dona desheeyodyaanam

donana desheeyodyaanam allengil paarkk naashanal vaii naachural dii donana thekkan speyinile andalusiyayil, huvelva (athinte bhooribhaagam pradeshangalum), cadis, seville ennee pravisyakalil sthithicheyyunna oru prakrithidatha samrakshitha pradesamaanu. ithil oru samrakshitha pradesamaanu. gwadelkwivir nadhi atlaantik samudrathilekku ozhukunna delttayaaya laas maarismaasile chathuppukal, aazham kuranja aruvikal, manalkkunnukal ennivayude pradesamaanu eee desheeyodyaanam. 1969ll loka vanyajeevi fund spanish sarkkaarumaayi chernnu athine samrakshikkunnathinaayi oru bhagam chathuppukal vaangiyathiloodeyaanu ithu oru prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi sthaapithamaayathu. chathuppukal vattikkal, theerathe bhoomi jalasechanam vazhi kaarshika uthppaadanam vardhippikkunnathinu nadeejalam upayogikkunnathu, nadeekhananatthiloode jalamalineekaranam, vinodasanjaara soukaryangalude vipuleekaranam ennivayaal paristhithi vyavastha nirantharam bheeshaniyilaanu. madeena sidonia ezhaamathe prabhuvinte bhaaryayude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu.
donana desheeyodyaanathinu europil savisheshamaaya oru jaivavaividyamundu, ennirunnaalum fraansile kamargu nadeethadatthinte paarkk naachural regional dii kaamargyoovumaayi chila samaanathakalund, athumaayi donana paarkk erattakalaanu. aayirakkanakkin europian, aafrikkan deshaadana pakshikal, pazhanmaan, spanish chuvanna maan, kaattupanni, europian badgerukal, eejipshyan mungoosukal, vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna speesheesukalaaya spanish imperial eegil, iberian links ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna aavaasavyavasthakalum vanyajeevi sankethangalum eee desheeyodyaanathilundu.
1969ll sthaapithamaaya donana desheeyodyaanavum 1989ll srishtikkukayum 1997ll vipuleekarikkukayum cheytha prakrithi udyaanavum praadeshika sarkkaarinte niyanthranatthin keezhil oru buffer soonn oof protection srishtikkunnathum donana prakrithi samrakshanakendrathil ulppedunnu. deseeyavum prakrithidathavumaaya rund paarkkukalum pinneedu orotta prakrithidrishyamaayi tharamthirichittundu. europinum aafrikkaykkum edayilulla thanthraparamaaya sthaanavum jibralter kadalidukkinaduthullathum kaaranam, donanayude valia vistheernnamulla uppu chathupp oru prajnana sthalavum aayirakkanakkin europian, aafrikkan pakshikalude (jala, bhouma) gathagatha kendravumaanu, koodaathe shaithyakaalath niravadhi inam deshaadana jalapakshikalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu, saadhaaranayaayi 200,000 vyakthikal vare. prathivarsham 300-ladhikam vyathyastha inam pakshikale ivide kaanaan kazhiyum. europile ettavum valia prakrithi samrakshana kendramaayi kanakkaakkappedunna niravadhi vyathyastha shaasthra sthaapanangalkku sameepapradeshangalude uchithamaaya vikasanavum athil vasikkunna vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna jeevikalude samrakshanavum urappaakkunnathin athinte athirthikkullil nireekshana kendrangalundu. 1994ll unesco eee pradeshathe loka paithruka sthalamaayi prakhyaapichu; 2006ll eee desheeyodyaanam 376,287 sandarshakare rekhappeduthi.
19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum oru koottam kaattumrigangal eee pradeshathu karanginadannirunnu. ettaam noottaandil moorish spain keezhadakkiya samayathayirikkaam avaa avatharippikkappettath, allengil 1829-ll molinayude maarkk bharam vahikkunna mrugangalaayi avatharippicha oru koottatthil ninnu avar rakshappettirikkam. 1950-kalode ettu vyakthikal maathrame avasheshichirunnulloo, ivar vettakkaarude bheeshaniyilaayirunnu.
geology geomorphology.
donana desheeyodyaanathinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya rooparekha lakshakkanakkin varshangalayi avide kaanapedunna vanyajeevi aavaasavyavasthayude jaivavaividhyam vardhippicha aazhathilulla jalasambharanikaludeyum geomorphological savisheshathakaludeyum vikasanathe prathifalippikkunnu. kazhinja himayugathinte avasaanathinushesham, eee pradesham shudhajalavum uppuvellamulla chathuppukalum kulangalum manalkkunnukalum kondu moodappettirunnu, sunaamikal, valia kodunkaattukal thudangiya uyarnna oorjja sambhavangal moolamundaakunna chila samudra nuzhanjukayatangal undaayirunnu. flandrian interglatialinte aadya bhaagath aagola samudranirappil thaarathamyena druthagathiyilulla uyarchayude oru kaalayalav paaliyogleshyarukalude urukunnathumayi bandhappettirunnu, koodaathe 000 varshangalkk munbu athinte paramavadhi nilayiletthi. eee samayat, donana desheeyodyaanavum chuttumulla pradeshangalum vellathinadiyilaayi, pinneedu romacar "lacus ligastinas" ennu vilicha oru thadaakam roopeekarikkappettu. kazhinja 6,000 varshathinide thadaakathil vellam niraykkunnathinte vegatha vardhichu, athodoppam manalkkaadukalude thwarithagathiyilulla valarchayum puthiya ulnaadan chathuppukalum thanneerthadangalum srishtikkappettu. donana desheeyodyaanathile vishalamaaya chathuppukalkk ippol paranna bhooprakrithiyundu, chila ulnaadan thaazhnna pradeshangal praadeshikamaayi 'lucios' ennu vilikkappedunna thaalkkaalikamo sthiramo aaya thanneerthadangalaal niranjirikkunnu. thekkukizhakkan dishayilekku valarunna chalanathmaka manalkkunnal samvidaanangalulla vishalamaaya manal theerathe thadassamaaya donna thuppinal eee pradesham muzhuvan samrakshikkappedunnu.
charithram.
purathanakaalam.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samaya skailil alakkunnathupole donanayude bhooprakrithi thaarathamyena puthiya bhooprakrithiyaanenkilum, eee pradeshathu puthiya shilayuga upakaranangalude avashishtangal kandethiyittundu. 2, 800 varshangalkk munbu feenishyanmaar, fokkian greekkukal, tarticianmaar ennivarulppede vividha purathana samskaarangal avide undaayirunnengilum avaye saakshyappeduthunna puraavastu avashishtangal kandethiyitla. 1923-ll jarmman puraavastu gaveshakanaaya adolph shulton, adolph lameror, jorjju bonsar ennivarodoppam purathana tartician thalasthaanatthinte sthaanam donana manalkkaadukalil thiranjuvenkilum thaalpparyamullathaayi onnum kandethiyilla. sero dell trigoyil nadatthiya eee khananathinu dhanasahayam nalkiyathu annathe donanayude udamayaayirunna thaarifayudeyum deniayudeyum dukeanu. ennirunnaalum, 1978-ll shulton aduthulla villamanric dii laa contessa pattanatthil villamanric stel kandethi. 2007ll huvelva pravishyayile hinojos salt marsh allengil "marisma dii hinojos" ll eee puraana nagaratthinte adayaalangal kandethanulla sramathilaanu sarvekal nadathiyathu. eiii. dii. randaam noottaand muthal anchaam noottaand vareyulla roman vaasasthalangalude avashishtangal, praadhamikamaayi mathsyabandhanathilum malsya lavananirmmaanathilum gaaram thayyarakkunnathilum earppettirunnathaayi sradheyamaaya kandethalukal ulppedunnu. gwadelkwivirinte mukhamukhathinte idathu theerathinaduthulla chathuppunilangalude oru pradeshamaaya gwadelkwivir chathuppukal ("laas marismas dell gwadelkwivir") laattin bhashayil "lacus ligastinas" ennariyappettirunna oru valia ulnaadan thadaakamaayirunnu. thadaakam pathukke nikshepikkappetta avashishtangalaal niranju, kramena nilavile chathuppukalilekku vazhimari.
madhyakaalakhattam.
1262-ll neebla saamantharajyam keezhadakkiya sesham, alphonso pathaaman rajaavu laas rosinas vanathil, rioo tintoikkum gwadelkwivirinum idayil oru "yadhaartha casadero" (rajakeeya vettayaadal samrakshanam) sthaapichu, bhaagikamaayi avideyulla dhaaraalam maanukalum santa olaalayude cheria sankethavum "aroyo dii laa rosina" yill aprathyakshamaayi.
1297-ll addehathinte makan sancho naalaaman gwadelkwivir azhimukhathinte idathu karayil areenas gordasinu pinnil sthithicheyyunna pradesham ulkkollunna sanlookarinte aadhipathyam guzman ell buenoic nalki, ithu aarr noottaandukalaayi madeena-sidonia kaikalil thudarnnu. 1369ll kaasttilile henry randaaman sanlucarile naalaamathe prabhuvinu neebla kaundi nalkiyathodeyaanu eee kuleena bhavanam sthaapithamaayathu. 1493-ll catholica chakravarthimaar innathe ell rossio graamatthinte oru bhagam royal secreteric sambhavana cheythu, addehathinte makan pinneedu athu almonde pattanatthinu vittu. munbu, kaattupannikaludeyum maanukaludeyum praadeshika janasamkhyaykkidayil puthiya prajnana stokku avatharippikkappettirunnu, athesamayam kannukaalikaludeyum kuthirappura paripaalanatthinteyum prayojanathinaayi chennaaya vettaye prothsaahippichirunnu.
aadyakaala aadhunika.
ekadesham oru noottaandinu sesham, madeena sidonia ezhaamathe prabhuvum spanish naavikasenayude kamaandarumaaya alonso perez dii guzman vaii sotomayor bhoomiyude oru bhagam thirike vaangi. addehathinte bhaarya, eboli raajakumaariyude makalaaya aanaa dii silva vaii mendosa, nilavile "donana" enna perinte uthbhavamaaya "cotto dii dona anaa" (dona anaa geyim prejerve) enna oru raajya retreatilekku thamasam maari; varshangalkk sesham veedu oru kottaaramaayi naveekarichu. oru vettayaadal lodjai cotto donana upayogikkunnathinekkur paramarsham "laa fabula dii polyphemo vaii galattiya" (polyphemasinteyum galattiyayudeyum kettukatha) yude aadya vaakyangalil undu, ithu gaanarachayithaav luis dii gongora neeblayude ennathinaayi samarppikkukayum athil addehathinte vaakyangal kelkkaan prabhukkanmaar avarude vettayaadal neekkivaykkanamennu addeham abhyarthikkukayum cheiyunnu. 1624-ll philipp naalaaman rajaavu madeena sidonia onpathaamathe dukinte athidhiyaayi niravadhi divasam estettil thaamasikkukayum chila valia vettakalil pankedukkukayum cheythu. dukinte bahumaanaartham addeham pathivayi nadathunna virunnin parvathangalil ninnulla manju polulla aadambarangal ulppedunna vaividhyamaarnna vinodasanchaaravasthukkal addeham thannodoppam konduvannu. 1797-ll francisco goya thante rakshaadhikaarikalaaya madeena-sidonia pathinanchaamatthe dukinteyum bharya albayile pathimoonnaamatthe duchessinteyum athidhiyaayi kottaaratthil thaamasichu. ivide goya thante "aalbam eiii" enna chithrangalude oru shekharam srishtikkukayum duchessine thithreekarikkumennu abhyoohangal pracharikkunna thante prashastha chhaayaachitrangalaaya "laa maja vesttida" ("vasthram dharicha maaja"), "laa maja desnuda" ("nagna maaja") enniva varaykkukayum cheythu.
aadhunika kaalatthinte avasaanathil, desheeyodyaanathinte srishti.
1854 nuu sesham, "eavina dii donnah catalogo dii laas avez observateds enn algunus provincias andusus" ("eavina oof donnah kaattalog oof dhii pakshikal obsarvu inn chila andusian pravishyakal") enna grandhatthil eee pradeshathekkurichulla oru charcha prasidheekarichathode, antonio machado vaii nunez, avide kaanapedunna niravadhi vyathyastha inam vanyajeevikalude paaristhithika moolyathe pothujanangal vilamathikkaan thudangi. thathfalamaayi, britiish prakrithishaasthranjarum aabel chapman, walter jeey. ennivarulppedeyulla vettakkaarum ithu sandarshichu. aafrikkayilekku yaatra cheiyunna deshaadana pakshikalkk donanayude thanthraparamaaya praadhaanyathekkurichu europile vishalamaaya prekshakare munnariyipp nalkunna pusthakangal iruvarum rachichu. pinneedu, madeena sidonia 19-aamathe prabhuvaya jose jovakvin alvares dii tolado vaii karoo (1865-1915) valia kadangal paarambaryamaayi nedukayum avaa adaykkaan 750,000 pesettakalkk vitta cotto dii donana ulppede vividha swathukkal wilkan nirbandhitharaakukayum oduvil athu kuleena bhavanathil ninnu verpeduthukayum cheythu.
1901ll sherry baaran vilyam garvi dukil ninnu donana vaangiyappol, estettu upekshikkappedukayum nashicha avasthayilaavukayum cheythu. garvi kottaram athinte muun vaibhavathilekku punasthaapikkukayum addehathinte maranashesham athu addehathinte sahodaran josephine anantharaval maria medina vaii garwake kaimarukayum cheythu, avar oru phoorast enchineeyaraaya tarifa dukine vivaham kazhichu. 1934ll athu thaarifayude dutches blanca madeenayudeyum borgettoyile markvisineyum vivaham kazhicha garvyudeyum sahodarikku kaimari. 1942ll markvis ithu salvador noguyera, maanuval gonsaales, merittoyude markvis ennivar chernnu roopeekaricha oru kambanikku vittu. ambathu varshangalkk sesham eee desheeyodyaanam oru prakrithidatha pradeshamaayi ekeekarikkappettu.
samrakshanam.
donanayil oru valia estettu udamasthathayilulla bonanzayile markvis aaya spanish bisinasukaranaaya mourisiyo gonsaalas-gorden vaii days, athinte aavaasavyavasthayilum pakshivarggathilum thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum europil udaneelamulla pakshishaasthranjare sandarshikkaan shanikkukayum cheythu. 1952-ll spanish pakshishaasthranjaraaya jose antonio walverd francisco bernis eee sthalam sandarshikkukayum gonsaalas-gorden avarude maarganirddeshakanaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. vaividhyamaarnna vanyajeevikalulla thanneerthadangal krishikkaayum yookkaaliptas marangal nattupidippikkanumaayi spanish sarkkar nirddeshichathinaal avaa apakadatthilaanennu walverd gonsaalas-gorden kudumbavum kandu. eee padhathikal upekshikkaan spanish svechaadhipathiyaaya francisco franco swaadheenikkaan sramikkaan mourisiyo thante pithavinoppam bernesinode aavasyappettu. moovarum oru memmoraandam ezhuthi, athu francoic thanne moureeshyoyude pithaav maanuval sammaanichu. 1953 navambarode bernis eee pradeshathinu asaadhaaranamaaya paaristhithika moolyamundennu kaanikkunna donanayude avasthayekkurichulla oru report poortthiyaakki. group avarude lakshyangalkkayi anthaaraashtra pinthuna thedukayum nedukayum cheythu. franco pinthirippikkaanulla gonsaalas-gordante sramangal addehathe chila apakadangalkk vidheyanaakkiyenkilum franco sarkkar sammathikkukayum drainage padhathikal raddaakkukayum cheythu.
1957ll donanayilekkulla aadyathe samghaditha shaasthra paryaveshanathinu walverde neethrthwam nalki, britiish prakrithishaasthranjaraaya moundfort, rogger peettezhsan, sarr juuliyan huxley ennivar avarodoppam chernnu. gaii monfort, maiks nikkolsan, luke hofmann ennivarulppedeyulla europian samrakshana vidagtharude oru samgham europian, aafrikkan bhookhandangalkkidayil kudiyerunna pakshikalude stoppovar enna nilayil eee pradeshatthinte nirnaayaka praadhaanyam pradharshippichu. 1959-ll gonsaales kudumbam donana thangalude bhoomiyude oru bhagam matalascanas resortinte vikasanathinaayi vittu. ithu europian samrakshanavaadikale aashankaakularaakkukayum vividha sthaapanangaleyum anjjaatha daathaakkaleyum swathinte oru bhagam vaangaan prerippikkukayum cheythu. walverde, hofmann, nikkolsan ennivar britiish nechar kansarvansiyumaayi sahakarichu paarkk vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi fandukalkkaayi oru anthaaraashtra drive samghadippicha oru association roopeekarichu. gonsaalas-gorden ithinakam sambhavana cheytha 7,000 hector bhoomi kootticherkkunnathinaayi eee pracharanam rund dasalaksham swis fraankukal samaaharichu. oduvil, 1963-ll spanish sarkkarum dablyu. dablyu. efum eee pradeshatthinte oru bhagam vaangukayum aadyathe donana samrakshitha kendram srishtikkukayum 1964-ll avar donanayudeyum mattu spanish aavaasavyavasthakaludeyum jaivavaividhyathekkurich padikkunnathinaayi donana biological steshanum spanish naashanal research kaunsilum (konsejo superior dii investigations scientificas-sisik) sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
1969ll dablyu. dablyu. eph veendum spanish sarkkaarumaayi chernnu gwadelkwivir deltta chathuppukalude mattoru bhagam vaangukayum donana desheeyodyaanam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
athe varsham thanne donana desheeyodyaanam utharaviloode srishtikkappettu, athinte pradeshatthinte oru bhagam sambadvyavasthayudeyum malsarakshamathayudeyum manthraalayathinte (ministeeriyo dii economia vaii compatitividad) udamasthathayilullathum ippozhum swakaarya kaikalilaanu. patthu varshathinu sesham samrakshitha pradesham vipuleekarikkukayum "preperk donana" ennu vilikkappedunna pradesham srishtikkukayum cheythu. 1980ll unesco donana desheeyodyaanathe 77,260 hector jaivamandala samrakshana kendramaayi amgeekarichu. donana desheeyodyaanathile 50,720 hector visthruthiyullathaanu coor soonn. 54, 250 hector visthruthiyulla eee buffer soonn donaanayile prakrithidatha paarkkilaan. samudranirappil ninnu 40 meter vare uyarathilaanu eee pradesham sthithicheyyunnathu. unesco athinte aavaasavyavasthayude vaividhyatheyum avar sookshikkunna vaividhyamaarnna speesheesukaleyum adisthaanamaakki donana loka praadhaanyamullathaayi kanakkakkunnu. 1982ll ithu ramser kanvenshanile thanneerthadangalude pattikayil ulppeduthukayum 1989ll andalusiayile praadeshika sarkkar eee paarkkine donana prakrithi udyaanamaakki maattukayum cheythu. 1994ll unesco ithine oru loka paithruka sthalamaayi pattikapedutthi, ithu pradesham samrakshikkunnathinum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinumulla paripaadikal sthaapikkaan praapthamakki. charitraparamaayi, praadeshika kaarshika ulppaadanavum vinodasanchaaravum vardhippikkunnathinulla padhathikalaal eee supradhana thanneerthadangal nirantharam bheeshani neridunnundu. dablyu. dablyu. eph ippozhum donana pinthunaykkunnu, theerathe kaarshika bhoomiyude jalasechanathinum vinodasanjaara soukaryangalude vipuleekaranathinumaayi chathuppukalum siphanukalum ozhikkaanulla nirddeshangalkkethire pooraadunnu.
1998ll, bolidan-apirsayude (munbu andalusa dii pirittaas, ezz.eiii.), bolidante spanish anubandha sthaapanam, paarkkinte pradhana jalasrothassaya gwadiamar nadiyil praveshicha visha cheliyude vellapokkam purathuvidunnu. 2000-ll, eee valia paaristhithika duranthatthinu sesham, spanish paristhithi mantraalayam chathuppukale punarujjeevippikkukayenna lakshyathode "donana 2005" paripadi prothsaahippichu. 2006ll juun 9-leeii rajakeeya utharaviloode desheeyodyaanam paripalikkunnathinulla utharavaadithangal andalusia sarkkaarin kaimari; prakrithi samrakshana bharanakoodatthinte pravartthanangalum sevanangalum andalusian samsthaanathekku vipuleekarikkukayum, donana desheeyodyaanavum prakrithi udyaanavum "donanayude prakrithidatha mekhala" aayi maarukayum cheythu, ithu paristhithi samrakshanathinte vividha thalangalulla pradesangalaayi vibhajikkapetta orotta pradesamaanu. 2008ll eee desheeyodyaanam fraansile praadeshika prakrithi udyaanamaaya kamargumaayi bandhippikkappettu, athumaayi naravamshashaasthraparavum vamsheeyavumaaya vashangal pankidunnu.
thante bharanakaalathu, spanish pradhaanamantri felip gonsaalas donana oru avadhikkala retreataayi upayogikkaan thudangi, ithu addehathinte pingaamikalkk oru maathrkayaayi. 2010ll, theerapradeshathe 9200 hector bhoomi muun paristhithi mantraalayam samrakshanathinaayi pidichedutthu. 2012 joolaiyil unesco, donaanayile jaivamandala samrakshana kendram 77,260 hectoril ninnu 255,000 hector neettunnathinu amgeekaaram nalkukayum manushyanteyum jaivamandalathinteyum maargganirddeshangal palikkaan praapthamaakkukayum cheythu. ithu donana mekhalayile vividha munisippaalittikalude saamoohika-saambathika thaalpparyangale prathinidheekarikkunna oru parivartthana mekhala srishtichu. varshangalayi paarkkinte jalanirappil ninnu vellam ozhukunna paarkkin chuttumulla pazha karshakar pradhaanamaayum nadathunna pathinaayirakkanakkin anadhikritha kinarukal 2019 ll police adachu. athe varsham thanne, europian union kammeeshan europian union samrakshana niyamangal lamghichathinu speyinine europian kodathi oof justicilekku (iii. jii. sii) kondupokaan theerumaanichu. anadhikritha jalavitharanam thadayunnathumaayi bandhapetta kadamakal spain niravettiyittillennum paarkkinte bhooprakrithiyil kaaryamaaya mattangal varuthunnathu thadayaan aavashyamaaya nadapadikal kaikkollunnathil parajayappettuvennum kodathi europian union commission anukoolamaayi vidhichu.
kaalavastha.
dhruvamukhathum uyarnna mardhamullah uposhnamekhalaa malancherivilum ulla vyathiyaanangalude falamaayi varanda venalkkaalavum thaarathamyena eerppamulla shaithyakaalavum ulla soumyavum saadhaaranayaayi medittareniyan kaalavasthayaanu donan paarkkilullath. vasanthakaalathum sharathkaalathum sambhavikkunna mazhakkalangal idatharam aanu; venalkkaalath aduthulla valia jalashayangalil choodu adinjukoodunnathum dhruvavaayuvinte varavumullathinal prathyekichu sharathkaalathil kanatha mazhayundaakum. ennirunnaalum, shaithyakaalath, taapa aanti cyclonukal praadeshikamaayi sambhavikkam. varsham muzhuvanum thaapanila mithamaan, shaithyakaalam muthal venalkkaalam vare paramavadhi thaapanila 17 digri selshyas vyathyaasappedunnu. uposhnamekhalaa aanti saiklon aadhipathyam pulartthunna venalkkaalath moonnu muthal anchu maasam vare varanda kaalavasthayaanu kaalaavasthayude ettavum pradhanappetta savisheshatha.
sasyajaalangal.
pines, rosaappookkal polulla pookkal, kuttichedikal ennivayulppede niravadhi inam sasyajaalangal eee desheeyodyaanathilundu. valpiya fontkerana", "tursica linaria", "juniperas macrocarpa" (maaridaim junippar), "micropyropsis tuberosa", "hydrocharis morses-raane" allengil "thorella verttisillattinundaar" ennee enangal vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnavayaanu. yookkaaliptas, akkeshya longifolia, gomphocarpus fruiticosus, nikottiyaana gloca allengil carpobrotus edulis (poochayude nakhangal) thudangiya thaddesheeyamallaatha enangale paarkk sarvees neekkam cheiyunnu.
donana aavaasavyavasthayil thaddesheeyamaayi kaanapedunna 875-ladhikam enangalil oleander, ookku, kadal walflower, sweet saltwart, prikkili tumbleweed, maaram pullu, heather, camerina, lavender, zee hollie, reed, carnation, bulrush, kooman phern, sej-leaved roock rooss, rushes, labirnago ("philleria aamgastipholiya"), zee sparj, maastik, sedge, paam, pine, scoach choor, rosemary, junippar, gozhs, thaim, sparj, blackberry ennivayaanu mattu sradheyamaaya enangal.
traansdoonukalile sasyajaalangal.
nilavilulla thekk-padinjaaran kaattil roopappedunna traansdyoons ennum ariyappedunna chalanathmaka manalkkunnukalude aavaasavyavastha iberian upadveepil mattevideyengilum nilavililla. chila sasyajaalangal athinte prathyeka saahacharyangalumayi poruthappedunnathil eee aavaasavyavasthayude kaadinyam vyakthamaan manalinteyum manninteyum manalkkunnukal asthiramaanu. sasyajaalangalude, prathyekichu pinneedu uyarnnuvarunna marangalude, kramena samskarikkappedukayum manalinte mandagathiyilulla chalanam moolam marikkukayum cheiyunnathu paarkkinte beach pradeshathe ettavum ariyappedunna prathibhaasangalilonnaan.
janthujaalangal.
parkkil rekhappeduthiyittulla mrugangalil 20 inam shudhajala malsyangal, 10 inam ubhayajeevikal, 13 inam uragangal, 37 inam sasthanikal, 360 inam noonn-merrin pakshikal enniva ulppedunnu, athil 127 inam pakshikal parkkil valarthiyittundu.
malsyam.
eel polulla thaddesheeya malsyangal donanayil vasikkunnu, koodaathe carp, gambusia allengil paikk thudangiya enangal praadeshika aavaasavyavasthaykku aakramanathmaka bheeshaniyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. koodaathe, innu vamshanasham sambhavichathinal ningalkk munkaalangalil starjan kandethanakum.
uragangal.
europian kulam aama, spanish kulam aama, spurr-thonchu aama, iberian verm palli, bedriagayude charmmam, padinjaaran moonnu kaalukalulla charmmam, kooman vaal geco, spiny-call palli, aussalated palli, carbonales vaal palli, andalusian vaal palli, sammodromous maanuve, spanish sammodromous, hozhsshoo vipp paambu, ladder paambu, thekkan minusamarnna paambu, montpellier paambu, thettaaya minusamarnna paambu, vaipparin paambu, pullu paambu, laattaastinte wiper, loggerhead aama, letherback aama enniva donna parkkil kaanapedunna uragangalil ulppedunnu.
pakshikal.
spanish imperial eegil, marbled teal, vaitt-head duck, redu-nobbed koott thudangiya parimithamaaya inam pakshikal ulppede 300 ladhikam inam pakshikal eee pradeshathu rekhappeduthiyittundu. thanneerthada enangalil glossy ibis, vestten chathupp, ferraginus duck, eurasian spoonbil, redu-crested pochard, littil aandu kannukaali egratt, naitt aandu schwaco heron, grettar flummingo enniva ulppedunnu, athesamayam chuttumulla pradeshangalil hoopo, stoon-karle, spanish kuruvi, medittareniyan short-tooad larke, pinn-tailed sandgross enniva undakam. purple heron, gull-build tern, grettar short-tooad larke, short-tooad eegil, europian roller, vestten olivaasiyas warbler, saavi warbler, littil bittan, booted eegil, wiscared tern, rufus scrub robin enniva ulppedunna niravadhi venalkkaala kudiyettakkaareyum eee saitt aakarshikkunnu.
sasthanikal.
vavvalukal, chuvanna maan, europian muyal, europian mullanpanni, saadhaarana janithakaghadana, kaattupanni, kaattupanni, iberian links, garden dormouse, eejipshyan mungus, grettar vaitt-tooth shroo, eurasian oottar, wood mouse, europian polkaatt, redu phoox, europian badger, medittareniyan pine wall, thekkupadinjaaran vaattar wall, black elii ennivayulppede 38 sastani enangal rekhappeduthiyittundu.
iberian links.
iberian upadveepil maathram parimithappedutthiyirikku aavaasavyavasthayaaya iberian links valia poochakalil ettavum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnavayaanu. janasamkhyayude ennathil undaaya kuthane idivu 1966 ll ithine samrakshitha inamaayi prakhyapikkaan kaaranamaayi. iberian linksinte nilavilulla kolanikal siera dii andujar, cardena, montero, donana ennee prakrithidatha paarkkukalilum chuttupaadukalilumaan; munkaalathe mattu pradhana kolanikal vamshanasham sambhavichathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. porchugal punarudhaarana sramangal athinte sheshikkunna aavaasavyavastha samrakshikkunnathinulla sramangal siyara malkkatta prakrithi samrakshana kendram srishtikkaan kaaranamaayi.
donana easbuche breeding sentar oru captive breeding prograam vikasippicheduthittundu, ithu kendratthil janicha pathinonnu vyakthikaludeyum parkkil pidikoodiya muppathiladikam vyakthikaludeyum athijeevanam kaivarichu, avarude athijeevanam samshayaaspadamaayirunnu. poochakalkkidayile uyarnna marananirakkum kaarukal parkkil praveshikkunnathino roadukalil vaahanamodikkunnathino nirodhikkunna niyamangalude aavarthichulla lamghanangalum eee samrakshana shramangalkk bheeshaniyaanu, ennirunnaalum, chila ejansikal report cheythathupole, maranakaaranam ellaayppozhum vyakthamalla. eee mrugathinte apakadakaramaaya athijeevana sahacharyam pothujanagalkk paarkkinte pratheekamaayi mariyirikkunnu.
kuthirakal.
donanayil rund thaddesheeya inam kuthirakalunda marisminoyum returetas; randaamathethu orupakshe bisi 1000 kaalaghattatthile ettavum pazhaya europian enangalilonnaanu, koodaathe kattil vasikkukayum mattu janasamkhyayil ninnu ottappedukayum cheiyunna oreyoru inamaanu.
ottakangal.
19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum oru koottam kaattumrigangal eee pradeshathu karanginadannirunnu. ettaam noottaandil speyinil moorish adhiniveshathinidayilaanu avaa avatharippikkappettath, allengil 1829 ll kaanari dveepukalil ninnu markvis dii molina bharam vahikkunna mrugangalaayi avatharippicha oru koottatthil ninnu avaa rakshappettirikkam. rakshappettirikkam ettu perr maathrame avasheshichirunnulloo, avare vettakkar bheeshanippedutthi. bheeshanippedutthi thudakkathil, moonnennam maathrame undaayirunnulloo, ennaal 1962 ll "laurence oof arabia" yude thithreekaranatthil upayogichathinu sesham kooduthal aalukale kaattilekku vittayachu.
paristhithi prasnangal.
prasnangal asnalkollar anakkett duranthatthinu sesham, graamapradeshangal thurannukaattappedunna paaristhithika apakadangalekkurichulla pothujana avabodham vardhichu. vividha aaghaatha padanangalum paristhithi grouppukalum eee mekhalayile sasyajanthujaalangal, jalam, mannu ennivaykku bheeshaniyaakunna prashnangalekkurichu aavarthichu munnariyipp nalkiyittundu. nagaravalkkaranatthinte sammarddavum praadeshika aavaasavyavasthakalilulla athinte vividha aavasyangalum varshangalayi aashankayundaakkunnundu, ithu mathramalla bandhapetta apakada gadakangal. unesco athinte "apakadasaadyathayulla loka paithruka pattikayil" ulppeduthunnathinaayi paarkkinte naamanirddesham niravadhi thavana avalokanam cheythittundenkilum athu ithuvare cherthittilla.
adisthaana soukaryangalude swaadheenam.
paarkkin sameepamulla adisthaana soukaryangalumaayi bandhappett niravadhi prasnangal undaayittund. extremaduraykkum huvelva thuramukhathinum idayil oru enna pipeline nirmmikkanulla oru padhathi paristhithi grouppukal vimarshichu, ithu enna chorchayude apakadasaadhyathayumaayi bandhapetta pradeshathu tanker gathagatham ganyamaayi vardhippikkumennu avar aaropichu. seville thuramukhathekku kappalukal kadannupokaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi gwadelkwivir idaykkide dred cheiyunnathu azhimukhathinte biodynamicsil gurutharamaaya aswasthathakal srishtikkunnathaayi nireekshikkappettundu. dablyu. dablyu. ephinte spanish shaakhayaaya "association dii defenza dii laa naturalesa" (association phoor dhii defense oof nechar), eee bottukalude kadannupokaline praadeshika aavaasavyavasthayilekku puthiya mrugangale avatharippikkunnathumaayi bandhippichittundu, ithu avar videsha enangal adangiya baalast vellam puranthallumbol sambhavikkunnu.
prakrithidatha udyaanathil ninnu eathaanum kilometer akaleyulla huvelva thuramukham athinte pradhana paaristhithika bheeshanikalilonnaanu. deseeya sarkkarum andalusiayile praadeshika sarkkarum punarupayoga oorjjathil nikshepikkumbol pipeline padhathikku amgeekaaram nalkiyathu asambandhamaanennu soonn senattarum almonde huvalva pattanatthile muun meyarumaaya francisco bella karuthunnu. almonteyude mayer enna nilayil, paarkkin sameepam thozhil prothsaahippikkunna nayangal nadappaakkunnathinte budhimuttukal addeham shradhichu (vivarthanam) "...urumbinekkurichum linksinekkurichum namukk mikkavarum ellaam ariyaam, pakshe donaanayil thozhil engane vikasikkunnuvennu ariyendathundu."jalagathaagathekkurichulla bellayude nilapaadinu anusrithamaayi, jeevashaasthranjanum" "konsejo dii paartisippeshiyon dii donana" "(donanayude pankaalittha kaunsil) yude muun prasidantumaaya jines moratta parayunnu, prathivarsham noorukanakkinu enna tankerukal kadannupokunna padhathi, donanaik sameepam avarude charakkukal irakkunnathinaal enna chorchaykkulla saadhyatha vardhikkum".
jalavibhavangalude amithamaya chooshanam.
jalasechanathinaayi vellam pinvalikkunnath mattoru paaristhithika prasnamaanu, avayil palathum niyamavirudhamaanu, parutthi, arrie, aduthide stroberry thudangiya jalasechanam aavasyamulla vilakal paripalikkunnathinaayi 1980 kalude avasaanam muthal erattiyaayi. spanish stroberry vilayude 90 sathamaanathiladhikam uthppaadippikkunna donana pradeshathu 4,500 muthal 6,000 hector vare plaastikkin keezhilulla harithagrihangalilaanu randaamathethu valarunnathu. bhoogarbha jalasambharanikalil ninnu jalasechanam edukkaan anadhikritha kinarukal neekkunnathu vardhichathaayi kaanapedunnu, athesamayam sameepathulla paarppida samuchayangalile jalathinte aavasyavum aduthulla nadikalude jalavibhavangalude anuchithamaya upayogavum paarkkinte jalashaasthrathe baadhichekkaam. kalavastha vyathiyaanam moolamundaakunna lavanavalkkaranam mattu apakadasaadhyathakalil ulppedunnu; atlaantik samudrathil ninnulla uppuvellathinte nuzhanjukayattam niravadhi mrugangale apakadathilaakkum. maruvashathu, marubhoomivalkkaranavum sambhavikkam; eee sahacharyam laghookarikkunnathinaayi aduthide chansa-peedras jalasamvidhaanathil ninnulla oru kaimattatthinu "deputasion dii huvelva" (huvelvayude pravishya kaunsil) amgeekaaram nalki.
kaarshikamekhalayude swaadheenam.
2007ll, loka vanyajeevi fund munnariyipp nalki, 95 sathamaanam spanish stroberrykalum uthppaadippikkappedunna paarkkin chuttumulla stroberry faamukal, chuttumulla bhoogarbhajalam, prathyekichu niyamavirudhamaaya borholukal ulppettirikkunna sthalangalil, paarkkin vinashakaramaaya naashanashtamundaakkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum praadeshika aruvikalil adinjukoodiyirunna ganyamaaya keedanashini malineekaranavum plaastik maalinyavum srishtikkukayum cheiyunnu; doubluedabluef spanish stroberrykal bahishkarikkaan ahvaanam cheiyukayaanennu report cheythu, ennaal ithu oru doubluedabluef-spain vakthaavinte paraamarsangalaal vairudhyamullathaanu, koodaathe blamber bahishkarikkanamenn aavashyappedunnathu dablyudablyuefinte swabhaavasavisheshathayalla.
asnalkollar durantham.
1998 epril 25 nuu seville pravishyayile asnalcollerinu sameepam khanana kambaniyaaya bolidan-apirsa nadathunna loss friles khaniyil oru holding daam pottitherichu 4-5 dasalaksham cubic meter mine tailingukal puratthuvannu. apakadakaramaaya alavil niravadhi bhaara lohangal adangiyirikkunna acidic tailingukal vegathil aduthulla agrio nadiyilum thudarnnu athinte poshakanadiyaaya gwaadiyamaarilum ethi, eee jalapaathakaliloode ekadesham 40 kilometer sanjarichu avaa nirthaanum prepark vare munneraanum kazhiyum. 240 dasalaksham euroyude chelavil vrithiyaakkal pravartthanam moonnu varshameduthu. thadakangal chorcha mandagathiyilaakkukayum gwadelkwivir vazhi kadalilekku vazhithirichuvidukayum cheythenkilum, atharam paaristhithika duranthangalkku donanayude aavaasavyavasthayude durbalata vyakthamaayirunnu.
graamapradesangalilum chuttumulla pravishyakalilum susthira vikasanam urappakkunnathinum bhaaviyile paaristhithika bheeshanikale prathirodhikkunnathinum, 1992 ll vidagtharude oru anthaaraashtra kammeeshan yogam chernnu pariharangal nirddeshikkukayum "plan dii desarolo sostenible dii donana vaii suu entorno" (donanayudeyum athinte chuttupaadukaludeyum susthira vikasanathinulla padhathi) thayyarakkukayum cheythu, ithu churukkatthil vivarichirikkunnu
1997ll andalusian regional gavanmentinte bharanasamithiyum ell monde, saan fernando, unicaja savings baankukalum thammilulla pankaalitthamaayi roopeekaricha dona 21 foundeshante dauthya prasthavanayaayi ithu phalapradamaayi maari. prakrithi paristhithiykku prayojanakaramaaya pravartthanangal prolsaahippikkuka, deseeya, europian sarkkar sthaapanangaludeyum parkkil thaalpparyamulla vividha samghadanakaludeyum sahakaranm theduka, saambathikamo allengil mattoo, pradeshatthinte susthira vikasanathinaayi (udha. jii., ariyude jaivakrishiye prothsaahippikkunnathi). athinusesham, kaunsil ejansikal, bisinasukal, trade unionukal, dablyu. dablyu. eph polulla samrakshana samghadanakal ennivayude prathinidhikal foundeshanil cherukayum athinte lakshyangal niravettunnathil sahakarikkukayum cheythu.
pipeline.
2013ll paarkkin sameepam oru pipeline nirmmikkaan spanish krishi, bhakshya, paristhithi mantraalayam amgeekaaram nalki.
ell rossioyude theerthaadanavum paaristhithika prashnangalum.
noottaandukaliludaneelam mathaparamaya aaveshathinte pothu prakadanangal pathivayi nadakkunna oru pradeshathaanu almonde munisippaalittiyum athinaal park sthithi cheiyunnathu. saibele devatayenna aaradhanayil ullathupole prakrithiyudeyum jalathinteyum devathakale purathana ibeeriyakkaar aaraadhichirunnu. innathe rossieras aakhoshangalkku samanamaaya aaraadhanaakramangal eee raajyangalile aadyakaala kristhyaanikal avarude aaraadhanaakramathil ulkkollunnathinayi vegathil sweekarichu. avar ivide oru cheria basilica nirmmichu, ippol pravarthanarahithamaanu, ennaal 1262-ll eee pradesham veendum pidicheduthathinusheshamaanu pradhaanamaayum marian bhakthikal sthaapanavalkkarikkappetta. ekadesham <aii. dii. 1>, alphonso ex sent chaappal punarnirmmichu. rosinaasile meriyum 1337-ll alphonso shiyum eee pradeshathe marian aaraadhanayekkurich aadyamaayi paraamarshichu
ell rossioyude aashramathile kanyakayude chithram orupakshe pathimoonnaam noottaandil ninnayirikkaam, ennirunnaalum raajasabhayile oru sthriyaayi kanyakaye prathinidheekarikkunna nilavile prathichaaya 16-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathil akkaalathe fashion anusarichu sweekarikkappettu. aadhunika kaalath "virjan dell rossio" enna aaraadhanayude janapreeti desheeyodyaanathinte prakrithi paristhithiyil vaarshika theerthaadanatthinte swaadheenathekkurichu aashanka uyarthi.
romaria dii ell roseoyilekkulla yaathraamadhye theerthaadakar eee desheeyodyaanam upayogikkunnu. eee paripadi prathivarsham oru dasalaksham theerthaadakare akarshikkunnathinaal, ithu paarkkinte paristhithi samvidaanathil kaaryamaaya prathikoola swaadheenam cheluthunnu. chila theeyathikalil theerthaadakarude tirakk kshethram sthithicheyyunna ell rossio graamatthil mathramalla, parkkinullilum puratthum piera dell asebuchal, ajoli paalam, boka dell lobo, mogar rooad thudangiya sthalangalilum vyakthamaan. ithu paarkkin oru pracharamaayirunnu, pakshe theepidittha prathirodhatthinum pothu nireekshanatthinum paarkk vibhavangal vardhippikkendathundu, koodaathe kaaryamaaya prathikoola paaristhithika prathyaaghaathavum undaakkiyittund (udha.jii.kaattuthee, oof-rooad ezz. yuu. vii. kall enniva sensitiivu groundinu kedupaadukal varuthanulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu.) paristhithi pravartthakar apalapichu.
donna biological steshan.
bhouma paristhithiyekkurichulla padanathinaayi samarppichirikkunna oru kendramaanu "estaasiyon biologica dii donana" (donana biological steshan). praadeshika aavaasavyavasthakalekkurichu shaasthreeya gaveshanathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi spanish sarkkarum loka vanyajeevi federation samyukthamaayi 1964 ll ithu srishtichu; eee gaveshanathinte bhaagamaayi mattu deseeya anthardesheeya aavaasavyavasthakalude avasthayum anweshikkappedunnu. spanish naashanal research kaunsilinte (konsejo superior dii investigations seantificas-sisik) aabhimukhyathilulla oru administrative, scientific maanejment ejansi enna nilayil ibidi sevilleyil oru gaveshana kendravum almonteyile donna biological reserve sieras dii casorla, segura, laas villas ennee prakrithidatha parkkil oru feeld steshanum pravarthippikkunnu. 1961ll loka vanyajeevi fund roopeekarichathinushesham, athinte aadya pravarthanangalilonnu 1963ll 6,794 hector donana estettu 'laas newas' ettedukkukayum athu pinneedu sii. ezz. aii. sick kaimarukayum cheythu. sisik eee pradeshathe oru "reserva biologica" (biological reserve) aayi prakhyapikkukayum 1964 ll "estaasiyon biologica dii donana" nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1968ll dablyu. dablyu. eph motham 3,214 hector donanayude mattoru bhagam vaangi, pinneedu athine "reserva biologica dii gwadiamar" (gwadiamar biological reserve) ennu vilichu.
eee raajyathinte samskaaram.
parkkumaayulla deerghakaala bandhatthinte mattoru pradhana pravartthanam donaanayile uppu chathuppukalile thaddesheeya kaattu kuthirakalumayi bandhapetta kannukaali paripaadiyaaya "laa saca dii laas yeguwas" ("kuthirakalude shekharanam") aanu. juun 26 nuu, sent. snaapanakkaaranaaya joonn aaghoshikkappedunnu, "marismenos" ll kuthirakalum puthiya folukalum oru parambaraagatha roundappil shekharikkunnu.

