grettu brittanile reyil gathaagathatthinte charithram 1830-1922

grettu brittanile reyil gathaagathatthinte charithram livarpool, maanchastar railway (ell & emr) ennivayude udghaadanathinum, 1921 leeii railway act prakaram brittanile mikkavarum ellah railway kambanikaleyum bigg phoor aayi samyojippicha groupinginum edayilulla kaalayalav ulkkollunnu.
ulkkollunnu.
maanchastar paruthikkuthirayil valarnnathinal, neythu mekhalayil leads vyapaaram valarnnu. pennainukal kanaalinte vikasanam niyanthrichu, athinaal railway oru yaadhaarthyabodhamulla badal nalki, prathyekichu vadakkukizhakkan khanikalil ninnum yorkshareil ninnumulla kalkari upayogathil vardhanavu. 1830-ll leads, selby railway thudangi niravadhi lineukal eee pradeshathu amgeekarichu, ithu aadyathethu oos nadhi vazhi kappaltheeravumaayi bandhippikkum.
lancashire kanal samvidaanathe charakk gathaagathathil ninnu ozhivaakkiyittillaathu, yaathrakkaarude yaathrayil apratheekshithamaya oru avesham undaayirunnu. eee lainukalude saambathika vijayam ellah prathekshakalkkum atheethamaayirunnu, landanileyum birminghamileyum thalpparyangal eee nagarangale livarpoolumaayum maanchastarumaayum bandhippikkunna lineukal nirmmikkaan taamasiyaathe padhathiyittu. landanile yoosttan square muthal birminghamile karsan street vare roobert steefansan roopakalppana cheytha lunden aandu burmingham railway (ell & bii aarr), karsan streettil ninnu warrington aandu nyoottan reyilveyumaayi chernnu end-oonn junction vare pookunna joseph lokke roopakalppana cheytha grand junction railway ennivayaayirunnu eee rund lineukal. nilavilulla ell & emaarineyum puthiya ell & bii arineyum bandhippikkunnathinaan grand junction roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu, ithu 1837 juulai 4 nuu thurannu, kurachu maasangalkk sesham ell & bii aarr.
paarlamentinte niyamangal railway kambanikalkku way leave nirbandhamaayi vaangaan anuvadichirunnuvenkilum, chila sakthamaaya bhoovudamakal avarude bhoomikk kuruke railway nirmmikkunnathine ethirkkukayum bill pasakkunnathu thadayaan paarlamentil ethirppu unnayikkukayum cheythu. chila bhoovudamakal amithamaya thuka eedakkiyathinaal eee aadyakaala lineukal ellaayppozhum opttimal root pinthudarunnilla. koodaathe, kooduthal sakthamaaya locomotteevukal aavasyamullathinaal kuthaneyulla gradiantukal ozhivaakkendathaayirunnu, athesamayam vegatha manikkooril 30 mylil kuravaayirikkumennu pratheekshichirunnathinaal, valavukal oru prashnamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnil. eee aadyakaala lainukalile valavukalaayirunnu oru noottaandinu sesham britiish reyilveyude pareekshanangalilekkum pinneedu charinja trainukalude varavilekkum nayichathu.
railway unmaadam.
saambathika veendedukkal uthejippikkunnathinum aabhyanthara aswasthathaykku saadhyathayulla samayangalil sainikarude sanjaaram sugamamakkunnathinum trunk reyilveyude vikasanathe sarkkar anukoolichirunnuvenkilum, oro line paarlamentinte prathyeka niyamam vazhi amgeekaaram nalkendathu niyamaparamaayi aavashyamaayirunnu. kizhakkan madhyapradeshangaliloodeyulla oru intersity lainukalude shringalayekkurichulla kazhchappadulla samrambhakar undaayirunnengilum, nikshepathinte drutha varumanam pravachikkaan kazhiyunna uddeshyathil vyakthamaayi nirvachikkapetta hrasvamaaya bhagangal thirichupidikkaan nikshepakare kandethunnathu valare eluppamaayirunnu.
1836 umm 1845-47 umm aayirunnu kuthichuchaatta varshangal, paarlament 200 dasalaksham poundu chelavil 8,000 mile lineukalkku amgeekaaram nalkiyappol, athu akkaalathe raajyathinte vaarshika motha aabhyanthara ulppaadanathinte (gdp) athe moolyamaayirunnu. oru puthiya railwake paarlamentinte oru niyamam aavashyamaayirunnu, athu labhikkaan saadhaaranayaayi 200,000 poundil (ekadesham 1 dasalaksham dollar) kooduthal chilavaakumenkilum ethirppinu athinte nirmmaanam phalapradamaayi thadayaan kazhiyum. reyilveyumaayi malsarikkaan thangalude soukaryangal naveekarikkaan kazhiyaathatho vimukhatha kaanikkaathatho aaya kanal kambanikal avare thadayaan rashtreeya adikaaram upayogichu. kanal samvidaanathinte naalilonn bhagam vaangukayum, bhaagikamaayi vazhiyude avakasham nedukayum, bhaagikamaayi vimarshakare vaangukayum cheythukondu railway prathikarichu. oru niyamam labhichukazhinjaal, sarkkar niyanthranam kuravaayirunnu. railwake pradhaanamaayum prathyeka pradeshamundaayirunnu, ennaal brittante othukkamulla valippam kanakkiledukkumbol, rando athiladhikamo malsaraadhishtitha lineukalkku pradhana nagarangale bandhippikkaan kazhiyumennanu ithinartham.
jorjju hudson (1800-71) thante kaalathe ettavum pradhanappetta railway promoteraayi. brittanile "railway rajaavu" ennu vilikkappedunna hudson niravadhi short lineukal samyojippikkukayum 1842-ll oru "clearing house" sthaapikkukayum cheythu, ithu lainukalkkidayil yaathrakkaareyum charakkukaleyum kaimaarumbol nirakkukal pankidunnathinulla ekeekritha pepparvarkkukalum staanderd reethikalum nalkikkond sevanathe yukthisahamakki, charakk vaaganukal vaaypa nalki. sankeernamaaya kambaniyum line samyojanangalum roopakalppana cheyyaan addehathinu kazhiyukayum kooduthal aadhunika railway shringalayude thudakkam kurikkaan addehathinte pravartthanangal sahayikkukayum cheythu. 1849-ll addeham brittanil pravartthikkunna railway trackinte ekadesham 30 sathamaanathil phalapradamaaya niyanthranam prayogichu, athil bhooribhaagavum naalu railway grouppukalude udamasthathayilullathaanu-eestten kaundikal railway, midu land, york, newkaasttil, berwick, york, north midu land-apakeerthikaramaaya velippeduthalukalude oru parambara addehathe sthaanathuninnu purathaakkunnathinu munbu. saambathika, railway, accounting saahityangal hudsoney railway charithratthile oru pradhana vyakthiyayi kanakkaakkiyittund, ennirunnaalum 1849 leeii swaadheenamulla monteagal kammitti reportil ulppeduthiya kizhakkan kaundikal reyilveyude saambathika reporting durupayogangalil pradhaanamaayum shradha kendreekarichu. addeham akkoundantumaareyum krithrima fandukaleyum illaathaakki-labham kuravaayathinaal mooladhanathil ninnu valia labhavihitam nalki-ennaal addehathinte samvidaanam thakarunnathuvare arcum athu ariyillaayirunnu.
1836-oode thurannava nalla labhavihitam nalkunnathinaal ellah reyilvekalum vaanijya thaalpparyangalaal prothsaahippikkappettu, dhanakaarya vidagdhar avayil nikshepikkaan aagrahichu, 1845 aayappozhekkum aayirathiladikam padhathikal munnottuvachu. ithu oru pothu maathruka pinthudarnnu oohaapoha unmaadathilekku nayichu railway oharikalude vila vardhichathode, vilayil anivaryamaaya idivu undaakunnathuvare oohakkachavadakkaar kooduthal kooduthal panam ozhukki. 1846ll puthiya railway kambanikal sthaapikkunnathinulla paarlamentinte 272 niyamangalil kurayaathe paasaakkiyappol ithu athinte unnathiyilethi. mikka ohari vipani kumilakalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, britiish railway samvidaanathinte vishalamaaya vipuleekaranathinte roopathil ellah nikshepathil ninnum orupakshe uyarnna chelavil oru vyakthamaaya phalam undaayirunnu. sarkkar edapedukayum nikshepa padhathikal adachupoottal prakhyapikkukayum cheythappol, "railway unmaadam" ennu vilikkappedunna kaalaghattam avasaanichu.
mukalil soochippicha vaanijya thalpparyangal palappozhum praadeshika swabhaavamullavayaayirunnu, mathramalla reyilveyude yukthisahamaya shringhala vikasippikkaan orikkalum rajyavyaapaka padhathi undaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, chila reyilvekal mattullavare apekshichu vegathil valaraan thudangi, palappozhum cheria lineukal svanthamaayi vikasippikkaan ettedukkunnu. ell & emaarinte vijayam livarpooline landanumaayi bandhippikkunnathinulla aashayathilekku nayichu, athil ninnu lunden, north vestten railway (ell & enn. dablyu. aarr) ennivayude vithukal vithachu-ell & emm. aarr. ulppede ithuvare naalu vyathyastha samrambhangalude samyojanam. 50 varshathinullil ell & enn. dablyu. aarr "lokathile ettavum valia joyint stokku kambaniyaayi" maarum.
maarum beaching kodali eee pakarppinte ganyamaaya alavu neekkam cheythenkilum, chila ruttukaludeyum niravadhi steshanukalulla nagarangaludeyum pakarppukal, chilappol avaa thammil nerittu bandhamillaathava, railway unmaadathinte paarambaryam innum kaanaan kazhiyum. ithinte ettavum mikacha udaaharanam lunden aanu, athinte idathoornnathum sankeernavumaaya suburban shringalaykku sevanam nalkunna panthrandil kurayaatha pradhana line terminal steshanukalulla lunden, thalasthaanathu thangalude roottukal pravarthippikkaan unmaadathil malsaricha niravadhi railway kambanikalude falamaanithu.
sarkkar edapedal.
railway directormark palappozhum pradhanappetta raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya bandhangalundaayirunnu, athu avarude kambaniyude nettatthinaayi upayogichu. udaaharanathinu, grettu vestten directormaar varenya pashchaathalatthil ninnullavaraayirunnu, avar boardil cherumbol saadhaaranayaayi rashtreeya swaadheenam cheluthumaayirunnu. sarkkaarumaayi oru prashnam vannappol, landanil aare kaananamenn avarkk ariyamaayirunnu. korpparettu bordukalilekku bhoovudamakale prathyekichum swaagatham cheythu. vaanijya, vyavasaya lokavumaayulla saamoohikamaayi sveekaaryamaaya bandhamaayi railway dayaraktarshippukale prabhukkanmaar kandu. mattu vyavasaayangalile korpparettu board roomukalil cherunnathinu avar reyilveyiloode nediya bisinesses vaidagdhyavum kanakshanukalum prayojanappedutthi.
oru puthiya railway nirmmikkunnathin paarlamentinte oru niyamam nedendathu aavashyamaayirunnuvenkilum, avayude nirmmaanatthilum pravartthanatthilum sarkkar thudakkathil oru "lices fair" sameepanam sweekarichu. 1840-leeii "railway niyanthrikkunnathinulla niyamam" vazhi railway inspectormaare niyamikkaan vyapara boardine adhikaarappeduthiyathode sarkkar suraksha kaaryangalil thaalparyam kaanikkan thudangi. apakadangalude kaaranagal anweshikkunnathinum avaa ozhivakkaanulla vazhikal shupaarsha cheiyunnathinumaayi cheiyunnathinumaayi railway inspektarettu sthaapithamaayathu. 1840ll (haudan reyil apakadam) oodunna trainil ninnu oru valia casting veenathu moolamundaaya 5 maranangalekkurichu kenal frederic smith aadya anweshanam nadatthi. 1841-leeii chrismus dinathil oru mixed goods train paalam thettiyathinekkurichum addeham anweshanam nadatthi. train soningil mannidichilil (soaning cuttingle railway apakadam) 9 yaathrakkaar kollappettu. 1844ll thanne railway samsthaanam vaanganamenn nirddeshikkunna oru bill paarlamentil avatharippikkappettu; ithu amgeekarikkappettilla. ennirunnaalum, ithu moonnaam klaas vandikalude nirmmaanathinulla minimum maanadandangal avatharippikkunnathilekku nayichu, soaning apakadam uyarthiya oru prashnam, ithu "paarlamentari vandikal" ennariyappettu.
pothujanabhipraayam pothuve anukoolamaayirunnu, pakshe viyojippukaarundaayirunnu, "dombi aandu sann" (1846) enna chithratthile chaals dickens landanil valia thaalparyam prakadippichu, pradhaanamaayum positteev ennaal chila negatteevu gadakangal
1835-ll chila athiraalikal oru mahathaaya yugam kadannupokaan kandu 
"" "maarggangalude yuddham".
jorjju steefansan thaan jolie cheythirunna vadakkukizhakkan collary reyilveyil upayogichirunna tramrodukalude athe gejil ell & emr nirmmichu oru reyil gej, adhehavum addehathinte sahaayikalum nirmmicha ellah reyilvekalum aaa gejinu anusrithamaayi. bristtol bisinasukaar thangalude nagaratthe landanumaayi bandhippikkunna railway nirmmikkaan aagrahichappol, avar isambard kingdom brunaline thangalude enchineeyaraayi thiranjedutthu. brunal oru vishalamaaya gej eshtappettu. vividha reyilvekal oru ekeekritha britiish gej palikkaan kazhiyunnathra aduthaayirikkillennu addehathinu thonni. angane, grettu vestten railway (gdabluar) (1841-ll poortthiyaayi) brunalinte 'broad' gejinaayi nirmikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte anumaanam thettaanenn theliyikkukayum mattoru gejinte railway yogam chernnappol, asoukaryam vishayam parishodhikkunna oru audyogika samghadanayilekku nayichu. steefansante "idungiya gej" brittante staanderd gejaayum 1846 leeii railway gej niyamam paarlament pasakkukayum athu staanderd gej nirnnayikkukayum cheyyanamennaayirunnu avarude nigamanam.
lunden, north vestten railway ennivayumaayulla kadinamaaya malsarathil dheeraraaya jii. dablyu. aarr padinjaaran madhyapradeshangalilekku munneri. 1852ll snow hill, wolverhampton ennividangalil 1854ll ettavum thaazhnna nilavaaratthil (ettavum vadakku broad gej steshan) burmingham ethi. 1846ll midu land railway bristtol, glousestar railway vaangukayum 1854ll staanderd gej aayi parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheythu, mixed gej track (moonnu reyilukalulla, broad, staanderd gej trainukalkku athil oodaan kazhiyunnathinayi) bristolilekku konduvannu. 1860-kalode gej yuddham nashtappettu; 1861-ll staanderd-gej vestt midu land railway jii. dablyu. aarumaayi layichathode mixed gej paddingtonilekku vannu, 1869 aayappozhekkum oaksfordinu vadakku broad-gej track undaayirunnilla.
eee kaalayalavil staanderd gejilekkulla parivartthanam thudarnnu, 1876-ll mixed-gej track eksittarilethi. eee samayamaayappozhekkum mikka parivartthanangalum mixed gej marikadannu broadle ninnu nerittu staanderdilekku pookukayaayirunnu. deseeya shringalayile broadgejinte avasana bhagam 1892 meyy maasathil orotta vaaraanthyathil staanderdaayi parivartthanam cheythu.
oru cheria apavaadamunda break vaattarinte nirmmaanathinaayi sthaapicha hollyhead break vaattar railway broad gejil nirmmichathaanu. 1870ll nirmmaanam poortthiyaakkukayum oru locomotive oru praadeshika kambanikku vilkkukayum cheythu, athinu dokkilekku nayikkunna swantham sidingukalundaayirunnu. 1913ll athu theernnupokukayum network punarnirnayikkappedukayum cheiyunnathuvare ithu eee otappetta netvarkkinte pravartthanam thudarnnu.
lunden.
1850 aayappozhekkum neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna niravadhi reyilvekal biltt-upp landante arikilethi (athu ippolekkaal valare cheruthaanu). ennaal puthiya lineukalkku nagaratthilekko padinjaaran attathekko thulachukayaraan mathiyaya swath polikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnilla, athinaal yaathrakkaarkk paddington, yoosttan, kings cross, fencherch street, charring cross, waterloo allengil victoria ennividangalil erangendivannu, thudarnnu hackney vandiyiloodeyo madhyabhaagathekku kalnadayayo swantham vazhi nirmmikkendivannu, athuvazhi nagaratthil tirakk vanthothil vardhichu. eee prathyeka railway terminalukalil palathum bandhippikkunnathinaayi metropolittan railway nilathinadiyil nirmmichu. 1863ll thuranna ithu lunden undergroundaayi maarunna aadya paathayaayirunnu. 1907ll maarilebon bakerloo lainumaayi bandhippikkappettirum fencherch street orikkalum eee samvidaanavumaayi bandhippikkappettirunna-ithu innum nilanilkkunna oru savisheshathayaanu.
aadyakaala vijayangal.
aadyakaala reyilveyude saambathika vijayam asaadhaaranamaayirunnu, kaaranam avaykku yadhaartha malsaram undaayirunnilla. roadukal appozhum valare mandagathiyilaayirunnu, mosham avasthayilaayirunnu. gathaagathachelavu kuranjathine thudarnnu reyilveyumaayi bandhippichirikkunna nagarangalil indhanathinteyum bhakshyavasthukkaludeyum vila kuranju. thaarathamyena durbalamaaya enchinukaleyum breakkukaleyum sahaayikkendathinte aavasyakathayil ninnu uthbhavicha soumyamaaya gradiantukalum valavukalumulla lainukalude leauttu, vegatha vardhikkumbol oru anugrahamaayirunnu, ithu oru laininte gathi veendum sarway cheyyendathinte aavasyakathaye mikkappozhum ozhivaakkunnu. livarpool line aarambhich 20 varshathinullil, landanil ninnu skotlandilekku trainil yaatra cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, munkaalatthinte oru cheria bhagam rooad maarggam. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, skotlandilekkulla kizhakkan, padinjaaran theerathe roottukalile kambanikal thammilulla malsaram kaduthathayi maarukayum ithu "vadakkottulla malsaram" yilek nayikkukayum cheythu.
1923 aayappozhekkum englandil ombathu pradhana reyilvekalum skotlandil anchu pradhana reyilvekalum pravarthichirunnu. koodaathe, cambrian railway niravadhi southu weils lainukalum; englandile furnus aandu hull, barnsley railway ennivayum valare cheria niravadhi lainukalum polulla cheria kambanikalum undaayirunnu. 1923ll nadanna valia samyojanathil, valare kurachu reyilvekalozhike matellaam ulppettappol, oro valia kambaniyeyum kurichulla oru hraswa kuripp, avar engane praadhaanyam nediyirunnuvennu vyakthamakkum. thaazhe hrasvamaayi vivarichirikkunna oro railwake avarudethaaya lekhanamundu.

