
aakruthi-memory aloy

lohashaasthrathil, oru aakruthi-memory aloy (sma) ennathu thanuppullappol roopabhedam varuthaan kazhiyunna oru aloy aanu, ennaal choodaakkumbol athinte munkootty roopabhedam varuthiya ("oormmikkappedunna") aakruthiyilekku madangunnu. memory mettal, memory aloy, smart mettal, smart aloy, peshi vayar thudangiya mattu perukalilum ithu ariyappedunnu. oormmappeduthappetta jyamiti" aavasyamulla jyamiti nischayikkukayum oru taapa samskaranathinu vidheyamaakkukayum cheythukondu parishkkarikkam, udaaharanathinu oru koyil springinte aakruthi oormmikkaan oru vayar padippikkaam.
aakruthiyilulla memory aloykal kondu nirmmicha bhagangal hydrolic, numatic, motor adhishtitha samvidaanangal polulla parambaraagatha aakyuvettarukalkk bharam kuranjathum soolid-stettu badalukalumaayirikkum. loha kuzhalukalil hermetic sandhikal nirmmikkanum avaa upayogikkaam, koodaathe choodullathum thanuthathumaaya jalathinte ozhukk anupatham niyanthrikkunnathiloode jalathinte thaapanila niyanthrikkunnathin sensor-aakchvettar clossed lupe maattisthaapikkaanum ithinu kazhiyum.
avalokanam.
chembu-aluminium-nikkal, nikkal-titanium (nithi) ennivayaanu ettavum prachaarathilulla rund aakruthiyilulla memory aloykal, ennaal sink, chembu, svarnnam, irumbu enniva samyojippichum smass srishtikkaan kazhiyum.
phee-munn-sii, kyu-sn-aall, kyu-alle-nii thudangiya irumbu adisthaanamaakkiyullathum chembu adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaya smaakal vaanijyaparamaayi labhyavum neethiyekkaal vilakuranjathumaanenkilum, neethi adisthaanamaakkiyulla smaakal mikka aaplikkeshanukalkkum avayude sthirathayum praayogikathayum mikacha thermo-mechanical prakadanavum kaaranam munganana nalkunnu. moonnu vyathyastha kristtal gadanakalulla (i.iii. eratta martensite, ditwind martensite, austenait) koodaathe saadhyamaaya aarr parivartthanangalum. smaasukalude thermo-mechanic swabhaavam niyanthrikkunnath austenaittum martensite thammilulla oru ghatta parivarthanamaanu.
emm. ezz".-nuu thaazheyulla thapanilayil ninnu aarambhich thanuppikkumbol nithi aloykal austenaittil ninnu martensitilekku maarunnu; "emm. eph" ennathu thanuppikkumbol martensitilekkulla parivartthanam poortthiyaakunna thaapanilayaan. athanusarichu, choodaakkumbol "aas", "aff" enniva martensitil ninnu austenaittilekkulla parivartthanam aarambikkukayum avasaanikkukayum cheiyunna thaapanilayaan. 
martensitil oru mechanical looad prayogikkunnathu paralukal punarnirmmikkunnathino "dii-twinning" cheiyunnathino kaaranamaakunnu, ithu mechanical looad vittayachathinusesham veendedukkappedaatha (oormmikkappedunna) oru roopabhedathilekku nayikkunnu. ditwinning oru prathyeka sammarddathil "σs" aarambhich "σf" ll avasaanikkunnu, athinu mukalil martensite ilaastik swabhaavam maathram prakadippikkunnathu thudarunnu (looad vilavu sammarddathinu thaazheyaayirikkunnidatho kaalam). ditwinningil ninnulla oormmappeduthiyittalla vaikalyam austenaittilekku choodaakkiya sesham veendedukkunnu.
oru nischitha thalathinu mukalil oru mechanical looad prayogikkunnathiloode sthiramaaya thapanilayil austenaittil ninnu martensitilekkulla ghatta parivartthanavum sambhavikkam. looad release cheyyumbol parivartthanam vipareethamaakunnu.
martensite ghattathil ninnu austenait ghattathilekkulla parivartthanam thapanilayeyum sammarddatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu, samayathe aashrayichalla, mikka ghatta maattangalum pole, kaaranam ithil defusion ulppedunnilla. athupole, samanamaaya gadanayulla urukk aloykalil ninnaan austenait gadanaykku athinte peru labhichathu. eee rund gattangalkkidayilulla reversible defusionless traansishanaan prathyeka gunangalkk kaaranamaakunnath. kaarban steel vegathil thanuppikkunnathiloode austenaittil ninnu martensite roopappeduthaan kazhiyumenkilum, eee prakriya reversible allah, athinaal steelinu aakruthi-memory gunangalilla.
eee chithratthil, φ (t) martensite bhinnasamkhyaye prathinidheekarikkunnu. choodaakkal parivartthanavum thanuppikkal parivartthanavum thammilulla vyathyasam histereesisilekku nayikkunnu, avide eee prakriyayil kurachu mechanical oorjjam nashtappedunnu. vakrathinte aakruthi, aloy ghadanayum varkk kaadinyavum polulla aakruthi-memory aloy metteeriyal gunangale aasrayichirikkunnu.
memory prabhavam roopappeduthuka.
munbathe histerisis karvil kaanichirikkunnathupole, thaapanila-preritha ghatta parivartthanam roopabhedam vipareethamaakkunnathinaal shape memory ephakt (sme) sambhavikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi martensitic ghattam monoclinic allengil orthorhombic (bii 19 'allengil bii 19) aanu. eee kristtal gadanakalkku eluppathil sthaanabhramsham sambhavikkaan mathiyaya slip samvidaanangal illaathathinaal, avaa erattakalaayo allengil ditwiningiloodeyo roopabhedam varuthunnu.
kuranja thapanilayil martensite thermodynamically eshtappedunnu, athesamayam uyarnna thapanilayil austenait (bii 2 cubic) thermodynamically eshtappedunnu. eee gadanakalkku vyathyastha laattis valuppangalum samamitiyum ullathinaal, austenaittine martensitilekku thanuppikkunnath martensitic ghattathil aantharika strain oorjjam avatharippikkunnu. eee oorjjam kuraykkunnathinu, martensitic ghattam niravadhi erattakale roopappeduthunnu-ithine "svayam-sukhappeduthunna erattakal" ennu vilikkunnu, ithu jyamitheeyamaayi aavashyamaaya sthaanachalanangalude eratta pathippaanu. shape memory aloy uyarnna thapanilayil ninnu nirmmikkukayum saadhaaranayaayi enchiniyaring cheyyukayum cheiyunnathinaal, shape memory ephakt prayojanappeduthunnathi pravartthana thapanilayil martensitic ghattam prabalamaakukayum cheiyunnathinaal, smass "staartt" uyarnna erattakalaanu.
martensite looad cheyyumbol, eee svayam-thaamasakkaraaya erattakal roopabhedathinu eluppamulla paatha nalkunnu. prayogicha sammarddangal martensitine illaathaakkum, pakshe ellah aattangalum aduthulla aattangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ore sthaanathu thudarunnu-aattomik bondukalonnum thakarukayo parishkarikkappedukayo cheiyunnilla (avaa dislocation chalanatthiloode aayirikkum). athinaal, thaapanila uyarthukayum austenait thermodynamicamaayi anukoolamaakukayum cheyyumbol, ellah aattangalum bii 2 gadanayilekku punakramekarikkunnu, athu bii 19 'pree-deformation aakruthiyude athe macroscopic aakruthiyilaanu. eee ghatta parivartthanam valare vegathil sambhavikkukayum smassinu avarude vyathirikthamaya "snap" nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
aakruthi-memory prabhavam aavarthichu upayogikkunnathu swabhaavaparamaaya parivartthana thaapanilayude maattathilekku nayichekkaam (eee prabhavam pravarthanaparamaaya ksheenam ennariyappedunnu, kaaranam ithu metteeriyalinte microstructural, pravarthanaparamaaya gunangalude maattavumaayi adutha bandhamullathaan). smakalkku inii sammarddam undakkaan kazhiyaatha paramavadhi thapanilaye "emm. dii" ennu vilikkunnu, avide smakal sthiramaayi roopabhedam varuthunnu.
vann-way ways. dvimukha roopathilulla oormma.
aakruthi-memory aloikalkku vyathyastha aakruthi-memory efakttukal undu. vann-way sma, tuu-way sma ennivayaanu rund saadhaarana efakttukal. phalangalude oru skeemattik chuvade kaanichirikkunnu.
nadapadikramangal valare samaanamaan martensite (eiii) muthal aarambhich, vann-way efakttinaayi reversible deformation allengil tuu-way (bii)-ykku reversible thuka upayogichu gurutharamaaya deformation cherkkuka, sample choodaakkuka (sii) veendum thanuppikkuka (dii).
vann-way memory ephakt.
oru aakruthi-memory aloy athinte thanutha avasthayil ("emm. eph" nuu thaazhe) aayirikkumbol, loham valayukayo neettukayo cheyyaam, koodaathe parivartthana thaapanilaykk mukalil choodaakkunnathuvare aaa roopangal nilanirtthum. choodaakkumbol, aakruthi athinte yadhaartha roopathilekku maarunnu. loham veendum thanuppikkumbol, veendum roopabhedam varuthunnathuvare athu aakruthi nilanirtthum.
vann-way ephakt ullathinaal, uyarnna thapanilayil ninnu thanuppikkunnath macroscopic aakruthiyil maattathinu kaaranamakilla. kuranja thapanilayulla aakruthi srishtikkaan oru vaikalyam aavasyamaanu. choodaakkumbol, parivartthanam "aas" ll aarambhich "eiii. eph" ll poortthiyaakkunnu (saadhaaranayaayi 2 muthal 20 digri selshyas vare allengil aloy allengil loading avasthakale aashrayich choodulla). "aas" ennathu aloy tharavum ghadanayum anusarichu nirnnayikkappedunnu, koodaathe ithu thammil vyathyaasappedaam.
rund vazhikalulla prabhavam.
rund-vazhi aakruthi-memory prabhavam ennathu metteeriyal rund vyathyastha roopangal oormmikkunna falamaanu onnu kuranja thapanilayilum onnu uyarnna thapanilayilum. choodaakkumbozhum thanuppikkumbozhum aakruthi-memory prabhavam kaanikkunna oru meteeriyalinu dvimukha aakruthi memory undennu parayappedunnu. oru baahyashakthiyude prayogam (aantharika dvimukha prabhavam) koodaathe ithu nedaanum kazhiyum. eee saahacharyangalil metteeriyal valare vyathyasthamayi perumaranulla kaaranam pariseelanamaanu. oru aakruthi oormmaykku oru prathyeka reethiyil perumaran "padikkaan" kazhiyumennu pariseelanam soochippikkunnu. saadhaarana saahacharyangalil, oru aakruthi-memory aloy athinte kuranja thaapanila aakruthi "oormmikkunnu", ennaal uyarnna thaapanila aakruthi veendedukkaan choodaakkumbol, kuranja thaapanila aakruthi udan "marakkunnu". ennirunnaalum, uyarnna thaapanila ghattangalil roopabhedam sambhavicha kuranja thaapanilayude avasthayekkurichulla chila oormmappeduthalukal avasheshippikkaan "oormmikkaan" "parisheelippikkam. sthiramaaya sammarda mekhalaykku keezhil oru chaakrika taapa looad prayogikkuka ennathaanu sma parisheelippikkunnathinu oru maargam. eee prakriyayil, aantharika vaikalyangal microstructuril avatharippikkappedunnu, ithu martensitic paralukale ooriyanteshan cheiyunna aantharika sthiramaaya sammarddangal srishtikkunnu. athinaal, prayogicha sammarddamillaathe austenitic ghattathil oru pariseelanam labhicha smaye thanuppikkumbol, aantharika sammarddangal kaaranam martensite roopappedunnu, ithu metteeriyal aakruthi maattathilekku nayikkunnu. smaye austenaittilekku veendum choodaakkumbol, athu athinte prarambha aakruthi veendedukkunnu.
ithu cheiyunnathinu niravadhi vazhikalundu. oru nischitha poyintinappuram choodaakkiya aakruthiyilullathum pariseelanam labhichathumaaya oru vasthukk dvimukha memory prabhavam nashtappedum.
suedo ilaasthikatha.
smass chilappol suuppar ilaasttitti ennu vilikkunna oru prathibhasam pradarshippikkunnu, pakshe ithine kooduthal krithyamaayi suedo ilaasttitti ennu visheshippikkunnu. suuppar ilaasthikatha" soochippikkunnathu attangal thammilulla aattomik bondukal plaastik vaikalyamillaathe angeyattam neelatthil neendu nilkkunnu ennaanu. syoodoelaastitti ippozhum valiathum veendedukkaavunnathumaaya vakabhedangal kaivarikkunnu, sthiramaaya roopabhedam illengilum ithu kooduthal sankeernamaaya samvidaanangale aasrayikkunnu.
smass kuranjathu 3 tharam seudoelastic pradarshippikkunnu. suedo-twin roopeekaranavum hraswadura kramam kaaranam rubber polulla perumaattavumaan padanavidheyamallaatha rund tharam suedo ilaasthikatha.
pradhana seudoelastic prabhavam varunnath sammarddathil ninnulla ghatta parivartthanatthil ninnaan. valathuvashathulla chithram eee prakriya engane sambhavikkunnuvennu kaanikkunnu.
ivide oru looad isothermaly aayi oru smayil prayogikkunnu, austenait finish thaapanilaykk mukalilaanu, ennaal martensite roopabheda thaapanilaykk thaazheyaan, emm. dii. sudoelastic stress-induced phase transformatione shape memory ephakt thaapanila induced phase traansformeshanumaayi bandhappeduthunnathiloode ithu engane saadhyamaanennu mukalilulla chithram vyakthamaakkunnu. oru prathyeka pooyintinaayi, aaa pooyintinu uyarnna "stress" ullidatholam kaalam, "uyarnna" thapanilayulla ems lainil oru pooyint thiranjedukkaan kazhiyum. lohangalude saadhaarana ilaastik-plaastik swabhaavamaanu eee metteeriyal thudakkathil pradarshippikkunnathu. ennirunnaalum, metteeriyal martensitic stressil ethiyaal, austenait martensite detvin aayum maarum. munbu charcha cheythathupole, martensitil ninnu austenaittilekku maarumbol eee ditwinning reversible aanu. valia sammarddangal prayogikkukayaanenkil, daanyangalude athirthikal allengil ulppeduthalukal polulla sthalangalil martensitinte ditwinning, slip polulla plaastik swabhaavam aarambikkum. plaastik vaikalyam sambhavikkunnathin munbu metteeriyal anloducheyyukayaanenkil, austenaittinulla nirnaayaka sammarddam (σas) athiyukazhinjaal athu austenaittilekku madangum. gadanaaparamaaya maattatthil ninnu prachodanam ulkkonda mikkavarum ellah strainukalum metteeriyal veendedukkum, chila smakalkku ithu 10 sathamaanathil kooduthal strainukalaakaam. eee histerisis lupe cheruthum valuthumaaya vaikalyangalude avasthakalkkidayil metteeriyalinte oro chakratthinum cheytha pravartthanam kaanikkunnu, ithu pala prayogangalkkum pradhaanamaan.
thapanilayum sammarddavum thammilulla oru plottil, austenaittum martensite arambha, poorttheekarana lineukal samaantharamaayi pravartthikkunnu. idathu vashath kaanichirikkunnathupole, smay syoodoelaastittiyum yadhaarthathil ore prathibhaasatthinte vyathyastha bhagangalaanu.
rund ghattangalum thammilulla kristtal gadanayile vyathyaasamaan valia strain vaikalyangalude thacol. austenaittinu saadhaaranayaayi oru cubic gadanayundu, athesamayam martensite monoclinic allengil maathrkhattathil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya mattoru gadanayaayirikkaam, saadhaaranayaayi kuranja samamithiyode. naittinol polulla oru monoclinic martensitic meteeriyalinu, monoclinic ghattathinu kuranja samamiti undu, ithu pradhaanamaan, kaaranam chila chrystalographic ooriyanteshanukal prayogicha sammarddathil mattu ooriyanteshanukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol uyarnna strainukal ulkkollum. athinaal prayogicha sammarddathil enthengilum vardhanavinu munbu mothatthilulla strain paramavadhi vardhippikkunna ooriyanteshanukal roopappeduthaanulla pravanatha meteeriyalinu undennu ithu soochippikkunnu. eee prakriya sahayikkunna oru samvidaanam martensite ghattatthinte erattakalaanu. chrystallography, eratta athirthi ennathu laattisinte aattomik playinukalude stacking athirthiyude thalatthiludaneelam prathifalippikkunna dvimaana vaikalyamaan. sammarddatheyum thapanilayeyum aashrayich, eee vaikalya prakriyakal slip polulla sthiramaaya vaikalyavumayi malsarikkum.
σms thaapanila, ghatta nucleationulla nucleation saittukalude ennam thudangiya paaraameettarukale aasrayichirikkunnu ennathu sradhikkendathaanu. interfaceukalum ulppeduthalukalum parivartthanam aarambhikkunnathin pothuvaaya sittukal nalkum, iva ennathil mikachathaanenkil, athu nucleationte prerakashakthi vardhippikkum. ekathaanamaaya nucleationekkaal cheria σms aavasyamaanu. athupole, vardhichuvarunna thaapanila ghatta parivarthanatthinulla prerakashakthi kuraykkum, athinaal oru valia σms aavasyamaanu. ningal smaude pravartthana thaapanila vardhippikkumbol, σms vilavu shakthiyekkaal kooduthalaayirikkumennum σy, suuppar ilaasthikatha inii nireekshikkappedillenum oraalkk kaanaan kazhiyum.
charithram.
1930-kalil aakruthi-memory prabhavam kandethunnathinulla aadyathe report cheytha nadapadikal sweekarichu. ootsukayudeyum vemaanudeyum abhipraayathil, 1932-ll aarne ooldar aou-sidi aloiyude kapada ilaastik swabhaavam kandethi. greninger mooradian (1938) oru kyu-isadn aloiyude thaapanila kuraykkukayum vardhippikkukayum cheythukondu oru martensitic ghattatthinte roopeekaranavum aprathyakshathayum nireekshichu. martensite ghattatthinte thermoelastic swabhaavam niyanthrikkunna memory efakttinte adisthaana prathibhasam oru pathittaandin sesham kurdjumov, khandros (1949), chaang aandu reed (1951) ennivar vyaapakamaayi report cheythu.
nikkal-titanium aloykal aadyamaayi vikasippichath yunaittad stetts neval oordanans laborattariyaan, koodaathe naittinol (nikkal titanium neval oordanans laborattarikalude churukkapperaaya) enna vyapara naamatthil vaanijyavalkkarikkappettu. avarude sradheyamaaya swathukkal aakasmikamaayi kandethi. palathavana aakruthiyil ninnu valanja oru sample oru laborattari maanejment meettingil avatharippichu. associate technical directormaaril oralaaya doow. david ezz. sample choodaakkiyaal enthu sambhavikkumennu kaanaan theerumaanicha musi, thante pipe athinu thaazhe laittaraayi pidichu. ellaavareyum athbhuthappeduthikkondu sample athinte yadhaartha roopathilekku neengi.
sakthamaaya kaanthikakshethrangalkk keezhil aakruthi mattunna ferro magnetic shape-memory aloy (efsma) ennu vilikkunna mattoru tharam sma undu. kanthika prathikaranam thaapanila-preritha prathikaranangalekkaal vegathilum kaaryakshamamayum ullathinaal eee vasthukkalkk prathyeka thaalpparyamund.
loha aloykal mathramalla taapa-prathikarana vasthukkal; aakruthi-memory polymerukalum vikasippikkukayum 1990 kalude avasaanathil vaanijyaparamaayi labhyamavukayum cheythu.
kristtal gadanakal.
pala lohangalkkum ore ghadanayil niravadhi vyathyastha kristtal gadanakalundenkilum mikka lohangalum eee aakruthi-memory prabhavam kanikkunnilla. aakruthi-memory aloikalkku choodaakkiya sesham avayude yadhaartha aakruthiyilekku madangaan anuvadikkunna prathyeka savisheshatha avayude kristtal parivartthanam poornnamaayum reversable aanu ennathaanu. mikka kristtal parivarthanangalilum, gadanayile attangal lohathiloode sanjarichu, lohathinte ghadanaye praadeshikamaayi maattukayum, lohathinte mothatthilulla ghadana ore aattangalaal nirmmichathaanenkilum. oru reversible parivartthanatthil aattangalude eee vyaapanam ulppedunnilla, pakaram ellah aattangalum ore samayam maarukayum oru puthiya ghadana roopappedukayum cheiyunnu, rund ethir vashangalilekku thallunnathiloode oru chathuratthil ninnu oru samantharagram nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. vyathyastha thaapanilakalil, vyathyastha gadanakalkku munganana nalkukayum parivartthana thaapanilayiloode ghadana thanuppikkumbol, austenitic ghattathil ninnu martensitic ghadana roopappedukayum cheiyunnu.
nirmmaanam.
vaakvam arck melting allengil induction melting upayogichu casting vazhiyaan aakruthi-memory aloykal saadhaaranayaayi nirmmikkunnath. lohangalile maalinyangal ettavum kuranja alavil nilanirthunnathinum lohangal nannayi kalarnnittundenn urappakkunnathinum upayogikkunna prathyeka saankethikavidyakalaaniva. ingot pinneedu choodaayi neelamulla bhagangalaayi uruttukayum thudarnnu vayarakki maattukayum cheiyunnu.
aloykal "pariseelanam" labhikkuna reethi aavasyamulla gunangale aasrayichirikkunnu. pariseelanam" ennathu aloy choodaakkumbol oormmikkunna aakruthi nirnnayikkunnu. aloy choodaakkunnathiloodeyaanu ithu sambhavikkunnath, angane dislocationukal sthiramaaya sthaanangalilekku veendum krameekarikkappedunnu, pakshe metteeriyal veendum krameekarikkappedunnathra choodullathalla. avaa 30 minittinumidayilum 30 minittinumidayilum choodaakkukayum choodaayirikkumbol aakruthiyil vaykkukayum thudarnnu vellathil thanuppikkukayo vaayuvil thanuppikkukayo cheythukondu vegathil thanuppikkukayum cheiyunnu.
swathukkal.
chembu adisthaanamaakkiyullathum neethi adisthaanamaakkiyullathumaya aakruthi-memory aloykal enchiniyaring meteeriyalukalaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. eee rachanakal mikkavarum eathu aakruthiyilum valippathilum nirmmikkaan kazhiyum.
aakruthiyilulla memory aloykalude vilavu shakti parambaraagatha urukkinekkaal kuravaanu, ennaal chila rachanakalkk plaastik allengil aluminiyathekkaal uyarnna vilavu shakthiyund. nii tii yude vilavu sammarddam athiyekkaam. lohathinte uyarnna vilayum prosessing aavashyakathakalum oru roopakalppanayil smass nadappilaakkunnathu budhimuttullathum chelaveriyathumaakkunnu. thalphalamaayi, suuppar ilaastik gunangalo aakruthi-memory ifaktto prayojanappedutthaan kazhiyunna aaplikkeshanukalil eee vasthukkal upayogikkunnu. ettavum saadhaaranamaaya prayogam aakchuveshanilaanu.
shape-memory aloykal upayogikkunnathinte oru gunam uyarnna alavilulla veendedukkaavunna plaastik strain aanu. eee vasthukkalkk sthiramaaya kedupaadukalillathe nilanirthaan kazhiyunna paramavadhi veendedukkaavunna strain chila aloikalkku baadhakamaan. ithu parambaraagatha steelukalude paramavadhi strainumaayi thaarathamyappeduthunnu.
praayogika parimithikal.
parambaraagatha acuvatorukale apekshichu smaik niravadhi gunangalundu, pakshe praayogika prayogatthe thadassappeduthunna parimithikalude oru parambara anubavikkunnu. niravadhi padanangalil, metteeriyal parimithikalum metteeriyal, design arivukalude abhavavum anuchithamaya design sameepanangalum saankethikavidyakalum polulla anubandha upakaranangalum kaaranam pettant nediya kurachu shape memory aloy aaplikkeshanukal maathrame vaanijyaparamaayi vijayikkunnulloo ennu oonnipparanju. thaarathamyena cheria upayogayogyamaaya strain, kuranja actuvation freekwansi, kuranja niyantranakshamatha, kuranja krithyatha, kuranja oorjja karyakshamatha enniva ulppedunna avayude parimithikale marikadakkuka ennathaanu sma aaplikkeshanukal roopakalppana cheiyunnathile velluvilikal.
prathikarana samayavum prathikarana samamitiyum.
smaa acuvatorukal saadhaaranayaayi vaidyuthiyil pravarthippikkunnu, avide oru vaidyutha pravaham juul choodaakkunnathinu kaaranamaakunnu. anthareeksha paristhithiyilekku swatantra samvahana taapa kaimaattathiloodeyaanu saadhaaranayaayi nirjeevamaakkal sambhavikkunnath. thalphalamaayi, thaarathamyena vegathayeriya actuvation samayavum mandagathiyilulla dictuation samayavum ulla sma actuvation saadhaaranayaayi asamamaan. sma nirjeevamaakkal samayam kuraykkunnathinu niravadhi reethikal nirddeshichittundu, nirbandhitha samvahanam, taapa kaimatta nirakk kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinaayi oru chaalaka metteeriyal upayogichu smaye pinnilaakkuka ennivayulppede.
smaa aakyuvettarukalude saadhyatha vardhippikkunnathinulla puthiya reethikalil oru chaalaka "lagging" upayogikkunnu. chaalanatthiloode smayil ninnu thapam vegathil kaimaran eee reethi oru taapa pesttu upayogikkunnu. puram trijyavum (taapa kaimatta vistheernavum) bair vayarinekkaal ganyamaayi kooduthalaayathinaal eee thapam samvahanathiloode paristhithiyilekku eluppathil kaimaattam cheyyappedunnu. eee reethi nirjeevamaakkal samayathil ganyamaaya kurravinum oru cemetric aaktiveshan profilinum kaaranamaakunnu. vardhicha taapa kaimatta nirakkinte anantharafalamaayi, oru nischitha actuvation fozhsu nedunnathinu aavashyamaaya vaidyuthadhaara vardhikkunnu.
gadanaaparamaaya ksheenavum pravarthanaparamaaya ksheenavum.
sma gadanaaparamaaya ksheenam vidheyamaan-oru parajaya reethi, athiloode chaakrika loading oru villalinte thudakkathinum prachaaranatthinum kaaranamaakunnu, athu oduvil odiviloode pravartthanatthinte vinashakaramaaya nashtatthinu kaaranamaakunnu. chaakrika loadinginide microstructural kedupaadukal shekharikkuka ennathaanu eee ksheenam modinu pinnile bhauthikashaasthram. eee parajaya reethi smass mathramalla, mikka enchiniyaring metteeriyalukalilum nireekshikkappedunnu.
mikka enchiniyaring metteeriyalukaludeyum saadhaaranamallaatha oru parajaya modaaya smass pravarthanaparamaaya ksheenathinum vidheyamaan, athil sma gadanaaparamaayi paraajayappedaathe kaalakramena athinte aakruthi-memory/superalastic swabhaavasavisheshathakal nashtappedunnu. chaakrika loadinginte (mechanical, taapa) falamaayi, meteeriyalinu oru reversible ghatta parivarthanatthinu vidheyamaakaanulla kazhivu nashtappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru aakyuvettarile working displacement saikkil nambarukal vardhikkunnathinanusaricha kurayunnu. ithinu pinnile bhauthikashaasthram microstructure kramanugathamaaya maattamaan-kooduthal vyakthamaayi paranjaal, thaamasa slip dislocationukalude nirmmaanam. ithu palappozhum parivartthana thapanilayil kaaryamaaya maattathinoppam varunnu. smaa-pulli sisttathile pulli konfigareshanukal polulla smaa aakyuvettarukalude roopakalppana smayude gadanaaparavum pravarthanaparavumaaya ksheenathe swaadheenichekkaam.
aasoothrithamallaatha pravartthanam.
juul heating vazhiyaan smaa acuvatorukal saadhaaranayaayi vaidyuthaparamaayi pravarthippikkunnathu. anthareeksha thaapanila aniyanthrithamaaya oru anthareekshathilaanu sma upayogikkukayaanenkil, ambiyant heating vazhi manappoorvamallaatha pravartthanam sambhavikkam.
aaplikkeshanukal.
vyavasaya.
vimaanangalum bahirakasha pedakangalum.
boying, general electric aircraft enchinukal, goodrich korppareshan, naasa, texas eiii & emm yooniversitti, ellah nippon airways oru nithi smaa upayogichu variable jyamiti shevron vikasippichu. atharamoru variable eriya phaan nosal (waffen) design bhaviyil shaanthavum kooduthal kaaryakshamavumaya jettu enchinukalkku anuvadikkum. 2005lum 2006lum boying eee saankethikavidyayude vijayakaramaya vimana parisodhana nadatthi.
vikshepana vaahanangalkkum vaanijya jettu enchinukalkkumulla vibration damperukalaayi smass paryavekshanam cheyyappedunnu. suuppar ilaastik efakttil nireekshikkappedunna valia alavilulla histerisis oorjjam illaathaakkaanum vibrationukal kuraykkaanum smakale anuvadikkunnu. vikshepana samayat pelodukalileyum vaanijya jettu enchinukalile phaan bladeukalileyum uyarnna vibration looad kuraykkunnathinulla vaagdaanam eee metteeriyalukal kaanikkunnu, ithu kooduthal bharam kuranjathum kaaryakshamavumaya designukal anuvadikkunnu. booal bairingukal, landing gear thudangiya uyarnna shock aaplikkeshanukalkkum smass saadhyatha prakadippikkunnu.
vaanijya jettu enchinukalile vividha aakyuvettar aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi smass upayogikkunnathil sakthamaaya thaalpparyamund, ithu avayude bharam ganyamaayi kuraykkukayum karyakshamatha vardhippikkukayum cheyyum. ennirunnaalum, eee vasthukkal vijayakaramaayi nadappilaakkunnathinu munbu parivartthana thaapanila vardhippikkunnathinum avayude mechanical gunangal mechappeduthunnathinum eee mekhalayil kooduthal gaveshanam nadathendathundu. uyarnna thaapanila aakruthiyilulla memory aloykalil (echu. tii. ezz. emm. eiii) aduthide undaaya purogathiyekkurichulla oru avalokanam maa thudangiyavar avatharippikkunnu.
vividatharam wing morphing saankethikavidyakalum paryavekshanam cheyyappedunnu.
automotive.
aadyathe uyarnna vooliyam uthppannam (> 5meoo acuvatorukal/varsham) oru kaar seettile thaazhnna mardhamullah numatic bladderukale niyantrikkaan upayogikkunna oru automotive vaalvaan, athu arayude pinthuna/bolstarukalude kondoor krameekarikkunnu. eee aaplikkeshanil parambaraagathamaayi upayogikkunna solinoyidukalekkaal (kuranja shabdam/emc/bharam/phoom ghadakam/vaidyuthi upabhogam) smaude mothatthilulla nettangal pazhaya staanderd saankethikavidyaye sma upayogichu maattisthaapikkaanulla theerumaanatthil nirnaayaka gadakamaayirunnu.
2014 leeii chevrolatt corvet smaa acuvatorukal ulppeduthunna aadyathe vaahanamaayi maari, ithu trunkle ninnu vaayu purathuvidunna hatch ventu thurakkaanum adaykkaanum bharameriya motorised aakyuvettarukalkk pakaram vannu, ithu adaykkaan eluppamaakkunnu. exhost heatil ninnu vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathinu electric janarettarukal, vividha vegathayil aerodynamics opttimais cheiyunnathinaayi aavasyaanusaranam eyar daamukal ennivayulppede mattu pala aaplikkeshanukalum lakshyamidunnu.
robotics.
roboticsil eee vasthukkal upayogikkunnathinekkur parimithamaaya padanangal nadannittundu, udaaharanathinu hobiyist robot stikvittoo (roboterfrow laara), kaaranam avaa valare bharam kuranja robottukal srishtikkunnathu saadhyamaakkunnu. aduthide, loyum mattullavarum oru prosthettik kaii avatharippichu. athu eathaandu oru manushyante kaiyude chalanagal aavarthikkaan kazhiyum [loh 2005]. mattu biomimetic prayogangalum paryavekshanam cheyyappedunnundu. oorjja kaaryakshamathayillayma, mandagathiyilulla prathikarana samayam, valia histerisis ennivayaanu saankethikavidyayude durbalamaaya gadakangal.
vaalvukal.
vaalvukal pravarthanakshamamaakkunnathum smass upayogikkunnu. smaa vaalvukal roopakalppanayil prathyekichu othukkamullathaan.
bio enchiniyaring robotic kaii.
viralukal neekkaan shape memory ephakt (sme) upayogikkunna robotic kaikalude chila smaa adhishtitha prototypeukal undu.
sivil gadanakal.
paalangalum kettidangalum polulla sivil gadanakalil vividha prayogangal smakl kandethunnu. rebarukaludeyo plettukaludeyo roopathil, avaa konkreett, steel gadanakalude flexeral, shear, bhookamba shakthippeduthal ennivaykku upayogikkaam. mattoru prayogam intalijant reinforced konkreett (aii. aarr. sii) aanu, athil konkreettinullil ulchertha smaa vayarukal ulppedunnu. eee vayarukalkku villalukal manassilakkaanum micro sais villalukal sukhappeduthaanum kazhiyum. vibrationukal kuraykkunnathinu sma vayarukal upayogichu gadanaaparamaaya swaabhaavika aavruthiyude sajeeva tuning konkreettil sma fiberukalude upayogavum saadhyamaan.
piping.
aadyathe upabhokthru vaanijya aaplikkeshan paippinginulla oru aakruthi-memory coupling aayirunnu, udha.jii. vyaavasaayika aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi enna pipe lineukal, jala paippukal, upabhokthru/vaanijya aaplikkeshanukalkkaayi samanamaaya tharam piping.
upabhokthru electronics.
smartphone camerakal.
niravadhi smartphone kambanikal kembridge mechatronicsil ninnulla licensinu keezhil nirmmicha smaa acuvatorukal ulkkollunna opttikkal imej stabilisation (ios) modyoolukalulla handsettukal purathirakkiyittundu.
marunnu.
shape-memory aloykal vaidyashaasthrathil prayogikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, orthopedic shasthrakriyayil austiyodomikalkkulla fixation upakaranangalayi, sasthrakriya upakaranangalile aakyuvettar aayi; biopsy, brackie therapy thudangiya sasthrakriya nadapadikramangalil kuranja aakramanathmaka percutaneous cancer edapedalukalkkaayi sajeevamaaya sarjikkal soochikal, pallukalil sthiramaaya pallu neekkunna sakthikal prayogikkunnathinaayi dental braceukalil, capsule endoscopy avaa biopsy pravarthanatthinulla trigoraayi upayogikkaam.
1980kalude avasaanathil niravadhi ettavum kuranja aakramanathmaka endovascular medical aaplikkeshanukalil naittinol oru prapthamaakkunna saankethikavidyayaayi vaanijyaparamaayi avatharippichu. stainless steelinekkaal chelaveriyathaanenkilum, bii. tii. aarr (shareera thaapanila prathikaranam) aayi nirmmikkunna naittinol aloykal svayam vikasippikkunna gunangal, stent graafttukalile baloon vikasippikkaavunna upakaranagalkk aakarshakamaaya oru badal nalkiyittundu, avide shareera thaapanilaykk vidheyamaakumbol chila rakthakkuzhalukalude aakruthiyumaayi poruthappedaanulla kazhivu nalkunnu. nilavil lokamembaadumulla vipaniyil labhyamaya ellah peripheral vascular stentukalilum sharashari nirmmikkunnath naittinol upayogichaanu.
optometri.
titanium adangiya smass upayogichu nirmmicha kannada frameukal flexon, titainflex ennee vyaapaaramudrakalkku keezhil vipananam cheiyunnu. pratheekshicha muriyile thapanilayil ninnu thaazheyulla parivartthana thapanilayulla aakruthiyilulla memory aloykal upayogichaanu eee frameukal saadhaaranayaayi nirmmikkunnath. ithu sammarddathil frameukalkku valia roopabhedam varuthaan anuvadikkunnu, ennittum loham veendum irakkiyukazhinjaal avayude uddeshicha aakruthi veendedukkunnu. valare valia prathyaksha ilaastik strainukal sammarddathil ninnulla martensitic prabhavam moolamaanu, avide kristtal gadanaykku loadinginu keezhil parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu loadinginu keezhil aakruthi thaalkkaalikamaayi marran anuvadikkunnu. ithinartham aakruthiyilulla memory aloykal kondu nirmmicha kannada abadhathil kedaakunnathil ninnu kooduthal karuthuttathaanu ennaanu.
orthopedic sasthrakriya.
orthopedic shasthrakriyayil austiyodomikalkkulla oru fixation-compression upakaranamaayi memory mettal upayogichittundu, saadhaaranayaayi thaazhathe attathe nadapadikramangalkkayi. saadhaaranayaayi oru valia pradhaanavasthuvinte roopathil, upakaranam oru rafrijarettaril athinte melinja roopathil sambharikkukayum austiyottamikku kuruke asthiyile munkootty thulacha dwaarangalil sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu. pradhaanamaaya choodu koodumbol athu athinte layippikkaanaavaatha avasthayilekku madangukayum asthi samyojanam prolsaahippikkunnathi asthi prathalangale orumichu amarthukayum cheiyunnu.
danthachikitsa.
varshangalayi smass prayogangalude paridhi vardhichu, vikasanathinte oru pradhana mekhala danthachikitsayaanu. pallukalil nirantharamaaya pallu chalippikkunna sakthikal prayogikkunnathinu sma saankethikavidya upayogikkunna dental braceukalude vyaapanamaanu oru udaaharanam; 1972 ll orthodondist jorjju andriasan naittinol aarchvayar vikasippicheduthu. ithu klinikkal oorthoodoondiksil viplavam srishtichu. jyaamitheeya prograaming kaaranam thannirikkunna thaapanila paridhikkullil vikasikkukayum churungukayum cheiyunna andrisente aloy oru paatten aakruthiyilulla memory undu.
harmeet dii. valia pinneedu endodontixinaayi root kanal fayalukalude nirmmaanatthil eee aloy upayogichu.
anivaryamaaya prakambanam.
prakambanam kuraykkunnathinulla parambaraagatha sajeeva radhaakkal saankethikavidyakal vaidyutha, hydrolic allengil numatic samvidaanangal upayogichu oru vasthuvine aswasthathaykku ethirdishayil pravarthippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, manushyarude prakambana aavruthikalil valia amplitude vaidyuthi uthppaadippikkunnathin aavashyamaaya valia adisthaana soukaryangal kaaranam eee samvidaanangal parimithamaanu. kayyil pidikkunna aaplikkeshanukalil smakl pravarthanakshamamaaya oru reethiyaanennu theliyikkappettittund, koodaathe oru puthiya klaas active trimmer radhaakkal upakaranangal praapthamaakkiyittund. verily life sciences subsidiary liftt laabukal vikasippichedutha liftt ware spoon atharamoru upakaranathinte sameepakaala udaaharanamaanu.
enchinukal.
ridjeway baankukal vikasippichedutha baank enchin ulppede, thanutha, chooduvella jalasambharanikalile thaarathamyena cheria thaapanila vyathyasangalil ninnu pravartthikkunna pareekshanathmaka soolid stettu heett enchinukal 1970 muthal vikasippicheduthittundu.
karakaushala.
appixment free bracelettukalil upayogikkunnathinu cheria raundu neelatthil vilkkunnu.
choodaakkukayum thanuppikkukayum cheyyuka.
sarland sarvakalaashaalayile jarmman shaasthranjar karangunna silindarinu chuttum pothinja nikkal-titanium ("naittinol") aloy vayar upayogichu thapam kaimaattam cheiyunna oru prototype mesheen nirmmichu. silindar karangumbol, vayar athinte "suuppar ilaastik" avasthayil ninnu athinte anloducheytha avasthayilekku maarumbol, oru vashath thapam agiranam cheyyukayum maruvashathu purathuvidukayum cheiyunnu. sarland sarvakalashaala puratthirakkiya 2019 leeii oru lekhanam anusarichu, thapam kaimaattam cheiyunna karyakshamatha oru saadhaarana heett pambinekkaalum ayarkandeeshanarinekkaalum kooduthalaanennu thonnunnu.
innu upayogikkunna mikkavarum ellah ayarkandeeshanarukalum heett pambukalum rafrijarantukalude neeravi-compression upayogikkunnu. kaalakramena, eee samvidaanangalil upayogikkunna chila rafrijarantukal anthareekshathilekku chornnu aagolathaapanathin kaaranamaakunnu. rafrijarantukal upayogikkaatha puthiya saankethikavidya laabhakaravum praayogikavumaanennu theliyikkukayaanenkil, kalavastha vyathiyaanam kuraykkunnathinulla shramathil athu oru pradhana munnettam nalkum.
vasthukkal.
vividatharam aloykal aakruthi-memory prabhavam prakadippikkunnu. smaude parivartthana thaapanila niyanthrikkunnathin aloing gadakangal krameekarikkaan kazhiyum. chila saadhaarana samvidaanangalil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu (oru tharatthilum samagramaya pattikayalla):
baahya linkukal.
"veritaasiyam-naasa chakram engane punarnirmmichu"

