
smiley vii. sittibank (southu dakota), enn. eiii.

smiley vii. sittibank, 517 yuu.ezz. 735 (1996), oru yuu aanu.ezz. credit card lettu fease palishayude nirvachanathinullile mattu pizhakalum ulppedunna currency kantrolarude niyanthranam uyarthippidikkunna supreme kodathi theerumaanam, desheeyathalathil charter cheytha baankukal eedaakkumbol vyakthigatha samsthaanangal avaa parimithappeduthunnathil ninnu thadanju. justice aantonin scalia oru ekakandamaaya kodathikku vendi ezhuthi, kodathiyude swantham "chevron" maanadandatthinu keezhil jadjimark kantrolare maattivaykkaan mathiyaya nyaayayukthamaan.
kaaliforniyayil oru klaas aakshanaayi aarambhicha eee theerumaanam baankukaludeyum credit card issue cheiyunnavarudeyum vijayamayi kaanapettu, avarkk ishtamullathupole vaikiyulla phees eedaakkaan kazhiyum. ithe kaaranathaal upabhokthru abhibhaashakar athrupthi prakadippikkukayum vaikia phees munbu kaanaatha nilavaaratthilekku uyarumennu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu. avar angane cheythu, sittibank abhibhashakariloraal thante pankaalitthatthil khedam prakadippichu.
cases.
pashchaathalam.
munbu nilavilundaayirunna samsthaana baankukalkku purame desheeyathalathil charted baankukal srishticha 1863 leeii deseeya banking niyamam, mattoru samsthaanathulla eathenkilum deseeya baankinethire palisha nirakkukalkk paridhi nischayikkunna avarude palisha virudha niyamangal nadappaakkunnathil ninnu samsthaanangale vilakkiyathayi 1978 leeii "markwet baank" theerumaanatthil kodathi ekakandamaayi vidhichirunnu. 1980-ll sittibank aaa theerumaanam muthaledukkukayum panam nashtappedunna credit card pravartthanangal southu dakottayilekku maattukayum cheythu, aaa samsthaana niyamasabhayeyum govarnoreyum palisha virudha niyamam radhaakkaan prerippichathinu sesham. mattu samsthaanangalum baankukalum eee maathruka pinthudarnnu, 1990 aayappozhekkum prachaarathilulla credit kaardukalude ennam erattiyaayi, athesamayam sharashari kudumbatthinte karangunna balance anjirattiyiladhikam vardhichu. akkaalat vaikiyulla phees vyavasaayathilekku prathivarsham 2 bilyan dollar konduvarikayaayirunnu.
kooduthal soujanyamaayi labhyamaya vaaypayude vardhicha upayogam american sambadvyavasthaye maattimarichu, pakshe chila ethirppukal srishtikkaathe. chila issue cheiyunnavar oru maasathe payment oru divasam polum kaalathamasam varuthiyenkil eedaakkunna 5 dollar allengil 10 dollar lettu phees kadam vaangukayum utharavaadithathode chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunna upabhokthaakkalil ninnu adhika labham nedunnathinaayi upayogikkunnuvennu upabhokthru abhibhaashakar parathippettu. chila samsthaanangalile niyamangal aaa phees parimithappedutthiyirunne kambanikalum baankukalum aaa paridikk mukalil eedaakkunnathu thudarnnu, lettu phees oru tharatthilulla palishayaanennum athinaal avaa mattevideyengilum aasthaanamullidatholam kaalam aaa samsthaanangalude niyamangalkk vidheyamallennum avakashappettu.
vyavahaaravum niyanthranavum.
aaktivist abhibhaashakar eee ashayathe raajyathudaneelamulla vyavaharangalil, kooduthalum samsthaana kodathikalil, vividha thalangalil vyathyastha thalangalil vijayathode velluvilikkukayayirunnu. pensylvaniayil, maikkal donovan, maikkal malacoff, aan miller ennivar supreme kodathiyil athikkukayum prashnam pariharikkanamenn nirbandhikkukayum cheyyuka enna uddeshyathode svanthamaayi oru phayal nalkiyirunnu. sittibaankinte southu dakota subsidiary kambanikkethire 1992ll samsthaana kodathikalil klaas aakshan phayal cheytha kaaliforniyakkaariyaaya oru sthreeyaayirunnu barbera smiley, thante sittibank classic cardinu eedaakkiya 15 dollar lettu phees california niyamathe lamghikkunnuvennu aaropich. bisinus veekkil" pensylvania abhibhaashakarekkurichu vaayicha sesham, avar avare prathinideekarikkaan bandhapettu.
lettu phees deseeya banking niyamatthinte paridiyilulla palishayaanennu paranju thallikkalayaanulla prameyavumaayi sittibank smileyude yadhaartha filinginode prathikarichu. loss enchals kaundiyile kaaliforniyayude unnatha kodathi prameyam nirasichu, ennaal sittibank aaa nirasikkal appeel nalkia sesham, california appeel kodathikalude randaamathe jilla onnukil prameyam anuvadikkaano enthukondaanu angane cheyyaathathennu vishadeekarikkaano keezhkodathiyodu utharavittu. appeelil sharivecha vidhi sharivechukond supreme kodathi prameyam amgeekarikkukayum cases thallukayum cheythu.
1995 march 3 nuu, supreme kodathi parati thalliya sesham, deseeya baankukale niyanthrikkunnathinulla deseeya banking niyamam chumathiya udyogasthanaaya currency kantrolarude oafees (osi), "oru kadakkaarano varaanirikkunna kadakkaarano nashtapariharam nalkunna eathenkilum payment" ulppede niyamathinu keezhil "palisha" nirvachikkunna oru nirddishta niyanthranam purappeduvichu... vaaypa neettivecha oru vyavasthayude eathenkilum veezhcha allengil lamghanam."upabhokthaakkalodu anyaayavum thettidharippikkunnathu vimarsikkappetta palathum ulppede vaikiyulla pheesukalum ithil ulppedunnu. oru varshathinusesham ithu audyogikamaayi amgeekarikkappettu.
pinneedu 1995ll california supreme kodathi smileyude cases avalokanam cheyyaan sammathikkukayum angane cheyyukayum cheythu. athu keezhkkodathikale sharivachenkilum rund jadjimar viyojichu. samanamaaya oru kesil nyoojezhsiyude supreme kodathi vipareeta nigamanathilethiyathinaal, supreme kodathi smileyude "sarttiraari" harji anuvadichu.
kodathikku munnil.
justisumaarude munnil donovan smileyude cases vaadichu. nischitha thukayayathinaal, adaykkenda panattheyo adaykkaanulla samayakramatheyo adisthaanamaakki vyathyaasamillathathinaal, lettu phees, kantrolarude niyanthranam paranjathupole palishayallenn addeham paranju. munkaalangalil pizha phees oru tharatthilumulla palishayayi kanakkakkiyirunnilla ennu soochippikkunna rund muun rekhakal addeham choondikkaanichu. nooriladhikam varshangalayi, eathu tharatthilulla peymentukalaanu palishayayi kanakkakkunnathennu krithyamaayi nirvachikkaan oo. sii. sii. kku yogyathayillennu addeham abhiprayappettu. ennittum, yaadrishchikamaayi, aaa vishayam pariganikkunna oru cases supreme kodathiyilekku neengumbol maathrame athu cheyyendathinte aavasyakatha kaananakoo.
executive branchinte ejansikalkku kodathi nalkia bahumaanathinu arhathayillenn addeham avakashappettu. deseeya banking niyamatthinte nyayamaaya vyaakhyaanamalla ithennum athinaal 1984leeii chevron yuu niyamaprakaaram ithu sthaapikkappettathaanennum addeham paranju.ezz.eiii., ink. vii. prakrithi vibhava prathirodha kaunsil, ink."eee saahacharyathil, kodathi athu puthiyathayi avalokanam cheyyukayum ithu niyamatthinte ettavum mikacha vyaakhyaanamaano ennu theerumaanikkukayum venam.
loss enchals kambaniyaaya shiarman & sterlingile richard kendall citibankinu vendi cases vaadichu. sarkkaarinuvendi irving gornstainum "amicus curie" aayi addehathodoppam chernnu. kantrolarude niyamaparamaaya vyaakhyaanam maattivaykkaan iruvarum kodathiyodu vaadichu.
theerumaanam.
vaakkalulla vaadathinu rund maasathinu sesham kodathi citibankinu anukoolamaayi ekakandamaayi vidhi prasthaavichu. aantonin scalia kodathikku vendi ezhuthi.
nyoojezhsiyil ninnum kaaliforniyayil ninnumulla kesukal addeham asaadhaaranamaayi sammathichu, deseeya baank niyamathile 'palisha' enna vaakk ivide vishayavumaayi bandhappett vyakthamallenn vadikkaan budhimuttaayi."ennirunnaalum, addeham donovante ellah vaadangalum nirasichu.
niyanthranatthinte samayam maarakamaanennu kodathi kandethiyilla. "[enn] onnukil puraathanathayo allengil niyamathodulla samakaalikathayo saadhuthayude oru vyavasthayaanu."supreme kodathi kelkkenda oru kesinu munpu ithu purappeduvichathu" "aprasakthamaayirunnu". " eee niyanthranam yukthisahamaanennum addeham kandethi. "[penaalttikal] num [penalttikalkkum] idayil, niyanthranam cheiyunnathupole oru line varaykkaan njangalkk thikachum saadhyamaanennu thonnunnu... matellaa paymentukalum."oru audyogika ejansi sthaanathe poornnamaayum prathinidheekarikkaathinaal lettu phees palisha adaykkal vendathra niyantrikkunnathaayi kanakkaakkaamenn thangal karuthunnillennu kantrolarude oafees prathinidhikal paranja muun rekhakal addeham kandethiyitla. "eee prasthavanakal kaanikkunnath, enthengilum undengil, anishchithathvavum ashayakkuzhappavum illaathaakkunnathinaayi puthiya niyanthranam prakhyapikkaan kantrolarkku nalla kaaranamundaayirunnu ennathaanu."
mattoru vishayam kaikaaryam cheytha sesham donavan uyarthiya, rund prasnangal aashayakkuzhappathilayathaayum athinaal aaa chodyam vivaadamaayirunnuvennum paranju, regulation samsthaana niyamangal munkootty ozhivaakkiyathinaal bahumaanathinu arhathayillenn paranju, scalia paranju, "ithu niyamatthinte mikacha vyaakhyaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu ennathalla, marichu athu nyayamaaya orennathe prathinidheekarikkunnu ennathaanu addeham njangalude munbaake chodikkunnathu. utharam theerchayaayum athe ennaanu."pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathile niyama nighandukkalum aaa kaalaghattatthile kodathiyude swantham niyamashaasthravum palisaye athra sookshumamaayi nirvachikkunnilla, theerchayaayum atharam phlait phees palappozhum samsthaana virudha-palisha niyamangal ozhivakkaan uddeshichullathaayirunnu, aaa kaalaghattatthile samsthaana kodathikal vidhichirunnu. oduvil, pizhakal palishayil ninnu swaabhaavikamaayi vyathyasthamaanenna vaadam addeham nirasichu, harjikkaaran avar aasrayikkunna cases thettayi vaayichuvennum kooduthal uchithamennu thaan karuthunna kesukal udharichathaayum addeham abhiprayappettu. deseeya banking niyamathile vakupp palishayum pizhayum thammil verthirichariyunnillena addeham abhiprayappettu.
prathikaranam.
kodathi vidhi paranjaal chelaveria vyavahaarangalum asamkhyaaka samsthaana niyamangalum bhayappettirunna credit card vyavasaayathile abhibhaashakarum lobistukalum theerumaanathe prashamsichu. "krithyasamayathu billukal adaykkunna 97 shathamaanamo athil kooduthalo card udamakalude valia vijayamaanith", oru sittibank vakthaav paranju. "nammalil krithyasamayathu panam nalkunnavar athu cheyyaathavarkku subsidy nalkaan oru kaaranavumilla", kendall paranju. athu thulyathayalla."
maruvashathu, donovan phalathe "nirbhagyakaramaaya vyaakhyaanam" ennu visheshippichu... ithu kooduthal janasamkhyayulla deerghakaala upabhokthru samrakshana niyamangal marikadakkaan cherukida samsthaanangale anuvadikkum... samsthaanangal."addehathinte saha-kaunsal aan miller eee theerumaanathe" "thettayathum deerghaveekshanamullathum" "ennu visheshippichu"... yuu ennaanu utharam ennu njaan karutunnilla.ezz. puthiyathum valare mariyathumaaya banking reethikal kaikaaryam cheyyaan sramikkunna pazhaya niyamangal uyarthunna prashnangalude deerghakaala pariharamaayirikkum supreme kodathi konduvaraan pogunnathu."
osi vahicha pankine donovan prathyekichum vimarshichu. "goal linelake neengumbol sidelinil nilkkunna oru kalikkaaran njangale nerittu". ennirunnaalum, cheef justice rehakvist vaakkalulla vaadathil paranjathupole, banking vyavasaayathin anukoolamallaatha oru niyanthranavumayi orikkalum kodathiyil vannittillaatha oru regulatory body vahicha pankine addeham kurachukaaniyathaayi ithu kaanichu. "oru niyamam kondu kongras enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu nirvachikkunna oru executive ejansiyude uchithathayil naam kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkendathaayinu, kongras oru niyamam kondu enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu nirvachikkunna oru kodathikku vipareethamaayi."
anantharafalangal.
sittibaankinte credit card divishante muun general kaunsilaraaya dankaan mcdonald, taanum mattullavarum nyayamaaya vipani nirakkayi kanakkakkiya 15 dollaril phees nischayikkaanulla swaathanthryam pratheekshikkunnundenn paranju, ennaal pinneedu chila cardukal vaikia phees 39 dollar vare uyarnnu.
"oru divasam nammal fraankanstain srishtikkumennu njaan theerchayaayum sangalppichirunnilla", addeham oru pathittaandin sesham pbsinte "frondline" nodu paranju. "dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukalil ninnu amithamaayi lettu fease mosham check fease amithamaya fease eedaakkunnu, thudarnnu eee 25 sathamaanam eiii. pii. aarr. kall vyavasaayathin labham undaakkunnu, athuvazhi nirakk sensitiivu aaya aalukalkk nirakkukal kuraykkaan kazhiyum, avarkk yadhaarthathil sisttam shopping cheyyaan kazhiyum."
2009 meyy 22nuu credit card utharavaadithavum velippeduthalum niyamam (credit card niyamam) niyamamaayi oppuvachu.

