
roman gaul

bii. sii. onnaam noottaand muthal eiii. dii. anchaam noottaand vare roman saamraajyathil pravishya bharanathin keezhilulla gauline roman gaul soochippikkunnu.
charithram.
republicinte kaalath.
roman republicinte swaadheenam thekkan gaulil aarambhichu. bii. sii. randaam noottaandinte madhyathode roome greak kolaniyaaya maasiliyayumayi (aadhunika marseyil) vanthothil vyapaaram nadathukayum avarumaayi oru sakhyathil earppedukayum cheythu, athiloode aduthulla akvittaani ulppedeyulla praadeshika golil ninnum kadal sanjarikkunna kaarthaginiyakkaaril ninnum mattu athiraalikalil ninnum pattanatthe samrakshikkaan sammathikkukayum hispaniayilekku oru rooad nirmmikkunnathinum avidatthe pravishyakalilekkulla sainika neekkangale sahayikkunnathinum bhoomikk pakaramaayi athu sammathikkukayum cheythu. theerathe medittareniyan vaasasthalangalkku vadakku sakthamaaya gallic gothrangal bheeshani uyarthunnathu thudarnnu, bii. sii. 122-ll roman general gnius domissius ahenobarbus eee pradeshathu pracharanam nadathukayum alobrojukale paraajayappedutthukayum thudarnnu bitutus raajaavinte keezhil aarvernikkethire kvintas fabius maximasine paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu.
romakkar gallic gothrangale bahumanikkukayum bhayappedukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 390ll, gaulukal romine kollayadichu, ithu romakkar orikkalum marakkaatha vargeeya keezhadakkathekkurichulla asthithvaparamaaya bhayam avasheshippichu. bisi 109ll, itali vadakku ninnu akramikkukayum niravadhi raktharookshithavum chelaveriyathumaaya yudhangalkku sesham maathrame gayus marius rakshappeduthukayum cheythulloo. bii. sii. 62 oode, oru roman kakshiyaya arverney raajyam, sakthamaaya roman sakhyakakshiyaya eeduiye akramikkaan seekwani, raininu kizhakkulla subi rajyangalumaayi goodaalochana nadathiyappol roome kannadachu. seavani arverney ariyovisttasinte sahayam thedukayum bii. sii. 63-ll magettobriga yudhathil eeduiye paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu.
gallical yudhangal.
bii. sii. 58 nuu aarambhikkumbol, gaulinte bhooribhaagavum appozhum swatantra bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu. athu nagaravalkkarikkappedukayum roman naagarikathayude niravadhi vashangal pankidukayum cheythu. transalpine, sisalpain gaul ennivayude govarnorude sthaanam svayam urappakkiya uyarnnuvarunna general juuliyas seaser eee chithrathilekku vannu. kadangal thirichadaykkaanum thanikkuvendi mahathvam kandethaanum addeham shramichu, angane gallic gothrangale keezhadakkanulla aakramanathmaka prachaaranangalude oru parambara aarambhichu.
bii. sii. 58ll helvettikalude kudiyettathekkurichulla samgharshathodeyaanu yudhangal aarambhichath, ithu ayal gothrangaleyum jarmman subeekaleyum aakarshichu. bii. sii. 57 aayappozhekkum seaser gaul muzhuvan keezhadakkaan theerumaanikkukayum kizhakk aakramanangalkk neethrthwam nalkukayum cheythu, avide nervi addehathe paraajayappeduthi. bii. sii. 56ll seaser oru naavika yudhathil venettiye paraajayappedutthukayum vadakkupadinjaaran gaulinte bhooribhaagavum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 55ll addeham thante pothu prathichaaya uyarthaan sramikkukayum raine nadikkum engleesh chanalinum kuruke itharathilulla aadya paryaveshanangal nadathukayum cheythu. brittanil ninnu madangiyethiyappol, thante sainyam valare cheruthaanu ennathinaal landingin appuram onnum nediyirunnillenkilum seaser oru naayakanayi prashamsikkapettu. adutha varsham addeham sariyaaya sainyavumayi madangukayum brittan akramikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, gothrangal bhookhandathil uyarnnuvarikayum romacarc apamanakaramaaya parajayam anubhavappedukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 53ll gaulukale samaadhaanippikkaanulla shramathil avarkkethire krooramaaya oru akramanam nadannu. ithu paraajayappedukayum bii. sii. 52ll versinsettoriksinte neethrthwathil gaulukal oru bahujana kalapam nadathukayum cheythu. gergovia yudhathil gallic sainyam sradheyamaaya vijayam nediyengilum alasia yudhathil romakkaarude ajayyamaaya uparodha pravartthanangal gallic sakhyathe poornnamaayum paraajayappeduthi.
bii. sii. 51lum bii. sii. 50lum cheria prathirodham undaayirunnu, seaserinte sainyam kooduthalum thuzhayukayaayirunnu. bisi 27 vare ithu oru roman pravisyayaayi maarillengilum eiii. dii 70 vare prathirodham thudarnnu. yudhathinte krithyamaaya avasana theeyathi illengilum asannamaaya roman aabhyantharayudham bii. sii. 50-ll seaserinte sainyathe pinvalikkunnathilekku nayichu. yudhathile seaserinte vanyamaaya vijayangal addehathe angeyattam sambannanaakkukayum oru itihaasa prashasthi nalkukayum cheythu. aabhyantharayudhathil vijayikkanum svayam svechaadhipathiyaayi prakhyapikkaanumulla seaserinte kazhivil gallic yudhangal oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu, ithu oduvil roman republicinte avasaanathilekkum roman saamraajyathinte sthaapanathilekkum nayichu.
saamraajyathinte keezhil.
gallic yudhangalude avasaanathil, gaulukal poornnamaayum keezhadakkappedukayo saamraajyathinte aupachaarika bhaagamaakukayo cheythirunnilla, pakshe aaa chumatala seaserintethaayirunnilla, addeham athu thante pingaamikalkk vittukoduthu. bii. sii. 27ll augustasinte bharanakalam vare gaul audyogikamaayi roman pravisyakalaayi maarilla. thudarnnu niravadhi kalapangal nadakkukayum roman sainyathe gauliludaneelam nilayurappikkukayum cheythu. eiii. dii. 70 vare eee mekhalayil aswasthathayundaayittundaa.
seaserinte aabhyantharayudhathil masilia pompiyumaayi sakhyamundaakki, ithu bii. sii. 49-ll masilia uparodhathil paraajayappedaan kaaranamaayi, athinusesham athinte pradeshangal nashtappettu, ennaal purathana sauhruda bandhangalum romine pinthunaykkunna pinthunayum kaaranam naamamaathramaaya svayambharanaadhikaaram nilanirthaan anuvadichu.
bii. sii. 40ll, randaamathe triumvirate samayat, lepidesinu gallia narbonances (hispaniaykkum aafrikkaykkum oppam) utharavaaditham nalkappettu, athesamayam maarkk antonic gaulinte balance nalki.
bii. sii. 22-ll gallia akvittaniya, gallia beljica, gallia lugdunensis ennee pravishyakal sthaapich gaulinte saamraajyathva bharanam punasamghadippichu. kizhakkan gaulinte chila bhagangal rediya (bii. sii. 15), germania superior (eiii. dii. 83) ennee pravisyakalil ulppeduthi.
212ll constitushyo antoniniyana ellaavarkkum roman pourathvam nalki.
roman chakravarthimaaraaya claudius, caracalla, orupakshe carres, athupole thanne pradhana general gnius juuliyas agricola ennivarulppede niravadhi pradhana roman vyakthikal gaulil janichu. gaulil janicha mattoru general marcus antonius primus aayirunnu. koodaathe, marcus ooreliyasinte datheduttha kudumbam koodiyaayirunna antoninus payasinte kudumbam roman gaulil ninnaan vannath. petronius, seasilius statiyas, varoo attaasinas, emilius magnus arborius, frontinus, oosooniyas, rutilius claudius namattiyaanas, gnius pompeus trogus, pradhana panegrichi laattiniyude rachayithakkal ennivar gaulil janicha roman ezhuthukaaril ulppedunnu. taasitasum cornelius gallus janichathu italiyude bhagamaayirunna pravishya gaulilaano atho sisalpain gaulilaano ennu vyakthamalla (virjil, catulus, pliny ennivarulppede mattu niravadhi ezhuthukaar eee mekhalayil ninnullavaraayirunnu).
260-ll moonnaam noottaandile prathisandhiyil, poostmas oru hraswakaala gallic saamrajyam sthaapichu, athil gaulinu purame iberian upadveep britania ulppedunnu. fraankukalum alamaanikalum enna jarmman gothrangal eee samayat gaul aakramichu. 274ll ooreliyan chakravarty klonsil nediya vijayathode gallic saamrajyam avasaanichu.
engleesh chaanalinte kappalppadayaya classis britanikkayude kamaandaraaya carosius, brittanteyum vadakkan gaulinteyum chakravarthiyaayi svayam prakhyaapichu. addehathinte sainyathil addehathinte kappalppada, brittanil nilayurappichirikkunna moonnu sainyavibhagangal, gaulil addeham pidicheduttha oru sainyavibhagam, niravadhi videsha sahaaya unitukal, gaulish vyaapaarakkappalukalude oru nikuthi, kollayadikku saadhyathayundennathinaal akarshikkappetta barbarian koolippadayaalikal enniva ulppedunnu. 293ll chakravarthiyaaya constantius chlorus gesoriakkam (boulogne-surr-merr) thuramukham uparodhikkukayum thante frenkish sakhyakakshikalude kaivashamulla raine delttayile battaaviya akramikkukayum gaul veendedukkukayum cheythu.
naalam noottaandil itihaasa rajaavaaya conan meriadokkinte neethrthwathilulla kavachathil brittanil ninnulla selttukalude kudiyettam prathyakshappettu. avar ippol vamshanasham sambhavicha britiish bhasha samsaarikkukayum athu brettan, cornish, velsh bhashakalaayi parinamikkukayum cheythu.
410ll romine kollayadicha gothukal toolousil oru thalasthaanam sthaapikkukayum 418ll handalukalkkethiraaya avarude pinthunaykku pakaramaayi oonariyas "foderatti" yaayum akvittaaniyan pravishyayude bharanadhikaarikalaayum amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu.
roman saamraajyathin ellah kattana akramanangalodum prathikarikkaan budhimuttundaayirunnu, kurachu roman niyanthranam nilanirthunnathinu flavius eshyasinu eee gothrangale parasparam upayogikkendivannu. addeham aadyam bargundiyarmaarkkethire vettayaadal upayogichu, eee koolippadayaalikal puzhukkale nasippikkukayum rajaavaaya gundarine kollukayum bargundiyakkaare padinjarottu thallukayum cheythu. 443ll lugdoonathinaduthu ettiyas bargundiyakkaare punaradhivasippichu. aattilayumaayi chernna vettakkar kooduthal bheeshaniyaayi maari, ettiyas vettakkaarkkethire visigothukal upayogichu. 451-ll nadanna chalons yudhathil romakkarum godhukalum attila paraajayappedutthiyathode samgharsham kalaashichu.
roman saamraajyathinte pathanathinushesham.
italiye samrakshikkunnathinaayi sheshikkunna roman sainyam thekkukizhakk pinvaangiyathode roman bharanakoodam oduvil thakarnnu. 455num 476num idayil visigothukalum bargundiyanukalum fraankukalum gaulil niyanthranam etteduthu. ennirunnaalum, purathana celtic samskaarathinte chila vashangal roman bharanathinte pathanathinusheshavum saamraajyathinte avashishtamaaya soysons domaine 457 muthal 486 vare nilaninnu.
486-ll fraankukal avasaanathe roman adhikariye soysons yudhathil paraajayappeduthi. eathaandu thottupinnaale, gaulinte bhooribhaagavum oru proto-fraansile aadya rajaakkanmaaraaya merovingiyanmaarude bharanathin keezhilaayi.
507-ll, voyille yudhathil frankish rajaavaaya clovis onnaaman visigothukale gaulinte bhooribhaagam bhaagathum ninnu puratthekku thalli. mahanaaya theodoric ayacha oru austrogoth sainyathinte samayabandhithamaya varavinushesham narbonances provence nilanirthaan avarkk kazhinju.
chila gallo-roman prabhukkanmaarude kudumbangal episcopal nagarangalil adikaaram prayogikkunnathu thudarnnu (maarsilleyile mauronittas kudumbam, toorukalude bishop gregory enniva polullava). ezhaam noottaandinte madhyam muthal gallia/fraansiyayil, prathyekichu sakthamaaya kudumbangalil, nalkia jarmman perukaludeyum kudumbanamangaludeyum roopam shradheyamaakunnu, ithu guruthwaakarshana kendram theerchayaayum maariyenn soochippikkunnu.
roman kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathe gallo-roman (allengil vulgar laattin) bhasha vadakku oayil bhaashakaludeyum pazhaya franchukaludeyum bhaashaabhedangalaayum thekk osittan bhashayaayum parinamichu.
gallia enna perum athinu thulyamaayathum 750-kalile merovingian kaalaghattatthinte avasaanam vare kuranjathu rekhaamoolamenkilum upayogathil thudarnnu. kramena, thudarnnulla carolingian kaalaghattatthil (751-987), fraankukalude raajyathinte ("regnum francorum") rashtreeya yaadhaarthyathe vivarikkan "francia", thudarnnu "francia osidentaalis" enna prayogam vyaapichu.
bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vibhajanagal.
bii. sii. 22nuu munbu gaulinu moonnu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vibhaagangalundaayirunnu, avayilonnu onniladhikam roman pravisyakalaayi vibhajikkappettirunnu
bii. sii. 22nuu sesham romakkar gallia komaattaye "tress gallia" (3 gaulukal) enna moonnu pravisyakalaayi vibhajichu.
romakkar eee valia pravishyakale "sivittettukal" aayi vibhajichu, ithu vijayathin munbulla communitykalumaayo raashtreeyangalumaayo bandhappettirikkunnu, chilappol "gothrangal" ennu thettidharippikkunnathi visheshippikkappedunnu, udaaharanathinu eduyi, alobrojas, bellovachi, sekwani (celtic gothrangalude pattika kaanuka) ennaal sivittettukal valare valuthaayirunnu, avaye cheria unitukalaayi vibhajichu, "paagi", eee padam oduvil aadhunika franch padamaaya "payy" aayi maari. eee bharana groupingukal avarude praadeshika niyanthrana samvidaanathil romakkar ettedukkukayum eee "sivittettukal" fraansinte athyanthikamaaya vibhajanathinte adisthaanam sabhaa bishappukalum diosisukalum aayirikkukayum avaa franch viplavam vare cheria maattangalode nilanilkkukayum cheyyum.
bhashayum samskaaravum.
seaserinte adhiniveshathinum padinjaaran roman saamraajyathinte thakarchaykkum edayilulla anchu noottaandukalil, gaulish bhashayum saamskaarika swathwavum puthiya bharanavarggathinte roman samskaaravumaayi samanvayippikkukayum oduvil samoohathinte ellah thalangalilum vyaapikkunna oru sankaragalo-roman samskaaramaayi parinamikkukayum cheythu. gauls gaulish bhashayil chila likhithangal ezhuthunnathu thudarnnenkilum roman kaalaghattatthil greak aksharamalayil ninnu laattin aksharamaalayilekku maari. nilavile charitraparamaaya gaveshanangal soochippikkunnathu roman gaul chila (pradhaanamaanengilum) saamoohika sandarbhangalil maathrame "roman" aayirunnulloovennum, bhauthika samskaarathil athinte praadhaanyam niravadhi celtic gadakangalude sthirathayekkurichulla mikacha charitraparamaaya daaranaye thadassappeduthiyittunne soochippikkunnu. pouramathathinteyum bharanathinteyum mekhalakalil roman swaadheenam ettavum prakadamaayirunnu. cladius onnaaman chakravarty druidic mathathe adichamarthukayum pilkkala noottaandukalil kristhumatham avatharippikkukayum cheythu. druidukalude nirodhanavum roman mathatthinte samanvaya swabhaavavum celtic mathatthinte aprathyakshathayilekku nayichu. ithu innum valare moshamaayi manassilaakkappedunnu celtic mathathekkurichulla nilavile arivu puraavasthushaasthratheyum ireland, weils thudangiya otappetta niravadhi pradeshangalil ninnulla saahitya srothassukaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
romacar avarude bharanaparavum saambathikavum kalaparavum (prathyekichu smaaraka kalayudeyum vaasthuvidyayudeyum kaaryatthil) saahitya samskaaravum eluppathil adichelppichu. parambaraagatha vasthrangalkk pakaram avar roman adivasthramaanu dharichirunnathu. athijeevicha celtic swaadheenangalum moonnaam noottaandil roman saamraajyathva samskaarathilekku thirichetthi. udaaharanathinu, chakravarty karakkallakk kudumbapperu nalkia gaulish tunicinu pakaram roman fashion undaayirunnilla. athupole, barrell (roman aamforayekkaal kooduthal modiyulla), cheyin meyil thudangiya chila gaulish karakaushala saankethikavidyakal romakkar sweekarichu.
celtic paithrukavum samsaarikkunna bhashayil thudarnnu (franchinte charithram kaanuka). anchaam noottaandile niravadhi kavikalilum janapriya prahasanangalude transcriberukalilum laattin bhaashayude gaulish aksharavinyaasavum uchaaranavum vyakthamaan. golish samsaarikkunnavarude avasana pokkattukal aaram noottaando ezhaam noottaando vare neenduninnathaayi thonnunnu. aaram noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil ezhuthiya toorukalude oru udharaniyil ninnu gaulish saakshyappeduthunnathi karuthappedunnu, athu "vasso galatte" ennu vilikkunna oru kshethram engane nasippikkappettu, kathichu. gaulinte mail roman bharanathiludaneelam, bhauthika samskaarathinte kaaryatthil ganyamaaya romanvalkkaranam nadannengilum, gaulish bhasha nilanilkkukayum samsaarikkunnath thudarukayum cheythu, laattinumaayi sahavarthikkukayum cheythu.
jarmman kolanikkaar (roman amgeekaarathode) sthirathaamasamaakkiya athirthi pradesangalilaanu jarmman sthalanaamangal aadyamaayi saakshyappeduthiyathu. naalum anchum noottaandukalil frankukaar vadakkan fraansilum beljiyathilum, alsasilum swittsarlandilum alemani, bargundiyakkaarum savoyiyil sthirathaamasamaakki.
roman gaulile villakal.
villakal saadhaaranayaayi kaarshika ulppaadana kendrangalaayirunnu, avaa palappozhum vinorykalumaayum veenju ulppaadanavumaayum adutha bandhamullavayayirunnu. vijayathinushesham vegathil romanvalkarikkappetta praadeshika gallic varenyavargakkaarum chilappol sambannamaaya praadeshika vibhavangal chooshanam cheyyaan aagrahikkunna romakkarum itaaliyanmaarum aayirikkam udamakal. praadeshika pradesavumaayulla sankeernamaaya bandhatthinte kendramaayirunnu villakal. joliyude bhooribhaagavum adimavelakkaaro praadeshika "coloney" ("kudiyaan karshakar") ettedukkumaayirunnu. thamasikkunna kudumbatthinu purame oru phaam manejar undaayirunnene.

