
aantina pheed

radio tharamgangal purappeduvikkunnatho sweekarikkunnatho aaya oru aantinayumaayi oru radio traansmittar allengil reseiver bandhippichirikkunnu. cable allengil conductor aanu aantina pheed sisttam allengil aantina pheed, koodaathe mattu anubandha upakaranangal, traansmittarineyo reseaverineo aantinayumaayi bandhippikkukayum rund upakaranangaleyum anuyojyamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. oru radio traansmittaril, traansmittar radio freekwansiyude oru alternating karant srishtikkunnu, koodaathe pheed sisttam karant aantinayilekku pheed cheiyunnu, ithu vaidyuthadhaarayile vaidyuthiye radio tharamgangalaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu. oru radio reseaveril, incoming radio tharamgangal aantinayil cheria alternating karantukal uthejippikkunnu, koodaathe pheed sisttam eee karant reseaverinu athikkukayum athu signal prosess cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. 
radio freekwansi karant kaaryakshamamaayi kaimaran, traansmittarineyo reseaverineo aantinayumaayi bandhippikkunna "feedline" transmission line enna prathyeka tharam kebilayirikkanam. microwave freekwansikalil, radio tharamgangal vahikkunna pollayaya loha paippaya waveguide palappozhum upayogikkunnu. oru parabolic (dish) aantinayil radio tharamgangal purappeduvikkukayo sweekarikkukayo cheiyunna "pheed aantina (pheed hoonn)" ulppeduthaanum pheed saadhaaranayaayi nirvachikkappedunnu. prathyekichu traansmittarukalil, aantina, feedline, traansmittar ennivayumaayi poruthappedunna impedence oru nirnaayaka gadakamaanu. ithu nirvahikkunnathin, pheed sisttathil aantinaykkum feedline feedline traansmittarum thammilulla "aantina tuning unitukal" allengil "matching netvarkkukal" enna sarkyoottukalum ulppedaam. oru aantinayil pheed line bandhippichirikkunna drived aantina gadakathile poyintaanu "pheed pooyint".
gadakangal.
oru traansmittaril, traansmittarinte avasana amplifierinum aantinayude pheed pooyintinum edayilulla ellah gadakangalaayum aantina pheed kanakkaakkappedunnu. oru reseaveril, aantinaykkum reseaverinte inputt terminalukalkkum edayilulla ellah gadakangalumaanu. parabolic vibhavangal polulla chila sandarbhangalil pheed aantina allengil pheed hoonn ulppeduthaanum nirvachikkappedunnu.
vaakki tokkikalilum portable efm radiokalilum gadippichirikkunna vipp aantinakal, wireless roottarukalude sleeve diapole aantinakal, selphonukalkullile pipha aantinakal enniva polulla chila radiokalil aantina traansmittarilo reseaverilo nerittu gadippichirikkunnu. eee saahacharyathil pheed sisttathil aantinaykkum traansmittarinum allengil reseaverinum idayil oru impedence matching surcuted (aavashyamenkil) adangiyirikkunnu, ithu aantinayude impedensumaayi radioyumaayi poruthappedunnu. 
mattu sandarbhangalil, prakshepana television aantinakal, thaamasasthalangalude melkkoorayil gadippichirikkunna saattalait vibhavangal, sellular bays steshanukalude sell towerukalile sector aantina, vimaanathavalangalile karangunna radar aantinakal, radio, television steshanukalude aantina towerukal enniva traansmittaril ninno reseaveril ninno vevvere sthithicheyyunnu. eee saahacharyathil aantina traansmittarumaayo reseaverumaayo pheed line enna cable upayogichu bandhippichirikkunnu. radio freekwansi (rf) karant kaaryakshamamaayi vahikkunnathin, transmission line enna prathyeka cable upayogichaanu pheed line nirmmichirikkunnathu. radio oorjjam line thazheyaayi pinnott prathifalippikkunna pettennulla impedence gattangal ozhivakkaan ithinu oru ekeekritha swabhaavagunamulla impedence undu ennathaanu transmission laininte prayojanam. samanthara vayar line (eratta leed), coxial cable, microwave taranga guide ennivayaanu pradhana tharam transmission line.
pheed line.
oru radio aantinayil, pheed line (feedline) allengil feeder, aantinaye radio traansmittarumaayo reseaverumaayo bandhippikkunna cable allengil mattu transmission lainaan. traansmitting aantinayil, ithu traansmittaril ninnu aantinayilekku radio freekwansi (rf) karant nalkunnu, avide athu radio tharamgangalaayi vikiranam cheyyappedunnu. oru reseaving aantinayil athu radio tharamgam aantinayil indues cheytha cheria rf volteju reseaverilekku maattunnu. rf karant kaaryakshamamaayi vahikkunnathin, transmission line ennariyappedunna prathyeka tharam kebilukal upayogichaanu pheed lineukal nirmmichirikkunnathu. coxial cable, twin-leed, ladder line, microwave freekwansikalil, waveguide ennivayaanu ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna pheed line tharangal.
prathyekichu traansmitting aantinayil, pheed line oru nirnaayaka gadakamaanu, athu aantinayilum traansmittarilum shariyaayi pravartthikkaan krameekarikkanam. oro tharatthilulla transmission line oru prathyeka swabhaavasavisheshatha impedence undu. aantinayilekku kaaryakshamamaayi vaidyuthi kaimaran ithu aantinayudeyum traansmittarinteyum impedensumaayi poruthappedutthanam. eee impedensukal poruthappedunnillengil athu pheed lainil staanding vevukal enna avasthaykku kaaranamakum, athil rf oorjjam traansmittarilekku prathifalikkukayum oorjjam paazhaakkukayum traansmittarine amithamaayi choodaakkukayum cheiyunnu. traansmittaril aantina tunor enna upakaranavum chilappol aantinayil poruthappedunna netvarkkum upayogichaanu eee krameekaranam nadathunnathu. pheed line aantinayum thammilulla poruthakkedinte alavu alakkunnathu ezz. dablyu. aarr meter (staanding wave anupatham meter) enna upakaranamaan, ithu variyile "staanding wave anupatham" (ezz. dablyu. aarr) alakkunnu.
eratta leed.
efm radiokaleyum television reseaverukaleyum avayude aantinakalumaayi bandhippikkaan eratta leed upayogikkunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu valia thothil coxial cable upayogichu maattisthaapichittundu, koodaathe amachwar radio traansmittarukal polulla kuranja power transmittarukalkkulla pheed linea. paranna riban polulla kebilil polyethileen insulating meteeriyalil roopappeduthiya rund vayar kandakdarukal parasparam samaantharamaayi pravartthikkunnu. rund vayarukalum thammilulla dooram vayaril vahikkunna rf signalinte tharamgadairkhyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol cheruthaanu. oru vayarile rf karant vyapthiyil thulyavum mattoru vayarile rf karantinu vipareethavumaanu. athinaal, lainil ninnu valare akale, oru vayar vikiranam cheiyunna radio tharamgangal ghattathil vipareethamaayirikkum, koodaathe mattoru vayar vikiranam cheiyunna tharamgangal raddaakkukayum cheyyum. 
ithe kaaranathaal, rund vayarukalum eathenkilum valia loha vasthukkalil ninno mattu samanthara vayarukalil ninno thulyamaayi akale sookshikkunnidatholam kaalam eratta leed radio shabdathinum radio freekwansi interferencinum (aarr. eph. aii) valia thothil prathirodhasheshiyullathaan. anaavasyamaaya eathenkilum baahya radio tharamgangal rund vayarukalilum ore dishayil (ghattathil) thulya alavilulla vaidyuthadhaarakale prerippikkunnu. reseiver inputt santhulithamaayirikkunnitham kaalam athu deferential (vipareeta) vaidyuthadhaarakalodu maathrame prathikarikkukayulloo ennathinaal shabdapravaahangal raddaakkappedunnu.
eratta ledine saadhaaranayaayi oru tharam "balanced line" ennu vilikkunnu, ennirunnaalum, ithu saamaanyabudhiyode moderate cheyyendathundu samanthara vayar allengil coxial aaya ellaatharam cablingin balanced karant vahikkaan kazhiyum, koodaathe ellaavarkkum balanced karant vahikkaan kazhiyum, athu vikiranam cheyyum. ekkaaranathaal ellah tharatthilulla feedline "santulita" aakkunnathin kurachu shradha aavasyamaanu, avaganichaal "asantulita" marran kazhiyum; samathulithamaaya vaidyuthadhaara nalkukayum, asantulita vaidyuthadhaarayaayi konduvarunna shabdam neekkam cheiyunnathinu variyile chila pooyintukalil karant-type baalanukal (allengil "line isolatorukal") vazhi bandhippikkukayum venam.
coxial cable.
microwave (ezz. echu. eph) paridhiyil thaazheyulla aavruthikalkkaayi upayogikkunna ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna pheed line tharamaan coxial cable. ithil oru vayar sentar conductor saadhaaranayaayi chembu allengil aluminium chuttumulla oru brade allengil soolid metaalik "sheeled" conductor adangiyirikkunnu. rund kandakdarukalum thammilulla verthiriv krithyamaayi sthiramaayi nilanirthunnathinaayi sentar kandakdarine outtar sheeldil ninnu oru dialectric, saadhaaranayaayi plaastik nura kondu verthirikkunnu. sheeled oru outtar plaastik insulation jacket kondu moodappettirikkunnu. television traansmittarukal polulla uyarnna power traansmitting aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi upayogikkunna "haard cox" kebilil, naitrajan polulla compress cheytha vaathakam adangiya karkkashamaaya allengil vazhakkamulla loha paippaan sheeled, koodaathe aantharika conductor periodic plaastik spacerukal kendreekarichu pidikkunnu.
sheeled conductor saadhaaranayaayi electrical groundumaayi bandhippichirikkunnathil coxine "asanthulithamaaya line" ennu vilikkunnu, ennirunnaalum madhya kandakdariloode ozhukunna vaidyuthadhaarakal sheeldinte aantharika uparithalathil skim cheiyunna vipareeta vaidyuthadhaarakalaal santhulithamaanu; coxial sheeldinte baahya uparithalathil ozhukunna vaidyuthadhaara maathramaan yadhaarthathil asanthulithamaayathu. aaa vaidyuthadhaaraye thadayaan kazhiyumenkil, cox oru "balanced line" aayi maarunnu. coxial kebilinte valia nettam, kebilinte aantharika pravaahangale baahya vaidyuthakaanthika mekhalakalil ninnu enclossing sheeled conductor verthirikkunnu ennathaanu. baahya uparithalathil ozhukunna vaidyuthadhaarakal thadassappettaal, coxine aduthulla loha vasthukkal baadhikkaathirikkukayum edapedal prathirodhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
taranga guide.
microwave (eshf) freekwansikalil waveguide upayogikkunnu, athil mattu tharatthilulla feedline amithamaya vaidyuthi nashtappedunnu. oru taranga guide oru pollayaya loha chaalakano pipo aanu. ithinu vrithaakruthiyilullatho chathuraakrithiyilullatho aaya cross sekshan undakam. eerppam nilanirthaan taranga guide ranukal palappozhum naitrajan vaathakam upayogichu sammarddam cheluthunnu. oru tubil shabdam sanjarikkunnathinu samaanamaayi rf signal paippiloode sanjarikkunnu. loha mathilukal athine oorjjam puratthekku vikiranam cheiyunnathil ninnu thadayukayum taranga guidelake praveshikkunnathil ninnulla edapedal thadayukayum cheiyunnu. chelavu, attakuttappani taranga guide enniva ulkkollunnathinaal, microwave aantinakalkk palappozhum traansmittarinte outtputtu ghattamo reseaverinte munvashath aantinayil sthithicheyyunna rf frond endo undu, koodaathe signal transmittarilekko reseaverilekko nalkunnu. 
oru taranga guide oru asanthulithamaaya transmission lainayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
impedence matching.
prathyekichu traansmitting aantinayil, aantina pheed oru nirnaayaka gadakamaanu, athu aantinayumaayum traansmittarumaayum poruthappedunna reethiyil pravarthikkunnathinu krameekarikkanam. traansmittar outtputtu terminalukal, transmission line, aantina ennivaykku oronninum oru prathyeka swabhaavagunamulla impedence undu, ithu upakaranathinte terminalukalile voltejinteyum vaidyuthadhaarayudeyum anupaathamaan. traansmittarum aantinayum thammil paramavadhi power kaimaran traansmittarum feedline aantinayumaayi poruthappedunna impedence aayirikkanam. ithinartham traansmittarinum aantinaykkum ore prathirodhavum thulyavum ennaal vipareethavumaaya prathipravartthanavum undaayirikkanam ennaanu. pheed line traansmittarumaayi poruthappedunna impedence aayirikkanam. eee vyavastha paalichaal, feedline vitharanam cheiyunna ellah oorjjavum aantina agiranam cheyyum. laininte iruvashathumulla impedensukal poruthappedunnillengil, athu feedlinil "staanding vevukal" (hye vsr) enna avasthaykku kaaranamakum, athil rf powerinte kurachu aantina vikiranam cheyyappedaathe traansmittarilekku prathifalikkukayum oorjjam paazhaakkukayum traansmittarine amithamaayi choodaakkukayum cheiyunnu. mikka traansmittarukalilum 50 oom coxial cable nalkunnathinu roopakalppana cheytha 50 ooms staanderd outtputtu impedence undu. 
traansmittar pheed lainumaayi poruthappedunnathu "aantina tunor", "aantina tuning yoonit" allengil "matching network" enna upakaranam, athu traansmittarile oru surcuted allengil traansmittarum feedline thammil bandhippichirikkunna oru prathyeka upakaranam aakam. aantinayumaayi feedline poruthappeduthunnathinna aantinayum feedline thammil mattoru poruthappedunna shringhala undayirikkaam.
nischitha aavruthikalil pravartthikkunna upabhokthru wireless upakaranagalil poruthappedunna network krameekarikkaavunnathalla, upakaranathinte kaaryatthil adanjirikkunnu. short wave steshanukal polulla vyathyastha aavruthikalil pravarthichekkaavunna broadcasting steshanukal, traansmittarukal thudangiya valia traansmittarukalil aantina tunor krameekarikkavunnathaanu. traansmittar freekwansiyile maattangalo traansmittar outtputtu ghattathilekko aantinayilekko krameekaranangalo saadhaaranayaayi impedencine maattunnu, athinaal traansmittarilo aantinayilo enthengilum jolie cheythathinushesham ezz. dablyu. aarr parisodhikkukayum poruthappedunna network krameekarikkukayum venam. pheed line aantinayum thammilulla poruthakkedinte alavu alakkunnathinulla ettavum lalithamaaya upakaranamaya poruthappedutthal shringhala krameekarikkunnathinaayi, variyile "staanding wave anupatham" (ezz. dablyu. aarr) report cheiyunna ezz. dablyu. aarr meter (staanding wave anupatham meter) ennu vilikkunnu variyile aduthulla paramavadhi, kuranja voltejinteyo vaidyuthadhaarayudeyo anupatham. 1: 1 enna anupatham oru impedence porutthatthe soochippikkunnu, athaayath looad poornnamaayum prathirodhikkunnathinaal ellah shakthiyum agiranam cheyyappedukayum onnum prathifalikkaathirikkum cheiyunnu. uyarnna anupatham oru poruthakkedu, prathifalikkunna shakti ennivaye soochippikkunnu. ezz. dablyu. aarr sveekaaryamaaya paridhiyil thaazheyaakunnathuvare poruthappedunna network krameekarikkunnu. impedence bridjukalum aantina analyserukalumaanu kooduthal noothanamaaya mattu upakaranangal.
impedence poruthappedunna traansmittaril, traansmittarinte sozhs resistans feedline impedensinum aantina looad resistansinum thulyamayathinaal, randum feedlinil seereesilullathum thulya vaidyuthi upayogikkunnathumaanu, aantinayilekku ethikkaan kazhiyunna paramavadhi power traansmittarinte outtputtu pavarinte 50 sathamaanamaanu; backie 50 sathamaanam traansmittarinte outtputtu ghattatthile resistans vazhi thaapamaayi illaathaakunnu. (poruthappedunna feedline oru cheria prathirodhatthiloode cheria alavil vaidyuthi illaathaakkunnu, ennaal athinte prathyaksha prathirodha impedensinte bhooribhaagavum feedline inductive, capaasitteevu reactainsukale marikadakkaan aavashyamaaya volteju maathramaan, athu svayam nashtamundakkunnilla.)
radio reseaverukalil aantinayumaayulla impedence poruthakkedu reseaveril athunna aantinayil ninnulla signal oorjjathil samanamaaya kuravinu kaaranamaakunnu, ithu intersept cheytha signalinte paramavadhi 50 sathamaanamaanu, koodaathe line poruthappedaatthathum ezz. dablyu. aarr uyarnnathumaayirikkumbol reseaverilekku vitharanam cheiyunna power valare kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, 10 ~ 20 MHz-ll thaazheyulla aavruthikalile nashtam valia prashnamalla, kaaranam reseaverukalile taapa shabda nila signalil ithinakam ulchertha anthareeksha shabdathekkaal valare thaazheyaan, athinaal aantinayil ninnulla oru durbalamaaya signal reseaveril vardhippikkaan kazhiyum, ithu eathenkilum poruthakkedil ninnu nashtappetta vaidyuthikku nashtapariharam nalkunnu, athu shabdathaal shradhaapoorvvam malinappeduthaathe. 20 MHz nuu mukalilulla aavruthikalil anthareeksha shabdam swathanthramaayi bahiraakaashathekku vikiranam cheiyunnu, athinaal sweekarikkunna signalukal reseaverinte swantham aantharikamaayi srishtikkunna shabdathinte thalatthilekku adukkunnathra kuravaanu; aaa vhf, uhf aavruthikalil, amplification signal-shabda anupatham tharamthaazhthunnu, koodaathe signal impedence poruthappedutthal sweekarikkunnathu mangiya signalukal sweekarikkunnathinulla oru pradhana aashankayaan.
santhulithavum asanthulithavumaaya bhakshanagal.
transmission lainukalum avayude attaachucheytha gadakangalum onnukil santhulithamaayi tharamthirikkaam, athil laininte iruvashathum nilathekku ore impedence undu, udaaharanathinu dvidhruva aantinakalum samanthara vayar lainukalum, allengil asanthulithamaaya, laininte oru vasham nilavumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu, udaaharanathinu monopole aantinakal, coxial cable.
santhulithavum asanthulithavumaaya gadakangale bandhippikkunnathin, baalan enna rund portt upakaranam upayogikkunnu. santhulithavum asanthulithavumaaya transmission line gadakangal thammil bandhippikkunna oru traansformaraanu baalan. udaaharanathinu coxial cable polulla asanthulithamaaya feedlinil ninnu oru dvidhruva aantina nalkunnathinu, feedline oru baalan vazhi aantinayumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. baalan illaathe, vaidyuthadhaarayude asanthulithamaaya bhagam coxial cable sheeldinu purathu ozhukukayum ithu sheeldinte puram uparithalam oru aantinayaayi pravartthikkaan kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum.
mattu pheed gadakangal.
kooduthal sankeernamaaya feedukalkku feedline poruthappedunna netvarkkukalkkum purame mattu gadakangal undayirikkaam
neenda feedlineulla oru reseaving aantinaykku aantinayil loow noys amplifier (elna) ennu vilikkunna oru amplifier undayirikkaam, ithu feedlinil ksheenam nikathunnathinu durbalamaaya radio signalukalude shakti vardhippikkunnu. 
microwave freekwansikalil saadhaarana tharam transmission lineukalkku amithamaya vaidyuthi nashtamundu, athinaal kuranja nashtatthinu microvevukal radio tharamgangal niyanthrikkunna pollayaya loha paippaya waveguide vahikkanam. uyarnna chelavum attakuttappanikalum kaaranam, dairkhyameriya taranga guide runs ozhivaakkunnu, microwave freekwansikalil upayogikkunna parabolic aantinakalkk palappozhum reseaverinte munvashath rf allengil traansmittarinte bhagangal aantinayil sthithicheyyunnu. udaaharanathinu, saattalait vibhavangalil microvevukal shekharikkunna vibhavathile feedhone loow-noys block daunkanverttar (elnb allengil elnc) enna sarkyoottilekk gadippichirikkunnu, ithu uyarnna microwave aavruthiye kuranja intermediat freekwansiyilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnu, athinaal vilakuranja coxial cable feedline upayogichu ithu kettidatthilekku kondupokaan kazhiyum. 
radar, saattalait communications aantinakal onniladhikam aavruthikaludeyum dhruveekaranangaludeyum radio tharamgangal kaikaaryam cheythekkaam, koodaathe aantinakal kaimarunnathinum sweekarikkunnathinum upayogikkaam, athinaal pheed sisttam rund dishakalilekkum sanjarikkunna radio signalukal vahikkunnu. athinaal eee aantinakalkk palappozhum kooduthal sankeernamaaya feedukalundu, athil prathyeka gadakangal ulppedunnu.
radio tharamgangal purappeduvikkunnathino sweekarikkunnathino orumichu pravartthikkunna orotta traansmittarumaayo reseaverumaayo bandhippichirikkunna onniladhikam aantinakal oru "array aantina" allengil "aantina shreniyil" adangiyirikkunnu. orotta aantinakalekkaal sankeernamaanu array aantinakalude pheed samvidaanangal. pheed network traansmittar pavarine aantinakalkkidayil thulyamaayi vibhajikkanam. oru playin tharamgam purappeduvikkunnathin, oru traansmitting shreniyude vyakthigatha aantinakalkk (gadakangal) oru prathyeka ghatta bandhathode vaidyuthadhaara nalkanam. athupole, oro moolakathil ninnumulla vaidyuthadhaarakal reseaveril ghattam ghattamayi samyojippikkunnathin ghattam ghattamayi maattendathundu. ithinu oro gadakathilum ghattam mattunna netvarkkukal aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. ghattam ghattamaayulla aanteenakalil, beam electronic reethiyil vyathyastha dishakalilekku nayikkaan kazhiyunna oru tharam aanteena, oro aantina gadakathinum oru computer niyanthrikkunna prograamabil phase shifttar vazhi vaidyuthadhaara nalkunnu.