
soshyal network

oru koottam saamoohika pravartthakar (vyakthikal allengil samghadanakal polullava), paraspara bandhangalude koottangal, abhinethaakkal thammilulla mattu saamoohika edapedalukal enniva chernna oru saamoohika gadanayaanu soshyal network. soshyal network kaazhchappaad muzhuvan saamoohika asthithvangaludeyum ghadana vishakalanam cheiyunnathinulla oru koottam reethikalum eee gadanakalil nireekshikkunna paattenukal vishadeekarikkunna vividha sidhaanthangalum nalkunnu. eee gadanakalekkurichulla patanam praadeshikavum aagolavumaaya paattenukal thirichariyunnathinum swaadheenamulla entittikal kandethunnathinum network dynamics parisodhikkunnathinum soshyal network vishakalanam upayogikkunnu.
saamoohika manahshaasthram, saamoohikashaasthram, sthithivivarakkanakkukal, graph sidhaantham ennivayil ninnu uyarnnuvanna antharvishaya academic mekhalayaanu saamoohika shringalakalum avayude vishakalanavum. jorg simmal trikonamandalangaludeyum "group affiliationukalude web"-nuu oonnal nalkikkond saamoohyashaasthrathile aadyakaala gadanaaparamaaya sidhaanthangal rachichu. 1930kalil vyakthiparamaaya bandhangalekkurichu padikkunnathinaayi aadyathe soshiyogram vikasippicheduthathint bahumati jacob morenoikkaanu. 1950kalil eee sameepanagal ganithashaasthraparamaayi aupachaarikavalkkarikkappedum 1980kalode saamoohika, perumatta shaasthrangalil saamoohika shringalakalude sidhaanthangalum reethikalum vyaapakamaavukayum cheythu. samakaalika saamoohyashaasthrathile pradhana maathrkakalilonnaanu soshyal network vishakalanam, koodaathe mattu niravadhi saamoohika, aupachaarika shaasthrangalilum ithu upayogikkunnu. mattu sankeernamaaya netvarkkukalkkoppam, ithu network sayansinte puthiya mekhalayude bhagamaanu.
avalokanam.
vyakthikal, grouppukal, samghadanakal allengil muzhuvan samoohangalum thammilulla bandhangal padikkaan saamoohika shaasthrathil upayogapradamaaya oru saidhaanthika nirmmithiyaan soshyal network (saamoohika unitukal, vyathyasam kaanuka). atharam edapedalukal nirnnayikkunna oru saamoohika ghadanaye vivarikkan eee padam upayogikkunnu. eathoru saamoohika yoonittum bandhippikkunna bandhangal aaa yoonittinte vividha saamoohika bandhangalude samyojanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. eee saidhaanthika sameepanam theerchayaayum parasparabandhithamaan. saamoohika edapedal manasilakkunnathinulla soshyal network sameepanathinte oru soothravaakyam, saamoohika prathibhasangal praadhamikamaayi eee yoonittukalude gunangalkk pakaram unitukal thammilullathum ullathumaaya bandhangalude gunangaliloodeyaanu sangalppikkukayum anweshikkukayum cheyyendathu ennathaanu. athinaal, soshyal network sidhaanthathekkurichulla oru pothu vimarsanam, praayogikamaayi ithu anganeyallengilum vyakthigatha ejansikal palappozhum avaganikkappedunnu ennathaanu (ejantu adhishtitha modeling kaanuka). ekathaanamo samyojanamo aaya niravadhi vyathyastha tharam bandhangal eee network konfigareshanukal roopappeduthunnathinaal, network analytics vishalamaaya gaveshana samrambhangalkk upayogapradamaanu. saamoohika shaasthrathil, eee padanamekhalakalil naravamshashaasthram, jeevashasthram, ashayavinimaya padanangal, saambathikashaasthram, bhoomishaasthram, vivarashaasthram, samghadanaa padanangal, saamoohika manahshaasthram, saamoohikashaasthram, saamoohikabhaashaasthram enniva ulppedunnu, ennaal avayil maathram parimithappedunnilla.
charithram.
1890 kalude avasaanathil, emily durkheem, ferdinand tonis ennivar avarude sidhaanthangalilum saamoohika grouppukalude gaveshanathilum soshyal netvarkkukal enna ashayam munkootty kaanichu. moolyangalum vishwaasavum pankidunna vyakthikale bandhippikkunna vyakthiparavum nerittullathumaaya saamoohika bandhangalayi saamoohika grouppukal nilanilkkumennu tonis vaadichu ("jaminshaft", jarmman, saadhaaranayaayi "community" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu) allengil aalmaaraattaparavum aupachaarikavum upakaranaparavumaya saamoohika linkukal ("geselshaft", jarmman, saadhaaranayaayi "samooham" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu). vyakthikal thammil edapazhakumbol undaakunna saamoohika prathibhasangal vyakthigatha abhinethaakkalude gunangalude kaaryatthil inii kanakkakkaan kazhiyaatha oru yaadhaarthyamaanennu vaadikkunna saamoohika vasthuthakalekkurichu durkheem oru vyakthiparamallaatha vishadeekaranam nalki. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil ezhuthiya jorg simmal, nettvarkkukalude swabhaavavum network valuppathinte prathipravartthanathe baadikkunnathum choondikkaanikkukayum grouppukalekkaal ayanja netvarkkukalil prathipravartthanathinulla saadhyatha parisodhikkukayum cheythu.
1930kalil manahshaasthram, naravamshashaasthram, ganitham ennivayile niravadhi grouppukal swathanthramaayi pravartthikkunnathu eee mekhalayile pradhana sambhavavikasangal kaanaan kazhiyum. manahshaasthrathil, 1930kalil, jacob ell. moreno cheria grouppukalaayi, prathyekichu klaas murikalilum varkk grouppukalilumaayi saamoohika edapedalukalude chittayaya recording vishakalanavum aarambhichu (soshiyometri kaanuka). naravamshashaasthrathil, bronislo malinovsky, alfred radcliffe-braun, claude levi-stross ennivarude saidhaanthikavum vamsheeyavumaaya kruthikalaanu soshyal network sidhaanthathinte adisthaanam. maiks gluckmanumaayum maanchastar schoolumaayum bandhapetta oru koottam saamoohika naravamshashaasthranjar, joonn eiii ulppede. barnus, jeey. dakshinaafrikka, india, yunaittad kingdom ennividangalile community netvarkkukal anweshikkunna network vishakalanangal nadatthiya aadyathe feeld varkkukalil chilath nadathiyathinte bahumati palappozhum clyde michel, elisabath boat spilius ennivarkkaanu. athodoppam, britiish naravamshashaasthranjan ezz. eph. pilkkala network vishakalanathil swaadheenam cheluthiya saamoohika gadanayude oru sidhaantham nadell krodeekarichu. saamoohyashaasthrathil, talcott paarsanmaarude aadyakaala (1930) pravartthanangal saamoohika ghadana manasilaakkunnathin oru bandhathmaka sameepanam sweekarikkunnathinulla vedhi orukki. pinneedu, paarsans sidhaanthathe adisthaanamaakki, saamoohika vinimaya sidhaanthathekkurichulla addehathinte pravartthanavumaayi saamoohika yoonittukalude bandha bandhangal vishakalanam cheiyunnathinu saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya peettar bloyude pravartthanangal sakthamaaya prachodanam nalkunnu.
1970kalode, vyathyastha traakkukalum paarambaryangalum samyojippikkaan pandithanmaarude ennam vardhichuvannu. oru samghathil harward sarvakalaashaalayile saamoohika bandha vakuppile saamoohikashaasthranjanaaya haarisan vaittum addehathinte vidyaarthikalum ulppettirunnu. akkaalat harward soshyal relations departmentil swathanthramaayi sajeevamaayirunna chaals tilly, rashtreeya, saamoohika saamoohika shaasthrathilum saamoohika prasthaanangalilum netvarkkukalil shradha kendreekarichu, staanli milgram, "aarr digri seppareshan" prabandham vikasippichu. soshyal nettvarkkukalude vishakalanam vishadamaakkukayum vijayikkukayum cheytha vellakkaarante muun vidyaarthikalil maarkk graanovettarum baari velman ulppedunnu.
1990kalude avasaanathode, soshyal network vishakalanam saamoohyashaasthranjar, rashtreeya shaasthranjar, dunken jeey polulla bhauthikashaasthranjar ennivarude pravartthanangal anubhavichu. whats, albert-laslo barabazi, peettar bairman, nicolas eiii. kristaakkis, jaims echu. oonlain soshyal nettvarkkukalekkurich labhyamaya uyarnnuvarunna daattayilekk puthiya modalukalum reethikalum vikasippikkukayum prayogikkukayum cheiyunna foularum mattullavarum, athupole thanne mukhaamukham nettvarkkukalekkurichu "digital traceukal".
vishakalana nilavaaram.
pothuve, saamoohika shringalakal svayam samghadithavum uyarnnuvarunnathum sankeernavumaanu, athaayath sisttam nirmmikkunna gadakangalude praadeshika edapedalukalil ninnu aagolathalathil oru yojicha paatten prathyakshappedunnu. network valuppam vardhikkumbol eee paattenukal kooduthal prakadamaakunnu. ennirunnaalum, udaaharanathinu, lokathile ellah paraspara bandhangaludeyum aagola shringhala vishakalanam saadhyamalla, mathramalla vivaramillaathathra vivarangal adangiyirikkaanum saadhyathayund. computing shakti, dhaarmikatha, pankaali recruitment, payment ennivayude praayogika parimithikalum oru soshyal network vishakalanathinte vyaapthi parimithappedutthunnu. oru valia network vishakalanathil oru praadeshika samvidaanathinte sookshumathakal nashtappedaam, athinaal network propertykal manasilaakkunnathin vivarangalude gunanilavaaram athinte alavukolinekkaal pradhaanamaayirikkaam. athinaal, gaveshakante saidhaanthika chodyathinu prasakthamaaya alavil soshyal netvarkkukal vishakalanam cheiyunnu. vishakalanathinte thalangal parasparabandhithamaayirikkanumanum, netvarkkukal veezhunna moonnu pothuvaaya thalangalunda micro-level, messo-level, macro-level.
micro level.
micro thalatthil, soshyal network gaveshanam saadhaaranayaayi oru vyakthiyil ninnaan aarambhikkunnath, saamoohika bandhangal kandethumbol snoballing, allengil oru prathyeka saamoohika pashchaathalatthil oru cheria koottam vyakthikalil ninnu aarambhikkam.
diadic lewal rund vyakthikal thammilulla saamoohika bandhamaan died. dayadukalekkurichulla network gaveshanam bandhatthinte ghadanayil shradha kendreekarikkaam (udha.jii. multiplexity, shakti), saamoohika samathvam, parasparabandham/parasparabandham ennivayilekkulla pravanathakal.
trikonamithi nilah oru vyakthiye oru diadylake cherkkuka, ningalkk oru trikonamithi undaakum. eee thalatthilulla gaveshanam santhulithaavastha, parivartthanam, saamoohika samathvam, parasparabandham/parasparabandham ennivayilekkulla pravanathakal thudangiya gadakangalil shradha kendreekarikkaam. fritts hyderinte balance sidhaanthathil thrayam saamoohika chalanaathmakathayude thacolaanu. oru parasparavirudhamaaya pranaya trikonathile vairudhyam oru asanthulithamaaya thrayam ennathinte udaaharanamaanu, ithu oru bandhatthile maattathaal santhulithamaaya thrayam aakaan saadhyathayund. samoohathile saamoohika souhrudangalude chalanathmakatha thrikoodangale santhulithamaakkiyaanu roopappeduthiyittullathu. oppitta graafukalude sidhaanthathodeyaanu patanam munnott kondupokunnathu.
nadan nilah oru soshyal nettvarkkile vishakalanathinte ettavum cheria yoonit avarude saamoohika krameekaranatthile oru vyakthiyaan, athaayath.iii., oru "nadan" allengil "ahambhaavam"."egonatt varkk vishakalanam valuppam, bandhatthinte shakti, saandrata, kendreekaranam, anthass, isolateukal, bandhangal, paalangal thudangiya network savisheshathakalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. atharam vishakalanangal, manahshaasthram allengil saamoohika manahshaasthram, ethnographic bandhutwa vishakalanam allengil vyakthikal thammilulla bandhangalekkurichulla mattu vamshavali padanangal ennee mekhalakalilaanu saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnathu.
upasett lewal network gaveshana prashnangalude upasett levelukal micro levelil aarambikkunnu, pakshe vishakalanathinte messo levelilekku kadannekkaam. upasett thalatthilulla gaveshanam doorathilum athicheraavunnathilum, koottukal, samyojitha upagrooppukal allengil mattu group pravartthanangal allengil perumaattatthil shradha kendreekarikkaam.
messo level.
pothuve, micro, macro thalangalkkidayil varunna janasamkhyayude valuppathil ninnaan messo-level sidhaanthangal aarambhikkunnath. ennirunnaalum, micro, macro levelukal thammilulla bandhangal velippeduthunnathinaayi prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha vishakalanangaleyum messo level soochippikkaam. messo-level netvarkkukal saandrata kuranjavayaanu, avaa paraspara micro-level netvarkkukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya kaaryakaarana prakriyakal pradarshippichekkaam.
samghadanakal oru koottaaya lakshyathinaayi chumathalakal vitharanam cheiyunna saamoohika grouppukalaanu aupachaarika samghadanakal. oorganaiseshanukalekkurichu network gaveshanam aupachaarikamo anoupachaarikamo aaya bandhangalude kaaryatthil anthar-oorganaiseshanal allengil anthar-oorganaiseshanal bandhangalil shradha kendreekarikkaam. intraa-oorganaiseshanal netvarkkukalil palappozhum onniladhikam thalatthilulla vishakalanangal adangiyirikkunnu, prathyekichu onniladhikam shaakhakal, franchisikal allengil ardha svayambharana vakuppukalulla valia oorganaiseshanukalil. eee sandarbhangalil, rund gadanakalum thammilulla paraspara bandhatthil shradha kendreekarichu gaveshanam palappozhum oru varkk group thalatthilum samghadanaa thalatthilum nadathappedunnu. oonlainil network cheytha grooppukalumaayulla pareekshanangal grouppukalilekku svayambharana ejantumaare cherkkunnath ulppede vaividhyamaarnna edapedalukaliloode group thalatthilulla ekopanam opttimais cheiyunnathinulla vazhikal rekhappeduthiyittundu.
kramarahithamayi vitharanam cheyyappetta netvarkkukal soshyal nettvarkkukalude exponential random graph modalukal 1980-kalil soshyal network vishakalanathinte athyaadhunika reethikalaayi maari. pala manushya soshyal netvarkkukalilum saadhaaranayaayi nireekshikkappedunna pothuvaaya digri adisthaanamaakkiyulla gadanaaparamaaya phalangalum paraspara bandhavum parivartthanavum ulppede, network bandhangalekkurichulla vyakthamaaya sidhaanthangalil ninnu uruthirinjathupole, nooad thalatthil, homophily, attribute adisthaanamaakkiyulla pravartthanavum janapreeti phalangalum ulppede, pala manushya soshyal netvarkkukalilum saadhaaranayaayi nireekshikkunna saamoohika-gadanaaparamaaya phalangale prathinideekarikkaanulla sheshi eee chattakkoodinundu. nettvarkkile cheria subgraph konfigareshanukalude vyaapanathinte adisthaanathil paaraamettarukal nalkiyittundu, koodaathe oru nischitha network uyarnnuvarunna praadeshika saamoohika prakriyakalude samyojanathe vivarikkunnuvennu vyaakhyaanikkaam. oru koottam abhinethaakkalile netvarkkukalkkaayulla eee probability modalukal micro nettvarkkukalude niyantritha diadic swaathanthrya anumaanathinappuramulla saamaanyavalkkaranam anuvadikkunnu, ithu saamoohika perumaattatthinte saidhaanthika gadanaaparamaaya aditharayil ninnu modalukal nirmmikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
skeyil-free netvarkkukal kuranjathu rogalakshanangalonnumillath reethiyil oru vaidyuthi niyamam pinthudarunna oru netvarkkaanu skeyil-free network. network sidhaanthathil, saamoohika grouppukalude valippa vitharanam anaavaranam cheiyunna digri vitharanamulla oru kramarahita netvarkkaanu skeyil free ideal network. skeyil-free nettvarkkukalude prathyeka savisheshathakal avaa srishtikkaan upayogikkunna sidhaanthangalkkum vishakalana upakaranagalkkum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu, ennirunnaalum, pothuve, skeyil-free netvarkkukalkku chila pothu savisheshathakalundu. skeyil free nettvarkkile oru sradheyamaaya savisheshatha sharashariye kaviyunna digri ulla konukalude aapekshikamaya saamaanyathayaanu. uyarnna digri nodukale palappozhum "habbukal" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu saamoohika pashchaathalatthe valareyadhikam aashrayichirikkunnuve avayude netvarkkukalil prathyeka aavasyangal niravettiyekkaam. skeyil free nettvarkkukalude mattoru pothuvaaya savisheshatha clustering coffificient vitharanamaanu, ithu nooad digri vardhikkunnathinanusaricha kurayunnu. eee vitharanam oru adhikara niyamavum pinthudarunnu. mukalil kaanichirikkunna network parinaamatthinte barabazi model oru skeyil free netvarkkinte udaaharanamaanu.
macro level.
parasparamulla edapedalukal kandethunnathinupakaram, macro-level vishakalanangal saadhaaranayaayi oru valia janasamkhyayil saambathikamo mattu vibhava kaimatta edapedalukalo polulla edapedalukalude phalangal kandethunnu.
valia thothilulla netvarkkukal valia thothilulla network ennathu "macro level" ennathinte paryaayamaan."ithu praadhamikamaayi saamoohika, perumatta shaasthrangalilum saambathikashaasthrathilum upayogikkunnu. thudakkathil, eee padam computer sciencesil vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu (valia thothilulla network mapping kaanuka).
sankeernamaaya netvarkkukal mikka valia soshyal nettvarkkukalum saamoohika sankeernathayude savisheshathakal pradarshippikkunnu, athil network topology ganyamaaya nissaaramallaattha savisheshathakal ulppedunnu, poornnamaayum saadhaaranamo poornnamaayum kramarahithamo allatha gadakangal thammilulla sankeernamaaya bandhangalude paattenukal (sankeernnatha shaasthram, chalanathmaka samvidaanam, araajakathva sidhaantham kaanuka), jaiva, saankethika netvarkkukal pole. atharam sankeernamaaya shringhala savisheshathakalil digri vitharanathile oru kanatha wall, uyarnna clustering coffificient, konukalkkidayile vargeekaranam allengil vargeekaranam, community ghadana (stokkaastik block model kaanuka), sreniparamaaya ghadana enniva ulppedunnu. ejansi-directed nettvarkkukalude kaaryatthil eee savisheshathakalil resiprosity, triad praadhaanya profile (tsp, network motif kaanuka), mattu savisheshathakalum ulppedunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, munbu padicha nettvarkkukalude ganithashaasthra maathrkakal, laattisukalum kramarahithamaya graafukalum polullava eee savisheshathakal kanikkunnilla.
saidhaanthika linkukal.
irakkumathi cheytha sidhaanthangal.
soshyal network vishakalanathinte upayogathinaayi vividha saidhaanthika chattakkoodukal irakkumathi cheythittundu. graph sidhaantham, balance sidhaantham, saamoohika thaarathamya sidhaantham, aduthide saamoohika swathwa sameepanam ennivayaanu ivayil ettavum pradhanam.
thaddesheeya sidhaanthangal.
soshyal network vishakalanathil ninnu poornnamaaya sidhaanthangal kurachu maathrame nirmmichittulloo. gadanaaparamaaya roll sidhaanthavum heterophily sidhaanthavumaanu avayil randennam.
heterophily sidhaanthathinte adisthaanam oru padanatthile kandethalaayirunnu, vivarangalum naveekaranavum thedunnathil kooduthal durbalamaaya bandhangal pradhaanamaakumennath, kaaranam samghangalkku kooduthal ekeekritha abhipraayangal undakanum niravadhi pothuvaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakal pankidaanumulla pravanathayundu. eee homophilic pravanathayaanu samghathile amgangal aadyam aakarshikkappedaan kaaranam. ennirunnaalum, samaanamaayathinaal, samghathile oro amgathinum mattu amgangalkku ariyaavunnath kooduthalo kuravo ariyaavunnathaan. puthiya vivarangalo ulkkaazhchakalo kandethunnathinu, samghathile amgangal samghathinappuram mattu suhruthukkalodum parichayakkaarodum nokkendathundu. ithine graanovettar "durbalamaaya bandhangalude shakti" ennu vilikkunnu.
gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangal.
nettvarkkukalude pashchaathalatthil, oru nettvarkkile sthaanam kaaranam aalukalkk oru nettamulla saamoohika mooladhanam nilavilundu. oru nettvarkkile kondaakttukal nettvarkkile kendra kalikkaaran prayojanakaramaaya vivarangal, avasarangal, kaazhchappaadukal enniva nalkunnu. mikka saamoohika gadanakalum sakthamaaya bandhangalude idathoornna koottangalaanu. eee klasttarukalkkullile vivarangal orupoleyum anaavasyavum aayirikkum. vyathyastha klasttarukalilulla kondakttukaliloodeyaanu palappozhum kurravulla vivarangal labhikkunnath. rund vyathyastha clusterukalkku kuravallaattha vivarangal ullappol, avaykkidayil oru gadanaaparamaaya dwaaramundennu parayappedunnu. athinaal, gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangal palikkunna oru shringhala ovarlaappinginu pakaram oru paridhivare additteev aaya network aanukoolyangal nalkum. oru anuyojyamaaya shringhala gadanaykku oru munthirivalliyum kootta ghadanayum undu, ithu niravadhi vyathyastha koottangalilekkum gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangalilekkum praveshanam nalkunnu.
gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangalaal sambannamaaya netvarkkukal saamoohika mooladhanathinte oru roopamaanu, avaa vivara aanukoolyangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangal palikkunna oru shringalayile pradhana kalikkaaran vividha srothassukalil ninnum klasttarukalil ninnum vivarangal axus cheyyaan kazhiyum. udaaharanathinu, bisinesses netvarkkukalil, ithu oru vyakthiyude kariyarinu prayojanakaramaanu, kaaranam vividha vyavasaayangalilum mekhalakalilum addehathinte network vipulamaaya kondaakttukal vyaapippichal thozhilavasarangalekkurichum avasarangalekkurichum kelkkaan saadhyathayund. eee ashayam maarkk graanovettarude durbalamaaya bandhangalekkurichulla sidhaanthathinu samaanamaan, ithu vishalamaaya kondaakttukal undaayirikkunnathu thozhil nettatthinu ettavum falapradamaanennathinte adisthaanathilaanu.
gaveshana klasttarukal.
art netvarkkukal.
museum exhibishanil kalakaaranmaare orumichu pradharshippikkumbol srishtikkappetta netvarkkukal parisodhikkaan gaveshanam network vishakalanam upayogichittundu. kalakarante vyakthigatha nettangal niyanthrikkumbozhum charithratthilum charitra vivaranangalilum oru kalakarante amgeekaarathe atharam shringalakal baadhikkumenn theliyikkappettittund. kalakaaranmaarude network grouping oru vyakthigatha kalakarante lela prakadanatthe engane baadhikkumenn mattu kruthikal parishodhikkunnu. uyarnna staattas netvarkkukalumaayi bandhappettirikkumbol oru kalakarante padavi vardhikkunnathaayi kaanikkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee association oru kalakarante kariyaril varumanam kuraykkunnu.
ashayavinimayam.
saamoohikashaasthram, manahshaasthram, naravamshashaasthram, vivarashaasthram, jeevashasthram, raashtrashaasthram, saambathikashaasthram, vaachaadopangal, saahithyapadanangal, ardhashaasthram thudangiya mekhalakale valareyadhikam aakarshikkunna aashayavinimayapadanangal palappozhum saamoohikashaasthrathinteyas maanavikashaasthrathinteyum bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. pala ashayavinimaya ashayangalum oru srothassil ninnu mattonnilekku vivarangal kaimaarunnathine vivarikkunnu, athinaal oru netvarkkinte adisthaanathil ithu sangalppikkaan kazhiyum. bhashaaparamaaya naveekaranatthinte saamoohika vyaapanam muthal videshathu randaam bhasha ettedukkunnathil samaprayakkaaraaya padithaakkalude aashayavinimayathinte swaadheenam vareyulla prathibhasangalil soshyal network vishakalanam vijayakaramaayi prayogikkappettittundu.
samooham.
jeey.eiii. oru prathyeka bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanathe soochippikkunna oru "community" aaya barnus day, community bandhangalekkurichulla padanangal aarkkoppamaan samsaarikkunnathum bandhappeduthunnathum vyapaaram cheiyunnathum palliyil hajarakunnathum ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, innu, telecommunication upakaranangaliloodeyum soshyal network sevanangaliloodeyum vikasippichedutha vipuleekritha "oonlain" communitykalundu. atharam upakaranagalkkum sevanangalkkum vipulavum thudarchayaayathumaaya attakuttappanikalum vishakalanavum aavasyamaanu, palappozhum network sayans reethikal upayogikkunnu. saamoohika vikasana padanangalum innu atharam reethikal vipulamaayi upayogikkunnu.
sankeernamaaya netvarkkukal.
sankeernamaaya netvarkkukalkku saamoohika sankeernathayude maathrkayum vyaakhyaanavum nirddishta reethikalum chalanathmaka network vishakalanathinte saankethikavidyakal ulppedeyulla sankeernamaaya adaptive sisttangalum aavasyamaanu.
connectivityile thaalkkaalika mattangal soshyal netvarkkukalile gadanayude roopeekaranathinu engane sambhavana cheiyunnuvennu duval-phase parinamam polulla samvidaanangal vishadeekarikkunnu.
samgharshavum sahakaranavum.
abhinethaakkal thammilulla paraspara aashrithathvathinte swabhaavavum samgharshathinteyum sahakaranathinteyum falangalumaayi iva bandhapetta vazhikalum parisodhikkaan soshyal nettvarkkukalude patanam upayogikkunnu. patana mekhalakal ulppedunnu 
prathishedham polulla koottaaya pravarthanangalil pankedukkunnavar thammilulla sahakaranaparamaya perumaattam; 
anoupachaarika bharanasamvidhaanangaliloode samoohangalkkullil samadhaanaparamaaya perumaattam, saamoohika maanadandangal, pothu vasthukkal enniva prolsaahippikkuka.
antharsamsthaana samgharshangalilum antharsamsthaana samgharshangalilum saamoohika shringalakalude punk;
raashtreeyakkaar, gadakakakshikal, byoorokraattukal ennivarkkidayil soshyal networking.
criminal netvarkkukal.
criminal, arban soshyolaji mekhalakalil criminal abhinethaakkalkkidayil soshyal netvarkkukalkku valareyadhikam shradha nalkiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, kolapaathakangale samghangal thammilulla kaimaattangalude oru parambarayaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. kolapathakangal orotta srothassil ninnu puratthekku vyaapikkunnath kaanaan kazhiyum, kaaranam durbalaraaya samghangalkku prathikaaramaayi sakthamaaya samghathile amgangale kollan kazhiyilla, pakshe shakthiyude prashasthi nilanirthaan mattu akramasakthamaaya pravartthanangal nadatthanam.
puthumakalude vyaapanam.
aashayangaludeyum puthumakaludeyum vyaapanam padanangal oru nadanil ninnu mattonnilekko allengil oru samskaarathilekko aashayangalude vyaapanathilum upayogathilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. chilar ashayangalum puthumakalum "aadyakaala sweekarikkunnavar" aayitheerunnathu enthukondaanennu vishadeekarikkaanum oru puthumayude vyaapanam sugamamaakkunnathino thadassappeduthunnathino soshyal network ghadanaye bandhippikkanum eee gaveshana reethi shramikkunnu. navabhaashaasampradaayangal polulla bhashaaparamaaya naveekaranangalude saamoohika vyaapanamaanu oru udaaharanam.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
janasamkhyaashaasthrathil, soshyal nettvarkkukalekkurichu patanam kanakkakkaan prayaasamulla janasamkhya kanakkakkunnathinum athicherunnathinumulla puthiya sample reethikalilekku nayichu (udaaharanathinu, bhavanarahitharaya aalukal allengil intravinus mayakkumarunnu upayokthaakkal.) udaaharanathinu, prathikarikkunnayal nayikkunna sample edukkal ennathu network adisthaanamaakkiyulla sample edukkal saankethikathayaanu, athu kooduthal prathikarikkunnavare shupaarsha cheiyunna oru sarveyil prathikarikkunnavare aasrayikkunnu.
saambathika saamoohikashaasthram.
saamoohikapravarthanangalu phalangalude shringalakalil saamoohikashaasthra mekhala eathaandu poornnamaayum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. kooduthal churukkipparanjaal, saambathika saamoohikashaasthram saamoohika mooladhanathiloodeyum saamoohika "vipanikaliloodeyum" vyakthikaludeyum grouppukaludeyum perumatta edapedalukale pariganikkunnu. maarkk graanovettarineppolu saamoohikashaasthranjar saamoohika ghadana, vivarangal, shikshikkaano prathiphalam nalkano ulla kazhivu, rashtreeya, saambathika, mattu sthaapanangalekkurichulla avarude vishakalanagalil pathivayi aavarthikkunna vishwaasam ennivayude edapedalukalekkurichulla pradhana thathwangal vikasippicheduthittundu. saamoohika gadanakalum saamoohika shringalakalum niyamanam, vila, uthppaadanakshamatha, naveekaranam thudangiya saambathika phalangale engane baadhikkumenn graanovettar parisodhikkukayum sambadvyavasthayil saamoohika gadanayudeyum shringalakaludeyum swaadheenam vishakalanam cheiyunnathinu saamoohikashaasthranjarude sambhavanakal vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
aarogya samrakshanam.
epidemiological padanangalil mathramalla, rogiyude aashayavinimayathinteyum vidyaabhyaasathinteyum maathrkakal, roga prathirodham, maanasikaarogya roganirnayam, chikitsa, aarogya samrakshana samghadanakaludeyum samvidaanangaludeyum patanam ennivayilum saamoohika shringalakalude vishakalanam aarogya parirakshaa vishakalanathil kooduthalaayi ulppeduthiyittundu.
manushya paristhithi.
manushyarum avarude swaabhaavikavum saamoohikavum nirmmithavumaya paristhithikalum thammilulla bandhathekkurichulla oru inter disciplinary, trans disciplinary padanamaanu human ekkolaji. bhoomishaasthram, saamoohikashaasthram, manahshaasthram, naravamshashaasthram, suvolaji, prakrithi paristhithi ennivayumaayi bandhapetta oru vipulamaaya charitramaanu manushya paristhithiyude shaasthreeya thathwachinthaykku ullathu.
bhashayum bhaashaashaasthravum.
bhaashayudeyum bhaashaashaasthrathinteyum padanangal, prathyekichu parinaama bhaashaashaasthram, bhashaaparamaaya roopangalude vikasanathilum saamoohika edapedalukalude shringalakaliloode oru bhasha sanbradaayathil ninnu mattonnilekku mattangal, shabdangal allengil vaakkukal kaimaattam cheiyunnathilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. samoohathile aalukal avarude shekharathilekku bhashakal cherkkukayum koodaathe/allengil upekshikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal bhasha maattatthil soshyal nettvarkkukalum pradhaanamaan. bhashaaparamaaya naveekaranatthinte saamoohika vyaapanathiloodeyum samapraayakkaarumaayulla aashayavinimayathiloode randaam bhasha ettedukkaliloodeyum ithu sambhavikkam.
saahitya shringalakal.
saahitya samvidaanangalekkurichulla padanatthil, saahityam engane pravarthikkunnuvennathi vividha vashangal padikkaan anheer, gerhards, romo, dii nooy, senecal, lotkar ennivar shringhala vishakalanam prayogichittundu. eevan-soharinte rachanakal muthal nilanilkkunna poolisistam sidhaanthathe network sidhaanthavumaayum saahitya shringalayile vividha abhinethaakkal thammilulla bandhavumayum samyojippikkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu adisthaana aamukham.jii. ezhuthukaar, niroopakar, prasadhakar, saahithyacharitrangal muthalaayava., snayil ninnulla vishwalaiseshan upayogichu mapp cheyyaan kazhiyum.
samghadanaa padanangal.
aupachaarikamo anoupachaarikamo aaya samghadana bandhangal, samghadanaa ashayavinimayam, saambathikashaasthram, saambathika saamoohikashaasthram, mattu vibhava kaimattangal ennivayekkurichulla gaveshana padanangal. executiveukale orumichu bandhippikkunna niravadhi anoupachaarika bandhangalum vividha samghadanakalile vyakthigatha jeevanakkar thammilulla bandhangalum bandhangalum vivarikkunna samghadanakal parasparam engane edapedunnuvennu parisodhikkaanum soshyal netvarkkukal upayogichittundu. niravadhi samghadanaa saamoohika shringhala padanangal teamukalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. team network padanangalkkullil, udaaharanathinu, kendreekaranatthinteyum shakthiyudeyum pravachanangalum phalangalum, team upakaranangaludeyum avishkaara bandhangaludeyum saandrathayum kendreekaranavum, team netvarkkukal thammilulla punk enniva gaveshanam vilayiruthunnu. samghadanaaparamaaya prathibaddhatha, samghadanaaparamaaya thirichariyal, paraspara pourathvam ennivaye samghadanaa shringalakal baadikkunnathaayi kandethiyittundu.
saamoohika mooladhanam.
saamoohika mooladhanam ennathu saambathikavum saamskaarikavumaaya mooladhanathinte oru roopamaanu, athil saamoohika shringalakal kendramaanu, edapaadukal parasparabandham, vishwaasam, sahakaranm ennivayaal adayaalappeduthunnu, koodaathe vipani ejantumaar charakkukalum sevanangalum pradhaanamaayum thangalkk vendiyalla, marichu oru pothu nanmaykkaayi ulppaadippikkunnu. saamoohika mooladhanathe moonnu maanangalaayi thirichirikkunnu gadanaaparamaaya, bandhathmaka, vaijnjaanika maanam. pankaalikal parasparam engane edapedunnuvennum oru soshyal netvarkkil eathokke nirddishta pankaalikal kandumuttunnuvennum gadanaaparamaaya maanam vivarikkunnu. koodaathe, saamoohika mooladhanathinte gadanaaparamaaya maanam samghadanakal thammilulla bandhatthinte nilavaaratthe soochippikkunnu. pankaalikal thammilulla bandhangalude vishwaasyatha, maanadandangal, prathekshakal, thiricharivukal ennivaye soochippikkunna bandhita maanavumaayi eee maanam valareyadhikam bandhappettirikkunnu. samghadanakalude shringalaykku nalkunna vishwaasathinte nilavaaram pradhaanamaayum chithreekarikkunna eee bandhangalude swabhaavam bandhathmaka maanam vishadeekarikkunnu. samghadanakal avarude bandhangaludeyum edapedalukaludeyum falamaayi pothuvaaya lakshyangalum lakshyangalum ethratholam pankidunnuvennu vaijnjaanika maanam vishakalanam cheiyunnu.
saamoohika bandhangalude moolyathekkurichum gunaparamaaya phalangal nedunnathinulla sahakaranathinteyum aathmavishwaasathinteyum pankinekkurichum ulla oru saamoohika aashayamaanu saamoohika mooladhanam. oraalkk avarude saamoohika bandhangalil ninnu labhikkuna moolyatheyaan eee padam soochippikkunnathu. udaaharanathinu, puthuthayi ethiya kudiyettakkaarkku sthirathaamasamaakkiya kudiyettakkarumaayulla avarude saamoohika bandhangal upayogichu avarkk jolie nedaan budhimuttundaayekkam (udha.jii.praadeshika bhashayumaayi parichayamillaathathinaal). saamoohika mooladhanavum saamoohika network upayogathinte theevrathayum thammil oru nalla bandham nilanilkkunnu. chalanathmakamaaya oru chattakkoodil, oru shringalayile uyarnna pravartthanam uyarnna saamoohika mooladhanathilekku nayikkunnu, athu thanne kooduthal pravartthanangale prothsaahippikkunnu.
parasyam.
vilppanayilum brand-imejilum upabhokthru pankaalitthatthinte swaadheenam kanakkileduthu eee prathyeka klasttar brand-imejil shradha kendreekarikkunnu, promotional straattaji falaprapti. daatta mining, analytics thudangiya padanatthinte ganithashaasthra mekhalakale aasrayikkunna senting analysis polulla saankethikavidyakaliloodeya ithu alakkunnathu. eathoru padanathinteyum pradhana lakshyam upabhokthru perumaattam manasilakkukayum vilpanaye nayikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu ennathinaal eee gaveshana mekhala dhaaraalam vaanijyaparamaaya prayogangal srishtikkunnu.
network sthaanavum aanukoolyangalum.
pala samghadanakalilum, amgangal avarude pravartthanangal avarude swantham grouppukalkkullil kendreekarikkunnu, ithu sargaathmakathaye thadassappeduthukayum avasarangale parimithappedutthukayum cheiyunnu. gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangal palikkunna network kalikkaaran prathiphaladaayakamaaya avasarangal kandethunnathilum vikasippikkunnathilum oru nettamundu. atharam oru kalikkaaran rund klasttarukalkkidayil vivarangalude "broker" aayi pravarthichu saamoohika mooladhanam samaharikkaan kazhiyum, allengil avaa sanbarkkam pulartthillaayirunnu, angane puthiya ashayangal, abhipraayangal, avasarangal ennivayilekku praveshanam nalkunnu. britiish thathwachinthakanum rashtreeya saambathika shaasthranjanumaaya joonn stuvartt mill ezhuthunnu, "manushyare thangalil ninnu vyathyastharaaya vyakthikalumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthunnathinte moolyam amithamaayi vilayiruthuka asaadyamaanu... atharam ashayavinimayam purogathiyude praadhamika srothassukalil onnaanu."athinaal, gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangalaal sambannamaaya oru shringalayulla oru kalikkaaran puthiya aashayangaliloodeyum avasarangaliloodeyum oru oorganaiseshanu moolyam nalkaan kazhiyum. ithu oru vyakthiyude currier vikasanathinum purogathikkum sahayikkunnu.
oru saamoohika mooladhana broker kondaakttukal thammilulla vivarangalude ozhukk sugamamaakkunnathinte niyanthrana aanukoolyangalum koyyunnu. consulting sthaapanamaaya eedan makkallatthinte kaaryatthil, muun moonnu valia consulting sthaapanangalaaya kansalttantukalumaayum idatharam vyavasaya sthaapanangalumaayum bandham pularthunnathiloode sthaapakarkku avarude currier munnott kondupokaan kazhinju. gadanaaparamaaya poraaymakal nikathunnathiloodeyum saamoohika mooladhanam samaaharikkunnathiloodeyum kalikkaarkku kondaaktukalkkidayil puthiya avasarangal nadappilaakkunnathiloode avarude currier munnott kondupokaan kazhiyum.
information brokeraginte nettangal sthireekarikkukayum nishedhikkukayum cheiyunna gaveshanangal nadannittundu. sixing shiavo nadatthiya haitek chainees sthaapanangalekkurichulla oru padanatthil, gadanaaparamaaya dwaarangalude niyanthrana nettangal "prabalamaaya sthaapana-vaividhya sahakarana manobhaavathinu virudhamaanennum atharam samghadanakalude saamudaayika pankidal moolyangal kaaranam vivara aanukoolyangal yaadhaarthyamaakkaan kazhiyillennum" kandethi. ennirunnaalum, sakthamaaya saamudaayika pankidal moolyangalulla chainees sthaapanangale maathrame eee patanam vishakalanam cheythittulloo. samagravum samagravumaaya sthaapanangalil gadanaaparamaaya poraaymakalude vivarangalum niyanthrana aanukoolyangalum ippozhum vilappettathaan. 2004ll amerikkayile ettavum valia electronics kambanikalilonninte vitharana shringhala nadatthiya 673 manejarmarekkurichu ronald burt padichu. mattu grouppukalumaayi palappozhum prasnangal charcha cheiyunna maanejarmarkk mikacha shambalavum kooduthal nalla thozhil vilayiruthalukalum labikkukayum sthaanakkayattam labhikkaan saadhyatha kooduthalaanennu addeham kandethi. athinaal, gadanaaparamaaya vidavukal nikathuka ennathu oru samghadanaykkum oru vyakthiyude kariyarinum gunam cheyyum.
soshyal media.
computer nettvarkkukalum soshyal networking software samyojippichu saamoohika edapedalinulla oru puthiya maadyamam srishtikkunnu. oru computerised soshyal networking sevanathiludaneelamulla oru bandhathe sandarbham, disha, shakti ennivayaal savisheshamaakkaam. oru bandhatthinte ulladakkam kaimaattam cheyyappedunna vibhavatheyaan soochippikkunnathu. oru computer madhyastha ashayavinimaya pashchaathalatthil, oru dattaa fayalo computer prograamo ayaykkuka, vaikaarika pinthuna nalkuka allengil oru meating krameekarikkuka ennivayulppede vividha tharatthilulla vivarangal saamoohika jodikal kaimarunnu. electronic vaanijyathinte valarchayodoppam, kaimaattam cheyyappedunna vivarangal "yadhaartha" lokathile panam, charakkukal allengil sevanangal ennivayude kaimattavumaayi poruthappedaam. itharathilulla computer madhyastha ashayavinimayam parishodhikkunnathin soshyal network vishakalana reethikal anivaaryamaayitheernnir.
koodaathe, soshyal meediyayude valipavum asthiramaaya swabhaavavum puthiya network alavukalkku kaaranamaayi. soshyal mediayil ninnu verthirichedutha nettvarkkukalude oru pradhana aashanka daatta nashtappettathinaal network alavukalude karuthillaymayaanu.

