
framebuffer

oru viidiyoo display nayikkunna oru bitmap adangiya kramarahithamaya axus memmariyude (raam) oru bhagamaanu framebuffer (frame buffer, allengil chilappol framestore). oru samboornna viidiyoo frameile ellah pixalukaleyum prathinidheekarikkunna daatta adangiya oru memory bafaraanu ithu. aadhunika viidiyoo kaardukalil avayude korukalil framebuffer surcuted adangiyirikkunnu. eee surcuted oru inn-memory bitmaappine oru computer monittaril pradarshippikkaan kazhiyunna oru viidiyoo signalayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu.
computingil, computer displayil kaanikkenda ulladakkathinte praathinidhyathinaayi oru computer aaplikkeshan upayogikkunna computer memmariyude bhagamaanu screen buffer. screen bufferine viidiyoo buffer, regeneration buffer allengil hrasvamaayi reejan buffer ennum vilikkam. screen bufferukal viidiyoo memmariyil ninnu verthirikkanam. ithinaayi oof-screen buffer enna padavum upayogikkunnu.
bufferile vivarangal saadhaaranayaayi displayil kaanikkenda oro pixalinteyum varnna moolyangal ulkkollunnu. varnna moolyangal saadhaaranayaayi 1-bitt bainari (monocrome), 4-bitt paletised, 8-bitt paletised, 16-bitt hye kalar, 24-bitt true kalar formaattukalil sambharichirikkunnu. pixel sutharyathayekkurichulla vivarangal nilanirthaan chilappol oru adhika alfa chaanal upayogikkunnu. framebufferin aavashyamaaya motham memory outtputtu signalinte resolution, kalar depth allengil paalat sais ennivaye aasrayichirikkunnu.
charithram.
oru framebufferinte saidhaanthika gunangalekkurichu computer gaveshakar deerghakaalamaayi charcha cheythirunnuvenkilum saambathikamaayi praayogikamaaya chelavil mathiyaya memory ulla oru yanthram nirmmikkaan avarkk kazhinjilla. 1947ll maanchastar bebi computer oru vilyams tube, pinneedu vilyams-kilben tube, oru cathode-reey tube (crt) memmariyil 1024 bittukal sambharikkaanum randaamathe crt-yill pradarshippikkaanum upayogichu. 1950ll mitt linkon laborattari 4096 pradarshanam nediyathode mattu gaveshana laabukal eee saankethikavidyakal paryavekshanam cheiyukayaayirunnu.
drum memory television monittarum upayogicha brookhaavan raasttar display (brad) ennu vilikkunna kalar scan cheytha display 1960 kalude avasaanathil nadappaakki. 1969ll eiii. bell laabukalude maikkal noll magnetic-coor memory upayogichu frame buffer upayogichu oru scan cheytha display nadappilaakki. pinneedu, oru saadhaarana kalar tivi monittaril moonnu bitt kalar depth ulla oru chithram pradarshippikkunnathinaayin bell laab samvidaanam vipuleekarichu.
1970 kalude thudakkathil, moss memory (mettal-ooksaid-ardhachaalaka memory) integrated-surcuted chippukalude vikasanam, prathyekichu kuranjathu 1 keey. bii memmariyulla hye-density dram (dynamic random-axus memory) chippukal, aadyamaayi oru staanderd viidiyoo imej pidikkaan kazhivulla framebaferukalulla oru digital memory sisttam srishtikkunnathu praayogikamakki. ithu 1972-ll syrox parkkil richard shoup superpaint samvidaanam vikasippikkunnathilekku nayichu. aadyakaala digital viidiyoo-capture samvidaanam srishtikkaan superpaint framebuffer upayogikkaan shouppinu kazhinju. outtputtu signal inputt signalumaayi samanvayippikkunnathiloode, daattayude oro pixel maarumbol athu thiruthiyezhuthaan shouppinu kazhinju. kalar tableukal upayogichu outtputtu signal parishkkarikkunnathilum shoup pareekshanam nadatthi. eee kalar tableukal superpaint samvidaanathe athil adangiyirikkunna parimithamaaya 8-bitt daattayude paridikk purathu vaividhyamaarnna nirangal nirmmikkaan anuvadichu. eee padhathi pinneedu computer framebufferukalil saadhaaranamaayi maari.
1974-ll, evans & snl aadyathe vaanijya framebuffer puratthirakki, ekadesham 15,000 dollar chelavil, 8-bitt grayscale 512 x 512 pixelukal vare resolutionukal nirmmikkaan kazhivulla chitra samvidaanam, svanthamaayi framebuffer nirmmikkanulla vibhavangalillaatha graphics gaveshakarkk oru anugrahamaayi maari. newyork instittyoott oof teknolaji pinneedu moonnu evens & framebufferukal upayogichu aadyathe 24-bitt kalar sisttam srishtikkum. oro framebuffer oru arjibi kalar aouttputtilekku (chuvappin onnu, pachaykku onnu, neelaykku onnu) bandhippichirikkunnu, oru digital upakarana korppareshan pdp 11/04 miinii computer moonnu upakaranangale onnaayi niyanthrikkunnu.
1975ll, yuke kambaniyaaya kwandal aadyathe vaanijyaparamaaya phul-kalar broadcast framebuffer, kwandal dfs 3000 nirmmichu. 1976 montriyal olimbiksinte tivi kavarejil olimbiku fleming torchinte picture-inn-picture insett srishtikkaan ithu aadyamaayi upayogichu, backie chithratthil oottakkaaran stadiyathilekku praveshikkunnathaayi kaanikkunnu.
integrated-surcuted saankethikavidyayude druthagathiyilulla mechappeduthal 1970 kalude avasaanathile pala hoome computerukalkkum kuranja varnna-aazhathilulla framebufferukal ulkkollaan saadhyamaakki. innu, graaphikkal sheshiyulla mikkavarum ellah computerukalum viidiyoo signal srishtikkaan oru framebuffer upayogikkunnu. 1980kalil srishticha amiga computerukal graphics prakadanatthinu prathyeka design shradha nalkukayum 4096 nirangal pradarshippikkaan kazhivulla savisheshamaaya hold-aandu-modify framebuffer ulppeduthukayum cheythu.
1980kaliludaneelam uyarnna nilavaaramulla varkksteshanukalilum arcade sisttam bordukalilum framebufferukal janapriyamaayi. esji, sann microsistoms, echpi, deck, ibm ennivayellaam eee kaalayalavil avarude varkksteshan computerukalkkaayi framebufferukal puratthirakki. mikka hoome computerukalilum kaanunnathinekkaal valare uyarnna nilavaaramulla eee framebufferukal television, printing, computer modeling, 3 dii graphics ennivayil pathivayi upayogichirunnu. hoome computerukalekkaal uyarnna nilavaaramulla uyarnna nilavaaramulla arcade bordukalkkaayi sega framebufferukalum upayogichirunnu.
display modukal.
pezhsanal, hoome computingil upayogikkunna framebufferukalkku palappozhum framebufferin pravartthikkaan kazhiyunna nirvachikkapetta "modukal" undaayirunnu. eee modukal vyathyastha resolutionukal, varnna azhangal, memory leauttukal, refreshes rettu samayangal enniva outtputtu cheiyunnathinu hardware punarroopakalppana cheiyunnu.
unix mesheenukaludeyum operating sisttangaludeyum lokath, atharam soukaryangal saadhaaranayaayi hardware krameekaranangal nerittu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu anukoolamaayi ozhivaakkappettirunnu. framebufferin labhyamaya memory kondu maathram parimithappedutthiyirikku eee krithrimathvam, eathu resolution, varnna aazhavum, refreshes nirakkum nediyedukkaan kazhiyunnathil valare vazhakkamullathaayirunnu.
eee reethiyude nirbhagyakaramaaya paarshwafalamaanu display upakaranam athinte kazhivukalkkapuram oodikkaan kazhiyuka ennathu. chila sandarbhangalil, ithu displayude hardwarein kedupaadukal varuthaan kaaranamaayi. kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi, ithu veruthe kedupaadukal sambhavichathum upayogashoonyavumaaya uthppaadanam undaakki. aadhunika crt monittarukal protection sarkyoottari avatharippikkunnathiloode eee prashnam pariharikkunnu. display mooad maarumbol, puthiya refreshes freekwansiyil oru signal loock nedaan monittar shramikkunnu. monittarinu oru signal loock nedaan kazhiyunnillengil, allengil signal athinte design parimithikalude paridikk puratthaanengil, monittar framebuffer signal avaganikkukayum upayokthaavin oru pishak sandesham nalkukayum cheyyum.
elsidy monittarukalil samanamaaya samrakshana sarcuteukal adangiyirikkunnu, pakshe vyathyastha kaaranangalal. elsidy display signal digitalaayi sample cheyyendathinaal (athuvazhi oru electron beam anukarikkunnu), paridikku purathulla eathu signal monittaril pradarshippikkaan kazhiyilla.
kalar paalat.
framebufferukal parambaraagathamaayi vaividhyamaarnna kalar modukale pinthunaykkunnu. memory chelavu kaaranam, mikka aadyakaala framebufferukalum 1-bitt (pixelinu 2-nirangal), 2-bitt (4-nirangal), 4-bitt (16-nirangal) allengil 8-bitt (256-nirangal) varnna azhangal upayogichu. ithrayum cheria nirangalude aazhathilulla prashnam nirangalude oru poornna shreni ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyilla ennathaanu. framebufferilake oru lookup table cherkkunna index cheytha niramaayirunnu eee prashnathinulla pariharam. framebuffer memmariyil sambharichirikkunna oro niravum oru varnna soochikayaayi pravartthikkunnu. lookup table parimithamaaya ennam vyathyastha nirangalulla oru paalattaayi varthikkunnu, backie oru soochika tabley upayogikkunnu.
ivide oru saadhaarana soochikayulla 256-varnna chithravum athinte swantham paalattum undu (oru pole kaanichirikkunnu)
swaachukalude deerghachathuram):
chila designukalil, oodunna samayat lookup tableylake (allengil nilavilulla palattukalkkidayil maaruka) daatta ezhuthaanum saadhyamaayirunnu, ithu chithrathe avarude swantham paalat upayogichu thirashcheena baarukalayi vibhajikkanum angane valare vishalamaaya paalatulla oru chithram render cheyyaanum anuvadikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru outtdoor shoat foto kaanumbol, chithrathe naalu baarukalayi thirikkam, mukalil skye tonukalkku oonnal nalkunna onnu, aduthathu elakalude tonukal, aduthathu charmmathinteyum vasthrathinteyum tonukal, thaazhathe onnu graundu nirangal. ithinu oro paalattinum overlapping nirangal undaayirikkendathundu, pakshe shradhaapoorvvam cheythathinaal ithu valia vazhakkam anuvadichu.
memory axus.
framebufferukal saadhaaranayaayi oru memory mapping vazhi cpu memory speysilekku nerittu axus cheyyumbol, avaa axus cheyyaan kazhiyunna oreyoru reethi ithalla. memory axus cheiyunnathinu upayogikkunna reethikalil framebufferukal vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya chilath ivayaanu
framebuffer oorganaiseshan paaykk cheytha pixalo planaro aakam. framebuffer ellah pooyintukalum abhisambodhana cheyyaavunnatho allengil athu engane update cheyyaamennathinu niyanthranangalo aakam.
viidiyoo cardle raam.
viidiyoo cardukalkku ellaayppozhum oru nischitha alavil raam undaayirikkum. eee raaminte oru cheria bhagathaanu imej daattayude bitmap pradarshanathinaayi "buffer" cheiyunnathu. eee ramine paraamarshikkumbol "frame buffer" enna padam palappozhum parasparam maattiyedukkaan upayogikkunnu.
cpu viidiyoo cardilake imej apdettukal ayaykkunnu. cardile viidiyoo prosessor screen imejinte oru chithram roopappeduthukayum ramil oru valia bitmaappaayi frame bufferil sambharikkukayum cheiyunnu. screen chithram nirantharam puthukkunnathinu raamile bitmap card upayogikkunnu.
vertual framebufferukal.
palappozhum anuyojyathayude kaaranangalal pala sisttangalum oru framebuffer upakaranathinte pravartthanam anukarikkaan shramikkunnu. linux framebuffer upakaranam (efbidev), ex vertual framebuffer (exvfb) ennivayaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya rund vertual framebufferukal. graaphikkal framebuffer illaathe x pravarthippikkunnathinu oru reethi nalkunnathinaayi x vindo sisttam vitharanathilekku xvfb chertthu. prograamukalkku eluppathil axus cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru urappulla memory maappilekk adisthaana framebuffer axus cheiyunnathinulla physical reethi amoorthamaakkunnathinaanu linux framebuffer upakaranam vikasippicheduthath. memory maappukal verthirikkukayo baank switching aavasyamullatho aaya sistangalumaayi prograamukal kaikaaryam cheyyendathilla ennathinaal ithu portability vardhippikkunnu.
peju flipping.
viidiyoo daattayude rund frameukal sookshikkaan mathiyaya memory upayogichu oru frame buffer roopakalppana cheythekkaam. saadhaaranayaayi double buffering allengil kooduthal vyakthamaayi peju flipping ennariyappedunna oru saankethikavidyayil, framebuffer athinte memmariyude pakuthi nilavile frame pradarshippikkaan upayogikkunnu. aaa memory pradharshippikkumbol, memmariyude backie pakuthi adutha framinullah daatta kondu niraykkunnu. secondary buffer nirachukazhinjaal, pakaram secondary buffer pradarshippikkaan framebufferin nirddesham nalkunnu. praadhamika buffer dvitheeya bafara dvitheeya buffer praadhamika bafara maarunnu. pazhaya framinte pakuthiyum puthiya framinte pakuthiyum orumichu kaanikkunna screen keerunnathu ozhivakkaan lambamaya shoonyamaaya edavelaykku sheshamaan eee switch palappozhum cheiyunnathu.
peju flipping computer geyim programmermar upayogikkunna oru saadhaarana saankethikavidyayaayi mariyirikkunnu.
graphics aaksilarettarukal.
mechappetta graafiksinte aavasyam vardhichathode, hardware nirmmathaakkal framebuffer niraykkaan aavashyamaaya cpu samayam kuraykkunnathinulla oru maargam srishtichu. ithine saadhaaranayaayi "graphics aaksilareshan" ennu vilikkunnu. pothuvaaya graphics droying commandukal (avayil palathum jyaamitheeyamaan) graphics aaksilarettarilekk avayude asamskritha roopathil ayaykkunnu. aaksilarettar kamaandinte phalangal framebufferilake raastarais cheiyunnu. eee reethi sipiyuvine mattu jolikal cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu.
aadyakaala aaksilarettarukal 2dii gwi sisttangalude prakadanam mechappeduthunnathil shradha kendreekarichu. eee 2dii kazhivukal nilanirtthumbol, mikka aadhunika aaksilarettarukalum thalsamayam 3dii imagery nirmikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. oru saadhaarana design ooppanjiel allengil direct 3dii polulla oru graphics library upayogikkunnu, ithu aaksilarettarinte graphics prosessing unitinaayulla (gpu) nirddeshangalilekku labhicha commandukal vivarthanam cheiyunnathinu graphics driverumaayi interface cheiyunnu. raastaraisd phalangal kanakkakkaan gpu aaa nirddeshangal upayogikkunnu, phalangal framebufferilake alppam blitt cheiyunnu. framebuferinte signal pinneedu biltt-inn viidiyoo ovarle upakaranangalumayi (saadhaaranayaayi framebuferinte daatta parishkkarikkathe mouse cursor nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnu) samyojippichu nirmmikkukayum outtputtu signal parishkkarichukondu uthppaadippikkunna eathenkilum anthima special efakttukal undaakkukayum cheiyunnu. atharam anthima special efakttukalude oru udaaharanam 3 dfx woodoo cardukal upayogikkunna speshyal aanti-eliasing saankethikathayaanu. eee cardukal outtputtu signalinu oru cheria mangal nalkunnu, ithu raastarais cheytha graafiksinte aparanamam valare kuravaanu.
oru kaalath graphics aaksilarettarukalude niravadhi nirmmathaakkal undaayirunnu, avayil 3 dfx interactive; edi; herculese; trident; envidia; radius; ezz 3 graphics; sis, silikkan graphics enniva ulppedunnu. x86 adisthaanamaakkiyulla sistangalkkaayulla graphics aaksilarettarukalude vipaniyil envidia (2002 ll 3dafaqaaiiiizaiiii swanthamaakki), amd (2006 ll edii swanthamaakki), intal enniva aadhipathyam pulartthunnu.
thaarathamyangal.
oru framebuffer upayogichu, electron beam (display saankethikavidya orennam upayogikkukayaanenkil) oru raasttar scan nadatthaan utharavidunnu, oru television oru prakshepana signal nalkunna reethi. screenil pradarshippikkunna oro pooyintinteyum varnna vivarangal scan samayat framebufferil ninnu nerittu valichedukkukayum oru koottam vyathirikthamaya chitra gadakangal srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu, athaayath.iii. pixelukal.
raasttar graafiksinte varavinu munbu saadhaaranamaayirunna vekttar displakelil ninnu framebufferukal ganyamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu (thalphalamaayi, oru framebuffer enna aashayathilekku). oru vekttar displayil, graphics primitteevukalude sheershakangal maathrame sambharikkukayulloo. outtputtu displayude electron beam pinneedu eee poyintukalkkidayilulla pradeshathudaneelam oru rekha kandethikkond sheershakathil ninnu sheershakathilekku neengaan utharavidunnu. 
athupole, framebufferukal aadyakaala tekst mooad displakelil upayogikkunna saankethikavidyayil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, avide oru buffer pratheekangalkkulla kodukal sookshikkunnu, vyakthigatha pixalukalalla. viidiyoo display upakaranam oru framebuferinte athe raasttar scan nadathunnu, pakshe bufferile oro pratheekatthinteyum pixelukal beam nayikkumbol srishtikkunnu.