
havaayiyile ell. jii. bii. tii avakashangal

 
yuu. esile lesbian, geey, baisekchwal, transgender (ell. jii. bii. tii) vyakthikal.ezz. ell. jii. bii. tii ithara janathaykku ulla athe avakashangal havaay samsthaanathinum undu. swavarga laingika pravartthanangal 1973 muthal niyamavidheyamaanu; ithu niyamavidheyamaakkiya aadyathe aarr samsthaanangalil onnaanu havaay. 1993ll havaay supreme kodathi purappeduvicha oru vidhi swavarga vivaham niyamavidheyamaakkunna aadya samsthaanamaayi hawai maatti. 2013 novemberil "havai vivaahasamathva niyamam" amgeekarichathinethudarnna swavarga dambathikalkku dveepukalil vivaham kazhikkaan anuvaadamundu. koodaathe, laingika aabhimukhyam, linga swathuam ennivayude adisthaanathil vivechanam nadathunnathu havaay niyamam nirodhikkunnu, praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar parivartthana therapy upayogikkunnathu 2018 juulai muthal nirodhichirikkunnu. swavarggaanuraagikalum lesbian dambathikalum ethirlinga dambathikaleppole thanne avakashangalum aanukoolyangalum perumattavum aasvadikkunnu, vivaham kazhikkaanum dathedukkaanumulla avakasham ulppede.
swavarga bandhangal noottaandukalaayi havaian samskaarathinte bhagamaanu. colonialinu munbulla havaian samoohathil vyaapakamaayi amgeekarikkappetta swavarggaanuraagikaleyo ubhayalinga bandhangaleyo "ikaane" enna padam soochippikkunnu, koodaathe "mahu" enna padam purushan sthreeyumkoppam "moonnaam lingakkaarane" soochippikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil ethiya kristhyan missionarymar praadeshika janataye kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathil praaveenyamullavaraayirunnu. thalphalamaayi, 1850-ll 20 varshathe kadinamaaya advaanathodeyulla swavarggalaingikatha nirodhikkunna aadyathe swavarganuraga virudha niyamam nilavil vannu. 1960kalilum athinusheshavum ell. jii. bii. tii janangal pothujanashradhayil praveshichu, thudarnnu swavarggalaingikatha niyamam raddaakkunnathu ulppede onniladhikam ell. jii. bii. tii anukoola avakasha parishkaarangal nadannu.
aadhunika kaalath, swavarggaanuraagikalaaya vinodasanchaarikalkkum dambathikalkkum vendi niravadhi sthaapanangal, thaamasoukaryangal, uthsavangal enniva ulkkollunna elgbt-souhrudathinu havaay sradheyamaanu. aduthide nadanna abhipraaya sarvekal prakaram elgbt avakaashangalkk uyarnna pinthuna labhikkunnu, public releasian research instittyoott nadatthiya 2019 leeii sarveyil 73 sathamaanam havaay nivaasikalum elgbt aalukale samrakshikkunna vivechana virudha niyamanirmmaanathe pinthunachathaayi kaanikkunnu.
charithram.
europian sanbarkkathinu munbu, colonial kaalaghattatthinu munbulla havaian samoohathil purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum sveekaaryamaaya paarambaryamaaya "ikaane" enna roopathil swavarga bandhangal nilaninnirunnu. athupole, havaian samskaarathil, prathyekichu purohithanmaarum rogashaanthikkaarum enna nilayil, "maahu" oru "moonnaam linga" punk vahichu. mathapracharakar praadeshika havaayikale kristhumathathilekku parivartthanam cheyyukayum avarude dhaarmika aadarshangal janangalilekku pracharippikkukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi swavarggalaingikathayodulla nishedhaathmaka manobhaavam avatharippikkappettu.
havaayiyile aadyathe prathyeka swavarggalaingikatha niyamam 1850-ll nadappaakkappettuvenkilum 1840-ll pasakia chattangal graamangale niyamamillaatha eathenkilum prathyeka thinmakale vichaarana cheyyaan anuvadichu. 1850 leeii sodomi virudha niyamam 20 varsham vare kadinashramavum 1,000 dollar pizhayum earppeduthi. ithu bhinnalinga, swavarganuraga perumaattatthe shikshikkukayum sammathathode muthirnnavarkkum baadhakamaakkukayum cheythu. 1898ll republic oof havaay vii. yude kesilaanu aadyathe swavarggalaingikatha cases report cheyyappettathu. edwards ". 1922 leeii "territory vii. vilson paranju felasio (ooral sex) oru "prakrithikkethiraaya kuttakrithyam" aanennu havaay supreme kodathi ekakandamaayi vidhichu. rekhappeduthiya avasaanathe swavarggalaingikatha cases 1958 ll, "territory vii. bell, "athil bhinnalinga swavarggalaingikathayum criminal kuttamaanennu samsthaana supreme kodathi ekakandamaayi sthireekarichu.
swavarga laingika pravarthanangalekkurichu niyamam.
1972 eprilil havaay athinte swavarggalaingikatha niyamam raddaakkukayum swavarggalaingikathaykkulla georgian nirodhanathe nyaayeekaricha supreme kodathi vidhiyethudarnnu 1986 ll athinte laingika kuttakrithya niyamangal parishkarikkukayum cheythu. yadhaartha sodomi niyamam 1973 nte thudakkam muthal praabalyatthil vannu.
swavarganuraga pravarthanatthinulla sammata praayam yadhaarthathil bhinnalinga pravartthanatthil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu. 1986ll havaay samsthaana niyamasabha lingabhedamo laingika aabhimukhyam pariganikkathe sammata praayam 14 aayi kurachu. 2001ll ithu 16 aayi uyarthi.
swavarga yooniyanukalude amgeekaaram.
swavarga vivaha niyamam.
swavarga vivaha bill pariganikkunnathinayi october 28 nuu havaay samsthaana niyamasabhaye prathyeka seshanilekku vilikkunnathayi govarnor neel abercromby 2013 septambar 9 nuu prakhyaapichu. billinu senattil vyapakamaaya pinthunayum sabhayil aavashyamaaya bhooripakshavum undaayirunnu. amgeekaaram labhichaal november 18nuu bill praabalyatthil varum.
october 28 nuu judiciary, laber ennivayekkurichulla senatt kammitti swavarga vivaha niyamanirmmanam 5-2 vottil pasaki, bill poornna senatt vottilekku ayachu. october 30 nuu senatt oru <aii. dii. 1> vottil niyamanirmmanam amgeekarikkukayum bill sabhayilekku ayakkukayum cheythu. october 31nuu judiciary sambandhicha house kammittiyum dhanakaarya samiti sabayum bill charcha cheythu. vipulamaaya pothu charchaykkum niyamanirmmaanatthinte "pouranmaarude filebester" sramathinum sesham sabha november 8 nuu niyamanirmmaanathinu anukoolamaayi vottu cheythu. mathaparamaya elavukal vipuleekaricha sabha bhedagathikalkku amgeekaaram nalkunnathinaayi bill senattilekku madangukayum senatt november 12 nuu anthima niyamanirmmaana amgeekaaram nalkukayum 19-4 anukoolamaayi vottu cheyyukayum cheythu. govarnor neel abercromby november 13 nuu billil oppuvachu; swavarga dambathikal 2013 desember 2 nuu vivaham kazhichu.
swavarga vivaahathin munbulla charithram.
swavarga dambathikalkku vivaha licenses nishedhikkunnathine 1993ll havaay kodathiyil chodyam cheythu. 1994ll swavarga vivaham nirodhikkunna oru niyamam samsthaanam pasaki. 1998 novemberil, havaayiyile watermar 69 sathamaanam havaay bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi 2 nuu anukoolamaayi vottu cheythu, ithu swavarga vivaham nirodhikkan samsthaana niyamanirmmaanasabhaye anuvadikkunnathinaayi samsthaana bharanaghadana bhedagathi cheythu. bharanaghadanaa bhedagathi havaay supreme kodathiye cases thallikkalayaan nayichu.
1997ll havaay swavarga, ethirlinga dambathikalkkaayi sivil yooniyanukalude parimithamaaya roopamaaya paraspara gunabhokthaakkalude bandhangal sthaapichu. mattu adhikaaraparidhiyilulla sivil unionukalkkum aabhyanthara pankaalitthatthinum thulyamaaya samboornna sivil unionukal nadappakkaanulla niravadhi niyamanirmmaana sramangal parajayappettu.
govarnor linda lingle 2010ll oru sivil union niyamam veetto cheythu. govarnor neel abercromby 2011 februvari 23nuu ithe niyamanirmmaanathil oppuvachu, govarnor enna nilayil addeham oppitta aadyathe niyamamaanith. 2012 januvari onninu niyamam praabalyatthil vannu.
1997 muthal samsthaana jeevanakkaarude swavarga pankaalikalkk havaay aanukoolyangal nalkunnundu.
datthedukkalum rakshaakarthruthvavum.
swavarga dambathikal ulppede ellah dambathikalkkum datthedukkaan havai anuvadikkunnu. lesbian dambathikalkku inn vitro fertilisation (ivf) krithrima beejasankalana chikitsa labhyamaan; daathaakkalude beejasankalanathiloode janikkunna oru kuttiyude niyamaparamaaya maathaapithaakkalaayi janithakamallaatha, garbhadharanam cheyyaatha ammaye samsthaana niyamam amgeekarikkunnu, pakshe maathaapithaakkal vivaahitharaanenkil maathram. prathyeka niyamangalonnum nirodhikkaathathinaal havayiyil vaadaka garbhadharanam niyamaparamaan, koodaathe garbhakala vaadaka garbhadhaarana prakriya upayogikkunna swavarggaanuraagikalaaya purusha dambathikalkku anukoolamaayi kodathikal vidhichittund.
2021 eprilil, havaay niyamasabha avivahitharaaya swavarga dambathikalude maathaapithaakkale amgeekarikkunnathinulla oru bill (echbi1096) pasaki. 2021 joolaiyil havai govarnor david ige billil oppuvaykkukayum udan thanne niyamaparamaayi praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu.
vivechana samrakshanangal.
laingika aabhimukhyam, linga swathuam allengil thozhil, pothu thaamasoukaryam, paarppidam ennivayile aavishkaaram ennivayude adisthaanathil vivechanam havai niyamam vyakthamaayi nirodhikkunnu.
1991ll thozhilramgathe laingika aabhimukhyam sambandhicha vivechana samrakshanangal kootticherkkappettu. 2005ll, laingika aabhimukhyam, linga swathuam allengil aavishkaaram ennivaykkaayi bhavanangalkkum 2006ll pothu thaamasoukaryangalkkum samrakshanam vyapippichu. 2011ll linga swathwamo avishkaara parirakshayo thozhililekku vyapippichu.
koodaathe, vamsham, niram, deseeya uthbhavam, lingam, linga swathwavum aavishkaaravum, matham, shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya vaikalyam, laingika aabhimukhyam, shaareerika roopam, swabhaavam, saamoohika-saambathika nila ennivayude adisthaanathil bheeshanippeduthunnathu samsthaanathinte bheeshani virudha niyamam nirodhikkunnu. saibar bheeshanippeduthalum peedanavum ulppedunna eee niyamam ellah pothu praadhamika skoolukalkkum secondary school parisarangalkkum baadhakamaan.
2018 joolaiyil havaay niyamasabha oru bill pasaki, athu havaay govarnor oppittathu, ix enna thalakkettil vidyaarthikalkku kooduthal samrakshanam nalkunnathinaayi. laingika aabhimukhyam allengil linga swathuam kaaranam vidyaarthikalkku prograamukalilekko paatyethara pravarthanangalilekko praveshanam nishedhikkappedunnille niyamam urappaakkunnu. 2019 januvari 1nuu ithu praabalyatthil vannu.
2022 juunil, havaay govarnor 3 billukal niyamamakki-athaayath (1) juurii thiranjeduppukalkku laingika aabhimukhyam, linga swathuam ennivayude adisthaanathil vyakthikalodu niyamaparamaayi vivechanam kaanikkan kazhiyilla, (2) samsthaana adhishtitha elgibitic + kammeeshan sthaapikkuka, (3) transgender vyakthikalil laingika punarvinyaasa shasthrakriyaykaayi nirbandhitha samsthaana adhishtitha aarogya insurance pariraksha. 2023 januvari 1 muthal moonnu niyamangalum praabalyatthil varum.
kuttakrithya niyamathe verukkunnu.
yadhaarthavum koodaathe/allengil manassilakkiyathumaaya laingika aabhimukhyam, linga swathuam allengil aavishkaaram ennivaykkaayi vidvesha kuttakrithya samrakshanathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna oru niyamam havayiyil undu.
niyamaprakaaram
transgender avakashangal.
neratthe, rajistraant lingamatta shasthrakriyaykk vidheyanaayennu sthireekarikkunna oru doctorude sathyavaangmoolam labhichathinushesham maathrame havaayiyude aarogya vakupp shasthrakriyaykk sheshamulla transgender vyakthikk oru puthiya janana certificat nalkiyirunnulloo. 2015 meyy 5 nuu, havaay niyamasabha transgender aalukalkk atharam shasthrakriyaykk vidheyamaakaathe audyogika thirichariyal rekhakalil linga marker maattaan anuvadikkunna oru bill pasaki. 2015 juulai 14nuu govarnor david ige billil oppuvaykkukayum niyamanirmmanam udan praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu. transgender aalukalkk ippol linga marker maattaan apekshikkaam; update cheytha janana certificat labhikkunnathin, avar aarogya vakuppinu oru poortthiyaakkiya "janana rekhayile bhedagathikkulla apeksha" foam licensulla doctorude sathyavaangmoolavum samarppikkanam. apekshakante linga aidantitti sthireekarikkunna oru medical allengil soshyal professional poortthiyaakkiya "lingapadavi phoom" labhichukazhinjaal soshyal security administration update cheytha driving licenses stettu idyum nalkum.
2016 juulai 1 muthal insurance karaarinullile linga aidantitti allengil aavishkaarathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vivechanam havaay nirodhichittundu. lingamatta shasthrakriyakalude insurance parirakshayum ithil ulppedunnu.
2019 meyy maasathil, havaay samsthaana niyamasabha driving licensilum janana certificattukalilum "x" enna linga oopshanaayi cherkkunnathinulla oru bill pasaki. bill shabdavottiloodeyum senatt <aii. dii. 1> vottiloodeyum sabha pasaki. 2019 juun 26 nuu govarnor david ige billil oppuvaykkukayum athu 2020 juulai 1 nuu praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu. vyakthikalkk abhyarthanayiloode linga marker maattaan kazhiyum; medical documentationte thelivukalonnum aavasyamilla.
aarogya insurance aasoothranam.
2022 meyy maasathil, aarogya insurance aasoothranathinullil transgender vyakthikale vyakthamaayi ulppeduthunna oru bill havaay niyamanirmmanasabha pasaki-oru "emarjansi closs" (niyamathil oppitta udan praabalyatthil varum). nilavil 1980 muthal havayiyil jeevashasthraparamaaya purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum maathrame aarogya insurance plan cheyyaan kazhiyoo. oru maasathinu sesham havaay govarnor billil oppuvaykkukayum udan thanne praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu.
parivartthana therapy.
2013 muthal, praayapoorthiyaakaathavarklavar kanvershan therapy niyamaparamaayi nirodhikkunnathinaayi havayiyil niravadhi billukal avatharippikkappettu, pakshe billukal evideyum pogukayo varshangalolam kaalaharanappedukayo cheythu.
2018 eprilil, havaay house oof representatives havaay senattum praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar kanvershan therapy nirodhikkunnathinulla oru bill pasaki. vyathyastha pathippukal kaaranam sabayum senattum oru konfarans kammittiyil yogam chernnu. 2018 meyy maasathil, konfarans kammitti billinte oru pathipp ekakandamaayi amgeekarikkukayum pinneedu govarnor david ige billil oppuvaykkukayum cheythu. 2018 juulai 1nuu niyamam praabalyatthil vannu.
swavargaanuraagiyum trans panic prathirodhavum.
2019 eprilil havaay samsthaana niyamasabha swavarganuraga, trans panic prathirodham nirthalaakkunnathinulla oru bill pasaki. oro niyamanirmmaanasabhaykkullil billinte vyathyastha pathippukal ullathinaal, billinte rund pathippukalum passacan oru konfarans kammitti roopeekarikkendivannu, athu epril 26 nuu cheythu. rund maasathinu sesham 2019 juun 26 nuu govarnor david ige billil oppuvaykkukayum udan praabalyatthil varikayum cheythu.
havai raktha niyanthranangal.
2022 februvariyil, hawaik athintethaaya raktha niyanthranangal undennum swavarggaanuraagikalkkum purushanmarkkum raktham daanam cheyyaan oru varshathe kaalathamasam undennum report cheyyappettu. covid-19 mahamari samayat 2020 eprilil backie america 3 maasathe maattivaykkal kaalayalav nadappaakki.
pothujanabhipraayavum janasamkhyaashaasthravum.
2013-leeii vilyams instittyoott nadatthiya oru sarveyil havaay praayapoorthiyaaya janasamkhyayude 5.1% perum ell. jii. bii. tii aanennu kandethi. columbia jillaykku (10 sathamaanam) pinnilayi ithu amerikkayile ettavum uyarnna nirakkaayirunnu.
2017leeii public releasian research instittyoottinte (pii. aarr. aarr. aii) abhipraaya sarveyil havaay nivaasikalil 68 sathamaanam perum swavarga vivaahathe pinthunachappol 20 sathamaanam perum ethirthu, 12 sathamaanam perkku urappilla. ithe sarveyil 74 sathamaanam havaay nivaasikalum laingika aabhimukhyam, linga swathuam enniva ulkkollunna vivechana virudha niyamathe pinthunachappol 13 sathamaanam perr ethirthu. mathavishwaasangal kaaranam swavarggaanuraagikaleyum lesbianmareyum sevikkaan visammathikkaan bisinasukale anuvadikkunnathine 54 sathamaanam ethirthappol 35 sathamaanam perr mathaparamaya nirasikkalukal anuvadikkunnathine pinthunachu.

