
siang

indoneshya, maleshya, thayland ennividangalile vanangalil kaanapedunna oru arborial, karutha niratthilulla gibbon aanu siamang (symphalanchus syndactylus). gibbanukalil ettavum valuthaanu, siamanginu mattu gibbanukalude eratti valipavum uyaravum vare bhaaravumundaakaam. symphalanchus janussile eaka inamaanithu. madhya pleastosein kaalaghattatthilethaanu siangukalude fossilukal.
rund savisheshathakal mattu gibbanukalil ninnu siamngine verthirikkunnu. onnamathaayi, oro kaalileyum rund akkangal-randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum kaalviralukal-bhaagikamaayi oru membranumaayi cherunnu, athinaal purathana greak σύν, "sann-", "+ δάκτyλος," dactulose "," viral "ennivayil ninnu" syndactylus "enna prathyeka peru. randaamathaayi, eee inathile aankuttikalilum penkuttikalilum kaanapedunna oru valia gular sanchi (thonda sanchi), siyaamginte thalayude valippathilekku uyarthaam, ithu prathidhwanikkunna kolukal cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu.
namakaranam cheyyappetta sumatran siamang (kall) aanu siyaamanginte rund upajaathikal. ezz. syndactylus), malaysian siamang (kall. ezz. bhookhandam, "malaysian upadveepil). allaathapaksham, malaysian vyakthikal oru janasamkhya maathramaan. mattu gibbanukalumaayi anukambayode siamang sambhavikkunnu; athinte rund shrenikalum poornnamaayum chadulamaaya gibbaninteyum laar gibbaninteyum samyojitha srenikalkkullilaanu.
sianginu 40 varsham vare thadavil jeevikkaan kazhiyum.
anadhikritha valarthumrigangalude vyapaaram vanyamrugangalude ennathe baadhikkumbol, indoneshyayileyum malaysiayileyum aavaasavyavasthayude nashtamaanu sianginu pradhana bheeshani. paam oayil ulppaadana vyavasaayam valia vanapradeshangal neekkam cheyyukayum sumatran kaduva polulla mattu enangalude aavaasavyavasthayum siyaamanginte aavaasavyavasthayum kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu.
vivaranam.
sianginu neelamullathum idathoornnathumaaya, cheenja mudiyundu, ithu ellah gibbanukalilum ettavum irunda niramaan. kuranginte neelamullathum valanjathumaaya kaikalkk kaalukalekkaal neelamundu. oru siyaamginte sharashari neelam 90 centimeteraanu; avaa ithuvare valarthiyathil vachu ettavum valuth 150 centimeteraanu. eee valia gibbaninte mukham nerttha meeshaykk purame kooduthalum mudiyillaathathaanu.
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
sumatra dveepileyum malaysian upadveepileyum vanaa avashishtangalil vasikkunna siang thaazhnna pradeshathe vanangal muthal parvatha vanangal vare-mazhakkaadukal vare-3800 meter vare uyarathil kaanapedunnu. sharashari 23 hector visthruthiyulla aarr vyakthikalude (sharashari naalu vyakthikal) grouppukalaayi ithu jeevikkunnu. avayude pakal paridhi palappozhum oru kilometeril thaazhe varunna, sahaanubhoothiyulla "highlobates" enangale apekshichu ganyamaayi cheruthaanu. chadulamaaya gibbanukaludeyo laar gibbanukaludeyo vilikalkku sesham athiraavile vanathile nishabdathaye siyaamaanginte madhuraganam thakarkkunnu. sumatrayileyum malaysian upadveepileyum siangukalude roopam samaanamaanengilum chila perumattangal rund janasamkhyakalkkidayil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
paristhithiyum perumattavum.
ore aavaasavyavastha pankidunna rund tharam gibbanukal thammilulla paristhithiyum bandhavum siangukalundu. avayil chadulamaaya gibbon, laar gibbon enniva ulppedunnu. siangukalodoppam jeevikkunna rund gibbanukalum simphalaankasinekkaal hailobettukalaanu. oru siyaamanginte swabhaavam eluppathil vivarikkaam. rund siyaamaangukal kandumuttumbol avarkk palappozhum parasparam oru bandhamund. aaveshabharitharaakumbozho vishramikkumbozho inacheraanulla shramathilo bheeshanippeduthalo cheiyumbozho ashayavinimayam nadatthaan avarude thonda sanjikalum nilavilikalum upayogichum avar ashayavinimayam nadathiyekkaam. siangukal uchathilulla shabdangal upayogikkukayaanenkil, avar ashayavinimayam nadatthaan sareerabhaashayum upayogikkunnu. avarkk aamgyabhaasha nadatthaam allengil matteth choondikkaanikkaam, athu avarkk enthaanu vendathennu allengil avar enthaanu cheyyaan aagrahikkunnathenn avare bodhyappeduthunnu.
bhakshanakramam.
siang pradhaanamaayum sasyangalude vividha bhagangal bhakshikkunnu. sumatran siamang athinte malayaala bandhuvinekkaal kooduthal mitaahaariyaanu, athinte bhakshanathinte 60 sathamaanam vare pazhangalaanu. munthirivallikal muthal marachedikal vareyulla kuranjathu 160 inam sasyangaleyenkilum siang bhakshikkunnu. athippazhamaanu ("phicus" spp) ithinte pradhana bhakshya srothass. pazhutha pazhangalekkaal pazhuthathum pazhutha elakalekkaal cheruppavumaanu siang kazhikkaan eshtappedunnathu. ithu pookkaleyum kurachu mrugangaleyum, kooduthalum praanikaleyum bhakshikkunnu. valia pookkal kazhikkumbol, athu corola (dalangal) maathrame kazhikkunnulloo, ennaal kazhikkunnathinu munbu kayyil shekharicha cheria pazhangal upayogichu cheria pookkalude ellah bhaagangalum athu bhakshikkunnu. valuthum kadinavumaaya vithukaloo moorchayulla arikukalulla vithukaloo kazhikkumbol, athu pazhangalude maamsam tholi kalayukayum vithu valicheriyukayum cheiyunnu. athinte bhakshanathil pazhangalude ganyamaaya bhagangal adangiyirikkunnuvenkum, hylobattideyile ellah amgangalilum ettavum kooduthal elakkarikalullathaanu ithu. ithu ettavum valia gibbon aayathinal, valia praimettukal kooduthal elakkarikalulla pothuvaaya primate bhakshana pravanathayumaayi ithu nannayi yojikkunnu.
janasamkhyaashaasthravum janasamkhyayum.
praayapoorthiyaayavaril prabalanaaya oru purushan, praayapoorthiyaayavaril prabalayaya oru sthriyum, santhathikalum shishukkalum chilappol praayapoorthiyaakaatha oru sthriyum adangunnathaanu oru koottam siyaamaangukal. praayapoorthiyaakaathavar saadhaaranayaayi 6-8 vayass thikanjathinushesham group vidunnu; praayapoorthiyaakaatha sthreekal praayapoorthiyaakaatha purushanmaarekkaal neratthe group vidunnu. siang garbhakaalakhattam 6.2 muthal 7.9 maasangal vareyaanu; kunju janichathinushesham, amma kunjine athinte jeevithathinte aadya varsham paripaalikkunnu. hylobatidae kudumbatthile mattu amgangale apekshichu kooduthal pithruparipaalanam nalkunna siang aankuttikal ekadesham 8 maasam prayamaaya sesham oru shishuvine vahikkunnathil pradhana punk vahikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi kunju uranganum nazhsakaanum ammayude aduthekku madangunnu. kunju athinte moonnaam varshathode maathaapithaakkalil ninnu swathanthramaayi yaatra cheyyaan thudangunnu.
mattu gibbon inangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol parasparam aduthu kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkunnathayi rekhappeduthiyittulla ekabhaaryaathva inacheral jodikalaayi siangukal pothuve ariyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, ekabhaarya, bahubhaarya vibhagangal thekkan sumatrayil kaanapedunnu. eee janasamkhyayekkurichu padikkumbol, ekabhaaryaathva grouppukalilppetta sisukkalkku polyandrus grouppukalile sisukkalekkaal kooduthal mothatthilulla purusha paricharanam labhikkunnathayi kandethi. eee grouppukalile pithrthvathinte urappillaymayaanu eee kuranja paricharanatthinu kaaranam.
aavaasavyavasthayile aswasthatha siang grouppinte ghadanaye badhikkunnu; kedupaadukal illaatha vanathinum kathicha, punarnirmmicha vanathinum idayil praaya-linga ghadanayil ithu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. kathikkappettathum veendum valarnnathumaya vanaa janasamkhyayil kooduthal shishukkalum cheria praayapoorthiyaakaathavarum valia praayapoorthiyaakaathavarumaaya kedukoodaattha vanaa janasamkhyayekkaal kooduthal muthirnnavarum praayapoorthiyaakaathavarum undaayirunnu. kathikkappettathum veendum valarnnathumaya vanavibhaagangalile shishukkalude athijeevana nirakk kedukoodaattha vanavibhaagangale apekshichu kuravaanu. randaamathethil vyakthikalude ennam mumbathethinekkaal kooduthalaanu. bhakshya vibhavangaludeyum jeevithathinu marangaludeyum abhavam kaaranam kedupaadukal illaatha vanangale apekshichu saandrata kuranjathum cheria koottangalaayi jeevikkunnavarumaan aswasthamaaya vanangalile siang.
1980kalil, indoneshyan janasamkhyayil 360,000 aalukalaanu siang kaattilullathenn kanakkaakkappettirunnu. 21-aamm noottaandil eee kanakk kuravaayirikkaam sumatrayile moonnaamathe valia samrakshitha pradesamaanu (3,568 chathurashra kilometer) bukitt barrison selattan desheeyodyaanam, athil ekadesham 2,570 chathurashra kilometer vanamekhalayilaanu avasheshikkunnath, athil 22,390 siyaamaangukal (2002 sensus prakaram) vasikkunnu. sumatrayil samudranirappil ninnu 500 muthal 1000 meter vare uyaramulla thaazhnna vanangalil thamasikkaan siang eshtappedunnu.
perumaattam.
siang athinte unarunna kaalayalavinte pakuthiyiladhikam neram pularche muthal sandhya vare vishramikkunnu, thudarnnu bhakshanam, chalanam, meyikkal, saamoohika pravartthanangal enniva nadathunnu. uchakazhinju kooduthal vishramam edukkukayum mattullavare valarthaano calicano samayamedukkukayum cheiyunnu. vishramasamayath, saadhaaranayaayi purakilo vayarilo kidakkunna oru valia maratthinte oru kombu upayogikkunnu. bhakshanam kazhikkunna swabhaavam, meikkal, neengal enniva mikkappozhum ravileyum vishramicha sheshavumaan. kudumbamgangal thammilulla ettavum pradhanappetta saamoohika edapedalukalilonnaanu vasthradhaaranam. muthirnnavarkkidayil neratthe thanne vasthradhaaranam nadakkunnu; muthirnnavar pinneedu pakal praayapoorthiyaakaathavare varaykkunnu. praayapoorthiyaaya purushanmaaraan vasthradhaaranathil ettavum kooduthal earppedunnathu.
varanda kaalaavasthayil, mazhakkaalathekkaal valuthaanu siyaamanginte dainamdina shreni. pazhangal kooduthalulla bhakshanakramam kazhikkunnathinaal thekkan sumatrayile siang mattu sthalangalile siangukale apekshichu kuranja samayam maathrame meyikkaan chelavazhikkunnullu. athinaal ithu kooduthal poshakangal upayogikkunnu, ithu bhakshya sambaadanathinu aavashyamaaya samayam kuraykkunnu. oru siamng oru divasam muzhuvan oru phalam kaaykkunna maratthil chelavazhikkukayum vishramikkaan aagrahikkumbol puratthekku maarukayum bhakshanam kazhikkaan madangukayum cheyyaam.
valare saamoohikamaaya oru primate inamaanu siamng, avarude kudumba grouppinullil ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinum saamoohika bandhangal vardhippikkunnathinam pravartthanangalum mukhabhaavangalum ulppede vaividhyamaarnna sparsanaparavum drishyavumaaya aamgyangal pradarshippikkunnu. avar praadeshikavum mattu kudumba grouppukalumaayi uchathil vilichu avarude pradesham evideyaanennu mattu grouppukale ariyikkunnathiloode samvadikkunnu. kolukal asinkranas aayirikkam, avaa oru prathyeka ayal groupilekku nayikkappedaathidathu, allengil oresamayam group kolukal pradeshatthinte athirthikkappurathu nadakkaam. athirthi kadannu parasparam pinthudarunnavaraanu purushanmaar.
purushanmaarum sthreekalum thammilulla vasthradhaaranathinte aavruthi laingikabandhathinte aavruthiyumaayum aakramanathmakathayumaayum bandhappettirikkunnave kandethiyittundu. rund moonnu varsham edavelakalil naalu muthal anchu maasam vare dambathikal inacherunnu. palappozhum pazhangal kooduthalaayi labhikkuna samayathaan avayude prathyulpaadana pravartthanatthinte unnatham. siyamaangukalil ettavum saadhaaranamaaya tharam dorsoventral koppuleshan aanu, avide penkunju irikkukayum aankunju kaikalaal thoongukayum penkunjine kaalukal kondu pidikkukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam rund praimettukalum thoongikkidakkunna ventroventral koppuleshan sharashari 60 thavanayil onnu maathrame sambhavikkoo.
vilikkunnathinte punk.
siamang athiraavile vilikkunnathiloodeyaanu athinte divasam aarambhikkunnath; uchakazhinju kuranja kolukal, ekadesham 9 munny muthal 10:00 vare kolukalude peak. siyaamaanginte mikka kolukalum athinte hoome renchinullilullavarkk pakaram ayalkkaarilekkaanu. ithinartham, samgharshangalkkulla prathikaranavum athinte pradesham samrakshikkunnathum aanu siyaamginte ahvaanam. mattoru siang groupine kandumuttumbozho kaanumbozho saadhaaranayaayi athiraavile kolukal sambhavikkunnu. mattonnine ovarlaappu cheiyunna siyaamginte hoome renchinte attamaan palappozhum vilikkunna sthalam. kaundar (qoo-response) colling idaykkide athirthikku sameepamo ovarlaappu eriyayilo nadakkunnu. pazhangal labhyamaakunnathinekkaal kooduthal samrudhamaayirikkumbol vilikal daaraalamaanu. kombukal kulungunnathum ooriyedukkunnathum maratthinte kireedangalkku chuttum neengunnathum vilikkoppam varunnu. eee prasthaanam mattu grouppukal evideyaanennu kaanikkaanaayirikkam.
mattoru koottam aalukalkk eluppathil kaanaan kazhiyunna, jeevichirikkunna, uyaramulla, valia marangale vilikkaan siang eshtappedunnu. koodaathe, atharam marangalkk siang chalanathe pinthunaykkaan kazhiyum. vilikkunna marangal saadhaaranayaayi marangalkk bhakshanam nalkunnathinu sameepamaan, pakshe chilappol avaa bhakshanam nalkunna marangale vilikkunnu.
inacherunna jodikal uchathilullathum nannayi roopakalppana cheythathumaaya colling bouttukal srishtikkunnu, avaye dueting ennu vilikkunnu. eee kolukal inacherunna oru jodiyude saannidhyavum nilayum parasyappedutthunnu. puthuthayi roopamkonda jodikal oru sthaapitha jodiyekkaal kooduthal samayam paatt paadunnu. sakthamaaya bandhatthinte saannidhyam parasyappeduthunnathu praadeshika prathirodhatthil prayojanakaramaanu. siamang dueting mattu speesheesukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam ithinu prathyekichu sankeernamaaya shabdaghadanayundu. boomukal, baarkkukal, alarunna nilavilikal, bittonal nilavilikal enningane naalu vyathyastha tharam shabdangal rekhappeduthiyittundu. sthreekal saadhaaranayaayi neelamulla tholikalum purushanmaar saadhaaranayaayi bittonal nilavilikalum undaakkunnu, ennaal rund lingangalum naalu tharam shabdangalum srishtikkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu.
vithu.
oru mithabhakshana mrugamenna nilayil, siamang athinte pradeshathudaneelam sanjarikkumbol malavisarjjanathiloode vithukal chitharikkunnu. sianginu dahikkumbol vithu vahikkanum vithu vibhavangalil ninnu malavisarjanam nadatthaanum kazhiyum, ithu vanathinte punarujjeevanatheyum pinthudarchayeyum pinthunaykkunnu.
bheeshanikalum samrakshanavum.
vanathe poornnamaayum aasrayikkunna oru arborial primate enna nilayil, aavaasavyavasthayude nashtam, vettayaadal, vettayaadal enniva kaaranam siang janasamkhya sammarddam neridunnu.
aavaasavyavasthayude nashtam.
thottangal, kaattuthee, anadhikritha maramvettal, kayyettam, manushyavikasanam enniva moolam aavaasavyavasthayude vighadanamaanu sianginu oru pradhana bheeshani. onnamathaayi, eee adutha dashakangalil paam-oayil thottangal siyaamginte aavaasavyavasthayude valia pradeshangal neekkam cheythu. 2002 muthal 107,000 chathurashra kilometer ennappana nadiyittundu, ithu indoneshyayileyum malaysiayileyum mazhakkaadukalkk pakaram siang yadhaarthathil thaamasichirunnu. randaamathaayi, 21-aamm noottaandinte randaam dashakathil, anadhikritha maramvettal kaaranam malaysian upadveepile vanangal nasippikkappettu. mikka siyaamangukalum thamasikkunna malaysian upadveepile kelanthaanile 37 sthiramaaya vanasamrakshanakendrangalil pathinarum anadhikritha maramvettunnavaraan kaiyeriyittullathu. moonnaamathaayi, vanaa kaiyettangal vanamekhalaye krishibhoomiyaayi maattunnu; udaaharanathinu, 1998-ll kaappi vila vardhichathode sumatrayile aalukal vanathinu pakaram kaappi thottangal sthaapikkaan prerippichu. naalaamathaayi, pala mekhalakalileyum vikasanathinu roadukal polulla adisthaana soukaryangal aavasyamaanu, avaa ippol samrakshana mekhalakale vibhajikkukayum vanavibajanathinum attafalangalkkum kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu.
vettayaadalum vettayaadalum.
eshyayude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, praimettukale indoneshyayil maamsathinaayi vettayaadunnilla. anadhikritha valarthumrigangalude vyaapaarathinaayi vettayaadappedunna ivarkku vettakkar sisukkalaaya siangukalaanu kooduthal eshtappedunnathu. siang penkuttikal avarude shishukkale valareyadhikam samrakshikkunnathinaal vettakkar palappozhum aadyam ammamaare kollunnu, aadyam ammaye kollathe kunjine neekkam cheiyunnathinu kooduthal sramam aavasyamaanu. vipaniyile mikka siangukalum sisukkalaanu, avaa palappozhum gathaagathathinide marikkunnu.
samrakshanam.
kuranjathu 11 samrakshitha pradeshangalenkilum siamngine kaananakum

