
indravarmmante velli avashishtangal

bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil aprakaraja rajaavaaya indravarmman samarppicha oru vellimudrayulla budhamathathinte avashishtamaan indravarmmante velli avashishtam, ithu orupakshe gaandhaarayile bajaur pradeshathu ninnu kandethiyittundu. thakshasilayil nirmmichathaanennu vishwasikkappedunna velliyude avashishtathil rund bhaagangalund-aditharayum cover-randum pullaankuzhal, kavarinu mukalil neelamulla kombulla aibeksinte roopamaanu. bisi onnaam noottaandinte ettaamatheyo onpathaamatheyo pathittaandukalilethaanenna kanakkaakkappedunna ithil kharoshti lipiyilum gandhari/vadakkupadinjaaran praakrithathilum "poyintille" shailiyil ezhuthiya aarr likhithangalundu. roopathil, vellikkappal budhamatha avashishtangalude poornnamaayum asaadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe gandhara, kapisa pradeshangalil kaanapedunna mattullavaykku samaanamaayi oru veenjinte kuppi aanennu parayappedunnu. indravarmman uyarthiya oru sthoopathil budhamatha avashishtangal prathishtikkunnathinulla oru avashishtamaayi eee kappal pinneedu aapraka rajaavaaya indravarmman veendum upayogichu. velliyude avashishtangalile likhithangal aapraaka raajavamshathile rajaakkanmaarude charithrathekkurichu mathramalla, parambaraagatha indiayude vidoora vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayile mattu bharanaadhikaarikalumaayulla avarude bandhathekkurichum pradhana puthiya vivarangal nalkunnu.iii. aadhunika vadakkan paakistaanum kizhakkan afgaanisthaanum kristhyan kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathilaanu.
velliyude avashishtangalekkurichula likhithangal washington sarvakalaashaalayile richard salomon "jenal oof dhii american ooriyantal sosaitti" yill prasidheekaricha oru lekhanathil anweshichittundu.
roopavum pravartthanavum.
pullaankuzhal uparithalam, caranation, cheria thandum kaalum ulla avashishtatthinte thaazhathe bhagam pradhaanamaayum gandhara (thakshashila), kapisa (kapisi) ennividangalil nalla thothil kandethiya "madyapaana gulikakal" yumayi valare saamyamullathaan. purathana gaandhaaran kalayilum saamskaarikathilum chithreekarichirikkunna aachaaraparamaaya madyapaana kappukalumayi saadrushyamullathaanu eee smaarakathinte thaazhathe bhagam. vittikkalcharum wine festivalukalum vyaapakamaayi aacharikkappedunna kafeeristhaanile vidoora nadeethadangalile praadeshika naadodi paarambaryangalude swaamsheekaranathe prathinidheekarikkunna roopangalaanu bachanalian allengil dionysiac madyapaana ramgangalude gaandhaaran kala. purathana kapisayude avibhaajya gadakamaayirunna nooristaan (islaaminu munbulla kaafiristhaan) mekhalayilum sameepakaalath samanamaaya achaarangal nannayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. velliyude avashishtangalude uthbhavam ennu karuthappedunna bajaur purathana kapisayude bhaagamaayirunnu. kaafiristhaante eee pradeshatho purathana kapisayilo, pazhaya gandhara, kapisa gulikakalumaayi valare saamyamulla savisheshathakalulla paarambarya velli veenju kappukal ippozhum kaanapedunnu, kaafiristhaante islaamikavalkkaranathinu munbu, eee velli veenju kappukal pradhana aachaaraparamaaya vasthukkalum saamoohika padaviyude pratheekangalumaayirunnu. hindukush thaazhvarakalile nannayi saakshyappeduthiya veenju utsava paarambaryatthe maartha carter pothuve gandhara kalayile dionysiac ramgangalumaayi bandhappeduthunnu, aadhunika nooristhaanikalude paarambarya velli kappukal prathyekichum gaandhaaran gulikakalumaayi bandhappeduthunnu, ithu valare bodhyappeduthunnu.
doow. richard salomon parayunnathanusarichu, "eee bandham eathaandu shariyaanenkil, puthiya velli avashishtam yadhaarthathil enthaayirikkumennu athu vishadeekarichekkaam. intho-iranian rajaavaaya khaarosthayudeyum pinneedu addehathinte pingamiyaaya rajakumaaranaaya indravarmmanteyum aachaaraparamaaya velli kudikkunna kapp aayirunnu athu ennathil samshayamilla, addeham budhante asthikalude vishudhamaaya oru avashishtamaakki maatti. nooristhaani achaarangal parambaraagatha veenju kudikkunna oru praadeshika (bajaur) paarambaryatthinte vidoora pradeshathe athijeevanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, ithu gaandhaarayude budhamatha lokath, emm. tii meruvinte charivil vasikkunna 'sadaamattakalude' prapanchashaasthra mekhalayumaayi swaamsheekarikkappedukayum yukthisahamaakkukayum cheythirikkaam. avashishtatthinte puramchattayil ibexinte roopam theerchayaayum trans-pamirian (madhya eshyan) swaadheenathe soochippikkukayum transoxian mekhalayil ninnu (athaayath) aalukalude (kambojakal) "aadyakaala kudiyettatthinte" thelivu sthaapikkukayum cheiyunnu.iii.madhya eshyayile parama kamboja allengil sithiyan mekhala) kaabool thaazhvarayilekku. iranian, madhya eshyan ("sithiyan") kalayudeyum samskaarathinteyum savisheshathayaanu ibex roopakam. kristhuvinu munbulla kaalaghattatthil eee purathana madhya eshyan/iranian rooparekhayude varavum swaamsheekaranavum, eathu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paathayiloodeyo paathakaliloodeyo, prathifalippikkunnu. avasaanamaayi, velliyude avashishtangalude uparithalathile pullaankuzhalum oru iranian roopamaanu. athinaal goblettinte thanne wine drinking samskaaravumaayi samyojippicha ibex rooparekha, intho-iranian/intho-sythian kaalaghattatthile gaandhaarayude parisheelanathmaka kalayilekkum samskaarathilekkum praadeshikavum praadeshikamallaathathumaaya saamskaarika gadakangalude ozhukkine chithreekarikkunnu, ithu yadhaarthathil indravarmman raajakumaarante velli avashishtangalil prathifalikkunnu.
yuvaraja khaarosthayumaayulla aprakaraajarude bandham.
likhithangal niravadhi ariyappedunna charitra vyakthikale paraamarsikkukayum munbu ariyappedaatha chila vyakthikale parichayappedutthukayum cheiyunnu. aadyathethil sradheyamaayathu indravarmman rajakumaran kharahosttas allengil kharahosta enna bharanadhikaariyumaayi thirichariyappedunna khara (vaii) oostta rajaavum aanu, avar naanayashaasthrathilum mathura simha thalasthaana likhithangalilum ninnu ariyappettirunnu. likhitham nambar. khaarostha rajaavum yadhaartha udamayaayirunnuvennum velli paathram pinneedu aapraaka raajavamshathin paarambaryamaayi labhichuvennum II sthaapikkunnu. athinaal ithu khaarostha rajaavum baajaurile aapraaka rajaakkanmaarum thammilulla adutha bandhatthinte chila aakarshakamaaya soochanakal nalkunnu.
aspasioyi vamshathinte vaasasthalamaaya bajaur.
samskritha grandhangalile ashwakarude padinjaaran shaakha roopeekaricha aspasioi (aspassian) ennu vilikkappedunna yudhasamaanamaaya intho-iranian janathayude shakthikendramaayirunnu velli avashishtangalude kandethal sthalathinu chuttumulla pradesham. laknau sarvakalaashaalayile prashant srivastava oru gaveshana monographyle purathana indian charithratthil aapraka rajaakkanmaarude kudumbam vahicha pradhana punk eduthukaanikkukayum aapraka rajaakkanmaarude eee kudumbatthe ashwaka vamshavumaayi bandhippikkukayum cheythu. ennaal, ashwaka vamsham hindukushinte iruvashathum vyaapichukidakkunna valia kamboja gothratthinte oru upashaakhayallaathe mattonnumayirunnilla. (ashwakar kaanuka.) kambojanmaarude upashaakhayaayi thirichariyappedunna eee aalukal bii. sii. iii. 326ll macedonian akramanakaariyaaya alexanderinode dhaarshtyathode cheruthunilppu vaagdaanam cheyyukayum pinneedu chandragupta mouryayude mahathaaya sainyathinte oru pradhana gadakamaayi maarukayum cheythu. doow. beyliyude abhipraayathil, rajavamsha/bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thalakkett aapraaka/apaca/awaka aadhunika toponamaya baajaurinu adivarayidunnundaakam.
kharayostha allengil kharayostha rajaavu vezhsas apraka rajavamsham.
munbu ariyappedaatha niravadhi vyakthikalude perukal ulppede bajaurile aapraka raajavamshathinte charithrathekkurichum intho-iranian rajaavaaya kharayosthayumayulla avarude bandhathekkurichum-mathura simha thalasthaana likhithangalile "yuvaraaya kharayostha" "kamuyo" allengil naanayangalile "kharaavostha" (kharahosthas) ennivayekkurichum likhithangal pradhana puthiya vivarangal nalkunnu. mathurayile simhatala likhithangalile "yuva-raaja" allengil naanayangalile shathrapaykku vipareethamaayi bajaur velli paathratthile rajakumaran kharosthaye "yagu-raaja" ennu visheshippichittundu. khaarostha (kamuviyo) upayogikkunna "yagu-raaja" enna thalakkettinte aadya bhagam "yagu-" ennathu "yavuga allengil yauga" allengil "yavusa" enna kushana thalakkettinte oru roopamaanu, ithu janapriya turkeek thalakkett "yabu" (i.iii. gothrathalavan). eee paramarsham kristhuvinu munbullathum athinaal, kushanaykku munbulla/turkeek munbulla kaalavumayi bandhappettathumaan ennathinaal, oru padavi upayogikkunnathu oru bharanaadhikaariyude vamseeya aduppathinte thelivallennu ithu nirnnaayakamaayi theliyikkunnu. velliyude avashishtangal theerchayaayum khaarostha rajakumaran (khaaraa (vaii) oostta) baajaurile aapraaka rajaakkanmaarum thammilulla eathenkilum tharatthilulla bandhathe soochippikkunnu, ennaal eee bandhangal pinthudarchaavakaashathinu maathramullathaano atho rakthamo vamseeya bandhangalo moolamaano roopappettathennu parayaan prayaasamaan. likhitham nambar. 2. vellikkappalinte aadya udamayaaya 'yaguraja' khara (vaii) oosaattayum 'nambar 1' enna likhithavum vellikkappalil alekhanam cheythittundu. athe avashishtathil "iii, IV, vi, vi" enniva pinneedu apraka rajaavaaya indravarmman alekhanam cheythu, athu randaamathethu athe kappalinte udamayaanennu kaanikkunnu. apraka rajaavaaya indravarmman pinneedu bajauril thaan uyarthiya sthoopathinaayi vellikkappal budhamathathinte oru avashishtamaakki mattiyennum likhithangal sthireekarikkunnu.
yagu-raaja kharostha" yumayullah aapraka rajaakkanmaarude bandham kaalanukramaparamaaya chodyangal uyarthukayum addehathekkurichu munbu sthaapithamaaya maanadandangal samshayathilekku nayikkukayum mathura simha thalasthaana likhithangalkk (athil addehathe randuthavana yuvaraja kharostha ennu paraamarsikkunnu) ganyamaaya munkaala theeyathi aavashyamaayi varikayum cheiyunnu. vadakkan paakkisthaanile peshawar, hazara, attokk, mianwal jillakal ulppedunna kukhsayude bharanaadhikaariyaayirunnu khaarostha ennu vishwasikkappedunnu. padinjaaril ninnulla ekkaalatheyum aakramana bheeshaniyil ninnu khaarosthayude athirthikale samrakshikkaan sahayichathil bajaurile aapraaka rajaakkanmaar addehathinte pradhana sakhyakakshikalaayirunnuve vishwasikkappedunnu. athinaal, aartha ("mahakshatrapa"), kharostha kamuviyo ("yuvaraja"), ayasia kamuviya ("agramahisi-rajuvulayude mukhya raajnji"), mouse allengil moga ("gandhara rajaavu"), athupole bajaurile aapraka raajavamshathile bharanadhikaarikal ennivarellaam orupakshe bandhapettavarum eathenkilum tharatthilulla kudumba bandhangalal bandhappettavarumaayirunne saadhyatha kuravaanennu thonnunnilla. mathurayile simhatala likhithangalil khaarosthayeyum makal ayasi kamuviya ennu paraamarshichittundu enna vasthuthayum aapraka rajavamshavum orupakshe oru kamuviya (kamboja) rajavamshamaayirikkaam enna soochana nalkunnu. paali kambojika allengil samskritha kambojayude kharostheekritha/praakritha roopamaanu kamuia enna kudumbapperu. pradhana lekhanam kaanuka kamuviya

