nepenthus

nepenthus () nepentasi enna monotypic kudumbatthile ushnamekhalaa pitcher plaantukal allengil monkey kappukal ennum ariyappedunna mamsabhojikalaaya sasyangalude oru janussaanu. eee janussil ekadesham 170 enangalum niravadhi prakrithidathavum krishi cheythathumaaya sankarayinangalum ulppedunnu. thekkan chaina, indoneshya, maleshya, phillippines muthal padinjaaru muthal madagaskar (rund enangal), seashels (onnu) vare, thekk austreliya (naalu), nyoo caledonia (onnu), vadakku india (onnu), srilanka (onnu) ennividangalilaayi purathana loka ushnamekhalaa mekhalayile liana roopappeduthunna sasyangalaan avaa. niravadhi thaddesheeya enangalulla borneo, sumatra, phillippines ennividangalilaanu ettavum valia vaividhyam kaanappedunnath. avayil palathum choodullathum eerppamullathum thaazhnna pradeshangalilullathumaaya sasyangalaan, ennaal bhooribhaagavum ushnamekhalaa moundeyn sasyangalaan, avaykku choodulla pakalukal labhikkunnu, pakshe varsham muzhuvanum thanuthathum eerppamullathumaaya raathrikal labhikkunnu. chilath ushnamekhalaa alpine aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, thanutha pakalukalum raathrikalum thanuthurayunnu. mankikal kapp" enna peru soochippikkunnathu kurangukal orikkal picharukalil ninnu mazhavellam kudikkunnuvennu karuthappettirunnu ennathaanu. 
vivaranam.
"nepenthes" inathil saadhaaranayaayi aazhamillaatha verukalum prostettu allengil climbing stem adangiyirikkunnu, palappozhum niravadhi meter neelavum athiladhikamo vyaasavum, saadhaaranayaayi allengil athil kuravo, ennirunnaalum ithu chila speesheesukalil kattiyullathayirikkaam (udha.jii. "enn. bikel kaaratta "). thandil ninnu muzhuvan ila arikukalulla vaal aakruthiyilulla elakal marimari undaakunnu. chila enangalil kayaran sahayikkunna midribinte (tendril) oru vipuleekaranam, ilayude agrathil ninnu neendunilkkunnu; tendril avasaanikkumbol pitcher roopappedunnu. oru cheria mukulamaayi aarambikkunna eee kuzhi kramena vikasichu oru globe allengil tube aakruthiyilulla kenii roopappedunnu.
chediyude swantham ulppaadanathinte oru draavakam keniyil adangiyirikkunnu, athu jalamullatho kooduthal viscos aayirikkam, ithu iraye mukkan upayogikkunnu. eee draavakathil viscoelastic biopolymerukal adangiyirikkunnu, avaa pala speesheesukaludeyum kenikalinullil praanikale nilanirthunnathinu nirnaayakamaayekkaam. picharukalile viscoelastic draavakam chirakulla praanikale nilanirthunnathil prathyekichum falapradamaanu. eerppamulla saahacharyangalil anivaryamaayum sambhavikkunnathupole, vellathaal ganyamaayi layippikkappedumbozhum eee draavakathinte trapping karyakshamatha uyarnnathayi thudarunnu.
keniyude thaazhathe bhaagath pidichedukkappetta irayil ninnu poshakangal agiranam cheiyunna grandhikal adangiyirikkunnu. keniyude mukalbhaagathu melinjathum mezhukiyathumaaya oru pooshal undu, ithu iraye rakshappeduthunnathu eathaandu asaadhyamaakkunnu. keniyude praveshana kavaadathinu chuttum peristom ("lip") enna gadanayundu, ithu vazhuvazhupullathum palappozhum valare varnnaabhamaayathum iraye aakarshikkunnathum ennaal urappillaatha adithara nalkunnathumaanu. eerppamulla anthareekshathil peristominte ira pidichedukkal falaprapti kooduthal mechappeduthunnu, avide ghaneebhavikkunnath peristominte uparithalathil nerttha jala philim roopappedaan kaaranamakum. nanayumbol, peristominte vazhuvazhuppulla uparithalam praanikale 'akwaplain' aakkukayo allengil thenni veezhukayo cheiyunnu. peristominu mukalil oru lidu (ooppatkulam) undu; pala speesheesukalilum, ithu mazhaye kudatthinullile draavakam nerppichedukkunnathil ninnu thadayunnu, athinte adibhaagathu iraye aakarshikkunna thaine grandhikal adangiyirikkaam.
"nepenthes" enangal saadhaaranayaayi ila dimorphism ennariyappedunna rund tharam picharukal uthpaadippikkunnu. chediyude adithattinaduthu kaanapedunna valia, thaazhathe kenikal saadhaaranayaayi nilathu irikkunnu. mukaliloo aakaashatho ulla picharukal saadhaaranayaayi cheruthum vyathyastha niramullathum thaazhathe picharukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya savisheshathakalullathumaanu. chedi pakwata praapikkukayum chedi uyarathil valarukayum cheiyumbozhaanu eee mukalile picharukal saadhaaranayaayi roopappedunnathu. chediye sthiramaayi nilanirthaan, mukalile picharukal palappozhum tendrilil oru lupe undaakkunnu, ithu aduthulla pinthunakku chuttum pothiyaan anuvadikkunnu. chila speesheesukalil (udha.jii. "enn. rafflessiana), rund tharam picharukalaal vyathyastha ira aakarshikkappedaam. eee vaividhyamaarnna roopaghadana palappozhum jeevivargangale thirichariyunnathu budhimuttaakkunnu.
ira saadhaaranayaayi praanikal ulkkollunnu, pakshe ettavum valia inam (udha.jii. "enn. rajaa "," enn. rafflessiana) idaykkide thavalakal, pakshikal, cheria sasthanikal thudangiya cheria kasherukkale pidichekkaam. cheria pakshikale valarthiyedutha chedikal kettiyathayi rekhakal undu. pookkal resimmukalilo allengil apoorvvamaayi thanne aann, penn pookkal vyathyastha sasyangalil kaanapedunnu. moonnu enangalkku marangalkoppam sahajeeva bandhamund, avaa chedi ulppaadippikkunna thaine bhakshikkukayum kuzhichidukalilekku malavisarjanam nadathukayum vilapetta poshakangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
"nepenthukal" praanikal paraganam nadathunnavayaanu, praadhamika ejantukal eechakal (blow eechakal, midjukal, kothukukal ennivayulppede), nishaashalabhangal, kuttichedikal, chithrashalabhangal ennivayaanu. avayude manam madhuram muthal mastti allengil fungus poleyaakaam. vithu saadhaaranayaayi naalu vashangalulla oru gulikayil uthppaadippikkappedunnu, athil 50-500 kaattil vitharanam cheytha vithukal adangiyirikkaam, athil oru kendra bhroonavum rund chirakukalum adangiyirikkunnu, iruvashathum onnu ("n" aanenkilum. perville "vyathyasthamaan).
eee januss cytological diplooid aanu, padicha ellah speesheesukalkkum "2n" = 80 enna chromosome nambar undu. eee uyarnna samkhya paleopolyploidae (8x allengil 16x) prathifalippikkumennu karuthappedunnu.
vargeekaranam.
170 oolam inam "nepenthes" nilavil saadhuvaayi amgeekarikkappettittundu. oro varshavum niravadhi puthiya enangal vivarikkappedunnathinop eee ennam vardhichukondirikkanu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
1737ll kaal linneyasinte hortus cliffortianusil "nepenthes" enna januss namam aadyamaayi prasidheekarichu. homarude "odeesi" yile oru bhaagathe ithu paraamarsikkunnu, athil oru eejipshyan raajnji helenu "nepenthes faarmakkon" enna marunnu nalkunnu. "nepenthes" () enna vaakkinte aksharaarthatthil "dukhamillaathe" ("nē" = "illa", "penthos" = "dukkham") ennum greak puraanatthil ellah sankadangaleyum marannupokunnathiloode shamippikkunna oru marunnaan ". linnaeus vishadeekarichu
ithu heleninte "nepenthus" allengil, athu theerchayaayum ellah sasyashaasthranjarkkum vendiyaayirikkum. oru neenda yaathraykk sesham eee athbhuthakaramaaya chedi kandethiyaal eathu sasyashaasthranjanaanu prashamsa kondu nirayappedaathathu. srashtaavinte eee prashamsaneeyamaaya pravrithi kaanumbol addehathinte athbhuthathil bhoothakaaladurggangal marannupokum! [laattin bhashayil ninnu haari veechu vivarthanam cheythu]]
linnaeus vivaricha chedi "enn" aayirunnu. sreelankayil ninnulla oru inamaaya "bandura" (bandura) ennu vilikkunna distilettoriya.
"1753ll linneyasinte prashasthamaaya 'speeshees plaantaram' enna peril nepenthus enna peru aupachaarikamaayi prasidheekarikkukayum athu innu nilanilkkunnathupole botanical namakaranam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. "nepenthes distilettoriya" aanu eee janussinte tharam.
1964 meyy maasathil "naashanal geographic" enna lakkathil "monkey kappukal" enna peru charcha cheyyappettu, athil pooll eiii. saal ezhuthi
nepenthus" ennathine paraamarshichu njaan mattevideyengilum kettirunna peraaya "monkey kappukal" ennu vahakar avare vilichu, ennaal kurangukal pitcher draavakam kudikkunnu ennathinte ardham vidooramaanennu thonni. athu sariyaanennu njaan pinneedu theliyichu. saaravaakkil valarthumrigamaayi valarthappedukayum pinneedu mochippikkappedukayum cheytha oru oramguttane njaan kandethi. kattil njaan athinte aduthethiyappol, njaan athinu oru pakuthi niranja kudam nalki. enne athbhuthappeduthikkondu kurangan athu sweekarikkukayum chaaya kudikkunna oru sthreeyude naipunyathode oru sookshumamaaya bottom-upp nadathukayum cheythu.
indoneshyayil eee chedikale palappozhum "kantong semar" (semarinte pokkatt) ennum philippainsil "saco nii hoodas" (joodaasinte munny bagg) ennum vilikkunnu.
parinaamavum phylogeny.
idatharam speesheesukal, fossilukal allengil jeevajalangal ennivayude thelivukalude abhavam (i.iii. oru missing link), thaarathamyena apoorvamaaya karsanamaaya diosi, mamsabhojikalaaya picharukal ulppedunna aadhunika "nepenthukalude" vyathiriktha swabhaavasavisheshathakalude vikasanathinaayi oru phylogenetical timeline roopeekarikkaan anuvadikkunnilla. nepenthes" niravadhi aadhunika janussukalumaayi vidooramaayi bandhappettirikkunnavum, ivayil mamsabhojikalaaya bandhukkal [sandyoos ("drosera"), veenas flytrap ("deonia massipula"), waterweel plaant ("aldrovanda"), devi pine ("drosophillum")] ennivaykku polum aaa swabhaavasavisheshathakal illa. ariyappedunna "nepenthes"-kalil, protomoden swabhaavasavisheshathakalo valia vyathiyaanangalo kaanapedunnilla, ithu soochippikkunnathu nilavilulla ellah speesheesukalum ellah aadhunika swabhaavasavisheshathakalum vahikkunna orotta adutha poorvvikanil ninnu vikiranam cheythathaanennu. nepenthes" enangalum anubandha speesheesukalum thammilulla chloroplast "maatk" jeane seekwansukalude phylogenetic thaarathamyangal eee nigamanathe pinthunaykkunnu, "nepenthes" umm mattullavarum thammilulla neenda janithaka akalam, "nepenthes" speesheesukalude "poom-poom" grouping pettennu vyathichalikkunnu.
65 muthal 35 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu vadakkan tethys kadalil vasichirunna "nepenthus" polulla sasyangalude phoosil poombodi soochippikkunnathu, annathe choodulla europilaayirikkaam proto-"nepenthus" vikasichathennum pinneedu aphrica europumaayi koottiyidikkukayum thudarnnulla kalavastha vyathiyaanam poorvvika jeevikale yadhaartha aavaasavyavasthayil thudachuneekkukayum cheythathinaal eshyayilekkum indiayilekkum rakshappettathaayum soochippikkunnu. ekadesham 20 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu, borneo, sumatra, sulavesi, orupakshe phillippines polum eshyan pradhana bhoopradeshavumaayi bandhippikkappettirunnu, ithu nepenthes speeshees radiationte mikka saittukaludeyum kolanivalkkaranathinu oru paalam nalki. 20, 000 varshangalkk munbu himayugathil eee pradeshathe vipulamaaya karaa paalangal ooshyaaniyayile "nepenths" janasamkhyayude sheshikkunna sthalangalilekku praveshanam nalkumaayirunnu. eee sidhaanthathinte pradhana sankeernnatha vidoora dveepukalaaya seashelsilum madagaskarilum "nepenthukalude" saannidyamaanu. chathuppunila aavaasavyavasthakalilekkulla kudiyettatthinidayil vishramikkukayum ashradhamaayi vithukal edukkukayum cheiyunna kadal pakshikalum theerapakshikalum vithukal kaimaattam cheythathayi karuthappedunnu. thaazhnna pradeshathe chathuppunilangalil vasikkunnavarude vijayamaan eee sidhaanthathe shakthippeduthunnath. niravadhi sthalangale kolanivalkkarikkunnathil distilettoriya.
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
malaysian dveepasamoohathilaanu nepenthes januss kooduthalum kaanappedunnath, borneo, sumatra, phillippines ennividangalil, prathyekichu borneo monton mazhakkaadukalil ettavum kooduthal jaivavaividhyam kaanapedunnu. eee janussinte muzhuvan shreniyum madagaskar ("enn. madagascarriensis "," enn. masoalensis), seashels ("n. perville), srilanka ("enn. distilettoriya), india ("enn. khasiyana) padinjaaru oostreliyayilekku ("enn. mirabilis, "enn. rowane, "enn. parvula, "," enn. tenax "), nyoo caledonia (" enn. viyillardy) thekkukizhakkan. mikka enangalum valare cheria parvathanirakalaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku, chilath vyakthigatha parvathangalil maathram kaanapedunnu. eee parimithamaaya vitharanangalum pradeshangalude aprapyathayum palappozhum ardhamaakkunnathu chila speesheesukal kattil veendum kandethathe pathittaandukal kadannupokunnu ennaanu (udha.jii. "enn. deaniana, "athinte prarambha kandethalinu 100 varshathinu sesham veendum kandethi). ekadesham 10 enangalkku orotta dveepilekkaalum cheria dveepukalude koottathekkaalum valia janasamkhyayundu. "indochenia muthal malaysian dveepasamoohathiludaneelam austreliya vare eee janussil ettavum vyaapakamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna inamaanu nepenthes mirabilis.
nepenthes" speesheesukal ulkkollunna aavaasavyavasthayude swabhaavam kaaranam, thaazhnna pradeshathinum uyarnna pradeshathinum edayilulla parukkan vivaranathode samudranirappil ninnu uyarathe aashrayich avaye palappozhum thaazhnna pradeshamo uyarnna pradeshamo aayi tharamthirikkunnu. thaazhnna uyarathil valarunna enangalkku pakalum rathriyum thammilulla thapanilayil cheria vyathyasamulla thudarchayaaya choodulla kaalavastha aavasyamaanu, athesamayam uyarnna pradeshangalile enangalkku choodulla pakalukalum kooduthal thanuppulla raathrikalum labhikkumbol avaa valarunnu. "nepenthes lamai" eee janussile mattethoru janussinekkaalum uyarnna uyarathil valarunnu.
mikka "nepenthes" enangalum uyarnna eerppavum mazhayum nalkunna anthareekshathilum mithamayathum uyarnnathumaaya prakasha nilavaaratthilum valarunnu. enn" ulppede chila enangal. aambullaariya", idathoornnathum nizhalullathumaaya vanangalaan eshtappedunnathu, ennaal mattu mikka enangalum marangal/kuttichedikal allengil clearingukalude arikukalilaanu valarunnathu. chila enangal (udha.jii. "enn. mirabilis") thelinja vanapradeshangalilum rodarikukalilum aswasthamaaya vayalukalilum valarunnathayi kandethiyittundu. mattu enangal savanna polulla pullu samoohangalil valarunnathumayi poruthappettittundu. peett, velutha manal, manalkkall allengil agniparvvatha mannu ennivayaal nirmmithamaya "nepenths" enangal valarunna mannu saadhaaranayaayi acidityum poshakangal kuravumaanu. eee saamaanyathakalude apavaadangalil uyarnna loha ulladakkamulla mannil valarunna enangal ulppedunnu (udha.jii. "enn. rajaa "), kadal spray sonile manal beechukalil (udha.jii. "enn. albomarghinatta "). mattu enangal inselbergukalilum lithophyteukalaayum valarunnu, mattullava "enn" poleyaanu. mannumaayi sanbarkkam koodaathe inermis "epiphytukalaayi valaraan kazhiyum.
paaristhithika bandhangal.
nepenthes" speesheesukalum mattu jeevikal ulppedeyulla avayude paristhithikalum thammilulla ettavum vyakthamaaya prathipravartthanam vettakkaaranum irayumaanu. "aakarshakamaaya nirangal, panchasaara thaine, madhuramulla sugandhangal ennivayude sajeeva ulppaadanathiloode "nepenthes" enangal theerchayaayum avarude iraye aakarshikkukayum kollukayum cheiyunnu. eee mannil poshakangalude abhavam ullathinaal, eee bandhatthil ninnu sasyangalkk praadhamikamaayi naitrajan phosphorus labhikkunnu, valarchaykkulla poshaka aavasyangal niravettunnu. urumbukalum mattu praanikalum menuvil onnaamathethunna samriddhavum vaividhyapoornavumaaya aarthropodukalude oru koottamaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya ira. palappozhum kaanapedunna mattu aarthropodukalil chilanthikal, thelukal, centipeedukal enniva ulppedunnu, athesamayam ochukalum thavalakalum kooduthal asaadhaaranamaanu, pakshe kettitilla. nepenthes" enangalude ettavum asaadhaaranamaaya irayil "enn" ll kaanapedunna elikalum ulppedunnu. rajaa ". pidichedukkunna irayude ghadana sthaanam ulppede niravadhi gadakangale aasrayichirikkunnu, pakshe noorukanakkinu vyakthigatha praanikaleyum niravadhi vyathyastha enangaleyum ulppeduthaan kazhiyum. pala "nepenthes" speesheesukalum avar pidichedukkunnathil saamaanyavaadikalaanu, kuranjathu orennamenkilum ", enn. albomarghinatta, "prathyekavum eathaandu prathyekavumaaya kenikalullathum mikkavarum oru thaine polum ulppaadippikkaathathum. "peristominu nerittu thaazheyulla velutha trichomukalude valayathil ninnaan nepenthes albomarghinatta enna peru labhichathu. eee tricomukal-allengil "romangal"-chitalukalkk ruchikaramaanu, avaye kudatthilekku aakarshikkum. bhakshyayogyamaaya tricomukal shekharikkunnathinidayil noorukanakkinu allengil aayirakkanakkin chithalukal kudatthilekku veezhunnu.
pratheekathmakatha.
"enn. bikkal kaaratta "marappanikkaranaaya urumbaaya" camponotus shmitsi "kku koodukal nirmmikkaan athinte mukalile picharukalude pollayaya tendrilukalil idam nalkunnu. urumbukal picharukalil ninnu valia iraye edukkunnu, ithu "enn" nuu gunam cheythekkaam. sasyathinte dahanathe sahayikkunna infonel speesheesukalude swaabhaavika samoohathe doshakaramaayi badhikkunna shekharicha jaivavasthukkalude azhukkukalude alavu kuraykkunnathiloode bikel kaaratta.
"enn. lovi "oru ashrita bandhavum roopappeduthiyittundu, pakshe praanikalk pakaram kasherukkalumayi. enn" nte picharukal. lovi "reflexed pitcher lidinu (ooppatkulam) panchasaara eksudettu prathiphalavum trea shroo speesheesukalkk oru perchum nalkunnu, avaa eksudettu bhakshikkunnathum kudatthilekku malavisarjanam cheiyunnathum kandethiyittundu. 2009-ll nadatthiya oru padanatthil, "trea shroo lavanirarikal" enna padam srishticha chediyude elakalile naitrajan upabhogathinte 57 muthal <aii. dii. 1> vare vruksha shroovinte malam moolamaanu varunnath. mattoru patanam "n" enna pitcher dwaarathinte aakruthiyum valupavum kaanichu. lovi "oru saadhaarana maratthinte (" tupaya mondaana ") alavukalumayi krithyamaayi poruthappedunnu. samanamaaya oru parivartthanam "enn" ll kandethi. macrophilla, "enn. rajaa, "enn. aambullaariya", koodaathe "enn" lum undakaan saadhyathayund. ephipiyatta ".
athupole, "enn. borneo swadeshiyaaya hemslianaykku hardwickinte wooley baatt enna varggavumaayi oru sahajeeviyaaya pankaalithamundu. pakal samayat, oru vavvaalin kudatthinullile dahana draavakathinu mukalil vasikkam. oru vavvaalinte ullil, athu malavisarjanam nadathukayum chedikku neerozhukku moolam naitrajan labikkukayum cheyyum.
infona.
nepenthes" enangalude picharukalkkullil avarude jeevithathinte oru bhaagamenkilum chelavazhikkunna jeevikale palappozhum "nepenthes" infouna ennu vilikkunnu. palappozhum infounal aavaasavyavasthayude uyarnna trophic thalathe prathinidheekarikkunna ettavum saadhaaranamaaya infounal speesheesukal kothukukalude laarvakalude niravadhi enangalaanu. eecha, midj laarvakal, chilanthikal, praanikal, urumbukal, oru inam njandu (jioserma malayanam) enniva mattu janthujaalangalil ulppedunnu. eee enangalil palathum oru pitcher sasya inathil prathyekathayullavayaanu, avaa mattevideyum kaanapedunnilla. eee vidagthare nepenthebiyondukal ennu vilikkunnu. palappozhum "nepenthes" inangalumaayi bandhappettathum ennaal aashrayikkaathathumaaya mattullavare nepenthophiles ennu vilikkunnu. maruvashathu, nepenthexenukal picharukalil apoorvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo, pakshe kedupaadukal oru nischitha paridhi adukkumbol palappozhum prathyakshappedum, ithu saadhaaranayaayi pitcher infonel kammyoonittiyil kaanappedaattha eecha laarvakale aakarshikkunnu. pitcher plaantukalum infounayum thammilulla sankeernamaaya paaristhithika bandham ithuvare poornnamaayum manassilakkiyitla, pakshe bandham parasparabandhithamaayirikkam infounaykku abhayam, bhakshanam allengil samrakshanam nalkunnu, infounaye paarppidam nalkunna plaantinu pidicha irayude vegathilulla thakarcha labhikkunnu, dahana nirakk vardhippikkukayum doshakaramaaya bakteeriyakalude ennam adichamarthukayum cheiyunnu.
antimicrobial gunangal.
"nepenthes" dahana draavakangal picharukal thurakkunnathinu munbu anuvimukthamaan, koodaathe pitcher thurannathinushesham baakteeriyanaashakangalaayum fungasideukalaayum pravartthikkunna dvitheeya mettabolittukalum proteinukalum adangiyirikkunnu. dahana draavakam uthppaadippikkappedum, kudam ithuvare thurannitilla, athinaal sookshumajeevikalude malineekaranathinu saadhyathayilla. pitcher vikasana samayat, proteasukal, chittinasukal, rogakaariyumaayi bandhapetta proteinukal, thoumaattin polulla proteinukal ennivayulppede kuranjathu 29 dahana proteinukalenkilum pitcher draavakathil ulpaadippikkappedunnu. iraye thakarkkunnathinupurame, ivaykku antimicrobial ejantumaaraayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyum. picharukal thurakkumbol, draavakam bakteeriyakal, fungus beejakangal, praanikal, mazha ennivaykku vidheyamaakunnu. palappozhum picharukalkku keniye moodunna oru adappu undu, chilath ozhike (udha.jii. "enn. lovi, "enn. attanboroghi "," enn. jamban), mazhavellam praveshikkunnathu thadayunnu. dahana draavakam nerppikkunnathil ninnu mazhavellathe eee adappu thadayunnu. baakteeriyakalum fangasukalum draavakathil praveshichukazhinjaal, antimicrobial proteinukalkku purame dvitheeya metabolittukal uthpaadippikkappedunnu. dvitheeya metabolaittinte oru vibhagamaaya naafthokvinonukal saadhaaranayaayi uthppaadippikkappedunnu, iva bacteriayudeyum fangasinteyum valarchayeyum punarulppaadanatheyum kollukayo thadayukayo cheiyunnu. bakteeriyakaleyum fangasukaleyum kollan dvitheeya mettabolittukalum antimicrobial proteinukalum utppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna "nepenths" sasyangal kooduthal anuyojyamaayathinaal eee poruthappedutthal vikasippichirikkam. antimicrobial samyukthangal ulppaadippikkunna sasyangalkk kudatthinullile praanikalil ninnu labhikkuna vilapetta poshakangal nashtappedunnathu thadayaan kazhiyum. nepenthukalkku" chila baakteeriyakalum fangasukalum dahippikkaan kazhiyaathathinal, bakteeriyanaashinikalum fungasideukalum sasyangale poshakangalude paramavadhi upabhogam nadatthaan anuvadikkunnu.
sasyashaasthra charithram.
nepenthus" ennathinte ettavum pazhakkam chenna rekha pathinezhaam noottaandilethaanu. 1658-ll franch colonial govarnor ettiyen dii flacourt thante "histoyar dii laa grande aila dii madagaskar" enna kruthiyil oru pitcher plaantinekkurichulla vivaranam prasidheekarichu. athil ingane parayunnu
ekadesham 3 adii uyarathil valarunna oru chediyaanu ithu, athinte elakalude attathu vahikkunnu, avaykku 7 inch neelamundu, oru cheria kudakalodu saamyamulla pollayaya poovo pazhamo, athintethaaya moodal, oru athbhuthakaramaaya kazhcha. chuvappum manjayum undu, manjayaanu ettavum valuth. aarenkilum kadannupokumbol pookkal edukkukayaanengil aaa divasam mazha peyyan paadillennu paranju eee raajyathe nivaasikal pookkal edukkaan vimukhatha kaanikkunnu. athine sambandhichidatholam njaanum matellaa franchukaarum avare thiranjedutthu, pakshe mazha peythilla. mazhaykku sesham eee pookkal niraye vellamaan, oronninum nalla araa glass undu. [franch bhashayil ninnu "pitcher-plaants oof borneo" ennathilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu."]
oru praadeshikanaamatthinte peril flacourt eee chediye "amramatico" ennu vilichu. oru noottaandilere kazhinju, eee inathe aupachaarikamaayi "enn" ennu visheshippichu. madagascariansis ".
vivarikkapetta randaamathe inam "enn" aayirunnu. distilettoriya, "sreelangan endemic. 1677-ll danish vaidyanaaya thomas bartholin "athbhuthakaramaaya sasyam" ennarthamulla laattin bhaashayilulla "miranda herba" enna peril ithinekkurichu hrasvamaayi paraamarshichu. moonnu varshathinu sesham, dutch vyaapaari jacob braine eee inathe chediyude praadeshika naamatthinte peril "bandura singalensium" ennu vilichu. "1737ll linnaeus nepenthus srishtikkunnathuvare "bandura" enna peru ushnamekhalaa pitcher sasyangalkk ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunna peraayi maari.
"1683ll sweedish vaidyan prakrithishaasthranjanumaaya herman niklas grim aanu nepenthes distilettoriyekku veendum vivarichathu. grimmy ithine "plaanta mirabilis distillattoriya" allengil "athbhuthakaramaaya vaattiyedukkal plaant" ennu vilikkukayum oru ushnamekhalaa pitcher plaantine aadyamaayi vyakthamaayi chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. moonnu varshathinu sesham, 1686-ll, engleesh prakrithishaasthranjanaaya joonn reey grimmine udharichu ingane paranju
verukal bhoomiyil ninnu eerppam edukkunnu, athu sooryakiranangalude sahaayathode chediyilekku thanne uyarnnu elakalude thandukaliloodeyum njarambukaliloodeyum manushya aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkunnathuvare avide sookshikkunnathinaayi prakrithidatha paathratthilekku ozhukunnu. [laattin bhashayil ninnu "pitcher-plaants oof borneo" ennathilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu."]
1696-leeii leonard plookanettinte "aalmaajestam bottaanikkatthil" "nepenthus"-nte aadyakaala chithreekaranangalilonnu kaanapedunnu. "utricaria vejittabilis silenencium" ennu vilikkunna chedi theerchayaayum "enn" aanu. distilettoriya ".
ekadesham athe samayathaan jarmman sasyashaasthranjanaaya jorg eberhard rumphius malay dveepasamoohathil rund puthiya "nepenthes" enangal kandethiyathu. ippol "enn" ennathinte paryaayamaayi kanakkaakkappedunna aadyathethu rumphius chithreekarichu. mirabilis "," tangard vahikkunnavan "ennartham varunna" kantarifera "enna peru ithinu nalki. cantherifera alba" ennu vilikkappedunna randaamathethu "enn" aanennu karuthappedunnu. paramavadhi ". rumphius thante ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthiyaaya aarr vaalyangalulla "herberium amboinse" enna ambon dveepile sasyajaalangalude pattikayilaanu sasyangale vivarichathu. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte maranashesham niravadhi varshangal vare athu prasidheekarikkappettilla.
1670-ll kayyezhuthuprathi bhaagikamaayi maathram poortthiyaayappol, kurudanmaarudeyum kalakaaranmaarudeyum sahaayathode rumphius "herberium amboinances" enna kruthiyude pravartthanam thudarnnu. 1687ll padhathi poortthiyaakunnathode chithrangalil pakuthiyenkilum theepidutthatthil nashtappettu. 1690ll rumphius addehathinte sahaayikalum chernnu eee pusthakam poortthiyaakkiyenkilum rund varshathinusesham, kaiyezhuthuprathi netherlandsilekku kondupookunna kappal franchukaar akramikkukayum mukki, bhagyavashaal govarnor general johannes camphuijs sookshichirunna oru pakarppil ninnu veendum aarambikkaan avare nirbandhitharaakki. herberium amboinances" oduvil 1696-ll netherlandsiletthi. ennittum, ramphiyasinte maranathinu 39 varshathinu sesham 1741 vare aadya vaalyam prathyakshappettilla. eee samayamaayappozhekkum linneyasinte peru "nepenthes" ennaayi maari.
"1737-leeii johannes barmaante "thessorus sylanicus" enna kruthiyil "nepenthus distilettoriya" veendum chithreekarichirikkunnu. picharukalulla oru poochendinte avasaanathe chithram chithreekarikkunnu. burman eee chediye "bandura sylanica" ennaanu vilikkunnathu.
1790ll porchugees purohithanaaya jovo dii luriro viyatnaamil ninnulla "phillamphora mirabilis" allengil "athbhuthakaramaaya kalasham aakruthiyilulla ila" ennu vivarichappozhaan ushnamekhalaa kalasham chedikalekkurichu adutha paramarsham undaayath. ekadesham 35 varshamaayi rajyath thaamasikkunnundenkilum, luriro eee inathile jeevanulla sasyangale nireekshikkaan saadhyathayillenn thonnunnu, kaaranam adappu sajeevamaayi thurakkukayum adaykkukayum cheiyunna oru chalikkunna bhaagamaanenn addeham paranju. thante ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthiyaaya "flora coachinchinensis" enna kruthiyil addeham ezhuthunnu
[...] (dhaa) ila-tipp oru neenda thoongikkidakkunna tendrilil avasaanikkunnu, madhyathil valanjathum, orutharam paathratthil thoongikkidakkunnathum, chathuraakrithiyilullathum, paathram-wier, oru vashath gadippichirikkunna oru moodupadam, oru projecting maarjinulla minusamarnna chundum, manjine sweekarikkunnathinum sambharikkunnathinumaayi swathanthramaayi thurakkukayum adaykkukayum cheiyunnu. karthaavinte athbhuthakaramaaya pravrithi! [franch bhashayil ninnu "pitcher-plaants oof borneo" ennathilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu."]
"phillamphora mirabilis" oduvil 1869-ll rafferin "nepenthes" janussilekku maatti. ushnamekhalaa pitcher sasyangalude ettavum cosmopolitan inathinte adisthaana naamamaan mirabilis.
chalikkunna oru moodinekkurichulla louriroyude vivaranam 1797-ll jeane lui maari poyartt aavarthichu. akkaalat ariyappettirunna naalu "nepenthus" speesheesukalil randennam poyartt vivarichu "enn. madagascarriensis "," enn. distilettoriya ". addeham aadyathethinu athinte nilavile peru nalkukayum randaamathethinu "nepent dii ell 'ainde" allengil "indiayude nepenthus" ennu vilikkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum eee inam pradhana bhoopradeshathu illa. jeane-baptist laamarkkinte "encyclopedy methodic botanic" enna grandhatthil addeham inipparayunna vivaranam ulppeduthi
njaan ippol paranjathupole eee kalasham pollayaan, saadhaaranayaayi mriduvum shudhavumaaya vellam nirachu adaykkunnu. ithu pakal samayat thurakkukayum pakuthiyiladhikam draavakam aprathyakshamaakukayum cheiyunnu, ennaal eee nashtam raathriyil nannaakkukayum pittennu kalasham veendum nirayukayum athinte adappu adaykkukayum cheiyunnu. ithu athinte upajeevanamaarggamaan, raathriyude sameepabhaviyil ellaayppozhum pakuthi nirayumennathinaal onniladhikam divasathekku ithu mathiyakum. [franch bhashayil ninnu "pitcher-plaants oof borneo" ennathilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu."]
puthiya enangalude kandethalum 1789-ll sarr joseph baankukal europil maathrkakal yadhaarthathil avatharippichathum pathonpathaam noottaandiludaneelam "nepenthukalodulla" thaalparyam vardhippikkukayum 1880-kalil "nepenthukalude" suvarnnakaalakhattam ennu vilikkappedukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil chedikalude janapreeti kuranju, ennaal randaam lokamahaayudhathode aprathyakshamaayi. aprathyakshamaayi 1940num idayil oru puthiya inatheyum vivarichittillenna vastutha ithinu thelivaanu. "nepenthes" krishiyilum padanatthilum aagola thaalpparyatthinte punarujjeevanatthinte bahumati japanese sasyashaasthranjanaaya shijio kuraattaykk nalkunnu, nalkunnu 1960kalilum eee sasyangalilekku shradha aakarshikkan valareyadhikam pravarthichu.
krishi.
"harithagrihangalil "nepenthes" krishi cheyyaam. eluppamulla enangalil "enn" ulppedunnu. alaata, "enn. ventricosa, "enn. khasiyaana "," enn. sanghvina ". eee naalu enangalum malayora pradesangalaanu ("n. alaattaykk thaazhnna pradeshavum uyarnna pradeshangalum undu), chila eluppamulla thaazhnna pradeshangal "enn" aanu. rafflessiana, "enn. bikel kaaratta, "enn. mirabilis, "," enn. hirsuta ".
uyarnna pradeshangalile aavaasavyavasthayil valarunnathum angane vaikunnerathe thanutha thaapanilaykk vidheyamaakunnathumaaya enangalaanu malayora roopangal. samudranirappinodu kooduthal adukki valarunna enangalaanu thaazhnna pradeshangal. rund roopangalum mazhavellathodu mikacha reethiyil prathikarikkunnu (ennaal chila tapp vellam prathimasam mazhavellam allengil kuranja alavil kharavum raasavasthukkalum adangiya vellam upayogichu flush cheiyunnidatholam kaalam pravartthikkunnu), thilangunna prakasham (chila enangalkku poornna sooryaprakaashathil valaraan kazhiyumenkilum), nannayi vattunna maadyamam, nalla vaayu sanjaaram, thaarathamyena uyarnna eerppam, "enn" polulla eluppamulla enangal. kuranja eerppamulla anthareekshavumaayi poruthappedaan alaattaykk kazhiyum. malayora enangalkku deerghakaalaadisthaanathil abhivridhi prapikkaan rathrikaala thanupp undaayirikkanam. kuranja shakthiyil raasavalangal upayogikkunnathaanu nallath. idaykkide freezucheyta (upayogikkunnathinu munbu urukkia) krikkatt upayogichu bhakshanam kazhikkunnath prayojanakaramaanu. enn" polulla cheria sasyangalude terrarium samskaaram. bellie, "enn."×" "trichocarpa" "umm" "enn". aambullaariya", saadhyamaan, pakshe mikka chedikalum kaalakramena valare valuthakum.
vithu, murikkal, tissue kalchar ennivayiloode sasyangal pracharippikkam. vithukal saadhaaranayaayi nananja "sphaagnam" mossilo allengil anuvimukthamaaya plaant tissue kalchar mediayilo shariyaayi anuvimukthamakkiya sesham vithaykkunnu. vilaveduppinushesham vithukal saadhaaranayaayi pravarthanarahithamaakukayum athinaal vithukal saadhaaranayaayi prachaarathinulla mungananayulla rethiyalla. 1: 1 oorkkid meediyam moss allengil perlite enniva upayogichu mulaykkunnathinum samskarikkunnathinum upayogichittundu. vithu mulaykkaan rund maasavum pakwathayulla chedikal labhikkaan rund varshamo athil kooduthalo eduthekkaam. uyarnna eerppavum mithamaaya velichavumulla oru plaastik bagilo tankilo nananja "sphaagnam" mossil murivukal veroonniyekkaam. avaykku onnu muthal rund maasam vare veroonnaan thudangukayum ekadesham aarr maasathinullil picharukal roopappedaan thudangukayum cheyyaam. tissue kalchar ippol vaanijyaparamaayi upayogikkunnu, ithu vanyasasyangalude shekharanam kuraykkunnathinum athupole thanne niravadhi apoorva enangal hobiyistukalkku nyayamaaya vilaykk labhyamakkaan sahayikkunnu. "nepenthes" enangale vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna sasyangalayi kanakkakkunnu, avayellaam "enn" ozhike anubandham II ll pattikappedutthiyittundu. rajaa "," enn. kautts appendix i-ll pattikappedutthiyirikku 'khasiyaana'. kottu listing ennaal ellah anthaaraashtra vyapaaravum (bhaagangalum derivetteevukalum ulppede) kottu permitting sisttam niyanthrikkunnu, wilde. 
appendix I inathinte uravida maathrkakal vaanijya anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathil ninnu nirodhichirikkunnu.
sankarayinangalum kalttivarukalum.
niravadhi sankarayinam "nepenthes" kalum niravadhi perulla kalttivarukalum undu. kooduthal ariyappedunna, krithrimamaayi uthppaadippikkunna chila sankarayinangalum kalttivarukalum ivayaanu

