
gaayika elisabath roow

avalude lingathinteyum praayathinteyum alankaaram" ennum "swargeeya gaayika" ennum vilikkappedunna oru engleesh kavayitriyum upanyasakayum fiction ezhuthukaariyumaayirunnu elisabath gaayika roow (munbu gaayika, 1674-1737). pathinettaam noottaandile englandile ettavum vyaapakamaayi vaayikkappedunna ezhuthukaaril oraalaayirunnu avar. avar pradhaanamaayum mathaparamaya kavithakal ezhuthiyengilum avarude ettavum prashasthamaaya kruthiyaaya 'frontship inn deth' (1728), marichavaril ninnu jeevichirikkunnavarkkula saangalppika kathukalude oru jaansenist vaividyamaanu. oru punyavathiyum dukhithayumaaya sanyaasiyenna nilayil maranananthara prashasthi undaayirunnittum, roow vyaapakamaayi kathidapaadukal nadathukayum thante janmanaadaaya somersettile frome enna sthalathe praadeshika aashankakalil earppedukayum cheythu. pathonpathaam noottaand vare atlaantik samudrathinte iruvashathum vivarthanathilum avar janapriyayayi thudarnnu. innu vaayikkappedaathavar aanenkilum pandithanmaar avare avarude kaalathe shailiyilum prameyathilum samoolavaadikalaayi visheshippichittundu.
jeevacharitram.
1674 septambar 11 nuu somersettile ilchesttaril janicha avar elisabath portnelinteyum viyojippulla mantriyaaya walter gaayikayudeyum mootha makalaayirunnu. gaayakane mattu viyojippukaarodoppam paarppichirunna ilchesttarile jayilil portnell jeevakaarunya pravartthanangal nadathave avalude maathaapithaakkal kandumutty. portnell enna sthriye vivaham kazhicha sesham addeham shushroosha upekshichu oru vasthradhaaranakkaaranaayi. cheruppatthil elisabath "avalude pithavinaal snehikkappedukayum" nannayi vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum cheythu. avale anuroopamallaathatho viyojippullatho aaya sidhaanthavum padippichu sthreekalkku parasyamaayi samsarikkaanum manthrimaare thiranjedukkunnathilum puthiya sabhaa amgangale sweekarikkunnathilum pankedukkaanum anuvaadamundaayirunnu; praadeshika sabhaa kaaryangalil avar shakthamayi pankedutthu. avalude pithaav saahityam, samgeetham, painting ennivayil avalude thalpparyangal valarthiyedukkukayum aval oru boarding schoolil chernnathayi karuthappedunnu.
marananantharamaayi prasidheekaricha "vividha kruthikal" enna avarude jeevacharithrathinte munvashath ottichirikkunna avarude bhaaryasahodaranaaya theophilus roow avare ingane vivarichu "srimati. roow oru saadhaarana soundaryamaayirunnillenle avalude laingikathayude manohaarithayude oru valia alavu avalkkundaayirunnu. aval mithamaaya uyaramullavalaayirunnu, avalude mudi nalla niramullathum, neelayilekku chaayunna irunda chaaraniratthilulla annukalum, thee niranjavayumaayirunnu. avalude niram athimanoharamaayirunnu, avalude kavilil swaabhaavika rooss niratthilulla thilakkam thilangi. aval manoharamaayi samsaarichu, avalude shabdam valare maduravum souhaarddaparavumaayirunnu, avalude chundil ninnu eppozhum ozhukunna aaa soumyamaaya bhaashaykk thikachum anuyojyamaayirunnu."
rovinu ekadesham 18 vayassullappol amma marichu, avalude pithaav kudumbatthe egford familake maatti, frome, somerset, avide avale franch, itaaliyan bhashakalil padippichu, vilshayarile longleettile aadyathe viscant veymouthinte makan henry thine. longleettil rove nadatthiya bandhangal avarude saahityajeevithathin gunam cheyyukayum viscaantinte makalaaya frances theynnumaayi aajeevanantha sauhrudam aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1713-ll theyninte valiyammayaya aan finch philomela (rove) paraamarsikkunna oru kotteri kavita ezhuthukayum thains finch avalude rakshaadhikaarikalaavukayum cheythu. joonn dunton, maathyoo, isak whats ennivar pranayathilaayirunnuvena, 1710-ll thannekkaal 13 vayass ilaya kaviyum jeevacharitrakaaranumaaya thomas rovine avar vivaham kazhichu. avarude vivaham santhoshakaramaayirunnu, pakshe hraswamaayirunnu 1715-ll thomas kshayarogam baadhichu marichu. maranashesham, roow lunden vittu fromilake madangukayum avalude oormmayil oru phalakam sthaapichirikkunna rook leyne hausil pithavinoppam cherukayum cheythu.
1719ll royude pithaav marichu, avalkk ganyamaaya anantharaavakaasham avasheshichu, aval jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalkkaayi nalkia vaarshika varumaanathinte pakuthi. ente kathukal marichavarilninnu jeevichirikkunnavarkkula kathukalaayirikkanam" ennu roow orikkal ezhuthi, aval maranathinu munbu thante rekhakal shradhaapoorvvam krameekarikkukayum, "roow svayam avatharippicha maranananthara 'nalla marana' print ivantinte bhaagamaayi" sangalppikkappettathaayi thonnunna vidhathil suhruthukkalkku vidavaangal kathukal ezhuthukayum cheythu. 1737 februvari 20nuu apoplexy baadhichu avar marikkukayum pithavinoppam rook leyne kansaltteshan palliyile addehathinte shavakudeerathil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu.
saahithyakruthikal.
orupakshe avalude maathaapithaakkalude arivillaathe, 12-aamm vayassil roow ezhuthithudangi. 19-aamm vayassil avar pusthaka vilppanakkaranum etheniyan sosaittiyude sthaapakanumaaya joonn dundonumaayi oru "platonic" kathidapaadukal aarambhichu, ithu dundente "daarunavum" "ullasakaravum" "dushtavum" ennathinaayulla uravidamaayirunnu, rovumaayulla addehathinte bandhatthinte 61 pejulla sangraham "eratta pranayabandham" enna thalakkettil."1693 num 1696 num idayil dundente" "dhii etheniyan merkuri" "yilek kavithayude pradhana sambhavana nalkiyirunna avar pinneedu addehavumaayulla bandhatthil khedichu," "oru print-waled impressario" "enna nilayil, vaanijya achadiyilekku purusha dheerathayude parivartthanangal saahityakkaar" "parihasichu". "
eee kavithakalil palathum dunton prasidheekaricha "niravadhi avasarangalil kavithakalayi" punarprasidheekarikkuppedu. eee samayat, philomela, pindaric lady ennee thoolikanaamangalil pinderine anukarichu avar ezhuthi, amoorthangalekkurichu oods ezhuthunnathinulla pindarinte sameepanam pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathil oru janapriya padhya roopamaayirunnu. 
niravadhi avasarangalile kavithakal (1696)
philomela enna thoolikaanaamathil ezhuthiya eee samahaaram roykk irupathirandu vayassullappol joonn dunton prasidheekarichu.
niravadhi avasarangalil daivika sthothrangalum kavithakalum (1704)
1704ll prasidheekaricha eee upadeshathmaka matha kavita samahaarathil richard blackmore, joonn dennis, joonn norris ennivarum ulppedunna roow aayirunnu pradhana kavi.
niravadhi avasarangalile kavithakal (1717)
sthreekalude kavithaykkulla avakaashathinte sakthamaaya prathirodham" enna peril "abhimaanakaramaaya laingikatha" yude "svechaadhipathyam" moolam elisabath jonson sthreekalude oru chaambyanaayi nilakollunna paastarukal, sthuthigeethangal, aan killigroovinte anukaranangal eee samahaarathil adangiyirikkunnu."eee vaalyathil avarude ettavum ariyappedunna kavithakalilonnu" misttar mortalinte maranathekkurichullathaanu. thomas roow, "bharthaavinte akaala maranathodulla prathikaranamaayi avar ezhuthiya oru vikarabharithamaaya kavita. maarppaappayude "eloisa tuu abellard" (1720) enna kruthiyude prachodanamaayirunnu eee kavithayenn parayappedunnu, addeham athu randaam pathippil ulppeduthi. athil aval ezhuthi, "lokathil ninnu njaan udan thanne viramikkunnu,/bhakshanam kazhikkaan. 
nisshabdamaaya oru thee pratheekshayillaathathaayi maarunnu."aval vaakk paalich fromile avalude pithaavinte veettilekku viramichu.
maranatthile sauhrudam, marichavaril ninnu jeevichirikkunnavarkkula irupathu aksharangalil (1728)
1728ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha avarude ettavum janapriya kruthiyaaya "frontship inn deth" 1825-oode kuranjathu 79 pathippukaliloodeyum 1840-oode patthu pathippukaliloodeyum kadannupoyi ennathil samshayamilla. pathinettaam noottaandil eee kruthiyude pathippukal sthiramaayi defoyude "robinson cruso", richaardsante "clarissa" ennivayekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu. noottaand purogamikkumbol eee vidavu kooduthal valuthayi. marichupoya thante dukhithayaaya ammaykku, svarggathil pooyi athmeeya upadesham nalkaan aagrahikkunna, pradhaanamaayum suhruthukkaludeyum priyappettavarudeyum athmaakkal svarggathilekku pookunnuvennu urappakkaan aagrahikkunna, rund vayassulla oru kutty ulppede sadgunamullah suhruthukkalil ninnum priyappettavaril ninnum saangalppika kathukal eee kruthiyil adangiyirikkunnu. kathukalude vishayavasthu pradhaanamaayum dhaarmika prashnangalum samakaalika prashnangalum ulkkollunnu; pala kathukalum dhaarmika lekhanangale anusmarippikkunnavayaana, mattullava novalukalil chithreekarichirikkunna saahacharyangalumayi kooduthal aduthirikkunnu. ivide rove amattori fictionil kaanapedunna libertanisathinethire oru pracharanam nadathunnathaayi thonnunnu. aamukhathil, roow thante upadesaparamaaya uddeshyam prasthaavikkunnu, "eee aksharangalude vyathichalanamaan aathmaavinte amarthyathayekkurichulla ashayathe aakarshikkuka; athillathe, ellah sadgunangalum mathavum, avayude laukikavum shaashvathavumaaya nalla prathyaaghaathangal, nilamparisaakkanam."aathmaav svarggathil aanandam anubhavikkunnathinal maranam swaagatham cheyyappedanam, bhayappedaruthu.
maranatthile sauhrudam" ennathinaayulla royude ettavum udanadi ariyappedunnathum ariyappedunnathumaaya saahitya maathruka toom brouninte "marichavaril ninnulla jeevanullavarkkulla kathukal" (1702) aayirunnu, ennirunnaalum brouninte kruthikalil kuprasidharaaya samakaalikareyum narakatheyum kurichu hasyaparamaaya abhipraayangal parayunna prashastharaaya purushanmaar ulppedunnu. "maranatthile sauhrudam" enna vaakk pathrapaarambaryam, prathyakshasahithyam, paachu varkk saahityam, jaansenist daivashaasthram enniva ariyikkukayum saamuval richaardsante "clarissa", saaraa feeldinginte "david simpilinte sahasikathakal" thudangiya thudarnnulla niravadhi neendunilkkunna marana ramgangale swaadheenikkukayum cheiyunnu. avasaanathe vooliyam "(1753).
gadyathilum padyatthilum vividha avasarangalile kathukal (1729)
eee samahaarathil "dhaarmikavum vinodakaravumaaya kathukalude" aadya bhagam ulppedunnu.
dhaarmikavum rasakaravumaaya kathukal (1729-32)
"sneham, vivaham, maranam ennivayil shradha kendreekarichulla saangalppikamaaya kathukalude moonnu bhaagangalulla parambarayaayirunnu "lettezhs moral aandu entertaining". orupakshe upadesaparamaaya vividhatha ennu visheshippikkappedunna eee kruthiyil mathaparamaya kavithakal, paastarukal, tasoyude vivarthanangal, rovum lady hertford thammilulla kathidapaadukalil ninnulla yadhaartha kathukal ennivayum ulppedunnu. 1729-leeii onnaam bhagam, "maranatthile sauhrudam" ennathinte "orutharam thudarchayaayi" prasidheekarikkappedukayum puthiya achadi samskaarathinullile kayyezhuthuprathi samskaarathinte kotteri epistolari kaimaattatthinte pazhaya roopangale prathinidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
josafinte charithram (1736)
milttante 'parudeesa nashtappetta' polulla engleesh matha ithihaasangalude paarambaryatthile oru vipuleekritha aakhyaana kavitayum josephinte pazhaya niyamakathaykku vishadaamshangal cherkkunna oru saangalppika paarafresumaanu royude 'josephinte charithram' (1736)."royude adutha mungaamikal richard blackmorinte" "eiii paraphraes oof dhaa book oof job" "(1700), maathyoo preerinte" "solomon, oor dhaa vaanity oof dhaa waled" "(1718) ennivayaayirunnu". "swis kavi johann jacob bodmerineyum baibil ithihaasamaaya messias (1749) swaadheenicha jarmman kaviyaya friedrick clopstokkineyum swaadheenichukondu "joseph" jarmman bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettu."eee kruthiyil, avar libertanisatheyum purajaatheeya puraanangaleyum purohitavidyayeyum vimarshikkunnath thudarunnu, pottifarinte bhaaryayude pralobhanangale prathirodhikkumbol pavithrathayude sadgunathe prakadippikkunna oru nayakane aaghoshikkunnu, sabreena bye rove, avane vasheekarikkan sramikkaan manoharita, jyothishavum libertainisathinte daarshanika vaadangalum upayogikkunnu.
philomela allengil, srimati ezhuthiya kavithakal. elisabath gaayika (ippol rove) (1737)
niravadhi avasarangalil 1696-leeii kavithakalude punarmudranamaanithu."
dhyaanathilum swabhaashanathilum praarthanayilum sthuthiyilum hridayathinte bhakthiparamaya vyaayamangal (1737)
avalude maranathethudarnnum avalude aagrahamanusarichu, isak whats eee kruthiyil avalude mathaparamaya dhyanangal parishkarikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
srimati elisabath royude gadyathilum padyatthilum (1739) vividha kruthikal
theophilus roow marananantharamaayi prasidheekaricha eee samaahaarathin valare prashamsaasoochakamaaya jeevacharitravum panthrandil kurayaatha kaavyathmaka aadaravum nalki.
vimarsanaathmakamaaya sweekaranam.
pathinettaam noottaandile saahitya niroopakanum nighanduvisttumaaya saamuval jonson roye prashamsikkukayum oru "vividha" avalokanathil eee samahaarathile upanyasakar "saadhaaranayaayi srimati jonsante samriddhiyum aadambaravum anukarikkukayo anukarikkaan shramikkukayo cheythathayi thonnunnu. rove. ennirunnaalum, ithu avarude ellah prasamsayum allah; avalude prathichaayayude thilakkavum vikaarathinte shudhiyum vardhippikkaan avar parishramichu, koodaathe "mathatthinte alankaarathil pranayatthinte aabharanangal" upayogicha shailiyude praaveenyathinu addeham avalkk bahumati nalki. pathinettaam noottaandile engleesh ezhuthukaariyum bluestocking ezhuthukaariyumaaya elisabath carter royude "santhoshakaramaaya chinthayude charutha" yeei prashamsichu, avalude kavithaye "aathmaavinte shreshtamaaya abhiniveshangale unarthunna sakthamaaya sammarddangal [avaa] upayogichu" sadgunathaal parishkaricha "ennu visheshippichu."[21] royude samakaalikar avare" "catherine philipsinte sadgunamullah pingamiyaayi" "kanakkakki"."
avarude maranashesham mattu ezhuthukaarum pothujanangalum avarude sadgunaparamaaya prashasthikk oonnal nalki. 1739-ll "dhii gentlemens magazin" royekkurich moonnu bhaagangalulla oru parambarayil ezhuthi, avale "avalude laingikathayude alankaaram" ennu vilichu."pathinettaam noottaandile saahitya puraavrithiyum jeevacharitrakaaranumaaya jorjju ballard, mahathaaya brittanile niravadhi sthreekalude ormmakkurippukalil, padicha bhashakal, kalakal, shaasthrangal ennivayile rachanakalkko naipunyathino vendi prashastharaaya" "(1752) enna thante ettavum swaadheenamulla ormmakkurippukalil, sadgunamullathum elimayullathum aadarshaparavumaaya vanita ezhuthukaariyude maathrkayenna nilayil roye prathiroopamaakki". joonn dankombeyude feminiad (1754) avarude kathaapaathratheyum rachana prashamsichu. 1803 vare oru anjjaatha ezhuthukaaran nirddeshichathu rove "sadgunatheyum avalude ellah yadhaartha soundaryatheyum prathinidheekarikkunnu [athu] valarnnuvarunna thalamurayude thiranjeduppinum prashamsaykkum shupaarsha cheiyunnu."pilkkala vanita ezhuthukaareyum pathonpathaam noottaandile kristhyan vanita pravartthakareyum swaadheenichukondu avar oru" "saamskaarika adhikaariyaayi" "maari". avarude kruthikal 1855 vare eathaandu ellah varshavum veendum achadikkappettu, 1860 aayappozhekkum achadi illaathaayi, 1897 ll "engleesh ezhuthukaarude oru nighanduvil" polum avare paraamarshichirunnilla; avarude prashasthi "udaaharanam", "muse" ennivayil ninnu "purathana kauthukam" aayi maari."
sameepakaala pandithanmaar roye engleesh novalinte vikasanathile oru pradhana vyakthiyayi vyaakhyaanichittund pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum englandil janapriyamaaya franch, itaaliyan pranayakathakalil ninnu stokku kathaapaathrangalum saahacharyangalum kadamedutha roow, naayikayude shareerathe vanchakaril ninnu rakshikkunnathinulla baahya poraattangale parivartthanam cheyyukayum, chinthayude falamaayundaakunna sadgunaparamaaya aathmaniyanthranathiloode azhimathamaaya lokathil ninnu naayikayude manassin athmaavineyum rakshikkukayum cheiyunnu, angane elisa hevudinte "bettsi chinthayillaattha", saamuval richaardsante "clarisa", frances barniyude "cecilia" thudangiya novalukalil thelinjirikkunnathupole thudarnnulla kadhakalude ithivritham adaykkukayum cheiyunnu. royude saahitya sambhaavanakalude aadyakaala-feminist, amettari praadhaanyam avarude dhaarmikavum upadesaparavumaaya prameyangalkkethire punarmoolyanirnayam cheiyunnathu thudarunnu.