ravud alle-kirtas

magrib alle-anis alle-muthrib bii-radhu alle-kirtas phii akhbar muluk alle-magrab vaa thaarakh madeena phaas (, "magrib rajaakkanmaarude charithratthilum phes nagaratthinte charithratthilum ninnulla pejukalude poonthottangalile vinodakaramaaya koottukaarude pusthakam") ennathinte churukkapperaaya raud alle-kirtas () magrib bharanadhikaarikaleyum phes nagaratthinte praadeshika charithratheyum vivarikkunna oru pusthakamaanu.
pejukalude poonthottangal" ennartham varunna "raud alle-kirtas" enna hraswa thalakkettinaan eee kruthi saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedunnathu. fessil alle-kirthaasinte poonthottam ennu vilikkunna oru pothu udyaanamundaayirunnu ennathil ithinu eratta ardhamundennu parayappedunnu, randaamathethu siri ibnu athiyayude vilipperaayirunnu.
achadikku munbulla divasangalil, eee janapreeti dhaaraalam vyathyastha kaiyezhuthuprathikalkku kaaranamaayi. ithinte anantharafalamaayi chila pathippukalil fessinte ibnu abii saar ennum chilar granadayile salih ibnu abd alle-hallim ennum nalkiyittulla rachayithaavinekkurichulla chila anishchithathvamundu. ibnu khaldun prasthaavichathupole yadhaartha rachayithaav ibnu abii sarr aanennum abdul-hallim oru sangraham maathramaanennum aadhunika abhipraayathinte samavayam. thalakkettinte eratta ardham, fessinte vishadamaaya charithram, ibeeriyayude bhoomishaasthrathile niravadhi thettukal enniva rachayithaav phess swadeshiyaanennu theliyikkunnu.
788-ll idris onnaamante varavu muthal 1326 vare marinid raajavamshathilekkulla varavu vareyullathaanu charithratthinte vyaapthi. oro kaalaghattatthileyum sambhavangalude sangraha pattikayil avasaanikkunna oro kruthiyum naalu vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu
aadyatheyum avasaanatheyum vibhagangalil pishakukalil ninnu poornnamaayum mukthamallengilum athath aarthavangalude vilapetta rekhayundennu aadhunika gaveshakar karuthunnu. maruvashathu, almoravidukalileyum almohadukalileyum vibhagangal kaalanukramaparavum vasthuthaparavumaaya pishakukalum ozhivaakkalukalum niranjathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu aaa kaalaghattatthile ettavum vishwasaneeyamallaatha uravidangalilonnaanu. eee prashnangalude velichathil ibnu khaldun thante praadhamika reference srothassukalil onnaayi eee kruthi thiranjedutthathu nirbhagyakaramaanu.
akkaalat labhyamaya ellah kaiyezhuthuprathi pathippukalum upayogichu arabic paatatthinte oru vimarsanaathmaka pathipp 1843 ll tornberg prasidheekarichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi aadhunika arabi pathippukalkk adisthaanamaayi upayogikkunnu. tonberg oru laattin vivarthanavum nalki. 1860ll bumier oru franch vivarthanam prasidheekarichuvenkilum kurachu kayyezhuthuprathikale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum aadhunika maanadandangal prakaram thettayi kanakkakkappedunnathumaanu. huisi miranda spanish vivarthanathinte randaamathe (1964) pathipp valareyadhikam vyaakhyaanikkappedukayum aadhikaarikamaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheiyunnu.

