
layasheshi santhulithaavastha

kharaavasthayilulla oru raasa samyuktham aaa samyukthathinte layaniyumaayi raasa santhulithaavasthayil aayirikkumbol nilanilkkunna oru tharam chalanathmaka santhulithaavasthayaanu layaneeyata santhulithaavastha. draavakam maattamillathe, viyojippiloodeyo assid allengil kshara polulla laayaniyude mattoru gadakavumaayulla raasapravarthanathiloodeyo laikkam. oro layaneeyata santhulithaavasthayudeyum savisheshatha thapanilaye aasrayikkunna "layaneeyata uthppannam" aanu, athu oru santulita sthiraangam pole pravartthikkunnu. farmaceutical, paristhithi, mattu pala saahacharyangalilum layikkunna santhulithaavastha pradhaanamaan.
nirvachanangal.
kharaavasthayilulla oru raasa samyuktham samyuktham adangiya oru layaniyumaayi raasa santhulithaavasthayilaayirikkku oru layaneeyata santhulithaavastha nilanilkkunnu. chila vyakthigatha thanmathrakal khara, laayana gattangalkkidayil vyathichalikkukayum, layikkunnathum mazhayum thammilulla nirakk parasparam thulyamaakukayum cheiyunnathil chalanathmaka santhulithaavasthayude oru udaaharanamaanu itharathilulla santhulithaavastha. santhulithaavastha sthaapikkukayum kharapadaarthangal ellaam layikkathirikkukayum cheyyumbol, aaa layani poorithamaanennu parayappedunnu. pooritha laayaniyil layikkunna draavakathinte saandrathaye layaneeyata ennu vilikkunnu. layathinte unitukal mollar (moll dm −3) aakam allengil yoonit voliyathil pindamayi prakadippikkaam, udaaharanathinu, micro gram millie −1. layikkal thapanilaye aasrayichirikkunnu. layakshamathayekkaal kooduthal draavakam adangiyirikkunna oru layani supersaturated aanennu parayappedunnu. oru supersaturated lionic oru "vithu" cherkkunnathiloode santhulithaavasthayilekku varaan prerippikkaam, athu laayaniyude oru cheria kristtal allengil mazhaykku thudakkamidunna oru cheria khara kanika aakam.
moonnu pradhana tharam layasheshi santhulithaavasthakalundu.
oro kesilum oru santulita sthiraangam pravartthanangalude oru bhaagamaayi vyakthamaakkam. pravartthanam alavillaatha alavayathinaal eee santulita sthiraangam alavillaathathaan. ennirunnaalum, pravartthanangalude upayogam valare asoukaryakaryam niranjathaanu, athinaal santulita sthiraankathe saadhaaranayaayi pravartthana gunakangalude bhaagafalathaal harikkukayum saandrathayude bhagamaakukayum cheiyunnu. vishadaamshangalkku santhulithaavastha chemistry#equilibrium sthiraangam kaanuka. koodaathe, oru kharapadaarthathinte pravartthanam nirvachanam anusarichu 1 nuu thulyamaanu, athinaal athu nirvachikkunna padaprayogatthil ninnu ozhivaakkappedunnu.
raasa santhulithaavasthaykku
soothravaakyam _ 1
layikkunna ulppannamaaya "k" sp ennathu a "p" b "q" enna samyukthathe thaazhepparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkunnu
soothravaakyam _ 2
ivide [a], [b] enniva oru pooritha laayaniyile a, b ennivayude saandrathayaanu. aupachaarikamaayi "k" sp nuu (saandrata) "p" + "q" enna alavundengilum oru layikkunna uthppannathin santulita sthiraankathinu samanamaaya pravartthanamundu.
saahacharyangalude prathyaaghaathangal.
thaapanila prabhavam.
thaapanilayile maattangalodu layikkal samvedanakshamathayundu. udaaharanathinu, panchasaara thanutha vellathekkaal chooduvellatthil layikkunnu. mattu tharatthilulla santulita sthiraangangaleppole layikkunna uthppannangalum thaapanilayude pravarthanangalaayathinaal ithu sambhavikkunnu. leeii chaattaliyarinte thathwathinu anusrithamaayi, pirichuvidal prakriya endothermic aakumbol (choodu agiranam cheyyappedunnu), thaapanila vardhikkunnathinanusaricha layikkal vardhikkunnu. oru raasa samyukthathe shudheekarikkaan upayogikkaavunna recrystalisation prakriyayude adisthaanamaanu eee prabhavam. layippikkumbol (choodu purathuvidumbol) thaapanila vardhikkunnathinanusaricha layikkal kurayunnu.
32. 4 digri selshyasil thaazheyulla thapanilayil soodiyam sulfate vardhichuvarunna layaneeyata kaanikkunnu, ennaal uyarnna thapanilayil layaneeyata kurayunnu. kaaranam, soolid ghattam parivartthana thaapanilaykk thaazheyulla decahydrate () aanu, pakshe aaa thaapanilayekkaal vyathyasthamaaya hydrate aanu.
oru anuyojyamaaya laayaniyude (kuranja layaneeyathayulla padaarthangalkku) layaneeyathayude thapanilaye aashrayikkunnath urukalinte enthalpi, δ "m" h ", saachureshanil laayaniyude moll fraction formula _ 3 enniva adangiyirikkunna inipparayunna padaprayogam nalkunnu
formula _ 4
ivide formula _ 5 ennathu ananthamaaya layanathil laayaniyude bhagika mollar enthalpiyum soothravaakyam _ 6 shudhamaaya christalinte oru molinu enthalpiyumaanu.
oru noonn-electrolytinulla eee deferential expression oru thaapanila edavelayil samyojippichu nalkaam
soothravaakyam _ 7
noonn ideal solyooshanukalkk thapanilayumaayi bandhappett derivativil moll fraction solibilitic pakaram saachureshanil laayaniyude pravartthanam prathyakshappedunnu
soothravaakyam _ 8
saadhaarana ayann prabhavam.
oru ionumaayi pothuvaaya mattoru uppum undaakumbol oru uppinte layaneeyata kurayunnathinte falamaanu saadhaarana ayoon prabhavam. udaaharanathinu, saadhaarana ayoon chloridinte uravidamaaya soodiyam chloride vellathil agcl suspensionilekku cherkkumbol silver chloride, agclinte layikkal kurayunnu.
formula _ 9
oru saadhaarana ayoninte abhaavathil layikkunna "s" thaazhepparayunna reethiyil kanakkakkaam. [Ag +], [cl−] ennivayude saandrata thulyamaanu, kaaranam oru moll Agcl ennathu oru moll Ag + umm oru moll cl− umm aayi vibhajikkum. [Ag + (aq)] nte saandrata "x" kondu soochippikkatte. appol
soothravaakyam _ 10
soothravaakyam _ 11
"agclinu "keey" sp 25 digri selshyasinu thulyamaanu, athinaal layaneeyata.
soodiyam chloride 0.01 moll dm −3 = 0.01 meter saandrathayil undennu karuthuka. soodiyam ayonukalude saadhyamaaya eathenkilum prabhavam avaganichu layikkal ippol kanakkaakkunnath
soothravaakyam _ 12
ithu "x" leeii oru chathura samavaakyamaan, ithu layakshamathaykku thulyamaanu.
soothravaakyam _ 13
silver chloridinte kaaryatthil, "x" 2 ennathu 0.01 meter "x" nekkaal valare cheruthaanu, athinaal aadya padam avaganikkaam. athinaal
soothravaakyam _ 14
ganyamaaya kuravu. velliyude guruthwaakarshana vishakalanathil, saadhaarana ayoon prabhavam moolamulla layaneeyathayile kuravu agllinte "poornna" mazha urappakkaan upayogikkunnu.
kanika valippa prabhavam.
valia monochristalukalkku thermodynamic solability sthiraangam nirvachikkappedunnu. adhika uparithala oorjjam kaaranam layikkunna kanikayude (allengil thulliyude) valippam kurayunnathanusarichu layaneeyata vardhikkum. kanikakal valare cheruthaakunnillenkil, saadhaaranayaayi 1 micrometeril cheruthaanenkil eee prabhavam saadhaaranayaayi cheruthaanu. layaneeyata sthiraankathil kanikayude valippathinte prabhavam inipparayunna reethiyil alakkaam
soothravaakyam _ 15
mollar uparithala vistheernnam "a" ulla layikkunna kanangalude layaneeyata sthiraangam * "qaa" aanenkil, mollar uparithala vistheernnam poojyathilekku (i.iii.kanikakal valuthaayirikkumbol), "γ" ennathu laayakathile layaka kanikayude uparithala pirimurukkamaanu, "a" m ennathu draavakathinte mollar uparithala vistheernamaanu (m2/mol ll), "r" ennathu saarvathrika vathaka sthiraankamaanu, "t" ennathu kevala thaapanilayaan.
uppu efakttukal.
lavanafalangal (uppu akathekku ozhukunnathum uppu puratthekku vidunnathum) ennathu draavakavumaayi pothuvaayi ayoon illaatha oru uppinte saannidhyam, laayaniyude ionic sakthiye badhikkunnu enna vasthuthaye soochippikkunnu, athinaal pravartthana gunakangalil swaadheenam cheluthunnu, angane eakaagrathayude bhaagamaayi prakadippikkunna santhulithaavastha maarunnu.
ghattam prabhavam.
nirddishta kristtal ghattangalkkayi santhulithaavastha nirvachikkappedunnu. athinaal, kharapadaarthathinte ghattathe aashrayich layikkunna uthppannam vyathyasthamaayirikkumenna prathekshikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, aragonitinum kaalsaitinum ore raasa aidantitti (kaalsyam carbonate) undengilum vyathyastha layikkunna uthppannangal undaakum. eathoru saahacharyathilum oru ghattam mattethinekkaal thermodynamicamaayi kooduthal sthirathayullathaayirikkum; athinaal, thermodynamic santhulithaavastha sthaapikkumbol eee ghattam roopappedum. ennirunnaalum, chalanathmaka gadakangal prathikoolamaaya avakshepam roopappeduthunnathinu anukoolamaayekkaam (udha.jii. aragonite), pinneedu ithu mettaastabil avasthayilaanennu parayappedunnu.
farmacology, mettaastabil avasthaye chilappol amophus avastha ennu vilikkunnu. kristtal laattisil antharleenamaaya deerghadoora edapedalukalude abhavam kaaranam amophus marunnukalkk avayude kristalin athiraalikalekkaal uyarnna layasheshiyund. athinaal, amophus ghattathil thanmaathrakale layikkan kuranja oorjjam aavasyamaanu. draavaneeyathayil amophus ghattatthinte swaadheenam marunnukal kooduthal layikkan vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunnu.
sammarda prabhavam.
ghaneebhavicha ghattangalil (kharapadaarthangalum draavakangalum), layakshamathayude mardha aashrithathvam saadhaaranayaayi durbalav praayogikamaayi avaganikkappedunnathumaanu. oru anuyojyamaaya pariharam oohichaal, aashrithathvam ingane alakkaam
soothravaakyam _ 16
soothravaakyam _ 3 ennathu parihaaratthile 18-aamm gadakathinte moll bhinnasamkhyayaanu, soothravaakyam _ 19 marddamaanu, soothravaakyam _ 20 ennathu kevala thaapanilayaan, soothravaakyam _ 21 ennathu parihaaratthile 18-aamm gadakathinte bhagika mollar vooliyam aanu, soothravaakyam _ 23 ennathu layikkunna kharathile 18-aamm gadakathinte bhagika mollar vooliyam aanu, soothravaakyam _ 25 saarvathrika vathaka sthiraankamaanu.
layakshamathayude sammarda aashrithathvathinu idaykkide praayogika praadhaanyamund. udaaharanathinu, kaalsyam sulfate vazhi ennappaadangalilum kinarukalilum mazhapeyyunnathu (marddam kurayunnathinoppam athinte layikkal kuraykkunnu) kaalakramena uthppaadanakshamatha kurayaan kaaranamakum.
alavukolukal.
lalithamaaya pirichuvidal.
oru jaiva kharapadaarthathinte vighadanathe athinte kharavum layikkunnathumaaya roopangalil padaartham thammilulla santhulithaavasthayaayi visheshippikkaam. udaaharanathinu, sukros (table panchasaara) oru pooritha layani roopappedumbol
soothravaakyam _ 26
eathoru raasapravarthanatheyum (prathipravartthanangalude mail uthppannangal) sambandhichidatholam eee prathikaranatthinu oru santhulithamaaya padaprayogam ezhuthaam
soothravaakyam _ 27
ivide "k" o neey thermodynamic solability sthiraangam ennu vilikkunnu. braceukal pravartthanatthe soochippikkunnu. oru shudhamaaya kharapadaarthathinte pravartthanam, nirvachanam anusarichu, ikyamaanu. athinaal
soothravaakyam _ 28
ivide soothravaakyam _ 29 thermodynamic santulita sthiraankavum braceukal pravartthanatthe soochippikkunnu. oru shudhamaaya kharapadaarthathinte pravartthanam, nirvachanam anusarichu, onninu thulyamaanu.
uppinte layaneeyata valare kuravaayirikkumbol laayaniyile ayonukalude pravartthana gunakangal eathaandu onninu thulyamayirikkum. avaa yadhaarthathil onninu thulyamaayi sajjeekarikkunnathiloode eee padaprayogam layikkunna uthppanna padaprayogatthilekku kurayunnu
soothravaakyam _ 30
casso 4, phepo 4 thudangiya 2:2,3:3 lavanangalkk, layikkunna uthppannathinte pothuvaaya prayogam 1:1 electrolytinu thulyamaanu.
soothravaakyam _ 31
caa (ooo) 2 polulla asamathwamillaatha uppu upayogichu layaneeyathayude aavishkaaram nalkunnathu
soothravaakyam _ 33
soothravaakyam _ 34
hydroxide ayonukalude saandrata kaalsyam ayonukalude saandrathayude erattiyaayathinaal ithu formula _ 35 aayi kurayunnu.
pothuve, raasa santhulithaavasthayodoppam
soothravaakyam _ 36
soothravaakyam _ 37
oru samyukthathinte lioneeyathayum athinte layaneeyata uthppannathinte moolyavum thammilulla bandham kaanikkunna thaazhepparayunna pattikayilninnu manassilakkaam.
layikkunna uthppannangal palappozhum logarithamik roopathilaanu prakadippikkunnathu. athinaal, kaalsyam sulfatinu, koode. keey" spiyude moolyam kuravo allengil logue moolyam kuravo aakumbol layikkal kurayum.
chila lavanangal laayaniyil poornnamaayum verpeduthappedunnil. samudrajalathil oru aantharika gola samuchayamayum baahya gola samuchayamayum kaanapedunnuvennu manfred aijan kandethiya mgso 4 udaaharanangalil ulppedunnu. atharam lavanangalude layaneeyata kanakkaakkunnath prathikaranathodoppam layikkunnathil vivarichirikkunna reethiyaanu.
hydroxideukal.
oru loha ayoninte hydroxidinte layikkunna uthppannam, m "n" +, saadhaaranayaayi inipparayunna reethiyil nirvachikkappedunnu
soothravaakyam _ 38
soothravaakyam _ 39
ennirunnaalum, pothu-uddeshya computer prograamukal badal nirvachanangalumayi hydrajan ayoon saandrata upayogikkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
soothravaakyam _ 40 
soothravaakyam _ 41
hydroxideukalkku, layikkunna uthppannangal palappozhum hydroxide ayoon saandrathaykku pakaram hydrajan ayoon saandrata upayogichu "k" * sp enna parishkaricha roopathil nalkunnu. rund moolyangalum jalathinte svayam ionization sthiraankamaaya "k" w kondu bandhappettirikkunnu.
soothravaakyam _ 42
formula _ 43
formula _ 44
udaaharanathinu, anthareeksha thapanilayil, kaalsyam hydroxidine, ca (oh) 2, lg "k" sp ennathu ca aanu. −5 umm lg "k" * sp ± 5 + 2 × 14 ± 23 umm.
prathikaranatthode pirichuvidal.
oru acidity jaleeya laayaniyil layikkunna oru durbalamaaya bays, bii, layanathodulla oru saadhaarana prathikaranatthil ulppedunnu.
formula _ 45
eee prathikaranam farmaceutical uthppannangalkk valare pradhaanamaan. kshara maadhyamangalile durbalamaaya aasidukalude vighadanavum samaanamaayi pradhaanamaan.
formula _ 46
charge cheyyaatha thanmaathraykk saadhaaranayaayi ionic roopathekkaal kuranja lioneeyathayund, athinaal layaneeyata piechineyum layathinte assid desosiation sthiraankatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu. aasidinteyo kshaarathinteyo abhaavathil ionise cheyyaatha roopathinte layathe vivarikkan "aantharika layaneeyata" enna padam upayogikkunnu.
assid mazhayiloode paarakalil ninnum mannil ninnum aluminium lavanangal ozhukunnathu prathikaranathodeyulla layathinte mattoru udaaharanamaanu aasidumaayi prathipravartthichu layikkunna inangalaaya aall3 + (eiii. kyu) roopappedunna shaarangalaanu alumino-silikkettukal.
oru raasa samuchayathinte roopeekaranam layikkunnathine mattiyekkaam. silver chloridinte suspensionilekku amonia saandreekritha layani cherkkunnath oru ariyappedunna udaaharanamaanu, athil oru ammeen complexinte roopeekaranam layanathe anukoolikkunnu.
soothravaakyam _ 47
silver chloridinte suspensionil mathiyaya amonia cherkkumbol, kharavasthu layikkunnu. sopp maalinyam roopappedunnathu thadayunnathinaayi podikal kazhukunnathinu vaattar softanarukal cherkkunnath praayogika praadhaanyatthinte oru udaaharanamaanu.
pareekshanathmakamaaya nirnayam.
layakshamathayude nirnayam budhimuttukalaal niranjathaanu. thiranjeduttha thapanilayil sisttam santhulithaavasthayilaanenna sthaapikkunnathinulla budhimuttaanu onnaamathum pradhaanavumaayath. mazhayum layikkunna prathikaranangalum valare mandagathiyilaayirikkaam ithinu kaaranam. prakriya valare mandagathiyilaanenkil laayakathinte baashpeekaranam oru prasnamaakaam. supersaachureshan sambhavikkam. valare layikkaatha padaarthangalullathinaal, laayaniyile saandrata valare kuravum nirnnayikkaan prayaasavumaan. upayogikkunna reethikal vishaalamaayi staatik, dynamic enningane rund vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu.
staatik reethikal.
sthiramaaya reethikalil oru misritham santhulithaavasthayilekku konduvarikayum laayaniyude ghattathil oru speeshisinte saandrata nirnnayikkunnath raasa vishakalanathiloodeyaanu. ithinu saadhaaranayaayi kharavum lion verthirikkendathundu. ithu cheiyunnathinu, santhulithaavasthayum verthiricalum oru thermostaatt cheytha muriyil nadatthanam. oru radio active tracer khara ghattathil ulppeduthiyaal valare kuranja saandrata alakkaan kazhiyum.
dimethyl sulfoxide polulla jaleeyamallatha laayakathil padaarthatthinte layani oru jaleeya buffer mishrithathilekku cherkkuka ennathaanu staatik reethiyude oru vyathiyaanam. meghaavrithamaaya misritham nalkikkond udanadi mazhayundakaam. atharamoru mishrithathinu alakkunna layaneeyata "gathikolppaadanakshamatha" ennariyappedunnu. avakshepa kanikakal valare cheruthaanu tyndall chitharunnathinu kaaranamaakunnath moolamaanu meghaavrithamaakunnathu. vaasthavathil kanikakal valare cheruthaanu, kanangalude valippa prabhavam praabalyatthil varunnu, gathikorjjam palappozhum santhulithamaaya layanekkaal kooduthalaanu. kaalakramena christalaittukalude valippam vardhikkunnathinanusaricha meghaavrithatha aprathyakshamaakum, oduvil avakshepam vaardhakyam ennariyappedunna oru prakriyayil santhulithaavasthayilethum.
chalanathmaka reethikal.
pinthudarunna santhulithamaaya layaneeyata" enna prakriyayiloode jaiva aasidukal, shaarangal, farmaceutical thaalpparyamulla ampholiteukal ennivayude layaneeyata moolyangal nedaam. eee prakriyayil, oru alavil padaartham aadyam oru piechil layikkukayum athu pradhaanamaayum ionized roopathil nilanilkkukayum thudarnnu piechu maattunnathiloode neutral (ann-ionized) speesheesukalude oru avakshepam roopappedukayum cheiyunnu. thudarnnu, mazhayo layamo moolamulla piechinte maattatthinte nirakk nireekshikkukayum rund nirakkukalum thulyamaakumbol santhulithaavastha kandethunnathinayi piechinte krameekaranatthinaayi sakthamaaya assid bays titrantum cherkkukayum cheiyunnu. roopappedunna avakshepathinte alavu valare kuravaayathinaal ithu thaarathamyena vegathilaanu ennathaanu eee reethiyude prayojanam. ennirunnaalum, roopeekaranam supersaturated pariharangal reethiyude prakadanatthe baadhichekkaam.
baahya linkukal.
kanakkukoottalukal nadatthaan niravadhi computer prograamukal labhyamaan. avayil iva ulppedunnu

