
panatthinte gunakam

saambathikashaasthrathil, oru fraakshanal reserve banking samvidaanathinu keezhil central baank panavum (moonittari bays ennum vilikkunnu) vaanijya baank panavum thammil adutha bandhamullah vividha anupaathangalilonnaan munny multiplier. oru nischitha thuka central baank panam nalkikkond srishtikkaan kazhiyunna vaanijya baank panatthinte "paramavadhi" thukayumayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu. niyamaparamaaya karuthal aavasyakathakalulla oru fraakshanal reserve banking samvidaanathil, vaanijya baankukalkku neettaan anuvadikkunna motham vaaypakalude thuka (avarkk niyamaparamaayi srishtikkaan kazhiyunna vaanijya baank panam) karuthal dhanatthinte onniladhikam thukaykku thulyamaanu. eee gunitham reserve anupatham mainus onninte parasparamaanu, ithu oru saambathika gunakamaanu. chila fandukal baank ithara pothujanangal karansiyaayi kaivasham vaykkunnathinaal munny multiplier ennum vilikkappedunna central baank panavumaayulla panatthinte yadhaartha anupatham kuravaanu. koodaathe, central baank nischayichittulla reserve aavasyakathayekkaal kooduthal reserve aayathinal baankukal adhika reserve kaivasham vaykkaam.
munny multiplier ashayam fraakshanal reserve baankinginte parambaraagatha thithreekaranamaanenkilum, ithu thettidharippikkunnathu vimarshikkappettittundu. federal reserve, baank oof englandu, dushe buntesbank, staanderd & povezhs rating ejansi enniva eee aashayathinte upayogathekkurichu vimarsanangal unnayichittundu. niravadhi rajyangal (canada, yuke, austreliya, sweeden polullava) niyamaparamaaya reserve aavasyakathakalonnum nischayichittilla. angane cheiyunna rajyangalil polum, karuthal dhanatthinte aavasyakatha kaivasham vachirikkunna nikshepangalude anupaathathilaanu, allathe neettaavunna vaaypakalude anupaathathilalla. adisthaana 3 oru maathruka sammarddamulla saahacharyathil prathekshikkunna 30 divasathe motham panamozhukkinu oru panalabyatha aavasyakatha nirnnayikkunnu (ithu neettaavunna vaaypakalumaayulla anupaathamallenn shradhikkuka); ennirunnaalum, panalabyatha pariraksha karuthal dhanamaayi nilanirthendathilla, marichu uyarnna nilavaaramulla eathenkilum draavaka aasthikalayi sookshikkendathundu.
vaanijya baank panatthinu (vaaypakal) "m", karuthal dhanathinu (central baank panam) "r", karuthal dhana anupaathathinu "rr" enningane ezhuthunna samavakyangalil, karuthal dhanatthinte bhinnasankhya "kuranjathu" karuthal dhanatthinte anupaathamaayirikkanam. formula 3 nalkunna paraspara soothravaakyam _ 2 edukkumbol vaanijya baank panam "paramavadhi" reserve time formula _ 4 aanu, randaamathethu gunakamaanu. (2020 maarchil, yunaittad stetsile ellah nikshepa sthaapanangaludeyum minimum reserve aavasyakatha nirthalaakki, praayogikamaayi rr = 0. ennirunnaalum, baankukal avarude mooladhana aavasyakatha anusarichu parimithappedutthunnu.)
baankukal avarude karuthal shekharam anuvadikkunna paramavadhi vaaypa nalkukayaanengil, asamathvam ekadesha samathvamaayi maarunnu, vaanijya baank panam central baank panatthinte gunithamaan. pakaram baankukal paramavadhi vaaypa nalkumbol adhika karuthal shekharam shekharikkukayaanenkil, vaanijya baank panam central baank panathekkaal "kuravaayirikkum".
1959 muthal amerikkayil, baankukal 1959 muthal 2008 august vareyulla 49 varshathe kaalayalavil anuvadaneeyamaaya paramavadhi vaaypa nalki, kuranja alavilulla adhika karuthal shekharam nilanirtthi, thudarnnu 2008 septambar muthal innuvareyulla kaalayalavil (november 2009) ganyamaaya adhika karuthal shekharam shekharichu. angane, aadya kaalayalavil, vaanijya baank panam eathaandu krithyamaayi central baank panatthinte gunithamaayirunnu, ennaal 2008 septambaril eee bandham avasaanichu.
nirvachanam.
pana gunakam vividha reethikalil nirvachikkappedunnu. ettavum lalithamaayi paranjaal, athine onnukil "vaanijya baank panam"/"central baank panam" enna sthithivivarakkanakku ennu nirvachikkaam, ithu vividha anubhavaparamaya alavukalude yadhaartha nireekshana alavukal adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, athaayath emm0 (adisthaana panam) ennathinekkaal emm2 (vishalamaaya panam), allengil ithu saidhaanthikamaaya "paramavadhi vaanijya baank panam/central baank panam" anupaathamaayirikkaam, reserve anupaathatthinte parasparamaayi nirvachikkappedunnu, formula 5 aadya (sthithivivarakkanakku) ardhathile gunakam vaanijya baank panatthileyum central baank panatthileyum maattangale adisthaanamaakki thudarchayaayi ettakkurachilukal sambhavikkunnu (ithu "paramavadhi" saidhaanthika gunakamaanengilum), athesamayam randaamathe (niyamaparamaaya) ardhathil gunakam reserve anupaathathe maathram aasrayichirikkunnu, athinaal niyamam maarunnillengil athu maarilla.
dhananayathinte aavasyangalkkaayi, central baank panatthile mattangal vaanijya baank panatthil varuthunna "pravachikkapetta swaadheenam" aanu ettavum kooduthal thaalpparyamullath, koodaathe dhananirmmaanatthinte vividha modalukalil, anubandha malttippiline (eee rund maattangalude anupatham) munny multiplier (aaa modalumaayi bandhapetta) ennu vilikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, aalukal nikshepangalude oru bhagam sthiramaayi panamaayi kaivasham vaykkunnuvennu oraal anumaanikkukayaanenkil, oraalkk oru "currency draine" variable (currency-deposit anupatham) cherkkukayum formula _ 6 nte gunakam nedukayum cheyyaam.
eee ashayangal saadhaaranayaayi vyathyastha perukalaal verthirichariyappedunnil; oraalkk avaa verthirichariyaan thaalpparyamundengil, anubhavaparamaya (allengil nireekshicha) gunakam, niyamaparamaaya (allengil saidhaanthika) gunakam, allengil model gunakam thudangiya perukalaal avaye verthirichedukkaam, pakshe iva saadhaarana upayogangalalla.
athupole, oraalkk "nireekshicha" reserve-deposit anupaathathe niyamaparamaaya (minimum) reserve anupaathathil ninnum "nireekshicha" currency-deposit anupaathathe anumanikkappetta modalil ninnum verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. eee saahacharyathil reserve-deposit anupaathavum currency-deposit anupaathavum nireekshanangalude "auttputtukalaanu", kaalakramena ettakkurachilukal undaakunnu. eee nireekshicha anupathangal dhananayathinte phalangalude pravachanangalkkayi model paaraamettarukalaayi ("inputtukal") upayogikkukayum avaa sthiramaayi thudarumennu anumaanikkukayum cheythaal, sthiramaaya oru gunakam kanakkaakkukayaanenkil, eee anupathangal yadhaarthathil maarunnillengil maathrame thathfalamaayundaakunna pravachanangal saadhuthayulloo. chilappol ithu nilanilkkunnu, chilappol athu illa; udaaharanathinu, central baank panatthile vardhana vaanijya baank panatthil vardhanavinu kaaranamaayekkam-eee anupathangal (angane gunanam) sthiramaayi thudarukayaanenkil-allengil adhika karuthal shekharathil vardhanavinu kaaranamaayekkam, pakshe vaanijya baank panatthil cheriyatho maattamo undaakilla, eee saahacharyathil karuthal nikshepa anupatham valarukayum gunakam kurayukayum cheyyum.
samvidaanam.
oru fraakshanal reserve banking samvidaanathil panam srishtikkunnathinu rund nirddesha samvidaanangalundu onnukil reserve aadyam central baank kuthivaykkukayum pinneedu vaanijya baankukal vaaypa nalkukayum cheyyuka, allengil vaaypakal aadyam vaanijya baankukal vipuleekarikkukayum pinneedu central baankil ninnu kadam vangiya reserve pinthunaykkukayum cheiyunnu. reserve phastt" model mukhyadharaa saambathikashaasthra paatapusthakangalil padippikkumbol "loonn phastt" model endogenous munny theoristukal vikasippicheduthittundu.
aadyathe model reserve cheiyunnu.
reserve phastt" enna pananirmmaana maathrkayil, oru nischitha reserve oru baank vaaypa nalkukayum pinneedu oru baankil nikshepikkukayum cheiyunnu (orupakshe vyathyasthamaayirikkam), athu veendum vaaypayaayi nalkukayum prakriya aavarthikkukayum aathyanthika phalam oru jyaamitheeya sreniyaavukayum cheiyunnu.
formula.
pana gunakam, reserve aavashyakathayude vipareethamaanu,
pothuvaaya soothravaakyam.
currency chorcha (panatthinte roopathil kurachu currency kaivasham vaykkaanulla janangalude aagraham kaaranam dhananayathinte swaadheenam kurayunnu), aavashyamaaya thukayekkaal kooduthal karuthal shekharam kaivasham vaykkaanulla baankukalude aagraham enniva sariyaakkaan, soothravaakyam
currency draine anupatham" ennathu panavum nikshepavum thammilulla anupaathamaayirikkumbol ithu upayogikkaam, athaayath.iii. sii/dii, aavasyamulla reserve anupatham aavashyamaaya reserve anupaathathinteyum adhika reserve anupaathathinteyum aakethukayaan.
aavasyamulla karuthal anupatham ennathu oru baank adhikavum aavashyamaayathumaaya karuthal shekharamaayi kaivasham vaykkaan thiranjedukkunna aasthikalude thukayaanu; baankukalil ninnu baankithara pothujanagalkk vaaypa nalkunna vipani nirakk adhika karuthal dhanatthinte palisha nirakkine kaviyunna thukayum federal fund nirakk adhika karuthal dhanatthinte palisha nirakkine kaviyunna thukayum kurayunna pravarthanamaanu. panatthinte gunakam aavasyamulla reserve anupaathathe prathikoolamaayi aashrayikkunnathinaal, panatthinte gunakam eee rund avasara chelavukaleyum anukoolamaayi aasrayichirikkunnu. koodaathe, currency draine anupaathathekkurichulla pothujanangalude thiranjeduppu currensic uyarnna draavaka pakarakkaarude vipani varumaana nirakkine prathikoolamaayi aasrayichirikkunnu; currency anupatham pana gunakathe prathikoolamaayi baadikkunnathinaal, eee pakarakkaarude varumanam pana gunakathe kriyaathmakamaayi badhikkunnu.
melpparanja soothravaakyam inipparayunna nadapadikramatthil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. saambathika adithara aikyathilekku saadhaarana nilayilakkatte. niyamaparamaaya karuthal anupatham, formula _ 9, adhika karuthal anupatham, formula _ 10, nikshepangalumaayi bandhapetta currency draine anupatham, formula _ 11 enniva nirvachikkuka; fandukalude aavasyam paridhiyillaathathaanennu karuthuka; appol nikshepangalude saidhaanthika unnatha paridhi inipparayunna shreniyaal nirvachikkappedunnu
formula _ 12.
samaanamaayi, pothujanangalude kaivashamulla panatthinte saidhaanthika uyarnna paridhi inipparayunna shreniyil nirvachikkappedunnu
soothravaakyam _ 13
vipaniyil vaaypa nalkia motham vaaypakalude saidhaanthikamaaya uyarnna paridhi inipparayunna shreniyil nirvachikkappedunnu
soothravaakyam _ 14
rund alavukalum samgrahichukondu, saidhaanthika pana gunakam ingane nirvachikkappedunnu
soothravaakyam _ 15
evide, soothravaakyam _ 16
jyaamitheeya shreni mukalil vivaricha prakriya inipparayunna pattikayil prathinidheekarikkam,
mesha.
20 sathamaanam reserve anupaathavum 100 dollar prarambha nikshepavum kanakkileduthu eee ree-lending prakriya (currency draine illaathe) inipparayunna reethiyil chithreekarikkaam
cheruthum cheruthumaaya thuka ethra thavana veendum samyojippichaalum, niyamaparamaaya karuthal shekharam orikkalum kaviyunilla-kaaranam athu niyamavirudhamaayirikkum.
vaaypayude aadya model.
panamundaakkalinte ithara maathrkayil, vaaypakal aadyam nalkunnathu vaanijya baankukalaanu-udaaharanathinu, 1,000 dollar vaaypakal (mukalil paranja udaaharanam pinthudarnnu), athinusesham baank nikshepakaril ninno (allengil mattu swakaarya dhanasahaya srothassukalil ninno) allengil central baankil ninno 100 dollar reserve kadam vaangendathundu. tulsi muur, steevu inshiyettu thudangiya saambathika vidagdhar munnottuvacha poost-keeneeshyan school oof moonittari surcuted sidhaantham polulla endogenous munny sidhaanthangalil eee kaazhchappaad purogamichirikkunnu.
phiin iii. kidland edward sii. saambathika aditharayo emm 1yoo eee chakrathe nayikkunnu ennathinu thelivukalonnumillennu prescoat vaadikkunnu.
aii. emm. eph gaveshana vibhaagathile jaromir benez maikkal kumhof vaadikkunnathu central baankinte munkaiyil dhanasamaharanangal srishtikkappedunna biruda saambathikashaasthra paatapusthakatthinte "nikshepa gunakam", baank vaaypayiloode gunithamaakunna banking samvidaanathilekku uyarnna shakthiyulla panam praadhamika kuthivayppiloode, dhana kaimatta samvidaanathinte yadhaartha pravartthanatthe athinte thalayil thirikkunnu ennaanu. ellaayppozhum, baankukal karuthal dhanathinaayi aavashyappedumbol, central baank athu nirbandhikkunnu. eee maathruka anusarichu, reserve oru niyanthranavum earppeduthunnilla, athinaal nikshepa gunakam oru midhyayaanu. athinaal swakaarya baankukalkku panamundaakkal prakriyayude poornna niyanthranam undennu rachayithakkal vaadikkunnu.
baank oof englandu upayogikkunna rund samvidaanangalekkurichu laankaastar yooniversitti maanejment skoolile joonn vittekkar vivarikkunnu. rund samvidaanangalilum, aavasyam niravettunnathinaayi central baank karuthal shekharam vitharanam cheiyunnu.
dhananayathinte prathyaaghaathangal.
panatthinte alavuthanthram anusarichu, dhananayathil gunakam oru pradhana punk vahikkunnu, koodaathe gunakam ennathu oru nischitha central baank panatthinte yoonit srishticha vaanijya baank panatthinte "paramavadhi" thukayum ekadesham "thulya" thukayum thammilulla vyathyasam dhananayathil pradhana prathyaaghaathangal undaakkunnu.
1959 muthal 2008 august vare amerikkayil cheythathupole baankukal kuranja alavilulla adhika karuthal shekharam nilanirthukayaanenkil, central baank panamundaakkal niyanthrikkunnathiloode vishalamaaya (vaanijya baank) panavitharanam central baankukalkku nannayi niyantrikkaan kazhiyum, kaaranam gunakam iva thammil nerittullathum sthiravumaaya bandham nalkunnu.
maruvashathu, mahaamaandyavum aii. dii. 1. nte saambathika prathisandhiyum polulla chila saambathika prathisandhikalil sambhavikkunnathupole baankukal adhika karuthal shekharam shekharikkukayaanenkil, chila saambathika vidagtharude abhipraayathil eee bandham thakarukayum central baankukalkku vishalamaaya panavitharanam churukkaan nirbandhikkukayum cheyyaam, pakshe athu valaraan nirbandhikkaruthu
veendum paranjaal, central baank panatthile vardhana vaanijya baank panatthilekku nayichekkilla, kaaranam panam vaaypayaayi nalkendathilla-pakaram athu upayogikkaatha karuthal shekharathinte (adhika karuthal shekharam) valarchaykku kaaranamaayekkam. eee saahacharyathe "oru charadilekku thallal" ennu vilikkunnu central baankinte panam pinvalikkunnath vaanijya baankukale vaaypa vettikkuraykkaan nirbandhitharaakkunnu (eee samvidaanathiloode oraalkk panam "valikkaan" kazhiyum), ennaal central baankinte panam nikshepikkunnathu vaanijya baankukale vaaypa nalkaan nirbandhitharakkunnilla (eee samvidaanathiloode oraalkk "thallaan" kazhiyilla).
adhika karuthal shekharathinte palisanirakku avatharippichathinethudar, 2008 augustil 2 bilyan dollaril ninnu 2009 novemberil 1,000 bilyan dollariladhikam varunna us baank adhika karuthal shekharam 500 madangu vardhichukondu, aii. dii. 1 enna saambathika prathisandhiyil adhika karuthal shekharathil valia valarchayundaayi.

