
tephrosia vogeli

tephrosia vogeli, vogalinte tephrosia, fish-poyson-beane allengil vogal tephrosia (engleesh), tephrosia (porchugees) allengil barbasco giniano (spanish), "tephrosia" janussile oru poochediyaanu.
ushnamekhalaa aafrikkayil ninnulla oru sasyamo cheria maramo aaya ithu ushnamekhalaa amerikkayilum thekk, thekkukizhakkan eshyayilum upayogikkunnu. keedangaleyum rogangaleyum, prathyekichu mrugangalile eechakaleyum kothukukaleyum thadayaan ithu saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. ithu kannukaalikalkko manushya upabhogathino anuyojyamalla, kaaranam ithu valare poshakasamriddhamallaathathum malsyathinum mattu chila mrugangalkkum vishamayirikkum. naitrajan fixing plaantaayathinaal ithu mattu sasyangalumayi parasparam vilayukayum pacha valathinte uravidamaayi upayogikkukayum cheyyaam.
"tephrosia vogeli" "saadhaaranayaayi" "fish beane", "" "fish-poyson beane" "allengil" "vogals tephrosia" "ennariyappedunnu". 
kannukaalikalil ninnulla keedangale akattunnathinum krishi cheiyunna vayalukalile keedangale jaiva keedanaashiniyaayi niyanthrikkunnathinum manninte phalabhooyishtatha mechappeduthunnathinum charmarogangalkkum aantharika puzhukkalkkumulla marunnayum vilakal sambharikkunnathinum aafrikkayile niravadhi raajyangalile karshakar upayogikkunna oru cheria maramaanith. tephrosia ila sathinte upayogam kuranja chelavil akkarisaidayi central keniyayile karshakarkk vyaapikkunnu", athinte phalangalude kaaryatthil valare vijayakaramaan.
vivaranam.
"idathoornna elakalulla mriduvaayathum maramkondathumaaya oru sasyamaan "tephrosia vogeli". ithinu <aii. dii. 1> meter uyaramundu, koodaathe cheruthum neelamullathumaaya vella allengil thurumbulla thavitt niramulla mudiyulla thandukalum shaakhakalum adangiyirikkunnu. neelamullathum idungiyathumaaya elakal thandukalil ninnu shaakhakalum athupole thanne punarulppaadanatthinaayi chediyude vithukal adangiya chaakk polulla aakruthikalum.
charithram, bhoomishaasthram, ethnography.
"tephrosia vogeli" ushnamekhalaa aafrikkayile thaddesheeyamaanu. ushnamekhalaa amerikkayilum thekk, thekkukizhakkan eshyayilum ithu oru cover vilayayi avatharippikkappettu. 1908ll jaavayil avatharippikkapetta ithu ippol malaysiayile ellah pradeshangalilum valarthukayum kaanappedukayum cheiyunnu. sub-saharan aafrikkayil, "tephrosia vogeli" oru vanya sasyamaan. parambaraagathamaayi keniyayil, samburu, masaay idayanmaar avarude kannukaalikalile kothukukal ozhivakkaan ithu upayogikkunnu. simbabweyile mashonaland central pravishyayile cheria thothilulla ksheera koottangalkkullil ithu upayogichathinu aduthide ithu anweshichittundu. tephrosia" sathinteyum ettavum saadhaaranamaaya parambaraagatha acryside triatics dipinteyum idayil sradheyamaaya samanathakal kandethiyittundu. iva randum thammil vyathyasamillennum vettinari marunnukal eluppathil labhyamallaatha pradeshangalile cherukida karshakarkk "tephrosia" shupaarsha cheythittundennum gaveshanangal velippeduthi.
valarunna saahacharyangal.
valarunna avasthakalekkurichu parayumbol, "tephrosia vogeli" niravadhi gunangalumayi varunnu. onnamathaayi, ithu pakwata prapikkaan moonnu maasam maathrame edukkoo. ithu oru thanalo athirthi vilayo enna nilayilum nallathaanu, mattu chedikalude varikalkkidayilo chuttalavilo nadaam. eee pradeshathu mazhakkaalathinte thudakkathilo madhyathilo "tephrosia" nadanam.
vividha aavaasavyavasthakalil kaanapedunna ithinu vividha kaalaavasthakalumaayum kaalaavasthakalumaayum poruthappedaan kazhiyum. "savanna, pulmedukal, vanapradeshangal, kuttichedikal, tharisubhoomi, tharishubhoomikal ennivaykku samanamaaya sasyangalilaanu tephrosia valarunnathu. ithu valare anuyojyamaayathinaal, mikka pradeshangalilum valaraan eee chedi mikacha oopshanaanu. "tephrosia" vithukaliloode punarnirmmikkunnu. keedanaashinikalum raasasamskaranavum illaathe thaikal athijeevikkunnathinte nirakk 60 sathamaanamaanu. cheruchooduvellathil mukkivaykkumbozhaanu mulaykkal uthejippikkunnathu. ithu pathukke valarunnathinaal, kalakalumaayi kurachu malsaram undaayekkaamengilum cholavumaayo mattu vilakalumaayo ithu malsarikkunnilla. nadeel kendrangalkku valarchaa kaalayalavinte thudakkathil kalayaduppavum paricharanavum aavasyamaanu. ithu vettimaattal, varalcha, sakthamaaya kaatt, mechil ennivayodu sahishnutha pulartthunnu. ennirunnaalum, varalcha palappozhum ithu veendum mulaykkunnathil ninnu thadayunnu, athinaal athil kooduthal vellam ullathinaal athu bhaaviyile upayogathinaayi kooduthal vijayikk.
sammarda sahishnutha.
"tephrosia" acidity mannil nannayi valarukayum anthareeksha naitrajan sthirappeduthumbol root noduleukal roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. ithu pavapetta mannil kooduthal pathukke valarukayum rogangalkk irayaakukayum cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu ippozhum valare vijayakaramaan. sharashari thaapanila 12 muthal 27 digri selshyas vare ulla idathaanu ithu ettavum nannayi valarunnathu, ithu mithamaaya thaapanilayaan, ithu eee chediye pala sthalangalilum anuyojyamaakkunnu. prathivarsham sharashari <aii. dii. 1> millimeter mazhayaanu ithinu vendathu. vellappokkathin vidheyamallaatha andosol mannil ithu nannayi valarunnu. eee savisheshamaaya chedi kuranja piechu ulla mosham manninodu sahishnutha pulartthunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu athinu anuyojyamalla 
tephrosia" yude upayogangal.
"manushyarudeyum kannukaalikaludeyum upabhogathinu purame vividha aavasyangalkkaayi "tephrosia" upayogikkaam, ithu vaividyamaarnnathum sahayakaravumaaya chediyaayi maarunnu. ithinte ettavum saadhaaranamaaya upayogam oorgaanik tick niyanthranamaan. aadyam, "tephrosia" chediyil ninnulla elakal nilathu vekkukayum oru jyoos verthirichedukkukayum athu mrugathil upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. chediyil ninnulla pacha draavakam vellathil kalarthi oru thuniyo sponcho upayogichu mrugathinte charmmatthil puratunnu. charmmatthil ottippidikkaan kurachu sopp draavakathil cherkkaam. saadhaaranayaayi ithu mrugathil oraazhchathekku avasheshikkukayum athinusesham phalangal prathyakshappedukayum cheiyunnu. ippozhum mriduvaaya charmmavum pakwathayillaathathumaaya kothukukalkkethire maathrame ithu phalapradamaakoo. vettinari marunnu labhyamallaatha karshakarkk ithu oru mikacha sanbradaayamaanu. "tephrosia" oru malsyavishamaayum upayogikkaam, kaaranam chediyile rasavasthukkal malsyathile rasavasthukkalumaayi prathikarikkukayum avaa eluppathil pidikkaan kazhiyunnathinayi avaye vismayippikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
"tephrosia vogeli" manushyarudeyo kannukaalikaludeyo upabhogathinu upayogikkunnillenkilum karshakarude vilakalil prakrithidathavum jaivavumaaya keedanashiniyaanu mattoru valia upayogam. nalla chediyude valarchaykku pradhaanamaaya naitrajan ulppedeyulla uyarnna alavilulla poshakangal ithinte elakalil adangiyittundu 3. "tephrosia" chedikal murikkumbol, elakal mannil vaykkukayum poshakangal pinneedu vayalil valarunna chedikalkku upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu.
tephrosia vogeli" nerittu upayogikkunnillenkilum vividha vilakalude vilavu vardhippikkaan ithu upayogikkaam. udaaharanathinu, "tephrosia vogeliyude" ila sathil raasa keedanashinikalaayi upayogikkunnu. eee sathil prayogicha vilakal praanikaludeyum mattu keedangaludeyum pravarthanangalil ganyamaaya kuravu kaanikkunnu. athinaal, "tephrosia vogeli" yodoppam krishi cheythaal, munbu cheyyaan kazhiyaatha pradeshangalil vilakal valaraan kazhiyum. vaasthavathil, daanyangalude kedupaadukalil 46.2-52.2% kuravundaayathaayi padanangal kaanikkunnu. nasippikkappetta daanyangalude alavum vilayude motham bharam kuraykkunnathum upayogichaanu daanyangalude kedupaadukal alannathu. sambharana reethi, alakkunna praanikalude tharam, sambharicha daanyangalude tharam ennivaye adisthaanamaakki eee samkhya vyathyaasappedunnu. oru prathyeka padanatthil, 21 divasathe kaalayalavinusesham aakramanakaarikalaaya praanikalil 40 sathamaanavum eee sathil ninnu kollappettu. mikka raasa keedanaashinikalil ninnum enthaanu pratheekshikkunnath ennathinekkurichaanu eee kuravu.
ennirunnaalum, keedanashini mathramalla ithinte upayogam. "tephrosia vogeli" mannil vividha poshakangal vardhippikkaanum kazhiyum, ithu palappozhum intercroppingil upayogikkunnu. padanangal kaanikkunnath manninte poshakangalil 30 sathamaanam vardhanavum athinte falamaayi vilavu kooduthalaanu. "tephrosia" chikilsakal mannil jaiva carbon dhaatu naitrajan vardhippichu. chorinoppam valarthaan "tephrosia vogeli" yude vividha saandrathayulla kalangal upayogichaanu ithu kandethiyathenn pareekshanam parayunnu. tephrosia" adangiya kalangalil naitrajan, kaarban ennivayude valia vardhanavu kaanichu. ithu nirnnayikkaan, gaveshakar mannil naitrajan, pottasyam ennivayude alavu alakkaan kalakalum praanikalum upayogichu. athinaal, nannayi roopakalppana cheytha oru parasparakrishi samvidaanathinu varanda bhoomiyile vila uthppaadanam ganyamaayi vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. saadhaaranayaayi, vyathyastha vilakal orumichu krishi cheythaal, ottaykku krishi cheiyunnathinekkaal kuranja vilavu maathrame undaakoo, ennaal tephrosiaykkoppam krishi cheyyumbol vilayude vilavu vardhikkunnu. kappiyum chorum ulppede onniladhikam vilakalumaayi "tephrosia vogeli" kku oru samanvayaparamaaya falamundennu ithu kaanikkunnu. vardhicha poshakangal mattu vilakalude vilavu mechappeduthunnathinulla mattoru maargamaan "tephrosia vogeli". "tephrosia" ottaykku nannayi valaraan kazhinjekkilla, pakshe mattoru vilaykkoppam valarthukayaanenkil, athu ottaykku valarunnathinekkaal 6 madangu kooduthal valarum. manninte uyarnna acidity, kuranja kaalsyam, kuranja soodiyam, kuranja pottasyam ennivayaanu palappozhum athinte mosham valarchaykku kaaranam.
jaiva kaarbaninte vardhana pradhaanamaanengilum, "tephrosia vogeliyude" pradhana pravartthanam mannil naitrajan alavu vardhippikkuka ennathaanu. naitrajan bhakshikkunna jeevikal upayogichu eee vardhana alakkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, ithu oru nerittulla alavallaathathinaal, vilayude vilavu amithamo kuravo aayi kanakkakkaam. "tephrosia vogeli" eathu paristhithiyilum upayogikkaam, ennaal ottaykku vilakal valarthaan valare budhimuttulla thekkan, kizhakkan aphrica polulla varanda anthareekshathilaanu ithu ettavum nannayi upayogikkunnathu. ithu upayogichu, manninte phalabhooyishtatha vardhippichum praanikaleyum mattu keedangaleyum neekkam cheythum karshakarkk vilayude alavu paramavadhi vardhippikkaan kazhiyum. eee inam kooduthal vikasippikkappettal, eee varanda parithasthithikalil ithilum valia samanvaya phalavum vila vilavum nalkaan ithinu kazhinjekkum.
saambathikashaasthram.
eee plaant saadhaaranayaayi vyaapaarathino laabhathino upayogikkunnillenkilum karshakarkk thanne ithu valare laabhakaramaan. tephrosia" yude thaangavunna vila upajeevanathin kannukaalikale valarthunna cherukida karshakarkum valare akarshakamaakkunnu. "tephrosia vogeli" vithukal saadhaaranayaayi kiloik ekadesham 0.20 dollarinu vilkkunnu, ithu vipaniyil vaagdaanam cheiyunna mattu vila vithukalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valare vilakuranjathaanu. keniyayil prathyekichum kenia jaiva kaarshika shringhala offeesukalilum keofilum ithu eluppathil labhyamaan.
vishalamaaya sveekaaryathaykkulla parimithikal.
eee vilayude oru parimiti, ithu malsyavishamaayi upayogikkukayum vividha enangalkku vishamaakukayum cheiyunnathinaal, keniyan adhikaarikal valia jalaashayangalkk sameepam ithinte krishi nirodhichu ennathaanu. samudra mrugangalude jeevanu apakadasaadhyatha ullathinaal theerapradeshangalil thamasikkunna aalukalkk avar thamasikkunna sthalathinaduthu eee vila valarthaan kazhiyilla ennaanu ithinartham. 
"tephrosia" kannukaalikalkko manushya upabhogathino vendiyalla ennathinaal kooduthal vishalamaaya spectrathil sweekarikkappedunnil. poshakamoolyangal ullathum kazhikkaan surakshithavumaanenkil, athu kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi valarthukayo labhathinaayi vilkkukayo cheythekkaam. kannukaalikalil ninnulla keedangale thadayaanaanu ithu pradhaanamaayum upayogikkunnathinaal, karshakar nadunnathinekkuricho puthiya vilakalumaayi poruthappedunnathinekku chinthikkumbol palappozhum marakkunnu. ithu oru poraaymayaanu, kaaranam kooduthal karshakarkk ithinekkurichu ariyaamaayirunnenkil "tephrosia" valare sahayakaramaaya vilayaayirunnene.
praayogika vivarangal.
manninte phalabhooyishtatha mechappeduthunnathinum sambharana vilakalil ninnum kannukaalikalil ninnum keedangale ozhivaakkunnathinum violile mattu vilakalil keedanaashiniyaayi upayogikkunnathinum sahayikkunnathinaal eee chedi karshakarkk valare upayogapradamaakum. lalithamaaya mulaykkunna prakriyaykku sesham vithukal nadunnathu eluppamaanu. chedikku pakwata prapikkaan 3 maasam maathrame edukkoo, saadhaaranayaayi pazhutha vithukalulla thavitt kayakal eduthu juulai muthal septambar vare marangalil ninnu vithukal shekharikkaam. avaa eluppathil sambharikkanaakum, ithu karshakarkk mattoru nettamaanu, koodaathe avaa sambharanathilaayirikkumbol keedangalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi mattu vilakalil parathaanum kazhiyum. vettinari marunnu labhyamallaatha karshakarkk ithu oru vilakuranja parihaaramaan, koodaathe avarude valarthumrigangalude samrakshanam urappakkaanum kazhiyum. eee vishayathekkurichulla kooduthal vivarangalkk, prathyekichu puthiya kaarshika allengil pays projakttil upayogikkaan kazhiyunna vividha oonlain vibhavangalundu.nettu.

