
akkiyan yuddham

bisi 146 leeii akkiyan yuddham roman republic purathana greasile akkiyan, mattu peloponneshyan samsthaanangalude sakhyamaaya greak akkiyan leagum thammilaan nadannathu. naalam macedonian yudhathinu thottupinnaale nadanna roman greak pradhana bhoopradesam keezhadakkiyathinte avasana ghattamaayirunnu athu.
ambathu varsham munbu nadanna randaam macedonian yuddham muthal romum acheyayum sakhyakakshikalaayirunnu, ennaal kazhinja kurachu pathittaandukalaayi rund raashtreeyangalum thammilulla pirimurukkangal pradhaanamaayum achiyan praadeshika abhilaashangal, prathyekichu deerghakaalamaayi aagrahicha sparta leagylake swaamsheekarikkaanulla roman shramangalethudarnnu, moonnaam macedonian yudhathinu sesham roome dhaaraalam achiyan bandikale bandikalaakki. bisi 148-ll acheya sparthaye paraajayappedutthukayum oduvil keezhadakkukayum cheythappol samgharshangal naadakeeyamaayi uyarnnu; ithinethudarnnu, leaginte vipuleekarana abhilaashangal nirthaan roome shramichu, pakshe irupakshavum thammilulla nayathanthratthinte parajayam yudhathilekku nayichu.
leaginte thalasthaanamaaya korinthilekku munnerunnathinumbu, rominte pradhana senaye scarfiac sameepam roome athivegam paraajayappeduthi, avide avar mathilukalkk purathu achiyan sainyathinte avashishtangale paraajayappeduthi, thudarnnu nagaram krooramaayi kollayadichu, athe varsham thanne avar kartej nashippichu. greasinte nerittulla roman niyanthranatthinte thudakkavum greak swaathanthryathinte avasaanavum athupolethanne hellenistic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathinte thudakkavum eee yuddham adayaalappeduthi. romile saamskaarika swaadheenathinum ithu sradheyamaanu; keezhadakkiyathinu sheshamulla greak kala, samskaaram, adimakal ennivayude praadhaanyam greco-roman samskaarathinte vikasanathe thwarithappeduthi.
pashchaathalam.
samanamaaya mathaparavum sainikavumaaya vishwaasangaliloodeyum muun macedonian yudhangalile sahakaranathiloodeyum roman republic achiyaan leegumaayi adutha bandham valarthiyeduthu. ennirunnaalum, moonnaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum randaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum sahakaranm undaayirunnittum, achiyayile rashtreeya prasnangal taamasiyaathe thalakeezhaayi. rund vibhagangal uyarnnuvaraan thudangi onnu, akkeyan rashtrathanthranjaraaya philopomen, lycortas ennivarude pinthunayode, akkeya swantham niyamamanusarichu swantham videsanayam nirnnayikkaan ahvaanam cheythu, mattonn, videshanayathinte ellah kaaryangalilum rominode keezhadangunnathil vishwasicha aristenas, diophanous thudangiyavarude pinthunayode.
koodaathe, romile swaadheenathinte swabhaavathekkurichulla chodyathinappuramulla aantharika sammarddangalkkum akkia vidheyanaayirunnu. akkeyan leagil ninnu messine pinmaarukayum leagile sthaanathinte swabhaavathecholli spartayumaayulla kooduthal tharkkangal romakkar vardhichuvarunna micro maanejmentilekku nayichu, ithil 184 roman appius claudiasine sparta acheyayum thammilulla cases vidhikkan ayachu.
moonnaam macedonian yudhathil achaayayude paalikkal urappakkunnathinaayi aayirakkanakkin bandikale roome bandikalaakkiyathu greasil valia neerasamundaakkukayum achaayiyum romum thammilulla nayatantra kalahathinte uravidamaavukayum cheythu; ithu rund shakthikalum thammilulla bandham vashalakkaan valia punk vahichuvennu vaadikkaavunnathaanu. bandikale thirichayakkanamennu aavasyappettu kuranjathu anchu achaayan embassykale romilek ayachathu, achaayan aashankakalodulla roman achanchalathvam enniva randum thammilulla adhikara vyathyasam prakadamaakkunnu. nayatantra nilapaadinu aathyanthikamayi achian yudhathilekku nayicha sambhavangalude oru shringalaykku kaaranamakum.
yudhathilekku nayikkunna sambhavangal.
akkaalathe achian aabhyanthara raashtreeyam yudhathinte varavil valia punk vahichu. janakeeya janaralmaraya critolosinteyum diasinteyum thiranjeduppinushesham, daridrarudeyum swatantra thaddesheeya, thaddesheeya vamshajaraaya adimakaludeyum kadabadhyatha laghookarikkunnathinum sambannarude mail nikuthi vardhippikkunnathinum saambathika nirddeshangal munnottuvachu, polybiasinte abhipraayathil, avayellaam aakkiyayile thaazhnna vibhaagangalkkidayil romumaayulla deseeyavaada tharkkathinu vardhichuvarunna pinthuna nalkunnathinte aavasyamulla phalamaayirunnu. naalam macedonian yudhathil andriscus eee samayat nadatthiya oru kalapam achaayiyayilekku vyaapichirikkam, ithu padinjaaru moonnaam punic yudhathil earppettirikkunna roome, roman bharanathinethiraaya greak kalaapangale neridaan kazhiyaathathra thirakkilaayirikkumenn prateeksha nalkunnu.
moonnaam macedonian yudhathinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthil greak kizhakk roman videsanayam micro maanejmentinum valia sthaapanangale nirbandhithamaayi thakarkkunnathinum anukoolamaayi mariyirunnu, general lucius mammius achaikkas maasidonine praadeshikavalkkarikkum majistrettu gaalasilekkulla senattinte dauthyavum, taunn pleuron apekshichathinethudarnna achiyan leag vidaan, kazhiyunnathra nagarangale athil ninnu verpeduthaan; gallus "vaakkilum pravrithiyilum valia ahankaarathode greak vamshathodu perumari" ennu pousaaniyaas ezhuthunnu.
bii. sii. 150ll sparta leagum thammilulla sathrutha veendum pottipurappettu; sparta kooduthal svayambharanaavakaasham aavasyappedukayum ithu nirasikkappettappol kalapam nadathukayum cheythu. achiyanmaar sparta athivegam paraajayappeduthi, ennaal leaginte "thanthrangal" aaya damokrittas, roman sammarddamo samadhana nayamo kaaranam aakramanathe kooduthal munnott kondupokaruthennu theerumaanichu. ithu janapreeti nediyilla, athu addehathe naadukadatthaan kaaranamaayi. 148-leeii "straattajikal", dias, aakramanathinteyum leag aikyathinteyum oru vediyil thiranjedukkappettu, athinaal akramanam vegathil veettilethikkukayum varshaavasaanathode sparta keezhadakkukayum cheythu. eee yudhasamayathu, naalam macedonian yudhavum moonnaamathe punic yudhavum gauravameriyathum avarude shradha aavasyamullathumaayathinaal samaadhaanathinaayi kurachu soumyamaaya abhyarthanakal ayaykkathe roome edapettilla.
ennirunnaalum, 147-ll, muun koonsal lucius ooreliyas ooresttasinte neethrthwathil roome oru puthiya embassy ayachu. achiyaan leegine athinte yadhaarthavum idungiyathumaaya groupilekku nirbandhithamaayi kurachathaayi prakhyapikkaan ooresttas shramichu-ithu phalapradamaayi athine durbalappeduthukayum athinte praadeshika abhilaashangal ennennekkumaayi avasanippikkukayum cheythu. ithu oru charchaa thanthramaayirikkaam, pakshe athu thirichadiyaayi, embassy eathaandu aalkkoottam aakramichu. ooresttasinte muun koonsal sextus juuliyas seaserinte neethrthwathilulla samadhaanam punasthaapikkaanulla roman sramam moshamaayi paraajayappedukayum romile pravarthanangalil roshakularaaya akkiyans, janakeeya vikaaram uyarthukayum, spartaykkethire yuddham prakhyapikkukayum, critolosine leaginte "thanthrangalaayi" thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. eee prakhyapanam engane yudhathinu kaaranamaayi ennathinekkurichu charchakal nadakkunnundu ithu rominethiraaya oru avyaktha prakhyapanamaayirunno atho rominode eee prakhyaapanathodu prathikarichathaano.
yuddham.
roome kooduthal sakthamaaya rajyamaaya maasidonine nannayi keezhadakkiyathinaal thangal oru aathmahathyaa yudhathilekku praveshikkukayaanennu achiyanmaarkku ariyamaayirunnu. prakshobhatthe adichamarthaan rund roman sainyangale ayachu-onnu ippol italiyil ninnu ayacha konsalaayirunna mammiyasinteyum mattonn aduthide andriscussine paraajayappedutthukayum macedonian prakshobhatthe adichamarthukayum cheytha praiter kvintas seasilius mettellas macedonicasinteyum keezhilaanu. leagile kalapam nadanna trackisil heracley critolos uparodhikkumbol, metalas thannodu poraadaan maasidoniyayil ninnu march cheiyukayaanennu addeham manassilakki. addeham scarfiayilekku pinwangi, pakshe mettellas addehathe pidikoodukayum scarfia yudhathil nirnnaayakamaayi paraajayappedutthukayum athinusesham addeham thante sainyathe shaityakaala kwartezhsilekku ayakkukayum cheythu. yudhasamayatho athinusheshamo oyatta parvvathatthile chathuppil mungimarikkukayo visham nalkukayo cheythukondu critolos marichu.
critolosinte parajayavum maranavum greak lokath valia ashayakkuzhappavum paribhraanthiyum srishtichu, elyse, messine thudangiya chila nagarangal ippol romerc keezhadangi. ennirunnaalum, leaginte pala gadakangalum, prathyekichu korinth, diasinu chuttum aninirannu, critolokalkku pakaram "strattajokal" aayi addehathe thiranjedukkukayum kadinamaaya nikuthikalum swathukkalum sambathum kandukettalukalum upayogichu yuddham thudaraan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. mettellas ippol boyottiyayiloode munneri, akkiyansumaayi sakhyamundaakkiyirunna theebukal pidichedutthu. addeham leaginu samadhana vaagdaanam nalkiyengilum samadhana anukoola, roman anukoola raashtreeyakkaare arast cheiyukayo kollukayo cheytha dias addehathe nirasichu.
mammius ippol ethi, mettellasine macedoniayilekku thirike ayacha sesham, 23,000 kaalalppadayeyum 3,500 kuthirapadayeyum-korinthine akramikkaan-labhyamaya ellah roman sainyatheyum shekharichu. 13, 500 kaalalppadayum 650 kuthirapadayum ulppede thanikk kazhiyunna sainyathe dias aninirathi. oru prarambha ettumuttalil vijayam nediya sesham, dias aathmavishwaasam nedukayum romakkare nerittu yudhathil earppeduthaan theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla korinth yudhathil, addehathinte thaazhnna kuthirappadaye roman kuthirappada vegathil thurathi. ithu addehathinte sainyathe paraajayappeduthi thiranjeduttha 1,000 roman kaalaalppadayude aakramanathinu addehathinte bhaagathe thurannukaatti.
korinthinte chaakk.
nagaratthe samrakshikkaan athijeevicha acheyan sainyathe samghadippikkaamaayirunnu, pakshe dias avare upekshichu megalopolisilekku palayanam cheythu, avide bharya kolappeduthiya sesham addeham aathmahathya cheythu. niraasanaaya akkiyan sainyavum mikka korinthyakkaarum nagaratthe rakshayillathe upekshichu palayanam cheythu, yuddham kazhinju moonnu divasam maathram kazhinjappol mammius oru pathiyirunnu akramanam bhayappettathinal romakkare athu surakshithamakkaan anuvadichu. bakkiyulla greak holdouttukal ippol keezhadangi. koonsal korinthyar ozhikeyulla ellah greekkukalkkum swaathanthryam nalki. ennirunnaalum, korinthil, romakkar praayapoorthiyaaya purusha janasamkhyaye muzhuvan koottakkola cheyyukayum ellah sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum adimakalaakkukayum cheythu, athinusesham avar nagaram nashippichu. apakadakaramaaya oru vaanijya ethiraaliye purathaakkaan utsukanaayirunna vaanijya party preranayaaya senattinte nirddeshangal kaaranamaan korinthile kroorathayude anaavasyamaaya eee pradarshanam ennu mummsen vishadeekarikkunnu. polybius parayunnathanusarichu, thanikk chuttumullavarude sammarddathe cherukkaan mammiyasinu kazhinjilla. deoyude abhipraayathil, korinthyarallaatthavare adimakalaakkaathirikkaan mammius shradhichu. mammius kollayadichathonnum thanikkuvendi eduthittillennum addehathinte samagrathaykku addehathe prashamsikkunnuvennum livi ezhuthunnu.
kalaasrishtikal nasippikkukayo vinodavasthukkaleppole pariganikkukayo cheytha roman sainikarude ashradhayekkurichu polybius paraamarsikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, philopomente prathimakalodu avar bahumanam prakadippichu, addehathinte prashasthikkum greasile romile aadya sakhyakakshiyaayathinum. kalayude kaaryangalil mammius angeyattam anjanaayirunnu-vilamathikkaanaavaatha prathimakalum paintingukalum italiyilekku kondupokumbol, avaa nashtappettaal avaykku pakaram puthiyava nalkendivarumennu kararukarkku munnariyipp nalkanamennu addeham utharavittu. syracusinte chaakkililethupole, korinth chaakkilum niravadhi greak kalaasrishtikal roman lokathekku ozhukiyethukayum athu greak samskaarathin kooduthal thurannukaattukayum greco-roman lokathinte vikasanathinu vazhiyorukkukayum cheythu.
greasinte roman punasamghadana.
keezhadakkiyathinu thottupinnaale, kalaapathil pankeduttha ellah nagarangaludeyum mathilukal takarkkaan mammius utharavidukayum ellah nagarangaleyum avarude aayudangalum sainika upakaranangalum kaimaran nirbandhikkukayum cheythu.
taamasiyaathe, greasine punasamghadippikkunnathinu dauthyathil koonsal amgathe sahayikkaan senatt patthu kammeeshanarmaare acheeyayilekku ayachu. greekkukalkku yuddha nashtaparihaaravum adaranjali nalkendivannu, ellah leagukalum mattu rashtreeya sthaapanangalum pirichuvidukayum roman anukoola varenyavargathinu adikaaram nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, oduvil, kurachu saambathika aashvaasam nalkukayum ethans, sparta ennivayulppede chila nagarangalkk svayambharanaadhikaaram nalkukayum cheythu. bii. sii. 27ll augustasinte keezhil akkia oru prathyeka pravisyayaayi maarumenkilum raashtreeyamaayi greak samsthaanangale roman pravisyayaaya maasidoniyayi tharamthirichu.
anantharafalangal.
mammius oru vijayam aaghoshikkukayum "accicus" enna peru nedukayum cheythu. thante greak pracharanangalil ninnulla sambathu upayogichu, mechappetta shabda saahacharyangalum greak maathrkaykku sesham irippidangalumulla oru naadakavedi addeham sthaapichu, angane vinodasthalangalude nirmmaanatthil oru prathyeka munnettam adayaalappeduthi.
eee yuddham greak rashtreeya swaathanthryathinte avasaanavum hellenistic kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathinte thudakkavum adayaalappeduthi. ejiyan saamraajyathil avasheshikkunna oreyoru pradhana sakthiyaaya pergamon pothuve romanu anukoolamaayirunnu, athinte avasana rajaavaaya atalus III bisi 133 ll thante maranashesham thante ichhaashakthiyiloode athu rominu nalki. angane, aadyathe macedonian yudhathil roome aadyamaayi greak kaaryangalil earppettu ezhupathu varshangalkk sesham, athu ippol classical greak lokathinte muzhuvan niyanthranathilaavukayum medittareniyanile prabalashakthiyenna nilayil athinte sthaanam urappikkukayum cheythu.
greak, roman samskaaram onnichucherunna oru puthiya greco-roman samskaarathinte thudakkavum eee kootticherkkal adayaalappeduthum, oru noottaand munbu romakkar sisiliyile greak nagarangal keezhadakkiyathinte pashchaathalatthil aarambhicha oru prakriya.

