
1875leeii peju niyamam

1875leeii peju act (sect. 141, 18 staatt. 477, 3 march 1875) american aikyanaadukalile aadyathe niyantritha federal immigration niyamamaayirunnu, ithu chainees sthreekalude praveshanam phalapradamaayi nirodhichu, ithu thuranna athirthikalude avasaanathe adayaalappeduthi. ezhu varshathinu sesham 1882leeii chainees ozhivakkal niyamam chainees purushanmaarude kudiyettavum nirodhichu.
niyamathinu athinte sponsaraaya representative hooras eph. yude peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. vilakuranja chainees advaanathinteyum adaarmika chainees sthreekalude apakadavum avasaanippikkunnathinaayi" california prathinidheekarikkunna oru republican peju ithu avatharippichu. abhikaamyamallaatha" ennu kanakkaakkappedunna kudiyettakkaare niyamam saankethikamaayi vilakki, kizhakkan eshyayil ninnu nirbandhitha thozhilaalliyaayi amerikkayilekku varunna oru vyakthi, veshyaavrithiyile earppedunna eathoru kizhakkan eshyan sthree, swantham rajyath kuttavalikalaayi kanakkaakkappedunna ellah aalukal enningane ithine nirvachichu. chaina, jappan, allengil eathenkilum kizhakkan eshyan raajyam ennividangalil ninnu oru vyakthiye avarude swathanthravum swamedhayaa ullathumaaya sammathamillaathe amerikkayilekku konduvaraan shramicha arcum 2,000 dollar vare pizhayum paramavadhi oru varsham thadavum chumatthi "cooley" thozhilaalikalkkethiraaya nirodhanam shakthippeduthaanaan peju act uddeshichirunnathu. 
kizhakkan eshyan vanithakalkkulla nirodhanam maathramaan phalapradamaayi nadappaakkappettath, kudiyettam nadatthaan sramikkunna ellah kizhakkan eshyan sthreekalkkum, prathyekichu chainees sthreekalkkum ithu oru thadassamaayi. koodaathe, peju act laingikathaye chuttipattiyulla kudiyettakkaarude policing srishtichu, athu "kramena amerikkayil praveshikkaan aagrahikkunna oro kudiyettakkaaranilekkum vyapippichu", chila pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil innu kudiyetta niyanthranatthinte kendra savisheshathayaayi thudarunnu.
1875ll president ulysus graant american aikyanaadukalile senattinum house oof representativesinum ezhaamathe vaarshika sandesham nalki. vidoora kizhakk ninnu uthbhavikkunna sthreekalude kudiyettavumaayi bandhappett amerikkayude nilapad president graant aavarthichu. 
peju aaktinte srishtiye swaadheenicha gadakangal.
amerikkayilekkulla aadyathe chainees kudiyettakkaaril bhooribhaagavum purushanmarayirunnu, avaril bhooribhaagavum 1848 ll california gold rushinte bhaagamaayi ethi. yadhaarthathil amerikkayilekkulla kudiyettakkaar koolikalallaathappol, avarude yaathraykkaayi brokermaaril ninnu panam kadam vaangukayum panavum palishayum thirike nalkukayum cheythappol, chainees purushanmaar deerghakaala sevana kararukalkk keezhil jolie cheyyaan nirbandhitharaayennu california samsthaana niyamasabha anumaanichu. bhaaryamare ayaykkaan mathiyaya panamillathe, purusha chainees kudiyetta samoohathil oru veshyaavrithi vyavasaayam vikasikkukayum saan fraansiskoyil thamasikkunna amerikkakkaarkk gurutharamaaya prashnamaayi maarukayum cheythu. padinjaaran amerikkayil pala desheeyathakalilum veshyaavrithi valare saadhaaranamaayirunnuvenkilum chainees vanita kudiyettakkaare prathyekamaayi lakshyamitulla niyamangal srishtichu. 
chainees purusha "koolikalum" chainees vanita veshyakalum adimathavumaayi bandhappettirunnu, ithu 1865 ll adimathavum swamedhayaa adimathavum nirthalaakkiyathumuthal american sathrutha vardhippichu. chainees virudha prasthaanatthinte kendramaayirunnu purusha thozhilaallikal, athinaal niyamanirmmathaakkal kudiyettatthil ninnu purushanmaare ozhivaakkunnathil shradha kendreekarikkumennu oraal pratheekshikkaam, pakaram avar american ekabhaaryaathva sambradaayam samrakshikkunnathinaayi sthreekalil shradha kendreekarichu. athinaal, yuu. esilekku praveshikkunna kudiyettakkaarude (bhooripaksham purushanmaar) ennam.ezz. peju act nadappaakkunna samayat chainayil ninnulla "1882-ll ozhivakkal niyamam paasaakkunnathin munbulla mattethoru ezhu varshathe kaalayalavilum kuranjathu pathimoovaayiram kavinju", ennaal 1870-ll sthree janasamkhya 6.4 sathamaanathil ninnu 1880-ll 4.6 shathamaanamaayi kuranju.
koodaathe, american medical association vishwasichathu chainees kudiyettakkaar "prathirodhasheshiyulla vyathyastha anukkal vahikkunnundenkilum avayil ninnu veluthavarkku rogam thurannukattappettaal marikkum" ennaanu. eee bhayam chainees sthreekalil kendreekarikkappettu, kaaranam chila velutha amerikkakkar chainees veshyakalude prasavathiloode velutha purushanmaarilekku anukkalum rogangalum eluppathil pakaraan kazhiyumennu vishwasichirunnu. koodaathe, chainayile dushkaramaaya samayangalil, sthreekaleyum penkuttikaleyum "gaarhika sevanam, veppattivaasam allengil veshyaavrithi" ennivaykku vittu. chila chainees purushanmaarkk bharya veppattiyum undaayirunnu, saadhaaranayaayi vaangaliloode nedukayum kudumbatthile niyamaparamaaya amgamaayi amgeekarikkappedukayum cheiyunna oru thaazhnna klaas sthree. oru sthreeyude padavi chainees purushanmarumaayulla avalude bandhathe aasrayichirikkunnu; "aadya bharyamaar ettavum uyarnna padavi aasvadichu, thudarnnu randaam bharyamaarum veppaattikalum, thudarnnu niravadhi tharam veshyakalum". chainees dambathikalude kuttikal yuu akumennathaayirunnu mattoru aashanka.ezz. pathinalam bhedagathiyanusarichu pouranmaarum avarude saamskaarika sanbradaayangalum american janaadhipathyathinte bhaagamaayi maarum. thalphalamaayi, "velutha moolyangalkkum jeevithathinum bhavikkum gurutharamaaya bheeshanikalaanennu vishwasikkappedunna" kaaryangalodu peju niyamam prathikarichu. california samsthaana niyamangalkk sthreekale chainees aanennu ozhivakkaan kazhinjilla, athinaal avaa pothu dhaarmmikathayude niyanthranangalayi roopappeduthappettu, ennittum niyamangal "federal immigration adhikaarathinmelulla anuvadaneeyamallaatha kayyettam" ennu thallikkalanju. ennirunnaalum, kudiyettatthe vamsheeyamaayi niyanthrikkunnatho 1868 leeii burlingame udambadi (ithu chainees janathayude swatantra kudiyettavum kudiyettavum anuvadichu) lamghichatho aaya oru federal niyamam undaayirikkumenna aashankakalonnum prakadippikkathe peju niyamam kongrasiloode kadannupoyi, kaaranam amerikkakkar vivaahathinteyum daarmmikathayudeyum saamoohika aadarshangal samrakshikkunnathil shradha kendreekarichu.
nadappaakkal.
hongongile american koonsal, david echu. eathokke chainees sthreekal thozhilaallikalude yadhaartha bhaaryamaaraanennu niyanthrikkunnathinulla chumatala beyliye ealppichu, veshyakalkk pakaram amerikkayilekku pookaan anuvadichu. hongong adhikaarikalum "hongongile ettavum pramukha chainees bisinasukaarude samghadanayaaya" thung vaa ashupatri samitiyum chernnaanu bailey eee prakriya aarambhichath. oru chainees sthreek amerikkayilekku kudiyerunnathinumbu avarkk "kudiyettatthilum vyakthiparamaaya dhaarmikatha prasthaavanayilum oru audyogika prakhyapanam, clearancinulla apekshayum fease american konsalinu samarppikkendivannu". thudarnnu thung vaa ashupatri kammittikk prakhyapanam ayachu, avar shradhaapoorvvam parisodhana nadathukayum thudarnnu oro sthreeyudeyum swabhaavathekkurichu beyliye ariyikkukayum cheyyum. koodaathe, kudiyettatthinu saadhyathayullavarude oru pattika anweshanathinaayi hongongile sarkkaarin ayachu. koodaathe, oru kappal amerikkayilekku kadakkunnathinu thaledivasam, chainees sthreekal american konsalinu inipparayunna chodyangal ulppedunna oru chodyam cheyyal parambara report cheythu
ashleelavum adhaarmikavumaaya aavasyangalkkaayi yunaittad stetsil oru sevana kaalayalavilekku ningal eathenkilum vyakthiyumaayo vyakthikalumaayo cararo cararo undaakkiyittundo? amerikkayilekku pookaan ningalude swantham swathanthravum swamedhayaa ullathumaaya ichhaashakthi ningal aagrahikkunnundo? ningal veshyaavrithikku vendi amerikkayilekku pokunnundo? ningal vivaahitano avivaahitano aano? ningal enthinuvendiyaanu amerikkayilekku pogunnathu? avide ningalude thozhil enthaanu? ningal hongongilo mccavoyilo chainayilo veshyaavrithi veettil thaamasichittundo? melpparanja eathenkilum sthalangalil ningal veshyaavrithi nadathiyittundo? ningal oru sadgunamullah sthreeyaano? amerikkayil oru punyajeevitham nayikkaan ningal uddeshikkunnundo? ningalkk ippol amerikkayilekku pocano swantham rajyath thudaraano swaathanthryamundennum veettil ninnu akannupokaan nirbandhikkaanaavillennum ningalkariyaamo?
american koonsal parayunnathanusarichu eee chodyangal "paas" cheytha chainees sthreekale deutyilulla harber maasttar chodyam cheyyaan ayachu. nunakale pidikoodaanulla shramathil addeham sthreekalodu ithe chodyangal chodikkumaayirunnu, ennaal sthreekalkku amgeekaaram labhichaal avare steemaril kayari amerikkayilekku pookaan anuvadichu. orikkal kappalil undaayirunna sthreekale veendum chodyam cheythu. bhaaryamare veshyakalil ninnu verthirikkaan beyliye niyogicha aadya varsham addehathinu ithuvare thung vaa ashupatri kammittiyude sahayam labhichilla, 173 sthreekale kaaliforniyayilekku kappal kayaran anuvadichu, addeham aaa ennathil niraasanaakukayum 1877 ll 77 sthreekalkku maathrame praveshanam nalkoo. 1878 ll, american koonsal sheldon loringinte adhikaarathil, 354 sthreekal yuu. esilethi.ezz. joonn ezz. neey apekshichu ithu ganyamaaya thukayaayirunnu. 200 ll thaazhe sthreekalkkulla mosbyude graant yuu. esilekku ayaykkum.ezz. saan fraansiskoyil athiyappol, chainees pouranmaarude american koonsal kenal bee, oro sthreeyudeyum photokalulla rekhakal nireekshikkukayum hongongil avar ketta athe chodyangal avalodu chodikkukayum cheyyum. sthreekal chodyangalkkulla utharangal maattukayo avarude chithrangalumaayi poruthappedaathirikkuka apoornnamaaya rekhakalundenkil avare thadankalil vaykkukayum hongongilekku thirike ayaykkukayum cheyyaam. thalphalamaayi, kuranjathu noorukanakkinu sthreekalenkilum aii. dii. 1ll ninnu chainayilekku thirichetthi. chainees purushanmaareppole chainees sthreekalum sathyasandharallenna valia, vyakthamaaya anumaanamaan muzhuvan prakriyaykkum roopam nalkiyathu.
oru samayathum shariyaayi chodyam cheyyappetta oru sthreek pakaram yogyathayillaatha sthreekale maattillenn urappakkunnathinaayi pareeksha prakriyayude oro ghattathilum chainees sthreekale thirichariyunnathinulla oru maargamaayi photographukal upayogichu. amerikkayilekkulla avarude laingikathayude bheeshani kaaranam chainees sthreekal mattethenkilum kudiyetta groupinu munbu eee thirichariyal reethikk vidheyamaayirunnu."oru sthreeyude swabhaavavumaayi bandhappett nadanna ellah chodyangalum koodaathe, chainees sthreekalude achanmaareyum bharthaakkanmaareyum kurichulla vishadamaaya chodyangalum undaayirunnu. athinaal, eee sthreekal ithinu vidheyamaayirunnu, kaaranam udyogasthar "purushante uddeshyangalum pravartthanangalum oru sthreeyude swantham pravarthanangaleyum uddeshyangaleyumkaal avalude laingika bhaviye nirnnayikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayundennu amgeekarichu". chainees sthreekalkku thangal valarnnathu manyamaaya kudumbangalilaanennum avarude bharthaakkanmaarkku amerikkayil avare pinthunaykkaan kazhiyumennum theliyikkendivannu. koodaathe, "shareerathinteyum vasthrathinteyum roopam aantharika swabhaavathekkurichu saadhyamaaya niravadhi soochanakal nalkiyennu karuthappedunnu, athil chila udyogasthar veshyakale yadhaartha bharyamaaril ninnu verthirichariyaan shramikkumbol athu varachu."chainees sthreekale parisodhikkaan upayogikkunna shaareerika soochanakalil kaalukal, "soundaryam, youvanam, perumaattam", avar engane nadannu enniva ulppedunnu. ennirunnaalum, "yadhaartha" bhaaryamare veshyakalil ninnu verthirikkuka ennathu phalatthil asaadhyamaayirunnu. maruvashathu, purushanmaar kooduthal soumyamaaya niyanthrana reethikal nerittu, "photographukal kondupookukayoo saan francisco thuramukha adhikaarikalkk munkootty ayacha photographukalumaayi poruthappedukayo cheyyendathilla."
chainees kudumbangalilum bhaaviyile yuu. asilekkulla kudiyettakkaarilum ithu cheluthunna prathyaaghaathangal.ezz..
yuu. esilekku kudiyeriya mikka chainees sthreekalum.ezz. 1860kalilum 1870kalilum "randaam bharyamaar, bahubhaaryaatva vivahangalil veppaattikal allengil veshyakal" aayirunnu, ennaal ellah chainees sthreekalum veshyakalaayi jolie cheythirunnilla. peju niyamam nadappaakkiyathu veshyakalude ennam kuraykkunnathinu mathramalla, "amerikkayil ninnu chainees sthreekale phalatthil poornnamaayum ozhivaakkunnathinum" kaaranamaayi. 1882ll maathram, 1882leeii chainees exclusion act praabalyatthil varunathinum athu nadappaakkunnathinte thudakkathinum munbulla eathaanum maasangalil, 39,579 chainakkar yuu. esil praveshichu.ezz.ithil 136 perr maathramaan sthreekal. athinaal, chainees kudiyettakkaarkku yuu. esil parasparam kudumbangal srishtikkaan kazhinjilla.ezz. chainees sthreekal kudiyerunnathu thadayunnathilum thalphalamaayi sthree-purusha anupatham kuraykkunnathilum peju act valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, niyamam "pooraadanamennu uddeshikkunna thinmaye vairudhyapoorvvam prothsaahippichu veshyaavrithi". randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham uchithamaaya laingika santhulithaavastha sthaapikkappedunnathuvar, kaaranam 1946 num 1952 num idayil chainees kudiyettakkaaril 90 sathamaanavum sthreekalaayirunnu.
chainakkaarude yaathrakkaarude maanasikavastha yaathrayude saambathika chelavu pole kudiyeraan thiranjeduttha bhaaryamaarude ennathe parimithappedutthi; ennirunnaalum, peju niyamam nadappakkunnathumaayi bandhapetta rekhakal soochippikkunnathu chila sthreekalkku eee thadassangal marikadakkaanum bharthakkanmaarodoppam cheraanum kazhinjirunnuvenkilum eee niyamamillathe, ennam valare kooduthalaayirunnene ennaanu. charitrakaaranaaya jorjju pepharinte abhipraayathil, "eee agnipareekshaye athijeevicha sthreekal mikkavarum chainees thozhilaallikalude bhaaryamaaraayirikkaam" ennu ellah thelivukalum soochippikkunnu, kaaranam chodyam cheyyal sahikkaan aavashyamaaya dridanishchayam avarkkundaayirunnirikkam, athesamayam veshyakalude irakkumathikkaar "prosecution risk cheyyaan vimukhatha kaanichittundaakam". ennirunnaalum, ithu nirnnaayakamaayi theliyikkaan prayaasamaan, prathyekichum kudiyettachelavum american konsalmaarkk nalkaan saadhyathayulla kaikkooliyum "parimithamaaya vibhavangalulla kudiyettakkaarude bhaaryamaarkk, yuu. esilekku veshyakale ayacha sambannaraaya tongukalekkaal" kooduthal budhimuttu srishtikkumaayirunnuvennu peffer thanne abhipraayappettathinaal.ezz. athinaal, chainees ozhivakkal niyamam chainakkaare "kurayunna kudiyetta groupaayi" parivartthanam cheiyunnathil valare pradhaanamaayirunnuvenkilum, amerikkayile chaina tounukalile kudumbangalillaatha jeevithathinte prashnam kooduthal vashalaakkiyath peju niyamamaayirunnu.