
well dii hiv roundappu

1942 juulai 16,17 theeyathikalil paareesil nadanna franch police gendermes videsha jootha kudumbangale koottatthode arast cheythathaayirunnu well dii 'hiv roundappu (; ithinte churukkapperil ninnu). prefecture dii poleesinte rekhakal prakaram 4,000-ladhikam kuttikal ulppede 13,152 joothanmaare arast cheythu.
bhakshanavum vellavum illaathe, shuchithva soukaryangalonnumillathe, valare tirakkeriya saahacharyangalil velodrome dii highveril ('vintar stadium'; 'well dii hive' ennariyappedunnu) avaa nadannu. arasttukalkk sheshamulla aazhchayil, joothanmaare drancy, pitthiviyezhs, byoon-laa-rolland thadankalppaalayangalilekku kondupoyi, avarude koottakkolaykk reyil kannukaali kaarukalil ooshvitsilekku ayachu.
adhinivesha mekhalayilum swatantra mekhalayilum fraansile jootha janasamkhyaye unmoolanam cheiyukayenna lakshyathodeyulla niravadhi roundappukalil onnaayirunnu ithu. 1995ll franch police udyogastharum sivil sarveesukaarum nadatthiya akramanangalil panku vahichathin franch president jackwus chirak mapp paranju. 2017ll president immaanuval maakron roundappilum athinaal holocoastilum franch bharanakoodatthinte utharavaaditham kooduthal vyakthamaayi amgeekarichu.
velodrome dii hiver.
eefal gopuratthil ninnu adhikam akaleyallathe paareesile 15-aamm arontismentinte moolayilum oru valia indor sports areenayaayirunnu velodrome dii hiver. eefal gopuratthinte kazhcha mechappeduthunnathinaayi 1909-ll aduthulla "saale dess mesheenukalile" addehathinte yadhaartha track polikkunnathinaayi pattikappedutthiyappol touur dii fraansine oru velodrome (saikkil track) aayi pinneedu samghadippicha ell 'oottooyude edittar henry desgranchaanu ithu nirmmichathu. track saiklingin purame aise hockey, gusthi, boxing, roller scating, sarkkas, kannada, pradarshanangal ennivaykkum puthiya kettidam upayogichu. 1924leeii venalkkaala olimbiksil, foyil fencing, boxing, saikling (track), bhaarodvahanam, gusthi ennivayulppede niravadhi malsarangal avide nadannu.
chaals mouraas jayilil ninnu mochithanaayappol javier vallatt, philipp henriot, liyon daudettu, mattu sradheyamaaya yoothaviruddhar ennivar pankeduttha oru valia paripadi ulppede rashtreeya raalikalkkum prakadanangalkkum vediyaayirunnu well dii hiv. 1939ll jootha abhayaarthikale paarees mekhalayile cambukalilekku ayaykkunnathinu munbu avide thadavilaakkukayum 1940ll ithu videsha sthreekalude thadankal kendramaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu, ithu thadankal sthalamaayi thiranjedukkunnathinu oru maathrkayaayi pravarthichu.
mungaamikal.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu fraansil itharathilulla aadyathe roundappu aayirunnilla "well dii hiv" roundappu. green ticket roundappu () ennariyappedunnathil, fraansil thamasikkunna 6,694 videsha juthanmaarkku meyil vazhi summons labhichathinethudarnnu 1941 meyy 14 nuu 3,747 joothanmaare arast cheythu (green tikkattil vitharanam cheythu). summons oru keniyaayirunnu summons maanichavare arast cheyyukayum athe divasam thanne gaare dii austerlitsilekku basil kondupookukayum thudarnnu naalu prathyeka trainukalilaayi pidhiviyezhsileyum looyart vakuppile byoon-laa-rolandeyileyum rund cambukalilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. 1942 joolaiyil sthreekalum kuttikalum kooduthal purushanmaarum pinthudarnnu.
raundu upp aasoothranam cheyyuka.
anthima parihara" thinte bhaagamaayi, europile jootha janasamkhyaye thadavilaakkaanum unmoolanam cheyyaanumulla bhookhandathiludaneelamulla oru padhathiyaanu well 'dii' hiv 'roundappu. jarmmankaarum sahakarikkunna franch bharanaadhikaarikalum thammilulla samyuktha ooppareshanaayirunnu ithu.
1940 septambar 27 nuu jarmman adhikaarikal purappeduvicha aadyathe jootha virudha oordinans, videshikal ulppedeyulla adhinivesha mekhalayile joothanmaare police steshanukalilo soos-prefectureukalilo ("sub prefecturukal") rajisttar cheyyaan nirbandhitharaakki. parees athinte sameepa praanthapradeshangalum ulkkollunna saine vakuppil ekadesham 150,000 perr rajisttar cheythu. avarude perukalum vilaasangalum franch police athinte srashtaavaaya andrey thulaardinte perilulla fayalaaya fitchier thulardil sookshichirunnu. fraansile jarmman poleesinu neethrthwam nalkia ss kyapttan theoder danekar paranju "eee filing samvidaanam aksharamaalaakramathil tharamthiricha fayalukalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu; franch desheeyathayulla joothanmaarkkum videsha joothanmaarkkum vyathyastha niratthilulla fayalukal undaayirunnu, koodaathe fayalukalum thozhil, deseeyatha, theruvu enniva anusarichu tharamthirichu."eee fayalukal pinneedu" "jootha prashnatthinte" "chumatala vahikkunna gestappoykku nalki"."jarmman adhikaarikalude abhyarthana maanich, 1941 maarchil kammeeshariyett general ooks srishticha vichi sarkkar yahoodavirudha nayam nadappaakkunna chumathalayode jyoovukaleyo sii. jii. kyu. jeey (joothakaaryangalkkulla kammeeshanariyettu-general) yeo chodyam cheiyunnu.
1942 juulai 4 nuu deseeya poleesinte sekrattari generalaya rene boskettum 1942 meyy maasathil sii. jii. kyu. jeey. yude thalavanayi javier vallaattin pakaram vanna luis darkvier dii pellepoix paareesile 16-aamath arontismentile 93-aamathe ruu loristanile gestappo aasthaanathekku ezz. ezz.-nte danekarineyum helmut nochaneyum kaanunnathinaayi pooyi. franch adhikaarikal jarmmankaarkk vaagdaanam cheytha 32,000 joothanmaaril ninnu munbathe roundappukal kuravaayirunnu. thekkan mekhalayile raajyamillaatha joothanmaare arast cheyyaanum 1927 muthal franch pourathvam nediya ellah joothanmaareyum prakrithivirudhamaakkaanum darkvier nirddeshichu. juulai 7 nuu avanyoo fochile danekarude offeesil oru yogam koodi nadannu. boskettinte deputy jeane legui, paarees prefectureile police administration directoraayirunna jeane francois, paarees police medhavi emily hennekwin, andrey toolard ennivarum sannihitharaayirunnu.
1942 juulai 10 nuu danekar adolph aichmaane kandumutty. athe divasam thanne sijikejiyil mattoru yogam nadannu, athil danekar, hains ratke, ernst heinrichson, jeane legway, gallion, deputy tuu darkvier dii pelepoics, niravadhi police udyogasthar, franch railway sarveesile prathinidhikal, sncf ennivar pankedutthu. franchukaarude abhyarthana maanich juulai 14 nuu baastil divasam vare raundu upp vaikippichu. eee deseeya avadhi adhinivesha mekhalayil aakhoshichirunnilla, avar aabhyanthara prakshobhangal ozhivakkaan aagrahichu. danekar prakhyaapichu "franch police, shudhamaaya roopathekkurichu kurachu parigananakal undaayirunnittum, utharavukal palikkuka maathrame cheyyendathulloo!"
16 muthal 50 vayass vare praayamulla jarmmani, austriya, polandu, checoslovakia, soviyatt union, "apathrides" ("raajyamillathavar") ennividangalil ninnulla joothanmaare lakshyamittaayirunnu roundappu. "garbhadharanam purogamicha avasthayil" allengil mulayoottunna sthreekalkku ozhivaakkalukal undaayirikkanam, ennaal "samayam labhikkaan, adukkal veettilalla, aadyathe assembly centarilaayirikkum".
grettar paareesil 22,000 joothanmaare arast cheyyaan franch policinode jarmmankaar padhathiyittu. thudarnnu avare drancy, kompiyagne, pitthiviyezhs, byoon-laa-rolande ennividangalile thadankalppaalayangalilekku kondupokum. andrey thullard "munisippal police medhaaviyil ninnu arast cheyyenda joothanmaarude fayalukal nedum. 15 allengil 16 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikale foundeshanukalil sthaapikkunna 'union general dess israayalaits dii francilake' (yujif, franch joothanmaarude general union) ayaykkum. aadyathe assembly sentarukalil kuttikalude tharam tirikkum."
poleesinte pankaalittham.
vadakku adhinivesham amgeekarikkukayum fraansine naamamaathramaayi bharikkukayum cheytha vichi gavanmentinte paramadhikaaram franch poleesinte sthaanam sankeernamaakki. praayogikamaayi jarmmankaar vadakku oodi, pinneedu thekk sakthamaaya samboornna aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunnuvenkilum france jarmmankaarum verittavaraayirunnu ennathaayirunnu aupachaarika nilapad. vichiyudeyum athinte nethaavaaya philipp pettanteyum sthaanam yudhathiludaneelam niravadhi videsha sarkkarukal amgeekarichu.
eee swaathanthryam saangalppikamaanenkilum samrakshikkendathundu. aabhyanthara policingil jarmman edapedal undennu charitrakaaranaaya juuliyan tii parayunnu. jaaksan, "vichi samrakshikkaan prathijnjaabadhamaayirunna aaa paramaadhikaaratthe kooduthal illaathaakkum. franchukaar aavashyamaaya nadapadikal sweekarikkumennu germmany bodhyappeduthunnathiloodu maathrame ithu ozhivakkaan kazhiyoo."joothanmaareyum kammyoonistukaareyum gollistukaleyum arast cheyyaanulla theerumaanam "swantham thaddesheeya verukalulla oru svayambharana nayamaayirunnu" ennu jaaksan kootticherkkunnu."mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, angane cheyyaanulla theerumaanam jarmmankaar vichi bharanakoodatthe nirbandhichilla. 13, 000 pere kandethaanum arast cheyyaanum aavashyamaaya vivarangalo manushyashakthiyo jarmmankaarkk illaathirunnathinaal joothanmaarude roundappu franchukaaraanu nadathiyathennum jaaksan vishadeekarikkunnu.
1942 juulai 2 nuu rene boskett oru aasoothrana yogathil pankedukkukayum athil addeham arasttukalodu ethirppu prakadippikkukayum franch police avaa nadappaakkumenna ("lajjakaram") vasthuthayekkurichu maathram aashankappedukayum cheythu. videsha joothanmaare maathram police pidikoodumenna oru othutheerppil ethaan bouskettu vijayichu. pittennu vichi aaa karar amgeekarichu.
16 vayassinu thaazheyulla kuttikale pidikoodiyathinu poleesine kuttappeduthiyittundum-kizhakk thozhilaallikal aavashyamaanenna oru kettukatha samrakshikkaanaan eee praayam nischayichirunnathu-kudumbangale orumichu nilanirthunnathinulla "maanushika" nadapadiyaayi karuthappedunna petteente mantri piyare laavalaan utharavu nalkiyathu. eee kuttikalude maathaapithaakkale ithinakam naadukadathiyirunnathinaal ithum oru saangalppika kathayaayirunnu; maathaapithaakkale naadukadatthiya sesham jootha kuttikale enthucheyyanamennathaayirunnu yahooda virudha laavalinte pradhana aashankayennu akkaalathe rekhakal velippeduthi. laavalinte utharavanusarichu ooshvitsilekku ayacha ettavum ilaya kuttikk 18 maasam praayamundaayirunnu.
fraansil ninnu joothanmaare naadukadatthunnathil vichi udyogasthar aaveshabharitharaayirunnuvenna moonnu muun ss officermaar 1980-ll saakshyappeduthi. muthirnna vichi udyogastharumaayulla koodikkaazhchakalude jarmman aarkkaivukalil anweshana udyogasthanaaya serj clarsfeld nimishangalum raajyathudaneelamulla franch ithara joothanmaare raundu upp ulppeduthanamenna boskettinte nirddeshavum kandethi. 1990-ll clarsfield nalkia paraathikalude adisthaanathil joothanmaarude well dii hiv roundappil bouskettinethire manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalkku kesedutthirunnu.
charitrakaaranmaaraaya aantoni beaver artemis couper rekhappeduthunnu
adhinivesha mekhalayile "departmentukalude" prefectukalkku boskett ayacha telegraamukal velippeduthi, jootha muthirnnavare mathramalla, naasikal naadukadatthaan polum aavashyappedaatha kuttikale naadukadatthaan avarodu utharavittu.
raundu upp.
sitti police director emily hennekwin 1942 juulai 12 nuu "ardhashoonyamaaya samsaaravum abhipraayavum koodaathe paramavadhi vegathayil pravartthanangal nadathanamennu utharavittu."
pularche 4 manikk thudangum.emm. 1942 juulai 16nuu 9,000 peradangunna franch police thirachil aarambhichu. police senayil gendarmukal, gardus mobailukal, detectiveukal, patrolling udyogasthar, kedattukal enniva ulppedunnu; moonno naalo perr veethamulla cheria arast samghangalaayi avare vibhajichu nagaratthiludaneelam vyaapichu. phaasist franch popular party (pii. pii. eph) nirangal dharichu jackwus doriyottinte noorukanakkinu anuyaayikal sahayikkaan sannadharaayi.
aake 13,152 joothanmaare arast cheythu. paarees prefecture dii poleesinte rekhakal prakaram, ivaril 5,802 perr (44 sathamaanam) sthreekalum 4,051 perr (31 sathamaanam) kuttikalum aayirunnu. ayalkkar olippichuvechatho chila poleesukaarude theekshnathayudeyo samagrathayudeyo abhaavathil ninnu prayojanam nediyatho aaya oru rahasya jootha pathramo franch cheruthunilppo munnariyipp nalkikkond anjjaathamaaya ennam aalukal rakshapettu. arasttilaayavarude vyavasthakal kadinamaayirunnu avarkk oru puthapp, oru svettar, oru jodi shoos, rund sharttukal enniva maathrame kondupokaan kazhiyoo. mikka kudumbangalum verpirinju, orikkalum veendum onnichilla.
pidikoodiyavaril chilare vadakkan praanthapradeshamaaya drenseyile appaartmentukaludeyum appaartment gopurangaludeyum poortthiyaakaattha samuchayathile oru thadankalppaalayathilekku basil kondupoyi, baakkiyullavare 1941 venalkkaalath thadankal kendramaayi upayogichirunna velodrome dii highwarilek kondupoyi.
well 'dii' hiv '.
well 'dii' hiv 'aagrahikkunnavarkk vaadakaykku labhyamaayirunnu. fraansile ettavum valia phaasist partyaya party populayer frankeysinu (ppf) neethrthwam nalkia jackwus doriot ithu book cheythavaril ulppedunnu. mattu vedikaliludaneelam well 'dii' hiv 'laanu doriot thante hitlar polulla abhivaadyam cheyth thante lakshyathil cheraan janakkoottathe unarthiyathu. raffley duu well dii 'hivi" ll sahayichavaril doriyottinte pii. pii. ephile 3,400 yuva amgangalum ulppedunnu.
jarmmankaar well dii 'hivinte thacol athinte udamayaaya jackwus goddettil ninnu aavasyappettu, addeham thante pithaav viktaril ninnum henry desgranchil ninnum etteduthu. goddett thacol keezhadakkiya saahacharyangal oru nigoodathayaayi thudarunnu, addehathinte aathmakadhayil eee episode kurachu varikal maathrame nalkiyittulloo.
bomber naavigettarmaare aakarshikkunnath ozhivakkaan irunda neela niratthil varacha oru glass melkoora well 'dii' hivinu undaayirunnu. irunda glass choodu vardhippikkukayum surakshaykkaayi janalakal adaykkukayum cheythu. avide sookshichirikkunna samkhyakal oro akkoundilum vyathyasthamaan, ennaal oru sthireekarikkappetta kanakk 13,152 enna anthima samkhyayil 7,500 aanu. shouchaalayangalonnum undaayirunnilla labhyamaya 10 ll, anchu janalakal adachu, kaaranam avayude janalakal oru vazhi vaagdaanam cheythu, mattullava thadanjirunnu. arast cheyyappetta joothanmaare kwekermar konduvanna bhakshanavum vellavum maathram avide paarppichirunnu. chuvanna kurisinum kurachu doctormark nazhsumarkkum praveshikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu. oru vaattar fausatt maathrame undaayirunnulloo. rakshappedaan shramichavarkk sambhavasthalathu vechu thanne vediyettu. chilar swantham jeevan apaharichu.
anchu divasathinu sesham thadavukaare drancy, byoon-laa-rolaande, pidhiviyezhs ennivayude thadankalppaalayangalilekkum pinneedu unmoolanam cheiyunnathinulla cambukalilekkum kondupoyi.
raundu upp sesham.
fraansinte vadakkan, thekkan mekhalakalilaanu raundu appukal nadathiyathenkilum paareesil janasandrata kooduthalaayirunnathinal pothujanangalude prathishedham ettavum kooduthalaayirunnu. nagara madhyathile oru naazhikakkallaayirunnu well 'dii' hiv. roman catholica sabayum prathishedhakkaaril ulppettirunnu. pothujanangalude prathikaranam septambar 2 nuu kooduthal joothanmaare aavashyappedaruthennu jarmmankarodu aavasyappedaan lavaline nirbandhithanaakki. avaa kaimarunnathu oru discound storil ninnu saadhanangal vaangunnath poleyallennu addeham paranju. pradhaanamaayum videsha juthanmaarkku naadukadatthal parimithappedutthaan lavalinu kazhinju; franch pourathvam ulla joothanmaarude jeevitam urappakkunnathinulla oru vilapeshalaanu roundappu nadatthaan franch poleesine anuvadichathennu yudhathinushesham adhehavum prathirodhakarum vaadichu.
vaasthavathil, laavalinte vaakkukalil "oru shalyamaayi kaanapetta fraansile videsha joothanmaarude vidhiyekkurich vichi kannuneer ozhikkaathirunnu" ("maalinyam"). avare ozhivaakkunnathil thanikk santhoshamundennu lawal oru american nayathanthranjanodu paranju.
oru protestant nethaavu lawal joothanmaare kolappeduthiyathaayi aaropichappol, kizhakk oru kaarshika koolani nirmmikkaan avare ayachathaayi lawal urappichu. "njaan addehathodu kolapaathakathekkurichu samsaarichu, addeham enikku poonthottaparipaalanathiloode marupadi nalki."
drensey campum naadukadatthalum.
kuthirakkallinte aakruthiyilulla gopura blokkukal upayogichaanu nirmmichirunnathinaal drenseyile thadankalppaalayam eluppathil prathirodhikkappettu. franch jendaarmukalaanu ithinu kaaval ninnath. gestappoyude joothakaarya vibhaagathin keezhilaayirunnu kyaambinte pravartthanam. raundu appilum drenseyude pravartthanatthilum oru pradhana vyakthiyaya theoder danekarine mouris rajsphus thante kyaambinte charithratthil "oru akramasakthanaaya manorogiyaayi" visheshippichu... pattini kidakkaan idanilakkaarodu utharavittathum campinullil sanjarikkunnathum pukavalikkunnathum cardukal kalikkunnathum muthalaayava nirodhichathum addehamaanu."
1941 desemberil jarmman police udyogastharkkethiraaya franch aakramanathinu prathikaaramaayi naalpat thadavukaar kollappettu.
kyaambinte udanadi niyanthranam hains rohtkeyude keezhilaayirunnu. 1942 august muthal 1943 juun vare addehathinte nirddeshaprakaaramaanu naasikal aavashyappedunna sncf boxes kaar gathaagathatthiloode naadukadatthappettavaril moonnil rund bhaagatheyum ooshvitsilekku ayachathu. kuttikalude veettil nadatthiya raidle pidikkapetta jootha kuttikale ooshvitsilekku ayaykkunnathinu munbu closs barby ayakkukayum avidevechu avar kollappedukayum cheytha sthalamaanu drancy. well 'dii' hivil ninnullavar ulppede prarambha erakalil bhooribhaagavum seal cheytha vaaganukalil kudungukayum bhakshanathinteyum vellathinteyum abhaavathil marikkukayum cheythu. vazhiyil ninnu rakshappettavare gyaas chembarukalilvechu kolappedutthi.
1944 augustil paarees vimochana samayat, camp nadathiyirunnathu-"adhikaarikalude niraashaykk; poleesinte prefectinu yaathoru niyanthranavumillaayirunnu, sandarshakare swaagatham cheythilla"-avar joothanmaare allah, jarmmankaarumaayi sahakarikkunnavarayi kanakkaakkiyavare paarppikkan ithu upayogichu. septambar 15nuu oru paasttare praveshippichappol, aarr jootha interneekalum avaykkidayil rund kattilukalum ulla alakkunna cellukal addeham kandethi. septambar 20nuu jayil parambaraagatha jayil sevanathilekku madangi.
anantharafalangal.
1942ll fraansil ninnu ooshvitsilekku ayacha joothanmaaril naalilonn perum yudhaavasaanathode francilake madangiyavaril 811 perr maathramaan.
aarr kaumaarakkaar ozhike, well dii 'hivil thadavilaakkappedukayum naadukadatthappedukayum cheytha 3,900 kuttikalil aarum rakshapettilla.
piyari laavalinte vichaarana 1945 october 3 nuu aarambhichu. franchukaare rakshikkaan videsha joothanmaare baliyarppikkaan addeham baadhyasthanaayirunnu ennathaanu addehathinte aadya prathirodham. nishpaksha joorimaaraanennu parayappedunnavar lavaline adhikshepichukondu "addehathinte maravil oru dussen vediyundakal" ennu bheeshanippeduthikkondu kodathiyil kolahalamundaayi. charitrakaaranmaaraaya aantoni beaver artemis couper parayunnath, "paarees bheekarathayude samayat oru tribunal oru tribunal thammilulla oru cross" aanennaan. joorimaarude edapedalukal oru puthiya vichaaranayilekku nayikkumennu pratheekshichukondu october 6 muthal lawal nadapadikalil pankedukkaan visammathichu. lavalinu vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum sionide gulika vizhungi aathmahathya cheyyaan sramikkukayum cheythu. doctormar addehathe punarujjeevippichu, october 15 nuu fresness jayilil oru firing squad addehathe vadhichu.
jeane legway yudhatheyum athinte anantharafalangaleyum athijeevichu warner lambert incorporationte presidentaayi. landanil (ippol faisarumaayi layichu), pinneedu paareesile substaantiya laborattarikalude presidentaayi. 1979ll roundappile punk addehathinethire chumatthi.
1947ll luis darkvierinu sahakaranathin vadhasiksha vidhichu. ennirunnaalum, addeham spainilekku palayanam cheyyukayum avide francisco franco bharanakoodam addehathe samrakshikkukayum cheythu. 1978ll, ooshvitsile gyaas chembarukal paine kollan upayogichuvennu avakaashappett addeham oru abhimukham nalkia sesham, franch sarkkar addehathe kaimaranamennu abhyarthichu. spain visammathichu. 1980 august 29nuu speyinile malagaykku sameepam addeham antharichu.
britiish pailattumaarude kolapaathakathinu 1946ll britiish milittari tribunal helmut nochane vadhashikshaykk vidhichu. shiksha orikkalum nadappakkiyittilla. 1954ll francilake naadukadatthappedukayum veendum vadhasiksha vidhikkukayum cheythu. shiksha pinneedu jeevaparyanthamaayi kurachu. 1962ll franch president chaals dii gaul addehathinu mapp nalkukayum jarmmaniyilekku thirichayakkukayum avide addeham baden-baadanil ninnu viramikkukayum 2003ll marikkukayum cheythu.
paarees police medaaviyaaya emily henkwen 1947 juunil ettu varshathe shiksha thozhil shiksha vidhichu.
1949ll rene boskettine avasaanamaayi vichaarana cheythu. "deseeya prathirodhatthinte thalpparyangalil vittuveezhcha cheythathil" addehathe kuttavimukthanaakkiyenkum vichi sarkkaaril pankedutthathinu kuttakkaaranaanennu prakhyaapichu. adhiniveshakkaaranethiraaya cheruthunilppil sajeevamaayum susthiramaayum pankedutthathinu addehathinu anchu varshathe "deseeya padavi" nalki, ithu udan thanne pinvalikkapettu. boskettinte nilapad ellaayppozhum avyakthamaayirunnu; jarmmankaarkkum mattullavarkkumethire pravartthikkumbol addeham avarodoppam pravarthichirunnu. yudhaanantharam addeham baank dii indochainilum pathrangalilum jolie cheythu. 1957ll konseyil dii 'ettaatt addehathinte' lejian dii 'oonar' thirike nalkukayum 1958 januvari 17nuu addehathinu pothumaapp nalkukayum cheythu. aaa varsham maarne sthaanaarthiyaayi addeham thiranjeduppil malsarichu. addehathe prathirodhatthinte janaadhipathya, soshyalist union pinthunachu; addehathinte randaamathethu theevra-soshyalist general kaunsilaraaya hector bouliyaayirunnu. 1974ll, valeri giscard dii esteynimginethiraaya francois mitharaandinte presidential prachaaranatthinu dhanasahayam nalkaan boskett sahayichu. 1986-ll, boskettinethiraaya aropanangal kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaayitheernpol, prathyekichu luis darkvier addehathe perunalkiyathinu sesham, adhehavum mitharand parasparam kaanunnath nirtthi. paarkvett general dii paarees nilavilillaattha oru kodathiyilekku ayachukondu cases avasaanippichu. internaashanal federation oof human raitsinte abhibhaashakar "bouskettu vishayam vikasikkunnath thadayunnathinulla uyarnna thalatthilulla rashtreeya theerumaanathekkurichu" samsaarichu. 1989ll, 194 kuttikale naadukadatthiyathinu manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalkku serj clarsfeld adhehavum boskettinethire parati nalki. boskettine vichaarana cheyyaan niyogichenkilum 1993 juun 8 nuu kristhyan deediyar enna 55 kaaranaya maanasikarogi addehathinte flaattil praveshichu vedivachu konnu.
1945 desemberil american sainyam theoder danekarine thadavilaakkukayum kurachu divasangalkku sesham aathmahathya cheyyukayum cheythu.
raundu-appinayi sahaayicha franch valathupaksha anuyayikalaaya jackwus doriot germmaniyile sigmeringen enclavilekku palayanam cheyyukayum avide pravasa vichi sarkkaaril amgamaavukayum cheythu. 1945 februvariyil minovil ninnu sigmeringanilekku yaatra cheiyunnathinide sakhyasenaamgangal thante kaaril kayattiyirunnappol addeham marichu. addehathe mengenil samskarichu.
poleesinethire nadapadiyedukkuka.
vimochanathinushesham, draantiyile thadankalppaalayathil ninnu rakshappettavar naasikalude koottaalikalaanennu aaropikkappedunna jendarmesukalkkethire niyamanadapadi aarambhichu. 15 jendarmentukalekkurich anweshanam aarambhichu, avaril 10 perr samsthaanathinte surakshaykk bheeshaniyaaya perumaattatthinte kodathi oof justicil prathikalaayirunnu. vichaarana aarambhikkunnathin munbu moonnu perr oodi rakshapettu. thangalude kroorathaye athijeevichavarude niravadhi saakshikalum vivaranangalum undaayirunnittum, utharavukal anusarikkuka maathramaan cheythathennu mattu ezhu perr paranju.
1947 march 22nuu kodathi vidhi prasthaavichathu, ezhu perum kuttakkaaraanengilum mikkavarum "shathruvinethire prathirodham vaagdaanam cheythathum upayogapradavum susthiravumaaya sajeeva pankaalitthatthiloode" svayam punaradhivasippichuvennaa."mattu randuperkku rund varsham thadavum anchu varshathekku" "deseeya padavi" "nalkunnathinulla sikshayum vidhichu". oru varshathinusesham avarkk aashvaasam labhichu.
sarkkar praveshanam.
roundappil franch poleesukaarude pankino samsthaana pankaalitthatthino shamaapanam nadatthaan pathittaandukalaayi franch sarkkar visammathichu. yudhasamayathu philipp pettan oru puthiya franch raashtram sthaapichappol franch republic thakarkkappettuvennum yuddham avasaanichappol republic veendum sthaapithamaayennum dii gaulum mattullavarum vaadichu. athinaal, france amgeekarikkaatha oru samsthaanam srishticha sambhavangalkk mapp parayendathu republicinte bhagamalla. 1994 septambarile prasamgatthil president francois mitharand eee nilapad aavarthichu. "fraansinte peril njaan mapp parayilla. republicinu ithumaayi yaathoru bandhavumilla. france utharavaadiyaanennu njaan vishwasikkunnilla."
1995 juulai 16nuu adutha president jackwus chirak france athinte bhoothakaalathe abhimukeekarikkenda samayamaanithenn paranju aaa nilapad maatti. yudhasamayathu joothanmaareyum mattullavareyum peedippikkunnathil "franch raashtram" vahicha punk addeham amgeekarichu.
ithu oru vyathyasthamaaya charitramaanu, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru, oru saadhaaranakkaaran, oru, oru manushyan, oru, oru manushyan, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru, oru athe, fraansil kuttakrithyangal cheiyunnavarude koottatthil randaam sthaanathaanu. oru sinkvanta-trois aans, leeii 16 juulai 1942,450 poleesukaarum gendaarmukalum frankais, soos ell ottoritte dii leyezhs shefukalum, repontayant ooks excisionses dess nassis. juun muthal juun vareyulla kaalayalavil, paareesil, dicks mille homukal, femmukal, enfants ennivarkku joofsine farent arettes eiii lair domisile, ooo pettitt maattin, ettu rasembless dance less commissionariates dii police... laa france, patrey dess loomiyezhs ettu dess droits dii ell hoome, terra dii acuyil ettu dii asail, laa france, ce jore-laa, poorttheekaranam asaadyamaanu. parol samayat, avar luis boroyude samrakshanam nalkunnu.
well dii 'hiv' roundappinte 70-aamm vaarshikathodanubandhichu, 2012 juulai 22 nuu president francois holland smaarakathil oru prasangam nadatthi. eee sambhavam fraansil france nadatthiya kuttakrithyamaanennu president amgeekarikkukayum, franch police pankeduttha naadukadatthal franch moolyangal, thathwangal, aadarshangal ennivaykku ethiraaya kuttakrithyangalaanennu oonnipparayukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu france sarkkar niyamavirudhamaaya oru grooppaayirunnuvenna muun avakaashavaadam 2017 leeii thiranjeduppu prachaarana velayil deseeya frond party nethaavaaya maraine leeii penn veendum munnott konduvannu. vichi sarkkar "france allah" ennu avar prasamgangalil avakashappettu.
2017 juulai 16 nuu, roundappinte erakalude smaranaykkaayi, president immaanuval maakron holocoastil thante raajyathinte pankineyum 1942leeii roundappinteyum thudarnnulla 13,000 joothanmaare naadukadatthalinteyum utharavaaditham france nishedhicha charitraparamaaya punaravalokanatheyum apalapichu. "france aanu ithu [raundu upp] samghadippichathu", franch police naasikalumayi sahakarichu addeham paranju. "oru jarmankaaranum pankedutthilla", addeham koottichertthu. yudhasamayathu sarkkar franch raashtrathe prathinidheekarichirunnave chirak ithinakam prasthaavichirunnu. maakron eee kaaryatthil kooduthal nirddishtamaayirunnu "vichi bharanam shoonyathayil ninnu janichathum shoonyathayilekku madangiyathum kaanaan soukaryapradamaanu. athe, ithu soukaryapradamaanu, pakshe athu thettaanu. oru nunayude peril namukk abhimaanam valarthiyedukkaan kazhiyilla."
1995ll chirak mapp paranjathinekkurichu maakron sookshumamaayi paraamarsikkukayum addeham kootticherkkukayum cheythu, "njaan athu ivide veendum parayunnu. france aanu roundappu, naadukadatthal, angane mikkavarum ellaavarkkum maranam enniva samghadippichathu."
smaarakangalum smaarakangalum.
paarees.
1959ll undaaya theepidutthatthil "velodrome dii haivarinte" oru bhagam nasippikkappedukayum backie ghadana thakarkkappedukayum cheythu. flaattukalude oru block aabhyanthara manthraalayatthinte oru kettidavum ippol eee sthalathu nilakollunnu. yudhaanantharam track kettidatthil well dii 'hiv roundappu adayaalappeduthunna oru phalakam sthaapikkukayum 1959ll 8 boulivaard dii grenallilekku maattukayum cheythu.
1993 februvari 3 nuu president francois mitharand eee sthalathu oru smaarakam sthaapikkaan niyogichu. ithu ippol oru valanja aditharayil, saikkil trackine prathinidheekarikkunnathin, kway dii grenalinte attathu nilkkunnu. poolish shilpi walter spitsarinteyum aarkkitekt marrio asaguriyudeyum srishtiyaanithu. spittsarinte kudumbam ooshvitsilekkulla naadukadatthalil ninnu rakshapettu. naadukadatthappetta ellaavareyum, prathyekichu well 'dii' hiv '-nte ellah prathinidhikaleyum eee prathima prathinidheekarikkunnu. kuttikal, garbhinikal, rogiyaaya purushan ennivar silpangalil ulppedunnu. mitharand kaalaghattatthile smaarakathile vaakkukal ippozhum franch republic randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu bharicha vichi sarkkarum thammil vyathyaasappeduthunnu, athinaal joothanmaarude roundappinte samsthaana utharavaaditham avar sweekarikkunnilla. franch gavanment oof dhaa franch stettu' ennu vilikkunna yadhaartha adhikaarathinu keezhil nadanna vamsheeyavum yahoodavirudhavumaaya peedanagalkkum manushyaraashikkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalkkum irayaayavarkku franch republic adaranjali arppikkunnu. namukk orikkalum marakkaruth."1994 juulai 17nuu eee smaarakam udghaadanam cheyyappettu. ellah varshavum joolaiyil ivide oru anusmarana chadangu nadakkunnu.
2008 juulai 20 nuu paarees metroyile birr-hakeem steshanil well 'dii' hiv 'reydinte erakalude smaranaykkaayi oru smaaraka phalakam sthaapichu. chadanginu prathirodha, vettarans kaarya sekrattari jeane-maari bokkal neethrthwam nalki, naadukadatthappettavanum muun manthriyumaaya simoon wheel, naasi virudha aaktivist beett clarsfeld, niravadhi vishishtaathidhikal ennivar pankedutthu.
drensey.
shelomo selinger vijayicha oru design malsarathinu sesham 1976 ll drancy thadankalppaalayathil oru smaarakavum nirmmichu. thadavukaare marana cambukalilekku kondupookunna tharatthilulla oru reyil vaaganinte arikil ithu nilakollunnu. juthanmaar thamasikkunna veedukalude vaathilile messusayil parambaraagathamaayi ezhuthiyirikkunna hebru aksharamaaya shiin roopappeduthunna moonnu blokkukalaanithu. mattu rund blokkukal maranatthinte kavaadangale prathinidheekarikkunnu. shelomo selinger thante kruthiyekkurichu paranju "central blockil 10 akkangal adangiyirikkunnu, koottaaya praarthanaykku (minian) aavashyamaaya samkhya. shilpathinte mukalilulla rund aalukalude mudi, kaii, thaadi ennivayaal layed, vaav ennee rund ebraiah aksharangal roopappedunnu. eee aksharangalkk 36 enna samkhyayundu, jootha paarambaryamanusarichu lokam nilanilkkunna neethinishtamaaya nandiyude ennam."
2001 meyy 25 nuu, dancy appaartment blokkukalude aupachaarika naamamaya sitte dii laa muetine saamskaarika mantri catherine tasca oru deseeya smaarakamaayi prakhyaapichu.
2012ll shilpa smaarakathinum railway vaganinum nere ethirvashathu president francois holland oru puthiya shoha memorial museum thurannu. fraansile joothanmaare peedippichathinte vishadaamshangalum ooshvitsilekku naadukadatthunnathinumbulla thadavukaarude niravadhi vyakthiparamaaya smaranakalum avarude maranavum ithil nalkunnu. chumarukalil ezhuthiya sandeshangal, graafitti, madyapaana maggukal, thadavukaar upekshicha mattu swakaarya vasthukkal enniva avayil ulppedunnu, avayil chilath udamakalude perukal alekhanam cheythittundu. thadavukaarude mukhangalum perukalum maarikkondirikkunna pradarshanavum thaazhathe nilayil kaanikkunnu, avarude thadavinteyum thudarnnu franch gendermerry sahaayathode jarmmankaarude kolapaathakatthinteyum smaarakamaayi.
holocoast gaveshakanaaya serj clarsfeld 2004-ll ingane paranju "fraansile shovayude oormmayil ellaavarkkum ettavum ariyappedunna sthalamaanu drancy; ettavum kuprasidhamaaya jootha concentration, extremation kyaambukalude perukal kothivachirikkunna kallukal ulla yaad vaasheminte (jerusalem) kripttil, fraansil savisheshamaaya eaka oormma sthalamaanu drancy."
dokyumentarikalum pusthakangalum.
sambhavangal thaazhepparayunna chattakkoodukal roopappeduthunnu
kooduthal vaayana.
praadhamika srothassukal.
1942 leeii franch roundappukalekkurichulla praadhamika srothassukalude ekadesham 300 pejukal clarsfeldinte kruthiyil adangiyirikkunnu.

