
syracuse uparodham (bii. sii. 397)

bii. sii. 397 muthal 278 vare carthagenian sainyam sirakkeesinethire nadatthiya naalu parajayappetta uparodhangalil aadyathethaanu bii. sii. 397 leeii syracuse uparodham. syracusile dionysius mothya uparodhathin prathikaaramaayi, kaarthejinte magonid kudumbatthile himilco sisiliyilekku ganyamaaya senaye nayichu. mothya thirichupidichu lillibame sthaapichathinushesham, himilco messana pirichuvittu, thudarnnu bisi 397 leeii sharathkaalathil greak navikasena kaattaanayil thakarthathinetthudarnnu syracuse uparodhikkukayum cheythu.
bii. sii. 415ll eadheniyakkaar upayogicha oru thanthram kaartaajiniyakkaar pinthudarukayum syracusine ottappeduthunnathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 396leeii venalkkaalath carthagenian campil oru mahamari pottippurappedukayum athil bhooribhaagam sainikarum kollappedukayum cheythu. dionysius carthagenian senaykk nere karaa, kadal samyuktha akramanam nadathukayum dionysiusumaayulla oru kararinu sesham himilco carthagenian pouranmaarodoppam rakshappedukayum cheythu. avasheshikkunna libianmare adimakalaakkukayum aisalukal urukippokukayum ibeeriyakkaar dionysiusil cherukayum cheythu. dionysius thante domaine vipuleekarikkaan thudangi, playg moolam durbalamaaya kartej bii. sii. 393 vare sirakusan pravarthanangalkkethire oru nadapadiyum sweekarichilla.
pashchaathalam.
bisi 406ll phoeneeshyan deshangalile greak aakramanangalkk prathikaaramaayi kartej munbu sisili aakramichirunnu. bii. sii. 405 venalkkaalathode akraga, gela, camerina ennee nagarangal pidichedukkaanum kollayadikkaanum kazhinja thante bandhu himilco akraagakale uparodhichathin sesham hanibal magoyanu eee paryaveshanathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu. eee parajayangal syracusil rashtreeya prakshubdhathayundaakkum aathyanthikamayi dionysiusine svechaadhipathiyaayi adhikaarathil konduvarikayum cheythu. bisi 405ll himilco dionysius oru samadhana udambadiyil oppuvachu, athu sisiliyude 60 sathamaanathinte neritto allaatheyo niyanthranam kartejinu vittu. messina, leontini nagarangal swathanthramaayi avasheshikkukayum dionysiusine syracusinte bharanadhikaariyaayi kartej amgeekarikkukayum cheythu.
dionysius thayyarayikkazhinju.
bii. sii. 405num bii. sii. 398num idayil dionysius thante rashtreeya sthaanam surakshithamakkunnathinum sayudha senaye vardhippikkunnathinum thudakkam kurichu. bii. sii. 404ll sisalukalumaayi yuddham aarambhich addeham himilcoyumaayulla udambadi lamghichu. kartej prathikarikkunnathil onnum cheyyaathappol, dionysius thante sainyathinullile oru kalapam addehathe kadinamaaya avasthayil athikkukayum athu addehathe syracusil uparodhikkukayum cheythu. shathrukkalude bhagyavum kazhivillaaymayum eee prathisandhiyil ninnu vijayakaramaayi uyarnnuvaraan dionysiusine sahayichu. dionysius pinneedu naxosukaludeyum kattaanayudeyum nagarangal keezhadakkukayum pirichuvidukayum leontine kootticherkkukayum cheythukondu thante pradesham vipuleekarichu. addeham koolippadayaalikale niyamikkukayum 200 puthiya kappalukal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. syracuse kottakettukayum dionysius orttijiya dveepine (yadhaartha syracuse nagaram nilakondirunna sthalam) oru kottayaakkukayum eppippola peedabhoomiye valia mathilukalaal chuttukayum cheythu. puthiya aayudangalum (kaattapaltt polullava) puthiya kappalukalum (kwinkwerem polullava) srishtikkaan addeham thozhilaallikale niyamichu. bii. sii. 398ll dionysius 80,000 kaalalppadayudeyum 3,000 kuthirappadayudeyum sainyathodoppam 200 yudhakkappalukaludeyum 500 gathaagathangaludeyum oru kappal thante saadhanangalum yuddha yanthrangalum vahichukondu phoeneeshyan nagaramaya mottiya aakramichu. ithu kaarthejinethire addeham nayikkenda naalu yudhangalil aadyathethinu theepidichu.
yuddham thudangunnu.
dionysiasinte akramanam carthagenian aadhipathyathin keezhilulla sisilian greekkukaareyum sikkaanukaleyum kalaapathin prerippichu, deonysius mottiya uparodham earppeduthumbozhekkum 5 nagarangal maathrame leegilaayirunnulloo (sestta, enttella, palermo, solas enniva). nilakollunna sainyamillathathinaal, kartejinu mothya sahayikkaan hilkoyude keezhil 100 tririmukalude oru kappalpadaye maathrame ayaykkaan kazhiyoo. himilco paraajayappedukayum kadutha punic prathirodhatthe marikadanna sesham dionysius mothya pirichuvidukayum cheythu.
kartej sainyathe sajjamakkiya sesham, himilco aafrikkayil ninnu kappal kayari palermoyil ethi, thudarnnu erics pidichedutthu. himilco aduthathaayi mothyayil athikramichu kayari, avide bittaninte keezhilulla mikkavarum sisal gaarisan eluppathil marikadakkappettu. karthaginiyakkaar sesttayude uparodham pinvalikkukayum dionysius oru unnatha sainyathinethire padinjaaran sisiliyil yuddham vaagdaanam cheiyunnathinupakaram syracusilekku viramikkukayum cheythu. himilco palermoylekku madangukayum carthagenian pradeshangal kaaval nirthukayum thudarnnu 300 yudhakkappalukalum 300 gathaagathangalumadakkam liparayilekku kappal kayarukayum cheythu. lipaarayil ninnu kappamaayi 30 taalanth velli shekharicha sesham, carthagenian sainyam cape peloratthil ethi, messine sainyam kaarthajeeniyakkaare neridaan nagaratthil ninnu vadakkott march cheythu. thiranjeduttha sainikarum kappalyaathrakkaarum niranja 200 kappalukal hilco ayaykkukayum nagaram eluppathil pidichedukkukayum kollayadikkukayum cheythu. greekkukaar graamapradesangalile kottakalilekku chitharikkidakkukayum kottakal pidichedukkaan himilco paraajayappedukayum cheythu.
messinayil thaavalam sthaapikkaruthennu himalco theerumaanikkukayum thekkott march cheyyukayum touromeniyanil oru nagaram sthaapikkukayum cheythu, avide addeham sisalukal kondu niranjirunnu. sisalukal ippol dionysius upekshichu, athinaal oru strokkiloode rund karyangal kaivarichu, dionysiusil ninnu sakhyakakshikale verpeduthaanum athe samayam messinayile sathrukkalaaya greekkukaarude eathu pravartthanavum thadayaan sakhyakakshikale nedaanum himilcoic kazhinju. kappalppadayude sanjaaram koodekkoode karthaginiyakkaar theerathu thekkott march punaraarambhichu. ennirunnaalum, emm. tii. yude gurutharamaaya pottitheri. etna naxosinte vadakkulla paathaye kadannupokaan kazhiyaathathaakki, athinaal himilco emm. tii. kku chuttum sanjarichu. etna. kappalppadayodoppam mago kaattaanayilekk kappal kayari, avide addeham carthagenian sainyavumayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthanam.
dionysius 60 adhika kappalukalkk syracusil ellah adimakaleyum mochippikkukayum syracusilum leontiniyilum sainikarum saadhanangalum nalkukayum greasil ninnu 1000 koolippadayaalikale niyamikkukayum cheythu. kaarthaginiyanmaare akramikkaan addeham thante sainyatheyum kappalpadayeyum kaattaanayilekk maatti. addehathinte sahodaran leptainsinte thidukkam pidicha thanthrangal kaaranam, kattana yudhathil (bisi 397) greak kappalppada kanatha parajayappettu, 20,000 sainikar/rovezhs, 100 kappalukal enniva avasheshikkunna greak kappalukalkk pinwangan kazhiyunnathinumumbu nashtappettu.
ethir sakthikal.
bisi 397ll hisilco carthagenian sainyathe (50,000 purushanmaar, 400 trime, 600 gathagatham) sisiliyilekku nayichu. kartajinianmar syracusil athiyappol, avarude yudhakkappal 208 kappalukalayi churungiyirunnu, ennirunnaalum sainyathilekku saadhanangal kondupokaan 2,000 gathagatham upayogichu. chilar carthagenian swathukkal kaaval nirtthiyirunnathinaal, sisiliyil ethiya sesham sisalukal, sikkanmaar, elemianmaar ennivar kaarthajeeniyakkaare shakthippeduthiyathinaal syracusil undaayirunna sainikarude ennam anjjaathamaanu.
dionysiasinu 30,000 adii neelamulla sainyavum 3,000 kuthirappadayaalikalum 180 kwinkeremukalum kaattaanayil undaayirunnu. naavikasenayude paraajayathinum sakhyakakshikalude upekshaykkum sesham dionysiasinte sainyam 80 kappalukalayi churungi. eee nashtam nikathaan chila koolippadayaalikale niyamikkaan addehathinu kazhinju, koodaathe syracusinte janasamkhya thante sainyathe vardhippikkunnathinu niravadhi sainikare nalki. 30 triramukal pinneedu greasil ninnu addehathodoppam chernnu.
carthagenian koottukaare.
libiacar kanathathum bharam kuranjathumaaya kaalalppadaye vitharanam cheyyukayum sainyathinte ettavum achadakkamulla unitukal roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. helmettum linan curasses dharichu neenda kunthangalum vrithaakrithiyilulla parichakalum upayogichu kanatha kaalaalppada aduthuninnu poraadi. laitt libian infentry jaavalinukalum iberian laitt infantric samanamaaya oru cheria parichayum vahichirunnu. campanian, sardinian, gallic kaalaalppada avarude thaddesheeya gearil pooraadiyengilum palappozhum kartej upayogichu sajjeekarichirunnu. sisalukalum mattu sisiliyanukalum greak hoop laittukal pole sajjeekarichirunnu.
libiacar, carthagenian pouranmaar, libio-feenishyanmaar ennivar achadakkavum nannayi pariseelanam labhichathum eettikalum vrithaakrithiyilulla parichakalum ulla kuthirappadaye nalki. nemidia javelin bandilukalullathum, breadle allengil saddle illaathe sawari cheiyunnathumaaya mikacha laitt kuthirappadaye nalki. ibeeriyakkaarum gaulukalum kuthirappadaye nalki, avar ellah chaarjukaleyum aashrayichu. libiacar kuthirappurathu nirmmikkaan bhaarameriyathum naalu kuthirappadayude rathangalude bhooribhaagavum nalkiyirunnuvenkilum eee samayat kuthirappurathu yuddha aanakale upayogichirunnilla. greekkukaaraan 50 charakkukal erixil mukkiyappol himilcoic thante rathangal nashtappettu, aarum syracusil sevanamanushtichathaayi thonnunnilla. pala yoonittukalum avarude thalavanmaarude keezhil poraadiyittundaakam, ennirunnaalum carthagenian officer corps sainyathinte mothatthilulla command vahichirunnu.
punic naavikasena tream chuttum nirmmichathaanu, carthagenian pouranmaar saadhaaranayaayi libiyayil ninnum mattu carthagenian domainukalil ninnum recruit cheyyappettavarkoppam kroo aayi sevanamanushtichu. carthagenian sainyam kattanayil ninnu greekkukaaril ninnu niravadhi kwinkweremukal pidichedutthirunnu, eee ghattathil kartajinianmar itharathilulla kappalukal nirmmikkukayaayirunno ennu ariyilla. 40 kwinkeremukal syracusil undaayirunnu. syracusile prarambha punic navikasenayil 208 yudhakkappalukalum 3,000 gathagatha maargangalum undaayirunnuvenkilum uparodhathinaayi athrayennam avide sthiramaayi nilayurappichittunde ariyilla.
greak sainyam.
pradhaanamaayum dionysius pouranmaaril ninnu aakarshicha hooplait aayirunnu greak sainyathinte pradhana adithara, italiyil ninnum greasil ninnum dhaaraalam koolippadayaalikal undaayirunnu. sisalukalum mattu thaddesheeya sisiliyanukalum sainyathil hoplaittukalaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum peltaastukal vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu, koodaathe saamnait allengil etruscan yodhaakkaleppole sajjeekarichirikkunna niravadhi campaaniyanmaarum sannihitharaayirunnu. sainyathinte saadhaarana poratta roopeekaranamaayirunnu falnx roopeekaranam. aavashyamenkil prayamaaya purushanmareyum sthreekaleyum peltaastukalaayi upayogikkaanum dionysiasinu avasaramundaayirunnu. sambannaraaya pouranmaaril ninnum koolippadayaalikalil ninnumaanu kuthirappadaye niyamichathu.
dionysiasinteyum triraminteyum kandupiduthamaya quinquereminu chuttumaayaan syracuse naavikasena nirmmichathu. dionysius kappalukalum labhyamaan, pakshe nambar anjjaathamaanu. pouranmaarude naavikar kappalpadaye niyanthrichu.
uparodhathin munkaiyedukkuka.
kaattaanayile parajayam dionysiusine budhimutteriya avasthayilekku nayichu. greak kappalpadaye paraajayappedutthiyathode, syracusil thanne oru dash nadathaanulla oopshan magoic labhichu, kaartaajiniyakkaar syracusil messine valichedutha nettam aavarthichu. maruvashathu, dionysiasinu ippol himilcoyude sainyathe akramikkaanum paraajayappedutthaanum kazhiyumenkil, mago surakshithamaaya oru thaavalatthilekku madangaan nirbandhithanaakum. ennirunnaalum, thante thanthram theerumaanikkunnathil syracusil rashtreeya prashnangalude saadhyathayum dionysius manassil sookshikkendathundu. greak sainyam uparodham neridunnathine ethirthu, thudakkathil dionysius carthagenian sainyathe kandethaanum hilco upayogichu vaalukal alakkaanum chaayvullavanaayirunnu. greak sainyathinte abhaavathil magoy kappalpadayum syracuse pidichedukkumenna bheeshani addehathinte upadeshtaakkal choondikkaanichappol, dionysius camp thakarkkanum kaattaana vittu thekkott syracusilekku march cheyyaanum theerumaanichu. eee ghattathil, prakrithi maathaav greekkukaare sahayikkaan edapettu, kaaranam kaalavastha moshamayathinaal mago thante kappalukal kadaltheerathu kayaran nirbandhithanaayi, angane greak sainyathinte aakramanangalkk punic kappalpadaye durbalamakki. ennirunnaalum, bhagyam kartajiniyanmare anukoolichathaayi thonnunnu, kaaranam dionysius ithinu munbu thante pinvaangal aarambhichu, addehathinte kappalppadayude sheshipp theerathu samaantharamaayi sanjarichu. uparodhathe neridaanulla eee theerumaanam sisilian greak sakhyakakshikalkkidayil athratholam janapreeti nediyillennu thelinjathinaal avar sainyathe upekshichu athath nagarangalkkayi cheythu. orikkal avide, avar grameena kottakale kaikaaryam cheyyukayum kaarthaginiyanmaare kaathirikkukayum cheythu.
carthagenian sainyavumayulla yudhathinu rund divasathinu sesham 110 kilometer trekkingin sesham himilco kattaanayilethi. etnayum addehathinte saannidhyavum punic kappalppadayude suraksha urappakki. punic sainyathinum naavikasenaykkum kurachu divasathe vishramam nalkukayum eee samayat mago takarnna kappalukal nannaakkukayum pidicheduttha greak kappalukal punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. heemilco, paksham marran vaagdaanam cheyth, etnayile campaaniyanmaarumaayi charcha cheyyaan samayameduthu. avar dionysiusine bandikalaakkukayum avarude mikacha sainyam greak sainyathodoppam sevikkukayum cheythathinaal avar vishwasthatha pularthaan theerumaanichu.
uparodhathinulla thayyaareduppukal.
dionysius greak sainyavum aadyam syracusil ethi anivaryamaaya carthagenian uparodhathe neridaanulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhichu. leontiniykkum syracusine chuttumulla kottakal poornnamaayum aalukalullathum krameekarichathumaanu. greak sakhyakakshikalude upekshichathil njettippoya dionysius, italiyil ninnum greasil ninnum (syracusinteyum spartayudeyum maathrnagaramaaya corinth, oru saha doric sakhyakakshiye prathyekamaayi sameepichu) koolippadayaalikale niyamikkaan ejantumaare ayachu. onnukil vilaveduppu samrakshikkunnathinum carthagenian vettakkaare upadravikkunnathinulla thaavalangalayi pravartthikkunnathinum allengil bettayi pravartthikkukayum carthagenian sainyathe syracusil ninnu akattinirthukayum dionysiasinu samayam nedukayum cheyyumbol hilco avaa kuraykkunnu. kottakal eluppathil keezhadangukayum carthagenian senayude oru bhagam gaarisanukalaayi nilanirthukayum cheyyum.
himilco leontine kottakaleyum avaganikkukayum addehathinte sainyam pathukke syrachysilekku neengukayum cheythu. avar eppippola peedabhoomiye chutti sanjarikkukayum thangalude camp nirmikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu. 250 tririmukalum pidicheduttha greak kwinkwerimukalum chernna punic vaar-fleet ore samayam valia thuramukhathekku kappal kayarukayum thikanja kramatthil syracuse kadannu greekkukalil ninnu pidicheduttha kollakal pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. <aii. dii. 1> pinneedu thuramukhathu kayatti, sainikareyum saadhanangaleyum konduvarunnu. himilco uparodham aarambikkaan thayyarayirunnu. thudakkathil 180 kappalukal aninirathiyenkilum kaattaanayil 100 kappalukal nashtappetta sirakusan naavikasena thuramukhathu thanne thudarnnu.
syracusinte kottakal.
bisi 415-ll sisilian paryaveshanathinu munbu, taicha, arcadina pradeshangalkk chuttum mathilukal nirmmikkunnathin munbu, pradhana bhoopradeshathe agoraik chuttumulla chila gadanakalulla oorttiga dveepil syracusinte yadhaartha nagaram nilakondu. dionysius nilavilulla gadanakalilekku koottichertthathinushesham, greak lokathile ettavum valia sarkyuttulla mathilukal syracusine undaayirunnu.
oorttijiyaykku chuttumulla mathilukal dionysius punarnirmmichu, angane avaa muzhuvan dveepin pradhana bhoopradeshathe bandhippikkunna isthmasinum chuttum sthiramaaya edavelakalil gopurangal kondu poortthiyaakkiya sakthamaaya mathilumayi bandhippikkunnu. isthmasinu padinjaaru bhaagath thuramukhangalum kizhakk bhaagath lashius enna cheria thuramukhavumundaayirunnu. lashyasine valayam cheiyunnathinu screenukalum mathilukalum sthaapichu, athinu 60 triramukal ulkkollaan kazhiyum, koodaathe oru samayam oru trairim kadannupokaan anuvadikkunna oru gettu kadal screenukalkkidayil nalki. rund kottakalum oorttijiyayil nirmmichu, onnu dionysiasinte vaasasthalamaaya isthmasinaduthum mattonn thekkum. isthmasil thanne rund mathilukal nirmikkappettu, onnu isthmasil ninnu dveepine verthirikkukayum onnu isthmasil ninnu pradhana bhoopradeshathe verthirikkukayum cheiyunnu. isthmasil nirmmicha anchu kavaadangalude oru parambarayaaya "pentaplia", pradhana bhoopradeshathinum oorttijiyaykkum edayilulla praveshanathe niyanthrichu.
dionysius pinneedu vishwastharaaya koolippadayaalikalum adutha anuyaayikalum kondu orittiga dveepil adhivasichu. peedabhoomiyilekkulla pradhana praveshanathinu samrakshanam nalkunna bhoogarbha gadanakalulla oru valia kotta urielosil nirmmichu. acrodenayil aalukale paarppikkunnathinaayi athenian paryaveshanatthinide nirmmicha mathilukal addeham ulppeduthi. poornnamaayum kallukondu nirmmicha peedabhoomikku chuttumulla mathilukalkk 2 muthal 4.5 meter vare kanavum 6 meter uyaravumundaayirikkaam.
carthagenian camp.
polichaana pradeshathe valia thuramukhathinaduthulla camp nadatthaan himilco theerumaanichu. anapas nadikku vadakku sthithi cheiyunna syracuse nagara mathilukalil ninnu 10 stadiyangalo nadiyude poornnamaayum thekk chuvarukalil ninnu 12 stadiyangalo aayirunnu camp. heemilco syoosinte kshethram thante thaamasthalamaayi thiranjedutthu. pradhana camp orupakshe syoos shethrathinu kizhakkayi chathuppunilatthum daaskan ulkkadalinum lysimelia chathuppinum sameepathumaayi sthithi cheythirikkaam. kappalukalkkulla berthing soukaryangal kyaambinte bhaagamaayirunnu, campinu chuttum oru kuzhiyum palisade undaayirunnu.
praadhamika pravartthanangal.
himilco thante paalayatthil ninnu vadakkott sanjarichu palayakramam krameekarichathinushesham nagaratthinaduthu yudhathinu aninirannu. nooru carthagenian yudhakkappalukalum purappettu, oorttijiyayude iruvashathum nilayurappichu, eathu greak kappalukalum munnott poyaal avaye neridaan thayyarayirunnu. punic sainikarude parihaasangalkkidayilum greekkukaar sirakkoosinullil thanne thudarnnu. chumarukal aakramikkendennu himilco theerumaanichu, akkaalat addehathodoppam uparodha enchinukal undaayirunno ennu vyakthamalla. himilco thante sainikare syracusinu chuttum vittayakkukayum saadhyamaaya ellah saadhanangalum bhoomi kavarnnedukkukayum 30 divasathekku pradesham nasippikkukayum cheythu, orupakshe shaithyakaalam aarambhikkunnathin munbu keezhadangan greekkukaare bhayappeduthaanum ithu paraajayappettappol kaartaajiniyakkaar shaityakaala kwartezhsilekku pooyi uparodhathinulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhichu.
carthagenian thayyaareduppukal.
karthaginiyakkaar ippol aathmaarthamaayi uparodhathin thayyaredukkaan thudangi, himilco syoosinte shethrathinu sameepam oru kotta nirmmichu (kshethram kottaykkullil ayirunno ennu vyakthamalla). pradhana camp samrakshikkunnathinum kappalukalkk surakshithamaaya nankooram nalkunnathinumaayi mattoru kotta dasconilum onnu plemirianilum nirmmichu. nilavilulla kuzhikkum palisadinum purame campinu chuttum oru saadhaarana mathilum undaayirunnu. mathil nirmmikkunna prakriyayil jeloninteyum bhaaryayudeyum shavakudeerangal polichumaatti. kooduthal saadhanangal konduvarunnathinaayi gathagatha kappalukal sardiniyayilekkum aafrikkayilekkum ayachappol kappalppadayude oru bhagam chithari. kottakalil veenjum daanyavum aavashyamaaya ellah vasthukkalum sookshichirunnathinaal himilco thante sainikarude aavasyangal niravettaan oru chelavum ozhivaakkiyathaayi thonniyilla.
carthagenian thanthram.
karthaginiyakkaar munkaalangalil greak nagarangal vijayakaramaayi uparodhichirunnu. 409ll avar uparodha enchinukal upayogichu selenesine aakramichu, athe varsham thanne carthagenian uparodha vaidagdhyathinte irayum 406ll kaarthajeeniyakkaar nagaratthinte iruvashathum paalayamirangi akraagakale "vyapippichu". sirakusan prathirodhangalude valippam oru chuttupaadulla mathil nirmmikkunnath aprayogikamaakki. onnukil thante sainyathe kendreekarikkaan himilco aagrahichu allengil mattoru camp nirmmichukondu syracuse "vyaapippikkaan" annamillaayirunnu, ithu syracusil greekkukalil ninnulla pettennulla akramanangalkko rund campukaleyum bandhippikkunna chuttupaadukalillaatha mathilukalillaatha oru durithaashwaasa senayko kaartaajiniyanmaare thurannukaattumaayirunnu. thekk bhaagathe nerittulla akramanam aakramanakaarikalaaya sainikare erealusile kottayil ninnulla oru vashathe aakramanathinu vidheyaraakki. peedabhoomiyude mukalilulla mathilukalude uyaram ardhamaakkunnathu uparodha raambukal nirmmikkathe mathilukale aakramikkunnath asaadyamaanu ennaanu.
bisi 415ll ethaniyan nethaavu nisyasinu undaayirunna athe thanthramaan himilco adisthaanaparamaayi sweekarichathu, syracusinullil anukoolamaaya sambhavavikasangalkkaayi kaathirikkukayum cheythu. thayyaareduppukal poortthiyaakkiya sesham addeham shaityakaala kwartezhsilekku pooyi, syracuse uparodhathilaayirunnappol, athu poornnamaayum vichedikkappettirunna, punic kappalukal velluvilikkunnille greak kappalukalkk laashyasinakathekkum puratthekkum pookaam.
bii. sii. 397: kartej pravartthanam aarambikkunnu.
bii. sii. 397leeii shaithyakaalath athiraalikal athath sthaanangalil ninnu kaathiripp kalii kalichathinaal anantharafalangalonnum sambhavichilla. bii. sii. 396 leeii vasanthakaalath himilco syracusinte praanthapradeshangal akramikkaan thudangi. karthaginiyakkaar nagarabhithi lamghichathaayi paraamarsamilla, ennaal punic sainikar demeter, coor ennivaykkaayi samarppichirikkunna niravadhi shethrangal ulppede niravadhi nagarabhagam pidichedutthu, avayellaam kollayadikkappettu. dionysius aakramanaathmakamaayi pravartthikkukayum carthagenian patrollingine akramikkaan parakkal ayaykkukayum niravadhi ettumuttalukal vijayikkukayum cheythuvenkilum mothatthilulla thanthraparamaaya sahacharyam maattamillathe thudarnnu. ithinidayil, polexenosinu greasil oru naavika schwadron shekharikkaan kazhinju, spartayile faarakkidaasinte neethrthwathil 30 triramukalkku sirakkoosilethaan kazhinju. sparten niravadhi punic kappalukal pidichedutthirunnu, koodaathe carthagenian uparodha kappalukal oru punic schwadron patrollingil ninnu madangukayaanennu karuthi thante kappalukale anuvadichu. greekkukaarum kaarthaginiyanmaarum ippol avarude sramangal nilanirthunnathinu videsha vitharanathe aasrayichirikkunnu.
vijayathinte apakadasaadhyatha.
eee sambhavathin thottupinnaale, dionysius, thante sahodaran leptainsinoppam, syracusine nirnayakamaaya oru vitharana vaahanavyoohathe akambadikku kondupokunnathinaayi oru kappalumayi purappettu. avarude abhaavathil commander aaraanenn ariyilla, pakshe addehathinte pravartthanangal greekkukaare sambandhichidatholam ganyamaaya vijayam nedi. onnamathaayi, valia thuramukhathu oru rakshappedaatha punic koonn kappal kandethiya sesham, anchu sirakusan kappalukal purappett athu pidichedutthu. sammanam konduvarunna samayat, 40 punic kappalukal purappettu, udan thanne muzhuvan sirakusan navikasena (kappalukalude ennam paraamarshichittilla, pakshe orupakshe carthagenian samghathekkaal kooduthalaayirikkaam, admiral aaraanenn paraamarsikkunnilla) punic schwadronine earppeduthi, 4 kappalukal mukki, munnira ulppede 20 ennam pidichedutthu. greak kappalukal pinneedu pradhana punic nankooratthilekku munneriyenkilum kaartaajiniyakkaar velluvili nirasichu. greekkukaar pinneedu avarude kollayumaayi syracusilekku madangi.
dionysiasinte neethrthwamillaathe eee vijayam nedukayum pourasabhayil thirichethiyappol addehathinte chila rashtreeya sathrukkal addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. viyojippukaare pinthunaykkaan spartenmaar visammathikkukayum ithu attimari sramam takaraan kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. chila charitrakaaranmaar samudrayudhavum thudarnnulla sambhavangalum yadhaarthathil orikkalum nadannittillennum svechaadhipathya virudha ezhuthukaarude kruthikalaanennum oohikkunnu.
venalkkaalam 396: uparodham parajayappettu.
aaropikkappedunna naavikayuddham nadannaalum illengilum, venalkkaalam sisiliyil athiyappol poraalikalude thanthraparamaaya sahacharyam mariyittilla. himilcoic syracuse edukkaan kazhinjilla, dionysius punic senaye paraajayappedutthunnathil parajayappettu, iru kakshikalum videsha vitharanathe aashrayichu. eee ghattathil kadutha choodu anubhavichirunna carthagenian sainikarkkidayil oru playg pottipurappettu.
playg.
etheniyan pleginoppam saamyamulla playg, chathuppunilangalile mosham shuchithva reethikal moolamaayirikkaam, koodaathe maleria oru punk vahichittundaakam. athinte falamaayi niravadhi sainikarum naavikarum rogam baadhichu marikkukayum shavasamskara chadangukal niranjupovukayum mrithadehangal thidukkathil kuzhichidukayum puthiya shavasamskaarangal asaadhyamaavukayum azhukiya mrithadehangalude durgandham vaayuvil thoongikkidakkukayum cheythu. anubaadhayekkurichulla bhayam rogikalkku sariyaaya paricharanam nalkunnathu thadanjirikkaam.
greak shethrangaludeyum shavakudeerangaludeyum apavarthanamaanu eee duranthatthinu kaaranam. akraagakalude uparodhathil (bii. sii. 406) eee daivika kopam samippikkaan oru kuttyeyum vividha mrugangaleyum baliyarppichukondu hilco samanamaaya oru sahacharyam nerittu. plegine neridaan syracusil hilco sweekaricha eathu nadapadikalum (enthengilum undengil) phalapradamallennu thelinju; punic sakthikal nasippikkappedukayum kappalppadayude sannadhatha kurayukayum cheythu. himilco kaarthaajiniyanukalum dhaarshtyathode nilakollukayum campil thudarukayum cheythuvenkilum pleginte falamaayi kaarthaajiniyanmaarude manoveeryam avarude sainyathinte poratta falapraapthiyodoppam idinju.
dionysius adikkunnu.
punarupayogikkukayo kooduthal shakthippeduthukayo cheiyunnathinu munbu punic senakalkku nere karaa, kadal samyuktha akramanam nadatthi sahacharyam muthaledukkaan dionysius padhathiyittu. enpathu kappalukal aalukalullavayaayirunnu, leptainsinteyum faraakidaasinteyum neethrthwathil daaskan ulkkadalil kadaltheerathulla punic kappalukale aakramikkendathaayirunnu. punic campine akramikkunna sainikarkk neethrthwam nalkaan dionysius thiranjedukkappettu. chandranillattha oru raathriyil thante sainyathodoppam march cheyyaan addeham padhathiyittu, nere thekk punic campilekku pookunnathinupakaram, sian shethrathilekku oru vattapaathayiloode march cheyyukayum aadya velichathil thanne carthagenian kottakale akramikkukayum cheyyuka. dionysius kartajiniyanmare earppeduthiyathinu sesham greak kappalppada aakramikkendathaayirunnu. padhathiyude vijayam pradhaanamaayum kappalpadayum sainyavum thammilulla samayabandhithamaya ekopanathe aashrayichirunnu, athinte abhavam bisi 405 ll dionysiasinte mattoru sankeernamaaya yudhapadhathiye gelayil nashippichu.
sookshumamaaya vanchana.
dionysius thante ratri march vijayakaramaayi poortthiyaakki syanilethi. pularche addeham thante kuthirapadayeyum 1,000 koolippadayaalikaleyum padinjaaru ninnu nerittu campine akramikkaan ayachu. ithu oru vazhithirichuvidalaayirunnu, karthaginiyanmare earppeduthiya sesham vimatharum vishwaasayogyamallaathavara koolippadayaalikale upekshikkaan dionysius rahasyamaayi thante kuthirappadayaalikalodu utharavittirunnu. samyuktha seena camp akramikkukayum greak kuthirappadayaalikal pettennu vayalil ninnu palayanam cheythathine thudarnnu koolippadayaalikal vadhikkappedukayum cheythu. shathruvine vyathichalippikkunnathilum vishwaasayogyamallaatha chila sainikare oresamayam ozhivaakkunnathilum dionysius vijayichu.
punic kottakalkku nereyulla akramanam.
koolippadayaalikal vadhikkappedumbol, pradhana greak sainyam polichaanayileyum dasconileyum syoos shethrathinu sameepamulla kottakalkku nere akramanam nadatthi. kuthirappada, koolippadayaalikale upekshichu, dasconinethiraaya aakramanathil pankuchernnappol greak kappalppadayude oru bhaagavum munnott pooyi aduthulla punic kappalukale aakramichu. kaartaajiniyakkaar athbhuthappettu, avarkk oru ekopitha prathirodham nadatthaan kazhiyunnathinumumbu, dionysiasinu campinu purathulla sainyathe paraajayappedutthaanum polichaanayile kottayil vijayakaramaayi akramikkaanum kazhinju, athinusesham addehathinte sainyam carthajinian campineyum shethratheyum akramikkaan thudangi. yuddham avasanikkunnathuvare kaarthaginiyakkaarkku greekkukaare thadayaanaayi.
duesconil punic kappalppada thakarnnu.
chila kroo amgangal playgil kollappedukayum avarude kappalukal palathum vijanamaakukayum cheythathinaal punic kappalpadaye alillah avasthayilaayirunnu. greak kappalukalum poornnamaayum athbhutham kaivarichu, 40 kwinkeremukal ulppedunna dasconile punic kappalukalkk aakramanathe neridaan samayabandhithamayi alillah vimanangal vikshepikkaan kazhinjilla, taamasiyaathe muzhuvan syracuse navikasena aakramanathil pankuchernnu. nankooramidumbol greak kappalukal chilath idichu mungukayum cheythu, chila kappalukal oru hraswa ettumuttalinu sesham greak sainikar kayarukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythu, athesamayam ippol dionysiasinte neethrthwathil kuthirappadayaalikal chila kappalukalkk theeyittu, avayil chilath avarude nankoora kebilukal kathichappol vazhuthiveenu. punic sainikarum naavikarum vellathilekku chaadi neenthiyaanu theerathu athiyathu. thee campilekku padarnnengilum kyaambinte oru bhagam kathichathinu sesham anachu. greak sainikare akramikkunnathil earppettirunnathinaal punic sainyathin sahayam nalkaan kazhinjilla. syracusil ninnulla chila greekkukaar chila vyapara kappalukalum bottukalum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum dasconylake kappal kayarukayum upekshikkappetta chila punic kappalukal valicheriyukayum avarkk kollayadikkaan kazhiyunna ellah kollakalum nadathukayum cheythu. athesamayam, dasconile kotta greak kaikalilaayi. kappalppada syracusilekku madangumbol dionysius thante sainyathodoppam polichaanayile syoos shethrathinu sameepam thambadichirunnu.
jolic nalla divasam.
greekkukalkku polichaanayileyum dasconileyum kotta pidichedukkaan kazhinjirunnuvenkilum oru divasathe yuddham avasaanichathinusesham, punic campum syoosinte shethravum carthagenian kaikalilaayirunnu, athesamayam avarude kappalppadayude ganyamaaya bhaagavum athijeevichu. ippol munkaiyeduthathu dionysiasinte pakkalaan, koodaathe shakthippeduthalukalo sambhavavikaasangalkk shradhayillaathatho ozhike, himilco athu ozhivakkaan nadapadiyedutthillenkil himerayile duranthavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunna oru durantham kaarthaajiniyanmaarkk sambhavikkam.
vichitramaaya rashtreeya sahapaadikal.
greak svechaadhipathikal, prathyekichu jelo, hairo, dionysius ennivar paashchaathya naagarikathaye "kattana" thanthrangalil ninnu rakshichathinte bahumati palappozhum nediyittundu, prathyekichu 16-18 noottaandile charitrakaaranmaar. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. 396-ll dionysiasinte pravartthanangal kaanikkunnathupole, avarude chila pravarthanangalkku "paashchaathya naagarikathaye samrakshikkunnathinekkaal" avarude bharanam samrakshikkunnathumaayi kooduthal bandhamund.
himilcoyude ashayakkuzhappam.
carthagenian senaykk greak aakramanathe athijeevikkaan kazhinjenkilum avar appozhum playg baadhichirikkukayum greak sainyatheyo kappalppadayeo paraajayappedutthaanulla munkaiyedukkukayum cheythu, eee ghattathil athu asaadhyamaaya oru douthyamaayirunnu. greak naavikasena ippol orupakshe carthagenian naavikasenayekkaal kooduthalaayirikkaam, athu greak raid moolam nasippikkappedukayum jeevanakkaarude kuravu kaaranam labhyamaya kappalukal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyaathirikkukayum cheythu. vijayakaramaya oru yudhathil poraadaan sainyam mechappetta avasthayilaayirunnilla. sthithigathikal arinjirunna himilco, athe ratri thanne dionysiusumaayi rahasya charchakal aarambikkaan theerumaanikkukayum, itaaliyan, pradhana bhoopradesha greak sainyangal nilanilkkunna punic senaye poornnamaayum nasippikkunnathinu anukoolamaayathinaal mattu greak commandermaare iruttil paarppikkukayum cheythu.
dionysiasinte erattathaappu.
dionysius oru karar undakkaan thayyarayirunnu, ennirunnaalum baadhicha kaartaajiniyanmaare poornnamaayum nasippikkaan addehathinu nalla saadhyathayund. oru svechaadhipathiyenna nilayil, syracusile pouranmaare niyanthranathilaakkaan kaarthejinte bheeshani jeevanode nilanirthendathundennu aaropikkappedunnu; padinjaarine rakshikkuka ennathalla addeham nedaan shramichath. hilkoyude nirddeshangalodu addeham prathikarichuvenkilum kaartaajiniyanmaare veruthe pookaan anuvadichilla. chila vilapeshalukalkk sesham, inipparayunna nibandhanakal amgeekarikkappettu
himilco rahasyamaayi 300 taalanth polichaanayile kottayilekko syracus cheyyaano ayachu. thante vilapeshalinte bhaagamaayi dionysius thante sainyathe syracusilekku pinvalikkukayum nischitha raathriyil himilco kartej pouranmaarodoppam naalpat kappalukal oodichunadakkukayum cheythu. eee kappalppada valia thuramukhamukhathukoodi kadannupokumbol, korinthyar avare kaanukayum dionysiusine ariyikkukayum cheythu, addeham thante kappalpadaye aayudangal nalkikkond oru valia prakadanam nadathiyenkilum hilcoic rakshappedaan samayam nalkaan thante udyogasthare vilikkaan vaiki. rahasya kararinekkurichu ariyaatha korinthukaar avarude kappalukal oodichukalayukayum puratthekku pookukayum kurachu pinnokkam nilkkunnavare mukkan kazhiyukayum cheythuvenkilum bhooribhaagam carthajinian kappalukalum aafrikkayilekku rakshappedaan kazhinju.
himilco purappettathinusesham dionysius thante sainyathe marshell cheyyukayum carthajinian campine sameepikkukayum cheythu, appozhekkum sisalukal avarude veedukalilekku vazhuthiveezhukayum sheshikkunna punic sainikaril bhooribhaagavum deonysiasinu keezhadangukayum cheythu. rakshappedaan shramicha chila sainikare greekkukaar pidikoodi. ethirkkaan thayyaraya ibeeriyakkaare dionysius swantham sainyathinaayi niyamichu. bakkiyulla punic thadavukaar adimakalaayi.
anantharafalangal.
dionysius udanadi sisiliyile punic swathukkalkkethire march cheythilla, marichu thante raajyam oordar cheyyaan samayameduthu. aavasyathiladhikam kartej prakopippikkaan addeham aagrahichirikkilla. carthagenian aadhipathyam upekshicha sisilian greak nagarangal syrachesumaayi erekkure souhaarddaparamaayirunnu. bii. sii. 396ll solasine vanjichu pirichuvittu. pinneedu, dionysiasinte 10,000 koolippadayaalikal avarude commander sparttayile aristottalukale arast cheythathinetthudarnnu kalapam nadathukayum avarude nethaavine vidhikkaayi sparttayilekk ayakkukayum koolippadayaalikalkk leontini nagaram svanthamaayi bharikkan labikkukayum cheythathinushesham maathrame samadhaanippikkappedukayum cheythulloo. aduthathaayi dionysius itaaliyan, pradhana bhoopradeshamaaya dorian greekkukalil ninnulla kolanikkaarumaayi nashicha messanna nagaratthe veendum janavasamullathaakki, thudarnnu bisi 397-ll carthagenian avarude nagaram kollayadichathinu sesham purathaakkappetta mesanayile yadhaartha nivasikalumaayi tinderies sthaapichu. bii. sii. 394-ll dionysius touromenium uparodhikkukayum pinneedu kaarthejumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya sisalukal pidichedukkukayum cheythu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, bisi 393-ll kaarthejile mago oru sainyathe mesanayilekku nayikkukayum yuddham puthukkukayum cheythu.
karteja prasnangalaal budhimuttunnu.
dionysiasinte kaarunyatthil thante sainyathe upekshicha sesham himilcoyude madangivaravu carthagenian pouranmaarumaayo avarude aafrikkan prajakalumaayo nannayi irikkaanaayilla. 104-leeii kaunsil addehathe krooshippichillenkilum, saadhaaranayaayi parajayappetta carthagenian commandermar enna nilayil, eee pravrithi svayam cheyyaan himilco theerumaanichu. addeham paraajayatthinte poornna utharavaaditham parasyamaayi ettedukkukayum, vasthrangal dharichu nagaratthile ellah shethrangalum sandarshikkukayum, rakshaykkaayi apekshikkukayum cheythu, oduvil veedinullil ishtikakondu svayam vettikkollukayum pattini kidannu marikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu, carthagenian devanmaare samaadhaanippikkaan yaagam nadathiyittum, oru playg aafrikkayiludaneelam vyaapikkukayum kartejine durbalappeduthukayum cheythu. karyangal avasaanippikkunnathinaayi, aafrikkayile thangalude bandhukkal upekshichathil roshakularaaya libiacar kalapam nadatthi. avar 70,000 peradangunna oru sainyathe shekharikkukayum kothupani uparodhikkukayum cheythu.
kaattaanayude vijayiyaya mago command etteduthu. nilakollunna punic sainyam sisiliyilaayirunnu, oru puthiya sainyathe recruit cheiyunnathu samayamedukkunnathum orupakshe valare chelaveriyathumaayirunnu (himilcoyude thettu koolippadayaalikale jaagrathayode nirtthumaayirunnu), athinaal punic naavikasena nagarathinu vitharanam nalkumbol addeham mathilukal kaikaaryam cheyyaan carthagenian pouranmaare aninirathi. pinneedu vimathare adichamarthaan mago kaikkooliyum mattu maargangalum upayogichu. karthaginiyakkaar nagaratthil demeterinum korinum oru shethravum nirmmikkukayum syracusil kshethram nasippichathinu praayashchittham cheyyaan greekkukaare uchithamaaya yaagam arppikkukayum cheythu.
mago aduthathaayi sisiliyilekku maari, avide addeham nashtappetta pradesham veendedukkaan sramichilla. pakaram addeham greekkukal, sikkanmaar, sisalukal, elemianmaar, punix ennivarkku avarude munkaala kaarthejumaayi nilakollunnath pariganikkathe sahayam nalkikkond sahakaranathinteyum souhrudathinteyum oru nayam sweekarichu.
yuddham aarambhichathinusesham carthagenian aadhipathyam upekshicha greekkukaarude nagarangal ippol dionysiasinte bheeshaniyo magoyude pravartthanangalo moolam kooduthal nishpakshamaaya sthaanathekku maari. bii. sii. 394ll dionysius sisalukale aakramikkunnathuvare eee samadhaanaparamaaya nayam thudarnnu.

