
olaaf gathfritsan

patthaam noottaandil doublin wiking northambria bharichirunna oru hiberno-scandinavian (airish-wiking) neethaavaayirunnu olaaf gutfritson allengil anlaf gutfritson (;;;; maranam 941). addeham gophride yuu eiii aii emmirinte makan imarinte cherumakanum aayirunnu, addehathe yuu iii aii emmil oralakki. 934ll dabin rajaavaayi thante pithaavinte pingamiyaaya olaaf 937ll avarude rajaavaaya amlaib senkairekkine pidikoodiyappol limeric vaikkingukalil aadhipathyam sthaapikkunnathil vijayikkukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne 927ll pithaav hrasvamaayi bharichirunna north ambria raajyam veendedukkaanulla shramathil addeham skotlandile konsttantain randaamanumaayi sakhyamundaakki. 937ll brunenber yudhathil olaafinteyum konstantaininteyum sainyathe ethalstaante neethrthwathilulla engleeshukaar paraajayappeduthi.
938-ll olaaf irelandilekku madangiyethiyenkilum adutha varsham ethelstaante maranashesham olaaf yorkkilekk pooyi, avide addehathinu rajaavaayi svayam sthaapikkaan kazhinju, addehathinte sahodaran blazare mack goffriedine dablinil bharikkan vittu. olaafum ethelstaante pingamiyaaya edmund 939ll leasesteril vachu kandumutty, avide avar thammil englandu vibhajikkunnathumaayi bandhapetta oru karaarilethi. ennirunnaalum, eee karar hraswakaalathekku nilanilkkunnathayi thelinju, eathaanum varshangalkkullil derby, leasester, linkon, nottingham, stamford ennee anchu baroyil wikings kaivashappedutthi. 941ll olaaf marikkukayum addehathinte cussin olaaf kwarren northambriyayil adhikaaramelkkukayum cheythu. addehathinte maranasamayathu, airish dinavrithangal addehathe "densinte rajaavu" ennum "videshikaludeyum irunda videshikaludeyum rajaavu" ennum visheshippichirunnu.
jeevacharitram.
933ll november 10nuu armag kollayadichathaayi charithrangal vivarikkumbozhaanu samakaalika rekhakalil olaaf aadyamaayi prathyakshappedunnathu. thudarnnu addeham mattudaan mack idayumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum, ulayd keezhadakkukayum, slib beag vare raid cheyyukayum cheythathayi rekhappeduthunnu, avide avare ailekkile murchertack mack neelinte neethrthwathilulla oru sainyam kandumuttukayum thudarnnulla yudhathil 240 pere nashtappedutthukayum cheythu. 928ll kildairile ashramam kollayadicha oru "gofriedinte makane" kurichulla oru muun paramarsham olaafine soochippichekkaam, pakshe peru nalkiyittilla. 934ll dabin rajaavaaya olaafinte pithaav gophride kwa imair marikkukayum olaaf addehathinte pingamiyaayi rajaavaayi maarukayum cheythu. adutha varsham olaph kaundi meethile lagor cranogil oru raid nadathukayum thudarnnu aduthayaazhcha noth shmashana murii kollayadikkukayum cheythu.
937-ll "naalu yajamaananmaarude dinavrithaantham" olaafine "videshikalude prabhu" ennu visheshippikkunnu, aaa samayat addeham loaf reeyilekk pooyi limeric rajaavaaya amlaib senkairakkineyum addehathinte sainyatheyum avarude bottukal thakartha sesham pidikoodi. eee samgharsham dablinileyum limericileyum malsarikkunna wiking settilmentukal thammilulla shathruthaykk kaaranamakaam, eee ivant dablinte vijaythe adayaalappeduthunnu. irelandile wiking swaadheenathinte uyarnna ghattamayi eee kaalayalav kanakkaakkappedunnu. irelandil thante sthaanam urappicha sesham, olaafinte pithaav orikkal bharichirunnathum 927ll englandile ethelstaan keezhadakkiyathumaaya englandilekkum northambriyayilekkum olaaf thante shradha thirikkukayum cheythu. 934ll ethelstaan raajyam akramicha skotlandile konstaantain randaamanumaayi olaaf sakhyamundaakki, 937ll limeric, olaaf, doublin wikings ennivarkkethiraaya vijayam englandilekku purappetta athe varsham thanne.
valare charchaavishayamaaya oru sthalathu, olaafinteyum konstaantaininteyum sakhyasenakal brunanber yudhathil ethelstaante senaye nerittu, ennirunnaalum nilavile pandithochithamaaya samavayam eee sthalathe chesheyarile bromberoyayi thirichariyunnu. olaafum konstaantainum wiking sainyathin neethrthwam nalkiyappol ethelstaan thante sahodaran edmandinoppam engleesh sainyathe yudhathilekku nayichu. samakaalika vivaranagal soochippikkunnathu irupakshathinum niravadhi naashanashtangal sambhavichuvenkilum phalam nirnnayakamaaya engleesh vijayamayirunnu. olaafum konstantainum yudhathe athijeevichu yathaakramam irelandilekkum skotlandilekkum madangiyenkilum konstantaininte puthranmaaril oraal marichu. airish charitrangalil paraamarshangalum anglo-saaksan charithratthil yudhathekkurichulla kaavyathmaka vivaranavum ulla eee yuddham nannayi saakshyappeduthiyittundu. britiish dveepukaliludaneelamulla vividha charitrangalil ithinekkurichulla niravadhi paraamarshangal akkaalathe athinte praadhaanyathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu.
938ll olaaf irelandilekku madangiyethiyathaayum aaa varsham aadhunika kaundi kilderile kilkulanil nadatthiya reydilum addeham ayiram thadavukaare eduthathaayi parayappedunnu. 939 octoberil ethalstaan marikkukayum taamasiyaathe olaaf yorkkilekk pookukayum avide ninnu north ambriyayile rajaavaayi svayam sthaapikkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. olaafinoppam englandil addehathinte cussin olaaf kwaranum olaafinte sahodaran blaisair purathaayirikkumbol dablinil bharikkan avasheshichu. 939ll leasettarilvechu olaafum puthiya engleesh rajaavaaya edmund kandumuttukayum englandine randuperkkumidayil vibhajikkunnathinulla oru karaarilethukayum cheythathayi durhaaminte "historiya regum" enna kruthiyile simiyoon rekhappeduthunnu. eee samadhaanam hraswakaalathekkaayirunnu, karar praabalyatthil vannu eathaanum varshangalkkullil derby, leasester, linkon, nottingham, stamford ennee anchu baros wikings pidichedutthu.
941-ll "chronicle oof melrose" rekhappeduthunnathu, innathe kizhakkan lothian aaya tiningheyimile oru purathana angleya palliyil olaaf akramanam nadathiyennum akkaalat athu northambriyayude bhagamaayirunnuvennum aanu. eee akramanam oru raid mathramalla, skotlandiloode oru root surakshithamakkaan uddeshichullathaayirikkam, athil york doublin thammilulla ashayavinimayam aashrayichirikkaam. 941ll olaaf marikkukayum northambriyayil olaaf kwarren addehathinte pingamiyaavukayum cheythu. addehathinte maranam rekhappeduthumbol, aarnalukal addehathe "dainsinte rajaavu" ("kronikkon skottoram") ennum "fair videshikaludeyum irunda videshikaludeyum rajaavu" ("klonmaaknoyisinte aannalukal") ennum vilikkunnu.
shavasamskaram.
2005ll kizhakkan lothiyaanile auldhaamil oru puraavastu khananathil oru asthikoodam khananam cheythu. wiking kaalaghattatthile irelandil dharichirunnathaayi ariyappedunna mattullavaykku samanamaaya beltt ulppedeyulla shavakudeera vasthukkal soochippikkunnathu asthikoodam uyarnna nilavaaramulla vyakthiyudethaanennu soochippikkunnu. atharam saadhanangalude saannidhyavum asthikoodathinte praayavum charitrakaaranmaarkkum puraavastu gaveshakarkkum idayil avashishtangal olaafintethaayirikkaamenna oohaapohangalkku kaaranamaayi. 941ll marikkunnathin thottumunbu auldhaameyilum tininghemilum olaaf reydukal nadathiyathaayi ariyappedunnu. vishudha baldreddinu samarppichirikkunna niravadhi praadeshika pallikalil randaayirunnu auldhaameyum tininghame. alex woolfinte abhipraayathil, asthikoodathe olaafumaayi krithyamaayi thirichariyaan kazhiyunnillengilum, 941-ll pradeshathu olaafinte aakramanathinte falamaayi maricha vyakthi marichupokaan kaaranamaaya shavasamskara theeyathiyum swabhaavavum soochippikkunnu. "vishudhante semitheriyil samskarikkunnathiloode eathenkilum tharatthilulla postmortem praayashchithatthil ninnu addehathinu prayojanam labhikkumenn raajaavinte anuyaayikal pratheekshichirunnathaayi sakthamaaya saadhyathayund" ennum woolf abhiprayappettu.
kudumbam.
920num 934num idayil dablinile rajaavaayirunna goffried ennu olaafinte pithaavine thirichariyaan kazhiyum, koodaathe 927ll hrasvamaayi northambria bharichu. goffried imarinte kochumakanaayirunnu, pakshe yadhaartha srothassukalil oru rakshadhikaariyum nalkiyittilla. orikkalum doublin bharichittillaatha oru imarinte makante kuttiyayirikkaam addeham, allengil imarinte makalude kuttiyayirikkaam, rund saahacharyangalilum thante samakaalikarude drishtiyil bharikkanulla addehathinte niyamasadhutha muthachante vyakthithvathe aashrayichirikkumennar, allathe maathaapithaakkalalla. onpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil dablinile aadyakaala rajaakkanmaaril oralaaya umar, orupakshe iwar dhii bonlessinu samaanamaan, yui imeyarinte sthaapakanaayirunnu.
alban, blazare, ragnal ennee moonnu vyakthikale gofriedinte puthranmaraayi thirichariyaan kazhiyum. 926ll muirchertack mack neelinodulla yudhathil alban kollappettu. 939 muthal blazare doublin bharichu, orupakshe englandile edmund onnaaman purathaakkunnathuvare ragnal mack gophride 943lum 944lum north ambria bharichu. panthrandaam noottaandil ezhuthiya vorstarile joonn, 937 nuu munbu skotlandile konstaantain randaamante makale olaaf vivaham kazhichathaayi avakashappettu, ennaal eee thelivukal vishwasaneeyamallaathathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. pathimoonnaam noottaandile vendoverile charitrakaaranaaya rogger ezhuthiyathu, olaafum edmund rajaavum thammilulla leasesterile karaarinte anantharafalamaayi oorm ennu vilikkappedunna oru northambrian erlinte makalaaya aaldgithine olaaf vivaham kazhichuvennaanu.
camman mack amlaib enna vyakthiye olaafinte makanayi thirichariyaan kazhiyum. annels oof alsttar" enna rekha prakaram 960ll dub enna sthalathu addeham parajayappettu. 962ll "naalu yajamaananmaarude charithrangal" paraamarshicha mike amlaibil (olaafinte puthranmaar) oralaayirikkaam kamman. eee vivaranamanusarichu olaafinteyum ladgmanukaludeyum (niyamanjar) puthranmaar irelandilekku varikayum koneyil muyirthaimne, hauth enniva kollayadikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu thangalude sahodaranodu prathikaram cheyyaan niyamanjar manstarilekku pooyi. avar avide kollayadikkal thudarukayum yui liatheyinil airish sainyathodu paraajayappedukayum avide 365 perr marikkukayum cheythu. athe varsham thanne, peru velippeduthaatha oru makan olaaf irelandinte kannil ninnu anglesi, brittan ennividangalil oru reydinu neethrthwam nalki. 962ll yui colgainil naavika akramanam nadatthiya vyakthiyaya sitrook caminu samaanamaayirikkaam kaaman, pakshe doublinermaarudeyum leanstermaanmaarudeyum oru sainyam addehathe marikadannu addehathinte chila aalukale vadhichathinethudarnnu kappalukalilekku madangaan nirbandhithanaayi. 963ll marichathaayi gophride mack amlaib enna vyakthi olaafinte makanayirikkaam allengil olaaf kwaarante makanayirikkaam. klonmaaknoyisinte aannalukal" brunenberil marichavaril olaafinte makanayirikkavunna "raajaavinte makan" enna oru imarine pattikappedutthunnu, ennirunnaalum eee pattikayude uthbhavam anishchithathvathilaanu.

