
apolia joothanmaarude charithram

appooliyayile joothanmaarude charithram (itaaliyan bhashayil puglia ennu vilikkunnu) randaayiram varshathilere pazhakkamullathaanennu kandethaam. adriatic kadalinte athirthiyilulla itaaliyan upadveepinte "boottinte kuthikal" yill sthithicheyyunna oru pradesamaanu apooliya (greak "ἀποyλία", in,). kuranjathu 2000 varshamaayi juthanmaarkku apooliyayil saannidhyamund. apolia juthanmaarkku sambannamaaya rabbinik paarambaryamundaayirunnu, koodaathe avare purathaakkunnathinu munbu madhya meditareniyanil ganyamaaya jootha janasamkhyayum undaayirunnu.
purathana charithram.
purathana roman pravisyayaaya broottiyathinte bhagamaayirunna apoolia, innu oru prathyeka pradeshamenna nilayil verthirikkappedunnathuvar itaaliyan pradeshamaaya kaalaabriyayude bhaagamaayi maari. onnaam noottaandil, roman rekhakal baari, ooriya, otraanto, tarranto ennee jootha samoohangalekkurichu parayunnu. 70-ll jarusaleminte pathanathinushesham roman chakravarty taittas yoodiyil ninnu naadukadatthiya jootha thadavukaarekkurichu mattu aithihyangal parayunnu. 398-ll padinjaaran roman chakravarty oonariyasil ninnulla audyogika rekhakal, apooliyayil niravadhi jootha samoohangal undaayirunnuvennu sthireekarikkunnu. tranny, tarranto, mettera, baari, brindisi, otraanto, ooriya ennividangalil ninnu poornnamaayum bhaagikamaayo hebru bhashayil ezhuthappetta niravadhi shavakudeera likhithangal eee pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkiya dhaaraalam joothanmaareyum hebroovinte upayogatheyum kaanikkunnu. venosa pattanatthil ninnu kandethiya likhithangal (ippol basilikkattayil, ennaal munbu apooliyayil) thekkan italiyile joothajeevithathinte vargeeya samghadanaye paraamarsikkunnu. roman saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham, apooliya pradesham onpathaam noottaandilum baisantain saamraajyathinte bharanathin keezhilaayi. ithu mekhalayile juthanmaarkku theekshnathayulla kristhyan missionary shramathinte prasnakaramaaya oru samayam thurannu. 875lum 925lum arab sainyam apooliyayude chila bhagangal akramikkukayum kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu, ithu juthanmaarkku valareyadhikam durithamundaakkukayum avaril palareyum jeevan rakshikkaan palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakkukayum cheythu. jootha raajasabhayile vaidyanaaya shabbetai donolo patthaam noottaandil calabria/apulia pradeshathu thaamasikkukayum eee kaalathekkurichu ezhuthukayum cheythu.
madhyakala charithram.
madhyakaalakhattatthinte aadyakaalakhattathil, italiyude kaattapaanett roopeekarikkunna calabria, basilicatta, apolia enniva baisaantain bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. pathinonnam noottaandode eee pradesham veendum joothanmaarude samadhaanaparamaaya abhayakendramaayi maari. eee samayat niravadhi apulian thora pandithanmaarkk kizhakk rabbinik akkaadamikalumaayi pathivayi bandhamundaayirunnu. 1054-leeii ahimaasinte charithratthil apulian joothashaasthrathekkurichu niravadhi vishadaamshangal adangiyirikkunnu. akkaalathe apulian kavikalil ashkenazi aaraadhanaakramathile praayashchittham cheiyunna divasam neelaha sevanathil ulppeduthiyittulla "yisrael nosha" enna kavita ezhuthiya ooriyayile shefatia ulppedunnu. ooriyayile amithaay, venosayile silano ennivarum ariyappedunna kavikalaayirunnu. patthaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal baari, ooriya, otraanto ennividangalil thora pandithanmaare paraamarsikkunnu. patthaam noottaandinte madhyathil rachicha josipon chronicle thekkan itaaliyan jootha/hebru samskaarathinte ulppannamaanu. madhya europile aadyakaala ashkenazi samskaarathin dakshina itaaliyan juthanmaar sambhavana nalki. francileyum germmaniyileyum juthanmaar panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathode apulian kendratthinte paandithyatthe amgeekarichu. franch tosaafist jacob benn meyar oru udharaniyil ithu amgeekarikkunnu "baariyil ninnu niyamavum karthaavinte vachanavum otraantoyil ninnu puratthekku pookunnu" pathimoonnaam noottaandile apooliyayile mattu rabbinik pandithanmaaril tranyile (moothayaal) isaiah benn maalii, tranyile addehathinte kochumakan isaiah benn elea, solomon benn haah-yattam enniva ulppedunnu. 13-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam vare apolia joothanmaarude jeevitam sahikkavunna reethiyil thudarnnu. appooliyayile juthanmaarkku udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyil chayam pooshal vyavasaayam polulla karakaushala vasthukkalil jolie cheythirunnu. thekkan itali swadeshiyaaya thomas akwinas 1274-ll thekkan italiyile joothanmaarude thozhiline paraamarsikkunnu "italiyude chila bhaagangalil cheiyunnathupole joothanmaare avarude upajeevanathinaayi jolie cheyyaan nirbandhikkunnathaanu nallath... palisayaal sambannaraakuka."
apoolia thekkan italiyude mattu bhaagangalum naples raajyathinte keezhilaayappol appooliyayile joothanmaarude sahishnutha avasaanichu. anjouvile chaals randaaman rajaavu thante raajyathile ellah joothanmaareyum nirbandhithamaayi snaanathin vidheyanaakkaan utharavittu. niravadhi apulian juthanmaar ayalrajyamaaya central italiyilekkum vadakkan italiyilekkum palayanam cheythu. palarum madhya europile jarmman pradeshangalilekkum maari. akkaalathe ellah sinagogukalum roman catholica pallikalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum ellah thora akkaadamikalum adachupoottukayum cheythu. kristhumathathilekku nirbandhitharaaya joothanmaaril palarum ippozhum rahasyamaayi jootha vishwaasam aacharichu. eee juthanmaar neofittiyude charitraparamaaya janasamkhyayaayi maari. hebroovil anusim ennum ariyappedunna eee kriptto-juthanmaar giudeca ennariyappedunna prathyeka kwaarttezhsukalil thamasikkaan palappozhum nirbandhitharaayi. praadeshika catholica janatha avare mathavirudharaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. 1311-ll rahasyamaayi aacharam anushttikkukayo veendum yoodaayisathilekku madangukayo cheythavare kadinamaayi shikshikkanamenn roobert rajaavu nirddeshichu; 1343-ll jovana onnaaman eee utharavu puthukki. pathinanjaam noottaandil veendum apooliyayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya juthanmaarum neophittikalum 1463ll barryilum lexilum nadanna alkkootta aakramanangalkk vidheyaraayi. 1480ll automan tarkkukalude otraanto adhinivesham eee pradeshathu thaamasichirunna joothanmaarude oru valia koottakkolayilekku nayichu. 
1492-ll, joothanmaare speyinil ninnu purathaakkiya sesham, niravadhi spanish, porchugees juthanmaar apooliyayil sthirathaamasamaakki. ithu pradeshathe joothajeevithathinte oru cheria punarujjeevanathilekku nayichu. spain vittasesham isak abrabanel eee samayat apoliayilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. ennirunnaalum, punarujjeevanam hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu. 1495-ll naples raajyam franchukaarude kaivashamavukayum chaals VIII rajaavu apooliyayile juthanmaarkku kooduthal niyanthranangal earppeduthaan utharavidukayum cheythu. 1495-lum joothanmaarude leck koottakkola cheyyappedukayum jootharude quarter kathikkukayum cheythu. prashastha hebru vidagdhanaaya ebraham dii balmasinte janmasthalamaayirunnu lexes. daniel bomberg aayirunnu balmasinte oru sishyan.
1495-ll martina franca (tarranto) sitti kaunsilinu nalkia prathyekaavakaashangalil, aragonile frederic rajaavu kriptto-joothanmaareyum neophityeyum kollayadichavarkkethire kuttam chumathunnathu vilakkukayum (orupakshe naples raajyathinmelulla franch adhiniveshasamayathu nadanna 1494-1495 kalaapasamayath) aaa nagaratthil thamasikkaan avarude varavu nirodhikkukayum cheythu. 1495-lum martina frankayile juthanmaar koottakkola cheyyappettu.
1510ll apooliya spanish sainyathinte kayyil veenappol, avasaanathinte thudakkam apolian juthanmaarkku kaanaamaayirunnu. eee pradeshathu dhaaraalam juthanmaar, kriptto-juthanmaar, neophity ennivar thaamasikkunnathinal spanish anweshanam apooliyayilethi. 1511ll palathavana puratthaakkalukal aarambhichu. mikka joothanmaareyum neophittikaleyum puratthaakkukayo peedippikkukayo cheythu. bhooribhaagam jootha swathukkalum pidichedukkukayum bakkiyulla sinogokalellaam catholica pallikalaayi punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu.
1540 aayappozhekkum avasaanathe puratthaakkal oduvil apooliyayile jootha jeevitam avasaanippichu. sheshikkunna mikka kriptto-juthanmaarum bhoogarbhathil aazhathil valicheriyappettathinal avarude saannidhyavum oduvil avasaanichu. chila apulian jootha abhayaarthikal vadakkott palayanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, avaril bhooribhaagavum grease allengil ejiyan dveepukalil sthirathaamasamaakki. apulian juthanmaar corfu, arta, salonica ennividangalil puthiya sabhakal sthaapichu. apolian joothanmaarude avasana avashishtangal holocoastil kollappettu.
aadhunika kaalam.
2006-ll, oorthadoox skolanava sinagog punarnirmmikkukayum appulian nagaramaya traniyil aaraadhanaykkaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. 13-aamm noottaandil nirmmicha eee sinagog 1380-ll roman catholica sabha pidichedukkukayum oru palliyakki maattukayum cheythu. neophity kudumbangalil ninnulla saan nicandroyileyum apulian jerimileyum joothanmaarude oru sabha sinagogil pathivayi aaradhikkunnu. koodaathe, muun scholagrant sinagog, ippol sent aanu. tranyile aans palliyil oru jootha myoosiyamund.
bhashayum samskaaravum.
apooliya ulppedeyulla thekkan italiyile aadyakaala jootha nivaasikal greak laattinum avarude praadeshika bhashayaayi samsaarichirunnathayi ariyappedunnu. pinneedu ithu jootharude coyin greak, judeo-laattin ennee sankarabhashakalaayi parinamichu. roman saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham, joothanaaya koyin jootha-greak aayitheerukayum judeo-laattin "itaalikki" ennariyappedunna judeo-itaaliyante vividha roopangalkku vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu. madhyakaalakhattathil greak samsaarikkunnavaraayirunnu saalentoyile jootha samooham (akkaalat kooduthalum greak kristhyaanikal adhivasichirunna oru pradesham), athesamayam saalentoyude purathulla grameena juthanmaar kooduthalum judeo-itaaliyan samsaarichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, apooliyayil ninnu uthbhavicha juthanmaar swantham savisheshathakalum piyudimukalum ulla romaniot praarthana aacharam orupole pinthudarnnu. thekkan italiyil ninnu joothanmaare purathaakkiya sesham, yavanikum italiyum greasile avarude puthiya vaasasthalangalil avarude maathrbhaashayaayi thudarnnu. samsaarikkunna itaalikki bhaashayude ettavum ariyappedunna chila udaaharanagal corfuvile joothanmaaril ninnu kandethiyittundu. holocoastinte falamaayi itaaliyan joothanmaarude maranathode itaalikki ippol samsaarikkunna bhashayaayi phalatthil vamshanasham sambhavichu.
jyothishashaasthram.
mosaik nirodhanangal undaayirunnittum, apooliyayil jyothishashaasthram vyaapakamaayi abhyasichirunnu. hananeel benn amithaayiyude pingami jyothishathodulla prathyekathayum kaaranam paltiyal enna perilulla oru apulian joothan eejipthinte vijayi keyroyude nirmmaathaavumaaya calif abu tamim maadinte suhruthum upadeshtaavum aayi. abu tamim maadinte neethrthwathilulla appulian adhiniveshangalilonnite avasarathilaanu italiyil sauhrudam aarambhichath. patthaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil eejipthile joothanmaarkkidayil paltiyal prathyekathakal nedukayum "nagid" enna padavi nalkukayum cheythu."
davidinte nakshatram.
jootha chihnamaayi davidinte nakshathrathekkurichulla ettavum pazhaya chithreekaranam appulian pattanamaya taraantoyile oru jootha shavakudeerathil kaanapedunnu. 
appooliyayile juthanmaar david nakshathratthinte uthbhavamaanenn karuthappedunna kabbala paandithyathinu perukettavaraanu.

