
codex sainaittikkas

siglam [alef] allengil (puthiya vaseeyathinte gregory-land numperingle), δ2 (puthiya vaseeyathinte kaiyezhuthuprathikalude voonn soden numperingle), allengil sainay baibil, naalam noottaandile oru greak baibilinte kristhyan kaiyezhuthuprathiyaanu, athil duterocanonical pusthakangalkoppam apocrypha greak puthiya vaseeyathiyum ulppedunna greak pazhaya vaseeyathinte bhooribhaagavum adangiyirikkunnu. ithu paarchmentil anshyal aksharangalil ezhuthappettirikkunnu. naalu mahathaaya analkha kodisukalil onnaanith (iva yadhaarthathil pazhayathum puthiyathumaaya udambadikaladakkam muzhuvan adangiyirunna kayyezhuthuprathikalaanu). codex alexandrinus, codex vaattikkanas ennivaykkoppam, baibilinte adyakaalavum ettavum poornnavumaaya kaiyezhuthuprathikalil onnaanith, koodaathe puthiya niyamatthinte ettavum pazhaya poornna pakarpum ithil adangiyirikkunnu. ithu oru charitra nidhiyaan, thaarathamya ezhuthu shailikalekkurichulla (paleography) patanam upayogichu ithu naalam noottaandinte madhyathil nirmmichathaanu.
codex vaattikkanasinoppam puthiya niyamathile ettavum pradhanappetta greak grandhangalilonnaayi codex sainaittikkasine baibil scholarship kanakkakkunnu. 1844ll codex sainaittikkas kandupidikkunnathuvare jarmman baibil pandithanum (kayyezhuthuprathi vettakkaaranum) konsttanttin voonn tishendorff codex vaattikkanasinte greak vaachakam samaanathakallillaathathaayirunnu. athinte kandethal muthal, codex sainaittikkasinekkurichu patanam baibil paatathekkurichulla vimarsanaathmaka padanangalkku pandithanmaarkk upayogapradamaanennu theliyikkappettittund.
19-aamm noottaandil sinaay upadveepile sent catherines aashramathil codex sainaittikkas pandithanmaarude sradhayilppettu, 20-aamm noottaandilum 21-aamm noottaandilum kooduthal vasthukkal kandethi. codexinte chila bhagangal lokamembaadumulla naalu librarikalilaayi chitharikkidakkunnunde, kaiyezhuthuprathiyude bhooribhaagavum innu landanile britiish libraryil pothu pradarshanathilaanu.
vivaranam.
ekadesham 40 muthal 70 centimeter vare alanna eratta sheettukalulla vellam paarchmentil ninnu nirmmicha oru codex (aadhunika pusthakatthinte mungamiyaaya) aanu kaiyezhuthuprathi. muzhuvan codexilum ettu elakalude kwayarukal adangiyirikkunnu (kurachu ozhivaakkalukalode), ithu madhyakaalakhattatthiludaneelam janapriyamaaya oru formattaayirunnu (ithu parasparam mukalil sthaapicha ettu paarchment pejukalaayirunnu, oru poornna block undakkaan pakuthiyaayi madakki (fooliyoo ennum ariyappedunnu); ivayil palathum pinneedu oru pusthakam srishtikkaan orumichu thunnicherthu). folios pradhaanamaayum kaalakkutty tholiyil ninnaan nirmmichathu, randaamathu aadukalude tholiyil ninnaan. maan tholiyil ninnaan paarchment nirmmichathennu tishendorff karuthiyenkilum aadhunika microscopic parisodhana marichaanu kaanichathu. mikka kwayarukalilum (allengil oppukalil) naalu sheettukal adangiyirikkunnu, randennam anchu adangiyirikkunnu. eee codexinte folios nirmmikkaan ekadesham 360 mrugangalude tholiyaan upayogichathennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. oro variyilum panthrand muthal pathinaalu vare greak aksharangalund, avaa naalu nirakalaayi krameekarichirikkunnu, oro nirayilum 48 varikal, shradhaapoorvvam thiranjeduttha line breakkukalum cheruthaayi valath arikukalum undu. thurakkumbol, vaayanakkaaran avatharippikkunna ettu nirakalkk oru papirus rolile nirakalude thudarchayumaayi saamyamund. pazhaya niyamathile kaavyathmaka pusthakangal oro pejilum rund kolangalil maathram sticometric aayi (oro puthiya kaavyathmaka vaakyavum oru puthiya variyil ezhuthunnu) ezhuthappedunnu. codexil eathaandu 4,000,000 aksharangal undu. oro chathuraakrithiyilulla pejinum 1.1 muthal 1 vareyulla anupaathangalund, athesamayam vaachakathinte blockinu 0.91 (athe anupathangal, 90° karakkunnu) enna paraspara anupaathamund. nirakalkkidayilulla azhukkuchaalukal neekkam cheythaal, tekst block pejinte anupaathathe prathifalippikkum. typographer roobert laacharst codexine "karakaushalathinte sookshumamaaya bhagam" ennaanu visheshippichathu. lekhanangalude vila, ezhuthukaarkku aavashyamaaya samayam pakartthal, binding enniva akkaalathe oru vyakthiyude aajeevanantha vethanathinu thulyamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
puthiya niyamabhaagatthiludaneelam, vaakkukal "baibil anashyal" allengil "baibil majascule" ennu vilikkappedunna kaii ezhuthu shailiyil "skripttiyo kondinuva" (avaykkidayil edangalillaatha vaakkukal) ll ezhuthiyittundu. varikal ezhuthaan thayyaaredukkunnathinaayi paarchment moorchayulla pooyint upayogichaanu niyanthrichirunnathu. shwaasamo poolitoonik aaksantukalo illaathe (pichinteyo oonnalinteyo maattangale soochippikkaan upayogikkunna adayaalangal) eee varikalilaanu aksharangal ezhuthappedunnathu. vividha tharatthilulla viraamachihnangal upayogikkunnu uyarnnathum madhyathilullathumaaya pooyintukal; vankudal; prarambha iotayilum apsilonilum diarysis; khandikakalkkoppam kurachu ligacharukal upayogikkunnu prarambha aksharam maarjinilekku (ithinte vyaapthi ganyamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu). oru playin ayottaykk pakaram epsiloon-ayota diftong mikkavarum pathivayi varunnu (saadhaaranayaayi krithyamaayi itaasisam ennariyappedunnillengum), udha.jii. pakaram, pakaram, pakaram, muthalaayava.
ovarlainukalulla nomina sacra udaneelam upayogikkunnu. chila vaakkukal saadhaaranayaayi mattu kayyezhuthuprathikalil (aandu polullava) churukkipparayunnu, poornnavum churukkavumaya roopangalil ezhuthappedunnu. thaazhepparayunna naamasankethangal churukkia roopangalil ezhuthappettirikkunnu (kaanichirikkunna naamasoochaka roopangal): (/"daivam") (/"karthaav") (/"yeshu") (/"kristhu") (/"aathmaav") (/"athmeeya") (/"makan") (/"manushyan") (/"swarggam") (/"david") (/"jerusalem") (/"israel") (/"amma") (/"pithaav") (/"rakshakan").
britiish libraryude kaivashamulla codexinte bhaagath 3461⁄2 follios 694 pejukalum (38.1 centimeter x 34.5 centimeter) ulppedunnu, ithu yadhaartha kruthiyude pakuthiyiladikamaanu. eee foliosil, 199 ennam apocrypha (duterocanonical) ulppede pazhaya niyamathilethaanu, 1471⁄2 puthiya niyamathilethaanu, koodaathe mattu rund pusthakangal, barnabas eppistal, hermas shepperdinte bhagam enniva ulppedunnu. 2 esdras, toobit, judith, 1,4 mcabees, njaanam, syrac ennivayaanu septhuvajintinte nilanilkkunna bhaagath nilavilulla apocryphal, duterocanonical pusthakangal. puthiya niyamathile pusthakangal eee kramathilaanu krameekarichirikkunnath naalu suvisheshangal, poulosinte eppistalukal (ebraer 2 thessus pinthudarunnu.), apposthalanmaarude pravrithikal, pothuvaaya pathrangal, velipaad pusthakam. codexinte chila bhagangal nalla avasthayil samrakshikkappedumbol mattullava valare mosham avasthayilaanennathu avaa verthirichu niravadhi sthalangalil sookshichirunnathaayi soochippikkunnu.
pazhaya niyamatthinte valia bhagangal illaathaayirikke, codexil yadhaarthathil rund niyamangalum muzhuvanum adangiyirunnuvennu anumaanikkappedunnu. greak pazhaya niyamatthinte (allengil "septhuvaajint") pakuthiyolam, oru samboornna puthiya niyamathodoppam, duterocanonical pusthakangal, barnabas pathrangal, hermas idayante bhagangal enniva athijeevichu.
vaachakam.
ulladakkam.
pazhaya niyamathile vaachakathil thaazhepparayunna bhagangal kramatthil adangiyirikkunnu
puthiya niyamatthinte vaachakam thaazhepparayunna kramathilaanu krameekarichirikkunnath
puthiya niyamatthinte bhaagamaayi codexil mattu rund pusthakangal ulppedunnu
vaachaka tharavum mattu kayyezhuthuprathikalumaayu bandhavum.
puthiya niyamathile mikka bhagangalilum, alexandrian tekst-type saakshyappeduthunna "codex vaattikkanas (bii)", "codex ephremy rescriptus (sii)" ennivayumaayi codex sainaittikkas pothuve yojikkunnu.
sinaiticus vaatikkanasum thammilulla oru karaarinte sradheyamaaya udaaharanam avaa randum mathaayi 5:22 ll ninnu εικη ('kaaranamillathe', 'kaaranamillathe', 'vyarthamaayi') enna vaakk ozhivaakkunnu ennathaanu, ennaal njaan ningalodu parayunnu, kaaranamillathe thante sahodaranodu deshyappedunnavar vidhiyude apakadathilaayirikkum.
joonn <aii. dii. 1>: 38-ll, codex sainaittikkas vaattikkanas (bii)-ll ninnum matellaa alexandrian kayyezhuthuprathikalil ninnum vyathyasthamaan. paashchaathya vaachaka tharatthe pinthunaykkunna "codex bese (dii)" maayi ithu kooduthal yojikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, yohannan 1:4-ll sinaiticus codex beza maathramaan ("avanil jeevan" ennathinu pakaram) paataparamaaya vakabhedamulla ("avanil jeevan") greak kayyezhuthuprathikal. eee vakabhedathe vettas lattinayum chila sahidic kayyezhuthuprathikalum pinthunaykkunnu. eee bhaagathinu dhaaraalam thiruthalukalundu.
sinaiticus vaatikkanasum thammil niravadhi vyathyaasangalund; vaachaka vimarsakanaaya herman sii. hoskier 3036 vyathyaasangal kanakkakki
paata vimarsakanaaya phentan hortinte abhipraayathil, "sainaittikkas", "vaattikkanas" enniva valare pazhaya pothuvaaya uravidathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, "athinte theeyathi randaam noottaandinte aadyabhaagathekkaal pilkkaalathaayirikkilla, athu iniyum munbaayirikkaam".
maatt <aii. dii. 1> leeii sinaiticus vaatikkanasum thammilulla vyathyaasangalude udaaharanam
baibil pandithan bii. echu. codex jeromile vulgate thammil oru valia karaarundennu streettar abhiprayappettu. addehathinte abhipraayathil, origan eee codexil upayogichirunna alexandrian tekst-type siseriyayilekku konduvannu, pinneedu ithu jerom thante laattin punaravalokanatthinaayi upayogichu.
naalaamatheyum panthrandaamattheyum noottaandukalkkidayil, ezho athiladhikamo thiruthalukal eee codexil pravartthikkukayum ithu nilavilundaayirunna ettavum thiruthappetta kaiyezhuthuprathikalil onnakaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. peettezhsbargile anweshanathinide, peettezhsbargil maathram nadanna (codexinte moonnil rund bhagam) 14,800 thiruthalukal tishendorff kanakkakki. vaachaka niroopakanaaya david sii. parker, muzhuvan codexilum ekadesham 23,000 thiruthalukal undu. eee thiruthalukalkku purame chila aksharangal samshayaaspadamaanennu kuthukalaal adayaalappeduthiyirunnu (udha.jii. tti.).
sradheyamaaya ozhivaakkalukal.
puthiya niyamabhaagathinu inipparayunna bhagangal illah
chila bhagangal/vaakyangal thiruthalukal ozhivaakki
kootticherkkalukal.
 (lucose 7:10 kaanuka)
 (lucose 10:5 kaanuka)
 (joonn <aii. dii. 1> kaanuka)
athulyavum mattu vaachaka vakabhedangalum.
pravrithikal 8:5
lucose 1:26
lucose 2:37
yohannan 1:28
yohannan 1:34
yohannan 2:3
yohannan 6:10
pravrithikal 11:20
pravrithikal 14:9
ebraer 4:4
1 pathros 5:13
2 timoti 4:10
bhooripaksha vaachakam" ennathinodu yojikkunna vakabhedangal.
adayaalappeduthuka 10:19
adayaalappeduthuka 13:33
lucose 8:48
vayana pinthunaykkunna yaadhaasthithika vishwaasam.
1 yohannan 5:6
charithram.
aadyakaala charithram.
uthbhavam.
kayyezhuthuprathiyude aadyakaala charithrathekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. hortt parayunnathanusarichu, ithu padinjaaru, orupakshe romilayirikkaam ezhuthiyathu, sainaitikkasinum vaattikkanasinum pothuvaayulla apposthalanmaarude pravrithikalile adhyayam vibhajanam mattethoru greak kaiyezhuthuprathiyilum kaanapedunnilla enna vastutha soochippikkunnu, pakshe laattin valgettinte niravadhi kayyezhuthuprathikalil ithu kaanapedunnu. siseriyayile padanatthinte falamaayi jerom thanneyaanu eee adthyaaya vibhajana samvidaanam valgettil avatharippichathenn soochippichukondu robinson eee vaadathe ethirthu. keniyan parayunnathanusarichu aksharangalude roopangal eejipthukaaraan, avaa munkaalathe eejipt pappiriyil kandethi. gaardthousan, ropukal, jellico ennivar ithu eejipthilaan ezhuthiyathennu karuthi. palasteen siseriyayile laghulekhayude libraryil ninnaan eee kaiyezhuthuprathi vannathennu harris vishwasichu. streettar, skeett, milne ennivarum ithu siseriyayiloodeyaanu ulppaadippikkunnathennu vishwasichu.
theeyathi.
naalam noottaandinte thudakkathinum anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathinum idayil nyayamaaya aathmavishwaasathode codex theeyathi nischayikkaam. ekadesham 325 nuu munbu ithu ezhuthaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla, kaaranam athil eusebian niyamangalund, ithu oru "terminus poost kwem" aanu. terminus aant kwem" ennathu kuravaanu. codexinte nirmmaana theeyathi ekadesham 360-nekkaal vaikiyekkillennu urappikkaan milne, skeett enniva cheria valanja nottukale aashrayichu. eee valanja nottukal anchaam noottaandinte thudakkathile aayirikkaamenn sameepakaala gaveshanangal soochippikkunnu.
kristhumathathilekkulla parivarthanatthinu sesham roman chakravarty konstaantain eusebiasil ninnu niyogicha baibilinte ambathu pakarppukalil onnaanu codex sainaittikkas ennu tishendorff sidhaanthichu (dii vitta konstaantini, IV,37). piyari baattiphol eee sidhaanthathe pinthunachu. konsttantain thante oordar nalkiyappol thanne athu nirmmaanathilaayirunnuvnu gregory skeettum vishwasichuvenkilum vyathyastha peju alavukal ulkkollunnathin athu nirtthivaykkendivannu.
frederic jii. keniyan vaadichu "avayil randennam polum konstantinoppilil undaayirunnathinte ettavum cheria soochanayilla. aaram noottaandinte avasaanathode laghulekhakathinte kayyezhuthuprathiyumaayi sainaittikkas samaaharichuvenna vastutha ithu yadhaarthathil siseriyayil ezhuthappettathallennu kaanikkunnu.
ezhuthukaar, thiruthalukal.
naalu vyathyastha ezhuthukaar eee kruthi pakarthiyathaayi tishendorff vishwasichu (avarkk addeham eiii, bii, sii, dii ennu perittu), koodaathe anchu thiruthalukal bhagangal bhedagathi cheythu (avarkk addeham eiii, bii, sii, dii, iii enniva namakaranam cheythu). thiruthalukalil oraal yadhaartha ezhuthukaarude samakaalikanaanennum mattullavar aaram noottaandilum ezhaam noottaandilum pravarthichuvennum addeham abhiprayappettu. milne skeettineyum punarnirnnayichathinushesham, tishendorff thettaayirunnuvenn ippol sammathikkunnu, kaaranam scrib sii orikkalum nilavilundaayirunnilla. tishendorfinte abhipraayathil, pazhaya niyamathile kaavyathmaka pusthakangal sii. ezhuthukaari rachichu. iva kayyezhuthuprathiyude backie bhaagangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya roopathilaanu ezhuthiyittullathu-avaa rund nirakalilaayi (bakkiyulla pusthakangal naalu nirakalilaanu), sticometric aayi ezhuthappettirikkunnu. mattoru ezhuthukaarante nilanilppine soochippikkunna tharatthil tishendorff vyathyastha formattingine vyaakhyaanichirikkaam. tishendorff avarkk nalkia aksharangal vazhi bakkiyulla moonnu ezhuthukaare ippozhum thirichariyunnu eiii, bii, dii. kuranjathu ezhu (eiii, bii, sii, caa, sibi, sisi, iii) ulla kooduthal thiruthalukal vaasthavathil undaayirunnu.
aadhunika vishakalanam moonnu ezhuthukaare thirichariyunnu
scrib bii oru mosham aksharavinyaasiyaayirunnu, scrib eiii athra mikachathaayirunnilla; mikacha scrib dii aayirunnu. mettsgar prasthaavikkunnu "ezhuthukaari asaadhaaranamaaya chila gurutharamaaya thettukal varuthi". eiii, bii ezhuthukaar mikkappozhum karar roopangalil "nomina sacra" upayogichu (πνεyμα ellah sambhavangalilum karar, κιριος 2 sambhavangalilozhike karar), athesamayam ezhuthukaar dii kooduthalum karar cheyyaatha roopangalaanu upayogichathu. scrib dii curiosinte trikavum apradhaanavumaaya upayogangal thammil verthirichu. addehathinte spelling pishakukal ει-nuu pakaram εi-nuu pakaram ι-nuu pakaram medial sthaanangalil, randum thulyamaayi saadhaaranamaanu. allaathapaksham prarambha ει-ykku pakaram ι ennathu anjjaathamaanu, avasana ει ennathu ισχιει enna vakkil maathrame maattisthaapikkoo. ε, αi ennivayude ashayakkuzhappam valare apoorvamaanu. sankeerthanapusthakathil, eee lekhakanu 35 thavana δαyιδ ennathinu pakaram δαyeiδ undu, athesamayam ezhuthukaari saadhaaranayaayi oru hraswa roopam upayogikkunnu. scrib eiii ettavum kooduthal shabdaparamaaya pishakukal varuthi ε, αi ennivayude ashayakkuzhappam ellah sandarbhangalilum sambhavikkunnu. milne aandu skeett ezhuthukaari bii yeei "ashradhanum niraksharan" ennu visheshippichu. yadhaartha ezhuthukaarude rachana siglam * nirddeshikkunnu.
1938ll britiish myoosiyathil nadanna oru paleographical padanatthil eee vaachakam niravadhi thiruthalukalkku vidheyamaayathaayi kandethi. kaiyezhuthuprathi scriptorium vidunnathinu munbu niravadhi ezhuthukaar aadya thiruthalukal nadatthi. avar avatharippicha readingukal siglam eiii aanu nirddeshikkunnathu. 1 mcabees ennathinte superscription ezhuthiyathu scrib dii aanennum, athesamayam tekst ezhuthiyathu scrib eiii aanennum milne, skeett ennivar nireekshichu. ezhuthukaari dii thante swantham kruthiyum ezhuthukaari eiii. yude kruthiyum sariyaakkunnu, ennaal thante swantham kruthi sariyaakkunnathinu svayam oru paridhi nischayikkunnu. aaramatheyo ezhaamatheyo noottaandil niravadhi mattangal varuthi (bii) esdraasinteyum estharinteyum pusthakatthinte avasaanathilulla oru colophone anusarichu, eee maattangalude uravidam "vishudha rakthasakshiyaaya laghulekhayude (309 ll rakthasaakshithvam varicha) kaikondu thiruthiya valare purathanamaaya oru kaiyezhuthuprathiyaayirunnu". anganeyaanengil, 1 saamuvalil ninnu aarambhich estharinte avasaanam vareyulla metteeriyal hexaplayude orijinte pakarppaan. eee colophonil ninnu, aaramatheyo ezhaamatheyo noottaandukalil siseriya maarittimayilaan thiruthalukal varuthiyathennu nigamanam cheyyappedunnu. vyapakamaaya iotassism, prathyekichu difthonginte, thiruthappedaathe thudarunnu.
kandethal.
1761ll itaaliyan sanjaariyaaya viyettiyaano donatti eejipthile sinaayile sent catherines monastry sandarshichappol codex kandirikkaam. addehathinte dayari 1879-ll prasidheekarikkukayum athil ingane ezhuthukayum cheythu
kvestto monastaro retrovie una kwaandeetta grandissima dii kodisi membranesi... veey neey sono alkuni cheey mii sembrawano anteriory alle settimo secolo, membran bellisaimile ispesi unaa bibia, assai grandy, sottili, iii quader, kaarattere rotondo iii belisimoyile skritha; caracter dii ooroo rotondoyile cheesa anaan ivaanchalistaariyo grecoyile kansarvano pooyi, cheey dovrebe parr ezer assai antico. 
"eee aashramathil njaan dhaaraalam paarchment kodisukal kandethi... ezhaam noottaandinu munbu ezhuthappettathaayi thonnunna chilath undu, prathyekichu vrithaakruthiyilullathum valare manoharavumaaya aksharangalil ezhuthiya manoharamaaya vellam, valare valuthum nertthathum chathuravumaaya paarchmentukal kondu nirmmicha oru baibil; koodaathe svarnnathilum vrithaakrithiyilum ezhuthiya oru greak suviseshaalayavum palliyil undu, athu valare pazhayathayirikkanam." 
sundariyaaya vellathekkurichulla baibil" codex sainaittikkas aayirikkam, koodaathe gold ivaanchalisteriyam gregory-land pattikayil lekshanari 300 aayirikkam.
jarmman baibil pandithanaaya konstantin voonn tishendorff 1846-ll "raise inn denne ooriyantile" (1847-ll "kizhakkulla yathrakal" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappettu) aashramathilekkulla thante sandarshanathekkurichu kaiyezhuthuprathiye paraamarshikkaathe ezhuthi. pinneedu, 1860-ll, syniticus kandethalinekkurichulla thante rachanakalil, tishendorff aashramathekkurichum 1844 muthal 1859 vare neenduninna kayyezhuthuprathiyekkurathum oru vivaranam ezhuthi. 1844-ll, vishudha catherines aashramathile thante aadya sandarshana velayil, oru maalinya-baskettil paarchmentinte chila elakal kandathayi addeham ezhuthi. aashramathile aduppukalil kathichu nasippikkenda maalinyangalaayirunnu", ennirunnaalum ithu aashramathinte bhaagath ninnu shakthamayi nishedhikkappedunnu. aadyakaala greak ansiyal lipiyil ezhuthiya septhuvajintinte bhaagamaanenn parishodhanaykk sesham addeham manassilakki. septhuvajintinte kayyezhuthuprathiyil ninnu vannathayi addeham thiricharinja greak bhaashayilulla 129 elakal addeham baaskattil ninnu veendeduthu. avaa nilanirthaan kazhiyumo ennu addeham chodichu, ennaal eee samayat sanyaasimaarude manobhaavam maari. eee pazhaya elakal ethratholam moolyavathaanennu avar manassilakki, tishendorfinu motham elakalude moonnilonnu maathrame edukkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnulla.iii. 43 elakal. eee elakalil jeramiah, nehemia, esther ennee 1 dinavrithaanthangalude bhagangal adangiyirunnu. addeham madangiyethiya sesham avaa leapsig sarvakalashaala libraryil nikshepichu, avide avaa avasheshikkunnu. 1846-ll tishendorff avarude ulladakkangal prasidheekarichu, avaykku 'codex friederico-augustanus' ennu perittu (frederic augustasinte bahumaanaartham elakalude uravidam rahasyamaayi sookshikkunnu). athe codexinte mattu bhagangal aashramathil avasheshichu, athil ellah isaiah 1,4 mccabeakalum undaayirunnu.
1845-ll, akkaalat jarusalemile russian sabhaa douthyathinte thalavan pinneedu chigirin bishappumaya archimandrite porpherius uspensky (1804-1885) ashramam sandarshikkukayum tischendorff kandittillaatha elakalkkoppam codex addehathinu kaanikkukayum cheythu. 1846ll kyapttan sii. keey. mcdonald sinaay parvvatham sandarshikkukayum codex kaanukayum aashramathil ninnu rund kodisukal (495,496) vaangukayum cheythu.
1853-ll, bakkiyulla 86 folios labhikkunnathinaayi tishendorff sent catherines monastry veendum sandarshichu, pakshe athu vijayichilla. 1859ll madangiyethiya addehathinu russiayile saar alexander randaamante rakshaakarthruthvathil codex sainaittikkas kaanichu. oru chavattukuttayil upekshicha nilayil athu kandethiyathayi addeham pinneedu avakashappedum. (eee katha oru kettichamacha kathayaayirikkaam, allengil samshayaaspadamaaya kayyezhuthuprathikalkku codex sainaittikkasumaayi bandhamillayirikkaam revu. jeey. 1863-ll silvester davis "oru sinaay sanyasi" ennu udharichu... aashramathile librarian parayunnathanusarichu codex sainaittikkas muzhuvan varshangalayi libraryil undaayirunnuvennum purathana kaattalogukalil adayaalappeduthiyittunnedum paranju... athu saadhyathayilla... library kaattalogil ariyappedunna oru kaiyezhuthuprathi chavattukuttayil ninnu neekkam cheyyappedumennu."theerchayaayum, chavattukuttayil kandethiya entho elakal" "samshayaaspadamaaya nalla avasthayil" "aayirunnuvennu sradhikkappettittundu".) russiayile saar alexander randaaman kaiyezhuthuprathikal tirayan tishendorfine ayachirunnu, sinaay aashramathil ippozhum kayyezhuthuprathikal kandethaanundenn avarkk bodhyappettu. 1862ll tishendorff aanu codexinte eee bhaagatthinte vaachakam prasidheekarichathu
eee kruthi poornnamaayum digitalise cheythittundu, naalu vaalyangalum oonlainil parisodhikkaam.
1869ll ithu naalu vaalyangalayi punarprasidheekarichu.
1911-ll kirsop thadaakavum (puthiya udambadi) 1922-ll (pazhaya udambadi) aanu codexinte poornna prasidheekaranam nadathiyathu. sent. aarr. sii. yill ninnu edutha negatteevil ninnu nirmmicha "kaiyezhuthuprathiyude poornna valuppathilulla karuppum veluppum faisimile aayirunnu ithu. 1908leeii venalkkaalath enikkum ente bhaaryaykkum vendi peettezhsburg.
pazhaya niyamatthinte bhooribhaagavum puthiya niyamatthinte ellah bhaagangalum adangiyirikkunna kaiyezhuthuprathi tishendorff engane kandethi enna kathaykku oru pranayatthinte ellah thaalpparyavumund. januvari 31nuu tishendorff aashramathilethiyenkilum addehathinte anweshanangal nishfalamaayi. februvari 4nuu, thante lakshyam nedaathe veettilekku madangaan addeham theerumaanichu
innu uchathirinju njaan ayalpakkathulla konventinte steevardinoppam nadakkukayaayirunnu, njangal madangiyethiyappol, sooryaasthamayathilekku, thante sellil thannodoppam kurachu laghubhakshanam edukkaan addeham ennodu yaachichu. addeham muriyil praveshichillenkilum, njangalude muun sambhashanam punaraarambhichappol addeham paranju "njaanum oru septhuvajint vaayichittund"-i.iii. ezhupathu varsham cheytha greak vivarthanathinte oru pakarpp. angane paranju, avan muriyude moolayil ninnu oru valia alavil chuvanna thuniyil pothinju ente munnil vechu. njaan cover azhichu, pathinanju varsham munbu njaan kottayil ninnu edutha sakalangal mathramalla, pazhaya niyamatthinte mattu bhaagangalum, puthiya niyamavum poortthiyaakkukayum koodaathe, barnabaasinte lekhanavum hermakalude idayante oru bhaagavum enne athbhuthappeduthukayum cheythu.
chila charchakalkku sesham addeham eee vilayeriya bhagam swanthamaakki. ithu engane sambhavichu ennathinekkurichu jaims bentli oru vivaranam nalkunnu, "athinaal tishendorff adutha dashakathil addehathe pidichadakkenda sradheyamaaya erattathaappu aarambhichu, athil vasthuthakal shradhaapoorvvam adichamarthukayum sinaay parvathatthile sanyaasimaare chittayaya reethiyil apakeerthippeduthukayum cheythu."addeham athu saar alexander randaamane ariyichu, addeham athinte praadhaanyam vilamathikkukayum purathana kaiyaksharam shariyaayi pradarshippikkunnathinaayin kazhiyunnathra faisimailil prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. 1869-ll saar 7,000 rubles ashramavum 2,000 rubles moundu tabor ashramavum nashtaparihaaramaayi ayachu. russian bhashayil aupachaarikavalkkaricha eee rekha 2007ll russiayil prasidheekarikkappedukayum athinusesham vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu.
codex moshtikkappettathaayi ashramam kanakkakkunnu, ithu madatthile adhikaarikalkk tishendorff nalkia raseethiloode theliyikkunnu, sent. peettezhsburg 'sinaayiyude vishudhasaannidhyathinu athinte aadyakaala abhyarthanayil', athinte oru pakarpp aashramathinte pothujanagalkk prapyamaaya pradeshathu pradharshippichirikkunnu.
sent peettezhsbargilekkulla kaimaattatthil tishendorfinte pankinekkurichulla eee kaazhchappaadine europile niravadhi pandithanmaar ethirthu. puthiya niyamapandithanaya broose mettsgar ezhuthi
codex saarinte kaivashathilekku maattunnathilekku nayikkunna charchakalude chila vashangal sent catherines aashramathile sanyasimaarumaayulla tishendorfinte vyakthathayeyum nalla vishwaasatheyum prathikoolamaayi prathifalippikkunna oru vyaakhyaanathin thurannathaanu. addehathe kuttappeduthunnathil ninnu ozhivakkaan uddeshichulla oru vivaranathinu, erhard lochinte 'nicts gejen tishendorff' enna lekhanam 'bekkentnis surr kirche festgabe phur ernst somarlat sum 70. gebertstag' (berlin, sii. 1961), pp.15-24; ithuvare [i.iii.1964 nuu munbu, sent peettezhsbargil ninnulla kaiyezhuthuprathi 'sinaay vishudha konfraattarnittikk athinte aadyakaala abhyarthanayil' thirike nalkumennu vaagdaanam cheyth tishendorff aashramathile adhikaarikalkk nalkia anjjaatha raseet.
simonideukal.
1862 septambar 13nuu calligraphy vaidagdhyamullathum kayyezhuthuprathikalumaayi vivaadaparamaaya pashchaathalamullathumaaya konstaantain symonides (1820-1890) 1839ll 19 vayassulla aankuttiyayi codex ezhuthiyirunnathaayi "maanchastar guardian" enna pathratthil achadicha avakaashavaadam unnayichu. niravadhi baibil kayyezhuthuprathikalil pravarthicha konstaantin voonn tishendorff, oru paridhivare aadambarakkaaranaayi ariyappedukayum thante samrambhangalkkayi niravadhi raajakudumbangalil ninnu panam thedukayum cheythu, avar yadhaarthathil addehathinte yaathrakalkk dhanasahayam nalkiyirunnu. thaan emm. tii. yilaanennu avakashappettathinaal simonidesinu alppam avyakthamaaya charithramundaayirunnu. tishendorfinte sanbarkkathinu munbulla varshangalil ithu avakaashavaadam kuranjathu vishwasaneeyamaakkunnu. thante pithaav marichuvennum emm. tii. yude shanavum symonides avakashappettu. avidatthe oru sanyasiyaaya ammavanil ninnaan athos vannath, ennaal thudarnnulla addehathinte maranasamayathu addehathinte swathukkalil ninnu pithaavin ayacha kathukal kandethi. akkaalat pandithanmaarum mattullavarum thammilulla kathukalude kaimaattatthil "maanchastar guardian" enna rekhayude thettaaya swabhaavam symonides avakashappettu. iruvarkkum ariyaavunna oru britiish librarianaaya henry bradshaw, codex sainaittikkasinte tishendorff kandethaline nyaayeekarichu, simonideukalude aropanangal thallikkalanju, avaa pinneedu nishedhichu. akkaalathe vaividhyamaarnna pandithanmarkkidayil bradshaw oru saamoohika 'hubb' aayathinal, tishendorfine sahaayikkunnathin valareyadhikam praadhaanyam nalki. taamasiyaathe simonideukal marikkukayum prashnam varshangalolam urangikkidakkukayum cheythu.
ooljemain saitung" (1862 desember) enna kruthiyile symonideukalkku marupadiyaayi, puthiya niyamathil maathrame mattu ellah kaiyezhuthuprathikalum thammil niravadhi vyathyaasangalundenn tishendorff paraamarshichulloo. grandhasoochikaaranaaya henry bradshaw, maanchastar guardian (1863 januvari 26) ayacha kathil konstaantain simonideukalude avakaashavaadangale ethirthu. sinaay parvvathatthile greak aashramathil ninnu tishendorff konduvanna codex sainaittikkas oru aadhunika vyaajarekhayo symonides ezhuthiyatho allennu bradshaw vaadichu. vanchana' allengil 'vyaajarekha' enna vaakkinte thettaaya upayogathe sambandhicha vivaadangal, ithu attakuttappanikal cheytha oru vaachakamaayirikkaam, orijinte hexapla adisthaanamaakkiyulla septtuvaajintinte oru pakarpp, konstaantain I, II kodathikalil aaryan sidhaantham avatharippicha eusebiasil ninnulla vamshavali kaaranam noottaandukalaayi nirasikkapetta oru paatam.
ellah pandithanmaarum sabhaa mantriyum codex kandethalil santhushtaraayirunnilla. teksttas reseptasinte pinthunakkaaranaaya bargan, codex sinaiticus codisus vaatikkanasum codex beza nilavilulla ettavum azhimathi niranja rekhakalaanennu nirddeshichu. eee moonnu kodisukalum oronnum "manappoorvvamaaya oru vaachakam" vyakthamaayi pradarshippikkunnu-ithu ekapaksheeyavum ashradhavumaaya pinvalikkalinte falamaanu."eee moonnu kodisukalil ettavum bharameriya rund kodisukalum bii, addeham matheyu <aii. dii. 1>-nte" "rund vyaja saakshikalumayi" "thaarathamyam cheiyunnu".
ennirunnaalum, sameepakaala charithratthile codexinte mattu shakalangalude swatantra kandethalukal (chuvade kaanuka) athinte aadhikaarikatha theliyikkukayum ithu oru vyaajamaanenn ellah sidhaanthangalum thettayi theliyikkukayum cheiyunnu.
sameepakaala charithram.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vladymyr beneshevichu (1874-1938) sinaay parvathatthinte libraryile mattu kaiyezhuthuprathikalude bandhangalil codexinte moonnu elakalude bhagangal koodi kandethi. beneshevichu moonnu thavana aashramathil pooyi (1907,1908,1911) ennaal eppozhaanu allengil eathu pusthakatthil ninnaan iva kandeduthathennu parayunnilla. eee elakal sent. peettezhsburg, avar thamasikkunna sthalam.
niravadhi pathittaandukalaayi, codex russian deseeya libraryil sookshichirunnu. 1933-ll soviyatt union codex britiish myusiyathinu (1973-leeii britiish libraric sesham) pothu subscription vazhi samaaharicha 100,000 poundinu (poundinte moolyam) vittu. brittanilethiya sesham ultra violet vilakku upayogichu skeettum milnum upayogichu ithu parishodhichu.
1975 meyy maasathil, punarudhaarana pravartthanatthinide, sent catherines aashramathile sanyasimar sent kottaykku thaazhe oru murii kandethi. niravadhi paarchment sakalangal adangiya jorjju chaappal. 1982ll puthiya niyamathile eee puthiya sakalangal vishakalanam cheyyaanum parisodhikkaanum foto edukkaanum shanikkappetta aadyathe pandithanmaar kurt aland puthiya niyamathile paata gaveshana instittyoottile addehathinte samghavumaanu. eee shakalangalil "sainaittikkasil" ninnulla panthrand poornna elakal, pentettookkinte pathinonnu elakal, hermakalude idayante oru elakal enniva ulppedunnu. eee elakalkkoppam puthiya niyamatthinte 67 greak kayyezhuthuprathikalum (unicial 0278-0296 umm chila cheria cherukkukalum) kandethiyittundu.
2005 juunil, yunaittad kingdom, europe, eejipt, russia, america ennividangalil ninnulla vidagtharude oru samgham kaiyezhuthuprathiyude oru puthiya digital pathipp (naalu holding librarikalum ulppedunna) nirmmikkunnathinulla oru samyuktha padhathi ettedukkukayum mattu padanangalude oru parambara prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. maaychukalanjatho mangiyatho aaya vaachakam polulla maranjirikkunna vivarangalkkayi kayyezhuthuprathikal photoyedukkunnathinu hyper spectral imaging upayogikkunnathu ithil ulppedum. britiish libraryumaayi sahakarichaan ithu cheyyendathu.
2008 juulai 24nuu codex sainaittikkas websaittil naalilonn kayyezhuthuprathikalum parasyamaayi labhyamakki. 2009 juulai 6nuu kayyezhuthuprathiyude 800 pejukal koodi labhyamakki, muzhuvan vaachakathinteyum pakuthiyiladhikam kaanikkunnu, ennirunnaalum muzhuvan vaachakavum aaa theeyathiyode kaanikkan uddeshichirunnu.
samboornna rekha ippol digital roopathil oonlainil labhyamaan, pandithochithamaaya padanatthinu labhyamaan. oonlain pathippil vaachakathile bhedagathikal ulppede poornnamaayum transcrib cheytha digital pejukalum oro pejileyum rund chithrangalum undu, paarchmentinte ghadana hailait cheiyunnathinaayi staanderd lighting raked lighting undu.
2009 septambar 1 nuu munbu, yooniversitti oof arts lunden phd vidyaarthiyaaya nicolas saris, sent catherines monastry libraryil munbu kaanaatha codexinte sakalam kandethi. athil yoshuva 1:10 enna pusthakatthinte vaachakam adangiyirikkunnu.
ippozhathe sthaanam.
codex ippol naalu asamathva vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu landanile britiish libraryil 347 elakal (pazhaya niyamathile 199, puthiya niyamathile 148), sent catherines aashramathil 12 elakalum 14 shakalangalum, leapsig yooniversitti libraryil 43 elakalum, sent peettezhsbargile russian naashanal libraryil 3 elakalude shakalangalum.
1844ll tishendorfinte yadhaartha oppode kaiyyezhuthiya oru kathinte praadhaanyam sent catherines monastry ippozhum nilanirthunnu, addeham aaa elakal kadameduthuvennum aavasyappettaal avaa russiayil ninnu thirike nalkumennum sthireekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 1868 septambar 11 (aashramathil ninnu kaiyezhuthuprathi neekkam cheyth naalu varshathinu sesham) aarch bishop callistratos aashramathile sanyasimaarum oppitta sammaanapatram ulppede aduthide prasidheekaricha rekhakal kaiyezhuthuprathi niyamaparamaayi labhichuvennathinu thelivaanennu russian pandithanmaar vaadikkunnu. eee vishayathil kurt alandinte reportinode yojikkunna eee rekha ippol prasidheekarichu. 2009ll jarmman, russian maadyamangal maathram report cheythathinaal engleesh samsaarikkunna lokath eee vikasanam vyaapakamaayi ariyappedunnilla. 1859 septambaril tishendorff vishudha catherine aashramathil ninnu kaiyezhuthuprathi neekkam cheythappol, aashramathil oru aarch bishop illaathirunnathinaal, saarinu kaiyezhuthuprathi avatharippikkanulla uddeshyam prakadippichirunnuvel, akkaalat niyamaparamaaya sammanam nalkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla. aarch bishop sirilinte prakshubdhamaaya bharanathiloode (1859 desember 7 nuu prathishtikkappettu, 1866 august 24 nuu sthaanabhrashtanaakkappettu) eee vishayathinte pariharam vaiki.
codex sainaittikkasinte charithratthile avasana adhyayam" enna thante lekhanathil skait eee reethiyil upasamharichu
vidhinyaayangal purappeduvikkaanulla sthalamalla ithu, pakshe orupakshe enikku thonnunnathupole, sanyasimaarum tishendorf njangalude agadhamaaya nandi arhikkunnundennu njaan paranjekkaam, kaiyezhuthuprathiyude praadhaanyathekkurichu sanyaasimaare ariyichathinu tishendorf, atharam athisayakaramaaya falangalumaayi vishalamaaya vasthukkaliloode tirayukayum thudarnnu kayyezhuthuprathiye kooduthal nashtatthil ninnu samrakshikkaan avarude kazhivil ellaam cheyyukayum cheythathinu sanyasimaarum. 1845ll codex kanduvenna yuzpensky prasthavana naam amgeekarikkukayaanenkil, sanyasimar avarude thirachil poortthiyaakkaanum valare churungiya samayathinullil phalangal bandhippikkanum valare kadinaadhvaanam cheythirikkanam.
baibilpatanatthil swaadheenam cheluthunnu.
codex vaattikkanasinoppam, codex sinaiticus labhyamaya ettavum moolyavathaaya kayyezhuthuprathikaliloni kanakkaakkappedunnu, kaaranam ithu greak puthiya niyamatthinte yadhaartha vaachakavumaayi ettavum pazhakkameriyathum aduthirikkunnathumaaya oru likhithamaanu. puthiya niyamatthinte poornnamaaya paatamulla eaka analkha kaiyezhuthuprathiyum oro pejilum naalu kolangalil ezhuthiyirikkunna puthiya niyamatthinte eaka purathana kayyezhuthuprathiyum innuvare nilanilkkunnu. codex sinaittikkasineyum yeshuvinte jeevithakaalatheyum verthirikkunna 300 varshangal maathram ullathinaal, mikkavarum ellah kayyezhuthuprathikalum thettaanenn avar anumaanikkunna vaayana samrakshikkunnathil mikka puthiya niyama pakarppukalekkaalum krithyamaanennu chilar kanakkakkunnu.
suvisheshangale sambandhichidatholam, chila aalukalkkidayil (vaattikkanasin sesham) vaachakathinte randaamathe ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya saakshiyayi sainaittikkas kanakkaakkappedunnu; apposthalanmaarude pravrithikalil, athinte vaachakam vaattikkanasin thulyamaanu; eppistalukalil, sainaittikkas eee vaachakathinte ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya saakshiyaanennu karuthappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, velipaad pusthakatthil, athinte vaachakam dushichathum mosham gunanilavaramullathum codex alexandrinasinte grandhangalekkaal thazhnnathumaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, koodaathe ivideyulla chila cheria kayyezhuthuprathikalum (udaaharanathinu, 2053,2062).

