
arther yang (krishikkaaran)

arther yang efrs (11 septambar 1741-12 epril 1820) oru engleesh krishikkaaranaayirunnu. oru karshakanenna nilayil vijayikkatha addeham, oru prasaadhakanenna nilayil bandhangalum pravartthanangalum kettippadukki, kaarshika mechappeduthalil vidagdhanenna nilayil ganyamaaya prashasthi nedi. 1789leeii franch viplavathinushesham, athinte raashtreeyathekkurichu addehathinte kaazhchappaadukal oru arivulla nireekshakanenna nilayil praadhaanyam arhikkukayum addeham britiish parishkartthaakkalude oru pradhana ethiraaliyaayi maarukayum cheythu. saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya nireekshakanaayi addeham ariyappedunnundengilum krishiyekkurichulla oru pradhana engleesh ezhuthukaaranaayi yang kanakkaakkappedunnu. addehathinte "touur inn ireland" (1780), "travels inn france" (1792) ennivayum vyaapakamaayi vaayikkappettu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
1741ll landanile vaitthaalil anna lucressia koosmekkarinteyum avarude bharthaav arther yanginteyum randaamathe makanayi janicha yung, safolkkile bradfield kambasttinteyum arther oonslooyude chapline rektaraayirunnu. 1748 muthal lavenhamile schoolil padicha sesham 1758ll raajaavinte linnile oru vyaapaarabhavanamaaya mess robertsonil addehathe paarppichu. 1758ll joonn thomlinsone vivaham kazhicha addehathinte sahodari elisabath merii adutha varsham marichu, ithu landanile mess tomlinsonil addehathinte sahodarimaarude keezhil jolie cheyyaanulla padhathiye thadassappeduthi.
1759ll yamginte pithavum marichu. 1761ll yangum landanilekku pookukayum adutha varsham "dhii yoonivezhsal museum" enna peril oru maasika aarambikkukayum cheythu. raajaavinte bench jayilil ninnu vilyam kentikkine recruit cheytha yuvavinaal edittu cheyyappetta anchu nambarukalilekku athu oodi. saamuval jonsante prarambha upadeshamanusarich, athil oru pankum aagrahikkaatha pusthaka vilppanakkaarude oru kansorshyathinu ithu vittu. 1761 muthal 1763 vare yuvaavin shwaasakosha rogam undaayirunnu, sarr chaals howardil ninnu kuthirappada udyogasthanaayi oru tasthika vaagdaanam nirasichu. kadakkeniyilaya bradfield haalile kudumba estettinte chumatala yuvaavinte amma addehathe ealppichu. 1763num 1766num idayil addeham avide krishiyil shradha kendreekarichu.
1764ll "krishiyekkurichulla lekhanangal" prasidheekaricha walter haarttinte suhruthaayi marria yuvavaaya hart, aanukalikangalkkulla ezhuthu upekshikkaan addehathe upadeshichu. thudarnnu addeham henry-luis duhamel duu monso, saamuval hartlieb, jetro tull ennivarude kruthikal shekharikkukayum hart vaayikkukayum cheythu. museum rastikkam" enna myoosiyathil addeham sambhavana nalki.
karshakan ezhuthukaaranum.
1767-ll yang sampord haalile essexile oru phaam etteduthu, bharyayumaayi mosham bandhatthilaayirunna ammayil ninnu akannupookuka ennathaayirunnu oru kaaranam. saambathika kaaranangalal 1768ll addehathinu hertfordshire north maimsile bradmore familake pokendivannu. avide addeham "eiii kozhs oof ekspirimental agrikalchar" (1770) ennathil vivaricha pareekshanangalil earppettu. iva pothuve paraajayappettenkilum avar addehathinu krishiyekkurichulla pravartthana parijnjaanam nalki. 1773 muthal lunden "morning poost" enna paarlamentari reporteraayi addeham pravarthichu.
1774-ll yang royal sosaittiyude fello aayi thiranjedukkappettu; ennaal hermistanile jaims aandezhsan polulla vimarshakar ellaayppozhum undaayirunna kaarshika vishayangalekkurichulla addehathinte niravadhi prabandhangal sosaitti nirasichu. 1784-ll yang 45 vaalyangalulla "annels oof agrikalchar" prasidheekarikkaan thudangi sambhaavakaril "ralph robinson" enna thoolikaanaamathil ezhuthiya jorjju moonnaaman rajaavum cheruppakkaaranaaya roobert andruz ulppedunnu. englandinteyum veyilsinteyum motham vistheernnathekkurichu yuvaakkalude kanakkukal, motham krishi cheytha vistheernnam enniva gurutharamaaya amithamaya kanakkukalaayirunnu. 1799 muthalulla oru kruthiyil, deseeya bajattine yudhakaalathum saambathikamaayum sammarddathilaakkiya samayat, henry beak kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaaya kanakkukal nalki, cheruppakkaar thettu cheythuvennu kaanikkunnu.
sarr joonn synclairinte adhyakshathayil roopeekarichathinu thottupinnaale 1793ll yung kaarshika bordinte sekrattariyaayi niyamithanaayi. aaa padaviyil addeham kaarshika kaundi sarvekalude pothuvaaya kaazhchappaad shekharikkunnathinum thayyarakkunnathinum pravarthichu. 1803ll athu achadicha grave sent edmundsile joonn raakhaam, athinte pakarpp illennu kandethukayum cheruppatthil amarthukayum cheythappol "kaarshikacharithrangal" avasanikkaan thudangi, avar pazhaya nottukal upayogichu pejukal paadu cheythu. richard phillips athu 41-aamm vaalyathilekku edukkukayum 1808-ll 45-aamm vaalyathil avasana vaalyam prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
sanjaara ezhuthukaaran.
1768 muthal 1770 vare purathirangiya pusthakangalil addeham vivaricha englandiloodeyum veyilsiloodeyum oru yaathrayude parambarayaanu yang aarambhichatha "englandinteyum veyilsinteyum thekkan kaundikaliloode aarr aazhchathe paryadanam", "englandinte vadakku bhaagathukoodiyulla aarr maasathe paryadanam", "englandinte kizhakk bhaagathulla karshakarude paryadanam". englandinte vaadaka, uthppannangal, stokku ennivayekkurichulla aadya vivarangal maathrame ithil ulloovennu addeham avakashappettu. avaa anukoolamaayi sweekarikkappedukayum vyaapakamaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu.
1780ll "touur inn ireland" prasidheekaricha addeham ireland raajyam sandarshichu. 1897lum 1925lum pusthakam veendum prasidheekarikkappettum cheruppakkaarude saamoohika vishadaamshangal mikathum neekkam cheythu. 1892ll arther hutton "arther yanginte ireland paryadanam (1776-1779)" enna peril eee muzhuvan grandhavum veendum prasidheekarichu.
1787ll fraansilekkulla yuvaavinte aadya sandarshanam. 1787 muthal 1789 vare (franch viplavathinte thudakkathil) raajyathudaneelam ellah varshavum sanjaricha addeham janangalude avasthayum nirnaayaka ghattathil pothukaaryangalude nadatthippum vivarichu. 1792-ll addehathinte "travels inn france" oru valia kwarto vaalyathilum rund okdaavo vaalyangalilum (doublin, 1793) rund kwarto vaalyangalilum (lunden, 1794) vipuleekaricha randaam pathippilum prathyakshappettu.
franch viplavathekkurichu.
1789ll baasttilinte pathanasamayathu franch prabhukkanmaarude (rajaavum raajnjiyum ulppede) ettavum uyarnna thalatthilulla koottatthilekku swaagatham cheyyappetta oralaayi franch viplavathinu driksaakshiyaaya cheruppakkaaran 1792 aayappozhekkum athinte akramatthinte ethiraaliyaayi maarukayum engleesh raashtreeyathekkurichu thante parishkarana kaazhchappaadukal parishkarikkukayum cheythu. besanzonile kathikkarinja kottaram kandu, deseeya asambliyude araajakathvaparamaaya samvaadangal (nadapadikramangalekkurichu joonn haatsalinte pusthakam addeham shupaarsha cheytha) addehathe njettichathupole, pravishya vaikalyangal addehathe njettichu. 1792 novemberile 'brittanukalodulla yuvaavinte' lalithavum aathmaarthavumaaya prasamgatthil " fraansile viplavathekurichulla prathifalanangalil '(1790) prakadippicha edmund barkkinte kaazhchappaadukalumaayi adhehavum vilyam windam svayam yojichu. republicanmaarkkum levalarmaarkkumethire swaathanthryavum swathum samrakshikkunnathinulla vishwastha association ithu amgeekarichu. 1793ll addeham paarlamentil chaals greyude parishkarana prameyathe ethirkkukayum "fraansinte udaaharanam brittanu oru munnariyipp" ennu ezhuthukayum cheythu.
1793-lum kuthirappadayude sannadhapravarthakarude praadeshika samghangale orumichu konduvannu yuvatharangal swolk yomanariye niyamikkunnathil oru punk vahichu. 1794-laanu yadhaarthathil roopeekaranam nadannathenkilum 1793-leeii oru cap-badge theeyathi pinneedu sweekarichu. trosttan haalile radical capell lofttinoppam addeham oru safolk ship oof vaar enna nirddeshathil chernnu.
1798-ll "ettavum thaazhnna vibhaagangalkkidayile maanasikaavasthayekkurichu anweshanavumaayi" yuvakkal parishkarana vishayathilekku madangi. kamantettar enna nilayil addeham oru sakthamaaya sthaanam nedukayum nagaratthile aswasthathayilekkum toom peyininte swaadheenathilekkum shradha aakarshikkan athu upayogikkukayum cheythu.
associationukal.
kembridge academic vidyaarthiyaaya joonn symonds aayirunnu yamginte ettavum adutha suhruthu, addeham edittaraayi addehathinte rachanayil earppettu. 1782-ll bristtolile naalaamathe earl frederic hervy, cheruppakkaarkkum mattullavarkkumayi ekkvarthil aazhchathorum vyaazhazhcha athaazhavirunninu aathidheyathvam vahichu.
1780kalude avasaanathil kambili kayattumathi vivaadamaayenkilum yuvaakkalude samyuktha sakthikal sarr josaf baankukalumaayi chernnu ithinulla niyanthranangale ethirthu. nool vyaapaariyaaya jaims ooks oof burg sent edmunds, simondukaludeyum cheruppakkaarudeyum suhruthaayirunnu. kambili vivaadathil, ookks maruvashathu cheruppakkaaril ninnu, kambili kayattumathi niyanthrikkunnath bhoovudamakalude thaalpparyangalkk virudhamaanennu vaadichu, athesamayam spinnermark kambili vila kurayunnathu kaanaan ookks aagrahichu.
cheruppakkaarude oru paryadanatthinu saadhaaranayaayi pathraprashamsakalkk munbaayirunnu, koodaathe pramukha karshakarumayum kaarshika mechappeduthalukaarumaayuma saamoohika yogangal ulppettirunnu. 1796-ll thekk-padinjaaran englandile oru jadjiyum dartmoorile prins tounile mechappeduthalukaaranumaayu sarr francis bullarumaayi parichayappedaan ithu kaaranamaayi. kaarshika kaaryangalil bullar yuvakkalumaayi kathidapaadukal nadathiyirunnu. ennirunnaalum, cheruppakkaarante makanaaya revu aayappol eee bandham pinneedu asvaasthyakaramaayi. theevravaadiyaaya burg sent edmundinte gamalial loydinu ezhuthiya kathinte adisthaanathil, yunaittad irishmaan arther ooo 'connor vichaaranayil juurii krithrimam nadathiyathaayi arther yang samshayichu. kathinte vaachakam kodathiyil nadannappol bullar attorni generalum aaropanangalodu yudhaparamaaya manobhaavam sweekarichu.
avasana varshangal.
1801 muthal, lunden loock chappalil thomas skottinte suvishesha padippikkal pinthudarnna yuvavaaya chaals simiyoon addehathe swaadheenichu. 1809ll addeham videshathu thamasikkunna netherlandsile royal instittyoottinte lekhakanaayi. 1811-ll frances barniyude anantharavalaaya marian fraansisumaayi (1790-1832) addeham uracha suhruthukkalaayi. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte kaazhchashakthi kshayichukondirikkayuku, aaa varsham addehathinu thimirathinu oru sasthrakriya nadathukayum athu paraajayappedukayum addehathe andhanakkukayum cheythu.
cheruppakkaar laghulekhakal prasidheekarikkunnathu thudarnnu. 1820 epril 12 nuu landanile sackville streettil, 78-aamm vayassil, moothrasanchiyude calculus moolamundaakunna vedanaajanakamaaya asukhathethudarnnu addeham marikkukayum bradfield kambast palliyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu, avide addehathinte shavakudeeram shavakudeera roopathil alekhanam cheythittundu, "oro yadhaartha desasnehi oru kannuneer choriyatte, prathibhaykkum kazhivinum moolyathinum vendi, ivide kuzhichidatte."randaam grade listtucheytha gadanayaanu shavakudeeram. addeham kayyezhuthuprathiyil oru aathmakatha avasheshippichu, athu mattilda betham-edwards edittu cheythu (1898).
paarambaryamaayi.
frederic morttan eedan, sarr joonn synclire thudangiya saambathika saamoohika jeevithathinte samakaalika nireekshakare cheruppakkaar swaadheenichu. american improver joonn beal bordleyilum addeham swaadheenam chelutthi.
aduthide cheruppakkaarane addehathinte anweshana reethikalkkaayi padichu. oru noottaand munbu jeevichirunna gregory raajaavinte pravartthanam thudarunna oru pioneer deseeya varumaana sthithivivarakkanakku vidagdhanaayi richard stoon (1997) addehathe avatharippikkunnu. englandinte deseeya varumaanathekkurich yang moonnu kanakkukal nirmmichu "englandinte vadakku bhaagathekkulla paryadanatthil", "englandinte kizhakk bhaagathekkulla karshakarude paryadanatthil", "rashtreeya ganithathil". cheruppakkaar thante vivarangal engane shekharichuvennu oonnipparayukayum sample sarvekalude oru thudakkakkaaranaayi addehathe avatharippikkukayum cheiyunnathaanu brund (2001).
jolie cheiyunnu.
oru kaarshika mechappeduthal, rashtreeya saambathika shaasthranjan, saamoohika nireekshakan ennee nilakalil addeham prakadippicha kaazhchappaadukalude peril yuvathvam prashasthi nedi. 17-aamm vayassil addeham "vadakke amerikkayile yudhathekkurichu" oru laghulekha prasidheekarichu. 1759ll addeham naalu aadyakaala novalukalum "swadeshathum videshathumulla ippozhathe avasthayekkurichulla prathiphalanangalum" ezhuthukayum 1768ll "englandile janangalkulla karshakarude kathukal", 1771ll "karshakarude kalandar", niravadhi pathippukaliloode kadannupokukayum 1774ll "rashtreeya ganithashaasthram" enniva vyaapakamaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum cheythu.
krishiyekkurichu 25 pusthakangalum laghulekhakalum rashtreeya sambadvyavasthayekkurichu 15 pusthakangalum niravadhi lekhanangalum yuvakkal nirmmichu. ivayil ulppedunnu
fraansile yathrakal francois souls franchilekku 1793-1794 enna bhaashayilekku vivarthanam cheythu; henry lesejinte oru puthiya pathipp 1856-ll leons gilhoud dii lavergne avatharippichu. 1801-leeii directory yamginte rachanakal "leeii kalttivetter anglise" enna peril 20 vaalyangalayi vivarthanam cheyyaan utharavittu.
kudumbam.
1765ll chaals barniyude bhaaryaasahodariyaaya maartha aalane (1815-ll marichu) yuvavu vivaham kazhichu. 1792-ll oru sandarshana velayil frances burney avarude ardhasahodari sara avarude kadutha vaivaahika kalahathin kuttikalodulla cheruppatthinte bhakthikkum saakshyam vahichu. 1797 juulai 14-nuu 14-aamm vayassil makal maartha aan madyapaanam moolam marichappol addeham agaadhamaayi dukkhikkukayum avarude nashtam addehathinte manassine mathathilekku maattukayum cheythathayi parayappedunnu.
paraamarshangal.
attribution