
maynila (charitraparamaaya raashtreeyam)

phillippeans charithratthil, mainilayude (i.iii.manila) (; tagalog lipi) bruneyan sulthaanettinte oru saamantan philippain dveepasamoohathile aadyakaala charitraparamaaya vaasasthalangalil ettavum cosmopolitan aayirunnu. akkaalathe pradhana yudhathanthrangalkku anuyojyamaaya oru thadi palisade upayogichu kottakettya ithu, passig nadeethadatthinte thekkan bhagathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, avide manilayile intramuro jillayaan ippol sthithicheyyunnathu.
raaja" enna malayan padavi upayogichathayi paraamarsikkappetta paramonnatha bharanadhikaarikalaanu maynilaye nayichathu."janakeeya saahithyathilum phillippeans swaathanthryaanantharam aadya eathaanum pathittaandukal muthalulla charithragrandhangalilum, precolonial mayanila palappozhum" "mayanila raajyam" "ennu vilikkunnu, athinte rajaakkanmaar" "rajaakkanmaar" "ennu chithreekarikkappedunnu, avar" "balaprayogathinte niyamaanusrithamaaya upayogathil kuthaka" "nedunnathinulla saankethika ardhathil paramadhikaaram prayogichillenkilum". pakaram, parimithamaaya janasamkhya, bhoomiyude sajjamaya labhyatha, kaalaanusrithamaayi deshaadana kaarshika reethikal enniva ardhamaakkunnathu avarude adikaaram vyakthibandhamaya vishwastha gadanakaleyum saamoohika baadyathakaleyum vyakthamaayi nirvachikkapetta praadeshika aadhipathyatheyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu ennaanu. chila charitrakaaranmaar soochippikkunnathu ithu manila ulkkadal mekhalaye mothatthil soochippikkunnathaayirikkam, ithu raajyathinte aadhipathyam vipuleekarikkumennu chilappol maynilaye looson rajyamaayi vyaakhyaanikkaarundu.
1250kalilthanne oru musleem vaasasthalamaayi mayanila sthaapithamaayathaayi aadyakaala vaakkalulla paarambaryangal soochippikkunnu, ithu islaaminu munbulla oru pazhaya vaasasthalathe maattisthaapichathaayi karuthappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee pradeshathe samghaditha manushya vaasasthalangalude aadyakaala puraavastu kandethalukal ekadesham 1500 kalilaanu. pathinaram noottaandode, brunai sulthaanettumaayi vipulamaaya rashtreeya bandhavum ming raajavamshathile vyaapaarikalumaayi vipulamaaya vyapara bandhavumulla ithu ithinakam thanne oru pradhana vyapara kendramaayirunnu. passig nadeethadatthinte vadakkan bhaagathe raashtreeyamaaya tonto upayogichu, chainees charakkukalude intraarchipelaajik vyaapaarathil ithu oru kuthaka sthaapichu.
mainila luson chilappol "seludong" enna oru vaasasthalathe vivarikkunna bruneyan ithihaasangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennaal thekkukizhakkan eshyan pandithanmaar ithu indoneshyayile selurong parvvathatthe soochippikkunnuvennu vishwasikkunnu. rashtreeya kaaranangalal, maynilayile charitra bharanadhikaarikal brunai sulthaanettile bharanakakshikalumaayi vivaahathiloode adutha bandhangal nilanirtthiyirunnuvenkum maynilayile brunaiyude rashtreeya swaadheenam sainikamo raashtreeyamo aaya bharanathilekku vyaapichirunnathayi kanakkakkappedunnilla. brunai polulla valia thassalocratic samsthaanangalkku avarude swaadheenam vyaapippikkunnathinum, maynila polulla praadeshika bharanaadhikaarikalkk prabhukkanmaarodulla avarude kudumba avakaashavaadangal shakthippeduthaan sahayikkunnathinum oru pothu thanthramaayirunnu antharvivaaham. samudra thekkukizhakkan eshyayude savisheshathayilulla valia doorangalil yadhaartha rashtreeya, sainika bharanam thaarathamyena aadhunika kaalam vare saadhyamaayirunnilla.
1570 aayappozhekkum, mayanila rund paramonnatha bharanaadhikaarikalude (kooduthal muthirnna rajaa mathanda, ilaya rajaa sulaiman) bharanathin keezhilaayirunnu, avarkk keezhil niravadhi thaazhnna raankulla bharanadhikaarikal ("datthu") undaayirunnu. aaa varsham meyy maasathil martin dii goyitti mayanila aakramichappol neritta rashtreeya saahacharyamaayirunnu ithu. eee "mayanila yuddham" avasaanichathu kottakettya mayanila vaasasthalam nashippicha oru theepidithatthodeyaanu, ennirunnaalum aaa kaalaghattatthil dveepasamoohathil saadhaaranayaayi upayogichirunna kathikkarinja bhoomi thanthrangalude bhaagamaayi goyti aano atho nivaasikal thanneyaano theevechathennu vyakthamalla.
1571ll dii goytiyude meludhyogasthanaaya migual lopus dii legaspiyude muzhuvan sainyavum puthiya speyininte oru pradeshamaayi avakashappedaan nagaratthiletthiyappol mayanila bhaagikamaayi punarnirmikkappettu. mynilayile nethaakkalumaayum tontoyile ayalvasikalumaayum nadatthiya vipulamaaya charchakalkku sesham, 1571 juun 24 nuu mayanila puthiya spanish nagaramaya maneelayaayi prakhyaapichu, ithu oru swatantra raashtreeyamenna nilayil mayanilayude charithram phalapradamaayi avasaanippichu.
srothassukal.
purathana phillippeans raashtreeyangalekkurichu praadhamika srothassukalekkurichulla 1998 leeii avalokanathil lora liie junker, maynilayileyum tonto nadee deltta raashtreeyangalekkurichu praadhamika srothassukale "malay grandhangal, phillippeans vaakkalulla paarambaryangal, chainees poshaka rekhakalum bhoomishaasthrangalum, aadyakaala spanish rachanakal, puraavastu thelivukal" enningane pattikappedutthunnu."nadiyude mukalilulla rajaa kalamayinile naamaayanatthinte charithratthinte praadhamika srothassukalil puraavastu khananangalil ninnu kuzhicheduttha karakaushala vasthukkalum (athil aadyathethu 1977 ll deseeya myoosiyathinaayulla roobert foxinte kruthiyaayirunnu) spanish colonial rekhakalum (prathyekichu pathonpathaam noottaandile fraansiskan charitrakaaranaaya frey felix hurta samaaharichava) ulppedunnu.
oro likhitha srothassukaludeyum antharleenamaaya pakshapaathangal junker shradhichu, avarude vivaranagal parasparam ethir parishodhikkendathinte aavasyakatha oonnipparayukayum anubhavaparamaya puraavastu thelivukal nalkukayum cheythu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
"indigo kaanapedunna sthalam" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunna "meyy-nila" enna tagalog vaakyathil ninnaan "mainila" varunnath."neela" enna samskritha padatthil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu neela, ithu indigo soochippikkunnu, koodaathe eee swaabhaavika chayam verthirichedukkaan kazhiyunna niravadhi sasyajaalangalilekkum. pathinettaam noottaandil indigo dye verthirichedukkal eee pradeshathe oru pradhana saambathika pravartthanamaayi maarunnathin noorukanakkinu varshangalkk munbu eee settilment sthaapithamaayathinaal, indigo dye vyapaaram cheiyunna oru settilment ennu ariyappedunnathinekkaal, settilmentinu chuttumulla pradeshathu valarunna indigo vilavu nalkunna sasyangalude saannidhyathe paraamarsikkunnathaanu "mayanila" enna peru. indigo chediyude thaddesheeya tagalog naamamaya "thaayum" (allengil athinte vyathiyanangal) yadhaarthathil manila pradeshathinullile mattoru sthalanaamathil upayogikkunnu "taiman, indigo (chedi) ulla sthalam."
krithyathayillaathathum ennirunnaalum sthirathayullathumaaya oru padavyuthpatthi "meyy-nilad" ("nilad" kaanapedunna sthalam) ennaanu sthalanaamathinte uthbhavam avakaashappedunnathu. ivide, "nilad" ennathu onnukil soochippikkunnu (thettayi) thekke amerikkayil ninnulla philippainsinte sameepakaala aamukhamaaya vaattar hayasint ("ichornia kraasippukal"), athinaal toponymil paraamarshikkappedunna sasya inamaayirikkaan kazhiyilla; allengil (shariyaayi) kandalkkaadukalilo athinadutho kaanapedunna kuttichedi polulla maram ("saififora hydrophilasia", munbu "ixora manila" blanco), tagalogil "nilad" allengil "nilar" ennariyappedunnu.
bhashaaparamaaya veekshanakonil, thaddesheeya tagalog samsaarikkunnavarkk "mainila" enna ippozhathe roopam nedunnathinaayi "nilad" enna anthima vyanjanaksharam poornnamaayum upekshikkaan saadhyathayilla. charitrakaaranaaya ambeth okaampo prasthaavikkunnath ellah aadyakaala rekhakalilum eee sthalathe ellaayppozhum "mayanila" ennu vilichirunnu (oduvil spaanishilekku "manila" ennu sweekarichu)-orikkalum finalumaayi paraamarshichittilla. meeii-nilled" enna padaprayogam thettaanengilum, saahithyathilum janapriya bhavanayilum vimarshanaathmakamallaatha aavarthanathiloode athu nilanilkkunnu.
looson rajyamaayi mayanila.
1500kalile porchugees, spanish rekhakal parayunnath, loosan raajyam ennu vilikkappedunna raajyathin thulyamaayirunnu mainila (porchugeesa "loosan", orupakshe "lusong" enna peril ninnu), avarude pouranmaare "luces" ennu vilichirunnu ennaanu.
magallan paryaveshana amgamaaya rodrigo dii aganduru morisinte 1521 leeii sambhavangalekkurichulla vivaranam magellante maranashesham sebaastyan elkkaanoyude neethrthwathil magellan paryavekshanam "luces" ll oraale engane pidikoodiyennu prathyekamaayi vivarikkunnu pinneedu bruneyude naavika senayude kamaandaraayi sevanamanushtichirunna rajaa maathanda ennariyappettirunna prins aache. yuva rajakumarane" "lusonile rajakumaran-allengil manila, athu onnuthanneyaanu ennu aganduru morris visheshippichu."saha paryaveshana amgam jins dii maphra paryaveshana lekhakanaaya antonio pigaafettayude vivaranavum ithu sthireekarichu.
lusonile rajaavu" enna vedanayekkurichulla eee vivaranam kooduthal sthireekarikkunnathu lusonile bharanadhikaariyumaayi "sauhrudam" sthaapikkaan aagrahikkunnuvennu arinja migual lopez dii legaspiyude visayan sakhyakakshikalaan, addehathe "lusonile rajaavu" ennu abhisambodhana cheythukondu vedanaykku oru kathu ezhuthaan prerippichu.
ennirunnaalum, 1571leeii bankuse chaanal yudhathil pinneedu pankeduttha haganoi, makabebe ennividangalil ninnulla naavikar polulla kapampangan naavikare polum ulppeduthaan paryapthamaaya roopathil luces enna padam vipulamaayirikkumenn kapampangan gaveshakanaaya iyaan christopher alphonso abhipraayappedunnu.
franch bhaashaavidagdhanaaya jeane-pooll pottatt vishadeekarikkunna "looson" enna peru passig nadeethada pradeshathinu nalkia peraanu, arrie polikkaan upayogikkunna oru valia thadi mortaraaya "luzong" enna tagalog padatthil ninnaan ithu uruthirinjathennu karuthappedunnu. yoolito bouttistayum evlin javier 2008ll thayyarakkiya oru pids gaveshana prabandham oru lusonginte chithram nalkukayum, "1900kalil luzong enna kallilo thadi mortarilo thadi mulakukondu paleye adichukondaanu parambaraagatha milling poortthiyaakkiyathu. aadyathe podikkal purambhaagathu ninnu edukkukayum kooduthal polikkal thavidu neekkam cheyyukayum mikka daanyangalum thakarkkukayum cheiyunnu. mulla tray (bilavo) upayogichu kooduthal winnoying cheiyunnathu ariyil ninnu puramthallunnu. eee parambaraagatha kaikondu adikkal jolie valare advaanakaravum dhaaraalam arrie pottiyathinum kaaranamaayittundengilum, rando moonno vidagdha purushanmaarum sthreekalum yojichu pravarthikkendathundu, ithu yadhaarthathil graamangalile yuvaakkalkkidayil saamoohikavalkkaranathinte oru roopamaayirunnu."
oru "bayan" aayi mayanila.
aadyakaala tagalog nighandukkal anusarichu, aathyanthikamayi oru laakan allengil raaja nayikkunna tonto, maynila thudangiya valia theeradesha vaasasthalangale tagalog bhashayil "bayan" ennu vilichirunnu. philippain dveepasamoohathile vividha bhashakalil eee padam (innu "taunn" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu) saadhaaranamaayirunnu, oduvil "bansa" (allengil "raajyam" ennartham varunna "bansa") enna vaakkin oppam phillippines muzhuvan paraamarsikkaan thudangi.
mainilayude austroneshiyan uthbhavam.
samudra thekkukizhakkan eshyayile bhooribhaagam janangaleyum pole, maynilayude kottakettya raashtreeyam sthaapicha tagalog janathayum austroneshyanmaaraayirunnu. bhaashayudeyum ezhuthinteyum matham, kala, samgeetham ennivayude swantham aavishkarangalulla sambannavum sankeernavumaaya samskaaram avarkkundaayirunnu. chaina, srivijaya, majapahit, brunai ennividangalile thekkan thassalocracatic mandalangal, oduvil padinjaaran colonial sakthikal ennivayude saamskaarika swaadheenangalkku munbuthanne eee austronesian samskaaram nilavilundaayirunnu. budhamatham, hindumatham, islam, pinneedu kristhumatham ennivayude aamukham undaayirunnittum eee austronesian samskaarathinte pradhana gadakangal nilaninnu. eee vishwaasa sanbradaayangalude gadakangal ithinakam nilanilkkunna lokaveekshanangale sambannamaakkunnathinaayi taagaalogukal samanvayippichu, avayude gadakangal naadodi katholikkarudeyum naadodi islaaminteyum samanvaya roopangalil innum nilanilkkunnu.
eee austroneshiyan samskaarangale nirvachikkunnath avayude bhaashakalum bottukalude saamskaarika praadhaanyam, koombaarangalil melkoorayulla veedukalude nirmmaanam, kizhanguvargangaludeyum ariyudeyum krishi, saadhaaranayaayi oru "valia manushyan" allengil "sakthanaaya manushyan" nayikkunna oru savishesha saamoohika samghadana ennivayulppede niravadhi pradhana saankethikavidyakalum aanu.
raashtreeyavum bharanavum.
neethrthwavum bharanavum.
phillippeans dveepasamoohathile aadyakaala charitraparamaaya vaasasthalangalil ettavum cosmopolitan aaya mayanila nayichathu samskritha bhashayil ninnu uruthirinja "raaja" enna malayan padavi upayogicha paramapradhaanaraaya bharanadhikaarikalaanu. janakeeya saahithyathil, "balaprayogathinte niyamaanusrithamaaya upayogathil" kuthaka nedunnathinulla saankethika ardhathil paramadhikaaram prayogichillenkilum, maynilaye palappozhum "raajyam" ennum athinte rajaakkanmaare "rajaakkanmaar" ennum vilikkunnu.
dveepasamoohathiludaneelamallu janasandrata valare kuravaayirunnathinaal, kaarshika reethikalil manninte phalabhooyishtatha moolyam paramavadhi vardhippikkunnathinaayi ellah seasonilum varshavum pathivayi nadeel sthalangal maattunnath ulppedunnathinaal, bharanam vyakthamaayi nirvachikkapetta praadeshika aadhipathyathekkaal vyakthiparamaaya vishwastha gadanakaleyum saamoohika baadyathakaleyum adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu.
eee nethaakkal anthass nedunnathiloode, prathyekichu mattu praadeshika shakthikalumayi vyapara, kudumba bandham sthaapikkunnathiloode, bharikkanulla avarude avakasham illaathaakki. samskritha birudamaaya raaja, islaamika vishwaasangal avakaashappedunna naamamaathramaaya avakaashavaadangal thudangiya anthassinte videsha chinnangal eee nethaakkal ettedukkunnathiloode ithu prakadamaayi, ennirunnaalum aadyakaala charitrakaaranmaar janasamkhya islaamika vishwaasangalum aachaarangalum pinthudarunnathaayi thonnunnillennum udaaharanathinu, panniyirachi avarude bhakshanathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayi nilanirthunnathu thudarukayaanennum abhiprayappettu.
saamoohika ghadana.
manila, pambanga, laguna ennividangalile colonial munkaala tagalog baramgekalkku visayaanukalekkaal (thaazhnna pradeshangal ozhike) kooduthal sankeernamaaya saamoohika gadanayundaayirunnu, avar avarude janmana ulla rashtreeya bandhangaliloodeyum thekkan chaina kadal vyaapaaravaathalangalumaayi saameepyathiloodeyum thekkukizhakkan, kizhakkan eshyayude mattu bhagangalumaayi nerittu vaanijyathil pankedukkukayum ushnamekhalaa savanna bhooprakrithi nalkunna vyapakamaaya nananja nellu krishiyil earppedukayum cheythu. athinaal spanish augustin friar martin dii raada taagalogukale yodhaakkalekkaal kooduthal vyaapaarikalaayi visheshippichu.
1994-leeii thante aadya kruthiyaaya "barange pathinaram noottaandile philippain samskaaravum samoohavum" (2015-leeii presidential communication development aandu straattajik planning oafees breeferil kooduthal lalithamaakki), charitrakaaranaaya vilyam henry scott 1500-kalil tagalog samoohathinte moonnu vibhaagangale vivarikkunnu
samskaaravum samoohavum.
vasthrangalum vasthrangalum.
aadyakaala spanish vivaranagal taagalogukale praadeshika sasyangal upayogichu avarude paruthikkuthirakal chayam pooshunnathaayi vivarikkunnu. neela niram uthppaadippikkunna "tayam" allengil "tagam", manja niram uthppaadippikkunna "dilavo" enniva ithil ulppedunnu.
kizhakkum thekkum bicolanos, visayans, vadakkan looson malanirakalile janangal ennivaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, tagalogukal pachakutthal parisheelichirunnilla. vaasthavathil, spanish sainyam aadyamaayi kandumuttiyappol rajaa sulaiman pachakutthal oru nindyamaaya vivaranamaayi upayogichu; tagalogukal "peyint cheytha" visayaanukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennum athinaal avaye eluppathil muthaledukkaan anuvadikkillennum sulaiman paranju.
matham.
puraavastu, bhashaaparamaaya thelivukalaal pinthunaykkukayum naravamshashaasthra padanangalaal sthireekarikkappedukayum cheiyunna charitraparamaaya vivaranagal kaanikkunnath tonto, mayanila ennivayulppedeyulla tagalog aalukal austroneshiyan janathayude varavu muthalulla oru koottam austroneshiyan vishwaasangalum sanbradaayangalum aacharichirunnuvenkilum pinneedu hindu matham, mahayana budhamatham, islam ennivayil ninnu vividha gadakangal samanvayippikkappettu.
eee mathavishwaasangalkkum aachaarangalkkum tagalogukalkku oru prathyeka perillaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum pilkkala pandithanmaarum janapriya ezhuthukaarum ithine "aneetijam" allengil "anaemism" enna pothuvaaya padam kurachukoodi krithyamaayi upayogikkunnu."
mattu vishwaasangalumaayi sahavarthithvavum samanvayippikkal poruthappedutthalum.
aadyakaala tontoileyum mainilayileyum "aneettijathinte" aadhipathyathin oru prathyeka apavaadam, eee raashtreeyangalile unnathala nethaakkal svayam musleengalaayi thiricharinju, athupole porchugees malaakkayile pathinanjaam noottaandinte thudakkathil charitrakaaranmaar neritta kudiyetta naavika lusonukalum. ennirunnaalum, aaa kaalaghattatthile vividha ethnographic reportukal soochippikkunnathu ithu oru naamamaathramaaya thirichariyal maathramaanennu ("peril musleem") thonni, kaaranam musleem maanadandangalkku (panniyirachi ozhivakkal, raktham kazhikkaathirikkal muthalaayava) uparithala thalatthil maathrame amgeekaaram undaayirunnulloo.) mohammed padippikkalukalekkurichu oru daaranayumilla."eee naamamaathramaaya islaaminte aacharam yadhaarthathil islaaminte aadya ghattangale prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu pandithanmaar pothuve vishwasikkunnu, spanish athichernnillaayirunne avarude iberian catholica brand avatharippichirunnille ithu muslim vishwaasangalude kooduthal vipulamaaya parisheelanathinu saakshyam vahikkumaayirunnu.
samudra thekkukizhakkan eshyayile vividha samskaarangalile hindu, budhamatha swaadheenangalumaayi bandhappett nadakkunna samanamaaya oru "poruthappedutthal" prakriya oosboon (2004) vivarikkunnu, koodaathe thekkukizhakkan eshyayile eee "indianvalkkaranam" nilavilulla thaddesheeya paattenukal, samskaarangal, vishwaasangal ennivaye marikadannittillenn oonnipparayunnu "indian samskaaram thekkukizhakkan eshyayilekku vannathinaal", thekkukizhakkan eshyakkaarkku avarudethaaya oru samskaaram illennu oraal karutharuth. theerchayaayum, indian samskaaram thekkukizhakkan eshyayil atharamoru swaadheenam chelutthi ennathaanu pothuve amgeekarikkappetta kaazhchappaad, kaaranam athu naagarikathayude paathayiloode ithinakam ganyamaaya dooram neengiyirunna janasamkhyayude nilavilulla saamskaarika reethikalumaayum mathavishwaasangalumaayum eluppathil poruthappedunnu.[...] eee vishayam sangrahikkaan thekkukizhakkan eshyakkaar kadameduthenkilum avar athu sweekarichu. valare pradhanappetta chila kesukalil avarkk vaaypayedukkenda aavashyamillaayirunnu.""
tagalog mathaparamaya prapanchashaasthram.
lokathil nanmayum tinmayum ulla aathmaakkalum amanushika sathakalum vasikkunnu enna aashayathil tagalog vishwaasa sambradaayam erekkure nankooramittirunnu, aaraadhanayiloode avarkk bahumanam nalkanam.
aadyakaala spanish missionary-ethnograafarmaarude abhipraayathil, tagalog aalukal "bathala" enna srashtaavaaya daivathil vishwasichirunnu, avare iruvarum "maylicha" (srashtaavu; littu. "srishtiyude nadan"), "mekaapal" (karthaav, allengil sarvvashakthan; littu. "adhikaarathinte nadan"). chila sthalangalil avaa "molayari" (molayari) allengil "divaatta" (diota) aayirunnuvennum lorka chirinoy report cheiyunnu."
ennirunnaalum, eee aadyakaala missionary-ethnographermar avarude dainamdina aaraadhanakalil ("pagg-eiii-aanitto") bathala ulppeduthiyittillenum abhiprayappettu. marthyanaaya manushyante aashankakalekkurichu chinthikkaan kazhiyaathathra shakthavum akaleyumullathaanu bathala ennu tagalogukal vishwasichathinaalaanenna boonaventhuraye ariyichu, athinaal tagalogukal avarude prenippikkal pravartthanangal "kuranja" devathakalilekkum shakthikalilekkum kendreekarichu, avarude dainamdina jeevithathil niyanthranam undennu avar vishwasikkunna athmaakkal.
eee aathmaakkalellaam orumichu vivarikkan tagalogukalkku oru koottaaya vaakk illaathathinaal, spanish missionarymar oduvil avare "aanitto" ennu vilikkaan theerumaanichu, kaaranam avar tagaloginte "pagg-aanitto" (aaradhana) enna pravrithiyude vishayamaayirunnu. scott parayunnathanusarichu, vivaranangalum aadyakaala nighandukkalum avare idanilakkaar ("bathalayude ejantumaar") ennu visheshippikkunnu, nighandukkal "avarude pradeshangal nirvachikkumbol abogado (abhibhaashakan) enna vaakk upayogichu."ennirunnaalum, praayogikamaayi, avare nerittu abhisambodhana cheythathaayum eee srothassukal kaanikkunnu" "yadhaartha praarthanakalil, avar nerittu apekshichirunnu, idanilakkaaraayittalla"."aadhunikakaala ezhuthukaar eee aathmaakkale vishaalamaayi" "poorvvika athmaakkal, prakrithi athmaakkal, rakshaadhikaarikal" ennee vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnu, ennirunnaalum eee vibhagangal thammilulla vibhajanarekha palappozhum mangiyathaayum avar shradhikkunnu ".
visayan pradeshangalil kooduthal prabalamaayirunna "diwata" enna vaakkin pakaram "aanitto" enna vaakk looson taagalogukalum kapampanganmaarum upayogichathayi demetrio, cordero-fernando, nakpil siyalsitta enniva nireekshikkunnu, ithu soochippikkunnathu lusonile eee janataye visayanmaare apekshichu madjapahit saamraajyathinte hindu, budhamatha vishwaasangal swaadheenichirunnilla ennaanu. lusoninte thekke attathulla aalukalkkidayil-bicole mekhala, marinduk, mindoro muthalaayavayil eee vaakkukal marimari upayogichirunnathaayum avar nireekshichu. ithu parivartthana pradeshathe prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu avar abhiprayappettu, mindaanaavoyil ninnu islam vadakkott pookunnathupoole vadakkott pookunna vardhichuvarunna "indian" madjapahit swaadheenathinte munnira.
videsha saamskaarika swaadheenangal.
chaina, india, samudra thekkukizhakkan eshya ennividangalil ninnulla vyapara, saamskaarika swaadheenangal.
puraavastu kandethalukal sthireekarikkunnathupole innathe manilayile aadyakaala nivaasikal eshyan ayalkkarumaayum jaava, sumatra ennee hindu saamraajyangalumaayum vyapara bandhatthil earppettirunnu. patthaam noottaandode chainayumaayulla vyapaarabandham vipulamaayappol panthrandaam noottaandil arab vyaapaarikalumaayulla bandham athinte unnathiyilethi.
lusonile islaamikavalkkaranathinte thudakkam (1175-1500).
puraavastu kandethalukal 1175 oode islam anuyaayikal passig nadeethadatthil athiyathaayi thelivukal nalkunnu; staayile shavakudeerangalil. niravadhi musleem shavasamskara sthalangalaayirunnu anaa.
tonto, manila pouranmaarude sthiramaaya parivartthanatthode nadanna oru mandagathiyilulla prakriyayayirunnu islaamaiseshan, ithu musleem domainukal srishtichu. bruniyakkaar thekk (ippol intramuros jilla) musleem rajaakkanmaar, rajaa salaleela, rajaa mathanda ennivare sthaapikkukayum vadakkan thundoonile (ippol tonto) lakkaan dulayude keezhil buddha-hindu vaasasthalam bharikkukayum cheythu. pathinaram noottaandil brunale ninnulla vyapaarikal manila pradeshathu sthirathaamasamaakkukayum bruneyumaayum thekkukizhakkan eshyayile mattu musleem kendrangalumaayum bandhavum vyapara bandhavum nilanirtthi praadeshikare vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythathodeyaanu lusoninte islaamikavalkkaranam aarambhichath. spanish musleengale "moros" ennu vilichirunnu, avar theeram muzhuvan kaivashappeduthiyathaayi karuthi. eee mekhalayile oru pradhana raashtreeyamo mathaparamo aaya shakthiyaayi islam maariyathin thelivukalonnumilla, morokal chila gramangalil maathrame thaamasichirunnulloovennum perinu maathram musleengalaayirunnuvennum pithaav diego dii herera rekhappeduthiyittundu.
saambathika pravartthanangal.
spanish kolanikkaarude (tonto mainila ulppede) varavinu thottumumbulla kaalaghattatthil philippain dveepasamoohathiludaneelam thazhachuvalarnna valia theeradesha raashtreeyangal "samghadanaaparamaayi sankeernamaayirunnu", ithu saambathika vaidagdhyavum saamoohika sthareekaranathinte oru thalavum prakadamaakkunnu, ithu "anthassinaayulla charakkukal" enna praadeshika aavashyathilekku nayichenene.
tonto, mayanila ennivayulppede tagalog, kapampangan pradeshangalile prathyeka vyavasayangalil krishi, thunithara neythu, kotta, lohashaasthram, vettayaadal enniva ulppedunnu. magino varggathinu janmam nalkia saamoohika sthareekaranathiloode seramics, thunitharangal, vilayeriya kallukal ennivayulppedeyulla anthassinaayulla uthppannangalkk aavasyam srishtichu. eee aavasyam aabhyanthara, baahya vyaapaarathin prachodanamaayi.
munkaala gaveshanangalil bhooribhaagavum avarude baahya vyapara pravarthanangalil shradha kendreekarichathinaal, spanish kaalaghattatthinu munbulla raashtreeyangalile aantharika/praadeshika vitharanavum demand dynamics vishakalanam cheiyunnathil ippozhum kaaryamaaya pravartthanangal nadathendathundennu junker abhipraayappedunnu. eee praadeshika saambathika pravartthanangalude vaividhyamaarnna sookshumathakal prakadippikkunna niravadhi vaakkukal eee aadyakaala nighandukkal pidichedukkunnathinaal aadyakaala spanish nighandukkal eee vishakalanathin prathyekichum upayogapradamaanennu scott rekhappeduthunnu.
vyapaaram.
tontoyudeyum mainilayudeyum valippathilulla theeradesha raashtreeyathe "baahya, aabhyanthara vyapara shringalakalile pradhana nodukalaayi pravartthikkunna bharana, vaanijya kendrangal" ennaanu junker visheshippikkunnathu."aadyakaala phillippeans charithratthile vyapara charakkukalude neekkathinulla adisthaana maathruka valia nadikalude mukhathu (eee saahacharyathil, passig nadeethada deltta) theeradesha vaasasthalangal nadiyude mukalilekkum (eee saahacharyathil, laguna thadaaka theerathe uyarnna pradeshangal) vasthukkalude ozhukk niyanthrikkunnath kandappol, tontoic meynilaykkum vyapara krameekaranangal undaayirunnu, ithu dveepasamoohathinte backie bhaagangaliludaneelam vyapaaram niyantrikkaan avare anuvadichu. chainees vyaapaarakkappalukalil athunnathil tonto thuramukhathinu kuthakayundaayirunnuve, manilayude vyaapaarakkappalukalude koottamaanu avaye dveepasamoohathinte backie bhaagangaliludaneelamulla vaasasthalangalilekku chillara vilppanaykku athichathu, angane manilayude kappalukal "chainees" (sinina) ennariyappettu.
chainees, japanese charakkukalude punarvitharanam.
tontoyude saambathika pravarthanangalil ettavum laabhakaramaayath chainees charakkukalude punarvitharanam ulppedunnu, avaa tontoyude thuramukhathiloode manila ulkkadalil athukayum dveepasamoohathinte backie bhaagangalil vitharanam cheyyukayum cheyyum, kooduthalum mayanilayude vipulamaaya shipping pravarthanangaliloode.
ezhaam noottaandil maleshyayilekkum phillippines theerathekkumulla chainees, japanese kudiyettam aarambikkukayum 1644 nuu sesham chainayile maanchu adhinivesham moolam athinte unnathiyilethi. eee chainees, japanese kudiyettakkaar passig ulppedeyulla manilayil sthirathaamasamaakki, avarude vyapara jangmentukal varsham thorum sandarshikkunna mattu thuramukhangalil, avarkk pattunool, theyila, seramics, vilayeriya jaid kallukal ennivayude charakkukal undu.
vilyam henry scott (1982) parayunnathanusarichu, chainayil ninnum jappanil ninnumulla kappalukal manila ulkadalayil athiyappol, lakandula avarude kappalukalude kappalukalum radarukalum avar dutykalum nankooramidal fease nalkunnathuvare neekkam cheiyumaayirunnu, thudarnnu avarude ellah charakkukalum addeham thanne vaangukayum athinte pakuthi moolyam udan nalkukayum adutha varsham madangiyethumbol backie pakuthi nalkukayum cheyyum. idakkaala kaalayalavil, eee charakkukal dveepasamoohathinte backie bhaagangaliludaneelam vyapaaram cheyyum. thathfalamaayi mattu pradeshavaasikalkk chainees, japanese ennivaril ninnu nerittu onnum vaangaan kazhinjilla, marichu tonto, mainila ennivayil ninnu, avar athinte falamaayi vrithiyulla labham nedi.
tagalogukal "yodhaakkalekkaal kooduthal vyaapaarikalaayirunnu" ennu augustin frey martin dii raada legaspie parayunnu, koodaathe mayanilayude kappalukalkk tontoyil ninnu avarude saadhanangal labikkukayum pinneedu dveepasamoohathinte mattu bhaagangaliloode vyaapaarathil aadhipathyam sthaapikkukayum cheythuvennu scott pinneedu oru pusthakatthil (1994) rekhappeduthunnu. chainees, japanese charakkukalumaayi vannathinaal dveepasamoohathinte mattu bhaagangalile aalukal palappozhum mayanilayude bottukale "chainees" allengil "japanese" (chaina allengil sina) ennu vilikkaarund.
krishi.
tontoyile janangal krishiyil earppettirunnu. mygual lopus dii legaspiyude kaalathe oru report, lusonile arrie, pakshikal, veenju, athupole thanne dhaaraalam carabos, maan, kaattupanni, aadu valarthal ennivayekkurichu paraamarshichu. koodaathe, thaddesheeya janatha uthppaadippikkunna parutthiyum niramulla vasthrangalum mezhuk, veenju, thaine, eenthappana ennivayum dhaaraalam undaayirunnu, arrie, parutthi, panni, pakshikal, mezhuk, thaine ennivayum dhaaraalamaayi undaayirunnu.
vila uthppaadanam.
tagalog, kapampangan raashtreeyangalude pradhana bhakshanamaayirunnu arrie, vaarshika mazhayile vyathiyaanangalkkidayilum lusonil athinte ready labhyathayaan legaspi thante colonial aasthaanam manila ulkkadalil kandethaan aagrahichathinte oru kaaranam. aadyakaala tagalog nighandukkalekkurichulla skottinte patanam tagalogukalil kuranjathu 22 vyathyastha inam arikk vaakkukal undennu velippeduthi.
dveepasamoohathile mattu mikka sthalangalilum, arrie eluppathil labhyamallaatha kaalangalil verukal oru ithara pradhana inamaayi pravarthichu. iva lusonilum labhyamaayirunnu, pakshe avaa oru pradhana bhakshanamennathilupari pachakkarikalaayi kooduthal aagrahichirunnu. ubi, tugi, gabby, spanish kamatti ennu vilikkunna oru praadeshika veruvalarthal vilakal (madhurakkizhang, madhurakkizhang, ipomia battaattakalkk thulyamalla) enniva swidensil krishi cheythappol "laxa", "naami" enniva kaattupoornamaayi valarnnu. madhurakkizhang (ippol camot ennu vilikkunnu) pinneedu spanish parichayappedutthi.
millatt athratholam saadhaaranamaayirunnu, taagalogukalil "millatt poleyulla" ennartham varunna oru vaakk undaayirunnu "daavaa-daavaa".
charitraparamaaya sambhavangal.
austronesian kudiyettangal (3,500 varshangalkk munbu).
peettar belwood roobert blasttum nirddeshichathupole eshyan bhookhandangalil ninnaano looson dveepilekku austroneshiyan samskaaram aadyamaayi vannath, atho wilhem solheim, vilyam meecham ennivar nirddeshicha samudra thekkukizhakkan eshyayil ninnaano ennathinekkurichu chila charchakal nadakkunnundu. ennaal eee austroneeshyakkaar philippain dveepasamoohathilekku aadyam athicha vazhikal eathutharathilaayirunnaalum, pandithanmarkkidayil pothuvaaya samavayam, ekadesham 3,500 varshangalkk munbu avarude deshaadana vyaapanathinte aadyaghattangalil avar ippol looson dveepil sthirathaamasamaakki ennathaanu, pinneedu philippain dveepasamoohathil ninnu kudiyettatthinte thiramaalakal vyaapichu kizhakk eesttar dweep vareyum padinjaaru madagaskar vareyum ethi.
tagalog janangalum bhashayum.
tagalog kapampangan enna janatha manila ulkkadalinu chuttumulla bhoomi kaivashappeduthaan vannathinekkurichu kooduthal arivilla, ennaal doow. david sork doow. taagalogukalum mattu madhya philippain vamseeya-bhasha grouppukalum vadakkukizhakkan mindanavo allengil kizhakkan visaayakalil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn roobert blast anumaanikkunnu. bhashaavethamaar "proto-philippin bhasha" ennu visheshippicha oru sidhaanthaparamaaya "proto-bhasha" yill ninnaan tagalog bhasha uthbhavichathenn vishwasikkappedunnu, athinte mattoru shaakha visayan bhashakalaayirunnu.
javanese kavi lipiyaan eee grandhatthil upayogichirunnathenkilum laguna chembu falaka likhithathil upayogichirikkunna chila vaakkukal pazhaya tagalogil ninnaan vannathennu jaim teongson polulla chila philipino charitrakaaranmaar avakaashappettittund.
manilayude sthaapanathekkurichulla sidhaanthangalum aithihyangalum (13-aamm noottaandinte madhyam-16-aamm noottaandinte arambham).
brunayile rajaa ahamed (1258) rajaa avirjirkayaye paraajayappeduthunnathiloo ithu sthaapichu.
mariano eiii. hensonte vamshavali gaveshanam (pinneedu 1973-ll majul 1990-ll santiago konduvannu) 1258-oode mayanila pradeshathe oru vaasasthalam nilavilundaayirunnu. eee vaasasthalam bharichirunnathu "rajaa avirjirkaaya" aayirunnu, addehathe henson "majapahit susserine" ennu visheshippichu.
henson parayunnathanusarichu, eee vaasasthalam aveerjirkayaye paraajayappedutthukayum mayanila oru "musleem principality" aayi sthaapikkukayum cheytha rajaa ahamed enna bruneyan commander aakramichu.
chainees recordukal (1304).
chainees charithracharithrathile naanaay shhii, brunai bharichirunna rashtreeyangalilonnaaya maynilaye paraamarshichathinaal annathe (hindu) brunai maynila aakramichuvenna avakaashavaadathe sthireekarikkunnu, eee malilu maaynila aayathinal, brunai bharichirunnathu pinneedu "poony" ennu label cheyyappedukayum maynilaye mattu philippain rajyangalaaya meyy-aii (mindoroyil), maikun-shh (innathe manukaan), puduwan (buduvaan), sulu, shahuchong tthe (innathe siyokon), yachen ttu (innathe maandon), vendon (innathe maandon), vendon (innathe maandon), vendon (innathe maandon), vendon (innathe maandon) ennivaykkoppam keezhadakkukayum cheythu.
seluronginekkurichulla aadyakaala paraamarshangal (1360kall).
pathinalam noottaandinte madhyathil, 1365-ll prapanka ezhuthiya "nagarakrettagama" kaantoo 14 enna kayyezhuthuprathiyil, saludung (selurong), solot (sulu) enniva saamraajyathinte bhaagangalaanennu majapahit saamrajyam paraamarshichu. "avarude chakravarthiyaaya hayam vurukkinte sthuthigaanamaayaanu "nagarakritagama" rachichathu. 1369ll sulu kadalkkollakkar "poow-nii" (brunai) akramikkukayum athil ninnu nidiyum svarnnavum kollayadikkukayum cheythathayi chainees srothass paraamarshichu. majaapaahithil ninnulla oru kappalppada sulukale oodikkunnathil vijayichuvenkilum aakramanathinu sesham "poow-nii" durbalamaayi.
sultan bolkiah brunai sulthaanettum chernnu (1500) sthaapichathaanu.
brunian vaakkalulla paarambaryamanusarichu, 1500-ll malayil selurong enna perilulla oru nagaram roopeekarikkappettu, athu pinneedu mainila nagaramaayi maari. eee vaakkalulla paarambaryam avakaashappedunnathu bruneyile sulthaanettile sultan bolkia (1485-1521) tonto akramikkukayum bruneyile sulthaanettinte oru upagraha samsthaanamaayi "seludong" (mainila) enna raashtreeyam sthaapikkukayum cheythuvennaanu. kolanivalkkaranathinu munbu manila soochippikkaan "seludong", "saludong" allengil "selurong" ennee perukal upayogikkunna tousug, malay raajacharithrangaliloode ithu vivarikkappedunnu.
tontoyile parambaraagatha rajaakkalaaya lacondular avarude padavikalum swathukkalum nilanirtthiyenkilum yadhaartha rashtreeya shakti mynilayile rajaakkalaaya solimaante bhavanathilaanu.
lusang lusonukalum (1511-1570kalude arambham).
pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil, malaysiayile porchugees naavikar manila ulkkadalil ("luzong", porchugeesa "luson") thaamasichirunna tagalog janataye luzos (, spanisha "lusons") enna padanaamam upayogichu paraamarshichu.
eee lookkeesukale paraamarsikkunna avasheshikkunna praadhamika rekhakalil ferno mendus pintoo (1614); toom pires (1944 ll ezhuthiya rekhakal prasidheekarichu); paryaveshana amgangalaaya jins dii maphra, rodrigo dii aganduru morris, paryaveshanatthinte praadhamika ezhuthukaaranaayi sevanamanushtikkukayum 1524 ll thante vivaranam prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha itaaliyan pandithanaaya antonio pigaafetta ennivarulppede ferdinand magallante paryaveshanatthil ninnu rakshappettavar enniva ulppedunnu.
tontoyumaayulla praadeshika samgharshangal (1521 nuu munbu).
magellan paryaveshana amgangalaaya jins dii maphra, rodrigo dii aganduru morris, paryaveshana lekhakan antonio pigaafetta ennivar oormmippicha raaja maathandayude vivaranam anusarichu, rajaa maathandayude pithaav (addehathinte peru vivaranagalil paraamarshichittilla) valare cheruppatthil thanne marichu. rajaa maathandayude amma (spanish vivaranagalil perillaathavar) pinneedu maynila raashtreeyathinte paramonnatha bharanadhikaariyaayi. ithinidayil, "yuva rajakumaran" vedana ennu ariyappettirunna rajaa mathanda, tontoyude bharanaadhikaariyaayirunna thante casincinoppam valarnnu-chilar oru yuva bunavo lakandulayanennu karuthunnu, spanish vivaranagalil prathyekamaayi perittittillenkilum.
eee samayat, tontoyude bharanaadhikaariyaayirunna thante cussin "vanchakan" aanennu vedana manassilakki."
mayanilayude pradesham etteduthu vedanayude ammaye muthaledukkunnu. eee vishayam abhisambodhana cheyyaan vedana ammayodu anumathi chodichappol, amma visammathichu, pakaram samadhaanam nilanirthaan yuva rajakumarane prothsaahippichu.
rajakumaran vedanaykku ithu sweekarikkaan kazhinjilla, athinaal brunai sultaanaaya thante "muthachan" nte aduthekku sahayam chodikkaan thante pithaavinte vishwastharil chilarodoppam mayanila vittu. sultan thante naavikasenayude kamaandaraayi vedanaykku oru sthaanam nalkikkond prathikarichu.
eee bhaagangalil vedana valare bhayappedunnu", ennaal prathyekichu brunai sultane shathruvaayi kanakkakkiya amuslim pradeshavaasikal ennu pigaafetta abhiprayappettu.
elcano (magallan) paryaveshanatthiloode raajakumaarante vedana pidichedukkal (1521).
1521-ll, bruneyan naavikasenayude neethrthwathil oru sainika vijayathil ninnu vedana puthiyathayi varunnu, thekkupadinjaaran borneoyile budhamatha nagaramaya lauye thakarthukondu, thante muthachanaaya bruneyan sulthaante utharavanusarichu, thante cussinsine neriduka enna uddeshyathode mayanilayilekku pokukayaayirunnuvennu karuthappedunnu, appol addeham magallan paryaveshanatthinte avashishtangale akramikkukayum cheythu, pinneedu sebaastyan elkkaanoyude neethrthwathil. chila charitrakaaranmaar abhipraayappedunnathu, aakramanathinulla vedanayude theerumaanathe swaadheenichathu addeham lusongilekkum meynilayilekkum madangumbol thante kappalpadaye kooduthal vipuleekarikkaanulla aagrahamaayirikkanam, avide addehathinu thante kappalppadayude valuppam tontoyude bharanadhikaariyaaya thante kasinkkethire liverage aayi upayogikkaan kazhiyum.
valia thothilulla mochanadravyam nalkiyathinu sesham vedana oduvil mochithamaayi. mochanadravyathil ulppedaatha vedanayude adimakalil oraal pinneedu elcano paryaveshanatthinte vivarthakanaayi.
spanish colonial kaalaghattatthinte (1570kall) thudakkam.
pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil innathe manila pradeshangal thaddesheeya rajaakkanmaaraanu bharichirunnathu. rajaa mathanda (legaspi paryaveshanatthil yadhaartha peru aache ennu rekhappeduthiyittundu) addehathinte anantharavanaaya rajaa sulaiman "rajaa mura" allengil "rajaa mudha" (oru raajakumaarante samskritha padavi) ennivar mayanila ulppede passig nadiyude thekk musleem samoohangale bharichu, athesamayam lakkaan dula nadiyude vadakku noonn-muslim tonto bharichu. eee vaasasthalangalkku brunai, sulu, ternet, indoneshya ennee sulthaanettukalumaayi bandhamundaayirunnu (innathe kaavaittile ternettumaayi thettidharikkaruthu). passig nadiyude theerathulla oru kottayilaanu mayanila kendreekarichirunnathu (kotta ennaal malayile kotta allengil nagaram ennaanu ardham). spanish vannappol manila aakramikkumbol, mynilayile "seluronginte nagaram" ennu visheshippichirunna kotta selurongine, mannumoodiya oru kotta yudhakkappalukalkkidayil peerankikalum ulla oru vaasasthalamaayi avar visheshippichu. pandey piraay thaddesheeyamaayi nirmmichathum vyaajamaakkiyathumaaya peerankikal praadeshikamaayi lanthaka ennu vilikkapettu. spanish sainyam manilayude kotta selurong akramikkukayum kathikkukayum cheythappol, islaamika manilayude avashishtangalil avar kristhyan mathilukalulla intramuros nagaram nirmmichu.
mynilayile sradheyaraaya bharanadhikaarikal.
maynilayile charitra bharanadhikaarikal.
charitraparamaaya rekhakalil mynilayile niravadhi bharanaadhikaarikale prathyekamaayi thiricharinjittundu, avayil iva ulppedunnu 
[≤] yadhaartha hyspanocentric paatam upayogikkunna padam); vyakthi upayogicha krithyamaaya praadeshika padam charitraparamaaya vivaranathil rekhappeduthiyittil.
itihaasa bharanadhikaarikal.
maynilayile niravadhi bharanaadhikaarikale vaakkalulla charithrangaliloode maathrame ariyoo, avaa vaakkalulla charithrangale vivarikkunna charitra rekhakal muthal aadhunika (colonial/deseeya kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla) vaakkalulla vivaranangalude samakaalika vivaranagal vareyulla vividha documentary srothassukalil rekhappeduthiyittundu. ivayil ulppedunnu
eee akkoundukalil vivarichirikkunna vishadaamshangalude academic sveekaaryatha oro kesinum vyathyasthamaan, avaa pandithochithamaaya samapraaya avalokanathinu vidheyamaan.

