baibil hebru oorthoograafi

baibil hebru oorthoograafi ennathu baibil hebru bhasha ezhuthaan upayogicha vividha samvidaanangale soochippikkunnu. kaalakramena baibil hebru niravadhi vyathyastha ezhuthu samvidaanangalil ezhuthappettittundu, aaa samvidaanangalil athinte aksharavinyaasathilum viraamachihnangalilum mattangal undaayittund.
proto-kananiah lipi.
bii. sii. iii patthaam noottaandil ithuvare kandethiya ettavum aadyakaala hebru ezhuthu 2008 joolaiyil israeli puraavastu gaveshakanaaya yosi garfinkal khirbettu kheyaafayil ninnu kandethi. 15 centimeter x 16.5 centimeter (5.9 inch x 6.5 inch) trapasoid manpaathra sherdle (austraakon) proto-kanaanait aksharamalayil (phoenishyan aksharamaalayude pazhaya roopam) mashiyil ezhuthiya anchu varikalundu. taablattinte bhasha ebraayamaanennu nirddeshikkunnathu τεσ "tuu duu" abad "sarvant enna vaakkukalude saannidyamaanu. hebru ezhuthu ippozhum roopeekarana ghattathilaanennu soochippikkunna tablet idathuninnu valathottu ezhuthiyittundu.
phoeneeshyan, palio-hebru lipi.
israel rajyath sthirathaamasamaakkiya israel gothrangal bisi 12-aamm noottaandil gesar kalandaril (bisi 10-aamm noottaandil) kaanappedunnathupole phoeneeshyan lipi sweekarichu. bisi patthaam noottaandilo onpathaam noottaandilo eee lipi palio-hebru lipiyayi vikasichu. phoeneeshyan lipiyil ninnulla palio-hebru aksharamaalayude pradhana vyathyaasangal 'neelamulla kaalulla' akshara chinnangalile doustrokkukalude idathuvashathulla valavaayirunnu... oru konkevu toppum [x] aakruthiyilulla tovum ulla oru voyude sthiramaaya upayogam."palio-hebru lipiyile ettavum pazhaya likhithangal bii. sii. iii. onpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil nirmmichathaanu, ettavum prashasthamaayath movabian bhaashayile mesha stelaanu (ithu hebroovinte oru upabhashayaayi kanakkakkaam). bisi aaram noottaandinte arambham vare, athaayath aadyathe kshetra kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam vare purathana hebru lipi thudarchayaayi upayogichirunnu.
randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthil palio-hebru lipi kramena upayogashoonyamaayi. purathana hebru lipiyile shilashasana saamagrikal randaam kshetra kaalaghattatthil moshamaayirunnu. bisi 3 allengil 2 noottaandukalile purathana hebru lipiyile pentettookku sakalangal kumran, baar kokhba kalaapathil ninnulla hasmonian nanayangal, nanayangal (bce), bce 74 ll athinte pathanatthinu munbu masaadayil ninnulla austraaka ennivayil ninnu kandethi, purathana lipiyile ettavum praayam kuranja kandethalukalil ivayum mattu lipikalile grandhangalil divyanaamangalude upayogavum ulppedunnu. parajayappetta baar kochba kalaapathethudarnn joothanmaarkkidayil palio-hebru lipi poornnamaayum upekshikkappettathayi thonnunnu. aadhunika samarittan aksharamalayaayi parinamicha purathana hebru aksharamalaye samarittanmaar nilanirtthi. vaasthavathil, samarittanmaar thirakkatha sweekarichathu thirakkathayekkurichulla rabbikalude nishedhaathmaka kaazhchappaadine swaadheenikkukayum athinte anthima nirasikkalilekku nayikkukayum cheythirikkaam.
aadyathe kshetra kaalaghattatthil avasheshicha eaka papirus rekha bisi ezhaam noottaandile vaadi murabbaathil ninnu kandethi. ennirunnaalum, aaa kaalaghattatthile pala bullakaludeyum pinbhaagathulla fiber impressionukal kaanikkunnath aaa pradeshathu papirus saadhaarana upayogathilundaayirunnu ennaanu. naadukadathalinu munbulla kaalaghattatthil papirus saadhaaranamaayirunnuvennu karuthappedunnu, athesamayam babylonian pravaasatthil papirus avide valarunnilla ennathinaal maranjirikkunna churulukal upayogichirunnu.
aramic lipi.
aadyathe kshetra kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode phoeneeshyan lipiyude prathyeka pingamiyaaya aramic lipi eee pradeshathudaneelam vyaapakamaavukayum kramena palio-hebruvine sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum cheythu. babylonilekku naadukadatthappetta juthanmaarkku aavasyamullathinaal araamya bhasha parichithamayi, athesamayam judiyayil avasheshikkunna juthanmaarkku kooduthalum ezhuthu paarambaryam nashtappettathayi thonnunnu. paarambaryamanusarichu, bisi naalam noottaandil pravaasatthil ninnu isra madangiyethiyathodeyaanu aramic lipi sthaapithamaayathu. bii. sii. moonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum randaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum maricha kadal churulukalil kandethiya exodus, saamuval, jeramiah ennivarude churulukalude sakalangalaanu aramic lipiyil kandethiya ettavum pazhaya rekhakal. assyrian allengil square skript ennum ariyappedunna aadhunika hebru aksharamaalayaan aramic aksharamaalayude pingaamikal. munkaala baibil pusthakangal yadhaarthathil palio-hebru lipiyilaayirunnuvennum pilkkala pusthakangal pilkkala assyrian lipiyilaayirunnuvennum thonnunnu. assyrian lipiyil ezhuthiya chila kumran grandhangal tetragraamaattanum mattu chila divyanaamangalum palio-hebroovil ezhuthunnu, eee sambradaayam niravadhi jootha-greak baibil vivarthanangalilum kaanapedunnu.
samsaarikkunna hebru mishnaik heebruvaayi parinamikkunnath thudarnnappol, thora ezhuthunnathinulla ezhuthukaarude paarambaryam kramena vikasichu. pradhaanamaayum swakaarya aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkunna caligraphic shailikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thora kayyezhuthuprathikalkkum idaykkide mattu saahithyakruthikalkkumaayi niravadhi praadeshika "book-hand" shailikal vikasippicheduthu. printing pressinte kandupiduthathinusesham sephardi, ashkenazi pusthaka-kaii shailikal pinneedu achadicha fondukalilekku poruthappedutthi.
polyphonic aksharangal.
bisi panthrandaam noottaandode phoenishyan lipi anchu aksharangal ozhivaakki, ithu bhaashayude irupathirandu vyanjanaaksharangale prathifalippikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, purathana baibil hebroovinte vyanjanaksharangalekkaal kuranja akkangalulla palio-hebru aksharamalayile 22 aksharangal; prathyekichu, <χ, ε, shh> aksharangalkk oronninum rund vyathyastha svarangale adayaalappeduthaan kazhiyum. shabdamaattathinu sesham χ aksharangal homophonukalaayi maari, pakshe (samarittan hebroovil ozhike) shh multifonic aayi thudarnnu. pazhaya babylonian shabdavalkkaranam shh nuu mukalil oru superscript ezz ezhuthi, athu moolyam/ezz/eduthuvennu soochippikkunnu, athesamayam masoraittukal aksharatthinte rund enangal thammil verthirichariyaan shiin dott chertthu. bii. sii. anchaam noottaandil chila aksharangalkkayi aramic lipi prathyeka anthima roopangal vikasippikkaan thudangi, ennirunnaalum ithu ellaayppozhum sthiramaaya niyamamayirunnilla (kumran sanbradaayathil prathifalikkunnathu pole).
"maatt lections".
yadhaartha hebru aksharamalayil vyanjanaksharangal maathrame undaayirunnulloovenkilum kramena eee aksharangal eee pravartthanatthil upayogikkumbol "matrus lekshan" (laattin "vaayana maathaav") ennariyappedunna svaraaksharangale soochippikkaanum upayogichu. ithu phoonetik vikasanathinte uthppannamaanennu karuthappedunnu udaaharanathinu, * bait 'house' nirmmaana avasthayil beyttilekku maariyengilum athinte spelling nilanirtthi. aadyakaala hebru oorthoograafiyude udaaharanangalonnum kandethiyittillengilum, pazhaya phoeneeshyan, movabite grandhangal aadya kshetra kaalaghattatthile hebru engane ezhuthappettirikkumennu kaanikkunnu. bisi patthaam noottaandile phoenishyan likhithangal oru vaakkinte madhyathilo avasaanathilo "matrus lections" soochippikkunnilla, udha.jii. hebru gesar kalandarinu samaanamaayi (pakaram), allengil (pakaram). "matrus lections" enna vaakk pinneedu chertthu-avasaanamaayi, udaaharanathinu mesha likhithathil (aadunikam), (aadunikam) undu; ennirunnaalum eee ghattathil avaa ithuvare vaakk-medial aayi upayogichittilla, siloyam likhithavum αs =) αισ) thaarathamyam cheyyuka. thakaraarulla", "poornna" allengil "plen" ennee aapekshika padangal yathaakramam "matrus lections" ulla oru vaakkinte badal aksharavinyaasangale soochippikkaan upayogikkunnu.
innu ariyappedunna eathenkilum grandhangalil kaanunnathinekkaal kooduthal vikalamaaya aksharashailiyilaan hebru baibil ezhuthiyathu. hebru baibilinte nilavilulla vaachaka saakshikalil, masoretik paatam saadhaaranayaayi "matrus lekshan" ennathinte upayogathil ettavum yaadhaasthithikamaanu, samarittan pentettyookkum athinte mungaamikalum kooduthal niranjathum kumran paarambaryavum svaraaksharangalude ettavum udaaramaaya upayogam kaanikkunnu. masoretik vaachakam kooduthalum neelamulla svaraaksharangalkkaayi svaraaksharangal upayogikkunnu, ithu aantharika/aː/enna vaakk ozhikeyulla ellah neelamulla svaraaksharangalum adayaalappeduthaanulla pravanatha kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, niravadhi ozhivaakkalukal undu, udha.jii. thaazhepparayunna aksharathil oru swaraaksharam adangiyirikkumbol (κολοθ ennathinekkaal κολοθ 'shabdangalil' pole) allengil oru swaraaksharam ithinakam oru vyanjanaksharam adayaalappeduthumbol (athinaal γοιινες * ennathinekkaal 'rajyangal'), bybilil aksharavinyaasathil palappozhum sthiratha kuravaanu. kumran paarambaryatthil, hraswa hole (), (), (āunīh) ennivayulppedeyulla o-, u-tharam svaraaksharangale saadhaaranayaayi <ω> prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam <ι> saadhaaranayaayi neelamulla [iː], tsere (() ennivaykku upayogikkunnu, avasaanathe [iː] palappozhum <ίa-> ennu ezhuthunnu, e.jii. athe, chilappol njaan. avasaanamaayi <ha> oduvil χοτθ (tiberian χοτα) allengil κορθ (tiberian κορα) polulla roopangalil kaanapedunnu, athesamayam <α> anthima sthaanathulla (udha.jii. aliha), madhyasthaanathu (udha.jii. ). samarittan munbulla, samarittan grandhangal pala vibhaagangalilum (udha.jii. kachi vezhsas. uthbhavam 49:3) ennaal apoorvvamaayi maathrame kumran tharatthinte poornna spelling kaanikkoo (ennaal uthbhavam 24:41 b samaarittan νκια VS kaanuka. masoretik nekki).
shabdaprayogam.
pothuvaayi baibil ebraayarude svaraaksharangal yadhaartha paatatthil soochippichittillengile vividha srothassukal avayude vikasanathinte vividha ghattangalil saakshyappeduthunnu. baibil grandhatthil ninnulla vaakkukalude greak, laattin traanscriptionukal baibil hebru svaraaksharangalude swabhaavathinte aadyakaala thelivukal nalkunnu. prathyekichum, koyin greak septhuvaajint (bce moonnaam-randaam noottaand) enna padatthile sariyaaya naamangalude paribhashayil ninnum sekkandayil adangiyirikkunna hebru baibil paatatthinte greak aksharamalayile transcriptionil ninnum thelivukal undu (bce moonnaam noottaand, orupakshe bce 100 nuu munbulla oru vaachakathinte pakarpp). pothuvarsham ezhaam noottaandilum ettaam noottaandilum baibil grandhatthile svaraaksharangale soochippikkunnathinaayi vividha swarasoochaka samvidaanangal vikasippichu. ettavum pramukhavum mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedunnathum ippozhum upayogathilirikkunna eaka samvidaanavum sii. iii. 850-ll masoraittukal ennariyappedunna pandithanmaar srishticha tiberian shabdasamvidhaanamaanu. aksharangalkk mukalil shabdachihnangal sthaapichirikkunnathil "superlinear vocalisationukal" ennariyappedunna saadhaaranamallaatha shabda samvidaanangal (babylonian, palasteen) upayogikkunna vividha kayyezhuthuprathikalum nilavilundu. koodaathe, samarittan vaayana paarambaryam eee samvidaanangalil ninnu swathanthramaanu, koodaathe idaykkide oru prathyeka shabdasamvidhaanam upayogichu ithu rekhappeduthappettirunnu. eee samvidaanangal palappozhum charitraparamaaya vikasanathinte vividha ghattangalil svaraaksharangal rekhappeduthunnu; udaaharanathinu, jadji saamsaninte peru greekkil σαμsipongν "saampsan" ennu rekhappeduthiyittundu, aadya swaraaksharam/a/aanu, athesamayam tiberian синм shshuhan/чимчон// i/attenyuyeshan niyamatthinte prabhavam kaanikkunnu. eee samvidaanangalellaam baibil ebraayarude yadhaartha shabdavalkkaranathe punarnirmikkaan upayogikkunnu.
tiberian svaraaksharamaaya "shwa" (̃) oru swaraaksharathinte abhavam ("shaanthamaaya shwa") soochippikkunnathinum/Â/enna shabdathe prathinidheekarikkunnathinu mattoru chihnamaayum upayogichu, ithu "hatf patah" (̃) prathinidheekarikkunnu. oru swarakkuzhal-swarakkuzhalinu munbu, mobail shwa inipparayunna swaraaksharathinte ultrashort pakarppayi ucharikkappettirunnu, udha.jii. угочео [uvωqɑ̃aː], koodaathe [̃] munbu/j/, e.jii. . ithinu vipareethamaayi, hataf patah ennu ucharikkumbol maathrame upayogikkaavoo. palasteen sanbradaayathil eee prathidhwani svaraaksharangal poornna svaraaksharangal upayogichaanu ezhuthiyirunnathu, kaanuka shwayude uchaaranam αριριγα αρριγα, ασm′εωα ασm′εωα polulla kaiyezhuthuprathikalil marimari saakshyappeduthunnu. gutturalukalkk keezhil hataf svaraaksharangalude upayogam nirbandhamaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum mattu aksharangalkk keezhil oopshanalaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu.
viraamachihnangal.
aadyaghattathil, palio-hebru lipiyil ezhuthiya rekhakale hraswa lambarekhakalaal vibhajichirunnu, pinneedu mesha kallu, silom likhitham, ophel likhitham, kumranil ninnulla palio-hebru lipi rekhakal ennivayil ninnu prathifalikkunnu. phoeneeshyan likhithangalil vibhajanam enna vaakk upayogichirunnilla; ennirunnaalum, thorayude aamukhathil nachmanidas soochippichathupole, baibil grandhangal padha vibhajanamillathe ezhuthappettathinu nerittulla thelivukalonnumilla. bisi ezhaam noottaandinte thudakkam muthal aramic lipiyile rekhakalkkayi speysukal upayogichulla padha vibhajanam saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunnu.
svaraaksharangal adayaalappeduthunnathinu purame, tiberian samvidaanam kaantileshan adayaalangalum upayogikkunnu, ithu padha sammarddam, ardhaghadana, vaachakathinte aupachaarika paaraayanatthil upayogikkunna sangeetha roopangal enniva adayaalappeduthaan sahayikkunnu.
paarambaryangal vaayikkuka.
tiberian, babylonian, palasteen vaayana paarambaryangal illaathaayikkazhinjappol, kaalakramena mattu niravadhi uchaarana sanbradaayangal, prathyekichu yemenait, sephardi, ashkenazi, samaarittan paarambaryangal enniva vikasichu. baibil grandhangal vaayikkaan chilar aadhunika hebru uchaaranavum upayogikkunnu. aadhunika vaayana paarambaryangal tiberian sanbradaayathil ninnu mathramalla uthbhavikkunnath; udaaharanathinu, kamaatts gadol khathaan thammilulla sephardic paarambaryatthinte vyathyasam pree-tiberian aanu. ennirunnaalum, svaraaksharangal adayaalappeduthaan upayogikkunna oreyoru orthographic samvidaanam tiberian shabdavalkkaranamaanu.

