botswanayude raashtreeyam

botswanayude raashtreeyam nadakkunnathu oru paarlamentari praathinidhya janaadhipathya republicinte chattakkoodilaanu, athil botswanayude president samsthaanathinte thalavan sarkkar medhaviyum oru multy-party samvidaanavumaanu. bharanaparamaya adikaaram sarkkar prayogikkunnu. niyamanirmmaana adikaaram botswanayile sarkkarinum paarlamentinum nikshipthamaanu. 1966ll brittanil ninnu raajyam swaathanthryam nediyathinushesham orikkalum adikaaram nashtappedaattha botswana demookratik party (bii. dii. pii) party samvidaanathil aadhipathyam pularthunnathinaal, saambathika shaasthranjante rahasyaanveshana vibhaagam botswana "thettaaya janadhipathyam" ennu vilayiruthi."
botswana aupachaarikamaayi oru multy party bharanaghadanaa janaadhipathyamaanu. 1966 septambaril swaathanthryam labhichathinushesham nadanna oro thiranjeduppum swathanthramaayum neethiyukthamaayum malsarikkukayum nischayicha samayakramathil nadathukayum cheythittundu. raajyathe cheria vella nyoonapakshangalum mattu nyoonapakshangalum rashtreeya prakriyayil swathanthramaayi pankedukkunnu. rund pradhana athiraalikalum niravadhi cheria paarttikalum undu. kuranjathu anchu varshathilorikkalaan pothutheranjeduppu nadakkunnathu. judiciary executivil ninnum niyamanirmmanasabhayil ninnum swathanthramaanu.
pashchaathalam.
innathe botswanayude sthaanam charitraparamaayi bandu janathayaan, pradhaanamaayum swana janathayaan niyanthrichirunnathu. parambaraagatha adhikaarathodulla bahumaanavum swathavakaasha samrakshanavum polulla swana janatha pinthudarnna niravadhi niyama paarambaryangal colonial-sheshamulla botswana raashtreeyathinte vikasanathil oru punk vahichittundu. kolanivalkkaranathinu munbu vikasippicha kendreekritha rashtreeya gadanakalum nilanirthiyittundu. samsthaanapadaviykku munbulla swana janathayude raashtreeyam palappozhum botswana raashtreeyathil thudarnnum panku vahikkunna thalavanmaaraan nayichathu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil eee thalavanmaar deseeya samsthaanangalaayi vikasichu. eee raashtraraashtrangal parimithamaaya gavanmentum vamseeya bahuswarathayum ulppeduthi.
ulppeduthi yunaittad kingdom eee mekhalayil edapedal aarambikkukayum 1885ll bechuwanland samrakshitha pradeshamaayi eee pradesham britiish saamraajyathinte bhaagamaayi maarukayum cheythu. swana janataye kireedatthinte vishayangalakki britiish niyamathinu keezhil konduvannu. swaathanthryathinaayulla aadyathe supradhana prasthaanatthinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu theevravaadi bechuwanaland peeples partyanu. 1962ll seratts khaamayaan botswana demookratik party (bii. dii. pii) roopeekarichathu. 1965ll botswana svayambharana rajyamaayi maarukayum 1966ll oru swatantra republicayi maarukayum cheythu. 1971 vare yunaittad kingdom rajyath saambathikamaayi nikshepam nadathukayum athinte chila chelavukal nalkukayum cheythu. colonial kaalaghattatthinu munbulla swana samoohathil ninnum colonial britiish bharanathil ninnumulla sthaapanangalum paarambaryangalum swaathanthryathethudarna nilanirthukayum botswanayude raashtreeyathe swaadheenikkunnathu thudarukayum cheythu.
deseeya sarkkar.
botswanayude bharanaghadana prakaram bharikkunna oru paarlamentari republicaanu botswana. aafrikkayile ettavum dairkhyameriya thadassamillaatha janaadhipathyamaanu botswana.
niyamanirmmaana shaakha.
botswanayile niyamanirmmanasabha yunaittad kingdatthile westminstar samvidaanathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu, ennirunnaalum eee samvidaanathil ninnu verthirikkunna niravadhi vashangalund. yunaittad kingdatthil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, niyamanirmmaanasabhayude nethaavinu executive adikaarangalilla, athu botswanayude bharanaghadanaykku vidheyamaan. bharanaghadanaykku keezhilulla athinte audyogika pravartthanam "botswanayile samadhaanam, kramam, nalla sarkkar ennivaykkaayi niyamangal undaakkuka" ennathaanu.
65 amgangal adangunna deseeya asambliyaanu botswanayile niyamanirmmaana samiti. eee amgangalil 57 pere avarude gadakangal nerittu thiranjedukkukayum ithil aarr amgangale deseeya assembly thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunnu. botswana president deseeya asambliyude speekkarumaayavar "ex oofisiyoo" amgangalaanu. oru bill niyamamaakanamenkil athu deseeya assembly rashtrapathy amgeekarikkanam.
bharanaghadana sthaapicha oru upadeshaka samithiyaan "enn. tii. oo. yaa dicgosy". swana janathayude medhaavikal, thiranjedukkappetta medhaavikal, "enn. tii. oo. yaa dicgosy" thiranjeduttha amgangal enniva ithinte amgangalil ulppedunnu. bharanaghadanayeyo parambaraagatha gotra niyamangaleyo badhikkunna eathoru billum "enn. tii. oo. yaa dicgosy" yilek ruffer cheyyanam, avide athu bill vaayikkukayum billil athinte nilapad vyakthamaakkunna oru prameyam pasakkukayum venam. athinu svanthamaayi niyamanirmmaana adikaarangalilla.
executivinte adhikaarathinmelulla oru parisodhanayaayi pravarthikkaanulla utharavaaditham niyamanirmmaanasabhaykkaanu. vivarangal labhikkunnathin ithu oru chodyasamaya nadapadikramam upayogikkunnu. executive branchinte pravartthanangal parimithappedutthaan niyamanirmmaana sabhaykku adikaaramilla, ithu executive adhikaarathil mathiyaya parisodhanayaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyillenna aashankayilekku nayikkunnu.
executive branch.
rashtrathalavanaayum sarkkar medaaviyaayum pravartthikkunna botswana presidentinte neethrthwathilaanu botswanayude executive branch pravartthikkunnathu. botswanayude vais presidentum botswanayude manthrisabhayum botswanayude presidentinte keezhilaanu pravartthikkunnathu. paarlament amgangalaanu rashtrapathy thiranjedukkunnathu, paarlament amgangalil ninnu manthrisabha roopeekarikkukayum thudarnnu rashtrapathy thiranjedukkukayum cheiyunnu. botswana raashtreeyathile ettavum sakthamaaya executive shaakhayaanu botswana presidentinu sarkkaarinte ellah shaakhakalkkum mail sarkkar adikaaram prayogikkunnathil vishalamaaya akshaamshamund.
judicial branch.
botswanayile paramonnatha kodathiyaanu appeel kodathi, eee bharanaghadanayude sekshan 99 prakaram roopeekarichathum oru presidentum paarlament nirddeshikkunna appeel jadjimaarudeyum ennam ulkkollunnathumaaya appeel kodathi. komanveltthinte vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla pravasikalaaya ettu appeel jadjimaraanu nilavil appeel kodathiyilullathu. innuvare, oru motswana appeel kodathiyilekku niyamichittilla.
eathenkilum niyamathinu keezhilulla eathenkilum criminal, sivil kesukal kelkkaanum nirnnayikkaanum paridhiyillaattha yadhaartha adikaaraparidhiyulla oru unnatha rekhaamoolamulla kodathiyaanu haikodathi. bharanaghadanayude 95-aamm vakupp prakaram roopeekaricha haikkodathiyil oru cheef justice paarlament nirddeshikkunna haikkodathiyile mattu jadjimaarum ulppedunnu. nilavil haikkodathiyil pathinaar sthiram jadjimaarundu. 1992 vare haikkodathiyile jadjimar rund muthal moonnu varsham vareyulla hraswakaala karaarukalil niyamikkapetta pravasi jadjimarayirunnu. 1992ll aadyathe poura jadjimaare benchilekk niyamichu. lobaatts, gaboron, fraansisttaun ennee moonnu haikodathi divisionukalundu.
botswanayil majistrettu kodathikalum undu. eee kodathikal haikkodathiyude keezhilaanu, koodaathe sivil, criminal, kudumba niyama vishayangal kelkkunnu. rajyath pathonpathu majistrettu kodathikalundu, athil pathinezh perr pravasikalaaya ambathu majistrettumaaraanu.
jadjimaare niyamikkunnath rashtrapathy aanu, kaaranam parayanum vaadam kettathinusheshavum maathrame avare neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyoo.
gothrathalavanmaarude adhyakshathayilulla parambaraagatha kodathikalaanu mikka kesukalum theerppaakkunnathu. thaarathamyena laalithyam kaaranam eee kodathikalkku samooham palappozhum munganana nalkunnu.
praadeshika, gotra sarkkar.
botswanayile gavanment kendreekrithamaanu, praadeshika gavanmentinte adikaarangal deseeya niyamaprakaaramaan nirnnayikkappedunnathu. nirnnayikkappedunnathu local gavanment (jilla kaunsilukal) niyamaprakaaram praadeshika gavanmentinu adhikaaramund. botswanayile gavanmentinte ettavum cheria division local kaunsilaanu. botswanayile nagarangal oru meyarudeyum kaunsil chairpersoninte neethrthwathilulla oru sitti kaunsilinteyum adikaaraparidhiyilaanu. cheria pattanangalilum taunn kaunsilukalundu, athesamayam graamapradeshangal jilla kaunsilukalkku keezhilaanu. vidyaabhyaasam, aarogyam, roadukal, jalam, praadeshika vikasanam, pothukshemam ennivayude utharavaadithamaanu eee kaunsilukalkku pradhaanamaayum. thaddesha svayambharana sthaapanangal kaaryamaaya fund shekharikkunnilla, mikkavarum ellah praadeshika chelavukalum deseeya sarkkaaraan dhanasahayam nalkunnathu.
oro jilla oru jilla kammeeshanarude neethrthwathilulla jilla bharanakoodatthinte adikaaraparidhiyilaanu.
gothrathalavanmaaraanu gothrangale nayikkunnath. samudaayathinte parambaraagatha gotra yogangalaaya "kilotla" kalkk adhyakshatha vahikkunnathinum parambaraagatha kodathikalkku adhyakshatha vahikkunnathinum thalavanmaar utharavaadikalaanu. avarkk palappozhum praadeshika sarkkaarinte kaaryangalil kaaryamaaya swaadheenamundu. gothravargakkaarude bhoomi kaivashappeduthukayum land boardukal anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. gotravarga samooham thiranjedukkunna amgangalum bhoomi mantri niyamikkunna amgangalum chernnathaanu eee land boardukal.
rashtreeya partykal.
botswana demookratik party (bii. dii. pii) nayikkunna oru prabala party rajyamaanu botswana. 1962ll swaathanthryathinaayulla raajyathinte prasthaanatthil seratse khaamayaan eee party roopeekarichathu, athinusesham ellah sarkkaarukalilum bhooripakshathode athu bharichu. oru multy-party samvidaanam niravadhi prathipaksha paarttikale thiranjeduppil nilkkanum niyamanirmmanasabhayil praathinidhyam thedaanum anuvadikkunnu. orikkalum bhooripaksham kaivasham vaykkaathe, oru prathipaksha party roopeekaranathino valarchaykko niyamaparamaaya thadassangalonnumillaathil botswanayile prathipaksha partykal mattu mikka aafrikkan raajyangale apekshichu kooduthal adikaaram kaivarikkunnu. charitraparamaayi, botswana deseeya munnaniyaan ettavum sakthamaaya prathipaksha party, idathupaksha raashtreeyathe pinthunaykkunnu.
botswana niyamasabhayile prathipaksham charitraparamaayi vighadichirikkunnu, niravadhi partykal bdp velluvilikkunnathinop parasparam malsarikkunnu. botswanayile rashtreeya paarttikalil vibhageeyatha saadhaaranamaanu. 1998ll roopeekarichathinushesham mattoru pradhana prathipaksha party marria botswana kongras party ulppede niravadhi partykal botswana deseeya munnaniyil ninnu pirinju. prathipaksha partikalkkidayil sakhyam roopeekarikkaan chila sramangal nadannittundu, ennirunnaalum niyamanirmmanasabhayil bhooripaksham nedunnathil ninnu bii. dii. piye aarum thadanjittilla. 2019ll botswana deseeya munnani, botswana kongras party, botswana prasthaanam phoor democracy, botswana peeples party enniva janaadhipathya maattatthinte kudakkeezhayi onnichu.
thiranjeduppu.
swaathanthryam labhichathinushesham anchu varshathe edavelayil botswana pathivayi thiranjeduppu nadathukayum avayellaam botswana demookratik party nedukayum cheythu. swatantra thiranjeduppu kammeeshanaanu (aii. iii. sii) thiranjeduppukalude melnottam vahikkunnath. botswanayile thiranjeduppukalil bhooripakshamo bahuswarathayo labhikkuna sthaanaarthiyaanu vijayikkunna aadya-kazhinja-poost votting upayogikkunnathu. aafrikkan rajyangalil botswana apoorvamaanu, kaaranam athinte thiranjeduppukal orikkalum vyapakamaaya rashtreeya akramavumaayi bandhappettitla.
botswanayile thiranjeduppinte swaathanthryam sookshmaparishodhanaykku vidheyamaayittundu. thiranjeduppu swathanthravum prathipaksha partykal aniyanthrithavumaanenkilum, nilavile partic mattu nettangalilekkum praveshanamundu. aii. iii. sii roopeekarikkunnathinumbu bharankakshi thiranjeduppu melnottakkaarante oafees vazhiyaan thiranjeduppu niyanthrichirunnathu. thiranjeduppu niyantrikkaanulla adhikaarathe chodyam cheiyunnuvenkilum aii. iii. siyude srishti ithine oru paridhivare laghookarichittundu. laghookarichittundu 1987lum thiranjeduppu parishkaranathekkurichulla hitaparisodhana nadannu.
manushyaavakashangal.
2022 leeii freedam inn waled reportil 72/100 skorumaayi botswana swathanthramaanennu freedam house kanakkakkunnu. sthreekaludeyum nyoonapakshangaludeyum praathinidhyathekkurim vivaravakaasha niyamangalude abhaavathekkurichum freedam house aashanka prakadippichenkilum athu rashtreeya avakashangalil uyarnna score nedi. swaathanthryasthaapanam maadhyamaswaathanthryathekum panimudakkaanulla avakaashathekkurichum aashanka prakadippichenkilum pouraavakaashangalilum ithu uyarnna score nedi.
suthaaryatha anthaaraashtra thalatthil aafrikkayile ettavum azhimathi kuranja rajyamaayi botswana pathivayi amgeekarichittundu, ithu palappozhum padinjaaran europile udara janaadhipathyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnathi udharikkappedunnu.
rashtreeya prasnangal.
saambathika nayam.
mishra sambadvyavasthayulla uyarnna idatharam varumaanamulla rajyamaanu botswana, aafrikkayile ettavum sakthamaaya sambadvyavasthakalilonnaanu ivideyullathu. ivideyullathu swaathanthryathinu sheshamulla aadyathe gavanmentaanu botswanayude saambathika nayatthinte adithara paakiyath, deseeya vikasana padhathikalude oru parambarayiloode svayamparyaapthamaaya bajatt samvidaanam ulppeduthi. botswanayil, prathyekichu thaarathamyena vikasita nagarapradeshangalum daridra grameena pradeshangalum thammil, varumaana asamathvam valare kooduthalaanu.
colonial bechuvaanlaandinte sambadvyavastha kannukaali valarthalil shradha kendreekarichu, botswanayude swaathanthryathinte aadya dashakathile praadhamika vyavasaayamaayirunnu ithu. 1967ll botswanayil vajra nikshepam kandethi. beef krishi, uthppaadanam, vinodasanjaaram thudangiya cherukida vyavasaayangalkk anubandhamaayi khananathil ninnu oru charakk sambadvyavastha pinthudaraan ithu sarkkaarine prothsaahippichu. botswana sarkkar vajra vyavasaayathinte saambathika utharavaadithamulla maanejment thudarnnulla pathittaandukalil lokathile ettavum valia saambathika valarchayilekku nayichu. swatantra vipanikaludeyum swakaarya swath samrakshanangaludeyum navalibaral nayangal raajyathinte saambathika vijayathin kaaranamaayi, ithu swaathanthryathinu sheshamulla janasamkhyayude jeevithanilavaram ganyamaayi vardhippikkunnu. aduthideyulla sambhavavikasangal punarvitharana saambathika nayatthiloode kshema samsthaana padavikku oonnal nalkiyittundu.
videsanayam.
botswanayude videshanayathinte utharavaaditham vahikkunna presidentinu videshakaarya manthriyude melnottamundu. aafrikkayile mattu rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol botswanayude raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya vijayam praadeshikavum aagolavumaaya kaaryangalil valia punk vahikkaan kaaranamaayi. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode botswana ayalrajyangalkkum anthaaraashtra samghadanakalkkum saambathikavum sainikavumaaya pinthuna ayaykkaan thudangi. botswana athinte videshanayathil bahuraashtravaadathinu oonnal nalkiyittundu. karayal chuttapetta pradeshavum kayattumathi nayikkunna sambadvyavasthayum mattu rajyangalumaayi sakthamaaya nayatantra bandham nilanirthaan athine prothsaahippichu, koodaathe janasamkhya kuravum asthiramaaya sarkkarukalumaayulla saameepyavum botswana surakshaykkum vibhavangalkkumayi anthaaraashtra samghadanakalumaayi aduthu pravartthikkaan kaaranamaayi.
1966 muthal 1994 vare botswanayumaayi athirthi pankidunna rajyangal asthiramo allengil botswanayodu shathruthayo ullavayaayirunnu. varnnavivechanathinte vivechanaparamaaya bharanakaalathu ettavum valia ayalrajyamaaya dakshinaafrikkayumaayi athu bandham sthaapichilla. aadya varshangalil botswanaykku sainyamundaayirunnil. praadeshika asthirathaykku marupadiyaayi botswana prathirodha senaye oduvil srishtichu. oru swatantra rajyamenna nilayil charithratthinte bhooribhaagavum botswana yadhaartha rashtreeya videsanayam pinthudarnnu. iyaan khaamayude presidency kaalayalavil, athu oru aadarshavaada videshanayathilekku maari, athil manushyavakaasha lamghanangalkku sarkkaarukale pathivayi vimarshikkunnu. eee kaalayalavil, anthaaraashtra criminal kodathiye pinthunaykkukayo svechaadhipathya raajyangalile manushyavakaasha lamghanangale apalapikkukayo cheytha aafrikkan unionile eaka amgamaayirunnu ithu.
saamoohika nayam.
mekhalayile mattu rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol botswanayude aapekshika sambathu vidyaabhyaasam, aarogyam, adisthaana soukaryangal thudangiya pothu sevanangalil uyarnna chelavu anuvadichu. anuvadichu kanakkanusarichu, vidyaabhyaasa, naipunya vikasana manthraalayathinu eathoru sarkkar samrambhathekkaalum ettavum valia bajattayirunnu undaayirunnathu. botswanayile kshemapadhathikal thaarathamyena parimithavum parishodhanaykk vidheyavumaan, koodaathe deseeya thalatthilulla saamoohika surakshayilla. raajyathe ettavum gurutharamaaya aarogyaprashnamaanu echuaivi/aids, botswanayile echuaivi/aids pakarchavyaadhi lokathile ettavum gurutharamaaya pakarchavyaadhikalilonnaanu. pakarchavyaadhikalilonnaanu pakarchavyaadhiye cherukkumbol botswanaykku kuranja videsha sahayam labhichu, ithu vyapikkaan anuvadichu.

