
pelonyoostukal

englandile madhya juraasikkil ninnulla pleosorid plesiosorinte oru janussaanu pelonyoostas (ardham). ooksfoord kaliman roopeekaranathile peetterbo amgathil ninnaan ithinte avashishtangal ariyappedunnathu, ithu calovian aanu. 1869-ll paleantologist haari govier sealy ithine "plesiosorus" enna inamaayi visheshippichu, 1889-ll prakrithishaasthranjanaaya richard lidecker svanthamaayi oru januss nalkunnathinumumbu. athesamayam niravadhi enangal "pelonyoostukal" aayi niyogikkappettittund. nilavil filkercus maathramaan saadhuthayullathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnath, mattullava "nomina dubaaya" aayi kanakkaakkappedunnatho "pii" ennathinu paryaayamaayi vilikkappedunnatho aaya vyathyastha janussukalilekku maari. filracus ". munbu "pii" ennathinu nalkiyirunna chila metteeriyalukal. pinneedu ivancy pleosoorus andruzi ennu punarniyamichirikkunnu. "pelonyoostukal" valare poornnamaaya chila vasthukkal ulppede niravadhi saambilukalil ninnu ariyappedunnu.
motham neelamulla "pelonyoostukal" oru valia pleosorid allah. shareerathinte neelatthinte anjilonnu varunna oru valia thrikonaakrithiyilulla thalayottiyaayirunnu athinu undaayirunnathu. thalayottiyude munbhagam oru idungiya rostramaayi (mookk) neelunnu. mandible (thaazhathe thaadiyellu) fyoosinte oro vashathinteyum muun attangal "pelonyoostukalil" neelamullathum thaadiyelline shakthippeduthaan sahayikkunnathumaaya mandibular symphysis. mandibular symphysisil pallu varikalkkidayil oru uyarnna ridge sthithicheyyunnu. pelonyoostukalude" pallukal konaakrithiyilullathum vrithaakrithiyilulla cross sekshanukalullathum ellah vashathum lambamaya malancherivukalullathumaan. munkalukalkk pinkaalukalekkaal valuppamund. 19 muthal 21 vare servical (kazhuthu) kasherukkal mathramulla "pelonyoostukalkku" plesiosorinu oru cheria kazhuthu undaayirunnu. pelonyoostukalude" kaikaalukal munvashathekkaal valuppamulla pinn jody upayogichu flipperukalaayi parishkkarichu.
"pleosorasinte" adutha bandhuvaayo taalasophonaykkullile kooduthal adisthaana (aadyakaala-vyathichalikkunna) pleosorid aayo "pelonyoostas" vyaakhyaanikkappedunnu, pinneedulla vyaakhyaanathin kooduthal pinthuna labhikkunnu. mattu plesiosorukaleppole, "pelonyoostukal" jalajeevikalumaayi nannayi poruthappettu, athinte flipperukal sabakwayas flaitt ennariyappedunna neenthal reethikkayi upayogichu. bhakshanathinte sammarddangale nannayi neridunnathinaayi pleosorid thalayottikal shakthippeduthi. pelonyoostukalude" neelamullathum idungiyathumaaya mookk vegathil vellathiloode neengukayum malsyathe pidikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, athu niravadhi moorchayulla pallukal kondu thulachukayarukayum cheythu. "pelonyoostukal" aazhathilulla oru epikondinental (ulnaadan) kadalil vasikkumaayirunnu. akasherukkal, malsyangal, thalatosusians, ekthiyosorukal, mattu plesiosorukal ennivayulppede vividha mrugangalumaayi ithu athinte aavaasavyavastha pankittu. peterbo amgathil ninnu kuranjathu anchu pleosoridukalenkilum ariyaamenkilum avaa shareeraghadanayil valare vyathyasthamaayirunnu, ithu avaa vyathyastha bhakshya srothassukal kazhichittundaakumennum athuvazhi malsaram ozhivaakkaamennum soochippikkunnu.
gaveshanathinte charithram.
ooksfoord kaliman roopeekaranathile peterbo amgathinte stharangal ishtika nirmmaanathinaayi valarekkaalamaayi khananam cheyyappedunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal, eee pravartthanangal aarambhichathumuthal, niravadhi samudra mrugangalude fossilukal paarakalil ninnu khananam cheythittundu. englandile peterboroic sameepamulla kaliman kuzhiyil geologist henry porter kandethiya "pelonyoostas phililkkas" nte holotype maarunna maathruka ivayil ulppedunnu. eee maathrkayil oru mandible, mukalile thaadiyellinte munbhagam, shareerathiludaneelamulla vividha kasherukkal, tholinte arakkettil ninnum eduppil ninnumulla gadakangal, humery (mukalile kaii asthikal), femora (mukalile call asthikal), mattu vividha avayava asthikal enniva ulppedunnu. 1866-ll, geologist aadam sedjewick cambridge sarvakalaashaalayile wood vardian myoosiyathinaayi (ippol sedjewick museum oof erthu sciences, kembridge) sample vaangi, sample camsum j.46913 aayi pattikappedutthukayum sarvakalaashaalayude prabhaashana muriyil cabinet dii. paleantologist haari govier sealy 1869-ll eee maathrkaye "plesiosorus" enna puthiya inam "plesiosorus filercus" ennu visheshippichu. nirddishta perinte ardham, orupakshe athinte valuthum shakthavumaya thalayotti aayirikkam. pradhaanamaayum ariyappedunna vasthukkalude oru pattika nalkikkond sealy eee maathrkaye vishadamaayi vivarichilla. pilkkala prasidheekaranangal eee avashishtangale kooduthal vivarikkumbol, cams <aii. dii. 1> moshamaayi vivarikkappettirikkunnu.
alfred lead sahodaran chaals lead 1867 muthal ooksfoord kalimannil ninnu fossilukal shekharikkukayum ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalayile geologist joonn phillips prolsaahippikkukayum leads shekharam ennariyappedunnathu kootticherkkukayum cheythu. oduvil chaals poyathinushesham, bhooribhaagam saambilukalum shekharicha alfred 1917 vare fossilukal shekharikkunnathu thudarnnu. oduvil, britiish museum oof naachural histtariyile (ippol landanile naachural histtari museum) henry woodward 1885 ll leads shekharathilekku sandarshichathinushesham, museum 1890 ll fossilukal vaangi. ithu leads shekharathe vishalamaaya prashasthiyilekku konduvannu, pinneedu addeham europiludaneelamulla myusiyangalkkum amerikkayiludaneelamulla chila myusiyangalkkum polum saambilukal vittu. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya prakriyakalaal palappozhum thakarkkappedukayum thakarkkappedukayum cheythittundenkilum shradhaapoorvvam thayyarakkiya vasthukkal saadhaaranayaayi nalla avasthayilaayirunnu. thalayottikalkk ithu prathyekichum durbalamaayirunnu.
britiish museum oof naachural histtariyile oru plessiosar asthikoodathekkurichu prakrithishaasthranjanaaya richard lydecare avide jolie cheythirunna geologist jorjju chaals crick ariyichu. bedfordinaduthulla kempstanile pacha attathulla ooksfoord kaliman roopeekaranathilaanu nhmuk r1253-nuu keezhil pattikappedutthiya eee maathruka kandethiyathu. asthikoodam poortthiyaayennu lidecker anumaanichappol, khananathinide athinu kedupaadukal sambhavichu. sample myoosiyathil athiyappol avayavangalude arakkettukal kanatha vighadichirunnuvenkilum jiyolaji vakuppile lingard enna thozhilaalliykku avayil bhooribhaagavum punasthaapikkaan kazhinju. avayavangalude arakkettukalkk purame, bhagikamaaya oru kasherukkal, pallukal, onniladhikam kasherukkal (kazhuthil ninnu onnumillengilum), kaikaalukalude bhooribhaagavum eee maathrkayil adangiyirikkunnu. lidecker eee maathrkaye "plesiosorus filercus" enna vyakthiyayi thirichariyukayum 1889-ll athinekkurichu oru vivaranam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. leads shekharathile ithum mattu saambilukalum padicha sesham, kazhuthum valia thalayum ulla plesiosorukale "plesiosorus" enna inamaayi tharamthirikkaan kazhiyillennu addeham nigamanam cheythu, athaayath "pii"."filracus" mattoru janussil pettathaayirunnu. 1888-ll addeham thudakkathil ithu "thoumaattosorasinu" nalkiyengilum pinneedu 1889-leeii prasidheekaranathil "pelonyoostas" ennu peritta swantham janussil ithu urappunalkaan paryaapthamaanennu theerumaanichu. ooksfoord kalimannu roopeekaranathe soochippikkunna allengil, ardhamaakkunna greak padangalil ninnaan "pelonyoostas" enna peru vannath. ennirunnaalum, 1892-ll sealy "pelonyoostukale" "pleosorasilekku" koottiyinakki, iva randum vyathyastha janussukalkku urappunalkaan paryaapthamallenn avakashappettu. eathu janussilaan "pii" ennu tharamthirikkendathennu sealic lideckerinum yojikkan kazhinjilla. rund shaasthranjarum thammilulla kalahathinte bhagamaaya 'filracus'. ennirunnaalum, "pelonyoostas" enna peru pinneedu amgeekarikkappetta peraayi maari.
leads shekharathil onniladhikam "pelonyoostukal" saambilukal undaayirunnu. 1895-ll paleantologist chaals vilyam andruz leads shekharathile naalu bhagika thalayottikale adisthaanamaakki "pelonyoostukalude" thalayottiyude shareeraghadanayekkurichu vivarichu. 1907-ll, geologist frederic jackard swittsarlandile musey paleantologic dii losaanil sookshichirikkunna peettarborinaduthulla ooksfoord kalimannil ninnulla rund "pelonyoostas" saambilukalude vivaranam prasidheekarichu. rund saambilukalilum kooduthal poornnamaaya rund thaadiyellukalum samrakshikkunna oru samboornna thalayotti ulppedunnu; onniladhikam otappetta pallukal; 13 servical (kazhuthu), 5 pectoral (thool), 7 cadell (wall) kasherukkal; vaariyellukal; rund skaapulakalum, oru coracoid; oru bhagika interclaavikkal; oru ischiyathinaayi oru poornna pelvis save; naalu kaikaalukalum, avaa eathaandu poortthiyaayi. mattoru maathruka 33 kasherukkalum anubandha vaariyellukalum samrakshichu. vivaricha lidecker maathrkaykku chila punarudhaarana aavasyamullathinaal, nashtappetta vivarangal thante prasidheekaranathile mattu saambilukalil ninnulla daatta upayogichu nirachathinaal, "pelonyoostukalude" shareeraghadanaye nannayi thithreekarikkunnathinu losanile kooduthal samboornna maathrkayude photographukal adangiya oru vivaranam prasidheekarikkunnathu uchithamaanennu jackard kandethi.
1913-ll prakrithishaasthranjanaaya herman linder germmaniyile tubingen sarvakalaashaalayile instittyoott pharr jiovisenshaaftanilum stettu museum oof naachural histtari stattgaarttilum sookshichirikkunna "pelonyoostas philicharkasinte" onniladhikam maathrkakal vivarichu. eee maathrkakal leads shekharathil ninnum vannirunnu. muun sthaapanathil ninnu addeham vivaricha saambilukalil rund servical kasherukkal illaatha eathaandu poornnamaaya asthikoodam, vaalinte attathu ninnu kurachu kaudal kasherukkal, chila vidoora falaamgukal ennivayundaayirunnu. thalayottiyude pinbhagam maathrame nalla avasthayilaayirunnulloo mandible kooduthalum kedupaadukal sambhavikkaathathaayirunnu. vivaricha mattoru maathrukaa linder nannayi samrakshikkappetta thalayottiyaayirunnu (jii. pii. tii. reey/3409), tubingen sarvakalashaalayil ninnullathum, oru sclerotic valayam (kannine pinthunaykkunna cheria asthikalude koottam) samrakshichathum, naalam thavana maathramaan eee asthikal oru plesiosoril report cheyyappettathu.
britiish museum oof naachural histtariyil undaayirunna leads shekharathinte samudra uragangalude maathrkakal pinneedu andruz vivarichu, onnu 1910lum mattonn 1913lum rund vaalyangal prasidheekarichu. "pelonyoostas" saambilukalude shareeraghadana randaam vaalyathil vivarichu, praadhamikamaayi nannayi samrakshikkappetta thalayottikalaaya ngmuk aarr 2679, ngmuk aarr 3808, ngmuk aarr 3318 ennivaye adisthaanamaakki, eathaandu poornnamaaya asthikoodam. iduppinteyum kaikaalukaludeyum nashtappetta bhagangal niraykkendathundengilum, athu punarnirmmikkaanum gadippikkaanum kazhiyunna tharatthil nhmuk r3318 nannayi samrakshikkappettu. myoosiyathile phoosil uragangalude galleryil eee asthikoodam pradharshippichirunnu. 1910ll andruz eee parvvathatthe vivarichirunnu, ithu oru pleosoridinte aadyathe asthikooda parvvathamaanennu abhiprayappettu, angane grouppinte mothatthilulla shareeraghadanayekkurichulla pradhana vivarangal nalkunnu.
1960-ll, paleantologist lambert beverley tarlo upper jurassic kaalaghattatthil report cheyyappetta pleosorid enangalekkurichulla oru avalokanam prasidheekarichu. otappetta shakalangale adisthaanamaakki pala pleosorid enangalkkum perunalkukayum ithu ashayakkuzhappam srishtikkukayum cheythu. vasthukkalude thettaaya vivaranangalum paaliyantolajistukalum parasparam cheytha pravartthanangal avaganikkunnathum eee ashayakkuzhappam kooduthal vashalakkiyathaayum tarlo kandethi. addeham avalokanam cheytha 36 enangalil "pelonyoostas philicharkas" ulppede onpathu enangal maathrame saadhuthayulloo ennu addeham kandethi. 2011-ll, paleantologistukalaaya hilari kechavum rogger benzon "pelonyoostukalude" thalayottiyude shareeraghadanayekkurichu vivarichu. andrewineyum linderineyum kurichulla muun shareeraghadana padanangalkku sesham, thalayottiyude aakruthiyekkurichu mikacha dhaarana nalkunna moonnu alavukalil samrakshichirikkunna thalayotti enhmyuk aarr 4058 ulppede kooduthal maathrkakal kandethiyittundu.
mattu niyukta enangal.
athinte charithrathiludaneelam "pelonyoostukalkku" kooduthal enangal nalkiyittundenkilum ivayellaam pinneedu vyathyastha janussukalilekku punarniyamichatho asaadhuvaayi kanakkaakkappettatho aanu. addeham "pii" ennu peritta athe prasidheekaranathil. philarkkas", "sealy", plesiosorasinte mattoru inathinu peru nalki, p. wood vardian myoosiyathile thalayottiyudeyum kasheruvinteyum vasthukkal ulkkollunna ezhu saambilukale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu stirodeeras. lidecker "p" ennathinu "pelonyoostas" enna januss sthaapichappol. philarkkas", "plesiosorus" stirodeeras "," pleosoorus "ikwalis (1871 ll joonn phillips namakaranam cheytha oru inam) ennivaye eee janussile amgangalaayi addeham punarvarggeekarichu. 1960-ll pleosorid taxonomiyekkurichulla avalokanathil tarlo "pii" aayi kanakkakki. vividha pleosorid speesheesukale verthirichariyaan upayogikkaanaavaatha propodiyalukale (mukalile avayava asthikal) adisthaanamaakkiyullathinaal ikwalis asaadhuvaayirikkanam. pakaram "pleosorasil" pedunna pelonyoostas stirodeeras "aanennu addeham karuthi, orupakshe" pii "ykkullil. brachydirus ".
wood vardian myoosiyathile saambilukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla pleosoorus ivansi 1869-ll sealy vivaricha mattoru inamaanu. ivayil servical, dorsal (pinn) kasherukkal, vaariyellukal, oru coracoid enniva ulppedunnu. pleosorasinte" oru cheria inavum "pelonyoostas filercus" ennathumaayi saamyamullathumaayathinal, 1890-ll lidecker athine "pelonyoostas filercus" ennathinekkaal valuthaanennu choondikkaatti "pelonyoostas" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. pleosorasinu kaaranamakunna oru valia mandible paadilum undennum addeham karuthi.1871ll phillips rachicha grandis eee inathilppettathaayirunnu. 1913-ll, andruz leads kandethiya mattoru valia pleosorinte bhagika asthikoodam "pelonyoostas ivansi" kku nalki, mandible kasherukkalum mattu "pelonyoostas ivansi" saambilukalkku samaanamaanengilum avaa "pelonyoostas philirkasi" ll ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaanennu choondikkaatti. thathfalamaayi, andruz "pii" saadhyamaanennu karuthi. pelonyoostas", "pleosoorus" ennivaykkidayilulla roopashaasthraparamaayi idatharam aaya oru prathyeka janussil pettathaayirunnu ivansi. pleosoridukalekkurichu thante 1960 leeii avalokanathil, tarlo "pelonyoostas ivansi" yeei "pelonyoostas philarkkas" ennu paryayamaakki, kaaranam avayude servical kasherukkal samaanamaan (valippathile vyathyasam ozhike). pelonyoostas ivansi" yude valia maathrkakal vyathyasthamaanennu addeham kanakkaakkukayum avaye "pleosoorus" enna oru puthiya inathinu nalkukayum cheythu. andruzi (eee inam inii "pleosorasil" ulppedunnathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnille). hilari eph. kechavum rogger bii. jeey. benson eee paryaayapadatthodu viyojikkukayum 2011-ll "pelonyoostas ivansi" yude holotype nondiagnostic aayathinal (prathyekathakalillaatha) ", p. ivansi "ennathu oru" dubium "enna perullathinaal oru anischitha pleosorid aanu.
paleantologist iii. pelonyoostukalude" mattoru inathe kokkan vivarichu, p. 1905-ll, germmaniyile kreetteshyasil ninnu canslery. 1960-ll tarlo eee inathe oru elasmosorid aayi thiricharinju. 1913-ll, linder "pelonyoostas" enna oru upajathi srishtichu. philarkkas vaar. "spaathirinchas", athinte spettulettu mandibular symphysis (maandibilinte rund vashangalum kandumuttukayum fuse cheyyukayum cheiyunna) adisthaanamaakki athine verthirikkunnu. 1960-ll tarlo ithine "pelonyoostas filercus" ennathinte paryaayamaayi kanakkakki, valia saambilukalil "pelonyoostukalude" mandibular symphysis aanupaathikamaayi vishaalamaan, ithu eee swabhaavam intraspeciphic vyathiyaanam (speesheesukalkullile vyathiyaanam) moolamundaakaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. eee anupaathangalude krithyamaaya alavu crushing budhimuttaakkunnu. 1948-ll paleantologist nesttar novoshilov oru puthiya inathinu "pelonyoostas" ennu perittu. irjisensis, "pinn 426 adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu, vayarile ulladakkangal samrakshichirikkunna valuthum apoornnavumaaya thalayotti, kasherukkal, bhagikamaaya pinbhagam enniva adangiya oru bhagika asthikoodam. russiayile thaazhnna volga thadatthilaanu eee maathruka kandethiyathu. 1960 leeii thante avalokanathil, tarlo eee inathe "pelonyoostas" ll ulppedunnathinu "pelonyoostas philarkkasil" ninnu valare vyathyasthamaanennu kanakkakki, thaalkkaalikamaayi "pleosorasil" sthaapichu. novozhilovu "pelonyoostukal" aanu deerghakaalamaayi thuzhachunilkkunna eaka pleosorid ennu thettayi karuthiyirunnuvennum athinaal prarambha niyamanam aanennum addeham oohichu. 1964-ll novozhilovu eee inathinaayi "strongylocrotaphus" enna oru puthiya januss sthaapichu, ennaal kooduthal padanangal tarloyumaayi yojikkukayum inathe "pleosoorus rossicus" ennathinte paryayamaaya "pleosoorus" ennu punarniyojippikkukayum cheythu. appozhekkum pinn 426nuu kanatha pairait kedupaadukal sambhavichirunnu.
1998-ll, paleantologist frank robin ooo 'keef, germmaniyile lover jurassic posidonia sheyil ninnu oru pleosorid maathruka "pelonyoostukalude" oru puthiya inathe prathinidheekarikkumennu nirddeshichu. 2001ll addeham ithine oru prathyeka janussil pettathayi kanakkakki, athinu "haphiosorus sanoni" ennu perittu. paleantologistukalaaya sulma gasparini, maanuval eiii. cubayude upper jurassic jaguwa roopeekaranathil ninnu "pelonyoostas" sp lake itturaalde-vintant oru pleosorid nalki. 2006-ll. 2009-ll gasparini ithine "gallardosorus iduralde" ennu punarnirmmichu. 2011-ll kechavum benzon "pelonyoostukal" oru inam maathrame ulloo ennu kanakkakki, "p. filracus ". ooksfoord kaliman roopeekaranathile peetterbo amgangalil ninnulla "pelonyoostas filercasinte" irupathonnu krithyamaaya maathrkakal avar thiricharinju. munbu "pelonyoostukalkku" nalkiyirunna fraansile peterbo amgathil ninnum maarkvisil ninnumulla chila maathrkakal vyathyasthavum nilavil perillaathathumaaya pleosoridukalil pettavayaanennu avar kanakkakki.
vivaranam.
"pleosoridaeyude cheruthum idatharavumaaya amgamaanu "pelonyoostas". landanile naachural histtari myoosiyathile moundu cheytha asthikoodamaaya enhmyuk aarr3318 neelamullathaanu, athesamayam tubingen sarvakalaashaalayile instittyoott pharr jiovisenshaaftanile moundu cheytha asthikoodam neelatthil alakkunnu. plesiosorukale saadhaaranayaayi cheria thalayullathum neelamulla kazhuthullathumaaya "plesiosoromorph" morphotype allengil valia thalayullathum hraswa kazhuthullathumaaya "pleosoromorph" morphotype ennu visheshippikkaam. "pelonyoostas" ennathu randaamathe morphotypeanu, athinte thalayotti mrugathinte motham neelatthinte anchil oru pankilum kuravaanu. "pelonyoostukal", ellah plesiosorukaleyum pole, oru cheria wall, valia shareeram, athinte ellah kaikaalukalum valia flipperukalaayi parivartthanam cheythu.
thalayotti.
pelonyoostukalude" holotypil athinte thalayottiyude pinbhagam illengilum, mukalil ninnu thaazhekku thakarkkaatha onnu ulppede nannayi samrakshikkappetta niravadhi adhika maathrkakal eee janussil nalkiyittundu. eee thalayottikalude valippam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, neelam alakkunnu. pelonyoostukalude" thalayotti neelamullathum athinte pinbhaagathekku mukalilekku charinjathumaanu. mukalil ninnu nokkumbol, thalayotti oru isosilus trikonatthinte aakruthiyilaanu, thalayottiyude pinbhagam veethiyullathum munbhagam idungiya rostramaayi neelamullathumaanu. munbhaagathe tapering pradeshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, thalayottiyude ettavum reaarmost bhaagathinu ekadesham samanthara vashangalund. baahya narangal (naasaarandrangalkkulla thurakkal) cheruthum thalayottiyude neelatthinte pakuthiyolam neelatthil sthithicheyyunnathumaanu. vrukkayude aakruthiyilulla kannu sokkattukal munnilekkum puratthekkum abhimukeekarikkukayum thalayottiyude pinn pakuthiyil sthithicheyyukayum cheiyunnu. sclerotic valayangal kuranjathu 16 vyakthigatha moolakangalaal nirmmithamaan, ithu oru uragathinu asaadhaaranamaaya uyarnna samkhyayaanu. temporal fenestre (thalayottiyude pinbhaagathulla thurakkal) valuthaakkukayum deerghavrithaakrithiyilullathum thalayottiyude ettavum reaarmost kwaartarilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu.
savisheshamaayi, "pelonyoostukalude" premaxillakalkku (munvashathe mukalile pallu vahikkunna asthikal) aarr pallukal veethavum mukalile thaadiyellile dayastematta (pallukal thammilulla vidavukal) idungiyathum undu. pelonyoostukal" mookkukalundennu prasthaavichittundel (baahya narangalude athirthiyilulla asthikal), nannayi samrakshikkappetta saambilukal soochippikkunnathu anganeyalla ennaanu. pelonyoostukalude" munvashangal (kanninte sokkattukalude athirthiyilulla asthikal) kanninte sokkattukalumaayum baahya narukalumaayum sanbarkkam pulartthunnu, ithu "pelonyoostukalude" savishesha swabhaavamaanu. mosham samrakshanam kaaranam "pelonyoostukalkku" lacrimalukal (kanninte sokkattukalude thaazhathe munvashathe arikukalude athirthi pankidunna asthikal) undo ennathinekkurichu chila tharkkangal undaayittund. ennirunnaalum, nannayi samrakshikkappetta maathrkakal soochippikkunnathu mattu pleosoridukalilennapo lacrimalukal vyathyasthamaaya asthikalaanennu, jugalsinte vipuleekaranangalkk vipareethamaayi (kanninte sokkattukalude thaazhathe pinn attangalumayi athirthi pankidunna asthikal). pelonyoostukalude" annaakk parannathaanu, aantharika narangal (mookkilekkulla vazhi thurakkunnathu) ulppede niravadhi dwaarangal vahikkunnu. eee janussine thirichariyaan upayogikkunna krameekaranamaaya paalaattinukal ennariyappedunna paalattal asthikalaanu eee dwaarangalumaayi sanbarkkam pularthunnathu. paraspinoid (brainkesinte thaazhathe munbhagam roopappeduthunna oru asthi) oru neenda cultrifom prakriya (brainkesinte munvashathe projection) vahikkunnu, ithu annaakkine thaazhe ninnu nokkumbol drishyamaakum, ithu "pelonyoostukalude" mattoru savisheshathayaanu. pelonyoostukalude" osiputtu (thalayottiyude pinbhagam) thurannirikkunnu, valia fenestra vahikkunnu.
"pelonyoostukal" pala maandibilukalil ninnum ariyappedunnu, avayil chilath nannayi samrakshikkappedunnu. eee nadapadikalil ettavum dairkhyameriyathu. motham mandibular neelatthinte moonnilonnu varunna mandibular symphysis neelamullathaanu. symphysisinu pinnil, pinbhaagathu soumyamaayi akathekku valayunnathinumumbu maandibilinte iruvashangalum vyathichalikkunnu. oro danthashaalaykkum (pallu vahikkunna asthikal) 36 muthal 44 vare pallukalundu, avayil 13 muthal 15 vare symphysisilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. randaamathethu muthal ezhaamathe vare tooth sokkattukal (tooth sokkattukal) kooduthal pinnilullathinekkaal valuthaanu, symphysis anchaamatheyum aaraamatheyum chuttalavil ettavum veethiyullathaanu. mandibular pallukalude savisheshathakalkk purame, mandibular symphysisinu kaaranamakunna athinte coronayidukal (upper innar mandibular asthikal) vazhiyum "pelonyoostukal" thirichariyaan kazhiyum. pallu varikalkkidayil, mandibular symphysis danthadoktarukal kandumuttunna oru uyarnna ridge vahikkunnu. mattu plesiosorukalil kaanaatha "pelonyoostukalude" savishesha savisheshathayaanithu. mandibular glenoid (thaadiyellu sandhikalude sokkatt) vishalavum vrukka aakruthiyilullathum mukalilekkum ullilekkum konullathumaanu.
pelonyoostukalude" pallukalkk vrithaakrithiyilulla cross sekshanukal undu, athu athinte praayatthile mattu pleosoridukalil kaanapedunnu. pallukalkk aavarthichulla konukalude aakruthiyundu. kireedangalude inamalil ellah vashathum vyathyastha neelamulla sthiramaaya lambamaya malancherivukal undu. pallukalude konkevu attathaanu eee malancherivukal kooduthal kendreekarichirikkunnathu. mikka malancherivukalum motham kireeda uyarathinte pakuthi muthal moonnil rund vare neelunnu, avayil chilath yadhaarthathil pallinte mukalbhaagathu athunnu. pelonyoostukalude" danthakshayam heterodond aanu, athaayath ithinu vyathyastha aakruthiyilulla pallukalundu. valia pallukal thaadiyellukalude munvashath sthithicheyyunnu, athesamayam cheria pallukal kooduthal moorchayullathum aavarthikkukayum kooduthal pinnilayi sthithicheyyukayum cheiyunnu.
poost craniel asthikoodam.
1913-ll, andruz report cheythath "pelonyoostukalkku" 21 muthal 22 vare servical, 2 muthal 3 vare pectoral, 20 oolam dorsal kasherukkal ennivayundennum, krithyamaaya ennam trika (iduppu), kaudal kasherukkal enniva anjjaathamaanennum, leads shekharathile saambilukalude adisthaanathil. ennirunnaalum, athe varsham thanne, tubingen sarvakalaashaalayile instittyoott pharr jiovisenshaafttanile oru maathrkaye adisthaanamaakki, linder 19 servical, 5 pectoral, 20 dorsal, 2 sacrell, kuranjathu 17 cadell kasherukkalenkilum pelonyoostukalil report cheythu. aadyathe rund servical kaserukkalaaya atlasum axis muthirnnavaril samyojippichirikkunnu, ennaal praayapoorthiyaakaathavaril avaa upayogikkappedaatha niravadhi moolakangalaayi kaanapedunnu. akshatthinte intercentrum (vertebral bodiyude bhagam) ekadesham chathuraakrithiyilullathaanu, ithu atlasinte sentrathinu (vertebral body) thaazhe vyaapichukidakkunnu. servical kasherukkalkk vashangalil ninnu vashathekku amarthunna uyaramulla neural nattellukal undu. servical sentraykku veethiyude pakuthiyolam neelamundu. avaa sakthamaaya konkevu articular prathalangal vahikkunnu, kasherukkalude thaazhathe attathu oru pradhana riim seereesinte munvashath sthithicheyyunnu. oro servical sentrathinum athinte adibhaagathinte madhyarekhayil sakthamaaya keel undu. servical vaariyellukalil bhooribhaagathinum oru nochu kondu verthirikkapetta rund thalakal undu.
pectoral kasherukkal avayude kendratthilum neural kamaanangalilum bhaagikamaayi athath vaariyellukalkk ucharanangal vahikkunnu. eee kasherukkale pinthudarunna dorsal kasherukkal servical kasherukkalekkaal neelamullathum hrasvamaaya neural nattellukalullathumaanu. trika, kaudal kasherukkalkk uyarathekkaal veethiyulla neelam kuranja kendramundu. eduppil ninnum wall karadiyude adithattil ninnumulla pala vaariyellukalum parasparam vyakthathayode kaanapedunna baahya attangal vikasippikkunnu. 1913-ll andruz eee krameekaranam valia pinkaalukale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi wall karshanamaakkumenn anumaanichu. terminal (avasana) kaudal kasherukkal valippathil kuthane kurayukayum kooduthal munnott sthithicheyyunna kaudal kasherukkalekkaal aanupaathikamaayi valia chevronukale pinthunaykkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. 1913-ll, oru cheria wall phiin polulla ghadanaye pinthunaykkaan eee roopaghadana undaayirikkaamenn andruz anumaanichu. mattu plesiosorukalkkum oru speeshisil ariyappedunna atharamoru gadanayude impressionukalulla wall chirakukal undennu anumaanikkappettittund.
mattu chila plesiosorukaleppole kanatha reethiyil nirmmichathallengilum "pelonyoostukalude" tholinte arakkett valuthaayirunnu. tholinte arakkettile ettavum valia asthikalaanu coracoidukal, avaa plate poleyaanu. tholinte sandhikal roopappedunnathu scapula (tholinte balde) coracoid chernnaanu, rund asthikalum parasparam 70° konil roopappedunnu. moonnu pradhana projectionukal allengil raami vahikkunna pleosorid, triradiat ennivayude roopathil scapulakal saadhaaranamaanu. dorsal (mukalile) ramas purakottum mukalilekkum pinnilekkum nayikkappedunnu. oro scapulayudeyum adibhaagathu athinte ventral (thaazhathe) raamukalude munvashathekku oru ridge undu. rund skaapulakaludeyum ventral raami parasparam interclavicle ennariyappedunna thrikonaakrithiyilulla asthi kondu verthirichu. mattu pleosorukalil kaanunnathupole, "pelonyoostukalude" eduppil valuthum parannathumaaya iskia pubic asthikalum undu. moonnaamathe pelvik asthiyaaya iliyam cheruthum neelamullathum iskiyavumaayi aarttikkilettuknathiyum. iliyathinte mukalbhagam "p"-ll valia alavil vyathiyaanam kaanikkunnu. rund roopangalulla "filracus", onnu vrithaakrithiyilulla mukal attavum mattonn paranna mukal attavum kooduthal koneeya aakruthiyumullathaanu.
pelonyoostukalude" pinkaalukalkk munkaalukalekkaal neelamundu, thudaykku humerasinekkaal neelamundu, ennirunnaalum rund moolakangalil kooduthal karuthuttathaanu humourous. neelathekkaal veethiyulla alnayil (matte thaazhathe munkaalile asthi) ninnu vyathyasthamayi, aaram (thaazhathe munkaalile asthikalilonnu) ekadesham neelamullathra veethiyullathaanu. eee rund moolakangalil ettavum valuthaanu aaram. tbia faibulayekkaal (thaazhathe kaikaalukalude asthikal) valuthum veethiyinekkaal neelamullathumaanu, athesamayam chila saambilukalil faibula neelathekkaal veethiyullathaanu. mettaakaarpaalukal, mettaarsalukal, proximal maanuval falaanchukal (paddle puram bhagam nirmmikkunna chila asthikal) enniva parannathaanu. rund kaikaalukalileyum mikka falaamgukalkkum vrithaakrithiyilulla cross sekshanukal undu, avaykkellaam avayude madhyathil pradhaanamaaya samgharshangalundu. oro akkatthileyum falaamgukalude ennam munbhaagathum pinbhaagatthum anjjaathamaanu.
vargeekaranam.
plesiosorasinte" oru inamaayi "pelonyoostas" neey sealy thudakkathil visheshippichu, ithu oru saadhaarana sanbradaayamaayirunnu (akkaalat, janussinte vyaapthi nilavil kudumbangalkkayi upayogikkunnathinu samanamaayirunnu). 1874-ll, pleosorasinu samanamaaya roopangal adangiyirikkunna pleosoridae enna plesiosorukalude oru puthiya kudumbatthinu sealy peru nalki. 1890-ll, lidecker eee kudumbatthil "pelonyoostukal" sthaapichu, athinusesham ithu sthiramaayi nalkappedunnu. pleosoridukal mattu plesiosorukalumaayi engane bandhappettirikkunnu ennathu krithyamaayi urappilla. 1940ll paleantologist theodor iii. tholinte shareeraghadanaye adisthaanamaakki velutha niratthilulla pleosoridukal elasmosoridaeyude adutha bandhukkalayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. paleantologist saamuval pii. ennirunnaalum, pleosoridukalkku mattu savisheshathakalkoppam valia thalayottikalum cheria kazhuthum ullathinaal polycotylidaeyumaayi kooduthal saamyamundennu wells karuthi. addeham eee rund kudumbangaleyum suuppar famili pleosoroidiayi tharamthirichu, mattu plesiosorukal suuppar famili plesiosoroidia roopeekarichu. mattoru plessiosaur kudumbamaaya romaliosoridae pinneedu pleosoroidiayilekku niyogichu, athesamayam polycotylidae plesiosoroidiyilek punarniyojippichu. ennirunnaalum, 2012-ll, benzon sahapravarthakarum vyathyasthamaaya oru topology veendeduthu, pleosoridae romaliosorideyekkaal plesiosoroidiyumaayi kooduthal adutha bandhamullathaan. eee pleosorid-plesiosoroid kledine neoplosiosoria ennu vilichirunnu.
pleosoridaykkullil, "pelonyoostukalude" krithyamaaya phylogenetic sthaanam anishchithathvathilaanu. pleosorasinte" poorvvikanaaya "pleosorasinte" poorvvikan "pelonyoostas" aanennu addeham karuthiyirunnuvenkilum "pleosoorus"-num "pleosoorus"-num edayilulla oru parivartthana roopathe prathinidheekarikkunna "pelonyoostas"-neey 1889-ll lidecker kanakkakki. 1960-ll, rund taxakalkkum neelameriya mandibular symphiesukal ullathinaal, "pleosorasinte" adutha bandhuvayi "pelonyoostukale" tarlo kanakkakki. 2001-ll, ooo 'keef sahapravarthakarum "leoplurodone", "pleosoorus", "brachouchenius" ennivayulppedeyulla oru groupinu purathu eee kudumbatthile oru basel (neratheyulla vazhithirichuvidal) amgamaayi ithu veendeduthu. ennirunnaalum, 2008-ll, paaliyantolajistukal aadam ezz. smith gaarathum jeey. pleosorasinte" sahodari varggamaan "pelonyoostas" ennu dike kandethi. 2013ll benzon paleantologist patrick ezz. pleosoridaykkullil oru puthiya kledinu drukenmiller thalasophona ennu perittu. eee vamshathil "classic", hraswa kazhuthulla pleosoridukal ulppedunnu, athesamayam munbathe, neelamulla kazhuthulla, kooduthal graysile roopangal ozhivaakkunnu. "pelonyoostas" aanu ettavum adisthaana thalasophone ennu kandethi. thudarnnulla padanangal "pelonyoostukal" ykkum samanamaaya sthaanam kandethiyittundu.
thaazhepparayunna cladogram kecham, benson, 2022 ennivaye pinthudarunnu.
paleobiology.
plesiosorukal samudrajeevikalumaayi nannayi poruthappettirunnu. pakshikalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol avaa valarukayum uyarnna mettabolisangal undaakukayum cheythu, ithu homeothermy allengil endothermy polum soochippikkunnu. thalayottikullil balansumaayum ooriyanteshanumaayum bandhapetta oru censory oorgan kaivasham vachirikkunna boony labirinth, "pelonyoostukaludeyum" mattu plesiosorukaludeyum aakruthi kadalaamakalude aakruthiyodu saamyamullathaan. paleantologist jaims neenan sahapravarthakarum 2017 ll eee aakruthi neenthunnathinu plesiosorukal upayogikkunna flapping chalanangalkoppam parinamichirikkaamennu anumaanichu. "pelonyoostukal", mattu hraswa kazhuthulla plesiosorukal ennivaykkum neelamulla kazhuthulla plesiosorukalekkaal cheria laabrinthukal undaayirunnu, ithu seteshiyanukalilum kaanapedunnu. koodaathe, "pelonyoostukal" yude shareerathile adhika alavil uppu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi athinte thalayil uppu grandhikal undayirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, "pelonyoostukal" kasherukkale vettayaadunnavayaanennu thonnunnu, avayil akasherukkalekkaal kuranja uppu adangiyirikkunnu, athinaal eee grandhikal prathyekichum valuthayirikkanamennilla ennu 2001 leeii oru prabandhatthil paleantologist lesley noow soochippikkunnu. "mattu pala pleosorukaleyum pole "pelonyoostukalum" athinte asthikalude osifikkeshan kuranja nilavaaram kaanichu. 1966-ll paleantologist arther krookshankum sahapravarthakarum ithu "pelonyoostukale" athinte kuthichuchaattam nilanirthaano athinte chalanathmakatha mechappeduthaano sahaayichittundaakamena nirddeshichu. paleantologist korinna fleeshilum sahapravarthakarum 2019 ll nadatthiya oru padanatthil plesiosorukalkku avayude vascular kanaalukalude roopaghadanaye adisthaanamaakki chuvanna rakthaanukkal valuthakkiyathaayi kandethi, ithu diving cheyyumbol avare sahaayikkumaayirunnu.
pelonyoostukal" polulla plesiosorukal avayude flipperukal hydrophoyilukalaayi upayogichu sabakwayas flaitt ennariyappedunna neenthal reethi upayogichu. plesiosorukal samudra uragangalil asaadhaaranamaanu, avayude naalu kaikaalukalum upayogichirunnuvenkilum vertebral kolatthinte chalanangalalla, propulsionaayi upayogichirunnathu. hrasvamaaya wall, mrugathe munnott nayikkaan upayogikkaan saadhyathayillengilum, plesiosorine sthirappeduthaano nayikkaano sahaayikkaamaayirunnu. pelonyoostukalude" munbhaagathe flipperukalkku 6.36 enna veekshana anupaathavum pinbhaagathe flipperukalkku 8.32 enna veekshana anupaathavumund. eee anupathangal aadhunika faalkkanukalude chirakukalkk samaanamaan. 2001-ll, faalkkanukaleppole, "pelonyoostukal" polulla pleosoromorph plesiosorukalkku iraye pidikkaan kaaryakshamamallengilum vegathilum vegathilum neengaan kazhiyumennu ooo 'keef nirddeshichu. 2022-ll paleantologist susanna guterra sahapravarthakarum computer modeling nadathiyappol, avayude valia flipperukal kaaranam, oru plessiosaur thaarathamyena valippamulla setteshiyan allengil ichiosorinekkaal kooduthal valippam uthppaadippikkumennu kandethi. ennirunnaalum, plesiosorukal avarude valia thumbikkaiyum shareera valupavum upayogichu ithine prathirodhichu. hraswavum aazhameriyathumaaya shareerangalude valippam kuranjathinaal, plesiosorukalkku kaathirikkunnathinuparam avarude bhakshanam sajeevamaayi tirayan pinthudaraanum kazhiyumennu 1988 ll paleantologist judy maas paranju.
feeding mechanics.
2001 leeii oru prabandhatthil, pleosorid thalayotiyile vettayaadalinulla niravadhi poruthappedutthalukal noyi rekhappeduthi. bhakshanam kazhikkumbol kedupaadukal undakaathirikkaan, "pelonyoostukal" polulla pleosoridukalude thalayottikal valare akainattik aanu, avide kraaniyathinteyum mandibilinteyum asthikal chalanathe thadayunnathinaayi valia thothil poottiyirikkunnu. mookkil valayunnathu thadayaan sahaayicha neelamulla asthikal adangiyirikkunnu, koodaathe bhakshanathinte sammarddangale nannayi prathirodhikkunnathin mukhapradeshavumaayi oru sakthamaaya junction vahikkunnu. vashath ninnu nokkumbol, mandible cheria tapering drishyamaakunnu, ithu athine shakthippeduthunnu. mandibular symphysis oru thulyamaaya kadiyettukodukkaanum mandibleukal swathanthramaayi neengunnathu thadayaanum sahaayikkumaayirunnu. eee ghadana mattu samakaalika pleosoridukalilennapo "pelonyoostukalil" valuthallengilum, vipuleekaricha coronaid praadhaanyam thaadiyellu peshikalude nankooramidunnathinu valuthum shakthavumaya oru pradesham nalkunnu. thaadiyellu peshikal nankooramitta pradeshangal bhakshanathil edapedunnathu ozhivakkaan thalayottiyil kooduthal pinnilayi sthithicheyyunnu. vrukkayude aakruthiyilulla mandibular glenoid thaadiyellu sandhikale sthiramaakkukayum mandible sthaanabhramsham varuthunnathu thadayukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. pleosorid pallukal uracha verukalullathum parasparam bandhippikkunnathumaayil thaadiyellukalude arikukal shakthippeduthunnu. pleosorid thaadiyellukal parimithappedutthiya lalithamaaya bhramana chalanangalumayi eee krameekaranam nannayi pravartthikkukayum irayude poraattangalkkethire pallukale shakthippeduthukayum cheiyunnu. valia muun pallukal iraye kuzhichidaanum cheria pinn pallukal adichamarthaanum iraye thondayilekku pinnott nayikkanum upayogichirikkum. vishalamaaya vidavukal ullathinaal, pleosoridukal vizhungunnathinumbu avarude bhakshanam valareyadhikam samskarikkillaayirunnu.
pelonyoostukalude" niravadhi pallukal apoorvvamaayi maathrame pottunnulloovenkilum palappozhum avayude agrangalil kshayichathinte lakshanagal kaanikkunnu. avayude moorchayulla pooyintukal, cheruthaayi valanja, graysile aakruthi, pradhana akalam enniva soochippikkunnathu avaa thulachukayattathinaayaanu nirmmichathennu soochippikkunnu. nertthathum neelamullathumaaya mookkinte aakruthi dolphinte aakruthiyodu saamyamullathaan. mookkilum pallinte roopaghadanayum "pelonyoostukal" oru malsyabhakshakan (malsyabhakshakan) aanennu soochippikkaan noye prerippichu. iraye pidikkaan, "pelonyoostukal" athinte thala vegathil vashathekku oori. graysile mookkinte ekadesham vrithaakrithiyilulla cross-sekshan valichidal kuraykkum, athesamayam neelamulla thaadiyellukal sanjarikkunna iraye vegathil pidichedukkaan anuyojyamaayirunnu. pelonyoostukalude" parannathum vipuleekarichathumaaya annakkum shakthippeduthiya masthishkavum neenda mookk moolamundaakunna tortion, flexing, shearing enniva kuraykkumaayirunnu. shakthippeduthiya braincase thalachorinte pradeshathe shock agiranam kuraykkumaayirunnu. mookkinte attam thaadiyellu sandhikalil ninnu kooduthal akaleyayathinaal, athu kooduthal pinnottulla pradeshangale apekshichu durbalamaaya kadiyetta balamaan cheluthuka. pelonyoostukalude" thaadiyellukalude munbhaagangal neelamullathaanu, ithu iraye vegathil adikkaanum pidikoodaanum avaa upayogichirikkumennu soochippikkunnu. eee poruthappedutthalukal cheria eraykkulla munganana soochippikkunnu, athu chadulamaanenkilum, kazhivillaayma eluppavum shakthiyillaathathumaayirunu. ennirunnaalum, "pelonyoostukal" ippozhum mithamaaya valippamulla malsyangale akramikkaan prapthamaayirunnu. 1910 ll andruz "pelonyoostukal" nuu belmite avashishtangalulla oru asthikoodam "nehmuk aarr3317" ennu pattikappedutthiyappol, athu valare apoornnamaanu, pakaram noyi nirddeshichathupole samakaalika pleosorid "simolestus" ll ulppettathaayirikkam. "2018ll bruses roht child sahapravarthakarum "cryptoclidasinte" oru maathrkayil "pelonyoostukal" kadiyetta paadukal undakkiyathaayum abhipraayamund.
paleoenvayonment.
"ooksfoord kalimannu roopeekaranathinte peterbo amgathil (munbu lover ooksfoord kalimannu ennariyappettirunnu) ninnaan "pelonyoostas" ariyappedunnathu. pelonyoostukal" uyarnna jurassic kaalaghattatthile ooksfoordiyan ghattathil (ekadesham 164 muthal 157 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu vare) ninnaan varunnathennu pattikappeduthiyittundum, peterbo amgathinte yadhaartha theeyathi madhya jurassic kaalaghattatthile calovian gattamaanu (ekadesham 166 muthal 164 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu vare). peterbo amgathinte vyaapthi avasaanathe lover calovian muthal aadyakaala upper calovian vare vyaapikkukayum madhya calovian muzhuvan ulkkollukayum cheiyunnu. ithu kellaway roopeekaranathe pothinjirikkunnu, ooksfoord kaliman roopeekaranathile stuvartbi amgathaal pothinjirikkunnu. peterbo amgathil praadhamikamaayi chaaraniratthilulla bituminus (asphaalt adangiya) sheyil, jaivavasthukkalal sambannamaaya kalimannu enniva adangiyirikkunnu. eee parakal chilappol vighadippikkaavunnavayaanu (nertthathum parannathumaaya slabukalaayi vibhajikkaavunnathaan). dorset muthal humber vare neelunna eee amgathinu ekadesham kattiyundu.
samudranirappu uyarunna samayat peterbo amgamennathu oru epicondinental kadalaanu. ithu nikshepikkumbol, athu 35°n akshaamshathilaayirikkum sthithicheyyuka. ooksfoord kaliman kadal ennariyappedunna eee kadal pradhaanamaayum dveepukalum bhookhandangalum kondu chuttappettirunnathil kadaltheerathinu avashishtangal nalki. ooksfoord kalimannile driftt wood polulla bhouma fossilukal samrakshikkunnathiloodeyum peterbo amgathinte thaazhathe nilakalil oru klaastik daikkin purame, mazhavellam daikkinte roopeekaranam sugamamaakkunnathiloodeyum bhoomiyumaayulla athinte saameepyam prakadamaakkunnu. ooksfoord kaliman kadalinte thekkan pradesham tethys samudravumaayi bandhippichirikkumbol vadakku bhaagathulla kooduthal boriyal pradesangalumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu. ithu tethyan, boriyal pradeshangalkkidayil janthujaalangalude kaimaattam nadatthaan anuvadichu. eee kadal theerapradeshathinu ekadesham aazhathilaayirunnu.
varanda venalkkaalavum eerppamulla shaithyakaalavum ulla chuttumulla bhoomikk medittareniyan kaalaavasthayundaakumaayirunu, ennirunnaalum athu kooduthal varandathaayi maarukayayirunnu. baivalavukalile δ18o isodoppukalil ninnulla vivarangalude adisthaanathil, peterbo amgathinte kadaltheerathe jala thaapanila seasonal vyathiyaanam kaaranam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, sharashari thaapanila. belemite fossilukal samanamaaya phalangal nalkunnu, ithu jala thaapanila paridhi nalkunnu, kuranjathu muthal paramavadhi vare, sharashari thaapanila. green sulfur bakteeriyakalude adayaalangal kuranja ooksijanum uyarnna hydrajan sulfide ulla euxynic jalathe soochippikkumbol, benthik (thaazheyulla) jeevikalude samriddhamaaya adayaalangal soochippikkunnathu thaazhathe jalam anoxic aayirunnilla ennaanu. ooksijan alavu vyathyasthamaanennu thonnunnu, chila nikshepangal mattullavayekkaal kooduthal vaayusanjaaramulla avasthakalil sthaapikkunnu.
samakaalika biota.
peterbo amgathil palatharam akasherukkal samrakshikkappedunnu. amoniteukal, belemaittukal, notiloyidukal enniva ulppedunna sephalopodukal ivayil ulppedunnu. gastropodukalum annalidukalum kuravaanengilum ippozhum valare saadhaaranamaanenkilum, samriddhamaaya mattoru grouppaanu bewalves. aarthropodukalum undu. brachiopodukalum ekkinodermukalum apoorvamaanu. phosilukalil ninnu ariyillengilum, polikkettukal eee aavaasavyavasthayil undaayirunnirikkam, kaaranam avayude samriddhi samanamaaya aadhunika parithasthithikalilum eee puzhukkal ulppaadippikkunnathinu samanamaaya kuzhikalilum ullathinaal. foraminiference, cocolithophoroidukal, denoflagellattukal ennivayumaayi bandhapetta microphosilukal peterbo amgathil daaraalamundu.
peterbo amgathil ninnu vaividhyamaarnna malsyangal ariyappedunnu. chondriktyaanukal "austeracanthus", "brachemilus", "heterodondes" (allengil "parasestrasion"), "hybodus", "ischiodus", "paleobrackelurus", "patchimilus", "protospinex", "leptacanthus", "notinus", "orectoloboids", "spathobathis", "sphenodus" enniva ithil ulppedunnu. aspidoringus", "asthenocormus", "kaattooras", "cocolepis", "heterostrophus", "hypesocormous", "leadichthis", "lepidottukal", "leptolepis", "mestooras", "austiyoraachis", "patchicormous", "folidophorus", "sorapsis" ennivaye prathinidheekarikkunna actinopterijiyam undaayirunnu. eee malsyangalil uparithalathil vasikkunna, madhyajalam, vividha valuppathilulla benthik enangal enniva ulppedunnu, avayil chilath valare valuthaakam. akasherukkal bhakshikkunnavar, malsyabhakshakar, "leadichthis" enna bheeman filter feedarukal ennivayulppede vividatharam sthalangal avaa nirachu.
peterbo amgathil plesiosorukal saadhaaranamaanu, pleosoridukalkku purame, "cryptoclidus", "murenosorus", "trichlidus", "pycroclydes" ennivayulppedeyulla cryptoclididukal prathinidheekarikkunnu. nerttha pallukalum neelamulla kazhuthumulla cheria plesiosorukalaayirunnu avaa, "pelonyoostukal" polulla pleosoridukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, pradhaanamaayum cheria mrugangale bhakshikkumaayirunnu. ooksfoord kaliman roopeekaranathilum ecthiosore "ophthalmosorus" vasichirunnu. "ophthalmosorus" aazhathilulla divinginu nannayi anuyojyamaayirunnu, athinte kaaryakshamavum porpoise polulla shareeravum bheeman annukalum kaaranam, orupakshe sephalopodukal bhakshichirikkaam. peterbo amgathil ninnum muthalakalude niravadhi janussukale ariyappedunnu. gaviyal polulla teleosouroidukal "charitomenosookkas", "lemisucus", "micterosucus", "neostenosorus", mosazar polulla metrorinkidukal "grassilinuestus", "suchodos", "thalatosookkas", "tyrannonustus" enniva ithil ulppedunnu. apoorvamaanengilum, cheria malsyabhakshana pettosor "ramphorhincus" eee samudra aavaasavyavasthayude bhaagamaayirunnu.
mattethoru koottathekkaalum kooduthal pleosorid enangal peterbo amgathil ninnu ariyappedunnu. pelonyoostukal" koodaathe, eee pleosoridukalil "leoplurodone ferrox", "simolestes vorax", "pleosoorus" andruzi "," marmornectes candrui "," eerdaasoras povelli "," paachikostaasoras davney "enniva ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee enangalude shareeraghadanayil ganyamaaya vyathyaasamund, ithu avaa vyathyastha irakale bhakshikkunnathayi soochippikkunnu, athuvazhi malsaram (nick partitioning) ozhivaakkunnu. valuthum shakthavumaya pleosorid "leoplurodone ferrox" mattu samudra uragangalum valia malsyangalum ulppede valia iraye ettedukkaan anuyojyamaanennu thonnunnu. leoplurodone" polulla neenda chundulla "eerdaasoras povelli" kku murikkunna arikukalulla pallukalundu, koodaathe valia irayum eduthittundaakaam. "vishalavum aazhameriyathumaaya thalayottiyullathum sakthamaaya kadiyettathumaaya "simolstes vorax" valia sephalopodukalude vettakkaaranaayirunnathaayi thonnunnu. "pelonyoostukal" pole "pleosoorus" andruzi "ykku neelamulla mookk undu, ithu cheruthum chadulavumaaya mrugangale bhakshikkunnathinulla oru poruthappedutthalaanu. ennirunnaalum, athinte pallukal murikkan anuyojyamaanu, ithu valia iraykku munganana nalkunnu, athesamayam "pelonyoostukalude" pallukal thulachukayattathinu mikacha reethiyil anuyojyamaanu. "pleosoorus" andruzi "" pelonyoostukalekkaal valuthaanu ". "marmornectus candrui" yum "pelonyoostukal" nuu samaanamaan, neelamulla mookk vahikkunnu, orupakshe malsyam bhakshikkukayum cheyyum. "paachi costasorus davney" orupakshe benthik iraye bhakshikkunna cheruthum kanatha nirmmithavumaya pleosoraanu. mattu pleosoridukalekkaal durbalamaaya thalayotiyulla ithinu kooduthal sthirathayullathinaal malsaram ozhivakkaan ithu vyathyastha bhakshana reethikal upayogichirikkaam. ooksfoord kalimannile mattu pleosoridukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, "paachi costasorus" valare apoorvamaayirunnu, orupakshe pradhaanamaayum ooksfoord kalimannu roopeekaranathinte nikshepa pradeshathinu purathu vasikkunnu, orupakshe theerapradeshangalilum aazhathilulla vellathilum allengil nadikalil polum vasikkunnu. madhya juraasikkil niravadhi vyathyastha tharam pleosoridukal undaayirunnappol, "pelonyoostukal" polulla deerghaneram chulivulla piscovorus roopangal madhya-mukalile jurassic athirthiyil illaathaayi. plessiosaur vaividhyathil kramena kuravundaakunnathinte aadya ghattamaanithenn thonnunnu. ithinte kaaranam anishchithathvathilaanenkil, samudra rasathanthrathil vanna maattavum pinneedulla ghattangalil samudranirappu kurayunnathum ithine swaadheenichittundaakam.

