil kootticherkkal ennu vilikkunnu).
motham 170 digri paridhiyil flection (eenthappanayilekku charinjukondu, pammar flection ennu vilikkunnu), ekstenshan (dorsiflection ennu vilikkunna kaiyude pinbhaagathekku charinjukondu) enniva saadhyamaan.
radial thattikkondupokal/alnar addiction.
radial thattikkondupokal samayat scaphoid pammer vashathekku charinjirikkunnu, ithu trapeasiatheyum trapesoidineyum aaram sameepikkaan anuvadikkunnu. trapasoid randaamathe mettaakaarpal asthiyumaayi karsanamaayi gadippichirikkunnathil, athil flexer carpy radialis ekstansar carpy radialis gadippichirikkunnathil, radial thattikkondupokal eee samyojitha ghadanaye trijyathilekku phalapradamaayi valikkunnu. radial thattikkondupokal samayat ellah carpel asthikaludeyum ettavum valia paathayiloode pisiphom kadannupokunnu.
ekstansar carpy radialis longus, abductor poolisis longus, ekstansar poolisis longus, flexer carpy radialis, flexer poolisis longus ennivayaanu (praadhaanyatthinte kramatthil) radial thattikkondupokal srishtikkunnathu.
alnar addiction carpel asthikalude proximal variyude charivu allengil dorsal shiftinginu kaaranamaakunnu.
ekstansar carpy alnaris, flexer carpy alnaris, ekstansar dijittoram, ekstansar digity minimi ennivayaanu ithu nirmmikkunnath.
kyapittett asthiyude thalayiloode kadannupokunna dorsopalmar achuthandinu chuttum radial thattikkondupokalum alnar addiction sambhavikkunnu.
pammar flexian/dorsiflexian.
pammar flection samayat proximal carpel asthikal dorsiflection samayat "dorsal" vashathekkum "pammar" vashathekkum sthaanabhramsham varuthunnu. flection extension oru jodi transwers aaksukalkk chuttumulla chalanagal ulkkollunnu-proximal variyilekku lunettu asthiyiloodeyum vidoora variyude kyapittett asthiyiloodeyum kadannupokunnu-pammer flection pradhaanamaayum radiocarpal joyintilum midu carpel joyintile dorsiflectionilumaanu sambhavikkunnath.
(praadhaanyatthinte kramatthil) ekstansar dijittoram, ekstansar carpy radialis longus, ekstansar carpy radialis breevis, ekstansar indisis, ekstansar poolisis longus, ekstansar digity minimi ennivayaanu dorsiflection uthppaadippikkunnathu. flexer dijittoram superficialis, flexer dijittoram profundes, flexer carpy alnaris, flexer poolisis longus, flexer carpy radialis, abductor poolisis longus ennivayaanu (praadhaanyatthinte kramatthil) pammar flexon ulppaadippikkunnathu.
samyuktha chalanagal.
kaimuttileyum tholinteyum sandhikalile chalanangalumayi samyojippichu, kaithandayile intermediat allengil samyojitha chalanagal, thattikkondupokal thadayunna paramavadhi pammar flection polulla aavashyamaaya chila niyanthranangalode oru booal-sokkatt joyintinte chalanagal kanakkakkunnu.
aaksasari chalanagal.
aduthulla carpel asthikalkkidayilo midu carpel joyintilo ulla anteroposteeriyar gliding chalanagal mattonn neekkumbol oro asthikale sthirappeduthunnathiloodu nedaanaakum (athaayath.iii. tallaviralinum choonduviralinum idayil asthi pidikkuka).
mattu mrugangal.
anchu akkangalude poornna koottam nilanirthunnavarkkidayil polum kaarppasinte ghadana tetrapodukalude vividha grouppukalkkidayil vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. eriops" polulla aadima phoosil ubhayajeevikalil, kaarppasil moonnu varikalulla asthikal adangiyirikkunnu; moonnu kaarpalukalude oru sameepa variyum naalu asthikalude randaamathe variyum anchu asthikalude vidoora variyum. proximal kaarpalukale avayude proximal aarttikkileshanukalkk sesham radial, intermedial, alner ennu vilikkunnu, avaa yathaakramam scaphoid, lunettu, trikewetral asthikalumaayi samaroopamaanu. bakkiyulla asthikale aadyathethu muthal naalaamathe centralia (ekavachanam central), aadyathethu muthal anchaamathe vare vidoora kaarpalukal enningane lalithamaayi ennunnu. praadhamikamaayi, vidoora asthikal oronnum orotta mettaakaarpal upayogichu article cheythathayi thonnunnu.
ennirunnaalum, aadhunika ubhayajeevikal ulppedeyulla pilkkala kasherukkalil bhooribhaagavum eee aadima asthikalude vividha alavilulla nashtatthinum samyojanathinum vidheyamaayittundu, ithu cheria ennam kaarpalukalkk kaaranamaakunnu. udaaharanathinu, mikkavarum ellah sasthanikalkkum uragangalkkum anchaamathe vidoora carpel nashtappettu, avaykku orotta kendrameyulloo-ithu polum manushyaril kanunnilla. pisiphom asthi oru paridhivare asaadhaaranamaanu, kaaranam ithu aadima uragangalil aadyamaayi kaanapedunnu, orikkalum ubhayajeevikalil kaanapedunnilla.
pala tetrapodukalkkum munvashath anchu akkangalil thaazhe ullathinaal, kooduthal alavilulla samyojanam saadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe saadhyamaaya vyathyastha kombineshanukalude oru valia nira kaanapedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru aadhunika pakshiyude chirakil rund kaarpalukal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo; radial (sasthanikalude scaphoid), naalu vidoora kaarpalukalude samyojanathil ninnu roopappedunna oru asthi.
carpus tarses podiyal moolakangal allengil (podiyal asthikalude) koottangalaayi visheshippikkappedunnu.
chila maakropodukalil, scaphoid, chandra asthikal scaffolunar asthiyumaayi samyojippichirikkunnu.
krasteshyansil, chila kaalukalil kaanapedunna nakhangal allengil pinkarukalkkulla shaasthreeya padamaanu carpus. (decapod anatomy kaanuka)
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
carpus" enna laattin vaakk "kaithanda" ennartham varunna greekkil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. carp-" enna verine kaithanda nadathunna oru pravarthanamaaya "plock" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu.

