
rapic

rapic (rapikku, rapic ennum ariyappedunnu), raabi-qaa-vikki, purathana kizhakkan nagaramaayirunnu, eee nagaram mesopotemiyayude vadakku, orupakshe aadhunika iraakhil euphrates nadiyude kizhakkan theerathu sthithicheyyunnu. bii. sii. randaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkam muthal bii. sii. onnaam sahasraabdathinte arambham vare ithu uracha saakshyappeduthiyittundu.
charithram.
moonnaam yur saamraajyathinte aaram varsham muthal kedupaadukal sambhavicha oru gulikayil shulgi rapicum paraamarsikkunnu, ennaal pazhaya babylonian kaalaghattatthile gaveshanangalkk munbu nagaram poornnamaayum saakshyappeduthaathinaal ithu oru kaalaharanappedal aanennu kanakkakkunnu.
rapic palappozhum praadeshika sakthiyaaya shnunnayumayi samvadichirunnu. bharanadhikaariyaaya deepikh-adad randaamanu oru varshathe peru "niin-aasuvinte vaasasthalamaaya ipeekh-adad pidicheduttha rapeekam" ennaanu. raajaavinte makal raapikkoomil vivaham kazhicha varsham" ennu ishnunnayile pilkkala bharanadhikaariyaaya daadushayude oru varshathe peru vaayikkunnu. addehathinte makan ibal-pii-ell randaamante bharanathinte onpathaam varshathil oru varshathe peru "rapicum nasippikkappettu" ennaanu. isnunna ulppedunna isnunnile ishme-dagan onnaamante neethrthwathilulla sainyavum simri-liminte keezhilulla maari saamrajyavum thammilulla yudhathinte bhaagamaayirunnu aaa parajayam.
akkaalathe niravadhi edapaadu rekhakalilum larsayile rajaavaaya siin-iddeenamte rekhakalilum eee nagaratthe paraamarsikkunnundu. larsa bharanadhikaariyaaya riim-siin varshathinte peru pathinalam ennathu "urukku, isin, baabilon, suttam, rapicum, urukkile rajaavaaya irdaane ennivarude sainyangale aayudhangalaal adichukonna varsham" ennaanu. chagger basaaril ninnu kandethiya oru gulikayil rapicum paraamarsikkappettundu.
ishnunna raapikkumine paraajayappedutthiya sesham (bisi 1782) thante bharanathinte pathaamattheyo pathinonnaamattheyo varshathil (ekadesham bisi 1782) hammurapi "varsham (hammu-raabi)" enna pathinonnaamatthe varshathe peril nagarabhithi/nagaram, bhoomi, rapic, salibi ennivayude pradesham enniva pidichedutthu.. baabilon appozhum valare durbalamaayathinaal yadhaartha katha kooduthal sankeernamaanu. rapicum yadhaarthathil upper mesopotamia raajyathinte bharanadhikaariyaaya ekkallaathathile shamshi-aadaad onnaaman pidichedukkukayum hummurabic bharikkan nalkukayum cheythu. baabilonile simri-limm ambaasadarude kathil ithu kaanikkunnu
malsaraadhishtitha sakthikal thammilulla oru pradhana athirthi sthalamaaya rapicum bisi randaam sahasraabdathinte thudakkathil avide kandethiya cunifom aksharangalil niravadhi thavana paraamarsikkappettundu. sthala soochanayumaayi maari bharanaadhikaariykk ayacha mattoru kathu ithaayirikkum
hammuraabiyude 42 varshathe bharanathil addeham "oru parvvatham pole hammu-raabi rajaavu kaduvayude theerathulla valia nagaramathilinte mukalbhagam uyarthukayum athine curr-samas ennu vilikkukayum euphratesinte theerathu rapikkaminte nagara mathil nirmmikkukayum cheytha varsham" report cheiyunnu.
madhya assyrian kaalaghattatthile bharanaadhikaariyaayirunna tukulty-ninurtha onnaamante (c. bisi 1200) addeham "maari (maa-aaaa-rii ennu ezhuthiyirikkunnu), hanah, rapic" enniva keezhadakkiyathayi avakashappettu.
madhya assyrian bharanadhikaari tiglath-pileser onnaaman (c. bii. sii. 1100) aramyarekkurichu ezhuthi "njaan avare emm. tii. yude paadatthil ninnu paraajayappeduthi. lebanon, amuruvinte tadmar, suhi anath, babyloniayile rapic vare ".
valare pinneedu navaa-assyrian bharanadhikaariyaaya azur-nasser-paal randaaman (bii. sii. 883 muthal 859 vare) rapic vare muzhuvan bhoomiyum thante paadangalil keezhadakkiyathayi avakashappettu, rapic thanne keezhadangiyo ennu vyakthamalla.
churukkatthil, bii. sii. 770 muthal tiglath-pilesar III-nte bharanakalam vare suham pradesham navaa-azrian saamraajyathinte niyanthranam pidichulaykkukayum swantham gavarnarmaarulla oru swatantra samsthaanamaayi maarukayum cheythu. rapic ulppedeyulla pradeshangal niyantrikkunnathaayi athu avakashappettu. tiglath-pileser III report cheiyunnu "ente bharanathinte thudakkathil, ente aadya paaluvil, njaan raajathvathinte simhaasanathil mahathwathode irunna anchaam maasathil, ente yajamananaaya assour enne prolsaahippikkukayum [njaan march cheyyukayum] mamaranu, luchuattu, tattallu, rubb, rapic ennivaykkethire...".
sthalam.
kaasait kaalaghattatthile (pilkkala assyrian pathipp) oru saahitya phalakam oru manushyan swapnayaathra nadathiyathaayi rekhappeduthunnu. sipar muthal kii-iii-laa vare haah-baar-aarr (assyrian pathippil hahaa-aam-baa-rii) muthal raara-pii-kumm muthal idd-dhaa-aan muthal maari vare, thudarnnu imar vare euphrates roadine pinthudarunnathaanu addehathinte paatha.
rapic muthal ishnunna vareyulla rooad maa-kii-summ enna sthalathu tigris nadhi kadakkunnathayi maariyil ninnulla vaachakam soochippikkunnu. 32-aamm varshathe hamurapi "varsham hammu-raabi rajaavu, mardukkinu vijayam nedunna naayakan, thante sakthamaaya aayudangal upayogichu essnunna, subertu, guttiyam ennividangalile muzhuvan sainyatheyum sinikareyum paraajayappeduthi, mankism bhoomiyum subartu parvathangalude athirthi vare kaduvakalude theerathulla bhoomiyum", eshnunna varshathe dadusha "dadussa mankism pidicheduttha varsham" ennivaye keezhadakkiya athe nagaramaanithenn karuthappedunnu. 
marikkum ishnunnaykkum edayilulla vadakku pradeshathe suham ennu vilichirunnu. shnunna aaa pradesham niyanthrichappol athinte govarnor raapikkoomil thaamasichirunnu. suhoomil puthuthayi nirmmicha harad nagaratthilum aaa govarnor oru uddeshanaayirunnu.
pradhaanamaayum euphratesilum sariyaaya pothu sthalathaayathinaalum ramadi, [falluja], hitt ennee aadhunika nagarangal rapic sthalamaayi nirddeshikkappettittund. ithinu ithuvare puraavastu allengil shilashasana pinthuna undu. hittinte kaaryatthil, rapic purathana mesopotamian "nadee agnipareeksha" (raapikkoominte nadeedevan) yumayi bandhappettirunnathinal hittum athumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
thante yaathrakalekkurich paranja tukulty-ninurtha randaamante (890-884 bisi) oru yaathraavivaranam hittine thallikkalanjathaayi thonnunnu.
ithinte krithyamaaya sthaanam ramaadikkaduthaanennu munbu karuthiyirunnuvenkilum sameepakaala khananagal soochippikkunnathu fallujaykku sameepamulla unber aanennaan. falluja pradeshathe khananangalil rapic nagaratthinte vaachaka thelivukal kandethiyittundu. nilavil chinthikkunnathu fallugaykku sameepamulla anbar (mirmiranode parayuka) aanu ettavum saadhyathayulla sthalam.

