
shingot pettakam

bisi randaam noottaandil intho-greak rajaavaaya menander onnaamante bharanakaalathekkurichu paraamarshikkunnathaayi karuthappedunna gaandhaarayile bajaur pradeshathu ninnulla oru budhamatha avashishtamaan menanderude bharanakaalathe bajaur avashishtam ennum ariyappedunna shingot pettakam. steettaitt pettiyil kandethiya samayat oru velliyum swarnna avashishtavum undayirunnathaayi parayappedunnu, pakshe avaa nashtappettu.
likhitham.
eee pettakam orupakshe gandhara pradeshathu ninnu alekhanam cheytha ettavum pazhaya budhamatha avashishta pettiyaan. athinte oru likhithathil, adappilulla bahumaanasthaanathu, paraamarshikkunnath "maharaja minaadrayude bharanakaalathu kaartthikayude 14-aamm divasam" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunna "khananam cheytha maharaja kathiyasa diwasa 44411", paraamarshikkappedunna "maharaja" ("mahanaaya rajaavu") "minadra" menander aayirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi greak bhashayilum kharoshtiyilum dvibhaashikalaaya addehathinte nanayangalil ninnaan menander ariyappedunnathu, avide addehathinte kharoshti peru "menadra" ennaanu nalkiyirikkunnath. addehathinte nanayangalil, rajaavu menander enna muzhuvan padaviyum "menadrasa maharajasa trathrasa" "rakshakanaya mahanaaya rajaavu menander" ennaanu. milindapanhayil addehathinte peru "milinda" ennaanu nalkiyirikkunnath.
vividha shakalangalude oru vivarthanam cheythittunda
kathaapaathrangal valare vyakthavum avyakthavumaanu. grettu king menander" vibhaagavum ("minadrasa maharaja") vyakthamaayi vaayikkunnu. puraathanakaalakhattatthil, sii, dii ennee likhithangalude aakruthi bisi onnaam noottaandile thakshasilayileyum mathurayileyum indo-sythian vadakkan sathrapukalude kaalaghattavumaayi poruthappedunnu, avaa cheruthaayi murikkukayum eathaandu poralukal maathram cheyyukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam eiii, bii ennivayile aksharangal munkaala tharam savisheshathakalaan, kharoshti lipiyile ashoka likhithangalude tharathodu adukkunnu, avaa bold aazhathil murikkukayum cheiyunnu.
likhithathinte pilkkala bhagangal prathyakshatthil aprakaraajanmaarude rajaavaaya vijayamithrante utharavilaanu nirmmichathu (bisi 12-15 ce bharichu). munbu aksharaarthatthil "shathrukkalillaatha rajaavaaya vijayamitra" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappettirunna "vijayamitra aprakarajana" enna peril addeham dii yill prathyakshappedunnu, ippol baajaur mekhalayile mattu puraavastu avashishtangalil ninnu ariyappedunna oru indo-sythian gothramaaya "apraakakalude rajaavaaya vijayamitra" ennaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
menanderumaayi bandhapetta likhithathinte aadhikaarikatha 2005 ll haari phack samshayichittundenkilum pinneedu stephaan boams 2017 ll gaandhaaran likhithangalekkurichulla thante lekhanathil "avashishta likhithangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla gaandhaaran kaalagananayude chattakkood" uyarthippidichu.
1937ll kalkattayil pettakam kanda majumdar, likhithangalude ulladakkam epigraphia indikkayil, <aii. dii. 1>, poornnamaayum prasidheekarichu, ennaal athu evideyaanennu ippol anjjaathamaanu.