gadanaaparamaaya (vaasthuvidya)

irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil vikasicha vaasthuvidyayileyum nagaraasoothranathileyum oru prasthaanamaanu gadanaaparamaaya pravartthanam. nagaraasoothranatthinte nirjeevamaaya aavishkaaram ennu manassilakkiya yukthivaadathinte (siam-functionalism) prathikaranamaayirunnu athu, athu nivaasikaludeyum nagararoopangaludeyum swathuathe avaganichu.
pothuvaaya ardhathil gadanaaparamaaya chinthakal irupathaam noottaandile oru chinthareethiyaayi bhaashaavinjaanathil ninnu uthbhavichathaan. naravamshashaasthram, manahshaasthram, sambadvyavastha, thathwachintha, kala thudangiya mattu vishayangal gadanaaparamaaya ashayangal sweekarikkukayum avaa kooduthal vikasippikkukayum cheythu. gadanaaparamaaya vikasanathil oru pradhana punk vahichathu russian aupachaarikathayaanu, prague school koodiyaanu. ghadanaavaada chinthayude pradhana vyakthiyaya rolland barthes, samboornna ghadanaavaada thathwashaasthram illennum marichu oru gadanaaparamaaya reethi maathramaanennum vaadichu.
gadanaaparamaaya dutch aarkkitektukal claude levi-stross (naravamshashaasthram) pole padanangal nadathukayum ferdinand dii sosur (bhaashaashaasthram) ezhuthiya "langue ettu parol" thathwathil, prathyekichu prameya pankaalithatthinaayi thaalpparyappedukayum cheythu. 
pothuvaaya lekhanamaaya strecturalisathinte thudakkathil, inipparayunna vishadeekaranangal shradhikkappedunnu "ghadanaavaadam ennathu oru vishalamaaya samvidaanavumaayo gadanayumaayo ulla bandhatthinte adisthaanathil samskaarathinte gadakangal manassilaakkanamenn oonnipparayunna oru saidhaanthika maathrkayaanu."-marimari, thathwachinthakanaaya saiman blackbane sangrahichathupole" manushyajeevithathile prathibhasangal avayude paraspara bandhangaliloodeyallathe manassilakkaan kazhiyillenna vishwaasamaanu gadanaaparamaayatha ". eee bandhangal oru gadanayaanu, uparithala prathibhaasangalile praadeshika vyathiyaanangalkk pinnil amoortha samskaarathinte sthiramaaya niyamangalund."
ghadanaavaadavum postmodenisavum.
europil, europil avasaanam vare saidhaanthika charchayil gadanaaparamaaya swaadheenam undaayirunnu. classical aadhunika vaasthuvidyaykku pakaramaayi oru badal vaagdaanam cheyyaanulla shramathil, athu puthiya kroorathaykku samaantharamaayirunnu. 1975 aayappozhekkum, pradhanappetta saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya mattangal kaaranam gadanaaparamaaya thathwachinthaykku maanavikashaasthrathil athinte pradhana sthaanam nashtappettu. chaals jenks, roobert ventuary, denis scott braun thudangiya ezhuthukaar prothsaahippicha aadhunikothara vaasthuvidyayude vardhichuvarunna janapreeti vaasthuvidyayil athinte sthaanam durbalapedutthi. 1995-oode avasanichathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna aadhunikaananthara kaalaghattatthilum athinusheshavum pradhana vaasthushilpikalude pravartthanangale ariyikkunnathinayi gadanaaparamaaya ashayangal nilaninnu. 
vaasthuvidyayile gadanaaparamaaya ashayangal pradhaanamaayum europilum jappanilum vikasippicheduthath americayudeyum kaanadayudeyum pradhana sambhavanakalodeyaanu. vasthuvidyaa maasikakalile sambhaavanakalum 1980-ll prasidheekaricha gadanaaparamaaya padhathikalude samahaaravum (vaasthuvidyayilum nagaraasoothranatthilum gadanaaparamaayava) gadanaaparamaaya pravartthanangal vishalamaaya prekshakarkku parichayappedutthi. vaasthuvidyayile gadanaaparamaaya sidhaanthathekkurichulla pradhana vilayiruthalukal kennathu fraamptan aandu kennathu fraamptan nadathiyittundu. 
2010-kalil, vaasthuvidyayile gadanaavaadathodulla oru puthiya thaalparyam kandethaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum ithu hyoomaanitteesile gadanaavaadatthinte punarujjeevanathinu samaantharamallennu sthaapikkaan kazhiyum. 2011-ll "strecturalist aaktivitti" yude samagramaya shaasthreeya samahaaram "strecturalism reloaded" enna prasidheekaranathil prathyakshappettu. eee vipulamaaya pusthakatthil, daarshanikavum charitraparavum kalaparavum mattu prasakthavumaaya vashangalekkurich 47 anthaaraashtra ezhuthukaarude lekhanangal prasidheekarichu. eee lekhanathinte thaazhepparayunna bhagangal "strecturalism reload" enna prasidheekaranatthinte nilavile avasthaye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
eee pusthakam prasidheekarichu kurachu maasangalkk sesham, landanile riba instittyoott 2012-ll riba swarnna medalinulla puthiya sthaanaarthikalekkurichu charcha cheythu. oru yadhaartha chodyam ithaayirunnu "venchoorikalkk eee varshathe riba swarnna medel nalkendathundo?"athisayakaramennu parayatte, riba kammitti venchoorikalkk avarude postmordanist kaazhchappaad nalkiyilla, pakaram herman hertsbergerinu addehathinte gadanaaparamaaya vaasthuvidyaykkum saidhaanthika sambhavanakalkkum sammanam nalki. kaalam maarukayum oonnalil maattam sambhavikkukayum cheythu. muun riba president jacq prinkilinte abhiprayam ithaayirunnu "brittanile ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya puraskaramaaya royal gold medel namme munnott nayicha oru vaasthushilpikkaayirikkanam, pinnottalla."innu, postmoden vaasthuvidya oru paridhivare europile vasthuvidyaa prasthaanamaaya traditionalisavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaam.
vividha chalanangalum dishakalum.
naravamshashaasthranjanaaya claude levi-stross abhiprayappettu "namukk ippozhum oru gadanaavaadathekkurichu samsarikkaan kazhiyumennu njaan vishwasikkunnilla. gadanaaparamaayavaraanennu avakaashappedunna niravadhi prasthaanangal undaayirunnu."eee vaividhyam vaasthuvidyayilum kaanam. ennirunnaalum, vasthuvidyaa gadanaavaadathinu manushyashaasthrathile gadanaavaadatthinte ellah thathwangalum paalikkaatha oru svayambharanamundu. vaasthuvidyayil, vyathyastha dishakal vyathyastha chithrangal srishtichu. eee lekhanathil rund dishakal charcha cheyyappedunnu. chilappol iva samyojippichaan sambhavikkunnath.
oru vashath, 1959ll aldo vaan aikku roopappeduthiya samkhyayude soundaryashaasthramundu. eee ashayathe sellular tissuevumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaam. 1960ll poortthiyaakkiya aldo vaan aikkinte aamstardaamile anaathaalayamaanu eee dishayile ettavum swaadheenamulla maathruka. "samkhyayude soundaryashaasthram" "vaasthuvidyayile speshyal konfigareshanukal" allengil "maatt-building" (alison smithson) ennum visheshippikkaam.
maruvashathu, 1961 ll joonn habracan bhavananirmmaanathil upayokthru pankaalithatthinaayi roopappeduthiya sajeevamaaya vaividhyathinte (ghadanayum infil) vaasthuvidyayundu. koodaathe, 1960 kalil, ariyappedunna niravadhi uttopiyan padhathikal "ghadanayum infil" thathwathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. 1967ll poortthiyaakkiya kenzo tanke kofuvile yamanashi kalchar chamberanu eee dishayile oru swaadheenamulla maathruka. 
pankaalitthamulla bhawana padhathikalumaayi bandhappett herman hertsberger "vaasthuvidya pakuthi ulppannamaayi" allengil "thuranna gadanakal" enna padangalum alejandro aravena "pankaalittha roopakalppana prakriya", "vardhichuvarunna bhavananirmmanam", "pakuthi veedukal" ennee padangalum upayogichu.
uthbhavam.
vaasthuvidyayileyum nagaraasoothranathileyum gadanaaparamaaya uthbhavam randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham kongras internaashanal dii architecture modernil (siam) aayirunnu. aayirunnu 1928num idayil, vaasthuvidyayum nagarathwatheyum kurichulla charchaykkulla oru pradhana vediyaayirunnu siam. palappozhum vairudhyamulla kazhchappadukalulla vividha grouppukal eee samghadanayil sajeevamaayirunnu; udaaharanathinu, soundaryaparamaaya parisarangalillaattha vaasthuvidyayodu shaasthreeya sameepanamulla amgangal (yukthivaadikal), vaasthuvidya oru kalaaroopamaayi kanakkaakkunna amgangal (leeii corbusier), uyarnnatho thaazhnnatho aaya kettidatthinte vakthakkalaaya amgangal (ernst meyy), randaam lokamahaayudhathinu sheshamulla parishkaranatthe pinthunaykkunna amgangal (team 10), pazhaya gaardile amgangal thudangiyava.
cheria splintar group team 10 leeii vyakthigatha amgangal gadanaaparamaaya adithara paakunnu. njaan team 10-nte ulppannamaanu" ennu paranjukondu randaam thalamura naayakan herman hertsberger pinneedu eee teaminte swaadheenam vyaakhyaanichu. avant-gaard aarkkidekttukalude oru koottam enna nilayil, team 10 1953 muthal 1981 vare sajeevamaayirunnu, athil ninnu rund vyathyastha prasthaanangal uyarnnuvannu engleesh amgangalude (alison, peettar smithson) puthiya kroorathayum dutch amgangalude (aldo vaan aikkum jacob bekema) gadanaaparathayum.
team 10 nuu purathu, gadanaaparamaaya prasthaanatthe munnott nayikkunna mattu ashayangal vikasichu-amerikkayile luis qaan, jappaanile kenzo tanke, netherlandsile joonn habracan (bhavananirmmaanathile upayokthru pankaalittha sidhaantham) ennee aashayangalal swaadheenikkappettu. herman hertsberger, lucian croll, alejandro aravena ennivar pankaalittha mekhalayil pradhana vasthuvidyaa sambhavanakal nalki.
1960-ll japanese aarkkitekt kenzo tanke thante prashasthamaaya tokkiyo bay plan roopakalppana cheythu. aaa padhathiyude prarambha ghattathekkurichu pinneedu chinthichukondu addeham paranju "1959-ll allengil arupathukalude thudakkathil njaan pinneedu gadanaaparamaayathennu vilikkunnathinekkurich chinthikkaan thudangi."1966-leeii" "function, structure aandu simbal" "enna lekhanavum tanke ezhuthi, athil chinthayile oru pravarthanaparamaaya sameepanathil ninnu gadanaaparamaaya sameepanathilekkulla parivartthanatthe addeham vivarikkunnu". 1920 muthal 1960 vareyulla kaalaghattatthe "functionalism" enna thalakkettilum 1960 muthalulla kaalathe "strecturalism" enna thalakkettilum tang kanakkakkunnu.
leeii corbusier niravadhi aadyakaala padhathikal srishtikkukayum gadanaaparamaaya reethiyil prototypeukal nirmmikkukayum cheythu, avayil chilath chilath. 1920kalilethaanu team 10 amgangal addehathinte srishtiyude chila vashangal ("sthalabodham" illaatha nagara ashayam, yoonittinte irunda aantharika theruvukal) vimarsichirunnuvenkilum, vaasthuvidyayilum kalayilum oru mikacha maathrkayum srishtiparamaaya vyakthithvavumaayi avar addehathe amgeekarichu.
prakadanapathrika.
gadanaaparamaaya prasthaanatthinte ettavum swaadheenamulla maanifestokalilonnu aldo vaan aikku "phooram" enna vasthuvidyaa maasikayil samaaharichu. ithu otterloyile aarkkidekttukalude anthaaraashtra kongrasinte paripaadiyaayi thayyarakki (7-15 septambar 1959). randaam lokamahaayudhathinusheshamal punarnirmmaana pravarthanangalkku utharavaadikalaaya siam-yukthivaadathinte dutch prathinidhikalkkethiraya oru nerittulla akramanamaayirunnu "phooram" enna vishayathinte kendra vasham (thanthraparamaaya kaaranangalal, vaan tijen, vaan eestteran, merkelback thudangiya aasoothrakare paraamarshichirunnilla). nagaraasoothranatthinte kooduthal maanushika roopathinu anukoolamaaya niravadhi udaaharanangalum prasthaavanakalum maasikayil adangiyirikkunnu. munkaala padhathikalum kettidangalum nilavilundaayirunnuvena kongras-pankedukkunnavar eee kongras gadanaaparamaaya audyogika thudakkathe adayaalappeduthunnu. vaasthuvidyayile gadanaaparamaaya enna padam padam muthal vividha rajyangalil aakasmikamaayi prasidheekarichu (saahityam kaanuka).
1961ll joonn habracan prasidheekaricha mattoru swaadheenamulla manifesto. addehathinte "saportsa aan alternate tuu maas housing" enna pusthakam gadanaaparamaaya prasthaanatthinte bhaagamaayi vaasthuvidyayile pankaalitthatthinte thudakkamaanu. dutch, engleesh, itaaliyan, spanish, jarmman bhaashakalilaan eee prakadanapathrika prasidheekarikkunnathu.
auterlo kongras-pankedukkunnavar.
kongras-pankedukkunnavar autorlo kongrasil nadanna chila avatharanangalum charchakalum vaasthuvidyayileyum nagaravaadatthileyum gadanaaparamaaya thudakkamaayi kaanapedunnu. eee avatharanagalkk anthaaraashtra swaadheenam undaayirunnu. siam '59 inn otterlo" enna pusthakatthil pankeduttha 43 vaasthushilpikalude perukal pattikappedutthiyittundu.
, algar/aldo vaan aikku, aamstardaam/josep aantoni coderch, barsalona/wendell lovettu, belway-washington/verner raush, berlin/, brexellus/chii. poloni, budapest/mee. seagler, jenf/, jenf/, grass/kristhyan furrenholts, hamberg/alison smithson, lunden/peettar smithson, lunden/jiancarlo dii carlo, milan/ignacio gardella, milan/vikko majistretti, milan/ernesto nathan roggers, milan/blanche lemco vaan jinkal, montriyal/sandy vaan jinkal, montriyal/, newpoort/geer grung, oosloo/aarne coursemo, oosloo/georges candilis, paarees/aljosa josic, paarees/aandu recojency, paarees/shadrachrouds, paris/paris/paris/philadelphia portt. tavora, porto/jacob bii. bakkema, rotterdam/herman hahn, rotterdam/jeey.emm. stokkla, rotterdam/joonn voyalkar, steppelharst/ralph erskine, stockholm/kenzo tanke, tokkiyo/terje moow (aarkkitekt), trontheim/ooskaar hansen, warzawa/, warzawa/jersey solton, warzawa/, weane/edward eph. secler, weane/, sagreb/, soorich.
gadanaaparamaaya roopathinte nirvachanam.
gadanaaparamaaya pravarthanangalkku vyathyastha dishakal ullathinaal, onniladhikam nirvachanangalund. herman hertsbergerinte saidhaanthika sambhavana ettavum rasakaramaaya pathippukalil pedunnu. hertsberger aduthide udharicha oru prasthavana ithaanu "gadanaaparamaaya reethiyil, oraal deerghamaaya jeevithachakramulla oru ghadanaye verthirikkukayum hrasvamaaya jeevithachakrangal kondu niraykkukayum cheiyunnu." 
hertsberger 1973-ll kooduthal vishadamaaya oru vivaranam prasidheekarichu. ithu pothuvaaya ardhathil oru gadanaaparamaaya nirvachanamaan, mathramalla upayokthru pankaalithatthinulla adisthaana ashayam koodiyaanu 'space' allengil 'architecture' polulla aashayangalumayi bandhappett njangal 'phoom' oru kendra sthaanathu vaykkunnu enna vastutha, athil thanne uchaaranathinte maattamallathe matonnumilla. nammal samsaarikkunnath vaasthavathil athinekkaal mattoru roopathekkurichulla aashayamaanu, athu vasthuvum kazhchakkaaranum thammilulla aupachaarikavum maattamillaathathumaaya bandhathe adisthaanappeduthukayum ithu nilanirthukayum cheiyunnu. athu namukk praadhaanyamulla vasthuvin chuttum pothinja oru baahya roopamalla, marichu antharnirmmitha sheshiyudeyum praadhaanyamulla vaahanathinteyum ardhathil roopappedunnu. phoom praadhaanyathode poorippikkaam, pakshe athil ninnu nirmmicha upayogathe aashrayich, nammal attaachucheyyunna moolyangaliloodeyo athilekku cherkkunnathiloodeyo allengil nammal athu nishedhikkunnathiloodeyo anusarichu athu veendum nishedhikkappedaam-ithellaam upayokthaakkalum foam parasparam prathikarikkukayum kalikkukayum cheiyunna reethiye aasrayichirikkunnu. nammal parayaan aagrahikkunna kaaryam, agiranam cheyyaanum vahikkanum praadhaanyam ariyikkanumulla eee kazhivaanu upayokthaakkalil eathu phoom konduvaraan kazhiyumennu nirvachikkunnath-neremarichu-upayokthaakkalkk foomil enthaanu konduvaraan kazhiyuka. roopathinteyum upayokthaakkaludeyum edapedal, avar parasparam enthaanu ariyikkunnathum parasparam konduvarunnathum, avar parasparam engane kaivashappeduthunnu ennathaanu pradhanam. naam lakshyamidunnathu, metteeriyal (nammal nirmmikkunna vasthukkalude) roopappeduthuka ennathaanu-athupole thanne sankeernamaaya ardhathil functionode utharam nalkuka-athu kooduthal aavasyangalkku anuyojyamaayirikkum. angane, vividha vyakthigatha upayokthaakkalude sevanathil kazhiyunnathra rolukal vahikkaan athinu kazhiyum-angane ellaavarkkum athinodu svayam prathikarikkaanum athu avarudethaaya reethiyil vyaakhyaanikkaanum athu avarudethaaya parichithamaaya anthareekshavumaayi kootticherkkaanum kazhiyum, athinu athu pinneedu oru sambhavana nalkum."pii. 56
vaasthuvidyayile gadanaaparamaaya mattu dishakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, inipparayunna vishadeekaranangal shradhikkappedunnu "puthiya vasthuvidyaa prasthaanatthil neytha gadanayodu saamyamullathum gridullathumaaya ellah kaaryangaleyum gadanaaparamaayava ennu vilikkanulla pravanatha palappozhum kaanapedunnu. ithu kaaryangale upariplavamaayi kaananulla oru maargamayirikkum. ellah nagaratalangalilum vyavasthaapithavum bahuswarathayullathumaaya roopangalude (speshyal, communicational, kanstrakshanal allengil mattu unitukal) krameekaranavumaayi bandhappettathaan prakrithyaa gadanaaparamaaya ghadana. kondaakt, interpretteshan allengil vishadaamshangal poorippikkunnathiloode upayokthaakkal gadanakal kaivashappeduthumbol maathrame gadanakal avarude poornna padavi nedukayulloo. aupachaarikathayilekkulla pravanathayulla eathoru vaasthuvidya athinaal ozhivaakkappedunnu. valareyadhikam charcha cheyyappetta flexible phoom, oru nishpaksha enclossing sistamaayum nirasikkappedunnu, kaaranam ithu eathenkilum speshyal prograaminu uchithamaaya pariharam nalkunnilla. herman hertsbergerinte vaasthuvidyayil ettavum cheria vishadaamshangal muthal ettavum sankeernamaaya ghadana vare, athu speshyal, phedu allengil paristhithi roopakalppanayude kaaryathilaayaalum, strecturalist roopam kandethaam."pii. 5
adutha udharani vividha mekhalakalile gadanaaparamaaya nirvachanamaan. praadhamika gadanayude svayambharanathekkurichum ithu charcha cheiyunnu "pala gadanaaparamaaya vaadikalum oru ghadanaye ekadesham inipparayunna padangalil vivarikkum ithu gadakangalkku marran kazhiyunna oru samboornna bandhamaan, ennaal iva mothatthil aasrayikkukayum avayude ardham nilanirthukayum cheiyunna vidhathil. muzhuvan gadakangalumaayulla bandhatthil ninnu swathanthramaanu. moolakangal thammilulla bandhangal moolakangalekkaal pradhaanamaan. gadakangal parasparam maattaavunnavayaan, pakshe bandhangalalla."pii. 16
saidhaanthika uthbhavam, thathwangal, vashangal.
bhawana padhathikalkkum nagaraasoothranathinum adisthaana ghadanayum infils ithuvare prasakthamaanu. bhawana padhathikale sambandhichidatholam thaazhepparayunna chithrangal swaadheenamullavayaayirunnu leeii corbusier (1934) algierile "fort ell empere" padhathiyude kaazhchappaad varaykkal, herman hertsberger (1971) delfttile "dayagoon" enna bhawana padhathiyude isometric varaykkal, 21-aamm noottaandil alejandro aravena yaadhaarthyamaakkiya saamoohika bhawana padhathikal. nagarathalatthil, pradhana padhathikal ivayaayirunnu kenzo tankeyude tokkiyo bay plan (1960), candilis josic & woods (1963) berlin sarvakalaashaalayude modalinte aakarshakamaaya chithrangal. mettabolisatthinte uttopiya, archigram, yona friedman ennivayum paraamarsikkappedendathaanu. pothuve, nagaraghadanaykkulla upakaranangal ivayaanu traaphik lineukal (udha.jii. gridiron plaanukal), samamiti, chathurangal, sradheyamaaya kettidangal, nadikal, kadaltheeram, harita pradeshangal, kunnukal muthalaayava. muun nagarangalilum eee reethikal upayogichirunnu.
oru nagaram muzhuvan roopappeduthunnathinu samkhyayude thathwa soundaryashaasthram upayogapradamallennu thelinju. ennirunnaalum, vaasthuvidyayilum bhawana padhathikalilum maathrukaaparamaaya articlated konfigareshanukal uyarnnuvannu. eee dishayilekkulla aadyathe swaadheenamulla chithrangal aldo vaan aikku aamstardaamile (1960) addehathinte anaadhaalayathinte aakasha phottokal nalki. pinneedu addeham noordvijkile (1989) bahirakasha kendramaaya estekkinaayi mattoru prachodanaathmaka krameekaranam nirmmichu. eee rund rachanakalum gadanaaparamaaya ettavum manoharamaaya "aikkanukalil" kanakkakkaam.
gadanayude unitukal-gadanaaparamaaya vaasthuvidyayude savisheshatha.
gadanayudeyum gridinteyum yoonittukalulla, vyathyastha vyathiyanangalulla krameekaranamaanu gadanaaparamaaya vaasthuvidyayudeyum nagarathwathinteyum savisheshatha. vaasthuvidyayilum nagaraasoothranatthilum gadanaaparamaaya" enna pusthakatthil kettidangalum padhathikalum thaazhepparayunna thalakkettukalil prasidheekarikkunnu
vividha tharatthilulla gadanakal.
samkhyayude soundaryashaasthram.
samkhyayude soundaryashaasthram" enna padam aldo vaan aikku aarkkitekcharal magazin "phooram" 7/1959 ll avatharippichu. vaan aikku thante lekhanathil rund kalaasrishtikal kaanichu samakaalika kalakaaranaaya richard pooll losinte gadanaaparamaaya painting, "aadima" samskaarathile oru aafrikkan kalakarante oru cuba tekstail (bakuba tissue). eee rund samskaarangaludeyum samyojanathinu gadanaaparamaaya prasthaanatthil pratheekathmaka ardhamundu. eee vaasthuvidyayude baahya roopam maattamillaathathaanu.
ghadanayum infil-rund gadakangalude sameepanam-pankaalittham.
sameepanam-pankaalittham dutch gadanaaparamaaya vaadikal "phoom follos function" enna pravartthana thathwathinte idungiya avasthaye vimarshichu. charitraparamaaya nagarangalil avar kooduthal prasakthamaaya oru roopa thathwathinu pariharangal kandethithi vyaakhyaanikkaavunnathum poruthappeduthaavunnathum vipuleekarikkaavunnathumaaya vaasthuvidya ("charitraparamaaya nagarangal-roopathinte parasparabandham" chuvade kaanuka). phooram" maasikayil avar "bahuswarata roopavum vyakthigatha vyaakhyaanangalum", "roopathinte parasparabandham", "ghadanayum poorttheekaranavum", "pankaalittham" ennivayekkurichulla ashayangal vikasippichu. herman hertsberger "vaasthuvidya pakuthi ulppannamaayi", "thuranna gadanakal" ennee padangalum upayogichu.
gadanaaparamaaya prasthaanatthinte bhaagamaayi vaasthuvidyayil pankaalittham aarambhichayal joonn habracan aayirunnu. 1961ll addeham "saportsa alternate tuu maas housing" enna pusthakam vividha bhashakalil prasidheekarichu. 21-aamm noottaandil chiliyil ninnulla vaasthusilpiyaaya alejandro aravena samanamaaya pankaalittha thathwangalumaayi pravartthikkunnu. thante saamoohika bhavananirmmaanapadhathikalumaayi bandhappett 'pankaalittha roopakalppana prakriya', 'pankaalithatthinulla pakuthi veedukal', 'vardhichuvarunna bhavanangal' ennivayekkurichaanu aravena samsaarikkunnath. vasthuvidyaa pravarthanangalkku 2016 ll aravenaykku pritskar prais labhichenkilum addehathinte bhawana padhathikalude photokalonnum wikipediyayil illa. kaanathaaya photokalkku pakaram eee lekhanathil nagarangalude photokalundu. addehathinte bhawana padhathikalude chithreekaranangal googilil (maappukalum chithrangalum) adhika vilaasangalode kaanam. 2008-ll milan alejandro aravenayile trainalinaayi 1925-ll leeii corbusier paareesile pavaliyan dii ell espritt noviewinu samanamaaya oru "haff house"-nte oru prototype nirmmichu.
ghadanayum infil-"lambavum thirascheenavumaaya ashayavinimaya unitukal"
bhavananirmmaanathil pankaalittham
"alijandro aravena saakshaathkaricha chili, meksikoo, itali ennividangalile anchu saamoohika bhawana padhathikal" "haff houseukal" "ennathumaayi pankaalittham"."
nagaraghadana-nagaraasoothranakala-vipulamaaya gadanakal.
charitraparamaaya nagarangal.
nagaraasoothranathinteyum nagaraghadanayudeyum udaaharanagal. charitraparavum samakalikavumaaya vaasthuvidya thammilulla bandhathekkurichu leeii corbusier ezhuthi "enne oru viplavakariyaayi mudrakuthi, athesamayam ente ettavum valia guru bhoothakaalamaayirunnu. ente viplava ashayangal ennu vilikkappedunnathu vaasthuvidyayude charithratthil ninnu thanne nerittu purathekkaanallo."nambar 2 leeii udharani. 
charitraparamaaya nagarangal-roopathinte parasparabandham.
phooram" ll jacob bakkema "roopathinte parasparabandham", "pankaalittham" ennee thathwangalekkurichu, prathyekichu dioclessiante kottaaratthil, oru patanam nadatthi. phooram" ll herman hertsberger arlessilum lukkayilum ulla roman amphy theaterukalekkurichu gaveshanam nadatthi. pinneedu, 1966-ll aarlessile amphy thiyettar enna ashayam aldo rossie thante "dhii architecture oof dhii sitti" enna pusthakatthil etteduthu. 1976ll rainar banham thante "megastructure" enna pusthakatthile charitraparamaaya prototyppukalilonnaayi florencile ponde vechiyo avatharippichu.
puthiya nagarangal.
irupathaam noottaandile puthiya nagarangal. arban structuring" enna padam alison peettar smithson chernnu avatharippichu, herman hertsberger "aarttikkileshanukal" (nirmmitha voliyathinte) enna padam avatharippichu. rund padangalum oru vasthuvidyaa pusthakatthinte thalakkettayi upayogikkunnu.
team 10-nte vishayangal.
1957ll jacob bekema siam punasamghadanaasamithiyile amgangalum "siam kongres internaashanaks dii architecture modern" enna peru "siam group dii recherches dess inter relations soshyals ettu plaastiks" ennu maattanamenn aavasyappettu."rund varshathinusesham," "saamoohikavum nirmmithavumaya gadanakal thammilulla paraspara bandhangalekkurichulla anweshanathinulla working grouppinte" "puthiya prameyangal" "phooram" "7/1959 enna maasikayil prasidheekarichu. eee maasika autorlooyile kongras" "siam '59" "nte paripadi koodiyaayirunnu"."
phooram" 7/1959 nte puramchattayil team 10-nte prameyangal
"aamstardaam-slotterwart, 1974 (herman hertsberger) leeii praayamayavarkkulla "dii dry hoven

