juvenal

engleeshil juvenal () ennariyappedunna desimus juuniyas juvanalis () onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum randaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum sajeevamaayirunna oru roman kaviyayirunnu. aakshepahasyangal" ennariyappedunna aakshepahasya kavita samahaarathinte rachayithaavaan addeham. pothuvarsham onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum randaam noottaandinte thudakkathilumulla ariyappedunna vyakthikalekurichulla paraamarshangal addehathinte rachanayude aadyakaala theeyathi nischayikkunnundenkum, baalasaahithyathinte jeevithathekkurichulla vishadaamshangal vyakthamalla. addehathinte aadya pusthakam 100 allengil 101 ll prasidheekarichathaayi sameepakaala pandithan vaadikkunnu. oru rashtreeya vyakthiyekkurichulla paramarsham addehathinte anchaamatheyum avasaanatheyum pusthakam 127 nuu sheshamullathaanenn parayunnu.
dactillic hexameter enna padyaroopatthil kuranjathu 16 kavithakalenkilum juvenal ezhuthiyittundu. eee kavithakal niravadhi roman vishayangal ulkkollunnu. ithu roman aakshepahasya vibhaagathinte srashtaavaaya luciliusine pinthudarunnu, ithu horace persius ulppedunna oru kaavyathmaka paarambaryatthinu anusrithamaayi yojikkunnu. purathana rominekkurichulla padanatthinu niravadhi kaazhchappaadukalil ninnu oru pradhana uravidamaanu "aakshepahasyangal", ennirunnaalum avarude haasya avishkaara reethi ulladakkam karsanamaayi vasthuthaaparamaanennu amgeekarikkunnathu prashnakaramaakkunnu. ottanottathil "aakshepahasyangal" romine vimarshikkunna oru kruthiyaayi vaayikkam. purathana grandhangalil bhooribhaagavum nilaninnirunnillenkum, aaa vimarsanam kristhyan sanyasi grandhangal avayude samrakshanam urappakkiyirikkaam.
jeevitam.
rachayithaavinte jeevithathinte vishadaamshangal krithyamaayi punarnirmikkaan kazhiyilla. patthaam noottaandil addehathinte kayyezhuthuprathikalumaayi bandhapetta ezhuthukaarante jeevacharitramaaya "vitta uvenalis" (juvanalinte jeevitam), "aakshepahasyangalil" ninnulla oru vivaranathekkaal alpam kooduthalaanu.
vitta uvenalis" ulppedeyulla parambaraagatha jeevacharithrangal ezhuthukaarante muzhuvan perum nalkunnu, koodaathe addeham onnukil oru dhanikanaya swathanthrante makano datheduttha makano aanennum parayunnu. addeham kvintiliyan vidyaarthiyaayirikkanum vinodathinum niyamaparamaaya aavasyangalkkumaayi madhyavayaskanaakunnathuvare vaachaadopangal abhyasichirunnuvennum karuthappedunnu. aakshepahasyangal" roman niyamavyavasthayude pravarthanathekkurichu pathivayi krithyathayulla paraamarshangal nadathunnu. oru aakshepahaasyakkaaranenna nilayil addehathinte currier addehathinte jeevithathinte valare avasana ghattathilaanu aarambhichathenn karuthappedunnu.
addehathinte janmasthalam volsian pattanamaya akvinam nalkunnathilum addehathinte jeevithathinu oru pravasakaalam anuvadikkunnathilum jeevacharithrangal yojikkunnu, ithu uyarnna thalatthilulla kodathi swaadheenamulla oru nadane addeham apamaanichathaanu. addehathe naadukadatthiya chakravarty trajan allengil domissian aayirunnu. scotland thiranjedukkunna onnu ozhike, jeevacharithrangalude praadhaanyam addehathe eejipthilekk naadukadatthunnu.
eee parambaraagatha jeevacharitrangalil onnu maathramaan praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar jananatheeyathi nalkunnathu ithu 55 ce nalkunnu, ithu mikkavarum oohakkachavadamaanu, pakshe backie thelivukalumaayi nyayamaayum yojikkunnu. mattu paarambaryangal addeham haadriyante marana varsham (pothuvarsham 138) kazhinja kurachukaalam athijeevichu. chila srothassukal addehathinte maranam pravaasathilaanennu parayunnu, mattullavar addehathe romilek thirichuvilichu (athil randaamathethu samakaalika pandithanmaar kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaayi kanakkakkunnu). domissian addehathe naadukadatthiyirunnenkil, nervayude hraswa bharanakaalathu thirichuvilikkappetta rashtreeya pravaasikalil oralaayirikkaam addeham.
eee parambaraagatha jeevacharithrangalude ulladakkam ethratholam saangalppikamaanennum ethratholam vasthuthayaanennum parayaan kazhiyilla. valia bhagangal vyakthamaayi juvanalinte rachanakalil ninnulla nigamanam maathramaan, ennaal chila gadakangal kooduthal ganyamaayi kaanapedunnu. juvenal thante jeevithathil oru pravasa kaalaghattathekkurichum paraamarshikkunnillenkum nilavilulla ellah parambaraagatha jeevacharithrangalilum ithu kaanapedunnu. pala pandithanmaarum eee ashayam pilkkala kandupiduthamaanennu karuthunnu; "aakshepahasyangal" eejiptineyum britain kurichulla kurachu arivu pradarshippikkunnu, ithu juvenal naadukadatthappetta paarambaryatthinu kaaranamaayathaayi karuthappedunnu. ennirunnaalum mattullavar-prathyekichu gilbert higettu-naadukadatthaline vasthuthaparamaayi kanakkakkunnu, eee pandithanmaar naadukadatthalinulla oru krithyamaaya theeyathiyum nalkunnu pothuvarsham 93 muthal 96 vare, nerwa chakravarthiyaayi. 92 kaalaghattatthile oru ayodhana kavithayil, eee ghattathil praayapoorthiyaakaathavar ithinakam pravaasathilaayirunnuvel, allengil pravaasatthil samayam chelavazhichirunnuvenkil, praayapoorthiyaakaathukkare paramarsham asaadhyamaanennu avar vaadikkunnu, kaaranam atharam saahacharyathil, atharam "vyakthithvam aprasakthamallaatha" ennu paraamarshikkunnathiloode aadhipathyathe ethirkkaan ayodhana aagrahikkillaayirunnu. praayapoorthiyaakaathayal naadukadatthappettirunnel, addehathinu thante paarambaryama nashtappedumaayirunnu, ithu "parihasangalil" addeham vilapikkunna kakshiyude jeevithathekkurichulla sthiramaaya vivaranagal vishadeekarikkaam.
pathonpathaam noottaandil akvinathil ninnu kandethiyathayi parayappedunna oru samarppita likhithamaanu mattu jeevacharitraparamaaya thelivukal, athil inipparayunna vaachakam adangiyirikkunnu
eee likhitham kaviyumaayi bandhappettathallenn pandithanmaar saadhaaranayaayi abhipraayappedunnu oru sainikajeevitam "aakshepahasyangal" enna sainika virudhathayodu nannayi yojikilla, koodaathe, sii. iii 166 nuu munbu dalmatian sainyangal nilavilundayirunnathaayi thonnunnilla. athinaal, eee paramarsham kaviyude pilkkala bandhuvaya oru kaumaarakkaaranekkurichaayi, ennirunnaalum, avar iruvarum akvinathil ninnu vannavarum seres devathayumaayi bandhappettavarumayathinaal ("aakshepahasyangal" valareyadhikam bahumanam kaanikkunna oreyoru devata). eee rund kaumaarakkaareyum bandhippikkunna sidhaantham shariyaanenkil, baalante kudumbam nyayamaayum sambannamaayirunnuvennum kavi sarikkum oru videsha swathanthrante makanaanengil, addehathinte pingaamikal saadhaaranayekkaal vegathil roman vargga ghadanayil swaamsheekarikkappettavum likhitham kaanikkunnu. swathanthranaaya pithaavinte paarambaryam thettaanennum, praayapoorthiyaakaathavarude poorvvikar thaarathamyena purathana vamshajaraaya roman italiyile cheria prabhukkanmaaraayirunnuve green karuthunnu.
aakshepahasyangalum" avayude tharavum.
anchu pusthakangalayi vibhajicha pathinaar ariyappedunna kavithakalude bahumati juvanalinu labhikkunnu; ellaam roman shailiyilulla aakshepahaasyamaanu, rachayithaavinte kaalathe ettavum adisthaanaparamaaya dactillic hexaameettaril samoohatheyum saamoohika reethikaleyum kurichulla vishalamaaya charcha ulkkollunnu. thante kruthiyude vyapthiyum ulladakkavum sambandhicha "aakshepahasyam I" enna kruthiyil juvenal parayunnu
charithratthinte arambham muthalulla manushyaanubhavatthinte muzhuvan vyapthiyum addehathinte paridhiyilaayaan balavakasha avakaashavaadangal. kvintiliyan-oru prabhaashana vidyaabhyaasathinu anuyojyamaaya saahitya vibhaagangalekkurichulla oru charchayude pashchaathalatthil-greak maathrkakalil ninnu sweekaricha niravadhi saahitya, kalaa roopangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, "aakshepahasyam kuranjathu nammudethaanu" ("sachura kwidam totta nostra esttu") ennu avakashappettu. kuranjathu kvintiliyan, munkaala greak aakshepahasya padyatthinte kazhchappadil (udha.jii. hipponaxinteth) allengil laattin aakshepahasya gadyam (udha.jii. petroneasinteth) "sachura" aayirunnilla. roman "sachura" oru prathyeka roopathilallaatha verum samarthavum thamasha niranjathumaaya vimarsanamaayirikkunnathinum oru aupachaarika saahitya vibhagamaayirunnu.
oro "aakshepahasyangal" (aakshepahasyam 16 ozhike) ekadesham 130 (aakshepahasyam 12) muthal 695 (aakshepahasyam 6) varikalaayi neelappedunnu. kavithakalkk vyakthigathamayi avakaashamillengilum vaayanakkaarude soukaryathinaayi vivarthakar palappozhum sheershakangal chertthittundu.
aadhunika vimarsanavum "aakshepahaasyangalude" charitraparamaaya pashchaathalavum.
saamoohika vyathiyaanathinte ellah prathinidhikalodum prakopanaparamaaya avahelanathinu purathana kaalam muthal juvanalinte aakshepahasya reethi shradhikkappedunnumdum, dablyu. ezz. aandezhsanum pinneedu ezz. emm. thante kruthikalil thaan prakadippikkunna manobhaavangale vimarsikkaan ezhuthukaaran ettedutha oru vaachaadopaparamaaya "vyakthithvam" (mukhammoodi) enna nilayil thante kruthiye prathirodhikkaan sramichittundu.
muun saamraajyathva raajavamshangalile amgangalkkethire suitoniusil rekhappeduthiyittulla oro apavaadathinum vishwaasyatha nalkunnathu thettaanenn karuthiyathupole, pothuvarsham onnaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum randaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum saadhaarana roman jeevithathekkurichulla aksharaarthatthilulla vivaranamaayi "aakshepahasyangal" vaayikkunnath thettayirikkum. aakshepahasyangal" ykku samanamaaya prameyangal avasana roman republicinteyum aadyakaala saamraajyathinteyum kaalaghattatthil sisero, catulus muthal ayodhana, taasittas vareyulla ezhuthukaaril nilavilundu; athupole, juvanalinte paatatthinte shailikal pershyas, statiyas, petronius enniva prathinidheekarikkunnathu augustaaninu sheshamulla saahithyathinte paridhiyil varunnu.
onnaam noottaandile romile joothajeevithathekkurichu niravadhi vivaranagal nalkunna juvanalinte "aakshepahasyangal" jeey. yeppolulla pandithanmaar pariganichittundu. aadyakaala joothamathathekkurichulla oru moolyavathaaya uravidamaayi, neethipoorvakanum, aduthide, peettar nahon.
saahityaparavum saamskaarikavumaaya swaadheenam.
aakshepahasyangal" niravadhi ezhuthukaarkku prachodanamaayittundu, saamuval jonson ulppede, "aakshepahasyam III" ennathil thante "lunden", "aakshepahasyam x" ennathil "manushyante aagrahangalude vaanity" enniva maathrkayaakki. dushtasaampradangalaal niranjirikkunna novalukal alexander therox, kaumaarapraayakkarane thante ettavum pradhanappetta swaadheenamaayi thiricharinju. forensic praadhaanyamulla oru vandaaya hesterideyude perinu juvenal oru uravidam nalki. thaazhepparayunnava ulppede niravadhi ariyappedunna maaksimukalude uravidamaanu juvenal.
paadarakshakalum kaayika upakaranangalum nirmmikkunna kambaniyaaya aasiks, juvenal (10.356) ennathil ninnu laattin padamaaya "aanima saana inn corpore saano" (soundu bodiyile soundu mind) ennathinte churukkapperilaan ariyappedunnathu.
naasi bharanathin keezhil valarnnappol haiskoolil padichirunna oru naasi virudha adhyaapakan kaumaarapraayatthil prathyeka shradha cheluthiyirunnuvennu jarmman ezhuthukaaranaaya heinrich booal thante aathmakadhayil rekhappeduthunnu "misttar. baalyam ethratholam samayochithamaanennu, ekapaksheeyamaaya gavanment, svechaadhipathyam, azhimathi, pothu dhaarmmikathayude adapathanam, republican aadarshathinte thakarcha, praitorian gaardukalude bheekaramaaya pravartthanangal thudangiya prathibhaasangale addeham engane vipulamaayi kaikaaryam cheythuvennu bouvar manassilakki. (...) oru second hand pusthakkadayilvechu 1838-ll vivarthanam cheytha vaachakathinte eratti dairkhyamulla, vipulamaaya vyaakhyaanamulla, pranaya kaalaghattatthinte uchathil ezhuthiya, juvanalinte oru vivarthanam njaan kandethi. enikku sarikkum thaangaavunnathilum kooduthal vilayundenkilum njaan athu vaangi. oru detective noval pole njaan athellam valare aazhathil vaayichu. yudhathiludaneelam (randaam lokamahaayudham) athinappuravum njaan nirantharam sookshichirunna churukkam chila pusthakangalil onnaanith, ente mattu pusthakangalil bhooribhaagavum karinchanthayil nashtappedukayo vilkkappedukayo cheythappol polum.

