
koottaaya karar

oru koottaaya karar, koottaaya thozhil karar (cla) allengil koottaaya vilapeshal karar (cba) ennathu onno athiladhikamo trade unionukal oru kambaniyude maanejmentumaayi (allengil oru thozhiludama asosiyeshanumaayi) jeevanakkarkkaayi koottaaya vilapeshaliloode charcha cheiyunna oru rekhaamoolamulla karaaraan. jeevanakkaarude vethanam, aanukoolyangal, kadamakal enniva niyanthrikkunnathum thozhiludamayudeyo thozhiludamayudeyo kadamakalum utharavaadithangalum niyanthrikkunnathum ithil ulppedunnu, koodaathe palappozhum tarkka parihara prakriyaykkulla niyamangalum ithil ulppedunnu.
finland.
finlandil koottaaya thozhil karaarukal saarvathrikamaayi saadhuthayullathaanu. ithinartham oru saambathika mekhalayile oru koottaaya karar, avar union amgamaayaalum illengilum, eathoru vyakthiyudeyum thozhil kararinu saarvathrikamaayi baadhakamaaya niyamaparamaaya minimum aayi maarunnu ennaanu. eee vyavastha baadhakamaakanamenkil, aaa mekhalayile thozhilshakthiyude pakuthi union amgangalaayirikkanam, angane karaarine pinthunaykkunnu.
oru prathyeka jolisthalathu oru yooniyanil cheraan thozhilaallikale nirbandhikkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, 70 sathamaanam sharashari yooniyanvalkkaranathode, mikka saambathika mekhalakalum koottaaya thozhil karaarinu keezhilaanu. oru karar uyarnna vethanavum mechappetta aanukoolyangalum nirodhikkunnilla, marichu minimum vethanathinu samaanamaayi niyamaparamaaya minimum sthaapikkunnu. koodaathe, ellah trade unionukalum thozhiludamakalude associationukalum finnish sarkkarum ulppedunna oru deseeya varumaana naya karar palappozhum undengilum ellaayppozhum athunnilla.
jarmmani.
germmaniyile koottaaya karaarukal niyamaparamaayi baadhakamaan. udaaharanathinu, thaazhe vivarichirikkunnathu yunaittad kingdatthile vyaavasaayika bandhangalude charitraparamaayi kooduthal prathikoola swabhaavavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, mattu rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vyaavasaayika bandhangalil kooduthal sahakarana manobhaavathil jarmmankaar abhimaanikkunnu. niyamaprakaaram jarmman thozhilaallikalkk kambani bordukalil praathinidhyam vahikkaan avakaashamund. maanejmentineyum thozhilaallikaleyum orumichu "saamoohika pankaalikal" aayi kanakkakkunnu.
itali.
finlandilennapole, koottaaya thozhil karar oru thozhilaalli oru trade yooniyanil amgamaano allayo ennu saarvathrikamaayi saadhuthayulla (laattin bhashayil "erga oomnes") oru saarvathrika niyamaparamaaya minimum vethanam nirnnayikkunnu.
1959-ll, vigorelli-tharam niyamangal akkaalat praabalyatthil undaayirunna deseeya koottaaya thozhil karaarukale eee karaarukalil sthaapichittulla saambathika, niyanthrana avakaashangalude koottatthe saarvathrikavum baadhyathayullathumaakkunna vidhathil oru saadhaarana niyamathilekku maatti.
itaaliyan vyaavasaayika bandhangalude charithratthil aadyamaayi, 2010 desemberil, phiyatt groupine konfindastriyayil ninnum federamecanicayil ninnum ekapaksheeyamaayi purathukadatthaan maarchiyon theerumaanichu. deseeya koottaaya thozhil kararinu pakaramaayi, plaantukalkullil praabalyatthil varunna automotive mekhalaykkayi oru prathyeka kambani karar nirvachikkunnathin chila trade union samghadanakalumaayi prathyeka charchakal aarambikkaan phiyatt group theerumaanichu.
2013ll banking mekhalayude deseeya koottaaya thozhil karar radhaakkaanum trade union samghadanakalumaayi prathyeka charchakal sweekarikkaanum theerumaanicha aadya samghadana itaaliyan banking associationaanu (abii). thudarnnulla 2018,2022 varshangalile karar naveekaranagalil, trade unionukalum baankinte associationukalum iru kakshikaludeyum deseeya koottaaya thozhil karaaril ninnu pinmaranulla avakaashathekkurichu sammathichu. 
thozhiludamakalude associationukalum vethana thozhilaallikalude trade unionukalum|pothu, swakaarya mekhalakalile vethana thozhilaallikalkk karaaril ninnu ekapaksheeyamaayi pinmaran avakaashamund.
sweeden.
sweedenil 90 sathamaanam jeevanakkarum svakaaryamekhalayil 83 sathamaanam (2017) jeevanakkarum koottaaya karaarukalil ulppedunnu. koottaaya karaarukalil saadhaaranayaayi minimum vethanavumaayi bandhapetta vyavasthakal adangiyirikkunnu. sweedenil minimum vethanathekkurichulla niyamaparamaaya niyanthranamo asamghaditha thozhiludamakalkulla koottaaya karaarukal neettunnathinulla niyamanirmmaanamo illa. asamghaditha thozhiludamakku trade unionukalumaayi nerittu pakara karaarukalil oppuvaykkaan kazhiyum, pakshe palarkkum athu cheyyaarilla. sweedish svayam niyanthrana maathruka jolisthalangalkkum koottaaya kararukalkk vidheyamaaya jeevanakkarkkum maathrame baadhakamaakoo.
yunaittad kingdom.
pothu niyamathil, foord vii. eiii.yuu.iii.eph. [1969], koottaaya karaarukal baadhyathayallenn kodathikal orikkal vidhichu. pinneedu, roobert kaar (edward heethinte manthrisabhayile thozhil mantri) avatharippicha 1971leeii vyavasaya bandha niyamam, oru rekhaamoolamulla karar closs mattuvidhathil prakhyaapikkunnillengil koottaaya karaarukal baadhyasthamaanennu vyavastha cheythu. aarogya sarkkaarinte niryaanathinushesham, britiish vyavasaya bandha nayathile thozhil tharkkangalil ninnu niyamaparamaaya vittunilppinte paarambaryatthe prathifalippikkunnathina niyamam pinvalichu.
niyamam ippol trade union aandu laber relations (ekeekaranam) act 1992 s.179 ll adangiyirikkunnu, athil yunaittad kingdatthil koottaaya karaarukal niyamaparamaayi baadhakamallenn theerchayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. karar rekhaamoolamullathum niyamaparamaayi nadappaakkaavunnathaanenna urappikkunna vyakthamaaya vyavastha adangiyirikkunnathumaayir eee anumaanam nishedhikkappedaam.
koottaaya karar thanne nadappakkaan kazhiyaathathaanengilum, charcha cheytha pala nibandhanakalum shambalam, vyavasthakal, avadhi divasangal, pensionukal ennivayumaayi bandhappettirikkum. eee nibandhanakal oru jeevanakkaarante thozhil karaaril ulppeduthum (jeevanakkaaran union amgamaanengilum allengilum); koodaathe thozhil karar theerchayaayum nadappaakkaavunnathaanu. puthiya nibandhanakal eathenkilum vyakthikalkk asweekaaryamaanengil, avarkk avante thozhiludamayodu ethirppu prakadippikkaam; ennaal bhooribhaagam thozhilaallikalum sammathichittundengil, paraathikkaarane pirichuvidaan kambanikku kazhiyum, saadhaaranayaayi shikshavidhi.
britiish niyamam yuke vyaavasaayika bandhangalude charitraparamaaya prathikoola swabhaavathe prathifalippikkunnu. koottaaya karar lamghichathinu thangalude trade union cases phayal cheythaal union papparakumennum koottaaya vilapeshalil jeevanakkaare prathinidheekarikkathe pookumennum jeevanakkaarude pashchaathala bhayam undu. eee nirbhagyakaramaaya sahacharyam kramena maarikkondirikkam, bhaagikamaayi europian union swaadheenangaliloode. yuke faaktarikalulla (prathyekichu motor vyavasaayathil) japanese, chainees sthaapanangal avarude thozhilaallikale kambaniyude daarmikathayil ulppeduthaan shramikkunnu. tesco polulla thaddesheeya yuke sthaapanangalaanu eee sameepanam sweekarichathu.
america.
amerikkayil koottaaya vilapeshal karaarukal amgeekarikkappedunnu.