
nalanda mahavihara

kizhakkan indiayile purathana magadhayile (aadhunika bihar) oru prashasthamaaya "mahavihara" (buddha sanyasi sarvakalashaala) aayirunnu nalanda (<unk>, <unk>). charitrakaaranmaar lokathile aadyathe residential sarvakalashaalayaayum purathana lokathile ettavum valia patana kendrangalilonnaayum kanakkakkiya ithu raajagriha nagaratthinadutthum (ippol rajgir) paadaliputhratthinu (ippol patna) thekkukizhakkumaayi sthithicheyyunnu. 427 muthal 1197 vare pravarthicha nalanda, pothuvarsham 5-aamm noottaandilum 6-aamm noottaandilum kalayudeyum academic mekhalayudeyum rakshaakarthruthvam prothsaahippikkunnathil nirnaayaka punk vahichu, eee kaalaghattatthe pandithanmaar "indiayude suvarnnakaalakhattam" ennu visheshippichu.
gupta saamrajya kaalaghattatthilaanu nalanda sthaapithamaayathu, budhamathakkaarum budhamathakkaarallaathavarum ulppede niravadhi indian, javanese rakshaadhikaarikalude pinthunayodeyaanu ithu sthaapithamaayathu. ekadesham 750 varshathilereyaayi, athinte faakkalttiyil mahayana budhamathathile ettavum aadaraneeyaraaya pandithanmaaril chilar ulppedunnu. nalanda "mahavihara" aarr pradhana budhamatha schoolukalum yogachaara, sarvasthivaada thudangiya thathwachinthakalum vedangal, vyakaranam, vaidyashaasthram, yukthi, ganitham thudangiya vishayangalum padippichu. theerthaadakanaaya suwansang vahicha 657 samskritha grandhangaludeyum ezhaam noottaandil yijing chainayilekku kondupoya 400 samskritha grandhangaludeyum pradhana uravidamaayirunnu eee sarvakalashaala, ithu kizhakkan eshyan budhamathathe swaadheenichu. mahaavairokana thanthram", shaanthidevante "bodhisathvakaaryaavathaaram" ennivayulppede, nalandayil rachicha niravadhi grandhangal mahaayaanathinteyum vajrayana budhamathathinteyum vikasanathil pradhana punk vahichu. mohammed bakhthiyaar khalji nalanda akramikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythirikkaamenkilum reydukalkku sesham pathittaandukalolam (allengil noottaandukal vare) athu pravarthanakshamamaayi thudaraan kazhinju. innu ithu yuneskoyude loka paithruka sthalamaanu.
2010ll india gavanment prashastha sarvakalashalaye punarujjeevippikkunnathu prameyam pasakkukayum rajgiril samakaalika sthaapanamaaya nalanda sarvakalashaala sthaapikkukayum cheythu. india gavanment ithine "deseeya praadhaanyamulla sthaapanam" aayi pattikappedutthiyittundu.
sthalam.
rajgir nagarathinu vadakkum patnaik thekkukizhakkum bhagathaayi sthithi cheiyunna nalanda 31,20,120 ennee desheeyapaathakaliloode indiayude deseeyapaatha shringalayumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. bihaarile mattoru pradhana budhamatha sthalamaaya bodhu gayayude vadakkukizhakkan bhagathaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. bargaon (nalanda) graamatthinte vadakkupadinjaraayi oru valia pradeshathu vyaapichukidakkunna nalanda puraavastu sthalam charitraparamaaya manushyanirmmitha thadakangalaaya nidhi, panashokar, indrapuskarani ennivaykkidayilaanu. indrapushpaani thadaakatthinte thekke karayil navaa nalanda mahaviharam-athinte smaranaykkaayi sthaapithamaaya oru sarvakalashaala.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
"oru valia vihaarathe (patana kendram allengil buddha sanyasi ashramam) soochippikkunna samskritha, paali padamaanu mahaviharam (), ithu vihaarangalude oru sanyasi samuchayathe vivarikkan upayogikkunnu.
ezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil chainees theerthaadakanaaya suwansang enna tang raajavamshathinte abhipraayathil, praadeshika paarambaryam vishadeekarikkunnathu eee peru (hindi/magahi nalnada) "nalanda" enna peril ariyapetta oru "naaga" (indian mathangalile sarppa devata) yill ninnaan vannathennu. naa-aalam-dhaa" ennathil ninnu "edavelakalillaatha daanadharmmam" enna mattoru ardham addeham vaagdaanam cheiyunnu; ennirunnaalum, eee vibhajanam ithinarthamaakkunnilla. avashishtangalude khananathinu neethrthwam nalkia puraavastu gaveshakanaaya hiranand shaasthri, eee pradeshathe (thamara-staal) samriddhiyaanu eee perinu kaaranamenn parayukayum nalanda appol "thamara-staal nalkunnayaale" prathinidheekarikkumennu vishwasikkukayum cheiyunnu.
pathinezhaam noottaandile taranath kruthi ulppedeyulla chila tibattan srothassukalil nalanda "narendra" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu tibattan saahithyathil kaanapedunna nala, nala, nalagrama ennivayude paryayamaayirikkaam.
charithram.
nalanda nagaratthinte aadyakaala charithram (bisi 1200-bisi 300).
bisi onnaam sahasraabdathile nalandayude charithram magadhayude thalasthaanavum purathana indiayile vyapara paathakalumaaya aduthulla "raajagriha" (aadhunika rajgir) nagaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. sarvakalaashaalayude anthass kanakkileduthu, vadakkukizhakkan indiayile bharanadhikaarikal nalandaykku dhanasahayam nalkaan gramangal avakaashamaayi nalki; sumatrayile rajaavu aashramathinte endovementinaayi gramangal sambhavana cheythu. chainayil ninnulla pandithanmaare pinthunaykkunnathinaayi oru prathyeka fund sthaapichu.
buddhan thante munkoor jananathil raajagrihathinaduthulla nalanda enna pattanam sandarshichathaayi aadyakaala budhamatha grandhangal prasthaavikkunnu. aduthulla "pavaarika" enna maambazhathottil addeham prabhashanangal nadathukayum addehathinte rund pradhana shishyanmaril oralaaya shariputra aaa pradeshathu janikkukayum pinneedu avidevechu nirvvanam nedukayum cheythu. budhante maranathinu noottaandukalkku sesham ezhuthappetta eee budhamatha grandhangal perilo aapekshika sthalatho sthirathayilla. udaaharanathinu, "mahasudasana jathaka" polulla grandhangal raajagrihathil ninnu ekadesham oru yojana (10 mile) akaleyaanennu parayunnu, athesamayam "mahavastu" polulla grandhangal eee sthalathe nalanda-graamaka ennu vilikkukayum athine pakuthi yojana akale vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. ashoka chakravarty nalandayil oru viharam (ashramam) sthaapichathaayi oru budhamatha grandham 'nikaayaasangraha' prasthaavikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, puraavastu khananangalil ithuvare ashoka kaalaghattatthil ninno addehathinte maranathinu sheshamulla 600 varshangalil ninno smarakangalonnum labhichitilla.
jaina grandhamaaya "soothrakrithamga" yude 2.7-aamm adhyayam parayunnath thalasthaanamaaya raajagrihathinte "praanthapradeshamaanu" nalanda, niravadhi kettidangalundu, ivideyaanu mahaveeran (bisi aaram/anchaam noottaand) pathinaalu "varshangal" chelavazhichathu-indian mathangalile sanyaasimaarkk kaalavarshatthile parambaraagatha pinvaangaline soochippikkunna oru padam. jainamathathile mattoru priyappetta grandhamaaya "kalppasoothra" thilaanu ithu sthireekarikkappedunnathu. ennirunnaalum, nalandayekkurichulla paraamarshatthinupurame, jaina grandhangal kooduthal vishadaamshangal nalkunnilla, mahaaveerante maranashesham ekadesham oru sahasraabdatholam avaa ezhuthappedukayo cheythitilla. budhamatha grandhangaleppole, ithu vishwaasyathayekkurichum nilavile nalanda jaina grandhangalile athethaano ennathinekkurichum chodyangal uyarthi. sharfayude abhipraayathil, budhamatha, jaina grandhangal sthala thirichariyalil prasnangal srishtikkunnundengilum, aadhunika nalanda aduthaano atho eee grandhangal paraamarsikkunna sthalamaano ennathu "phalatthil urappaan".
ekadesham 3 kilometer akaleyulla jufardih saitt polulla nalandaykkaduthulla sthalangalil puraavastu khananangalil karutha paathrangalum mattu vasthukkalum kandethiyittundu. bisi 1200 kaalaghattatthile kaarban aanith. mahaveeranteyum budhanteyum jananathinu noottaandukalkku munbu magadhayile nalandaykku chuttumulla pradeshathu oru manushyavaasamundaayirunnu ennaanu ithu soochippikkunnathu.
faxian sandarshanam (399-412 CE).
chainees budhamatha theerthaadana sanyasiyaaya faxian nalanda nagaram sandarshichappol orupakshe ithuvare oru sarvakalashaala undaayirunnilla. budhamatha grandhangal nedunnathinaayi faxian indiayilethukayum anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathil 10 varsham indiayil chelavazhikkukayum nalanda pradesham ulppedeyulla pradhana buddha theerthaadana kendrangal sandarshikkukayum cheythu. noottaandukalaayi mattu chainees, corian budhamathakkaare india sandarshikkaan prachodippicha oru yaathraavivaranavum addeham ezhuthi; athil addeham indiayiludaneelamulla niravadhi buddha sanyaasimadangaleyum smaarakangaleyum paraamarsikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, samskritha grandhangalkkaayi tirayukayum avayil valiyoru bhagam indiayude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu chainayilekku thirike kondupookukayum cheythenkilum addeham nalandayile oru aashramathekkuricho sarvakalaashaalayekkuricho paraamarsikkunnilla. naalandayile 400-nuu munbulla smaarakangalude puraavastu kandethalukalude abhavavum faaksiyante ormmakkurippukalile nishabdathayum soochippikkunnathu naalanda monastry-yooniversitti 400-ll nilavilundaayirunnilla ennaanu.
foundeshan (anchaam noottaand).
anchaam noottaandilaanu nalandayude kaalaharanapetta charithram aarambhikkunnath. eee sthalathu kandethiya mudrayil chakraditya () enna raajaavine athinte sthaapakanaayi thirichariyukayum aaa sthalathu oru samgharaama (ashramam) yude adithara addehamaanennu aaropikkukayum cheiyunnu. chainees theerthaadakanaaya suwansang yaathraavivaranam ithu sthireekarikkunnu. aupachaarikamaaya vedapadanathinte paarambaryam "nalanda, thakshashila, vikramashila thudangiya valia adhyaapanakendrangalude roopeekaranathinu prachodanam nalkaan sahayichu".
indian paarambaryatthilum grandhangalilum rajaakkanmaare niravadhi perukalilum visheshanangalilum vilichirunnu. chakradityan onnaaman kumaraguptan thulyamaanennu andrea pinkney, hartmut sharf thudangiya pandithanmaar nigamanam cheiyunnu. gupthanmaarude hindu raajavamshathile rajaakkanmaaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. koodaathe, nalandayil ninnu kandethiya naanayashaasthraparamaaya thelivukal, nalanda aashrama-sarvakalaashaalayude sthaapaka rakshaadhikaariyaayirunnu kumaraguptan onnaaman ennu sthireekarikkunnu.
addehathinte pingamikalaaya budhaguptan, thaatgathagupthan, baalaadityan, vajran ennivar pinneedu adhika ashramangalum shethrangalum nirmmichu sthaapanam vipuleekarikkukayum vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. angane 5-aamm noottaandilum 6-aamm noottaandilum guptharude keezhil nalanda abhivridhi praapichu. gupta kaalaghattatthile nalandayile eee sambhaavanakale gupta shailiyilum gupta kaalaghatta lipikalilum nalandayil ninnu kandethiya niravadhi budhamatha, hindu mudrakal, kalaasrishtikal, prathimakal, likhithangal enniva sthireekarikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil gupta rajaakkanmaar mathramalla nalandayude rakshaadhikaarikal. vishalavum mathaparavumaya vaividhyamaarnna pinthunayulla oru samoohathe avaa prathifalippikkunnu. pala daathaakkalum budhamathakkaaraayirunnilla; avarude mudrakalile chinnangal lakshmi, ganesha, shivlingam, durga enniva kaanikkunnu" ennathu sradheyamaanennu sharf parayunnu.
guptanantara rajavamsham (550-750 CE).
gupthanmaarude pathanathinushesham, nalanda mahaavihaaratthinte ettavum sradheyamaaya rakshaadhikaari harshanaayirunnu (chila budhamatha rekhakalil ithu sheeladitya ennariyappedunnu). kanaujil (kanyakubja) thalasthaanamulla ezhaam noottaandile chakravartthiyaayirunnu addeham. suvaansaanginte abhipraayathil, vaishya jaathiyil ninnulla moonnaam thalamurayile hindu rajaavaayirunnu harshan, addeham gambheeramaaya buddha vihaarangalum buddhan, suuryan, shivan ennee moonnu shethrangalum ore valippathil nirmmichu. addeham parayunnu (sii. 637 sii. iii), "rajaakkanmaarude oru neenda pinthudarcha" "muzhuvan kaanunnathin sarikkum athbhuthakaramaanu" ennathuvare nalanda nirmmichirunnu.
shethrangaleyum ashramangaleyum pinthunaykkunna purathana indian paarambaryangalkku anusrithamaayi, nalandayil ninnu kandethiya likhithangal soochippikkunnathu athinte pravartthanangale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi rajaakkanmaar graamangalkk nalkia graantukal ulppedeyulla sammanangal ithinu labhichuvennaan. harshan thanne 100 gramangal anuvadikkukayum oro graamatthil ninnum 200 kudumbangalkk sthaapanathile sanyaasimaarkk arrie, venna, paal thudangiya dainamdina saadhanangal nalkaan nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. ithu nalaandayile 1,500-ladhikam adhyapakarkkum 10,000 vidyaarthi sanyasimaarkkum pinthuna nalki. ennirunnaalum, eee samkhyakal athishayokthiparamaayirikkam. eathaanum pathittaandukalkk sesham nalanda sandarshicha mattoru chainees theerthaadakanaaya yijing nalkia valare kuranja samkhyakalumaayi (3000-ladhikam) avaa poruthappedunnilla. asher parayunnathanusarichu, khananam cheytha nalanda saitt valuthum ithuvare kandethiya vihaarangalude ennam aakarshakavumaanenkilum avarkk 10,000 allengil athil kooduthal vidyaarthi sanyaasimaare pinthunaykkaan kazhiyilla. ariyappedunna murikalude ennavum avayude cheria valipavum onnukil sanyaasimaarude ennam suvaansaanginte avakaashavaadangalekkaal valare kuravaayirikkanam allengil nalanda saitt ithuvare kandethiya niravadhi khananangalekkaalum suwansang vivarikkunnathinekkaalum palamadangu valuthaayirunnu.
suvaansaanginte sandarshanam (630-643 CE).
pothuvarsham 630num 643num idayil indiayiludaneelam sanjaricha suwansang 637lum 642lum nalanda sandarshikkukayum aashramathil motham rund varsham chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. nalandayil addehathe ooshmalamaayi swaagatham cheyyukayum avide addehathinu mokshadeva enna indian namam labikkukayum akkaalathe sthaapanathinte aadaraneeyanaaya thalavanaaya shilabhadrayude maarganirdeshaprakaaram padikkukayum cheythu. silabhadrayil thanne yogachara enna chinthaagathiyiloode padippikkaan thaarathamyappeduthaanaavatha oru guruvine kandethiyathinal indiayilekkulla thante kadinamaaya karayaathrayude lakshyam kaivarichathaayi addeham vishwasichu, athu appol bhaagikamaayi maathrame chainayilekku kaimaattam cheyyappettirunnulla. budhamatha padanangalkku purame, vyakaranam, yukthi, samskritham ennivayile kozhsukalilum sanyasi pankedukkukayum pinneedu mahaavihaarathil prabhashanam nadathukayum cheythu.
nalandayile thante thaamasathekkurichulla vishadamaaya vivaranathil, theerthaadakan thante thaamasthalatthinte janaalayiloode kaanunna kaazhchaye ingane vivarikkunnu
520 kesukalil 20 kuthirakal vahicha 657 samskritha grandhangalum 150 avashishtangalumayi suwansang chainayilekku madangi. 74 grandhangal addeham thanne vivarthanam cheythu.
yijinginte sandarshanam (673-700 CE).
shuwansang madangiyethiyathinu sheshamulla muppath varshathinide, chainayil ninnum koriyayil ninnum pathinonnil kurayaatha sanjaarikal sanyasi yijing ulppede nalanda sandarshichathaayi ariyappedunnu. faxian, suwansang ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thekkukizhakkan eshyayilum sreelankayilum yijing kadal paatha pinthudarnnu. 673ll indiayilethiya addeham pathinaalu varsham indiayil thaamasichu, athil patthu varsham addeham nalanda mahaavihaarathil chelavazhichu. 695ll addeham chainayilekku madangiyethiyappol, 400 samskritha grandhangalum 300 buddha avashishtangalum addehathodoppam undaayirunnu, avaa pinneedu chainayilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu.
ezhaam noottaandile indiayude bhoomishaasthravum samskaaravum vivaricha suvaansaangil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, yijinginte vivaranam praadhamikamaayi indiayile budhamatha parisheelanatthilum aashramathile sanyaasimaarude achaarangal, niyamangal, niyanthranangal ennivayekkurichulla vishadamaaya vivaranangalilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. 200 gramangalil ninnulla varumanam (suvaansaanginte kaalath 100 aayirunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi) nalandayude paripaalanathinaayi neekkivechirunnathaayi yijing thante charithratthil rekhappeduthunnu. 300 cellukalulla ettu viharangal undennu addeham vivarichu. addehathinte abhipraayathil, nalanda aashramathil sanyaasimaarkkaayi niravadhi dainamdina "nikaaya" nadapadikramangalum niyamangalum undu. addeham niravadhi udaaharanagal nalkunnu. oru upavibhaagathil addeham vishadeekarikkunnathu aashramathil patthu valia kulangalundennaanu. ghamda" (munny) muzhakkathodeyaanu prabhatham aarambhikkunnath. sanyasimar avarude kulikkuvaathila edukkukayum eee kulangalilonnil pookukayum cheiyunnu. avar avarude adivasthrangal dharichu kulikkukayum mattullavare shalyappeduthaathirikkaan pathukke purathirangukayum cheiyunnu. avar avarude shareerangal thudachuneekkukayum thudarnnu 5 adii neelavum <aii. dii. 1> veethiyumulla eee sheett arayil pothinju eee pothi upayogichu avarude vasthrangal maattukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu sheett kazhukukayum ring cheyyukayum unakkukayum cheyyuka. budhamatha nikkaya nadapadikramangalil muzhuvan prakriya vishadeekarichittunde yijing parayunnu. divasam aarambhikkendath kulikkunnathu kondaanengilum bhakshanathinushesham kulikkunnath nirodhichirikkunnu. sanyasimar pinthudarunnathinu nalanda nikayayil atharam niravadhi dainamdina nadapadikramangalum aachaarangalum sajjeekarichittund.
corian, tibattan theerthaadakar.
chainees theerthaadakarkku purame, koriyayil ninnulla buddha theerthaadakar suwansang, yingji ennivarude athe samayathaan india sandarshichathu. pathonpathaam noottaandil indiayekkurichulla chainees yaathraavivaranangal ariyappedukayum nannayi prasidheekarikkappedukayum cheythu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathinushesham corian theerthaadana yathrakal velichathu vannu. udaaharanathinu, aaram noottaandinte madhyathode kyom-ikku polulla sanyasimar indian ashramangal sandarshikkaan thudangi. avar indian grandhangal vahikkukayum avaa vivarthanam cheyyukayum cheythu, vivarthanam cheytha grandhangalude 72 "chuwan" nirmmichu. ezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil, sila (corian <unk>) sanyasi hyoon-joou nalandayil moonnu varsham ulppede niravadhi indian ashramangal sandarshikkukayum thaamasikkukayum cheythu, addehathinte sandarshanam yingji sthireekarichu. addeham thante vidyaarthikalaaya hye-ryoonineyum haiyon-gackineyum padanathinaayi nalandayilekku ayachu, randaamathethu nalandayil vachu marichu. saha vidyaarthikalumaayi samvadikkaan avar indian perukal sweekarichu; udaaharanathinu, hye-ryoon prajnavarmman ennariyappettirunnu, eee peraanu rekhakalil kaanappedunnath. corian rekhakal anusarichu, onpathaam noottaandil sanyasimar vividha ashramangalil padikkaan india sandarshichu-kadinamaaya yatra velluvilikalkkidayilum-nalandayaayirunnu ettavum aadaraneeyan.
ezhaam noottaandilum athinusheshavum thommi sambhota polulla tibattan sanyasimar budhamatham mathramalla, samskritha bhasha, vyakaranam, mattu vishayangal enniva padikkaan nalandayilum mattu indian aashramangalilum vannu. tibattan bhashayum lipiyum punarnirmmikkunnathin samskrithathinteyum vyaakaranathinteyum thathwangal prayogichathinte bahumati saambhothaykk labhikkunnu. nalandayil ninnu sambhota aadyamaayi madangiyethiyathinusheshanu tibattan rajaavu budhamatham sweekarikkukayum athine thante janangalude mathamakki maattaan prathijnjaabadhanaakukayum cheythath. tibattan sanyasimar neppaal, sikkim, kizhakkan india ennivayodu aduthu thaamasichirunnu, koriyakkarkkum mattullavarkkum pakaram yaathraareethikal lalithamaayirunnu. pathinalam noottaandil tibattankaar magadha sandarshikkunnathu thudarnnu, athuvazhi nalandayilum biharileyum bangaalileyum mattu aashramangalilum aashayangalude krushikkalil pankedutthu. ennirunnaalum, ettaam noottaandinu sesham, nigoodamaaya mandalavum devathakalaal nayikkappedunna vajrayana budhamathavumaanu kaimaattatthil kooduthal aadhipathyam pulartthiyathu.
paala rajavamsham (750-1200 CE).
ettaam noottaandinte madhyathil indiayude kizhakkan pradeshangalil palanmar svayam sthaapikkukayum panthrandaam noottaandinte avasana paadam vare bharikkukayum cheythu. avar oru buddha raajavamshamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, paalarude keezhil, suvaansaangineppolu kizhakkan eshyan theerthaadakarkku prachodanamaaya nalandayile parambaraagatha mahayana budhamathathe, budhamathathinte thantra-amgeekrithavum, eros-, devathakal ulkkollunnathumaaya nigoodamaaya pathippaya, annu puthuthayi uyarnnuvanna vajrayana paarambaryatthaal marikadakkappettu. nalandaykku paalaril ninnu pinthuna labhikkunnath thudarnnu, pakshe avar vajrayana budhamathathil amgathvam nedukayum jagaddala, odanthapura, somapura, vikramashila thudangiya vajrayana mandala ashayangalil puthiya aashramangalude vipulamaaya nirmmaathaakkalaayirunnu. nalandayil ninnulla raajakudumbathinte poorvvikanaaya gopaalanaan odanthapura sthaapichathu. nalandayil ninnu eathaanum kilometerukal maathram akaleyulla eee malsaraadhishtitha sanyasimar nalandayil ninnu niravadhi pandita sanyaasimaare aakarshichirikkaam.
nalanda saittil khananam cheytha likhithangal, saahitya thelivukal, mudrakal, nashicha kalaasrishtikal enniva soochippikkunnathu nalanda sajeevamaayi thudarukayum paalanmaarude keezhil abhivridhi praapikkukayum cheythu ennaanu. rajaakkanmaaraaya dharmapalan devapalan sajeeva rakshaadhikaarikalaayirunnu. devapalanekkurichulla paraamarsangalulla onpathaam noottaandile niravadhi loha prathimakalum rund sradheyamaaya likhithangalum athinte avashishtangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu. aadyathethu, nalandayil ninnu kandethiya oru chembu falaka likhitham, shailendra rajaavaaya balaputradevan "suvarnadveepa" (aadhunika indoneshyayile sumatra) nalkia oru daanathe vishadeekarikkunnu. nalandayude bahumukhamaaya gunangalil aakrishtanaaya" eee srivijayan rajaavu avide oru ashramam nirmmikkukayum athinte paripaalanathinaayi anchu graamangalude varumanam nalkanamennu devapalanodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu, ithu anuvadichu. devapalante kaalathe mattoru likhithamaanu ghosravan likhitham, pinneedu nalandayude thalavanayi thiranjedukkappetta veeradevan enna pandithanaaya vaidika pandithane addeham sweekarikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheythathayi athil paraamarsikkunnu.
onpathaam noottaandinum panthrandaam noottaandinum idayil puratthirakkiya likhithangal aashramathinte paripalanam, sanyaasimaarude paripalanam, eenthappana kayyezhuthuprathikalude pakarpp (indian ushnamekhalaa kaalavastha kanakkileduthu samrakshikkaan aavashyamaaya) ennivaykkaayi nalandaykku sammaanangalum pinthunayum saakshyappeduthunnu. oru likhithathil nalandayile kayyezhuthuprathikalude library theeyitt nasippichathaayum athinte punarudhaaranatthinulla pinthunayum paraamarsikkunnu. patthaam noottaandile mattoru likhitham nalandayile budhamathathinte vaividhyamaarnna sanbradaayangalude pravartthanatthe saakshyappeduthunna southraanthika paarambaryatthinte bhadrakari udharikkunnu. pathinonnam noottaandile mattoru nalanda likhitham "karangunna bookays" enna oru sammaanathe paraamarsikkunnu.
palanmar nalanda udaaramaayi samrakshikkunnath thudarnnappol, nalandayude prasasthiyum swaadheenavum paalanmare sahayichu. thekkukizhakkan eshyayile srivijaya raajyam nalanda, paalarumayulla nerittulla bandham nilanirtthi, angane sumatra, jaava, thekkan thayland, srivijaya rajyavumaayi sajeevamaayi vyapaaram nadathunna pradeshangal ennividangalile onpathaam noottaand muthal panthrandaam noottaandile kalaye swaadheenichu. swaadheenam indoneshyan shailendra raajavamshathilekkum vyaapichu. eee kaalaghattatthile indoneshyan venkalavum votive gulikakalum avidatthe janangalude sargaathmakatha kaanikkunnu, ennittum prathimakalude prameyangal nalandayilum sameepa pradeshathum kaanappedunnavayumayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. paala bharanakaalathu indoneshya, mianmar, thekkukizhakkan eshyayude mattu bhagangal ennividangalil ninnulla sanyasimar nalandayiletthi.
khaljikku keezhilulla naashatthinte vivaranagal (sii. 1200 sii. iii).
1920-1921 samayat saittile puraavastu khananangalil ettavum mukalilulla paaliyil, kurachu dooram verthiricha niravadhi kettidangaliludaneelam chaaratthinte kattiyulla oru paali kandethi; ithu soochippikkunnathu nalanda oru vinashakaramaaya theepiduthatthinu vidheyamaayirunnu ennaanu. parambaraagathamaayi, ithu oru theepidutthamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, eee pradesham kollayadicha mohammed bakhthiyaar khaljiyude sainyathe kuttappeduthunnu. 1200 sii. iii., nalandayude maranatthinte pradhana kaaranamaayi udharikkappedunnu-minhaj-iii-siraajinte "thabakhathu-iii nassery" yill ninnulla oru bhagam, ithu odanthapura viharinte (vaar) naashathe yadhaarthathil vivarikkunnu. nalandayil ninnu eathaanum mile akaleyulla oru aashramamaaya bihar shareef) pinthunaykkaayi vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. atharamoru vaayana thettayi sthaapichathaanenkilum, naalndayil khalji raid nadathiyennathu sariyaanu.
panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathimoonnaam noottaandinte bhooribhaagathilum nalandayile sambhavangalude randaamathe uravidamaanu tibattan rekhakal. eee mekhalayile aashramangalude vyapakamaaya chittayaya naashatthinte pathittaandukalaayirunnu iva, tibattile charitraparamaaya rekhakal sthireekarikkunnathu nalandayil ninnulla sanyasimar, aduthulla aashramangalaaya vikramashila ashramam polullavar, "vadhathe athijeevichavar tibattilekku palayanam cheythuvennu" sharf parayunnu. 1936ll kandethiya tibattan sanyasi-theerthaadakanaaya dharmaswaaminte jeevacharitravum "basduz-yig" shailiyilulla tibattan lipiyumaan tibattan rekhakalil ettavum upayogapradam. 1200-kalude madhyam muthal 1226 vareyulla padanakaalatthu dharmaswamin palayanam cheytha sanyasimareyum prashastha pandithanmareyum kandumuttukayum indian bhaashakalum samskrithavum padikkukayum 1226-ll neppaalilekku nadakkukayum thaamasikkukayum 1234-ll bihar sandarshikkukayum cheythathinaal ithu upayogapradamaanu. indiayile magadha mekhalayile nalanda mattu budhamatha ashramangalum kollayadikkappettathin sheshamulla pathittaandukalile avastha addeham vivarichu. nalandayude nasham oru apakadamo thettidhaaranayo allennum budhagayayude nasham ulppedeyulla budhamatha aashramangaludeyum smaarakangaludeyum vyapakamaaya naashatthinte bhagamaanennum addehathinte vivaranam prasthaavikkunnu. magadhayile vishalamaaya kaiyezhuthuprathi librarikal mikkavarum nashtappettu. mattu tibattan sanyasimaarum adhehavum padikkaanum pakarthaanum kayyezhuthuprathikal tibattilekku mattaanumulla sthalamaayi neppaalilekku thamasam mariyirunnu. addehathinte vivaranamanusarichu, turushka-kharlukh (turke) adhinivesham ekadesham 1193 muthal 1205 vare neenduninnu, turushka sainikar oru ashramam thakarkkukayum kallukal gangaanadiyilekku eriyukayum cheythukondu eee nasham chittayaayirunnu, rorich parayunnu. 1230kalil peedanathekkurichulla bhayam shakthamaayirunnu, addehathinte sahapravarthakar magadhayilekku pookunnathil ninnu addehathe pinthirippichu. jorjju rorichinte abhipraayathil, "addehathinte [chagg loow-tsa-baa chose-raje-dapal, dharmaswamin] vivaranam akkaalathe [budhamatha samoohathinte] uthkandayekkurichu chilath velippeduthunnu."
dharmaswaaminte jeevacharithrathile 10-aamm adhyayam sii ennathil nalanda vivarikkunnu."1235 sii. iii. dharmaswamin ithu "valia thothil kedupaadukal sambhavichathum vijanavumaanennu" kandethi. apakadangalkkidayilum, chilar veendum shekharikkukayum nalandayile pandithochithamaaya pravartthanangal punararambhikkukayum cheythu, pakshe valare cheria thothil, jayadevan enna sambannanaaya braahmana saadhaaranakkaarante sambhaavanakalode. addehathinte vivaranam iprakaaram parayunnu
rahula sreebhadrayude samrakshanathil aarumasam avide thaamasichappol, turkey aakramanangalude prarambha tharamgathe athijeevikkaan kazhiyaatha nalandayile itihaasa librariyekkurichu dharmaswamy paraamarsikkunnilla. ishtikakalaal nirmmicha enpathu cheria viharangal, kedupaadukal sambhavikkathe avasheshichava" enna chila nirmmithikal athijeevichuvennum ennaal "avaa paripalikkaan aarum undaayirunnilla" ennum addeham parayunnu. nalandayile sanyaasimaare aadarichathinu (pinthunachathinu) thanne kollumennu bheeshanippeduthunna musleem sainikar avarude rakshadhikaariyum saadhaarana pinthunakkaaranumaaya jayadevane arast cheythathayi addeham chollunnu. thurushkasainikar "guruvin [rahulashreebhadran] shishyanmareyum" kollumennu urappaanennum avar "oodippookanamennum" jayadevan avarkk oru sandesham ayaykkunnu.".
sainika aasthaanamaakki maattiya aduthulla odanthapurayil (ippol bihar shareef) nilayurappichirikkunna musleem sainikar upekshikkappetta mahaavihaarathinu nereyundaaya aakramanathekkurichulla oru driksaakshiyude vivaranavum dharmaswamin nalkunnu. tibattanum addehathinte praayapoorthiyaakaatha pariseelakanum maathram olichirikkukayum bakkiyulla sanyasimar oodippookukayum cheythu. mattoru tibattan srothass laama tharanaathantethaanu, ennaal ithu pathinaram noottaandinte avasaanathil ninnullathaanu, athinte uravidangal enthaayirunnuvennu vyakthamalla. indiayile budhamathathekkurichulla taranath vivaranam suvansaangilum mattu srothassukalilum kaanapedunna buddha, ashoka kaalaghattangalil ninnulla nalandayude aithihaasika vivaranagal aavarthikkunnu, thudarnnu randaam sahasraabdathile noottaandukalilekku maarunnu. panthrandaam noottaandile indiayile islaamika aakramanangale ithu vivarikkunnu, magadha muzhuvan thurushkayude (charitraparamaaya indic, tibattan grandhangalile musleengalkkulla oru saadhaarana padamaaya turkukal) keezhilaanennu prasthaavikkunnu. avarude sainyam odanthapuriyeyum vikramasila nasippichuvennu taranath avakaashappedunnu. sambhavangalum thaaranaathante vivaranavum thammilulla noorukanakkinu varshathe vidavum rekhakalude tibattan paarambaryatthil vyakthamaaya srothassukalude shringalayillaathathum kanakkiledukkumbol, athinte vishwaasyatha samshayaaspadamaanu.
itihaasa vivaranagal.
pathinettaam noottaandile "paaku saam joonn saang" enna kruthiyum pathinaram/pathinezhaam noottaandile thaaranaathante vivaranavum polulla tibattan grandhangalil saangalppika tibattan ithihaasangal ulppedunnu. oru rajaavaaya singalarajan "ellah hindukkaleyum turskanmareyum [muslimkale]" dalhiyilekku thante niyanthranathilaakkukayum thante raajnjiyude swaadheenathil braahmanavaadathil ninnu budhamathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyukayum addeham ashramangal punasthaapikkukayum cheythathupolulla kathakal ithil ulppedunnu. mattullavar parayunnath oru thekkan rajaavu veendum aayirakkanakkin ashramangalum shethrangalum nirmmikkukayum musleem kollakkar eee raajaavine kollukayum thudarnnu muditabhadra nalandayude attakuttappanikal nadathukayum kukkuthasiddha enna mantri avide oru kshethram sthaapikkukayum cheythu ennaanu.
oru janapriya katha rund kopamulla theerthika (braahmana) sanyasimar, thanthrikasidhayaal maanthrika sakthikal nedukayum, charam parathukayum, athu nalandayude moonnu librarikalilonnaaya ratnodadi nasippikkukayum, ennaal naashanashtangal thadayukayum buddha sanyasimar nashicha grandhangal veendum ezhuthukayum cheytha oru kayyezhuthuprathiyil ninnu maantrikajalam ozhikkukayum cheythathayi vivarikkunnu.
ennirunnaalum, atharamoru rajaavu (allengil sultan), mantri, musleem kollakkar, 13-aamm noottaandinum 19-aamm noottaandinum idayil indiayil nirmmicha aayirakkanakkin buddha smarakangal, allengil 13-aamm noottaandilo athinusheshamo nadanna eathenkilum supradhana nalanda attakuttappanikal ennivaykku thelivukalonnumilla.
thudarchayaaya swaadheenam.
13-aamm noottaand vare chila vidyaarthikal avide thudarnnathinaal 1202-oode nalandayude anthyam pettennundaakukayum poortthiyaakukayum cheythuvennu parayunnath thettaanenn mathapadanathinteyum charithrathinteyum pandithanaaya johann elverscog parayunnu. arther vaaliyude 1932 leeii prabandhathe aasrayikkunna elverscog, 13-aamm noottaandil niyukthanaaya oru sanyasi nalanda khubilaay khaante kottaratthilekku yaatra cheythuvenna vastutha ithu sthireekarikkunnuvennu parayunnu. 13-aamm noottaandilo 14-aamm noottaandilo athinu munbo indiayil budhamatham avasaanichuvennu parayunnath thettaanennum kaaranam "[buddha] dharmam kuranjathu 17-aamm noottaand vare indiayil nilaninnirunnu" ennum addeham kootticherkkunnu.
tibattan budhamatha paarambaryatthil athinte naashathinteyum swaadheenathinteyum swaadheenam.
islaamika adhinivesham, bihar, bangal samathalangalil ninnulla nalanda, mattu ashramangal, buddha samskaaram ennivayude naashathinum maranathinum sesham, "nalanda" yude brand memory tibattil ettavum aadaraneeyamaayi thudarnnu. 1204ll tibattan vivarthakanaaya tropu lolsavayude ("crow-phu loow-zaa-baa biams-paa depaul") shanaprakaaram nalandayude avasaanathe simhaasanasthanaaya kashmeerile shaakyashree bhadra tibattilekku palayanam cheythu. avasheshikkunna chila nalanda pusthakangal olichodi vanna sanyasimar tibattilekku kondupoyi. addeham niravadhi indian gurukkanmaare thante koode kondupoyi sugatashree (madhyamaka, pranjaaparamithayil vidagdhan); jayadutta (vinaya); vibhuthachandra (vyaakaranavum abhidharmmavum), daanasheela (yukthi), samghashree (kandavyakarana), jeevagupta (maithrya pusthakangal), mahabodhi (bodhisathvathara); kalachandra (kalachakra).
1351-ll tibattan janatha tibattinte hridayabhaagathu oru ashramam punarnirmikkaan prathijnjaabadharaayi, vividha budhamatha skoolukalil ninnulla sanyasi-pandithanmaare upayogichu, "neela charithrangal" (tibattan <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>) anusarichu purathana nalandayude bahumaanaartham athinu "nalanda ashramam" ennu peridukayum cheythu. 1436ll laasayude vadakku rongton maave sengeyude shramangaliloode eee sthaapanam uyarnnuvarikayum pinneedu pathinanjaam noottaandil vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. eee sthalathil ninnu verthirichariyaan ithine ippol tibattan nalanda ennu vilikkunnu.
tibattan budhamatha paarambaryam nalanda paarambaryatthinte thudarchayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. dalaay laama parayunnu
pathinezh nalanda gurukkanmaarude vamshaavaliyude anuyayiyaayi dalaay laama svayam paraamarsikkunnu.
sitang aashramathil sookshichirikkunna oru ashtasaahasaprika pranjaaparamitha soothra kayyezhuthuprathi mikacha reethiyil varachathum nannayi samrakshikkappettathumaya thadi kavarukalum 139 elakalum undu. athinte colophone anusarichu, pathinonnam noottaandinte avasaanathil, surapala raajaavinte bharanathinte randaam varshathil mahanaaya pandita shree ashokante ammayaan ithu sambhavana cheythath.
pathinalam noottaand vare indian sanyasiyaayi nalanda thudarnnu, dhyanabhadra kizhakkan eshyayile yaathrakalkk munbu nalandayile oru sanyaasiyaayirunnuvenn parayappedunnu.
eest india kambaniyudeyum britiish saamraajyathinteyum keezhil (1800-1947).
sameepathulla pradeshavaasikal pradeshathe chila budhamatha, braahmana prathimakalilekkum avashishtangalilekkum shradha aakarshichathinethudarnnu francis buchanan-haamilttan 1811-1812 ll saitt sarway cheiyunnathuvare nalanda athinte thakarchaykku sesham erekkure marannupoyi. ennirunnaalum, addeham bhoomiyude kunnukaleyum avashishtangaleyum prashasthamaaya nalandayumaayi bandhappeduthiyittil. aaa bandham sthaapichathu 1847-ll mejar markhaam kittoyaanu. alexander kanningham puthuthayi roopeekaricha archaeological sarway oof indiayum 1861-1862 ll oru audyogika sarway nadatthi. 1915 vare eshyayude avashishtangalude chittayaya khananam aarambhich 1937-ll avasaanichilla. 1915-num 1919-num idayil aadyathe naalu khananagal spooner nayichu. adutha rund 1920-num 1921-num idayil shaasthriyaan nayichathu. 1928-leeii adutha ezhu archaeological khanana seasonukal peju nayichaayirunnu. eee sramangal kevalam kandethalukalude khananam, nireekshanam, pattikappedutthal enniva mathramalla, avayil samrakshanam, punasthaapanam, kandethiya nilakalkk kedupaadukal sambhavikkaathirikkaan drainage polulla saittile mattangal enniva ulppedunnu. 1928 nuu sesham, khuraishi rund khanana seasonukalkku neethrthwam nalki, chandra adutha naalennam nayichu. kazhinja season ghosh nayichirunnuvenkilum 1937ll saambathika kaaranangalal khananagal churukukayum bajatt vettikkuravukal nadathukayum cheythu. aashramangalude neenda varii aadhunika gramamaaya bargavilekku kooduthal vyaapikkunnu" ennum "muzhuvan sanyaasimata sthaapanathinteyum vyaapthi bhaaviyile khananathiloode maathrame nirnnayikkaan kazhiyoo" ennum chandra avasana aasi team nethaakkalum abhiprayappettu.
swaathanthryaananthara kaalam (1947nuu sesham).
swaathanthryathinushesham, 1974num 1982num idayil randaamghatta khananavum punarudhaaranavum nadannu. 1951ll, indiayude aadya rashtrapathiyaaya rajendra prasaadinte nirddeshaprakaaram bihar sarkkar nalandayude avashishtangalkk sameepam purathana sthaapanathinte aathmaavil paali, budhamatham ennivayude aadhunika kendramaaya navaa nalanda mahaviharam ("puthiya nalanda mahaviharam") sthaapichu. 2006ll ithu oru sarvakalaashaalayaayi kanakkakkappettu.
2014 septambar 1nuu aduthulla rajgiril 15 vidyaarthikalumaayi aadhunika nalanda sarvakalaashaalayude aadya adhyayana varsham aarambhichu. indiayile bihaarile charitraparamaaya nagaramaya rajgeeril sthithicheyyunna oru anthaaraashtra gaveshana-theevra sarvakalaashaalayaanu nalanda sarvakalashaala (nalanda internaashanal yooniversitti ennum ariyappedunnu). anchaam noottaandinum pathimoonnaam noottaandinum idayil pravarthicha prashasthamaaya purathana sarvakalashaalayaaya nalanda anukarikkunnathinayi paarlamentinte oru niyamathiloodeyaanu ithu sthaapithamaayathu. austreliya, nyoosiland ennivaykku purame chaina, singapur, jappan, maleshya, vietnaam ennivayulppedeyulla eshyan raajyangale prathinidheekarikkunna 2007 leeii kizhakkan eshya uchakodiyil nalanda sarvakalashalaye punarujjeevippikkaanulla ashayam amgeekarikkappettu, athinaal, sarvakalashalaye india sarkkaarinte munnira padhathikalilonnaayaanu kaanunnath. paarlament ithine "deseeya praadhaanyamulla sthaapanam" aayi naamanirddesham cheyyukayum 2014 septambar 1 nuu athinte aadya academic session aarambikkukayum cheythu. thudakkathil rajgeeril thaalkkaalika soukaryangalumaayi sajjeekaricha eee aadhunika campus 2020 oode poortthiyaakumennu prathekshikkunnu. poortthiyaakumbol, eee campus indiayile itharathilulla ettavum valuthum eshyayile ettavum valuthumaaya onnayirikkum.
mahaviharam.
innu khananam cheytha avashishtangal ekadesham 12 hector maathram visthruthiyil maathramaanengilum madhyakaalakhattathil nalanda mahaviharam valare valia pradesham kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. nalandayil padippikkunna vishayangal ellah patana mekhalakalum ulkkollunnu, ithu korea, jappan, chaina, tibatt, indoneshya, pershya, turkey ennividangalil ninnulla vidyaarthikaleyum pandithanmareyum aakarshichu.
sarvakalashaala.
athinte ettavum uyarnna samayat, tibatt, chaina, korea, madhyeshya ennividangalil ninnu yaatra cheytha chilarkkoppam samipathuninnum doore ninnumulla pandithanmareyum vidyaarthikaleyum school aakarshichu. valare aupachaarikamaaya vedapatana reethikal indiayile aadyakaala sarvakalaashaalakalaayi palappozhum visheshippikkappedunna thakshashila, nalanda, vikramashila thudangiya valia adhyapana sthaapanangal sthaapikkaan sahayichu. indoneshyayile shailendra rajavamshavumaayulla sanbarkkavum puraavastu thelivukal rekhappeduthunnu, avarude rajaakkanmaaril oraal samuchayathil oru ashramam nirmmichu. anchaam noottaandilum aaram noottaandilum gupta saamraajyathinte rakshaakarthruthvathilum pinneedu kanauj chakravarthiyaaya harshante samrakshanathilum nalanda abhivridhi praapichu. gupthayugathil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhicha udara saamskaarika paarambaryangal onpathaam noottaand vare valarchayudeyum samriddhiyudeyum kaalaghattatthinu kaaranamaayi. thudarnnulla noottaandukal kramena thakarchayude kaalamaayirunnu, eee kaalayalavil budhamathathinte thaamtrika vikasanangal paala saamraajyathin keezhil kizhakkan indiayil ettavum prakadamaayi.
ezhaam noottaandil mahaavihaarathilekku yaatra cheytha suwansang, yijing thudangiya eshyayil ninnulla theerthaadana sanyaasimaarude rachanakalil ninnaan nalandayekkurichulla nammude arivinte bhooribhaagavum varunnath. vinsent smith abhipraayappettath "nalandayude vishadamaaya charithram mahayana budhamathathinte charitramaayirikkum."nalandayile poorvva vidyaarthikalaayi suwansang thante yaathraavivaranathil pattikappedutthiya pala perukalum mahaayaanathinte mothatthilulla thathwachintha vikasippichavarude perukalaanu. nalandayile ellah vidyaarthikalum mahayanavum budhamathathile pathinettu (heenayana) vibhaagangalude grandhangalum padichu. vedangal, yukthishaasthram, samskritha vyakaranam, vaidyashaasthram, saamkhyam thudangiya mattu vishayangalum avarude paatyapadhathiyil ulppedunnu.
moonnu thavana nasippikkappetta nalanda rund thavana maathramaan punarnirmmichathu. bakhtiyar khaljiyude keezhil dalhi sulthaanettile mamluk raajavamshathinte oru sainyam ithu kollayadikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu. eee aakramanathinu sesham mahaviharam thaalkkaalikamaayi pravarthichuvennu chila srothassukal rekhappeduthunnundena, pathonpathaam noottaandil eee sthalam sarway cheyyukayum archaeological sarway oof india praadhamika khananagal nadathukayum cheiyunnathuvare athu poornnamaayum upekshikkappedukayum maraykkappedukayum cheythu. 1915ll chittayaya khananagal aarambhichathode pathinonnu ashramangalum aarr ishtika shethrangalum pradeshathe nilangalil bhangiyaayi krameekarichirikkunnu. avashishtangalil ninnu shilpangal, nanayangal, mudrakal, likhithangal ennivayude oru shekharavum kandethiyittundu, avayil palathum aduthulla nalanda archaeological myoosiyathil pradarshippichittundu. ippol sradheyamaaya oru vinodasanjaara kendravum budhamatha vinodasanjaara sarkyoottinte bhagavumaanu nalanda.
2010 november 25nuu indian sarkkar paarlamentinte oru niyamathiloode nalanda sarvakalashaala billiloode purathana sarvakalashalaye 'punarujjeevippichu', athinoppam thaarathamyena aduthulla puthiyathum bandhamillaathathumaaya nalanda sarvakalashaala srishtikkaan avar theerumaanichu. deseeya praadhaanyamulla oru anthaaraashtra sarvakalaashaalayaayi ithine naamanirddesham cheythittundu, athanusarichu theevramaaya sarkkar melnottatthinu vidheyamaan, athinte muun chansalarmar iruvarum thangalude tasthika upekshikkunnathinulla sarkkar nadapadikale vyakthamaayi udharikkukayum bharanakakshiyile amgangal amgeekarikkunnilla ennathinaal kozhsukal adachupoottukayum cheythu.
library.
nalandayile 10 varshathe thaamasathinu sesham yijing thannodoppam thirike kondupoya niravadhi grandhangalil ninnu, mahaavihaarathil nannayi sajjeekarichirikkunna oru library undaayirikkumennu vyakthamaan. parambaraagatha tibattan srothassukal nalandayil dharmaganja ("bhakti maartt") enna peril oru valia libraryude asthithvam paraamarsikkunnu, athil moonnu valia bahunila kettidangal ulppedunnu, ratnasagara ("aabharanangalude samudram"), rathnodadhi ("aabharanangalude kadal"), ratnaranjaka ("aabharanangal alankaricha"). onpathu nilakal uyaramulla ratnodadiyil "pranjaaparamitha soothram", "guhasamaja" ennivayulppede ettavum pavitramaaya kayyezhuthuprathikal sookshichirikkunnu.
nalanda libraryile vaalyangalude krithyamaaya ennam ariyillengilum athu lakshakkanakkin aayirikkumenn kanakkaakkappedunnu. nalandayile oru budhapandithan marichappol addehathinte kayyezhuthuprathikal library shekharathil chertthu. libraryil mathaparamaya kayyezhuthuprathikal shekharikkuka mathramalla, vyakaranam, yukthi, saahityam, jyotisham, jyothishaasthram, vaidyashaasthram thudangiya vishayangalekkurichulla grandhangalum undaayirunnu. samskritha bhaashaashaasthranjayaaya paanini vikasippichedutha oru vaachaka vargeekarana padhathiye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru vargeekarana padhathi nalanda libraric undaayirikkanam. thripidakatthinte moonnu pradhana vibhaagangale adisthaanamaakki budhamatha grandhangale mikkavarum moonnu vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu vinaya, soothram, abhidamma.
paatyapadhathi.
suvaansaanginte jeevacharithrathil, nalandayile ellah vidyaarthikalum mahathaaya vahanavum (mahayana) budhamathathinte pathinettu nikaaya paarambaryangalude kruthikalum padichathaayi hui-lii prasthaavikkunnu. ivaykku purame, vedangal, "hetuvidya" (yukthi), "shabdavidya" (vyaakaranavum bhaashaashaasthravum), "chikkithavidya" (vaidyashaasthram), maanthrikavidya (atharvveda), saamkhyam thudangiya mattu vishayangalum avar padichu. frassier parayunnathanusarichu, vedapadanangalil vedagrandhangalum aachaarangalum ulppedunnu, mathramalla bhaashaashaasthram, niyamam, jyothishaasthram, yukthibodham thudangiya vishayangal ulppedunna vedangalude kaikaalukalumaayo shaasthrangalumaayo bandhapetta vividha saidhaanthika vishayangalum ulppedunnu.
shilabhadrayudeyum mattullavarudeyum keezhil nalandayil eee vishayangalil palathum suwansang thanne padichu. daivashaasthrathinum thathwachinthaykkum purame, edaykkideyulla samvaadangalum charchakalum yukthiyil kazhivu aavasyamaakki. mahaavihaarathile oru vidyaarthikku akkaalathe ellah vyathyastha chinthaadaarakalumaayum bandhapetta yukthisampradaayangalil nannayi praaveenyam undaayirikkanam, kaaranam addeham budhamatha samvidaanangale mattullavayil ninnu samrakshikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. niyamam, jyothishaasthram, nagaraasoothranam ennivayaanu nalandayil padippichirunnathaayi vishwasikkappedunna mattu vishayangal.
nalandayil "naalu doxographykal" () padippichirunnathaayi tibattan paarambaryam parayunnu
ezhaam noottaandil, nalandayile adhyaapakarude ennam ekadesham 1510 aanennu suwansang rekhappeduthiyittundu. ithil ekadesham 1000 perkku 20 soothrangaludeyum shaasthrangaludeyum shekharangal vishadeekarikkaan kazhinju, 500 perkku 30 shekharangal vishadeekarikkaan kazhinju, 10 adhyaapakarkk maathrame 50 shekharangal vishadeekarikkaan kazhinjulloo. 50-ladhikam shekharangal vishadeekarikkaan kazhinja churukkam chilaril oraalaayirunnu suwansang. eee samayat, madaadhipathi shilabhadran maathramaan nalandayile soothrangaludeyum shaasthrangaludeyum ellah pradhana shekharangalum padichathu.
bharanam.
naalandayile charchayudeyum bharanathinteyum kaaryangalkk sabhayile ellaavarudeyum, athupole thanne thaamasa sanyasimaarudeyum theerumaanangalil sammelanavum samavaayavum aavasyamaanennu chainees sanyasi yijing ezhuthi
suwansang abhiprayappettu
budhamathathil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
tibattan budhamatham, athinte mahayana, vajrayana paarambaryangal enniva ulkkollunna valiyoru bhagam nalandayile adhyapakaril ninnum paarambaryangalil ninnum uthbhavichathaan. ettaam noottaandil tibattil budhamathathinte prachaaranatthinu thudakkamitta shaantharakshitha nalandayile pandithanaayirunnu. tibattan rajaavaaya krii-kroon-due-saan addehathe shanikkukayum sameeyil ashramam sthaapikkukayum athinte aadya madaadhipathiyaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. adhehavum addehathinte sishyanaaya kamalasila (nalandakkaaran) thathwachintha engane cheyyanamennu tibattanmaare padippichu. sii. iii. 747ll nalanda mahaavihaarathil ninnu rajaavu kshanicha padmasambhava tibattan budhamathathinte sthaapakanaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
indian daarshanika yukthiyude budhamatha sthaapakariloraalum budhamatha aattamisathinte praadhamika sidhaanthakaaranmaaril oralumaaya pandithan dharmakeerthi () nalandayil padippichu.
vietnaam, chaina, korea, jappan ennividangalil pinthudarnna mahayana budhamatham polulla budhamathathinte mattu roopangal purathana vidyaalayathinte mathilukalkkullil thazhachuvalarnnu. kizhakkan eshyan budhamathathile oru pradhana soothramaaya "shoorangama soothram" polulla chila mahayana grandhangale nalandayile budhamatha paarambaryavumaayi niravadhi pandithanmaar bandhappeduthiyittundu. soothrathinte pothuvaaya saidhaanthika sthaanam athu vivarthanam cheyyappetta gupta kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil nalandayile budhamatha padippikkalukalekkurichu ariyappedunna kaaryangalumaayi theerchayaayum poruthappedunnuvennum roonn epsteen abhipraayappedunnu.
videshathulla niravadhi budhamatha sthaapanangal nalandayude swaadheenam amgeekarikkunnathinaayi svayam nalanda ennu vilikkaan thiranjedutthittundu. malaysiayile nalanda budhist sosaittiyum sreelankayile kolamboyile nalanda college, nalanda budhist ejyukkeshan foundeshanum, indoneshya, nalanda budhist instittyoottum, bhoottaanum ithil ulppedunnu.
loka paithruka sthalangalude amgeekaaram.
vadakkukizhakkan indiayile bihar samsthaanathaanu nalanda mahavihara saitt sthithi cheiyunnathu. bisi moonnaam noottaand muthal pathimoonnaam noottaand vareyulla oru sanyasi, pandithochitha sthaapanathinte puraavastu avashishtangal ithil ulppedunnu. sthoopangal, shethrangal, viharangal (paarppida, vidyaabhyaasa kettidangal), stakko, kallu, loham ennivayile pradhana kalaasrishtikal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. indian upabhookhandathile ettavum purathanamaaya sarvakalaashaalayaayi nalanda verittunilkkunnu. 800 varshathe thadassamillaatha kaalayalavil vijnjaanathinte samghaditha kaimaattatthil ithu earppettu. eee sthalathinte charitraparamaaya vikasanam budhamatham oru mathamaayi vikasichathinum sanyasimaarudeyum vidyaabhyaasa paarambaryangaludeyum abhivridhikku saakshyam vahikkunnu.
nalandayumaayi bandhapetta charitraparamaaya vyakthikal.
bisi aaram noottaandilum anchaam noottaandilum mahaveeran budhanum nalanda sandarshichathaayi parambaraagatha srothassukal parayunnu. budhante prashastha shishyanmaril oralaaya shareeputhrante janmasthalavum nirvaanavum koodiyaanithu.
nalandayumaayi bandhapetta mattu charitraparamaaya vyakthikalil iva ulppedunnu
khananam cheytha avashishtangal.
sameepathulla pradeshavaasikal pradeshathe avashishtangalude vishalamaaya samuchayathilekku shradha aakarshichathinethudarnnu francis buchanan-haamilttan 1811-1812 ll saitt sarway cheiyunnathuvare nalanda athinte thakarchaykku sesham erekkure marannupoyi. ennirunnaalum, addeham bhoomiyude kunnukaleyum avashishtangaleyum prashasthamaaya nalandayumaayi bandhappeduthiyittil. aaa bandham sthaapichathu 1847-ll mejar markhaam kittoyaanu. alexander kanningham puthuthayi roopeekaricha archaeological sarway oof indiayum 1861-1862 ll oru audyogika sarway nadatthi. avashishtangalude chittayaya khananam 1915 vare aarambikkukayum 1937-ll avasaanikkukayum cheythilla. 1974-num 1982-num idayil khananathinteyum punarudhaaranatthinteyum randaam ghattam nadannu.
innu nalandayude avashishtangal vadakku muthal thekk vareyum kizhakk muthal padinjaaru vareyum vyaapichukidakkunnu. khananangalil pathinonnu ashramangalum (vihara ennum ariyappedunnu) kramappeduthiya leauttil krameekarichirikkunna aarr pradhana ishtika shethrangalum kandethiyittundu. vadakku ninnu thekkott vishalamaaya oru pathayum padinjaaru shethrangalum kizhakk ashramangalum undu. mikka gadanakalum pazhaya kettidangalude avashishtangalkk mukalil puthiya kettidangal uyarthappetta onniladhikam kaalaghattangalude thelivukal kaanikkunnu. pala kettidangalum kuranjathu oru thavanayenkilum theepidutthatthil kedupaadukal sambhavichathinte adayaalangalum pradarshippikkunnu.
khananam cheytha gadanakalude leauttu bhoopadam nalkunnu. thekk bhaagathulla kshethram 3 aayirunnu ettavum aakarshakamaaya ghadana. kshethram 12,13,14 madangalkku abhimukhamaayi kizhakode abhimukhamaayi kaanunnu. 1eiii, 1bii ennee perukal ozhike, ellah ashramangalum padinjarottu abhimukeekarikkukayum kizhakk azhukkuchaalukal shoonyamaavukayum kettidangalude thekk-padinjaaru moolayil padikal sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. kshethram 2 kizhakkottaayirunnu.
nalandayile ellah ashramangalum leauttilum pothuvaaya roopathilum valare saamyamullathaan. avarude padhathiyil oru chathuraakrithiyilulla chathuraakrithiyilulla oru chathuraakrithiyilulla court ulppedunnu, athu oru varanthayaal chuttappettirikkunnu, athu sanyaasimaarkkaayi oru baahya nira cellukalaal chuttappettirikkunnu-vihara vaasthuvidyayude oru saadhaarana roopakalppana. kottaarathilekkulla praveshana kavaadathinu abhimukhamaayi oru central sell oru kshetra arayaanu. athinte thanthraparamaaya sthaanam ardhamaakkunnathu kettidatthilekku praveshikkumbol aadyam shradha aakarshichathu athaayirikkam. 1eiii, 1bii ennee perukal ozhike, ellah ashramangalum padinjarottu abhimukeekarikkukayum kizhakk azhukkuchaalukal shoonyamaavukayum kettidangalude thekk-padinjaaru moolayil padikal sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.
monastry groupile ettavum pazhakkameriyathum pradhaanappettathumaaya monastry 1 onpathu thalangalolam nirmmanangal kaanikkunnu. onpathaam noottaandil devapaalante bharanakaalathu srivijayan rajaavaaya balaputradevan sponsor cheythathaanu athinte thaazhathe ashramam ennu vishwasikkappedunnu (devapalayude nalanda chembu-phalakam kaanuka). kuranjathu 2 nilakalenkilum uyaramulla eee kettidatthil irikkunna oru budhante valia prathima undaayirunnu.
kshetra nambar. 3 (sariputta sthoopa ennum ariyappedunnu) nalandayude gadanakalil ettavum pratheekaathmakamaan, athinte mukalilekku nayikkunna padikalude onniladhikam parakkal undu. kshethrathinte nirmmaanam pinneedu nirmmanangal vazhi vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha oru cheria gadanayaayirunnu. archaeological thelivukal kaanikkunnath, avasana ghadana kuranjathu thudarchayaayi ezhu nirmmaanangalude shekharanathinte falamaanu. eee paalikalulla shethrangalil anchaamathethu ettavum rasakaravum ettavum nannayi samrakshikkappedunnathumaya naalu moola gopurangalil moonnennam thurannukattappettu. gopurangalum padikalude vashangalum gupta kaalaghattatthile kalayude athimanoharamaaya paanalukalaal alankarichirikkunnu, budhanum bodhisathvarum ulppede vividha stakko roopangal, jathaka kathakalil ninnulla ramgangal enniva chithreekarikkunnu. shethrathinu chuttum niravadhi mathaparamaya sthoopangalundu, avayil chilath vishudha budhamatha grandhangalil ninnulla bhagangal alekhanam cheytha ishtikakalaal nirmmichathaanu. kshethrathinte mukalbhagam nambar. 3-ll oru kshetra arayundu, athil ippol budhante oru valia prathima orikkal visramichirikkanam. winn mounginte abhipraayathil, kushana kaalaghattatthinte swaadheenamulla gupta vaasthuvidya sthoopathe swaadheenichirunnu. padikalude adiyil oru kshethrathil, avalothitheshwarinte oru valia chithram kandethi, athu oduvil myoosiyathilekk maatti.
kshetra nambar. 2ll 211 silppangalulla mathaparavum mathetharavumaaya paanalukal sradheyamaanu. shivan, parvathi, karthikeyan, gajalakshmi, samgeethopakaranangal vaayikkunna kinnarakal, makaranmaarude vividha praathinidyangal, athupole thanne pranayabhaavathilulla manushya dambathikal, kalayudeyum dainamdina jeevithathinteyum ramgangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. susanne huntington bhaskara mishra-indian vaasthuvidyayudeyum kalayudeyum pandithanmaar, samsthaana kshethram 2 oru hindu kshethramaayi. ennirunnaalum, buddha vaasthuvidyayude pandithanaaya huu phook leeii, eee poornnamaayum "hindu affiliatione" chodyam cheiyunnu, ithu mandala thathwangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru shethramaayirikkaamennum 8 muthal 12 vare noottaandile shaiva, shakti devathakale vajrayana budhamathathil samyojippichappol "hindu-buddha samanvayathe" prathifalippikkunna onnayirikkaamennum prasthaavikkunnu. kshethrathinte sthalam nambar. 13ll naalu arakalulla ishtika kondu nirmmicha urukkunna choolayundu. kathicha lohathinteyum slaginteyum kandethal soochippikkunnathu loha vasthukkal eriyaanaanu ithu upayogichirunnathu ennaanu.
kshethrathinte vadakku 13-aamm nambar kshethrathinte avashishtangal kidakkunnu. 14. budhante oru valia chithram ivide kandethi. chithratthinte peedatthil nalandayil avasheshikkunna oreyoru chuvarchithratthinte sakalangal undu.
kshethram 2-nuu kizhakkayi, aduthide khananam cheytha saraay kunnin mukalil saraay kshethrathinte avashishtangal kidakkunnu. niravadhi sthoopangalum shethrangalumulla eee bahunila budhakshethrathinu chuttum oru valia mathilukal undaayirunnu. sreekovilinte avashishtangal soochippikkunnathu budhaprathima ekadesham uyarathilaayirunnuvenna.
niravadhi silpangalum niravadhi chuvarchithrangalum chembu falakangalum kalaasrishtikalum likhithangalum mudrakalum naanayangalum falakangalum manpaathrangalum kallum venkalavum stakkoyum terracotta kondulla niravadhi silpangalum nalandayude avashishtangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu. kandethiya buddha silpangalil vividha bhavangalil budhante shilpangal, avalokitheshwaran, jambhala, manjushree, maarichi, thaara enniva ulppedunnu. vishnu, shiva-parvathi, ganesha, mahishasura mardini, suurya ennivarude braahmana vigrahangalum avashishtangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu.
oru karutha buddha kshethram (praadeshikar telea bhairavan ennu vilikkunnu, "tell" ennathu ennayude upayogathe soochippikkunnu) kshethram 14 nuu sameepamaan, bhoomispardha mudrayil oru purathana valia karutha buddha prathimayundu. ithe kshethrathe kanningaaminte 1861-62 aasi reportil baitak bhairab ennu vilichittundu.
nilanilkkunna nalanda kayyezhuthuprathikal.
oodippoya sanyasimar nalanda kayyezhuthuprathikalil chilath eduthu. avayil chilath athijeevichu, avaa thaazhepparayunna shekharangalil samrakshikkappedunnu
nalanda likhithangal.
khananathinide niravadhi likhithangal kandethi, avaa ippol nalanda myoosiyathil samrakshichirikkunnu. ivayil ulppedunnu
vinodasanjaaram.
niravadhi indian, videsha sandarshakare aakarshikkunna samsthaanathe oru janapriya vinodasanjaara kendramaanu nalanda. budhamatha vinodasanjaara sarkyoottile oru pradhana stopp koodiyaanithu.
nalanda archaeological museum.
archaeological sarway oof india sandarshakarude prayojanathinaayi avashishtangalkk sameepam oru museum paripaalikkunnu. 1917ll thuranna myoosiyathil nalandayilum sameepathulla rajgeerilum ninnu kandethiya puravasthukkal pradharshippichirikkunnu. 13, 463 enangalil 349 ennam maathramaan naalu gaalarikalil pradharshippichirikkunnathu.
suwansang memorial haal.
prashastha buddha sanyasiyeyum sanjaariyeyum aadarikkunnathinulla oru intho-chainees samrambhamaan suwansang memorial haal. chainees sanyaasiyude thalayotiyile asthi ulkkollunna oru avashishtam smaaraka haalil pradarshippichittundu.
nalanda multimedia museum.
khananam cheytha sthalathodu chernnulla mattoru museum svakaaryamaayi nadathunna nalanda multimedia myusiyamaanu. 3-dii aanimeshan, mattu multimedia avatharanangal ennivayiloode ithu nalandayude charithram pradarshippikkunnu.
athum kaanuka.
bandhapetta sthalangalum sthalangalum
purathana indian patana kendrangal

