
roobert clive

indiayude clive ennum ariyappedunna roobert clive, 1st baaran clive, (29 septambar 1725-22 november 1774), bangal presidencyude aadyathe britiish gavarnaraayirunnu. bangaalil britiish eest india kambani (iii. aii. sii) bharanathinu aditharayittathinte bahumati klaivinu parakke labhichittund. 1744ll addeham oru ezhuthukaaranaayi (indiayil oru oafees clerkinaayi upayogichirunna padam) aarambhichu, 1757ll plassy yudhathil vijayichu bangaalil kambani bharanam sthaapichu. bangal bharanadhikaariyenna nilayil nawab mirr jaafarine pinthunachathinu pakaramaayi, klaivinu prathivarsham 30,000 poundu () jagir nalki, athu nikuthi-krishi elavinu nawabinu nalkenda vaadakayaayirunnu. 1767 januvariyil clive india vittappol addehathinu 180,000 poundu () sambathundaayirunnu, athu addeham dutch eest india kambani vazhi ayachu.
indiayil varaanirikkunna franch vaidagdhyam thadayunna clive 1751 leeii oru sainika paryaveshanam mechappeduthi, athu aathyanthikamayi paava gavanmentiloode paroksha bharanathinte franch thanthram sweekarikkaan aii. aii. siye praapthamakki. indiayilekku madangaan (1755) aii. aii. sii. niyamicha clive, indiayile ettavum sambannamaaya samsthaanamaaya bangal bharanadhikariye attimarichu kambaniyude vyapara thalpparyangal samrakshikkaan goodaalochana nadatthi. 1760 muthal 1765 vare englandil thirichethiya addeham, indiayil ninnu shekharicha sambathu (1762) annathe wig pii. emm., thomas pelham-holls, nyookaasttilinte onnaam duke, ennivayil ninnu oru airish baarani nedaanum, munbu konvaalile michelile (<aii. dii. 1>) shropshireile shroosburyile viggukale prathinidheekarikkunna paavisinte 1st erl henry herbert vazhi paarlamentil oru seett nedaanum upayogichu.
aii. aii. sii. kku vendi klaivinte pravartthanangal addehathe brittanile ettavum vivaadamaaya colonial vyakthikalil oralakki. koramaandal theerathu franch saamraajyathva abhilaashangal thadayukayum bangaalil iii. aii. sii niyanthranam sthaapikkukayum athuvazhi britiish raaj sthaapikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythuvenkilum addeham britiish gavanmentinte ejantaayittalla, eest india kambaniyude ejantaayi maathramaan pravarthichathu. brittanile rashtreeya athiraalikalaal nindikkappetta addeham paarlamentinu munnil vichaaranakk vidheyanaayi (1772,1773), avide ellah kuttangalil ninnum addehathe ozhivaakki. 1770leeii oru dasalaksham muthal oru dasalaksham vare aalukal kollapetta vankida bangal shaamathinu kaaranamayathil clive vahicha utharavaadithathe charitrakaaranmaar vimarsichittundu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1725 septambar 29 nuu shropshireile maarkkat draitoninaduthulla staichu enna clive famili estettilaanu roobert clive janichathu. henry VIII-nte kaalam muthal eee kudumbam cheria estettu kaivashappeduthiyirunnu, pothusevanatthinte neenda charithramundaayirunnu kudumbatthile amgangalil henry VIII-yude keezhil irelandile khajanaavinte chansalar deerghakaala paarlamentile amgavum ulppedunnu. abhibhashakanaayi pravarthichu estettinte mithamaaya varumaanathin poorakamaaya robertinte pithavum montgomerishire prathinidheekarichu niravadhi varshangal paarlamentil sevanamanushtichu. pathimoonnu makkalil mootha makanaaya robertinu ezhu sahodarimaarum anchu sahodaranmaarum undaayirunnu, avaril aarr perr shaishavathil thanne marichu.
klaivinte pithaavin oru kopam undayirunnathaayi ariyappettirunnu, athu aaa kuttikk paarambaryamaayi labhichu. anjjaathamaaya kaaranangalal, klaivine oru kochukuttiyaayirikkumbol thanne ammayude sahodariyodoppam maanchasttaril thamasikkaan ayachu. aaa sthalam ippol hoopp aashupathriyaanu. klaivinte pithaav kudumbatthe paripalikkaan landanil thirakkilayathinaal eee neekkam nadathiyathaayi jeevacharithrakaaran roobert harvy abhipraayappedunnu. sahodariyude bharthaavaaya daniel bailey aaa kutty "vazhakkinu adimayaayirunnuvennu" report cheythu. thanne ayacha skoolukalil addeham oru sthiram prasnamundaakkiya vyakthiyaayirunnu. praayamaayappol adhehavum kaumaarakkaarude oru samghavum oru samrakshana raakkat sthaapikkukayum athu maarkkat draytonile sahakaranamillaatha vyaapaarikalude kadakal nasippikkukayum cheythu. clive cherupraayatthil thanne nirbhayathvam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. maarkkat draytonile sent marries parish palliyude gopuratthil kayarukayum thaazheyullavare bhayappeduthikkondu oru gargoilil irikkukayum cheythathayi addeham ariyappedunnu.
klaivinu onpathu vayassullappol addehathinte ammayi marichu, pithaavinte idungiya lunden kwaarttezhsil oru hraswakaala jolic sesham addeham shropshayarilekku madangi. avide addeham maarkkat draiton grammer schoolil chernnu, avide addehathinte aniyanthrithamaaya perumattavum (kudumbatthinte bhagyam mechappettathum) landanile marchant tailor schoolilekku ayaykkaan pithaavine prerippichu. addehathinte mosham perumaattam thudarnnu, thudarnnu adisthaana vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkaan addehathe hertfordshire oru trade schoolilekku ayachu. scholarshippinte aadyakaala abhavam undaayirunnittum, pilkkala varshangalil addeham vidyaabhyaasam mechappeduthunnathinaayi svayam samarppichu. oduvil addeham oru vyathirikthamaya ezhuthu shaili vikasippikkukayum house oof komansile oru prasamgatthe thaan kettittullathil vachu ettavum vaachaalanaayi vilyam pitt visheshippikkukayum cheythu.
indiayilekkulla aadya yaatra (1744-1753).
1744ll klaivinte pithaav eest india kambaniyude sevanathil oru "factor" allengil kambani ejantu enna sthaanam addehathinu nalkukayum clive indiayilekku yaatra aarambikkukayum cheythu. brazeel theerathu thakarnnuveenathine thudarnnu attakuttappanikal poortthiyaakumbol addehathinte kappal onpathu maasathekku thadavilaakki. govayile porchugees kendram kaaranam dakshinenthyayil upayogichirunna niravadhi bhashakalil onnaaya kurachu porchugees padikkaan ithu addehathe praapthanakki. eee samayat eest india kambanikku fort sentil oru cheria vaasasthalam undaayirunnu. kalkatta, bombe, kadalur ennividangalile mattullavaykku purame, madraspatnam graamathinaduthulla jorj, pinneedu madras, ippol pradhana indian metropolisaaya chennaiyum. clive fort sentil ethi. 1744 juunil jorj, adutha rund varsham oru mahathwavaanaaya asisttant shopinginaayi jolie cheyyukayum pusthakangal kanakkukoottukayum eest india kambaniyude vitharanakkarumaayi avarude charakkukalude gunanilavaaratheyum alavineyum kurichu tharkkikkukayum cheythu. govarnorude libraryilekku addehathinu praveshanam nalkukayum avide addeham oru samriddhamaaya vaayanakkaaranaayi maarukayum cheythu.
dakshinenthyayile rashtreeya sahacharyam.
indian clive athiyappol athu mugal saamraajyathinte pingamikalaaya niravadhi samsthaanangalaayi vibhajikkapettu. 1707ll aurangseb chakravartthiyude maranashesham naalpat varshathinide chakravartthiyude adikaaram kramena addehathinte pravishya vaisroyimaarudeyo "subardaarmaarudeyo" kaikalilekku veenu. hyderaabaadile nissam, asaf jaa onnaaman, karnaadakayile nawab anwaruddin mohammed khaan ennivaraayirunnu koramaandal theerathe prabalaraaya bharanadhikaarikal. nawaz nisaminode naamamaathramaayi vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum pala kaaryangalilum swathanthramaayi pravarthichu. kotta sent. jorj pondicheriyile franch vyaapaarakendravum navaabinte pradeshathaayirunnu.
indiayile europianmaar thammilulla bandhathe europile yudhangaludeyum udambadikalkkum upabhookhandathile vyaapaarathinaayulla vaanijya malsarathinum swaadheenichu. pathinezhaam noottaandilum pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum franch, dutch, porchugees, britishukaar vividha vyapara kendrangalude niyanthranathinum praadeshika indian bharanaadhikaarikalumaayi vyapara avakashangalkkum anukoolathaykkum vendi malsarichirunnu. europian vyapara kambanikal avarude vaanijya thalpparyangal samrakshikkunnathinum pinneedu praadeshika raashtreeyathe avarude nettatthinaayi swaadheenikkunnathinum sainika samghangale uyarthi. indiayude vilapetta vyapaaram surakshithamaakkunnathil vaanijya vaidagdhyam pole sainika shakti athivegam pradhaanamaayitheerukayum pradesham uchithamakkunnathinum bhoomi varumanam shekharikkunnathinum ithu kooduthalaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu.
onnaam karnataka yuddham.
1720ll france franch eest india kambaniye phalapradamaayi desasaalkkarikkukayum saamraajyathva thalpparyangal vipuleekarikkaan athu upayogikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. 1744ll austriyan pinthudarchaavakaashikalude yudhathilekku brittan praveshichathode ithu indiayile briteeshukaarumaayulla samgharshathinte uravidamaayi maari. indiayude thekkukizhakkan theerathe karnataka mekhalaye paraamarsikkunna eee samgharshathinte indian rangabhoomi aadya karnataka yuddham ennum ariyappedunnu. 1745ll oru franch kappalppadaykku nereyundaaya britiish naavika akramanathodeyaanu indiayile sathrutha aarambhichath, ithu franch govarnor general duplexine kooduthal sainyathodu abhyarthikkaan prerippichu. 1746 septambar 4nuu laa bordonaisinte neethrthwathilulla franch sainyam madrasa aakramichu. niravadhi divasathe bombaakramanathinu sesham britishukaar keezhadangukayum franchukaar nagaratthilekku praveshikkukayum cheythu. britiish neethrthwathe thadavilaakki pondicheriyilekku ayachu. charchakalkku sesham eee pattanam britteeshukaarkk thirike nalkumennu aadyam sammathichirunnuvenkila madrasakale franch kaivashamullavayumayi kootticherkkaan shramicha duplexes ithine ethirthu. bakkiyulla britiish nivaasikalodu franchukaarkkethire aayudangal edukkillennu vaagdaanam cheyth prathijnjayedukkaan aavasyappettu; clive mattu chilarum nirasikkukayum franchukaar kotta nasippikkaan thayyaaraakumbol durbalaraaya kaavalkkaraayi sookshikkukayum cheythu. thaddesheeyaraayi veshamitta clive mattu moonnu perum avarude ashradharaaya kaavalkkaarane ozhivaakkukayum kottayil ninnu thennimaariyirangi sent fortilake pookukayum cheythu. david (kadaloorile britiish poost), chilath thekk. avide athiyappol, clive nishkriyanaayi thudarunnathinupakaram kambani sainyathil cheraan theerumaanichu; kambaniyude shreniyil, ithu oru chuvaduveppaayi kaanapettu. ennirunnaalum, sent fort prathirodhatthil addeham nalkia sambhaavanakalkk clive amgeekarikkappettu. 1747 march 11 nuu franch akramanam karnaadakayile navaabinte sahaayathode thirichadikkukayum pathakayaayi oru kammeeshan nalkukayum cheytha david.
samgharshathil, 1748ll britiish sainyathinte command ettedukkaan sent fortil ethiya mejar stringer laurencinte shradhayil klaivinte dheerata vannu. david. 1748leeii pondicherry uparodhathil oru franch parakkalil ninnu oru tranchine vijayakaramaayi prathirodhikkunnathil clive svayam verthirichu eee pravartthanatthinte oru sakshi klaivinte "plaattoon" ezhuthi, addehathinte prabodhanathaal aanimettucheythu, shathruvinethire puthiya dhairyathodum valia utsaahathodum koodi veendum vedivachu."1748 octoberil kaalavarshatthinte varavode uparodham pinvalikkappettuvenkum desemberil ikes-laa-chappelleyude samadhana vaartha vannathode yuddham avasaanichu. 1749-nte thudakkathil samadhana udambadiyude bhaagamaayi madras britteeshukaarkk thirike nalkappettu.
thanjaavoor paryaveshanam.
france brittan thammilulla yudhathinte avasaanam indiayile sathrutha avasaanippichilla. indiayil samadhana vaartha varunnathinu munbuthanne britishukaar thanjaavoorinte simhaasanathilekkulla avakaashavaadiye prathinidheekarichu oru paryaveshanatthe ayachirunnu. ippol leftanantaayi sthaanakkayattam labhicha clive oru sannadhapravarthakanaayi sevanamanushticha eee paryaveshanam vinashakaramaaya parajayamaayirunnu. kaalavarsham karasena nashippichu, avarude kakshi avakashappetta praadeshika pinthuna thelivaayi illa. britiish senayude apamanakaramaaya pinvaangal (oru veerppumunarnna nadhi kadakkumbol pinthudarunna thanjaavoor sainyathin bagej train nashtappettu) britiish prashasthikk oru thirichadiyaayirunnu. britiish anthass veendedukkaan shramicha mejar laurence, madras gaarisan muzhuvan thanjaavoorilekku nayichu. kolaroon nadiyile devikottai kottayil britiish senaye valare valia thanjaavoor sainyam nerittu. kottaykkethiraaya aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalkaan laurence 30 britiish sainikarudeyum 700 sippoyimaarudeyum clive command nalki. eee senaye nadiyude kuruke athivegam nayikkukayum kottayilekku nayikkukayum cheytha cheria britiish yoonit sippokalil ninnu verpedukayum thanjaavoor kuthirappadayal moodappedukayum cheythu. oru divasam rakshikkaan laurence ayacha balaprayogangal athunnathinumumbu clive eathaandu murichumaattappedukayum beach head eathaandu nashtappedukayum cheythu. klaivinte dheeramaaya neekkathinu oru pradhana anantharafalamundaayirunnu britishukaar vijayakaramaayi kaivashappedutthiya kotta thanjaavoorkkaar upekshichu. eee vijayam samadhana charchakal aarambikkaan thanjaavoor raajaavine prerippichu, athinte falamaayi britteeshukaarkk devikotta avarude paryaveshanachelavum nalkappedukayum britiish kakshikk thante avakaashavaadam upekshichathinu pakaramaayi pension nalkukayum cheythu. klaivinte pravrithiyekkurichu laurence ezhuthi, "addeham thante varshangalil ninnu pratheekshikkavunnathilum appurathekku dhairyathodeyum vidhinyaayathodeyum perumari."
paryaveshanatthinte thirichuvaravil madrasakal punasthaapikkunna prakriya poortthiyaayi. sainyathinte chelavil ashankaakularaaya kambani udyogasthar athinte valippam kuraykkukayum eee prakriyayil captainilekkulla sthaanakkayattam klaivinu nishedhikkukayum cheythu. laurence klivinu fort sent-ll kammeeshanaraayi oru sthaanam nedi. jorj, labhakaramaaya oru niyamanam (athinte shambalathil ellah vitharana karaarukalilum commissionukal ulppedunnu).
randaam karnataka yuddham.
1748-ll hyderaabaadile nissam asaf jaa onnaamante maranam addehathinte pingamiyaakaanulla poraattatthinu kaaranamaayi, ithu randaam karnataka yuddham ennariyappedunnu, ithu franch govarnor general duplexinte vipuleekarana thaalpparyangalaal munnott pooyi. malsaraadhishtitha thalpparyangal thammilulla adhikara santhulithaavastha illaathaakkaan cheria ennam achadakkamulla europian sena (nannayi pariseelanam labhicha sippokaleyum) upayogikkaamenn onnaam yudhathil ninnu duplexes manassilakkukayum dakshinenthyayil franch swaadheenam valareyadhikam vipuleekarikkaan eee ashayam upayogikkukayum cheythu. oru kaalath thanjaavoor simhasana kaivashappeduthukayum karnadakayude simhasana svayam thedukayum cheytha deerghakaala franch sakhyakakshiyaya chanda saahibinte mochanathinaayi addeham varshangalolam charcha nadathukayaayirunnu. 1740ll chanda sahib maraathakalaal thadavilaakkappedukayum 1748 aayappozhekkum addeham custadiyilirikke vittayakkappedukayum satharayil oru sainyam nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
asaf jaa onnaamante maranashesham, addehathinte makan nasser jung hyderaabaadinte simhasana pidichedutthu, ennirunnaalum asaf jaa thante pingamiyaayi thante kochumakan musaffar jangine niyamichirunnu. bijapur bharanaadhikaariyaayirunna kochumakan padinjaaru oodi chanda saahibil cherukayum duplexes ayacha franch sainyavum addehathinte sainyathe shakthippeduthukayum cheythu. 1749 augustil ambur yudhathil eee sainyam anwaruddin mohammed khaante sainyathe nerittu; anwaruddin kollappedukayum vijayikalaaya chanda sahib karnataka thalasthaanamaaya arcottil praveshikkukayum cheythu. anwaruddeente makan mohammed alii khaan valaja trichinopoly palayanam cheyyukayum avide addeham britteeshukaarude samrakshanavum sahayavum thedukayum cheythu. franch sahaayathin nandi paranju, vijayikal kadaloorinum madrasakalkkum sameepam britiish aadhipathyathin keezhilulla naamamaathramaaya pradesham ulppede niravadhi gramangal avarkk sammaanichu. britishukaar mohammed alii khaan vaalaajayilekk adhika aayudangal ayaykkaan thudangukayum chanda saahibine ethirkkaan nasser jangine malsarathilekku konduvaraan sramikkukayum cheythu. 1750ll nasser jung thekk jinchiyilekku ethi, avide addeham britiish sainikarude oru verpiriyal abhyarthikkukayum sweekarikkukayum cheythu. chanda saahibinte sainyam avare neridaan munneriyenkilum hrasvamaaya deerghadoora peeranki prayogatthinu sesham pinwangi. nasser jung pinthudarukayum arcottineyum addehathinte anantharavan musaffar jangineyum pidichedukkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. nishfalamaaya charchakaludeyum goodaalochanakaludeyum oru parambarayetthudarnnu, nasser jung oru vimatha sainikan vadikkappettu. ithu musafar jung nisaamine franch pinthunayode karnadakayude nawab aayi sthireekarikkukayum chanda saahibine sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. kistna nadiyude thekk nisaaminte pradeshangalude prabhukkanmaar, bharanam ennee perukalil franch sahaayathin duplexinu prathiphalam labhichu. addehathinte pradeshangal "350,000 roopayil kooduthal vaarshika varumanam nalkunnuvennu parayappedunnu".
eee sambhavangalil palathinum roobert clive dakshinenthyayilaayirunniru. 1750-ll clive eathenkilum tharatthilulla nadiviewham baadhichathinaal sukham prapikkaan vadakkott bangaalilekku ayachu. avideyaanu addeham roobert oormeye kandumuttukayum sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum cheythath, addeham addehathinte pradhana charitrakaaranum jeevacharithrakaaranumaayi. 1751ll clive madraasayilekku madangi.
arcot uparodham.
1751-leeii venalkkaalath, chanda sahib arcot vittu trichinopoly mohammed alii khaan valaja uparodhikkunnu. ithu madraasayile britteeshukaare apakadakaramaaya avasthayil athichu, kaaranam eee pradeshathe avarude pradhana sakhyakakshikalil avasaanatheth briteeshukaaraayirunnu. 1750ll oru shambala tharkkathetthudarnnu stringer laurence englandilekku madangiyethiyathinaal britiish kambaniyude sainyavum chila kuzhappathilaayirunnu, koodaathe vikasichukondirikkunna franch swaadheenavum britiish swaadheenam kurayunnathum uyarthunna apakadangalekkurichu kambaniyude bhooribhaagavum udaaseenamaayirunnu. trichinopoly mohammed aliye pinthunaykkaan madraasil ninnu oru senaye ayachappol britiish sainika kamaandinte balaheenata thurannukattappettu, ennaal athinte commander, oru swis koolippadayaaliyaaya, vaalikondapurathe oru outpost akramikkaan visammathichu. kammeeshanaraayi senaye anugamicha clive uparodham upekshikkaanulla theerumaanatthil prakopithanaayi. addeham kadaloorilekku sawari cheyyukayum thanikk oru kyapttante kammeeshan nalkiyaal arcottine akramikkaan nayikkaan thante sevanangal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu, ithu trichinopoly uparodham upekshikkaano avideyulla senaye ganyamaayi kuraykkaano chanda saahibine nirbandhithanaakkumennu vaadichu.
madrasakalum kotta sent. 200 europianmaarum 300 sippoyikalum moonnu cheria peerankikalum maathrame david addehathinu nalkaan kazhinjulloo; koodaathe, avare nayicha ettu udyogastharil naalu perr klaivineppolulla saadhaaranakkaaraayirunnu, aarr perr orikkalum pravarthichirunnilla. arcottile cheria kaavalkkaare athbhuthappeduthaamenna pratheekshayil clive, angeyattam mazhayulla saahacharyangalil ulppede nirbandhitha maarchukalude oru parambara nadatthi. athbhutham undakkunnathil addeham paraajayappettenkilum, atharam dushkaramaaya saahacharyangalil march nadathunnathaayi ketta gaarisan kotta pattanavum upekshikkaan theerumaanichu; oru vedi polum vekkathe clive arcot kaivashappedutthi.
oru mile neelamulla (addehathinte cheria senaykk phalapradamaayi manushyane sahayikkaan kazhiyaathathra neelam) jeernicha mathilulla oru valanja gadanayaayirunnu kotta, koodaathe nagaratthile janasaandramaaya bhavanangalaal chuttappettirunnu. athinte kuzhikal aazhamillaathatho varandatho aayirunnu, athinte chila gopurangal peeranki padivathilukalaayi upayogikkaan paryaapthamallaatha shakthiyullavayaayirunnu. thaan pratheekshicha aakramanathinu thayyaredukkaan clive thante kazhivinte paramavadhi shramichu. eathaanum mile akale palayamirangiya kottayude muun kaaval senaykkethire addeham oru akramanam nadatthi, athu kaaryamaaya falamundaakkiyilla. muun sainikasena trichinopoly ninnu ayacha 2,000 purushanmaraaya chanda sahib shakthippeduthiyappol septambar 15 nuu athu nagaram veendum kaivashappedutthi. aaa ratri clive thante sainyathinte bhooribhaagatheyum kottayil ninnu puratthaakkukayum uparodhikalkkethire apratheekshitha akramanam nadathukayum cheythu. iruttu kaaranam, uparodhakkaarkk klaivinte shakti ethra valuthaanennu ariyillaayirunnu, avar paribhraantharaayi oodippoyi.
adutha divasam, madrasakalil ninnu thaan aavasyappetta kanatha thokkukal aduthuvarikayaanennu clive manassilakkiyathinaal, thante kaavalppadayude bhooribhaagatheyum avare kottayilekku kondupokaan ayachu. aaa ratri prasthaanam kanda uparodhakkar kottaykku nere akramanam nadatthi. kottayil 70 perr maathramundaayirunna klaivinu orikkalkkoodi thante cheria ennam marachuvekkaan kazhiyukayum kottaykkethiraaya onniladhikam akramanangal vijayakaramaayi pinthirippikkappetne shathrukkalkkethire mathiyaya ashayakkuzhappam vithaykkukayum cheythu. annu raavile thokkukal ethi, chanda saahibinte aalukal veendum pinwangi.
chanda saahibinte makan raazaa saahibinte neethrthwathilulla 4,000 perr koodi franch sainikarude oru cheria samghathodoppam yaatra cheiyukayaanennu arinjukondu adutha aazhchayil clive addehathinte aalukalum prathirodham mechappeduthaan kadinamaayi parishramichu. (eee sainyathil bhooribhaagavum trichinopoly ninnalla, marichu pondicheriyil ninnaan vannath, athinaal aaa uparodham uyarthaan aagrahikkunna falamundaayilla.) shatru sainyam avidekku pookaan theerumaanichaal thante bakkiyulla sainyathe madraasayilekku ayachukondu thante kaaval senaye ekadesham 300 peraayi kuraykkaan clive nirbandhithanaayi. raazaa sahib arcottil ethi, septambar 23 nuu nagaram pidichedutthu. aaa ratri clive avarude thokkukal pidichedukkaan sramichukondu franch peerankikalkkethire dheeramaaya akramanam nadatthi. akramanam athinte lakshyathil eathaandu vijayichuvenkilum shatru snipper vediveppu cheria britiish senayilekku valicherinjappol athu thirichadichu. clive thanne onniladhikam thavana lakshyamitirunnu; oraal avane thaazheyirakki vedivachu konnu. eee bandham gurutharamaaya oru praharamaayirunnu klaivinte 15 perr kollappedukayum 15 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu.
adutha maasathode uparodhakkar pathukke kottayude mail thangalude pidi murukki. klaivinte aalukal pathivayi snipper aakramanathinum rogathinum vidheyaraayi, ithu gaarisan valuppam 200 aayi kurachu. ekadesham 6,000 maraatha senakal thante aashwaasathilekku varaan bodhyappettuvennum ennaal munnott pookunnathinumumbu avar panam kaathirikkukayaanennum arinjappol addeham hridayam niranjirunnu. eee senayude sameepanam raasa sahibinu klaivinte keezhadangal aavasyappedaan prerippichu; klaivinte prathikaranam udanadi nirasikkapettu, koodaathe britiish niyanthranatthilulla sthaanathinethire thante sainyathe ayaykkunnath punaparisodhikkanamennu nirddeshichukondu addeham raasa saahibine kooduthal apamaanichu. november 14nuu raasa sahib kottaykkethire samboornna akramanam nadathiyappol uparodham oduvil gurutharamaayi. klaivinte cheria sainyam shaantatha nilanirthukayum aakramanakaarikal praveshikkaan shramicha kottayude mathilukalkk purathu kolapathaka maithaanangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. noorukanakkinu aakramanakaarikal kollappedukayum niravadhi perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythappol klaivinte cheria senaykk naalu briteeshukaarum rund sipaayikalum maathramaan kollappettath.
charitrakaaranaaya thomas babbington mccolle oru noottaandinu sesham uparodhathekkurich ezhuthi
... prathirodham nadathenda commander... pusthaka sookshippukaaranaayi valarthappetta irupathiyanchuvayassulla oru cheruppakkaaranaayirunnu addeham... clive... thante krameekaranangal nadathukayum ksheenam moolam thalarnnu kidakkayil kidakkukayum cheythu. alaram kettu addeham unarukayum thalkshanam thante sthaanathethukayum cheythu... moonnu nirashaajanakamaaya aakramanangalkk sesham uparodhakkar kuzhiyude pinnil ninnu pinmari. poraattam ekadesham oru manikkoor neenduninnu... ancho aaroo pere maathramaan sainikasenaykku nashtamaayath.
uparodhasamayathe addehathinte perumaattam klaivine europil prashasthamakki. aupachaarika sainika pariseelanam labhikkatha klaivine "svarggathil janicha general" ennu visheshippicha pradhaanamantri vilyam pitt dhii eller, thante aadyakaala kamaandaraaya mejar laurencinte udaaramaaya vilamathippine pinthunachu. eest india kambaniyude directormaarude kodathi addehathinu 700 poundu vilamathikkunna oru vaal vottu cheythu, laurencine samaanamaayi aadarikkaathe athu sweekarikkaan addeham visammathichu.
clivinum mejar laurencinum prachaaranatthe vijayakaramaya oru nigamanathiletthikkaan kazhinju. 1754ll madraasile kambani president thomas sonders duplexine sthaanabhrashtanaakkiya franch commander chaals godehuve thammil aadya karnataka karar oppuvachu. mohammed alii khaan valaja nawab aayi amgeekarikkukayum iru raajyangalum avarude swathukkal thulyamakkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. 1756ll veendum yuddham pottippurappettappol, bangaalil klaivinte abhaavathil, franchukaar vadakkan jillakalil vijayam nedi, mohammed alii khaan valajayude sramangalaanu avare avarude vaasasthalangalil ninnu purathaakkiyathu. paarees udambadi (1763) mohammed alii khaan valaja karnadakayude nawab aayi audyogikamaayi sthireekarichu. eee nadapadiyudeyum vardhichuvarunna britiish swaadheenathinteyum falamaayi 1765-ll dakshinenthyayile britiish swathukkale amgeekarikkunna oru "firman" (utharavu) dalhi chakravartthiyude pakkal ninnu vannu.
thante chhaayaachitravumaayi pranayathilaaya klaivine kandethaan maargarat mascalin purappettirunnu. avar athiyappol clive oru deseeya naayakanayirunnu. sent. sii. yilaanu avar vivaahitharaayath. 1753 februvari 18nuu madraasayile (annathe) meriyude palli. avar englandilekku madangi.
1754 muthal 1755 vare rund amgangale thirike nalkia sent michles cornwall cheenja baroyude paarlament amgamaayum clive hrasvamaayi irunnu. adhehavum addehathinte sahapravarthakanaaya joonn steefensonum pinneedu parajayappetta athiraalikalaaya richard hassiyudeyum saiman lattralinteyum nivedanathiloode sthaanabhrashtaraayi.
indiayilekkulla randaamathe yaatra (1755-1760).
1755 joolaiyil clive fort sent deputy govarnoraayi pravartthikkaan indiayilekku madangi. kadalooril david. vazhiyil ganyamaaya bhagyam nashtappettathinu sheshamaan addeham athiyathu, addehathinte vaahanavyoohathinte pradhana kappalaya "doddington" portt elisabathinu sameepam thakarnnu, 33,000 poundu () vilamathikkunna klaivinte swarnna naanayangalude oru petti nashtappettu. ekadesham 250 varshangalkk sesham 1998-ll, klaivinte nidhi pettiyil ninnu niyamavirudhamaayi rakshappeduthiya nanayangal vilppanaykku vaagdaanam cheyyukayum 2002-ll neenda niyamaparamaaya tharkkangalkk sesham naanayangalude oru bhagam dakshinaafrikkan sarkkaarin nalkukayum cheythu.
ippol britiish sainyathil lefttanant kenalaayi sthaanakkayattam labhicha clive, maraatha admiral tuloji aamgreyude shakthikendramaaya gheriya kotta pidichedukkunnathil pankedutthu. admiral jaims vaatsan nayicha eee nadapadiyude bhaagamaayi britteeshukaarkk niravadhi kappalukal labhyamaayirunnu, chila rajakeeya sainikarum chila maraatha sakhyakakshikalum. britiish, maraatha samyuktha senayude vann shakti yudhathil cheria tholvikalode vijayikkaan urappakki. akkaalathe pathiv pole vijayikalaaya shakthikalkkidayil vibhajicha nidhiyude oru bhaagavum edukkaan clive visammathichathayi oru fleet sarjan edward ives abhiprayappettu.
kalkkutta pathanavum thirichupidikkalum (1756-57).
eee nadapadiyetthudarnnu clive fort sent thante posttilekku pooyi. avidevechu thanne davidinum britteeshukaarkk eratta duranthangal sambhavichathayi vaartha labhichu. 1756-nte thudakkathil, siraj udh-daula thante muthachan aliwardi khaante pingamiyaayi bangaalile nawabai. juunil, puthiya nawab kaasimbasaaril britteeshukaare aakramichathaayum athinusesham juun 20 nuu kalkattayile kotta pidichedutthathaayum klaivinu vaartha labhichu. kalkkutta pathanam moolam kambanikku undaaya nashtam nikshepakar kanakkaakkiyath £ 2,000,000 () aanu. pidikoodiya britteeshukaare kalkattayile thamogarthamaayi kuprasidhamaaya oru shiksha sellil paarppichu. 64 thadavukaaril 43 perum shwaasammuttalo choodu stroco moolamaanu marichathennu venalkkaalathe choodil report cheyyappettu. thamogarthatthinu brittanil kuprasiddhi labhichappol, sambhavathekkurichu nawabinu ariyamaayirunno ennathu charchaavishayamaanu.
1756-leeii christumous aayappozhekkum, nawabinullah nayatantra kathukalodu oru prathikaranavum labhikkathathinaal, admiral chaals whatson clive navaabinte sainyathe akramikkaanum kalkattayil ninnu balamaayi neekkam cheyyaanum ayachu. admiral vaatsan kadalil ninnu bombit thakarthappol clive karayiloode sameepicha baj-baaj kottayaayirunnu avarude aadya lakshyam. britteeshukaarkk cheria thothil naashanashtangal sambhavichathode kotta vegathil pidichadakki. taamasiyaathe, 1757 januvari 2-nuu, kalkutta thanne samanamaaya eluppathil edutheduthu.
ekadesham oru maasathinushesham, 1757 februvari 3nuu, clive navaabinte sainyathe nerittu. rund divasathekku sainyam kalkattaykku kizhakkayi oru sthaanam ettedukkaan klaivinte camp kadannu neengi. britiish senayil sevanamanushticha sarr air koott, shathruvinte shakti 40,000 kuthirapadayum 60,000 kaalalppadayum muppath peerankiyumaanennu kanakkakki. amithamaayi kanakkakkaan polum anuvadichathu klaivinte 540 britiish kaalaalppada, 600 royal nevi naavikar, 800 praadeshika sipoy, pathinaalu feeld thokkukal, kuthirappadayillaathathinkal valare kooduthalaayirunnu. 1757 februvari 5 nuu athiraavile britiish sainyam navaabinte camp aakramichu. 'kalkutta gaundlettu' ennu anaudyogikamaayi vilikkappedunna eee yudhathil, ellah vashathuninnum kanatha vedivayppu undaayirunnittum, clive thante cheria senaye navaabinte kyaambiloode muzhuvan sanjarichu. uchayode, klaivinte sainyam uparodha kyaambiloode kadannupoyi vilyam kottayil surakshithamaayi ethi. aakramanathinide britiish aakramanakaarikalil patthilonnu perkku parikkettu. (57 perr kollappedukayum 137 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythathayi clive report cheythu.) saankethikamaayi sainikamaayi oru vijayamallengilum, pettennulla britiish akramanam nawabine bhayappedutthi. klaivumaayi karaarukal undakkaan addeham sramikkukayum februvari 9 nuu kalkattayude niyanthranam keezhadakkukayum eest india kambanikku undaaya naashanashtangalkk nashtapariharam nalkumennum athinte aanukoolyangal punasthaapikkumennum vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
siraj udh daulayumaayi yuddham cheyyuka.
brittan france orikkalkkoodi yudhathilaayappol, clive nadiye franch kolaniyaaya chandannagarinethire ayachu, athesamayam addeham athine karayal uparodhichu. pondicherikkadutthul oru muun franch vaasasthalam pidichadakkiyathinu 130,000 poundu () moolyamulla samyuktha seena sammanangal labhichathinaal koolani pidichedukkaan sakthamaaya prachodanam undaayirunnu. uparodhathin sammatham mooliya sesham, franchukaare sahayikkaan nawab shramichenkilum parajayappettu. navaabinte kottaaratthile chila udyogasthar addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkaan oru konfedarasi roopeekarichu. navaabinte commander-inn-cheef mirr jaffer ennum ariyappedunna jaffer alii khaan goodaalochanakkaare nayichu. admiral vaatsan, govarnor drake, misttar. whats, clive maanyanmaarude oru karar undaakki, athil bangal, bihar, odeesha ennividangalile visroyiyude oafees mirr jaafarinu nalkaan sammathichu, avar kalkattayile nashtatthinum sainikarude chelavinum kambanikku £1 () nalkanam, kalkattayile britiish nivaasikalkk £5,000 (), thaddesheeya nivaasikalkk £2,000 (), armeniyan vyaapaarikalkk £70,000 ().
sambannanaaya bangali vyaapaariyaaya umichandine clive mirr jaafarinum britiish udyogastharkkumidayil oru ejantaayi niyamichu. karaaril thanne 300,000 poundu () urappunalkiyillenkil klaivine ottikkodukkumennu umichand bheeshanippedutthi. addehathe kabalippikkunnathinayi oru saangalppika karar eee vishayathil oru vyavasthayumaayi addehathe kaanichu. admiral vaatsan athil oppidaan visammathichu. clive pinneedu house oof komansil prasthaavichu, "thante ettavum mikacha oormmaykkaayi, athu vahicha maanyan athil thante peru oppidaan anumathi nalki; addehathinte prabha orikkalum athine rahasyamaakki vaykkilla; atharamoru saahacharyathil ithu nyaayamaanennu addeham karuthunnu, athu veendum nooru thavana cheyyum; athu cheyyaan addehathinu thaalpparyamillaayirunnu, koodaathe oru balaalsangiyaaya manushyante pratheekshakale niraashappeduthaanulla oru roopakalppanayodeyaanu ithu cheythath."
plassy.
1757leeii choodukaalakaalam muzhuvan bangaalile navaabumaayi charchakalilaanu chelavazhichathu. juun pakuthiyode, britishukaar bottukalilum sippokalum hooghly nadiyude valath theerathum sanjarichukondu chandannagar ninnu clive thante march aarambhichu. mazhakkaalathu, choodulla maasangalil eathaandu varanda moonnu aruvikaliloode vadakkott gangayude ozhukkaanu hooghly poshippikkunnathu. ithil ettavum padinjaaru bhaagathulla bhagirathiyude idathu karayil, chandernagar mukalil, bangaalile mugal vaisroyimaarude thalasthaanamaaya murshidabad sthithicheyyunnu. kurachu mailukal akale plassy vayalum pinneedu maambazhangalude vipulamaaya thoppum undu.
1757 juun 21nuu kaalavarsha mazhayude aadya spodanathinidayil plassic athirvashathulla theerathu clive ethi. addehathinte sainyathil onpathu feeld peesukalulla 1,100 europianmaarum 2,100 sipai sainikarum undaayirunnu. franch peerankikal sevikkunna 18,000 kuthirakalum 50,000 adii uyaramullathum 53 kanatha aayudangalum navaabukal konduvannirunnu. thante kariyaril orikkal clive madichu, pathinaar udyogastharude oru kaunsiline vilichu, "nammude ippozhathe saahacharyathil, sahayamillaathe, nammude swantham adithattil, nawabine aakramikkunnath vivekapoornamaayirikkumo atho eathenkilum raajya (indian) shakthiyude koode cherunnathuvare naam kaathirikkanamo ennu theerumaanikkaan addeham paranju."kaalathaamasathinu vottu cheytha onpathu pere clive thanne nayichu; mejar air koott nayicha ezhuperum udanadi aakramanathinu upadesham nalki. ennaal, onnukil thante dheerata kaaranam, allengil mirr jaafaril ninnu labhicha oru kathu kaaranam, klaivaanu aadyam manass maattukayum pradhana air koottumaayi ashayavinimayam nadathukayum cheythath. mccalle pinthudarunna oru paarambaryam, chila marangalude nizhalil oru manikkoor chinthayil chelavazhikkunnathayi addehathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam lokathile nirnnayakamaaya yudhangalilonnu theliyikkunna prasnangal addeham pariharichu. mattonn, sarr alfred lail kavithayakki maattiyath, addehathinte dridanishchayam oru swapnathinte falamaayi chithreekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru sainikanenna nilayil addeham arcot nedukayum pinvaangal muthal kalkattayil vijayikkukayum cheytha raashnesine polum vishwasikkunnathu nannayirikkum, allengil kaalathamasam polum paraajayathinu kaaranamaayirikkam.
kanatha mazhaykku sesham, klaivinte 3,200 aalukalum ombathu thokkukalum nadhi kadannu thoppum athinte jalasambharanikalum pidichedutthu, athesamayam clive thante aasthaanam oru vettayaadal lodjil sthaapichu. juun 23 nuu, vivaahanischayam nadakkukayum divasam muzhuvan neendunilkkukayum cheythu, eee samayat sradheyamaaya yadhaartha poraattam nadannittilla. navaabukalude peerankikalkkulla vedimarunnu mazhayil ninnu nannayi samrakshikkappettirunniru. athu aaa peerankikale durbalapedutthi. 40 franchukaarum avar jolie cheythirunna thokkukalum ozhike, britiish peerankippadayodu (oru mazhakkaalathinushesham) prathikarikkaan indian bhaagathinu onnum cheyyaan kazhinjilla, athu 39-aamm rejimentinoppam aathidheyare chitharichukalayukayum 500 pere nashtappedutthukayum cheythu. jagat sethum mirr jaffer ulppede bangaalile prabhukkalumaayi clive ithinakam oru rahasya karar undaakkiyirunnu. clive mejar kilpatrikkine niyanthrichu, kaaranam jaafarinte samyamanam, thante raankukalilekku upekshichillengilum, swantham cheria senaye ozhivaakkendathinte praadhaanyam ariyamaayirunnu. thante yajamaananodulla mirr jaafarinte vanchanayil addeham poornnamaayum nyayeekarikkappettu, kaaranam addeham navaabinte sainyathinte valiyoru bhaagathe yudhakkalathil ninnu akatti, thante parajayam urappakki.
klaivinu europian sainikare nashtamaayilla; 22 sipayikal kollappedukayum 50 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. poraattatthiloodeyo gambheeramaaya sainika thanthrangaliloodeyo allathe prathipakshatthe keezhppeduthiyaanu pradhaanamaayum vijayicha eee yudhathinaayi clive ippol ettavum nannayi oormmikkappedunnu ennathu pala tharatthil kauthukakaramaanu. bangaalil britiish sainika aadhipathyam sthaapichenkilum, chilappol avakaashappedunnathupole, uyarnna indiayil eest india kambaniyude niyanthranam athu nediyilla. ezhu varshathinu sesham 1764-ll buxer yudhathil, avide sarr hector munro mugal chakravarthiyudeyum avadhile nawabudeyum samyuktha senaye kooduthal adutha pooraattatthil paraajayappeduthi.
siraj udh daula oru ottakathil vayalil ninnu oodippoyi, thanikk kazhiyunnathra sambathu nedi. taamasiyaathe mirr jaafarinte sainyam addehathe pidikoodukayum pinneedu kolayali mohammedi baig addehathe vadikkukayum cheythu. clive murshidaabaadil praveshichu mirr jaafarine nawabai sthaapichu, addehathinte vanchanaykku munkootty sammathicha vila. sterlinginte roopa, svarnnavum velliyum, aabharanangalum sambannamaaya vasthukkalum ennivaykkidayil clive treasuryiloode kondupookukayum enthaanu cheiyunnathennu chodikkaan abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. clive 160,000 poundu (), aaa divasathe oru valia sambathu, eest india kambaniyude sainyathinum naavikasenaykkum 500,000 poundu () vitharanam cheyyukayum kambaniyude kammittiyile oro amgathinum 24,000 poundu () sammanangal nalkukayum cheythu.
bhaaviyile azhimathiyude uravidamaayirunnenkilum, eee sambathu verthirichedukkunnathil kambani poornnamaayum amgeekaricha oru upayogathe thudarnnu ithu pinneedu sariyaakkaan clive veendum indiayilekku ayachu. kambani thanne prathivarsham 100,000 poundu () varumaanavum athinte nashtatthinum sainika chelavinum £ 1,500,000 sterling () sambhavanayum nedi. pinneedu mirr jaffer klaivinulla kadam theerthu, kalkattayilum parisarathumulla kambaniyude bhoomiyude leave-rent addehathinu nalki, aajeevanantha vaarshika vaarshikamaya 27,000 poundu (), koodaathe 70,000 poundu () thuka addehathinu vittukoduthu, athu clive sainyathin samarppichu.
kooduthal prachaaranangal.
contor yuddham.
sivil bharanathil thirakkilayirikke, clive thante sainika vijayam thudarnnu. ekadesham banaras vare franchukaare pinthudaraan addeham valia koottukaare ayachu. addeham kenal forde vishaakhapattanathekkum madraasinte vadakkan jillakalilekkum ayachu, avide foord contor yudhathil (1758) vijayichu, athu "sainika recordile ettavum mikacha pravarthanangalilonnu" ennu broomil ucharichu.
mughalmar.
clive aadyamaayi mugalkkaaranumaayi nerittu sanbarkkam pulartthi, athu addehathinte pilkkala kariyaril prayojanakaramaanennu theliyikkum. mugal chakravarthiyaaya alangeer randaamante pithavaaya alii gauhar rajakumaran dalhiyil ninnu rakshapettu, addehathe pidichadakkiya visir imadul mulkum addehathinte maraatha koottaali sadasivarao bhavuvum kolappedutthi.
alii gauhar rajakumarane avadhile navabaya shuja-udh-daula swaagatham cheyyukayum samrakshikkukayum cheythu. 1760ll bihar, odeesha, bangaalinte chila bhagangal ennivayude niyanthranam nediya sesham, alii gauharum 30,000 peradangunna addehathinte mugal sainyavum mugal saamraajyathinaayi kizhakkan subaahukalude sambathu veendedukkunnathinaayi mirr jafferineyum kambaniyeyum attimarikkaan uddeshichu. mohammed kuli khaan, hidayatli, mirr afsal, kaadim hussain, gulam hussain thabathaabhaay ennivarum alii gauharinoppamundaayirunnu. avarude sainyathe suja-udh-daula, najeeb-udh-daula ennivarude sainyam shakthippeduthi. mugal janathayodoppam jeane loyum 200 franchukaarum chernnu ezhu varshathe yudhathil briteeshukaarkkethire oru akramanam nadatthi.
alii gauhar rajakumaran patna vare vijayakaramaayi munneri, pinneedu mugalmaarude sathyaprathinja cheytha shathruvaaya ramnariane pidikoodunnathino kollunnathino 40,000-thiladhikam varunna samyuktha sainyavumayi addeham athu uparodhikkukayum cheythu. thante koottatthinte maranathil mirr jaffer bhayappedukayum swantham makan mirane ramnariane mochippikkaanum patna veendedukkaanum ayaykkukayum cheythu. mirr jaffer roobert klaivinte sahayam abhyarthichu, ennaal prins alii gauharinte sainyathe paraajayappedutthukayum chitharichukalayukayum cheythath mejar joonn kayload aayirunnu.
dutch akramanam.
clive franchukaarodu pooraadunnathil earppettirikkumbol, chandernagar ninnu adhikam akaleyallaatha chinsoorayile autposttile dutch directormaar avarude swaadheenam vipuleekarikkaanulla avasaram kandu chinsoorayilekku kooduthal sainyathe ayaykkaan sammathichu. brittan dutch republic audyogikamaayi yudhathilallengilum, pathinanchaayiratthiladhikam europian, malay sainikarulla ezhu kappalukalude oru dutch kappalppada 1759 octoberil battaviyayil ninnu hooghly nadiyude mukhathu ethi, bangaalile nawab mirr jaffer kalkattayil klaivumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathumbol. kalkattaykku thottupurathulla chinsoorayil vachu britiish, praadeshika sainikarude oru sammishra senaye avar nerittu. kenal francis fordinte keezhil britishukaar chinsura yudhathil dachukaare paraajayappeduthi, avare pinmaran nirbandhitharaakki. november 24 nuu oru prathyeka naavika yudhathil duchukal sainyathe kaimaran upayogichirunna kappalukalil britishukaar earppedukayum paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. angane clive amboyna koottakkolaykk prathikaram cheythu-thante prashasthamaaya kathu ezhuthiya sandarbhathil; "priya forday, udan avarodu pooraaduka; njaan naale ningalkk kaunsilinte utharavu ayaykkum".
athesamayam, clive oru europian maathrkaykku sesham sipai sainyathinte samghadanayum pariseelanavum mechappeduthukayum mugal saamraajyathinte uyarnna pradeshangalil ninnulla niravadhi muslimkale athil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. addeham kalkatta veendum shakthippeduthi. naalu varshathe kadinaprayathnathinu sesham 1760ll addehathinte aarogyam kshayichathode addeham englandilekku madangi. "aathmaav bangal sarkkaaril ninnu akannupokunnathupole", "oru samakaalikan sambhavasthalathu thanne ezhuthi". madraasayile naamamaathramaaya meludyogasthar avare sahayikkaan addehathe thirichuvilikkaan shramicha samayat addehathe directormaarude kodathi bangal govarnoraayi audyogikamaayi niyamichirunnu. ennaal sambannamaaya deltta, sakthamaaya nadikal, janasamkhya enniva sandarshicha aadyakaalathu polum addeham pravishyayude praadhaanyam manassilaakkiyirunnu. clive kazhivulla chila keezhudyogasthare thiranjedutthu, prathyekichu oru yuva vaaran hashings, plassy kazhinju oru varshathinu sesham avare navaabinte kottaaratthil thaamasakkaraayi niyamichu.
plassiyude deerghakaala phalam bangaalil valare valia varumanabhaaram undaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. sainika prachaaranangalkk dhanasahayam nalkunnathinaayi karshakaril ninnu paramavadhi varumanam verthirichedukkaan kambani shramichu, athinte udyogastharkkidayil azhimathi vyaapakamaayirunnu. 2.8 kodi roopa (3 dasalaksham poundu) nashtapariharam nalkanamenna kambaniyude aavasyathaal shoonyamaaya thante treasury niraykkunnathinaayi meer jaffer valia thothil pidichedukkalil earppedaan nirbandhithanaayi.
grettu brittan enna thaalilekku madanguka.
1760-ll, 35-kaaranaya clive kuranjathu 300,000 poundu () sambathum prathivarsham 27,000 poundu () vaadakayum nedi grettu brittanilekku madangi. addeham thante maathapithaakkaleyum sahodarimaareyum saambathikamaayi pinthunachappol thanne thante sainika prathibhaye neratthe prothsaahippicha commanding offeesaraaya mejar laurencinum prathivarsham 500 poundu () stipend nalki. bangaalile thante anchu varshathe vijayangalilum bharanathilum, aaa cheruppakkaaran mccolle prabhuvine thudarchayaayi koottimutty, eee vishayathekkurichulla addehathinte "minnunna" lekhanathil, nepolian bonapartumaayi thaarathamyappeduthukayum, "[clive] noottaandukalaayi adichamarthalinu irayaaya dasalakshakkanakkinu indiakkaarkku samadhaanam, suraksha, samriddhi, swaathanthryam enniva nalkiyathaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu, athesamayam neppoliyante vijayajeevitam vyakthiparamaaya abhilaashathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnu, koodaathe addeham sthaapicha samboornnatha addehathinte pathanathode aprathyakshamaayi."klaivinte abhilaashavum vyakthiparamaaya nettathinaayulla aagrahavum 30 varshathinusesham sthiramaaya othutheerppu undaakunnathuvare bangal bharanathinu swaram nalkiyennu chilar vaadikkunnathinaal klaivinekkurichulla mccolleyude sakthamaaya amgeekaaram innu kooduthal vivaadaparamaanennu thonnunnu. plaassiyile klaivinte vijayathinte udanadi anantharafalamaayi bangaalile varumaanathil kuranjathu 20 shathamaanamenkilum vardhanayundaayi, ithu grameena janathaykku, prathyekichu 1770 leeii shaamakaalathu, ganyamaaya budhimuttukalkku kaaranamaayi.
clive grettu brittanil thudarnna moonnu varshathinide, addeham oru rashtreeya sthaanam thedi, pradhaanamaayum thaan vaagdaanam niraye avasheshippicha indiayile sambhavangalude gathiye swaadheenikkaan. addehathinu kodathiyil nalla sveekaaryatha labhichu, plaasiyude baaran clive, kaundi clair enna nilayil peerejilekku uyarthappettu; estettukal vaangukayum kurachu suhruthukkaleyum thangaleyum house oof komansilekku thirike nalkukayum cheythu. 1761 muthal maranam vare shroosburyude empiyaayirunnu clive. addehathinte peerej airish aayathinal addehathe komansil irikkaan anuvadichu. addeham shroosburyude meyarayum thiranjedukkappettu. birudadhaariyallaatha klaivinu 1760-ll ooksfoord sarvakalashaalayil ninnu dii. sii. ell. aayi oonarari birudam labhichu, 1764-ll addehathe naitt oof dhaa oordar oof dhaa baath aayi niyamichu.
eest india kambaniyude aabhyanthara samvidaanam parishkarikkaan clive svayam sajjanakukayum oduvil paraajayappedutthiya court oof directormaarude chairman laurence sulivanumaayi kadutha tharkkam aarambikkukayum cheythu. ithil bangaalile thirichuvaravukalude vaarthakal addehathe sahayichu. oduvil britiish udyogastharkku panam nalkunnathinecholli mirr jaffer kalapam nadathukayum klaivinte pingamiyaaya mirr jaafarinte marumakan khaasim alii khaane "musnud" (simhasana) ll niyamikkukayum cheythu. oru hraswakaala bharanakaalathinushesham, mirr khaasim oodippoyi, thante swis koolippadayaaliyaaya walter reinhard sombreyodu (muslimkal sumru ennariyappedunnu) 150 britteeshukaarude kaaval senaye patnayil kashap cheyyaan utharavidukayum, thante sahodaranaaya avadhile visroyiyude samrakshanathil aprathyakshanaakukayum cheythu. kambaniyude muzhuvan sevanangalum, sivil, sainika sevanangalum, azhimathi, sammanangal, ulnaadan, kayattumathi vyaapaarathinte kuthaka ennivayaal niraashappedutthi, indiakkaar daridraraakukayum kambani kaivashappedutthiya varumaanathil ninnu kollayadikkappedukayum cheythu. gavarnaraayirunna kaalath addeham valare mosham maathruka kaanichathinaal eee klaivinu thanne valareyadhikam utharavaaditham vahikkendathundu. ennirunnaalum, udamastharude kodathi, govarnorinteyum commander-inn-cheefinteyum eratta adikaarangal upayogichu loard klaivine bangaalilekku thidukkathil kondupokaan directormaare nirbandhitharaakki.
indiayilekkulla moonnaamathe yaatra.
1765 epril 11nuu klaivinte kappal madraasil ethi. mirr jaafarinte maranathekkurichum buxer yudhathinte anantharafalangalekkurichum arinja addeham englandile oru suhruthinu oru coode cheytha kathu ayachu, thante ellah swathukkalum panayam vaykkaanum kambaniyude oharikal paramavadhi vaangaanum nirddeshichu, athinte uyarcha munkootty. 1765 meyy 3nuu clive kalkattayil ethi, mirr jaffer vyakthiparamayi 70,000 poundu () vittupoyi ennu arinju. mirr jaafarinte pingamiyaayi addehathinte marumakan cassim alii adhikaaramettu, ennirunnaalum puthiya nawabil ninnu 100,000 poundu () sammaanamaayi sweekarichu sarkkar kooduthal niraashappeduthunnathin munballa; athesamayam cassim alii avadhile viceroy mathramalla, dalhi chakravarty bihar akramikkaan prerippichirunnu. eee ghattathil bangal sainyathil oru kalapam nadannu, athu 1857 leeii indian kalaapathinte bhayanakamaaya munnodiyaayirunnu, ennaal eee avasarathil sipoy ringleedare thokkil ninnu pottikkond athu vegathil adichamarthappettu. akkaalathe napier" aaya mejar munro, aikyasainyangale kadinamaayi poraadiya buxer maitanath chitharichu. chakravarthiyaaya shhaa aalam randaaman leagil ninnu svayam akannu, athesamayam avadh viceroi britteeshukaarude kaarunyatthil svayam veenu.
bangaalil nediya karyangal hindumathathilo uyarnna indiayilo aavarthikkaan klaivinu ippol avasaram labhichu. ippol uttarpradesh ennu vilikkappedunna pradesham addeham surakshithamaakkiyittundaa, koodaathe vellasliyudeyum thadaakathinteyum prachaaranangal anaavasyamaakki. ennaal sambannamaaya bangaalinte varumaanavum vibhavangalum chooshanam cheiyunnathil thanikk mattu jolikal undennu addeham vishwasichu, ithu pinneedu britiish india kramanugathamaayi valarunna oru aditharayaayi maari. athinaal addeham durbalanaaya chakravarthikku sammaanicha allahabad, cora pravishyakal ozhikeyulla thante ellah pradeshangalum avadh visroyiyude aduthekku madangi.
mugal "firman".
avadhiyan pravisyakalkku pakaramaayi indiayile britiish charithratthile ettavum pradhanappetta rekhakalilonnaaya clive chakravartthiyude pakkal ninnu surakshithamaakki, klaivinu bangal enna padavi phalapradamaayi nalki. 1765 august 12nuu, benares enna simhaasanathil embroidery thunikondu pothinjathum klaivinte koodaaratthile oru kaserayil kayariyathumaaya engleesh daining table aayirunnu athu. ithellaam thithreekarikkunnathu oru samakaalika muslim aanu, addeham "oru jacques vilppanayil edukkunnathinekkaal kuranja samayathinullil oru valia edapaadu nadathukayum poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu" ennu deshyathode ucharikkunnu. eee rekhayiloode kambani muppath dasalaksham aalukalude yadhaartha paramadhikaara bharanadhikaarikalaayi maari, ithu sterling () poundinte varumanam nalki.
athe theeyathiyil clive karnaadakayile kambaniyude swathukkalkkaayi oru saamraajyathva charter mathramalla, arcottil aarambhicha jolie poortthiyaakki, saamraajyathile ellah leftanansikalil ettavum uyarnna aalaya dekkante moonnaamathe "firman" nedi. 1768 epril 27nuu madras sarkkaarin ayacha directormaarude court oof directormaarude rahasya samiti ezhuthiya kathil eee vastutha paraamarsikkunnundu. indiayile rajakumaaranmaarudeyum janangaludeyum ennavum shakthiyum thaarathamyam cheyyumbol britiish saannidhyam ippozhum cheruthaayirunnu, mathramalla avarude abhilaashamulla franch, dutch, danish athiraalikalude shakthikalumayi thaarathamyappeduthukayum cheythu. 1767ll india vittappol samvidaayakarkku avasana upadesham ezhuthiyappol clive ithu manassil vachirunnu
"devani etteduthathinushesham, munbu aaa pravishyakalude soubayude adhikaarathil poornnamaayum eest india kambaniyil nikshipthamaanennu njangal manassilakkunnu. adhikaarathinte perum nizhalum allathe mattonnum addehathinu avasheshikkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, eee peru, eee nizhal, naam aaraadhikkunnuvennu thonnunnathu anivaaryamaan."
bharanaparamaya parishkaranatthinulla sramangal.
angane britiish indiayude saamrajyam sthaapicha clive sakthamaaya oru bharanam sthaapikkaan shramichu. sivil sarveesukaarude shambalam vardhippichu, indiakkaaril ninnulla sammanangal sweekarikkunnathu nirodhichu, ulnaadan vyaapaarathil pankaalittham nirtthiya clive udambadikalum. nirbhagyavashaal, azhimathi kuraykkunnathil ithu valare cheria swaadheenam maathrame cheluthiyittulloo, ithu vaaran haashingukalude kaalam vare vyaapakamaayirunnu. klaivinte sainika parishkaarangal kooduthal phalapradamaayirunnu. rund maraatha sainyangal bangaalilekku march cheiyunna samayat sammanangal sweekarikkunnathinethire veetto theerumaanikkunnathinum "battaa" (adhika shambalam) kuraykkunnathinum ethiraaya britiish udyogastharude kalapam addeham adichamarthi. plassic sesham addeham aarambhicha sainyathinte punasamghadana, grettu brittanil addehathinte abhaavathil avaganikkappettathine thudarnnu indian udyogastharude prashamsa pidichupatti. addeham muzhuvan sainyatheyum moonnu brigedukalaayi vibhajichu, oronnum oru samboornna senayaayi, athinethire konduvaraan kazhiyunna eathoru indian sainyathinum thulyamaayi.
eratta sarkkar samvidaanam" enna nayam avatharippichukondu kambaniye utharenthyayude vertual maastaraakkunnathilum clive pradhana pankuvahichu. addeham nadappaakkiya puthiya krameekaranam anusarichu, bharanavum kramasamadhaanavum nawabinu keezhilullathaakkiyappol bangal ("diwani"), bihar ennivayude ravanyoo kaaryangalkk maathrame kambani baadhyasthamaayittulloo. kambaniyude prathinidhiyennathinupuram indiayile ettavum sambannamaaya rund pravishyakalude varumanavumaayi bandhapetta ellah kaaryangaludeyum thalavanaayirunna "deputy nawabi" nte oru oafees srishtichu, athesamayam "kramasamadhanam" (kramasamadhanam) navaabinte kaikalilaayi thudarnnu, addeham kambaniyumaayi edapazhakaan swantham prathinidhiye niyamichu. eee sambradaayam bangal bharanathinu haanikaramaanennu theliyikkukayum aathyanthikamayi "eratta sarkkar samvidaanam" clive nirthalaakkukayum cheythu.
viramikalum maranavum.
1767 februvariyil clive avasaanamaayi india vittu. 1768ll addeham thekkan fraansile pessinus, herolt, languedoc-roosillan ennividangalile chaatto dii larsakkilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. praadeshika bakermark addeham oru madhura pastry, pettitt paatte dii pesanus, avatharippichu, koodaathe addeham (kooduthal vyakthamayum, addehathinte paachakakkaaran) ruchikaramaaya keema naante parishkaricha pathippayi indiayil ninnu paachakakkuripp konduvannu ennathaanu praadeshika paarambaryam. pessinus atharam vibhavangalkk perukettathaanu.
pinneedu 1768-ll clive royal sosaittiyude fello aayi thiranjedukkappedukayum shroosburyile royal salop infermaryude treasurer sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu.
1769-ll addeham asharinaduthulla claremondile veedum poonthottangalum ettedukkukayum poonthottavum veedum punarnirmmikkanulla sheshi braun aakkukayum cheythu.
1772ll paarlament indiayile kambaniyude pravarthanangalekkurichu anweshanam aarambhichu. klaivinte rashtreeya athiraalikal eee kelvikale klaivinu nereyulla akramanangalaayi maatti. indiayil aayirikkumbol thanikk labhicha valia thukayekkurichu chodichappol, avaa amgeekritha kambani sanbradaayathinu virudhamallennu clive choondikkaatti, kooduthal nettatthinulla avasarangal nalkikkond "ente swantham mithathwathil njaan athbhuthappedunnu" ennu paranjukondu thante perumaattatthe prathirodhichu. kambaniyude parishkaranatthinte aavasyakatha hearingukal eduthukaanichu; klaivinte pravartthanangale apalapikkunnathinulla oru vottu parajayappettu. pinneedu 1772-ll, clive kulimuriyile naitt aayi (naitt baachilaraayi ettu varshathinu sesham) niyamikkappedukayum shropshireile loard leftanantaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu.
1769num 1773num idayil undaaya oru valia shaamathaal bangaalile janasamkhya moonnilonnu kuranju. kambani udyogastharude pravartthanangalum valarchayum shaamathinu kaaranamaayenn vaadikkappettu, prathyekichu vyapara kuthakayude durupayogavum kambani udyogastharude vyakthiparamaaya nettatthinaayi upayogikkunna bhoomi nikuthiyum. eee velippeduthalukalum paarlamentile thudarnnulla samvaadangalum klaivinte rashtreeya janapreeti kurachu.
kambani parishkaarangalekkurichu paarlamentari charchakalil clive thudarnnu. 1773-ll, klaivinte ettavum sakthamaaya vimarshakaril oralaaya general joonn burgoin, klaivinte chila nettangal kambaniyudeyum sarkkaarinteyum chelavilaanu nediyathennu vaadichu. clive veendum thante pravartthanangale utsaahapoorvvam prathirodhichu, "ente bhagyam edukkoo, pakshe ente bahumanam samrakshikkoo" ennu paranju thante saakshyam avasaanippichu."raajyathin addeham nalkia" "mahathaayathum sthuthyarhavumaya sevanathinu" "prashamsikkapetta kuttavimukthanaaya klaivine thudarnnulla vottu". athinusesham udan thanne paarlament 1773 leeii regulating act charcha cheyyaan thudangi, ithu eest india kambaniyude sanbradaayangale ganyamaayi parishkarichu.
1774 november 22nuu clive thante 49-aamm vayassil berkley square hausil vachu marichu. kayyilulla oru penkaiphil ninnu thondayil murivettathaanu addehathinte maranathinu kaaranam. addehathinte marana reethi valarekkaalamaayi vivaada vishayamaan. oru anweshanavum nadannilla, athinte abhavam samakaalika pathrangal addehathinte maranam apoplectic phitt allengil strock moolamaanennu report cheyyaan kaaranamaayi. irupathaam noottaandile jeevacharitrakaaranaaya joonn vaatni ingane upasamharichu "addeham svayam baadhicha murivu moolamalla marichathennu... amithamaya mayakkumarunnu upayogam moolam konduvanna moorchayulla paper katthi upayogichu thante jagular murichukondaanu addeham maranappettath. clive aathmahathyaakkuripp avasheshippichittille, saamuval jonson ezhuthi, "atharam kuttakrithyangal vazhi thante sambathu nediyathinaal avayekkurichulla bodham swantham thonda murikkan prerippichu". klaivinte maranam addehathinte vishaadathinteyum karupp aasakthiyudeyum charitravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennaal karupp kuraykkaan addeham shramicha asukham (pitthasanchi baadhichathaayi ariyappettirunna) moolam undaakunna kadinamaaya vedanayaayirunnu udanadi prachodanam. taamasiyaathe, vadakke amerikkayile britiish senayude command addehathinu vaagdaanam cheyyukayum nirasikkukayum cheythirunnu. shropshireile addehathinte janmasthalathinaduthulla morettan seyile sent maargarats edavaka palliyilaanu addehathe samskarichathu.
1762ll klaivinu oru airish peerej labhichu, baaran clive oof plaasisi, kaundi clair srishtichu; addeham irelandile kaundi limericilum kaundi clairilum bhoomi vaangi, limeric nagaratthinaduthulla thante bhoomiyude oru bhaagathinu plassy ennu perittu. airish swaathanthryathethudarna eee bhoomi samsthaana swathaayi maari. 1970kalil oru saankethika koleju, pinneedu limeric sarvakalashaala, plaasiyil nirmikkappettu.
kudumbam.
1753 februvari 18nuu madraasilvechu clive maargarat maskeline (maama. 28 desember 1817) 1753 februvari 18 nuu, revnte sahodari. anchaamathe jyothishaasthranjanaaya doow. nevil maskelin royal. avarkk ombathu kuttikalundaayirunnu
vimarsanam.
indiayile pravartthanangal, prathyekichu 1770 leeii bangal kshaamathilum indiayude saambathika maanejmentilum addeham pankedutthathu kaaranam aadhunika charitrakaaranmaar klaivinte pravartthanangale vimarsichittundu. kshaamathil oru dasalaksham muthal oru dasalaksham vare aalukal kollappettu. 21-aamm noottaandile britiish charitrakaaranaaya vilyam dalrymple klaivine "asthiramaaya saamoohikarogi" ennu visheshippichu. indian ravanyoo samvidaanathilekkum nilavilulla kaarshika reethikalilekkum vanna mattangal eest india kambaniyude labham paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinaayi roopakalppana cheythathaanu bangaalile daaridryathinte thoth vardhippichathu.
kambani bharanathin keezhilulla bangaalile mosham avasthayekkurichu clive thanne abhiprayappettu
 araajakathvam, ashayakkuzhappam, kaikkooli, azhimathi, kollayadi ennivayude atharamoru rangam bangaalallaathe mattoru rajyath kanditto kettittillenno njaan parayaam; atharam niravadhi bhagyangal ithrayum aneethiyum balaalsangavum niranja reethiyil nediyilla. 3 dasalaksham poundu sterling varumanam nedunna bangal, bihar, orissa ennee moonnu pravishyakal mirr jaffer sabaahshippilekku punasthaapichathumuthal kambaniyude jeevanakkaarude samboornna niyanthranathilaanu; avar sivil, sainika, navaabukal muthal ettavum thaazhnna jamindar vare adhikaarathilundaayirunna oro vyakthiyil ninnum sambhavanakal eedaakkukayum eedaakkukayum cheythittundu. 
2021 januvariyil, clive svayam padicha prashasthamaaya swakaarya skoolaaya marchant taylozhs school, clive housine "raffel house" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu (joonn edward raafelinte peril).
shroosburyile chathuratthil ninnu oru clive prathima neekkam cheyyanamennu harjikal aavasyappettittundu. 20, 000-ll kooduthal oppukal atharamoru neekkathe pinthunachilla, 2020 juulai 16 nuu shropshire kaunsil prathima nilanirthaan 28-17 vottu cheythu. vaitthaalile videsha, komanvelthu offeesinu purathu ninnu klaivinte prathima neekkam cheiyunnathinulla samanamaaya oru harjiyil ekadesham 80,000 oppukal labhichu.
klaivinte paarambaryathekkurichu vimarshanathinte velichathil, 2020 ll newporttile haberdashers adams schoolil, clive housine "ooven house" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheiyumennu shropshire prakhyaapichu (shropshire kavi wilfred oovente peril).

