
locono

thekke amerikkayile vadakkan theerapradeshangalil thamasikkunna oru arawak janathayaan locono allengil arawak. innu, ekadesham 10,000 locono pradhaanamaayum veneswella, gayana, surinam, barbados, franch gayana ennee theerangalilum nadikalilum thaamasikkunnu. avar aravaakan bhasha kudumbatthinte perilulla arawak bhashayum vividha creol bhaashakalum engleesh samsaarikkunnu.
peru.
charitraparamaayi, gothratthile ardhaswalamaayi samsarikkunnavar svayam thirichariyukayum ippozhum 'locono-arawak' ennum (gothrathinullil maathrubhaasha samsaarikkathavar) 'arawak' ennum ippozhum bhashayil praaveenyamulla gotra amgangal 'locono' ennum svayam thirichariyukayum cheiyunnu, kaaranam avarude swantham bhashayil avar svayam 'locono' ennu vilikkunnu, athaayath 'niravadhi aalukal' (avarude prathyeka gothratthile), 'locobe' ennartham 'chila aalukal' (avarude prathyeka gothratthile), 'loco' ennartham 'oru vyakthi' (avarude prathyeka gothratthile), athupole avar samsaarikkunna bhaashayude perum...athinaal oraal 'njaan bhasha samsaarikkunnu' (nammude gothratthinte) ennartham varunna 'daa jiabo loco' ennu parayum, 'arawak' enna padam locono bhashayil evideyum oru padamaayi nilavililla, pakaram 1500-kalude thudakkam muthal trinidadile spaniardukalumaayi kooduthal idaykkide sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunna orinoco delttayile vaarau gothramaan avarkk nalkiyathu, thudarnnu kareebiyanile matellaa europpukaarkkum 'arawak' enna peru locono soochippikkaan sweekarichu. jeevichirikkunna 10,000 loconoyil ekadesham 10 shathamaanamo 1,000 shathamaanamo avarude bhashayil praaveenyamullavaraanu, ellaavarum 50 vious athil kooduthalumullavarum, mattu 10 sathamaanam vyathyastha praayathilullavarum-ennaal prayaparidhiyil kooduthalum ardha praaveenyamullavarum 30 vayassinu thaazheyulla 80 sathamaanam perkku avarude maathrubhaasha samsarikkaan kazhiyillengilum engleesh, dutch, franch, spanish enniva maathram samsarikkaan kazhiyum-oru raajyatheyum oru school samvidaanathilum locono padippichittilla.
pathonpathaam noottaandil, europian sanbarkka samayat caribean janathayile pradhana thaddesheeya janasamkhya (ippol [tyno] ennariyappedunnu) saamskaarikamaayum bhashaaparamaayum thekke american locono-aravaakkumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave paashchaathya pandithanmaar sthaapichappol, ethnologist daniel gaarisan brintan caribean janataye "ailand arawak" ennu vilikkaan nirddeshichu. thudarnnulla pandithanmaar eee kanvenshane "arawak" ennu churukki, athuvazhi pradhana bhoopradeshathe janangalumayi ashayakkuzhappam undaakki.
irupathaam noottaandil, irving raus polulla pandithanmaar caribean janataye pradhana bhoopradesangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan tyno enna pazhaya padam upayogikkaan thudangi. pradhana bhoopradesam arawak svayam "locono" ennu vilikkunnu ("locono", "locomo" ennum ucharikkappedunnu); irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal pandithochitha saahithyathil ithu kooduthal saadhaaranamaayitheernnu.
charithram.
aravaakkan bhashakal orinoco nadeethadatthil vikasichirikkaam, pinneedu samsarikkunnavar kudiyeriyathode ithu vyaapakamaayi vyaapichu, europian sanbarkkasamayathu eee mekhalayile ettavum vipulamaaya bhasha kudumbamaayi maari. arawak allengil locono ennu thiricharinja samgham ippol gayana, surinam, franch gayana, barbados, trinidad dveepinte chila bhagangal ennivayude theeradesha, nadeethada pradeshangalil sthirathaamasamaakki.
spanish athivegam caribean dveepukalil kolanivalkkarikkappettu, locono mattu pradhana bhoopradeshathe janangalum valarekkalam kolanivalkkaranatthe ethirthu. pathinaram noottaandiludaneelam spaanishukaarkk avare keezhadakkaan kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, pathinezhaam noottaandinte thudakkathil mattu europian shakthikalil ninnulla vardhicha kaiyettathode, engleeshukaarumaayum dachukaarumaayum sakhyamundaakkiya ayalrajyamaaya kalina (caribukal) yethire locono spainumaayi sakhyamundaakki. pinneedu, yooroppyanmaarumaayi vyapara bandhatthil earppettirunna locono, samrudhiyilekku nayicha oru krameekaranamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil thotta sambadvyavasthayude avasaanam ulppede eee mekhalayile saambathikavum saamoohikavumaaya mattangal locono prathikoolamaayi baadikkukayum avarude janasamkhya kurayukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandil, malsyavum maravum vilkkunnathiloodeyum kudiyetta thozhilaallikaliloodeyum locono avarude parambaraagatha kaarshika sambadvyavasthaykku poorakamaayi pravartthikkaan thudangi, avarude janasamkhya veendum vardhikkaan thudangi. veneswella, gayana, surinam, franch gayana ennividangalil ekadesham 10,000 locono athupole thanne locono vamshajaraaya aayirakkanakkin aalukalum thaamasikkunnu.
barbados.
barbadosil 100 locono undu, ivarellaam gayanayude avasaanathe locono paarambarya medhaavikaliloraalude avasheshikkunna avasaanathe makal, amarottahe houbaririya ('flying harpy eegil'), oru penkuttiyenna nilayil avalude locono peru shoko laliva (cheria manja chithrashalabhangal)-pinneedu kristhyan namam marian lucky (pinneedu colonial jiyortaun gayanayile oru engleesh govarnor princes marian ennu vilichu), avar 1925 ll gayanayil ninnu barbadosylake kudiyeri.
gayanayile eegil vamshathile loconoyile rajakumaariyaaya marian 1879 ll mccansey/lindon 115 mile thekk upper demerara rivar cheefdomil (thoo isoukka) janichu, avide avalude pithaav gayanayile avasaanathe parambaraagatha bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnu. avarkk oru saadhaarana parambaraagatha jananamundaayirunnu, koodaathe avarude onnaam varsham vare (avarude parambaraagatha 9 divasathe praayapoorthiyaakal aachaarathin sesham) kaattupradhaanaayirikke nagnamaaya kuttikkalam jeevichu, thudarnnu avar kristhyaaniyaakkappett kazhukan vamshathile aravaak bharanakudumbatthile aadya amgamaayi-1892 ll engleesh bishop vilyam austin avarkk 'marian lucky' enna puthiya engleesh peru nalki (ennirunnaalum avar thante parambaraagatha aanimist aathmeeyamaayi sookshikkukayum rahasyamaayi pariseelikkukayum cheythu, thante kuttikalude samrakshanathinaayi vishudha pukayila upayogichu praarthikkukayum cheythu-varshangalkk sesham avalude ilaya makal hannah athu vivarichu).
innathe murittaaro graamam muthal malali graamam vare, avide ninnu grettu falls graamam vare gayanayil ithuvare kandethiya rund paliced locono gramangalil onnaayirunnu maariyante pithaavinte thalavan, angane engleeshukaar njangalude bhoomi etteduthappol gayana valuthaayenn makkalodu parayaan maria prerippichu. general cheefdominte locono janasamkhyayil ninnulla moonnu kazhukan vamshathile locono sahodaranmaar (henry saiman bharya ulppede), bishop austin kristhyaaniyaakkukayum 'saiman' enna kudumbapperu nalkukayum cheytha avar vividha pakarchavyaadhikal moolamundaaya naashanashtangalkk sesham athinte avasana varshangalil upper demerara nadeethadatthile thalavathvam upekshichu, avar pakkoori (sent. kuthbertinte dauthyam), mahaika nadiyil, mahaikani nadiyile moraicobaayi graamatthil ninnulla chaals bernard bharya 1882ll pakkoori graamam aarambhicha aadya vyakthiyaan. pakkooriyude moonnaamathe sthaapaka locono kudumbam richard dundaasinteyum moraikobaayil ninnulla bhaaryayudeyumthaayirunnu.
1899-ll, britiish gayanayile mackenseyile spraastons kambaniyil ninnu gothrapradeshangalil kandethiya svarnnavum vajrangalum kaimarunnathinaayi avalude pithaavinte medhaavithvathilekku vaanijya saadhanangal kondupookunna apprentis vyaapaariyaayi jolie cheythirunnappol, vivian arnold diver enna yuva creol dutch bisinasukaarane marian kandumutty. aadya kaazhchayil thanne vivian avalumayi pranayathilaakukayum dambathikal vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu, thudarnnu 1900-ll avar jorstounilekku thamasam maari-avide avar colonial bisinus kammyoonittiyile uyarnna klaas soshyalaitukalaayi ippol 'guiding laitt hotel' aaya kettidatthile roob streetilaanu thaamasichirunnathu.
1921ll gayanayile britiish govarnor sarr wilfred koolatt, avarude bharthavinoppam (argozy pathratthinte udamasthaavakaashavum vijayakaramaya bisinesses samrambhakanaya pithaavil ninnu nyayamaaya bhagyavum paarambaryamaayi labhicha) akkaalat gayana sandarshicha weils raajakumaarante bahumaanaartham jiyortaunile colonial gavanmentukalude 'assembly roomukalil' sookshichirunna oru panthilekku kshanichappol, colonial govarnoraanu maariyane 'aravaakkukalude rajakumaariyaaya marian' (avalude pithaav avasaanathe paarambarya medhaaviyaayirunnathinaal) ennu parichayappedutthiyathu, pinneedu kudumbacharithratthil rekhappeduthiyittullathu, aaa ratri randuthavana avarodoppam nritham cheythukondu weils rajakumaran marian avalude bharthaavineyum aduthu iruthi. anganeyaan marian 'rajakumari' enna padavi nediyathu, avalkk ippozhum snehathodeyum bahumaanathodeyum nalkappedunnu, kaaranam arawak bhashayil 'rajakumaran' allengil 'rajakumari' ennathinu vaakkukal illa, paarambarya medhaaviyude makano makalo.
1925-ll, gayanayile bharthaavinte bisinesses thakarukayum addehathinte sambathu nashtappedukayum cheythathinushesham, dambathikal avarude avasheshikkunna 6 makkalumaayi-vidi arnold diver, david arnold diver, rooth della diver (barbadosil jaims seraavuvine vivaham kazhicha), maartha isabella diver (barbadosil vilyam keeth chandlere vivaham kazhicha), hannah maria diver (barbadosil jorjju sessil corbyne vivaham kazhicha), joshuva diver-ellaavarum kareebiyanile barbados dveepilekku kudiyeri. 1928-ll oru pottithericha appendix moolam marian marichu, bridjtounile vestbari semitheriyil avale samskarichu, avide caribean locono raajaavinte eaka shavakudeeram ariyappedunnu, lokamembaadum engleeshilum locono janathayude bhashayilum ezhuthappetta eaka shavakudeeram avalude shavakudeeramaanu. kazhukan vamshathile bharanakudumbatthile locono bhasha samsaarikkunna avasaanathe praaveenyamulla aalaayirunnu marian, ennirunnaalum madhyavayaskarum praayamaayavarumaaya thalavanile avasheshikkunna sheshikkunna gothraamgangal pakkooriyile bhaashayude praaveenyam nilanirtthi.
marian raajakumaariyude randaamathe makan david arnold devever 1960-kalil gayanayile niyama kodathikalil thante vamshathinu muun demerara medhaavithva bhoomi nilanirthaan shramichuvenkilum parajayappettu, pravaasikalile gothratthile avasana amgamaayirunnu gayanayile backie gothravumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunnathu-1992 vare, marian raajakumaariyude muthumuthachan daaman koorii (19-aamm vayassil) pakkoori locono svayambharana pradeshamaaya shirling saiman (17 vayassulla) enna oru kazhukan vamshathile arawak penkuttiye vivaham kazhichu-aval pazhaya kazhukan vamshathile saiman sahodaranmaarude pingamiyaanu.
2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu, eegil klaan locono pravaasikal avarude avasana paarambarya pradhana nambar 100 barbadosil, 100 yukeyil, 80 cubayil, 10 usil, 10 kaanadayil, 1700 gayanayile pakkoori locono pradeshathu kanakkaakkappedunnu-innu jeevichirikkunna mikkavarum ellah gothraamgangalkkum oru saimon aaya chila nerittulla poorvvikarundu (athinaal pazhaya medhaavithvathil ninnulla aaa 3 sthaapaka saimon sahodaranmaaril oraalude pingamiyaanu).
matham.
parambaraagatha locono mattu mathangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru aanimist aathmeeyatha pariseelikkunnu, kaaranam oraalkk cherano pocano kazhiyum, ennaal oraal swaabhaavika aathmeeyathayodu koodi janikkunnu, enthaanu cheyyenda nalla pravartthanangal, enthaanu nishedhaathmaka pravartthanangal ennathinekkurichulla antharleenamaaya arivu. oro parambaraagatha locono kuttikkum padippikkappedunna ettavum valia sadgunamaanu kudumbam, vamsham, gothram ennivayodulla audaaryavum snehavum. 
charitraparamaayi, locono janatha aanimist shamanism parisheelichirunnu, oro bhauthika vastuvinum athinte athmeeya kaarban-koppi undennathaanu pradhana vishwaasangalil onnu, athaayath athu prathyakshamaaya roopathil nilanilkkukayum oresamayam avyakthamaaya athmeeya roopathil nilanilkkukayum cheiyunnu. shammon/medisin maan (semichichi) 'bhoomiyile daivathinte prathinidiyalla', shammon ennathu bhogyalokathil ninnum aathmeeyalokathil ninnumulla gothratthinte idayilaanu. chodyangalkku utharam nalkukayo mattu gotra amgangalkku sahayam thedukayo cheyyuka ennathaanu shaamante jolie, ashayangalo abhipraayangalo mattullavarodu nirddeshikkaathirikkuka, oro loconoic srashtaavaaya 'adayahirli' yumayi nerittu ashayavinimayam nadatthaan kazhiyum, ithu palappozhum pithrupadamaaya 'awaa' enna prefix nalkunnu, bhoomiyekkurichu thanne sthreelingathil samsaarikkunnu. 
chandran (kaachi) suryan (hadali) pullinga lingangalilum samsaarikkunnu, kaaranam avaa bhoomiyude maathavinoppam (onabo-ayoo koyaha) chernnu bhogyalokathu jeevan srishtikkunnu (sooryaprakaashathaal 'beejasankalanam' cheyyappedaathe sasyangalkk valaraan kazhiyilla), sthreekalude prasavangal chandranumaayi saikkil cheiyunnu, veliyettangalum chandran (kaachi) sahayikkunnu. 
locono sthreekale (hiaro) locono purushanmaarekkaal aathmeeyamaayi mikachavaraayi kanakkakkunnu, athinaalaan gothratthile chila jolikalo pravartthanangalo sthreekalude antassinu thazheyaayi kanakkaakkunnath, athaayath kallara thondal, vettayaadal, mattu jeevajaalangale kollal, malsyam maathramaan eaka apavaadam, locono sthreekalkkum purushanmarkkum maathrame malsyathe kollanakoo, ennaal purushanmaarkk maathrame mattu mrugangale vettayaadaanum kollanum kazhiyoo, rund lingakkaarkkum pazhangalum vilakalum shekharikkaam, ennirunnaalum chila vilakal sthreekal maathrame nadaavoo, purushanmaarkk maathrame sthreekal pinneedu nattupidippikkunna nilatthe dwaarangal kuzhikkaan kazhiyoo. parambaraagatha locono samoohathil karsanamaaya lingaparamaaya pankukalundu.
bharmmalokathile ellaathinum oru athmeeya gadakamundennu parayaan kazhiyumenna vishwaasamundu, ennaal manushyarkk maathrame moonnaamathe amartya bodhashakthiyude kaathal allengil yadhaartha aathmaav ennu visheshippikkaan kazhiyoo, athu athmeeya lokathil ninnu bharmmalokathekku varunnu, bharmalokam vittathinushesham thaalkkaalikamaayo shaashvathamaayo athmeeya lokath (ayonban) thudaraan thiranjedukkaam, athmeeya lokathe 'yadhaartha lokam' ennum ellah jeevajaalangaludeyum yadhaartha uthbhavasthalamaayum kaanunnu, allengil puthiyathum vyathyasthavumaya oru manushyashareerathil bharmmalokathekku madanguka, mattoru samayat, thaalkkaalikamaayi athil vasikkanum jeevanullavarkkidayil veendum thamasikkaanum.
pukayilayude (yoori) upayogam eee purathana vishwaasa sanbradaayathinte kendramaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum, pukayila oru vishudha sasyamayathinaal parambaraagathamaayi orikkalum vinoda aavasyangalkkaayi pukavalichirunnilla, marichu mattullavarude shaareerikamo athmeeyo aaya rogashaanthikkaayulla praarthanakalil maathramaan. praarthikkumbol pukavalikkaan pukayilaye mattethenkilum padaarthavumaayi kalarthunnathum nishidhamaanu. athinaal kaikondu pothinja pukayila ila sigaratt pavithramaayirikkumbol, faaktariyil nirmmicha vaanijya sigaratt apavarthikaramaayirikkum. 
pukayila puka 9 divasam neendunilkkunna locono penkuttikalilum 4 divasam neendunilkkunna locono aankuttikalilum, athupole parambaraagatha locono aathmeeyathayude anuyaayikal aachaaraparamaaya avasarangalkkayi othucherumbol, kathikkunna pukayila sigaratt vrithaakrithiyilulla parambaraagatha bahiyil (veedu) locono vyakthikalude vrithathinu chuttum kadannupokum, kaaranam vritham ettavum pavitramaaya roopamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, pukayila pukavalikkunnavarkkidayil nunakalillennu vishwasikkunnathinaal oro vyakthiyum athu hrasvamaayi pukavalikkum, allengil eee nirodhanam lamghikkunnathinu lamghakan vyakthiparamaaya nirbhagyam anubhavikkum.
gayanayile pakkoori graamam (janasamkhya 1700 locono) parambaraagatha jeevathmathma aathmeeyathaykkaayi maathram samarppichirikkunna parambaraagatha bahiyullah eaka locono samoohamaanu. 240 chathurashra mile svayambharana gothrapradeshathe ettavum thekk sthiramaayi adhivasikkunna kudumba vaasasthalamaaya iondo hororoyil ithu nilavilundu, gothratthinte ekadesham 5 sathamaanam ippozhum parambaraagatha jeevatma aathmeeyatha pinthudarunnu, chilar rahasyamaayum mattullavar ayanto horoyil parasyamaayum, kaaranam parambaraagatha locono athmeeya vishwaasangal unmoolanam cheyyaan shramicha europian kristhyan missionarymaaraanu ithu rahasyamaayi nayichathu.
oraale oru shammon/medisin maan (semihichi) aakaan parisheelippikkaan kazhiyillennu parambaraagatha locono aanimist vishwaasam, ennaal oru shammon aakaan vidhikkapetta oraalude aavashyamaaya sammaanangalum gunangalum prakadippikkunna oru kutty ithinakam oru shammon aaya oraalkk nayikkanum avante padanatthil sahayikkaanum kazhiyum. sasyachikithsakalekkurichu arivu lingabhedam sambandhichathallengilum, locono samskaarathil sthreekal ennatheyum pole shamanukalaayi rekhappeduthiyittil.
kuttikkalam muthal thanne krithyamaaya munkoor swapnangal, darshanangal, sparshanathiloodeyum svayam nirddeshathiloodeyum sukhappeduthaanulla kazhivu enniva oru shammon aakaan vidhikkapetta sammanangalil ulppedunnu.
carophody, biswana, jubitana, sabjo ennee pramukha perukalulla surinaaminte locono maathramaan thangalude purathana vamshanaamangal audyogika kudumbapperukalil sookshichirikkunnathu.

