
maanuval dorta-duke

cuban raashtreeyakkaaranum abhibhashakanum ezhuthukaaranum yooniversitti professor 1940 leeii cuban bharanaghadanayude oppuvachayaalumaayirunnu maanuval antonio dorta-duke (juun 27,1896, matansas-juulai 6,1964, hawanah). addeham oordar oof naitts oof columbus deseeya medhaviyum havanayile pontifical akkadami oof soshyal sayansasinte rektarumaayirunnu. cubayile catholica vishwaasathinte samrakshakanaayi addeham thiranjedukkappedukayum 1950 juulai 27 nuu piyus pathinaraman marpappa addehathinu ekkaleshya ettu pontiff anukoola padavi nalkukayum cheythu. catholica sabhaykku gunakaravum udaaravumaaya daathaavaayirunna addeham kaanari dveepukalile tenerife dveepil ninnulla kanyakaykku samarppichirikkunna igleshya newstra senora dii laa candelaria nirmmikkaan sahayichu, avide addehathinte poorvvikarude verukal kandethanakum. 2008ll eee cathedral yuneskoyude loka paithruka sthalamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
dorta-duke 1896 juun 27 nuu annu corell falso dii macurijus ennu vilikkappettirunna innathe maadansaasile pedro beatancourt pravisyayilaanu janichathu. aadyam havanayil padicha addeham, pinneedu 1914ll birudam nediya collegio dii belenil, pinne sivil loyil doktarettu nedi, 1918ll hawanah sarvakalashaalayil ninnu birudam nedi, avide addeham niyama vidyaarthikalude jenal (shaasthravum vivaradaayakavum) sthaapikkukayum niyama vidyaarthikalude association presidentavukayum cheythu. mattu vidyaarthi samghadanakalude prasidantumaarkkoppam addeham aadyathe yooniversitti kaunsil roopeekarichu, athil addeham adhyakshatha vahichu. niyama professor enna nilayil kudumba niyamathilum vivaahamochana niyamathilum addeham vaidagdhyam nedi. 1930ll dveepil nadakkunna anthaaraashtra vivaahamochanangalude praayogikathayekkurichu americayumaayi nadatthiya charchakalil addeham pradhana pankuvahichu.
birudam nediya sesham addeham kudumba niyamathil prathyeka vaidagdhyam nediya svanthamaayi niyama sthaapanam sthaapichu. jerardo machadoyude svechaadhipathyakaalathu addeham kodathikalkkum yuddha kaunsilukalkkum munnil thurannuparayunna sarvakalashaala professormareyum vidyaarthikaleyum prathirodhichu. addeham hawanah sarvakalashaalayil mortgage loow professoraayi padippichu, addehathinte maanejmentinu nandi, kaarshika niyama school srishtichu, athil addeham aadyathe professoraayirunnu.
kudumbam.
1919ll addeham carmen oorttis reysine vivaham kazhichu, addehavumaayi chernnu pala tharatthil maathrukaaparamaaya oru kudumbam roopeekarichu. avarkk ezhu kuttikalundaayirunnu, ellaavarum doktarettu birudangal nedukayum avarude samoohangale sevikkukayum cheythu. revu. avarude mootha makanaaya juvan maanuval dorta-duke, landanil padichathinushesham romile vaattikkanil thathwachinthayil doktarettu nedukayum oru jesuit purohithanaakukayum cheythu. oru adhyaapakanenna nilayil deerghakaala jeevithathinu sesham, bellen poorvva vidyaarthi associationte director emeritus enna nilayil, miyamiyil bellen jesuit preparatory school sthaapikkaan addeham sahayichu, avide addehathinte bahumaanaartham oru rooad undu. vidyaabhyaasathil doktarettu nediya carmen dorta-duke cubayileyum pinneedu miyamiyileyum niravadhi catholica skoolukalil adhyapikayum prinsippalumaayirunnu. hawanah sarvakalashaalayil ninnu pouraavakaasha niyamathil doktarettu nediya maanuval antonio dorta-duke 1959 maarchil cuban supreme kodathiyil public defenderaayi. cubayil ninnu palayanam cheytha sesham puerto recoyil oru abhibhashakanaayi addehathinu deerghakaala currier undaayirunnu. francico dorta-duke thathwashaasthrathil doktarettu nedukayum oru jesuit purohithanaakukayum cheythu. addeham dominican republicilekku thamasam maari, avide oru pathrapravartthakanenna nilayil deerghakaala currier matham, raashtreeyam, samakaalika sambhavangal enniva charcha cheiyunna television, radio toock shhow avatharakan aayirunnu. niyamathil doktarettu nediya maargaritta dorta-duke cubayile niyama sthaapanathil pithavinoppam jolie cheythu. jorjju enriq dorta-duke ganithathilum bhauthikashaasthrathilum doktarettu birudam nedukayum cubayile pothumaraamathu medaaviyaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum cheythu. phidal kaastroyude communist bharanathil ninnu palayanam cheytha sesham, floridayile miyamiyil oru vaasthushilpiyum general kararukaaranumaayi addeham deerghakaala currier nadatthi. ettavum praayam kuranja maria elena dorta-duke library padanatthil doktarettu nedukayum cubayile hier instittyoott oof internaashanal relationsinte professor shaasthra vivarangalude director aakukayum cheythu.
prasidheekaricha kruthikal.
dorta-duke vipulamaaya niyamaparavum raashtreeyavumaaya lekhanangalum niyamangalum ezhuthi. 1922ll addeham nadapadikrama niyamathile adisthaanangalum parishkaarangalum (baar association nalkia kruthi) prasidheekarichu. 1925ll sivil niyamathile oru praadhamika kozhsinte sangrahavum addeham prasidheekarichu. sivil niyamathile amgeekaaram, soviyatt coode, vivaahamochanathinte kaaranangalileyum niyamatthinte durupayogathileyum saamyam ennivayulppede niravadhi niyama kruthikal addeham ezhuthi. mortgage legislation prograam (1926), sivil loow prograam (1930), oseshan aandu advertising (1932) ennivayaanu addehathinte mattu kruthikalil vishadeekarichirikkunnath.
1949ll addeham "oru barrer" enna rashtreeya maasikayude cheef edittaraayirunnu. panayam vekkaanulla niyamanirmmaanathile kozhs varkk enna pusthakavum addeham ezhuthi.
prashasthamaaya kesukal.
dorta-duke 1930 ll anchala dell kaasttillo vaii beatancourt konduvanna niyama vyavahaarathil newyork supreme kodathiyil niralambaraaya aankuttikalkkum penkuttikalkkumulla sailsian sabhayey dollarus dii beettaankorttinte aditharayeyum vijayakaramaayi prathinidheekarichu. vilppatram nadappilakkiyayaal marichu, emm. ezz. foundeshanu nalkia newyork stettu bondukalil lakshakkanakkin dollar beetaakkorttinte estettil undaayirunnu. avarude makal vilpanaye ethirkkukayum athu newyork supreme kodathiyil appeel cheyyukayum cheythuvenkilum sailsian sabhayudeyum foundeshanukaludeyum catholica sabhayudeyum swathukkal samrakshikkunnathil dorta-duke vijayichu.
sumner charchakal nadathunnu.
1933-ll, laattin american kaaryangalude asisttant sekrattari oof stettu aaya sumner velsine cubayile prathyeka prathinidhiyayi ayachukondu president jerardo machado sarkkar attimaricha samayat oru othutheerppu charcha cheyyaan sahayichu. athil dorta-duke pankedutthu. plait bhedagathiyanusarichu sainika nadapadi ozhivakkaan samadhaanaparamaaya pariharam kandethuka enna lakshyathode sarkkaarinteyum prathipakshatthinteyum kakshikal thammilulla daaranayude oru prakriyayayirunnu madhyasthatha. 1933 juulai 1 nuu jerardo machadoyude sarkkarum madhyasthathaye pinthunacha prathipaksha grouppukalum thammilulla audyogika sambhashanangal aarambhichu. cubayile american embassy aasthaanathu rund dainamdina sessionukal nadannu. general alberto hereira franchisee, stettu sekrattari, doow. treasury secretory doow. okdaaviyo awarhoff. marrio ruis messa, house oof representatives amgavum muun justice secretory. prathipakshatthe prathinidheekarichu kenal doow. naashanalist yooniyanil ninnulla kosme dii laa toriyant; ebisic vendi jokwin martinus sains; viplavakaramaaya radical sellular oorganaiseshanu vendi nicassio sylvaira; doow. maanuval dorta-duke, mattullavarumayi chernnu hawanah sarvakalaashaalayilekkulla prathinidhi samghathe nayichu.
president jerardo machado niravadhi idakkaala nethaakkaleyum attimarichathinushesham president raamon graavu saan martin cuban rashtrathalavanaayi chumathalayettu. 1933 desemberil, thudarchayaaya rashtreeya prakshubdhathakalkkidayil, prathipaksha vibhaagangalum puthuthayi roopeekaricha sarkkarum sumner wells thammilulla charchakal thudarnnu. orikkalkkoodi doow. dorta-dukinte pankaalittham eee charchakalil nirnaayakamaayirunnu, kaaranam doow. shree. kosme dii laa toriyanteyum meandes penaatteyum ariyikkaan. samadhaanaparamaaya parihaarathinulla ellah saadhyathakalum avasaanippichu" ennu addeham parayunnu. president grau rajivaykkaanulla charchakal oduvil doow. dorta-duke "misttarinte adutha suhruthaayi" kanakkakkappettu. wells oru deseeya gavanmentinodu sammathikkenda oru "pettennulla kalapam" bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. athine paraamarshichu doow. 1933 desember 11nuu presidential kottaaratthil nadanna oru yogathil dorta-dukinte swaadheenam doow. urugvaayan mantri fernandez prasthaavichathu "bandhapetta mii. enna nilayil svayam prathinidheekarikkunna vyakthikalaanu oru villal srishtichathu. nannayi."
raashtreeyathil jeevitam.
1936 october muthal 1936 desember vare cubayude treasuryude sekrattariyaayirunnu addeham. 1939ll republican aakshan party addehathe bharanaghadanaa asambliyilekku thiranjedutthu. 1940leeii bharanaghadanaa asambliyil, dorta-duke bharanaghadanayude charchakalilum thayyaareduppilum thante niyamaparavum karshikavumaaya arivu sambhavana cheyyukayum bharanaghadanaaparamaaya oppittayaalumaayirunnu. 1944ll republican aakshan party addehathe havanayile chamberilekku prathinidheekarichu. prathinidhisamghathil addeham dhanakaarya kammeeshan prasidantaayirunnu. addeham srishtikkaan sahaayicha niyamangalil akkoundukalude kodathiyude jaiva niyamam, bajattukalude jaiva niyamam (saha-rachayithaav), naashanal baank oof cubayude niyamam (saha-rachayithaav), swatantra sarvakalaashaalakalude niyamam enniva ulppedunnu. 1945ll meksikkoyile meksikoo sittiyil nadanna yudhathinteyum samadhaanathinteyum prashnangalekkurichulla anthar-american konfaransil addeham prathinidhi aayirunnu.
dorta-duke thante "dhaarmika samagratha" kku perukettayalaayirunnu."1948ll cuban janathayude (yaadhaasthithika) party roopeekarikkappettappol dorta-duke athinte raankukalil praveshichu. 1948ll dorta-dukinte yaadhaasthithika party rashtreeya prathipaksha amgamaaya republican-janaadhipathya sthaanaarthiyaaya ricardo nunez portuvondo dorta-dukinte vaakkukal thante rashtreeya parasyangalil ulppeduthi-dorta-dukine samagrathayude maathrkayaayi paraamarshichu. 1950ll addeham prathinidhi sabhayilekku veendum thiranjedukkappettu. eee randaamathe niyamanirmmaana kaalayalavil, 1951ll, addeham migual mariano gomez eriyaasinte dhaarmika punaradhivasa niyamam nirddeshichu, angane republicinte president sthaanathuninnu addehathe pirichuvitta shiksha raddaki. eee niyamam amgeekarikkappedunnathinna maasangalkk munbu gomez eriyaas marichuvenkilum cuban janathaykku addehathinte anthass punasthaapikkappettu.
orupakshe dorta-dukinte ettavum pradhanappetta rashtreeya swaadheenam 1947ll cuban kongrasil kaarshika parishkaranathekkurichu cuban coode rachicha samayathaayirunnu. eee niyamam valare pradhaanamaayirunnathinaal ekadesham 50 varshathinu sesham swatantra kaarshika charchayilekku ithu thirike konduvannu. 1997ll bhakshyakshaamavum pattiniyum nerittappol raajyam cuban niyamathil paranjirikkunna thathwangalilekku madangi "athu pravarthikkunnavarkkul bhoomi", "karshakarkkulla swath, bhoomiyude uthppannathinulla swatantra vipani"
1952-ll general fuljensio baattista saldivarinte attimarikk sesham dorta-duke prathinidhiyayi pravartthikkunnathu avasaanippichu. ennirunnaalum, addeham puthiya sarkkaarinethire sajeevamaayi thudarnnu, thante swakaarya niyama sthaapanathil ninnum adiyanthara kodathikalkku munbum poraadi.

