
moses ibn isra

hahaa-salah ("pashchaathaapa praarthanakalude rachayithaav") ("abu haroon moosa biinn yakub ibn azra", "moshe benn yakov hahaa-salah ibn 'isra") ennariyappedunna rabbi moses benn jacob ibn isra oru jootha, spanish thathwachinthakanum bhaashaashaasthranjanum kaviyumaayirunnu. 1055-1060 kaalaghattatthil granadile janicha addeham 1138nuu sesham marichu. oru joothanaaya ibnu israykku arabi saahitya lokath valia swaadheenamundaayirunnathi kanakkaakkappedunnu. speyinile ettavum mikacha kavikaliloralaayi kanakkaakkappedunna addeham kavithayude swabhaavathekkurichulla sidhaanthangalude kaaryatthil thante kaalathekkaal munnilaanennu karuthappedunnu. kavithaye roopakamaayi nirvachichathum addehathinte kavithakal aristottilinte aadyakaala aashayangale engane prakaashippichuvennathum ibnu israyude kavithayude kooduthal viplavakaramaaya vashangalilonnaan. kavithayil addeham cheluthiya swaadheenavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ibnu israyude daarshanika kruthikalude swaadheenam cheruthaayirunnuvenkilum daivavum manushyan thammilulla bandhathekkurichulla addehathinte ashayathe avaa abhisambodhana cheiyunnu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
speyinile granadile janicha mossec ebraiah vidyaabhyaasavum arabi saahithyathil samagra vidyaabhyaasavum labhichu. kavithayude nagaramaya" lucinayil thaamasikkumbol, ibnu isra isak ibnu giyaathinte vidyaarthiyaayirunnu. sahib alle-shurta" enna arabi padaviyiloode theliyikkappedunnathupo addeham swantham pravisyayil oru pradhana bharanaparamaya padavi vahichirunnu. kavi judah haleviyumaayi ibnu isra sakthamaaya sauhrudam valarthiyedukkukayum haleviyude aadyakaala kaavyarachanakalil oru pradhana swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu. almoravids granada pidichadakkiyathu ibnu israyude jootha samoohathinte naashathinum ibnu israyude kudumbam thakarunnathinum kaaranamaayi. ithu oduvil speyininte kristhyan bhaagathekku palayanam cheiyunnathilekku nayichu. kaasttilile thante puthiya nagaratthil, ibnu isra svayam oru pravasiyaayi kanakkaakkukayum swantham nagaratthilekku madangaan kazhiyumennu karuthaathirikkukayum cheythu. eee samayat ibnu israykku thante kudumbavumaayi, prathyekichu thante sahodaranmaaril oralaaya yosefumaayum swantham makkalumaayum abhipraayavyathyaasangalunnu abhyoohangalundu. eee abhiprayavyathyaasangal addeham orikkalum veettilekku madangaathathinu kaaranamaayi.
kudumbam.
addeham abraham ibnu israyumaayi bandhamullavan isak ibnu giyaathinte shishyanumaayirunnu. speyinile granadayile ettavum pramukha kudumbangalilonnil ninnullayalaayirunnu ibnu isra. isak israeli ("yesod olam") parayunnathanusarichu, addehathinu moonnu sahodaranmaarundaayirunnu isak, joseph, serahiah, ivarellaam vishishta pandithanmarayirunnu. addehathinte mootha sahodaran isak abu ibraheem naagidinte penmakkalil oraale vivaham kazhichu. almoravidukalude varavinushesham, ibnu isra kudumbatthinte sambathu pidichedukkukayum addehathinte moonnu sahodaranmaarkku palayanam cheyyendivarikayum cheythu. moshe vivaahitanum niravadhi kuttikalullavanumaayirunnu, ennaal pinneedu jeevanu enthengilum bheeshaniyundaayathinaal addeham oodippoyi, kudumbatthe upekshichu jeevithakalam muzhuvan kristhyan vadakku chelavazhikkukayum cheythu.
judo-arabic saahityam.
11-aamm noottaandum 12-aamm noottaandum yoodaayo-arabic kavithakalkkum saahityathinum oru pradhana kaalaghattamaayirunnu. samawal ibnu aadiya, moses ibnu isra thudangiya jootha-arabic samsaarikkunna kavikal avarude rachanakalil samakaalika arab kavikalil ninnu valare kurachu vyathyaasame ulloo. bybilil ninnum khuraanil ninnum kadamedutha bhaagangalum rund kruthikaleyum kurichulla soochanakalum avarude kavithakalil ulppedunnu. musleem saamraajyathinte aditharaykkum ekeekaranathinum sesham, arabi bhashayum anubandha samskaaravum "dhaar alle-islam" enna jootha janasamkhyakkidayil pathukke sweekarikkappettu; ithu "hijra" yude moonnaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil kaanappedathe naalam noottaand muthal patthaam noottaand vare maathrame yadhaartha praadhaanyamulloo. eee kaalaghattatthile pala jootha budhijeevikalum avarude rachanayil ebrairch pakaram arabi upayogichathil kuttabodham prakadippichu. mathetharavum mathaparavumaya kavithakalil arabi bhaashayude upayogam madhyakaalakhattathil apavaadamaayi thudarunnu. juthanmaarum musleengalum gadyarachanakalil arabi bhasha orupole upayogichirunnuvenkilum, judeo-arabic bhashayil ezhuthiya budhijeevikalum kavikalum akkaalat nyoonapakshamaayirunnu.
ezhuthukal.
ibnu isra oru vishishta thathwachinthakanum kazhivulla bhaashaashaasthranjanum sakthanaaya kaviyumaayirunnu.
addehathinte "arugat hahaa-bosem" ezhu adhyaayangalaayi thirichirikkunnu (i.) daivam, manushyan, thathwachintha ennivayekkurichulla pothuvaaya paraamarshangal; (ii.) daivathinte aikyam; (3.) daivathinu attributeukal prayogikkunnathinulla asweekaaryatha; (iv.) daivathinu perukal nalkunnathile anuchithatha; (v.) chalanam; (vi.) prakrithi; (vii.) budhishakthi. hermus (ibnu isra enokkumaayi thiricharinju), pythagoras, socreties, aristottil, plaatto, suedo-embedocles, alfarabi, sadia gaavon, solomon ibnu gabirol ennivayaanu eee kruthiyil udharichirikkunna adhikaarikal.
moses ibn isra mymonides roopakathinte nirvachanam.
oru roopakathe prathinidheekarikkunna kaaryathekkurichu moses ibn esraykkum pramukha thathwachinthakanaaya moses benn mymone-mymonidesinum vyathyastha abhipraayangalundennu nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. rund thathwachinthakarum saahithyagrandhangalile roopakangalude upayogathil valia swaadheenam chelutthi. kittaabil", khuraanil ninnum bybilil ninnum edutha bhagangal upayogichu arabic, hebru roopangal upayogikkaan ibnu isra shramichu. krithyamaaya aksharaarthatthilulla bhaashaykk pakaram roopakathe athishayokthippeduthaano pakaram vaykkaano maathram roopakathe upayogicha muun ezhuthukaare ibnu isra vimarshichu. ibnu israyude roopakathinte nirvachanam "isthi-araa" (kadam vaangal) enna ardhathe chuttippattiyaan, ithu ithinakam ariyappedunna enthengilum upayogichu ariyappedaatha onnu ennartham varunna oru padamaanu. daivatheyum daivathinte nilanilppineyum kurichulla ashayathe vishadeekarikkunnathinula ibnu israyude maarggamaanith. mymonides samanamaaya reethiyil roopakathe thaalkkaalikamaayi "kadam vaangal" ennu nirvachikkunnu.mymonidasinte roopakathinte nirvachanatthinte uravidam aristottilinte" "dii interpretteshane" "kurichulla alle-faraabiyude" "hraswa grandhatthil" "ninnaan". eee maathruka roopakathe "x ennu parayukayum yadhaarthathil y ennu ardhamaakkukayum cheiyunnu" ennu nirvachikkunnu; athinaal, "x oru roopakamaanu" enna avakaashavaadam athu x neey allah, y yeei soochippikkunnuvennu theliyikkunnu. ibnu israyekkurichulla addehathinte vimarsanangalilonnu, ibnu isra thante naalpat baibil udaaharanagal vishadeekarikkaathe udharichu, avayil palathum eluppathil paraamarshikkappedunnillum. eee rund thathwachinthakarum thammil ithrayadhikam vyathyaasamundaayirunnu enna vastutha avarude ajandakalum vyathyasthamaayathinaal athishayikkanilla. ibnu israykku roopakathinte kaavyathmaka vashathil pradhaanamaayum thaalpparyamundaayirunnu, athesamayam mymonidesinu addehathinte nirvachanathil shudhamaaya daarshanika uddeshyamundaayirunnu.
addehathinte vaachaadopangal.
arabikalude "adab" rachanakalekkurichu ezhuthiya vaachaadopatheyum kavithayeyum kurichulla grandhamaaya "kitab alle-muhadara wall-mudhakara" aayirunnu ibnu israyude ettavum vijayakaramaya kruthi. heebru saahithyathile itharathilulla eaka kruthiyaanithu. ebraiah kavithayekkurichulla ettu chodyangal abhisambodhana cheytha oru suhruthinte abhyarthana maanichaanu ithu ezhuthiyathu, athu anubandha samkhyakalil adhyaayangalaayi thirichirikkunnu. aadya naalu adhyayangalil ibnu isra saadhaaranayaayi gadya, gadya-ezhuthukaar, kavithakal, kavikal, arabikalude swaabhaavika kaavyathmaka sammanam ennivayekkurichu ezhuthunnu, athu arabiyile kaalaavasthaykku kaaranamaanennu addeham parayunnu. valare apoorvamaaya apavaadangalode, bybilile kaavyathmaka bhaagangalkk meettaro praasamo illenna prasthaavanayode addeham naalam adhyayam avasaanippikkunnu.
anchaam adhyayam aarambhikkunnath speyinile joothanmaarude kudiyettatthinte charithratthil ninnaan, rachayithaavinte abhipraayathil, pravaasakaalathu aarambhicha obadia pravaachakan (vaakyam 20) upayogicha "sefarad" enna vaakkinte ardham "spain" ennaanu."thudarnnu spanish joothanmaarude saahitya pravarthanathekkurichu oru vivaranam varunnu, ettavum pradhanappetta ezhuthukaarudeyum avarude kruthikaludeyum vivaranam nalkunnu. aaram adhyaayathil rachayithaav vividha soothravaakyangal udharikkukayum thante kaalathe pothuvaaya boudhikaavastha vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu. pandithanmarodu pothujanangal kaanikkunna nissamgathaye addeham apalapikkunnu. eee nissamgatha thanne vyakthiparamayi baadhikkunnillenn addeham prakhyaapikkunnu; kaaranam vidhi moshamaayi perumariyavaril oralaayi svayam kanakkakkaan addehathinu kazhiyilla; addeham nallathum cheethayum anubhavichittundu. koodaathe, pothu amgeekaarathinaayulla eathoru veshavum upekshikkaan anuvadikkunna oru sadgunavum addehathinundu-samthrupthiyudeyum mithathwathinteyum sadgunavum.
ezhaam adhyaayathil, chila ezhuthukaar avakaashappedunnathupole, swapnangalil kavita rachikkaan kazhiyumo enna chodyam ibnu isra charcha cheiyunnu. ettaam adhyayam irupathimoonnu parambaraagatha arabic vyakthithvangalekkuranu, avaye corran, arabic kavita, hebru andalusian kavithakalil ninnulla udaaharanagal upayogichu chithreekarichirikkunnu.
vaachaadopa saankethikavidya.
ibnu isra baibil ashayangalum arabi ashayangalum upayogichathu nannayi sradhikkappettittundu. addehathinte pala kaavyathmaka vaakyangalum arabi alankaaravum sailiyum upayogikkunnu. kitab alle muhadara" yill kaanapedunna "baadi" enna irupathu vaachaadopa saankethikavidyakal chithreekarikkaan ibnu isra arabi udaaharanagal upayogikkunnu. ibnu israyude kruthiyil "baadi" yude saannidhyam arabic, greak, baibil adhikaarikal thammilulla pirimurukkatthe prathifalippikkunnu. kithaabinte" aadya bhaagangalil, kavithaye parishkarikkunna aristottilinte ettu saankethikavidyakal ibnu isra udharikkunnu. kruthiyude eee bhaagath, ibnu isra saahitya saankethikavidyakalil greekkukaarudeyum hebruvinteyum swaadheenathinu kooduthal bahumati nalkukayum arabic sailiye prashamsikkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, ibnu isra pinneedu arabi kavikalilekku thirinj roopakathinte mikavaaya "istira" yekkurichu charcha cheiyunnu. aadyakaala arabi kavikal upayogichirunna saahitya saankethikavidyakale addeham ivide prashamsikkunnu. ibnu isra purathana hebru thiruvezhuthukalilekku thiriyukayum aadyakaala baibil rachanakalil roopakathinte upayogathe prashamsikkukayum cheiyunnu. saaraamshathil, ibnu israyude shaili vyathyastha srothassukaludeyum swaadheenangaludeyum falamaanu, athu addehathinu swantham kaavya nirvachanangal vikasippikkaan sahayichu.
ayaalude kavita.
ibnu isra pala juthanmaarum oru praaveenyamulla ebraiah kaviyayi kanakkakkunnu. addeham kavita sidhaanthathil prathyeka shradha kendreekarikkukayum eee vishayathile ettavum mikacha vidagtharil oralaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheythu. addehathinte mathethara kavithakal rund kruthikalil adangiyirikkunnu tarshish, addehathinte divaante aadya bhagam.
tarshish" patthu adhyaayangalaayi thirichirikkunnu, avayil oronnum aksharamalayile irupathirandu aksharangal kramatthil adangiyirikkunnu. oro charanatthileyum vaakkukal aavarthikkunnathum ennaal oro aavarthanathilum vyathyasthamaaya ardhamullathumaaya "tajni" ennu vilikkunna arabic shailiyilulla kavithayilaanu ithu ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. aadya adhyayam oru nischitha abrahaminu (theerchayaayum abraham ibnu israyalla) samarppichirikkunnu, addehathinte yogyathakal addeham ooriyantal reethiyil uyarthunnu. backie onpathu adhyayangalil addeham veenju, sneham, paatt (adhyayam II) enniva charcha cheiyunnu.; naadan jeevithathinte soundaryam (iii.); pranaya-rogavum pranayikalude verpiriyalum (IV, v.); avishwastharaaya suhruthukkal (vi); vaardhakyam (vii); bhaagyathinteyum maranathinteyum vyathiyanangal (viii); daivathilulla aathmavishwaasam (ix); kavithayude mahathvam (x).
ibnu israyude ettavum prashasthamaaya mattoru kruthiyaanu "mahala bii 'ell-hadia phii manal-maadu jarjas vaas vaa' ell-hajj."arabic kavithakalude ghadanaye adisthaanamaakki avarude kavithakal engane rachikkanamennu ebraiah kavikalodu vishadeekarikkuka ennathaanu eee kruthiyude pradhana uddeshyam. ibnu israyude "hadika" praadhamikamaayi daivathinte roopaka vyaakhyaanatheyum manushyamanassiloode vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyaatha vidhathil roopakathinte upayogathiloode vyaakhyaanikkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil daivam ethra shaktan divyanumaanu ennathinekkurichum abhisambodhana cheiyunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile jootha prathyayashaasthrathile ettavum pradhanappetta aashayangalilonnayi ithu kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
thathwachintha.
kavithaykkum saahityathinum addeham nalkia sambhavanakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ibnu israyude daarshanika sambhavanakal cheruthaayi maathrame kanakkaakkappedunnulla. ibnu israyude daarshanika kaazhchappaadukal uyarthikkaattunna oru saahityam alle-makhaala bii alle-hadeekha phii maana alle-majas vaa alle-hakhikkayaayirunnu."ithu arabiyile oru kruthiyaayirunnu. athil bhooribhaagavum manushyan daivavum thammilulla bandhathekkurichum daivathinte anjathayekkurichum addehathinte kaavyathmaka vishwaasangal aavarthichu. daivavum manushyan thammilulla bandhavumaayi bandhappett ibnu israyude thathwachinthaykku neoplatonic aabhimukhyam undaayirunnu. srishtikku munbulla oru svayamparyaapthanum ekathaanavumaaya jeeviyaayi daivathe kanakkaakkunna oru sookshumalokamaayi ibnu isra manushyanil shradha kendreekarikkunnu, athinaal athu aathyanthikamayi manushyante srishtiye poornnathayilekku nayichu. daivathinte poornatha manushyamanassin manassilakkaan kazhiyillennum parimithavum apoornnavumaaya manushyamanassin daivathinte ananthavum poornnavumaaya manassine arian kazhiyillennum addeham parayunnu. ibnu israyude thathwachintha budhiye abhisambodhana cheyyukayum, sajeevamaaya budhiyaanu daivathinte aadya srishtiyennu prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah vasthukkalum swaabhaavikamaayi srishtikkappedunna oru shudha padaarthamaanu budhiyennu ibnu isra avakaashappedunnu. nishkriya buddhi ennu vivarikkunna mattoru roopamaanu ibnu isra sajeeva budhiyodoppam. budhiyude eee roopam sajeevamaaya budhikku mukalilum yukthisahamaya aathmaavinekkaalum unnathanumayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
vishudha kavithakal.
ibnu israyude 220 vishudha rachanakalil palathum vishudha dinangalkkaayulla parambaraagatha jootha praarthanaapusthakamaaya mahsaril kaanapedunnu rosh hashana, "jootha puthuvarsham", yomu kippoor, "praayashchittham divasam". eee pashchaathaapa kavithakal, allengil "selichot" addehathinu hazallach enna peru nedikkodutthu.eee kavithakal manushyane thante ullil nokkaan kshanikkunnu; laukikamahathvathinte ahankaaram, oduvil aanandam thedunnayaal anubhavikkenda mohabhangam, daivika nyaayavidhiyude anivaaryatha enniva avaa chithreekarikkunnu. porchugees mahsorinte bhagamaaya "avoda" aanu naipunyathode vipulamaaya oru kruthi. thante mungaamikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, ibnu isra baibil charithrathekkurichulla avalokanam aarambhikkunnath aadam upayogichalla, marichu thora nalkiyaanu. kshetra shushrooshayude paatatthinu sesham varunna "piyutthim", prathyekichu piyuth "ashre" (athu kaanunna kannu santhushtamaanu), palarum sradheyamaaya soundaryamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
kudumba tharkkangal.
ibnu isra naaduvidaanum orikkalum veettilekku madangaathirikkaanum kaaranamaaya granada adhiniveshathinupurame oru praadhamika kaaranam thante anantharavalumaayi addehathinu undayirunnathaayi aaropikkappedunna pranayabandhamaanennu vishwasikkappettirunnu. eee bandhatthinte sookshumamaaya adayaalangal addehathinte chila kavithakalil ninnu oohikkaavunnathaanu. udaaharanathinu, ibnu isra thante oru kavithayil thanikk undaayirunna oru pranayabandhathekkurichu ezhuthukayum aaa kavita thante sahodaran isakinu samarppikkukayum cheiyunnu. ibnu israyude sahodaranmaarum marumakkalum eee bandhathe athirthirunnathinaal ithu kudumbatthinullil prashnangalkk kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum, eee kaaryam ezz nirddeshicha oru sidhaantham maathramaan. dii. lusato.

