
mahabalipurathe ezhu pagodakal

"aadyathe europian paryavekshakar athiyathumuthal mahabalipuram (pazhaya peru) ennum ariyappedunna dakshinenthyan nagaramaya maamallapuratthinte vilipperayi "ezhu pagodakal" pravarthichittundu. pathinonnu noottaandukalaayi indiayilum europilum lokathinte mattu bhagangalilum pracharikkunna oru vishwaasatheyaanu "ezhu pagodakal" enna vaachakam soochippikkunnathu. narasimhavarman randaamante bharanakaalathu ettaam noottaandil nirmmicha theeradesha kshethram ulppede mahabalipurathe smaarakangalude koottam bangal ulkkadalinte theerathaanu sthithicheyyunnathu. mattoru aarr shethrangal orikkal ithinu oppam ninnirunnathayi aitihyam parayunnu.
ithihaasam.
pagodakalude uthbhavam oru purathana hindu aitihyam vishadeekarikkunnu. hiranyakashipu rajakumaran vishnuvine aaradhikkaan visammathichu. raajakumaarante makan prahlad vishnuvine valareyadhikam snehikkukayum pithaavinte vishwaasakkuravine vimarsikkukayum cheythu. hiranyakashipu prahlaadane naadukadatthiyenkilum pinneedu pinmaarukayum veettilekku varaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. vishnuvinte swabhaavathekkurichu achanum makan pettennu tharkkikkan thudangi. avarude veedinte mathilukal ulppede ellaayidathum vishnu undennu prahlad paranjappol pithaav oru thoonil chavitiyittu. simhathinte thalayulla oru manushyante roopathil vishnu sthambhathilninn uyarnnuvannu hiranyakashipuvine konnu. prahlad oduvil rajaavaayi, baali enna perulla oru kochumakan janichu. baali eee sthalathu mahabalipuram sthaapichu.
purathana thelivukal.
kshethrangalude uthbhavam kaalakramena avyakthamaayittund, poornnamaaya rekhaamoolamulla rekhakalude abhavam, adhiniveshakkaar vasthuvidyaa thelivukal nashippichu. engleesh dii. aarr. madraasil (ippol chennai) deerghakaalamaayi thamasikkunna phaisan, nagarathekkurichu "mahabalipuram allengil ezhu pagodakal" enna peril oru hraswa pusthakam ezhuthi, athu paashchaathya sandarshakarkkulla oru suvaneer vaalyamaayi addeham uddeshichu. athil addeham parayunnath pallava rajaavaaya narasimhavarman onnaaman ekadesham 630ll mahabalipurat aarambhichatho vipuleekarichatho aanennaan. narasimhavarman onnaamante nagaramaan eee sthalathu aadyamaayi vasichathennu puraavastu thelivukal ithuvare vyakthamaayi theliyikkappettittilla.
narasimhavarman onnaamante nagaram sthaapikkunnathinu ekadesham 30 varsham munbu, pallava rajaavaaya mahendravarmman onnaaman paarakkettukalilaayi kothiyeduttha "guhaakshethrangalude" oru parambara aarambichirunnu, avaa palappozhum prakrithidatha guhakalaal aarambhichavayalla. mahendravarmman onnamanum narasimhavarman onnamanum eee pradeshathe bhashayil thamizhile rathangal ennu vilikkunna swathanthramaayi nilakollunna shethrangal nirmmikkanum utharavittu. nilavil onpathu rathangal eee sthalathu nilakollunnu (ramaswamy, 209). mahabalipurat rund tharatthilulla shethrangaludeyum nirmmaanam ekadesham 640-ll avasanichathaayi thonnunnu (phaisan 3). purathana mahabalipurat oru ashramam (thamizhil viharam) nilavilundenna avakaashavaadathe puraavastu thelivukal pinthunaykkunnuvennu phaisan parayunnu. saadhukkalude (vishudhar) ashayathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu eee ashayam. vishudharude kwartezhs cheria murikalaayi vibhajichathinte adisthaanathil nagaratthile niravadhi rathangalkkidayil vibhajichirikkaamenn phaisan abhipraayappedunnu. hindu mathatthinte sthoopa roopakalppanayude swaadheenam theeradesha kshethrathinte parambaraagatha pagoda aakruthiyilum mattu avasheshikkunna vaasthuvidyayilum (phaisan 5) prakadamaanu.
phaisan thante melinja pusthakatthinte avasana pejinte adutha bhagam maathramaan ezhu pagodakalude yadhaartha ithihaasathinu (phaisan 28) samarppichath. pagodakalekkurichulla oru praadeshika vishwaasam addeham vivarikkunnu, indradevan eee bhoumika nagarathodu asooyappedukayum oru valia kodunkaattil athu mukki, theerathe kshethram maathram vellathinu mukalil avasheshikkunnu. mattu chila kshethrangalengilum malsyabandhana bottukalil ninnu (phaisan 28) "thiramalakalkk thaazhe thilangunnathu" kaanaan kazhiyumenna praadeshika thamizh janathayude avakaashavaadavum addeham vivarikkunnu. kaanathaaya aarr pagodakal nilavilundo ennathu faisane sambandhichidatholam valia kaaryamaayi thonnunnilla; kaaranam addeham thante anumaanathinum vinodangalkkum anusrithamaayi sidhaantham roopappeduthaan sramikkukayaayirunnu. thante priyappetta nagarathinu athinte vilipperum prasasthiyum nalkunna 'ezhu pagodakal' enna pusthakam nirmmikkaan addeham aagrahichu, athu addehathinu pradhana bhaagamaanenn thonnunnu. ennirunnaalum, kaanathaaya aarr shethrangal pradeshavaasikaleyum puraavastu gaveshakareyum ithihaasangale snehikkunnavareyum orupole aakarshikkunnath thudarukayum aduthide puraavastu shradhaakendrathilekku madangukayum cheythu.
europian paryavekshakaraanu.
indian charithrakaaran enn. ezz. mahabalipurathe aadyakaala europian sandarshakaril oralaayi marco pollo ramaswamy visheshippikkunnu. pooloo thante sandarshanathinte chila vishadaamshangal avasheshippichuvenkilum 1275 leeii thante kaattalan bhoopadatthil (ramaswamy, 210) athu adayaalappeduthi.
indiayile thangalude kolanikalilekkulla yaathrakkaare pinthudarunna ezhu pagodakalekkurichu pala europpukaar pinneedu samsaarichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum madraasil thaamasichirunna engleesh jyothishaasthranjanaaya joonn goldingham aanu avarekkurichu aadyamaayi ezhuthiyathu. 1798-ll addeham thante sandarshanathekkurichum ithihaasathekkurichum oru vivaranam ezhuthi, athu pinneedu maarkk vilyam kaar thante 1869-leeii pusthakatthil "koramaandal theerathe ezhu pagodakalekkurichulla vivaranathmakavum charitraparavumaaya prabandhangalil" shekharichu. mahabalipurathe puraavastu sthalathudaneelam kandethiya kala, prathimakal, likhithangal ennivayekkurichaanu goldingham pradhaanamaayum vivarichathu. addeham pala likhithangalum kaikondu pakartthukayum avaa thante lekhanathil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. goldingham mikka adayaalangaleyum chitra-chinnangalaayi vyaakhyaanikkukayum avayude roopangalkku entharthamundennu charcha cheyyukayum cheiyunnu (goldingham, 30-43). athe vaalyathile mattoru lekhanathinte rachayithavaaya benchamin gaii babbington, goldinghaminte pakarthiya likhithangalile niravadhi roopangal telung aksharangalayi thiricharinju (goldingham, 43). goldinghaminte kruthiyude adikkurippaayi babbington ezhuthiya kuripp ulppeduthiyittundu.
1914ll britiish ezhuthukaaranaaya jeey.dablyu. pagoda ithihaasathinte uthbhavathekkurichulla pothu europian vishwaasathe koombukal vivarikkunnu. addehathinte abhipraayathil, pagodakal orikkal theeratthinte attathu nilkkukayum avayude chembu thazhikakkudangal sooryaprakaashathe prathifalippikkukayum oru samudrathira naazhikakkallayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. orikkal ethra pagodakal nilavilundaayirunnuvennu aadhunika janangalkk urappayi ariyillennu addeham avakaashappedunnu. eee samkhya ezhinaduthaayirunnuvennu addeham vishwasikkunnu (coompass, 27).
enn. ezz. 1810ll prasidheekaricha (ramaswamy, 205) "kahamayude saapam" enna kavithayil paraamarshicha kavi roobert soudhiye puraanatthinte europian prachaaranatthinte bhooribhaagavum ramaswamy vahikkunnu. addeham nagaratthe athinte mattoru janapriya naamamaya baali ennaanu paraamarshikkunnath. ezhu pagodakalil onnil kooduthal drishyamaanennu soudhe thante kavithayil vyakthamaayi prasthaavikkunnu (4-aamm bhagam kaanuka). india, roome, porchugal, paragwe, thaddesheeya american gothrangal ennivayulppede lokamembaadumulla niravadhi samskaarangalude romaantik kathakal southi paranju, ivayellaam mattullavarude yaathrakaludeyum swantham bhavanayudeyum vivaranangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu. "kehamayude saapam" theerchayaayum oriyantalisam valarunnathil oru punk vahichu.
europian paryavekshakarkkulla ramaswamy vaakkukal poornnamaayum nishedhaathmakamalla. britiish bharanathinte thudakkathil europianmaar dakshinenthya sandarshikkaan thudangunnathinu munbu mahabalipurathe pala cheria smaarakangalum bhaagikamaayo poornnamaayo manal kondu moodappettirunnuvennu addeham abhipraayappedunnu. kolanikkaarum avarude kudumbangalum avarude ozhivusamayangalil puraavastu sthalam kandethunnathil pradhana punk vahichu. aadyakaala engleesh puraavastu gaveshakar eee sthalathinte vyapthiyum soundaryavum manassilaakkiyappol, pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, avar collin mckensiyeppolulla parichayasambannaraaya puraavastu gaveshakare kuzhiyude adhyakshatha vahikkaan niyamichu (ramaswamy, 210).
thelivukalude abhavam.
2004 desemberile sunamik munbu, ezhu pagodakalude nilanilppinulla thelivukal pradhaanamaayum aakhyaanaparamaayirunnu. theeradesha kshethrathinteyum cheria shethrangaludeyum rathangaludeyum nilanilpp eee pradeshathinu sakthamaaya mathaparamaya praadhaanyamundenna ashayathe pinthunachuvenkilum kshetra samuchayathinte pallava kaalaghattatthile oru painting ozhike samakaalika thelivukal kuravaanu. 2000 varshathe naagarikathayude thelivukal, rund "ooppan eyar bays-releafukal" ulppede nilavil drishyamaaya 40 smarakangal, dakshineshyayilum europilum vyaapicha anubandha ithihaasangal enniva janangalkk avarude manassil mahaabalipuratthinte rahasyam kettippadukkaan kaaranamaayathaayi ramaswamy 1993 ll thante "thekke indiayude shethrangal" enna pusthakatthil ezhuthi (ramaswamy, 204). mamallapurath thiramaalakalil mungiya oru nagaravumilla" ennu addeham vyakthamaayi ezhuthunnu. ezhu pagodakal' enna europian peru yuktirahithavum kanakkakkaan kazhiyaathathumaan '(ramaswamy, 206).
ennirunnaalum, kathaaparamaaya thelivukal sathyasandhamaayirikkaam, 2002-ll shaasthranjar mahaabalipuratthinte theerathu paryavekshanam cheyyaan theerumaanichu, avide niravadhi aadhunika thamizh mathsyathozhilaalikal kadalinte adithattil avashishtangal kandathayi avakaashappedunnu. naashanal instittyoott oof ausianography (india) scientific exploration sosaittiyum thammilulla samyuktha sramamaayirunnu eee padhathi.keey. (vora). theerathu ninnu 500 muthal 700 meter vare akaleyulla 5 muthal 8 meter vare vellathinum avashishtangalkkum thaazheyulla mathilukalude avashishtangal iru teamukalum kandethi. avaa niravadhi shethrangalil pettavayaanennu leauttu soochippichu. puraavastu gaveshakar avare pallava kaalaghattatthil kanakkakki, ekadesham mahendravarmman onnamanum narasimhavarman onnamanum eee pradesham (vora) bharichappol. neo shaasthranjan keey.echu. 2002leeii paryaveshanathinushesham vellathinadiyilulla saittil adhika gadanakalum karakaushala vasthukkalum adangiyirikkaamennum bhaaviyile paryaveshanathinu (vora) arhathayundennum vora abhiprayappettu.
sunamiyude samayat.
2004leeii sunami bangal ulppedeyulla indian mahaasamudrathil pathikkunnathin thottumunbu mahabalipuram theerathe samudrajalam ekadesham 500 meter pinnott valichedukkukayaayirunnu. kadaltheerathu ninnu eee sambhavathin saakshyam vahicha vinodasanchaarikalum thaamasakkaarum vellathil ninnu valia paarakalude neendathum nerayathumaaya oru varii kandathayi oormmippichu. sunami theerathekku kuthichathode eee kallukal veendum vellathaal moodappettu. ennirunnaalum, avaye moodiyirunna noottaandukalude moolyamulla avashishtangal illaathaayi. sunami theerapradeshathu udanadi, shaashvathamaaya chila mattangal varuthi, ithu munbu moodiyirunna chila prathimakalum cheria gadanakalum theerathu anaavrithamaakki.
sunaamikkusesham.
sunami avashishtangalekkurichula driksaakshikal eee sthalathu janapreethy shaasthreeya thaalpparyavum ulavaakki. orupakshe sunaamikkusheshamulla ettavum prashasthamaaya puraavastu kandethal oru valia kallu simhamaayirunnu, athu maarikkondirikkunna theerarekha mahaabalipuratthinte kadaltheerathu anaavrithamaayi avasheshikkunnu. puraavastu gaveshakar ezhaam noottaandilethaanennu kanakkakkunnu (bii. sii staaf). sunamik thottupinnaale pradeshavaasikalum vinodasanchaarikalum eee prathima kaanaan thadichukoodiyittundu.
2005 eprilil archaeological sarway oof indiayum (eiii. ezz. aii) indian navikasena sonar saankethikavidya (daas) upayogichu mahabalipuram theerathe vellathil boat vazhi thirachil aarambhichu. sunamik thottumunbu aalukal kanda valia kallukalude varii 6 adii uyaramulla (biss vaas) 70 meter neelamulla mathilinte bhaagamaanenn avar kandethi. theerathu ninnu 500 meterinullil vellathinadiyilaaya mattu rund shethrangaludeyum oru guhaakshethrathinteyum avashishtangalum aasiyum navikasena kandethi. eee kandethalukal puraanatthile ezhu pagodakalumaayi poruthappedunnillengum, mahabalipurat oru valia kshetra samuchayam undayirunnathaayi avaa soochippikkunnu. ithu kettukadhaye yaadhaarthyathilekku aduppikkunnu-koodaathe iniyum niravadhi kandethalukal kandethaan kaathirikkunnu.
2005 februvariyile abhimukhathil sonar paryavekshanam munbu vellathinadiyilaaya rund kshethrangalude akatheyum purattheyum mathilukal mapp cheythathayi eshyan puraavastu gaveshakanaaya alok tripaadi times oof indiayodu paranju. eee kettidangalude (daas) pravartthanangal nirddeshikkaan thante teaminu ithuvare kazhinjittillennu addeham vishadeekarichu. eiii.keey. indian naavikasenayude sharmmaykk pravarthanathekkurichu kooduthal oohaapohangal nalkaan kazhinjilla, ennaal theerathe shethravum mattu thurannukidakkunna gadanakalumaayi bandhappett vellathinadiyilulla gadanakalude rooparekha ezhu pagoda samuchayathinte (daas) pallava kaalaghattatthile paintingumaayi aduthidapazhakunnuvennu indiayude kaalathodu paranju.
puraavastu gaveshakan tii. thiramaalakal kandethiya oru valia kothupaniyulla kallinte valia praadhaanyavum aasiyile sathyamoorthy paraamarsikkunnu. oru prathyeka kshethrathil nithyajwaalayude samrakshanathinu krishnan moonnaaman rajaavu panam nalkiyirunnathayi likhitham prasthaavikkunnu. puraavastu gaveshakar kallinu sameepam kuzhikkaan thudangukayum mattoru pallava kshethrathinte ghadana vegathil kandethukayum cheythu. purathana hindu mathaparamaya chadangukalil (magwire) upayogichirunna niravadhi naanayangalum vasthukkalum avar kandethi. eee pallava kaalaghattatthile kshethram khananam cheyyumbol, puraavastu gaveshakar ekadesham 2000 varsham pazhakkamulla (magwire) oru thamizh sangam kaalaghattatthile kshethrathinte aditharayum kandethi. thamizh samgathinum pallava kaalaghattatthinum idayil sunami veeshiyadichathaayum pazhaya kshethram nasippichathaayum eee sthalathu pravartthikkunna mikka puraavastu gaveshakarum vishwasikkunnu. seeshellukaludeyum mattu samudra avashishtangaludeyum vyapakamaaya paalikal eee sidhaanthathe (magwire) pinthunaykkunnu.
ezz. aii. apratheekshithamaayi saittil valare pazhaya oru ghadana kandethi. munbu manal kondu moodappettirunna oru cheria ishtika ghadana sunaamiyethudarnnu kadaltheerathu nilayurappichirunnu. puraavastu gaveshakar eee ghadana parisodhikkukayum thamizh sangam kaalaghattatthil nirmmichathaanennu parayukayum cheythu. eee ghadana parambaraagatha ithihyavumaayi poruthappedunnillengum, ithu goodaalochanayum ithuvare paryavekshanam cheyyaatha charithratthinte saadhyathayum saittilekk cherkkunnu.
13-aamm noottaandil mattoru sunami pallava shethrangal nasippichuvennaanu puraavastu gaveshakarude ippozhathe abhiprayam. eshyan shaasthranjan jii. indiayude kizhakkan theeratthinte eathaandu muzhuvan bhaagathum pathimoonnaam noottaandile sunamiyude bhauthika thelivukal kandethaanaakumenn thirumoorthy bbcyode paranju.