
amerikkayile samyojitha vasthra thozhilaallikal

soshyal unionism", purogamana rashtreeya kaaranagal ennivaykkulla pinthunaykku peruketta oru yunaittad stetts laber unionaayirunnu american samyuktha vasthrathozhilaalikal (akwa). aadyathe muppath varshakkalam sidney hilmaante neethrthwathil vyaavasaayika samghadanakalude kongras sthaapikkaan ithu sahayichu. 1976ll ithu tekstail varkkezhs union oof americayumaayi (twuwa) layippichu samyojitha vasthra, tekstail varkkezhs union (aaktvu) roopeekarichu, ithu 1995ll anthaaraashtra vanita vasthra thozhilaallikalude unionumaayi layippichu soochika vyapara, vyaavasaayika, thunithara jeevanakkaarude union (unite) roopeekarichu. 2004ll hotel jeevanakkarum restorant jeevanakkarum (ivide) 2004ll layippichu unite enna peril oru puthiya union roopeekarichu. 2009-leeii kadutha aabhyanthara tharkkathinu sesham, yooniyante bhooribhaagam aikyapakshavum ividathe chila asamthriptharaaya pradeshavaasikalum ivide onnichu, muun yunaittad president broose reynarinte neethrthwathil varkkezhs yunaittad enna peril oru puthiya union roopeekarichu.
sthaapichu.
1914-ll, amerikkayile samyojitha vasthrathozhilaalikal-"akwa" allengil lalithamaayi "samyojitha" ennum ariyappedunnu-yaadhaasthithika affley affiliate cheiyunna yunaittad gartens varkkezhsinethire nagara pradeshavaasikal nadatthiya kalaapathinte falamaayi roopeekarichu. 1910ll churukkam chila vanita thozhilaallikal nadatthiya swamedhayaa nadanna panimudakku 45,000 vasthrathozhilaalikalude nagaravyapaka panimudakkilekku nayichappol, aaa panimudakku kaduthathum avarude thozhiludamakalkkum praadeshika adikaarikalkkum mathramalla, avarude swantham union ethiraayum samarakkaare nirtthiyathum eee samgharshathinte verukal.
sakthamaaya soshyalist vishwasthathayulla chikkagoyileyum mattu valia nagara pradeshavaasikalileyum kooduthal theevravaadikalaaya praadeshika neethrthwathe aikya vasthrathozhilaalikalude neethrthwam avishwasichu. yuu. jii. dablyu. yude 1914leeii kanvenshanil aaa pradeshavaasikalude amgangale vottavakaasham nishedhikkaan shramichappol, union amgathvathinte moonnil rund bhaagathe prathinidheekarikkunna aaa pradeshavaasikal amerikkayile samyojitha vasthrathozhilaalikale roopeekarikkaan theerumaanichu. puthiya unione amgeekarikkaan afly visammathikkukayum varum varshangalil yujidablue pathivayi raid cheyyukayum strike brakerukal nalkukayum panimudakkiya thozhiludamakalumaayi karaarukal oppidukayum cheythu.
yuu. jii. dablyu. yude neethrthwavumaayulla samyuktha yudhangal abraham kahanumayullah yooniyante bandhatheyum, kaahan edittu cheytha "dhii dayley forwade" enna samghadanayeyum vashalakki. 1913ll newyork nagaratthile thayyalkkaarude aikya saahodaryathinte panimudakkil, kahan aikya hebru vyaapaarikalum samarakkaarkethire yujidablue neethrthwavumaayi chernnu oru othutheerppine pinthunachu samarakkar nirasichu. adutha varsham "munnettakkaarum" eiii. eph. ellil pankaalitthamulla soshyalist partyile amgangalum puthiya unione pinthunachappol athe pilarpp veendum uyarnnuvannu, pakshe athu yuu. jii. dablyu, eiii. eph. ellil ninnu pirinjappol maathram. mattu pradhana vasthra unionaaya anthaaraashtra vanita vasthrathozhilaali yooniyante (ilgvu, allengil ilg) aabhyanthara raashtreeyathil "forwade" nerittu punk vahichappol, varum varshangalil akwayude mail athinu valare kurachu swaadheename undaayirunnulloo.
valarcha.
samyojippichavar 1910kalude avasana pakuthiyil niravadhi samarangaliloode thangalude nettangal urappikkukayum chikkaagoyil thangalude shakti vardhippikkukayum cheythu. maruvashathu, baltimoril nettamundaakkaan layippichavarkku budhimuttaayi, avide chikkagoyile echu. ezz. emm (hart shaffner marx) pole thozhil samadhaanam thedunna ettavum valia nirmmaathaakkaliloraalumayi oru karar oppidaan kazhinju, yujidablue pradeshavaasikal, baltimore federation oof laberinte azhimathikkaranaaya thalavan, lokathile vyavasaya thozhilaallikal ennivarude asaadhaarana sakhyavumayi ithu vairudhyathilaayi, avar layippichavarude panimudakkukalum samarakkaare aakramichu. aii. dablyu. dablyuvile niravadhi lithwanian amgangalum layippicha upakaraarukaarum thammilulla vamseeya bandhavum avarude maathrraajyathu saarist adichamarthalinethire avarude raashtreeyam vikasippichedutha niravadhi lithwanian thozhilaallikalude araajakathva-syndicalist raashtreeyavum chithrathe kooduthal sankeernamaakki. aii. dablyu. dablyu. yude raashtreeyavum cherukida kararukaarkkidayilulla sakhyavum eiii. eph. ell. yum thammilulla vairudhyangal oduvil lithwanian thozhilaalikalkkidayile pinthuna kurachathinaal layanangal oduvil nilaninnu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu federal gavanmentinte thaarathamyena union anukoola nilapaadil ninnu akwaykku prayojanam labhichu, eee samayat federal board oof kantrol aandu laber staanderds phoor armi vasthrangal union amgeekaarathinu pakaramaayi thozhil samadhana nayam nadappaakki. walter lipman, felix frankfurter, chaals rosen thudangiya pradhana purogamanavaadikalude pinthunayode vyaavasaayika janaadhipathyathile oru pareekshanatthinte bhaagamaayi newyorkkile rochasttar polulla autposttukal samghadippikkunnathil union sarkkar pinthuna nedi.
unionism charithramulla mikkavarum ellah vyavasaayangalileyum thozhiludamakal aakramanathinu vidheyamaayappol 1919-ll aaa pareekshanam avasaanichu. newyork nagaratthile naalu maasathe loock daunine akwa athijeevichu ennu mathramalla, athilum sakthamaaya avasthayil ethi. 1920 aayappozhekkum union purushanmaarude vasthra nirmmaathaakkalil 85 shathamaanavumaayi karar undaakkukayum aazhchayile jolie samayam 44 manikoraayi kuraykkukayum cheythu.
hilmaante neethrthwathil, vyavasaayathil vyapakamaaya thozhil maanadandangal earppeduthi vyavasaayathile thozhiludamakal thammilulla kadutha malsaram niyantrikkaan union shramichu, athuvazhi vethanavum manikkoorukalum malsaraparamaaya kanakkukoottalil ninnu eduthukalanju. vaaypakal krameekarikkukayum saambathikamaayi budhimuttunna thozhiludamakalkkaayi karyakshamatha padanangal nadathukayum cheythukondu vyavasaayathe mattu vazhikaliloode niyantrikkaan akwa shramichu. oru karaarinte jeevithathile tharkkangal pariharikkunnathin panimudakkukalekkaal vyavahaarathe aasrayikkunna thozhiludamakalumaayulla "kriyaathmaka sahakaranathe" hillman anukoolichu. 1938ll addeham thante thathwachintha vishadeekarichathupole
union amgangalkku kuranja chelavil sahakarana bhavanavum thozhilillaayma inshurans vaagdaanam cheytha "soshyal unionism" enna pathippin akwa thudakkamittu, koodaathe thozhilaallikalude thalpparyangal niravettunna oru baank, samyojitha baank sthaapichu. jaine adams, clarence darro thudangiya niravadhi purogamana parishkaranavaadikalumaayi hillman, akwa ennivarkku sakthamaaya bandhamundaayirunnu.
maruvashathu, viplava yooniyanisathinum communist party amerikkaykkum hillman athiraayirunnu. 1920 kalude thudakkathil hillman communist partyumaayi ooshmalamaaya bandham nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum-valathuvashathulla "forwade", lithwanian, itaaliyan syndicalistukalum yootha araajakavaadikalum unionullil velluvili neridunna samayat-1924 ll laa follettinte president sthaanaarthithvathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi srishticha karshaka-laber partyodulla pinthuna sii. pii pii pii pinvalichappol aaa bandhangal thanuthu. aaa samayam muthal forwade hillman thante unionile sii. pii. aaktivisttukalumaayi poraadi, pakshe eee kaalaghattatthil ilgvuvine eathaandu thakartha valia aabhyanthara kalahangalonnumillathe.
hilmanumaayum eiii. sii. dablyu neethrthwavumaayum pirinjappol sii. pii. oru poraattam nadatthaan visammathichilla. sii. piyum athinte canadian kaundarpaarttum shakthamayi nilayurappicha montriyal, torrento, rochasttar thudangiya pradesangalilaanu poraattam ettavum theevramaayathu. newyork nagaratthil poraattam palappozhum shaareerikamaayirunnu, kaaranam "munnottulla" maayi adutha bandhamullah soshyalist partyile pramukha amgamaaya ebraham beckermane unionullil communist athiraalikalkkethire sakthamaaya aayudha thanthrangal upayogikkaan hillman konduvannu. dashakathinte avasaanathode, sii. pii. unionile oru pradhana shakthiyayirunnilla.
samghaditha kuttakrithyangalkkethire pooraaduka.
sii. pii. yodu pooraadumbool, kunninman unionile gundakalude nuzhanjukayattathilekku kannadachu. thozhil tharkkangalil peshikal vaagdaanam cheyyumbol samrakshanavum vaaypa harking raakkattukalum nadathunna cherukida gundakalaal vasthra vyavasaayam pathittaandukalaayi niranjirunnu. aadyam sakthamaaya thokkukalulla strikermaare niyamichu, chilar unionukalkkaayi jolie cheythu, avar aadyam svayam prathirodhatthinum pinneedu strike breakermar pinmariya thozhiludamakaleyum bhayappeduthaanum avar avaa upayogichu. thozhiludamakalkkaayi jolie cheyyaan thathwathil visammathicha "doppy" bennie faine aanu praadeshikakkaar upayogichirunnathu.
thozhil mandagathiyilullavar thammilulla aabhyanthara yuddham aadyakaala raakkattarmaaril palareyum illaathaakki. "littil aggie" jacob oorgan raakkat etteduthu, 1926 leeii panimudakkil ilgvuvinu peshi nalki. luis "lepke" buchalttar 1927ll oorgane vadikkukayum thante pravartthanangal ettedukkukayum cheythu. niravadhi trucking sthaapanangalude udamasthaavakaashavum vasthra jillayile truck drivermaarude praadeshika yooniyanukalude niyanthranavum nediyukondu chila vasthra sthaapanangalilum praadeshika unionukalilum udamasthaavakaasha thalpparyam nediyukondu bachalter vyavasaayathil thaalparyam prakadippichu.
1920kalil layippicha pradeshavaasikalil chilarkk sevanangal nalkiyirunna buchalttar. eiii. sii. dablyu.-yilum swaadheenam nedi. acidablue-yile addehathinte sakhyakakshikalil beckerman kattezhs local 4-leeii mattoru udyogasthanaaya philipp orlofsky uthppaadakarumaayi pranayabandhangal undaakkukayum avarkk pattanatthinu purathulla sub contractormaare vettikkuraykkaan sub contract cheyyaan kazhiyukayum cheythu, buchalttarinte trucking kambanikale upayogichu saadhanangal angotum ingottum konduvannu.
1931-ll buchalttar, beckerman, oorloofski ennivarkkethire nadapadiyedukkaan hillman theerumaanichu. newyorkkile azhimathikkaranaaya tummony haal meyaraaya jimmy walkerkethire vasthra jillayile racketering thadayaan pothu aavasyangal aasoothranam cheythukondu addeham aarambhichu, hillman praadeshika 4-nte niyanthranam pidichedukkaan neengi, beckerman oorloofskiyeyum yooniyanil ninnu purathaakki, thudarnnu nyoojezhsiyile newarkil azhimathikkaraaya union udyogastharkkethire nadapadiyedutthu. pensylvaniayileyum nyoojezhsiyileyum union ithara kararukalkk jolie upakaraar cheiyunnathu thadayunnathino allengil nirakk vettikkuraykkunnathini union niravadhi nirmmaathaakkale aakramichu. aaa panimudakkinide poortthiyaaya saadhanangal newyorkkilekku thirike konduvarunnathil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi bachaalttarinte kambanikal nadathunna niravadhi trekkukal union uparodhikkukayum cheythu.
pracharanam acidablue vrithiyaakkiyappol, athu vyavasaayathil ninnu buchlattare purathaakkiyilla. thomas dway, westbrook pegler thudangiya rashtreeya athiraalikal athu kandethaan theevramaaya sramangal nadathiyittum, union yadhaarthathil bachalttarumaayi orutharam karar undakkiyittundaakam, ennirunnaalum thelivukalonnum ithuvare purathuvannittilla. 1944ll vadhashikshaykk vidheyanaakunnathinu munbu, thaan orikkalum hilmaanumaayo ilgvuvinte thalavanaaya dubinskyumaayo edapettittillennu buchalttar avakashappettu.
mahaamaandyavum siyoyude sthaapanavum.
mahaamaandyam samyuktha amgathvathe athinte muun shakthiyude moonnilonno athil kuravo aayi kurachu. mattu pala unionukaleyum pole, deseeya vyaavasaayika veendedukkal niyamam paasaakkiyathode akwa punarujjeevippikkappedu, thozhilaallikalude samghadanaykkulla avakaashathinu niyamaparamaaya samrakshanam nalkumenna vaagdaanam aayirakkanakkin vasthra thozhilaallikale akvayilekku thirike konduvannu. 1933ll akwa affiliate cheyyaan eiii. eph. ell oduvil anuvadichu.
hillman akwa thudakkam muthal puthiya karaarinteyum roosvelttinteyum pinthunakkaaraayirunnu. 1933ll deseeya veendedukkal bharanakoodatthinte laber advisory bordilekkum 1934ll deseeya vyavasaya veendedukkal bordilekkum fdr hilmane niyamichu. senattar roobert ephinu hillman pradhana sahayam nalki. deseeya thozhil bandha niyamatthinte karadu thayyarakkunnathil wagner nyayamaaya thozhil maanadanda niyamam nadappaakkunnathil laber sekrattari frances perkinsinum.
yuniyanukalkk eathaandu saannidhyamillaatha automobile nirmmaanam, urukk thudangiya vanthothilulla ulppaadana vyavasaayangalum bhaagikamaayi maathram samghadithamaaya thunithara vyavasaayavum samghadippikkunnathinulla ettavum sakthamaaya vakthaakkalil oraalaayirunnu akwa. 1935ll joonn ell. yude neethrthwathilulla vyaavasaayika samghaadana samithiyude yadhaartha sthaapakaril oraalaayirunnu hillman. louis akwa 1937ll eiii. eph. ellil ninnulla khani thozhilaallikaleyum mattu unionukaleyum pinthudarnnu sio oru prathyeka union konfedareshanaayi sthaapichu. puthiya federation aflinu praayogikamaaya oru badalaayi svayam sthaapichathode, hillman athinte aadya vais presidentaayi pravartthikkum. siyoyude aadya varshangalil akwa athisayakaramaaya valarcha kaivarichu. 1935ll federation sthaapithamaayappol akvayile amgangalude ennam ekadesham 100,000 aayirunnuvenkilum 1940 aayappozhekkum 265 pradeshavaasikalilaayi 239,000 amgangalude ennathode avaa erattiyiladhikamaayi.
1934leeii yunaittad tekstail varkkezhs panimudakkinte vinashakaramaaya paraajayathinu sesham tekstail thozhilaallikaayi oru puthiya union sthaapikkaan shramicha tekstail varkkezhs oorganaising kammittikk akwa valia saambathika pinthuna nalki. 100,000-ladhikam amgangalulla tekstail varkkezhs union oof america 1939-ll ooppareshan dixiyude bhaagamaayi aaa shramathil ninnu puratthuvannu. siyoyude department store varkkezhs oorganaising kammittiyiloode retail, holseyil, department store varkkezhs union oof america roopeekarikkaanum akwa sahayichu.
hilmanekkaal federal gavanmentumaayi edapedunnathil kooduthal swathanthramaaya oru thanthram luis vaadichathode hillman louis oduvil parajayappettu. ennirunnaalum, luis kramena siyoyil ninnu svayam akannu, oduvil athinte thalavan sthaanam raajivachu 1942 ll aikya khanithozhilaalikale athil ninnu pinvalichu. looyisinte pingamiyaaya philipp mureykk sesham ettavum drishyamaaya randaamathe nethaavaayi hillman athil thudarnnu.
hartinte sahapariseelakanaaya jacob potofsky. 1910leeii shaffner & marks panimudakku, 1946ll hilmaante maranashesham addehathinte pingamiyaayi. 1950kalil samyojippikkappetta eee punny valarnnu, 1951ll 300,000 amgangalude paridhi marikadannu, ennaal mattu vasthra yooniyanukaleppole, dakshinenthyayileyum videshatheyum union ithara nirmmaathaakkalilekkulla union joliyude parakkalil ninnu deerghakaala sammarddangal nerittu.
layanangal.
dakshinenthyaye samghadippikkaanulla shramathinte bhaagamaayi 1939 ll sii. aii. oo sthaapicha tekstail varkkezhs oorganaising kammittiyude dhanasahaayathilum neethrthwathilum akwa oru pradhana punk vahichirunnu. pinneedu svayam tekstail varkkezhs union oof america ennu punarnaamakaranam cheytha eee rund samghadanakalum 1940kalil 100,000 amgangalaayi valarnnuvenkilum thudarnnulla dashakangalil thekk samghaadakarkku kaaryamaaya purogathi undaayilla.
1961ll internaashanal gloves varkkezhs union oof america akvayilekku layichu. 1976ll akwa twuwayumaayi layippichu samyojitha vasthra, thunithara thozhilaallikalude union roopeekarichu.
rashtreeya pravartthanangal.
1920kalil soshyalist party chila gadakangale laa follettine pinthunaykkunnavarumaayi samyojippichu oru laber party roopeekarikkaan akwa sajeevamaayirunnu.
1936ll david dubinskyude neethrthwathilulla elgvuvinoppam hillman akwa oru aditharayaayi upayogichu, ithu soshyalistukalkkum mattu idathupakshakkaarkkum oru paathivazhiyayi pravarthicha oru swatantra partiyaayirunnu, efdiaarinte punar thiranjeduppine pinthunaykkaan aagrahichenkilum demookratik partyil cheraan thayyarayirunnilla. hilmanumaayulla vyakthiparavum raashtreeyavumaaya abhipraayavyathyaasangalethu dubinsky pinneedu laber partyil ninnu pirinju newyorkkile liberal party sthaapichu.
1972-1974 enna pharaa strikil akwa strikermaare prathinidheekarichu.
kooduthal vaayana.
lindsey, debra. dhii dress oof avaru bacca eiii histtari oof aakttu 459. manittoba laber histtari seerees, vinnipega manittoba laber ejyukkeshan sentar, 1995. 

