oorfariyan

sittarn kudumbatthile amgamaaya navothaanatthil ninnulla oru paricha charadulla upakaranamaan oorfariyoon (allengil) allengil opherian. ithinte nirmmaanam valia bandoraykkum gittaarinte poorvvikanum samaanamaan. loha charadukal veena pole tyoon cheyth viralukal kondu parichedukkunnu. oru oorfariyooninte nattum paalavum saadhaaranayaayi charinjathaanu, athinaal charadinte neelam trebilil ninnu basilake vardhikkunnu. thaazhekku thallumbol nottukale eluppathil valachodikkunna valare kuranja tensionulla loha charadukal kaaranam, frettukal viraladayaalam upayogichu eathaandu flush cheyyappettu, athu soumyamaayi scalop cheythu. akkaalathe ellah loha-charadukalulla upakaranangaleyum pole, veenayil upayogikkunna moorchayulla aakramanathil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamayi, parichedukkunna kaii upayogichu valare neriya sparsanam aavashyamaayirunnu.
pathinaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil englandil oorfariyoon kandupidichu; engleesh samgeethathinte uravidangalil ithu palappozhum veenaykku pakaramaayi paraamarshikkappedunnu. stoyude "annels" (1631) anusarichu, 1581-ll bridewellile joonn rooss eee upakaranam kandupidichu. helmingham haalile oru rooss oorfariyoon raajnji elisabath onnaaman sammaanamaayi nalkiyathaayi aaropikkappedunnu, athu aadya udaaharanamaayirikkaam. ithinu aarr kozhsukalundu, paalavum nattum samaantharamaanu. ippol copenhagenile cladius shekharathilulla avasheshikkunna mattoru orphariyoninu 1617 muthalulla fand frettukalulla ombathu kozhsukalundu.
oorphiyas, aaron ennivayil ninnaan oorfariyoon enna peru vannath.
vilyam barley 1596-ll anatha tablecharinte oru pusthakam prasidheekarichu. athil francis cutting, joonn daulaand, philipp rossettar, peettar phillips, aanthani holbone, edward jonson, vilyam byrd ennivarude samgeetham adangiyirunnu. eee upakaranathil abhyasikkan aagrahikkunnavarude purogathikkum aanandathinumaayi vaividhyamaarnna nalla rachayithaakkalil ninnu [vilyam barley] shekharicha vividatharam paadangal ulkkollunna oorfariyanu vendiyulla oru puthiya tablechar pusthakam enna thalakkettilaayirunnu ithu."

