
phidal kaastroyude rashtreeya jeevitam

phidal kaastroyude rashtreeya jeevithathil cuba ganyamaaya saambathika, rashtreeya, saamoohika maattangalkk vidheyamaayi. cuban viplavathil, phidal kaastroyum anubandha viplavakaarikalude oru samghavum fuljensio baattistayude bharana sarkkaarine attimarichu, 1959 januvari 1 nuu baattistaye adhikaarathil ninnu purathaakki. cuban samoohathile oru pradhana vyakthiyaayirunna kaastro 1959 muthal 1976 vare pradhaanamanthriyaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1961 muthal 2011 vare communist samsthaanathile ettavum muthirnna sthaanamaaya communist party oof cubayude aadya sekrattari koodiyaayirunnu addeham. 1976 ll kaastro audyogikamaayi kaunsil oof stettu presidentum manthrisabhayude presidentum aayi. 2008ll presidency thante sahodaran raul castroic kaimaarunnathuvare addeham eee padavi nilanirtthi. 2011 vare phidal kaastro communist party aadya sekrattariyaayi thudarnnu.
1962 muthal 1992 vare phidal kaastroyude sarkkar audyogikamaayi nireeshwaravaadiyaayirunnu. kammyoonisathilulla addehathinte uracha vishwaasam, mattu anthaaraashtra vyakthikalekurichulla vimarsanangal, aarambhicha saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya mattangal ennivayulppedeyulla kaaranangalal phidal kaastroyude bharanathin keezhil cuba anthaaraashtra praadhaanyam nedi. soviyatt union sakhyakakshikalum thammilulla sheethayudhathil america sakhyakakshikalum thammilulla oru pradhana gadakamaayi kaastroyude cuba maari. muthalaalithathinethiraaya akramanam nadatthaanum communist viplavam pracharippikkanum ulla kaastroyude aagraham aathyanthikamayi cuban viplava sayudha seena (fuersas armadas revolucionarius-vidoora) aafrikkayil poraattatthilekku nayichu. lokamembaadum kudungiya american sainikarkk orotta kalapatheyum phalapradamaayi neridaan kazhiyillennu nyaayeekarichu niravadhi viyatnaamukal srishtikkuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte lakshyam. aafrikkayile samgharshangalil ekadesham 1,000 cubacar marichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
2016 avasaanathode havanayil vachu kaastro swaabhaavika kaaranangalal marichu. cuban gavanmentinte praadhamika aditharayum reethiyum innum kaastroyude aashayangalaanu.
(1959-1976).
ekeekarikkunna niyamam (1959).
1959 februvari 16nuu cubayude pradhaanamanthriyaayi kaastro sathyaprathinja cheyyukayum pradhaanamanthriyude adikaarangal vardhippikkanamenna vyavasthayil aaa sthaanam sweekarikkukayum cheythu. epril 15num 26num idayil kaastro yuu sandarshichu.ezz. oru prathinidhi samghathodoppam, oru aakarshakamaaya akramanathinaayi oru public relations sthaapanathe niyamikkukayum svayam oru "janangalude manushyan" aayi avatharippikkukayum cheythu. yuu.ezz. president dwait dii. isenhover kaastroye kandumuttunnath ozhivaakki; pakaram vais president richard nixon addehathe kandumutty, kaastroye pettennu eshtappedaatha oru manushyan. canada, trinidad, brazeel, uruguay, arjanteena ennividangalilekku neengiya kaastro buenos airsil nadanna oru saambathika sammelanathil pankedutthu. addeham 30 bilyan yuu. ezz dollar nirddeshichathu parajayappettu.ezz.-laattin amerikkayude muzhuvan pradeshathinum dhanasahayam nalkunna "marshell plan".
1959 meyy 17 nuu naashanal instittyoott oof agrikalcharal refom ("instityootto naashanal dii reforma agraria"-inta) yude presidentaayi svayam niyamithanaaya sesham, oro udamaykkum bhoovudamakale parimithappedutthunna aadyathe kaarshika parishkaranatthil kaastro niyamathil oppuvachu. videsha bhoovudamathvam addeham nirodhikkukayum cheythu. valia bhoovudamakal (munbu kooduthalum us udamasthathayilullava) vibhajikkukayum punarvitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu; ekadesham 200,000 karshakarkk udamasthaavakaasha karaarukal labhichu. cubayude krishiyude mail sambannaraaya bhoovudamakalude niyanthranam thakartha oru pradhana nadapadiyaayirunnu ithu. eee parishkaarangalkk cuban thozhilaalivargamkkidayil vyapakamaaya pinthunayundaayirunnu. deseeya vinodasanjaara vyavasaayathinte presidentaayum kaastro svayam niyamithanaayi. vamseeya vivechanamillaatha oru ushnamekhalaa parudeesayaayi athine parasyappedutthikkondu aafrikkan-american vinodasanchaarikale sandarshikkaan prolsaahippikkunnathi parajayappetta nadapadikal addeham avatharippichu. samsthaana vethanathile mattangal nadappaakki; jadjimaarudeyum raashtreeyakkaarudeyum shambalam kurachappol thaazhnna thalatthilulla sivil sarveesukaarude shambalam vardhichu. 1959 maarchil cuban janathayude vaangal sheshi vardhippikkunnathinulla nadapadikal nadappaakkiyukondu prathimasam 100 dollaril thaazhe adaykkunnavarude vaadaka pakuthiyaayi kuraykkaan kaastro utharavittu. uthppaadanakshamatha kurayukayum rund varshathinullil raajyathinte saambathika karuthal shekharam vattukayum cheythu. 1960ll oru kudumbavum varumaanathinte 10 sathamaanathil kooduthal vaadakaykku nalkillennu urappu nalkikkond nagara parishkarana niyamam pasaki. viramichavar, rogikalaayavar, daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyullavar ennivar 10 sathamaanathil thaazhe allengil onnumillaatha vethanam nalki. vaadakakkaarkkum sub tenantukalkkum avarude thaamasasthalangalkk avakashangal labhichathinaal swakaarya bhoovudamakale nirthalaakki. eee kuranja vaadaka 5 muthal 20 varsham vare samsthaanathinu nalkendathaayirunnu, athinusesham vaadakakkaar veettudamakalaakum; eee varumanam nashtaparihaaramaayi samsthaanam muun bhoovudamakalkku kaimarendathaayirunnu, ennaal athu ethra thavana cheythu ennathinekkurichu abhipraayavyathyaasamund. 1970kalil vaadaka nirthalaakkaanulla padhathikal poornnamaayum pinvalikkappettuvenkum 1972 aayappozhekkum verum 8 sathamaanam kudumbangal maathramaan vaadaka nalkiyirunnathu.
thudakkathil thante bharanakoodatthe 'soshyalist' ennu tharamthirikkaan addeham visammathikkukayum oru 'communist' aanennu aavarthichu nishedhikkukayum cheythenkilum, muthirnna sarkkar, sainika sthaanangalilekku marxism-leninism vaadikale kaastro niyamichu. cheey guvera central baankinte govarnor pinneedu vyavasaya manthriyumaayi. paribhrantharaaya vyomasena commander pedro luis dias lans yuu. esilekku koorumari.ezz. koorumaattatthe president uruttiya apalapichenkilum maarksisathinte vardhichuvarunna swaadheenathil addeham parasyamaayi aashanka prakadippichu. prakopithanaaya kaastro, thante "communism virudhatha" kondu sarkkaarine sankeernamaakkiyathinu uruttiyaye kuttappedutthi pradhaanamantri sthaanam rajivachathaayi prakhyaapichu. 500, 000-thiladhikam kaastro-pinthunakkaar uruttiyayude raaji aavasyappettu presidential kottaram valanju, athu shariyaayi sweekarichu. juulai 23nuu kaastro thante pradhaanamanthriyude sthaanam punararambhikkukayum maarksist oswaldo dorticusine puthiya presidentaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu.
janangalumayi sambhashanam" vikasippikkaanum chodyangal unnayikkaanum prakopanaparamaaya prasthavanakal nadatthaanum kaastro radioyum television upayogichu. addehathinte bharanam raajyathe janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum ulkkollunna thozhilaalikalkkum karshakarkum vidyaarthikalkkum idayil janapriyamaayi thudarnnu, athesamayam ethirppu pradhaanamaayum madhyavargathil ninnaan vannath. aayirakkanakkin doctormaarum enchineeyarmaarum mattu professionalukalum amerikkayile floridayilekku kudiyeri.ezz.ithu saambathika thalachorine illaathaakkunnu. kaastroyude sarkkar addehathinte sarkkaarinte athiraalikale adichamarthukayum noorukanakkinu prathiviplavakaarikale arast cheyyukayum cheythu. maanasika peedanam, thadavukaare eakaantha thadankalil parpical, parushamaaya perumaattam, bheeshanippeduthunna perumaattam ennivayaanu kaastroyude sarkkaarinte savisheshathakal. naadukadatthappettavar, kendra rahasyaanveshana ejansi (sii. aii. eiii), raffel trujilloyude dominican sarkkar ennivayude dhanasahaayathode theevravaada virudha kaastro grouppukal sayudha akramanangal nadathukayum cubayude parvathapradeshangalil garilla thaavalangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. ithu aarr varshathe escambray kalaapathilekku nayichu, athu kooduthal kaalam neenduninnu, viplavathekkaal kooduthal sainikar ithil ulppettu. sarkkar kooduthal ennam nedi keezhadangiyavare vadhichu. yaadhaasthithika edittarmaarum pathrapravartthakarum sarkkarinodu sathrutha prakadippichathinetthudar kaastro printar anukoola trade union edittoriyal jeevanakkaare thadassappeduthi. 1960 januvariyil, sarkkaarine vimarshikkunna eathenkilum lekhanangalude avasaanam printar union ezhuthiya oru "vyakthatha" prasidheekarikkaan oro pathravum baadhyasthamaanennu sarkkar prakhyaapichu; angane kaastro cubayil pathra sensorship aarambhichu.
soviyatt pinthunayum yuu.ezz. ethirppu (1960).
1960 aayappozhekkum rund mahaashakthikal thammil sheethayudham pottippurapettu oru muthalaalitha liberal janadhipathyamaaya america communist party bharikkunna maarksist-leninist soshyalist rajyamaaya soviyatt union (yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr). yuu. yodu avahelanangal prakadippikkunnu.ezz.niravadhi maarksist-leninist rajyangalumaayi bandham sthaapich kaastro yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinte prathyayashaasthraparamaaya kaazhchappaadukal pankittu. soviyatt yooniyante aadya deputy premiier anastas mikoyaanumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthiya kaastro, crude oayil, valangal, vyaavasaayika vasthukkal, 100 dasalaksham dollar vaaypa ennivaykku pakaramaayi panchasaara, pazhangal, naarukal, thoppikal enniva nalkaan sammathichu. cubayude sarkkar raajyathe refinerykalkku utharavittu-pinneedu yuu. esinte niyanthranathilaayirunnu.ezz. korppareshanukalude shell, esso, staanderd oayil-soviyatt oayil prosess cheyyaan, pakshe yuu. esinte sammarddathilaanu.ezz. sarkkar, avar nirasichu. refinerykal pidichedukkukayum desasaalkkarikkukayum cheythukondu kaastro prathikarichu. prathikaaramaayi, yuu.ezz. cuban panchasaarayude irakkumathi raddaakkiyathinaal mikka yuu. esum desasaalkkarikkaan kaastroye prerippichu.ezz.-baankukalum panchasaara millukalum ulppede dveepile swathukkal swanthamaakki.
cuba yuu. esum thammilulla bandham.ezz. 1960 maarchil hawanah thuramukhathu "leeii cobrey" enna franch kappal pottitherichathinethu kooduthal budhimuttaayirunnu. beljiyathil ninnu vangiya aayudangal kappal vahichirunnu, spodanathinte kaaranam orikkalum nirnnayikkappettilla, ennaal kaastro yuu ennu parasyamaayi urappichu.ezz. attimariyude kuttakkaaraayirunnu sarkkar. addeham eee prasangam avasaanippichathu "pathriya ooo murte!" enna aksharathilaanu."(" "pithrubhoomi allengil maranam" "), thudarnnulla varshangalil addeham valareyadhikam upayogicha oru prakhyapanam". 1954leeii gwatimalan attimariyiloode avarude muun vijayathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond 1960 march 17 nuu yuu.ezz. kaastroyude sarkkaarine attimarikkaan president isenhover rahasyamaayi kendra rahasyaanveshana agencic (sii. aii. eiii) adikaaram nalki. addeham avarkk 13 dasalaksham dollar bajatt nalkukayum maafiyayumaayi sakhyamundaakkaan avare anuvadikkukayum cheythu, kaastroyude sarkkar cubayile avarude bisinasukal adachupoottiyathil avar aswastharaayirunnu. 1960 october 13 nuu yuu.ezz. cubayilekkulla kayattumathiyude bhooribhaagavum nirodhichukondu saambathika uparodham earppeduthi. prathikaaramaayi, october 14 nuu inta 383 swakaarya bisinasukalude niyanthranam etteduthu, october 25 nuu 166 yuu.ezz. cubayil pravartthikkunna kambanikal avarude parisarangal pidichedukkukayum desasaalkkarikkukayum cheythu. desember 16 nuu yuu.ezz. raajyathinte praadhamika kayattumathiyaya cuban panchasaarayude irakkumathi kwata avasaanippichu.
1960 septambaril aikyaraashtrasabhayude pothusabhaykkaayi kaastro newyork nagaratthilekku parannu. elaitt shelben hotelinte manobhaavathil prakopithanaaya adhehavum samghavum harlemile daridra pradeshathe vilakuranjathum thakarnnadinjathumaaya hotel theresayil thaamasichu. avidevechu addeham pathrapravartthakareyum malcom ex polulla sthaapana virudha vyakthikaleyum kandumutty. addeham soviyatt pradhaanamantri nikita krushchevumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum iru nethaakkalum ningal abhimukeekarikkunna daaridryam parasyamaayi eduthukaanikkukayum cheythu.ezz. harlem polulla pradeshangalile pouranmaar; karuthavargakkaarkkum pavapetta amerikkakkaarkkumethiraayi "peedanatthinte nagaram" ennaanu newyorkkine kaastro visheshippichathu. castro krushchevum thammilulla bandham ooshmalamaayirunnu; avar pothusabhayile parasparam nadatthiya prasamgangalkk kayyadi nalki. kaastro oru soshyalist aanennu parasyamaayi nishedhichenkilum, cuban "laattin amerikkayile soshyalisathinte oru deepasthambhamaayi" maarumennu krishchev thante samghathe ariyichu."pinneedu, mattu naalu soshyalistukal, poolish phastt sekrattari vladislav gomulka, bulgarian chairman todor shivkov, eejipshyan president gamal abdel nasser, indian pradhaanamantri jawaharlal nehru ennivar sandarshicha cuba kammittikkaayulla melayil castroic vaikunneram oru sweekaranam samghadippichu, athil aalan jinsberg, laangstan hyoogstans, sii. raitt millukalum aii. eph. kallu.
septambar 28nuu kaastro cubayilekku madangi. ayaal oru yuu. yeei bhayapettu.ezz.-attimari pinthunaykkukayum 1959ll soviyatt, franch, beljian aayudhangalkkaayi 120 dasalaksham dollar chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. laattin amerikkayile ettavum valia sainyam nirmmikkanulla uddeshyathode 1960-nte thudakkathil cuban sayudha senayude valippam sarkkar erattiyaayi. sainyathile viplava virudha gadakangale bhayann, viplavathinu anukoolamaaya pouranmaare aayudhangalaakkaan sarkkar oru janakeeya milishya roopeekarikkukayum kuranjathu 50,000 pinthunakkaarenkilum yuddha saankethikavidyakalil pariseelippikkukayum cheythu. 1960 septambaril avar raajyavyaapakamaayi oru sivilian samghadanayaaya viplavathe prathirodhikkunathinulla kammittikal (cdr) roopeekarichu, ithu "viplava virudha" pravartthanangal illaathaakkaan ayalpakka chaaravrithi nadappilaakkukayum adhiniveshathinte saahacharyathil sainyathe pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. avar aarogya, vidyaabhyaasa prachaaranangalum samghadippikkukayum pothujana paraathikalude oru maarggamaavukayum cheythu. oduvil cubayile janasamkhyayude 80 sathamaanavum cdril earppedum. cuban janathaykku prakadanangalil "koottamaayi" othukoodaanum avarude janaadhipathya ichhaashakthi prakadippikkaanum kazhiyunna oru nerittulla janaadhipathyamaanu puthiya bharanakoodamennu kaastro prakhyaapichu. thalphalamaayi, praathinidhya janaadhipathya samvidaanangal saamoohika-saambathika varenyarude thalpparyangal niravettunnuvennu avakaashappett addeham thiranjeduppinte aavasyakatha nirasichu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, puthiya bharanakoodatthe janaadhipathyavirudhamennu vimarshakar apalapichu. yuu.ezz. eaka kakshi raashtram, trade yooniyanukalude sarkkar niyanthranam, pouraswaathanthryathe adichamarthal, abhipraaya swaathanthryathinteyum maadyama swaathanthryathinteyum abhavam ennivayulla communist bharanathinte soviyatt maathruka cuba sweekarikkukayaanennu stettu sekrattari kristhyan herter prakhyaapichu.
cubayude jeevithanilavaram mechappeduthunnathinulla saamoohika padhathikalkku kaastroyude sarkkar oonnal nalki, palappozhum saambathika vikasanathinu dosham varuthi. vidyaabhyaasathinu valia oonnal nalkukayum kaastro sarkkaarinte aadya 30 maasangalil muun 30 varshathekkaal kooduthal klaas murikal thurakkukayum cheythu. cuban praadhamika vidyaabhyaasa sambradaayam oru varkk-stadi prograam vaagdaanam cheythu, pakuthi samayam klaas muriyil chelavazhikkukayum backie pakuthi ulppaadanakshamamaaya pravartthanatthil chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. soujanya vaidyasahaayam vaagdaanam cheyth dveepiludaneelam grameena aarogya kendrangalum nagara poolii klinikkukalum thurannathiloode aarogya pariraksha desasaalkkarikkappedukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. kuttikkaalatthe rogangalkkethiraaya saarvathrika prathirodha kuthivayppu nadappaakkukayum sisumarananirakku ganyamaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu. saamoohika paripaadikalude moonnaamathe vasham adisthaana soukaryangalude nirmmaanamaayirunnu; kaastro sarkkaarinte aadya aarumaasathinullil dveepiludaneelam 600 mile rooad nirmmikkukayum 300 dasalaksham dollar jala, shuchithva padhathikalkkaayi chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. bhavanarahitar kuraykkunnathinaayi bharanakoodatthinte aadya varshangalil oro maasavum 800-ladhikam veedukal nirmikkappettu, athesamayam nazhsarikalum day cair sentarukalum kuttikalkkayi thurakkukayum mattu kendrangal bhinnasheshikkaarkkum praayamaayavarkkumaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. 
1960kalilum 70kalilum cubayile thozhilillaayma ganyamaayi kurayukayum 1959-nte thudakkathil thozhilillaathavare sahayikkunnathinaayi oru saamoohika suraksha baank sthaapikkukayum cheythu. munbu praadeshikamaayirunna seasonal thozhilillaayma, puthiya samsthaana faamukalil amithamaayi jolie cheythirunnathiloodeyum nagarapradeshangalilekkulla kudiyettatthiloodeyum illaathaakkappettu, ithu graamapradesangalil thozhilavasarangal swathanthramaakki. niravadhi kudiyettakkaar puthiya pothumaraamathu padhathikal, sainyam, trade unionukal, suraksha rolukal ennivayil jolie kandethi.saamoohika sevanangalilum bureaucrassyilum kooduthal thozhilavasarangal, vyavasaayathil amithamaya jeevanakkar, vidyaabhyaasathinteyum saamoohika surakshayudeyum vipuleekaranathiloode cheruppakkaarudeyum praayamaayavarudeyum thozhil anweshakarude rankil ninnu neekkam cheyyal, vanthothilulla kudiyettatthiloode thozhilavasarangal swathanthramaakkuka ennivayiloodeyum thozhilillaayma kuranju. saambathika shaasthranjanaaya carmelo messa-lago kanakkaakkunnath 1959leeii thozhilillaaymayude ettavum uyarnna nirakkil ninnu 1970 aayappozhekkum thozhilillaayma sthiramaayi 1.3 shathamaanamaayi kuranjuvennaanu.
pannikalude ulkkadal adhinivesham nadathukayum soshyalisam sweekarikkukayum cheiyunnu (1961-62).
1961 januvariyil kaastro havanayude yuu oordar cheythu.ezz. palarum chaaranmaaraanennu samshayikkunna embassy 300 jeevanakkaare kuraykkum. yuu.ezz. nayathanthrabandhangal avasaanippichum naadukadatthappetta vimatharkk sii. aii. eiii. funting vardhippichum eee theevravaadikal cubayumaayi vyapaaram nadathunna kappalukal akramikkaan thudangukayum faaktarikal, kadakal, panchasaara millukal enniva bombit nasippikkukayum cheythu. isenhover addehathinte pingamiyaaya joonn eph. cuba akramikkunnathinum kaastroye attimarikkunnathinum oru vimatha milishyaya janaadhipathya viplava munnaniye sahayikkunnathinulla oru sii. aii. eiii padhathiye kenneddy pinthunachu; eee padhathi 1961 eprilil bay oof piggs aakramanathinu kaaranamaayi. epril 15 nuu, sii. aii. eiii. nalkia bii-26-nte moonnu cuban sainika airfieldukal bombittu; yuu.ezz. cuban vyomasena pailattumaare kuttavaalikal koorumaattukayaanennu prakhyaapichenkilum thettaaya thettaaya vivarangalaanennu kaastro eee avakaashavaadangal thurannukaatti. adhiniveshathe bhayann, 20,000 muthal 100,000 vare prathiviplavakaarikale arast cheyyaan addeham utharavittu, "saamraajyathvavaadikalkku nammodu shamikkaan kazhiyilla, avarude mookkinadiyil nammal oru soshyalist viplavam nadatthi ennathaanu" ennu parasyamaayi prakhyaapichu. sarkkar soshyalisttaanenna addehathinte aadya prakhyaapanamaayirunnu ithu.
sii. aii. eyum janaadhipathya viplava munnaniyum nirgguvayil 1,400 angabalamulla brigade 2506 sthaapichu. raathriyil, brigade 2506 cubayude pannikalude ulkkadaliloode erangukayum oru praadeshika viplava milishyayumaayi vedivayppil earppedukayum cheythu. vyakthiparamaaya niyanthranam ettedukkunnathinu munbu, ethir akramanam nadatthaan kyapttan jose raamon fernandesinode kaastro utharavittu. aakramanakaariyude kappalukalil bombit sainyathe shakthippeduthiya sesham epril 20nuu kaastro brigade keezhadangan nirbandhithanaayi. pidikoodiya 1189 vimathare thalsamaya televisionil maadhyamapravarthakarude oru paanal chodyam cheyyaan addeham utharavittu, epril 25 nuu vyakthiparamayi chodyam cheyyal etteduthu. viplavathinu munbu cheythathayi aaropikkappedunna kuttakrithyangalkku 14 pere vichaarana cheyyukayum mattullava yuu. esinu thirike nalkukayum cheythu.ezz. yuu moolyamulla maruninum bhakshanathinum pakaramaayi.ezz. 25 dasalaksham dollar. kaastroyude vijayam laattin amerikkayiludaneelam sakthamaaya oru pratheekamaayirunnu, ennaal adhiniveshathinu munnodiyaayi thadavilakkappetta madhyavarga cubecarkkidayil ithu aabhyanthara ethirppu vardhippichu. avaril bhooribhaagavum eathaanum divasangalkkullil mochitharaakkappettenkilum palarum cuba vittu amerikkayilekku pooyi floridayil svayam sthaapichu.
soshyalist cuba" yeei ekeekarichu, kaastro emr-aidi1 enna janapriya soshyalist party viplava directoratineyum janaadhipathya kendreekaranatthinte leninist thathwathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru bharanakakshiyayi onnippichu samyojitha viplava samghadanakal ("oorganaiseshans revolsionarias integradas"-oori), 1962 ll cuban soshyalist viplavathinte (purse) yunaittad party ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. kaastro soshyalisathe sweekarikkunnathinekkur ussr madikkunnundenkilum, soviyattukalumaayulla bandham kooduthal aazhathilayi. kaastro mosco school vidyaabhyaasathinaayi fidalittoye ayachu, juunil ethiya aadyathe soviyatt saankethika vidagtharkku castroic lenin samadhana sammanam labhichu. 1961 desemberil kaastro svayam oru maarksist-leninist aayi prakhyapikkukayum havanayekkurichulla thante randaamathe prakhyaapanatthil addeham laattin americayode viplavathilekku uyaran ahvaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. marupadiyaayi, yuu.ezz. cuba purathaakkaan american samsthaanangalude samghadanaye vijayakaramaayi prerippichu; chainayil ninnu prashamsa labhichenkilum ashradhaykku soviyattukal svakaaryamaayi kaastroye saasichu. chainayumaayulla prathyayashaasthraparamaaya aduppam undaayirunnittum, sino-soviyatt vibhajanathil, cuba saambathikavum sainikavumaaya sahayam vaagdaanam cheytha sambannaraaya soviyattukalumaayi sakhyamundaakki.
soviyatt maathruka upayogichu cuba roopappeduthaan thudangiya ooriyar rashtreeya athiraalikaleyum veshyakaleyum swavarggaanuraagikaleyum polulla saamoohika vyathichalanakkareyum peedippichu; kaastro randaamathethu oru boorshwas swabhaavamaayi kanakkakki. sarkkar udyogasthar addehathinte swavarggabheeshanikkethire samsaarichu, ennaal pala swavarggaanuraagikalum ulppaadanathe sahayikkaan sainika unitukalilekku nirbandhitharaayi ("unidades milittaras dii ayuda eiii laa production"-umap), 2010 ll kaastro utharavaaditham ettedukkukayum "valia aneeti" ennu khedam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. 1962 aayappozhekkum cubayude sambadvyavastha kuthane thakarnnukondirunnu, mosham saambathika maanejmentinteyum kuranja ulppaadanakshamathayudeyum falamaayi yuu. esumaayi chernnu.ezz. vyapara uparodham. bhakshyakshamam rationingilekku nayichu, ithu cardenakalil prathishedhatthinu kaaranamaayi. pala cubecar pii. ezz. piyude "pazhaya kammyoonistukaarumaayi" kaadinyatthe bandhappettirunnathayi suraksha reportukal soochippikkunnu, athesamayam kaastro avaril palareyum-athaayath annibal escalaant, blass rokka-moscoyode anaavashyamaayi vishwastharaayi kanakkakki. 1962 maarchil kaastro ettavum pramukharaaya "pazhaya kammyoonistukaare" "vibhaageeyar" ennu mudrakuthi padaviyil ninnu neekkam cheythu. vyakthiparamaaya thalatthil, kaastro kooduthal kooduthal eakaanthanaayirunnu, cheey guvera kooduthal kooduthal soviyatt virudhanum chaina anukoolanumaayitheernnathil addehavumaayulla bandham vashalayi.
cuban misail prathisandhiyum soshyalisam munnott kondupokalum (1962-1968).
naatoyekkaal sainikamaayi durbalanaaya krishchev cubayil soviyatt aarr-12 mrbm aanava misailukal sthaapikkaan aagrahichu. vairudhyamundengilum, cubayude suraksha urappunalkukayum soshyalisathinte lakshyam vardhippikkukayum cheiyumennu vishwasichu kaastro sammathichu. rahasyamaayi ettedutha kaastro sahodaranmaar, guvera, dorticos, security cheef ramiro waldez ennivarkku maathrame muzhuvan padhathiyum ariyaamaayirunnulloo. aakasha nireekshanatthiloode ithu kandethiyappol, octoberil yuu.ezz. cubayilekku pookunna thirachil kappalukalkkayi oru dweep-vyaapee kwaarantain nadappaakkiyathu cuban misail prathisandhiykk kaaranamaayi. yuu.ezz. misailukal aakramanaathmakamaanennu kandenkilum avaa prathirodhaathmakamaanennu kaastro vaadichu. yuu. esinu nere aanava akramanam nadathumennu bheeshanippeduthaan kaastro khurshchevinodu abhyarthichu.ezz. cuba aakramikkappedendathaayum aanavayudham ozhivakkaan krishchev niraashanaayirunnu. kaastroye charchakalil ninnu ozhivaakki, athil yuu ennathinu pakaramaayi misailukal neekkam cheyyaan krishchev sammathichu.ezz. cuba aakramikkaathirikkaanulla prathibaddhathayum yuu ennu manassilacal.ezz. turkeyilum italiyilum ninnu avarude emarbmukal neekkam cheyyum. krishchev vanjichathaayi thonniya kaastro deshyappedukayum taamasiyaathe rogabadhithanaakukayum cheythu. anchu pooyint padhathi nirddeshicha kaastro yuu. yuu. aavasyappettu.ezz. uparodham avasanippikkuka, vimathare pinthunaykkunnathu avasanippikkuka, cuban vyomaathirthiyum praadeshika jalamekhalayum lamghikkunnathu avasanippikkuka, gwandanamo bay naavika thaavalathil ninnu pinmaaruka. eee aavasyangal yuu. enn. ezz sandarshikkunna sekrattari general yuu. enn. yuu. ykku munnil avatharippikkunnu.ezz. avare avaganikkukayum kaastro yuu. yeei anuvadikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythu.enn.'cubayile parisodhanaa samgham.
1963 februvariyil, yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr sandarshikkaan kshanichukondu khrushchevil ninnu castroic oru vyakthiparamaaya kathu labhichu. aazhathil sparshicha kaastro eprilil ethi anchu aazhcha thaamasichu. addeham 14 nagarangal sandarshikkukayum oru redu square rally abhisambodhana cheyyukayum cremlinil ninnu meyy dhina paredu kaanukayum mosco stettu yooniversittiyil ninnu oonarari doktarettu nedukayum lenin oordar labhikkuna aadya videsiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. 
puthiya aashayangalumayi kaastro cubayilekku madangi; soviyatt pathramaya praavdayil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond addeham "hooy", "revolsian" enniva oru puthiya dinapathramaaya "granma" aayi samyojippikkukayum cuban kaayikarangatthe valia nikshepathinu melnottam vahikkukayum athu anthaaraashtra kaayika prashasthi vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamavukayum cheythu. 15 num 26 num idayil praayamulla purushanmaar ozhikeyulla arcum kudiyettam thaalkkaalikamaayi anuvadikkaan sarkkar sammathichu, athuvazhi aayirakkanakkin athiraalikalil ninnu sarkkaarine mochippichu. 1963ll addehathinte amma marichu. cubayude pathrangalil addehathinte swakaarya jeevitam avasaanamaayi report cheyyappettathu ithaayirunnu. 1964ll kaastro moscoylake madangi, audyogikamaayi oru puthiya anchu varshathe panchasaara vyapara karaaril oppuvaykkukayum, joonn eph.-nte kolapaathakatthinte prathyaaghaathangal charcha cheyyukayum cheythu. kennidi. 1965 octoberil samyojitha viplava samghadanakal audyogikamaayi "cuban communist party" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum athinte kendrakammittiyile amgathvam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. 1965 muthal 2011 vare cuban communist party aadya sekrattariyaayi phidal kaastro sevanamanushtichu.
soviyatt samshayangalkkidayilum, aagola viplavathinum theevravaada idathupakshakkaarkku dhanasahayam nalkunnathinum kaastro ahvaanam thudarnnu. bolivia, peru, arjanteena ennee malambradeshangalil oru garilla prasthaanam sthaapikkaanulla parajayappetta padhathiyaaya cheey guverayude "andean projakttine" addeham pinthunakkukayum lokamembaadumulla viplava grouppukale, viyatt kong muthal black panthers vare cubayil pariseelikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. paashchaathya aadipathyamulla aphrica viplavathinu yogyamaanennu addeham kanakkaakkukayum manalyudhasamayathu aljeeriyayile ahamed benn bellayude soshyalist bharanakoodatthe sahayikkaan sainyatheyum vaidyanmaareyum ayakkukayum cheythu. congo-brasavilleyile alphons massemba-debathinte soshyalist sarkkaarumaayi addeham sakhyamundaakkukayum 1965ll paashchaathya pinthunayulla sarkkaarinethire viplavakaarikale parisheelippikkunnathinaayi congo-kinshasayilekku pookaan guvera kaastro adhikaarappeduthukayum cheythu. 1967 octoberil boleeviyayil guvera sii. aii. eiii pinthunayulla sainikar vadhichappol kaastro vyakthiparamayi thakarkkapettu, swantham surakshayodulla cheyude avagananayaan ithinu kaaranamenn parasyamaayi paranju. 1966ll kaastro havanayil aphrica, eshya, laattin america ennivayude oru thrikondantal sammelanam samghadippikkukayum loka vediyile oru pradhana kalikkaranaayi svayam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. eee sammelanathil ninnu, kaastro laattin american aikyadaartyam samghadana (olaas) srishtichu, athu "oru viplavathinte kadama viplavam srishtikkuka ennathaanu" enna mudraavaakyam sweekarichu, ithu laattin american viplava prasthaanatthinte havanayude neethrthwathe soochippikkunnu.
loka vediyil kaastroyude vardhichuvarunna punk ippol leonid breshnevinte neethrthwathil soviyattukalumaayulla addehathinte bandhathe vashalakki. cubayude swaathanthryam urappichukondu, aanavaayudhangalude nirvyaapana udambadi oppuvekkaan kaastro visammathichu, athine soviyatt-yuu aayi prakhyaapichu.ezz. moonnaam lokathil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaanulla sramam. 1968 januvariyil, moscoylake samsthaana rahasyangal kaimariyathinu adhehavum anuyaayikalum arast cheyyappettuvenkilum soviyatt-vishwastha annibal escalaant kaastroykkethire oru sarkkar shringhala samghadippikkaan thudangi. anusarikkanulla breshnevinte sammarddathodu kaastro aathyanthikamayi vazhangukayum 1968 augustil prague vasanthathe "phaasist pinthirippan kalapam" nayichathaayi apalapikkukayum checoslovakiayile soviyatt adhiniveshathe prashamsikkukayum cheythu. chainayude valia kuthippil swaadheenam cheluthiya kaastro 1968ll oru valia viplavakaramaaya akramanam prakhyapikkukayum bakkiyulla swakaarya udamasthathayilulla kadakalum bisinessukalum adachupoottukayum avarude udamakale muthalaalitha virudha viplavakaarikal ennu apalapikkukayum cheythu.
saambathika sthambhanavum moonnaam loka raashtreeyavum (1969-1974).
1969 januvariyil kaastro thante bharanakoodatthinte patthaam vaarshikam revolution squareil parasyamaayi aakhoshichu, eee avasaram upayogichu othukoodiya janakkoottathodu kuranja panchasaara ration sahikkaamo ennu chodikkukayum ithu raajyathinte saambathika prasnangal prathifalippikkukayum cheythu. panchasaara vilayude bhooribhaagavum yuu. ezz. ezz. aarilekk ayaykkukayaayirunnu, ennaal 1969 leeii vila oru chuzhalikkaatt moolam saaramaayi nashichu; vilaveduppu neettaan sarkkar puthuvalsara avadhi divasangal maattivachu. sainyathe karadu thayyaaraakkiyappol kaastroyum mattu niravadhi kaabinat manthrimaarum videsha nayathanthranjarum chernnu. ennirunnaalum aaa varshathe panchasaara ulppaadana kwaattayil raajyam parajayappettu. kaastro raaji vaykkaan parasyamaayi vaagdaanam cheythenkilum othukoodiya janakkoottam eee ashayathe apalapichu. cubayude saambathika prashnangalkkidayilum, kaastroyude pala saamoohika parishkaarangalum janapriyamaayi thudarnnu, vidyaabhyaasam, vaidyasahaayam, rooad nirmmaanam ennivayile "viplavathinte nettangale" janangal pradhaanamaayum pinthunachu, athupole thanne sarkkaarinte "nerittulla janadhipathyam" enna nayatheyum. cuba saambathika sahaayathinaayi soviyattukalilekku thirinju, 1970 muthal 1972 vare soviyatt saambathika vidagdhar cuban sambadvyavastha punarnirmmikkukayum samghadippikkukayum cheythu, cuban-soviyatt saambathika, shaasthreeya, saankethika sahakarana kammeeshan sthaapikkukayum cheythu, athesamayam soviyatt pradhaanamantri alexey cossigin 1971 ll sandarshichu. 1972 joolaiyil cuba soshyalist raajyangalude saambathika samghadanayaaya kaunsil phoor myoochwal economic asisttansil (komekkon) chernnu, ennirunnaalum ithu cubayude sambadvyavasthaye kaarshika ulppaadanathilekku kooduthal parimithappedutthi.
1970 meyy maasathil florida aasthaanamaayulla vimatha grouppaaya alfa 66 rund cuban malsyabandhana bottukal mukki avarude jeevanakkaare pidikoodi, cubayil thadavilulla alfa 66 amgangale mochippikkanamennu aavasyappettu. yuu keezhil.ezz. sammarddathil bandikale mochippikkukayum kaastro avare naayakanmaraayi swaagatham cheyyukayum cheythu. 1971 eprilil, vimatha kavi herberto padilla arast cheyyaan utharavittathinu kaastro anthaaraashtra apalapanam nedi. padilla rogabaadhithanaayappol kaastro addehathe ashupathriyil sandarshichu. thante kuttam parasyamaayi sammathichathin sheshamaan kavi mochithanaayath. taamasiyaathe, budhijeevikalum kalakaaranmaarum bharanakoodatthe pinthunaykkunnuvennu urappakkaan sarkkar deseeya saamskaarika kaunsil roopeekarichu. 1971 novemberil addeham chiliyilekku oru audyogika sandarshanam nadatthi, avide soshyalist president salvador alande oru idathupaksha sakhyathinte thalavanayi thiranjedukkappettu. prasamgangalum pathrasammelanangalum nadatthaan raajyam sandarshicha alandeyude soshyalist parishkaarangale kaastro pinthunachu. chilian sainyathile valathupaksha gadakangale samshayicha kaastro, oru attimarikk neethrthwam nalkunnathinumumbu iva shudheekarikkaan alnendinode upadeshichu. kaastro sariyaanennu theliyikkapettu; 1973-ll chiliyude sainyam oru attimarikk neethrthwam nalki, thiranjeduppu nirodhichu, aayirakkanakkin pere vadhichu, commander-inn-cheef august pinoshettinte neethrthwathil oru sainika bharanakoodatthe sthaapichu. soshyalist ginian president seco toorine kaanaan kaastro padinjaaran aafrikkayilekku purappettu, avide addeham ginian janataye avarudethaanu aafrikkayile ettavum mikacha nethaavu ennu ariyichu. thudarnnu addeham aafrikkayileyum yureshyayileyum mattu idathupaksha sakhyakakshikalaya aljiriya, bulgaria, hunkery, polandu, kizhakkan jarmmani, checoslovakia, soviyatt union ennivaye sandarshichu ezhu aazhchathe paryadanam nadatthi. oro yaathrayilum faaktarikalum krishiyidangalum sandarshikkukayum avarumaayi chaatt cheyyukayum thamasha parayukayum cheythukondu saadhaaranakkaarumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthaan addeham utsukanaayirunnu. eee gavanmentukale parasyamaayi valareyadhikam pinthunaykkunnundena, lokathinte mattu bhaagangalile viplava prasthaanangale, prathyekichu vietnaam yudhathil sahayikkaan kooduthal karyangal cheyyaan addeham avarodu abhyarthichu.
1973 septambaril chericheraatha prasthaanatthinte (naam) naalam uchakodiyil pankedukkunnathinaayi addeham aljiyersilekku madangi. cuba varso udambadiyumaayi yojichathaanennum athinaal sammelanathil pankedukkaruthennum avakaashappettukond vividha naam amgangal kaastroyude hajarnilaye vimarshichu, prathyekichum soviyatt union saamraajyathvaparamallenna addeham oru prasamgatthil prashamsichathinaal. 1973 octoberil israelum eejipt, syria ennivayude neethrthwathilulla arab sakhyavum thammil yoom kippoor yuddham pottippurappettappol, israel sainyam syrian pradeshathekku praveshikkunnathu thadayaan kaastroyude sarkkar 4,000 sainikare ayachu. 1974ll israel-palasteen samgharshathil palastheenikalodu perumariyathinum amerikkayumaayulla avarude vardhichuvarunna adutha bandhatthinum cuba israelumaayulla bandham vichedichu. ithu arab lokamembaadumulla nethaakkalil ninnu, prathyekichu libian soshyalist president muammar gadaafiyil ninnu addehathinu bahumanam nedikkodutthu, addeham addehathinte suhruthum sakhyakakshiyum aayi.
aaa varsham, pradhaanamaayum panchasaarayude uyarnna anthaaraashtra vila kaaranam cubike saambathika uthejanam labhichu, ennaal canada, arjanteena, padinjaaran yooroppinte chila bhagangal ennivayumaayulla puthiya vyapara kredittukal swaadheenichu. 1970leeii panchasaara vilaveduppinushesham saambathika nayam maariyath 1970kaliludaneelam cubayil uyarnna saambathika valarchaykku kaaranamaayi. ithinekkurichulla kanakkukal vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, ennaal loka baankil ninnulla oru yaadhaasthithika kanakk, eee kaalayalavile sharashari vaarshika kanakk 4.4 shathamaanamaayi rekhappeduthi. niravadhi laattin american samsthaanangal cubayude american samsthaanangalude samghadanayilekku (oo. eiii. ezz) veendum praveshanam aavasyappedaan thudangi. cubayude sarkkar cuban communist party aadya deseeya kongras ennu vilikkukayum athuvazhi cubayude soshyalist rashtramenna padavi audyogikamaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. soviyatt maathrkaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru puthiya bharanaghadana athu sweekarikkukayum presidentinteyum pradhaanamanthriyudeyum sthaanam nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. puthuthayi roopeekaricha samsthaana kaunsilinteyum manthrisabhayudeyum adhyakshasthaanam castro etteduthu, addehathe samsthaana medhaviyum sarkkar medhaviyum aakki.
(1976-2008).
1976 muthal 2008 vare stettu kaunsilinte presidentaayi phidal kaastro sevanamanushtichu. eee samayat addeham angolan aabhyanthara yuddham, mosambik aabhyanthara yuddham, ogaadan yuddham, laattin american viplavangal ennivayulppede niravadhi videsha yudhangalil pankedutthu. cubayude nethaavenna nilayil kaastro mattu budhimuttukalum nerittu, udaaharanathinu reegan kaalaghattatthil sambhavicha saambathika prathisandhi. athupole glastnostum perestroica (1980-1989) kaaranam soviyatt union cuba thammilulla bandham vashalaayikkondirunnu. 1990kalil aarambhicha kaastro prathyeka kaalaghattam ennariyappedunna saambathika prathisandhiyude kaalaghattatthil cuba nayichu. eee dashakathil cuban sambadvyavasthayil kaastro niravadhi mattangal varuthi. soviyattinte pinthuna pinvalichathinetthudarnna kaastro cuban soshyalisam parishkarichu. pink tide yugam (2000-2006) ennariyappedunna kaalaghattatthil cubike veneswellen president hugo shaavesil ninnu sahayam labhichu. 2006 juulai 31 nuu aarogyaparamaya kaaranangalal kaastro samsthaana kaunsilinte president enna nilayil thante sahodaran raulinu chumatala nalki. 2008 februvari 18-leeii kathil februvari 24-leeii deseeya assembly yogangalil kaunsil oof stettu president, commander, cheef ennee sthaanangal kaastro upekshichu.
videsha yudhangalum naam presidency (1975-1979).
saamraajyathva shringalayile ettavum durbalamaaya kanniyayi" africa kanakkakkiya kaastro, 1975 novemberil angolan aabhyantharayudhathil maarksist emplaye sahayikkaan 230 sainika upadeshtaakkalodu dakshinaafrikkayilekku utharavittu. yuu. eiii. eppol?ezz. dakshinaafrikka prathipakshamaya flnaykkum unitaykkum pinthuna shakthamaakkukayum kaastro 18,000 sainikare koodi angolayilekk ayaykkukayum ithu dakshinaafrikkaye pinwangan nirbandhithamaakkunnathil pradhana punk vahikkukayum cheythu. angolayilekk yaatra cheytha kaastro president augostinjo netto, giniyayude ahamed seco touur, ginia-bissoon president luis cabrell ennivarodoppam aakhoshichu, avide avar mosambik aabhyanthara yudhathil renamoykkethire mosambikkinte communist sarkkaarine pinthunaykkaan sammathichu. februvariyil, kaastro aljeeriya libia sandarshikkukayum thekkan yemanile maarksist sarkkarumaayulla charchayil pankedukkunnathinu munbu muammar gadaafikkoppam patthu divasam chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. avide ninnu addeham somalia, tanzania, mosambik, angola ennividangalilekku neengi, avide varnnavivechana kaalaghattatthile dakshinaafrikkaye athirkkunnathil cuba vahicha pankine naayakanayi janangal swaagatham cheythu.
1977ll somalia ethiopia aakramichathode ogaden yuddham pottipurappettu; somali president siad baareyude muun sakhyakakshiyaayirunna kaastro atharam nadapadiyekkurichu munnariyipp nalkukayum mengistu hail maariyathinte maarksist sarkkarinodu cuba paksham cherukayum cheythirunnu. abhiniveshamulla ethiopian sainyathe sahayikkaan addeham general arnaldo oochoovayude neethrthwathil sainyathe ayachu. somaalikale nirbandhicha sesham, mengistu ethiopian janathayude vimochana munnaniye adichamarthaan utharavittu, kaastro pinthunaykkaan visammathichu. 1979 joolaiyil anastasio somosa debeyilinte nirgwan valathupaksha sarkkaarine attimarichathil laattin american viplava prasthaanangalaaya saandinista naashanal liberation frontine kaastro pinthunachu. eee sainika sramangalil cuban sarkkar jeevan paazhaakkukayaanennu kaastroyude vimarshakar aaropichu; kaastro virudha kartej foundeshan dhanasahaayathode pravartthikkunna oru swatantra cubayude kendram videsha cuban sainika nadapadikalil ekadesham 14,000 cubacar kollappettathayi avakashappettu.
1979ll, chericheraatha prasthaanatthinte (naam) sammelanam havanayil nadannu, avide 1982 vare addeham vahicha sthaanamaaya naam presidentaayi kaastro thiranjedukkappettu. naamu, cuba ennivayude president enna nilayil addeham 1979 octoberil ikyaraashtra pothusabhayil prathyakshappedukayum lokathile sambannarum daridrarum thammilulla asamathvathekkurichu oru prasangam nadathukayum cheythu. cuba yuu. esil ninnu vittuninnathinaal naamile addehathinte nilaykk kedupaadukal sambhavichuvenkilum mattu lokanethaakkalil ninnu addehathinte prasangam valareyadhikam kayyadi kondu swaagatham cheyyappettu.enn.'soviyatt-afghan yudhathe potusabha apalapichu. meksikkan president luis echeveria, canaden pradhaanamantri piyari trudeau, yuu. ezz. ennivarkku keezhil vadakke amerikkayiludaneelamulla cubayude bandham mechappettu.ezz. president jimmy carter. cubayude manushyavakaasha lamghanangale carter vimarshikkunnath thudarnnenkilum kaastroyude shradha nediya manyamaaya sameepanam sweekarichu. carter nalla ardhavum aathmaarthathayum ullayaalaanenn kanakkileduthu, carter chila rashtreeya thadavukaare mochippikkukayum chila cuban naadukadatthappettavare dveepile bandhukkale sandarshikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu, carter saambathika uparodham nirthalaakkumennum theevravaada vimatharkulla cia pinthuna avasaanippikkumennum pratheekshichukondu.
reegan gorbachevum (1980-1990).
1980kalode panchasaarayude vipani vilayilundaaya idivum 1979leeii vilaveduppilum undaaya thakarchayum moolam cubayude sambadvyavastha veendum prathisandhiyilayi. panatthinaayi niraasanaaya cubayude sarkkar deseeya shekharangalil ninnulla paintingukal rahasyamaayi vilkkukayum niyamavirudhamaayi ningalkk vyapaaram nadathukayum cheythu.ezz. panaama vazhi electronic saadhanangal. vardhichuvarunna cubacar floridayilekku palayanam cheythu, avare kaastro "scum" ennu vilichirunnu. oru sambhavathil, 10,000 cubacar abhayam abhyarthichu peruvian embassy aakramichu, angane yuu.ezz. 3, 500 abhayaardhikale sweekarikkumennu avar sammathichu. pookaan aagrahikkunnavarkk maariyel thuramukhathu ninnu angane cheyyaamennu kaastro sammathichu. yuu. esil ninnu noorukanakkinu bottukal ethi.ezz.120, 000 perude kootta palaayanathilekku nayichu; floridayilekku uddeshicha bottukalil kuttavaalikaleyum maanasikarogikaleyum kayattikkond kaastroyude sarkkar sahacharyam muthaledutthu. 1980ll ronald reegan yuu aayi.ezz. presidentum thudarnnu kaastro virudha sameepanam pinthudarukayum 1981 aayappozhekkum kaastro yuu. esinethire kuttaaropanam nadathukayum cheythu.ezz. kyoobaykkethiraaya jaivayudham.
arjanteenayude valathupaksha sainika bharanakoodatthe verukkunnundenkilum, 1982ll yunaittad kingdatthinethiraaya faclands yudhathil kaastro avare pinthunaykkukayum arjanteenakkaarkku sainika sahayam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1979ll grenadile adikaaram pidichedukkukayum raajyathinte vikasanathe sahayikkaan doctormare adhyapakareyum saankethika vidagthareyum ayaykkukayum grenadine president mouris bishappumaayi sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum cheytha idathupaksha puthiya ratna prasthaanatthe kaastro pinthunachu. 1983 octoberil soviyatt pinthunayulla oru attimariyil kadutha maarksist bernard coord bishappine kolappeduthiyathinushesham, kaastro shradhaapoorvvam grenada sarkkaarine pinthunachu. ennirunnaalum, yuu.ezz. dweep akramikkunnathinulla oru adisthaanamaayi attimari upayogichu. cuban nirmmaana thozhilaallikal samgharshathil marichu, kaastro adhiniveshathe apalapikkukayum yuu. esine thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu.ezz. naasi jarmmani. kaastro oru yuye bhayapettu.ezz. nikkaargvayude adhinivesham nadatthi, bharanakakshiyaya saandinisttakale garilla yudhathil parisheelippikkaan arnaldo oochoovaye ayachu, pakshe soviyatt yooniyanil ninnu kaaryamaaya pinthuna labhichilla.
1985ll mikhaayil gorbachev soviyatt yooniyante communist party general sekrattariyaayi. oru parishkarthaavaaya addeham soshyalisathe shakthippeduthaanulla shramathil maadhyamaswaathanthryavum ("glassnost") saambathika vikendreekaranavum ("perestroica") vardhippikkunnathinulla nadapadikal nadappaakki. pala yaadhaasthithika maarksist vimarsakareyum pole, parishkaarangal soshyalist raashtrathe durbalappeduthumennum muthalaalitha gadakangale niyanthranam veendedukkaan anuvadikkumennum kaastro bhayapettu. gorbachev yuu. yodu sammathichu.ezz. cuba-soviyatt union bandham vashalaayathode kyoobaykkulla pinthuna kuraykkanamennu avar aavashyappedunnu. 1989 eprilil gorbachev cuba sandarshichappol, "perestroica" ennaal cubayude subsidikal avasaanippikkukayaanenna addeham kaastroye ariyichu. soviyatt udaaharanathinu anusrithamaayi udaaravalkkaranathinulla ahvaanangal avaganicha kaastro aabhyanthara vimatharkkethire adichamarthal thudarnnu, prathyekichu sarkkaarin praadhamika bheeshaniyaaya sainyathe nireekshichu. kokkeyn kallakkadathile azhimathikkum pankaalitthatthinum oochoova, tonny dii laa guardia ennivayulppede niravadhi muthirnna sainika udyogasthare anweshikkukayum 1989 ll vichaarana cheyyukayum vadikkukayum cheythu. 1985 octoberil addehathinu nalkia vaidyopadeshaprakaaram, kaastro pathivayi cuban sigaratt valikkunnath upekshichu, ithu bakkiyulla janangalkk oru maathruka srishtikkaan sahayichu. moonnaam loka kadaprashnam apalapichukondu kaastro aaveshabharithanaayi, onnaam loka baankukalum sarkkaarukalum athil chumathiya kadathil ninnu moonnaam lokathinu orikkalum raksha labhikkillenn vaadichu. 1985ll loka kadaprashnam sambandhichu hawanah anchu anthaaraashtra sammelanangalkku aathidheyathvam vahichu.
1987 navambarode, maarksistukal pinwangia angolan aabhyanthara yudhathinaayi kaastro kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkaan thudangi. angolan president jose edwardo doses santos kooduthal cuban sainikare vijayakaramaayi abhyarthichu, oru vijayam varnnavivechanathinte thakarchayilekku nayikkumennu vishwasichu aabhyanthara saahacharyathekkaal kooduthal samayam angolaykkaanu neekkivechathennu kaastro pinneedu sammathichu. eee samgharsham charchakaliloode avasaanippikkanamenn gorbachev aavasyappedukayum 1988ll yuu. ezz. ezz. aarr. yuu. thammil oru chathurpartta charcha samghadippikkukayum cheythu.ezz.cuba dakshinaafrikkayum; ellah videsha sainikarum angolayil ninnu pinmaarumenn avar sammathichu. lokathile paavappettavarude duravastha upekshichukondu thaan dayaavadhathinu anukoolamaanennu vishwasicha gorbachevinte sameepanathil kaastro roshakulanaayi. kizhakkan europil, 1989num 1991num idayil soshyalist sarkkarukal muthalaalitha parishkartthaakkalude kayyilaayi, cubayilum pala paashchaathya nireekshakarum ithu pratheekshichirunnu. noriyegayodulla kaastroyude vyakthiparamaaya vidvesham undaayirunnittum cuba panaamayile maanuval noriyegayude valathupaksha sarkkarumaayulla bandham mechappeduthi-pakshe yuu. esil athu attimarikkapettu.ezz. 1989 desemberile adhinivesham. 1990 februvariyil, nikkaargvayile kaastroyude sakhyakakshikalaya president danielle oorttegayum sandinistasum yuu. esinode parajayappettu.ezz.-oru thiranjeduppil deseeya prathipaksha union dhanasahayam nalki. kizhakkan blokkinte thakarchayode, yuu.ezz. swittsarlandile jineevayile aikyaraashtrasabhayude manushyavakaasha commissionil cubayude manushyavakaasha lamghanangale apalapikkunna prameyathinu bhooripaksham vottu labhichu. ithu yuu yude prakadanamaanennu cuba vaadichu.ezz. aadhipathyam pulartthukayum oru anweshana prathinidhi samghathe raajyathekku praveshikkaan anuvadikkaan visammathikkukayum cheythu.
prathyeka kaalayalav (1991-2000).
kizhakkan blockil ninnulla anukoola vyapaaram avasaanichathode cuba samadhaanathinte oru prathyeka kaalaghattatthilekku praveshikkukayaanennu kaastro parasyamaayi prakhyaapichu."petrol ration ganyamaayi kuranju, kaarukalkk pakaram chainees cycleukal irakkumathi cheythu, athyaavashyamallaatha jolikal cheiyunna faaktarikal adachupootti. tractors pakaram kaalakal varaan thudangi, viraku paachakatthinu upayogikkaan thudangi, koodaathe oru divasam 16 manikkoor vaidyuthi mudakkavum earppeduthi. thuranna yudhathinekkaal moshamaaya sahacharyam cuba nerittuvennum raajyathin upajeevana krishiye aashrayikkendivarumennum kaastro sammathichu. 1992 aayappozhekkum, valia bhakshyakshamam, vyapakamaaya poshakaahaarakkurav, adisthaana charakkukalude abhavam ennivayumaayi cuban sambadvyavastha rund varshathinullil 40 sathamaanathiladhikam idinju. ussril marxism-leninism punasthaapikkappedumenna kaastro pratheekshichirunnuvena 1991leeii aaa raajyathe attimari pinthunaykkunnathil ninnu vittuninnu. gorbachev niyanthranam veendeduthappol cuba-soviyatt bandham kooduthal vashalaavukayum 1991 septambaril soviyatt sainyam pinvalikkappedukayum cheythu. desemberil boris yeltsin soviyatt yooniyante communist party nirthalaakkukayum oru muthalaalitha multy party janadhipathyam avatharippikkukayum cheythathode soviyatt union audyogikamaayi thakarkkapettu. yeltsin kaastroye verukkukayum miyami aasthaanamaayulla cuban american naashanal foundeshanumaayi bandham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. muthalaalitha rajyangalumaayulla bandham mechappeduthaan kaastro shramichu. addeham paashchaathya raashtreeyakkaareyum nikshepakareyum cubayilekku swaagatham cheyyukayum maanuval fraagayumaayi sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum yuu. esile maargarat thaacharude nayangalil prathyeka thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum cheythu.keey.kuranja nikuthikkum vyakthiparamaaya samrambathinum avar nalkia oonnalil ninnu cuban soshyalisathinu padikkaan kazhiyumennu vishwasichu. addeham videsha theevravaadikalkkulla pinthuna avasanippikkukayum 1994leeii columbia sandarshanathil faarkkine prashamsikkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum 1995ll saapattistakalum meksikkan sarkkarum thammil charchakaliloode othutheerppinu ahvaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. parasyamaayi, addeham svayam loka vediyil oru mithavaadiyaayi avatharippichu.
1991ll, hawanah paan-american gamesinu aathidheyathvam vahichu, athil oru stadiyathinte nirmmanavum athlattukalkkulla thaamasavum ulppedunnu; ithu chelaveria thettaanenn kaastro sammathichu, pakshe ithu cubayude sarkkaarin vijayamayirunnu. janakkoottam pathivayi "phidal!" ennu nilavilichirunnu. phidal!"videsha pathrapravarthakarkku munnil, cuba yuu. esine paraajayappedutthiya aadyathe laattin american rajyamaayi maari.ezz. swarnna medel tablinte mukalilekku. kaastroykkulla pinthuna shakthamayi thudarnnu, cheria sarkkar virudha prakadanangal nadannengilum, cuban prathipaksham sayudha kalaapathinulla pravasa samoohathinte ahvaanangal nirasichu. 1994 augustil cuban charithratthile ettavum gurutharamaaya kaastro virudha prakadanam havanayil nadannu, 200 muthal 300 vare yuvakkal miyaamiyilekk kudiyeraan anuvadikkanamennu aavasyappettu poleesinu nere kalleriyaan thudangi. oru valia castro anukoola janakkoottam avare abhimukeekarikkukayum castroicoppam cherukayum avar ningale thettidharippicha saamoohika virudharaanennu maadhyamangale ariyikkukayum cheythu.ezz. maadyamangal. rekhappeduthiya parikkukalonnumillaathe prathishedham chithari. vimatha grouppukal akramikkum enna bhayann, sarkkar "ellah janangaludeyum yuddham" prathirodha thanthram samghadippikkukayum vyapakamaaya garilla yuddha pracharanam aasoothranam cheyyukayum thozhillillaathavarkku raajyathudaneelam bankarukaludeyum thurankangaludeyum shringhala nirmmikkunna jolikal nalkukayum cheythu.
ippol muthalaalitha swathanthravipanikal aadhipathyam pulartthunna oru lokath cuban soshyalisam nilanilkkanamenkil parishkaranatthinte aavasyakatha kaastro thiricharinju. 1991 octoberil cuban communist party naalaamathe kongras santiagoyil nadannu, athil sarkkaaril niravadhi supradhana mattangal prakhyaapichu. kaastro communist party thalavanayum sayudha senayude commander-inn-cheefaayum thudarumenkilum, kaastro sarkkar medhavi sthaanam raajivachu, pakaram valare ilaya carlos laag sthaanamozhiyunnu. sarkkaarile niravadhi muthirnna amgangale viramikkukayum avarude ilaya athiraalikale niyamikkukayum cheyyendathaayirunnu. niravadhi saambathika mattangal nirddeshikkappedukayum pinneedu oru deseeya hitaparisodhanaykku vidheyamaakkukayum cheythu. saambathika valarchaye uthejippikkunnathinu shramathil swatantra karshaka vipanikalum cherukida swakaarya samrambhangalum niyamavidheyamaakkum.ezz. dollar niyamaparamaaya tender aakki. kudiyettatthinulla chila niyanthranangal laghookarikkukayum kooduthal asamthriptharaaya cuban pouranmaare amerikkayilekku marran anuvadikkukayum cheythu. deseeya asambliyile amgangale munisippal, pravishya asamblikaliloodeyalla, marichu janangal nerittu thiranjedukkunnathiloode kooduthal janaadhipathyavalkkaranam konduvarendathaayirunnu. parishkaarangalude vakthaakkalum athiraalikalum thammilulla charchaye kaastro swaagatham cheythu, ennirunnaalum kaalakramena ethiraaliyude nilapaadukalodu kooduthal anubhavam prakadippikkaan thudangi, atharam parishkaarangal vaikanamennu addeham vaadichu.
kaastroyude sarkkar athinte sambadvyavasthaye biotechnologyilekkum tourisathilekkum vaividyavalkkarikkaan theerumaanichu, randaamathethu 1995 ll cubayude panchasaara vyavasaayathe athinte praadhamika varumaana srotassaayi marikadannu. aayirakkanakkin meksikkan, spanish vinodasanchaarikalude varavu cubecarude ennam veshyaavrithiyilekku tirian kaaranamaayi; audyogikamaayi niyamavirudhamaaya kaastro, rashtreeya thirichadi bhayann cubayile veshyaavrithikkethire nadapadiyedukkunnathil ninnu vittuninnu. saambathika budhimuttukal pala cubecareyum roman catholica mathathilekkum saanteeriyayude samanvaya vishwaasathilekkum tirian prerippichu. mathavishwaasam pinnokkamaanennu addeham deerghakaalamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum, palliyodum mathasthaapanangalodum ulla sameepanam kaastro mridumaakki, athu konduvaraan kazhiyunna maanasika aashvaasam addeham amgeekarikkukayum mathavishwaasikale aadyamaayi communist partyil cheraan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. roman catholica sabhaye oru pinthirippan, muthalaalitha anukoola sthaapanamaayi addeham kanduvenkilum, 1998 januvariyil nadanna joonn pooll randaaman maarppaappayude cuba sandarshanam samghadippikkaan kaastro theerumaanichu; aathyanthikamayi, athu cubayile sabhayudeyum kaastroyude sarkkaarinteyum sthaanam shakthippeduthi.
1990 kalude thudakkathil, prakrithivibhavangalude pazhakkalinum aagolathapanathinum ethire pracharanam nadatthi kaastro paristhithivaadam sweekarikkukayum yuu. esine kuttappeduthukayum cheythu.ezz. lokathile pradhana malineekaranakaariyaayitheeka. addehathinte gavanmentinte paristhithi nayangal valare phalapradamaanennu theliyikkum; 2006 aayappozhekkum, aalohari paaristhithika kaalppaadukal 1.8 hectoril thaazheyum 2007 ll 0.8 ll kooduthalumaaya susthira vikasanathekurichulla dablyu. dablyu. ephinte nirvachanam paalicha lokathile eaka rajyamaayirunnu cuba. athupole, castro aagolavalkkarana virudha prasthaanatthinte vakthavaayi maari. addeham ningale vimarshichu.ezz. aagola aadhipathyavum bahurashtra kambanikal cheluthunna niyanthranavum. kaastro thante bhakthiparamaya varnnavivechana virudha vishwaasangalum nilanirtthi, 1991 juulai 26 leeii aakhoshangalil, aduthide jayilil ninnu mochithanaaya dakshinaafrikkan rashtreeya pravarthakanaaya nelson mandela castroicoppam vediyil chernnu. angolayil dakshinaafrikkaykethire pooraadunnathil cubayude pankaalitthatthe mandela prashamsikkukayum castroic vyakthiparamayi nandi parayukayum cheythu. pinneedu 1994ll dakshinaafrikkayude president enna nilayil mandelayude udghaadanachadangil addeham pankedukkukayum 2001ll dakshinaafrikkayile vamsheeyathaykkethiraya sammelanathil pankedukkukayum avide amerikkayiloodeyulla vamseeya steeriyodaippukalude aagola vyaapanathekkurich prabhashanam nadathukayum cheythu.ezz. sinima.
pink veliyettam (2000-2006).
saambathika prasnangalil kudungiya cuba 1999ll veneswellen presidentiyilekku soshyalistum saamraajyathva virudhanumaaya hugo shavez thiranjedukkunnathiloode sahayikkum. 2000ll kaastroyum shavez oru karaaril oppuvachu, athiloode cuba 20,000 vaidyanmaare venaswelayilekku ayaykkum, pakaram prathidinam 53,000 barrell enna munganana nirakkil labikkum; 2004ll, eee vyapaaram sakthamaakki, cuba 40,000 vaidyanmaareyum veneswella 90,000 barrell prathidinavum ayachu. athe varsham thanne, oro rajyathuninnumulla 300,000 perkku soujanya netra sasthrakriyakal nalkaan lakshyamitulla oru samyuktha medical padhathiyaaya "mission milagro" kaastro aarambhichu. eee sakhyam cuban sambadvyavasthaye shakthippeduthi, 2005 meyy maasathil kaastro 16 laksham thozhilaallikalude minimum vethanam erattiyaakkukayum pension vardhippikkukayum cubayile ettavum daridraraaya nivaasikalkk puthiya adukkala upakaranangal vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu. chila saambathika prasnangal nilaninnu; 2004ll indhanakshaamathinte prathisandhi nikathunnathinaayi steel plaantukal, panchasaara millukal, paper prosessorukal ennivayulppede 118 faaktarikal kaastro adachupootti.
ellah laattin american viplavakaarikaludeyum muthachan" ennaanu boleeviyayile ivo morals addehathe visheshippichathu. cuba niravadhi idathupaksha laattin american raajyangalum thammilulla mechappetta bandhathinu vipareethamaayi, 2000-ll cuban president phidal kaastroye vadhikkan shramichuvennu aaropich naalu cuban naadukadathappettavarkku madhyavarga president miria moscoso mapp nalkiyathinetthudarnnu 2004-ll panamayumaayulla nayatantra bandham vichedikkappettu. idathu president martin torrijosinte thiranjeduppinetthudarnna 2005-ll nayatantra bandhangal punasthaapichu.
laattin amerikkayiludaneelam kaastroyude mechappetta bandhangalkk oppam yuu. esinode thudarchayaaya sathruthayum undaayirunnu.ezz. ennirunnaalum, 2001-ll maikkal chuzhalikkaatt moolamundaaya vann naashanashtangalkk sesham, amerikkayil ninnu ottathavana panam vaangunna bhakshanam kaastro vijayakaramaayi nirddeshichu.ezz. athesamayam, sarkkaarinte maanushika sahaaya vaagdaanam nirasikkunnu. kaastro yuu. esinode aikyadaartyam prakadippichu.ezz. 2001 septambar 11leeii aakramanathethudarnnu, alkhvaydaye apalapikkukayum cuban vimaanathavalangal eathenkilum yuu. esinte adiyanthara vazhithirichuvidalinu vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu.ezz. vimanangal. akramanangal ningale prakopippikkumennu addeham thiricharinju.ezz. videsanayam kooduthal aakramanathmakavum prathikoolamaayathumaanennu addeham vishwasikkukayum cheythu.
1998-ll pathinaar caribean raajyangalude uchakodiyil, caribean rajyangal thammilulla sahakaranm shakthippeduthiyaal maathrame aagola sambadvyavasthayil sambanna raajyangalude aadhipathyam thadayaanaakoo ennu paranjukondu praadeshika aikyathin kaastro ahvaanam cheythu. america vyapara vaagdaanangal lamghichuvennu aaropikkunna cubayude phidal kaastroye caribean rajyangal sweekarichu. aduthide vare oru praadeshika bahishkrithanaayirunna kaastro caribean rajyangalkkulla graantukalum skolarshippukalum vardhippikkumbol kazhinja anchu varshathinide avarkkulla njangalude sahayam 25 sathamaanam kuranju. cuba caribean samoohathil antigwa, barbuda, dominica, surinam, sent vinsent, grenadines ennivayulppede naalu adhika embassykal thurannu. eee vikasanam caribean samoohathinte ellah swatantra raajyangalilum embassykal ulla eaka rajyamaayi cuba maattunnu.
muun canadian pradhaanamantri piyari trudeaude suhruthaayi ariyappettirunna kaastro 2000 octoberil trudeaude shavasamskara chadangil oonarari paal vahichirunnu. trudeau padavi vittathinushesham maranam vare avar sauhrudam thudarnnu. cubayumaayi parasyamaayi vyapaaram nadatthiya aadyathe american sakhyakakshikalilonnaayanu canada maariyath. cubike ippozhum kaanadayumaayi nalla bandhamund. 1998 epril 20nuu canaden pradhaanamantri jeane cretian president kaastroye kaananum avarude adutha bandhangal eduthukaanikkaanum cubayilethi. 1976 juulai 16 nuu piyari trudeau havanayil undaayirunnathinu sesham dweep sandarshikkunna aadya canadian sarkkar nethaavaanu addeham.
thaazhekku povuka (2006-2008).
2006 juulai 31 nuu kaastro thante ellah chumathalakalum sahodaran raulinu kaimari; phidal shasthrakriyayil ninnu sukham praapikkumbol eee kaimaattam oru thaalkkaalika nadapadiyaayi visheshippikkappettu. 2007 februvari avasaanathode phidal hugo shaavesinte radio shhow "aloo president" lake vilikkukayum eprilil castro "eathaandu poornnamaayum sukham praapichuvennu" shavez maadyamangalodu parayukayum cheythu. epril 21 nuu chainees communist party poolit beuroyile vuu gwanshengine castro kandumutty, augustil shavez sandarshikkukayum septambaril dhaarmikathayekkurichu samsaarikkukayum cheythu. kaastroyude veendedukkalinekkurichu oru abhipraayamaayi, yuu.ezz. president jorjju dablyu. bush paranju "oru divasam nalla karthaav phidal kaastroye kondupovum". ithinekkurichu ketta nireeshwaravaadiyaaya kaastro virodhaabhaasathode marupadi nalkki "bushinte padhathikale njaan athijeevichathu enthukondaanennum enne vadhikkan utharavitta mattu prasidantumaar nadatthiya padhathikalekkurichum ippol enikku manassilaayi nallavan enne samrakshichu."eee udharani pinneedu loka maadyamangal ettedukkum.
2008 februvari 18-leeii oru kathil, februvari 24-leeii deseeya assembly yogangalil kaunsil oof stettu presidentinteyum commander inn cheefinteyum sthaanangal sweekarikkillennu kaastro prakhyaapichu, thante aarogyamaan thante theerumaanathinu praadhamika kaaranamenn prasthaavichu, "chalanaseshiyum poornnamaaya bhakthiyum aavasyamulla oru utharavaaditham ettedukkunnathu ente manassakshiye vanchikkum, njaan nalkaan shaareerikaavasthayilalla". 2008 februvari 24nuu peeples power deseeya assembly rauline presidentaayi ekakandamaayi vottu cheythu. thante sahodarane "pakarakkaranalla" ennu visheshippicha raul, 597 deseeya assembly amgangal ekakandamaayi amgeekaricha prameyamaaya valia praadhaanyamulla kaaryangalil phidal koodiyaalochikkunnathu thudarumennu nirddeshichu.

