
randaam lokamahaayudhathile netherlands

dutch nishpakshatha undaayirunnittum, 1940 meyy 10 nuu naasi jarmmani netherlands aakramichu. 1940 meyy 15nuu, rotterdam bombakramanam nadannu oru divasam kazhinju, dutch sainyam keezhadangi. dutch sarkkarum rajakudumbavum landanilekku thamasam maari. juliana rajakumary makkalum yudhaanantharam kaanadayile ottavayil abhayam thedi.
aakramanakaarikal netherlandukale jarmman adhiniveshathinu keezhil konduvannu, athu 1945 meyy maasathil jarmman keezhadangunnathuvare chila pradeshangalil neenduninnu. thudakkathil oru nyoonapakshatthinte sajeevamaaya cheruthunilppu adhiniveshathinte kaalayalavil vardhichu. adhiniveshakkaar raajyathe bhooribhaagam joothanmaareyum naasi thadankalppaalayangalilekku naadukadatthi.
netherlandsile praadeshika pradeshangalil jootha nivaasikalude athijeevana nirakkil uyarnna vyathiyaanam ullathinaal, deseeya thalatthil orotta vishadeekaranathinte saadhuthaye pandithanmaar chodyam cheythittundu. samghaditha janasamkhyayude rajisttarukal kaaranam, raajyathe jootha janasamkhyayude 70 sathamaanavum randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu kollappettu-ithu beljiyatheyo fraansileyo apekshichu valare uyarnna sathamaanamaanu. joothanmaare kandethunnathinum thirichariyunnathinum jarmmankaar dutch poleesinum administration udyogastharkkum paaritoshikam nalkiyathaayi velippeduthunna rekhakal avare pidikoodunnathinu sahayichu. jarmman adhinivesha pradeshangalilellaam savisheshamaayi, aamstardaam nagaratthilum parisarathumulla kammyoonistukaar jootha pouranmaare peedippikkunnathinethir prathishedhikkunnathinaayi februvari panimudakku samghadippichu-oru pothu panimudakku (februvari 1941).
randaam lokamahaayudham netherlandil naalu vyathyastha ghattangalilayi nadannu
1944-nte randaam pakuthiyil sakhyakakshikal netherlandinte thekk bhooribhaagavum mochippichu. raajyathinte backie bhagangal, prathyekichu padinjaarum vadakkum, jarmman adhiniveshathin keezhil thudarukayum 1944-nte avasaanathil "vishapp shaithyakaalam" ennariyappedunna shaamam anubhavikkukayum cheythu. 1945 meyy 5 nuu luneberg heethil jarmman keezhadangal raajyathinte muzhuvan vimochanathilekkum nayichu.
pashchaathalam.
dutch eest indees polulla dutch kolanikal netherlandsine akkaalat lokathile ettavum valia anchu enna ulppaadakariloraalaayi maattukayum interbellathil (focker) lokathile ettavum valia vimana factory sthaapikkukayum cheythu, ithu netherlandinte nishpakshathaykkum onnaam lokamahaayudhathile aayudha edapaadukalude vijayathin sahayichu. europile ettavum sambannamaaya rajyangalilonnaaya eee raajyathin valuthum aadhunikavumaaya oru sainyam eluppathil thangaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. 1929num 1943num idayil dutch sarkkaarukalil kristhyan, kendra-valathu rashtreeya paarttikalude aadhipathyamundaayirunnu. 1933 muthal, 1929ll aarambhicha mahaamaandyam netherlandine baadhichu. hendricus kolijante ippozhathe sarkkar gilderinte moolyam nilanirthunnathinaayi vipulamaaya vettikkuravukalude oru paripadi pinthudarnnu, ithu aamstardaamile thozhilaallikalude kalaapathinum 1933num 1934num idayil naavika kalaapathinum kaaranamaayi. oduvil, 1936ll, swarnna nilavaaram upekshikkanum naanayatthinte moolyathakarchaykkum sarkkar nirbandhithamaayi.
itaaliyan faasisathilo jarmman naasisatthilo ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda niravadhi phaasist prasthaanangal mahaamaandya kaalaghattatthil netherlandil uyarnnuvannu, pakshe avaa orikkalum phalapradamaaya oru bahujana prasthaanamaakaan mathiyaya amgangale aakarshichilla. 1933ll germmaniyil adikaaram ettedutha naashanal soshyalist jarmman varkkezhs party pinthunayode netherlandsile deseeya soshyalist prasthaanam (naashanal-soshyalistshe beving, enn. ezz. bii) 1935ll vikasippikkaan shramichu. naasi shailiyilulla vamseeya prathyayashaasthrathinu netherlandil parimithamaaya aakarshanamundayirunnu, athupole thanne akramatthilekkulla ahvaanavum. randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettappol thanne amgangalilum votermaarilum enn. ezz. bii. kuranju kondirunnu.
yudhakaalakhattathil, sivil adisthaana soukarya padhathikalilum suidezhsi jolikal ulppedeyulla bhoomi punarudhaaranatthilum sarkkar ganyamaaya vardhanavu kaivarichu. ithu wiringermeer poulderil ninnu kadaljalam avasaanamaayi vattikkunnathinum afsluitdijkinte poorttheekaranatthinum kaaranamaayi.
nishpakshatha.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, piyattar court vaan derr lindante keezhil dutch sarkkaarin samgharshathiludaneelam dutch nishpakshatha nilanirthaan kazhinju. 1933ll germmaniyil naasi party adhikaarathil vannathinusheshavum yudhaanthya kaalaghattatthil netherlands athinte "swaathanthrya nayam" pinthudarunnathu thudarnnu. 1933 muthal 1939 vare adikaaram vahichirunna viplava virudha party yaadhaasthithika pradhaanamantri hendricus collin netherlandinu orikkalum oru pradhana shakthiyude aakramanathe neridaan kazhiyillennu vishwasichu. praayogikamaayi, sarkkar sainyathinaayi adhikam chelavazhichilla. 1938num 1939num idayil sainika chelavu erattiyaayi, vardhichuvarunna anthaaraashtra samgharshangalkkidayil, 1939ll ithu deseeya chelavinte 4 sathamaanam mathramaayirunnu, naasi germmaniyude 25 sathamaanathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi. yudhasamayathu thangalude thalpparyangal samrakshikkaan thangalude nishpakshathayeyo allengil videshashakthikalude anoupachaarika pinthunayeyo aashrayikkaamenn dutch sarkkar vishwasichu. aamstardaamin kizhakkulla vellapokkam sambhavikkunna "puthiya dutch waterline" ulppedunna raajyathinte prathirodhatthinulla padhathikalil sarkkar pravartthikkaan thudangi. dordrekt, utrekt, harlem, aamstardaam ennee pradhana nagarangale samrakshikkunnathinum oru "vesting holland" (allengil "fort holland") srishtikkunnathinumaayi 1939 muthal grebe, peel-raam lineukal ulppede kottakal nirmikkappettu.
1939 avasaanathode, britiish saamrajyam, france, naasi jarmmani enniva thammil yuddham prakhyaapichathode, jarmman sarkkar netherlandsinu nishpakshathayude urappu nalki. 1940 eprilode poornna shakthiyilethiya 1939 august muthal sarkkar kramena dutch sainyathe aninirathi.
jarmman adhinivesham.
nishpakshathayude nayam undaayirunnittum, 1940 meyy 10 nuu raavile, aupachaarikamaaya yuddha prakhyaapanamillathe, jarmman sainyam oresamayam beljiyathilekkum luxembergilekkum neengi. sakhyasenaye ardenasil ninnu akattinirthaanum britiish, franch senaye beljiyathilekku aazhathil akarshikkaanum vadakkan hollandile britiish adhinivesham munkootty thadayaanum aakramanakaarikal uddeshichirunnu. yunaittad kingdatthinethire vyomaakramanam nadatthaan "luftwaff" nuu vadakkan kadalile dutch airfieldukal ettedukkendathundu.
aparyapthavum kaalaharanappettathumaya aayudangalum upakaranagalumulla netherlandsile sayudha senaye valiyathothil thayyaareduppillaathe pidikoodi. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham avarude aayudangalil bhooribhaagavum mariyittilla. prathyekichum, netherlands rajakeeya sainyathin thaarathamyappeduthaavunna kavachitha seena illaayirunnu, parimithamaaya ennam kavachitha kaarukalum taankattukalum maathrame kayattaan kazhiyoo. vyomasenaykku 140 vimanangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, avayil bhooribhaagavum kaalaharanapetta biplayinukalaanu. prachaaranatthinte aadya divasam arupathiyanchu dutch vimanangal nasippikkappettu.
adhinivesha sakthikal athivegam munneriyenkilum kaaryamaaya prathirodham nerittu. hegile dutch sarkkarineyum ookkenbargileyum yipenbergileyum pradhana vyomathaavalangaleyum pidichedukkukayenna lakshyathode aadya divasam nadanna oru "vermact" parachute akramanam dutch karasenayodu kanatha naashanashtangalode parajayappettu. brittante aasootritha adhiniveshathinu jarmmankaarkk aavashyamaaya ganyamaaya ennam gathagatha vimanangal nasippikkunnathil duchukal vijayichu. ennirunnaalum, aadya divasam netherlandsile maas nadhi kadakkunnathil jarmman sainyam vijayichu, ithu "vermact" netherlandile aduthulla beljian kottayaaya eben-emeyilinu puratthekku kadakkanum beljian sainyathe jarmman athirthiyil ninnu pinmaran nirbandhikkaanum anuvadichu.
kizhakkan netherlandsile dachukaare grebe rekhayil ninnu pinthirippikkunnathil jarmmankaar vijayichuvenkilum netherlandsinte vadakkukizhakkan, vadakkupadinjaaran bhaagangale bandhippikkunna idungiya afsluitedijku kosweyile dutch kottakal avarude munnettatthe mandagathiyilaakki. jarmman sainyam athivegam munnerukayum naalam divasathode raajyathinte kizhakk bhaagatthinte bhooribhaagavum niyanthranathilaavukayum cheythu.
britiish allengil franch sainikarkk adhinivesham thadayaan mathiyaya thothil netherlandsiletthaan kazhiyillennu duchukal manassilakki, prathyekichu beljiyathilekkulla jarmman munnettatthinte vegathayode.
rotterdamil bombing.
seaplayinukalil jarmman kaalaalppadaamgangal maas nadiyil erangukayum niravadhi paalangal kedupaadukal koodaathe pidichedukkukayum cheythappol, prachaaranatthinte aadya divasam muthal rotterdamil poraattam nadannirunnu. kanatha naashanashtangal undaakumenna bhayathaal nagarathinu nere tank akramanam nadatthaan jarmmankaar madichu. pakaram, jarmman commander nagaratthile dutch commanderinu oru anthima munnariyipp nalki. dutch kaaval senaye keezhadakkanamennu addeham aavasyappedukayum athu amgeekarichillenkil nagaratthe vyomaakramanathiloode nasippikkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. jarmman commander oppittillathathinaal saankethikathayude adisthaanathilaanu anthima munnariyipp nalkiyathu. thiruthiya anthimatheerumaanam veendum samarppikkumbol, charchakal nadakkunnundennu ariyaathe luftwaff bomberukal nagaratthe aakramichu.
rotterdam blitsil 800 muthal 900 vare dutch pouranmaar kollappedukayum 25,000 veedukal nasippikkappedukayum cheythu. bombarmaarude lakshyangal nagaratthinte prathirodhathekkaal rotterdamile sivilian pradeshangalaayirunnu. praadeshika udyogastharude sammarddathethudarnnu, 14-aamm theeyathi vaikunneram dutch commander-inn-cheefaaya henry winkelmante anumathiyode gaarisan commander nagaratheyum thante 10,000 aalukaleyum keezhadakki. athu "fort holland" lekkulla jarmman munnettatthinu vazhiyorukki.
dutch keezhadangunnu.
rotterdam blitsil dutch hikemand njettippoyi. sainyathin vitharanavum vedikkoppukalum kuravaanennu ariyukayum utrekt nagarathinu rotterdaminu samanamaaya oru anthima munnariyipp nalkiyittundenna vaartha labikkukayum cheytha winkelman mattu dutch generalukalumaayi oru yogam nadatthi. kooduthal cheruthunilppu vyarthamaanennum sivilian nivaasikale samrakshikkaan aagrahikkunnuvennum avar theerumaanichu. meyy 14 nuu uchathirinju, keezhadangan utharavidanamennu winkelman thante sainyathin oru prakhyapanam purappeduvichu
meyy 15nuu netherlands germmaniyumaayi audyogikamaayi keezhadangal karaaril oppuvachu. franch niyanthranathilaayirunna sealand pravishyayile dutch sainyam meyy 17 vare franch senaykkoppam poraattam thudarnnu, middleberg pattanatthile bombakramanam avare keezhadangan nirbandhitharaakki. dutch saamrajyam, prathyekichu dutch eest indees, sakhyakakshikale pinthunachu; keezhadangal kolanikale baadichittilla. dutch jalathil royal dutch naavikasenayude niravadhi kappalukal yunaittad kingdatthilekku palayanam cheythu.
naalu divasathe prachaaranatthil ekadesham 2,300 dutch sainikar kollappedukayum 7,000 perkku parikkelkkukayum 3,000-thiladhikam dutch siviliyanmaarum kollappedukayum cheythu. jarmmankaarkk 2,200 perr kollappedukayum 7,000 perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, aakramanathinide dachukukaar pidikoodiya 1,300 jarmman sainikaril palareyum, hagginu chuttum, brittanilekku ayaykkukayum yudhathinte backie samayangalil povu aayi thudarukayum cheythu.
wilhelmina raajnjiyum dutch sarkkarum keezhadangunnathinumbu netherlandil ninnu rakshappedaan vijayikkukayum oru pravasa sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. juliana rajakumary makkalum surakshaykkaayi kaanadayilekk pooyi.
jarmman adhinivesham.
adhinivesha netherlandsile jeevitam.
thudakkathil netherlands jarmman sainika niyanthranathilaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, dutch sarkkar madangivaraan visammathichathinethudarn, 1940 meyy 29 nuu swantham sarkkaarukalulla francillo denmarkilo ninnum jarmman sainika niyanthranatthilulla beljiyathilum ninnu vyathyasthamayi netherlands oru jarmman sivilian govarnorude niyanthranathilaakki. reichscomissoriyat neederland" enna sivil gavanmentinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu austriyan naasi arther sease-inkwartaanu.
jarmman adhiniveshakkaar "gleachshaltung" ("nirbandhitha anuyojyatha" allengil "ekopanam") enna nayam nadappaakkukayum naasi ithara samghadanakale chittayayi illaathaakkukayum cheythu. 1940ll jarmman bharanakoodam ellah soshyalist, communist paarttikaleyum eathaandu udan thanne niyamavirudhamaakki. 1941ll netherlandsile deseeya soshyalist prasthaanam ozhikeyulla ellah paarttikaleyum athu nirodhichu.
"pathittaandukalude sthambhavalkkaranam kaaranam parambaraagathamaayi ellah pradhana mathavibhagangalkkum, prathyekichu catholica, protestant vibhaagangalkk prathyeka sthaapanangal undaayirunna dachukaare sambandhichidatholam "gleachshaltung" oru valia njettalaayirunnu. netherlandsile catholica sabha eee prakriya ethirkkukayum 1941-ll ellah roman catholicarode dutch bishappukal nasify cheytha associationukal vidaan abhyarthikkukayum cheythu.
netherlandukale grettar jarmman reachil ulppeduthuka ennathaayirunnu naasikalude deerghakaala lakshyam. aaryan "maasttar rays" leeii saha amgangalaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna dutch janathayekkurichu adolph hitlar valare uyarnna chinthagathiyilaayirunnu.
thudakkathil, sease-inkwart 'velvett glove' sameepanam prayogichu; janangale preenippichukondu deseeya soshyalist prathyayashaasthrathinaayi avare nedaan addeham shramichu. athinartham addeham adichamarthalum saambathika verthirichedukkalum kazhiyunnathra kuraykkukayum raajyathe varenyarumaayum sarkkar udyogastharumaayum sahakarikkaan sramikkukayum cheythu ennaanu. enn. ezz. bii. aparyapthamaaya sthaanaarthikale vaagdaanam cheyyukayum valia janakeeya pinthuna labhikkathirikkukayum cheythathinaal praayogikamaaya oru kaaranavumundayirunnu. jarmman vipani thurakkukayum jarmman yuddha sramangalkkaayi charakkukal upayogichaal athu sahakaranamayi kaanaamenkilum dutch kambanikalkku jarmmaniyilekkulla kayattumathiyil ninnu valareyadhikam prayojanam labikkukayum cheythu. enthaayaalum, britiish yudhathil britiish vijayam nediyengilum, palarum oru jarmman vijayam oru yaadhaarthyabodhamulla saadhyathayaayi kanakkaakkukayum athinaal vijayiyude paksham cherunnathu budhiparamaayirikkukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, mattu rashtreeya partykalkku earppeduthiya nirodhanathode enn. ezz. bii athivegam valarnnu. 1940ll petrol pambukal adachupoottiyenkilum adhinivesham sahikkaavunnathupoleyaayinu.
1941 juunil ooppareshan barberosa paraajayathinum randaam lokamahaayudhathinte kizhakkan munnaniyile moscoyilum stalingradilum jarmman paraajayathinum sesham, jarmmani netherlands ulppedeyulla adhinivesha pradeshangalil ninnu saambathika verthirichedukkal vardhippichu. saambathika verthirichedukkal vardhikkukayum uthppaadanam kooduthalum yudhashramathinu prasakthamaaya mekhalakalil parimithappedutthukayum cheythu. adichamarthal vardhichu, prathyekichu jootha janathaykkethiraya.
1944 juunile sakhyasenayude adhiniveshathinushesham, railway samaravum netharlandukaliloode kadannupokunna munnira randstad bhakshanathil ninnum indhanathil ninnum vichedikkappedaan kaaranamaayi. athu kadutha aavasyathinum patinikkum kaaranamaayi, "honkervinter". jarmman adhikritharkku saahacharyathinte mail kooduthal kooduthal niyanthranam nashtappettu, kaaranam jarmman kandukettalil ninnu janangal avarude kayyilullathu sookshikkaan sramikkukayum jarmmani yudhathil paraajayappedumennu vyakthamayathinaal ippol sahakarikkaan chaayvilla. chila naasikal sakhyasenaykkethire avasana nilapad sweekarikkaan thayyaravukayum berlinte neero utharavu pinthudarukayum charakkukalum swathukkalum (aamstardaam, rotterdam thuramukhangalude nasham, vellapokkam) nasippikkukayum cheythuvenkilum mattullavar sthithigathikalkku madhyasthatha vahikkaan shramichu.
looftwaff.
yunaittad kingdatthe akramikkunnathinulla vyomasena thaavalangalude pradhana mekhalayaayi raajyam niyukthamayathinaal looftwafinu netherlandukalil prathyeka thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. 1940 meyy 15nuu aupachaarika dutch keezhadangalinu sheshamulla divasam jarmmankaar patthu pradhana sainika vyoma thaavalangalude nirmmaanam aarambhichu. avayil oronninum kuranjathu rando moonno haard uparithala ranvekal, oru samarppita railway kanakshan, pradhana biltt-upp, heated repire, overhole soukaryangal, vipulamaaya indor, outtdoor sambharana sthalangal, mikkavaykkum 2,000 muthal 3,000 vare aalukalkk paarppidavum soukaryangalum undaayirunnu. oro vyomathaavalathinum plywood kondu nirmmicha mookk-upp vimanangal upayogichu poortthiyaakkiya oru sahayavum palappozhum oru decoy airfield undaayirunnu. ettavum valia dealen eyar bays arneminu vadakkulla dealen eyar bays aayi maari (dealenile 12 muun jarmman kettidangal ippol deseeya smaarakangalaanu). dealeninode chernnu, beljiathinum netharlandukalkkumulla valia kendra vyoma niyanthrana bunker, diogenykal sthaapichu.
oru varshathinullil aakramana thanthram oru prathirodha ooppareshanaayi maattendivannu. netherlandsinethiraaya thudarnnulla vyomayudhathil ekadesham 20,000 vyomasenamgangal (sakhyakakshikalum jarmmankaarum) kollappedukayum raajyathudaneelam 6,000 vimanangal thakarukayum cheythu, ithu yudhathinte anchu varshathinidayil prathidinam sharashari 3 aayirunnu.
vipulamaaya flack, shabda kandethal instaaleshanukalum pinneedu radar upayogichu germmaniyudeyum athinte vyaavasaayika hridayabhoomiyaaya rurgabiyettinteyum padinjaaran vyoma prathirodhatthinte aadya nirayayi netherlands maari. aadyathe jarmman ratri vettayaadal schwadron netherlandil ninnu pravartthanam aarambhichu.
yudhathiludaneelam 30,000tholam luftwaf purushanmaarum sthreekalum netherlandil pankedutthirunnu.
nirbandhitha advaanavum prathirodhavum.
nirbandhitha thozhilinaayi saadhaaranakkaare nirmmikkunna "aarbeetsainsaats" netherlandil adichelppikkappettu. paashchaathya sakhyakakshikal pathivayi bombit aakramichirunna jarmman faaktarikalil jolie cheyyaan 18 num 45 num idayil praayamulla (530,000) oro manushyan ithu nirbandhitharaakki. visammathichavare olivil pookaan nirbandhichu. bhakshanavum mattu niravadhi charakkukalum netherlandil ninnu kondupoyathode (ration bukkukalkkoppam) rationing vardhichu. olivil kazhiyunnavarkk vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi ration cardukal labhikkunnathinaayi chila samayangalil prathirodham vitharana kendrangalil raid cheiyumaayirunnu.
cheruthunilppu vijayikkunnathin, athinte amgangal chilappol jarmmankaarumaayi sahakarichu pravarthikkunnathaayi nadikkendathu aavashyamaayirunnu. yudhathinushesham, thangal prathirodhatthilaanennu theliyikkaan kazhiyaathappol sahakarikkunnuvennu nadikkunnavarkku budhimuttukalkku kaaranamaayi, athu rahasyamaayi sookshikkunnathu joliyude swabhaavamaayathinaal budhimuttaayirunnu.
atlaantik mathil.
thekkupadinjaaran france muthal denmark, norway vare europian theerathu jarmmankaar nirmmicha oru bheeman theeradesha prathirodha paathayaya atlaantik mathil netherlandsinte theerapradesham ulkkollunnu. skiveningen polulla chila pattanangal athumoolam ozhippikkappettu. heggle maathram 3,200 veedukal polichuneekkukayum 2,594 veedukal polichuneekkukayum cheythu. 20, 000 veedukal vrithiyaakkukayum 65,000 perkku sthalam maarendi varikayum cheythu. aarbeetsainsaatsi" ll eee padhathikalil pravartthikkaan dachukaare nirbandhikkunnathum ulppedunnu, ennaal aalukal pathukkeyo moshamaayo pravarthikkunnathinaal orutharam nishkriya prathirodham avide nadannu.
holocoast.
athu sthaapithamaayathinu thottupinnaale, sainika bharanakoodam netherlandile joothanmaare peedippikkaan thudangi. 1940ll naadukadatthal undaayilla, joothanmaarkkethire cheria nadapadikal maathrame sweekarichirunnulloo. 1941 februvariyil naasikal oru cheria koottam dutch joothanmaare mouthousen-guzen thadankalppaalayathilekku naadukadatthi. naadukadatthalinethiraaya rajyavyaapaka prathishedhamaaya februvari panimudakkinodu duchukal prathikarichu, ithu naasi adhinivesha yooroppinte charithratthil savisheshamaan. panimudakku kaaryamayonnum nediyillengilum-athinte nethaakkale vadhichu-ithu kadalkkolla-inkwartinu oru prarambha thirichadiyaayirunnu. joothanmaare naadukadatthaanum dachukaare naasi lakshyathilekku keezhadakkaanum addeham uddeshichirunnu.
februvari panimudakkinu munbu, naasikal oru jootha kaunsil (duches "judese raadu") sthaapichu. professor david kohan, abraham asher ennivarude neethrthwathilulla joothanmaarude oru bordaayirunnu ithu. 1933ll asher kohan chernnu sthaapicha jootha abhayaardhikalkkaayulla samiti polulla swatantra jootha samghadanakal adachu. joothanmaare thirichariyunnathinum naadukadatthunnathinum kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayi samghadippikkunnathinulla oru upakaranamaayi jootha kaunsil aathyanthikamayi pravarthichu; kaunsilile joothanmarodu parayukayum avar joothanmaare sahaayikkukayaanennu bodhyappeduthukayum cheythu.
1939ll netherlandile jootha janasamkhya 1,40,000 muthal 1,50,000 vareyayirunnu, avaril 1,000 perr germmaniyilum jarmman niyanthranatthilulla pradeshangalilum ninnulla abhayaarthikalaayirunnu. aaa varsham, jootha abhayaarthikalkkaayulla samiti varunna abhayaarthikale prosess cheiyunnathinaayi westerbork traansit camp sthaapichu; 1942 ll jarmman adhiniveshakkaar purathupokunna joothanmaare thozhil, thadankalppaalayangalilekku prosess cheiyunnathinaayi ithu punarnirmmichu. motham jootha janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikam-ekadesham 79,000-aamstardaamil thaamasichirunnu; koottatthode naadukadatthunnathinulla thayyaareduppinaayi jarmmankaar dutch joothanmaare nagaratthilekku nirbandhithamaayi maattiyathode eee ennam vardhichu.
1942 meyy maasathil juthanmaar david baadjukalude nakshatram dharikkan utharavittu. ellah njaayarazhcha edavaka chadangukalilum vaayicha kathil netherlandsile catholica sabha sarkkaarinte nadapadiye parasyamaayi apalapichu. naasi sarkkar dachukaarodu kooduthal kadinamaayi perumaran thudangukayum sradheyaraaya soshyalistukale jayililadaykkukayum cheythu. pinneedu yudhathil taittas brandsma ulppedeyulla catholica purohithanmaare thadankalppaalayangalilekku naadukadatthi.
vuttu, amezhsfort ennividangalilum thadankalppaalayangal nirmmichu. oduvil, dutch poleesinteyum sivil sarveesinteyum sahaayathode bhooribhaagam dutch joothanmaareyum thadankalppaalayangalilekku naadukadatthi.
netherlandile joothanmaare naadukadatthunnathinum kollunnathinum jarmmani prathyekichum phalapradamaayirunnu. 1945 aayappozhekkum dutch jootha janasamkhya athinte naalilonn (ekadesham 35,000) aayirunnu. aaa ennathil, ekadesham 8,500 perr oru jarmman ithara vyakthiyumayi sammishra vivaahathil earppettukondu naadukadatthalil ninnu rakshapettu; ekadesham 16,500 perr jarmman adhikaarikal olippichuvekkukayo allengil kandethunnathu ozhivaakkukayo cheythu; koodaathe adhinivesha kaalayalavil netherlandil ninnu 000 perr rakshapettu.
60 sathamaanam juthanmaar athijeevicha ayalrajyamaaya beljiyathekkaalum 75 sathamaanam athijeevicha fraansinekkaalum dutch athijeevana nirakk 27 sathamaanam valare kuravaanu. athijeevana nirakk kuravaayathinaal charitrakaaranmaar niravadhi sidhaanthangal munnottuvachittundu, avayil iva ulppedunnu
marnics cross peettar tummus netherlandile vividha pradeshangalkkidayile athijeevana nirakk parishodhichu. mikka sidhaanthangalum daattaye vishadeekarikkunnillenn avar nigamanam cheiyunnu. jarmmankaarum avarude dutch sahakaarikalum vividha pradeshangalil olivil kazhiyunna joothanmaare vettayaadiya vyathyasthamaaya "krooratha" yaayirunnu kooduthal saadhyathayulla vishadeekaranamennu avar abhipraayappedunnu. 2002-ll, aadu vaan leampt "hitlers boundi handezhsa dhaa dedraft oof dhaa jyoos" (2005) enna peril engleeshil prasidheekaricha "copgelda netherlands premiyajejezhs opu sook naar joden, 1943" (boundi joothanmaare thirayunna dutch boundi handezhs, 1943) prasidheekarichu. joothanmaare kandethiyathin jarmmankaar poleesinum kolaniyaaya hennick group polulla mattu sahakarikalkkum prathiphalam nalkiyathaayi puthuthayi tharamthiricha rekhakalil addeham kandethi.
2018 leeii oru prasidheekaranamaaya "dii 102.000 namen", netherlandsil ninnulla juthanmaar, sinti, roma janatha ennivare peedippicha 102,000 pere pattikappedutthunnu; westerbork anusmarana kendratthinte aabhimukhyathil aamstardaam boom aanu pusthakam prasidheekarikkunnathu.
sahakaranm.
pala dutch purushanmaarum sthreekalum jarmman bharanakoodavumaayi sahakarikkaano jarmman sayudha senayil cherano nirbandhitharaayi, athaayath saadhaaranayaayi "waffen-ezz. ezz". mattullavar, hennick kolatthile amgangaleppole, olivil kazhiyunna joothanmaare oru vilaykk pidikoodunnathilum avare jarmman adhiniveshakkaarkk kaimaarunnathilum sajeevamaayi earppettirunnu. jarmman marana kyaambukalil vachu aathyanthikamayi kollapetta 8,000 muthal 9,000 vare dutch joothanmaare hennick kolatthil pidikoodiyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
1941 muthal netherlandile eaka niyamaparamaaya rashtreeya partiyaayirunnu netherlandile deseeya soshyalist prasthaanam, jarmman adhiniveshakkaarumaayi sahakarichu sajeevamaayi edapettu. 1941ll jarmmani yudhathil vijayikkumennu urappaayappol, praayapoorthiyaaya purusha janasamkhyayude moonnu sathamaanam enn. ezz. bii. yilaayirunnu.
yuddham pottippurappettathinum, enn. ezz. bii jarmmankarodu sahathapam prakadippichuvenkilum netherlandsinu karsanamaaya nishpakshatha nalkanamennu vaadichu. 1940 meyy maasathil jarmman adhiniveshathinushesham 10,000 enn. ezz. bii amgangaleyum anubhaavikaleyum dutch sarkkar kasttadiyiledutthu. dutch paraajayathinu thottupinnaale, 1940 meyy 14 nuu jarmman sainyam avare mochippichu. 1940 juunil, enn. ezz. bii nethaavu aantan musert landeranil oru prasangam nadatthi, athil addeham dachukaarodu jarmmankaare aalinganam cheyyaanum landanilekku palayanam cheytha dutch rajavaazhcha upekshikkanum aavasyappettu.
1940ll jarmman bharanakoodam ellah soshyalist, communist paarttikaleyum niyamavirudhamaakki. 1941ll adhinivesha senayumaayi parasyamaayi sahakaricha enn. ezz. bii ozhikeyulla ellah kakshikaleyum athu vilakki. athinte amgathvam ekadesham 100,000 aayi valarnnu. puthumukhangale ("mikivarmaar", kokchaafarukal allengil maybugs, avide "meeii" jarmman adhinivesha maasathe soochippikkunnu) nilavilulla niravadhi amgangal ozhivaakkukayum avare avasaravaadaparamaaya perumaattathinu kuttappeduthukayum cheythu. thaazhnna sarkkaaril, sivil sarveesil enn. ezz. bii oru pradhana punk vahichu. jarmman adhinivesha sarkkar niyamikkunna oro puthiya mayer enn. ezz. bii. yile amgamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, mikka uyarnna pravarthanangalkkum, enn. ezz. bii. mathiyaya yogyathayulla sthaanaarthikal vaagdaanam cheiyunnillennum mathiyaya janakeeya pinthuna aaswadikkunnillennum ariyaamaayirunnathinaal jarmmankaar nilavilulla varenyavargathe upekshikkaan eshtappettu.
1945 meyy 6 nuu jarmman keezhadangal oppuvachathinusesham enn. ezz. bii. niyamavirudhamaayi. pittennu musertine arast cheyyukayum 1946 meyy 7nuu vadikkukayum cheythu. enn. ezz. biyile niravadhi amgangal arastilaavukayum ennaal kurachuper maathrame shikshikkappedukayum cheythulloo.
1940 septambaril, "netherlandshe ss" enna samghadana ensbyude "ufdelling xi" (vakupp xi) aayi roopeekarikkappettu. germmaniyile "ooljemeyn ss" nuu thulyamaayirunnu ithu. 1942 novemberil athinte peru "jermansheh ss inn netherland" ennu maatti. netherlandsche ss praadhamikamaayi oru rashtreeya roopeekaranamaayirunnuvenkil "waffen-ss"-nte manushyashakthi sambharaniyayi pravarthichu.
20, 000 muthal 25,000 vare dutch vamshajar "heer", "waffen-ss" ennivayil sevikkaan sannadharaayi. kizhakkan munnaniyil maathramaayi pravarthicha 4-aamm ss sannadhapravarthaka "pansergrenadier" brigade "netherland", beljiyathilum netherlandilum poraadiya ss sannadha grenadier brigade "landstom netherland" ennivayaayirunnu ettavum sradheyamaaya roopeekaranangal.
narva yudhathil "netherland" brigade kizhakkan munnaniyil pooraattatthil pankedutthu, niravadhi sainikarkk dheerathaykkulla naasi germmaniyude paramonnatha puraskaramaaya irumbu krosinte kuthirayude cross labhichu.
jarmman yuddha shramangalkk aavashyamaaya charakkukalum sevanangalum nalkukayaayirunnu mattoru koottukettu. prathyekichum 1940lum 1941lum jarmman vijayathin saadhyathayundaayirunnapol, athyaagrahathode vaangunna jarmmankaarkk atharam saadhanangal nalkaan dutch kambanikal thayyarayirunnu. thanthraparamaaya saadhanangal jarmman kaikalil veezhukayum 1940 meyy maasathil jarmman udyogasthar dutch kappalsaalakalkk avarude aadya oordarukal nalkukayum cheythu. adhinivesham kaaranam jarmman vipani 'thurannirikkukayum' bhaagikamaayi jarmman anukoola varenyavargathinte bhaagathuninnu perumaattam sugamamakkukayum cheythathaanu jarmman vyavasayavumaayulla sahakaranm sugamamaakkiyath. pala directormaarum thangalude perumaattatthe nyaayeekarichathu, allaathapaksham, jarmmankaar avarude kambani adachupoottukayo pakaram enn. ezz. bii amgangale niyamikkukayo cheiyumaayirunnu, athinaal avarkk ippozhum parimithamaaya swaadheenam cheluthaamaayirunnu. yudhathinushesham unnatha udyogastharkkum kambani directormaarkkum kanatha shiksha nalkiyittilla.
dutch prathirodham.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu naasi adhiniveshathodulla dutch cheruthunilppu thaarathamyena pathukke vikasichuvenkilum athinte ethir intelligence, aabhyanthara attimari, ashayavinimaya shringalakal enniva 1944 muthal raajyathinte vimochanathiloode sakhyasenakalkku pradhana pinthuna nalki. prathirodhatthil jarmmankaar pankedutthathaayi kandethiyathukondu udanadi vadhashikshayaan ardhamaakkunnathu.
raajyathinte bhoopradesam, marubhoomiyude abhavam, janasandrata enniva eathenkilum niyamaviruddha pravartthanangal marachuvekkunnathu budhimuttaakki, koodaathe jarmman niyantritha pradeshathaal athirthi pankidukayum kadal ozhikeyulla rakshappedaanulla vazhikalonnum vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. netherlandsile prathirodham swatantra pravarthanangalil earppettirikkunna cherukida vikendreekritha koshangalude roopameduthu. ennirunnaalum, netherlandsile communist party, yudhathinte thudakkam muthal prathirodham samghadippichu, athupole professor doow. landanile dutch pravasa sarkkaarilekku villem allengil wiim shermerhone, ell. keey. pii ("naashanal nockployg", allengil naashanal fozhsu unitukal, aksharaarthatthil vivarthanam "brawell kroo"). 550 oolam sajeeva pankaalikal ulppetta ettavum valia prathirodha grouppukalil onnaanith; yunaittad kingdavumaayulla bandham kaaranam naasi intelligence ithine valareyadhikam lakshyamitirunnu. chila cheria grouppukalkku mattullavarumayi yaathoru bandhavumillaayirunnu. eee grouppukal vyaja ration kaardukalum vyaja panavum nirmmikkukayum rahasyaanveshana vivarangal shekharikkukayum bhoogarbha pathrangal prasidheekarikkukayum phoon lainukalum railway nasippikkukayum maappukal thayyarakkukayum bhakshanavum charakkukalum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu. 1942 nuu sesham deseeya samghadanayum (loow) deseeya seena yoonittukalum (ell. keey. pii) deseeya ekopanam samghadippichu. landanile sarkkaarumaayi chila bandhangal sthaapikkappettu. dii-dake sesham nilavilulla deseeya samghadanakalaaya ell. keey. pii, oo. dii, kaunsil oof resistans enniva prins bernhardinte neethrthwathil aabhyanthara sakthikalaayi layichu.
abhayaarthikaleyum naasi bharanakoodatthinte sathrukkaleyum jootha kudumbangal, bhoogarbha pravartthakar, draaft-eaju dutch, mattullavar ennivare olippichuvekkukayum abhayam nalkukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu ettavum apakadakaramaaya pravarthanangalilonnu. eee aalukal mothatthil "oondardyooyezhs" ('under-diverse') ennariyappettirunnu. pinneedu yudhathil, eee janaa-olippikkal samvidaanam takarnna sakhyasenayile vyomasenaamgangale samrakshikkanum upayogichu. herlenile resistans doctormar oru ashupatri nila muzhuvan jarmman sainikaril ninnu marachuvechathaayi reportund.
1943 februvariyil, oru dutch resistans sell dutch general staafinte muun medhaviyum ippol sahakarikkunna lefttanant generalinte doorr bell muzhaki.
heggle hendrick seifard. waffen-ss", kizhakkan munnaniyile jarmman yudhashramangal ennivaykkaayi dutch sannadhapravarthakare recruit cheiyunnathinulla prachaaranatthinu seifard neethrthwam nalki. addeham marupadi nalkukayum svayam thirichariyukayum cheytha sesham, rund thavana vediyettu pittennu marikkukayum cheythu. unnathala udyogasthante kolapathakam 50 dutch bandikale vadhikkanum dutch sarvakalaashaalakalil thudarchayaaya reydukal nadatthaanum utharavitta "ss" general hans albin rauttaril ninnu kadutha prathikaarathinu kaaranamaayi. 1944 october 1,2 theeyathikalil dutch prathirodham puttan graamathinu sameepam jarmman sainyathe akramikkukayum athu adhinivesha jarmmankaarkk vendi yudhakkuttangalkku kaaranamavukayum cheythu. aakramanathinu sesham, pattanatthinte oru bhagam nasippikkappedukayum puttan raidle ezhu perkku vediyelkkukayum cheythu. puttan enna purusha janasamkhya muzhuvan naadukadatthappedukayum mikkavarum nirbandhitha adhwaanathinu vidheyaraakukayum cheythu; 552 ll 48 perum kyaambukale athijeevichu. 1945 march 6 nuu dutch prathirodham rauttarinte kaarine aakramichu, athil undaayirunnayaalude aidantitti ariyaathe, ithu vostte hovile kolapathakangalilekku nayichu, avide 116 pere valanju valanju, pathiyirunnu nadatthiya sthalathu vadikkukayum 147 gestappo thadavukaare mattevideyengilum vadikkukayum cheythu.
dutch sarkkarum sainyavum pravaasathilaanu.
haginullah yudhathil dutch sainyathinte vijayakaramaya cheruthunilppu raajakudumbathinu rakshappedaan avasaram nalki. keezhadangunnathinu divasangalkku munbu juliana rajakumary bernhard rajakumaran avarude penmakkalum (beatricks rajakumary airin rajakumary) hegeyil ninnu landanilekku yaatra cheythu. meyy 13nuu wilhelmina raajnjiyum dutch sarkkaarile pradhana amgangalum avare pinthudarnnu. meyy 31nuu airin namakaranam cheyyappetta buckingham kottaaratthil rajakudumbam athidhikalaayirunnu. juliana pinneedu beatrixineyum ireneyum kaanadayilekk kondupoyi, avide avar yudhakaalam thudarnnu.
jarmman vijayathin thottupinnaale, pradhaanamantri dirk jaann dii geerinte neethrthwathilulla dutch sarkkaarine raajyathekku madangaanum fraansil vichi sarkkar sammathichathupole oru jarmman anukoola paava sarkkar roopeekarikkaanum jarmmankaar kshanichu. aaa kshanam sweekarikkaan dii geer aagrahichu, pakshe raajnji athu nirasikkukayum piyattar gerbrandic anukoolamaayi addehathe pirichuvidukayum cheythu.
dutch eest indies vidoora kizhakk yudhavum.
1941 desember 8nuu netherlands japanese saamraajyathinethire yuddham prakhyaapichu. 1942 januvari 10nuu japanese dutch eest indeesine (ippol indoneshya) aakramichu.
dutch naavika kappalukal sakhyakakshikalumayi chernnu dutch rear admiral karel dormaante neethrthwathil american-britiish-dutch-australian (abda) kappalppada roopeekarichu. 1942 februvariyil, saamraajyathva japanese naavikasenaykkethire akramanam nadatthaan vaathilkkal udyogasthanodu utharavittu. eee vishayathil addehathinte ethirppukal thallappettu. jaava kadal yudhathil abda kappal oduvil japanese uparithala kappaline nerittu, athil vaathilkkal edapedaan utharavittu. thudarnnulla yudhathil sakhyasenaykku kanatha nashtam sambhavichu. dutch cruisermaaraaya "jaava", "dii ruyattar" enniva distroyer "courtainer" ennivaykkoppam nashtappettu. mattu sakhyakrooyisarukalaaya australian "perth", britiish "eksattar", american "hoosttan" enniva verpeduthaan shramichuvenkilum thudarnnulla divasangalil japanese avaye kandethukayum oduvil avayellaam nasippikkappedukayum cheythu. niravadhi abda distroyarukalum nashtappettu.
japanese sainyam jaavayil erangiyathinu sheshavum, thaarathamyena tirakkeriya oru airstrip jappancark kaivashappeduthaan kazhiyaathathinal royal netherlands eest indees sainyam avarude munnettam nirthunnathil paraajayappettathin sheshavum, jaavayile dutch sainyam 1942 march 7 nuu keezhadangi. ekadesham 42,000 dutch sainikare thadavilaakkukayum laber kyaambukalil thadavilaakkukayum cheythu, ennaal chilare sambhavasthalathu thanne vadhichu. pinneedu, ellah dutch siviliyanmareyum (motham 100,000) arast cheyyukayum kyaambukalil thadavilaakkukayum cheythu, chilare jappanilekku naadukadatthukayo thaay-barma reyilveyil jolie cheyyaan ayaykkukayo cheythu. japanese adhiniveshakaalathu 4 muthal 10 dasalaksham vare jaavaanikal japanese yudhashramathinaayi pravartthikkaan nirbandhitharaayi. ekadesham 270,000 jaavaanikale thekkukizhakkan eshyayude mattu bhaagangalilekku kondupoyi; avaril 52,000 perr maathramaan athijeevichathu.
oru dutch sarkkar patanam, jappan sainyam dutch eest indeesil sthreekale veshyakalaayi nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkunnathenganeyenne vivarikkukayum japanese sainika veshyalayangalil jolie cheiyunna 200 muthal 300 vare europian sthreekalil "ekadesham arupathiyanchu perr theerchayaayum veshyaavrithikku nirbandhitharaayi" ennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. abhayaarthi kyaambukalil pattini anubavikkunna mattullavar bhakshanavum jolikkulla panavum vaagdaanam cheyyaan sammathichu, athinte swabhaavam avarkk poornnamaayum velippeduthiyittilla.
dutch antharvaahinikal rakshappedukayum fremantil polulla australiyayile thaavalangalil ninnu sakhyakakshikalumayi sathrutha punararambhikkukayum cheythu. sakhyasenayude bhaagamaayi, jappanilekkulla yaathraamadhye japanese tankerukalkkaayi vettayaadukayum puthiya ginia ulppedeyulla mattu yudhasthalangalilekku japanese sainyathinteyum aayudhangaludeyum neekkavum nadathukayum cheythu. yudhathinte pasaphik thiyettaril sajeevamaaya dutch antharvaahinikal ganyamaaya ennam ullathinaal, australiyakkaar, amerikkakkar, nyoosilandarmaar ennivarkkoppam dachukaareyum thiyettarile "naalaamathe sakhyakakshi" ennu namakaranam cheythu.
niravadhi dutch sainyavum navikasena rakshappedukayum amerikkakkar nalkia vimanangal upayogichu royal australian vyomasenayude nambarukal roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. yathaakramam bii-25 michel bomberukalum pii-40 kittihokku yudhavimaanangalum sajjeekarichirikkunna 18,120 schwadronukal (netherlands eest indees). illa. 18 schwadron austreliyayil ninnu dutch eest indees vare bombing reydukal nadatthi. rund schwadronukalum oduvil avarude thirichupidikkunnathil pankedutthu.
kramena netherlands eest indeesinte niyanthranam jappaanilninn pidichedukkappettu. 1945 joolaiyil australian landingiloode ippol vichedikkappetta japanese senayil ninnu thanthrapradhaanamaaya ennappaadangal pidichedukkunnathinaayi australian landingiloode pasaphik theaterilekkulla ettavum valia sakhyasenayude adhinivesham nadannu. akkaalat, japanese ithinakam thanne sucarno polulla indoneshyan desheeyavaadikalumaayi swaathanthrya charchakal aarambichirunnu, koodaathe indoneshyan sainyam sumatrayudeyum jaavayudeyum ganyamaaya bhaagangalude niyanthranam etteduthirunnu. 1945 august 15 nuu japanese keezhadangalinushesham, sukarnoyude neethrthwathil indoneshyan desheeyavaadikal indoneshyan swaathanthryam prakhyapikkukayum netherlandukalum indoneshyan desheeyavaadikalum thammilulla naalu varshathe sayudha nayatantra poraattam aarambikkukayum cheythu.
thadankalilvechu valareyadhikam durithamanubhavicha dutch pouranmaar oduvil valareyadhikam durithamanubhavicha oru raajyathekku madangi.
avasana varsham.
1944 juunil sakhyakakshikal normandiyil erangiya sesham paashchaathya sakhyakakshikal dutch athirthiyilekku athivegam munneri. duchukal aaghoshikkaan thudangukayum avar vimochanathodu aduthuvennu vishwasikkukayum cheythathinaal septambar 5 chovvazhcha "doll dinsdag" ("maadu chovvazhcha") ennariyappedunnu. dutch-beljian athirthiyil ninnu miyus, wall, raine ennee nadikal kadannu netherlandsinteyum germmaniyudeyum vadakkott munneraanulla sramamaaya ooppareshan maarkkat garden septambaril sakhyakakshikal aarambhichu. ennirunnaalum, arnem yudhathil raine paalam pidichedukkaan kazhiyaathathinal sakhyasena lakshythilethiyilla. maarkkat garden samayat, nijmegan, indhoven ennivayulppede thekk ganyamaaya pradeshangal swathanthramaakki. thudarnnulla jarmman prathyaakramanathil nijmegan pradhana (dweep) october aadyam parajayappettu.
thekkan netherlandinte chila bhagangal ooppareshan maarkkat garden vazhi swathanthramaakkiyilla, ithu indhoven nijmegan thammil oru idungiya pradhana sthaanam sthaapichu. vadakkan braabandinte kizhakkum limbergilum, ooppareshan samayat britiish, american senakalkku 1944 septambar avasaanathinum desember thudakkathinum idayil musine peel chathuppukalkkum edayilulla jarmman bridgehead nashippichu miyusinu padinjaaru sheshikkunna jarmman senaye paraajayappeduthaan kazhinju. aakramana samayat, dutch mannil ithuvare nadanna eaka tank yuddham ovarloonil nadannu.
athe samayam, sakhyakakshikalum sealand pravishyayilekku munneri. 1944 october thudakkathil, jarmmankaar appozhum walcheren pidichadakkukayum skilled nadeemukhathum antwerp thuramukhathekkulla sameepanakalilum aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. oru valia vitharana thuramukhathinte aavasyakatha moolam aadyathe canadian sainyam jalapathakal vrithiyaakkaan maasathil azhimukhathinte iruvashathum poraadiya skiild yuddham nirbandhithamaayi. jarmman sainyathinte breascans pokkatt, vonsdrecht, suid-beveland upadveep enniva maaykkaan valia yudhangal nadannu, praadhamikamaayi "vermaakttinte" "wier" yoonittukalum yuddha group kool jarmman paaraatroopparmaarum. rogamuktharum vaidyashaasthraparamaayi ayogyarumaaya jarmman unitukalkku avarude rogathinte perittu; athinaal, alsarukalulla sainikarkkulla "wier" unitukal.
october 31 aayappozhekkum, skieldinu thekkulla cheruthunilppu thakarukayum kaanadayile randaam kaalaalppada division, britiish 52-aamm (thaazhnna pradesham) division, 4-aamm special sarvees brigade ennivayellaam walcheren dveepil akramanam nadathukayum cheythu. sakthamaaya jarmman prathirodham landing valare budhimuttaakki, sakhyakakshikal vestt capelle, vlisingan, veere ennividangalile walcheren daikkukalil bombit dveepil vellapokkam varuthi. sakhyakakshikal laghulekhakal upayogichu thaamasakkaarkk munnariyipp nalkiyengilum vestt kaappellile 180 nivaasikal marichu. valcheranile theeradesha thokkukal november aadya divasangalil nishabdamaakkukayum thanthrapradhaanamaaya yuddham avasaanikkukayum cheythu. jarmman sainyangalonnum aantverppilekkulla pathayil kedupaadukal koodaathe avasheshichilla.
skeldine aakramichathinusesham, vadakkan brabandine mochippikkunnathinaayi ooppareshan phesant aarambhichu. chila prathirodhangalkk sheshamulla akramanam pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagatheyum mochippichu; tilberg, ezz-hertogenbosh, willemstaad, rusendall ennee nagarangal britiish sainyam mochippichu. bergen oopu suum kaanadakkar ettedukkukayum general maksekkinte neethrthwathilulla poolish onnaam kavachitha vibhaagam 1944 october 29 nuu breda nagaratthe sivilian parikkukalonnumillaathe mochippikkukayum cheythu. eee ooppareshan mothatthil kanaalukalilum nadikalilum eee pradeshathe prathirodhicha jarmman sthaanangale thakarkkukayum cheythu.
1940ll jarmmankaar aakramichappol dutch sarkkar pazhaya jalarekha upayogikkaan aagrahichirunnilla. pradhana nagarangal adangiyirunna daikkukal nasippichum polderukal vellathinadiyilaakkiyum holland mekhalayil ninnu oru dweep srishtikkaan ippozhum saadhyamaayirunnu. vellappokkathe nyaayeekarikkan valareyadhikam aalukal marikkumennu dutch sarkkar theerumaanichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kotta holland (jarmman "festang holland") eathu vilaykkum nadatthaan hitlar utharavittu. 1945 march avasaanathode raine crossingukal vare vadakkan netherlandukalude bhooribhaagavum jarmman kaikalilaayirunnu.
vishakkunna shaithyakaalam.
1944-1945 leeii shaithyakaalam valare kadinamaayirunnu, ithu "pattini yathrakal", pattini (ekadesham 30,000 perr kollappettu), ksheenam, jaladosham, rogam ennivayilekku nayichu. shaithyakaalam "honkervinter" (aksharaarthatthil, "vishapp shaithyakaalam") allengil 1944 leeii dutch shaamam ennariyappedunnu. 1944 avasaanathode oru pothu jarmman thakarcha pratheekshichukondu dutch sarkkar-inn-excile utharavitta oru pothu railway panimudakkinu marupadiyaayi, jarmmankaar 45 laksham aalukal thaamasichirunna padinjaaran pravishyakalilekkulla ellah bhakshana, indhana kayattumathikalum nirtthi. kadutha poshakaahaarakkurav saadhaaranamaayirunnu, 18,000 perr pattini kidannu marichu. 1945 meyy maasatthinte thudakkathil aashvaasam vannu.
besuidenhoutinte bombakramanam.
1945 march 3 nuu britiish royal airfozhs dutch nagaramaya hegile janasaandrathayulla besuidenhout parisarathu abadhathil bomb erinju. engleesh nagarangale akramikkaan upayogichirunna vii-2 vikshepana soukaryangal jarmmankaar sthaapicha hagsey booas ("haaginte vanam") jillayil bomb eriyaanaanu britiish bomber samghangal uddeshichirunnathu. ennirunnaalum, pailattumaarkk thettaaya kordinettukal nalkappettathinaal bombarukalude naavigeshanal upakaranangal thettayi sajjeekarichirunnu. avarude kaazhchaye maracha moodalmanjum meghangalum chernnu bombukal pakaram besuidenhout residential ayalpakkathu pathichu. akkaalat, eee parisarathu pathivilum kooduthal janasaandrathayundaayirunnu, haggle ninnum vaassenaaril ninnum ozhippikkappettavar; 511 nivaasikal kollappedukayum ekadesham 30,000 perr bhavanarahitharakukayum cheythu.
mochanam.
vessel, reez ennividangalil raine kadannathinusesham canada, britiish, poolish sainyam kizhakk ninnu netherlandilekku praveshikkukayum kizhakkan, vadakkan pravishyakale swathanthramaakkukayum cheythu. 1945 eprilil nadanna groningen yudhavum otterlo yudhavumaanu prasthaanatthile sradheyamaaya yudhangal.
ennirunnaalum, sthithigathikal ettavum moshamaayirunna padinjaaran pravisyakalkku 1945 meyy 5 nuu (germmaniyude pothu keezhadangalinu moonnu divasam munbu) netherlandsile jarmman senayude keezhadangal charcha cheiyunnathuvare vageninganile hotel dii vereldil kaathirikkendi vannu. neratthe sweedish redu crossinu durithaashwaasa pravartthanangal nadatthaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu, koodaathe ooppareshan mannayil jarmman adhinivesha pradeshangalil bhakshanam vimaanathil irakkaan sakhyasenakale anuvadichirunnu.
aamherst ooppareshan samayat, sakhyasenakal vadakkan netherlandsilekku munneri. randaam canadian corpsinte munnettatthe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi, franch paaraatroopparmaare freeslandilum drenteyilum irakki, avar freeslandilethiya aadyathe sakhyasenaamgangalaayirunu. nirnayakamaaya stockerswerlaatt paalam franchukaar vijayakaramaayi pidichedutthu. taamasiyaathe eee pradesham vijayakaramaayi mochippikkappettu.
texel dveepil, jarmman sainyathil austrooppen aayi sevanamanushticha georgian sainyathile ekadesham 800 perr 1945 epril 5 nuu kalapam nadatthi. randaazhchathe yudhathinu sesham avarude kalapam jarmman sainyam adichamarthi. 565 jorjiyakkaarum texalile 120 nivaasikalum 800 jarmmankaarum marichu. yuddham avasaanichappol athijeevicha 228 jorjiyakkaare soviyatt unionilekku nirbandhithamaayi thirichayachu.
mochitharaaya sesham, france polulla mattu swatantra raajyangalilennapole dutch pouranmaar niyamam swantham kaikalilekku edukkaan thudangi. moffenmiden" ennu vilikkappedunna jarmman adhinivesha senayile purushanmarumaayi bandhamundaayirunna sahakaarikalum dutch sthreekalum pothuve thala mundanam cheyyukayum ooranchu niram nalkukayum cheyth adhikshepikkappedukayum apamaanikkappedukayum cheythu.
naashanashtangal.
yudhathinte avasaanathode 205,901 dutch purushanmaarum sthreekalum kuttikalum yudhavumaayi bandhapetta kaaranangalal marichu. padinjaaran europile ellah naasi adhinivesha raajyangalilum (2.36%) ettavum uyarnna aalohari marananirakk netherlandilaanu. pakuthiyiladhikam (107,000) perr holocoastinu irakalaayirunnu. suraksha thedi mattu rajyangalil ninnu netherlandilekku palayanam cheytha aayirakkanakkin dutch ithara juthanmaarum undaayirunnu, avaril ettavum prashasthan aan frank aayirunnu. dutch eest indeesil japanese pouranmaarumaayi pooraadumbozho kyaambukalil japanese kuthirakalaayi pooraadumbozho 30,000 perr koodi marichu. dutch pouranmaareyum eee kyaambukalil paarppichirunnu.
yudhaanantharakaalam.
yudhathinushesham, jarmmankaarumaayi sahakarichuvennu aaropikkappedunna chilare vichaarana koodaathe aalkkoottakkola cheiyukayo shikshikkukayo cheythu. " "allengil" "waffen-ezz. ezz" "ll jarmmankaarumaayi poraadiya purushanmaare minefieldukal vrithiyaakkaan upayogikkukayum athanusarichu nashtam anubhavikkukayum cheythu". mattullavarkk raajyadrohakkuttam chumatthi kodathikal shiksha vidhichu. chilare thettayi arast cheythathayi theliyikkukayum chilappol deerghakaalathekku kastadiyilaayirunnathinna sesham kuttangalil ninnu mochippikkukayum cheythu.
dutch sarkkar thudakkathil germmaniyude (bucker-shutt plan) ganyamaaya oru bhagam jarmman janasamkhyayodoppamo allaatheyo kootticherkkaanulla padhathikal vikasippichu, ithu pinneedulla saahacharyathil "dachukalaakkendathundu", netherlandsinte bhoopradesam erattiyaakkum. 1949ll rund cheria gramangal netherlandilekku cherkkukayum 1963ll thirike nalkukayum cheythenkilum sakhyakakshikalude nirasikkalinethudarnnu padhathi upekshichu. vijayakaramaayi nadappaakkiya oru padhathi black tulip aayirunnu, netherlandil ninnu jarmman pasport kaivashamulla ellaavareyum naadukadatthukayum ithu aayirakkanakkin jarmman naadukadathalinu kaaranamavukayum cheythu.
yuddham avasaanichu 70 varshathilereyaayi kollapetta dutch joothanmaarude baank balance ippozhum niyama nadapadikalkku vidheyamaan.
yudhathinte avasaanavum dutch eest indeesinte avasana nashtatthe ardhamaakkunnu. dutch eest indeesil japanese keezhadangiya sesham, indoneshyan desheeyavaadikal dachukaarkkum aadyam britiish komanvelthu senakalkkumethire naalu varshathe swaathanthryasamaram nadatthi, ithu oduvil amerikkayude sammarddathil indoneshyayude swaathanthryathinu dutch amgeekaarathilekku nayichu. niravadhi dachukaarum indoneshyakkaarum pinneedu kudiyerukayo netherlandsilekku madangukayo cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudham dutch samoohathil niravadhi shaashvathamaaya prathyaaghaathangal srishtichu. 4nuu dachukaar yudhathil marichavareyum athinusheshamulla ellah yudhangaleyum anusmarikkunnu. jeevichirikkunnavaril, onnum randum thalamurayil ninnulla yudhathinte vaikaarika paadukal ippozhum vahikkunna niravadhi perundu. 2000ll, corian yuddham polulla pilkkala yudhangalil ninnulla erakalum ithil ulppedunnundengilum sarkkar 24,000 perkku vaarshika nashtapariharam nalkukayaayirunnu.
2017ll, dutch redu cross, neod instittyoott phoor vaar, holocoast, vamshahathya padanangalil ninnu kammeeshan cheytha oru patanam prasidheekarichathinu sesham yudhasamayathu juthanmaar, sinti, roma, rashtreeya thadavukaar ennivare samrakshikkunnathil paraajayappettathin "aazhathilulla shamaapanam" nadatthi.

