
joonn liie (doctor)

19-aamm noottaandile maanchasttarile oru britiish rasathanthranjanum sarjan pothujanaarogyathinte utharavaadithamulla aadyathe medical offeesarumaayirunnu joonn liie (8 juun 1812-11 november 1888).
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1812 juun 8 nuu chadertonile foxdenton haalilaayirikkam joonn liie janichathu, pakshe orupakshe livarpoolil aayirikkam. pithaav thomas aashtan-under-lainil ninnulla oru mayakkumarunnu vidagthanum theyila vyaapaariyumaayirunnu, athesamayam amma hannah saadilvarthil ninnullayalaayirunnu. oru purathana cheshire kudumbavumaayum vestt haalile leekalumaayum bridge vaattarinte arlumaayum thanikk bandhamundennu joonn paranju, ennaal eee avakaashavaadangalil samshayam uyarnnittund.
dukinfield moravian palliyumayi bandhapetta oru schoolil padicha liie pinneedu vaidyashaasthrathil oru currier pinthudarnnu, thudakkathil dermanile aashbornile oru doctorude aduthekku apprentees cheythu. 1831 muthal addeham maanchasttarile thomas tainers pine street medical schoolilum landanile guyse aashupathriyilum padikkukayum maanchastar infermaryil oru clerkaayi jolie cheyyukayum cheythu. valareyadhikam kazhivukalulla liie mattu medical vidyaarthikale pariseelippikkukayum royal koleju oof sarjansil amgamenna nilayil swantham yogyatha nedunnathinu munbu avarude professional yogyathakalkkayi avare vijayakaramaayi nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. yogyatha nediya sesham 1868 vare maanchasttaril vipulamaaya swakaarya medical practies nadathukayum infermaryil resident medical offeesaraayi jolie cheyyukayum cheythu. pine street schoolilum nagaratthile marsden streettil sthithicheyyunna oridathum addeham kemistry, forencic medisin ennivayil kaserakal vahichirunnu, athu oduvil maanchastar royal school oof medisin roopeekarichu. eee samayat jananam, vivaham, maranam ennivayude rajistraar koodiyaayirunnu addeham.
rasathanthranjan.
kalkari vaathakam vyaapakamaayi upayogicha aadya pattanangalilonnaanu maanchastar, kemikkal sosaittiyude fello aaya leeye 1837 muthal munisippaalitti udamasthathayilulla maanchastar gyaas varkkukalil kemikkal analystaayi niyamichu. kalkari vaathakathinte nirmmaanam oru nissara samrambhamayirunnilla, asamskritha vasthukkaleyum raasa shudheekaranathinteyum verthirichedukkalinteyum reethikalekkurichum vishakalanam aavasyamaanu. prakaashatthil upayogikkaan anuyojyamaaya uyarnna nilavaaramulla vaathakathinte uthppaadanam praapthamaakkuka, doshakaramaaya pukayum upolppannangalum puranthallunnathu thadayuka ennivayaayirunnu leeyude pravartthanatthinte lakshyam. britiish association polulla pandita samoohangalkku vathaka vishakalanam enna vishayathekkurichulla prabandhangal avatharippikkukayum 1863 ll kalkari vaathakathil ninnu benzol verthirichedukkunnathinu oru prakriyaykku pettant nedukayum cheythukondu addeham ganyamaaya vaidagdhyam vikasippichu.
pothujanaarogyathil thaalparyam.
gyaas vishakalanathilulla professional thaalparyam, palappozhum shwaasakoshangal kedayathaayi kanda maanchastar infermaryile muun anubavangal, 1842-ll edwin chaadvikkinte "thozhilaallikalude shuchithva avastha" prasidheekarichathu pothujanaarogyathil leak thaalparyam kaanikkan kaaranamaayi. 1840 muthal, englandile mattu pradesangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol maanchasttaril shwaasakosha rogangalude uyarnna sambhavam nagaratthinte mosham vaayuvinte gunanilavaaramaanennum ithu pradhaanamaayum aadyathe vyaavasaayika nagaramaya maanchasttaril kalkari indhanamaayi vyaapakamaayi upayogichathaanu kaaranamennum addeham nirddeshichu. 1839-ll chaals jaims napier maanchasttarine "lokathile chimmani" ennu visheshippikkukayum, nagaratthile maranangalekkurichulla oru samakaalika padanatthil "windpipe, nench rogangal" enniva pradhana kaaranangalaanennu kuttappeduthukayum cheythu, ithu ellah maranangaludeyum 30 shathamaanatholam varum, prathyekichu puka niranja vaayuvine kuttikalkkidayile mosham aarogyathinu kuttappeduthunnu. vaayuvile doshakaramaaya kanangalude alavu kuraykkendathundennum mikacha gunanilavaaramulla bhakshanavum veedukalude mikacha vaayusanjaaravum urappaakkendath aavasyamaanennum addeham vishwasichu. eee noottaandiludaneelamulla nagara udyogastharude pravanatha, vaayu gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnathinna, prosecution enna moorchayulla upakaranathekkaal, nirmmaathaakkalude nanmaye aashrayikkuka ennathaayirunnu.
kalkari kathikkunnathil ninnulla pukaykku shudheekarana gunangalundenna pothuvaaya vishwaasathinu liie amgamaayillengilum, rogangal pakarunnathinulla vishadeekaranamaayi addeham pothuve janapriya miyasma sidhaantham amgeekarichathaayi kaanapedunnu. atharamoru parithasthithiyil prajnana nilavaaram kandethiya sookshumaanukkalekkaal, azhukiya jaivavasthukkalil ninnulla durgandham, visarjanam, samaanamaayava enniva pakarunnathinu kaaranamaayi ennathaayirunnu sidhaantham. beeja sidhaantham oru ithara nirddeshamaayi nilakollumbol, 1887 vare liie thante vaarshika reportukalilonnum ithu paraamarshichirunnilla, aaa avasarathil polum addeham thante pinthunakku yogyatha nedi. leeyude nilapad asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla addeham pourajeevithathil sajeevamaayirunna kaalayalavil, deseeyamaayum praadesikamaayum nayam anukkalude sidhaanthathekkaal miyasma sidhaanthathaal kooduthal swaadheenikkappedukayum athinaal prathirodha kuthivayppinekkaal shuchithvavumaayi bandhapetta kaaryangalil kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu. maanchasttarile nagaratthile muthirnnavar-valia vyapaarikal, nirmmathaakkal, bhoovudamakal ennivarude svayam nilanilkkunna aantharika vritham-1848 leeii pothujanaarogya niyamam polulla aadyakaala sarkkar samrambhangal sweekarikkaan vimukhatha kaanichirunnuvenkilum, aarogyathinte aarogyathinte aarogya, aadyathe praadeshika bordukalum maanchastar, salford saanittari association, maanchastar stattistikkal sosaitti thudangiya parishkarana samghadanakalum, athu kaalaghattamaayirunnu. akkaalathe prashastha aarogyapravarthakanum enchineeyarumaaya sarr roobert rollinson 1840-kalode maanchasttarile pothu nayam nagaratthile nadikale engane baadhichuvennu vivarichu 
pourabharanathinu baadhakamaaya rasathanthravumaayi bandhapetta kaaryangalil vidagthanaayi leyy praadeshikamaayi amgeekarikkappettu. ulppaadana prakriyakal vishakalanam cheyyaanulla addehathinte kazhivu vyavasaayikale bodhavalkkarikkaanum puka laghookarana nadapadikal nadappakkaanum kaunsil shramikkumbol addehavumaayi koodiyaalochikkaan kaaranamaayi. 1850-ll addeham 1849-ll "maanchasttarile kolarayude charithram" enna kruthi rachichu, athinte lakshyangale shaasthracharithrakaaranaaya roobert kaargon visheshippichathu "rogathekkurichulla shaasthreeya vilayiruthalilum athinethire sweekaricha pothujanaarogya nadapadikalilum kurravalla" ennaanu."athinaayi, collara pottippurappettathine mathramalla, athu sambhavicha paaristhithika pashchaathalatheyum rekhappeduthaan addeham shramichu. rogathinte purogathi oru pradeshathu ninnu mattonnilekku mapp cheyyaan addeham sramikkukayum saadhyathayulla kaaranathekkurichulla vividha sidhaanthangal pareekshikkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, "anthareeksha vaidyuthiyude" kuravo vaayuvile oosooninte alavo kaaranamaayirikkam enna nirddeshangal nirasichathinu sesham, eee rogavyapanam kooduthalum shuchithva nilavaaram prathyekichum moshamaaya pradeshangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunne nigamanagalil athichernnu, ennirunnaalum aaa maanadandangal pottippurappedunnathi munbum sheshavum nilaninnirunnuvennum athinaal svayam athinu kaaranamakaan kazhiyillennum choondikkaanikkunnathu vedanaajanakamaayirunnu. rogabadhitharaaya aalukalude oridathu ninnu mattonnilekkulla sanjaaram, rogabadhitha pradeshangalil ninnu munbu baadhikkaatha sthalangalilekku, palappozhum thaarathamyena valia doorathil, rogam engane avatharippikkappettuvenna vishadeekarikkunnuvennu thonnunnundengilum, vyaapanathin oru carrierumaayi nerittu sanbarkkam aavasyamillennu patanam soochippikkunnu. padanatthil ninnulla kaargon udharanikal
1859ll, ardwick pradeshathe nirmmathaakkal moolamundaakunna vaayu malineekaranam parisodhikkukayum sthithi mechappeduthunnathil vijayakaramaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheytha oru nyoosans kammittiyil liie amgamaayirunnu. eee vividha sramangalellaam, athilumere, oru anweshanaathmakavum vishakalanaparavumaya manassin vaidyashaasthrathilum rasathanthrathilum vaidagdhyathinum prashasthi nedi. pothujanarogyavumaayi bandhapetta kaaryangalude utharavaadithamulla maanchasttarile aadyathe medical officer oof health aayi niyamikkappedaan avar addehathe yogyanaakkiyenkilum 1867-ll sitti kaunsilinte general purposes kammitti athinulla prarambha nirddeshathe general kaunsil charchayil chodyam cheythu. mattoru kammittiyude neethrthwathilulla thudarnnulla aupachaarika niyamana prakriya 1868 maarchil mattoru apekshakane niyamikkaan shupaarsha cheythenkilum alderman veendum asadhuvaakki, ithavana nirddishta sthaanaarthiyekkaal leak munganana nalki. oru shaasthranjanenna nilayil leeyude kazhivukalum prasasthiyum, prathyekichu, mikachathaanennu karuthappettirunnuvennum ennaal haari ell. praadeshika sarkkaarinte chelavu kuraykkaan alderman uddeshichirunnuvennum nilavilulla oru jeevanakkaaranenna nilayil adhika shambalam aavasyamillaathathinaal part time adisthaanathil lake niyamanam nalkunnathaayirunnu munganana nalkiyathennum plait parayunnu. 1840 muthal nadikalile irkku, irwell, medlock ennivayude vardhichuvarunna vinashakaramaaya vellapokkam paristhithi mechappeduthalinaayi pothu pezhs eedaakkaanulla kaunsilinte vimukhathayude valiyoru bhaagathinu kaaranamayennum 1866 leeii vellappokkathin sesham collara moolam maranappedumenna vardhicha aashanka kaaranam avarude kaii valia thothil nirbandhithamaayennum addeham parayunnu. charitrakaaranaaya aanthani volinte abhipraayathil, "azhimathi, alasata, swathasidhamaaya yaadhaasthithikatha" ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru audyogika maanasikaavasthaye punar santhulithamaakkunnathilla kaaranam pakarchavyaadhiyekkurichu bhayavum adiyantharaavasthakalodulla prathikaranavumaanu... oppam parsimony."
aarogyathinaayi medical officer.
leyy "anusarikkunna" vyakthiyaanennum ennaal thanne niyamikkunna nagaratthe vimarsikkaathayaallennum plait visheshippikkunnu. puka laghookaranavumaayi bandhapetta sramangalil maanchasttarine oru nethaavaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnum, palappozhum deseeya niyamanirmmaana nadapadikalkku munbu pravarthichirunnuvena, aarogyathinaayulla medical officer enna nilayil leyyude reportukal vaayuvinte gunanilavaaratthe vimarsikkunnathil nirantharamaayirunnu. pukayum mattu udvamanangalumkkethire sakthamaaya nadapadiyedukkanamennu addeham aavasyappedukayum athu shwaasakosha rogangalkk mathramalla, udaaharanathinu, sooryaprakaashathinte aaghaatham parimithappedutthukayum angane rikkattukalum vishaadavum vardhippikkukayum cheythuvennu addeham abhiprayappettu. unmoolanam cheyyaanulla theekshnamaaya vyakthiparamaaya aagrahavum maanchasttarile vividha sammarda grouppukalude uyarchayum undaayirunnittum, eee noottaandiludaneelam audyogika vishwaasam shalyam yadhaarthathil kurayunnu ennathaayirunnu. kooduthal niyanthranavum kooduthal inspectormaarude vinyaasavum moolam puka saandrathayil drishyamaaya kuravu shradhayilppettathil leyyude 1883 leeii report ithine pinthunachu, ennirunnaalum alavu alavukal apoorvamaayirunnu, athinaal vijayathinte vishwaasam kooduthalum aathmanishtamaayirunnu. eee vishayathil poura adhikaarikalude purogamanaparamaaya shramangalude charithram undaayirunnittum, vyaavasaayika vipuleekaranam athivegam thudarunnathum janasamkhya 70,000 ll ninnu 243,000 aayi uyarnnathumaaya pattanatthinte druthagathiyilulla vikasanathinu anusrithamaayi laghookarana nadapadikalkku kazhinjillennu boularum brimblecombay parayunnu. pukayude alavu shaasthreeyamaayi nireekshikkappedaathe pooyi.
janangalkk avarude shuchithvam mechappeduthaan avasaram labhikkukayaanenkil athu avarude dhaarmikavum saamoohikavumaaya perumaattam mechappeduthaan sahaayikkumenn thante samakaalika saamoohika parishkartthaakkalil palareyum pole vishwasichukondu pothu kulimuri prolsaahippikkunnathi liie pinthunachu.
mattu thalpparyangal.
leck mattu shaasthreeya thalpparyangal undaayirunnu, prathyekichu sasyashaasthrathilum bhoomishaasthrathilum, edward vilyam biniyumaayum maanchastar saahitya, daarshanika samoohathile mattu pramukha amgangalaaya joonn davis, jaims prescott juul, vilyam starjan ennivarumaayum adutha sauhrudathil iva pankidukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythu. 1861ll addeham "sarr persey legain eiii legend oof lime, aandu adhar ballads" enna kavithasamaharam prasidheekarikkukayum "laze aandu legends oof cheshire" ezhuthukayum cheythu.
maranam.
1888 november 11 nuu cheshayarile heyil baarnukalile veettil hrudrogam baadhichu marikkumbozhum liie appozhum nilavile medical offeesaraayirunnu. naalu divasathinu sesham addehathe thottaduthulla timperly samskarichu. 1868ll medical offeesaraayi niyamithanaaya sesham addeham maanchastar praanthapradeshamaaya vaali renchilekku thamasam maarukayum pinneedu 1879ll "maanar house" enna peril oru puthiya tudor shailiyilulla bhavanathilekku maarukayum cheythu.
1840 august 29 nuu marian gudwinumaayulla aadya vivaham, 1847 ll bhaaryayude maranathode avasaanichu; addeham 1848 october 11 nuu elisabath kooliyare vivaham kazhichu, 1891 vare avar athijeevichu. aadya vivaahathil addehathinu oru makan oru makalum undaayirunnu, koodaathe addehathinte randaamathe vivaahathil ninnu rund penmakkalum moonnu aanmakkalum koodi undaayirunnu. oru makan addehathinu munbu marichuvennum athijeevicha aankuttikale addehathinte ishtathil ninnu ozhivaakkiyathaayum thonnunnu.
paraamarshangal.
kurippukal
avalambangal
grandhasoochika

