bingham malayidukku khani

thaddesheeyarile kennekott chembu khani ennariyappedunna bingham malayidukku khani, okvir parvathanirakalile salt lake sittiyaaya udaayude thekkupadinjaraayi oru valia porphiri chembu nikshepam verthirichedukkunna oru thuranna kuzhiyaanu. charithratthile mattethoru khaniyekkaalum kooduthal chembu ulppaadippichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna lokathile ettavum valia manushyanirmmitha khananavum ettavum aazhameriya thuranna kuzhiyumaanu eee khani. britiish-australian bahurashtra korppareshanaaya rioo tinto groupinte udamasthathayilullathaanu eee khani. khaniyude nadatthippu nadathunna kennekott udah copper korppareshan, oru konsentrettar plaant, oru smelttar, oru refinery ennivayiloodeyaanu bingham malayidukku khaniyile chembu pravartthanangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu. 1906 muthal uthppaadanathilirikkunna eee khaniyude falamaayi aazhathilum veethiyilum moodilum oru kuzhiyundayi. 1966ll bingham kaanyon ooppan pitt chembu khani enna peril ithu oru deseeya charitraparamaaya naazhikakkallayi prakhyapikkappettu. 2013 eprilil khaniyil vann mannidichilum 2013 septambaril cheria charivum anubhavapettu.
charithram.
1848 ll bingham malayidukkil, thangalude kannukaalikale meikkukayum, 1847 septambarile pilkkala vishudha pioneermaaraaya iraasttas binghaminte makkalaya sanford thomas bingham chernnaanu chembu ayiru roopathilulla daathukkal aadyamaayi kandethiyathu. avar thangalude kandethal thangalude nethaavaaya brigam yanginode report cheythu, khanana pravartthanangal thudarnnupokaruthennu avar upadeshichu, kaaranam athijeevanavum vaasasthalangalude sthaapanavum akkaalat paramapradhaanamaayirunnu. sahodaranmaar nirddeshichathupole aaa aavashyathinaayi apekshikkukayum avakaashavaadam unnayikkathirikkukayum cheythu. 1850-ll bingham kudumbam ippol weber kaundi ennu vilikkappedunna pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakki, eee malayidukku innum avarude peril ariyappedunnu.
charitraparamaaya padinjaaran parvatha khanana jillayude bhaagamaayirunnu bingham khani. 1863 septambar 17 vare, uttaa samsthaanathe khanana jillakalude samghadanayode, ayiru verthirichedukkaan thudangi, malayidukkinte dhaatu vibhavangalude saadhyathakal vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappedaan thudangi. aadyathe avakaashavaadam jordan ezz aayirunnu.emm.qoo (silver mining kambani) 1863 septambar 17 nuu jilla samghadippikkappetta divasam.
1864-ll galina swaathanthryavum 1865-ll bucky spanish ulppede mattu khanana avakaashavaadangal taamasiyaathe pinthudarnnu. jorjju bii. 1870ll ogilviyum mattu 23 perum padinjaaran jordan avakaashavaadam kandethi. thudakkathil, khananam placer swarnam, ledu-velli, chembu-svarnnam ennivayil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu. porphiri chembinu samskaranavum 1873-ll malayidukkilethiya oru railway aavasyamaanu.
1887ll enos andrew vaal avakaashavaadangal unnayikkaan thudangi. addehathinte vipulamaaya thurankangalum pareekshana kuzhikalum 2 sathamaanam chembu adangiya ayiru soochippichu.
malayidukkile pathonpathaam noottaandile khanikal thaarathamyena cheruthaayirunnu, noottaandinte avasaanam vare malayidukkile ayiru pindangalude valia thothilulla chooshanam thuranna kuzhal khananathode vikasikkaan thudangi. 1896-ll saamuval newhouse thomas ware chernnu chembu, velli, swarnam ennivayaal sambannamaaya malayora baala khani swanthamaakki. avar orumichu utta ekeekritha swarnna khanikal roopeekarichu. engleesh nikshepakarumaayi. thudarnnu avar boosttan consolidated gold aandu copper kambani roopeekarichu., limittad., uttaa chembu kambani cytinode chernnulla thaazhnna grade chembu ayiru vikasippikkunnathin.
1903ll daniel sii. aayirunnappol mattoru supradhana sambhavavikasamundaayi. jackling enos. vaal udah chembu kambaniye samghadippichu. udah chembu udan thanne malayidukkinte theerathinappurathulla koppardanil oru pailat millinte nirmmaanam aarambikkukayum kambani 1906 ll khananam aarambikkukayum cheythu.
bingham malayidukkile valuthum ennaal thaazhnnathumaaya porphiri chembu tharatthilulla ayiru khananam cheiyunnathil uttaa chembinte vijayam 1904-ll thuranna kuzhal khananam, neeravi manalkkallinte khananam, railway enniva upayogikkaanulla jaaklinte theerumaanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. khani "railway-pitt pravartthanangalude" pradarshanasthalamaayi maari, khaniyum azarco urukal pravartthanavum nirvachicha vyaavasaayika samuchayathe 1912 aayappozhekkum ithu "lokathile ettavum valia vyaavasaayika khanana samuchayamakki" maatti.
1906ll vevvere uparithala pravartthanangal parasparam sameepichathin sesham uttaa chembu, boosttan enniva layichu. alaskayile kennekkottil khanikal pravarthippikkaan sthaapithamaaya kennekottu chembu korppareshan 1915ll uttaa chembil 25 sathamaanam saambathika palisha vaangi, athu 1923ll 75 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu.
binghaminte malayidukku khani athivegam vikasikkukayum 1920 aayappozhekkum eee pradesham pravartthanangalude oru theneechakkoodaayi maarukayum cheythu. kuthaneyulla malayidukku mathilukalil nirmmicha valia paarppida samoohangalil vaividhyamaarnna vamshangalilppetta 15,000 tholam aalukal malayidukkil thaamasichirunnu. khanana saankethikavidyakal mechappettathode janasamkhya athivegam kurayukayum nirantharam vikasichukondirikkunna khaniyil niravadhi khanana kyaambukal vizhungappedukayum cheythu. 1980 aayappozhekkum larke polichumaattappettpol, 800 janasamkhyayulla bingham malayidukkinte mukhathu koppartan maathrame avasheshichirunnulloo.
1911 aayappozhekkum nilavilundaayirunna 21 vyathyastha khanana pravartthanangal 1970 ll randaayi ekeekarichu kennekottu, anaakkonda minerals kambani. 1985ll kennekkottinte uttaa chembu thuranna kuzhikalile khanana pravartthanangal nirtthi. 1986ll kennekottu aduthulla baarniyude malayidukkil swarnam kandethi.
1981ll keey. sii. sii. sohiyo vaangukayum 1987ll bipi daathukkal swathukkal vangiya sesham khani veendum thurakkukayum cheythu. 1989ll rioo tinto group eee swath ettedukkukayum athu khani, mill, smelttar enniva naveekarikkukayum cheythu.
thuranna kuzhikalude udamakal purathanamaaya 1000 kaar railwake pakaram kanveyar belttukalum pipe lainukalum upayogichu ayiru, maalinyangal enniva kondupookukayum ithu chelavu ekadesham 30 sathamaanam kuraykkukayum pravartthanam laabhathilekku thirike konduvarikayum cheythu.
urulpottal.
2013 epril 10 nuu ratri 9.30 nuu khaniyil mannidichil sambhavichu. kuzhiyude vashath chuttum azhukkum paarayum idiminnalode veenu. vadakke amerikkayile charitraparamaaya ettavum valia agniparvvatha ithara urulpottalaanith. khaniyude kuthaneyulla mathilukal mannidichilinu uyarnna apakadasaadhyatha undaakkunnathinte adisthaanathil, bhoomiyude sthiratha nireekshikkaan munbu oru interferometric radar samvidaanam sthaapichittundu. eee samvidaanam nalkia munnariyippukalude falamaayi, slide pratheekshichukondu khanana pravartthanangal kazhinja divasam nirtthivachirunnu, parikkukalonnumilla. eee valia slide khananam cheytha chembinte uthppaadanam kurakkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. randaamathe slide 2013 septambar 11 nuu 100 thozhilaallikale ozhippikkaan kaaranamaayi. 2021 meyy 31 nuu mattoru, kuranja gurutharamaaya slide sambhavichu.
paristhithi charithram.
mattu vyaavasaayika kaalaghattatthile khanana pravarthanangalkku samaanamaayi, eee khani charitraparamaayi malsyangaludeyum vanyamrugangaludeyum aavaasavyavasthayil prathikoola paaristhithika prathyaaghaathangalum vaayu, jala malineekaranavum undaakkukayum chuttumulla pothujanagalkk aarogya apakadangal srishtikkukayum cheythu. paristhithi samrakshanavumaayi bandhapetta vividha federal ejansikal paristhithi niyanthranangal palikkaan kennekott chembu khaniyude anubandha sthaapanathil sammarddam cheluthunnathinu karsanamaaya niyama niyamangal upayogichittundu. 1990 kalude thudakkam muthal, superfund deseeya mungananakalude pattikayil (enpl) ulppeduthumaayirunna niyanthrana niyamangal ozhivakkunnathinaayi kennekott durithabaadhitha pradeshangalil shucheekarana sramangalkkaayi 400 dasalaksham dollariladhikam chelavazhichu.
chelavazhichu 1985num idayil bingham malayidukkile khaniyile mattangal thirichariyaan upayogicha rund upagraha chithrangalude thaarathamyam chuvadeyulla chithram kaanikkunnu.
juckstaposejs ulcherkkunnu
bhoomishaasthram.
bingham kaanyon ayiru nikshepangal bingham naappeyil sambhavikkunnu. avaa avashishta paarakalilekku nuzhanjukayariya quarts monsonait porphory roopappedunna oru porphiri chembu nikshepamaanu. avaa bingham stokkinu chuttum oru kendreekritha altermation paattenum mineralogic sonation pradarshippikkunnu. magnettaitt adangiya oru kendra coor, thudarnnu chembu kuranja molybdenite soonn, bornait-chalcopyrite-gold hye grade copper soonn, pairait-chalcopyrite soonn, pairait soonn, ledu-sink soonn enniva eee sonukalil ulppedunnu."
gadanaaparamaayi, creatasius seviyar oorojeni samayat avasaanathe paleosoic parakal precambrian kraattanin mukaliloode therichuveezhunnu. eee parakal pinneedu granitoid paarakalal moonnaam sthaanathu nuzhanjukayarukayum maattukayum cheythu. eee agnibaadha svarnnam, velli, mattu adisthaana lohangal ennivayude nikshepathinte uravidamaayirunnu.
chembu, molybdinum sulfide daathukkal nuzhanjukayariya stokkilum aduthulla carbonate sedimentari skarnukalilum chitharikkidakkunnu. bingham malayidukkile pradhana straattigraaphik parakal upper pensylvanian manalkkallukal, kwaartsaittukal, akvir groupile bingham mine formation ennariyappedunna chunnaambukallukal ennivayaanu. kendra porphiri ayirukal maantil hydrothermal sarkkuleshanil ninnu roopappedukayum magmetic, mettiorik jalam kalarnnappol puram sira avashishta paarakalile nikshepavum kuranja thapanilayil roopappedukayum cheiyunnu.
veendedukkal prakriya.
verthirichedukkunna ayiru udayile aduthulla magnayile kennekott smelttaril samskarikkunnu. oru konsentrettariloodeyaanu ayiru pravarthippikkunnathu, avide grinding millukal athine phase poudarinte sthirathayilekku kuraykkunnu. floatation pinneedu gaanguvine metalipharas kanangalil ninnu verthirikkunnu, avaa 28 sathamaanam chembinte saandrathayaayum kuranja alavil velli, svarnnam, ledu, molybdinum, plaattinam, paladium ennivayaayum pongunnu. oru selective floatation ghattam molybdenitine (molybdinum disulfide) chalcopyritil ninnu verthirikkunnu.
filter cheytha konsentrettu slurry smeltarilekku pipe cheyth unakkukayum thudarnnu irumbum sulfur ooksidais cheiyunnathinaayi ooksijanoppam oru flash smelting choolayilekku kuthivaykkukayum cheiyunnu. ooksidais cheytha irumbu neekkam cheiyunnu, athesamayam sulfur dye ooksaid vaathakam pidichedukkukayum oro varshavum oru dasalaksham tonn moolyavathaaya sulfuric aasidaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinaayi oru oonn-saitt assid plaantilekku ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu.
maatt enna urukia chembu sulfide avasheshikkunnu. 70 sathamaanam chembu maatt vellathil anachu manal polulla kharapadaarthamaayi maarukayum pinneedu ooksijan upayogichu urukia, <aii. dii. 1> chembu ulppaadippikkunna flash-converting choolayilekku kuthivaykkukayum cheiyunnu. eee chembu pinneedu anode plettukalil idukayum reyil maarggam refineryilekku ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu.
refineryil, anode plettukal parannathayi amarthukayum stainless steel cathode shoonyathakal upayogichu parasparam bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnu. automated robotic vahanangal thayyarakkiya aanodukal oru acidic electrolyte adangiya koshangalil sthaapikkunnu. koshangal vaidyutheekarikkappedumbol, aanodukal pathukke layikkukayum cathodil 99.99-percent-pure chembu aayi nikshepikkunna chembu ayonukale swathanthramaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
maalinyangalum vilayeriya lohangalum electrolytic koshangalude adiyil anode slimeukalaayi sthirathaamasamaakkunnu. chlorination leaching prakriya induction choolakalil urukia svarnnavum velliyum veendedukkunnu.
pravartthanangal.
kennekkottinte bingham malayidukku khananam lokathile ettavum valia krithrima khananamaanu, ithu bhramanapathathilulla oru bahiraakaashavaahanathil ninnu nagnanethrangal kondu drishyamaanu. ekadesham 2,000 thozhilaallikale niyamikkunna vasthukkal prathidinam khaniyil ninnu neekkam cheiyunnu. electric shovalukalkk orotta scoopil ayiru vare allengil vahikkaan kazhiyum. oronnum ore samayam ayiru vahikkunna 64 valia dump trekkukalude oru koottatthilekku ayiru kayattunnu; trekkukalkku ekadesham 3 dasalaksham dollar veetham vila varum. koppartan konsentrettarilekkum floatation plaantilekkum ayiru kondupookunna kanveyarukalude oru parambarayundu. ettavum neelam koodiya kanveyar neelamullathaanu.
2010 leeii kanakkanusarichu, amerikkayile randaamathe valia chembu uthppaadakaraayirunnu kennekott uttaa chembu, ithu yuu. esinte ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> sathamaanam nalki.ezz.'chembinte aavasyangal. 18. 7 dasalaksham short tanniladhikam (16.7 dasalaksham neelamulla tonn; 17 dasalaksham metrik tonn) uthppaadanamulla ithu lokathile ettavum kooduthal chembu khanikalilonnaanu. ellah varshavum kennekottu ekadesham 300,000 short tonn (272 kedi allengil 268,000 neelamulla tonn) chembu uthppaadippikkunnu.-- 

