
columbo

sreelankayude executive, judicial thalasthaanavum janasamkhyayude adisthaanathil ettavum valia nagaravumaan columbo (;,;;,). brookings sthaapanathinte kanakkanusarichu columbo metropolittan pradeshathe janasamkhya 5.6 dasalaksham aanu, koodaathe munisippalittiyil 752,993 perundu. dveepinte saambathika kendravum vinodasanjaara kendravumaanu ithu. dveepinte padinjaaran theerathu sthithi cheiyunna ithu sreelankayude niyamanirmmaana thalasthaanamaaya shree jayawardenepura kotte, dehiwala-moundu lavinia enniva ulppedunna grettar columbo pradeshathodu chernnaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. shree jayawardenepura kotte kolamboyude nagara/suburban pradeshathinullilaayathinaal columbo palappozhum thalasthaanam ennu vilikkunnu. padinjaaran pravishyayude bharana thalasthaanavum columbo jillayude jilla thalasthaanavumaanu ithu. aadhunika jeevitam, colonial kettidangal, smarakangal ennivayude misrithamulla thirakkeriyathum oorjjaswalavumaaya nagaramaan columbo.
valia thuramukhavum kizhakk-padinjaaru kadal vyapara paathakalile thanthraparamaaya sthaanavum kaaranam, 2,000 varshangalkk munbu purathana vyaapaarikalkk columbo ariyappettirunnu. 1815ll srilanka britiish saamraajyathin vittukoduthappol dveepinte thalasthaanamaayi ithu maattukayum 1948ll raajyam swathanthramaayappol thalasthaanamenna padavi nilanirthukayum cheythu. 1978ll bharanaparamaya pravartthanangal shree jayawardenepura kottayilekku maattiyappol columbo sreelankayude vaanijya thalasthaanamaayi prakhyapikkappettu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
1505ll porchugeesukaar aadyamaayi avatharippicha 'colombo' enna peru 'kalaani nadiyile thuramukham' ennartham varunna 'kooloon thotta' enna classical simhala naamatthil ninnaan uruthirinjathennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
ila/pacha maambazhangalude thuramukham' ennartham varunna 'koola-amba-thotta' enna simhala naamatthil ninnaan eee peru uruthirinjathennu mattoru vishwaasam undu. kaandiyile thadavukaranaayirikke roobert noxinte dveepinte charitravumaayi ithu poruthappedunnu. addeham ezhuthunnu "padinjaaru, aaa sthalathu valarunna oru maratthil ninnu, (maambazham vahikkunna) thaddesheeyaraaya aambo ennu vilikkappedunna kolambo nagaram; ennaal ithu orikkalum phalam nalkunnilla, marichu elakal maathram, avarude bhashayil koola ennum avide ninnu avar maram kolambo ennum vilikkunnu kolambasinte bahumaanaartham kristhyaanikal kolamboyilekku maari."
pathimoonnaam noottaandil ezhuthiya ettavum pazhaya simhala vyaakaranathinte rachayithavaaya "sidatsangarava" aadyakaala simhala bhashayil mathramulla oru vibhaagathe kurichu ezhuthi. thaddesheeya wadeda bhashayil ninnu uruthirinjathaayi "naramba" (kaanaan), "kolamba" (foord allengil thuramukham) enniva ithil pattikappedutthiyittundu. "vaanijya thalasthaanamaaya kolamboyude perinte uravidam "kolamba" aayirikkam.
charithram.
columboic oru prakrithidatha thuramukhamullathinaal, 2,000 varshangalkk munbu indian, greak, pershyan, roman, arab, chainees vyaapaarikalkk ithu ariyappettirunnu. pathinalam noottaandil dweep sandarshicha sanjaariyaaya ibnu bathootha ithine "kalanpu" ennaanu visheshippichathu. simhala raajyangalum puramlokavum thammilulla vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum niyanthrikkunnathiloode thuramukham avarude bisinasine sahayichathinaal ettaam noottaandil pradhana thalpparyangal vyaapaaramaayirunna arabikal kolamboyil sthirathaamasamaakkaan thudangi. avarude pingaamikalil praadeshika sreelangan muur samooham ulppedunnuvennu janakeeyamaayi vishwasikkappettirunnu, ennaal avarude janithakashasthram pradhaanamaayum dakshinenthyakkaaraanu.
porchugees yugam.
1505ll dome lorenzo dii almedayude neethrthwathilulla porchugees paryavekshakar aadyamaayi sreelankayilethi. avarude prarambha sandarshana velayil avar kottayile rajaavaaya parakramabahu VIII (1484-1518) maayi oru udambadi undaakki, ithu columbo ulppedeyulla dveepinte theerapradeshangalkkoppam sthithicheyyunna dveepile karuvapatta vilakal vyapaaram cheyyaan avare praaptharakki. udambadiyude bhaagamaayi, aakramanakaarikalil ninnu theeram samrakshikkumennu vaagdaanam cheythathinu pakaramaayi porchugeesukaarkku theerapradeshatthinte mail poornna adikaaram nalki. kolamboyil oru vyaapaarakendram sthaapikkaan avare anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, churungiya samayathinullil avar kolamboyile musleem nivaasikale puratthaakkukayum 1517-ll oru kotta nirmmikkaan thudangukayum cheythu.
indiayile thangalude theeradesha sthaapanangalude samrakshanathinu sreelankayude niyanthranam aavasyamaanennu porchugeesukaar taamasiyaathe manassilakkukayum eee pradeshatthinte niyanthranam nedunnathinaayi kotte raajyathile bharanaadhikaarikale kaikaaryam cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. raajakudumbathinullile shathruthakale naipunyathode chooshanam cheytha sesham avar raajyathinte oru valia pradeshatthinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum simhala rajaavaaya maayadunne kotta raajyathile oru domainaya sithavaakkayil oru puthiya raajyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu. taamasiyaathe addeham kotte saamraajyathinte bhooribhaagavum pidichedukkukayum porchugeesukaare kolamboyilekku pinwangan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu, athu maayaadunneyum pilkkala sitawaka rajaakkanmaarum aavarthichu uparodhikkukayum indiayile govayile avarude pradhana thaavalathil ninnu shakthippeduthaan avare nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. 1593ll raajyathinte pathanathetthudarnnu, columbo thalasthaanamaakki theerapradeshathil poornna niyanthranam sthaapikkaan porchugeesukaarkku kazhinju.
kolamboyude eee bhagam ippozhum kotta ennariyappedunnu, koodaathe presidential kottaravum kolamboyile panchanakshathra hotelukalil bhooribhaagavum ivideyundu. kottaykku thottupurathulla pradesham petta ("pittaa kottuva", "outtar fort") ennariyappedunnu, ithu oru vaanijya kendramaanu.
dutch yugam.
1638ll dachukaar kaandiyile rajasimha randaamanumaayi oru udambadiyil oppuvachu, athu dveepile pradhana vyapara charakkukalude kuthakaykku pakaramaayi porchugeesukaarkkethiraaya yudhathil rajaavinu sahayam urappunalki. porchugeesukaar dachukaareyum candianmareyum cherukkiyenkilum 1639 muthal avarude shakthikendrangalil kramena parajayappettu. 1656-ll oru itihaasa uparodhathin sesham duchukal columbo pidichedutthu, athinte avasaanathil 93 porchugeesukaarkku maathram kottayil ninnu surakshithamaaya perumaattam nalki. dachukaar (udha.jii.thudakkathil pidichadakkiya pradesham simhala raajaakkanmaarkk thirike nalki, pinneedu avar athu kaimaran visammathikkukayum 1796 vare dutch eest india kambaniyude niyanthranatthilulla dutch samudra pravishyakalude thalasthaanamaayi pravarthicha columbo ulppedeyulla dveepile ettavum sambannamaaya karuvapatta bhoomiyude niyanthranam nedukayum cheythu.
britiish kaalaghattam.
1796ll britishukaar columbo pidicheduthenkilum 1815ll kaandyan raajyam avarkk kaimaarunnathuvare ithu oru britiish sainika autposttaayi thudarnnu, avar columbo puthuthayi srishticha britiish seyloon kireeda kolaniyude thalasthaanamaakki. kolamboyude praadhamika upayogam oru sainika kottayaayi upayogichirunna porchugeesukaaril ninnum dachukaaril ninnum vyathyasthamayi, britishukaar kottaykku chuttum veedukalum mattu sivilian gadanakalum nirmmikkaan thudangi, ithu nilavile columbo nagarathinu kaaranamaayi.
thudakkathil, avar nagaratthinte bharanam oru "collectorude" keezhil sthaapikkukayum madras sarveesile joonn mcdowell aanu aadyam aaa padavi vahikkukayum cheythath. pinneedu 1833ll padinjaaran pravishyayile sarkkar ejantinu nagaratthinte bharana chumatala nalki. noottaandukalude colonial bharanam kolamboyile thaddesheeya bharanathinte thakarchaye soochippichirunnu, 1865-ll britishukaar praadeshika janataye svayambharanathil parisheelippikkunnathinu oru maargamaayi oru munisippal kaunsil vibhavanam cheythu. seloon legislative kaunsil 1865ll kolambo munisippal kaunsil roopeekarikkukayum kaunsil 1866 januvari 16nuu aadyamaayi yogam cherukayum cheythu. aaa samayat eee mekhalayile janasamkhya ekadesham 80,000 aayirunnu.
kolamboyude niyanthranathilaayirunna samayat, innathe nagaratthinte aasoothranathinte bhooribhaagavum briteeshukaaraayirunnu. nagaratthinte chila bhaagangalil, tram kaar traakkukalum aaa kaalaghattatthil sthaapicha graanait tharayum innum drishyamaanu.
swaathanthryaanantharam.
1948ll seyloon brittanil ninnu swaathanthryam nediyappol koloniyalisatthinte eee yugam samaadhaanaparamaayi avasaanichu. ithu nagaravaasikalilum raajyathudaneelam srishticha valia swaadheenam kaaranam colonial kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil sambhavicha mattangal theevramaayirunnu. oru puthiya samskaaram veroonniyirikkunnu. niyamangalilum achaarangalilum vasthrashailikalilum mathangalilum sariyaaya perukalilum vanna mattangal colonial kaalaghattatthinte supradhana phalamaayirunnu. eee saamskaarika maattangale thudarnnu dveepinte sambadvyavastha sakthippettu. innum, kolamboyude vaasthuvidya, perukal, vasthrangal, bhakshanam, bhasha, manobhaavam ennivayil porchugeesukaar, duchukal, britishukaar ennivarude swaadheenam drishyamaanu. moonnu kaalaghattangalileyum kettidangal kolamboyude prakshubdhamaaya bhoothakaalathinte oormmappeduthalaayi nilakollunnu. nagravum avidatthe janangalum praadeshika aachaarangalumaayi chernnu europian vasthrangaludeyum jeevithashailikaludeyum rasakaramaaya oru sammisranam kaanikkunnu.
charitraparamaayi, labhyamaya vaividhyamaarnna uthppannangalkk peruketta "kotta", "petta maarkkat" ennivaykku chuttumulla pradeshatheyum praadeshika landmarkaya khaan clock towerineyum columbo paraamarsikkunnu. nilavil ithu columbo munisippal kaunsilinte nagaraparidhi soochippikkunnu. kotte, dehivela, colombo ennivayulppede niravadhi munisippal kaunsilukal ulkkollunna grettar colombo ennariyappedunna nagarapradeshathinu palappozhum eee peru upayogikkunnu.
1980kalil sreelankayude thalasthaanamenna padavi columboic nashtamaayenkilum jayawardenpura dveepinte vaanijya kendramaayi thudarunnu. sreelankayude audyogika thalasthaanam aduthulla shree jayawardenapura kottayilekku maariyengilum mikka raajyangalum ippozhum kolamboyilaanu nayatantra dauthyangal nadathunnathu.
bhoomishaasthram.
kolamboyude bhoomishaasthram karayum jalavum chernnathaanu. nagaratthil niravadhi kanaalukalum nagaratthinte hridayabhaagathu baira thadaakavumund. kolamboyude ettavum savisheshamaaya landmaarkkukalilonnaaya eee thadaakam noottaandukalaayi kolanikkaar nagaratthe samrakshikkaan upayogichirunnu. regaattakalum theerangalil naadaka paripaadikalum samghadippikkunna ithu oru vinodasanjaara akarshanamaayi thudarunnu. columbo nagaratthinte vadakkan, vadakkukizhakkan athirthi roopappedunnathu kelani nadiyaanu, ithu nagaratthinte oru bhaagath modera (simhala bhashayil "modara") ennariyappedunna nadiyude deltta ennartham varunna kadalil cherunnu.
kaalavastha.
koppon kalavastha vargeekaranathinu keezhil ushnamekhalaa mansoon kaalavastha ("aam") kolamboyil undu, ithu ushnamekhalaa mazhakkaadukalude kaalaavasthayekkaal ("eiii. eph") kuravaanu. varsham muzhuvanum kolamboyile kaalavastha choodullathaanu. march muthal epril vareyulla kaalayalavil sharashari uyarnna thaapanila ekadesham anubhavappedunnu. epril muthal juun vareyum septambar muthal november vareyum kanatha mazha peiyunna kaalavarshakaalathaanu columbo kaalaavasthayil oreyoru pradhana maattam sambhavikkunnath. kuranja thaapanila sharashari ulla varanda shaityakaala maasangalil ithu kooduthalaayi adayaalappeduthunnundu kolamboyil aapekshikamaya dainamdina thaapanila valare kuravaanu. nagaratthil sharashari oru varshatholam mazha labhikkunnu.
akarshanangal.
indian mahasamudra theerathu nagaratthinte hridayabhaagathu sthithi cheiyunna gaale pheys green vinodasanchaarikalkkum thaamasakkarkkum orupole oru lakshyasthaanamaan. eee neenthalkkaadukalude thekke attathulla charitraparamaaya oru naazhikakkallaan gaale phase hotel.
kolamboyile ettavum pradhanappetta shethrangalilonnaanu gangaaraamaaya kshethram. sreelangan, thaay, indian, chainees vaasthuvidhyakalude oru samagramaya samyojanamaanu kshethrathinte vaasthuvidya pradarshippikkunnathu.
columbo deseeya myoosiyathinum taunn haalinum sameepam sthithi cheiyunna oru nagara paarkkaan vihaaramahaadevi paarkk (munbu victoria paarkk). kolamboyile ettavum pazhakkameriyathum valuthumaaya eee desheeyodyaanathil oru valia budhaprathimayundu.
sreelangan sarkkaarinte nagara punarujjeevana padhathiyude bhaagamaayi niravadhi pazhaya sthalangalum kettidangalum aadhunika pothu vinoda sthalangalaayum shopping parisarangalaayum naveekarichu. independence memorial haal square, petta floating maarkkat, ooldu dutch ashupatri enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
bahu mathaparavum bahu vamsheeyavum bahu saamskaarikavumaaya oru nagaramaan columbo. pradhaanamaayum simhalar, sreelangan thamizh, sreelangan muur enningane niravadhi vamseeya vibhaagangalude samyojanamaanu kolamboyile janasamkhya. chainees, porchugees burger, dutch burger, maleshya, indian vamshajar ennivarumaayulla cheria samoohangalum niravadhi europian pravaasikalum nagarathilundu. 642,,163 aalukal nagaraparidikkullil thamasikkunna sreelankayile ettavum janasamkhyayulla nagaramaan columbo. 1866ll nagaratthile janasamkhya ekadesham 80,000 aayirunnu.
sarkkarum raashtreeyavum.
praadeshika sarkkar.
mayer-kaunsil sarkkaarulla oru charter nagaramaan columbo. anchu varshathilorikkal nadakkunna thaddesha svayambharana thiranjeduppiloodeyaanu meyarineyum kaunsil amgangaleyum thiranjedukkunnathu. kazhinja 50 varshamaayi nagaram bharikkunath valathupaksha chaayvulla partyaya yunaittad naashanal partyanu (yuu. enn. pii), avarude bisinesses sauhruda nayangal kolamboyile janasamkhyayumaayi prathidhwanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2006leeii munisippal thiranjeduppinulla naamanirddesha pattika nirasikkappedukayum, anpiyude pinthunayulla oru swatantra samgham thiranjeduppil vijayikkukayum cheythu. yuvaay mohammed imittiyaas pinneedu columbo meyaraayi niyamithanaayi.
nagara sarkkar azhukkuchaal, rooad, maalinya samskarana sevanangal nalkunnu, vellam, vaidyuthi, telephone yoottility sevanangalude kaaryatthil jalavitharana, drainage board, seyloon electricity board, telephone sevana daathaakkal ennivarumaayi kaunsil bandhappedunnu.
deseeya thalasthaana padavi.
1700 muthal 1815 vare porchugeesukaar, duchukal, britishukaar ennivarude niyanthranatthilulla theerapradeshangalude thalasthaanamaayirunnu columbo, kaandyan kanvenshanethudarnnu britishukaar dveepinte muzhuvan niyanthranavum nediyappol. annumuthal 1980 vare dveepinte deseeya thalasthaanam kolamboyaayirunnu.
1980kalil bharana thalasthaanam shree jayawardenepura kottayilekku mattaanum angane vaanijya pravarthanangalkku vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi ellah sarkkar sthaapanangalum kolamboyil ninnu mattaanum padhathikal thayyarakki. oru praadhamika gattamenna nilayil, paarlamentine kotteyile oru puthiya samuchayathilekku maatti, niravadhi manthraalayangalum vakuppukalum maatti. ennaal, aaa neekkam orikkalum poorthiyaayittilla.
innum niravadhi sarkkar sthaapanangal kolambayil avasheshikkunnu. raashtrapathiyude bhavanam, presidential secretariyatt, pradhaanamanthriyude veedu (kshethravrikshangal), pradhaanamanthriyude oafees, sreelankayile supreme kodathi, sreelankayude central baank, dhanakaryam (treasury), prathirodham, pothubharanam, aabhyantharakaaryam, videsakaaryam, neethi, sainika aasthaanam, naavika aasthaanam (slns parakrama), vyomasena aasthaanam (slaph kolambo), police deseeya, feeld fozhsu aasthaanam thudangiya pradhana sarkkar manthraalayangalum vakuppukalum ithil ulppedunnu.
praanthapradeshangalum tapal kodukalum.
nagaraparidhi.
tapal sevanangalkkayi columbo 15 akkangalulla mekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu. eee pradesangalkkullil avayude anubandha poost offeesulla praanthapradeshangalundu.
sambadghadana.
aitken spense, sailingo korppareshan, staassan group oof kambanikal, joonn keels holdingukal, cargles, hemas holdingukal, akbar sahodaranmaar ennivayulppede bhooribhaagam sreelangan korppareshanukalkkum kolamboyilaanu head offeesukal ullathu. rasavasthukkal, thunitharangal, glass, simant, thukal saadhanangal, furnitureukal, aabharanangal enniva chila vyavasayangalil ulppedunnu. nagara madhyathilaanu loka vyapara kendram. nagaratthinte naadi kendramaaya kotta jillayile pradhana vaanijya sthaapanangalude kendramaanu 40 nilakalulla eratta gopura samuchayam. kottaykku purathu 'purathukadakkuka' allengil 'purathukadakkuka' ennartham varunna 'pittha' enna simhala padatthil ninnu uruthirinja pettayaan.
columbo metropolittan pradeshathinu 122 bilyan dollar allengil gdpyude 40 sathamaanam gdpyundu, ithu sreelangan sambadvyavasthayude ettavum pradhanappetta vashamaan. columbo metro pradeshatthinte aalohari varumanam 8623 dollar prathiseersha vaangal sheshi 25,117 dollarumaan, ithu dakshineshyayile ettavum sambannamaaya pradeshangalilonnayi maari. sreelankayile ettavum pradhanappetta vyaavasaayika, vaanijya, bharana kendramaanu columbo metropolittan (centimeter) pradesham. raajyathinte kayattumathi kendreekritha uthppaadanathinte oru pradhana punk nadakkunnathu sreelankayude valarchayude enchinaanu centimeter eriya.
 raajyathinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vistheernnathinte 5.7 sathamaanavum deseeya janasamkhyayude 25 sathamaanavum maathramaan padinjaaran pravishyayude sambhaavanayenkilum gdpyude 40 sathamaanathil thaazheyum vyaavasaayika moolyavardhanayude 80 shathamaanathilum thaazheyumaan ithu. sreelankayude praadhamika anthaaraashtra kavaadamenna nilayilum raajyathinte pradhana saambathika chaalakan enna nilayilum athinte praadhaanyam kanakkileduthu, sreelangan sarkkar (gose) columbo athinte pradeshatheyum anthaaraashtra nilavaaramulla oru metropolisaayi mattunnathinulla oru abhilasha paripadi aarambhichu. columbo metropolittan mekhala athinte poornna saambathika sheshi thirichariyunnathil ninnu thadassangal thadayunnu. kolamboyude parivartthanam sugamamaakkunnathin, deerghakaalamaayi saambathikavum bhouthikavumaaya nagara punarujjeevanathe thadassappeduthunna eee thadassangal sarkkar pariharikkendathundu.
kotta pradeshathekkaal thirakkeriyathaan petta. pettayile roadukal ellaayppozhum niranjirikkunnu, chuvadukal niranja cheria staalukal ruchikaramaaya sharbat muthal sharttukal vare vilkkunnu. pradhana theruvil kooduthalum vasthra kadakalum cross-streettukal ennariyappedunna cross-streettukalum ulppedunnu, avide anchu theruvukalil oronnum oru prathyeka bisinessil vaidagdhyamundu. udaaharanathinu, aadyathe cross street kooduthalum electronic charakk kadakalum randaamathe sellular phoneukalum fancy charakkukalumaanu. eee bisinasukalil bhooribhaagavum musleem vyaapaarikalude aadhipathyathilaanu. kottayil ninnu kooduthal akale pradhana theruvinte attathu sreelankayile swarnna vipaniyaya zee street undu, athil thamizh thalpparyangal aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. sreelangan airliancinte muun head oafees ulppede aabharana kadakalaal niranjathaanu eee mile neelamulla theruvu.
niyama nirvvahanavum kuttakrithyavum.
dveepinte pradhana niyama nirvvahana ejansiyaaya sreelangan police munisippal kaunsilumaayi bandhappedunnundengilum kendra sarkkaarinte prathirodha manthraalayathinte niyanthranathilaanu. kolamboyileyum athinte praanthapradeshangalileyum police deputy inspector general oof poleesinte (metropolittan) neethrthwathilulla "metropolittan renchil" pedunnu, ithil columbo crime division ulppedunnu. mikka sreelangan nagarangalilum ullathupole, majistrettu kodathi criminal kuttakrithyangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, jilla kodathi sivil kesukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. 
lokamembaadumulla mattu valia nagarangalilennapole, kolamboyilum chila thalatthilulla theruvu kuttakrithyangalum kaikkooliyum anubhavappedunnu. theerchayaayum, azhimathi ettavum mukalilekku vyaapikkunnuvenn us reportukal kaanikkunnu. koodaathe, 1980 muthal 2009 vareyulla kaalayalavil niravadhi valia bheekarakramanangal nadannittundu. nagaratthile mikka bombakramanangalumaayum kolapathakangalumaayum ell. tii. tii. iii. kku bandhamund. kolamboyil sthithi cheiyunna velikkada jayil raajyathe ettavum valia paramavadhi suraksha jayilukalilonnaan.
adisthaana soukaryangal.
oru aadhunika nagarathinu labhikkuna mikka soukaryangalum kolamboyilundu. raajyathinte mattu bhagangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kolambayilaanu ettavum uyarnna adisthaana soukaryangal. vaidyuthi, vellam, theruvu vilakkukal, phoon boothukal ennivayilekkulla gathagatham enniva ganyamaayi nalla nilavaarathilaanu. sreelankayile pradhana shopping maalukalil bhooribhaagavum nagarathilaanu, avayil ellaam vaifai pravarthanakshamamaanu. koodaathe, niravadhi adambara hotelukal, clubbukal, restorantukal enniva nagarathilundu. sameepakaalath uyarnna nilavaaramulla contominium mazha peythathu pradhaanamaayum bhoomiyude vila valare uyarnnathaan kaaranam.
thuramukham.
sreelankayile ettavum valuthum thirakkeriyathumaaya thuramukhangalilonnaanu columbo thuramukham. colonial kaalaghattatthil oru thuramukha nagaramaayi praadhamikamaayi sthaapithamaaya columbo, varshangalayi vikasippichedutha oru krithrima thuramukhamaanu. sreelangan naavikasena thuramukhathinullil "slns rangalla" enna naavika thaavalam paripaalikkunnu.
2008ll columbo thuramukham 3.75 dasalaksham irupathu adii thulya unitukal kaikaaryam cheythu, 2007ll ithu (2006ll ithu 9.7 shathamaanamaayirunnu), ithu aagola saambathika pravanathaye marikadannu. athil 817,000 ennam praadeshika kayattumathikalaayirunnu, backie traanshipmentukalaayu. 57 laksham teukalkku seshiyum 15 meteriladhikam (49 adii) aazhathilulla dred cheytha thuramukhavum ulla kolambo thuramukham lokathile ettavum tirakkeriya thuramukhangalilonnaanu, koodaathe mikacha 25 thuramukhangalil (23-aamm) ulppedunnu.
chainees theerathu ninnu madhya, kizhakkan europilekkulla reyil kanakshanukalulla upper adriatic mekhalayilekku pookunna 21-aamm noottaandile maaridaim silk roadinte bhagamaanu columbo.
gathagatham.
buzz.
swakaarya oopparettarmaarum sarkkar udamasthathayilulla srilanka transport board (sltb) nadathunna basukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla vipulamaaya pothugathagatha samvidaanamaanu kolamboyilullathu. moonnu praadhamika buzz terminalukal-baastiyan maavatha, central, gunasimhapura buzz terminalukal-pettayilaanu. basthiyan maavatha deerghadoora sarveesukal kaikaaryam cheyyumbol gunasimhapura central praadeshika sarveesukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu.
reyil.
mikka trainukalum nagaratthinakathekkaal nagaratthilekkum purathekkumulla gathaagathathinu vendiyullathum palappozhum thirakkeriyathumaayathinaal nagaratthile train gathagatham parimithamaanu. ennirunnaalum, central buzz staandum fort railway steshanum yathaakramam buzz, reyil gathaagathathinulla dveepinte praadhamika kendramaayi pravartthikkunnu. 1970kall vare nagaratthil tram sarveesukal undaayirunnu, avaa nirthalaakkappettu. ottorikshakalum (saadhaaranayaayi "three veelarukal" ennu vilikkappedunna) taxicabukalum mattu gathagatha maarggangalil ulppedunnu. kaab sevanangal swakaarya kambanikalaanu nadathunnathum meter cheythathumaanu, athesamayam three veelarukal poornnamaayum vyakthikal nadathunnavayaanu, niyanthrikkappedunnath valare kuravaanu.
roadukal.
columbo pradeshathe yudhaananthara vikasanathil niravadhi express way grade arterial rooad roottukalude nirmmanavum ulppedunnu. nirmmicha ivayil aadyathethu kolamboyude thekkan praanthapradeshamaaya kottaavayil ninnu raajyathinte thekk maathara nagaratthilekku pookunna thekkan express haiveyaanu. columbo metropolittan pradeshathu nirmmicha express haivekalil 2013 octoberil thuranna columbo-kattunayake express veyum columbo oorbittal baipas outtar sarkkular highway (arther sii. clark express way). kolamboyude vadakkan praanthapradeshamaaya peliyagodayil ninnu columbo anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathilekk pookunna columbo-kattunayake express way (iii03) raajyathe pradhana vaanijya kendrangalilonnaaya neegombo nagaravumaayi bandhippichirikkunnu.
ferry.
scotia prins enna anthaaraashtra ferry liner indiayile thoothukkudikku ferry sarvees nadathunnundu. iru raajyangalum thammilulla ferry sarveesukal 20 varshathilereyaayi punarujjeevippichirikku.
vaayu.
nagara madhyabhaagathinu thekkayi sthithi cheiyunna vimaanathaavalamaanu ratnamalana vimaanathaavalam. 1935ll pravartthanam aarambhicha ithu 1967ll bandaranaayake vimaanathaavalam pakaram vaykkunnathuvare raajyathe aadyathe anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalamaayirunnu. ratmalana vimaanathaavalam ippol praadhamikamaayi aabhyanthara vimanangal, vyomayaana pariseelanam, anthaaraashtra korpparettu vimanangal enniva nalkunnu.
adayaalangal.
rund waled trade sentar gopurangal nagaratthinte ettavum amgeekritha landmaarkkukalaayirunnu. 1997ll avaa poortthiyaakunnathinu munbu, aduthulla seyloon gopuratthinte theeram ettavum uyaram koodiya ghadanayum nagaratthile ettavum pradhanappetta landmarkkumaanu. ambarachumbikal nirmmikkunnathin munbu, kotta jillayil pazhaya columbo laitt housinoppam ninnirunna pazhaya paarlament kettidam ettavum uyaram koodiya kettidamaayirunnu. karuvappattathottangali independence squareile independence haalaan mattoru pradhana naazhikakkall.
paarlament nirmmikkunnathin munbuthanne jaami ull alfar palli thuramukhathethunna naavikar kolamboyude naazhikakkallayi amgeekarichathaayi chilar avakaashappedunnu. kolamboyil ettavum kooduthal aalukal sandarshikkunna vinodasanjaara kendrangalilonnaanu ippozhum eee palli.
mattoru naazhikakkall sent.porchugeesukaar aadyamaayi nirmmikkukayum 1848ll britishukaar punarnirmmikkukayum cheytha sreelankayile ettavum pazhaya pallikalilonnaaya pools charchu milagiriya. kottayile cargles & millezhs kettidam charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamulla oru samrakshitha kettidamaanu.
nagaratthile ettavum valia neenthalmukhamaanu gaale mukham pacha. thengu marangalaal chuttappettathum theerathodu chernnullathum. loka drum festival polulla anthaaraashtra, praadeshika kacherikalum prakadanangalum green pathivayi aathidheyathvam vahikkunnu.
pazhaya columbo kottayude kothalatthil orikkal gadippichirunna peerankikal pachayude aadaravinum anthassin vendi sthaapichu. 1864 muthal eshyayude marathakam oonn dhaa green ennariyappedunna colonial shailiyilulla gaale phase hotel gaale pheys greeninode chernnaanu. britiish raajakudumbaamgangal, mattu raajakudumbaamgangal, pramukhar thudangiyavarkku hotel aathidheyathvam vahichittundu. hotelil thaamasichathinushesham, denmarkile rajakumari alexandra abhipraayappettath "gaale phase hotelil abhimukeekarikkunna samadhaanavum audaaryavum thulyamalla."gaale mukham pachayodu abhimukeekarikkunna seyloon inter-kondinental hotelund.
vidyaabhyaasam.
kolamboyile vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalkku oru neenda charithramund. columboyil raajyathe niravadhi pramukha pothu skoolukalundu, avayil chilath sarkkar udamasthathayilullathum mattullava svakaaryavumaanu. 1835ll sthaapithamaaya columbo royal koleju polulla 1800kalil britiish colonial bharanakaalathu sthaapithamaaya nagaratthile mikka pramukha schoolukalum, sreelankayile chila nagara skoolukalkku chila mathaparamaya vinyaasamund; ithu bhaagikamaayi kristhyan missionary schoolukal sthaapicha britteeshukaarude swaadheenamaanu. ithil engleesh, bishop koleju (1875); methadist, wesley koleju columbo (1874); budhamathiyaaya ananda koleju (1886); muslim, sahira koleju (1892); sent. benedikts koleju, columbo (1985), catholica, sent. josephs koleju (1896). vidyaarthikalude janasamkhyayozhike mathaparamaya vinyasangal skoolinte paatyapadhathiye baadikkunnilla. sameepa varshangalil niravadhi anthaaraashtra schoolukal kolamboyil sthaapichittundu.
columbo medical school (1870), columbo loow koleju (1875), school oof agrikalchar (1884), gavanment technical koleju (1893) ennivayude sthaapanathode nagaratthile unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinu oru neenda charithramund. lunden sarvakalaashaalayude baahya pareekshakalkkayi vidyaarthikale thayyarakkiya yooniversitti koleju columbo sthaapichathode 1913laanu kolamboyil oru sarvakalashaala srishtikkunnathinulla aadyapadi sweekarichathu. ithinethudarnnu kolamboyil seyloon sarvakalashaala sthaapikkappettu. innu columbo sarvakalashaalayum vishwal aandu perfoming arts sarvakalashaalayum nagaratthile samsthaana sarvakalaashaalakalaanu. srilanka instittyoott oof information technologic nagara madhyathil oru metropolittan campus undu. nagaratthil niravadhi swakaarya unnatha vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalundu.
vaasthuvidya.
noottaandukalolam neendunilkkunnathum niravadhi shailikale chithreekarikkunnathumaaya vaividhyamaarnna vaasthuvidyayaanu kolamboykkullathu. porchugees, dutch, britiish ennivarumaayi swaadheenamulla colonial kettidangal budhamatham, hindu, islam, indian, samakaalika vasthuvidyaa shailikalil nirmmicha gadanakalkkoppam nilavilundu. kottapradeshathekkaal kooduthal vyakthatha mattethoru sthalathum illa. ivide 1700-kalil nirmmicha puthiyathum uyaramullathumaaya ambarachumbikalum charitraparamaaya kettidangalum kaanam.
columbo kotta.
kolamboyil sthirathaamasamaakkiya aadyathe kolanikkaraanu porchugeesukaar. oru cheria vyaapaarakendram sthaapicha avar oru cheria kottaykku aditharayittu, athu kaalakramena dveepile ettavum valia colonial kottayaayi maari. dachukaar kotta vipuleekarikkukayum angane nannayi urappulla oru thuramukham srishtikkukayum cheythu. 1700kalude avasaanathode ithu britteeshukaarude kaivashamaayi, pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode kolambo thuramukhathinu oru bheeshaniyum illaathirunnathinaal nagaratthinte vikasanathinu vazhiyorukkunnathinaayi kothalangal polikkaan thudangi. ippol kottakal onnum avasheshikkunnillenkilum, orikkal kottayaayirunna pradesham ippozhum kotta ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. purathulla pradesham petta, srilanka allengil simhala bhashayil "pittakottuva" aanu, athaayath puram kotta.
dutch kaalaghattatthile kettidangal.
porchugees kaalaghattatthile kettidangalonnum illa, dutch kaalaghattatthile chilath maathrameyulloo. kotta pradeshathe ettavum pazhaya kettidam, muun dutch ashupatri, ippol columbo dutch myoosiyamaaya dutch house, niravadhi pallikal enniva ithil ulppedunnu. presidentinte veedu (munbu raajnjiyude veedu) yadhaarthathil dutch govarnorude veedaayirunnu, thudarnnulla britiish govarnarmaar athine avarude offeesum vasatiyum aakki. ennirunnaalum, dutch kaalaghattam muthal ithinu valareyadhikam maattamundaayittund. presidentinte veedinaduthulla gorden garden ippol pothujanagalkk parimithamallaathathaanu.
britiish kaalaghattatthile kettidangal.
kotta pradeshatheyum nagaratthinte mattu bhaagangalileyum pazhaya kettidangalil bhooribhaagavum britiish kaalathethaanu; ivayil sarkkar, vaanijya kettidangal, swakaarya veedukal enniva ulppedunnu. britiish colonial vaasthuvidyayude sradheyamaaya sarkkar kettidangalil chilath ippol presidential sekratteriyattaaya pazhaya paarlament kettidam; videshakaarya mantraalayam ulla republic kettidam, ennaal orikkal seyloon legislative kaunsil undaayirunnu; general treasury kettidam; pazhaya general poost oafees, presidentinte veedinu athirvashathulla edwardian shailiyilulla kettidam; pradhaanamanthriyude oafees; central telegraph oafees; columbo sarvakalaashaalayude ganitha vibhaagam (aupachaarikamaayi kolamboyile royal koleju) enniva ulppedunnu. britiish kaalaghattatthile sradheyamaaya vaanijya kettidangalil gaale phase hotel, cargles aandu millezhs complexes, grand ooriyantal hotel enniva ulppedunnu.
samskaaram.
vaarshika saamskaarika paripaadikalum melakalum.
budhante jananam, njaanodayam, maranam ennivayellaam ore divasam nadakkunna aakhoshamaanu kolamboyile ettavum janapriyamaaya utsavam. simhala bhashayil ithu "vesak" ennaanu ariyappedunnathu.
eee utsava velayil, nagaratthinte bhooribhaagavum vilakkukal, laittukal, prathyeka prakasha pradarshanangal (thoran ennariyappedunnu) ennivayaal alankarichirikkunnu. meyy pakuthiyode varunna utsavam orazhcha neendunilkkum. vilakku malsarangalum alankaarangalum kaanaan niravadhi sreelankakkaar nagaram sandarshikkunnu. eee aazhchayil aalukal arrie, paneeyangal, mattu bhakshyavasthukkal enniva soujanyamaayi "dansal" enna daanasthalathu vitharanam cheiyunnu. praanthapradeshangalil ninnulla sandarshakarkkidayil eee "dunsal" janapriyamaan.
kaaranam kolamboyil dhaaraalam musleengalundu. kolamboyil aaghoshikkunna rund islaamika uthsavangalaan eedul fither, eedul adha enniva. oru maasam neendunilkkunna upavaasathin sesham muslimkal aaghoshikkunna pradhana islaamika utsavamaaya eedul fittharinte avasaanathe kauntdaunil niravadhi bisinasukal thazhachuvalarunnu. aalukal avasana nimishathe shopping nadathunnathinaal uthsavangalude thalennu columbo pothuve valare thirakkilaanu.
chrismus mattoru pradhana utsavamaanu. sreelankayile kristhyaanikal janasamkhyayude verum 7 sathamaanathil kooduthal maathramaanengilum dveepile ettavum valia uthsavangalilonnaan chrismus. mikka theruvukalum vaanijya kettidangalum desember thudakkam muthal prakashikkukayum ellah shopping sentarukalilum department storukalilum utsava vilppana aarambikkukayum cheiyunnu. carolling nativity kalikalum eee seasonil pathivayi kaanarullavayaanu.
epril 13,14 theeyathikalil nadakkunna oru saamskaarika paripaadiyaanu simhala, hindu aalut aurudda. ithu simhalarudeyum hindukkaludeyum puthuvarsha aakhoshamaanu. sreelangan samskaarathinte oru valia bhagam pradarshippikkunna niravadhi paripaadikalum paarambaryangalum uthsavangalil ulppedunnu.
columbo club, ooriyant club, 80 club, columbo krikkatt club enniva ulppedunna britiish kuthirasavaari jeevithashailiyude oru nerkkaazhcha nagaratthile niravadhi pazhaya clubbukal nalkunnu.
kalaaparipaadikal.
paashchaathya shailiyilulla nirmmaanangalkkaayi nirmmicha lionel wend thiyettar, elphinstan, tower haal ennivayulppede niravadhi kalaa kendrangal kolamboyilundu, avaa sangeetha, naadaka prakadanangalkku janapriyamaan. eshyan, praadeshika shailiyilulla sangeetha, naadaka nirmmaanangalkkaayi roopakalppana cheyth nirmmicha raajyathe aadyathe deseeya naadakavediyaanu nagaratthil kaanapedunna navarangahala.
2011 desemberil thuranna lokothara theateraanu nellam pokkuna mahinda rajapaksa thiyettar. polannaruvayile thaamarakkulatthinte roopathil roopakalppana cheytha eee thiyettar oru pradhana thiyettar lakshyasthaanamaan.
myoosiyangalum kalaa shekharangalum.
britiish colonial govarnor sarr vilyam henry gregoryude bharanakaalathu 1877 januvari 1 nuu sthaapithamaaya columbo deseeya museum karuvapatta thotta pradeshathaanu. candy raajyathile avasaanathe rajaavaaya shree vikrama raajasimhante kireeda aabharanangalum simhasanavum myoosiyathilund.
raajyathinte dutch colonial charithram vishadeekarikkunna columbo dutch myusiyavum ivideyundu. columbo valare valia art gallerialla. pachappulla paathayilulla art galleryil kramarahithamaya sreelangan paintingukalude oru cheria shekharamundu; athinaduthaayi prakrithicharithra myoosiyamund.
sports.
sreelankayile ettavum janapriyamaaya kaayika enangalilonnaanu krikkatt. 1996leeii krikkatt lokakappil raajyam chaambyanmaaraayi uyarnnuvarikayum 2007lum 2011lum rannarappavukayum cheythu. aii. sii. sii loka twenty20yill avar 2009lum 2012lum rannarappaayum 2014ll vijayikalaayum maari. paarkkukalilum kalisthalangalilum beechukalilum theruvukalilum polum eee kaayika vinodam kalikkunnu. raajyathe ettavum janapriyamaaya rund anthaaraashtra krikkatt stadiyangalaaya singlees sports klabbinte krikkatt stadiyavum aarr. premadasa stadium (antharicha president premadaasayude peru). columbo staars lanka premiier leagil nagaratthe prathinidheekarikkunnu.
pychiosothy saravanamuttu stadium, singlees sports club krikkatt graundu, columbo krikkatt club graundu, ranasinghe premadasa stadium enningane naalu krikkatt testt vedikalulla lokathile eaka nagaramenna padavi columboic undu. athlattiks, neenthal, football ennivaykkulla oru anthaaraashtra nilavaaramulla stadiyamaanu sagathadasa stadium, 1991lum 2006lum dakshineshyan games nadannu. kolamboyil sthithicheyyunna royal columbo goalf club eshyayile ettavum pazhakkam chenna stadiyangalilonnaanu. columbo neenthal club, columbo roying club, sreelankayile yaatting association ennivayaanu kolamboyile mattu kaayika clubbukal.
club, school thalangalil rugby oru janapriya kaayika inamaanu. columboic praadeshika football teamaaya columbo eph. sii undu, fifa goal prograaminte bhaagamaayi eee kaayikavinodam vikasippichukondirikku.
kolambo thuramukhathinu sameepam nirmmicha oru puthiya formula vann track kolambo thuramukha nagaratthil ulppeduthum. ettu varii eph1 track theerchayaayum puthiya thuramukha nagaratthinte bhagamaakumennu sreelangan portt authority chairman doow. priyath vikrama paranju. ithu sreelangan grand prixinu aathidheyathvam vahikkum.
1998ll sthaapithamaaya anthaaraashtrathalathil amgeekarikkappetta maarathan aanu columbo maarathan.
maadyamangal.
sreelankayile mikkavarum ellah pradhana maadyama bisinasukalum kolamboyilaanu pravartthikkunnathu. samsthaana maadhyamangalkk bulezhs roadle offeesukalundu, avide ninnu praadeshika prakshepanangal nadathunnu. munbu radio seyloon ennariyappettirunna srilanka broadcasting korppareshan (slbc), srilanka roopavaahini korppareshan enniva ithil ulppedunnu. dakshineshyayile ettavum pazhakkam chenna radio steshanum lokathile randaamathe pazhakkam chenna radio steshanumaanu slbc. pala swakaarya prakshepana kambanikalkkum columboyilo parisaratho avarude offeesukalum prakshepana steshanukalumundu. mikka metro pradeshangalilethupole, radio aashayavinimayathinayi radio baandukal valareyadhikam upayogikkunnu. siraza efm, efm derrana, hiru efm, shakti efm, vetri efm, suuriyan efm, kiss efm, laitt efm, athe efm, gold efm, sith efm, vaii efm ennivayum athilereyum columbo pradeshathe chila pramukha radio steshanukalaanu.
sreelankayile roopavaahini korppareshan prakshepanam cheiyunna sarkkar udamasthathayilulla television prakshepana shringalakal, audyogika bhashakalaaya simhala, thamizh bhashakalil television prakshepanam cheiyunnavayum columbo metro pradeshathu pravartthikkunna television shringalakalil ulppedunnu. engleesh samsaarikkunna sreelankakkaar, pravasi samoohangal, vinodasanchaarikal ennivarude janasamkhyaashaasthrathe kooduthal lakshyamit engleesh bhasha television prakshepanam cheyyappedunnu. niravadhi swakaarya oopparettarmaarum undu. svakaaryamaayi nadathunna television steshan shringalakalil palathum palappozhum nilavilulla vaanijya radio shringalakaludeyum prakshepana adisthaana soukaryangaludeyum pravartthana vipuleekaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.
sradheyamaaya aalukal.
kaanuka 
kooduthal vaayana.
thaazhepparayunna pusthakangalil kolamboyekkurichulla pradhana gadakangal adangiyirikkunnu