
malaysian raashtreeyam

malaysiayude raashtreeyam nadakkunnathu oru federal prathinidhi janaadhipathya bharanaghadanaa raajavaazhchayude chattakkoodilaanu, athil yang dii-perthuvaan agong samsthaana medhaviyum malaysian pradhaanamantriyum sarkkar medaaviyumaanu. federal gavanmentum 13 samsthaana gavanmentukalum executive adikaaram prayogikkunnu. niyamanirmmaana adikaaram federal paarlamentilum 13 samsthaana niyamasabhakalilum nikshipthamaanu. kodathikalilekkulla jadjimaarude niyamanathil executive oru nischitha thalatthilulla swaadheenam nilanirthunnundengilum judiciary executivil ninnum niyamanirmmanasabhayil ninnum swathanthramaanu.
malaysiayude bharanaghadana krodeekarikkappedukayum gavanment samvidaanam westminstar samvidaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. federal bharanaghadana anusarichu malaysiayile adhikaarathinte shreni, executive, judiciary, legislative branch enniva ulkkollunna malaysian gavanmentinte moonnu shaakhakal (bharana gadakangal) nirnnayikkunnu. athesamayam, paarlamentil "diwan neegara" (uparisabha/senatt), "devan raket" (adhosabha/prathinidhi sabha) enniva ulppedunnu.
1955ll malayayile federal legislative kaunsilinte aadya nerittulla thiranjeduppu muthal phastt-paast-dhii-poost adisthaanathil malaysiayil oru multy-party samvidaanamundu. bharanakakshiyaya sakhyakakshiyum 1973 muthal athinte pingamiyaaya barisan nassen (deseeya munnaniyum) sakhyavumaayirunnu. athinte mungamiyaaya barrison naasinal (bii. enn) sarkkarinoppam 61 varsham sevanamanushticha barrison naasinal (bii. enn) sarkkar 2018 meyy 9 nuu nadanna 14-aamath pothutheranjeduppil pakathan harappan (piechu) sakhyathinu adikaaram nashtappedunnathuvare lokathile ettavum kooduthal kaalam sevanamanushticha sarkkaarukalil onnaayirunnu. <aii. dii. 1> malaysian rashtreeya prathisandhiyethudarnnu, perikkathan naasinal sarkkar 2020 march 1 muthal 2021 august 17 vare sevanamanushtichu. perikattan nassional, sarawak partykal sakhyam (gps), malaysian neshan party (pbm), yunaittad sabah party (pbs) enniva vishwaasavum vitharanavum pankalikalaakki athinusesham barrison nassional maleshya bharichu.
demookratik aakshan party (dap), peeples justice party (pkr), naashanal trastt party (amanaa), sabah heritteju party (warizan) enniva vishwaasavum vitharanavum pankaliyaayi ulppedunna aikya purogamana kinabalu samghadana (upco) enniva ulppedunna pakathan harappan (piechu) sakhyamaanu prathipakshatthinte praadhamika gadakangal. malaysian yunaittad demookratik alayans (muda), holdlined faittezhs party (pejuwang), party sarawak bersaattu (pii. ezz. bii) ennivayaanu mattu prathipaksha partykal.
malaysian raashtreeyam thaarathamyena susthiramaanenkilum, "sarkkarum baranakakshiyum bharanakoodavum chila athirshakthikalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu" ennu vimarshakar aaropikkunnu."ennirunnaalum, 2008 march 8-leeii pothutheranjeduppinu sesham, raajyathinte raashtreeyathekkurichu maadhyamangalude vaarthavinimayam shradheyamaayi vardhichu. pathinalam pothutheranjeduppinu sesham, annathe puthiya malaysian sarkkaraaya pakathaan harappan sakhyam maadyama swaathanthryam vaagdaanam cheythu.
saambathika shaasthranjante rahasyaanveshana vibhaagam 2016ll malaysia "thettaaya janadhipathyam" ennu vilayiruthi. ennirunnaalum, pathinalam pothutheranjeduppinu sesham samadhaanaparamaaya adhikara kaimaattam kaaranam 2018ll maleshya 2018ll saambathika shaasthranjante "raajyathe" pinnilakki, raajyathinte bhinnippikkunna vamseeya raashtreeyathil elavu varuthaano allengil sammathichathupole adikaaram anwar ibrahiminu kaimarano mahatir mohammed vimukhatha kaanichathu kaaranam bhaagikamaayi parajayappettu.
charithram.
aadyakaala sambhavavikasangal.
malaysiayile aadyakaala samghaditha rashtreeya prasthaanangal praadeshika, vamseeya grouppukalaayi samghadippikkappettu, aadhunika ardhathil rashtreeya paarttikalayirunnilla. innathe thaalpparya grouppukalkkum sivil sosaitti samghadanakalkkum samaanamaayi muslim malaysian samoohangalkkidayil saamoohika kshemam, saamoohika purogathi, mathaparishkaranam ennivayil praadhamikamaayi shradha kendreekarikkunna thaalpparya grouppukaludeyum vyakthikaludeyum ayanja sakhyangalaayirunnu avaa.
matha parishkarthaakkal.
1906num 1908num idayil tahir jalaluddin singappooril prasidheekaricha "alle-imam", 1911num 1916num idayil abdullah ahamed penaangil prasidheekaricha "alle-munir" thudangiya maasikakalum aanukaalikangalum upayogichu ashayangal vikasippikkunnathilum pracharippikkunnathilum matha parishkarthaakkal valia punk vahichu. iva praadhamikamaayi 1898 muthal 1936 vare rasheed rida keyroyil prasidheekaricha eejipshyan islaamik parishkarana maasikayaaya "alle-manar" swaadheenichu. eee prasidheekaranangal praadhamikamaayi islaamika mathavumaayi bandhappettirunnappol, athu malaysiayude saamoohika, rashtreeya, saambathika sahacharyangalekkurichum vyaapakamaayi sparshichu.
1916ll johor bahruvil sthaapithamaaya puthiya hoopp sosaittiyaan atharam aadyathe prasthaanangalilonnu. 1923 septambar 14nuu eejipthile keyroyile alle-azhar sarvakalashaalayil britiish malayal ninnum dutch eest indeesil ninnumulla vidyaarthikal alle-jumm 'yaa alle-khairiya littu-tolaba alle-azharia alle-javia (1937ll indoneshya malaya kanvenshan allengil "perhimbunan indoneshya malaya"; perpindum) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. yuva turke prasthaanavum pinneedu musleem saahodaryavum swaadheenicha vidyaarthikale ulkkollunna eee prasthaanam osman abdullayude "seruvaan alle-azhar" ("alle-azhar klaariyon"), "pailan timur" ("ooriyantal choys") thudangiya aanukaalikangaliloode manahpoorvamaaya raashtreeyavum mathaparavumaya samvaadathe prothsaahippichu.
adhyapaka unionukal.
tanchung maalimile malaysian adhyapakarkkaayulla sultan idris pariseelana koleju ashayavinimayathinulla phalabhooyishtamaaya sthalamaayirunnu. 1921ll mohammed eusoff selangor malay teachers association () sthaapichathu mattu federated malaysian samsthaanangalil samanamaaya samghadanakal sthaapikkaan vazhiyorukkukayum 1923ll "majalah guru" ("teachers magazin") ennariyappedunna oru maasika prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. eee maasika valia saamoohika-saambathika prashnangalekkurichum rashtreeya prashnangalekkurichum charcha cheyyaan anuvadikkukayum malaya desheeyathayude vikasanathil swaadheenam cheluthunna onnaayi svayam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
svayam sahaaya samghangal.
malaysian karshakarudeyum cherukida udamakaludeyum saamoohika-saambathika saahacharyangal mechappeduthaan sahaayikkunnathin singapur malay union () leeii mohammed eunos abdullah samghadippicha muwar, johorile maharani kambani, sericut pembaikan hidup () thudangiya vividha svayam sahaaya samghangal sahakarana samghangalum kammyoonisukalum sthaapichu. ashayangal pracharippikkunathinum malaysian janathayude saamoohikavum raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya avasthakalumaayi bandhapetta vishayangalil samvaadam prolsaahippikkunnathum avar pathrangalum maasikakalum upayogichu.
aadyakaala rashtreeya samghadanakal.
malaysian union.
pothujeevithatthil maleyakalude punk vardhippikkuka, colonial adhikaarikalumaayi maleya thalpparyangal uyarthippidikkuka, malayerk unnathavum saankethikavumaaya vidyaabhyaasam prolsaahippikkuka enniva lakshyamit 1926 ll mohammed eunos abdullah, tenku khaadir alii, embok sulo ennivar chernnaanu malay union (; kilometer) sthaapichathu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu colonial bharanakoodam sthaapicha musleem upadeshaka samiti amgavum singapur munisippal kaunsil amgavumaayirunnu eunos. kilometerinte chairman enna nilayil, kadalidukkile vaasasthalangalude niyamanirmmaana samithiyile aadyathe malaysian amgamaayi addeham maari. malaysian othutheerppinaayi bhoomi maattivaykkanamenna abhyarthanayaayirunnu kilometer aadyam unnayicha vishayangalilonnu. appeel amgeekarikkukayum bhoomi vaangunnathinum vikasippikkunnathinumaayi kilometerinaayi 700,000 dollar neekkivaykkukayum cheythu. eee vaasasthalam vikasikkukayum ippol singappoorile eunos ayalpakkathinte bhagamaavukayum cheythu.
britiish malayayile mattu samsthaanangalaaya penang malaya association (1927 ll sthaapithamaayathu), perak malaya association (1937 ll sthaapithamaayathu) ennivayil samanamaaya samghadanakal sthaapikkunnathinulla uthejakamaayi eee kilometer maari. singappoorinte aadya president eusoff ishaq eee kilometerumaayi bandhappettavaril ulppedunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhathe athijeevicha eee kilometer yunaittad malays naashanal oorganaiseshanumaayum malaysian chainees associationumaayum chernnu singapur alayans party roopeekarikkaan oru rashtreeya sakhyathil earppettu. ennirunnaalum 1955leeii singappoorile niyamasabha thiranjeduppil sakhyathinte thiranjeduppu paraajayathode athu aprathyakshamaayi.
communist party oof malaya.
paan-malayan veekshanathode samghadippikkappetta aadyathe rashtreeya party 1930 ll sthaapithamaaya communist party oof malaya (sii. pii. emm) aayirunnu. 1926 ll chainees communist party phaar eestten beuroyude melnottatthil communitinte oru shaakhayaayi sii. pii. emm aadyam sthaapikkappettu. athu pinneedu southu sease communist party ennariyappettu. 1926-leeii parajayappetta kalapam kaaranam indoneshyayile saahodarya communist party (1924-ll sthaapithamaayathu) appozhekkum bhoogarbhamo pravaasatthilo aayirunnu. ithu sii. pii. emmil chainees vamshajaraaya aalukal maathram aadhipathyam pularthaan kaaranamaayi. 1935ll sii. pii. emmum general laber union thammilulla prathinidhi sammelanangalilum 1936ll siamilum dutch eest indeesilum communist cellukalumaayi sanbarkkam sthaapikkunnathilum vishalamaaya praathinidhyam sthaapikkaanulla sramangal nadannu. ennirunnaalum, mattu vamseeya vibhagangalil ninnulla aalukalude valia pankaalittham kanda malaysiayile japanese adhinivesham vare sii. pii. emm pradhaanamaayum chainees samghadanayaayi thudarnnu.
yuva malaysian union.
1938ll ibrahim yaakkobinte neethrthwathil kuwala lumpuril yang malay union (; kilometer) sthaapithamaayi. kaayikam, vidyaabhyaasam, krishi, aarogyam, mattu vinoda pravartthanangal ennivayil malaysian yuvaakkale mechappeduthunnathinaayi pravartthikkunna oru saamoohika samghadanayaayi rajisttar cheythittum, brittanile ellah malayan samsthaanangaludeyum rashtreeya swaathanthryathinaayi pooraadukayum britiish saamraajyathvathe ethirkkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu kilometerinte praadhamika lakshyam.
valia maleya samoohathil ninnu kaaryamaaya pinthuna nediyengilum, maleya prabhukkanmaril ninnum bureaucrasiyil ninnum pinthuna nedunnathil kilometer parajayappettu, koodaathe malayayile japanese adhiniveshathinte thalennu, 100 kilometeriladhikam amgangale sahakaranathinaayi adhikaarikal arast cheythu.
1942 februvariyil singappoorinte pathanathinushesham ellaavareyum mochippichu. 1942 januvari 14 nuu vais president mustafa husaininte neethrthwathilulla oru kilometer prathinidhi samgham malayyude swaathanthryathinaayi charcha cheyyaan japanese adhikaarikalumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. pakaram japanese adhikaarikal kilometer pirichuvidukayum athinu pakaram pembela taanaa ayyar ("malaay giu gann" allengil malay ecronym petta ennum ariyappedunnu) milishya sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
pettayil chernnavaril bhooribhaagavum oru swatantra malayaykkayi poraattam thudarnna bhoogarbha kilometer yoothu leaginte bhaagamaayirunnu, chilar sii. pii. emm sponsor cheytha malayan peeples japanese virudha sainyavumaayum fozhsu 136, watania thudangiya mattu japanese virudha garilla unitukalumaayum sahakarichu.
1945 augustil jappan keezhadangiyathode muun kilometer pravartthakar malay deseeya party, ankathan pemuda insaf, ankathan vaanita sedar thudangiya uyarnnuvarunna rashtreeya prasthaanangalude kendramaayi.
rashtreeya saahacharyangal.
malaysiayude pradhana rashtreeya partyaya yunaittad malays naashanal oorganaiseshan (umono) 1957ll malayyude swaathanthryam muthal 2018 vare mattu partykalumaayi barrison naasinal (munbu sakhyam) ennariyappettirunna sakhyathil adikaaram nilanirtthi. 1973ll, saamudaayikamaayi adhishtithamaaya paarttikalude sakhyathinu pakaram pathinaalu partykal ulppedunna vishalamaaya sakhyamaaya barrison naasinal enna sakhyam roopeekarichu. innu barrison nassen sakhyathinu moonnu pramukha amgangalundu-unno, emm. sii. eiii (malaysian chainees association), mike (malaysian indian kongras). malaysiayude nilavile pradhaanamantri muun-mungamiyaaya nethaavaaya pakathan harappan (piechu) aanu, ithu aadyamaayi oru mungaamiyallaatha party amgamaanu eee padavi vahikkunnath.
unnoykkum barisan nassen (bii. enn) leeii mattu amgapaarttikalkkum purame, moonnu pradhana paarttikalum (niravadhi cheria paarttikalum) malaysiayile deseeya, samsthaana thala thiranjeduppukalil malsarikkunnu. paan-malaysian islaamik party (party islam seey-maleshya, allengil paas), barrison nassen sakhyam ennivayaanu ettavum mathsaraadhishtithamaaya moonnu prathipaksha partykal. islaamik party oof maleshya (paas) kooduthal islaamika rashtreeya ajanda prothsaahippikkunnu, 2018 meyy pothutheranjeduppu muthal nilavile bharana sarkkaarine bii. enn. sakhyam vimarshikkunnu.
thayland, indoneshya thudangiya malaysiayode aduthulla chila rajyangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi sayudha seena raashtreeyathil pramukhamalla.
1957 muthal 2018 vareyulla malaysiayile rashtreeya prakriya pothuve "vargeeya thalpparyangal oru mahathaaya sakhyathinte chattakkoodinullil pariharikkappedunna" "konsoshyeshanisatthinte" roopathilaanennu visheshippikkappedunnu. executive branch rashtreeya pravarthanangalil aadhipathyam sthaapikkunna pravanatha kaanikkunnathayi visheshippikkappedunnu, "vyakthikalkko samghadanakalkko ethire nadapadiyedukkunnathinulla vipulavum nirantharam vardhichuvarunnathumaaya adhikaarangalude" adhyakshasthaanathu pradhaanamanthriyude oafees irikkukayum "bisinesses avasarangal sugamamakkukayum cheiyunnu". malaysiayile svechaadhipathyam mahatir biinn muhammadinte bharanathinu munbaayirunnuvenkilum, addehamaanu "eee prakriya ganyamaayi munnott kondupoyathu" ennu bharana sarkkaarinte vimarshakar pothuve sammathikkunnu. mathaparavum vamsheeyavumaaya ikyathinaayulla rashtreeya samavaakyam durbalamaanennum eee durbalata pradhaanamaayum uthbhavikkunnath mathathe vamshavumaayi thirichariyunnathilum malaysian janathayude rashtreeya praadhaanyavum poornnamaaya samathvathinaayulla mattu vamshangalude abhilashavumaayi koottiyidikkunnathilum niyamapandithar abhipraayappettittund."
eee kaalayalavil doow. malaysiayude naalaamathe pradhaanamanthriyenna nilayil mahatir mohammed niravadhi bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikal varuthi. udaaharanathinu, senattinu oru bill praabalyatthil varunnathil ninnu vaikippikkaan maathrame kazhiyoo, nirddishta billukalil chakravarthikku veetto adikaaram illa. pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram rajaavu 44 senattarmaare niyamichathinaal 26 samsthaana senattarmaarkk bhooripaksham undaayirunnilla. eee bhedagathikal judeeshyariyude adikaarangal paarlament avarkk nalkunnathil parimithappedutthi.
1998 septambar aadyam pradhaanamantri mahatir biinn mohammed upapradhaanamanthri anwar ibraahimine pirichuvidukayum anwar adaarmikavum azhimathiparavumaaya perumaattamaanennu aaropikkukayum cheythu. rashtreeya vyathyaasangal kaaranamaan thante puratthaakkal yadhaarthathil sambhavichathennum rashtreeya parishkaarangalkk vendi vaadikkunna niravadhi prakadanangalkku neethrthwam nalkiyathaayum anwar paranju. pinneedu septambaril anvarine arast cheyyukayum jayilil aayirikkumbol (mattullavarkoppam, akkaalathe police medhavi) marddikkukayum niyamaparavum daarmmikavumaaya pashchaathalatthil neethi thadassappedutthal, swavarggalaingikatha ennivayulppedeyulla azhimathikkuttam chumatthi kuttaropithanaakkukayum cheythu. 1999 eprilil naalu azhimathikkesukalil shikshikkappedukayum aarr varsham thadavinu shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. 2000 augustil, anwar oru swavargaanuraaga kesil shikshikkappedukayum aarr varshathe shikshaykk sesham thudarchayaayi malsarikkaan onpathu varsham thadavinu shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. rund vicharana aabhyanthara, anthardesheeya nireekshakar anyaayamaayi kandu. swavargaanuraagathinulla anvarinte shiksha pinneedu raddaakkukayum azhimathikku vendi aarr varshathe shiksha poortthiyaakkiya sesham jayilil ninnu mochithanaakukayum cheythu. 1999 novemberile pothutheranjeduppil naalil moonnu paarlamentari seettukalumaayi barrison nassen adhikaarathil thirichethiyenkilum unnoyude seettukal 94ll ninnu 72 aayi kuranju. islaamik party oof malaysiayude (paas) neethrthwathilulla barrison alternatif sakhyam athinte seettukal 42 aayi uyarthi. paas kelaantan samsthaanathinte niyanthranam nilanirthukayum terrenganu adhika samsthaanam nedukayum cheythu.
malaysiayude muun aaraamathe pradhaanamantri daatho seree mohd aayirunnu. najeeb biinn thun haji abdul rasakh. 2009 eprilil daatho seree abdullah ahamed badaavi (samsaarabhashayil "paaku laa" ennariyappedunnu) viramichathinethudarnnu addeham chumathalayettu. 2018 meyy 10 nuu puthiya pakathan harappan sarkkaarin keezhil malaysiayude pradhaanamanthriyaayi mahatir mohammed chumathalayettu.
2004 maarchil nadanna pothutheranjeduppil, daatho seree abdullah ahamed badaavi barrison naasinaline vann vijayathilekku nayichu, athil barrison naasinaline terrenganu samsthaanam thirichupidichu. paarlamentile 92 sathamaanam seettukalum sakhyam niyanthrichu. 2005ll mahatir prasthaavichathu "raajyathin sakthamaaya oru gavanment undaayirikkanamennu njaan vishwasikkunnu, pakshe valare shakthamalla. njaan pradhaanamanthriyaayirunpol aasvadichathupolulla moonnil rund bhooripaksham mathiyaakumenkilum 90 sathamaanam bhooripaksham valare shakthamaan. ... thettukal sambhavikkunnundenkil namme ormmippikkaan oru ethirpaksham aavasyamaanu. ningal ethirkkaathappol ningal cheiyunnathellaam sariyaanennu ningal karuthunnu."
deseeya maadyamangal pradhaanamaayum niyanthrikkunnath sarkkarum rashtreeya paarttikalum barrison nassen/naashanal frond bharanasakhyathil, prathipakshathinu maadhyamangalilekku praveshanam kuravaanu. printing aandu press act prakaram vaarshika prasidheekarana licenses nedunnathinulla aavashyakathayiloode achadi maadhyamangale niyanthrikkunnath sarkkaaraan. 2007ll malaysian communications aandu multimedia kammeeshan enna sarkkar ejansi prathipaksha nethaakkalude prasamgangal prakshepanam cheiyunnathil ninnu vittunilkkan ellah swakaarya television, radio steshanukalkkum nirddesham nalki.
bahuswara, bahu matha, bahu saamskaarika samoohathodulla bahumanam" prolsaahippikkunnathayi visheshippikkappedunna rukunagarayaan audyogika samsthaana prathyayashaasthram, ennaal unno upayogikkunna "bangsa, aagama, negara" (vamsham, matham, raashtram) enna mudraavaakyavum oru anaudyogika prathyayashaasthramaanennu rashtreeya shaasthranjar vaadichu. rund prathyayashaasthrangalum "pothuve maleshya kendreekrithamaaya oru yaadhaasthithika rashtreeya prathyayashaasthrathe shakthippeduthaan upayogikkunnu."
pradhaanamanthriyude neethrthwathilulla manthrisabhayilaanu executive adikaaram nikshiptham; malaysian bharanaghadana pradhaanamantri paarlamentinte adhosabhayile amgamaayirikkanam, yang dii-perttuvaan agonginte abhipraayathil, paarlamentil bhooripakshamundu. paarlamentinte irusabhakalileyum amgangalil ninnaan manthrisabha thiranjedukkappedunnathu, aaa bodiyude utharavaadithamaanu.
sameepa varshangalil, muun prathipakshamaya ippol sarkkar maleshyaykkullil swathanthravum neethiyukthavumaaya thiranjeduppinaayi pracharanam nadathukayaanu. 2007 november 10nuu, 2007leeii berzih raali ennu vilikkunna oru bahujana raali, vrithiyullathum neethiyukthavumaaya thiranjeduppu aavasyappettu kuwala lampurile dataran merdekkayil vaikunneram 3 manikk nadannu. rashtreeya paarttikalum sivil sosaitti grouppukalum (engo) ulppedunna berzih enna sakhyamaanu yogam samghadippikkukayum raajyathudaneelam ninnulla pinthunakkaare aakarshikkukayum cheythath.
viyojippukalkkethire sarkkar nadapadiyedukkunnu enna vardhichuvarunna paraathikalkkidayil, november 11 nuu malaysian sarkkar yadhaartha prathipaksha nethaavu anwar ibraahimine chovvazhcha hrasvamaayi thadavilaakkukayum oru manushyavakaasha abhibhaashakaneyum oru dasanolam prathipaksha nethaakkaleyum arast cheyyukayum cheythu. prathipakshatthinte neethrthwathilulla raali paraajayappeduthunnathinaayi dussen kanakkinu poleesukaar kuwalumpurile paarlament kettidatthinte pradhana kavaadam thadanju. pakshapaathaparamaanennu prathipaksham avakaashappedunna thiranjeduppu kammeeshan medhaaviyude kaalavadhi neettunna niyamam bhedagathi cheyyaanulla sarkkar pinthunayulla padhathiyekkurichu paarlamentil prathishedha kuripp samarppikkanulla shramathodoppamaanu raali nadathiyathu.
2008 march 8 nuu nadanna 2008 malaysian pothutheranjeduppinu divasangalkku munbu, bharanasakhyathinu niyamaanusrithamaaya bheeshani uyarthiyathinaal, prathipaksha nethaavu anwar ibraahimine oru rashtreeya parivartthana kottaayi chithreekarikkaanulla sramangal 2008 march 6 nuu malaysian sarkkar sakthamaakki. nyoonapakshamaaya chainakkarkkum indiakkaarkkum idayil vamshatheyum mathatheyum kurichulla roshathinidayil malaysiayude ethirppinu nettamundaakkaan kazhiyunna pothutheranjeduppinaayi 2008 march 7 nuu pracharanam avasaanichu. 2008 march 8nuu nadanna paarlamentari thiranjeduppil maleshyakkaar vottu cheythu. paarlamentil moonnil rund bhooripaksham nedunnathil paraajayappettappol bharana sarkkaarin thirichadi neridendi vannuvennum 12 samsthaana niyamasabhakalil anjilum prathipaksha partykal vijayichuvennum thiranjeduppu phalangal kaanikkunnu. 1957ll raajyam swaathanthryam prakhyaapichathinushesham adikaaram nilanirtthiya bharanakakshikk thirichadiyundaakan kaaranam vardhichuvarunna panapperuppam, kuttakrithyangal, vamseeya samgharshangal ennivayaayirunnu.
1957ll swaathanthryam labhichathinushesham ithaadyamaayaanu piechu enna oru noonn-onno party federal sarkkar roopeekarikkunnathu. rajaavil ninnu rajakeeya mapp labhicha sesham nethaavu anwar ibrahim mochithanaakukayum mahatir mohammadil ninnu pradhaanamanthriyaayi chumathalayelkkaan niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, karyangal shariyaayi nadannilla, 2020 maarchil rashtreeya prathisandhiyude samayat 22 maasam pazhakkamulla pakathan harappan bharanakoodam thakarnnu, sarkkar enna nilayil adikaaram nilanirthaan aavashyamaaya bhooripaksham seettukal nashtappettu. pinneedu avarkk pakaram perikkattan nassen sarkkar adhikaaramettu, muhyiddin pradhaanamanthriyaayi. ennaal 17 maasathe bharanathinu sesham pradhaanamantri muhyiddin yassin raajivachu.
2021 august 21nuu ismaayil sabri yacob raajyathinte onpathaamathe pradhaanamanthriyaayi sathyaprathinja cheythu. puthiya pradhaanamantri umnoyil ninnulla oru muthirnna raashtreeyakkaaranaayirunnu.
2022 novemberil nadanna malaysian pothutheranjeduppil prathipaksha nethaavu anwar ibraahiminte pakathan harappan (piechu) sakhyam 82 seettukalum muun pradhaanamantri muhyiddin yaasinte perikkathan nassional (pn) 73 seettukalum nedi. 222 anga paarlamentil verum 30 seettukal maathram nediya pradhaanamantri ismaayil sabri yaakkobinte bharanakakshiyaya barisan nassen (bii. enn) sakhyamaanu ettavum kooduthal nashtam nerittathu. 2022 november 24nuu anwar ibrahim malaysiayude pathaamatthe pradhaanamanthriyaayi sathyaprathinja cheythu.
rajaavu.
malaysiayile paramonnatha rajaavu ennu saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedunna "yang dii-perttuvaan agong" (vaii. dii. pii. eiii) aanu malaysiayile rajaavu. maleshya oru bharanaghadanaaparamaaya thiranjedukkappetta raajavaazhchayaan, malaysian samsthaanangalile ombathu sultaanmaaril ninnu yang dii-perttuvan agong anchu varshathe kaalaavadhikkaayi thiranjedukkappedunnu. raajakudumbaamgangalillaath mattu naalu samsthaanangal bharikkunath gavarnarmaaraanu. onpathu sultan naalu gavarnarmaarum chernnaanu yang dii-perttuvaan agongine thiranjedukkunna bharanaadhikaarikalude sammelanam. onpathu sulthaanmaarude chittayaya bhramanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla anoupachaarika karariloodeyaanu innuvare eee nilapad; eee kramam yadhaarthathil seeniorittiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.
malaysiayude federal bharanaghadana anusarichu, federationte paramonnatha thalavanayi vaii. dii. pii. eiii kanakkaakkappedunnu (article 32). oru bharanaghadanaa thalavan enna nilayil, pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram pravartthikkuka ennathaanu vaii. dii. pii. eiii (article 40). vaii. dii. pii. eiii. allengil rajaavu adisthaanaparamaayi moonnu vishalamaaya adikaarangal addehathil nikshipthamaanu (jiong, 2012):
sayudha senayude paramonnatha commander koodiyaanu (i.iii. malaysian federationil (article 41) police, sainyam. malaysiayile islaamika vishwaasathinte thalavan koodiyaanu addeham.
sarkkar samvidaanam.
13 samsthaanangalum 3 federal pradeshangalum ulppedunna oru federationaanu maleshya. britiish colonial bharanathinte paarambaryamaaya westminstar paarlamentari samvidaanathinte maathrkayilaanu malaysiayile sarkkar samvidaanam. ennirunnaalum, praayogikamaayi, niyamanirmmaanathekkaal kooduthal adikaaram sarkkaarinte executive shaakhayil nikshipthamaanu, mahatir kaalaghattatthil sarkkaarinte thudarchayaaya akramanangalaal judiciary durbalamaayi. paarlamentari thiranjeduppu kuranjathu anchu varshathilorikkalenkilum nadakkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi sabah (2004 vare), sarawak enniva ozhikeyulla samsthaana niyamasabhakalilekkulla samsthaana thiranjeduppinoppam.
federal gavanmentinte shaakhakal.
niyamanirmmanam.
niyamanirmmaana adikaaram federal, samsthaana niyamanirmmaana sabhakalkkidayil vibhajichirikkunnu.
dvisabha paarlamentil adhosabha, prathinidhikalude sabha allengil "diwan raakyath" (aksharaarthatthil "janangalude chamber"); uparisabha, senatt allengil "devan neegara" (aksharaarthatthil "raajyathinte chamber") enniva ulppedunnu. ezhupathu senatt amgangalum moonnu varshathe kaalaavadhikk (paramavadhi rund thavana) irikkunnu; irupathiyaaru pere pathimoonnu samsthaana niyamasabhakalum naalppathinaalu pere pradhaanamanthriyude upadeshathinte adisthaanathil rajaavum thiranjedukkunnu.
diwan raakyathile 222 amgangale eakaamga jillakalil ninnu saarvathrika muthirnnavarkkulla vottavakaashathiloode thiranjedukkunnu. niyamaprakaaram paarlamentinu paramavadhi anchu varshathe adhikaaramund. rajaavinu eppol venamenkilum paarlament pirichuvidaam, saadhaaranayaayi pradhaanamanthriyude upadesaprakaaram athu cheyyaam. paarlament pirichuvittu arupath divasathinullil pothutheranjeduppu nadatthanam. praayogikamaayi, oro moonno ancho varshathilorikkal pradhaanamanthriyude vivechanaadhikaarathilaanu thiranjeduppu nadakkuka ennathaayirunnu ithinartham.
niyamanirmmaana adikaaram federal, samsthaana niyamanirmmaana sabhakalkkidayil vibhajichirikkunnu. maleshyaykku niyamatthinte rund srothassukalundu. deseeya bharanaghadana, raajyathinte paramonnatha niyamam, paarlamentil moonnil rund bhooripakshathode bhedagathi cheyyaam. (athinte roopeekaranathinushesham, 2008 march 8 leeii pothutheranjeduppu vare bii. enn. kku aavasyamulla moonnil rund bhaagavum orikkalum kuravaayirunnilla) niyamatthinte randaamathe uravidam musleengalkk maathram baadhakamaaya sareeathaanu (islaamika niyamam). shariat bharanathil federal gavanmentinu cheria nikshepameyulloo; islaamika niyamam nadappaakkendathu samsthaanangalude chumathalayaan, vyaakhyaanangal oro samsthaanathinum vyathyaasappedunnu. paarlament oru multy-party samvidaanam pinthudarukayum bharanasamitiye phastt-paast-dhii-poost samvidaanathiloodeyaanu thiranjedukkunnathu.
executive.
pradhaanamanthriyude neethrthwathilulla manthrisabhayilaanu executive adikaaram nikshipthamaayath; malaysian bharanaghadana pradhaanamantri paarlamentinte adhosabhayile amgamaayirikkanam, yang dii-perthuvaan agonginte (vaii. dii. pii. eiii) abhipraayathil paarlamentil bhooripakshamundu. paarlamentinte irusabhakalileyum amgangalil ninnaan manthrisabha thiranjedukkappedunnathu, aaa bodiyude utharavaadithamaanu.
sarkkaarinte executive branchil pradhaanamantriyum thudarnnu manthrisabhayile vividha manthrimaarum ulppedunnu. raajyathinte mothatthilulla vikasanathinaayi vividha saamoohika-saambathika nayangalum vikasana padhathikalum roopappeduthunnu. pothujanangalil ninnu vividha nikuthikal, levikal, pizhakal, summons, kasttams dutykal, phees enniva shekharikkunnathiloode varumanam undakkaanulla adikaaravum adikaaravum executivinu undu.
judicial.
sarkkaarine pinthunaykkunnavar niravadhi judicial sthaanangal vahikkunnundenkilum judiciary saidhaanthikamaayi executivil ninnum niyamanirmmanasabhayil ninnum swathanthramaanu. judicial samvidaanathile ettavum uyarnna kodathi federal kodathiyum thudarnnu appeel kodathiyum rund haikkodathikalum, onnu malaysian upabhookhandathinum onnu kizhakkan maleshyaykkum aanu. eee adhikaaraparidhiyilulla oro keezhilulla kodathikalilum sessions kodathikal, majistrettu kodathikal, kuttikalkkulla kodathikal enniva ulppedunnu. ellah raajakudumbaamgangalum konduvannatho avarkkethire konduvannatho aaya kesukal kelkkaan malaysiayil oru prathyeka kodathiyum undu.
bharanadhikaari konduvannatho avarkkethire konduvannatho aaya kesukal kelkkunnathinayi 1993ll sthaapithamaaya prathyeka kodathi. athu sthaapikkunnathinu munbu, bharanadhikaarikal avarude vyakthiparamaaya seshiyil avarkkethire konduvarunna eathu nadapadikalil ninnum muktharaayirunnu. bharanaadhikaarikalil yang dii-perttuvaan agong (thiranjedukkappetta rajaavu), malaysiayude ghadaka samsthaanangalude raashtrathalavanmaar enniva ulppedunnu.
malaysian muslimkal ulppedunna kesukal theerumaanikkunna siyariya kodathikal sivil kodathikalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. eee kodathikal saadhaarana kodathi samvidaanathinu samaantharamaayi pravartthikkunnu, koodaathe vanita jadjimaarude aadya niyamanam ulppedunna parishkaarangalkk vidheyamaayikkondirikku. raajyam mathetharamo islaamikamo aakanamo ennathinekkurichu malaysiayil charchakal nadakkunnundu. paan-malaysian islaamik party niyanthrikkunna terrenganu ulppedeyulla chila samsthaana sarkkarukal islaamika niyamangal paasaakkiyittundengilum federal sarkkaarinte ethirppu kaaranam iva praabalyatthil vannitilla.
niyama samvidaanam.
malaysiayile niyamavyavastha engleesh pothu niyamathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, koodaathe malaysian muslimkalkkulla oru shariat kodathi samvidaanavum. federal kodathi appeel kodathiyil ninnu paraamarshicha theerumaanangal avalokanam cheiyunnu; bharanaghadanaa kaaryangalilum samsthaanangal thammilulla tharkkangalilum federal sarkkarum oru samsthaanavum thammilulla tharkkangalilum ithinu yadhaartha adhikaaraparidhiyund. upabhookhanda malaysiayilum kizhakkan malaysian samsthaanangalaaya saba, sarawak ennivayil oronninum oru haikodathi undu.
videsakaaryangal, prathirodham, aabhyanthara suraksha, neethi (maleshyakkaar allengil mattu musleengalkkum mattu thaddesheeyarkkum edayilulla sivil niyama kesukal ozhike, islaamikavum parambaraagathavumaaya niyamaprakaaram vidhikkappedunnava), federal pourathvam, dhanakaryam, vaanijyam, vyavasaayam, ashayavinimayam, gathagatham, mattu karyangal ennivayil federal sarkkaarin adhikaaramund.
samsthaana sarkkarukal.
oro samsthaanathinum oru ekasabhayaaya samsthaana niyamanirmmaana sabhayundu () athil amgangal eakaamga niyojakamandalangalil ninnu thiranjedukkappedunnu. diwan undangan negariyile bhooripaksha partyil ninnulla samsthaana niyamasabhamgangalaaya mukhyamanthrimaaraan (malaysian samsthaanangalil "mentheri bezar" allengil paarambarya bharanaadhikaarikalillaatha samsthaanangalil "kettuva mentheri") samsthaana sarkkaarukale nayikkunnath. avar athath sultaanmaareyo govarnarmaareyo upadeshikkunnu. paarambarya bharanadhikaariyulla oro samsthaanathum, mukhyamanthriye pradhaanamanthriyude shupaarshaprakaaram sultan niyamikkunna oru vamseeya malayanayirikkanam. paarlamentari thiranjeduppu anchu varshathilorikkalenkilum nadakkunnu, avasana pothu thiranjeduppu 2018 meyy maasathilaanu. 18 vious athil kooduthalumulla rajisttar cheytha watermark prathinidhi sabhayile amgangalkkum mikka samsthaanangalilum samsthaana niyamanirmmaana sabhaykkum vottu cheyyaam. vottu nirbandhamalla.
maleshya oru federal samsthaanamaanenkilum, rashtreeya shaasthranjar nirddeshichathu athinte "federalism valare kendreekrithamaanu" ennaanu
pankaalittham.
malaysian raashtreeyathil varggam oru valia punk vahikkunnu, koodaathe niravadhi malaysian rashtreeya partykal vamsheeyamaayi adhishtithamaanu. sarkkaarinte puthiya saambathika nayavum (nep) athine marikadanna deseeya vikasana nayavum (enn. dii. pii) "bumipudera" maleshyakkaarude nilavaaram uyarthunnathinaayi nadappaakki. thozhil, vidyaabhyaasam, scholarship, bisinesses, vilakuranja paarppidam, sahaaya sambaadyangal ennivayil maleyethararekkaal maleshyakkaarkk munganana nalkunnathaanu eee nayangal. maleshyakkaarude saambathika sthithi mechappedumbol, maleshyakkaarallaathavarkkil ithu amarshathinte uravidamaanu. unno pinthudarunna vamshathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla raashtreeyam vamsheeyavum vivechanaparavumaanennu parakke vimarshikkappettittundu. 1 malaysian samrambhathiloode vamseeya vibhajanam avasaanippikkaan shramikkukayaanennu pradhaanamantri daatho shree mohd najeeb thun rasak avakashappettu. ennaal, ithu kaaryamayonnum sahayichitilla.
vamshathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla raashtreeyathinte uthbhavam yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu malaysiayude swaathanthryathil ninnu kandethanakum, malaysiayile ellah pouranmaarum malaysiayude aadhipathyathin pakaram swaathanthryathil thulyaraayirikkanamenn avar aagrahichu. ithu akkaalathe moonnu pradhana vamshangalile rashtreeya partykalaaya ummo (malayaalikale prathinidheekarikkunnath), emm. sii. eiii (chaina prathinidheekarikkunnath), mike (indiakkaare prathinidheekarikkunnath) enniva sakhyakakshiyil cheraanum roopeekarikkaanum kaaranamaayi.
sarvakalashaala, yooniversitti koleju niyamam kaaranam vidyaarthikalkku raashtreeyathil earppedaan anuvaadamilla. rashtreeya prakriyakalodulla uyarnna thaalparyam 2013-nte aadya pakuthiyil pothutheranjeduppu pratheekshichukondu outbound korpparettu yaathrakalil maandyathilekku nayichu, avide niravadhi yaathrakkaarkk vottu cheyyaan avasaram labhichuvennu urappakkaan yaatra maattivachu.
videsha bandhangal.
maleshya anthaaraashtra raashtreeyathil pankedukkukayum anthaaraashtra sthaapanangalumaayum vividha nayangal sweekarikkunna videsha rajyangalumaayum aupachaarika bandhatthil earppedukayum cheiyunnu. anthaaraashtra raashtreeyathil malaysiayude pankaalittham aabhyanthara raashtreeyatheyum badhikkunnu, udaaharanathinu israel-maleshya bandhangal.