tetracycline antibioticukal

pothuvaaya adisthaana gadanayullathum streptomises bacteriayude niravadhi enangalil ninnu nerittu verthirikkappedunnathumaa allengil aaa verthiricha samyukthangalil ninnu ardha-synthetic aayi uthppaadippikkappedunna broad-spectrum antibiotic samyukthangalude oru koottamaanu tetracyclins. tetracycline thanmaathrakalil oru leanier fused tetracyclic nucleus (a, b, c, d enningane perittirikkunna valayangal) adangiyirikkunnu, athumaayi vividha pravartthana grouppukal gadippichirikkunnu. tetracyclineukalkku avayude naalu ("tetra-") hydrocarbon valayangalude ("-saik-") derivation ("-ainn") peril ninnaan peru nalkiyirikkunnath. octahydrotetrasine-2-carboxamide asthikoodamulla polycatideukalude oru upavibhagamaayi avaye nirvachikkunnu, avaa polycyclic naftaseen carboxamidinte derivateevukal ennariyappedunnu.
ellah tetracyclineukalkkum oru pothu gadanayundenkilum, chloride, methyl, hydroxyl grouppukalude saannidhyam moolam avaa parasparam vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. eee mattangal avayude vishalamaaya aanti baakteeriyal pravartthanatthe maattunnillengilum ardhaayuss, serathile proteinukalumaayi bandhippikkal thudangiya aushadha gunangale badhikkunnu.
badhikkunnu kandethiya tetracyclineukal gram positteev, gram negatteevu bakteeriyakal, chlamydiota, micoplasmattotta, rikkatsiya, protosovan paraannabhojikal ennivayulppede vaividhyamaarnna sookshumaanukkalkkethire pravartthanam prakadippichu. chlortetracycline, ooksitetraasaiklin ennivayekkaal pinneedu tetracycline thanne kandethiyenkilum ippozhum naamakarana aavasyangalkkulla maathru samyukthamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
labhyamaya ettavum vilakuranja antibioticukalil onnaanu tetracycline, ithu rogaprathirodhathilum manushyarudeyum mrugangaludeyum anubaadhakalude chikilsayilum athupole valarchaa promotermaaraayi mrugangalude theettayile upachikitsa thalangalilum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
tetracyclineukal pakarchavyaadhi ejantinte (bacteriosidal) kolayalikalekkaal valarchaa inhibittarukalaanu (baakteeriyostaattik), avaa gunikkunna sookshumaanukkalkkethire maathrame phalapradamaakoo. avaa hrasvamaayi pravartthikkukayum baakteeriyal membranile porin chaanalukaliloode nishkriyamaayi vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. bacteria 30s ribosomal subunitumaayi reversable aayi bandhippichukondu avaa protein sinthasisine thadayukayum ribosominte oru sthalathekku aminosyl trina bandhippikkunnathil ninnu thadayukayum cheiyunnu. avaa oru paridhivare bacteria 50-kalile ribosomal sabyoonittine bandhippikkukayum cytoplasmic membranine maattukayum cheythekkaam, ithu intra sellular gadakangal bacteria koshangalil ninnu chornnolikkaan kaaranamakum.
tetracyclineukalude tharangalodu speesheesukalude samvedanakshamathayil vyathyaasangalundengilum tetracyclineukalkellam ore aanti baakteeriyal spectrum undu. bacteria, manushya koshangalile protein samanvayathe tetracyclins thadayunnu. baakteeriyakalkk tetracycline koshatthilekku kondupokaan anuvadikkunna oru samvidaanamundu, athesamayam manushya koshangalkk illa. athinaal manushyakoshangal protein samanvayathil tetracyclinte phalangalil ninnu rakshappedunnu.
antibiotic prathirodham aarambikkunnathinoppam avayude prayojanam kuranjuvenkilum tetracyclins vaidyashaasthrathil oru pradhana punk nilanirthunnu. chila prathyeka soochanakalkku tetracyclins thiranjedukkunna chikilsayaayi thudarunnu.
vaayiloode nalkunna ellah tetracycline dahananaalathil ninnu agiranam cheyyappedaathathinaal, kudalile bakteeriyakalude ennam tetracyclinsine prathirodhikkaan kazhiyum, ithu prathirodhasheshiyulla jeevikalude amithavalarchaykku kaaranamaakunnu. tetraasaiklinte vyapakamaaya upayogam tetracycline prathirodhasheshiyulla jeevikalude ennam vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaayathaayi karuthappedunnu, ithu chila anubaadhakale chikilsaykku kooduthal prathirodhasheshiyullathaaknu.
tetracycline prathirodham palappozhum puthiya jeenukalude ettedukkal moolamaanu, ithu tetraasaiklinte oorjjathe aasrayikkunna ozhukkino allengil baakteeriyal ribosomukale tetraasaiklinte pravartthanatthil ninnu samrakshikkunna oru proteino aanu. koodaathe, parimithamaaya ennam bakteeriyakal myootteshanukaliloode tetracyclineukalode prathirodham nedunnu.
medical upayogangal.
moothranaalam, shwasananaalam, kudalile anubadhakal ennivayude chikilsayil tetracycline saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu, koodaathe klameediyayude chikilsayilum upayogikkunnu, prathyekichu β-lactamukalodum macrolydukalodum allergy ulla rogikalil; ennirunnaalum, eee soochanakalkulla avayude upayogam kaaranamaaya jeevikalil prathirodhatthinte vyapakamaaya vikasanam kaaranam mumbathethinekkaal kuravaanu.
mithamaaya kadinamaaya mukhakkuru, rosaysia (tetracycline, ooksitetraasaiklin, doxycycline allengil minocycline) ennivayude chikilsayil tetracycline vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
vaayurahithamaya bakteeriyakal aerobic baakteeriyakaleppole tetracyclineukalkku irayaakunnilla.
basilus anthrasis" (anthrax) anubaadhaykkulla prathirodha chikilsayaayi doxycycline upayogikkunnu, ithu bubonic pleginte pakarchavyaadhiyaaya "yersinia pesttis" enna rogaanuvinethire falapradamaanu. malaria chikilsaykkum rogaprathirodhathinum athupole anakkombu filariasis chikilsaykkum ithu upayogikkunnu.
chlamydia (trachoma, citacosis, salpingitis, urithraitis, ell) moolamundaakunna anubaadhakalkkulla chikilsayaayi tetracyclins thudarunnu. venerium anubadha), rikketsiya (typhus, rockie moundan spotted pheevar), brucellosis, spirochettal anubadhakal (lime rogam/boreliosis, syphilis). vettinari medisin mekhalayilum iva upayogikkunnu.
mayakkumarunnu prathirodham vardhikkukayum mothatthilulla marananirakkil avayude swaadheenam chodyam cheyyappedukayum cheiyunnundenkilum kolarayude dairkhyavum kaadinyavum kuraykkunnathil avaykku oru pankundaakaam.
paarshwafalangal.
tetracyclinil ninnulla paarshwafalangal saadhaaranamalla, pakshe phototoxisity prathyeka shradha nalkunnu. sooryanil ninno mattu srothassukalil ninno prakaashathinu vidheyamaakumbol ithu sooryaprakaashathinulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnu. malaria roganirodhanamaayi deerghakaala avadikkaalam chelavazhikkaan aagrahikkunnavarkk ithu prathyeka praadhaanyamullathaayirikkam.
avaa vayarilo malavisarjjanathilo, apoorva sandarbhangalil allergic kaaranamakum. valare apoorvvamaayi, gurutharamaaya thalavedana kazhcha prashnangalum apakadakaramaaya secondary intra craniel hypertensionte lakshanangalayirikkaam, ithu ideopathic intra craniel hypertension ennum ariyappedunnu.
tetracyclineukal terratogenukalaanu, kaaranam avaa shaishavaavasthayil vikasikkumbol garbhapindatthil pallukalude niram maranullah saadhyathayund. ithe kaaranathaal, 8 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikalil tetracycline upayogikkunnathu virudhamaanu. chila muthirnnavarkk upayogathinu sesham pallukalude niram maarunnath (neriya chaaraniram) anubhavappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, garbhaavasthayude aadya 18 aazhchakalil avaa upayogikkaan surakshithamaan.
tetracycline edukkunna chila rogikalkku medical melnottam aavasyamaanu, kaaranam avaa steetosisinum karal vishaamshathinum kaaranamakum.
jagrata.
karal thakaraarukalullavar tetracyclins shradhaapoorvvam upayogikkanam. koodaathe, thanmathrakal vellathil layikkunnathinaal ithu vrukkayude parajayam vashalaakkum (lipidil layikkunna ejantumaaraaya doxycycline, minocycline ennivayude kaaryatthil ithu shariyalla). avaa mayasteniya graavisile peshikalude balaheenata vardhippikkukayum systemic lupus erythematosus vardhippikkukayum cheyyum. aluminiyavum kaalsyavum adangiyirikkunna antaasidukal ellah tetracyclineukaludeyum agiranam kuraykkunnu, koodaathe ksheera uthppannangal minocycline ozhikeyulla ellaavarudeyum agiranam valareyadhikam kuraykkunnu.
tetracyclinte thakarcha uthppannangal vishaamshamullavayaan, ithu vrukkayude nephronukalile proximal tubular pravartthanatthe badhikkunna marakamaaya rogamaaya fanconi syndrome undaakkum. eee marunnukalude kurippadi kaalaharanappettukazhinjaal upekshikkanam, kaaranam avaa hepatotoxisitic kaaranamakum.
tetracycline antibioticukal palatharam hormon garbhanirodhana maarggangalude falaprapthy thadassappeduthunnuvenna orikkal vishwasichirunnu. mikka tetracyclineukalum upayogikkumbol ooral garbhanirodhana maarggangalil falaprapti ganyamaayi nashtappedunnillennu sameepakaala gaveshanangal kaanikkunnu. eee padanangal undaayirunnittum, anaavashya garbham thadayunnathinaayi eathenkilum tetracycline edukkunna aalukalkk barrier garbhanirodhana marggangal upayogikkaan pala doctormaarum ippozhum shupaarsha cheiyunnu.
ethirvashangal.
garbhinikalilum mulayoottunna sthreekalilum pallukal valarunna kuttikalilum tetracycline upayogam ozhivaakkanam, kaaranam avaa sthiramaaya karaykku kaaranamakum (pallukalude mukalilum thaazheyumulla varikaliloode kadakkunna irunda thirashcheena bandullah irunda manja-chaaraniratthilulla pallukal), pallukaludeyum ellukaludeyum valarchaye baadhichekkaam.
garbhaavasthayude aadya 12 aazhchakalil ithu upayogikkunnathu valia janana vaikalyangal undakanulla saadhyatha vardhippikkunnillenna thonnunnu. inguinal hernia polulla cheria janana vaikalyangalkkulla saadhyatha cheruthaayi vardhichekkaam, ennaal yadhaarthathil enthengilum apakadasaadhyathayundo ennu urappakkaan reportukalude ennam valare cheruthaanu.
tetracycline thayyaareduppil, vishamulla epi-anhydrotetracycline roopappedunnathu ozhivakkaan sthiratha pariganikkendathundu.
pravartthana samvidaanam.
protein synthesis inhibittarukalaanu tetracycline antibioticukal. 16s rrna umm 21 proteinukalum chernna 30s ribosomal subunitumaayi bandhippichu avaa vivarthanathinte thudakkathe vividha reethikalil thadayunnu. avaa aminosyl-trina marnah translation complexumaayi bandhippikkunnathil thadassamaakunnu. tetracyclins 16-kalumaayum 23-kalumaayum bandhippikkaamenn chila padanangal theliyichittundu. tetracyclins matricks metaloproteenesukale thadayunnuvennum kandethiyittundu. eee samvidaanam avayude antibiotic efakttukal vardhippikkunnillenle rosaysia, mukhakkuru, prameham, vividha tharatthilulla neoplasm ennivayude chikilsaykkaayi raasaparamaayi parishkaricha tetracyclineukal allengil sem. tii. kall (insiclinide polullava) ennivayekkurichu vipulamaaya gaveshanathinu kaaranamaayi.
tetracyclins vishalamaaya bakteeriyakalkkethire mathramalla, virusukal, mitocondria illaatha protosova, chila pakarchavyaadhiyethara avasthakal ennivaykkethireyum sajeevamaanenn theliyikkappettittund. sellular dsrna (double strended rna) yumayi tetracycline bandhippikkunnath avayude vishalamaaya phalatthinte vishadeekaranamaayirikkaam. baakteeriyakalkkidayillu ribosomal protein synthesis paathakalude swabhaavavum ithinu kaaranamakaam.
2007 septambaril insiclinide rosaysiaykku phalapradamallennu prakhyaapichu.
manushya arbudangalude chikilsaykkaayi niravadhi pareekshanangal parishkkarichathum parishkkarikkaathathumaaya tetracyclineukal parishodhichittundu; avayil kaposi sarcoma rogikalkku cmt-3 upayogichu valare prateeksha nalkunna phalangal labhichu.
ghadana-pravartthana bandham.
4 fused ringukalude karkkashamaaya asthikoodamaanu tetracyclineukal. tetracyclinsinte valaya ghadanaye uyarnna parishkkarikkaavunna mekhalayaayum thaazhnna parishkkarikkaanaavaatha mekhalayaayum thirichirikkunnu. oru sajeeva tetracyclinu oru sii 10 finol sii 11-sii 12 keetto-enol substructure substructure grouppumaayum sii 1-sii 3 dieketto substructureumaayum samyojippikkendathundu. samyojippikkendathundu dimethylamine group neekkam cheiyunnathu aanti baakteeriyal pravartthanam kuraykkunnu. kuraykkunnu carboxylamine group maattisthaapikkunnath aanti baakteeriyal pravartthanam kuraykkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu, ennaal prodrug limesicline polulla kooduthal layikkunna analogukal labhikkunnathin amide naitrajanilekku pakarakkaare cherkkaan kazhiyum. alakkaavunna aanti baakteeriyal pravartthanamulla ettavum lalithamaaya tetracycline 6-deoxy-6-demethyltetracycline aanu, athinte ghadana palappozhum tetracycle klaas antibioticukalude ettavum kuranja farmacophorayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. vyathyasthamaaya aanti baakteeriyal pravarthanangalulla derivateevukal nirmmikkunnathin nirmmikkunnathin parishkarikkaam.
prathirodhatthinte samvidaanam.
tetracycline, efflex, ribosomal samrakshanam, permiability kurayal, ribosome mutation ennivayude ensaimatik nishkriyamaakkal ennivayiloode koshangalkk tetracyclinine prathirodhikkaan kazhiyum.
nishkriyamaakkal ennathu apoorvamaaya prathirodhamaan, avide antibiotic distraktesinte oru vibhagamaaya naduff-dependent oxidoreductase, tetracycline antibioticine avayude auxidative sophtt spottil parishkkarikkunnu, ithu tetracycline antibioticine nirjjeevamaakkunnathilke nayikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, ooksitetraasaiklin ooksitetraasaiklin saittil ooksiredaktes oru maattam varuthunnu. ooksitetraasaiklinte jaivapravarthanathinu jaivapravarthanathinu + cheleshan ribosome binding aavasyamaanu, koodaathe parishkkaranam bindingine kuraykkunnu, ithu ooksitetraasaiklin antibioticine nirjjeevamaakkunnathilke nayikkunnu.
prathikaranatthinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya samvidaanamaaya ephlexil, vividha prathirodha jeenukal oru membran proteine encode cheiyunnu, athu oru tetracycline kaatteshan complexilake oru prottoon kaimaattam cheythukondu koshatthil ninnu tetracycline sajeevamaayi pump cheiyunnu. eee kaimaattam tetracyclinte cytoplasmic saandrata kuraykkunnathilekku nayikkunnu.
ribosomal samrakshanathil, eathu jeane kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu ennathine aashrayich niravadhi phalangal undaakkunna oru proteine oru prathirodha jeane encode cheiyunnu. panthrand tharam ribosomal protection jeenukal/proteinukal kandethiyittundu.
eee samrakshana proteinukalude pravartthanatthinte saadhyamaaya samvidaanangalil iva ulppedunnu 
bharanam.
kazhikkumbol, kooduthal vellathil layikkunna, hrasvamaayi pravartthikkunna tetracycline (playin tetracycline, chlortracycline, ooksitetraasaiklin, demeclosycline, methacycline) kazhikkunnathinu rund manikkoor sheshamo bhakshanam kazhikkunnathinu rund manikkoor munbo oru glass vellam muzhuvan kudikkanamennu saadhaaranayaayi shupaarsha cheiyunnu. mikka tetracyclineukalum bhakshanavumayi eluppathil bandhippikkukayum magneeshyam, aluminium, irumbu, kaalsyam ennivayumaayi eluppathil bandhippikkukayum cheiyunnathu shareeram poornnamaayum agiranam cheyyaanulla kazhivu kuraykkunnu ennathuthanne ithinu kaaranam. paalulppannangal, antaasidukal, irumbu adangiya thayyaareduppukal enniva marunnu kazhikkunna samayathinaduthu ozhivaakkanam. eee niyamangalkk bhagikamaaya ozhivaakkalukal sambhavikkunnath doxycycline, minocycline ennivaykku aanu, avaa bhakshanathodoppam edukkaam (irumbu, antaasidukal allengil kaalsyam supplementukal allengilum). paalulppannangal minocycline agiranam cheiyunnathu cheruthaayi kuraykkunnundengilum, kaalsyam athra eluppathil cheelettu cheyyaathathinaal minocycline paal uthppannangalkoppam edukkaam.
charithram.
tetracyclinsinte charithratthil aayirakkanakkin samarppita gaveshakar, shaasthranjar, clinisianmaar, bisinus executiveukal ennivarude koottaaya sambhavanakal ulppedunnu. 1940-kalil tetracyclineukal kandethukayum 1948-ll shaasthreeya saahithyathil aadyamaayi report cheyyappedukayum vaividhyamaarnna sookshumaanukkalkkethire pravartthanam nadathukayum cheythu. chlortetracycline, ooksitetraasaiklin ennivayaayirunnu tetracycline groupile aadyathe amgangal. 1945ll chlortetracycline (oreomycin) aadyamaayi oru saadhaarana inamaayi kandethukayum 1948ll yellapragada sabbaaroyude neethrthwathil american cyanamid-lederle laborattarikalil jolie cheiyunna sasyashaasthrathile 73 kaaranaya emeritus professoraaya benchamin minch dugger ithu aadyam amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. streptomises oreophasians enna perilulla swarnna niramulla, fungus polulla, mannil vasikkunna baakteeriyaya misauri manninte saambilil ninnaan dugger eee padaartham uruthirinjathu.
lederle oreomycin kandethiya athe samayat thanne, puthiya aantibayottikkukalkkayi faisar lokamembaadum thirayukayaayirunnu. kaadukal, marubhoomikal, parvathanirakal, samudrangal ennivayil ninnu manninte saambilukal shekharichu. ennaal aathyanthikamayi 1949-ll indiaanayile terre houttile oru faaktariyude adithattil ninnu shekharicha manninte saambilil ninnu alexander finley ooksitetraasaiklin (terramycin) verthirichu. streptomises remosus enna samanamaaya mannu baakteeriyayil ninnaan ithu vannath. thudakkam muthal, terramycin vivaadangalaal moodappetta oru thanmathrayaayirunnu. oru aadhunika farmaceutical kambaniyude aadyathe bahujana vipanana prachaaranatthinte vishayamaayirunnu ithu. peficer medical jenalukalil eee marunnu valareyadhikam parasyam cheythu, oduvil terramycin kandethunnathinum vikasippikkunnathinumaayi chelavazhichathinekkaal eratti maarkkattinginaayi chelavazhichu. ennittum, athu pinneedu oru cheria kambaniyaaya faisarine oru farmaceutical bheemanayi maatti.
francis eyude neethrthwathilulla faisar group. hochsteen, robertumaayi chernnu maram kondu kathikkukayum ooksitetraasaiklinte ghadana nirnnayikkukayum lloyd echu-neey praapthamaakkukayum cheythu. oru synthetic ulppannamaayi tetracycline vijayakaramaayi ulppaadippikkaan canover cheyyuka. 1955-ll, oriyomaisinte hydragenolysis yadhaartha uthppannatheppole thanne sajeevamaaya oru desloro uthppannam nalkunnuvennu connover kandethi. raasaparamaayi parishkaricha antibioticukalkku jaiva pravartthanam undaakaamenn ithu aadyamaayi theliyichu. eathaanum varshangalkkullil, niravadhi semi synthetic tetracyclineukal vipaniyil praveshichu, ippol mikka antibiotic kandethalukalum pazhaya samyukthangalude puthiya sajeeva derivateevukalaanu.
mattu tetracyclineukal pinneedu, onnukil swaabhaavikamaayi sambhavikkunna thanmathrakalaayi thiricharinju.jii., ezz. ll ninnulla tetracycline. oreophasians, ezz. remosus, ezz. essil ninnulla viridophasians dimethyl-chlortitracyclinum. oreophasians, allengil ardhasinthattik sameepanangalude uthppannangal, udha.jii.methasaiklin, doxycycline, minocycline.
naravamshashaasthranjanaaya jorjju jeey nadatthiya gaveshanam. ultraviolet prakaashatthiloode cross sekshanukal vishakalanam cheiyunnathiloode kandethaavunna, meroitic kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla (ekadesham eiii. dii. 350) purathana newbiyanmaarude asthikalil tetracycline nikshepamundennu emory sarvakalaashaalayile armelagos samghavum kaanichu-aadhunika nikshepangaleppole thanne nikshepangalum fluoresentaanu. malinamaaya sambharicha daanyangalil ninnu nirmmicha praadeshika purathana bear (eejipt bear pole) kazhichathaanu ithinu kaaranamenn armelagos abhiprayappettu.
vikasanam.
tetracyclineukal avayude vishalamaaya spectrum aanti baakteeriyal pravarthanatthinu perukettavayaayirunnu, 1940 kalude avasaanam muthal 1950 kalude arambham vare klinikkal vijayathode vaanijyavalkkarikkappettu. randaam thalamura semi synthetic analogukalum ettavum puthiya moonnaam thalamura samyukthangalum mechappetta pharmacokinetic, raasa gunangalulla tetracycline-resistant bakteeriyakalkkethire vardhicha shakthiyum falapraapthiyumulla derivetteevukalilekkul tetracycline plaattphominte thudarchayaaya parinamam kaanikkunnu.
tetracycline therapy avatharippichathinu thottupinnaale, aadyathe tetracycline-resistant bacteria rogakaariye kandethi. athinusesham, bacteria rogangalude chikilsayil tetraasaiklinte falaprapti parimithappedutthikkondu tetracycline-resistant bacteria rogakaarikale thirichariyunnathu thudarunnu.
tetracyclinil ninnu uruthirinja puthiya tharam antibioticukalaanu glycycline, fluorocycline enniva. eee tetracycline analogukal tetracycline prathirodhatthinte rund saadhaarana samvidaanangale marikadakkaan prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheythittullavayaanu, athaayath aquared ephlex pambukal koodaathe/allengil ribosomal samrakshanam vazhi madhyasthatha vahikkunna prathirodham.
2005-ll, glycyclines enna tetracyclinsinte puthiya upavibhaagathile aadya amgamaaya tigazycline, mattu aantimicrobiyalukale prathirodhikkunna anubadhakal chikilsikkunnathinaayi avatharippichu. ithu gadanaaparamaayi minocyclinumaayi bandhappettathaanenkilum, thanmaathrayile mattangal athinte pravartthanatthinte vipuleekritha spectrathinu kaaranamavukayum mattu tetracycline aantibayottikkukalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol prathirodhatthinte vikaasathinulla saadhyatha kuraykkukayum cheythu. minocycline pole, tigazycline 30s ribosominte bacteriayumaayi bandhippikkukayum transfer rnaude praveshanam thadayukayum cheiyunnu. ithu aathyanthikamayi protein sinthasisine thadayukayum angane bacteriayude valarchaye thadayukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, minocycline thanmaathrayude 9 sthaanathu oru n, n,-dimethyl glycylamido group cherkkunnath minocycline allengil tetracycline ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ribosomal targettinulla tigazyclinte aduppam 5 madangu vare vardhippikkunnu. ithu pravartthanatthinte vipuleekritha spectrathinu anuvadikkukayum prathirodhatthinte vikaasathinulla saadhyatha kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. 20 varshathilereyaayi amgeekaricha aadyathe tetracycline tigazycline aanenkilum, tetracyclinte mattu puthiya pathippukal nilavil manushya klinikkal pareekshanangalilaan.
gaveshana reyejantukalaayi upayogikkuka.
antibioticukalude tetracycline classile amgangal palappozhum bacteria ulppedunna "inn vitro", "inn vivo" biomedical gaveshana pareekshanangalilum tetracycline niyantritha transcription aaktiveshan upayogichu indussible protein expression sistangalulla eucariotic koshangalilum jeevikalilum nadatthiya pareekshanangalilum gaveshana reyejantukalaayi upayogikkunnu. tetraasaiklinte aanti baakteeriyal efakttinulla pravartthana samvidaanam baakteeriyayile protein vivarthanathe thadassappeduthunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu, athuvazhi sookshumaanukkalude valarunnathinum nannakkunnathinumulla kazhivine nasippikkunnu; ennirunnaalum eucariotic maittokondriyayil protein vivarthanam thadassappedunnu, ithu pareekshanathmaka phalangale aashayakkuzhappathilaakkunna phalangalilekku nayikkunnu.
vanyajeevikalil oru krithrima biomarkeraayi ithu upayogichu vanyamrugangal oru vaxino marunno adangiya oru bettu kazhikkunnundo ennu parisodhikkaam. fluorescent aayathinal kaalsyavumaayi bandhippikkunnathinaal, oru mrugathil ninnu valicha pallilaano ennu parisodhikkaan oru yuvi vilakku upayogikkaam. udaaharanathinu, amerikkayile rakkoonukal ooral rabies vaxine bitukal edukkunnathu parisodhikkaan ithu upayogichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu mrugangalkku aakramanathmakavum gaveshakanu advaanam aavasyamullathumaaya oru prakriyayaan. athinaal, mudiyilum meeshayilum kandethaan kazhiyunna rodamine bii polulla mattu chaayangalkkaanu munganana.

