
chunn afong

pathonpathaam noottaandil havaay raajyathil sthirathaamasamaakkukayum havaay, mccavu, hongong ennividangalil oru bisinesses saamrajyam nirmmikkukayum cheytha oru chainees bisinasukaaranum jeevakaarunya pravartthakanum aayirunnu chunn afong (1825-septambar 25,1906). 1849ll gwangdongle ninnu havaayiyilekk kudiyeriya addeham thante cantonese naamamaya aaa fonginte cheria roopathinu sesham aaa kudumbapperu sweekarichu.
afong honoluluvile ammaavante retail storil jolie cheyyaan thudangi, pinneedu ooriyantal puthumakal vilkkunna storukalude oru shringalayude saha udamayaayi. yathaasamayam, chillara vilppana, shipping, karupp, panchasaara, kaappi thottangal ennivayil addeham sambathu nikshepam nadatthi, oduvil havaayiyile aadyathe chainees kodeeswaranaayi. 1856-ll, kamehameha naalaaman rajaavinteyum emma raajnjiyudeyum vivaahathodanubandhichu oru panthu samghadippikkaan afong sahayichu, ithu honoluluvil chainees samoohathinte sthaanam urappikkaan sahayichu. havaian saamraajyathinte vaanijya ejantaayum nayatantra koonsal aayum addeham hraswakaalam sevanamanushtikkukayum kalaakou raajaavinte swakaarya kaunsil amgavumaayirunnu.
chainayil oru prathyeka kudumbam nilanirtthiyappol, afong havaian-britiish prabhuvaya juuliya fairweather affongine vivaham kazhichu, eee vivaham havaian prabhukkanmarumaayum bharanavargavumaayum kooduthal bandham konduvannu. niravadhi penmakkalum rund aanmakkalum ulppedunna oru valia mishra vamshakudumbathe avar valarthi chunn chick-yuu, chunn lung (chainees bharyayil ninnulla mootha makan), avar addehathinte bisinesses saamrajyangalil addehathe sahayichu. havaayiyile naalu pathittaandukalkk sesham 1890-ll julia avarude mikka makkaleyum upekshichu afong swantham graamathilekku viramichu. addeham thante bisinesses saamrajyam mccavuvilekkum hongongilekkum maatti. addehathinte avasana varshangalil, mixie smaaraka kavaadangal sthaapicha addehathinte janmanaattil addehathinte jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal amgeekarikkappettu. 1906ll addeham swantham graamatthil vachu marichu. 1912ll american novelist jacq landanum "13 penmakkalum" chernnu addehathinte jeevitam kaarikkechar cheythu, addehathinte cherumakan ezhuthiya 1961 broadway myoosikkal hraswakaalamaayirunnu ithu. 1997-ll, afonginte pingaamikaliloraale vivaham kazhicha bob dye, "chandanam parvathanirakalude vyaapaari rajakumaran afong aandu dhii chainees inn havaay" enna peril thante jeevitam vivarikkunna oru pusthakam ezhuthi.
jeevacharitram.
innathe meexi gramamaaya siangshan kaundiyile wong mou chaa (), kienshan, suhai, gwangdong ennee graamathilaanu afong janichathu. hacka janathayumayi deerghakaalamaayi tharkkam nilaninnirunna chainees cantonese samoohathil ninnullayalaayirunnu addeham; 1855 muthal 1868 vare nadanna pundi-hakka vamshayudhangalilekku pinneedulla samgharsham vyaapichu. havaayiyile kudiyetta samoohangalil hakka pundiyum thammilulla malsaram thudarnnu.
1849ll honoluluvile thante chillaravilppanasaalayil sahaayikkaanaayi ammaavanodoppam afong havaian dveepukalil ethi. kamehameha onnaamante bharanakaalathu eshyayilekku kayattumathi cheytha samriddhamaaya chandanamarangalude peril akkaalat chainakkar havaay "chandanam parvathangal" () ennariyappettirunnu. oru havaian immigration udyogasthan thante peru chodichappol, addeham thante chainees kudumbanamam chunn ennum thudarnnu aaa fong ennum pothuvaaya cantonese miniminutive prefix aaa () upayogichukondu marupadi nalki. ennirunnaalum, addeham paashchaathya sailiyilaanu thante peru nalkiyathennu audyogikar karuthukayum angane chainees namam addehathinte kudumbapperayi upayogichukondu addeham chunn afong aayi maarukayum cheythu.
1865ll addeham thante suhruthu kwing ming kway allengil achakkinoppam svanthamaayi oru bisinesses aarambhichu. avar chainees nivaasikalkkum honolulu samoohathile unnatha thalathilullavarkkum brokedukalum pattum ulppedeyulla ooriyantal puthumakal vilkkunna kadakalude shringalayaaya afong & achakkinte saha-udamakalaayi. 1856ll afong, cantonese vyapara samooham ennivar kamehameha naalaaman rajaavinteyum emma rookkinteyum vivaahathodulla aadarasoochakamaayi oru panthu aathidheyathvam vahichu. eee bahu-vamseeya paripadi honoluluvil chainees samoohathinte sthaanam urappikkaan sahayichu.
1850-ll chainayilekku madangiyethiya afong, liie hongine vivaham kazhichu, addeham addehathinte praadhamika "kitt-phaatt" (bhaarya) aayi. ennirunnaalum, liie hong chainayil thudarumbol addeham havayiyil veendum vivaham kazhichu. 1857-ll britiish-havaian prabhuvaya juuliya fairweather afongine vivaham kazhikkunnathinayi addeham oru havaian vishayamaayi swaabhaavikavalkkarikkuppadu. 1874 ll rajaavaayi thiranjedukkappetta kaalakauva ulppedeyulla bharanakakshiyaya havaian varenyavargavumaayi union addehathe bandhippichu, addeham afonginte saambathika pinthunayude bhagamaayaanu. chillara vilppana, shipping, karupp vilppana, panchasaara, kaappi thottangal ennivayile nikshepathode havaayiyile addehathinte bisinesses kramanugathamaayi valarnnu. taamasiyaathe havaian dveepukalile aadyathe chainees kodeeswaranaayi afong maari.
rashtreeya niyamanangal.
1879 juun 5 nuu raajaavinte upadeshaka samithiyaaya privy kaunsil oof stettu aayi kalakauva rajaavu niyamithanaayi. ennirunnaalum, havaayiyile chainees sarkkaarinte nayatantra ejantaakaan addeham taamasiyaathe raajivachu.
1879 august 13 nuu washington dii. sii., chenn lanbinil vachu american aikyanaadukalile chainees mantri addehathe chainayude vaanijya ejantaayi ("shangdong") niyamichu. 1880 februvari pakuthi vare havaay sarkkar addehathe amgeekarichilla. 1882 maarchil addeham koonsal sthaanam raajivachu.
aathyanthikamayi, akii karupp kumbhakonam (alung ennu vilikkappedunna addehathinte makan chunn lung ulppettirunnathu) 1887 joolaiyil raajaavinte athiraalikalude attimariyilekku nayicha azhimathi aaropanangalilonnayi maari. 1887leeii bainet bharanaghadanayil oppuvaykkaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi, athu addehathinte executive adikaaram parimithappedutthi. bionet bharanaghadanayil oppuvachathinusesham raajyathe vottavakaasha sambradaayam maari. pavapetta thaddesheeya havaayiyanmaareyum ellah eshyakkaareyum lakshyamit puthiya vamseeya, swath niyanthranangal nadappaakki. eee grouppukalkkoppam, muun thiranjeduppukalil vottu cheyyaan kazhinja chainees vamshajaraaya niravadhi swaabhaavika vishayangalkkum vottavakaasham nishedikkappettu, athesamayam vottu swaabhaavikamallaatha videsha euro-american nivaasikalkk vyapippichu.
chaina enna thaalilekku madanguka.
1889 augustil mootha makan alung marichathinushesham addeham havaayiyile thante bisinesses oharikalil bhooribhaagavum vilkkukayo punasamghadippikkukayo hongongile dougless steamship kambaniyil nikshepam nadathukayum cheythu. bhaarya julia avarude niravadhi makkaleyum paripalikkunnathinaayi havayiyil avasheshikkunna oru estettinte bharanadhikaariyaayi addeham saamuval mills daamane namakaranam cheythu. addeham thante bisinus quarter hongongilekkum mccavuvilekkum maattukayum 1890 october 17 nuu havayiyil ninnu avasaanamaayi kappal kayarukayum cheythu. 
jooliyayude mootha makanaaya tonny (chunn chick-yuu) addehathe sahayikkaan addehathe anugamikkukayum pinneedu swantham nilayil swaadheenamulla oru bisinasukaaranaayi maarukayum cheythu. videshathu thante bakkiyulla bisinesses kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinidayil jeevithakalam muzhuvan chainayil thudarnnu.
1906 septambar 25nuu afong 81-aamm vayassil meexi graamatthile veettil vachu nishabdamaayi marichu.
paarambaryamaayi.
munkaala thaamasasthalangalum smaarakangalum.
addehathinte janmanaattil, chainees, europian vasthuvidyaa gadakangal samyojippichukondu 1886lum 1891lum chunn affonginteyum pithaavinteyum jeevakaarunya pravartthanangalude smaranaykkaayi avarude swantham graamatthil maixi smaaraka kamanangal nirmmichu. saamraajyathvashaasanam addehathe onnaam raankile manderine aakkukayum "udaaratha, jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal, niswaarthatha, dayayullavar" ennee vaakkukal ulkkollunna naalu falakangal nalkukayum cheythu. valia chunn famili estettinte bhagamaaya eee swathil famili maalika, poonthottangal, poorvvika kshethram, vipuleekritha kudumbatthinte semiteri maithanam enniva ulppedunnu. saamskaarika viplavakaalath eee sthalam kollayadikkappedukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu, naalu kamaanangalil onnu nasippikkappettu. afonginte mahathaaya shavakudeeram polum kollayadikkappedukayum addehathinte avashishtangal pinneedu addehathinte aadya bharyayaaya veppattikkum makan tonic aduthulla lalithamaaya shavakudeerathil punarsamskaarikkukayum cheythu. eee vasathi pinneedu barakkukalaayum pinneedu factory thozhilaallikalkulla dormittarikalaayum upayogichu. meexiyile chunn famili estettu nilavil oru myusiyavum vinodasanjaara aakarshanavumaan.
havaayiyile aadyathe lichi (lichi chinensi) maram 1873-ll chainayilekkulla oru yaathrayil ninnu chedi thirike konduvanna addehathinte bisinus associate suhruthumaaya achakku, newan avanyoovilum school streettilum afonginte honolulu maalikayil nattupidippichu. eee maram pinneedu "afong" maram ennariyappettu. orikkal gwiway ennu thiricharinjirunna kaltiwar inam pinneedu dasau inamaayi thiricharinju. lichi maram ippozhum muun nuwan shopping plaasayil (ippol oru walgreen) nilkkunnu, koodaathe oru aalmaravum (honoluluvile ettavum pazhaya almaram ennu parayappedunnu) afong nattupidippikkunnu. 2005ll charitraparamaaya randaamathe almaram murichumaatti.
addeham rajakudumbaamgangaleyum vishishtaathidhikaleyum rasippichirunna affonginte vaikkikki villa 1904ll honolulu thuramukhathe videsha akramanangalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi nirmmicha baattari randolfinteyum baattari dudleyudeyum nirmmaanathinaayi american aikyanaadukalile armi corps oof enchineeyarmaarkku vittu. ithu ippol yuu. esinte swathinte bhagamaanu.ezz. havaayiyile armi myusiyavum fort deressi milittari reservation. villa affonginte paarambaryatheyum vivarikkunna oru vivara marker undu, ithu vaikkikki charitraparamaaya paathayile oru stoppaanu.
saahitya praathinidhyam.
1909ll american novelist jacq lunden ezhuthiya "chunn aaa chunn" enna cherukathayil chunn afonginte jeevitam saangalppikamaakki. ithu pinneedu 1912-ll addehathinte "dhaa house oof prida aandu adhar tails oof havaay" enna pusthakatthil prasidheekarichu. landanile valare alankaricha afonginte katha addehathe swantham bisinesses vijayathiloode velutha muthalaalitha sthaapanathe thuppunna oru "thandrashaaliyaaya cooley" yaayi chithreekarikkunnu. varnnarekhaykku kuruke vamsheeyamaayi misrithamaaya thante penmakkale vivaham kazhikkaan addeham vellakkaare panam kondu vasheekarikkunnu. 1961ll addehathinte cherumakan eettan "bob" magoon juuniyar. hraswakaala broadway musicalaaya "13 penmakkal" enna pusthakathinum samgeethathinum varikalkkum addeham rachana nirvahichu. doonn ameche athe perilulla chunn avatharippichu.
1997-ll, kailuwa aasthaanamaayulla freelance ezhuthukaaranum charitrakaaranumaaya bob dye (1928-2010) "chandanam parvathanirakalude vyapara rajakumaran afong, havaayiyile chainees" ennu ezhuthi. kudumbacharithrathekkurithu vyakthiparamaaya gaveshanathil bharthaavine sahaayicha chunn afonginte kochumakalaaya bhaarya baale narthaki tessa geey maagoon dye (1946-2002) ykkaanu eee pusthakam samarppichath. dambathikal meexiyile afonginte pazhaya kudumba samuchayathinte sthalam sandarshikkukayum praadeshika chainees adhikaarikal athine oru myoosiyamaayum vinodasanjaara akarshanamaayum maattumbol koodiyaalochikkukayum cheythu. daiyude pusthakam athinte sookshumamaaya gaveshanathinum havaayiyile chainees kudiyetta samoohathinte anubhavangalekkurichulla vishadamaaya vivaranathinum prashamsikkapettu. havaian historikkal sosaittiyude "havaian jenal oof histtari" yile 1998 leeii oru avalokanathil, sambhavana nalkunna professor loretta paang abhiprayappettu
bob dye havaayiyile jeevithathinte sankeernathakalekkurichulla nammude daaranaye sambannamaakki. kudumbasnehatthinte eee advaanam (pusthakam samarppichirikkunna addehathinte bhaarya, affonginte kochumakal) chunn affongine chuttipattiyulla chila kettukadhakalum kudiyettaanubhavavum illaathaakkunnu. oru tharatthil, otta vila sambadvyavasthayudeyum durbalamaaya rashtreeya neethrthwathinteyum apakadangal, nayatantra neekkangalude maanushika chelavu, chooshanathil ninnu mukthamaaya oru bahu saamskaarika samooham srishtikkunnathinulla budhimuttukal ennivayekkurichulla oru munnariyipp kathayaanu uyarnnuvarunnathu. ennirunnaalum pusthakatthinte thalakkett havayiyil afongineyum chainees bashayeyum paraamarshikkunnundenkum, soochippicha rund maanangalum avaa aayirikkaavunnathra poornnamaayi paryavekshanam cheythitilla. athaayath, havaayiyile chainakkarumaayulla afonginte bandhavum sthaanavum, havaayiyile thaddesheeya janathaykkidayil chainakkaarude sthaanavum, afong bandhappettirikkunna vishayangal avarude swantham avakaashathil poornnamaaya pariganana arhikkunna vishayangalum afong manassilakkaanulla sameepanangalumaan.
vivaahavum kuttikalum.
liie hong (meysiyil thudarnnavar), juuliya fairweather afong (havayiyil thudarnnavar), oru veppattiyum (chainayilum) enningane rund bhaaryamaarumaayi chunn afong oru valia kudumbatthinu pithavaayi. addehathinte pingaamikalude kudumbacharithrathilninnu "chandanam parvathanirakalile vyapara rajakumaran" enna chithratthilulla pingaamikalude pattika thaazhe kodukkunnu
thante praadhamika bhaarya liie honginoppam addehathinu moonnu aanmakkalundaayirunnu
randaam bhaarya juuliya fairwetherinoppam addehathinu pathinaar kuttikalundaayirunnu.
thante veppattiyaaya laamu meeii thaadiyunda kondu addehathinu oru makan janichu