
lunden nagaratthile aksharapusthakangal

1275ll aarambhich 1509ll avasaanikkunna lunden nagarathinu thaalpparyamullatho bandhappettatho aaya kaaryangalude entrikal adangiya vellathile ambathu fooliyoo vaalyangalude oru parambarayaanu lunden nagaratthile lettar bukkukal. vaalyangal lunden records offeesinte shekharathinte bhagamaanu, avaa lunden metropolittan aarkkaivukalil sookshichittundu.
a" muthal "z" vare (yathaakramam "& c" ennu adayaalappeduthiya rund otta volyangalulla) aksharangalil ninnaan eee volyangalkku avayude peru labhichathu."" "aaa" ") veendum" "aaa" "muthal" "isad" "vare". vyathirikthamaya aksharangalal ariyappedunnathinu purame, munkaala aksharapusthakangalil yadhaarthathil oro vaalyathinteyum thaarathamya valuppathil ninnum athinte bindinginte yadhaartha niratthil ninnum uruthirinja mattu sheershakangalum undaayirunnu. lettar-book eye "lesser black book" ("parvous" allengil "minor lieber niger"); lettar-book bii "black book" ("lieber niger"); lettar-book sii "grettar black book" ("mejar" allengil "maximus lieber niger"); lettar-book dii "redu book" ("lieber rubeus"); lettar-book iii "vaitt book" allengil "rittukaludeyum memmoraandakaludeyum puthiya vaitt book" ("lieber albus" allengil "lieber albus novas dii brevibus ettu memorantis") ennu vilikkunnu.
ulladakkam.
vyathyastha kaikaliloode ezhuthappetta pusthakangal karsanamaaya kaalakramatthilalla, marichu lunden nagaratthile chamberlineukaludeyum plaantajenettukalude kaalathe saadhaarana clarkkukaludeyum bisinesses sheelangalekkurich vishadamaayi samsaarikkunnu, koodaathe engleesh, franch, laattin bhaashakalilulla entrikal adangiyirikkunnu. pala entrikalilum kramatthinte abhavam orupakshe memmoraandakalude allengil "ormmappeduthalukalude" parukkan pakarppukal, chilappol onno rando maasamo athilum kooduthalo orumichu kaivasham vaykkukayum pinneedu avar rekhappeduthunna vasthuthakalude kaalakramam kanakkiledukkathe vaalyangalil nalkukayum cheythathaakaam. koodaathe, chila saahacharyangalil, ore kaalayalavil volyathinte vividha bhaagangalil rund settu entrikal nadathappettu; aadyakaala lettar bukkukalude udaaharanathil, avayil moonnil kurayaathe niravadhi varshangalayi pothuvaayi memmoraandakalude entrikal sweekarikkaan upayogichirunnu. aadyathe rund aksharapusthakangalil (kuranjathu) entrikal nalkiyittulla kramarahitavum chilappol kramarahithavumaaya reethiyum kaalagananayude adisthaanathil avaa parasparam ovarlaappu cheiyunnathum oro clark thalkkalam thaan earppettirunna pusthakangalo kalandarukaloo swantham samrakshanathil sookshikkunna sheelamullathinaal kanakkakkaam.
pathinanjaam noottaandinu munbu, yathaakramam jenalukalum reparttarikalum ennariyappedunna prathyeka vaalyangalil aadyamaayi nalkiyirunna pothu kaunsilinteyum aldermenteyum kodathi nadapadikalude rekhakal nilavilullathallenkilum, muun vaalyangalil adangiyirikkunnu. pinneedulla vaalyangalil jenalukalilum reperterikalilum rekhappeduthiyittulla dhaaraalam karyangal adangiyirikkunnuvenkum parambarayude avasana vaalyangal eathaandu poornnamaayum anaathaalaya kaaryangalil samarppichirikkunnu.
eiii, bii ennee aksharapusthakangal pradhaanamaayum kadangal thirichariyunnathumaayi bandhappettathaan. pathimoonnaam noottaandilum pathinalam noottaandilum landanile pouranmaar gyaas koniyumaayum speyinumaayum nadatthiya vaanijyaparamaaya laingikabandhathe chithreekarikkunnathil eee amgeekaarangalkku avayude moolyamundu, prathyekichu veenjum thukalum sambandhichidatholam; aaa charakkukalude "correctormar" ("kortaru") allengil licensulla brokermar ennu sathyaprathinja cheythavarude perukal aksharapusthakatthinte aadya pejil kaanapedunnu. kaalakramatthil kuranja vilaykk kramarahithamayi sookshichirunnuvenkilum, kaalakramatthil nalkiyirunnathupole, munisippal adhikaarikal kaalaakaalangalil nischayichathupole, eee rund pusthakangaludeyum mattoru pradhana savisheshatha appatthinte alavinte rekhayaanu. lettar bukkile amgeekaarangal 1294ll avasaanikkukayum udan thanne 1281 muthal 1293 vare neendunilkkunna niravadhi pramanangal pinthudarukayum cheiyunnu. bakkiyulla vaalyathil vividha kaaryangalum pinneedulla theeyathiyude kootticherkalukalum ulkkollunnu, anuvadikkunnidathellaam idam cherkkunnu.
eee munkaala rekhakalude moolyam nagaratthile ariyappedunna niyamanjanum chilappol chamberlineumaaya andrew hoonn, nagaratthile prashastha taunn clerkaaya joonn kaarpentar ennivar poornnamaayum manassilakki. kombum marappanikkaranum nagara aachaarangaludeyum oordinansukaludeyum athath samaahaarangalkkaayi eee vaalyangale pradhaanamaayum aakarshichu, "lieber hoonn", engleesh pothu niyamatthinte aadya pusthakamaaya "lieber albus" enniva. pinneedu eee "oormmakal" enna pusthakangal, chilappol vilikkappedunnathupole, charitrakaaranmaaraaya roobert fabyan, joonn stoo, mattullavar ennivar upayogichu.
samrakshanam.
atharam nagararekhakalude surakshithamaaya paripaalanatthinum eakaanthathaykkumulla niyamangalude aadyakaalathe krithyamaaya swabhaavam anjjaathamaanu. ennirunnaalum, nagaratthile rekhakalude mattu vaalyangaleppole, kathupusthakangalum nirbhagyavashaal vidheyamaayittundu. lettar book iii-yude flyleefil, thaazhepparayunna prasthavana pathinaram noottaandile oru kaiyil ezhuthiyittundu
pusthakam engane vazhithettippoyi, ethranaal athu illaathaayi ennu orikkalum arian kazhiyilla. ennirunnaalum, nagaratthile rekhakal ezhuthukayum paripalikkukayum cheytha reethiyekkurichulla karsanamaaya niyanthranangal mayer kodathiyile naalu clarkkukaloo abhibhaashakarum 1537 vare nischayichittillenn kanakkiledukkumbol, atharamoru shanikamaaya nashtam sambhavichathu athishayikkanilla.
1899num 1912num idayil lunden korppareshan "lunden nagaratthile lettar bukkukalude kalandar" aayi eee lettar bukkukalude ulladakkangal veendum prasidheekarichu.

