
landomikal

thekkukizhakkan thekke amerikkayil ninnulla oru semikwatik eliyaanu lundus amphibius elii allengil grettar marsh elii ennum ariyappedunna landomis molittar.
ippol athinte vitharanam urugvaayilum aduthulla rioo grande doow sall, brazeelil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku, ennaal munbu ithu vadakkott minas gerais, brazeel, thekk kizhakkan arjanteena ennividangalilekkum vyaapichirunnu. arjanteeniyan roopam brazeelil ninnum urugvaayil ninnum vyathyasthamaayirikkam. "ell. neelamulla wall, valia pinkaalukal, neelamullathum idathoornnathumaaya romangal ennivayaal savisheshathayulla thalayum shareeravum sharashari neelamulla oru valia eliyaanu molittar. ithu vellathinu mukalil koodundaakkunnu, naanalukalaal pinthunaykkunnu, nilavil ithu apakadatthilalla.
athinte baahya roopaghadana "holochilus brasiliensis" nuu samaanamaan, athinte sankeernamaaya vargeekarana charithratthil ithu aaa inavumaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaayittund, ennaal mattu savisheshathakal landomis enna oru vyathyastha janussil athinte sthaanathe pinthunaykkunnu. holochilus", "noronhomis", "carlitanomis", "seudorisomis" enniva ulppedunna prathyeka orisomine elikalude oru koottatthile amgamaanu ithu.
vargeekaranam.
"1888ll brazeelile minas geraayisile lagowa saanta guhakalil ninnu peettar wilhem lundu shekharicha vasthukkal avalokanam cheytha danish suvolajist herloof vingaanu "lundomis molittar" aadyamaayi vivarichathu. rund thalayotti shakalangalum guha arayaaya laapa daa escrevania enaaril ninnulla oru otappetta maxilla (mukalile thaadiyellu) ulppede naalu maathrkakal wing thante vivaranathinayi upayogichu. 5 umm lappa daa sera daas abelhazil ninnulla oru mandible (thaazhathe thaadiyellu) umm, ennaal randaamathethu pinneedu mattoru inathil ninnullathaanennu kandethi, orupakshe "gildenstolpiya fronto". lund eee mrugathinu "hesperomis molittar" ennu peridukayum athine ippol "seudorisomis simplexes" ennum rund inam "calomis" ennum vilikkunna athe janussil ("hesperomis") sthaapikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu, thekke american elikalekkurichulla saahithyathil ithu apoorvvamaayi maathrame paraamarshichittulloo; ithu paraamarshicha ezhuthukaar ithu "orisomikal" allengil "kalomikal" ennivayil sthaapichu.
1926-ll american suvolajist collin campbel saanbon urugvaayile chila elikale shekharichu, avaye addeham 1929-leeii shekharathekkurichulla thante reportil "holochilus vulpinus" (nilavil "holochilus brasiliansis") ennu thiricharinju. 1955ll feeld museum oof naachural histtariyile addehathinte pingamiyaaya philipp hershcovits holocylus avalokanam cheythappol, urugvaayiyil ninnulla parambarayil rund enangal undennu addeham thiricharinju, onnu thekke amerikkayude bhooribhaagathum kaanapedunna holocylus roopangalumaayi aduthu, mattonn urugvaayikkum thekkan brazilinum savisheshamaan; randaamathethinu addeham holocylus magnus ennu perittu. sigmodon", "raithroden", "neotomis" ennivayulppede, american elikalude "sigmodond" groupile amgangalil oralaayi "holochilasine" hershcovits thiricharinju, athinte paranna kireedamulla molaarukale adisthaanamaakki, avaa lophodond aanu (kireedam transwers ridjukal ulkkollunnu). 1981ll, "echu. arjanteenayile buenos airs pravishyayude playstoseen kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathilum magnus amgeekarikkappettu, 1982 ll thekkan brazeelile rioo grande doow salil ninnu ithu rekhappeduthappettu.
1980 leeii oru lekhanathil, arjanteeniyan suvolajist elio masoya vinginte "hesperomis molittarum" hershkovitsinte "holochilus magness" thammilulla saamyam amgeekarikkukayum aadyathethu "holochilus", "holochilus molittar" enna inamaayi punarvargeekarikkanamenna shupaarsha cheyyukayum cheythu. american suvolajistukalaaya vose kaaltanum 1993 leeii oru prabandhatthil vinginte metteeriyal punaravalokanam cheythappol, avarkk randum thammil sthiramaaya vyathyasangalonnum kandethaan kazhinjilla, athanusarichu avaa ore speesheesumaayi bandhappettathaanennu kanakkakki. koodaathe, eee inavum mattu "holochilas" thammilulla vyathyaasangal avalokanam cheytha avar, aadyathethu oru prathyeka janussil sthaapikkaan paryapthamaaya praadhaanyamullavayaanenna nigamanam cheythu, yadhaartha vasthukkal shekharicha landinte peril avar "landomis" ennu perittu. annumuthal eee inam "lundomis molittar" ennariyappedunnu.
landomis" ennu avar vivaricha athe prabandhatthil, vose kaaltanum aadyamaayi oorisoomaini gothrathe phylogeneticalaayi saadhuvaaya reethiyil kandethi. munbu, neelamulla annakkum mukalile thaadiyellukalil mesolof ennum thaazhathe thaadiyellukalil mesolophid ennum ariyappedunna oru chinnatthinte saannidhyavum kondu nirvachikkapetta oru grouppaanu orisomaini; eee chinnatthinte abhavam holochilus, lundomikal ennivayil kuraykkukayo kuraykkukayo cheiyunnu. vose kaaltanum groupinaayi anchu sinapomorphicale amgeekarichu, avayellaam "lundomikal" pankidunnu; "lundomikal" yude orisomainiyilum mattu moonnu janussukalaaya "holochilus", "seudorisomikal", "saigodondomikal" ennivayilum sthaanam-avaykku poornnamaaya mesolof (aidi) kall illa.
orisomynikkullil "holochilus", "lundomis", "seudorisomis" enniva thammilulla adutha bandhathinu vose kaaltanum kurachu pinthuna kandethiyirunnu. thudarnnulla varshangalil, "holochilus premigenous", "noronhomis vespuchi" ennee anubandha enangal kandethi, ithu eee groupinginu kooduthal thelivukal nalkunnu. danthachikitsayude savisheshathakalil "landomikal" kku samanamaaya aadyathethu "holochilus" lake anuvadikkunnathu vivaadamaanu, koodaathe "landomikalude" randaamathe inamaayi sthaapikkunnathu oru badalaayi nirddeshikkappettittund. 2006ll prasidheekaricha marcello vexler orisomainsinte samagramaya phylogenetic vishakalanam, "landomis", "holochilus", "seudorisomikal" enniva thammilulla adutha bandhathe pinthunachu; groupile mattu enangal ulppeduthiyitla. irbp jeeninte shreniyil ninnulla daatta "holochilas" "seudorisomikalum" thammilulla adutha bandhathe pinthunachu, "landomikalum" kooduthal vidooramaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ennaal morphological daatta "holochilas" "landomikalum" orumichu sthaapichu, athupole morphological, irpb daattakalude samyojitha vishakalanavum cheythu. pinneedu, "holocylus", "landomis" ennivayude adhika bandhuvayi "caltanomis kailoi" visheshippikkappettu.
vivaranam.
"holochilus", "nectomikal" ennivayude chila valia roopangalaal maathram malsarikkunna ettavum valia oorisoomainsil onnaanu "" landomis molittar "," ennaal aduthide vamshanasham sambhavicha chila antitileen inangalaaya "" ekblettomis hypenemous "," "" megalomis desmaresty "ennivayekkaal ithu valare cheruthaanu". ore pradeshathu sambhavikkunna "holochilus brasiliansis" ll ninnu vyathyasthamayi, wall thalayekkaalum shareerathekkaalum neelamullathaanu. ithu viralamaaya mudiyum irundathumaanu, koodaathe mukalilum thaazheyumulla vashangal thammil niratthil vyathyasamilla. neelavum idathoornnathum mriduvumaaya kottu vashangalil manja-thavitt niratthilaanenkilum mukal bhaagangalil irundathum adibhaagangalil bharam kuranjathumaanu. valia hindfeettukalude savisheshatha sradheyamaaya interdigital webbing aanu, pakshe avaykku akkangalil mudiyude tuftukal illa, koodaathe niravadhi paadukal kurayum. mattu chila semikwatik orisomainsukalilennapole, thalamudiyude arikukal plaantar maarjinukalilum chila akkangalkkidayilum kaanapedunnu. forfeettil akkangalil tuftukal illa, koodaathe valare neelamulla nakhangal kaanikkunnu, ithu oorisoomainsil savisheshamaaya oru pratheekamaanu. penthumbikalkku naalu jody teettukalundu, pitthasanchi illa, iva randum orisomainukalude pradhana pratheekangalaanu. thalayudeyum shareerathinteyum neelam, sharashari, wall neelam 195 muthal 255 millimeter (7.68 muthal <aii. dii. 1> millimeter vare), sharashari, pinkaalukalude neelam sharashari aanu.
thalayottiyude munbhagam shradheyamaayi veethiyullathaanu. holochilus" ennathilennapole, kavilinte asthiyude paranna munbhagamaaya saigometik plate vipulamayathum munvashathe maarjinil oru spinus prakriyayayi uthppaadippikkappedunnathu. jugal asthi cheruthaanenkilum holochilasinekkaal kuravaanu. thalayottiyude interverbital pradesham idungiyathum uyarnna muthukalaal chuttappettathumaan. murivukalkkum mukalile molarukalkkum edayilulla annaakkine thulaykkunna kuthivaykkunna foramina, molaarukalkkidayil neelamullathaanu. annaakkinum neelamundu, ithu maxillary asthikalude pinbhaagathinappurathekku vyaapikkunnu, ithu moonnaamathe molarukalkku sameepam prathyakshamaaya postarolaattaral paalattal kuzhikalaal thulachukoodunnu. ellah orisomainsukalileyum pole, schwamosal asthiyil timpanic arayude melkkoorayaaya tegmen timpaaniyumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthunna oru suspensory prakriya illa, ennaal schwamosal tegmen timpany saadhaaranayaayi vashath ninnu nokkumbol ovarlaappu cheiyunnathil "lundomikal" asaadhaaranamaanu. mandible, angular, coronaid prakriyakal holochilasinekkaal nannayi vikasichittilla. thaazhathe insisarinte capsular prakriya, insisarinte pinbhaagathulla mandibular asthi cheruthaayi uyarthunnathu, coronaid prakriyaykku sameepam, cheruthaanu. chila chavaykkunna peshikal gadippichirikkunna rund maassettarik ridjukal poornnamaayum vyathyasthamaan, avayude munvashathe arikukalil maathram cherunnu, avaa aadyathe molarinu thaazheyaan sthithicheyyunnathu.
mikka orisomainsilum ullathinekkaal alpam uyarnna kireedamulla (hypesodond) molarukal, koodaathe pala aaksasari kresttukalum kurayunnu, pakshe avaa "holochilus" ennathil ninnu valare uyarnna alavil uruthirinja hypesodond molaarukalil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaan. pradhana kaspukal parasparam ethirvashathaayi sthithicheyyukayum avaykku vrithaakrithiyilulla arikukalundu. inaamal madakkukal thaadiyellukalude madhyarekhakaliloode neengunnilla. saadhaaranayaayi orisomainsil nannayi vikasippichedutha mukalile molaarukalil aaksasari kresttaaya mesolof, onnum randum mukalile molaarukalil hraswamaanu; ithu "holochilus", "seudorisomikal" ennivayil valare kuravaanu. thaazhathe molaarukalile anubandha gadanayaaya mesolophid "landomikalile" onnum randum molaarukalil kaanapedunnu, pakshe "holochilus", "seudorisomikal" ennivayil illa. mattoru aaksasari kresttaaya aantarolof, cheruthaanenkilum, "landomiyile" aadyathe mukalile molaaril kaanapedunnu, ennaal mattu rund janussukalilum ithu poornnamaayum illa. holochilus, seudorisomy ennivayilennapole, aadyathe thaazhathe molaarile munbhaagathe kaspaya aantarokonidil aazhathilulla oru kuzhiyundu. moonnu mukalile molarukalkkum moonnu verukalundu; holochilus, seudorisomy ennivayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, aadyathe mukalile molarinu anubandha naalaamathe root illa. aadyathe thaazhathe molarinu naalu verukalundu, valia munvashathum pinbhaagatthum verukalkkidayil sthithi cheiyunna rund cheria anubandha verukal ulppede. randaamathe molarinu rando moonno verukalundu, chila saambilukalil muun verukal rund cheria verukalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu.
motham 58 pradhana aayudhangalulla (2n = 52, fn = 58) 52 chromosomukalaanu kaariyodaippil adangiyirikkunnathu. lingabhedamillaatha chromosomukal (autosomukal) kooduthalum acrosentricaanu, neelamullathum hrasvavumaaya kaii allengil telocentricullathum oru kaii maathrame ulloo, ennaal rund pradhana kaikalulla moonnu valia metaasentrik jodikalum oru cheria metaasentrik jodiyum undu. vaii chromosome metaasentrik aanu, padicha anchu saambilukalil ex chromosome eathaandu metaasentrik muthal acrosentric vare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu.
vitharanavum paristhithiyum.
"urugvaayilum sameepathulla rioo grande doow sall ennividangalilum maathram "lundomis molittar" oru jeevichirikkunna mrugamaayi kandethiyittundu; kizhakkan arjanteenayil ninnum lagowa saanta, minas geraayisukalil ninnumulla jeevanulla saambilukalude rekhakal sthireekarichittilla. ithu apoorvvamaayi maathrame kaanappedunnulloo, rioo grande doow sulil oru sthalathu maathrame ithu shekharichittulloo, pakshe ithu yadhaartha apoorvathayekkaal athu kandethanulla aparyapthamaaya sramangal moolamaakaam. sharashari shaityakaala thaapanila, sharashari vaarshika thaapanila, vaarshika mazha, sharashari 200 divasathiladhikam neenda mazhakkalam ennivayulla pradeshangalil ithinte vitharanam saadhaaranayaayi parimithappedutthiyirikku. ithu saadhaaranayaayi chathuppukalilo aruvikalkkadutho kaanapedunnu.
plistoseen fossilukal athinte nilavile paridhiyiludaneelavum athinappurathum kandethiyittundu. urugvaayilum rioo grande doow salilum, lujanian (playstocene avasana muthal aadyakaala holocene vare) sopas roopeekaranam "ell" yude avashishtangal nalkiyittundu. molittar, "vamshanasham sambhavicha sabar-pallulla poocha" smilodon poppulattar "," glyptodon "," macrochenia "," toxodon "thudangiya mattu sasthanikalkk purame. live "ell" ennathinte ettavum aduthulla rekhayude vadakkukizhakkaayi sthithicheyyunna pradesamaanu lagowa santa. molittar "; avide, lagaa daa escrevania enr ennariyappedunna oru guhayil ninnulla moonnu thalayotti shakalangalil ninnu maathrame ithu ariyappedunnulloo. 5. eee guhayil 16 inam chrisettid elikalkku purame vamshanasham sambhavicha thekke american megaafoonayile amgangalaaya graundu slothukal, litopternance, gomphotherus, glyptodondukal ennivayude niravadhi avashishtangalum adangiyirikkunnu, ennaal eee guhayil ninnulla avashishtangalellaam ore praayatthil ninnullathaano ennu urappilla.
arjanteenayile buenos airs pravishyayile aarr plistoseen pradeshangalil "lundomikalude" avashishtangal kandethiyittundu, ithu avide choodullathum eerppamullathumaaya paaliyoklaimettu soochippikkunnu. bajo saan josile ettavum pazhaya nikshepangal ekadesham 420,000 muthal 360,000 varshangalkk munbulla maraine isotopic ghattam 11-lethaanu, athesamayam mattu pradeshangalil ninnulla cheruppakkaaraaya maathrkakalkku 30,000 varsham maathrame pazhakkamulloo. cheruppakkaaraaya arjanteeniyan "lundomis" maathrkakal aadyathe thaazhnna molaarinte chila savisheshathakalil jeevikkunna "lundomikalil" ninnu sookshumamaayi vyathyasthamaan, koodaathe oru vyathyastha inathe prathinidheekarikkam. eee roopathinte oru thaazhathe aadyathe molarinu 3.28 millimeter neelamundu. bajo saan jose meteeriyalil lover phastt molarukal adangiyittillaathathil, eee metteeriyal pilkkala arjanteeniyan "lundomis" roopavumaayi bandhappettathaano ennu nirnnayikkaan kazhiyilla. mukalileyum thaazheyumulla thaadiyellukalude roopaghadana "londomikalude" mollar swabhaavasavisheshathakalulla oru phoosil inamaaya "holocylus primijanas" ennu thirichariyunnathu thadayunnu. eee pradeshathu ninnulla oru saambilinte mukalile pallukalude neelam, mukalile aadyathe molaarinte neelam, naalu saambilukalil ninnu varunna jeevikkunna "landomikalekkaal" alpam cheruthaanu.
prakrithi charithram.
"landomis molittar" sheelangalil ardhajalam ullathum athinte bhooribhaagam samayavum vellathil chelavazhikkunnathum raathriyil sajeevavumaan. oru mikacha neenthalkkaaranaaya ithu holochilasinekkaal neenthalin kooduthal savisheshamaan. ithu aazhathilulla vellathil, saadhaaranayaayi vellathinu mukalil, naanalukalkkidayil oru golaakrithiyilulla koodu nirmmikkunnu. 9 muthal 11 centimeter (ekadesham 4 inch) vare uyaramulla vyaasamulla koodundaakkunna vasthukkal chuttumulla naanukalil ninnaan varunnath. athinte mathilil moonnu paalikal adangiyirikkunnu, oru kendra araykku chuttum, ithu oru ramp vazhi vellavumayi bandhippichirikkunnu, koodaathe reedukal chernnathaanu. holochilus" enna anubandha janussile amgangal nirmmicha koodukal pala kaaryangalilum samaanamaan. verthirichedutha niravadhi vayarukalil pacha sasyavasthukkal adangiyirikkunnu, ithu holochilus pole sasyabhakshanamaanennu soochippikkunnu. eprilil pidikkapetta oru sthree ekadesham neelamulla moonnu bhroonangalumaayi garbhiniyaayirunnu. jigantolalaps wolfsohney", "ambliomma dubittaattam" ennee praanikale "ell" enna praaniyude saambilukalil kandethiyittundu. urugvaayile molittar. scapteromis tumidus", "oligorisomis nigrips", "raithroden oorittas", "acodon azare", "ooksimaiktaras nasuttas", "holochilus brasiliansis" ennivayaanu ithumaayi sahakarichu kaanapedunna mattu elikal.
samrakshana nila.
thaarathamyena vishalamaaya vitharanavum janasamkhyayile kuravinu thelivukalude abhavavum prathifalippikkunna eee inathinte samrakshana nilaye nilavil prakrithi samrakshanathinaayulla anthaaraashtra union "ettavum kuranja aashanka" aayi vilayiruthunnu. ithu sambhavikkunna niravadhi pradeshangal samrakshikkappedunnum athinte aavaasavyavasthayude nasham athinte thudarchayaaya nilanilppin bheeshaniyaakaam.