
bimaran pettakam

kizhakkan afgaanisthaanile jalalaabaadinaduthulla bimaraanile sthoopa nambar 2-nullil ninnu neekkam cheytha budhamatha avashishtangalkulla oru cheria swarnna avashishtamaan bimaran pettakam allengil bimaran avashishtangal.
kandethal.
1833num 1838num idayil afgaanisthaanile puraavastu gaveshakanaaya chaals maasan thante pravartthanatthinide ithu kandethiyappol, indo-sythian rajaavaaya aas randaamante nanayangal eee pettiyil undaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum roobert seeniyar aduthide nadatthiya gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu aas randaaman orikkalum nilavilundaayirunnillum addehathinte bharanakaalathe kandethalukal orupakshe aas randaamanu punarniyamanam cheyyappedanamennum soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum ettavum puthiya gaveshanam (2015) eee naanayangalkk kaaranam indo-sythian rajaavaaya kharahosttas allengil addehathinte makan mujatriyayaanu, addeham aassinte peril maranananthara prasnangal achadichu.
nanaya vishakalanathe adisthaanamaakki bimaran avashishtangal chilappol 0-15 CE (fuzman), kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi 50-60 CE (britiish museum), chilappol valare pinneedu (randaam noottaand CE), kalaparamaaya anumaanangale maathram adisthaanamaakki. ithu nilavil britiish myoosiyathinte shekharathilaanu. eee athulyamaaya kalayude kaalaganana budhamatha kalayude kaalagananayilum budhaprathimayude srishtiyilum sakthamaaya swaadheenam cheluthunnu, kaaranam athinte noothana iconography soochippikkunnathu munkaala roopangal kurachukaalatthinu munbu nilavilundaayirunnuvenna.
vivaranam.
classical lokathile paiksisine anusmarippikkunna oru cheria kandeynaraanu kaaskat. athinte adappillaatheyaanu ithu kandethiyathu. thaazhe alankarikkunna oru thaamarayund.
greco-roman vaasthuvidyayude kamaanamulla edangalkkullil ("hoome arcade" allengil "chaitya" ennu vilikkunnu) budhante (contraposto poses, greak heemeshan, bundle cheytha hairstyle, meesha dharikkuka, yaadhaarthyabodhathode nirvahikkuka), indian devathakalaaya brahmaavum chakra kondu chuttappettirikkunna hellenistic praathinidyangal kaaskattil ulkkollunnu. motham ettu roopangal (braahmana-buddha-indrante rund samana grouppukalum athinidayil rund bhaktarum bodhisathvarum) badakshaanil ninnulla rund varikalulla maanikyangalumund.
necklace, bracelettukal, kaithandakal, haalo enniva kaaranam rund bhaktarum orupakshe bodhisathvarude prathinidhikalaan. anjali mudra" enna praarthanayodeyulla aadaravode avar kaikal orumichu pidikkunnu.
svarnnathil nirmmicha eee pettakam valare cheruthaanu, uyaram. greco-budhamatha kalayaya gaandhaarayude oru maastarpees aayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
buddhan oru apoorva iconography.
buddhan vashathekku nadannupokunnathaayi thonnunnu. addehathinte valath kaii nenjinu kuruke sanjarichu abhaya mudra roopappedunnu. idathu kaimutt arayil murukeppidikkunnu. shareerathinte rooparekha pinthudaraan pravanatha kaanikkunna, nilakollunna budhante mattu ariyappedunna praathinidyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol (nilkkunna buddhan (tokkiyo naashanal museum) kaanuka) shaakyamuni budhante gaunn valare bharam kuranjathaanu. iva orupakshe sanyasi vasthrangalude aadya rund paalikalaaya "antharvasaka", "utharasanga", bharameriya ovarkottu illaatha "sangathi", kaalmuttukal pole thaazhekku pookukayum kooduthal vyakthamaayi madakkukayum cheyyum. koodaathe, addehathinte gaunn valath, idathu kaikalil madakkiyirikkunnu (classical budhaprathimayilennapole idathu kaiyil pidikkunnathinupakaram), ithu orutharam scarf polulla "uthariya" soochippikkunnu. ushnisha moodunna samriddhamaaya topp nottu addehathinundu, koodaathe oru lalithamaaya haalo addehathinte thalaye chuttippattiyund. vigrahashaasthrathinte (bhaavavum vasthravum) vishadaamshangalude eee samyojanam apoorvamaanu, marichu kanishkante nanayangalil maathrame ariyappedunnulloo (c. 150 sii. iii), avide "shaakyamuni buddhan" enna likhitham undu, addeham kanatha ovarkottu dharikkunna "buddhan" enna nanayangalil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamayi. budhante shilpangalile gandhara kalayil thanne eee bhavam bodhisathvanaayi ariyappedunnu, ennaal eee sandarbhangalil addeham indian naatturajyamaaya dhotiyum rajakeeya thalappavum dharikkunnu.
steettaitt container.
budhante chila avashishtangal adangiyirikkunnuvennu prasthaavikkunna likhithangalulla bimaran pettakam oru steettaitt boxilaanu sookshichirunnathu. pathonpathaam noottaandil thurannappol, pettiyil thirichariyaan kazhiyunna avashishtangalalla, pakaram chila kathicha muthukal, vilayeriyathum ardha vilayeriyathumaaya kallukalude munny, esinte naalu nanayangal enniva adangiyirunnu.
pettiyil ezhuthiyirikkunna likhithangal ivayaanu
naanayangalude theeyathi.
aasas II.
kaaskattinullile easas II naanayangalude puraavastu kandethal bisi 30 muthal bisi 10 vareyulla theeyathiye soochippikkunnu. aas randaaman aduthide keezhadakkiya pradeshangalil chila indo-greak kalakaaranmaare niyamikkukayum oru sthoopathinu samarppikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. nanayangal adhikam pazhakiyathallaathathinaal avaa achadichathinu thottupinnaale samarppikkappedumaayirunnu. mathurayile simha thalasthaanatheppole budhamathavumaayulla bandhathinu indo-sythianmaar theerchayaayum ariyappedunnu. atharam theeyathi budhante aadyakaala praathinidhyamaayi pettiye maattum
ennirunnaalum, naanayangalude niravadhi savisheshathakal asses naanayangalkk anjjaathamaanaan pinvashathulla taich, maruvashathulla kharoshti likhithathil rajaavinu "dhramika" enna padavi nalkiyittundu enna vastutha, upayogicha kharoshti monograamukalum chinnangalum pilkkala sityan rajaavaaya kharahostasintethaanu.
kharahosttukal.
2015ll joou crib nadatthiya ettavum puthiya padanangal, eee nanayangal kharahostasinteyo addehathinte makan mujatriyayudeyo ishyukkalaanennu kanakkakkunnu. bimaran naanayangalude pala savisheshathakalum aasas II-nte peril niravadhi nanayangal achadicha aasas II-nte pingamiyaaya kharahosttasinte (bisi 10-ce) naanayangalumayi poruthappedunnu.
bimaran pettiyile naalu nanayangal ore tharatthilaannu ekadesham puthiya avasthayil, aassinte peril velliyude tetradrakmakal. munvashath avar valath kaii neettiya oru kuthirappurathu oru raajaavine kaanikkunnu, moonnu pellatt rajavamsha chihnavum greak bhashayil vrithaakrithiyilulla aithihyavumundu. eee aitihyam kedaaya greak bhashayil veyloon veyollon iocac (athaayath, βασιλεως βασιλεων αζοy) "rajaakkanmaarude asses rajaavu" ennu vaayikkunnu. maruvashathu oru kharoshti ithihaasathodoppam oru cornucopia pidichu nilkkunna oru taich chithram drishyamaakunnu. aithihyathil 'maharajas mahatas dhrithaasa naadakeeya rajathirajas aayasa' ennu vaayikkunnu, 'dharmmathinte mahanaaya rajaavu pinthudarunnavanum rajaakkanmaarude rajaavumaaya assis'.
britiish myoosiyathinte clossup photographukal kaanikkunnath nanayangalil aassinte peru undennum ennaal avaykku "moonnu gulikakal" chihnamundennum, ithu kharahosttasinte naanayangalude savisheshathayaanennum, addeham palappozhum thante nanayangalil aassinte perum upayogikkunnu. bimaran naanayangalude nanaya tharavum kharahosttukalude (kuthirappadayaaliyodoppam) pradhana naanayangalkk samaanamaan.
bajaurile (paakistaan) shingottil ninnu kandethiya oru velli budhamatha avashishtathilum aduthide kharahosttasinte peru kandethiyittundu. bimaran avashishtangalkk samanamaaya budhamatha samarppanagal nadatthaan kharahosttas thaalpparyappettirunnu ithu soochippikkunnu.
athinaal, oru punarnirmmaana sidhaanthavum cherkkathe, bimaran avashishtangal kharahosttasinte bharanakaalathum (bisi 10-10 ce) orupakshe addehathinte bharanathinte thudakkathilum nanayangal dharikkaathathinaal samarppichirikkam, athinaal avaa pettiyil avatharippikkumbol adisthaanaparamaayi puthiyathaanu. ithu bii. sii. iii 10-laco nammude kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathilo bimaran pettakam sthaapikkum.
kujula cadafices.
kushan bharanadhikaariyaaya kudjula cadafices thante oru nanaya tharatthil ("sammana jethaavaaya thalayum rajaavum irikkunna" tharatthinte pinvashathu) kharahosttukalude moonnu pellatt adayaalathinu samanamaaya onnu upayogikkunnu, ithu bimaran pettakatthinte nanayangal addehathinte bharanakaalathethaayirikkaam, ekadesham 60 sii. iii. kaalathethaayirikkaam enna nirddeshangalilekku nayichu. ennirunnaalum eee nanaya tharatthinu bimaran avashishtangalude naanayangalumayi yaathoru bandhavumilla (avayellaam "taichulla kuthirappadayalikalaanu"). kudjula cadaficess aassinte peril sithiyan tharam nanayangal purathirakkiyathaayi ariyilla.
moonnu-pellatt chihna chihnam mattethenkilum bharanadhikaariyil ninnum (kharahosttas mujathriyayude makanozhike) ariyilla, athinaal avasheshikkunna oreyoru saadhyatha kharahostaso addehathinte makano aanennu thonnunnu, joou crib thante 2015 leeii padanatthil nirnnayichu.
bimaran avashishtangalude theeyathi.
eee aadya budhaprathimayude aadya theeyathi nirddeshikkunnathinekku vividha tharkkangal uyarnnuvannittund.
propha. 1-15 CE-laanu bimaran avashishtangal nirmmichathennu jerard fazman karuthunnu. enthaayaalum, nirmmaanam sii. iii. 60nuu munbaayi nadakkendathundu, ithu naanayangalude ettavum puthiya theeyathiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. bimaran pettakam britiish myoosiyathil pradarshippichittundu (joseph iii. hottung gallery), ithu pettikalkk seey. iii. 60 aanu.
chilar stailistik anumaanangalude adisthaanathil randaam noottaandinte avasaanathilethu vare kaaskattine kanakkakkunnu. susanne huntington eee prashnam samgrahikkunnu
budhante aadya praathinidhyam pothuvarsham onnaam noottaandilo athinusheshamo, randaam aasisinte bharanakaalathekkaal ambathu muthal nooru varsham vare pilkkaalatho, kushaanukalude bharanathin keezhilayirunnuvennu pothuve anumaanikkappedunnu enna vasthuthayil ninnaan eee tharkkangal udaledukkunnathu. ithinakam thanne noothanamaaya budhamatha vigrahashaasthramulla bimaran pettakam nammude yugathinte thudakkathil nirmmichathinaal, kurachu pathittaandukal edukkukayo nalkukayo cheiyunnathinaal, budhante valare munbulla chithrangal athinte srishtikkumumbu nilavilundaayirunnuvennu karuthaam, bisi onnaam noottaandilekku.
prathyaaghaathangal.
eee pettakam ithinakam thanne valare sankeernamaaya oru prathichaaya (brahmavum indra paricharakaraayi, bodhisatwar) oru noothana shailiyil pradarshippichirikkunnathu, bimaran pettakam (bisi 10-10 ce) nikshepicha samayamaayappozhekkum budhante valare munbathe praathinidyangal nilavilundaayirunnuvennu ithu soochippikkunnu, bisi onnaam noottaandile indo-greekkukalude bharanathilekku madangunnu. avasaanathe indo-greak rajaakkanmaaraaya straatto randaman straatto moonnaman ekadesham 20 sii. iii. vare bharichu. bisi onnaam noottaandil indo-greak rajaakkanmaarude sponsarshippil greco-budhamatha kala ithinakam abhivridhi praapichukondirikkunanu eee kaazhchappaad aadyam vaadichathu alfred eiii aayirunnu. puraavastu thelivukal valare kuravaanengilum faucharum mattullavarum.
shailiparamaayi, kaskettum (vilayeriya kallukondu kothivacha svarnnam) vadakke afgaanisthaanile tillia teppe puraavastu saittil ninnu ariyappedunnathupole, skithiyanmaarude kalayumaayi valare poruthappedunnu. tillia teppe nidhi bii. sii. iii onnaam noottaandilethaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe budhante aadyakaala praathinidyangalaaya tillia teppe buddha nanayam poleyullavayum undu.
bimaran pettikalkk kanishka pettikalkk chila samaanathakalund, ennirunnaalum ithu valare parukkanaaya nirvvahanamaan, ithu surakshithamaayi ekadesham 127 sii. iii. yilaanu.

