
appensel

swittsarlandinte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagathulla oru kantoon aayirunnu appensel, poornnamaayum sent kantoon kondu chuttappettirikkunnu. 1403 muthal 1597 vare gallen nilavilundaayirunnu.
1403-ll appensel sent gall abbeyil ninnu swathanthranaakukayum 1411-ll pazhaya swis konfedarasiyumaayi oru leagil praveshikkukayum 1513-ll poornna amgamaavukayum cheythu. swis parishkaranatthinte falamaayi 1597-ll (dhii ennu vilikkunna oru prakriyayil) ithu appensel innerhoden, appensel auserhoden enningane vibhajikkapettu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya asthithvamenna nilayil appensellinte pradesham "uppensellerland" ennum rashtreeya pashchaathalatthil rund kantonukale (1999 vare haff-kaantanukal) "baid appensel" ("rund appensellukalum") ennum vilikkunnu.
charithram.
foundeshan.
sell' (i.iii., estettu) madaadhipathiyude '. ithu sent abbi soochippikkunnu. eee pradeshathu valia swaadheenam cheluthiya gull. pathinonnam noottaandinte madhyathode sent gaalile madaadhipathikal pinneedu appensel ennu vilikkapetta rajyath avarude shakti sthaapichu, athu appozhekkum poornnamaayum almannic aayirunnu.
ekadesham 1360 aayappozhekkum mechil avakashangal, nikuthikal, dasaamsham ennivayekkurichulla samgharshangal appensellile madaadhipathiyeyum karshakareyum aashankappeduthi. puthiya swabian leagil chernnu thangalude avakashangalum thaalpparyangalum samrakshikkaan iru kakshikalum aagrahichu. 1377ll konstaans, sent ennee nagarangalude pinthunayode leagylake cheraan appensellinu anumathi labhichu. gallen (sent. gallen palappozhum ayal aasthaanamaaya sent abiyumaayi viyojippundaayirunnu. gull). leaginte pinthunayode, madaadhipathiyaaya kuno voonn stophellan aavasyappetta pala sammaanangalum dasaamshavum nalkaan appensel visammathichu. thante estettukalil ninnulla varumanam nashtappettathine thudarnnu, kuno sahaayathinaayi austriyan bhavanamaaya habsburghine sameepichu. 1392-ll addeham habsburgukalumaayi oru karar undaakki, athu 1402-ll puthukki. ithinu marupadiyaayi 1401-ll appensel sent nagaravumaayi sakhyamundaakki. avarude avakashangalum swaathanthryavum samrakshikkaan gallen.
swaathanthryam nedukayum swis konfedareshanil cherukayum cheyyuka.
appensellermaarum madaadhipathiyude ejantumaarum thammilulla samgharshangal vardhichathinethudarnna, appensellinte jaamyakkaaran ulppede, aaa manushyante vasthrangal aavasyamullathinaal oru mrithadeham kuzhichedukkanamennu aavasyappettukondu appensellermaar oru kalapam aasoothranam cheythu. oru divasam, madaadhipathiyude raajyangaliludaneelam, avar jaamyakkaare akramikkukayum avare rajyath ninnu puratthaakkukayum cheythu. parajayappetta charchakale thudarnnu appensel, sent. gallen oru udambadiyil earppettu. sent thammilulla udambadi. galanum appensel madaadhipathiyum addehathinte estettukalum thammilulla oru edavela adayaalappeduthi. orupakshe habsburgukale bhayann 1402-ll leag appenselline purathaakki. athe varsham thanne, sent. gallen madaadhipathiyumaayi oru karaarilethi, apponsellinu inii sent neey aashrayikkaan kazhiyilla. gaalante pinthuna. appottinethire nilakollaan thayyaaraanenn apponsel svayam prakhyapikkukayum 1403-ll kazhinja noottaandil austriyakkaare paraajayappedutthiya pazhaya swis konfedareshanile amgamaaya shwis kantonumaayi oru sakhyam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. glares kuranja pinthuna nalkiyengilum appenselline pinthunaykkaan aagrahikkunna eathoru pouraneyum angane cheyyaan adhikaarappeduthi. ithinu marupadiyaayi leag oru sainyathe uyarthi sent. appensellilekku pookunnathinu munbu gallen cheyyuka. 1403 meyy 15nuu avar spicharilekku kadannukayarukayum wagelinseg graamathinu purathu appensel sainyathe kandumuttukayum cheythu. appensel, konfedareshan sainikarude oru cheria sainyam leag sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum oru hraswakaala samadhana udambadiyil oppuvaykkukayum cheythu.
1405 juun 17nuu appensel pattanatthinte athirthiyile stoos churatthil mattoru appensel vijayathethudarnnu puthiya kantoon vikasikkunnath thudarnnu. vipuleekarana samayat, appensel sent gaalile mataadhipathiye polum pidikoodukayum prathikaranamaayi avare koonstans bishop bahishkarikkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, "bund" vikasippichappol austriyakkaar samadhaanam upayogichu avarude shakti veendeduthu. 1406 septambar 11 nuu prabhukkanmaarude oru association "sankt jorjan child" (sent oordar oof sent) ennariyappedunna oru naitli oordar roopeekarichu. jorjinte paricha) "bundinte" vimatharaaya saadhaaranakkaare ethirkkaan. brejensile paraajayathetthudarnnu, appensellinu "bund" orumichu pidichunirtthaan kazhinjilla. sitti oof sent. galanum shwis kantonum oororutharum akramanam ozhivakkaan austriyakkaarkku panam nalkukayum 1408 epril 4 nuu rupert rajaavu "bund" pirichuvidukayum cheythu.
samadhana udambadiyude bhaagamaayi, madaadhipathi appensellinte udamasthaavakaasham upekshichuvenkilum appozhum chila nikuthikal adaykkendivannu. ennirunnaalum, 1410 vare eee pradesham samaadhaanaparamaayirunnu.
1411-ll appensel muzhuvan swis konfedareshanumaayum (bernn ozhike) oru prathirodha udambadiyil oppuvachu, ithu madaadhipathiykkethiraaya avarude nilapad shakthippeduthi. 1513 vare poornna amgamaakaathe, oru "associate amgamaayi" konfedareshanil chernna appensel, mattoru yudhathethudarnnu, 1429-ll, bhaaviyile baadhyathakalil ninnu appensellinu swaathanthryam labhichu. eee udambadi sent abbiyumaayulla appensellinte avasana saambathika bandhatthinte avasaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. gull, koodaathe konfedareshanumaayulla adutha bandhatthilekkulla oru prasthaanam.
appensellinte vibhajanam.
1522 muthal martin lutherinteyum huldrich swingleyudeyum anuyaayikal appensellil protestant parishkaranathekkurichu prasamgikkaan thudangi. aadyakaala parishkarthaakkalkku ettavum kooduthal vijayam labhichathu outtar "roden" enna padatthilaanu, ekavachanathil "clearing" ennu ardhamaakkunna eee padam 1070-ll sambhavikkunnu, anthima verthirivinu valare munbaanu. aadyakaala cheria vijayathethudarnnu, 1523-ll jokim voonn vaatt (jokim vadian ennum ariyappedunnu) apposthalanmaarude pravrithikalude parishkaricha pathipp suhruthukkalodum saha purohithanmaarodum prasamgikkaan thudangi. addehathinte prasamgangal parishkaranatthe pothu charchayude munpanthiyilekku konduvannu. 1523 octoberil, kaunsil thiruvezhuthuprasangalu protestant thathwathe pinthunaykkukayum 1524 epril 24 nuu landjeminde kantonal kaunsilinte theerumaanam sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, appensel mekhalayile anaabaapttistukalude pravartthanangal (athupole soorichilum sent. gallen) 1525ll sarkkar adichamarthalukalilekku nayichu. anaabaapttistukalkkathi aadya police nadapadi 1525 juunil nadannu, thudarnnu 1529 octoberil tufenil anabaptist tharkkam nadannu.
pazhayathum puthiyathumaaya vishwaasangal thammilulla ettumuttal avasaanippikkunnathinaayi, 1525 eprilil landesjeminde oro edavakayum oru vishwaasam thiranjedukkanamennum ennaal swatantra sanjaarathinte thathwathe pinthunaykkumennum, angane mathanyoonapakshangalkk avar evideyaanu thaamasichathennu pariganikkathe thanne avarkk ishtamulla palliyil pankedukkaan kazhiyumennum theerumaanichu. herisou ozhikeyulla muzhuvan auserhodanukalum 1529-ll parishkaranatthilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu, addehathinte catholica purohithanaaya joseph forrer thalkkalam pazhaya vishwaasathil thudaraan pattanatthe bodhyappedutthi, athesamayam innerhoden pazhaya vishwaasathil thudarnnu, guyse ozhike. appensel pattanatthile bhooribhaagam nivaasikalum paasttar dipolt hyoottarin keezhil catholicaraayi thudarnnappol, sakthamaaya parishkaricha nyoonapakshamundaayirunnu. 1531ll, protestant auserhodanumaayi sakhyamundaakkunnathil nyoonapakshangal eathaandu vijayichu. ennaal ayal gramamaaya gondanil ninnulla roshakularaaya thaamasakkaarude oru sayudha janakkoottam appensellile bahujanm nirthalaakkunnathu thadanju. 1531leeii randaam cappel yudhathile catholica vijayam appensel kantoninte muzhuvan naveekaranathinaayulla padhathikal avasaanippichu.
randaam cappel yudhathinushesham iru mathangalum pothuve samadhaanaparamaaya samathvathilethi. pothuvaaya bisinesses thalpparyangal, athe raashtreeyavum niyamaparavumaaya dhaarana, fraansumaayi oru sakhyam roopeekarikkaanulla pankitta aagraham, sent cityode pankitta ethirppu ennivayaal avar aikyathode thudarnnu. gallen. ithu sent. linan afayezhs (1535-42,1579) ennu vilikkappedunnathil gallen pradharshippichirunnu, avide appanselliludaneelamulla neythukaar sent linan vyavasaayam thangalodu anyaayamaayi perumaarunnuvenn thonniyappol parasparam pinthunachu. gallen. ennirunnaalum, mathathinteyum videshanayathinteyum kaaryangalil, prathyekichu catholica, protestant kantonukalum spainileyum francileyum videshashakthikalum thammilulla sakhyangalumayi bandhapetta vibhajanagal yathaakramam 1597-ll kantoninte samadhaanaparamaaya vibhajanathilekku nayichu. vibhajana nibandhanakal catholica kantonukaludeyum (loosen, shwis, nidwalden) protestant kantonukaludeyum (soorich, glares, shafhousen) prathinidhikal madhyasthatha vahichu.
eee samayathinu sesham, "kaantan appensel" enna padam rund haff-kaantanukaleyum soochippikkunnathu thudarnnu, ennirunnaalum eee upayogam kaalaharanappettirikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi "dye beeden appensel" ("rund uppensels") oru rashtreeya pashchaathalatthil samsaarikkappedunnu, koodaathe innarrodaneyum ouserhoden koottaayi paraamarshikkukayaanenkil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pashchaathalatthil "uppensellerland" samsaarikkunnu.
1798 muthal 1803 vare rund appensellukalum, sent gall madaadhipathiyude mattu domainukalum helvetic republicinte saantis kantonaayi roopeekarikkappettu, ennaal 1803 ll, puthiya kantoon oof sent gall srishtichappol, athinte muun athirthikalkkullil churungi.
bhoomishaasthram.
"uppensellerland" oru alpine pradesamaanu, prathyekichu thekk, avide aalpsteen chunnaambukallu shreni (saantisile uchathil, uyarathil) kaanapedunnu, ennirunnaalum vadakku bhaagathekku uparithalam pacha kunnukalaal nirmmithamaan, pacha pollakale verthirikkunnu, athil vrithiyulla graamangalum cheria pattanangalum sthithicheyyunnu. saantikalil ninnu erangivarunna rund aruvikal, sittarumaayi cherunna urnash (athil thalasthaanamaaya appensel aanu), pinneedu thurilekk ozhukunnu. gaise vazhiyo herisou vazhiyo appensel muthal sent gallen vareyulla traamukalum sent gallen muthal trojan vareyum rorshack muthal hyden vareyum undu.
1597 muthal mathaparamaya kaaranangalal ithu parasparam thikachum swathanthravum pala kaaryangalilum vyathyasthavumaya rund ardha-kaantanukalaayi vibhajikkappettittund. vadakkum padinjaarum bhagam allengil "ausar roden" enna pradeshatthinte motham vistheernnam "uthppaadanakshama" maayi tharamthirickunnu; vanangalum himanikalum, janasamkhya pradhaanamaayum jarmman samsaarikkunnavarum protestantukalumaanu. athinte rashtreeya thalasthaanam trojan aanu, ennirunnaalum ettavum valia pattanam herisou aanu, athesamayam tuffen, vadakkukizhakkan moolayilulla hyden ennivayaanu muzhuvan kantonum prashasthamaaya niravadhi aadukalude way cure resortukalil ettavum kooduthal aalukal sandarshikkunnathu (urnash, guyse ennivayum oasar rodanilaanu). irupathu communeukalulla moonnu bharana jillakalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunna eee ardha-kottan pradhaanamaayum vyaavasaayikamaanu, paruthikkappalukal, muslin, embroidery ennivayude nirmmaanam valare abhivridhi praapikkunnu. ithu oru amgathe (landsjeminde thiranjeduttha) federal "staantaarttilekkum moonnu pere federal" naashanalarattilekkum "(nerittulla janakeeya vottil thiranjedukkappetta) ayaykkunnu.
appensellinte thekko athiladhikamo parvathapradeshangal appensellinte pakuthi-kaantan, "innar roden" roopappeduthunnu. ithinte motham vistheernnam (avayil "uthppaadanakshamamaaya" vanangal, himanikal enningane tharamthirickunnu). ividuthe janasamkhya eathaandu poornnamaayum jarmman samsaarikkunnavarum pradhaanamaayum catholicarumaanu. athinte rashtreeya thalasthaanam ettavum valia gramamaaya appensel aanu, athesamayam weizbad (athinaduthulla), gondan ennivayaanu ettavum ariyappedunna aadukalude way cure resortukal. poornnamaayum veettilulla jolikkar aanenkilum eee haff-kaantanilaanu embroidery maslinukalum nirmmikkunnath. ennaal ithu valare kooduthal edayanmaaraanu. innar roden angeyattam yaadhaasthithikanaanu, koodaathe ellah federal "referendum" nirasikkunna prashasthiyund. samanamaaya kaaranangalal ithu niravadhi pazhaya aachaarangalum vasthrangalum samrakshichu, sthreekalude vasthrangal valare vipulavum manoharavumaayirunnu, athesamayam meyunnavar chuvanna arakkett, embroidery cheytha braceukal, kaanari niratthilulla shorttukal ennivayude utsava vasthram nilanirtthi. appensellinte vaarshika puthuvalsara aakhoshangal ippozhum juuliyan kalandar anusarichaanu nadathunnathu, athinaal nilavil januvari 14 nuu nadakkunnu. ithu oru amgathe (landsjeminde ennu peritta) federal "staantaraattilekkum" federal "naashanalaattilekkum" ayaykkunnu, athesamayam ithu aarr communeukalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunna orotta bharana jillayaan.
"" "bhoomi".
iru appensel kantonukalkkum "landsjeminden" allengil thuranna anthareekshathil nadakkunna janaadhipathya sammelanangal nadathunnathinulla paarambaryamundaayirunnu, athil irupathu vayassinu mukalilulla oro purushan sthree pouranum (ayogyanaakkappedaatha) vyakthiparamayi (saambathika shikshaykk keezhil) prathyakshappedanam oro haff-kantaninum athintethaaya oru assembly undu, inner roden ellaayppozhum appensellil kandumuttunnu, vichitramaaya varshangalil hundwill (herisouvinaduthulla) trojan varshangalilum oasar roden kandumuttunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1997 septambar 29 nuu 54 sathamaanam watermar (61 sathamaanam watermar) baalat vazhi eee sthaapanam nirthalaakki. 70.29% watermar ethirthu vottu cheythathode parajayappettu. 1991ll nirthalaakkaanulla ettavum adutha sramam paraajayappettathode inner rodenil landsjeminden upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu.
eee sthaapanam purathana kaalathethaanu, iru kesukalilum yogangal ellaayppozhum eprilile avasana njaayarazhchayaanu nadakkunnathu. landsjeminde" ennathu paramonnatha niyamanirmmaana adikaaramaanu, koodaathe executivine (onpathu amgangal ulkkollunna aantharika rodenil "staandekkomashan" ennum "rejiyarangstraatt" ennum vilikkappedunna ezhu amgangalude ausar rodenil), presidentine allengil "landomman" ennum thiranjedukkunnu; oro haff-kaantanilum orutharam staanding kammittiyum undu (executive amgangalum kammyoonukalil ninnulla prathinidhikalum ulppedunnu-aantharika rodenil 250 ll oru angamo janasamkhyayude 125 ll kooduthalo bhaagamo, ausar rodenil 1000 nivaasikalil oru angamo) ithu "landsjeminde" kku bisinesses thayyarakkukayum cheria karyangal theerumaanikkukayum cheiyunnu; aantharika rodenil ithine "grostraatt" ennum ausar rodenil "kaantraat" ennum vilikkunnu. yogangalil vividha pazhaya reethiyilulla chadangukal nadathukayum amgangal oororutharum vaal kondu prathyakshappedukayum cheiyunnathinaal, "landsjeminde" yude oru koodikkaazhchayude kazhcha ettavum shradheyavum rasakaravumaan.
innar rodante nilavilulla bharanaghadana pradhaanamaayum 1872 muthalullathum 1876 muthalulla oassar rodante bharanaghadanayumaanu.
raajyathe niyamangaludeyum aachaarangaludeyum ettavum pazhaya kodukal (landbutcher) ekadesham 1540 num 1585 num idayilaanu, randaamathethinte yadhaartha kaiyezhuthuprathi (athinte velli pattangalil ninnu "velli pusthakam" ennu vilikkunnu) ippozhum aantharika rodenil upayogikkunnu, vaarshika "landsjeminde" yude thudakkathil, puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta "landamman" aadyam sathyaprathinja cheyyukayum, othuchernna amgangal rund saahacharyangalilum uyarnna valathu kaikalaal addehathodulla anusaranathinte prathinjja sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
vaasthavathil rund "landaman" undu oru "regiorander landaman" (acting landaman), oru "stilstendar landaman" (vais landaman). rund varshathekkulla eee kaalavadhi rund varshathinu sesham maarumenkilum ellah varshavum watermar athu sthireekarikkendathundu. prathyekichu "regiorander landaman" yadhaarthathil vottu cheythukondu watermar sthireekarikkendathundu. ithu yadhaarthathil watermark "landsjeminde" samayat sarkkaarile eathenkilum amgathe upekshichu mattoraale thiranjedukkaanulla saadhyatha nalkunnu.

