
swargeeya raajyam

kwing raajavamshathe attimarikkaan shramicha oru chainees kristhyan daivabharana samboornna rajavaazhchayaayirunnu thiping swargeeya raajyam (1851-1864). hong siyukwan rajaavum anuyaayikalum chernnaanu swargeeya raajyam athawa swargeeya rajavamsham nayichathu. athinte thalasthaanam tianjingilaayirunnu (innathe nanjing). kwinginethire avar nadatthiya parajayappetta yudhathe typing kalapam ennu vilikkunnu.
yeshukristhuvinte svayam prakhyapitha ilaya sahodaran protestant kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettavanumaaya hong siukwan pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil thekkan chainayude oru pradhana bhagam niyanthricha oru sainyathe nayichu, oduvil ekadesham 30 dasalaksham aalukalayi vikasichu. vimatha raajyam saamoohika parishkaarangal prakhyapikkukayum budhamatham, confucianism, chainees naadodi matham, islam ennivaykku pakaram kristhumathatthinte roopam konduvarikayum cheythu, addeham daivathinte randaamathe puthran yeshuvinte ilaya sahodaranumaanennu addeham karuthi. kalaapathinte bhooribhaagavum kwing sainyam thiping pradeshangal uparodhichu. aathyanthikamayi franch, britiish sainyangalude sahaayathode kwing sarkkar kalaapathe paraajayappeduthi.
pashchaathalam.
pathonpathaam noottaandil, kwing rajavamsham niravadhi shaamangal, prakrithi duranthangal, saambathika prasnangal, videshashakthikalude parajayangal enniva anubhavichu; eee sambhavangal mothatthil chainayude "apamaanathinte noottaand" ennariyappettu. karshakarkk amita nikuthi eedaakkukayum vaadaka ganyamaayi vardhikkukayum karshakar thangalude bhoomi upekshikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. onnaam karupp yudhathil kwing sainyam aduthide vinashakaramaaya parajayam nerittu, athesamayam valia thothilullathum niyamavirudhavumaaya karupp irakkumathi moolamundaaya vyapara asanthulithaavastha chainees sambadvyavasthaye saaramaayi baadhichu. kollayadi kooduthal saadhaaranamaayitheerukayum niravadhi rahasya samghangalum svayam prathirodha yoonittukalum roopeekarikkukayum cheytha ivayellaam cherukida yudhathinte vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi.
protestant missionarymar mccavo, pasho (akkaalat "vampova" ennariyappettirunnu), gwaangshou ("kantoon") ennividangalil ninnu pravartthikkaan thudangi. avarude veettujolikkaarum avar upayogicha printarukalum missionarymaarude sandesham sariyaakkukayum chainakkaarilekku athicherunnathinaayi avar poruthappedutthukayum cheythu, koodaathe avar prathyekichum prefectural, pravishya pareekshakal pathivayi nadatthaan thudangi, avide praadeshika pandithanmaar imperial sivil sarveesil adhikaarathilethaanulla avasarathinaayi malsarichu. thaddesheeya laghulekhakalilonnaaya liyaanginte onpathu bhaagangalulla 500 pejulla tome, "yugathe upadesikkaanulla nalla vaakkukal" ennu vilikkappedunnu, 1830 kalude madhyathil hong siyukwaante kaikalilekku athu ethi. thudakkathil hong palishayillathe athiloode kadannupoyi. ennirunnaalum, pareekshakalile niravadhi parajayangalkkum naadee thakararinum sesham, hong suhruthukkalodum kudumbaamgangalodum oru swapnathekkurichu paranju, athil swarnna mudiyulla thaadiyulla oru manushyan "mootha sahodaran" ennu abhisambodhana cheytha oru cheruppakkaaranum thanne swaagatham cheythu. janangale vazhithettichathin honginte swargeeya pithaav kanfyooshyasine shikshikkunnath thaan kandathaayum addeham prakhyapikkum. liyaanginte laghulekha parishodhikkappedendathaanne sahodaran bodhyappeduthunnathinu munbu hong oru adthyaapakanaayi aarr varsham koodi jolie cheythu. eee laghulekha vaayichappol addeham kristheeya pratheekaathmakathayude adisthaanathil thante deerghakaala swapnam kandu addeham yeshuvinte ilaya sahodaranaayirunnu, pithavaaya shangdi kandumutty. thaddesheeya hahn mathathilulla vishwaasam punasthaapikkukayum kwing raajavamshathe attimarikkukayum cheyyendathu thante kadamayaanennu addehathinu ippol thonni. paramonnatha chakravartthiyude shabdamaayi pravarthikkunnuvennu avakashappetta gwangsiyile muun curry, viraku vilppanakkaranaaya yang seukwing addehathodoppam chernnu.
honginte ashayangal pracharippikkunnathinaayi 1844-ll oru missionary yaathraykk sesham gwangsyil feng yunshan daivaaraadhakarude samooham roopeekarichu. 1847ll hong rahasyasamoohathinte nethaavaayi. missionary kristhumathatthil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda typing vishwaasam "chalanathmakamaaya oru puthiya chainees mathamaayi vikasichu" ennu oru charithrakaaran parayunnu... kristhumathatthe adichelppikkunnu ". shangdiyile purathana classical vishwaasathinte punarujjeevanamaayum punarujjeevanamaayum hong eee mathathe avatharippichu. 1840 kalude avasaanathil eee vibhaagathinte shakti valarnnu, thudakkathil kollakkarudeyum kadalkkollakkarudeyum samghangale adichamarthiyenkilum kwing adhikaarikalude peedanam prasthaanatthe oru garilla kalaapathilekkum pinneedu aabhyanthara yudhathilekkum nayichu.
chila maarksist charithralekhanangalil, thiping kalaapathe oru aadyakaala communist kalaapamaayi kandu.
charithravum pashchaathalavum.
aadyakaala sthaapanangal.
1850ll gwangsyil jinshyan kalapam aarambhichu. 1851 januvari 11 nuu (onnaam chaandramaasatthile pathinonnam divasam), aakasmikamaayi hong siyukwaante janmadinathil, hong svayam oru puthiya raajavamshathinte "swargeeya rajaavu", "mahathaaya samadhaanathinte swargeeya raajyam" ennu prakhyaapichu. cheria ettumuttalukalkku sesham, akramam 1851 februvariyil jinshyan kalaapamaayi uyarnnu, athil 10,000-anga vimatha sainyam oru cheria kwing senaye paraajayappeduthi. 1852ll marikkunnathuvare raajyathinte aadyakaalangalil kalaapathinte thanthranjanum bharanaadhikaariyumaayirunnu feng yushan.
1853ll, thiping sainyam nanjing pidichadakki, athu avarude thalasthaanamaakki maattukayum athine "tianjing" ("swargeeya thalasthaanam") ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu. liangjiyaangile visroyiyude oafees hong thante swargeeya raajaavinte kottaramakki maatti. hong siukwan thante swapnathil ellah "bhoothangaleyum" unmoolanam cheyyaan nirddesham nalkappettathayi karuthappedunnathinaal, typingukal maanchukale angane kanakkakki, angane avar muzhuvan maanchu janathayeyum kollan purappettu. nanjing adhiniveshathilaayappol, typingukal nagaratthil 40,000 maanchukal kathichu kollukayum cheythu. aadyam avar ellah maanchu purushanmareyum konnu, thudarnnu maanchu sthreekaleyum maanchu kuttikaleyum kathichu.
athinte unnathiyilirikke, phalabhooyishtamaaya yangsi nadeethadatthe kendreekarichulla thekkan chaina swargeeya raajyam niyanthrichu. nadiyude niyanthranam ardhamaakkunnathu typinginu avarude thalasthaanam eluppathil vitharanam cheyyaan kazhiyum ennaanu. avide ninnu, kwing raajavamshathinte thalasthaanamaaya baijing pidichedukkaan typing vimathar padinjaaru yangsiyude mukalbhaagathekkum vadakku bhaagathekkum sainyathe ayachu. baijing pidichedukkaanulla sramam parajayappettu.
aabhyanthara samgharsham.
1853-ll, palappozhum mathabhashayil rekhaamoolamulla prakhyaapanangaliloode maathram bharichukondu, nayangaludeyum bharanathinteyum sajeeva niyanthranatthil ninnu hong pinmari. nayatthinte chila kaaryangalil hong yaanginodu viyojikkukayum yaanginte abhilaashangal, addehathinte vipulamaaya chaara shringhala, "daivamaayi samsaarikkumbol" addehathinte prakhyapanangal ennivayekkurichu kooduthal samshayikkukayum cheythu. 1856ll yaangineyum kudumbatheyum honginte anuyaayikal vadhichu, thudarnnu yaanginodu vishwastharaaya sainikar kollappettu.
thangalude nethaavinu valiyathothil athirppillaathathinaal, chainees madhyavargakkaarumaayulla janakeeya pinthuna vipuleekarikkanum europian shakthikalumayi sakhyamundakkaanum typing prathinidhikal shramichuvenkilum rund kaaryangalilum parajayappettu. europianmaar nishpakshatha palikkaan theerumaanichu. chainaykkullil, chainees achaarangalodum kanfyooshyan moolyangalodum ulla sathrutha kaaranam kalapam parambaraagatha madhyavargathil ninnu cheruthunilppu nerittu. thiping vimatharude karshakareethikalum vivahitharaaya dambathikalkku polum lingabhedam karsanamaayi verthirikkal nayavum moolam aswastharaaya bhoovudamakalaaya uyarnnavargam kwing shakthikaludeyum avarude paashchaathya sakhyakakshikaludeyum paksham chernnu.
1859-ll honginte bandhuvaya hong renkan nanjingile typing kalaapathil cherukayum hong addehathinu ganyamaaya adikaaram nalkukayum cheythu. raajyathinte athirthikal vipuleekarikkunathinulla oru abhilasha padhathi addeham vikasippichu. 1860-ll, thaiping vimathar haangshou, susau enniva kizhakode kondupokunnathil vijayichuvenkilum shanghoy pidichedukkunnathil parajayappettu, ithu raajyathinte thakarchayude thudakkamaayi adayaalappeduthi.
veezhunnu.
1860 augustil shanghai pidichedukkaanulla sramam thudakkathil vijayamaayirunnuvenkilum oduvil frederic tounsend vaardinte neethrthwathil chainees sainyavum europian offeesarmaarum athine pinthirippichu. eee sainyam pinneedu "chainees" gordante neethrthwathilulla "ekkaalatheyum vijayikalaaya sainyamaayi" maarukayum typing vimatharude paraajayatthil nirnaayaka punk vahikkukayum cheythu. seng gufan, lii hongshang ennivarude neethrthwathil saamraajyathva seena punasamghadippikkukayum kwing sarkkaarinte punarvijayathinu aathmaarthathayode aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1864-nte thudakkathil, mikka pradeshangalilum kwinginte niyanthranam nannayi sthaapithamaayi.
daivam nanjingine prathirodhikkumenn hong prakhyaapichu, ennaal 1864 juunil, kwing sakthikal adukkumbol, nagaram bhakshanam theernnupokaan thudangiyappol kaattu pachakkarikal kazhichathinte falamaayi bhakshyavishabaadhaye thudarnnu addeham marichu. kwing sainyam nagaram pidichedukkunnathinu munbu irupathu divasatholam addeham rogabaadhithanaayirunnu. hong asukham moolam marichathaakaamenkilum visham kazhichu aathmahathya cheythathaayum soochanayundu. addehathinte maranathinu eathaanum divasangalkku sesham kwing sainyam nagaram pidichedutthu. addehathinte mrithadeham samskarikkukayum pinneedu addehathinte maranam parishodhikkunnathinaayi seng purathedukkukayum samskarikkukayum cheythu. kalaapathin shaashvathamaaya shikshayaayi honginte avashishtangalkk vishramamillenn urappakkaan honginte chithabhasmam pinneedu oru peerankiyil ninnu pottitherichu.
thiping swargeeya saamraajyathinte pathanatthinu naalu maasam munbu, hong siukwan 14 vayassulla thante mootha makanaaya hong tianguifuvinu anukoolamaayi sthaanathyaagam cheythu. raajyam punasthaapikkaan hong tianguifuvinu onnum cheyyaan kazhinjilla, athinaal 1864 joolaiyil theruvukalile krooramaaya poraattatthinu sesham nanjing kwing senayude kayyil veenappol raajyam vegathil nasippikkappettu. rajakumaranmar ennu vilikkappedunnavaril bhooribhaagatheyum nanjingile jinling tounil () kwing udyogasthar vadhichu.
1864-leeii naanjinginte pathanam typing bharanakoodatthinte naashathe adayaalappeduthiyirunne poraattam avasanichittilla. aayirakkanakkin typing vimatha sainikar ippozhum poraattam thudarukayaanu. oduvil thiping kalaapathinte ellah avashishtangalum takarkkaan ezhu varshameduthu. 1871 augustil shhii daakaayiyude commander lii fushonginte neethrthwathilulla avasaanathe thiping vimatha sainyathe hunan, guizo, gwangsey ennee athirthi pradeshangalil kwing sainyam poornnamaayum thudachuneekki.
bharanaparamaya divisionukal.
25 pravishyakale swargeeya raajya srothassukalil paraamarshichittundu
rajaakkanmaar, rajakumaranmar, kuleenar.
swargeeya rajaavu swargeeya raajyathile ettavum uyarnna sthaanamaayirunnu. hong siukwan addehathinte makan hong tianguif mathramaayirunnu eee sthaanam vahichavara
svarggathile rajaavu" hong siukwan thaazhe sthaanamulla eee pradesham rajaakkanmaar allengil rajakumaranmar ennu vilikkappedunna pravishya bharanaadhikaarikalkkidayil vibhajichirunnu; thudakkathil naalu pradhana dishakalile anchu rajaakkanmaarum flank rajaavum undaayirunnu). yadhaartha bharanaadhikaarikalil, padinjaaran rajaavum thekkan rajaavum 1852-ll yudhathil kollappettu. 1856-ll oru attimariyude samayat kizhakkan raajaavine vadakkan rajaavu kolappeduthukayum pinneedu vadakkan rajaavu thanne kollappedukayum cheythu. rajaakkanmaarude perukal ivayaayirunnu
prasthaanatthinte pilkkala nethaakkal 'rajakumaranmar' aayirunnu
mattu rajakumaaranmaaril iva ulppedunnu
oresamayathe kalaapangalude nethaakkalkku samanamaaya reethiyil sichuvaanile lii yonghe kalaapathile nethaavaaya laan chaushu enna rajaavu enna padavi nalki.
thiping kalaapathinte pilkkala varshangalil, honginte ishtangale aashrayich eee pradesham palarkkum idayil, oru kaalathekku rajakumaranmar ennu vilikkappedunna dussen kanakkinu pravishya bharanadhikaarikal aayi vibhajikkapettu.
jiangsuvile pidichadakkiya pradeshangale "sufu pravishya" ennu vilichirunnu.
nayangal.
thante niyanthranatthilulla raajyathinullil, thiping swargeeya sainyam oru eakaadhipathya, daivabharana, uyarnna sainikavalkkarikkappett bharanam sthaapichu.
hong rengante nirddishta parishkaarangal.
1859-ll gaan rajakumaaranaaya hong renkan, thante cussin swargeeya raajaavinte amgeekaarathode, thaazhepparayunnathulppede niravadhi puthiya nayangalkk vendi vaadichu
sainika sambharanam.
typing vimatharkk paashchaathya sarkkaarukalude pinthuna illaayirunnuvenkilum aayudhangalude kaaryatthil avar thaarathamyena aadunikavalkkarikkappettu. paashchaathya aayudha vyaapaarikalum karinchanthakkaarum nirantharam vardhichuvarunna aadhunika thokkukal, raifilukal, peerankikal thudangiya paashchaathya aayudangal vimatharkk vittu. 1853 muthal, "typing tianguo" sainikar paashchaathyar vilkkunna thokkukalum vedikkoppukalum upayogichirunnu. raifilukalum thokkukalum engleesh, american vyapaarikal "snoof kudakalum" aayi chainayilekku kadathiyirunnu. vividha paashchaathya kambanikalum sainika yoonittukalude storukalum vilkkunna micha upakaranangal, cheria aayudangalum peerankikalum avayil bhaagikamaayi sajjeekarichirunnu. 1862 eprilil oru american vyapaariyil ninnu ithinakam thanne "vimatharumaayulla edapaadukalkku peruketta" aayudhangalude oru kayattumathi 2,783 (percussion cap) thokkukal, 66 carbineukal, 4 raifilukal, 895 feeld peeranki thokkukal, athupole vishwastha rajaavu oppitta pasportukal ennivayaayi pattikapedutthi. ekadesham rund maasathinu sesham, 48 thokkukalulla oru kappal 5000 thokkukalulla mattoru kappal nirtthi. paashchaathya rajyangalil ninnulla koolippadayaalikalum typing senayil chernnu, ennirunnaalum mikkavarum prathyayashaasthraparamaaya kaaranangalal cherunnathinupakaram kalaapasamayath kollayadikkaanulla avasarangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. kwing peerankikalekkaal valare mikachathaayi paashchaathyar visheshippikkunna kanatha peerankikal nirmmikkunna irumbu foundarikal typing sainyam nirmmichu. vadhashikshaykk thottumunbu, typing vishwastha rajaavaaya lii shiucheng paashchaathyashakthikalumaayulla yuddham varikayaanennum king mikacha paashchaathya peerankikalum thokku vandikalum vaanganamennum mikacha chainees karakaushala vidagdhar krithyamaaya pakarppukal nirmmikkaan padikkanamennum mattu karakaushalathozhilaalikaleyum padippikkanamennum thante shathrukkale upadeshichu.
mathaparamaya karyangal.
thudakkathil, hong siyukwaante anuyaayikale daivaaraadhakar ennu vilichirunnu. paramonnatha chakravarthiyaaya shangdi athawa yahova svarggathil addehathe abhivaadyam cheythathayi addeham report cheytha darshanangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathaanu honginte vishwaasam. hong neratthe protestant missionarymaarumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthukayum baibil vaayikkukayum cheythirunnu. mukhyadharaa kristheeya praarthanakal, achaarangal, avadhi divasangal ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya hong siyukwaante kristhumathavumaayulla samanvayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu typing swargeeya raajyam. yangsi deltta pradeshatthinte kaaryatthil budhamatha aashramangalude librarikal eathaandu poornnamaayum nasippikkappettu. davoism, confucianism, mattu parambaraagatha vishwaasangal ennivayude shethrangal palappozhum pallikaloo schoolukalo aashupathrikalo aakkukayo avaye vikruthamaakkukayo cheythirunnu.
missionary joseph edkinsinu ezhuthiya kathil hong niseen matham nirasikkukayum arius paranjathu sariyaanennu parayukayum cheythu. 
videsakaaryangal.
lokathile pathinayiram raajyangalum" swargeeya kottaarathinu vaarshika adaranjali dauthyangal samarppikkaanum nirbandhikkaanum nirbandhikkunna saamraajyathva chainees poshaka samvidaanam enna ashayam swargeeya raajyam nilanirtthi. chainayil oru puthiya rajavamsham sthaapikkaan uddeshikkunnathaayi swargeeya rajaavu prakhyaapichu.
currency.
aadya varshathil, thiping swargeeya raajyam ekadesham 4 gram bharamullah 23 millimeter muthal 26 millimeter vare vyaasamulla nanayangal achadichu. raajyathinte peru munvashath alekhanam cheyyukayum maruvashathu "vishudha nidhi" () ennu alekhanam cheyyukayum cheythu; raajyam kadalas kurippukalum puratthirakki.
thudarnnu hakkakalude koottakkola.
thiping swargeeya saamraajyathinte thakarchayode, king rajavamsham hakkakalkkethire koottakkolakal aarambhichu, hakka koottakkolayude uchathil chainayiludaneelam oro divasavum 30,000 hakkakal kollappettu. chuvanna thalappavu kalaapathe (1854-1856) paraajayappedutthumbol samanamaaya shudheekaranangal nadatthi. gwangdongle govarnor yeeii mingchen gwaangshouvil 70,000 perude vadhashikshaykk melnottam vahichu, oduvil central gwangdongiludaneelam oru dasalaksham aalukal kollappettu. oru dasalaksham aalukalude maranathinu kaaranamaaya raktharookshithamaaya pundi-hakka vamshayudhangalaayirunnu (1855,1867) mattoru pradhana aaghaatham. cantonese ooppara poornnamaayum shudheekarikkappettu.
kooduthal vaayana.
kooduthal poornnamaaya thiranjeduppinaayi, dayavaayi typing rebriation enna vibhaagam kaanuka kooduthal vaayikkuka

