russiayude sambadghadana

russiayude sambadvyavastha kramena aasootritha sambadvyavasthayil ninnu mishra vipani adhishtitha sambadvyavasthayaayi maari. ivide valia prakrithivibhavangalundu, prathyekichu ennayum prakrithivaathakavum. naamamaathramaaya gdpyude adisthaanathil lokathile pathinonnaamatthe valia sambadvyavasthayum vaangal sheshi thulyathayude (ppp) adisthaanathil aaraamathe valia sambadvyavasthayumaanu ithu. asthiramaaya currency vinimaya nirakk kaaranam, dollaril alakkunna russiayude gdpyil kuthane ettakkurachilukal sambhavikkunnu. sambhavikkunnu dablyu. tii. oo. yilekkulla russiayude amgathvam amgeekarikkappettathu.
lokathile prakrithivibhavangalude valiyoru punk vahikkunna rajyamaaya russiayude vishalamaaya bhoomishaasthram athinte saambathika pravartthanatthinte oru pradhana nirnnayaka gadakamaanu. lokathile ettavum valia prakrithivaathaka shekharam, randaamathe valia kalkari shekharam, ettaamathe valia enna shekharam, europile ettavum valia enna shell shekharam ennivayullathinaal ithine oru oorjja suuppar power ennu parakke visheshippikkappedunnu. lokathile munnira prakrithivaathaka kayattumathikkaranum randaamathe valia prakrithivaathaka uthppaadakarum randaamathe valia enna kayattumathikkaranum uthppaadakumaanu. russiayude videsanaanya shekharam lokathile naalaamathe valia nikshepamaanu. ekadesham 70 dasalaksham aalukalude thozhil shakthiyulla ithu lokathile ezhaamathe valia thozhil sakthiyaanu. lokathile moonnaamathe valia aayudha kayattumathikkaraanu russia. russiayude federal bajatt varumaanathinte ekadesham 40 sathamaanavum 2019ll kayattumathiyude 60 sathamaanavum enna, vathaka mekhalayaanu. lokathile anchaamathe valia shathakodeeswaranmaarumundu russia.
russiayile kudumba varumaanathinteyum sambathinteyum asamathvam thaarathamyena uyarnnathaan. 
vahikkunnu russian ukraine adhiniveshathethudarnnu, paashchaathya saambathika vyavasthayil ninnu russian sambadvyavasthaye otappeduthunnathinaayi paashchaathyalokatthil ninnum athinte sakhyakakshikalil ninnum raajyam niravadhi uparodhangalum bahishkaranangalum nerittittundu. saambathika uparodhangal undaayirunnittum russiayude sambadvyavastha thaarathamyena prathirodhasheshiyullathayi kaanapedunnu.
charithram.
russian sambadghadana asthiramaanu. 1989 muthal athinte sthaapana anthareeksham oru soshyalist command sambadvyavasthayil ninnu oru muthalaalitha vipani samvidaanathilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu. athinte vyaavasaayika ghadana uthppaadanathilum krishiyilumulla kanatha nikshepathil ninnu vipani sevanangal, enna, vaathakam, khananam ennivayilekku naadakeeyamaayi maari. kazhinja naalu noottaandukalaayi russian sambadvyavasthayude naalu pradhana savisheshathakal samvidaanathe roopappeduthukayum rashtreeya prakshobhangalkkidayilum nilanilkkukayum cheythuvennu richard konnoli vaadikkunnu. onnamathaayi, niyamavyavasthayude balaheenata ardhamaakkunnathu nishpaksha kodathikal bharikkunnilla, karaarukal prasnakaramaanu. randaamathethu aadhunika saambathika pravartthanangalude vikasanakkuravaan, 1930-kalil valare adisthaana karshaka krishi prabalamaayirunnu. moonnaamathethu saankethika vikasanakkuravaan, 1920-kalil padinjaaril ninnu kadam vaangiyathode ithu kurachukoodi laghookarikkappettu. padinjaaran europumaayum vadakke amerikkayumaayum thaarathamyappeduthumbol naalaamathe thaazhnna jeevita nilavaravum.
soviyatt union.
1928 muthal soviyatt yooniyante sambadvyavasthayude gathi nayikkappettath panchavatsara padhathikalude oru parambarayaanu. parambarayaanu soviyatt union pradhaanamaayum kaarshika samoohathil ninnu oru pradhana vyaavasaayika shakthiyaayi athivegam parinamichu. 
parinamichu soviyatt union sthambhanaavasthayude kaalaghattatthilaayirunnu. aadhunika sambadvyavasthayudeyum vazhakkamillaatha bharanathinteyum sankeernamaaya aavasyangal kendra aasoothrakare amithamaayi baadikkukayum parimithappedutthukayum cheythu. moscoyile aasoothrakar abhimukeekarikkunna theerumaanangalude alavu amithamaayi. bureaucratic administreshante budhimuttulla nadapadikramangal thozhilaallikalude anyavalkkaranam, naveekaranam, upabhokthakkal, vitharanakkaar ennivare kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu enterprise thalatthil aavashyamaaya swatantra ashayavinimayavum vazhakkamulla prathikaranavum munkootty nirtthi.
1975 muthal 1985 vare, azhimathi, daatta fiddling enniva bureaucrassicidayil thripthikaramaaya lakshyangalum kwaattakalum report cheiyunnathinulla saadhaarana reethiyaayi maari, angane prathisandhi rookshamaayi. 1986 muthal, mikhaayil gorbachev vipani kendreekritha soshyalist sambadvyavasthayilekku neengikkond saambathika prasnangal pariharikkan shramichu. gorbachevinte perestroicayude nayangal soviyatt sambadvyavasthaye punarujjeevippikkunnathi parajayappettu; pakaram, raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya vighadana prakriya 1991 ll soviyatt union thakarnnathil kalaashichu.
vipani sambadvyavasthayilekkalu parivartthanam (1991-98).
soviyatt yooniyante thakarchayethudarnnu, russia oru samoolamaaya parivarthanatthinu vidheyamaayi, oru kendra aasootritha sambadvyavasthayil ninnu aagola samyojitha vipani sambadvyavasthayilekku neengi. azhimathi niranjathum kramarahithavumaaya svakaaryavalkkarana prakriyakal pradhana sarkkar udamasthathayilulla sthaapanangale raashtreeyamaayi bandhapetta "oligarkkukal" aayi maatti, ithu ohari udamasthaavakaasham valareyadhikam kendreekarichu.
yeltsinte samoolavum vipani kendreekrithavumaaya parishkarana paripadi "shock therapy" ennariyappettu. washington samavaayavumaayi bandhapetta nayangal, aii. emm. ephinteyum laari sammezhs ulppedeyulla oru koottam munnira american saambathika vidagtharudeyum shupaarshakal, 1994 ll "svakaaryavalkkaranam, sthiratha, udaaravalkkaranam" ennee moonnu '-ooshanukal' ethrayum vegam poortthiyaakkanamennu abhyarthichathine adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu ithu."aazhathilulla azhimathi eee prakriya baadhichathinaal, phalam vinaashakaramaayirunnu, 1999 aayappozhekkum yadhaartha jii. dii. pii 40 sathamaanathiladhikam kuranju, vyakthigatha sambaadyavum kuttakrithyangalum daaridryavum athivegam vyapippicha hyper inflation. shock therappiyil ninnulla vilayile kuthichuchaattam soshyalisathinu keezhil russiakkaar shekharicha mithamaaya sambaadyathe thudachuneekkukayum dhanetara swathukkal kaivashamulla varenyavargathinu anukoolamaayi sambathu punarvitharanam cheiyunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu.
vardhichuvarunna saambathika asamathvavum daaridryavum, vardhichuvarunna adhika marananirakkum aayurdairkhyathile idivum ulppede jeevithanilavaarathile idivum shock theraappiyodoppam undaayirunnu. oru vyaavasaayika raajyam anubhavicha ettavum valia marananirakk samaadhaanakaalathe russia anubhavichu. athupole, mamsa upabhogam kuranju 1990-ll, aarr. ezz. eph. ezz. aarile oru sharashari pouran prathivarsham 63 kilogram maamsam kazhichu; 1999 aayappozhekkum athu 45 kilogram aayi kuranju.
valia vivaadangalkkidayil bhooribhaagam sarkkar samrambhangalum svakaaryavalkkarikkappedum pinneedu avayude moolyathekkaal valare kuranja vilaykk akathullavarude udamasthathayilaakukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, soviyatt bharanakaalathu oru faaktariyude director palappozhum athe samrambhathinte udamayaakum. sarkkaarinte maravil, vyaapaarathinteyum sarkkaarinteyum pradhana sthaanangalile oru idungiya koottam vyakthikale sambannaraakkiya angeyattam saambathika krithrimathvangal nadatthi. avaril palarum puthuthayi kandethiya sambathu udan thanne videshathu nikshepikkukayum valia mooladhana parakkal srishtikkukayum cheythu. pothu swathukkalude eee druthagathiyilulla svakaaryavalkkaranavum athumaayi bandhapetta vyapakamaaya azhimathiyum rashyayiludaneelam "prikhwaathisaadisiya" allengil "pidichedukkal-itaiseshan" ennu parakke ariyapettu."
takarnna sambadvyavasthaykkidayil sarkkar varumanam shekharikkunnathile budhimuttukalum bajatt kammikk dhanasahayam nalkunnathinu hraswakaala vaaypa ashrayikkunnathum ashrayikkunnathum russian saambathika prathisandhiyilekku nayichu.
nayichu anthaaraashtra naanayanidhiyil ninnu ettavum kooduthal vaaypayedutha rajyamaayirunnu russia, motham 20 bilyan dollar vaaypayaayirunnu. russia panatthinaayi vaagdaanam cheytha parishkaarangal kurachumaathrame avatharippichirunnathil, panam kadam koduthathinu aii. emm. eph vimarsikkappettu, eee fandukalude valiyoru bhagam "avayude uddeshyathil ninnu vazhithirichuvidukayum niyamavirudhamaayi raajyam vitta mooladhanathinte ozhukkukalil ulppeduthukayum cheyyaamaayirunnu".
veendedukkalum valarchayum (1999-2008).
1998 augustil undaaya saambathika thakarchayil ninnu russia vegathil thirichuvannu, bhaagikamaayi roobilinte moolyathakarcha kaaranam, ithu aabhyanthara uthppaadakare deseeyamaayum anthardhesheeyamaayum kooduthal mathsaraadhishtithamaakki.
cheythu kandethi idayil, valarchaykku anukoolamaaya supradhana saambathika parishkaarangalil samagramaya nikuthi parishkaranavum 13 sathamaanam aadaayanikuthi konduvarikayum cherukida, idatharam samrambhangalkk prayojanam cheiyunna niyanthranavimukthamaakkaanu vishalamaaya shramavum ulppedunnu.
cheythu 2000num idayil charakk vila vardhanavu moolam russian sambadvyavasthaykku valia uthejanam labhichu. gdpyude valarcha prathivarsham sharashari 7 sathamaanamaanu. chelavazhichedukkaavunna varumanam erattiyiladhikavum dollar moolyamulla varumaanathil ettu madangu vardhikkukayum cheythu. cheythu 2000num idayil upabhokthru vaaypayude alavu 45 madangu vardhichu, ithu swakaarya upabhogathil kuthichuchaattathinu kaaranamaayi. daaridryarekhaykku thaazheyullavarude ennam 2000ll 30 shathamaanamaayirunnenkil 2008ll 14 shathamaanamaayi kuranju.
ennirunnaalum, roobilinte moolyavardhanavu cherukkunnathinaayi central baank pana vitharanam vipuleekarichathinaal panapperuppam oru prashnamaayi thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, 2007-ll locabank russian sambadvyavastha "abhoothapoorvamaaya macro economic sthiratha" kaivarichathaayi prakhyaapichu. 2007 october vare 2000 muthal ellah varshavum bajatt michavumaayi russia aakarshakamaaya saambathika achadakkam nilanirtthi.
2009-14.
2008-leeii aagola vaipa prathisandhi russian baankukale baadhichu, ennirunnaalum aagola saambathika prathisandhiyude prathyaaghaathangalil ninnu banking samvidaanathe samrakshicha sarkkaarinteyum central baankinteyum sajeeva samayabandhithavumaya prathikaranatthaal deerghakaala naashanashtangalonnum sambhavichilla. russiayil moorchayullathum ennaal hrasvavumaaya maandyathe thudarnnu 2009 avasaanathode sakthamaaya veendedukkal aarambhichu.
2000 num 2012 num idayil russiayude oorjja kayattumathi jeevithanilavaarathil druthagathiyilulla valarchaykku aakkam kootti, yadhaartha dispossible varumanam <aii. dii. 1> vardhichu. dollar moolyathil paranjaal 2000 muthal chelavazhichedukkaavunna varumaanathil ezhirattiyiladhikam vardhanavu undaayi. athe kaalayalavil thozhilillaaymayum daaridryavum pakuthiyiladhikam kurayukayum rashyakkaarude svayam vilayiruthappetta jeevita samthrupthiyum ganyamaayi vardhikkukayum cheythu. 2000-kalile charakkukalude kuthichuchaattam, uyarnna ennavila, vivekapoornamaaya saambathika, dananayangal ennivayude samyojitha phalamaayirunnu eee valarcha. ennirunnaalum, eee nettangal asamamaayi vitharanam cheyyappettu, kaaranam credit syoosinte oru reportil 110 ettavum sambannaraaya vyakthikal russian kudumbangalude kaivashamulla ellah saambathika swathukkaludeyum 35 sathamaanam svanthamaakkiyathaayi kandethi. kandethi 2002num idayil 880 bilyan dollariladhikam nashtam sambhavicha russiayaanu anadhikrithamaayi puranthallappedunna randaamathe valia raajyam. 2008 muthal forbes mosco "lokathinte shathakodeeshwaranmaarude thalasthaanam" ennu aavarthichu visheshippichittundu.
2010 joolaiyil russia bellarus kasaakhsthaanum chernnu eurasian economic kammyoonittiyude (eurasec) kasttams yooniyante sthaapaka amgamaayi, athe raajyangalude pothu vipaniyaya eurasec single economic space 2012 januvari 1 nuu praabalyatthil vannu, swatantra vyaapaarathekkurichulla ubhaykakshi karaarukale marikadannu. athe samayam 2011ll dablyu. tii. oo. yilekkulla russiayude amgathvam amgeekarikkappettu. 19 varshathe charchakalkku sesham 2012 august august russia loka vyapara samghadanayil (dablyu. tii. oo) chernnu. 2012 septambar 20 nuu komanvelthu oof indipendant stetsinte (sii. aii. ezz. eph. tii. eiii) bahumukha swatantra vyapara mekhala russiayil praabalyatthil varikayum thudarnnu pankeduttha 9 soviyatt-poost rajyangal thammilulla muun ubhaykakshi karaarukale marikadakkukayum cheythu. 2015ll russia eurasian economic union (iii. eiii. iii. yuu) yude sthaapaka amgamaayi, athu yurasekkinu pakaram oru supraanshanal economic union (saambathika samyojanathinte ettavum aazhameriya ghattam) vibhavanam cheythu.
druthagathiyilulla gdp varumaana valarchayum 2013 vare thudarnnu. oru pathittaandaayi sambadvyavasthayil charcha cheyyappetta ettavum pradhanappetta vishayam idatharam varumaana keniyayirunnu. anupatham phalangale adisthaanamaakki russia uyarnna varumaanamulla sambadvyavasthayilekku uyarnnathayi 2013ll locabank prakhyaapichirunnuvenku 2016ll russian rubles vinimaya nirakkile mattangal kaaranam athine uyarnna idatharam varumaanamulla sambadvyavasthayaayi punarvarggeekarichu. jeevithanilavaram, aarogyam, vidyaabhyaasam ennivayile purogathi vilayiruthunna yuu. enn. maanava vikasana soochika russia 'valare uyarnna maanava vikasana' rajyangalil ulppeduthunnu.
enna, vaathakathe aasrayikkunnathil ninnu maari sambadvyavasthaye vaividhyavalkkarikkendinthum uyarnna saankethika mekhalaye valarthendathinteyum aavasyakathayekkurichu russian nethaakkal aavarthichu samsaarichu. 2012ll enna, vaathakam, petroleum uthppannangal enniva motham kayattumathiyude 70 sathamaanathiladhikam varum. varshangalude sakthamaaya prakadanatthinu sesham 2013ll russian sambadvyavastha verum 1.3 sathamaanam maathramaayi vikasichappol eee saambathika maathruka athinte paridhikal kaanikkunnathayi thonni. russiayude ettavum valia vyapara pankaliyaaya europian unionile neenda maandyam, nischalamaaya ennavila, adhika vyaavasaayika sheshiyude abhavam, janasamkhyaaparamaaya prasnangal ennivayulppede maandyam vishadeekarikkaan niravadhi kaaranagal nirddeshikkappettu. ayalrajyamaaya ukrainile rashtreeya prakshubdhatha anishchithathvathinu kaaranamavukayum nikshepam adichamarthappedukayum cheythu.
2014-21.
2014 maarchil crimea pidichadakkiyathine thudarnnu donbaasile yudhathil russiayude pankaalithatthetthudarnna america, europian union, canada, jappan ennee rajyangal russiayk mail uparodham earppeduthi. ithu russian rubles kurayunnathilekku nayikkukayum russian saambathika prathisandhiyekkurichulla aashankakalkku kaaranamavukayum cheythu. europian yooniyanil ninnum amerikkayil ninnumulla bhakshya irakkumathikku oru varshathe samboornna nirodhanam ulppede niravadhi rajyangalkkethire uparodham earppeduthi russia prathikarichu.
2014 joolaiyil russian saambathika manthraalayatthinte kanakkanusarichu kanakkanusarichu aadya pakuthiyil jii. dii. pii valarcha oru shathamaanamaayirunnu. 2014ll 0.50 sathamaanam valarchayaan mantraalayam pravachichathu. 2014ll russian sambadvyavastha pratheekshichathilum 0.6 sathamaanam mechappetta valarcha kaivarichu. lokathile pradhana sambadvyavasthakalil ettavum asamathwamulla raajyangalilonnaan russia.
kakshiyaanu kanakkanusarichu 99 sathamaanam rashyakkaarudeyum yadhaartha varumanam varumanam varumaanathekkaal kuravaayirunnu.
pradhaanamaayum ennavila kurayal, uparodhangal, thudarnnulla mooladhana parakkal enniva kaaranam 2014 nte thudakkam muthal russian sambadvyavastha maandyathilekku pookaanulla saadhyathayundaayirunnu. 2014ll jii. dii. pii valarcha 0.6 shathamaanamaayi thudarnnappol 2015ll russian sambadvyavastha 3.7 sathamaanam churungukayum 2016ll kooduthal churungumennu pratheekshikkukayum cheythu. 2016 aayappozhekkum russian sambadvyavastha 0.3 sathamaanam jii. dii. pii valarchayode thirichuvarikayum audyogikamaayi maandyathil ninnu purathukadakkukayum cheythu. cheythu 1.5 sathamaanam valarchayode valarcha thudarnnu.
2015 januvariyil 14-aamm sthaanathum 2014 januvariyil 18-aamm sthaanathum ninnu 2016 januvariyil bloomberg russiayude sambadvyavasthaye lokathile ettavum noothanamaaya 12-aamm sthaanathekku vilayiruthi. lokathile ettavum uyarnna pettant apeksha nirakkil russia pathinanjaam sthaanathum internettu, aerospace thudangiya haitek pothu kambanikalude ettaam sthaanathum shaasthranjarudeyum enchineeyarmaarudeyum moonnaamathe uyarnna biruda nirakkilumaanu.
britiish kambaniyaaya bipi (stattistikkal earbook 2018) anusarichu, 2017 avasaanathode russiayile theliyikkapetta enna shekharam 14.5 bilyan tonn aayirunnu, prakrithivaathakam 35 trilyan cubic meteraayirunnu. yuu. ezz. anusarichu russiayude upamanmannile swarnna shekharam.ezz. 2017 avasaanathode 5,500 tonn aayirunnu bhoomishaasthra sarway.
2019ll prakrithivibhava mantraalayam raajyathe dhaatu shekharam bhouthikamaayi kanakkakki. 2017 avasaanathode enna shekharam 9.4 bilyan tonn, vathaka shekharam 1 trilyan cubic meter, swarnna shekharam 1,407 tonn, vajra shekharam 375 dasalaksham metrik kaaratt ennivayaayirunnu. thudarnnu aadyamaayi mantraalayam russiayile dhaatu shekharathe moolyathinte adisthaanathil vilayiruthi. enna shekharathinte moolyam 39.6 trilyan rubles aayirunnu, vaathakathinte moolyam 11.3 trilyan rubles aayirunnu, cocking kalkari ekadesham 2 trilyan rubles aayirunnu, irumbayiru 808 bilyan rubles aayirunnu, vajrangal 505 bilyan rubles aayirunnu, svarnnam 480 bilyan rubles aayirunnu. ellah dhaatu, oorjja vibhavangaludeyum (enna, vaathakam, svarnnam, chembu, irumbayiru, taapa, lignite kalkari, vajrangal) samyojitha moolyam 2017 leeii gdpyude 60 sathamaanam (us $844 bilyan) aanu. russiayil reserveukalude oru puthiya vargeekaranam sweekarichathinu sheshamaan vilayiruthal nadannathu, reethishaasthrathinte lakshyam licenses nalkia mekhalakal mathramaayirunnu, athinaal prakrithi vibhava manthraalayathinte vilayiruthal paryavekshanam cheytha reserveukalude motham alavinekkaal kuravaanu. karuthal shekharam kanakkakkaanulla oru parajayappetta sramam" ennu vidagdhar vimarshichu, "atharamoru esttimettu gauravamaayi edukkaruthu" ennum "moolyam kanakkakkunnathinulla thettaaya soothravaakyam foomil adangiyirikkunnu" ennum choondikkaatti.
2022-innuvare.
2022ll, ukrainile russian adhinivesham kaaranam kanatha uparodhangal undaayittund, athu kuthane maandyathinu kaaranamakum. 2022 nte thudakkam muthal niravadhi audyogika saambathika sthithivivarakkanakkukal prasidheekarichittil. uparodhangalude aaghaatham nikathunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi 630 bilyan dollar videsanaanya shekharamulla russian central baankinte swathukkal maravippikkunnathum uparodhangalil ulppedunnu.
mikka kanakkukalkkum anusarichu, ukrainile yudhathinte oro divasavum russiayk 500 dasalaksham muthal 1 bilyan dollar vare chilavaakum.
2022 juun 27 nuu russia athinte videsha karansiyude bhagamaaya 1918 nuu sheshamulla aadya defaultayi.
thudarchayaaya randaam paadatthil federal stettu statistiks sarvees deseeya jii. dii. pii nashtam report cheythathinaal 2022 novemberil russia audyogikamaayi maandyathilekku praveshichathaayi report cheyyappettu.
russiayk mail chumathiya uparodhathinte bhaagamaayi, 2022 septambar 2 nuu, jii 7 groupile dhanamantrimaaraanu russia uthppaadanam nilanirthaan anuvadikkunnathinum ennaal enna vilppanayil ninnulla varumanam parimithappeduthunnathinu roopakalppana cheytha russian enna, petroleum uthppannangalude vila parimithappedutthaan sammathichathu.
2023 paadatthil russian sambadvyavasthayude mosham phalangal taas report cheythu, varumanam 5.7 trilyan rubles-21 sathamaanam kuranju (pradhaanamaayum enna varumanam kurayunnathu kaaranam), chelavu 8.1 trilyan rubles-34 sathamaanam uyarnnu (pradhaanamaayum vardhicha sainika chelavu kaaranam), 2.4 trilyan rubles kammi srishtichu-(29.4 bilyan dollar)
2022ll, vinimaya nirakkinekkaal vaangal sheshi thulyathayil kanakkakkiyaal 2022 oode russia uyarnna varumaanamulla sambadvyavasthakalude vibhaagathilekku praveshichuvennum ennaal ukraininte adhinivesham kaaranam paridikk thazheyaakumennum saambathika shaasthranjan kanakkakki. 2022 desemberil baank oof russiayude research aandu forkasting departmentile oru saambathika shaasthranjan nadatthiya oru padanatthil russian sambadvyavasthayude irakkumathi aashrithathvam thaarathamyena kuravaanennum mattu raajyangalude sharashariye kaviyunnillennum mikka vyavasaayangalileyum irakkumathiyude vihitam mattu raajyangale apekshichu kuravaanennum kandethi. aagola moolya vitharana shringalakalil russian sambadvyavasthayude kuranja pankaalitthavum asamskritha vasthukkalude ulppaadanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathum ithinu pradhana vishadeekaranamaakaam. ennirunnaalum, russiayude irakkumathiyude 60 sathamaanavum rashyaykkethire uparodham prakhyaapicha rajyangalil ninnaan varunnath.
2023-leeii randaam paadatthil dollarinethire roobilinte moolyathil 13 sathamaanam idivum 2022-leeii vaarshika michamaaya 233 bilyan dollaril ninnu karant akkoundu micham 80 sathamaanam kurayumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
daatta.
thaazhe koduthirikkunna pattika pradhana saambathika soochakangal 1980-2021 ll kaanikkunnu. panapperuppam 5 sathamaanathil thaazheyaan.
varumaana asamathvam.
russiayil, varumanam kooduthalulla pradeshangalil vaayu malineekaranam vardhichu. ennirunnaalum eee pradeshangalil varumanam kooduthalaayirikkaamenkilum varumaana asamathvathil valia asamathvam kandethi. oru pradeshathinullile kooduthal varumaana asamathvam kooduthal malineekaranavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu varumaanathinte thoth mathramalla athinte vitharanavum pradhaanamaanennu soochippikkunnu" ennu kandethi. russiayil ashupatri kidakkakalillaattha pradeshangalil aalohari kidakkakalude ennam kooduthalullathinekkaal kooduthal vaayu malineekaranam anubhavappedunnu, ithu pothu sevanangalude mosham allengil aparyapthamaaya vitharanam aaa pradeshathe paaristhithika asamathvam vardhippikkumennu soochippikkunnu.
pothu nayam.
dhanakaarya nayam.
2016ll russiayude sarkkar bajatt kammi 21 bilyan dolarayirikkumennu pratheekshichirunnuvena 2016ll 2.8 shathamaanamaayirunna bajatt kammi 2017ll gdpyude 0.6 shathamaanamaayi churungi.
deseeya sambathu fund kadavum.
2004 januvari 1 nuu russian sarkkar federal bajattinte bhaagamaayi russian federationte sthiratha nidhi sthaapichu, ennavila kurayukayaanengil athu santhulithamaakkunnu. 2008 februvari februvari sthireekarana fund rund bhagangalaayi vibhajichu. aadyathethu gdpyude 10 sathamaanathinu thulyamaaya oru reserve fandaanu (gdpyude 10 sathamaanam ippol ekadesham 200 bilyan dollarinu thulyamaanu), ithu stabilisation fundinu samanamaaya reethiyil nikshepikkendathaayirunnu. randaamathethu russian federationte deseeya samriddhi nidhiyaan. 2008 februvari 1 nakam ithu aii. dii. 1 bilyan rubilukalil athumennu deputy finance ministtar serge storchaakku kanakkakki. deseeya samriddhi fund videsha kambanikalude oharikal ulppede kooduthal apakadasaadyathayulla upakaranagalil nikshepikkum.
pradhana sambadvyavasthakalil ettavum kuranja videsha kadamulla raajyangalilonnaan russia.
azhimathi.
azhimathi anthaaraashtra azhimathi bodhavalkarana soochikayil 180 rajyangalil 129-aamm sthaanathulla russiayaanu ettavum kuranja rating labhicha europian raajyam. sambadvyavastha, bisinesses, pothubharanam, niyamapalanam, aarogya samrakshanam, vidyaabhyaasam ennivayulppede jeevithathinte vividha vashangale badhikkunna oru pradhana prashnamaayi russiayil azhimathi kanakkaakkappedunnu. russiayile pothubharanatthinte charitraparamaaya maathrkayil azhimathi prathibhasam shakthamayi sthaapikkappedukayum russiayile niyamavaazhchayude pothuvaaya balaheenathayaan ithinu kaaranam. 2020 leeii kanakkanusarichu, niyama nirvvahana ejansikale avishwasikkunna bisinesses udamakalude sathamaanam 70 shathamaanamaayi uyarnnu (2017 leeii 45 sathamaanathil ninnu); 75 sathamaanam kodathikalude nishpakshathayil vishwasikkunnilla, 79 sathamaanam niyama sthaapanangal racketering allengil samshayaaspadamaaya adisthaanathil arast polulla niyama durupayogathil ninnu thangale samrakshikkunnuvennu vishwasikkunnilla.
mekhalakal.
praadhamikam.
oorjjam.
dhaatu sambannamaaya ooral parvathangalum vishalamaaya phoosil indhanavum (enna, vaathakam, kalkari) cyberiayileyum russiayude vidoora kizhakkan pradeshangalileyum thadi shekharavum russia prakrithivibhavangalaal sambannamaakkunnu, ithu russian kayattumathiyil aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. enna, vathaka kayattumathi, prathyekichu, haard karansiyude pradhana uravidamaayi thudarunnu.
lokathile ettavum valia prakrithivaathaka shekharam, randaamathe valia kalkari shekharam, ettaamathe valia enna shekharam, europile ettavum valia enna shell shekharam ennivayullathinaal russia oru oorjja mahashakthiyaayi parakke visheshippikkappedunnu. lokathile munnira prakrithivaathaka kayattumathikkaranum randaamathe valia prakrithivaathaka uthppaadakarum randaamathe valia enna kayattumathikkaranum uthppaadakumaanu. russia puranthallunna harithagriha vaathakangalil bhooribhaagavum phoosil indhanangalaanu. lokathile naalaamathe valia vaidyuthi uthppaadakarum 2019ll onpathaamathe valia punarupayoga oorjja uthppaadakarum aaya eee raajyam sivilian aanavorjam vikasippikkukayum lokathile aadyathe aanavorja nilayam nirmmikkukayum cheytha lokathile aadyathe raajyam koodiyaayirunnu. 2019ll ithu lokathile naalaamathe valia aanavorja uthppaadakaraayirunnu.
uthppaadakaraayirunnu madhyathil gdpyil enna, vathaka mekhalayude vihitam ekadesham 20 shathamaanamaayirunnu, 2013ll ithu gdpyude 20-21% aayirunnu. russiayude kayattumathiyile enna, vaathakathinte vihitam (ekadesham 50 sathamaanam), federal bajatt varumanam (ekadesham 50 sathamaanam) enniva valuthaanu, russiayude gdpyude chalanathmakatha enna, vathaka vilakale valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu, pakshe gdpyile vihitam 50 sathamaanathil valare kuravaanu. 2021ll russian statistiks ejansi rostaatt prasidheekaricha aadyathe samagramaya vilayiruthal anusarichu, russiayude gdpyile enna, vathaka mekhalayude paramavadhi motham vihitam, verthirichedukkal, shudheekaranam, gathagatham, enna, vathaka vilppana, upayogicha ellah charakkukalum sevanangalum, ellah pinthunaa pravartthanangalum enniva 2017ll 16.9%, 2018ll 21.1%, 2019ll 19.2%, 2020ll 15.2% enninganeyaanu. ithu americayileyum canadayileyum (8 sathamaanam) gdpyude vihithathekkaal kooduthalaanu (10 sathamaanathil thaazhe). ithu norwayile gdpyude (14 sathamaanam), kazakhstan (13.3%) ennivayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha. ithu yunaittad arab emirates (30 sathamaanam), soudi arebia (50 sathamaanam) ennividangalile gdpyude vihithathekkaal valare kuravaanu. vidagtharude abhipraayathil, eee vilayiruthalil, udaaharanathinu, upayogicha pambukalude uthppaadanamo prathyeka vidyaabhyaasamo ulppeduthendathaayirunna. russia athinte vathaka ulppaadanathinte moonnil rund bhaagavum enna ulppaadanathinte naalilonn aabhyantharamaayi upayogikkumbol loka vipaniyil athinte ennayude naalil moonnu bhaagavum vilkkunnu, koodaathe vyapaaram cheiyunna loka enna vipaniyil russiayude vihitam soudi arebyayekkaal kooduthalaanu. athesamayam, vaadakayude aupachaarikavum anoupachaarikavumaaya bhaagamundennum 2023-leeii motham enna, vathaka vaadaka russiayude gdpyude 24 shathamaanamaanennu kanakkakkaamennum vidagdhar abhipraayappedunnu. sarkkar report cheiyunna enna, vathaka nikuthikalil korpparettu labhavihithavum sambadvyavasthayile enna, vathaka vaadakayil ninnu labhikkuna parokshamo adhikamo aaya varumanam ulppedunnillennu indiana sarvakalaashaalayile saambathikashaasthra professoraaya maikkal alexiave abhipraayappedunnu.
khananam.
daathukkaludeyum svarnnathinteyum munnira uthppaadakarum kayattumathikkaarum koodiyaanu russia. lokathile ettavum valia vajra ulppaadana rajyamaanu russia, 2013 ll 33 dasalaksham kaaratt allengil aagola ulppaadanathinte 25 sathamaanam 3 bilyan 4 bilyan dollariladhikam moolyamullathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, sarkkar udamasthathayilulla alroza motham russian ulppaadanathinte ekadesham 95 sathamaanamaanu.
2019ll raajyam moonnaam loka swarnna uthppaadakan; randaam lokamembaadumulla plaattinam uthppaadakan; naalam lokamembaadumulla velli uthppaadakan; lokathile ettavum valia onpathaamathe chembu uthppaadakan; moonnaamathe valia loka nirmmaathaav; lokathile aaraamathe valia ledu uthppaadakan; onpathaamathe valia loka nirmmaathaav; boxite; lokathile pathaamatthe valia sink uthppaadakan; lokamembaadumulla randaamathe valia vanadium uthppaadakan; randaam valia loka uthppaadakan; anchaam valia loka irumbayiru uthppaadakan; lokathile ezhaamathe valia boron uthppaadakan; onpathaam valia molybdinum uthppaadakan; 13-aamathe valia loka tinn uthppaadakan; lokathile moonnaamathe valia sulfur uthppaadakan; 4-aamathe valia phoosphett uthppaadakan; 8-aamathe valia jipsum uthppaadakan; lokathile 10-aamathe valia uppu uthppaadakan ennathinupurame. 2018ll lokathile aaraamathe valia euranium uthppaadakaraayirunnu ithu.
krishi.
russiayude kaarshika mekhala raajyathinte motham gdpyude 5 sathamaanam sambhavana cheiyunnundenkilum motham thozhil shakthiyude ettilonnu eee mekhalaykku jolie nalkunnu. lokathile moonnaamathe valia krishibhoomiyaanu ivideyullathu. ennirunnaalum, paristhithiyude kaadinyam kaaranam, athinte ekadesham aii. dii. 1 bhoomi kaarshikamaan, athinte bhoomiyude 74% maathrame krishiyogyamulloo. russian krishiyude pradhana uthppannam ellaayppozhum daanyamaanu, ithu vilabhoomiyude pakuthiyiladhikam vyaapikkunnu. lokathile ettavum valia gothamb kayattumathikkaranaaya russia, barley, buckweet, oats, raie ennivayude ettavum valia uthppaadakarum sooryakanthi vithukalude randaamathe valia uthppaadakumaanu. kalavastha vyathiyana poruthappeduthalinkura vividha vishakalana vidagdhar 21-aamm noottaandinte backie bhaagangalil russian krishiykku valia avasarangal munkootty kaanunnu, cyberiayile pravarthanakshamatha vardhikkukayum ithu eee pradeshathekkulla aantharikavum bahyavumaaya kudiyettatthilekku nayikkukayum cheyyum.
vithaykkunna pradeshatthinte moonnilonnil kooduthal kaalitheetta vilakalkkum backie krishibhoomi vyaavasaayika vilakal, pachakkarikal, pazhangal ennivaykkum neekkivachirikkunnu. moonnu samudrangalilulla valia theerapradesham kaaranam, russia lokathile ettavum valia malsyabandhana kappalukalilonnu nilanirthunnu, pidikkunna malsyangalude tannukalil lokath aaram sthaanathaanu; 2018 ll 4,773,413 tonn malsyam pidichedutthu. lokathile ettavum mikacha kaviar (beluga) ivideyundu, koodaathe tinnilatacha malsyangalude moonnilonnu uthppaadippikkukayum lokathile motham puthiyathum sheetheekarichathumaaya malsyangalude naalilonn uthppaadippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
vyavasaayam.
prathirodha vyavasaayam.
russiayile prathirodha vyavasaayam thanthrapradhaanamaaya oru mekhalayum raajyathe oru valia thozhiludamayumaanu. anchaam thalamura yudhavimaanam, aanavorjamulla antharvaahinikal, thokkukal, hraswadura/deerghadoora baalistik misailukal ennivayulppede haitek sainika upakaranangal roopakalppana cheyyaanum nirmmikkanum kazhivulla valuthum sankeernavumaaya aayudha vyavasaayamaan rashyaykkullathu. americaykku sesham lokathile randaamathe valia aayudha kayattumathikkaraanu ithu.
aerospace.
ekadesham 355,300 perkku thozhil nalkunna russiayile oru pradhana vyavasaya mekhalayaanu vimana nirmmaanam. russian vimana vyavasaayam anthaaraashtrathalathil malsarikkunna sainika vimaanangalaaya maig-29, suu-30 ennivayude portfolio vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, athesamayam sukhoy superjet 100 polulla puthiya padhathikal sivilian vimana vibhaagathinte bhagyam punarujjeevippikkumenna prathekshikkunnu. 2009ll yunaittad aircraft korppareshanile kambanikal 15 sivilian modalukal ulppede 95 puthiya fixed wing vimanangal upabhokthaakkalkk vitharanam cheythu. koodaathe, vyavasaayam 141 helikopttarukal nirmmichu. ettavum kooduthal shaasthra-theevramaaya haitek mekhalakalilonnaaya ithu ettavum kooduthal vidagdha udyogasthare niyamikkunnu. sainika vimana shaakhayude uthppaadanavum moolyavum mattu prathirodha vyavasaya mekhalakalekkaal valare kooduthalaanu, koodaathe raajyathinte aayudha kayattumathiyude pakuthiyiladhikam vimana ulppannangalaanu.
russiayile bahirakasha vyavasaayathil nooriladhikam kambanikal ulppedunnu, koodaathe 250,000 perkku jolie nalkunnu.
automotive vyavasaayam.
600, 000 perkku allengil raajyathe motham thozhilshakthiyude oru sathamaanathinu nerittu thozhil nalkunna russiayile oru pradhana vyavasaayamaan vahana uthppaadanam. 2018ll russia aii. dii. 1 vaahanangalude nirmmanavum 2018ll kaar uthppaadippikkunna rajyangalil 13-aamm sthaanavum lokamembaadumulla uthppaadanathinte 1.8 sathamaanavum vahikkunnu. vahikkunnu uparodhatheyum paashchaathya nirmmaathaakkalude pinvalikkalineyumtthudarnna 2022ll uthppaadanam 450,000 passenture kaarukalaayi kuranju, 1991ll soviyatt union pirichuvittathinusheshamallu ettavum thaazhnna nila. pradhana praadeshika brandukal laitt vehicle nirmmaathaakkalaaya avtovas, guzz ennivayaanu, athesamayam pramukha hevi vehicle nirmmaathaavaan kamas. pathinonnu videsha kaar nirmmaathaakkalkk ulppaadana pravarthanangalundu allengil russiayil avarude plaantukal nirmmikkunnu.
electronics.
jeey. sii. ezz microninte punarujjeevanathode russia micro electronicsinte punarvikasanam anubavikkunnu.
sevanangal.
chillara vilppana.
vilppana kanakkanusarichu, russiakkaar avarude nikuthikku munbulla varumaanathinte 60 sathamaanavum shopinginaayi chelavazhichu, ithu europile ettavum uyarnna sathamaanamaanu. sarkkar udamasthathayilulla soviyatt bhavanangalude svakaaryavalkkaranathinu sesham svanthamaayi veedu svanthamaakkiya pala russiakkaarum vaadakayo veedu adaykkukayo cheyyaathathinaal ithu saadhyamaan. anthaaraashtra nikshepakarkkum valarnnuvarunna madhyavargathil ninnulla shopermark shopping maalukal janapriyamaayirunnu. valare valuthaayirunna chilath ulppede pradhana nagarangalkk sameepam enpathirandu maalukal nirmmichirunnu. palacharakk saadhanangal vilkkunna oru supermarket oru russian maalile oru saadhaarana aankar storaanu.
russiayile chillara vilppana
telecommunication.
russiayude telecommunication vyavasaayam valippathilum pakwathayilum valarukayaanu. 2007 desemberile kanakkanusarichu russiayil oru 4,900,000 broadband lineukal undaayirunnu.
2006ll vipani vihithathinte 5 sathamaanam varunna 300-ladhikam bii. vii. eiii. oopparettar shringalakalum 30 sathamaanam dial-upp shringalayum backie 65 sathamaanam broadband fixed axus shringalayum undaayirunnu. 2006 desemberil, cheef gavanmentum jii. ezz. emm associationte regulatory afayezhs offeesarumaaya toom phillips paranju
2008 avasaanathode raajyathe baadhicha saambathika prathisandhi, bisinus mekhalakalude nikshepathil kuthane kuravu varuthukayum sarkkar aii. dii. 1ll avatharippicha bajattil sradheyamaaya kuravundaakkukayum cheythu. athinte anantharafalamaayi, 2009ll russiayile aii. tii. vipani ruble adisthaanathil 20 sathamaanathiladhikam kuranju, euroyude kaaryatthil moonnilonnu kuranju. prathyeka vibhagangalil, russian aidi vipaniyude ettavum valia punk ippozhum hardwareinaanu.
russiayile telecommunication vipaniyile pradhana daatta
gathagatham.
russiayile railway gathagatham kooduthalum sarkkar nadathunna russian reyilveyude niyanthranathilaanu. saadhaarana upayogikkunna railway tracukalude motham neelam lokathile moonnaamathe neelamullathum athinekkaal kooduthalumaanu. russiayil ayiram kilometer rodukalundu, athinte rooad saandrata lokathile ettavum thaazhnnathaanu. russiayude ulnaadan jalapathakal lokathile randaamathe neelameriyathum motham dairkhyamullathumaanu. russiayile 1,218 vimaanathavalangalil moscoyile sheremetyevo anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalamaanu ettavum thirakkeriyath.
karinkadalil krasnodar kraayiyile novorosisk thuramukhamaanu russiayile ettavum valia thuramukham. russiayude artic kondinental shelfinte saambathika chooshanathinum vadakkan kadal paathayiloode kadal vyaapaarathinte vikasanathinum munkaiyedukkunna aanavorjamulla aise brakerukal pravarthippikkunna lokathile eaka raajyamaanith.
nirmmaanam.
2009ll russian nirmmaana vyavasaayam oru pathittaandilereyaayi athijeevicha ettavum dushkaramaaya varshamaayirunnu athu. 2010-nte aadya moonnu paadangalil vyavasaayam rekhappeduthiya 0.8 sathamaanam kuravu muun varshathe aii. dii. 1 maandyavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol shradheyamaayi aarogyakaramaayathaayi thonni, koodaathe nirmmaana sthaapanangal muun maasangale apekshichu bhaviyekkurichu kooduthal shubhaapthivishvaasam prakadippichu. ettavum vijayakaramaya nirmmaana sthaapanangal kodikkanakkinu dollar moolyamulla karaarukal avasanippikkukayum jeevanakkaare ettedukkaanum puthiya kettida yanthrangal vaangaanum padhathiyidukayum cheythu. nirmmaana vipaniyil sarkkaarinte praadhaanyam oonnipparayaan maandyam sahayichu.
insurance.
russiayile central baank parayunnathanusarichu 2013 avasaanathode 422 insurance kambanikal russian insurance vipaniyil pravartthikkunnu. 2013 leeii mikacha 10 kambanikal nirbandhitha aarogya insurance (chii) illaathe motham 58.1% preemiyangal eedakkiyathinaal ozhike ellah pradhana vibhaagangalilum insurance bisinasinte kendreekaranam praadhaanyamarhikkunnu. 2013ll russian insurance vipani pravarthanangalil ganyamaaya valarcha rekhappeduthi. 2013ll eedaakkiya motham preemiyangalude thuka (chii illaathe) rubb 904.9 bii. ell. enn aanu (2012 neey apekshichu 11.8% ll vardhana), adacha kleyimukalude motham thuka rubb 420.8 bii. ell. enn aanu (2012 neey apekshichu 13.9% ll vardhana). 2013ll jii. dii. pii anupaathathilekkulla preemiyangal (chii illaathe motham) oru varsham munbu 1.31 aayirunnathine apekshichu <aii. dii. 1> aayi uyarnnu. veettuchelavukalile preemiyangalude vihitam 1.39% aayi uyarnnu. chii illaathe motham maarkkattil adaykkunna kleyimukalude nilavaaram <aii. dii. 2> aanu, ithu 2012 neey apekshichu aparyapthamaaya vardhanavaanu. 2012 neey apekshichu 2013 leeii policykalude ennam 0.01 shathamaanamaayi vardhichu <aii. dii. 1> emm. ell. enn policykalaayi.
russian insurance vipaniyude aapekshika soochakangal prathisandhikk munbulla nilavaaratthilekku madangiyethiyenkilum, purogathi pradhaanamaayum kaivarichathu life inshuransinteyum apakada inshuransinteyum vardhanavaanu, 2013 leeii premium valarchayil eee rund vipani vibhaagangaludeyum inputt vipaniyil avarude vihithathekkal kooduthalaanu. munbatheppole, life inshurans apakada inshurans palappozhum baankukal vaaypakkaarante maranatthilo vaikalyathilo credit veezhchayude apakadasaadhyathayil ninnu kadam kodukkunnavare samrakshikkunna oru credit karaarinte anubandhamaayi upayogikkunnu. 2013ll janasamkhyayude motham vaipa baadyathakal 28 sathamaanam vardhichu 9.9 trilyan roopayaayi uyarnnathinaal eee lainukalude vardhanavu upabhokthru vaaypakalude vardhanavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. athesamayam life inshuransinteyum apakada inshuransinteyum premium tuu jii. dii. pii anupatham anupatham athe nilavaaratthil thanne thudarnnu. athinaal, "banking" bisinesses lineukal ozhivaakkukayaanenkil, russian insurance vipani kazhinja naalu varshamaayi sthambhanaavasthayilaanu, kaaranam 2010 muthal life inshuransinteyum apakada inshuransinteyum premium tuu jii. dii. pii anupatham athe nilavaarathilaanu.
vivarasaankethikavidya.
russian sambadvyavasthayude ettavum chalanathmakamaaya mekhalakalilonnaanu aidi vipani. russian software kayattumathi 2000-ll verum 120 dasalaksham dollaril ninnu 2010-ll 3.3 bilyan dollarayi uyarnnu. 2000-muthal aidi vipani 2006-ll maathram 54 sathamaanam valarchayode oru varsham 30-40% valarchaa nirakk aarambhichu. varumaanathinte kaaryatthil ettavum valia mekhala sisttam, network samyojanamaanu, ithu motham vipani varumaanathinte 28.3% aanu. athesamayam, aidi vipaniyude athivegam valarunna vibhaagam offshore prograaming aanu.
mosco, novosibirsk, nisni novgorod, kaluga, tumen, republic oof tattersthaan, sent. peetarbarg pradeshangal.
2013 juunil oppuvacha oru sarkkar utharavinu keezhil, oru prathyeka "roadmap" gasprom, rosneft, russian railway, rosaattom, traansneft thudangiya valia sarkkar udamasthathayilulla infrastructure kuthakakalude sambharana paripaadikalilekkulla bisinesses vitharanakkaarude praveshanam eluppamaakkumennu prathekshikkunnu. eee kambanikal avarude pravarthanangalil upayogikkunna aabhyanthara saankethika parihaarangalude anupatham vardhippikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. noothana uthppannangaludeyum saankethikavidyakaludeyum vaangalin utharavu prathyeka oonnal nalkunnu. puthiya utharavu prakaram, 2015 aakumbozhekkum sarkkaarumaayi bandhapetta kambanikal 2013 leeii nilavaravumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol russian saankethika parihaarangalude vaangal erattiyaakkanam, koodaathe 2018 aakumbozhekkum avarude vaangal nilavaaram naalirattiyayi vardhikkanam.
raajyathe internettu upayokthaakkalil ninnu russian aasthaanamaayulla serch enchin yandex upayogikkunnathinaal prasakthamaaya vipani vihitam ulla oru aabhyanthara internettu serch enchinulla lokathile churukkam chila rajyangalil onnaanu russia.
abbi (mikacha ooo. sii. aarr sisttavum lingwo nighandukkalum), kaspersky laab (kaspersky aanti-vairas, kaspersky internettu security), meyil ennivayaanu russian aidi kambanikal ennariyappedunnathu.ruu (portal, serch enchin, meyil sevanam, meyil.ruu ejantu messenture, aii. sii. kyu, odnoclasnikki soshyal network, oonlain media uravidangal).
vinodasanjaaram.
oru report anusarichu, lokath ettavumadhikam sandarshikkappedunna pathinaaraamatthe raajyavum 2018 leeii kanakkanusarichu 24.6 dasalaksham sandarshanangalumaayi europil ettavum kooduthal sandarshikkappedunna pathaamatthe rajyavumaanu russia. russia traval aandu tourism malsarakshamatha reportil russia 39-aamm sthaanathaanu. federal ejansi phoor tourism anusarichu, 2019ll rashyayilekkulla videsha pouranmaarude inbound yaathrakalude ennam 24.4 dasalaksham aayirunnu. 2018ll russiayude anthaaraashtra tourism raseethukal 11.6 bilyan dolaraayirunnu. 2020ll raajyathinte motham jii. dii. piyude 4 shathamaanatholam vinodasanjaara mekhalayaanu. russiayile pradhana vinodasanjaara roottukalil purathana nagarangalile golden ring theem roottil ninnulla yaatra, volga polulla valia nadikalile yathrakal, prashastha trans-cyberian reyilveyile yathrakal enniva ulppedunnu. russiayil ettavumadhikam sandarshikkappedunnathum janapriyavumaya landmaarkkukalil redu square, peterhoff kottaram, cassan cremlin, sent kremlinte trinity lavra enniva ulppedunnu. sergius bikel thadaakavum.
saambathika ekeekaranam.
2012 august august russia loka vyapara samghadanayil (dablyu. tii. oo) chernnu.
2012 septambar septambar 2011 october october oppuvacha komanvelthu oof indipendant stetsinte swatantra vyapara karar russiayk vendi praabalyatthil varikayum muun karaarukale marikadakkukayum cheythu. eurasian economic union (iii. eiii. iii. yuu) yude sthaapaka amgamaaya russia vietnaam, iraan, singapur, serbia ennivayumaayulla iii. eiii. iii. yuu vyapara karaarukalil kakshiyaanu. 2018ll, europian union chainayumaayi oru vyapara sahakarana karaaril oppuvachu, india, israel, eejipt ennivayumaayi vyapara charchakal nadathunnundu. europian union munbulla niravadhi karaarukalil russia oru kakshiyaanu. kakshiyaanu iii. eiii. iii. yuu udambadi muun ekeekarana karaarukale marikadakkukayum oru saambathika union (saambathika samyojanathinte ettavum aazhameriya ghattam) vibhavanam cheyyukayum cheythu. varkk permitt illaathe charakkukal, sevanangal, mooladhanam, thozhil ennivayude swatantra sanjaaram (europian yooniyanilennapole "naalu saambathika swaathanthryangal"), udambadiyum anthaaraashtra karaarukalum nirnnayikkunna mekhalakalil ekopithavum yojichathum eaka nayavum pinthudarunnathinu iii. eiii. iii. yuu. nalkunnu. eurasian kasttams union 183 dasalaksham aalukalude samyojitha single markkattum iyyoovinundu.
videsha vyapaaravum nikshepavum.
vyapaaram.
2013ll russia 15.8 bilyan dollar vyapara micham rekhappeduthi. russiayile vyapara balance russiayude central baank report cheiyunnu. charitraparamaayi, 1997 muthal 2013 vare, russian vyapara balance 2011 desemberil ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nirakkaya 20647 dasalaksham dollarilum 1998 februvariyil-185 dasalaksham dollarilum ethi. russia saadhaarana vyapara micham pradhaanamaayum charakkukalude kayattumathi moolamaanu nadathunnathu.
2015ll russiayude pradhana kayattumathi enna, prakrithivaathakam (motham kayattumathiyude aii. dii. 1), ayirukalum lohangalum (5.9%), raasa uthppannangal (5.8%), yanthrangalum gathagatha upakaranangalum (5.4%), bhakshanam (4.7%) ennivayaanu. kaarshika asamskritha vasthukkal (2.2%), thunitharangal (0.2%) ennivayaanu mattullava.
russia bhakshanam, graundu transport, farmaceuticals, tekstail, paadarakshakal enniva irakkumathi cheiyunnu. chaina (motham kayattumathiyude 7 sathamaanavum irakkumathiyude 10 sathamaanavum), jarmmani (kayattumathiyude 7 sathamaanavum irakkumathiyude 8 sathamaanavum), itali ennivayaanu pradhana vyapara pankaalikal. russian vyapara santhulithaavasthayekkurichaavuri charitraparamaaya vivarangalulla oru chart eee pejil ulppedunnu. russiayile kayattumathi 2012 desemberile 48568 dasalaksham dollaril ninnu 2013 januvariyil 39038 dasalaksham dollarayi kuranju. russiayile kayattumathi russiayude central baank report cheiyunnu. charitraparamaayi, 1994 muthal 2013 vare russiayude kayattumathi sharashari yuu. ezz. dollar aayirunnu, 2011 desemberil ithu ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nirakkaya 51338 dasalaksham dolaraayirunnu, 1994 januvariyil ithu 4087 dasalaksham dollarinte record thaazhnna nilayilaayirunnu. lokathile 16-aamathe valia kayattumathi sambadvyavasthayaanu russia (2016), ennayudeyum prakruthivaathakathinteyum munnira kayattumathikkaraanu. russiayil, sambadvyavasthayude ettavum valia mekhalayaanu sevanangal, ithu gdpyude 58 sathamaanamaanu. motha, chillara vyapaaram, motor vahanangal, motor cycleukal, vyakthigatha, gaarhika vasthukkal ennivayude attakuttappanikal (motham gdpyude 17 sathamaanam), pothubharanam, aarogyam, vidyaabhyaasam (12 sathamaanam), riyal estettu (9 sathamaanam), gathagatha sambharanavum ashayavinimayavum (7 sathamaanam) ennivayaanu sevanangalil ettavum pradhanappetta vibhagangal. motham uthppaadanathil 40 sathamaanam sambhavana cheiyunnathu vyavasaayamaan. khananam (jii. dii. piyude 11 sathamaanam), uthppaadanam (13 sathamaanam), nirmmaanam (4 sathamaanam) ennivayaanu ettavum pradhanappetta vyavasaya vibhagangal. backie 2 sathamaanam kaarshikamekhalayaanu. russiayude kayattumathiyekkurichulla charitraparamaaya vivarangalulla oru chart eee pejil ulppedunnu. russiayile irakkumathi 2012 desemberile 31436 dasalaksham dollaril ninnu 2013 januvariyil 21296 dasalaksham dollarayi kuranju. russiayile irakkumathi russiayude central baank report cheiyunnu. charitraparamaayi, 1994 muthal 2013 vare russiayude irakkumathi sharashari yuu. ezz. dollar aayirunnu, 2012 octoberil ithu ekkaalatheyum uyarnna nirakkaya yuu. ezz. dollaraya 3,1553 milyan dolaraayirunnu, 1999 januvariyil ithu 2691 milyan dolaraayirunnu. russiayude pradhana irakkumathi bhakshanavum (motham irakkumathiyude 13 sathamaanam) bhoogarbha gathagathavumaanu (12 sathamaanam). farmaceuticals, tekstail, paadarakshakal, plaastik, opttikkal upakaranangal ennivayaanu mattullava. chaina (motham irakkumathiyude 10 sathamaanam), jarmmani (8 sathamaanam) ennivayaanu pradhana irakkumathi pankaalikal. itali, france, jappan, america ennivayaanu mattullava. russian irakkumathiyekkurichulla charitraparamaaya vivarangalulla oru chart eee pejil ulppedunnu.
russiayude videsha vyapaaram-russian kayattumathiyum irakkumathiyum
2005-nte aadya pakuthiyil videsha vyapaaram 34 sathamaanam uyarnnu $1 bilyan dollarilethi, pradhaanamaayum enna, vathaka vilayile vardhanavu moolamaanu ithu ippol moolyathinte 64 sathamaanamaanu. cis rajyangalumaayulla vyapaaram 23.3 bilyan dollarayi uyarnnu. europian union roopangalaaya aii. dii. 1, sii. aii. ezz. aii. dii. 3, eurasian saambathika samooham 7.8%, eshya-pasaphik saambathika sahakaranm aii. dii. 2 ennivayumaayulla vyapaaram.
2013-.
2017ll russian federationte motham kayattumathiyudeyum irakkumathiyudeyum vaanijya sevanangalude oharikal yathaakramam 13.9%, 26.8% ennivayaayirunnu. 2017ll russian federationte trade-tuu-jii. dii. pii anupatham <aii. dii. 2> aayirunnu. <aii. dii. 1> ll russiayk charakkukalk vyapara michavum sevanagalkk vyapara kammi undaayirunnu. charakkukalude vyapaaram sevanangalude vyaapaarathekkaal valuthayathinaal russiayk ganyamaaya vyapara michamundaayirunnu. russian sambadvyavasthaykku vyapaaram thaarathamyena pradhaanamaann russiayude charakk vyaapaarathinteyum (kayattumathiyum irakkumathiyum) gdpyudeyum anupatham sameepa varshangalil sharashari 40 sathamaanamaanu, amerikkayude 20 shathamaanavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol. 2021ll loka charakk kayattumathikkaril russia 13-aamm sthaanathum irakkumathikkaaril 22-aamm sthaanathumaanu. russian audyogika srothassukal prakaram, athinte charakk kayattumathi
2021ll motham 492 bilyan dollar, dollar apekshichu 46 sathamaanam vardhichu (panapperuppavumaayi poruthappedunnilla). eee kayattumathiyude 45 sathamaanavum enna, vaathakam ennivayulppedeyulla daathukkalaanu. 2021ll charakkukalude irakkumathi 27 sathamaanam uyarnnu $294 bilyan aayi. yanthrangalum mechanical upakaranangalumayirunnu ettavum kooduthal irakkumathi cheytha inam.
russiayude charakk irakkumathiyude ekadesham moonnilonnu varum ithu. sevana vyaapaarathil loka kayattumathikkaril russia 26-aamm sthaanathaanu.
2020ll irakkumathikkaaril 19-aamm sthaanathum, ettavum adutha varshamaan daatta ullathu. ithu oru motham sevana irakkumathikkaaranum kayattumathikkaaranumaayirunu.
$49 bilyan dollar moolyamulla sevanangalum 76 bilyan dollar irakkumathi cheiyunnathum. 
locabank parayunnathanusarichu, 2021ll russian motha aabhyanthara ulppaadanathinte (jii. dii. pii) aii. dii. dii charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum irakkumathi kaivashappedutthi.
 russiayude gdpyude 30.9% ulkkollunna charakkukaludeyum sevanangaludeyum kayattumathiyum. russiayk trade-tuu-jii. dii. pii anupatham (vyapara thuranna manass) <aii. dii. 1>% undu.
ithu raajyangalude saraashariyekkaal kuravaanu. 2022 desemberil baank oof russiayude research aandu forkasting departmentile oru saambathika shaasthranjan nadatthiya oru padanatthil russian sambadvyavasthayude irakkumathi aashrithathvam thaarathamyena kuravaanennum mattu raajyangalude sharashariye kaviyunnillennum mikka vyavasaayangalileyum irakkumathiyude vihitam mattu raajyangale apekshichu kuravaanennum kandethi. aagola moolya vitharana shringalakalil russian sambadvyavasthayude kuranja pankaalitthavum asamskritha vasthukkalude ulppaadanathil shradha kendreekarikkunnathum ithinu pradhana vishadeekaranamaakaam. ennirunnaalum, russiayude irakkumathiyude 60 sathamaanavum rashyaykkethire uparodham prakhyaapicha rajyangalil ninnaan varunnath.
layanavum ettedukkalukalum.
ettedukkalukalum 1985num idayil ekadesham 28,500 layanangalo ettedukkalukalo russiayil prakhyaapichittundu. ithu ekadesham 984 billinte mothatthilulla moolyathilekku kumyulett cheiyunnu. yuu. ezz. dii. ennathu <aii. dii. 1> bill ennaanu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu. rabbu cheyyuka. moolyathinte kaaryatthil, 158 billumayi 2007 aanu ettavum sajeevamaaya varsham. usd, athesamayam edapaadukalude ennam 2010 ll 3,684 aayi uyarnnu (2007 leeii moolya record varshavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 964). 2010 muthal moolyavum samkhyakalum nirantharam kurayukayum m & a-yude mattoru tharamgam pratheekshikkukayum cheiyunnu.
russiayilo purattho ulla mikka edapaadukalum saambathika mekhalayilum (29 sathamaanam) baankukalilum (8.6 sathamaanam) enna, vaathakathilum (7.8 sathamaanam) loha, khananathilum (7.2 sathamaanam) nadannittundu.
mill edapaadinte moolyam anusarichu rank cheytha russian kambanikalumaayulla mikacha edapaadukalude pattika ivideyundu. yuu. ezz. dii
aadya 10 edapaadukalil bhooribhaagavum russian enna, vathaka mekhalayilaanu, thudarnnu lohangalum khananavum.

