
dartmouth kotta

englandile devon dartmouth thuramukhathe samrakshikkunnathinaayi nirmmicha oru peeranki kottayaan dartmouth kotta. 1380kalil franch aakramanathinte bheeshaniyodu prathikarichukondu poura adhikaarikal dart nadeemukhathe abhimukeekarikkunna oru cheria enclosure kotta srishtichathaanu kottayude aadyakaala bhagangal. shatru kappalukale kaattaapolttukalum orupakshe aadyakaala peerankiyum upayogichu akramikkaan uddeshichulla ithu, sent petrokkinte praadeshika chaappal athinte mathilukalkkullil ulppeduthi. pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanathil, oru peeranki gopuravum oru irumbu shringalayum upayogichu kotta vipuleekarichu, athu thuramukhathinu kuruke godmerokkile oru gopuram vare vyaapippikkaan kazhiyum; eee kootticherkkal brittanile ariyappedunna ettavum pazhaya uddeshyathode nirmmicha theera peeranki kottayaayi maari. 1540kalile franch adhiniveshathinte bhayathil kooduthal thokku baattarikal chertthu.
1642 muthal 1646 vareyulla engleesh aabhyantharayudhathil kotta sevanam kandu, eee samayat bhoomiyil ninnu akramikkunnathinulla durbalata prakadamaayi, athinte falamaayi athinu mukalilulla dheeraraaya prathirodha pravartthanangal adhika samrakshanam nalkaan upayogichu. 1748-ll, panthrand thokkukal sajjeekarichirikkunna grand baattari enna puthiya thokku sthaanam kottayil chertthu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil varshangalude avagananaykk sesham, 1859-ll aadhunika peerankikal upayogichu kotta naveekarichu, pakshe dartmouth thuramukham samrakshikkunnath sainika munganana aayirunnilla. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya varshangalil eee kotta anaavashyamaayi kanakkakkappettirunnathil adhikrithar athu sandarshakarkkaayi thurannu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu ithu veendum upayogathilekku konduvannuvenkilum 1955 ll ithu sevanathil ninnu viramichu. 21-aamm noottaandil, engleesh paithrukamaanu ithu kaikaaryam cheiyunnathu, 2007-ll 37,940 sandarshakaraanu kottaykku labhichathu.
charithram.
pathinalam noottaand-pathinanjaam noottaand.
devonile theeradesha pattanamaya dartmouthine samrakshikkunnathinaayi nirmmichathaanu dartmouth kotta. panthrandaam noottaandode, dart nadiyude azhimukhathu sthithi cheiyunna pattanatthinte thuramukham 600 kappalukal vare vahikkaan kazhiyunna oru pradhana vyapara, malsyabandhana thuramukhamaayirunnu. kadalkollayudeyum svakaaryathayudeyum kendramenna nilayilum, prathyekichu franch shippinginethiraaya aakramanangalude perilum ithinu prashasthi undaayirunnu. 1370 aayappozhekkum, nooru varshathe yudhasamayathu, dartmouth franch naavikasenayude pradhana lakshyamayirunnu, koodaathe kireedavakashi nagaratthe athinte prathirodham mechappeduthaan aavarthichu upadeshichu. ennirunnaalum, 1388ll dartmouth mayer swakaarya udyogasthanumaaya joonn howlick thuramukhathe samrakshikkunnathinaayi oru puthiya "kadaltheera" thinaayi pattanatthil ninnu fund swaroopikkaan richard randaaman adikaaram nalkunnathuvare onnum cheythilla.
chuvar gopurangalum gettu gopuravum kondu samrakshikkappetta oru curton mathilum ulla oru enclosure kottayude roopamaanu fortalis allengil cheria kotta sweekarichathu. franch aakramanathinte bheeshani kaaranam avar vaaypa nalkia, kervu kudumbatthilppetta stokku fleminginte kottaaratthile bhoomiyilaanu ithu nirmmichathu, koodaathe saittil sent petrokkinu munbu undaayirunna oru chappalinu chuttum ithu nirmmichu. shatru kappalukale akramikkaan kaattappolttukal kaivasham vachirunna ithu aadyakaala peerankikal upayogichu aayudangal dharichirikkaam koodaathe thuramukhathekkulla praveshana kavaadam thadayunnathinaayi oru changala sajjeekarichirikkam. athu sajeevamaaya sevanam kandillengilum 1404-ll franch, brettan aakramana senayude yadhaartha padhathikale thadassappeduthiyirikkaam, athu tanegu duu chaastalinte neethrthwathil slapton manalil erangiyathinu pakaram praadeshika milishya chitharichukalanju. thudarnnu aaa kudumbam kottayude akathe moolayil oru kudumba veedu nirmmichu.
1481-ll henry VII prathirodhathekkurichu nagaravumaayi puthiya charchakal nadatthi. 1462-ll, irupathu varshathekku thuramukhathudaneelam oru shringhala nilanirthunnathinu prathivarsham 30 poundu nalkaan kireedavakashi sammathichirunnu, eee labhakaramaaya krameekaranam kaalaharanappedunnathin munbu vipuleekarikkaan nagaram thaalpparyappettirikkam. attakuttappanikalkkayi 30 poundu vaarshika subsidiyulla oru puthiya peeranki gopuratthinte nirmmaanathinaayi anchu varshathinullil 150 poundu nalkaan henry sammathichu, pinneedu athu prathivarsham 40 poundaayi uyarnnu. puthiya gopuram pazhaya kottaykkoppam sthaapichu, daanyayogyamaayathum kingsbridgilum ninnulla kallum 12 kallukattikalum vare upayogichaanu. 1486ll oru franch adhiniveshathekkurichulla bhayam vardhikkunnathuvare padhathi munnott neengi; rund "valia kolayali" thokkukal sthaapikkukayum 1492 aayappozhekkum naalu kolayaalikalum panthrand sarppa thokkukalum avide sthaapikkukayum cheythu. gopuram oduvil 1495-ll poortthiyaayi, nadiyude maruvashathu "kobbelli" enna cheria bottukal pinthunaykkunna oru samrakshana shringalayumaayi, godmerokkile oru gopuram athine samrakshichu. nadeemukhatthinte ethirvashathu dartmouth nirmmicha mattoru kottayaaya kingsware.
16-18 noottaandukal.
1543ll henry VIII fraansinethiraaya yudhathil spainumaayi sakhyamundaakki. henriyude prarambha vijayangalkkidayilum, france spain 1544-ll samadhaanam sthaapikkukayum skotlandile avarude sakhyakakshikalude pinthunayode englandine franch adhiniveshathinu vidheyamaakkukayum cheythu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, henry raajyathinte prathirodham mechappeduthunnathinna, prathyekichu thekkan theerathu, oru nirddesham purappeduvichu. gann towerinte iruvashathum orennam, fortalinte thekkukizhakkan moolayil sthaapichirikkunna lamberdinte bullwark enningane moonnu puthiya thokku baattarikal dartmouth kottaye shakthippeduthi.
oru sinikanum dartmouthile praadeshika paarlament amgavumaaya sarr peettar kaare, kottaykkullile kudumbatthinte veettil ithu athikramichukayariyathaayi vaadichu eee anthima kootticherkkaline ethirthu. addeham kotta pidichedukkukayum pattanatthile udyogasthare puratthaakkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu oru niyama cases vannu, 1554-ll carve vanchanayude kuttam nerittu kaundi vittathinu sesham nagaram swath veendeduthu; 1556-ll addeham madangiyethi kotta thirichupidichu. oduvil oru elavu sammathikkukayum athinanusarichu pattanam kottakalude niyanthranam veendedukkukayum kavalkkar veedu kaivashappeduthunnathu thudarukayum cheythu.
1597-ll, spanish adhiniveshathinte bheeshaniyode, thokku gopuram mechappeduthukayum lamberdinte bullwark nannaakkukayum cheythu. rund varshathinu sesham, spanish chaaranaya hortensio spinola, thuramukham nannayi samrakshikkappettittundum nivaasikal "yudhapriyar" aanennum abhipraayappettukondu kottaye "24 kashanangalum 50 aalukalum" upayogichu samrakshichathayi visheshippichu.
1642ll chaals onnaamante anuyaayikalum paarlamentinte anuyaayikalum thammil engleesh aabhyantharayudham pottippurappettappol dartmouth thudakkathil paarlamentinte paksham cherukayum kottaykku anchu perr kaaval nilkkukayum cheythu. 1643ll mouris rajakumaran nagaram uparodhichu, kottaykku pinnilulla kunnin mukalile nilayil sthaapichirunna peerankikal kottaye keezhadakki. eee durbalamaaya sthaanam samrakshikkunnathinaayi gallants bower ennu vilikkunna oru mannu kotta pinneedu nirmmichirikkaam; oru badal vishadeekaranam 1627-laanu kotta aadyamaayi nirmmichathu, samgharshathinidayil ithu veendum upayogichu ennathaanu. 1646 januvariyil sarr thomas fairfax oru paarlamentari sainyathe dartmouth thirichupidikkaan nayichu. pittennu kottayude kamaandaraaya sarr hyoog pollardine keezhadakkaan nirbandhikkunnathinu munbu addeham aadyam pattanam pidichedukkukayum pinneedu dheeranaaya bower aayi maarukayum cheythu. aakramanathil keyarveettinte veedinu saaramaayi kedupaadukal sambhavichittundaakam.
idakkaala kaalayalavil, dheeranaaya bower nirthalaakkappettuvenkum kotta thanne upayogathilundaayirunnu; keyarvukalude veedu thakarkkapettu. kotta praadeshika prathirodhavum nadathunnathinum kallakkadathu thadayunnathinum gavarnaraaya sarr joonn fowell niyamikkapettu. 1660ll chaals randaaman simhaasanathil thirichethukayum thudakkathil dartmouth kotta muun vaarshika subsidy veendum nagarathinu nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1662 aayappozhekkum dartmouthile kottakal 23 peradangunna oru rajakeeya sena sarr john kaaval nirtthi, avar 1677 vare captanum govarnorumaayi thudarnnu. dutch, franch aakramanathekkurichulla bhayam 1690 vare kotta nilanirthaan kaaranamaayi.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil kotta avaganikkappedukayum 1715-ll nadatthiya oru sarveyil ithu "vinashakaramaaya avastha" yilaanennum athinte peerankikalonnum vendathra paripaalikkappettillettil report cheythu. fraansil ninnulla oru puthiya bheeshani puthiya pravarthanangalkku kaaranamaayi 1741-ll lamberdinte bullwark shakthippeduthukayum 1748-ll sarkkar balwarkine grand baattari ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum panthrand thokkukalulla rund nirakalulla platfomakki maattukayum cheythu. kottayude pazhaya bhagangal nagaram nilanirthukayum praadhamikamaayi thaamasathinum sambharanathinumayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. dartmouth thuramukhathinte praadhaanyam kurayaan thudangi, ennirunnaalum, aduthulla plymouth athinte muun vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum etteduthu.
19-21 noottaandukal.
nepolian yudhangalil sannadha dartmouth peeranki yoonit dartmouth kottaye kaaval nirtthiyirunnuvenkilum sajeevamaaya oru sevanavum undaayilla. samgharshathinte avasaanathil, kottayude thokkukalude ennam kuraykkukayum kaavalkkaranaaya oru gaarsan garneraayi vettikkuraykkukayum cheythu. 1820ll, upayogayogyamaaya rund thokkukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo, 1847ll ezhuthukaaranaaya clarkson stanfield eee kotta manoharamaanengilum "vishalamallennum parvathangal maathramaanennum kurachu thokkukalaanennum" nireekshichu.
1840kalil shell thokkukalum neeravi kappalukalum avatharippichathu thekkan theerathu franchukaar vijayakaramaayi akramikkaan saadhyathayundenna puthiya apakadasaadhyatha srishtikkukayum 1850kalude thudakkathil samgharshamundaakumenna bhayam vardhikkukayum cheythu. fransinekkurichulla kooduthal aashankakalum rifled peerankikaludeyum irumbu pothinja yudhakkappalukaludeyum vikasanavum 1859 ll yunaittad kingdatthinte prathirodhatthinaayi royal kammeeshan sthaapikkunnathilekkum thekkan theeratthinte surakshayekkurich aashanka prakadippikkunnathilkum nayichu. thalphalamaayi, dartmouth kottayile grand baattari punarnirmmikkukayum dartmouth pooyint baattari ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu, shell-proof, graanait prathirodham kadalilekku nokkunna 68-poundar thokkukalkkaayi moonnu traversing gann emplacementukalum rund 10 inch 86 sydabluty samrakshikkunnu. melkkoorayile thokkukal; oru cheria 8 inch hovitsar thuramukhathekkulla praveshana kavaadam thanne samrakshichu. puthuthayi roopeekaricha aaraamathe devonsire peeranki sannadhasenayil ninnu moonnu professional sainikarum ambathiyanchiladhikam reservistukalulla oru samghavum ithil undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kottaykku sainika munganana kuravaayirunnu, kaaranam thuramukham plaimouthine akramikkunnathinulla oru staging posttaayi upayogikkaamaayirunnu, koodaathe athinu anuvadicha thokkukal pazhaya reethiyilullathaayirunnu. 1888-ll veendum naveekarichathil kaalaharanapetta peerankikal maathrame sthaapichittulloo.
1909 aayappozhekkum kottayude bhooribhaagavum kaalaharanappettathayi kanakkaakkukayum yuddha oafees athu works offeesilekku maattukayum avar punarudhaarana pravartthanangal nadathukayum sandarshakarkkaayi thurakkukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, onnaam lokamahaayudhakaalathe rund <aii. dii. 1> (11.9 centimeter) pettennulla vedivayppu thokkukal upayogichu punaraayudhamaakkiyappol, vyapara vaahanavyoohangaleyum philippeensinte kappalsala samrakshikkunnathinaayi konkreett thokku veedukalil sookshichappol ithu veendum sevanathil praveshichu. britiish sainyathile amgangalaanu kottaye niyanthrichirunnathu; officermaar aduthulla oru kottejilum, kottayil thanne noonn-kammeeshand offeesarmaarilum, pathonpathaam noottaandile kottakalile mattu raankukalilum, pinneedu thaalkkaalika nizen kudilukalilum thaamasichirunnu.
1955-ll kotta veendum nirmmaana manthraalayathilekku maattukayum attakuttappanikal nadathukayum cheythu; ippol pazhaya baattari ennariyappedunna dartmouth pooyint baattari oru restorantaayi upayogikkunnathinaayi pattanatthilekku paattatthinu nalkukayum saitt pothujanangalkkayi veendum thurakkukayum cheythu. irupathiyonnaam noottaandil ithu engleesh paithrukathaal niyanthrikkappedunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandil prathyakshappedumaayirunnathu valia baattari pradharshippichirikkunnu; 2007 ll ithinu 37,940 sandarshakar labhichu. pathinalam noottaandile thokku gopuram yuke niyamaprakaaram grade I listtucheytha kettidamaayum pathonpathaam noottaandile thokku baattari grade II * listtucheytha kettidamaayum samrakshikkappedunnu.
vaasthuvidya.
dartmouth thuramukhathinte praveshana kavaadathinu abhimukhamaayi oru paarakkettukalulla purambhaagam dartmouth kottayil sthithicheyyunnu. saittinte vadakku bhaagath dart nadikku kuruke nokkunna pradhana thokku gopuravum sent petrox pally thekk-kizhakk kadalinu abhimukhamaayi pazhaya baattariyumaan. thekk-padinjaaran moolayil oru corner gopuram, kuzhiyude oru bhagam, mathilinte bhagangal, kattiyullathum uyaramullathumaaya yadhaartha kotta prathirodhatthinte avashishtangal undu.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthalulla eee thokku gopuram brittanile ariyappedunna ettavum pazhakkam chenna uddeshyathode nirmmicha theeradesha peeranki kottayaan. moonnu nila uyaramulla gopuratthil thuramukha shringalayude samvidaanangal adangiya chunnaambukallu avashishtangal kondu nirmmicha ardha vrithaakrithiyilulla bhaagavum thokkukal adangiya slettil ninnu nirmmicha chathuraakrithiyilulla bhaagavumund. oro nilayilum yathaakramam vrithaakruthiyilullathum chathuraakrithiyilullathumaaya rund pradhana murikalundu-eee roopakalppana orupakshe nirmmaana pravartthanatthinide padhathiyil varuthiya maattangalude falamaayirikkaam. thudakkathil thadi shattarukalaal kadalil ninnu samrakshikkappettirunna aadima thokku thuramukhangalulla kottayude peeranki thokkukal basementil undaayirunnu. thaazhathe nilayile murikal, cheyin room ulkkollunnathinu purame, cheyin defense uyarthunnathinaayi oru pully capstaanum upayogichu, gaarisanin offeesukalum leaving space roopeekarikkumaayirunnu. onnaam nila thaamasathinaayi upayogikkukayum aduppu gadippikkukayum cheythu. handganukalkkulla thokkukal basementinum thaazhathe nilaykkum onnaam nilaykkum chuttum adutha prathirodhatthinaayi oodi. kottayude pinbhaagathu ninnu uyarnna nilathu ninnu thokku theepiduttham moolamundaakunna bhishaniye neridaan kotta aadyamaayi nirmmichathinu sesham uyarathil yudhakkappalukal uyarthiya melkkoorayil bharam kuranja peerankikal sthaapikkappedumaayirunnu. melkkooraykk mukalil oru uyarnna gopuram uyarunnu.
pradhana thokku gopuratthinu chuttum pathinaram noottaandinte madhyathil rund thokku plaattphomukal undu, pathinettaam noottaandil puthiya thokkukalude roopangal sthaapikkunnathinaayi ithu maatti. thokku gopuratthinu thottupinnilaayi 1641 muthal nilavilulla moonnu edanaazhikalulla kettidamaaya sent petrox charchu undu, 1833 ll athinte punarudhaaranatthinte falamaayi chila mattangal undaayi.
dartmouth pooyint baattari ennu vilikkapetta 1861 muthalulla pazhaya baattari grand baattariyudeyum lamberdinte balwarkinteyum muun saitt ulkkollunnu. samuchayathinte vadakkukizhakkan bhaagath maasikakalkk mukalil oru gaard room undu. oru kuzhiyum raifil looppukalum kolakkuttangalum upayogichu karayil ninnulla aakramanathil ninnu ithu samrakshikkappettu. baattariyude pradhana bhaagath, kadal choondikkaanikkunna kanatha thokkukal pidikkaan moonnu nilavarayulla kesmettukal undu, thuramukha praveshana kavaadam moodunna oru cheria thokku sthaanam; rund kanatha thokkukal koodi melkkoorayil sthaapikkumaayirunnu. oru velutha konkreett kettidam, yadhaarthathil oru madhyakala gopuratthinte veshammariya theeradesha thokku sthaanam, ippol oru ticket offeesaayi pravartthikkunnu. pazhaya baattari samuchayathinu pinnil 1856 num 1886 num idayil oru vilakkumaadamaayi pravarthicha pathonpathaam noottaandile gopuramundu.
kalayilum saahithyathilum.
1833-leeii fishers droying room scrap bukkile lettishya elisabath laandante kaavyathmaka thithreekaranamaaya "dartmouth kaasil", kotta thuramukhavum kaanikkunna thomas allom varacha oru paintinginte kothupaniyodoppam undu. oru kaalath yudhathinte kottayaayirunnava ippol enganeyaanu oru avadhikkala lakshyasthaanamaayi maariyathenn eee kavita prathifalippikkunnu.