
laas janangal

pradhaanamaayum karinkadal theerapradeshangalaaya turkeyilum jorjiayilum thamasikkunna thekkan cocusus swadeshiyaaya oru kokkeshyan vamseeya vibhagamaanu laas janatha allengil lassie ("lassie";, "lassie"; allengil Кани, "chaani";). avar parambaraagathamaayi laas bhasha samsaarikkunnu (ithu cartwellion bhasha kudumbatthile amgamaanu) ennaal thurkkiyilekkulla drutha bhasha maattam anubhavichittundu.
turkeyile 103,900 vamseeya laasukalil ninnu ekadesham 20,000 perr maathramaan laasine samsaarikkunnath, bhasha turkeyil bheeshanippeduthappetta (6 bii) ennum jorjiyayil vikasippicha graded intergeneration distruption skailil shifting (7) ennum tharamthirichittundu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
laas janathayude poorvvikare silax muthal procopius, agathiyas vareyulla niravadhi classical ezhuthukaar udharichittundengilum laattin bhaashayile lassie enna vaakk bii. sii. randaam noottaandil pliny aadyamaayi udharichu.
vyakthithvam.
svayam thirichariyal.
ooriyantal padanangalude russian pandithanaaya vladymyr minersky 1913-ll vaadichathu, turkeyilum jorjiayilum thamasikkunna laas, laas ennathinte ardhathekkurichu vyathyasthamaaya daaranakal vikasippicheduthittundu, kaaranam jorjiyayile avarude swathuam pradhaanamaayum oru georgian swathuavumaayi layippichirikkunnu, "laas" enna ardham oru praadeshika vibhaagamaayi maathram kaanapedunnu.
innu, turkeyil thamasikkunnavaril bhooribhaagavum thangale thurkkikkaaraayi kanakkakkunnilla, marichu avarude laas swathuam oru prathyeka swathuamaayi uyarthippidikkunnu.
noonn-laas vazhi thirichariyal.
oru stereotyping reethiyil, noonn-laas palappozhum vamseeya lasallatha grouppukalkku "laas" enna padaprayogam upayogikkunnu
charithram.
uthbhavam.
aadhunika laasinte lasuri samsaarikkunna poorvvikar yadhaarthathil vadakkukizhakkan, abkhaasiya, swaneti ennivayil ninnullavaraayirunnu, purathana kaalath innathe janmanaadaaya laasilaan avar sthirathaamasamaakkiyathu.
aadhunika sidhaanthangal soochippikkunnathu kolchiyan gothrangal laas-migreliyanmaarude nerittulla poorvvikaraanennum purathana kaalath thekkukizhakkan karinkadal mekhalayil prabalamaaya vamsheeyavum saamskaarikavumaaya saannidhyamaayirunnu avar ennum athinaal aadhunika jorjiyakkaarude vamseeya srishtiyil avar oru pradhana punk vahichu.
purathanakaalam.
bii. sii. pathimoonnaam noottaandil, aadhunika padinjaaran jorjia, turkeyude vadakkukizhakkan pravisyakalaaya trabson, riz, artwin enniva ulkkollunna eee pradeshathu thamasikkunna gothrangalude vardhichuvarunna ekeekaranathinte falamaayaanu colchis raajyam roopeekarichathu. swarnam, mezhuk, chanam, thaine ennivayaal sambannamaaya karinkadal vyaapaarathile oru pradhana pradeshamaayirunnu colchis. ettaam noottaandil karinkadalinte theerathu niravadhi greak vyapara kolanikal sthaapikkappettu, avayilonnu bii. sii. 756 ll sinoppil ninnulla mylian vyapaarikal sthaapicha trebisond () aanu. trebisontinte vyapara pankaalikalil mossinoysiyile proto-laas gothrangalum ulppedunnu.
bii. sii. aaram noottaandode thekkan colchisil (macronukal, mosainoisi, maaras muthalaayava) thamasikkunna gothrangal.) pershyayude pathonpathaam sathrapiyil ulppeduthi. alexander dhii grettu achemenid saamraajyathe paraajayappedutthiyenkilum alexanderude maranathethudarnnu pershyan prabhuvaya mithridates I bharichirunna thekkan karinkadalinte moolayilulla pontus ulppede anattoliyayil niravadhi prathyeka rajyangal sthaapikkappettu. saamskaarikamaayi, greak audyogika bhashayaayi raajyam hellenise cheyyappettu. mythridates VI colchis keezhadakki, athu addehathinte makan mythridates oof colchissinu nalki.
bii. sii. 88num 63num idayil pompeyudeyum lukkullasinteyum neethrthwathilulla roman prachaaranangalude falamaayi, pontus raajyam romakkar poornnamaayum nasippikkukayum colchis ulppedeyulla ellah pradeshangalum roman saamraajyathil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. muun thekkan pravisyakalaaya colchis roman pravisyayaaya pontus polmoniacus aayi punasamghadippikkappettu, athesamayam vadakkan colchis roman pravisyayaaya lasikkam aayi maari. athupolethanne roman niyanthranam ulnaadan gothrangalude mail naamamaathramaayi maathrame nilaninnulloo.
onnaam noottaandile charitrakaaranmaaraaya memnon strabo, munbu macronukal ennu vilikkappettirunna aalukalkk addehathinte kaalath sanni enna peru undaayirunnuvennum ithu baisaantiyathinte steefaanas pinthunaykkunna avakaashavaadamaanennum abhiprayappettu. randaam noottaandile charitrakaaranaaya arian parayunnath, saaniyeppole thanneyulla saanni kolchiyanmaarude ayalkkaraanennum randaamathethu ippol lassie ennum ariyappedunnundennum. moonnaam noottaandinte madhyathode, lassie gothram kolchikalude bhooribhaagathilum aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum lassica raajyam sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
madhyakaalakhattam.
aadhunika laas janathayude poorvvikaraaya tsani ennu vilikkappedunna kaldiyayile yudhasamaana gothrangal bysantainum laasikkaykkum idayil sthithi cheiyunna "tsanica" yilaanu thaamasichirunnathu. athil eathene, arcabis, apsarus ennee perukalulla niravadhi vaasasthalangal ulppedunnu; saini romanmaarudeyo laasikkayile rajaavinteyo vishayamaayirunnilla, baisantain chakravarthiyaaya justinian onnaamante (aarr. 527-565) avare keezhppeduthukayum kristhumathavalkkarikkum kendrabharanatthilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. avar kristhyaanikalaanennu kandu laasikkayile methranmar avarude purohithanmaare niyamichu. saanni greekkukaarumaayi adutha bandham pulartthukayum chila sandarbhangalil bhasha ulppede vividha hellenic saamskaarika swabhaavasavisheshathakal nedukayum cheythu.
542 muthal 562 vare, kizhakkan roman saamrajyangalum sassanid saamrajyangalum thammilulla neenduninna shathruthayude oru ramgamaayirunnu lassica, ithu lajik yudhathil kalaashichu, avide daagisteyasinte keezhil 1,000 saanni sahaayikal pankedutthu. eiii. dii. 628-ll heracleus chakravartthiyude akramanam pershyakkaarkethire vijayam nedukayum ezhaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil arabikal kokkasasine akramikkukayum keezhadakkukayum cheiyunnathuvare laasikkayil roman aadhipathyam urappakkukayum cheythu. musleem adhiniveshangalude falamaayi, purathana metropolisaaya faasis nashtappedukayum trebisond lassicayude puthiya metropolittan bishappayi maarukayum cheythu, athinusesham lassie enna peru saanni ennathinte pothuvaaya greak naamamaayi kaanapedunnu. ezhaam noottaandile anania shiraakatsiyude bhoomishaasthram anusarichu, colchis (armeniyan srothassukalil "yegger", lassicaykku samanam) naalu cheria jillakalaayi vibhajichirunnu, avayilonnu tsanica, athaayath chaldia, athinte nagarangalil aadhine, raisas, trebisond enniva paraamarsikkunnu. ettaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthi muthal trebisond pradeshathe greak srothassukalil (athaayath konstantinoppilinte epiphanius) lassica ennu vilikkunnu. patthaam noottaandile arab bhoomishaasthranjanaaya abul feda trebisond nagaratthe pradhaanamaayum oru lassian thuramukhamaayi kanakkakkunnu.
780-ll abkhaasiya raajyam oru rajavamsha pinthudarchayiloode muun lassica pradeshangal samyojippichu, angane padinjaaran jorjiyayil ninnu pontic laasukale (munbu tsanny ennariyappettirunnu) purathaakki; athinusesham, tsanny naamamaathramaaya baisaantain aadhipathyathin keezhil jeevichu, athinte thalasthaanam trebisondilaayirunnu, orupakshe "greco-laas" allengil verum kaldian uthbhavam ulla gabras kudumbam polulla thaddesheeya ardha svayambharana bharanadhikaarikal bharichu.
1204ll chaldiayile georgian edapedaliloodeyum baisantain saamraajyathinte thakarchayiloodeyum karinkadalinte thekkukizhakkan theerathu cartwellion samsaarikkunna valiyoru janasamkhyayulla trebisond saamrajyam sthaapithamaayi. athe saamraajyathinte kizhakkan bhaagath grettar lassia enna svayambharana theeradesha vishayam sthaapikkappettu. patchimerus polulla baisantain ezhuthukaar, oru paridhivare lasaaropoulos, besaariyon thudangiya trapasundainukal trapasundian saamraajyathe oru lassian athirthi samsthaanamallaathe mattonnumallenn kanakkakki. uyarnna samskaarathil greak aanenkilum, trebisond saamraajyathile graamapradeshangal pradhaanamaayum vamseeya ghadanayil laash aanennu thonnunnu. madhyakaalakhattatthile trebisond saamraajyathinte rekhakalil laas kudumbanaamangal sradheyamaanu, koodaathe "saamraajyathinte" raashtreeyathil nilaninnirunna "taunn-party" "kantri-party" thammilulla sathrutha yadhaarthathil greekkukaarethiraaya laasinte deseeya shathruthayaayirunnuvenn soochippikkunnathu valare saahasikamalla.
1282-ll, imaretti raajyam trebisond uparodhichu, ennirunnaalum nagaram pidichedukkaanulla parajayappetta sramathinu sesham, jorjiyakkaar niravadhi pravishyakal kaivashappedutthi, koodaathe trabisontin pravisyayaaya lassia muzhuvan 'iberian', 'lassian' gothrangalile rajaavinodulla kooru upekshichu georgian rajyamaaya imarettiyumaayi svayam ikyappettu.
aadyakaala aadhunika yugam.
laas janasamkhyayulla pradesham palappozhum vividha georgian naatturaajyangalaal malsarikkappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum 1535-leeii murjakhethi yudhathiloode, 1547-ll punarujjeevippicha automan sainyam athine keezhadakkukayum trabsoninte ailettinte bhaagamaayi lassistan sanjakkayi punasamghadippikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare, guria natturajyam athinte niyanthranam urappakki.
laas janathayude kristhyan-georgian bodhathe nasippikkaan automans moonnu noottaandukalaayi poraadi. automan islaamikavalkkarana nayam kaaranam pathinezhaam noottaandiludaneelam laasukal kramena islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. automanmaar avarude bharanam ekeekarichathode, millatt sambradaayam puthuthayi keezhadakkiya pradeshangalilekku konduvannu. orikkal georgian oorthadoox sabhaykku keezhppettirunna praadeshika yaadhaasthithika nivaasikarkk constantinoppil gothrapithaavine anusarikkendivannu, angane kramena greekkukaaraayi, laas janathayude hellenisation ennariyappedunna prakriyayayi. sthiramaaya janangalude niyanthranathilaayirunna laasukalkk taamasiyaathe avarude bhashayum svayam vyakthithvavum nashtappettu, avar greekkukaaraayi maarukayum greak bhasha padikkukayum cheythu, prathyekichu greak bhaashayude pontic bhasha, ennirunnaalum thaddesheeya bhasha musleengalaayi marria laasukal samrakshichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathil, mohammed laas (1647-1653), mustafa laas (1653-1665), alii laas (1673) thudangiya niravadhi tunis govarnarmaar laas uthbhavam ullavaraayirunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaand vare trabsonile pashakal (govarnarmaar) mathramalla, pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode oro sanjakkinteyum pala kaasakalilum (jillakal) yadhaartha adikaaram thaarathamyena swathanthraraaya thaddesheeya laas derebikalude (thaazhvara-prabhukkanmaar) kaikalilaayirunnu, allengil swantham jillakalil samboornna adikaaram prayogikkukayum parasparam cheria yuddham nadathukayum cheytha fudal medhaavikal, oru unnathanodulla kooru pulartthukayum orikkalum sultanu sambhavanakal nalkaathirikkukayum cheythu. aii. dii. 1 yudhathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthil sultan mahmoud randaaman lasisthaanile mahathaaya swatantra derabykalude shakti takarkkaan shramichu. eee saahacharyathil, reasile tahir aaga thuskuvogluvinte neethrthwathilulla laas derebikal 1832-ll kalapam uyarthi. kalapam thudakkathil vijayakaramaayirunnu 1833 januvariyil athinte unnathiyilethiyenkilum 1834-leeii vasanthakaalathode uyarchaye adichamarthukayaayirunnu. uyarnnuvarunnavare adichamarthunnathu oduvil laas derebikalude shakti thakarthu. 1850-kalil osman paashayude parishkaarangalil automan adikaaram avakaashappedunnathuvare eee anusaranakkedu sarikkum takarnnilla.
1547-ll, thekkupadinjaaran jorjiyayile oru pradhana automan autposttaaya goniyayude theeradesha kotta automans nirmmichu, athu laasisthaante thalasthaanamaayi pravarthichu; 1878-ll russiakkaar berlin kongras prakaram athu ettedukkunnathuvare baattam, russo-turkish yudhathiludaneelam, athinusesham riz sanjakkinte thalasthaanamaayi maari. puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya battumi oblaastil thamasikkunna musleem laasukal vamseeya shudheekaranathinu vidheyamaayi; 1882 aayappozhekkum ekadesham 40,000 laasukal automan saamraajyathil, prathyekichu padinjaaran anatoliayile barsa, yalova, karamursel, ismitt, adapasari, sapanka thudangiya pravisyakalil sthirathaamasamaakki. lasisthaanil yuva turke prasthaanatthinte vyaapanathode, phaikk ephandiyude neethrthwathilulla hraswakaala svayambharana deseeya prasthaanam sthaapithamaayi. ennirunnaalum, abdul hameedinte edapedalinte falamaayi ithu taamasiyaathe illaathaakkappettu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu (1914-18) russiakkaar riz, trabson pravishyakal aakramichu. ennirunnaalum, 1917 leeii bolshevik viplavathethudarnnu, russian sainyam eee mekhalayil ninnu pinmaarukayum oduvil 1918 maarchil eee pradesham automan-turkish senakalkku vittukodukkukayum cheythu. 1918 muthal 1920 vare deseeya prasthaanam lasisthaanil udaneelam athivegam vyaapikkukayum kammittikal roopeekarikkukayum oru idakkaala sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. soviyatt rashyayilekkaanu athu kendreekarichirunnathu. ennaal soviyatt-turkey sauhruda udambadi avasaanichayudane, athu tarkkukale lasistane samyojippikkaan sahayichu. svayambharana lassistan sanjak 1923 vare nilaninnirunnu, athesamayam lassistan enna padatthinte padavi 1926 ll kemaalistukal audyogikamaayi nirodhichu. riz, artwin pravishyakalkkidayil lassistan vibhajikkapettu.
staalinist kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil, soviyatt aadhipathyathin keezhil jeevikkunna laasukalkk soviyatt yooniyanil oru prathyeka saamskaarika svayambharanamundaayirunnu, ennaal randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathinum, soviyatt adhikaarikal athu vishwasaneeyamallennu karuthunna athirthi pradeshangale vamsheeyamaayi shudheekarikkunnathinula oru thanthram roopakalppana cheythu. laasile janangale cyberiayilekkum madhyeshyayilekkum naadukadatthappettu. 1953-leeii staalin maranashesham, 1953-num 1957-num idayil nilanilkkunna laasukale avarude maathrraajyathekku madangaan anuvadicha rashtreeya kaalavastha maari.
aadhunika.
innu bhooribhaagam laz turkeyilaanu thaamasikkunnath, ennaal laas nyoonapaksha vibhaagathin turkeyil audyogika padavi illa. laas samsaarikkunnavarude ennam kurayunnu, ippol pradhaanamaayum reasileyum artvinileyum chila pradeshangalil parimithappedutthiyirikku.
janasamkhyayum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanavum.
innathe laasile motham janasamkhya kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennam vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. deseeya sensus cheria janasamkhyayekkurichulla vamseeya vivarangal rekhappeduthaatha turkeyilaanu bhooribhaagam laasukalum thaamasikkunnath.
pradesham.
innathe vadakkukizhakkan turkeyilum thekkupadinjaaran jorjiayilum parambaraagathamaayi thamasikkunna saamskaarika mekhalayude "lassie, lassistan, lasetti" allengil "lasona" ennu avar vilikkunna pradeshathaanu innu bhooribhaagam laasukalum thaamasikkunnath. bhoomishaasthraparamaayi, kasistan pontic aalpsinte mukalbhaagathu ninnu vadakkott vyaapichukidakkunna idungiyathum parukkan thaazhvarakalude oru parambara ulkkollunnu, ithu athine koruh thaazhvarayil ninnu verthirikkukayum karinkadalinte thekkan theerathu kizhakk-padinjaaru bhaagathekku vyaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. lassistan ennathu turkeyil phalatthil nirodhicha padamaanu. purathana bharanathinte 'deshasnehamillaatha' kandupiduthamaayi eee peru kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
lassis poorvvikarude bhoomi nannayi nirvachikkappettitla, koodaathe laasisthaante athirthikalkku audyogika bhoomishaasthraparamaaya nirvachanamilla. ennirunnaalum, inipparayunna pravishyakalude bhagangal saadhaaranayaayi ulppeduthiyittundu
sambadghadana.
charitraparamaayi, lassistan husselnut uthppaadippikkunnathin perukettathaayirunnu. 1901ll 1,700 tanniladhikam uthppaadippicha lassistan singh uthppaadippichu. parambaraagatha laas sambadvyavastha krishiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu-kuthaneyulla parvathapradeshangalil kurachu budhimuttode nadathukayum aadukaludeyum aadukaludeyum kannukaalikaludeyum prajananavum nadathukayum cheythu. thottangal paripalikkukayum theneechakal sookshikkukayum vettayaadunnathiloode bhakshya vitharanam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. nalla naavikaraan laasukal, koodaathe arrie, cholam, pukayila, pazhavrikshangal ennivayum krishi cheiyunnu. purathana kaalam muthal aakhoshichirunna urukal, kappal nirmmaanathinaayi upayogikkunna thadi murikkal ennivayaayirunnu vyavasaayangal.
samskaaram.
kazhinja 20 varshamaayi, laas bhasha, vidyaabhyaasam, paarambaryam enniva punarujjeevippikkaan lakshyamitulla saamskaarika pravartthanangalude kuthichuchaattam undaayittund. 1998-ll mukhyadharaa vijayam nediya aadyathe laas samgeethajnjanaaya cassim koyunku, laas janathayude, prathyekichu avarude yuvaakkalkkidayil, swathuathinu ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki.
1993ll laas kalcharal instittyoottum 2008ll laas kalcharal association jemlikkil oru laas saamskaarika utsavam sthaapichu. karinkadal mekhalaykku chuttumulla skoolukalil laas bhasha prabodhanam nalkaan laas samooham turkeyude vidyaabhyaasa manthraalayathe vijayakaramaayi lobby cheythu. 2013ll vidyaabhyaasa mantraalayam anchaam klaas muthal secondary vidyaarthikalkkaayi naalu varshathe elective kozhsaayi laasine chertthu.
bhasha.
mingreliyan, swan, georgian ennee bhaashakalulla thekkan kokkeshyan bhasha kudumbatthilppetta sankeernavum roopashaasthraparamaayi sambannavumaaya bhaashayaan lasuri. enn. bhaashaaparamaayi oru bhaashayude rund bhaashaabhedangalaaya lassine megreliyan maar rund bhashakalaayi kanakkakki. laas bhaashaykk oru likhitha charitramilla, athinaal turkish, georgian bhashakal laas janathayude pradhana saahitya bhashakalaayi varthikkunnu. avarude naadodi saahityam vaamozhiyayi kaimaattam cheyyappedukayum chittayayi rekhappeduthappedaathirukkum cheythittundu. 1870kalil fake ephandisi oru prathyekamaaya laas saamskaarika swathuam sthaapikkunnathinum arabic aksharamalaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru saahitya bhasha srishtikkunnathinumulla aadya sramangal nadathiyenkilum taamasiyaathe addehathe automan adhikaarikal thadavilaakkukayum addehathinte mikka kruthikalum nasippikkappedukayum cheythu. 1930kalil nyoonapakshangalkk nalkia aapekshika saamskaarika svayambharanakaalathu, soviyatt prathyayashaasthrathinte sakthamaaya aadipathyamulla soviyatt jorjiyayil laas lipi adisthaanamaakkiyulla likhitha laas saahityam uyarnnuvannu. kavi mustafa banishi eee hraswakaala prasthaanatthinu neethrthwam nalkiyengilum naavinte audyogika staanderd roopam orikkalum sthaapikkappettilla. athinusesham, thaddesheeya saahithyathinte bhagangal turkish, georgian aksharamaalayilekku vivarthanam cheyyaan niravadhi sramangal nadannittundu. rasid hilmy, pehlivanoslu thudangiya turkkiyile chila thaddesheeya kavikal irupathaam noottaandil prathyakshappettu.
matham.
eiii. dii onnaam noottaandil trebisondil ninnu laasikkayilekk yaatra cheytha sesham apposthalan ivide oru palli nirmmichu. kristheeya vishwaasathinte thathwam addeham avatharippikkukayum athuvazhi pilkkala missionary pravarthanangalkku vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu ennathaanu apposthalante pravartthanangalude praadhaanyam. anchaam noottaandil laasikkayile aadyathe kristhyan rajaavaaya gubasus onnaaman kristhumathatthe lassicayude samsthaana mathamaayi prakhyaapichu. kristhumathatthinte aamukhathinushesham, faasis oru greak roopathayude roopamaayirunnu, avarude bishappumaril oralaaya siras edii 630 num 641 num idayil alexandriayude pithavaayi. purathana metropolisaaya faasis baisantain saamrajyam nashtappettappol trebisond lassicayude metropolittan zee aayi maari. munkaalangalil sthaapithamaaya eaka roopathayaaya trebisond, serasus, reesayon enniva naveekaricha bishappariksaayi roopappettu. moonnu roopathakalum automan adhiniveshathe (1461) athijeevichu, pathinezhaam noottaand vare pothuve pravarthichu, serasus, reesayon ennivayude roopangal nirthalaakkappettu. laasukalude islaamikavalkkaranam kaaranam reesayon roopathayum reesayon bishoperic oof recion akkaalat nirthalaakkappettu. avaril bhooribhaagavum pinneedu sunni islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. innathe riz, artwin jillakalil niravadhi takarnna pallikalundu; ardenil jibistasi, hoppayil makriyali (noghedi), arhaviyil pironity muthalaayava.
jorjiyayile adjara mekhalayil kristhumathathilekku veendum parivartthanam cheytha kurachu kristhyan laasukalum undu.
puranangal.
kathaykkum puranangalkkum perukettathum karinkadal, kokkeshyan parvathanirakal ennivayaal chuttappettathumaya kolchisinte purathana pradesham padinjaaran jorjia muthal vadakkukizhakkan turkey vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. greak puraanatthile prashasthamaaya swarnna kambili, jisson argonottukalum rajaavaaya ayattasil ninnu addehathinte makal mediayude sahaayathode swarnna kambili moshticha katha, kolchisine charitrapusthakangalil konduvannu.
utsavam.
oru purathana laas utsavamaanu kolkhoba. august avasaanathilo septambar thudakkathilo khelvachouri jillayile sarpi graamathilaanu ithu nadakkunnathu. laasetti nivaasikalude muun jeevitashailiyum purathana greasinteyum kolchisinteyum kaalaghattatthile aargonaattinte kolchisilekkulla yaathrayumaayi bandhapetta manushyabandhangalude nimishangalum utsavam punarujjeevippichu. kolkhoba aakhoshavelayil vividatharam naadakaparipaadikal nadakkunnu, ithu pradhana pothu uthsavangalilonnayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
samgeetham.
guda (bagpipe), kemenche (spike fiddle), surna (ooboo), dolly (drum) ennivayaanu deseeya upakaranangal. 1990kalilum 2000kalilum naadodi roock samgeethajnjanaaya cassim koyunku turkeyil ganyamaaya janapreeti nedukayum jorjiyayil paryadanam nadathukayum cheythu. 2005ll cancer baadhichu maricha koyunku, laas janathayude pravartthakanum saamskaarika naayakanumaayirunnu.
nritham.
yadhaarthathil oru vishudha aachara nrithamaayi marran pookunna purajaatheeya aaraadhanayude karinkadalinte hooroon nritham ennu vilikkappedunna naadodi nrithangalkku laasukal prashasthamaan. vividha pradeshangalil eee nrithathinu niravadhi vyathyastha tharangalundu. khorumi ennariyappedunna ajarianmar avatharippikkunnavayumaayi hooroon bandhappettirikkunnu. iva gauravamullathum krithyathayullathum, shradhaapoorvvam nadappilaakkiya kaalppaadukalode purushanmaarude nirakal avatharippikkunnathum, allengil kaikal bandhippichu nere nritham cheiyunna purushanmarkkoppam valare oorjjaswalarum, kaalukal kondu hrasvamaaya drutha chalanagal nadathunnathum, oru krochilekku veezhunnathiloode viraamachihnangal nalkunnathum aakam. sthreekalude nrithangal manoharamaanengilum jorjiyayil kandathinekkaal vegathil neengunnu. 1922 nuu sesham eee pradeshathu ninnu kudiyeriya pontic greekkukalumaayi greasil atharam nrithangal ippozhum bandhappettirikkunnu.
parambaraagatha vasthrangal.
parambaraagatha laas purushanmaarude vasthrathil kannin mukalil thala muzhuvan moodunna oru prathyeka bandanalic kerchief adangiyirikkunnu, vashath kettukayum tholilum mukalilum thoongikkidakkukayum cheiyunnu; ayanja sleevukalulla parukkan thavitt homespon ulla oru sukhapradamaaya jacket; melinjathum kalmut uyarnnathumaaya thukal boottukalil gadippichirikkunna baggy irunda thavitt kambili trouserukal. sthreekalude vesham jorjiyayiludaneelam kandethiya vishalamaaya skirttulla rajakumari gauninu samanamaayirunnu, pakshe purushanmaarude athe thoovala arayil kettiyittirikkunna sambannamaaya scarf dharichirunnu. laas purushanmaar mikacha veettupakaranangal nirmmikkukayum kalappayil aayirikkumbol polum thokkukal, pisttal, poudar hoonn, nenjinu kuruke vediyunda belttukal, eduppil kataara, thadavukaare truss cheiyunnathinulla kayar koyil enniva upayogichu saadhaaranayaayi viralthumbukal kaanikkukayum cheythirunnu.
vivechanam.
 republicinte aadya dashakangalile nethaavaaya mustafa kemal attaatturkk, automan saamraajyathinte turkish avashishtangalil ninnu oru rashtra raashtram srishtikkaan lakshyamittu. republicinte aadya moonnu pathittaandukalil bhoomishaasthraparamaaya perukal turkey cheiyunnathinulla sramangal aavarthichulla vishayamaayirunnu. armenia, kurdistan, lassistan (1921 vare riz pravishyayude audyogika namam) thudangiya charitraparamaaya pradeshangalekkurichulla paraamarshangal adangiya irakkumathi cheytha bhoopadangal nirodhichirunnu (leapsigil prasidheekaricha bhoopadamaaya "derr gross veltaatlaas" enna bhoopadatthinte kaaryatthilum angane thanne).
turkey samskaarathilekkulla saamskaarika swaamsheekaranam uyarnnathaan, ottoman, soviyatt bharanakaalathu laas swathuam adichamarthappettu. 1992ll "laas histtari" ("laslerine tarihi") enna pusthakam prasidheekaricha samayamaayirunnu nirnaayaka nimishangalilonnu. 1964ll athu prasidheekarikkunnathil rachayithakkal parajayappettu.