
oosooluva

1483 muthal 1514 vare benin raajyathile oru oba aayirunnu osoluwa, aadyam okpame ennum pinneedu osoluwa enn 'iberomi (osoluwa dhii kankvarar) ennum ariyappettirunna osoluwa. addeham yudhathiloode raajyam vipuleekarikkukayum porchugees saamraajyavumaayulla bandham vardhippikkukayum cheythu. benin saamraajyathinte charithratthile oru pradhana oo. bii. eiii. yayirunna addeham aaa pradeshathe naadodikkadhakalilum aakhoshangalilum praadhaanyam nilanirthunnu.
charithram.
1440 muthal 1473 vare benin raajyam ganyamaayi vipuleekaricha ivareyude moonnaamatheyum ilaya makaneyum rajakumaaranaaya okpaame rajakumaaranaayirunnu. ivareyude maranathethudarnnu, athijeevichirikkunna addehathinte mootha makan essie, kireedadhaarana samayat visham ambukondu vadhikkappedukayum addehathinte randaamathe mootha makan oloova ezhu varsham kaaryamaaya aabhyanthara viyojippode bharikkukayum cheythu. oru koottam thalavanmaarude hraswakaala bharanathinu sesham, rajakumaaranaaya okpaameykku "obaa" ennu namakaranam cheyyukayum (1480 allengil 1483 ll) "oosooluva" enna peru sweekarikkukayum cheythu.
benin saamraajyathinte ganyamaaya sainika vipuleekaranamaanu addehathinte bharanathe pradhaanamaayum nirvachichathu. ithil ovo rajyathinethiraaya vijayakaramaya aakramanavum ulppedunnu. yudhathekkurichulla charitraparamaaya vivaranagal vyathyasthamaanenkilum, anthimaphalam athinte swaathanthryavumaayi chernnu beninu adaranjali arppikkendathundu. porchugeesukaarumaayulla nayatantra kaimaattatthil, 200 ladhikam yudhangalil vijayichathayi addeham avakashappettu. eee vijayangal addehathinu oosooluva enn 'ibarmoi (allengil oosooluva vijayikal) enna padavi nedikkodutthu, prathimakalilum kalaasrishtikalilum addeham palappozhum oru mikacha yodhaavaayi pradarshippikkappedunnu.
porchugeesukaarumaayulla parimithamaaya vyapaaravum bandhavum addehathinte pithaav ivveyarinte keezhil aarambhichenkilum, porchugees paryavekshakanaaya joonn alphonso dii aveero 1485-ll thalasthaanamaaya benin nagaratthil praveshikkukayum yudhathil pankedukkunnillenkum oosooluvaye anugamikkukayum cheythathode oosooluvayude keezhil bandham ganyamaayi vikasichu. raajyathinte vipuleekaranathinaayi thokkukalude saadhyathakalil oosoluvaykku kauthukam thonniyengilum porchugeesukaarile kristhyan sakhyakakshikalumayi maathrame thokku vyapaaram saadhyamaakoo ennu dii 'avero ariyichu. thalphalamaayi, 1500-kalude thudakkathil oosooluva porchugalilekk oru ambaasadare ayachu, raajyathil missionary pravartthanavum thokkukalude vyaapaarathin pakaramaayi kristhumathathilekku rajakeeya parivartthanavum nirddeshichu (kuranjathu oru srothassengilum soochippikkunnathu addeham thanne porchugalilekk pooyi ennaanu). porchugeesukaar sammathichillengilum 1514-ll oru koottam missionarymaare raajyathekku ayachu. thokkukalude vyapaaram sugamamakkunnathumaayi ithu bandhippichillenkil raajyathin kristhumathatthil thaalpparyamillaathathinaal missionarymar taamasiyaathe pooyi.
pinthudarcha.
oosooluvayude bharanathinte avasaanam eee mekhalayile niravadhi pradhana naadodikkadhakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. addehathinu essiji, aruvaalan ennee rund aanmakkalundaayirunnuvennu addehathinte bharanathinte avasaanathil rund sahodaranmaar thammilulla rajakeeya pinthudarchaavakaashavumaayi bandhappett oru yuddham nadannirunnuvennum essiji benin raajyathinte puthiya obayayi maariyennum ariyappedunnu. oru janapriya katha prakaram, vaardhakyakaalathu, oosooluva thante makanu edoyude (allengil benin nagaram, raajyathinte thalasthaanam) bharanadhikaariyekkaal abadhathil udoyude (raajyathe oru cheria graamam) bharanadhikaari ennu peru nalki. athu pariganikkathe, ashayakkuzhappam rund aanmakkaleyum yudhathilekku konduvarunnu. katha anusarichu, arulan ganyamaaya oru sakthiye orumichu konduvarikayum thante nagaratthil avasheshikkunna aalukalodu vijayikkunnathil parajayappettaal thante ellah kaivashangalum aduthulla thadaakathilekku eriyanamennu ganyamaaya aathmavishwaasathode parayukayum cheiyunnu. addehathinte sainyam benin nagaratthilekku thallumbol, nagaravasiyum essigiude sainyavum yuddham ozhivakkaan oodippookunnu. vijayikkaan avasaram labhikkathathil niraasanaaya arulan madangiyethukayum, niraasanaaya addehathinte madangivaravu kandu gramavaasikal ettavum moshamaayi karuthukayum thante vasthuvakakal thadaakathilekku eriyukayum cheiyunnu, orikkalum kaanappedaattha thante vasthuvakakale addeham pinthudarunnu.
1514ll addehathinte bharanavasanam nadanna pothu theeyathiyekkurichu vrithangal yojikkunnundenkilum marana theeyathiyekkurichu avar viyojikkunnu. thokkukalude vaagdaanam yaadhaarthyamaakaathappol 1514ll thanne sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum sainika nethaakkalaal vadhikkappedukayum cheythathayi hussings avakaashappedunnu. mattu mikka srothassukalum 1520 vare addehathinte swaabhaavika kaaranangalal maranappettathayi kanakkakkunnu.