
formica rufa

chuvanna maram urumbu, thekkan maram urumbu allengil kuthira urumbu ennum ariyappedunna formica rufa, urumbukalude "formica rufa" groupile oru boriyal amgamaanu, koodaathe linnios ithinakam vivaricha aaa grouppinte tharam inamaanu. scandinaviayude maddhyam muthal vadakkan iberia, anattoliya vare, grettu brittan muthal bikel thadaakam vare, russian vidoora kizhakk vare sthireekarikkaatha reportingukalode, yureshyayil ninnullathaanu ithu. vadakke amerikkayil ithu kaanaamenn avakaashavaadangalundu, pakshe ithu prathyeka saahithyathil sthireekarichittilla, vadakke american maram urumbukal pattikappedutthiyirikku sameepakaala prasidheekaranangalonnum ithu nilavilundennu paraamarsikkunnilla, athesamayam vadakke amerikkayil ninnulla rekhakalellaam samshayaaspadamo sthireekarikkappedaatho aayi pattikappedutthiyittundu. thozhilaallikalude thalaykkum nenjinum chuvappum adivayattil thavitt-karupp niravum saadhaaranayaayi thalayilum promensonottatthilum dorsal irunda paadukalumullathinaal chila vyakthikalkk kooduthal ekeekritha chuvapp niravum sareerathinu abhimukhamaayi gyaasttaninte bhaagath kurachu chuvappum undakam. adutha bandhamullah enangalil ninnu avaye verthirikkunnathin, maagnifikkeshanu keezhil saambilukal parishodhikkendathundu, avide romavalarchayile vyathyasam parayunna swabhaavasavisheshathakalil ulppedunnu, udaaharanathinu "formica polaktina" ennathinekkaal "formica rufa" kooduthal romamullathum ennaal "formica lugabris" ennathinekkaal kuranja romamullathumaanu. thozhilaallikal polymorphic aanu, 4.5-9 millimeter neelamundu. avaykku valia mandibleukal undu, mattu pala urumbukaleyum pole, prathirodhamaayi avarude vayattil ninnu formic assid thalikkaan avaykku kazhiyum. 1671ll engleesh prakrithishaasthranjanaaya joonn reyaanu eee enathilppetta dhaaraalam podicha urumbukal vaattiyedukkunnathiloode formic assid aadyamaayi verthiricheduthathu. eee urumbukal pradhaanamaayum affidukalil ninnulla thaine kazhikkunnu. chila grouppukal onniladhikam kween kolanikal upayogichu bandhippicha koodukalude valia shringhala roopeekarikkunnu, mattullavaykku single-kyoon kolanikal undu.
vivaranam.
eee urumbukalude koodukal valuthum prakadavum thaazhikakkuda aakruthiyilullathumaaya pullu, chillakal allengil conifer soochikal, palappozhum azhukiya stambinu ethire nirmmichavayaanu, saadhaaranayaayi sooryante kiranagalkk athicheraan kazhiyunna vanapradeshangalil sthithicheyyunnu. valia kolanikalil 100,000 muthal 400,000 vare thozhilaallikalum 100 raajnjikalum undayirikkaam. "eph. valare bahubharyaathvamullathum palappozhum swantham maathrkolaniyil ninnu vivaahaananthara raajnjikale veendum thiranjedukkunnathumaaya rufa, nooriladhikam mutta uthppaadippikkunna penkuttikalulla pazhaya, multigallery koodukalilekku nayikkunnu. eee kolanikal palappozhum niravadhi meter uyaravum vyaasavum alakkunnu. "eph. rufa "aakramanaathmakamaayi praadesikamaanu, palappozhum eee pradeshathu ninnu mattu urumbukale akramikkukayum neekkam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. vasanthakaalath nadakkunna vivaha vimanangal palappozhum praadeshika athirthikal punasthaapikkappedunnathil ayal kolanikal thammilulla krooramaaya yudhangalaal adayaalappeduthunnu. vasanthakaalath nilavilulla koodukalil ninnu mulaykkunnathiloodeyo allengil thaalkkaalika saamoohika paraannabhojiyude samvidaanathiloodeyo puthiya koodukal sthaapikkappedunnu, aathidheyar "eph" inamaanu. fusca group, prathyekichu eph. fuseca eph. lemani, "thudakkamaayenkilum" eph. eph-nte koodukalil ninnum rufa kolanikal rekhappeduthiyittundu. glebaria, "eph. kannikyulariya "," lassius "januss ulppedeyulla samanamaaya enangal. oru "eph. roofa raajnji koodile nilavilulla raajnjiye puratthaakkukayum muttayidukayum koodukal ettedukkunnathuvare nilavilulla thozhilaallikal avarude santhathikale paripalikkukayum cheiyunnu.
bhakshanakramam.
eee urumbukalude praadhamika bhakshanam affid theneechayaanu, pakshe avaa praanikal, araaknidukal thudangiya akasherukkale irayaakkunnu; avar athyuthsaahikalaaya thottam thozhilaallikalaanu. mechilppaalangal 100 meter neendu nilkkam. valia thozhilaallikal koodukalil ninnu kooduthal akale meyunnathu nireekshikkappettundu. "eph. vanavalkkaranathil saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna rufa palappozhum keedanirmaarjanatthinte oru roopamaayi oru pradeshathu avatharippikkappedunnu.
perumaattam.
nazhsing.
eph" ennathil worker urumbukal. rakshaakarthru paricharanam nadathunnathino kokkoon nazhsing nadathunnathino rufa nireekshikkappettundu. oru thozhilaalli urumbu oru sensitiivu ghattatthiloode kadannupokunnu, avide athu kokkoon purappeduvikkunna raasa uthejakavumaayi parichithamaakunnu. sensitiivu ghattam aadyakaalathum nirddishta kaalayalavilumaanu sambhavikkunnath. moliyum mattullavarum chernnaanu oru pareekshanam nadathiyathu. vividha tharatthilulla kokkoonukalodu thozhilaalli urumbukal engane prathikarikkunnuvennu parishodhikkaan homospeciphic, heterospeciphic kokkoonukal. kokkoonukalude abhaavathil thozhilaalli urumbine valarthukayaanenkil, athu amgeekaaramo nazhsing perumaattamo kanikkilla. rund tharatthilulla kokkoonukalum thozhilaallikal thurakkukayum poshakangalkkaayi bhakshikkukayum cheiyunnu. homospeciphic kokkoonukal maathram upayogikkunna thozhilaallikal rund tharatthilulla kokkoonukalum shekharikkunnu, pakshe homospeciphic kokkoonukal maathram sthaapikkukayum samrakshikkukayum cheiyunnu. heterospeciphic kokkoonukale avaganikkukayum koodundaakki upekshikkukayum bhakshikkukayum cheiyunnu. avasaanamaayi, homospeciphic kokkoonukalil ninnulla sathil ninnu heterospeciphic kokkoonukal kuthivaykkukayaanenkil, thozhilaallikal rund tharatthilulla kokkoonukalilekkum thulyamaayi pravanatha kaanikkunnu. thozhilaallikalaaya urumbukalil datthedukkal perumaattatthe prerippikkunnathil kokkoonukalil ninnulla raasa uthejakathinu paramapradhaanamaaya praadhaanyamundennu ithu theliyikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, prathyeka raasa/uthejakam thiricharinjittilla.
chaaravrithi perumaattam.
maram urumbukalude meikkal swabhaavam paristhithikkanusarichu maarunnu. marakkuttikal affidukale paripalikkukayum vilavedukkukayum bhakshyavasthukkalkkayi mattu vettakkaarumaayi irayaadukayum malsarikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund. marangalude melaavaranathilo vanathile elakalilo aakatte, samoohathile ettavum kooduthal amgangale avar irayaakkunnu. thadi urumbukal avarude koodinaduthulla praadeshika melaappikalil thamasikkunna iraye eshtappedunnuvennu thonnunnu; ennirunnaalum, bhakshya vibhavangal kurayumbol, avaa koodukalil ninnu mattu marangal thedukayum vanathinte adithattu kooduthal vishadamaayi paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinupakaram kooduthal marangal paryavekshanam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. ithu bhakshanathinaayi theettaye karyakshamatha kuraykkunnu, pakshe koodundaakkunna urumbukale backie sahayikkunnilla.
bandhukkalude perumaattam.
chila saahacharyangalil thadi urumbukal swantham enangalodu aakramanathmakamaaya perumaattam kaanichittundu. malsarikkunna koodukalile thozhilaallikal thammil vasanthakaalathinte thudakkathil intraspeciphic malsaram saadhaaranayaayi nadakkunnu. eee akramanam pradeshavum pathayum paripalikkunnathinulla samrakshanavumaayi bandhappettirikkam. thadi urumbukalude ettumuttalukalum paatha roopeekaranavum nireekshikkunnathiloode, oro koodinum chuttumulla pradesham oro seasonilum vyathyaasappedunnu. oro seasonilum sthiramaaya mechil pathakal shakthippeduthunnu, oru anyagraha jeevivargathil ninnulla urumbu athu kadannal, shathruthaaparamaaya pravartthanangal sambhavikkunnu. mikkavarum, mechilppurangalude reethikale adisthaanamaakkiyulla pradeshangalile mattangal kaalaanusrithamaaya maattangale swaadheenikkunnu.
urumbukal raasa signalukaliloode avarude koodundaakkunnavare thirichariyunnu. amgeekaarathile parajayam kolaniyude samagratha kshayichupokaan kaaranamaakunnu. paristhithiyiloode shekharikkunna kanatha lohangal aakramanathinte thoth maattunnu. physiological efakttile mattangal allengil vibhava nilavaaratthile mattangal polulla vividha gadakangal moolamaakaam ithu. eee pradeshangalile urumbukal uthppaadanakshamathayum kaaryakshamathayum kuravaanu. vibhavangalude malsaram vardhikkunnathu aakramanathinte thoth vardhippikkumennu pratheekshikkappedunnu, pakshe anganeyalla.
kolaniyude ghadana.
vividha tharatthilulla "eph. rufa group speesheesukal vividha tharatthilulla saamoohika edapedalukal prakadippichittundu. chila grouppukal valare bahubhaaryaathvamullavayaanu, onniladhikam kween kolanikal bandhippicha koodukalude valia shringalakal roopappeduthunnu. mattullava eaka-shudha kolanikalulla eaka-sthreethvamullavayaanu. vyathyasthamaaya "eph. vividha pradeshangalil ninnulla rufa urumbukalkku bahubharyaathvavum ekabhaaryaathvavum ulla swabhaavasavisheshathakal undennu rekhappeduthiyittundu. eph" leeii sthreekal. monogynus aaya roofa kolanikal parannuyarukayum puthiya koodukal sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. bahupatneeyatha koodukalile raajnjikal thozhilaallikalude sahaayathode yadhaartha koodinu sameepam puthiya koodukal undaakkunnu. parinaamatthiloode, ekabhaaryaathvathiloode bahubhaaryaathvam uyarnnuvannirikkam. paaristhithikavum shaareerikavumaaya avasthakal kaaranam monogynus koodukal puthiya raajnjikale sweekarikkaamennathaanu oru saadhyatha.
chilappol monogynus koodukalil penmakkale puthiya prathyulppaadanavasthukali niyamikkukayum koodu bahupathithvamaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu.
koodu pilarpp.
maram urumbukalkku saadhaaranayaayi onniladhikam koodukalundakunnathinaal paristhithiyil kaaryamaaya mattangal undaayal avaa mariyekkaam. eee koodukal pilarunnathu onniladhikam makalude koodukal srishtikkaan kaaranamaakunnu. maram urumbukal neengunnathin niravadhi kaaranagal undu. bhakshya vibhavangalude labhyathayile maattam, mattoru kolaniyile janasamkhyayude akramanam, allengil koodukalude avasthayile maattam enniva polullava. eee samayat, thozhilaallikal, raajnjikal, santhathikal ennivare yadhaartha koodukalil ninnu makalude koodukalilekku oru ubhaykakshi dishayilekku maattunnu. makalude koodilekku maaruka ennathaanu lakshyam, ennaal kondupookunna urumbukal oru vyakthiye yadhaartha koodilekku thirike konduvannekkaam. vibhajana prakriya orazhcha muthal oru maasathiladhikam neendunilkkum.
janasamkhya.
maram urumbukalude koodukalude vittuvarav nirakk valare vegathilaanu. moonnu varshathinullil, klimetsekku padanatthilulla 1,640 hector pradeshathinullil 248 koodukal enniyittundu. koodaathe, koodundaakkunna praayavum marananirakkum thammilulla paraspara bandhatthinte thelivukalonnum kandethiyitla. valia koodukale apekshichu cheria koodukalude aayurdairkhyam kuravaayirunnu. koodu valarunnathinanusarichu koodu valuppathil vardhanayundaayi.
theneecha pakshaaghaatham vairas.
2008-ll, vittumaaraatha theneecha pakshaaghaatha vairas ithilum "camponotus vagus" enna urumbukalude mattoru inathilum aadyamaayi report cheyyappettu. theneechakal, urumbukal, praanikal ennivaye sii. bii. pii. vii badhikkunnu.

