
paarees udambadi (1856)

1856leeii paarees udambadi russian saamrajyavum automan saamrajyam, yunaittad kingdom, randaamathe franch saamrajyam, sardinia raajyam ennivayude sakhyavum thammilulla crimean yudhathinu anthyam kurichu.
1856 march 30 nuu paarees kongrasil oppuvacha udambadi karinkadal nishpaksha pradeshamaakki, ellah yudhakkappalukalkkum athu adachu, kottakalum theerangalil aayudhangalude saannidhyavum nirodhichu.
eee udambadi eee mekhalayile russian swaadheenam kurachu. karinkadalinte theerathu russiayk naavika allengil sainika aayudashekharam sthaapikkaan kazhiyaathathinal krimiyayude thekk bhaagathulla sevastopolum mattu pattanangalum nagarangalum russiayilekku madakkunnathinulla vyavasthakal kadinamaayirunnu.
sangraham.
1856 march 30nuu paarees kongrasil russiayumaayi charcha meshayude oru vashathum france, brittan, automan saamrajyam, sardinia raajyam enniva maruvashathum paarees udambadi oppuvachu. 1853 october 23nuu russian sainyam danubian naatturajyangal kaivashappeduthiyathinu sesham automan saamrajyam rashyaykkethire audyogikamaayi yuddham prakhyaapichathode aarambhicha crimean yuddham pariharikkaanaan eee udambadi vannath.
paarees udambadi tansimath parishkarana nayatthinte nettamaayi kaanapettu. padinjaaran europian sakhya sakthikal automan saamraajyathinte samagratha nilanirthumennu prathijnjayedukkukayum russian, automan saamraajyangalude athath pradeshangal yudhathinu munbulla athirthikalilekku punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. vyapaaram mechappeduthunnathinaayi avar karinkadal sainikavalkkarikkukayum ithu eee mekhalayile russiayude swaadheenathe valareyadhikam durbalappeduthukayum cheythu. moldevia vallachiyayum automan aadhipathyathin keezhil ardha-swatantra samsthaanangalaayi amgeekarikkappettu. udambadiyude falamaayi avar daanyoobinte mukhatthinte idathu theeravum russiayil ninnu bezarabiayude oru bhaagavum nedi.
charchakal.
crimean yuddham avasaanichathode, yudhathinte ellah vashangalum naashanashtangalum samgharshangalum moolam shaashvathamaaya oru parihaaratthilekku varaan aagrahichu. ennirunnaalum, yuddha prameyathinte malsaraadhishtitha ashayangal shaashwathavum nischayaathmakavumaaya samadhana udambadiyude karadu thayyarakkunnathine thadassappeduthi. sakhyakakshikalkkidayil polum, udambadiyude swabhaavathekkurichu rajyangal thammilulla abhiprayavyathyaasangal anishchithathvamulla samadhaanam srishtichu, athinte falamaayi automan saamrajyam ulppedunna kooduthal nayatantra prasnangal, prathyekichu russian saamraajyavumaayulla bandhatthinteyum europinte kacheriyudeyum kaaryatthil. koodaathe, yudhashramasamayathu franchukaarum britiish sakhyakakshikalum thammilulla avishwaasam samagramaya samadhaanam roopappeduthunnathil prasnangal vardhippichu. angane, udambadiyude nibandhanakal pradhana sakthikal thammilulla bhaavi bandhangale anishchithathvathilaakki.
samadhana lakshyangal.
russian lakshyangal.
yudhathil paraajayappettenkilum, paarees kongrasil saamraajyathin saadhyamaaya ettavum mikacha phalam urappakkaan russiakkaar aagrahichu. 1855ll alexander randaaman russiayude kireedam etteduthappol, saamraajyathinte thakarchaye bheeshanippeduthunna oru prathisandhi addehathinu paarambaryamaayi labhichu. finlaandinte chila bhagangal muthal polandu, crimea vare vyaapichukidakkunna niravadhi prashnangalum niravadhi gotra samghattanangalum saamraajyathiludaneelam undaayirunnu, russian sambadvyavastha thakarchayude vakkilaayirunnu. eathaanum masangalkkullil, yudhathil oru samboornna parajayam aasannamaanennu russiayk ariyamaayirunnu, athaayath anthaaraashtra thalatthil russia poornnamaayum apamanikkukayum pradesham kooduthal nashtappedukayum cheyyum. 
alexander randaaman 1856-ll paareesil brittanumaayum fransumaayum samadhana charchakal nadatthi, chila saamraajyathva swathukkal nilanirthaanum aayirakkanakkin sainika karuthal shekharangalude maranam thadayaanum saambathika prathisandhi thadayaanum shramichu. athupole, padinjaaran europian sakhyakakshikalkk sakthamaaya bheeshani uyarthiya sainika shakthiyude oru bhaavamenkilum nilanirthaan russia aagrahichu. tholvi vijayamakki maattaan athu shramichu... vazhi... samaadhaanakaalathe [aabhyanthara] parishkaarangalum nayatantra samrambhangalum."
brittanilum fraansilum.
yudhasamayathu brittan france avarude olinjirikkunna sathrutha punaraarambhichu, pradhaanamaayum nepolian yudhangalil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu. vyakthamaaya padhathiyillaathe brittan yudhathilekku neengiyenna vasthuthayaan sakhyathinte pala parajayangaleyum franchukaar kuttappeduthiyathu. balaklawa yudhathil laitt brigedinte chumatala ulppedeyulla parajayangal brittante logistic, thanthraparamaaya parajayangal eduthukaanikkukayum sainika professionalism vardhippikkunnathinulla aahvaanangalkku kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. durbalamaaya russia muthaledukkaanum trafalgarilum waterloovilum franch sainika paraajayathinu briteeshukaarodu prathikaram cheiyunnathilekku shradha kendreekarikkaanum yudhathiludaneelam britishukaar kooduthal jagrata pulartthiyirunnu.
landanile kalapangal ulppede brittanil yuddham avasaanippikkanamenn ahvaanam undaayirunnengilum, russiayude saamraajyathva abhilaashathe, prathyekichu nilavile pradhaanamantri loard paalmerstanil ninnu shikshikkunnathinulla athinte thudarchaykkum vipuleekaranathinum pinthuna undaayirunnu.
europil sthiramaaya adhikara santhulithaavastha urappaakkunna paarees udambadiyiloode automan saamrajyam shakthippeduthanamennu brittan france aagrahichu. karinkadal polulla pradhana pradeshangalilekkulla russian praveshanam niyanthrikkunnathum samadhaanavum saamraajyathinte adhikaarathinu keezhilulla pala raajyangalilum vardhichuvarunna deseeyatha ulppedeyulla aabhyanthara prasnangalil shradha kendreekarikkaan automan saamraajyathe anuvadikkumennu avar pratheekshichu. automan saamraajyathinte poornna niyanthranam illaayirunnuvenkil, russian saamraajyavumaayum austriyan saamrajyavumaayumulla bhaaviyile yudhangalil thangalude pradeshatthinte bhooribhaagavum nashtappedumennu mahaashakthikal bhayappedukayum oduvil eee raashtrangale shakthippeduthukayum franchukaarkkum britishukaarkkum kaaryamaaya bheeshani uyarthukayum cheythu. angane, danubian naatturajyangalilum karinkadalilum russian saannidhyam poornnamaayum neekkam cheythath britiish aadhipathyam samrakshikkunnathinum russian saamraajyathe athinte swaadheenam eluppathil vikasippikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinum sahayichu.
russian nashtam.
pala pradhana mekhalakalilum appozhum durbalamaayirunna russiayk kooduthal dayaneeyamaaya parajayam ottomaan, britiish, franch sarkkarukal aagrahichu. russian saamraajyathin 500,000 sainikare nashtappettu, avarude professionalallaatha sainyavumayi kooduthal sainikamaayi sammarddam cheluthunnathu kooduthal maranangalkkum sainika neekkathinum kaaranamaakumenn avarkk ariyamaayirunnu.
automan janathaykkum mahaashakthikalude kongrasinum pothuvaaya oru parisheelanatthinte oru kaalaghattam aarambhicha danubian naatturajyangalil ninnu pinmaran russia nirbandhithamaayi. 
1812ll russia pidichadakkiya pradeshatthinte bhagamaaya moldeviayilekku (thekkan bezarabiayile daanyoobinte mukhathekku) russiayk madangendivannu. danubian naatturajyangalkkum serbia naatturaajyathinum kooduthal svayambharanam nalkappettu, athinte falamaayi russian saamraajyathin avayil swaadheenam kuranju.
thudakkathil crimean yudhathinte bhagamaayirunna automan saamraajyathile kristhyaanikale samrakshikkaanulla avakaashavaadam upekshikkaan russia nirbandhithamaayi.
russian yudhakkappalukal karinkadalil sanjarikkunnathu nirodhichathinaal karinkadal vyaapaarathil russiayude swaadheenam valareyadhikam kuranju.
eee parajayam russian saamraajyathinte thadassangalkku oonnal nalkukayum adimakalude vimochanavum viplava aashayangalude vyaapanavum ulppedeyulla bhaavi parishkaranatthinu sambhavana nalkukayum cheythu.
hraswakaala prathyaaghaathangal.
crimean yudhathile naavika yudhavum russian yudhakkappalukalude saannidhyavum niravadhi vyapara tharkkangal ulppede vyapaaram budhimuttaakkiyathinnethu anthaaraashtra vyapaaram surakshithavum phalapradavumaakkaan udambadi karinkadal veendum thurannu.
paarees udambadi francileyum brittanileyum pothujanangale swaadheenichu, kaaranam crimean yuddham, pothujanagalkk sambhavangalekkurichu thaarathamyena vegathilulla maadyama vaartha labhicha aadya yudhangalilonnaanu. yudhashramathe nayikkaan kazhivillathathaayi kanakkakkappetta britiish pradhaanamantri loard aberdeen paarlamentil oru vottu nashtappedukayum vijayathinaayi vyakthamaaya padhathiyullathaayi kanakkakkappetta loard paalmerstaninu anukoolamaayi raajivaykkukayum cheythu. paashchaathya sakhyakakshikalude pothu janangalkk rashtreeya goodalochanayeyum videsanayatheyum kurichu kooduthal arivum arivum undayirunnathinaal yuddham avasaanippikkanamenn aavasyappettathinaal samadhaanam bhaagikamaayi thwarithappeduthi.
deerghakaala prathyaaghaathangal.
crimean yudhathaal deseeyatha pala tharatthil sakthippettu, pala raajyangalilum valarunna deseeya vikaarathinte veliyettam thadayaan vyavasthaapitha thalatthil valare kurachu maathrame cheyyaan kazhinjulloo. onnaam lokamahaayudham vare adutha eathaanum pathittaandukalaayi ottoman saamraajyathin athinte pala pravishyakalilum niravadhi desasnehaparamaaya kalapangal neridendivannu. aabhyanthara sakthikal athine thakarkkunnathine neridaan kazhivillaathathinaal, saamrajyam pilarukayaayirunnu, kaaranam niravadhi vamseeya vibhagangal kooduthal avakaashangalkkaayi, prathyekichu svayambharanathinaayi nilavilichu. brittan france europile sthithigathikal hrasvamaayi sthirappeduthaan anuvadichittundaakam, pakshe paarees samadhaanam yooroppinte samgeethakkacheriyil shaashvathamaaya sthiratha srishtikkaan kaaryamayonnum cheythilla. samadhana karar oppuvechathinusesham automanmaar yooroppinte samgeethakkacheriyil chernnuvenkilum mikka europian raajyangalum thakarnnukondirikkunna saamraajyathe vishappodeyo aashankayodeyum nokki.
yooroppinte sthirathaykku "kizhakkan chodyam" pariharikkendathu ethra pradhaanamaanennu yuddham lokathinu velippeduthi; ennirunnaalum, paarees samadhaanam vyakthamaaya utharamo maarganirddeshamo nalkiyilla.
karinkadalil adhikara santhulithaavastha nilanirthunnathil brittan francinum ottoman saamraajyathinte praadhaanyam paarees udambadi oppuvekkunnath automan saamraajyathinte europian anthaaraashtra naadakavediyilekkulla praveshanakavaadamaanennu palarum abhiprayappettu. ottoman anthaaraashtra niyamathilekku europian swaadheenam kooduthal nuzhanjukayarunnathum avarude niyamavyavasthayil islaamika sanbradaayangalkku oonnal nalkunnathile kuravum ottoman saamraajyathe europian raashtreeyathilum tharkkangalilum ulppeduthiyathine kooduthal vyakthamaakkunnu, ithu onnaam lokamahaayudhathil athinte pradhana pankilekku nayichu.
paarees samadhana udambadi oppuvechathinte falamaayi austriyayeyum jarmaniyeyum deseeyatha baadhichu. austriya saadhaaranayaayi russiayude sakhyakakshiyaayirunnu, pakshe yudhasamayathu nishpakshamaayirunnu, rashyaykkethire sainyathe aninirathukayum baalkkanil ninnu russian sainyathe pinvalikkanamenn aavasyappettu oru anthima munnariyippenkilum ayaykkukayum cheythu.
russian paraajayathinu sesham, europile ettavum yaadhaasthithikamaaya iru raajyangalum thammilulla bandham valare vashalayi. 1848leeii hangarian viplavakaalath yaadhaasthithikathayude gendermettum austriyayude rakshakanumaya russia, 1859leeii franco-austriyan yudhathil russiayude edapedal avasanippikkukayum italiyile austriyan swaadheenam avasanippikkukayum cheytha, athinte muun sakhyakakshiye sahaayikkaano sahaayikkaano austriyayude paraajayatthe deshyathode ethirthu; 1866leeii austro-russian yudhathil jarmman konfedareshanil swaadheenam nashtappettathode; 1867leeii oosgleyichilum (othutheerppu) hangariyumaayi saamraajyathile adikaaram pankiduka ennartham varunna hangariyilum. germmaniyude ekeekaranathinushesham oru valia sakthiyenna nilayil austriyayude padavi ippol itali ganyamaayi kuranju. austriya pathiye oru jarmman upagraha raajyathekkaal alpam kooduthalaayi maari.
ekeekrithavum shakthavumaya jarmmani franch athirthikalkkum kizhakk britiish rashtreeya, saambathika thaalpparyangalkkum bheeshaniyakumennathinaal brittanilum fraansilum palarkkum athu oru nalla chinthayaayirunnilla.
adisthaanaparamaayi, europil adhikaarabandhangal sthirappeduthaan shramicha yuddham oru thaalkkaalika samaadhaanathiloode konduvannu. vijayikalaaya ottomanmaarudeyum jarmman samsthaanangaludeyum niyanthranatthilulla vamseeya vibhaagangalude deseeya abhilaashangal maathramaan mahaashakthikal shakthippeduthiyath. 1877 aayappozhekkum russiakkaarum ottomanmaarum veendum yudhathilaayi.
vyavasthakal.
udambadi ottoman saamraajyathe europian sangeetha paripaadiyil ulppeduthi, adikaarangal athinte swaathanthryatheyum praadeshika samagrathayeyum maanikkumenn vaagdaanam cheythu. russia chilath upekshikkukayum automan domainukalile kristhyaanikalkk mail oru samrakshanathinulla avakaashavaadam upekshikkukayum cheythu. karinkadal sainikavalkkarikkappeduka danube nadiyil vaanijyathinum naavikayaathraykkum swaathanthryam urappakkaan oru anthaaraashtra kammeeshan roopeekarikkukayum cheythu.
moldevia vallachiyayum naamamaathramaaya automan bharanathin keezhil thudarumenkilum vijayikalaaya sakthikal nireekshikkenda swatantra bharanaghadanakalum deseeya asamblikalum nalkum. ekeekaranathekkurichulla janangalude ishtam nireekshikkunnathinaayi oru hitaparisodhanayude padhathi sthaapikkendathaayirunnu, athu oduvil 1859-ll sambhavichu. 1812-nuu munbu nadathiyirunna bezarabiayude (budjakkinte bhagam ulppede) oru bhagam moldevia veendeduthu, ithu padinjaaru ottomaan saamrajyathinum russiaykkum idayil oru buffer srishtichu. pinneedu rund pradeshangalil ninnu roopeekaricha romaniayude aikya naatturajyangal 1877 vare oru automan saamantharaajyamaayi thudarnnu.
paarees prakhyaapanatthil yudhakaala vaanijyathinte puthiya niyamangal roopeekarichu (1) svakaaryavalkkaranam niyamavirudhamaayirunnu; (2) nirodhitha vasthukkalozhikeyulla shatru vasthukkale moodunna oru nishpaksha pathaaka; (3) nirodhitha vasthukkal ozhikeyulla nishpaksha vasthukkal shatru pathaakaykk keezhil pidichedukkaan baadhyasthamalla; (4) niyamaparamaayirikkanamenkil oru uparodham phalapradamaakanam.
finlandile svayambharana russian grand dachiyude bhagamaaya baltic kadalile land dveepukaleyum udambadi sainikavalkkarichu. 1854ll britiish, franch sainyam bombersand kotta nasippikkukayum bhaviyil russian sainika thaavalamaayi upayogikkunnathu thadayaan sakhyam aagrahikkukayum cheythu.

