
selaadon

greenware allengil "green ware" (ippol specialistukal upayogikkunna padam) ennum ariyappedunna jaid green selaadon niratthil thilangunna rund charakkukaleyum soochippikkunna manpaathrangalkkulla oru padamaanu selaadon (), palappozhum cheria villalukalulla oru tharam sutharyamaaya glaze, athu aadyam greenwareukalil upayogichirunnuvenkilum pinneedu mattu kaliman paathrangalil upayogichu. selaadon enna padam poornnamaayum europianaanengilum chainayil ninnaan selaadon uthbhavichath, sejiang pravishyayile longkwan choola polulla sradheyamaaya choolakal avayude selaadon glaceukalkku perukettathaanu. selaadon uthppaadanam pinneedu kizhakkan eshyayude mattu bhagangalaaya jappan, korea ennividangalilekkum thayland polulla thekkukizhakkan eshyan raajyangalilekkum vyaapichu. oduvil, europian manpathrangal chila kashanagal nirmmichu, pakshe athu orikkalum avide oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnilla. mikacha kashanagal porsalainilaanu, pakshe niravum glaze kallupakaranagalilum manpathrangalilum nirmmikkam. munbathe longkwan seladoninte bhooribhaagavum kallupakaranagaludeyum porsalininteyum athirthiyilaanu, ithu chainees bhashayumaayi poruthappedunnu, pakshe porsalininte europian nirvachanangalalla.
niravadhi noottaandukalaayi, selaadon vasthukkale chainees saamraajyathva kodathi valareyadhikam bahumaanichirunnu, peyint cheytha vasthukkal, prathyekichu yuwan raajavamshathin keezhilulla puthiya neelayum veluppum kalimannu, faashanil maattisthaapichu. parambaraagathamaayi chainayile ettavum moolyavathaaya vasthukkalaaya jedumaayi niratthinte saamyam athinte aakarshanathinte oru valia bhaagamaayirunnu. pazhaya shailikale punarujjeevippikkunnathu bodhapoorvamaaya bodhathode chainayil thaazhnna thalatthil selaadon uthppaadippikkunnathu thudarnnu. koriyayil goriyio raajavamshathinte (918-1392) keezhil uthppaadippikkappedunna seladonukal corian porsalininte classic charakkukalayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
kuranjuvarunna choolayil uyarnna thapanilayil cheria irumbu ooksaid adangiya oru glaze prayogichaanu selaadon niram classicalaayi uthppaadippikkunnathu. mattu raasavasthukkalkk niratthe poornnamaayum maattaan kazhiyumennathinaal vasthukkal shudheekarikkanam. valare kurachu irumbu ooksaid neela niratthinu kaaranamaakunnu (chilappol aavasyamulla phalam), valareyadhikam olivu nalkunnu, oduvil karupp; sariyaaya alavu 0.75% num 2.5% num idayilaanu. mattu raasavasthukkalude saannidhyam falamundaakkaam; titanium dye ooksaid manjaniram nalkunnu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
manpaathrangalude ilam jaid-green glazinu "selaadon" enna padam europian vidagtharaanu srishtichathu. pathinezhaam noottaandil fraansilaanu eee padam aadyamaayi prathyakshappettathennum ilam pacha ribanukal dharichirunna dii 'arfeyude franch idaya pranayamaaya "ell' aastri" (1627) yeei bahumaanichu sheppered selaadante peraanu ithinu nalkunnathennum ettavum saadhaaranayaayi amgeekarikkappetta sidhaantham. (dii 'urf, oovdinte "roopaantharangalil" ninnu thante kathaapaathrathe kadameduthu.) mattoru sidhaantham, 1171ll syriayile sultaanaaya noor adhu-dhiin sengic naalpat seramic kashanagal ayacha ayyubid sultaanaaya saladin (salah adhu-dhiin) enna perinte apabhramsamaanu eee padam.
uthppaadanavum savisheshathakalum.
saadhaaranayaayi bhaagikamaayi suthaaryavum ennaal chilappol ucharikkavunnathumaaya "crackle" ullathum allengil vividha nirangalil ulpaadippikkappedunna glazile cheria villalukalullathum, saadhaaranayaayi kallupakaranangalilo manpaathrangalilo upayogikkunnathumaaya niramulla glaceukalude oru kudumbatheyaanu selaadon glaze soochippikkunnathu.
kuranja choola thaapanila, kuranja thaapanila, kuranja anthareekshathil vediyuthirkkal enniva aavasyamulla "yadhaartha selaadon" ennu vilikkappedunnathu vadakkan soong raajavamshathinte (960-1127) thudakkathil, kuranjathu oru karsanamaaya nirvachanathil ninnaan uthbhavichath. firing prakriyayil ferrickil ninnu ayann ooksaid ferres irumbilekku (phee2oo3 → pheoo) parivartthanam cheiyunnathinte falamaanu athulyamaaya chaaraniratthilulla allengil pacha selaadon glaze. oru firingile oro kashanangalkkum choolayude vividha bhaagangalile avasthakalile cheria vyathiyanangalil ninnu ganyamaayi vyathyastha nirangal undakam. mikkappozhum, pacha aayirunnu aavasyamulla niram, chainees samskaarathile ettavum moolyavathaaya vasthukkalaaya jaid enna chainees bhasha oormmippikkunnu.
niravadhi gadakangale aashrayich vella, chaara, neela, manja ennivayulppede vividha nirangalil selaadon glaceukal nirmmikkam
ettavum prashasthavum aavasyamullathumaaya shadeukal valare ilam pacha muthal aazhathilulla theevramaaya pacha vare, palappozhum jedinte pacha shedukale anukarikkuka ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. glaze paachakakkurippilo kaliman bodiyilo ulla irumbu ooksaid aanu pradhana varnna prabhavam srishtikkunnathu. ayann ooksaidile raasa mattangal swatantra ooksijan nashtappeduthunnathinodu aavasyamulla nirangal uthppaadippikkunnathil seladonukal mikkavarum prathyekamaayi oru kuranja anthareeksha choolayil vedivaykkunnu.
kizhakkan eshya.
chainees seladonukal.
shang rajavamsham muthalulla manpathrangalil haritavasthukkal kaanapedunnu. sejiyaangile kizhakkan hahn raajavamshathinte (25-220 AD) shavakudeera khananangalil ninnu selaadon seramic glaze ulla sakalangal kandeduthathaayum itharathilulla seramic moonnu raajyangalude kaalath (220-265) ariyappettuvennum puraavastu gaveshakanaaya wang songshu parayunnu. ivaye ippol palappozhum proto-seladonukal ennu vilikkunnu, avaa kooduthal pachayillaathe thavitt, manja nirangalilayirikkum.
aadyakaala pradhana tharam selaadon yuu ware aayirunnu, athinusesham vadakkan chainayil northen seladonukal ennariyappedunna vasthukkal uthppaadippikkunna niravadhi choolakal vannu, chilappol saamraajyathva rajasabha upayogikkunnu. ivayil ettavum ariyappedunnathu yaavoshou veyaraanu. eee enangalellaam ithinakam thanne kizhakkan eshyayudeyum islaamika lokathinteyum mattu bhaagangalilekku vyaapakamaayi kayattumathi cheyyappettirunnu.
vadakkan gaanathinidayilaanu longkwan selaadon saadhanangal aadyamaayi nirmmichathu, ennaal thalasthaanam thekkott maarukayum vadakkan choolakal kurayukayum cheythathinaal thekkan gaanathinu keezhil athu abhivridhippettu. ithinu neela, neela-pacha, olivu pacha glaceukal undaayirunnu, koodaathe shareerangalil uyarnna silica, kshara ulladakkangal undaayirunnu, ithu kallupathrangalekkaal jingdeshenilum dehuvayilum nirmmicha pilkkala porsaline vasthukkalodu saamyamullathaan.
mukalil soochippicha ellah charakkukalum kooduthalum pachayude eathenkilum nizhalilo allengil athil undaayirikkaan lakshyamittatho aayirunnu. seladonukal ennu tharamthirikkaavunna mattu vasthukkal palappozhum ilam neela niratthilullathum, chainees aalukal valare vilamathikkunnathumaya, allengil vividha braun nirangalum oof-vaittukalum aayirunnu. akkaalat ettavum kooduthal aadarikkappettathum pinneedu chainees abhibhaashakaraayirunna iva chilappol kodathikku maathramaayi maathramaayi nirmmikkappettirunnu. ithil ruu ware, gwan ware, jii ware ennivayum "rahasya niram" ("mii seey") polulla munkaala enangalum ulppedunnu, oduvil kshaamakshethrathile kriptt thurannappol ithu thiricharinju.
13-15-aamm noottaandil kizhakkan eshya, thekkukizhakkan eshya, middle eest ennividangalilaayi valia alavil longkwan selaadon kayattumathi cheythu. valia selaadon vibhavangal islaamika rajyangalil prathyekichum swaagatham cheyyappettu. ekadesham 1420 muthal islaamik lokathiloode parokshamaayi europil ethiya catsenelbojente ennathil seladoninte ettavum pazhaya europian irakkumathi undu. europil lohathil gadippichirikkunna oru kapp landesmusiathile kaasalil pradharshippichirikkunnu. pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathil jingdeshen veyaril neelayum veluppum niratthilulla porsaline vikasippichathinusesham, chainees, kayattumathi vipanikalil selaadon kramena faashanil ninnu purathaayi, ekadesham 1500 nuu sesham ulppaadanathinte gunanilavaaravum alavum valare kuranju, ennirunnaalum pilkkala noottaandukalil jingdeshen porsalainil selaadon glaceukalude chila purathana punarujjeevanangal undaayirunnu.
chainees seladonukalile alankaaram saadhaaranayaayi shareerathe roopappeduthunnathiloode paranna uparithalathil aazhamillaatha designukal srishtikkunnathiloodeyo maathramaan, ithu glazine depressionukalil koodaan anuvadikkukayum roopakalppanaye kooduthal aazhathilulla niram nalkukayum cheiyunnu. rund reethikalilum kothupanikalum roopeekaranavum mattu niravadhi saankethikavidyakalum upayogikkaam. oru kashanathinte bhagangal chilappol longkwan seladonil thilangaatha biskattaayi avasheshikkunna edangalilozhike thikachum vyathyasthamaaya niravumaayi valare apoorvvamaayi maathrame oru vairudhyam undaakoo.
japanese seladonukal.
greenwareinulla chainees aksharangalude japanese uchaaranam. chainayil ninnum korea vazhiyum gaana raajavamshathinte (960-1270) kaalathaanu ithu avatharippichathu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthil jappanilaanu ettavum vaividhyamaarnna seramic kalaaroopangal undengilum, 80 sathamaanam vare uyarnna nashtam nirakk ullathinaal kulavar greenwareukal mikkavarum ozhivaakkiyirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi porsaline ulppaadippikkaan upayogikkunna seramic metteeriyalaaya cavolinite chainayilennapole valia alavil nilavililla. jappaanile kayolinte uravidangalilonnu kyushuvile amakusayil ninnaan. ennirunnaalum, nediya glaceukalude gunanilavaaravum niravum sambandhicha niroopaka prashamsa nediya niravadhi kalakaaranmaar uyarnnuvannu, athupole thanne pinneedu aadhunika roopakalppanayude naveekaranatthilum.
chainayil ninnulla moonnu enangal deseeya nidikalaayi sarkkar rajisttar cheythittundu. pathimoonnaam noottaandile thekkan soong raajavamshathile longkwan choolayil ninnulla rund pushpapaathrangalum, 13-14 noottaandile yuwan raajavamshathile longkwan choolayil ninnulla irumbu thavitt paadukalulla oru pushpapaathravumaan avaa.
lonkwan shailiyilulla nirmmaanam aritha, saaga, nabeshima vamshathile prabhukkanmaarude keezhilulla saaga domaine ennivaye kendreekarichaayirunnu.
velutha kalimannumaayi bandhippichirikkunna greenwareukalum adachittundu. manjumoodiya, neela vellayude sammishra sookshuma varnna gradationukalulla glazine "seehakuji" (<unk>) porsaline ennu vilikkunnu. chainees bhashayil itharathilulla glaze kwingbye ware ennariyappedunnu. kingbaiyude charithram gaana raajavamshathilekku pookunnu. ithu bisket upayogichu theekoluthukayum cheria alavil irumbu adangiya glaze upayogichu varaykkukayum cheiyunnu. veendum vedivaykkumbol ithu neela niramaayi maarunnu. japanese kalakaaranmaarum klayantukalum poornnamaayum pacha glazinu mukalil "seehakuji" neela vella glazine eshtappedunnu.
theyila allengil arrie pathrangal, "sake" kappukal, pathrangal, plettukal, theyila chadangu, censorukal, boxukal ennivaykkulla "misusashi" vaattar jaarukal ennivayaanu saadhaaranayaayi uthppaadippikkunna kashanagal. ennirunnaalum, chila poost-moden seramic kalakaaranmaar shilpakala, amoortha kala ennee mekhalakalilekkum vyaapichittund.
itaaya hassan (1872-1963), tomimoto kenkichi (1886-1963), kaatto hajme (1900-1968), (1912-1990), gwan veyaril athinte pottuna glaze upayogichu vaidagdhyam nediya okaabe minio (1919-1990) ennivaraanu aadyakaala shhow kaalaghattatthile kalakaaranmaar. 1983ll "seehakuji" yile addehathinte kruthikalkku sucamoto kaiji oru jeevikkunna deseeya nidhiyayi naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. shimisu uyichi (1926-?) aayirunnu shhow kaalaghattatthinte madhyam muthal avasaanam vareyulla kalakaaranmaar.), crackled glaze, suzuki oosaamu (1926-2001), miyura kohiji (1933-?), suzuki sanze (bii. 1936), phukami suhehu (bii. 1947), tekkaka qoo (bii. 1941). heise kaalaghattatthile kalakaaranmaar masamichi yoshikawa (bii. 1946), kawase shinobu (bii. 1950), mingishi seiko (bii. 1952), kubota attsuko (bii. 1953), yagi akeera (bii. 1955), (bii. 1962).
phukami suhehur, masamichi yoshikawa, kaatto subusa thudangiya kalakaaranmaarum amoorthamaaya kruthikal nirmmikkunnu, avarude kruthikal niravadhi deseeya anthardesheeya museum shekharangalude bhagamaanu. nyoosilandil ninnulla kayolinumaayi kaatto subusa pravartthikkunnu.
corian seladonukal.
corian seladoninu moonnu raajyangalude kaalaghattatthil greenware ulppaadanathil athintethaaya paarambaryamundu. sargaathmakatha, prapancham, daivathvam, neethrthwam ennivayude pratheekamaayi gokok aakruthiyilulla jaid upayogichu aabharanangalum kireedangalum nirmmikkunna paarambaryamaanu koriyaykkullath. chainees greenwareukal praadeshika kushavathozhilaalikalkum prachodanamaayi. goriyio, josiyon raajavamshangalude kaalath koriyayil asaadhaaranamaaya uyarnna nilavaaramulla seladonukal uthppaadippikkappettu. sangam" ennariyappedunna oru greenware saankethikavidya, kushavanmar roopakalppana cheytha ardha-unangiya manpathrangal kothivaykkukayum kothupaniyil karuppum veluppum kaliman vasthukkal sthaapikkukayum cheiyunna eee kaalayalavil koriyayil kandupidichu.
goriyio selaadon ennum ariyappedunna corian greenware saadhaaranayaayi ilam pacha-neela niramaan. 10, 11 noottaandukalil goriyio kaalaghattatthilaanu glaze vikasippikkukayum parishkarikkukayum cheythath, athil ninnaan ithinu eee peru labhichathu. panthrandaam noottaandinum pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathinum idayil corian greenware athinte unnathiyilethi, ennirunnaalum, pathimoonnaam noottaandil koriyayilekkulla mangolian aakramanangalum josiyon rajavamsha sarkkaarinte peedanavum eee karakaushalathe nashippichu.
gangjin choola sittukal dhaaraalam goriyio vasthukkal uthppaadippikkukayum 188 choolakalude samuchayamavukayum cheythu. kadalinaduthulla jiolanam-doyile gangjin-gannilaanu choolayude sthalangal sthithi cheiyunnathu. vadakku parvathangal maasttar kushavanmaarkk viraku, kayolinaitt, silikkan dye ooksaid thudangiya aavashyamaaya asamskritha vasthukkal nalki, athesamayam susthaapithamaaya vitharana samvidaanam koriyayiludaneelam manpathrangal kondupookukayum chainayilekkum jappanilekkum kayattumathi sugamamakkukayum cheythu. eee sthalangal dakshina corian sarkkar thaalkkaalikamaayi loka paithrukamaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. pathinalam noottaand muthal pala corian kshethrangalilum posittivitti konduvarunnathinaayi aathmaakkale vilikkaan selaadon oru "spiritt kappal" allengil chii-tang aayi upayogichirunnu.
parambaraagatha corian greenwarein savisheshamaaya alankaara gadakangalundu. ettavum vyathirikthamayava vyathyasthamaaya kaliman shareerangalil glaze pothinju alankarichirikkunnu. corian bhashayil "sangam" ennariyappedunna kothupanikalulla kalimanninte cheria kashanagal adisthaana kalimannil kothivachittundu. kothiyedutthatho slip-kothiyatho aaya designukalkku kashanathinte adisthaana kalimannil gadippichirikkunna vyathyastha niramulla kalimanninte paalikal aavasyamaanu. vividha nirangal velippeduthunnathinaayi paalikal pinneedu kothiyedukkunnu.
goriyio raajavamshathil ninnulla niravadhi vasthukkal dakshina koriyayude deseeya nidhiyayi sarkkar rajisttar cheythittundu, udaaharanathinu panthrandaam noottaandile draagan kettil (deseeya nidhi nambar. 61), "sangam" kothivacha kreyinukalulla oru "mabiong" kuzhichedi (deseeya nidhi nambar. 68), kingfisher glazullah oru vipulamaaya sensor (deseeya nidhi nambar. 95), oru draagan aamayude aakruthiyilulla oru kudam (deseeya nidhi nambar. 96).
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, aadhunika vasthukkalum upakaranangalum upayogichu kushavanmar purathana corian goyo seladonukalude saankethikavidyakal punarnirmikkaan shramichu. 1979-leeii hraswachithramaaya corio seladonil rekhappeduthappetta oru jeevikkunna deseeya nidhiyaya yuu gyoon-heong (sahodaranmaar;) athinte punarujjeevanathil oru pradhana punk vahichu. mattoru sradheyanaaya kummavum jeevichirikkunna deseeya nidiyum jii suntaku (1912-1993) aayirunnu. innu, noorukanakkinu kushavanmar aishiyon nagaratthile sugwang-rii, sindun-miyoon, seyim-dong ennivayil ninnulla samakaalika srishtikal avatharippikkunna aishiyon seramics graamatthil avarude srishtikal pradarshippikkunnu.
siyolile corian deseeya myoosiyathil pradhana selaadon kruthikalum deseeya nidhikalum undu. corian greenwareukalil shradha kendreekarikkunna rund praadeshika myoosiyangalaan hegang seramics myusiyavum goriyio selaadon myusiyavum.
thekkukizhakkan eshya.
thaay selaadon.
thaii seramicsinu haritaware ulppaadanathil athintethaaya paarambaryamundu. madhyakala thyware thudakkathil chainees greenware swaadheenichirunnuvenkum athintethaaya savisheshamaaya sailiyum saankethikathayum vikasippichu. sukhothaay raajyathinte kaalathe ettavum prashasthamaaya choolakalilonnu vadakkan-madhya thaaylandile sukhothaay pravishyayile sii sachanalai jillaykkum savaankhalokku jillaykkum chuttumulla ezz. (aarr) aii sachanalayilaayirunnu. pothuvarsham 13-aamm noottaandil aarambhicha uthppaadanam pathinaram noottaand vare thudarnnu. pathinalam noottaandil eee kala athinte unnathiyilethi.
mattullavar.
kizhakkan eshyaykku purathu niravadhi kalakaaranmaar shudhathayudeyum gunanilavaarathinteyum kaaryatthil vyathyastha alavilulla vijayathinaayi greenwareukalumaayi pravarthichu. vesttan priyariyile thomas besanson polandile wanda golakovska (1901-1975) ithil ulppedunnu, avarude srishtikal naashanal museum, varso, naashanal museum, craco ennivayude shekharathinte bhagamaanu.

