
1936leeii spanish airlift

1936leeii spanish airlift spanish aabhyantharayudhathinte aadyaghattathil desheeyavaadikal nadatthiya oru sainika ooppareshanaayirunnu. athinu prathyeka coode namam undaayirunnilla. jibraltar kadalidukkile republican naavika uparodham marikadakkukayum spanish morocoyil nilayurappichirikkunna sainikare vimatharude niyanthranatthilulla andalusiayilekku vimanamaargam kondupookukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu athinte lakshyam. juulai 19num october 11num idayil 85 divasathinide desheeyavaadikal kuranjathu 14,000 aalukaleyum kuranjathu 270 tonn yudhasaamagrikaleyum kondupoyi. hitlarum musoliniyum ayacha vimaanangalil bhooribhaagam sainikarum upakaranangalum vahichathinaal jarmman, itaaliyan sahayathaal vijayam saadhyamaayi. vyomamaarggamulla aadyathe valia thothilulla sainika gathagathamaayathinaal eee ooppareshan noothanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. valia republican ethir nadapadiyonnum illaathirunnathinaal, yudhathekkaal logistiksinteyum saankethikavidyayudeyum kaaryatthil airlift oru velluviliyaayirunnu. desheeyavaadikalkku airlift nirnaayakamaayirunnuvennum parajayappetta attimari deerghakaala aabhyantharayudhamaakki maattaan sahayichuvennum charithralekhanathil nilanilkkunna abhiprayam.
pashchaathalam.
1936 joolaiyile attimari spanish morocoyil aarambhichu; juulai 17 nuu vimathar mikka samrakshitha pradeshangaludeyum niyanthranam eluppathil nedi, juulai 18 nuu sheshikkunna prathirodha dveepukale shwaasammuttichu. ennirunnaalum, upadveepil attimari valare kuravaayirunnu; juulai 18 nuu kalaapakaarikal sevilleyudeyum cordoba mail asthiramaaya niyanthranam nedi, athesamayam cadees, granada, huvelva, malaga ennividangalil sthithigathikal avyakthamaayi thudarnnu. aaa divasam vaikunneram, noorukanakkinu vimatha moroco-steshan sainikar distroyer "churukka" yill kayari, juulai 19 pularche avare cadisilekku kondupoyi, ithu vimathar nagaram poornnamaayum ettedukkunnathinu valareyadhikam sambhavana cheythu. ennirunnaalum, madangumbol, "churukka" yude udyogasthare samgham keezhadakki. sarkkarinodu vishwasthatha pulartthunna mattu yudhakkappalukal jibraltar kadalidukkil vinyasikkapettu, ithu vimatharude kadalmargamulla gathaagathathe thadassappeduthi. cadees muthal seville vareyulla upadveepinte thekke attam ippol kalaapakaarikalude niyanthranathilaayirunnu; ennirunnaalum, avar ottappedukayum keezhadakkappedanulla apakadatthilumaayirunnu. juulai 19 nuu raavile francisco franco morocoyilethukayum sainyathinte neethrthwam ettedukkukayum cheythu. samrakshitha pradesham poornnamaayum niyanthrikkappettirunnathu, aafrikkayile yudhathil karkkashamaaya sainyathinte aavashyamillaayirunnu; pakaram, vimatharkk andalusiyayil sainyathe moshamaayi aavashyamaayirunnu. kadal gathagatham inii oru oopshanaayi avasheshikkaathathinaal, francoyude adhyakshathayil nadanna hye kamaandarmaarude yogathil airlift aarambhikkaanulla theerumaanam swamedhayaa eduthu.
aadya ghattam.
kalaapathinte aadyakaalangalil, morocoyil ninnu andalusiayilekku oru airlift samghadippikkunnathinu valare kurachu vimanangal maathrame labhyamaayirunnulloo. seville vimaanathaavalathilo larachiyilo 3 focker eph-vii pidichedutthu, koodaathe 2 sainika dornier jeey vaal seaplayinukal cadees naavika thaavalathil avasheshichu. juulai 19 nuu vaikunneram thanne tettuvaanile sania ramal airfieldil ninnu sevilleyile tabalada vimaanathaavalathilekk oru focker sainyathe athikkukayum taamasiyaathe 5 vimaanangalum earppedukayum cheythu. gathagatha sheshi valare parimithamaayirunnu focker allengil dornierinu 15 ll kooduthal sainikare ulkkollaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla. aadyathe yoonit airlift cheythath 17 aayirunnu. juulai 20 nuu andalusiyayil veendum kootticherttha videsha sainyathinte 5. baandarayude kambani. athe divasam thanne, gambiyayil ninnu parannukondirunna oru luftansa juulai 52 tapal vimanam kaanari dveepukalil idanilakkaaran landing nadatthi; pailat tettuvaanilekku parakkaan nirbandhithanaayi, pakshe airliftil cherunnathinupakaram addeham francoyude dauthyam berlinilekk kondupoyi. juulai 25nuu desheeyavaadikal oru dougless dissy-2 pidichedutthu; ithu paramavadhi dainamdina gathagatha sheshi 130 purushanmaraayi vardhippichu. thante aparyapthamaaya maargangalekkurichu arinjukondu, juulai 23 nuu franco hitlarum musoliniyum gathagatha vimanangal abhyarthichu; addeham thante swakaarya doothanmaare berlinilekkum romilekum ayachu. juulai 25 nuu avar hitlare kaanaan kazhinju, athe divasam thanne jarmman svechaadhipathi "fuersouber" enna coode naamatthil sahayam nalkaan sammathichu. musolini nirnnaayakanaayirunnille 48 manikorinullil addeham swathanthramaayi athe kaaryam cheyyaan theerumaanichu.
jarmman, itaaliyan nirmmanangal.
naasikal ayacha aadyathe junker 52 yanthrangal juulai 28nuu tettuvaanil ethi; mattullava adutha kurachu divasangalil ethi. attakuttappanikal muthalaayavaykkaayi kurachu samayam neekkivachathinu sesham.juulai 29nuu aadyathe juulai 52 airliftil chernnu. oru saadhaarana passenture vimaanamaayi pravartthikkumbol, oru junkerukal saadhaaranayaayi 17 yaathrakkaare vahikkum; ellah seettukalum neekkam cheythappol, 35 tirakkeriya sainikarkk tharayil irikkaan kazhinju. 3. 5 tonn vare bharamullah hovitsarukalum peerankikalum ulkkollaan kazhiyunnathra valuthaayirunnu vimanam. juulai 30 nuu aadyathe itaaliyan savoya-maarchetti 81 yanthrangal sardiniyayil ninnu naadaril ethi. jankarukalekkaal alpam valia sheshiyulla sakthamaaya vimaanangalaayirunnu avaa. mattu juulai 52 umm sm 81 umm vimanangal august aadya divasangalil ethi thudangi. junkerukal onnukil cadisilekku kappalil vannappol allengil itali vazhi parannappol, savoyakal sardiniyayil ninnu nerittu parannu. 20 jankarukalum 12 savoyakalum upayogichu august 10 oode avarude kappalppada poortthiyaayi. niraayudharaanengilum jarmman, itaaliyan sainika pailattumaarum saankethika vidagtharum avare sevikkukayum cheythu. eee nimisham vare, airliftinte 22 divasathinullil, ithinakam thanne 5,000 sainikare kadalidukkiloode vimaanathil kondupoyathaayi reportund; orupakshe pakuthiyolam aalukale luftwaff kondupoyittundaakam (thaarathamyappeduthumbol, konvoy dii laa victoria ennu vilikkappedunnavarkku august 5 nuu maathram 1,600 pere kadalmargam kondupoyi).
oorjjaswalamaaya sharashari gathagatha nirakkukal.
august 10nuu francoyude pakkal 38 vimanangal undaayirunnu 20 junkerukal, 12 saavoyyakal, 3 fockerukal, 2 dornierukal, 1 dougless. eee kappalppada adutha 2 maasathinullil airlift pravarthippikkaan varum, ennirunnaalum avayil chilath kramena pinvalikkappedum. oro vimaanavum prathidinam oru raundu trip nadathunnathinaal, mothatthil, avaykku prathidinam 1,000 purushanmaareyo 100 tannineo vahikkaan kazhiyumennu karuthappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee kanakkukal poornnamaayum saidhaanthikavum yadhaartha dainamdina gathagatha nirakkukal valare kuravumaayirunnu. ellah yanthrangalum ellaayppozhum labhyamayirunnilla; ellah divasavum avayil pakuthiyolam attakuttappanikalko spare parts kaathirikkunnathino vidheyamaayirunnu. kadutha indhana shaamavum undaayi. praayogikamaayi, muzhuvan kappalpadayum kootticherkkappettunju, prathidinam sharashari 250 sainikarum 5 tonn vasthukkalum undaayirunnu. saahacharyangalkkanusarich kanakkukal vyathyaasappedunnu. vishadamaaya jarmman rekhakal anusarichu, chila prathivaara luftwaff kanakkukal (aadyam purushanmaar, pinneedu tons): 700/11.6 (august moonnaam aazhcha), 1,275/35 (august naalam aazhcha), 1,200/37 (septambar onnaam aazhcha), 1,400/49 (septambar randaam aazhcha), 1,120/39 (septambar moonnaam aazhcha), 1,550/68 (septambar naalam aazhcha) ennivayaayirunnu. oru jarmman pailat thante dainamdina record 241 sainikar parathiyathaayi oormmippichu. purushanmaarum upakaranangalum thammilulla anupatham vyathyasthamaayirunnu. thudakkathil, sainikarkk munganana nalkukayum pinneedu aazhchakalolam metteeriyal payload vardhippikkukayum cheythu; septambarile aazhchayil 69 tonn kadalidukkiloode vimaanathil vahichathaanu record.
pravartthana reethi.
thudakkathil, tettuvaanum sevillic (200 kilometer) idayilaanu vimanangal nadannathu. ennirunnaalum, august aadyam jeres dii laa fronterayile airfield upayogathinaayi punasthaapichukazhinjaal, morocoyil ninnulla vimanangal avidekku (140 kilometer) ree-direct cheythu. ithu indhanathil labhikkaan avare anuvadichu. kuranja cruising vegatha kaaranam, dornier seaplayinukal suitayil ninnu aljaseeraasilekkulla (30 kilometer) roottil upayogichu; avaa vegathil theernnupoyathinaal pinneedu avaye sarveesil ninnu poornnamaayum pinvalichu. saadhaaranayaayi oru vanve flaitt sevilleyilekku oru manikkoor jerasilekku 40 minittum edukkum. republican yudhakkappalukalil patrolling nadathunna aanti-aircraft thokkukalil ninnulla vedivayppu ozhivakkaan mikkavarum vimanangal saadhaaranayaayi 2,500-3,000 meter uyarathil parakkunnu. larachilum tettuvaanilum nilayurappichirikkunna newport nii-52 yanthrangalaan thudakkathil samrakshanam nalkiyathu. pinneedu jarmman hengel echu-51 umm itaaliyan phiyatt sii. aarr 32 poraalikalum avarodoppam chernnu. orotta vimaanathin samrakshanam nalkaan kazhiyaathathinal, gathagatha vimanangal saadhaaranayaayi oru groupaayi parakkunnundaayirunnu. mikka vimaanangalum prathidinam niravadhi raundu trip vimanangal parathunnundu. sevanathilaayirikkumbol, oru sharashari junkermar divasavum 3 muthal 4 raundu vare cheiyunnuvennu oru srothass avakaashappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, october 11 vare luftwaff 868 dvimukha vimanangal nadathukayum rekhappeduthukayum cheythathinaal, oru vimaanathinte prathidina sharashari ekadesham 0.6 aanu. ithu soochippikkunnathu oru vimaanathinte attakuttappanikal, attakuttappanikal, indhanam niraykkal ennivaykku vidheyamaayappol, theevramaaya parakkal divasangal nilathu chelavazhicha divasangalumaayi parasparam maarikkondirikkukayinnu ennaanu.
prasnangal.
ettavum valia prashnam indhanakshaamamaayirunnu. kurachu thuka stokkukalil labhyamaayirunnu; porchugeesukaaril ninnum britteeshukaaril ninnum jibraltaaril kazhiyunnathra vaangaan sramangal nadatthi; chila alavu jarmman tankerukal vitharanam cheythu. mechappetta nadapadikalil vaayu indhanam vividha draavakangalumaayi, saadhaaranayaayi benzolumaayi, misrithamaakkukayum thudarnnu rund gadakangalum shariyaayi kalarnnittundenn urappakkaan drummukal uruttukayum cheiyunnu. vimaanathaavalathinte adisthaana soukaryangal athra kanatha gathagatham kaikaaryam cheyyaan thayyaaraakaathathinaal, jerasil sherry pambukal vimaanathin indhanam niraykkaan upayogichu; ennirunnaalum, avayude vegatha minittil ekadesham 3 littar enna nilayil naadakeeyamaayi mandagathiyilaayirunnu. mattoru pradhana prashnam hardware adhikamaayi kedakunnathinu kaaranamakunna saharan manal aayirunnu; nishkriyamaakumbol enchinukal moodukayallaathe oru pariharavum kandethanaayilla. kadutha choodu pakal samayat attakuttappanikal budhimuttaakkukayum raathriyil dhaaraalam jolikal nadathukayum cheythu. vimaanathil kayatti ayakkunna sainikarkk vaayuviloode yaatra cheyyumbol palappozhum asukham anubhavappedunnathinaal idaykkide vimaanathinte ulvasham vrithiyaakkendivannu. republican vyomasena avarude ettavum cheria prashnamaanennu thelinju. malaga eyar commander thante airbasilekku "oru nalla vettayaadal squad" maattanamenn aavasyappettenkilum republican eyar command prathikarichilla. republican vimanangal deseeya airlift akramicha oru cases polum undayittilla. krithyamaaya nashtam vyakthamalla; airfield koottiyidikku jarmmankaarkk 1 junkerukal maathrame nashtappettulloo. chila yanthrangal italikkaarkku nashtamaayirikkam, ennirunnaalum yudhathil onnum undaayilla.
chalanathmakatha.
sainikarude gathaagathatthinte chalanathmakatha valare vyakthamalla. aadyathe jarmman junkermar airliftil cherunnathinu munbu, desheeyavaadikalkku labhyamaya vimanangal noorukanakkinu aalukale vahichirikkam. joolaiyil 102 raundu trippukalil 837 pere kondupoyi. jarmmankaarum itaaliyakkaarum ooppareshanil chernnukazhinjaal august 5 vare 1,500 pere kondupoyathaayi oru ezhuthukaaran avakaashappedunnu. august aazhcha aayappozhekkum" oru pandithan parayunnathanusarichu, luftwaff vimanangal maathram 2,853 sinikareyum 7,9 tonn upakaranangaleyum vahichirunnu, ennaal mattonn "patthu divasathinullil pathinayyairam aalukal kadannupoyi" ennu avakaashappedunnu. eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil 13,000-ladhikam sainikar jibraltar kadalidukku kadannittundu" ennu oru janapriya synthesis avyakthamaayi nilanirthunnu. august pakuthiyode upadveepil ithinakam 15,000 sainikar undayirunnathaayi mattoru charithrakaaran avakaashappedunnu, athesamayam august avasaanathode 15,000 pere vimaanathil kayattiyathayi oru ezhuthukaaran koodi ezhuthunnu. eee kanakkukal asaadhaaranamaaya uyarnna dainamdina sharashariye soochippikkunnu, septambar, october maasangalile ekadesham 40 divasangalil eathaanum ayiram vimanangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo ennu soochippikkunnu. august maasathinushesham airliftinte theevratha valare kuranjuvennu mattu kruthikal sthireekarikkunnilla. luftwaff daatta soochippikkunnathu gathaagathatthinte sthirathayulla nirakkaanu. augustil 353 dauthyangalil 6,543 perr parannappol septambaril athath ennam 5,455,324 aayirunnuvennu oru srothass avakaashappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee kanakkukal morocan sainikarkk maathramullathaan.
command.
indhananirappu vardhippikkal (indhanam vaangal, gathagatham, sambharanam, pumping), attakuttappanikalum paripalanavum (staaf, spare parts sambharanam, workshop labhyatha, upakaranangal), sainikarude kaikaaryam cheyyal (gathagatham, thamasam, assembly, kaathiripp, oonboarding, offboarding), eyar traaphik maanejment enniva ulppedunna sankeernavum munbu kettittillaathathumaaya logistic samrambhamaayirunnu eee ooppareshan. koodiyaalochicha srothassukal onnum command cheyin allengil dutykalude vibhajanathekkurichulla vivarangal nalkunnilla. juulai 30 nuu franco thante vyomasenayude thalavanayi naamanirddesham cheytha alfredo kindelane muzhuvan airliftinteyum samghadanaykkum nirvvahanathinum chila srothassukal credit cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, morocoyilekk maarunnathin munbu kindelan attimariyude aadya divasangal jibraltaril chelavazhichu. august aadyam addeham sevilleyil thante aasthaanam sthaapichu. thante ormmakkurippukalil, kindelan valare vaakchaathuryamullavanalla, airliftil valare kurachu shradha maathrame nalkunnulloo. germmaniyil, luftwafinte logistics general helmuth wilberg ekopippichu. spainilekku ayacha ditachmentinu command nalkia vyakthi thudakkathil mejar alexander voonn skeel aayirunnu, pinneedu kenal walter warleymond addehathe pinthudarnnu. thudakkam muthal kenal raggaro bonomiyude neethrthwathilaayirunnu itaaliyan vyomasenaavibhagam. ennirunnaalum, skeel bonomi upadveepil bombakramanam, yudhapravarthanangal ennivayulppede rund svechaadhipathikalum spainilekku ayacha muzhuvan vyomasenakalkkum neethrthwam nalki. airlift ooppareshante jarmman vihitam command cheiyunna udyogasthanaayirunnu.
audyogika padavi.
jarmman, itaaliyan vimanangal oru rahasya dauthyathinaayi francoylake ayachu. itaaliyan pailattumaareyum avarude yanthrangaleyum audyogikamaayi spanish videsha sainyathil ulppeduthukayum athinte bhaagamaayi chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. jarmmankaar morocoic speyinumidayil gathagatha sevanangal nalkenda oru kambaniyaaya hisma sthaapichu; juulai 52-lum audyogikamaayi eee sthaapanamaanu pravarthippichathu. luftwaff pailattumaar saadhaarana vasthrangalil yaatra cheyyukayum thadavilaakkappettaal, naasi ozhivusamaya samghadanayude bhagamaaya resejeselshaft unionumaayi vinodasanchaarikalaayi veshamidukayum venam. jarmman, itaaliyan yanthrangal veendum peyint cheyyukayum avayude deseeya chinnangal neekkam cheyyukayum cheythu. ellah sramangalum nadathiyittum, faasisttukaludeyum naasikaludeyum sahayam taamasiyaathe rahasyamaayi avasaanichu. sardiniyayil ninnu morocoyilekkulla parakkalinide, 3 sm 81 yanthrangal crash land cheiyukayo allengil franch pradeshathu thettayi land cheiyukayo cheythu. anweshanathil avarude douthyathinte swabhaavam udan velippettu. tanjiyarile spanish konsulil ninnulla sandesham thadanjappol britiish intalijansinu jarmman sahayam labhichu; august aadyam tettuvaanile britiish vais koonsal 20 "valia vimanangal" report cheyyukayum hambergile jarmman naasi virudha thozhilaallikal kooduthal vaarthakal nalkukayum cheythu. pinneedu augustil communist pracharakanaaya arther coastler sevilleyil videsha vyomasenaamgangale kandu, ennirunnaalum avar sainikaraanennathin thelivukalonnumilla. septambarode jarmman, itaaliyan vimaanangalum purushanmaarum francoyude sainyathe upadveepilekku kondupokunnathil valareyadhikam earppettirunnuvennu ithinakam thanne parakke ariyappettirunnu.
airliftinte avasaanam.
1936 septambar 29nuu cabo spartle yudhathil "canarias" enna cruiserinte neethrthwathilulla deseeya seena republican kappalpadaye neridukayum paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. athinusesham republican naavika command kadalidukkine niyantrikkaan sramikkukayum yudhakkappalukal avarude naavika thaavalangalilekku pinvalikkukayum cheythu, avide avaa kooduthalum nishkriyamaayi thudarnnu. desheeyavaadikal udan thanne morocoyil ninnu kadalmargam andalusiayilekku sainyathinte gathagatham punaraarambhichu. ekadesham 10 divasathinu sesham kadalidukkiloodeyulla samudrapata poornnamaayum surakshithamaanennum inii airliftinte aavasyamillennum nigamanam cheythu. 1936 october 11nuu ithu phalapradamaayi avasaanippichu. juulai 19num october 11num idayil 85 divasam neenduninna muzhuvan abhyaasathilum motham sainikarude ennavum upakaranangalude bharavum sambandhicha vairudhyamulla kanakkukal srothassukal nalkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi paraamarsikkunna kanakk "20,000-ll kooduthal" aanenkilum 14,000 perr maathrame undaayirunnulloo ennu kindelan avakaashappedunnu. 14,000 muthal 23,000 vare purushanmaar" ennathinte kooduthal avyakthamaaya kanakkukoottalukalum undu. mattu srothassukal eee samkhyaye luftwaff maathram vahikkunna upakaranangalayi paraamarshikkunnundenkum, kondupookunna vasthukkalude motham looad chilappol 270 tonn aayi nalkunnu. mattullavar eee kanakk 400 tonn aanennu udharikkunnu. kuranjathu 36 peerankikal kondupoyi. 13, 000 sainikarudeyum 270 tonn sainikarudeyum gathaagathathinu utharavaadiyaaya airliftinte pradhana gadakamaayi luftwaff kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum jarmmankaar 17,000 sainikare vahichirunnathayi chila srothassukal avakaashappedunnu.
vilayiruthal.
morocoyil ninnu andalusiayilekku parakkunna sainyathinteyum upakaranangaludeyum pravartthanatthe palappozhum "sainika charithratthile aadyathe airlift" allengil samanamaaya reethiyil vilikkunnu. chila ezhuthukaar ithine "vyoma sidhaanthathile pradhana naveekaranam" ennu visheshippichuvenkilum spanish aabhyantharayudhakaalathu avatharippicha naveekaranangalekkurichu charcha cheyyumbol mattullavar ithu paraamarshichirunnilla. chilar morocoyile desheeyavaadathe "vibhavakshamatha" kku credit cheiyunnu. airlift athiraalikale kalaapakaarikalkk anukoolamaakki ennu palappozhum parayappedunnu. 1936leeii venalkkaalath airlift desheeyavaadathe rakshichuvennu parayunnath athishayokthiyalla" ennu oru ezhuthukaaran adivarayidunnu, matoraal parayunnath "adhikaarathinaayulla pooraattatthil francoic nettam nalkunnathil airlift nirnnayaka gadakamaayirunnu" ennaanu. hitlar thanne bhooribhaagam kredittum avakashappettu; 1942-ll addeham abhiprayappettu, "franco jankarmaarude mahatwatinu oru smaarakam nirmmikkanam". innathe charitrakaaranmaar eee prabandham apoorvvamaayi aavarthikkunnilla. musoliniyum hitlarum chernnu attimari nadathiyathine raktharookshithavum neendunilkkunnathumaaya aabhyantharayudhamaakki" ennu oru ezhuthukaaran avakaashappedunnu. francoyude vijayathin naasikaludeyum faasisttukaludeyum sainika sahayam ganyavum nirnnaayakavumaayirunnu" ennu matoraal abhipraayappedunnu. janapriya vivaranagalil eee prabandham kooduthal dheeramaanu "juulai-52: aabhyantharayudhathil franco vijayikkaan praapthamakkiya jarmman gathagatha vimanam". ennirunnaalum, jarmman, itaaliyan vimaanangalude varavinu munbuthanne francoic andalusiayile sthithigathikal niyantrikkaan mathiyaya sainikar undaayirunnuvennu avakaashappedunna charitrakaaranmaarundu.