
dakshinaafrikkayile pukavali

pukavaliyude apakadangalude munkaruthalukalil vardhanavum pukayila vyavasaayathil karsanamaaya niyamanirmmanam nadapakkalum kaaranam sameepa varshangalil dakshinaafrikkakkaarkkilkil pukayila pukavali ganyamaayi kuranju. 1996ll ettavum kooduthal pukavalikkunna pravisyakalil northen keppu (55 sathamaanam), vestten keppu (48 sathamaanam), north-vestt (46 sathamaanam) enniva ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, pukavalikkunnavarude ennam ippozhum nischalamaayi thudarunnu. pukavaliyumaayi bandhapetta apakadasaadhyathakalekkurichu avabodham srishtikkaanulla sramangal nadannittum, dakshinaafrikkayil pukayila upayogathinte vyaapanam ippozhum uyarnnathaan; ithu rogaavasthaykkum maranathinum pradhana sambhavana nalkunnu.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
pukavaliyekkurichum puka shwasikkunnathinekkurinum kooduthal pradhanappetta padanangal prasidheekarikkappettatho, dakshinaafrikkan pothujanangal pukavaliyude apakadangalekkurichu kooduthal bodhavaanmaraayi. ithu pukavalikkaarude ennathil mothatthilulla kurravinum anubandha maranangalude ennathinum kaaranamaayi. nilavil, shwaasakosha arbudam, hridaya sambandhamaaya asukhangal ennivaykkulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunna pukavali phalangal kaaranam prathivarsham ekadesham 50,000 dakshinaafrikkakkaar marikkunnu. 2000ll ekadesham 34,108 purushanmaarum 10,306 sthreekalum pukavaliyude vividha anantharafalangal moolam marichu. 2012-leeii ettavum puthiya dakshinaafrikkan deseeya aarogya, poshakaahaara parisodhana sarway prakaram pukavalikkunna dakshinaafrikkakkaaril ekadesham aii. dii. 1 maathramaan 1993-leeii 32 sathamaanathil ninnu ganyamaaya kuravaanu. eee kuravinu kaaranam parasyangalile niyanthranangalilekkum pukayila vila vardhanavinum kaaranamaaya niyamanirmmaanamaan. ennirunnaalum, oru yoothu risk behaviour sarveyil aii. dii. 1 gradukalile 21 sathamaanam vidyaarthikalum pukavalikkunnathayi kandethi. 2002num 2008num idayil ithinu kaaryamaaya mattamonnum undayittilla.
niyamanirmmanam.
pukayila uthppanna niyanthrana niyamam (1993).
pukavaliyude apakadangale cherukkunnathinaayi, pothujanangale pukavalikkunathil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi niyamanirmmanam kooduthalaayi nadappaakkiyittund. 1993ll pukayila uthppanna niyanthrana niyamathode aarambhicha dakshinaafrikkan janataye samrakshikkunnathinaayi niyamanirmmanam nadatthaan thudangi. 1995ll ithu poornnamaayum nadappaakkukayum nadappilaakkukayum cheythu, athaayath pothusthalangalile pukavali oru paridhivare niyantrikkappettu. koodaathe, parasyatthinte chila vashangal, pukayila uthppannangalude pracharanam, sponsarshippinte pracharanam enniva niyamam nirodhichu. pukayila adangiya charakkukal vilkkumbol drishyamaayekkaam, ennirunnaalum vaangunnathin munbu uthppannangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan upabhokthaakkale anuvadikkunnilla. chila kaaryangalil labeling parimithamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum 1999 vare athu valareyadhikam niyanthrikkappettirunna. prathyekichu 16 vayassinu thaazheyulla praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar pukayila uthppannangal vilkkunnath niyamam nirodhichu.
pukayila uthppanna niyanthrana bhedagathi niyamam (1999).
1993leeii pukayila uthppanna niyanthrana niyamam apoornnavum manassilakkaan kazhiyathathumaayi kanakkakkappedukayum 1999ll dakshinaafrikkan sarkkar pukayila uthppanna niyanthrana bhedagathi niyamam pasakkukayum cheythu. ithu pothu pukavalikk karsanamaaya niyanthranangal srishtikkukayum restorantukal, jolisthalam, pothugathagatham thudangiya pothusthalangalil pukavali nirodhikkukayum cheythu. 2001ll praabalyatthil vanna eee niyamam ellaatharam pukayila parasyangalum prachaaranangalum nirodhichu. koodaathe, niyamam lamghikkunnavarkku shiksha nalkaanum niyamam nirddeshikkunnu. nicottin, taar ennivayude anuvadaneeyamaaya alavil eee niyamam oru paridhi nischayikkunnu.