
aadyakaala aadhunika yuddham

madhyakala yudhathe thudarnnulla yudhathinte yugamaan aadyakaala aadhunika yuddham. vedimarunninte vyapakamaaya upayogathinte thudakkavum peerankikalum thokkukalum ulppedeyulla sphodakavasthukkal upayogikkaan anuyojyamaaya aayudhangalude vikasanavumayi ithu bandhappettirikkunnu; ekkaaranathaal eee kaalaghattatthe vedimarunninte yudhakaalam ennum vilikkunnu (1950-kalil maikkal robarttukal avatharippicha oru ashayam). naavika peerankikalil thokku upayogikkunnathadakkam aaa kaalaghattatthile naavika thanthrangalil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna kappal yaathrayude kaalaghattatthilaanu eee kaalayalav muzhuvan adangiyirikkunnathu.
europile ellah mahaashakthikalum islaamika vedimarunnu saamrajyangalum eee kaalaghattatthiludaneelam niravadhi yudhangal sajeevamaayi nadathukayum avaye bhoomishaasthraparavum kaalakramaparavumaya padangalil tharamthirikkukayum cheythu
europe.
bahubhuja kottakalude thudakkam.
1501 muthal 1800 vareyulla kaalayalavil europil kotta nirmmaana saankethikavidyakalil athivega purogathi kandu. madhyakala kottakal aakramanakaarikale akattinirthaan uyarnna mathilukale aasrayichirunnuvenkilum aadyakaala aadhunika kottakalkku peeranki bombaakramanangale neridendivannu. ithu cheiyunnathinu, enchineeyarmaar "itaaliyan shaili" allengil "itaaliyan shailiyil kandethuka" ennariyappedunna oru kottayude shaili vikasippichu. ivaykku thaazhnnathum kattiyullathum charinjathumaaya mathilukal undaayirunnu, avaa peeranki thee agiranam cheiyukayo vyathichalippikkukayo cheyyum.
koodaathe, moorchayulla konukalil neendunilkkunna kothalangalulla avaa nakshathrangal poleyaayirunnu. aakramanakaarikalkk akathekku kadakkaan oru dedd graundum avasheshippikkaathe, aduthulla oru kottayil ninnulla theepiduttham vazhi ellah kottakaleyum pinthunaykkaan kazhiyumennu urappaakkaanaayirunnu ithu. eee puthiya kottakal uparodhakkaarkk peeranki nalkia nettangale pettennu nishedhikkukayum cheythu.
nakshatra kottakalude kedupaadukalkk marupadiyaayi, sainika enchineeyarmaar valare lalithavum ennaal kooduthal karuthuttathumaaya kotta nirmmaana reethi vikasippichu. sphodakavasthukkalude vikaasathin marupadiyaayi pathinettaam noottaandinte madhyathil vikasicha shailiyilulla oru kottayaan bahubhuja kotta. avaykku munbulla nakshatra kottakalude sankeernavum sankeernavumaaya roopakalppanakal peeranki aakramanathinethire valare falapradamaayirunnuvenkilum rifled thokkukalude kooduthal krithyamaaya vedivayppinum sphodakavasthukkalude vinashakaramaaya sakthikkum ethire valare kurachumaathrame phalapradamaakoo. bahubhuja shailiyilulla kottaye "vashamillaatha kotta" ennum visheshippikkunnu. atharam kottakal palathum loard paalmerstan sarkkaarinte kaalath yunaittad kingdatthilum britiish saamraajyathilum nirmmikkappettathinaal avaye palappozhum paalmerstan kottakal ennum vilikkunnu. britiish bahubhuja kottayude udaaharanamaanu fort thaas-silog.
thokkukal.
eee kaalayalavil padinjaaran europiludaneelam prabhukkanmaarude "visitts vis stetts" shakti kuranju. prabhukkanmaarude 200 muthal 400 varsham vare pazhakkamulla poorvvika kottakal peerankikalkkethire upayogapradamaaya prathirodham nalkiyilla. madhyakaalakhattatthile kanatha kuthirappadaykku yudhathil athinte kendra punk nashtappettathinaal yudhathil prabhukkanmaarude praadhaanyavum kshayichu. kavachitharaya kuthirakal kondu nirmmicha kanatha kuthirappadayude praadhaanyam madhyakaalakhattatthinte avasaanathil mangaan thudangiyirunnu. engleesh longbo swis pykkum kuthirappadayude valia sayudha senaye nasippikkaanulla kazhivu theliyichirunnu. ennirunnaalum, neelamulla villinte sariyaaya upayogathinu upayokthaav valare shakthanaayirikkendathundu, ithu valare valia ambeythukaare shekharikkunnathu asaadhyamaakkunnu.
paikkinte sariyaaya upayogathinu roopeekaranathil sankeernamaaya pravartthanangalum paikkamente valia dhairyavum aikyavum aavashyamaayirunnu, ithu valia sainyathe shekharikkunnathu veendum budhimuttaakki. pathinalam noottaandinte thudakkathil, neelamulla villinteyum crossboyudeyum ambukalil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi kavachitharmar naittukaludeyum purushanmaarudeyum parambaraagatha samrakshanavumaayi bandhippicha meyil kavachithrathil plate-kavachangal chertthu. 1415 aayappozhekkum chila kaalaalppadaamgangal aadyathe "hand peerankikal" vinyasikkaan thudangi, pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil kathunna "maachu lokkukal" ulla aadyakaala cheria booar aarkbasukal yudhakkalathil prathyakshappettu.
plate kavacham kurayunnu.
250 varshathe (1400 muthal 1650 vare) ellah pradhana europian yudhangalilum, niravadhi sainikar vipulamaaya plate kavacham dharichirunnu; ithil kaalaalppadayaalikalum (saadhaaranayaayi pikemen) mikkavarum ellah kuthirasavaari sainikarum ulppedunnu. plate kavacham vashathulla aayudhangale vyathichalippikkumennum akale ninnu vedivaykkunna archwebus allengil pisttal panthu thadayumennum pratheekshichirunnu, athu saadhaaranayaayi angane cheiyumaayirunnu. thokkukalude prathividhiyayi plate kavacham upayogikkunnathu panthinte vegathayum bharavum valare kuravaayirikkunnidathol kaalam pravarthichirunnu, ennaal kaalakramena thokkukalude vardhichuvarunna shakthiyum falapraptiyum avaye prathirodhikkunathinulla prathirodhatthinte vikasanathe marikadannu, athaayath flintlock maskattukalkk (1650 nuu sesham upayogathilekku praveshikkunnathu) 100 yard akale polum oru kavachithane kollan kazhiyum (parimithamaaya krithyathayode), eee bheeshaniyil ninnu samrakshikkaan aavashyamaaya kavacham valare bhaarameriyathum praayogikamaakaan kazhiyaathathumaayirunnene.
1650 nuu sesham pickmen ozhikeyulla mikka kaalaalppadayaalikalum vahichirunna flintlock maskatt, maachu loock aarkvebasinekkaal bharameriya charge panthum prayogichu. aazhchakalkkullil oru recruitment oru thokku upayogikkaan parisheelippikkam. oru thokku pravarthippikkunnathinni oru paikkmaanudeyo long bomanudeyo valia shaareerika shaktiyo kuthirasavaarikkaarante apoorva kazhivukalo aavasyamilla. avarude archvibus mungaamikalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, flintlock thokkukalkku ettavum kanatha kavachitha kuthirappadaye polum nirveeryamaakkaan kazhiyum.
oru thokku pravarthippikkaan cheria pariseelanam aavasyamullathinaal, thokkumaayi oru karshakanu ippol europilum avarude kizhakkan thulyaraaya kuthirapadayum nilanirthunna kramatheyum bahumaanatheyum durbalappedutthaan kazhiyum. nannayi pothinja plate-aayudhangalkk vedimarunninte-aayudhangalude nuzhanjukayattam thadayaan kazhiyumenkilum, 1690 aayappozhekkum athu munvashathe aakramanathil kootta thokkukalkku thulyamaayirunnilla, kuthirappadaykkidayil polum athinte upayogam avasaanichu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, kaalalppadayileyum mikka kuthirappada yoonittukalileyum sainikar orupole poornnamaayum niraayudharaayirikkunnathi uyarnna chalanaathmakathaykk munganana nalki, ennaal cheria samrakshanathinupakaram, aaa kaalaghattatthile kanatha plate kavacham dharichu vaagdaanam cheytha chalanathmakatha valareyadhikam kuranju.
flintlock maskattukalilekkulla parivartthanam.
1410 muthal upayogichirunna archwabes thaarathamyena bharam kuranjathum (athu santhulithamaakkaan oru staand aavasyamullathum) oru vyakthikk orennam pravarthippikkaan kazhiyunnathumaaya aadyathe thokkukalil onnaayirunnu. eee aayudhangalilonn 1415-leeii ajinkort yudhathil upayogichathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu ithu ippozhum oru madhyakala yudhamaayirunnu. maskatt" enna padam yadhaarthathil aarkveebasinte bharameriya roopathinu baadhakamaayirunnu, ithu plate kavachathe thulachukayaraan kazhiyunna oru shoat prayogichu, ennirunnaalum adutha doorathil maathram. pathinaram noottaandil athu sthiramaayi nilanirthaan oru support sttikkil sthaapikkendivannu. aarkveebasinte bharam kuranja roopamaayirunnu caliver. 1600 aayappozhekkum, oru puthiya laittar maachu loock maskattinu anukoolamaayi sainyam eee thokkukal ghattamghattamaayi nirtthi. pathinaram noottaandiludaneelam 1690 vare, maskattukal maachu loock design upayogichirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, 1690-kalil maachu loock roopakalppanaye flintlock maskatt marikadannu, ithu mispire saadhyatha kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe vegathil reloading nirakkum undaayirunnu. eee samayamaayappozhekkum, "sainyathinte annukal" enna laitt-kwal scouting unitukal maathram, vidoora allengil achadakkamillaatha thokkukalulla sainikaril ninnu svayam samrakshikkunnathinaayi munnilum pinnilum kavacham darikkunnath thudarnnu.
thokkukalulla sainikarkk mithamaaya akalatthil kuthirappadaykku valia naashanashtamundaakkaan kazhiyumenkilum, kuthirappadaykku avarude roopeekaranam thakarkkanum samgharshathil earppedaanum kazhiyumenkil aduthulla kwaarttezhsukalil thokkukalulla kaalalppadaye vadhikkan kazhiyum. niravadhi varshangalayi kaalaalppadayude roopeekaranangalil kuthirappadayude chaarjil ninnu arcbusiermaareyo thokkudhaarikaleyo prathirodhikkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi striking shakthiyum paikkukalum nalkunnathinu rund thokkukalum upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya sainikarude oru misritham ulppedunnu. bionettinte kandupidutham 1690-kalil eee rund aayudangalum onnichucherkkaan anuvadichu, ithu kaalalppadaye aadyakaala aadhunika sainyathinte ettavum pradhanappetta shaakhayaayi maatti-bionettukalulla flintlock maskattukal orepole upayogichirunnu.
yudhathinte swabhaavam.
eee kaalayalavil yudhathinte valipavum vyapthiyum valareyadhikam vardhichu. pathinaram noottaandinte madhyam muthal athil ulppettirunna poraalikalude ennam kramanugathamaayi vardhikkukayum 1660-kalkk sesham naadakeeyamaayi vikasikkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, fraansile henry randaaman, mathaparamaya aswasthathakalum anivaryamaaya akramangalum pottippurappettappol polum, habsburg speyininethiraaya 1550 pathittaandile yudhathil 20,000 pere shekharikkaan kazhinju, ennaal france raajyathilum padinjaaran europilum ettavum kooduthal janasamkhyayulla sooryaraajaavaaya luis pathinaraman 1700 oode spanish pinthudarchaavakaashatthinte yudhathil 500,000 pere vare vinyasikkaan kazhinju. koodaathe, yudhangalum thudarnnulla yudhangalum eee kaalaghattatthil kooduthal maarakavum parukkanthanneyumaayi maari. luis XV-yude vipulamaaya saannidhyathodeyulla fontenoy yudhathil irubhaagathum 100,000-thiladhikam aalukale vinyasichu, athil pakuthiyolam perum franchukaaraayirunnu, oru franch vijayam undaayirunnittum, france thanne dutch pradesham nilanirtthiyilla, papparaaya raajyathin samadhaanam aagrahichathinaal, oru saadhaarana vivarthanam, athaayath ekadesham 10,000 maranangal kaalaharanapettu, athaayath ekadesham 10,000 maranangal austriyan samgharshathil avasheshikkunna valare kurachu yudhangalkku sesham doore ninnu bheethikalkk saakshyam vahicha rajaavu. uparodhikkaan maasangal edutha nagarangal divasangalkkullil thakarnnekkaam. kadutha shathruthakalulla europian rajaakkanmaar kadutha yudhathinu valareyadhikam vibhavangal viniyogikkum, ithu palappozhum vanthothilulla maranathinum supreme pontifinte jeevan apakadatthilaaya romile habsburg chaakk polulla niraparaadhikalude naashathinum kaaranamaayi, ithu daivathinum kristhumathatthinum ethiraaya pratheekathmaka aakramanamaan. itaaliyan yudhangal maathram yooroppinte nilanilppin bheeshaniyaakum. aayudha saankethikavidyayile mechappeduthalukalum athu upayogikkunna saankethikavidyakalum (udaaharanathinu kaalaalppada voolii fayar) ithinu kaaranamakaam.
ennirunnaalum, sainyangal ippol valare valuthaayirunnuvenkilum avarkkulla logistic pinthuna aparyapthamaayirunnu ennathaanu pradhana kaaranam. ithinartham, sainyangal svayam bhakshanam nalkaanulla shramathil sivilian pradeshangale nasippikkukayum shaamathinum janasamkhyayude sthaanachalanathinum kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. muppath varshathe yudhavum enpathu varshathe yudhavum polulla samgharshangalude vardhichuvarunna dairkhyamaanu ithu kooduthal vashalaakkiyath, ithu aavarthichulla naashathinu vidheyamaaya pradeshangalil poraadi. ekkaaranathaal, eee kaalaghattatthile yudhangal aadhunika kaalaghattatthinu munbulla ettavum maarakamayirunnu.
udaaharanathinu, muppathu varshathe yudhavum moonnu raajyangalude samakaalika yudhangalum onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu yathaakramam germmaniyudeyum brittanudeyum charithratthile ettavum raktharookshithamaaya samghattanangalaayirunnu. thadavukaarudeyum poraalikalallaathavarudeyum perumattavumaayi bandhappett vyakthamaaya niyamangalude abhavamaayirunnu yudhathile rakthachorichil vardhippikkunna mattoru ghadakam. thadavukaar saadhaaranayaayi panatthino mattu thadavukaarkko vendi mochanadravyamaayi nalkappettirunnuvenkilum, 1647-leeii dungens kunnin yudhathilennapole chilappol avare kaikondu vadikkappettu.
yudhathinte vardhicha aaghaathathinte oru kaaranam athinte anishchithathvamaayirunnu. nalla roadukalum kanaalukalum ulla oru kaalaghattatthil sainyangal pathukkeyaayirunnu neengiyathu. nerittulla samgharshangalonnumillaathe sainyathin maasangalolam thanthrangal prayogikkaan kazhiyumennathinaal yudhangal thaarathamyena apoorvamaayirunnu. koodaathe, vipulamaaya, kottakalulla kottakalude vyaapanam palappozhum yudhangale aprasakthamakki. oru pradesham niyantrikkaan, shathrukkalude feeld sainyathe paraajayappedutthiyo illayo ennathu pariganikkathe sainyangalkk kottakettya pattanangal pidichedukkendivannu. thalphalamaayi, aaa kaalaghattatthile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya yudhangal uparodhangalaayirunnu, valareyadhikam samayamedukkunnathum chelaveriyathumaaya kaaryangalaayirunnu. kottakettya oru nagaratthil akramanam nadathunnathu valia naashanashtangalkkum aakramanathinu munbu keezhadangaatha nagarangalkkum kaaranamakum-udaaharanathinu 1631-ll magdeburg allengil 1649-ll drogeda. koodaathe, gaarisanukalum uparodhakarum palappozhum rogam moolam valareyadhikam kashtappettu.
samgharshangalude anishchithathvathinte swabhaavam ardhamaakkunnathu yudhangal dairkhyameriyathum praadeshikavumaayirunnu ennaanu. pathittaandukalaayi samgharshangal neendunilkkukayum pala samsthaanangalum samadhaanathil chelavazhichathinekkaal kooduthal varshangal yudhathil chelavazhikkukayum cheythu. dutch kalapam ananthamaaya uparodha yudhathil kudungiyathinu sesham netherlands veendum keezhadakkanulla spanish sramam. 1577 muthal spanish rajavaazhcha palathavana paapparattham prakhyapikkaan eee chelavu kaaranamaayi.
yudhathile mattangal oduvil navothaanathileyum madhyakaalakhattathileyum koolippadayaalikale kaalaharanapettu. ennirunnaalum ithu kramena vanna oru mattamaayirunnu. muppath varshathe yuddham (1618-1648) vare, mikka sainikarum koolippadayaalikalaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee samgharshathinushesham, mikka samsthaanangalum mikacha achadakkavum prathyayashaasthraparamaayi kooduthal prachodithavumaaya sainikaril nikshepam nadatthi. oru kaalathekku koolippadayaalikal pariseelakar, bharanadhikaarikal ennee nilakalil pradhaanamaayitheernnenkum taamasiyaathe eee jolikalum samsthaanam etteduthu. eee sainyangalude valia valippathin bharanaadhikaarikalude oru valia pinthuna seena aavasyamaanu. eee sainyangale niyantrikkunnathinaayi vishalamaaya samghaditha bureaucrassikal sthaapikkaan puthuthayi kendreekrithamaaya samsthaanangal nirbandhitharaayi, chila charitrakaaranmaar aadhunika bureaucratic bharanakoodatthinte adisthaanamaanennu vaadikkunnu.
vardhicha nikuthikalum sarkkar pravartthanangalude vardhicha kendreekaranavum samyojippichathode engleesh aabhyantharayudham, fraansile france thudangiya europiludaneelam niravadhi kalaapangalkk kaaranamaayi. pala raajyangalilum eee samgharshathinte pariharam raajavaazhchayude nirupadhikam uyarnnuvannathaayirunnu. englandilum netherlandilum maathramaan oru badalaayi praathinidhya sarkkar vikasichathu. pathinezhaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal, baank oof englandu polulla deseeya banking sthaapanangalil ninnu deerghakaala kuranja palisha vaaypakaliloode samsthaanangal yudhangalkku dhanasahayam nalkaan thudangi. eee prakriya poornnamaayum prayojanappedutthiya aadyathe samsthaanam dutch republicaayirunnu.
europile sainyangalile eee parivartthanam valia saamoohika swaadheenam chelutthi. jeey. eph. sii. thokku kaalaalppadayaaliye nirmmikkukayum kaalaalppadayaaliye janaadhipathyavaadiyaakkukayum cheythu" ennu phular prashasthamaayi prasthaavichu. samsthaanathinte prathirodham ippol saadhaaranakkaarilaanu, prabhukkanmaarilallenn eee vaadam prasthaavikkunnu. madhyakaalakhattathil pathivayi paraajayappettirunna thaazhekka vibhaagathinte kalapangal ippol samsthaanathinte adhikaarathe bheeshanippeduthumennu sangalppikkaam. ennirunnaalum, prabhukkanmaar avarude hikemand ulppede mikkavarum ellah aadyakaala aadhunika sainyangaludeyum officer corpsinte kuthaka thudarnnu.
mathramalla, kuleenarudeyo kuleena vibhaagangaludeyo pinthunayum rakshaakarthruthvavum illengil janakeeya kalapangal mikkavarum ellaayppozhum parajayappettu. puthiya sainyangal avarude valia chelavu kaaranam nikuthiyeyum samoohathil valia punk aavasyappedaan thudangiya vaanijya vibhaagangaleyum aashrayichirunnu. dutch, engleesh ennee mahathaaya vaanijya sakthikal sainika shakthiyil valare valia samsthaanangalumaayi poruthappettu.
eathoru manushyan oru thokku upayogikkunnathil vegathil pariseelanam nalkaan kazhiyumennathinaal, valia sainyangal roopeekarikkunnathu valare eluppamaayi. aayudhangalude krithyathayillaayma valia thothilulla sainikarude samghathe aavashyamaayi vannu. ithu sainyathinte valippam athivegam vardhikkaan kaaranamaayi.
aadyamaayi janasamkhyayude valiyoru vibhaagam uyarnna vaidagdhyamulla professionalukalekkaal yudhathil pankedukkaan kazhinju. raajyathudaneelamulla purushanmaare oru samghaditha samghathilekku aakarshikkunnath deseeya aikyavum desasnehavum valarthiyedukkaan sahayichuvennum eee kaalayalavil rashtraraashtram enna aadhunika ashayam janichuvennum vaadikkappettittundu. ennirunnaalum, franch viplava yudhangalkku sesham maathrame ithu vyakthamaakoo. eee samayat, levyum koottavum nirbandhitha sainikasevanavum aadhunika yudhathinte nirnnayaka maathrkayaayi maarum.
ennirunnaalum, athinumumbu, mikka deseeya sainyangalum vaasthavathil niravadhi deseeyathakal ulkkollunnathaayirunnu. udaaharanathinu, gustavas adolphasinte keezhilulla sweedish sainyathe yadhaarthathil orutharam deseeya nirbandhitha sainikasevanathiloodeyaanu recruit cheythathenkilum, muppath varshathe yudhathinte nashtam ardhamaakkunnathu 1648 aayappozhekkum athinte sainikaril 80 sathamaanathiladhikam videsha koolippadayaalikalaayirunnu. speyinil, spain, itali, vallonia, jarmmani ennivayulppede ellah spanish europian pradeshangalil ninnum sainyathe niyamichu. jarmmani, swittsarland, france ennividangalil ninnum mattidangalil ninnum franchukaar sainikare niyamichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare brittan hessian sainyathe niyamichu. airish catholicar pala europian samsthaanangaludeyum sainyathil svayam thozhil cheythu (kaattupookkalude parakkal kaanuka).
kaalaalppada.
nira-eee roopeekaranam saadhaaranayaayi march cheyyumbol upayogichirunnu, mathiyaya ichhaashakthiyum pindove undengilum, kanatha naashanashtangalode, line formationukal thakarkkunnathil ithu phalapradamaayirunnu.
line-lalithamaaya rando moonno raankulla aazhathilulla line roopeekaranam mikka thokkukale vahikkaan anuvadikkukayum ettavum saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna yuddha roopeekaranamaayirunnu. palappozhum onnaam rank randaamathe rank vedivaykkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi vediyuthirtha sesham muttukutthi nilkkum.
18-aamm noottaandinte avasaanam vare ettumuttalukal-ettumuttalukal oru saadhaarana kaalaalppada yoonitaayirunnilla. neriya kaalaalppada munnerukayum shathruvine akramikkaan prerippikkunnathin aadyam vediyuthirkkukayum cheyyum, athesamayam vashangal parisodhikkukayum cheyyum. pilkkala kaalaghattangalil, sharp shootermar saadhaarana sainikare mathramalla, udyogasthareyum lakshyamidunnathiloode aaa purushanmaarkk neethrthwamillaatheyaayi.
square-eee roopeekaranam kuthirappadaykkethire upayogichirunnu. bionettukal urappikkum, aadya varii avarude thokkukal mukalilekku konaayi (oru paikk pole) muttukutthi nilkkum.) randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum nirakal kuthirappada aduthethumbol avarkk nere vediyuthirkkum. kuthirappadayudeyum kaalalppadayudeyum samyuktha samghattanatheyo allengil playin squareukalude kaaryatthil peeranki vedivayppineyo neridumbol eee roopeekaranam valare falapradamalla.
kuthirappada.
vedimarunninte uyarcha oru kaalath prabalamaayirunna kanatha kuthirappadayude praadhaanyam kurachuvenkilum pathonpathaam noottaandil ithu oru puthiya rolil phalapradamaayi thudarnnu. kaalaalppadaykkoppam kuthirapadayum eee kaalayalavil kooduthal professionalaayi maariyengilum kaalalppadayekkaal valia saamoohikavum sainikavumaaya anthass nilanirtthi. vegathayilum chalanathilum ulla prayojanam kaaranam ettumuttalinum scoutinginum laitt kuthirappadaye avatharippichu. eee kaalaghattatthil avatharippicha puthiya tharam kuthirappada unitukal dragonukal allengil kuthirappadayaayirunnu.
kuthirappurathu yaatra cheyyaan uddeshichirunna dragonukal kaalnadayaayi pooraadukayum carbineukalum pisttalukalum upayogichu aayudangal upayogikkukayum cheythirunnu. yaadhaasthithika kuthirappada polum thokkukal, prathyekichu pisttal, vahichirunnu, athu avar caracol ennariyappedunna oru thanthrathil upayogichu. achadakkamillaatha kaalaalppadaykk nere vaalukal upayogikkunna kuthirappadayude akramanangal ippozhum valare nirnnaayakamaayirikkaamenkume nannayi krameekaricha thokkudhaarikalkkum paikkamenmarkkumethiraaya oru munnira akramanam vyarthamaayirunnu. pathinaram noottaand muthal kuthirappada unitukal oru kaalaalppadayude vashath mattu kuthirappadaye akramikkukayum shatru kaalaalppadaykk pinnil pravartthikkaan sramikkukayum cheyyaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. avar ithu nedukayum oodippookunna shathruvine pinthudarukayum cheythappol, kanatha kuthirappadaykku oru shatru sainyathe nasippikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu. neelamulla eettikalulla chirakulla husaarukal polulla prathyeka kuthirappada unitukalkku maathrame pikemen lineukal takarkkaan kazhiyoo, pakshe ithu oru apavaadamaayirunnu. poolish-lithwanian komanvelthumaayulla yudhangalkku sesham, uyarnna kuthirappadaykkethire palappozhum pooraadiyappol, gustavas randaaman adolphus rajaavu braittanfeld yudhathilennapole caracolinu pakaram kuthirappadayude vijayakaramaya samgharsham kooduthal thavana upayogikkaan thudangi. pathinezhaam noottaandinte sheshavum aadhunika pradesham vare kuthirappadayude akramanam yudhathanthrangalude oru pradhana bhaagamaayi thudarnnu, vienna yudhasamayathu (1683) cheythathupole shariyaayi nadappaakkumbol athinte aaghaatha moolyam nirnnayakamaakum.
ennirunnaalum, munbu kuthirappada kendreekrithamaaya oru kanatha sainyam upayogichirunna adikaaram avasaanichu. sahasraabdangalil aadyamaayi, kaarshika mekhalayile sthirathaamasamaakkiya aalukalkk steppiyile kuthirakale thuranna pooraattatthil paraajayappeduthaan kazhinju. russiayil mangoliyarude shakti thakarnnu, kizhakk ninnu bheeshani illaathirunna russia europian kaaryangalil oru pradhana shakthiyaayi svayam avakashappedaan thudangi. europineyo middle eesttineyo keezhadakkaan kizhakk ninnulla naadodikal orikkalum bheeshanippeduthukayilla. cassan uparodhathil (1552) russia peerankikal, saapparukal, kuthirappada, kaalaalppada enniva archwebus (streltsi) upayogichu vinyasichirunnu, athesamayam cassan khaanath kuthirappadaye maathrame niyogichirunnulloo. sapper upayogam nirnnaayakamaayi.
turkey kuthirappadayaalikal sthaapicha automan saamraajyamaayirunnu ithil ninnu oru apavaadam. vedimarunnu peerankikalum thokkukalum aadyamaayi sweekarikkukayum avare ithinakam thanne avarude sakthamaaya poratta seshiyil samyojippikkukayum cheythavaril chilaraanu automans. europian kaalaalppada kooduthal mikacha saayudavum achadakkamullathumaayithnethu 1700 aayappozhekkum automan seena austriyayileyum russiayileyum sainikar pathivayi paraajayappedaan thudangi.
naavikayuddham.
16-aamm noottaandinte pakuthi muthal 19-aamm noottaandinte pakuthi vare neenduninna anthaaraashtra vyapara, naavika yudhangalil kappalukalum vedimarunnum aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna aadhunika kaalaghattavumaayi ekadesham poruthappedunna oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu paaykkappal yugam (saadhaaranayaayi 1571-1862 ennu ariyappedunnu). lokamembaadumulla europian shakthiyude vyaapanam eee kaalaghattatthile naavika vikasanangalumayi adutha bandhamullathaayirunnu. aadyamaayi caraval atlaantik samudram polulla aniyanthrithamaaya samudrangale paryavekshanam, vyapaaram, sainika adhinivesham ennivaykkaayi thurannukodutthu. munkaalangalilellam europian naavikasenakal pradhaanamaayum theeradesha jalathile pravarthanangalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunne, saadhaaranayaayi karaa-adhishtitha senakalude pinthunakkaayi maathrame upayogichirunnulloove, caraval, carac, gaaliyon thudangiya puthiya kappalukalude varavode ithu maari, pathinaram noottaandilum pathinezhaam noottaandilum anthaaraashtra jalajanya vyaapaarathinte vardhichuvarunna praadhaanyam. puthiya kappalukal theeradesha prathirodhavum mattu kappalukalum bombitan kazhiyunna peerankikal upayogichu aayudangal dharikkan paryapthavum shakthavumaayirunnu.
aphrica.
somalia.
1529 muthal 1543 vare ethiopian saamrajyavum adal sulthaanettum thammilulla oru sainika samghattanamaayirunnu ethiopian-adal yuddham. imam ahamed ibnu ibrihim alle-ghazi (somaliyil gure ennum amhaarikkil gragon ennum vilipperullavar, randum "idathu kaii" ennu ardhamaakkunnu) purathana ethiopia saamraajyathe illaathaakkunnathinum athinte ellah prajakaleyum islaamilekku parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum aduthethi; prashastha naavikaraaya vasco daa gaamayude makanaaya europian christova daa gaamayude edapedal eee phalam thadayaan sahayichu. pala charitrakaaranmaarum somalia ethiopia thammilulla shathruthayude uthbhavam eee yudhathil ninnu kandethunnu. parambaraagatha aayudhangalekkaal thokkukal, thokkukal, peerankikal, archwebus ennivayude moolyam iruvashathum upayogichathiloode eee samgharsham theliyichuvennum chila charitrakaaranmaar vaadikkunnu. davit randaamante keezhil ethiopian saamrajyam adhinivesham cheytha samayat bhookhandathil peeranki yuddham upayogicha aadyathe aafrikkan kamaandaraayirunnu imam ahamed.
eshya.
chaina.
kizhakkan jiinn raajavamshathil chainayilaan thokku kandupidichathu. ezhaam noottaand muthal patthaam noottaand vare tang raajavamshathile yudhathil ithu vyaapakamaayi upayogikkaan thudangi, vedimarunnu saankethikavidyayil vyapakamaaya purogathi undaayi. saankethika purogathikkum vedimarunnu upayogichu sainika vikasanathinum europianmaar sammarddam cheluthiyappol, sainika saankethikavidya kooduthal vikasippikkunnathil chainakkar pinnott pooyi. europianmaareppole chainakkar yudhangalilo vijayangalilo earppedaathathaanu ithinu kaaranam. udaaharanathinu, porchugeesukaarumaayi chainakkar yudhathil earppettirikkumbol, avar athivegam sainika saankethikavidyayumaayi poruthappedukayum paashchaathya shailiyilulla thokkukal sweekarikkukayum cheythu.
vedimarunnu aayudangal, crossbo, noothana aayudangalum kavachangalum, naavika, naadodi kuthirappada ennivayude upayogathinu chainakkar thudakkamittu. angane, chainakkar paashchaathya sainika saankethikavidya polum sweekarichu. rasakaramennu parayatte, chainakkar avarude saankethikavidya engane upayogichuvennathinekku niravadhi vivaranagal undaayirunnu. ming chaina sambandhichidatholam, avarkk yudhakkalathil anubhavangalundaayirunnu chainees vimathar, shahn aanakal, mangolian kuthirappadayaalikal ennivarkkethire. ennirunnaalum, ming raajavamshathinte keezhil, avarude thokku upayogathe adisthaanamaakki thanthraparamaaya thanthrangal theevramaayi parisheelichu. yudhakkalavumaayi poruthappedunnathinulla vazhakkamulla maargamaayi kvi jigwang addehathinte sainikarum prathirodha march, sainyathe vibhajikkal thudangiya noothana yuddha saankethikavidyakal upayogichu. 1661ll aarambhicha saino-dutch yudhathil eee thanthrangal phalapradamaanennu theliyikkapettu. aayudhangalude abhavam kaaranam chainakkar thaazhnna saamraajyamaayi durbalappeduthappettappetta, avarude karsanamaaya achadakkavum thanthraparamaaya thanthravum dachukaare paraajayappeduthunnathilka nayichu. ithu sino-porchugees samgharshathinu samaantharamaayi nilkkunnu. onnaam yudhasamayathu, 1521-ll, porchugees vedivayppu chainakkarekkaal valare phalapradamaayirunnu. porchugees peerankikalude shakthikk saakshyam vahicha chainakkar 1522ll yudhathinu kooduthal nannayi thayyaaredutthu. avar parishkkarikkukayum poruthappedutthukayum naveekarikkukayum mechappeduthukayum cheythu. peerankikaleyum yudhathanthra thanthrangaleyum kurichulla arivu paashchaathya shailiyilulla padanangal nalkiyathinaal chainakkar athivega sainikavalkkaranathinte pradarshanamaayirunnu.
904ll yushang uparodhathinidayilaanu thekkan vuu aadyamaayi thee ambukal (rokkatt ambukal) upayogichathennu reportund.
iraan.
ottoman saamraajyathinusesham udan thanne mattu rund musleem vedimarunnu saamrajyangal prathyakshappettu iraanile safavid saamrajyavum indiayile mugal saamrajyavum. iva randum pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil aarambhichuvenkilum pinneedu pathinettaam noottaandil thakarnnu.
thokkukal upayogikkaan avarude khilbaash sainyam visammathichath 1514-ll chaldiraanil nadanna safavid paraajayathinu kaaranamaayi.
ithinushesham, thokkukal nirmmikkanum upayogikkaanum ulla kazhivukal nedaan pershyakkaar sajeevamaayi shramichu. 1572 septambar 24nuu kaunsil oof tenninu nalkia reportil, veneeshyan ambasseder vincenso dii alessandry thokkukal pershyan sainyathil engane samyojippikkappettavennu paraamarshichu
ellah sainikarum vahikkukayum upayogikkukayum cheiyunna aayudangal, vaalukal, eenangal, aarkbasukal ennivaykkaayi avar upayogichu; avarude aayudangalum mattethoru raajyathekkaalum mikachathum mikachathumaayavayaanu. aarkbassukalude baaralukalkk saadhaaranayaayi aarr spaanukal neelamundu, koodaathe moonnu aunsil thaazhe bharamullah oru panthu vahikkunnu. villukal varaykkunnathino vaalukal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathino thadassamaakaatha vidhathil avar avaye upayogikkunnu, randaamathethu avarude aavashyamullidatholam avarude saddle villukalil thookkiyidunnu. oru ayudham mattonninte upayogathe thadassappeduthaathirikkaan archvibus purakil ninnu maattunnu.
jappan.
1543 septambaril kyushu dveepinaduthulla tanegashima dveepilekku europian shailiyilulla aarkkbassukalumaayi ethiya porchugees vyaapaarikalaanu aadyakaala thokkukalkku japanese parichayappedutthiyathu. eee sambhavathinte swaadheenam sengoku-jijaayiyiludaneelam japanese thanthrathil viplavam srishtikkukayum thokkukalude upayogathe kendreekarichulla thanthrangale chuttipattiyum karangukayum cheyyum.
thudakkathil jappanil thokkukal avatharippichathu taanum diogo seemotoyumaanu ennu ferno mendus pintoyude oormmakkurippukal aaropikkumbol, eee avakaashavaadathe valare alankarichathaanennu oormmakkurippukalude padanangal vilikkunnu, athinaal eee avakaashavaadathinte saadhuta chodyam cheyyappedunnu. thangalude praadeshika athiraalikalekkaal eathenkilum tharatthilulla puthiya thanthraparamaaya munthookkam thedunna akkaalathe diamyo, avarude anuyaayikalkk keezhil kammaaranmaare nedukayum avarude reverse enchineeyarine niyamikkukayum aadyakaala europian thokkukal punarnirmmikkukayum cheythu. varshangalkk sesham jappan sandarshikkunna porchugees vyapaarikal jappankar noorukanakkinu aarkbasukal vijayakaramaayi punarnirmmichathaayi kandethi, 1546 aayappozhekkum 300,000-ladhikam aadyakaala thokkukal jappaaniludaneelam prachaarathilundaayirunnu kanakkaakkappedunnu. thokkukalude aadyakaala uthpaadanam kyushuvinte pothuvaaya mekhalayil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunne thokku nirmmathaakkal oduvil jappaaniludaneelam kudiyerumaayirunnu. eee kudiyettatthil ninnu vyathyastha schoolukal uyarnnuvaraan thudangi. sakaay, yokkaayichi, kunittomo ennivayil ninnulla sradheyamaaya udaaharanangalaan ettavum prachaaratthilullathu. koodaathe, cheria aayudhangalude uthppaadanam aadyakaala tanegashima archwebus muthal pinneedu ulppaadana tepo vare, ithu vyathyastha kaalibarudeyum neelatthinteyum aarkvebassukalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu, shimasu vamshathinte "hand peerankikal" vare.
puthiya ayudham labhichathinushesham japanese sainika thanthram kramena kuthirappadaye anukoolikkunnathinekkaal kaalaalppada adisthaanamaakkiyulla thanthrangalilekku marran thudangi. 1575-leeii nagashino yudhathil odaa nobunagayude 3,000 riflemanmar voolii fayarinte aadya record upayogam upayogichu valare valia takeda vamshathile kuthirappadaye ayachirunnappol ithu ettavum prashasthamaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, mattu loka samakaalikarekkaal valare munbe japanese sakthikal ithu upayogichirunnuvenkilum eee thanthram aadyamaayi upayogichathu nobunaagayaanenna avakaashavaadathe chila padanangal ethirkkunnu. japanese yuddha aasoothranam taamasiyaathe shathrukkalude manushyashaktiye vegathil ayaykkunnathinaayi shathrukkale sakhyakakshikalude kottakettya sthaanangalilekku kaikaaryam cheiyunnathine kendreekarichaayirunnu, aavashyamullappol maathram kaikondu pooraadunnu.
athupole, 1551-ll rominte raajaavaanenn avakaashappedunna oru vyaapaari feeld peerankikalude rund udaaharanagal upayogichu totomo vamshathinte gadakangal avatharippichappol japanese diamyo peerankiyil parichayappedutthi. thangalude cheria aayudha athiraalikaleppole, pala yudhaprabhukkanmaarum avarude samakaalikarekkaal nettamundaakkaan vegathil ayudham sweekarikkaan aagrahichu, ennaal anuyojyamaaya punarnirmmaanangal nirmmikkunnathinulla budhimuttukal thaarathamyappeduthumbol parimithamaaya aadyakaala upayogathilekku nayichu. vyakthigatha thokkukalude kaaryatthilennapole, ooda nobunaga puthiya ayudham sweekarikkaan neratthe thanne, pinneedu, addehathinte maranashesham, addehathinte sookshippukaaril oralaaya toyotomi hydeoshi 1582 ll kanki kotta uparodhikkaan vinashakaramaaya falamaayi peerankikal upayogichu. koodaathe, 1578 ll nobunaga yudhakkappalukalil peerankikal ulppeduthaan shramichirunnu, ennaal moriyude keezhilulla athiraalikalaaya naavika diamyo senaykkethiraaya avarude falapraapthiyillaayma mattu naavika senakalude kooduthal nadappaakkalukal nirthalaakkunnathilekku nayichu.
sengoku kaalaghattatthile eee maattangalum datheduppukalum jappan yudhathil toyotomi hydeoshi jappane ekeekarichathinushesham 1592-1598 koriyayude japanese adhiniveshathil prathyakshappettu. 1592 meyy maasathil koriyayilekkulla aadya kadannukayattathile aadyakaala vijayam japanese senayude vaividhyamaarnna cheria aayudangalum thanthrangalumaanu, ithu corian upadveepilekku aadyakaala kaalukuthaanum prathirodhikkanum avare anuvadichu. ennirunnaalum, koreakkaar ming chainayumaayi sakhyamundaakkiya sesham, avarude japanese thulyarekkaal kooduthal dooraparidhiyum vinashakaravumaaya shakthiyulla mikacha peerankikalilekku avarkk praveshanam labhichu. oduvil, yii sann-sinte neethrthwathil corian naavikasena corian-ming sakhyathinte mikacha, peeranki sayudha navikasena japanese samudra vitharana lainukalkkethire upayogichu, ithu oduvil vitharanathinte kurravinum japanese nashtatthinum kaaranamaayi. 1594 meyy maasathil jappan avarude avasaanathe shakthikendramaaya siyolil ninnu purathaakkappettu, thudarnnulla samrambhangal 1597 aadyathethinte vijayathodu adukkilla, kaaranam corian-ming sakhyam prathirodha nadapadikalum japanese thulyamaaya cheria aayudangalum vikasippicheduthirunnu.
agni ambinte (rokkatt ambu) japanese pathipp boow hiah ennariyappettirunnu. pathinaram noottaandil japanese kadalkkollakkar (vaco allengil kaisoku ennum ariyappedunna voco) oru valia ambinte roopamulla boow hiah upayogichathayi reportund. theepidikkunna jalanirodhitha kayar kondu nirmmicha oru kathunna ghadakam shaftinu chuttum pothinju kathikkumbol boow hiya oru mortar polulla aayudhathil ninno vishalamaaya booar tanegashima maachu loock aarkvibil ninno vikshepichu. oru kadalyudhathil bohia "mazhapole veezhunnu" ennu parayappettirunnu.
mysur raajyam.
dakshinenthyan rajyamaaya mysoorile musleem bharanadhikaariyaaya tippu sultaanaanu aadyathe irumbu rokkattukal vikasippichath. anglo-mysur yudhangalil britiish eest india kambaniyude valia shakthikalkkethire addeham eee irumbu rokkattukal vijayakaramaayi upayogichu. eee kaalaghattatthile mysur rokkattukal britishukaar kandathinekkaal valare purogamichathaayirunnu, pradhaanamaayum propellant pidikkaan irumbu tubeukal upayogichathinaal ithu misailinu uyarnna oorjjavum deerghadooravum (2 kilometer vare) praapthamakki. naalam anglo-mysur yudhathil tippuvinte paraajayathinum mysur irumbu rokkattukal pidichedukkunnathinum sesham, avaa britiish rokkatt vikasanathil swaadheenam cheluthukayum taamasiyaathe nepolian yudhangalil upayogikkukayum cheythu.
mugal saamrajyam.
indian upabhookhandathile mugal saamraajyathinte sthaapakanaaya babber yudhathil thokkukal, thokku vandikal, chalikkaan kazhiyunna peerankikal enniva upayogichu. prathyekichum, dalhi sulthaanettile avasaanathe bharanadhikaariyaaya ibrahim lodhiyude valare valia sainyathe paraajayappeduthaan addeham aadya paanippath yudhathil (1526) avaa upayogichu. 1527ll raana samgaykkethiraaya khaanva yuddham, 1529ll ghagra yuddham ennivayaanu vedimarunnu upayogichu addeham nadatthiya mattu yudhangal.
aadil shhaa soorikkum surr raajavamshathile hemuk ethiraaya randaam paanippath yudhathil (1556) akbar dhii grettu polulla mugal saamraajyathinte vipuleekaranathil addehathinte pingaamikal vedimarunnu aayudangalum upayogichu. 1582ll pershyan-indiakkaaranaaya fatullah shirazi oru maachu loock upayogichu vedivacha pathinezh barrell peeranki vikasippichu.
automan saamrajyam.
thokku aayudangal phalapradamaayi upayogicha aadyathe middle eestten samsthaanangalilonnaanu automan saamrajyam, avaa middle eest, vadakke aphrica, balcans ennivayude bhooribhaagavum keezhadakki. pathinezhaam noottaandil kooduthal aadhunika saankethikavidyakalum thanthrangalum sweekarikkaathathinaal samsthaanam sthambhikkan thudangi. prathyekichum, automan saamrajyam boaring peeranki (avaye oru pooppalil idunnathinupakaram), maachu loock thokkukalil ninnu flintlokkukalilekku parivartthanam cheyyal, feeld thokkukalum vandikalum minnal thudangiya puthumakal sweekarikkaan mandagathiyilaayirunnu.
bhaagikamaayi ithu kaaranam sainika varenyavarggakkaar saamraajyathile oru sakthamaaya shakthiyaayi maarukayum maattam avarude sthaanangalkku bheeshaniyaakukayum cheythu. maachu loock ignition samvidaanathekkaal mikavu pulartthiyirunnenkilum, flintlock maskatt sweekarikkaanulla automan vimukhathaykku kaaranamakunna oru ghadakam middle eesttinte bhooribhaagatheyum podipadala kaalaavasthayaanennu david nikkol sidhaanthikkunnu, ithu vishwaasyathayil prasnangal undaakkum.
mothatthil, pathinanjaam noottaandinum pathinettaam noottaandinum edayilulla automan saamrajyam nilavilulla saankethikavidyakal pakartthunna oru sainika nirmmathaavaayi vilayiruthappedunnu, pakshe naveekaranatthinteyo poruthappedutthalinte adisthaana prakriya pidichedukkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, mattu gaveshanangal aaa kaazhchappaadine sankeernamaakkunnu. 1644ll prasidheekaricha oru chainees sainika maanuval automan, europian thokkukale inipparayunna reethiyil thaarathamyam cheythu
raajavamshathinte thudakkam muthal thokkukal upayogikkunnundu, yudhathil feeld aarmikal avaye kondupokaan soukaryapradavum upayogapradavumaanennu kandethi... chainayilekku thokkukal kaimariyathinaal eee aayudhangalude falaprapti nashtappettu... yudhathil, "three generals", breach loading swivel gann, "nooru leag idimuzhakkam" thudangiya vividha peerankikal ozhike, turkish maskattinekkaal kooduthal shreniyo shaktiyo matonnumilla. aduthathu europian aanu.
pathinezhaam noottaandile chainees ezhuthukaar ottomaan thokkukale europian thokkukalekkaal mikachathaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnuvenna eee kaalayalavil ottomaan saamrajyam kuranjathu randaam nira thokkukalenkilum nirmmichirunnuvennu theliyikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, chainees gaveshakan pareekshicha 'europian' thokkukal yadhaarthathil ambathu varsham pazhakkamulla porchugees modalukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla japanese aarkbassukalaanennu chilar avakaashappedunnu. ottomaan maachu lokkinte roopakalppana europian inathil ninnu ganyamaayi vyathyasthamaan, ithu safavid pershyayilum mugal indiayilum uthppaadippikkunna maachu lokkukale swaadheenichu.
pathinanjaam noottaand.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathode ottomaan saamrajyam aayudhangalude aarohanathodoppam thanthraparamaaya kaalaalppada grouppukalum vikasippichirunnu. aadyakaala aadhunika yudhathinu aayudangalkkum peerankikalkkum purame niravadhi pradhana gadakangalundu, avayilonnaanu thanthram. sultanu vendi sakthamaaya oru coor vikasippikkunnath automan saamraajyathin engane vikasippikkaanum vishalamaaya pradeshangal avarude bharanathin keezhil nilanirthaanum kazhiyumennu manasilakkunnathil pradhanamaayirunnu. avarude aadyakaala aadhunika yudhathinte ettavum pradhanappetta srishtikalilonnu jaanissarikal enna oru samghamaayirunnu. valare vaidagdhyavum souhaarddavumulla oru unnatha kaalalppadayaaliyaayi avare kanakkaakkiyirunnu. sultanu vendi avar upayogichirunnathinaal, pathinanjaam noottaandil oru europian sakthikkum malsarikkaan kazhiyaatha samaanathakalillaatha oru sainika shakthiyaayirunnu avar.
mikka sainikashakthikalil ninnum vyathyasthamaaya reethiyilaan automan saamrajyam valarnnathu, athu thaazhe ninnu mukalilaayirunnu. samadhaanaparamaaya valarchayilaan avaa vikasippichath. 1453ll avar sthiramaaya janangale keezhadakkiyappol, avar sainikamaayum raashtreeyamaayum vikasikkunnath thudaraan oru bhookhandaanthara sarkkar srishtichu. avar keezhadakkiya janangalude ishtaprakaaram thangalude kotta munnott kondupokaan avar jaanissari unitukale upayogichu. avarude saankethikavidyakalilonnu avar paraajayappedutthiya pradeshangalil ninnu aankuttikale pidikoodukayum avarude eluppathil roopappedunna manassine niyantrikkunnathinaayi avare muslimaakaan nirbandhikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. valarnnuvarunna pala saamrajyangalkkum samanamaaya oru thanthramaayirunnu ithu, kaaranam kuttikal eluppathil kaikaaryam cheyyappedumennum puthiya pradeshangal jansari samrakshikkunnathinaayi avarkk eluppathil janasamkhya roopappeduthendathunde manassilaakkappedunnu. sainika samgharshathinu purathulla mattu rolukalum jaanissarikalkkundaayirunu. attimarikal sambhavikkunnath thadayunnathino ardhasainika vibhagangal saamraajyathinte niyanthranam nedunnathil ninnu thadayunnathino vendi sulthaante pradhana samrakshakaril oraalaayirunnu avar. ottoman saamrajyam janissarikale valare shaktharaakkukayum avarude saamoohikavalkkaranam, currier purogathi oopshanukal, recruitment nadapadikramangal enniva kaaranam yoonittukalile purushanmaar sultaanekkaal valare yojikkukayum parasparam bahumanikkukayum cheythu ennathaanu ithinte prashnam. ithu pinneedu oru prashnamaayi theliyikkappedumenkilum pathinanjaam noottaandil ithu oru prasnamaayirunnilla, kaaranam avarude ennam ippozhum vardhichukondirikkum avarude unnatha shakti vardhippikkunnathinaayi valarukayum cheyyum.
1455ll konstaantin mihalovic enna manushyane thurkkikal pidikoodukayum oduvil automan saamraajyathile jaanisari unitukalumaayulla thante kaalathekkurichu oru ormmakkurippu ezhuthukayum cheythu. serbian bhashayil ninnu check, poolish bhaashakalilekkulla vivarthanangal kaaranam addehathinte vivaranam thettayi kanakkakkappedum. addehathinte oormmakkurippil ninnu yadhaartha paatamonnumilla, vivarthanangal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo, aaa samayat jaanissarikal enthaanu cheythirunnathu ennathinekkurichu avaykku valare aashayangalund. 1463ll hangarian sainyam addehathe thirichupidikkukayum oduvil addeham veendum oru kristhyaaniyaayathin sesham ormmakkurippu ezhuthukayum cheythu. addehathinte oormmakkurippukal charithratthile oru pradhana bhagamaanu, ennaal pandithanmaarum charitrakaaranmaarum addehathinte kadhakalude aadhikaarika swabhaavathekkurichu vyaapakamaayi charcha cheyyukayum addehathinte kadhakalude sthirathaye samshayikkukayum cheythittundu.
vedimarunnu aayudangal vyaapakamaayi upayogicha aadya samsthaanangalilonnaanu automan saamrajyam.
automan sainyathile prashasthamaaya jaanissari corps 1440-kalil thanne maachu loock maskattukal upayogikkaan thudangi. 1453ll sthiramaaya aalukale keezhadakkiya mehmed dhaa kankvararude sainyathil vedimarunnu aayudhangalumaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya peerankikalum kaalnada sainikarum ulppettirunnu. ottomanmaar pathinanju vyathyastha battarikalilaayi arupathombathu thokkukal uparodhathilekku konduvarikayum nagaratthinte mathilukalil avare pariseelippikkukayum cheythu. naalppat divasam neenduninna automan peeranki akramanam 19,320 thavana vediyuthirthathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
pathinaram noottaand.
16-aamm noottaandil yudhakkalathil nirnnayaka aayudhamaayi maachu loock maskattinte aadya vyapakamaaya upayogam nadannu, turkukal ekkaaryathil nethaakkalaayi. eee pracharanangalil aadyathethu 1514-ll yavus sultan seliminu keezhilulla pershyakkarkkethiraaya akramanamaayirunnu. vedimarunnu aayudhangalumaayi addehathinte sainyam pershyakkaare chaldiran yudhathil paraajayappeduthi. safaavidukalkkethiraaya vijayathin sesham seliman eejipthile mamluk raajavamshathilekku shradha thirikkukayum cheythu. maamlukkukalkkethiraaya addehathinte prachaaranatthinte nirnnayaka yudhavum ottomaan sainyathil thokkukalude praadhaanyam eduthukaanikkunna yudhavum 1517-ll nadanna raidania yudhamaayirunnu. avide selimine valanja mamluk peerankikal marikadannu mamluck sainyathe thante jaanissarikal upayogichu aakramichu. parambaraagatha vaalukalum jaavalinukalum upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya jaanisharikal mamluk sainyathe nashippichu.
1517ll porchugeesukaarum automan kappalukalum thammilulla jiddayk purathulla oru kadalyudhathekkurichu jovo dii baros paraamarshichu. salman reysinte keezhilulla musleem senaykk "moonno naalo thulasikkuzhalukal chuttalavil muppath kaippathikal ulla panthukal" undaayirunnu. ekadesham 1,000 poundu (453 kilogram) valippamulla 90 inch booar "firing katt stoon bolukal" ulla peerankiyaanithu.
seliminte maranashesham addehathinte makan mahanmaaraaya sulaiman addehathinte pingamiyaayi. addehathinte bharanakaalathu thokku aayudangal phalapradamaayi upayogikkunnathu thudarnnu. 1526leeii mohakkukalude yudhamaanu oru pradhana udaaharanam. eee yudhathil, ottomaan peerankikalkkum thokkukalumaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya jaanissaarikalkkum charging hangarian kuthirappadaye vettikkuraykkaan kazhinju.
pathinezhaam noottaand.
peerankiyum thokkum ottomakkar valare munbe upayogichirunnuvenkilum, pathinezhaam noottaandode parambaraagatha kuthirappadayude akramanangal kendreekrithamaaya thokkupayogichulla thokkukalkku ethratholam phalapradamallennu avar saakshyam vahichu. 1602-ll oru automan general nalkia oru reportil, automans kuthirappadaye valareyadhikam aashrayikkumbol, europian senayil thokkudhaarikalaaya kaalaalppadaykk oonnal nalkiyathinaal sainyam durithaavasthayilaayirunnu addeham sammathichu. athinusesham, ithinakam pariseelanam nedukayum thokkukal sajjeekarikkukayum cheythirunna jaanisharikal avarude "aagha" yude neethrthwathil saamraajyathva sainyathil kooduthal sajeevamaakumenn abhiprayappettu.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte madhyathode, amithamaya aayudhangalkk automanmaar thudarnnum aashrayikkunnath europian udyogasthar oru baadhyathayaayi eduthuparanju. vishudha gottard yudhathil ottomanmaare paraajayappedutthiya habsburg commander raymondo montekukkoli automan peerankiyekkurichu abhiprayappettu
eee valia peeranki thokku adikkumbol valia kedupaadukal varuthunnu, pakshe athu neengaan budhimuttaanu, koodaathe ithu veendum looad cheyyaanum saitt cheyyaanum valareyadhikam samayam aavasyamaanu. koodaathe, chakrangalum vandikalum thakarkkukayum thakarkkukayum cheiyunnathinupurame athu sthaapichirikkunna kothalangal polum ithu dhaaraalam podi upayogikkunnu... nammude peerankikal kooduthal soukaryapradavum kooduthal kaaryakshamavumaan, ivide tarkkukalude peerankiyekkaal nammude nettam nilanilkkunnu."
vietnaam.
pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil vestten maachu loock aarkbasukal viyatnaamilekku irakkumathi cheythu. leeii, mack rajavamshangal thammilulla ugravum neendathumaaya yudhangal, pinneedu trin, enguen vamshangal ethir vibhaagangalkkidayil oru aayudha malsaram aarambhichu. thokkukalum adayaalangalum raajyathudaneelam athivegam vyaapikkukayum taamasiyaathe vietnaamees thokkukaar thokkukalude vidagdhar enna nilayil eshyaykkullil prashastharaakukayum cheythu.

