
munthirithottam

pradhaanamaayum wine nirmmaanathinaayi valarunna munthirippazham nalkunna munthirithottamaanu munthirithottam (,), mathramalla unakkamunthiri, table munthirippazham, madyarahitha munthirippazham ennivayum valarunnu. munthirithotta ulppaadanathekkurichulla shaasthram, pariseelanam, patanam enniva vittikkalchar ennariyappedunnu. munthiri thottangalude savisheshatha palappozhum veenjinu thanne nalkaavunna munthiri thottangalude prathyeka bhoomishaasthraparavum bhoomishaasthraparavumaaya savisheshathakale soochippikkunna "sthalabodham" ennu ayanja reethiyil vivarthanam cheiyunna oru franch padamaanu.
charithram.
wine ulppaadanathinte aadyakaala thelivukal bisi 6000 num 5000 num idayilaanu. purathana greekkukaarude kaalath veenju nirmmaana saankethikavidya ganyamaayi mechappettuvenkilum roman saamraajyathinte avasaanam vare namukkariyaavunnathupole krishi saankethikavidyakal europiludaneelam saadhaaranamaayirunnu.
madhyakala europil sabha veenjine shakthamayi pinthunachirunnu, ithu bahujana aaghoshathinu aavashyamaayirunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile deerghakaala asthirathayil, ashramangal vibhavangal, suraksha, sthiratha, munthirivallikalude gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathinulla thalpparyam ennivayulla sasyasamskaara reethikal nilanirthukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythu. europile ettavum mikacha munthirithottangal avar swanthamaakki paripalikkukayum cheythu, "vinam theologium" mattellaavarekkaalum mikachathaayi kanakkakkappettu.
europian munthirithottangalil vaividhyamaarnna "vaittis vinifera" munthirippazham nattupidippichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, vadakke amerikkayil ninnu abadhathil europilekku avatharippicha paine "philoxera" eee inam muzhuvan nashippichu. thaddesheeya american munthirippazhangalil eee keedatthe prathirodhikkunna "vaittis labresca" polulla enangal ulppedunnu. "thaddesheeya american enangalude verukalil graaft cheythukondu "vaittis vinifera" enangal samrakshikkappettu, ennirunnaalum graaft cheytha verukal nattuvalartthaattha eathoru munthirithottathinum apakadakaramaaya "philoxera" ennathinu ippozhum pariharamilla.
aadhunika reethikal.
munthirithottathinte kaaryakshamathaykkulla anweshanam sameepa varshangalil aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna niravadhi samvidaanangalum saankethikavidyakalum srishtichittundu. kooduthal phalabhooyishtamaaya puthiya loka valarchaa saahacharyangal kaaranam, munthirivalliyude kooduthal sakthamaaya valarcha kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil valareyadhikam shradha kendreekarichu. palisej" (munthirivalliyude pariseelanam, saadhaaranayaayi oru trellisiludaneelam, palappozhum "melaapp maanejment" ennu vilikkunnu), vettimattalum nerpical reethikal (oru munthirithottathinte microclimateumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ilayude vistheernnam/pazham (laa/eph) anupatham opttimais cheyyaan lakshyamidunnu) enniva "aavasyamulla gunanilavaaramulla vilavu paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinu" anukoolamaayi "yoonit eriyayil vilavu" polulla kooduthal pothuvaaya parambaraagatha aashayangale maattisthaapichu. eee puthiya saankethikavidyakalil palathum "pazhaya loka" munthirithottangal ennu vilikkappedunnathil kooduthal purogamanaparamaaya parambaraagatha sanbradaayathinu pakaram sweekarichu.
poojyathinu thaazheyulla thapanilayil ninnu (aspersion) samrakshikkunnathinaayi munthirivallikalil vellam thalikkuka, puthiya graphting saankethikavidyakal, mannu sloating, mechanical vilaveduppu enniva sameepakaalathe mattu reethikalil ulppedunnu. atharam saankethikavidyakal canada polulla puthiya loka rajyangalil veenju vyavasaayangalude vikasanam saadhyamaakki. innu jaiva, paaristhithikamaayi sensitiivu, susthiramaaya munthirithottangal vikasippikkunnathil thaalparyam vardhichukondirikkanu. vittikkalcharil biodynamics kooduthal janapriyamaayirikkunnu. sameepa varshangalil drip irrigation upayogam munthirithottangale munbu nadaanaavaattha pradesangalaayi vyapippichu.
aranoottaandilereyaayi newyorkkile cornell sarvakalashaala, california sarvakalashaala, davis, california stettu yooniversitti, fresno enniva vittikkalchar mechappeduthunnathinum parisheelakare bodhavalkkarikkunnathinumaayi shaasthreeya pareekshanangal nadathunnundu. mechappetta munthiri enangal vikasippikkukayum keeda niyanthranam anweshikkukayum cheiyunnathu gaveshanathil ulppedunnu. gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathinum vilavu vardhippikkunnathinum keedangalodu "swaabhaavika" prathirodham nalkunnathinumulla janithaka marggangal kandethunnathinulla oru bahurashtra sramamaanu anthaaraashtra munthiri genome prograam.
thozhil niyamangalile mattangal, thozhil shaamam, bureaucratic sankeernathakal enniva palappozhum mechanical vilaveduppu nadappaakkunnathine uthejippikkunnu. kuranja samayathekku thozhilaallikale niyamikkunnath chelaveriyathayirikkaam, ithu ulppaadanachelavu kuraykkukayum vegathil vilavedukkukayum cheyyendathinte aavasyakathayumaayi poruthappedunnilla, palappozhum raathriyil. ennirunnaalum, valare cheria munthirithottangal, munthiri munthirivallikalude varikalkkum kuthaneyulla bhoopradeshathinum edayilulla poruthappedaattha veethikal, atharam vilaveduppine nirasikkunna parambaraagatha kaazhchakalude prathirodhathekkaal yanthra vilaveduppinte thozhilinu thadassamaakunnu.
nilavile pravanathakal.
europian munthirithottangal verode pizhutheriyunnathupole thanne puthiya loka munthirithottangalude ennam valare vegathil vardhichukondirikkanu. 1990num 2003num idayil yuu.ezz. munthirithottangal vardhichappol australian munthirithottangalude ennam erattiyiladhikavum chilian munthirithottangal vardhichathum. puthiya lokathile oro munthirithottangalude valippam pradhaanamaan. europile sharashari 16 laksham munthirithottangal oronninum thulyamaanu, athesamayam sharashari australian munthirithottam ganyamaaya saambathikakshamatha nalkunnu. 2006 vareyulla aarr varshathinide puthiya loka karshakaril ninnulla europilekkulla kayattumathi 54 sathamaanam vardhichu.
valarunna munthirippazhangalude tharatthilum kaaryamaaya mattangal undaayittund. udaaharanathinu, chiliyil, gunanilavaaramillaattha munthirippazhangalude valia pradeshangal chardone, cabernet saavignon thudangiya munthirippazhangalaal maattisthaapichu.
arjanteenayil, saambathika maandyam kaaranam, 1980kalil maalbekkinte ekkar ganyamaayi kuranju, ennaal 1990kalil, maalbekkinte pioneer nicolas kaattena sapatta prerippicha gunanilavaara viplavathil, karshakar kooduthal malbeck nadaan thudangi, prathyekichu uyarnna uyarangalil, thanutha thapanilayum kooduthal theevramaaya sooryaprakaashavum kooduthal kendreekrithavum ennaal sugamavum kooduthal sankeernavumaaya malbekkukal. munthirippazhathinte mattangal palappozhum upabhokthaavinte aavasyathil varunna mattangalodulla prathikaranamaanenkilum chilappol munthirithottathinte maattam prolsaahippikkunnathi roopakalppana cheytha munthirivallikal valikkunna padhathikalude falamaanu. pakaramaayi, "tii" badinginte vikasanam ippol munthirithottathil nilavilulla verukalilekku mattoru munthiri inam graftucheyyaan anuvadikkunnu, ithu rund varshathinullil enangal maattaan saadhyamaakkunnu.
eathokke enangal thiranjedukkunnu, avaa engane valarthunnu, munthirithottangalil jalasechanam nadathaamo ennum eppol krithyamaayi munthiri vilavedukkaam ennum praadeshika niyamanirmmanam palappozhum nirnnayikkunnu, ivayellaam paarambaryatthe shakthippeduthunnu. niyamathile maattangalkk eathokke munthirippazhangal nadunnu ennathilum maattam varaam. udaaharanathinu, yuu. esile nirodhana samayat.ezz. (1920-1933), kaaliforniyayile munthirithottangal veettil undakkunnathinulla vardhichuvarunna aavasyam niravettunnathinaayi ezhiratti vikasichu. ennirunnaalum, raajyathudaneelam veettuvalappil ninnu veenju nirmmaathaakkalilekku kondupokaan kazhiyunna kadinamaaya tholikalulla enangalil avaa pradhaanamaayum nattupidippichirunnu, athinte falamaayi labhikkuna veenju gunanilavaaram kuranjathaayirunnu.
anthaaraashtra munthirivalliyum veenjum samghadanayude kanakkanusarichu, 2015 eprilil, munthirithottangalkki neekkivachirikkunna bhoomiyude kaaryatthil chaina () fraansine () marikadannu, lokathile ettavum valia uthppaadakanaaya speyinin () pinnil randaam sthaanathethi.
terror.
eathenkilum prathyeka munthirithottavumaayi bandhapetta prakrithi gadakangalude samyojanatheyaan teroire soochippikkunnathu. mannu, antharleenamaaya paara, uyaram, kunninteyo bhoopradeshathinteyo charivu, sooryanilekkulla disha, micro climate (saadhaarana mazha, kaatt, eerppam, thaapanilayile vyathiyanangal muthalaayava) enniva eee gadakangalil ulppedunnu.). rund munthirithottangalkkum ore teroire illengilum thathfalamaayundaakunna veenjile vyathyaasangal phalatthil kandethanavilla.
munthirithottangal palappozhum kunnukalkkidayilanu sthithicheyyunnathu, mattu chedikalkku naamamaathramaaya moolyam maathram ulla mannil nattupidippikkunnu. oru saadhaarana pazhanchollu ithaanu "mannu ethra moshamaayaalum veenju athra nallathaanu."kunnukal, prathyekichu vadakotto (thekkan ardhagolathil) thekotto (vadakkan ardhagolathil) abhimukeekarikkunnava, mikkappozhum munthirithottathil veezhunna sooryaprakaashathinte alavu paramavadhi vardhippikkaanulla sramathilaanu nadunnathu. ekkaaranathaal, kuthaneyulla kunnukalil nattupidippicha munthirithottangalil ninnaan chila mikacha vainukal varunnath, ithu mattu kaarshika uthppannangale saambathikamallaathathakkum. veenju munthirippazhangalkkulla (vadakkan ardhagolathil) stereotypical munthirithotta saitt, thekkan exposure, anaavashya jala upabhogam kuraykkunnathinu nalla drainage, ilayekkaal kooduthal oorjjam pazhangalil nikshepikkaan munthirivalliye nirbandhikkunnathinaayi santhulithamaaya vettipp ennivayulla varanda kaalaavasthayilulla oru kunnin pradesamaanu.
teroire thathwachintha pradhaanamaayum franch uthbhavamaan, vainukalude vyakthithvavum prathyeka savisheshathakalum nirvachikkunna sthalathinte ruchiyum swabhaavavum noorukanakkinu varshathe mikacha veenju nirmmaana paarambaryavumaayi samyojippichu, teroire vainukalkku avayude vyathirikthamaya ruchiyum oppum nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, californiayileyum australiyayileyum kaattuthee aaa pradeshangalile munthirithottangalude munthirippazhangaludeyum swabhaavathe swaadheenichittundu.
wignet.
oru valia ekeekritha munthirithottathinte bhagamaaya 500 chathurashra meter visthruthiyulla munthirithottamaanu wignet. nikshepakar oru munthirithottathinulla oru kashanam bhoomi vaangukayum munthiri paripalanavum ulppaadana pravartthanangalum purathuninnulla munthiri valarthunarthunarthurnathur cheiyunnu. avar oru sahakarana gadanaykku keezhil karar cheiyunnathinaal, avarkk valia thothilulla sambadvyavasthayil ninnu prayojanam labhikkunnu, athinaal kuranja thozhilaalliyum pravarthanachelavum.