
thaitu bethul

1889 muthal 1913 vare edhiyopiyayude chakravarty menelic randaaman chakravartthiyude moonnaamathe bharyayumaayirunnu thaitu bethul (таяту behtul; walta maikkal enna peril jnjaanasnaanamettath; 1851-1918 februvari 11). pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil aafrikkaykkethiraaya colonial virudha pooraattatthil swaadheenamulla oru vyakthiyaya avar bharthavinoppam 1886ll aadhunika ethiopian thalasthaanamaaya addis ababa sthaapichu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
reymond jonaasinte abhipraayathil, thaitu bethul (allengil thaitu) janichathu ethiopian saamraajyathile vadakkan gondarile semianilaanu. 1851 laanu avar janichathennu panditharaaya samavayam undu.
thaaythuvinte pithaav raas bethul haile maaryam, suzenos onnaaman chakravartthiyiloode solomonic raajavamshathinte pingaamikalaanennu avakaashappedunna semine bharanakudumbatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu. ambara yudhaprabhuvaaya youb hayle mariyamaayirunnu thaaythuvinte ammavan, avar semine, tigray rajakumaaranmaare bharichu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
chakravarthini thaaythu schoolil padichathaayi soochippikkunna rekhakalonnumilla; ennirunnaalum, avare amharik, gees bhashakalil vaayikkanum ezhuthaanum padippichu. eee kaalayalavil sthreekalkku vidyaabhyaasam labhikkaan saadhyathayillaayirunnathil ithu apoorvamaanu. nayathanthram, raashtreeyam, saambathikashaasthram enniva avale padippichathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu. koodaathe, ethiopian oorthadoox aaraadhanaakramathinu mathramulla oru bhasha avarkk manassilayi.
hobikal.
10-string upakaranamaya beejena vaayikkaan ariyappettirunnayaalan chakravarthini thaitu. senterej kalikkuka, ethiopian chess, kavithayezhuthanulla thaalparyam enniva avarude mattu pravarthanangalil ulppedunnu.
kudumbacharitram.
charitraparamaayi, avarude kudumbatthinu raajyathinte vadakkan mekhalayil bharanaparamaya kaalukal undennu avakaashappedunnu. atharam sthalangalil iva ulppedunnu semian, beijmeder, laasta, yeju, velo. avarude prabhukkanmaarude vamsham susnius chakravartthiyude makalil ninnu uthbhavicha <aii. dii. 1> muthalullathaanu. avalude muthumuthachanaaya raas gebre oof simean, semen mesaafint allengil "raajakumaaranmaarude yugam" ennariyappedunna kaalaghattatthil 44 varsham bharichu. rund alavukaliloode addehathinte prashasthi amgeekarikkappettu. gondarinu padinjaarulla samoohangale svarnnathil nikuthi adaykkunnathinum thante prajakalodu nannayi perumaarunnathinum addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu-avarkk svayam nilanirthaan krishi cheyyenda aavasyamillaathathinaal dhaaraalam bhakshanavum paaneeyavum nalki. avalude muthachan dejasmac hayle mariyam gebre oru aadaraneeyamaaya padavi vahichirunnu. addeham simean bharichu, avide addehathinte makkalaya youb, bethul, merso ennivar janichu. koodaathe, avalude ammavan degasmac woob kudumbatthinte paatha pinthudarnnu eee pradeshathu oru uyarnna sthaanam nedi. taittuvinte pithaavinte ardhasahodaran enna nilayil, tigray pravishya bharichathinte utharavaaditham degassmack vubinaanu. thaaythuvinu rund sahodaranmaarum (raas velle bethul & temaru bethul) rund sahodarimaarum undaayirunnu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
thante naalaamatheyum avasaanatheyum vivaahathil, thaitu bethul pinneedu edhiyopiyayude chakravarthiyaayitheernna shevayile rajaavaaya menelikkine vivaham kazhichu.
rashtreeya sambhavanakal.
1889ll menallic menallic chakravarty chakravarty aayi kireedadhaaranam cheyyappedunnathinu munbum sheshavum thaaythu ganyamaaya rashtreeya adikaaram nediyathaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu. paashchaathyarekhayil ethiopia vikasippikkaanum raajyathin aadunikatha konduvaranum aagrahicha aadhunikavaadikaleyum purogamanavaadikaleyum ethirtha yaadhaasthithika vibhaagathe avar kodathiyil nayichu. charithrakaaranmaarude abhipraayathil, pradhanappetta theerumaanangal edukkunnathinu munbu chakravarty ellaayppozhum avalodu koodiyaalochichirunnu. angane, italiyumaayulla vuchaale udambadiyecholli nadanna samgharshathil chakravarthini thaaythu oru pradhana kalikkariyaayirunnu, athu avar keeri. itaaliyan janathaykkethire nilakollaan madichunilkkunna chakravarty mattu purushanmareyum prachodippicha aadya vanitha thaaythu chakravartthiyaayirunnu. edhiyopiyayodulla europian uddeshyangalekkurichu aazhathil samshayikkunna avar, italiyan pathipp ethiopia oru itaaliyan samrakshitha rajyamaakki maattiya italiyumaayulla vuchaale udambadiyekkurichulla samgharshathil oru pradhana kalikkariyaayirunnu, athesamayam amharik pathipp angane cheythilla. chakravarthini itaaliyanmaarkkethire kadutha nilapad sweekarikkukayum oduvil charchakal paraajayappedukayum itali saamraajyathe athinte erythrian kolaniyil ninnu akramikkukayum cheythappol, avar chakravarthiykkum saamraajyathva sainyathinumoppam vadakkott march cheyyukayum 1896 maarchil italikku apamanakaramaaya paraajayathinu kaaranamaaya advayude charitraparamaaya yudhathil peerankikalude oru senaye nayikkukayum cheythu. europian koloniyalisathinethire pooraadunna eathoru aafrikkan sainyatheyum apekshichu eee vijayam ettavum praadhaanyamarhikkunnu. menalic randaman thaitu bethul 70,000 yudhathadavukaare thaalkkaalikamaayi kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. athe, naale" ("ishi, nega") ennu utharam nalkikkond asukhakaramaaya theerumaanangal palappozhum munkootty theerumaanikkukayum maattivaykkukayum cheytha menelic, aalukalodum vyakthiparamayi vranappeduthaano nirasikkaano aagrahikkaatha vishayangalodum "theerthum illa" ("impi") ennu parayaan kazhiyunnathra sakthamaaya sthaanathu bhaarya undaayirikkunnathu upayogapradamaanennu kandethi.
1906-ll menelikkinte aarogyam kshayichuthudangiyappol, adhikaarathinteyum swaadheenathinteyum mikka sthaanangalilum priyappettavareyum bandhukkaleyum niyamichathiloode adhikaarathinaayulla athiraalikale prakopippichukondu thaaythu addehathinu vendi theerumaanangal edukkaan thudangi. kottaaratthile kudumbatthinte rashtreeya swaadheenam niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi, menelic sabla vaanchal hailuvine thaayathuvumayi bandhamillaathathinaal "lij" iyaasuvinte anantharaavakaashiyaayi thiranjedutthu. thaayathuvin avalude gondarain senophobiayilum swajanapakshapaathilum parakke amarsham thonni, shoyayudeyum tigrayudeyum prabhukkanmaarum "lij" iyaasuvinte vallo bandhukkalum avale samsthaana utharavaadithathil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan goodaalochana nadatthi. 1910-ll avar adhikaarathil ninnu pinmaarukayum raas tessema naadyoovinte keezhilulla oru regency ettedukkukayum cheythu. thante durithamanubhavicha bharthaavinte paricharanatthil othungaan nirddeshikkappetta thaitu rashtreeya ramgathu ninnu aprathyakshayaayi. thaaythuvinum menalikkinum kuttikalundaayirunnil. 1913ll menelic marikkukayum addehathinte pingamiyaayi muun bandhuvaya lij iyaasuvinte makal janikkukayum cheythu. sent kottaykku aduthulla entotoyile pazhaya kottaratthilekku thaaythuvine naadukadatthi. varshangalkk munbu avar sthaapicha meriyude pally avide avarude bharthaav chakravarthiyaayi kireedadhaaranam cheyyappettirunnu.
1916ll chakravarthiyaaya iyasu vii. yeei simhaasanathil ninnu neekkam cheyth addehathinu pakaram chakravarthini soudittuvine niyamicha goodaalochanayil thaitu oru punk vahichathayi chilar vishwasikkumbol, soudittuvinte sthaanakkayattathinulla vila thaaythuvinte anantharavan raas gugsa velleyumaayulla vivaahamochanamaayirunnu, addeham bigemdarinte govarnoraayi. mattoru muun vivaahathiloode menalic randaamante makalaaya soudittu, ellaayppozhum chakravarthini thaaythuvumaayi aduppathilaavukayum thaaythuvine avalodoppam thamasikkaan shanikkukayum cheythirunnu. taitu nirasichenkilum, kriss prouttiye udharichu avar bharanaadhikaarikale "elimayode" upadeshikkunnath punaraarambhichu.
pinneedulla varshangal.
idis ababaik abhimukhamaayi entoto mariyam palliyude aduthulla pazhaya kottaarathilaanu thaaythu adutha kurachu varshangal thaamasichathu. 1917 novemberil thante jeevitam avasaanippikkunnathinaayi gondarilekku pookaan avar anumathi abhyarthichenkilum nirasikkapettu; moonnu maasathinu sesham avar marichu. addis ababayile teka negast baita leeii maariyam aashramathil bharthaavinte arikil avale samskarikkunnu.