
karutha thekkekkaar

ettavum kooduthal karuthavargakkaarulla american aikyanaadukalile thekkan amerikkayil thamasikkunna aafrikkan amerikkakkaaraan karuthavarggakkaar.
motham 6 dasalaksham karuthavarggakkaar thekk ninnu vadakkum padinjaarum nagarangalilekku 1916-1970 ll ninnu kudiyeriyengilum, karuthavargakkaarude janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum thekkan samsthaanangalil kendreekarichirikkunnu. koodaathe, 1970kall muthal niravadhi karutha amerikkakkar mattu yuu. esil ninnu thekkott kudiyeri.ezz. oru vipareeta puthiya valia kudiyettatthilulla pradeshangal, pakshe avar vidyaabhyaasamullavarum nagarapradeshangalil sthirathaamasamaakkunnavaram. innathe thekkan samskaarathe savisheshamaakkunna kristhumatham, bhakshanagal, kala, samgeetham (athmeeya, blues, jaas, roock aandu roll enniva kaanuka) ennivayude saamskaarika samyojanathinu karutha thekkekkaar shakthamayi sambhavana nalki.
adimakkachavadakaalathu aafrikkan adimakale thekkott ayachu. american aikyanaadukalile adimatham pradhaanamaayum american thekk bhagathaanu sthithicheythirunnathu. 1850 aayappozhekkum ekadesham 32 laksham aafrikkan adimakal amerikkayil jolie cheythu, avaril 18 laksham perr paruthithottangalil jolie cheythu. thekk karutha adimakal vellakkaaril ninnulla ekapaksheeyamaaya adhikara durupayogangal nerittu. aabhyantharayudhathinu munbu 4 dashalakshathiladhikam karutha adimakal thekk jolie cheythirunnu. ettavum kooduthal adimakalulla raajyam virjeeniyayaan, thudarnnu jorjia, mississippi, alabama, southu carolina ennivayaanu. thekk nagara nagarangalaya hoosttan, memphis, nyoo oorliyans, dallas, atlaanta ennividangalil valia karutha samudaayangalundu.
karutha thekkekkaar avarude athiraalikalaaya velutha thekkekkaarkk pakaram thekke swathuam avakaashappedaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu.
charithram.
uthbhavam.
thekk aafrikkakkaarude charithram 1619 muthal meksikkoyile saan juvanilekku oru kappal rund kadalkkollakkar thadanju. kadalkkollakkar svarnnavum velliyum polulla vilayeriya lohangal moshtikkumennu pratheekshichirunnuvena vadakkan maddhya angola kwansa nadiyil nongo raajyathil ninnulla 350 karutha aafrikkakkaare kappalil undayirunnathaayi avar kandethi. manushyashakthi nashtappetta nagarathinu vilkkamenna pratheekshayode kadalkkollakkar ettavum mikachathum aarogyakaravumaya 60 adimakale engleesh kolaniyaaya jayimstounilekku kondupoyi. adimavela koolani vipuleekarikkaan sahayikkumenna pratheekshayode jaimstownile kudiyettakkaar 32 adimakale (17 purushanmaarum 15 sthreekalum) vaangi. eee adimakalum avarude pingaamikalum 1705 vare aavashyamullidathu jolie cheythu. 1619 num 1775 ll american viplava yuddham pottippurappedunnathum idayil lakshakkanakkin karutha aafrikkakkaare adimakalaakki vilkkukayum pathimoonnu kolanikalil irakkumathi cheyyukayum cheythu.
viplava yuddham.
grettu brittanethiraaya amerikkayude swaathanthryasamarathil aafrikkan amerikkakkar oru pradhana punk vahichu. thudarchayaaya adichamarthal anubhavichathinushesham, adimathathil ninnu mochanam nedunnathinum anyayamaaya perumaattam avasaanippikkunnathinumalu avasaramaayi avar swaathanthryathe kandu. yudhasamayathu, karuthavarggakkaarkku avarude swaathanthryam nalkaan ettavum mikacha avasaram labhikkumenn avar karuthiya eathu bhaagathinuvendiyum poraadi. adimakalaakkappettavarkk swaathanthryam vaagdaanam cheytha britiish lakshyathil 20,000 aafrikkan amerikkakkar karuthavargakkaarude vishwastharaayi chernnathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ekadesham 9,000 aafrikkan amerikkakkar karutha rajyasnehikalaayi. yudhathil poraadiya niravadhi adimakalkku swaathanthryam labhichu, pakshe mattullavarkk athu labhichilla. chila udamakal sainyathile sevanathinu sesham avare mochippikkumenna vaagdaanam upekshichu.
kadalile manushyashakthiyude kuravu kaaranam, kondinental navikasena royal neviyum aafrikkan amerikkakkaare avarude naavikasenayilekku oppittu. sainyathinaayi adimakalaakkappettavarude kaikalil thokkukal vekkunnathinekkurichu ashankaakularaaya thekkan kolanikalkku polum kappalukal oodikkunnathinum kappalukalile vedikkoppukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum karuthavargakkaare upayogikkunnathil oru madiyum undaayirunnilla. samsthaana naavikasenakalil, chila aafrikkan amerikkakkar captanmaaraayi sevanamanushtichu southu karolinaykku ganyamaaya ennam karutha captanmaar undaayirunnu. chila aafrikkan amerikkakkaare rajakeeya navikasenayil ninnu pidikoodukayum deshasnehikale avarude kappalukalil upayogikkukayum cheythirunnu.
aayudangal undengil karuthavarggakkaar adimaviplavangal aarambhikkumenn britiish saadhaarana sainyathin chila bhayangalundaayirunnu. thekkan thottakkaare samaadhaanippikkaan shramicha britishukaar aafrikkan amerikkakkaare thozhilaallikal, vidagdha thozhilaallikal, vettakkar, chaaranmar enningane upayogichu. virjeeniyayile rajakeeya gavarnaraaya loard danmore thekkan kolanikalil britiish bharanam nilanirthaan dridanishchayamullayaalnu, thanikkuvendi poraadiya vimatha udamakalude adimakale mochippikkumennu vaagdaanam cheythu. 1775 november 7 nuu addeham oru prakhyapanam purappeduvichu "aayudangal vahikkaan kazhivullavarum sannadharumaaya ellah indant cheytha sevakar, neegros, allengil mattullavar (vimatharumayi bandhappettavar) swathanthraraanennu njaan ithinaal prakhyaapikkunnu, avar addehathinte raajaavinte sainyathil cherunnu."1775 disambarode britiish sainyathil sainika unifom dharicha 300 adimakalundaayirunnu. unifominte nenjil "adimakalkkulla swaathanthryam" enna likhitham thunnicherthirunnu. eee adimakale "loard danmorinte ethiopian rejiment" ennu namakaranam cheythu."ethiopian rejimentil chernna karuthavargakkaar ozhike, poraattam vadakku kendreekrithamaayirunnappol seymar burr polulla kurachu karuthavarggakkaar maathramaan britiish sainyathil sevanamanushtichathu. yudhathinte avasana maasangalil manushyashakthi kuravaayirikke, vishwasthar thekk brittanu vendi poraadaan karuthavargakkaare upayogichilla. savanna, jorjia, augusta, jorjia, southu carolina ennividangalile chaalsttan ennividangalil desasnehikalaaya sakthikalaal bheeshanippeduthappettu britishukaar avarude sainyathile vidavukal aafrikkan amerikkakkaarumaayi nirachu. 1779 octoberil, 200 oolam karutha vishwaasikalaaya sainikar franch, vimatha american samyuktha aakramanathil ninnu savanna vijayakaramaayi prathirodhikkunnathil britteeshukaare sahayichu.
danmorinte karuthavarggakkaar chila deshasnehikalil bhayam janippichu. karutha vargakkaar adichamarthappetta thekk bhagathaanu ethiopian yoonit ettavum kooduthal upayogichirunnathu. sayudha karuthavarggakkaar uyarthunna bhayathinte prakadanatthinulla prathikaranamaayi, 1775 desemberil, jorjju washington kenal henry liie III nuu oru kathu ezhuthi, yudhathile vijayam karuthavarggakkaare vegathil aayudhamaakkaan kazhiyunna eathu vashathum varumennu prasthaavichu; athinaal, britiish shramathil chernnu swaathanthryam nedaan sramikkunna eathoru adimakaleyum vadikkaanulla oru nayam addeham nirddeshichu. ithinakam sainyathil sevanamanushticha swatantra karuthavargakkaare veendum cherkkaan washington recrutermark utharavittu; eee sainikaril chilar britiish bhaagathekku kadakkumennu addeham aashankappettu.
1776-ll kondinental kongras washingtoninode yojikkukayum ithinakam sevanamanushticha swatantra karuthavargakkaare veendum cherkkaan adhikaarappeduthukayum cheythu. thekkan carolinayileyum jorjiayileyum deshasnehikal adimakale sayudha sainikaraayi ulppeduthunnathine ethirthu. vadakkan yoonittukalil ninnulla aafrikkan amerikkakkaare saadhaaranayaayi thekkan yudhangalil poraadaan niyogichirunnu. chila thekkan samsthaanangalil, desasneha sevanathil thekkan karuthavarggakkaaraaya adimakalkku pakaram avarude yajamaananmaarkk pakaram nalki.
aabhyantharayudhathilekkala viplava yuddham.
bhookhandasainyathe sevicha karuthavarggakkaaraaya deshasnehikal yudhaananthara sainyam thangalkk kurachu prathiphalangal maathrame nalkunnulloovennu kandethi, kaaranam athinte valippam valare kuravaayathinaal thekkan samsthaanangal ellah adimakaleyum avarude milishyakalil ninnu nirodhichu. 1830 vare swatantra varggakkaare avarude sainikasamghangalil sevikkanum aayudangal vahikkanum anuvadicha samsthaanangalil onnaanu north carolina. 1792-ll yunaittad stetts kongras aafrikkan amerikkakkaare sainika sevanathil ninnu audyogikamaayi ozhivaakki, "swatantra shareeramulla velutha purusha pouranmaare" maathrame sevikkaan anuvadikkoo.
1789ll bharanaghadanayude amgeekaara samayat, vadakkan carolina ulppede pathimoonnu samsthaanangalil anjilum swatantra karuthavargakkaarkku vottu cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. avar avarude samsthaanangalude mathramalla, americayudeyum pouranmaaraayi kanakkaakkappedunnuvennu ithu theliyichu.
thekkan samsthaana niyamanirmmaana sabhakal adimatha sthaapanam nilanirtthiyenkilum, niravadhi adima udamakal, prathyekichu thekkan mekhalayilevar, avar adimakalaakkiya aalukale mochippikkunathinulla viplavaparamaya aadarshangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondirunnu. koodaathe, eee kaalayalavil, methadist, baptist, kwekar prasangakar ennivarum manushyavarggam ozhivakkaan abhyarthichu. adimakalude ennam mothatthil vardhichukondirikkumbum, karuthavarggakkaarude oru sathamaanathil thaazhe varunna swatantra karuthavarggakkaarude anupatham, motham karuthavargakkaarude 10 sathamaanathil kooduthalaayi ganyamaayi vardhichu. american aikyanaadukalile swatantra karuthavargakkaarude ennathinte pakuthiyiladhikam thekkan mukalbhaagathaanu kendreekarichirunnathu. delawareil, 1810 aayappozhekkum ekadesham 75 sathamaanam karuthavarggakkaarum swathanthraraayi. ithu maarikkondirikkunna sambadvyavasthayude phalamaayirunnu, kaaranam niravadhi thottakkaar theevramaaya pukayilayil ninnu mishra charakk vilakalilekku parivartthanam cheiyukayaayirunnu, theevramaaya adhvaanathinte aavashyamillaayirunnu.
aaa kaalayalavinusesham, adimakalaakkappetta kurachu aalukalkk swaathanthryam labhichu. 1793ll elii vitni oru aadhunika mechanical kottan jiinn kandupidikkukayum 1794ll pettant nedukayum cheythu. vitniyude jiinn oru vayar screen cheria vayar hukkukalum upayogichu parutthiye valichedukkukayum brushukal thudarchayaayi ayanja kottan lint neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. parutthi jiinn kandupidichathu hraswa-pradhana parutthiyude krishi labhakaramaakki, eee ulppannathinaayi aazhathilulla thekk vikasippichu. ithu aaa vikaswara pradeshathu adimavelaykkulla aavasyam vardhippikkukayum aabhyanthara adimakkachavadathil oru dashalakshathiladhikam adimakale aazhathilulla thekkott kondupookukayum cheythu.
mechanical kottan jiinn avatharippikkunnathin munbu, vithukalil ninnu naarukal vrithiyaakkaanum verthirikkaanum paruthiykku ganyamaaya advaanam aavashyamaayirunnu. elii vitniyude jiinn upayogichu, parutthi valareyadhikam labhakaramaaya oru bisinasaayi maari, ithu antibellum thekk niravadhi bhagangal srishtichu. nyoo oorliyans, louisiana, mobail, alabama, chaalsttan, southu carolina, gaalvesttan thudangiya nagarangal texasile pradhana shipping thuramukhangalaayi maari, thekk muzhuvan valarthiyedutha parutthiyil ninnu ganyamaaya saambathika nettam nedi.
parutthiyude jiinn kandupidichathu amerikkayil parutthiyude ulppaadanathil valia valarchaykku kaaranamaayi, kooduthalum thekk kendreekarichaayirunnu. parutthiyude uthppaadanam 1830-ll 750,000 beylukalil ninnu 1850-ll 28.5 laksham beylukalaayi vikasichu. thalphalamaayi, eee pradesham adimathottangale kooduthal aashrayikkunnathaayi maari, krishi athinte sambadvyavasthayude ettavum valia mekhalayaayi maari. oru adima vithukalil ninnu oru poundu naarukal verthirikkaan ekadesham patthu manikkoor eduthappol, oru parutthi jiinn upayogichu rando moonno adimakalude oru teaminu oru divasathinullil ekadesham ambathu poundu parutthi utppaadippikkaan kazhinju. parutthiyude uthppaadanathile vardhanavinoppam adimakalude ennam vardhichu, 1790-ll ekadesham 700,000-ll ninnu 1850-ll ekadesham 32 lakshamaayi. parutthiyude jiinn kandupidichathu thekk adimakalude aavasyam vardhippikkunnathilke nayichu, ithu pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil eee mekhalayil sambhavicha saambathika thakarchaye vipareethamaakki. parutthiyude jiinn angane "parutthiye oru vilayaayum amerikkayude thekk lokathe aadyathe kaarshika shakthikendramaayum maatti".
american adimathathil athinte ashradhamaaya swaadheenam kaaranam, thekk sambadvyavastha thotta adhishtitha krishiyude dishayilekku vikasichuvennu urappaakkiyathilum (vadakku polulla mattidangalil thunithara vyavasaayathinte valarchaye prothsaahippikkumbol), parutthi jiinn kandupidichathu american aabhyantharayudhathinte paroksha kaaranangalilonnayi palappozhum paraamarshikkappedunnu.
aabhyantharayudhavum jiim kaakkayude kaalaghattavum.
aabhyantharayudhasamayathu, thekk ninnu oodippoya adimakal yooniyante bhagamaayulla pooraattatthil chernnu. konfedarasiyil, swathanthrarum adimakalumaaya karuthavarggakkaare shaareerika adhvaanathinaayi upayogichirunnuvenkilum avare aayudangal nalkano vendayo enna prashnam, eathu nibandhanakalkkanusrithamaayi, konfedarettu kongrasinum presidentinte manthrisabhaykkum sii. ykkum idayil charchayude pradhana uravidamaayi maari.ezz. yudhavibhaagathile udyogasthar. pothuve, pathrangalum raashtreeyakkaarum sainika nethaakkalum karuthavargakkaare aayudhamaakkaanulla eathoru shramatheyum orupole ethirthu. yudhathinte nirashaajanakamaaya saahacharyangal ardhamaakkunnathu yudhathinte avasana maasathil konfedarasi athinte nayam maatti; 1865 maarchil oru cheria paripadi karuthavargakkaare recruit cheyyaanum parisheelippikkaanum aayudhamedukkaanum shramichu, pakshe kaaryamaaya ennam orikkalum uyarthappedukayo recruit cheiyukayo cheythilla, orikkalum yuddham kandittillaathavarum.
aabhyantharayudham raajyathudaneelam adimatham nirthalaakkiya 13-aamm bhedagathi, amerikkayil janichavarellaam american pouranmaaraanennu parayunna 14-aamm bhedagathi, oru pourante vamsham, niram allengil munkaala adimatha vyavastha ennivayude adisthaanathil vottavakaasham nishedhikkunnathil ninnu federal gavanmentineyum samsthaana gavanmentukaleyum vilakkunna 15-aamm bhedagathi enniva paasaakkunnathilekk nayichu."punarnirmmaanam, puthuthayi mochitharaaya adimakale pouranmaaraayi mattunna prakriya, eee moonnu puthiya bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikal urappunalkunna pouraavakaashangal, karuthavargakkaarkku pourathvam nalkunnathineyum vottavakaashatheyum valareyadhikam ethirtha niravadhi thekkan vellakkaare prakopippichu. 1883-ll 14-umm 15-umm bhedagathikal raddaakkappettu. thangalude adimakale mochippikkaan nirbandhitharaaya vellakkaraaya thekkekkaar, raashtreeyathil karuthavarude edapedal "neegro aadhipathyathilekku" (karutha bhooripaksha bharanam) nayikkumennu bhayapettu; vaasthavathil, karuthavarggakkaar orikkalum thekk raashtreeyamaayi niyanthrichilla.
aabhyantharayudham avasaanichu ekadesham 100 varshatholam, karutha amerikkakkar, prathyekichu thekk, verthirikkalinteyum alkkootta kolapaathakangaludeyum roopathil vamseeya adichamarthal anubhavichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum pasakia jiim kakka niyamangalkk 1865 vare adimatham nilanirtthiya samsthaanangalil vamseeya verthiriv aavashyamaayirunnu. 1910 muthal poornnamaayum praabalyatthil vanna jiim kakka niyamangal velutha aadhipathyam punasthaapikkukayum karuthavarggakkaar nedaan kadinamaayi parishramicha pourathvam nashtappedunnathinum vottavakaasham nashtappedunnathinum kaaranamaayi. schoolukal, kulimuri, gathagatham thudangiya pothusthalangalil karuthavarggakkaare vellakkaaril ninnu vamsheeyamaayi verthirikkunnathu niyamaparamaayi nirbandhamaakkiya "prathyekavum ennaal thulyavumaaya" vyavasthakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu eee niyamangal. karuthavarggakkaarkku saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna thaamasoukaryangal labhikkaarund. aalukal janichathu eathu aashupathrikalilaanennum kuttikalkk eathu schoolil pookaamennum aalukale samskaricha smashaanangal eathokkeyaanennum verthirikkal nirnnayichu. niyamathinteyum pratheekshayudeyum verthiriv nilanirthunnathinaayi rund criminal neethinyaaya samvidaanangal nilanilkkunna karuthavarum vellakkarum vyathyastha niyama maanadandangal paalichirunnu. niyamam lamghikkunna sandarbhangalil, palappozhum niyama nirvvahana udyogastharumaayi chernnu pravartthikkunna kuu cluxes klaan, karuthavargakkarkkethire vamseeya bheekaravaadatthil earppedum.
valia kudiyettavum pouraavakaasha prasthaanavum.
irupathaam noottaandil, rund pradhana sambhavangal karutha thekkekkaarude jeevithathe maattimarichu mahathaaya kudiyettavum pouraavakaasha prasthaanavum.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu aarambhicha aadyathe valia kudiyettam 1940 vare thudarnnu, randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu randaam tharamgam athinte uyarnna nilayiletthi, randaam lokamahaayudhaananthara saambathika kuthichuchaattam 1970 vare neenduninnu. rund kudiyettangalilum, anchu dasalaksham karuthavarggakkaar sambadvyavasthayude swakaarya, pothumekhalakalil jolie kandethunnathinayi vadakkan, padinjaaran samsthaanangalilekku thekk veedukal vittu. vamseeya verthiriv, aalkkoottakkola, vargeeyatha, akramam, vottavakaasham enniva thekk pinnottadippikkaanum avar aagrahichu. ennirunnaalum, vadakkum padinjaarum athiyappol, karutha kudiyettakkaar avideyum vyapakamaaya vamseeya vivechanam nerittu, jolikalkkum paarppidatthinum malsaraarthikalaayi kanakkakkappedukayum vellakkaarude swath moolyangal kurachathinu kuttappeduthukayum cheythu. ithokkeyaanengilum, vadakku, padinjaaru yuu. esile saahacharyangal.ezz. akkaalat avar thekk ninnu munnilaayirunnu; aaa pradeshangalile karuthavarggakkaarkku vottavakaashamundaayirunnu, avarude kuttikale mikacha skoolukalilekku ayaykkaamaayirunnu, koodaathe vaidagdhyamullathum avidagdhavumaaya thozhilaallikalkk kooduthal shambalam nalkukayum cheythu.
enthukondaanu ithrayadhikam karuthavarggakkaar thekk ithrayum kaalam thaamasichathennu paraamarsikkunna jimmy levis franklin choondikkaanikkunnathu, paan-aafrikkan moolyangalum deerghakaala vivechanavum mechappetta jeevitam thedi thekk ninnu karuthavarggakkaarude thudarchayaaya kudiyettatthinu prachodanamaayirikkaamenkilum, palarum vamsheeyathaykk vidheyamaakunnathukondal, marichu oru sthaapitha veettil thudaraanulla adisthaana manushya aagrahathil ninnaan thamasikkaan thiranjedukkunnathu. 
kudiyettam valarnnuvarunna pouraavakaasha prasthaanatheyum shaaktheekarichu. american aikyanaadukalude ellah bhagangalilum eee prasthaanam nilaninnirunnuvenkilum, thekk bhaagathulla vottavakaasham illaathaakkunnathinum jiim kakka niyamangal avasanippikkunnathinum athiraayirunnu athinte shradha. pouraavakaasha prasthaanatthinte valiyoru bhagam ahimsaathmakamaaya prathirodhamaayirunnu. ahimsa enna ashayathe chuttippattiyaan samghadanakal roopeekarichathu. mikkappozhum, ahimsaykku pinnile nyaayavaadam mathavum ellaavarodum snehathode perumaaranamenna vishwaasavumaayirunnu. vamseeya virudha prathishedhangal palappozhum theevramaaya police akramatthiloode pirichuvidappettuvenkum akramasakthamaaya prathishedhangal orikkalum aavashyamaaya vegatha nedillennum karuthappettirunnu. eee ahimsaathmaka prathishedhakkaarum gaandhiyude pravarthanangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkondavaraanu. martin luther king juuniyar polulla ahimsaathmaka prathishedha prasthaanatthile nethaakkal. jaims bevaline mathaparamaya daarmikathayum gaandhiyude aadarshangalum pinthunachirunnu. pouraavakaasha nethaakkalude manassumaayi chernnu eee aadarshangalaanu prasthaanatthe nayichathu.
1954ll braun vezhsas board oof ejyukkeshan enna supreme kodathi vidhiyiloode school verthirikkal oduvil bharanaghadanaa virudhamaayi prakhyapikkappettu. eee vidhiyil, 1896-ll "plessy vezhsas ferguson" enna "verittathum ennaal thulyavumaaya" vidhi supreme kodathi asadhuvaakki, ithu yaadhaarthyathil ninnu valare akaleyaanennu nigamanam cheythu. thangalude vidyaarthikale avarude ayalpakkathulla vaitt schoolil praveshippikkaathappol vamseeya verthiriv avasaanippikkaan 13 maathaapithaakkal kodathikale sameepichathine thudarnnaanu 1954leeii supreme kodathi vidhi vannath. akkaalat, verthiriv ippozhum thekkan jeevithathinte oru valia bhaagamaayirunnu. restorantukal, vishramamurikal, jaladharakal enningane ellaayidathum ithu undaayirunnu. mississippi sarvakalashaalayil chernna aadyathe aafrikkan american vidyaarthiyaayirunnu jaims meridith. 1962 october 1 nuu, mississippy gavarnaraayirunna rooss baarnett, meriditthinte rajisttar cheyyaanulla kazhivu thadayukayum sivil avahelanathinu shikshikkappedukayum cheythu. addeham athu palikkukayum valia kuttangalonnum neridaathirikkukayum cheythu, ennaal thante edapedal nirthaan addeham visammathichirunnenkil addehathe arast cheyyukayum prathidinam 10,000 dollar pizha adaykkaan utharavidukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, meridithum president joonn eph. umm kaambasil athiyappol oru vamseeya kalapam nadannu. rund perr kollappedukayum 200 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheytha mississippiyile oxfordilekku deseeya gaardine ayaykkaan kennady nirbandhithanaayi. adutha varsham, alabama gavarnaraaya jorjju valas, rund karutha vidyaarthikalaaya jaims hood, vivian maloon ennivarude praveshanathil prathishedhikkaan alabama sarvakalaashaalayude munvaathilil pratheekaathmakamaayi ninnu. eee prathishedhatthinu saakshyam vahikkaan reportermaare kshanichu, athil yunaittad stetts deputy attorni generalaya nicolas catsenback, vaalasinu angane cheyyaan adhikaaramillenn prasthavikkukayum oduvil addeham sthaanamozhiyukayum cheythu.
montgomery buzz bahishkaranam (1955-1956), mississippi freedam summer (1964), selma tuu montgomery maarchukal (1965), 1968-ll martin luther king juuniyar vadhikkal ennivayulppede prasthaanatthile pradhana sambhavangal mikathum thekk bhagathaanu nadannathu. 1955ll martin luther king juuniyarumaayi chernnaanu montgomery mechappeduthal association roopeekarichathu. oru pothu sitti basinte velutha bhaagath irikkunnathinu rossa paarkkukale arast cheythathinu sesham athinte presidentaayi. association karuthavargakkaarkkum prathivaara praarthanaa samghangalkkumaayi carpooling samghadippichu. 1956ll supreme kodathi ithu bharanaghadanaa virudhamaanennu vidhichu. montgomery buzz bahishkaranam pouraavakaasha prasthaanatthile oru pradhana sambhavamaayirunnu, eee prathishedhatthinte nethaavenna nilayil athu raajaavine deseeya shradhayilppeduthi. adichamarthalil ninnulla bahumanam nedunnathil ahimsayude praadhaanyam addeham oonnipparanju. montgomery buzz bahishkaranam ahimsayil ulchernna janmasanghadanakale sahayichu. avaa thekkan kristhyan neethrthwa sammelanavum vidyaarthi ahimsaathmaka ekopana samithiyumaayirunnu. eee prasthaanatthil ninnu puratthuvanna ettavum pradhanappetta chila rachanakal karutha thekkekkaar ezhuthiyathaanu, udaaharanathinu raajaavinte prashasthamaaya 1963 leeii "bermingham jayilil ninnulla kathu". mikka pouraavakaasha landmarkkukalum thekk kaananakum. martin luther king juuniyar. atlaantayile deseeya charitra udyaanathil pouraavakaasha prasthaanatthe vivarikkunna oru myusiyavum martin luther king juuniyarum ulppedunnu.'abarn avanyoovile kuttikkaalatthe veedu. koodaathe, ebenezer baptist palli sweet aabarn jillayilaan sthithicheyyunnathu, athupole ahimsaathmaka saamoohika maattathinulla rajakendravum martin, koretta scott king ennivarude shavakudeerangalum sthithicheyyunnu.
puthiya valia kudiyettam.
1950kalileyum 1960kalileyum pouraavakaasha prasthaanam thekk amerikkayiludaneelavum amerikkayude mattu pradeshangaliludaneelamulla jiim kakka niyamangal avasaanippichu. moonnaamathe kudiyettam nadannukondirikkunnathi thonnunnu, ithavana vadakku, padinjaaru ennividangalil ninnulla aafrikkan amerikkakkar record ennathil thekkott madangunnu. athesamayam vamseeya bandhangal ippozhum thekk bhaagathum yuu. esile mattidangalilum oru vivaada vishayamaan.ezz.ekeekaranathinteyum vamseeya samathvathinteyum pala mekhalakalilum eee pradesham raajyathinte mattu bhaagangale marikadakkunnu. visconsin-milwaki sarvakalaashaalayile gaveshakar 2003ll nalkia report anusarichu, virgenia beach, charlot, hoosttan, naashville-davidson, jaaksanville ennivayaanu raajyathe ettavum valia ambathu nagarangalil ettavum samyojippicha anchu nagarangal, memphis aaram sthaanathaanu. raajyathinte mattu bhagangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol karuthavarum vellakkarum thammilulla thadavu nirakkil thekkan samsthaanangalkku kuranja asamathvamundu.
samskaaram.
samgeetham.
adimakal paadunna "dukhagaanangalil" ninnaan blues enna sangeetha vibhaagam uthbhavichath. memphis, tennessi, nyoo oorliyans thudangiya nagarangalil ninnaan blues uthbhavichath. bluesil palappozhum avarude vikarangal prakadippikkunna oru upakaranamulla eaka gaayakan, saadhaaranayaayi oru gitaar adangiyirikkunnu. sneham, laingikatha, vanchana, daaridryam, nirbhagyam, anuyojyamallaatha jeevitashaili ennivayude prachodanatthil ninnaan blues samgeetham saadhaaranayaayi varunnath.
1910kalil nyoo orliyansilaanu jaas samgeetham uthbhavichath. karuthavarum vellakkarum europian, aafrikkan samgeethathinte samskaarangalum vashangalum samyojippikkunna samgeetham nirmmichu. vyathyastha tharatthilulla blues samgeethamaayaanu jasses srishtikkappettathu. blues thaazhnna klaas padaviyude prathifalanamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, athesamayam jasses kooduthal stylise cheythathaayirunnu. aaretha franklin, reey chaals ennivar prashastha jaas samgeethajnjaraayirunnu.
1960kalil funk enna puthiya tharatthilulla samgeetham ramgathekku uyarnnuvannu. athmaavum oorjjavum konduvarunna oru tharam samgeethamaanu funk. neelamullathum aalukale nritham cheyyaan praapthamaakkunnathumaaya ganangal srishtikkaan electric baas gitaar upayogikkunnathinu ithu prashasthamaan. jaims braun oru sradheyamaaya funk samgeethajnjanaayirunnu. pazhaya jassil ninnum motonil ninnum uruthirinja vijaykaravum janapriyavumaya sangeetha vibhaagam srishtikkunnathinaayi funk soul samgeethavum orumichu samyojippikkunnathil maikkal jaaksan kuprasidhanaayirunnu.
pouraavakaasha prasthaanatthinte rosham moorchhichathil ninnaan rapp samgeetham uthbhavichath. rapp samgeethathinte ettavum valia prachodanam athma samgeethamaanu. rapp samgeethavum hip-hoopp samgeethavum palappozhum parasparam maattaavunnavayaan. ennirunnaalum, hip-hoopp vaividhyamaarnna vishayangal ulkkollunnu, ithu vyathyastha tharatthilulla oorjjathil ninnaan uthbhavikkunnath. 1990kalil gaangsta rapp enna peril oru puthiya rapp roopam uyarnnuvannu. taamasiyaathe, kizhakkan theeravum padinjaaran theeravum thammil rapp sathruthayundaayi. thekk, niravadhi karuthavarggakkaar thekkan hip hoopp avatharippikkukayum kelkkukayum cheiyunnu. hausttan, atlaanta, nyoo oorliyans, memphis, miyami ennivayaanu svanthamaayi hip hoopp rangamulla thekkan nagarangal. nyoo oorliyansil ninnulla lill weyne oru sradheyanaaya karutha thekkan hip hoopp samgeethajnjanaanu. grammy avaardukal nedukayum dasalakshakkanakkinu aalbangal vilkkukayum cheythittundu. sradheyamaaya thekkan hip hoopp samgeethajnjaril lill joonn, tii.aii.phloo rida, sambannanaaya kutty, rick rooss, yuva jeesi, lill weyne.
irupathaam noottaandil, nritham ulppedunna samgeethathiloode aathmeeyavum aazhathilullathumaya oorjjam srishticha karuthavaril ninnum vellakkaaril ninnum suvishesha samgeetham uthbhavichu. karuppum veluppum samskaarangalil ninnulla samgeethathinte samyojanam protestant sthuthigeethangaludeyum aafrikkan shailikaludeyum oru sammisranam srishtichu, samgeethathinte rund janapriya mekhalakal yojicha reethiyil sahavarthikkunnu. karutha suvishesha sangeethanjjar erattakalum gaayakasamghangalum srishtikkukayum lokamembaadumulla sanjaara gaana grouppukalil malsarikkukayum cheythukondu avarudethaaya trendukal srishtikkaan thudangi. oduvil, ithu vella, karutha suvishesha grouppukalude samyojanathilekku nayichu; ennirunnaalum, avar vyakthamaayi verittuninnu.
thekk aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkkidayil aarr & bii janapriyamaan. nyoo oorliyansil ninnulla karuthavarggakkaaraaya samgeethajnjaraanu nyoo oorliyans rhythm aandu blues palappozhum avatharippikkunnath. thekk ninnulla oru sradheyanaaya karutha aarr & bii gaayakanaan beons. thante sangeetha, sangeetha veediyokalil avar palappozhum thante thekkan samskaarathin adaranjali arppikkunnu.
matham.
aabhyantharayudhathinusham thekk mathathil valia bhinnathayundayi. aafrikkan methadist episcopal sabayum deseeya baptist kanvenshanum thammil karuthavarggakkaar vibhajikkapettu. charitraparamaayi velutha pallikalil avaa apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanapedukayulloo. 1906 aayappozhekkum deseeya snapana kanvenshan karuthavargakkaaraaya kristhyan samoohathinte 61 sathamaanathiladhikam varum. 1890 muthal 1906 vare karuthavarggakkaarude palliyile janasamkhya oru dasalaksham vardhichu.
reverend martin luther king juuniyar. atlaantayile oru snapana palliye nayicha thekk aafrikkan-american manthrimaaril ettavum pramukhanaayirunnu addeham. 
mattu niravadhi kristhyan vibhaagangalum mattu mathangalum puthiya kudiyettakkaarumaayum kudiyettakkaarumaayum thekkott praveshichu. thekk mathangalude valarcha valare kooduthalaanu. catholica, jootha, hindu, budhamatha mathangal valia thekkan nagarangalil avatharippikkappettittu. 1999ll anchil oraal oru protestant vibhagamallaatha mattoru mathatthinte bhaagamaanenn thiricharinjirunnu. mattu mathangalumayi bandhappettavaril 39 sathamaanavum aafrikkan amerikkakkaaraan. 
2000ll atlaanta nagaratthil 10,000 budhamathakkaarum 12,000 hindukkalum 30,000 musleengalum undaayirunnu.
louisianayil chila karutha thekkekkaar louisiana woodoo avatharippikkunnu. adimakal avarude woodoo matham louisianayilekkum haiti benininil ninnum konduvannu.
bhakshanam.
thekk niravadhi bhakshanangalkk perukettathaanu, avayil palathilum aafrikkan american swaadheenamundu.
misouriyil ninnulla sasyashaasthranjanaaya jorjju washington carver nilakkadalayekkurichu niravadhi kandethalukal nadatthi. yunaittad peenatt associationukal oof america kaarvarinte nilakkadala upayogichulla niravadhi munnettangalekkurichu charcha cheyyaan kaarvarumaayi bandhapettu. nilakkadalayekkurichum nilakkadala upayogichu cheyyaan kazhiyunna ellah kaaryangalekkurichum carver charcha nadatthi.
prashasthamaaya thekkan vibhavangal
madhuram 
ruchiyulla 
professionalisavum jolikalum.
kazhinja ambathu varshathinide aafrikkan american thozhil vipani ganyamaayi maari. munbu, mikkavarum ellah aafrikkan amerikkakkarum daridraraayirunnu. athinusesham daaridryanirakku ganyamaayi kuranju. innu, 40 sathamaanathiladhikam aafrikkan amerikkakkar thangaletthanne madhyavargakkaraayi kanakkakkunnu. pankitta krishikkaar, thozhilaallikal, vellakkaar pravartthikkaattha mattethenkilum jolikal thudangiya kuranja shambalamulla kaikondu cheiyunna jolikal avarkk munbu undaayirunnu. bhooribhaagam aafrikkan american sthreekalum purushanmaarekkaal kuranja shambalathil jolicheyyunnavaraayirunnu. ambathu varsham munbu, 10 aafrikkan american sthreekalil 6 perum sevakar aayi jolie cheythirunnu. innu, american aikyanaadukalil athivegam valarunna samrambhaka grouppukalil onnaanu aafrikkan amerikkakkar. amerikkayile karutha varggakkaarude pakuthiyiladhikam perum vaitt collar joliyaanu cheiyunnathu. karuthavarum vellakkarum thammilulla varumaana vidavu ekadesham moonnilonnu kuranju. eee vidavu ippozhum nilanilkkunnundenkil, rund maathaapithaakkalulla karutha kudumbangalkk rund maathaapithaakkalulla vella kudumbangale apekshichu 13 sathamaanam kuravu varumaanamund.
karutha praanthapradeshangal.
1970ll randaamathe valia kudiyettam avasaanichathinusesham niravadhi karuthavarggakkaar thekkott madangi. mechappetta vamseeya bandhangalum thekk sambadvyavasthayude mechappeduthalumaanu ithinu pradhana kaaranam. texas, jorjia, north carolina, maryland, virgenia, tennessi, florida thudangiya samsthaanangalaanu praadhamika lakshyasthaanangal. aafrikkan amerikkakkar surakshithavum kooduthal sukhakaravumaaya paarppidam thedi praanthapradeshangalilekka marran thudangi. aafrikkan american janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum gattettukalil thaamasikkunnu enna pothuvaaya oru thettidhaaranayundu, vaasthavathil 33 sathamaanathiladhikam aalukal praanthapradeshangalilaan thaamasikkunnath. vella, karutha kudumbangal praanthapradeshangalil thaamasikkumbol, ayalpakkangal valare verthirikkappettathayi thonnunnu. madhyavarga aafrikkan american kudumbangalil palarum karuthavargakkaarude praanthapradeshangalilaan thaamasikkunnath. aafrikkan american madhyavargam valarukayaanu, karutha madhyavarga janasamkhyayude 40 sathamaanathiladhikam perkku svanthamaayi oru veedu undu.

