
hangarian aabhyantharayudham (1264-1265)

1264 muthal 1265 vareyulla kaalaghattatthil hangariyile belah naalaaman rajaavum addehathinte makan duke steefanum thammilulla oru hraswa rajavamsha samghattanamaayirunnu 1264-1265 ()-leeii hangarian aabhyantharayudham.
1260-kalude thudakkathil muthirnna rajaavu thante makal annaye slavonia rajakumaaranaaya ilaya kuttiyaya bela eshtappettathinaal mootha makan anantharaavakaashiyumaaya steefanumaayulla belayude bandham pirimurukkathilaayi. belah thanne anantharaavakaashamaakkaan padhathiyittuvennu steefan aaropichu. oru hrasvamaaya ettumuttalinushesham, danubinu kizhakkulla hangariyude rajyangalellaam thanikk vittukodukkaan steefan pithaavine nirbandhithanaakkukayum 1262-ll juuniyar rajaavu enna padavi sweekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, avarude bandham pirimurukkathilaayi, 1264 avasaanathode aabhyantharayudhathinu kaaranamaayi. samgharsham steefante pithaavinte rajakeeya sainyathinethiraya vijayathin kaaranamaayi. 1266ll avar oru samadhana udambadikku roopam nalkukayum athu avarkkidayil aathmavishwaasam punasthaapikkunnathil paraajayappedukayum cheythu. 1270ll bela marichu. 13-aamm noottaandinte avasana dashakangalil hangariyil uyarnnuvannuvarunna fudal araajakathvathinu kaaranamaaya aabhyantharayudhamaayirunnu ithu.
aabhyantharayudhathekkura srothassukal apoorvamaayi maathrame paraamarshikkunnullu. daanalekhanangalum hungery, austriyan charithrangal, "aannalukal" ennivayil ninnulla upariplavamaaya soochanakalum sandarbhamillaathe chila sambhavangal hrasvamaayi rekhappeduthunnu. thathfalamaayi aabhyantharayudhathinte kaalagananayude niravadhi charitraparamaaya punarnirmmaanangalund. belah nalaman steefanum thammilulla samgharshathekkurichulla eaka monograph aaya charitrakaaranaaya attila soldos thante kruthiyil samaaharicha sambhavangalude ettavum amgeekarikkappetta punarnirmmaanatthe eee lekhanam pinthudarunnu.
pashchaathalam.
saamoohika mattangal.
1235ll bela naalaaman hangarian simhaasanathil kayariyappol, thante pradhana uddeshyam "rajakeeya avakashangal punasthaapikkuka", muthachan bela moonnaamante bharanakaalathu "rajyath nilaninnirunna sahacharyam punasthaapikkuka" ennivayaayirunnuvennu addeham prakhyaapichu. addeham prathyeka commissionukal sthaapichu, athu 1196 nuu sesham undakkiya bhoomi graantukalude ellah rajakeeya chaarttarukalum parishkarichu. muun sambhavanakal rajaavu raddaakkiyathu thante pala prajakaleyum thannil ninnu anyavalkkarichu.
hangariyile aadyathe mangolian adhinivesham (1241-1242) hungery raajyathinte bhooribhaagavum nashippichu. gramangalil pakuthiyenkilum janavasam nashtappetta danubinu kizhakkulla samathalangalil eee nasham prathyekichum kanathathaayirunnu. oru puthiya mangolian adhiniveshathinulla thayyaareduppaayirunnu belayude nayatthinte kendra aashanka. 1247ll niraparadhiyaaya naalaaman maarppaappaykk ezhuthiya kathil puthiya kottakal upayogichu danubine shakthippeduthaanulla thante padhathi bela prakhyaapichu. kottakal nirmmikkanum swanthamaakkaanumulla purathana rajakeeyaavakaasham addeham upekshichu, thante bharanathinte avasaanathode 100 oolam puthiya kottakalude nirmmaanam prothsaahippichu. belah vanamekhalakalil bhoomi graant nalki. pakaramaayi, puthiya bhoovudamakal rajakeeya sainyathil sevikkaan kanatha kavachitha kuthirappadayaalikale sajjamakkaan baadhyastharaayi. mangolian adhiniveshathil marichavare maattisthaapikkaan, belah naalaaman kolanivalkkaranatthe prothsaahippichu. jarmmankaar, moraviyakkaar, dhruvangal, rutheniyakkaar, mattu "athidhikal" ennivar ayal rajyangalil ninnu ethi, janasamkhya kuranjatho janasandrata kuranjatho aaya pradeshangalil sthirathaamasamaakki. 1241ll hungery vitta kumanmare thirichuvannu tissa nadiyude theerathulla samathalangalil sthirathaamasamaakkaanum addeham prerippichu.
pirimurukkamulla bandham.
belah raajaavinte mootha makan steefan 1239-ll janichu. 1246-leeii oru rajakeeya charter steefane "rajaavum slavoniayude prabhuvum" ennu paraamarsikkunnu. prathyakshatthil, kazhinja varsham, belah thante makane rajaavaayi kireedamaniyikkukayum avane thante anantharaavakaashiyaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheythu. drava nadikkum adriatic kadalinum edayilulla bhoomi addeham steefanu nalki. 1245 muthal yuva steefanmaar croatia, dalmasia, slavonia ennee pravishyakal naamamaathramaayi bharichu. 1257ll steefan praayapoorthiyaayappol, pithaav addehathe transylvania rajakumaaranaayi niyamichu. 1258ll pithaav stairiyayilekku addehathe mattiyathinaal steefante bharanam avide hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu. stairiyayil addehathinte bharanam janapreeti nediyilla. bohemiayile oottookar randaaman raajaavinte pinthunayode praadeshika prabhukkanmaar hangarian bharanathinethire kalapam nadatthi. bohemiayile yudhathil steefan pradhana vijayangal nediyengilum, cressenbron rajaavaaya belayudeyum steefante aikyasainyathinteyum nirnnayaka yudhathil 1260 juulai 12 nuu parajayappettu, pradhaanamaayum belayude commandinu keezhilulla pradhana sainyam vaikiyaan athiyathu. advanced gaardinu neethrthwam nalkia steefan yudhakkalathil ninnu rakshappedaan prayasamaayirunnu. 1261 march 31 nuu oppuvacha vienna samadhaanam, hungery bohemia thammilulla samgharsham avasanippikkukayum oottookar randaamanu anukoolamaayi stairiya upekshikkaan belah naalaamane nirbandhithanaakkukayum cheythu. steefan transylvaniayilekku madangukayum stairiyayil ninnu purappetta sesham randaam thavanayum athu bharikkukayum cheythu.
1260kalude thudakkathil belah naalamanumaayulla steefante bandham vashalayi. steefante charterukal pithaav anantharaavakaashamaayi purathaakkappedumenna addehathinte bhayam velippeduthunnu. thante raajyathinte (terra) allengil raajyathinte (regnum) athirthikalkkappuramulla oru pravasiyaayi thanne pinthudaraan aagrahicha maathaapithaakkalil ninnu "anarhamaayi kadutha peedanam anubhavicha" thaan aanennu thante thudarnnulla chaarttarukalil duke avakashappettu. peru velippeduthaatha chila baaranukal pazhaya raajaavine thanikkethire prakopippichathaayum addeham aaropichu. avarude ettumuttalinte kaaranam valare anishchithathvathilaanu. belayude perilulla ettavum ilaya makane 1260-ll slavonia rajakumaaranaakkiyathaayi charitrakaaranaaya attila soldos oonnipparanju. parambaraagathamaayi, panthrandaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthi muthal, slavonia rajakumarane hangarian simhaasanathinte anantharaavakaashiyaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. rajaavum mootha makan thammilulla samgharshangal kaaranam, pathinonnu vayassulla sahodaranaaya belaykku anukoolamaayi thanne anantharaavakaashamaayi nalkaan pithaav padhathiyidunnathaayi steefan aaropichu.
gyula pollar jeno sukes ulppede niravadhi charithrakaaranmaarude abhipraayathil, slavoniayude prabhuvayi yuva belayude niyamanamaan achanum makan thammilulla bandham vashalakaan kaaranam. ithinu vipareethamaayi, belayude niyamanam avarude pirimurukkamulla bandhatthinte anantharafalamaanennu soldos karuthi, moolakaaranamalla. rajakeeya adikaaram punasthaapikkaanum hangariyile thante mungaamikalude bhoomi graantukal parishkarikkaanum shramicha belah naalaaman stairiyayile swantham pakshapathikalkk (udaaharanathinu, denis peck) steefan nalkia udaaramaaya sambhaavanakale shakthamayi ethirthathaayi jeno sukes vaadichu, ithu avarude bandhathe vashalakki. syookkukalude abhipraayathil, slavoniayile rajakeeya estettukalude anupatham samrakshikkaan rajaavu ellaam shramichu. cressenbrunile tholviyaanu bandham vashalakaanulla pradhana kaaranangalilonnayi attila soldos kanakkaakkiyath. prarambha vijayangalkk sesham bela ethi. yudhathile addehathinte thettukal hangariyakkaarkku valia tholwick kaaranamaayi. thalphalamaayi gurutharamaayi parikketta steefan rakshappedaan prayasappettu. yudhathinushesham belayum steefanum thammil kadutha ettumuttal undakaan saadhyathayundennu soldos anumaanichu. roman charitrakaaranaaya tudor slagian parayunnathanusarichu, addehathinte bharanakaalathudaneelam, belah naalaaman "yodhaakkalude raajaavinte aadarshathil ninnu valare akaleyaayirunnu". cressenbron yudhathile belayude parajayam vivarikkumbol "samadhaanamulla oru manushyanaayirunnu, pakshe sainyangaludeyum yudhangaludeyum nadatthippil ettavum bhagyavanalla" ennu "prakashamulla charithram" polum rekhappeduthunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, abhiniveshamulla duke steefan "oru asaadhaarana sainika commanderacan aavashyamaaya ellah gunangalum kaivashappeduthiyirunnu" (saljian). madhyakaalathinte avasaanathe dheerata" yeei prathinidheekaricha steefan, thaazhnna kuleena kudumbangalile yuva amgangalil ninnu (udha.jii. raynold baasteli, agds monoslo, micode cochaniestradnote). thante sambhaavanakaliloode steefan oru puthiya rashtreeya, sainika varenyavarggam sthaapichu, athu belah naalaaman rajavineyum maria laskarina raajnjiyeyum kendreekarichulla pazhaya prabhukkakudumbangale ethirthu. thante pakshakkaarekkond sthaanangal nirachu transylvaniayil oru swatantra sarkkar sthaapikkaan steefan parishramichu. thante varavinupinnaale, thante pithaavinte vishwasthanaaya baaranaya erne akosine transylvaniayude voyvode aayi addeham pirichuvittu. pithavum puthran thammilulla vyakthiparamaaya vairudhyathinu pakaram samgharshathinu pinnile pradhana gadakamaayi rund raajyangaludeyum saamoohika aditharaye gyula kristoo oonnipparanju. christoyude abhipraayathil, pazhaya varenyavargathil ninnu raajyathinte niyanthranam ettedukkaan aagrahicha swantham vishwastharudeyum pinthunakkaarudeyum sammarddathethudarnnu steefan pithaavinethire thirinju. mattoru vasham kaanichu, 1259,1260 kaalaghattangalil mangolian adhinivesham undakaan saadyathayullathinaal steefane slavoniayil ninnu transylvaniayilekku mattiyathaayi soldos kanakkakkunnu; ithu belah yadhaarthathil thante makante sainika kazhivukale bahumaanikkunnuvenn kaanichekkaam. 1261ll avarude bandham ithuvare maattaanaavaathavidham moshamayirunnilla steefanum pithavum samyukthamaayi bulgaria akramikkukayum aaa varsham vidin pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
1262 aabhyantharayudhavum raajyathinte vibhajanavum.
transylvaniayile prabhuvenna nilayil steefan, hangariyile bharanadhikaarikalaaya rajaakkanmaar maathram upayogichirunna thante padavikalkku munbu "dee gratia" (daivakripayaal) enna padaprayogam ekapaksheeyamaayi upayogikkaan thudangiyennu jeno sukes oonnipparanju. 1261lum 1262lum steefan transylvaniaykku appurathekku tissa nadiyude theerathu thante adikaaram vyapippichu. avide thaamasichirunna kumanmare addehathinte prajakalayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. bihar, satmar, soarig, ugoksa, transylvaniaykku purathulla mattu kaundikal ennividangalil addeham bhoomi graant nalkiyennu steefante charterukal theliyikkunnu. 1262 septambaril steefanodoppam 1261 maarchil belah IV-nte sambhavana kathu sthireekarikkunnathinu warrad roopatha (oradia maar) uchithamaanennu karuthiya vastutha eee mekhalayile addehathinte uracha sthaanam nannayi prathiphalippichu. niravadhi praadeshika prabhukkanmaarum kaundi adhikaarikalum yathaakramam 1262 nuu munbu ithe reethi pinthudarnnirunnu. aaa samayat samgharsham vardhichathinte lakshanagal undaayirunnu udaaharanathinu, 1262 leeii vasanthakaalath rajakeeya dambathikalaaya bela maria slavonian pravishya sandarshichappol, kireeda aabharanangalum rajakeeya nidhikalum avide ninnu maattunnathinaayi rajaavu sagreb roopathayil ninnu medwade grad pidichedutthu.
avarude pakshakkar thammilulla lamghanangalude oru parambarayetthudarnnu, 1262 leeii sharathkaalathil belah nalaman steefanum thammil oru sayudha samgharshamo aabhyantharayudhamo pottipurappettu. uyarnna hangariyude padinjaaran bhaagathekku (baarukalum posoni kaundikalum) padiyirangiya steefan aayirunnu yudhathinu thudakkamittath. maria raajnjiyude theeyathi nischayikkaatha charter anusarichu, belayum steefanum "parasparam abhimukheekarichu, iruvashathumulla sainyangal, parasparam kaikal uyarthaan thayyarayirunnu", athinaal gurutharamaaya yudhapravarthanangalonnum nadannillennu sangalppikkaavunnathaanu. orupakshe 1262 novemberil presburg kottaykku (innathe bratislava, slovakia) sameepam iru sainyangalum kandumuttiyathaakam ennu ezz. yuu. sii. karuthunnu. praadeshika mathethara, sabhaa adhikaarikalude prathinidikalaaya "ispan" (kaundu) herrand headerinteyum hondinte aarch deekkan ladislosinteyum edapedalinethudarnnu kakshikal thammil oru vedinirthal urappu varuthi. 1262 november 25-nuu avar avide oru samadhana udambadi avasaanippichu, raajyathe rund aarch bishappumaraaya philipp turje oof estergominteyum smarged oof kalosa madhyasthathayode, koodaathe philipp, vaaku bishop, benedict, seban provost, joonn, arad provost ennivarude hajar. pras burg samaadhaanamanusarich, bela nalaman steefenum danubil hungery raajyam vibhajichu nadiyude padinjaaru bhaagathulla bhoomi belayude nerittulla bharanathin keezhilaayi thudarnnu, steefen kizhakkan pradeshangalude sarkkar etteduthu. addeham ilaya rajaavu () enna padaviyum sweekarichu. 1262 desember 5 nuu steefan porosloyil oru charter purappeduvichu "kurachu divasangalkku munbu" presburgil nadanna karaaril pithaav thanikk nalkia ellah kaaryangalilum thaan samthrupthanaanennu addeham prakhyapikkukayum kooduthal aavasyangal unnayikkillenn vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. thante pithaavino ilaya sahodaranaaya duke belayko ethire addeham nadapadiyedutthilla. belah naalamanumaayulla samadhana udambadikku anusrithamaayi thaan fuelech kotta (innathe philokovo, slovakia) athinte anubandhavasthukkalodoppam etteduthathaayi addeham sammathichu. yudhasamayathu thante pithaavinte baaranukalil ninnum sevakaril ninnum edutha ellah bhoovudamakalum swathukkalum thirike nalkumennum steefan vaagdaanam cheythu, perukondu paraamarshichirikkunna vyakthikal ozhike (karar undaayirunnittum kotta steefanu kaimaran visammathicha phulekkinte captanmaaraaya henry prusal franco). thante vishwasthathayil cheraan kumanmare prolsaahippikkillenna belah naalaaman oresamayam vaagdaanam cheythu. slavoniayile jarmman, slaav prajakaludeyum belayude rajakeeya sainyathile bohemian koolippadayaalikaludeyum kaaryatthilum steefan ithu thanne cheythu. mattu kakshikalude sevanathil earppettirikkunna prabhukkanmarkkum rajakeeya sevakarkkumethire orikkalum prathikarikkillennum avarude swathukkal orikkalum lamghikkillennum avar sammathichu. koodaathe, transylvanian uppu khananavum vyapaaravum rund paramaadhikaarikaludeyum bharanathin keezhilaakki.
steefante vijayam athishayakaramaanennum kumanmar addehathinte aadhipathyathin keezhilaayirikke addeham hangariyile ettavum valia sainyathe nayichu ennum tudor salajian vaadichu. addehathinte domaine allengil raajyam ("raajyam") transylvaniayil ninnu vadakku-padinjaaran dishayilulla torna lordshippinu purame saros, ujwar, gomor, borsode, nograd kaundikalilekkum vyaapichu. thekk, addehathinte raajyam serbia rajyavumaayulla (baiks, valco, syrmia kaundikal) athirthi vare vyaapichu. thante aadhipathyam bursenland (barcasag) mekhalaye ulkkollunnillenn munkaala charitraparamaaya avakaashavaadangal undaayirunnittum addeham muzhuvan transylvania bharichu.
yudhathinu thayyaaredukkunnu.
steefan thante puthiya ettedukkalukalil poornnamaayum samthrupthanaayirunnu. 1263 meyy maasathil, thante pithaavinodoppam chernna prabhukkanmaare thaan peedippikkillennu addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. oru paapi oru raajyathil ninnu mattonnilekku palayanam cheythaal, randaamathethinte bharanadhikaarikkum vidhiyude keezhil avane utharavaadiyaakkaamennum addeham nirddeshichu. 1263 joolaiyil addeham rund aarch bishappumarodum pras burg samadhaanam hollie seeykk samarppikkaan aavasyappettu. ennirunnaalum, maarppaappayude legettu velasco hangariyil athiyengilum samadhana prakriyayil sabhaye ulppeduthaan belah naalaaman visammathichathinal, pappa arban naalaaman udambadi sthireekarichathinte soochanakalonnumilla. transylvaniayile thante kudumbatthile pradhana sthaanangalilekku swantham kakshikale naamanirddesham cheythukondu steefan oru prathyeka rajasabha sthaapichu. transylvaniayile voyovode (sainika nethaavu) (ladislas qaan), severin nirodhanam (laurence igmand) enniva addehathinte vishwasthathaykku avakaashappettathaayirunnu. eee athirthi pradeshangalil belah naalaaman yaathoru adikaaravum undaayirunnilla. 1264-nte aadya pakuthiyil ninnulla steefante ledger samrakshikkappettittund. ledgeril addehathinte sambhaavanakalum sammaanangalum pinthunakkaarkku nalkunna pana aanukoolyangalum adangiyirikkunnu (udaaharanathinu, agds monoslo, rainold bastelli, jokim gutkeld, dominic sask, kumans). aabhyantharayudhathinte thalennu thante anuyaayikale aakarshikkan ilaya rajaavu sramichathaayi entrikal prathifalippikkunnu. syrmiayile mintejinte varumanam, sasaakkukalile (innathe salesa, romania) uppu sambharanam, selmeckile (innathe banska shtiyavinikka, slovakia) velli khananam ennivayil ninnaan addeham eee chelavukalkku dhanasahayam nalkiyathu.
ennirunnaalum, belah nalaman addehathinte pakshakkarum 1262leeii samadhaanavum hangariyude vibhajanavum oru thaalkkaalika thirichadiyaayi kandu. steefante sthaanangal durbalappeduthukayenna lakshyathode avar oru valia nayatantra, prachaarana pracharanam aarambikkukayum sayudha prathikaarathinu thayyarakukayum cheythu. steefante puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya domainil raajakudumbaamgangalude niravadhi bhoovudamakalundaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, belayude makal, maxoyile dutches anayum bharthaav rostislavu mikhailovichum rajabharanam kaivashappedutthi. vibhajanathinushesham steefante bhaarya elisabath dhii kuman prabhuthathvam nedi. maria raajnjiyum dutches anayum maarppaappayude kottaaratthil thangalude bhoomi kaivashappeduthunnathine ethirthu. annayude puthranmaraaya maikkelum belayum steefan avarude kottakal-soarig (mungax), fuser enniva-1262 leeii presburg udambadi lamghichathaayi aaropichu, ithu soldosinte abhipraayathil rajavamsha samgharsham pariharikkan kazhivillaayirunnu. anuranjanathinu pakaram, belah naalaaman prathikarikkaan shakti shekharichu. addeham pisegrad kotta pilisinte rajakeeya vanathinte ispaanettum (rajasabha) pojega kaundiyum thante raajnji bharyayaaya mariyaykk nalki. niyitra (naitra, slovakia), presburg (bradislava, slovakia), mosoon, sopron ennee kottakal rajaavu thante ilaya makan duke belaykku kaimari. koodaathe, rajaavu baaranya, somogi, saalaa, vaas, tolna ennee kaundikal belayude dachiyumaayi koottichertthu. 1263 desember 21nuu pappa arban naalaaman ellah sambhavana kathukalum sthireekarichu. oru maarppaappayude kathu anusarichu, 1264 juulai 15nuu munbu yuva belaik waswar, valco kaundi kotta nalkiyirunnu. presburg samaadhaanathin anusrithamaayi valco kaundi steefante swaadheena mekhalayilaayirunnu; belah naalaaman eee sambhavanayumaayi udambadi lamghichu. duke belayude thalpparyangal samrakshikkaan poppu arban IV philipp turjeyodum wespremile bishop pooll baloginodum nirddeshichu. raajaavinte abhyarthanaprakaaram, marpappa dutches annayude (savaassentdimeettar) swathukkal sthireekarichu. steefante raajyathulla bhoomiyumaayi bandhapetta niravadhi sambhavanakal 1262leeii udambadiyum lamghichu. eee saahacharyathil, belayude sambhaavanakalum prathyekichu avarude maarppaappayude sthireekaranangalum steefante maranashesham simhaasanathil kayarunna aaa kudumbaamgangalude bhaavi surakshithamaakkunnathinaan roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. steefanu ivayekkurichu ariyillaayirunnu. 1263-ll, baisantain saamraajyathinethire svechaadhipathiyaaya jacob svettoslaavine pinthunaykkunnathinaayi addeham ladyslos kaante neethrthwathil bulgariayilekku sainyathe ayachu. athe samayam thanne oru nayatantra dauthyam mangolian adhinivesham thadanju.
koodaathe, belayudeyum steefanteyum vishwastharude udamasthathayilulla bhoomi rund raajyangaludeyum athirthikalumaayi poruthappettilla, ithu niravadhi samgharshangalkku kaaranamaayi. jeno ssuks parayunnathanusarichu, praadeshikavum vyakthiparavumaaya thathwangalude eee vibhajanam classical fidility ghadanayil kettittillengilum, athu hangarian anubhavathinu anyamaayirunnu, athinaal fudal araajakathvathinte vikasanathinu niyamaparamaaya saahacharyangal srishtichu. steefante anuyaayikalil rashtreeya abhayaarthikal, abhilaashamulla yuvakkal (mangolian adhiniveshathinu sheshamulla randaam thalamurayude prathinidhikal), padinjaaran transdanubian prabhukkanmaar ennivar ulppettirunnu, avar ithinakam addehathinte slavonian, pinneedu stairiyan kottarangalil undaayirunnu. raajyathinte vibhajanathinte dashakam thalkkalam, kireedasaannidhyathinte manobhaavathil fudal vibhaagangalude parinaamathinu prabhukkanmaarkk thayyaredukkaan saadhyamaakkiyenn suks vaadichu; fudal araajakathvathinte kaalaghattatthile "dress rihezhsal" aayirunnu eratta sarkkar. udambadikku anusrithamaayi, iru kakshikalum amgangale niyogikkunna pothu kodathikal sthaapikkunnathu polulla eee tharkkangal pariharikkan prarambha sramangal nadannu. saadhaaranayaayi, nissaramaaya kesukal maathrame ivide charcha cheyyappedunnulloo. karthaakkalude swatantra party thiranjeduppu praayogikamaayi nilaninnirunnilla, paapathinu kuttaropitharaaya prabhukkanmaar palappozhum mattoru rajaavilekku palayanam cheyyukayum avide avarkk abhayam nalkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, konraad geor vyaja nanayangal upayogichathayi bela aaropichu. thante rajakeeya charter anusarichu, konraad belayude saamraajyathil ninnu palayanam cheyyukayum utharavaaditham etedukkaathirikkukayum steefan kottaaratthil cherukayum cheythu. 1263ll steefante abhyarthana maanich konraadinu rajaavil ninnu pothumaapp labhichu. kuprasidhanaaya oru kollakkaranaaya panit haatt, arpad rajavamshathinullil uyarnnuvarunna pirimurukkamulla bandhathe muthaledutthu. belayude raajyathile saalaa kaundiyil ayalkkarkkethire addeham gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangal cheythu. thalphalamaayi, rajaavu thante bhoomi kandukettaan utharavittu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, paanitt belayude raajyam upekshichu steefanodu vishwasthatha pulartthi. belayudeyum steefanteyum samyuktha kodathi paneettinethire vidhi prasthaavichenkilum, addeham oru rashtreeya peedanatthinte irayaayi svayam avatharippikkukayum 1264 october aadyam duke steefanil ninnu oru rekha shekharikkukayum cheythu, athu vidhi asaadhuvaakkumennum hangarian simhaasanathilethiya sesham kandukettapetta bhoomi paneettilekku thirike nalkumenna dukinte vaagdaanam urappichu. steefan ratot rajasabhayil ninnu erangi 1264-ll duke steefan enna sthaanathekku koorumari, kaaranam "jenz" (klaan) saskayude ugod shaakhayil ninnu saskine pirichuvidukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythathinethudarnnulla bhayam kaaranam. addehathinte purappaadinusesham, belah steefan raatottinte raajyathile bhoovudamakale nashippichu.
ennirunnaalum, ethir dishayilulla chalanagal varenyavargathil kooduthalaayirunnu. 1263lum 1264lum steefante niravadhi pradhana anuyaayikal addehathinte rajasabha upekshichu pazhaya raajaavinte goodaalochanakaludeyum thanthrangaludeyum falamaayi belayodu kooru pularthiyathaayi prathinjja cheythu. ithu ozhivakkaanulla ilaya raajaavinte nirashaajanakamaaya shramangalkkidayilum, thante domainil cheraan belah kumanmare vijayakaramaayi bodhyappedutthi. steefan 134 maarkk vilamathikkunna thunitharangal sambhavana cheythathayi ledger kaanikkunnu. aabhyantharayudham pottippurappedunnathi thottumunbu ladyslos qaan, sahodaran juuliyas qaan ennivarum hangarian rajaavinodulla kooru maatti. denis pekkum addehathinte vais chansalar benedikttum athe samayat sradheyamaaya koorumattakkaaraayirunnu. benedikttinte vidavaangal steefante bharanathil vedanaajanakamaaya oru ghattamayirunnu varaanirikkunna rashtreeya kodunkaattinte falamaayi addehathinu nashtam sambhavikkaathirikkaan addehathinte kadam kodukkunnavaril oralaaya sir vulam benedikttinte samayat nadatthiya edapaadukalekkurichulla thante saambathika avakaashavaadangalude oru pattika samaaharichu. koodaathe, belah naalaaman thante baahya swaadheenam cheluthukayum polandile ducadamukalil addehathinte marumakkalil ninnu kooduthal pinthuna vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu, dukes boleslo vii dhaa chaatt, boleslo dhaa pakwamathakkaaran, koodaathe lessec randaaman dhii black. mangolian adhiniveshathinushesham thaan nirmmicha buda kottayude thanthraparamaaya sainika praadhaanyam amgeekaricha bela naalaaman, bargezhs majistrettinte swatantra thiranjeduppu ulppede thante thalasthaanamaaya budayude taunn aanukoolyangal thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkaan theerumaanichu. thalphalamaayi, 1264 septambar 11 nuu sesham addeham thante "villicus" (steevard) peettare pirichuvittu. addeham thante vishwasthanaaya vishwasthanaaya austriyan naitt henry proosaline budayude aadya "rectoraayi" niyamichu; addeham kottayude commander kaastellanum aayi. 1264 october 5 nuu prasbarginaduthulla ascaniayile duke belayudeyum kunigundeyudeyum vivaahathil duke steefan ulppede muzhuvan rajakudumbavum sannihitharaayirunnu, 1261 nuu sesham belah naalaamante sakthamaaya sakhyakakshiyayi kanakkaakkappettirunna bohemiayile oottookar randaamante rakshaakarthruthvathil. vivaham steefante poornnamaaya baahya otappedalaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu salajian vaadichu. charitrakaaranaaya attila soldosinte abhipraayathil, belah naalaaman-niravadhi munnanikalil svayam surakshithanaya sesham-thante mootha makane eee paripaadiyil nerittu, ithu hangariyil valia thothilulla aabhyantharayudham anivaryamaakki.
sambhavangalude punarnirmmaanam.
rund munnanikalilayi belayude akramanam.
1264 desember 10-nuu aabhyantharayudham pottipurappettu. ladyslos, juuliyas qaan ennee sahodaranmaar belayude sainyathe nayichu, athil kooduthalum kuman yodhaakkal ulppettirunnu. eee pradeshangal veendedukkaanulla alexander karasiyude parajayappetta shramangalkkidayilum avar duke steefante raajyam akramikkukayum transylvaniayude thekkan bhaagathulla maros (murus) nadiyude thaazhvarayilekku thadassamillaathe thulachukayarukayum cheythu. steefante sainyam-peettar suck, micode cochaniestradnote ennivarodoppam ilaya rajaavu nerittu sannihithanaayirunnu-aakramanakaarikal kanatha parajayam neridukayum juuliyas qaan kollappedukayum cheytha daywa kottayil (innathe romaniyayile deva) avarude munnettam nirtthi. 1270-kalile aabhyanthara samgharshangalile pramukha poraaliyaaya peettar saskinu thante ujjwalamaaya sainika kazhivu prakadippikkaan kazhinja aadya yudhamaayirunnu athu, devayil steefante sainyathe phalapradamaayi nayichu. steefanu thante pithaavinethire kaaryakshamamaya oru sainyam roopeekarikkaan kazhinjuvennum athu thante domaininte thekkan bhaagangalil athicheraan samayameduthuvennum attila soldos oonnipparanju. athinaal, assembly pooyint oru kendra sthaanathaayirikkaam-orupakshe warrad. qaan sahodaranmaarude aakramanathinu thottumunbu, steefan thante sainyathe shekharikkaan thudangi, elisabath raajnjiyeyum naalu penmakkaleyum sisuvaaya makan ladyslassine semplan kaundiyile padak kottayude kottaketta chumarukalkk pinnil (innu saattoraljojelikkaduthu avashishtangalil) upekshichu. belayude raajyathinethire akramanam nadatthaan steefan uddeshichirunnuvenkilum pithaav munkootty adichu. ennirunnaalum, yudhathadavukaareyum rahasyaanveshana reportukaleyum chodyam cheythathinushesham, kuman sainyam oru munkoor seena maathramaanennu steefanu vyakthamaayi, thudarnnu vidagthanaaya sainika general, kemeniyude (allengil maadusnaayiyude) makanaaya jadji royal laurencinte neethrthwathilulla kooduthal pradhanappetta rajakeeya sainyam. addehathinte sainyam raajyathinte thekk bhaagathulla athe paatha pinthudarnnu transylvaniayude kizhakke moolayilulla feketehalom (kodlia, romania) kotta vare pinwangan steefane nirbandhithanaakki. thante saamraajyathinte vadakkan bhaagathe oresamayathe sambhavangal kaaranam laurencinte munnerikkondirikkunna sainyathodu pooraadaathe steefan pinvangiyathaayi soldos vishwasichu.
maros thaazhvarayile sainika sambhavangalumayi oresamayam, mattoru rajakeeya sainyam sepezeg mekhalayil (spis) ninnu vadakkukizhakkan dishayilekkulla ettavum cheria pathayil dutches annayude neethrthwathil athirthi kadannu. aabhyantharayudhasamayathu belayude rajakeeya sainyathinte vadakkan corps ulppetta dutches annayude naamamaathramaaya commandinu keezhil rajakeeya sainikarude yadhaartha generalayi paletine henry kosegi pravarthichathaayi attila soldos vishwasichu. thekk laurencinte sainika neekkam steefante sainyathe valare akale ninnu vasheekarikkunnathinulla vazhithirichuvidalaayi pravarthichuvennu soldos vaadichu. 1264 desember pakuthiyode, dutches annayudeyum henry kassejiyudeyum sainyam-kurachu prathirodhatthinu sesham-padakkile kotta pidichedukkukayum steefante bharyayaaya elisabath dhii kuman avarude anchu praayapoorthiyaakaatha makkalaya catherine, merii, anna, maargarat, eaka makan ladyslos ennivare pidikoodukayum cheythu. steefante kudumbatthe belah IV-leeii turrock kottayilekku (sneeve allengil sneeve ennum ariyappedunnu, innathe slovakiayile klaastar pooad sneevom-nuu sameepam) maatti, dutches annayude utharavanusarichu andrew hoond-pasmani kaaval nilkkukayum avar sahodarante abhilaashangale ettavum shakthamayi ethirkkukayum cheythu. eee mekhalayile kooduthalum soarig, ujwar kaundikalile kandukettapetta swathukkal veendedukkaan avar lakshyamittu. steefante kudumbatthe pidichadakkiyathu yudhasamayathu yudhakkalathil paraajayappettirunnenkil belah naalaaman thante makane thattiyedukkaan oru avasaram srishtichu.
dutches annayumothulla oru cheria verpirinja sainyam kizhakode munnerukayum (baranka kotta ulppede) munbu pidicheduttha pradeshangalum kottakalum pidichedukkukayum cheythappol, henry kosegiyude neethrthwathilulla sainyathinte bhooribhaagavum steefante kottakal uparodhikkaan thudangi. ithu cussegic pettennulla vijayangalkk kaaranamaayi. 1270 muthalulla oru charteril steefan thanne eee kaalayalavil "nammude mikkavarum ellah kottakalum [...]..] vishwastharaanennu vishwasikkunna nammude raajyadrohikalaanu avare kaimariyath...] njangalude maathaapithaakkalkk. udaaharanathinu, belayude sainyam nograd kaundiyile mathra parvathanirakalile oru cheria kottayaaya agaswar kotta kaivashappedutthi, keezhadangiya peksinte bishappaya job saahayude "avishwaasavum avishwasthamaaya ashradhayum" kaaranam prathirodhamillathe. 1346-leeii oru charter velippeduthunnathu, pex kotta bishop joliyude keezhil adhinivesham cheyyappettirikkam, orupakshe yudhathinte pilkkala ghattathil belah naalaamante anuyaayikal. ennirunnaalum, ithu sainika sambhavangalumayi adutha bandhamullathalla. jolie pidichedukkukayum jayililadaykkappedukayum cheythu. ispan" tekkeshinte sahodaranaaya oru back (baachu) torna kaundiyile sadwar kotta kaimari, ithu neenda uparodham thadayukayum henry kosegiyude munnerunna sainikarkk munbu kavaadangal thurakkukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, mattoru pakshapathiyaaya maikkal rosed, ujj vaar kaundiyile fuser kotta aduthulla "temethin" enna mattoru kotta kurachu kaavalkkaarumaayi vijayakaramaayi prathirodhichu, athesamayam kaikkooliyude vividha shramangale prathirodhikkukayum cheythu. "temethin" rosed kindradinte swath ennu paraamarsikkappettu, muun charithralekhanam ithine naitra kaundiyile (innathe hradock, slovakia) temetvini kottayaayi thiricharinju. ennirunnaalum, nyithra kaundiyil rosttukalude mattu ariyappedunna bhoovudamakalonnumilla. thaarathamyena mithamaaya bhagyamullathinaal, 1270 nuu sesham steefante bharanakaalathu maathramaan avarude saamoohika aarohanam nadannathinaal, avarude sambathu oru kotta nirmmikkaan avare anuvadikkaan paryapthamaayirunnilla. koodaathe, rund kottakalum parasparam marikadakkaan kazhiyaatha akalathilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu oresamayam samrakshanam asaadyamaakkum. fuser jaathiyil ninnu oru kilometer akale ("temetweni" enna vaakkinte yadhaartha ardham "karaa" ennaanu) aduthide khananam cheytha kottakettya outpost ulla, kuzhikalum kothalangalum ulkkollunna "temethin" ennu soldos thiricharinju. vijayathethudarnnu maikkal rosed pinneedu steefante sainyathil chernnu.
feketehalamil neenda uparodham.
1264 desemberile avasana divasangalil oru neenda uparodhathin thayyaaredukkunnathinaayi feketehalamilekku pinvaangumbol, duke steefane padakkil thante kudumbam pidichathaayi ariyichu. steefan bhaviyil hangarian simhaasanathilekku kayarunnath kanakkiledukkumbol, "jayil gaard" andrew hoond-pasmani kudumbatthe karsanamaaya samrakshanathil sookshichilla. udaaharanathinu, elishabethinte thadavilvechu 100 velli adayaalangal addeham nalkukayum pattakkinte pathanathekkurichum kudumbatthinte veettuthadankalinekkurim steefane vegathil ariyikkaan dukinte corrier american nadasidine anuvadikkukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi, steefan thante vishwasthanaaya vishwasthanaaya peettar saakkine oru cheria samghathe shekharikkaanum thante kudumbatthe rakshikkaan vadakkukizhakkan hangariyilekku march cheyyaanum chumathalappedutthi. dutches annayude sainyathil ninnu peettar sack baranka kotta vijayakaramaayi thirichupidichu, pakshe addehathinte cheria sainyathin kooduthal vijayangal nedaan kazhinjilla, koodaathe elisabath raajnjiyudeyum belayude domainile kuttikaludeyum sthiramaaya thadankal thadayaanum kazhinjilla.
steefante saamraajyathile transylvaniayude thekkukizhakkan moolayilulla bursenlandile (barcasag) pradeshathaanu feketehalom kotta sthithicheyyunnathu. eee mekhalayile mangolian adhiniveshangalude oru parambaraykku sheshamulla bhayavum apakadasaadhyathayum kaaranam muun varshangalil ithu kanatha kottakettiyirunnu. nalla avasthayilum sambharanathilumulla cheria kotta ilaya rajaavinum addehathinte parivaaratthinum anuyojyamaaya abhayam nalki. eee ghattathil steefan oru gurutharamaaya avasthayilaayirunnu, pinneedu feketehalamine "durithatthinteyum maranathinteyum sthalam" ennu vilichu; "daivathinu purathu, enikku aalukalil vishwaasam undaayirunnilla" enna addehathinte pilkkala kurippukalil addehathinte aazhathilulla udaseenata vyakthamaayi prathifalikkunnu. addehathinte dhaaraalam baaranukalum prabhukkanmaarum addehathodulla vishwasthatha thakarkkukayum aaa kaalayalavil belah naalaamanod vishwasthatha prathinjja cheyyukayum cheythu. praadeshika prabhukkanmaar polum addehathe pinthunaykkaan visammathichu. pinvaangalinide, eathaanum dussen kuthirakal maathram vishwasthatha pularthunnathuvare addehathinte sainyam kramena chitharippoyi, avarude yajamanane feketehalom kottayilekku pinthudarnnu. transylvanian saaksanukalum muthirnna rajavinodu vishwasthatha pularthunnathaayi prathijnjayedutthu. tudor salagian videshathu oresamayam undaakunna prathikoola saahacharyangalkk oonnal nalki. hangariyile araajakathva sahacharyam muthaleduthu steefante saamantan svechaadhipathiyumaaya jacob svettoslaavu bulgariayile saar konsttantain sikhinu keezhadangukayum 1265-nte thudakkathil avar thekk ninnu danube kadakkukayum severin, steefan saamraajyathinte baanattil ulppettirunna nadiyude vadakkulla hungarian kottakal akramikkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, polandile belah raajaavinte sakhyakakshikalaya bolsla dhaa pakwan lessec dhaa black galeeshya-volhinia raajyathile steefante kurachu baahya sakhyakakshikalumayi samgharshathil earppettu. eee saahacharyangalil, muzhuvan aabhyantharayudhathinteyum vidhi feketehalom uparodhathe aashrayichirunnuvenn salajian parayunnu. eathaanum dussen steefante anuyaayikal maathramaan kottayude mathilukalkkullil ilaya raajaavine pinthudarnnathu; jeevithakalam muzhuvan steefan eee dushkaramaaya samayangalil avarude vishwasthatha marannilla. samriddhamaaya sambhaavanakaliloode, kuleena, rajakeeya sevaka, kotta yodhaakkalude kudumbangalil ninnulla thante niravadhi yuva pakshapaathikalude-"rajakeeya yuvakkal" (,) ennu vilikkappedunna samghathinte-saamoohika uyarchaye addeham praapthamakki. feketehalom uparodha samayat ariyappedunna prathirodhakkaarude (motham 40 perr) pattika attila soldos kanakkaakkukayum thirichariyukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, cosmas gutkeld, alexander karasi, dominic balasa, micode cochaniestadnote, demetrius rosed, raynold bastelli, thomas baksa, addehathinte ilaya sahodaranmaar (bhaaviyile pramukha sainika general jorjju baksa ulppede), maikkal sask, thomas kaatta ennivar avaril ulppedunnu.
pinthudarunna rajakeeya sainyam 1264-leeii avasana divasangalil feketehalam kottayiletthi. kottaye aadyam oru sainika munnettakkaar aakramichu.
belayude sainyathinte kamaandaraayirunna laurencinte sahodaran konraad nayichu. athivega munnettathode kottayude kavaadam takarkkaan addeham shramichuvenkilum alexander karasiyude sainikar ithu thadanju. thudakkathil, kottayude mathilinadiyil ninnu uparodhakare thurathaan shramicha prathirodhakkar akramanam nadathiyenkilum iru sainyangaludeyum ennathile vyathyasam kaaranam parajayappettu. kemeniyude makanaaya laurence, kallukondu feketehalom kotta uparodhikkaan thudangi, athesamayam mathilukal ravum pakalum kaaval nilkkunnu. aakramanakaarikal ilaya raajaavinte sainyathe nirantharam sammarddathilaakkiyathaayi addehathinte pilkkala oormmakal parayunnu. steefan cheruthunilppinte vyarthathayil vishwasikkaan thudangi. prathirodhakkaarkk taamasiyaathe avarude karuthal shekharam theernnuvennu vishwasikkaavunnathaanu. thalphalamaayi, daya thedaan demetrius rosed enna prathyeka prathinidhiye maathaapithaakkalude aduthekku ayaykkaan steefan uddeshichenkilum uparodhakkar addehathe pidikoodukayum laurence thadavukaarane peedippikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu, duke steefan sainika general thante ellah sathrukkaleyum kollan uddeshichirunnuvennu avakashappettu, athesamayam soldos laurence theerchayaayum yudhakkalathil vijayikkaan aagrahikkunnuvennu vaadichu. ennirunnaalum, aabhyantharayudhathinte aadyaghattathil rajakeeya sainyathil cheraan nirbandhitharaaya paannit miscolkinte neethrthwathilulla chila prabhukkanmaar, kooru maarukayum uparodhikalude uddeshyangal veendum manassilakkukayum avare "shakthiyodum thanthrathodum" paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. panit prathirodhakkaarkk vivarangal nalkukayum laurencinte uparodha pravartthanangal attimarikkukayum cheythirikkaam. munbu, oru raksha senayumaayi neenduninna uparodhathil pannitt athukayum kottaye mochippikkukayum cheythuvennu pollar syookkukalum vaadichu. vaasthavathil, duke steefante pradhana generalukalaaya peettarum maathyoo saanum athichernna rakshaapravarthana senaye nayichu. 1265 januvariyil avar uyarnna hangariyil ninnu transylvaniayilekku madangukayum avide avar ilaya raajaavinte sainyathe shekharikkukayum punasamghadippikkukayum steefante vishwasthathayilekku madangaan saaksanukale prerippikkukayum cheythu. januvari avasaanathode rund sainyangalum thammilulla feketehalom mathilinaduthaanu yuddham nadannathu, duke steefan thante bakkiyulla kaaval senaye kottaykku puratthekku nayichu. rajakeeyasainyangal nannayi parajayappettu. lorencineyum addehathinte yuddha pathaakakaleyum thomas karthal ulppede niravadhi sinikareyum pidikoodukayundaayi. yudhasamayathu lorencineyum mattu moonnu generalukaleyum (pathaaka vahikkunnayal ulppede) lans cheyyukayum kuthukayum cheytha kuthirayaayirunnu ivante makan andrew. mothatthil, alexander karasi pathinettu "sradheyaraaya naittukale" pidikoodi.
steefante vijayathilekkulla paatha.
feketehaalamile vijayathiloodeyum peettar saakkinte munkaala shramangaliloodeyum steefan transylvaniayilum athinte anubandha pradesangalaaya satmar, soarig, ung kaundikalilum thalkshanam niyanthranam veendeduthu, ithu vadakkukizhakkan hangariyilekku druthagathiyilulla munnettatthinu anuvadichu. vijayam steefane udan paraajayappedunnathil ninnu rakshikkukayum addehathinte pravartthana swaathanthryam punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. hangariyude madhyabhaagangalilekk madikkaathe march cheyyaan addeham theerumaanichu. henry kassegiyude sainyathilekku sainyathe ayaykkaan pithaavin avasaram nalkunnathu ozhivakkaan steefan aagrahichu. maikkal rosed, peettar cassics, nograd kaundiyil ninnulla addehathinte "bandarium" (sainika yoonit), raajnji kottayile aalukale bharichirunna steefan raattot ennivarulppede addehathinte niravadhi kakshikal sainyathil chernnu. attila soldosinte abhipraayathil, steefante sainyam hermaanstaadtilekk (seben) thudarnnu koloswarilekku (innathe cbu, kluj-napoka, romania), transylvaniayil ninnu tisantulilekku (traanstisiya) raajaavinte churam kadakkunnathinu munbu march cheythu.
1265 februvari randaam pakuthiyode, tisantulile evideyo, steefante munnerunna sainyam naitra kaundiyile "ispan" aaya erne akosinte neethrthwathilulla mattoru rajakeeya sainyavumayi koottiyidichu. feketehalom deerghakaala uparodham appozhekkum parajayappettathinaal, henry kosegi thante lefttanant erne akosineyum sainyatheyum pradesham keezhadakkaanum uparodhakare pinthunaykkaanum duke steefante ethir aakramanathe pinneedu thadayaanum ayachu ennathu vishwasaneeyamaanu. steefante sainyathinte munnirakkaaranaayi pravarthichirunna micode, american coconestradnote sainyangale akramicha commander cheefttan menkinoppam erne kuman yodhaakkalude oru munnaniye ayachu. kokkaneesradnott sahodaranmaar kumanmare paraajayappeduthi. steefante sainyavum (sask sahodaranmaarude neethrthwathil) praadeshika bhoopradesam parichayamulla erne akos thammilulla pradhana yuddham vaaradinu padinjaaru evideyo nadannu. erne gurutharamaaya parajayam neridukayum pidikkappedukayum cheythu. oru rajakeeya charter anusarichu, gurutharamaayi parikketta peettar sack oru yudhathil erne paraajayappeduthi. mattoru rekha prakaram, samgharshathethudarnnu steefan ducal kodathiyil addehathinte deerghakaala ethiraaliyaaya paannit miscolk changalakalulla thadavukaaranaaya erneye avatharippichu.
erne akosinte sainyathinethiraya vijayam aabhyantharayudhathinte avasana aakramanathinu thayyaredukkaan steefan nirnnayaka gadakamaayirunnu. raajyathinte hridayabhaagathekku thadassamillaathe nuzhanjukayaraanum warconi thuramukhathu tissa nadhi kadannu transdanubiayilekku march cheyyaanum sainyathin kazhinju. kemeniyude makanaaya laurencinte paraajayathekkurichu ariyikkapettathinushesham, athe samayam thanne erne acos, henry kosegi upper hangariyile kottakalude keezhadakkal nirtthivachu. steefante samgham kadakkunnathu thadayaan addehathinte sainyam nadeethadatthinu sameepam thekkott keedangalkk nere march cheythu, ithu thalasthaanam kaivashappeduthunnathinu thulyamayirikkum. samakaalika austriyan charitrakaaranaaya jaans derr enikal parayunnathanusarichu, henriyude sainyathil belah naalaamante muzhuvan rajakeeya sainyavum ulppettirunnu, koodaathe budayude "rector" henry proossalinte neethrthwathilulla 1,000 purushanmaarude oru sahaaya samghavum belayude bharyayaaya maria raajnji sambhavasthalathekku ayachu. dutches annayude makanaaya duke bela oof maxo addehathinte leftanantmaaraaya henry kassegiyum henry prusal chernnu rajakeeya sainyathinte naamamaatra generalayi niyamichu, pakshe phalapradamaaya neethrthwam henry kassegiyude kaikalilaanu. ennirunnaalum, upper hangariyil ninnu henry kassegi purappettathode praadeshika prabhukkanmaarkk steefante munnerunna sainyathil cheraan kazhinju. udaaharanathinu, sahodaranmaraaya dietmaar, dietbert eiii. pii. sii ennivarkku purame, vyaapakamaayi vyaapichukidakkunna abaa vamshathile niravadhi amgangal eee lakshyathil chernnu. 1265 march aadyam isaaseginaduthulla yudhathil steefanum sainyavum pithaavinte sainyathinethire nirnnayaka vijayam nedi. agds monosloy nicolas geregium steefante kuthirappadaye nayichu. steefan sannihithanaayirunnu, yudhakkalathil thante sainyathe nayichu, avare nayikkuka mathramalla pooraattatthil pankedukkukayum cheythu. addeham oru yudhathil akramanakaariyaaya oru kuthiraye paraajayappeduthi, athesamayam amgarakshakanenna nilayil thante valathuvashathaayirunna alexander karasi mattu aakramanakaarikalil ninnu avane samrakshichu. maxoyile belaykku yudhakkalathil ninnu rakshappedaan kazhinju, athesamayam henry kasegi yuva kottaaraveeranaaya raynold bastelli thadavilaakki, avan thante kuthirayude chaakkil ninnu sakthanaaya prabhuvine thante eedu upayogichu thatti nilathu pidikoodi. yudhathethudarnnu henry prusal jeevanode pidikkapettu; taamasiyaathe addehathe vadhichu. jaans derr enikalinte "veltkronik" anusarichu, duke steefan proosaline vaal kondu kuthukayum austriyan kuthira thante jeevanu vendi yachikkukayum cheythu. henry kassegiyude rund puthranmaraaya nikkola, ivan ennivarum pidikkapettu. mattu thadavukaarkkoppam, changalakalaal bandhippicha moonnu kaasegikaleyum yudhathinu thottupinnaale steefante ducal kodathiyil avatharippichu.
anantharafalangal.
samadhana prakriya.
nirnnaayakavum tharkkamillaathathumaaya vijayam undaayirunnittum, steefan belayude raajyam aakramikkendennu theerumaanikkukayum thante domaininte pradeshathu thudarukayum cheythu. oru uravidam maathram, jaans derr enikalinte "veltkronik" avakaashappedunnathu steefanum addehathinte anucararum buda kottayil praveshichuvennum avide addeham thante ammayaya maria raajnjiyumaayi charcha nadatthi, avare presburgilekku ayachu ennum avakaashappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, vivaranathinte aadhikaarikatha samshayaaspadamaanu, kaaranam 1270-ll steefan hungarian simhaasanathilekkulla bhaaviyile aarohanathekkurichulla vyakthamaayi thirichariyaan kazhiyunna sambhavangal (udaaharanathinu, maxoyle dutches annayude rakshappedal rajakeeya treasuryumaayi ottokar randaamante kottaratthilekku) aabhyantharayudhathekkurayu vivaranathil austriyan charithrakaaran kalarthunnu. samakaalikar polum steefanil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru manobhaavam pratheekshichirunnu. ekadesham athe samayam, polandile steefante sahodari rajaavu praagile haalichile (ottokarinte pankaali) anantharaval kunigundaykk oru kathu ayachu, athil aval sambhavangalude vazhithirivinekkurichu khedikkukayum thante pithaav bela naalaamante dukhakaramaaya vidhiyekkurich vilapikkukayum cheythu, avan "valanja praayatthil, avan vishramikkenda samayat [...]] [...] [echu] iii thante simhaasanathilninn purathaakkappedukayum thante anuyaayikal vanchikkukayum addehathinte rajakeeya mahathwathinte sathyathe samrakshikkunnavaril palarum marikkukayum cheyyum. bharthaav oottookar randaamanodu madhyasthatha vahikkanum bela naalaaman sainika sahayam nalkaanum avar thante anantharavalodu abhyarthichu. attila soldosinte abhipraayathil, sainika vijayathinupurame thanikkayi dhaarmika vijayam avakaashappedunna steefan irayude punk vahikkunna mikacha vilapeshal sthaanam samyamanam kaanichu. adhikaarathinte aantharika santhulithaavastha kaaranam ithu saadhyamallenn jeno ssuks vaadichu. ettavum pradhanamaayi, steefano addehathinte baaranukalo munkaala "nilavile" avasthaye aswasthamaakkunnathil thaalpparyamundaayirunnil. koodaathe, aabhyantharayudhakaalathu belah IV edutha avasana theerumaanangalilonnu soldos eduthukaanichu. 1265 februvari avasaanathode yudhakkalangalil ninnulla prathikoola sainika vaarthakalekkurich ariyikkapetta vrudhanaaya rajaavu steefante eaka makan ladislassine thurok kottayil ninnu polandile belah naalaamante marumakan, polandile cracoyude duke, bolsloyude kottaratthilekku rashtreeya bandiyaayi ayaykkaan utharavittu. elisabath penmakkalum kottayil veettuthadankalilaayirunnu. ithu isazeg yudhathinushesham thante sainika aadhipathyam poornnamaayum prayojanappedutthaanulla steefante shramangale mithamaakkiyirikkam.
1265 maarchil aazhchakalolam neenda charchakalkku sesham rund aarch bishappumaraaya estergomile philipp turjeyudeyum caloxayile smargadinteyum madhyasthathayode iru kakshikalum samadhaanam sthaapichu. 1265 march 28nuu puthuthayi thiranjedukkappetta marpappa klement naalaaman karar sthireekarikkanamennu abhyarthikkaan belah naalaaman oru kathu ayachu. rekhayude vaachakam samrakshikkappettilla. steefane hangarian simhaasanathinte anantharaavakaashiyaayi bela prakhyaapikkappedunnu, athesamayam steefan thante pithaavine hungery raajyathinte bharanadhikaariyaayi amgeekarichu. yudhathadavukaare aaa varsham pothumaapp nalkukayum mochippikkukayum cheythu. 1265 septambarode, ippozhum raajaavinte anthass nilanirtthiyirunna kemeniyude makanaaya laurence, oru vyavahaarathinidayil oru madhyasthanaayi prathyakshappettu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, elisabath raajnjiyum avarude penmakkalum mochitharaavukayum ladislosine polandil ninnu veettilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. avarude samadhaanam "yathaathatha sthithi" ("yudhathinu munbu nilaninnirunna sahacharyam"), 1262leeii presburg udambadi punasthaapikkal, athaayath.iii. hangariyude kizhakkan bhaagath (veendum kumanmar ulppede) steefante aadhipathyam amgeekarikkaan bela nirbandhithanaayi. uyarnna hangariyile uparodhikkappettathum adhiniveshathilumulla kottakalum steefan veendeduthu; 1265-ll addeham ithinakam thanne thante pakshapathaparamaaya steefan raatouttinu αgasvár sambhavana cheythirunnu. pakaramaayi, steefan thante ilaya sahodaran belayude dachiyude avakasham amgeekarichu. thante ilaya sahodaran anukoolamaayi valco, syrmia kaundikal bharikkanulla thante avakaashavaadavum steefan upekshichu. ennirunnaalum, thante pradeshathulla thante kudumbamgangalaaya maria raajnji, dutches anna, maxoyile duke belah ennivarude bhoovudamakal thirike nalkaan steefan visammathichu. 1266 leeii vasanthakaalath steefan oru charter puratthirakki, athil ammayodulla thante kadamakal pattikappedutthunnu. avalkk munbu kaivashamundaayirunna pojega kaundikku purame syrmiayile mintejum arayum addeham avalkk kaimari. soldosinte abhipraayathil, steefan eee urappukal varthamaanakaalathekk allah, marichu pithaavinte maranathinum hangarian simhaasanathilekkulla addehathinte praveshanathinum sheshamulla kaalayalavilekku prayogichu. ennirunnaalum, "nandiyillaattha kuttakrithyam" kaaranam addeham thante sahodari annayodu mapp nalkaan visammathichu.
ekadesham oru varshathinusesham, 1266 march 23 nuu muyalukalude dveepile (maargarat dweep, budapest) anugrahikkapetta kanyakayude dominican aashramathil avarude karar anubandhamaayi oppidukayum cheythu. rund raajyangalude athirthikkaduthulla sthalam thiranjedukkunnathu sent. kudumbatthile eaka amgamenna nilayil mootha sahodaran steefan ennayaalumaayi kooduthal aduppamulla bandhamaayirunnu maargarattin undaayirunnathu. puthiya udambadi danubil raajyathinte vibhajanam sthireekarikkukayum belayude "regnum", steefante "rejimen" (steefante aupachaarika keezhppettathine soochippikkunna padaavaliyile eaka vyathyasam) ennivayude sahavarthithvathinte niravadhi vashangal niyanthrikkukayum cheythu, athil nikuthi pirivum saadhaaranakkaarude swatantra sanjaarathinulla avakashavum ulppedunnu. aarch bishop philipp turjeyude vaarandiyil iru kakshikalum eee rekha prasidheekarichu (mattoru purohitan smarged kazhinja varsham kollappettirunnu). arpad raajavamshathile mattu amgangalaaya maria raajnji, dutches anna, maxoyile duke belah ennivarum rekha amgeekarichu. steefan thante bhaaryaasahodaranmaaraaya bolslavumaayum pavitranaaya bolslavumaayum samadhaanam nilanirthumennu prathijnjaabadhanaayi. rund rajaakkanmaarum elisabath raajnjiyude estettukalude mail bharanaparamaya adikaarangal urappakkukayum, athu 1262 nuu sesham avalude ammayiyammayaaya maria raajnjiyil ninnu "anantharaavakaashiyude avakaashamaayi" avar pidichedukkukayum cheythu. mattu raajaavinte pradeshathu bhoovudamakalulla baaranukalkkum prabhukkanmarkkum poornnamaaya warrandy prathirodhasheshiyum svayambharanavum nalkukayum cheythu; avarude estettukalude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanam pariganikkathe thanne avar swantham rajavinodu avarude kadamakalum prathibaddhathakalum kadappettirikkunnu. 1266 juun 22nuu marpappa klement naalaaman udambadi sthireekarichu.
thudarchayaaya kalahangal.
avarude samaadhaanathethudarnnu, belayude amgeekaarathode, neratthe thanne vanjichu yudhasamayathu muthirnna raajaavinte campil chernna kumanmare shikshikkaan steefan uddeshichu. aabhyantharayudhathil pankedukkaatthathinaal steefan rajakumaran sveekaaryamaaya slavonia nirodhanamaaya rolland raatattinte neethrthwathil belah thante makanu oru rajakeeya sainyam nalki. ganyamaaya ennam kumanmar hungery vidaan aagrahichu, ennirunnaalum, avar steefane sambandhichidatholam sainikamaayi pradhanamaayirunnu. 1266 eprilil steefan avare hangariyil thudaraan vijayakaramaayi prerippichu. pinneedu 1266-leeii venalkkaalath jacob svettoslaavinte vanchanaykkum aabhyantharayudhasamayathu severin nirodhanathinum shikshaanadapadiyaayi addeham bulgaria aakramichu. ennirunnaalum, bulgarian pracharanam belayum steefanum thammilulla avishwaasam puthukki. eprilil kumanmarkkethiraaya vijayathethudarnnu, rolland raadum sainyavum steefante campil thudarukayum bulgariaykkethiraaya prachaaranatthil pankedukkukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi jacob svettoslaavu veendum steefante aadhipathyam sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, prachaaranatthinu sesham, rolland ratottine addehathinte nirodhanaajnjayude offeesil ninnu pirichuvidukayum 1267 madhyathode henry kassegi addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum cheythu. slavoniayile addehathinte estettukalum kollayadikkappedukayum nasippikkappedukayum cheythu. kuman gothrangale kramappeduthunnathinu maathram rajaavu steefan sainyathe nalkiyathinaal bulgariaykkethiraaya duke steefante prachaaranatthil raattottinte pankaalittham adhikara durviniyogamaayi kanakkakkappedaan saadhyathayund. eee paryaveshanangalil vidagthanaaya sainikanethaavaaya steefan thante anuyaayikalkkidayil sakhyakakshikale shekharichuvennum belaykku bhayappedaamaayirunnu. steefan vii puratthirakkiya 1270 muthalulla oru rajakeeya rekha prakaram, raajasabhayile "shathrukkalude aaropanangalum aaropanangalum" kaaranam rolaantinu belayude aathmavishwaasam nashtappettu.
1266num 1268num edayilulla kaalayalavil steefante rajasabhayil ninnu belayude raajyathekku mattoru tharam palayanam nadannathinte soochanakalundu, ithu aabhyantharayudhathinu sesham pithavum puthran thammil orikkalum aathmavishwaasam punasthaapikkappettiletti kaanikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, paalateen dominic sask chansalar nicolas kaanum 1266 avasaanathode thante kooru upekshichu belah naalaamanod vishwasthatha prathinjja cheythu. jeno syookkukalude abhipraayathil, belah nalaman addehathinte rund puthranmaraaya steefanum bela orumichu 1267 venalkkaalath estergomile obudayil thangalude aadaraneeyamaaya domainukalil ninnulla ellah rajakeeya sevakarudeyum swaathanthryam sthireekarichu. muun varshathe avarude karar poornnamaayi praabalyatthil aayirunnappol charithrakaaran ithu anuranjanathinte adayaalamaayi kandu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, 1267-ll rajaavu maathram estergomil yogam samghadippikkukayum duke steefanethire mattoru yudhathinu thayyaaredukkukayum cheiyukayaayirunnu ennu attila soldos karuthi. duke belah maathramaan paripaadiyil pankedutthathu, avide-soldos avakaashappettathupole-thante saamraajyathil ninnu aniniranna rajakeeya sevakar mattoru aabhyanthara yudhathekkurichu aaveshabharitharaayirunnilla. pakaram, thangalude avakashangalum aanukoolyangalum amgeekarikkanamennu avar rajavinodu aavasyappettu; avarude abhyarthana maanich hajarakatha steefante peru charteril ulppeduthi. niyamasabhayile belaykkaduthulla ellah saha jadjimaarum addehathe pinthunachu. athanusarichu, henry kassegi, kemeniyude makan laurence, erne acos (aabhyantharayudhasamayathe moonnu sainika generalukal), schack hahot, koodaathe pooll balog, steefan sasac ennivarkku purame, raajnjiyude kudumbatthile amgangal steefanethire sainika nadapadiye pinthunacha "vaar party" yude vakthaakkalaayirunnu. athe samayam thanne holoco kottaye shakthippeduthaanum prathirodhikkanum ilaya rajaavu thante vishwasthanaaya peettar casixinode utharavittengilum belayude rajakeeya sevakarude cheruthunilppu kaaranam yuddham avasaanichu. 1270ll belayude maranam vare yudhathinte apakadam veendum prathyakshappettilla.
raajyathinte vibhajanathinte sthiratha valia estettu samvidaanathinte (kuleenavargam) kooduthal valarchaye thwarithappeduthukayum rajakeeya estettu samghadanayude vighadanam thwarithappeduthukayum cheyyuka mathramalla, athe samayam rashtreeya daarmikathayil vinashakaramaaya swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythuvennu jeno ssuks abhiprayappettu. rund rajakeeya shakthikalkkidayil "vishwasthatha" kaimaattam cheyyaanum vaangaanum kazhiyumennathinaal "vishwastha baarante" aadarsham paarshwalkkarikkappettu, ithu prabhukkanmaarude varenyavargathinullil thaalpparya grouppukaludeyum baronal partykaludeyum roopeekaranam anuvadichu. steefan thante pithaavilnin swathanthramaayi oru prathyeka videsanayam pinthudarnnu. serbian chakravarthiyaaya steefan euros onnaaman maxo baanat akramikkukayum 1268-ll belah nalaman addehathinte kochumakanaaya bela oru ethir akramanam nadathukayum cheythappol, chila vaadangal undaayirunnittum steefante sainyam samgharshathil pankedutthilla. ennirunnaalum, avar yudhaananthara othutheerppil sahakarichu steefante aadyajatha makal catherine steefan urus onnaaman raajaavinte mootha makan anantharaavakaashiyumaaya steefan draguttinumaayi vivahitharaayi. steefanum sisiliyile chaals onnaaman rajaavum thammilulla mattoru eratta vivaha sakhyam-steefante makan, ladislas chaalsinte makal isabella vivaham kazhichu, chaalsinte perilulla makan steefante makal meriye vivaham kazhichu-steefante anthaaraashtra sthaanam 1269 ll shakthippeduthi. athe varsham thanne slavoniayile duke belayude maranam sambhavichu, ithu rogiyaaya raajaavinte aarogyathe kooduthal baadhichu. kramena addehathinu thante raajyathinte niyanthranam nashtappedukayum steefante vishwastharkku addehathinte domainil pradhana sthaanangal labikkukayum cheythu. maranasayyayil, belah naalaaman bohemiayile oottookar randaaman rajavinodu thante bhaarya maria raajnjikkum makal dutches annaykkum (ottokarinte ammayiyamma) maranashesham abhayam nalkaan abhyarthichu.
kaalakramatthilulla prasnangal.
praadhamika srothassukal.
aabhyantharayudhathinte sambhavangalude sakalangal vividha srothassukalil paraamarshikkappedunnu (mothatthil 50-ladhikam charterukal, kooduthalum vishwasthathaykkum sevanathinumulla rajakeeya sambhavanakal), palappozhum oru sandarbhavum thaalkkaalika sthaanavum illaathe. yudhathinte phalam kaaranam avaril bhooribhaagavum stephen anukoolamaaya oru vivaranam avatharippikkunnu. prakashikkunna charithrarekha" ulppedeyulla hangarian charithrangal rajavamsha samgharshathekkurichulla paramarsham ozhivaakkunnu. austriyan charithrangalum aannalukalum "casus bellie" yekkurichu vishadaamshangal nalkaathe yudhathe anusmarikkukayum austriyan naitt henry proossalinte maranathe "laconic hraswata" upayogichu vishadeekarikkunnathil othungukayum cheiyunnu. avayellaam 1267 allengil 1268 enna theeyathiyilulla sambhavangal vivarikkunnu.
condinutio clostronobergensis IV" 1267-ll duke steefan thanne henry preseline vadhichathinekkurich paraamarsikkunnu. mattoru austriyan aannalukalaaya "historiya anoram" (1280-kalil gutolph voonn hailijenkroos ezhuthiyathu) eee varshathe aabhyantharayudhasamayathu steefante vijayangal pattikappedutthunnu, orupakshe hangariyil ninnulla oru sambhavana kathinte adisthaanathilaayirikkaam. jaans derr enikalinte "veltkronik"-1267-lake theeyathi vaykkunnu-vividha saangalppika gadakangalum saahitya topokalum upayogichu preselinte "duranta" thinte saahacharyangal vipuleekarikkunnu. koodaathe, isazeg yudhathinte nirnnayaka phalavum bohemiayile oottookar randaaman thante muun ethiraaliyaaya belah naalaaman sahayam nalkaan sahaaya sainikare ayachuvenna avakaashavaadavum charithratthil paraamarsikkunnu. pathinanjaam noottaandile charitrarachanakalilonnaaya somogivarinte soothravaakya pusthakatthil 1267-nuu keezhilulla oru hraswa vaakyathil aabhyantharayudhathe kurichu paraamarsikkunnundu. austriyan charithrangale adisthaanamaakki, munkaala hangarian charithralekhanam-udha.jii. morr vertner-austriyan charitrakaaranaaya alphons huberinoppam aabhyantharayudham 1267-ll nadannathaayi thudakkathil kanakkaakkiyirunnu.
charithralekhanam.
samakaalika charterukaludeyum rekhakaludeyum adisthaanathil, hangarian charitrakaaranaaya gyula pollar 1264,1265 kaalaghattangalil aabhyantharayudhathinte theeyathi nirnnayichu, thante seminal monographaya "eiii magyar nemsett tortainet aas arpadasi kiralyok alait" enna vaalyathil. 1899ll prasidheekaricha 1-2 (arpadian rajaakkanmaarude keezhilulla hangarian raashtrathinte charithram). 1265 march aarambhathe isazeg yudhathinte theeyathiyaayi poular nirvachichu, kaaranam bela steefanum thammilulla samadhana udambadiyude karadu aaa masavasanam marpappa klement IV nuu samarppichu. 1267 februvari muthalulla oru charter kemeniyude makan laurencine hangariyude nilavile paalattainaayi paraamarsikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, aabhyantharayudhasamayathu, 1267-ll nadakkunna yuddham thallikkalayunna eee sthaanam henry kassegi vahichirunnu. koodaathe, 1265 allengil 1266 kaalaghattatthil ezhuthappettathum, vijayathin sesham ilaya rajaavaaya steefanteyum bhaarya elisabath dhii kumanteyum chaansalarikalil nirmmichathumaaya adhika sambhavana kathukal undu, ithu yudhasamayathu avarude prajakalude sainika sevanathinu prathiphalam nalkunnu. eee vivarangalude adisthaanathil, aabhyantharayudham 1264 juun muthal 1265 march vare neenduninnathaayi pollar kanakkakki. hangarian (roman) charithralekhanam pinneedu pollarude sambhavangalude punarnirmmaanatthe amgeekarichu. aabhyantharayudhathe (2007) kurichu aadyathe monograph ezhuthiya charitrakaaranaaya attila soldos pollarude phalangal amgeekarichu, pakshe addeham 1264 desemberil prarambha theeyathi sthaapichu. belah nalaman steefanum pankeduttha slavoniayile belayudeyum ascaniayile kunigundeyudeyum vivaham 1264 octoberil nadannathaayi soldos vaadichu. belah, steefan domainukalil hungery raajyathudaneelam sharatkaala maasangalil oafees bharanavum judicial pravartthanangalum ippozhum sugamamayi nadannuvennu mattu srothassukal sthireekarikkunnu.
2019ll somogivarinte soothravaakya pusthakatthinte moonnu vivaranagal vivarthanam cheyyukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha danielle baaksattaay, 13-aamm noottaandile sambhavangal chithreekarikkunna aadya vivaranangalude aaa bhagam pariganikkukayum athinte vishwaasyatha amgeekarikkukayum cheythu. austriyan charitrangalkku samanamaaya reethiyil 1267-leeii aabhyantharayudhathe eee grandham vivarikkunnu. ithu 2020-ll "sasadoc" jenalile padanatthile charitrarachanakalileyum vivaranangalileyum vivarangalkk anusrithamaayi pothuve amgeekarikkappetta kalagananaye marikadakkaan sramikkaan baxatia prerippichu. charithrakaaran jaans derr enikalinte "veltkronik" hungarian sambhavangalekkurichu vishwasaneeyamaanennu amgeekarichu. isaasegil ettumuttal nadakkunnathinu thottumunbu hangarian prabhukkanmaar-"ariyappedunna" kaundu rolland ulppede-yudhakkalathil ninnu palayanam cheythathayi charithrarekha parayunnu, ithu belayude paraajayathinum thudarnnu henry proosaline vadikkunnathinum kaaranamaayi. 1264lum 1265lum slavoniayil thaamasichirunna roland raadodumaayi baaksaatyaay eee prabhuvine thiricharinju. baaksaattyayude abhipraayathil, "veltkronik" enna vaakk amgeekarikkunnathukondu eee kaalayalavil yuddham nadakkaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. austriyayile duke frederic randaman stairiyayile thudarnnulla hangarian bharanakoodatthinum ethiraaya sainika pracharanangalil addehathinte punk kaaranam rolland ratot austriyayile oru ariyappedunna vyakthiyaanennu baxatiyay kanakkaakkappedunnu. koodaathe, melpparanja diplomakaludeyum sambhavana kathukaludeyum theeyathikalum backasyay chodyam cheythu, ithu aabhyantharayudhathinte kaalaghattam <aii. dii. 1> aanennu thonnunnu. thudarnnulla traanscriptil avasheshikkunna diplomakalude theeyathikal oru copier pishakaanenn addeham paranju, athesamayam oru yadhaartha rajakeeya chaarttarinte (theeyathi 1266) theeyathi thettayi theeyathi nischayichittundu, kaaranam steefan svayam "loard oof dhii kumans" ("ducks kumanoram") ennu stail cheiyunnathu ozhivaakki, eee anumanikkappetta varshathil ninnulla oreyoru. koodaathe, 1265-ll duke steefanil ninnu pannitt miscolkinu sambhavanakal nalkiyappol, juuniyar rajaavu aabhyanthara yudhathil pannittinte pankaalithatthekkurichu paraamarsikkunnilla, thudarnnulla sambhaavanakalil (1268,1270)-i.iii. aaa samayat aabhyantharayudham nadannittilla. belah IV neey pinthunaykkaan oottookar randaaman isaasegile nirnnayaka yudhathinu thottumunbu 200 sainikabalathe ayachathaayi soochippikkunna "veltronikkinte" savisheshamaaya vivarangalum baaksattaay sweekarichu. charithrakaaran eee vivarangal pathinettaam noottaandile oru pattikayudeyum clainmariasel abbeyude rekhakalude udharaniyudeyum oru shekharavumaayi bandhippichu; kayyezhuthuprathiyile oru hraswa kurippil 1267 chaarttarinte oru hraswa vivaranam adangiyirikkunnu, athil oru austriyan "ministeeriyal" gundakar voonn husback "hangarian yudhathil ninnu" madangiyethiyillengil rorback enna thante estettu aashramathin sambhavana cheyyaan theerumaanichu. bakkathyaayiyude abhipraayathil, 200 sainikashakthikalil oraalaayirunnu gundakar. ottokarinte pankaalittham aavashyappedunna, ottokarinte bhaarya haalichile kunigundaykk polandile rajaavu ezhuthiya kathukalilonnu, jaans derr enikalinte charithrathinteyum athinte kalagananayudeyum (1267) vivaranathe sthireekarikkunnathaayi baxatiyay vishwasikkunnu. mothatthil, backasyay thaazhepparayunna reethiyil sambhavangal nirmmichu 1262lum 1264lum (-1265) hrasvamaaya ettumuttalukal nadannu, athu maarppaappayude madhyasthathayiloode samadhana karaarukal sugamamakkaan kazhinju. 1267 januvariyil belah nalaman steefanum thammilulla valia thothilulla aabhyantharayudham pottippurappedukayum aaa varsham aadya pakuthiyilaanu yuddham muzhuvan nadakkunnathu. estergomile rajakeeya sevakarude sammelanam 1267 venalkkaalathinte avasaanathil aabhyantharayudhathinte avasaanathe soochippikkunnu.
2020ll, baxatiyaayiyude sambhavangalude punarnirmmaanatthe attila soldos niravadhi pooyintukalil vimarshichu. 13-aamm noottaandile sambhavangalude mikka entrikalum kaalakramatthil thettaanennum athinaal 1267-leeii aabhyantharayudhathinte theeyathi anishedhyamaayi amgeekarikkaan kazhiyillennum choondikkaatti addeham somogivarinte soothravaakya pusthakatthinte vishwaasyathaye chodyam cheythu. srothassukal upayogichu baxatiyaayiyude vimarsanaathmaka reethishaasthrathe soldos vimarshichu. veltkronik" theerchayaayum pala kesukalilum athinte vaachaka saangalppika gadakangal kaaranam vishwasaneeyamallaatha uravidamaanengilum, isazeg yudhathile praveshanathinu baxatiyay oru samshayavumillathe credit nalkunnu. hangarian sainyam bheerukkalallennum yudhasamayathu oodippoyillennum soldos oonnipparanju. aabhyantharayudhakaalathu belayude ettavum pradhanappetta generalmarellam onninupurake onnaayi pidikkapettu, athesamayam aabhyantharayudhathil rolland raattot ulppettathayi karuthiyathinekkurichum thudarnnulla sambhavangalekkurichum baxatiyaayiyude vyaakhyaanam yuktirahithavum yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathu. thante vyaakhyaanam sthireekarikkunnathinaayi aadhikaarika diplomakal thettaaya theeyathiyilaanennu prakhyaapicha" baxatiyaayiyude reethiye soldos ethirthu. 1265 muthal steefansinte mattoru charter soldos udharichu, ithu aabhyantharayudham nadanna varshangalayi 1264-1265 sthireekarichu. poulo aante" ("adhikam kaalam munbu") nadanna yudhasamayathu pala baaranukalum steefante kooru upekshichuvenkilum steefan raattot vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunnuvennu juuniyar rajaavu anusmarikkunnu (baakkathyay eee chaarttarine aabhyantharayudhavumaayi bandhapetta rekhakalude oru parambarayil ninnu ekapaksheeyamaayi verthirichu). melpparanja charterukal kanakkiledukkathe baxatiyaayiyude ashayam vishakalanam cheytha soldos sambhavangalude kaalaganana susthiramallennu vishwasichu. 1267-leeii aadya maasangalil aabhyantharayudham nadannittundengil, kemeniyude makan laurencinu 1267 meyy maasathil (cheythathupole) oru rekha puratthirakkaan kazhinjilla, kaaranam addeham feketehalom uparodhathil pidikkappedukayum yudhathinte backie samayangalil thadavilaakkappedukayum cheythu. parimithamaaya samayam kaaranam, (1267 eprilil rolland ratot ithinakam sagrebil thaamasichirunnu, juunil duke steefan kumanmarkkethire yudhathinu thayyaaredukkumbol), baxatiyaayiyude vyaakhyaanam anusarichu verum rund moonnu aazhchakalkkullil yuddham nadakkumaayirunnu. 1267 juunil purappeduvicha mattoru charter aabhyantharayudhathil pidikkapetta erne acos aduthide oru vyavahaarathil earppettirunnuvennum athu akkaalat aabhyantharayudham nadannirunnengil asaadhyamaakumaayirunnu ennum sthireekarikkunnu. koodaathe, baxatiyaayiyude sidhaanthathil ninnu pinthudarunna steefan avare keezhadakkaan uddeshicha varshathil "kumaanmaarude prabhu" enna thante padavi thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivaykkunnathu yukthirahithamaanennu soldos choondikkaatti. soldosinte abhipraayathil, 1267-ll gundakar voonn hasbaakkinte hangariyilekkulla purappaad aaa sambhavangalumayi bandhippikkunnu, aaa varshathe venalkkaalath estergom meettingil belah naalaaman thante makanethire mattoru yudhathinu thayyaredukkaan parajayappettu. aaa varsham austriya deerghakaala hangarian rajavamsha samgharshathil earppettu, ithu oru varshathil (1267) thaazheyulla neenda sambhavangalekkurichu charithrangal engane charcha cheiyunnuvennu vishadeekarikkunnu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, danielle baaksattaay "condinutio clostronobergensis IV"-nte samakaalikathaykk oonnal nalki. koodaathe, 1267-ll belayum steefanum thammilulla samgharshathil presellinte maranam samrakshikkunna mattoru austriyan chronicle ("condinutio vindobonansis") addeham udharichu, koodaathe yadhaarthathil sambhavicha mattu niravadhi sambhavangalum (udha.jii. ottoo III-nte maranam, brandenberginte margrave, viyannayile marpappa legettu gaidoyude pravartthanam). korppasinte kaaryatthil, austriyan charithrarekhakal parasparam swathanthramaaya uravidangalaanennum oro ezhuthukaaranum aabhyantharayudhathinte muun sambhavangalude sangrahamaayi 1267 varsham thiranjedutthathaayi kaananakillennum baxatiyay choondikkaatti. yudhathile ettavum pradhanappetta pravartthanangal eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil nadannuvenkilum, isaasegil avasana yuddham pinneedu, 1267 epril-meyy maasathil nadannuvennum baaksaatyaay abhiprayappettu (steefan central hangariyilekku munneriyappol addehathinte duravastha kaaranam orupakshe rolland raattottinte slavonian sainyathil cheraan belah naalaaman utharavittu).

