
peruvinte sambadghadana

locabank tharamthirichirikkunnathu uyarnna videsha vyapaaravum uyarnna idatharam varumaana sambadvyavasthayum savisheshathayulla valarnnuvarunna, sammishra sambadvyavasthayaanu peruvinte sambadvyavastha. motham gdpyude adisthaanathil lokathile naalppathezhaamathe valia sambadvyavasthayulla peru nilavil uyarnna maanava vikasana soochika anubavikkunnu. 2012ll jii. dii. pii valarchaa nirakkaya 6.3 shathamaanavumaayi lokathile athivegam valarunna sambadvyavasthakalilonnaanu raajyam. peruvile covid-19 mahamariyil ninnu karakayarunna 2021ll sambadvyavastha 9.3 sathamaanam valarumennu pratheekshichirunnu. peru athinte pradhana vyapara pankaalikalumaayi niravadhi swatantra vyapara karaarukalil oppuvachittundu. 2009 epril 28nuu oppuvacha chaina-peru swatantra vyapara karaarinethudarnnu chaina raajyathinte ettavum valia vyapara pankaliyaayi. 2006ll amerikkayumaayum 2011ll jappanumaayum 2012ll europian unionumaayum adhika swatantra vyapara karaarukal oppuvachu. vyapaaravum vyavasaayavum limayil kendreekrithamaayirikke kaarshika kayattumathi raajyathinullil praadeshika vikasanathilekku nayichu.
peruvinte sambadvyavastha charakk kayattumathiye aasrayichirikkunnu, ithu anthaaraashtra vipanikalile vilayile asthiratha kaaranam sambadvyavasthaye apakadatthilaakkunnu. sambadvyavastha pathivayi charakk kuthichuchaattam anubhavichathinaal peru sarkkar raajyathinte charithrathiludaneelam pothumekhalayil cheria edapedalukal maathrame prakadippichittulloo. atharam charakkukalude verthirichedukkal athinte paaristhithikavum saamoohikavumaaya prathyaaghaathangal kaaranam raajyathinullil samgharsham srishtichu.
spanish saamraajyathil ninnu peruvinte swaathanthryathethudarna, saambathika varenyavarggakkaar "centralismo" vazhi theerapradeshangalil thangalude adikaaram kendreekarichappol grameena pravishyakal bharikkunath nilavilulla "hassianda" bhoovudamakalude adimatha sanbradaayangalaayirunnu. eee maathruka pradhaanamaayum 1968 ll general juvan velasco alvarado adhikaaramelkkunnathuvare thudarnnu, saamoohika chelavu vardhippikkukayum bhoovudamakalude adikaaram neekkam cheyyukayum cheytha oru svechaadhipathyathinu neethrthwam nalki, 1970 kalil adhikara shoonyathayude falamaayi communist garilla grouppinte uyarcha thilangunna paathayilekku nayichu. 1980kalude thudakkathil, 1980kalude thudakkathil saambathika maandyathinteyum nashtappetta dashakathil peruvile aabhyanthara samgharshathinteyum falamaayi peru saambathika budhimuttukal nerittu. alan garzia sarkkar vila niyanthranangal nadappaakki, athu uyarnna panapperuppatthinu kaaranamaayi. ithinu marupadiyaayi, peruvile sayudha senakal oru navalibaral, thuranna vipani sambadvyavastha srishtikkunnathinulla oru ooppareshanaaya plan verdeyude karadu thayyarakki. fujishok" ennariyappedunna oru kaalaghattatthil saambathika shaasthranjanaaya hernando dii sotoyude kurippukalkk purame alberto fujimori sarkkaaraan ithu nadappilaakkiyathennu reportund. eee njettalinidayil, vila niyanthranam nirthalaakkappettu, sarkkar nadathunna samghadanakalude svakaaryavalkkaranam nadannu, niyanthranangal neekkam cheythukondu videsha nikshepangalude prothsaahanam nadannu. fujimori bharanakoodatthinte saambathika nadapadikal raajyathe sthoola-saambathikamaayi susthiramaakki.
2000-kalile charakk kuthichuchaattathethudnathu peruvile vikasanam vardhichappol sarkkar dhanakaryam, daaridrya laghookaranam, saamoohika mekhalakalile purogathi enniva mechappettu. peruvile videsha portfolio nikshepathe aakarshakamaakkiya navaliberalism, niyanthranam, swatantra vipani nayangal ennivayude saambathika prathyayashaasthramaaya lima samavayam raajyam aduthide sweekarichu. 2012leeii panapperuppam lattinamerikkayile ettavum thaazhnna nirakkaya 1.8 shathamaanamaayirunnu, ettavum puthiya vaarshika nirakk 2020ll 1.9 shathamaanamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum sthithivivarakkanakku daaridryam ganyamaayi kuranju-2004ll ekadesham 60 sathamaanathil ninnu 2018ll 20.5% aayi.
sameepa dashakangalil sambadvyavastha vaividyavalkkarikkaan thudangiyittundengilum, irakkumathiykkum videsha kadangalkkum dhanasahayam nalkunna kayattumathiyumayi peruvian saambathika prakadanam bandhappettirikkunnu. chembu, svarnnam, sink, thunitharangal, rasavasthukkal, farmaceuticals, nirmmanangal, yanthrangal, sevanangal, malsyam ennivayaanu peruvinte pradhana kayattumathi. america, chaina, brazeel, europian union, chili ennivayaanu raajyathinte pradhana vyapara pankaalikal. kayattumathi ganyamaaya varumanam nalkiyittundenkilum, svayamparyaapthamaaya valarchayum varumaanathinte kooduthal samathvaparamaaya vitharanavum avyakthamaanenn thelinjittundu. peruvian motha aabhyanthara ulppaadanathil sevanangalude punk aii. dii. 1 aanu, vyavasaayavum (aii. dii. 2) krishiyum (7.6%). sameepakaala saambathika valarchaykku aakkam koottiyathu sthoola saambathika sthiratha, mechappetta vyapara nibandhanakal, vardhichuvarunna nikshepavum upabhogavum ennivayaanu.
charithram.
inca saamrajyam.
inca saamrajyam ennariyappedunna tahuvaantinsuyo ("naalu bhaagangalude raajyam") pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathil peruvile malambradeshangalil ninnu uyarnnuvanna ettavum valia nagarikathayaanu. 1572ll spanish sainyam avasana inca kotta keezhadakki.
inca saamrajyam kendra aasoothranam upayogichu. inca nikuthi sanbradaayathekkurichu ezhuthumbol spanish charitrakaaranaaya pedro seeza dii liyon paranju "incas upayogichirunna samvidaanam valare mikachathaayirunnu, aalukalkk athu anubhavappedaathe abhivridhi praapichu... [eiii] ithu kramamaya reethiyil poortthiyaakkappettaal, nattukaar thangalkk kadappettathum vilayiruthappettathum adaykkunnathil paraajayappedukayo eee adaranjali shekharichavar oru daanyam daanyam adhikamaayi edukkaan shramikkukayo cheythilla ". udyogasthar nagarangalilekkum pravishyakalilekkum yaatra cheyyukayum avide avarkk kwipas daatta sambharikkukayum inca pradeshangal saadhyamaayathellaam sambhavana cheyyukayum cheyyum; athu thozhil ("mitta"), thunitharangal, bhakshanam, aayudangal allengil nirmmaana saamagrikal aakatte. thozhil sambandhamaayi, pravishyakal saamraajyathinte keezhil jolie cheyyaan purushanmaare anuvadikkum, avarude bhaaryamaarkk veettujeevitham nilanirthaan vivaham kazhikkendathundu. oru maasatthile pala divasangalum vinodathinum virunnukalkkumayi neekkivaykkappettappol rogabadhitharaaya vyakthikale thirike konduvannu avarude swantham pravisyayaakki mattunnathinaal pouranmaar amita joliykk vidheyaraayirunnilla.
peruvinte viceroyaltti.
peruvinte viceroyaltiyude sambadvyavastha pradhaanamaayum velliyude kayattumathiye aashrayichaayirunnu. peruvinteyum meksikkoyudeyum viceroyal adhikaarikalil ninnu kayattumathi cheytha valia alavil velli europine aazhathil baadhichu, chila pandithanmaar ithu vila viplavam ennu vilikkappedunnathinu kaaranamaayathaayi vishwasikkunnu. karar, soujanya vethana thozhilaallikal, athupole thanne "encomienda" adimatha sambradaayam enniva upayogichaanu velli khananam nadathiyathu. encominda" vamshahathyayayi visheshippikkappettindu. spanish sanbradaayathinu keezhil, siyesa dii liyon ezhuthi, "spanish aalukalude kramakkedum athyagrahavum moolam, aalukalude ennam valare kuranju, avaril bhooribhaagavum aprathyakshamaayi, athyaagrahathinteyum athyaagrahathinteyum falamaayi avar poornnamaayum thudachuneekkappedum". colonial spanish amerikkayile adimathathinte falamaayi afro-peruviyakkaarum prathyakshappettu. 1610ll velli uthppaadanam ettavum uyarnnu.
1802ll russian paryavekshakanaaya alexander voonn humbolt aadyamaayi gwano neridukayum peruvil valam gaveshanam aarambikkukayum cheythu, addehathinte kandethalukal europiludaneelam report cheyyappettu.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
gwano yugam.
1821 juulai 28nuu speyinil ninnu swaathanthryam nediya sesham peru saambathikamaayi thakarnnadinju. koodaathe, velli khanikal thakarnnathode sambadvyavasthayum durithatthilaayi. ennirunnaalum 1840kalil aarambhicha europpumaayulla gwano vyapaaram europian nikshepangalum panavum kondu peruye thakarthu. 1840-ll peruvian raashtreeyakkaaranum samrambhakanumaya francisco kviros vaii ampudia franch bisinasukaarumaayum peruvian sarkkarumaayum oru karaaril gwano kayattumathi vaanijyavalkkarichu, peruvian gwanoikkulla nilavilulla avakaashavaadangal nirthalaakki; gwano adisthaanaparamaayi desasaalkkarikkappedukayum peruvinte ettavum valia varumaana srotassaayi maarukayum cheythu. gwanoyude ksheenam eareyaanengilum, peru 1870-ll ithuvare nadathiyathil vachu ettavum valia gwano kayattumathi nedi.
pasaphik yuddham.
1870kalile deerghakaala maandya saambathika prathisandhi chili nasippikkukayum velli, chembu, gothamb kayattumathikk pakaramaayi oru sthalam thedukayum cheythu. chiliyude saambathika sthithiyum naitrettukalil puthiya sambathinte saadhyathayumaanu chilian varenyavarggakkaar peruvinum boliviyaykkum ethire yudhathinu erangaan yadhaartha kaaranamenn vaadikkappedunnu, chilian gavanmentinte vipuleekarana videsanayavum attakaamayude dhaatu sambathu niyantrikkaanulla abhilaashangalum samgharshathilekku nayichuvennu mikka charitrakaaranmaarum sammathikkunnu.
chili yudhathil vijayikkukayum 1884 leeii aankon udambadiyiloode pasaphik yuddham avasaanikkukayum cheythu. 1880kalil peruvinte guwano varumaanathinte pakuthi chilikk labhichu, lokathile ettavum moolyavathaaya naitrajan vibhavangalude niyanthranam chili etteduthu. puthuthayi ettedutha bhoomi kaaranam 1879 muthal 1902 vare chiliyude deseeya treasury vardhikkum. athesamayam, charakk kayattumathiye aashrayikkunnath-athu charithrathiludaneelam thudarnnu-athinte sambadvyavasthayude paapparathatthinu kaaranamaayi. 1906 vare peruvian sarkkar puthiya paramadhikaara kadam nalkaathe, paramadhikaara kadam kaivashamullavarkk peruvinte reyilveyude udamasthaavakaasham nalkunna grays kararinu peru amgeekaaram nalki.
irupathaam noottaand.
aamason rubber boom.
irupathaam noottaandil ekvittosile anglo-peruvian aamason rubber kambani anthaaraashtra thalatthil rubber vipananam cheyyaan thudangi. rubber kuthichuchaattam amazonia pradeshangale anthaaraashtra vipaniyilekku konduvannu. kambaniyude sthaapakanaaya juulioo sezar arana bhoomi vaangiyathin sesham peru sarkkar lorettoikku vadakkulla aamason pradeshangal anglo-peruvian aamason rubber kambanikku kaimari. rubber kuthichuchaattatthinte samayat puttumaayo vamshahathya nadathiyathu anglo-peruvian aamason rubber kambaniyaanu. 40, 000 muthal 250,000 vare thaddeshiyar kollappettu, palareyum thozhil cambukalilekku ayachu; aamasonile janasamkhyayude thonnooru sathamaanavum nasippikkappettu.
onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalaghattavum randaam lokamahaayudhakaalaghattavum.
1910-kalude thudakkathil, khananavum vila ulppaadanavum kaaranam peru valarunna sambadvyavastha aasvadichu, akkaalat oru thozhilaallivargam vikasichu. onnaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathinnettathu, anthaaraashtra vipanikal prakshubdhamavukayum peru maandyam anubhavikkukayum 1910 kalude madhyathilum avasaanathilum niravadhi attimarikal sambhavikkukayum cheythu. august bii. peruvinte kuleenavarggathile amgamaaya legua pinneedu oru attimariyiloode adikaaram ettedukkukayum oru puthiya bharanaghadana ezhuthukayum svechaadhipathya adikaarangal ettedukkukayum cheiyunnu; ennirunnaalum legua palappozhum thante pravarthanangaliloode bharanaghadanaye avaganikkum. legvia party udan nirodhikkunnundenkilum parishkaarangalkk ahvaanam cheiyunna american janakeeya viplava sakhyam (aapra) victor raul haya dii laa torre kandethi. legua peruvine aadhunikavalkkarikkunnathu chelavu vardhippichu, ithu deseeya kadam vardhippikkukayum 1929 leeii mahaamaandyam koodivarunnathinoppam, taamasiyaathe 1930 ll luis migual sanches sero addehathe sthaanabhrashtanaakkukayum cheythu.
sanches 180 dasalaksham dollar kadam moratorium prakhyapikkukayum athinte falamaayi peruvine amerikkayile vipanikalil ninnu nirodhikkukayum cheythu. sanches sarkkarum aaprayude adichamarthal thudarunnu, athinte falamaayi oru aaprista party amgam saanchasine vadhikkunnu. ooskaar aarr. saanchasinte kaalavadhi poortthiyaakkaanum idathupaksha grouppukale peedippikkunnathinum bharanaghadanaa assembly benavidesine thiranjedutthu, athinte falamaayi thaddesheeya, thozhil grouppukalkkidayil peruvian communist partic (pcp) vardhicha pinthuna labhichu. peruvinte sambadvyavastha valarumbol, 1939 leeii peruvian pothutheranjeduppil limayile oru bankeraya maanuval prado urtteche presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
president prado aprayekkurichu mriduvaaya swaram sweekarikkumbol aaprista nethaavu haya dii laa torre videsha vipanikalkku kooduthal mithamaaya nayavum pinthunayum nalkunnu. 1945ll aapraye oru niyamaparamaaya party maattukayum athe varsham thanne jose luis busttamaantte vaii rivero thiranjedukkappedukayum oru aprista raashtreeyakkaarane sambadvyavasthayude manthriyaayi maattukayum cheythu. pinneedu, vila niyanthranangalum videsanaanya niyanthranangalum ulppeduthunnathinaayi basttamaante saambathika edapedal valareyadhikam vardhippikkunnu, ithu mandagathiyilulla sambadvyavasthaykku purame prathyakshappettu, athinte falamaayi panapperuppam vardhichu.
sainika "jandas" aadyathe belande gavanmentum.
adutha rund pathittaandukalilaayi, sainika "jandas" peru niyanthrikkunnu. 1948 october 29nuu general maanuval eiii. odria bastamaantteykkethire vijayakaramaya oru sainika attimarikk neethrthwam nalkukayum 1956 vare presidentil adhikaaramelkkukayum cheythu. odriyayude sarkkar charakk kuthichuchaattam kaaranam valarunna sambadvyavastha anubhavichu, ennirunnaalum sarkkaarinte nikshepangalil palathum theeradesha nagarangalil thudarnnu, athesamayam daridraraayi thudarunna aabhyanthara, andean pradeshangalil ashanti vardhichu. eee samayat valathupaksha raashtreeyathilekku kooduthal vyathichalicha aapra partyaya haya dii laa torre 1962 leeii peruvian pothutheranjeduppil valathupaksha janakeeya nadapadiyude sthaapakanaaya fernando belondeykkethire vijayichu, ennirunnaalum haya dii laa torraic adhikaaramelkkaan kazhinjilla.
oru hraswa sainika sarkkaarinusesham, 1963 leeii peruvian pothutheranjeduppil belonde vijayichu, vyavasayavalkkaranam vardhippichum andeesilekku haiway nirmmichum addehathinte sarkkar mithamaaya mechappeduthalukal nadatthi. amazonileyum peruvinte mattu pradeshangalileyum vibhavangal adhiniveshathiloode chooshanam cheiyunnathine prothsaahippikkunna "peruviyanmaar peru keezhadakkuka" enna sidhaantham belonde nadathiyirunnu. 1964leeii oru sambhavathil, rund maramvettunnavare vadhichathin sesham belonde bharanakoodam maattsine lakshyamakki, peruvian sayudha sena american yudhavimaanangalum villukalum ambukalum upayogichu aayudhadhaarikalaaya thaddesheeya grouppukalkku nere napam veeshukayum noorukanakkinu aalukal kollappedukayum cheythu. grameena, karshaka peruviyanmaaril ninnu viyojippode belondeyude saambathika nadapadikal sweekarichu. addehathinte gavanment vibhava kayattumathiye, prathyekichu malsyabandhana vyavasaayathe aashrayikkunnath panapperuppavum vardhichuvarunna kammikkum kaaranamaayi. eee samgharshathinidayil, general juvan velasco alvarado 1968 leeii peruvian attimariyil belande attimarikkunnu.
sayudha senayude viplavakaramaaya sarkkar.
velasco sayudha senayude viplavakaramaaya sarkkar sthaapikkukayum saambathika vipuleekaranathinte oru kaalaghattatthil oru samsthaana muthalaalitha saambathika nayam sweekarikkukayum cheythu. laattin amerikkayude charithratthile ettavum abhilashakaramaaya bhoovisthrithiprakalpangal sthaapich sarkkar udan thanne bhooparishkarana samrambhangal aarambhichu. bhooparishkarana padhathikal karshakarkk mail adimatham adichelppikkunna bhoovudamakalodu saamyamulla parambaraagatha "hassianda" samvidaanam neekkam cheyyukayum athinu pakaram kaarshika saamoohika thaalpparya sosaittikal (seys) ennu vilikkunna kaarshika sahakarana samghangal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. velasco sarkkar oru gadanaaparamaaya sameepanam sweekarikkukayum adisthaana soukaryangalil nikshepam nadathukayum pradhana saambathika ulppaadana mekhalakal, vidyaabhyaasam, maadyamangal ennivayude vyapakamaaya desasaalkkarana kaambayin aarambikkukayum cheythu. oru nischitha vinimaya nirakk sambradaayam sweekarikkukayum deseeya kadam naadakeeyamaayi vardhikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. kadam, panapperuppam, 1973leeii enna prathisandhi ennivayude samyojanam velasco sarkkaaril oru saambathika prathisandhikku kaaranamaayi, general francisco morals-bermudus tachnasoyile velasco attimarichu.
addehathinte sarkkar kaadinya nadapadikal avatharippikkukayum samsthaana muthalaalitha samvidaanangal neekkam cheyyukayum cheythukondu bermudez sayudha senayude randaamathe viplava sarkkaarine nayichu. eee sarkkar saambathika krameekaranam aarambikkukayum videsha kadam sambandhicha charchakal aarambikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, azhimathi kumbhakonangalum vyapakamaaya prathishedhangalum pottippurappedukayum peruvine veendum oru janaadhipathya rashtreeya samvidaanathilekku maattaan sainika sarkkar sammathikkukayum cheythu.
nashtappetta dashaabdam.
1980ll panthrand varshathe sainika bharanathinu sesham fernando belonde terry randaam thavanayum presidentaayi thiranjedukkappettu. thiranjeduppu divasam, thilangunna paatha chuchiyil baalat kathikkunna sambhavathode sayudha poraattatthinu thudakkamittu, ithu pradhaanamaayum peruvil aabhyanthara samgharshathinu thudakkamittu. belondez oru floating exchange rettu upayogikkukayum praadhamikamaayi pradhana kayattumathiye aasrayikkunna janakeeya nayangal upayogikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte sarkkar velascoyude nilavilulla nayangalum chila saambathika udaaravalkkaranavum vipareethamaakkunnath thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, belondeyude sarkkaarin oru dananayam vikasippikkaan kazhinjilla, sarkkar sthaapanangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathil paraajayappedukayum valarunna videsha kadam neridukayum cheythu, ithu peruvine durbalamaaya avasthayilekku nayichu.
1985 leeii peruvian pothutheranjeduppil alan garzia presidentaayum arupath varshathilereyaayi aadyathe aaprista presidentaayum thiranjedukkappettu. addehathinte bharanakoodam oru navaa-gadanaaparamaaya saambathika nayam sweekarichu, saambathika prakadanam vardhippikkunnathinum shemachelavu vardhippikkunnathinum vila niyanthranangal sthaapikkunnathinum swakaarya mekhalaykku sarkkar dhanasahayam nalki; ithu thaalkkaalika saambathika valarchaykku kaaranamaayi, ennirunnaalum peruvinte deseeya kadam naadakeeyamaayi valarnnu. 1989 aayappozhekkum panapperuppam ekadesham 3,000 sathamaanavum 7,000 sathamaanavum ethi, garsiayude avasana moonnu varshathe bharanakaalathu peruvinu irupathinaalu sathamaanam jii. dii. pii nashtam nerittu. peruvian gavanmentumaayulla sayudha samgharshathil valarnnuvarunna saambathika prathisandhiyum theevravaadatthinte thilangunna pathayum pradesham nediyathode, guteeres saninum sconvalderinum anusarichu "kanatha kaiyulla" oru neethaavinekkurichulla ashayam peruviyakkaarkk kooduthal akarshakamaayi.
raajyathinte prathisandhikal kaikaaryam cheyyaanulla garzia bharanakoodatthinte kazhivillaaymayil peruvian sayudha senakal niraasaraakukayum addehathinte sarkkaarine attimarikkanulla oru padhathi thayyarakkan thudangukayum cheythu. peruvian saamoohyashaasthranjanum rashtreeya vishakalana vidagthanumaaya fernando rospigliosiyude abhipraayathil, peruvinte bisinesses varenyavarggakkaar sainika aasoothrakarumaayi bandham pulartthiyirunnu, rospigliosi ezhuthiyathu bisinasukal "orupakshe [sainyam] amgeekaricha saambathika ashayangal, oru udara saambathika paripaadiyude aavasyakatha, athupole thanne oru svechaadhipathya sarkkaarinte thavana enniva nalkiyirikkaam". angane, garzia presidencyude avasaanathil plan verde thayyarakki; lakshyangal oru navalibaral saambathika nayathode oru sivilian-sainika gavanment sthaapikkunnathilekku parinamichu.
fujimori sarkkar.
1990leeii thiranjeduppinulla prachaarana velayil, alberto fujimori thante ethiraaliyaaya marrio vargas losayude nirddishta navalibaral nayangalil aashanka prakadippichu. thiranjeduppinetthudarnna, plan verdeyile thangalude lakshyangal niravettaanulla fujimoriyude sannadhathayekkurichu sayudha senaykk urappillennum fujimori avarude nirddesham pinthudarunnuvennu urappakkaan yogam addehavumaayi oru charchaa yogam nadathiyathaayum peruvian maasika "oyiga" report cheythu. adhikaarametta sesham, fujimori thante prachaarana velayil prothsaahippicha saambathika vedhi upekshichu, thiranjeduppil thante ethiraaliyaaya vargas losa pinthunachathinekkaal kooduthal aakramanathmakamaaya navalibaral nayangal sweekarichu. fujimori plan verdil vivarichirikkunna pala nayangalum sweekarikkum. 1990 juulai 28 muthal 2000 november 17 vare fujimori aathyanthikamayi presidentaayi sevanamanushtichu.
peruvil thilangunna theevravaada groupine paraajayappedutthiyathinum athinte macro economic sthiratha punasthaapikkunnathinum fujimori palappozhum bahumati nediyittundu. saambathika niyanthranam laghookarikkal, kaadinya nadapadikal avatharippikkal, navalibaral nayangalude upayogam ennivayulppede saambathika maargganirddeshangal nirddeshicha peruvian saambathika shaasthranjanaaya hernando dii sotoyude upadeshathil ninnaan fujimoriyude saambathika nayam pradhaanamaayum sweekarikkappettathu-avaa aathyanthikamayi fujimori bharanakoodam sweekarikkukayum 1993 leeii peru bharanaghadanayil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. saambathika sthithivivarakkanakkukal sameepa dashakangalil peruvil mechappetta saambathika kanakkukal kaanikkunnundengilum, 1990 num 2020 num idayil sambaadicha sambathu raajyathudaneelam vitharanam cheyyapettilla; grameena pravishyakal daridramaayi thudarunnathinidayil kooduthal vikasita thalasthaana nagaramaya lima samanamaaya theerapradeshangalum thammilulla asamathvam jeevithanilavaram kaanichu.
21-aamm noottaand.
lima samavayam.
thudakkathil fujimori bharanakoodam sthaapicha lima samavayam oru navalibaral sambadvyavastha sthaapikkuka enna lakshyathode niyanthranavidheyamaakkalim svakaaryavalkkaranathilum shradha kendreekarichu, athesamayam pothumekhalayil sarkkaarinte pankaalittham parimithappedutthi. 2000-kalil washington samavaayathin janapreeti nashtappettathode, 2000-kalile charakkukalude kuthichuchaattatthil sambadvyavastha oresamayam mechappettathode peruvil kooduthal nirvachikkapetta lima samavayam uyarnnuvaraan thudangi. 21-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil laattin american sarkkarukal vidyaabhyaasam, aarogya samrakshanam, daaridryam ennivaykkulla saamoohika paripaadikalil nikshepam nadathiyappol, samavaayathin keezhil peru saamoohika paripaadikal vettikkuraykkaan theerumaanichu. president alejandro tolado peruvinte vikendreekaranathe prothsaahippikkunnath thudarnnu, athesamayam muun soshyal demokraattaaya alaan garzia augusto pinoshettinu samanamaaya nayangal sweekarichu samavayam nadappaakki. alberto fujimoriyude makalaaya keyko fujimori, navalibaral saambathika shaasthranjanaaya hernando dii sotoyude pinthuna upayogichu avarude thiranjeduppukalil avarude sthaanathe pinthunaykkunna lima samavaayathinte pradhana vakthavaayirunnu. samavayam prothsaahippichathupole samsthaana edapedalinte abhavam mosham prakadanamulla oru durbalamaaya gavanmentinu kaaranamaayi, vidyaabhyaasam, neethi, suraksha thudangiya aparyapthamaaya adisthaana sevanangal anubavikkunna pala peruviyanmaarum azhimathi, kuttakrithyangal, croney muthalaalitham, saambathika asamathvam enniva vardhichu, kaaranam niravadhi rashtreeya udyogasthar melnottamillathe bisinesses, sarkkar sthaanangalkkidayil idaykkide neengunnu.
lephitst sthaanaarthi pedro kaasttillo presidentaayi thiranjedukkappetta 2021 leeii peruvian pothutheranjeduppinethu, fitch solutionukal addehathinte thiranjeduppu "kazhinja 20 varshamaayi nilanilkkunna nikshepaka sauhruda saambathika naya chattakkoodaya 'lima samavaayathin' ganyamaaya apakadasadhyathakal uyarthunnuvennu munnariyipp nalki.
mekhalakal.
krishi.
niravadhi kalavastha mekhalakalum bhoomishaasthraparamaaya mekhalakalumulla oru rajyamaanu peru, athu valare pradhanappetta oru kaarshika rajyamaakki maattunnu. peruvian kaarshika kayattumathikal valareyadhikam vilamathikkappedunnu, athil artichock, munthirippazham, avocado, maambazham, kurumulak, karimbu, jaiva kaappi, premium nilavaaramulla parutthi enniva ulppedunnu.
avocado, blueberry, artichock, asperagus ennivayude 5 valia uthppaadakaril oralaaya peru, lokathile ettavum valia 10 kaappi, coco uthppaadakaril oralum urulakkizhangu, pinaple ennivayude lokathile ettavum valia 15 uthppaadakariloraalum koodaathe munthiri, karimbu, arrie, vazhappazham, cholam, kasava ennivayude ganyamaaya uthppaadanavumundu; athinte krishi ganyamaayi vaividhyavalkkarikkappetta.
2018ll peru 10.3 laksham tonn karimbu, 5.1 laksham tonn urulakkizhangu, 3.5 laksham tonn arrie, 22 laksham tonn vazhappazham, 15 laksham tonn cholam, 12 laksham tonn kasava, 921,000 tonn paam oayil, 645,000 tonn munthiri, 548,000 tonn pinaple, 504,000 tonn avocado, 481,000 tonn tanjerin, 502,000 tonn ooranchu, 369,000 tonn kaappi, 383,000 tonn maanga, 360,000 tonn asperagus, 270,000 tonn naaranga, 252,000 tonn thakkaali, 207,000 tonn barley, 195,000 tonn gothamb, 188,000 tonn olivu, 187,000 tonn kaaratt, 175,000 tonn pappaya, 175,000 tonn kurumulak, 154,000 tonn artichock, 140,000 tonn apple, mattu cheria kaarshika uthppannangal enniva uthppaadippichu.
verthirichedukkal.
malsyabandhanam lokathile mathsyabandhanathinte 10 sathamaanavum uthppaadippikkunna peru malsyabandhanathil oru anthaaraashtra nethaavaanu.
peruvian sambadvyavasthayude oru pradhana sthambhamaan khananam. 2019ll chembu, velli ennivayude lokathile randaamathe valia uthppaadakaraayum, lokathile ettaamathe valia swarnna uthppaadakaraayum, lokathile moonnaamathe valia ledu uthppaadakaraayum, lokathile randaamathe valia sink uthppaadakaraayum, lokathile naalaamathe valia tinn uthppaadakaraayum, lokathile anchaamathe valia boron uthppaadakaraayum, molybdinum uthppaadippikkunna naalaamathe valia loka rajyamaayum raajyam maari. oru kaalath lokathile ettavum valia velli uthppaadaka rajyamaayirunna eee raajyam lokathile ettavum valia anchu swarnna uthppaadakaril onnaayirunnu.
nirmmaanam.
peru oru idatharam ulppaadana mekhala vikasippicheduthittundu. khananam, malsyabandhanam, krishi, nirmmaanam, thunitharangal ennivayumaayi valareyadhikam bandhappettirikkunna eee mekhala ippol gdpyude 23 shathamaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. moolyavardhitha nettam nedunnathinaayi uthppaadanam pradhaanamaayum prosessinghinaayi neekkivachirikkunnu. thunitharangal, loha mechanics, bhakshya vyavasaayam, kaarshika vyavasaayam, uthppaadanam, rasavasthukkal, farmaceuticals, yanthrangal, sevanangal ennivayaanu ettavum prateeksha nalkunna mekhala.
sevanangal.
1990 kalude thudakkam muthal peruvile oru puthiya valarchaa vyavasaayathe tourism prathinidheekarikkunnu, raajyathe vinodasanjaara kendrangal peruviyanmaarkkum videshikalkkum vardhippikkunnathinu sarkkarum svakaaryamekhalayum ganyamaaya oorjjam viniyogikkunnu.
prakrithi vibhavangal.
chembu, velli, svarnnam, thadi, malsyam, irumbayiru, kalkari, phoosphett, pottash, prakrithivaathakam ennivayaanu peruvinte prakrithivibhavangal.
videsha vyapaaravum nikshepavum.
videsha nikshepavum payment balance.
videsha vyapaaravum payment balance.
2001ll karant akkoundu kammi gdpyude 2.2 shathamaanamaayi (1.17 bilyan us dollar) kuranju-2000ll 3.1 sathamaanathil ninnu-athesamayam vyapara balance oru cheria kammi rekhappeduthi. kayattumathi 7.11 bilyan dollarayi alpam kuranjappol irakkumathi 2.1 sathamaanam idinju 7.20 bilyan dollarilethi. 1998ll ell nino kanatha aaghaatham srishtichathinushesham, malsyabandhana kayattumathi veendedukkukayum 2001lum 2002lum daathukkaludeyum lohangaludeyum kayattumathi valia nettamundaakkukayum cheythu, kooduthalum antamina chembu-sink khaniyude udghaadanathinte falamaayi. 2002 madhyathode sambadvyavasthayude mikka mekhalakalum nettamundaakkukayaayirunnu. niravadhi varshathe ganyamaaya valarchaykku sesham, svakaaryavalkkaranavumaayi bandhamillaattha nerittulla videsha nikshepam 2000,2001 varshangalilum 2002-nte aadya pakuthiyilum naadakeeyamaayi kuranju. 2002 meyy avasaanathode atta anthaaraashtra karuthal shekharam 86 kodi dollaril ninnu (2001), 2006 avasaanathode 17 bilyan dollaril ninnu, 2007-ll 20 bilyan dollariladhikam, 2008 meyy maasathil 35 bilyan dollariladhikam aayi. peru 2007-leeii yunaittad stetts-peru vyapara prothsaahana karar, chili, canada, singapur, thayland, chaina ennivayumaayulla karaarukal ennivayulppede niravadhi swatantra vyapara karaarukalil oppuvachu. president alan garsiayude bharanathin keezhil peru yuu. esumaayi oru ubhaykakshi vyapara karar undaakki.ezz. 2010 muthal raajyathinte kayattumathi mechappeduthunnathinum 2011 augustil 4,700 millimeteriladhikam kayattumathiyil athicherunnathinum.
videsha nikshepam.
sambadvyavasthayude ellah mekhalakalilum videsha, aabhyanthara nikshepam aakarshikkan peruvian sarkkar sajeevamaayi shramikkunnu. 1990kalil saambathikavum saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya sthirathayilekku kaivaricha ganyamaaya purogathi anthaaraashtra nikshepathe prachodippichuvenkilum sarkkar svakaaryavalkkaranathe vaikippichathinusheshavum 2000-ll rashtreeya anishchithathvam vardhichathinethudarnnum athu veendum mandagathiyilaayi. president alejandro toledo nikshepam prothsaahippikkunnathi thante sarkkaarinte munganana nalki. peru munbu bheekaravaadam, amita panapperuppam, sambadvyavasthayile sarkkar edapedal ennivayaal adayaalappeduthiyirunpol, muun president alberto fujimoriyude neethrthwathilulla peru sarkkar aaa prasnangal niyanthranathilaakkaan aavashyamaaya nadapadikal sweekarichu. ennirunnaalum, janaadhipathya sthaapanangal, prathyekichu judiciary durbalamaayi thudarunnu.
peruvinte saambathika sthiratha, udaaravalkkarana paripadi sarkkar vyapara thadassangal kuraykkukayum mooladhana pravaahathinulla niyanthranangal illaathaakkukayum sambadvyavasthaye videsha nikshepathinu thurakkukayum cheythu, athinte falamaayi peruvinu ippol lokathile ettavum thuranna nikshepa bharanakoodangalilonnaan ullathu. 1992num 2001num idayil, pradhaanamaayum spain (32.35%), america (17.51%), swittsarland (6.99%), chili (6.63%), meksikoo (5.53%) ennividangalil ninnulla nikshepam valare kuravaayirunnathode peru ekadesham 17 bilyan dollar nerittulla videsha nikshepam aakarshichu. 1993leeii bharanaghadana, swakaarya nikshepa valarchaa niyamam, 1996 novemberile nikshepa prothsaahana niyamam ennivayaanu peruvile videsha nikshepathinulla adisthaana niyama ghadana roopeekarichathu. peruvinu americayumaayi ubhaykakshi nikshepa udambadi illengilum, oopiku-financed vaaypakal, gyaarandikal, nikshepangal ennivayumaayi bandhappett videsha swakaarya nikshepa korppareshanumaayi (opiku) oru karar (1993) oppuvachittundu. icid (nikshepa tharkkangal pariharikkunnathinulla loka baankinte anthaaraashtra kendram) allengil mattu anthaaraashtra allengil deseeya vyavahara tribunalukalude aabhimukhyathil nikshepa tharkkangalude vyavaharathinum peru svayam prathijnjaabadhamaanu.
currency.
peruvinte naanayamaan soul. 2022 februvari 1 vareyulla vinimaya nirakk us dollarinulla 3.83 solse euroykkulla 4.31 solsumaanu. 1991ll peruvian sarkkar karansiyude uyarnna panapperuppam kaaranam intti upekshichathodeyaanu ithu sthaapikkappettathu; athinusesham laattin amerikkayile ettavum kuranja panapperuppa nirakk soul nilanirtthi. 1 newo soul = <aii. dii. 1> inttis enna nirakkil soul inttiye maatti. 1863num 1985num idayil upayogichirunna mattoru valarnna karansiyaaya solinu pakaram inty thanne maatti. laattin "solidus" ennathil ninnaan "soul" enna peru vannath, koodaathe purathana inca nagarikatha inty devanaayi aaraadhichirunna "suuryan" ennathinte spanish padavum ithaanu.
soul nilavil 2.5 shathamaanathinte kuranja panapperuppa nirakk aasvadikkunnu. ithu upayogathilaayathu muthal, yunaittad stetts dollarumaayulla solinte vinimaya nirakk kooduthalum 2.8 muthal 3:30 muthal 1 vare nilanilkkunnu. laattin american mekhalayile ellah karansikalilum, soul ettavum sthirathayullathum vishwasaneeyavumaanu, us dollarinte moolyathile maandyam ettavum kurachathine baadhichu; 2007 avasaanathilum 2008 nte thudakkathilum, vinimaya nirakk 2.69 muthal 1 aayi kuranju, ithu 1997 muthal kanditilla. vinimaya nirakk divasena "banco central dii reserva dell peru" (peruvinte central reserve baank) aanu nischayikkunnathu.
soul 100 centimosukalaayi thirichirikkunnu. ettavum uyarnna moolyamulla banknot 200 souls nottaan; ettavum kuranja moolyamulla nanayam apoorvamaayi upayogikkunna 5 centimos naanayamaan.
varumaanavum upabhogavum.
peru janasamkhyaye anchu saamoohika-saambathika vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkunnu, athaayath a-e, a sambannare prathinidheekarikkunnu; b, uyarnna madhyavargam; c, madhyavargam; d, thozhilaallivarggavum thaazhnna varumaanamulla kudumbangalum; e, paarshwalkkarikkappetta daridrar. 2018ll, peruvile samoohathinte sankeernamaaya ghadana kaaranam dhanamanthraalayathinte mygueval plaanakal eee vibhaagangale "crude" ennu visheshippichu, avide chila vibhagangal gdpyil kanakkaakkaatha niyamaviruddha vyaapaarathil ninnu panam sambaadikkunnu, athinaal avaye thettaaya reethiyil tharamthirickunnu thaazhnna varumaanamullatho paarshwalkkarikkappetta pavapetta kudumbangalo.
thozhil.
grettar limayil thozhilillaayma 5.6 sathamaanavum backie peruvil 7 sathamaanavumaanu. fy 2012-2013
saambathika pravanathakal.
kooduthal aazham.
1994 muthal 1998 vare alberto fujimori sarkkaarin keezhil, nerittulla videsha nikshepam nayikkunna sambadvyavastha sakthamaaya valarcha rekhappeduthi, athil ekadesham 46 sathamaanavum svakaaryavalkkarana paripaadiyumaayi bandhappettathaayirunnu. raajyathe adisthaana soukaryangalil sarkkar valareyadhikam nikshepam nadatthi, ithu peruvian sambadvyavasthayude bhaaviyude sakthamaaya aditharayaayi maari. 1998 muthal 2001 vare sambadvyavastha sthambhanaavasthayilaayi, noottaandile ettavum sakthamaaya ell nino kalavastha prathibhasam, aagola saambathika prakshubdhatha, rashtreeya asthiratha, sthambicha svakaaryavalkkarana paripadi, vipanikalile vardhicha sarkkar edapedal, vyaapaarathinte vashalaaya avastha ennivayude falamaanu. president alejandro toledo adhikaaramettathinusesham oru veendedukkal paripadi nadappaakkukayum pradhaanamaayum yaadhaasthithika saambathika nayangal nilanirthukayum svakaaryavalkkarana paripadi punaraarambhikkunnath ulppede nikshepam aakarshikkunnathinulla nadapadikal sweekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, rashtreeya anishchithathvam 2001ll jii. dii. pii. valarchaykku kaaranamaayi. 2000ll lima stokku ekschenchinte general indux 0.20 sathamaanavum 2001ll 0.20 sathamaanavum idinju. 2000ll panapperuppam record thaazhnna nilayilekku thudarnnu, ithu 3.7 shathamaanamaayi rekhappeduthi.
2001ll panapperuppam 0.1 shathamaanamaayirunnu. sarkkar shambala vardhanavu, 2000 leeii thiranjeduppu prachaaranavumayi bandhapetta chelavukal, uyarnna videsha kada sevana paymentukal, kuranja nikuthi varumanam ennivayude falamaayi 1999 lum 2000 lum sarkkaarinte mothatthilulla bajatt kammi gdpyude 3.2 shathamaanamaayi kuthane uyarnnu. 2001ll sarkkar kammi gdpyude 2.5 shathamaanamaayi kuraykkukayum 2002ll gdpyude 1.9 sathamaanam lakshyamidukayum cheythu. peruvinte sthiratha 1980kalude avasaanathil 74 shathamaanamaayirunna thozhilillaaymayil ganyamaaya kuravundaakki, 1994 vareyulla kaalayalavil ithu 43 shathamaanamaayi kuranju, ennaal nirakkukal veendum aidi1ll ninnu jolie cheiyunna janasamkhyayude pakuthiyiladhikamayi uyaran thudangi. 2001ll daaridryanirakku 54 shathamaanamaayi thudarnnu, 24 sathamaanam peruviyanmaar kadutha daaridryathilaanu jeevikkunnath. 2005ll 18 sathamaanam peruvukaar kadutha daaridryathilum 39 sathamaanam daaridryathilumaanu jeevichirunnathu. 2010leeii kanakkukal prakaram ividuthe motham janasamkhyayude 30 sathamaanavum daridraraanu.
kaazhchappaad.
innathe puthiya multy-pollar lokathinte gunangal palathaan. 30 dasalaksham aalukalulla peru athra cherutho valutho allah, athu athintethaaya oru shakthiyaayitheerum. oru valia shakthiyude rakshaadhikaariye thiranjedukkunnathu nirbandhamallaattha oru lokathil ninnu idatharam samsthaanangalkku prayojanam labhikkunnu.
oru vashath chainayilekku bottukal kayattunna thuramukhangal vikasippichukondum maruvashathu braseelilekkulla oru puthiya superhyway, amerikkayumaayulla swatantra vyapara karar, varum varshangalil abhivridhi prapikkaan peru nalla sthithiyilaanennu thonnunnu. ennaal samsthaanathinte bhaavi sthiratha sambathu kooduthal thulyamaayi vitharanam cheyyaanulla sannadhathaye aashrayichirikkumenn aashankappedumbol muun president tolado amithamaayi samsaarikkilla.
idatharam, deerghakaala pravachanangal valare anukoolamaayi thudarunnu. 2007ll peruvinte yadhaartha jii. dii. pii valarcha (8.3%) aayirunnu, 2008ll laattin amerikkayil ettavum kooduthal 9.8% aayirunnu, ithu lokathile ettavum uyarnnathaan. panapperuppam kuranjathu ekadesham 3 shathamaanamaayi thudarnnu, athesamayam bajatt micham gdpyude ekadesham 1 shathamaanamaayi thudarumennu prathekshikkunnu. swakaarya nikshepam prathivarsham 15 sathamaanam nirakkil valarukayum venam. kayattumathiyum irakkumathiyum vardhikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. sambadvyavastha valarumbol thozhilillaayma, thozhilillaayma soochikakal (yathaakramam limayile 5.2 sathamaanavum 34 sathamaanavum) kurayunnathu thudaranam, peruvile mattu nagarangalaya kajamarkka, aika, cusco, trujillo ennivayil innu thozhilillaayma kurayaan thudangiyirikkunnu. tourism, krishi, khananam, petroleum, prakrithivaathakam, oorjja vyavasaayangal, dhanakaarya sthaapanangal ennivayil raajyam bhaaviyile aabhyanthara, videsha nikshepam aakarshikkan saadhyathayund.
aii. emm. eph., locabank ennivayude kanakkanusarichu 2007num 2013num idayil peruvian jii. dii. pii. saambathika valarcha iprakaaramaayirunnu
2007ll 8.9 sathamaanavum 2008ll 9.7 sathamaanavum 2009ll 0.9 sathamaanavum 2010ll 8.6 sathamaanavum 2011ll 6.0 sathamaanavum 2012ll 6.3 sathamaanavum 2013ll 5.3 sathamaanavum aayirunnu.
athinaal, peruvian jii. dii. pii. 6 varshathe kaalayalavil valarnnu-<aii. dii. 2> enna mikacha atta valarcha allengil <aii. dii. 3> vaarshika sharashari. adutha 6 varshathekkulla peruvinte saambathika valarchayude aii. emm. eph pravachanam 7 sathamaanam vaarshika valarchayaan.
1991nuu sesham aadyamaayi 2011ll peruvian sambadvyavasthayude valippam chilian sambadvyavasthaye marikadannu. thekke amerikkayile anchaamathe pradhana sambadvyavasthayaaya peru ippol veneswela marikadannu 2018ll naalaamathe thekke american sambadvyavasthayaayi maarumennu prathekshikkunnu.
2007ll swakaarya nikshepam jii. dii. piyude 25 shathamaanathilethukayum 2010 vare sthiratha kaivarikkukayum cheythu; adutha 5 varshathekku panapperuppam prathivarsham sharashari 2 shathamaanamaayi niyanthranathilaanu. anthaaraashtra kadam 2010 aakumbozhekkum gdpyude 25 shathamaanathilethum, 2006ll ithu 35 shathamaanamaayirunnuvenkil 2015 aakumbozhekkum ithu gdpyude 12 sathamaanam mathramaayirikkum. deseeya reserve baankinte anthaaraashtra dhanasekharam (dollar, euro, yenn, svarnnam, mattu karansikal) 2007 avasaanathode 27 bilyan dollarilum 2008 avasaanathode 31 bilyan dollarilum ethum.
nilavil 2013 saambathika varshavasaanam karuthal shekharam 73 bilyan us dolaraanu, ithu peruvinte motham videsha kadathinte erattiyiladhikamaanu, ithu 2013 saambathika varshavasaanam us dollar 30 bilyan aanu.
kayattumathi 25 sathamaanam vegathayil valarukayum 2007 avasaanathode 28 bilyan dollarilum 2010 avasaanathode 30 bilyan dollarilum athukayum cheythu. 2012ll peruvian kayattumathi motham 46 bilyan dollarilethi.
peruvil uyarnna saankethika nikshepam athivegam valarukayum 2010 aakumbozhekkum ithu gdpyude 10 shathamaanamaavukayum cheyyum.
mayakkumarunnu.
pashchaathalam.
aandeesil kokka krishi cheiyunnathinu oru neenda charithramund, ithu ellaayppozhum peruvian jeevithathinte parambaraagatha bhagamaanu. ennirunnaalum, 1786ll lamerc thante botanical encyclopediayil eee ila pattikappeduthunnathuvar kokkayude mayakkumarunnu gunangal praadeshikamaayi maathrame ariyaamaayirunnulloo. spanish vamshajarude varavinushesham kokka krishi vardhikkukayum athinte upayogam kooduthal saadhaaranavum vyaapakavumayi maarukayum cheythu. 1543 muthal kokka athinte vyapara moolyathinu anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappedukayum athil earppeduthiya niyanthranangal plaantinu vardhichuvarunna saambathika praadhaanyam nalkukayum cheythu. uyarnna pradeshangalile upabhokthaakkalum thaazhnna kunnukalile karshakarum thammilulla kokka ila kaimaattam kuranjathu kazhinja sahasraabdathilorikkal praadeshika saambathika bandhangal shakthippeduthikkond nadannuvarikayaanu. 1884num 1900num idayil kokka kokkeynum amerikkayil medical aavasyangalkkum vanthothilulla upabhogathinum janapreeti nedi. 1905 muthal 1922 vare amerikkayile kokkeyn virudha vikarangal kokkayudeyum kokkeyninteyum kriminalvalkkaranathinu kaaranamaayi. 1920 vare yuu. ezz nayathanthranjar anthaaraashtrathalathil mayakkumarunnu nirodhanam vyaapippikkaan thudangiyirunnilla.
nilavile pravanathakal.
purogamicha vyaavasaayika raajyangalude mayakkumarunninte aavasyam kaaranam peruvian kokka, kokkeyn vyavasaayam innatheppole valuthaanu. eee uyarnna aavasyam "kokka-dollarukale" ashrayikkunnathinum us mayakkumarunnu nayathinum oru chattakkood srishtichu. kokkeyn kadathu vazhi labhikkuna panam praadeshika sambadvyavasthaye poshippikkukayum panapperuppatthe pinthunaykkukayum thaddesheeya peruviyakkarkkidayil kokkeyn pukavali polulla saamoohika maattangalkk kaaranamaakukayum cheiyunnu. uyarnna kokka valarunna apoorimaak nadeethada mekhalayile motham kudumba varumaanathinte 48 sathamaanavum kokka krishiyaayathinaal innum karshakarude pradhana varumaana maarggamaan kokka krishi. amerikkayil mayakkumarunnu upayogam kuraykkunnathinulla shramathil, kazhinja 50 varshamaayi yunaittad neshansumaayi chernnu us gavanment mayakkumarunninethire yuddham nadathukayaanu. anadhikritha kokkayudeyum karuppinteyum krishi illaathaakkunnathu usil kokkeyn, heroine ennivayude labhyathaye cherukkunnathinulla ettavum nalla sameepanamaan" ennu us mayakkumarunnu niyanthrana paripadi parayunnu."
american sarkkaarinte sahakaranathode peruvian sarkkar 1995ll mayakkumarunnu thadayunnathinum niyanthrikkunnathinumal deseeya padhathi sthaapichu. peruvile mayakkumarunnu kadathu nirodhikkunna eee sarkkar 1995 muthal kokka ila krishi 70 sathamaanam kuraykkaan kaaranamaayi. ennirunnaalum kokka valarthunnathile sameepakaala munnettangalum kooduthal kaaryakshamamaya samskarana reethikalum kooduthal kokkeyn vilavu anuvadikkunnathinaal krishi kuraykkunnathu kokkeyn ulppaadanathe yadhaarthathil baadhichekkilla. deseeya sambadvyavasthayude bhaagamaayi mayakkumarunnu vyavasaayathinte valippam alakkaan prayaasamaanengilum 300 muthal 600 dasalaksham dollar vareyaanu kanakkukal. kokkayude uthppaadanam, shudheekaranam allengil vitharanam ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla sambadvyavastha ekadesham 200,000 peruvian kudumbangalkkund. banking samvidaanathilekkulla dollarinte valia ozhukk dollar vinimaya nirakkinte parambaraagatha maandyathinu kaaranamaakumenn pala saambathika vidagtharum vishwasikkunnu. peruvian kayattumathi vilakoodunnathilekku nayikkunna alavil solinte vila uyarunnathu thadayunnathinaayi central baank thuranna vipani pravarthanangalil earppedunnu.
1990 kalude madhyathil peruvian vyomasenayude nirodhana sramangalaal saambathikamaayi murivetta mayakkumarunnu kadathukaaraan ippol kokkeyn pesttu ethikkaan karaa, nadeethada vazhikalum vimaanangalum upayogikkukayum raajyathin chuttumulla upabhokthaakkalkk shudheekaricha kokkeyn kooduthalaayi nalkukayum cheiyunnathu. peruvian vyomasena yuu. esinte shakthiyum kaaranam 2001 eprilil eyar bridge nishedha paripadi nirtthivachu.ezz. oru sivilian vimaanathe mayakkumarunnu kadathukaaran ennu dee. eiii. thettayi thirichariyukayum athu vedivachu veezhthukayum cheythathil rund american pouranmaar kollappettu. mayakkumarunnu kadathukaare arast cheyyukayum mayakkumarunnukalum mungamikalaaya raasavasthukkalum pidichedukkukayum kokka laabukal nasippikkukayum rahasyamaaya airstrips pravarthanarahithamaakkukayum mayakkumarunnu azhimathiyil earppettirikkunna udyogasthare vichaarana cheyyukayum cheiyunnathu peru thudarunnu.
yuu. esinte parimithamaaya sahaayathode pravartthikkuka.ezz. anthaaraashtra vikasana ejansiyaaya (yuu. ezz. eiii. aii. dii) peruvian gavanment kokka karshakare aaa vila valartharuthennu bodhyappeduthunnathinu shramathil pramukha kokka valarthunna pradeshangalil badal vikasana paripaadikal nadathunnu. sarkkar munbu kokka vithu kidakkakal maathram unmoolanam cheythuvenkilum 1998lum 1999lum deseeya udyaanangalilum pradhana kokka valarunna thaazhvarakalilum valarunna pakwathayulla kokka unmoolanam cheyyaan thudangi. 1999ll sarkkar 150 chathurashra kilometeriladhikam kokka unmoolanam cheythu; rashtreeya asthiratha kaaranam 2000ll eee kanakk 65 chathurashra kilometeraayi kuranju. 1996 ll sthaapithamaaya sarkkar ejansi "contradrogas" mayakkumarunnu virudha vishayangalil pravartthikkunna peruvian sarkkar ejansikal thammilulla ekopanam sugamamakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, badal vilakal saambathikamaayi kokkayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthaanaavilla. 2004 leeii vila soochippikkunnathu hectorinu 600 dollar kokoik 1000 dollar, hectorinu 7500 dollar vareyaanennaanu.
kudumba sambadghadanaye badhikkunnu.
1995ll earppeduthiya kokka virudha nayangal peruviyante gaarhika sambadvyavasthaye prathikoolamaayi baadhichittundu. vilakal illaathaakkiyathinaal kokka krishiye aasrayikkunna pala kudumbangalum avarude kuttikale joliyilekku ayaykkaan nirbandhitharaayi. kokka valarunna samsthaanangalil balavela 1997ll 18 sathamaanavum 2000ll 40 sathamaanavum vardhichu. jolie samayavum veettujoliyum vardhichu, penkuttikal 28 sathamaanam kooduthal veettujoliyum aankuttikal 13 sathamaanam kooduthalum cheythu. 1995 muthal muthirnnavarude vethana joliyum vardhichu. athinaal, unmoolana nayangal praabalyatthil vannathinushesham balavela vardhanavu kuttikal jolie cheiyunna maathaapithaakkale niyamikkunnath moolamaanennu anumanikkaam. ennirunnaalum, 2013ll yuu. esil report cheyyappettathupole coco ulppaadanathile balavelayude prashnam ippozhum peruvil nilanilkkunnu.ezz. thozhil vakuppinte report "balavelayude ettavum mosham roopangalekkurichulla kandethalukal", 2014 desemberil beuro oof internaashanal laber afayezhsinte "balavela allengil nirbandhitha thozhil uthppaadippikkunna charakkukalude pattika" ennivayil.
azhimathi.
anthaaraashtra azhimathi bodhavalkarana soochika prakaram lokathile ettavum azhimathi kuranja 101-aamathe rajyamaanu peru.
peruvian samghadanayaaya "siudadanos alle daya" peruvile vividha sarkkar vakuppukalile suthaaryatha, chelavu, karyakshamatha enniva alakkaanum thaarathamyam cheyyaanum thudangi. vyapakamaaya maadhyamashradha nediya mikacha sanbradaayangalkku ithu varsham thorum award nalkunnu. ithu mechappeduthunnathinaayi sarkkar ejansikalkkidayil malsaram srishtichu.
2008leeii peru enna kumbhakonamanu avasaanathe azhimathi cases.
sthithivivarakkanakkukal.
pradhana saambathika soochakangal.
thaazhepparayunna pattika pradhana saambathika soochakangal 1980-2021 ll kaanikkunnu (aii. emm. eph staaf 2022-2027 ll uthejippikkunnu). panapperuppam 5 sathamaanathil thaazheyaanenkil athu pachaniratthilaanu.
kudumba varumanam allengil upabhogam sathamaanam vihitam anusaricha
"ettavum kuranja 10 sathamaanam"
0.8 sathamaanam
"ettavum uyarnna 10 sathamaanam"
37.5 sathamaanam (2000)
panapperuppa nirakk (upabhokthru vila):
2.8% (2010)
bajattu
"varumanam"
$57 bilyan (2014 kanakkaakkappedunnu.)
"chelavukal"
$deerghakaala mooladhanachelavukalaaya $3.8 bilyan (2010 esttimettu) ulppede 50 bilyan dollar.)
vyaavasaayika ulppaadana valarchaa nirakk
12 sathamaanam (2013 ezz. tii.)
vaidyuthi-ulppaadanam
175, 500 jii. dablyu. echu (2013 ezz.)
vaidyuthi-uravidam anusarichu ulppaadanam
"prakrithivaathakam"
44.53 sathamaanam
"hydro"
54.79 sathamaanam
"aanavah"
0 sathamaanam
"mattullavar"
0.68 sathamaanam (2013)
vaidyuthi upabhogam
133, 000 jii. dablyu. echu (2013)
vaidyuthi-kayattumathi
32, 000 kilowatt (2013) pradhaanamaayum ecodorilekku
vaidyuthi-irakkumathi
0 kwh (2013)
krishi-uthppannangal
kaappi, parutthi, karimbu, arrie, gothamb, urulakkizhangu, vazhappazham, kokka; kozhi, beef, paal uthppannangal, kambili;
kayattumathi
63.5 bilyan eph.oo.bii. (2013 ezz. tii.) charakkukaludeyum uthppannangaludeyum.
10.5 bilyan eph.oo.bii. (2013 ezz. tii.) sevanangal.
motham kayattumathi 73.5 bilyan dollar eph.oo.bii. (2013)
kayattumathi
malsyam, malsya uthppannangal, chembu, sink, svarnnam, molybdinum, irumbu, asamskritha petroleum, upolppannangal, eeyam; kaappi, asperagus, articock, paperica, panchasaara, parutthi, thunitharangal, rasavasthukkal, farmaceuticals, nirmmanangal, yanthrangal, sevanangal.
kayattumathi-pankaalikal
chainayude pradhana bhoopradesam 20 sathamaanavum amerikkayude 15 sathamaanavum europian yooniyante 15 sathamaanavum brazeelinte 10 sathamaanavum chilinte 10 sathamaanavum jappaante 5 sathamaanavum meksikkoyude 5 sathamaanavum brittante 5 sathamaanavum laattin amerikkayude 5 sathamaanavum boleeviyayude 5 sathamaanavum lokathinte backie 5 sathamaanavum (2013)
irakkumathi
motham irakkumathi 68 bilyan dollar eph.oo.bii. (2013)
irakkumathi-charakkukal
yanthrangal, gathagatha upakaranangal, bhakshyavasthukkal, irumbu, urukk, farmaceuticals, electronics, petroleum, rasavasthukkal.
irakkumathi-pankaalikal
chainayude pradhana bhoopradesam 25 sathamaanam, us 15 sathamaanam, europian union 15 sathamaanam, brazeel 10 sathamaanam, jappan 10 sathamaanam, chili 5 sathamaanam, columbia 5 sathamaanam, meksikoo 5 sathamaanam, ecovador 4 sathamaanam, bolivia 1 sathamaanam, lokathinte backie 5 sathamaanam (2013).
vyapara karaarukal.
videsha vyapara, vinodasanjaara mantraalayam parayunnathanusarichu, peruvian kayattumathikkaare deerghakaala kayattumathiyumayi bandhapetta nikshepangal nadatthaan anuvadikkaatha oru samvidaanamaaya peruvian kayattumathikkaare deerghakaala kayattumathiyumayi bandhapetta nikshepangal nadatthaan anuvadikkaatha chila rajyangal ekapaksheeyamaayi nalkunna thaalkkaalika vaanijya mungananakk vipareethamaayi, samayathum parirakshayilum paridhiyillaattha sthiramaaya aanukoolyangal nalkikkond peruvian kayattumathiyude ettavum pradhanappetta vipanikalilekkulla praveshanam ekeekarikkunnathinu vyapara karaarukal charcha cheyyaan peru theerumaanichu.
peru-yunaittad stetts trade promotion karar.
yunaittad stetts-peru trade promotion karar" (yuu. ezz.-peru trade promotion egriment) oru ubhaykakshi swatantra vyapara karaaraan, athinte lakshyangal vyapaarathinulla thadassangal illaathaakkuka, charakkukalilekkum sevanangalilekkum ulla praveshanam ekeekarikkuka, amerikkayilum peruvilum swakaarya nikshepam valarthuka ennivayaanu. vaanijyaparamaaya prashnangalkk purame, saambathika, sthaapana, boudhika swathavakaasham, thozhil, paristhithi nayangal ennivayum ithil ulppedunnu. 2006 epril 12nuu oppuvacha karar 2006 juun 28nuu peruvian kongras amgeekarichu.ezz. 2007 november 2 nuu yuu. esum prathinidhi sabayum.ezz. 2007 desember 4 nuu senatt. 2009 februvari 1 nuu karar nadappaakki.
karar pariganikkumbol thaazhepparayunnavayaanu
america karaarine nokkunnathu
yuu.ezz.-peru karar vimarsanangal nerittu. peruvil, eee udambadi toladoyude pinthunayode, muun president alaan garsia sthaanaarthikalaaya loards flores vaalantain paniyagwa vyathyastha alavukalil pinthunachu. ollaanta humalayanu athinte ettavum shabdamuyarthiya vimarshakan. 2006ll kongrasil 120 seettukalil 45 ennavum nediya humalayude union phoor peru, puthiya niyamasabha sathyaprathinja cheiyunnathinu munbu karar amgeekarikkunnathinekkur charchakalkku kaaranamaayi. karar amgeekaaram thadayaanulla shramathil kongrasil nirbandhithamaayi praveshichathinu sesham chila thiranjedukkappetta kongras amgangal charcha thadassappeduthi.
karaarile oru vivaada ghadakam bhoomi vibhavangalumayi bandhappettathaan. videshanayathil shradha kendreekarikkunna sentar phoor internaashanal policyile lora calson, "eee vidhi 45 dasalaksham hector videsha nikshepathinum thadi, enna, khanana chooshanathinum phalapradamaayi thurakkumennu thaddesheeya samghadanakal munnariyipp nalkunnu."
ennirunnaalum, karaarinekkurichulla vimarsanangalil bhooribhaagavum peruvinte kaarshika mekhalayil athinte prathyaaghaathangalil shradha kendreekarichu. yuu. ezz. subsidy nalkunna vilakalkku samanamaaya vilakal nattukondu.ezz.aparyapthamaaya upakaranangalum saankethikavidyayum saankethikavidyakalum ulla pavapetta karshaka kudumbangalkk kayattumathi cheyyaan kazhiyunna kuranja vilaykk vilakal ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyaathathinal kaarshika uthppannangalude ulppaadanathil peru oru malsaraadhishtitha poraayma nerittu. eee aashankakalkku marupadiyaayi, peruvian niyamanirmmathaakkal oru nashtaparihara fund srishtichu, athu parutthi, cholam/cholam, gothamb uthppaadakarkku puthiya malsara sammarddangalumaayi poruthappedaan sahayikkunnathinaayi anchu varshathekku prathivarsham 34 dasalaksham dollar nirddeshichu.
athinaal peruvinte sambadvyavasthaye aagolavalkkarikkunnath thudarunna oru vipani kendreekritha raashtreeyakkaaranaan toledo, koodaathe mattoru president sthaanathekkulla thayyaareduppinaayi thayyaaredukkunnathaayi abhyoohangalundu. raajyathe ettavum daridrarkku mikacha vidyaabhyaasavum mikacha shambalavum paarppidavum bhakshanavum labhichillengil peruvian saambathika athbhutham nilaykkumennu toledo vyakthamaayi parayunnu.

