
onnaam lokamahaayudhathile samghangal

oru naavika akambadiyumaayi orumichu yaatra cheiyunna oru koottam vyaapaarikalo sainika kappalukaloo-neeravi yugathinte thudakkathil upekshikkappettathin sesham onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu (1914-18) punarujjeevippikkappedu. 1914ll rajakeeya naavikasena sainyathe rakshikkaan upayogichirunnuvenkilum 1915ll avayum franch navikasena videsha sevanathinaayi swantham sainika neekkangalkkaayi avaye vyavasthaapithamaayi upayogichirunnilla. 1916 vare oru yudhasena avaye chittayayi upayogichirunnilla. aadhunika vaahanavyooha samvidaanathinte pradhana upayokthaavum nirmmathaavumaayirunnu rajakeeya naavikasena, 1917 juunil pathiv transocianic vaahanavyooham aarambhichu. avar kappal yaathrayude kaalaghattatthile vaahanavyooha reethikalil ninnu vyakthamaaya vyathiyaanamaayi escortukalkkaayi, prathyekichu theeradesha jalathil, vimanangal valareyadhikam upayogichu.
charitrakaaranaaya pooll iii. phontanoy paranju, "[tii] addeham jarmman antarvaahini prachaaranatthe paraajayappeduthi."1917 juun muthal, prathimasam shatru kappal mukkuka enna avarude nischitha lakshyam niravettaan jarmmankaarkk kazhinjilla. 1918ll avarkk apoorvvamaayi maathrame athinekkaal kooduthal mungaan kazhinjirunnulloo. 1917 meyy muthal 1918 november 11 vareyulla yudhathinte avasaanathinidayil atlaantikkinu kuruke sanjarichirunna 16,539 kappalukalil 154 ennam maathramaan mungiyathu, athil 16 ennavum kadal yaathrayude swaabhaavika apakadangal moolam nashtappettu, 36 ennavum avaa straglerukalaayirunnathil nashtappettu.
vikasanam.
uthbhavam.
yudhathile aadyathe valia vaahanavyooham australian, nyoosiland armi corps (ansac) vaahanavyoohamaayirunnu. 1914 october 18nuu japanese battilkroosar 10 sainikakkappalukalumayi nyoosilandile vellington thuramukhathu ninnu purappettu. avar 28 australian kappalukalilum australian laitt cruiserukalilum padinjaaran australiyayile albanyil "melbone" lum chernnu. eadan kadakkunnathinide indian mahaasamudrathil patrolling nadatthaan japanese cruiserineyum ayachu. crossinghinide, echu. emm. ezz. sidney coco yudhathil (november 9) pidikoodiyengilum japanese sahaayathodeyulla samgham november 25nuu eadanil ethi. yudhathiludaneelam japanese ansac kappalukalkk akambadi nalkunnathu thudarnnu. kaalavastha anukoolamaayathinaal dominian sainikarude samghangale airshippukal vazhi thuramukhathekku kondupookumaayirunnu.
royal nevi, imperial russian nevi, kaisarliche maraine (imperial jarmman nevi) ennivayude antharvaahinikal nadatthiya vyapara reydinte varavode, germmaniyude nirbandhaprakaaram, 1915 november aadyam briteeshukaarum russiakkaarum jarmmaniyilekkulla irumbayiru kayattumathikal aakramichathinu sesham swantham vyapara kappal gathagatham samrakshikkaan oru vaahanavyooham samvidaanam aadyamaayi upayogichathu nishpaksha sweedanaayirunnu. jarmman vyapara kappal samanamaaya oru upadesham nirddeshichenkilum naavikasena nirasichu. ennirunnaalum, 1916 eprilil, prashyayile admiral prins heinrich-baltic thiyettarile commander-inn-cheef-jarmman kappalukalkk sweeden sandarshikkaan pathivayi shedule cheytha escortukalkku amgeekaaram nalki. shatru antharvaahinikalkkulla nashtam muun varshathe nilavaaratthil ninnu ganyamaayi kuranju, yuddham avasaanikkunnathin munbu anchu charakk vimanangal maathrame nashtappettulloo. 1916 juunil baltic kappalppada braavikkanil oru jarmman vaahanavyoohathe akramikkukayum kyoo-ship shif echu, chila sweedish vyapaarikal ennivare nasippikkukayum cheythu, distroyer division commander-aleksaandar vaasiliyevichu kolchaakkinte thettukal-vaahanavyoohathinte bhooribhaagavum norcopingilekku rakshappedaan anuvadichu.
punarujjeevanam.
nishpaksha netharlandukalumaayulla vyapaaram niyantrikkunnathinaayi, britishukaar 1916 juulai 26 nuu holland hook muthal flandezhs aasthaanamaayulla jarmman yuu-bottukal lakshyamidunna harwich vareyulla avarude aadyathe pathiv vaahanavyooham aarambhichu. 1917 februvari 1 nuu jarmmankaar aniyanthrithamaaya antarvaahini yuddham prakhyaapikkunnathin munbu oru straggler maathrame nashtappettulloo, 1,861 kappalukal undaayirunnittum yuddham avasaanikkunnathin munbu aarr ennam maathrame nashtappettulloo. valia alavil bhakshanam kondupokunnathinaal holland kappalukale chilappol "beef trip" ennu vilikkaarundaayirunnu. harwich senayude distroyarukalum pinneedu yudhathil felixstovil ninnulla parasya parakkunna bottukalum avare samrakshichu.
jarmman prakhyaapanathinu sesham kappal kayarunna aadya kappalukal britiish kalkari kayattumathiye prathirodhikkaan aagrahikkunna franch naavikasena abhyarthichu. februvari 10nuu royal neviyude aadya kalkari kappal chaanal kadannu. eee kappalukal kooduthal durbalamaayi akambadiyode sanjarikkukayum neeravi upayogichu pravartthikkunna kappalukaludeyum paaykkappalukaludeyum misrithavum theerathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla akambada vimaanangalum adangiyirikkukayum cheythu. 39, 352 kappalukalil 53 kappalukal maathramaan nashtamaayath. oru varshathe gurutharamaaya nashtatthinu sesham 1916ll norwayil ninnulla ("nishpaksha sakhyakakshi") kappalukal kappalukal abhyarthichenkilum naavikasena thiranjeduttha roottukal sweekarikkaan visammathichathinal avaa nirasikkapettu. jarmman prakhyaapanathinu sesham, norveejiyakkaar britiish aavasyangal amgeekarikkukayum 1917 januvari avasaanathilo februvaryilo anoupachaarika vaahanavyooham aarambikkukayum cheythuvenkilum saadhaarana kappalukal epril 29 vare aarambichilla. athe divasam thanne, aadyathe theeradesha samgham lervikkil ninnu norwegian kappalukal lakshyasthaanamaaya shetlaand dveepukalil humberinaayi purappettu. ithu oru saadhaarana roottaayi maarendathaayirunnu. norwegian, theeradesha kappalukalil scotland aasthaanamaayulla ayarshippukalum (randaamathethu yorkshare) ulppedunnu.
1917 maarchil britiish yuddha manthrisabha kappalukal nirddeshichenkilum naavikasena nirasichu. eprilil yuu-bottukalkku kappal nashtappedunnathuvare (britiish dveepukalile dhaanya shekharam aarr aazhchathe vitharanathilekku kuranju) vadakku, thekk atlaantikkiloode varunna ellah kayattumathikalum kondupokaan admiraltti amgeekaaram nalki. aanti submarine division medhavi rear admiral alexander duff epril 26 nuu ithu nirddeshikkukayum aadyathe zee loard admiral joonn jellico adutha divasam ithu amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. kaalaharanapetta cruiserukal, sayudha vyapara cruiserukal, roottukalude samudrabhaagathekku pree-dreadnote yudhakkappalukal enniva ulkkollunna escortukal, brittanu chuttumulla kooduthal apakadakaramaaya vellathil avaa distroyarukal ulkkollunnavayaayirunnu. uparithalathinu thaazheyulla antharvaahinikal kandethaan sahaayikkunnathin nireekshana baloonukal, prathyekichu kaittoonukal upayogichu, vimaanavaahinikkappal pinneedu vikasippicheduthirunni. maarchil nadanna charchakalil 75 distroyarukal aavasyamaanennu theerumaanikkappettenkilum 43 ennam maathrame labhyamaayittulloo. 1917 meyy 10 nuu vyaapaarakkappalukalude aadya pareekshanathmaka samgham jibraltaril ninnu purappett meyy 22 nuu thaazhekku ethi, yaathrayude avasana ghattathodoppam skillikalil ninnulla oru parakkunna boat undaayirunnu.
pakwata.
aadyathe atlaantik kadalppada 24nuu hampton roadukalil ninnu purappettu, kavachitha cruiser akambadiyode juun 6nuu devonportil ninnu ettu distroyarukalumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum torpido cheytha oru straglere rakshichu athinte ellah kappalukalum juun 10 nakam athath thuramukhangalilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. aadyathe saadhaarana vaahanavyooham juun 15 nuu hampton roadukalil ninnum adutha idathu sidneyil ninnu nova skottiyayil ninnu juun 22 nuu purappettu, mattonn juulai 6 nuu aadyamaayi newyorkkil ninnu purappettu. shaithyakaalath sidneyude vaahanavyooham halifaxilake thirichuvidendivannu. thekkan atlaantik samudrathil ninnulla aadyathe pathiv vaahanavyooham juulai 31 nuu aarambhichu. britiish samrakshitha samsthaanamaaya siyara leonil ninnu athivega kappalukal purappettappol franch padinjaaran aafrikkayile dackeril ninnu pathukke kappalukal purappettu. juulai 26 muthal jibraltar kappalukal pathivayi.
swatantra kappalukalkk undaaya vaahanavyoohathile nashtam patthu shathamaanamaayi kuranju. 1917-leeii venalkkaalath, prathyekichu vaanijyakkappalukaludeyum yudhakkappalukaludeyum anupatham munbu chinthichathilum kooduthalaayirikkumennu thiricharinjathinaal, vaahanavyooha samvidaanathilulla aathmavishwaasam athivegam valarnnu. aadyathe kappalukalil 12 kappalukalum joonode 20 kappalukalum undaayirunnu, athu septambaril 26 aayum octoberil 36 aayum vardhippichu. yuu.ezz. brittanumaayulla naavikasenayude bandham-rear admiral vilyam sims athinte ambasseder-walter echu. peju-germmaniyude aniyanthrithamaaya antarvaahini yudhathinte athiraalikalum vaahanavyoohathinte sakthamaaya pinthunakkaarum aayirunnu. yuu. yuu. kku thottupinnaale.ezz. yudhathil praveshicha sims, rajakeeya naavikasenayude kuravu nikathunnathinaayi 30 ladhikam distroyarukale brittanile vellathilekku konduvannu.
kappalukalude vijayam atlaantikkile jarmman yuu-bottukale inbound shippingil ninnu auttboundilekku shradha tirikkaan nirbandhitharaakki. ithinu marupadiyaayi, 1917 august 11 nuu aadyathe outbound konvoy hampton rodukalilekku purappettu. thudarnnu oro pathiv rootinum anuyojyamaaya outbound konvoyikalum undaayirunnu. brittanil ninnu purappettappol ivaye distroyarukal akambadiyode kondupookukayum thuranna samudrathil praveshikkumbol saadhaarana cruiser floattilakal avaye ettedukkukayum cheythu.
jarmmankaar veendum thanthram maattukayum medittareniyan thiyettaril shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheythu, avide corfu konfaransil (28 epril-1916 meyy 1) kaanvoyikalude valare parimithamaaya upayogam amgeekarichirunnu. atlaantik samudrathekkaal kooduthal budhimuttulla mekhalayaayi medittareniyan maari, kaaranam athinte pathakal kooduthal sankeernamaayirunnu, kadal muzhuvan apakada mekhalayaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu (britiish aabhyanthara jalam pole). avide escortukal nalkiyathu brittan mathramalla. franch naavikasena, yuu.ezz. naavikasena, saamraajyathva japanese naavikasena, "rejia mareena" (royal itaaliyan nevi), brazilian naavikasena ennivayellaam sambhavana cheythu. eejiptil ninnu italiyilekku bisert, franch tunisia vazhi pookunna kalkari pathayum thekkan metropolittan francinum franch aljeeriyakkum edayilulla kalkari paathayumaanu vaahanavyooha samrakshanam labhicha aadyathe roottukal. yuu.ezz. jibraltarilekkulla vazhikalude utharavaaditham etteduthu, koodaathe kizhakkan medittareniyante bhooribhaagathinteyum utharavaaditham etteduthu. medittareniyan royal neviyude commander-inn-cheef, somerset calthorp, 1917 october pakuthiyode thuramukhathu ninnu brittanilekkulla roottil vaahanavyooha samvidaanam avatharippikkan thudangi. calthorpinu escortukal kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe ellah medittareniyan vyapaaravum ulkkollaan kazhinjilla, ennaal yudhakkappalukale vaahanavyooha dutyil ninnu phalapradamallaatha autraanto baarejilekku vazhithirichuvidaanulla addehathinte abhyarthana naavikasena nirasichu.
medittareniyan kappalukalude kramena vijayathode, jarmmankaar brittanile theeradesha jalathil kappalukale akramikkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkaan thudangi, kaaranam kappalukal avarude vyakthigatha thuramukhangalilekku chitharippoyi. escortukalude parimithamaaya labhyatha kaaranam theeradesha vaahanavyooha roottukal kramena cherkkapettu, ennaal yudhathinte avasaanathode yudhamekhalakalile mikkavarum ellah kadal gathagathavum gathagatham cheythu. theeradesha kappalukal vyoma pinthunaye valareyadhikam aashrayichirunnu. 1918 juuninu sesham, mikkavarum ellah kappalukalum karaa-adhishtitha vimaanangalum ayarshippukalum kadal vimaanangalum bhaagikamaayi akambadiyode nalki. eee kappalukalude samghadanayum naavikasena praadeshika commandermark kaimariyirunnu.
naavikasenayude prathirodhavum ethirppukalum.
vaanijya shippinginaayi (sainika traansittukalkk vipareethamaayi) escortukal nalkunnathinodu admiralttiyude pradhana ethirppu mathiyaya seena illennathaayirunnu. ithu bhooribhaagavum thettaaya kanakkukoottaline adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. escort aavasyamulla kappalukalude ennavum oro vaahanavyoohathinum aavashyamaaya escortukalude ennavum-escortukalum vyapara kappalukalum thammilulla 1:1 anupatham thettayi anumaanicha-admiralttiyude kanakkukal thettayirunnu. muun pishak commander aarr thurannukaatti. jii. echu. antisbmarine divisionile hendezhson shipping manthraalayathile norman lesley, oro varavum purappedunnathum kanakkaakkunna kasttams sthithivivarakkanakkukale admiraltti aashrayikkunnuvenn kaanikkukayum aazhchayil 2,400 kappalukal, prathidinam 300 kappalukalayi vivarthanam cheyyappedunnathinu oru escort aavasyamaanennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. vaasthavathil, aazhchayil 140 kappalukal, allengil prathidinam 20 kappalukal maathrame samudraanthara yaathrakalil undaayirunnulloo. ennaal chumatalayude kaikaaryam cheyyaavunna sheshi admiralttiyude eaka athirppaayirunnilla.
kappalukal yuu-bottukalkku valuthum eluppavumaaya lakshyangal nalkukayum naavikasena prathirodhikkunnathine kooduthal budhimuttikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu athu aaropichu, ithu antarvaahini bheeshani kuraykkunnathinekkaal apakadamundaakkunnu. oru othucheral sthalam ekopippikkunnathinulla budhimuttu, vyapara kappalukal kootticherkkunna prakriyayil aayirikkumbol durbalathayilekku nayikkukayum khanikalkkulla apakadasaadhyatha vardhikkukayum cheiyumennu athu udharichu. naavikasena vyaapaarikalude captanmarode avishwaasam prakadippichu avarkk kambaniyumaayi pravartthikkaan kazhinjilla, prathyekichu kappalukalkk vividha uyarnna vegathayundaakumenno avarkk nilayurappikkumenn pratheekshikkaano kazhinjilla. 1917 februvariyil nadanna oru konfaransilum chila vyapara medhaavikal ithe aashankakal unnayichu. oduvil, oresamayam athunna dhaaraalam vyaapaarikalkk thuramukhangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyaathathra tonn bhaaramundaakumenn admiraltti nirddeshichu, ennaal ithum bhaagikamaayi thettaaya kanakkukoottaline adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
aakramanathinte aaraadhanayude velichathil, vaahanavyooham "prathirodha" mennu paranju thallikkalanju. vaasthavathil, ithu yuu-bottukalkku labhyamaya lakshyangalude ennam kurachu, nannayi prathirodhikkappetta sthaanangal akramikkaan avare nirbandhitharaakkukayum saadhaaranayaayi avarkk oru avasaram maathram nalkukayum cheiyunnu, kaaranam akambadi yudhakkappalukal thirichadikkunnathiloode prathikarikkum. 1917 desemberile royal nevi eyar sarveesinte (aarr. enn. ezz) "antarvaahini virudha report" anusarichu ithu "saadhyamaaya ettavum kuranja paridhiyilekku churungi". aaa maasathil, admiralttiyude aadya prabhuvaya eric geddes, admiral jellico phastt zee loard thante sthaanathu ninnu neekkam cheythu, kaaranam addeham konvoy samvidaanathe athirthathinaal, athu nadappakkaan pradhaanamantri david lloyd jorj geddukale niyamichirunnu.
samghadana.
vaahanavyoohangalude tharangal.
joonn abbattiyelloyude abhipraayathil, onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu naalu vibhaagathilulla vaahanavyoohangal upayogichirunnu. aadya vibhaagathil brittan athinte europian sakhyakakshikalum thammilullathum brittan nishpaksha raajyangalum thammilullathumaaya hraswadura kappalukal ulppedunnu. englandum netherland allengil norway thammilulla vaanijya kappalukal udaaharanangalaan, athupole englandum france thammilulla kalkari kappalukalum udaaharanangalaan. randaamathe vibhaagathil yudhakkappalukalude escortukal ulppedunnu, saadhaaranayaayi yudhathinte aadyaghattangalil dominiyanukalil ninnullava polulla sainika kappalukal. iva aadyakaala kappalukal roopeekarichu, pakshe "orupakshe ettavum avaganikkapetta vibhaagam". britiish grand fleettine thanne eee vibhaagathil ulppeduthaam, kaaranam ellaayppozhum vadakkan kadalil oru distroyer screen deerghadoora "theeradesha", "vadakkan kadal" klaas ayarshippukalum athine akambadichirunnu. moonnaamathe vibhaagam transocianic vaanijyam samrakshikkunna "ooshyan canvoy" ennu vilikkappedunnavayaanu. avar yuu. esil ninnu atlaantik kadannu.ezz. allengil vadakku canada, allengil britiish allengil franch colonial aphrica allengil thekk jibraltar. naalaamathe vibhaagam britiish theerathum britiish aabhyanthara jalapradeshangalilum vyapara, kappal neekkangal samrakshikkunna "theeradesha kappalukal" aanu. 1918 madhyam vare mikka theeradesha, aabhyanthara kadal gathagathavum sanjarichirunnilla. eee kappalukalil vimaanangalude kanatha upayogam ulppettirunnu.
kamaandinte ghadana.
vaahanavyooha samvidaanathinte vijayathode, kappal gathagatha manthraalayathodum naavika rahasyaanveshana vibhaagathodum chernnu kappal, ruting, shedyoolukal enniva samghadippikkunnathinaayi royal nevi oru puthiya vaahanavyooha vibhaagavum navikasenayil oru vaanijya chalana vibhaagavum srishtichu. ithinu munbu norwegian konvoyikalum kalkari konvoyikalum beef trip konvoyikalum palappozhum praadeshika commandermar krameekarichirunnu. admiraltti koodikkaazhcha krameekarikkukayum eathu kappalukaleyanu akambadi vaykkunnathennum eathu kramathilaanu avaa sanjarikkunnathennum theerumaanikkukayum cheythuvenkilum athu akambadikku commander-inn-cheef plaimouthinu thanne vittu. thekkupadinjaaran vyomasenayude wing captanum admiralttiyude kappalukalekkurichu ariyipp labikkukayum avar thuramukhangale sameepikkumbol vyoma suraksha nalkukayum cheythu. shatru antarvahiniyum disha kandethal vibhaagavum 40-aamm muriyile coode brakerukalum yuu-boat chalanangalekkurichu vaahanavyooha aasoothrakarkk arivu nalkaan sahakarichu.
theeradesha kappalukalude varavode, escort ghadanayum saankethikathayum jilla kamaandarmaarude kaikalil ethi.
vimaanangalude upayogam.
1918 eprilil, chandraprakaashathodoppavum allatheyum raathriyil patrolling ulppede 55 manikkoor "enn. ezz-3" enna airship oru vaahanavyoohathe samrakshichu. poornnamaaya iruttil airshippinu kappalukalkk pinnil nilkkukayum avarude karkkashamaaya velichangal pinthudarukayum cheyyendivannu. atharam patrollinginte eaka moolyam pularche airshippukal uyarthi upayogapradamaaya pakal samayam paramavadhi vaykkuka ennathaayirunnu. joolaiyil, antarvaahini virudha vibhaagavum naavikasenayude vyoma vakupum raathriyil serch laittukal upayogikkunnathu pariganikkukayum nirasikkukayum cheythu, airshippukal uparithala yuu-bottukalkku irayaakumennu vishwasichu. vimaanangalile serch laittukal parishodhichappol serch laitt samvidaanangal ulkkollunnathin bomb payload valare kuraykkendathundennu kandethi. parachute flairukal mikacha prakasham nalki (ayarshippukalude sthaanangalkku prakasham kuravaayirunnu), pakshe avaa oronnum thookkam koottukayum shathruvinte parukkan sthaanam ithinakam ariyaathe avaye irakkaan valare chelaveriyathaakkukayum cheythu. amgeekaaram, adiyantharaavasthakal, muthirnna naavika udyogastharude utharavu ennivaykku maathram ayarshippukalil laittukal upayogikkunnathu admiraltti niyanthrichu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalathe kappalukalude antharvaahinikal mungiya 257 kappalukalil anjennam maathramaan nashtamaayath, athesamayam vimanam uparithala escortine sahayichu. 1917 desember 26nuu, oru airship moonnu vyaapaarikale faalmouthil ninnu oru vaahanavyoohavumaayi koodikkazhchaykkaayi puratthekku kondupokumbol, 90 minittinullil moonnu thavana akramikkukayum rund kappalukal torpido cheyyukayum mukkukayum cheythu, rakshappedunnathinu munbu moonnaamathethine cheruthaayi kaanaathaavukayum cheythu. sambhava samayat airship akaleyaayirunnu, ithu itharathilulla avasaanathethaanu. 1918ll yuu-bottukal uparithala kappalukaludeyum vimaanangaludeyum akambadiyode aarr thavana maathrame aakramichittulloo, aayirakkanakkin kappalukalil moonnu kappalukal mungi. vaahanavyooha samvidaanathinte vikendreekritha swabhaavam kaaranam, eyar escortukalude ghadanayilo upayogathilo aarenekalkku oru abhipraayavumilla. englandinte vadakkukizhakkan bhagam hraswavum deerghadooravumaaya escort duticayi vimaanangalude upayogathinu vazhiyorukki, ennaal theerathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla aakasha "vettayaadal patrolling" vyoma vibhavangalude mikacha upayogamaayi parakke kanakkaakkappettirunnu. thudarnnulla charitrakaaranmaar sammathichittillengilum, konvoy escort dutyil vimaanathinte yadhaartha upayogam amithamaayi oonnipparayaan avar pravanatha kaanikkunnu. 1957-ll oru admiraltti staaf patanam, kappal gathaagathathinethiraaya shatru aakramanangalkkethiraya ettavum mikacha prathirodhamaan vaahanavyoohamennu nigamanam cheyyukayum vaahanavyoohathil vyoma pinthuna upayogikkunnathine prashamsichukondu theerathe patrolling pirichuvidukayum cheythu.

