
chimmini

manushyarude vaasasthalangalil ninnu boiler, stau, choola, insinarettar allengil aduppu enniva ulppaadippikkunna choodulla vishavaayukkale allengil pukaye verthirikkunna kallu, kalimannu allengil loham enniva upayogichu nirmmicha oru vasthuvidyaa vaayusanjaara gadanayaanu chimmini. vaathakangal sugamamayi ozhukunnuvennu urappakkaan chimmanikal saadhaaranayaayi lambamo allengil kazhiyunnathra lambamo aanu, ithu staakk allengil chimmini ephakt ennariyappedunna jwalanathilekku vaayuvine aakarshikkunnu. oru chimmanikkullile sthalathe "flue" ennu vilikkunnu. valia vyaavasaayika refinerykal, phoosil indhana jwalana soukaryangal allengil kettidangalude bhagangal, neeravi locomotteevukal, kappalukal ennivaykku sameepamaan chimmanikal.
amerikkayil, "smokkstaakk vyavasaayam" enna padam aadyakaala charithratthil vaidyutha vyavasaayam ulppedeyulla vyaavasaayika samooham phoosil indhanangal kathikkunnathinte paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangale soochippikkunnu. locomotive chimminikaleyo kappal chimminikaleyo paraamarshikkumbol smokkstaakk (samsaarabhashayil, staakk) enna padam upayogikkunnu, koodaathe phanal enna padavum upayogikkaam.
oru chimmaniyude uyaram staakk ephakt vazhi baahya paristhithiyilekku flue vaathakangal kaimaranullah kazhivine swaadheenikkunnu. koodaathe, uyarnna uyarangalil malineekaranavasthukkal chitharunnath sameepa chuttupaadukalil avayude swaadheenam kuraykkum. kooduthal pradesangalilaayi malineekaranavasthukkal chitharunnath avayude saandrata kuraykkukayum niyanthrana paridhikal palikkaan sahayikkukayum cheyyum.
charithram.
vyaavasaayika chimmini upayogikkunna eenthappazham romacar upayogichirunnu, avar chuvarukalil pothinja tyoobukalulla avarude bekkarikalil ninnu puka valichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, panthrandaam noottaandil vadakkan europile valia veedukalilaanu gaarhika chimmanikal aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath. engleesh chimminiyude ettavum pazhaya udaaharanam eiii. dii. 1185 muthalulla yorkshareile consbro kottayude samrakshanathilaanu. ennirunnaalum, 16,17 noottaandukal vare avaa veedukalil saadhaaranamaayirunnilla. puka oru chimmaniyilekku shekharikkunnathinulla aadyakaala reethiyaayirunnu smoke hoodukal. iva saadhaaranayaayi aadhunika chimminikalekkaal valare veethiyullavayaayirunnu, theeykku mukalil thaarathamyena uyarnnathaan, athaayath kooduthal choodu muriyilekku kadakkaan kazhiyum. shaftilekku pookunna vaayu thanuppullathinal, iva kuranja theepiduttham thadayunna vasthukkalaal nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. chimminikalude vikasanathile mattoru ghattam antharnirmmitha aduppukalude upayogamaayirunnu, ithu veedine veettil thanne chudaan anuvadichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode vyaavasaayika chimmanikal saadhaaranamaayi.
saadhaarana veedukalile chimmanikal aadyam nirmmichathu maram kondo plaasttar kondo cheli kondo aayirunnu. annumuthal parambaraagathamaayi cheruthum valuthumaaya kettidangalil ishtikayo kallo upayogichaanu chimmanikal nirmmikkunnath. aadyakaala chimmanikal lalithamaaya ishtika nirmmaanathilaayirunnu. pinneedu tyle linerukalkku chuttum ishtikakal sthaapichaanu chimmanikal nirmmichathu. daundraafttukal niyanthrikkunnathin, vividha designukalulla venting thoppikal (palappozhum "chimmini pottukal" ennu vilikkunnu) chilappol chimminikalude mukalil sthaapikkunnu.
18, 19 noottaandukalil, athinte ayiru ninnu eeyam verthirichedukkaan upayogichirunna reethikal valia alavil vishavaathakam uthppaadippichu. englandinte vadakku bhaagath, palappozhum 3 kilometeril (2 mile) kooduthal neelamulla thirascheenamaaya chimmanikal nirmikkappettu, ithu puka kuranja dosham varuthunna vidoora sthalathu oru cheria lamba chimmaniyil avasaanikkunnu. eee neelamulla chimmanikalude ullil ledd velliyum nikshepam roopappedukayum eee vilayeriya nikshepangal neekkam cheyyaan idaykkide thozhilaallikale chimmanikalkoppam ayaykkukayum cheyyum.
nirmmaanam.
ishtika upayogichu transwers looad kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla parimithamaaya kazhivinte falamaayi, veedukalile chimmanikal palappozhum oru "staakkil" nirmmikkappettirunnu, veedinte oro nilayilum oru aduppu orotta chimmani pankidunnu, palappozhum veedinte munnilum pinnilum atharam staakk undaayirunnu. innathe central heating sisttangal chimmani sthaapikkunnathu nirnayakamaakkiyittilla, koodaathe gadanaaparamallaatha gyaas ventu paippinte upayogam thadassangalkkum mathilukalkkum chuttum oru flue gyaas kandyoott sthaapikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
mikka aadhunika uyarnna kaaryakshamathayulla choodaakkal upakaranagalkkum chimmini aavasyamilla. atharam upakaranangal saadhaaranayaayi oru baahya mathilinu sameepamaan sthaapikkunnathu, koodaathe oru noonn-kambast mathil thimple oru ventu paippine baahya mathililoode nerittu pravartthikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
oru chimmini melkkoorayilekku thulachukayarunna oru pitch melkkoorayil, sandhikal adaykkaan minnal upayogikkunnu. thaazhekkulla charivine aapran ennu vilikkunnu, vashangalkk steppu flashing labhikkunnu, minnalinu thaazheyulla chimmaniyude mukal bhaagathekku vellam tirikkaan oru krikkatt upayogikkunnu.
vyaavasaayika chimminikale saadhaaranayaayi flue-gyaas staakkukal ennu vilikkunnu, avaa oru kettidatthinte chumaril nirmmichathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi saadhaaranayaayi baahya gadanakalaanu. avaa saadhaaranayaayi neeravi uthppaadippikkunna boilerino vyaavasaayika choolaykko sameepathaan sthithicheyyunnathu, vaathakangal daktt varkk upayogichu avayilekku kondupookunnu. innu vyaavasaayika chimmanikalude nirmmaanatthile gadanaaparamaaya gadakamaayi shakthippeduthiya konkreettinte upayogam ishtikaye eathaandu poornnamaayum maatti. refractory ishtikakal palappozhum oru liningaayi upayogikkunnu, prathyekichum kathikkunna indhanam aasidukal adangiya flue vaathakangal srishtikkukayaanenkil. aadhunika vyaavasaayika chimminikalil chilappol konkreett windshield adangiyirikkunnu, akathu niravadhi flues undu.
dakshinaafrikkayile sekkandayile sekkanda ctlinte synthetic indhana plaantile uyarnna neeravi plaantile chimmanikk 26 meter (85 adii) vyaasamulla windshield naalu 4.6 meter vyaasamulla konkreett flukalum undu, avaa 10 meter edavelakalil corbell valayangalil nirmmicha refractory ishtikakalaal varachirikkunnu. parambaraagatha phoom varkk allengil sliding phoom varkk vazhi shakthippeduthiya konkreett kaast cheyyaan kazhiyum. niyamaparamo mattu suraksha aavashyangalo niravettunnathinaayi malineekarana vasthukkal vishalamaaya pradeshathu chitharikkidakkunnuvennu urappaakkunnathinaan uyaram.
residential flue linerukal.
oru chimmaniyile dvitheeya thadassamaanu flue liner, athu jwalanathinte acidity uthppannangalil ninnu kalline samrakshikkukayum flue vaathakam veettilekku praveshikkunnathu thadayukayum valuppameriya flueyude valuppam kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. 1950kall muthal, pala sthalangalilum kettida kodukalkku puthuthayi nirmmicha chimmanikalkk flue liner aavasyamaanu. liner illaathe nirmmicha chimmanikalil saadhaaranayaayi oru liner cherkkaan kazhiyum, ennaal linerinte tharam athu nalkunna upakaranathinte tharavumayi poruthappedendathundu. flue linerukal kalimannu allengil konkreett tyle, loham allengil konkreett ozhikkuka enniva aakam.
1777 leeii unterriter laborattarikalude amgeekaaram labhikkatha oreyoru lineranengilum palappozhum avaykku pottitherikkunna tailukalum anuchithamaya instaaleshanum polulla prashnangalundenkilum kaliman tyle flue linerukal amerikkayil valare saadhaaranamaanu. kaliman tailukal saadhaaranayaayi ekadesham neelamullathum vividha valuppangalilum aakruthikalilum labhyamaan, chimmini nirmmikkumbol puthiya nirmmaanatthil sthaapikkunnu. oro tylinum idayil oru refractory simant upayogikkunnu.
mettal linerukal stainless steel, aluminium allengil galvanised irumbu aakam, avaa vazhakkamullatho karkkashamaayatho aaya paippukalayirikkaam. stainless steel pala tharatthilum kanathilum nirmmikkunnu. viraku, thadi gulikakal, indhanam, ghaneebhavikkaatha enna upakaranangal ennivaykkoppam type 304 upayogikkunnu, kalkari upayogichu type 316,321 ennivayum uyarnna kaaryakshamathayulla ghaneebhavippikkunna vathaka upakaranangalkkayi type ell 29-4 sii upayogikkunnu. stainless steel linerukalkku oru thoppi undaayirikkanam, avaa khara indhana upakaranangal nalkunnundengil insulate cheythirikkanam, pakshe nirmmaathaavinte nirddeshangal shradhaapoorvvam paalikkanam. aluminium, galvanised steel chimmanikal klaas eiii, klaas bii chimmanikal ennariyappedunnu. klaas eiii onnukil insulated, eratta mathil stainless steel pipe allengil triple vaal, eyar insulated pipe aanu, ithu palappozhum athinte pothuvaaya vyapara naamamaya metalbestos ennariyappedunnu. bii-ventu ennu vilikkappedunna insulated allatha eratta mathil paippukalaan klaas bii, iva ghaneebhavikkaatha vathaka upakaranangal puranthallaan maathrame upayogikkunnulloo. ivaykku akathe paaliyil aluminiyavum puram paaliyil galvanised steelum undayirikkaam.
konkreett flue linerukal kaliman linerukal poleyaanengilum avaa refractory simant kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu, kaliman linerukalekkaal kooduthal modiyullathaanu.
nilavilulla chimmaniyil oru roopathil prathyeka konkreett ozhichaanu konkreett linerukal nirmmikkunnath. eee linerukal valare modiyullavayaanu, eathu choodaakkal upakaranathilum pravartthikkunnu, durbalamaaya chimmani shakthippeduthaan kazhiyum, pakshe avaa maattaanaavaathavayaanu.
chimmini kalangal, thoppikal, toppukal.
kuranja chelavil chimmaniyude neelam vardhippikkunnathinum chimmaniyude draaft mechappeduthunnathinum chimmanikk mukalil oru chimmani paathram sthaapikkunnu. onniladhikam kalangal ulla oru chimmani soochippikkunnathu vividha nilakalilulla onniladhikam aduppukal chimmani pankidunnu ennaanu.
pakshikalum mattu mrugangalum chimmaniyil koodundaakkunnathu thadayaan chimmanikk mukalil oru kaul sthaapikkunnu. mazhayo manjo chimminiyil ninnu thaazhekku pogunnathu thadayaan avar palappozhum oru raine gaard avatharippikkunnu. chimminiyil ninnu uyarunnathil ninnum melkkoorayil eriyunna avashishtangal kuraykkunnathinu oru mettal vayar mesh palappozhum oru theeppori arast cheiyunna upakaranamaayi upayogikkunnu. chimmanikkullile kallukalkk valia alavil eerppam agiranam cheyyaan kazhiyumenkilum athu pinneedu baashpeekarikkappedunnu, mazhavellam chimmaniyude adithattil shekharikkaam. shekharicha vellam puranthallunnathinaayi chilappol chimmaniyude adiyil karachil dwaarangal sthaapikkunnu.
helmet aakruthiyilulla chimmini thoppiyaan chimmini kaul allengil wind directional thoppi, athu kaattumaayi yojikkukayum puka thaazhunnath thadayukayum chimmani thaazhekku veeshukayum cheiyunnu. 
echu aksharam pole aakruthiyilulla chimmini paippukal upayogichu nirmmicha chimmini topaanu "echu-stail cap". nilavilulla kaatto prakshubdhathakalo daundraafttinum back-puffingin kaaranamakunna saahacharyangalil draaft niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru purathana reethiyaanithu. mattu mikka daundraaft cappukaleyum apekshichu echu cappinu oru prathyeka nettamundengilum, athinte valia roopakalppana kaaranam athu anukoolamaayirunnilla. ithu kooduthalum samudra upayogathilaanu kaanappedunnath, ennaal oorjja samrakshana pravartthanam kaaranam janapreeti veendedukkunnu. echu-cap draaft vardhippikkunnathinaparum sthirappeduthunnu. mattu daundraaft cappukal ventuary efakttine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, ithu updraft nirantharam vardhippichu daundraaft prasnangal pariharikkunnu, ithu valare uyarnna indhana upabhogathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
upayogathilillaathappol chimmani adaykkaanum akathe sthalathekku puram vaayu praveshikkunnathu thadayaanum kazhiyunna oru loha plateanu chimmini damper, thee kathumbol choodulla vaathakangal puranthallaan anuvadikkunnathinu ithu thurakkaam. oru "topp damper" allengil "cap damper" ennathu chimminiyude mukalil sthaapichirikkunna oru loha spring vaathilaanu, oru neenda loha shringalayulla ithu aduppil ninnu damper thurakkaanum adaykkaanum anuvadikkunnu. chimmaniyude adithattil, fireboxinu thottumukalil, oru liver, gear allengil cheyin upayogichu thurakkaanum adaykkaanum kazhiyunna oru loha plateanu "throat damper". topp damperude prayojanam adaykkumbol nalkunna irukiya kalavastha prathirodha seelaanu, ithu purathekkulla thanutha vaayu chimmaniyilekkum leaving speysilekkum ozhukunnathu thadayunnu-oru thonda damper nalkunna mettal-oonn-mettal sealinoppam apoorvvamaayi maathrame ithu poruthappedaan kazhiyoo. koodaathe, thonda daambarinu nerittu thaazheyulla theeyil ninnu theevramaaya choodu undakunnathinaal, kaalakramena loham valayunnathu saadhaaranamaanu, angane thonda daambarinte mudrayidaanulla kazhivu kooduthal vashalaakunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru thonda daambarinte prayojanam, chimmaniyile vaayuvil ninnu leaving space seal cheiyunnu ennathaanu, ithu prathyekichu veedinte chumarinu purathu sthaapichirikkunna chimmanikalkk pothuve valare thanuppaanu. iva randum prayojanappeduthunnathi topp damper throat damper praayogikamaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. limans (pevoting doorr), loock topp (translating doorr) ennivayaanu nilavil vipaniyilulla rund topp damper designukal.
padinjaaran europile madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil chimmini topilekku attakuttappanikal anuvadikkunnathinaayi steppu gableukalude roopakalppana uyarnnuvannu, prathyekichu kottakal, valia mainer veedukal thudangiya uyaramulla gadanakalkku.
chimmini draaft allengil draaft.
kalkari, enna, prakrithivaathakam, maram allengil mattethenkilum indhanam oru stau, ovan, aduppu, chooduvella boiler allengil vyaavasaayika choola ennivayil kathikkumbol, roopappedunna choodulla jwalana uthppanna vaathakangale flue vaathakangal ennu vilikkunnu. chimminikaliloodeyo vyaavasaayika flue-gyaas staakkukaliloodeyo (chilappol smokkstaakkukal ennu vilikkunnu) aaa vaathakangal saadhaaranayaayi anthareekshathinu purathulla vaayuvilekku theernnupokunnu.
chimminikalilo staakkukalilo ulla jwalana flue vaathakangal puram vaayuvinekkaal valare choodullathum athinaal anthareeksha vaayuvinekkaal saandrata kuravumaanu. ithu hoott flue vaathakathinte lamba nirayude adiyil puram vaayuvinte anubandha nirayude adiyil ulla marddathekkaal kuranja marddathinu kaaranamaakunnu. chimmanikk purathulla uyarnna marddamaanu aavashyamaaya jwalana vaayu jwalana mekhalayilekku neekkukayum chimmanikk mukalilekkum puratthekkum flue vaathakam neekkukayum cheiyunna prerakashakthi. jwalanavaayuvinteyum flue vaathakathinteyum chalanatheyo ozhukkineyo "naachural draaft/draaft", "naachural venttileshan", "chimmini ephakt" allengil "staakk ephakt" ennu vilikkunnu. staakk ethra uyaramulluvo athra draaft allengil draaft srishtikkappedunnu. varumanam kurayunna kesukalundaakaam staakkil ninnu puratthekku ayaykkunna thapavumaayi bandhappett oru staakk amithamaayi uyarathilaanengil, chimmaniyude mukalil athunnathinu munbu flue vaathakangal thanukkiyekkaam. eee avastha mosham draftinginu kaaranamakum, maram kathikkunna upakaranangalude kaaryatthil, puranthallunnathinu munbu vaathakangal thanuppikkunnath chimmaniyude mukalilekku creosot ghaneebhavikkaan kaaranamakum. creosotinu flue vaathakangalude puranthallal niyantrikkaanum theepidithatthinu kaaranamakaanum kazhiyum.
sariyaaya alavil prakrithidatha draaft nalkunnathinaayi chimminikalum staakkukalum roopakalppana cheiyunnathil niravadhi design gadakangal ulppedunnu, avayil palathinum aavarthana pareekshanavum pishak reethikalum aavasyamaanu.
oru "aadya ooham" ekadesha kanakk enna nilayil, tanmatra pindam (i.iii.flue vaathakathinteyum bahyavaayuvinteyum tanmatra bharam) thulyamaanu, koodaathe gharshana mardhavum taapa nashtavum valare kurravaanu
soothravaakyam _ 1
evide
chimmaniyilekku rund ozhukkukal samyojippikkumbol "a" t + "a" f <a ", ivide" a "t = 7.1 inch2 ennathu vaattar heater tankle ninnu aavashyamaaya ettavum kuranja ozhukkinte vistheernavum" a "f = 19.6 inch2 ennathu oru kendra choolayil ninnulla ettavum kuranja ozhukkinte vistheernnavumaan.
draaft hood.
gyaas fayar cheytha upakaranagalkk chimminiyil praveshikkunna jwalana uthppannangal thanuppikkunnathinum updraftukaloo dountraafttukalo thadayunnathinum oru draaft hood undaayirikkanam.
paripalanavum prashnangalum.
maram indhanamaayi upayogikkumbol gadanayude chuvarukalil creosot nikshepam vikasikkunnu ennathaanu chimminikalude oru savishesha prashnam. eee padaarthatthinte nikshepam vaayupravaahathe thadassappeduthukayum athilum pradhanamaayi, avaa kathikkaavunnathum chimmaniyil nikshepangal kathikkukayaanenkil apakadakaramaaya chimmani theepiduthatthinu kaaranamaakukayum cheyyum.
prakrithivaathakam kathikkunna heaterukal parambaraagatha khara indhanangale apekshichu valare vrithiyullathum kaaryakshamavumaya prakrithivaathakam kathikkunnathinaal creosot nirmmaanatthinte alavu ganyamaayi kuraykkunnu. mikka kesukalilum vaarshika adisthaanathil gyaas chimmani vrithiyaakkenda aavasyamilla, athinartham chimmaniyude mattu bhagangal kedaakillennu ardhamaakkunnilla. kaalakramena naashanashtangal moolam vichedikkappettatho ayanjatho aaya chimmini fittingukal veedukalilekku kaarban monoxide chornnolikkunnathu moolam thaamasakkaarkk gurutharamaaya apakadangal undaakkum. athinaal, eee prasnangal thadayunnathinaayi chimmanikal varsham thorum parisodhikkukayum pathivayi vrithiyaakkukayum cheyyanamennu shupaarsha cheiyunnu-chila rajyangalil nirbandham polum. eee jolie cheiyunna thozhilaallikale chimmini sweeppukal allengil steeppiljaakkukal ennu vilikkunnu. eee kruthi pradhaanamaayum baalavelayiloodeyaanu cheythirunnathu, athupole thanne victorian saahithyathil savisheshathakalundu. madhyakaalakhattathil yooroppinte chila bhaagangalil, padikal upayogikkaathe chimminikalilekku praveshanam nalkunnathinaayi oru ghattam ghattamaayulla gable design vikasippicheduthu.
kothiya (ishtika) chimminikalum bhookambasamayathu thakarnnuveezhaan saadhyathayund. saan francisco, loss enchals, saan diego thudangiya bhookambangalkku saadhyathayulla nagarangalile sarkkar bhawana adhikaarikal ippol loha fluke chuttum stad frame cheytha chimmanikal upayogichu puthiya veedukal nirmmikkaan shupaarsha cheiyunnu. pazhaya kallu chimmanikal braze cheiyukayo strip cheiyukayo cheiyunnathu bhookambangalil ninnulla kedupaadukalo parikkukaloo thadayunnathil valare phalapradamaanennu theliyikkappettittilla. eee aadhunika chimmini gadanakale moodunnathinaayi "vyaja ishtika" munvashangal vaangaan ippol kazhiyum.
mattu saadhyathayulla prasnangal ivayaanu
eratta chimmanikal upayogikkuka.
mobail phoon sevanangalude aantinakal vahikkanum kuranja power efm/tivi traansmittarukal vahikkanum valare uyarnna chila chimminikal upayogikkunnu. eee aantinakal chimmaniyude exhostinu sameepamaanengil saadhyamaaya nashana prashnangalkk prathyeka shradha nalkanam.
chila sandarbhangalil power steshanukalile chimminikalum pylonukalaayi upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum muun soviyatt unionile niravadhi power steshanukalil upayogikkunna itharathilulla nirmmaanam conductor kebilukalude nashana prasnangal kaaranam valare saadhaaranamalla.
check republicile praagile doom detti eiii mladese vii modranechil oru nireekshana deck sajjeekarichirikkunnu.
beytou reseave insinareshan plaantile chimmani oru karangunna restorant vahikkunnu.
oru vyaavasaayika chimmaniyayi upayogikkunna cooling tower.
sulfur dye ooksaidum naitrajan ooksaidukalum neekkam cheiyunnathinulla plaantukal sajjeekarichirikkunna chila power steshanukalil, cooling tower oru chimmaniyayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum. atharam cooling towerukal germmaniyil groscrotsenberg power steshanilum rostokku power steshanilum kaanam. sulfur dye ooksaid neekkam cheyyaan sajjeekarichittillatha power steshanukalil, atharam cooling towerukalude upayogam thadayaan eluppamallaatha gurutharamaaya nashana prashnangalkk kaaranamakum.