
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathe austriya-hangariyude charithram

aarch duke france ferdinandinte kolapaathakathetthudarnnu 1914 joolaiyil austriya-hunkery serbia akramichathodeyaanu onnaam lokamahaayudham aarambhichath. jarmman saamrajyathinum automan saamrajyathinum oppam kendrashakthikalilonnaanna austriya-hunkery. serbiayilum kizhakkan munnaniyilum italiyilum romaniayilum austro-hungarian sainyam sakhyakakshikalumayi poraadi. sakhyakakshikalude kanatha sahaayathodeyum pinthunayodum koodi 1915ll serbia pidichedukkaanum 1917ll romania yudhathil ninnu puratthaakkaanum saamraajyathin kazhinju. maruvashathu, athinu gurutharamaaya naashanashtangal sambhavichu, ithu itaaliyan frontinte thakarchayil kalaashichu, ithu 1918 november 3nuu villa giyusttiyude vedinirthal sweekarikkaan austriyakkaare nayichu.
munkootty.
sarajevo vadham.
1914 juun 28nuu aarch duke france ferdinand bosnian thalasthaanamaaya sarajevo sandarshichu. black hand nalkiyirunna deseeyavaada grouppaaya mlada bosnayil ninnulla aarr kolayaalikalude (sii. vii. jetko popovic, gavrillo principal, mohammed mehmedbassic, nedeljko kabrinovic, trifco grabez, vasso shubrilovic) oru samgham aarch dukinte motor kaar kadannupokunna theruvil othukoodi. kaarinu nere kabrinovich oru grenade erinjengilum athu nashtamaayi. athu sameepathulla chilarkk parikkelppikkukayum france ferdinandinte vaahanavyooham thudaraan kazhiyukayum cheythu. kaarukal vegathil kadannupoyathinaal mattu kolayaalikalkk nadapadiyedukkaan kazhinjilla. ekadesham oru manikkoorin sesham, france ferdinand sarajevo ashupathriyil oru sandarshanathinu madangumbol, vaahanavyooham thettayi maarukayum gavrillo principal aakasmikamaayi nilkkunna oru theruvaayitheerukayum cheythu. oru pisttal upayogichu principal france ferdinandineyum bhaarya sofiyeyum vedivachu konnu. austriyan janathayude prathikaranam soumyavum eathaandu nissamgathayudethumaayirunnu. charithrakaaran Z. eiii. bii. seman pinneedu ezhuthi, "eee paripadi oru tharatthilulla abhipraayavum srishtikkunnathil mikkavarum parajayappettu. njaayarazhchakalilum thinkalaazhchakalilum [juun 28,29] viyannayile janakkoottam samgeetham kelkkukayum onnum sambhavikkaathathupole veenju kudikkukayum cheythu."
bosniyayile akramam vardhikkunnu.
eee kolapathakam bosniyayil nilavilulla parambaraagatha mathathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vamseeya shathruthaye amithamaayi shakthippeduthi. ennirunnaalum, sarjevoyil thanne, austriyan adhikaarikal serb nivasikalkkethiraaya akramathe prothsaahippichu, ithu sarjevoyile serb virudha kalaapathin kaaranamaayi, athil catholica krottukalum bosnian musleengalum rund pere kollukayum niravadhi serb udamasthathayilulla kettidangalkk kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythu. ezhuthukaaranaaya ivo andrick akramathe "vidveshathinte sarjevo unmaadam" ennu visheshippichu."vamseeya serbukalkkethiraaya akramasakthamaaya nadapadikal sarajevoyil mathramalla, aadhunika croatiayileyum bosniayileyum hersegovina mattu pala valia austro-hungarian nagarangalilum samghadippikkappettu. bosniayileyum hersegovina austro-hungarian adhikaarikal ekadesham 5,500 pramukha serbukale thadavilaakkukayum naadukadatthukayum cheythu, avaril 700 muthal 2,200 vare jayilil vachu marichu. 460 serbukalkku vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum "shootscorps" ennariyappedunna oru prathyeka musleem milishya sthaapikkukayum serbukale peedippikkukayum cheythu.
yudhathinulla theerumaanam.
1878leeii berlin kongrassinu sesham saamraajyathinte sainika chelavu erattiyaayittillengilum germmaniyude chelavu anjirattiyum britiish, russian, franch chelavukal moonnirattiyum vardhichu. saamraajyathin vamseeya itaaliyan pradeshangal peedmond moolam nashtappettu, koodaathe pala austro-hangeriyakkaarum thekkan slaavukal vasikkunna thekkan pradeshangal serbiayod nashtappedumenna bheeshani aasannamaanennu karuthi. 1913leeii randaam balcan yudhathil serbia aduthide ganyamaaya pradesham nediyirunnu, ithu viyannayileyum budapestileyum sarkkar vrithangalil valareyadhikam durithamundaakki. bhaaviyile eathu yudhavum balcan mekhalayilaayirikkumennu muun ambasader videshakaarya manthriyumaaya kaundu alois ahrantal anumaanichirunnu.
hangarian pradhaanamantriyum rashtreeya shaasthranjanumaaya istwan tissa baalkkanukalile raajavaazhchayude vipuleekaranathe ethirthu (1908 leeii bosnian prathisandhi kaanuka) kaaranam "eratta raajavaazhchaykk ithinakam thanne valareyadhikam adimakalundaayirunnu", ithu eratta raajavaazhchayude samagrathaye kooduthal bheeshanippeduthum. 1914 maarchil, tissa france joseph chakravarthikku sakthamaaya apocalyptic, pravachanaparavum kayperiyathumaaya swarathil oru memmoraandam ezhuthi. lokamahaayudham ennartham varunna veltkrig enna ithuvare ariyappedaatha vaakkaan addeham upayogichathu. "germmaniyude rund ayalraajyangalum (russia france) sainika thayyaareduppukalumaayi shradhaapoorvvam munnott povukayaanengilum raajavaazhchaye moonnu vashangalil ninnu akramikkukayum nammude kizhakkan, thekkan munnaniyil nammude sainyathinte bhooribhaagatheyum thaazheyidukayum cheiyunna balcan raajyangalude oru koottam namukkethire athaathidatholam kaalam yuddham aarambhikkillenn enikku uracha bodhyamundu."
aarch duke france ferdinandinte vadhadivasam, tissa udan thanne viyannayilekku pooyi, avide addeham videshakaarya mantri kaundu leopold berchtoldineyum armi commander kaundu france konraad voonn hotsendorfineyum kandumutty. serbia aakramich aayudangal upayogichu tharkkam pariharikkan avar nirddeshichu. kolapaathakatthil serbia sarkkaarin pankundo enna kaaryatthil nilapad edukkaan samayam nalkanamennu tissa nirddeshikkukayum anthaaraashtra sahacharyam udan pariharikkappedumennu vaadichu samadhaanaparamaaya oru pariharam nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. budapestilekku madangiyethiya addeham, serbiayaanu kolapaathakathinu padhathiyittathennathinu thelivukalonnumillaathil sayudha samgharshathinte utharavaaditham ettedukkillennu france josaf chakravarthikku kathezhuthi. serbikalumaayulla eathu yudhavum russiayumaayi oru yudhathinu kaaranamakumennum athinaal oru pothu europian yudhathinu kaaranamakumennum (shariyaayi, athu maariyathupole) prasthaavichukondu tissa serbiayumaayulla yudhathe ethirthu. randaam itaaliyan swaathanthryasamarathinte rashtreeya prathyaaghaathangal kaaranam addeham itaaliyan sakhyathil vishwasichilla. oru vijayakaramaya austro-hangarian yuddham polum hungery raajyathinte samagrathaykku vinaashakaramaakumenn addeham karuthi, avide hungery austriyan raashtreeyathinte adutha irayaayirikkum. serbiyaykkethiraaya vijayakaramaya yudhathinu sesham, hungery raajyathinethire austriyakkaar hungery pradesham takarkkaan aagrahikkunna oru austriyan sainika aakramanathinu saadhyathayundennu tissa munkootty kandu.
kaundu france konraad voonn hotsendorfineppolu sarkkaarile chila amgangal, punarujjeevippicha serbian raashtrathe prathirodha yudhathil neridaan kurachu varshangalayi aagrahichirunnuvenkila 84 vayassulla chakravarty ellah saahasikathakaludeyum shathruvaayirunnu.
austro-hungarian saamraajyathinte videshakaarya mantraalayam ambasseder laslo sjogiyeni potsdamilekku ayachu, avide juulai 5 nuu jarmman chakravartthiyude kazhchappadinekkurichu addeham anweshichu.
aaa divasam pinneedu viyannaykku nalkia rahasya reportil enthaanu sambhavichathenn sjogini vivarichu
ennaal ippol austriya-hangariyile nethaakkal, prathyekichu general kaundu leopold voonn berchtold, athinte sakhyakakshiyaya germmaniyude pinthunayode, oru kalaapathin prerippikkunnathin munbu serbia sainikamaayi neridaan theerumaanichu; kolapaathakatthe oru ozhikazhivaayi upayogichu, serbia orikkalum amgeekarikkillennu pratheekshichukondu juulai alttimettam enna patthu aavashyangalude oru pattika avar avatharippichu. patthu aavasyangalil onpathu serbia amgeekarikkukayum backie bhaagikamaayi maathram amgeekarikkukayum cheythappol austriya-hungery yuddham prakhyaapichu. france josaf onnaaman oduvil thante unnatha upadeshtaakkalude adiyanthira upadesham pinthudarnnu.
1914 juulai, august maasangalil, eee sambhavangal onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu thudakkamittu, serbia pinthunachu russia aninirannu, ithu ethir-chalanangalude oru parambaraykku thudakkamittu. thante jarmman sakhyakakshiye pinthunachukondu, 1914 august 6 vyaazhazhcha france josaf chakravarty rashyaykkethiraaya yuddha prakhyaapanatthil oppuvachu. austriya-hangariyumaayi sakhyamundaayirunnenkilum itali thudakkathil nishpakshamaayi thudarnnu. 1915-ll, muun sakhyakakshikalil ninnu pradesham nedaamenna pratheekshayil athu adhikaarathinte bhaagathekku maari.
yudhakaala videsanayam.
germmaniyude aadhipathyavum niyanthranavum vardhichathinaal austro-hungarian saamrajyam yudhathil thaarathamyena nishkriya nayatantra punk vahichu. serbia shikshikkukayum saamraajyathinte vamseeya thakarcha thadayaan sramikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu eaka lakshyam, athu poornnamaayum parajayappettu. 1916 avasaanathode puthiya chakravarthiyaaya kaal jarmman anukoola udyogasthare neekkam cheyyukayum sakhyakakshikalkk samadhana nirddeshangal thurakkukayum cheythu, athuvazhi yuddham muzhuvan vittuveezhchayiloode avasaanippikkam, allengil orupakshe austriya germmaniyil ninnu oru prathyeka samadhaanam undaakkum. 1915ll sakhyakakshikalumayi cherunnathinayi valia austriyan bhagangal vaagdaanam cheytha itali pradhana shramathe veetto cheythu. trentino mekhala thirichedukkaan maathram austriya thayyarayirunnu, pakshe athil kooduthalonnumilla. kaal oru paraajayavaadiyaayi kaanapettu, ithu naattilum sakhyakakshikalumaayum germmaniyumaayum addehathinte nilaye durbalapedutthi.
pravartthanangalude theaterukal.
aastro-hungarian saamrajyam randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu 78 laksham sainikare nirbandhithamaayi niyamichu.
general voonn hotsendorff austro-hangarian general staafinte thalavanaayirunnu. sainyathe nayikkaan kazhiyaathathra prayamaaya france josaf onnaaman aarch duke friedrich voonn austerichu-teshane supreme armi kamaandaraayi (armeober kamaandant) niyamichu, ennaal eathu theerumaanavum edukkaan voonn hotsendorfinu swaathanthryam nalkaan aavasyappettu. 1916-nte avasaanathil kaal onnaaman chakravarty svayam paramonnatha command ettedukkukayum 1917-ll konraad voonn hotsendorfine pirichuvidukayum cheiyunnathuvare voonn hotsendorff sainika senayude phalapradamaaya commandle thudarnnu. athesamayam, homefrondile saambathika saahacharyangal athivegam vashalayi. saamrajyam krishiye aashrayichirunnu, ippol sainyathilundaayirunna dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukalude kanatha adhwaanathe aashrayichaayirunnu krishi. bhakshya uthppaadanam kuranju, gathagatha samvidaanam thirakkeriyathaayi maari, vyaavasaayika uthppaadanathinu aayudhangalude amithamaya aavasyam vijayakaramaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhinjilla. jarmmani valareyadhikam sahayam nalkiyengilum athu paryapthamaayirunnilla. koodaathe, saamraajyathile onniladhikam vamseeya vibhaagangalude rashtreeya asthiratha ippol yudhathe pinthunaykkunna deseeya samavayathinulla eathoru pratheekshayum thakarthu. saamraajyathe thakarkkanum charitraparamaaya bhasha adisthaanamaakkiyulla samskaarangale adisthaanamaakki svayambharana deseeya samsthaanangal sthaapikkaanum aavasyam vardhichuvarikayaayirunnu. puthiya chakravarty sakhyakakshikalil ninnu samadhana nibandhanakal thediyenkilum addehathinte samrambhangal itali veetto cheythu.
veedinte munvashath.
kanatha grameena saamraajyathin oru cheria vyaavasaayika aditharayundaayirunnuve athinte pradhana sambhavana manushyasakthiyum bhakshanavumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, russian saamrajyam (13.4%), serbia (13.2%) allengil romania (18.8%) polulla onnaam lokamahaayudhathile yadhaartha athiraalikale apekshichu austriya-hunkery kooduthal nagaravalkarikkappettu (25 sathamaanam). koodaathe, aastro-hungarian saamraajyathin kooduthal vyavasaayavalkkarikkappetta sambadvyavasthayum itali raajyathekkaal uyarnna aalohari gdp undaayirunnu, ithu saamraajyathinte saambathikamaayi ettavum vikasithamaaya yadhaartha athiraaliyaayirunnu.
veettumuttathu, choodaakkal indhanatheppole bhakshanavum kuravaayirunnu. kanatha kaarshika aditharayulla hungerick kurachukoodi mikacha bhakshanamaayirunnu labhichathu. romaniayileyum mattidangalileyum uthppaadanakshamamaaya kaarshika mekhalakal sainyam keezhadakkiyenkilum saadhaaranakkaarkku naattilekku bhakshya kayattumathi anuvadikkaan sainyam visammathichu. oro varshavum manoveeryam kurayukayum vaividhyamaarnna deseeyathakal saamraajyathe upekshikkukayum swantham deseeya rajyangal sthaapikkunnathinulla vazhikal thedukayum cheythu.
panapperuppam 1914leeii 129-aamm soochikayil ninnu 1918ll 1589 aayi uyarnnu, ithu madhyavargathinte panasambaadyatthe illaathaakki. yudhathil sambadvyavasthaykku sambhavicha naashanashtangalude kaaryatthil, yuddham gdpyude 20 shathamaanatholam upayogichu. 1914leeii thozhil senayude naalu sathamaanam maricha sainikarum aarr sathamaanam parikkettavarumaayirunnu. yudhathile ellah pradhana rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, maranavum marananirakkum innathe austriyan pradeshathe sambandhichidatholam uyarnna nilavaaratthilaayirunnu.
1918 venalkkaalathode, sainyathil ninnu palayanam cheiyunnavarude "harita pravartthakar" croatia-slavonia kunnukalil sayudha samghangal roopeekarikkukayum sivil authority vighadikkukayum cheythu. october avasaanathode akramavum vanthothilulla kollayum pottippurappedukayum karshaka republicukal roopeekarikkaanulla sramangal nadakkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, croatian rashtreeya neethrthwam oru puthiya raashtram (yugoslavia) srishtikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum niyanthranam earppeduthunnathinum kalapangal avasanippikkunnathinum munnerikkondirunna serbian sainyavumayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu.
serbian frond 1914-1916.
yudhathinte thudakkathil sainyathe randaayi vibhajichu cheria bhagam serbia aakramikkumbol valia bhagam shaktharaaya saamraajyathva russian sainyathinethire poraadi. 1914leeii serbian adhinivesham oru duranthamaayirunnu varshaavasaanathode, austro-hangarian sainyam oru pradeshavum pidichedukkaathe, motham 450,000 sainikaril 2,27,000 pere nashtappedutthi. ennirunnaalum, 1915-leeii sharathkaalathil serbian sainyathe kendra sakthikal paraajayappeduthi, ithu serbiayude adhiniveshathilekku nayichu. 1915 avasaanathode, itaaliyan, franch, britiish steemarukal nadatthiya aayirathiladikam yathrakal ulppedunna oru valia rakshaapravarthanathil, 260,000 serb sainikare brindisiyilekkum corfuvilekkum kondupoyi, avide avar sakhyashakthikalude vijayathinulla avasarathinaayi kaathirunnu. serbiayude thakarchaykku sesham naadukadatthappetta serbian sarkkaarin aathidheyathvam vahicha corfu greak munnaniyude vitharana aditharayaayi pravarthichu. 1916 eprilil britiish, franch naavika kappalukaliloode dhaaraalam serbian sainikare corfuvil ninnu greasinte pradhana bhoopradeshathekku kondupoyi. 120, 000-thiladhikam varunna samgham macedonian frondil valare cheria sainyathe rakshappeduthukayum britiish, franch sainikarkoppam pooraadukayum cheythu.
russian frond 1914-1917.
kizhakkan munnaniyil yuddham orupole moshamaayi aarambhichu. saamrajyathinullil poolish kendra adhikaariyaayi supreme naashanal kammitti sthaapikkaanulla poolish nirddesham sarkkar amgeekarichu, austro-hungarian sainyathinullil oru sahaaya sainika roopeekaranamaaya poolish sainyathinte roopeekaranathinu utharavaadiyaanu. lemberg yudhathil austro-hungarian sainyam paraajayappedukayum 1915 maarchil preseemishal enna valia kotta nagaram uparodhikkukayum thakarukayum cheythu. austro-hangeriyanmaarude mail russian samkhyaaparamaaya melkkoymayude sammarddam ozhivaakkunnathinulla oru cheria jarmman akramanamaayi gorlis-tarno akramanam aarambhichu, ennaal kendrashakthikalude sahakaranm valia russian nashtatthinum russian lainukalude samboornna thakarchaykkum rashyayilekkulla avarude neenda pinvangalinum kaaranamaayi. russian moonnaam sainyam kollappettu. 1915 venalkkaalath jarmmankarumaayulla ekeekritha commandinu keezhil austro-hungarian sainyam gorlis-tarnov aakramanathil pankedutthu. 1916 juun muthal, russiakkaar aastro-hungarian sainyathinte samkhyaaparamaaya nyoonatha amgeekarichukondu bruzilov aakramanathil aastro-hungarian sainyathinethiraya akramanangalil shradha kendreekarichu. 1916 septambar avasaanathode, austriya-hunkery puthiya divisionukal samaharikkukayum kendreekarikkukayum cheythu, vijayakaramaya russian munnettam nirthalaakkukayum pathukke pinthirippikkukayum cheythu; ennaal austriyan sainyam kanatha nashtam (ekadesham 1 dasalaksham purushanmaar) sambhavikkukayum orikkalum veendedukkaathirikkum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, aakramanasamayathu russiacarkku undaaya valia manushyanashavum vasthukkaludeyum nashtam 1917 leeii viplavangalkk valia sambhavana nalkukayum athu russian saamraajyathil saambathika thakarchaykku kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
1916 november 5-leeii niyamam germmaniyile chakravarty wilhem randaman austriya-hangariyile france josaf samyukthamaayi dhruvangalil prakhyaapichu. kendrashakthikal niyanthrikkunna oru paava raashtramaayi athinte rachayithakkal vibhavanam cheytha, regency kaunsilil nikshipthamaaya naamamaathramaaya adhikaarathode, kongras polandinte pradeshathu ninnu polandu raajyam srishtikkumennu eee niyamam vaagdaanam cheythu. russiayumaayulla yudhathinaayi jarmman adhinivesha polandil ninnu puthiya recruitmentukal thayyaaraakkendathinte aavasyakatha aaa rekhayude uthbhavamayirunnu. 1918 november 11-leeii vedinirthal karaarinethudarnnu onnaam lokamahaayudham avasaanichathinusesham, raajyam athinte sponsarmaare poornnamaayum aashrayikkunnundenkil, aathyanthikamayi randaam poolish republicinte moolakkallaaya aadyaraajyamenna nilayil avarude uddeshyangalkku virudhamaayi athu pravarthichu, randaamathethu polandinu vittukodukkaan kendra sakthikal orikkalum uddeshichittillaathu pradeshangal ulkkollunnu.
checoslovakiayude swaathanthryathinaayi austro-hungarian sainyathinethire poraadiya checoslovac sainyathinte aadyathe supradhana nadapadiyaayirunnu seborov yuddham (1917).
itaaliyan frond 1915-1918.
1915 meyy maasathil itali austriya-hungery aakramichu. vyavasayavalkkaranathinum saambathika nilavaarathinum samanamaaya nilavaaramulla austriya-hangariyude eaka sainika athiraaliyaayirunnu itali; koodaathe, avalude sainyam ennamattathaayirunnu (± 1,000,000 aalukale udan thanne vinyasichu), pakshe mosham neethrthwavum pariseelanavum samghadanayum anubhavichu. cheef oof staaf luigi cadorna thante sainyathe isonso nadiyilekku nayichu, lubaljana pidichedukkaanum oduvil vienna bheeshanippeduthaanum pratheekshichu. ennirunnaalum, anchu maasathinide (juun 23-desember 2,1915) naalu yudhangal nadanna royal itaaliyan sainyathe nadiyil nirtthi. rund malsaraarthikalkkum poraattam angeyattam raktharookshithavum ksheenakaravumaayirunnu.
1916 meyy 15 nuu austriyan cheef oof staaf konraad voonn hotsendorff "strafexpedition" ("shiksha paryaveshanam") aarambhichu austriyakkaar ethir munnaniye thakarth eshyaago peedabhoomi kaivashappedutthi. itaaliyakkaarkku prathirodhikkaan kazhiyukayum august 9 nuu oru thirichadiyil gorrisia pidichedukkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, avarkk athirthiyil ninnu eathaanum kilometer akaleyulla carsoil nirthendivannu. eee ghattathil, niravadhi maasangal anishchithathvamulla kuzhibombu yuddham nadannu (padinjaaran munnaniyodu saamyamullath). bolshevik viplavathinte falamaayi russian saamrajyam thakarukayum russiakkaar yudhathil thangalude pankaalittham avasanippikkukayum cheythathode jarmmankaarkkum austriyakkaarkkum padinjaaran, thekkan munnanikalilekku sanjarikkaan kazhinjappol kizhakkan pooraattatthil ninnu dhaaraalam manushyashakthi labhichu.
1917 october 24 nuu, austriyakkaar (ippol nirnnayaka jarmman pinthuna aasvadikkunnu) puthiya nuzhanjukayatta thanthrangal upayogichu kaporetto aakramichu; avar venisinekkaal kooduthal munnerukayum ganyamaaya saadhanangal nedukayum cheythenkilum, avare thadanju, piyaav nadhi kadakkaan kazhinjilla. valia naashanashtangal sambhavichenkilum itali aaa aaghaathathil ninnu karakayarukayum vittoriyo emyoole orlaandooyude keezhil oru sakhya sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. italikku entent shakthikalude pinthunayum labhichu 1918 aayappozhekkum valia alavil yudhasaamagrikalum kurachu sahaaya american, britiish, franch divisionukalum itaaliyan yudhamekhalayil ethi. kadorna general armando dias maatti; addehathinte neethrthwathil itaaliyanmaar munkaiyedukkukayum piyaav nadiyude nirnnayaka yudhathil (15-23 juun 1918) vijayikkukayum cheythu, athil 60,000 austriyan sainikarum 43,000 itaaliyan sainikarum kollappettu. avasaanathe yuddham vittoriyo venettoyilaayirunnu; 4 divasathe kadutha cheruthunilppinu sesham, itaaliyan sainyam piyaav nadhi kadakkukayum 90,000 pere nashtappettathinu sesham parajayappetta austriyan sainyam itaaliyanmaar pinthudarnna kuzhappathil pinvaangukayum cheythu. itaaliyakkaar 448,000 austriyan-hungarian sainikare (saamraajyathva-rajakeeya sainyathinte moonnilonnu) pidikoodi, avaril 24 perr generalukalum 5,600 peerankikalum mortaarukalum 4,000 mesheen gannukalum aayirunnu. 1918 october 31nuu austriya-hungery ithinakam vighadichuvenkilum november 3nuu villa giyustiyilvechu vedinirthal karar oppuvachu.
roman frond 1916-1917.
1916 august 27nuu romania austriya-hangarikkethire yuddham prakhyaapichu. roman sainyam kizhakkan hangariyude (transylvania) athirthikal marikadannu.
oru hrasvamaaya roman prarambha vijayathin sesham, eee pracharanam roman sainyathin oru sainika duranthamaayi maari.
moonnu maasathe yudhathinushesham, roman saamraajyathinte moonnil rund bhaagavum kendra sakthikal kaivashappedutthi. 1916 desember 6nuu romaniayude thalasthaana nagaramaya buchaarast kendra sakthikal pidichedutthu. jarmman general august voonn mckensone adhinivesha pradesangalaaya romaniayude "sainika govarnoraayi" niyamichu.
 roman janasamkhyayude oru bhagam moldeviayile adhiniveshamillaatha roman pradeshathekku thamasam maari, roman sarkkar, rajakeeya kodathi, pothu adhikaarikal ennivarkkoppam, avaa icyilekku maatti. russiayude vedinirthal karaarukalethudarnnu 1917 desember 9 nuu fokkani vedinirthal karaaril oppuvaykkaan roman sainyam nirbandhithamaayi.
1918 meyy 7nuu romania samaadhaanathinaayi cases phayal cheythu. roman pradhaanamantri alexandru margilloman kendrashakthikalumaayi bucharast udambadiyil (1918) oppuvachuvenkilum eee udambadiyil orikkalum roman rajaavaaya ferdinand onnaaman oppuvachilla.
jarmman sainyam swantham munnil ninnu adutha sahakaranm aavasyamaanennu manassilaakkiyappol, habsburg udyogasthar pouralokatthil ninnu poornnamaayum vyathyastharum athinekkaal unnatharum aayi svayam kandu. thekkan romania polulla ulppaadana mekhalakal avar kaivashappeduthiyappol, avar swantham aavasyangalkkaayi bhakshya stokkukalum mattu saadhanangalum pidichedukkukayum austriya-hangariyil saadhaaranakkaarkkaayi uddeshichulla eathenkilum kayattumathi thadayukayum cheythu. saadhaaranakkaar pattini kidakkaan thudangiyathode udyogasthar nannayi jeevichu. vienna serbiayilekkum polandilekkum pariseelana unitukal polum maatti, avarkk bhakshanam nalkuka enna eaka uddeshyathinaayi. mothatthil, sainyam athinte dhaanya aavashyangalude 15 sathamaanavum adhinivesha pradeshangalil ninnaan nediyathu.
hangariyude punk.
austriya-hangariyile janasamkhyayude 42 sathamaanam maathramaan hungery raajyamenkilum, aastro-hangarian sayudha senayile 38 lakshathiladhikam sainikar onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu hungery raajyathil ninnu nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkapettu. ekadesham 600,000 sainikar yudhathil kollappedukayum 700,000 sainikarkk parikkelkkukayum cheythu.
hangarian pakuthi sainyam yuddham thudaraan mathiyaya saadhanangal nalkiyathinaal austriya-hungery varshangalolam nilaninnu. adhikaaramaattathil ithu prakadamaayi, athinusesham hangarian pradhaanamanthriyaaya kaundu istwan tisaykkum videshakaarya mantriyaaya kaundu istwan burian raajavaazhchayude aabhyanthara, videsha kaaryangalil nirnnayaka swaadheenam chelutthi. 1916 avasaanathode, hangariyil ninnulla bhakshya vitharanam idaykkide maarukayum sarkkar adhikaarangalumaayi oru vedinirthal thedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, jarmmanikkulla austro-hangarian pinthuna kaaranam brittan france raajavaazhchayude samagrathaye oru tharatthilum pariganikkaathathinaal ithu parajayappettu.
paraajayatthinte vishakalanam.
1914lum 1915lum austriyan sainyam neritta thirichadikalkku valia alavil kaaranam austriyan haikkamaandinte kazhivillaymayaanu. serbia aakramichathinusesham, russiayude adhiniveshathil ninnu kizhakkan athirthi samrakshikkaan athinte sainyathe udan pinvalikkendivannu, athesamayam jarmman unitukal padinjaaran munnaniyil pooraattatthil earppettirunnu. ithu serbiayude adhiniveshathil pratheekshichathilum kooduthal purushanmaarude nashtatthinu kaaranamaayi. koodaathe, austriyan hikemandinu saadhyamaaya bhookhandayudhathinu oru padhathiyumillennum atharamoru samgharsham kaikaaryam cheyyaan sainyavum navikasena sajamallennum vyakthamaayi.
yudhathinte avasaanathe rund varshangalil germmaniyil ninnu swathanthramaayi pravarthikkaanulla ellah kazhivukalum austro-hungarian sayudha senaykk nashtappettu. 1916 septambar 7 vare jarmman chakravarthikku kendrashakthikalude ellah sayudha senakaludeyum poornna niyanthranam nalkukayum austriya-hunkery phalapradamaayi germmaniyude upagrahamaayi maarukayum cheythu. jarmman sainyathe austriyakkaar anukoolamaayi veekshichappol maruvashathu 1916 aayappozhekkum jarmmani, austriya-hangariyumaayulla sakhyathil, jarmmani "oru mrithadehathil changalayittirikkunnu" ennathaayirunnu germmaniyile pothuvaaya vishwaasam. vitharanakkurav, kuranja manoveeryam, uyarnna apakadanirakku, vividha bhaashakalum aachaarangalum ulla onniladhikam vamseeya vibhaagangalude sainyathinte ghadana enniva austro-hungarian sainyathinte pravartthana seshiye saaramaayi baadhichu.
jarmman sahaayathodeyulla ooppareshanukalaayirunnu oostriyakkaarude avasaanathe rund vijayangalaaya roman aakramanavum kaporetto aakramanavum. eratta rajavaazhcha raashtreeyamaayi kooduthal asthiramaayathode athu kooduthal kooduthal jarmman sahaayathe aasrayikkunna avasthayilekku neengi. hangariyakkaarum jarmman austriyakkaarum ozhikeyulla bhooribhaagam janangalum kooduthal aswastharaayi.
1917ll, adhikaarathinte kizhakkan munbhagam poornnamaayum thakarnnu. ithokkeyaanengilum, kadutha saambathika sthithiyum vighadanathe thadassappeduthunnathinta adayaalangalum kaaranam austro-hungarian saamrajyam parajayappetta ellah rajyangalil ninnum pinmari.
maranam, vighadanam, pirichuvidal.
maranam.
1918 aayappozhekkum saambathika sthithi vashalayi. aabhyanthara ramgathu sarkkar dayaneeyamaayi parajayappettu. charitrakaaranaaya alexander vaatsan report cheiyunnu
 saamraajyathva sambadvyavastha kadutha kashtappaadukalilekkum pattiniyilekkum polum veenathinethudarnnu, athinte bahu-vamseeya sainyathin manoveeryam nashtappedukayum athinte varii nilanirthaan kooduthal budhimuttukayum cheythu. avasana itaaliyan aakramanathil, austro-hungarian sainyam bhakshanavum yudhopakaranangalum vitharanam cheyyaathe feeldilekku neengukayum "yadhaarthathil" nilavilillaattha oru saamraajyathinaayi rashtreeya pinthunayillaathe pooraadukayum cheythu.
1918 leeii sharathkaalathil austro-hangarian rajavaazhcha naadakeeyamaaya vegathayil thakarnnu. idathupaksha, samadhana rashtreeya prasthaanangal faaktarikalil panimudakkukal samghadippikkukayum sainyathile prakshobhangal saadhaaranamaayitheerukayum cheythu. eee idathupakshamo idathupaksha-liberal anukoola-sannadhavaada partykalo raajavaazhchaye oru gavanmentaayi ethirkkukayum desasnehiyekkaal anthaaraashtravaadikalaayi svayam kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. oduvil jarmman parajayavum viyannayileyum budapestileyum cheria viplavangalum idathu/liberal rashtreeya partykalkku rashtreeya adikaaram nalki.
vighadanam.
yuddham thudarumbol, vamseeya aikyam kshayichu; sakhyakakshikal nyoonapakshangalil ninnulla verpiriyal aavashyangale prolsaahippikkukayum saamrajyam vighadanam neridukayum cheythu. sakhyashakthikal onnaam lokamahaayudhathil vijayikkumennu vyakthamaayathode, munbu vividha mekhalakalkku kooduthal svayambharanaavakaasham aavashyappedunna deseeya prasthaanangal poornna swaathanthryathinaayi sammarddam chelutthitthudangi. thalasthaana nagarangalaya viyannayilum budaapesttilum, idathupaksha, liberal prasthaanangalum prathipaksha paarttikalum vamseeya nyoonapakshangalude vighadanavaadathe shakthippeduthukayum pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. multy-ithiniks austro-hungarian saamrajyam vighadikkaan thudangi, athinte sainyathe yudhakkalangalil ottaykku upekshichu. ippol ardhashoonyamaayi thonnunna oru kaaranatthinaayi poraadaan visammathichathinal, bahujaatheeya saamrajyam roopeekaricha niravadhi vamseeya vibhaagangalude kalaapathinte thudakkamaayi itaaliyan munnaniyude sainika thakarcha adayaalappeduthi. saamrajyam thakarnnathode chakravarthikku bharikkanulla adhikaarathinte bhooribhaagavum nashtappettirunnu.
thante pathinaalu pooyintukalilonnaaya president vudro vilson austriya-hangariyude desheeyathakalkk "svayambharana vikasanathinu ettavum swathanthramaaya avasaram" labhikkanamenn aavasyappettu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, 1917-ll kaal onnaaman chakravarty saamraajyathva paarlament veendum vilikkaanum svayambharanam nadathunna oro deseeya groupinodum oru konfedareshan roopeekarikkaan anuvadikkaanum sammathichu. ennirunnaalum, eee deseeya grouppukalude nethaakkal eee ashayam nirasichu; avar vienna aazhathil avishwasikkukayum ippol swaathanthryam nedaan dridanishchayikkukayum cheythu.
1918 october 14nuu videshakaaryamanthri baaran istwan burian voonn rajeks pathinaalu pooyintukalude adisthaanathil oru vedinirthal aavasyappettu. nalla vishwaasam prakadippikkaanulla vyakthamaaya shramathil, kaal chakravarty rund divasathinu sesham oru prakhyapanam ("1918 october 16-leeii saamraajyathva prakadanapathrika") purappeduvichu, athu raajavaazhchayude austriyan pakuthiyude ghadanaye ganyamaayi maattumaayirunnu. loser polandileyum galeeshyayude bhaagatheyum poolish bhooripaksha pradeshangalkk saamraajyathil ninnu verpett neratthe sthaapithamaaya poolish proto-stettil cheraanulla oopshan nalkendathaayirunnu, russiayudeyum germmaniyudeyum kaivashamulla poolish deshangalile avarude vamseeya sahodaranmaarumaayi veendum onnikkunnathin, paramadhikaara poolish samsthaana padavi punarujeevippikkuka enna aathyanthika lakshyathode. vaasthavathil, vaarsoyile regency kaunsil oru poolish raashtram srishtikkunnathinulla adisthaanamaayi october 6 nuu vilsante nirddeshangal ithinakam sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, jarmman, check, southu slaav, ukreniyan ennee naalu bhagangal ulkkollunna parivartthanam cheyyappetta federal union roopeekarikkaanulla prakhyaapanatthil uddeshichulla oru ukreniyan raashtreeyam srishtikkunnathinaayi breast-littovsk (ukraine-kendra sakthikal) rahasya udambadiyil nirddeshichittulla galeeshyayude backie bhaagangalum muzhuvan lodomia verthirikkukayum nilanirthukayum cheythukondu poolish-ukreniyan samgharshathinu prerippichukondu saamraajyathva sarkkar poolish abhilaashangal niyantrikkaan shramichu. iva oronnum bharikkendathu viyannayumaayi saamraajyathinte bhaavi charcha cheiyunna oru deseeya kaunsilaanu. tristeykku oru prathyeka padavi labhikkendathaayirunnu. hangariyil atharam oru prakhyapanavum purappeduvikkaan kazhinjilla, avide hangarian prabhukkanmaarkk mattu desheeyathakale keezhppeduthaanum vishudha raajyam nilanirthaanum kazhiyumennu ippozhum vishwasichirunnu. steefan ".
athoru marichupoya kathaayirunnu. naalu divasathinu sesham, october 18 nuu, yunaittad stetts stettu sekrattari roobert lansing, chekkukal, slovaakkukal, southu slaavukal ennivarude kaaryangalil sakhyakakshikal ippol prathijnjaabadhamaanennu marupadi nalki. athinaal, pathinaalu pooyintukalil patthaam sthaanathulla desheeyathakalude svayambharanaavakaasham mathiyakillennum pathinaalu pooyintukalude adisthaanathil washingtonin inii kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyillennum lansing paranju. vaasthavathil, oru checoslovac thaalkkaalika sarkkar october 14 nuu sakhyakakshikalil chernnu. raajavaazhchayude rund bhaagangalileyum thekkan adimakal 1917 leeii yugoslav kammitti amgangal oppitta corfu prakhyaapanatthiloode oru valia thekkan slaav samsthaanathu serbiayumaayi onnikkunnathin anukoolamaayi prakhyaapichirunnu. vaasthavathil, october aadyam croatiakkaar budaapesttil ninnulla utharavukal avaganikkaan thudangiyirunnu. lansing nottu phalatthil austriya-hangariyude marana certificattaayirunnu.
deseeya kaunsilukal ithinakam thanne swatantra raajyangalude thaalkkaalika gavanmentukalaayi pravartthikkaan thudangiyirunnu. itaaliyan yudhangalil checoslovaakyakkaarum thekkan slaavukalum thangalude swaathanthryam prakhyaapichu. october 24 nuu vittoriyo venetto yudhathile itaaliyan aakramanathinu sesham yudhathile parajayam aasannamaayathode, check raashtreeyakkaar october 28 nuu praagile command samaadhaanaparamaayi ettedukkukayum (pinneedu checoslovakiayude janmadinamaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu) adutha kurachu divasathinullil mattu pradhana nagarangalil thudarnnu. october 30nuu slovaakkukal aii martine pinthudarnnu. october 29nuu austriya-hangariyude avasheshikkunna rund bhaagangalileyum adimakal slovens, crots, serbs ennivayude avastha prakhyaapichu. oru valia thekkan slaav samsthaanathu serbia, montenegro ennivayumaayi onnikkuka ennathaayirunnu thangalude aathyanthika uddeshyamennum avar prakhyaapichu. athe divasam thanne check, slovaakkukal checoslovakia oru swatantra raashtramaayi sthaapikkunnathaayi audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichu.
pirichuvidal.
alexander vaatsan vaadikkunnathu, "randara aazhcha munbu [1918 october 14 nuu videshakaarya mantri baaran istwan burian voonn rajeks ayacha] kurippinulla vilsante prathikaranam october 20 nuu athiyappol habsburg bharanakoodatthinte shiksha adachu."ubhaykakshi raajavaazhchayude thudarcha oru charcha cheyyaavunna saadhyathayaayi vilson nirasichu.
1918 october 17nuu hangarian paarlament austriyayumaayulla union avasaanippikkunnathin anukoolamaayi vottu cheythu. austriyayumaayulla thudarchayaaya aikyathinte ettavum pramukha ethiraaliyaaya kaundu mihali karoli october 31 nuu aasttar viplavathil adikaaram pidichedutthu. karoli thante hangarian pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamikkaan chaals nirbandhithanaayi. october 31 nuu karar nirasikkukayum austriyayumaayulla vyakthigatha aikyam phalapradamaayi avasanippikkukayum angane audyogikamaayi austro-hungarian raajavaazhchaye pirichuvidukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu karoliyude aadya pravrithikalilonnu.
october avasaanathode, habsburg saamraajyathil athinte bhooripaksha-jerman danubian, alpine pravishyakal allathe mattonnum avasheshichirunnilla, kaarlinte adhikaarathe jarmman-austriyan stettu kaunsil avide polum velluvilikkukayum cheythu. kaalte avasaanathe austriyan pradhaanamanthriyaaya heinrich lammash, kaalte nilapad amgeekarikkaanaavaathathaane nigamanam cheythu. paramadhikaaram prayogikkaanulla thante avakasham thaalkkaalikamaayi upekshikkuka ennathaanu ettavum nalla maarggamenn lammash kaalsine bodhyappedutthi.
november 11 nuu kaal shradhaapoorvvam oru prakhyapanam purappeduvichu, athil raashtrathinte roopam nirnnayikkaanum austriyan bharanakooda kaaryangalil "ellah pankaalitthavum upekshikkanum" austriyan janathayude avakaashathe addeham amgeekarichu. 
austriyayude raashtreeyathil ninnu pinmarunnathaayi addeham prakhyaapichathinte pittennu jarmman-austriyan deseeya kaunsil jarmman austriya republicayi prakhyaapichu. november 16nuu hangarian janaadhipathya republicayi prakhyaapikkunna karoli ithu pinthudarnnu.