
ayoon ardhachaalaka kramam

dnaude polymerisation samayat purathuvarunna hydrajan ionukal kandethunnathine adisthaanamaakkiyulla dna sequencinginte oru reethiyaanu ayoon ardhachaalaka sequencing. ithu "synthesis vazhi sequencing" enna reethiyaanu, eee samayat oru template straandinte sreniye adisthaanamaakki oru pooraka strand nirmmikkunnu.
kramappeduthenda oru template dna strand adangiya oru microvellil orotta inam deoxyribonucleode triphosphate (dntp) nirayunnu. avatharippicha dii. enn. tii. pii. pramukha template nucleotidine poorakamaanengil, athu valarunna pooraka strandle ulppeduthunnu. ithu oru hydrajan ayoon puratthuvaraan kaaranamaakunnu, ithu oru isfettu ayoon censorine prerippikkunnu, ithu oru prathikaranam sambhavichathayi soochippikkunnu. template shreniyil homopolymer aavarthanangal undengil, onniladhikam dii. enn. tii. pii thanmathrakal orotta chakratthil samyojippikkum. ithu samanamaaya ennam hydrajanukalilekkum aanupaathikamaayi uyarnna electronic signalilekkum nayikkunnu.
parishkaricha nucleodideukalo opttiksukalo upayogikkathathinaal eee saankethikavidya mattu sequencing-bye-synthesis saankethikavidyakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. ayoon ardhachaalaka sequencingine ayoon torrent sequencing, piechu-mediated sequencing, silikkan sequencing allengil ardhachaalaka sequencing ennum vilikkam.
saankethika vikasana charithram.
ayoon torrent systems ink vikasippichedutha dna electronics limittadil ninnaan eee saankethikavidyaykku licenses labhichathu. 2010 februvariyil puratthirakkiya ayoon torrent avarude yanthram vegameriyathum othukkamullathum labhakaravumaaya seekwansaraayi vipananam cheythu, athu oru bench topp mesheenaayi dhaaraalam laborattarikalil upayogikkaan kazhiyum. eee saankethikavidya upayogichu deerghakaalamaayi vaayikkappedunna, uyarnna saandrathayulla ardhachaalaka sequencing plaattphom vikasippikkunnathin rocheyude 454 life sciences dna electronicsumaayi pankaaliyaanu.
saankethikavidya.
rasathanthram krameekarikkuka.
prakrithiyil, valarunna dna strandylake oru deoxyribonucleosio triphosphate (dntp) samyojippikkunnathil oru kovalant bondinte roopeekaranavum pyrophosphatinteyum positteev charjju cheytha hydrajan ioninteyum prakashanavum ulppedunnu. oru dii. enn. tii. pii., jodiyaakkaatha pramukha template nucleotidine poorakamaanengil maathrame athu samyojippikkappedukayul. ayoon ardhachaalaka kramam eee vasthuthakal chooshanam cheyth prathikaranatthinu orotta inam dii. enn. tii. pii nalkikkond oru hydrajan ayoon purathuvidunnundo ennu nirnnayikkunnu.
oronnilum sequence cheyyenda orotta-stranded template dna thanmaathrayude niravadhi pakarppukal adangiyirikkunna oru ardhachaalaka chippile microvellukal, dna polymerase thudarchayaayi parishkkarikkappedaathu eiii, sii, jii allengil tii dntp kondu nirayunnu. parichayappedutthiya oru dii. enn. tii. pii. template strandile adutha jodiyaakkaatha nucleotidine poorakamaanengil athu dna polymerase vazhi valarunna pooraka strandle samyojippikkunnu. avatharippicha dii. enn. tii. pii. poorakamallengil samyojanamo biochemical prathikaranamo illa. prathikaranatthil purathuvarunna hydrajan ayoon laayaniyude piechu maattunnu, ithu oru isfettu kandethunnu. adutha chakratthinu munbu mattoru dii. enn. tii. pii inam avatharippikkumbol attaachucheyyaatha dii. enn. tii. pii thanmathrakal kazhuki kalayunnu.
signal kandethal.
microvellukalude paaliyude thaazhe oru ayoon sensitiivu paaliyund, athinu thaazhe oru isfettu ayoon sensor undu. electronics vyavasaayathil upayogikkunnathinu samaanamaayi ellah paalikalum oru semos ardhachaalaka chippinullil adangiyirikkunnu.
oro chippilum anubandha isfettu dittaktarukalulla microvellukalude oru nira adangiyirikkunnu.
oro hydrajan ayon pinneedu isfettu ayoon censorine trigger cheiyunnu. chippil ninnu computerilekku kaimaattam cheyyappedunna electrical pulsukalude shreni oru dna shreniyilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu, intermediat signal parivartthanam aavasyamilla. nucleotide samyojana sambhavangal electronics vazhi nerittu alakkunnathinaal, label cheytha nucleodideukaludeyum opttikkal alavukaludeyum upayogam ozhivaakkunnu. signal prosessing dna assembly pinneedu softweyaril nadatthaam.
sequencing savisheshathakal.
2011 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu ayoon torrent ayoon ardhachaalaka sequencerile ayoon torrent veettil nediya oro adisthaana krithyathayum 50 bays reedukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla 99.6% aayirunnu, oru ranninu 100 emby. 2011 februvariyile kanakkanusarichu vaayana dairkhyam 100 adisthaana jodikalaayirunnu. 5 aavarthanangalude homopolymer aavarthanangalude krithyatha 98 shathamaanamaayirunnu. pinneedu purathirangiya 400 adisthaana jodikalude reed dairkhyam kaanikkunnu, eee kanakkukal kambanikku purathu ithuvare swathanthramaayi parishodhichittilla.
sakthikal.
ayoon ardhachaalaka sequencinginte pradhana nettangal drutha sequencing vegathayum kuranja munkoor, pravarthanachelavumaanu. parishkaricha nucleodideukalum opttikkal alavukalum ozhivaakkiyaan ithu saadhyamaakkiyath.
sisttam swaabhaavika polymerase-mediated nucleotide incorporation sambhavangal rekhappeduthunnathinaal, sequencing thalsamayam sambhavikkam. vaasthavathil, sisttathiloode substrate nucleodideukalude saikling vazhi sequencing nirakk parimithappedutthiyirikku. ayoon torrent systems ink.oro incorporation alavinum 4 second edukkumennum oro oottathinum ekadesham oru manikkoor edukkumennum eee samayat 100-200 nucleotideukal krameekarikkappedunnavum saankethikavidyayude developer avakaashappedunnu. ardhachaalaka chippukal mechappeduthukayaanenkil (moorinte niyamam pravachichathupole), oro chippinum reedukalude ennam (athinaal oro ranninum) vardhikkanam.
ayoon torrent sisttam incorporated limittadil ninnu oru piechu-mediated sequencer nedunnathinulla chelavu. vikshepana samayat sample thayyarakkal upakaranangalum daatta vishakalanathinulla oru server ozhike ekadesham 50,000 dollar aayirunnu vila. oru oottathinulla chelavu badal automated sequencing reethikalekkaal ganyamaayi kuravaanu, ekadesham 1,000 dollar.
parimithikal.
homopolymer ore nucleotide aavarthikkukayaanenkil (udha.jii. ) template strandle (straant sequence cheyyendathu) undengil, onniladhikam nucleotideukal samyojippikkukayum orotta chakratthil kooduthal hydrajan ionukal purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. ithu kooduthal piechu maattatthinum aanupaathikamaayi kooduthal electronic signalinum kaaranamaakunnu. deerghakaala aavarthanangal kanakkakkaan prayasamullathinaal ithu sisttathinte oru parimithiyaanu. pyrosequencing polulla single nucleotide kootticherkkalukal kandethunna mattu saankethikavidyakal eee parimiti pankidunnu. uyarnna aavarthana samkhyayil ninnu srishtikkappedunna signalukal samanamaaya ennaal vyathyastha samkhyayude aavarthanangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan prayaasamaan; "iii.jii.", 7 neelamulla homoripeteukal 8 neelamullavaye verthirichariyaan prayaasamaan.
sanger sequencing allengil pyrosequencing polulla mattu sequencing reethikalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol hraswa reed dairkhyamaanu eee samvidaanathinte mattoru parimiti. dii novo" genome assemblic dairkhyameriya reed dairkhyam prayojanakaramaanu. ayoon torrent ardhachaalaka sequencerukal oro reedinum sharashari 400 nucleodideukalude reed dairkhyam uthpaadippikkunnu.
chippinte saandrata vardhippichu ithu maattaan developermar pratheekshikkunnundeng mattu uyarnna-throoput sequencing saankethikavidyakale apekshichu throoput nilavil kuravaanu.
apeksha.
ayoon torrent ardhachaalaka sequencinginte developermar ithu vegameriyathum othukkamullathum labhakaravumaaya seekwansaraayi vipananam cheythittundu, ithu oru bench topp mesheenaayi dhaaraalam laborattarikalil upayogikkaan kazhiyum. thangalude samvidaanam prathyeka kendrangalkku purathullathum aashupathrikaludeyum cheria laborattarikaludeyum paridhiyil varumennu kambani prathekshikkunnu. 2011 januvariyil newyork timesil prasidheekaricha "dna sequencing janangalilekku kondupookuka" enna lekhanam eee abhilaashangal adivarayidunnu.
kooduthal vaayana dairkhyam nedunnathinulla badal sequencing reethikalude kazhivu kaaranam (athinaal muzhuvan genome vishakalanathinum kooduthal anuyojyamaanu) eee saankethikavidya microbial genome sequencing, microbial traanscriptom sequencing, targettucheytha sequencing, aamplikkan sequencing, allengil sequencing librarikalude gunanilavaara parisodhana enniva polulla cherukida aaplikkeshanukalkku ettavum anuyojyamaanu.