
emery rives

oru ezhuthukaaranum prasadhakanum vijayakaramaya pathra-saahitya ejantumaayirunnu emery rivas () (6 septambar 1904-5 septambar 1981), prathyekichu vinsttan charchilinum mattu pramukha europian raashtrathanthranjarkkum pradhaanamaayum phaasist virudharum janaadhipathya aadarshangal kaivashamullavarumaayirunnu. loka federalism yudhaananthara lokath samadhaanam konduvarumennu addeham vaadichu. 
cheruppam.
ippol serbiayude bhagamaaya hangariyile baxfoldwaril jootha madhyavarga swath udamakalaaya saiman, jisel gross rives ennivarude makalaayi rivas janichu. addehathinte jananathinteyum maranathinteyum krithyamaaya theeyathikal vyathyaasappedunnathinaal, addehathinte shavakudeerathinaayi vidhava nalkiyava upayogikkunnu. budaapesttile mikacha vidyaarthiyaaya addeham 1922-ll berlinilekk thamasam maari. 1926-ll soorich sarvakalashaalayil ninnu saambathikashaasthrathil doktarettu nedukayum jarmman raashtreeyakkaaranum videshakaaryamanthriyaayi sevanamanushticha jootha vamshajaraaya vijayakaramaya vyavasayiyumaaya walther rathenoyude saambathika sidhaanthangal ezhuthukayum cheythu. janaadhipathya gavanmentinte sakthamaaya vakthaavum svechaadhipathya bharanathinte sakthamaaya ethiraaliyumaaya rathano 1922-ll soviyatt unionumaayulla vyapaaram vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi semittik virudha valathupaksha theevravaadikal vadhichu. soorichil, reves thante aadya lekhanangal ezhuthukayum raashtreeyakkaarumaayi aadya abhimukhangal nadathukayum cheythu. pinneedu holocoastil addehathinu ammaye mattu kudumbamgangaleyum nashtappedum.
pathra, saahitya ejantaayi pravartthikkuka.
1920kalil addeham oru swatantra pathrapravartthakanaayi maari, leag oof nationsil shradha kendreekarichu. franch pradhaanamantri erised brind, leag oof neshansinte shilpi loard roobert sessil ennivarulppedeyulla raashtrathanthranjar poornnamaayum deseeyavaada kaazhchappaadukale ethirkkunna oru anthaaraashtra warta ejansi srishtikkaanulla addehathinte aagrahathe pinthunachu. 
sthaapana sahakarana pathrasevanam.
athinaayi addeham 1933-ll paareesil qoo-ooppareshan pras sarvees aandu publishing kambani sthaapichu. athu anthaaraashtrathaykkum vishalamaaya prachaaratthinum sakthamaaya naasi virudha nilapaadinu perukettathaayirunnu. europile aadyathe praayogika vayar pras sevanamaayi ithu kanakkakkappettu. 1933 epril onninu naasi stomrooppezhs berlinil nadatthiya reydinethudarnnu reevsinu berlinile thante pathrapravarthanam upekshikkendivannu. 29-aamm vayassil berlinil ninnu palayanam cheytha addeham paareesile oafees veendum thurannu. 1940 juunil, paareesinte pathanathinushesham fraansil ninnu palayanam cheyyaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi, vinsttan charchil thante pakkal vecha oru antarvaahini, landanilekku thamasam maari. charchilinte abhyarthana maanich 1941 februvariyil addehathe newyorkkilekku ayaykkukayum thante ejansiyude aasthaanam avidekku maattukayum europian nagarangalilum thekke amerikkayilum lokamembaadumulla pathrasthaapanangalude upayogam nilanirthukayum cheythu. 
1940ll pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna franch rashtrathanthranjanaaya pooll rainoud, 1936ll moonnu thavana pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna liyon blum, 1956ll pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna britiish rashtrathanthranjanaaya anthoni eedan, 1945ll pradhaanamanthriyaayirunna laber party nethaavu klement atli ennivarulppede 120ladhikam europian raashtrathanthranjarude kaazhchappaadukalude aagola prasidheekaranam rivasinte sahakarana pathrasevanam samghadippichu. mattullavayil itaaliyan phaasist virudha rashtrathanthranjanaaya kaundu carlo sphoresa, engleesh ganithashaasthranjanaaya bertrand russell, reaves polulla soorich sarvakalaashaalayile birudadhaariyaaya albert iii ainsteen ennivar ulppedunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhathilekku nayicha varshangalilenkilum ellaavarum musoliniyude itali allengil hitlarude jarmmaniyumaayulla preenanatthe athirthirunnuvenkilum atli oru kaalaghattathekku samaadhaanavaadathe pinthunachirunnu.
vinsttan charchilinoppam pravartthikkuka.
1937-ll addeham vinsttan charchilumaayi sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum addehathinte saahitya ejantaavukayum europiludaneelamulla pradhana pathrangalil samakaalika loka sambhavangalekkurichulla charchilinte lekhanangal sthaapikkaan thante warta ejansiye upayogikkukayum cheythu. charchilumaayulla rivasinte bandham pala tharatthil addehathinte kariyarile ettavum pradhanappetta onnaayi maari.
charchilinte rachanakal parimithamaaya aagola saannidhyam srishtichirunnuvenkilum 1939 aayappozhekkum, 25 bhashakalilaayi ekadesham 15 muthal 20 dasalaksham vare vaayanakkaare prathinidheekarikkunna 750 vyathyastha autlettukalulla muppathu pathrangalude onnaam pejukalil charchilinte rachanakal sthaapikkaan reves sahayichu. 1938lum 1939lum charchilinte lekhanangal prasidheekaricha pathrangalil brassels, copenhagen, riga, stockholm, helsinghi, oosloo, varso, craco, kaunaas (lithwanian, yiddish bhaashakalilulla pathrangal), tallin (estoniya) ennivayulppedunnu. europinu purathu rioo dii janeero, buenos airs, cape taunn, perth, sidani, columbo, singapur, hongong, nairobi, keyro, jerusalem thudangiya nagarangalilum ithe lekhanangal prasidheekarichu. 
1940-leeii rivukale paraamarshichukondu, charchil britiish vivara manthrikk ezhuthi, "addehathinte thikachum asaadhaaranamaaya kazhivukaleyum bandhangaleyum kurichulla vyakthiparamaaya anubhavathil ninnu enikku samsarikkaan kazhiyum", koodaathe "njangalude kaazhchappaadukal valare shakthamayi pulartthunna" "ettavum midukkanaaya ezhuthukaaran" ennu addehathe visheshippichu. audyogika charchil charitrakaaranaaya sarr martin gilbert 1997-ll "vinsttan charchil aandu emery reaves" enna thante pusthakatthil "aii. dii. 1" ll ninnulla reaves charchilum thammilulla kathidapaadukalude vipulamaaya oru rekha prasidheekarichu. 
1940 meyy maasathil charchil pradhaanamanthriyaaya sesham, vadakkum thekkum amerikkayilum britiish prachaarana samghadana kettippadukkaan sahayikkunnathinaayi 1941 februvariyil newyork nagaratthilekku rives ayachu. europil kaanunna naasi akramanam amerikkayil thudarumennum edapedaathirikkaanulla thathwangal "oro raajyatheyum agaadhathayilekku nayikkunna nashtappetta lokathinte thathwangalaanennum" paashchaathyare bodhyappeduthunnathaayirnu thante dauthyamennu reves visheshippichu. 1939 desemberil aadyamaayi apekshicha sesham februvari 24nuu addeham oru britiish vishayamaayi swaabhaavikavalkkarikkuppadu.
yudhaanantharam, yunaittad kingdatthinu purathu charchilinte yuddha oormmakkurippukal, "randaam lokamahaayudhathinte oormmakkurippukal", charchilinte vipulamaaya naalu vaalyangalulla "engleesh samsaarikkunna janangalude charithram" enniva prasidheekarikkaanulla avakasham addeham vaangi. akkaalat palarum apakadasaadhyathayaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenkum randum vyaapakamaayi vittupoyi. charchilinte valare vijayakaramaya aarr vaalyangalaaya "randaam lokamahaayudhathinte oormmakkurippukal" yill addeham sradheyamaaya vyakthiparamaaya sambhavanakal nalki, 1930kall muthal addeham vikasippichedutha asaadhaaranamaaya anthaaraashtra shringalayaanu pusthakatthinte mikacha vijayathinte thacol. 1940kalude avasaanathil charchilinte sambathu ganyamaayi vardhippikkukayum ekadesham oru aii. dii. 1 kammeeshan nilanirthukayum cheythathode "randaam lokamahaayudhathinte oormmakkurippukal" ennathinte avakaashangalkkaayi amerikkayil 14 laksham dollar yunaittad kingdatthil 555,000 poundum charchilinu nalkunnathinaayi churches charcha cheythu. 1956num 1960num idayil franch riviyerayile rivas villa laa pousayil iruvarum orumichu chelavazhicha deerghakaalathinu purame, rivas chartwellile addehathinte veettilum yudhathinu munbulla morpeth maalikakalilum athinusesham hyde paarkk gettilum charchiline sandarshichu. yudhaanantharakaalathe mattu shradheyavum labhakaravumaaya kruthikalil dwait dii. yude oormmakkurippukal madhyasthatha vahikkunnathum ulppedunnu. isenhover, britiish feeld marshell bernard montgomery, mattu yudhakaala nethaakkal ennivar pathrangalilum maasikakalilum.
yudhakaala prasidheekaranangal.
"hitlarumaayi samsaarikkunnu". "
hitlarude sahayiyaaya herman raschening "hitlarumaayulla sambhashanangal" kammeeshan cheythu. 1940ll amerikkayil prasidheekaricha, raschaninginodulla hitlarude aathmavishwaasathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla vyaapakamaayi udharicha pusthakam, lokavijayathilum naashatthilum chaayvulla oru bhraanthanaayi hitlare chithreekarichirunnu. hitlar rashninginode pulartthunna vishwaasyatha pala srothassukalil ninnum eduthukalanjathaanennum charitraparamaaya krithyatha kanakkileduthu eee pusthakam avaganikkappedendathaanennum samakaalika hitlar charitrakaaranmaaril palarum, prathyekichu iyaan kersha karuthunnu, ennaal kersha athinte niravadhi praadhamika nigamanangalodu yojichirikkaam.
1941-ll, austriyayile naasi adhiniveshathinu sesham swatantra franchukaarkkum britishukaarkkum vendi poraadiya valathupaksha austriyan desheeyavaadiyaaya prins ernst rudiger starhemberg "hitlarinum musoliniykkum idayil" enna rivukal prasidheekarichu.
"njaan hitlarinu panam nalki".
1941-ll, revace fritts theesan ezhuthiya "aii paid hitlar" (1941) prasidheekarichu, jarmman steel magnet fritts theesan "hitlarude uyarchaykkum germmaniyile deseeya soshyalistukal adikaaram thedunnathinum ettavum utharavaadikalaaya purushanmaaril oralaayi" kanakkakkiyathaayum hitlarude uyarchaykku bhaagikamaayi pramukha vyavasaayikalude pinthunayundennum ezhuthi.
charitrakaaranaaya saamuval dablyu. fritts theesan enna peril prasidheekaricha pusthakamaaya micham, uyarnna dhanakaryavum naasisavum thammilulla bandhathekkurichu ettavum udharichathum ennaal ettavum krithyathayillaathathumaaya uravidangalilonnaanu. 1940 leeii vasanthakaalath fraansil nadanna theesan, rives abhimukhangalude stenographukale adisthaanamaakki rives aanu eee pusthakam ezhuthiyathu, koodaathe kurachu adhyayangal maathrame theesan avalokanam cheyyukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheythittulloo. pusthakam purathirangunna samayat germmaniyil thadavukaaranaayirunna theesan prasidheekaranathinu sammathikkukayo naasi partyumaayulla saambathika edapaadukalumaayi bandhapetta adhyayangal orikkalum kaanukayo cheythitilla. ezz. dablyu. stenograaphikale pusthakatthinte aadya avasthayumaayi thaarathamyam cheytha charitrakaaranaaya henry ashbi tenare micham udharikkunnu, avarude abhipraayathil taisen amgeekaricha bhaagangalil polum vyaajavum krithyathayillaathathumaaya avakaashavaadangalundu.
charitrakaaranaaya wolfgang coach, 
1991-ll, dallas symphany oorkkastra rivasinte oormmaykkaayi "anatomy oof pease" enna peril oru kashanam kammeeshan cheythu; ithu marvin hamlis rachichu, richard danielpore oorkkastaar cheythu.