cubism

europian chitrakalayilum shilpathilum viplavamundaakkukayum samgeetham, saahityam, vaasthuvidya ennivayile anubandha kalaa prasthaanangalkk prachodanam nalkukayum cheytha irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil nadanna oru avant-gaard kalaa prasthaanamaanu cubism. kyoobist kalaasrishtikalil, vishayangal vishakalanam cheyyukayum vibhajikkukayum amoorthamaaya roopathil veendum kootticherkkukayum cheiyunnu-orotta veekshanakonil ninnu vasthukkale chithreekarikkunnathinum, kalaakaaran vishayathe onniladhikam veekshanakonil ninnu chithreekarikkukayum vishayathe kooduthal valia pashchaathalatthil prathinidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. irupathaam noottaandile ettavum swaadheenamulla kalaa prasthaanamaayi cubism kanakkaakkappedunnu. kanakkaakkappedunnu 1910kalilum pareesilo (montmarter, mondu parnasse) paareesinadutho (putox) nirmmicha vividha kalaasrishtikalumaayi "cubism" enna padam vishaalamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
pablo picaso jorjas brack eee prasthaanatthinu thudakkamittu, oppam jeane metsinger, albert glease, roobert delonay, henry leeii faukkaniyar, juvan griss, fernand legger ennivarum chernnu. cubisathilekku nayicha oru praadhamika swaadheenam pooll sessaneyude avasaanathe kruthikalil trimana roopathinte praathinidhyamaayirunnu. 1904 leeii saloon dii ottomneyil sessaneyude paintingukalude oru munkaala avalokanam nadannu, 1905,1906 saloon dii ottomnukalil nilavile srishtikal pradharshippichu, thudarnnu 1907 ll addehathinte maranashesham rund smaaraka munkaala avalokanangal nadannu.
fraansil, oorfisam, amoortha kala, pinneedu shudhikaranam ennivayulppede kyoobisathinte shaakhakal vikasichu. kyoobisathinte swaadheenam dooravyaapakavum vishaalavumaayirunnu. fraansilum mattu raajyangalilum cubisathinu marupadiyaayi futurism, paramadhikaaram, daadaa, constructivism, vortisism, dii stijl, art deco enniva vikasichu. aadyakaala bhaaviprakrithikal cubisavumaayi pothuvaayi nilanilkkunnu-bhoothakaalathinteyum varthamaanakaalathinteyum samyojanam, ore samayam allengil thudarchayaayi chithreekaricha vishayathekkurichulla vyathyastha kaazhchappaadukalude praathinidhyam, onniladhikam kaazhchappaad, samakalikatha allengil bahuswarata ennum vilikkunnu, athesamayam nirmmaanavaadatthe swaadheenichathu picasoyude prathyeka gadakangalil ninnulla shilpa nirmmaana saankethikathayaanu. eee vyathyastha chalanagal thammilulla mattu pothuvaaya noolukal jyaamitheeya roopangalude mukhamudra allengil lalithavalkkaranam, yaanthrikeekaranathinteyum aadhunika jeevithathinteyum bandham enniva ulppedunnu.
charithram.
charitrakaaranmaar kyoobisathinte charithrathe ghattangalayi thirichirikkunnu. oru padhathiyil, "analytic cubism" ennariyappedunna kyoobisathinte aadya ghattam, juvan griss eiii posttariyori srishticha oru vaachakam, 1910 num 1912 num idayil fraansil hraswavum ennaal valare pradhaanappettathumaaya oru kalaa prasthaanamenna nilayil samoolavum swaadheenamullathumaayirunnu. randaam gattamaaya "synthetic cubism" 1919-ll sarriyalist prasthaanam janapreeti nedunnathuvare pradhanamaayirunnu. engleesh kalacharithrakaaranaaya dougless kooppar thante "kyoobist yugam" enna pusthakatthil cubisathinte moonnu gattangal vivarichukondu mattoru padhathi nirddeshichu. koopparinte abhipraayathil picasoyudeyum brackinteyum studiyokalil eee prasthaanam thudakkathil vikasippichappol (1906 muthal 1908 vare) "aadyakaala cubism" undaayirunnu; randaam ghattathe "hye cubism" ennu vilichirunnu, (1909 muthal 1914 vare) aaa samayat juvan griss oru pradhana soochakamaayi uyarnnuvannu (1911 nuu sesham); oduvil kooppar "lettu cubism" (1914 muthal 1921 vare) kyoobisathinte avasana ghattamayi "radical avant-gaard prasthaanam" ennu paraamarshichu. brack, picaso, griss (1911 muthal), legger (oru paridhivare) ennivayude srishtikale verthirichariyaan dougless kooppar eee padangal niyantrithamaayi upayogichathu manahpoorvamaaya moolyanirnnayathe soochippikkunnu.
proto-cubism 1907-1908.
1907-1908 1907num idayil valarnnuvanna cubism. pablo picasoyude picasoyude painting "less demoiselles dii 'avignon" palappozhum oru proto-kyoobist kruthiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
1908-ll, kaanveelarinte galleryil nadanna georges braakkinte pradarshanathekkurichulla avalokanathil, niroopakanaaya luis voxellus brackine "ellaam, sthalangal, roopangal, veedukal, jyaamitheeya skeemakal, cubukal ennivayilekku kurachukondu" roopathe verukkunna dheeranaaya oru manushyan ennu visheshippichu.
brack [1908 saloon dii ottomnilekku] cheria cubukal kondu nirmmicha oru painting ayachu" ennu maattis akkaalat thannodu paranjathenganeyennu voxellus vivarichu. niroopakanaaya chaals morris maattisinte vaakkukal pracharippikkukayum braakkinte cheria cubukalekkurichu samsaarikkukayum cheythu. ell 'estaakkile vayadakttinte rooparekha roopathinte lalithavalkkaranavum kaazhchappaadinte nirmmanavum adayaalappeduthiya moonnu paintingukal nirmmikkaan brackine prachodippichu.
jorjas braakkinte 1908 leeii "houseukal attu ell 'estaakku" (anubandha kruthikal) 1909 march 25 nuu "gill blass" ennathil voxellukale "bisararies cubics" (cubic vichithrathakal) ennu paraamarsikkaan prerippichu. 1909ll picaso nirmmicha "horta dii ebroyile reservoir" polulla bhooprakrithiye aadyathe kyoobist paintingukalaayi gertrude steyin paraamarshichu. cubistukalude aadyathe samghaditha group exhibition 1911 leeii vasanthakaalath paareesile saloon dess indipendantil 'saale 41' enna muriyil nadannu; athil jeane metsinger, albert glease, fernand legger, roobert delone, henry leeii faukkaniyar ennivarude srishtikal ulppedunnu, ennittum picaso allengil braakkinte kruthikal pradarshippichilla.
1911 aayappozhekkum picaso kyoobisathinte kandupiduthakkaaranaayi amgeekarikkappettu, athesamayam ell 'estaakku landscapeukalile sthalam, vooliyam, maas ennivayekkurichulla addehathinte chikilsayumaayi bandhappett braakkinte praadhaanyavum munganana pinneedu vaadikkappettu. ennaal "kyoobisathekkurichulla eee veekshanam kalakaaranmaare cubistukal ennu vilikkendathinte vyakthamaaya niyantritha nirvachanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu", kalacharithrakaaranaaya christopher green ezhuthi "1911-ll saloon dess indipendantil pradharshippicha kalakaaranmaarude sambhaavanakale paarshwalkkarikkunnu...]"
sthalam, pindam, samayam, vooliyam ennivayude kyoobist chithreekaranam canvasinte parannathine pinthunaykkunnu (vairudhyam kaanikkunnathinekkaal) enna avakaashavaadam 1920-ll daniel-henry canweiller nadathiyathaanengilum 1950-kalilum 1960-kalilum ithu vimarsanathinu vidheyamaayirunnu, prathyekichu klement greenberg.
kyoobisathekkurichulla samakaalika kaazhchappaadukal sankeernamaanu, picasoyil ninnum brackle ninnum valare vyathyasthamaaya reethikal avaykku dvitheeyamaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyaathavidham "saale 41" cubistukalkku marupadiyaayi oru paridhivare roopappettu. athinaal kyoobisathinte badal vyaakhyaanangal vikasichittundu. kyoobisathekkurichulla vishalamaaya kaazhchappaadukalil pinneedu "saale 41" kalakaaranmaarumaayi bandhapetta kalakaaranmaar ulppedunnu.jii.francis picabia; 1911 avasaanathode dii 'oor (allengil putox group) vibhaagathinte kaathal roopeekaricha jackwus villan, reymond duchamp-villan, marsel duchamp ennee sahodaranmaar; silpikalaaya alexander archipenko, joseph saaki, osip sadkin, jackwus lipchits, henry laurence; luis marcosis, rogger dii laa fresney, frantisec kupka, diego rivera, leopold sarvej, auguste herbin, andrey lottu, gino severini (1916 nuu sesham), maria blard (1916 nuu sesham), georges valmier (1918 nuu sesham) thudangiya chithrakaaranmaar. kooduthal adisthaanaparamaayi, dougless koopparinte padangal "pinneedu picaso, brack, griss, legger ennivayude srishtikalude vyaakhyaanangalaal durbalappeduthappettuvne christopher green vaadikkunnu, athu praathinidhya reethikalekkaal pratheekathmakavum prathyayashaasthraparavumaaya chodyangalkku oonnal nalkunnu."
mechanical diagram upayogichu joonn berger kyoobisathinte saaramsham thirichariyunnu. "kyoobisathinte roopaka maathruka rekhaachithramaan adrishya prakriyakal, sakthikal, gadanakal ennivayude drishyamaaya pratheekathmaka praathinidyamaanu rekhaachithram. oru rekhaachithram roopathinte chila vashangal ozhivaakkendathilla, pakshe ivayum anukaranangalo vinodangalo aayi kanakkakkilla."
aadyakaala cubism 1909-1914.
kaanveelarinte cubistukalum saloon cubistukalum thammil vyakthamaaya vyathyaasamundaayirunnu. 1914 nuu munbu, picaso, brack, griss, legger (oru paridhivare) ennivarkku paareesile oru prathibaddhathayulla art dealeraya daniel-henry canvailerude pinthuna labhichu, avar avarude srishtikal vaangaanulla prathyeka avakaashathinu vaarshika varumanam urappunalki. canvealer oru cheria sarkkil vidagtharkku maathrame vittutheernnittullu. addehathinte pinthuna addehathinte kalaakaaranmaarkk aapekshika svakaaryathayil pareekshanangal nadathaanulla swaathanthryam nalki. picaso 1912 vare montmartrail jolie cheythappol onnaam lokamahaayudham vare brack griss avide thudarnnu. montpernassilaanu legger sthithicheythirunnathu.
ithinu vipareethamaayi, paareesile pradhana academic ithara saloonukalaaya saloon dii ottomnilum saloon dess indipendantukalilum pathivayi pradarshippichaanu saloon cubistukal praadhamikamaayi avarude prashasthi valarthiyathu. pothujanangalude prathikaranathekkurichum ashayavinimayam nadathendathinte aavashyakathayekkurichum avar anivaryamaayum kooduthal bodhavaanmaaraayirunnu. 1910ll thanne metsinchar, glease, delonay, legger enniva ulppedunna oru samgham roopeekarikkaan thudangi. boulivaard duu montpernassaic sameepamulla henry leeii foukkaniyarinte studiyoyil avar pathivayi kandumutty. eee sorikalil palappozhum gillom apollinaire, andrey saalman thudangiya ezhuthukaar ulppedunnu. mattu yuva kalakaaranmaarodoppam, niratthinu nalkunna navaa-impressionist oonnalinu virudhamaayi roopathekkurichulla oru gaveshanathinu oonnal nalkaan samgham aagrahichu.
luis voxelles, 26-aamath saloon dess indipendantsine (1910) kurichulla thante avalokanathil, metsinger, glease, delonay, legger, leeii faukkaniyar ennivaye "anjaraaya jyaamithikal" ennu paraamarsikkukayum manushyashareerathe, saittine, palid cubukalaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu."kurachu maasangalkk sesham 1910 leeii saloon dii ottomneyil, metsinger thante valare pottithericha" "nuu eiii laa chemini (nagna)" "pradharshippichu, athu pinneedu" "duu" "cubisme" "(1912)," "less pientress cubistus" "(1913) ennee chithrangalil punarnirmikkappettu".
1911 leeii vasanthakaalath indipendantukalil saloon pradarshanangalude falamaayi cubism srishticha aadyathe pothu vivaadam. metsinger, glease, delonay, leeii faukkaniyar, legger ennivar aadyamaayi cubism pothujanangalude shradhayilppeduthi. avatharippicha kyoobist kruthikalil, roobert delone thante "eefal gopuram, touur eefal" (soloman aarr. guggenheim museum, newyork).
athe varshathe saloon dii ottomneyil, "saale 41" enna indipendents groupinu purame, andrey lottu, marsell duchamp, jackwus villan, rogger dii laa fresney, andrey dunoire dii segonsac, frantisec kupka ennivarude kruthikal pradharshippichu. 1911 october 8-leeii "dhii newyork times" lakkathil eee pradarshanam avalokanam cheythu. gelettu bargasinte 'dhii wilde menn oof paarees' prasidheekarichu oru varshathinusheshavum, yaadhaarthyabodhamulla kalayodu parichitharaya amerikkakkaare athbhuthappeduthunna europian avant gaardinte pareekshanathmaka shailikal parichayappedutthiya aayudha pradarshanatthinu rund varsham munbum eee lekhanam prasidheekarichu. 1911-leeii "newyork times" lekhanathil 1909-nuu munbulla picaso, maattis, derrine, metsinger thudangiyavarude kruthikal chithreekarichittundu; 1911-leeii saloonil pradarshippichittilla. cubistukal paareesil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu" enna thalakkettilulla lekhanavum "exentrical school oof painting vardhippikkunnu" enna upasheershakavum nilavile art exhibishanil athinte pracharam vardhippikkunnu-athinte anuyaayikal enthaanu cheyyaan sramikkunnathu."
paarees phaal saloonile pradarshanathilulla ellah paintingukalilum "kyoobist" school ennu vilikkappedunna asaadhaarana nirmmanangal pole mattonnum shradha aakarshikkunnilla. vaasthavathil, paareesil ninnulla sandeshangal soochippikkunnathu eee kruthikal eluppathil pradarshanatthinte pradhana savisheshathayaanennu. [...]
kyoobist" sidhaanthangalude bhranthamaaya swabhaavam undaayirunnittum avaa avakaashappedunnavarude ennam valare maanyamaan. jorjas brack, andrey derrine, picaso, cobel, oothan fries, herbin, metsinger-iva kaanvaasukalil oppitta chila perukalaanu, ithinu munbu paarees nilakollukayum ippol veendum shoonyamaaya aashcharyathil nilkkukayum cheiyunnu.
avar enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathu? avarkk utharavaadikalaayavar bodham nashtappedutthiyittundu? athu kalayaano atho bhraanthaano? archariam?
swathanthrarude saloon.
thudarnnulla 1912 paareesil sthithicheyyunna saloon dess indipendents (20 march muthal 16 meyy 1912 vare) marsell dachaambinte "nagnamaayi oru padikal erangunna, illa. 2 ", athu thanne cubistukalkkidayil polum oru apavaadathinu kaaranamaayi. vaasthavathil addehathinte sahodaranmaarum mattu cubistukalum ulppetta thookkikkollal samiti ithu nirasichu. 1912 octoberil saloon dii laa sekshan dii oorilum 1913ll newyorkkile ayudhashala shoyilum eee kruthi pradharshippichenkilum, thante kruthi sensor cheythathinu duchamp orikkalum thante sahodaranmaarodum muun sahapravarthakarodum mapp paranjilla. saloon ramgathekku oru puthiya kootticherkkalaaya juvan griss thante "picasoyude chhaayaachitram" (art instittyoott oof chikkago) pradharshippichu, athesamayam metsingarinte rund pradarshanangalil "laa femme ooo cheval (kuthirayodoppam sthree)" 1911-1912 (denmaarkkinte deseeya gallery) ulppedunnu. delona smarakamaaya "laa ville dii paarees" (musey dii art moderne dii laa ville dii paarees), legarinte "laa nose", "dhaa vedding" (musey naashanal dii art modern, paarees) ennivayum pradharshippichirunnu.
galleries daalmou.
1912-ll galleries daalmou lokamembaadumulla kyoobisathinte aadyathe prakhyapitha group exhibition (exposisio dii art kyoobista) avatharippichu, jeane metsinger, albert glease, juvan griss, maari lorenzin, marsell duchamp (barsalona, epril 20 muthal meyy 10,1912 vare) ennivarude vivaada pradarshanathode. 26 kalakaaranmaarude 83 kruthikal ulkkollunnathaan dalmou pradarshanam. laa vee dii kaattalunya" enna pathratthil poornnamaayum vivarthanam cheyyukayum punarnirmmikkukayum cheytha kyoobist eksibishante aamukham ezhuthaan juck nairalinte gleasukalumaayulla bandham addehathe prerippichu. dachaambinte "nagnamaayi oru padikal erangunnathu, illa. 2 "aadyamaayi pradharshippichu.
europile aadhunikathayude vikasanathilum prachaaranatthilum oru shakthiyaayi gaalarikalaaya daalmou pradarshanatthinu munbum sheshavum vipulamaaya maadyama kavarej (pathrangalilum maasikakalilum) aarambhichu. pathravaartthakal vipulamaayirunnenkilum athu ellaayppozhum anukoolamaayirunnilla. esquella dii laa torratxa", "ell noticiaro yoonivezhsal" ennee pathrangalil apakeerthikaramaaya vaachakangal niranja kaarikkecharukalude oru parambara upayogichu cubistukale akramikkunna lekhanangal prasidheekarichu. kalacharithrakaaranaaya jaim brihuvega daalmou shoyekurich ezhuthunnu "pradarshanam pothujanangalil sakthamaaya bahalamundakki, avar athine valareyadhikam samshayathode swaagatham cheythu ennathil samshayamilla.
automotive saloon.
1912 leeii saloon dii ottomnilekkulla kyoobist sambhavana atharam kalaasrishtikal pradarshippikkaan grand paaley polulla sarkkar udamasthathayilulla kettidangal upayogikkunnathinekkur vivaadam srishtichu. raashtreeyakkaaranaaya jeane piyari philipp laampuvinte rosham 1912 october 5 nuu "leeii jenal" enna onnaam pejil idam nedi. vivaadam paarees munisippal kaunsililekku vyaapichu, ithu atharam kalayude vedhi nalkunnathinu pothu fund upayogikkunnathinekkur chambre dess deputiesil oru charchaykku kaaranamaayi. cubistukale soshyalist deputy marsell sempaatt prathirodhichu.
pothujanangalude roshathinte eee pashchaathalatthilaanu jeane metsinger albert glease "duu" cubisme "(1912 ll yujeen figuire prasidheekarichu, 1913 ll engleeshilekkum russian bhaashayilekkum vivarthanam cheythu) ezhuthiyathu. pradharshippicha kruthikalil leeii foukkaniyarinte vishalamaaya rachanayaya "less montagnards attaakvas paar dess ouvar (karadikal akramicha parvathaarohakar)" ippol rooad ailand school oof design myoosiyathil, joseph saskiyude "dukes phem, rund sthreekal" (ippol nashtappetta oru shilpam), kupakayude valare amoorthamaaya paintingukalkku purame, "amorpha" (deseeya gallery, prague), picabia "laa sozhs (spring)" (museum oof moden art, newyork) enniva ulppedunnu.
amoorthavum readymaid.
kyoobisathinte ettavum theevramaaya roopangal picaso brack parisheelichirunnavayirunnayiru, avar samboornna amoortheekaranathe ethirthu. mattu cubistukal, prathyekichu frantisec kupka, apollinaire (delonay, legger, picabia, duchamp) oorfistukalaayi kanakkakkunnavar ennivar drishyamaaya vishayavasthukkal poornnamaayum neekkam cheythukondu amoorthathvam sweekarichu. 1912 leeii saloon dii ottomneyile kupkayude rund entrikal, "amorpha-fugue eiii dukes kooliyezhs", "amorpha chrometic chaud" enniva valare amoorthavum (allengil praathinidhyamillaathava) ooriyanteshanil metaafisikkalum aayirunnu. 1912-leeii duchamb 1912 muthal 1914 vare picabia sankeernamaaya vaikaarikavum laingikavumaaya prameyangalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna oru aavishkaaraparavum samagravumaaya amoortheekaranam vikasippichu. 1912 muthal delonai "oresamayam vindokal" enna peril paintingukalude oru parambara varachu, thudarnnu "formez circulairukal" enna peril oru parambara varachu, athil addeham planner gadanakale thilakkamulla presmetic nirangalumayi samyojippichu; samyojitha nirangalude opttikkal savisheshathakale adisthaanamaakki, chithrangalude thithreekaranatthil yaadhaarthyathil ninnulla addehathinte verpiriyal ardha-poornnamaayirunnu. 1913-14 legger "roopangalude vairudhyangal" enna peril oru parambara nirmmichu, ithu niram, varii, roopam ennivaykku samanamaaya sammarddam nalkunnu. addehathinte cubism, athinte amoortha gunangal undaayirunnittum, yaanthrikeekaranathinteyum aadhunika jeevithathinteyum prameyangalumaayi bandhappettirunnu. less pinetress cubistus" (1913) enna kruthiyil abstraakt kyoobisathinte eee aadyakaala sambhavavikaasangale apollinaire pinthunachu, vishayam ozhinjupoya oru puthiya "shudha" paintinginekkurichu ezhuthi. ennaal addeham oorfisam enna padam upayogichittum eee kruthikal valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu, avaye orotta vibhaagathil ulppeduthaanulla shramangale avar ethirkkunnu.
apollinaire oru oorfist ennu mudrakuthiya marsell duchamp cubisil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda mattoru theevramaaya vikasanathinu kaaranamaayi. eee kruthi thanne oru vasthuvayi (oru painting pole) kanakkaakkappedunnu, athu lokathinte metteeriyal ditrittas upayogikkunnu (kyoobist nirmmaanatthilum asambliyilum kolash, papier kooll) enna samyuktha pariganayil ninnaan readymaid uthbhavichath. duchampine sambandhichidatholam adutha yukthisahamaya ghattam, oru saadhaarana vasthuvine svayam prathinidheekarikkunna svayamparyaapthamaaya kalaasrishtiyaayi avatharippikkuka ennathaayirunnu. 1913ll addeham oru adukkala stoolil oru saikkil wheel gadippikkukayum 1914ll kuppi unakkunna oru raakk athintethaaya reethiyil oru shilpamaayi thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
dii 'oor vibhaagam.
1911 muthal 1914 vare sajeevamaayirunna cubism, oorfisam ennivayumaayi bandhapetta chithrakaaranmaar, shilpikal, vimarshakar ennivarude oru koottamaayirunnu "group dii putox" ennum ariyappedunna "sekshan dii oor", 1911 leeii saloon dess indipendantil avarude vivaada pradarshanatthinte pashchaathalatthil praadhaanyathilekku vannu. 1912 octoberil paareesile gallery laa bottiyile "saloon dii laa sekshan dii oor" onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla ettavum pradhanappetta kyoobist pradarshanamaayirunnu; cubism vishalamaaya prekshakarkku thurannukaattunnu. 200-ladhikam kruthikal pradarshippikkukayum 1909 muthal 1912 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil pala kalakaaranmaarum avarude vikasanathe prathinidheekarikkunna kalaasrishtikal pradarshippikkukayum cheythath pradarshanatthinu oru kyoobist retrospective enna aakarshanam nalki.
paareesile montmarter kwaarttarile pablo picaso jorjas brack samaantharamaayi vikasippichedutha kyoobisathinte idungiya nirvachanathil ninnu svayam verthirichariyaan eee samgham dii 'oor enna peru sweekarichathaayi thonnunnu, koodaathe cubism, oru otappetta kalaaroopamaayirikkunnathinum, oru mahathaaya paarambaryatthinte thudarchaye prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu kaanikkunnu (theerchayaayum, suvarnna anupatham kuranjathu 2,400 varshamenkilum vaividhyamaarnna thaalpparyangalulla paashchaathya budhijeevikale aakarshichirunnu).
metsinger, glease, jackwus villan ennivar thammilulla sambhashanangalil ninnaan dii oor enna vibhaagam enna ashayam uthbhavichath. 1910 ll leonardo davinchiyude josephine peladan ezhuthiya "traattaatto della pittura" yude vivarthanam vaayichathin sheshamaan villan grouppinte peru nirddeshichathu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum europpukaar aafrikkan, polynesian, micronesian, thaddesheeya american kalakal kandethukayaayirunnu. pooll gaugin, henry maattis, pablo picaso thudangiya kalakaaranmaar aaa videsha samskaarangalude shailikalude shakthiyilum laalithyathilum aakrishtaraakukayum prachodanam ulkkollukayum cheythu. 1906 oode, iru kalakaaranmaarum aduthide aadimathvam, iberian shilpam, aafrikkan kala, aafrikkan gotra maaskukal ennivayil thaalparyam nediya oru samayathaan picaso gertrude steyiniloode maattiseye kandumuttiyath. avar sauhruda athiraalikalaayi maarukayum avarude kariyariludaneelam parasparam malsarikkukayum cheythu, orupakshe 1907 aayappozhekkum picaso thante kruthiyil oru puthiya kaalaghattatthilekku praveshikkunnathilekku nayichu, ithu greak, iberian, aafrikkan kalakalude swaadheenathaal adayaalappeduthunnu. 1907-leeii picasoyude paintingukal protocubism aayi visheshippikkappettindu, kyoobisathinte mungamiyaaya "less demoiselles dii avignanil" ithu shradheyamaayi kaanapedunnu.
pooll gauginum pooll sessan "kyoobisathinte roopeekaranathil prathyekichu swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheluthukayum 1906lum picasoyude paintingukalkku prathyekichum praadhaanyamullavayumaayirunu" ennu kalaa charitrakaaranaaya dougless kooppar prasthaavikkunnu. kooppar thudarnnu parayunnu "demoisellukale" saadhaaranayaayi aadyathe kyoobist chithram ennu vilikkunnu. ithu oru athishayokthiyaan, kaaranam ithu kyoobisathilekkulla oru pradhana aadyapadiyaanenkilum athu ithuvare kyoobist aayittilla. athil vighaathamundaakkunna, aavishkaaravaada ghadakam lokathe verpeduthappettathum yaadhaarthyabodhathodeyum nokkunna kyoobisathinte aathmaavin virudhamaanu. ennirunnaalum, kyoobisathinte arambha pooyintaayi edukkenda yukthisahamaya chithramaanu "demoisellukal", kaaranam ithu oru puthiya chithraathmaka bhaashayude jananathe adayaalappeduthunnu, kaaranam athil picaso akramaasakthamaayi sthaapithamaaya kanvenshanukale attimarichu, thudarnnullathellaam athil ninnu valarnnu."
demoisellukale" kyoobisathinte uthbhavamaayi kanakkakkunnathinodu ettavum gurutharamaaya ethirppu, aadima kalayude vyakthamaaya swaadheenathode, "atharam kizhivukal charithravirudhamaanu", kalaa charitrakaaranaaya daniel robins ezhuthi. eee parichithamaaya vishadeekaranam "picasoyude puthiya painting vikasichathinu thottumumbum sheshavum nilaninnirunna oru kalayude sankeernathakal vendathra pariganikkunnathil pariganikkunnathil paraajayappedunnu."1905num idayil, oru puthiya shailikkaayulla bodhapoorvamaaya thirachil france, jarmmani, netherlands, itali, russia ennividangalil udaneelam kalayil druthagathiyilulla maattangalkk kaaranamaayi. impressionistukal eratta kaazhchappaad upayogichirunnu, less nabis pratheekaathmakavaadikalum (sessane prashamsichavarum) chitra thalathe parannathakki, avarude vishayangal lalithamaaya jyaamitheeya roopangalilekku churukki. neo-impressionist ghadanayum vishayavasthuvum, prathyekichu georges seraattinte kruthikalil kaanapedunnu (udha.jii.paredu dii sirkk", "leeii chahoot", "leeii sirkk"), mattoru pradhana swaadheenamaayirunnu. saahithyathinteyum saamoohikachinthayudeyum vikasanathilum samaanathakalundaayirunnu.
seraattin purame, kyoobisathinte verukal sessaneyude pilkkala kruthiyude rund vyathyastha pravanathakalil kaanapedunnu aadyam addeham varacha uparithalathe paintinte cheria bahumukha mekhalakalaayi vibhajikkukayum athuvazhi binocular kazhcha nalkunna bahuvachana veekshanathinu oonnal nalkukayum randaamathaayi prakrithi roopangale silindarukal, golangal, konukal ennivayaayi lalithamaakkunnathil addehathinu thaalpparyavumundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, cubistukal eee ashayam sessanecal kooduthal paryavekshanam cheythu. ore chithrathalatthil chithreekaricha vasthukkalude ellah prathalangaleyum avaa prathinidheekarikkunnu, vasthukkalkk ore samayam avayude ellah mukhangalum drishyamaakunnathupole. eee puthiya tharatthilulla chithreekaranam chitrakalayilum kalayilum vasthukkale drishyavalkkarikkaavunna reethiyil viplavam srishtichu.
1920 kalude avasaanathil kyoobisathekkurichulla charitraparamaaya patanam aarambhichu, aadyam parimithamaaya daattayude uravidangalil ninnu, athaayath gillom appolineyarinte abhipraayangalil ninnu. picaso, brack, legger, griss ennivayude vikasanangale kendreekarichulla danielle-henry canvailerude "derr vegue sum cubismus" (1920 ll prasidheekarichathu) enna pusthakatthe ithu valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu. pinneedu uyarnnuvanna "analytical", "synthetic" ennee padangal padangal madhyam muthal vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappettittundu. rund padangalum avar thirichariyunna vasthuthakalkk sesham sambhavicha charitraparamaaya nirddeshangalaanu. anubandha pravrithikal srishtikkunna samayat oru ghattavum nirddeshichittilla. "canvealer kyoobisathe picaso brack aayi kanakkaakkunnundenkil", daniel robins ezhuthi, "mattu cubistukalude srishtikal aaa parimithamaaya nirvachanatthinte kaadinyathinu vidheyamaakkunnathil maathramaan njangalude oreyoru thettu."
brackinteyum picasoyudeyum srishtikal manasilakkunnathinulla oru maargamaayi "poost facto" roopappeduthiya "cubism" ennathinte parambaraagatha vyaakhyaanam irupathaam noottaandile mattu kalakaaranmaarodulla nammude aadaravine baadhichu. parambaraagatha kyoobisathil ninnulla adisthaana vyathyaasangal avare cubistukal ennu vilikkanamo ennu chodikkaan canvailere nirbandhitharaakkiya jeane metsinger, albert glease, roobert delone, henry leeii faukkaniyar thudangiya chithrakaaranmaarkku ithu baadhakamaakkaan prayaasamaan. daniel robinsinte abhipraayathil, "eee kalakaaranmaar parambaraagatha maathrkayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi vikasichatho vyathyasthamayi vikasichatho aayathinal avar kyoobisathile dvitheeya allengil upagraha rollylake tharamthaazhthappedaan arharaanenn soochippikkunnathu oru valia thettaanu."
1908ll brack varacha oru chithravumaayi bandhappett maattis "cubes" ennu paraamarsikkukayum vimarsakanaaya luis voxellus samanamaaya pashchaathalatthil eee padam rund thavana prasidheekarikkukayum cheythuvenna vasthuthaye "cubism" enna padatthinte charithram saadhaaranayaayi oonnipparayunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1906-ll mattoru niroopakanaaya luis chaasevant picaso brackineo paraamarshikkaathe metsingarineyum delona paraamarsikkunna 'cube' enna vaakk upayogichu
cube" enna vaakkinte vimarsanaathmaka upayogam kuranjathu 1901 meyy maasathilekkenkilum pookunnu, "art ettu littarachar" enna chithratthile indipendantukalil henry-edmund krosinte srishtikal avalokanam cheythukondu jeane beral abhipraayappettath addeham "mosaikkinte bhavam nalkunna valuthum chathuravumaaya poyintilisam upayogikkunnu ennaanu. kalaakaaran enthukondaanu vividha nirangalulla kharapadaarthangalude cubukal upayogikkaathathenn polum oraal athbhuthappedunnu avaa manoharamaaya punarnirmmaanangal nadatthum."(roobert herbert, 1968, peju. 221)
pradhaanamaayum metsinchar, glease, delonay, legger ennivaye paraamarshichu 1911 vare cubism enna padam pothuvaayi upayogichirunnilla. 1911-ll kaviyum niroopakanumaaya gillom apollinaire brassels indipendantukalil pradarshippikkaan shanikkappetta oru koottam kalaakaaranmaarkk vendi eee padam sweekarichu. adutha varsham, saloon dii laa sekshan dii oorinte thayyaareduppinaayi, metsinger glease eee vaakkin chuttumulla ashayakkuzhappam illaathaakkaanulla shramathilum cubisathinte pradhana prathirodhamaayum (1911 leeii saloon dess indipendentsineyum 1912 leeii paareesile saloon dii ottomineyum thudarnnu oru pothu kumbhakonathinu kaaranamaaya) "duu" cubisme "ezhuthukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. kalakaaranmaar enna nilayil avarude lakshyangal vyakthamaakkunna eee kruthi kyoobisathekkurichulla aadyathe saidhaanthika grandhamaayirunnu, athu ippozhum ettavum vyakthavum manassilakkaavunnathumaayi thudarunnu. athinte rund rachayithakkal thammilulla sahakaranm mathramalla, putoxilum corbevoyiyilum kandumuttya kalakaaranmaarude charchakal prathiphalippicha phalam. prasidheekaranathinu munbu athinte bhagangal vaayikkapetta picabia duchamp sahodaranmaarum ulppedunna "paasiyude kalakaaranmaarude" manobhaavathe ithu prathiphalippichu. sthalathileyum samayathileyum vyathyastha pooyintukalil ninnu oresamayam oru vishayathe nireekshikkuka enna "duu" cubisme "enna aashayathil vikasippicheduthath, athaayath.iii.oru vasthuvine thudarchayaayi niravadhi konukalil ninnu pidichedukkunnathinaayi oru chithrathilekku (onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukal, mobail kaazhchappaad, samakalikatha allengil bahuswarata) samyojippichukondu oru vasthuvine chuttikkarangunna pravartthanam, cubistukal upayogikkunna pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappetta upakaranamaan.
metsinger glease chernnu 1912ll puratthirakkiya manifesto "duu" cubisme "yeei thudarnnu 1913ll gillom appolineyarinte prathiphalanangaludeyum vyaakhyaanangaludeyum samahaaramaaya" less pinetress cubistus "puratthirangi. 1905 muthal picasoyumaayi adutha bandhamullathum 1907 muthal brack aarambhichathum apollinaire aayirunnuvenkilum metsinger, glease, delonay, picabia, duchamp thudangiya kalaakaaranmaarkk athra shradha nalki.
nalki pradarshanam cubism traansit cheytha thudar gattangal kaanikkunnathinaayi kyoorett cheythathum eee avasarathinaayi "duu" cubisme "prasidheekarichathum, avarude srishtikal vishalamaaya prekshakarkku (kalaa niroopakar, art collectormar, art dealermar, pothujanangal) manassilakkaan kazhiyumenna kalakaaranmaarude uddeshyathe soochippikkunnu. pradarshanatthinte valia vijayam kaaranam, oru prathyeka pothu thathwachinthayo lakshyamo ulla kalayile oru vibhaagamo shailio aayi amgeekarikkappetta avant-gaard prasthaanamaayi cubism maari ennathil samshayamilla.
kristtal cubism 1914-1918.
1914-1918 1914num idayil cubisathinte ganyamaaya maattam valia overlapping jyaamitheeya thalangalkkum paranna uparithala pravarthanangalkkum sakthamaaya oonnal nalkunnathilekkulla maattatthiloode soochippichu. soochippichu 1917num idayil prathyekichu praadhaanyamulla eee painting, shilpa shailikal, niravadhi kalakaaranmaar parisheelichirunnu; prathyekichu art dealer kalaktarumaayum kararilullavar leons rosenberg. rachanakalude karsanamaakkal, eee kruthikalil prathifalikkunna vyakthathayum kramabodhavum vimarsakanaaya mouris rainal ithine 'kristtal' cubism ennu vilikkaan kaaranamaayi. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathinu munbu cubistukal prakadippicha parigananakal-naalam maanam, aadhunika jeevithathinte chalanathmakatha, nigoodatha, henry bergsonte dairkhyathekkurichulla ashayam-ippol shoonyamaakki, pakaram poornnamaayum aupachaarikamaaya oru reference chattakkood.
kristtal cubisavum athinte anubandhamaaya "rappel eiii ell oordarum" oru chaayvumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu-sayudha senaye sevichavarum sivilian mekhalayil thudarnnavarumaayavar-samgharshasamayathum nerittum mahayudhathinte yaadhaarthyangalil ninnu rakshappedunnathinaayi. 1914 muthal muthal madhyam vare cubism shudheekarikkunnathu, athinte ekeekritha aikyavum swamedhayaa ulla parimithikalum upayogichu, franch samoohathilum franch samskaarathilum yaadhaasthithikathayilekkulla valare vishalamaaya prathyayashaasthra parivarthanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
1918 nuu sheshamulla cubism.
kyoobisathinte ettavum noothanamaaya kaalaghattam 1914 nuu munbaayirunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham, dealer leons rosenberginte pinthunayode, cubism kalakaaranmaarude oru kendra prashnamaayi thirichetthi, 1920 kalude pakuthi vare paareesile jyaamitheeya amoortheekaranathinteyum sarriyalisathinteyum aavirbhaavathaal athinte avant-gaard padavi chodyam cheyyappedunnathuvare athu thudarnnu. picaso, brack, griss, legger, glease, metsinchar ennivayulppede niravadhi cubistukal mattu shailikal vikasippikkumbol, 1925 nuu sheshavum idaykkide cubisathilekku madangi. 1920 kalilum 1930 kalilum american stuvartt davinteyum engleeshmaanaaya benn nikkolsanteyum kruthiyil cubism veendum uyarnnuvannu. ennirunnaalum, fraansil, 1925 muthal cubism oru idivu anubhavichu. leons rosenberg canvealerude naadukadatthalil kudungiya kalakaaranmaare mathramalla, laurence, lipchits, metsinger, glease, saaki, herbin, severini ennivayulppedeyulla mattullavareyum pradharshippichu. 1918ll rosenberg paareesile thante gallery dii ell effort modenil kyoobist eksibishanukalude oru parambara avatharippichu. cubism marichuvennu vadikkaan luis voxelles shramichuvenkilum 1920 leeii saloon dess indipendantukalile nannayi chittappedutthiya kyoobist shoyum athe varsham saloon dii laa sekshan dii oorinte punarujjeevanavum chernnu eee pradarshanangal athu ippozhum jeevichirippundennu theliyichu.
piyari reverdy, mouris rainal, daniel-henry canweiller ennivarude saidhaanthika rachanayude ekadesham 1917-24 roopathil ninnum kalakaaranmaarkkidayil griss, legger, glease ennivarude roopeekaranavumaayi kyoobisathinte punarujjeevanam poruthappettu. eee kaalayalavil niravadhi kalakaaranmaar anubhavicha (neoclassism ennu vilikkappedunna) klaasikkisathilekkulla edaykkideyulla thirichuvaravu-kyoobist srishtikalodoppam maathramo aalankaarikamaaya srishtikaloo-yudhathinte yaadhaarthyangalil ninnu rakshappedaanulla pravanathayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, koodaathe yudhasamayathum thottupinnaleyum fraansinte classical allengil laattin prathichaayayude saamskaarika aadhipathyavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 1918 nuu sheshamulla cubism franch samoohathilum samskaarathilum yaadhaasthithikathayilekkulla vishalamaaya prathyayashaasthra maattatthinte bhaagamaayi kaanaan kazhiyum. ennittum, griss, metsinger thudangiya vyakthigatha kalakaaranmaarude pravarthanangalilum brack, legger, glease thudangiya kalakaaranmaarude srishtikalilum cubism thanne parinamaparamaayi thudarnnu. pothuvaayi charcha cheyyappedunna oru prasthaanamenna nilayil cubism thaarathamyena ekeekrithavum nirvachanathinu thurannathumaanu. athinte saidhaanthika vishudhi athine yaadhaarthyam allengil prakrithivaadam, daadaa, sarriyalisam, amoorthathvam thudangiya vaividhyamaarnna pravanathakale thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru alavukolaakki.
eshyayile swaadheenam.
eshyayile cubism aadyamaayi swaadheenicha rajyangalil onnaanu japan chinayum. 1910-kalil japanese art jenalukalil vivarthanam cheyth prasidheekaricha europian grandhangaliloodeyaanu sanbarkkam aadyamaayi sambhavichathu. sambhavichathu paareesil padicha japanese, chainees kalakaaranmaar, udaaharanathinu ekkol naashanal superrior dess beaux artsil chernnavar, cubism ulppedeyulla aadhunika kalaa prasthaanangalekkurichu dhaarana iruvarkkumaayi thirike konduvannu. kyoobist gunangal prakadippikkunna sradheyamaaya kruthikal tetsugoro yorosuvinte "chuvanna annukalulla svayam chhaayaachitram" (1912), fang gaanminte "sharathkaalathile madhuryam" (1934) ennivayaayirunnu.
vyaakhyaanam.
uddeshyangalum vimarsanangalum.
picasoyudeyum brackinteyum cubisathinu saankethikamo aupachaarikamo aaya praadhaanyathekkaal kooduthal undaayirunnu, saloon cubistukalude vyathyastha manobhaavangalum uddeshyangalum avarude srishtiyil ninnu uruthirinjathinekkaal vyathyastha tharam cubism srishtichu. "eathaayaalum, eee mattu cubistukal faceting, 'pasej', onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukal thudangiya saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkunnathin picaso brackineyum ethratholam aashrayichirunnuvenn oru tharatthilum vyakthamalla; aadyaghattangalil 'yadhaartha' kyoobisathekkurichu cheria arivode, sesanekkurichulla avarude swantham dhaaranayiloode nayikkappedunna atharam sanbradaayangalil avarkk athicheraamaayirunnu."1911, 1912 saloonukalil eee cubistukal pradharshippicha srishtikal parambaraagatha sessan polulla vishayangalkkapuram-poses cheytha model, nischalajeevitham, bhooprakrithi-picaso brack valia thothilulla aadunikajeevitham ulppeduthunnathinu eshtappettu. oru valia pothujanatthe lakshyamitulla eee kruthikal, saahityaparavum daarshanikavumaaya ardhangalulla vishayangalude vaagmitham samrakshikkumbol, avishkaara phalathinaayi onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukalum sankeernamaaya planner vashangalum upayogikkunnathine oonnipparanju.
duu" "cubisme" metsincharil, glaise cheyyukayum samayabodhathe onniladhikam veekshanangalumayi vyakthamaayi bandhappeduthukayum, thathwachinthakanaaya henry bergson nirddeshicha 'dairkhyam' enna aashayathin pratheekathmaka aavishkaaram nalkukayum cheiyunnu, athinanusarichu jeevitam aathmanishtamaayi oru thudarchayaayi anubavikkunnu, bhoothakaalam varthamaanakaalathekk ozhukunnu, varthamaanakaalam bhaviyil layikkunnu. kazhinja, varthamaanakaala, bhaavi thammilulla vyathyaasangal mangikkukayum bodhatthinte draveekaranathekkurichu shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya bodham ariyikkaan saloon cubistukal kharavum sthalavum onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukalude phalangalum upayogichu. picaso, brack ennivayil ninnu swathanthramaayi saloon cubistukal nadatthiya pradhana saidhaanthika kandupiduthangalilonn, henry poincare, ernst mack, chaals henry, mouris princet, henry bergson ennivarude sidhaanthangale kooduthalo kuravo varacha "samakalikatha" yaayirunnu. oresamayam, prathyeka speshyal, temporal manangal enna ashayam samagramaayi velluvilikkapettu. navothaanakaalathu vikasippichedutha rekheeya veekshanam shoonyamaayi. vishayam oru prathyeka veekshanakonil ninnu oru samayat pariganichirunnilla, marichu thudarchayaaya kaazhchappaadukal pinthudarnnu nirmmichathaanu, athaayath.iii.onniladhikam konukalil ninnu (onniladhikam alavukalil) oresamayam nokkunnathupole, kannin onnil ninnu mattonnilekku swathanthramaayi karangaam.
1910 leeii saloon dii autominil pradharshippicha metsingarinte "nuu eiii laa chemini" yill samakalikatha, onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukal (allengil aapekshika chalanam) prathinidheekarikkunna eee saankethikatha uyarnna sankeernathayilekku thallappedunnu; 1912 leeii saloon dii laa sekshan dii ooril pradharshippicha 'leeii depeakej dess moisons (vilaveduppu nool)'; 1911 leeii indipendantukalil kaanicha leeii foukkaniyarinte 'samriddhi'; 1912 ll indipendantukalil pradharshippicha delona 'paarees nagaram'. eee abhilasha kruthikal kyoobisathinte charithratthile ettavum valia paintingukalil chilathaanu. 1912-ll saloon dess indipendantil kaanicha legarinte "vivaham", bhoothakaalathodum varthamaanakaalathodumulla prathikaranangal koottaaya shakthiyode parasparam nuzhanjukayarunna orotta thaalkkaalika chattakkoodinullil sambhavikkunnathayi vyathyastha roopangal avatharippichu samakalikatha enna aashayathin roopam nalki. atharam vishayavasthukkalude samyojanam saloon kyoobisathe umberto bokyoni, gino severini, carlo kaaraa ennivarude aadyakaala futurist paintingukalumaayi krameekarikkunnu; aadyakaala cubisathinu marupadiyaayi avar thanne nirmmichu.
1913ll newyork nagaratthil nadanna aadhunika itihaasa aayudha pradarshanatthil cubisavum aadhunika europian kalayum amerikkayil avatharippikkappettu, athu pinneedu chikkagoyilekkum bostanilekkum pooyi. ayudhashala shoyil pablo picaso "laa femme ooo pottu dii moutaard" (1910), shilpam "oru sthreeyude thala (fernand)" (1909-10), "less arbrez" (1907) enniva mattu kyoobist kruthikalkkoppam pradharshippichu. jackwus villan pradhanappettathum valuthumaaya ezhu dripoyintukal pradharshippichappol addehathinte sahodaran marsell duchamp thante painting "nagnamaayi oru padikal erangunna, illa" enna chithratthiloode american pothujanangale njettichu. 2 "(1912). francis picabia thante amoorthamaaya "laa danze eiii laa sozhs", "laa ghoshayaathra, seville" (1912) enniva pradharshippichu. albert glease "laa femme ooks phlox" (1910), "ell hoome ooo balcony" (1912) enniva pradharshippichu, uyarnna shailiyilullathum mukhaakrithiyilullathumaaya rund kyoobist kruthikal. jorjas brack, fernand legger, reymond duchamp-villan, rogger dii laa fresney, alexander archipengo ennivarum avarude kyoobist kruthikalkku udaaharanagal nalki.
kyoobist shilpam.
paintingilennapole, kyoobist shilpam pooll sessan peyint cheytha vasthukkale ghadaka thalangalaayum jyaamitheeya kharavasthukkalaayum (cubukal, golangal, silindarukal, konukal) kuraykkunnathil veroonniyathaanu. chithrakalayilennapole, athu oru vyapakamaaya swaadheenamaayi maarukayum kanstrakttivisatthinum futurisathinum adisthaanaparamaayi sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu.
kyoobist paintinginu samaantharamaayi kyoobist shilpam vikasippicheduthu. 1909 leeii sharathkaalathil picaso negatteevu space chithreekaricha positteev savisheshathakalulla "oru sthreeyude thala (fernand)" kothivachu. dougless kooppar parayunnathanusarichu "aadyathe yadhaartha kyoobist shilpam picasoyude aakarshakamaaya" vumans head "aayirunnu, ithu 1909-10 maathrkayil nirmmichathaanu, akkaalathe addehathinte paintingukalile samanamaaya vishakalanaparavum mukhamullathumaaya niravadhi thalakalumayi moonnu maanangalil ithu prathiroopamaayirunnu."eee positteev/negatteevu reversalukal alexander archipengo 1912-13 ll, udaaharanathinu" "vuman wacking" "ll, aakaamkshayode chooshanam cheythu". archipengoic sesham paareesile cubistukalil chernna aadyathe silpiyaanu joseph saaki, 1911 muthal addehathodoppam pradharshippichu. avare pinthudarnnu reymond duchamp-villanum thudarnnu 1914-ll jackwus lipchits, henry laurence, osip sadkin ennivarum.
vaasthavathil, kyoobist nirmmaanam eathoru pictorial kyoobist naveekaranatheyum pole swaadheenamullathaayirunnu. noom gaboyude vladymyr taatlinteyum aadya-nirmmaana pravarthanangalkku pinnile prachodanamaayirunnu ithu, angane irupathaam noottaandile aadhunika silpakalayile muzhuvan nirmmaana pravanathayudeyum arambha pooyint.
vaasthuvidya.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kalayum vaasthuvidya thammilulla oru pradhana bandhamaan cubism. chitrakala, shilpam, vaasthuvidya ennivayile avant-gaard sanbradaayangal thammilulla charitraparavum saidhaanthikavum saamoohika-raashtreeyavumaaya bandhangalkk france, jarmmani, netherlands, checoslovakia ennividangalil aadyakaala prathyaaghaathangalundaayirunu. cubisavum vaasthuvidya thammil niravadhi vibhajana bindukkalundenkilum avaa thammil kurachu nerittulla bandhangal maathrame varaykkaan kazhiyoo. mikkappozhum kanakshanukal pankitta aupachaarika swabhaavasavisheshathakale paraamarshichaanu undaakkunnath roopathinte vasham, speshyal avyakthatha, suthaaryatha, bahuswarata.
classical veekshanathinte midhyaadhaaranakalillaathe lalithamaaya jyaamitheeya roopangal upayogichu trimana roopathinte vighadanathilum punarnirmmaanatthilum kendreekrithamaaya kyoobisathilulla vasthuvidyaa thaalparyam. vaividhyamaarnna gadakangal avayude speshyal bandhangal nilanirtthikkonduthane avaye superimpose cheyyaano suthaaryamaakkaano parasparam thulachukayaraano kazhiyum. 1912 muthal aadhunika vaasthuvidyayude vikasanathil cubism oru swaadheena gadakamaayi maari (reymond duchamp-villan, andrey merr ennivarude "laa maisan kyoobist"), peettar berenz, walter gropius thudangiya aarkkidekttukalumaayi samaantharamaayi vikasichu, kettida roopakalppanayude lalithavalkkaranam, vyaavasaayika ulppaadanathinu anuyojyamaaya vasthukkalude upayogam, glassinte vardhicha upayogam ennivaykkoppam.
bhoothakaalathe paraamarshikkenda aavashyamillaatha oru shaili thedunna oru vaasthuvidyaykku cubism prasakthamaayirunnu. angane, chitrakalayilum silpakalayilum oru viplavamaayi maariyath "marria oru lokathilekkulla aazhathilulla punarnirmmaanatthinte" bhaagamaayi prayogikkappettu. philippo tomasso maarinettiyude cubo-futurist ashayangal avant-gaard vaasthuvidyayile manobhaavangale swaadheenichu. paareesile kyoobisathinte swaadheenathil peett mondriyan vikasippichedutha neo-plaasttisatthinte soundarya thathwangal swaadheenamulla dii stijl prasthaanam sweekarichu. albert gleasinte rachanakaliloode dee stijline gino severini kyoobist sidhaanthavumaayi bandhippichu. ennirunnaalum, 1914 muthal marsell duchamp munkootty roopakalppana cheythirunna adisthaana jyaamitheeya roopangale antharleenamaaya soundaryavum vyaavasaayika prayogatthinte eluppavumaayi bandhippikkunnath-pyoorisatthinte sthaapakaraaya amedi oosanfaant, chaals-edward jeaneret (leeii corbusier ennariyappedunnu) ennivarkku vittukoduthu, avar paareesil orumichu paintingukal pradarshippikkukayum 1918 ll "appress leeii cubisme" prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. leeii corbusierinte abhilasham swantham shailiyilulla kyoobisathinte gunangal vaasthuvidyayilekku vivarthanam cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. ennathaayirunnu 1918num idayil leeii corbusier thante sramangal shudhikarana sidhaanthathilum chitrakalayilum kendreekarichu. 1922-ll leeii corbusier addehathinte cussin jeenarattum paareesil 35 ruu dii seversil oru studiyo thurannu. addehathinte saidhaanthika padanangal taamasiyaathe niravadhi vyathyastha vasthuvidyaa padhathikalilekku munneri.
laa maisan kyoobiste (kyoobist house).
1912 leeii saloon dii automil oru vasthuvidyaa instaaleshan pradharshippichu, athu vegathil "maisan kyoobist" (kyoobist house) ennariyappettu, reymond duchamp-villan vaasthuvidya andrey merum oru koottam sahakaarikalum chernnu interior decoration cheythu. maisan kyoobiste" yude samyojana velayil ezhuthiya "duu" cubisme "yill metsincharum glaise kalayude svayambharana swabhaavathekkurichu ezhuthi, alankaara parigananakal kalayude aathmaavine niyanthrikkaruth enna kaaryam oonnipparayunnu. avare sambandhichidatholam alankaarappani "chithratthinte virudhatha" yaayirunnu. "yadhaartha chithram" metsinger glaise ezhuthi, athinte "kaaranam" athinte ullil thanne vahikkunnu. ithu oru palliyil ninnu droying rumilekkum myoosiyathil ninnu patana muriyilekkum mattaam. adisthaanaparamaayi swathanthravum poornnavumaaya athu manassine udanadi thripthippeduthendathil neremarichu, athu kramena, ekopana prakasham vasikkunna saangalppika aazhangalilekku nayikkanam. ithu ithumaayo aaa koottavumaayo poruthappedunnilla; ithu pothuve kaaryangalumaayi, prapanchavumaayi poruthappedunnu ithu oru jeeviyaan...".
"laa maisan kyoobiste" oru poornnamaayum sajjeekaricha oru model housaayirunnu, oru mukham, oru staircase, irumbu baanistarukal, rund murikal oru sweekaranamuri-"saloon boorshwas", marsell duchamp, metsinger ("oru fanullah sthree"), glease, lorenzin, legger ennivarude paintingukal thookkiyidukayum oru kidappumuri sthaapikkukayum cheythu. aadhunika boorshwas jeevithathinte sukhasoukaryangalilum shailiyilum kyoobist kala pradarshippikkaan kazhiyunna oru bhavanamaaya "ell art decarotifinte" oru udaaharanamaayirunnu ithu. saloon dii ottomneyile kaanikal duchamp-villan roopakalppana cheytha plaasttar fraseiloode sajjeekaricha rund murikalilekku kadannupoyi. eee vasthuvidyaa sthaapanam pinneedu 1913 leeii newyork, chikkago, boosttan ennividangalile aayudha pradarshanatthil pradarshippikkukayum newyork pradarshanatthinte kaattalogil reymond duchamp-villan, nambar 609, koodaathe "fraid aarkkitekcharal, plaasttar" ("pheys aarkkitekcharal") enna peril pattikappedutthukayum cheythu.
furnitureukal, walpaper, upholstery, inteeriyarile paravathaanikal enniva andrey merr roopakalppana cheythavayaanu, art deco aayi maarunnathil cubism cheluthiya swaadheenathinte aadyakaala udaaharanangalaayirunnu avaa. valare thilakkamulla niramulla rosaappookkalum mattu pushparoopangalum chernnathaanu avaa.
kyoobist paintingukal thookkiyidunna sweekaranamuri ennu kuthiraye "saloon boorshwakal" ennu vilikkunnu. legger eee perine 'thikanja' ennu visheshippichu. exhibishanu munpu kuthiraye kaanenda oru kathil legger ezhuthi "ningalude ashayam njangalkk thikachum gambheeramaanu, sarikkum gambheeramaanu. aalukal athinte aabhyanthara pashchaathalatthil cubism kaanum, athu valare pradhaanamaan.
"paintingukalum silpangalum avarude swaathanthryam anuvadichathinaal kuthirayude samghangal kyoobist kruthikalkkulla chattakkoodukalayi amgeekarikkappettu", "christopher green ezhuthi," "vairudhyangalude oru kalii srishtichu, athinaal glaisukaludeyum metsingarinteyum mathramalla, maari lorenzin, duchamp sahodaranmaar (reymond duchamp-villan mukham roopakalppana cheythu), kuthirayude pazhaya suhruthukkalaaya legger, rogger laa fresney ennivarude pankaalitthavum".
1927-ll cubistukalaaya joseph saaki, jackwus lipchits, luis marcosis, henry laurence, shilpi gustaavu miklos, mattullavar ennivar oru studiyo hausaaya ryoo seyint-jaims, nyooli-surr-saine ennivayude alankaarathil sahakarichu, ithu aarkkitekt pooll ruud roopakalppana cheyyukayum franch fashion designer jackwus doosettinte udamasthathayilaakukayum cheythu, koodaathe poost-impressionist, kyoobist paintingukalude (picasoyude studiyoyil ninnu nerittu vangiya less demoisellus dii 'avignon ulppede) collector koodiyaanu. laurence jaladhara roopakalppana cheythu, saaki roopakalppana cheytha doosettinte staircase, lipchits aduppu maandal, marcosis oru kyoobist rugg enniva nirmmichu.
check kyoobist vaasthuvidya.
yadhaartha kyoobist vaasthuvidya valare apoorvamaanu. bohemia (innathe check republic) prathyekichu athinte thalasthaanamaaya praaguvilum maathramaan cubism vaasthuvidyaykku prayogichathu. yadhaartha kyoobist kettidangal roopakalppana cheytha aadyathethum ekavumaayavar check aarkkidekttukalaanu. 1910 num 1914 num idayil kyoobist vaasthuvidyayude bhooribhaagavum abhivridhi praapichuvenkilum kyoobist allengil cubism swaadheenamulla kettidangalum onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham nirmikkappettu. yudhaanantharam, kyoobist vaasthuvidya vrithaakruthiyumaayi samyojippichu praaguvil "ronto-cubism" enna vasthuvidyaa shaili vikasippichu.
kyoobist aarkkitektukal avarude saidhaanthika niyamangalil, kriyathmakamaaya oru aashayathiloode, athil adangiyirikkunna kaaryathe marikadakkukayum shaanthamaakkukayum cheiyunna chalanaathmakathayude aavasyakatha prakadippichu, angane phalam kazhchakkaaril chalanathmakathayudeyum aavishkaaraparamaaya plaastisiyudeyum vikarangal ulavaakkum. pyramidukal, cubukal, prisangal ennivayil ninnu uruthirinja roopangal, charinja prathalangalude krameekaranangalum rachanakalum, pradhaanamaayum thrikonaakrithiyilulla, vajram murikkal ennu vilikkappedunna, allengil avasaanathe gothik vaasthuvidya anusmarippikkunna guhakaleppolum anusmarippikkunna, pothinja kristtal polulla yoonittukalil kothupanikalulla munvashangal enniva vazhi ithu nedanam. eee reethiyil, gableukalum dormers ulppede munvashathinte muzhuvan prathalangalum silpamaakkiyittundu. grillukalum mattu vasthuvidyaa aabharanangalum trimana roopam nedunnu. angane, janaalakaludeyum vaathilukaludeyum puthiya roopangalum srishtikkappettu, udha. jii. shadbhujaakrithiyilulla janalakal. check kyoobist aarkkidekttukalum kyoobist furnitureukal roopakalppana cheythu.
paaval janac, joseph gokkar, vlastislavu hofmann, emil cralisec, joseph chochol ennivaraayirunnu pramukha kyoobist aarkkitektukal. avar kooduthalum praagilaanengilum mattu bohemian pattanangalilum jolie cheythu. 1912ll joseph gokar nirmmicha pazhaya pattanamaya praagile black madona veedaanu ettavum prashasthamaaya kyoobist kettidam, lokathile eaka kyoobist kaphe, grand kaphe ooriyantaanu. vlastislavu hofmann hofmann iblis semiteriyude praveshana pavaliyanukal nirmmichu, joseph chochol viceradinu keezhil niravadhi residential veedukal roopakalppana cheythu. 1912ll emal cralisec roopakalppana cheytha venseslas squarinu sameepam oru kyoobist street laambum samrakshichittundu, addeham 1913ll puthiya pattanamaya praaguvil diamond hausum nirmmichu.
mattu mekhalakalile cubism.
kyoobisathinte swaadheenam chithrakalaykkum shilpathinum purathulla mattu kalaa mekhalakalilekkum vyaapichu. saahithyathil, gertrude steyininte likhitha kruthikal aavarthanavum aavarthana shailikalum bhagangalilum muzhuvan adhyaayangalilum nirmmaana blokkukalaayi upayogikkunnu. dhii making oof americans" (1906-08) enna noval ulppede steyininte mikka pradhana kruthikalum eee saankethikavidya upayogikkunnu. kyoobisathinte aadya pradhana rakshaadhikaarikal mathramalla, gertrude steyinum avalude sahodaran leo kyoobisathil pradhana swaadheenam chelutthi. picaso steyininte rachanayil oru pradhana swaadheenam chelutthi. american fiction mekhalayil, vilyam folknerude 1930 leeii noval "aas aii leeii daing" kyoobist modumaayulla oru edapedalaayi vaayikkam. 15 kathaapaathrangalude vaividhyamaarnna anubhavangalude vivaranagal eee novalil ulkkollunnu, avaa orumichu edukkumbol orotta samyojitha shareeram srishtikkunnu.
gilloom apollinaire, blaise cendrars, jeane kooktiyoo, maiks jacob, andrey saalman, piyar reverdy ennivayaanu saadhaaranayaayi cubisavumaayi bandhapetta kavikal. american kavi kennathu rexroth vishadeekarikkunnathu pole, kavithayile cubism "gadakangale bodhapoorvavum manappoorvvavumaaya verthiricalum punasamyojanavum athinte karsanamaaya vaasthuvidyayaal svayamparyaapthamaakkiya oru puthiya kalaparamaaya asthithvamaayi punarnirmmikkunnu. sarriyalistukalude swathanthramaaya bandhatthil ninnum abodhaavasthayilulla vaakkukaludeyum daadayude rashtreeya shoonyavaadathinteyum samyojanathil ninnum ithu thikachum vyathyasthamaan."ennirunnaalum, cubisathilum daadayudeyum sarriyalisathinteyum pilkkala prasthaanangalilum kyoobist kavikalude swaadheenam aazhameriyathaayirunnu; sarriyalisathinte sthaapaka amgamaaya luis aragon paranju, brettan, supolt, elward, svayam ennivarkku reverdy" "njangalude ettavum adutha moothavanum maathrukaaparamaaya kaviyum aayirunnu"."kyoobist chithrakaaranmaareppole oormmikkappedunnillenum, eee kavikal ippozhum swaadheenikkukayum prachodippikkukayum cheiyunnu; american kavikalaaya joonn ashbury roonn padjattum aduthide reverdy kruthikalude puthiya vivarthanangal nirmmichu. valas steevansinte "blackbirdine nokkunnathinulla pathimoonnu vazhikal" kyoobisathinte onniladhikam kaazhchappaadukal kavithayilekku engane vivarthanam cheyyaamennu kaanikkunnuvennum parayappedunnu.
joonn berger paranju "kyoobisathinte praadhaanyam athishayokthippeduthunna mikkavarum asaadyamaanu. navothaanatthinte thudakkathil nadannathupole thanne drishyakalayile oru viplavamaayirunnu athu. pilkkala kalayilum sinimayilum vaasthuvidyayilum athinte swaadheenam ithinakam thanne valare kooduthalaayathinaal nammal avaa shradhikkunnilla."

