
jarmman thathwachintha

jarmman bhaashayile thathwachintha allengil jarmman janathayude thathwachintha ennartham varunna jarmman thathwachintha, athinte vaividhyathil, vishakalanaparavum bhookhandaparavumaaya paarambaryangalkku adisthaanamaanu. gottfried wilhem lebnis, immaanuval kaant, jorg wilhem friedrich hegel, kaal marks, friedrich neeshe, martin hydegger, ludwig vitjanstain, vienna sarkkil, frankfurt school thudangiya vyakthikal ithil ulppedunnu, avar ippol ekkaalatheyum ettavum prashasthavum padichathumaaya thathwachinthakaril oraalaan. yukthivaadam, jarmman aadarshavaadam, romantisism, vairudhya bhauthikavaadam, asthithvavaadam, prathibhaasashaasthram, vyaakhyaanashaasthram, logical positivism, vimarsanaathmaka sidhaantham thudangiya pradhana daarshanika prasthaanangalude kendramaanu avaa. jarmman chinthakarumaayulla vipulamaaya edapazhakal kaaranam danish thathwachinthakanaaya soren keerkegard jarmman thathwachinthayekkurichulla sarvekalil palappozhum ulppeduthiyittundu.
pathinezhaam noottaand.
kristhyan theosaphy sthaapicha lutheran thathwachinthakanaaya jacob bohe (1575-1624), eph ulppedeyulla pilkkala pradhana vyakthikale swaadheenichu.dablyu.jeey. shelling jii.dablyu.eph. aadyathe jarmman thathwachinthakan" ennu addehathe vilicha hegel.
lebnis.
gottfried wilhem lebnis (1646-1716) oru thathwachinthakanum ganithashaasthranjanumaayirunu, addeham praadhamikamaayi laattinilum franchilum ezhuthiyittundu. pathinezhaam noottaandile yukthivaadathe pinthunaykkunna moonnu mahanaaya vaadikalil oraalaayirunnu lebnis, rene descartus, barooch spinosa ennivarodoppam. lebnisinte kruthikal aadhunika yuktiyum vishakalana thathwachinthayum munkootty kandirunnuvenkilum addehathinte thathwachintha paanditya paarambaryatthilekku thirinjunokkunnu, athil anubhavaparamaya thelivukalekkaal aadya thathwangalkko munganana nirvachanangalkko kaaranam prayogichaanu nigamanangal undaakunnath.
leibnis addehathinte shubhaapthivishwaasathinu perukettathaanu-addehathinte "theodisi" saadhyamaaya ellah lokangalilum ettavum anuyojyamaanennu avakaashappett lokathinte prakadamaaya apoornathakale nyaayeekarikkan shramikkunnu. athu saadhyamaaya ettavum mikachathum santhulithavumaaya lokamayirikkanam, kaaranam athu srishtichathu sarvashakthanum sarvvanjanumaaya oru daivamaanu, oru mechappetta lokam thanikk ariyaamenkil allengil nilanilkkaan kazhiyumenkil apoornnamaaya oru lokam srishtikkaan avan thiranjedukkilla. phalatthil, eee lokath thirichariyaan kazhiyunna prathyakshamaaya kurravukal saadhyamaaya ellah lokangalilum undaayirikkanam, kaaranam allaathapaksham aaa kurravukal ozhivaakkunna oru lokathe srishtikkaan daivam thiranjedukkumaayirunnu.
monadology" yill velippeduthiyilikkunnathu, lebnis thante monads sidhaanthathinum perukettathaanu. bhauthika/asaadhaaranamaaya attangal enthaanennathu metaafisikkal mekhalayilaanu. rene descartesinteyum mattullavarudeyum mechanical thathwachinthayude korppasikkilukalumayi avaye thaarathamyam cheyyaam. prapanchatthinte aathyanthika gadakangalaanu monadukal. monadukal inipparayunna gunangalulla "asthithvathinte ganyamaaya roopangalaanu": avaa shaashwathavum, apakeerthikaravum, vyakthigathavumaan, avarudethaaya niyamangalkk vidheyamaan, edapedunnilla, oronnum muzhuvan prapanchatheyum munkootty sthaapicha aikyathil prathifalippikkunnu (paansaikkisatthinte charitraparamaaya pradhana udaaharanam). monadukal shakthiyude kendrangalaanu; padaartham sakthiyaanu, athesamayam idam, dravyam, chalanam enniva asaadhaaranamaanu.
pathinettaam noottaand.
wolf.
leybnisinum kaantinum edayilulla ettavum pramukhanaaya jarmman thathwachinthakanaayirunnu kristhyan wolf (1679-1754). addehathinte pradhana nettam addehathinte kaalathe mikkavarum ellah pandithochitha vishayangalilum oru samboornna "kruthi" aayirunnu, ithu addehathinte prakadana-deductive, ganithashaasthra reethi anusarichu pradarshippikkukayum vikasippikkukayum cheythu, ithu orupakshe germmaniyile prabudhathayude yukthibodhathinte kodumudiye prathinidheekarikkunnu.
pandithaprabodhanathinteyum gaveshanathinteyum bhashayaayi jarmman bhasha aadyamaayi upayogichavaril oraalaayirunnu wolf, ennirunnaalum addeham laattin bhashayilum ezhuthi, angane oru anthaaraashtra prekshakarkku addehathe vaayikkanum vaayikkanum kazhinju. saambathikashaasthrathinu pothubharanatthinteyum sthaapakanaaya addeham, mattu mekhalakalkkoppam, academic vishayangalayi, eee mekhalakalil shradha kendreekarichu, sarkkaarile aalukalkk praayogika kaaryangalil upadesham nalkukayum sarvakalashaala vidyaabhyaasathinte professional swabhaavathinu oonnal nalkukayum cheythu.
kaanth.
1781-ll immaanuval kaant (1724-1804) thante "shudhamaaya yukthiyekkurichulla vimarsanam" prasidheekarichu, athil ellah anubavangalil ninnum swathanthramaaya yukthiyude upayogathiloode namukk enthariyaam, enthariyaam ennu nirnnayikkaan addeham shramichu. hrasvamaayi, anubhavathiloode namukk oru baahyalokathe arian kazhiyumennu addeham nigamanatthiletthi, ennaal athinekkurichu namukk arian kazhiyunnath manassinu chinthikkaan kazhiyunna parimithamaaya nibandhanakalaal parimithappedutthiyirikku kaaranatthinteyum phalatthinteyum adisthaanathil maathrame namukk karyangal manassilakkaan kazhiyoovenkil, namukk kaaranangalum phalangalum maathrame arian kazhiyoo. ithil ninnu namukk ellah anubavangalil ninnum swathanthramaayi saadhyamaaya ellah anubhavangaludeyum roopam arian kazhiyum, pakshe matonnumilla, pakshe namukk orikkalum lokathe "evideyumillaatha kazhchappadil" ninnu arian kazhiyilla, athinaal namukk orikkalum lokathe athinte poornnathayil arian kazhiyilla, yuktiyo anubhavamo vazhiyo allah.
addehathinte "vimarsanam" prasidheekarichathumuthal, immaanuval kaant paashchaathya thathwachinthayile ettavum valia swaadheenangalilonnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum kaantil ninnulla oru nerittulla swaadheenarekha jarmman aadarshavaadamaanu.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
jarmman aadarshavaadam.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum germmaniyil uyarnnuvanna oru daarshanika prasthaanamaayirunnu jarmman aadarshavaadam. 1780kalilum 1790kalilum immaanuval kaantinte srishtikalil ninnu vikasicha ithu romantisisavumaayum prabudhathayude viplava raashtreeyavumaayum adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandile jarmman thathwachinthayile pradhana vyakthiyum jena romaantisisathinte vakthavumaaya johann gottleab fitche (1762-1814), friedrich wilhem joseph shelling (1775-1854), jorg wilhem friedrich hegel (1770-1831), friedrich holderlyn (1770-1843), novalis (1772-1801), kaal wilhem friedrich schlegel (1772-1829) ennivaraayirunnu prasthaanatthile ettavum pramukha jarmman aadarshavaadikal. august ludwig hulson, friedrich heinrich jacoby, gottlobe ernst shulz, kaal leonhard reinhold, salomon maimon, friedrich schlearmatcher, arther shopenhover ennivarum pradhana sambhavanakal nalki.
fitcher.
aathmanishtamaaya aadarshavaadathinte prathinidhiyenna nilayil fichte kanthian "svayam-ulla kaaryam" nirasichu."fitche thante thathwachinthayude arambha pooyintaayi prakhyaapikkunnath, ellah niyamangalodum koodi lokathe srishtikkunna samboornna" "i" "aanennu aanu". eee "i" yude pravartthanatthe chinthayude pravarthanamaayum svayam avabodhathinte prakriyayum fichte manassilakkunnu. fitche samboornna swatantra ichhaashakthiyeyum daivatheyum aathmaavinte amarthyathayeyum thirichariyunnu. i" enna padatthinte prakadanangalilonnu addeham niyamathil kaanunnu.
neppoliyanil ninnu jarmmankaarude deseeya paramaadhikaaratthe samrakshikkuka enna purogamanaparamaaya mudraavaakyangalumaayi samsaaricha fitche, athe samayam aadhunika jarmman desheeyathayude sthaapakaril oralaayi kanakkaakkappedunna, prathyekichu jarmman raashtrathe abhisambodhana cheiyunna (1808) thante prasamgangalil, vamseeya mudraavaakyangal munnottuvachu.
shelling.
thudakkathil fitchte ashayangal paalicha friedrich wilhem joseph shelling pinneedu thante swantham daarshanika vasthunishta aadarshavaada samvidaanam srishtichu, athinanusarichu prakrithiyudeyum yukthiyudeyum vikasanam ore athmeeya sakthiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu."prakrithiyo dravyamo sajeevamaaya athmeeya shakthiyude" "abodhaavastha" "yudeyum manassinte (aathmaav) oru thayyaareduppu ghattavumaanenn shelling vaadichu". prakrithiyum bodhavum, vasthuvum vishayavum, kevalathil yojikkunnuvennu shelling vaadichu; shelling thante thathwachinthaye "swathuathinte thathwachintha" ennu vilichu."
prakrithi thathwachinthayil, anubhavaparamaya drishya prakrithiyude adisthaanathil kidakkunna samboornnavum ananthavumaaya aathmaavine ariyaanulla chumatala shelling svayam nirvahichu. shellinginte abhipraayathil, ellah prakrithi prathibhaasangalum srishtikkunna avasaanatheyum nirupaadhikavumaaya athmeeya kaaranam velippeduthunnathinaa yukthiye maathram adisthaanamaakkiyulla prakrithi shaasthram roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. vairudhyangaliloode svayam vikasippikkaan kazhivulla oru thudakkamaayi shelling kevalathe kanakkakki; eee ardhathil, shellinginte thathwashaasthram aadarshavaada vairudhyathinte chila savisheshathakalaal savisheshamaan. shelling kalaykku oru prathyeka punk nalki, athil addehathinte abhipraayathil, "unnatha asthithvathinte" yaadhaarthyam poornnamaayum manassilaakkappedunnu. shelling kalaye "velipaad" ennaanu vyaakhyaanichath."shellinginte abhipraayathil, kalaakaaran abodhaavasthayil srishtikkunna orutharam nigooda jeeviyaan.
shelling sambandhichidatholam, sarggaathmakathayude pradhana upakaranam avabodhamaan, "aantharikachintha"."pilkkala jeevithathil, shelling oru nigooda thathwashaasthrathilekku (" "misteeriyanlehre" ") parinamikkunnu". idathu-liberal yuva hegaliyanmaarude annathe janapriya aashayangale cherukkukayenna lakshyathode berlin sarvakalaashaalayile professor thasthikayilekku prussian rajaavaaya friedrich wilhem naalaaman addehathe kshanichu. thante jeevithathile eee kaalaghattatthilaanu shelling nigoodamaaya "velipaadinte thathwachintha" srishtichathu. shellinginte pradhana kruthi "divya aadarshavaadathinte samvidaanam" (1800) aanu.
hegel.
jorg wilhem friedrich hegel ettavum mikacha jarmman aadarshavaadiyaaya thathwachinthakanaayi parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu. hegalinte vasthunishtamo samboornnamo aaya aadarshavaada sanbradaayamanusarichu, prakrithiyudeyum manushyanteyum aavirbhaavathin munbu nilaninnirunna oru "samboornna aashayamaanu" lokathinte adisthaanam. athinte swabhaavathaal, ithu oru sajeeva thathwamaanu, pakshe athinte pravartthanam chinthayil, svayam arivil maathrame prakadippikkaan kazhiyoo. samboornna ashayam" aantharikamaayi parasparavirudhamaanu, athu athinte vipareethathilekku neengukayum maarukayum cheiyunnu.
athinte vairudhyaathmaka svayam vikasanathinte prakriyayil, hegalinte "ashayam" moonnu pradhana ghattangaliloode kadannupokunnu. aadya ghattam yukthisahamaan, athu athinte "swaabhaavikathaykku munbulla" asthithvathil, "shudhamaaya chinthayude gadakathil" pravartthikkumbol."eee ghattathil," "samboornna ashayam" "yukthisahamaya aashayangaludeyum vibhaagangaludeyum oru samvidaanamaayi, yukthiyude oru samvidaanamaayi prathyakshappedunnu". hegalinte daarshanika samvidaanathinte eee bhagam addehathinte "yukthiyude shaasthrathil" paraamarsikkappettundu. randaam ghattathil, "ashayam" prakrithiyaayi maarunnu, athu hegalinte abhipraayathil "samboornna aashayathinte mattonnaan.hegel thante prakrithiyekkurichulla sidhaantham" "prakrithiyude thathwachintha" "yill vishadeekarichu". hegalinte abhipraayathil, prakrithiykku samayathil vikasanam saadhyamalla; athu bahiraakaashath maathrame vikasikkoo. aashayathinte svayam vikasanathile ettavum uyarnna, moonnaamathe ghattam "samboornna aathmaav" aanu.encyclopedia oof dhaa philosophical sayansil ninnulla thante kruthiyaaya" "philosophy oof spiritt" "ll" "samboornna aashayathinte" "vikasanathinte eee ghattam hegel velippeduthunnu".
eee ghattathil, "samboornna ashayam" prakrithiye nishedhikkukayum thannilekku thanne madangukayum cheiyunnu, chinthayude mekhalayil veendum vikasanam nadakkunnu, pakshe ithavana manushya chinthayil. matham, kala, thathwachintha ennivayude roopathilulla oru ashayam athinte aathmanjaanathinte avasaanathilekku varumbol, vyakthigatha bodhatthinte ghattam, saamoohika bodhatthinte ghattam, ettavum uyarnna ghattam ennivayaayi hegel eee ghattathe paraamarsikkunnu. hegel thathwachinthaye "samboornna arivu" ennu prakhyaapikkunnu.oru aashayathinte svayam vikasanathinte avasana ghattamaayaan addeham thante thathwachinthaye kanakkaakkunnath. ithaanu hegalinte aadarshavaada daarshanika sambradaayam.
hegalian thathwachinthaykku pradhana praadhaanyamullath vairudhya reethiyaanu-vikasanathinte uravidam vairudhyangalude poraattamaanu, alavilulla mattangal gunaparamaayavayilekk parivartthanam cheiyunnathiloodeyaanu vikasanam sambhavikkunnath, sathyam urachathaan muthalaayava. dwibhasha reethiyum adhibhouthika samvidaanavum thammilulla aazhathilulla vairudhyamaanu hegalinte thathwashaasthrathinte savisheshatha. arivinte vikasana prakriya ananthamaanennu vairudhya reethi urappikkukayum athe samayam hegel thante thathwachinthaye ellah vikasanathinteyum aathyanthika sathyathinteyum avasaanamaayi prakhyapikkukayum cheiyunnu. ellaam vikasikkukayum maarukayum cheiyunnu enna vasthuthayil ninnaan vairudhya reethi munnott pogunnathu, athesamayam metaafisikkal sisttam prakrithiye shaashvathamaayi chithreekarikkunnu.
vairudhya bhauthikavaadam srishtikkunnathil, marx engalsum hegalinte aadarshavaada vairudhyangalil ninnu maari, avar athine thalakeezhaayi maatti. marks ezhuthi "ente bhasha reethi adisthaanaparamaayi hegelil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennu mathramalla, athinte nere vipareethavumaanu. hegel oru aashayathinte peril oru swatantra vishayamaayi maarunna chinthayude prakriya yaadhaarthyathinte oru vighadanamaanu (srashtaavu), athu athinte baahya aavirbhavam maathramaan. enne sambandhichidatholam, neremarichu, manushyante thalayilekku parichunadukayum athil parivartthanam cheyyukayum cheiyunna metteeriyal allathe matonnumalla aadarsham."
aathmaavinte prathibhasam" (1807), "yukthiyude shaasthram" (1812-1816), "daarshanika shaasthrangalude vijnjaanakoshangal" ("yukthi", "prakrithiyude thathwachintha", "aathmaavinte thathwachintha") (1817), "sariyaaya thathwachinthayude gadakangal" (1821) ennivayaanu hegalinte pradhana kruthikal.
romantisisavum jarmman thathwashaasthravum.
yukthivaadathekkurichu immaanuval kaantinte vimarsanam aadyakaala pranayachinthayude swaadheenathinte uravidamaanennu karuthappedunnu. jii edittu cheytha "histtari oof philosophy" yude moonnaamathe vaalyam. eph. alexandrove, bii. iii. baikhovsky, emm. bii. mittin, pii. eph. yudin (1943) vilayiruthunnathu "kaantil ninnaan aaa metaafisikkal ottappedalum dainamdina jeevithathile prathibhayude ethirppum uthbhavikkunnath, athil pinneedu romantics avarude soundaryaathmaka vyakthithvam urappichu."
hamanteyum kannukaalikaludeyum daarshanika chinthakal proto-romaantik "staram undu drang" prasthaanatthilum romantisisathilum thanne swaadheenam chelutthi. thathwachinthayude charithram" oonnipparayunnu "oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil, haman thante prathibhayulla vyakthithvathodoppam" staram undu drang "saahitya prasthaanavumaayi aduthunilkkukayum jarmman romaantisisathinte thayyaareduppil oru punk vahikkukayum cheythu."
fitchte thathwachintha pranayikale sambandhichidatholam nirnaayakamaayirunnu. jarmman romaantisisathinte sthaapakanaaya friedrich schlegel "romaantisisathinte moonnu uravidangal" thiricharinju franch viplavam, fitchteyude thathwachintha, goytheyude noval "wilhem meiser".
aaaa enna vakkil. lavretsky
fitchteyude vyakthithvathil, jarmman aadarshavaadam athinte ettavum theevravaada vyakthithvathe munnottuvachu, jarmman romantisisamaanu athinte viplava kaalaghattatthinte thathwachintha kandethiyathu. jarmman chinthayude mekhalayile fitchteyude samvidaanam padinjaarulla oru viplava kodunkaattinte thilakkamulla minnalaan. addehathinte muzhuvan maanasikaavasthayum viplava yugangalude kodunkaattu oorjjathaal niranjirikkunnu, addehathinte muzhuvan athmeeya roopavum addehathinte bodhapoorvamaaya vargga uddeshyabodhathaal athbhuthappeduthunnu. jarmman aadarshavaada thathwashaasthrathil vargasamarathekkurichulla ithrayum kadinamaaya kurippukal munbo sheshamo orikkalum undayittilla. ettavum amoorthamaaya samvidaanathinte srashtaavinu prasnangal engane praayogikamaayi avatharippikkanamenn ariyamaayirunnu. dhaarmikathayekkurichu samsaarikkumbol, manushyaprakrithi adisthaanaparamaayi dushichathaanennu kaanthineppole addeham namme bodhyappeduthunnilla, marichu ingane rekhappeduthunnu "aalukal moshamaan, avarude vargam uyarnnathaan.addeham bharanakoodathekkurichu samsaarikkumbol, engane chodikkaruthennu addehathinu ariyaam, marichu oru yadhaartha pleebiyan enna nilayil eee samsthaanathu avarude samathwathinulla avakashangal aavasyappedaan addehathinu ariyaam.
jenayile schlegel sahodaranmaarumaayi bandhappettirunna shelling, thante daarshanikavum soundaryaparavumaaya niravadhi ashayangal pranayathil ninnu edukkukayum avarude swantham kaazhchappaadukalil avare swaadheenikkukayum cheythu. thathwashaasthrathinte charithram" anusarichu, addehathinte kalayude thathwachinthayil, kaanth soundaryashaasthram avasaanippicha aathmanishtamaaya athirthikalil ninnaan shelling uyarnnuvannathu, athu vidhiyude savisheshathakale maathram paraamarsikkunnu. lokathe oru kalaparamaaya srishtiyaayi manassilakkunna shellinginte soundaryashaasthram oru saarvathrika swabhaavam sweekarikkukayum romaantik skoolinte padippikkalukalude adisthaanamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu."friedrich shlegalinte aathmanishtathayum thiranjeduttha varenyavargathinte swathaayi unnatha budhiye mahathvalkkarikkunnathum shellinginte boudhika avabodha sidhaanthathe swaadheenichathaayi vaadikkappedunnu, ithine georji lucax" "yukthirahithathayude aadya aavirbhavam" "ennu vilikkunnu". aadyakaala romantisisavum cheruppakkaaranaaya shellinginte "prakrithipilosophi" yeei (athmeeya shakthikalude aavishkaaramenna nilayil prakrithiyekkurichulla addehathinte vyaakhyaanam) swaadheenichathupole, vaikiyulla romantisisavum pazhaya shellinginte puraana, nigooda lokaveekshanathe ("misteeriyanlehre") swaadheenichu.
lookkaakkukalude abhipraayathil, thathwachinthayeyum soundaryashaasthratheyum kurichulla keerkkegaardinte kaazhchappaadukal romaantisisathinte oru shaakhayaayirunnu
keerkkegaardinte ellah vivaadangalum undaayirunnittum, romaantisisathinte nilanilkkunnathum jeevikkunnathumaaya oru paarambaryam namukk kaanaan kazhiyum. thante thathwachinthayile adisthaana prasnamaaya ithine sambandhichidatholam, aadyakaala romantisisathinte dhaarmika thathwachinthakanum "friedrich schlegalinte lucindeyekkurichulla" "aduppamulla kathukaludeyum" "schlaremakerumaayi addeham reethishaasthrathil valare aduthethi. oru vashath soundaryaathmakamaayi nirnnayikkappetta 'jeevithakala' yilekkum maruvashathu aathmanishtamaaya anubhavathil poornnamaayum adhishtithamaaya oru mathathilekkum romaantik soundaryashaasthram kaimaattam cheythathinte falamaayi, rund mekhalakalum ellaayppozhum koottatthil pedunnu enna vasthuthayil theerchayaayum nirddeshangalude saamyam parimithappedutthiyirikku. ennaal athaayirunnu yuva schlaremacherude uddeshyam aaa vazhikkaayirunnu addeham thante romaantik-soundarya kendreekritha thalamura mathathilekku thirike nayikkanum romaantik soundaryaathmakavum jeevitakala mathathilekku mulaykkaan prolsaahippikkaanum shramichath. appol, rund mekhalakaludeyum saamyathayum gadanaaparamaaya saameepyavum schleermacherude vaadangalkku prayojanakaramaanenkil, svayam-ore gadakangal keerkegaardinu ettavum valia boudhika budhimuttukalkku kaaranamaayi.
shopenhover thante thathwachinthayude chila savisheshathakal pranayaparamaaya niraashaavaadathodum kadappettirikkunnu "ichhaashakthiyumaayi bandhapetta kashtappaadukalil ninnulla raksha kalayiloode thiranjeduttha kurachu perkku maathrame labhyamaakoo ennathinaal," aii "yeei marikadakkaan kooduthal axus cheyyaavunna mattoru maarggam-buddha nirvaana-shopenhover nirddeshichu. saaraamshathil, shopenhover thante velippeduthalukalude naveekaranatthil aathmavishwaasam prakadippichenkilum, pinthirippan pranayavaadikalude kizhakkan lokaveekshanathinte aadarshavalkkaranavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ivide yadhaarthamaayi onnum nalkiyilla-yadhaarthathil friedrich shlegalaanu germmaniyil eee aadarshavalkkaranam avatharippichathu."
oru yuktirahita thathwachinthakan enna nilayil friedrich neesheyude praadhaanyam georji lucaxinte abhipraayathil, addehathinte aadyakaala swaadheenangal romantisisathil kaanappedumbol, addeham romaantik virudhamaaya oru aadhunika yuktirahitatha sthaapichu
neeshe palappozhum romaantik prasthaanavumaayi bandhappettirunnu. romaantik muthalaalitha virudhathayude niravadhi uddeshyangal pole eee anumaanam sariyaanu-udha.jii.muthalaalitha thozhil vibhajanathinethiraaya poraattavum boorshwa samskaarathinum daarmikathaykkum athu undaakkunna prathyaaghaathangalum addehathinte chinthayil ganyamaaya punk vahichu. innathe yugathinu thirichariyaan oru aadarshamaayi oru bhootakaala yugam sthaapikkunnathum romaantik muthalaalitha virudhathayude boudhika aayudhashaalayude bhaagamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, paarees communinu sesham thozhilaallivarggam aadyamaayi adikaaram pidichedutthathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthilaanu neesheyude pravartthanam kuranjathu. prathisandhiyum pirichuvidalum, muthalaalitha virudhatha muthalaalitha kshamaapanavaadikalaayi vikasicha pranayam, 1848leeii viplavakaalathum athinusheshavum kaarlailinte vidhi-iva ithinakam thanne podipadalamulla bhoothakaalathil neesheyekkaal valare pinnilaanu. angane yuva carlile muthalaalithatthinte kroorathayeyum manushyathvarahithayeyum madhyakaalakhattavumaayi thaarathamyam cheythath janakeeya samriddhiyude oru yugamayi, adhvaanichavarkku santhoshakaramaaya oru yugamayi; athesamayam neeshe aarambhichath, naam soochippichathupole, purathana adima sambadvyavasthaye oru maathrkayaayi prashamsichukondu. athinaal 1848 nuu sesham carlile vibhavanam cheytha pinthirippan uttopia addeham nishkalankanum kaalaharanappettavanumayi kandethi. boorshwaasiyude munnira saamoohika sthaanam urappakkaanum aaa sthaanam thathwashaasthraparamaayi kanakkiledukkanumulla shramathil, iruvarudeyum prabhukka pakshapaathatthinu samanamaaya saamoohika aditharayundennu sammathikkunnu. ennaal neesheyude srishtiye chuttipattiyulla vyathyastha saahacharyangal addehathinte prabhukkanmaarude chaayvukalkku adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyasthamaaya ulladakkavum romaantik muthalaalitha virudhathayil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaaya niravum nalki. sathyathil, romaantisisathinte avashishtangal (scopenhoveril ninnu, richard wagner) ippozhum yuva neesheyil prakadamaanu. ennaal paroksha kshamaapanatthinte nirnayakamaaya pradhana reethiye sambandhichidatholam addeham appozhum shopenhoverinte sishyanaayi thudarukayum dionysian thathwathinte yukthirahithamaya oru aashayamaayi (yukthikkum sahajaavabodhathinum ethiraayi) nilanirthukayum cheythuvenkilum, naam kaanum pole kaaryamaaya mattangal varuthaathe, addeham ivaye marikadakkaan munnott pooyi. athinaal neesheyude vikasanathinte kaalaghattatthil romantisisathil ninnulla oorjjaswalamaaya verpiriyal prakadamaanu. addeham kooduthal kooduthal vikaarathode (mosham tharatthilulla) thakarchayumaayi thirichariyaan kazhinjappol, dionysian romantisisathinu virudhamaaya oru aashayamaayi maari, ithu thakarchaye marikadakkunnathinu samaantharavum 'nalla' tharatthilulla thakarchayude pratheekavumaayi maari.
ennirunnaalum, thante scopenhoverian kaalaghattatthinu sheshavum neeshe romantisisathinu chila aadarav arppichu, udaaharanathinu, friedrich shlegalinte 1799 leeii novalaaya "lucinde" yill ninnu "dhii geey sayans" ("dye frohlishe visenshaaft", 1882-87) enna thante pusthakatthinte peru kadameduthu.
piottar semionovich kogan neeshe thathwachinthayude ulladakkangalil bhooribhaagavum romantisisathilekku kandethithi
[neesheyude] thathwachintha ulkkollunna pradhana vikarangal, 'enna kruthiyude rachayithaavine prathekshikkunna niravadhi prathibhaashaalikalaaya vyakthikalude kruthikalil ithinakam undu. staram undu drang" kaalaghattatthile vimatha prathibhakal adhikaaratheyum paarambaryatheyum araajakathvaparamaaya oorjjathode attimarichu, manushyante vikasanathinu athirukalillaatha idam kothichu, saamoohika bandhangale verukkukayum verukkukayum cheythu. neesheyude vairudhyaathmaka pusthakatthil valare mikacha sthireekaranam kandethiya dhaarmmikathayude parivartthana moolyanirnnayathinulla ichhaashakthi jarmman pranayathil ningalkk kandethanakum. theerchayaayum 'pusthakatthinte rachayithaav' friedrich shlegalinte vaakkukal amgeekarikkumaayirunnu "dhaarmmikathayude aadya niyamam maanyathayude vyavasthakalkkethire, nalla niyamangalkkethiraaya kalaapamaan. swaarthathayude peril ningale kuttappeduthumbol dhaarmikavaadikalekkaal viddithamullathaayi matonnumilla. avaa theerchayaayum thettaanu oru vyakthikk swantham daivamallaathe matenthaanu aaradhikkaan kazhiyuka?soopparmaante swapnam ithinakam athe rachayithaavinte mattoru vaakyathil prathyakshappedunnu" "oru yadhaartha vyakthi kooduthal kooduthal daivamaakum". manushyanayirikkukayum oru daivamaayitheerukayum cheyyuka-rund samana prakadanangal."neesheyilennapole, aaa nimishatthile shanikamaaya thaalpparyangalodulla avahelanavum, nithyathodum soundaryathodumulla athe aavegavum" ningalude snehavum vishwaasavum loka raashtreeyakkaarkk nalkaruth ", 1800kalil schlegel paranju. athe schlegalinu, "arivinteyum kalayudeyum divya lokathinu, ningalude aathmaavinte aazhameriya vikarangal nithyapoornathayude vishudhamaaya, agnimayamaaya pravaahathil thyajikkunnath moolyavathaanu."
thathwachinthayil jaivavaadathinte aavirbhaavathin romantisisathil ninnu prachodanam labhichuvennum lookkaakkukal oonnipparanju
bharanavargathinte sammathathode cheruthum kramanugathavumaaya parishkaarangaliloode maattam varunna 'jaivavalarcha' enna kaazhchappaad 'swaabhaavika thathwa' maayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, athesamayam oro viplava kalaapathinum 'prakrithiykku virudhamaayathu' enna nishedhaathmakamaaya tagg labhichu, ithu pinthirippan jarmman romantisisathinte (charitraparamaaya niyama vidyaalayam, budhishakthi muthalaayava) vikasanathinte bhaagamaayi prathyekichum vipulamaaya roopam nedi.). jaivavalarcha', 'yaanthrika kettichamaykkal' ennivayude vairudhyam ippol vishadeekarikkappettu franch viplavathinte prayogatthinum athil adisthaanamaaya boorshwa prathyayashaasthrangalkkume 'swaabhaavikamaayi valarnna' fudal aanukoolyangalude prathirodhamaayirunnu athu, avaa yaanthrikavum uyarnnathum amoorthavumaanennu nirasikkapettu.
germmaniyile "lebensphilosophy" enna avabodhavaadaparavum yukthirahithavumaya sanbradaayathinte sthaapakanaaya (neeshe, simmel, classes ennivaykkoppam) wilhem dilthe irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil hermenuticsil romaantik punarujjeevanathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathinte bahumati nediyittundu. addehathinte schlearmatcher jeevacharithrathodoppam novalis, holderlyn muthalaayavayekkurichum pravartthikkunnu.saamraajyathva kaalaghattatthile romaantik navothaanatthinte thudakkakkaaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. yuva hegalinte kayyezhuthuprathikalekkuthu addehathinte kandethalum vyaakhyaanavum yudhaananthara kaalaghattatthile hegalian thathwachinthayude jeevashakthiparamaaya vyaakhyaanathin nirnaayakamaayi; addehathinte padanavum athupole thanne goythe enna jeevashakthiparamaaya vyaakhyaanathin thudakkamittu, pinneedu simmel, gundolf muthal clajas vare.
germmaniyile romaantik maanasikaavasthayude oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu nishkriyathvam, athu romaantik aalukal avarude swantham mathaparavum daarshanikavumaaya kaazhchappaadukalilekk konduvannu. mathatthinte yadhaartha satha ayalkkaaranodulla sajeevamaaya snehathilalla, marichu ananthathayude nishkriyamaaya dhyaanathilaanennu daivashaasthranjanaaya schleermatcher vaadichu; shellinginte daarshanika samvidaanathil, srishtiparamaaya samboornna (daivam) athe nishkriyavum chalanamillaathathumaaya avasthayil muzhukiyirikkunnu.
pranayakarmmangal anuvadikkunna oreyoru pravartthanam mikkavarum oru sannadha gadakavum illaathathaanu, athaayath kalaparamaaya sargaathmakatha. kalayude prathinidhikale ettavum santhushtaraaya aalukalayi avar kanakkakki, avarude kruthikalil, kavachathil changalaitta kuthirakalkkoppam, kavikal, chithrakaaranmaar, sangeethanjjar ennivar saadhaaranayaayi prathyakshappedunnu. shelling oru kalakarane oru thathwachinthakanekkaal thaarathamyappeduthaanaavathi uyarnnayalaayi kanakkakki, kaaranam lokathinte rahasyam addehathinte sookshumathayil ninnu vyavasthaapithamaaya yukthisahamaya chinthayiloodeyalla, marichu nerittulla kalaparamaaya avabodhathiloode ("boudhika avabodham") maathrame oohikkaan kazhiyoo. dainamdina karuthalukalode ellah jeevithavum kavithayude nithyamaaya avadhikkaalathinu vazhiyorukkiya atharam itihaasa raajyangalekkurichu swapnam kaanaan pranayikal eshtappettu.
romantisisathinte shaanthavum soundaryavaadaparavumaaya maanasikavastha, prabhukkanmaarude maanasikaavasthayude prathiphalanavum aadarshavalkkaranavum, veendum shopenhoverinte daarshanika samvidaanathil "lokathinte ichhaashakthiyum praathinidyavum" enna ashayam uyarnnuvarunnu, athu oru niraashaavaadatthil avasaanikkunnu. lokathinteyum manushyanteyum hridayathil "jeevithathodulla ishtam" kidakkunnundennum athu avare kashtappaadukalilekkum virasathayilekkum nayikkunnuvennum athinte adichamarthal aadhipathyathil ninnu svayam mochippikkunnavarkk maathrame santhosham anubhavikkan kazhiyoo ennum shopenhover vaadichu. shopenhoverinte aadarsha manushyan, onnamathaayi, soundaryabodhathinteyum lokatheyum jeevithatheyum punarnirmmikkunnathinren nimishathil, kaant ithinakam "durbala ichhaashakthi" ennu vilikkunna oru avasthayilaanu-eee nimishathil thante vyakthiparamaaya thalpparyangal, aashankakal, abhilaashangal ennivayekkurichu marakkunnu. ennaal kalaakaaran ichhaashakthiyude adhikaarathil ninnu thaalkkaalikamaayi maathrame mochithanaakunnulloo. avan oru saadhaarana manushyanaayi maarumbol, avante athyagraham veendum shabdam uyarthukayum niraashayudeyum virasathayudeyum aalimganathilekku avane eriyukayum cheyyum. athinaal, kalakaran mukalil hindu rishi allengil vishudha sanyasi nilkkunnu.
vii. yude vaakkukalil. emm. frishe, "romaantik kaazhchappaadukal pole, shopenhoverinte thathwachintha, athinte shudhavum soundaryavumulla manobhaavangal, kuleena samskaarathinte uthppannamaayirunnu, pazhaya adambara estettukaludeyum manyamaaya leaving roomukaludeyum madhyathil valarnnathaanu, atharam oru prathyayashaasthrathil muzhukiya germmaniyil, boorshwas janaadhipathya varshangal 1840 kalil maathramaan aarambhichath ennathil athishayikkanilla. eee yugam vare jeevichirunna eaka pranayikalil oralaaya ishendorff janaadhipathyathinethire shakthamayi thirinju, 1848 leeii viplavathe adhehavum shopenhower jarmman prabhukkanmaar kanda athe aadima shathruthayode nerittu."
kaal marx yuva hegalianmaarum.
pathonpathaam noottaandiludaneelam hegel valareyadhikam swaadheenam chelutthi; athinte avasaanathode, bertrand rassalinte abhipraayathil, "americayileyum brittanileyum pramukha academic thathwachinthakar pradhaanamaayum hegalian aayirunnu". samakaalika thathwachinthayil, ennaal pradhaanamaayum bhookhanda thathwachinthayil addehathinte swaadheenam thudarunnu.
sariyaaya hegalians.
1831-ll hegalinte maranashesham addehathinte swaadheenathil vannavaril rund vyathyastha grouppukale ekadesham raashtreeyavum mathaparavumaya theevravaadi 'idathu' allengil 'cheruppakkaar', hegalianmaarum kooduthal yaadhaasthithika 'valath' allengil 'pazhaya', hegalianmaaraayi vibhajikkaam. charithratthinte vairudhyam avasaanichuvennu vishwasikkunnathil sariyaaya hegalianmar guruvine pinthudarnnu-hegalinte "aathmaavinte prathibhasam" vaayanakkaaran athinte avasaanathilethumbol charithratthinte paryavasaanamaayi svayam velippeduthunnu. nilavilulla prussian raashtram ulkkollunnathinaal yuktiyum swaathanthryavum avayude paramavadhi athiyennu addeham ivide ardhamaakki. ivide maastezhs avakaashavaadam virodhaabhaasamaayi kaanapettu; prussian bharanakoodam theerchayaayum vipulamaaya sivil, saamoohika sevanangal, nalla sarvakalashaalakal, uyarnna thozhil, kurachu vyavasayavalkkaranam enniva nalki, ennaal francileyum brittanileyum kooduthal udaaramaaya bharanaghadanaa rajavaazhchakalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol athu raashtreeyamaayi pinnoca nilayilaayirunnu.
hegalian valathupakshathinte kyaambinullile thathwachinthakaril iva ulppedunnu
chila ethirppukalode hegalian avakashangalil ulppettekkaavunna mattu chinthakarum charitrakaaranmaarum ulppedunnu
1830-kalile oohakkachavada sidhaantham valathupaksha hegalianism enna prasthaanavumaayi adutha bandhamullathum ennaal athil ninnu vyathyasthavumaya oru prasthaanamaayirunnu. paanlojist hegalianism kazhinjaal "vyakthigatha daivathe" veendedukkanamenna avarude aavasyathil athinte vakthaakkal (immaanuval herman fitche (1796-1879), kristhyan herman ways (1801-1866), herman alrisi (1806-1884) ennivar ikyappettu. thathwashaasthrathinte charithralekhanathil eee prasthaanam manahshaasthra virudha gadakangal ulppeduthiyirunnu.
yuva hegalians.
swaathanthryavum yuktiyum niyanthrikkunnathin anuyojyamaaya ellah kaaryangaludeyum samboornna nishedhamaan charithratthinte uddeshyavum vaagdaanavum enna hegaliyude ashayathe yuva hegalianmar aakarshichu; avar aadyam mathathekkurichum pinneedu prussian rashtreeya samvidaanathekkurichum samoolamaaya vimarsanangal uyarthi. mathatheyum samoohatheyum kurichulla samoolamaaya kaazhchappaadukal kaaranam janapreeti nediyirunna yuva hegalianmar. charithratthinte avasaanathekkurichulla hegalinte vyakthamaaya vishwaasam addehathinte chinthayude mattu vashangalumayi vairudhyamullathaanennum addehathinte pilkkala chinthaykku vipareethamaayi, eee vairudhyam theerchayaayum "poornnamalla" ennum avarkk thonni; mathavishwaasangalude yuktirahithathayum nilavilulla prussian samoohathil-prathyekichu rashtreeya, matha swaathanthryangalude-anubhavaparamaya abhavavum kanakkiledukkumbol ithu (vedanaajanakamaayi) vyakthamaanennu avarkk thonni. pazhaya hegalianmar" lokam ithinakam thanne poornathayiletthiyennu ardhamaakkunna reethiyil vyaakhyaanicha addehathinte chinthayude eutopian virudha vashangal avar nirasichu. avarude raankukalil ludwig fureback (1804-72), david strass (1808-74), bruno bower (1809-82), maiks stitnar (1806-56) enniva ulppedunnu.
kaal marks (1818-83) palappozhum avarude yogangalil pankedukkaarundaayirunnu. hegalianism, franch soshyalisam, britiish saambathika sidhaantham ennivayil addeham thaalparyam valarthiyeduthu. muthalaalithathekkurichu vimarsanaathmaka saambathika parisodhana ulkkollunna "daas kaapittal" enna saambathikashaasthrathinthi oru avashya kruthiyaayi addeham eee moonnineyum maatti. irupathaam noottaandile lokacharithrathile pradhana shakthikalilonnayi marxism maari.
valath', 'idathu' ennee labelukal avare prathyakshappeduthunnathu grouppukal ekeekrithamo svayam bodhamullatho aayirunnilla ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. udaaharanathinu, 'raitt hegalian' enna padam pinneedu frederic vilyam sarvakalaashaalayile (ippol berlin humbolt sarvakalashaala) hegalinte nerittulla pingaamikal upayogichirunnilla. (yadhaarthathil oru 'idathu' allengil cheruppakkaaranaaya hegalian ayirunna bruno boverine vivarikkan david strass aanu eee padam aadyamaayi upayogichathu.)
friedrich engals.
yadhaarthathil oru yuva hegalian koodiyaaya friedrich engals maarksinte suhruthum koottaaliyumaayirunnu, addehathodoppam addeham shaasthreeya soshyalisam (communism) sidhaanthavum vairudhyaparavum charitraparavumaaya bhouthikavaadathinte sidhaanthangalum vikasippichu. yuva hegalianmaare vimarshichukond (marxinoppam, 1844) "vishudha kudumbam", (englandile thozhilaallivarggathinte avastha) (1845), maanchastarileyum salfordileyum thozhilaallivarggathinte durbalamaaya avasthakalekkurichulla patanam, germmaniyile karshaka yuddham (1850), jarmman karshakayuddham ennariyappettirunna pathinaram noottaandinte aadyakaalathe oru vivaranam, europiludaneelamulla aii. dii. 1-nte viplava kalapangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, "aanti-durring" (1878) yoojan daringinte thathwachinthaye vimarsikkukayum "(1880) uttopiyan soshyalistukalaaya chaals forrier roobert ovanum, engelsinte soshyalisathinte pathippumayulla avarude vyathyaasangal padikkukayum, 1883-leeii swaabhaavikamaaya" maarksist "swabhaavam, 1884-leeii" swakaarya kudumbaswath "," prathyekichu "maarksist", "kudumbaswath" ennivaye roopappeduthukayum, 1884-leeii "maarksist varggam, sthree adheenata, swakaarya swath ennivayumaayi bandhapetta kudumbathekkurichulla charitraparamaaya veekshanam ithil adangiyirikkunnu.
dietsjen.
thathwachinthayekkurichulla niravadhi chodyangal swathanthramaayi vikasippikkukayum maarksinteyum engalsinteyum vairudhya bhauthikavaadavumaayi valare adutha nigamanagalil athukayum cheytha oru jarmman thukal thozhilaalliyum saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadiyumaayirunnu joseph daitsen. 1848leeii viplavathinushesham addeham amerikkayilekku kudiyerukayum 1864ll jolie thedi russiayilekku pookukayum cheythu. sent. leeii oru taannariyil jolie cheiyunnu. peettezhsburg, dietsegan thante ozhivusamayangalellaam thathwachintha, rashtreeya sambadvyavastha, soshyalisam ennee mekhalakalil pravartthikkaan neekkivechu. russiayil addeham kaal maarksinte "mooladhanam" enna aadya vaalyathinte avalokanamaaya "manushyante maanasika adhvaanathinte saaramsham" enna oru valia daarshanika grandham ezhuthi. 1869-ll dietsen jarmmaniyilekku madangukayum pinneedu amerikkayilekku madangukayum cheythu, avide addeham thante daarshanika kruthikal "vijnjaana sidhaantha mekhalayile oru soshyalisttinekkuristillu ullasayaathrakal", "thathwachinthayude ettedukkal" enniva ezhuthi.
oru chinthakanenna nilayil dietjene marks valareyadhikam abhinandichu. thante kaazhchappaadukalile niravadhi thettukalum ashayakkuzhappangalum shradhicha marks, dietjen "niravadhi mikacha chinthakal prakadippikkukayum oru thozhilaalliyude swatantra chinthayude ulppannamaayi, athbhuthathinu arhanakukayum cheythu.engals dietsgenninu athe uyarnna vilayiruthal nalki. ithu sradheyamaanu", engals ezhuthi, "varshangalayi nammude ettavum mikacha adhwana upakaranavum moorchayulla aayudhavumaaya eee bhauthikavaada vairudhyam kandethunnathil naam ottaykkalla; jarmman thozhilaalliyaaya joseph daitsen nammil ninnu swathanthramaayum hegelil ninnu swathanthramaayum polum ithu veendum kandethi."
academic soshyalistukal".
pathonpathaam noottaandinte randaam pakuthiyil jarmman sarvakalaashaalakalil uyarnnuvanna oru saidhaanthikavum raashtreeyavumaaya pravanathayaayirunnu "cathedersocialismus" prasthaanam (academic soshyalisam). academic soshyalistukal"-kooduthalum "charitraparamaaya vidyaalayathil" petta saambathika vidagtharum saamoohikashaasthranjarum-muthalaalithatheyum bharanakoodatheyum viplavakaramaaya reethiyil attimarikkathe parishkaranatthiloode oru janakeeya raashtram russian germmaniyil nirmmikkaan kazhiyumennu theliyikkaan shramichu, angane vargasamarathekkurichulla maarksist ashayam nirasichu. 1872ll germmaniyil "cathedersocialistan" "saamoohika nayangalude union" roopeekarichu. avarude ashayangal brittanile fabian soshyalistukalude aashayangalkk samanamaayirunnu.
academic soshyalisam" oottoo voonn bismaarkkinte kshemaraashtrathinte oru vyathiyaanathe pinthunachu. marxine engalsinum ethire parasyamaayi nilakonda bruno hildebrand, gustav voonn schmoller, adolph wagner, lujo brantano, johann plenge, hans delbruck, ferdinand tonis, verner sombart ennivaraayirunnu germmaniyile ettavum sradheyamaaya "academic soshyalistukal". germmaniyile thozhil prasthaanatthil avarude niraye ferdinand lasselle pinthunachu.
durggam.
mekkaaniksinte jarmman professor thathwachinthakanum saambathika shaasthranjanumaayirunnu yoojan duhring. thathwachinthayil addeham positivism, mekkaanistik meteriyalisam, idealism enniva samyojippicha oru eklakttikkaayirunnu. addeham friedrich engalsinte kaazhchappaadukale vimarshichu. thathwachintha, rashtreeya sambadvyavastha, soshyalisam ennivayekkurichulla daringinte kaazhchappaadukalkk chila saamoohika janaadhipathyavaadikalil ninnu, prathyekichu edward bernstain pinthuna labhichu. engals thante "aanti-durring" enna pusthakam muzhuvan daringinte kaazhchappaadukale vimarsikkaan samarppichu.
shopenhover.
jarmman aadarshavaadathinte, prathyekichu hegelinte chinthayude, oru prathyeka athiraaliyaayirunnu arther shopenhover (1788-1860). kizhakkan thathwachintha, prathyekichu budhamatham addehathe swaadheenikkukayum niraashaykk perukettavaravukayum cheythu. scopenhoverinte ettavum swaadheenamulla kruthiyaaya 'dhii waled aas ill aandu representation' (1818), eee lokam adisthaanaparamaayi nammude ishtamaayi naam svayam thirichariyunnathaanennu avakashappettu. ichhaashakthiyekkurichulla addehathinte vishakalanam vaikaarikavum shaareerikavum laingikavumaaya agrahangal orikkalum niravettaanaakillennu nigamanatthiletthi. thalphalamaayi, vedaanthathinteyum aadyakaala kristhumathatthinteyum marubhoomi pithakkanmaarudeyum sanyasi padippikkalukalkk samanamaaya aagrahangale nishedhikkunna oru jeevitashailiye addeham vaakchaathuryathode vivarichu.
scopenhoverinte jeevithathinte avasaanakaalathum maranananthara varshangalilum, pathonpathaam noottaandile germmaniyil poost-scopenhoverian niraashaavaadam oru janapriya "pravanatha" aayi maari. ennirunnaalum, akkaalathe mattu janapriya thathwachinthakalaaya hegelianism, bhauthikavaadam, navaa-cantianism, uyarnnuvarunna positivism enniva ithine avahelikkunnathaayi kandu. varaanirikkunna viplavangaludeyum shaasthrathile aaveshakaramaaya puthiya kandethalukaludeyum kaalaghattatthil, saadhaarana niraashaavaadiyude raaji vachathum purogamanaparavumaaya swabhaavam saamoohika vikasanathinu doshakaramaanennu kanakkakkappettu. vardhichuvarunna eee vimarshanathodu prathikarikkunnathin, juuliyas bansen (1830-81), kaal roobert edward voonn hartman (1842-1906), philipp mainlander (1841-76) thudangiya oru koottam thathwachinthakar shopenhoverine valareyadhikam swaadheenichu, addehathinte vyakthiparamaaya parichayakkaril chilar polum avarudethaaya niraashayude brand vikasippichu, oororutharum avarudethaaya savisheshamaaya reethiyil.
scopenhoverinte metaafisikkal chattakkoodil pravartthikkunna philipp mainlander "ichhaashakthi" yeei sathayude ettavum aantharikamaaya kendramaayi, oondolajikkal archaeologyaayi kaanunnu. ennirunnaalum, pradhana kaaryangalil addeham shopenhoveril ninnu vyathichalikkunnu. scopenhoverinte ichhaashakthi ekathvavum ekeekrithavum samayathinum sthalathinum atheethavumaan. nammude swantham shareerangale aathmaparishodhanayiloode maathrame namukk vasthuvinte oru prathyeka vashathekku praveshanam labhikkoo enna nigamanatthilekku shopenhoverinte ateendriya aadarshavaadam addehathe nayikkunnu. nammal ishtaprakaaram nireekshikkunnathu nireekshikkaan ullathumaathramaan, athil kooduthalonnumilla. maranjirikkunna vashangalonnumilla. koodaathe, aathmaparishodhanayiloode namukk nammude "vyakthigatha" ishtam maathrame nireekshikkaan kazhiyoo. ithu bahuswarathayude daarshanika sthaanathekku nayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
koodaathe, ellah srishtikalkkum raksha enna aashayathin mainlander oonnal nalkunnu. ithu addeham thante thathwachinthaye shopenhoverinte thathwachinthayilninnu verthirikkunna mattoru bahumaanamaan. scopenhoverinte kaaryatthil, ichhaashakthiye nishabdamaakkunnathu oru apoorva sambhavamaan. kalaa prathibhaykku eee samsthaanam thaalkkaalikamaayi nedaan kazhiyum, athesamayam charithrathiludaneelam kurachu sanyasimar maathrame poornnamaaya anthyam kaivarichittulloo. pradhanamaayi, prapancham muzhuvan pathukke ennaal theerchayaayum jeevikkaan aagrahikkunnathinte nishabdathayilekkum (addeham athine vilikkunnathupole) "veendedukkal" yilekkum neengunnu.
navaa-cantianism.
pathinettaam noottaandil immaanuval kaant nischayichathupole punarujjeevippicha oru tharam thathwachinthaye neo-cansianism vishaalamaayi soochippikkunnu, allengil kooduthal vyakthamaayi shopenhover thante kruthiyaaya 'dhii waled aas will aandu representation' enna kruthiyile kaanshyan thathwachinthaye vimarshichathiloodeyum athupole thanne jacob friedrich fries (1773-1843), johann friedrich herbart (1776-1841) thudangiya mattu poost-kaanshyan thathwachinthakarum.
navaa-kaanthyan schoolukal kaanthinte shaasthreeya vaayanaykk oonnal nalkukayum palappozhum aashayangalkk anukoolamaayi avabodhathinte punk kuraykkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, navaa-kaanthyan chinthayude dhaarmika vashangal palappozhum avare soshyalisathinte bhramanapathathilekku aakarshikkukayum avaa austromaarksisathilum edward bernstainte punaravalokanatthilum pradhana swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu. jarmmanikkappurathu nilanilkkunna swaadheenamulla thathwachinthayude oru vibhajanam avishkarikkunnathil navaa-kaanthyan school pradhanamaayirunnu. athu njaanameemaamsa polulla padangal aadyakaalangalil upayogikkukayum oontolajiyekkaal athinte praadhaanyam nilanirthukayum cheythu. 1933 aayappozhekkum (naasisatthinte uyarchaykku sesham) germmaniyile vividha navaa-kaanthyan vrithangal chitharippoyi.
sradheyamaaya navaa-kaanthyan thathwachinthakaril ulppedunnu;
neeshe.
friedrich neeshe (1844-1900) thudakkathil shopenhoverinte vakthavaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, taamasiyaathe addeham jeevithathekkurichulla shopenhoverinte nirashaavaada veekshanam nirasikkukayum oru nalla thathwachintha nalkaan sramikkukayum cheythu. aadunikatha moolamundaakunna oru tharatthilulla shoonyavaadam europiludaneelam vyaapikkunnundennu addeham vishwasichathinaal eee dauthyam adiyanthiramaanennu addeham vishwasichu, athu "daivam marichu" enna vaakyathil samgrahichu. appol, ningal daivathil vishwasikkunnuvenkil, ningal sathyasandhathayudeyum krooramaaya vishwaasangaludeyum (udha.jii. chila vyakthikale narakatthilekku daivikamaayi munkootty nischayikkuka), ningal daivathil vishwasikkunnillengil, ningal shoonyavaadathinu vazhangunnu. ubermensh, nithyamaaya aavarthanam ennee ashayangalil ninnaan thaan pariharam kandethiyathenn addeham vishwasichu. addehathinte srishtikal thathwachinthakarilum kalakaaranmaarilum valia swaadheenam cheluthunnathu thudarunnu.
mack, avanerius.
oru austriyan bhauthikashaasthranjanum thathwachinthakanumaayirunnu ernst mack. maachinte thathwachintha addehathinte "analysis oof sensations" (1885), "cognision aandu delution" (1905), mattullava ennivayil prathipaadikkunnu. manushyabodhathil ninnu swathanthramaaya oru baahyalokatthinte nilanilpp nishedhikkunna "samvedanangalude sankeernathakal" aayi mack kaaryangale kandu. meshisathinte thathwachinthaykku padinjaaran europian maarksistukalaaya friedrich adler, oottoo bouvar ennivarkkum russiayil bolshevik budhijeevikalude oru bhaagathinum (alexander bogdanov, vladymyr basarov, anatoli lunacharsky, paaval yushkevichu, nikkolaay valentinov muthalayavarkkum pinthuna labhichu.). irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil albert ainsteen ulppede paashchaathya bhauthikashaasthranjarkkidayil mashian kaazhchappaadukal vyaapakamaayirunnu.
oru jarmman thathwachinthakanum anubhava-vimarshanathinte sthaapakaril oralumaayirunnu richard avanerius. avanerius anusarichu, bodhavum sathayum, vishayavum vasthuvum ("i", "paristhithi") sthiravum nirbandhithavumaaya bandhathilaanu ("adisthaana ekopanam"); bodhamillathe oru asthithwavumilla, asthithwamillaathe oru bodhavumilla. ennaal avanerius bodhathe eee bandhatthinte adisthaanamaayi kanakkakki. avanerius parayunnathanusarichu, oru chinthaavishayamillathe oru vasthu bodhatthil ninnu swathanthramaayi nilanilkkilla.
vladymyr lenin thante bhauthikavaadavum anubhava-vimarsanavum (1909) muzhuvan pusthakavum maakkinteyum avaneriyasinteyum daarshanika veekshanangale vimarsikkunnathinaayi samarppichu, "eee thathwachintha purohithanmaare sevikkunnu, berkleyudeyum huminteyum thathwachinthayude athe uddeshyangal niravettunnu."
irupathaam noottaand.
navaa-hegalianism.
poost-hegalianism ennum ariyappedunna neo-hegalianism, irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vikasichukondirunna oru pravanathayaayirunnu, kooduthalum germmaniyil mathramaayirunnilla. pradhana jarmman navaa-hegaliyanmaaril richard croner, nikkolaay hartman, seagfried maarkk, arther libert, herman glockner ennivar ulppedunnu, athesamayam frankfurt schooline navaa-hegalianism swaadheenichathaayi parayaam.
spengler.
ganithashaasthram, shaasthram, kala, charithratthinte jaiva sidhaanthavumaayulla bandham enniva ulppedunna oru jarmman charitrakaaranum charithratthinte thathwachinthakanumaayirunnu ooswald spengler. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil saamraajyathva germmaniyude paraajayathinu thottupinnaleyaanu spenglerude pradhana kruthiyaaya "padinjaarinte thakarcha" prasidheekarichathu. eee kruthiyil, europian samskaaravumaayi thaan thirichariyunna muthalaalitha naagarikathayude anivaryamaaya thakarchayekkurichu spengler pravachikkunnu. spenglerude thathwachinthayil unnathavargavum janaadhipathyathodulla veruppum niranjirikkunnu. addeham thozhilaallikale ("naalaamathe estettu") "samskaarathin purathullavar", "charithrathinu purathullavar" ennu prakhyaapichu; bahujanm, spengler ezhuthi, "samoolamaaya onnumilla".pazhaya prussian aathmaav", rajavaazhcha, prabhukkanmaar, sainikata ennivaye spengler prashamsichu. addehathe sambandhichidatholam, yuddham "unnathamaaya manushya asthithvathinte shaashwatha roopamaanu."
spenglerude charitra thathwashaasthram "shaasthreeya vijnjaanathinte nishedhathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. charitra gaveshakan, addehathinte abhipraayathil, kooduthal praadhaanyamullavanaangil, addeham shaasthrathil ulppedunnilla. saamoohika jeevithathile kaaryakaaranathvathinteyum kramatthinteyum thathwam nishedhikkunna yuktisahavum yukthisahavumaya arivilekkulla avabodhathe spengler ethirkkunnu. samboornna aapekshikathaye prathirodhikkunna vasthunishtamaaya sathyam ariyaanulla saadhyathaye spengler nirasikkunnu. charitraparamaaya kramathinoppam, spengler charitraparamaaya purogathi enna ashayam nirasikkukayum charithratthinte ardhashoonyathayum athil vikasanathinte abhavavum theliyikkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu. prakrithidatha charitraparamaaya vikasanathekurichulla shaasthreeya daaranaye charitraparamaaya jeevacharithravaadavumaayi-"vidhi", "munkootty nischayikkal" ennivayumaayi spengler thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.lokacharithrathinte aikyavum spengler nishedhikkunnu. addehathinte charithram poornnamaayum swathanthravum athulyavumaaya niravadhi "samskaarangal", vyakthigathamaaya oru vidhiyum aavirbhaavavum abhivridhippedunnathum marikkunnathumaaya kaalaghattangal anubavikkunna prathyeka jeevikal enningane vibhajikkunnu.
samskaarathinte aathmaavine" adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayi karuthappedunna oro "samskaarathinteyum" "roopaghadana" manassilakkunnathinaayi charitra thathwashaasthrathinte chumatala spengler kuraykkunnu.spenglerude abhipraayathil, padinjaaran europian samskaaram 19-aamm noottaand muthal thanne, athaayath muthalaalithatthinte vijayathode, athinte paraakaashtayude kaalaghattamaaya fyoodalisathinte kaalaghattatthil, thakarchayude oru ghattathilekku praveshichu. maarksist soshyalisathinethire" "jarmman soshyalisam" enna ashayam thante kruthiyaaya "proosentam undu sosiyalisam" ll spengler munnott vaykkunnu ". hitlarilum naasisathilum spenglerude ashayangal swaadheenam cheluthiyathaayi vaadikkappettittundu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham engleesh charitrakaaranaaya arnold toinbee, spenglarian kaazhchappaadukalumaayi adutha charithratthinte oru thathwachintha prothsaahippichu.
vishakalana thathwachintha.
freej, vitjanstain, vienna sarkkil.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, gottlobe freejinte (1848-1925) pravachana yukthi aristottiliyan yukthiye (purathana greasil athinte thudakkam muthalulla prabalamaaya yukthi) attimarichu. ithu vishakalana thathwachinthayude thudakkamaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, jarmman, austriyan thathwachinthakarum shaasthranjarum chernnu hegalian samvidaana nirmmaanathekkurichulla shaasthreeya chinthaye prolsaahippikkunnathi vienna sarkkil roopeekarichu, ithu boudhika chinthayil mosham swaadheenamaayi avar kandu. ellah arivum anubhavathiloodeyaanu uruthirinjathennu allengil vishakalana prasthaavanakaliloode athicherunnuvennu avar vishwasichathinaal group svayam yukthisahamaya posittivistukalaayi kanakkakki, koodaathe avar freejinte pravachana yuktiyum ludwig vitjanstainte (1889-1951) aadyakaala kruthikalum avarude srishtiyude aditharayaayi sweekarichu. vitjanstain thante thathwachinthayekkurichulla avarude vyaakhyaanathodu yojichilla.
bhookhanda thathwachintha.
irupathaam noottaandile vishakalana thathwachinthayile chila adisthaana thathwachinthakar jarmman samsaarikkunnavaraayirunne, irupathaam noottaandile mikka jarmman bhasha thathwachinthayum vishakalanaparamalla, marichu 'bhookhanda' thathwashaasthramaayi nirvachikkappedunnu-britiish dveepukalkko europinu purathulla mattu saamskaarika europian rajyangalkko vipareethamaayi europian 'bhookhanda' thinte bhaagamaayi germmaniyude sthaanathinu anuyojyamaanu.
prathibhaasashaasthram.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil france brantaanoyude (1838-1917) vivaranathmaka manashaasthrathodeyum thudarnnu edmund hasserlinte (1859-1938) ateendriya prathibhaasangalodum koodi prathibhaasashaasthram aarambhichu. maiks schemer (1874-1928) prathibhaasashaasthrathinte daarshanika reethi kooduthal vikasippichu. martin hydegger (1889-1976) pinneedu ithu parivartthanam cheythu, addehathinte prashasthamaaya pusthakamaaya "beeying aandu time" (1927) oontoolajiyil prathibhaasashaasthram prayogichu, koodaathe ludwig vitjanstainoppam irupathaam noottaandile ettavum swaadheenamulla thathwachinthakaril oralaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. bhookhanda thathwachinthayil, prathyekichu asthithvavaadathilum utharaghadanavaadathilum prathibhaasashaasthram valia swaadheenam cheluthiyittundu. hydegger thanne palappozhum oru asthithvavaadiyaayi thirichariyappedunnumdum addeham ithu nirasikkumaayirunnu.
hermenutics.
vyaakhyaanathinteyum daaranayudeyum daarshanika sidhaanthavum pariseelanavumaanu hermenutics.
yadhaarthathil hermenutics grandhangalude, prathyekichu mathagrandhangalude vyaakhyaanathe soochippikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, friedrich schlearmatcher (1768-1834), wilhem dilthe (1833-1911) ennivarum mattullavarum hermenuticsinte achadakkam verum vyaakhyaanam koodaathe vipuleekarikkukayum athine oru pothu maanavika achadakkamaakki maattukayum cheythu. tekst vyaakhyaanathodeyulla nirddishta prasnangal pariharikkunnathinulla adhock upadeshangalude shekharamallaatha oru hermenutics undaakumo ennu schlearmatcher aascharyappettu, marichu "pothu hermenutics" aayirikkam, athu "art oof understanding" kaikaaryam cheiyunnu, athu evideyaayirunnaalum manassilaakkunnathinte ghadanayum pravartthanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil, schleermacherude general hermenutics project "humanities aandu soshyal sayansinte general methadology" aayi thudarunnathinulla saadhyathakal dilthi kaanaan thudangi.
irupathaam noottaandil hermenutics oru 'oontoolajikkal teenn' eduthu. martin hydegarinte "asthithvavum samayavum" achadakkathe adisthaanaparamaayi maatti. bhashaaparamaaya ashayavinimayam manasilaakkukayo manushyashaasthrathinu oru reethishaasthraparamaaya adisthaanam nalkukayo cheiyunnathalla-hydegarine sambandhichidatholam, hermenutics ennathu oondolajiyaanu, lokathile manushyante asthithvathinte ettavum adisthaanaparamaaya vyavasthakal kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. hermenuticsinecture hydegarian ashayam hydegarinte vidyaarthi hans-jorg gadamar (1900-2002) thante "sathyavum reethiyum" enna pusthakatthil kooduthal vikasippichu.
frankfurt school.
1923-ll kaal grunberg marxism, froyidinte manahshaasthra vishakalanam, veberian thathwachintha ennivayil ninnu ulkkollunna instittyoott phoor soshyal research sthaapichu, ithu "frankfurt school" ennariyappettu. naasikal purathaakkiya eee vidyaalayam randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham frankfurtil veendum parishkarichu. avar maarksisathil ninnu aakarshikkappettirunnuve staalinisathinte thuranna athiraalikalaayirunnu. groupil ninnulla pusthakangalaaya arno, horkheimer ennivarude "dialectic oof elaittanment", arnoyude "negatteevu dialectics" enniva avar prabudhatha padhathiyude parajayamaayum aadhunikathayude prasnangalaayum kandathine vimarshichu. postmordanistukal frankfurt schooline avarude mungaamikalilonnayi kanakkakkunnu.
1960kall muthal frankfurt vidyaalayathe nayikkunnath, ashayavinimaya kaaranam, bhashaaparamaaya paraspara vishayangal, aadhunikathayude daarshanika prabhashanam ennivayekkurichulla jurgan hebermas (jananam 1929) pravarthanamaanu.

