nirddesha settu aarkkitekcharukalude thaarathamyam

 
computer architecture ennum ariyappedunna oru computerinte amoortha maathrkayaanu instruction settu architecture (aii. ezz. eiii). oru aisayude saakshaathkaarathe "nadappaakkal" ennu vilikkunnu. prakadanam, bhauthika valuppam, saambathika chelavu (mattu karyangalkkoppam) ennivayil vyathyaasappedaavunna onniladhikam nadappaakkalukal oru aii. ezz. eiii anuvadikkunnu; kaaranam aii. ezz. eiii software hardware thammilulla interface aayi varthikkunnu. oru aisaykkaayi ezhuthiya softwearinu ore aisayude vyathyastha nadappaakkalukalil pravartthikkaan kazhiyum. ithu vividha thalamurakalude computerukal thammilulla bainari anuyojyatha eluppathil kaivarikkanum computer kudumbangalude vikasanathinum praapthamakki. eee rund sambhavavikasangalum computerukalude vila kuraykkaanum avayude prayogakshamatha vardhippikkaanum sahaayichittund. eee kaaranangalal, innathe computingile ettavum pradhanappetta amoortheekaranangalilonnaanu aii. ezz. eiii.
oru computer prograam cheiyunnathinu oru mesheen langwej prograamar ariyendathellaam oru aii. ezz. eiii nirvachikkunnu. oru aii. ezz. eiii nirvachikkunnath aisakalkkidayil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu; pothuve, pinthunaykkunna daatta tharangal, eathu avasthayaanu (pradhana memory rajisttarukalum polullava), avayude ardhashaasthram (memory sthirathayum addressing modukalum polullava), "instruction settu" (oru computerinte mesheen bhasha ulkkollunna mesheen nirddeshangalude koottam), inputt/outtputtu model enniva aisas nirvachikkunnu.
adithara.
computinginte aadya dashakangalil bainari, dasaamsham, tritheeyam enniva polum upayogikkunna computerukal undaayirunnu. samakaalika computerukal eathaandu bainari maathramullavayaan.
bitts.
computer aarkkitekcharukale palappozhum "enn"-bitt aarkkitekcharukal ennu visheshippikkaarundu. innu "n" palappozhum 8,16,32, allengil 64 aanu, ennaal mattu valuppangal upayogichittundu (6,12,18,24,30,36,39,48,60 ulppede). computer architecturinu palappozhum nirddesha settil kurachu "swaabhaavika" dattaa valuppangal ullathinaal ithu yadhaarthathil oru lalithavalkkaranamaan, ennaal ivayude hardware nadappaakkal valare vyathyasthamaayirikkam. pala instruction settu aarkkitekcharukalkkum aaa instruction settu aarkkitekcharinte chila nadappaakkalukalil, prosessorinte pradhana aantharika daattaapaathukalude pakuthiyo erattiyo valuppathil pravartthikkunna nirddeshangalundu. Z80, mc68000, IBM sisttam/360 ennivayaanu ithinte udaaharanagal. itharathilulla nadappaakkalukalil, eratti vishalamaaya pravarthanatthinu saadhaaranayaayi eratti clock cycleukal edukkunnu (uyarnna prakadana nadappaakkalukalil ithu anganeyalla). udaaharanathinu, 68000 ll, ithinartham 4 clock tikkukalkku pakaram 8 ennaanu, eee prathyeka chippine 16-bitt nadappakkalinoppam 32-bitt architecture ennu visheshippikkaam. ibm sisttam/360 instruction settu architecture 32-bitt aanu, ennaal ibm sisttam/360 model 30 polulla sisttam/360 seereesinte niravadhi modalukalkk cheria aantharika daatta paathakalund, athesamayam 360/195 polulla mattullavaykku valia aantharika daatta paathakalund. vaasthuvidyayude veethi nirnnayikkaan baahya daattaabes veethi upayogikkunnilla; upayogikkunnilla;, ens32008, ens32016 enniva adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyastha baahya daatta basukalulla ore 32-bitt chippayirunnu; chippayirunnu; nuu 64-bitt buzz undaayirunnu, 32-bitt rajisttar upayogichu. aadyakaala 32-bitt microprosessorukalkku sisttam/360 prosessorukaleppole 24-bitt vilasam undaayirunnu.
opparandukal.
prabodhana settinte prakadanathekkurichu soochana nalkunna gadakangalilonnaanu oopparandukalude ennam.
moonnu-oopparand architecture (2-inn, 1-outtu) anuvadikkum.
 a: = b + c
oru nirddeshathil kanakkukoottanam
rund-oopparand architecture (1-inn, 1-inn-aandu-outtu) anuvadikkum.
 a: = a + b
oru nirddeshathil kanakkukoottunnathin, moonnu pravarthanangalulla oru nirddesham anukarikkunnathin rund nirddeshangal nadappilaakkendathundu.
 a: = b
 a: = a + c
encoding dairkhyam.
chuvadeyulla pattikayil kaanaanaakunnathupole, chila nirddesha settukal valare lalithamaaya nischitha encoding dairkhyathilum mattullavaykku variable-dairkhyathilumaanu. saadhaaranayaayi nischitha encoding dairkhyavum sisky aarkkitekcharukalum ulla risk aarkkidekcharukalaanu variable dairkhyamullathu, pakshe ellaayppozhum allah.
antharleenathvam.
oru vaasthuvidya "valia" allengil "cheria" endience allengil randum upayogichekkaam, allengil upayogikkaan krameekarikkaam. littil-endian prosessorukal ettavum kuranja nambar memory lokkeshanil multy-baitt moolyathinte ettavum kuranja baittulla memmariyil bitukal oordar cheiyunnu. bigg-endian aarkkitekcharukal pakaram ettavum kuranja nambar vilaasathil ettavum pradhanappetta baittulla bitukal krameekarikkunnu. x86 vaasthuvidya niravadhi 8-bitt vaasthuvidhyakalum cheria-endian aanu. mikka risk aarkkitekcharukalum (spark, power, powerpisy, mips) yadhaarthathil bigg-endian aayirunnu (aam littil-endian aayirunnu), ennaal palathum (aam ulppede) ippol randaayi krameekarikkavunnathaanu.
adisthaana adrus cheyyaavunna mesheen verdinekkaal "cheruth" aaya daattayude yoonittukalude (bitukal polullava) vyakthigatha addressing anuvadikkunna prosessorukalkku endiannes "onli" baadhakamaan.
nirddesha settukal.
nirddesha settu aarkkidekcharukalekkur adisthaana vivarangal chuvadeyulla pattika thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.
kurippukal 

