
thogotovirus

orthomixoviridae" vairas kudumbatthile ezhu janussukalil onnaaya enveloped rna vairasukalude oru janussaanu thogotovirus. avarude single-stranded, negatteevu-sense rna genome aaroo ezho vibhaagangalund. mattu mikka orthomicesovirusukalil ninnum thogotovirusukale arbovirusukalaayi verthirikkunnu-eee saahacharyathil aarthropodukal pakaruna virusukal saadhaaranayaayi tick aanu. thogotovirusukalkku tick koshangalilum kasherukkale koshangalilum aavarthikkaan kazhiyum; oru upavibhagam kothukukalil ninnu verthirichedukkukayum cheythittundu. raktham valikkunna vaahakangalaal pakarunnathinte anantharafalamaayi, shwaasakosha thullikalaal pakarunnathum saadhaaranayaayi shvasanavyavasthayil othungunnathumaaya influvensa vairasukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, vairas kasherukkalude aathidheyanil vyavasthaapithamaayi vyaapikkanam ennathaanu.
eee janussil "thogoto thogotovirus", "dhori vairas" (dhov), randaamathethinte upavibhagamaaya baatken vairas, athupole thanne aragwari vairas, arrences bay vairas (eiii. bii. vii), borbon vairas, jose vairas (joswu), upolu vairas (upov) ennee enangalum vairasukalude vargeekaranathekkurichu anthaaraashtra samiti (aii. sii. tii. vii) ithuvare sthireekarichittilla. eee janussile amgangalaal vaividhyamaarnna sasthanikalkk rogam badhikkunnu; chila enangal pakshikaleyum badhikkunnu. thovu kannukaalikalil rogamundaakkunnu. thovu, dhov, borbon vairas enniva manushyare baadikkukayum idaykkide manushyarogavumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum cheiyunnu.
charithram.
1960 kalude thudakkathil yathaakramam keniyayilum indiayilum thovum dhov thiricharinjirunnu. 1966ll thovumaayi bandhapetta rund manushyarogangal sambhavichu, 1980kalil russiayile oru laborattari apakadam kaanichathu dhov manushyarilum rogamundaakkumennu. rund vairasukalum yadhaarthathil booniyaavairasukalaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnum 1980kalilum 1990 kalude thudakkathilum swabhaavasavisheshathakal influvensa virusukalumaayi saamyamundennu velippeduthi. orthomixoviridae" yill "thogoto polulla vairasukalude" oru januss 1995 ll nirddeshikkappedukayum adutha varsham "thogotovirus" enna peril aii. sii. tii. vii amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. keniyayile thogoto vanathil ninnaan eee peru vannath, avide thavu aadyamaayi kandethi. athinusesham, aii. dii. 1-kalil kandethiyathum ennaal vargeekarikkappedaatho thaalkkaalikamaayi "bunyaviridae" ennu niyukthamaakkiyatho aaya anchu vairasukalude sequence vishakalanam avaye janussile adhika amgangalaayi nirddeshikkunnathilekku nayichu. 2014-ll adutha thalamura sequencing eee janussil nirddeshikkappetta mattoru amgathinte savisheshathayaanu.
virology.
vairas kanika pothinjirikkunnu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi golaakrithiyilullatho andaakrithiyilullatho aanu, 80-120 nm shreniyil vyaasamund. thovu, baatken, borbon vairasukalil chila philamentus roopangal kaanapedunnu. ottathavana-rna genome rekheeyavum vibhajichathumaan, 0.9-2.3 kbyude aaroo ezho bhaagangalum motham valupavum ekadesham 10 kbyumaanu. onniladhikam thogotovirus upayogichu pareekshanaathmakamaayi baadhicha tikkukalilum sasthanikalilum strainukal thammilulla bhaagangalude punarvinyaasam nireekshikkappettittundum prakrithidatha anubaadhakalil athinte praadhaanyam anjjaathamaanu.
vairal proteinukal.
vairal genome bandhippikkunna trimeric rna polymerase ensime (paa, pibi 1, pibi 2), structural protein nucleoprotein (enpi), kavarinu varayulla matricks protein (emm 1), vairas resepteraayi pravartthikkunna envalappu glycoprotein (jipi) ennivayulppede 7 muthal 9 vare proteinukale genome encode cheiyunnu.
thogotovirus glycoprotein influvensa vairas glycoproteinukalamaayu (hemaglutinin, neuraminidase) saamyamullathalla, pakaram praanikale badhikkunna baakkulovairasukalude jipi64 glycoproteinumayi chila samanathakal kaanikkunnu. tick-traansmit cheytha orthomicesovirusukalude "quarengevirus" enna anubandha janussile "kwaranfil vairasinte" hemagluttininumaayi ithinu kurachu saamyamund. thogotovirusukalkku baculovirus polulla glycoprotein labhicha samvidaanam anjjaathamaanu. eee ettedukkal eee vairasukale tikkukale badhikkaan praapthamaakkiyenn paatt nattalum sahapravarthakarum anumaanichittundu. arthropod koshangalude eee prathyaksha risapttar prathyekatha mikka thogotovirusukalum kasherukkale baadikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnilla. influvensa hemagluttininil (klaas I allengil α penetrin) adangiyirikkunna fusion pepttaid illaatha thogotovirus glycoproteine klaas III allengil γ penetrin ennu tharamthirickunnu.
hosttinte swathasidhamaaya prathirodhasheshiye prathirodhikkunna emm-long (millie) protein, prathyekichu interferoninte uthppaadanam adichamarthunnathiloode, thovum josvi encode cheiyunnu. kasherukkalil vairas vyavasthaapithamaayi baadhikkunnathin eee rogaprathirodha ozhivakkal pradhaanamaan, ennaal interferon prathikaranam illaatha aarthropodukalil ithu anaavasyamaanu. influvensa vairasukalile (enn. ezz. 1) thulyamaaya proteinil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaan millie pravartthana samvidaanam.
ellah orthomicesovirusukaliyum pole, ettavum valia moonnu segmentukal (1-3) aarr. enn. eiii polymerasinte moonnu subunitukale encode cheiyunnu. thogotovirusukalil, segment 4 glycoprotein segment 5 nucleoprotein encode cheiyunnu. segment 6-ll ninnulla messenture rna (mrna) matricks proteine encode cheyyaan splies cheyyaam allengil sii-terminasil 38 adhika amino aasidukalulla millie encode cheyyaan splies cheyyappedilla. dhovil nireekshicha ezhaam vibhaagathin ithuvare oru uthppannavum kandethiyitla.
jeevitachakram.
kasherukkalude aathidheya koshatthile risapttar vairal glycoprotein kondu bandhippichirikkunna siyalik aasidaan. vesicle acidify cheythukazhinjaal vairalinteyum kosha stharangaludeyum samyojanathode endocytosis vazhiyaan praveshanam. mattu orthomixovirusukalkku pothuvaayi, vairal transcription replication kosha nucleusil sambhavikkunnu. jeenasile chila amgangalil, interferoninode prathikarikkunna elikalilum manushyarilum uthppaadippikkunna emx 1/emxa proteinode replication sensitiivu aanennu theliyikkappettittund. oru padanatthil, eee inhibittari ephakt emxa moolamaanennu theliyikkapettu, ithu thovu genome nucleusilekku kondupokunnathu thadayunnu.
oorthoomaiksoovairasukal oru capping ensaimine encode cheyyaathathinaal, transcription aarambikkunnathil hoost emrnakalude 5 '-end cap murichumaattunnathu ulppedunnu, angane mrna hoost translation meshinari thirichariyunnu. samanamaaya oru "cap snatching" prakriya mattu oorthoomaiksoovairasukal upayogikkunnu, ennaal valare dairkhyameriya hoost rna sequence thoppiyodoppam pilartthukayum vairal emrnal ulppeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
vairas kosha stharathaal kootticherkkappedukayum koshatthe vidukayum cheiyunnu. bebi haamstar vrukka koshangalil valarunna thovinu, anubaadhaykk 6 muthal 8 manikkoor vare kazhinju vairas kanikakal puratthuvaraan thudangunnu, anubaadhaykk 24 manikkoor sheshavum ganyamaaya alavil uthpaadippikkappedunnu. eee valarchaa nirakk influvensa vairasukalekkaal mandagathiyilaanu, ithu kwaranfil virusumaayi saamyamullathaan.
epidemiology.
mikka thogotovirusukalum aarthropodukale baadhikkumenn theliyikkappettittund, saadhaaranayaayi kadinamo mriduvaayatho aaya tick, avaa araaknidukalaan, ennaal oru saahacharyathil kothukukal, praanikalaanu. pakshikaleyum maarsupiyalukal, elikal, muyalukal, muyalukal, kuthirakal, ottakangal, aadukal, aadukal, kannukaalikal ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna vanya, valarthumriga sasthanikaleyum amgangal badhikkunnu. thovu, dhov, borbon ennee moonnu tharam virusukal manushyare baadhikkumenn theliyikkappettittund. avaykku vishalamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paridhiyund.
kasherukkalilekkulla kaimaattam saadhaaranayaayi oru tick vekttar vazhiyaan sambhavikkunnath. thante vikasa ghattangaliloode kadannupokumbol jeeviyil avasheshikkunna thante tick nilanilkkunnu; ithine traanstadiyal transmission ennu vilikkunnu. aathidheyarumaayi chernnu oru divasathinullil vairas mattoru aathidheyathilekku pakaraam. rakthathil vairasinte alavu kandethaanaakaatha saahacharyathil, rogabaadhithamallaatha ginia pannikale oresamayam bhakshikkumbol thovu unnikkidayil pakaraam. bluetong, crimean-congo hemorrhagic panii, looping asukham, tick boonn encephalitis, vesicular stomaattis vairas, vestt nail vairas virusukal ennivayulppede mattu pradhaanamaayum tick-traansmit cheytha rna vairasukalilum atharam nonviramic transmission nireekshikkappettundu. shwasana aerosol vazhi dhov pakarunnathum nireekshikkappettundu.
aathidheya edapedal, rogam.
tick.
thovu baadhicha "repeasephalus appendiculatus" tikkukalil valia rogalakshanaparamaaya mattangalonnum kanunnilla. raktham nalkunna prakriyayude thudakkathil thanne vairas singanglionil (tick braine) kendreekarichirikkunnu, rakthadaanam avasana ghattathil umineer grandhikalil sthithicheyyunna vairasinte anupatham vardhikkunnu. vairasinte thaazhnna alavu shwaasanaalam, dahananaalangal, sthree laingika avayavangal ennivayil kaanapedunnu, pakshe purusha laingika avayavangalilo visarjjana samvidaanathilo allah. nadiviewham mattu sisttangale apekshichu kuranja punarnirmmaanatthinu vidheyamaakumennathinaal tikkinte roopaantharathiloode vairas nilanilkkaan sahaayikkunnathin singanglionil adangiyirikkunna uyarnna thothilulla vairas nirddeshikkappettittund.
kasherukkal.
laborattari krameekaranatthil, eee janussile niravadhi amgangal elikalkkum haamstarukalkkum gurutharamaaya rogam undaakkunnu. thalachoru, karal, lymphatic sisttam, chilappol shwaasakoshavum cherukudalum ennivayulppede onniladhikam avayavangalilum sisttangalilum rogalakshana phalangal ullathinaal vairasinte vyavasthaapitha vyaapanam sambhavikkunnu. dhovinte pradhana lakshyakoshamaan lymphocyteukal. elikalil dove anubadha elikalil ninnum fettukalil ninnum pareekshanathmaka influvensa anubadhayodum manushyaril marakamaaya echu5enn1 influvensa anubadhayodum saamyamullathaan, eee rogathinte oru maathrkayaayi ithu nirddeshikkappettittund.
sasthanikalile thogotovirusukalumaayulla swaabhaavika anubadhakal saadhaaranayaayi lakshanangalkk kaaranamakunnathaayi kaanapedunnilla. udaaharanathinu, oru pradhana vettinari rogakaariyaan thovu, ithu panii rogathinum aadukalil garbhachhidrathinum kaaranamaakunnu. 2015 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu, thogotovirusukalumaayi bandhapetta manushyarogangalude ettu kesukal maathrame report cheythittulloo rund thovu, anchu dhov, onnu borbon vairas; rund maranangal undaayittund. 4-5 divasamaanu thovinte incubation kaalayalav. moonnu vairasukalum paniyumayi bandhappettathaan. thovum dhov neurological lakshanangalkk kaaranamaayi thovinte kaaryatthil meninchaitis, neuromyelitis opttikka; dhovinte kaaryatthil encephalitis. heppattaitis thovinoppam nireekshikkappettundu. borbon vairas baadhicha oru vyakthiyil rogathinte orotta cases rakthathile platelettukaludeyum velutha koshangaludeyum kuravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu; neurological lakshanangalonnum nireekshikkappettilla. influvensa polulla shwaasakosha lakshanagal report cheythitilla.
chikitsa prathirodhavum.
2015 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu thogotovirusukalkku prathyeka chikitsayo vaxino labhyamalla. mattu chila oorthoomaiksoovairasukal ulppedunna vishalamaaya pravarthanangalulla aantivairal marunnaaya ribavirin, oru padanatthil "inn vitro" enna dhov replicatione thadayunnathaayi theliyikkappettittund. thovu rogathinu supportive therapy upayogikkunnu, ithu us sentezhs phoor disease kantrol aandu prevention phoor borbon vairas anubaadhaykk shupaarsha cheythittundu. mattu aarbovairasukaleppole, vektarumaayi sanbarkkam ozhivaakkunnath prathirodhatthinte kendramaanu.
speesheesukalum strainukalum.
aii. sii. tii. vii., thovu, dhov ennee rund enangal sthireekarichittundu. rund virusukalkkum kuranja alavilulla sequence aidantitti undu (nucleoprotein 37 sathamaanam; envalappu glycoprotein 31 sathamaanam), avayude aantibodikal cross react cheiyunnilla. dhovinte oru upavibhagamaanu baatken vairas. 2015 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu, anchu enangalo vamshangalo koodi eee janussil ulppedunnuvennu nirddeshikkappettittund. 
thovu polulla virusukal.
"thogoto vairas" (thovu).
1960 ll neyrobikkaduthulla keniyayile thogoto vanamekhalayil kannukaalikalil ninnu shekharicha kothukukalil ninnaan thovu aadyamaayi verthirichathu, ithu ippol aafrikkan bhookhandathiludaneelam vyaapichukidakkunnathayi ariyappedunnu, koodaathe europile italiyilum porchugalilum middle eesttile iraanilum ithu kandethiyittundu. eee vishalamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paridhi undaayirunnittum, vairas parimithamaaya vyathiyaanam maathrame kaanikkunnulloo. ambliomma", "hylomma", "repeasephalus" ennivayulppede vividha kadinamaaya shareeramulla tick speesheesukal ithinte vahakangalil ulppedunnu.
aadukal, aadukal, kazhuthakal, ottakangal, kannukaalikal, pothukal ennivayulppede elikal, niravadhi valarthumrigangal ennivayil eee aantibodikal kandethiyittundu, koodaathe vairas kaattu banded mungoosil ("mungos mungo") ninnu verthirichedukkukayum cheythu. ithu panii rogavum aadukalile garbhachhidravum ulppede ganyamaaya kannukaali rogangalkk kaaranamaakunnu. krithrima laborattari anubaadhakalil, ithu haamstarukalil valare rogakaariyaan, koodaathe elikale baadikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee vairas swaabhaavika saahacharyangalil manushyare baadhikkumenn ariyappedunnu.
vairas kanika saadhaaranayaayi chila philamentus roopangalulla golaakrithiyilullathaanu; vyaasam ekadesham 100 enm aanu. genome aarr rna vibhagangal undu.
araguwari vairas.
1969ll brazeelile amaapayile sera doow naaviyoyile chaaraniratthilulla naalu annukalulla oposam ("philander oposam") ll ninnaan aragwari vairas aadyamaayi verthirichathu. athinte pakarchavyaadhi reethi anjjaathamaanu. laborattari anubaadhakalil ithu elikalkku rogakaariyaan. ekadesham 105 enm vyaasamullathaan virian. genome aarr rna vibhagangal undu. bhagika sequence daattayude adisthaanathil vairas thovumaayi ettavum adutha bandhamullathayi kandethi.
aransas bay vairas (eiii. bii. vii).
1975 ll amerikkayile thekkan texasile kadal pakshikalude koodukalil mriduvaaya shareeramulla tick janussaaya "ornithodorosil" abv kandethi; vadakke amerikkayil kandethiya eee janussile aadya amgamaayirunnu ithu. swaabhaavika kasherukkalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkunnathayi kandethiyittillengilum laborattari anubaadhakalil eee vairas elikalkku valare rogakaariyaan. 75 enm × 85 enm muthal 120 enm × 140 enm vare valippamulla eee vairas kanika golaakrithiyilullatho andaakrithiyilullatho aanu. genome aarr rna vibhagangal undu. thovu, joswu ennivayumaayi kurachu saamyamulla ithu upovumaayi saamyamullathaan.
jose vairas (josvi).
1967ll nigeriayile josile seabuvil (booas indicus) ninnaan josvi aadyamaayi verthirichathu. athinusesham aafrikkayiludaneelamulla niravadhi rajyangalil ithu "ambliomma", "repeasephalus" ennivayil ninnu haard body tikkukale baadikkunnathaayi kandethi. laboratariyil ithu elikalil gurutharamaaya rogalakshanathinu kaaranamaakunnu. vairas kanikaykku 85-120 nm vyaasamulla oru variable, saadhaaranayaayi andaakrithiyilulla, roopaghadanayundu. genome kuranjathu aarr rna vibhaagangalenkilum ulkkollunnu. ithinu upov, eiii. bii. vii ennivayumaayi chila sequence samaanathakalund.
upolu vairas (upov).
1966ll australiyayile grettu barrier reefile upolu keyil sooty ternumaayi (oonikkoopriyan fuscatus) bandhapetta "ornithodoros capancis" enna inathinte mriduvaaya shareerathile tikkukalil ninnaan upov aadyamaayi verthirichathu. swaabhaavika kasherukkalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkunnathayi kandethiyittillengilum laborattari anubaadhakalil eee vairas elikalkku valare rogakaariyaan. vairiyon golaakrithiyilullatho, 75-95 nm shreniyil vyaasamullatho allengil 75 nm × 85 nm muthal 105 nm × 120 nm vareyulla alavukalulla alpam andaakrithiyilullatho aakam. genome aarr rna vibhagangal undu. thovu, joswu ennivayumaayi kurachu saamyamulla ithu eiii. bii. vii. yumayi valare saamyamullathaan.
dhov polulla virusukal.
"dhori vairas" (dhov).
1961ll indiayile gujaraathil ottakangale badhikkunna "hylomma dromedary" kadinamaaya shareeramulla kothukukalil ninnaan dhov aadyamaayi verthirichathu. athinusesham kizhakkan russia, paakistaan, eejipt, soudi arebia, kenia, thekkan porchugal ennividangalil ithu nireekshikkappedunnu. vekttar saadhaaranayaayi "echu" polulla "hylomma" yude oru inamaanu. maarjinettam ".
dhov vyaapakamaayi kaanapedunna sthalangalil ottakangal, aadukal, kuthirakal, kannukaalikal, manushyar ennivaril vairasinulla aantibodikal rekhappeduthiyittundu. lepus europius" enna kaattupothukalil ninnaan eee vairas verthirichirikkunnath. aakasmikamaaya laborattari exposurinu sesham aerosol vazhi manushyare badhikkaan dhovinu kazhiyum, ithu panii rogathinum encephalitisinum kaaranamaakunnu. laborattari saahacharyangalil ithu elikalkku valare rogakaariyaan, koodaathe uyarnna rogakariyaaya influvansaykkulla oru maathrukaa samvidaanamaayi nirddeshikkappettittund. ithu pakshikale baadikkunnathaayum, vairas oru cormorantil ninnu verthirichedukkunnathayum, waterfoulil aantibodikal nireekshikkunnathaayum thelinjittundu.
dhovinu ezhu aarr. enn. eiii vibhaagangalund.
baatken vairas.
1970ll kyrgyzstanile baatken pattanathinaduthulla aadukale badhikkunna "hylomma plumbium plumbium" enna inathinte kadinamaaya shareeramulla kothukukalil ninnaan baatken vairas aadyamaayi verthirichathu. kyrgyzstanile "eedis caspius pallas", "culex hortensis ficalby" ennee enangalile kothukukaleyum ithu baadikkunnathaayi kandethiyittundu. madhya eshya, transcocasia, caspian kadalinte vadakkulla pradesham ennividangalil maathramaayi athinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paridhi parimithappedutthiyirikku. laboratariyil ithu elikalkkum haamstarukalkkum kozhikalkkum valare rogakaariyaan. virian aakruthiyil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu, golaakrithiyilullathum philamentus roopangalum nireekshikkappedunnu; ithinu 50-100 nm vyaasamund. baatken oru dhov upavibhagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu; virusukalkku uyarnna alavilulla sequence aidantitti undu (envalappu glycoproteinil 90 sathamaanam; mattu proteinukalil 96-98%), avayude aantibodikal cross react cheiyunnu.
borbon vairas.
2014ll amerikkayile kansaasile borbon kaundiyil ninnulla oraalude raktha sample adutha thalamura seekwansinghiloode borbon vairas thiricharinju, onniladhikam tikkukal kadichu kurachu divasangalkku sesham rogabaadhithanaayi pinneedu marichu. padinjaaran ardhagolathil manushyarogavumaayi bandhappettirikkunna ariyappedunna eaka thogotovirus aanith. 2015 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu, borbon vairas kothukukal, praanikal allengil manushyarallaatha kasherukkalil ninnu verthirichitilla. philamentus, golaakrithiyilulla roopangalulla eee vairasinu aakruthiyil vyathyaasamund; ithinu 100-130 nm shreniyil vishalamaaya vyaasamund. genome kuranjathu aarr rna vibhaagangalenkilum ulkkollunnu. ithu dhov, baatken virusukalumaayi saamyamullathaan.
oos vairas.
jappaanile ehimeyile haard tick ambliomma testudinaariyathil ninnu verthiricheduthathin sesham 2018 laanu oos vairas aadyamaayi prathyakshappettath. [doyi <aii. dii. 1>.virusres.2018.03.004]. aadyathe manushya cases, postmorttatthil oos vairas isolationil myocarditis baadhichu maricha 70 vayassulla oru vanita rogi, japanese aarogya mantraalayam 23.6.2023 ll report cheythu.