
ardha karar

oru ardha karar (allengil niyamaparamaaya karar allengil kriyaathmaka karar) oru kodathi amgeekaricha oru saangalppika karaaraan. oru ardha karar enna ashayam roman niyamathil ninnu kandethaam, ippozhum chila aadhunika niyama samvidaanangalil upayogikkunna oru aashayamaanith. mattoru vyakthiyude nashtatthil ninnu oru manushyan sambannanaakaan paadillennu prakhyaapikkunna "nemo debett lokuplettari ex aliana jactura" enna laattin prasthavanayil ninnaan ardha karar niyamangal nirnnayikkappettath. roman niyamatthinte kendra sidhaanthangalilonnaayinu ithu.
charithram.
pothu niyama adikaaraparidhiyil, ardha karaarinte niyamam "indebittattas assumpsit" ennariyappedunna madhyakala pravartthana roopathil kandethaam. saaraamshathil, prathi prathi nalkaamennu vaagdaanam cheythathupole vaadi prathikkethire ninnu oru panam veendedukkum athaayath, kakshikalkkidayil nilanilkkunna oru karar ullathupole. prathiyude vaagdaanam-"karar" anusarikkanulla avarude karar-niyamaprakaaram soochippichathaanu. ardha karar niyamam saadhaaranayaayi thirichadavu baadyathakal nadappilakkaan upayogichirunnu.
indebittattas assumpsit" ennariyappedunna pravartthanatthinte roopathil saadhaarana pana kanakkukal ennariyappedunna vividha upa roopangal ulppeduthi. ardha karar niyamatthinte pilkkala vikasanathinu ivayil ettavum pradhaanappettava ivayaanu (i) panathinaayulla nadapadikal vaadiyude upayogathinu sweekarikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu; (ii) prathiyude upayogathinu nalkia panatthinulla nadapadikal; (iii) "kwaandam meruit"; (iv) "kwaandam vaalebant".
ippol anyayamaaya sambushteekaranam ennu vilikkappedunna karyangal pariharikkunnathin ardha karar nadapadikal saadhaaranayaayi (pakshe mathramaayittalla) upayogichirunnu. mikka saadhaarana niyama adhikaaraparidhiyilum ardha karar niyamam anyayamaaya sambushteekarana niyamam marikadannittundu.
ardha karar karar.
oru ardha karar vaasthavathil soochippikkunna oru karaaril ninnu vyathyasthamaan, mathramalla vyakthamaayi amgeekaricha karaaril ninnu verthirikkappedaam.