bogota

bogota (,,), audyogikamaayi bogota, distritto kyaapittal, churukkatthil bogota, dii.sii.spanish colonial kaalaghattatthilum 1991 num 2000 num idayil santa phee dii bogota (;) ennariyappettirunna kolambiyayude thalasthaanavum lokathile ettavum valia nagarangalilonnumaanu. thalasthaana jillayaayum chuttumulla kundinaarkkayude bhaagamallengilum thalasthaanamaayum eee nagaram bharikkappedunnu. columbia departmentukalude athe bharanaparamaya padaviyulla phastt oordarinte oru praadeshika sthaapanamaanu bogota. ithu raajyathinte rashtreeya, saambathika, bharana, vyaavasaayika kendramaanu.
altiplanoyile thaddesheeya nivasikalaaya muiska keezhadakkiya aandeesilekkulla kadinamaaya paryaveshanathinu sesham 1538 august 6 nuu spanish kankvisttador gonsaalo jimenez dii kwesaadayaanu puthiya granada raajyathinte thalasthaanamaayi bogota sthaapichathu. santafe (1540 nuu sesham athinte peru) puthiya granada raajyathinte (1550 ll srishtichathu) spanish royal oodiyanshyayude sarkkaarinte aasthaanamaayi maari, thudarnnu 1717 nuu sesham ithu puthiya granadayude vaisroyalttiyude thalasthaanamaayirunnu. 1819 august 7 nuu nadanna boyaka yudhathinushesham bogota swatantra rashtramaaya graan kolambiyayude thalasthaanamaayi maari. muiska janataye aadarikkunnathinum spanish kireedatthodulla vimochana nadapadiyenna nilayilum bogota enna peril nagaram punarjapanam cheythath simoon bolivaraanu. athinaal, spanish saamraajyathil ninnu puthiya granadayude swaathanthryathinte viceroyalti muthal innathe kolambiyayude roopeekarana samayat, bogota eee pradeshatthinte thalasthaanamaayi thudarunnu.
kolambiyayude madhyabhaagathu, aandeesinte kizhakkan cordillerayil sthithi cheiyunna altiplano kundiboyasensinte bhagamaaya bogota savanna ennariyappedunna uyarnna peedabhoomiyilaanu eee nagaram sthithi cheiyunnathu. samudranirappil ninnu sharashari uyarathil, thekke amerikkayilum kvitto, laa paas ennivaykku sesham lokathile moonnaamathe uyarnna thalasthaanamaanu bogota. 20 pradesangalaayi vibhajichirikkunna bogota vistheernnam thaarathamyena thanutha kaalavasthayaanu, athu varsham muzhuvanum sthiramaanu.
columbian gavanmentinte executive branch (presidentinte oafees), legislative branch (columbia kongras), judicial branch (supreme kodathi oof justice, bharanaghadanaa kodathi, kaunsil oof stettu, superior kaunsil oof judiciary) ennivayude kendra offeesukal eee nagarathilundu. saambathika shakthiyum anubandha saambathika pakwathayum, aagola kambanikalodulla aakarshanavum manushya mooladhanathinte gunanilavaaravum kaaranam bogota verittunilkkunnu. raajyathe eathoru nagarathekkaalum ettavum kooduthal bisinesses pravarthanangalulla ithu kolambiyayude saambathikavum vaanijyaparavumaya hridayamaanu. kolambiyayileyum andean prakrithi mekhalayileyum pradhana saambathika vipaniyude aathidheyathvam vahikkunna eee thalasthaanam laattin amerikkayilekkum kolambiyayilekkum varunna puthiya nerittulla videsha nikshepa padhathikalude pradhana lakshyasthaanamaan. raajyathinte motham (24.7%) naalilonn varunna naamamaathramaaya jii. dii. pii. yulla raajyathinte ettavum uyarnna jii. dii. pii. yaanith.
laattin amerikkayile ettavum valia charakk sambharanasheshiyullathum yaathrakkaarude ennathil moonnaamathethumaaya ell dorado anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam, pouraanikamaaya ell dorado perilaanu ariyappedunnathu. raajyathe ettavum kooduthal sarvakalaashaalakalum gaveshana kendrangalum sthithicheyyunna bogota niravadhi thiyettarukalum librarikalum myoosiyangalum ulla oru pradhana saamskaarika kendramaanu. 2014 leeii aagola nagara soochikayil bogota 52-aamm sthaanathaanu, koodaathe gaak oru aagola nagara tharam "beetta +" aayi kanakkakkunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
aadhunika pattanangalaya fansaykkum kottaykkum idayil sthithi cheiyunna oru ayal vaasasthalathinte peraaya chibcha "bakkatta" (allengil myookvitta) enna spanish ucharanavumaayi bogota peru poruthappedunnu. muyikvitta enna vaakkinte ardhathekkurichu vyathyastha abhipraayangalundu, chibcha bhashayil "krishisthalathinte mathil" ennaanu ettavum amgeekarikkappettathu. mattoru janapriya vivarthanam "aandeesinte sthree" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. koodaathe, aimara bhaashayile 'andis' enna vaakkinte ardham "thilangunna parvvatham" ennaanu, athinaal bogota "thilangunna parvvathatthinte sthree" ennu poornnamaaya lexical ardham nalkunnu (ennirunnaalum, muiska janathayude bhasha imerayalla, chibchayaanennu shradhikkuka). spaaniyaardukal varunnathinu munbu raajyam bharichirunna muiska kaasikkinte peraanu bakkatta ennu mattullavar abhipraayappedunnu. jimenez dii kwezada eee vaasasthalathinu "ouvar lady oof hoopp" enna peru nalkiyengilum 1540 ll oru nagaramaayi niyamithanaayappol spanish kireedam ithinu santafe (vishudha vishwaasam) enna peru nalki. eee pradeshathe thaddesheeya nivasikalaaya muiska, nagaram sthaapithamaaya sthalathe "thybsaca" allengil "pazhaya pattanam" ennu vilichu.
charithram.
mattu chibcha bhashakalumaayulla bandhatthinte adisthaanathil thekkott kudiyeriya thaddesheeyarude koottangalaanu aadhunika bogota pradeshathu aadyamaayi adhivasichirunnathu; nikkargwa muthal kolambiyayile andees vare nilanilkkunna chibcha samsaarikkunna ettavum thekke vibhagamaayirunnu bogota savanna. altiplano kundiboyasensinteyum (aadhunikakaalathe kundinamarkka, boyaka, santanderinte cheria bhagangal) chuttumulla thaazhvarakalilum phalabhooyishtamaaya malambradeshangalilum sthirathaamasamaakkiya muiska nirmmicha nagarikatha amerikkayile mahathaaya samskaarangalilonnaan. paramavadhi 100 "boheos" ulla cheria vaasasthalangalil thaamasichirunna vividha thalavanmaarude ("kaasikkukal") ayanja samathwa samoohathinu muiska konfedareshan enna peru nalkiyittundu. janangalude krishiyum uppu adhishtitha samoohavum svarnnappani, vyapaaram, mummification ennivayaal sambannamaayirunnu. suryan (suu) addehathinte bharya chandran; chiah, mazha chibchakkam, mazhavillu kuchavira, nirmmanavum virunnum (nenkaattakkova), njaanam (bochikka) thudangiya prakrithi prathibhasangalumaayi bandhapetta vividha daivangal muyiskayude mathathil ulppedunnu. dukewente pravartthanatthe adisthaanamaakki maanuval isquierdo manassilakkiya avarude sankeernamaaya luni-solar kalandar, sidriyalum synodic maasangalum prathinidheekarikkunna moonnu vyathyastha varshangale pinthudarnnu. avarude jyothishaasthraparamaaya arivu bogota vadakku villa dii leyvaykku purathulla "ell infiernito" yill myooskayude vaasthuvidyayude nilavilulla churukkam chila landmaarkkukalil onnaayaan prathinidheekarikkunnath.
columboic munbulla kaalam.
innathe metropolittan pradeshamaaya bogotayil vasikkunna aadya janasamkhya plistoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil vettakkaraayirunnu. ekadesham 12,500 bipi kaalaghattatthil manushya pravartthanatthinte ettavum pazhaya thelivukal sipaakviraykk vadakkulla "ell abra" yill ninnu kandethi. nagaratthinte thekkupadinjaarulla sochayile oru paara abhayakendrathile mattu khananagal ekadesham 11,000 bipi; tekwendamayude praayam nalki. ekadesham eiii. dii. 0 muthal, praadeshika muiska janangal bhakshana maamsatthinte uravidamaayi ginia pannikale valarthi. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil bogota savannayil thaamasichirunna aalukal chibcha bhasha kudumbatthile amgamaaya "muiscubon" samsaarikkunna myooskakalaayirunnu. aalukal" allengil "vyakthi" ennaanu muiska enna vaakkinte ardham, ithu "muiska aalukale", avare engane vilikkunnu, oru totology akkunnu. spanish kankvisttadorukalude varavode, bogota savannayile araa dasalaksham thaddesheeya janangalum muiska konfedareshanil rund dasalaksham vare thaddesheeya janangalum muiska janasamkhyayaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. thekkupadinjaaru sumapas parvatanirakalkkum vadakkukizhakku kokkiyude manjumoodiya kodumudikkum edayilulla uyarnna pradeshavum mithamaaya kaalavasthayulla bhaagangalum avar kaivashappedutthi, bogota uyarnna samathalavum aadhunika boyaka department bhaagatthinte valiyoru bhaagavum santander mekhalayile oru cheria pradeshavum ulkkollunnu.
gwane, lache, uwa thudangiya chibcha samsaarikkunna mattu ayalkkarumaayum muso allengil "marathakam aalukal" polulla cariban samsaarikkunna grouppukalumaayum muyiskayude ettavum pradhanappetta pravartthanamaayirunnu vyapaaram. muiska sthreekalkkaayi maathramaayi neekkivachirikkunna oru dauthyamaaya uppuvellathil ninnulla uppu ulppaadanathekkurichulla avarude arivu avarkk "uppu aalukal" enna peru nalki. thanutha malambradeshangalil valaraathirunna ushnamekhalaa pazhangalum kokka, parutthi, svarnnam ennivayellaam oro aazhchayilum naalu divasathilorikkal nadakkunna vipanikalil vyapaaram cheyyappettirunnu. eee pathiv vipanikalil, aadhunika ardhathil moolyamillaathathaayi thonnunna vividha adambara vasthukkalum namukk vilappettathayi thonnunna vilayeriya lohangalum rathnakkallukalum samriddhamaayi vividha aavasyangalkkaayi upayogichathum myooskaykk labhichu. andeesinu kizhakkayi adhivasichirunna thathakalil ninnum makkaavukalil ninnumulla araavkan samsaarikkunna gwayoop, tegwa, achagwa ennee thoovalukalulla kireedangal dharikkan muiska yodhaakkalude varenyavargathe anuvadichirunnu.
kizhanguvargangal, urulakkizhangu, pazhangal ennivayude sthiravum vaividhyapoornavumaaya bhakshanakramamaan muiska paachakareethikalil ulppettirunnathu. uyarnnathum jalasechanamullathumaya terresukalil krishi cheiyunna muyiskayude pradhana gadakamaayirunnu cholam. cholam", "cholam", athinte vividha tharangalum roopangalum ennivaykkaayi muiscubanil niravadhi vaakkukal nilavilundu. innum central bogotayil vilkkunna janangalude madyapaaneeyamaaya chichayude adithara koodiyaayirunnu eee uthppannam. veedukalude nirmmaanam, vilaveduppu, vithaykkal, altiplanoyude vividha vishudha sthalangalkku chuttumulla achaarangal, samgeethavum nrithavum, kolamboyile thaddesheeya grouppukalumaayi prathyeka melakalil vyapaaram nadathunnathinum samoohathile ettavum uyarnna bahumatiyullah puthiya amgamaaya "sipas", "sack", "kaasikkukal", vishudha nagaramaya sugamooksiyil ninnulla mathabharanaadhikaariyaaya "iraka" enniva udghaadanam cheiyunnathinum ithu upayogicha paaneeyamaayirunnu.
gonsaalo jimenez dii kwezada paryaveshanavum spanish adhinivesavum.
1533 muthal, rioo grande dii laa magdalana thekkan kadalilekkulla paathayaanennu oru vishwaasam nilaninnirunnu, peruvilekkulla, aithihaasikamaaya "ell dorado". 1536 epril 6 nuu 800 sainikarumaayi santa maarthayil ninnu nilavile kolambiyayude ulbhaagathekku neengiya granadanian vijayiyaya gonsaalo jimenez dii kvesaadayude lakshyam athaayirunnu. paryaveshanam rund grouppukalaayi vibhajikkapettu, onnu cusadayude karayilekku neengaanulla commandinu keezhilum mattonn diego dii arbinoyude neethrthwathil naalu brigaintin kappalukalilayi nadiyilekku pookukayum pinneedu tora dii laas barangas bermejas enna sthalathu cusada sainikare kandumuttukayum cheyyum. avar athiyappol, dakshinenthyakkaar vasikkunnathinekkurichum kaattupoochaykkum malsyathinum vyapaaram nadatthaan valia uppu kekkukal nirmmikkunnathinekkur avar vaarthakal kettu. uppu gramangal thedi peruvilekkulla paatha upekshichu parvvatham kadakkaan jimenez dii kwezada theerumaanichu. vilakal, pathakal, velutha uppu kekkukal, thudarnnu cholam, yukka, beans enniva kandethiya kudilukal enniva avar kandu. torayil ninnu, paryaveshanam oopon nadiyilekku pookukayum thaddesheeyaraaya aalukal valare nannayi chayam pooshiya parutthi vasthrangal darikkunnath kandethukayum cheythu. 1537 march october santa maartha vittukayariya paryaveshanatthil avar andean peedabhoomiyile muiska pradeshangalil athiyappol 162 perr maathrame avasheshichirunnulloo.
spanish adhinivesha samayat "sipa" tiscususa aayirunnu. addehathinte pradhana "bohio" innathe thalasthaanamaaya kolambiyaykk peru nalkunna "bakkatta" enna cheria graamathilaayirunnu, mattullavar fansayilum kajikayilum aayirunnu. "bakkatta" yadhaarthathil fanza nagaratthinte aadhunika sthaanathinaduthaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. swantham rakthathil kulikkunna addeham marikkum" enna oru pravachanam addehathinte jeevithathil yaadhaarthyamaayi. ksheenitharum ennaal kanatha aayudhadhaarikalumaaya aparichitharkkethire guvecha yodhaakkalude oru kuranja sainyavumayi phunsa prathirodhikkunna addehathinte bharanam 1537 epril 20 nuu gonsaalo jimenez dii kwesadayudeyum ilaya sahodaran hernan peresinteyum kaikalilaayi. addehathinte maranashesham, addehathinte sahodaran sagipa muyiskayude anantharaavakaasha paarambaryatthinu virudhamaayi avasaanathe "sippa" aayi. sagippa tiscususayude pradhana captanaayirunnuvenkum vegathil spanish bharanaadhikaarikalkk keezhadangi. aadyathe encomenderokal thaddesheeyare vilayeriya ulppannangalkkum kaarshika ulppaadanathinum uyarnna vila chodichu. athinupurame europian vairasukalude pakarchavyaadhikal janasamkhyaye nashippichu, athil nilavile boyakkayil myooskayude aidi 1 100 varshathinullil kollappettu.
1538-ll eee pradeshathu innu choro dii cuevedo square ennariyappedunna sthalathu oru sainika campament sthaapikkaan jimenez dii kwezada theerumaanichu. panthrand apposthalanmaare paraamarsikkunna 12 nool veedukalude nirmmanavum oru praadhamika palliyude nirmmanavum, koodaathe nool nirmmaanavumaan adithara nirmmichathu. dominican sanyasi domingo dii laas casas aakhoshicha campamentile aadya kurbanayude aaghoshathodoppam 1538 august 6 nuu newstra senora dii laa esperensa (njangalude pratheekshayude sthree) enna peril nagaram sthaapikkappettu. kwezada thante valath call nagnabhoomiyil vaykkukayum lalithamaayi parayukayum cheythu, "ettavum paramadhikaariyaaya chakravarthiyaaya chaals vii."
ennirunnaalum, taunn kaunsil roopeekarikkappedukayo taunn udyogasthare niyamikkukayo cheyyaathathinaal eee sthaapanam kramarahithamaayirunnu, athupole thanne oru audyogika sthaapanathinu mattu chila niyamaparamaaya aavashyakathakalum illaayirunnu. thalphalamaayi, ekadesham ettu maasathinu sesham, 1539 epril 27 nuu, thyusa allengil theusakvillo ennu vilikkunna "sippa" yude vinoda sthalangalilonninu sameepamulla oru sthalathu audyogika sthaapanam nadannu. eee audyogika sthaapanathil oru kaunsilineyum udyogasthareyum niyamikkunna oru audyogika chadangu ulppedunnu, theruvukaludeyum bhoomiyudeyum athirthi nirnnayavum athil saha vijayikalaaya sebaastyan dii belalkasar nicolas federman sannihitharaayirunnu. ithu audyogikamaayi sthaapithamaaya theeyathiyaayirunnuvenkilum parambaraagathamaayi 1538 august 6 aanu yadhaartha foundeshante theeyathiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnath.
1540 juulai 27 nuu chaals vii. yill ninnu oru utharaviloode graamathinu nagaratthinte padavi labhichu, ithu jimenez dii kwezada valarnna granadaykku sameepamulla oru pattanatthinte perinte adisthaanathil nagaratthinte peru ouvar lady oof hoppil ninnu santa phee (vishudha vishwaasam) ennu maatti. jimenez dii kwezada kankvararmaaraaya dii belalkasar federman 1539 eprilil spainilekku purappettu, 1539 epril 6 nuu gwaattaaki sthaapichu. puthuthayi srishticha puthiya rajyamaaya granadayude bharanam jimenez dii kvesaadayude sahodaranaaya hernan perez dii kwesadaykku vittu. nagaratthile aadya mayermar kyapttan pedro dii arevalo vaii jeronimo dii insar aayirunnu. 1575 august 17 nuu philipp randaamante utharaviloode nagaram muy nooble vaii muy leal (valare kuleenan vishwasthanumaaya) enna padavi nedi. pinneedu saanta phee ennu vilikkapetta bogota pinneedu puthiya granadayude pilkkala vaisroyalsathinte thalasthaanamaayi maari. speyinil ninnulla swaathanthryathethudarna, bogota graan kolambiyayude thalasthaanavum pinneedu republic oof kolambiyayude thalasthaanavumaayi maari.
spanish kolanivalkkaranam.
sitti mayer constabilinteyum police medaaviyudeyum sahaayathode rund kaunsil amgangal roopeekaricha adhyayavum nagaratthe bharichu. eee domainukalude mikacha bharanathinaayi, 1550 eprilil santafeyude oodiyanshya samghadippichu. santa phee (allengil santafe) puthiya granada raajyathinte sarkkaarinte aasthaanamaayi maari. pathinaalu varshathinusesham 1564-ll spanish kireedam aadyathe royal oodiyanshya chairmaanaayi andrez dias venero dii leva niyamichu. innathe plasa dii bolivarinte (annu plasa mayer allengil mejar square ennu vilikkappedunna) maruvashathaanu eee adhyayavum rajakeeya sadassukalum sthithicheythirunnathu. pradhana chathukkatheyum sasyangalude chathukkatheyum bandhippikkunna theruvinu-ippol santander paarkk-"kaalii riyal" (royal street) ennu namakaranam cheythu, ippol "carrera septtima" (allengil "ezhaam street"; nagaratthinte kizhakk parvathangalil ninnu kanakkakkunnu). 1717 nuu sesham santafe puthiya granadayude viceroyal thalasthaanamaayi maari.
pathinaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthi muthal europianmaar, mestisos, thaddeshiyar, adimakal ennivar chernnu roopeekaricha janasamkhya athivegam valaraan thudangi. thudangi sensus prakaram 18,161 nivaasikal rekhappeduthukayum 1819 aayappozhekkum nagaratthile janasamkhya 195 blokkukalilaayi 30,000 nivasikalaayi maarukayum cheythu. roopatha sthaapithamaayappol praadhaanyam vardhichu. 
pathonpathaam noottaand.
spanish raajavaazhchayekkurichum amerikkayil janicha pouranmaarude avakaashangalekkurichum rashtreeya aswasthatha amerikkayile spanish kolanikalil udaneelam anubhavapettirunnu, ithu nyoo granadile palavidhatthil prakadippikkukayum swaathanthryathilekkulla prasthaanatthe thwarithappeduthukayum cheythu. 1781 maarchil nilavile santander departmentaaya villa dell sokoroyil aarambhicha pradeshavaasikal nadatthiya kalapamaayirunnu ettavum atheethamaaya onnu. spanish adhikaarikal kalapam adichamarthukayum nethaavaaya jose antonio gaalane vadikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum addeham oru mudra pathippichu. addehathinte vadhashikshaykk saakshyam vahicha sainikaril oraal budhiparamaayi kauthukamulla, kuleenanaaya kaumarakkaaranaaya antonio narino aayirunnu, addeham kalaapathilum vadhashikshayilum aazhathil mathippulavaakki. narino pinneedu santafeyil oru raashtreeyakkaaranaayi maarukayum europil prachaarathilulla udara aashayangalumayi parichayappedukayum cheythu. spanish kireedatthil ninnu american kolanikalkku swaathanthryam labhikkunnathinekkurichu charcha cheiyunnathinum prolsaahippikkunnathi addeham mattu budhijeevikalumaayum raashtreeyakkaarumaayum rahasya metingukal samghadippikkaan thudangi. 1794-ll narino manushyarudeyum pouranmaarudeyum avakaashangalude prakhyapanam saanta fail rahasyamaayi vivarthanam cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu, addehathinte vivarthanathinte pakarppukal bhookhandathiludaneelam vitharanam cheyyukayum akkaalathe rashtreeya maanasikaavasthayil oru elavu srishtikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. spanish sarkkar laghulekhayude vitharanam nirodhikkukayum taamasiyaathe aaa vasthukkal kandethukayum avarkk kandethaan kazhiyunna eathenkilum pakarpp kathikkukayum cheythu. 1794 august august narino arast cheyyukayum patthu varshathe thadavinum ellah swathukkalum kandukettaanum vidhikkukayum thudarnnulla varsham naadukadatthukayum cheythu. narinoyude boudhika vrithathinte bhaagamaanenn samshayikkunnavarum peedippikkappettuvenkum addehathinte ashayangal vyaapakamaayirunnu.
1807-ll speyinile franch adhiniveshatheyum thudarnnu speyinile borbon bhavanathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkiyathine thudarnnu nepolian thante sahodaran josephinu kireedam nalkaan sammarddam cheluthukayum spanish bharanakoodatthinte naashathinu kaaranamavukayum speyinilum american kolanikalilum palarum jandas enna praadeshika prathirodha sarkkarukal srishtikkukayum cheythu. spanish sainyathile sainika paraajayangalude oru parambarayetthudarnnu supreme central janda pirichuvidunnathu laattin amerikkayiludaneelam praadeshika jandakalude srishtiye prothsaahippichu, ithu taamasiyaathe ithinakam prachaarathilulla swatantra aashayangale ekeekarichu. 1810 meyy 22 nuu cartagena dii indiayilum vaisaroyalttiyiludaneelamulla mattu pala nagarangalilum oru santa sthaapichathinushesham, 1810 juulai 20 nuu columbian swaathanthryaprakhyaapanam ennu vilikkappedunna santa feyude santa sthaapikkappettu. puthiya granada raajyathinte paramonnatha bharanakoodatthinte peru bharanakoodam sweekarikkukayum aadyam viceroi antonio jose amar vaii borbanode vishwasthatha pulartthukayum addehathe presidentaayi niyamikkukayum cheythuvenkilum anchu divasathinu sesham addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum arast cheyyukayum cheythu. speyinil ninnu swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathinushesham vividha jundakal pravishyakalude oru kongras sthaapikkaan shramichuvenkilum avarkk athu cheyyaan kazhinjilla, taamasiyaathe sainika samgharshangal uyarnnuvannu.
uyarnnuvannu 1810num edayilulla kaalayalavil aduthide mochitharaaya jandaasukalude puthiya sarkkaarinte swabhaavathecholli federalist, kendravaadi vibhagangal thammilulla theevramaaya samgharsham adayaalappeduthi, eee kaalayalav "laa patria boba" ennariyappettu. santafe pravishya swathanthravum swathanthravumaaya kundinamarka samsthaanamaayi maari, athu taamasiyaathe mattu praadeshika jandakalkkethire aabhyanthara yudhathil earppedukayum avar onnichu puthiya granadayude aikya pravishyakal roopeekarikkukayum oru federalist sarkkar samvidaanathinaayi vaadikkukayum cheythu. kvittoykkethiraaya oru parajayappetta sainika prachaaranathetthudarnnu, yunaittad pravisyakalil ninnulla general saiman boleevar oru prachaaranatthinu neethrthwam nalki, athu 1814 desemberil kundinarka pravishyayude keezhadangalilekku nayichu.
1813 desember desember speyinile rajaavaaya ferdinand VII kolanikalil nadanna prakshobhangal niyamavirudhamaanennu prakhyapikkukayum kalaapangale adichamarthaanum nashtappetta kolanikal veendum pidichedukkaanum oru valia sainyathe ayaykkukayum cheythu, athinaayi addeham general pablo morilloye niyamichu. morillo oru vijayakaramaya sainika prachaaranatthinu neethrthwam nalki, athu 1816 meyy 6 nuu santafe pidichadakkunnathil kalaashichu.
1819-ll boleevar puthiya granada mochippikkunathinulla thante pracharanam aarambhichu. avasaanathe yudhamaaya boyaka yudhathethudarnnu, boleevarinte neethrthwathilulla republican sainyam santafailekku vazhimari, avide addeham 1819 august 10 nuu vijayichu. muiska janataye aadarikkunnathinum speyinil ninnulla vimochanathinu oonnal nalkunnathinumaayi bogota enna peril nagaram punarjapanam cheythath simoon boleevaraanu. bogota pinneedu graan kolambiyayude thalasthaanamaayi maari.
maari 1819num idayil colonial kaalaghattatthil adisthaanaparamaaya gadanaaparamaaya mattangalonnum undayittilla. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathode, adimatha nirmarjanam, mathaparamaya, adhyapana, achadi, samsara vyavasaayam, vyapara swaathanthryam ennivayaanu ettavum pradhanappetta adisthaana parishkaarangalude oru parambara nadappilaakkiyathu. nadappilaakkiyathu dashakathil, theevravaadam parishkaarangal thwarithappeduthukayum samsthaana, saamoohika sthaapanangal ganyamaayi parishkarikkappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil, raajyam sthiramaaya prakhyapanangalum samsthaanangalum vibhaagangalum thammilulla kalapa prakhyapanangalum nerittu, athu aabhyanthara yudhangalil kalaashichu 1899 muthal 1902 vareyulla ayiram divasathe yudhamaayirunnu avasaanathethum raktharookshithavumaaya yuddham. 
1823-ll, granu columbia roopeekarichu eathaanum varshangalkk sesham, pothu library, ippol deseeya library, puthiya vaalyangalum mikacha soukaryangalum upayogichu vipuleekarikkukayum naveekarikkukayum cheythu. deseeya museum sthaapikkappettu. puthiya republicinte saamskaarika vikasanathinu aaa sthaapanangalkku valia praadhaanyamundaayirunnu. 1867ll sthaapithamaayathum bogotayil adhivasichathumaaya nilavile deseeya sarvakalaashaalayude munnodiyaaya aadyathe samsthaana skoolaayirunnu central yooniversitti.
punarujjeevanam.
president rafal nunez federalisathinte anthyam prakhyapikkukayum 1886ll raajyam 1991 vare chila bhedagathikal ozhike bharanaghadana bharikkunna oru kendreekritha republicayi maarukayum cheythu. rashtreeya, bharana avathaarangalude madhyathil, bogota raajyathinte thalasthaanamaayum pradhana rashtreeya kendramaayum thudarnnu.
1793ll 20,000 perr mathramulla eee nagaram 1912ll ekadesham 117,000 aalukalayi valarnnu. valarnnu sesham janasamkhyayude valarcha athivegam vardhichu, pradhaanamaayum kizhakkan malambradeshangalil ninnulla kudiyettam moolamaayirunnu ithu.
irupathaam noottaand.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, 1899 muthal 1902 vare neenduninna ayiram divasathe yudhathil ninnum panaamayude nashtatthil ninnum kolambiyaykk vinashakaramaaya prathyaaghaathangal neridendivannu. neridendivannu 1904num idayil liberal party niyamasadhutha punasthaapikkappedukayum president rafale raise oru deseeya sarkkar nadappakkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. samadhaanavum samsthaana punasamghadanayum saambathika pravartthanangalude vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi. ganyamaaya vyaavasaayika, karakaushala ulppaadana vardhanayode bogota aazhathilulla vasthuvidyaa, nagara parivarthanatthinu thudakkamittu. 1910ll eee noottaandile vyaavasaayika pradarshanam swaathanthrya parkkil nadannu. vyaavasaayika, karakaushala pravartthanangal, soundarya kalakal, vaidyuthi, yanthrangal ennivayude purogathikku thelivaanu nirmmicha staandukal. 1910 muthal 1930 vareyulla kaalaghattatthe yaadhaasthithika aadhipathyamaayi namakaranam cheythu. cheythu 1924num idayil ennappaadangalum vaazhappaada mekhalayile thozhilaallikalude samarangalum niravadhi aalukale konnodukkiyathode kadutha union poraattangal aarambhichu.
bogotaik praayogikamaayi oru vyavasaayavum undaayirunnilla. vaanijya mekhalakalkku samaanamaayi nirddishta sthalangalil koottamaayi nirmmicha karakaushala srishtiyaayirunnu uthppaadanam. plasa dii boleevar parisaravum haatt storukal sthaapichu, kaalii dell komezhsiyoyil-nilavile carrera ezhaamathethu-ippol carrera ettu-adambara storukal irakkumathi cheytha uthppannangal vilkkunnu; pasaje hernandesil, thayyalkkaar avarude sevanangal nalki, 1870 num 1883 num idayil naalu pradhana baankukal avarude vaathilukal thurannu bogota, columbia, janapriya, mortgage credit baankukal.
banana soonn kolapathakangaleyum kansarvetteevu party vibhajanatheyum thudarnnu 1930-ll enriq olaaya herera adhikaaramettu. liberal republic ennu vilikkappedunna 16 varshathe kaalayalavil liberal party parishkarichu, kaarshika, saamoohika, rashtreeya, thozhil, vidyaabhyaasa, saambathika, bharana mekhalakal. unionism shakthippedukayum vidyaabhyaasa vyaapthi vikasikkukayum cheythu. 
aakhosham dhaaraalam adisthaana soukarya pravartthanangal, puthiya nirmmaanam, thozhil srothassukal enniva srishtichu. 1946 leeii liberal party vibhajanathethudarnnu, 1948 ll oru yaadhaasthithika sthaanaarthi veendum president padavi etteduthu, liberal nethaavu jorjju eliser gaittan kollappettathinethudarnnethu, akramam bharichathinaal bogota nagarakendram phalatthil nasippikkappettu. athinusesham, bogota nagara, vasthuvidyaa, janasamkhyaa mekhalakal ganyamaayi punasamghadippikkappettu.
irupathiyonnaam noottaand.
laattin amerikkayile anthaaraashtra bisinasinte thanthraparamaaya kendramaayi athine mattunna oru janasamkhyaaparavum saambathikavumaaya valarcha aasoothranam cheyyaan nokkunna nagara idathilum pothugathaagathatthilum supradhana mattangalumaayi 21-aamm noottaand aarambikkunnu. eee noottaandil aarambhicha chila pradhana edapedalukal adutha rund noottaandukalaayi nagaratthinte vikasanathe nayikkunna praadeshika kramapadhathiyil (paatt) adangiyirikkunna padhathikal vikasippikkunnathilekku nokki.
eee samayathe nagaratthile ettavum pradhanappetta edapedalukalilonnu athinte gathagatha samvidaanamaayirunnu. 1967ll prathidinam sharashari aii. dii. 1 yaathrakkaare vahikkunna 2,679 nagara basukal bogotayil undaayirunnu. nagaratthil oru dashalakshathiladhikam nivaasikalum 80 chathurashra kilometer visthruthiyum undaayirunnu, sevanam thaarathamyena nyayayukthavum sukhakaravumaayirunnu. ennaal nagaram valarukayum anchu dashalakshathiladhikam nivaasikalilum 300 chathurashra kilometeriladhikam visthruthiyilum athukayum cheythathode kaar kappalnira 20,000-ladhikam vahanangalil athunnathinaayi ganyamaayi vardhikkuka mathramalla, araajakathvam vardhikkukayum, malineekaranavum nilavilulla eaka gathagatha samvidaanathinte kaaryakshamathayillaymayum undaayi.
irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode sthithigathikal gurutharamaayirunnu. swakaarya vaahanathin pakaramaayi pravartthikkunna yadhaartha nagara pothugathagatha samvidaanamonnum undaayirunnilla-ithu athinte upayogathe kooduthal prothsaahippichu-laattin amerikkayil nagarathinu kuranja malsarasheshiyum athupole thanne thripthikaramallaatha jeevita nilavaaravumundaayirunnu.
mayermaaraaya andrez pastrana (1988-1990), jaim kaastro (1992-1994) ennivarude bharanasamvidaanangal, antanas mokkasinte (1995-1997) aadyathethinu purame, parimithamaaya phalangalode pothugathagatha prashnam pariharikkunnathinulla nirddeshangal roopappeduthi. bogota chalanaseshi prashnam pariharikkan sahayikkunna oru bahujana gathagatha samvidaanam sthaapikkaanulla saadhyathayekkurich nirbandhapoorvvam samsaarichappol randaamathethu mayer padaviyil aayirunnu.
aantanaa mokkasinte randaamathe bharanathin keezhil, bogota oru 'soonn oof tolerantia' thurannu, ithu nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathe santa phee ayalpakkathe oru valia bhaagath veshyaavrithi niyamavidheyamaakki.
mayer enriq penalosa (addehathinte aadya kaalavadhi <aii. dii. 1> aayirunnu) pothugathagatha prashnathinulla pariharamaaya oru munganana padhathiyaayi thante sarkkar padhathiyil ulppeduthi. thathfalamaayi, chalanaathmakathayude kaaryatthilum vanthothilulla gathagatha samvidaana padhathiyude kaaryatthilum "njangal aagrahikkunna bogottaykkaayi" vikasana padhathi nadappaakkunnathil, athinte pravarthanatthinaayi maathramaayi oru prathyeka adisthaana soukaryathinte nirmmaanam nirnnayichu. ottathavana upayogikkunna pathakal, steshanukal, paalangal, bike pathakal, prathyeka kaalnadayaathrakkaarude praveshana plaattphomukal enniva ulkkollunna prathyeka buzz edanaazhikal eee samvidaanathil ulppedum. ennirunnaalum, aalukal midaayikal vilkkunnathinekkaal theruvukalil kollakkaare kaanaanaan thaan aagrahikkunnathenn paranju paavappettavarkkethiraaya prachaaranatthinu penalosa kuprasidhanaayi. penalosa randaam thavanayum sevanamanushtichu (2016-2019).
2011ll thiranjedukkappetta sesham, nagaratthile maalinya shekharana samvidaanam punarnirmmichathinu sesham gustavo petro yaadhaasthithika rashtreeya sthaapanavumaayi ettumutti. bharanaghadanaaparamaaya athikramam nadathiyennum nagaratthile swakaarya maalinya shekharanakkaare maattaan sramichuvennum aaropich inspector general alejandro oordoones petro sthaanabhrashtanaakki. oordoones thante adikaaram lamghichuvennu oru bogota kodathi vidhichathin aazhchakalkk sesham petro punasthaapichu.
transmillinio ennu vilikkunna biarticulated deesal basukalude nirddesham athinte prarambha ghattathilaanenkilum, athu kondupoya yaathrakkaarude cheria ennam kaaranam, deerghakaalaadisthaanathil ithu oru kaaryakshamamallaathathum malinamakkunnathumaaya samvidaanamaayi maari, ekadesham patthu dasalaksham nivaasikal metro janasamkhyaykku poorithamaayi, paristhithi kshayam, vaayu malineekaranam ennivaykku kuttakkaranaanu.
athinte bhagamaayulla, bogota saamskaarika upakarana padhathi athinte ettavum pradhanappetta falangalilonnaaya nagaratthinte vividha mekhalakalil nilavilullavayude vyavasthaykku purame moonnu valia pothu librarikalude nirmmanavum nalki. puthiya librarikal sthithicheyyunnathu vishalamaaya kavarej anuvadikkunna mekhalakalilaanu, pothugathagatham, bike pathakal enniva vazhi eluppathil athicheraan kazhiyum; avarude padhathikal nagaratthile vishishta vaasthushilpikalkkaayi kammeeshan cheythu. thekk ell tunalinte, padinjaaru aarkkitekt danielle bermudesinte nirmithiyum, madhyabhaagathulla simoon boleevar parkkil sthithicheyyunna virjiliyo barco vargas library, aarkkitekt rogelio salmona nirmithiyum, ell tintaalile aarkkitekt suulii vargas project cheythavayum avayaanu. mikacha vaasthuvidyaykku purame, moonnu librarikalum bogota pouranmaarude vidyaabhyaasa, saamskaarika vikasanathinu idam nalkunnu.
2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu, nagaratthinte vitharanam ombathu pradhana bisinesses kendrangal (eiii. vii. ell dorado bisinus corridor, centro internaashanal, paarkk dii laa 93, ell lago, north pooyint, kaalii 100, santa barbera bisinus sentar, soona industrial montevideo & paarkk industrial soona franca). thekkum thekkupadinjaarum sthithi cheiyunna kadinamaaya vashangalil thozhilaallivarga barriokal mayakkumarunninum kuttakrithyangalkkumaayi avarude prashasthikkaayi pooraadunnathu thudarunnu. ritsiyar vadakku bhaagath ningalkk botic hotelukal, korpparettu offeesukal, sona rosa, sona jii thudangiya adambara vinoda jillakalilekku ozhukunna nalla healed pradeshavaasikal enniva kaanam.
2020 septambar 9 nuu police kasttadiyilaayirunna javier oordanees marichathinethudarnnu bogotayil police kroorathaykkethiraaya prathishedham aarambhichu. prathishedhatthinte bhaagamaayi 13 perr marikkukayum 400 ladhikam perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu.
bhoomishaasthram.
samudranirappil ninnu sharashari uyarathil bogota savannayude ("sabana dii bogota") thekkukizhakkan bhagathaanu bogota sthithi cheiyunnathu. bogota savanna "savanna" ("sabana") ennu vilikkunnu, ennaal yadhaarthathil andees parvathanirakalile uyarnna peedabhoomiyaanu, altiplano kundiboyasense ennariyappedunna oru vipulamaaya pradeshatthinte bhagamaanu, athaayath aksharaarthatthil "kundinamarkkayudeyum boyakkayudeyum uyarnna peedabhoomi" ennaanu ardham. lokathile ettavum valia nagaramaan bogota; bogotayekkaal uyarnnathum janasamkhyayullathumaaya oru nagarapradesavumilla.
bogota jillayude thekk attathu, lokathile ettavum valia thudarchayaaya paramo aavaasavyavastha kaanam; sumapas pradeshathe sumapas paramo.
neey-swu ozhukunna bogota nadhi "sabana" kadannu thekk techwendama vellachaattam ("salto dell techwendama") roopappedunnu. upanadikaliloode abhivridhi praapikkunna gramangalulla thaazhvarakal roopappedunnu, avayude sambadvyavastha krishi, kannukaali valarthal, karakaushala uthppaadanam ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. 
andees parvathanirakalude kizhakkan cordillerayaanu "sabana" yude kizhakk athirthi. nagaravalarchaye parimithappedutthunna kizhakkan kunnukal thekk ninnu vadakkott ozhukunnu, madhyabhaagathu ninnu kizhakode gwadeloop, monserettu parvathangal roopappedunnu. padinjaaran nagaraparidhi bogota nadiyaanu. sumapas paaramo (moorland) thekkum vadakkum bogota peedabhoomiyiloode chiya, sopo pattanangal vare vyaapichukidakkunnu.
bogota mekhalayile bhooribhaagam thanneerthadangalum aprathyakshamaayi. 2019ll 727 hector mathramaayirunna avar avar ekadesham 50,000 hector vyaapichappol kaanaathaakunnavarude nirakk 98 shathamaanamaayirunnu.
kaalavastha.
bogotayil oru uposhnamekhalaa malayora kaalaavasthayundu (copen "sii. eph. bii" "sii. ezz. bii" yude athirthiyilaanu). sharashari thaapanila, sanni divasangalil ninnu mazhayulla divasangalil vare vyathyaasappedunnu. varandathum mazhakkaalavum varsham muzhuvanum marimari varunnu. desember, januvari, juulai, august maasangalaan ettavum varanda maasangal. ettavum choodulla maasam march aanu, ithu paramavadhi. januvariyil ettavum thanuppulla raathrikal sambhavikkunnu, nagaratthil sharashari mazhayaanu; varshathil 220 divasam pularche moodalmanju valare saadhaaranamaanu, athesamayam thelinja aakasham, muzhuvan pakalukalum, valare asaadhaaranamaanu.
nagaraparidikkullil rekhappeduthiya ettavum uyarnna audyogika thaapanila, rekhappeduthappetta ettavum kuranja thaapanila, randum gwemaral vimaanathaavalathilaanu.
ettavum mazha labhikkuna maasangal epril, meyy, septambar, october, november ennivayaanu, saadhaarana divasangal kooduthalum meghaavrithavum kuranja meghangalum kurachu kaattum ullathum paramavadhi thapanilayum thaazhnna thapanilayum konduvarunnathumaanu.
kuranja akshaamshavum uyarnna uyaravum kaaranam, bogotaik varsham muzhuvanum sharashari 12 pakal samayavum 11 + ultraviolet vikiranavumundu.
nagara vinyaasavum naamakaranavum.
1539 muthal 1810 vare colonial nagaram athinte nagara vinyaasathilum samskaarathilum kaaryamaaya maattam varuthiyilla. 1810 muthal 1819 vareyulla swaathanthrya viplavathinushesham santafe colonialisathe pathukke upekshikkukayaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandilekku praveshichappol, bogota nagaram ippozhum newa granadayude raashtreeyavum janasamkhyaaparavumaaya kendramaayirunnu, pakshe lima, buenos airs thudangiya samana nagarangalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol oru cheria nagaramaayi thudarnnu. 1801ll nagaratthil 173 blokkukalum 21,394 nivaasikalum undaayirunnu, ithu pathinettaam noottaandil mandagathiyilulla janasamkhyaa valarchaye adayaalappeduthunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, saamskaarika pravarthanangaludeyum pothusevanangaludeyum abhavavum athupole thanne janangalude jeevithathe eathaandu niyanthrikkunna amithamaya catholica mathavishwaasavum nagarajeevithathe adayaalappeduthi, 1822 ll oru pathrapravartthaka yaathrikan ezhuthiyathupole (biblioteca luis eanjal arango, 1990,2).
pathonpathaam noottaandil nagaratthinte nagara aakruthi 1557 leeii nagara bhooprakrithiyude athe aakruthiyil plaasayude kendramaayi checkerboard aayi thudarnnu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, puthiya chathura blokkukal cherthu nagaram vistheernnathil valarnnuvenkilum athe nagara thunitharam nilanirtthi. 1830-ll oru sanjaariyude (bibliotheca luis eanjal arango, 1990,2) ezhuthunnathupole, mikka nagara kettidangalkkum oru nilayum chila kettidangalkk randil koodaathathumaaya kettidangal thaazhnna nilayilaayirunnu. bogota ettavum sambannamaaya kudumbangalude veedukalaayirunna rund nilakalulla aaa veedukalude oru prathyeka savisheshatha avarude baalkkanikalaayirunnu. bogota kettidatthinte munvashangal aabharanangalillaatha valare lalithamaayirunnu, athaayath janalukalum praveshana kavaadavumulla oru mathilallathe matonnumalla. ennirunnaalum, kuzhikalum maalinyangalum kaaranam mosham theruvu saahacharyangal kaaranam, raathriyile saamskaarikavum saamoohikavumaaya pravartthanangalude abhaavathinu purame, aabharanangal bogotanokal avarude bhooribhaagam samayavum chelavazhikkunna veedinullilekku neekkivachirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil bogota janangalude churukkam chila outtdoor pravarthanangalilonnu pradeshavaasikal vilikkunna plaasayilekko "altosanoyilekko" pookuka ennathaayirunnu. puthiya pazhangal vilkkukayum ellah saamoohika saambathika pashchaathalangalil ninnumulla nivaasikal othucherukayum cheytha nagaratthinte saamoohika kendramaayirunnu plasa (bibliotheca luis eanjal arango, 1990,2).
pathinaram noottaand muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare bogota bhooprakrithi valare saamyamullathaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1810 muthal 1819 vare kuranjathu patthu varshamenkilum neenduninna oru prakriyaya spaanishil ninnulla swaathanthryathinte naazhikakkall vasthuthaykk sesham, chila mattangal sambhavikkaan thudangi. puthiya republican oordar adikaaram nedumbol aaa mattangal pathukke sambhavikkukayaayirunnu. colonial kaalaghattatthil ninnu oru maattam varuthaan sramichukondu puthiya republic plaasakaludeyum theruvukaludeyum nagaratthinte perum polum santafeyil ninnu bogotayilekku maattaan thudangi. colonial theruvukalude perukal nambarukalaayi maattukayum plaasakalude perukal kolambiyayude sthaapaka pithakkanmaar ennu maattukayum cheythu. athinusesham, colonial kaalaghattatthile shoonyamaaya plaasakal dhaaraalam marangalum pouraprathimakalum ulla alankaricha plaasakalaayi maari. udaaharanathinu, kolambiyayile oru plaasayil sthaapicha aadyathe sivil prathima kolambiyayude pradhana sthaapakanaaya bolivaarinte roopamaayirunnu. bogota kolambiyayileyum janangalil puthiya republicinte desasneham shakthippeduthaan sramikkunna boleevaarinte prathima 1846 juulai 20 nuu kolambiyayude swaathanthryadinathil anaachaadanam cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasana paadatthil, 1870 muthal 1900 vare, bogota oru puthiya nagara bhooprakrithiye kooduthal vyakthamaayi adayaalappeduthi. colonial kaalaghattatthilum republic kaalaghattatthilum eee mekhalayil swadheenasheshi nilanirthaan nagaratthe anuvadicha ettavum pradhanappetta gadakangalilonnaanu bogotayilekkulla nirantharamaaya grameena kudiyettam. 1847ll sitti govarnor kaunsilum colonial paridhikkapuram bogota nagarapradesham vipuleekarikkaan shramichu, ennaal 1860 vare maathramaan kolambiyayude president tomas sipriyaano dimsera aaa vipuleekaranathe prothsaahippichathu. bogota padinjaaran bhagam lottu cheyyuka, paalangalum vishalamaaya roadukalum plaasakalum nirmmikkuka enniva ulppedunnathaanu eee padhathi, ennaal aaa padhathi bhaagikamaayi maathramaan nadappaakkiyathu. adutha dashakathil, mattu nagara samrambhangal uyarnnuvannu, ennaal ithavana swakaarya mekhalayil ninnu. nagaratthinte mandagathiyilulla valarchayilum vikasanathilum madutha oru koottam bisinasukaar, bogota vikasanam vegathilaakkunnathinaayi azhukkuchaalukal, theaterukal, vaidyutha samvidaanangal, puthiya roadukal ennivayude nirmmaanam nirddeshichu. nirddeshichu aabhyantharayudham kaaranam padhathi nadappakkaan kazhinjilla, pakshe aaa samrambhathil ninnu kaunsil 1875ll aadyathe nagara coode oof bogota sweekarichu. eee samrambhangal samrambhangal puthiya saankethikavidyakalilekku avikasita nagaratthe naveekarikkaan shramichu; ennirunnaalum, vegatha mandagathiyilaayirunnu, 1882 nuu sesham, train trolleyum bogotayil vannappol, chila nagaravikasana padhathikal kooduthal vegathil purogamichu.
innu bogotaik 20 pradeshangalo jillakalo undu, ithu ayalpakkangalude vipulamaaya shringhala roopeekarikkunnu. vadakku, chappinero, usa, subayude kizhakk jillakalile kizhakkan kunnukalkk sameepamaan uyarnna saambathika nilavaaramulla pradeshangal sthithicheyyunnathu. nagaratthinte madhya, padinjaaran, vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagangalil thaazhnna madhyavargakkar vasikkunnu.. thozhilaalivarggathinte ayalpradeshangal thekk sthithicheyyunnu, avayil chilath chitharikkidakkunna pradesangalaanu.
nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathulla nagara leauttu oru chathuratthinteyo plasayudeyo kendrabinduvine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ithu spanish settilmentukalude savisheshathayaanu, ennaal puram ayalpakkangalil leauttu kramena kooduthal aadhunikamaakunnu. rodukalude tharangale "kolukal" (theruvukal) ennu tharamthirickunnu, avaa padinjaaru ninnu kizhakode thirascheenamaayi oodunnu, theruvukalude ennam vadakkottum thekote ("surr" enna prathyayam upayogichu) kaal 0 muthal thekote vardhikkunnu. "kizhakk ninnu padinjarottu ennam vardhichukondu "kaarerakal" (roadukal) vadakku ninnu thekkott lambamaayi oodunnu. (carrera 0 nuu kizhakkulla roadukalkk "estte" enna suffix upayogichu). nagaratthinte thekkukizhakk bhaagath, vilaasangal yukthisahamaayi "surr-estte" aanu. nagaratthinte puthiya bhaagangalil kooduthalaayi kaanapedunna mattu tharatthilulla roadukale "ije" (axis), "diagonal" allengil "traansversal" ennu vilikkam.
theruvu vilaasangalude numpering samvidaanam aduthide maari, pradhana vazhikal muthal cheria vazhikal vareyum praadeshika theruvukal vareyum theruvu rank anusarichu nambarukal nalkunnu. oru samkhyaykku purame sariyaaya perilum pookunna bogota chila pradhana roadukal ivayaanu
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
kolambiyayile ettavum valuthum janasamkhyayullathumaaya nagaramaya bogotayil nagaraparidikkullil (2018 sensus) janasamkhya saandrata chathurashra kilometeril ekadesham 4,310 nivaasikalaayirunnu. thalasthaana jillayile graamapradesangalil 25,166 perr maathramaan ullathu. 47.janasamkhyayude 8 sathamaanam purushanmaarum sthreekalum aanu.
bogotayil, raajyathinte mattu bhaagangalilennapole, vyavasayavalkkaranavum daaridryavum akramavum polulla sankeernamaaya raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya kaaranangalal nagaravalkkaranam thwarithappeduthiyittundu, ithu irupathiyonnaam noottaandiludaneelam gramangalil ninnu nagarapradeshangalilekk kudiyerunnathilekku nayichu. aabhyanthara sayudha samgharsham moolam bogotayil ethiya kudiyozhippikkappett aalukalude ennamaanu ithinte naadakeeyamaaya udaaharanam.
chila kanakkukal kaanikkunnath bogota ozhukunna janasamkhya 4 dasalaksham vare aayirikkam, avaril bhooribhaagavum mattu vakuppukalil ninnulla kudiyetta thozhilaallikalum kudiyozhippikkappettva. kudiyozhippikkappett janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum siudad boleevar, kenneddy, usme, bosa vibhagangalilaanu thaamasikkunnath.
vamseeya vibhagangal.
nagaratthile janasamkhyayude vamseeya ghadanayil afro-columbian janathayude nyoonapakshangalum (0.9%) thaddesheeya amerindiyakkaarum (0.3%) ulppedunnu; janasamkhyayude 98.8% vamseeya bandhamilla, pakshe vellakkarum mestisosumaanu.
bogotayil, thwarithappeduthiya nagaravalkarana prakriya vyavasayavalkkaranam mathramalla, kaaranam daaridryavum akramavum polulla sankeernamaaya raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya kaaranangalund, ithu irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam graamapradesangalil ninnu nagaratthilekku kudiyeraan prerippikkukayum bogota janasamkhyayude ganyamaaya valarcha nirnnayikkukayum chuttupaadukalil durithamekhala sthaapikkukayum cheythu. manushyaavakaashangalkkaayulla kansalttansi, codes anusarichu, eee kaalayalavil 260,000-thiladhikam aalukal bogotayiletthi, ithu bogota motham janasamkhyayude ekadesham 3.8 sathamaanamaanu. kudiyozhippikkappett janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum kendreekarichirikkunna sthalangal siudad boliwar, kenneddy, bosa, usme ennivayaanu. 
kuttakrithyam.
kuttakrithyam lokathile ettavum akramasakthamaaya nagarangalilonnayi kanakkakkappettathinu sesham bogota athinte muun kuprasidhamaaya kuttakrithya nirakkineyum prathichaayayeyum vardhichuvarunna vijayathode maattaan valareyadhikam shramichu. 1993ll 100,000 peril 81 enna nirakkil 4,352 kolapathakangal undaayi; 2007ll 100,000 nivaasikalil 20 enna nirakkil 1,401 kolapathakangal bogotaik neridendi vannu, 2017ll ithu 100,000 nivaasikalil 14 aayi kuranju kuranju sheshamulla ettavum kuranjathu). 1995ll aadyamaayi sweekarikkappedukayum athu nadappaakkappedukayum cheiyunna pankaalitthaparavum samyojithavumaaya suraksha nayamaaya "communidad segura" yude falamaanu eee vijayam. 1.99 sathamaanam kolapathakangalkkum kaaranam theruvu vilaasangalil 2 sathamaanamaanu.
sarkkar.
republic oof kolambiyayude thalasthaanamaaya bogotayil kongras, supreme kodathi, executive administration kendram, presidentinte vasathi (cassa dii narino) ennivayundu. meyarude offeesinoppam eee kettidangalum, leevano kottaram (palassio leevano), parasparam eathaanum meterukalkkullil bolivar squareil (plasa dii bolivar) sthithicheyyunnu. spanish colonial, spanish barok shailikalilulla vaasthuvidya avatharippikkunna nagaratthinte charitra kendramaaya laa candelariyayilaanu eee chathuram sthithi cheiyunnathu.
janakeeya vottinaal thiranjedukkappedunna bogota mayer sitti kaunsilum nagarabharanatthinte utharavaadithamullavaraanu. 2019ll klaudiya lopus meyaraayi thiranjedukkappettu; avarude kaalavadhi 2020 muthal 2023 vareyaanu.
pradeshangal.
nagaratthe 20 pradesangalaayi thirichirikkunnu usa, chapinero, santa phee, saan christobal, usme, thunjuyalitto, bosa, kennady, fontibone, engativa, suba, barrios unidos, tusacvillo, loss martyezhs, antonio narino, pyoonde araanda, laa candelaria, rafale urib urib, siudad boleevar, sumapas.
20 pradeshangalil oronnum niyanthrikkunnath ezhu amgangalil kurayaathe janakeeya vottukalaal thiranjedukkappedunna oru bharana bordaanu. athath administrative board naamanirddesham cheiyunna sthaanaarthikalil ninnu mayer praadeshika meyarmaare naamanirddesham cheiyunnu.
sambadghadana.
kolambiyayude pradhana saambathika, vyaavasaayika kendramaanu bogota.
columbian sarkkar mooladhana charakkukalude irakkumathi valarthunnu, eee irakkumathiyude pradhana lakshyasthaanangalilonnaan bogota.
vinodasanjaaram.
nagaratthinte mothatthilulla gdpyil yaathrayudeyum vinodasanchaarathinteyum vihitam 2.5 sathamaanamaanu. kolambiyayilethunna vinodasanchaarathinte 56 sathamaanavum bogottayilaan, koodaathe 1,423 bahurashtra kambanikalude aasthaanamaanithu. bisinesses nadathukayum metingukal nadathukayum cheiyunna oru aagola nagaramayum bogota uyarnna rank nedi. valarnnuvarunna anthaaraashtra metingukalude lakshyasthaanamaan bogota.
2016ll, bogota 50 pradhana anthaaraashtra malsarangal nediyittundu, 12 lokothara malsarangal koodi purogamikkukayaanu. samaadhaanathinulla nobel sammana jethaakkalude 16-aamath loka uchakodi 2017 februvari 2 muthal 5 vare kolambiyayile bogotayil nadannu. yuvanethaakkalude pradhana aagola foramaanu oru yuvalokam, praayamaayavarkk aii. dii. 1. bogota, kolambiyayaanu kolambiyayaanu uchakodiyude aathidheya nagaram.
laa candelaryayude charitra kendrathileyum chuttumulla pradeshangalileyum hotelukal samskaaratheyum kalayeyum snehikkunnavare sevikkunnu. eee pradeshathu nagaratthile hostalukalum daaraalamundu. botero myusiyavum gold myusiyavum ulppede niravadhi myoosiyangal laa candelary undu. laa candeleriaykku sameepam sero monserettu undu, ithu cable carillo funicularilo athicheraam. siudad salitraic sameepam sthithi cheiyunna hotelukal bogota ell dorado anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathinaduthu hraswakaala stoppukal nadathunna sandarshakarkkaayi uddeshichullathaanu.
botanical garden jose celestino mutis, kvinta dii boleevar, naashanal obsarvettari, planetorium, maloka, colpatria nireekshana kendram, laa kalarayude nireekshana kendram, american pathaakakalude smaarakam, laa candelaria (nagaratthinte charitraparamaaya jilla) ennivayaanu bogota pradhana landmarkkukalum vinodasanjaara stoppukalum. njaayarazhchakalil brunch flee markkattum oru parambaraagatha pravarthanamaaya colonial landmarkaya yuzakwen undu. nagaratthil niravadhi harita paarkkukalum saalithre majico allengil mundo aventura polulla amusement paarkkukalum undu.
bogotaik chuttumulla harita pradeshangal ikko tourisathinum kaalnadayaathraykkum anuyojyamaaya sthalangalaanu. nagaratthinte kizhakkan parvathanirakalil, pradhana roadukalil ninnu eathaanum minitt nadannaal, cubrada laa viyeja, chapinero vellachattangal ennivayundu, iva shudhavaayuvulla kazhchakalkkum vinodasanchaarathinumulla niravadhi pachappulla sthalangalil randaanu.
mikacha restorantukal kaanaan kazhiyunna niravadhi pradeshangalum nagarathilundu. jii soonn, tii soonn, laa macareena enniva avarude paachaka vibhavangalkk perukettathaanu.
perukettathaanu muthal pradhana hotel shringalakal nagaratthil svayam sthaapichu. raajyathinte vividha pradeshangalil ninnulla valia saamskaarika vaividyamulla bogota vinodasanchaarikalkku mattu nagarangalilekku yaatra cheyyaathe thanne raajyathinte bahusamskaaram arian sahayikkunnu, ithil bhakshanakramavum vividha uthsavangalum ulppedunnu.
shopping maalukal.
kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi nirmmicha puthiya shopping maalukal kaaranam bogota sambadvyavastha ganyamaayi uyarnnu. nilavilulla 100 maalukalkk purame 160-ladhikam puthiya maalukalum aasoothranam cheythittundu. sradheyamaaya maalukalil iva ulppedunnu
maadyamangal.
praadeshika steshanukalaaya kanal capitalum sitti tv ulla sthalamaanu bogota, kanal 13 oru praadeshika steshanaanu, koodaathe deseeya chaanalukalaaya caracol tivi, rcn tivi, kanal yuno, kanal instityooshanal, senal columbia ennivayude aasthaanavumaanu. claro, dayaraktvi thudangiya onniladhikam saattalait television sevanangalum noorukanakkinu anthaaraashtra chaanalukal vaagdaanam cheiyunna niravadhi saattalait vibhavangalum koodaathe bogottaykkaayi niravadhi exclusive chaanalukalum ivideyundu.
bogotayil, raajyathe ellah pradhana radio nettvarkkukalum labhyamaan, eiii. emm, eph. emm. ennivayil; eph. emm steshanukalil 70 sathamaanavum aarr. dii. ezz sevanam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
ell teompo", "ell espectedore", "ell newo siglo", koodaathe saambathika dinapathrangalaaya "laa republica", "portafolio", "tabloids" ell espasio "," kyuhubo "," extra "ennivayulppede niravadhi pathrangalund. rund spanish, adne, publimetro ennee moonnu soujanya pathrangalum oru engleesh, bogota poost ennivayum bogota vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
adisthaana soukaryangal.
oorjja, malinajala billukal udamayude thaamasasthalam adisthaanamaakki tharamthirickunnu, pothu sevanangal labhikkenda residential propertykalude vargeekaranamaanu eee samvidaanam. oro vyakthiyudeyum varumanam eee samvidaanam pariganikkunnillenkilum residential riyal estettu tharamthirikkanamennum veedukalallennum niyamangal parayunnu. ellah meyarmaarum avarude munisippaalittiyudeyo jillayudeyo paarppida swathukkalude tharamthirikkal nadatthanam.
bogota saamoohika vibhaagangale thaazhepparayunna reethiyil vibhajichirikkunnu, saamoohika kshema paripaadikal, sthithivivarakkanakku vivarangal, oru paridhivare bhoomi anuvadikkunnathinulla oru paraamarshamaayi sarkkar ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
gathagatham.
bogota valarcha athinte rodukalilum haivekalilum sammarddam cheluthiyittundenkilum 1998 muthal adisthaana soukaryangal naveekarikkunnathinulla ganyamaaya sramangal nadathiyittundu. taxikal, basukal, vaanijya vahanangal ennivaykku purame swakaarya kaar udamasthaavakaashavum thirakkinte pradhana bhagamaanu. bahujana gathaagathatthinte pradhana maarggamaayi basukal thudarunnu. rund buzz samvidaanangalundu parambaraagatha samvidaanavum transmillanio bii. aarr. tii samvidaanavum. euro-vii-staanderd cng-power basukalum electric basukalum sweekarichu transmillinio brt samvidaanathinaayi muzhuvan kappalpadayeyum maattisthaapikkunnathinum update cheiyunnathinumulla prakriyayilaanu nagaratthinte bharanakoodam ippol. poorthiyaayikkazhinjaal, chainaykku purathulla lokathile ettavum valia electric buzz kappal bogottayilundaakum.
parambaraagatha samvidaanam saadhaarana theruvukalilum avanyookalilum niravadhi kambanikal nadathunna vividha tharam bassukal pravartthippikkunnu "buzz" (valia basukal), "busetta" (idatharam valuppathilulla basukal), "collectivo" (vaanukal allengil minivaanukal). valia basukale rund vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu "ejecutivo", ithu yadhaarthathil oru delux sarveesaayirunnu, athu nilkkunna yaathrakkaare vahikkanamennilla, koodaathe "kooriyant" allengil saadhaarana sarvees. 2008 meyy muthal ellah basukalum "kooriyant" sevanangalayi pravartthikkunnu. aabhyanthara, anthardesheeya buzz roottukalude kendramaanu bogota. kolambiyayile mikka nagarangalilekkum pattanangalilekkum pookunna bogota terminal raajyathe ettavum valia paathayaan. ecavador, peru, veneswella ennividangalilekku anthaaraashtra sarvees undu.
enriq penalosayude mayer kaalayalavil srishticha transmillanio samvidaanam, sabway allengil reyil samvidaanathinte abhavam nikathunnathinulla nadapadiyaayi vinyasicha buzz druthagathiyilulla gathaagathatthinte oru roopamaanu. transmillinio samarppita buzz roadukalil (baswekal) pravartthikkunna articlated basukalum residential pradeshangalil pravartthikkunna cheria basukalum (feedarukal) samyojippichu yaathrakkaare pradhana gridilekku konduvarunnu. transmillinioyude pradhana roottukal ivayaanu caracas avanyoo, northen haiway (autopista norte), 80th street, americas avanyoo, jimenez avanyoo, 30th avanyoo (norte ktutto surr allengil "enn" ennum ariyappedunnu.kyu.ezz."churukkatthil). 30-aamm avanyoovinte thekkan bhagamaaya suba avanyoovinum thekkan highwake ("autopista surr") vendiyulla roottukal 2006 eprilil thurannu. samvidaanathinte moonnaam ghattam 7-aamm avanyoo, 10-aamm avanyoo, 26-aamm street (allengil "avanida ell dorado") enniva ulkkollum. 2030 oode muzhuvan nagaratheyum ulkkollaanaan eee samvidaanam aasoothranam cheythirikkunnathu. transmillinio nagaratthinte pala konukalilekkum yaathrakkaare kondupokunnundengilum, taxikal ozhikeyulla mattethoru pothugathaagathathekkaalum (us $0.80 allengil 2300 police dollar) ithu kooduthal chelaveriyathaanu.
transmillineoic purame, penalosa bharanakoodavum vottar amgeekritha hitaparisodhana pico vaii placa (manikkoorilethupole, plate, licenses plettil pole) ennu vilikkunna tirakkeriya samayangalil chila licenses plate nambarukalulla kaarukalkk yatra niyanthranangal earppeduthaan sahayichu; njaayarazhchakalilum pradhana avadhi divasangalilum sikloviya; saikkil paathakaludeyum "sikloruttas" ennu vilikkunna verthiricha paathakaludeyum oru valia samvidaanam; roadukal kooduthal kaalnadakkaarkku anuyojyamaakkunnathinum kaar upayogam niruthsaahappeduthunnathu shramathil aayirakkanakkin parking sthalangal neekkam cheyyuka. "lokathile eathoru nagaratthileyum ettavum vipulamaaya samarppita bike paatha shringalakalilonnaanu "siklorudas". nagaratthinte vadakku, 170-aamm theruvu, thekk, 27-aamm theruvu, kizhakk monserettu muthal padinjaaru bogota nadhi vare ithu vyaapichukidakkunnu. siklorootta" kurachu kilometerukalode <aii. dii. 1> antana mokkas administration aarambhichu, pinneedu oru saikkil maasttar plan vikasippichathum noorukanakkinu kilometerukal vyaapippichathumaayathode ithu ganyamaayi vipuleekarichu. nagaratthil "siklorooda" saikkil upayogam vardhichathinusesham 2014 ll oru kaar free aazhcha avatharippichu.
vimaanathavalangal.
bogota pradhana vimaanathaavalam ell dorado anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalamaanu, nagaratthinte daundauninu padinjaaru fontibone pradeshathu ekadesham oru vistheernnam sthithicheyyunnu. meksikoo sitti anthaaraashtra vimanathavalavum saavo poulo-gurlose anthaaraashtra vimanathavalavum kazhinjaal laattin amerikkayile moonnaamathe ettavum pradhanappetta vimaanathaavalamaanith, ithu kolambiyayile ettavum pradhanappetta vimaanathaavalamaanu. 1955ll kolambiyayude 19-aamath president gustavo rojas pinillayaan vimaanathaavalathinte nirmmaanathinu utharavittathu. kolambiyayilum laattin amerikkayilum kendramaayi sthithi cheiyunnathinaal, kolambiyayude munnira vimaanakkambaniyaaya eviyaanka, copa airlines columbia, laattam columbia ennivayude kendramaanithu. american, deltta, yunaittad, eyar france, keey. ell. emm, turkish airlines, jettu blue, luftansa ennivayulppede niravadhi anthaaraashtra vimaanakkambanikalum ithinu sevanam nalkunnu. anthaaraashtra vimanathavalathile tirakk kaaranam deseeya vimaanathaavalam kooduthal utharavaaditham ettedukkaan thudangi. prathivarsham ekadesham 27 dasalaksham yaathrakkaarude uyarnna aavasyathinu marupadiyaayi, pradhana vimanathavalathile gathagatham laghookarikkaan sahaayikkunnathin 2021 oode ell dorado II enna puthiya vimaanathaavalam nirmmikkaan padhathiyundu.
kaattaam enna dvitheeya vimaanathaavalam sainika, police vyomayaanathinte thaavalamaayi pravartthikkunnu. ell dorado ranvekal upayogikkunna eee vimaanathaavalam oduvil kundinamarka mekhalayile aduthulla pattanamaya madridilekku maarukayum ell dorado vipuleekarikkaan kooduthal idam avasheshikkukayum cheyyum.
bogota vadakkan athirthiyil sthithi cheiyunna mattoru cheria vimaanathaavalamaanu gwaamaral vimaanathaavalam. ithu pradhaanamaayum swakaarya vyomayaana pravarthanangalkkaanu upayogikkunnathu.
nagara, suburban railway.
tram shringhala thakarnnathinethudarnnu bogotayil railway traansit infrastructure kuravaanu, ennirunnaalum niravadhi padhathikal athu maattumenn prathekshikkunnu. thudarchayaaya rund sarkkarukal bogota metro munnott kondupoyi, 2028 ll aarambikkaan padhathiyittukondu 2020 ll nirmmaanam aarambhichu. pravarthanarahithamaaya roottukal maattisthaapikkunna nagaratthinakatthum puratthum railway nirmmikkanulla padhathikal nagaratthinullile gathaagathatthinte aavasyakatha kaaranam vaiki. pravarthanarahithamaaya bogota savanna reyilveyil ninnu raitt-oof-way upayogikkunna oru tram train line, rejiyotram ennariyappedunnu, 2023 ll thurakkum.
saikkil adisthaana soukaryangal.
kolambiyayil ettavum vipulavum samagravumaaya bike paathakalude shringhala bogotayilund. mayermaaraaya antanas mokkas, enriq penalosa ennivarude bharanakaalathu roopakalppana cheyth nirmmicha spanish bhashayil bogota bike paathu network allengil siklorutas dii bogota, lokathile ettavum vipulavum laattin amerikkayile ettavum vipulavumaan. saikkil parking soukaryangalulla transmillinio buzz samvidaanavumaayi eee shringhala samyojippichirikkunnathu saikkil oodikkumbool metropolittan pradesham muzhuvan kadakkunnathu saadhyamaakkunnu.
pradhana haivekal raavile 7 munny muthal adachidunna "sikloviya" enna aarogyakaramaya jeevitashaili paripadi bogota nadappaakki.emm. njaayarazhchakalilum pothu avadhi divasangalilum uchaykku 2 munny vare. sikloviya" kku nandi, saadhaarana janangal nagaram aaswadikkukayum vyayaamam cheyyukayum cheiyunna baikkukal oodikkunnu. koodaathe, kaarukal athra valuthayi sanjarikkunnilla, athinaal malineekaranam kuravaanu. athupole thanne, desember maasathil, raathriyilum ithe pravartthanam nadakkunnu; vedikkettu, theruvu thiyettar prakadanangal, theruvu bhakshana kachavadakkaar thudangiya chila prathyeka soukaryangalum pravartthanangalum undu.
2016 epril 4 muthal carrera 11 naalil ninnu moonnu kaar lainukalaayi kuraykkukayum oru puthiya bike paatha ("siklorooda") udghaadanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
tramway.
1884 desember 25 nuu, kovarkazhuthakal valichedutha aadyathe tramway udghaadanam cheyyukayum plasa dii boleevaril ninnu chapinero vareyulla paatha ulkkollukayum cheythu, 1892 ll plasa dii boleevarineyum laa sabana steshaneyum bandhippikkunna line pravartthanam aarambhichu. tramway thadi reyilukalkk mukaliloode kadannupokukayum eluppathil paalam thettukayum cheythathinaal brittanil ninnu irakkumathi cheytha urukk reyilukal oduvil sthaapikkappettu. 1894ll oro 20 minittilum oru tramway kaar bogota-chappinero lainil oodunnu. tram samvidaanam oduvil nagaratthinteyum chuttumulla praanthapradeshangaludeyum bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunnathilekku valarnnu. ennaal ennaal bogotaso kalaapasamayath eee samvidaanathinu kanatha kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum athu adachupoottaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu. thudarnnundaaya aabhyantharayudhathinte saambathika prathyaaghaathangal naashanashtangal attakuttappanikal nadathunnathilninnu thadanju. 1951ll basukal maattisthaapikkunnathuvar samvidaanathinte chila bhagangal kuranja avasthayil pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu. mikka street kaar traakkukalum oduvil nadappaathayaakkappettuve nagaratthile pala pazhaya rodukalilum, prathyekichu dauntaunilum laa candelaria pradeshathum thuranna trackukal ippozhum kaanaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum eathenkilum vahanangal oodichittu ekadesham 70 varshamaayi.
bogota pothugathagatha sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
udaaharanathinu, oru pravrithidivasathil aalukal bogotayil pothugathaagathatthil chelavazhikkunna sharashari samayam 97 minittaan. pothugathagatha yaathrakkaaril 32 sathamaanavum ellah divasavum rund manikkooriladikam yaatra cheiyunnu. pothugathaagathatthinaayi aalukal oru stoppilo steshanilo kaathirikkunna sharashari samayam 20 minittaan, athesamayam 40 sathamaanam ridermar ellah divasavum sharashari 20 minittiladikam kaathirikkunnu. pothugathaagathatthiloode oru yaathrayil aalukal saadhaaranayaayi 8 kilometer sanjarikkumbol 16 sathamaanam aalukal ore dishayilekku 12 kilometeriladhikam sanjarikkunnu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
thekke amerikkayile ethans ennariyappedunna bogotaik primery, secondary skoolukaludeyum kolejukaludeyum vipulamaaya vidyaabhyaasa samvidaanamundu. raajyathinte thalasthaanathekku aalukal nirantharam kudiyerikkondirikkunnathu, samsthaanam soujanyamaayi nalkunna vidyaabhyaasathinulla kwattayude labhyatha palappozhum aparyapthamaanu. kolejukaludeyum swakaarya skoolukaludeyum vaividhyamaarnna samvidaanavum nagarathilundu.
pothu, swakaarya sarvakalashaalakal niravadhiyund. 2002ll aake 113 unnatha vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangal undaayirunnu; bogotayil niravadhi sarvakalashaalakal undu, avaa bhaagikamaayo poornnamaayo enn. eiii. sii. (deseeya accreditation kaunsil) amgeekrithamaanu columbia deseeya sarvakalashaala, columbia andees sarvakalashaala, bogota jilla sarvakalashaala, laa saale sarvakalashaala, columbia, laa sabana sarvakalashaala, pontifical javier sarvakalashaala, ouvar lady oof dhaa rosari sarvakalashaala, universitid externado dii columbia, milittari yooniversitti newa granada, central yooniversitti, columbia, ell bosk sarvakalashaala, america sarvakalashaala, sergio arbolada sarvakalashaala, jorjju tadio losano sarvakalashaala, columbia pailat sarvakalashaala, columbia catholic sarvakalashaala, sent thomas akwinas sarvakalashaala, yooniversitti oof colombia, yooniversitti oof pedidaca, yooniversitti oof colombia.
parambaraagatha sector tusacvilloyil sthithi cheiyunna columbia naashanal yooniversitti kaambasil nagarathinu oru yooniversitti sitti undu. kolambiyayile ettavum valia campas laattin amerikkayile ettavum valia kaambasukalilonnumaanu ithu.
samskaaram.
58 myoosiyangal, 62 art gaalarikal, 33 library netvarkkukal, 45 steju theaterukal, 75 sports aandu aakarshana paarkkukal, 150 ladhikam deseeya smarakangal ennivayulppede niravadhi saamskaarika vedikalaanu bogottayilullath. ivayil palathum aagolathalathil prashasthamaan, udaaharanathina
prathivarsham 6 dashalakshathiladhikam sandarshakare sweekarikkunna mekhalayile ettavum pradhanappetta luis angel arango library;
1823 muthalulla amerikkayile ettavum pazhakkam chenna columbian naashanal museum;
lokathile itharathilulla ettavum valia aibaro-american natakamelayil 2 dasalaksham aalukal theaterukalilum theruvukalilum 450 ladhikam prakadanangal aasvadikkunnu.
prathivarsham nooriladhikam samgeethajnjarum 140 prakadanangalumulla kolambiyayile ettavum pradhanappetta symphany orkkastrayaanu bogota philharmonic. 2012 march muthal sangeetha vibhaagathil unesco creative sitti netvarkkil amgamaanu eee nagaram. 2007 ll unesco bogota loka pusthaka thalasthaanamaayi namakaranam cheythu.
raajyathe ettavum pazhaya ooppara hausaaya christobal koloon thiyettar 1892 ll thurannu. deseeya symphany associationte pradhana aaktaaya kolambiyayude deseeya symphany oorkkastrayude aasthaanamaanithu.
paarkkile roock alle paarkk allengil roock oru ooppan eyar roock sangeetha utsavamaanu. varshathil moonnu divasam soujanyamaayi 60-ladhikam baand prakadanangal aaswadikkaan kazhiyunna 320,000-ladhikam sangeetha aaraadhakare ithu varshathil aavarthikkunnu. 15 varshathe pravartthanakaalathu eee parambara valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, paarkkile salsa, paarkkile hip hoopp, paarkkile baale, paarkkile ooppara, paarkkile jasses thudangiya sameepakaala uthsavangalkk falamaayi nagaram mattu sangeetha vibhagangalkkaayi eee samrambham aavarthichu.
kolambiyayile kuttikalkkulla choys avaardukal, nagaratthil nikkalodiyon nalkunna avaardukalaanu, 2014 ll gaayakan malumayaan aadya chadangu nalkiyathu, corferiakalil austin mahon, carlos pena, doonn tetto, riva thudangiya kalakaaranmaar nalkunna shokalude aasthaanamaanu eee chadangu.
thekke amerikkayile saamskaarika vaagdaanangalil svayam nethaavaayi nilakollaan bogota sameepa varshangalil pravarthichittundu, koodaathe kalayude vikasanathinulla eee mekhalayile oru kendramaayi ithu lokamembaadum kooduthalaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu.
2007ll bogotaik ibero-amerikkayude saamskaarika thalasthaanam enna padavi yuu. sii. sii (union oof ibero-american kyaapittal sittikal) nalkukayum 1991ll aadyamaayi eee amgeekaaram labhicha sesham rund thavana amgeekaaram labhicha eaka nagaramaayi ithu maarukayum cheythu.
saamskaarika charithram.
bogota spanish samsaarikkunna lokathinu aadhunikathayude thudakkakkaranaaya jose asunsiyon silva (1865-1896) nalki. dii sobremesa" enna novalile addehathinte kaavyasrishtikalkku mikacha american saahithyathil sthaanamundu. kuttikalude bhavanayudeyum columbian paarambaryatthinteyum anivaryamaaya bhagamaaya kettukadhakalude oru shekharam avasheshippicha oru american romantisisa kaviyayirunnu raffel pombo (1833-1912).
vaasthuvidya.
kolambiyayude swaathanthryam (1810) kazhinju pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal bogota colonial kettidangalude nagara roopaghadanayum typology nilanirthappedunnu. colonial pashchaathalatthinte eee sthiratha ippozhum drishyamaanu, prathyekichu bogota charitra kendramaaya laa candelary. muttangal, gable melkkoorakal, seramic tailukal, baalkkanikal ennivayulla rund nilakalulla colonial veedukalum paripaalikkappedunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, eee baalkkanikal republican kaalaghattatthil glass janalakalaal moodappettirunnu, ithu eee mekhalayude vaasthuvidyayude savisheshathayaanu (udaaharanathinu, raffel pomboyude veedu).
veedu) "1830num idayil nilaninnirunna sailiyaanu republican vaasthuvidya. oru aadhunika vasthuvidyaa bhasha ekeekarikkaan sramangal nadannittundengilum, naashanal yooniversitti oof kolambiyayile (1936 muthal 1939 vare nirmmicha) yooniversitti sittiyum vaitt sittiyum maathramaan udaaharanagal. campus kettidangalude roopakalppanayil yuktivaada pravanathakalude aarkkitektukal pankedutthirunnuvenkilum jarmman aarkkitekt leopold rohteraanu eee srishti vikasippichath. art deco, expressionism, oorgaanik architecture thudangiya vasthuvidyaa pravanathakalum undu. irupathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil rojelio salmona polulla bogottan aarkkidekttukalaanu eee avasana pravanathaye soochippichathu.
2015ll bii. dii. bakkatta udghaadanam cheyyappettu, colpatria gopuratthe marikadannu nagaratthileyum kolambiyayileyum ettavum uyaram koodiya kettidamaayi maari. nagaratthinte nagarkendra naveekaranatthinte thudakkamayirikkum eee kettidamennu prathekshikkunnu.
librarikalum aarkkaivukalum.
2007ll unesco bogota loka pusthaka thalasthaanamaayi namakaranam cheythu. eee amgeekaaram labhikkuna aadyathe laattin american nagravum montriyalinu sesham amerikkayile randaamathe nagaravumaan bogota. pusthakangalum vayana prolsaahippikkunnathi ekopippicha reethiyil pravartthikkunna paripaadikal, library shringhala, samghadanakalude saannidhyam ennivayil ithu verittunilkkunnu. pusthaka mekhalayil earppettirikkunna pothu, swakaarya grouppukalude prathibaddhathayode loka pusthaka mooladhana padhathikkaayi niravadhi prathyeka samrambhangal etteduthittundu.
cheruthum valuthumaaya 16 pothu librarikal (biblioteca virjiliyo barco, biblioteca ell tintal, biblioteca ell tunal, biblioteca juulioo marrio santodomingo) niyanthrikkunna oru sthaapanamaaya bibblard eee nagarathilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. museo naashanal dii columbia (pazhaya pusthakangal, kaattalogukal, kala ennivayil prathyekathayullava), aadhunika kalayude bogota museum, alayans frankays, centro kolambo americano thudangiya sthaapanangalumaayi bandhippichirikkunna librarikalum documentation sentarukalum famili compensation fund kolsubidiyoyude library netvarkkinte aarr shaakhakalum ivideyundu.
samsthaana, nagara, anthaaraashtra ejansikal thammilulla puthiya sahakarana samrambhangalaan librarikalude mattoru koottam. meksikkoyile fonto dii kalchura economic roopakalppana cheytha saamskaarika kendramaaya gabriel garzia markwess, pothu fandukalum spanish sarkkaarinte daundaun bogota nirmmaanam aarambikkunna spanish saamskaarika kendram ennivayaanu udaaharanagal. 
saamskaarika manthraalayathe aasrayikkunna kolambiyayude deseeya library (1777) republicinte theerathe aasrayikkunna biblioteca luis eanjal arangoyum (1958) nagaratthile rund valia pothu librarikalaanu. aadyathethu purathana pusthakangalude oru pradhana shekharamulla rund dashalakshathiladhikam vaalyangalude shekharamaanu. randaamathethinu ekadesham rund dasalaksham vaalyangalund, valippathil, ithu oru divasam 10,000 sandarshakare aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu; library alphonso palassio rudas republicinte theerathe aasrayikkunnathaanu, koodaathe ekadesham 50,000 vaalyangalulla nagaratthinte vadakku bhagathaanu ithu sthithicheyyunnathu. kolambiyayile library oof kongras (100,000 vaalyangalulla), instityootto karoo vaii curevo (ekadesham 200,000 vaalyangalulla, bhaashaashaasthrathilum bhaashaashaasthrathilumulla ettavum valia laattin american library), akkadami oof histtariyude library, akkadami oof laamgvejinte library, columbian instittyoott oof anthropology aandu histtari aikanh library, niravadhi yooniversitti librarikal ennivayaanu mattu valia pothu librarikal.
lattinamerikkayile praadhamika charitra srothassukalude ettavum valia shekharangalilonnaaya ekadesham 60 dasalaksham rekhakalude shekharamaaya general naashanal aarkkaivil sookshichirikkunna charitraparamaaya rekhakalude aasthaanamaanu bogota. bogota cathedralinte sangeetha archive (aayirakkanakkin pusthakangalum corell gaana-colonial kaalaghattavum), archdiosession archive, bogota kansiliyar seminariyude archive, archive histtari naashanal yooniversitti oof columbia, republicinte theerathulla bogota mintinte archive ennivayum bogottayilaan.
myoosiyangalum gaalarikalum.
nagaratthil 58 myoosiyangalum 70 ladhikam art gaalarikalum undu. columbian naashanal myoosiyathil kala, charithram, puraavasthushaasthram, ethnography enningane naalu shekharangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. 35, 000 tumbaga swarnna kashanangalum 30,000 seramic, kallu, thunitharangal ennivayulla swarnna myusiyavum lokathile ettavum valia columbian kaalaghattatthile swarnna shekharathe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
botero myoosiyathil fernando botteroyude 123 kruthikalum anthaaraashtra kalakaaranmaarude 87 kruthikalum undu. bogota museum oof moden artle graphik arts, industrial design, photography ennivayude shekharamundu. colonial kalayude myoosiyathil kolambiyayil ninnulla colonial kalayude oru pradhana shekharamundu. fundasian gilberto aalsaat avendano kalaaparipaadikalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkukayum athinte haalukalilum gaalarikalilum kalayude thaalkkaalika pradarshanangal pradarshippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
ekadesham 30,000 columbian kalaaroopangalulla archaeological museum-kaasa dell markwess dii saan jorj, laattin amerikkayile prakrithishaasthrathinte naalu valia myoosiyangalilonnaaya instityootto dii siensias naturals (yuu. enn), jiyolaji, paleantology ennivayil prathyeka shekharamulla geological museum ennivayaanu shaasthreeya myoosiyangalil ulppedunnathu.
jorjju eliser gaittan museum, museum oof independence (museo dii laa independentia), kvinta dii boleevar, kaasa museo francisco jose dii caldas thudangiya charitraparamaaya myoosiyangalum malokkayude aasthaanavum bogota kuttikalude myusiyavum bogotayilund. art deco bogota myusiyavum puthiya myoosiyangalil ulppedunnu.
naadakavum kalayum.
lokathile ettavum valia naadakamelayaaya aibaro-american naadakamelaykku purame, nagarathinu naalppathiyanju theaterukalundu; pradhana theaterukal koloon thiyettar, puthuthayi nirmmicha, rund vedikalulla deseeya thiyettar, parambaraagatha tpb haal, laa candelaria thiyettar, camerin dell carmen (400 varshathiladhikam pazhakkamullath, munbu oru konvent), colsubidio, nagaratthinte pratheekavum, naveekaricha liyon dii greef audittoriyam (bogota philoharmonic oorkkastrayude veedu), ooppan eyar thiyettar "laa media torta", sangeetha paripaadikalum nadakkunnu.
aibaro-american naadakamela mathramalla prashamsa pidichupattiya utsavam. mattu niravadhi praadeshika, praadeshika naadaka uthsavangal aaghoshikkukayum varsham muzhuvan nagaram sajeevamaayi nilanirthukayum cheiyunnu. ivayil onnaanu "badal naadaka utsavam".
bogotaik athintethaaya chalachithrotsavam, bogota chalachithrotsavam, samakaalika sinimakalum kalaa sinimayum pradarshippikkunna niravadhi theaterukal ennivayundu. ellah varshavum octoberil nadakkunna bogota anthaaraashtra kalaa melayaaya artbo ellah formaattukalilum chalanangalilum aashayangalilum kalaparamaaya aayirakkanakkin srishtikal pradarshippikkunnu.
nagaratthinte pradhana saamskaarika kendram nagaratthinte charitraparamaaya kendramaaya laa candelariayaanu, sarvakalaashaalakalum myoosiyangalum kendreekarichirikkunnu. 2007ll bogota ibero amerikkayude saamskaarika thalasthaanamaayi prakhyaapichu.
matham.
spanish adhiniveshathinu munbu, bogota nivaasikalude vishwaasangal muiska mathatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu. colonial kaalam muthal eee nagaram pradhaanamaayum roman catholicaraanu. charitraparamaaya nagara kendratthil nirmmicha pallikalude ennamaanu eee mathapaarambaryathinte thelivu. 1564 march 22 muthal eee nagaram roman catholica athiroopathayude aasthaanamaanu. aarch bishappinte aasthaanam bogota primattiyal cathedralaanu; athiroopatha thanne nagaratthinte vadakku puthiya kettidangalilaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. ennirunnaalum, janasamkhyayude oru valia vibhaagam innu svayam pariseelanam nadathaathathaayi prakhyaapikkunnu.
nagarathinu estambul masjid ennu vilikkunna chapinero pradeshathu sthithi cheiyunna oru pally, 80-aamm nambaril abou bucker alle-siddikh masjid ennu vilikkunna kra 30-ll nirmmikkunna oru pally, parambaraagatha islaamika vaasthuvidyayulla nagaratthile aadyathethum alle-khurtubi enna islaamika kendravumundu.
pradhana ashkenazi jootha sinagog (bogotayil motham 4 sinagogukalundu) 94-aamm theruvilaan (stettu oof israel avanyoo ennum ariyappedunnu) sthithicheyyunnathu.
oru kizhakkan oorthadoox pally kolambiyayile episcopal palliyude maathrusabhayaaya saan pablo aamgleekkan cathedral chaapineroyilaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. nissa ayalpakkathaanu yeshukristhuvinte pilkkala vishudharude palliyude bogota columbia kshethram sthithi cheiyunnathu. nagaratthinte vadakku bhaagath naalu budhamatha kendrangalundu. bogota baptist chaappal, noonn-demonicational union charchu, sent ulppede nagaratthinte vividha bhaagangalil vaividhyamaarnna protestant pallikalum undu. jarmman-columbian samoohathinu jarmman, spanish bhashakalil sevanangal nalkunna maathouse ivaanchalikkal lutheran palli.
paachakareeti.
saadhaaranavum antharddesheeyavumaaya bhakshanam vilambunna vishalamaaya restorantukalaanu bogottayilullath. paarkk dii laa 93, usa, soona tii, jii soonn, laa macareena, laa candelaria, parkway, internaashanal sentar enniva arjanteeniyan, peruvian, veneswellen, brazilian, meksikkan, american sthaapanangal muthal arabic, eshyan, franch, itaaliyan, russian, britiish bistros, rottissarikal, steakhouseukal, pabbukal thudangi niravadhi anthaaraashtra restorantukal kaanapedunna chila pradhana mekhalakalaanu.
chikkan kondu thayyarakkunna suupp, vividatharam urulakkizhangu, cobil cholam, saadhaaranayaayi pulicha cream kepparukalum, avocado ariyum cherthu vilambunna "gwascass" (oru sasyam) enniva bogota saadhaarana vibhavangalil ulppedunnu.
valare parambaraagathamaaya oru bogota vibhavamaan tamales. arrie, beef, panniyirachi,/allengil kozhi (pradeshathe aashrayich), kadala, kaaratt, sugandhavyanjanagal enniva upayogichu nirmmikkunna oru pesttaanu columbian tamal, vaazha elakalil pothinju neeraavil pakam cheiyunnu.
arakvippulla athippazham, cream ulla stroberry, "postre dii natas", "kuwajada koonn melavo" ennivayaanu nagaratthil vaagdaanam cheiyunna pradhana madhurapalahaarangal. aguvapanela, karuvapatta, aguardient enniva upayogichu thayyarakkunna altiplanoyil ninnulla oru choodulla paaneeyamaanu canelaso. mattoru choodulla paaneeyamaanu kaappi (kolambiyayil tinto ennariyappedunnathupole), aguardient enniva upayogichu nirmmicha carajillo.
paarkkukalum vinodangalum.
kacherikal, naadakangal, sinimakal, kathaakrithukkal, mattu pravartthanangal ennivaykkulla soukaryangalulla niravadhi paarkkukal bogotayilund.
sports.
vinodathinum kaayikathinumulla jilla instittyoott bogota paarkkukalude vinodam, kaayikam, upayogam enniva prothsaahippikkunnu.
football bogota pratheekamaayi prakhyaapikkappedukayum nagaratthil vyaapakamaayi kalikkukayum cheiyunnu. santa phee, millonarios, laa equidad ennee moonnu professional clubbukal nagarathilundu. nagaratthile pradhana stadium campin stadiyamaanu (estaadiyo nemesio camacho ell campin) praadeshika teamukalaaya saanta phee, millonarios ennivayude aasthaanamaanu, 2001 ll columbia deseeya football meksikoo deseeya football thammilulla 2001 copa america finalinte sthalamaayirunnu campin stadium, avasana score 1-0 nuu hoome teaminu anukoolamaayi, oduvil athinte aadya kondinental kapp nedi. laa ekvidaadinte aasthaanamaaya multy-yoos teco metropolittan stadiyamaanu mattoru football vedhi.
covered colisium ell campin, simoon boleevar akvaattik complexes, sports palas, luis carlos gallen velodrome (1995 yusiai track saikling loka chaambyanshippinu aathidheyathvam vahicha), ell salitor diamond bolpark, bmx track "marrio andrez sotto" enniva ulppedunna ell salitor sports vedhi ennivayaanu mattu pradhana kaayika vedikal.
1938ll nadanna aadyathe bolivarian gamesinu bogota aathidheyathvam vahichu. 2004ll chaambyanshippu nediya eee nagaram deseeya gamesinu aathidheyathvam vahichu. ithu oru sub-avanyoo bolivarian paan american geyimaayirunnu. koodaathe, columbia paryadanatthinte paathayilulla nagaram.
kolambiyayil nadanna 2011 fifa under-20 lokakappinte pradhana vediyaaya bogota 2016 fifa footsal lokakappinu aathidheyathvam vahicha vedikalilonnaanu.
chinnangal.
1810 juulai 20 nuu aarambhicha colonial adhikaarikalkkethiraaya kalaapathil ninnaan pathaaka uthbhavichath, eee samayat vimathar manja, chuvapp baandukalulla kaithandakal dharichirunnu, kaaranam eee nirangal puthiya rajyamaaya granadayude pathakayaayi upayogichirunna spanish pathaakayude nirangalaayirunnu. 
1952 october october, eee sambhavangalkk krithyamaayi 142 varshangalkk sesham, sesham 555-aamm utharavu desasnehaparamaaya amband bogota pathakayaayi audyogikamaayi sweekarichu. kundinaamaarkkayude pathaaka athe paatten pinthudarunnu, koodaathe kanyaka meriyude keppine prathinidheekarikkunna ilam neela tyle.
chuvapp niratthinu mukalilulla manja niratthilulla oru pattayaan pathaaka. manja ennathu bhoomiyil ninnulla svarnnatheyum neethi, daya, daya, laukika gunangal (prabhukkanmaar, mikavu, sambathu, audaaryam, tejass, aarogyam, sthiratha, santhosham, samriddhi enningane nirvachikkappedunnu), deerghaayussu, nithyatha, shakti, sthiratha ennivayude gunangaleyum soochippikkunnu. chuvapp ennathu daanadharmmathinte gunatheyum dheerata, prabhukkanmaar, moolyangal, dheerata, vijayam, bahumanam, rosham ennivayude gunangaleyum soochippikkunnu, kolambiyakkaar athine thangalude janangalude raktham ennu vilikkunnu. 
1548 desember 3 nuu speyinile valladolidil nalkia rajakeeya utharaviloode puthiya rajyamaaya granadaykku chaals vii (speyinile chaals onnaaman) chakravarty nagaratthinte anki nalki. athinte madhyathil oru karutha kazhukan undu, athu sthirathaye pratheekappeduthunnu. akkaalat spanish saamraajyathinte bharanakudumbamaayirunna habsburgukalude pratheekamaanu kazhukan. kazhukanu svarnnam kondu kireedamaniyukayum swarnna pashchaathalatthil chuvanna maathalanaaranga pidikkukayum cheiyunnu. athirthiyil neela pashchaathalatthil onpathu swarnna maathalanaarangakalulla olivu shaakhakalundu. rund chuvanna maathalanaarangakal dheerathaye pratheekappeduthunnu, onpathu svarnangal akkaalathe puthiya granada raajyam roopeekaricha ombathu samsthaanangale prathinidheekarikkunnu. 1932ll eee anki audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappedukayum bogota pratheekamaayi sweekarikkappedukayum cheythu. 
bogota ganarachana nirvvahichirikkunnathu pedro medina avendanoyanu; eee gaanathinu samgeetham nalkiyirikkunnath roberto pineda dukeanu. 1974 juulai 31-nuu annathe bogota mayer annibal fernandes dii sotoyaanu eee gaanathe audyogikamaayi desheeyagaanamaayi prakhyaapichathu.
anthaaraashtra bandhangal.
eratta pattanangal-sahodari nagarangal.
bogota erattakalaana
ibero-american thalasthaana nagarangalude union.
1982 october 12 nuu sthaapithamaaya ibero-american thalasthaana nagarangalude yooniyante bhagamaanu bogota.
pankaalitthavum sahakaranavum.
koodaathe, bogota inipparayunnavayumaayi sahakarikkunnu

