
manchuria

innathe vadakkukizhakkan chainayude muzhuvan bhaagavum ulkkollunna vadakkukizhakkan eshyayile oru pradeshatheyo charitraparamaayi russian vidoora kizhakkinte (russian manchuria) bhagangalumaayi samyojippicha pradeshangaleyo manchuria soochippikkunnu. athinte nirvachanam vyathyastha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vyaapthikale inipparayunna reethiyil paraamarshikkaam chainees pravisyakalaaya hailongjiang, jilin, leoning, ennaal kizhakkan aantharika mangolian prefectureukalaaya hulunbuir, hinggen, tonglio, chifeng ennivayum ulppedunnu, ithu mothatthil vadakkukizhakkan chaina ennariyappedunnu. charitraparamaayi joorchenukaludeyum pinneedu avarude pingamikalaaya maanchasinteyum janmadesham ulppettirunnu, ithu charitraparamaaya pradeshatthinte chila bhagangal russian saamraajyathin vittukoduthappol, 1858-1860 ll amur kootticherkkunnathinna munbu kwing chainayude poornna niyanthranathilaayirunnu. vadakku amur nadikkum staanovoy parvatanirakalkkum edayilulla priyaamoorya amoor mukhathu ninnu corian athirthi vare pasaphik theerathu ozhukunna primoriyiyumaanu ithil ulppedunna rund pradeshangal, chilappol russian manchuria ennariyappedunna sakhaalin dweep ulppedunnu. 
japanese uthbhavathil ninnulla oru exonamaanu ("maanchu" enna endonymil ninnu uruthirinjathu) "manchuria" enna peru. chainayile oru toponamanna nilayil "manchuria" ("maanshou") yude charithram chila pandithanmaar ithu orikkalum upayogichillennu vishwasikkumbol mattullavar ithu pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode aanennu vishwasikkunnu. charitraparamaayi eee pradeshathe kwing raajavamshathil "gwandong" (churatthinu kizhakk) allengil jilin, hailongjiang, fengtian ennivaye soochippikkunna "moonnu pravishyakal" enningane vividha perukalil paraamarshichirunnu. "europilekku vyaapikkunnathin munbu 18-aamm noottaandilo 19-aamm noottaandilo japanese aanu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya padamaayi "manchuria" aadyamaayi upayogichathu. japanese saamrajyam athinte paava rashtramaaya maanchukkuvoyude nilanilppine pinthunachukondu eee padam prothsaahippichu. toponyma ippozhum upayogikkunnundengil, chila pandithanmaar eee padatthe japanese koloniyalisavumaayulla bandham kaaranam jaagrathayode pariganikkukayo athu poornnamaayum ozhivaakkukayo cheiyunnu. japanese saamraajyathvavumaayum vamseeya ardhangalumaayum bandhappettirikkunnathil eee padam chainayil vilakkappedunnu. thalphalamaayi, orikkal manchooriyayude bhaagamaayi kanakkakkappetta pradeshangale "vadakkukizhakkan" ennu vilikkunnu. 1931leeii manchooriyan sambhavam vare "moonnu pravishyakal", "vadakkukizhakkan" ennivayum "manchuria" yodoppam japanese idayil oresamayam upayogichirunnu.
athirthikal.
manchuria ippol mikkappozhum moonnu chainees pravisyakalaaya hailongjiang, jilin, leoning ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. muun japanese paava samsthaanamaaya maanchukuvoyil chengde (ippol hebeyil), hulunbuyar, hinggen, tonglio, chifeng (ippol aantharika mangoliyayil) ennee prefecturukal ulppedunnu. manchuria ennu aadyam paraamarshikkappettirunna kwing raajavamshathinte pradeshathu primorsky cray, jootha svayambharana oblaast, amur oblaastinteyum khabarovsky kreyudeyum thekkan bhagangal, sabaykkalskey kreyude oru koonn enniva ulppedunnu. 1689 leeii nerchinsk udambadiyiloode eee jillakale kwing pradeshamaayi amgeekarichuvenkilum 1858 leeii asamamaya aigun udambadiyilum 1860 leeii baijing kanvenshanilum amur kootticherkkappettathinduthu russian saamraajyathin vittukoduthu. (peeples republic oof chaina 1960kalil eee udambadikalkku niyamasaadhuthayundo ennu parokshamaayi chodyam cheythuvenkilum aduthide 2001 leeii saino-russian sauhruda udambadi polulla karaarukalil oppuvachu, ithu nilavile avastha sthireekarikkunnu; ennirunnaalum 2004 ll amur, ussuri nadikalude samgamasthaanathu oru cheria kaimaattam nadannu.) grettar manchooriyayude vividha indriyangalil chilappol sakhaalin dweep ulppedunnu, udambadikalil paraamarshikkappedaathepoyile chainees, japanese, russian, franch kaalaghattatthile bhoopadangalil eee pradeshathe kwing pradeshamaayi kaanichirunnu.
perukal.
manchuria.
uthbhavam.
18-aamm noottaandilo 19-aamm noottaandilo japanese vamshajaraanu "manchuria" enna bhoomishaasthraparamaaya padam aadyamaayi upayogichathu. "manchuria"-dutch bhaashayiloode europian bhashakalil vanna vyathiyanangal-pathinettaam noottaandil nirmmicha japanese sthalanaamamaaya "manshu" mekhalayile laattin bhaashayude oru kaalk aanu). 
american gaveshakanaaya maarkk sii. eliot, "manshu" enna padam aadyamaayi katsuragawa hoshuvinte 1794 leeii kruthi "hokusa bunryaaku" yill katsuragawa srishticha "ashiya sensu", "chikkyu hancue sosu" ennee rund bhoopadangalil oru sthalanaamamaayi prathyakshappettu. junco miyawaki-okadayude abhipraayathil, japanese bhoomishaasthranjanaaya takahashi kagyasu 1809 ll "nippon henkai ryakusu" ennathil "manshu" enna padam aadyamaayi upayogichu, aaa kruthiyil ninnaan paashchaathyar eee peru sweekarichathu. 1830kalode manshoovinte vividha intho-europian roopangal kandethanakum. ennirunnaalum, lii narangovayude abhipraayathil, pathinettaam noottaandil jesuit kanvenshanukalethudarnnu europian bhoopadangaliloode eee padam jappanil avatharippikkappettu.
"kondi juso, takahashi kagiasu, baba sadayoshi, yamada renn thudangiya japanese cartographermar pinneedu maappukalil "manshu" kooduthalaayi prathyakshappettu. philipp france voonn seabold aanu avarude bhoopadangal europilekku konduvannathu. japanese pandithanaaya nakami taattsuvoyude abhipraayathil, pathinettaam noottaandil bhoomishaasthraparamaayi aadyamaayi upayogicha jappanil ninnu kadam vangiya sesham europukaarkku "manchuria" enna padam upayogichathu seaboldaanu.
chaina.
chainayil "manchuria" enna peru oru toponamayi upayogichathinte charithram anishchithathvathilaanu. oru chinthadhaara anusarichu, ithu maanchukalo chainakkaro upayogichirunnilla. 1635ll hong taiji avarude vamseeya vibhaagathin oru puthiya peraayi jurchen janathaykku "maanchu" enna peru nalki. ennirunnaalum, "maanchu" enna perino "manshu" enna chainees paribhashaykko orikkalum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya ardhangal labhichilla, athesamayam japanese bhashayil "manchuria", "maanchu" enniva "manshu" ennaanu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu. nakami thaalsuyoyude abhipraayathil, oru pradeshathekkaal maanchu janathayeyo avarude samsthaanangalilonnine soochippikkaan "maanshou" upayogichirunnu "yadhaarthathil," maanshou "ennathu maanchu janathayudeyo avarude samsthaanathinteyo peraayirunnu; athu oru pradeshatthinte peraayirunnilla. vaasthavathil, manchaso hahn chainakkaro orikkalum chainayude vadakkukizhakkan pradeshathe 'maanshou' ennu vilichittilla."inaba ivaakkichiyeppolulla oru swatantra manchooriyayude vakthaakkal polum ithu amgeekarichu. 1912-ll britiish nayathanthranjanum sinologistumaaya herbert gails "chaina aandu dhii manches" enna pusthakatthil "manchuria" ennathu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya aavishkaaramaayi chainakkarko maanchukalkko thanne ariyillennu prasthaavichu. ooven laattimor parayunnathanusarichu, 1920kalude avasaanathil chainayilekkulla yaathrakalil addeham "oru unitaayi manchooriyaykk oru chainees perum" kandethiyilla. chainees allengil maanchu bhashakalil "manchuria" ennathinu oru vaakkumillenn charitraparamaaya bhoomishaasthranjanaaya philipp forret abhiprayappettu. 
maarkk sii polulla pandithanmaar vivaricha mattoru veekshanam. oru savishesha sthalamenna nilayil thangalude maathrraajyathekkurichu maanchu bodham manchuria oru prathyeka bhoomishaasthraparamaaya asthithvamaayi srishtikkaan kaaranamayennum "manchuria" ("maanshou") oru toponamayi chainakkar upayogichuvennum eliyattum lii narangova vaadikkunnu. eliyattinte abhipraayathil, maanchu saamraajyathva vamshavali thangalude yadhaartha janmadesham changbai parvathanirakalaanennu vishwasichirunnu. changbai parvathanirakalil shradha kendreekarichulla oru praadeshika swathuam srishtikkaan king kodathi shramichu, athu kramena maanchu swathuathinte pratheekamaayi maari. ennirunnaalum, aaa ashayam saadhaarana maanchukalkkidayil pankittathaano ennu anishchithathvamundu, aaa shramathinte oru bhagam maanchukalkkidayil vyapakamaaya samskaarathe cherukkuka ennathaayirunnu, athinte falamaayi avarude bhasha nashtappettu ennathinu thelivukalundu. eee shramathinte bhaagamaayi, europian, japanese bhoopadangalil eee pradeshathe manchuria ennu label cheiyunnathinulla yadhaartha prachodanamaanennu eliot vishwasikkunna avarude maathrraajyathe maanchu sangalppavalkkaranam vardhippikkunna bhoopadangal srishtikkaan jesyoottukale niyogichu. 1877-ll ningboyile pandithanaaya gong chaay ezhuthiya oru lekhanathil "maanshou" enna peru oru toponymaayi upayogichu. maanshou" enna vivaranam ithu beijinginte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath sthithicheyyukayum raajavamshathinte janmasthalamaayi thirichariyukayum cheythu. "20 varshathinu sesham kwing udyogasthar veendum "maanshou" enna peru oru sthalanaamamaayi upayogichu. "1900kalude aadya dashakathil chainees bhoopadangalil "maanshou" prathyakshappedaan thudangi. aadyakaala republican kaalaghattatthil "maanshou" upayogicha bhoopadangal nyoonapakshamaayirunnuvenkum 1930 vare chainees communist partikkidayil eee peru saadhaarana upayogathil thudarnnu. 1931leeii manchooriyan sambhavathin munbu eee pradeshatthinte perukal thaarathamyena draavakamaayirunnu, athinusesham japanese bhashayil "manshu" ennathinu badal perukal upekshichu, koodaathe "dongbay" (vadakkukizhakkan), "dongsensheng" (moonnu kizhakkan pravishyakal) enniva chainees vamshajarude yaadhaasthithika perukalaayi maari. 1950kalode, "maanshou" oru toponamayi phalatthil aprathyakshamaayenkilum chilar athu seelam kaaranam upayogichu.
jappan.
maarkk sii ulppede niravadhi pandithanmaar "manchuria" enna padatthe "vivaadapara" allengil "prasnakara" mennu visheshippichittundu. eliot, norman smith, marico asano tamanoi. charitrakaaranaaya norman smith ezhuthiyathu, "crossed histareesa manchuria inn dhaa eaju oof empire" (2005) enna pusthakatthil marico asano tamanoi vivaricha kaaranangale adisthaanamaakki 'manchuria' enna padam vivaadaparamaanu ennaanu. tamanoi parayunnathanusarichu, 'manchuria' ennathu japanese saamraajyathvathinte ulppannamaanu, eee pradeshathe maanshou ennu vilikkunnathu japanese colonial paarambaryam vimarsikkaathe sweekarikkuka ennathaanu."chainayil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru pradeshathekkurichulla ashayam ariyikkaan jappan" "manchuria" "enna peru upayogichu, athesamayam chaina" "manchuria" "enna peru nirasichukondu eee pradeshatthinte udamasthaavakaasham nirbandhichu". yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthil maanchukuvoyil ninnu jappanilekku madangiyethiya japanese kolanikkaar "manshu" (manchuria), "maan-moow" (manchuria-mangolia), "moow-maan" (mangolia-manchuria) thudangiya padangal mikkavarum parasparam maattaavunna tharatthilaanu upayogichirunnathu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya moonnu pathittaandukalil japanese maadhyamangalilum sanjaara rachanakalilum "maan-seen" (manchuria koriayum), "maan-moow" (manchuria-mangolia) thudangiya hyphenated padangal uyarnnuvannu, ithu eee pradeshangal parasparam vipuleekaranangalaanennu soochippikkunnu. chainees bhoopadangalil "manchuria" enna peru kandethaan kazhiyillennu tamanoi rekhappeduthukayum avar "udharani adayaalangalil eee padam upayogikkanamennu" sammathikkukayum cheythu.
japanese orikkalum manchuria oru vyathiriktha asthithvamaayi kanditillennum europpukaar aanu eee sthalathe paraamarsikkaan manchuria enna peru aadyamaayi upayogikkaan thudangiyathennum avakaashappedunna charitrakaaranaaya bill sevel "manchuria" ennathu "oru yadhaartha bhoomishaasthraparamaaya padam" aanennu nishedhikkunnu. forret polulla mattullavar "manchuria" yeei oru rashtreeya bandhathe soochippikkaathe bhoomishaasthraparamaaya oru padamaayi visheshippikkukayum saamraajyathvaparamaaya svarangal amgeekarikkiyittum aaa padaviyil athu upayogikkukayum cheythu. charitrakaaranaaya gaavan mccormack roobert echu. jii. manchuria allengil maan-chau enna padam pradhaanamaayum paashchaathyarum japanese pouranmaarum upayogikkunna oru aadhunika srishtiyaanu" enna leeyude prasthavanayil, manchuria enna padam saamraajyathva swabhaavamullathaanennum japanese avarude paava samsthaanamaaya manchukuvo sthaapikkumbol chainayil ninnu verthirikkal prolsaahippikkunnathi "manchuria" enna peru oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya peraayi upayogikkunnathine manahpoorvvam prothsaahippichathinaal athinu "krithyamaaya ardhamilla" ennum mccormack ezhuthiyittundu. 1920kalil japanese maadyamangal manchuria oru prathyeka pradeshamaayi avatharippichenkilum chilappol athine "chainayude poonthottam" ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1932-ll vadakkukizhakkan moonnu pravishyakal mathramalla, kizhakkan aantharika mangoliayude chila bhaagangalum ulkkollunna maanchukkuvo enna paava samsthaanam sthaapikkappettu. 1933-ll, manchukuvo gavanmentinte beuro oof information pablisity department oof forin afayezhsum oru "handbook oof information oof manchukuvo" prasidheekarichu, athu manchuria chainayil pettathallennum athintethaaya charithravum paarambaryavumundennum maanchukaludeyum mangolukaludeyum vaasasthalamaanennum prasthaavichu. manchuria" yude upayogam krithyamallennu mathramalla, japanese colonialisathinu amgeekaaram nalkunnathumaanennu oru pandithan kanakkakkiyathaayi eliot abhipraayappedunnu.
noorgan.
ming raajavamshathinte kaalath jurchenmar thaamasichirunna pradeshathe nurgan ennu vilichirunnu.
moonnu pravishyakal.
1683ll jilin, hailongjiang, fengtian ennee pradeshangale paraamarsikkunna moonnu kizhakkan pravishyakal (maanchu, dergi ilaan golo) ennaanu kwing raajavamshathinte kaalath eee pradesham ariyappettirunnath. ennirunnaalum 1907 vare jillinum hailongjianginum pravishyakalude muzhuvan pravartthanavum labhichilla. 1920kalilum 1930kalilum japanese "moonnu kizhakkan pravishyakal" ("tossansho") enna perum "manshu" enna perinoppam upayogichu. ennirunnaalum 1931 leeii manchooriyan sambhavathin sesham, japanese upayogathil "tossansho" poornnamaayum "manshu" ennu maattisthaapichappol chainees upayogathil "moonnu pravishyakal", "vadakkukizhakkan" enniva ore pradeshatthinte yaadhaasthithika naamamaayi maari.
gwandong.
manchuria "gwandong" () ennum aksharaarthatthil "churatthinu kizhakk" ennum athupole thanne innathe hebeyile kinhuwangdavoyile chainayude valia mathilinte kizhakke attathulla shanhoy churatthe paraamarsikkunna "gwanway" () ennum paraamarsikkunnu. 19-aamm noottaandilum 20-aamm noottaandilum maanchooriyayilekkulla hahn chainakkaarude vanthothilulla kudiyettatthe soochippikkunna "chuwang gwandong" (aksharaarthatthil "gwandongilek kuthikkunnu") enna padaprayogatthil eee upayogam kaanapedunnu. gwandong enna peru pinneedu liavodong upadveepile kwantung paattatthinu nalkia pradeshathinu kooduthal churukki upayogikkaan thudangi. thekkan pravisyayaaya gwangdongumaayi ithine thettidharikkaruthu.
vadakkukizhakkan mekhala.
japanese saamraajyathvam, jappan saamraajyathile maanchukkuvoyude paava samsthaanam, manchurian deseeyatha ennivayumaayulla bandham kaaranam peeples republic oof chainayile (prc) janangalkkidayil "manchuria" enna padam apakeerthippeduthiyiddu. audyogika samsthaana rekhakal eee pradeshathe vivarikkan vadakkukizhakkan mekhala (<unk>; dongbee) enna padam upayogikkunnu. vadakkukizhakkan chaina pradhaanamaayum hahn chainakkaarude kaivashamaan, kaaranam aabhyanthara chainees kudiyettavum maanchukalude sinicisation, prathyekichu kwing raajavamshathinte kaalath. maanchukalkk purame, yamek sianbay, shivey, khithaan ennivayulppede niravadhi charitra grouppukalude yadhaartha janmasthalamaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu. niravadhi mangoliyarudeyum huyiyudeyum vaasasthalamaanu eee pradesham.
innathe chainees bhashayil, vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayile oru nivaasiyaan "vadakkukizhakkan" (). "vadakkukizhakkan" ennathu muzhuvan pradeshatheyum athinte charithravum vividha samskaarangalum ulkkollunna oru padamaanu. vadakkukizhakkan aantharika mangolia ozhikeyulla "moonnu kizhakkan pravishyakal" allengil "moonnu vadakkukizhakkan pravishyakal" yill ithu saadhaaranayaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku. chainayil, manchuria () enna padam innu apoorvvamaayi maathrame upayogikkunnulloo, eee padam palappozhum japanese saamraajyathva paarambaryavumaayum maanchukkuvoyude paava samsthaanavumaayum prathikoolamaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. 1920kalilum 1930kalilum japanese manchooriyayude peraayum "vadakkukizhakkan" ("tohoku") upayogichirunnu.
bhoomishaasthravum kaalaavasthayum.
pradhaanamaayum kuzhal aakruthiyilulla vadakkan chaina krettaninte vadakku bhagamaaya manchuria, valanjathum pothinjathumaaya precambrian paarakalude oru valia pradesamaanu. traasik kaalaghattatthinu munbu oru swatantra bhookhandamaayirunnu vadakkan chaina krettan, carboniferous kaalaghattatthil lokathile ettavum vadakke bhaagamaayirunnu ithu. suuppar bhookhandamaaya pangiayude roopeekaranathinte avasana ghattathe adayaalappeduthiya vadakkan chaina krettan cyberian krettanumaayi koottiyidichu roopappetta oru jurassic parvathanirakalaanu padinjaarulla khingaan parvathanirakal.
chathurbhaagakaalathu manchooriyayude oru bhaagavum manjumoodiyirunnilla, ennaal manchooriyayude thaazhnnathum kooduthal phalabhooyishtavumaaya bhaagangalude uparithala bhoomishaasthrathil valare aazhathilulla loss paalikal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa kaattil ninnulla podipadalangalude chalanavum himaalayangalude himapradesangalaaya kunlun shahn, tian shahn, gobi, taklamakan marubhoomikal ennividangalil roopappedunna kanikakal vare roopappedunnu. mosham reethiyil vikasicha oorthantukalulla kooduthal parvathapradeshangalilum permaphrost undaakukayum oorthals aadhipathyam pulartthukayum cheiyunna vadakke attatthum ozhike mannu kooduthalum phalabhooyishtamaaya molisolukalum flueventukalumaanu.
manchooriyayile kaalaavasthaykku venalkkaalath eerppamullathum eathaandu ushnamekhalaa choodum shaithyakaalath kaattum varandathum artic thanuppum vareyulla kadutha seasonal vairudhyangalundu. grettu eurasian kondinental landmassinum valia pasaphik samudrathinum edayilulla athirthiyil manchooriyayude sthaanam poornnamaaya mansoon kaatt vipareethathinu kaaranamakunnathinaal eee reethi sambhavikkunnu.
venalkkaalath, bhoomi samudrathekkaal vegathil choodaakumbol, eshyayil nyoonamarddam roopappedukayum choodullathum eerppamullathumaaya thekk muthal thekkukizhakkan kaatt kanatha idiminnalodeyum idiminnalodeyum mazha nalkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu padinjaaru muthal changbay parvathanirakalil vare vaarshika mazha nalkunnu. venalkkaalathe thaapanila valare choodullathum juulai maasatthile sharashari paramavadhi thekk muthal vadakku vare aayirikkum.
ennirunnaalum, shaithyakaalath, vishalamaaya cyberian uyaram valare thanutha, vadakku muthal vadakkupadinjaaru vare kaattin kaaranamaakunnu, ithu thekk bhaagathekkaalum vadakku bhaagathekkaalum thaapanila kuraykkunnu, avide thudarchayaaya permaphrost mekhala vadakkan hailongjiangil athunnu. ennirunnaalum, cyberiayil ninnulla kaatt valare varandathaayathinaal, ellah shaithyakaalathum kurachu divasangalil maathrame manju veezhukayulloo, athu orikkalum kanathatalla. vadakke amerikkayile anubandha akshamshangal kwaattarnariyude himanikaalangalil poornnamaayum himaavrithamaayathu enthukondaanennu ithu vishadeekarikkunnu, athesamayam manchuria, thanuppullathaanenkilum, ellaayppozhum himanikal roopappedaan kazhiyaathathra varandathaayi thudarnnu-europile aise sheettinte uparithalathil ninnulla sakthamaaya padinjaaran kaatt eee avasthaye mechappeduthi.
charithram.
aadyakaala charithram.
maanchu, mangoliyar, koreakkaar, naanaay, nivkhu, ulchu, huy, orupakshe turkey janatha, thekkan maanchooriyayile vamseeya hahn chainees ennivarulppede niravadhi vamseeya vibhaagangalude janmasthalamaayirunnu manchuria. sushen, dongu, sianbay, wuwan, mohe, khithan, jurchen ennivayulppede vividha vamseeya vibhaagangalum athath raajyangalum manchooriyayil adhikaarathilethi. gojosiyon (bisi 108 nuu munbu), beo (bisi randaam noottaand muthal 494 ce vare), gogurio (bisi 37 muthal 688 ce vare) thudangiya vividha corian raajyangalum eee pradeshatthinte valia bhaagangalil sthaapithamaayi. hahn rajavamsham (bii. sii. 202 muthal 9 vare, sii. iii. 25 muthal 220 vare), cavo veyu rajavamsham (<aii. dii. 1>), padinjaaran jiinn rajavamsham (<aii. dii. 4>), tang rajavamsham (<aii. dii. 2>, <aii. dii. 3>), chainayile mattu chila cheria raajyangalum manchooriyayude chila bhaagangalil niyanthranam sthaapikkukayum chila sandarbhangalil eee pradeshathe janangalumayi poshaka bandhangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. vadakkupadinjaaran manchooriyayude chila bhagangal aadyathe turkey khagaanett, aii. dii. 2, kizhakkan turkey khagaanett ennivayude niyanthranathilaayirunnu. aadyakaala manchooriyaykk vettayaadal, malsyabandhanam, kannukaalikal, krishi ennivayude sammishra sambadvyavasthayundaayirunu.
thekk soong raajavamshathodoppam (<aii. dii. 1>), aantharika mangoliayile khithan janatha liavo rajavamsham (<aii. dii. 2>) srishtikkukayum vadakkan chainayile pathinaar prefectureukalude aduthulla bhaagavum niyantrikkaan puram mangolia manchuria keezhadakkukayum cheythu. manchuria muzhuvan niyanthrikkunna aadya samsthaanamaayi liavo rajavamsham maari.
panthrandaam noottaandinte thudakkathil liavoyude poshakanadikalaaya tungussic jurchen janatha liavo attimarichu jiinn rajavamsham (1115-1234) roopeekarichu, ithu vijayakaramaya sainika prachaaranangalude oru parambaraykku sesham vadakkan chainayudeyum mangoliyayudeyum chila bhagangal niyanthrichu. chainayile mangol yuwan raajavamshathinte bharanakaalathu (1271-1368), manchuria liavoyang pravisyayaayi bharichirunnu. 1375-ll liavoyang pravishyayile mangolia aasthaanamaayulla vadakkan yuwan raajavamshathile oru mangol udyogasthanaaya naghaachu liavodongine akramikkukayum pinneedu 1387-ll ming raajavamshathin keezhadangukayum cheythu. vadakkan athirthi pradeshangal samrakshikkunnathinaayi, ming rajavamsham athinte vadakkan athirthiyile yuwan avashishtangalumayulla prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi joorchenukale "samaadhaanippikkaan" theerumaanichu. yonkle chakravartthiyude keezhil manchooriyayude mail ming niyanthranam urappikkukayum, 1409-1435 enna nurgan praadeshika sainika kammeeshan sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1580-kalil aarambhicha jianshou jurshen thalavanaaya nurhachi (1558-1626) eee mekhalayile jurshen gothrangale ekeekarikkaan thudangi. adutha eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi, manchooriyayude bhooribhaagavum jurchen etteduthu. 1616ll nurhachi pilkkala jiinn rajavamsham sthaapikkukayum athu pinneedu kwing rajavamsham ennariyappedukayum cheythu. 1640ll kwing sainyam evankikale koottakkola cheyyukayum naadukadatthukayum athijeevichavare baanarukalil ulppeduthukayum cheythukondu ivanki cheef bombogorinte neethrthwathilulla ivank-daur federatione paraajayappeduthi bombogorinte thalavetti.
chainees puthuvarsham, "chainees devan", draagan, sarppilukalum churulukalum, krishi, valarthal, choodaakkal reethikal, irumbu paachaka kalangal, putt, parutthi thudangiya bhauthika vasthukkal thudangiya chainees saamskaarikavum mathaparavumaya swaadheenam udeghes, alchis, naanaay ennivayulppedeyulla amur swadeshikalkkidayil vyaapichu.
1644-ll, karshaka vimathar ming raajavamshathinte thalasthaanamaaya baijing kollayadichathinushesham, jurchens (ippol manches ennu vilikkappedunnu) ming general vuu saanguviyumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum beijinginte niyanthranam pidichedukkukayum hraswakaala shann raajavamshathe (1644-1649) attimarikkukayum chainayil udaneelam kwing-rajavamsha bharanam (1644-1912) sthaapikkukayum cheythu. chainayile maanchu keezhadakkiyathil 25 dashalakshathiladhikam aalukalude maranangal ulppettirunnu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, hunn siviliyanmaarude jilin, hailongjiang ennividangalilekkulla sanjaaram niyantrikkunnathinaayi, kwing rajavamsham villo palisad-kuzhikaludeyum karakaludeyum oru samvidaanam nirmmichu. chainees bannermar ulppedeyulla bannermark maathrame jilin, hailongjiang ennividangalil sthirathaamasamaakkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnulla.
ming keezhadakkiya sesham, kwing palappozhum thangalude samsthaanathe "chaina" (χιν, "songwo"; "madhya raajyam") ennu thirichariyukayum manchuvil athine "dulimbaay gurun" ("madhya raajyam") ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. kwing shiluvil" kwing samsthaanathinte pradeshangal (manchuria, innathe sinjiang, mangolia, tibatt ennivayulppede) ekadesham moonnil rund kesukalil chainees, maanchu bhashakalil "madhyarajyam" ennu thirichariyappedunnu, athesamayam eee padam ekadesham moonnilonnu kesukalil hahn janasamkhyayulla parambaraagatha chainees pravishyakale soochippikkunnu. audyogika rekhakalilum anthaaraashtra udambadikalil, videsakaaryangalilum kwingine paraamarsikkaan "chaina" ("songuo", "dulimbaay gurun") upayogikkunnathu saadhaaranamaayirunnu. nayatantra rekhakalil, chainees bhasha (dulimbaay gurun aii bithe) enna padam chainees, maanchu, mangol bhaashakale soochippikkunnu, koodaathe chainees janatha (чине сhongguo ren; maanchu dulimbaay gurun aii niyalma) enna padam kwingle ellah hahn, manches, mangol prajakaleyum soochippikkunnu. maanchooriyayile bhoomi "chaina" (songuo, dulimbaay gurun) yudethaanennu kwing shaasanangalilum 1689 leeii nerchinsk udambadiyilum king vyakthamaayi prasthaavichu.
janasamkhyayil maattam.
kudiyetta niyanthranangal undaayirunnittum, kwing bharanathil anadhikrithamaayum niyamaparamaayum maanchooriyayilekk ozhukunna hahn chainakkaarude ennam vanthothil vardhikkukayum bhoomi krishi cheiyunnathinaayi sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu-maanchu bhoovudamakal hahn chainees karshakare avarude bhoomi vaadakaykku edukkaanum daanyam valarthaanum aagrahichu; mikka hahn chainees kudiyettakkaarum valia mathilum villo palisad kadannu purathaakkappettilla. pathinettaam noottaandil hahn chainakkar manchooriyayil 500,000 hector swakaarya udamasthathayilulla bhoomiyum corrier steshanukal, nooble estettukal, banner bhoomikalude bhagamaaya 203,583 hector bhoomiyum krishi cheythu; manchuria hahn chainayile gaarisanukalilum pattanangalilum janasamkhyayude 80 sathamaanavum undaayirunnu.
bhoomi krishiyilekku punasthaapikkunnathinaayi kwing vadakkan chainayil ninnulla hahn chainees karshakare liavo nadiyude theerathulla pradeshathekku punaradhivasippichu. hahn chainees adhiniveshakkaar tharisubhoomiyum mattu hahn bhoomi maanchu bhoovudamakalil ninnu vaadakaykku edutha bhoomiyum veendeduthu.
pathinettaam noottaandode, maanchu, mangol pradeshangalil hahn chainees kudiyettam audyogikamaayi nirodhichittum, shaamam, vellapokkam, varalcha ennivayaal budhimuttunna vadakkan chainayil ninnulla hahn abhayaarthikale manchooriyayilekkum aantharika mangoliyayilekkum paarppikkan kwing theerumaanichu, angane hahn chainakkar 1780-kalode manchooriyayil 500,000 hector aantharika mangoliyayil pathinaayirakkanakkin hector krishi cheythu. 1740 muthal 1776 vare nirodhikkunnathine anukoolichu utharavukal purappeduvichittum varalcha anubavikkunna hahn chainees karshakare maanchooriyayilekk marran kianlong chakravarty anuvadichu. hahn chainakkar pinneedu chainayude valia matilinum villo palisadinum mukaliloode niyamavirudhamaayum niyamaparamaayum maanchooriyayilekk ozhuki. chainees vaadakakkaar pradeshathe "imperial estettukalil" ninnum maanchu baanarlaandukalil ninnum bhoomi vaadakaykku edukkukayo avakaashavaadam unnayikkukayo cheythu. thekkan maanchooriyayile liavo pradeshathekku maarunnathinupurame, hahn chainakkar kianlong chakravartthiyude bharanakaalathu jinshou, fengshian, tailing, chanchun, hulun, ningutta ennivaye bandhippikkunna pathayil thamasamaakki, 1800 oode maanchooriyayile nagarapradeshangalil hahn chainakkar bhooripakshamaayi. saamraajyathva treasuryude varumanam vardhippikkunnathinaayi, king dogwang chakravartthiyude 1820-1850 bharanathinte thudakkathil sangaariyilulla muun maanchu maathram ulla bhoomi hahn chainakkaarkk vittu, 1840 oode hahn chainakkar manchooriyayude mikka pattanangalum nirachu.
janasamkhyaaparamaaya maattam hahn kudiyettam mathramalla kaaranamaayath. manchooriyayil thamasikkaanum manchus visammathichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, kottaaratthile bharam kuraykkunnathinulla padhathiyude bhaagamaayi beijingile maanchukal maanchooriyayilekk ayaykkappettuvenkilum avar saadhyamaaya ellah vazhikaliloodeyum madangaan shramichu. 20, 000 muthal 30,000 vare sainikarum avarude kudumbangalum 1850-kalil sthaapithamaaya oru sainika kolaniyum ozhike, manchooriyayil manchukal illaayirunnu. 1900 aayappozhekkum manchooriyayile 170 dasalaksham nivaasikalil ekadesham 90 sathamaanavum hahn chainakkaraayirunnu.
russian adhiniveshangal.
russian cyberian adhinivesham kolanivalkkaranathodulla thaddesheeya cheruthunilppinu vidheyamaayenkilum russian kosaakkukal thaddesheeyare thakarthu. cyberia, manchuria ennivayude keezhadakkalum pakarchavyaadhikalude vyaapanathin kaaranamaayi. charitrakaaranaaya joonn eph. richards ezhuthi "... puthiya rogangal cyberiayile thaddesheeya janataye durbalappeduthukayum niruthsaahappeduthukayum cheythu. athinte athivega vyaapanam, uyarnna marananirakk, athijeevichavarude sthiramaaya roopabhedam enniva kaaranam ivayil ettavum moshamaayath vasuri aayirunnu."... 1690kalil vasuri pakarchavyaadhikal yookkaagir ennathil 44 sathamaanam kuravu varuthi."1645-ll vasily poyarkov, 1650-ll yerofi khabaarov thudangiyavarude nirddeshaprakaaram, russian kosaakkukal mangoliayileyum sinjiangileyum daur janathayeppolulla chila aalukale konnu, chila ezhuthukaar vamshahathyayekkurich samsaarikkunnathrayum.
khabarov aadyamaayi vannappol rashyakkaarude kroorathayekkurichu kettathinaal dorukal thudakkathil avarude gramangal upekshichu. addeham randaam thavana vannappol, pakaram rashyakkaarkkethire yuddham cheyyaan dorukal theerumaanichuvenkilum russian thokkukalaal vadikkappettu. russiakkaar "chuvanna thaadikal" ennariyappettu. king gothratthinte prajakalaayirunna amur gothrakkaarodulla krooratha kaaranam amoor nivaasikal budhamatha puraanatthile bhoothangalude peril russian kosaakkukale "luvocha" (<unk>) ennu vilichu. amur nadiyile thaddesheeyare kizhakkan yaadhaasthithika kristhumathathilekku russian mathaparivarthanam oru bheeshaniyaayi kwing kandu.
1858-ll russian nayathanthram durbalamaaya oru kwing raajavamshathe amurinu vadakkulla manchuria aigun udambadi prakaram russiayk vittukodukkaan nirbandhithamaakki. 1860-ll pecking udambadiyiloode russiacarkku usuri nadiyude kizhakk manchooriyayude oru valia kashanam koodi nedaan kazhinju. thalphalamaayi, manchuria oru russian pakuthiyaayi (russian manchuria ennariyappedunnu, backie chainees mekhala (manchuria ennariyappedunnu) aayi vibhajikkapettu. aadhunika saahithyathil, "manchuria" ennathu saadhaaranayaayi chainayile manchuria soochippikkunnu. aigun, pecking udambadikal moolam kwing chainaykku jappan kadalilekkulla praveshanam nashtappettu.
1860nuu sheshamulla charithram.
harbin vazhi vlaadivostokkilekkulku chainees eestten reyilveyude nirmmaanathode chainayile manchuria sakthamaaya russian swaadheenathinu keezhilaayi. chuwang gwandong" prasthaanatthil, shandong upadveepil ninnulla niravadhi hahn karshakar avidekku thamasam maari. 1921 aayappozhekkum vadakkan manchooriyayile ettavum valia nagaramaya harbinil 100,000 russiakkaar ulppede 300,000 janasamkhyayundaayirunnu. aii. dii. 1-leeii russian-japanese yudhathinte falamaayi manchooriyayude thekkan pakuthiyil russian swaadheenathe jappan maatti. chainees eestten reyilveyude thekkan shaakhayude bhooribhaagavum russiayil ninnu jappanilekku maattukayum thekkan manchooriyan railway maarukayum cheythu. 1917leeii russian viplavathinte pashchaathalatthil japanese swaadheenam russian manchooriyayilekku vyaapichu, ennaal 1925 aayappozhekkum russian manchuria soviyatt niyanthranathilekku thirichetthi. kalkari, phalabhooyishtamaaya mannu, vividha daathukkal ennivayulppedeyulla sambannamaaya prakrithi vibhavangal kaaranam manchuria oru pradhana pradeshamaayirunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbulla jappanil, manchuria asamskritha vasthukkalude oru pradhana uravidamaayirunnu. manchuria pidichedukkaathe, japanese orupakshe thekkukizhakkan eshya keezhadakkanulla avarude padhathi nadappilaakkaano 1941 ll america britiish saamrajyatheyum akramikkaan saadhyathayundaavukayo cheythilla.
1910-1911 ll manchooriyan playg ennariyappedunna oru pradhana pakarchavyaadhi undaayirunnu, ithu anubhavaparichayamillaatha maarmottukale vettayaadunnathu moolamaayirikkaam, avaril palarum rogikalaanu. vilakuranja railway gathagathavum vettakkar adutha thadavil paarppicha kadinamaaya shaithyakaalavum rogam pracharippikkan sahayichu. eee prathikaranatthinu chainees, russian, japanese adhikaarikalum anthaaraashtra roga vidagtharum thammilulla adutha ekopanam aavasyamaanu, rogam niyanthranavidheyamaayathinu sesham vadakkan nagaramaya shenyangil oru 'anthaaraashtra playg konfarans' nadatthi.
1920kalil hailongjiangile aihunile banner aalukalkkidayil, manchuvum chainees (hanjun) hahn siviliyanmaarumaayi apoorvvamaayi maathrame vivaham kazhikkoo ennu report cheyyappettirunnu, ennaal avar (manchuvum chainees bannermanmarum) kooduthalum parasparam vivaham kazhikkum. 1930 januvariyil manchuria sandarshana velayil, addeham jilinil (kirin) oru samoohathe padichathaayi ooven laattimor report cheythu, avide manchuvum chainees bannermanmarum ulakai enna pattanatthil sthirathaamasamaakki, oduvil chainees bannermanmark maanchuvil ninnu verthirichariyaan kazhinjilla, kaaranam avaa phalapradamaayi manchufi (swaamsheekaricha) aayirunnu. laattimor thante lekhanam ezhuthumbol hahn sivilian janatha avare ulkkollukayum avarumaayi koottikkuzhaykkukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, saang suvolin mikka manchooriyayilum swaadheenam cheluthiya oru sakthamaaya yudhaprabhuvaayi svayam sthaapichu. addehathinte bharanakaalathu, chainayude mattu bhaagangalil ninnulla chainakkaarude kudiyettatthinte pinthunayode manchooriyan sambadvyavastha valareyadhikam valarnnu. 1928 juun 2nuu huwanguttan sambhavam ennariyappedunna vidhathil jappankar addehathe vadhichu. 1931leeii mukden sambhavatheyum thudarnnulla japanese manchuria adhiniveshatheyum thudarnnu japanese manchuria oru "swatantra raashtramaayi" prakhyapikkukayum sthaanabhrashtanaaya king chakravarty puyiye maanchukkuvoyude paava chakravarthiyaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. japanese niyanthranatthin keezhil, arast, samghaditha kalapam, mattu tharatthilulla adimatham ennivayulppede praadeshika janangalkkethire bheekarathayum bheeshaniyum samghadippichu manchuria krooramaayi oodichu. chainayude backie bhagangal akramikkaan jappan maanchukkuvoye oru thaavalamaayi upayogichirunnu. akkaalat lakshakkanakkin japanese kudiyettakkaar manchooriyayiletthi.
1945ll jappaanile hiroshimayil nadanna aanava bombaakramanathinu sesham, jappanethiraaya yuddha prakhyaapanatthinte bhaagamaayi soviyatt union russian manchooriyayil ninnu aakramichu. taamasiyaathe, chainees communist party chainees naashanalist party (kumintang) manchooriyayude niyanthranathinaayi poraadaan thudangi. kammyoonistukaar liyavoshan prachaaranatthil vijayikkukayum manchooriyayude mail poornna niyanthranam ettedukkukayum cheythu. soviyatt yooniyante prothsaahanathode, 1949ll vijayakaramaayi uyarnnuvanna chainees communist party aabhyantharayudhasamayathu manchuria oru staging groundaayi upayogichu. russian manchuria russiayk vittukodutha udambadikalil avyakthathakal niravadhi dveepukalude rashtreeya nilayekkurichulla tharkkangalkk kaaranamaayi. thaayvaanile (formosa) kumintang sarkkar ikyaraashtrasabhaykku parati nalki, athu 1952 februvari 1 nuu prameyam 505 pasaki, 1945 leeii sino-soviyatt souhrudathinteyum sakhyathinteyum udambadiyude lamghanathekkurichulla soviyatt nadapadikale apalapichu.
sino-soviyatt vibhajanathinte bhaagamaayi, eee avyakthatha 1969-ll sayudha samghattanathilekku nayichu, ithu sino-soviyatt athirthi samgharsham ennu vilikkappedukayum oru karaaril kalashikkukayum cheythu. 2004ll, yinlong dveep heixiasi dveepinte pakuthiyum chainaykku kaimaran russia sammathichu, ithu athirthi tharkkam avasaanippichu.

