vilapeshal

saamoohika shaasthrathil, oru saadhanathinteyo sevanathinteyo vaangunnavanum vilkkunnavanum oru edapaadinte vilayo swabhaavamo charcha cheiyunna oru tharam charchayaanu vilapeshal allengil vilapeshal. vilapeshal nibandhanakalil karar undaakkukayaanengil, edapaadu nadakkunnu. daridra raajyangalilo eathenkilum prathyeka raajyathinullile daridra pradeshangalilo ithu palappozhum saadhaaranamaanu. labhyamaya uthppannangalude uthbhavathinum aadhikaarikathaykkum oru urappumillaatha lokamembaadumulla theruvu vipanikalilaanu vilapeshalukal kooduthalum kaanaan kazhiyunnath. palarum ithine oru naipunyamaayi kanakkakkunnu, ennaal vaangunnayal munnottuvacha vila vilppanakkaaran amgeekarikkumennu oru urappumilla, ithu chila sandarbhangalil laabhanashtathinum vittuvaravinum polum kaaranamaakunnu. raajyathinte aalohari varumaanathil undaaya valarcha vilapeshalinte doshafalangalum theruvu vipanikalil kachavadakkaar ettedukkunna neethibodhamillaatha reethikalum kuraykkum.
vipanikalile vilapeshalinte ettavum vyakthamaaya vasham nischitha vilakalkku pakaramulla oru vilanirnaya thanthramaanengilum, credit allengil bulk vaangalinulla krameekaranangal nadathunnathum klayantalinginte oru pradhana reethiyaayi pravartthikkunnathum ithil ulppedaam. 
nischitha vilayulla chillara vilppanashaalakal saadhanangal vaangunnathinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya sthalamaaya lokathinte chila bhaagangalil vilapeshal pradhaanamaayum aprathyakshamaayi. ennirunnaalum, veedukal, purathana vasthukkal, shekharana vasthukkal, aabharanangal, automobileukal thudangiya vilakoodiya saadhanangalkk vilapeshal saadhaaranamaayi thudaraam.
dickering "hagging" ore prakriya soochippikkunnu.
athu evideyaanu nadakkunnathu.
kendreekritha niyanthranam budhimuttullatho asaadhyamo aaya basaarukalumaayum mattu vipanikalumayum saadhaaranayaayi vilapeshal bandhappettirikkunnu. mathavishwaasangalum praadeshika aachaarangalum vilppanakkaarum vaangunnavarum vilapeshal nadatthaan thayyarano illayo ennu nirnnayikkaam.
praadeshika vyathyaasangal.
vadakke amerikkayilum europilum vilakoodiyatho savisheshamo aaya enangal (automobileukal, purathana vasthukkal, aabharanangal, kala, riyal estettu, bisinasukalude vyapara vilppana), flee markkattukal, garej vilppana thudangiya anoupachaarika vilppana krameekaranangal ennivayil vilapeshal parimithappedutthiyirikku. lokathinte mattu pradeshangalil, cheria vaanijya edapaadukalkku polum vilapeshal oru saadhaaranamaayirikkaam.
indoneshyayilum eshyayile mattidangalilum, theruvuvalappukaar muthal hotelukal vare ellaayidathum pradeshavaasikal charakkukalum sevanangalum vilapeshunnu. kuttikal polum cheruppam muthal vilapeshal padikkunnu. aaa paarambaryatthil pankedukkunnathu videshikale amgeekarikkumennu thonniyekkaam. maruvashathu, thaaylandil, aalukal thaazhmayullavarum tharkkangal ozhivakkunnavarumaaya thaay samskaaram kaaranam mattu raajyangale apekshichu vilapeshal mriduvaayathaayi thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhakshyavasthukkalkkaayulla vilapeshal thekkukizhakkan eshyayil shakthamayi niruthsaahappeduthukayum apamaanamaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnu, kaaranam bhakshanam oru pothu aavashyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, athu vyapaaram cheyyaavunna oru saadhanamaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla.
mikkavarum ellah valia sankeernamaaya bisinesses charchakalilum oru nischitha alavilulla vilapeshal nadakkunnu. vilapeshal eppol venamennu theerumaanikkaanulla oru lalithamaaya 'paashchaathya' maarggam charchakale rund ghattangalayi vibhajikkuka ennathaanu moolyam srishtikkuka, moolyam avakaashappeduka. vilapeshalinulla mattoru padamaanu claim moolyam. maruvasham valare vegam vilapeshal aarambhichathayi manassilaakkumbol pala samskaarangalum prakopippikkunnu. avar orumichu vilapeshunnathin munbu kooduthal kaalam moolyam srishtikkaan aagrahikkunnathinte falamaanu eee kuttakrithyam. chainees samskaaram, ithinu vipareethamaayi, moolyamo vilapeshalo srishtikkunnathinu munbu oru bisinesses bandham kettippadukkaan samayamedukkunnathinu valare uyarnna moolyam nalkunnu. vilapeshal eppol aarambhikkanamenn manassilaakaathathinaal pala nalla bisinesses charchakalum nashichu.
chillara vilppana thalatthil vilapeshal saadhaaranamaaya pradeshangalil, vilapeshal oopshan palappozhum kadayude udamayude saannidhyathe aasrayichirikkunnu. oru udamayo udamayude vishwastha jeevanakkaril oraalo niyanthrikkunna oru swatantra storinekkaal klarkkukal niyanthrikkunna oru cheyin store nischitha vilanirnayam upayogikkaan saadhyathayund.
sidhaanthangal.
perumatta sidhaantham.
vilapeshalile vyakthithva sidhaantham oonnipparayunnathu vyakthikalude tharam vilapeshal prakriya athinte phalavum nirnnayikkunnu ennaanu. haard-linerukalum sophtt-linerukalum thammilulla vyathyasam oru janapriya perumatta sidhaantham kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. vividha gaveshana prabandhangal haard linermaare yodhaakkalaayi paraamarsikkunnu, athesamayam sophtt linermar kadayudamakalaanu. ithu oro pradeshathinum vyathyasthamayirikkum. oru metro nagarathekkaal kooduthal vilapeshal nadakkunnathu gramangalilum ardha nagarapradesangalilumaanu.
geyim sidhaantham.
rando athiladhikamo kalikkaar oru vasthuvo panamo engane vitharanam cheyyanamennathinekkurichu oru karaarilethenda saahacharyangale vilapeshal geyimukal soochippikkunnu. oro kalikkaaranum eee kalikalil ninnu vittunilkkunnathinekkaal oru karaarilethaan eshtappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, karar avarude thaalpparyangalkk anukoolamaanennu oororutharum eshtappedunnu. oru laber unionile vilapeshalum vethanavardhanavu charcha cheiyunna oru kambaniyude directormaarum, oru pothu pradeshatthinte vitharanathekkurichu rund samudaayangal thammilulla tharkkam, allengil aanava niraayudheekaranathil rund rajyangal yojikkunna vyavasthakal enniva atharam saahacharyangalude udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. itharathilulla prasnangal vishakalanam cheiyunnathu tharkkatthile eathu gadakamaanu ulppettirikkunna oro kakshiyumayum poruthappedunnathennu vyakthamaakkunna oru pariharam thedunnu.
vilapeshal prashnamulla kalikkaarkku krithyasamayathu mothatthil lakshyathinaayi vilapeshaam. muzhuvan lakshyathinteyum bhagangal vividha ghattangalil vilapeshalinu vidheyamaakunnathinaayi prashnathe vibhajikkanum kazhiyum.
oru classical vilapeshal prashnatthil, athinte phalam thaalpparyamulla ellah kakshikalum thammilulla oru cararo prashnatthinte nilavile avasthayo aanu. oro kakshikalum avarude theerumaanangal engane edukkunnuvennu padikkunnathu eathu karaarilethumennu pravachikkaan paryaapthamallenn vyakthamaan. ennirunnaalum, yukthisahamaya choys model pravachicha perumaattatthe pinthudarnnu vilapeshal prakriyayil pankedukkunna oro pankaliyum saadhyamaaya karaarukal thiranjedukkumennu classical vilapeshal sidhaantham anumaanikkunnu. saadhyamaaya karaarukalekkurichulla oro kalikkaaranteyum mungananakale oru voonn neuman-morjanstern yoottility sidhaantham prathinidheekarikkumennu prathyekichum anumaanikkappedunnu.
naash [1950] oru classical vilapeshal prashnathe nirvachikkunnath samyuktha viniyoga vihithangalude oru koottamaanu, avayil chilath oru karaarilethiyaal kalikkaarkku labhikkunnathin anusrithamaanu, mattonn avar parajayappettaal avarkk enthu labhikkumenn prathinidheekarikkunnu.
rund kalikkarkkulla oru vilapeshal geyimine oru jody (eph, dii) aayi nirvachikkunnu, avide eph ennathu saadhyamaaya samyuktha yoottility alokkeshanukalude (saadhyamaaya karaarukal) koottamaanu, dii ennathu viyojip poyintaanu.
oru prathyeka vilapeshal parihaaratthinte nirvachanathinaayi, eee pariharam thripthippeduthenda soothravaakyangal sajjeekarichukond naashinte nirddesham pinthudarunnathu saadhaaranamaanu. karyakshamatha, samamiti, aprasakthamaaya badalukalude swaathanthryam, scaler invarians, monotonity muthalaayavayaan vilapeshal pariharangal nirmikkunnathil ettavum kooduthal upayogikkunna chila sidhaanthangal.
vilapeshal settile oru ejantinte yoottilittikalude uthppannam paramavadhi vardhippikkunna vilapeshal parihaaramaan naash vilapeshal pariharam.
ennirunnaalum, naash vilapeshal pariharam vilapeshalinte ettavum lalithamaaya ghadanaye maathrame kaikaaryam cheiyunnulloo. ithu chalanaathmakamalla (paretto phalangal engane kaivarikkappedunnu ennathine kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil paraajayappedunnu). pakaram, vilapeshal geyiminte ghadana pradhaanamaaya saahacharyangalil, kooduthal mukhyadharaa geyim-saidhaanthika sameepanam upayogapradamaanu. kaalakramena kalikkaarude mungananakalum vilapeshal geyimukalude parihaaratthil ulppeduthaan ithu anuvadikkum. vishadaamshangal engane pradhaanamaakumennum ithinu kaanikkan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, thadavukaarude aashayakkuzhappathinulla naash vilapeshal pariharam naash santhulithaavasthayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan.
chillaravilppana vipanikalil vilapeshalum vilanirnayavum nadatthi.
chillara vyaapaarikalkk nischitha vilaykk vilcano vilapeshal anuvadikkaano kazhiyum pothuvaaya nischitha vilaykk vilkkunnath chillara vilppanakkaaranil praveshichukazhinjaal vaangunnavare chooshanam cheyyillennu chillara vyapaarikal prathijnjaabadharaanu, ithu saadhyathayulla upabhokthaakkalkk storine kooduthal akarshakamaakkunnu, athesamayam vilapeshal thanthrathinu gunamundu, ithu vividha tharam upabhokthaakkalkkidayil vila vivechanam nadatthaan chillara vyaapaariye anuvadikkunnu. automobileukalkkum vilakoodiya electronic saadhanangalkumulla chila vipanikalil, sthaapanangal vila rekhappeduthunnundena upabhokthakkalumaayi vilapeshal nadatthaan thayyaaraan. vilapeshal upabhokthaakkalude anupatham uyarumbol vila uyarunnu.
prakriyathmaka sidhaantham.
charchaa prakriyayude sankeernnatha nannayi manasilakkunnathinaayi eee sidhaantham vilapeshal kaalagananayude vyathiriktha gadakangale verthirikkunnu. prakriyathmaka sidhaanthathinte niravadhi pradhana savisheshathakalil iva ulppedunnu
samyojitha sidhaantham.
samyojitha vilapeshal ("palisha adisthaanamaakkiyulla vilapeshal", "vijayam-vijayam vilapeshal" ennum vilikkunnu) kakshikal avarude tharkkathinu oru "vijayam-vijayam" pariharam kandethaan sahakarikkunna oru charchaa thanthramaan. tharkkakkaarude thaalpparyangale adisthaanamaakki paraspara prayojanakaramaaya karaarukal vikasippikkunnathil eee thanthram shradha kendreekarikkunnu. oro kakshikkum pradhanappetta aavasyangal, agrahangal, aashankakal, bhayangal enniva thalpparyangalil ulppedunnu. aalukal oru samgharshathil earppedaanulla adisthaana kaaranagal avayaanu.
"samyuktha moolyam srishtikkunnatho paii valuthaakkunnatho aaya reethikalil kakshikalude thalpparyangal samyojippikkaanulla saadhyathaye integrative soochippikkunnu."charchayil onniladhikam prasnangal ulppedumbol maathrame samyojanathinulla saadhyatha nilanilkkoo. phalatthil irupakshavum samthruptharaakunnathinu kakshikalkk prashnangaliludaneelam kaimaattam nadatthaan kazhiyanam ennathaanu ithinu kaaranam.
automated vilapeshal.
vilapeshal sahacharyam sankeernamaakumbol, geyim sidhaantham upayogichu naash santhulithaavastha kandethunnathu budhimuttaanu. parinamaparamaaya kanakkukoottal reethikal automated vilapeshalinaayi roopakalppana cheythittullathum naash santhulithaavastha ekadeshamaayi kanakkaakkunnathin kaaryakshamavum phalapradavumaanennu prakadamaakkiyittundu.

