
bacteria

bactria (bactrian βαctriya), allengil bactriana, aadhunika vadakkan afgaanisthaane kendreekarichum thekkupadinjaaran tajikistan, thekkukizhakkan usbekistan ennivayude bhagangal ulppede madhya eshyayile oru purathana iranian nagarikathayaanu.
avestta "manoharamaaya bactria, pathaakakal kondu kireedamaniyunna" ennu vilikkunna eee pradesham sorostrianism prakaram paramonnatha devanaaya ahura masda srishticha pathinaar thikanja iranian desangalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. soraastriyanisathinte aadyakaala kendrangalilonnaaya iraanile itihaasa kayanian rajaakkanmaarude thalasthaanamaaya bactria grettu daariyasinte behisttan likhithathil achemenid saamraajyathinte sathrapikaliloralaayi paraamarsikkunnu; ithu oru prathyeka sathrapiyaayirunnu, ithu oru kireedavakashiyo uddeshicha anantharavakaashiyo bharichirunnu. bii. sii. naalam noottaandil achemenid saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham macedonian aakramanakaarikalkkethiraaya iranian prathirodhatthinte kendramaayirunnu bactria, pakshe oduvil alexander dhii grettinte keezhilaayi. alexanderude maranashesham, bacteria addehathinte general seleucus onnaaman koottichertthu.
bactriyayude sathrup diodotus onnaaman swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathinu sesham selyoosidukalkku eee pradesham nashtappettu; angane greco-bactrian raajyangaludeyum pilkkala intho-greak raajyangaludeyum charithram aarambhichu. bii. sii. randaam noottaandode bactria paarthiyan saamrajyam keezhadakkukayum onnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil bactrian pradeshangalil yousi kushan saamrajyam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. iraanile rajaakkanmaarude randaamathe sassanian rajaavaaya shahpur onnaaman moonnaam noottaandil kushan saamraajyathinte padinjaaran bhagangal keezhadakkukayum kushan-sassanian raajyam roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. naalam noottaandil saasaaniyakkaarkk bacteria nashtappettuvenkilum aaram noottaandil athu veendum keezhadakki. ezhaam noottaandil iraan musleem keezhadakkiyathode bacteriayude islaamikavalkkaranam aarambhichu.
ettaam noottaandilum onpathaam noottaandilum iranian navothaanatthinte kendramaayirunnu bactra, oru swatantra saahitya bhashayaayi puthiya pershyan bhasha aadyamaayi uyarnnuvannu. bactriyayil ninnulla pershyakkaranaaya saman khudayude pingaamikalaan kizhakkan iraanil samanid saamrajyam roopeekarichathu, ithu eee pradeshathu pershyan bhaashayude vyapanathinum bactrian bhaashayude thakarchaykkum thudakkamittu. purathana, aadyakaala madhyakaalakhattangalil bactriayudeyum chuttupaadukaludeyum pothuvaaya bhashayaayirunnu kizhakkan iranian bhashayaaya bactrian.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
eee pradeshatthinte aadhunika engleesh peru bactria ennaanu. charitraparamaayi, pazhaya pershyan bhashayil eee pradeshathe aadyamaayi avestaanil "bakhdi" ennu paraamarshichirunnu. ithu pinneedu madhya pershyanil "baxtries" ennum puthiya pershyanil "baxel" ennum vikasichu. bactrian endonaminte hellenized pathippaya (roman greak padamaaya "buctrian") ennathil ninnaan aadhunika peru uruthirinjathu. mattu kognettukalil ulppedunnu (romani). black (romani balks), chainees δι (pinyin "daxia"), laattin bactriana. purathana samskritha grandhangalil eee pradeshathe bahlika allengil "bahlika" ennu paraamarshichirunnu.
bhoomishaasthram.
aadhunika afgaanisthaante bhooribhaagavum usbekistan, tajikistan ennivayude chila bhaagangalum ulkkollunna oru pradeshathaanu bactria sthithicheyyunnathu. thekkum kizhakkum, hindu kush parvathanirakalaayirunnu athirthi. padinjaaru bhaagath eee mekhalayude athirthi valia carmanian marubhumiyum vadakku ooksas nadhiyum aayirunnu. oleevu ozhikeyulla mikka purathana greak kaarshika uthppannangalum uthppaadippikkaanulla kazhivinum phalabhooyishtathaykkum eee bhoomi prashasthamaayirunnu.
piyari lerishe parayunnathanusarichu
charithram.
venkala yugam.
bactria-marjiana archaeological complexes (bii. emm. eiii. sii, ooksas nagarikatha ennum ariyappedunnu) madhya eshyayile venkalayuga puraavastu samskaarathinte aadhunika puraavastu padamaanu, bisi 1700-ll innathe kizhakkan turkmenistan, vadakkan afgaanisthaan, thekkan usbekistan, padinjaaran tajikistan ennividangalil sthithicheyyunnu, ithu purathana bacteria ulkkollunna pradeshamaaya upper amu darya (purathana greekkukaar ooksas nadhi ennariyappedunnu) kendreekarichirikkunnu. soviyatt puraavastu gaveshakanaaya victor sariyanidi (1976) aanu ithinte sthalangal kandethukayum perunalkukayum cheythath. bactria ennathu innathe vadakkan afgaanisthaanile pazhaya pershyan "baxtries" (thaddesheeyamaaya "baxis" ennathil ninnu) (athinte thalasthaanamaaya bactra, aadhunika baalkhinte peril) greak naamavum innathe turkmenistanile thalasthaanamaaya maarvile pershyan sathrapiyude greak naamamayirunnu "marjiana".
aadyakaala greak charitrakaaranaaya citicias (diodorus sikulas pinthudarnnu), itihaasa assyrian rajaavaaya ninas, trojan yudhathinu ekadesham 1000 varsham munbu ooksiyaarttas enna bactrian raajaavine paraajayappedutthiyennu aaropichu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandil cunifom lipiyude roopeekaranam yadhaartha assyrian rekhakal vaayikkaan praapthamaakkiyathinushesham, charitrakaaranmaar greak vivaranathinu valia moolyamillenn abhipraayappettittund.
chila ezhuthukaarude abhipraayathil, bisi1-nuu chuttum thekk-padinjaaru iraanilekkum dakshineshyan upabhookhandathinte vadakku-padinjaarilekkum neengiya intho-iraaniyakkaarude janmadeshamaayirunnu bactria. pinneedu, ithu madhyeshyayile achemenid saamraajyathinte vadakkan pravisyayaayi maari. parvathapradeshathe phalabhooyishtamaaya mannu thurran nyoonamarddam kondu chuttapetta eee pradesangalilaanu soraastar pravaachakan janichathennum thante aadya anuyaayikale nediyennum parayappedunnu. sorestrian "avestta" yude ettavum pazhaya bhaagangalude bhashayaaya avestaan, pazhaya iranian bhaashakalilonnaan, koodaathe kizhakkan iranian bhaashakalile ettavum pazhaya amgamaanu.
achemenid saamrajyam.
bii. sii. aaram noottaandil siras dhii grettu achemenid saamraajyavumaayi kootticherkkunnathinna munbu bacteria medisilethaanennu ernst hersfeld nirddeshichu, athinusesham athu pershyayude panthrandaam saatrapiyayi roopappettu. darius moonnaaman mahanaaya alexander paraajayappedutthiya sesham, bactriyayude satrap besus oru deseeya prathirodham samghadippikkaan shramichuvenkilum mattu yudhaprabhukkanmaar pidikoodukayum alexanderinu kaimarukayum cheythu. thudarnnu addehathe peedippikkukayum kollukayum cheythu.
pershyan bharanathin keezhil, niravadhi greekkukaare bactriayilekku naadukadatthi, angane avarude samoohangalum bhashayum eee pradeshathu saadhaaranamaayi. darius onnaamante bharanakaalathu, greak nagaramaya barkayile nivasikalaaya sairainaikkayile aalukale kolapaathakikale keezhadangan visammathichathin bactriayilekku naadukadatthi. koodaathe, serxus bactriyayil "branchidae" yum sthirathaamasamaakki; avar orikkal ddmike (padinjaaran eshya minor) sameepam thaamasikkukayum kshethrathe addehathinu vanchikkukayum cheytha greak purohithanmaarude pingaamikalaayirunnu. kalapakaarikalaaya ayoniyakkaarude penmakkale adimakalaakki baakteeriyayilekk ayakkumennu oru pershyan commander bheeshanippeduthiyathaayum herodotus rekhappeduthunnu. pinneedu alexanderineppole bactriyayile eee vaasasthalangalil ninnulla greak purushanmaare pershya avarude sainyathilekku nirbandhithamaayi niyamichu.
alexander dhii grettu.
alexander sogdiana keezhadakki. thekk, ooksasinappuram, addeham sakthamaaya cheruthunilppu nerittu, pakshe aathyanthikamayi sainika shakthiyiloodeyum nayathanthrathiloodeyum eee pradesham keezhadakki, bactriyayile parajayappetta sathrup, ooksiaarttasinte makal roxana vivaham kazhichu. thante kizhakke attathulla alexandria escate (akaleyulla alexandria) ulppede bactriyayil addeham rund greak nagarangal sthaapichu.
alexanderude maranashesham, philippinu bacteriayude mail aadhipathyam labhichathayi diodorus sikulas nammodu parayunnu, ennaal justin aaa rolinu aminthakale namakaranam cheiyunnu. triparadisus udambadiyil, diodorus sikulas arian satrap staasanar bacteriayude niyanthranam nediyathaayi sammathikkunnu. oduvil alexanderude saamrajyam alexanderude sainyathile janaralukalkkidayil vibhajikkapettu. bacteria cellusid saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi maari, athinte sthaapakanaaya seleucus onnaamante perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
cellusid saamrajyam.
maasidoniyakkar, prathyekichu seleucus onnamanum addehathinte makan antiocus onnamanum cellusid saamrajyam sthaapikkukayum niravadhi greak pattanangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kurachukaalathekku greak bhasha avide aadhipathyam pulartthi.
greekinode valare aduthulla pradeshangale apekshichu bactriyayilaanu greak saannidhyam kooduthal pradhaanamaayirunnathenna vairudhyam munkaalangalil greekkukaare bactriayilekku naadukadatthiyathiloode vishadeekarikkaanaakum. alexander sainyam baakteeriyayil praveshichappol muun noottaandukalil pershyakkaar eee pradeshathekku naadukadatthiyathaayi thonnunna greekkukaarude samoohangale avar kandethi.
greco-bactrian raajyam.
cellusid rajaakkanmaar abhimukeekarikkunna ganyamaaya budhimuttukalum faravo tolami randaaman philadelphasinte aakramanangalum bactriyayude sathrappaya diodotus onnaaman bii. sii. 245 ll swaathanthryam prakhyapikkaanum sogdia keezhadakkaanum avasaram nalki. greco-bactrian saamraajyathinte sthaapakanaayirunnu addeham. diodotusine addehathinte pingaamikalkkum selyoosidukalude akramanangalil ninnu svayam prathirodhikkaan kazhinju-prathyekichu antiocus III dhii grettil ninnu, aathyanthikamayi romakkar (bii. sii. 190) paraajayappeduthi.
greco-bactriakkaar valare shaktharaayirunnathinaal avarkk dakshineshya vare thangalude pradesham vipuleekarikkaan kazhinju.
greco-bactriakkaar greak bhasha bharanaparamaya aavasyangalkkaayi upayogichu, greak aksharamalayum greak kadamedutha vaakkukalum sweekarichathiloode soochippichathupole praadeshika bactrian bhashayum hellenise cheyyappettu. ithumoolam, eee vaakkukalil chilath aadhunika pashthokalum kadameduthavayaanu.
intho-greak raajyam.
bactrian rajaavaaya euthidemus onnamanum makan demetrius onnamanum hindu kush parvathangal kadannu indu thaazhvara keezhadakkaan thudangi. kurachukaalathekku avar valia shakti prayogichu kizhakk valare akale oru valia greak saamrajyam uyarnnuvannathayi thonni. ennaal aabhyanthara bhinnathakalum thudarchayaaya pidichadakkalukalum eee saamraajyathe thakarthu. demetrius indas nadiyude valare kizhakode munneriyappol, addehathinte janaralukaliloralaaya ukrattaids bactriyayude rajaavaayi svayam maarukayum taamasiyaathe ellah pravishyakalilum puthiya pidichadakkalukaar uyarnnuvarikayum avar svayam rajaakkanmaaraayi prakhyapikkukayum parasparam pooraadukayum cheythu.
avaril bhooribhaagavum afgaanisthaanil kaanapedunna avarude nanayangal kondu maathrame namukk ariyoo. eee yudhangaliloode, greekkukaarude aadhipathya sthaanam mattuvidhathil undaakumaayirunnathinekkal vegathil durbalapettu. demetrius, ukrattaids ennivaykku sesham rajaakkanmaar naanayangalude melkoora nilavaaram upekshichu greak nyoonapakshathinu purathuninnulla pinthuna nedunnathinaayi oru thaddesheeya nilavaaram avatharippichu.
indus thaazhvarayil ithu kooduthal munnott pooyi. oru mahanaaya vijayiyayi amgeekarikkappetta intho-greak rajaavaaya menander onnaaman (dakshineshyayil milinda ennariyappedunnu) budhamathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. bii. sii. 55 vare panchab mekhalayil bharichirunna avasaanathe ariyappedunna indo-greak bharanadhikaariyaaya straatto randaaman enna rajaavu vare addehathinte pingaamikalkk adhikaarathil urachunilkkaan kazhinju. ennirunnaalum, mattu srothassukal eiii. dii 10 vare straatto randaamante bharanathinte avasaanathe rekhappeduthunnu.
daxia, thukhaara, thokharisthaan.
"daxia", "taa-shiya", "allengil" "taa-hiya" "() ennathu purathana kaalath hahn chainakkar thukhaara allengil thokhara enna peril nalkia peraanu bacteriayude madhyabhagam". bii. sii. moonnaam noottaand muthal chainaykku padinjaaru evideyengilum sthithicheyyunna ariyappedaatha oru raajyathe soochippikkunnathinaayi "daxia" enna peru chainees bhashayil prathyakshappedunnu. chinayum greco-bactrian raajyavum thammilulla aadya sanbarkkathinte anantharafalamaayirikkaam ithu.
bisi randaam noottaandil, greco-baaktriyakkaare vadakku ninnulla naadodikalaaya indo-europian gothrangal keezhadakki, shakakalil (bisi 160) thudangi. thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil daa yuyeshi ("grettar yuyeshi") shakakale attimarichu. chainayude padinjaarulla bhoomi anweshikkaan hahn chakravarty ayacha chainees sthaanapathi shang kian (ekadesham bii. sii. 127) sandarshichappozhekkum yousi bactria keezhadakkiyirunnu. europian saahithyathil eee sambhavangalekkurichulla aadya paramarsham bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil prathyakshappettu, "greco-bactrian raajyathinte naashatthil" "aasi, pasiani, thokhaari, sakarauli" ennivar engane pankedutthuvennu strabo vivarichu. baakteeriyayile mattu gothrangalkkidayil thokhaariyude pradhana punk tolami pinneedu paraamarshichu. thukhaara" allengil "thokhaara" enna peril pinneedu usbekistan, thekkan tajikistan, vadakkan afgaanisthaan ennividangalile sarksondariyo mekhalayude bhagamaaya pradeshangal ithil ulppedunnu. tokhaari pinneedu bactrian ennariyappettirunna oru bhasha samsaarichirunnu-oru iranian bhasha. (eiii. dii. 3-num 9-num idayil tarim thadatthil thaamasichirunna tocherian janathayumaayo intho-europian bhaashakalude mattoru shaakhayaaya tocherian bhaashakalumaayo thokhaariyeyum avarude bashayeyum thettidharikkaruthu.)
sima kian "shiji" ("mahathaaya charithrakaarante rekhakal") yill daxia enna peru upayogichu. shang kiyaante reportukale adisthaanamaakki, cheria nagara rajaakkanmaarudeyo majistrettumaarudeyo keezhil mathilukalulla nagarangalil thamasikkunna ekadesham oru dasalaksham aalukalude oru pradhana nagara nagarikathayaayi "shiji" daxia visheshippikkunnu. sambannamaaya vipanikalulla oru sambanna rajyamaayirunnu daxia, thekkan chainayil ninnu varunna avishwasaneeyamaaya vaividhyamaarnna vasthukkalil vyapaaram nadatthi. shang kian sandarshichappozhekkum oru pradhana rajaavu undaayirunnilla, bactriakkaar yooshikalude aadhipathyathilaayirunnu. yudhathe bhayappedunna sankeernavum ennaal niraashappeduthunnathumaaya oru janataye shang kian chithreekarichu. eee reporttukalethudarnnu, chainees chakravarthiyaaya vuu diye fergana, bactria, paarthiya ennee nagara naagarikathakalude sankeernathayekkurichu ariyikkukayum avarumaayi vaanijya bandham vikasippikkunnathil thaalpparyappedukayum cheythu eee bandhangal udan thanne chainakkaril ninnu onniladhikam embassykal ayaykkunnathilekku nayichu, ithu pattunool roadukalil vyapaaram vikasippikkaan sahayichu.
onnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil yooshikalude "sihou" (rajakumaran) kujula cadafices eee pradeshathe onnippikkukayum shakthavum ennaal hraswakaalavumaaya kushan saamraajyathin aditharayittukayum cheythu. eiii. dii moonnaam noottaandil thukhaara kushaanshakalude (intho-sassanian) bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu.
tokharistaan.
thokharisthaan enna roopam-pershyan bhashayil "-sthaan" enna prathyayam-naalam noottaandil "vibhasa-shaasthram" polulla budhamatha grandhangalil aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu. vadakkan veyu kaalaghattatthilaanu chainees srothassukalil thokharaye aadyamaayi paraamarshikkunnath. tang raajavamshathil, eee peru tuhuvoluyo (<unk>) ennaanu lipyantharanam cheythirikkunnathu. daushaluvo, daukhuluvo, duhuvoluvo ennivayaanu mattu chainees perukal. eiii. dii anchaam noottaandil, bacteria niyanthrichathu seoniteukalum hefthalaittukalum aayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu sassanid saamrajyam veendum keezhadakki.
islaaminte aamukham.
eiii. dii. ezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode, rasheedun khaleefayude keezhilulla islam middle eesttinteyum madhyeshyayude padinjaaran pradeshangaludeyum bhooribhaagavum bharikkan thudangi.
eiii. dii. 663ll umayyad khilaafat thokharisthaan bharichirunna buddha shahi raajavamshathe aakramichu. umayyad sainyam navaa vihaarathile buddha sanyaasam ulppede baalkhinu chuttumulla pradesham pidichadakki, ithu shaahikale kaabool thaazhvarayilekku pinvalikkaan kaaranamaayi.
eiii. dii ettaam noottaandil, saman khudaa ennariyappedunna balkkil ninnulla oru pershyan umayyadukalude keezhil jeevikkumbol sorostrian matham islaamilekku upekshichu. addehathinte makkal samanid saamrajyam sthaapichu (875-999 AD). pershyan audyogika bhashayaayi maarukayum athu musleem bharanaadhikaarikalude bhashayaayathinaal bactrianekkaal uyarnna padavi nedukayum cheythu. munganana pariganana kolanivalkkaranavum kaaranam ithu oduvil randaamathethu pothu bhashayaayi maatti.
bactrian aalukal.
indiayilum chainayilum ninnulla niravadhi pradhana vyapara pathakal (silk rooad ulppede) baaktriyayiloode kadannupokukayum venkalayugathil thanne ithu kooduthalum naadodikalaaya janasamkhyaykku valia alavil sambathu shekharikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdathilaanu eee pradeshathe aadyathe aadya-nagara nagarikatha uyarnnuvannathu.
ennirunnaalum, eee labhakaramaaya vyapara paathakalude niyanthranam videsha thaalparyam aakarshikkukayum bii. sii. aaram noottaandil bakteeriyakkaare pershyakkaarum bii. sii. naalam noottaandil alexander dhii grettum keezhadakkukayum cheythu. eee vijayangal bactrian swaathanthryathinte avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi. bisi 304 muthal eee pradesham cellusid saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayirunnu, bisi 250 muthal ithu oru greco-bactrian raajyathinte kendramaayirunnu, alexander dhii grettinte keezhadakkalinetthudarnnu avide sthirathaamasamaakkiya greekkukaarude pingaamikal bharichu.
samskrithathil yavanar ennum ariyappedunna greco-bactriakkaar thaddesheeya bactrian prabhukkanmarumaayi sahakarichu pravarthichu. bii. sii. randaam noottaandinte thudakkathil greco-bactriakkaar vadakku-padinjaaran indiaye ulppeduthunnathinaayi thekkott vyaapichukidakkunna oru saamrajyam srishtichu. ennirunnaalum, bii. sii. 135 aayappozhekkum, eee raajyam yousi gothrangale aakramich keezhadakkappettu, ithu pinneedu sakthamaaya kushan saamraajyathinte uyarchaykku kaaranamaayi.
straboyude "bhoomishaasthrathil" bakteeriyakal rekhappeduthiyittundu
"ippol aadyakaalangalil sogdiyanmaarum bakteeriyakkaarum avarude jeevithareethikalilum achaarangalilum naadodikalil ninnu kooduthal vyathyaasappettirunnil, bacteriakkaar kurachukoodi parishkritharaayirunnuvenkum, avaril mattullavareppole, vansikrittasum avarude mikacha swabhaavasavisheshathakal report cheiyunnilla, udaaharanathinu, vaardhakyamo rogamo kaaranam nissahaayaraayavare eee aavashyathinaayi vyakthamaayi sookshichirikkunna naaykkale irayaakkikkondu jeevanode purathaakkunnuvennum, avare avarude maathrubhaashayil" "undertakermaar" "ennu vilikkunnu, bakteeriyakkaarude metropolisinte mathilukalkk purathulla bhoomi vrithiyaayi kaanappedunnundengilum mathilukalkkullile bhooribhaagam bhoomiyum manushya asthikal niranjathaanu; ennaal alexander eee aacharam thakarthu."
bactriakkaar vadakkukizhakkan iranian bhashayaaya bactrian samsaarichirunnu. bactrian vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum pakaram pashto, yidkha, munchi, ishakshmi thudangiya vadakkukizhakkan iranian bhashakal upayogikkukayum cheythu. encyclopedia iranica" iprakaaram prasthaavikkunnu islaamika adhiniveshathinu munbulla pradeshathe pradhana mathangal sorostrian mathavum budhamathavumaayirunnu. madhya eshyayile purathana kizhakkan iranian nivaasikalude pingaamikalaan samakaalika tajikkukal, prathyekichu, sogdian, bactrian, orupakshe mattu grouppukal, padinjaaran iranian pershyan, iranian ithara janatha ennivayude misrithamaanu. encyclopedia britanica" parayunnu

