
ming nidhi yaathrakalil nayathantravum vaanijyavum

ming nidhi yaathrakalkk nayathanthraparavum vaanijyaparavumaya vashamundaayirunnu.
nidhikkappalukalil vividha uthppannangalude oru valia charakkundaayirunnu. velli, sugandhavyanjanagal, chandanam, vilayeriya kallukal, anakkombu, ebony, carper, tinn, maan thoppi, pavizhapputt, kingfisher thoovalukal, aamayude shellukal, monakal, resin, kaandaamrigatthinte kombu, suppanwood, kunkumappoo (chayangalkkum mayakkumarunnukalkkum), indian parutthi thuni, ambergris (sugandhadravyangalkkum) thudangi palatharam kappam saadhanangalumaayi admiral sheng chainayilekku madangi. ottakappakshikal, aanakal, jiraafukal thudangiya videsha mrugangale polum avar thirike konduvannu. yaathrakalil ninnulla irakkumathi chainayude swantham vyavasaayangalkk indhanam pakaruna valia alavil saambathika vasthukkal nalki. pershyayil ninnu valareyadhikam cobalt ooksaid undayirunnathinaal porsaline sentar jingdeshenil yaathrakalkk sesham pathittaandukalaayi dhaaraalam vitharanam undaayirunnu. oru kaalath vilakoodiya aadambarangal chainees samoohathil oru saadhaarana charakkayi maarunna tharatthil valia alavil kurumulak konduvannu kappalppada thirichetthi. oru indian thuramukhathekku niravadhi chainees charakkukal irakkiyathinaal ellaathinum vila nischayikkaan maasangal eduthekkaam. nidhi yathrakal oru abhivridhi praapicha ming sambadvyavasthaykku kaaranamaayi, athesamayam labhakaramaaya samudra vyapaaram ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nilayilekku uyarthi. pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil pettennulla vilakkayattathode eshyayile chainees samudra chooshanangal europian irakkumathiye thadassappeduthunnathinu kaaranamaaya eurasian vipaniyil eee yathrakal pettennulla vitharana njettalinum kaaranamaayi.
kappalukal vahichirunna charakkukalil moonnu pradhana vibhagangal ulppedunnu bharanaadhikaarikalkk sammaanikkenda sammanangal, charakkukal kaimarunnathinulla enangal allengil kuranja nirakkil nischitha vilaykk charakkukal nalkuka (udha.jii. svarnnam, velli, chembu nanayangal, paper munny), chainayude kuthakayulla vasthukkal (udha.jii. kathrika, seramics, silk). ennirunnaalum, ming vyapara samrambham ganyamaaya maattangalum sambhavavikasangalum kandu, athil chainakkar thanne chainakkaarallaatha charakkukalude vyapaaravum vitharanavum aarambhichu, munbu poornnamaayum indiakkaarudeyum arabikaludeyum mattu videshikaludeyum kaikalilaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, avar thekkukizhakkan eshyan chandanavum indian kurumulak eadan, dhofar ennividangalilekkum indian puchukku, kurumulak enniva hormusilekkum chandanam, arrie enniva mogaadishuvilekkum irumbu coldronukalum chattikalum makkayilekkum ayachu. ithu yaathrakalude vaanijyaparamaaya swabhaavathe eduthukaanichu, athil chainakkar avarude vyaapaarathil ninnulla ithinakam valia laabhathilekku kooduthal vyapippichu.
vaanijyathil ming paryaveshanangalude swaadheenam onniladhikam thalangalilaayirunnu ithu praadeshika swakaarya vaanijya shringalakalil saamraajyathva niyanthranam sthaapikkukayum poshaka bandhangal vipuleekarikkukayum athuvazhi vaanijyathe samsthaana melnottatthinu keezhil konduvarikayum videsha thuramukhangalil kodathi melnottatthilulla edapaadukal sthaapikkukayum athuvazhi iru kakshikalkkum ganyamaaya varumanam srishtikkukayum cheythu, koodaathe mekhalayiludaneelamulla charakkukalude ulppaadanavum vitharanavum vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
videsha raajaakkanmaarkk saamraajyathva prakhyapanangal purappeduvichu, athaayath avarkk onnukil keezhadanganum prathiphalam nalkaanum allengil nirasikkaanum oru valia sainika shakthiyude bheeshaniyil samaadhaanippikkaanum kazhiyum. kappam nalkikkond chainees chakravartthiyude unnatha padavikku videsha raajaakkanmaarkk amgeekaaram nalkendivannu. pala raajyangalum poshakanadikalaayi cherkkapettu. nidhippada niravadhi videsha doothanmaare chainayilekkum thirichum kondupoyenkilum chila doothanmaar swathanthramaayi yaatra cheythu. keezhadangiya bharanaadhikaarikalkk rashtreeya samrakshanavum bhauthika prathiphalavum labhichu.
hongvuvinte bharanakaalathu maleshya-indoneshyan lokathile saahacharyathe nishedhaathmaka manobhaavathodeyaanu kandathu. ennirunnaalum, jaava, sumatra, malaysian upadveep ennivayiloode malaysian-indonesian mekhalayil nidhippada aadhipathyam sthaapichu. seylonilum dakshinenthyayilum, samudrapaathakal vaanijyathinum nayathanthrathinum surakshithamaakkumbol, nidhippada eee pradeshathe rashtreeya saahacharyathe avarkk anukoolamaakkaan nirbandhithamaakki.
avalokanam.
malakkayil, indian mahaasamudrathilekkulla yaathrakalkkaayi oru vaanijya kendravum pravartthana aditharayum vikasippikkaan chainakkar sajeevamaayi shramichu. maa huwan, phee siin ennee rund yaathrakalkkum munbu oru raashtreeyamaayi polum yogyatha nedaathathum thaarathamyena nissaravumaaya oru pradeshamaayirunnu malakka, ithu siyaaminte oru saamanta pradeshamaayirunnu. 1405-ll ming kodathi malakkayude padinjaaran parvathatthe thakarkkunna oru kallupalakayumayi sheng heye ayachu, koodaathe thuramukhathinte padavi oru rajyamaayi uyarthunna oru saamraajyathva utharavum. chainakkar thangalude sainikarkkaayi oru kottakettya kantonmentaayi oru sarkkar depoy sthaapichu. samudramekhalayile mattu lakshyasthanangalil ninnu kappal sanjarikkukayum kootticherkkukayum cheythathinaal ithu oru sambharana soukaryamaayi pravarthichu. athinusesham malakka akramikkaan siam dhairyappettillenn maa huwan report cheiyunnu. 1411-ll parameshwara rajaavineppolulla malaakkayile bharanadhikaarikal chainees chakravarthikku nerittu kappam nalkum. 1431-ll, siam ming kottaaratthile kappam nalkunna dauthyangal thadassappeduthukayaanenna oru malakkan prathinidhi paraathippettappol, shuvaande chakravarty shengine ayachu, addeham siamiya rajaavinu oru bheeshani sandesham nalki, "raajaave, nee ente utharavukal maanikkanam, ayalkkaarumaayi nalla bandham valarthiyedukkanam, ningalude keezhudyogasthare parisodhikkukayum nirddeshikkukayum venam, ashradhayo aakramanamo kaanikkarut." 
1404ll shandaprathinidhi yinn kingine ming chainayil ninnu malaakkayilekk oru dauthyathinaayi ayachu. malaakkayile parameshwara rajaavu (aarr. 1399-1413), ithil santhoshichu, praadeshika uthppannangalil adaranjali arppikkunna oru prathinidhiyumayi prathikarichu. oru varshathinusesham aadyathe nidhi yaathrayil, malaakkayile rajaavaayi parameswaran audyogikamaayi padavi nalkunnathinaayi admiral sheng malaakkayilethi. malakkayude bharanasamithi ming chainayumaayi souhrudaparamaaya bandhathilaayirikkukayum nidhi kappalppadayumayi sahakarikkukayum cheyyum. ming amgeekaaravum sakhyavum malakkayil sthiratha urappakkiya oru gadakamaayirunnu. malakka abhivridhi praapikkukayum kramena praadeshika vyapara kendramaayi paalembaanginu pakaram varikayum cheythu.
1406 august 12-leeii "taisong shilu" entry chenn suiyum liang davoming ming kottaratthilekku doothanmaare ayachathaayi rekhappeduthi, orupakshe admiral sheng addeham indoneshyan jalathiloode nidhi kappalukalkk naattilekku madangaan aajnaapikkumbol. chenn sui thante makan chenn shiliangine ming kottaratthilekku ayachu. liang dowming thante anantharavan liang gwansheng, sigandali, hajji mohammed ennivare ming kottaratthilekku ayachu. paalembaangile chainees samoohathinte nethaavaanu liang doming ennu ming kodathi manassilaakkiyenkilum, audyogika ming padavi allatha paalembaanginte thalavanayi chene kandathinal avar chenn suiye liyanginekkaal mukalilaakki. ming kodathi audyogika amgeekaaram nalkumennu chenn sui pratheekshichirikkaam, pakshe athu orikkalum nadannilla. chainees adhikaarikalude kannil chennine kadalkkollakkaranaayi tharamthirikkaan kaaranamaaya chenn suyiyude kadalkkollayekkurichu admiral sheng shhii jinkving addehathe ariyichu. aadya yaathrayil, admiral sheng chainees bharanathin keezhil paalembaangil kramam sthaapichu. admiral sheng chenn sui pidichedutthathinu sesham shhii jinkingine paalembaanginte grand cheefttainaayi ming kodathi amgeekarichu. shhii jinkinginte maranashesham, addehathinte makal shhii erji rajaavaayi ("wang")-saadhaaranayaayi sthreekal kaivasham vaykkaatha oru padavi-addehathinte makanekkaal, purushaadhipathya chainees, musleengalkk valare asaadhaaranamaaya oru saahacharyamaayirunnu. 
1425 februvari 27 nuu, "taisong shilu" anusarichu, admiral shengine oru nayatantra douthyathilekku ayachu, oru gass thoppi, oru aachaaraparamaaya anki (patunilayil swarnna paattenukalaayi neytha pookkalulla svarnnam), shhii jisunninu (shhii jinkinginte makan) oru velli mudra, pithaavinte samadhana kammeeshanarude offeesinu sesham yonkle chakravartthiyude amgeekaaram labhichu. taisong shilu" paalembaangine swantham nilayil oru prathyeka rajyamaayi nirvachichittilla. samakaalika chainees srothassukalil, palembang kooduthalum "jiugang" (littu. "pazhaya thuramukham").
randaamathe yaathrayil, kozhikode, malakka, chamba ennividangalile bharanadhikaarikal ming chainayumaayi sahakarikkunnathinulla oru nayam undaakkukayum avarude yaathrakalil pravartthikkaan kazhiyunna niravadhi thaavalangal nidhi kappalppadaykku nalkukayum cheythirunnu. randaamathe yaathrayil, kozhikode rajaavinu aupachaarikamaaya sthaanakkayattam nalkuka ennathaayirunnu pradhana utharavaadithangalilonnu. yaathrakalude thudakkathil, chaina selonine ganyamaaya shathruthayode kandu. moonnaamathe yaathrayil athiyappol athinte bharanadhikaarikal nidhi kappalinodu sajeevamaayi sathrutha pulartthiyirunnu.
malabar theerathu, kozhikode, kochi enniva kadutha sathruthayilaayirunnathinaal kochikkum athinte bharanadhikaariyaaya "keylikkum" prathyeka padavi nalkikkond edapedaan ming theerumaanichu. anchaamathe yaathrayil, kochiyile "keyili" kku oru mudra nalkaanum thante raajyathile oru parvvatham "senguo shhii shahn" (raajyathe samrakshikkunna parvvatham) aayi sthaapikkaanum shenginode nirddeshichu. yonkle chakravarty rachicha oru prakhyaapanathodukoodiya oru kallupalaka addeham kochiyilekku kaimari. kochin ming chainayude samrakshanathil thudarunnidatholam kaalam kozhikode saamoothirikku kochi akramikkaan kazhiyaathe varikayum sainika samgharsham ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. ming nidhi yathrakal avasaanippichathu thalphalamaayi kochiye prathikoolamaayi baadhichu, kaaranam samorin oduvil kochikkethire adhinivesham nadatthum.
aadya yaathraykkoppam, chaina viyatnaamumaayi yudhathil earppedukayum athu keezhadakkaan thayyaaredukkukayum cheythu. chainayude sakhyakakshiyum viyatnaamumaayi samgharshaavasthayilumaayirunna chambaykku chainayude pinthuna labhichu.
1408ll bangaalile giat-udh-dhiin rajaavu chainayilekku oru kappam ayachu. 1412ll giat-udh-dhiin raajaavinte maranavum addehathinte makan saif-udh-dhiin puthiya rajaavaayi adhikaaramettathaayum prakhyapikkaan oru prathinidhiye ayachu. 1414ll jalal-udh-dhiin rajaavu (aarr. 1414-1431) chainaykku aadaranjaliyaayi oru jiraf ayachu. 1415-ll yonkle chakravarty bangaalile rajaavinum raajnjikkum manthrimaarkkum sammanangal nalkaan huu sian ayachu. randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum yaathrayil shengine anugamicha oru grand directoraayirunnu huu sian. 1420ll, ayalrajyamaaya jaunpoor sulthaante akramanangalil ninnu bangal sultan ming samrakshanathinaayi abhyarthichappol, huu sian oru sainika senayumaayi ayaykkappedukayum athu akramam upayogikkaathe samadhaanam nilanirthunnathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. 1438ll bangal chainaykku aadarasoochakamaayi oru jiraafine ayachu. 1439ll bangal chainayilekku oru kappam ayachu.
maa huwan "mingshiyum" eadane oru musleem rajyamaayi visheshippichu, athinte janangal amithamaayi sahishnuthayullavarum 7 muthal 8 vare kuthirappadayaalikalum kaalppadayaalikalum undaayirunnu, athinaal raajyam thaarathamyena shakthavum ayalkkar athine bhayappedunnathumaayirunnu. alle-malik anaan-nasser salah-adhu-dhiin ahamed (raara. eejipthile mamluk sulthaanettil ninnu yemante niyanthranam neratthe ettedutha resulid raajavamshathile (ID1). chainees doothanmaaril ninnu thanikk labhicha saamraajyathva saasanavum sammaanangalum ahamed rajaavu sweekarikkukayum nidhi kappalukalude anchaam yaathrayil avar eadan sandarshichappol "valia aadaravodum thaazhmayodum koodi" avare abhivaadyam cheyyukayum cheythu. akkaalat mamluk sulthaanettu uyarthiya bheeshanikkethire sainika sahayam addeham pratheekshichirikkaam. aaraamathe yaathrayil kappal thirichethiyenkilum, ahamed raajaavinte pingamikalaaya abdallaayude bharanathin keezhil avarude adima sainikar aavarthichu kalapam nadathiyappol yeman thakarnnu. 1424-1427, addehathinte makan), ismaayil randaaman (r.1427-1428, addehathinte makan), yaahya (r. <aii. dii. 1>, ismaayil randaamante makan). chainayilekku motham naalu kappam dauthyangal eadan ayachathaayi mingshi abhiprayappettu.
mamluk sulthaanettumaayi bandhapetta avasana paryaveshanatthe paraamarshichu, 1432 juun 21-leeii ibnu thagreebirdiyude vivaranam, indiayil ninnu purappettathinu sesham eadanil nankooramitta rund chainees kappalukalekkurichu mccayil ninnu vanna oru report rekhappeduthiyittundu. yemanile kramakkedukal kaaranam eadan kappalukalil ninnu charakk kayattaathathinaal, reportil paranjathupole, kappalukalude rund captanmaarum shareef barakat ibnu hassan ibnu ajlan (makkayude ameer), saad alle-dhiin ibrahim ibnu alle-maraa (jeddayude kantrolar) ennivarkku jeddayilekku varaan anumathi thedi kathezhuthiyirunnu. niravadhi chainees charakkukalkkayi aakaamkshayullavaraayi randaamathethu sultanu ezhuthiyirunnathinaal, chainakkar jeddayilekku varaamennum avarodu bahumaanathode perumaaranamennum sultan thirichezhuthiyirunnathayi vivaranam soochippikkunnu.
niravadhi aafrikkan rajyangal chainaykku aadarasoochakamaayi aanakalum kaandaamrigangalum sammaanichukond ambaasadarmaare ayachu. 1415ll malindi oru jiraf avatharippichu. maalindiyil ninnulla avasana kappam nalkal dauthyam 1416 layirunnu, ennaal eathu praadeshika ulppannangalaanu ming kodathiyil avatharippichathenn ariyilla.
shenginte rund likhithangal anusarichu, anchaam yaathrayil mogadishu seabrekalum simhangalum avarkk aadaranjaliyaayi nalki. yaathraykkide ottakangalum ottakappakshikalum kappamaayi braahmanar nalkiyathaayum likhithangal soochippikkunnu. 1416 muthal 1423 vare brava chainayilekku naalu kappam dauthyangal ayachu.
anchaamatheyum aaraamatheyum yaathrakalil eadan kappam jiraafukale ayachuvenkilum anchaamathethu orikkalum chainayil athiyilla. ezhaam yaathraykkum mcca avare ayachirunnu. jiraafukal eadan allengil makkayude thaddesheeyamaayirikkaan saadhyathayilla. maalindiyil ninnulla veendum kayattumathi aanennu parayappettirunnenkilum bangal oru kappam jiraf ayachu.
1418 desember 30num 1419 januvari 27num idayil ming chainayude nidhippada alle malik alle naseerinte bharanakaalathu yeman sandarshichu. chainees sthaanapathi, orupakshe admiral sheng heey, yemeni sthaanapathi kaadi wassif alle-abdur rahman biinn-sumeyarine anugamichu, avar addehathe yemeni kottaratthilekku kondupoyi. vilakoodiya sugandhadravyangal, sugandhamulla maram, chainees manpathrangal enniva ulppedunna 20,000 roopaykku thulyamaaya sammanangal chainakkar konduvannu. yemeni bharanadhikaari ifranza thuramukhathu pavizhapputtil ninnu nirmmicha adambara vasthukkal, kaattumrigangalum kazhuthakalum, valarthumrigangalaaya simhakkuttikalum, kaattupoochakalum pariseelanam labhicha pullippulikalum pakaramaayi ayachu. yemeni prathinidhi sammaanangalumaayi chainakkaare eaden thuramukhathekku anugamichu, athu sammana kaimaattatthinte munvashath vyapaaram nilanirtthi.
1405-1406,1408-1410,1417 ennee varshangalil shenginte keezhilulla nidhippada addeham philippainsile rajyangalaaya pangasinan, manila, mindoro, sulu enniva sandarshikkukayum poshakarajyangalumaayi bandham sthaapikkukayum avayude melnottam vahikkaan qoo-chaa-lavo enna "govarnore" niyamikkukayum cheythu. eee sandarshanangal sulu oru pradhana vaanijya kendramaayi uyarthaan sahayichu.
nidhi kappal sanjaaram 1405-ll brunaiyumaayi oru poshakabandham roopeekarikkaan kaaranamaayi. thudarnnu 1408-ll brunai raajakudumbaamgangal chaina sandarshikkumbol ming brunaiyude puthiya bharanadhikariye nikshepichu, koodaathe 1407-ll ming sainikare thettayi kolappeduthiyathinu kshama chodikkaan balaprayogam vazhi vijayakaramaayi sammarddam cheluthiya majaapaahithin adaranjali arppikkunnathil ninnu brunai mochippichu.

