edmund sharp

edmund sharp (31 october 1809-8 meyy 1877) oru engleesh vaasthushilpiyum vasthuvidyaa charitrakaaranum railway enchineeyarum saanittari parishkarthaavumaayirunnu. cheshayarile nutsfordil janicha addeham aadyam maathaapithaakkalil ninnum pinneedu praadeshika skoolukalilum rankon, greenwich, sedberg ennividangalilum vidyaabhyaasam nedi. kembridge sarvakalashaalayil ninnu birudam nediya sesham addehathinu oru travelling scholarship labhichu, ithu germmaniyilum thekkan fraansilum vaasthuvidya padikkaan addehathe praapthanakki. 1835-ll addeham laankaastaril oru vasthuvidyaa pariseelanam sthaapichu, thudakkathil svanthamaayi pravarthichu. 1845-ll addeham thante shishyanmaril oralaaya edward paliyumaayi pankaalitthatthil earppettu. shaarppinte pradhana shradha pallikalilaayirunnu, koodaathe palli kettidatthile gadanaaparamaaya vasthukkalaayi terracotta upayogikkunnathil addeham oru thudakkakkaaranaayirunnu, "pottu" pallikal ennu ariyappettirunnava roopakalppana cheythu, avayil aadyathethu sent steefanum ellah rakthasaakshikaludeyum pally liver bridjumaayirunnu.
residential kettidangalum schoolukalum ulppedeyulla mathethara kettidangalum addeham roopakalppana cheyyukayum vadakkupadinjaaran englandile reyilveyude vikasanathinum paalangal roopakalppana cheiyunnathinum puthiya lineukal aasoothranam cheiyunnathinum pravartthikkukayum cheythu. 1851-ll addeham thante vasthuvidyaa parisheelanatthil ninnu raajivachu, 1856-ll addeham laankaastaril ninnu maari, thante kariyarinte backie bhagam pradhaanamaayum railway enchineeyaraayi, aadyam north veyilsilum pinneedu swittsarlandilum thekkan fraansilum chelavazhichu. 1866ll sharp englandilekku madangiyethi laankaastarinaduthulla scotforthil thaamasikkukayum avide thante veedinaduthulla oru avasana palli roopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythu.
thante vasthuvidyaa parisheelanatthil jolie cheiyunnathinidayil, sharp laankaasttarinte pourakaaryangalil earppettirunnu. thiranjedukkappetta taunn kaunsilaraayirunna addeham aii. dii. 1ll meyaraayi sevanamanushtichu. nagaratthile mosham jalavitharanathekkurichum shuchithvathekkurichum aashankaakulanaaya addeham puthiya azhukkuchaalukaludeyum jalanirmmaanangaludeyum nirmmaanatthil vijayichu. kazhivulla samgeethajnjanaayirunna addeham nagaratthile kalaparavum saahityaparavum shaasthreeyavumaaya pravarthanangalil pankedutthu. oru pragatbhanaaya kaayikatharam enna nilayil ambeythu, roying, krikkatt ennivayil addeham sajeevamaaya thaalparyam prakadippichu.
oru vasthuvidyaa charithrakaaranenna nilayil sharp deseeya amgeekaaram nedi. vishadamaaya vasthuvidyaa rekhaachithrangalude pusthakangal addeham prasidheekarichu, vaasthuvidyayekkurichu niravadhi lekhanangal ezhuthi, engleesh gothik vasthuvidyaa shailikalude vargeekaranathinaayi oru padhathi aavishkarichu, 1875 ll royal instittyoott oof britiish aarkkitektinte royal gold medel labhichu. samakaalika vaasthushilpikalude pradhana thozhilaayi marria madhyakala pallikalude punasthaapanatthe addeham vimarshichu. thante kariyarinte avasaanathode englandilum fraansilum kettidangal padikkunnathinum varaykkunnathinum sharp paryaveshanangal samghadippichu. 1877ll italiyilekkulla atharamoru paryaveshanatthinidayil addeham rogabaadhithanaayi marikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte mrithadeham lancasterilekku kondupoyi, avide addehathe samskarichu. shaarppinte paarambaryatthil nilavilulla 40 oolam pallikal ulppedunnu; konvi vaali line ippol padinjaaran theerathe pradhana paathayude lancashire vibhaagathilulla paalangalum ulppedeyulla railway savisheshathakal; addehathinte vasthuvidyaa pusthakangal, lekhanangal, droingukal ennivayude archive.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1809 october 31 nuu cheshayarile nutsfordile brook streettile brook kottejil fraansisinteyum maartha sharpinteyum aadya kuttiyayi edmund sharp janichu. addehathinte pithaav, peripaattatt sangeetha adthyaapakanum nutsford edavaka palliyile oorganaistum, linkanshayarile staamfordil ninnaan vannath. vivaahasamayath addehathinte bhaarya maartha vittekkar, belvedere housile, baathroomil, somersettil, yuvathikalkkayulla oru academyude jeevanakkaariyaayirunnu. nutsfordile kuttikkaalathu, yuva edmund bhaaviyile srimati gascal elisabath steevansaninoppam kalichu. 1812-ll francis sharp karshakanayum sangeetha adthyaapakanaayum jolie cheythirunnappol sharp kudumbam ovar nutsfordil ninnu nether nutsfordile heathside enna oru krishiyidathilekku maari. edmund thudakkathil maathaapithaakkalil ninnu vidyaabhyaasam nediyengilum 1818 aayappozhekkum addeham nutsfordile oru schoolil padikkukayaayirunnu. rund varshathinu sesham rankoninaduthulla oru schoolilum 1821ll greenvichile burniss academyilum addeham borderaayirunnu. 1823 novemberil 48-aamm vayassil edmandinte pithaav pettennu marikkukayum amma kudumbathodoppam lancasterilekku thamasam maarukayum avide avar pinneedu adthyaapana jeevitam punararambhikkukayum cheythu.
edmund barniyude academyil vidyaabhyaasam thudarukayum head booy aakukayum cheythu. 1827 augustil addeham sedberg schoolilekku (pinneedu yorksheyarinte padinjaaru ridingle, ippol kumbriyayil) maari, avide addeham rund varsham thaamasichu. 1829 novemberil addeham lupttan pandithanaayi kembridjile sent johns collegil praveshichu. 1832-ll kozhsinte avasaanathil addehathinu kembridge sarvakalashaala oru vorts travelling bachelership nalki, ithu moonnu varshathe padanathinaayi videshathekku pookaan addehathe praapthanakki. eee samayat trinity kolejile laankaastaril ninnulla addehathinte suhruthu vilyam weewell dhaatushaasthra professoraayirunnu. edmund shaarppinte jeevacharitrakaaranaaya joonn hugus abhipraayappedunnathu sharpinulla eee award nedunnathil weewell swaadheenam chelutthi ennaanu. edmund 1833-ll bii. eiii birudam nedukayum 1836-ll maa birudam nedukayum cheythu. videshathaayirunna kaalath addeham germmaniyilum thekkan fraansilum sanjarichu romanesk, aadyakaala gothik vaasthuvidya padichu. vadakkan francilake kooduthal yaatra cheyyaan addeham uddeshichirunnuvenkilum "ksheenavum rogavum" kaaranam paareesil addehathinte paryadanam vettikkurachu. 1835-ll oru vaasthushilpiyaakan theerumaanicha edmund lancasterilekku madangi. oduvil vaasthuvidyayude thozhil sweekarikkaan theerumaanichirikkunnu" ennu paranju desemberil addeham vilyam veevalinu oru kathu ezhuthi. chila srothassukal parayunnath, aarkkitekt thomas rickmanaanu sharp paranjathennu. 1832ll sharp kurachu divasathekku rickmane sandarshikkukayum pinneedu addehavumaayi kathidapaadukal nadathukayum cheythu. bhookhandathilaayirikkumbol addeham "oru gaveshana sahayiyaayi pravarthikkunnundaam", ennaal "recommanodoppam kooduthal samayam chelavazhichathino addehathodoppam eathenkilum tharatthilulla aupachaarika apprenteeshipp nalkiyathino thelivukalonnumilla" ennu hugs parayunnu.
aarkkitekt.
laankaastar practies.
1835 avasaanathode penni streettile ammayude veettil edmund sharp thante pariseelanam aarambhichu, 1838 octoberil sann streettile parisarathekku thamasam maari. aaa varsham octoberil addeham thante vidyaarthiyaaya edward graham paliye sweekarichu, pinneedu 15 vayassayirunnu. pinneedu 1838 ll sharp sent leonardinte gettil taanum paliyum ulkkollaan kazhiyunnathra valia oru veedu eduthu; shaarppinte viramikkal vare sann streettile parisaram upayogikkunnathu eee sambradaayam thudarnnu. 1841-ll thomas oosttinum oru vidyaarthiyaayi eee parisheelanatthil chernnu, 1852-ll nyookaastal appon tainil oru aarkkitektaayi svanthamaayi sthaapikkaan pookunnathuvare addeham avide thudarnnu. 1845-ll sharp paliye oru pankaaliyaakkukayum 1847-ll bisinesses phalapradamaayi addehathinu kaimarukayum cheythu. ekadesham eee samayathum, joonn dougless paaliyude sahayiyaayi sthaapanathil cherukayum 1859 vare sthaapanathil thudarukayum cheythu, appol addeham swantham practies sthaapikkunnathinaayi chesttarilekku maari. 1851ll paliye eaka principalaayi upekshichu sharp eee parisheelanatthil ninnu poornnamaayum viramichu. 1851-ll paali shaarppinte sahodariyaaya fraansisine vivaham kazhichu.
pallikal.
1835 desemberil vilyam veevalinu ezhuthiya kathil, blackbane padinjaaru vittanilulla sent marks enna oru palliyeyenkilum aasoothranam cheythirunnuvennum, mattonninaayi pravarthikkukayaanennum, pristtanin thekk sent seviyezhs niyar bamber bridjaanennum sharp paraamarshichu. koodaathe, livarpoolinu vadakkukizhakkan nosliyile thante irippidathinaduthu oru palli roopakalppana cheyyuka enna lakshyathode addeham derbyude erlumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunnu.
shaarppinte aadyakaala pallikalil naalu-sent saviour, bamber bridge (1836-37); sent maarkk, vittan (1836-38); kristhyan charchu, chaattben (1837-38); leylaandinaduthulla (1839-40) sent pooll, farrington-enniva romanesk shailiyilaayirunnu, kaaranam "oru sailiyum romanesk pole vilakuranjathaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyilla" ennathinaal addeham athu thiranjedutthu. avaa "chathuraakrithiyilulla 'prasanga pettikalekkaal' alppam kooduthalaanennu thelinju... alankaarangalum cheria alankaarangalum illaathe; avayil palathum pinneedu vipuleekarichu. thudarnnulla pallikalil sharp romanesk gadakangal upayogicha oreyoru pallikal nattsfordinaduthulla marthal, warfedeyilile koonstoon (1846), southu laankaastarile scotforthile sent pooll (1874), addehathinte jeevithaavasaanathode avasaanamaayi nirmmicha ellah vishudharudeyum chaappal ennivayaayirunnu.
1838 aayappozhekkum sharp engleesh gothik vaasthuvidyayude gadakangal pareekshikkaan thudangi, thudakkathil aadyakaala engleesh shailiyilum prathyekichu panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkathilo athinumumbilo ulla lancet vindoyilum. eee reethiyil addeham nirmmicha aadyathe palli vishudha joonn suvisheshakan, kaugil, dent (1837-38), thudarnnu vishudha trimurthy, hougil (1837-38), thudarnnu athe shailiyilulla mattu niravadhi pallikal ennivayaayirunnu. taamasiyaathe addeham engleesh gothik vaasthuvidyayude pilkkala shailikalil ninnulla gadakangal ulppeduthukayum 1839 aayappozhekkum sent peettar, stainforth (1839-42), sent joonn dhaa baptist, bratharttan, sent peettar, mavdesley (randum 1839-40) enniva pole lambamaya savisheshathakal upayogichu pallikal roopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythu.
cheythu 1818lum palli kettida niyamaprakaaram sthaapithamaaya palli kettida commission vendi pallikal roopakalppana cheytha aarkkidekttukalil oraalaayirunnu sharp. thathfalamaayundaaya pallikale kammeeshanarmaarude pallikal ennu vilikkukayum puthuthayi janasamkhyayulla pradeshangalil aaraadhanaalayangal nalkunnathinaayi nirmmikkukayum cheythu. kammeeshanaayi sharp aarr pallikal roopakalppana cheythu sent joonn, dukinfield, sent jorj, stalibridge (randum 1838-40), sent joonn dhaa baptist, bratharttan, sent pooll, farrington, sent catherine, scholas (viganu sameepam; 1839-41), hollie trinity, blackbane (1837-46).sent designinte bahumatiyum addehathinundu. bridjattukal, beckermet, comberland (1842-43).
chila aarkkitektukal muun kammeeshanarmaarude pallikal neoclassical shailiyil roopakalppana cheythirunnuvenkilum avayil bhooribhaagavum gothik punarujjeevana shailiyilaayirunnu. gothik punarujjeevana pallikalil aadyakaalathe pallikal aadyakaala engleesh sailiye adisthaanamaakkiyullavayinu, palliyude vashangalil batrasukalkkidayil ottayoo jodiyakkiyatho aaya lancet janalakal, kizhakk attathu triple lancettukal. mattullava nerttha padinjaaran gopurangal, nerttha batras, kozhuppu pinaakkilukal, moonnu gaalarikalum plaasttar nilavarakalumulla inteeriyarukal ennivayulla "lambamaya" shailiyilaayirunnu. eee savisheshathakal madhyakala gothik vaasthuvidyayil ninnu maathram uruthirinjavayaanu, avaa athinte yadhaartha praathinidyangalaayirunniru. gothik punarujjeevanatthinte thudarnnulla vikasanathil oru pradhana swaadheenam aan pugin (1812-52) aayirunnu, addehathinte swaadheenathil, kembridge camden sosaitti (pinneedu eclesiological sosaitti ennu namakaranam cheyyappettu). mattu karyangalkkoppam, pallikalkk gothik maathramaan sariyaayathum sariyaayathumaaya shaili ennu mathramalla, avayude savisheshathakal aaa shailiyude krithyamaaya praathinidyamaayirikkanum avaa shailiyil ninnu ayanjathaayi uruthirinjathinekkaal "sariyaaya" gothik savisheshathakalaayirikkanamennume avar vaadichu. yadhaartha gothik bhashayil ninnu maathram uruthirinja savisheshathakal upayogichu roopakalppana cheytha pallikale vivarikkan "pree-archaeological" enna padam upayogichirunnu.
shaarppinte aadyakaala gothik punarujjeevana pravartthanangal puraathanakaalatthinu munbullavayaayirunnu, athil hollie trinity, blackbane enniva ulppedunnu, ithu reved jeey. dablyu. vittekkarinaayi <aii. dii. 1> ll nirmmichu. eee palli shaarppinte "pease dii resistans" aanennum athil "gothik shailikalude oru mangral misritham" adangiyirikkunnuvennum hugues abhipraayappedunnu. oresamayam vadakkupadinjaaran englandile panthrand pallikalude roopakalppanayil sharp ulppettirunnu, ithu kooduthal "sariyaaya" gothik savisheshathakal ulppeduthi. 1841-ll neythukaarante naavigeshan trasttikalkkaayi vesttan pooyint, rankon, kaasil, northvichu, winsford ennividangalil moonnu pallikalum anubandha gadanakalum (vikaaraajukalum schoolukalum) nirmmikkanulla karar addeham nedi. moonnum chesheyarilaayirunnu, chesheyarilaayirunnu 1841num idayil nirmmichavayaayirunnu. nirmmichavayaayirunnu 1838num idayil sharp lankshareilum chesheyarilum 30 puthiya pallikal roopakalppana cheythu, ellaam kuranja bajattilum ellaam oru paridhivare puraavasthushaasthrathinu munbum. 1843-ll derbyude earlinaayi oru palli nirmmikkumenna thante vaagdaanam niravettaan sharpinu kazhinju; ithu sent merii, nosliyaayirunnu, athu adutha varsham poortthiyaakki prathishtichu. moorchayullavarude ettavum manoharamaaya srishtikalilonnu" ennaanu ithine aalimganangal visheshippikkunnathu. ekadesham athe samayam addeham sent michaelinaayi oru puthiya steppil roopakalppana cheythu, kirkkam; steppililum sent marries palliyilum "sariyaaya" gothik savisheshathakal undaayirunnu, iva randum camden samooham "dhii ecclesiologist" ll prashamsichu.
1840-kalude thudakkathil, thante bhaaviyile bhaaryasahodaranaaya joonn fletcher, littil boltonilulla fletcherinte veedinu sameepam oru palli nirmmikkaan sharpine kshanichu. nadiyude kinarinum maanchastar, bolton, kuzhichitta kanal ennivaykkum abhimukhamaayi ladishorile oru kalkari khaniyude udamayaayirunnu fletcher. kalkari konduvanna kalimannu upayogichukondu choolakalkku refractory ishtikakal nirmmikkukayum kallinekkaal valare vilakuranjathinaal palli nirmmikkaan athu upayogikkanamennu addeham nirddeshikkukayum cheythirunnu. eee metteeriyal (terracotta), sent steefan, ellah rakthasaakshikalum, liver bridge (1842-44) ennivayil ninnu poornnamaayo bhaagikamaayo nirmmikkunna englandile aadyathe palli sharp roopakalppana cheythu. chedikalude kalangal nirmmikkaan terracotta saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnathinaal, eee palliye moorchayullavan svayam vilikkukayum athinte rund pingamikalaaya "paatt charchukal" enna vilipperu nilanilkkukayum cheythu. terracotta gunangal athinte vilakuranjathum oru nirmmaana saamagrikal enna nilayil athinte karuthum eathu aakruthiyilum roopappeduthaan kazhiyumenna vasthuthayumaayirunnu. athinaal oru palliyile mathilukal, gopurangal, kamanangal, aarkkedukal ennivaykkum thalasthaanangaludeyum kodumudikaludeyum vishadamaaya alankaarathinum sent steefansilennapole balipeetam, palppitt, phondu, oorgan cases, pyoo ends thudangiya furnitureukalkkum ithu upayogikkaam. mathilukalkkullile aditharakalum avashishtangalum koodaathe, sent steefanum ellah rakthasaakshikalum poornnamaayum terracotta ninnaan nirmmichathu. adutha varsham, maanchasttarin thekk (1845-46) rashole enna athe metteeriyal upayogichu randaamathe palli nirmmikkukayum aduthulla plait haalil thaamasichirunna thomas kaaril-vorsley panamadaykkukayum cheythu. eee saahacharyathil, purambhaagam terracottayilaanenkilum, akathalathil plaasttar cheytha ishtikayaanu. 1846 juunil palli prathishtikkappettu, aaa samayat gopuratthinte pravartthanangal ithuvare aarambhichittillenkilum choodaakkal, irippidam, thara tiling ennivayulppede mattu niravadhi savisheshathakal apoornnamaayirunnu.
thante jeevithaavasaanathode, terracotta, sent pooll, scotforth, laankaastar (1874-76) enniva ulkkollunna oru palli koodi sharp roopakalppana cheythu. ithinaayi addeham romanesk shailiyilekku madangukayum terracotta oru kettidamaayum alankaara samagriyaayum upayogikkukayum cheythu. appozhekkum addeham lancasterinu thekk oru prathyeka gramamaaya scotforthylaanu thaamasichirunnathu, pakshe ippol nagaratthilekku layikkunnu. puthiya palli addehathinte veedinullil nirmikkappettu, veendum terracotta mathramaayirunnilla upayogichirunnathu. dressingukal, janalakal, vaathilukal, gopuratthinte mukal bhagam, idanaazhiyude aarkkedukalude thuramukhangal, kamanangal ennivaykkaayi ithu upayogikkunnu, ennaal mathilukal kallil nirmmichathaanu.
mattu gadanakal.
oru aarkkitekt enna nilayil sharp veedukalum paalangalum ulppedeyulla prasamgikethara gadanakalude kettidam, attakuttappanikal, punarudhaaranangal ennivayilum earppettirunnu. 1837-ll manalinu thekkulla nooru lonsdelukalude bridjmaastaraayi niyamithanaaya addeham 1839-ll laankaastarile nadeetheerathulla luninu mukalilulla skerttan paalatthinte attakuttappanikalkk melnottam vahichu. adutha varsham addeham reyiyude kizhakkulla gramamaaya fornesfordil hindbane nadikku kuruke oru puthiya paalam roopakalppana cheythu. laankaastar kotta, jadjimaarude thamasam, kaundi lunatic shelal (pinneedu laankaastar muur ashupatri) ennivayude aarkkitekt, suuprand oof works ennee nilakalilum addehathe niyamichirunnu. abhayathinaayi addeham niravadhi puthiya chirakukalum oru chappal roopakalppana cheythu, thudarnnu union workhousilekkulla vipuleekaranangal. niravadhi gaarhika kettidangalude roopakalppanayilum maattatthilum sharp earppettirunnu. 1843-ll addeham kokkarmoutthil oru vikaarej roopakalppana cheyyukayum adutha varsham lancasterinu vadakkukizhakkaayi oru naadan bhavanamaaya kaappenvre haal punarnirmikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne addeham nutsford gavalinaayi govarnorude veedu roopakalppana cheyyukayum 1845-ll shaarppinte shishyante (thomas ennum ariyappedunna) pithavaaya reded thomas oosttinte pazhaya rectory redmershall punarroopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythu. 1845ll paaliyude pankaalithatthetthudarnna, ovar virusdale (1847) liie bridge roopakalppana cheiyunnathinum, upayogikkaatha oru maanar house furnus abeh hotelaki (1847) parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum, hoonbi kottayude (1847-52) punarnirmmaanam krameekarikkunnathinum iruvarum orumichu pravarthichu. laankaastarile middle streettile penkuttikalkaayulla chaarity skoolinte punarnirmmanavum vipuleekaranavum avar aasoothranam cheythu, thudarnnu 1851 ll sent leonards gettile aankuttikalkkayulla deseeya school. eee reethi pinneedu giggleswick schoolil oru puthiya kettidatthinum muur leynil laankaastar vyaakarana skoolinu puthiya parisaratthinum padhathikal thayyarakki, ennaal appozhekkum sharp eee parisheelanatthil ninnu pinmarukayaayirunnu, mikka designukalum paali thayyarakkiyathaakaam.
vasthuvidyaa charithrakaaran.
sharp thante muthirnna jeevithathiludaneelam charitraparamaaya pallikalum avashishtangalum varaykkukayum alakkukayum cheythukondu sabhaa vaasthuvidyayekkurichu padikkukayum ezhuthukayum cheythu. ithu ithu 1845num idayil panthrand bhagangalilaayi "vasthuvidyaa samaantharangal" enna peril prasidheekaricha oru chittayaya chithrangalude parambaraykku kaaranamaayi, aadyakaala gothik shailiyil abbe pallikalude alanna rekhaachitrangal ulkkollukayum 1848ll orotta kruthiyaayi veendum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. vaachakathodoppam kooduthal pathipp nirmmikkaan sharp uddeshichirunnuvenkilum ithu orikkalum nadannilla. 1848-ll kooduthal vishadamaaya droingukal ulkkollunna "vasthuvidyaa samaantharangalude anubandham" prasidheekarichu. oresamayam, 1845-ll prasidheekaricha aadya vaalyavum 1849-ll randaamathethum aaya "alankaricha jalakangal" enna rund vaalyangalulla kruthi sharp nirmmichirunnu. kalaa niroopakanaaya joonn ruskin "dhii stoons oof venis" enna pusthakatthil prashamsicha eee kruthiyil pradhaanamaayum shaarppinte shishyanmaraya paali, austin, aarr ennivarude chithrangalaayirunnu. jeey. unangunnu-gothik jaalakangalude tracery vivarikkukayum vishakalanam cheyyukayum cheythukondu moorchayeriya vaachakathode.
1851-ll sharp "engleesh vaasthuvidyayude ezhu kaalaghattangal" enna thalakkettil oru monograph prasidheekarichu, engleesh sabhaa vaasthuvidyayude shailikale "heptaarkki muthal parishkaranatthilekku" tharamthirikkunnathinulla oru puthiya padhathi nirddeshikkunna ekadesham 50 pejukalulla oru cheria pusthakam. 1817ll thomas rickman nirddeshichirunna padhathikku pakaram vaykkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu ithu. rickman engleesh vaasthuvidya "naalu vyathyastha kaalaghattangal allengil shailikal" aayi vibhajichirunnu, avaye addeham "norman", "aadyakaala engleesh", "alankaricha engleesh", "lambamaya engleesh" ennu vilichu. 1189 vare neenduninna norman shailiyude savisheshatha, athinte kamanangal saadhaaranayaayi ardhavrithaakrithiyullavullaya, chilappol choondikkaanikkappedunnum; alankaaram "dheeravum parushavumaayirunnu". 1307 vare thudarnna aadyakaala engleesh shaili, athinte konukalulla kamaanangalum muliyanukalillaatha neenda idungiya janalukalum kondu verthiricharinju. sraavinte pallukalodu saamyamullathinaal addeham eee savisheshamaaya alankaarathe "pallulla" ennu vilichu. adutha kaalayalavil, alankaricha engleesh 1377 vare neenduninnu, allengil orupakshe varshangalkk sesham, mullian adangiya konukalulla valia janaalakalum "vrithangal, kamanangal, mattu roopangal enniva roopappeduthunna ozhukunna rekhakalil" tracery undaayirunnu. valare sookshumamaayi kothiyeduttha dhaaraalam alankaarangal undaayirunnu. rickman thiricharinja lambamaya engleesh enna avasana kaalaghattam 1630 allengil 1640 vare neenduninnu. lambarekhakalil pravartthikkunna muliyanukalum "alankaara paanalukalum" ithu verthirichu. alankaarangal pala kesukalilum "roopakalppanayude soundaryam nasippikkunnathra thirakkeriyathaayirunnu". kothupani veendum "valare sookshumamaayi nadappaakki".
thante vargeekaranathil, kamanangal "vrithaakruthiyilullathaano" allengil "pooyint cheythathaano" ennathinu anusarichu sharp aadyam rund pradhana klaasukal thiricharinju. vrithaakrithiyilulla kamaanam savisheshathayulla varggam romanesk varggamaayirunnu; pooyint cheytha kamaanam gothik aayirunnu. addeham romanesk varggathe shailiyilulla vyathyaasangalkk pakaram theeyathi anusarichu rund kaalaghattangalaayi vibhajichu, vibhajana theeyathi 1066 aayirunnu; ithu "saxonine" "norman" ghattathil ninnu vibhajichu. rickman thante norman kaalaghattatthil vrithaakrithiyilulla kamaanangalude athe kettidatthil pooyint cheytha kamanangal anuvadikkumbol, rund tharatthilulla kamaanangalum ulkkollunna verthiricha kettidangal "traansishanal" enna prathyeka intermediat shailiyilekku moorcha koottuka. gothik classinecurich parayumbol, rickmante moonnil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, avaa thammil verthirichariyaan janalakal upayogichu naalu shailikal sharp thiricharinju. neelam, veethi, pradhana anupatham" ennivayil oru lancettinode saamyamulla janalakal aadyakaala shailiyude savisheshathayaanu. eee jalakangal ottayoo rando moonno ancho ezho grouppukalo aakam. eee sailiye addeham "lancet kaalaghattam" ennu vilichu. adutha kaalayalavil, janaalakalil tracery prathyakshappettu, yadhaarthathil lalithamaaya jyaamitheeya roopangal, prathyekichu vritham enniva ulkkollunnu. eee kaalaghattatthe addeham "jyaamitheeya kaalaghattam" ennu vilichu. pinneedu oojee karvu ulppede tracery kooduthal sankeernamaayi; janalukalileyum mattidangalileyum "roopathinte sainoositti" aanu savisheshatha. eee moorchayulla kaalaghattatthe "vakrarekhaasoochikaalam" ennu vilikkunnu. oduvil, janaalakalil transome prathyakshappedukayum, traceryile valanja rekhaykku pakaram nerrekhakalum, "roopathinte koneeyatha" yum, "chathuraakrithiyilulla arikum" thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. eee shailikk addeham "deerghachathurakaalakhattam" ennu perittu. 1066 nuu sheshamulla norman kaalayalav 1145 vareyum parivartthana kaalayalav 1190 vareyum lancet kaalayalav 1245 vareyum jyaamitheeya kaalayalav 1315 vareyum vakrarekha kaalayalav 1360 vareyum deerghachathura kaalayalav 1550 vareyum aayirunnu addehathinte kaalaghattangalkkaayi nalkia ekadesha moorchayulla theeyathikal.
rund vargeekaranangale thaarathamyam cheyyumbol, rickmante norman kaalaghattatthe norman, traansishanal kaalaghattangal enningane randaayi sharp vibhajikkunnu. rickman moonnu gothik kaalaghattangalundu, shaarppinte naalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi. shailikalude vivaranangalum ekadesham theeyathikalum thaarathamyam cheyyumbol, shaarppinte lancet kaalayalav saadhaaranayaayi rickmante aadyakaala engleeshumaayi poruthappedunnu; shaarppinte deerghachathurakaalakhattam rickmante lambamaya engleeshumaayi poruthappedunnu. ithu rickmante alankaricha engleesh sailiye traceryude sankeernnatha anusarichu jyaamitheeyavum vakrarekhayum aaya rund kaalaghattangalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu. monograph prasidheekarichathinethu, sharp thante samvidaanathe vivarikkunna oru prabandham royal instittyoott oof britiish aarkkidektukalkku vaayichu. monograph pathravum "kadutha vivaadathilekku" nayichu. oru vashath sharp anuyaayikalum maruvashathu rickmante padhathiye pinthunaykkunnavarum thammilulla samvaadam edittar kathidapaadukal nirthunnathuvare "dhii builder" jenalinu kathukalude oru parambarayaayi prasidheekarichu.
athe varsham thanne, shaarppinte "englandile vindo traceryude uthbhavavum vikaasavum" enna hraswapusthakathil, athe vishayathekkurichulla valare valia kruthiyaaya "eiii essay oonn dhii orijin aandu development oof englandu" prasidheekarichathu, prashastha charitrakaaranaaya edward augustus freemaanaan, athu "floying", "flamboyant" (fraansil ithinakam upayogichirunna pilkkaalat) ennee padangal nirddeshichu, avide sharp "curvelinear" upayogichu. rickmante padhathi pothuvaayi upayogathilaanengilum, athinte kurravukal thiricharinjittum, rickmante "alankaricha" shailikalo ghattangalo verthirichariyaan shaarppinte "jyaamitheeya", "vakrarekheeya" ennee padangal palappozhum upayogikkunnu. 1905-ll francis boond thante "gothik architecture inn englandu" enna pusthakatthil avaa upayogichu, pevsner aarkkitekcharal gaidukal ulppede sameepakaalathe vividha kruthikalil iva upayogikkunnu.
1869ll sharp, asamthriptharaaya yuva aarkkidekttukalude oru samgham 1847ll sthaapicha vasthuvidyaa associationil chernnu... aupachaarika pariseelanam labhyamallaatha oru samayat svayam niyanthrithavum swathanthravumaaya vidyaabhyaasam nalkuka. nalkuka 1870num idayil vividha pradeshangalile kettidangal padikkunnathinum varaykkunnathinum addeham aarr vaarshika paryaveshanangalude oru parambara nirddeshikkukayum samghadippikkukayum cheythu. 1870ll linkon, sleeford, spalding, 1871ll elii, lyne, boosttan, adutha varsham stamford, oundil, wellingburo, northaamptan, 1873ll graandam, newark, southwell, aashbon, litchfield ennividangalilekkulla paryaveshanamaayirunnu athu. avasaanathe rund paryaveshanangal fraansilekkaayirunnu 1874-ll raajyathinte vadakkan bhaagathekku, soyisans, loonn, reims, chartress ennivayulppede paareesinu chuttumulla sthalangal sandarshikkuka; adutha varsham athu aamgauleme ulppede thekkupadinjaaran fraansile chaarande jillayilekkaayirunnu. 1876-ll eee pradeshathe vaasthuvidya baisaantain vaasthuvidyayumaayi bandhippichu landanil sharp eee paryaveshanathekkurichu oru prabhashanam nadatthi. 1877-ll shaarppinte maranathethudarnnu, paryaveshanangal thudaranamenna addehathinte aagraham association paalichu; 1882-ll athu "chaarantt inn memory oof edmund sharp, 1875" prasidheekarichu."
1848 muthal royal instittyoott oof britiish aarkkitektinte fellow aaya sharpinu 1875ll royal gold medel labhichu. ithu addehathinte rachanakalkkulla amgeekaaramaayi sarr jorjju gilbert scott addehathinu sammaanichu. mukalil rekhappeduthiyittullava purame avayil iva ulppedunnu "sent marries palliyude vasthuvidyaa charithram, nyoo shoreham" (1861), "vasthuvidyaa associationte linkon paryadana velayil sandarshicha pallikalude oru vivaranam" (1871), "britiish vaasthuvidyayude aarr kaalaghattangalude roopeekaranam, britiish vaasthuvidyayude parivartthana kaalaghattatthinte alankaaram, AD 1145-90 (1871)," madhya germmaniyile parivartthana kaalaghattatthinte alankaaram "(1877)," northaamptanshayarile nene thaazhvarayile pallikal "(marananantharamaayi 1880 ll prasidheekarichathu). shaarppinte mattu rachanakal "dhii builder", "dhii aarkkitekt" ennee bhashakalil prasidheekarichu. vasthuvidyaa association royal instittyoott oof britiish aarkkitektinum addeham prabandhangal kaimari. mattu vishayangalkoppam, pallikalude alankaarathilum chuvarukaludeyum kallu panikaludeyum paintingilum karayulla glassilum niram upayogikkunnathil niyanthranam venamennu addeham vaadichu. kazhinja 20 varshathinidayil aarkkidekttukalude pradhana thozhilaayi maariyirunna madhyakala pallikalude sameepakaala punarudhaaranangale addeham valare vimarsikkukayum pallikalude akathalathil ninnu vaitt vaash neekkam cheiyunnathinekkurichum angane adisthaana kallu panikalkku sambhavicha naashanashtangalekkurichum prathyekichum gauravamullavaraayirunnu. 1874 januvarikkum 1875 februveric idayil sharp "dhii architecture oof dhii systersians" prasidheekarichu, ithu 12,13 noottaandukalil brittanilum europilum nirmmicha sistezhsiyan aashramangalude roopakalppanayum pravartthanangalum ganyamaayi vishadamaayi kaikaaryam cheythu, avayil bhooribhaagavum addeham sandarshichirunnu. koodaathe, archaeological instittyoottinte niravadhi yogangalil sharp pankedukkukayum britiish archaeological associationte vais prasidantaavukayum cheythu.
railway developer enchineeyarum.
englandu.
sharp pallikal roopakalppana cheyyumbol, railway nirmmaanatthil sub contractoraayi jolie cheythukondu addeham thante varumanam vardhippikkukayaayirunnu. laankaastar, preesttan, laankaastar, skaiptan, livarpool, southu portt ennivaykkidayilulla lainukalaayirunnu iva. 1838ll joseph lokke laininte enchineeyaraayi niyamichu rund varshathinu sheshamaan addeham aadyamaayi laankaastar aandu preesttan junction reyilveyil earppettathu. laininte vadakkan bhagamaaya "laankaastar karar" enna kallu nirmmaanathinaayi sharp oru tender samarppichu; durhamil ninnulla peettar perry mannumanushyar nirmmaanathinaayi oru tender samarppichu. mannuvalarthalum kalluvalarthalum oru kararinu keezhilaayirikkanamenn lokke nirbandhichu, athu perry amgeekarikkukayum kalluvalarthal moorcha koottunnathinaayi upakaraar cheyyukayum cheythu. pinneedu, perry karaaril ninnu pinmari, ithu railway kambaniyude directormaarum moorchayulla lockum thammilulla chelavukalum joliyude gunanilavaaravum sambandhichu gurutharamaaya tharkkangalkk kaaranamaayi. laininte eee bhaagathe kallukalil 15 under aandu ovar paalangalum gaalgettile nadeetheerathinu mukalilulla aarr kamaanangalulla vioduct ulppedunnu. 1839ll eee nirmmithikalil bhooribhaagavum nirmmichenkilum ellaam nirmmichilla ennathinaal saambathika nashtapariharam nalkikkond sharpine joliyil ninnu pirichuvittu ennathaanu samgharshathinte aathyanthika phalam.
1845ll mattullavarumayi chernnu laankaastar muthal skipttan vareyulla cross-kantri line nirmmichu yorksheyarinte padinjaaran ridingile midu land reyilveyil cherunnathinu addeham prothsaahippichathodeyaa railway kettidatthilekkulla shaarppinte adutha samrambham. milnthorppinum oorttaninum sameepamulla pooyintukalil laankaastar, carlisil railway (pinneedu nirmmaanathilundaayirunna) ennivayumaayi cherunna projected shaakhakalulla ithu "littil" north vestten railway ("ell" enn. dablyu. aarr) ennariyappettu. paarlamentiloode pasakia kammitti ghattathil laankaastar, oorttan shaakhakal kedukoodaathe upekshichu, englettanil ninnu verpiriyukayum luun thaazhvaraye valareyadhikam upayogikkukayum cheythukondu milnthorp shaakha upekshikkappettu.
eee samayathaan laankaastar thuramukham kaikaaryam cheiyunna vyaapaarathinte alavu kurayunnathu, pradhaanamaayum nadeetheerathulla cheli karakavinjathu moolamaanu. 1842 meyy maasathil sharp oru thuramukha kammeeshanaraayi thiranjedukkappedukayum pinneedu morekambe bay harber padhathiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. polttan-leeii-sandle (taamasiyaathe morekkaambeyude bhagamaakaanirikkunna) oru puthiya thuramukham nirmmikkanum kappal kanal vazhi laankaastarumaayi bandhippikkanum ithu padhathiyittu. neenda charchakalkku sesham ithu valare chelaveriyathaanennu theliyikkukayum lancasterineyum morecambeyeyum kanal vazhi bandhippikkunnathin pakaram railway vazhi bandhippikkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. morekambe harber aandu railway kambani (emm. echu. aandu. aarr) srishtikkunnathinulla oru niyamathinu 1846 joolaiyil rajakeeya amgeekaaram labhichu, eee paathaye laankaasttarinte vadakkan bhaagathulla green ayerile "ell" enn. dablyu. aarumaayi bandhippikkukayennathaayinu puthukkiya padhathi. aaktile oru closs emm. echu & aarr octoberil nadanna "ell" enn. dablyu. aarinu wilkan anuvadichu. eee saambathika thanthrangalilellaam sharp vahicha punk parasparavirudhavum sankeernnavumaayirunnu addeham oresamayam oru portt kammeeshanar, oru taunn kaunsilar, morekambe bay harber kambaniyude board amgam, "ell" enn. dablyu. aarinte sekrattari ennee nilakalil pravarthichu. 1847-ll, reyilveyude morekambe terminasinu sameepam, sharp addeham (allengil kooduthal orupakshe paali) roopakalppana cheytha vadakkupadinjaaran hotelinte (pinneedu midu land) aadya kallu sthaapichu. aaa varsham eprilil yorkshare athirthikkaduthulla lancasterinu vadakkukizhakkan gramamaaya morekambe muthal vennington vareyulla line nirmmikkunnathinulla tender nalkaan sharp "ell" enn. dablyu. aarinte sekrattari sthaanam raajivachu. line vendiyulla (green ayarile nadeetheerathulla paalam ozhike) addehathinte 100,000 poundinte (poundinu thulyamaaya) tender sweekarichu. thuramukham nirmmikkunnathinulla karar addeham nedi. 1848 juunil laankaastar muthal morekambe vareyulla paathayude bhagam thurakkukayum 1849 oktobarode laankaastar muthal vennington vareyulla patthu mile bhagam poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu. septambaril sharp "ell" enn. dablyu. aarinte director sthaanam raajivachu athinte traaphik manejaraayi, thudarnnu railwaykaayi rolling stokku nirmmikkanum vitharanam cheyyaanum karar cheythu, athinu addehathinu vaidagdhyamo munparichayamo undaayirunnilla. 1851 februvariyode line budhimuttukal anubhavichukondirunnu, athinte gathagatham pratheekshichathilum kuravaayirunnu, chelavu vardhichukondirunnu; desemberil kambaniyumaayulla karar adutha maasam vettikkuraykkumennu sharpinu notice nalki.
thudarnnu livarpool, crossby, southu portt railway (ell. sii. ezz. aarr) ennivayilekku shradha thirikkukayum athinte kambani sekrattariyaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. 1854-ll lancashire aandu yorkshare railway athinte rolling stokku ell. sii. ezz. aarinu paattatthinu nalkunnathu nirtthiyappol, sharp swantham lokomotteevukaludeyum vandikaludeyum nirmmaanam krameekarichu. 1854-ll addeham livarpoolile bootil muthal north dokkukal vare oodunna oru branch laininulla nirddeshangal samarppichu, athinte oru bhagam 1855 maarchil nirmmichenkilum padhathi orikkalum poorthiyaayittilla.
north weils.
1856-nte thudakkathil sharp thante kudumbathodoppam konvi thaazhvarayil oru railway nirmmikkuka enna uddeshyathode north veyilsile lanrstilekku thamasam maari. 1858ll konvi muthal laanrst vareyulla oru laininte vivaranam prasidheekarikkukayum sharp enna peru athinte enchineeyaraayi nalkukayum cheythu. chesttar, hollyhead railway muthal betts-vaii-coyd vare laanrstiloode kadannupokunna muzhuvan laininteyum uddeshyam; ithu neelamullathum, oru gej ullathumaayirunnu. thudarnnu niravadhi charchakalum charchakalum nadannu, athinte falamaayi nadiyude padinjaaru ninnu kizhakottulla pathayil mattangal varuthukayum athu staanderd gejilekk (4 adii 81⁄2 inch (1,435 millimeter)) nirmmikkukayum konviyil ninnu laanrst vare maathram oodukayum cheythu. 1860 august 27 nuu nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum 1863 juun 17 nuu railway thurakkukayum cheythu. 1868 ll betts-vaii-koydilekkulla laininte vipuleekaranam poortthiyaayi, ennaal appozhekkum sharp addehathinte kudumbavum jineevayilekku thamasam maari.
videshathu.
1860ll swittsarlandil jeneevaykkum karojinum idayil oru kuthiravandi kondu nirmmicha tramway chaals bayne enna engleesh vamshajan nirmmichirunnu. ithu vijayakaramaanennu theliyikkukayum kooduthal lineukal nirmmikkaan padhathiyidukayum cheythu. 1863ll sharp addehathodoppam oru pankaliyaayi chernnu, ennaal orumichu pravarthichathinte oru cheria kaalayalavinusesham pankaalittham pirichuvidukayum sharp padhathi maathram thudarukayum cheythu. 1864 maarchode jeneevayude kendratthil ninnu chene-bougerikalilekkulla oru line, ekadesham oru dooram nirmmaanathilaayirunnu, oru noothana roopakalppanayilekku. karoginulla pathayil rund charadukalundaayirunnu. shaarppinte lainil rund paranna reyilukalundaayirunnu, avaykkidayil moonnaamathe grove reyil undaayirunnu, athiloode tram oodikkaan anuvadikkunna oru chakram oodichu. trackle ninnu vyathichalichu thadassangal marikadakkaano nadappaathayilekku varano tramine anuvadikkunnathinum chakram uyarthaam. swittsarlandile shaarppinte eaka samrambhamaayirunnu eee line.
1863 augustil thekkan fraansil perpignan muthal pyreneesile predus vare oru railway line nirmmikkunnathinulla elavu sharpinu labhichu. 1865ll eee paathayude punny aarambhichenkilum valare pathukkeyaanu munnott poyath; praadeshika bhoovudamakalum niyamaparamaaya prakriyakalum saambathika prashnangalum purogathiye thadassappeduthi. paareesil ninnu niravadhi ejantumaar vazhiyaan sharp padhathi kaikaaryam cheythath. 1864 avasaanathode sammarddam addehathinte aarogyathe prathikoolamaayi baadhichu, athinaal 1865-ll addeham sukham prapikkaan italiyil kurachu samayam chelavazhichu. madangiyethiyathinushesham budhimuttukal vardhichukondirikkum 1867-ll addeham thante elavu upekshikkukayum cheythu. oduvil eee paatha samsthaanam ettedukkukayum 1877 vare poornnamaayum poortthiyaakkaathirikkum cheythu. chila ghattangalil eee paathayile vasthuvum irumbayiru khanikalum sharp vaangi.
pourajeevithavum shuchithva parishkaranavum.
pallikal roopakalppana cheiyunnathilum railway nirmmikkunnathilum oresamayam, laankaasttarinte pourajeevithathil, prathyekichu aarogya parishkaranatthinu thudakkamidunnathil sharp valareyadhikam edapettu. rashtreeya preranayiloode addeham oru yaadhaasthithikanaayirunnu, 1837-ll addeham laankaastar kansarvetteevu associationte kaathalaya ookku klabbinte praadeshika hridayathil chernnu. 1841ll kotta vaardile taunn kaunsilaraayi thiranjedukkappetta addeham pathuvarshakkaalam eee padavi vahikkukayum 1843ll praadeshika police commissionile taunn kaunsilinte prathinidhiyayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. deseeya schoolukal sandarshikkukayum 1848 novemberil addeham oru varshathekku meyaraayi thiranjedukkappedukayum akkaalat oru "cheef majistrettu" enna padavikku samanamaavukayum cheythu. eee offeesukaliloode addeham nagaratthile shuchithvathinte thripthikaramallaatha avasthayekkurichu bodhavaanaakukayum athu mechappeduthaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. nagaratthile tirakk, mosham paarppidam, thuranna azhukkuchaalukal, karakavinja chespittukal, pradhaanamaayum nuzhanjukayattam moolam malinamaaya kinarukal enniva moolam valare mosham jalavitharanam enniva moolam nagaram durithamanubhavichu. niravadhi aalukal typhus baadhichathinaal 1848ll collara pottipurappettu. 1825ll laankaastaril police kammeeshan sthaapikkappettu, athinte peru soochippichathinekkaal vishalamaaya punk, pattanatthe "vrithiyaakkal, velicham, nireekshanam" ennivayulppede. ennirunnaalum, police commission taunn kaunsilum thammil nirantharam samgharshamundaayirunnu, aadyathethu nirakk nalkunnavarkk chelavu kanakkileduthu aavashyamaaya parishkaarangal thadayaan shramichu. 1849ll rund sthaapanangalum layippikkunnathuvare eee samgharsham pariharikkappedaathe kidannu. puthiya bodiyude pravarthanangalil aadyathe laankaastar board oof health sthaapikkuka ulppedunnu.
mayer sthaanathinu munbum sheshavum shuchithva parishkaranatthe prothsaahippikkunnathil sharp oru pradhana punk vahichu, palappozhum ganyamaaya ethirppu neridukayum thante vaagmiparavum raashtreeyavum bodhyappeduthunnathumaaya kazhivukal poornnamaayum upayogikkendathundaayirunu. eee prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla oru pracharanam 1847-ll thomas hovit, edward denis dii vitre ennee rund laankaastar doctormar aarambichirunnu. 1844-ll professor richard oovene (laankaastaril janichathum vidyaabhyaasam nediyathum) pattanatthile parisodhana paryadanatthil anugamichathinte anubhavathe vishadamaayi eduthukondu sharp avarodoppam chernnu. 1848-ll laankaastaril ninnulla roobert rollinsone praadeshika surveyaraayi niyamichu, koodaathe puthiya azhukkuchaalukalum azhukkuchaalukalum nirmmikkanum shupaarsha cheiyunna oru report prasidheekarichu. reportinode sharp thathwathil yojichuvenkilum athinte vishadaamshangalil addeham samthrupthanaayirunnilla. aaa varsham, athaayath mayer padavi kaalayalavil, taunn clerkinum muun meyarinum oppam general board oof health chairman loard morpethum sekrattari edwin chadwick ulppedeyulla prathinidhikale kaanaan addeham landanilekku pooyi. eee yogathinte falamaayi, board oof health skotlandil ninnulla jaims smithine oru inspectoraayi niyamikkukayum laankaasttarinte prashnangalekkurichu kooduthal report thayyarakkan addehathe niyogikkukayum cheythu. 1849 januvariyil smithinte anweshanam nadakkukayum joolaiyil addehathinte report labikkukayum cheythu. laankaastar avidatthe nivaasikalkk aarogyakaramaya anthareeksham nalkunnathinu anukoolamaayi sthithicheyyunnuvennum "shudhavum mriduvumaaya vellathinte poornnavum nirantharavumaaya vitharanathiloode ithu nedaamennum" smith thante nigamanagalil abhiprayappettu... drainaginteyum malinajalathinteyum samagramaya samvidaanam ". thudarnnu, paarlamentinte oru niyamam eee nadapadikal nadappaakkunnathinu amgeekaaram nalkukayum 1852-ll jalanirmmaana pravarthanangalkku rajakeeya anumathi nalkukayum cheythu. jalanirmmaana pravartthanangal 1855ll thurakkunnathuvare, jalanirggamana, malinajala samvidaanangalude pravartthanangal ithinakam nadannukondirikkunnathu, kaalathaamasangalum tharkkangalum vivaadangalum thudarnnu. ithu rund samvidaanangalkkum oresamayam bhoogarbha paippukal sthaapikkaan praapthamakki. 1851 octoberil victoria raajnjiyude laankaastar sandarshanam krameekarikkunnathil sharp oru pradhana punk vahikkukayum paliyodoppam eee avasarathinaayi naalu vijaya kamanangal roopakalppana cheyyukayum cheythu. raajnji, albert rajakumaran, weils rajakumaran (bhaaviyile rajaavaaya edward VII) ennivare kotta gopuratthinte mukalilekku kondupookukayum addeham aaa divasathe nadapadikalil pankedukkukayum cheythu.
1859ll lanksharein denbikshayarinum samadhaanathinte oru neethiyaayi sharpine niyamichu. 1866ll lancasterilekku madangiyethiya udan thanne addeham veendum praadeshika raashtreeyathil earppettu. 1867ll azhimathi kaaranam laankaastar niyojakamandalam vottavakaasham nishedhikkappedukayum angane rund paarlament amgangale nashtappedukayum cheythu. lancasterine paarlamentari niyojakamandalamaayi punasthaapikkunnathinulla cases vaadichu, thiranjeduppu parishkaranatthinaayi swantham nirddeshangal munnottuvachukondu sharp benchamin disrailic (khajanaavinte chansalar aaa varshathe parishkarana niyamatthinte utharavaadithavum) oru neenda kathu ezhuthi. addehathinte kathinu oru marupadiyum labhichilla, laankaastar adutha 20 varshathekku paarlamentari praathinidyamillaathe thudarnnu.
vyakthiparavum kudumbaparavumaaya jeevitam.
1843 juulai juulai sharp joonn fletcherinte randaamathe sahodariyaaya elisabath fletchere bolton edavaka palliyil vachu vivaham kazhichu. 1845ll francis, 1847ll edmund juuniyar (tedu ennariyappedunnu), 1849ll emily, 1850ll catherine (kettu ennariyappedunnu), 1853ll alfred enningane dambathikalkku anchu kuttikalundaayirunnu.
1856-nte thudakkathil sharp thante kudumbatthe laankaastaril ninnu north veyilsil thamasikkaan maattiyappol addehathinu 47 vayassayirunnu. addeham avide chelavazhicha ezhu varshangal pinneedu 1882-ll aarkkitekcharal association prasidheekaricha oru "oormmakkurippil" "orupakshe addehathinte jeevithathile ettavum santhoshakaramaaya varshangal" ennu visheshippichu. ippol eiii5 rodilulla betts-vaii-koydinaduthulla "brone hole" enna ardha-verpirinja veettilaanu kudumbam aadyam thaamasichirunnathu. rund varshathinu sesham addeham betts-vaii-coydil ninnu ekadesham oru mile thekk ledder nadiyude kizhakkan theerathu "coyd-vaii-selin" enna peril oru valia vasthu vaangi. jineevayilekku marria sesham, jineevayil ninnu chene-bougerikalilekkulla roadile "richemond" enna vaadakaykku edutha oru swathil kudumbam ekadesham moonnu varshatholam thaamasichu. oduvil 1866-ll kudumbam lancasterilekku thamasam maari, pinneedu pattanatthinte thekk bhaagathulla oru cheria gramamaaya scotforthil thaamasichu.
1876 march 15 nuu, scotforthile sent polinte prathishtaykku oru maasathinu sesham, elisabath sharp marichu, avide avalude oormmaykkaayi oru phalakam palliyude chansalilekku kandethaam. oru varshathinusesham, sharp thante rund penmakkalaaya ilaya makan alfred, moonnu gaveshana sahaayikal ennivarumaayi vadakkan italiyilekku yaatra cheythu, eee mekhalayile panthrandaam noottaandile pallikalude chithrangal varachu. yaathraykkide nenjil anubaadhayettu gurutharaavasthayilaaya addeham meyy 8 nuu milanilo sameepatho marichu. addehathinte mrithadeham lancasterilekku kondupoyi, avide meyy 19 nuu addehathe bhaaryaykkoppam munisippal semitheriyil samskarichu. "nirmmaathaav", "kettida vaarthakal", "aarkkitekt" ennivayulppede praadeshika pathrangalum vasthuvidyaa pathrangalum "thilangunna anushochanangal" nadatthi. addehathinte estettinte moolyam "14,000 poundil thaazhe" (poundinu thulyamaanu) aayirunnu. addehathinte smaranaykkaayi addehathinte bhaaryayude chaansalinaduthulla sent polinte chaansalilaan oru phalakam sthaapichathu.
mattu thalpparyangal.
jeevithathiludaneelam, sajeeva pankaaliyenna nilayilum samghaadakanenna nilayilum sharp kaayikarangathu thaalparyam prakadippichu. kembridjil addeham lady maargarat boat clubble amgamaayirunnu, koleju boat cox cheythu. laankaastaril thirichethiya addeham ambeythu ettedukkukayum joonn oogaundu bomenil cherukayum krikkatt kalikkukayum cox cheyyukayum cheythu. 1841 juunil laankaastar leunsdale krikkatt clubb laankaastar roying clubb sthaapikkaan addeham sahayichu. 1836 septambaril laankaastar corell sosaittiyude aadya kacheri samghadippicha kammitti amgavum oru pragatbhanaaya samgeethajnjanumaayirunnu sharp. samooham niravadhi varshangalolam abhivridhi praapichu, oru kaalathekku sharp athinte kandakdaraayirunnu. 1837-nte thudakkathil addeham laankaastar saahitya, shaasthra, prakrithicharithra samoohathil amgamaayirunnu, samoohathinu niravadhi prabhashanangal nadathukayum oduvil oru kammitti amgamaakukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne addeham phine aartsinte prothsaahanatthinaayi laankaastar sthaapanathinte secretory treasurer aayitheerukayum 1840 eprilil laankaastar protestant association kammittiyil cherukayum cheythu. 1842-ll addeham sabhaa aalaapanathe prothsaahippikkunna oru kammittiyude bhaagamaayirunnu, athinte charithratheyum gunangaleyum kurichu addeham oru sachitra prabhaashana parambara nalki. samgeethathodulla addehathinte sneham jeevithathiludaneelam thudarnnu, koodaathe gaayakasamghangale parisheelippikkuka, sthuthigaanangal rachikkuka, cheria harmoniangalkku samanamaaya samgeethopakaranangal nirmmikkuka enniva ulppedunnu.
1843-nte thudakkathil 1782-ll thuranna brittanile moonnaamathe ettavum pazhakkam chenna pravishya theateraaya lancasters thiyettar royal (ippol grand thiyettar) sharp vaangi. athu music halaayum myoosiyamaayum parivartthanam cheyyaan addeham 680 poundu (ekadesham £) chelavazhichu. pallikal ozhikeyulla laankaastarile 400-ladhikam pere ulkkollaan kazhiyunna oreyoru sthalamaayirunnu ithu, athinaal kacherikal, prabhashanangal, mathaparamaya yogangal ennivayulppede vividha aavasyangalkkaayi ithu upayogichirunnu. 1848-ll sharp "pothu vinodavum prabodhanavum prolsaahippikkunnathi" oru swakaarya sosaitiyaaya laankaastar eadheniyam sthaapichu, athinaayi saahitya, shaasthra vishayangal, kacherikal, pradarshanangal enniva samghadippichu. oru kaalath eatheniyam ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta music haalilaan ithu athinte yogangal nadathiyathu. 1852-ll sharp jarmman streettile phoenix foundariyude udamayaayi, ithu laankaastar vaattar varkkukal, azhukkuchaalukal, drainukal, crimean yudhathinulla shellukal ennivaykkaayi kaast irumbu paippukal vitharanam cheythu.
vilayiruthal.
pathonpathaam noottaandile palli aarkkidekttukalude "onnaam divisionil" orikkalum sharp undaayirunnillenn hugues karuthunnu; addehathinte roopakalppanakal "adisthaanaparavum thozhilkkaaraneppoleyum idaykkide saangalppikavumaayirunnu, pakshe prachodanakaramalla". moorchayullavar roopakalppana cheytha oru "saadhaarana" palliyonnumilla. addeham oru puthumayullavanum pareekshanakaaranumaayirunnu, jeevithathiludaneelam vaasthuvidyayude vidyaarthiyaayirunnu. addeham upayogicha vasthuvidyaa shailikal romaneskil ninnu aarambhich, gothik "sariyaakkaan" "pree-archaeological" gothik vazhi kadannupoyi, thudarnnu thante avasana pallikkayi romaneskilekku madangi. pallikalude valippam vyathyasthamaayirunnu, kaugilileyum hougilileyum cheria lalithamaaya chaappalukal muthal vishudha thrimoorthikalude valuthum gambheeravumaaya blackbane palli vare. vare 1838num idayil shaarppinte aadyakaala pravartthanakaalathu brittan kadutha saambathika maandyathinte kaalaghattatthiloodeyaanu kadannupokunnathu, athaayirikkam thante pala pallikalum kazhiyunnathra vilakuranja reethiyil nirmmikkaan addeham roopakalppana cheythirunnathu.
oru vasthuvidyaa charithrakaaranenna nilayil, hugs moorchayullavar "uyarnna raankilullavar" aanennu kanakkakkunnu. addehathinte yadhaartha gothik kettidangalude chithrangal addehathinte maranathinu oru noottaand kazhinjum upayogathilundaayirunnu. vasthuvidyaa charitrakaaranaaya jaims prais parayunnath "englandile sistershyan abbikalile ettavum valia adhikaariyaayi sharp kanakkaakkappettirunnu" ennaanu. chila ezhuthukaar sharpine gothik punarujjeevanatthinte aadyakaala pioneeraayi kanakkakkunnu, ennirunnaalum hugsinte abhipraayathil ithu "orupakshe addehathinte kettidangalekkaal addehathinte pusthakangalkk" aayirikkam. 1897-ll, addehathinte maranathinu 20 varshathinu sesham, "deseeya jeevacharitra nighanduvil" oru entric arhathayullathra shradheyamaayi sharp kanakkakkappettu. lekhanathil, "madhyakala vaasthuvidyayude aavesabharithanum aazhathilulla vidyaarthiyumaaya" addehathekkurichu rachayithaav paraamarsikkunnu. oru railway enchineeyar enna nilayil addeham "yogyathayillaatha vijayam" nediyilla; ennaal vadakkupadinjaaran englandile reyilveyude aasoothranathilum laankaasttarinte shuchithva parishkaranatthilum jalavitharanathilum kaanikkunnathupole addehathinte bharanaparavum bodhyappeduthunnathumaaya kazhivukal ganyamaayirunnu. oru amachwar samgeethajnjanenna nilayil addehathinte "sammanangal athishayakaramayirunnu". sharp "thante kazhivukal poornnamaayum upayogichuvennu" hugues karuthunnu, koodaathe thante niravadhi sammanangal addeham upayogicha reethikal kanakkileduthu, prais addehathe laankaastarude "navothaana manushyan" ennu visheshippikkunnu.
kurippukal.
1709ll maricha vilyam vortsinte oru vasvathukalude falamaanu oru vorts travelling bachelership (ippol vorts travelling scholars fund ennariyappedunnu). athu "grettu brittanu purathulla rajyangalil matham, patanam, niyamam, raashtreeyam, achaarangal, reethi, apoorvvathakal, prakrithidatthamo krithrimamo, allengil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya kandethalino allengil atharam raajyangalile purathana allengil shaasthreeya gaveshanathino vendi" gaveshanangal prothsaahippikkunnathi prothsaahippikkunnathi dhanasahayam nalkunnu.<bii. aarr.>
pinneedu paali, sent saviour, ringli (1850-54) ennivayumaayi chernnu oru kammeeshanarmaarude palli roopakalppana cheythu.
vishudha trimoorthikal ippol anaavashyamaayitheernnirinnu, angane samrakshikkappedunna shaarppinte pallikalil ekamaaya, sabhayude samrakshana trasttinte samrakshanathilaanu.
nirbhagyavashaal, palliyude mattu bhaagangaleppole eee kodumudi athra susthiramaayirunnilla. 1936 aayappozhekkum athu surakshithamallathathaayi maarukayum athu thakarkkappedukayum cheythu. 1966ll vilakkum bell tower thakarkkapettu.<bii. aarr.>
1850 vare gopuram poortthiyaayirunnilla. thaazhnna nilavaaramulla terracotta ninnaan ithu nirmmichathu, pinneedu surakshithamallenn kandethukayum 1912 ll punarnirmmikkendivarim cheythu.
mootha rund aankuttikalum rosal schoolilum alfred hailibury kolejilumaanu vidyaabhyaasam nediyathu. francis phoenix foundariyude udamayaayi, edmund (juuniyar) laankaastar sahodaranmaarude tekstail coating sthaapanathil cherukayum pinneedu halton menarinte prabhuvaavukayum cheythu. madhya aafrikkayil oru valia vettakkaranaayum pinneedu oru colonial sivil sarvees udyogasthanaayum 1897ll naitt padavi nediyum pinneedu nyaasaalaandinte (ippol malawi) aadya govarnoraayum alfred pravarthichu. penkuttikal vivaham kazhichilla, orumichu thaamasikkukayum pinneedu lancasterilekku madangukayum cheythu.
ithinte oru udaaharanam nalkiyirikkunnu, athu "misttar sharp (dii. 1877) engleesh gothik punarujjeevanatthinte aadyakaala, ettavum kazhivulla, ettavum theekshnathayulla pioneermaaril oraalaayirunnu.
paraamarshangal.
avalambangal
srothassukal

