
karakkej

nikuthidaayakarude estettinte valuppathe adisthaanamaakki 1194-ll richard onnaaman rajaavu nadappaakkiya oru madhyakala engleesh bhoomi nikuthiyaanu karukej. vardhichuvarunna elavukal kaaranam shekharikkaan budhimuttaayirunna 1162-ll avasaanamaayi earppeduthiya daingeldinu pakaramaayirunnu ithu. 1194lum 1198lum richard; 1200ll addehathinte sahodaran pingaamiyumaaya joonn; 1217lum 1220lum 1224lum joninte makan henry III ennivar maathram aarr thavana karakkej chumatthi, athinusesham varumanathinum vyakthigatha swathinum nikuthi chumatthi.
oru estettinte nikuthi adaykkaavunna moolyam thudakkathil domesday sarveyil ninnaan vilayiruthiyathenkilum ayalkkaarude sathyavaangmoolathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla moolyanirnnayam allengil nikuthidaayakan upayogicha kalappakalude ennam polulla mattu reethikal pinneedu upayogichu. mattu nikuthikaleppole karakkej orikkalum uyarthiyillengilum niravadhi padhathikalkku dhanasahayam nalkaan sahayichu. 1194ll austriyayile prabhuvaya leopold vii. addehathe thadavilaakkiya sesham richaardinte mochanadravyamaayi ithu nalki; 1200ll fraansile philipp randaamanu aaa rajyath paarambaryamaayi labhicha bhoomiyil joonn nalkendivanna nikuthi ithil ulppedunnu; englandilum kondinental europilum henry moonnaamante sainika prachaaranangalkk dhanasahayam nalkaan ithu sahayichu.
rajakeeya dhanakaaryathil puthiya aavasyangal unnayikkappedunna oru samayat rajakeeya varumanam vardhippikkunnathinum vardhippikkunnathinam puthiya varumaana srothassukal nedaanulla sramamaayirunnu karakkej. pazhaya daingeldil ninnu uruthirinjathaanenkilum, karakkej ravanyoo shekharanathile oru pareekshanamaayirunnu, ennaal ithu pathivayi vilayiruthunna nikuthiyayi kanakkakkunnathinekkaal prathyeka aavasyangalkku mathramaayirunnu eedaakkiyirunnathu. pinneedu baaranukalude sammathathode kalakshan earppeduthukayum cheythu ennathum puthumayulla kaaryamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, rajakeeya varumaanathinte pradhana ozhukk mattu srothassukalil ninnaayirunnu, 1224 nuu sesham karakkej veendum shekharichilla.
pashchaathalam.
madhyakala englandil rajakudumbavum treasury thammil vyakthamaaya verthiriv undaayirunnilla. rajakeeya estettukal, fudal avakashangal (fudal aidukal allengil fudal releafukal, oru fudal overloard enna nilayil raajaavinte sthaanathu ninnu uruthirinjava), nikuthi, phees, judicial kodathikalil ninnulla mattu laabhangal ennivayaayirunnu rajakeeya varumaanathinte pradhana uravidangal. 1130ll treasuryilekku nalkia varumaanathinte rekhakal kaanikkunnath ekadesham 40 sathamaanam rajabharanangalil ninnum 16 sathamaanam fudal avakashangalil ninnum 14 sathamaanam nikuthikalil ninnum 12 sathamaanam judicial kodathikalil ninnumaanu. 1194 aayappozhekkum bhoomiyil ninnulla varumanam motham varumaanathinte 37 shathamaanamaayi, 25 sathamaanam fudal avakashangalil ninnum, nikuthi 15 sathamaanam vardhippichu, judicial srothassukalil ninnulla varumanam 11 shathamaanamaayi.
1066 leeii norman adhiniveshathinusheshamulla engleesh nikuthi, adimakaloo adimakaloo allatha ellah swatantra purushanmaarum nalkunna deseeya nikuthiyaaya jeld allengil danegeldine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. nikuthidaayakante udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyude thoppikalude ennathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee swarnam, athu rajaavinu aavasyappedaanum baaranukalumaayo mattu vishayangalumaayo koodiyaalochikkenda aavasyamillaathe vividha thalangalil vilayiruthaanum kazhiyum. henry onnaaman raajaavinte bharanakaalathu, vardhichuvarunna elavukalum swarnam shekharikkunnathil neridunna budhimuttukalum englandinte khajanaavil athinte praadhaanyam kurachu. henriyude pingamiyaaya steefan raajaavinte bharanakaalathaanu eee svarnnam shekharichathennu vyakthamalla. steefante pingamiyaaya henry randaaman rajaavu 1155-ll orikkal, veendum aii. dii. 1-ll, rund thavana maathrame eee svarnnam shekharichulloo. svarnnam janapreeti nediyirunnilla, 1162-nuu sesham athu shekharikkunnathu nirthunnathu raashtreeyamaayi uchithamaanennu henrique thonniyittundaakam.
kaarakkejinekkurichulla mikka vivarangalum athinte shekharanavumaayi bandhapetta saambathika rekhakalil ninnaan varunnath, ennaal athu shekharichatho vilayiruthiyatho aaya reethiyekkurich vishadamaaya vivaranam illa, ekadesham 1180 ll ezhuthiya "khajanaavinekkurichulla sambhaashanathil" nalkiyirikkunna khajanaavinte pravarthanangalekkurichu vyathyasthamayi. pipe rolukal, memoranda rolukal, mattu saambathika rekhakal, avayil chilath karakkejinu prathyekathayullava, athil avasheshikkunnu, koodaathe shekharicha thukayude vilayiruthalukaludeyum raseethukaludeyum rekhakal ulppedunnu. saambathika rekhakalil kaanapedunna vivarangalkk anubandhamaayi madhyakala charitrangalil nikuthiyekkurichu idaykkide paraamarsangalundu.
richard I.
henriyude makanaaya richard onnaaman raajaavinte keezhil, 1162 nuu sheshamulla aadyathethaanu oru puthiya bhoomi nikuthi. rajaavu pookumbool englandu bharikkan chumathalappeduthiyirunna englandile nyaayaadhipanaaya hubert vaaltaraanu ithu samghadippichathu. svarnnappanam pole, krookkej udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyude alavine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu, athinaal bhoomi illaathathum athinaal ozhivaakkappettathumaaya adimakalekkaal swathanthraraaya purushanmaare lakshyamidunnu. 1194-ll aadyamaayi shekharikkappettathum, jeldinu sesham englandil shekharicha aadyathe bhoonikuthiyaaya karukej, pothiyalukalilo kaarukettukalilo alakkunna estettinte valuppathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu (oru varshathil ettu-ooks kalappa-team uzhuthumarikkaan kazhiyunna oru yoonit bhoomi, ithu saadhaaranayaayi oru maravinu thulyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu). 1087 oode poortthiyaaya englandile bhoovudamakalekkurichulla oru sarveyaaya domsday survey adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu kaarukejinte yadhaartha swath vilayiruthal.
1198-ll veendum shekharikkukayum saadhaaranayaayi "grettu karukej" ennu vilikkukayum cheytha ithu thudakkathil oru kaarukettinu 2 shillings enna nirakkil (kanakkaakkappedunnu allengil) vilayiruthappettirunne pinneedu oru kaarukettinu 3 shillings adhikamaayi chumatthi. fraansile sainika prachaaranangalkkayi rajaavinu panam nalkunnathinum ekadesham 1,000 poundu samaaharikkunnathinumaayir eee 1198 shekharam. pinneedu nikuthidaayakarkku panam ozhivaakkiyathin niravadhi pizha chumatthi, ithu 1198 nikuthi athra vijayamaayirunnilla ennu soochippikkunnu.
1198 kaarakkejinekkurichulla vivarangalude pradhana uravidamaaya panthrandaam noottaandinte avasaanathe chronicler rogger oof haudan parayunnathanusarichu, oro noorilum (oru kaundiyude upavibhagam) pravartthikkunna rund rajakeeya udyogastharude oru kammeeshanaanu kaundiyil vilayiruthalukal nadathiyathu. eee kammeeshanukalil oronnilum oro graamatthilum naalu graamavaasikalil ninnu sathyavaangmoolam edukkunna rund praadeshika naittukalum graamatthil bhoomi kaivashamulla aaa baaranukalude jamyakkaar allengil estettu udyogastharum ulppedunnu. thathfalamaayundaakunna vilayiruthalukal rekhappeduthukayum sherief allengil kaundiyile cheef royal officer panam sweekarikkukayum treasuryilekku kaimarukayum cheyyum. pradeshathe estettu udamakal avarude estettukalil ninnulla peymentukalude utharavaadithamaayirunnu, avaa khajanaavin kaimariyappol paymentukal rekhappeduthunnathinu oru prathyeka nadapadikramam paalichu, avaa pinneedu oru samarppita akkoundukalilekku nikshepikkappettu. eee vipulamaaya nadapadikramangal orupakshe fandukalude durupayogam ozhivakkaan uddeshichullathaayirikkam, pakshe kammeeshanarmaarude pravarthanangalekkurichu anweshikkaan jadjimaare pinneedu ayachathinaal athu vijayikkaanidayilla. avarude anweshanangalude falamaayi, rajakeeya anweshanangalkkum paymentukalile kudissikakalkkum aruthivaruthaan 23 kaundikal pizha adachu.
thangalude estettukalil 1198 karakkej adichelppikkaanulla richaardinte shramathe thaazhathe purohithanmaarum bishappumarum ethirthu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, richard thante raajasabhakalilekkulla praveshanam pinvalichu, athu krusej shekharikkunnathinekkaal valia thukaykku thirike vaangaan avare nirbandhitharaakki.
johninte keezhil.
richaardinte sahodaran pingaamiyumaaya king joonn 1200-ll oru thavana maathrame karukej shekharichulloo. oro kaarukettil ninnum shekharikkenda thuka moonnu shillingukalaayi joonn nischayichu. eee nikuthiyil ninnulla varumanam 1200 pipe rolil kaanapedunnilla, ennirunnaalum rohtaminte vilyamineyum addehathinte sahayikaleyum audyogika rekhakalil "reseptors kaarukkaagi"-"karukej sweekarthaakkal"-enna padavi-samaaharicha panam khajanaavil oru prathyeka kammeeshanilekku nalkiyathaayi soochippikkunnu. 1198ll upayogicha sanbradaayaprakaaramaano bhoomi vilayiruthiyathennu ariyilla. nikuthi pirikkaan "jadjimaro rajaavo englandiludaneelam oru utharavu purappeduvichu" ennu kogshaalinte samakaalika charitrakaaranaaya ralph abhiprayappettu, ithu munkaala sambradaayam upayogikkunathinupakaram nikuthi pirikkaan rajaavu jadjimaare niyamichuvennu soochippikkaam. fraansile bhoomiyude anantharaavakaashathinu-joninte fudal aashvaasam-anantharaavakaasha bhoomikalude melnottakkaaran nalkunna panam-nalkunnathinaayi karakkej uyarthi. fraansile philipp randaaman rajaavum joninte adhipan 20,000 maarkk nirakkil eee chithram nirmmichirunnu. eee karakkej samaaharicha thukayude kanakkukal-ekadesham 3,000 poundu-pilkkala bharanakaalathu samaaharicha varumaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
englandinte vadakku bhaagathulla sistezhsiyan ashramangal nikuthiyilav illennu avakaashappett nikutiye ethirthu. nikuthi prakhyaapikkumbol joonn vadakku bhaagathaayirunnathinaal avarude mail sammarddam chelutthi, ennaal vividha madaadhipathikal annathe chansalaraya hubert valterode abhyarthichu. walter 1,000 poundu group payment vaagdaanam madangalil ninnu urappichuvenkilum juun 1200-ll rajaavu aaa vaagdaanam nirasichu. octoberil, rajaavu normandiyil ninnu madangiyethukayum ashramangalil sammarddam cheluthukayum cheythu, oru othutheerppil athiyittillengil randaazhchaykku sesham rajakeeya bhoomiyile ellah sistershyan kannukaalikalum kandukettanamennu utharavittu. november avasaanathode, walterude madhyasthathayiloode rajaavu keezhadangukayum eee nikuthiyil ninnu oru sistezhsiyan prathirodham amgeekarikkukayum cheythu.
henry III-nuu keezhil.
1217, 1220, 1224 ennee moonnu avasarangalil joninte makanaaya henry moonnaaman rajaavu karakkej vilayiruthi. 1217lum 1220lum oru puthiya sameepanam nikuthi chumathunnathinaayi pramukha prabhukkanmaarude sammatham neduka ennathaayirunnu. 1217leeii nikuthi orikkalkkoodi oru kaarukettinu 3 shillingukalaayi vilayiruthi. oro bhoovudamayum vivarangal nalkukayum athu sariyaanennu prathijnjayedukkukayum cheiyunna oro nikuthidaayakanum kaivashamulla bhoomiyude alavu vilayiruthuka. 1200 nikuthi pole, 1217 nikuthi aaa varshathe pipe rolil rekhappeduthiyittil, nikuthiyil ninnulla varumanam khajanaavinte oru prathyeka shaakhayilekku ayaykkanulla saadhyathaykk pinthuna nalkunnu. 1217 leeii karakkej saadhaaranakkaar maathramaan nalkiyathu; purohithanmaar nikuthi chumathunnathinupakaram sambhavana nalki. joonn raajaavinte maranathinu munbu englandine akramikkukayum engleesh simhasana avakaashappedukayum cheytha fraansile luis raajakumaaranethire nadanna yudhathinte chelavu vahikkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu eee panam.
saadhaaranakkaarkkum purohithanmarkkum mail chumathiya 1220 karukej oru prathyeka kammeeshan vazhi shekharikkukayum athu khajanaavilalla, marichu landanile puthiya shethramaaya templer oordar palliyilekku nalkukayum cheythu. templerukal avarude anthaaraashtra samghadanayiloode raajyangalilum avaykkidayilum bankermaaraayi pravarthichu. kammeeshanilekku niyamikkapetta moonnu perr-oru sanyasi, vilyam dii hallywell, lunden nivasiyaaya vilyam fitsbenidict, oru treasury clerk alexander dii sobridjworth-ennivarkku labhicha 3,000 poundu thukayude accounting utharavaadithamaayirunnu. 1220 karukej shekharanathinte samayaparidhi valare kuravaayirunnu; moolyanirnnayathinulla utharavukal augustil purappeduvichenkilum septambar avasaanathode michelmass nikuthi pirikkendathundu. 1220leeii nikuthi, tarisubhoomiye nikuthiyil ninnu ozhivaakkikkond, bhoomi moolyangalil vyathiyaanam anuvadikkaan shramichu. nikuthidaayakaril ninnu sathyaprathinja aavasyappedunnathinupakaram bhoomiyude valuppam nirnnayikkaan kalappa teamukal kanakkakkiyathinaal 1220 leeii moolyanirnnayathinulla samvidaanam 1217 leviekkaal lalithamaayirunnu. eee nikuthi ekadesham 5,500 poundu samaaharichu. ennirunnaalum, chila kaundikal adaykkaathathinaal athinte shekharanathil chila budhimuttukal undaayirunnu, koodaathe niravadhi baaranukal aadyam adaykkaan visammathichu. thekkan fraansile pooyittauvile henriyude bhoomiyude prathirodhatthinaayi 1220 karukej chumatthi.
1224 leeii karukej purohithanmaarkk maathram chumathiya nikuthiyaayirunnu, athil ninnulla varumanam aaa varshathe pipe rolil prathyakshappettilla. karakkej kadappettirunna purohithanmaarum nikuthi pirikkaan saadhyathayund. samaaharicha panatthinte bhooribhaagavum raajaavinte swakaarya khajanavaaya alamaarayilekku nalkiyathaayi rekhakal soochippikkunnu. 1224leeii vilayiruthal kalappa teamukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathum fraansile nashtappetta bhoomi thirichadaykkunnathinula panamaayi chumathiyathumaanu.
paarambaryamaayi.
1224-ll avasaanamaayi krookkej chumatthi, athinusesham madhyakala sarkkaarinte varumaanathinte bhooribhaagavum bhoomiyil pakaram charakk allengil vyakthigatha swathinu nikuthi chumatthi uyarthi; 1207-laanu charakk swathinu melulla nikuthi aadyamaayi vilayiruthiyathu. bhoomi nikuthi upekshikkunnathinulla oru kaaranam swathinum varumanathinum melulla nikuthi uyarthiya valia varumaanamayirunnu.
nilavilulla varumaana srothassukalkku poorakamaayi puthiya varumaana srothassukal nedaanulla sramamaayirunnu karakkej. puthiya aavasyangal uyarnnuvannathode rajakeeya varumanam vardhippikkaanum ithu uddeshichirunnu. pazhakkamulla svarnnathil ninnu uruthirinjathaanenkilum, karakkej varumaana shekharanathile oru pareekshanamaayirunnu, ennaal ithu pathivayi vilayiruthunna oru pothu nikuthiyayi kanakkakkunnathinekkaal prathyeka aavasyangalkku mathramaayirunnu eedaakkiyirunnathu. bharanavargathile mattu pramukha amgangalumaayum baaranukalumaayum koodiyaalochichathaanu oru puthiya savisheshatha. richard onnaaman, joonn, henry moonnaamante aadya varshangalil idaykkide upayogichirunnuvenkilum, akkaalathe rajakeeya varumaanathinte pradhana uravidam scutage, fudal durithaashwaasangal allengil fudal aidukal polulla fudal kudissika, neethinyaaya vyavasthayil ninnulla labham polulla rajakeeya avakashangal ennivayaayirunnu.

