
karimbu millu

karimbu samskarichu asamskritha panchasaarayo thottatthile velutha panchasaarayo uthppaadippikkunna oru faaktariyaanu karimbu millu. chila panchasaara millukal asamskritha panchasaraye (shudheekaricha) velutha panchasaarayakki mattunna oru back end refineric sameepamaan sthithi cheiyunnathu.
jyoos verthirichedukkaan karimbinte vadikal thakarkkunna upakaranangaleyum eee padam soochippikkunnu.
asamskritha panchasaarayude uthpaadanam.
karimbil ninnu asamskritha panchasaara uthppaadippikkunnathin niravadhi ghattangalundu
eee prosessing gattangal thavitt allengil asamskritha panchasaara utppaadippikkum. velutha panchasaara uthppaadippikkunnathina asamskritha panchasaara saadhaaranayaayi oru panchasaara refineryilekku ayaykkunnu. eee panchasaara shudheekaranam onnukil oru prathyeka factoryilo allengil asamskritha panchasaara faaktariyumaayi bandhippichirikkunna oru back end refineryilo cheyyaam.
oru karimbu panchasaara millinu nerittulla aabhyanthara allengil vyaavasaayika upabhogathinu anuyojyamaaya panchasarayum ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. ithine plaanteshan vaitt shugar allengil mill vaitt shugar ennu vilikkunnu, chuvade kaanuka.
vilaveduppum panchasaara factoryilekku kondupokalum.
factoryilekku pookunna asamskritha panchasaarayude mothatthilulla gunanilavaaram kaarshika reethikaleyum upayogikkunna kalttivarineyum aasrayichirikkunnu. yanthrangaliloodeyo kaikondu kondo vilavedukkaam. kaikondu cheythaal, saadhaaranayaayi vayal kathikkunnathinu munbaayirikkum ithu. ennirunnaalum, samskarikkaan kaathirikkumbol pollaletta vayalil ninnulla thandukal panchasaarayude alavu vegathil nashtappedutthunnu.
truck, idungiya gej railway, container allengil cart ennivayiloodeyaanu chooral kondupokunnathu. avide athumbol bhaaramo panchasaarayude alavo adisthaanamaakkiyaanu karimbu vilkkunnath. vilaveduppu anlodu cheyyaan niravadhi vazhikalundu. mothatthil, uyarnna panchasaara ulppaadanavum gunanilavaaravum nedunnathinu murikkunnathinum millingin edayilulla samayam parimithappeduthendathu athyaavasyamaanu.
jyoos verthirichedukkal.
thayyaareduppu.
karimbu jyoos yadhaarthathil verthirichedukkaan thudangunnathinu munbu karimbu thayyarakkanam. kathikal allengil shrederukal karakkikkond ithu cheyyaam.
karimbil ninnu jyoos verthirichedukkunnathi rund aadhunika tharam prakriyakalundu
verthirichedukkal ghattatthinte uthppannangal ivayaanu
2004lum 2005lum louisianayile enterprise panchasaara millinu oru parambaraagatha millum defuser undaayirunnu, avaa randum ore pradeshathu ninnu karimbu samskarichu. prathivaara asamskritha jyoos saambilukal eduthu vishakalanam cheythu. defuser uyarnna verthirichedukkal kaivarichittum iva valare saamyamullavayaanennu kandethi.
tandom millukal.
kanatha irumbu rollerukalkkidayil uyarnna marddam upayogichu oru koottam millukalkk keezhil karimbil ninnulla jyoos njekkippidikkunna prakriyayaan milling vazhi jyoos verthirichedukkal. aaa millukalil 3 muthal 6 vare rolukal undakam; oro koottam millukaleyum tandom mill allengil mill train ennu vilikkunnu. milling extraction karyakshamatha mechappeduthunnathinna, oro millilum inbibition vellam cherkkunnu. milling trainil avasana millilekku praveshikkunnathinu thottumunbu chooralinu mukalil chooduvellam ozhikkukayum aadya millilekku athunnathinaayi veendum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. eee karimbil ninnu njekkippidikkunna jyoosil panchasaarayude saandrata kuravaanu, athu muun millilekku pump cheyth rollerukalil praveshikkunnathinu thottumunbu karimbil ozhikkunnu, eee millil ninnulla jyoos athe reethiyil milling trainil veendum pump cheiyunnu. mixed jyoos (athaayath avasana millil avatharippicha vellathil karimbu jyoos kalarthi) onnum randum millukalil ninnu pinvalikkukayum kooduthal samskaranathinaayi ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. milling trainukalil saadhaaranayaayi naalo ancho aaroo millukalaanullathu. karimbu aadyathe millilethunnathinumbu milling extraction prakadanam mechappeduthunnathinna, kathiyum shredder thayyarakkal upakaranangalum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu.
vyaapanam.
karimbil ninnu oosmoosis, lixivation ennivayiloode sukros verthirichedukkunna prakriyayaan karimbu vyaapanam. rund tharatthilulla defuserukalundu. bagazi payaye counderflo vazhi jyoosil ulppeduthunnathine aasrayikkunnu. mattonn bagaseyude paayayiloode jyoos ozhukunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu.
raasa thalatthil, koshangal thurakkuka ennathaanu aadyapadi. saadhaaranayaayi karangunna chooral kathiyum moonnu roller crusher upayogichu ithu cheiyunnu, ithu nerttha mathilukalulla mikka koshangalum thurakkunnu. eee thuranna koshangalil ninnu leaching vazhi jyoos neekkam cheiyunnu. aii.iii. eee thuranna koshangalil ninnulla sukros vellathil layikkunnu. thurannittillaatha panchasaara adangiya koshangalude 10-16%-laanu sariyaaya vyaapana prakriya nadakkunnathu. koshangalude protoplasm illaathaakkaan aadyam chooduvellam prayogikkunnu. ithu koshatthinte mathilukal ardhapaaramyamaakkunnu. oosmoosis vazhi, vellamo nerttha juiso koshatthilekku praveshikkukayum santhulithaavasthayilethunna bharameriya jyoosinu pakaram vaykkukayum cheyyum. eee ghattathil uyarnna tanmatra bharamullah panchasaarayillaathathinekkal vegathil sukros mathilukalilekku thulachukayarunnu. ithu defusionil ninnu avasaanamaayi verthirichedutha jyoosinte parishudhi strait milling vazhi labhikkunnathinekkaal kooduthalaakkunnu, athesamayam defusing sathil ninnu kooduthal panchasaara labhikkunnu.
percolation sisttam prakriyayil, kashanangalakkiya chooral pheed attathu defuserilekku avatharippikkunnu; defuserinte discharge avasaanikkunnathin thottumunbu kashanangalakkiya chooralinu mukalil chooduvellam ozhikkunnu. chooduvellam chooraliloode ozhuki, chooralil ninnu sukros neekkam cheiyunnu. eee nerppicha jyoos pinneedu karimbinte kattilinadiyilulla oru compartmentil shekharikkukayum defuserinte pheed endinode alppam aduthulla oru poyintilekku pump cheyyukayum eee nerppicha jyoos karimbinte kattililoode ozhukaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. eee ghattathil karimbil sukrosinte saandrata ippol soochippicha nerppicha jyoosile sukrosinte saandrathayekkaal kooduthalaanu, athinaal sukros karimbil ninnu jyoosilekk vyaapikkunnu; ithu ippol alppam sambannamaaya jyoos defuserilekku veendum pump cheyyukayum prakriya aavarthikkukayum cheiyunnu, saadhaaranayaayi, 12 muthal 15 thavana vare (milling prakriyayude naalu muthal aarr thavana vare)
jyoosinte shudheekaranam.
eee mishrita jyoosinu ekadesham 4 muthal 4.5 vare piechu undu, ithu valare acidityaanu. shudheekarikkunna samayat, naarangayude paal allengil limm vaattar ennum ariyappedunna kaalsyam hydroxide, karimbu jyoosil cherthu athinte piechu ekadesham 7 allengil 8 aayi krameekarikkunnu. jyoos ippozhum thanuthirikkumbozho (thanutha limming) allengil ekadesham 104 digri selshyas (choodulla limming) vare choodaakkiya sheshamo ithu cheyyaam. ithu ghattangalayi (fraakshanal limming) cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
glucose, fructose ennivayaayi sukros shayikkunnathu thadayaan chunnaambu sahayikkunnu. superheat cheytha limid jyoos athinte saachureshan thaapanilayilekku minnithudangaan anuvadikkunnu eee prakriya maalinyangal vardhippikkunnu, avaa kaalsyam carbonate paralukalil pidikkappedunnu. thilappicha jyoos pinneedu oru clearification tankilekk maattunnu.
eee vishadeekarana tankle, suspended solidukal avashishtangalaakkappedunnu. clear jyoos ennariyappedunna soopparnaattant clearifieril ninnu valichedukkunnu. pinneedu shudheekaricha jyoos baashpeekarana yanthrangalilekku ayaykkunnu. sthirathaamasamaakkiya kharapadaarthangal filter cheyth mosham vyakthathayude jyoos utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum, ithu kooduthal shudheekaranathinaayi recycle cheyyaan kazhiyum. 
jalathinte baashpeekaranam.
baashpeekarana prakriya shudheekaricha jyoos kendreekarikkaan sahayikkunnu. ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna baashpeekaranam roberts tharatthilulla multiple ephakt baashpeekaranamaan. 78 muthal 86 sathamaanam vare shudhiyulla syrup, 60-65 ° brics enna layikkunna khara ulladakkavum 3.5-4.5% vipareeta panchasarayum adangiyathaanu eee ghattatthinte uthppannam. 
sukros vipareethamo glucosilum fractosilum sukros vighadikkunnathu thadayunnathinaayi baashpeekaranatthile thaapanila, vegatha, nilanirtthal samayam enniva niyanthrikkunnu. baashpeekaranatthinte choodaakkal uparithalathile skeyil roopeekaranamaanu mattoru aashanka. kanthikapravaaham prayogikkunnathu scaling thadayaan sahayikkum.
chrystalisation.
single ephakt vaakvam boiling paanum christalizer upayogichaanu chrystalisation nadathunnathu. vaakvam paanil, panchasaara upayogichu supersaturated aakunnathuvare syrup baashpeekarikkappedunnu. eee ghattathil panchasaara paralukalkk nucleusayi varthikkunnathin vithu daanyangal cherkkukayum vellam baashpeekarikkappedumbol kooduthal syrup cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. vaakvam paan nirayunnathuvare paralukal valarunnathu thudarunnu. paralukal, mother licker (molassis) enniva ippol ennariyappedunna oru sandra pindam undaakkunnu. strike' (paante ulladakkangal) pinneedu oru christaliserilekku discharge cheiyunnu.
christaliseril, maassecuyittinte chrystalisation prakriya thudarunnu. mother lickeril/molassukalil, prathyekichu kuranja grade maassecuyittukalil, sukros avasheshikkunnathiloode athinte nashtam kuraykkuka ennathaanu christaliserinte uddeshyam. massecuit thanuppichaanu christaliser pravartthikkunnathu. ithu layaneeyata kuraykkukayum veendum saachureshan vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu chrystalisation thudaraan nirbandhithamaakkunnu. kuranja vegathayil elakkunna gadakangal gadippicha silindar allengil yuu aakruthiyilulla paathrangalaanu christaliserukal. thudarchayaaya pravarthanatthinaayi avaa palappozhum shreniyil bandhippichirikkunnu.
massecuit thanuppikkunnath viscosity vardhippikkunnu. christalisationte ettavum anuyojyamaaya thapanilayil, mussecute centrifuginu paralukale molassisil ninnu shariyaayi verthirikkaan kazhiyaathathra viskuvaanu. ennirunnaalum, eee ghattathil maassecuyittinte mother madyam ippozhum supersaturated aayathinal, paralukal veendum layippikkathe viscosity kuraykkaan kazhiyum. choodaakkukayo vellam cherkkukayo cheythukondu ithu saachureshan avasthayilekku konduvarikayo cheyyaam.
centrifuging.
panchasaara centrifuge massecutine panchasaara paralukal, mother licker/molassis enningane verthirikkaan sahayikkunnu. eee centrifugeukalil oru spindle thookkiyirikkunna oru silindar basket adangiyirikkunnu. sushirangalulla vashangal vayar thuni kondu varachirikkunnu, athinullil chathurashra injinu 400-600 sushirangal adangiya loha sheettukalund. basket 1000-1800 rPM-ll karangunnu. 
mother licker, molassis enniva centrifugeile dwaarangaliloode kadannupokumbol panchasaara paralukal nilanirthunnu. panchasaara shudheekaricha sesham, athu vettikkuraykkukayum adutha baadjinaayi centrifuge thayyarakkukayum cheiyunnu.
thilappikkal samvidaanam.
aavarthichu chrystalisation centrifugation gattangalkkum vidheyamaakunnathiloode panchasaara undaakunnath valare saadhaaranamaanu. ithu thilaykkunna samvidaanathe aasrayichirikkunnu.
ettavum saadhaaranamaaya thilappikkal padhathi three-boiling sistamaanu. eee reethi panchasaarayude madyam eiii-, bii-, sii-enningane moonnu chrystalisation/centrifugation ghattangalil thilappikkunnu. aadyaghattathil undaakunna panjasaarayaaya eiii-panchasaara sambharikkappedunnu. eiii-centrifugationil ninnulla eiii-molasukal bii vaakvam paanilekk nalkunnu. ithu bii-panchasaara, bii-molas ennivaykku kaaranamaakunnu. eiii-panchasaarayudeyum bii-panchasaarayudeyum misrithamaanu faaktariyude vaanijya uthppannam.
bii-molaasinte shudhatha valare kuravaanu. avaa veendum sii-paanil thilappikkunnu. eiii, bii gattangal ellaayppozhum oru christaliser upayogikkunnillenkilum, eee thaazhnna grade massecutinu ithu athyaavasyamaanu. oru divasathiladhikam massecuit christaliseril avasheshikkunnu. centrifugil ninnulla sii-panchasaara sirappumaayi kalarthi massecuit vithayi upayogikkunnu, athinaal prakriyayude thudakkathilekku madangunnu. eee centrifuge ghattathil ninnu undaakunna molassukale final molassis allengil blackstrap ennu vilikkunnu. ekadesham moonnilonnu sukros panchasaara kuraykkunna anjilonnu panchasarayum backie chaaravum jaiva panchasaarayallaathathum vellavum adangiyirikkunna kanatha viscos metteeriyalaanith. kannukaali theetta, vyaavasaayika madyam, yeest uthppaadanam thudangiyavayude aditharayaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu.
vaakvam paanil thilappikkal oru baachu prakriyayayirunnu, ennaal thudarchayaaya paan thilappikkal swaabhaavikamaayum kooduthal kaaryakshamamaan. 1970kalil vaanijyaparamaayi vijayakaramaya aadyathe thudarchayaaya vaakvam paanukal (sii. vii. pii. ezz) vikasippichu. 1980kalil eee aadya paanukal chila faaktarikal avarude baachu proses vaakvam paanukal upayogichu nediyathinekkaal mikacha ekeekritha kristtal valuppam nedi.
panchasaarayudeyum panchasaarayudeyum sambharanam.
centrifugeukalil ninnulla panchasaara unakki thanuppichu pinneedu sookshikkunnu. bulk storeju samayat amino aasidukalum degraded invert shugarukalum thammilulla raasapravarthanam kaaranam asamskritha panchasaarayude gunanilavaaram kurayunnu, ithu mailard prathikaranam ennariyappedunnu. asamskritha panchasaara nerittu baagukalil kayattumathi cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
thottatthile velutha panchasaarayude uthppaadanam.
karimbu panchasaara uthppaadippikkunna pala raajyangalilum saadhaarana panchasaara uthppannam saadhaaranayaayi thottatthil velutha panchasaara ennariyappedunnu. sambanna rajyangalil, nerittulla upabhogathino vyaavasaayika upayogathino ulla saadhaarana panchasaara ulppannamaanu velutha panchasaara. codex vaitil kuranjathu 99.7% dhruveekaranavum 60 iu enna aikamsa niravumundu. thottatthinte vellaykku iii enna dhruveekaranam undakam.jii. 99.4-99.7% umm 80 num 250 num edayilulla niravum. 
mukalil soochippicha chila ghattangalil mattangal varuthi velutha panchasaara uthppaadippikkunnu. carbonation, sulfitation enningane thottatthil velutha panchasaara undakkaan rund vazhikalundu.
carbonation vazhi velutha panchasaara thottangal undaakkuka.
carbonation vazhi velutha panchasaarayude thottam nirmmikkunnathin shudheekaranam, baashpeekaranam, sambharana gattangal ennivayil mattangal aavasyamaanu.
shudheekarana ghattathil, kaarbaneshante lakshyam panchasaarayallaattha ulladakkangalaaya koloydukalum layikkaatha kanangalum niramulla vasthukkalum verthirikkuka ennathaanu. carbonation upayogikkukayaanenkil, mishrita jyoos 55 digri selshyas vare choodaakkukayum <aii. dii. 1> nte oru piechu athunnathuvare naaranga cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. aduthathaayi, kaarban dye ooksaid (CO2) cherkkukayum jyoos presher filterukaliloode thallukayum cheiyunnu. ithu kaalsyam carbonate cheliyil kalaashikkunnu. jyoos veendum 55 digri selshyasilekku choodaakkukayum <aii. dii. 1> nte oru piechu athunnathuvare narangayum kaarban dye ooksaidum cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. ithine thudarnnu randaamathe mardha shudheekaranam nadakkunnu. 
baashpeekarana ghattatthinte avasaanathil, sulfur dye ooksaid (zoo 2) cherthu sirappinte piechu 7 aayi kuraykkunnu. 
panchasaara faaktarikalil, carbonation vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnilla, kaaranam ithinu valia alavil chunnaambum kaarban dye ooksaidum aavasyamaanu, sulfitation vilakuranjathaanu. indiayum ithilninnu ozhivaakkappettathaan. 
sulfitation vazhi velutha panchasaara thottangal undaakkuka.
thottatthile velutha panchasaara undakkaan sulfitation upayogikkaan onniladhikam vazhikalundu. 
thanutha assid sulfitationte shudheekarana ghattathil, piechu 3.8-4.2 aayi kuraykkunnathinu mishrita jyoosil 2 cherkkunnu. piechu 7.2-7.4 aayi vardhippikkunnathinu naaranga cherkkunnu. aduthathaayi clarifierilekku pookunnathinu munbu jyoos 103-105 digri selshyasilekku choodaakkunnu. clearifieril maalinyangal sthireekarikkukayum athinte phalam filter cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. 
choodulla assid sulfitteshante shudheekarana ghattathil aadyam mishrita jyoos 70 digri selshyasilekku choodaakkukayum appol piechu 3.8-4.2 aayi kuraykkunnathinu munbu zoo2 cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. eee prakriya colled assid sulfitation pole pravartthikkunnu. 
eratta liminginte shudheekarana ghattathil aadyam mishrita jyoos 70 digri selshyasilekku choodaakkukayum 7.2-7.4 nte piechu athunnathuvare naaranga cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. appol pH-neey 5.4-5.6 lake kuraykkunnathinu 2 cherkkunnu. ippol chunnaambinte randaamathe bhagam veendum 7.2-7.4-nte pH-lake athunnu. ithinethudarnnu, clarifierilekku neengunnathinumumbu jyoos 103-105 °C-lake choodaakkunnu.
velutha thottatthinte baashpeekarana ghattam asamskritha panchasaarayude athe gattamaanu. sirappinte piechu 6.5 ll ninnu 5.5 aayi kuraykkunnathinu avasaanam sulfur dye ooksaid (zoo2) cherkkunnu.
baashpeekaranathinushesham, oru adhika vishadeekarana prakriya cherkkaan kazhiyum. eee upaprakriyayude adisthaana gattangal ivayaanu phoosphoorik assid cherkkal; uparithala-sajeeva ejantukalum phosphettum, thudarnnu syrup choodaakkukayum vaayusanjaaram cheyyukayum floculant cherkkukayum cheyyuka. syrup pinneedu oru prathyeka clarifierilekku maattunnu.
upayogichirikkunna thilappikkal samvidaanam kaaranam thottatthinte vellayude chrystalisation, centrifugation gattangal vyathyaasappedaam. velutha thottangalkk saadhaarana moonnu thilappikkal samvidaanam upayogikkaam. oru badal eiii-panchasaara maathram ayaykkuka ennathaanu. bii-panchasaara pinneedu layikkukayum sirappilekku thirike nalkukayum cheiyunnu, athesamayam sii-panchasaara layikukayo bii-panchasaarayude vithayi upayogikkukayo cheiyunnu.
thottatthile velutha panchasaarayude sambharanam.
sambharanathil, thottatthinte vella asamskritha panchasaarayekkaal durbalamaanu. carbonation vazhi uthppaadippikkunna panchasaara niram maarunnathin prathyekichum durbalamaanu. chaaratthinte alavu varnnanathin kaaranamaakunnu. brazeelil varnnavyathyaasathe prathirodhikkunnath paramavadhi thapanilayaaya 35-40 °C ll sambharikkukayum 166 iu panchasaara uthppaadippikkukayum cheiyunnathiloode 230 iu enna thaazhnna nilavaarathilethunnathinnum dhaaraalam nirangal nashtappedaam.
mattu savisheshathakal.
back end refinerykal.
chila karimbu panchasaara millukalkk back end refinerykal ennu vilikkappedunnu. back end refinerykalil, millil uthppaadippikkunna asamskritha panchasaara praadeshika upabhogam, kayattumathi allengil boatling kambanikalkku uyarnna shudhathayulla shudheekaricha panjasaarayaayi parivartthanam cheiyunnu. panchasaara millukalil choodu ulppaadippikkaan paazhaakkal upayogikkunnu.
panchasaara millile oorjjam.
jyoos verthirichedukkal ghattathil ninnulla bagassi ennariyappedunna sheshikkunna naarukalulla kharapadaarthangal millile neeravi boyilarukalil indhanathinaayi kathikkunnu. eee boyilarukal uyarnna mardhamullah neeravi uthpaadippikkunnu, ithu vaidyuthorjjam (kojanareshan) uthppaadippikkunnathina oru turbiniloode kadannupokunnu. turbinil ninnulla exhost neeravi multiple ephakt evapparettar steshaniloode kadannupokukayum chrystalisation ghattathil vaakvam paanukal choodaakkaanum panchasaara millile mattu choodaakkal aavasyangalkkum upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
bagaze oru panchasaara milline oorjjathekkaal svayamparyaapthamaakkunnu; micha bagaze mrugangalude theettayilo paper nirmmaanatthilo vilppanaykkaayi vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathilo pookunnu.
factory automation.
mattu pala vyavasaayangalileyum pole, kazhinja dashakangalil panchasaara refinerykalil factory automation valareyadhikam prothsaahippikkattittundu. mikka yanthrangaleyum gadakangaleyum nerittu niyanthrikkunna oru kendra prakriya niyanthrana samvidaanamaanu ulppaadana prakriya saadhaaranayaayi niyanthrikkunnath. panchasaara housile centrifugeukal polulla chila prathyeka yanthrangalkk maathrame vikendreekritha pii. ell. sii. kall upayogikkunnulloo. suraksha kaaranangalal ithu surakshayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
panchasaara millinte charithram.
aadyakaala panchasaara millukal.
panchasaara millukal panthrandaam noottaandil arab eejipthilethaan. oru karakaushala pathipp trapisheyaanu, pinneedu athinu pakaram enjenho allengil. 
caribean sii. yile oru panchasaara millu. 1825.
1820kalil jamaikkayile panchasaarathottangalekkura pothuvaaya oru vivaranam nalkiyirunnu. ippol nammal panchasaara millu ennu vilikkunnathu appol ulppettathaayirunnu sariyaaya panchasaara millu, oru thilaykkunna veedu, oru nischalamaaya veedu. iva oru charivil vinyasichirikkunnathi panchasaarayude neeru millil ninnu nischalamaaya veettilekku thaazhekku ozhukaan kazhiyum.
1820kalil kaatt, vellam, neeravi allengil kannukaalikal, kovarkazhuthakal ennivayaal parivartthanam cheyyappedunna naalu tharam millukal undaayirunnu. kaattaadiyanthram barbadosil vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnu. kaattaadiyanthrangalude munganana avayude oorjjam (ekadesham 15 echpi) moolamaayirunnu, ennaal kaatt illaathirikkumbol avaykku oru sahayikkunna kannukaali-millu aavasyamaanu. yanthrathil thanne moonnu lamba rollerukal undaayirunnu. pradhana (madhya) rollaril power prayogichu, athu mattu randennam oru cog wheel vazhi thirikkunnu.
jamaikkayile oru kannukaali millu saadhaaranayaayi 60 adii vyaasathil kurayaatha vrithaakrithiyilulla oru moodappetta kettidamaayirunnu. kooduthalum thadi kondulla thadikal kondu moodappettirunna melkkoora haard wood posttukal allengil kallukalude thoonukal pinthunaykkunnu. 1820-kalile oru udaaharanathil, pradhana rollarinte thaazhathe naalu adii oru kaast irumbu cases kondu moodappettirunnu, athinte madhyathil oru gadjan undaayirunnu. ithu oru kadinamaaya irumbu kashanam oonaakki, athu enna niracha cases-kadinamaaya irumbu steppil sajjeekarichirunnu. kaast irumbu kesinu mukalil cog wheel undaayirunnu, athinu mukalil braceukal pidichittulla rund baahya rollerukal undaayirunnu. mukalil, pradhana roller oodichirunnathu oru vrithaakrithiyilulla nadathatthil kaalakalumaayi gadippichirikkunna neelamulla livarukalaanu.
kurippukalum paraamarshangalum.
udharanikal.
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