joonn mainard (1604-1690)

saar joonn mainard keey. ezz (1604-9 october 1690) oru engleesh abhibhashakanum raashtreeyakkaaranumaayirunu, chaals onnaaman, komanvelthu, chaals randaaman, jaims randaaman, vilyam moonnaaman ennivarude bharanakaalathu pramukhanaayirunnu.
uthbhavavum vidyaabhyaasavum.
1604-ll devon-leeii taavistokkile abbe hausil, madhyakshethrathile abhibhashakanaaya taavistokkile alexander mainardinte (devon briksttan edavakayile sherfordile joonn mainardinte naalaamathe makan) mootha makan anantharaavakaashiyumaaya mainard, addehathinte bhaarya honora arscott, devon-leeii tetkottile arther aarskottinte makal ennivar chernnu janichu. mainard kudumbatthile muthirnna varii devonile brixton edavakayile sherfordil irikkukayaayirunnu. 1621 epril epril keezhilulla ooksfoordile eksittar kolejile metrikkuleshan rajisttaril addehathinte peru prathyakshappedunnu, ithu "yooniversitti rajisttar oof digri" yill nalkiyirikkunna 1621 epril 25 nuu bii. eiii birudatthilekku praveshanam nediya theeyathiyumaayi utharavaadithamillaathe poruthappedunnu.
abhibhaashakan.
1619-ll addeham madhyakshethrathil praveshichu; 1626 novemberil barylake vilikkappedukayum 1648-ll bencharaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. vilyam noyiyude vidyaarthiyum pinneedu attorni generalum devonian niyamathil janichavanum aaya addeham vestten sarkyoottilum westminstarilum athivegam oru valia practies nedi; 1628-ll raajaavinte benchil report cheytha oru cases addeham vaadikkukayum 1640 augustil plaimouthinte recorderaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu.
paarlamentamgamaanu.
paarlamentamgamaanu hraswa paarlamentilum neenda paarlamentilum addeham tottane prathinidheekarikkukayum aadyakaalam muthal sabhayude pravarthanangalil sajeevamaayi pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1640 desemberil kaundikalude prabhukkanmaarude perumaattathekkurichum aduthide nadanna kramarahithamaya birudadana sammelanathil pasakia puthiya "niyamangalude" "pradhana promotermaare" kandethiyathinum addehathe sookshumaparishodhana samithiyil ulppeduthi. staarfordine impeach cheytha lekhanangalude framermaaril oralum vichaaranayile pradhana prabhashakaril oralumaayirunnu addeham. addeham valia aaveshathode eee kaaryatthilekku svayam ethi, bill oof attandar paasaakkiyappol santhoshathode sarr joonn braamstaninodu paranju, "ippol njangal njangalude jolie cheythu. ithu nadappakkaan kazhinjillaayirunnenkil njangalkk onnum cheyyaan kazhiyumaayirunnilla ". sakthamaaya oru presbetteriyan aaya addeham protestant mathathe prathirodhikkunnathinaayi 1641 meyy 3 nuu sabhayil prathishedhikkukayum ellah vishayangalilum athil amgathvam nirbandhamaakkunna billinte karadu thayyarakkukayum cheythu.
anchu amgangale (januvari 4) arast cheyyaanulla raajaavinte shramathe thudarnnu house oof koomans nirtthivachathinu sesham gildhall irunna kammittiyil addeham paarlamentari padhavi prathirodhichukondu oru prabhashanam nadatthi. thudarnnulla varshangalil addeham paarlamentinu keezhilulla oru deputy lephttananti oof milissia sweekarikkukayum 1643 juun 12 nuu westminstar assembly oof devinesil amgamaayi naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum cheythu. thudarnnu septambar 25 nuu addeham udambadi sweekarikkukayum januvari-march <aii. dii. 1> ll vilyam laudine impeach cheytha maanejarmaaril oralaayi. thante suhruthu bullstroad vaitlokkinoppam, mainard, essexinte shanaprakaaram, 1644 desemberil essex hausil nadanna kromvellinethire oru 'prakopanakaari' enna nilayil pothu nadapadiyedukkunnathinulla sameepanathekkurichu charcha cheiyunnathinaayi cromvellinte virudha vibhaagathinte yogathil pankedutthu.'scotland laudan chansalar prabhuvil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn thonnunna eee ashayam engleesh abhibhaashakaril ninnu oru anukoolathayum nedaathe, anantharafalamaayi upekshikkappettu.
1645 octoberil antharicha cheef justice baankukalude pusthakangalum kayyezhuthuprathikalum paarlament addehathinu anukoolamaayi nalki, avaa evide kandethanakumo avide pidichedukkaan swaathanthryamulla oru graant eee samayathe mainardinte prashasthiyude kauthukakaramaaya saakshyam nalkunnu. fudal wardshippukalum mattu aarogyakaramaya niyama parishkaarangalum nirthalaakkanamennu vaadicha addeham house oof komansil agadhamaaya bahumaanathode kettu. kettu venalkkaala sarcutil abhoothapoorvamaaya 700 poundu valia thukayum addeham nedi. oru raashtreeyakkaaranenna nilayil addeham karsanamaaya bharanaghadanaavaadiyaayirunnu, raajaavine kuttavimukthanaakkunnathi sweekaricha aadya nadapadikalil prathishedhichu, aaa nayam sweekarichathode niyamaparamaaya oru sammelanamaayi (1648 november) sabhayil ninnu pinmari.
komanveltthinu keezhilulla samsthaana vichaaranakal.
ennirunnaalum, komanvelthu sthaapithamaayappol addeham eee edapazhakkam nadatthaan visammathichilla, koodaathe 1653 meyy maasathil vyaajasaakshaathkaarathinaayi mejar faalkkanarude vichaaranayil oru sarkkar brief nadatthi. 1653 joolaiyil joonn lilbenine upadesikkaan kodathi utharavanusarichu niyogichu, mainard aadyam rogamaanennu nadichu. ennirunnaalum, utharavu aavarthichathu kodathiyil aashayakkuzhappamundaakkum juurii lilbenine kuttavimukthanaakkukayum cheytha kuttapathratthil chila ozhivaakkalukal addehathil ninnu kandethukayum cheythu. jooriye pinneedu avarude vidhiyude adisthaanathekkurichu kaunsil oof stettu chodyam cheythu, pakshe avaa velippeduthaan visammathichu, angane mainard kuttavimukthanaayi, februvari 9 nuu 1653/4 serjant-attu-loow enna nilayilekku vilikkapettu.
adutha varsham addehathinte professional duty addehathe sarkkaarumaayi thaalkkaalika samgharshathilekku nayichu. nikuthi adaykkaathathinu kaunsil oof stettu utharavanusarichu oru nagara vyaapaariyaaya cooney arastilaavukayum, maynard, sergents thomas twisden, wadham vindham ennivar habeas korppasinaayi upper benchil addehathinu vendi neengukayum cheythu. 1655 meyy 18-nuu thirichuvaravinekkurichu avarude vaadam, oru pidichedukkal enna nilayil sarkkaarine nerittu aakramikkunnathin thulyamaayirunnu, moovarum cromvellinte utharavanusarichu lunden gopuratthinu udan thanne prathijnjaabadharaayi; samarppichathin sesham avare vittayachu (meyy 25).
rashtreeya mungananayude thudarcha.
devon adaykkenda 1657 leeii spanish yudhanikuthiyude kwata pirikkaan niyogikkappetta kammeeshanarmaaril oraalaayirunnu mainard. thaan cromvellinte house oof lordsile amgamaayirunnuvennu thomas carlile paranjathil thettupatti. randaam samrakshitha paarlamentil addeham plaimouthinaayulla house oof komansil irunnu, 'matte' sabhaykku nalkenda padaviyekkurichulla charchakalil pazhaya perinte punarujjeevanathinaayi (februvari 4 <aii. dii. 1>) shakthamayi vaadichu. raajavaazhchayude punarujjeevanathe addeham anukoolichirunnuvennum athu angeyattam saadhyathayullathaanennum burnet parayunnu. 1658 meyy 1 nuu addehathe protectorude sarjantaayi niyamichu, thudarnnulla november 23 nuu addeham protectorude biyerine pinthudarnnu. richard cromvellinte sthaanaarohanathinushesham addehathe solisittar generalayi niyamichu, koodaathe nyoodauninaayi irunna paarlamentil, ail oof vaitt, oru bharanaghadanaa abhibhaashakanenna nilayil thante adhikaarathinte muzhuvan bharavum protectorude thakarnnukondirikkunna sarkkaarine pinthunaykkaan nalki.
vidyaabhyaasam.
1658-ll, penkuttikalkaayulla mainard school, aankuttikalkkayulla heles school ennee rund schoolukal sthaapikkunnathil maynard earppettu. totnessile vyaakarana vidyaalayathilum addeham earppettirunnu, athu mainardineppole, jeevakaarunya aavasyangalkkaayi ganyamaaya swath upekshicha elysius heleyude ishtaprakaaram fund nalkiyirunnu (maynard addehathinte ishtathinte trasttikalil oraalaayirunnu). sarr edward roadsinu munbaake nadanna oru kodathi kesinte vishayamaayirunnu eee will. eee saahacharyathil "kyapttan edmund listtar" thante bhaarya joyannin vendi paarlamentil harji nalki. vilpathram ezhuthiya samayat joann janichillengilum muzhuvan panavum jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkkaayi vittukoduthuvennaayiru harjiyude adisthaanam. jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalil ninnu avasheshikkunna panam jovan listtarin nalkanamennu roads kandethi, ennirunnaalum jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal thudaranam.
punasthaapanam.
richaardinte sthaanathyaagam, rump paarlamentinte punarujjeevanam ennivayil, februvari 21 vare mainard paarlamentari pravarthanangalil pankedutthilla, puthiya kaunsil oof stettu roopeekarikkunnathinulla bill thayyarakkunnathinulla kammittiyil addehathe niyamichu. athe divasam thanne addeham bill report cheyyukayum epril svayam kaunsil amgamaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. addeham durie aalstaninaayi irunnu, kanvenshan paarlamentil, punasthaapanatthinu vilicha aadyathe sarjantumaaril oraalaayirunnu (juun 22,1660), taamasiyaathe (november 9) raajaavinte sarjantaayum naitt padaviyilekkum (november 16) uyarthappettu. thante sahodaran-sarjant, sarr joonn glinninodoppam, 1661 epril epril, attornikkum solisittar generalinum pinnil kireedadhaarana ghoshayaathrayil addeham sanjarichu, ithu thanne oru tenkottaayi kanakkakkiya saamuval pepisinte veruppinu kaaranamaayi.
chaals randaamante bharanakalam.
raajaavinte sarjant enna nilayil, puthiya bharanam udghaadanam cheytha chila samsthaana vichaaranakalil mainard kireedatthinaayi prathyakshappettu, mattullavayil trinity tame 1662 ll sarr henry vaane. addeham pension paarlamentil, 1661-79, derry aalsttane prathinidheekarikkukayum chaals randaamante bharanakaalathu plaimouthil irikkukayum cheythu. aii. dii. 1ll loard mordondinte parajayappetta impeachmentinte principal manejaraayirunna addeham, adutha octoberil loard clarendanethiraaya nadapadikalil prathirodhatthinaayi svayam kaunsilaraayi. 1677 juun juun loard shaftesbury habeas corpasilekku madangiyethiya addeham raajaavinte benchil house oof lordsinu vendi hajaraayi, jayil prathibadhathaykkulla oru pothu vaarant eathenkilum kodathi purappeduvichaal asaadhuvaakumenkilum house oof loards purappeduvikkumbol athu prakhyapikkaan raajaavinte benchinu adikaaramillenna adisthaanathil athinte paryapthatha nilanirtthi. 1678-ll sent cornavalisile oru aankutty krooramaayi kolappeduthiyathinu cornavalis prabhuvine shikshikkaan addeham aavesabharithanum ennaal phalapradamallaathathumaaya oru sramam nadatthi. jaims paarkk. eee cases nadathiyathinu campbel prabhu addehathinu nalkia kadutha shikshavidhi vasthuthakalekurichulla muzhuvan thettidhaaranayeyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu.
loard danbyude impeachmentinekkurilu (desember 1678) charchayil, raajyadroha niyamam 1351 (25 edward III) thante prathikoolathayilekku valichizhaykkanulla khedakaramaaya manobhaavam mainard kaanichu, athinte vyaapthi munkaala praabalyamulla niyamanirmmaanathiloode vipuleekarikkaamenn vaadichu, ithu addehathe oru kurippil 'swantham samayathinu', 'thante ellah niyamathinum oru kalppanakkaaran allengil viddi' ennu kuttappedutthaan kaaranamaayi.'bharanaghadanaaparamaaya chodyangalil addeham oru niyamamenna nilayil, rajakeeya prathyekaavakaashathinum paarlamentinte adhikaarathinum aanukoolyangalkkumaayi thulyamaaya abhyarthana prakadippikkukayum, oru vitharana adhikaarathinte nilanilpp amgeekarikkukayum, athinte paridhikal nirvachikkukayo illennu amgeekarikkukayo cheyyuka (februvari 10), oru kaalath speakerude chairmaanude (februvari <aii. dii. 4>) sandeshathiloode paarlament nirtthivaykkaanulla raajaavinte shramangale ethirkkukayum, mattoru kaunsilingil shariyaayi thiranjedukkappetta speakere (aii. dii. 2> march <aii. dii. 3>) ekapaksheeyamaayi nirasikkunnathil sammathikkukayum cheythu.
1678 november november edward kolmaanethire mainard cases thurakkukayum 1680 desemberil loard staafordine impeach cheythathulppede poppish goodaalochanayil ninnu uyarnnuvarunna mikka prosecutionukalilum pankedukkukayum cheythu. muun novemberil ozhivakkal billinekkurichulla charchayil avadhiyillathe sarkyoottilekk vazhuthiveenathinekkurichu loard campbellinte rasakaramaaya katha, 'udan madangiyethiyillengil thanne kastadiyiledukkanamenna addehathinte makanodu nirddeshichu, deerghakaalamaayi addeham aaa veedinte pithaavaayirunnathinaal addehathodu ingane soumyamaayi perumaarunnath' oru kettichamacha kathayaanu.
edward fitsharisinte impeachmentine maynard anukoolikkukayum house oof loards athu nirasikkunnath prathyekaavakaasha lamghanamaanennu prakhyapikkukayum (1681 march 26) thudarnnulla prosecutionil raajaavinte benchil pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1684 november 6 nuu muun sherief thomas pappillaninethire sarr vilyam prichard mayer padavi vahikkumbol konduvanna vyaja thadavinulla nadapadiyil, lunden nagaratthinte swaathanthryam kodathi etteduthathinu sheshamulla samgharshathile oru sambhavathil, mainard mikacha naipunyathodum theekshnathayodum koodi prathirodham nadatthi, ennirunnaalum jephries-riden juurii 10,000 poundu nashtaparihaaravumaayi vaadikk vidhi kandethi. 1685 meyy maasathil vyaajasaakshaathkaarathinaayi ootsinu vendi thelivukal nalkaan vilichuvaruthukayum stafford prabhuvine impeach cheiyunnathinekkurichu chodyam cheyyukayum cheytha mainard, aaa kaaryathekkurichu thante ormmayodu sathyam cheyyaan poornnamaayum kazhivillennu abhyarthikkukayum paraajayappettuvenn karuthappedunna adhikaarangale parihasichukondu jephries addehathe thallikkalayukayum cheythu.
jaims randaamante bharanakalam.
jaims randaamante bharanakaalathu mainard paarlamentil diyari aalstanine prathinidheekarichu. raajaavinte vyakthiye samrakshikkunnathinulla parajayappetta billine addeham ethirthu, monmouthu prabhuvinte (juun) niyamasadhutha vaaymozhiyaayi avakaashappedunnathu valia raajyadrohamaakkaanum athupole paashchaathya kalapam adichamarthiya sesham rajaavu aavasyappetta oru nilayurappicha sainyathinte roopeekaranathinulla asaadhaaranamaaya vitharanathe addeham ethirthu. allengilum, oru privy kaunsilaraayi thonnumenkilum, 1688 october 22 nuu weils raajakumaarante jananam sthaapikkunnathinaayi nadanna kaunsililekkum desember 22 nuu nadanna karthaavinte aathmeeyavum laukikavumaaya yogathilekkum addehathe vilippichu, raajaavinte parakkal avatharippicha adiyantharaavasthayekkurichu charcha cheyyaanum baarinte doyane landanilethiyappol ooranchu rajakumaran sammaanichu. niravadhi athiraalikale marikadannathinu vilyam addehathe abhinandichu; mainard marupadi nalkki 'ningalude bahumanam vannillengil niyamathetthanne marikadakkaan njaan aagrahichirunnu.'
vilyam III-nte bharanam.
"nammal ippol takarnna pathayil ninnu purathaanu. athinaal aaa pathayil maathram neengaan naam dridanishchayamullavaraanenkil, namukk ottum munnott pookaan kazhiyilla. oru viplavathil sthiramaaya roopathil karsanamaayi illaatha onnum cheyyaan theerumaanikkunna oru manushyan marubhoomiyil svayam nashtappetta oru manushyanodu samyamullavanum karayunnavan aanu "raajaavinte haiway evideyaanu? njaan raajaavinte haiveyilallaathe mattevideyum nadakkilla."oru marubhoomiyil oru manushyan avane veettilekku kondupookunna paatha sweekarikkanam. oru viplavathil namukk ettavum uyarnna niyamamaya samsthaanathinte surakshaye aasrayikkanam."mayanard
januvari 22 nuu koodiya kanvenshanil mainard plaimouthil irunnu, 28-aamm theeyathi raashtrathinte avasthayekkurichulla charchayilum februvari 2-nuu nadanna prabhukkalumayulla sammelanathilum jaims thante roman catholica mathathaal simhasana ozhinjuvennum bharanaghadanaye attimarikkaan sramichuvennum thante jeevithathil addehathinu anantharaavakaashiyillaathil pinthudarchaavakaashathinte maattatthinum anishchithakaalathe oru regencic idayilaanu thiranjeduppu ennu vaadichu. purohithanmaarkkidayile samgharsham kaaranam pirichuvidunnathu torry party vijayamakumenna valare thuranna abhipraayathil kanvenshane paarlamentaayi prakhyaapikkunnathinulla billine addeham pinthunachu. march march addeham sarr aanthani keck, sarr vilyam rollinson ennivarumaayi chernnu grettu seelinte loard kammeeshanaraayi sathyaprathinja cheythu. eee oafees addehathe house oof komansil ninnu ozhivaakkiyilla, addeham athinte nadapadikalil sajeevamaayi pankedutthu. march 16 nuu addeham paappisttukale niraayudheekarikkunnathinu oru bill avatharippikkan avadhiyilekku neengi; raajnjiyil thikanja vishwaasam prakadippichukondu, vilyam saamraajyathil ninnu illaathirunna samayat regency avalil ealppikkunnathinulla billine addeham oorjjaswalathayode ethirthu, athu niyamamaayi paasaakkiyathine thudarnnu addeham viramikkalo padaviyil ninnu neekkam cheiyukayo cheythu, 1690 meyy 14 nuu addeham avasaanamaayi kodathiyil hajaraayi.
prashasthi.
ithrayum hrasvamaaya oru kaalavadhi, uyarnna judicial adikaarangal pradarshippikkaan valare kurachu allengil oru avasaravum nalkaathe oru praayam. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte yogyathakalekkurichu ellah kakshikalum sammathichu; thomas fulrer punasthaapanatthinu munbu vichithramayi ezhuthiyathupole, bench "athil irikkaanulla deerghakaala vaanchayode rogabaadhithanaayi" kaanapettu. thante kaalathe ettavum mikacha pazhaya pusthaka abhibhaashakanaayirunnu thaanenn rogger north sammathikkunnu. clarendon thante "pramukha bhagangal", "mikacha patanam", "prashasthi" ennivayekkurichu samsaarikkunnu. niyamatthinte kooduthal aazhameriyathum aashayakkuzhappamundayakunnathu bhaagangalil addehathinte mikacha vayana arivum", "thante amma ooksan sarvakalaashaalayodulla" bhakthiyum aanthani wood prashamsikkunnu. oru raashtreeyakkaaranenna nilayil, addehathinte mithathwavum sthirathayum pothuve amgeekarikkappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum straffordinteyum staafordinteyum impeachmentukalile addehathinte punk kaaranam roscomon thante "prethatthinte anthyakaalathe house oof koomans" (1680-1) enna pusthakatthil krooramaayi aakramichu. vaachaalanallengilum, maynard ottaykku eluppavum praaveenyavumulla oru prabhashakanaayirunnu (roscommon "thante shekharicha hackney naavine" parihasikkukayum chilappol prathikarikkukayum cheyyum. orikkal thuranna kodathiyil thante niyamam marannukondu jephries nikuthi chumathiyappol addeham ingane marupadi nalkiyathaayi parayappedunnu "aaa saahacharyathil ningalude prabhuvayirikke njaan arinjittullathinekkaal kooduthal karyangal njaan marannupoyirikkanam."addeham vaadathe" "aars bablativa" "ennu haasyaparamaayi nirvachichu".
1326 leeii trinity tame vareyulla muzhuvan bharanakalavum ulkkollunna "edward II-nte varshapusthakangal" enna nilayil richard dii winchedoninte reportukalude savishesha pathipp, edward I, lunden (1678-9)-nte rekhakalil ninnulla bhagangal enniva mainardinu kadappettirikkunnu.
gunnersbury paarkk.
mainard oru valia sambathu sambaadichu, gunnersbury maanar vaangi, avide 1663-ll ineego jonsinteyo addehathinte vidyaarthiyudeyo roopakalppanayil ninnu oru kottaram, gunnersbury house (pinneedu jorjju randaamante makal amelia raajakumaariyude vasathi) nirmmichu. 1690 october october addeham avide vachu marichu, addehathinte mrithadeham 25 vare samsthaanathu kidannu, athu ealing palliyil valia aadambarathode samskarikkapettu.
kudumbavum bhaviyum.
moonnu aanmakkalum naalu penmakkalum undaayirunna somersettile toundanile andrew henliyude makalaaya elisabath henley mainard vivaham kazhichu. 1655 januvari januvari avale ealing palliyil samskarichu. addeham randaamathu, edward oosttante vidhava tentardanile cheni selharstinte makalumaaya jaine oosttane vivaham kazhichu. 1668-ll avale ealing palliyil samskarichu. addehathinte moonnaamathe bhaarya maargarat aayirunnu, thudarchayaayi hamshareile north stonhaamile sarr thomas fleeminginteyum raajaavinte vaidyan edwardinte makalumaaya sarr francis proojeenteyum vidhava. naalaamathaayi addeham saar chaals vermudante vidhavayaya merii vermudene vivaham kazhichu.dii. ooksfoordile kristhyan charchu cathedralinte canonaya ambrose aptaninte makalaanu. merii mainardine athijeevichu safokkinte anchaamathe earl henry hovaardumaayi punarvivaham cheythu.
addehathinte aadya bharyayaaya mainardinu joonn, joseph ennee aanmakkalum elisabath, honora, johanna, maartha ennee naalu penmakkalum undaayirunnu. addehathinte mootha makal gloucestershayarile westbariyile sarr dankumbe colchesterine vivaham kazhichu; randaamathethu, devoninu yogyanallaatha edward; moonnaamathethu, cheshayarile adlington haalile thomas legg; naalaamathethu, sarr edward gresham, bii. tii.mayanard survived all his children, except his youngest daughter, and devised his estates in trust for his granddaughters and their issue in tail by a will so obscure that to settle the disputes to which it gave rise a private act of parliament was passed in 1694, notwithstanding which it was made the subject of litigation in 1709.
chhaayaachithrangal deseeya chhaayaachithra galleryilum ooksfoordile eksittar collegilum undu.
mainardinte abhipraayangalilonnu "lundense liberty" yill achadichu. staarfordinte vichaaranayile addehathinte prasamgangalkkaayi joonn rashwarthinte "charitra samahaarangal" kaanuka. addehathinte mattu prasamgangalkk vilyam kobbettinte "stettu trials", "paarlamentari charithram", somarsinte "tractukal" enniva kaanuka.
avane avante peril ninnu shradhaapoorvvam verthirikkanam, sarr joonn mainard, keey.bii. (<aii. dii. 1>), addehavumaayi larred campbel aashayakkuzhappathilayi.

