
valve amplifier

oru signalinte amplitude allengil power vardhippikkunnathinu vaakvam tubeukal upayogikkunna oru tharam electronic amplifieraanu valve amplifier allengil tube amplifier. microwave tharamgangalkk thaazheyulla aavruthikalkkulla loow-meediyam power valve amplifierukalkku pakaram 1960kalilum 1970kalilum soolid stettu amplifierukal upayogichu.
gitaar amplifierukal, dayaraktvi, gps polulla saattalait traanspondarukal, uyarnna nilavaaramulla steeriyo amplifierukal, sainika aaplikkeshanukal (radar polullava), valare uyarnna power radio, uhf television traansmittarukal ennivaykkaayi valve amplifierukal upayogikkaam.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
1947ll traansisttar kandupidikkunnathuvare, mikka praayogika hye-freekwansi electronic amplifierukalum thermonic vaalvukal upayogichaanu nirmmichathu. 1904ll landanile marconi kambaniyil jolie cheiyunnathinidayil joonn ambrose fleming aanu ettavum lalithamaaya valve (ithinu rund electrodukal ullathinaal diode ennu namakaranam cheyyappettu) kandupidichathu. diode oru dishayil maathram vaidyuthi nadathukayum radio dittaktaraayum rectifieraayum upayogikkukayum cheythu.
1906-ll liie dii phoorast moonnaamathe electrode cherkkukayum aadyathe electronic amplifying upakaranamaya triode kandupidikkukayum athinu addeham "oodiyan" ennu peridukayum cheythu. eee adhika "kantrol grid" cathodine anodinum idayil ozhukunna vaidyuthadhaaraye modulate cheiyunnu. vaidyuthadhaarayude ozhukkum plettum grid voltage thammilulla bandhathe palappozhum oru rekhaachithrathil "swabhaavaparamaaya valavukalude" oru parambarayaayi prathinidheekarikkunnu. sarkyoottile mattu gadakangale aashrayich eee modulated karant phloo karant allengil volteju geyin nalkaan upayogikkaam.
valve aamplifikkeshante aadya prayogam deerghadoora telephony signalukalude punarujjeevanathilaayirunnu. pinneedu, muppathukalude thudakkathil aarambhicha 'wireless' vipaniyil valve amplification prayogichu. kaalakramena samgeethathinum pinneedu television vendiyulla amplifierukalum vaalvukal upayogichu nirmmichu.
eee kaalayalavil valareyadhikam prabalamaaya surcuted topology, eiii classil pravartthikkunna single-end triode geyin ghattamaayirunnu, ithu valare kurachu gadakangalulla valare lalithamaaya sarkyoottari undaayirunnittum valare nalla shabdam (nyayamaaya alavu valachodikkal prakadanam) nalkki gadakangal kaikondu nirmmichathum valare chelaveriyathumaaya oru samayat pradhaanamaan. randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu, mikkavarum ellah valve amplifierukalum kuranja nettamullavayaayirunnu, koodaathe lineerity poornnamaayum vaalvinte antharleenamaaya linearitye aasrayichirikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi poornna shakthiyil 5 sathamaanam valachodikkunnu.
1927ll harrold steefan black aanu negatteevu feedback (enn. eph. bii) kandupidichathu, ennaal thudakkathil labham preemiyathilaayirunnathil ithu valare kuravaayirunnu. eee saankethikavidya amplifierukale kuranja valachodikkal nilakalkkayi labham vyapaaram cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu (koodaathe kuranja outtputtu impedence polulla mattu aanukoolyangalum nalki). enn. eph. biyude valare vijayakaramaya upayogam ulppede pala kaaryangalilum angeyattam purogamichirunna 1947-leeii vilyamsan amplifierinte aamukham, audiyo power amplifier roopakalppanayile oru vazhithirivaayirunnu, klaas eiii. bii. 1-ll push-pull outtputtu surcuted pravarthippichu athinte samakaalikare marikadannu prakadanam nalki.
yudhaananthara sambhavavikasangal.
randaam lokamahaayudham naadakeeyamaaya saankethika purogathikkum vyaavasaayika thothilulla ulppaadana sambadvyavasthakalkkum uthejanam nalki. yudhaanantharam vardhichuvarunna sambathu ganyavum vikasikkunnathumaya upabhokthru vipaniyilekku nayichu. ithu electronics nirmmaathaakkale thaangavunna vilaykk kooduthal noothana valve (tube) designukal nirmmikkanum vipananam cheyyaanum praaptharakki, athinte falamaayi 1960-kalil electronic graamaphon playerukalude vardhichuvarunna vyaapanavum aathyanthikamayi "uyarnna vishwasthatha" yude thudakkavum kandu. phul freekwansi rench laudu speakerukal (aadyamaayi, palappozhum vyathyastha freekwansi baandukalkkaayi onniladhikam driverukal upayogichu) ganyamaaya vooliyam nilakalilekku oodikkaan hyphiac kazhinju. ithu, television vyaapanavumayi samyojichu, valve (tube) vikasanathilum valve amplifier sarkyoottukalude roopakalppanayude vikasanathilum oru 'suvarnna yugam' srishtichu.
cheria vyathiyanangal mathramulla topologykalude oru shreni (prathyekichu vyathyastha ghatta splittar krameekaranangalum tetrodukalkkaayulla "ultra-leanier" transformer kanakshanum) athivegam vyaapakamaayi. eee designukalude kudumbam innum sangeetha prayogatthinte prabalamaaya hye power amplifier topologyayi thudarunnu. traansmittarukalkkum reseaverukalkkum vaalvukal upayogichukondu eee kaalayalavil sivilian radioyil thudarchayaaya valarchayum undaayi.
kurayunnu.
1970kall muthal silikkan traansisttar kooduthal vyaapakamaayi. cathode reey tubeukal (crts), amplifier aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi vaalvukalude paridhi enniva ozhike valve uthppaadanam kuthane kuranju. janapriyamaaya loow power tubeukal duval triodeukalum (ekn, 12ex7 seerees) ef86 pentode aayirunnu, koodaathe power vaalvukal kooduthalum beam tetrode pentodukalum (ell84, ell34, kedi88/6550,6ell6) aayirunnu, rund saahacharyangalilum paroksha choodaakkal. eee kuranja tharam innu valve ulppaadanathinte kaathalayi thudarunnu.
sheethayudhakaalathu soviyattukal padinjaarethinekkaal valare kooduthal vaalvukal nilanirtthi, avarude ashayavinimaya, sainika amplification aavasyakathakalil bhooribhaagavum, bhaagikamaayi traansisttarine nasippikkunna thalkshana ovarlodukale (prathyekichu aanava spodanam kaaranam) neridaanulla vaalvukalude kazhivu kaaranam.
valippam, vaidyuthi upabhogam, valachodicha nilavaaram, ellaattinumupariyaayi traansisttarukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla electronics uthppannangalude vila ennivayil naadakeeyamaaya kuravu 1970 muthal mukhyadharaa uthppannangalkk vaalvukal kaalaharanapettu. uyarnna power rf traansmittarukal, microwave ovan, audiyo amplification upakaranangal, prathyekichu electric gitaar, recording studiyokal, uyarnna nilavaaramulla hoome steeriyokal thudangiya chila aaplikkeshanukalil vaalvukal thudarnnu.
shabda upayogam.
audiyo aaplikkeshanukalil, mikka professional upayokthaakkalum, prathyekichu recording studiyokalude upakaranagalilum gitaar amplifierukalilum vaalvukal valareyadhikam aagrahikkunnu. veettilirunnu kelkkaan tube amplifierukalude upayogam prothsaahippikkunna audiyo premikalude oru upagroop undu. tube amplifierukal oru "choodulla" allengil kooduthal "swaabhaavika" valve shabdam srishtikkunnuvennu avar vaadikkunnu. eshyayileyum kizhakkan europileyum kambanikal eee vipaniyude aavasyangalkkaayi vaalvukal nirmmikkunnath thudarunnu.
pala professional gitaar vadakarum avarude prashasthamaaya 'toonn' kaaranam 'tube aampukal' upayogikkunnu. 'eee upayogathile 'toonn' ennathu timbre allengil pitch niratthe soochippikkunnu, ithu alakkaan valare aathmanishtamaaya gunamayirikkum. mikka audiyo technicianmaarum shaasthranjarum sidhaanthikkunnathu, valve tubeukal ulppaadippikkunna 'harmonic distorshan' traansistarukalekkaal chevikk kooduthal ishtamaanennu thonnunnu, shaili pariganikkathe. valve tyoobukalude tonel savisheshathakalaan gittaarukaludeyum studiyo microphoninteyum pree-aamplifikkeshante vyavasaya nilavaaramaayi avaye nilanirtthiyathu.
signal levelukal clipping poyintilekku athumbol tube amplifierukal traansisttar amplifierukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi prathikarikkunnu. oru tube amplifieril, leanier amplificationil ninnu limittingilekkulla parivartthanam oru soolid stettu unitinekkaal pettennundaakunnil, ithu clippinginte thudakkathil kuranja grating roopathilulla valachodikkalinu kaaranamaakunnu. ekkaaranathaal, chila gitaaristukal ool-tube amplifierinte shabdamaanu eshtappedunnathu; tubinteyum soolid stettu aampukaludeyum soundarya savisheshathakal gitaarist samoohathil charchaavishayamaanu.
savisheshathakal.
aadhunika upakarana saankethikavidyakalkkoppam soolid stettu operating voltageukal kramanugathamaayi vardhichuvenkilum power vaalvukal saadhaaranayaayi traansistarukalekkaal uyarnna voltejukalilum kuranja vaidyuthadhaarakalilum pravartthikkunnu. innu upayogikkunna uyarnna power radio traansmittarukal kilovolt shreniyil pravartthikkunnu, avide mattu thaarathamyappeduthaavunna saankethikavidyakal labhyamalla. ([power = volteju × karant], athinaal uyarnna pavarinu uyarnna volteju, uyarnna karant allengil randum aavasyamaanu)
pala power vaalvukalkkum nalla rekheeyathayundengilum mithamaaya nettamo transcontactanso undu. tubeukal upayogikkunna signal amplifierukalkku valare uyarnna freekwansi prathikarana shrenikalkku kazhiyum-radio freekwansi vare, koodaathe nerittu choodaakkiya single end triode (dii. echu-settu) audiyo amplifierukalil palathum mega hearts shreniyil pravartthikkaan roopakalppana cheytha radio traansmitting tubeukal upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, praayogikamaayi, tube amplifier designukal saadhaaranayaayi "jody" gattangal onnukil kappaasitteevaayi, thaazhnna attathu bandwidth parimithappedutthunnu, allengil traansformarukalumaayi inductive aayi, rund attatthum bandwidth parimithappedutthunnu.
ooppareshan.
ellah amplifier sarkyoottukaleyum "klaas oof ooppareshan" aayi a, b, ab, c muthalaayava aayi tharamthirickunnu. power amplifier klaasukal kaanuka. traansisttar designukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol chila vyathyastha surcuted topologykal nilavilundu.
outtputtu impedence.
tube plate sarkyoottukalude uyarnna outtputtu impedence uchabhaashakal allengil aantinakal polulla kuranja impedence lodukalumaayi nannayi poruthappedunnilla. kaaryakshamamaya vaidyuthi kaimattatthinu oru poruthappedunna shringhala aavasyamaanu; ithu audiyo freekwansikalile oru transformero radio freekwansikalile vividha tyoon cheytha netvarkkukaloo aakam.
oru "cathode follover" allengil "kooman-plate" konfigareshanil, cathode resistansil ninnaan outtputtu edukkunnathu. negatteevu feedback kaaranam (cathode-graundu volteju grid-graundu volteju raddaakkunnu) volteju nettam unitic aduthaanu, outtputtu volteju grid voltejine "pinthudarunnu". cathode resistarinu niravadhi kilohomes (pakshapatha aavashyakathakale aashrayich) aakam, small-signal outtputtu impedence valare kuravaanu (ooppareshan amplifier kaanuka).
aaplikkeshanukal.
audiyo freekwansi (eiii. eph), broadband amplifierukal.
avaa uthppaadippikkunna shabda nilavaaram kaaranam gittaarilum uyarnna nilavaaramulla audiyo amplifierukalilum vaalvukal vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu. traansistarukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol uyarnna vaidyuthi upabhogam, valachodikkal, chelavu, vishwaasyatha, bharam enniva kaaranam avaa mikkavarum kaalaharanappettavayanu.
telephone.
telephony yadhaarthamaayathu, varshangalolam audiyo aamplifikkeshanulla oru driving aaplikkeshanaayirunnu. telecommunication vyavasaayathe sambandhichidatholam oru prathyeka prashnam, vyathyastha aavruthikalil orotta kebililekk niravadhi (ayiram vare) voys lineukal multiplexes cheiyunna saankethikathayaayirunnu.
orotta valve "repeator" amplifierinu oresamayam niravadhi kolukal vardhippikkaan kazhiyum ennathaanu ithinte prayojanam, ithu valare chelavu kuranjathaanu. amplifierukal valare rekheeyamaayirikkanam ennathaanu prashnam, allaathapaksham "intermodulation distorshan" (aii. emm. dii) multiplexed chaanalukalkkidayil "crosstock" undaakkum. ithu orotta voys chaanalinte naamamaathramaaya aavasyangalkkappuram kuranja valachodikkalilekkula vikasana oonnal uthejippichu.
audiyo.
innu, vaalvukalude pradhana aaplikkeshan electric gitaarukal, electric baasukal, hammond oorgans enniva upayogichu hye-end hye-phai, myoosikkal perfomence upayogathinulla audiyo amplifierukalaanu, ennirunnaalum eee aaplikkeshanukalkku valachodikkalinekkurich vyathyastha aavashyakathakalundenkilum ithu vyathyastha design vittuveezhchakalk kaaranamaakunnu, ennirunnaalum ore adisthaana design teknikkukal pothuvayathum audiyo mathramalla, ellah broadband amplification aaplikkeshanukalkkum vyaapakamaayi baadhakavumaan.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, bhooribhaagam valve power amplifierukalum klaas abb-1 "push pull" ultralinear topology allengil kuranja chelavil single end i aanu.iii. 6bq5/el84 power tubeukal, ennaal dii. echu-settum otl topologykalum upayogikkunna nikhe uthppannangal ippozhum cheria ennathil nilanilkkunnu.
instrumenteshan amplifierukal.
adisthaana chalikkunna koyil voltmetettarum ammeterum thanne oru cheria vaidyuthadhaara edukkukayum angane athu gadippichirikkunna surcuted looad cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. alakkunna sarkyoottile pravartthana saahacharyangalil ithu ganyamaaya maattam varuthum. vaakvam tube voltmetettar (vtvm) oru vaalvinte uyarnna inputt impedence upayogichu ammeettarinte loadle ninnu alakkunna sarkyoottine buffer cheiyunnu.
valve oosillooskooppukal eee uyarnna inputt impedence pankidunnu, athinaal valare uyarnna impedence sarcuteukalil polum voltageukal alakkaan ithu upayogikkaam. oru display chanalil saadhaaranayaayi moonno naalo amplification gattangal undakam. pilkkala ausilloskoppukalil, transmission lainukalil thulya doorathil bandhippichirikkunna tyoobukalude oru shreni upayogikkunna oru tharam amplifier, distributed amplifier ennariyappedunnu, display tubilake prayogikkunnathinu munbu valare uyarnna freekwansi lamba signalukal vardhippikkunnathinu upayogichu. valve oosillooskooppukal ippol kaalaharanappettavayanu.
valve yugathinte avasana varshangalil, "ooppareshanal amplifierukal" nirmmikkaan polum vaalvukal upayogichirunnu-ithu valare aadhunikamaaya leanier electronicsinte nirmmaana blokkukalaanu. oru oopu-aambinu saadhaaranayaayi oru deferential inputt ghattavum tottem pooll aouttputtum undu, sarkyoottin saadhaaranayaayi kuranjathu anchu sajeeva upakaranangalenkilum undu. atharam sarkyoottukale (saadhaaranayaayi rando athiladhikamo glass envalappukal upayogichu) oru valia sarkyoottilekk (analog computer polullava) plug cheyyaan kazhiyunna orotta modulilekku samyojippikkunna niravadhi "paakkejukal" nirmikkappettu. atharam valve opu-aampukal anuyojyamallaathavayaayirunu, avaa vegathil kaalaharanappettavayayi maari, soolid-stettu tharangal upayogichu maattisthaapikkappettu.
idungiya band radio frequency tyoon cheytha amplifierukal.
charitraparamaayi, pree-vaii "traansmitting tubeukal" labhyamaya ettavum sakthamaaya tyoobukalil onnaayirunnu. ivaykku saadhaaranayaayi laitt bulbukal pole thilangunna nerittu choodaakkiya thoriated philament kaathodukal undaayirunnu. chila tubeukalkku cherry chuvapp thilangunnathra kadinamaayi pravarthippikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu; anodukal kharavasthukkalil ninnu (nerttha sheettil ninnu kettichamachathinekkaal) valachodikkaathe choodu neridunnathinaayi yanthram upayogichaayirunnu. itharathilulla sradheyamaaya tubeukal 845 umm 211 umm aanu. pinneedu tetrodukalum 817, (nerittulla choodaakkal) 813 polulla pentodukalum (prathyekichu sainika) radio traansmittarukalil valia thothil upayogichirunnu.
rf sarcuteukal broadband amplifier sarcuteukalil ninnu ganyamaayi vyathyasthamaan. aantinayilo thudarnnulla surcuted ghattathilo saadhaaranayaayi onno athiladhikamo krameekarikkavunna capaasitteevu allengil inductive ghadakam adangiyirikkunnu, ithu stejinte anurananm upayogathilulla carrier freekwansiyumaayi krithyamaayi poruthappedaan anuvadikkunnu, vaalvil ninnu power transfer opttimais cheiyunnathinum loducheyyunnathinum, tyoon cheytha surcuted ennu vilikkappedunna.
broadband sarkyoottukalkk vaividhyamaarnna aavruthikalil paranna prathikaranam aavasyamaanu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, rf sarcuteukal saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna aavruthikalil pravarthikkendathundu, pakshe palappozhum valare idungiya aavruthi paridhiyilaan. udaaharanathinu, 144 muthal 146 MHz (verum 1.4%) vare pravartthikkaan oru rf upakaranam aavashyamaayi vannekkaam.
innu, microwave freekwansikalil polum radio traansmittarukal silikkan adhishtithamaanu. ennirunnaalum, uyarnna power radio freekwansi amplifierukalude kuranju varunna nyoonapakshathinu valve nirmmaanam thudarunnu.

