
vaanijya kadaltheera diving

vaanijyaparamaaya offshore diving, chilappol verum offshore diving ennu churukkipparayunnu, saadhaaranayaayi vaanijya divinginte shaakhaye soochippikkunnu, yunaittad stetsile gulf oof meksikoo, yunaittad kingdatthileyum norwayileyum vadakkan kadal, brazeel theeram thudangiya sthalangalil enna, vathaka vyavasaayathinte paryaveshana, ulppaadana mekhalaye pinthunaykkunna mungal vidagdhar pravartthikkunnu. vyavasaayathinte eee mekhalayile pravarthanangalil enna plaattphomukalude paripalanavum underwater gadanakalude nirmmanavum ulppedunnu. eee pashchaathalatthil "" deseeya athirthikalkku purathaanu diving cheiyunnathu ennu soochippikkunnu. saankethikamaayi ithu deseeya niyamanirmmanam baadhakamallaatha oru samsthaanathinte praadeshika jalathinu purathulla anthaaraashtra kadaltheera jalathil nadathunna eathoru divingineyum soochippikkunnu. mikka vaanijya kadaltheera diving oru samsthaanathinte prathyeka saambathika mekhalayilaanu, athinte bhooribhaagavum praadeshika jalathinu purathaanu. eesinu appurathulla kadaltheera diving sambhavikkunnu, ithu palappozhum shaasthreeya aavasyangalkkaanu.
vaanijyaparamaaya offshore divinginu upayogikkunna upakaranangal uparithala vitharanam cheiyunna upakaranangalaanenkilum ithu jolic sthalathinum anusarichu vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, meksikoo ulkkadalile mungal vidagdhar vetsoottukal upayogichekkaam, athesamayam vadakkan kadal mungal vidagtharkku vellathinte kuranja thaapanila kaaranam dry syoottukalo chooduvella syoottukalo polum aavasyamaanu.
samudratheerathe enna, vathaka vyavasaayangale pinthunaykkunnathinulla diving jolikal saadhaaranayaayi karar adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
aazhathilulla pala kadaltheera saittukalilum thaazhathe jolikkulla staanderd pariseelanamaanu saachureshan diving, ithu mungal vidagthante samayam kooduthal phalapradamaayi upayogikkaan anuvadikkukayum athesamayam decompression rogathinte apakadasaadhyatha kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu. aazhamillaatha vellathilaanu uparithalathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla eyar diving kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath.
joliyude vyaapthi.
samudratheerathe mungal vidagthan samudratheerathe thurankam allengil uthppaadanathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi vaividhyamaarnna jolikal cheythekkaam.
drilling rigg pinthuna.
phloo-outtu preventerukaludeyum (bops) avayude sthiramaaya guide baseukaludeyum parisodhana, paripalanam, attakuttappanikal ennivayaanu kadaltheerathe kadaltheera diving jolikalude bhooribhaagavum. kinattilekku nalla draavakam parimithappedutthuka, kinattilekku draavakam cherkkaan oru maargam nalkuka, kinattil ninnu niyantritha alavil draavakam pinvalikkaan anuvadikkuka ennivayaanu oru blow-outtu preventer sisttathinte praadhamika pravartthanangal. guide basilake bloaut preventer staakkine (bopu staakk) nayikkunnathinulla sahayam, bopu staakkinte parisodhana, kanakshanukal parisodhikkal, hydrolic, mechanical, electrical sisttangalude thakaraarukal pariharikkal, riginte aankarukalude parisodhana enniva dive varkkil ulppedunnu.
production plaattphom pinthuna.
jalathinte aazham, prathekshikkunna kadal saahacharyangal, mattu parimithikal ennivaykku anusrithamaayi thiranjedukkunna vaividhyamaarnna ulppaadana plaattfomukalundu. diving jolikal vishadaamshangale ashrayichirikkum, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi ghadana, kinarukal, maanifoldukal, raisarukal, anubandha pipe lineukal, mooring samvidaanangal ennivayude parisodhana, paripalanam, attakuttappanikal enniva ulppedum.
diverse maraine raisarukalil (oru uparithala soukaryathilekku oru sabsia oayil kinner vyaapippikkunna kuzhalukal) pravartthikkaam, aazham diving paridhikkullil aanenkil ellah ulppaadana rigg tharangalilum bloaut prathirodha staakkukal. aazhavum dairkhyavum anusarichu jolie uparithalathe adisthaanamaakkiyullatho saturationilo aakam.
kadaltheerathu nilkkunna jacq-upp rigukalil aazham thaarathamyena aazhamillathathum 90 meettaril thaazhe aazhathil parimithappeduthiyullam. divinginte bhooribhaagavum vaayuvilaayirikkam. diving jolikalil jacq-upp cheiyunnathinu munbu kadaltheeram parisodhikkuka, kaalukalude thulachukayatta aazham alakkuka, kadaltheerathu vishramikkunna kaalukalkk chuttumulla skaur nireekshikkukayum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheyyuka, riginte underwater gadanaaparamaaya gadakangalude parisodhanayum attakuttappanikalum, aankar vinyaasathinteyum veendedukkalinteyum pinthuna enniva ulppedaam.
ardha-mungikkappalukal kooduthalum thaarathamyena aazhathilulla aazhathil pravartthikkunnu, koodaathe thaazhathe jolikal saturationilum heliox upayogikkunnathilum aayirikkanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. vaayuvil pravartthikkaan saadhyathayulla aazhamillaatha jolikalum undu thrasttarukal, pondoonukal, riginte bakkiyulla underwater ghadana ennivayude parisodhana, aavashyamullappol attakuttappanikal.
welheads.
kinattil ninnulla ennayudeyo vaathakathinteyo uthppaadanam kinarukal niyanthrikkunnu, ithu jala kuthivayppinaayi upayogikkaam. kadaltheerathe kinner aavaranathinte mukal end pooyintaaya ulppaadana guide besukalilaanu avaa gadippichirikkunnathu. oru kinarinte thalaye oru sabsia maanifoldumaayi nerittu bandhippikkam allengil mattu kinarukal vazhi parokshamaayi bandhippikkam, avaa sabsia template ennu vilikkunna grouppukalaayi krameekarikkaam. kinarukaludeyum maanifoldukaludeyum mikka diving jolikalum instaaleshanum attakuttappanikalumaan.
palatharatthil.
kinarukalil ninnu adutha lakshyasthaanathekkulla uthppannathinte ozhukk niyantrikkunnathinaayi pipe lainukalum kinarukalilekkulla kanakshanukalum bandhippichirikkunna kadaltheerathu gadippichirikkunna gadanakalaanu sabsee maanifoldukal. avayil vaalvukalum vaalvukalude niyanthrana samvidaanangalum ulppedum, diving jolikalil kooduthalum parisodhanayum attakuttappanikalum ulppedunnu, ennaal instaaleshanum attakuttappanikalum puthiya kinarukalil bandhippikkunnathum ulppedaam.
pipeline pravartthanangal.
valia alavil offshore diving jolikal pipeline jolikalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, prathyekichu pipeline kanakshanukalumaayi. aazham aazham muthal aazham vare aakam, nadapadikramangalum diving mode anuyojyamaayi thiranjedukkum. pipe idunnathum kuzhikalum, nilavilulla pipe lainukaludeyum anubandha upakaranangaludeyum pravartthanangal enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
pipelay baarjukal.
pipe linelake pipe vibhagangal weld cheyth antarvaahini pipe lineukal sthaapikkaanum joyint parisodhikkaanum pooshanum, paippine nayikkukayum baarjinte (overbend) avasaanathilulla vakram niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunna stinger enna projecting supporting gadanaykku mukaliloode kootticherttha bhagam kadaltheerathekku thaazhthaanum pipelay barj allengil leeii barj upayogikkunnu. pipe kadaltheerathe sameepikkumbol, pipe thaazhekku sanbarkkam pularthunnathinu munbu oru convex-downward karvu (sagbend) edukkunnu. kappalil ninnu prayogikkunna pirimurukkavum pipelinil ninnu thaazheyulla nankoorangal vare prayogikkunna pirimurukkam vazhiyum wagbend niyanthrikkappedunnu, ithu barj athine sthaanathuninnu valichidunnathil ninnu thadayunnu.
leeii baarjukalile diving jolikalil stingeril aazhamillaatha parisodhanayum attakuttappanikalum pipe, pipe line kanakshanukalumaayi bandhapetta adiyil aazhathilulla jolikalum ulppedunnu. aazhamillaatha jolikal saadhaaranayaayi vaayuvilaanu, athil stinger parisodhana, pipe line sugamamayi pravartthikkunnundo ennum stinger vidunnathinu munbu kedupaadukal sambhavichittille ennum parisodhikkuka, pipe traansit nireekshikkunnathinaayi sii. sii. tii. vii camerakal sthaapikkukayum parisodhikkukayum cheyyuka, stinger boyancy sisttathil maanuval vaalvukal pravartthippikkuka, mooring sisttathil pravartthikkuka enniva ulppedaam. aazhathilulla jolikal aazhathin anuyojyamaaya shwasana vaathakam upayogikkum, koodaathe paippinteyum coatinginteyum avastha parisodhikkuka, pinthunaykkaayi grautt bagging long spaanukal, flanchukalude kanakshan, boult tensioning, hyperbarric welding, attaachment, pigging upakaranangalude pravartthanavum neekkamcheyyalum, attaachment, nirantharamaaya tension vayarukal neekkam cheyyal, neekkuka enniva ulppedaam.
pipeline sthiratha.
kadaltheerathu oru pipeline sthirappeduthaan niravadhi vazhikalundu, avayil mikkathilum mungal edapedal aavasyamaanu. pipeline thookkaan konkreett methakal upayogikkunnu, prathyekichu valayangalil, pakshe substrate sthirappeduthunnathinu paippin keezhil sthaapikkaam. manal sthirappeduthaanaanu pradhaanamaayum frond methakal upayogikkunnathu, avaa saadhaaranayaayi adiyil nankooramidunnu. manal baagukalum charal baagukalum skaur thadayaan sahayikkunnu, koodaathe pipe praadeshika nyoonathayil vyaapikkunna pradeshangale pinthunaykkaan ithu upayogikkaam. trenching pipeline aisberg gogging, troll valakal, ankerukal ennivayil ninnu nilavile, baahya lodukalil ninnu samrakshikkunnu, koodaathe koombaarangalaal sthithicheyyumbozho substratilekku grautt cheiyumbozho saddles, graundu ankerukal ennivaykku pipeline parshwa chalanatthil ninnu samrakshikkaan kazhiyum. eee enangal vinyasikkunnathin saadhaaranayaayi placement niyanthrikkunnathin mungal inputt aavasyamaanu, koodaathe mungal vidagthan sandbagukal polulla gadakangal shaareerikamaayi neekkendathundu.
trunching baarjukal.
kadaltheerathu oru kuzhiye samrakshikkunnathinum sthirappeduthunnathinuma pipelino cabillo vendi khananam cheyyaan trunching baarjukal upayogikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi samudranirappile jalathinte swaabhaavika pravarthanatthinu infilling vidunnu. vellam, airlift, mechanical plau samvidaanangal enniva upayogichu vasthukkal neekkam cheyth trunch roopappeduthaavunna oru sled upayogichaanu yadhaartha khananam nadathunnathu. pipeline sthaanathu ethiya sesham nayikkaan pipeline upayogichu sled valichaan ithu saadhaaranayaayi cheiyunnathu. pipeline keezhil kramena khananam cheytha eee kuzhal roopappedumbol athilekku veezhunnu. trenching baarjinte chalanam saadhaaranayaayi niyanthrikkunnath forwade aankarukalil kayarukayum stern ankerukal thaazhthukayum cheythaanu, avaa idaykkide oru sarvees kappal neekkum. pipeline tranchinteyum parisodhana, baadhakamaaya alavu, sled sajjeekarikkal, trunching pravartthana samayat undakaanidayulla prasnangal kaikaaryam cheyyal enniva diving jolikalil ulppedaam.
bandhangal.
oru plaattphom raisarilekku oru pipeline bandhippikkal, welhead, manifold allengil end allengil tea kanakshan vazhi mattoru pipeline, vaalvukal ulppeduthal, single pooyint mooringukalil vazhakkamulla hosukalilekkulla kanakshan enniva kanakshanukalil ulppedaam. connectucheyyenda gadakangalude alavum survey, parisodhana, vinyaasam, uparithala thayyaareduppu, gaskettukaludeyum bolttukaludeyum phitting, bolttukalude tensioning, parisodhana enniva ulppede velducheythathum flang cheythathumaaya kanakshanukal enniva eee joliyil ulppedaam. vichedikkunnathum aavashyamaayi vannekkaam, athil vibhajanam, murikkal, kathikkal enniva ulppedaam. welding aavashyamullappol pipeline chuttum oru hyperbarric welding chamber gadippikkaam, angane welding nanaykkunnathinupakaram nishkriya vathaka anthareekshathil cheyyaan kazhiyum, kaaranam ithu veldinte gunanilavaaram mechappeduthunnu. saahacharyangale aashrayich, veldarinu akathu pravartthikkaan kazhiyunnathra valuppamulla arayayirikkaam, ennaal arra aazhathil praveshikkendathum anthareeksha sammarddathilaayathum aayathinal, jolie oru mungal vidagthan cheyyanam.
pipeline parisodhana.
mungal vidagtharo allengil vidooramaayi pravartthikkunna vaahanangalo (arovs) aanu pipeline parisodhana nadathunnathu. udamakal, saakshyappeduthunna adhikaarikal, insurance kambanikal, sarkkar vakuppukal ennivar parisodhana aavasyakathakal nischayikkukayum niravadhi jolikal vyakthamaakkukayum cheyyaam. pipeline sthiratha, kedupaadukal, fouling ennivaykkulla parisodhana ithil ulppedunnu, parisodhana saadhaaranayaayi veediyoyil oru running kamantariyum vishadaamshangalkkaayi nischala photography upayogichu record cheiyunnu. naashanashtangal alakkukayum sthaanavum vyapthiyum rekhappeduthukayum cheyyum. attakuttappanikal saadhaaranayaayi mungal vidagdhar cheyyum.
pigging.
oru paippinte borylake aduthu cherukayum pipeline akathu oru presher deferential upayogichu oodikkukayum prathyekamaayi roopakalppana cheytha oru prathyeka jolie nirvahikkaan upayogikkukayum cheiyunna oru upakaranamaan panni. booar parishodhikkunnathino nikshepangal, avashishtangal allengil nashana uthppannangal enniva polikkunnathino allengil rund vyathyastha uthppanna baachukal verthirikkunnathino aanu pigging nadathunnathu. praveshana pooyint vellathinadiyilaayirikku pannikale ulppeduthunnathino neekkam cheiyunnathino ulla pipelinil mungal vidagdhar praveshikkanam. mungal vidagthanu presher hoose, thurakkunnathum adaykkunnathumaaya vaalvukal, panni paast indikkettar steshanukalude purogathi enniva bandhippikkanum kazhiyum. poornnamaayum thuranna gettiloodeyum booal vaalvukaliloodeyum vrithaakrithiyilulla valayangaliloodeyum kadannupokaan roopakalppana cheythittullavayaanu pannikal, ennaal vilapeshaavunna valavu aaram panniyude roopakalppanaye aasrayichirikkunnu.
single pooyint mooring samvidaanangal.
petroleum uthppannangal tankerukalilekku kayattunnathinum irakkunnathinumulla oru soukaryamaanu single pooyint allengil single booy mooring sisttam, avaa villukondu maathram avaye adaykkunnu. pipeline tankerinum idayil uthppannangal kaimaran onno rando flexible hoose upayogikkunnu. oru ulppaadana plaattphom vazhi ennappaadathil ninnu enna edukkaan aazhathilulla vellathilum, oru ennappaadathil ninno refineryil ninno asamskritha ennayo enna uthppannangalo kayattumathi cheyyaano irakkumathi cheyyaano aazhamillaatha vellathilum oru ezz. pii. emm upayogikkaam, saadhaaranayaayi oru sambharana soukaryathiloode. single pooyint mooring konfigareshanukalude oru shreni upayogathilundu, koodaathe ellaatharam instaaleshan, maintainance, inspection jolikal enniva saadhaaranayaayi mungal vidagtharaanu cheiyunnathu. pipeline end manifold (plem) sthaapikkukayum antarvaahini pipelineukalumaayi bandhippikkukayum cheyyuka, aankar cheyinukal sthaapikkuka, cheyin aamgilukal parisodhikkukayum krameekarikkukayum cheyyuka, pleminum boykkum idayil antarvaahini hoose sthaapikkuka, kappalukalude mooring sisttam sthaapikkuka, sabsia vaalvukal pravartthippikkuka enniva ithil ulppedaam. vinchukaludeyum kreyinukaludeyum upayogam, tirforukal, cheyin hosttukal, stropukal, sprederukal ennivayude upayogam, flanking, renchukal, chuttikakalum gaskettukalum upayogikkuka, ooksi-arck kathikkal, welding enniva ulppedunna rigging enniva eee joliyil ulppedaan saadhyathayund.
diving upakaranangal.
kadaltheera jolikalkkaayi upayogikkunna diving upakaranangal thiranjedukkunnathu jolikal sugamamaakkunnathinaan, athesamayam ulppettirikkunna udyogasthare sveekaaryamaaya kuranja apakadasaadhyathaykk vidheyaraakkunnu. nyayamaayum praayogikamaakumbol, vidooramaayi pravartthikkunna underwater vaahanangalude upayogamaanu mungal vidagtharkku mungal apakadangal undaakkunnath ozhivakkunnathinaal mungal vidagtharkku mungal ozhivakkaan kazhiyunnath.
mungal vidagtharude edapedal maathramaan labhyamaya eaka badal enna nilayil vellathinadiyil ippozhum valia thothilulla jolikal nadakkunnundu.
uparithala ooriyantad diving.
aazhamillaatha samudrathira divinginte bhooribhaagavum nadathunnathu mungal vidagtharaanu, avar vaayuvil dive cheyyukayum thudarnnu vellathil ninnu purathukadakkukayum cheiyunnu, vellathil aavashyamaaya eathenkilum decompression allengil oru arayil uparithala decompression nadathunnu. shwasana vaayu nalkunnathinu kuranja mardhamullah compressor upayogichu uparithalathil vitharanam cheiyunna diving upakaranangalilo allengil dive bottile uyarnna mardhamullah sambharana silindarukalil ninnu shwasana vaayu vitharanam cheiyunna uparithalathil vitharanam cheiyunna divinginte kooduthal mobail roopamaaya scooba replacementilo aanu eee diving nadathunnathu. chila oopparettarmaar chila jolikalkkaayi scooba upayogichekkaam, pakshe ithu aii. emm. sii. eiii offshore jolikalkku anuyojyamaayi kanakkakkunnilla.
saachureshan diving.
uthppaadanakshamatha mechappeduthunnathino mungal vidagtharkkulla mothatthilulla apakadasaadhyatha kuraykkunnathinulla oru maargamaan saachureshan diving. saambathikamaayi apakadasaadhyatha niyanthrikkunnathinulla valare chelaveriyathum apakadakaravum haitek maarggavumaan ithu. mungal vidagthanu decompressingle chelavazhikkunna samayathinaayi ulppaadanakshamamaayi jolie cheyyaan kazhiyunna samayathinte alavu kondu eee prathyaksha vairudhyam vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum.
decompression aavashyamaaya samayam exposure marddatheyum dairkhyatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu, ennaal mungalkkaaran aaa aazhathil nishkriya vaathakam kondu poorithamaakumbol athu oru nischitha aazhathil paramavadhi athunnu.
decompression samayat decompression rogathinulla saadhyathayund, ithu pothuvaayi paranjaal, kooduthal pathukke decompress cheiyunnathiloode kuraykkunnu. inn-vaattar decompression thaarathamyena hraswakaalathekku maathrame sahikkaan kazhiyoo, kaaranam ithu mungalkkaarane mattu apakadangalkk vidheyamaakkunnu, avayil chilath dairkhyathinu aanupaathikamaanu, athinaal oru dry chembarile decompressionaanu munganana. apakadangal kooduthal kuraykkunnathinu, decompression samayat chembar vellathil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyumennathinaal chembaril sammarddam cheluthanam. vinyaasachelav kuraykkunnathinu eee chamber nyayamaayum cheruthayirikkanam, athinaal mungal vidagthare uparithala plaattphomile kooduthal vishalavum sukhakaravumaaya oru arayilekku maattunnath oru nettamaanu, ithu aadyathe mungal vidagdhar decompress cheyyumbol adutha shifttinaayi munny upayogikkaan anuvadikkunnu.
ithuvare vivarichirikkunna nadapadikramam bell bounce diving ennariyappedunnu, aazhathil chelavazhikkunna samayam thaarathamyena kuravaayirikkunna jolikkaanu ithu upayogikkunnathu. decompress cheiyunna samayam shifttukalkkidayilulla samayathe kaviyumbol, mungalkkaaran vellathinadiyil kooduthal labhakaramaayi jolie cheyyum, mungalkkaaran decompress cheiyunnillenkil chamberile samayam apakadasaadhyatha kuravaayirikkum, athinaal oru valia settu arakal upayogikkaam, athil mungalkkaar vellathinadiyile varksaittil anubavikkunna athe sammarddathil oof-shift samayam chelavazhikkunnu. joliyude avasaanathil avayellaam pathukke orumichu decompress cheyyappedunnu, pakshe decompressionile motham samayam kurayunnu. ithu chelavu kuranjathum jolisthalathu ore samayam bounce divinginekkaal mungal vidagtharkku decompression rogathinulla saadhyatha kuravumaanu.
saachureshan diverse upayogikkunna vyakthigatha diving upakaranangal uparithala vitharanam cheiyunna diverse upayogikkunnathinu samaanamaan, clossed bell, saachureshan sisttam enniva cherkkunnu. kooduthal aazhathilulla daivukalum healium adisthaanamaakkiyulla shwasana vaathakangalum saachureshan diverine kooduthal choodu nashtatthilekku thurannukaattunnu, athinaal chooduvella syoottukal upayogikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund, heeliyathinte vila shwasana vathaka veendedukkal samvidaanangal upayogikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. puranthallunna vaathakam punarupayogatthinaayi uparithalathilekku thirike athikkunna samvidaanangalaaniva.
diving support kappalukal.
offshore diving oru nischala plaattphomil ninno diving support kappalil ninno aakam. live boat diving mungalkkaarane thrasttarukaludeyum propellerukaludeyum adhika apakadangalkk vidheyamaakkunnathinaal mikka diving moord allengil nankooramitta kappalukalil ninnaan. chalanathmakamaayi sthaapichirikkunna kappalukalil ninnu diving cheyyumbol prathyeka munkaruthalukal aavasyamaanu. scooba replacement upayogichu oru dive teamine pinthunaykkaan kazhivulla cheria bottukal muthal poornna saachureshan samvidaanangal, lonch, recovery samvidaanangal, hevi lifting gear ennivayulla valia support kappalukal vare kappalinte valuppathil vyathyaasappedaam.
moonpoolukal.
chila diving support kappalukalkk mungal vidagtharude vinyaasam sugamamaakkunnathin moonpool ennu vilikkunna oru thurassaaya dwaaram undu. ithu saadhaaranayaayi kadaltheerathu ettavum kuranja lamba chalanamulla kappalinte bhagamaanu, ithu maniyo stejo vikshepikkunnathum veendedukkunnathum eluppamaakkukayum mungal vidagtharkku surakshithavum kooduthal sukhakaravumaakkukayum cheiyunnu.
chalanathmakamaayi sthaapichirikkunna kappalukalil ninnu diving.
thrasttarukaludeyum propellerukaludeyum computer niyantritha pravartthanatthiloode oru sthaanam nilanirthaanum nayikkanum kazhiyunna kappalukalaanu chalanathmakamaayi sthaapichirikkunna kappalukal (dpv). pala kesukalilum diving pravarthanangalkkulla oru plaattfomaayi upayogikkaan ithu krithyamaayi cheyyaan kazhiyum, ennaal eee diving reethiyumaayi bandhapetta prathyeka apakadangalundu. upagrahangalum oru bhouma bays steshanum upayogichu taatt vayar, radar uparithala steshanukal (artemis), seabed acoostic traanspondarukal (hydracoustic position reference) allengil deferential global positioning sisttam enniva ulppedunna reference sisttangal vazhi kappal niyanthrana samvidaanam athinte sthaanam nireekshikkunnu. internaashanal maraine contractors association (aii. emm. sii. eiii) maargganirddeshathinu sthaanam nashtappedaanulla saadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu, dii. pii. vii diving pravarthanangalkkaayi kuranjathu rund vyathyastha tharatthilulla moonnu swatantra referencing samvidaanangalenkilum aavasyamaanu. kappalinte chalanatthinte vyaapthiyaan dipi kaalppaadukal, ithu mungal vidagtharude surakshaykk parimithamaanu. sthaanam nilanirthaanulla kappalinte nilavile sheshi soochippikkunnathinu diving teaminu moonnu alert levelukal nalkiyittundu. diving jolie cheyyaan kazhiyunna saadhaarana nilaye pacha soochippikkunnu, manja bhaagikamaayi tharamthaazhthappetta avasthaye soochippikkunnu, avide mungal vidagthare maniyilekku thirichuvilikkum, chuvapp adiyanthira nilaye soochippikkunnu, avide dive nirthalaakkum. dii. pii. vii. divinginte prathyeka apakadangalil sthaanam nashtappedunnathum thrasttar apakadangalum ulppedunnu. mungal vidagdhar thrasttarukaludeyum propellerukaludeyum apakadamekhalakalilekku praveshikkunnathu thadayaan prathyeka munkaruthalukal edukkunnu. pokkilinte neelam parimithappeduthunnathum mattu shaareerika niyanthranangalum ithil ulppedunnu.
diving pravartthanangalude niyanthranavum niyanthranavum.
kadaltheera diving reethikal thathwathil inshore diving reethikalkku samaanamaan, pakshe upakaranagalkkum paristhithikkum prathyekamaaya reethikal ulppeduthunnathinaayi vipuleekarikkunnu.
udyogasthar.
diving pravartthanatthinte nerittullathum udanadi niyanthranathilullathumaaya yogyathayulla oru diving supervisore undaayirikkunnathinulla saadhaarana vaanijya diving maanejment samvidaanavum offshore jolikalkku saadhaaranamaanu. oppitta ellah kararukaarkkum amgeekarikkappedukayum upayogikkukayum cheiyunna offshore eyar, saachureshan diving supervisormaarude certificationulla oru samvidaanam aii. emm. sii. eiii. yilundu. eee samvidaanam mikka offshore diving pravarthanangaleyum prathinidheekarikkunnu, pakshe vishadaamshangal vyathyaasappedaam.
oru pradhana diving projectilo offshore instaaleshanilo oru diving suuprand staafum undayirikkaam. diving contractor niyamikkunna oru muthirnna diving supervisoraanu diving suuprand, koodaathe diving joliyude mothatthilulla aasoothranathinum nadathippinum utharavaadiyaanu, koodaathe oro diving pravartthanatthinum oru diving supervisore anuvadikkunnathinulla utharavaadithavum addehathinundaakum.
oru saachureshan samvidaanam oru life support supervisor kaikaaryam cheyyukayum life support technicianmaar (ell. ezz. tii. ezz) pravarthippikkukayum cheyyum, koodaathe saadhaaranayaayi onno athiladhikamo diving medical technicianmaar (dii. emm. tii. ezz) saittil undaayirikkum, koodaathe diving medisinil pariseelanam nediyathum hyperbarric saahacharyangalil chikilsayekkurichu upadesham nalkaan kazhivullathumaaya anuyojyamaaya rating labhicha diving medical praakteeshanarumaayi oru oof-saitt staandbai karar undaayirikkum.
diving team.
diving teamil kuranjathu oru jolie cheiyunna mungal vidagthanum kuranjathu oru staandbai mungal vidagthanum oru diving supervisor oro mungal vidagthanum ulppedum. vinchukal, bell lonch, recovery sisttam thudangiya prathyeka upakaranangal pravarthippikkunnathinum kreyinukalum mattu upakaranangalum pravarthippikkunnathinum mattu udyogasthar aavashyamaayi vannekkaam. diving bell upayogichu mungal vidagthare vinyasikkukayaanenkil, staandbai mungal vidagthan bellil thanne nilkkukayum bellman ennu vilikkukayum cheiyunnu. jolie cheiyunna mungal vidagthante pokkilkkuttikku vendi bellman aardramaayi pravartthikkunnu, pakshe oru rakshaasamgham nadathumbol swantham pokkil paricharikkanam. mungal vidagthanu oru edavela nalkunnathinaayi jolie cheiyunna mungal vidagthanum belman oru shifttil pravartthanangal mattiyekkaam. staandbai mungal vidagthante pokkilpokkil pravartthikkunna mungal vidagthante pokkilpokkilekkaal ekadesham 2 meter neelamullathaayirikkuka ennathaanu oru saadhaarana reethi, staandbai mungal vidagthanu adiyanthira saahacharyangalil mungal vidagthane sameepikkaan kazhiyumennu urappakkaan.
saachureshan dives.
saachureshan diverse daivukalkkidayilulla saachureshan sisttathile sammarddathilaanu jeevikkunnath. duty toorinte thudakkathil avar sammarddathilaakukayum toorinte avasaanam avaye vighadippikkunnathuvare, sambharana marddathe aashrayich randaazhcha vare eduthekkaavunna, pravartthanatthinte aazhathin yukthisahamaayi praayogikamaayi kazhiyunnathra aduthu sambharana marddathil thudarukayum cheiyunnu. decompression rogathinte apakadasaadhyatha kuraykkunnathinu aazhathilullathum aazhamillaathathumaaya jolisthalathekkulla vinodangal shradhaapoorvvam aasoothranam cheyyukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu. prathyeka decompression illaathe parimithamaaya vinodangal saadhyamaayekkaam, ennaal valia vinodangalkku adhika decompressionaayi saachureshan sisttathinte oru bhagam verthirikkendathundu, allengil hraswamaanengil, athu maniyil cheyyaam. bell saachureshan sisttathil loock cheyyaanum diverse saachureshan sisttam leaving kwaarttezhsil ninnu sammarddathil bellilekk mattaanum kazhiyum. munny pravartthanatthinte aazhathil athumbol thaazhathe loock thurakkukayum mungal vidagdhar athiloode puratthekku varikayum veendum akathekku praveshikkukayum cheiyunnu. manikk munnil varunnathinu munbu aantharika marddam nilanirthunnathinaayi loock adachu seal cheyyukayum mungal vidagdhar sammarddathil saachureshan sisttam leaving kwartezhsilekku thirike maarukayum cheiyunnu.
bounce dives.
mungal vidagthan saturationu keezhilallaathavayaanu uparithala ooriyantad dives. ivaye bounce dives ennum vilikkunnu, koodaathe diving steju, vettu bell allengil clossed bell allengil kappalil ninno plaattphomil ninno nerittu aazhamillaatha dives enniva upayogichu diversine vinyasikkaam, eathu jala labhyatha labhyamaan ennathine aashrayich. stejo maniyo thaazhthunnathinum daivinu sesham athu purathedukkunnathinum vikshepana, veendedukkal samvidaanangal (laarukal) upayogikkunnu.
risk maanejment.
apakadasadhyathakal thirichariyukayum vilayiruthukayum cheythukazhinjaal, apakadasaadhyatha kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla ellah saankethikavidyakalum eee naalu pradhana vibhagangalil onno athiladhikamo aayi vibhajikkappedunnu
eee thanthrangalude anuyojyamaaya upayogam saadhyamallaayirikkaam. avayil chilath risk maanejment theerumaanangal edukkunna oorganaiseshano vyakthikko sveekaaryamallaatha edapaadukal ulppettekkaam.
aarogyavum surakshyum.
kadaltheera diving saadhaaranayaayi vidoora saittukalil nadakkunnu, emarjansi medical soukaryangal valare akaleyayirikkaam, athinaal thaarathamyena sankeernavum chelaveriyathumaaya emarjansi soukaryangalum udyogastharum saittil ulppeduthunnathu saadhaaranamaanu. yadhaartha diving jolie saadhaaranayaayi onno rando mungal vidagdhar cheiyunnu, oru team support pezhsanalinte pinthunayode, jolie sugamamakkunnathinum mungal vidagthanum mattu badhita udyogastharkkum sveekaaryamaaya kuranja apakadasaadhyatha nalkunnathinum. samudratheerathe diving pravartthanangal chelaveriyathum antharleenamaayi apakadakaravumaanu, athinaal apakadasaadhyatha niyanthrikkunnathinum aavashyamaaya jolikal phalapradamaayi nadakkunnuvennu urappakkunnathinum vipulamaaya aasoothranavum phalapradamaaya maanejmentum aavasyamaanu.
niyamanirmmanavum prayoga niyamangalum.
deseeya niyamangal.
echu. ezz. iii. prasidheekaricha vaanijya diving projaktukalkkulla amgeekritha pariseelana niyamavum maarganirddeshavum 1997 leeii yuke diving attu varkk regulationukal paalikkunnathinekkurich maargganirddesham nalkunnu.
aii. emm. sii. eiii maargganirddesham.
aii. emm. sii. eiii amgangal avarude diving pravarthanangalil aii. emm. sii. eiii maargganirddeshangal palikkaan baadhyastharaanu. samudratheerathe divinginte vividha vashangalkkayi vyavasaayathin amgeekrithamaaya nalla sanbradaayathe vishadeekarikkunna oru koottam rekhakalil ithu nalkiyirikkunna maarganirddeshamaanu
apakadangal.
jeevan, aarogyam, swath allengil paristhithi ennivaykku bheeshaniyaakunna eathenkilum ejanto saahacharyamo aanu apakadasaadhyatha. mikka apakadangalum nishkriyamo saadhyathayullatho aayi thudarunnu, oru apakadasaadhyatha maathram, oru apakadam sajeevamaakukayum abhikaamyamallaatha prathyaaghaathangal srishtikkukayum cheyyumbol, athine oru sambhavam ennu vilikkukayum athu adiyanthiraavasthayilo apakadatthilo kalashikkukayum cheyyum.
mungal vidagdhar vellathinadiyil pokumbozho uyarnna mardhamullah shwasana vaathakam upayogikkumbozho prathyeka shaareerikavum aarogyaparavumaya apakadangal neridunnu. oru mungal vidagthan vellathil praveshikkumbol antharleenamaayi mungimarikkanulla saadhyathayund, sammarddathinu vidheyamaakumbol shwasikkunnathu barotroma, decompression rogam ennivaykkulla saadhyatha uyarthunnu.
samudrathira paristhithiyilum samudrathira diving pravarthanangalilum kooduthalaayi kaanapedunna chila apakadangalundu. mattu aaplikkeshanukale apekshichu angeyattatthe aazhathil kooduthal diving undu, ithinulla pariharangal avarudethaaya apakadangal konduvarunnu. compression arthraljia, decompression rogam ennivayude apakadasadhyathakal kuraykkunnathinu, saachureshan diverse duty toorinte avasaanathil oru thavana maathrame decompress cheiyunnulloo, ennaal ithu sammarddathil jeevikkunnathumaayi bandhapetta apakadangalum neenda decompression shedule aavasyamullathum avatharippikkunnu. shwasanathinteyum naitrajan narcosisudeyum pravartthanam kuraykkunnathinu shwasana misrithangalil healium vaathakam upayogikkunnu, ithu aazhathilulla diving jolie budhimuttaakkukayo asaadhyamaakkukayo cheyyum, ennaal anantharafalangalil thwarithappeduthiya taapa nashtavum hypothermiayude uyarnna apakadasaadhyathayum ulppedunnu, athinaal chooduvella syoottukal sajeevamaaya choodaakkalinaayi upayogikkunnu, ennaal thaapanila niyanthrana samvidaanathil enthengilum thettu sambhavichaal avaa choodu parikkukalkkulla saadhyatha nalkunnu.
ennappaadangalile pravartthanangal asamskritha enna, prakrithivaathaka gadakangal ennivaykku kaaranamakum, avayil chilath (hydrajan sulfide polullava) valare vishaamshamullathaayirikkum.
diving joliyude bhooribhaagavum valuthum bharamullathumaaya vasthukkalum swaabhaavikamaayi apakadakaramaaya upakaranangalum upakaranangalum neekkunnathum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathum ulppedunnu. eee apakadangal saadhaaranayaayi vellathinadiyile paristhithi kooduthal vashalaakkunnu.
theepiduttham allengil mungal polulla adiyanthira saahacharyangalil kadaltheerathe ozhippikkunnathile antharleenamaaya prasnangal, saadhaarana kroovinu prasnakaramaanu, saachureshanilulla mungal vidagtharkku kaikaaryam cheyyaan valare budhimuttaanu.
eee apakadangal moolamundaakunna apakadasadhyathakal niyanthrikkunnathinulla reethikal saadhaaranayaayi enchiniyaring parihaarangalaan, avaa chelaveriyathum palappozhum kaikaaryam cheyyenda dvitheeya apakadangal avatharippikkunnathumaan.
apakadasaadhyatha.
apakadasaadhyathayum durbalata apakadasaadhyatha srishtikkaanulla sambhavasaadhyathayumaayi edapedunnu, ithu oru prathyeka apakadatthinte oru prathyeka abhikaamyamallaatha anantharafalatthinte saadhyathayo allengil oru prathyeka pravartthanatthinte ellah apakadangaludeyum abhikaamyamallaatha prathyaaghaathangalude samyojitha saadhyathayo aakam.
oresamayam niravadhi apakadangalude samyojanathinte saannidhyam divingle saadhaaranamaanu, athinte prabhavam saadhaaranayaayi mungal vidagthanu apakadasaadhyatha vardhippikkunnu, prathyekichu oru apakadam moolamundaakunna oru sambhavam mattu apakadangalkk kaaranamaakukayum athinte falamaayi sambhavangalude oru cascade undaakukayum cheiyunnu. mungal vidagthane amithamaayi baadhicha sambhavangalude falamaanu pala mungal maranangalum, avarkk nyayamaayum munkootty kaanaan kazhiyunna eathoru sambhavavum kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyanam.
mungal vidagthan aaa mungal samayat sambhavikkaan saadhyathayulla nyayamaaya munkootty kaanavunna eathenkilum sambhavathe neridumennu pratheekshikkunnillengil mungal vidagthante vilayiruthiya apakadasaadhyatha pothuve asveekaaryamaayi kanakkakkum. krithyamaayi evideyaanu rekha varachirikkunnath ennathu saahacharyangale aasrayichirikkunnu. vaanijya diving pravartthanangal thozhilparamaaya aarogya, suraksha niyamanirmmanangalaal parimithappedutthiyirikku, mathramalla pravartthana paristhithiyude bhauthika yaadhaarthyangalum apakadasaadhyatha niyantrikkaan chelaveria enchiniyaring pariharangal palappozhum aavasyamaanu.
apakadasaadhyatha vilayiruthunnu.
nannayi nirvachikkapetta oru sahacharyavum amgeekrithamaaya oru koottam apakadangalumayi bandhapetta apakadasaadhyathayude oru kanakk nirnnayikkunnathaanu risk asasment. alavu apakadasaadhyatha vilayiruthalinu apakadasaadhyathayude rund gadakangalude kanakkukoottalukal aavasyamaanu saadhyathayulla nashtatthinte vyaapthi, nashtam sambhavikkanulla saadhyatha. saadhaaranayaayi bandhapetta durbalathaykku phalapradamaaya prathirodha nadapadikal nadappakkunnathinulla chelavu allengil budhimuttu nashtatthinte pratheekshaye kaviyunnathinaal, manassilakkukayum sahikkukayum cheiyunna oru apakadasaadhyathayaan sveekaaryamaaya apakadasaadhyatha.
oru aupachaarika apakadasaadhyatha thirichariyalum apakadasaadhyatha vilayiruthalum oru vaanijya diving pravarthanatthinulla aasoothranathinte oru staanderd bhagamaanu, ithu offshore diving pravartthanangalude kaaryatthilum ithaanu. thozhil swaabhaavikamaayum apakadakaramaanu, apakadasaadhyatha sveekaaryamaaya paridhikkullil nilanirthaan valia parisramavum chelavum pathivayi nadakkunnu. 
saadhyamaakunnidathellaam apakadasaadhyatha kuraykkunnathinulla saadhaarana reethikal pinthudarunnu.
sthithivivarakkanakku apakadasaadhyatha.
vaanijya divingumaayi bandhapetta parikkukalekkurichulla sthithivivarakkanakkukal saadhaaranayaayi deseeya regulatormaar shekharikkunnu. yukeyil aarogya suraksha executive (echse) ekadesham 5,000 vaanijya mungal vidagtharude avalokanathinu utharavaadiyaanu, koodaathe norwayil anubandha authority petroleum sephtti authority norveyaanu (psa), ithu 1985 muthal disis daattaabes paripalikkukayum prathivarsham 50,000-ladhikam mungal-manikkoor vaanijya pravarthanangalekkurichu sthithivivarakkanakkukal shekharikkukayum cheiyunnu.
2013ll yuu. keey. echu. ezz. iii. report cheythath prathivarsham 100,000 thozhilaallikalil saadhaaranayaayi <aii. dii. 1> enna thothil kadaltheerathum ulnaadan/kadaltheerathumulla vaanijya divingle apakadasaadyathayundennaanu. ithu nirmmaanatthilo kaarshika pravartthanangalilo kaanapedunna nirakkinekkaal valare kooduthalaanu, ithu divingine echu. ezz. iii "uyarnna apakadasaadhyatha" ennu tharamthirikkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu.
2011ll pii. ezz. eiii. ykku nalkia report anusarichu, norwayil avasaanamaayi rekhappeduthappetta saachureshan diving maranangal 1987laanu nadannathu, kazhinja 25 varshathinide gurutharamaaya sambhavangal kuravaayirunnu. 2010ll parikkukalkk kaaranamaaya rund sambhavangal report cheyyappettu.
pariseelanavum yogyathayum.
thozhil sthalangalude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sahacharyam kaaranam offshore diving jolikalkku aavashyamaaya yogyathakal oru paridhivare deseeya sarkkaarukalude saadhaarana adhikaaraparidhikk purathaanu, ennaal kararukaarkkum klayant oorganaiseshanukalkkum deseeya anthardesheeya niyamanirmmanangalum avar amgangalo oppuvachavaro aayirikkavunna samghadanakalude nadapadikrama maarganirddeshangalum undu. anthaaraashtra maraine contractormaarude association (aii. emm. sii. eiii) amgangalaaya dhaaraalam anthaaraashtra maraine contractormaar anthaaraashtra samudra contractormaarude association (aii. emm. sii. eiii) amgangalaanu, koodaathe anthaaraashtra samudrathira divingle bhooribhaagavum aii. emm. sii. eiii nadapadikramangal pinthudarunnu.
mungal pariseelanavum certification.
mikka offshore diving jolikalkkum staanderdaaya uparithala vitharanam cheiyunna diving upakaranangal upayogikkunnathil offshore diversinu pariseelanam nalkiyittundu. aii. emm. sii. eiii. amgangalaanu kooduthal offshore diving karaarukal nadathunnathu, bhooribhaagam mungal vidagtharum aii. emm. sii. eyum internaashanal diving regulator foravum (aii. dii. aarr. eph) amgeekaricha certificationil rajisttar cheythittundu.
internaashanal diving schools association pattikappedutthiya amgeekritha yogyathakalil iva ulppedunnu
aii. dii. ezz. eiii level 3: uparithala vitharanam cheytha samudrathira vaayu diver thulyatha
aii. dii. ezz. eiii level 4: clossed bell mixed gyaas diver equivalence
offshore diving supervisor rajistreshan.
aii. emm. sii. eiii rajisttar cheytha kararukar nadathunna ellah offshore diving pravartthanangalum oru aii. emm. sii. eiii supervisorude niyanthranathilaayirikkanam. rund thalangalunda
thozhil naipunya pariseelanavum moolyanirnnayavum.
chila thozhil kazhivukal aii. dii. ezz. eiii. thulyamaaya certification vazhi soochippikkappedunnu, eee sarttifikkattukalkkayal mungal parisheelanatthil ulppeduthiyittundu, ennaal kooduthal sankeernavum saankethikavumaaya kazhivukal mattevideyengilum padikkanam. eee mattu kazhivukal evide padikkunnu ennathinu kurippadi illa, avar niyamikkunna jolie cheyyaan avarude jeevanakkaarkk kazhivundennu urappaakkendath thozhiludamaykkum, edapaadukaaranu vendi jolie cheyyaan kazhivulla udyogasthare vinyasikkunnuvennu urappaakkendath kararukaranum aanu. niravadhi pradhana offshore diving kazhivukal vilayiruthunnathin aii. emm. sii. eiii maargganirddesham nalkunnu, avaa aii. emm. sii. eiii anga thozhiludamakalkkidayil kaimaattam cheyyaavunnavayaanu, pakshe moolyanirnnayangalil nerittu ulppedunnilla. mungal vidagthan nilavil praapthanaanennu urappaakkunnathin eee kazhivukalil chilath kaalaakaalangalil punarupayogikkappedunnu. yogyathaa moolyanirnnaya foomukal, varkk recordukal, yogyathayulla saakshikalude saakshyapatrangal ennivayude roopathil mungal vidagthan vilayiruthalukal, parisodhana rekhakal, thelivukal ennivayude record sookshikkunna thelivu adisthaanamaakkiyulla samvidaanangalude portfolio upayogikkunnu. oru prashastha samghadanayude aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasathinteyum parisheelanathinteyum rekhakal vazhi kazhivu kaanikkumbol ithu amgeekarikkappedaam, pakshe parisheelanatthinte oru pradhana bhagam joliyilayirikkaam.
charitraparamaaya prasnangal.
samudratheerathe divinginte timeline.
1966 maarchil bettsi chuzhalikkaattinethudarnna meksikoo ulkkadalile westinghousaanu aadyathe vaanijya offshore saachureshan dive nadathiyathu. adhikam taamasiyaathe, 1970 ll, ecophyskil vadakkan kadalil saachureshan diving aarambhichu.
samudratheerathe diving vyavasaayathile apakadangal.
offshore diving vyavasaayam apakadakaramaanu, varshangalayi niravadhi gurutharamaaya apakadangal undaayittund, apakada vishakalanathin marupadiyaayi pravartthana nadapadikramangalum upakaranangalum vikasikkukayum record mechappedukayum cheythittundenkilum, offshore diving thaarathamyena apakadakaramaaya oru thozhilaayi thudarunnu. eee vibhaagam kooduthal sradheyamaaya chila sambhavangal pattikappedutthunnu.
norwayude mekhalayile vyavaharangal.
2013 desember 7-leeii verdense samghathinte edittoriyalil "mungal vidagtharude swantham kanakkukal prakaram, 66 mungal vidagdhar pioneering kaalaghattatthil dutiyilirikke vadakkan kadalil marichu", 1967 october 2-nuu thanne aadyathe vaanijya diving apakadamundaayi. 1983-ll "biford dolphin" enna kappalilundaya oru sradheyamaaya apakadatthil anchu mungal vidagdhar marichu.
2013leeii europian manushyavakaasha kodathi vidhi prakaram mungal vidagdhar apakadakaramaaya jolie ettedukkumbol avarude jeevanum aarogyathinum apakadamundaakkunna avasthayilaayirunnu. sarkkar [thozhilparamaaya] suraksha nadapadikal kaikkollanamaayirunnu. ennaal nere marichu. mungal vidagdhar oru daivinu sesham ethra vegathil uparithalathilekku varunnuvennu kaanikkunna meshakal kambanikal rahasyamaayi sookshichu. vegathil uparithalam kayarunnath vilakuranja daivinu kaaranamaayi, pakshe apakadasaadhyathayum vardhippichu. sarkkaarinte niyanthranavum thudarnadapadikalum valare moshamaayirunnu."(norwayude vadakkan kadal mekhalayil 1967 muthal 20 varshathe kaalayalavil 17 mungal vidagdhar marichu-11 perr briteeshukaaraayirunnu. 2013ll aftenpostan paranju, "pioneering kaalaghattatthil, mikka [enna] kambanikalum yuu. esinte gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakki (" forehold seg till ") dive tableukal upayogichu.ezz. naavikasena. mungal vidagdhar valayukal ennu vilikkappedunnathu ozhivaakkunnuvenn urappaakkendathaayirunnu dive tableukal. yuu aayirunnu prashnam.oru prathisandhi ghattathil gathagatha ghattathil mungal vidagtharkkaayi meshakal roopappeduthi. manikkoorukalolam shift jolikkalla. deerghakaala aarogyaprasnangalumaayi bandhappettathallaatha, theevramaaya ("akkut") ozhippikkal samayat athijeevana saadhyathakalkkaayi pattikakal srishtichu. niravadhi anthaaraashtra kambanikal palappozhum pattikakal kooduthal amarthunnathil ("āpresse") malsarichathaayi ezhuthukaaraaya kristtin oayu gerde, helj rigvik ennivar soochippikkunnu. recordukal thakarthaanu padavi nediyathu. falaprapti ("effectivit") [kooduthal] panam tall idunnu.")
aadyathe trade union 1977-ll vannu" ennum aftenpostan avakashappettu; 1978-laanu mungal vidagdhar aadyamaayi trade yooniyanil chernnathennu technic ukeblad parayunnu.
1978 juulai 1 nuu oru koottam "thaalkkaalika niyamangal" [divinginaayi] earppeduthi-diving aarambhich 12 varshathinum aadyathe gurutharamaaya apakadatthinu 11 varshathinum sesham.
koodaathe, "loshyas kammeeshan (2000-ll manthrisabha utharavitta anweshana kammeeshan) anusarichu 4 mungal vidagtharil 3 perkkum apakadangalo divingumaayi bandhapetta rogangalo undaayirunnu. pakuthiyiladhikam valayukayum 83 sathamaanam perr divinginide jeevan apakadatthilaakkunna saahacharyangal neridukayum cheythu."
vaidyashaasthraparamaaya parikkukalude judicial utharavaaditham ettedukkaathe, dhaarmikavum raashtreeyavumaaya aditharayil mungal vidagtharude utharavaaditham norway sarkkar etteduthittundu.
340 apekshakaril 80 perkkum mungal vidagtharkku sarkkar nashtapariharam nishedikkappettu.
2013ll europian manushyavakaasha kodathiyil moonnu vaanijya mungal vidagdhar norveykkethiraaya cases vijayichu. (2010ll norwayude supreme kodathiyil cases nashtappetta moonnu vaanijya mungal vidagtharude cases vichaarana cheiyumennu 2012ll europian manushyavakaasha kodathi prasthaavichu. 2013 august vare kodathi kesil nigamanathiletthiyirunnil.)

