madja-aas

philippainsile panaay dveepile colonialinu munbulla oru itihaasa supra-baranganic raashtreeyamaayirunnu konfedareshan oof madyas. pedro monteclaroyude maragtas enna pusthakathilaanu ithu paraamarshichirikkunnathu. panaayile matellaa daattakalkkum mail thante adikaaram prayogikkunnathinaayi datthu sumakwell ithu srishtichathaayi karuthappedunnu. maaraagthakalum kalaanthiyaavinte niyamavaliyum pole, konfedareshante charitraparamaaya aadhikaarikatha tharkkathilaanu, kaaranam monteclaroyude pusthakathinu purathu maadyaykku mattu rekhakalonnumilla. ennirunnaalum, monteclaroyude yadhaartha fiction kruthiyaanu maragtas enna ashayam 2019 leeii "emm. jii. eiii maragtas enn. jii. paney" enna prabandham tharkkikkunnu
thalaguit kristhyan jio enn ezhuthiya "bornian settilment paarambaryathekkurichu rekhakalude thaarathamya vishakalanam. deey laa saale sarvakalaashaalayile dii laa saale sarvakalaashaalayude abhipraayathil, "janakeeya vishwaasathinu virudhamaayi, monteclaro maragtas ithihaasathinte praadhamika uravidamalla, marichu kooduthal krithyamaayi oru dvitheeya uravidamaanu", kaaranam maraagthaasukalude katha augustin sanyasi, revu. eph. aarr. tomas santhaarante "aadyakaala bornian settilmentukalekkuri bisayan akkoundukal" (yadhaarthathil "igorotesa estudio jiographico vaii etnographico sobre algunos distritos dell norte dii looson" igorotsa vadakkan lusonile chila jillakalekkurichulla bhoomishaasthraparavum vamsheeyavumaaya patanam. eanjal perez) koodaathe, maragtas pusthakatthil paraamarshichirikkunna rajaa makathunaav, majj-aas thudangiya kathaapaathrangalum sthalangalum ming raajavamshathinte charithrangalilum arabi kayyezhuthuprathikalilum kaanam. ennirunnaalum, eiii. dii. 1082 muthal rajaa makathunaav seree mahaaraajaavinte pingaamiyaanennu rekhappeduthappettathinal (chainees dinavrithaantham anusarichu) likhitha theeyathikal neratthe pookunnu, maragtas pusthakam addehathe 1200 kalil sthaapichu. jeey. karol thante lekhanathil "philippainsilum borneoyilum bisaaya" (1960) enna vaakk visayaanukalum melanos thammilulla bandhatthil paroksha thelivukal undennu karuthunnu, kaaranam makadunaavo "thugau" ennu vilikkappedunna saraavaakkile melanoyude purathana neethaavumaayi saamyamullathaanennu addeham oohikkunnu. chainees charithrangalum bhoopadangalum madja-yaachan nagaravumaayi adayaalappeduthiyirikkunnedu (madja-aas kedaattuvaan keezhilulla oru dveepaaya panaayile oru jillayaya oottoon) rekhappeduthunnu.
uthbhavam.
srivijayayile indian chola adhiniveshathethudarnnu, "datthu pudi" borneoyil ninnulla chila vimathare (annathe hindu-buddha srivijaya saamraajyathinte praadeshika kolaniyaayirunna vijaypura samsthaanathinte sthaanamaayirunna innathe brunai ulppede), cholanaayi niyamithanaaya praadeshika rajaavaayirunna rajaa makathunaavoykkethiraaya kalaapathil sumatra nayichu. rajaa makathunaavoykkethire kalapam nadatthiya purathana hiligainanukalude eee vaakkalulla aitihyam chainees recordukalil saakshyappeduthunnu, 1082 februvariyil nadanna nayatantra yogathil chainees pandithanmaar seree maharaajaavaayirunnuvennum addehathinte pingamiyaaya rajaa makathunaav aayirunnuvennum sung ajiyodoppam (sultan mohammed shaayude muthachan) undaayirunnuvennum rekhappeduthiyittundu. rekhappeduthiyittundu thanne chainaykkethire oru brunian (vijayapuran), madjas (maid) sakhyam nilaninnirunnuvennu roobert nikkol prasthaavichathinaal madja-assinu ithilum munbulla charitramundaakaam. maraagthakalude abhipraayathil puthiya raajaavinte bharanathinum avarude anuyayikalkkumethiraaya vimathar philippeensile visayas dveepukalil (sreevijayayude perilulla oru dveepasamooham) madja enna puthiya rajyath srivijaya punarujjeevippikkaan shramichu. yadhaartha srivijayan saamrajyam ithinakam thanne philippeansinu ayalrajyamaaya borneoyude puram theerathu polum engane athiyennu kanda charitrakaaranaaya roobert nikkol soochippikkunnathu sumatrayile srivijayanmaar, bruneyile vijaypurayile vijayanmar, philippainsile visayanmaar ennivarellaam oru aduthulla pradeshamaayathinaal parasparam bandhapettavarum bandhappettavarumaanennu soochippikkunnu.
maddhya philippainsile colonialinu munbulla oru kattuvan/kedattuvan aayirunnu madja-aas. purathana paarambaryamanusarichu pii. francisco collin, ezz.jeey.philippeensile aadyakaala spanish missionary, koodaathe, oru pazhaya musleem charitrakaaranaaya ibn paranju, mujayude (vadakkupadinjaaran borneoyude arabic peru) vadakku philippainsile maid dveepaanennum majj (eiii)-aas ennathinu samanamaaya aksharavinyasam roopappeduthunnuvennum arabi grandhangal udharichu.
mallakka kadalidukkine prathirodhicha shree-vijaya mandalathinu keezhil sakhyamundaakkiyirunnathil, eee pradeshathe kshetra avashishtangal theliyikkunnathupole, yodhaakkalum sanyasimaarum adhivasichirunna oru theevravaada rajyamaayirunnu pannaiyude raashtreeyam. malakka kadalidukkil palappozhum yuddham cheiyukayo kadalkkolla nadathukayo cheytha licencillatha chainees, indoneshyan, indian, arab naavikasenakalumayi vyapaaram nadathukayum oresamayam pinthirippikkukayum cheytha eee cheria raajyam, oru cheria rajyathinaayi, avar svayam valia aayudangal veezhthunnathil praaveenyamullavaraayirunnu-lokathile ettavum choodulla samudra chokku pooyintukalil onnaayirunna malakka kadalidukkil nedaanulla prayasakaramaaya sramam, innu loka vyaapaarathinte pakuthi kadannupokunnu. sreevijayayude chola adhinivesham undaakunnathuvare srivijaya mandalathinaayi malakkayude kadaltheerangal police cheiyunnathilum samrakshikkunnathilum pannaiyude naavikashakthi vijayichu, athil adhinivesha thalasthaanathu ninnu uthbhavicha oru apratheekshitha akramanam pinnil ninnu vanna theevravaada raashtreeyathe pinvashathu ninnulla surakshithamallaatha aakramanathil ninnu durbalamakki. chola adhiniveshakkaar oduvil pannaiyude raashtreeyathe nasippikkukayum athil nilanilkkunna sainikarum raajakudumbaamgangalum pandithanmaarum kizhakode rahasyamaayi olichuvekkappettathayi parayappedukayum cheythu. avarude 450 varshathe sumatra adhiniveshathil, raashtreeyam thakarnnathin sesham islam, thavoism allengil hindumathathinte adimakalaakaan avar visammathichu. pannaiyil thanne thaamasicha janangalkk, vanjanaaparamaaya oru adhinivesha saamraajyathod kooru kaanikkan visammathicha pannaiyile unnatha pandithanmaarum sainikarum prabhukkanmaarum avarude rajaakkanmaaraaya "daathukkale" vishwasthathayode pinthudarukayum "mattu dveepukalilekku palayanam cheyyukayum cheythuvennu parayunna oru vaakkalulla paarambaryamundu."
chitharunnu.
paryaveshanam erangiya udan thanne, borneoyil ninnulla malaysian kudiyettakkaar dveepile thaddesheeyaraaya "athis" allengil "agtaas" ennu vilikkappedunnavarumayi sanbarkkam pulartthi. chila ezhuthukaar eee "attisine" "negrittos" ennu vyaakhyaanichittund. mattu srothassukal avar "neegritto" tharatthilulla yadhaartha aalukalaayirunnilla, marichu uyaramullathum irunda charmmamullathumaya austroneshiyan tharakkarayirunnu ennathinu thelivukal nalkunnu. eee thaddesheeya "attikal" valare nannayi nirmmicha veedukalude gramangalil thaamasichirunnu. drummukalum mattu samgeethopakaranangalum athupole thanne "negrittokalil" ariyappedunnathinekkaal valare mikacha vividha aayudangalum vyakthigatha alankaarangalum avarkkundaayirunnu.
theerathu ninnu yadhaartha landing sthalathu ninnu ganyamaaya akaleyulla "andona" enna sthalathe kendreekarichu vishalamaaya bhoomi kaivashappeduthunnathinayi puthumukhangalum thaddesheeya "attisum" thammil charchakal nadannu. aaa bhoomikk pakaramaayi visayanmaar nalkia chila sammanangal, aadyam, dharikkumbol nilathu thodunna neelamulla swarnna muthukalude charadaayum randaamathethu, svarnnam kondu pothinja oru salakote allengil thaddesheeya thoppiyaayum samsaarikkappedunnu. innathe kinarayil nilanilkkunna aaa neklesinte padam-oru bhashayil-"manangyad", "dharikkumbol nilathu sparsikkuka" ennartham varunna "sangyad" enna peril ninnu "manangyad" ennaanu. sthreekalkku niravadhi muthukalum cheeppukalum thunitharangalum purushanmaarkk saangalppikamaayi alankaricha aayudangalum (udambadi-bladeukal) undaayirunnu. puthumukhangalum naattukaarum thammilulla sauhruda virunnil vilppana aaghoshikkukayum thudarnnu randaamathethu audyogikamaayi vaasasthalam kaivashappeduthukayum cheythu. pinneedu kudiyettakkaarude purathana daivangalude bahumaanaartham avar borneoyil ninnu konduvanna purohitan oru valia mathaparamaya chadangum yagavum nadatthi.
aattis" aayirunnu bornanmaare "magaa bisaaya" ennu visheshippichathu, chila charitrakaaranmaar ithine vella kudiyettakkaaril ninnu svayam verthirikkunnathinulla aattisinte maarggamaayi vyaakhyaanikkum.
mathaparamaya chadanginetthudarnnu, avar "andona" yill allah, marichu kizhakk kurachu akale "malandog" ennu vilikkunna oru sthalathu (ippol purathana pravisyayaaya haamttikkile oru barangaay, avide valare phalabhooyishtamaaya kaarshika bhoomiyum kadalil dhaaraalam malsyangalum undaayirunnu) sthirathaamasamaakkendathu daivangalude aagrahamaanenn purohitan soochippichu. onpathu divasathinu sesham, puthumukhangalude muzhuvan samghatheyum "malandogilekku" maatti. eee ghattathil, thaan ippol borneoilekku madanganamennu datthu pudi prakhyaapichu. ettavum pazhakkameriyavanum budhimaanum ettavum vidyaasambannanumaaya datthu sumakweline addeham panayan vaasasthalathinte thalavanayi niyamichu.
ennirunnaalum, ellah vivarangalum panayil avasheshichilla. avaril randuper, avarude kudumbathodum anuyaayikalodum oppam datthu pudiyodoppam vadakkott yaathrathirichu. niravadhi saahasikathakalkk sesham, lusonile lake bombon ennum ariyappettirunna thaal ulkkadalilethi. datthu putti mindoro, palaavan vazhi borneoilekku madangiyethiyappol bakkiyullavar thaal thadaakathil thamasamaakki.
thaal thadaakathil sthirathaamasamaakkiya datthukkalude pingaamikal pothuvaayi rund dishakalilaayi vyaapichu oru samgham pinneedu laguna dii bake chuttum sthirathaamasamaakkukayum mattoru samgham thekkott bicole upadveepilekku neengukayum cheythu. cheythu naravamshashaasthranjar parishodhicha oru paney kaiyezhuthuprathiyil paraamarshichirikkunna athe daivangaleyum vyakthikaleyum bicolanokalkkidayil samrakshichirikkunna oru purathana shavakudeerathinte kandethal soochippikkunnu.
yadhaartha panaay vaasasthalangal valarukayum pinneedu moonnu grouppukalaayi vibhajikkukayum cheythu avayilonnu yadhaartha jillayil (irong-irong) avasheshikkukayum mattonn vadakkan panaayile aklan nadiyude theerathu sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheythu. moonnaamathe samgham hantik enna jillayilekku maari. eee vaasasthalangal spanish bharanakalam vare nilanilkkukayum kendrangal roopeekarikkukayum cheythu, athinu chuttum iloyilo, capis, puraathanakaalatthe moonnu pravishyakalile pilkkala janasamkhya valarnnu.
panaayile aadyakaala janmana kudiyeriyavar kadalyaathra mathramaayirunnilla. avar oru nadhi adisthaanamaakkiyulla janangalum aayirunnu. thangalude nadikal paryavekshanam cheyyaan avar valare utsukaraayirunnu. vaasthavathil, avar valareyadhikam ishtappetta churukkam chila kaayika enangalil onnaanith. dveepile ettavum pazhakkameriyathum dairkhyameriyathumaaya ithihaasamaaya hinilavode athinte veeranmaarude sahasikathakalekkurichum haaloud nadiyiloode sanjarikkunnavarekkuri kathakal vivarikkunnu.
anischithamaaya theeyathiyude oru pazhaya kayyezhuthuprathi "maarjitaas" (naravamshashaasthranjanaaya echu. ootli bair) pathimoonnaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil panayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya aadyakaala visayaanukalude niyamangal, sarkkar, saamoohika achaarangal, mathavishwaasangal ennivayekkurichulla rasakaramaaya vishadaamshangal nalkunnu. visayan enna padam aadyam avarkkum kizhakk neegros dveepile avarude vaasasthalangalkkum vadakku cheria dveepukalil maathramaan prayogichathu, avaa ippol romblon pravisyayaanu. vaasthavathil, philippainsile spanish colonialisationte aadya bhaagath polum, spaaniyaardukal eee pradeshangalkk maathrame visayan enna padam upayogichirunnulloo. sebu, bohol, laith ennividangalile janangal valarekkaalamaayi pintados ennu maathrame ariyappettirunnulloo. pala aadyakaala ezhuthukaar prasthaavikkunnathupole (prathyekichu 1801-ll prasidheekaricha jesuit lorenzo herwaz vaii paanduroyude rachanakalil), avarude bhashakal thettaanengilum, panaayile visayan "upabhasha" yumayi adutha bandhamullathinal "visayan" enna peru pinneedu avarkk vipuleekarichu. eee vastutha soochippikkunnathu panaayile purathana janangal thangale visayanmaar ennu vilichirunnuvennumaa, kaaranam spaaniyaardukal avare "panaayile aalukal" ennu vilikkumaayirunnu. eee aalukal dveepinu nalkunna visayans enna eee svayam paraamarshavum appeel ("panaay"-pannaay avasthayude oru reminsense) srivijayan saamraajyathinte mungamiyaaya nagarikathayumaayulla avarude thirichariyalinte sakthamaaya adayaalam prakadamaakkunnu.
philippain dveepukalile spanish rajakeeya kaalaalppadayude captanaaya gabriel rivera panai pintados dveepukalude mattu bhaagangalil ninnu verthirichu. mindanavo nadikalude theerathu thamasikkunna naattukaare samaadhaanippikkunnathinul oru prachaaranathekkurichulla (doow. dveepile nivaasikale doonn philipp raajaavinte saamantharaakkuka ennathaayirunnu thante lakshyamenn dveepasamoohathinte govarnor kyapttan generalumaaya francisco dii sande) ribera paraamarshichu... panaay dweep, pintados dveepukal, looson dweep ennividangalile ellah swadeshikalum angane thanne..."
laber ivanchalikka" (1663-ll madridil prasidheekarichathu) enna pusthakatthile onnaam adhyaayathil francisco collin, ezz.jeey. iloyiloyile janangale visayan bhaashakalulla indiakkaaraayi visheshippichu (" "indeos enn rigor bisayas" "), avarkk rund vyathyastha bhaashakalundennu nireekshikkukayum cheythu" "harayas", "" harigyuins ", avaa yadhaarthathil karaay-eiii, hiligainon bhaashakalaan".
saamoohika ghadana.
spaaniyaardukalude varavinu munbu, eee konfedareshante vaasasthalangalkku ithinakam thanne oru vikasita nagarikatha undaayirunnu, nirvachikkapetta saamoohika reethikalum gadanakalum undaayirunnu, ithu oru sakhyam roopeekarikkaan avare praaptharaakkukayum athupole thanne avarudethaaya oru matham ulppedeyulla sankeernamaaya vishwaasa samvidaanavum undaayirunnu.
sacop" allengil "kinadatuwan" (purathana malaayiyil "kadathuvaan"; javanese bhashayil "kedaattan"; aadhunika thekkukizhakkan eshyayude pala bhagangalilum kedaduvan) enna daivikamaayi amgeekarikkappettathum susthiravumaaya saamoohika kramatthinte mukalilaayirunnu datthu vargam, ithu mattidangalil saadhaaranayaayi "barangay" ennum ariyappedunnu. eee saamoohika kramatthe moonnu vibhagangalaayi vibhajichu. kadathuvaan" (visayan dattu classile amgangal) neey boxer codex speyinile loards ("senorus dii titulo") enna thalakkettumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. agalon" allengil "amo" (karthakkanmaar) enna nilayil, avarude yuliponil (saadhaaranakkaaran) allengil moonnaam kramathilppetta anuyaayikalil ninnu bahumanikkaanum anusarikkaanum pinthunaykkaanum datthanmaarkku avakaashamund. eee datthukkal avarude niyamaparamaaya "timawa" allengil saamanthanmaaril (second oordar) ninnu athe aanukoolyangalkkulla avakashangal nediyirunnu, avar kadalyaathrayile yodhaakkalaayi dathuvumaayi svayam bandhippikkunnu. "timawas" oru kappavum nalkiyittilla, kaarshika thozhilaallikalum nalkiyilla. avarude sirakalil datthuvinte rakthathinte oru bhagam undaayirunnu. boxer codex ivaye "timawas" ennu vilikkunnu naitsum hidalgos. spanish kankvisttadar, migual dii lorka avare "swathanthraraaya manushyar, thalavanmaaro adimakaloo allah" ennu visheshippichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil spanish jesuit purohitan eph. aarr. francisco ignatio alsina avare "prabhukkanmaarude moonnaam rank" (noblesa) ennu tharamthirichu.
raktharekhayude vishudhi nilanirthunnathinaayi, mattu baramgaikalil uyarnna raankulla vadhukkale thedukayo avare thattikkondupokukayo svarnnavum adimakalum aabharanangalum dharichu vadhuvine karaaril earppeduthukayo cheiyunna dattumar avarude tharathilullavarkkidayil maathrame vivaham kazhikkukayulloo. athesamayam, datthukkal avarude vivahayogyaraaya penmakkale samrakshanathinum anthassin vendi ottappeduthunnu. nannayi samrakshikkappedukayum samrakshikkappedukayum cheytha eee uyarnna vamshajaraaya sthreekale binukote ennum shudhamaaya vamshajaraaya (naalu thalamurakal) sthreekale "potley nagaa datthu" allengil "lubus nagaa datthu" ennum, kuleena vamshajaraaya (prathyekichu prayamaayavar) oru sthriye panaayile nivaasikal "uraay" (svarnnamennartham), udha.jii., yure hillway".
matham.
daivangal.
divathakal (hindu allengil budhamatha devathakalude praadeshika pathipp) ennu vilikkappedunna vividha daivangale (bhayathino aaradhanaykko) visayanmaar aaradhikkunnu. aadyakaala spanish kolanikkaar madjas konfedareshanile eee devathakalil chilarkk dushta swabhaavangalundennu nireekshichu, athinaal kolanikkaar avare dushta daivangal ennu vilichu. eee "divathakal" nadikal, vanangal, parvathangal ennividangalil vasikkunnu, cheria devanmar dhaaraalamaayi kaanapedunna eee sthalangalile pullu murikkan polum nattukaar bhayappedunnu. eee sthalangale innum (konfedarasiyude pradeshatthinte naanooriladhikam varshathe kristheeyavalkkaranathinu sesham) "maaritt" (manthramugdhavum apakadakaravumaaya) ennu visheshippikkunnu. anivaryamaayum eee sthalangal kadannupokaano sameepikkaano nirbandhitharaakumbol nattukaar "panabi-tabby" (anuvaadathinaayi maanyavum aadaravumulla abhyarthana) nadathumaayirunnu. mygual dii lorka thante "relation dii laas yslas philipinas" (arevalo 1582 juun) enna kruthiyil avaye vivarichittundu. avayil chilath thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
isabello dii loss raise vaii florentino ulppedeyulla chila spanish colonial charitrakaaranmaar paney ithihaasamaaya hinilavodile labavu dongon polulla chila naayakanmareyum devanmareyum eee divattakalil tharamthirikkum.
aadya purushanteyum sthreeyudeyum srishti.
mygual dii lorkayude mukalil soochippicha reportil, lokathinte uthbhavathekurichum aadyathe purushanteyum sthreeyudeyum srishtiyekkurichum visayanmaarude vishwaasam rekhappeduthiyittundu. katha ingane parayunnu
aakaashathinum bhoomikkum thudakkamillennum oraale kyapttan ennum matteyaale magwayen ennum vilikkunna rund daivangalundennum liguins ennu vilikkappedunna theerathe janangal vishwasichu. kaattum kadalum thammil bandhamundennum karayile kaatt oru nanayam purappeduvikkukayum athu kyapttan devan nattathaanennumaanu avar vishwasichathu. eee nanayam valarnnappol athu rund bhagangalaayi vibhajikkapettu, athil ninnu oru purushan sthriyum vannu. avar silalac enna peru nalkia purushanu, athukondaanu akkalam muthal purushanmaare lalac ennu vilikkunnathu; avar sikave ennu peritta sthree, inii muthal sthreekale "baabe" ennu vilikkunnu...'
oru divasam aaa purushan aaa sthreeyodu thanne vivaham kazhikkaan aavasyappettu, kaaranam lokathil mattaarum illa; ennaal avar sahodarangalaanennum ore nanalil ninnu janichavaraanennum avarkkidayil oraal maathrame ariyoo ennum paranju aval visammathichu. oduvil, kadalile kuzhikalil ninnum bhoomiyile praavukalil ninnum upadesham chodikkaan avar sammathichu. avar bhookambathilekkum pooyi, athu lokathe janakkoottamaakkunnathin vivaham kazhikkendathu aavasyamaanennu paranju.
maranam.
oru vyakthi marikkanulla samayam varumbol, maranam konduvaraan diwada pandaki addehathe sandarshikkunnuvennu visayanmaar vishwasichirunnu. aathmaav sanjarikkunna daivamaaya magwen, liguinukalude aathmaakkale solad ennu vilikkunna marichavarude vaasasthalathekku kondupookunnu. ennaal oru mosham vyakthi marikkumbol, pandaki avane marichavarude vaasasthalathulla shikshaakendrathilekku konduvarunnu, avide avante aathmaav oolokanilekko swarggathilekko neengaan kaathirikkum. marichayaal shiksha anubhavikkumbol, avan svarggathile vishramasthalathekku pookunnathinaayi chadangukalum praarthanakalum nadatthaan purohithanmaarumaayo purohithimaarumaayo aavashyappedunnathiloode avante kudumbatthinu avane sahayikkaan kazhiyum.
shammons.
konfedareshante athmeeya nethaakkale babaylan ennu vilichirunnu. babelanil" bhooribhaagavum chila kaaranangalal kolanikkaar "kaamaasaktharum" "samartharum" ennu visheshippicha sthreekalaayirunnu. chila aachaaraparamaaya avasarangalil, avar vipulamaaya vasthrangal dharikkunnu, avaa spaniardukalkku vichithramayi thonnunnu. avar manja niratthilulla vyaja mudi dharichirunnu, athil orutharam kireedangal alankarikkukayum avarude kaikalil vaikkol faanukal vaykkukayum cheythirunnu. oru vadiyaayi kurachu nerttha chooral vahikkunna yuva aprenteesukal avare sahayichu.
babaylan" nadatthiya achaarangalil sradheyamaayathu pannikal baliyarppikkunnathaayirunnu. chilappol kozhiyum nalkiyirunnu. yaagathin irayaayavare mattu charakkukalkoppam nannayi alankaricha balipeedangalilum "pangashi" ennu vilikkunna ettavum manoharamaaya praadeshika veenjilum sthaapichu. eee vazhipaadukalkku chuttum "agongs" ennu vilikkunna drummukaludeyum pichala manikaludeyum shabdathil eentappanayum chooral kondu nirmmicha kahalangalum kondu "babelan" nritham cheyyum. visayanmaar eee aachaarathe "pagg-aanitto" ennu vilikkunnu.
adhinivesham nadatthiya yadhaartha janmadesham veendum pidichedukkukayum pirichuvidukayum cheythu.
aagasttin sanyasi parayunnathanusarichu, revu. eph. aarr. shaantharaavaan, shaantharaavaan, datthu makathunavo allengil rajaa makathunavo "morokalude sultan" aanu, koodaathe patthu datthukkalude swathukkalum sambathum pidicheduttha datthu pudiyude bandhuvumaan. brunai swadeshiyaaya charitrakaaranaaya roobert nichols, saravakkile malano saamraajyathinte nethaavaaya rajaa tugavo maraagthakalil paraamarshichirikkunna rajaa makathunavo ennu thiricharinju. bornian yodhaakkalaaya labodungone payber, avarude ammayiyammayaaya paiburongil ninnu eee aneethiyekkurichu arinja sesham, makathunaav bharichirunna borneoyile oddojaanilekku kappal kayari. philippeensil ninnu recruit cheytha praadeshika sinikareyum sahapayaniyarmareyum upayogichu, yodhaakkal nagaram kollayadikkukayum makathunaavineyum kudumbatheyum kollukayum 10 datthukkalude moshticha swathukkal veendedukkukayum sheshikkunna oddojan janataye adimakalaakkukayum panaayilekk madangukayum cheythu. labo dongon bhaarya ojaythaanayonum pinneedu moroboro enna sthalathu sthirathaamasamaakki. pinneedu panaayilum thekkan lusonilum datthukkal sthaapicha vividha pattanangalude vivaranangalund.
brunai adhinivesavum kalapavum.
yuwan raajavamshathinte charithramanusarichu, nanhay sii shiang magazin (1304-leeii theeyathi), poonn-iii (pree-islaamik brunai) saamrajyam maalilu (innathe manila), maa-aii (mindoroyil), micun palavaan dweep (innathe manukaan), puduwan (byoottuvaante raajaanett), sulu, shahuchong taad (innathe siyokon), manaloonu wandon, venduling landen (innathe manass) enniva keezhadakki, ennirunnaalum, philippi rajaavu rajaavaaya majon raajaavine akramikkukayum, philippi rajaavu vadakku kizhakk bhaagathe muthukal akramikkukayum cheythu.
spanish eest indeesumaayulla samyojanam.
1565ll spaaniyaardukal battaanil (nilavil "aklan pravishya" ennu vilikkappedunna panaayude vadakkukizhakkan pradeshathu) ethi. eee sthalathinte thalavanaaya datthu kabnayag thante thalasthaanam ippol "gwadaloope" ennu vilikkappedunna sthalathekku maatti. ennirunnaalum, pinneedu, daattakale spaaniyaardukal keezhadakki. spanish adhiniveshathethudarnnu pradeshavaasikal kristhyaanikalaayi. 1565-ll pithaav andrez urdanetta aayirakkanakkin aklaanonukale jnjaanasnaanappeduthukayum thalphalamaayi konfedareshante eee vaasasthalangale "calivo" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu.
legaspie pinneedu aklane thante aalukalkk kaimari. aklan nadiyile ellah vaasasthalangalkkum antonio flores encomendero aayi maarukayum samadhaanathinteyum mathaparamaya prabodhanathinteyum chumatala addehathe ealppikkukayum cheythu. pedro sarmiyanto; francisco dii riverayile battaanilekkum mambusavo, gaspar ruis dii moralez, paney tounile pedro gillen dii livena ennividangalilekkum niyamikkapettu.
pinneedu (1569-ll), migual lopus dii legaspie spanish aasthaanam sebuvil ninnu panaayilekk maatti. 1569 juun 5 nuu, dveepasamoohathile rajakeeya treasurer guido dii lavezaris, muun sharathkaalathil porchugees sebuvine aakramichathinekkurichu philipp randaamanu kathezhuthi. mattoru udyogasthanaaya andrez dii mirandolayude (moonnu divasathinu sesham-juun 8) oru kathum porchugeesukaarumaayulla eee ettumuttalinekkurichu hrasvamaayi vivarichu. mattoru aakramanathinte apakadasaadhyatha spaaniyaardukale surakshithamaaya sthalamaayi kanakkakkiya sebuvil ninnu panaayilekk avarude camp neekkam cheyyaan prerippichu. legaspie thanne, nyoo speyinile viceroic nalkia reportil (1569 juulai 1), spaaniyaardukale panaayilekk mattunnathinulla athe kaaranam paraamarshichu. panaayilaan looson keezhadakkaan aasoothranam cheyyukayum 1570 meyy 8 nuu aarambikkukayum cheythath.
1716-ll aklaante pazhaya sakkup (paramadhikaara pradesham) poornnamaayum iberian niyanthranathilaavukayum capis enna peril spanish rashtreeya-sainika pravisyayaayi maarukayum cheythu. angane athu adutha 240 varshathekku thudarnnu.
aadyakaala akkoundukal.
philippeensile spanish kolanivalkkaranatthinte aadyakaalathu, spanish augusteeniyan friar gaspar dii saan augustin, oo.ezz.eiii. panaaye ingane visheshippichu "...thrikonaakrithiyilulla sisiliyumaayi valare saamyamullathum athupole thanne athinte phalabhooyishtathayilum samriddhamaaya vibhavangalilum. manila, mindanavo enniva kazhinjaal ettavum janasamkhyayulla dveep ettavum valia dveepukalilonnaanithu (nooriladhikam theerapradeshangalulla). prathyulppaadanakshamathayum samriddhiyudeyum kaaryatthil, ithu aadyathethaanu... ithu valare manoharavum valare manoharavum thengakal niranjathumaanu... dumangas pattanatthil ninnu rund leagukal kadalilekku ozhukunna alagur nadikku ("halar") sameepam...purathana kaalath dveepil muzhuvan oru vyapara kendravum ettavum prashasthamaaya prabhukkanmaarude oru kottaravum undaayirunnu."
dveepile aadyathe spanish kudiyettakkaaril oralaaya migual dii lorka, oru paashchaathyarude kazhchappadil panaiyeyum avidatthe janangaleyum kurichu aadyakaala vivaranangalilonn nalki. 1582 juunil, addeham arevalo (iloyilo) yill aayirikkumbol, addeham thante "relation dii laas yaslas philippinaasil" inipparayunna nireekshanangal ezhuthi
looson dweep ozhikeyulla kandethiya ellah dveepukalilum ettavum phalabhooyishtavum nannayi sajjeekarichirikkunathu eee dveepa kaaranam ithu valare phalabhooyishtamaanu, koodaathe arrie, panni, pakshikal, mezhuk, thaine ennivayaal samriddhamaanu; ithu valia alavil parutthiyum abaca naarukalum ulppaadippikkunnu.
"gramangal valare aduthaanu, janangal samadhaanaparavum mathaparivarthanathinu thayyaarullathumaan. bhoomi aarogyakaravum nannayi sajjeekarichirikkunnath mattu dveepukalil durithamanubhavikkunna spaaniyaardukal avarude aarogyam veendedukkaan avidekku pookunnu."
visayaanukal bhouthikamaayi lusonile maleshyakkaaril ninnu vyathyasthamaan, visayaanukal niratthil kooduthal manoharamaanenna vasthuthayal verthirichariyaan kazhiyum. eee swabhaavam kaaranam, makassaril ninnu uthbhavicha eee visayaanukalekkurichu oru pazhaya abhiprayam undaayirunnu.
"thaddeshavaasikal aarogyamullavarum vrithiyullavarumaanu, sebu dveep aarogyamullathum nalla kaalaavasthayullathumaanenkil, avidatthe nivaasikalil bhooribhaagavum ellaayppozhum chorichilum kumilakalum anubavikkunnu. panaay dveepil, maalookkoyile janangal kaaranam bohol upekshicha boholil ninnulla aalukal panaayiyil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum chila thaddeshavaasikalkku rogam nalkukayum cheiyunnathuvare thangalil arcum orikkalum kumilakal baadhichittillennu nattukaar prakhyaapikkunnu. eee kaaranangalal govarnor doonn gonsaalo ronkvillo eee dveepinte thekk bhaagath arevalo pattanam sthaapichu; kaaranam dweep vadakkum thekkum bhagathaayi vyaapichukidakkunnu, aaa vashath bhooribhaagam aalukalum thaamasikkunnu, gramangal eee pattanathinadutthaanu, ividuthe bhoomi kooduthal phalabhooyishtamaanu."
"ilonga sthreekal avarude lingathinte pratheekshakalkkappuramulla nettangal prakadippichu dhairyathode svayam verthirikkunnu."
"panaay dweep manila nagaratthinum mattu sthalangalkkum valia alavil ariyum mamsavum nalkunnu... dveepil dhaaraalam thadiyum saadhanangalum ullathinaal, arevalo pattanathilennapole, gaalikalkkum fragaattakalkkumaayi eathaandu thudarchayaayi oru kappalsala undu. ivide "visaya" enna kappal vikshepichu."
aadyakaala spanish kaalaghattatthile mattoru spanish charitrakaaranaaya doow. antonio dii morga (varsham 1609) mattu visayan achaarangal rekhappeduthunnathinum utharavaadiyaanu. prathyekichu avarude yodhaakkalkkidayil paadunnathinodu visayanukalkkulla aduppam, naavika yudhangalil gongukalum manikalum vaayikkal thudangiya achaarangal.
"bhakshanam, thuni, kannukaalikal, pakshikal, bhoomi, veedukal, vayalukal, adimakal, mathsyabandhanasthalangal, panamarangal (nipayum kaattum) ennivaykku oru sadhanam mattonnin pakaramaayi kaimaruka ennathaayirunnu avarude parambaraagatha vyapara reethi. chilappol oru vila edapettu, athu swarnnathilo chainayil ninnu konduvanna loha manikaliloo nalki. eee manikale avar vilayeriya aabharanangalaayi kanakkakkunnu; avaa valia chattikalodu saamyamullathum valare shabdamullathumaanu. avar avarude virunnukalil ivayil kalikkukayum drummukalkkum mattu upakaranagalkkum pakaram avarude bottukalil avare yudhathilekku kondupookukayum cheiyunnu."
american naravamshashaasthranjanum charitrakaaranumaaya vilyam henry scott, muun spanish srothassukale udharichu, thante "barange pathinaram noottaandile philippean samskaaravum samoohavum" enna pusthakatthil, visayanmaar mikkavarum ellaayppozhum, prathyekichu yudhathil paadunna sangeetha chinthagathikkaaraaya aalukalaayirunnuvenn rekhappeduthiyittundu
"visayanmaar rogikaloo urangumbozho ozhike ellaayppozhum paadunnathaayi parayappedunnu. paatt ennaal sangeetha vidagdhar rachicha settu peasukal avatharippikkunnathalla, pothuvaaya raagangalkk vaakyangalude vipulamaaya rachanayaan. prathyeka kaavyathmaka kalayonnum undaayirunnilla ellah kavithakalum poornnamaaya ithihaasangalo pothu prakhyaapanangalo ulppede aalapikkukayo japikkukayo cheythirunnu. kudyapi" allengil "corlong" ennu vilikkunna athath upakaranangalumayi purusha gayakarum sthree gayakarum koodeyundaayirunna pranayagaanangalozhike, paatt paadunnathu oppamundayirunnilla. saamoohika othucheralukalil "corlong" upayogichu prakadanam nadatthaan nannayi valarnna sthreekale shanikkukayum ellah muthirnnavarum eathu avasarathilum group gaanathil pankedukkumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheythu."
maragtas" enna pusthakam.
praadeshika vaakkalulla aithihyangalum maragtas enna pusthakavum anusarichu, pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, borneoyude patthu dattukal ("sumakwell", "bangkaya", "paiburong", "paduhinog", "dumansol", "dumangisil", "dumaluglog", "balcasusa", "lube", "datthu putti" ennivarude neethrthwathil) avarude anuyaayikal avarude baramgaikalil kadalilekku palayanam cheyyukayum avarude paramonnatha bharanadhikaariyaaya "rajaa makatuna" yude adichamarthal bharanathil ninnu rakshappedaan vadakkott kappal kayarukayum cheythu. oduvil avar panaay dveepil ethi, udan thanne purathana kaalaghattatthil sthirathaamasamaakki, "marikudo" enna athi nayakanumaayum addehathinte bhaarya "manivanthivaan" ennayaalumaayum oru vyapara udambadi undaakki, avaril ninnu bhoomi vaangaan avar aagrahichu. panaayile samathalangalkk pakaramaayi oru swarnna "salakote", neelamulla muthukalude necklace ("manangyad" ennu vilikkunnu) enniva nalki. attikal parvathangalilekku thamasam maatti, athesamayam puthumukhangal theerangal kaivashappedutthi. "datthu bangkaya" pinneedu "" madianosil "" oru vaasasthalam sthaapichu, athesamayam "" dathu pyburog "" thante graamam "" irong-erongil "" (ippol iloyilo nagaramaan) sthaapichu, athesamayam "" dathu sumakwel addehathinte janangalum "" madja-aas "" parvathanirakal kadannu "" humtic "" aayi "" malandongil "" avarude graamam sthaapichu ". "datthu putti" thante janangalude suraksha urappakkiya sesham mattullavare vadakkottulla paryaveshanathinaayi upekshichu. addeham pookunnathinumumbu panaayiyude commander-inn-cheefaayi "datthu sumakwell" enna moothayaale niyamichu.
1213 aayappozhekkum, "datthu sumakwell" pothu prathirodhatthinum oru sarkkar samvidaanathinum vendi aasoothranam cheyyaan oru kaunsil oof daattas vilichu. aarr artikkilukal sweekarikkukayum prakhyapikkukayum cheythu, avaa "articles oof konfedareshan oof madja-aas" ennariyappettu.
konfedareshan moonnu "sakappukal" (paramadhikaara pradeshangal) pradhana rashtreeya vibhagangalaayi srishtikkukayum avar sarkkar samvidaanathe nirvachikkukayum oru neethinyaaya samvidaanam nalkumbol vyakthikalude avakashangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
kaunsilinte falamaayi, "dathu paiburong" "kamunsilil" irong-eronginte commander-inn-cheef, "malandogile" "hamthikkinte" "sumakwell", "madyaanosil" "aklaante" "bangkaya" "enningane audyogikamaayi sthaapikkappettu.
"praadeshika aachaarangalkkum konfedareshan oof madja-aas articlesinum anusrithamaayi "madyaanosil" ninnu "bangkaya" thante "sakup" bharichu. aklaante aadya thalasthaanam "madyanos" aayirunnu. commander-inn-cheef, "dathu bangkaya" thante "sakupiludaneelam paryaveshanangal ayaykkukayum eee aalukalkk neethi nalkunnathinoppam thanthrapradhaanamaaya sthalangalil vaasasthalangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu.
aklaante commander-inn-cheef aayi thiranjedukkappettathinum, "bangkaya" thanthraparavum saambathikavumaaya kaaranangalal thante thalasthaanam "madyaanosilekku" maattukayum athine "laguinbanwa" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu.
"bangkaya" thante rund puthranmareyum thante "sakup" (jilla) sarkkaaril udyogastharaayi niyamichu. addeham balenkakaye aklaante chumatala "ilayan" ennathinu "balangiga" yeei chumatala nalki. "balangiga" nuu eratta aanmakkalundaayirunnu, "beauan", "adlo", ithil ninnaan spaaniyaardukal varunnathinu munbu capid ("capid") ennu yadhaarthathil namakaranam cheyyappettathu.
sumakwell" kaalaharanappedukayum "bangkaya" panaayiyude nethaavaayi adhikaaramelkkukayum cheythappol konfedareshante sarkkaarinte kendram aklan aayirunnu. "baankaaya" pinneedu "paiburong" aayi maatti. paiburong" kaalaharanappedukayum "balengaka" pakaram vaykkukayum cheythappol aklan veendum konfedareshante kendramaayi maari.
charitrakaaranaaya roobert nikkolinte gaveshanam, chainees grandhangalil ninnum musleem charitrakaaranaaya ibn ibninte rachanakalil ninnum vivarichukondu, maraagthakalil samaaharicha vaakkalulla aithihyangalile kathaapaathrangalum sthalanaamangalum yadhaartha charitra vyakthithvangalumaayum ming dinavrithaanthangalilum arabi kayyezhuthuprathikalilum rekhappeduthiyittulla sthalangalumaayum poruthappedunnuvennu kaanikkunnu.

