
loraine 37ell

randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu 1936 epril vare franch sainyathin poornnamaayum kavachithamaaya aayudangalum indhana vitharana vaahakavum aavasyamulla, munnira vitharanathinayi tank unitukal upayogikkunna, interwaar kaalayalavil allengil "interbellum" ll loraine kambani vikasippichedutha oru laitt track kavachitha vaahanamaan loraine 37ell allengil ("tank supply tractor 1937ell"). 1937ll oru prototype nirmmikkukayum 1939ll uthppaadanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. eee kaalayalavil, rund kavachitha pezhsanal kaariyarukalum oru tank distroyer padhathiyum athinte chesiye adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. pradhaanamaayum franch kaalaalppadayude valia yanthravalkkaricha unitukale sajjamakkiya eee tharam 1940 leeii france yudhathil vyaapakamaayi upayogichu. fraansinte paraajayathinu sesham, vichi fraansil rahasya nirmmaanam thudarnnu, ithu vimochanathinushesham oru cheria eiii. eph. vii ulppaadanathil kalashikkukayum 1945 ll motham uthppaadanam 630 aayi uyarthukayum cheythu. jarmmani pidichedukkappetta vahanangal avarude yadhaartha carrier rolil upayogikkukayum pinneedu, suspension sisttam prathyekichum vishwasaneeyamaanennu kandethukayum, marder I typpinte tank distroyarukalaayo () svayam-propuld peerankikalaayo (svayam-propuld peerankikalaayo) punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu.
vikasanam.
1934ll swatantra tank yoonittukalude pravartthana paridhi vardhippikkunnathinaayi oru yudhopakarana vitharana vahanam roopakalppana cheyyaan utharavu nalki. athe varsham thanne, kooduthal vikasanathinaayi renault 36aarr thiranjedutthu; 1938 muthal munnooru oordar cheythu. ennirunnaalum, eee tractor bhaagikamaayi maathrame kavachithamaayirunloo; 1936 epril 17 nuu, munnirayil pooraadunna tankukalkku indhanavum aayudangalum athikkunnathinaayi poornnamaayum kavachitha vaahanathinaayi oru puthiya koottam savisheshathakal thayyarakki.
1937-nte thudakkathil kambani oru prototype poortthiyaakki. 1931 model renault yui chenillettu track cheytha kaalaalppada vitharana tractorinu nirddishta pakarakkaarante neelameriya pathippaayirunnu ithu. 1937 februvariyil, parisodhana poortthiyaayittillengilum prototype pareekshikkaanum 1937 november 1 nuu munbu oru vilayiruthal poortthiyaakkaanum metteeriyal commission utharavittu. juulai 9nuu maathramaan prototype avatharippikkukayum august 4 vare pareekshikkukayum cheythath. 2371 sisi delahey naalu silindar 124 eph enchinaanu ithil gadippichirunnathu. vahanam paramavadhi vegatha kaivarichenkilum, uddeshicha indhana trailer gadippichappol ithu asveekaaryamaaya thaazhnna nilayilekku kuranju. athinaal athu factoryilekku thirike nalkukayum kooduthal sakthamaaya delahey 135 enchinum sakthamaaya klachum gadippikkukayum cheythu. septambar 22num october 29num idayil pareekshicha eee vahanam aagrahicha vijayam kaivarichu.
uthppaadanam.
parukkan suspension samvidaanathil prathyekichum mathippulavaakkiya 1937 avasaanathode kammeeshan eee tharam amgeekarichu. valia tractorinaayi suspension gadakangalude motham ulppaadana sheshi neekkivaykkaan 1939 septambaril theerumaanichu. ithu soochippikkunnathu, mattu kaandidettukalekkaal anukoolamaanengilum, renault yuiyude hrasvamaaya loraine pakarakkaaran uthppaadanathilekku kondupokilla 1939 nte thudakkathil nalkia noorinte oru oordar aaa maasam dairkhyameriya pathippilekku maatti.
1938ll moonnu oordarukal nalkki 78,100, (trc 37ell)-nte mattu 100 vahanangal; 1939ll, yudhathinu munbu, 100-nte naalaamathe oordar pinthudarnnu, thudarnnu 74-nte anjilonnu, motham 552-nuu 100-nte pakarakkaaran oordar chertthu. aadya vahanam 1939 januvari 11-nuu loraine vitharanam cheythu; 212 1939 septambar 1-nuu vitharanam cheythu.
yudhathinushesham kavachitha divisionukalude ennam vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi thayyarakkiya abhilasha padhathikal ardhamaakkunnathu loraine 37l oordarukal athinanusarichu vipuleekarikkendathundu, motham 1012 aayi konduvarika. uddeshicha prarambha ulppaadana nirakk prathimasam ambathaayirunnu, ezhupathaayi vikasippikkanam. nirmmaanatthe sahayikkunnathinaayi, besiyaril "fauga" randaamathe assembly haal sthaapichu, avide prathimasam aadya irupathilum pinneedu muppath vaahanangalum nirmmikkaan kazhiyumennu pratheekshichirunnu. vaasthavathil, eee samkhya orikkalum nediyirunnilla; udha.jii. januvariyil 20 ennavum 1940 meyy maasathil iru kambanikalum 32 ennavum nirmmichu. 1940 meyy 26nuu loraine faugayum uthppaadippicha 440 vahanangalil 432 ennavum sainyathin kaimari. aaa theeyathikku sesham uthppaadanam thudarukayum france yudhathinte avasanamaaya 1940 juun 25-oode motham 480 muthal 490 vare athukayum cheythu.
vivaranam.
oru padhathiyil ninnu uruthirinjathinaal, loraine 37 ell verum 1.57 meter veethiyulla oru cheria vaahanamayirunnu. chassis 4.22 meter neelatthilaakki, athu deerghachathuraakrithiyilullathi maatti. gopuramo uparithala ghadanayo illaathathinaal athinte uyaravum 1.215 meettaril amithamayirunnilla. cheria alavukalum oru laitt kavacham-lambamaya revated plettukalkku ombathu millimeter, mukalilum thaazheyum aarr, kaast rounded mookk vibhaagathin panthrand-enniva kuranja bharam urappakki adisthaana tii. aarr. sii 37ellinu verum 5.24 metrik tonn bharam maathrameyulloo, trailer 1.2 tonn koottichertthu.
vaahanathinte bharam kuravaayathinaal, akkaalathe franch kavachithathil upayogichirunna mattu samvidaanangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol suspension valare shakthavum asaadhaaranamaamvidham vishwasaneeyavumaayirunnu, avaa valare sankeernamo valare durbalamo aayirunnu. moonnu jody bogikalilaayi aarr valia rooad chakrangal kuranja graundu mardhavum nalla bhaara vitharanavum nalki. oro bogik poornnamaayum oru lambamaya chalanam anuvadichirunnu, mukalile track ranninu thottaduthaayi sthithi cheiyunna oru vipareeta ila spring assembly, moonnu asamblikal naalu topp rollerukalkkidayil sthaapichu. trackukal vishaalamaayirunnu. drive sprokkattukal munvashathaayirunnu, vaahanathinte mookkil oru transmission upayogichaanu ithu oodichirunnathu. idathu vashathulla driveraaya rund kroo amgangal avarkkidayilulla drive shaaftaaya forwade compartmentil irunnu. kambaarttmentilekkul praveshana kavaadam rund veethiyulla thirashcheena haachukalaal aayirunnu, mukalile keel mukalilekku keelkkunnu, ithu drivere thurannaal thadassamillaatha kazhcha anuvadikkunnu, thaazhathe keel thaazhekku keelkkunnu.
madhyabhaagathu sthaapichirikkunna enchin compartmentine athinte munnilulla driver compartmentil ninnu oru bulk head upayogichu verthirichu. baahya sailensar vaahanathinte idathuvashathu kavachithamaaya oru kavarinu keezhilaayirunnu. eee shreniyile ellah vaahanangalum 2800 arpmil vikasippichukondirikku delahey type 135 aarr silindar 3.556 littar enchinaanu nalkunnathu, ithu paramavadhi 35 kilometer/manikkoor sharashari 20 kilometer/manikkoor vegatha nalkunnu. 60 centimeter sanjarikkaanulla sheshiyulla eee kuzhiyude 130 centimeter kuzhikal kadakkanum 50 sathamaanam charivu vardhippikkaanum kazhiyum. 114 littar indhanavitharanam undaayirunnu, ithu 137 kilometer paridhi anuvadikkunnu. anchu forwade driveukalum oru rear drive undaayirunnu.
pinnil oru kavachitha vedicope biinn undaayirunnu; 810 kilogram bharam vahikkaan kazhiyum, ithu 6.05 tonn bhaaramaayi uyarthunnu. renault yui pole, tii. aarr. sii 37ellinu oru vashath rund rooad veelukalulla track cheytha, kavachitha trailer nalkiyirunnu, tank unitukal vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi 565 littar indhana tank vahikkaan kooduthalum upayogikkunnu; 1.5 tonn kompineshanum 1890 kilogram trailerinte motham bharavum cherthu motham looad sheshi 690 kilogram aanu. 155 centimeter uyaramulla trailer pradhana vaahanathekkaal kurachukoodi idungiyathum 133 centimeter uyaravumullathumaayirunnu. ithu kombineshante neelam 6.9 meteraayi uyarthi. tank maintainance teamukalkk sevanam nalkunnathinaayi lubrication oayil, greasukal, vellam, vividha upakaranangal ennivaykkaayi oru vulcano fueval pump, stoveju boxukal ennivayum traileril undaayirunnu.
loraine 37els staanderd armi greenil varachu, ithu chaaraniramaanu, athil irunda manninte thavitt paatten thalikkunnu.
thanthraparamaaya pravartthanavum pravartthana charithravum.
1939-ll loraine 37 ell kramena tank battaaliyanukalude vitharana yoonittukalil avatharippichu. kavacham upayogikkunnathinekkur thanthraparamaaya chinthayile maattavumaayi ithu poruthappettu. muppathukalude thudakkathil, franch sidhaantham shatru akramanangal poornna thothilulla maanuvar yudhamaayi vikasikkunnathin munbu avaye paraajayappeduthunnathinaayi kaalaalppadayude nuzhanjukayatta thanthrangale prathirodhikkunnathin ellaayppozhum aazhathilulla prathirodha belttukalude nirmmaanatthe anukoolichirunnu, eee mekhalayil franchukaar avarude ettavum saadhyathayulla ethiraaliyaaya jarmmaniyekkaal kuranja vaidagdhyamundennu ariyamaayirunnu. athupole thanne sathrukkal svayam prathirodhikkumenn pratheekshicha franch kaalaalppadayude kavacham shaakha samanamaaya aazhathilulla sthaanangaliloode engane kadannupokaam enna vishamakaramaaya prashnatthil valareyadhikam vyaapruthamaayi, kaalnada sainikanumaayulla adutha sahakaranathin oonnal nalki. adutha ghattathilekku valare kurachu shradha nalkki shatru senayude cover.
muppathukalude avasaanathode sthithi maari. oduvil ganyamaaya ennam aadunikavum nannayi saayudhavumaaya taankukal nirmmicha kaalaalppadaykk, oru samyojitha aayudha thanthrathinullil mathiyaya peerankikalum vyoma pinthunayum nalkiyaal shathrurekha thakarkkanulla kazhivil aathmavishwaasam thonni. athesamayam, rashtreeya sahacharyam germmany muttukuthichedukkaan valia thothilulla akramanangal aavashyamaayi varaan kaaranamaayi. munnettavum thanthraparamaaya chooshana ghattavum nadappilakkaan kazhiyunna kavachitha divisionukal srishtikkanamennu kurachu udyogasthar vaadichuvenkilum-ivaykku labhyamallaatha ennathil pariseelanam labhicha udyogasthar aavasyamaanu-breakine badhikkunna taankukalude "maanuvar maas" udan thanne prathirodha shatru sthaanam ulkkollukayum ethir aakramana shatru kavachitha shekharathe paraajayappedutthukayum cheiyumennu manassilakkappettu, allaathapaksham aakramanathinte vegatha nashtappedukayum motor cheytha divisionukalum kuthirappadayude kavachitha divisionukalum vegathil pidichedukkaanum thanthraparamaaya pradhana sthaanangal kaivarikkanum vikshepanam.
ennirunnaalum, ithu gurutharamaaya logistic prashnam srishtichu trekkukalkku yudhakkalathile taankukale aduthu pinthudaraan kazhiyilla. taankukal avayude staartt positionukalilekku madanguka ennathaayirunnu ree supply cheiyunnathinulla nirddishta nadapadikramam. muun yudhathil valare mandagathiyilulla pravartthanangalude vegathayil ithu praayogikamaayirunnuvenkum aadhunika yudhathil ithu asveekaaryamaayirunnu. taankukal ethrayum vegam munnott pookunnathinu vayalil vitharanam cheyyendathundu. athinaal pratheekshicha mosham bhoopradesha saahacharyangale marikadakkaan kazhiyunna oru track cheytha vitharana vahanam aavashyamaayirunnu, niravadhi shell-krettarukalum kuzhikalum, koodaathe shell-shakalangalil ninnu samrakshikkaan ithu kavachithamaakkendathund, kaaranam breakthroo sector kendreekritha shatru peerankikalude paridhiyilayirikkum.
kaalalppadayudeyum kuthirappadayudeyum kavachitha unitukalkku eee tharam nalkiyirunnu. kaalaalppadayude oro swatantra tank battaliyanum, allengil, panthrand loraine tractorukalude jaiva shakti undaayirunnu athinte moonnu kambanikalil oronninum (supply plaattoon) naalu. kavachitha divisionukalil ulppeduthiyathum chaar bii 1 allengil chaar bii 1 biss sajjeekarichathumaaya bisikalkk 27 trissy 37ell undaayirunnu avarude moonnu kambanikalil oronninum vitharana plaattoonukalil aarr tractorukalum koodaathe moonnu tank plaattoonukalil oronninum orotta tractor oorgaanik undaayirunnu. eee adhika vihitam eee kanatha taankukalude valia indhana upabhogam nikathunnathinaayi nalkappettu, avaykku valuth mathramalla, parimithamaaya paridhiyumundaayirunnu. moonnu taankukalude oro group avarude kaaryatthil undaayirunnu, athinaal nerittu swantham indhana vitharanam pinthudarnnu.
france yudhasamayathu swatantra kambanikal roopeekarichappol ivaykkum avarude loraine tractorukal undaayirunnu-oru chaar bii 1 biss yoonit aanenkil ettu ennam vardhippichu, allengil naalennam staanderd allotment. ennirunnaalum, pazhaya 17 adii battaaliyanukal indhana trekkukal maathramaan upayogichirunnathu. athupole, kolanikalil tii. aarr. sii 37ell saadhaarana upayogathilundaayirunnil; ennirunnaalum, chaar dii 1 sajjeekarichirunna 67iii bcc juunil tunisiayil ninnu konduvannappol, athinu tractorukal nalki. motor gadippicha kaalaalppada divisionukal tii. aarr. sii 37ell upayogichilla.
kuthirappadayil, irupathu taankukalulla oro schwadron moonnu loraine tractorukal undaayirunnu, oro yaanthrika laitt division motham 24. amr 35 allengil panhard 178 unitukal eee tharam upayogichilla, trekkukal maathram, kaaranam athinte vegatha aparyaapthamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. manikkooril 50 kilometer vegathayil vegatha vardhippikkunnathinu sakthamaaya enchin gadippichukondu ithu pariharikkan nirddeshikkappettu. kuthirappadayude laitt divisionukalilum tii. aarr. sii 37ell undaayirunnilla.
praayogikamaayi, vitharana vahanangal pradhaanamaayum rooad maarggam neengukayum munkootty nischayicha othucheral sthalangalil taankukalumaayi cherukayum cheyyum. pathinanju minittinullil saidhaanthikamaayi 565 littar pump cheyyaan kazhiyunnathinaal indhanam niraykkunnathu thaarathamyena vegathilaayirunnu. oru kanatha tank poornnamaayum veendum niraykkaan saadhaaranayaayi naalppat muthal arupath minitt vare edukkum. trailer indhana sambharanikal 3600 littar petrol vahikkunna kambani indhana trekkinu svayam niraykkaan kazhiyum. ambathu littar indhana drum niracha trekkukal vazhi bataaliyan stokkukalil ninnu kambani vitharanam veendum sambharikkam. eee vitharana reethi thanthraparamaaya thalatthil mathiyaya indhana vitharanam urappaakkiyengilum thanthraparamaaya neekkangalkk valare budhimuttaayirunnu trackle valia dooram sanjarikkendi vannal, tankukalkku indhana trekkukalil ninnu nerittu indhanam niraykkum.
meyy 10 nuu jarmmankaar aakramichappol, franch tank unitukalkku 606 loraine 37ell enna jaiva shakti undaayirunnu; athinaal uthppaadippicha samkhyakal oro unitinum athinte audyogika poorakam nalkaan paryaapthamalla. ekadesham moonnilonnu perkku athu illaathe pokendi vannu. aaa divasam franch general headquartezhs tii. aarr. sii 37l shakti pakuthiyaayi vardhippikkaan theerumaanichu; eee kavachitha divisionukal gemblocks vidavilum chaar bii 1 biss aashankaakulamaaya franch kamaandinte thaazhnna shreniyilum pratheekshicha jarmman munnetta shramathinethire karuthal shekharamaayi neekkivachirunnu. mathiyaya tractorukal swathanthramaakkaan, ippozhum roopeekarikkappedunna prakriyayil, athinte panthrand trissy ell 37 kall upekshikkendivannu. ennirunnaalum, franch pratheekshakalkk vipareethamaayi, pradhana jarmman munnettam sedanilayirikkum, athu thadayaan ayaykkappettu-koodaathe valia indhana tractorukal undaayirunnittum, meyy 15 nuu indhanam niraykkumbol athu ippozhum aascharyappettu.
prachaarana velayil, tii. aarr. sii 37ell kroo vegathil kurachu aayudhangalude aavasyakatha kaanukayum avarude vahanangalil mesheen-gann moundukal mechappeduthaan thudangukayum cheythu.
vakabhedangal.
trc 37ellil ninnulla aadyathe vikasanam oru kavachitha pezhsanal carrier aayirunnu, ("kavachithamayi gadippicha kaalaalppada vahanam 38ell"). trissy 37ell pole, eee loraine 38elliilaaumm oru kavachitha track trailer sajjeekarichirunnu. motham kappasitti panthrand purushanmarayirunnu driving compartmentil driver oru yaathrakkaranum, muun cargo beyil naalu perum traileril aarr perum. kaalaalppada schwadine samrakshikkunnathinaayi, thottikkum trailerinum mukalil uyarnna boxes polulla kavachitha superstructureukal nirmmichu, avayude pinbhaagathu vaathilukal undaayirunnu. pradhana vaahanathinte looad cheytha bharam 7.7 tonn aayirunnu. motham 240 vii. bii. sii. pii 38ell vahanangal oordar cheythu, athil onpathu 1939 septambar 1-num 150 ennam 1940 juun 25-num vitharanam cheythu. yudhabheeshani kanakkileduthu, prototype pareekshikkunnathin munbaanu oordar nalkiyathu. france yudhathil pankeduttha ellaavaril ninnum, franch sainyam mathramaayirikkum poornnamaayum track cheytha oru eiii. pii. sii. upayogikkunnathu. kaalaalppadayude kavachitha vibhaagathinullile (eaka) yaanthrika kaalaalppada battaliyanaanu vahanangal uddeshichathu. ennirunnaalum, meyy 10 nuu, avar ippozhum eee unitukalkku anuvadichilla, avar appozhum pakuthi trackukal upayogichu. meyy maasathil, yathaakramam 1Re dcr, 2nd dcr ennivayude 5e bcp, 17e bcp enniva vahanangal thidukkathil upayogichu. 4iii dcrnu onnum labhichilla.
rund kroo amgangalkku purame ettu yaathrakkaare vahikkunnathinaayi cargo bay vipuleekarichukondaan mechappetta modalaaya vii. bii. sii. pii 39ell srishtichathu. eee modalinu trailer motham patthu aalukalude seshiyum illaayirunnu; mukalile deck uyarthunnathiloodeyum-passenture compartment thuranna mukalilaayirunnu-mookk vibhagavumaayi chernnu kooduthal munnottulla charivulla kavacham nirmmikkunnathiloodeyum adhika idam kandethi; athinaal eee tharam yudhaananthara eiii. pii. sii. kalkk samaanamaan. 241-aamm vahanam muthal ulppaadana lainukalile 38ell maattisthaapikkaan irunoorolam vii. bii. sii. pii 39ell vaahanangalkk oordar nalkiyengilum 1940 joonode onnum vitharanam cheythilla, nirmmaanam orotta prototypil parimithappedutthiyirunnu. pareekshanathmakavum parimithavumaya ulppaadana modalukalil 47 emm zaa 47 thokkukal () aayudhangalulla tank distroyarukalum command poost vaahanangalum ulppedunnu; orupakshe oru prototype nirmikkappettirikkam.
vichi uthppaadanam.
1939lum 1940lum loonevilleyile loraine faaktariyilaanu eee tharam pradhaanamaayum nirmmichathu. 1939-nte thudakkathil jarmman bombaakramanathinu irayaakaatha oru thekkan sthalathu bagnerez-dii-bigoril oru factory sthaapikkaan theerumaanichu. france germmaniyum thammilulla yudhaviraama samayat ithu oru vahanam polum nirmmichirunnilla, pakshe ithu vichi fraansile aalillaatha mekhalayil sthithi cheiyunna besiyarile mattu tractor uthppaadippikkunna fauga faaktariyeppole aayirunnu. sainika modalukal audyogikamaayi nirmikkappettilkittil 1940 juuninu sesham motham 150 ennam parimithamaaya uthppaadanam thudarnnu. eee vahanangalil chilathinu oru vashath rund bogikal maathram ulkkollunna oru hrasvamaaya chassis undaayirunnu. loraine tractorukal vanavalkkaranathilum nirmmaanatthilum upayogikkaan prathyakshamaayi gadippichirunnu; vaasthavathil avaa eluppathil punarnirmikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal rahasya kavachitha poratta vahana uthppaadanamaayirunnu. eee vaahanangalkkayi aaks factory rahasyamaayi kavachitha vasthukkal nirmmikkukayum avaa sambharikkukayum cheythu. eee tharatthe dhii ennu vilichirunnu. 1942 novemberil fraansinte thekk jarmman adhiniveshathinu sesham eee chesikalil palathum marachuvekkappettu. 1944 leeii vasanthakaalath, france prathirodham landanil ninnulla utharavanusarichu bagnerez factory aakramichu, sakhyakakshikal jarmmanikkaayi vahanangal nirmmichuvennu karuthi. kooduthal akramanangal thadayunnathinaayi, nilavilulla vahanangal avayude upayogathinaayi aayudhamaakkumenna vaagdaanathiloode 1944 venalkkaalath prathirodhatthe ariyikkukayum eee sambhavathil earppedukayum cheythu. ivayil aadya irupathu ennam vimochanathinushesham 1945 januvariyil vitharanam cheyyappedukayum factory maasathil ekadesham irupathu enna nirakkil vahanangalil maattam varuthunnathu thudarukayum cheythu, palappozhum chessiyude munvashatho pinbhaagatho bharam kuranjatho bhaarameriyatho aaya mesheen gann upayogichu oru kavachitha uparithalam gadippichukondu.
jarmman upayogam.
ekadesham 360 loraine tractorukal germmaniyude kaikalilaayi. vishwaasyatha kaaranam, 1941 lum 1942 lum jarmmankaar ishtappetta mobail thanthrangalkk eee tharam nannayi anuyojyamaayirunnu. avaa aadyamaayi upayogichu, punarnaamakaranam cheythu. jarmmankaar samanamaaya oru tharam nirmmikkaathathinaal, loraine tractorukal poornnamaayum track cheytha vitharana vaahanangalude aavasyakatha nirachu. 1942 juulai, august maasangalil mejar alfred becker eee vahanangalil 170 ennam 75 emm sajjeekaricha svayam-propuld aanti-tank thokkaaya oor marder aii aakki maattaan nirddeshichu. athe samayam, 106 ennam svayam niyantritha peerankikalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu 94 ennam dhii, panthrand ennam dhii. koodaathe, oru peeranki nireekshana vahanavum nalkki athil muppath ennam nirmikkappettu. orotta parivartthanatthil oru soviyatt 122 emm hovitsar gadippikkendathundu dhii. jarmmankaar vii. bii. sii. pii 38ell. yeei "loraine 38ell (eph)" enna perilum upayogichu.
oru 47 emm tank distroyer parivartthanam nilavilundennu oru kaalathekku anumaanikkappedunnu samrakshicha photographukale adisthaanamaakki, ennirunnaalum, mukalil soochippicha franchukaare chithreekaricha, 1940 juunil nirmmicha oru adhock parivartthanam.
yudhathinu sesham.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham vividha pareekshanathmaka rolukalkkaayi loraine tractorukal upayogichu. kreyinukalum kuzhikkanulla upakaranangalum kondupokaan upayogikkunna niravadhi saadhanangal sivilian vipaniyil vittu. ennirunnaalum, upekshikkappetta sakhyakakshikalkk soujanyamaayi saadhanangal labhikkaan kazhiyumennathinaal, lobying nadathiyittum, franch sainyathil ninnulla oru utharavu factoric labhichilla. athupole, 1946-ll eee inam swittsarlandilekku kayattumathi cheyyaanulla sramam parajayappettu. chilath yudhathinushesham eathaanum varshathekku sainika inventarikalil pattikappedutthiyirunnu; ariyappedunna avasana upayokthaav syriayaayirunnu. asaay-leeii-raidoyile mouris duffressne myusiyavum ivaanovskojeyile stettu milittari technical myusiyavum hraswa pathippinte avasheshikkunna vahanangal pradarshippikkunnu. neenda pathippinte rund vahanangal attu dresdente shekharathinte bhagamaanu.

