
bartolomio plattina

bartolomio saachi (; 1421-21 septambar 1481), thante janmasthalamaaya (piedena) peril plattina (itaaliyan ill plattina) ennariyappedukayum engleeshil bartolomio plattina ennu saadhaaranayaayi ariyappedukayum cheytha addeham oru itaaliyan navothaana maanavika ezhuthukaaranum paachakashaasthranjanumaayirunu.
kondottiyeriyil jolie cheiyunna oru sainikanaayi plattina thante currier aarambhichu, yuva kardinal francesco ulppedeyulla gonsaagakalil ninnu deerghakaala rakshaakarthruthvam nedunnathinu munbu, avarkkayi addeham oru kudumba charithram ezhuthi. florencile baisaantain hyoomanist thathwachinthakanaaya joonn aargiropulosinte keezhil addeham padichu, avide addeham mattu saha humanistukaleyum bharana medisi kudumbatthile amgangaleyum pathivayi sandarshichu.
1462 oode addeham francesco gonsagaykkoppam romilek thamasam maarukayum avide hyoomanist payas randaaman (eniya sylvio picolomini) yude keezhil oru marpappa ezhuthukaaranaayi oru tasthika vaangukayum juuliyas pomponius leyttas sthaapicha platonism swaadheenamulla roman academyil amgamaavukayum cheythu. romile prashastha paachakakkaranaaya maarttinoyumaayi adutha parichayam itaaliyan paachakashaasthrathekkurichullathu "dii sathyasandhamaya voluptettu ettu valettudin" ("manyamaaya anandavum aarogyavum") enna thalakkettilulla oru saidhaanthika grandhatthinu prachodanam nalkiyathaayi thonnunnu, ithu ganyamaaya janapreeti nedukayum aadyathe achadicha paachakapusthakamaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheiyunnu.
manushyavirudhanaaya poppu pooll randaaman (pietro barbo) yude varavode plaattinayude maarppaappayude thozhil pettennu vettikkurachu, addeham 1464-65 shaithyakaalath addehathinte prathishedhangalude shikshayaayi kalapam nadathunna plaattinaye kaastal saant aanchaloyil poottiyirunnu. 1468-ll addeham veendum oru varsham koodi kaastal saant aanchaloyil thadavilakkappettu, avide pomponiyoyude roman academyile amgangal marpappa vadikkaanulla padhathikal ulkkollunna goodaalochana nadathiyenna aaropanathethudarnnu addehathe peedanatthinu vidheyanaakki.
1475-ll addehathe vaattikkan librarianakkiya sakthamaaya maanavika anukoola maarppaappayaaya sixtus IV (francesco della rover) adhikaarathilethiyathode plaattinayude bhagyam punarujjeevippikkappedu-meloso daa forley oru prashastha chuvarchithrathil chithreekaricha oru niyamanam. roman charithrathinum purathanakaala prameyangalkkum mathiyaya idam nalkunna poppumaarude jeevithathekkurichulla noothanavum swaadheenamullathumaaya charithram ezhuthiya sesham plaattinayude shathruvaaya pooll randaamane apamaanichukondu addehathinu eee padavi labhichu.
jeevacharitram.
krimonaykkaduthulla piyadenayilaan (laattin bhashayil plattina) plattina janichathu.
addeham aadyam oru swakaarya sainikanaayi chernnu, pinneedu markvis ludovico III gonsaagayude puthranmaarude adthyaapakanaayi niyamikkapettu, munbu icopo daa saan casiano ogniben daa lonigo vahichirunnu. 1457-ll addeham florencylake pooyi greak pandithanaaya aargiropulosinte keezhil padichu. 1462-ll addeham romilek pooyi, orupakshe kardinal francesco gonsaagayude suitil. piyus randaaman koleju oof efirivettezhsu (1463) punasamghadippikkukayum ennam ezhupathaayi vardhippikkukayum cheythathinushesham 1464 meyy maasathil plattina amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
orupakshe 1465-leeii venalkkaalath plattina "dii sathyasandhamaya walpattett ettu valettudin" ("manyamaaya anandathinum aarogyathinum") rachichu. navothaana boudhika kenikalile madhyakala paachakareethiyude smarakamaaya eee aadyathe achadicha paachakapustakam 1474-ll pathrangalil ninnu purathukadannu dussen kanakkinu pathippukalilekku kadannupoyi, padinjaaran europiludaneelam mikacha bhakshanathekkurichulla roman ashayangal pracharippichu. 1463-leeii venalkkaalath martinoyude thozhiludamayude athidhiyaaya plaattinayude kardinaalaaya albanoyil vachu kandumuttya prashastha paachakakkaranaaya maastro martino dii rossie ulchertha paachakakkurippukalude maanavika patana plaattinayude pradarshanatthil.
pooll randaaman payasinte oordinansukal nirthalaakkiyappol, mattu puthiya amgangalumaayulla plaattinaykk addehathinte padavi nashtappettu. ithil prakopithanaaya addeham thante niyanthranangal pinvalikkanamenn aavasyappettu oru laghulekha ezhuthi. svayam nyaayeekarikkan vilichappol addeham ahankaarathode prathikarikkukayum romilaanu thudarendathenna vyavasthayil naalu maasathinu sesham mochithanaayi kaastal saant aanchaloyil thadavilaakkappedukayum cheythu. 1468 februvariyil, mattu irupathu manushyasnehikalodoppam, mathavidveshathinteyum maarppaappayude jeevithathinethire goodaalochanayudeyum peril addeham veendum jayililadaykkappettu. randaamathe kuttam thelivukalude abhaavathil ozhivaakki, aadyathethil avare veruthe vittu. ennirunnaalum, roman academyile amgangal adhaarmikathaykk kuttakkaaraanennu kandethi.
1469 juulai 7nuu mochithanaaya sesham, pooll randaamante joliyil veendum niyamikkappedumennu addeham pratheekshichu, addeham thante sevanangal nirasichu. sixtus IV-nte nirddeshaprakaaram addeham thante '(1479)' ezhuthiyappol plattina prathikaram cheiyumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum bheeshani nadappilaakkukayum cheythu. athil addeham thante shathruvine cruren shaasthrathinte pradhana shathruvumaayi chithreekarikkunnu. vimarsanaathmaka gaveshanangal theliyikkunnathuvare noottaandukalaayi ithu charitraparamaaya abhipraayangale swaadheenichu. mattu sthalangalil party manobhaavam vyakthamaan, prathyekichu sabhayude avasthayekkurichu addeham pariganikkumbol. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte "poppanmaarude jeevitam" maarppaappayude charithratthile aadyathe chittayaya kaippustakam aanu. nirnayakamaaya gaveshanathinte aavasyakatha plaattinaykk thonniyengilum vishadaamshangalude parisodhanayil ninnu pinmari. 1474 avasaanathode allengil 1475-nte thudakkathil plattina thante kaiyezhuthuprathi sixtus IV maarppaappaykk samarppichu; athu ippozhum vaattikkan libraryil samrakshikkappedunnu. alariayile bishop jiovanni andrea busiyude maranashesham, marpappa plattina libraryane vaarshika shambalamaaya 120 duketukalum vaattikkanil oru audyogika vasathiyumaayi niyamichu. roman sabhayude pradhana aanukoolyangalude oru shekharam undakkaanum addeham addehathodu nirddeshichu. ellah vaarthaavinimaya vidagtharum amgeekarikkunna eee shekharam ippozhum vaattikkan aarkkaivukalil samrakshikkappedunnu. aamukhathil plattina sabhayodulla oru sathruthayum ozhivaakkuka mathramalla, poppukal mathavirudhareyum bhinnathayeyum shikshikkunnathineppolum amgeekarikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu sixtus IV, thante anukambayude adayaalangalaal sabhayude thaalpparyangalkkayi plattina nediyennathinte ettavum mikacha thelivaanu. addehathinte pradhana kruthiyaaya plaattinaykk purame cheria praadhaanyamulla mattu niravadhi kruthikalum ezhuthiyittundu, prathyekichu '. sixtus IV plaattinaye vaattikkan libraryude prefectaayi niyamikkunnu" ennu prathinidheekarikkunna meloso daa forleyude prashasthamaaya oru chuvarchithram "pinakoteka vaattikkaana" yill adangiyirikkunnu.
haaliyude vaalnakshatram.
plaattinayude "vitta pontificum" enna khandikayil ninnulla oru khandika aadyamaayi calixtus moonnaaman marpappa haaliyude vaalnakshatram bahishkarichathinte aithihyathin kaaranamayathinaal, chila charitra vasthuthakal oormmippicha sesham nammal ivide eee aitihyam hrasvamaayi nalkunnu. constantinoppilinte pathanathinushesham (1453), nicolas vii oru kurishuyudhathinaayi kristhyan rajakumaaranmaarodu vyarthamaayi abhyarthichu. calixtus III (1455-1458), thante pinthudarchaykku thottupinnaale, ore aavashyathinaayi vividha kodathikalilekku legettukale ayachu; oru prathikaranavumillathe koodikkaazhcha nadatthi, 1456 juun 29 nuu oru kaalaye prakhyaapichu, inipparayunnava nirddeshichu
juulai aadya njaayarazhcha (juulai 4) aadyathe ghoshayaathrakal romil nadannu. athe divasam thanne thurkkikal belgrade uparodhikkaan thudangi. juulai 14nuu kristhyaanikalkk oru cheria nettam labikkukayum irupathiyonnaam irupathirandaam theeyathi tarkkukale paratthukayum cheythu.
athe varsham thanne haaliyude vaalnakshatram prathyakshappettu. italiyil joonilaanu ithu aadyamaayi kandathu. maasaavasaanathode sooryaasthamayathinu sheshavum moonnu manikkoor ithu drishyamaayirunnu, ithu athinte asaadhaaranamaaya vaibhavathaal ellaayidathum valia avesham srishtichu. 1467 juun 17-leeii ferrarayile avogaariyoyude neelamulla "judicium jyothishaasthrathil" ninnu prathyakshappedunnathupo ithu swaabhaavikamaayum jyothishikalude shradha aakarshichu; athu svayam pakarthiya pavlo toscanelliyude kayyezhuthuprathikalil seloria ithu veendum kandethi. juulai 8 vare eee vaalnakshatram kaanapettirunnu. belgrade yudhathinu divasangalkku munbu athu kaazhchayil ninnu aprathyakshamayathaayi akkaalathe ellah rekhakalil ninnum vyakthamaan. kaalayude prasidheekaranavum vaalnakshatram prathyakshappedunnathum-eee rund oresamayathulla vasthuthakalum plattina vazhi inipparayunna reethiyil bandhappettirikkunnu 
plattina, pothuve paranjaal, vasthuthakal yadhaarthathil rekhappeduthiyittundu; ennaal oru ghattathil athu thettaanu, "athaayath.", valia duranthangalekkurichulla jyothishikalude pravachanangal pothu praarthanakal nirddeshikkaan marpappa prerippichuvennu addeham parayunnu. yadhaarthavum aadhikaarikavumaaya rekhayil parisodhikkaan kazhiyunnathupole kaalayil vaalnakshathrathil oru wack adangiyittilla.
vaattikkan aarkkaivukalil calixtasinte (ekadesham nooru folios) aadhikaarikamaaya "reejesta" yekkurichulla shradhaapoorvamaaya anweshanam, mattethenkilum maarppaappayude rekhakalil eee vaalnakshatram paraamarshichittillenna kaanikkunnu. palarum vaalnakshatram, thurkkikalkkethiraaya praarthanakal ennivayekkurichu samsaarikkunnundenkum akkaalathe mattu ezhuthukaar vaalnakshatram sambandhicha atharam praarthanakalonnum paraamarsikkunnilla. sent. florencinte aarch bishappaya antoninus (1446-1459) prathyekichum praadhaanyamarhikkunnu. thante "chronicorum libri tress" enna kruthiyil calixtus nirddeshicha ellah praarthanakalum addeham krithyamaayi rekhappeduthunnu; "-ennaal ellah maarppaappayude utharavukalum addehathinu ayachathaanengilum, vaalnakshathrathinethiraaya praarthanakaleyum ghoshayaathrakaleyum orikkalum paraamarsikkunnilla" enna thalakkettilulla oru adhyaayathil 1456 leeii vaalnakshathrathe addeham paraamarsikkunnu. ainiyas sylvius sent. hangariyil kurishuyuddham prasamgicha joonn capistrano eee vaalnakshatram thurkkikalkkethiraaya yudhathil anukoolamaaya oru sakunamaayi kanakkakki.
athinaal dhoomakethukkale bhayappedunnathinte falamaayi plattina kaalaye thettayi kanduvennu vyakthamaan. 16, 17 noottaandukalile charitrakaaranmaar plaattinaye kurachukoodi krithyamaayi udharichukondu samthruptharaayi (calvisius 1605, spontanus 1641, lubietsky 1666). fabrey (1726) fleeriyude "histoyar ecclesiastic" yude thudarchayil oru swathanthramaaya vaachakam nalki. oru vishwaasathyaagiyaaya (pinneedu veendum palliyil praveshicha) bruis (1733), "kyoo leeii pape profitta enn habil hoome dii laa andhavishwaasam ettu dii laa credulit dess peeples" ennu cherthu fleeri-fabrey pakartthunnu."laaplesinte" "enna padatthilekku varumbol maathrame vaalnakshatram, thurkkikal enniva bhoothochaadanathinu (" conchure ") marpappa utharavittathayi naam kandethukayulloo, eee padaprayogam daaruvinte" ell astronomy "enna kavithayil veendum kaanam."arago (" dess coomets enn general muthalaayava. vaarshika beuro dess longitudes "1832,244) ithine oru bahishkaranamaakki maattunnu. aragoyude grandham taamasiyaathe ellah europian bhaashakalilekkum vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum athinusesham vaalnakshatram (1456) prathyakshappettath orikkalum paraamarshikkappedukayumil eee charitraparamaaya nuna vividha roopangalil aavarthikkendathundu. pishachineyum tarkkukaleyum vaalnakshatram ennivayeyum purathaakkunna oru prathyeka prathishedhatheyum bahishkaranatheyum kurichu smith ("aakaashavasthukkalude chakram") samsaarikkunnu. graant ("bhauthika jyothishaasthrathinte charithram") ennathu oru kaalayude prasidheekaranathe soochippikkunnu, athil calixtus tarkkukaleyum vaalnakshatram ennivayeyum anaadhamaayi. kaabinat ("review dess dukes montus", 23 aan., vooliyam. 4, 1853, 831) maarppaappaykk "lancer anaan timid anathem surr laa koomat ettu surr less ennemis dii laa kriyettan" undu, athesamayam belgrade yudhathil "less frerz minoors ooks premiyezhs renchukal, invocvent ell 'exorcesme duu peppu kondre laa koomat"."arakal, flummerian, drupper, jaamin, dixon vaitt ennivayum mattullavarum eee aitihyam vyathyastha reethikalil aavarthikkunnu.