
ooppareshan ooppara

1981 juun 7 nuu israel vyomasena nadatthiya apratheekshitha vyomaakramanamaan ooppareshan baabilon ennum ariyappedunna ooppareshan ooppara (), ithu iraakhile baghdadinu thekkukizhakkayi sthithicheyyunna poortthiyaakaattha iraakhi aanava reactor nashippichu. iraante bhaagikamaayi vijayakaramaya ooppareshan scorch vaal oru varsham munbu athe aanava kendrathinu cheria kedupaadukal varuthiyathinu sheshamaan israeli ooppareshan nadannathu, naashanashtangal pinneedu franch saankethika vidagdhar nannakki. ooppareshan oopparayum athine thudarnnulla anubandha israeli sarkkar prasthaavanakalum, thudakkam enna sidhaantham sthaapichu, athu akramanam oru kramakkedallennum pakaram "israelile bhaaviyile ellah sarkkarukalkkum oru maathruka" aanennum vyakthamaayi prasthaavichu. israayelinte prathirodha-vyaapana prathirodha akramanam mekhalayile mattu raajyangalude aanavaayudha sheshiyumaayi bandhappettathinal bodhapoorvamaaya avyakthathayude nilavilulla nayathinu mattoru maanam koodi chertthu.
1976ll iraakh fraansil ninnu osiris klaas aanava reactor vaangi. franchukaar "osirak" ennu peritta reactor samadhaanaparamaaya shaasthreeya gaveshanathinu uddeshichullathaanennu iraakhum france vaadichappol, israelikal reactorine samshayathode nokki, ithu nilavilulla arab-israel samgharsham vardhippikkaan kazhiyunna aanavaayudhangal nirmmikkunnathinaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathennu vishwasichu. 1981 juun 7 nuu, israel vyomasenayude eph-16eiii yudhavimaanathinte oru parakkal, eph-15esinte akambadiyumaayi, iraakhinullile "osirak" reactoril bombittu. reactor nirnnaayakamaakunnathin munbu "oru maasathil thaazhe maathrame" pookaan kazhinjulloovennu paranjukondu israel eee pravartthanatthe svayam prathirodha pravartthanamaayi visheshippichu."vyomaakramanathil patthu iraakhi sainikarum oru franch sivilian kollappettathayi reportund. 1981leeii israel niyamasabha thiranjeduppinu moonnaazhcha munbaanu akramanam nadannathu.
akramanam nadanna samayat, america ulppede kadutha anthaaraashtra vimarsanangal nerittu, aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha samitiyum pothusabayum rund vyathyastha prameyangalil israeline saasichu. maadyama prathikaranangalum prathikoolamaayirunnu "israayelinte rahasya akramanam... newyork times" ezhuthi, "maapparhikkaathathum deerghaveekshanamullathumaaya akramanamaayirunnu", athesamayam "loss enchals times" ithine "sarkkar sponsor cheytha bheekaravaadam" ennu vilichu. iraakhinte "osirak" reactor nashippichathu anthaaraashtra niyamathekkurichulla samakaalika scholarshippil oru prathirodha samarathinte udaaharanamaayi udharikkappettittundu. aakramanathinte falaprapti charitrakaaranmaar charchacheyyunnu, ithu iraakhine aanava sheshiyude vakkilethichuvennum ennaal athinte aayudha padhathikale bhoogarbhamaakki mattiyathaayum aanavaayudhangal nedunnathinulla iraakhi president sadaam husainte bhaavi abhilaashangal urappichathaayum charitrakaaranmaar sammathikkunnu.
iraakhinte aanava padhathi.
1960kalil iraakh oru aanava padhathi sthaapikkukayum 1970kalude madhyathil oru aanava reactor ettedukkunnathiloode athu vipuleekarikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. gyaas cooled graafait moderate cheytha plutonium uthppaadippikkunna reactor reprosessing plaantum wilkan franch sarkkaarine bodhyappeduthunnathil parajayappettathinushesham, athupole thanne oru sirain reactor wilkan itaaliyan sarkkaarine bodhyappeduthunnathil parajayappetta iraakhi sarkkar franch sarkkaarine oru osiris klaas research reactor wilkan bodhyappedutthi. oru cheria icis tharam reactor, 93 sathamaanam sambushtamaaya euranium 72 kilogram vilppana, udyogastharude pariseelanam ennivayum vangalil ulppedunnu. motham chelavu 300 dasalaksham dollar (1.62 bilyan dollarinu thulyamaanu) ennaanu nalkiyirikkunnath. 1975 novemberil rajyangal oru aanava sahakarana karaaril oppuvaykkukayum 1976ll reactorinte vilppanaykku anthimaroopam nalkukayum cheythu.
baagdaadinaduthulla alle tuwaita aanava kendratthil 1979laanu 40 megawatt sheshiyulla laitt vaattar nuclear reactorinte nirmmaanam aarambhichath. iraakhinte peru reactor klaasumaayi samyojippichukondu pradhana reactorine franchukaar "osirak" (osirak) ennu vilichirunnu. iraakh pradhana reactorinu "tammoos 1" (arabica tamoos) ennum cheria reactorinu "tammoos 2" ennum perittu. 1968ll baath party adhikaarathil vanna babylonian masamaayirunnu tammoos. 1979 epril 6nuu fraansile laa saine-surr-merril iraakhilekku kayattumathikkayi kaathirunna osirak reactor israeli ejantumaar attimarichu. 1980 juun 14nuu iraakhi aanava padhathiyude thalavanaaya eejipshyan aanava shaasthranjanaaya yahya ell mashadine paareesile oru hotelil vachu mosad ejantumaar vadhichu. 1980 joolaiyil iraakhinu fraansil ninnu reactoril upayogikkaan ekadesham 12.5 kilogram uyarnna sambushtamaaya euranium indhanam labhichu. motham 72 kilogram bharamullah aasoothrithamaaya aarr delivarikalil aadyathethaanu kayattumathi. iraakhil eppol venamenkilum 24 kilogram bharamullah rund hyuu indhana loadingukal paadillennaanu vaangal karaaril vyavastha cheythirunnathu.
samadhaanaparamaaya shaasthreeya gaveshanathinu uddeshichullathaanu iraakhi reactor ennu iraakhum france avakashappettu. france iraakhum thammilulla karaarukalil sainika upayogam ozhivaakkiyirunnu. euranium indhanamulla reactor "oru aayudha padhathikkaayi plutonium uthppaadippikkunnathinta vakkilaanenn vishwasikkappedunnu" ennu american swakaarya rahasyaanveshana ejansi straatphor 2007 ll ezhuthi. bhaagikamaayi takarnna reactor 1982 desemberil drishyaparamaayi parishodhicha harward sarvakalaashaalayile physics professoraaya richard vilson 2003 leeii oru prasamgatthil paranju, "osirak upayogichu [aanavaayudhathin] mathiyaya plutonium shekharikkaan varshangalalla, pathittaandukaledukkumaayu". 2005ll vilson "atlaantik" enna pusthakatthil ingane abhiprayappettu "1981 juunil israel bombit thakartha osirak reactor franch enchineeyar yavs jirard bombukal nirmmikkaan anuyojyamallennu vyakthamaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu. 1982leeii ente sandarshanathil athu enikku vyakthamaayirunnu. iraakhi osirak reactorile bombakramanam iraakhinte aanava bomb paripadi vaikippichuvenna avakaashavaadathinu vipareethamaayi, 1981 nuu munbulla iraakhi aanava paripadi samaadhaanaparamaayirunnuvennum osirak reactor bombukal nirmmikkaan anuyojyamallennu mathramalla theevramaaya surakshayilayirunnuvennum vilson prasthaavichittundu.
2012-ll oru abhimukhathil vilson veendum oonnipparanju "iraakhikalkku osiraakkil oru aanavaayudham vikasippikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla. lokathile eathoru shaasthranjaneyum avarkk engane athu cheyyaan kazhiyumennu kaanikkan njaan velluvilikkunnu."
iraakh aanava nirvyaapana udambadiyil oppuvacha rajyamaayirunnu, athinte reactors anthaaraashtra aanavorja ejansi (aii. eiii. iii. eiii) yude samrakshanathinu keezhil sthaapichu. 1981 octoberil, "aanava shaasthranjarude bullattin" american aikyanaadukalile senatt forin relations kammittiyodu ejansiyude aanava samrakshanangalude balaheenatakal vivaricha muun aii. eiii. iii. eiii inspectoraaya rogger riktarinte saakshyathil ninnulla bhagangal prasidheekarichu. iraakhinte aanava sthaapanathinte oru bhagam maathrame samrakshanathilulloovennum ettavum sensitiivu soukaryangal surakshaykk vidheyamallennum rictor saakshyappeduthi. rictor orikkalum "osirak" parishodhichittillennum middle eesttile soukaryangal parisodhikkaan orikkalum niyogichittillennum aii. eiii. iyayude director general sigward eklandu oru nishedham purappeduvichu. suraksha nadapadikramangal phalapradamaanennum aanava vitharanakkaar sweekaricha munkaruthal nadapadikal avaykku poorakamaanennum eklandu avakashappettu. brookhaaven naashanal laborattariyile bhauthikashaasthranjanaaya aanthani fainberg, aanavaayudhangalude nirmmaanathinaayi oru indhana samskarana paripadi rahasyamaayi nadathaamaayirunnuvenna riktarude avakaashavaadathe ethirthu. oru bomb nirmmikkaan mathiyaya indhanam saittil illennum noorukanakkinu videsha saankethika vidagtharude saannidhyam iraakhikalkku kandethathe aavashyamaaya nadapadikal kaikkollunnath asaadhyamaakkumennum fainberg ezhuthi.
thanthravum nayathantravum.
israelil, iraakhi reactor vikasanathinu marupadiyaayi eathu thanthram sweekarikkanam ennathinekkurichulla charchakal yitshaak rabin adhikaarametta aadyakaalathaanu (1974-1977) nadannathu. eee kaalayalavil ooppareshanulla aasoothranavum pariseelanavum aarambhichathayi reportund. 1977ll menachem pradhaanamanthriyaayathin sesham thayyaareduppukal sakthamaakki; israeli pailattumaarkk bombing nadatthaan kazhiyunna iraakhi reactorinte oru poornna thothilulla model nirmmikkaan anumathi nalki. dauthyathinulla parisheelanatthinide moonnu israel pailattumaar vaahanapakadangalil marichu.
israayelinte videshakaarya mantri moshe dayan france, america, itali ennivayumaayi nayatantra charchakal aarambhichuvenkilum reactor paripadi nirthalaakkumennu urappu labhikkunnathil parajayappettu. koodaathe, iraakhi aanava padhathiye sahaayikkunnath nirthaan valeri giscard dii estaayinginteyum franswa mitharaandinteyum franch sarkkaarukale bodhyappedutthaan israelinu kazhinjilla. osirak" samadhaanaparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi uddeshichullathaanennu sadaam hussain sthiramaayi vaadichu. nayatantra oopshanukal nishfalamaayi kanakkaakkukayum aakramanathinulla theerumaanam neettaan kazhiyunnath bheeshaniyodu prathikarikkanulla marakamaaya kazhivillaaymayilekku nayikkumennu aashankappedukayum cheyyuka. kaal pii. 1979 leeii vasanthakaalath, oru munkoor akramanam aavashyamaanenna nigamanathiletthiyirunnu.
israeli rahasyaanveshana ejansiyaaya mosad reactorinte nirmmaanam nirthano nasippikkaano rahasya pravartthanangalude oru parambara nadathiyathaayi aanthani cordesman ezhuthunnu. 1979 eprilil fraansile mosad ejantumaar iraakhilekkulla kayattumathikkayi kaathirikkumbol reactorinte aadya koottam pradhana gadanakal nashippicha oru bomb sthaapichathaayi aaropikkappedunnu. 1980 juunil iraakhi aanava padhathiyil pravartthikkunna eejipshyan aanava shaasthranjayaaya yehia ell-mashadine mosad ejantumaar vadhichathayi parayappedunnu. taamasiyaathe, paripaadiyil pravartthikkunna mattu rund iraakhi enchineeyarmaaraaya salman rashid, abdul rasool ennivar yathaakramam swittsarlandilekkum fransilekkum yaatra cheiyunnathinide rogabaadhitharaayi marichu, mosad avare visham kazhichathaayi samshayikkunnu. padhathiyil pravarthikkunnuvennu samshayichirunna niravadhi franch, itaaliyan kambanikalil mosad bombit akramanam nadathukayum unnatha udyogastharkkum saankethika vidagtharkkum bheeshanippeduthunna kathukal ayaykkukayum cheythathaayum niravadhi franch saankethika vidagdhar raajivaykkaan kaaranamaayathaayum avakaashappedunnu. 1979 eprilil nadanna bombaakramanathetthudarnna, franch udyogasthar patthu varshathekku "osirak" reactor oonn-saittin melnottam vahikkanamennu iraakhumaayulla karaaril france oru vyavastha chertthu.
kolapathakangal iraakhi aanava shaasthranjarkkidayil vyapakamaaya paribhranthi srishtichu. padhathiyude shaasthranjarude manoveeryam baadikkunnathil aashankaakulanaaya sadaam hussain ellah muthirnna shaasthranjarkkum kyash bonasukalum adambara kaarukalum nalki. meshaadinte vidhavaykku 300,000 dollar nalkukayum tanikkum mcculkkum aajeevanantha pension labhikkumenn vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. iraakhi shaasthranjarkku anthaaraashtra yaathrakalkkaayi saambathika bonus nalkukayum avar kooduthal bhayappedukayum mosad kolapathakangal engane ozhivakkaam ennathinekkurichulla nirddeshangal labikkukayum cheythu.
iranian akramanam.
ooppareshan scorch vaal enna rahasyanaamathil oru vyomaakramanathil, iraan-iraakh yuddham pottippurappettathin thottupinnaale, 1980 septambar 30 nuu iraan rund eph-4 faantamukalode saitt akramikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. yudhathinte thudakkathil, israeli milittari intelligence dayaraktarettu director yehoshuwa saguy reactoril bombitan iraanikalodu parasyamaayi abhyarthichu. aanava reactorinu nereyundaaya aadya aakramanavum charithratthile moonnaamathe aanava kendrathilundaaya akramanavumaayirunnu ithu. aanavaayudhathinte vikasanam thadayukayenna lakshyathode aanava reactorinu nereyundaaya prathirodha aakramanathinte aadya sambhavam koodiyaayirunnu ithu.
reactorinu ithinakam indhanam nalkukayum idichaal radio active veezhcha puratthuvaraan kazhiyumenna iranian aashankakal kaaranam avaa yadhaartha reactor thaazhikakkudathe aakramichittilla, marichu kantrol room, gaveshanam/centrifuge soukaryangal, aduthulla kettidangal ennivaye aakramichu. plaant cooling samvidaanangalkkoppam lakshyangal akramikkukayum kettidangalkk kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum cheythu. mattu rund eph-4 vimanangal oresamayam baagdaadinte pradhana power plaantil idichu ekadesham rund divasathekku nagaratthinte vaidyuthi nilachu. valia naashanashtangalonnum undayathaayi iraakhikal nishedhichu. franch, itaaliyan saankethika vidagdhar udan thanne iraakh vidukayum padhathiyil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythuvenkilum chilar pinneedu 1981 februvariyil madangiyethukayum kedupaadukal nannakkaan thudangukayum cheythu.
trekkaras alayansa dhii secrut dealings oof israel, iraan, yunaittad stetts" enna pusthakatthil tritta parcy ezhuthunnathu, oru muthirnna israeli udyogasthan israeli aakramanathinu oru maasam munbu fraansil ayatollah khomeni prathinidhiyumayi koodikkaazhcha nadathiyennaanu. muun israel sarkkar jeevanakkaranaaya aarii benn-menasheyaanu avakaashavaadathinte uravidam. 1980ll nadanna aakramanathinte vishadaamshangal eee yogathil iraanikal vishadeekarikkukayum adiyanthara saahacharyangalil israel vimaanangale tabrisile iranian airfieldil irakkaan anuvadikkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. iru rajyangalkkum oru pothu shatru (iraakh) ullathinaal puthiya iranian sarkkar israelinodu audyogikamaayi sathrutha pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum iraakhikal thangalkk oru aanava bomb srishtikkumennu iranian bhayappettirunnuvenkil atharamoru vikasanam thadayaan avar israelumaayi rahasyamaayi pravarthichu.
pravarthanaparamaaya aasoothranam.
israeli sainika thaavalangalum reactor saittum thammilulla dooram ganyamaayirunnu. israeli vimaanagalkk videsha pradeshathinu mukaliloode oru rahasya parakkalil jordanian, koodaathe/allengil soudi vyomaathirthi lamghikkendivarum, ithu aakaashat indhanam niraykkunnathu asaadhyamaakkunnu. vaayu samrakshanavum yuddha pinthunayum nalkunnathinaayi eph-15ekalude oru groupulla kanatha indhanavum kanatha aayudhangalumulla eph-16ekalude oru squadroninu indhanam niraykkathe reactor saitt illaathaakkaan sarjikkal strike nadatthaan kazhiyumennu israelikal oduvil nigamanam cheythu.
ooppareshaniloode kadannupokaanulla theerumaanam thudakkathile sarkkarinullil kadutha ethirppaayirunnu. suraksha manthrisabhayile amgamaaya eriyal shaaron pinneedu reactoril bombitan vaadichavaril oraalaanenn paranju. dayan, prathirodha mantri (1980 avasaanathode vare) easar weisman, upapradhaanamanthri yigel yaadan ennivar athirthavaril ulppedunnu. muellerude abhipraayathil, "eee vishayathil parunthukalum praavukalum thammilulla pradhana vyathyasam oru vyomaakramanathinte anthaaraashtra rashtreeya chelavukalekkurichulla avarude kanakkilaanu". eee ooppareshan durbalamaaya israel-eejipshyan samadhana prakriya paalam thettikkumennum mekhalayile israayelinte vyakthithvathekkurichu arab uthkandakalkku aakkam koottumennum israel-franch bandhangale nasippikkumennum [ethirthavar] bhayapettu" ennu shaay feldman vyakthamaakkunnu. shaaron ulppedeyulla addehathinte anuyaayikal rashtreeya thakarchayekkurichu athiraalikale apekshichu niraashaavaadikalaayirunnu. oru aanavaayudhathin aavashyamaaya vasthukkal nirmmikkaan iraakhikalkku anchu muthal patthu varsham vare edukkumennathinaal oru sainikethara pariharam kandethanulla thudarchayaaya shramangalkk yehoshuwa sagui vaadichu. avasaanam, onno rando varshathinullil oru ayudham nirmmikkaan kazhiyunna ettavum mosham avasthayude kanakkukoottaline adisthaanamaakki aakramanathinu oordar nalkaan aarambikkuka. ronan bergman parayunnathanusarichu, 1980 octoberil mosad director yitshaakk hoffey paranju, mosaadinte kolapaathakangalum attimarikalum iraakhi aanava paripadi thadayaan kazhiyillennum athu avasaanippikkanulla eaka maargam oru vyomaakramanamaanennum. 
reactor pravarthanakshamamaayathinu sheshamulla oru akramanam, marakamaaya radio active malineekarana dosukal baghdadilekku athicheraan kaaranamaakumenn paranju bombinginte samayathe pradhaanamantri nyaayeekarikkan thudangi. yunaittad stetts kongras research sarveesinte vaaran donali nadatthiya oru vishakalanathil "reactorinu nere parambaraagatha bombukal upayogichu akramanam nadathunnathu baghdadile radio aaktivittikk marakamaaya exposureukalkku kaaranamaayekkaamennath valare saadhyathayilla, ennirunnaalum reactor saittile chila aalukalkk kurachu exposure labhichekkaam". samanamaaya reethiyil columbia sarvakalaashaalayile herbert goldsteen aii. eiii. iii. eiii. release gadakangal upayogichu nadatthiya nigamanamaanith, marakamaaya malineekaranam reactorinu aduthullathil parimithappedutthukayum baghdadil cheria alavil vikiranam kandethukayum cheyyum.
1981 joonode "osirak" reactorinu indhanam nalkukayum pravarthanakshamamaakkukayum cheiyumennu 1980 octoberil mosad report cheythu. yunaittad stetts nalkia rahasyaanveshana phottokal, prathyekichu keey. echu-11 kennan upagraham upayogichu eee vilayiruthaline ganyamaayi sahayichu. reactor sthaapikkunna franch saankethika vidagdhar pinneedu 1981 avasaanathode maathrame ithu pravarthanakshamamaakoo ennu paranjirunnulloo. ennirunnaalum, 1980 octoberil israeli manthrisabha (dayaante abhaavathil) oduvil akramanam aarambhikkunnathin anukoolamaayi 10-6 vottu cheythu.
praadhamika israeli/iranian nadapadikal.
ooppareshan oopparaykkulla amgeekaarathinu sesham, israelikal osiraakkinethire avarude dauthyam aasoothranam cheyyaan thudangi. vyomakramanathinulla adisthaana nadapadikramam 1979-ll thanne roopappeduthiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, israelikalkku plaantinte leauttinekkurichu photographic intelligence aavasyamaanu. aaa chumatala iraaniyakkaarkku labhichathayi aaropikkappedunnu. septambar aakramanathinu sesham thudar vyomaakramanam nadathunnathinupakaram, 1980 november 30 nuu iranian eph-4 phaantam rahasyaanveshana jettu osirak reactorinte chithrangal eduthu. photographukal oru rahasya loha kandeynaril sthaapichathaayum iranian sainyathinte chila gadakangal avaa israelikalkku kaimariyathaayum aaropikkappedunnu. eee photographukalode israelikal ooppareshan ooppara aasoothranam cheyyaan thudangi.
eiii-4 skyhock vimanam upayogichulla israeli pailattumaarude oru samgham medittareniyan kadalil reydinaayi pariseelanam aarambhichu. taamasiyaathe israelikalkku eph-16 faitting faalkkan vimaanangalude aadya sammata vitharanam labhichu (aadya baachu yadhaarthathil iraaninaayi neekkivachirunnu, ennaal 1979 leeii iranian viplavam kaaranam, israeli vyomasenaykku avarudethu samayathinu munbe labhichu). puthiya eph-16 vimaanangalaan reydinaayi upayogikkuka. israeli eph-4 faantamukal thekkan iraakhileyum padinjaaran iraakhileyum pradeshangalil rahasyaanveshana dauthyangalum nadatthi. iraakhi vyomasena iranianmaarodu pooraadunna thirakkilayirikke, oru avasarathil, oru iraakhi mig-21 oru israeli eph-4 neey pinthudarnnu; iraakhi jettil indhanam theernnu, pailat puratthekku erangaan nirbandhithanaayi. ennirunnaalum, avarude dauthyangalil, israelikal soudi arabiayude athirthiyil iraakhi radaaril oru andhamaya pradesham kandethi. iraakhikalkku andhapradeshathekkurichu ariyaamaayirunnuvenkilum, soudi arabiayumaayi oru yuddham pratheekshikkaathathinaal avar prashnam pariharichilla.
iraakhi vyomasena israelikalkku oru bheeshaniyaayirunnu (maig-21 interception kaanichathupole), athu israeline ithuvare akramikkunnathil ninnu oru paridhivare pinthirippichu. ennirunnaalum, iraakh iraanumaayi poraadaan thirakkilaayathil israelinu oru nettamundaayirunnu. 1981 epril 4 nuu iranian vyomasena raajyathinte padinjaaran bhaagathulla (jordan israelinum sameepam) iraakhinte echu-3 vyomathaavalathin nere valia akramanam nadatthi. ettu iranian eph-4 faantamukal deerghadoora bombing dauthyam nadathukayum vyomathaavalathil akramikkukayum cheythu. 48 iraakhi vimanangal nasippikkappettathaayi iraan avakashappettu, ennirunnaalum 27 vimanangal nasippikkappettathaayum 11 vimaanagalkk kedupaadukal sambhavichathayum us intelligence nigamanam cheythu (chilath attakuttappanikalkk vidheyamalla). takarnna vimaanangalil rund tuu-22 blinderukalum moonnu tuu-16 badger straattajik bomberukalum (akramanamundaayaal israayelinethire prathikarikkaan upayogikkaamaayirunnu) ulppedunnu. iraakhi vyomashakthiyk kanatha thirichadiyaayirunnu eee akramanam, ithu pradhaanamaayum iraakhinu iraakhinekkaal vyoma menma nalki. aakramana samayat israeli rahasyaanveshana vimanangal iraakhine nireekshichukondirikkum iraakhi vyomasena saaramaayi thakarkkukayum avarude prathikara sheshi durbalappeduthukayum cheythathayi nireekshikkukayum cheythu.
akramanam.
reactoril jolie cheiyunna videsha vidagdhar ulppede saittil undaayirunna thozhilaallikal poyekkaamenna anumaanathil njaayarazhcha uchathirinju ooppareshan aarambhichathayi aakramanathethudarnnu aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha samithiyil nadatthiya prasamgatthil yehuda swi blum avakashappettu. eee munkaruthal undaayirunnittum, raid samayat noorukanakkinu franch thozhilaallikalum mattu pouranmaarum plaantil undaayirunnu.
rund maarkk-84 delay aakshan bombukal veethamulla ettu eph-16 vimanangal adangunnathaanu aakramana schwadron. yudhavimaanangalude pinthuna nalkunnathinaayi aarr eph-15esinte oru vimanam ooppareshanaayi niyogichu. seave raas, amos yadlin, dobby yaf, hagay kaatts, amir nachumi, ifttaachu spector, relik shafeer, ilaan raamon ennivaraayirunnu eph-16 pailatukal. raas aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalkukayum pinneedu cheef oof staaf addehathe addehathinte neethrthwathinu vendi alankarikkukayum cheythu. ooppareshanil pankeduttha ettavum praayam kuranja pailattaayirunna raamon pinneedu aadyathe israeli bahiraakaashayaathrikanaayi maarukayum columbia bahirakasha shuttle duranthatthil marikkukayum cheythu.
1981 juun 7 nuu praadeshika samayam (12:55 GMT) nuu ooppareshan aarambhichu. israeli vimanangal jordanian, soudi vyomaathirthikalil velluviliyillaathe parannuyarnnu etsiyoon vyomathaavalathil ninnu purappettu. kandethal ozhivakkaan, israeli pailattumaar jordanian vyomaathirthiyil soudi sugandhamulla arabiyil samsaarikkukayum thangal oru soudi patrolling aanennu jordanian eyar kantrolarmaarodu parayukayum cheythu. soudi arabiaykku mukaliloode parakkumbol, avar jordanian radio signalukalum formationukalum upayogichu jordaaniyanmaaraanennu nadichu. israeli vimaanangalil amithamaayi looad cheythirunnathinaal vimaanangalil gadippichirunna baahya indhana taankukal vimaanathil theernnu. soudi marubhoomiyil taankukal neekkam cheythu.
jordan rajaavaaya hussain, akhaaba ulkkadalil avadikkaalam aakhoshichukondu, vimanangal thante yaattin mukaliloode parakkunnath kaanukayum avayude israeli adayaalangal shradhikkukayum cheythu. jettukalude sthaanam, thala, aayudangal enniva kanakkileduthu, iraakhi reactoraanu ettavum saadhyathayulla lakshyamenn hussain pettennu anumaanichu. hussain udan thanne thante sarkkaarine bandhappedukayum iraakhikalkku munnariyipp nalkaan utharavidukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, ashayavinimaya parajayam kaaranam sandesham orikkalum labhichilla, israeli vimanangal iraakhi vyomaathirthiyil praveshichu. iraakhi vyomaathirthiyil athiyappol, schwadron vibhajikkapettu, rund eph-15kall eph-16 schwadronumaayi adutha akambadiyaayi maarukayum bakkiyulla eph-15kall iraakhi vyomaathirthiyilekku vazhithirichuvidukayum backup cheyyaan thayyarakukayum cheythu. iraakhi prathirodhatthinte radaarin keezhil parakkaan sramichukondu aakramana schwadron iraakhi marubhoomiyilekku erangi.
praadeshika samayam (18:35 GMT), "osirak" reactor complexil ninnu, eph-16 roopeekaranam reactor complexine lakshyamit 35 digri divilekku kayarukayum pooyi. eph-16 vimanangal 5 second edavelakalil 84 bombukal jodiyaayi vidaan thudangi. puratthirakkiya pathinaar bombukalil ettennam reactorinte kandeynment thaazhikakkudatthil idichu. israel vimanangal athunnathinu araa manikkoor munbu, vimana virudha prathirodham nadathunna oru koottam iraakhi sainikar uchabhakshanathinaayi avarude posttukal vittupoyi, avarude radaarukal oof cheythathayi pinneedu velippettu. israeli vimanangal iraakhi prathirodham thadanjuvenkilum sheshikkunna vimana virudha vedivayppil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhinju. schwadron uyarnna uyarathilekku kayarukayum israelilekku madangukayum cheythu. akramanam rund minittil thaazhe maathramaan neendathu.
anthaaraashtra rashtreeya prathikaranangal.
ikyaraashtrasabhayile anthaaraashtra prathikaranam rund vazhikaliloodeyaanu neengiyathu. iraakhinteyum anthaaraashtra aanavorja ejansiyudeyum ettu yogangaleyum prasthaavanakaleyum thudarnnu 1981 juun 19 nuu aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha samiti ekakandavum eathaandu udanadi prathikaranavum purappeduvichu. suraksha kaunsil prameyam 487 aakramanathe "aikyaraashtrasabhayude charterinteyum anthaaraashtra perumatta maanadandangaludeyum vyakthamaaya lamghanam" ennu shakthamayi apalapikkukayum bhaviyil atharam akramanangalil ninnu vittunilkkan israelinodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu; "saankethika, aanava vikasana paripaadikal sthaapikkaanulla" iraakhinte avakasham kaunsil amgeekarikkukayum aanava nirvyaapana udambadiyude "iaea safeguards rejimenti" yill iraakhinoppam cheraan israelinodu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. iraakh anubhavicha naashathinu uchithamaaya parihaarathinu arhathayundennum kaunsil prasthaavichu."america prameyathinu vottu cheyyukayum israelinu naalu eph-16 vimanangal vitharanam cheiyunnathu thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkukayum cheythenkilum yuu. enn. yude shiksha nadapadi thadanju. vimanam vitharanam cheiyunnathinulla suspension rund maasathinu sesham pinvalichu.
yuu. enn. potusabha suraksha kaunsilinte prameyam namm. 1981 november 13nuu, "munkootty aasoothranam cheythathum abhoothapoorvavumaaya aakramanathe" israel apalapikkukayum, israel athu varuthiya naashanashtangalkkum jeevhanikkum vegathilum mathiyaya nashtaparihaaravum nalkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. bhaviyil itharam nadapadikal sweekarikkaathirikkaan israelinu prameyam aathmaarthamaayi munnariyipp nalki.
aikyaraashtrasabhayude prameyam paasaakkunnathin munbulla charcha mekhalayile aanava vyaapanam, israayelinte pravartthanangalude uchithathayum nyaayeekaranavum thudangiya vishayangalil amgaraajyangalude vyathyastha nilapaadukal prathiphalippichu. israayelinte aanavaayudhangal kaivasham vachirikkunnath marachuvekkuka ennathaayirunnu israeli aakramanathinu pinnile lakshyamennum athilum pradhanamaayi, arab raashtrathe shaasthreeyamo saankethikamo aaya arivu nedaan anuvadikkaathirikkaanulla dridanishchayamaanennum iraakhi prathinidhi prasthaavichu."arab janathaykkethiraya bheekaravaadathinu israeline mathramalla, america apalapikkaan syria abhyarthichu", ithu israelinu athinte thanthraparamaaya sakhyathinte bhaagamaayi naasha upakaranangal nalkunnathu thudarunnu."
reactorinte eaka lakshyam shaasthreeya gaveshanamaanennu france prathinidhi prasthaavichu. france iraakhum thammilulla karaarukalil sainika upayogam ozhivaakkiyirunnu. aanavaayudhangalkkaayi vighadippikkaavunna vasthukkal nirmmikkanulla sheshi iraakhinu undennu vishwasikkunnillennu yunaittad kingdom paranju. baagdaadinaduthulla aanava gaveshana reactorukalile parisodhanakal suraksha karar paalikkunnillenn aii. eiii. iii. eiii director general sthireekarichu.
aii. eiii. iii. eyude board oof govarnarmaar juunil yogam cherukayum israayelinte nadapadiye apalapikkukayum cheythu. israayelinte aanukoolyangalum angathwa avakashangalum thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkaanulla saadhyatha samghadana nadathunna adutha pothusammelanatthilum pariganikkanamennu board aavasyappettu. 1981 septambar 26nuu aii. eiii. iii. eiii. konfarans aakramanathe apalapikkukayum israelinulla ellah saankethika sahaayangalum nirtthivaykkaan vottu cheyyukayum cheythu. aii. eiii. iii. ayil ninnu israeline purathaakkaan oru karadu prameyam avatharippichenkilum aaa nirddesham parajayappettu. akramanam aii. eiii. iii. eiii niyamatthinte lamghanamallennum israayelinethiraaya shiksha nadapadi aii. eiii. iii. aykkum aanava nirvyaapana bharanakoodatthinum valia dosham cheyyumennum america vaadichu.
amerikkayulppede lokamembaadum eee akramanam shakthamayi vimarsikkappettu. aakramana divasam president reegan svakaaryamaayi thante jenalil ezhuthi, "armagedon aduthuvennu njaan vishwasikkunnuvennu njaan sathyam cheiyunnu", staarttinte theerumaanam koottichertthu, "addeham njangalodum franchukaarodum parayanamaayirunnu, bheeshani neekkam cheyyaan njangalkk enthengilum cheyyaamaayirunnu."jonathan steel" "guardian" "ennathil eee prathikaranam vivarichu
1981 juun 7 nuu israel nadatthiya aakramanathil lokam prakopithamaayirunnu. "atharam saahacharyangalil sayudha aakramanathe nyaayeekarikkan kazhiyilla. ithu anthaaraashtra niyamatthinte gurutharamaaya lamghanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu ", maargarat thaadiyan urakke paranju. jeane kirkpatrick, yuu.ezz. yuu. ennil ninnulla ambasader annathe brittanile pradhaanamanthriyeppole karkkashamaaya oru prabhashakanum ithine "njettikkunna" kaaryamaayi visheshippikkukayum afgaanisthaanile soviyatt adhiniveshavumaayi ithine thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu. american pathrangal athrayere niranjathaayirunnu. "israelinte rahasya akramanam... maapparhikkaathathum deerghaveekshanamullathumaaya akramanamaayirunnu athennu newyork times paranju. loss enchals times" ithine "sarkkar sponsor cheytha bheekaravaadam" ennu vilichu.
anantharafalangal.
aakramanathil patthu iraakhi sainikarum oru franch sivilian kollappettu. eyar liquidinteyum franch sarkkar ejansi sii. iii. eiii. yudeyum jeevanakkaranaaya 24 allengil 25 vayassulla enchineeyar damian chousepeed aayirunnu kollapetta sivilian. 1981ll chousepeedinte kudumbatthinu nashtapariharam nalkaan israel sammathichu.
eee soukaryam punarnirmmikkumenn iraakh parayukayum punarnirmmaanatthinu sahayikkaan thathwathil france sammathikkukayum cheythu. iraan-iraakh yuddham, anthaaraashtra sammarddam, iraakhi payment prasnangal ennivayulppede niravadhi gadakangal kaaranam 1984ll charchakal paraajayappedukayum france padhathiyil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythu. 1991leeii pershyan gulf yuddham vare "osirak" soukaryam athinte kedupaadukal sambhavicha avasthayil thudarnnu, thudarnnulla yunaittad stetts vyomasenayude sakhya vyomaakramanangalil ithu poornnamaayum nasippikkappettu, avayilonnaanu paakkej kyu strike. yudhasamayathu, muttukuthiya 120 amgangalil 100 perum menachem startinode nandi paranju oru kathil oppuvachu, "osiraakkin" nere akramanam nadatthaan utharavittathinu nandi paranju. 1991 joolaiyil, israel armi radioic nalkia oru apoorva abhimukhathil, gulf yudhavum prathyekichu aaa yudhasamayathu israelinu nereyundaaya iraakhi scud misail aakramanangalum reactoril bombitan addeham edutha theerumaanathe sharivaykkunnuvennu avakashappettu.
osirak" akramanam thadayunnathile avarude paraajayangalkk marupadiyaayi (munbathe echu-3 akramanam), iraakhinte padinjaaran vyoma prathirodha mekhalayude thalavanaaya kenal fakri hussain jabarineyum mejar rankinu mukalilulla addehathinte commandinu keezhilulla ellah udyogasthareyum vadhikkan sadaam hussain utharavittu. koodaathe, mattu 23 iraakhi pailattumaareyum udyogasthareyum jayililadachu.
1981leeii israel niyamasabha thiranjeduppinu ekadesham moonnaazhcha munbaanu akramanam nadannathu. prathipaksha nethaavu shimon perez eee pravartthanatthe oru rashtreeya thanthramaayi vimarshichu, athu watermark anukoolamaayirunnilla. osirak" bombakramanavum athine vimarshikkunnathile peresinte mosham rashtreeya theerumaanavum-thudakkathil pratheekshayillaatha oru thiranjeduppu prachaaranamaayi thonniyathinte veliyettathe maattunnathil nirnaayakamaayirunnuvennu daan perry ezhuthunnu. oru lycude raaliyil peresinte aaropanathodu staartt prathikarichu "joothanmaare, juthanmaarkku vendi pooraadunnathinaayi njaan petta tikwayude hashidoff ayalpakkathu thaamasichathinaal ningalkk enne naalpat varshamaayi ariyaam (irganile staarttinte anjjaatha dinangalekkurichulla oru paramarsham). aaa kroorathakkaar nammude aankuttikale bhayankaramaayi peedippikkumennathinal, maranathe apakadathilaakkaano maranathekkaal moshamaaya thadavarayilaakkaano njaan jootha aankuttikale thiranjeduppinaayi ayakkumo?"juun 30nuu peresinte alainment partic pakaram likud veendum thiranjedukkappettu, muttukuthil oru seettil maathramaan vijayichathu.
aakramanathe thudarnnu american sarkkar poornnamaayum rakshapettu. aakramanathinulla thayyaareduppukal kandethunnathil paraajayappettath us intelligence kammyoonittikkulle gurutharamaaya intelligence parajayamaayi kanakkakkappettuvennum israel vyomasena, sainika intelligence, mosed, rashtreeya samvidaanam ennivaykkullil eee alavilulla oru ooppareshanulla thayyaareduppukal kandethunnathil paraajayappettathinekkurichu anweshikkaan us intalijansinullil oru prathyeka teamine roopeekarichathaayum us intalijansile oru muun muthirnna udyogasthan israeli pathrapravartthakan ronan bergmanode paranju.
reactor nasippichathinu iraakhinu israel nashtapariharam nalkanamennu 2009ll iraakh pradhaanamantri noori alle maliki aavasyappettu. aakramanathinu marupadiyaayi aikyaraashtrasabhayude suraksha samiti amgeekaricha prameyam 487 prakaram iraakhinte parihaarathinulla avakaashathe pinthunaykkunnuvennu oru iraakhi udyogasthan paranju. 2010-nte thudakkathil, iraakhi paarlament amgathe udharichu "syaasat dinapathram" report cheythath, akramanam moolamundaaya naashanashtangalkk israelil ninnu nashtapariharam thedaan iraakhi sarkkaarin arhathayundennu iraakhi udyogastharkku yuu. enn sekratteriyattil ninnu vivaram labhichirunnu ennaanu.
vilayiruthal.
akramanam iraakhinte aanava abhilaashangale kuranjathu patthu varshamenkilum thadassappeduthiyennu israel avakaashappedunnu. 2005-leeii oru abhimukhathil bill klintan aakramanathinu pinthuna prakadippichu "1981-ll osiraakkil israelikal cheythathinekkurichu ellaavarum samsaarikkunnu, ithu thirinjunokkumbol sarikkum nalla kaaryamaanennu njaan karuthunnu. ningalkariyaamo, athu aanavorjam vikasippikkunnathil ninnu sadaamine thadanju."luis rene berres 1995-ll ezhuthi," "osiraakkile ujjwalamaaya reydinu vendiyalla, sadaaminte senayil 1991-ll aanavaayudhangal sajjeekarichirikkam"."
2010ll, squad leader seave raas ooppareshanekkurichu paranju "njangalkk oru avasaram edukkaan kazhiyillennu theerumaanamedukkunnavarude manassil oru samshayavumilla. demonayil njangal cheythath krithyamaayi cheyyaan iraakhikalkku kazhiyumennu njangalkariyaamaayirunnu."
1981leeii sharathkaalathil thanne, kennathu walts panimudakkinte falathekkurichu charcha cheythu
chaals aarr. echu. aakramanathinte 25-aamm vaarshikathodanubandhichula oru abhimukhathil trip, "osirak" bombakramanam david benn-gurioninte pradhaanamanthriyude kaalath aarambhicha israeli sainika sidhaanthathinte oru vyathiyaanamaayi visheshippichu, "arab shathrukkalkk nereyulla vinashakaramaaya munkoor aakramanangale pinthunaykkunnu."trip paranju," "osirak" "akramanam perumaranulla niyamavirudhamaaya oru maargamaan-prameyam 487 athu sthaapichu-ennaal ningal israeli sainika-suraksha sthaapanamaanenkil ithu perumaranulla manassilakkaavunna oru maargamaan"."
yuu pinthudarunnu.ezz.-2003ll iraakh adhiniveshathinu neethrthwam nalkia american sainyam sadaam hussain thante aantharika garbhagrihavumaayi nadatthiya sambhashanangal vishadeekarikkunna niravadhi rekhakal pidichedutthu. 1982leeii oru sambhaashanathil hussain prasthaavichathu, "iraakh (iraanethire) vijayichu purathukadannaal, oru israelum undaakilla."israayelinte iraakhi virudha sramangalekkurichu sadaam abhiprayappettu," saankethikamaayi, avar [israelikal] iraakhine upadravikkaanulla ellah shramangalilum sariyaanu."
american vyomasenayude sainika rahasyaanveshana vishakalana vidagthanaaya toom morierty 2004ll ezhuthi, "akramanam iraakhinte sahishnuthayude paridhikkullil aayirikkumenn israel choothaadiyirunnu."iraanumaayulla yudhathinidayil iraakh athe samayam israelumaayi oru yuddham aarambikkillennum athinte sahishnuthayude paridhi saadhaaranayekkaal kooduthalaanennum morierty vaadikkunnu."
karnegi endovement phoor internaashanal peasil apravarthana directoraayirunna joseph sirinsiyon 2006 ll ezhuthi
ithinu vipareethamaayi, iraakhi aanava paripadi kevalam bhoogarbhathilekkum vaividhyavalkkarikkappedkum vipuleekarichathilekkum poyathaayi iraakhi gaveshakar prasthaavichittundu. iraakhi aanava shaasthranjanaaya khidir hamsa 2003 ll cnninte "cross fayar" enna vishayathekkurichulla oru abhimukhathil inipparayunna prasthavana nadatthi
athupole, "osiraakkinte" bombakramanam oru samboornna aanavaayudha padhathi aarambikkaan iraakhi neethrthwathe bodhyappeduthiyennu iraakhi aanava shaasthranjan imad khadduri 2003-ll ezhuthi. aakramanathinu sesham iraakh thangalude aanavaayudha sramangal uyarnna sambushtamaaya euranium uthppaadippikkunnathil veendum shradha kendreekarichu ennu 1997 ll yunaittad stetts prathirodha sekrattari vilyam perry prasthaavichu. aayudangalkkulla vikshepanavasthuvaayi plutonium nedaanulla thaalparyam thudarnnu, pakshe munganana kuravaayirunnu.
iraakh sarway group 2004ll puratthirakkiya duvelfer reportil, 1976ll franch reactor vaangiyathiloode iraakhi aanava paripadi "ganyamaayi vikasichu" ennum "iraakhinte" osirak "aanava reactorinu nereyundaaya israel bombakramanam 1980kalude thudakkathil israeline neridaan iraakhinte sainyathe kettippadukkaan sadaamine prerippichuvennum prasthaavikkunnu."
bob woodward, "nishedhaavastha" enna pusthakatthil ezhuthunnu
richard keey. osiraakkine israel nashippichathu iraakhinte aanavaayudha padhathi vaikippichathin thelivukalonnumilla" ennu betts ezhuthi. akramanam yadhaarthathil athine thwarithappeduthiyirikkaam."akramanam apakadakaramaaya paraajayamaanennu daan aavarthichu paranjittundu bomb spotana reactorinu aayudha gaveshanavumaayi yaathoru bandhavumilla, athesamayam" akramanam yadhaarthathil aayudangal nedaanulla sadaaminte prathibaddhatha vardhippichirikkaam."2011ll, puthiya iraakhi srothassukale adisthaanamaakki, malfried brautt-heggammar akramanam ingane paranju..munbu nilavilillaattha oru rahasya aanavaayudha padhathikku thudakkamittu... oru pathittaandinushesham iraakh aanavaayudha sheshiyude padivaathilkkal ethi. prathirodha akramanangal lakshyamidunna samsthaanam uyarthunna deerghakaala vyaapana saadhyatha vardhippikkumennu eee cases soochippikkunnu."mattevideyengilum aval ezhuthi
marubhoomi kodunkaattinetthudarnnu, annathe yunaittad stetts prathirodha sekrattariyaayirunna dick cheni, "1981 ll iraakhi aanava padhathiyil addeham cheytha mikacha pravarthanatthinu" israeli mission commanderinu nandi paranju. bombaakramanatthinte moolyam pala pandithanmaarum charcha cheyyumbol, gulf yuddham pottippurapetta samayat iraakhinu aanavaayudhangal undaayirunnilla, cheniyude abhipraayathil bombakramanam marubhoomi kodunkaattu eluppamaakki.
2007-ll syrian aanava lakshyathilekku israel nadatthiya vyomakramanamaaya ooppareshan oorcard aayirunnu staartt sidhaanthathinte randaamathe upayogam. ooppareshan oopparayilennapole, athe tharatthilulla vimaanangalum ulppettirunnu, ennirunnaalum eph-15 bombukal vahikkumbol eph-16kall akambadi nalkikkond avarude rolukal vipareethamaayirunnu.