
cheyin samgham

cheriyatho shaareerikamo aaya velluvili niranjatho aaya jolikal orutharam shikshayaayi nirvahikkaan orumichu changalaitta oru koottam thadavukaare oru cheyin gyang allengil rooad gyang ennu vilikkunnu. kettidangal nannaakkuka, roadukal nirmmikkuka, bhoomi vrithiyaakkuka enniva atharam shikshayil ulppedaam. australiyayileyum thekkan americayileyum kuttavaalikalude kaalaghattatthil eee sambradaayam shradheyamaayi upayogichirunnu. 1955 aayappozhekkum ithu yuu. esil pradhaanamaayum ghattamghattamaayi illaathaayi.ezz., eee sambradaayam upekshicha avasana samsthaanangalilonnaanu jorjia. 1970 vare north carolina shringhala samghangalude upayogam thudarnnu. 1990kalil "kuttakrithyangalkkethire karkkashamaakuka" enna kaalaghattatthil chila samsthaanangal shringhala samghangale veendum avatharippichu 1995ll alabaamayaan avaye punarujjeevippicha aadya samsthaanam. arizona ozhikeyulla ellah samsthaanangalilum ekadesham oru varshathinu sesham pareekshanam avasaanichu, avide maricopa kaundiyile thadavukaarkku haiskool diplomic credit nedunnathino allengil niyama lamghanangalkku achadakka lockdownukal ozhivaakkunnathino oru cheyin samghathinaayi sannadhapravarthanam nadatthaam.
paryaayapadangalum avyakthathayum.
bharameriya panthil cheria neelamulla cangalayulla orotta kanankaalinte changala "panthu, changala" ennu vilikkunnu. ithu thadavukaarude sanjaaram parimithappedutthukayum rakshappedaan thadassamaakukayum cheythu.
cheria neelamulla changalayal parasparam bandhippichirikkunna rund kanankaalinte changalakale "hobble" allengil "legg irumbu" ennu vilikkunnu."ivaye mattu niravadhi thadavukaarumaayi valare dairkhyameriya changala bandhippikkaan kazhiyum, ithu" "cheyin gyang" "ennariyappedunna oru varkk kroo srishtikkunnu". legg irumbil irikkumbol tripping ozhivakkaan aavashyamaaya nadatthatthe "kandeent shuffle" ennu vilikkunnu."jayil mathilukalkk purathu adutha melnottatthil, ennaal changalakalillathe jolie cheiyunna oru koottam thadavukaar oru" "varkk gang" "aanu". avarude vyathirikthamaya vasthradhaaranavum (varayulla vasthrangal allengil ooranchu vasthrangal allengil jump syoottukal) shave cheytha thalakalum avarude shiksha pothujanagalkk munnil pradarshippikkunnathinum avar rakshappedaan sramichaal avare thirichariyaan kazhiyunnathinum upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, pothujanangal palappozhum krooramaayi prathikalodu sathyaprathinja cheyyukayum avarkk nere saadhanangal eriyukayum cheythu.
changalakalude upayogam apakadakaramaanu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil jorjia sanbradaayathil upayogichirunna chila changalakalk thookkam undaayirunnu. chila thadavukaarkku "changala vranangal" undaayirunnu-avarude charmmatthil irumbu pathikkunna alsar. gangreen mattu anubaadhakalum gurutharamaaya apakadasaadhyathakalaayirunnu. veezhcha oresamayam niravadhi vyakthikale apakadathilaakkum.
aadhunika thadavukaare chilappol kaivilangukalilo kaithanda maanakkilukalilo (kaivilangukalkk samaanamaayi, ennaal neelamulla changalayode) legg irumbukalilum idunnu, rund settu maanakkilukalum (kaithandayum kanankaalum) oru "vayar changala" changalayittirikkunnu."akramaasaktharaayirikkumenna prathekshikkunna thadavukaarkko pothujanagalkk sameepam (kodathi) allengil palayanam cheyyaan avasaram labhikkuna (jayilil ninnu kodathiyilekku maattappedunna) oru krameekaranatthil prathyakshappedunna thadavukaarkko eee tharatthilulla niyanthranam mikkappozhum upayogikkunnu. eee niyanthranangalile thadavukaar chilappol gathaagathatthilo mattu chalanangalilo parasparam changalayidaarundenkilum, ithu oru changala samghamalla-reportermaar ithine angane paraamarshikkaamenkilum-kaaranam niyanthranangal eathenkilum tharatthilulla kaikondu cheiyunna jolikale asaadhyamaakkunnu.
lakshyam.
shringhala samghangalude uddeshyathekkurichu vividha avakaashavaadangal nalkiyittundu. ivayil ulppedunnu
charithram.
austreliya.
australian shiksha kolanikalil, cheyin samghangale "irumbu samghangal" ennum vilichirunnu. kondupokappetta sesham veendum kuttakrithyam cheytha kuttavaalikalude shikshayaayi avaa upayogichirunnu. sidneyil ninnu vettayaadal thaazhvarayilekkulla grettu north roadle sidneyil ninnu neela parvathangalkk mukalilulla baatharstilekkulla roadle rakshappedaan saadhyathayulla vidoora pradeshangalil rodukalude nirmmaanathinaayi irumbu samghangale pathivayi niyogichirunnu. choodu rivettukal upayogichu kammukaar legg irumbukal sthaapikkukayum thudarnnu oru melnottakkaarante niyanthranam anuvadikkunnathinaayi orotta "samgha shringhala" yill gadippikkukayum cheythu. irumbukalkkum changalakalkkum athrayo kooduthalo bhaaramundakaam. irumbu samghathile prathikalil chilar 11 vayass vare prayamullavaraayirunnu.
govarnor ralph darling thante adisthaana soukarya padhathiyude bhaagamaayi nyoo southu weils kolaniyile irumbu samghangalude upayogam vipuleekarichu. parakal thakarkkuka, marangal vrithiyaakkuka, kallu kalunkukalum paalangalum nirmmikkuka enniva avarude jolikalil ulppedunnu. 1828-ll kolaniyude cheef surveyor edmund locker oro irumbu samghathilum oru pradhana melnottakkaranum moonnu sahaayikalum melnottam vahikkunna 60 pere vare ulppeduthaamennu nirddeshichu. irumbu samghangalkku "ettavum karsanamaaya suraksha nadapadikalkkoppam ettavum moshavum ettavum vishwasaneeyamallaathathumaaya kathaapaathrangal labhichu". kooduthal nalla perumattamulla kuttavaalikal appozhum samghangalil jolie cheythirunnuvenkilum avar changalakallillaathavaraayirunnu. irumbu samghangalil ninnu rakshapetta kuttavaalikale "boultermar" ennu visheshippikkukayum aadyathe bushrencharmaaril chilaraakukayum cheythu.
america.
american aabhyantharayudhathinusham amerikkayilekku shringhala samghangalude varavu aarambhichu. thekkan samsthaanangalkku saambathikavum pothupravartthanangalum nadathendathundu. eee pravrithikal nedaanulla oru swatantra margamaayirunnu thadavukaar.
florida, jorjia, louisiana, virgenia, north carolina, arkansas, texas, mississippi, alabama thudangiya chila thekkan samsthaanangalil jayil thozhilaallikalude shringhala samghangalude upayogam shikshayude mungananayulla reethiyaayirunnu.
shringhala samghangalile durupayogam 1955 aayappozhekkum parishkaranatthilekkum avayude pothuvaaya unmoolanathilekkum nayichu.
1955 desemberil thekk ippozhum changala samghangal undaayirunnu.
1995ll alabama veendum upayogikkaan thudangiyappol shringhala samghangalkku punarujjeevanam anubhavapettu; avaa 1997ll ippozhum nilaninnirunnu.
punarpraveshanam.
american aikyanaadukalile niravadhi adhikaaraparidhikal jayil thozhilaallikale veendum avatharippichu. 1995ll sherief joou arpayo arisonayil cheyin samghangale veendum avatharippichu.
1995ll shringhala samghathe veendum avatharippichu oru varshathinusesham, mattu samghadanakalkkoppam thekkan daaridrya niyama kendratthil ninnulla oru cases theerppaakkaathe eee sambradaayam veendum upekshikkaan alabama nirbandhithanaayi. "avare orumichu changalayidaan kazhiyaathath surakshithamallenn avar manassilakki", attorni jeey paranju. samghadanayude richard kohan. ennirunnaalum, 2000-ll alabama jayil kammeeshanar roonn johns veendum eee shringhala samghathe veendum avatharippikkan nirddeshichu.
2011-ll kaanadayile ontaariyoyile purogamana yaadhaasthithika party muun nethaavaaya timm hoodack, niravadhi perr cheyin gangs ennu vilikkunna pravishya shikshaanadapadikal avatharippikkunnathinaayi pracharanam nadatthi. thudarnnulla pothutheranjeduppil mattoru bhooripaksha sarkkar roopeekaricha pravishya liberalukalodu addehathinu seettukal nashtappettu.
avarude swantham nayangal anusarichu, britiish phastt (oru britiish theevra valathupaksha rashtreeya samghadana) "deseeya pothupravarthanangalkku thozhil nalkunnathinaayi" shringhala samghangale veendum avatharippikkan aagrahikkunnu. sukhapradamaaya avadhikkala kyaambukalil" ninnu jayilukale "kadinaadhvaanathinte sthalamaakki" mattukayenna avarude lakshyathinte bhaagamaanith.
2013ll, oru pailat projakttil kuttakrithyangal thadayunnathinaayi breward kaundi jayil cheyin samghangale veendum avatharippichu. eee neekkathe vimarshicha muun prathi laari lottan, "cheyin samghangal njangalude kaundiyekkurichu oru mosham sandesham nalkunnu", "aalukal eee kaundiyil oru vinodasanchaariyaayo beach vyakthiyaayo vannu aalukale changalakalilakki kaanaan aagrahikkunnuvennu njaan karutunnilla."pakaram niyama nirvvahana vibhavangal kooduthal nannayi upayogikkunnathu mayakkumarunnine cherukkuka ennathaayirikkumennu addeham nirddeshichu, kaaranam ithu criminal pravarthanangalkku" "sambhavana cheiyunna gadakamaanu" "ennu addeham parayunnu".

