
richard hakluyit

richard hakluyit (; 1553-23 november 1616) oru engleesh ezhuthukaaranaayirunnu. vadakke amerikkayile engleesh kolanivalkkaranatthe prothsaahippichathiloode addeham ariyappedunnu, prathyekichu "amerikkayude kandethaline sparsikkunna vaividhyamaarnna yathrakal" (1582), "engleesh raashtrathinte pradhana naavigeshanukal, yathrakal, traafikkukal, kandethalukal" (1589-1600).
westminstar schoolilum ooksfoordile kraist charchilum hakluyit vidyaabhyaasam nedi. 1583num 1588num idayil addeham franch kottaaratthile engleesh ambasadaraayirunna sarr edward staafordinte chappline sekrattariyumaayirunnu. niyukta purohithanaaya hakluyit bristtol cathedralilum westminstar aabiyilum pradhana sthaanangal vahikkukayum salisburyile 1st erl, elisabath onnaamanteyum jaims onnaamanteyum principal sekrattari oof stettu roobert sesilinte vyakthiparamaaya chaplainaayirunnu. 1606ll lunden kambaniykkum plymouth kambanikkum (koottaayi virgenia kambani ennu vilikkappedunna) anuvadicha virjeenia kolanivalkkarikkunnathinnu lettezhs pettantinaayi jaims aiykku nalkia harjiyude mukhya promoteraayirunnu addeham. yaathrakaludeyum yaathrakaludeyum praadhamika rekhakalude pandithochithamaaya pathippukal prasidheekarikkunna hackluit sosaittikk 1846ll roopeekarichathil addehathinte peraanu nalkiyathu.
kudumbam, aadyakaala jeevitam, vidyaabhyaasam.
palappozhum soochippikkappedunnathu, hakluyittinte pithriswathaaya poorvvikar dachukaaralla, velsh verthirichedukkalil ninnullavaraayirunnu; avar pathimoonnaam noottaandil englandile ivide fordshireil sthirathaamasamaakkiyathaayi thonnunnu, puraavastu gaveshakanaaya joonn lelaandinte abhipraayathil, radnorlandile "phoorast oof cluid" enna peril ninnaan avarude kudumbapperu sweekarichathu."haakluyittinte chila poorvvikar herfordshire yaattanil svayam sthaapikkukayum kaundiyile pradhana bhoovudamakalil oralaayirikkanam. richard hackluyittinte poorvvikano bandhuvo aaya hugo hacklut enna vyakthi 1304-lum 1305-lum yaattan baroyil paarlament amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu, 14-num 16-num idayil "dii hacklut" allengil "hacklut" ennu vilipperulla anchu vyakthikal herfordshire shereefukalaayirunnu. edward onnaamante (1305) 34-aamm varshathil walter hackeloot ennayaalkku naitt padavi nalkukayum pinneedu bannokkben yudhathil kollappedukayum 1349-ll thomas hackelooyit hereford roopathayude chansalaraokayum cheythu. henry VIII (bharanam 1509-1547), edward vi (bharanam 1547-1553) ennivarude vaardshippilaayirunnu oru thomas hackeluet ennum rekhakal kaanikkunnu.
naalu aanmakkalil randaamanaaya richard hackluit 1553-ll herfordshire aittanil janichu. richard hackluit ennum ariyappedunna haakluyittinte pithaav, charmmavum romavum kaikaaryam cheiyunna amgangalude aaraadhanayulla charmmasamghatthile amgamaayirunnu. 1557ll makanu ekadesham anchu vayassullappol addeham marikkukayum taamasiyaathe bhaarya margari addehathe pinthudarukayum cheythu. madhyakshethrathile richard hakluyit ennum ariyappedunna hakluyittinte cussin addehathinte rakshaadhikaariyaayi.
westminstar skoolile oru raajnjiyude pandithanayirikke, hakluyit thante rakshaadhikaariye sandarshichu, "prapanchashaasthrathinte chila pusthakangal, oru saarvathrika mapp, baibil" ennivayaal chithreekaricha sambhashanam, "aaa arivineyum saahityatheyum vichaarana cheyyaanulla" hakluyit dridanishchayam nadatthi."1570-ll ooksfoordile kraist charchil skinezhs kambaniyude saambathika pinthunayode praveshicha addeham" thante karthavyangal aadyamaayi nirvahichu ", thanikk kandethaan kazhiyunna ellah achadichatho ezhuthiyatho aaya yaathrakalum kandethalukalum vaayikkaan purappettu. addeham baachilar oof arts (bii.eiii.) 1574 februvari 19-nuu, thante maasttar oof arts (emm.eiii.) 1577 juun 27nuu bhoomishaasthrathil pothu prabhashanangal nalkaan thudangi. apoornnamaayi rachicha pazhayathum aduthide parishkarichathumaaya maappukal, globukal, golangal, eee kalayude mattu upakaranangal enniva aadyamaayi pradharshippichathu addehamaanu."1583 nuu sesham addeham ooksfoordil thaamasichirunnillenkum 1577 num 1586 num idayil kristhyan palliyile vidyaarthithvam hakluyit nilanirtthi.
1578ll hakluyit niyamithanaayi, athe varsham thanne daivathvam padikkunnathinaayi aaraadhanayulla thunitharathozhilaalikalude kambaniyil ninnu addehathinu "pension" labhikkaan thudangi. 1583ll pension kaalaharanappedumaayirunnu, ennaal hackluyittinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya gaveshanathe sahayikkunnathinaayi 1586 vare ithu neettunnathinaayi vilyam sessil, 1st baaran burgley edapettu.
paareesile engleesh embassyil.
americayudeyum athinaduthulla landukaludeyum kandethaline sparsikkunna vaividhyamaarnna yathrakal, aadyam nammude engleeshukaarum pinneedu franchukaarum brittanukalum" (1582) enna peril addeham svayam ezhuthiyathaanu hakluyittinte aadya prasidheekaranam.
haakluyittinte "yathrakal" addehathe loard howard oof efinghaaminteyum loard hovaardinte bhaaryasahodaranaaya sarr edward staafordinteyum shradhayilppeduthi. 30-aamm vayassil, "kadalile ettavum mikacha captanmaar, ettavum mikacha vyapaarikal, nammude raajyathe ettavum mikacha naavikar" ennivayumaayi parichayapetta addeham 1583-ll franch kodathiyile engleesh ambasadaraaya staafordine anugamikkaan chapline sekrattariyaayum paareesilekk thiranjedukkappettu. sekrattari francis walsinghaminte nirddeshangalkkanusaricha, spanish, franch prasthaanangalekkurichu vivarangal shekharikkunnathilum "amerikkayile nammude paashchaathya kandethalukalkk enthengilum velicham nalkunna atharam kaaryangalekkurichu sookshumamaaya anweshanam nadathunnathilum" addeham pradhaanamaayum svayam earppettu."thante jeevithathil kondinental europilekkulla addehathinte eaka sandarshanamaayirunnenkilum, paareesil charcha cheyyappedunna yaathrayude kaaryatthil engleeshukaarude parimithikal kettappol addeham roshakulanaayi.
paareesile haakluyittinte adhvaanathinte aadyaphalangal addehathinte pradhana kruthiyaaya "1584-ll ezhuthiya vestten discourikal aduthide shramicha englandile eee raajyathekku valaraan samanamaaya mahathaaya aavasyangaleyum bahumukha communitykaleyum kurichulla oru prathyeka prabhashanam" enna thalakkettilulla addehathinte pradhana kruthiyil ulppeduthiyittundu, ithu sarr walter raali addehathe thayyarakkan niyogichu. ekadesham 300 varshatholam nashtappetta kaiyezhuthuprathi 1877-ll aadyamaayi prasidheekarikkappettu. 1584-ll hackluit englandu veendum sandarshikkukayum elisabath onnaaman (arck athu samarppichirunnu) munnil "prabhaashanatthinte" oru pakarpp aristottilinte "rashtreeya" thekkurichulla laattin vishakalanathodoppam vaykkukayum cheythu. vadakke amerikkayile asthiramaaya [europianmaar] pradeshathu engleesh thottangal sthaapikkaanulla samrambhathe shupaarsha cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte lakshyam, angane raaliyude paryaveshanathinu raajnjiyude pinthuna neduka. 1585 meyy maasathil engleesh embassyumaayi paareesil aayirunnappol, raajnji addehathinu bristtol cathedralil adutha prebendary nalki, athu ozhinjukidakkukayum 1585-lum 1586-lum addehathe praveshippikkukayum maranam vare mattu mungananakalode nilanirthukayum cheythu.
paareesile addehathinte kaalaghattatthile hakluyittinte mattu kruthikalil pradhaanamaayum vivarthanangalum samaahaarangalum swantham samarppanangalum aamukhangalum ulppedunnu. eee pinneedulla rachanakal, kurachu kathukalkkoppam, addehathinte jeevacharitram roopappeduthaan kazhiyunna oreyoru meteeriyalaanu. 1586ll paareesil prasidheekaricha rene gaulain dii laudoniyer enna kaiyezhuthuprathi jenalaaya "ell histoyar recodential dii laa fluoride sityooyee ezz indus osidentalesu" prasidheekarikkunnathil hackluitinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. paareesil aaveshabharithamaaya pusthakam oru engleesh vivarthanam thayyarakkanum "surtain franch captains floridayilekku nadatthiya oru sradheyamaaya charitra yathrakal" (1587) enna peril landanil prasidheekarikkaanum haakluyittine prothsaahippichu. athe varsham, peettar rakthasakshi dii 'aangeerayude "dii oorbe novo dicase okdo" enna addehathinte pathipp paareesil velicham kandu. eee kruthiyil hackluitinaayi samarppichirikkunna valare apoorvamaaya oru chembu falaka bhoopadam adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe eph.jii. (francis gwal ennu karuthappedunnu); "virgenia" enna peru aadyam prathyakshappedunnathu ivideyaanu.
englandu enna thaalilekku madanguka.
1588-ll fraansil ekadesham anchu varshathe thaamasathinu sesham baaranas shefieldaaya dougless shefieldinoppam hackluit oduvil englandilekku madangi. 1589-ll addeham thante pradhana kruthiyaaya "engleesh raashtrathinte pradhana naavigeshanukal, yathrakal, kandethalukal" ennivayude aadya pathipp, kazhiyunnathra driksaakshikal upayogichu prasidheekarichu. ithinte aamukhathil addeham englandil emery molineux nirmmicha aadyathe terrestrial globinte uddeshicha prasidheekaranam prakhyaapichu.
1598num 1600num idayil "engleesh raashtrathinte pradhana naavigeshanukal, yathrakal, traafikkukal, discourikal" ennivayude avasaanavum punarnirmmichathum vipuleekarichathumaaya pathipp moonnu vaalyangalayi prathyakshappettu. randaam vaalyam (1599) thante rakshaadhikaariyaaya roobert sessil, salisburyile 1st erl, samarppichukond, kanyakaye kolanivalkkarikkunnathinnu soukaryathekkurichu hackluit mantriye shakthamayi abhyarthichu. eee smaaraka kruthiyude kurachu pakarppukalil valia apoorvathayude oru bhoopadam adangiyirikkunnu, edward raitt nischayicha yadhaartha thathwangalkkanusarichu englandil nirmmicha merkkettar projectionil aadyathethu. charitrakaaranaaya jaims aanthani fruid hakluyittinte mahathaaya samahaarathe "aadhunika engleesh raashtrathinte gadya ithihaasam" ennu vilichittundu.
1590 epril 20 nuu safolkkile wetheringset-kamm-brockfordile purohita bhavanathil lady stafford, dovajar baaranas shefield aayirunnu. maranam vare addeham eee sthaanam vahikkukayum 1590kalilum athinusheshavum wetheringsettil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. 1599-ll addeham puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya eest india kambaniyude upadeshtaavaayi, 1601-ll porchugeesukaaril ninnu antonio galvoyude "lokathinte kandethalukal" ennathinte oru vivarthanam edittu cheythu.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
1590kalude avasaanathil, larred burgleyude makan salisburyile aadyathe erlumaaya roobert sesilinte edapaadukaaranum vyakthiparamaaya chaaplainumaayi hakluyit maari, addeham hakluyittinte ettavum phalapradamaaya rakshaadhikaariyaayirikkum. pradhana naavigeshanukalude" vipuleekritha pathippinte randaamathe (1599) moonnaamathe vaalyangalum (1600) galvoyude "kandethalukalude" (1601) pathipum sesilinu samarppichu. elisabath onnaamanteyum jaims onnaamanteyum principal sekrattari oof stettu ayirunna sessil 1602 meyy 4 nuu westminstarinte deaninteyum chapterinteyum prebendariyaayi addehathe niyamichu. adutha varsham addeham abbeyude aarch deekkanaayi thiranjedukkappettu. paryavekshanam, kudiyettam, catholica athiraalikalumaayulla englandinte bandham ennivayekkurichulla hakluyittinte rachanakalil athmeeya aashankakal vahicha pankinekkurichu eee mathaparamaya thozhilukal punarvichinthanam nadathiyittundu.
1594-lum 1604-lum orikkalo orikkalo hakluyit vivaham kazhichu. 1604 march 30-leeii hakluyittinte randaam vivaahathinte licensil, addehathe saavoy hospitalile chaapplainukalil oralaayi visheshippikkunnu; eee sthaanavum sessil addehathinu nalki. addehathinte vilpathram addehathinte maranam vare avide addeham kaivashappeduthiyirunna arakale soochippikkunnu, mattoru audyogika rekhayil addehathe daivathvathinte doctor ennu visheshippikkunnu (dii.dii.).
1589ll virgenia kambaniyude director landanile chaarttarile oru pramukha saahasikan koodiyaayirunnu hakluyit. 1605ll uddeshicha kolaniyaaya virjeeniyayude thalasthaanamaaya jaimstouninte bhaavi jeevitam addeham samrakshichu. oduvil 1607ll koolani sthaapithamaayappol, addeham athinte chappline roobert hund upayogichu eee aanukoolyam nalki. 1606 epril 10 nuu anuvadicha virjeenia kolanivalkkarikkunnathinnu kathukalude pettantinaayi 1606 ll jaims onnaaman nalkia harjiyude mukhya promoteraayi addeham prathyakshappedunnu. addehathinte avasana prasidheekaranam floridayile hernando dii sotoyude kandethalukalude vivarthanamaayirunnu, "virgenia sambannamaayi vilamathikkappedunnu, avalude adutha ayalrajyamaaya floridayude maine landinekkurichulla vivaranam" (1609). eee kruthi virjeeniyayile yuva kolaniye prolsaahippikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu; scotish charitrakaaranaaya vilyam robartsan hacklitinecurich ezhuthi, "aaa praayathilulla mattethoru purushanekkaalum englandu athinte american swathukkalkku kadappettirikkunnu."
pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil spanish, porchugees avakaashavaadangalkku virudhamaayi kizhakkan indian rajyangalil duchukalkku swathanthramaayi vyapaaram nadathaanulla avakaashamundenn theliyikkaan shramicha dutch niyamanjanaaya hugo grotiyasinte "maare liberum" (1609) enna grandhatthinte engleesh vivarthanam hakluyit thayyarakki. 1609ll virgenia kambaniyude treasurer thomas smaithaan vivarthanam kammeeshan cheythathennum eest india kambaniyude gavarnaraayirunnuvennum helen thonttan abhiprayappettu. aaa varsham, kambani athinte charter puthukkumbol hakluyit kambaniyude upadeshtaavaayirunnu. grotiyasinte vaadangal indeesil vyapaaram nadathaanulla englandinte avakaashathe pinthunachu. engleesh janataye virjeeniyayil sthirathaamasamaakkaan prothsaahippikkunna prachaaranatthinte bhagamaayirikkaam eee vivarthanam. maare liberum" enna pusthakatthil, 1493-ll alexander araman marpappa nalkia sambhavana vadakke americaykku mail avakaashavaadam unnayikkunnathinayi spain enna avakaashavaadamulla porchugalinum spaininum idayil samudrangale vibhajichathayi grotius nishedhichu. pakaram, adhiniveshathinte praadhaanyam addeham oonnipparanju, ithu engleeshukaarkku anukoolamaayirunnu, kaaranam spaanishukaaralla, avar kanyakaye kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. porchugeesukaar avakaashappedunna englandilekkulla virgenia vazhiyulla kadal kadannu pookunnathinaal kadalukalil ellaavarkkum swathanthramaayi sanjarikkaanaakanamennum grotius vaadichu. ennirunnaalum, enthukondaanu hakluyittinte vivarthanam addehathinte jeevithakaalathu prasidheekarikkappedaathe vyakthamalla. enpathu varshathe yudhathil panthrand varshathe vedinirthal charchakalkku englandu hollandineyum spaineyum vijayakaramaayi sahayichathinaal akkaalathe prasidheekaranam englandinu asoukaryamundaakkumennu jorjju bruner paarkkukal sidhaantham nalkiyittundu, eee kruthi speyininethire swatantra kadalinulla engleesh avakaashavaadangale pinthunaykkumaayirunnu, pakshe hollandinethire adacha kadalukalodulla avakaashavaadangalalla. landanile innar temple libraryil haakluyittinte kaiyyaksara kaiyezhuthuprathiyaaya ems pettitt 529 oduvil 2004 ll aadyamaayi "swatantra kadal" enna peril prasidheekarichu.
1591-ll, mootha sahodaran thomasinte maranashesham hakluyit kudumba swath paarambaryamaayi nedi; oru varshathinusesham, ilaya sahodaran edmandinte maranashesham, ammavanil ninnu labhicha adhika swath addehathinu paarambaryamaayi labhichu. 1612-ll hakluyit north-vestt pasej kambaniyude charter amgamaayi. maranasamayathu, addeham thante vividha prathiphalangalil ninnum mungananakalil ninnum oru cheria sambathu sambaadichirunnu, athil avasaanatheth 1612 ll addehathinte ilaya sahodaran olivar addehathinu sammaanicha linkanshayarile gedneyile purohithabhavanamaayirunnu. nirbhagyavashaal, addehathinte eaka makan addehathinte sambathu pazhaakki.
1616 november 23 nuu landanil vachu hakluyit marikkukayum november 26 nuu westminstar abbeyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu; abbe rajisttarile oru pishak kaaranam addehathinte shavasamskaram 1626-ll rekhappeduthiyittundu. addehathinte shekharanangalude naalaamathe vaalyam roopappeduthaan paryapthamaaya niravadhi kayyezhuthuprathikal saamuval prayosasinte kaikalilekku veenu, avar avaye thante "pilgraimsil" (<aii. dii. 2>) churukkia roopathil chertthu. samakaalika ezhuthukaaril ninnu shekharicha kurippukal ulkkollunna mattullava ooksfoord sarvakalashaalayil samrakshichirikkunnu.
thante rachanakaliloode engleeshukaar vadakke amerikkayile kudiyettatthe prolsaahippikkunnathum pinthunaykkunnathinumalla shramangalude perilaanu hakluyit pradhaanamaayum ormmikkappedunnathu. vilyam shakespearein mattu ezhuthukaarkkum eee kruthikal phalabhooyishtamaaya oru srothassaayirunnu. bhoomishaasthraparavum charitraparavumaaya rachanakal mattullavar nirmmikkunnathinum hakluyit prothsaahippichu. haakluyittinte nirddeshaprakaaramaanu roobert paarkk juvan gonsaalas dii mendosa "mahathum shakthavumaya chainayude raajyathinte charithravum athinte sahacharyavum" (1588-1590) vivarthanam cheythath, joonn poori lioo aafrikkanasinte "aafrikkayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya charithram" (1600), p. maarkk leskaarbottinte "nova francia" (1609) enna kruthi erondelle vivarthanam cheythu.
paarambaryamaayi.
1846ll sthaapithamaaya hakluyit sosaitti, yaathrakaleyum yaathrakaleyum kurichulla apoorvavum prasidheekarikkappedaathu vivaranagal achadikkunnathinaayi ellah varshavum vaalyangal prasidheekarikkunnathu thudarunnu.
danielle kerii, naashanal yooniversitti oof ireland, galway, clair jovit, yooniversitti oof eest anglia ennivayude general edittinginu keezhil ooksfoord yooniversitti prassinaayulla hakluyit edition project hakluyittinte "principal naavigeshanukalude" 14 vaalyangalude vimarsanaathmaka pathipp thayyarakkunnu.
oru pazhaya westminstarinte nettatthinulla amgeekaaramaayi westminstar school oru veedinu addehathinte peru nalki.