
mississippi padhathi

thekkan american aikyanaadukalile punarnirmmaana kaalaghattatthil velutha kalaapathinte bhaagamaayi velutha thekkan janaadhipathyavaadikalaanu 1875 leeii mississippi padhathi vikasippichath. akramam, adichamarthal allengil karutha vottu vaangal thudangiya samghaditha bheeshanikaliloode mississippiyile republican party attimarikkaan aaa samsthaanathe demookratik partyanu ithu roopappeduthiyathu. niyamanirmmaanasabhayudeyum govarnorude offeesinteyum rashtreeya niyanthranam veendedukkaan janaadhipathyavaadikal aagrahichu. angane cheiyunnathile avarude vijayam thekkan carolinayileyum mattu bhooripaksha karutha samsthaanangalileyum velutha janaadhipathyavaadikal samanamaaya padhathikal sweekarikkaan kaaranamaayi.
thiranjeduppu akramam avasanippikkunnathinum swathanthrare raashtreeyathil ninnu ozhivaakkunnuvenn urappakkunnathinum, janaadhipathya aadipathyamulla samsthaana niyamasabha 1890 ll oru puthiya bharanaghadana pasaki, ithu vottar rajistreshanum thokkukalude udamasthaavakaashathinum thadassangal srishtichu mikka karuthavargakkaareyum phalapradamaayi vottavakaasham illaathaakkukayum niraayudheekarikkukayum cheythu. theevravaada akramathiloodeyum vanchanayiloodeyum vottavakaasham illaathaakkal nadappaakkukayum mikka karuthavargakkaarum rajisttar cheyyaano vottu cheyyaano sramikkunnathu nirthukayum cheythu. samsthaana sanbradaayangalude federal melnottatthinu amgeekaaram nalkunnathinum pouranmaarude vottavakaasham samrakshikkunnathinumayi 1965 leeii federal votting raitts act pasakkunnathuvare 1960 kalude avasaanam vare avarkk vottavakaasham veendedukkaan kazhinjilla.
charithram.
punarnirmmaana samayat, muun adimakalkku pourathvam nalkukayum 14,15 bhedagathikal vazhi aafrikkan-american purushanmaarkk vottavakaasham nalkukayum cheythu. swathanthraraaya aalukal aakaamkshayode rajisttar cheyyukayum votteduppil vellapokkam srishtikkukayum cheythathinaal ithinte anantharafalangal dooravyaapakavum eathaandu udanadi sambhavichathumaayirunnu. thangalude vimochanam nediya partyumaayi sakhyamundaakki republicanmaaraayi rajisttar cheytha swathanthraraaya aalukal. ennaal avar velutha republican sthaanaarthikalkkum karuthavargakkaarkkum vottu cheythu. 
udaaharanathinu, karutha vargakkaar bhooripakshamulla samsthaanamaaya mississippiyil, punarnirmmaana bharanaghadanayude karadu thayyarakkiya mississippi bharanaghadanaa kanvenshanile 100 prathinidhikalil 16 perr maathramaan karuthavarggakkaar.
1874leeii mississippy thiranjeduppil, vellakkaar maathram vottu cheythappol demookratik party shakthikendramaayirunna republican partic 30,000 bhooripaksham labhichu. republicanmaar govarnorude offeesum chila niyamanirmmaana seettukalum pidichadakkiyenkilum karuthavarggakkaarkku orikkalum oru samsthaana niyamasabhayilum bhooripaksham seettukal undaayirunnilla, ennirunnaalum athu janasamkhyayude anupathamaayirunnu. swathanthrarum mattu karuthavarum (chila swatantra karuthavarggakkaar vadakku ninnu samsthaanathu jolie cheiyunnathinaayi kudiyeriyavar), niravadhi praadeshika offeesukalilekku thiranjedukkappedukayum aaa varsham samsthaana niyamasabhayile 36 seettukalil 10 ennavum kaivasham vaykkukayum cheythu. (janasamkhyayude valiyoru bhagam ulppetta avar vella republicanmaarkkum karuthavargakkaarkkum vottu cheythu.)
1874-ll wixburg nagaratthile vellakkaar aaa varshathe thiranjeduppil karutha votting adichamarthaan theerumaanichu. velutha sayudha patrolling karuthavarggakkaare vottucheyyunnathil ninnu thadanju; august thiranjeduppil ellah republican sitti udyogasthareyum paraajayappedutthunnathil demokraattukal vijayichu. disambarode dheeraraaya party black kaundi sherief crossby samsthaana thalasthaanathekku palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhithanaakki. shereefine sahayikkaan nagaratthilekku aniniranna karuthavargakkaarkkum sayudha vellakkaar nagaratthe vellathinadiyilaakkiyathil amithamaya vella senaye neridaan oodippokendivannu. adutha kurachu divasathinullil, wixburg kalapam ennariyappettirunna nagaratthil ninnum parisarathu ninnum 300 karuthavarggakkaare sayudha velutha samghangal kolappeduthiyittundaam.
yuu.ezz. president ulysus ezz. akramam adichamarthunnathinum shereefinte surakshithamaaya madakkam anuvadikkunnathinum 1875 januvariyil graant oru koottam sainikare wixburgilake ayachu. shereefine addehathinte vellakkaranaaya deputy, eiii., vadhichu. 1875 juun 7 nuu gilmer.
1875ll avarude mississippi padhathikku keezhil, demokraattukal samsthaanathe republican sakthiye vipareethamaakkunnathinaayi oru rashtreeya dvimukha yuddham nadatthi. chuvanna sharttukal polulla velutha ardhasainika samghadanakal demookratik party sainika vibhaagamaayi uyarnnuvannu."kuu cluxes klaanil ninnu vyathyasthamayi (appozhekkum athu pravarthanarahithamaayirunnu), chuvanna sharttukal praadeshika pradeshangalil ariyappedunna amgangalumaayi parasyamaayi pravartthikkukayum paredu cheyyukayum cheythu. avar chilappol avarude paredukaleyum pravarthanangaleyum kurichu pathravaartthakale shanikkukayum avarude lakshyangal raashtreeyamaayirunnu-republicanmaare puratthaakkuka. kooduthal adikaaram etteduthathode puthiya aayudangal vaangunnathin swakaarya dhanasahaayathode avar nannayi aayudhadhaarikalaayirunnu. demookratik partic vottu cheyyaan 10 muthal 15 sathamaanam vare skaalavaagukale (vaitt republicanmaar) prerippikkuka ennathaayirunnu aadyapadi. neraaya aakramanangalum saambathikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sammarddavum pala paravatani bagarmar partykal marano samsthaanam vidaan prerippichu.
swathanthraraaya aalukaleyum avarude kudumbangaleyum bheeshanippeduthuka ennathaayirunnu mississippi padhathiyude randaam ghattam. thottakkaarum bhoovudamakalum vyaapaarikalum karutha vargakkaarkkum karshakarkkumethire saambathika balam prayogikkukayum parimithamaaya vijayam nedukayum cheythu. chuvanna sharttukal palappozhum lathichaarjukalum kolapaathakangalum, votteduppil bheeshanippeduthalum ulppedeyulla akramangal upayogichu. raifil clubbukal" ennariyappedunna velutha ardhasainika vibhagangal akramatthil avarodoppam chernnu, avar republican raalikalil idaykkide kalaapathin prerippikkukayum thudarnnulla samgharshangalil dussen kanakkinu karuthavarggakkaare vedivachu kollukayum cheythu.
akramam thadayaan govarnor federal sainyathodu abhyarthichenkilum president ulysus ezz. pravartthikkaan graant madichu. bionet bharanam" ennu aaropikkappedumennu addeham bhayapettu-aaa varshathe samsthaana thiranjeduppil ohiyoye nayikkaan janaadhipathyavaadikal ithu chooshanam cheiyumennu addeham vishwasichu. akramam aniyanthrithamaayi nadakkukayum padhathi uddeshichathupole pravartthikkukayum cheythu mississippiyude 1875 leeii samsthaanavyaapaka thiranjeduppil, valia karutha bhooripakshamulla anchu kaundikal yathaakramam 12,7,4,2,0 republican vottukal maathramaan nediyathu. 1874leeii deseeya, nagara thiranjeduppukalil 30,000 vottukalkku republican aadhipathyam 1875ll thirichupidichu, samsthaanathala thiranjeduppukalil 30,000 enna janaadhipathya bhooripaksham votteduppukal kaanichu.
mississippiyile velutha janaadhipathyavaadikalude vijayam vadakku, thekk karolinayile chuvanna shirt vibhaagangalude valarchaye swaadheenichu, athil aayirakkanakkin vellakkaar raifil klabbukalil earppettirunnu. thekkan karolinayile bhooripaksham karutha kaundikalile karutha vottukale adichamarthunnathil chuvanna sharttukal prathyekichum pradhanamaayirunnu. 1876leeii thekkan carolina thiranjeduppinu munbulla aazhchakalil avar 150 kolapathakangal nadathiyathaayi charitrakaaranmaar kanakkakkunnu. 1874 muthal akramatthiloode raifil klabbukalkkoppam samsthaanathe karutha vottine adichamarthiya vaitt leag ennariyappedunna velutha kalapakaarikaleyum louisiana srishtichu.
paarambaryamaayi.
1877ll yuu.ezz. 1877leeii deseeya othutheerppu kaaranam federal sainikare thekkan samsthaanangalil ninnu pinvalichu. 1880kalil karuthavarggakkaar praadeshika offeesukalilekkum pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil chila kongras seettukalilekkum thiranjedukkappettuve velutha janaadhipathyavaadikalkku ellah thekkan samsthaana niyamanirmmaanasabhakaludeyum niyanthranam undaayirunnu. 
1890-ll mississippi janaadhipathya aadipathyamulla niyamanirmmanasabha oru puthiya bharanaghadana thayyarakkukayum pasakkukayum cheythu, ithu thokkukalude udamasthathaykkum vottar rajistreshanum thadassangal srishtichukondu, votteduppu nikuthikal, aathmanishtamaaya saaksharata parisodhanakal, kooduthal niyantritha thaamasa aavasyakathakal ennivayiloode mikka karuthavargakkaareyum phalapradamaayi vottavakaasham illaathaakkukayum niraayudheekarikkukayum cheythu. vamseeya-nishpaksha bhasha upayogichathum ennaal vivechanaparamaaya reethiyil nadappakkiyathumaaya eee niyama vyavasthakal yunaittad stetts supreme kodathiyilekkum mattu thekkan yuu. asilekkum niyamaparamaaya velluvilikale athijeevichappol.ezz. southu carolina, oklahoma thudangiya samsthaanangal puthiya bharanaghadanakalilo niyamangalilo samanamaaya vyavasthakal sweekarichu. noottaandinte thudakkathode 1908 vare, thekkan janaadhipathyavaadikal atharam puthiya samsthaana bharanaghadanakal nadappaakkikkond mikka karuthavargakkaareyum niravadhi pavapetta vellakkareyum (prathyekichu alabamayil) vottavakaasham nishedhichu. thangalude bharanaghadanaaparamaaya vottavakaashathe pinthunaykkunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinumulla federal niyamanirmmanam nediyathinushesham, 1960 kalude avasaanam vare karuthavarggakkaare american thekk aupachaarika rashtreeya samvidaanathil pankedukkunnathil ninnu phalapradamaayi ozhivaakkiyirunnu.

