
amerikkayile pithaavinte avakasha prasthaanam

kuttikalude samrakshanam, praveshanam, kuttikalude pinthuna, gaarhika peedanam, kuttikale durupayogam cheyyal thudangiya kudumba niyama vishayangalil pithaakkanmaarkk vidyaabhyaasam, pinthuna, vaadikkal enniva nalkunna oru grouppaanu amerikkayile pithaavinte avakasha prasthaanam. kudumba kodathikal ulppede vividha sarkkaarukalude shaakhakalilum vakuppukalilum pithaakkanmarkethiraaya linga pakshapaathatthinte thelivaayi avar kaanunna kaaryangalil amgangal prathishedhikkunnu.
1960kalile vivaahamochana, jeevanamsha vivaadangalil ninnaan eee prasthaanatthinte verukal kandethunnathu. innu, aadhunika pithaakkanmaarude avakasha prasthaanam saadhaaranayaayi vivaahamochanathino verpiriyalino sesham pithakkanmaarkkum kuttikalkkum pinthunayum pothu avabodhavum nalkunnathinoppam pankitta rakshaakarthruthvavumaayi bandhapetta prasnangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu.
vividha pithaakkanmaarude avakasha samghadanakal lobying shramangaliloodeyo warta maadhyamangaliloodeyo avivahita pithaakkanmaarude avakaashangalkkaayi vadikkam. saamskaarikamaayum niyamavyavasthaykakathum ninnulla linga pakshapaatham, sandarshanam, datthedukkal, maathru gettu keeping, maathaapithaakkalude anyavalkkaranam ennivayaanu mattu vaada vishayangal.
charithram.
jeevanamsham, shisu samrakshana settilmentukal, maathrusamrakshanamenna anumaanathil purushanmarodu vivechanam kaanikkunnathayi avar avakashappetta kaaliforniyayude vivaahamochana niyamangalil prathishedhichu 1960 ll kaaliforniyayil vivaahamochana raakkat basttarukal sthaapichathodeyaanu amerikkayile aadhunika pithaakkanmaarude avakasha prasthaanam uyarnnuvannathu. 1961-ll vivaahamochana parishkaranamaayi peru maattikkond group mattu samsthaanangalilekku vyaapichu. 1960-kalilum 1970-kalilum vivaahamochana nirakk vardhichathode, kooduthal praadeshika thaazhethattil purushanmaarude samghadanakal vivaahamochana parishkaranatthinaayi samarppikkappettu, 1980-kalode, mikkavarum ellah samsthaanangalilum 200-ladhikam pithraavakaasha grouppukal sajeevamaayirunnu. samsthaana niyamanirmmaanasabhakale lobying cheyyuka, klaas aakshan syoottukal phayal cheyyuka, kodathimurikal picket cheyyuka, "kodathi nireekshanatthiloode" jadjimaarude theerumaanangal nireekshikkuka thudangiya rashtreeya pravarthanangalil earppedunnathiloode kudumba niyamathile linga vivechanamaayi avar kandathil eee grouppukal avarude pravartthanangal kendreekarichu. 1990kalil deseeya pithrthva samrambham, american pithaavinte sakhyam thudangiya puthiyathum valuthumaaya samghadanakalude aavirbhavam kandu. praadeshika samghadanakalkku ulppedaavunna oru deseeya samghadana kandethanulla niravadhi sramangal parajayappettu. thalphalamaayi, prasthaanam pradhaanamaayum praadeshika grouppukalude ayanja sakhyamayi thudarunnu.
vishayangal.
federal niyamangal.
yuu.ezz. supreme kodathi.
chila samsthaanangal vivaahamochanam, kuttikalude kasttadi, kuttikalude pinthuna thudangiya theerumaanangal pothu niyama kodathikalil ninnu neekkam cheyyukayum avaye ikvitti kodathikalkku nalkukayum cheythu. nilavil kudumba kodathikal prayogikkunnathupole kuttikalude nilavaaratthinte mikacha thalpparyam yuu. esinte thulya samrakshana vyavasthaye lamghikkunnuvennu maikkal neudo vaadichu.ezz. bharanaghadana.
bradley bhedagathi.
samsthaanangalkkulla federal fundinginte alavu samsthaanam shekharikkunna kuttikalude pinthunayude alavine aashrayichirikkunnathil, federal niyamam (saamoohika suraksha niyamatthinte sheershakam IV-D) niyamangal niruthsaahappeduthiyenna pithaavinte avakasha prasthaanatthile amgangal aaropikkunnu.
masaachyusets department oof soshyal sarveesasile (dii. ezz. ezz) jeevanakkar kuttikale maathaapithaakkalude pakkal ninnu kaaranamillathe neekkam cheythathayi rakshaakarthru avakasha pravartthakar avakashappettu. eee jeevanakkaarkk masaachyusets supreme kodathiyil ninnu anuchithamayi prathirodhasheshi labhichuvennum vivaahamochanathin nirbandhikkaanum pinthunaa grouppukalil pankedukkaanum kuttikale nashtappedumennu ammamaare bheeshanippeduthiyathaayum avar kootticherkkunnu. dii. ezz. ezz jeevanakkaarude koottaalikale pinthunaa grouppukal nadathunnathinu sarkkar fund sweekarikkaan anuvadikkuka, kuttikale neekkam cheyyaan upayogikkunna vivarangal nedaan dii. ezz. ezz jeevanakkaare anuvadikkuka ennee eratta uddeshyangalaanu eee pinthunaa grouppukal niravettunnathennu avar avakashappettu.
niyamanirmmaana hearingukalile vanita athiraalikal abhibhaashakare upadravikkukayum shaareerikamaayi upadravikkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythathayi aaropichappol, sthreekalkkum mattullavarkkumulla deseeya samghadana kaavalkkaarallaatha maathaapithaakkale theevravaadikalaayi chithreekarikkaanulla padhathiyude bhaagamaayi shradha nedunnathinaayi avakaashavaadangal kettichamachathaanennu amgangal paranju.
samsthaana niyamangal.
thekkan dakota.
2014 march 11nuu southu dakkottayil senatt bill 74 niyamamaayi oppuvachu.
illinois.
illinoyisil, jephari emm saha-rachayithavaaya thaazhepparayunna niyamangal. 2009ll leving niyamamaayi oppuvachu
senattar airis martiness prathinidhi deborah mell sabhayilum sponsor cheytha ezz. bii. 1628 rund karyangal poortthiyaakki pithrthva niyamavum mattu niyamangalum bhedagathi cheyth pithrthvathinu munbu dna parishodhanaykkulla avakaashathekkurichu iru kakshikaleyum ariyikkumennu urappaakkunnu. criminal kodile sandarshana edapedal vibhaagavum bhedagathi cheyyukayum mattu maathaapithaakkalkk rakshaakarthru samayathino kasttadi samayathino ulla avakasham nishedhikkunnathu criminal kuttamakki maattukayum cheythu. munbu, sandarshana edapedal mathramaayirunnu kuttakrithyam. (niyamathil oppuvachathu august 11,2009)
seen sponsor cheytha ezz. bii. 1590. pamela altof veettil prathinidhi. ekapaksheeyamaayi pasakia sandra pihos, kuttikalkkum custodial allatha maathapithaakkalkkum imeyil, telephone, internettu, viidiyoo conferencing thudangiya electronic sandarshana saankethikavidyakal upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnu. thadavilaaya pithaakkanmaarkk vertual sandarshanam saadhyamaakkunna vertual sandarshana niyamanirmmanam pasakkunna aaraamathe samsthaanamaayi illinois maari. (niyamathil oppuvachathu august 11,2009)
senattar martiness prathinidiyum senatt sponsor cheytha echbi 4008. jehann gorden, ezz. bii 1628 leeii pithrthva vyavasthakal ulppeduthi. pithrthvathinte swamedhayaa amgeekaaram oppidunnathino pithrthva utharavu nalkunnathino munbu iru kakshikaleyum dna parishodhanaykkulla avakaashathekkurichu vyakthamaayi ariyikkumennu urappakkaan pithrthva niyamam bhedagathi cheythu. (niyamathil oppuvachathu august 14,2009)
martiness prathinidiyum sponsor cheytha echbi 2266. kenn dunkin, innu kudumba kesukalil upayogikkunna padangalude upayogathode criminal kodile sandarshana edapedal vibhaagam bhedagathi cheythu (athaayath.iii. rakshaakarthru samayavum samrakshana samayavum). (niyamathil oppuvachathu august 25,2009)
masaachyusets.
masaachyusets kudumba kodathikal maranjirikkunna fayalukalil sookshichirikkunna phaantam klinikkal moolyanirnayangal, maathaapithaakkalude saannidhyamillaathe rahasya hearingukal, kodathi hearing tapeukal enniva upayogichathayi forencic investigettar sedu mcclarnon theliyichu. oru pithaavinte avakasha pravartthakan oru masaachyusets samsthaana niyamasabhaamgathodu abhyarthichu, korppareshanukalude shikshaparamaaya kaundarsyoottukalil ninnu visilblovermaare samrakshikkaan uddeshichulla oru paristhithi niyamam (aanti-slap ennu perittirikkunnu) ezhuthi, thettaaya aropanangal phayal cheiyunna ammamarkkum saamoohika pravartthakarkkum prathirodha kuthivayppu nalkunnathinaayi masaachyusets supreme kodathi ithu veendum ezhuthi, durupayogam enna thettaaya aaropanangalkk achanmaarkku phalatthil parihaaramillenn choondikkaatti.
2004ll, chila masaachyusets watermark samyuktha shaareerika samrakshanathinaayi niyamanirmmaana anumaanam srishtikkunnathinekkur noonn-binding baalat chodyathil vottu cheyyaan avasaram nalki. atharathilulla oru chodyam ithaayirunnu "praayapoorthiyaakaatha kuttikal ulppedunna ellah verpiriyalukalilum vivaahamochana nadapadikalilum, avarude kuttikalude shaareerikavum niyamaparavumaaya pankaalithatthinulla maathaapithaakkalkk iruvarkkum ulla moulikaavakaashangalum oro maathaapithaakkalumaayum samayam paramavadhi chelavazhikkanulla kuttikalude avakashavum kodathi uyarthippidikkanamenna aavashyappedunna niyamanirmmaanathinu anukoolamaayi vottu cheyyaan eee jillayil ninnulla samsthaana prathinidhiyodu nirddeshikkappedumo, praayogikamaayi, oru maathaapithaakkal ayogyaraanennu kandethukayo allengil maathaapithaakkal sammathikkukayo cheythillengil, nilavilulla shisu pinthuna, durupayogam thadayal niyamangalude aavasyakathakalkku vidheyamaayi?"melpparanjatho samanamaayatho aaya noonn-binding baalat samrambhangalkk utharam nalkaan thiranjedukkunna votermaaril, 84.5% amgeekarichu.
visconsin.
pithaavinte avakasha pravartthakar, kasttadi maathaapithaakkalkk avarude muun thaamasthalathu ninnu akannupokaan anuvadikkunna visconsin niyamam maattaan pracharanam nadatthi, ithu kasttadi allatha maathaapithaakkale ariyikkathe, kuttikalude thaalpparyathinu nirakkaathathinekkaal valia neekkangal undenna nishedhikkaavunna anumaanam srishtikkunnathinaayi.
maadhyamangalude chithreekaranam.
pithaavinte avakasha prasthaanatthile amgangal 2005 leeii newyork times sanday maasikayile lekhanathe vimarshichu, athu ",..kasttadi nirnnayangal parambaraagathamaayi kuttiyude ettavum mikacha thaalpparyathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.ennaal chila pithakkanmaar ippol thangaludethaaya avakashangalkkum thaalpparyangalkkumaayi vaadikkukayum prakshobhikkukayum cheiyunnu, kuttikalude mikacha thaalpparyangalum pithaakkanmaarude avakashangalum thammil thettaaya vairudhyam srishtikkunnathinaayi.
kuttikaleyum vivaahamochanatheyum kurichulla oru pothu prakshepana sevana (pbs) documentariyekkurichu, muun pbs dokyumentariyil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, shhow santhulithamaayirunnuvennum ennaal samgharsham prothsaahippikkunna prasthaanamaayi chithreekarichuvennum amgangal abhiprayappettu, koodaathe pothu mekhalayile samgharshangale sharashari kaazhchakkaaran verthirichariyunnillena koottichertthu.
kuttikale 70 mile akale mattoru samsthaanathekku maattunnathil ninnu oru ammaye oru pithaav vijayakaramaayi thadanja kesinekkurichulla boosttan globe lekhanathekkurichum amgangal prathishedhichu. prachaaranakkar parayunnathanusarichu, kuttikalude sammishra vikaarangale avarude ammayumaayi thamasam mattaanulla kazhivillaymayumaayum vivaahamochanathinupakaram pankitta rakshaakarthru krameekaranavumaayum lekhanam anuchithamayi bandhippichu, reporter kuttikale avarude jeevita saahacharyathekkurich chodyam cheyyukayum angane kuttikalkk anubhavappedunna samgharshangal vardhippikkukayum cheythu.