
pravarthanaparamaaya bhaashaashaasthram

prabhashakanteyum kelkkunnavarudeyum vashavum prabhashakanteyum bhasha samoohathinteyum ashayavinimaya aavasyangalum chittayayi kanakkiledukkunna swabhaavasavisheshathayulla bhaashayude padanathodulla oru sameepanamaan functional lingvistiks. 1920 muthal 1930 vare bhaashayodulla ferdinand dii sosoorinte chittayaya gadanaaparamaaya sameepanathil ninnaan (1916) bhashaaparamaaya pravarthanaathmakatha udaleduthathu.
bhaashayude pravartthanavum athinte gadakangalum bhashaaparamaaya prakriyakalum gadanakalum manasilakkunnathinulla thacolaanu ennu pravartthanavaadam kaanunnu. bhasha adisthaanaparamaayi oru upakaranamayathinaal, athinte gadanakal avaa nadappilaakkunna pravartthanangale paraamarshichu mikacha reethiyil vishakalanam cheyyukayum manassilakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu anumaanikkunnath nyaayayukthamaanennu bhaashayude pravartthana sidhaanthangal nirddeshikkunnu. ardhavum sandarbhochithamaaya vivarangalum kaimarunna jolikal ithil ulppedunnu.
vyaakaranathinte pravartthana sidhaanthangal gadanaaparavum vishalamaayum, maanavika bhaashaashaasthrathil pedunnavayaanu, bhasha samooham srishtichathaanennum bhaashaashaasthram sisttam sidhaanthavumaayi bandhappettathaanennum kanakkakkunnu. pravartthana sidhaanthangal bhashaaparamaaya gadakangal upayogikkunna sandarbham kanakkiledukkukayum avaa thannirikkunna parithasthithiyil upakaranaparamayi upayogapradamo pravartthanaparamo aaya reethiyekkurich padikkukayum cheiyunnu. ithinartham ardhashaasthrathodoppam praayogikathaykku oru vishadeekarana punk nalkiyittundu ennaanu. bhashaaparamaaya gadakangal thammilulla aupachaarika bandhangal pravartthanaparamaayi prachodithamaanennu karuthappedunnu. functionalism chilappol aupachaarikathayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnu, ennaal vyakaranaparamaaya allengil nannayi roopappetta gadakangale vyaakarana gadakangalil ninnu verthirikkunna niyamangal roopappeduthunna ardhathil "generative" aaya vyaakarana vivaranagal srishtikkunnathil ninnu ithu pravartthana sidhaanthangale ozhivaakkunnilla.
saiman dick pravarthanaparamaaya sameepanathe inipparayunna reethiyil chithreekarikkunnu
vyaakaraninte pravartthana sidhaanthangale bhoomishaasthraparamaaya uthbhavathinteyo aditharayudeyo adisthaanathil vibhajikkaam (ithu pala vashangalum lalithamaakkunnundengil): europian pravartthana sidhaanthangalil pravarthanaparamaaya (prabhashanam) vyaakaranavum vyavasthaapitha pravarthanaparamaaya vyaakaranavum (mattullavaykkoppam) ulppedunnu, athesamayam american pravartthana sidhaanthangalil roll, reference vyaakaranavum vestt koost functionalisavum ulppedunnu. 1970kall muthal, eshya, aphrica, austreliya, america ennividangalil ninnulla (manderine chainees, japanese polullava) engleesh ozhikeyulla bhashakalil american functional bhaashaashaasthranjarude padanangal roopathinteyum pravartthanatthinteyum edapedalinekkurichulla ulkkaazhchakalilekkum vyaakarana prathibhasangalkkulla pravarthanaparamaaya prachodanangalude kandethalilekkum nayichu, athu engleesh bhashaykkum baadhakamaan.
charithram.
1920 muthal 1970 vareh aadyakaala sambhavavikasangal.
1920-kalile saamoohikashaasthrathile gadanaaparamaaya vishadeekaranathil ninnu pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranathilekkulla maattathe thudarnnaanu pravarthanaparamaaya bhaashaashaasthram sthaapikkappettathu. padinjaaran europian gadanaavaadathinteyum russian aupachaarikathayudeyum kavalayil prague pravartthana bhaashaashaasthrathinte oru pradhana kendramaayi maari.
emily durkheem, ferdinand dii sosur ennivar upayogicha jaiva saadrushyavumaayi eee maattam bandhappettirikkunnu. august schleacher mattu saamoohika daarvinistukalum nadatthiya thettaaya nigamanangal ozhivakkaan bhaashayude 'jeevajalam' athinte paristhithiyumaayi bandhapettalla, shareeraghadanaaparamaayi padikkanamennu sosher thante 'kozhs inn general lingvistiksil' vaadichirunnu. sosurian-sheshamulla pravartthana prasthaanam bhaashayude paristhithiyumaayi 'poruthappedal' kanakkiledukkanulla vazhikal thedi, athesamayam ippozhum karsanamaayi darvinian virudhamaayi thudarunnu.
russian kudiyettakkaaraaya roman jacobson nikkolaay trubetskoyum russian vyaakarananjarekkurichulla ulkkazhchakal praaguvilum leve berginte parinaama sidhaanthavum pracharippichu, bhasha maattatthinte teleologyil vaadikkunnu. berginte sidhaantham soviyatt union purathu janapreeti nedunnathil parajayappettathinaal, functionalisathinte oorgaanik vasham kurayukayum jacobson ernst naagalinte shaasthra thathwashaasthrathil ninnulla pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranathinte oru staanderd model sweekarikkukayum cheythu. appol, ithu jeevashaasthrathilum saamoohika shaasthrathilum ulla athe vishadeekarana reethiyaanu; ennaal 'adaptation' enna vaakk jeevashaasthrathil ulla athe ardhathil bhaashaashaasthrathil manassilaakkaruthenn oonnipparayunnu.
randaam lokamahaayudhavum stalinism moolamundaaya edavelaykku sesham 1950-kalil pragg skoolinte functionalist bhaashaashaasthrathekkurich pravartthanangal punaraarambhichu. vadakke amerikkayil, joseph greenberg 1963 ll bhasha saarvathrikathayekkurichulla thante seminal paper prasidheekarichu, athu bhashaaparamaaya typology mekhalaye punarujeevippikkuka mathramalla, typological paattenukalkk pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranangal thedunnathinulla sameepanavum. 1970 kalude thudakkam muthal roopappetta vadakke american functionalisathinte prasthaanatthil greenberginte sameepanam valareyadhikam swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu, athinusesham typologyil aazhathilulla thaalpparyamund. greenberginte prabandham prague schooline swaadheenichu, prathyekichum ithu 'implicational typology' ykkaayulla jacobsante aahvaanathin marupadiyaayaanu ezhuthiyathu. vadakke american functionalisathe thudakkathil prague skoolinte functionalism swaadheenichirunnuvenkum atharam swaadheenam pinneedu nirthalaakki.
1980kalkk shesham peru vivaadam.
functionalism' allengil 'functional lingvistiks' enna padam 1980kalil parinaama bhaashaashaasthrathinte oru puthiya tharamgatthinte uyarchayode vivaadamaayi. functionalism' ennathinte ardham maariyittundennum aupachaarikathayum pravartthanavaadavum enna padangal yathaakramam generative vyaakaranatheyum pooll hopparinteyum sandra thompsoninteyum uyarnnuvarunna bhaashaashaasthratheyum soochippikkunnathaayum "strecturalism" enna padam prague bhaashaasampradaayathil ninnu uruthirinja chattakkoodukalkkayi neekkivaykkanamennum johanna nichols vaadichu. roopam pravartthanatthil ninnu pinthudarunnillennu ellah bhaashaashaasthranjarum amgeekarikkenda oru vasthuthayaanennu vilyam kroftt pinneedu vaadichu. ardham prakadippikkendathinte aavasyakathayil ninnu bhasha pravartthanaparamaayi uyarnnuvarunnu enna ashayathe ethirthu, pravartthanavaadathe svayambharanaadhikaaramulla bhaashaashaasthramaayi manassilaakkanamenn addeham nirddeshichu
"ellah bhaashakaludeyum nishedhikkaanaavaatha oru vasthuthayil ninnaan svayambharanamenna ashayam uyarnnuvarunnathu, 'yojippinte kauthukakaramaaya abhavam... roopathinum pravartthanatthinum idayil "
1970kall vare, semantics, praakmettiks allengil 'semotic function' ennivayumaayi bandhapetta functionalism undaayirunnuvennu kroftt vishadeekarikkunnu. ennaal 1980-kalil function enna ashayam semioticsil ninnu "ekstenal function" aayi maari, swaabhaavika thiranjeduppine adisthaanamaakkiyulla bhasha maattathekkurichulla oru neo-darvinian veekshanam nirddeshichu. gadanaaparamaaya', 'aupachaarikatha' enniva ulppaadana vyaakaranatheyum upayogathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathum vaijnjaanikavumaaya bhaashaashaasthrathilekkallu 'pravarthanavaadatheyum' soochippikkunnathaayi kanakkaakkanamenn kroftt nirddeshikkunnu; athesamayam andrey martinett, systemic functional bhaashaashaasthramo functional prabhaashana vyaakaranamo moonnu ashayangalil onnineyum shariyaayi prathinideekarikkunnilla.
bhaashaashaasthrathil parinamaparamaaya manashaasthraparamaaya chinthayude varavode sthithi kooduthal sankeernamaayi, steevan pinker, reey jackendoff, mattullavar ennivar manushya bhasha faakkaltti allengil saarvathrika vyakaranam saadhaarana parinaama prakriyakaliloode vikasikkaamaayirunnuvennu anumaanikkukayum angane bhasha faakkalttiyude uthbhavatheyum parinaamatheyum kurichulla oru adaptation vishadeekaranathe prathirodhikkukayum cheythu. ithu oru functionalisavum aupachaarikathayum sambandhicha charchaykku kaaranamaayi, bhaashaashaasthrathodulla parinaama manassaasthra sameepanatheyum functionalistaayi kanakkaakkanamenn frederic numair vaadichu.
ennirunnaalum, sylph, danish functional school, systemic functional lingvistiks, functional discossor grammer ennivayulppede prague lingvistik circle athinte derivetteevukalum functionalism, functional lingvistiks ennee padangal upayogikkunnathu thudarunnu; aupachaarikavum pravarthanaparavumaaya bhaashaashaasthrathinte madhyamaayi svayam kaanunna american framework rollum reference vyaakaranavum.
pravarthanaparamaaya vishakalanam.
prague skoolinte aadyakaala kruthi muthal, bhasha oru "pravartthana samvidaanamaayi" sangalppikkappettu, avide "sisttam" enna padam dii sosher strecturalist sameepanathe paraamarsikkunnu. saamoohyashaasthrathile kruthikalil ninnu swaadheenikkappettirikkam vilem maathesiyas function enna padam avatharippichathenn thonnunnu. bhashaaparamaaya gadanayude vividha paalikalil bhashaaparamaaya gadakangal engane pravartthikkunnu, thalangal parasparam engane edapedunnu ennathinekkurichulla parisodhanayaanu pravarthanaparamaaya vishakalanam. vyaakaranathinte ellah thalangalilum, lexical metteeriyal thammil verthirichariyunna pravartthanam phoneminu ulla phonologyil polum pravartthanangal nilavilundu.
pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranam.
pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranathil, oru bhashaaparamaaya ghadana athinte pravartthanatthe aakarshikkunna reethiyil vishadeekarikkunnu. aashayavinimayamaanu bhaashayude praadhamika lakshyam enna dhaarana pravarthanaparamaaya bhaashaashaasthram athinte prarambha pooyintaayi edukkunnu. athinaal, pothuvaaya phonological, morphosyntactic, semantic prathibhasangal parasparam vijayakaramaayi ashayavinimayam nadathaanulla aalukalude aavasyangalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkollunnathayi karuthappedunnu. athinaal, bhaashayude oorganaiseshan athinte upayoga moolyathe prathifalippikkunnuvennu veekshanam edukkunnu.
roll, reference vyakaranam, functional discossor vyakaranam thudangiya niravadhi pramukha functionalist sameepanangalum typological ooriyantad aanu, athaayath avar avarude vishakalanam engleesh polulla orotta bhaashayilekku maathram lakshyamidunnathinekkaal (ithu aupachaarika/generativism sameepanangalude savisheshathayaanu) cross-lingvistikkaayi lakshyamidunnu.
sambadghadana.
sambadvyavastha enna ashayam oru saamoohika allengil saambathika pashchaathalatthil ninnu bhashaaparamaaya thalatthilekku roopakamaayi kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. bhaashayude paripaalanatthil ithu oru niyanthrana shakthiyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. bhasha maattathinteyo samvidaanathinte aantharikavum bahyavumaaya samgharshangaludeyo swaadheenam niyanthrikkunna sambadvyavasthayude thathwam ardhamaakkunnathu oorjjachelav vardhippikkaathe vyavasthaapithamaaya aikyam nilanirthaanaanu. athukondaanu ellah manushya bhaashakalum, avaa ethra vyathyasthamaanenkilum, samsara-eluppavum (laalithyam allengil "jadathvam") kelkkunna-eluppavum (vyakthatha allengil "oorjjaswalatha") thammilulla malsaraadhishtitha prachodanangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla uyarnna pravarthanaparamaaya moolyamullathu.
franch gadanaaparamaaya-pravartthana bhaashaashaasthranjanaaya andrey martinett sambadvyavasthayude thathwam vishadeekarichu. maarttinettinte ashayam siffinte ettavum kuranja parisramam enna thathwathinu samaanamaan; ennirunnaalum 19-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum vividha bhaashaashaasthranjar eee ashayam charcha cheythirunnu. sambadvyavasthayude pravarthanaparamaaya ashayam ulppaadana vyaakaranathil sambadvyavasthayumaayi thettidharikkaruthu.
vivara ghadana.
 
vivara gadanayude padanatthil pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranathinte chila pradhana poruthappedutthalukal kaanapedunnu. munkaala bhaashaashaasthranjarude pravartthanatthe adisthaanamaakki, prague sarkkil bhaashaashaasthranjaraaya vilem maathesiyas, jaann firbaz, mattullavar ennivar vaakya focus, vivarangalude nalkal thudangiya praayogika ashayangal padikkunnathinaayi theem-reem bandhangal (vishayavum abhipraayavum) enna ashayam vishadeekarichu. lokabhaashakalile vaakk kramam kandethunnathinayi bhaashaashaasthrathil eee reethi vyaapakamaayi upayogichittundu. ennirunnaalum, athinte praadhaanyam bhaashaykkakathe vyathiyanangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku, cross-lingvistik padha krama pravanathakalekkurichu vyakthamaaya vishadeekaranamilla.
pravartthana thathwangal.
praayogikathayil ninnulla niravadhi thathwangal bhashaaparamaaya gadanakalude pravarthanaparamaaya vishadeekaranangalaayi nirddeshikkappettittund, palappozhum typological veekshanakonil.
chattakkoodukal.
oru pravarthanaparamaaya sameepanam upayogikkunna niravadhi vyathyastha vyaakarana chattakkoodukalundu.

