
brobbingnag

jonathan swifttinte 1726 leeii aakshepahasya novalaaya "galivars travels" ll bhimanmar kaivashappedutthiya oru saangalppika bhoomiyaanu brobbingnag."kathayile pradhana kathaapaathramaaya lemuval galivar thaan sanjarikkunna kappal pottitherichathinu sesham bhoomi sandarshikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, anjjaathamaaya bhoomi paryavekshanam cheiyunna oru partyil ninnu addeham verpiriyunnu. pusthakatthinte randaamathe aamukhathil, prasadhakan bhoomiyude peru thettayi ezhuthiyirunnuvennu galeevar vilapikkunnu, ithu yadhaarthathil brobindrag ennu vilikkappedunnuvennu galeevar avakaashappedunnu.
brobingnajian" enna naamavachakam valia valippamulla enthineyum vivarikkan vannirikkunnu.
sthalam.
galeevezhs travels" enna kruthiyude randaam bhaagathil brobingnaginte sthaanavum athinte bhoomishaasthravum vivarikkunna swift athu evideyaanennu kaanikkunna oru bhoopadam nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee vivaranagal alppam parasparavirudhamaanu.
randaam bhaagatthinte thudakkathil achadicha bhoopadam soochippikkunnathu brobbingnag vadakke amerikkayude vadakkupadinjaaran theerathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, orupakshe ippol britiish kolambiyayilayirikkaam. bhoopadam (thekk ninnu vadakkott) pooyint monterry, portt sarr francis drake, cape mendosino, cape sent enniva kaanikkunnu. vadakke amerikkayile pasaphik theerathulla sebaastyan, cape blanco, ardha-pouraanika kadalidukku ennivayellaam brobingnagine kadalidukkinte vadakku padinjaaru pasaphik vare vyaapichukidakkunna oru upadveepaayi chithreekarikkunnu.
pusthakatthil, englandil ninnulla thante yaathrayekkurich galivar vivarikkunnu. pratheekshayude keppil shaithyakaalam kazhinjappol, 1703 maarchil kappal madagaskarinu vadakkott anchu digri thekkum eprilil molukkakal "variyude vadakkott moonnu digri" akshaamshathilum ethi. avide ninnu, oru kodunkaattu kappaline "kizhakode anjoorolam leagukal" nayikkunnu (ithu kappaline ippozhum microneshyayil sthaapikkum), athinusesham kroo "kooduthal vadakkott thiriyunnathinupakaram athe kozhsil pidichunilkkaan theerumaanikkunnu, ithu namme valia tarteryude vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagangalilekku konduvannirikkaam". 1703 juun 16nuu avar bhoomi kandu, athu pinneedu galeevar brobbingnag aanennu kandethi.
brobbingnag bhookhanda valippathilulla oru upadveepaanennu avakaashappedunnu, ithu vadakke pasafikkinte bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnuvennu galeevar nalkia sthalathinte adisthaanathil soochippikkunnu. neremarichu, addehathinte bhoopadam brobbingnag innathe washingtonin samanamaaya valipavum vyapthiyum ullathayi kaanikkunnu, koodaathe yaathrayekkurichulla addehathinte vivaranam athine molookkakalil ninnulla aarr aazhchathe yaathrayil ulppeduthunnu.
yatra rachanakalude vishwaasyathayekkurichu swift valareyadhikam samshayaaluvaayirunnu, koodaathe akkaalat prasidheekaricha vishwaasayogyamallaatha niravadhi yatra pusthakangale "yatra nunakal" ennu visheshippikkunna bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vivaranagal parihasichu.
skeyil.
thanikk bhasha padippikkunna glumdalklich enna onpathu vayassulla penkutty "40 adiyil kooduthal uyaramillaathavalaan, avalude praayathinu cheruthaanu" ennu galivar parayunnu. kuranjathu rund kesukalilenkilum, oru brobingnagiante annukal nilathu ninnu "arupath adikku mukalilaanennu" addeham vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunnu, ithu kuranjathu pathinonnu muthal onnu vareyulla anupatham nalkunnu. oru lilliputtian namukkidayil undaakumennathupole eee raajyathin thaan avaganikkappedumennu thonnum" ennum addeham parayunnu, ithu lilliputtinu nalkia athe panthrand muthal oru anupatham uddeshichirunnathaayi soochippikkunnu. europinekkaal 1,800 madangu bharamullah aalipazham (1/12 anupaathathil, ithu 1,728 aayirikkanam) ithu kooduthal shakthippeduthunnu. raajnjiyude kottaaratthile kullan, rekhayile ettavum cheria thaddeseeyan, valare muppath adii uyaramullavanalla, ithu oru 1/12 skailil, muppath injil thaazheyulla oru vyakthikk thulyamaakkum, athu avan ping cheiyunna chainees kullante uyaramaan. raajyathe ettavum uyaram koodiya gopuramaaya lorbrulgroodile pradhana kshethram sandarshikkunnathinekkur galivar vivarikkunnu, ennaal "niraashayode thirichethiyathaayi report cheiyunnu, kaaranam uyaram moovaayiram adiyil kooduthalalla", ithu "europile aaa aalukalum njangalum thammilulla valippathile vyathyasam anuvadikkunnu" "salisbury steppilin anupaathathil thulyamalla". puramlokatthil thimingalangalkku oru manushyan kondupokaan kazhiyaatha valippamundennu parayappedunnu, koodaathe kadaltheerathu oru maathruka kandethiyaal saadhaaranakkaar avaye bhakshikkunnu.
bhoomishaasthram.
japan kaaliforniyaykkum idayil aarayiram mile neelavum moovaayiram muthal anjaayiram mile vare veethiyumullathaanu brobbingnag. vadakkukizhakkan dishayil avasaanikkunna agniparvvathangalude oru shreni raajyathe anjjaathamaaya bhoomiyil ninnu verthirikkunna oru upadveepaayi ithine visheshippikkunnu. mattu moonnu vashangalilum samudrathaal chuttappettirikkunna ithinu janangalkk orikkalum samudrathilekkulla kappalukal vikasippikkaan kazhinjittilla. 51 nagarangalum 100 oolam mathilukalulla pattanangalum dhaaraalam graamangalumaan eee raajyathullath.
flonflasnickil rajaavinu kadaltheera kottaram ulla thalasthaanamaanu lorbrulgrud ennu avakaashappedunnu. thalasthaanathu "80,000-ladhikam veedukalundu", "moonnu" glonglungukal "(ekadesham ambathinaalu engleesh mile) neelavum randara veethiyumundu".
lorbrulgrad "aaa saamraajyathinte madhyathil sthithicheyyukayum theerathe karshakarude veettil ninnu moovaayiram mile akaleyayirikkukayum cheythu, yaathraykk patthu aazhchakal vendivannu, avar" nail allengil gangayekkaal pala digri veethiyum aazhavumulla ancho aaroo nadikal kadannu "," lunden paalatthil taamesinekkaal cheria oru aruvi polum undaayirunnilla "ennu galivar nammodu parayunnu.
manushyar, sasyajaalangal, janthujaalangal.
60 adii vare uyaravum patthu yard uyaravumulla bheemanmaraanu brobingnagile janangal. mattu ellah mrugangalum sasyangalum, nadikal, aalipazham thudangiya prakrithi savisheshathakal polum anupaathathilaanu. rund yard neelavum oru inch aavasyavumulla" vaalukalulla elikal maasttifukalude valippamaan, athesamayam maasttifukal "bulkil naalu aanakalkk thulyamaanu". oru mangiya larke pole valuthayi" eechakaleyum "onnara inch neelavum soochikal pole moorchayumulla" kuthum ulla paattridjinte valippamulla kuttichedikalum "ennu galivar vivarikkunnu. ithinartham saadhaarana manushya valippamulla aalukalkk raajyam valare apakadakaramaanennum, addeham sandarshicha mattethoru vichithra raajyathekkaalum kooduthal palappozhum ivide-athaayath, keedangale aakramikkumbol-thante hanger upayogikkunna galeevar thelivaayi kaanunnu, pakshe aalukal parishkritharaanu. oru "splacknuck" ekadesham neelamulla oru mrugamaanu, athu valippathil galeevarumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyappedunnu, ennirunnaalum athu eathu mrugavumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu orikkalum vishadeekarichittilla. brobingnagianmaarude poorvvikar orikkal ithilum valuthaayirunnuvennu phoosil rekhakal kaanikkunnuvenn avakaashappedunnu, ithu swifttinte kaalathaayi aanakal, maastodanukal, thimingalangal ennivayil pettavaraanennu thirichariyaan thudangiya asthikalumaayulla samanamaaya avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkunna madhyakala pravanathayude soochanayaayirikkaam. vamsham vashalaayenn brobingnagile rajaavu vaadikkunnu. lilliputtil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru swabhaavamullathaayi brobingnaginte bhasha chithreekarichirikkunnu.
charithravum sarkkarum.
munkaalangalil rajavaazhchayum prabhukkanmaarum janangalum thammil yudhangal nadannirunnu, athinte falamaayi niravadhi aabhyanthara yudhangal oru udambadiyil avasanichathaayi galivar vivarikkunnu. rajavaazhcha yukthiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. nagaratthile udyogasthare baalat vazhiyaan thiranjedukkunnathu. thante rajyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol engleesh sthaapanangalum perumattavum aparyaapthamaanennu brobbingnag rajaavu kandethunnu. avarude perumaattathekkurichu galivarinte vivaranangale adisthaanamaakki, rajaavu engleeshine "bhoomiyude uparithalathil prakrithi izhayunnathu anubhavicha ettavum marakamaaya cheria veruppulavaakkunna keedangalude vamshamaan" ennu visheshippikkunnu. engleeshukaarum brobingnagianukalum thammilulla dhaarmika bandham shaareerika bandham pole asamamaayirikkaanaan swift uddeshichathu. thante kariyarinte thudakkathil swift pravarthicha oru raashtrathanthranjanum ezhuthukaaranumaaya sarr vilyam steeline adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu brobbingnag rajaavu. chila vimarshakar ithu sarr vilyam kshethrathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane vishwasichu.
32, 000 kuthirappada ulppede 207,000 sainikarulla brobbingnag sainyam valuthaayirikkumenn avakaashappedunnu, ennirunnaalum samoohathinu ariyappedunna sathrukkalilla. praadeshika prabhukkanmaar sainyathe niyanthrikkunnu; thokkukalum vedimarunnum avarkk anjjaathamaanu. vedimarunninte upayogathil raashtrathanthranjanu thaalpparyamundaakkaan shramikkumbol rajaavu galivarine saasikkunnu.
brobingnaginte niyamangal lalithavum pinthudaraan eluppavumaanu. sivil vyavaharangal kuravaanu. kolayaalikalude shirachhedam cheyyappedunnu.
kyapttan galeevar thante cussin simpsoninu ayacha kathu" enna thalakkettilulla gaalivarinte kathayude aamukhathil, sariyaaya aksharavinyasam yadhaarthathil aanennu addeham vyakthamaakkunnu... "brobidingrag" (athinaal eee vaakk thettayi "brobbingnag" ennu ucharikkathe ucharikkendathaayirunnu)... [oonnal koottichertthu].  saangalppika rachayithaavinte eee thiruthal kathaykku oru saadhuthayude ghadakam cherkkaan upayogikkunna oru upakaranamaan.
samskaaram.
charithram, kavita, ganitham, dhaarmikatha enniva ulkkollunna brobingnagian samskaaram, ganithashaasthram oru prathyeka sakthiyaanu. achadi valarekkaalamaayi ariyappedunnundengilum librarikal thaarathamyena cheruthaanu. aayiratholam vaalyangalulla ettavum valia libraryaanu raajaavinteth. brobingnajianmar vyakthamaaya saahityashailiye anukoolikkunnu.
paarambaryamaayi.
jaims gillreyude aakshepahaasyamaaya kainiratthilulla kothupanikaludeyum akvaattint printinteyum vishayamaan eee bhoomi, "brobingnaginteyum galeevarinteyum rajaavu".- wide. swifttinte galeevar brobingnagilekkulla yaatra. 1803ll nirmmicha eee chithram, oru spiglassiloode addehathe nireekshikkumbol, oru cheria nepolian pidichu, oru cheria nepolian pidichu, brobingnagian raajaavine prathinidheekarikkunna yunaittad kingdatthile jorjju moonnaamante oru profile kaanikkunnu. nepolian yudhangalkku kaaranamaaya amiens udambadi thakarnn anchu aazhchakalkk sesham juun 26naanu ithu prasidheekarichathu. achadiyude mukal pakuthiyilulla raajaavinte speach baloonil ingane ezhuthiyirikkunnu "ente kochu suhruthe, nee ningaleyum raajyatheyum ettavum prashamsaneeyamaaya oru panajarikk undaakki, ennaal ninte swantham bandhatthil ninnum ningalil ninnu valareyadhikam vedanakalode moshtichathum moshtichathumaaya utharangalil ninnum enikku shekharikkaan kazhiyunnathil ninnu, ningal bhoomiyude uparithalathil izhayunnathu prakrithikku orikkalum anubhavikkan kazhiyaatha ettavum vinashakaravum dushichathumaaya-erakalil oraalaanenn njaan nigamanam cheiyunnu".
addehathinte lapoottan jyothishaasthranjar kandethiya annu kandethappedaatha rund chovva upagrahangalekkurichulla swifttinte 'pravachanam' kaaranam chovvayile ettavum valia chandranaaya phobosil gartha grildrigginu eee peru nalkiyittundu.

