
yunaittad stetsile cnm

yunaittad stetsil, certified nazhs midwifeukal (cnms) garbhakaalathum prasavaananthara kaalayalavilum sthreekalude nazhsing paricharanamaya nazhs midwiferyile advanced practies rajisterdu nazhsumaaraan. sii. enn. emmukale midwifeukalaayi kanakkakkunnu.
vidyaabhyaasavum pariseelanavum.
nazhs midwiferyil prathyeka vidyaabhyaasavum pariseelanavum ulla oru advanced practies rajisterdu nazhsaanu certified nazhs midwife (cnm). aadyam aavashyamaaya vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkukayum thudarnnu oru deseeya pareekshayil vijayikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu cnm certification prakriyayil ulppedunnathu. cnm udyogaarthikal nazhsing birudavum accreditation kammeeshan phoor midwifery ejyukkeshan (acme) amgeekaricha nazhs-midwifery vidyaabhyaasa paripadiyum poortthiyaakkanam. nazhs midwifery ejyukkeshan prograam oru birudaananthara prograamaanu, athinu baachilezhs birudam aavasyamaanu, chilappol rajisterdu nazhs (rn) licenses aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. 2010 muthal, ellah cnmukalum nazhsingil maasttar oof sayans (emsn) allengil nazhsingil oru puthiya doctoral birudam, doctor oof nazhsing practies (dnp) polulla kuranjathu oru biruda birudam undaayirikkanam. athinaal, oru amgeekritha cnm vidyaabhyaasa paripaadiyil ninnulla sameepakaala birudadhaarikalkku kuranjathu oru birudaananthara birudamenkilum nalkunnu. nazhs midwiferyil aavashyamaaya vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkiya sesham, cnm udyogaarthikalkku american midwifery certification board (amcb) nadathunna deseeya certification pareeksha ezhuthaan arhathayund. oro anchu varshathilum punarnirnayam nadakkunnu.
nilavile reethi.
samkhyakalum vyapthiyum.
2009 march vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram american koleju oof nazhs-midwives 50 samsthaanangalilum mikka yuu. ezz. pradeshangalilum 11,000-ladhikam certified nazhs-midwives (cnms), certified midwives (cms) ennivaye prathinidheekarikkunnu. 2005ll, yunaittad stetsile yoniyile jananangalil 10 sathamaanathiladhikam certified nazhs-midwifeukal pankedutthu. lingabhedathinte kaaryatthil sii. enn. emmukalil 2 sathamaanam maathramaan purushanmaar.
apakadasaadhyatha kuranja garbhadhaaranavum prasavavumaayi bandhapetta paricharanavum nalkunnathinu purame, praayapoorthiyaakal muthal aarthavaviramam vareyulla sthreekalude prathyulpaadana aarogya aavasyangalum navajaathashishukkalude paricharanavum sii. enn. emmukalkku niravettaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, chila marunnukal nirddeshikkaanum chila medical upakaranangal upayogikkaanum chikitsa, roganirnaya nadapadikal nadappilakkaanum avarkk kazhiyum.
thozhil profile.
aadhunika professional midwifeukalude thozhilparamaaya profile jolibhaarathinteyum shambalathinteyum kaaryatthil vyathyaasappedunnu. 2007leeii oru sarveyude phalangal prakaram, certified nazhs-midwifeukalude (cnms) sharashari shambalam 79,093 dollar muthal 89,916 dollar vareyaanu. 2007ll cnms reportil muzhuvan samaya jolicheyyunnavarude aidi1 aanu.
krameekaranam.
certified nazhs-midwives (cnms)-nuu aashupathrikal, janana kendrangal, swakaarya veedukal ennivayulppede ellah krameekaranagalilum practies cheyyaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, bhooribhaagam cnmukalum ashupatri jananangalil pankedukkunnu. bhooribhaagam cnmukalum aashupathrikalum medical sentarukalum (32.7%) allengil physician practies (30.5%) aanu upayogikkunnathu.
amerikkayil mikka veettupakaranangalilum dhaathreekkal pankedukkunnu. 2009ll, yunaittad stetsile 62 sathamaanathiladhikam veettupakaranangalil dhathreemaarum, certified nazhs dhaathreemaaraayi (cnms) aidi1 umm, mattu dhaathreemaaraayi (athaayath aidi2) aidi1 umm undaayirunnu.iii. nerittulla praveshanam).
niyamaparamaaya kaazhchappaadukal.
certified nazhs-midwives (cnms)-nuu 50 samsthaanangalilum columbia jillayilum niyamaparamaayi practies cheyyaan kazhiyum. dhaathreekaranavumaayi bandhapetta nilavile niyamaparamaaya prasnangal pradhaanamaayum samsthaana-nirddishtamaanu. 2012 october 20 nuu, alabama janana sakhyam, veettupakaranangalil pankedukkunnathil ninnu midwifeukale vilakkunna alabaamayude niyamathekkurichu avabodham valarthunnathinayi hundsvilleyil oru "vaakk 4 midwifeukal" samghadippichu. nilavil, alabamayil veettil prasavikkunnath niyamaparamaan, ennaal aaa jananathil midwifeukal ulppede arcum pankedukkaan kazhiyilla. 2011ll oduvil kammittiyil ninnu purathaakkappettappol kazhinja onpathu varshamaayi niyamam maattunnathinaayi oru bill avatharippikkan midwifeukalude vakthaakkal shramikkunnu. athu sambhavichappol thanne session avasaanichathinaal ithuvare oru nadapadiyum sweekarichittilla. aduthide texacil oru koottam midwifeukal yuu. yill jolie cheiyunnu.ezz.-vyaja janana certificattukal vittathin meksikkan boarder kuttakkaaranaanennu kandethi. avarude vidhi ningale prerippichu.ezz. athirthiyil eee midwifeukalum mattullavarum janicha niravadhi aalukalude janana sarttifikkattukalude saadhuthaye chodyam cheiyunnathinaayi kasttams, athirthi samrakshanam.
charithram.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode ganyamaaya ennam doctormar jananathinu hajarakan thudangi. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil prasavathil avarude praadhaanyam ganyamaayi vardhikkukayum ithu midwifeukale kaalaharanappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, vaidyante saannidhyathil janikkunnavarude vardhanavu avarude samskaarangalil ninnu dhaathreevidyayodu parichitharaya puthuthayi ethiya europian kudiyettakkaarude vardhicha aavashyavumaayi poruthappettu. koodaathe, pavapetta sthreekalum aafrikkan amerikkakkarum, prathyekichu thekk thaamasikkunnavarum parambaraagathamaayi midwifemareyum jolie cheythirunnu. vaasthavathil, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, dakshinenthyan samsthaanangalile karuthavarggakkaaraaya jananangalil 90 sathamaanavum midwifeukalaanu pankedutthathu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil doctormaarude hajarnilayilulla jananagal vardhichuvenkilum samskaaram, bhasha, chelavu ennivayude kaaranangalal midwifeukal poornnamaayum aprathyakshamaayilla.
1900 kalude thudakkathil, amerikkayude uyarnna sisumarananirakkinu balikodukkappettappol "midwife prashnam" ennu vilikkappedunnathil parambaraagatha midwifeukal vimarsanathinu vidheyayayi. kuttikalude aarogyavum samrakshanavum sambandhicha vaitt house konfarans, medical paricharanachelavukal sambandhicha samiti, newyork akkadami oof medisin ennivayil ninnulla kandethalukal eee uyarnna marananirakkin kaaranam midwifeukalekkaal doctormaaraanennu choondikkaanikkunnum, palarum ippozhum midwifeukale kuttappeduthunnu avarude "anjarum" "vrithiketta" vazhikal. aafrikkan amerikkakkar allengil kudiyettakkaar enna padavi kaaranam eee parambaraagatha midwifeukal eluppathil lakshyamittathayi pandithanmaar vishwasikkunnu. koodaathe, eee aadyakaala midwifeukalkku aupachaarika pariseelanam illaayirunnu, ithu doctormaare avarude parisheelanathekkurichu kooduthal samshayikkaan prerippichu.
midwifeukalude mosham steeriyodaippukal, janananirakk kurayunnathum veettil ninnu aashupathriyilekku janana maattam enniva midwifeukalude aavasyam kurachu. koodaathe, 1920-kalile deseeya kudiyetta nayam yooroppinte pala bhaagangalil ninnumulla kudiyettam thaalkkaalikamaayi avasanippikkukayum europian midwifeukalude ozhukk phalapradamaayi thadayukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla dashakangalil pradhana nagarangalil dhaathreebharthaakkal kuranju. 1903num 1912num idayil washington dii.sii., midwife hajarakunna jananagal 50 sathamaanathil ninnu 15 shathamaanamaayi kuranju. athupole, newyork nagaratthil, 1919-ll ellah jananangalilum 30 sathamaanavum 1929-ll 12 sathamaanavum maathramaan midwifeukal pankedutthathu. eee pravanathakal vadakkukizhakkan samsthaanangalil ninnu amerikkayiludaneelam vyaapichu, 1930-kalode midwifeukal raajyathe bhooribhaagam jananangalilum pankedutthilla.
chila pothujanaarogya udyogasthar, shishurogavidagdhar, saamoohika pravartthakar ennivar dhaathreebharthaavine illaathaakkaan aagrahichappol mattullavar ithu prashnam pariharikkumennu karuthiyilla. 1910kalilum 1920kalilum. newyork sitti beuro oof child haijeen director josephine baker, pala kudiyettakkaarkkum aafrikkan-amerikkakkaarkkum paarambaryamaayi shushroosha nalkiyirunnathinaal vaidyanmaarude paricharanam thangaan kazhiyaathathinal midwifeukale nilanirthaan vaadichu. athinaal, "midwife prashna" thinte pariharam avare parisheelippikkuka, licenses nalkuka, niyanthrikkuka ennivayaayirunnu.
professionalisation.
midwifeukalude aadyakaala niyanthranavum pariseelanavum 1900-kalude thudakkathil aarambichirunnu. 1911-ll newyork nagaram munisippaalitti sponsor cheytha aadyathe american midwifery school bellev ashupatri school phoor midwives aarambhichu. school sthaapikkunnathil saaraa josephine baker oru pradhana punk vahichu. itaaliyan, jarmman, poolish, hungarian kudiyettakkareyaanu schoolil kooduthalum chertthathu, koodaathe prasavapoorva paricharanam, prasavaananthara paricharanam, prasavangal ennivayil ettu maasathe pariseelanam nalki. koodaathe, belleview parisheelippicha midwifeukal pankedukkunna prasavangalil nagaratthiludaneelamulla sthithivivarakkanakkukal maathru, shisu marananirakk kuravaayirunnu.
athe samayam thanne, chilar nazhs-midwifery srishtikkunnathinaayi vaadichu, midwifery reethikalil vaidagdhyamulla oru nazhsinte punk vipuleekarichu. 1914ll naashanal oorganaiseshan phoor public health nazhsinginu samarppicha oru prabandhatthil doow. frederic jeey. tousing ezhuthi, "nazhs midwife cheyyum...] saadhaarana thadavinte kaaryatthil ettavum sahaanubhoothiyullavanum ettavum laabhakaravum ettavum kaaryakshamavumaya ejantaanennu theliyikkuka.adutha rund pathittaandukalil, 1923-ll newyork nagaratthile mettenitti sentar association (emm. sii. eiii) 1925-ll manhattan midwifery school ulppede nazhs-midwifery pariseelanam srishtikkaan niravadhi hraswakaala sramangal nadannu.
oduvil 1925-ll britiish pariseelanam labhicha american pothujanaarogya nazhsaaya merii breakinridge kentakkiyile frontier nazhsing sarvees (efns) roopeekarichu. aarogya pariraksha labhyamallaatha otappetta pradeshathu thamasikkunna ammamarkkum sisukkalkkum nazhs midwife paricharanam nalkuka ennathaayirunnu efnsinte dauthyam. vaasthavathil, eph. enn. ezz sthithicheyyunna kizhakkan kentakkiyile appalechiyan parvathanirakalil raajyathe ettavum uyarnna maathru, shisu marananirakkundaayirunnu. samsthaana, rajyavyaapaka kanakkukale apekshichu eph. enn. esinte maathrumarananirakkinekkuranuririri sthithivivarakkanakkukal valare kuravaanu. 1920kalude avasaanathil, eph. enn. ezz avarude sthithivivarakkanakkukal samaharikkunnathinaayi prashastha sthithivivarakkanakku vidagthanaaya luis israel dabline niyamichu. 1925num 1937num idayil eph. enn. esinte maathrumarananirakku (10,000ll) 6.6 aayirunnuvenkil kentakki vellakkaaril 44 muthal 53 vareyum amerikkayil 48.9 muthal 69.5 vareyum aayirunnu.
pinneedu 1931-ll, rooss "rossie" mcnott randaam thavanayum efnsinu maathrkayaakki mcaude nazhs-midwifery prograam vijayakaramaayi nadappaakki. emm. sii. eiii sthaapikkaan breakinridge newyork nagaratthilekku ayaykkunnathinu munbu emm. sii. naatt eph. enn. esil staaf nazhsayi jolie cheythirunnu. rund vidhathil emm. sii. eiii. midwiferic thudakkamittu. aadyam, 1932 februvariyil, emm. sii. eiii raajyathe randaamathe nazhs-midwifery school lobenstin school oof midwifery enna peril aarambhichu, ithu ralph dablyu. obstatreeshyanum skoolinte sthaapakariloraalumaaya lobansteen. 1) pariseelanam labhikkatha midwifeukale melnottam vahikkukayum padippikkukayum cheyyuka, 2) vidagthamaaya prasava paricharanam konduvarika" ennivayaayirunnu lobenstein skoolinte rund lakshyangal...] vidoora graamapradesangalile sthreekalkku.emm. sii. eiii athinte midwifery paatyapadhathi europian maathrkayil, prathyekichu britiish maathrkayil, roopappeduthi. rajisttar cheytha nazhsumaarkk patthu maasathe midwifery prograam poortthiyaakkendathundu. randaamathaayi, athe samayat thanne 1931-ll emm. sii. eiii lobenstein midwifery clinic sthaapichu, ithu pradhaanamaayum daridraraaya aafrikkan americakkaarkko sevanangal aavasyamulla harlemile puerto rickenmarco sevanam nalki. 1933 muthal 1952 vare sharashari 7.7 prasavapoorva sandarshanangal nadatthiya rogikalkku prasavapoorva paricharanatthe midwifery clinic prothsaahippichu. sankeernathakalude sambhavangalil, klinikkile midwifeukal rogikale oru doctorude paricharanatthilekku ruffer cheyyukayum cheyyum. eee sramangal theerchayaayum emm. sii. eiii. yile kuranja maathrumarananirakkinu kaaranamaayi. 1932num 1936num idayil, emm. sii. eiii jananangalude maathrumarananirakku 10 (10,000-ll) aayirunnu, athesamayam newyork nagaratthil 104 umm rajyath 56.8 muthal 63.3 vareyum aayirunnu.
midwifeukalude professional padavi sthaapikkunnathinulla eee aadyakaala sramangal vijayichenkilum, midwiferic kaaryamaaya thirichuvaravu nadatthaan kazhinjilla. thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil, prasavangal eathaandu poornnamaayum doctormar kaikaaryam cheythirunna aashupathriyilekku maatti. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathil pakuthiyiladhikam jananangalum aashupathrikalilaayirunnu. 1950kalude thudakkathil aaa samkhya 90 sathamaanamaayum oduvil 1970kalude thudakkathil 99 shathamaanathilekkum uyarnnu.
eee samayat, nazhs-midwifeukal avarude sthaanam kandethaan paadupedunnathaayi vivarikkappettittund. 1954-leeii american nazhs associationte vaarshika kanvenshanil, nazhs-midwives 1955-ll american koleju oof nazhs-midwifery (acnm) srishtikkunnathinu vazhiyorukki. pinneedu 1969-ll acnm american koleju oof nazhs-midwives ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayum niyamaparamaaya padavi sthaapikkukayum midwivesinte parisheelanathinum niyanthranathinum maanadandangal nischayikkukayum cheiyunnu.

