naikk-ex

sheethayudhakaalathu soviyatt yooniyante bhookhandaanthara baalistik misail (aii. sii. bii. emm) kappalppadayude akramanangalil ninnu amerikkayile pradhana nagarangale samrakshikkunnathinaayi 1960-kalil yunaittad stetts sainyam roopakalppana cheytha baalistik misail (eiii. bii. emm) virudha samvidaanamaanu naikk-ex. perilulla x athinte pareekshanathmaka adisthaanathe paraamarsikkukayum sisttam uthppaadippikkumbol kooduthal anuyojyamaaya peru upayogichu maattisthaapikkendathum. ithu orikkalum nadannilla; 1967-ll naikk-ex prograam raddaakkukayum pakaram centinal ennariyappedunna valare bharam kuranja prathirodha samvidaanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
munbathe naikk siyas sisttathinte parimithikalkk marupadiyaayaanu naikk-ex sisttam vikasippichath. siyasinte radaarukalkk orotta lakshyam maathrame tracuchaian kazhiyoo, naalu aii. sii. bii. emm. kall maathram ulla oru salvoic oru siyas aditharayil ethaan 90 sathamaanam saadhyathayundennu kanakkakkappettu. aakramanakaarikalkk radar reflectorukaloo uyarnna uyarathilulla aanava spodanangalo upayogichu aayudangal aakramanathinu valare aduthethunnathuvare avaye marachuvekkaanum kazhiyum, ithu orotta warhead akramanam vijayikkaan saadhyathayund. pinthunachu avasaanathil soviyattukalkk eathaanum dussen misailukal maathramundaayirunnappol syoos upayogapradamaakumaayirunnu, ennaal neenduninnengilum thudakkathil avaykku noorukanakkinu misailukal undaakumenn vishwasichappol athu prayojanappedumaayirunnil.
uyarathinu thaazheyulla athivegam kattiyakunna anthareeksham reflectorukaleyum spodanangaleyum thadassappeduthi ennathaanu naikk-ex-lake nayicha pradhana ashayam. shatru aayudangal eee uyarathil ninnu thaazhekku erangunnathu vare kaathirikkaanum sprint ennariyappedunna valare vegathayeriya misail upayogichu avare akramikkaanum naikk-ex uddeshichu. muzhuvan vivaahanischayavum kurachu sekkantukal maathrame neendunilkkoo, athu ethra kuranjaalum nadakkaam. aavashyamaaya vegathayum krithyathayum nalkunnathinum multy-warhead aakramanangale neridunnathinum, naikk-ex oru puthiya radar samvidaanavum building-filling computerukalum upayogichu, athu oresamayam noorukanakkinu vasthukkale tracucheyyanum niravadhi sprintukalude salvo niyantrikkaanum kazhiyum. samvidaanathe marikadakkaan niravadhi dussen thokkukal ore samayam varendathundu.
prathirodha vakuppinte motham vaarshika bajattinte adisthaanathil oru samboornna vinyaasam nirmmikkunnath valare chelaveriyathaayirunne. prathirodha sekrattari roobert mcnamara, vila nyaayeekarikkan kazhiyillennu vishwasikkukayum athu kooduthal aanavaayudha malsarathilekku nayikkumennu aashankappedukayum cheythu. parimithamaaya ennam interceptarukal ippozhum sainikamaayi upayogapradamaayekkaavunna vinyasangal pariganikkaan addeham teamukalkk nirddesham nalki. ivayil, valare parimithamaaya akramanangalil ninnu bharam kuranja prathirodham nirmmikkaan aii-67 ashayam nirddeshichu. 1967 juunil peeples republic oof chaina avarude aadyathe echu-bomb pottitherichappol, chainees aakramanathinethiraaya prathirodhamaayi aii-67 prothsaahippikkappedum octoberil eee samvidaanam kaavalkkaaranaayi maarukayum cheythu. naikk-ex vikasanam, athinte yadhaartha roopathil avasaanichu.
charithram.
naikk sease.
1955ll us sainyam icbmukale thadayunnathinaayi avarude naikk bii uparithala-tuu-eyar misail (saam) baalistik virudha misailaayi kooduthal naveekarikkaanulla saadhyatha pariganikkaan thudangi. naikkinte praadhamika kararukaaranaaya bell laabukalodu eee vishayam padikkaan aavasyappettu. misail thaarathamyena eluppathil aavashyamaaya prakadanatthilekku upgraded cheyyaan kazhiyumennu soochippikkunna oru report bell nalki, ennaal misail vikshepikkaan samayam nalkaan valare akaleyaayirikkumbol warhead kandethaan systethinu valare sakthamaaya radar samvidaanangal aavashyamaayi varum. ithellaam aadhunikaavasthayilaanennu thonnukayum 1957-nte thudakkathil naikk II ennariyappettirunna onnu vikasippikkaan bellinu anumathi nalkukayum cheythu. sainyavum vyomasena thammilulla ganyamaaya anthar sevana sathrutha naikk II veendum nirvachikkappedunnathinum niravadhi thavana vaikunnathinum kaaranamaayi. 1957 avasaanathode aadyathe soviyatt aii. sii. bii. emm. aaya aarr-7 semiorca vikshepichathinu sesham eee thadassangal mattivekkappettu. siyas enna peru nalkikkond design kooduthal naveekarikkukayum vikasanathinu ettavum uyarnna munganana nalkukayum cheythu.
syoos athinu munbulla rund naikk saam designukalkku samanamaayirunnu. lakshyangal edukkaan deerghadoora thirayal radar, lakshyavum interceptar misailukalum tracuchaian prathyeka radaarukal, intersept pooyintukal kanakkakkaan oru computer enniva upayogichu. herculesumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol munkaala roopakalppanakalekkaal valare valuthaanu misail. oru shock tharamgam vahikkaan cheria anthareeksham ulla uyarathil oru kollan urappakkaan, athu 400 kilottan (kedi) warhead gadippichu. thirayal radar oru thirinja trikonamaayirunnu, akaleyaayirikkumbol thanne warheadukal edukkaan kazhiyum, ithu oru saadhaarana warheadinte cheria valippam kanakkiledukkumbol prathyekichum budhimuttulla oru prasnamaanu. oru puthiya traansistaraisd digital computer sanjarikkunna aayudhangalkkethiraaya intersepttukalkkulla traaktarikal kanakkakkaan aavashyamaaya prakadanam vaagdaanam cheythu.
1959ll vaitt sands misail renchil (dablyu. ezz. emm. aarr) syoos misail pareekshikkaan thudangi, aadyakaala vikshepanangal pothuve vijayakaramaayirunnu. naavika vyomakendramaaya muguvil deerghadoora parisodhana nadannu, pasaphik samudrathinu mukaliloode vediyuthirthu. poornna thothilulla pareekshanangalkkayi, kaaliforniyayile wandenberg vyomasena thaavalathil ninnu vikshepicha aii. sii. bii. emmukalkkethire pareekshikkaan kazhiyunna oru muzhuvan siyas thaavalavum sainyam pasafikkile kwajaleen dveepil nirmmichu. 1962 juunil kwaajaleenil pareekshana vedivayppukal aarambhichu; iva valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, lakshyamidunna aayudhangalude noorukanakkinu yardukalkkullil kadannupokukayum chila pareekshanangalil thaazhnna parakkunna upagrahangal nadathukayum cheythu.
syoos prasnangal.
aii. sii. bii. emm.-kall valare chelaveriyathum soviyatt kappalppadayil eathaanum dussen misailukal undennu america vishwasichirunnathumaaya oru kaalaghattatthilaanu syoos aadyam nirddeshikkappettathu. american prathirodha kappalppada poornnamaayum alillah bomberukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru samayat, thanthrapradhaanamaaya eyar kamaandinte (sack) thaavalangale lakshyamitulla cheria ennam misailukal polum gurutharamaaya bheeshani uyarthi. rund syoos vinyasa padhathikal rooparekhappeduthi. onnu american bhookhandatthinte muzhuvan pradeshangalkkum samrakshanam nalkunna kanatha prathirodha samvidaanamaayirunnu, ennaal athinu 7000 siyas misailukal aavasyamaanu. 1200 misailukal maathram upayogikkunna valare bharam kuranja samvidaanathe mcnamara pinthunachu.
pinthunachu avasaanathil aayudhangaludeyum misailukaludeyum saankethika mechappeduthalukal aii. sii. bii. emm.-kalude vila valareyadhikam kurachu. sputnik vikshepichathinu sesham, "praavda" nikita khrushchevine udharichu avar "sosejukal pole" nirmmikkukayaanennu avakashappettu. ithu 1960 kalude thudakkathil soviyattukalkk noorukanakkinu misailukal undaakumenn pravachicha intelligence kanakkukoottalukalude oru parambarayilekku nayichu, ithu "misail vidavu" ennu vilikkappedunnathinu kaaranamaayi. neenduninnengilum avasaanam vare soviyatt misailukalude ennam noorukanakkilaayirunnillum aaa samayat avaykku naalu ennam maathrame undaayirunnulloovennum pinneedu thelinju.
syoos athinu munbulla naikk sams pole yaanthrikamaayi nayikkunna radaarukal upayogichu, ithu oresamayam akramikkaan kazhiyunna lakshyangalude ennam parimithappedutthi. aayudha samvidaana moolyanirnnaya grouppinte (dablyu. ezz. iii. jii) oru padanatthil, naalu warheadukal maathram vedivachu oru syoos thaavalathil vijayakaramaayi adikkaan soviyattukalkk 90 sathamaanam saadhyathayundennu kanakkakki. adithara nasippikkunnathinu ivaykku aduthekku erangendivannilla; niravadhi mylukalkkullil oru spodanam athinte radaarukale nasippikkum, avaa kadinamakkaan valare budhimuttaayirunnu. soviyatt unionukalkku noorukanakkinu misailukal undaayirunnengil, avayil chilath upayogichu syoos sittukal akramikkaan avarkk eluppamaayirunnu.
koodaathe, saankethika prasnangal uyarnnuvannathinaal siyasine paraajayappeduthaan valare eluppamaanennu thonni. 1958-leeii pareekshanangalil kandethiya oru prashnam, aanava theegolangal uyarnna uyarathil valare valia valippathilekku vikasikkukayum avaykku pinnilullathellaam radaarin adrishyamaakkukayum cheythu ennathaanu. ithu "nuclear oulact" ennariyappettu. oru shatru warhead fireboliloode kadannupokumbozhekkum, aditharaykku ekadesham mukalil, athu idikkunnathu ekadesham ettu second mathramaayirikkum. warhead lakshyathilethunnathin munbu radaarin oru seeyus oonaakkaanum vedivaykkaanum athu mathiyaya samayamayirunnilla.
prathirodhatthe aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaan radar decoyikale vinyasikkaanum kazhinju. bharam kuranja vasthukkal upayogichaanu decoikal nirmmikkunnath, palappozhum aluminium allengil mylar baloonukalude strippukal, avaa reantry vehicle (aarvi) upayogichu paaykk cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu bharam kuraykkunnu. bahiraakaashath, iva puranthallappedukayum eathaanum kilometerukal veethiyum pathinaayirakkanakkin kilometer neelavumulla oru "thrett tube" srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu. tubilevideyum undakavunna oru warheadine kollan syoosinu akathekku pokendivannu. decoisulla orotta aii. sii. bii. emm. mikkavarum theerchayaayum siyasine paraajayappedutthumennu dablyu. ezz. iii. jii nirddeshichu. onniladhikam warheadukalulla orotta valia misailinu athine paraajayappeduthaan 100 misailukal veethamulla naalu muzhuvan syoos baattarikal aavasyamaanennu 1961 madhyathil aarpayude staaf report soochippichu.
naikk-ex.
soviyatt rokkattukalude purogathikku marupadiyaayi 1958 ll president dwait isenhoverinte prathirodha sekrattari neel messelroy aanu advanced research project ejansi (innu darppa ennariyappedunna arppa) roopeekarichathu. karasena vyomasena navikasena thammilulla vanthothilulla sramangal moolam american aikyanaadukalude shramangalkk nashtam sambhavichu, soviyattukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avarkk kaaryamaaya nettamundaayilla. eee shramangalude melnottam vahikkaanulla chumatala thudakkathil arppaykku kaimari. siyasinte prasnangal vyakthamaayathode, aantimisail prashnam pariganikkanum mattu pariharangal konduvaraan mesloy arpayodu aavasyappettu. cheria siyas sisttam naveekaranangal muthal antigravity, aduthide kandupidicha lazer thudangiya vidoora ashayangal vare ellaam kanakkiledukkumbol thathfalamaayundaakunna project defender vyaapthi valare vishaalamaayirunnu.
athesamayam, siyasinte oru mechappeduthal ithinakam padichukondirikkukayinnu siyasinte mechanical radaarukalkk pakaram oru puthiya ghattam ghattamaayulla radar oru saittin kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyunna lakshyangaludeyum interseptarukaludeyum ennam valareyadhikam vardhippikkum. eee prakadanavumaayi poruthappedaan kooduthal sakthamaaya computerukal aavashyamaayirunnu. koodaathe, aantinakal nerittu konkreettil gadippikkukayum spodanam prathirodham vardhippikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. bell laabukalile prarambha padanangal 1960 ll siyas multy-function array radar allengil shmarh ennariyappettirunnathinu aarambhichu. 1961 juunil, vestten electric sylvania oru prototype nirmmikkaan thiranjedutthu, sperry rand univac kantrol computer nalki.
1962 avasaanathode syoosine vinyasikkano vendayo ennathinekkurichulla theerumaanam varikayaayirunnu. valare kuranja doorathil pravartthikkunna syoos misailinu pakaramaayi bell oru kaaryam pariganikkaan thudangi, octoberil februvariyil thirike nalkaanaayi moonnu kararukarkku patana karaarukal ayachu. iva thirike nalkunnathinumumbuthanne, 1963 januvariyil mcnamara syoosinaayi anuvadicha nirmmaana fund purathirakkillennum pakaram ettavum puthiya saankethikavidyakal upayogichu oru puthiya samvidaanam vikasippikkunnathin eee fund upayogikkumennum prakhyaapichu. presidentinte shaasthra upadeshaka samithikk (pii. ezz. eiii. sii) oopshanukal avatharippikkan chumathalappedutthiya aarpayude director jacq ruyinayude "adhock" nirddeshamaayirunnu naikk-ex enna peru. siyasinte avasaanathode, smarr radar shramathe maar ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu, athilum sakthamaaya pathippaya maar-III-nulla padhathikal naikk-ex aashayathinte kendra bhaagamaayi maari.
sisttam ashayam.
decoikal arviyekkaal bharam kuranjavayaanu, athinaal avaa anthareekshathil veendum praveshikkaan thudangumbol uyarnna anthareeksha valichedukkal anubavikkunnu. ithu oduvil aarvi decoyikalude munnil ninnu neengaan kaaranamakum. bheeshanippeduthunna tube parishodhichu kuranja vegathayulla vasthukkal nireekshichukondu aarvi palappozhum neratthe thiranjedukkaam. atmospheric filtering" allengil kooduthal pothuve, "decluttering" ennariyappedunna eee prakriya, chuttumulla uyarangalil, anthareekshathinte saandramaaya bhaagangalil bheeshani tube veendum praveshikkaan thudangunnathuvare krithyamaaya vivarangal nalkilla. nick-ex decluttering poortthiyaakunnathuvare kaathirikkaan uddeshichirunnu, athaayath aayudangal avarude lakshyangalil pathikkunnathin sekkantukalkk munbu, aditharayil ninnu akale vachu interceptationukal nadakkum.
thaazhnna uyarathilulla interceptukalkku aanava oulact prashnam kuraykkunnathinulla nettavum undaakum. eee prabhavam undakkaan upayogichirunna vipuleekaricha fireballinte thaazhathe attam ekadesham 60 kilometer vare vyaapichu, athe uyarathil decluttering phalapradamaayi. athinaal, thaazhnna uyarathilulla interceptukal ardhamaakkunnathu oru oulact srishtikkaanulla manappoorvamaaya sramangal sprint misailinte trackingin maargganirddeshatheyum baadikkilla ennaanu. athupole thanne pradhanamaayi, sprintinte swantham aayudangal eee uyarathil ninnu valare thazheyaayathinaal, avayude fireballukal valare cheruthayirikkum, mathramalla aakaashathinte oru cheria bhagam maathrame karuthupookoo. radaarin empiyude vaidyutha prathyaaghaathangale athijeevikkendivarum, ithinaayi ganyamaaya sramam nadatthi. oulact kalayalavukalkk munbo idayiloo, bheeshanippeduthunna tube traaktarikal vegathil kanakkaakkendathundennum, kramarahithamaya avastha illaathaakkunnathinum avarude lakshyangal thattunnathinum idayil 10 secondinullil warheadukalude anthima tracking nadathanamennum ithu ardhamaakkunnu. akkaalat nilavilillaattha valare uyarnna prakadanamulla oru computer ithinu aavashyamaayirunnu.
naikk-ex sisttathinte kendrabindu maar aayirunnu, akkaalathe puthiya active electronic scan cheytha shreni (aisa) ashayam upayogichu onniladhikam vertual radar beam srishtikkaan anuvadikkukayum aavashyamaaya mechanical radaarukal anukarikkukayum cheythu. oru beam puthiya lakshyangalkkayi aakaashat scan cheyyumbol, mattullava bheeshanippeduthunna tubeukal parisodhikkunnathinum uyarnna nilavaaramulla tracking vivarangal srishtikkunnathinum valare neratthe thanne roopeekarichu. aarvikal thiranjeduthukazhinjaal avaa tracucheyyunnathinu kooduthal beemukal roopeekarikkappettu, koodaathe interseptashanukalilekkul vazhiyile sprintukal tracucheyyunnathinu kooduthal. eee pravarthanangalellaam nadatthaan, abhoothapoorvamaaya thalatthil dattaa prosessing kazhivukal aavashyamaayirunnu, athinaal puthuthayi kandupidicha resisttar-traansisttar lojik small skeyil integrated sarcuteukal upayogichu sisttam nirmmikkaan bell nirddeshichu. naikk-ex avarude prathirodha kendrangalil oru maar, anubandha bhoogarbha prathirodha kendra dattaa prosessing sisttam (dcdps) enniva ulkkollunna yuddha niyanthrana samvidaanangale kendreekarichu.
hraswadoorathil pravarthikkunnathinaanu sprint roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathinaal, nagaravibhavangal kanakkiledukkumbol oru saadhaarana us nagarathinu orotta aditharaykku samrakshanam nalkaan kazhinjilla. ithinu sprint launcherukal prathirodha mekhalaykku chuttum vitharanam cheyyendathundu. vikshepanathinte prarambha ghattangalil vidoora thaavalathil ninnu vikshepicha oru sprint maarkk drishyamaakaathathinaal, mikka vikshepana sthalangalilum valare lalithamaaya radaraya misail saitt radar (msr) nirmmikkaan bell nirddeshichu. emm. ezz. aarinu athinte outgoing sprint misailukalkkaayi trackukal srishtikkaan mathiyaya shakthiyum yuktiyum undaayirikkum, koodaathe parambaraagatha telephone lainukalum modamukalum upayogichu aaa vivarangal dii. sii. dii. pii. esinu kaimarukayum cheyyum. emm. ezz. aarinu thrett tyoobukalil upayogapradamaaya second angle lukk nalkaanum kazhiyumennu bell abhiprayappettu, ithu decoykale neratthe edukkaan anuvadichekkaam. radio reseaverukalaayi upayogikkunna avaykku, shatru radar jamarayi upayogichekkaavunna, trikonamithi tubil ninnu varunna eathu radio prakshepanavum trikonamaakkaanum kazhiyum.
eee samvidaanam aadyamaayi nirddeshikkappettappol, valare deerghadoora dooraparidhiyil misailukale vijayakaramaayi thadassappeduthunnathinu aavashyamaaya krithyatha nalkaan ghattam ghattamaayulla nira samvidaanangalkku kazhiyumo ennu vyakthamalla. aadyakaala ashayangal eee aavashyathinaayi syoos misail tracking radaarukalum taargett tracking radaarukalum (emm. tii. aarr., tii. tii. aarr. ezz) nilanirtthi. oduvil, maar aavashyamaaya resolution praapthamaanennu theliyikkukayum adhika radaarukal upekshikkukayum cheythu.
prashnangalum itharamaargangalum.
itharamaargangalum soviyatt union nadatthiya kanatha aakramanathil ninnu american nagarangaleyum vyaavasaayika kendrangaleyum samrakshikkunnathinulla oru samvidaanamaayaanu neenduninnengilum thudakkathil naikk-ex nirvachichathu. 1965 aayappozhekkum yuu. ezz. esinteyum yuu. ezz. ezz. aarinteyum saadhanasaamagrikalil icbminte valarunna kappalukal atharamoru samvidaanathinte vila valare chelaveriyathaakki. 1963 october march prasidheekaricha nee <aii. dii. 1>, 1969 aakumbozhekkum soviyattukalkk aii. sii. bii. emmukal vinyasikkappedumennu kanakkaakkukayum avarude vinyaasam oduvil 1,601 loncharukalil athukayum cheythu, ithu uppu kararukalaal parimithappedutthukayum cheythu.
syoosinte 20 muthal 1 vareyullavayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol nyayamaaya 1 muthal 1 vareyulla vinimaya anupaathathode naikk-ex ivaye akramikkum ennu pratheekshikkaamenkilum, parimithamaaya pradeshathu maathrame athinu angane cheyyaan kazhiyoo. raajyavyaapakamaayi vinyasikkapetta mikka saahacharyangalilum ettavum valia yuu. ezz. nagarangale maathram samrakshikkunna aayirakkanakkin sprint misailukal undaayirunnu. atharamoru samvidaanam nirmmikkaan ekadesham 40 bilyan dollar (vaarshika sainika bajattinte pakuthiyolam) chelavaakum.
jeevan rakshikkanulla sariyaaya maarggam oru eiii. bii. emm aano atho kuranja panatthinu samanamaaya mattethenkilum padhathi undo ennu nirnnayikkaan sramikkunnathinulla samvidaanathekkurichu kooduthal padanangalkku ithu kaaranamaayi. udaaharanathinu, siyasinte kaaryatthil, kooduthal veezhcha shelterukal nirmmikkunnath chelavu kuraykkumennum kooduthal jeevan rakshikkumennum vyakthamaayirunnu. 1961 octoberil syoos eee vishayathekkurichulla oru pradhana report eee kaaryam soochippichu, shelttarukalillaatha syoos upayogashoonyamaanennum syoos undaayirikkunnathu "nagarangale samrakshikkaanulla amerikkayude kazhivinekkurichu apakadakaramaaya thettidharippikkunna anumanangal avatharippikkan" americaye nayichekkaamennum soochippikkunnu.
ithu oru eiii. bii. emm. samvidaanathinte falapraptiyum athinethire thangalude prakadanam mechappeduthunnathinna prathipaksham enthucheyyumennum nannayi pravachikkaan kooduthal sankeernamaaya modalukalude oru parambarayilekku nayichu. oru pradhana vikasanam prime-reed sidhaanthamaayirunnu, ithu anuyojyamaaya prathirodha leauttu srishtikkunnathinu poornnamaayum ganithaparamaya pariharam nalki. naikk-ex-naayi oru primerid leauttu upayogichu, vyomasenayude brigadier general glen kent soviyatt prathikaranangal pariganikkaan thudangi. addehathinte 1964 leeii report chelavu-vinimaya anupatham nirmmichu, janasamkhyayude 30 shathamaanamaayi njangale parimithappedutthaan oraal aagrahikkunnuvenkil oro $1 aakramanathinum prathirodhatthinte 2 dollar aavasyamaanu. marananirakk 10 shathamaanamaayi parimithappedutthaan america aagrahikkunnuvenkil chelavu 6 muthal 1 vare vardhichu. thangalude janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam perum ekschenchil marikkaan anuvadikkaan america thayyaaraanengil maathrame eiii. bii. emm. ezz.-kall aii. sii. bii. emm.-kalekkaal vilakuranjathaayirikkoo. soviyatt rubalinu kaalaharanapetta vinimaya nirakkukal upayogikkunnundennu manassilaakkiyappol, 30 sathamaanam apakada nirakkinte vinimaya anupatham 20 muthal 1 vare uyarnnu.
kooduthal aii. sii. bii. emmukal nirmmikkunnathiloode naikk-excine paraajayappeduthunnathinu chelavu avaye prathirodhikkunnathinaayi naikk-ex nirmmikkunnathinulla chelavinekkaal kuravaayathinaal, oru eiii. bii. emm samvidaanathinte nirmmaanam kooduthal aii. sii. bii. emm. kall nirmmikkaan soviyattukale prerippikkumennu niroopakar nigamanam cheythu. ithu oru puthiya aayudha malsarathekkurichulla gurutharamaaya aashankakalilekku nayichu, ithu oru aakasmika yudhathinulla saadhyatha vardhippikkumennu vishwasikkappettu. kent parayunnathanusarichu akkangal maknamaaraykk avatharippikkumbol
saankethika sheshikal undaayirunnittum, naikk-ex ippozhum siyasil aadyamaayi sradhikkappetta pariharikkaanaavaattha oru prashnam pankittu. oru eiii. bii. emm samvidaanathe abhimukeekarikkunna soviyattukal, udaaharanathinu, cheruthum prathirodhamillaathathumaaya nagarangale aakramich, naashanashtangal paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinaayi avarude targetting mungananakal maattum. mattoru pariharam avarude aayudangal prathirodha misailukalude paridikk purathu, lakshyathinte mukalilekku veeshuka ennathaayirunnu. bhoochalanangal valia alavil radio active podi vaayuvilekku eriyukayum ithu nerittu akramanam pole marakamaaya veezhchaykk kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum. nagarangale veezhchayil ninnu vipulamaayi samrakshichillenkil ithu eiii. bii. emm samvidaanathe adisthaanaparamaayi upayogashoonyamaakkum. aaa athe veezhcha shelterukal niravadhi jeevan rakshikkum, eiii. bii. emm eathaandu anaavasyamaanennu thonnikkum. 1964 leeii vasanthakaalath eee vishayathil kongrasinu report cheyyumbol mcnamara abhiprayappettu
nyayamaaya eathenkilum anumaanangalkk keezhil, naikk-ex polulla oru noothana samvidaanam polum naamamaathramaaya samrakshanam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum valia chelavukalkku angane cheyyukayum cheythu. 1965 oode, oru charithrakaaran "oru dauthyam thedunna saankethikavidya" ennu vilikkunna oru eiii. bii. emm aayi maari. 1965-nte thudakkathil, sainyathinte vinyaasathilekku nayikkunna oru dauthya ashayam kandethunnathinayi sainyam niravadhi padanangal aarambhichu.
haard pooyintum hardsite.
syoosinaayulla yadhaartha vinyasa padhathikalil onnu saakkinulla prathirodha samvidaanamaayirunnu. svanthamaayi kooduthal aii. sii. bii. emmukal nirmmikkunnathin anukoolamaayi vyomasena atharamoru samvidaanathinethire vaadichu. oru ethir shakti aakramanathil vikshepicha oro soviyatt misailinum orotta us misail nasippikkaan kazhiyumennaayirunnu avarude yukthi. iru senakalkkum ore ennam misailukal undaayirunnengil, atharamoru akramanam iru senakalkkum oru thirichadikkal nadatthaan kurachu misailukal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. oru ethir strike fozhsu athijeevikkaan sahayikkunna us vashathe nashtangalude ennam kuraykkaan syoos koottichertthu. pakaram yuu. ezz kooduthal aii. sii. bii. emm. kall nirmmikkukayaanenkil ithu sariyaavum. sainyathekkaal svanthamaayi misailukal nirmikkunnathil vyomasenaykku kooduthal thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, prathyekichu eluppathil marikadakkaanaakumenn thonniya siyasinte kaaryatthil.
1960-kalude thudakkathil mcnamara 1,000 minitt misailukaludeyum 54 titan aii. aii. esinteyum vyomasenayude kappalukalkk paridhi nischayichappol karyangal maari. ithinartham vyomasenaykku svanthamaayi kooduthal nirmmichukondu puthiya soviyatt misailukalodu prathikarikkaan kazhinjilla ennaanu. soviyatt misailukalekkaal minittemaan kooduthal nilanilppulla bheeshaniyaayirunnu us naavikasenayude polaris misail kappal, athinte abhedyatha bhoomi adisthaanamaakkiyulla icbmukalude aavasyakathayekkurichulla chodyangalkku kaaranamaayi. vyomasena dauthyangal maattikkond prathikarichu; kooduthal krithyathayulla minittemaane ippol soviyatt misail sailos akramikkaan chumathalappedutthi, athu krithyathayillaatha naavika misailukalkku cheyyaan kazhinjilla. sainyam eee dauthyam nirvahikkaan pookukayaanengil, oru vijayakaramaya prathirodha aakramanathinu mathiyaya misailukalkku oru soviyatt aakramanathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyumennu pratheekshikkendathundu. oru eiii. bii. emm aaa urappu nalkiyekkaam.
haard pooyint enna peril 1963-64 nuu chuttumulla arpayil ninnaan eee aashayathekkurichulla oru puthiya nottam aarambhichath. ithu haard pooyint demonstration array radaarinteyum hibex ennariyappedunna athilum vegathayeriya misail aashayathinteyum nirmmaanatthilekku nayichu. karasenaykkum vyomasenaykkum thudarpadanam, hardsite ennivayil sahakarikkanulla rasakaramaaya kaaryam ithu theliyichu. aadyathe hardsite aashayamaaya echsd-aii, nagarapradeshangalkkulle naikk-ex samrakshanamulla thaavalangale samrakshikkunnathayi kanakkakki. oru udaaharanam oru sack command aandu kantrol sentaro oru nagaratthinte praanthapradeshathulla airfieldo aakam. randaamathe padanamaaya echsd-3 misail feeldukal polulla otappetta thaavalangalude samrakshanam pariganichu. mikka thudarpravartthanangalum echsd-III aashayathil shradha kendreekarichu.
minitmaan feeldukalkku sameepam cheria sprint bays nirmmikkaan echsd-3 nirddeshichu. varunna aayudangal avasana nimisham vare tracucheyyukayum avaa poornnamaayum nirjjeevamaakkukayum valare krithyamaaya trackukal srishtikkukayum cheyyum. misail sailoyude kedupaadukal varuthaan kurachu doorathinullil warheadukal irakkendivannathinaal, aaa pradeshathinu purathu veezhunnathaayi kaanapedunna eathenkilum warheadukal avaganikkapettu-"saitt protection volyathil" praveshikkunnava maathram aakramikkendathundu. akkaalat, soviyatt inertial naavigeshan sisttangal (ins) prathyekichu krithyathayullavayaayirunnil. ithu oru fozhsu multiplieraayi pravartthikkukayum kurachu sprintukale niravadhi aii. sii. bii. emmukalil ninnu prathirodhikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
thudakkathil hardsite ashayathe pinthunachirunnuvenkum 1966 aayappozhekkum vyomasena athe rolil syoosine ethirtha athe kaaranangalal ithine ethirkkaan thudangi. minittmente samrakshanathinaayi panam chelavazhikkukayaanenkil, sainyathekkaal panam vyomasena chelavazhikkunnathaanu nallathennu avarkk thonni. morttan halperin soochippichathupole
cheria sitti defense, paar.
padhathiyude vikasana ghattathil, naikk-ex thaavalangalude irippidavum valipavum cheria nagarangalude pradhana parathiyaayi maari. ettavum valia nagarapradeshangale maathram samrakshikkaan uddeshichulla naikk-ex roopakalppana cheythath valare valia valippathil nirmikkaavunna tharatthilaanu, vilayeriya computer radar shringalayum niyanthrikkunna niravadhi misailukal. kurachu interceptarukal maathram upayogichu nirmmikkaan kazhiyaathavidham valare chelaveriyathinaal cheria sittukal yadhaartha naikk-ex aashayathil prathirodhamillathe avasheshikkendathaayirunnu. thangalkk aakramanathinu avasaram nalkuka mathramalla, prathirodhatthinte abhavam thangale praadhamika lakshyamaakkiyekkaamenn eee nagarangal parathippettu. ithu small sitti defense (ezz. sii. dii) aashayathekkurichulla padanangalude oru parambarayilekku nayichu. 1964 aayappozhekkum ellah pradhana nagarangalkkum oru thalatthilulla prathirodha samvidaanam nalkikkond ezz. sii. dii adisthaana naikk-ex vinyasa padhathikalude bhaagamaayi maari.
ezz. sii. diyil praadhamikamaayi tachmar (tactical maar) enna katt-daun maar kendreekarichu orotta svayambharana baattariyum local dattaa prosessor (ell. dii. pii) ennariyappedunna lalithamaaya dattaa prosessing samvidaanavum adangiyirikkum. ithu adisthaanaparamaayi kurachu moduleukal instaal cheytha disidipiyayirunnu, ithu compile cheyyaan kazhiyunna tracukalude ennavum kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyunna declateringinte alavum kuraykkunnu. chelavu kooduthal kuraykkunnathinu, bell pinneedu katt-daun maarinu pakaram "svayambharana emm. ezz. aarr" enna naveekaricha emm. ezz. aarr. sthaapichu. vividha tharatthilullathum valuppathilullathumaya niravadhi ezz. sii. dii modyoolukalulla samboornna kondinental us samrakshanam vaagdaanam cheiyunna vinyasangal vare, ezz. sii. dikal illaatha yadhaartha naikk-ex nirddesham polulla samvidaanangalil ninnu aarambhich, vaividhyamaarnna saadhyathayulla vinyasangal avar padichu. poornnamaaya kavarej vare pravarthichu ghattamghattamaayi nirmmikkaan kazhiyunna tharatthilaanu vinyasangal krameekarichathu.
eee padanangalil ninnu uyarnnuvanna oru prashnam ezz. sii. dii saittukalkk neratheyulla munnariyipp nalkunnathinte prashnamaayirunnu. orupakshe ezz. sii. diyude emm. ezz. aarr radaarukal kandethal nalki, athaayath vikshepanangal nadakkunnathinu eathaanum sekkantukalkk munbu lakshyangal avarude radaarukalil drishyamaakum. oru rahasya aakramana saahacharyathil, aanavaayudhangal purathirakkunnathinu command authority labhikkaan mathiyaya samayamundaakilla. ithinartham thaavalangalkk munnariyipp adhikaarikalil ninnu vikshepanam aavashyamaayi varum, ithu raashtreeyamaayi asweekaaryamaanu.
eathu maar allengil ezz. sii. dii aathyanthikamayi bhishaniye neridendivarumennu maathram nirnnayikkunna neratheyulla munnariyipp rolinaayi maathram samarppichirikkunna oru puthiya radaarinulla nirddeshangalilekku ithu nayichu. aakramanathinte aadya minittukalil praadhamikamaayi upayogichathum, edapazhakalukalkku utharavaadiyallaathathum, sisttam dispossible aayi kanakkakkaam, koodaathe maarinte sankeernnatha allengil kaadinyam polulla onnum aavasyamilla. ithu paridhi ettedukkal radarilekku (paar) nayichu, ithu vhf freekwansikalil vilakuranja electronics pravartthippikkum.
ex-reey akramanangal, seeyus ex.
1960 kalude thudakkathil naikk siyasinu valareyadhikam aashankayundaakkiya uyarnna pradeshathe spodanangal kooduthal padikkukayum misail prathirodhatthinulla puthiya saadhyathayilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. oru aanavaayudham idathoornna anthareekshathil pottitherikkumbol, athinte prarambha uyarnna oorjja ex-reey vaayuvine ionise cheyyukayum mattu ex-rekale thadayukayum cheiyunnu. anthareekshathinte ettavum uyarnna paalikalil, ithu sambhavikkaan valare kurachu vaathakam maathrame ulloo, ex-rake deerghadooram sanjarikkaan kazhiyum. oru arvic mathiyaya ex-reey exposure cheiyunnathu athinte heett sheeldukalkku kedupaadukal varuthum.
1964 avasaanathode naikk-ex samvidaanathil ex-reey-sayudha syoos misailinte punk bell pariganikkukayaayirunnu. 1965 januvariyile oru report eee saadhyathaye roopappeduthunnu, ex-reyude ulppaadanathinaayi samarppichirikkunna valare valia warhead undaayirikkanamennum prabhavam paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinu uyarnna uyarathil pravarthikkendathunde soochippikkunnu. oru pradhana nettam, yadhaartha syoosinte nyootron adhishtitha aakramanathinu kuranjathu ekadesham kurachu mailukalude kramatthil krithyathayude aavasyangal valare kuranju ennathaanu. ithinartham radaarukalude krithyathayaal nirvachikkapetta yadhaartha siyasinte paridhi paridhikal valare laghookarikkappettu ennaanu. ithinartham, kuranja sankeernamaaya radar upayogikkaamaayirunnu, athu adikku pakaram oru mile kramatthil krithyathayode upayogikkaamaayirunnu, ithu vhf bhagangal upayogichu valare kuranja chelavil nirmmikkaan kazhiyum.
eee vipuleekritha shreni naikk siyas, allengil churukkatthil siyas ex, oru vishalamaaya pradeshathu samrakshanam nalkaan kazhiyum, ithu muzhuvan raajya prathirodham nalkunnathinu aavashyamaaya thaavalangalude ennam kuraykkum. eee aashayathekkurichulla pravartthanangal 1960-kalil udaneelam thudarnnu, oduvil thaazhepparayunna kaaval samvidaanathilum pinneedu suraksha ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta parishkaricha kaaval samvidaanathilum praadhamika aayudhamaayi maari.
nth raajyam, depex, aii-67.
1965 februvariyil sainyam ombathaam raajya padanatthinu keezhil vyathyastha vinyasa ashayangal pariganikkaan bellinu nirdesham nalki. parimithamaaya ennam aayudhangalulla naveekarikkappedaatha aakramanathil ninnu samrakshanam nalkaan eathu tharatthilulla samvidaanamaanu aavasyamennu ithu parishodhichu. syoos ex upayogichu, kurachu baseukalkku muzhuvan amerikkakkaarkkum kavarej nalkaan kazhiyum. eee samvidaanathinu dhaaraalam aayudangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyillengilum cheria aakramanangale maathram paraajayappeduthunnathinu oru samvidaanathe sambandhicha aashanka athayirunnilla.
cheria ennam lakshyangal mathramullathinaal, phul maar aavashyamillaayirunnu, eee aavasyam niravettaan bell thudakkathil tachmar nirddeshichu. ithinu oru hrasvamaaya kandethal shreni undaayirikkum, athinaal neratheyulla kandethalinu samanamaaya oru deerghadoora radar aavasyamaanu. misail saittukalil orotta tachmar 20 oolam siyas ex misailukalum adangiyirikkum. 1965 octoberil tachmarinu pakaram ezz. sii. dii padanangalil ninnu naveekaricha emm. ezz. aarr. sthaapichu. eee radaarin taakmaarinekkaal kuranja dooraparidhi ullathinaal, oru siyas ex vikshepanathinaayi krithyasamayathu tracking vivarangal srishtikkumennu pratheekshikkanaavilla. athinaal emm. ezz. aarr. esinu kaimarunna trackukal srishtikkunnathinulla prosessing shakthiyum uyarnna krithyathayum ullathinaal paar naveekarikkendathundu. ithe kaalayalavil, radar aulaakktinte saannidhyathil neelamulla tharamgadairkhyamulla radaarukalile prasnangal bell shradhichirunnu. eee rund prashnangalum thulyamaayathin vhfl ninnu uhf aavruthikalilekkulla maattathinaayi vaadichu.
eee lainukaliloode thudarnnulla pravartthanangal naikk-ex vinyasa padanatthilekko depexileco nayichu. depex, enn. tii. eiii rajyavumaayi valare saamyamulla oru vinyaasam roopappeduthi, chila thaavalangal praadhamikamaayi bharam kuranja cover nalkunnathinu naikk ex upayogikkunnu, ennaal bheeshaniyude swabhaavam maarunnathinanusarichu kooduthal thaavalangal cherkkaan anuvadikkunna design savisheshathakalum ithil ulppedunnu. kaalakramena onpathaam raajya misailukalude sankeernnatha vardhichathode kooduthal kooduthal terminal prathirodham cherkkunna naalu ghatta vinyasa kramatthe patanam vivarichu.
1966 desemberil, hardsitinte pooyint defenceumaayi onpathaam raajyathinte laitt defencine samyojippichu vishadamaaya vinyasa ashayam thayyarakkan sainyam bellinode aavasyappettu. 1967 januvari juun ithu aii-67 padhathiyaayi maari, juulai juulai athinte phalangal nalki. aii-67 adisthaanaparamaayi onnaamathe rajyamaayirunnu, pakshe minittemaan feeldukalkku sameepam kooduthal thaavalangalullathum praadhamikamaayi sprintumaayi. wide eriya siyas, short rench sprint bays ennivaykku thulya shringalayude pinthuna labikkum.
vinyasikkaan thudarchayaaya sammarddam.
eee vividha padanangalude adisthaana rooparekha 1966 aayappozhekkum vyakthamaayirunnu. yadhaartha naikk-ex nirddeshangalil ninnulla kanatha prathirodhatthinu ekadesham 40 bilyan dollar (bilyan dollar) chelavaakum, koodaathe oru samboornna aakramanathil parimithamaaya samrakshanavum kedupaadukalum thadayukayum cheyyum, pakshe eathenkilum cheria aakramanathe moorchayeriyatho poornnamaayum paraajayappedutthukayo cheiyumennu prathekshikkunnu. onpathaam raajyathinte nerttha prathirodham valare kuranja chelavil aayirikkum, ekadesham 5 bilyan dollar (bilyan dollar inch), pakshe chila parimithamaaya saahacharyangalil maathrame enthengilum prabhavam cheluthukayulloo. avasaanamaayi, hardsite aashayangalkk nerttha prathirodhatthinu thulyamaaya vila varum, koodaathe oru prathyeka tharam counderfozhs akramanangalil ninnu kurachu samrakshanam nalkukayum cheyyum.
eee ashayangalonnum vinyasikkaan yogyamallennu thonniyengilum mcnamara president johnson aavashyappedaathepozhum eiii. bii. emm vikasippikkaan nirbandhitharaakkiya parunthukalude aadipathyamulla kongras grouppukalil ninnu ganyamaaya sammarddam undaayirunnu. eee charcha pothujanangalilekku vyaapikkukayum oru "abmu gappine" kurichulla abhipraayangalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu republican govarnor jorjju dablyu. romney. vyomasena eiii. bii. emm aashayathodulla avarude ethirppu thudarnnu, munbu pathrangalile avarude muun shramangale vimarshichirunnu, ennaal talinninum moscoic chuttumulla eiii-35 eiii. bii. emm samvidaanangalude nirmmaanam avarude ethirppine marikadannu. joyint cheefs oof staaf (jcs) eee vishayathil munbu sakthamaaya abhipraayamonnum illaathathinaal soviyatt abye vinyasathinulla oru vaadamaayi upayogichu.
chainakkarkkethiraaya nerttha prathirodhamaan nyayamaaya chelavu-falapraapthiyulla oreyoru prograam ennu prasthaavichu 1966 nte thudakkathil mcnamara short surcuted vinyaasathin shramichu, thudarnnu atharamoru samvidaanam nirmmikkaan thidukkamillennu abhiprayappettu, kaaranam avarkk oru aii. sii. bii. emm. undaayirikkaan kurachu samayamedukkum. addehathe marikadanna kongras yadhaartha naikk-ex aashayathinte udanadi nirmmaanathinaayi $167.9 dasalaksham ($bilyan inn) nalki. 1966 november 3 nuu mcnamara johnson eee vishayathil koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum, vinyaasachelav nyaayeekarikkan samvidaanathinu kazhiyillennu mcnamara orikkal koodi johnsonine bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu. soviyatt abms enna vishayathil oru pathrasammelanam vilichu puthiya minittamaan III umm posidon slbm soviyatt samvidaanathe keezhadakkumennu urappaakkumenn prasthaavichukondu mcnamara romaniyil ninnu pratheekshicha prathyaakramanathinu neethrthwam nalki.
1966 desember desember eee vishayathekkurichulla mattoru yogam vilichirunnu, athil jonson, mcnamara, prathirodha deputy sekrattari siras wans, deseeya suraksha ejansiyude (ensa) walt roostoo, joyint cheefs ennivar pankedutthu. roostoo jeey. siyude paksham pidikkukayum vikasanam aarambhikkumenn thonnukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, mcnamara orikkalkkoodi prasnangal roopappeduthukayum eiii. bii. emm vidavu nikathaanulla ettavum lalithamaaya maargam kooduthal aii. sii. bii. emm. kall nirmmikkuka ennathaanennum ithu soviyatt samvidaanathe napumsakavum valia panam paazhaakkunnathumaakki mattumennum prasthaavichu. us oru aayudha parimithikal sambandhicha udambadi charcha cheyyaan shramikkumbol vinyaasathinaayi kongras paarshwavalkkaricha panam prarambha vinyasa padanangalkkaayi upayogikkanamennu addeham nirddeshichu. jonson eee othutheerppinu sammathikkukayum soviyattukalumaayi charchakal aarambikkaan stettu sekrattari deane ruskinode utharavidukayum cheythu.
naikk-ex kaavalkkaaranaayi maarunnu.
1967 aayappozhekkum eiii. bii. emm samvidaanangalekkurichulla charcha oru pradhana pothu naya vishayamaayi maari, eee vishayathil pathrangalilum maasikakalilum mikkavarum thudarchayaaya charchakal nadannu. eee charchakalkkidayilaanu 1967 juun juun chainakkar avarude aadyathe echu-bomb testt nambaril pareekshichathu. 6. pettennu onpathaam raajya ashayam verum saidhaanthikamaayirunnil. chelavu niyanthranathilaakkikkonda thanne vinyaasathinte abhaavathekkurichulla vimarshanathe vyathichalippikkunnathinu oru maargamaayi mcnamara eee paripadi upayogichu. 1967 septambar 18 nuu, naikk-ex ippol centinal ennariyappedumennu addeham prakhyaapichu, koodaathe aii-67 ashayam pinthudarnnu vinyasa padhathikal vishaalamaayi roopappeduthi.
parisodhana.
yadhaartha naikk-ex ashayam raddaakkiyenkilum, athinte chila gadakangal naikk-ex, fooloo-oonn centinal ennivayude bhaagamaayi nirmmikkukayum pareekshikkukayum cheythu. maar, emm. ezz. aarr, sprint, sparten ennivayaayirunnu naikk-ex kaalaghattatthile pradhana paripaadikal.
maar.
1963ll mcnamara seeyas raddaakkunnathinu munbu neenduninnengilum thudakkathil thanne smaarile pravartthanangal nadannukondirunnu. sylvaniaykkum general elaktrikkinum (ge) prarambha karaarukal vaagdaanam cheythu, iruvarum orotta variyile moolakangal ulkkollunna pareekshana samvidaanangal nirmmichu, pradhaanamaayum oru valia shreniyude oru kashanam. silvaniayude roopakalppana samayathamasam upayogichu mosar ghattam-shifting upayogichu, athesamayam ge oru "novala modulation scanning sisttam" upayogichu. silvaniayude sisttam oru testt systethinaayulla karar nedi, athu saisil ninnu naikk-ex etteduthappol maar-aii aayi maari.
panam laabhikkunnathin, prototype maar-aii yadhaartha vyaasamulla aantinayude aantharika vibhagathinaayi maathrame aantina gadakangal sthaapikkukayulloo, ithu centralil janasamkhya vardhippikkum. aantina gadakangalude ennam 6,405 ll ninnu 2,245 aayi kuraykkunnathinte paarshwafalangal ithinu undaayirunnu, pakshe adisthaana niyanthrana yukthiyil maattam varuthiyilla. traansmittar mukhathe gadakangalude ennavum samaanamaayi kuranju. oru poornna valippamulla, naalu vashangalulla maarkk 25,620 parametric amplifierukal vyakthigathamayi kaikondu vayar cheyyendathundu, athinaal cheria maar-aii nirmmikkunnath chelavum nirmmaana samayavum valareyadhikam kuraykkunnu. rund aantinakalum poornna valuppathil nirmmichavayaanu, eathu samayathum poornna maar prakadanatthilekku vikasippikkaan kazhiyum. eee chelavu kuraykkal reethikal undaayirunnittum, maar-aii nirmmikkaan ekadesham 100 dasalaksham dollar (dasalakshakkanakkinu dollar) chelavayi.
maar-aiyude oru pareekshana sthalam ithinakam thanne yuu. ezz. root 70 ll ninnu oru mile akaleyulla dablyu. ezz. emm. aarilum sainyathinte pradhana misail vikshepana kendrangalkku vadakku dablyu. ezz. emm. aarr root 2 (naikk avanyoo) lum thiranjedutthirunnu. maar-aiye bandhippichu syoos vikshepana sthalamaaya complexes 38 38 vikshepikkunnathinaayi wsmr root 15 enna puthiya rooad nirmmichu. maar-iyude vadakkan sthaanam ardhamaakkunnathu thekk sainika kendrangalil nadakkunna niravadhi rokkatt vikshepanangalum udaayile green rivar vikshepana samuchayathil ninnu vadakku ninnu avayilekku vikshepicha taargett misailukalum maar kaanum ennaanu.
naikk-ex sisttathinte muzhuvan kendramaayirunnu maar ennathinaal radarilekku thanne nayikkunna aakramanangale athijeevikkendivannu. aaa samayat, aanava aaghaathathodulla kadinamaaya kettidangalude prathikaranam nannayi manassilaakkappettirunna, maar-iii kettidam valare shakthamaayirunnu. madhya thaazhikakkudathe bandhippikkunna oru chathuratthinte konukalil krameekarichirikkunna samanamaaya ennaal cheria thaazhikakkudangalulla kattiyulla shakthippeduthiya konkreettinte oru valia madhya ardhagola thaazhikakkudam ithil ulppedunnu. central thaazhikakkudatthil reseiver arekalum cheria thaazhikakkudangalil traansmittarukalum undaayirunnu. radar saittin chuttum vishalamaaya kavarej nalkunnathinu eathenkilum mukhathu oru traansmittarum reseaver nirmmikkaan anuvadikkunnathinaanu eee ashayam roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. oru pareekshana saitt enna nilayil, vadakkupadinjaaran vashath maathram maar-aii upakaranangal sthaapichu, ennirunnaalum vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath orikkalum upayogikkaatha randaamathe settinaayi vyavasthakal earppeduthiyirunnu. kettidatthinu chuttum oru uyaramulla veli, aduthulla parvathangalil ninnulla prathiphalanangal thadayunnu.
1963 maarchil maar-iii saittil tharakkallidal aarambikkukayum nirmmaanam athivegam purogamikkukayum cheythu. 1964 juunil aadyamaayi pravarthanakshamamaakkiya radar 1964 septambar 11 nuu 50 minitt kaalayalavil oru baloon taargettil aavarthichu tracucheyyukayum loock thakarkkukayum cheythukondu athinte aadya vijayakaramaya tracking nedi. ennirunnaalum, traansmittarinte travelling wave tube (tidablyudi) amplifierukalil valare kuranja vishwaasyathayaanu sisttam prakadippichathu, ithu valare chelaveria ree-designylekkum ree-instaaleshanilekkum nayichu. naveekarichukazhinjaal, sisttam pratheekshichathupole pravartthikkumennu maar-aii theliyichu; ithinu onniladhikam vertual radar beemukal srishtikkaan kazhiyum, ore samayam kandethunnathinum tracucheyyunnathinum vivechanam kaanikkunnathinumayi vyathyastha tharam beemukal srishtikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe niravadhi trackukal srishtikkaan aavashyamaaya krithyathayum vegathayum undaayirunnu.
eee samayamaayappozhekkum kwaajaleenil maar-3-nte pravartthanangal aarambichirunnu; general electric nirmmicha ithu roopathilum beam steering systethilum vyathyasthamaayirunnu. yadhaartha syoos saittin padinjaaru veendedutha bhoomiyilaanu maar-III enna prototype nirmmichathu. maar-III oru pyramid aayi nirmmikkukayum athinte pinbhagam neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. maar-aii pole, panam laabhikkunnathin maar-aiyil oru koottam traansmittar, reseiver gadakangal maathrame sajjeekarikkukayulloo, ennaal bhaviyil athu naveekarikkendivannaal ellah vayaringukalum undaayirikkum. maar-III poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu naikk-ex raddaakkukayum ardha poortthiyaaya kettidam pakaram kalavastha niyantritha sambharana soukaryamaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu.
maar-aiyude parisodhana 1967 septambar 30 vare neenduninnu. kaavalkkaarude vikasanathinte bhaagamaayi ithu thaazhnna thalatthil thudarnnu. 1969 meyy maasathil eee soukaryam poornnamaayum nilachathode eee punny avasaanichu. novemberil, kizhakk bhaagathulla hollman vyomasena thaavalatthile allaavarkkumulla pradhana veezhchayude abhayakendramaayi kettidam punarnirmmichu. 5, 800 jeevanakkareyum avarude ashrithareyum pidichuvekkaan 1970 muthal radar bhoogarbha upakarana pradeshangalum poornnamaayum shoonyamaakki. shoonyamaakki thudakkathil, uyarnna oorjja lazer sisttam testt soukaryathinte adisthaanamaayi eee saitt thiranjedukkappedukayum vipulamaayi punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu.
1972-ll nyoo meksikoo tech professoraaya stitling colgate maar rakshikkaan nirddeshichu "sayansinu" oru kathu ezhuthi. cheria punarroopakalppanaykku sesham ithu hydrajan rekha nireekshikkunathinulla mikacha radio jyotishaasthra upakaranamaayi maarumennu addehathinu thonni. kolgettinte nirddesham orikkalum amgeekarikkappettilla, ennaal systethe nayikkunna 2000 ladhikam vestten electric parametric amplifierukal sarvakalashaala rakshappeduthi. kolgettinte supernova dittaktar, snort ulppede ivayil ekadesham oru dasanolam jyotishaasthra mekhalayilekku praveshichu.
1980 vare ekadesham 2,000 perr nyoo meksikoo tekkil sambharanathilundaayirunnu. akkaalathe oru vilayiruthalil oronninum oru aunsil kooduthal svarnnamundennu kandethi, backie stokkukal urukki sarvakalaashaalaykk 941,966 dollar (dasalakshakkanakkinu dollar) uthpaadippichu. swarnna kettidam" ennu anaudyogikamaayi ariyappedunna sarvakalaashaalayude workman sentaril oru puthiya vibhaagam nirmmikkaan eee panam upayogichu.
emm. ezz. aarr.
aakramanathinte vividha ghattangalil upayogapradamaakaan mathiyaya pravartthanam anuvadikkunna emm. ezz. aarinte madhuramulla sthaanam thirichariyaan bell padanangal nadatthi, athupole thanne maar aadipathyamulla oru samvidaanathil athinte nilanilppine nyaayeekarikkan mathiyaya vilakuranjathaanu. ithu 1963 octoberil ayacha nishkriya scanning (pesa) upayogichu oru ezz baand systethinaayulla prarambha nirddeshathilekku nayichu. labhicha ezhu nirddeshangalil, 1963 desemberil rethiyon vikasana karar nedi, traansmittarin uyarnna power cliestronukal (twistronukal) nalkunna veriyan.
1964 januvarikkum meyy maasathinum idayil oru prarambha prototype design vikasippicheduthu. maar upayogichu upayogikkumbol, emsrinu sprint misailukal kaimaran paryapthamaaya hrasvadooram maathrame aavashyamulloo. ithu parimithamaaya vikiranashakthiyulla oru roopakalppanayilekku nayichu. cheria nagara prathirodhatthinu, nyayamaaya paridhiyil aayudangal nedaan ithu mathiyaya shakti nalkilla. ithu traansmittarinte anchiratti shakthiyulla oru naveekaricha roopakalppanayilekku nayichu, athu 1965 meyy maasathil rathionilekku ayachu. 1966 meyy maasathil kooduthal naveekarichathil yuddha niyanthrana computerukalum ezz. sii. dii sisttathinte mattu savisheshathakalum ulppedunnu.
munkaala syoos samvidaanam kwajaleen dveepil thanne labhyamaya bhooribhaagam bhoomiyum etteduthirunnathinaal misail loncharukalum emsr vadakku meck dveepil nirmmikkendathaayirunnu. eee saitt oru samboornna emm. ezz. aarr. hostucheyyukayum, maar-hoost cheytha (maar-III upayogichu) svayambharana emm. ezz. aarr vinyasangal pareekshikkaan sainyathe anuvadikkukayum cheyyum. mckinu vadakkupadinjaraayi ilsinni dveepil rund sprintukalum rund sparten loncharukalum upayogichu randaamathe launcher saitt nirmmichu. anadhikritha vikshepanangal record cheiyunnathinaayi nirmmicha moonnu camera steshanukal sthaapikkukayum avaa ippozhum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
1967 avasaanathode mekkil vikshepana sthalathinte nirmmaanam aarambhichu. eee instaaleshanil, sisttathinte bhooribhaagavum nilatthinu mukalil orotta nila chathuraakrithiyilulla kettidatthilaanu nirmmichathu. melkkoorayude vadakkupadinjaaran moolayil oru boxy ekstenshanilaanu emm. ezz. aarr nirmmichirikkunnathu, rund vashangalum thirinj aantinakal gadippichirikkunna pakuthi pyramid aakruthi undaakkunnu. vadakkum vadakkupadinjaarum cheria kramarahithamaya velikal nirmmikkukayum padinjaaru bhagam kettidatthil ninnu eathaanum pathinaayirakkanakkin meter maathram akaleyulla vellathinu mukaliloode abhimukeekarikkukayum cheythu. ilsignic oru radar saitt undaayirunnilla; ithu mekkil ninnu vidooramaayi pravarthippichirunnu.
sprint.
1962 october 1 nuu, bellinte naikk oafees athivega misailinulla savisheshathakal moonnu kararukarkku ayachu. 1963 februvari februvari prathikaranangal labikkukayum martin maariyettaye march march vijayiyaya lelakkaranaayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
naikk-ex sisttathinte ettavum budhimutteriya saankethika velluviliyaanu sprint ennu aathyanthikamayi thelinju. ekadesham uyarathil varunna aayudhangale thadayaan roopakalppana cheytha ithinu samaanathakalillaatha thwaranavum vegathayum undaayirikkanam. ithu vasthukkal, niyanthranangal, misailinu chuttumulla ionized vaayuviloode radio signalukal sweekarikkal ennivayil valia prasnangal srishtichu. vikasana padhathiye "shudhamaaya vedana" ennu vilichirunnu.
yadhaartha naikk-ex plaanukalil, sprint praadhamika aayudhamaayirunnu, athinaal ithu valare uyarnna mungananayulla vikasanamaayi kanakkakkappettu. vikasanam vegathilaakkaan, squirt ennariyappedunna sprintinte oru upa-skeyil pathipp muun naikk ajax/herculese testt eriyayaaya vaitt sandsile vikshepana samuchayam 37 ll ninnu pareekshichu. 1964 november 6 num 1965 num idayil motham anchu skvirttukal vedivachu. avasana design oppittu 25 maasangalkk sesham 1965 november 17 nuu athe complexile mattoru pradeshathu ninnu aadyathe sprint propulsion testt vehicle (pidivi) vikshepichu. oru emm. ezz. aarinte munkootty nischayicha nirmmaanatthe sprint testing, misailukalkku thudakkathil syoos tii. tii. aarr, emm. tii. aarr radaarukal nalkiyirunnu. motham 42 testt flaittukal vaitt sandilum 34 kwajaleenilum surakshayil parisodhana thudarnnu.
sparten.
velutha manalilum kwaajaleenile siyas thaavalathilum siyas bii pareekshichu. naikk-x-nuu vendi, extended rench ex model aasoothranam cheythu, seeyasinte randaam ghattathinu pakaram boost ghattatthinte madhyabhaagathu kooduthal oorjjam nalkunna oru valia model. dm-15x2 ennum ariyappedunna eee munkaala vahanam 1967 januvariyil sparten ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. yadhaartha naikk-ex-nte bhaagamaayi sparten orikkalum parannilla, 1968 maarchil athinte aadya parakkal kaavalkkaarante keezhil nadannu.
reantry testt.
seeyoosil ninnu naikk-x lake neengunnathinulla oru kaaranam vikshepikkaan valare vaikunnathuvare seeyus radaarukalkk warhead decoy thammilulla vyathyasam parayaan kazhiyillenna aashankayaayirunnu. eee prashnathinulla oru pariharam sprint misailaayirunnu, athu decluttering poortthiyaakunnathuvare kaathirikkenda prakadanamaayirunnu. mattoru saadhyathayulla pariharam, anthareekshathinte ettavum uyarnna thalangaliloode oru warhead decoy thammil vyathyaasappedaavunna eathenkilum tharatthilulla thirichuvaravinte oppu kandethuka ennathaayirunnu; prathyekichum, heett sheeldinte ableshan warheadylake viral choondunna vyakthamaaya oppu nalkumennu thonni.
deerghadoora decluttering nadatthaan anuvadichekkaavunnathil sainyathinum, soviyattukal samanamaaya oru ashayam upayogichaal swantham aii. sii. bii. emmukal deerghadoora thadassam srishtikkaan saadhyathayulla vyomasenaykkum reantry prathibhasam thaalpparyamullathaayirunnu. eee ashayangal pareekshikkunathinulla oru paripadi arppayude project defenderinte, prathyekichu 1960 ll aarambhicha project pressinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu. ithu kwajaleen attolinte vadakke attathulla royi-naamooril uyarnna power radar samvidaanangalude nirmmaanatthilekku nayichu. phalangal tharamthirichirikkunnum, itharathilulla vishwasaneeyamaaya oppu kandethunnathil parajayappettathaayi niravadhi srothassukal paraamarsikkunnu.
1964ll bell laabukal naikk-x-maayi bandhappett radar pravarthanatthinaayi avarudethaaya aavasyakathakal roopappeduthi. karasena, vyomasena, linkon laabukal, aarpa ennivayumaayi pravarthichu, naikk-ex reantry mesherment prograam (rmp) project pras radaarukal, prathyekichu tradex upayogichu reantry alavukalude oru neenda parambara nadatthi. koodaathe, opttikkal tracking parishodhanakalkkayi oru lockheed iii. sii-121 munnariyipp nakshatra vimanam opttikkal, infrared dooradarshinikal upayogichu punarnirmmichu. aadya pareekshana parambarayaaya rmp-eiii aadhunika konaakrithiyilulla reantry vahanangalil shradha kendreekarichu. 1966 juun juun avasaanicha eee vahanangal kuranja valippam kaaranam vivechanam kaanikkan prayaasamaanennu iva theliyichu. theliyichu 1967num idayil rmp-bii oodi, wandenbergil ninnulla 17 vikshepanangal pinthunaykkukayum vaividhyamaarnna vahana aakruthikalum nuzhanjukayatta sahaayangalum nalkukayum cheythu.
cheythu vare eee paripadi neenduninnengilum neenduninnengilum avasaanathode, decoyikalude vivechanam pariharikkappedaatha oru prashnamaanennu vyakthamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum vikasippicha chila saankethikavidyakal ippozhum sankeernamallaatha decoykalkkethire upayogapradamaayekkaam. aii-67-nte nerttha prathirodham moolyavathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnathinte pradhana kaaranangalilonnaanu eee jolie. aaa samayat, 1967-ll, arppa pras radaarukal sainyathin kaimari.
vivaranam.
oru pradhana nagarathinu chuttumulla oru saadhaarana naikk-ex vinyaasathil niravadhi misail baattarikal adangiyirikkumaayirunnu. evayilonnil maar, anubandha dcdp computerukal enniva sajjeekarichirikkum, mattullavayil aichhikamaayi oru msr undaayirikkum. saadhaarana voys baandvidthukalil pravartthikkunna ashayavinimaya upakaranangal upayogichaanu sittukalellaam orumichu network cheythirunnathu. eee central steshanu samrakshanam nalkunnathinaayi maarinu vadakku chila cheria thaavalangal nirmmikkum.
yudhathinte mikkavarum ellah vashangalum maar bays dii. sii. dii. pii. ezz kaikaaryam cheyyum. eee kendreekaranatthinte kaaranam randutharamaayirunnu; onnu radar samvidaanam valare sankeernavum chelaveriyathum valia thothil nirmmikkaan kazhiyaathathumaan, randaamathethu daatta prosess cheiyunnathinu aavashyamaaya traansisttar adhishtitha computerukal valare chelaveriyathaayirunnu. angane naikk-ex valare chelaveria chila saittukaleyum valare lalithamaaya niravadhi baattarikaleyum aashrayichu.
maar.
electronic aayi scan cheytha ghattam ghattamaayulla radar sajeevamaaya oru ell bandayirunnu maar. yadhaartha maar-aii sakthamaaya oru thazhikakkudamaayi nirmmichirunnuvenkilum pilkkala designukalil rund pakuthi pyramid aakruthikalundaayirunnu, traansmittarukal reseaverukalkku munnil oru cheria pyramidil undaayirunnu. aanava kaadinyathekkurichulla padanangalude falamaanu valippathilum sankeernathayilum kuravundaayathu, prathyekichu alberta ooppareshan prairy phlait, ooppareshan snoball ennivayude bhaagamaayi nadatthiya padanangal, avide oru aanava spodanathe anukarikkunnathinayi tnt golam pottitherichu.
maar prathyeka traansmittarum reseaverukalum upayogichu, vyakthigatha traansmit, reseave yoonittukalude valupavum aavashyamaaya switching sisttangalum kaaranam akkaalat ithu oru aavasyakathayaayirunnu. oro traansmittar aantinaykkum athintethaaya power amplifier upayogichu diodeukalum striplineukalum switch cheyth kaalathamasam varuthunna travelling wave tubeukal upayogichu nalki. prakshepana signalinu moonnu bhagangal kramatthil undaayirunnu, reseaverukalkku moonnu chaanalukalundaayirunnu, pulse cheyinte oro bhaagathinum onnu tyoon cheythu. ithu signalinte oro bhaagavum vyathyastha prosessing upakaranangalilekku ayaykkaan reseaverine anuvadikkukayum orotta pulsil thirayal, track, vivechanam enniva anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
maar rund modukalilaanu pravartthikkunnathu nireekshanavum edapazhakalum. nireekshana modil, paridhi paramavadhi vardhippikkukayum oro mukhavum ekadesham 5 secondinullil scan cheyyukayum cheythu. rench vegathayum yaanthrikamaayi verthirichedukkunna systengalilekku retainukal nalkukayum ritten rasakaramaanennu kanakkaakkukayaanenkil, bheeshani parishodhanaykkaayi sisttam yaanthrikamaayi oru track aarambikkukayum cheythu. bheeshani parisodhana ghattathil, radar tractory krithyamaayi nirnnayikkanulla shramathil retainukal parisodhikkaan kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkukayum thudarnnu athinte pradeshathinu purathu veezhunna eathenkilum vasthukkale avaganikkukayum cheythu.
bheeshani uyarthiya aaa lakshyangal svayameva engagement modilekk marran prerippichu. ithu lakshyathe nirantharam lakshyamit oru puthiya beam srishtichu, athinte focus pooyint thrett tyoobiloode thudachuneekki athinte ullile oro vasthukkalum edukkunnu. eee kiranangalil ninnulla daatta oru prathyeka computerilekku vegamenna daatta verthirichedukkukayum anthareekshathil decoykalude vegatha kurayunnathinaal warhead edukkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru koherant signal prosessing sisttam (sii. ezz. pii. ezz) maathrame ithuvare nirmmichittulloo, ithu parishodhikkunnathinaayi kwaajaleenile syoos discremension radarumaayi bandhippichirunnu.
tachmar ennariyappedunna maarinte oru katt daun pathippaayum naikk-ex kanakkaakkappedunnu. ithu adisthaanaparamaayi oru maar aayirunnu, pakuthiyolam gadakangal gadippichukondu, kuranja kandethal paridhiyude chelavil athinte vila kurachu. prosessing upakaranangalude sankeernathayum kuranju, kooduthal sankeernamaaya vivechana prosessinghinte abhavavum undaayi. prathyekichum bheeshaniyude sankeernnatha vardhichathode aavashyamenkil poornna maar prakadanatthilekku upgraded cheyyaan kazhiyunna tharatthilaanu thudakkam muthal tachmar roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. maar-III chilappol prototype tachmar ennu visheshippikkappedunnu, ennaal nilavilulla srothassukalil eee vishayathil ganyamaaya aashayakkuzhappamund.
emm. ezz. aarr.
thudakkathil sangalppichathupole, sprint misailukal maarinte kaazhchayil prathyakshappedunnathinum tracucheyyunnathinulla oru hraswadura samvidaanamaayirunnu msr, athupole thanne oru dvitheeya targettum jammer tracking rollum vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. eee prarambha aashayathil, emm. ezz. aarinu parimithamaaya prosessing power undaayirikkum, ithu maarkk thirike nalkunnathinu trackukal srishtikkaan mathiyakum. aanti-jamming rolil, maar, emm. ezz. aarr enniva oronnum jaamarilekkulla koonn alakkum.
sajeevamaayi scan cheytha maar ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi ezz-baand passive electronic scan cheytha sreniyaanu (pesa) msr. oru pesa samvidaanathinu (saadhaaranayaayi) aisa polulla onniladhikam signalukal srishtikkaan kazhiyilla, pakshe muzhuvan samvidaanathinum orotta traansmittarum reseaver upayogikkunnathinaal nirmmikkaan valare chelavu kuravaanu. ore aantina shreni traansmittinum reseavingin eluppathil upayogikkaan kazhiyum, kaaranam shreniyude pinnile pradesham valare kuravaanu, eee thalatthilulla pavaril aavashyamaaya valia radio freekwansi svichukal undaayirunnittum switch cheyyaan mathiyaya idamundu.
praadhamikamaayi vadakku ninnu lakshyangal tracucheyyunna maar ennathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, msr ellah dishakalilekkum athinte interceptarukal tracucheyyunnu. angane emm. ezz. aarr. naalu mukhangalulla oru pyramid aayi nirmikkappettu, eathenkilum allengil ellah mukhangalum radar arekal vahikkunnu. havayiyil pariganikkunnathupole otappetta saittukalkk saadhaaranayaayi naalu mukhangalilum arekalundaakum. saandramaaya samvidaanangalilekku network cheythavaykku mukhangalude ennam kuraykkaanum tracking daatta saittil ninnu saittilekk ayaykkunnathiloode athe vivarangal nedaanum kazhiyum.
sprint.
yadhaarthathil sangalppichathupole naikk-ex-nte praadhamika aayudhamaayirunnu sprint; maar sisttam prathirodhikkunna lakshyangalkk chuttumulla klasttarukalaayi ithu sthaapikkappedumaayirunnu. oro misailum oru bhoogarbha sailoyil sookshikkukayum vaathakathil pravartthikkunna pisttan vikshepikkunnathinu munbu vaayuvilekku valicheriyukayum cheythu. misail aadyam tracuchaith praadeshika emm. ezz. aarr aanu, athu drishyamaayaaludan tracking maarinu kaimar. misailile oru transponder maar allengil emm. ezz. aaril ninnulla signalukalodu prathikarichu krithyamaaya trackingin sakthamaaya varumanam nalkum.
sprint misailinte praadhamika aashanka uyarnna vegathayaayirunnuvenkilum, roopakalppana paramavadhi oorjjathinaayi opttimais cheythirunnilla, pakaram kazhiyunnathra oorjjam nalkunnathinu aadya ghattathe (boosttar) aashrayichu. ithu randaam ghattathe (sustainer) athinte maanuvarability mechappeduthunnathinaayi opttimalinekkaal bharam kuranjathaakki. spodanam vazhi misail bodiyil ninnu boosttar murichumaattiyathinoppam staging graundu niyanthranathilaayirunnu. flaitt profile anusarichu sustainer udan kathikkendathilla. niyanthranathinaayi, aadya ghattathil float niyantrikkaan thrastt vectoring undakkaan exhostilekku phroon kuthivaykkunna oru samvidaanam upayogichu. randaam ghattathil niyanthranathinaayi cheria eyar vaanukal upayogichu.
aadya ghattam 100 graamil misail thwarithappeduthi, eathaanum sekkantukalkkullil mack 10 ll ethi. eee vegathayil, aerodynamic choodaakkal airframinte puram paali oru ooksi-asattileen welding torchinekkaal choodaakaan kaaranamaayi. aavashyamaaya thwaranathinu pershing allengil minitmaan polulla samakaalika designukalekkaal pathiratti vegathil kathikkunna oru puthiya khara indhana misritham aavasyamaanu. kathunna indhanavum aerodynamic choodaakkalum orumichu valareyadhikam choodu srishtikkukayum misail bodic chuttumulla ionized plaasmayiloode radio signalukal shakthamayi kurayukayum cheythu. parakkal samayathinte 10 secondinullil sharashari interception nadakkumennu pratheekshichirunnu.
1963ll aarambikkunna rund warheadukal, livermoril dablyu 65, loss alamosil dablyu 66 enniva sprintinaayi roopakalppana cheythu. 1965 octoberil ekadesham 5 kedi design vilavu nalkikkond nalkikkond moonnaam ghatta parishodhanayilekku praveshikkukayaayirunnu, ennaal ithu 1968 januvariyil januvariyil nuu anukoolamaayi raddaki. januvariyil-nte spotaka uthppaadanam "kuranja kilottan" sreniyilaanennu report cheyyappettu, vividha paraamarshangal ithu 1 muthal 20 kedi vare evideyaayirunnuvennu avakaashappedunnu. poornnamaayum vikasippichedutha aadyathe mechappeduthiya radiation bomb allengil nyootron bombaanu januvariyil; ithu 1960 kalude avasaanathil pareekshikkukayum 1974 juunil ulppaadanathilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu.

