landanile kottakal

lunden nagaratthile kottakalum prathirodhangalum 17,18 noottaandukalil thakarkkappettuvenkilum landanile kottakal vipulavum kooduthalum nannayi paripaalikkappedunnathum. avasheshikkunnavayil palathum vinodasanjaara aakarshanangalaanu, prathyekichu lunden gopuram.
charithram.
roman kaalangal.
eiii. dii. 200 oode romakkaaraan landanile aadyathe prathirodha mathil nirmmichathu. nagaratthinte kottayude nirmmaanathinu ekadesham 80 varshathinusheshavum (athinte vadakkum padinjaarum mathilukal kattiyakkukayum puthiya nagara mathilinte bhaagamaayi uyaram erattiyaakkukayum cheythu), nagaram launtinium aayi sthaapich 150 varshathinusheshavumaayirunnu ithu.
457ll saxonukal akramikkunnathil ninnu landanine prathirodhikkukayum madhyakaalakhattam vare nilanilkkukayum cheytha lunden mathil pinneedu 1,000 varshathilere oru kottayaayi sajeevamaayi upayogichu.
mathililoode nagaratthilekkulla aarr pradhana praveshana kavaadangal undaayirunnu, anchu romakkar lunden adhiniveshathil vyathyastha samayangalil nirmmichu.
padinjaaru ludgate muthal kizhakk aldgate vare gadikaaradishayil pookunna ivayaayirunnu ludgate, newgate, aaldezhsgett, pyaamligett, bishopgate, aldgate. madhyakaalakhattathil amgavaikalyathinum bishapgettinum idayil ezhaamathe moorgett cherkkapettu.
madhyakaalakhattam.
1066-leeii norman adhiniveshathinushesham lunden nagaratthile janangalil ninnu normanmare samrakshikkunnathinum purathulla aakramanakaarikalil ninnu landane samrakshikkunnathinum nagara kottakal chertthu.
vilyam rajaavinu rund kottakal nirmmichirunnu
moonnaamathe kottayaaya montfishettinte kotta vadakku padinjaaru reuven swadeshiyaaya gilbert dii monfishettu, vilyaminte bandhuvaan nirmmichathu.
pinneedu madhyakaalakhattathil mathilukal punarnirmmikkukayum kooduthal kavaadangal, kooduthal kothalangal enniva kootticherkkukayum cheythu.
nagara kavaadangal.
oru kaalath lunden nagaratthilekkulla praveshana kavaadangal nagara mathililoode samrakshichirunna portalukal, gathaagathathinaayi madhyathiloode onno rando kamaanangalulla, kavaadangalum portculisukalum kondu samrakshikkappettirunna bahunila kettidangalaayirunnu. avaa palappozhum jayilukalayi upayogikkukayo vadikkappetta kuttavaalikale vazhiyaathrakkaarkk munnil pradarshippikkukayo cheythirunnu. thalavettapetta raajyadrohikal palappozhum lunden paalatthile oru koombaaratthil thalakuthippidichu avarude shareeram kwartezhs cheyyukayum gettukalkkidayil vyaapikkukayum cheythu.
curfuvinu sesham, onpathu manikk allengil sandhyaykk (neratthe vannava) sent merii leeii boyudeyum mattu pallikaludeyum manikal kettu gettukal adachu. avaa sooryodayathilo pittennu raavile aarr manikk, eathaanu pinneedu vannatho, athu veendum thurannu. eee samayat praveshanam nirodhichirunnathinaal gettinullile pouranmaar avarude veedukalil thanne thudaranamaayirunnu. nagaratthilekku praveshikkunna aalukale parisodhikkunnathinum mathilinte paripaalanatthino allengil panam aavashyamaayi vannekkaavunna mattethenkilum aavashyathino eedaakkunna tolukal eedaakkunnathinum chekkpostukalaayum gettukal upayogichirunnu. mathil paripaalikkappettath nikuthi pirikkal maathramaayirikkaam, prathirodhatthinalla.
gettukal palathavana nannaakkukayum punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1660ll rajavaazhcha punasthaapichathinushesham nagaratthinte ellah kavaadangalum adanjukidakkukayum avayude portculisukal thurakkukayum cheythathinaal avaa prathirodhamillaathavayaayi maarukayum cheythuvenkilum avaa nagaratthinte anthassinte drishyamaaya adayaalamaayi nilanirthappettu. gathagathakkurukku kaaranam 1760 oode mikka gettukalum polichumaatti.
ellah kavaadangaludeyum sthaanangal ippol athe perilulla oru pradhana rooad kondu adayaalappeduthiyiriknu, aaa kavaadatthinte sthaanathu ninnu kurachu vadakku bhaagathulla oru cheria theruvaaya pulgligate ozhike.
lunden paalam.
"pazhaya lunden paalam thanne aakramanathinethire shakthippeduthiyittundu. paalatthinte thekk vashathe attathe samrakshikkunnath valia kallu gettaanu, ithu 1209 ll paalatthinte backie bhagangalkkoppam poortthiyaakkukayum theerathu ninnulla moonnaamathe kadaltheerathu nirmmikkukayum cheythu. 1437 januvariyil gettu house muzhuvan thaamasatthilekku thakarnnuvenkilum 1465 muthal 1466 vare punarnirmikkappettu. ezhaamatheyum ettaamatheyum thuramukhangalil vyaapichukidakkunna oru drobridge randaam nira prathirodham nalki. 1257-ll aadyamaayi paraamarshicha eee gopuratthinu thudakkathil oru thadi gopuram pinthuna nalkiyirunnuvenkilum 1426-num 1428-num idayil drobridge gettu allengil puthiya kallu gettu ennariyappettirunna oru kallu gettu house ithinu pakaram vannu. drobridge eratta pravartthanam nadatthi; onnamathaayi, thekk ninnu akramikkunna eathu sakthikkum kadannupokaan kazhiyaatha oru thadassam srishtikkaan ithinu kazhiyum, randaamathaayi, vaanijya kappalukale kweenhittile dokkilekku mukalilekku kadannupokaan anuvadikkumbol, thaazhekku irakkumbol shatru kappalukal pinnil ninnu akramikkunnathil ninnu thadayaan kazhiyum. 1577ll drobridge gettu polichumaatti. 1727ll valia kallu gettu polichumaatti punarnirmmichenkilum, athinu sainika pravartthanam kuravaayirunnu, 1760ll ithu poornnamaayum polichumaatti.
onnaam lokamahaayudham.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, jarmman adhinivesham undaayal oru stopp line roopeekarikkunnathinaayi lunden defense positions skeeminte oru bhagam punarujjeevippichu. tamasinu vadakku broxbornile liie nadiyilum tamasinu thekk hallingilekkum kentilekkum vyapippichu, angane chaatham prathirodhavumaayi bandhippichu.
randaam lokamahaayudhavum athinusheshavum.
1940-leeii adhinivesha bheeshaniyode randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu landante prathirodhatthinaayi kooduthal thayyaareduppukal nadatthi. nagaratthil thanne vyomaakramanathinethire abhayakendrangalum kottakalum nirmmikkunnathum karaa aakramana saadhyathaykkethire nagarathinu purathu prathirodha sthaanangal thayyarakkunnathum ulppedunnathaanu eee thayyaareduppukal. niravadhi aanti-tank stopp lainukalil ettavum dairkhyameriyathum pradhaanappettathumaaya jii. echu. kyu line landaneyum englandinte vyaavasaayika hridayabhoomiyeyum samrakshikkunnathinaayi sthaapichathaanu. GHQ line bristtol pradeshathu ninnu kizhakode sanjarichu, athinte bhooribhaagavum kennatt, eavan kanaaliloode; athu readingle thekkott thirinj aldershottinum gildfordin thekkott kadannupokunna lunden chuttunnu; thudarnnu esexiloode vadakkott edinbergilekku neengi. GHQ rekhaykkullil prathirodhatthinte poornna valayangal undaayirunnu, baahya (line eiii), central (line bii), innar (line sii) lunden prathirodha valayangal.
nagaratthil command aandu kantrol sentarukal samrakshikkunnathinaayi kaabinat vaar roomukalum admiraltti kotta nirmmikkukayum bombinginethire pothujanagalkk abhayam nalkunnathinaayi aazhathilulla abhayakendrangalude oru parambara thayyarakkukayum cheythu. 1940 juunil general edmund irumbu saidinte nirddeshaprakaaram aanti-tank prathirodhatthinteyum pilboxukaludeyum kendreekritha valayangal nirmikkappettu lunden innar keep, lunden stopp line innar (line sii), lunden stopp line central (line bii), lunden stopp line outtar (line eiii). eee lainukalile pravartthanangal aazhchakalkk sesham sthiramaaya prathirodhatthinu mukalil mobail yudhathe anukoolicha irumbu saidinte pingamiyaaya general alaan brook nirtthivachu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasaanatheyum sheethayudhakaalathinte varavineyum thudarnnu, command, kantrol gadanakal samrakshikkunnathinaayi nagaratthil kooduthal karsanamaaya prathirodham thayyarakki. niravadhi kottakal mechappeduthukayum puthiyava nirmmikkukayum cheythu.
pinder,
kingsway telephone ekschenjum, orupakshe,
kyu-whitehall, eee kruthiyude bhooribhaagavum ippozhum rahasyamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
theevravaada prathirodham.
prashnangalude samayat aavarthichulla thaalkkaalika airish republican armi (aii. aarr. eiii) bombakramanangalkkum aduthide 2005 juulai 7 nuu musleem theevravaadikal landanil nadatthiya bombakramanangalkkum vidheyamaaya lunden oru pradhana theevravaada lakshyamaanu. lakshyamaanu avasaanathil lunden nagaratthe takarkkaan aii. aarr. eiii oru pracharanam aasoothranam cheythu. lunden nagaratthil rund valia truck bombukal pottitherichu 1992 epril 10 nuu baltic exchange bomb, oru varshathinu sesham bishopgate bomb. lunden nagaratthile korppareshan nagaratthilekkulla praveshana rodukalude leauttil maattam varuthukayum bheeshani nila urappaakumbol chekkposttukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu; eee nadapadikal "ring oof steel" ennariyappedunnu, akkaalat belfaasttinte madhyabhaagathe valayam cheythirunna kooduthal sakthamaaya prathirodhangalil ninnu edutha peru.
landante backie bhaagangalil (whitehall, westminstar kottaram, rajakeeya vasathikal, vimaanathavalangal, chila embassykal enniva ozhike) atharam vyakthamaaya samrakshanamilla, ennaal lunden sii. sii. tii. vii. yude kanatha nireekshanatthilaanu, mattu pala landmark kettidangalkkum ippol truck bombukalkkethire prathirodhikkaan vyakthamaaya thadassangalundu.

