
upabhokthrithvam

rashtreeya pinthunaykkaayi charakkukalum sevanangalum kaimarunnathaanu clientalism allengil klayant raashtreeyam, palappozhum oru avyakthamo vyakthamo aaya "quid-proo-kwo" ulppedunnu. rakshaakarthruthva raashtreeyavumaayum vottu vaangunnathumaayum ithu adutha bandhamullathaan. rakshaadhikaarikal, brokermar", "klayantukal" enningane visheshippikkappedunna rashtreeya pravartthakarude grouppukal thammilulla asamamaya bandhamaan klayantalisatthil ulppedunnathu. klayant raashtreeyathil, oru samghaditha nyoonapakshamo thaalpparya groupo pothujanangalude chelavil aanukoolyangal nalkunnu. klayant raashtreeyathin aidantitti raashtreeyathinte chalanathmakathayumaayi sakthamaaya edapedal undakam. nyoonapakshangalkk pothu nayam roopappeduthaan ganyamaaya adikaaram ulla yunaittad stetts polulla oru bahuswarata sanbradaayathil ithu prathyekichum saadhaaranamaanu. klayant raashtreeyathinte vipareethamaanu 'samrambhakathva' raashtreeyam allengil bodhya raashtreeyam.
klayantalisathinu niravadhi nirvachanangal nirddeshichittunde, rashtreeya shaasthranjanaaya aalan chikkan parayunnathanusarichu, klayantlist bandhangalil naalu pradhana gadakangalundennu pothuve karuthappedunnu
klayantalisatthinte mikka nirvachanangalilum pankittirikkunna rund gadakangalaanu aakasmikathayum aavarthanavum.
uthbhavam.
purathana romilaanu eee sanbradaayathinte uthbhavam andethiyittullath. ivide rakshadhikaariyum kakshiyum thammilulla bandhangal rashtreeya prakriya manasilakkunnathil nirnaayakamaayi kaanapettu. iva thammilulla kadamakal parasparamullavayaayirunnum avaa sreniparamaayirunnu ennathaanu pradhana kaaryam. eee bandhangale oru sthaapanamaayittalla, marichu oru shringalayaayi (klayantela), orupakshe "rakshaadhikaari" thanne kooduthal shakthiyulla oraalodu baadhyasthanaayirikkaam, koodaathe "cleans" orupakshe onniladhikam rakshaadhikaarikalaayirikkaam. eee vipuleekaranangal parasparavirudhamaaya thalpparyangal undakanulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. familia" roman samoohathinu adisthaanamaaya adisthaana unitaayirunnappol, interlocking netvarkkukal "(klayantela)" avarude svayambharanathinu niyanthranangalayi pravarthichuvenkilum kooduthal sankeernamaaya oru samoohathe vikasippikkaan anuvadichu. madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathe charitrakaaranmaar eee ashayam themmaadi fudalisamaayi vikasippichu. rashtreeya padaprayogatthil, pathivupole, avyakthathayund, koodaathe "clientalism", "rakshaadhikaari-klayant bandham", "rakshaakarthruthvam", rashtreeya yanthram enniva chilappol samanamaayatho anubandhamo aaya aashayangale vivarikkan upayogikkunnu.
juuliyas seaserinteyum (49-44 bce) tiberiusinteyum (14-16 ad) bharanakalam vyapakamaaya edapaadukalude udaaharanangalaayi visheshippikkappettindu. 1500kalil franch rashtreeya sidhaanthakanaaya ettiyen dii laa boaty "clientalism" enna padam upayogichilla, marichu kaikkooliyude alavu sweekarikkaan aagrahichavaril ninnu vishwasthatha nedunnathinaayi pothujanagalkk sammanangal upayogicha chakravartthimaarude sanbradaayathe vivarichu
mechanics.
susanne stooks thudangiyavar. vitharana rashtreeyathinullile prograamallaattha nayatthinte oru roopamaayi klayantalisathe verthirichariyuka. (1) 'aupachaarikavum pothu' vum (2) 'aanukoolyangaludeyum vibhavangaludeyum yadhaartha vitharanam roopappeduthuka' ennee prograamattik vitharanathinte rund aavasyakathakal niravettunnathil paraajayappedunnathiloode ithu maanadandangal paalikkunnu. prograamallaattha nayathinullil, watermark oru aanukoolyam nalkunnathino allengil vottu upayogichu anukoolam thirike nalkunnathinu vyavasthayulla chelavu ozhivakkaan kazhiyunnathino klayantalisathe 'panniyirachi-barrell raashtreeyathil' ninnu verthirikkunnu. adikaaram, saamoohika padavi, sambathu allengil mattethenkilum vyakthigatha vibhavam (rakshaadhikaari) ulla oru vyakthiyum avarude pinthunayo swaadheenamo (klayant) muthal prayojanam nedunna mattoraalum thammilulla paraspara krameekaranamaayaan rakshaadhikaari/klayant samvidaanathe nirvachikkaan kazhiyuka. rakshaadhikaari charakkukalilekkum avasarangalilekkum thiranjeduttha praveshanam nalkukayum vibhavangalum sevanangalum avarkk anukoolamaayi vazhithirichuvidaan kazhiyunna sthaanangalil thangaletthanneyo avarude pinthunayeyo sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. avarude pankaalikal-klayantukal-pinthuna vaangumennum chila sandarbhangalil vottu cheyyumennum prathekshikkunnu. kuranja varumaanamulla kudumbangalkk avarude samriddhamaaya vibhavangalkkayi aavashyamaaya vibhavangal kaimaran rakshaadhikaarikal lakshyamidunnu samayam, vottu, avarkk swaadheenikkaan kazhiyunna mattu pinthunakkaarude netvarkkukalil ulppeduthal. ennirunnaalum, kaimaattam phalapradamaayi roopappeduthunnathinu aavashyamaaya vivarangal axus cheyyaan rakshaadhikaarikalkk kazhiyilla; athinaal avar idanilakkaareyum brokermare niyamikkunnu, avar lakshyamidunna waterk enthaanu vendathennum eathu watermark kuranja prachodanam aavasyamaanennum vilapeshalinte avasaanathil vottar pinthudarukayaanenkil enthaanennum kandethaan kooduthal sajjaraan. strockukal, thanthrangal, nazarano, brasco enniva oonnipparayunnathu pole, brokermar rashtreeya nethaakkale sevikkunnu, mathramalla avar nethaakkal aagrahikkunnathupole vibhavangale krithyamaayi lakshyamidaathirikkukayum cheyyum; thathfalamaayundaakunna pradhana ejantu prasnangal clientilism engane pravarthikkunnuvennu manasilakkunnathil pradhana prathyaaghaathangal undaakkum.
raashtreeyakkaarkk vottukal nireekshikkaanum watermark avarude thiranjeduppukalude adisthaanathil prathiphalam nalkano shikshikkaano kazhiyumennu klayantalisatthinte staanderd modeling anumaanikkunnu. atharam nireekshanatthinte abhaavathil quid proo kwo illaathaakukayum clientalism ettavum kaaryakshamamallaathathum ettavum moshamaaya samayat poornnamaayum phalapradamallaathathumaayi maarukayum cheyyum. ennirunnaalum, votteduppil vottarmaarude thiranjeduppinte chittayaya nireekshanam athishayakaramaamvidham asaadhaaranamaanennu thelivukal soochippikkunnu.
rakshaakarthruthvam, vottu rekhappeduthal vaangal, ozhivakkal vaangal, vottu vaangal enniva upabhokthrithvathinte upavibhagangalaanu. amgangalkku partikkullil aanukoolyangalude ozhukkineyaanu rakshaakarthruthvam soochippikkunnathu. vottarmaare vottinu pokaathirikkaan treatukal vaangukayo kaikkooli nalkukayo cheyyumbol vottarmaare thiranjedukkaan nictor srishticha votting shopping, vottarmaare paricharikkukayo kaikkooli nalkukayo cheiyunnu. oraalude pinthunaykkum vottinum pakaramaayi charakkukaludeyo sevanangaludeyo nerittulla kaimattamaanu vottu vaangal. nanmayudeyo sevanathinteyo phalam ningal enikku vottu cheytho enna chodyamaanu.
idapaadukaare manassilakkunnathinulla oru thacol kaimaattatthinte paraspara prayojanakaramaaya bandhangalkk mathramalla, adhikaarathileyo nilanilpileyum asamathvangalkku oonnal nalkunnathilum vannekkaam. pradhana vibhavangalilekkum vipanikalilekkum praveshikkunnathile oru nischitha thiranjedukkalaanu soochippikkunnathu. axus ullavar, "rakshaadhikaarikal" (koodaathe/allengil chilappol "sub-rakshaadhikaarikal" allengil "brokermar") klayantukalude keezhppeduthalineyum aashrithathvatheyum aasrayikkunnu. chila aanukoolyangal labhikkunnathin pakaramaayi upabhokthakkal rashtreeya pinthuna nalkanam.
klayantalisatthinte roopangal.
raashtreeyakkaarkk oru groupilo vyakthigatha thalatthilo (allengil randum) edapaadukalil earppedaam. vottu vaangal bandhatthil vyakthigatha thalatthilulla edapaadukal prakadamakaanulla oru margam oru raashtreeyakkaaran oru pouranu charakkukalo sevanangalo nalkunnu, pakaram, adutha thiranjeduppil aaa raashtreeyakkaaran vottu cheiyumennu aaa pouran vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. oru prathyeka raashtreeyakkaarano partico vottu cheythillengil charakkukaludeyo sevanangaludeyo abhavam moolam pouranmaar bheeshani neridunna nirbandhathiloodeyum vyakthigatha thalatthilulla edapaadukal nadatthaam. thiranjeduppu pinthunaykku pakaramaayi watermar raashtreeyakkaare upabhokthru bandhangalilekku sammarddathilaakkunna ethir dishayilum eee bandham pravartthikkum.
arjanteenayile klayantalisathekkurichu stoxinte gaveshanam peronist party varaanirikkunna watermark avarude vottukal vaangaan saambathika pinthuna nalkunnuvennu anumaanichu. party kuranja chelavil kakshi maattaan avare eluppathil prerippikkumennu karuthiyathinaal peronistukal mithamaaya ethir vottarmaare lakshyamittathayi anumanikkappettu. rahasya baalat samvidaanam undaayirunnittum thangalude upabhokthaakkale tracuchaian peronist party aavasyakathayekkurichu stooks vishadeekarichu. vottu vaangaanulla saadhyatha arjanteenayude kaaryatthil peronistukalaaya rakshaadhikaarikalkk vottukal nireekshikkaan kazhiyunna krithyathaye aasrayichirikkunnu ennathaanu stoxinte vaadam. mothatthilulla cheria communitykal anjjaathathvam kuravaanennu kaanikkan avar thelivukal upayogikkunnu, ithu rakshaadhikaarikalkk avare pinthunaykkaan aaraan prathijnjaabadharennu kandethunnathu eluppamaakkunnu. athinaal, thaarathamyena cheria kammyoonittikalil vottu vaangunnath kooduthal pathivaayirikkunnathinte oru kaaranamaanennu stooks nigamanam cheythu. cheria samudaayangal pothuve daridraraanu ennathaanu mattoru kaaranam. koodaathe, pothuve daridrarum vibhavangal kooduthal aavasyamullavarumaaya cheria samoohangal kooduthal aakarshakamaaya lakshyamaanu.
niktarinte gaveshanam arjanteenan thiranjeduppu chakrathekkurichulla oru lalithamaaya sidhaanthathe prothsaahippichu vottarmaarude polingine pinthunaykkunna peronistukal maathram vaangunnuvenn theliyikkaan, avarude ellah vottukalum allah. cheruthum daridravumaaya samudaayangale chaarappani cheiyunna rakshaadhikaarikalekkurichu stoxinte vaadangal addeham thallikkalanju, pakaram peronistukal thudakkathil avarude sakthamaaya pinthunakkaaraanennu karuthappedunna vottukale lakshyamittathayi paranju. anganeyaanengil, thangalil ninnu oru vasthu labhikkuna oru vyakthiyil ninnu thangalkk vottu labhichuvennu rakshaadhikaarikalkk nyayamaayum urappundayirikkum.
thaazhnna varumaanamulla pala yuva janaadhipathya raajyangalilum, munkaala allengil bhaavi thiranjeduppu pinthunaye vyavastha cheiyunna vottarmaarude prathyeka grouppukalkku partykal aanukoolyangal nalkunna group thala lakshyamidalinte roopamaanu clientalism. group adisthaanamaakkiyulla lakshyangalkk, partykal aanukoolyangal vitharanam cheiyunnathinulla kaaryakshamamaya vazhikal kandethukayum vottarmaare utharavaadithamullavaraakkum avarude prathibaddhathakal paalikkunnundennu urappakkukayum venam. ithu palappozhum 'brokermar' ennu vilikkappedunna idanilakkaare niyamikkaan paarttikale nayikkunnu, avar nalkunna aanukoolyangal pariganikkathe aarkkaan enthaanu vendathu, eathu tharatthilulla watermar avarkk vottu cheyyum, cheyyilla ennathinekkurichulla mikacha vivarangal nalkunnu. "party brokermar" mathramalla klayantlist ekschenchukalil madhyasthatha vahikkunna oreyoru tharam idanilakkaar. nirddishta thaalpparya grouppukale prathinidheekarikkukayum onniladhikam paarttikalkkayi vottarmaare aninirathukayum cheiyunna "samghadanaa brokermar", nirddishta thaalpparya grouppukale prathinidheekarikkukayum ennaal sakthamaaya party vishwasthatha prakadippikkukayum cheiyunna "hibrid brokermar", nirddishta group thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkukayo sthiramaaya pakshapathaparamaaya attaachmentukal prakadippikkukayo cheyyaatha "swatantra brokermar" ennivarum undu.
chila grouppukalkku mattullavayekkaal kooduthal upabhokthaakkalkk aanukoolyangal nalkunna partykal enthukondaanenna chodyam pandithochithamaaya samavayam ithuvare avaganichu. kakshi thalatthilulla lakshyamidunnathinekkuru munkaala pravarthanangalil chilath vaadikkunnathu raashtreeyakkaar avarude saha-dhaarmikathayilekku party audaaryam nayikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayundennaanu, kaaranam kakshikale clientalism pravarthippikkunnathinni valare nirnayakamaaya prathibaddhatha prasnangal pariharikkan vamseeyatha sahayikkunnu. samakalikamaaya chila kruthikal pakshapathaparamaaya vishwasthathayude praadhaanyam adivarayidunnu raashtreeyakkaar avarude vottu vaangaanulla shramangalude bhooribhaagavum nayikkunnath party prakhyapitha prograamattik lakshyangalodu nissamgatha pulartthunnavaro allengil avayodu mithamaayi ethirkkunnavaro aaya bodhyappeduthaavunna swing votermaareyaanu. chila padanangal aaa avakaashavaadangale chodyam cheythittundenkilum klayantlist janaadhipathya rajyangalil vottu vaangunnathinte mikka udaaharanangalum yadhaarthathil vottu vaangunnathinte udaaharanangalaayirikkaamenna soochippikkunnu, athil partykal avarude ettavum vishwastharaaya pinthunakkaarkku thiranjeduppu dinathil polling boothil athumenna pratheekshayil aanukoolyangal nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nannayi vikasippicha rashtreeya yanthrangalude abhavam klayant listt targetting thadayunnilla. valarnnuvarunna pala janaadhipathya raajyangalilum, partykalkku palappozhum vyakthigatha thalatthilulla votting swabhaavam nireekshikkaanulla samghadanaa sheshi illennum athinaal eathu tharatthilulla grouppukal avarude klayantlist appeelukalodu ettavum kooduthal prathikarikkunnu ennathinekkurichulla avarude vishwaasangal update cheythukondu avar avarude targetting thanthrangal mikachathaakkunnuvennum sameepakaala padanangal theliyichittundu.
sandarbhathil clientalism.
sandarbhathil ninnu sandarbhathilekku clientalism orupoleyaayirikkilla. vyakthigatha nethaakkalude tharangal, vyakthikalude saamoohika-saambathika nila, saambathika vikasanam, janaadhipathyavalkkaranam, sthaapana gadakangal ennivayulppede oru rajyath upabhokthrithvam engane nilanilkkunnu ennathine niravadhi vyakthigatha, rajyathala gadakangal roopappeduthiyekkaam. chila sandarbhangalil, idapaadukaarude perumaattam eathaandu pratheekshikkappedunnu, kaaranam atharam edapedalukal aupachaarika rashtreeya gadanakalil ulchernnirikkaam. deerghakaalathekku adhikaarathil thudarunna paarambarya parambaraagatha nethaakkal polulla chila tharatthilulla nethaakkal thiranjedukkappetta udyogasthareppolulla mattullavare apekshichu idapaadukaare sambandhicha bandhangal nadappilaakkunnathil kooduthal falapradamaanu. raashtreeyakkaarkk avaril ninnu saadhanangal sweekarikkunnavaril ninnu pinthuna nedunnathiloode upabhokthru bandhangalil ninnu thiranjeduppu prayojanam nedaan kazhiyumennu gaveshanangal theliyichittundu, ennaal upabhokthru raashtreeyakkaarkk sambannaraaya vottarmaarude pinthuna nashtappedaam, avar upabhokthru bandhangalil earppedaathathinaal eee sanbradaayathe prathikoolamaayi kaanunnu. ellah votermaarum raashtreeyakkaaril, prathyekichu uyarnna saamoohika saambathika padaviyulla votermaaril, upabhokthru swabhaavathe oru nalla swabhaavamaayi kanunnilla. churukkatthil, clientalism pidikkaan kaaranamakunna orotta gadakavumilla.
anantharafalangal.
upabhokthrivaadam pothuve janaadhipathyathilum sarkkaarilum prathikoola prathyaaghaathangal undaakkukayum sambadvyavasthayil kooduthal anischithamaaya prathyaaghaathangal undaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
thiranjedukkappetta udyogasthare avarude pravarthanangalkku watermar utharavaadikalaakkunna oru janaadhipathyathile utharavaaditha bandham idapaadukaaraal durbalappeduthappedunnu. kaaranam, clientalism offeesile thiranjedukkappetta udyogastharude prakadanathekkaal klayantukalkkulla sammaanangale aashrayichaan vottukal nirnnayikkunnath. clientalism rahasya baalat, bharanaparamaya melnottam thudangiya janaadhipathya sthaapanangale tharamthaazhthunnu. atharam gadakangal janaadhipathya sthaapanangale durbalappeduthukayum sarkkaarinte kaaryakshamathaye prathikoolamaayi baadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
azhimathiyum azhimathiyekkurichulla dharana pala kaaranangalal klayant listt samvidaanangalumaayi shakthamayi bandhappettirikkunnave sthaapikkappettittundu. pala klayantlist samvidaanangalilum rakshaadhikaarikal palappozhum niyamathinu mukalilaanu. koodaathe, vottu vaangal polulla klayantlist samvidaanangalile chila pravrithikal antharleenamaayi niyamavirudhamaayirikkaam. avasaanamaayi, upabhokthru pattika samvidaanam nilanirthaan rakshaadhikaarikalkk aavashyamaaya vibhavangalkk saadhanangal labhikkunnathin niyamavirudhamaaya marggangal aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. 2021leeii oru padanatthil klayantlist samvidaanangalile watermar azhimathikkaraaya raashtreeyakkaare thiranjeduppu reethiyil shikshikkaan thayyaarallenn kandethi.
rakshaakarthakkal swakaarya charakkukalude niyanthranatthilum sambharanathilum shradha kendreekarikkunnathinaal, saambathika vikasanathe sahayikkunna roadukal, pothu schoolukal thudangiya pothu charakkukalum avar avaganikkunnuvennu chila pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnu. upabhokthru pattika samvidaanangalil nilanilkkunna vaadaka thedalum azhimathiyum sambadvyavasthayeyum prathikoolamaayi badhikkumennum pandithanmaar abhipraayappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, idapaadukaarude saambathika prathyaaghaathangalil ippozhum valia anishchithathvam nilanilkkunnu.
tharkkam.
edapaadine azhimathiyumaayi bandhippikkunnath saadhaaranamaanu; randilum pothu, swakaarya vibhavangal vyakthiparamaaya nettatthinaayi upayogikkunna rashtreeya pravartthakar ulppedunnu, pakshe avaa paryaayamalla. adhikaarathilirikkudaranu sathyasandhamallathathum vanjanaaparavumaaya perumaattam, saadhaaranayaayi kaikkooli ulppedunna" ennaanu azhimathi saadhaaranayaayi nirvachikkappedunnathu, athesamayam rashtreeya idapaadukaare "thiranjeduppu pinthunaykku pakaramaayi vyakthikalkko grouppukalkko lakshyamidunna aanukoolyangalude vitharanam" ennaanu kaanunnath. iva randum mithamaayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnathinaal avaye orumichu bandhippikkunnath saadhaaranamaanu. vottarmaare bheeshanippeduthukayo baalat stuffing cheiyukayo polulla idapaadumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillaatha vividha tharatthilulla azhimathi undu. "rakshaadhikaarikalkkum upabhokthakkalkkum 'swakaarya' varumanam srishtikkuka enna uddeshyathodeyum athinte falamaayi rakshaadhikaari-klayant krameekaranatthinte bhaagamallaatha pothusamoohatthile amgangalkku 'pothu' varumanam thadassappeduthuka ennathukondum upabhokthrithvam nishedaathmakamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."
rashtreeya samghadanayude oru thanthramenna nilayil clientalism vishalamaaya prograamattik lakshyangalilekkulla appeelukale aasrayikkunna allengil uyarnna alavilulla kazhivukalkk oonnal nalkunna mattu thanthrangalil ninnu ganyamaayi vyathyasthamaan. rashtreeya vikasanakkuravinte oru adayaalamaanu edapaadukal ennum athu oru tharatthilulla azhimathiyaanennum rashtreeya aadunikavalkkaranam athu kuraykkukayo avasaanippikkukayo cheyyumennum palappozhum anumaanikkappedunnu. ennaal edapaadukalude sthirathaykku oonnal nalkunna badal kaazhchappaadukalum athumaayi bandhapetta rakshaakarthruthvavum amgeekarikkappettittundu.

