
nikkunavu

gilbert dveepukalile thaazhnna pavizha attolaanu nikkunavu, ithu republic oof kiribathiyude oru kaunsil jillayaan. ithinu rund bhaagangalund, vadakkupadinjaaru valia bhaagavum ekadesham veethiyulla oru isthmas chernnirikkunnu.
dveepinullil niravadhi karayal chuttapetta hypersaline lagoonukal undu. dveepinu chuttum oru idungiya fringing reef undu. mithamaaya saandrathayulla ithinte sasyajalangalil pradhaanamaayum thengu, pantanus enniva adangiyirikkunnu.
dveepinte janasamkhyayil 1,789 keyne nikkunavu iii-kiribati janatha ulppedunnu (ettavum puthiya sensus prakaram). saadhaaranagathiyil, republic gavanmentino nikkunavu ailand kaunsilino vendi pravartthikkunna mattu chila aii-kiribaathikalum undu. kaalaakaalangalil yunaittad stetts pease corps mattu aii-matang sannadhapravarthakarum avide nilayurappichittundu. timingala vettayudeyum yaathraavilakkukaludeyum naalukalile kaasttavekalum beach combermar, protestant samovan paastarmaar, vyapaarikal, dveepinte vyapara storukalum sahakarana samghangalum nadathunna ejantumaar (udha.jii. andrew tainer, toom day, frank eevan, kumm qee, kwong), roman catholica purohitar.
nikkunaavile surf sthaanathe aasrayichirikkunnu, pakshe sharashari 2 adii muthal 8 adii vare uyaramundu. airstrippinu sameepamulla dveepinte attathaanu rund veliyettangal koodicherunnathu, ithu ettavum valia thiramaalakalum sakthamaaya veliyettangalum pravaahangalum srishtikkunnu.
charithram.
nikkunaavuvinte charithratthil thalamurakaliloode kadannupoya vaakkalulla vivaranagal ulppedunnu, praadhamikamaayi manushyathvarahitham muthal manushyathvarahitham vare (oro thalamurayileyum oro kudumbatthileyum prayamaayavar), pathonpathaam noottaand muthal iii-mathang (europian vamshajaraaya ilam charmmamulla aalukal) ezhuthiya rachanakalodu prathijnjaabadharaanu. eee aii-mathangil pradhana sambhaavakaraan sarr arther grimple, echu.iii. gilbert, ellis dveepukalile britiish kolaniyile deerghakaala udyogastharaayirunna moudu; aaa kolaniyudeyum athil ninnu srishticha republic oof kiribathiyude charithratthilum vaidagdhyamulla charitra professoraaya baari mcdonald; 1960 kalile uniman kathakal "teey tite nii kiribati" (gilberties bhasha) yill ezhuthiya jeane-pooll laattauche. 1990kalil rangattaykku sameepam chila puraavastu khananagal nadatthiya aanne dii piyaasayaan mattoru pradhana sambhavana nalkunnayal.
ivayil ninnu namukk ariyaavunnath eee dveepil anaadikaalam muthal janavaasamundennu (kuranjathu 2000 bipi); ekadesham pathinaram noottaandil mawaniaba sanbradaayathinte vipuleekaranathil gilberties rashtreeya, saamskaarika charithratthil ithu praadhaanyamarhikkunnu; 1765 juulai 2 nuu ithinu aadyathe britiish sandarshakar labhichu, athaayath comodore joonn byrone addehathinte commandinu keezhilulla engleesh kappalukalum crewe lokathinte bhramanathil echms dolphin (addehathinte bahumaanaartham eee dveepine europian bhoopadangalil kurachu kaalathekku bairon dweep ennu paraamarshichirunnu).1820 muthal 1840 vare oonn-dhii-line groundil (bhoomadhyarekhaye soochippikkunna rekha) aii-matang timingala vettayude kendramaayirunnu ithu. saamoohikavum raashtreeyavum mathaparavum saambathikavum saamskaarikavumaaya pravartthanangalude kendramaayirunna aarr mavaanebakale kendreekarichulla bahu-thaamasa chitharikkidakkunna vaasasthalangalilaanu kine nikkunavu thaamasichirunnathu. raktham, datthedukkal, vivaham ennivayude adisthaanathil boaty (gotra raashtreeyam), uttu (vipuleekritha kudumbam) ennee roopangalil avaa samghadippikkappettu. jananam, vivaham, maranam, maranananthara jeevitam/maranam ennivayulppede vividha niyamangal, achaarangal, vishwaasangal enniva rashtreeya, saambathika, saamoohika rolukalum perumattavum bhoomi, reef, samudra vibhavangal ennivayumaayi bandhappettathum samaanavumaan. oro mawaneba jillaykkum ayal jillakalumaayi valareyadhikam saamyamundengilum, beru polulla ayal dveepukalilum avaa raashtreeyamaayi swathanthramaayirunnu.
thimingalathozhilaalikal, pinneedu enna/kopra vyapaarikal, thudarnnu missionarymar (lunden missionary sosaittiyum roman catholica mission), thudarnnu britiish colonial udyogasthar ennivar dveepile jeevithareethikalil valia mattangal varuthi. pukayila, upakaranangal, aayudangal, bhakshyavasthukkal, thuni ennivayude vyapaaram vikasichu. pukayilayum pinneedu kopra karansiyude roopamaayi maari, 1980 vare koprayekkaal valia praadhaanyamulla panamayirunnilla athu. nilavilulla mathavishwaasangale protestant kristhumatham velluvilichu. munkaalangalile gerontocracy protestant daivathanthram velluvilichu. chitharikkidakkunna vaasasthalangalkku pakaram innu thudarunna klasttar cheytha maathrukaa gramangal sthaapichu, oronninum oru pally oru mawaniabayodu saamyamulla oru kettidavum undu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi oru palli kanakshanundu (kristhuvinu munbulla mavaaniyaabakalilonn maathrame ippozhum muzhuvan dveepilum nilakollunnullu). bottiyumaayulla thirichariyal ippol anaavasyamaanennu thonnunnathuvare kramena kurayunnu. ennirunnaalum, bhooviniyogathinulla avakaashangalude vyakthigatha udamasthaavakaasham pole, uttuyumayulla thirichariyal ippozhum shakthamaan. protestant-catholica vibhageeyatha vyaapakamaayirunnuvenkil ippol thelivukal kuravaanu, ennirunnaalum ippozhum valare kooduthalaanu. kristhuvinu munbulla vishwaasangal thudarunnu. upajeevanamaargam ippozhum saadhaaranamaanenkilum kopra uthppaadippikkunnathiloo panavum vyapara charakkukalum ippozhum labikkum. dveepile panatthinte mattu srothassukal koolani, republic gavanmentum dveepil nilayurappichirikkunna udyogastharum pothu jeevanakkarum "sarkkar steshan" allengil ippol ullathupole, nikkunavu ailand kaunsil settilment (kaunsilinu athinte aavarthichulla chelavinte 80 +% vahikkaan kiribati sarkkaaril ninnu graant labhikkunnu) uttu jolie cheiyunnathil ninnu (sthiramaayi thamasikkunna) videshathu, koolani/republicilum pasaphik samudrathilum riim raajyangalilum videsha kappalukalilum kine nikkunaavin labhikkuna panamayaykkal ennivayulppede chelavazhikkunnu. timingala vettayude divasangalil aarambhicha oru pravanathayude bhagamaanu eee illaathirikkunna uttu, chila kine nikkunaavukal kappalukalude crewill chernnappol lokathinte vividha bhaagangalil, atlaantik, pasaphik ennividangalil ithu kaanapedum. pathonpathaam noottaandinte backie samayangaliludaneelam keyne nikkunavu pasaphik thozhil vyaapaarathil ulppettirunnu, samova, fiji, nyoo southu weils, queensland, central america ennividangalilekku pooyi, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi avarude dveepilekku madangunnu. irupathaam noottaandil phoosphett dveepukalaaya banaba (samudra dweep), nauru ennividangalilum pinneedu 1950 muthal innuvare sarkkarum chila vaanijyavum pathukke valarnna tharaavayilum jolie cheiyunnathu thudarnnu. secondary vidyaabhyaasathinteyum mattu uyarnna kendreekritha "saamoohika, saambathika vikasana" thinteyum pradhana allengil eaka kendram koodiyaayirunnu tarawa, athu ippozhum nilanilkkunnu.
nikkunaavuvile janasamkhya 1800kall muthal vividha samayangalil kanakkaakkappettatho rekhappeduthappettatho aaya 1,500 muthal 2,200 vare vyathyaasamillengilum, tharaavayile janasamkhya 1800kalude aadya pakuthiyil 3,000-4,000 ll ninnu 20-aamm noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil innu 50,000 aayi uyarnnu. nikkunaavil thaamasikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal kine nikkunaavukal innu tharavayil thaamasikkunnu, koodaathe tharavayil thamasikkunna niravadhi kine nikkunaavukal ithuvare nikkunaavuvil kaalukuthiyittilla. eee kudiyettatthinte charithram melpparanja "saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya vikasanavumayi" bandhappettirikkunnu, prathyekichu vidyaabhyaasam, aashupathrikal, soukaryangal, panamidapadu ennivayil, maikkal bernachi, vii.jeey. colonial development aandu welfare fundle ninnulla landanil ninnulla graantukalumaayi aandezhsan, kiribati swaathanthryam muthal eshyan development bankum austreliya, jappan, korea, nyoosiland, brittan, europian union, yuu. dii. pii, peeples republic oof chaina, deseeyavaada chaina ennivayulppede vividha videsha sarkkaarukalude sahaaya vibhaagangalum nadatthi. eee sahayam nikkunaavil oru backwash prabhavam thudarnnum undaakkunnu, athesamayam tharavayil thamasikkunna kine nikkunaavin vardhichuvarunna abhikaamyamallaatha paaristhithikavum saamoohikavumaaya avasthakalkku kaaranamaakunnu.
1912-ll nikkunavu poost oafees thurakkukayum sarkkar steshan roopeekarikkaan sahayikkukayum ippol nikkunavu ailand kaunsil settilmentinte bhagamaavukayum cheythu.
gathagatham.
vaayu.
beru dveepile beru vimaanathaavalathil ninnu (athe airline taabiteeya vadakkan vimaanathaavalathilekkum avide ninnu beruvinu aduthulla arorayilekkum (tamana vazhi madangunna vazhi), nonotti, taabiteeya thekk, tamana (arora vazhi avideyethunna vazhi), bonriki anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalam, tarawa) thinkalaazhchakalil vimana kiribathiyaanu nikkunavu vimaanathaavalathin sevanam nalkunnathu.
grandhasoochika.
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