johann swerdrup

liberal partyile oru norwegian raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu johann swerdrup (30 juulai 1816-17 februvari 1892). paarlamentarisam avatharippichathinushesham norwayude aadya pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna addeham norwayude naalaamathe pradhaanamanthriyaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1884 muthal 1889 vare serdrup pradhaanamanthriyaayirunnu.
aadyakaala varshangal.
norwayile westfoldile semmilaanu addeham janichathu. jacob liv borch swerdrup (1775-1841), gundelle birgitt siang (1780-1820) ennivarude makanaayirunnu addeham. norwayile shaasthreeya krishiyil addehathinte pithaav oru thudakkakkaaranaayirunnu. 1841-ll addeham niyamapatanam poortthiyaakki. auslofjordinte padinjaaran theerathulla oru cheria pattanamaya larvikkil abhibhashakanaayi jolie cheythu. 1851ll addeham aadyamaayi startingilekku thiranjedukkappettu, athinusesham 1884ll pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkappedunnathuvare addeham paarlamentinte nethaakkaliloraalaayirunnu. norwayil rashtreeya partykal anuchithavum anaavashyavumaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. karshakarude valia samghavum nagarangalil ninnulla prathinidhikalkkidayile theevravaadi gadakangalum ulppedunna oru theevravaadi party roopeekarikkaan swerdrup thante aadyakaalam muthal shramichu. samghathile nethaakkalude thozhilinte peril addehathinte aadya sramathinu "vakkeelanmaarude party" ennu perittu. atharamoru samoolamaaya puthumaykku kaalam pakwathayullathallennu taamasiyaathe vyakthamavukayum adutha varshangalil karshaka nethaavaaya ole gabriel eulandumaayi (1799-1870) oru ayanja sakhyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
sakhyam roopeekarikkuka.
1870-ll euland marikkukayum karshakarude sakhyathinte ayanja neethrthwam saambathikamaayi angeyattam yaadhaasthithikanaaya raashtreeyakkaaranaaya soren jabeikkilekku (1814-1894) kaimarukayum cheythu, addehathinte kaazhchappaadukal bajattinte ellah bhaagangaludeyum ettavum aadimamaaya vettikkuravine kaviyunilla, chodyam cheyyappedunna panam janaadhipathyathinteyum vidyaabhyaasathinteyum purogathikkaayi upayogichittundengilum, addehathinte ettavum pradhanappetta rund vishayangal. atharam nishedhaathmaka nayanirmmanam (jaabekkinte peru manthrithala anuyaayikal maattukayum norwegian padamaaya 'nee' 'illa' ennathinu vipareethamaayi 'jaa' 'athe' ennathinu sesham 'neebeck' ennu amarthukayum cheythu) orikkalum mikacha phalangal nalkilla, ithu swerdrup vyakthamaayi munkootty kandirunnu. raajyathinte mikka bhagangalilum vyaapippikkaan jabekinu kazhinja "bondeven foringer" (karshaka sauhruda associationukal) adisthaanamaakki eee valarnnuvarunna party aupachaarika nethaavum samghaadakanumaayi jabekkine amgeekarikkaan addeham madichilla. ennirunnaalum, paarlamentil, valare chelaveriyathallaathappol, serdruppinte kooduthal noothanamaaya rashtreeya thanthrangalkk jabeck palappozhum vazhangumaayirunnu.
1869ll ettavum praadhaanyamulla oru rashtreeya parishkkaranam avatharippichu, munpathe thriyaazhchaasamithikalkk pakaram vaarshika paarlamentari sammelanangal. ithu theerchayaayum rashtreeya swaadheenathinte thoth vargeekaranathinu anukoolamaayi nalki, eee parishkaranatthe rajaavu amgeekarichathinte kaaranagal eluppathil kaanaan kazhiyilla. orupakshe update cheytha bajattukal labhikkendathinte aavasyakatha vardhichukondirikkaam pradhana kaaranam, ithu swaabhaavikamaayum nalkendathu storttinginte chumathalayayirunnu.
chumathalayayirunnu paarlamentari sammelanangalil manthrimaarude pankaalithatthekkurichu kaazhchappaadukal poornnamaayum maari. karshakarude suhruthukkalude roopeekaranam avar aadarshamaayi kanakkakkiya, poornnamaayum swathanthranaaya prathinidhikk bheeshaniyaayi kandathinal, avare vilikkunna manthrithalangal ippol ekakandamaayi athirthirunnu. maruvashathu, karshakarum theevravaadikalum eee parishkkaranam thiranjedukkappettavarude swaadheenam niyukta manthrimaaril kooduthal vardhippikkumennu vyakthamaaya sariyaaya nigamanathiletthiyirunnu.
1870-ll, aavashyappettappol manthrikk paarlamentil praveshanam nalkunna bharanaghadanayil oru maattam passakkiyenkilum vaarshika sammelana parishkaranatthinu sesham kurachu varshangalkk munbu thanne ithu niyamamaayi maariyenn paranju rajaavu athinu anumathi nalkaan visammathichu. 1872-ll puthiya rajaavaaya ooskaar randaaman, norwayude apakadakaramaaya saahacharyathil, kaunsil kooduthalum thalasthaanamaaya kristhyaaniyayil (ippol oosloo) yogam cherumbol, rajaavu kooduthalum sweedante thalasthaanamaaya stockhomil thaamasikkumbol rund pradhaanamanthrimaare aavasyamaanennu theerumaanichu, oro thalasthaanathum oraal. athuvare stockhomil oraal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, kaaranam kristhyaaniyayile kaunsilinu oru niyukta govarnor neethrthwam nalkendathaayirunnu, oru sweedish rajaavum oru puthiya govarnore niyamikkaan dhairyappedukayo aagrahikkukayo cheyyaathathinaal 15 varshamaayi eee sthaanam ozhinjukidakkukayaayirunnu.
1873ll pasakia bharanaghadanayil nirddeshicha maattatthil ithu valare cheria maattam varuthi, athaayath muun niyama paatatthil oraal maathrame undaayirunnulloovenkil ippol rund pradhaanamanthrimaarundaayinu. maattivacha bharanaghadanaykkum ithavana anumathi labhichilla. labhichilla 1876lum ithu sambhavichu, ippol oru valia prashnam undaayi, ithu norwegian raashtreeyathe niravadhi varshangalayi angeyattam budhimuttaakki. niyamathilum bajatt kaaryangalilum rajaavinu moonnu thavana veetto undaayirunnuvennu bharanaghadana vyakthamaayi prasthaavichuvenkilum bharanaghadanaaparamaaya kaaryangalil oru tharatthilulla veettoyekkurichum paraamarsamilla.
eee ozhivakkal moonnu saadhyathakalkk vazhiyorukki
valia bhooripakshamulla prathipaksham aadya saadhyatha praayogikamaayi nirasikkukayum moonnaamathethu theerumaanikkukayum cheythappol kaunsilum nyoonapakshavum raajaavinte samboornna veettoyekkurich urappaayirunnu.
kalahangal kadinamaakunnu.
praayogika rashtreeya parishkaranamaayi aarambhicha samgharsham ippol oru rashtreeya parajayamaayi mariyirunnu, athu niyamanirmmaana vibhaagavum executive shaakhayum thammilulla niyanthranangalum santhulithaavasthayum maattendivarum. ithu theerchayaayum swerdruppinte lakshyamaayi mariyirunnu. "ellah adikaaravum karshakarude haalukalil shekharikkanam" ennathu addehathinte rashtreeya paripaadiyaayi maari. 1879ll addehathinte party bharanaghadanayil puthiya maattam prakhyaapichu oru attimari nadatthi. kaunsilile mahanaaya vrudhanaaya pradhaanamantri frederic staang raajivachathu kaunsiline athbhuthappeduthi. puthiya pradhaanamanthriyaaya kristhyan selmer kaunsilile atharamoru nethaavum shakthiyumaayirunnilla, 1881ll bharanaghadanaaparamaayi edukkenda adutha neekkathinu serdrup thayyarayirunnu. ennaal kaunsilinte varaanirikkunna impeachmentil vijayam urappakkaan serdruppinte bhooripaksham paryapthamaayirunnilla.
paryapthamaayirunnilla pothutheranjeduppil serdruppinte party vishvaasayogyamaaya bhooripaksham nedi. supreme kodathiyile jadjimaarodoppam 25 sathamaanam amgangalulla idathumunnani roopeekarikkaan avarkk kazhinju. 
venstre (idathu enna norwegian vakkil ninnu) swerdruppinteyum jabekkinteyum liberal, radical partiyaayirunnu, pakshe theerchayaayum soshyalist affiliationukalillaatha oru partiyaayirunnu.
kaunsilinteyum nyoonapaksha party yaadhaasthithikamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna hoyer ('raitt' enna norwegian padatthil ninnu) aayirunnu.
1883-leeii sharathkaalathil jadjimar yogam cherukayum vichaaranaykk niravadhi maasangal edukkukayum mikka manthrimaarkkum bahumaanamillathe sthaanam nashtappedukayum valia pizha eedaakkukayum cheythu. kristhyan shweegaardinte neethrthwathil rajaavu oru puthiya kaunsiline niyamichu, pakshe athu oru mudanthan neekkamaayirunnu, kaaranam swerdrup udan thanne oru puthiya impeachment vichaarana nadathumennu bheeshanippedutthi. puthiya kaunsilinu epril mantraalayam ennu perittu, athu sambhavicha samboornna prathisandhikk pariharam kandethanulla raajaavinte poraattathekkurichulla chila karyangal parayunnu, athu addehathinu sveekaaryamaanennu karuthaam.
johann serdruppine pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkukayallathe mattu maargamillenn athu kandethi. norwegian paarambaryatthil montescuvinte niyanthranangalum santhulithaavasthakalum enna aadarshathil ninnu paarlamentari samvidaanathilekkulla parivartthanam addeham pradhaanamanthriyaayathodeyaa nadannathu. paarlamentari samvidaanathinte anantharafalangal swerdrup orikkalum sarikkum manassilakkiyittillena thelivukal undu. athinaal, valia bhooripakshathodeyulla addehathinte anchu varshathe adikaarakaalam vijayaathrayalla, marichu paarlamentile paraajayangalude oru nirayaayirunnu. ithu oru vyakthiparamaaya duranthatthil ninnu valare akaleyalla, 1889-leeii addehathinte raaji maathramaan venstreykkullil nadanna oru ayogyamaaya naadakatthinte avasaanamaayath.
swerdruppinte sarkkar.
oru pradhaanamanthriyenna nilayil mikka norveejiyakkaarum bhayappedaano prashamsikkaano padicha yogyathayulla thanthranjanalla swerdrup ennu aadya divasam muthal manassilayi. ekadesham 30 varshamaayi thante anuyaayikal thanne pinthudarumennu addeham pratheekshichu. mattu nethaakkalum pratheekshichirunna swerdrappinekkaalum kooduthal ayanja oru sakhyamaayirunnu venstre ennum ithu theliyikkunnu. sakthamaaya executive shaakhaykkethiraaya poraattam sakhyangal srishtichu, athu valare vegathil thakarnnu. swerdrup addehathinte manthrimaarum party yaadhaasthithika vibhaagathil pettavaraayirunnu. pramukha norwegian saamoohyashaasthranjanaaya steyin rocan, purohitharkk ethiraaya saadhaarana kristhumathatthinte anuyaayikal, nagarangalil samsaarikkunna norwegian bhaashaykk ethiraaya puthiya norwegian ennu vilikkappedunnavarude anuyaayikal, eakaadhipathyathinte anuyaayikal enningane perittu.
theevravaadi vibhaagathil ninnu aareyum ulppeduthaan visammathikkukayum aaa varshangalil uyarnnuvanna budhimuttulla rashtreeya saahacharyangalil avarude upadesham sweekarikkaathe avare kooduthal anyavalkarikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte valia thettu. thettu pothutheranjeduppil party mudraavaakyam "johann swerdruppil aathmavishwaasam pulartthuka" ennathaayirunnu, ithu pinneedu srishticha ettavum parihasyamaaya mudraavaakyangalilonnaayi kanakkakkappettu. onnikkaan onnum kandethaan kazhiyaatha oru partic deerghaayus undaakilla, adutha pothutheranjeduppinu munbulla moonnu varshangaliludaneelam partyile lamghanam prakadamaayi.
swerdrup addehathinte sahapravarthakarum kuranju varunna samghavum partyil ninnu erekkure purathaakkappedukayum svanthamaayi oru samrambham aarambikkukayum cheythu. ippol swerdruppinte pramukha athiraalikalaaya ulman steenum nayikkunna yadhaartha party addehathinethire vottu cheyyukayum "kaserayil" pattinilkkunnathin muthirnna raashtrathanthranjane parihasikkukayum cheythu, ennaal venstreyinullile kalahangal kuraykkaan uddeshikkaatha, 1888 leeii pothutheranjeduppu vare samaadhaanathode swerdrup mantraalayam upekshikkuka ennathaanu thangalude ettavum nalla pratheekshayenn vishwasicha hoar addehathe rakshichu. aaa thiranjeduppukalkku sesham, hoar thanthram mikachathaanennu poornnamaayum theliyicha, swerdruppinte mantraalayam vegathil purathaakkappettu.
paarlamentarisatthinte pithaav.
eee vivaada rashtreeya neethaavinekkurichulla kaazhchappaadukal oru kaazhchappaad prakadippikkunnavarude raashtreeyavum charitraparavumaaya bandhavumaayi valareyadhikam vyathyasappettirikkum. aabhyanthara raashtreeyathil ekadesham 30 varshatholam valia swaadheenam cheluthiya valare vidagthanum kazhivullathumaaya prathipaksha nethaavum thanthranjanumaayirunnu swerdrup ennathu nishedhikkaanaavilla. atharamoru kaazchappaadinethire parayaan kazhiyunnath, addehathinte ethirppinte phalangalil bhooribhaagavum vinaashakaramaayirunnu, kaaranam addeham thante samoolavum saamoohikavumaaya udara rashtreeya kaazhchappaadukal jaabekkinte karshakarude ayanja sakhyathil swaadheenam nedunnathinaayi vittu. maruvashathu, norwayil prabhukkanmaarillaatha ettavum swaadheenamulla karshakarum pothusevakanum vyaapaarikalum thammilulla oru vargasamaramundayathaayum samoohathe parivartthanam cheiyunnathinaayi oru pothusevakanaaya aaa surverdrup vishalavum swaadheenamillaathathumaaya karshakarude koottatthil chernnathaayum oraal marakkaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu.
kuttichedikal kuzhichidaanulla kazhivillaaymayum vaardhakyathil vazhakkam illaathathum addehathinte balaheenathayaayirunnu. paarlamentarisam enna ashayam manassilakkaanulla addehathinte kazhivillaayma, athu addehathinte nayangalude aathyanthika lakshyamaanennu thonni. adhikaarathinte chinnangalil addeham pattinilkkunnath addehathinte praayathe aashrayichaanenkilum addehathinu ekadesham 70 vayass maathrame praayamundaayirunnulla. raajaavinte niyukta kaunsilinethiraaya addehathinte poraattam valarekkalam neenduninnuvennu mikka charitrakaaranmaarum nigamanam cheyyum. pazhangal vilavedukkaan kazhiyaathathra prayamaaya addeham norwayil oru puthiya rashtreeya saahacharyathin vazhiyorukki.

