
saal

bekhaa govarnarettinte thalasthaanavum lebananile ettavum valia nagaravumaan sahle (сале). ekadesham 150,000 nivaasikalulla ithu bairoot, tripoly ennivaykku sesham lebananile moonnaamathe valia nagravum muzhuvan nagarapradesavum (joonee nagarapradesham valuthaanu) edukkunna naalaamathe valia nagaravumaan.
thalasthaanamaaya bairootinu kizhakkayi bairoot-damascus rodinaduthaayi lebanon parvathanirakaludeyum bekha peedabhoomiyudeyum samgamasthaanathu sharashari 1,000 meter uyarathilaanu sahle sthithi cheiyunnathu. bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanavum aakarshanavum kaaranam "bekhayude vadhu" ennum "malayidukkinte ayalkkaaran" ennum ariyappedunna sahle "veenjinteyum kavithayudeyum nagaram" ennum ariyappedunnu. manoharamaaya kaalavastha, niravadhi nadeethada restorantukal, gunanilavaaramulla arac ennivaykku ithu lebananilum pradeshathum udaneelam prashasthamaan. ividuthe nivaasikal pradhaanamaayum melkkait greak catholicaraanu, arabiyil "sahlavi" ennaanu ariyappedunnathu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
nagarathinu chuttumulla vananaseekarana kunnukalil idaykkide undaakunna mannidichilukal orupakshe perinte uthbhavamaayirikkam.
charithram.
kuranjathu ayyayiram varshamaayi eee pradeshathu manushya pravartthanangal nadakkunnundu. pathinettaam noottaandil 200 oolam veedukalulla oru cheria gramamaayirunnu sahle. lebanon parvvathatthileyum syriayileyum praadeshika adhikara kendrangalil ninnulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya ottappedal samgharshangalo aakramanangalo undaayal graamathinu eee mekhalayil kaaryamaaya sakhyakakshikalonnum illaathirikkaan kaaranamaayi. 1777lum 1791lum sahle kathikkappettu.
18-aamm noottaandil pala kristhyaanikalum balbeck pradesham vittathayi paarambaryamundu, harfush raajavamshathinte adichamarthalum balaalsangavum kaaranam puthiyathum kooduthal surakshithavumaya nagaramaya saahleykkaayi, ennaal kooduthal nirnaayaka padanangal aaa vyaakhyaanathe chodyam cheythittundu, eee rajavamsham sahleyude yaadhaasthithika maluf kudumbavumaayi adutha bandhamullathaanennum (kurachu varshangalkk sesham mustafa harfush abhayam praapicha sthalam) vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla apakeerthikalum sahleyude vardhichuvarunna vaanijya aakarshanavum 18-aamm noottaandil baalbekkinte thakarchaykku kaaranamayennum kaanikkunnu. avide enthoru adichamarthal nadannirunnu ennathu ellaayppozhum kristhyan samoohathe lakshyamittirunnilla. udaaharanathinu, shiah 'usayran kudumbam, harfeshukal pidichedukkunnathu ozhivakkaan balbeck vittathayum sidonile pradhana vaanijya kudumbangalilonnayi svayam sthaapikkukayum pinneedu iraante konsalmaaraayi polum pravartthikkukayum cheythathaayum parayappedunnu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, shaaleyil ayiram nivaasikalum irunooru veedukalum undaayirunnu. 1820 aayappozhekkum, shaaleyude janasamkhya 5,000 aayi uyarnnu. 1850 aayappozhekkum athu 7,000 muthal 8,000 vare aayi, eee pattanam bekkayude vaanijya kendramaayum praadeshika dhaanya vilaveduppinte pradhana depoyaayum maari. europian vyaapaarathilekku raajyam thurakkunnathilekku nayicha eejipshyan adhinivesham (1831-41), europil dhaanyakshaamathinu kaaranamaaya crimean yuddham, lebanon parvathatthile pattunool ulppaadanathinte vipuleekaranam enniva vipuleekaranathinte chila gadakangalil ulppedunnu.
1985 septambar 7 nuu, aabhyantharayudhasamayathu, lebanese senayude milishya, akkaalat elii hobeikayude neethrthwathil 100 syrian sinikareyum 20 rahasyaanveshana udyogasthareyum pattanatthil thanthraparamaaya sthaanangal ettedukkaan sammathichu.
dhaanya vyapaaram niyanthrikkunnathinu purame, valia syriayil ninnulla kannukaalikalude kendramaayi marria sahle thukal, neythathum chayam pooshiyathumaaya vasthukkal, aleppo, damascus, bairoot ennivayumaayi vyapaaram nadathukayum cheythu. 1860kalilum 1870kalilum praadeshika vyapaarikal sambannaraayirunnuvenkilum avarude edapaadukalkku vaaypaykkaayi beyroottile baankukale aashrayikkukayaayirunnu.
1932 muthal lebananil sensus nadathiyittillaathinaal nilavile janasamkhya krithyamaayi ariyilla, ennaal vivekapoornamaaya oru kanakk prakaram 60,000 aalukal pattanathilundennu parayukayum ithu raajyathe naalaamathe valia nagaramaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu. (pradeshavaasikal 200,000 allengil 300,000 nivaasikalude kanakkukal nalkunnu, ennirunnaalum, ithu thettidharippikkunnathum poornnamaayum yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathu.) aasoothrithamallaatha valarcha kaaranam 1990 kalude avasaanam muthal orotta nagara sthaapanamaayi maariyathum ekadesham 100,000 aalukalude aavaasakendravumaaya thekkupadinjaaran bhaagathulla ayal pattanangalaya sadanayel, thaalabaaya, chaura, jadeeta enniva eee nagarapradeshatthil ulppedunnu. metropolittan pradesham sahle jillayude bhooribhaagavum vyaapichukidakkunnu, koodaathe ithil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu
motham janasamkhya 200,000-nuu aduthaanu.
janasamkhyaashaasthram.
lebananileyum middle eesttileyum ettavum valia kristhyan nagarangalilonnaan (motham janasamkhyayude 90 sathamaanavum kristhyaanikalaanu), ettavum kooduthal katholikkarulla nagaramaanith. niravadhi middle eestten nagarangalil (damascus, keyro, amman ennivayulppede) valia kristhyan samoohangalundengilum iva bhooripakshamalla. lebananil, beyroottil (sariyaaya nagaratthil) sahleyekkaal valia kristhyan janasamkhyayundu, ennaal eee janasamkhyayil bhooribhaagavum greak oorthadoox kuttasammatham ulppedunnu. jaunih sahleyekkaal valuthaanu, mathramalla valareyadhikam kristhyaaniyumaanu.
sahleyile kristhyan janasamkhyaykku inipparayunna ekadesha gadanayunda
aabhyantharayudhasamayathu rund musleem kudumbangal maathramaan sahleykkullil avasheshichatha hindy sreyum. nagaratthinte vadakkukizhakkan, thekkupadinjaaran attathulla yathaakramam "hayy alle-watani" enna pradeshathu, karak nooh (noayude shavakudeeram sthithicheyyunnuvennu aaropikkappedunna), haush alle-umara ennivayude ayalpradesangalilaanu sahleyude muslim nyoonapakshangal (janasamkhyayude ekadesham 17 sathamaanam) kendreekarichirikkunnathu. eee pradeshathe arupathirandu sathamaanam musleengalum shia backie 38 sathamaanam sunnikalumaanu. munkaalangalil eee pattanatthil oru druze nyoonapakshavum oru cheria jootha janasamkhyayum undaayirunnu, avaril bhooribhaagavum lebanese aabhyantharayudhasamayathu kudiyeri.
irupathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal sahle kudiyettatthinte naadaanu, bhooribhaagam aalukalum thekke amerikkayilekku, pradhaanamaayum columbia, veneswella, brazeel, arjanteena ennividangalilekku kudiyeri. 1970kalilum 1980kalilum aabhyantharayudhakaalathu kudiyettakkaarude oru puthiya ozhukk nagaram vittu america, canada, austreliya, brazeel ennividangalilekku pooyi. sameepa varshangalil, canada yunaittad arab emiratesum pradhana lakshyasthaanangalaayi kudiyettam thudarunnu. innu, praadeshika vamshajaraaya 250,000 aalukal videshathu thaamasikkunnu, avaril bhooribhaagavum kolambiyayilum brazeelilumaanu.
sambadghadana.
lebanonile ettavum pradhanappetta kaarshika mekhalayaaya bekhaa thaazhvarayile pradhana pattanamayathinaal, saahleyude sambadvyavastha valarekkaalamaayi kaarshikamekhalayilaanu nirmmikkappettath. munthirithottangal chuttumulla bhooprakrithiyude oru pradhana savisheshathayaayi maarunna eee pradeshatthinte pradhana ulppannamaanu munthirippazham. pazhaya veedukalude pala terresukalilum vyakthigathamayi laattisilum munthirivallikal valarthunnu. praadeshika uthppannangalude valiyoru bhagam pattanatthilum parisarathumulla moonnu vainarikalum, praadeshika madyamaaya saal prashasthamaaya arac uthppaadippikkunna niravadhi disttilarikalum vitharanam cheiyunnu.
beyroottinum damascasinum idayil sthithi cheiyunnathinaal oru kaalath samriddhamaaya vaanijya pravartthanam sahle kandu. vairudhyamennu parayatte, beyroottile vardhichuvarunna asthiratha sambadvyavasthayude vikendreekaranathilekku nayicha aabhyantharayudhasamayathu aaa pravarthanangalil chilath athu veendeduthu. koodaathe, samsthaana adhikaarathinte thakarcha kaaranam nikuthi nilavilundaayirunnilla, ithu sahle athinte vyaavasaayika, vaanijya mekhalakal vipuleekarikkaan upayogichu. paper millukal, rasavasthukkal, plaastik, canning, bhakshya samskaranam ennivayaanu pradhana mekhalakalulla pattanatthinte pradhana vyaavasaayika mekhala thekkukizhakkan bhagathaanu.
central baank oof lebanon, lebanese chamber oof komezhs ennivayulppede niravadhi kambanikalkkum samsthaana sthaapanangalkkum bekha mekhalayude aasthaanam shaaleyil undu.
vidyaabhyaasam.
sameepa varshangalil niravadhi sarvakalashaalakal avide shaakhakal thurannathinu sesham sahle unnatha vidyaabhyaasathinte oru praadeshika kendramaayi parinamikkukayaanu. nilavil pattanatthil prathinidheekarikkunna unnatha vidyaabhyaasa sthaapanangalil iva ulppedunnu
gathagatham.
nagarapradeshatthinte thekkupadinjaraayi kadannupokunna bairoot-damascus rodiloode beyroottumaayi (padinjaaru), avide ninnu ellah theeradesha nagarangalumaayum sahle bandhippichirikkunnu. gathaagathathe aashrayich 45 minitt muthal 2 manikkoor vare yaatra edukkaam. syriayile damascus thekkukizhakkayi sthithicheyyunnu, athirthiyile kaathiripp samayam ozhike saadhaaranayaayi onnara manikorinullil athunnu. thudarchayaayi jolikalum attakuttappanikalum nadakkunnundengilum, bairoot-damascus rooad mosham avasthayilaanu, pradhana anthaaraashtra roottaayi oru puthiya, multy milyan dollar haiway maattisthaapikkappedumenathil; ennirunnaalum, poorttheekarana theeyathi ippozhum vyakthamalla.
vadakku syriayile homesylake thudarunna trans-bekha rooad vazhi balbekkumaayi (vadakkukizhakku) sahle bandhippichirikkunnu. shahle nagarapradeshathu (chaura muthal karak nuh vare) vyaapichukidakkunna bhagam aduthide naveekarichu.
vyapakamaaya kaar udamasthaavakaasham kaaranam pothugathagatham ippozhum avikasithamayi thudarunnu. kramarahithamaya samayangalil central avanyoovil oodunna orotta buzz line undu. nagaratthinte praveshana kavaadatthile manaara raundu ebouttil nirthunna minivaanukaliloodeyaanu anthar nagara gathagatham nadathunnathu. muhallaakhayilaayirunnu sahleyude railway steshan sthithi cheythirunnathenkilum aabhyantharayudhakaalathu lebananile ellah reyil gathagathavum nirtthiyathine thudarnnu athu upekshikkappettu.
aduthulla rayak vyomathaavalathe (sahleik kizhakkayi sthithicheyyunna) oru sivil vimaanathavalamaakki mattaanum pattanatthinum thaazhvaraykkum muzhuvan sevanam nalkaanum padhathiyundaayirunnu. kanatha manjuveezhcha kaaranam beyroothilekkulla rooad adachidumbol oru praadeshika vimaanathaavalam nirnaayakamaanennu theliyikkum. ennirunnaalum, ranve vipuleekaranam aarambhichathinusesham 2000 kalude thudakkathil padhathi maravippichu.
pradhana kazhchakal.
berdavni neenthal.
berdavni nadiyude theerangal valarekkaalamaayi shaleyileyum lebanante mattu bhaagangalileyum aalukal saamoohikavalkkarikkappedanu sthalamaanu. alle vaadi" ("thaazhvara") ennu vilikkappedunna nadiyude theerathulla oru vihaaramaan pattanatthile ettavum janapriya aakarshanam. malayidukkile chunnaambukallu paarakalkkidayil abhayam nalkunna ithu valia outtdoor restorantukal, kafekal, kalisthalangal ennivayaal nirathappettirikkunnu, koodaathe marangalaal nizhalittirikkunnu. eee restorantukal arakkinoppam vilambunna parambaraagatha lebanese messil vaidagdhyamullavayaanu. sharathkaalathinte avasaanathilum shaithyakaalathum malanirakalil ninnulla thanutha kaatt malayidukkiloode ozhukunnappol eee nadattham adaykkunnu.
njangalude lady oof sahle aandu becca.
saahleyude thekkupadinjaraayi oru kunnin mukalil sthithi cheiyunna ithu poornnamaayum velutha marble kondu pothinja oru konkreett gopuramaanu, koodaathe oru itaaliyan kalakarante srishtiyaaya kanyaka meriyude venkala prathimayum ithinu mukalilundu. nagaratthinte bhooribhaagathuninnum madhya beka thaazhvarayil niravadhi mile akaleninnum drishyamaakunna ithu dooreyullah saahleyude ettavum pradhanappetta gadanayaanu. nooriladhikam perkku irikkaan kazhiyunna oru chaappal athinte adithattil undu. gopuratthinte mukalbhagam shaaleyudeyum beka thaazhvarayudeyum vishalamaaya kazhchakal nalkunnu.
taunn haal (pazhaya sereyil).
1850ll pattanatthinte sereyilaayi pravarthikkunnathinaanu eee automan kettidam nirmmichathu. njangalude lady oof sahleyil ninnum bekkayil ninnum thaazhekku sthithi cheiyunna ithu praadeshikavum automan vaasthuvidyayude misrithamaanu, koodaathe oru aantharika poonthottam niranjathum aarkkedukalaal chuttappettathumaya oru atrium avatharippikkunnu. ippozhum "pazhaya sereyil" ennariyappedunnunde ithu nilavil taunn haalayi pravartthikkunnu. munkaalangalil, kadutha tirakkum nilavaaramillaatha saahacharyangalum anubavikkunna praadeshika jayil thaazhathe nilayil undaayirunnu. 2009ll 800 thadavukaarkku thamasikkaan edavum mathiyaya adisthaana soukaryangalumulla eee jayil muvaalaakhayile oru puthiya sthalathekku maatti.
catholica cathedral (rakshayude nammude lady).
1720 muthalulla eee mahathaaya samuchayathil oru valia aantharika muttathinu chuttum kallu pothinja kettidangalude oru parambara adangiyirikkunnu palli thanne (ettavum pazhakkam chenna bhagam), aarch bishappinte irippidam (parivartthanam cheyyappetta muun ashramam), oru aikkan ulla oru cheria chaappal, ithu vishudha lucas kanyaka meriyude chhaayaachithrathinte punarnirmmaanamaanennu parayappedunnu. oru smaaraka kavaadam, oru bhoogarbha semiteri, oru munny gopuram ennivayum ithil ulppedunnu, athinte mukalil 1993 ll oru valia marble clock gadippichirunnu. 1987 eprilil bomb aakramanathil samuchayathinte oru bhagam nasippikkappedukayum athinusesham punarnirmmikkappedukayum cheythu.
grand hotel kadri.
akathum puratthum ulla saahleyude parambaraagatha kallu vaasthuvidyayude pradhana udaaharanamaanu grand hotel kadri. nagaratthile ettavum valuthum aadambarapoornavumaaya hotelayi mikka udyogastharum vishishtaathidhikalum valarekkaalamaayi ithu upayogikkunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu automans ithu oru aashupathriyaakki maatti. lebanese aabhyantharayudhakaalathu ithu syrian sainyam kaivashappeduthukayum valia naashanashtangal varuthukayum cheythu. 1990kalude madhyathil oru abhilasha punarudhaarana padhathikku athine athinte muun mahathwathilekku thirike konduvaraan kazhinju. catholica sabayum (1999 muthal athinte udamasthathayilulla) thammilulla samgharsham kaaranam 2011 februvariyil hotel adachupoottukayum pinneedu 2013 ll veendum thurakkukayum cheythu.
memshee paarkk.
grand hotel kaadriyude theruvinu kuruke sthithi cheiyunna memshih, shaaleyude ettavum pazhakkameriyathum ettavum durghadavumaaya paarkkaan (puthuthayi thuranna jeey.tii.scaff paarkk valuthaanu, pakshe athil marangal valare kuravaanu). lebananile niravadhi sthalangalude mosaik chithreekaranangalulla marble meshakalude shekharam, waterlillikalulla oru cheria kulam, ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla marble tholos, prashastha pradeshavaasikale prathinidheekarikkunna niravadhi shilpangal enniva eee desheeyodyaanathilundu. ettavum valia prakrithidatha chrismus trea enna loka record thakarkkanulla shramathil, 2003-ll munisippaalitti aayirakkanakkin laittukal kondu oru devadaaru (paarkkile ettavum uyaram koodiyathu) moodukayundaayi.
puraavastu sthalangal.
sahleik puraavastu thalpparyangal kuravaanu; ennirunnaalum, roman kaalaghattam muthalulla nilavarakalude chittayayathinaal chaatto kasara vainari sandarshikkaan yogyamaanu. carc noohinte praanthapradeshathum oru kauthukam undu praadeshika pallikkullile oru kallu ghadana, ithu praadeshika paarambaryam noayude shavakudeeramaanennu vishwasikkunnu (pakshe orupakshe oru roman jalasambharaniyude oru bhagamaanu).
koodaathe, sameepa sthalangalil niravadhi purathana thaalpparyamulla sthalangalunda
sandarshikkenda rund sittukal koodi akaleyaanu
samskaaram.
saahleyude samskaaram valarekkaalamaayi athinte signature vila, munthirippazham, athinte uthppannangal, veenju, arac ennivaye chuttippattiyaan. parambaraagathamaayi, prathyekichu, arakk divasathil eathu samayathum kafekalil vilambunnundu. veenjinteyum kavithayudeyum nagaram" ennaanu eee nagaram ariyappedunnathu. eee vilipperude manoharamaaya oru vyakthithvam pattanatthinte praveshana kavaadatthil nilakollunnu oru koottam munthirippazhangal pidichu pranayakavithayude myoosaaya eraattoyude prathima.
parambaraagathamaayi ellah septambarilum nadakkunna "munthirivalliyude utsavam" aanu shaaleyude ettavum pradhanappetta saamskaarika paripadi, eee samayat kacherikal, naadakangal, kavithasamayangal, kalaa pradarshanangal enniva rando moonno aazhchakalkkullil divasena samghadippikkunnu. avasana shaniyazhcha vaikunneram praadeshika soundarya raajnjiyaaya "munthirivalliyude velakkaari" yude kireedadhaaranam avatharippikkunnu, pittennu uchathirinju, utsavam athinte ettavum janapriyamaaya paripaadiyumaayi avasaanikkunnu pattanatthinte pradhana avanyoovil nadakkunna floattukalude paredu. oru kendra prameyathinanusarichu floatukal pookkal kondu poornnamaayum alankarichirikkunnu.
praadeshika samskaarathinte mattoru kendra vasham mathaparamaya bhakthiyaan. valare catholicar yaadhaasthithikarumaaya oru pattanamaan shahle, avidatthe nivaasikalil palarum avarude mathaparamaya swathuathil abhimaanam prakadippikkunnu. prathyekichu, good friedale ezhu pallikal sandarshikkunnathu pathivaanu. suhruthukkaleyum bandhukkaleyum sandarshikkaanulla samayamayathinaal avadhidinangal valare saamoohika swabhaavathe amgeekarikkunnu.
parambaraagathamaayi juulai 20 nuu vedikkettu upayogichu aaghoshikkunna pravachakanaaya elias (elijah) pattanatthinte rakshaadhikaariyaanu. mattoru sradheyamaaya avadhidinamaanu corpus-kristhi, juun aadya vyaazhazhcha valia thothilulla ghoshayaathrayode aaghoshikkunnu, thaledivasam vaikunneram torch laitt paredu nadathunnu. 1825ll bubonic playginte naashanashtangalil ninnu nagaram rakshapetta kaalathaanu corpus kristhyan aakhosham aarambhikkunnath.
kaalavastha.
sahleik bhookhanda swaadheenamulla medittareniyan kaalaavasthayundu (copen kalavastha vargeekaranam "csa").
eratta pattanangal-sahodari nagarangal.
sahle erattakalaana