
aamsi muur

aamsi muur (septambar 23,1911-februvari 1,1982) mississippy delttayile oru aafrikkan-american pouraavakaasha nethaavum samrambhakayumaayirunnu. vottar rajistreshan shramangalkk addeham sahayichu. addehathinte muun veedu oru mississippi landmarkaanu. oru charitraparamaaya adayaalam athinte charithrathe anusmarippikkunnu. ithu ippol oru myusiyavum vyaakhyaana kendravumaanu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
american pouranmaaraayi thangalude vottavakaasham viniyogikkunnathinaayi mississippiyil aafrikkan amerikkakkaare vaadikkunnathilum rajisttar cheiyunnathilum aamsi muur angeyattam swaadheenam chelutthi. 1911 septambar 23 nuu mississippiyile grenada kaundiyile wilkin thottatthil pathinalam vayassil janicha pithaav maathaapithaakkal verpirinjathinethudarnna svayam rakshikkaan vittayaykkappedukayum pithaav addehathe upekshikkukayum cheythu. mississippyile greenwoodile stoon street haiskoolile patthaam klaasilaayirunnu addeham thante vidyaabhyaasathil ettavum kooduthal dooram poyath.
1935-ll addeham boliwar kaundiyilekku thamasam maarukayum praadeshika poost offeesil oru sookshippukaaranaayi jolie nedukayum cheythu; mahaamaandyathinidayil, ithu aazhathilulla thekk oru aafrikkan amerikkakkaarane sambandhichidatholam oru "uyarnna padavi jolie" aayi kanakkakkappettu. 
cheruppam muthal raashtreeyathil earppettirunna addeham aafrikkan american republicanmaarude samghadanayaaya black aandu taann partyil amgamaayi. 1936ll vottinaayi rajisttar cheyyaan addehathinu kazhinjenkilum, primerikalil vottu cheyyaan addehathinu kazhinjilla, ithu thiranjeduppinte phalangale valareyadhikam nirnnayichu. akkaalat karuthiyirunnathupole swaathanthryasamaram 1940ll mississippy deltayil ethi, muur yogangalil earppedukayum samsthaanathe aafrikkan amerikkakkar aagrahikkunna vyakthamaaya aavasyangal thayyarakkan thudangukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
1942ll, randaam lokamahaayudhathinaayi karadu thayyaaraakkiyappol, addeham paranjathupole, "sainyathil cherunnathinu munbu verthiriv enthaanennu enikku sarikkum ariyillaayirunnu. vibhajanam ethratholam moshamaanenn njaan sarikkum ariyunnathu athaadyamaanu.  thante thekkan steshanukaliludaneelam addeham chittayaya verthiriv anubhavikkunnath thudarnnu; indiayile kalkattayil polum verthiricha pattikappedutthiya purusha clubbukal undaayirunnu. nammal enthinaanu yuddham cheythath? nammal enthinaanu avide undaayirunnathu? roosvelttum charchilum samsaaricha naalu swaathanthryangalkkaayi naam pooraadukayaanengil, american sainikan aadyam swathanthranaayirikkanamenna njangalkk theerchayaayum thonni.japanese american aikyanaadukalile vamsheeyathaye muthaledukkukayum aafrikkan american sainikare niruthsaahappeduthunnathi verthiriv sajeevamaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. virodhaabhaasamennu parayatte, eee prachaaranatthe prathirodhikkukayum achuthandukalkethiraaya pooraattatthil aafrikkan american sainikar oru pradhana punk vahichuvennu prolsaahippikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu moorinte jolie. addeham veettilethiyappol, pala vellakkarum madangiyethiya aafrikkan american vettaranmaaril ninnu svayam samrakshikkaan oru "hoome gaard" aarambichirunnu; niravadhi kolapaathakangalekkurichulla efbi anweshanam oduvil eee prathyeka tharatthilulla aakramanathinu anthyam kurichu. adichamarthalil muur kooduthal roshakulan roshaakulanumaayirunnu, koodaathe mississippiyil vottar rajistreshanil kooduthal sajeevamakaan thudangi.
neegro neethrthwathinte praadeshika kaunsil.
swath vaanguka, oru veedu nirmmikkuka, oru sarvees steshan/restorant aarambikkuka, praadeshika kaaryangalil earppeduka thudarnnukondu muur samoohathil oru nethaavaayi sthaapithanaayi. 1951ll doow. tii.aarr.emm. vaitt deltta kaunsilinu thulyamaaya aafrikkan american akamenna pratheekshayode howard reejanal kaunsil oof neegro leadership (rcnl) sthaapichu. beuu kunnilum parisara pradeshangalilum aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude aikyashabdamaakaan aagrahicha rcnl vegathil valia janapreeti nedukayum drivermaare upadravikkunnathu avasaanippikkaruthenn samsthaana poleesine bodhyappeduthukayum vottu cheyyaan rajisttar cheyyaan aalukale prolsaahippikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. avarude aadya bahujanayogathil pathimoovaayiratthiladhikam aalukal pankedutthu; "neegroyude pradhamakida pourathvam, swath samrakshanam, nikuthi adaykkal, pothu padavi kaivasham vaykkal, saambathika kazhchappadil maattam enniva padippikkuka ennathaayirunnu praadeshika kaunsilinte lakshyamenn njangal theerumaanichu". moorum arcnlinte mattu chila nethaakkalum enacpyil sajeeva pankaalikal aayirunnu, ennaal rund samghadanakaludeyum nilanilppiludaneelam engane swaathanthryam konduvaranam ennathinekkurichulla kazhchappaadukalkkidayil ellaayppozhum antharleenamaaya pirimurukkam undaayirunnu. samskaarathe maattaan niyamaparamaaya nadapadikal upayogikkaan NAACP saadhaaranayaayi aagrahichirunnu, deltayil thaamasikkunnavare badhikkunna saambathika prasnangalil rcnl kooduthal shradha kendreekarichu. ennirunnaalum vottar rajistreshante kaaryatthil avar orumichu pravarthichu; delttayile padhathikku neethrthwam nalkaan bob moses muur taappucheyyunnath shakthamayi uthejippichu.
naak.
1955ll addeham pankedukkaattha oru naakpi yogathil cleveland adhyayam addehathe thangalude presidentaayi naamanirddesham cheyyukayum adutha varsham muzhuvan aaa adhyayam vipulamaayi kettippadukkukayum cheythu, ithu samsthaanathe randaamathe valia adhyaayamaayi maari. thudarnnu addeham eiii. eiii. sii. pii. yude samsthaana sammelanangalude vais presidentaayi. supreme kodathi public skoolukale verthiricheduthappol, vaitt sittisans kaunsil samsthaanathudaneelam avarude kalapam aarambhichu, ithu aafrikkan american samoohathil kooduthal bhayam ulavaakki. votting listtil ninnu peru ozhivakkaan visammathicha aalukalude niravadhi kolapathakangal samsthaanathudaneelam nadannu, moorinum mattu niravadhi nethaakkalkkum niravadhi vadhabheeshanikal labhichu. 1960-ll, muur vidyaarthi ahimsaathmaka ekopana samitiye konduvannu mississippiyil avarude vottar rajistreshan sramangal kendreekarikkukayum aathyanthikamayi aayirakkanakkin aafrikkan american mississippiyanmaarkk vottavakaasham nalkukayum cheythu.
baahya linkukal.
sammaanathilekku annukal; america, avar ningale bhraanthamaayi snehichu; jeey. yumayullah abhimukham.dablyu. kellam aandu aamsi muur, "1979-08-29, american archive oof public broadcasting
sammaanathilekku annukal; america, avar ningale bhraanthamaayi snehichu; aamsi moorumaayulla abhimukham", 1980-03-22, american archive oof public broadcasting

