
petkas vii becker

petkas vii becker (1980-2).sii.aarr. 834] kaanadayile supreme kodathiyude oru supradhana kudumba niyama theerumaanamaayirunnu. professor donovan vaattarsinte aashayangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla anyayamaaya sambushteekaranathinulla parihaaramaayi kodathi kriyaathmaka trasttinte oru puthiya roopeekaranam sthaapichu, prathyekichu oru pothu niyama bandha vibhajanathil atharam kriyaathmaka vishwaasathinte aavasyakathakal. kriyathmakamaaya vishwaasathinte "petkas" roopeekaranam pinneedu pothu niyama lokath mattevideyengilum sweekarichu.
pashchaathalam.
kaanadayilekkulla rund kudiyettakkaaraaya rossa becker lother petkasum 1955 ll kandumutty. avar orumichu thamasam maarukayum bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaaraayi jeevikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum avar vivaham kazhichilla, avarkk kuttikalumilla. 1960 vare, becker avalude baahya varumaanathil ninnu vaadakayum jeevithachelavukalum adaykkukayum petkus thante varumanam thante peril oru baank akkoundil nikshepikkukayum cheythu. 1961ll avar cubeckil oru phaam vaangi. petkasinte akkoundil ninnaan panam vannath, akkaalathe aachaaramanusarich udamasthaavakaasham ("thalakkett") addehathinte peril ninnu eduthirunnu.
avar kaarshika thozhilaallikale pankidukayum iruvarum valare kadinaadhvaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. avar thangalude krishiyidathe labhakaramaaya theneechavalarthal pravarthanamaakki maatti. veettu chelavukalkkum phaam house nannakkunnathinum upayogichirunna kurachu varumaanavum becker nedi. avarude sambaadyangal krishiyidathilekko petkus baank akkoundilekko thirichupoyi.
1971ll krishiyidathil ninnulla laabhavum petkasinte baank akkoundil ninnulla kooduthal panavum upayogichu avar ontaariyoyil oru vasthu vaangukayum athu veendum addehathinte peril rajisttar cheyyukayum cheythu. 1972ll becker petkasil ninnu verpirinju. avan 3,000 dollar tharayil erinju, oru kaarum theneechakalodoppam naalpat theneechakalum koode kondupokaan paranju.
addehathinte abhyarthana maanich moonnu maasathinu sesham aval addehathodoppam thirichupoyi. aval kaarumaayi thirichetthi, addehathinte akkoundil 1,900 dollar theneechakalillaatha naalpat theneechakkoodukalum nikshepichu. taamasiyaathe, eee thirichunalkiya asthikal, samyuktha sambaadyangal, cubec bhoomi vilkkunnathil ninnulla varumanam enniva upayogichu avar petkasinte peril mattoru ontaariyo phaam vaangi. avarkk ippol rund vilapetta bhoomi undaayirunnu, 1974-ll avar sthalam maattukayum avayilonnil oru veedu nirmmikkukayum cheythu. thangalude abhivridhi praapikkunna theneechavalarthal bisinessil ninnulla varumaanathil ninnaan avar jeevichathu. aaa varsham avasaanathode aval avane nallathinayi upekshichu kaarum 2,600 dollar panavum eduthu.
avarude samyuktha shramangaliloode nediya swathukkal, theneechavalarthal bisinesses, swathukkal ennivayude pakuthi palishaykkum avar cases phayal cheythu. petcus becker irupathu varshatholam bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaaraayi orumichu thaamasichirunnu. akkaalathe ontaariyo niyamanirmmaanaprakaaram, oru pothu niyama bhaaryaykk bharthaavinte udamasthathayilulla oru swathilum ohari nedaan niyamaparamaayi arhathayillaayirunnu. athinaal, bekkarinulla eathoru pariharavum kriyathmakamaaya vishwaasathinteyum anyayamaaya sambushteekaranathinteyum thathwangalude poornnamaayum nyayamaaya sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakkiyukallathaayi.
kodathi kaaranagal.
dixon jeey. kriyathmakamaaya oru vishwaasam kandethunnathinulla moonnu aavasyakathakal nischayikkuka. 1) sambushteekaranam; 2) anubandhamaaya oru nashtam; 3) sambushteekaranathinu niyamaparamaaya kaaranamonnum illaathathu. eee saahacharyathil, aavasyakathakal thripthippettuvennu dixon kandethukayum beckerinu pakuthiyolam aasthikalkk arhathayundennu abhipraayappedukayum cheythu. addeham ingane paranju
"oru bandhatthil, oru vyakthi, bhaaryaabharthaakkanmaarkku thulyanayirikke, swathil palisha labikkumenna nyayamaaya pratheekshayil svayam munvidhikal kaanikkukayum, bandhatthile matte vyakthi aadya vyakthi nalkunna aanukoolyangal nyayamaaya pratheekshayekkurichu ariyunnatho ariyendatho aaya saahacharyangalil swathanthramaayi sweekarikkukayum cheythaal, aanukoolyam sweekarikkunnayaale athu nilanirthaan anuvadikkunnathu aneethiyaanu."
anantharafalangal.
beckerinu anukoolamaaya vidhi vannathinushesham, petkus kudissikayulla panam adaykkunnathu ozhivaakki. oduvil petkasinte swathukkal nasippikkappettappol, bekarude abhibhaashakan bhooribhaagam vihitavum edukkukayum avalkk onnum avasheshippikkaathirikkum cheythu. sambhavangalude daarunamaaya oru vazhithirivaya 1986 november 5nuu becker thalaykku vediyuthirthu aathmahathya cheythu. aathmahathyaakkurippil niyamavyavastha thanne angane cheyyaan nirbandhichathaayi aaropikkunnu.
niravadhi pravishyakal pinneedu kudumba swathukkalude vibhajanavumaayi bandhapetta pothu niyama bandhangal ulppeduthunnathinaayi avarude kudumba bandha niyamanirmmanam bhedagathi cheythu. (canadian bharanaghadana prakaram vivaahamochanam federal niyamaprakaaravum swath pravishya niyamaprakaaravumaan niyanthrikkappedunnath.
"petkas" athinte puthiya pathippaya kriyaathmaka treastinoppam taamasiyaathe austreliyayil sweekarikkappettu. australian haikodathi "mushinsky vii dods" (1985) 160 clr 583, "bongartner vii bongartner" (1987) 164 clr 137 ennee vishayangalil samanamaaya oru niyamam purappeduvichu, ennirunnaalum paraathippedunna kakshi bandham thakarkkunnathin utharavaadiyaayirikkanamenna.