
moldovayude sambadvyavastha

uyarnna maanava vikasana soochikayulla uyarnna idatharam varumaanamulla sambadvyavasthayaanu moldovayude sambadvyavastha. kizhakk ukraine padinjaaru romania athirthi pankidunna karayal chuttapetta kizhakkan europian rajyamaanu moldova. muun soviyatt republicayirunna ithu innu europian unionile sthaanaarthi amgamaanu.
pashchaathalam.
1992 januvari 2nuu moldova oru vipani sambadvyavastha avatharippikkukayum vila udaaravalkkarikkukayum athu valia panapperuppatthinu kaaranamavukayum cheythu. 1993ll soviyatt rubalinu pakaramaayi moldovan liu enna deseeya currency avatharippichu. 2001ll moldovayude saambathika bhagyam marran thudangi; athinusesham raajyam 5 muthal 10 sathamaanam vare sthiramaaya vaarshika valarcha kaivarichu. videshathulla moldovanukalil ninnulla panamayaykkal moldovayude gdpyude naalilonn varum, ithu lokathile ettavum uyarnna sathamaanangalilonnaanu.
avalokanam.
karinkadalinte saameepyam moldovike soumyavum sanni kaalavastha nalkunnu. phalabhooyishtamaaya chernosem mannu gothamb, cholam, barley, pukayila, beatoot, soyabean ennivaye pinthunaykkunnu. beef, ksheera kannukaalikal enniva valarthukayum theneecha valarthal vyaapakavumaanu. madhya, thekkan pradeshangalil kendreekarichirikkunna vipulavum nannayi vikasichathumaaya munthirithottangalil ninnaan moldovayude ettavum prashasthamaaya uthppannam varunnath. moldova madyavum thilangunna veenjum uthpaadippikkunnu. sooryakanthi vithukal, walnut, apple, mattu pazhangal ennivaykkum ithu ariyappedunnu. ithu raajyathe motham jii. dii. piyude 40 shathamaanatholam varunna eee pradeshathe kaarshika, bhakshya samskaranathinu anuyojyamaakkunnu.
2018ll nirmmicha moldova
rhapseed (85,000 tonn) polulla mattu kaarshika uthppannangalude cheria ulppaadanathinu purame. lokathile ettavum valia 20-aamm sthaanathum 25-aamm sthaanathum munthiriyudeyum aappilinteyum uthppaadanam moldovayilundu, koodaathe lokathile ettavum valia 10-aamm sthaanathum 15-aamm sthaanathum plum, sooryakanthi vithukalude uthppaadanam undu.
mattu pala muun soviyatt republicukaleyum pole moldova saambathika budhimuttukal anubhavichittundu. oorjjathinum asamskritha vasthukkalkkumayi muun soviyatt yooniyante backie bhaagangale sambadvyavastha valareyadhikam aashrayikkunnathinaal, soviyatt union thakarnnathinethudarnnulla vyaapaarathile thakarcha gurutharamaaya prathyaaghaathamundaakki, chilappol varalchayum aabhyanthara samgharshavum moolam vashalayi. 1998leeii russian rubles moolyathakarcha moldovayude sambadvyavasthaye doshakaramaayi baadhichittundenkilum 2000 muthal saambathika valarcha sthiramaanu.
swaathanthryam labhichathinushesham saambathika parishkaranatthil moldova purogathi kaivarichittundu. sarkkar mikka vilakalum udaaravalkkarikkukayum mikka adisthaana upabhokthru uthppannangaludeyum subsidikal ghattamghattamaayi nirthalaakkukayum cheythu. 1993 maarchil aarambhicha oru paripadi ellah bhawana unitukaludeyum 80 sathamaanavum 2,000 oolam cherukida, idatharam, valia samrambhangalum svakaaryavalkkarichu, ithu bhavanarahitharudeyum thozhilillaaymayudeyum vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi. 2000ll poortthiyaakkiya oru american sahaaya padhathiyude falamaayi moldovayude kaarshika bhoomi sarkkar muthal swakaarya udamasthaavakaasham vare svakaaryavalkkarikkukayum 1995 juunil oru ohari vipani thurakkukayum cheythathaanu mattu vijayangal.
1994ll aii. dii. 3ll ninnu 1997ll 11 shathamaanamaayi panapperuppam kuranju. russiayude 1998leeii currency moolyathakarchaykku sesham panapperuppam veendum uyarnnuvenkilum moldova athine niyanthranathilaakkunnathil valia munnettam nadatthi 2000ll aii. dii. 2,2001ll 6.3 sathamaanavum 2002ll 4.4 sathamaanavum. 2003ll panapperuppam veendum uyarnnu-pradhaanamaayum kaarshika vilayile varalcha moolamulla vardhanavu kaaranam-2004ll aii. dii. 4ll ethi. ennirunnaalum 2004ll ithu aii. dii. 5 aayi parimithappedutthi. 2003lum 2004leeii aadya maasangalilum praadeshika currency ganyamaayi uyarnnu. 1999 avasaanathode liu athinte ettavum uyarnna nilayiletthi. naashanal baank oof moldova videsanaanya vipaniyil vaangalukal ganyamaayi vardhippichathinushesham, 2004 november-desemberil liu dollarilekku sthiratha kaivarichu.
moldova oru swatantra vipani sambadvyavasthayilekkalu parivartthanam thudarunnu. 2004ll thudarchayaaya anchaam varshavum raajyam jii. dii. pii. valarcha rekhappeduthi, varshavasaanam yadhaartha jii. dii. pii valarcha 8 shathamaanamaayirunnu. 2000-nuu munbu moldova swaathanthryaanantharam oru varshathe positteev jii. dii. pii valarcha maathrame rekhappeduthiyirunnulla ennathinaal eee valarcha sradheyamaanu. 2004leeii bajatt nadapakkalum shradheyamaayirunnu, kaaranam yadhaartha ekeekritha bajatt varumanam varshathinte bhooribhaagavum 1.4 sathamaanam pravachanangale marikadannu.
2004leeii svakaaryavalkkarana phalangal kaaryamayirunnilla 2004ll niravadhi cheria kambanikalum oru vinory swakaaryavalkkarikkadumbe rund vaidyuthi vitharana kambanikal ulppede niravadhi valia samsthaana samrambhangalude svakaaryavalkkaranam sarkkar anishchithakaalathekku maattivachu. niyamatthinte edaykkideyullathum phalapradamallaathathumaaya nadappaakkal, saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya anishchithathvam, sarkkar peedanavum edapedalum enniva nerittulla videsha nikshepathinte varavu niruthsaahappeduthunnathu thudarunnu.
2004-nte aadya ombathu maasangalil kayattumathiyekkaal vegathil irakkumathi vardhichukondirunnu; uyarnna vilayulla oorjja irakkumathi moldovayude pradhana kayattumathiyaya kaarshika, kaarshika samskarana charakkukalude moolyathe marikadannathinaal moldovayude vyapara nibandhanakal vashalayi.
2002ll, veezhchayundaakaan saadyathayullathinaal moldova 39.6 dasalaksham dollar thuka adaykkaatha oru eurobond punakrameekarichu. 2004 meyy maasathil moldova motham $1 milyan moolyamulla promissory nottukal verum 50 milyan dollarinu russian gaspromine rideem cheythu. 2003 madhyathil moldova thangalude kadangal inii nikatthillennu ubhaykakshi kadam kodukkunnavare ariyichu. 2004leeii bajatt sarkkar bajattinte ekadesham 6 sathamaanathil videsha kada sevanathinu (palisha) fund nalki, 2005leeii bajatt videsha kada sevanathinu ekadesham 4 shathamaanamaayi padhathi cheythu. anthaaraashtra dananidhiyum (aii. emm. eph) lokabank 2002 joolaiyil moldovike vaaypa nalkunnathu punaraarambhichu, thudarnnu 2003 joolaiyil veendum vaaypa nirtthivachu. 2004ll moldova daaridrya laghookarana thanthram paasaakkiyenkilum anthaaraashtra dhanakaarya sthaapanangalumaayi ithuvare oru karaarilethiyittilla.
moldovayil upayogikkunna motham vaidyuthorjjathinte 70 sathamaanavum ukrainil ninnaan irakkumathi cheiyunnathu, 30 sathamaanam maathramaan moldovayil uthppaadippikkunnathu.
macro economic sahacharyam.
mothatthil, irakkumathi cheytha prakruthivaathakathinte vila erattiyaayathum 2006ll russia moldovan, georgian vainukal nirodhichathum 2007ll kadutha varalchayum ulppede thudarchayaaya aaghaathangalude oru parambara undaayirunnittum moldova nannayi pravartthikkunnu. 2007ll valarcha 5 shathamaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, 2008ll ithu 7 shathamaanamaayi uyarumennu prathekshikkunnu. nikshepam vardhichukondirikkanu, koodaathe valarchayude pradhana uravidamaayi panamayaykkal maattisthaapikkaan thudangunnu-upabhogam nayikkunna muun model marikkondirikkunnu ennathinte prolsaahajanakamaaya adayaalam.
mattu parivartthana sambadvyavasthakal neridunna velluvilikale moldova kooduthalaayi abhimukeekarikkunnu. videshanaanyathinte varavil ninnulla sakthamaaya moolyavardhana sammarddavum vyapara kammi vardhikkunnathum mechappetta valarchaa saadhyathakalkk kaaranamaayittund. nerittulla videsha nikshepam (eph. dii. aii) uyarnnu, 2006leeii 7 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 2007ll ithu jii. dii. piyude 12 shathamaanathilethiyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
eee mekhalayile 13 sathamaanathil uyarnna nilayilulla panapperuppamaan pradhana macro economic aashanka.
sakthamaaya irakkumathi valarcha kaaranam charakk vyapara baalansile thakarcha attavarumaanathilum kaimaattatthilum undaaya mechappeduthalukaliloode karant akkoundu kammi gdpyude 12 shathamaanamaayi cheria mechappeduthalukaliloode nikathappettu. octoberil rashyayilekkulla veenju kayattumathi punaraarambhichathu oru pradhana nalla sambhavavikaasamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum alavu pathukke veendedukkaan saadhyathayund.
2007ll jii. dii. piyude 0.3 sathamaanam cheria kammi nilanirthikkondu dananayam karsanamaayi thudarnnu. irakkumathiyile sakthamaaya vaatt sakthamaaya varumaana prakadanatthe nayichu, athesamayam chelavu bajattin anusrithamaayi nilanirtthi. ennirunnaalum, 2008ll avatharippicha nikuthi vettikkuravukal anukoolamaaya saambathika sthithiye durbalappeduthiyekkaam.
2007leeii saambathika karsanatha videshanaanyathinte sakthamaaya varavu moolam sankeernamaayirunnu. naashanal baank oof moldova reserve aavasyakathakal 10 sathamaanathil ninnu 15 shathamaanamaayi vardhippikkukayum poolisi palisanirakku 2.5 sathamaanam pooyint vardhippikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, varalchayude randaamghatta prathyaaghaathangal, vardhichuvarunna panamayakkalukalil ninnum efdiyil ninnumulla panalabyatha sammarddangal, vaipa, vishalamaaya panatthil thudarchayaaya sakthamaaya valarcha enniva soochippikkunnathu panapperuppatthinulla uyarnna apakadasadhyathakal ithuvare poornnamaayum niyanthrikkappettinditle.
anukoolamaaya chila pashchaathalangal undaayirunnittum, moldova europile ettavum daridramaaya rajyamaayi thudarunnu, chila kizhakkan europian ayalraajyangalude sambadvyavasthaye valareyadhikam mechappeduthiya parishkaarangal pinthudarunnathine ethirkkunnu. 2005 maarchil nadanna paarlamentari thiranjeduppil vijayichathinusesham communist party rashtreeya niyanthranam nilanirthukayum prathipakshavumayi sahakarichu athinte nethaavaaya vladymyr voronine veendum presidentaayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. paashchaathya anukoola nilapad sarkkar nilanirthunnundengilum, gadanaaparamaaya parishkaarangal pinthudarunnathil athu budhimuttu neridukayum baahya saambathika vibhavangal aakarshikkunnathinulla anthaaraashtra dhana nidhiyude padhathiyil kaaryamaaya purogathi kaivarikkukayum cheythu. 2004 desemberil paarlament sarkkaarinte saambathika valarchaykkum thanthraparamaaya prabandhathinum amgeekaaram nalkiyengilum saambathika krameekaranam, vethana niyanthranam, kadam kudissika adaykkal enniva sarkkar pariharikkunnathuvare anthaaraashtra dhanakaarya sthaapanangalum paashchaathya nikshepakarum samthruptharaakilla. svakaaryavalkkaranathinum vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinteyum vegatha kuranjuvenkilum 2004ll jii. dii. pii valarcha 7.3 shathamaanamaayirunnu, upabhogam valarukayum currency mechappedukayum cheiyunnu. anthaaraashtra madhyasthathaykkulla shramangalkkidayilum azhimathiyum aayudhangaludeyum nirodhitha vasthukkaludeyum kallakkadathum moolam durithamanubhavikkunna russian anukoola transnistria enclavile prathisandhi thudarunnu.
bisinus, saambathika anthareeksham.
2023leeii saambathika swaathanthrya soochika prakaram, 2022neey apekshichu kuranja 58.5 enna mothatthilulla skorumaayi moldova aagolathalathil 96-aamm sthaanathaanu.
"60nuu mukalilullathellaam mithamaaya soujanyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu."
2020leeii bisinus cheiyunnathinulla eluppa soochika anusarichu, moldovayude athirthiyilekkulla dooram 74.4/100 (aagolathalathil 48-aamm sthaanam) aanu, ithu 2019 neey apekshichu 1.3 vardhanavaanu.
"dii. tii. eph (athirthiyilekkulla dooram): kooduthal nallath"
vyapara nayam.
lokabaankinte kanakkanusarichu 2001ll (lokabaankinte kanakkukal labhyamaya ettavum sameepa varsham) moldovayude sharashari tarif nirakk 2.8 shathamaanamaayirunnu. (locabank 2001leeii kanakk 2005leeii soochikayil report cheytha 3.9 sathamaanathil ninnu kurachirikkunnu.) 2004 leeii locabank report "moldovayile irakkumathiykkum kayattumathiykkum budhimuttullathum niyantrithavumaaya vyapara nadapadikramangal, azhimathi, bhaarameriyathum anuchithavumaya niyanthranangal, uyarnna gathagatha chelavu thudangiya anoupachaarika thadassangalude shreni" ennu rekhappeduthunnu."parishkaricha vyapara ghadaka reethishaasthrathe adisthaanamaakki, moldovayude vyapara naya score maattamillathe thudarunnu.
swatantra vyapara karaarukal.
nilavil 43 rajyangalumaayi moldova bahurashtra, ubhaykakshi swatantra vyapara karaarukalil oppuvachittundu.
praadeshika vikasanangal.
vyapaaravum vikasanavum sugamamakkunnathinaal vikasita vipanikalumayi athirthi pankidunnathiloode raajyangalkk prayojanam labhikkunnu. moldovayude ayalraajyangalude pattika, 1990lum 2015lum aalohari gdp, jodikal thammilulla vyapara moolyangal enniva chuvadeyundu. 1990ll moldovayude aalohari jidipiyekkaal moonnilonnu maathram valuthaayirunna romania 2015ll naalirattiyiladikam valuthaya gdpyilekku mariyathinaal avayude parinamam vyathyasthamaan. maruvashathu ukraine moldovayekkaal ekadesham 6 sathamaanam kuranju. ukreynilekkulla kayattumathiyude moolyam romaniyayilekkulla kayattumathiyude 10 sathamaanam maathram aayathinal ithu vyaapaarathil vyakthamaan.
saambathika bharam.
moldovayude ettavum uyarnna aadaayanikuthi nirakk 22 sathamaanamaanu. 2005 januvari muthal praabalyatthil vanna korpparettu nikuthi nirakk 20 sathamaanathil ninnu 18 shathamaanamaayi kurachu. 2003ll jii. dii. pii. yude vihithamenna nilayil sarkkar chelavukal 2002leeii 3 sathamaanam pooyint vardhanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 1.2 sathamaanam pooyint uyarnnu 33.6 shathamaanamaayi.
sarkkar edapedal.
2003ll sarkkar gdpyude 17.7 sathamaanam upayogichathayi locabank report cheiyunnu. athe varsham thanne anthaaraashtra naanayanidhiyil ninnulla vivarangalude adisthaanathil moldovike sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhangalil ninnum swathinte sarkkar udamasthathayil ninnum 4.93 sathamaanam varumanam labhichu.
dananaya nayam.
1995num 2004num idayil moldovayude sharashari vaarshika panapperuppa nirakk <aii. dii. 1> shathamaanamaayirunnu.
videsha nikshepam.
videsha nikshepathinu moldovan sarkkar niravadhi aupachaarika thadassangal palikkunnilla, koodaathe videsha nikshepakarkku "deseeya suraksha, kuthaka virudha niyamanirmmanam, paristhithi samrakshana maanadandangal, pothujanaarogyam, pothu kramam ennivayude thaalpparyangalkk virudhamallaathidatholam kaalam, republic oof moldovayiludaneelam, bisinesses pravartthanangalude eathu mekhalayilum avarude nikshepam nadatthaan swaathanthryamundennu moldovan embassy report cheiyunnu."ennirunnaalum, nikshepam thadayunnathinulla aupachaarika kaaranagal udaaramaayi prayogikkunnu ennathinu kaaryamaaya anoupachaarika thadassangalum soochanakalum undu. anthaaraashtra dhananidhiyude abhipraayathil, "licensing bisinus rajistreshanum lalithamakkaanulla sramangal nadathiyittum, bisinesses anthareekshathil kaaryamaaya purogathiyundaayilla. mathramalla, svakaaryavalkkarana paripadi sthambhichirikkumbol azhimathi vyaapakavum bharanam durbalavumaanu. svakaaryamekhalayil sarkkar edapedal...vipani kendreekritha parishkaarangalodulla adhikaarikalude prathibadhathayekkurichu samshayam prakadippikkunnu."munkaala vilppana raddaakkiyathulppedeyulla mosham nikshepa anthareeksham pala paashchaathya nikshepakareyum thadayunnathu thudarukayaanennu ekkanomist intelligence yoonit report cheiyunnu. 2001num 2004num idayil vilppanaykku nischayichirunna 480 samrambhangalil 60 ennathil thaazhe maathramaan sarkkar svakaaryavalkkarichathu."videsha nikshepakar kaarshikamo vanabhoomiyo vaangaruth. thaamasakkaarum pravaasikalum videsanaanya akkoundukal nadathiyekkaamenkilum chila sandarbhangalil anumathi aavasyamaanennu aii. emm. eph report cheiyunnu. paymentukalkkum kaimattangalkkum nirddishta thukakal kaviyukayaanengil pinthunaykkunna rekhakalum moldova deseeya baankinte amgeekaaravum aavasyamaanu. mikkavarum ellah mooladhana edapaadukalkkum naashanal baank oof moldovayude amgeekaaramo rajistreshano aavasyamaanu.
banking, finance.
moldovayil videsha baankukalo shaakhakalo sthaapikkunnathinu audyogika thadassangalonnumilla. central baank minimum mooladhana aavasyakatha vardhippichu, ithu banking mekhalayile ekeekaranathinu kaaranamaakumenn prathekshikkunnu. banking mekhalayil 16 vaanijya baankukal ulppedunnuvennu aadya samrambham report cheiyunnu (2003). 14 praadeshika udamasthathayilulla baankukalundu, backie rund baankukal russia, romania ennividangalil ninnullavayaan. 2002leeii vaaypayude 70 sathamaanathiladhikam varunna anchu valia baankukalulla banking mekhala valare kendreekrithamaanu. banking mekhalayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, insurance mekhalaykku uyarnna thothilulla videsha pankaalithamundu. muun samsthaana insurance kambaniyaaya moldovayile ettavum valia insurance sthaapanam oru australian kambaniyude udamasthathayilaanu."2002ll 25ll thaazhe kambanikale maathrame ulppeduthiyirunnull. moldovayude stokku exchange valare cheruthaanu. banka dii ekkanomiyude niyanthrana vihitam ulppede jscb" "banka dii ikkanomi" "zaa, jscb" "eurocredit baank" "ennee rund baankukalil sarkkaarin oharikalundennu moldovan embassy report cheiyunnu". "motham banking mooladhanathinte ekadesham 50 sathamaanavum videsha nikshepamaanennu saambathika shaasthranjante rahasyaanveshana yoonit report cheiyunnu.
vethanavum vilayum.
sarkkar udamasthathayilulla valia mekhalayiloode sarkkar vilaye swaadheenikkunnu. sambadvyavastha manthraalayatthinte abhipraayathil, kuthakakal nalkunna charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum vilayum vaidyuthi allengil thaporjjam, bhoomi, medical sevanangal, praadeshika nikuthi mekhalakal vaagdaanam cheiyunna sevanangal ennivayude vilayum samsthaanam niyanthrikkunnu. moldovike rund niyamaparamaaya prathimasa minimum vethanangalundu onnu samsthaana jeevanakkaarkk vethanavum mattonn svakaaryamekhalaykku uyarnna vethanavum.
2015ll sambadvyavasthayile sharashari prathimasa shambalam emm. dii. ell 4611 (ekadesham. 210 euro/235 usd), 2014 neey apekshichu 10.5% (0.7 sathamaanam panapperuppam krameekarichirikkunnu) uyarnnu.
2015 desemberil samsthaana jeevanakkaarude sharashari shambalam 4162 milyan dollar svakaaryamekhalayile sharashari shambalam 5684 milyan dollar aayirunnu, 2014 neey apekshichu ithu yathaakramam 4 sathamaanavum 8.6 sathamaanavum vardhichu.
swathavakaasham.
yuu.ezz. sameepa varshangalil niyamavyavastha mechappettittund" ennu vaanijya vakupp report cheiyunnu. moldovike rekhappeduthiyathum sthiramaayi prayogikkunnathumaaya vaanijya niyamamund."ennirunnaalum, iniyum orupaad karyangal cheyyendathundu. yuu prakaram.ezz. stettu department, "bharanaghadana oru swatantra judiciary nalkunnu; ennirunnaalum, executive branch judiciaryil anaavashya swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. shambalam adaykkunnathinulla kudissika jadjimark purathuninnulla swaadheenangalil ninnu swathanthraraayi thudaraanum azhimathiyil ninnu muktaraakaanum budhimuttaakkunnuvennu pala nireekshakarum vishwasikkunnu."
niyanthranam.
"bureaucratic nadapadikramangal ellaayppozhum suthaaryamalla, chuvanna tape palappozhum prosessing anaavashyamaayi dairkhyameriyathaakkunnu", yuu report cheiyunnu.ezz. vaanijya vakupp. "[sii] idungiya niyamangaludeyum kaalaharanapetta sivil kodukaludeyum aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna paachu varkkaan vaanijya niyamam. yuu. ezz. eiii. iii. dii vidagtharumaayi chernnu, vaanijya niyama vyavasthakal ulppeduthunnathinulla nilavile europian sanbradaayathe pinthudarunna oru karadu sivil coode vikasippicheduthittundu."azhimathi virudha niyamangal" phalapradamaayi nadappaakkiyittillennum azhimathi vipulamaaya thalatthil nilanilkkunnuvennum athe srothass report cheiyunnu."locabank nalkia oru report soochippikkunnathu thozhil niyamangal alppam karkkashamaanennu aanu.
anoupachaarika vipani.
moldovike vendi internaashanalinte 2004 leeii score 2.3 aanu. athinusesham 2005 ll moldovayude anoupachaarika vipani score 4 aanu.
2011ll moldovayude azhimathi score 2004ll undaayirunnathinekkaal 2.9 aanu.
vinodasanjaaram.
moldovayile vinodasanjaaram
aabhyanthara, anthardesheeya vinodasanchaarikalkku saadhyathakal prathinidheekarikkunna 15,000 oolam kaazhchakalum 300 prakrithidatha mekhalakalum moldovaykkullil undu.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
"(iii)-kanakk"
graphixil moldovan sambadvyavastha.
vyaavasaayika ulppaadana valarchaa nirakk
3.4 sathamaanam (2017) <br>
kaarshika ulppaadana valarchaa nirakk
2.5 sathamaanam (2018)

