
bura, southu austreliya

thekkan oostreliyayude madhyabhaagathulla oru idaya kendravum charitraparamaaya vinodasanjaara pattanavumaanu bura. clair thaazhvarayude kizhakk kashandi kunnukal, vadakkan parvathanirakalude bhagamaaya uyarnna parvathanirakal, bura creak ennividangalilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1851 aayappozhekkum, "bura" ennu mothatthil ariyappedunna oru koottam tounshippukalaayi (kambani, swakaarya, sarkkar udamasthathayilulla) marria orotta kambani khanana tounshippaayittaanu eee pattanam aarambhichath. bura khanikal 15 varshathekku thekkan oostreliyayude 89 sathamaanavum lokathile chembinte 5 sathamaanavum vitharanam cheythu, koodaathe thekkan australiyayile kashtappedunna puthiya kolaniyude sambadvyavasthaye samrakshichathinte credit (kapundayile khanikalkkoppam) eee settilmentinundu. 1845ll kandethiya chembu nikshepam khananam cheythukondu 1848ll bura bura chembu khani sthaapikkappettu. khanithozhilaalikalum pattanavaasikalum pradhaanamaayum konvaal, weils, scotland, jarmmani ennividangalil ninnu burayilekku kudiyeri. 1877ll aadyamaayi adacha khani irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil hrasvamaayi veendum thurannu, 1970 muthal 1981 vare avasaanamaayi.
khani theernnupokukayum adachupoottukayum cheythappol janasamkhya ganyamaayi kurayukayum adutha 100 varshathekku tounshippukal idaya, kaarshika pravartthanangale pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. innu eee pattanam chuttumulla karshaka samoohangalude kendramaayum australiyayile victorian kaalaghattatthile ettavum mikacha samrakshitha pattanangalilonnayum charitraparamaaya oru vinodasanjaara kendramaayum thudarunnu.
australiyayile saamskaarika paithruka maanejmentinulla mikacha pariseelana maanadandam roopappeduthunna bura chaarttarin 1979 ll austreliya icomos (smaarakangaleyum saittukaleyum kurichulla anthaaraashtra kaunsil) ivide nadatthiya oru konfaransinte perilaanu eee rekha sweekarichathu.
bhoomishaasthravum bhoomishaasthravum.
kuringayude noorinullil goider laininullil eathaanum kilometerukalkkullil bura, baldina, gumm aruvikalkku sameepamaan bura sthithi cheiyunnathu. thekkan australiyayile mitasheetoshna pulmedinullilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
takarnna dolomite paarakalile rund bhoomishaasthraparamaaya thakaraarukalkkidayil chembu ayiru roopappettu. 70 meter (230 adii) vare veethiyulla eee ayiru pradhaanamaayum pacha malaakkaittum neela assurite sirakalum aathidheya paaraykkidayilulla nodyoolukalum ulkkollunnu. secondary sambushteekaranam" ennariyappedunna oru prakriyayiloode chembu sulfide daathukkalil ninnaan malaakkaittum asuraittum roopappettathu. 300 muthal 400 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu booraykkaduthulla valkkanisathinte avasana kaalaghattatthil srishtikkappetta thaazhnna grade chembu sulfide ayiru parivartthanam cheyyaan eee prakriya dasalakshakkanakkinu varshangal eduthu.
padavyuthpathishaasthram.
ippol bura pattanatthinu baadhakamaaya peru kaalakramena maari. nagaratthiloode ozhukunna bura bura kreekkinte peraanu bura bura chembu khaniykk nalkiyirikkunnath. 1851 muthal khaniyude sameepathulla tounshippukalude shekharam "bura" ennu ariyapettu. 1940ll thekkan australian gavanment gasattil prasidheekaricha oru ariyippiloodeyaanu redrath, aberdeen, nyoo aberdeen, hampton, copperhouse, kuringa, eldablyuchwar, lostvidhiyal ennee saamskaarikamaayi adisthaanamaakkiyulla tounshippukal ekeekarichu boora pattanam audyogikamaayi roopeekarichathu.
bura bura enna peru niravadhi srothassukalil ninnaan vannathennu avakaashappedunnu. 1843 joolaiyil thanne, eee pradesham manurayile idayanaaya vilyam peettarinte aadukalude oru auttasteshanaayirunnappol, ithu "baroo creak" ennariyappettirunnu. thaddesheeya ngadjuri janathayumaayulla aaa vyakthamaaya (aksharappishak thettaanengilum) bandham undaayirunnittum, pilkkala sidhaantham thudarchayaayi avakaashappedunnathu, mattoru aadyakaala idayanaaya jaims steyininu vendi jolie cheiyunna indian idayanmaar kreekkine soochippikkaan upayogikkunna 'grettu grettu' ennathinu hindumathathil ninnaan ithu varunnath ennaanu. steyininte swantham rajyamaaya skotlandil ninno niravadhi thaddesheeya bhashakalil ninno eee peru vannathaakam. 1851-ll konvaalileyum vestt devon khanana bhooprakrithiyileyum devonil 'engleesh baraa baraa' ennu vilikkappedunna oru sthalam kandethi; orupakshe yaadrishchikamaayi devonile barettar, konvaalile baraattan thudangiya niravadhi purathana sthalanaamangal aduthuthanne sambhavikkunnu; koodaathe perinte uthbhavavum saadhyamaan. tennessiyil sthithi cheiyunna oru bura bura khani australian khaniyude perilaanu ariyappedunnathu.
aadyakaala charithram.
yadhaartha nivaasikal.
1839ll aadyamaayi paashchaathya sanbarkkam pulartthiyirunna nagadjuri aadivaasikalaayirunnu bura pradeshathe yadhaartha nivaasikal. eee mekhalayile aadyathe europian schwater vilyam peettar aayirunnu, addehathinte head steshan manooraykkaduthulla gumm creak aayirunnu. 1840 muthal ngadjuri bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum idayanmaar meyukayum samgharshangal undaayittundengilum, ngadjuri janangal idayanmaaraayum kambili scourermaaraayum jolie cheythu, prathyekichu 1850 kalile swarnna thirakkinidayil eee pradesham shoonyamaayappol. parichayappedutthiya europian rogangalaal avarude janasamkhya gurutharamaayi kurayukayum 1878 oode avaa vamshanasham sambhavikkukayum cheythu. pradeshathe parakalayum smashaanangalum avasheshikkunnu, chila aalukalkk engadjuri vamshaparambara avakashappedaan kazhiyum.
chembinte kandethal.
1845 juun 9nuu vilyam strair southu australian mining association (samaa) sekrattariyaaya henry ayyezhsinte offeesilekku sambannamaaya chembu ayiru saambilukal athichu. praadeshika idayanaaya jaims steyininte jolikkaranaaya strair enna yuva idayan, aduthulla oru vasthuvile idayanaaya thomas pakkett pole burayil ninnu 90 mile nadannu kooduthal kandethal nadatthi. ithu prakhyaapicha chembinte vaartha juun 21 nuu adalide pathrangalil prasidheekarikkukayum saittin taamasiyaathe "dhii monsttar mine" ennu peridukayum cheythu.
govarnor jorjju gray bhoomi graant chattangal bhedagathi cheyth nooru kuringaye oru deerghachathuramaayi nirbandhithamaakki, rund chembu kandethalukalum ethir attangalil sthaapichu. bhoomiyude 20,000 poundu (sterling) vila kaaranam athu randaayi vibhajichu, oro pakuthiyum vyathyastha groupinu vittu, division lottu anusarichu theerumaanikkappettu. sarway cheytha pradeshathinu bura creak special sarway ennu perittu. ithu rund chathurangalayi thirichirikkunnu, oru vashath ninnu 4 mile. sambannaraaya oru koottam muthalaalikal ("nobbs" ennariyappedunnu) divishante thekkan pakuthiyum kadayudamakal, vyapaarikal, saama (koottaayi "snobes" ennariyappedunnu) ennivarude oru koottam vadakkan pakuthiyum vaangi.
bura bura khani avarude vadakkan thiranjeduppile snobukalum, raajakumaariyude rajakeeya khaniyum avarude thekk nobukalum sthaapichathaanu. 1846-ll, divishante vadakku bhaagathulla scotish australian nikshepa kambanikku 5,550 poundinu vittu, avide avar boonn accord mine sthaapichu. 1845 septambar 29nuu aadyathe vedimarunnu charge aarambhichukond khanana pravartthanam aarambhichu, koodaathe 1846 madhyathode boonn accord khanana kambaniyum pravartthanam aarambhichu.
khananam.
bura bura allengil 'monsttar mine'.
1860 vare australiyayile ettavum valia loha khaniyaayirunnu eee khani. 1845 muthal 1877 vare khaniyil ekadesham 50,000 tonn chembu uthppaadippikkappettu. 1971ll 24,000 tonn chembu verthiricheduthukondu oru pathittaandolam pravarthicha eee khani oru aadhunika ooppan katt aayi veendum thurannu. khaniyude udghaadanam muthal 1890 vare samayude sekrattariyaaya henry ayezhsaanu adelide ooppareshan nadathiyathu. 1847 muthal 1867 vare dainamdina pravartthanangalude utharavaadithamulla cheef captanaayirunnu henry roach.
nikshepakar motham 12,320 poundu nikshepichirunnu, athil 10,000 poundu bhoomi vaangaan chelavazhichu. aadyathe labhavihitam 1847 juun 24nuu nalkukayum, 1847 desember 1 aayappozhekkum khaniyude 32 varshathe kaalayalavil motham 49,180 poundu labhavihitam thirike nalkukayum cheythu. 100 ll thaazhe ohari udamakalkku khanana laabhavihithamaayi 826,586 poundu labhichu. 1877ll khani adachathinushesham ellah khanana laabhavihithangalum nilachu, 1902ll khani pradesham vittu, 1914ll kuringayile saamayude avasana swath vittu. 1916 meyy 5nuu anthima labhavihitam nalkukayum sama adachupoottukayum cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil loka chembu vitharanathinte moonnilonnu pidichedukkunnathinaal chembinte bhooribhaagavum indiaykku vilppanaykkethichirunu. thekkan austreliyayil urukal illaathirunnathinaal chembu ayiru thudakkathil konvaalilekku kayatti ayachirunnu. 1848ll nirmmicha australiyayile aadyathe cornish beam enchin kambani vaangi. khaniyude saambathikaavastha moshamayathinaal 1868ll khaniyude katt thurakkaan theerumaanichu. 183 meter (600 adii) aazhathilethiya khananavum 1870 ll aarambhicha ooppan-katt pravartthanangalum nilachuvenkilum, khaniyude sheshikkunna kaalayalavil, cheria bhoogarbha pravartthanangal chelaveria ooppan kattinekkaal kooduthal ayiru verthirichu.
khaniyude jeevithathiludaneelam, henry ayyar vethanavum chelavukalum krooramaayi niyanthrichukondu ohari udamakalude labham asooyayode samrakshichu. 1846 octoberil ithu kothupanikaludeyum ishtikappanikal nirmmikkunnavarudeyum aadya panimudakkinu kaaranamaayi, kambani prathidinam 8 shillingle kooduthal nalkaan visammathichu. chembinte vila kurayunnathinoppam (1845ll tunninu 91 poundil ninnu 1848ll 87 poundaayi) kambani vethanam kuraykkaan nirantharam shramichu. southu australiyayile deputy surveyor general sthaanam raajivacha thomas barine general manejaraayi chumathalayelkkaan kambani vasheekarichenkilum 1848 septambarode asamthriptharaaya kambani directormaar addehathe pirichuvittu. 1848 aayappozhekkum vethanam ettavum thaazhnna nilayiletthi, ithu bura khanithozhilaalikalude panimudakkinu kaaranamaayi, ithu thekkan australiyayile aadyathe vyaavasaayika panimudakkum australiyayile aadyakaala thozhilaallikalude panimudakkumaanu. 1849 januvari vare khanithozhilaalikal poornnamaayum joliyilekku madangaathathinaal panimudakku niravadhi thavana varikayum pookukayum cheythu.
1848 eprilode khaniyil 567 perr jolie cheyyukayum kuringa tounshippile 1,500 janasamkhyaye sahayikkukayum cheythu. 1859ll khaniyile thozhil 1,208 aayi uyarnnu, 1877ll khaniyude adachupoottal vare thudarchayaayi kuranju. 1877 novemberil bakkiyulla mikka dispossible upakaranangalum storukalum vilkkukayum samayude khananam nirthukayum cheythu.
ente kaaryam sammathikkuka.
bura looad property athirthikku keezhil vyaapikkumenna pratheekshayilaan scotish oohakkachavadakkaarkku vendi boonn accord khanana kambani roopeekarichathu. vipuleekaranamonnum kandethanaayilla, panam veendedukkunnathinaayi, kambaniyude bhoomiyil aberdeen (1849), nyoo aberdeen (1872) tounshippukal roopeekarichu. 1877ll bura bura khaniyil pumping nirtthiyathinaal ayal boonn accord khaniyile jalanirapp uyarnnathode athu adachupoottaan nirbandhithamaayi. 1846 muthal 1849 vare neenduninna khanana pravartthanangal 1858ll punaraarambhichu, oduvil naalu varshathinu sesham oru dhaathukkalum kandethathe nirtthi. khaniyile pala kettidangalum avasheshikkukayum naashanal trastt oof southu austreliya oru myoosiyamaayi samrakshikkukayum cheiyunnu.
rajakumari rajakumari.
rajakumari rajakeeya khani orikkalum vijayamayilla, 1859 juunil rajakumari rajakeeya khanana kambani athinte vaathilukal adachu. athinte hraswakaala jeevithathil khani 6,500 poundu vilamathikkunna chembu ayiru uthppaadippichu. 1860 epril 24nuu annathe edayabhoomiyude khaniyum parisaravum lelam cheythu.
idaya pravartthanangal.
1843 muthal thanne booraykk chuttum edayathvam saadhaaranamaayirunnu, jaims steyin, vilyam peettar thudangiya idaya pioneermark sarway cheyyaatha bhoomiyil avarude aattinkoottangalkk meikkaanulla avakasham nalkiyirunnu. bura khaniyude jeevithakaalathu, bhoomiyil sama vaagdaanam cheytha freehold illaathathinaalum 1860 vare sameepathulla noorukanakkinu pereyum prakhyaapikkaathathinaalum mikka bhakshanavum konduvannu. noorukanakkinu aalukalude mandagathiyilulla sarway kaaranam krishi vaiki, kaaranam iva cheiyunnathuvare freehold allengil leashold bhoomi illaayirunnu, marichu mechil avakashangal mathramaayirunnu. boora eathaandu goyidarinte 1865 variyil sthithi cheiyunnathinaal ithu krishikkaayi naamamaathramaaya bhoomiyude attathaanu vilayiruthappedunnathu. khananam cheythathinushesham eee pattanam oru idaya kendramaayi maari, irupathaam noottaandinte pakuthi vare thekkan oostreliyayude pradhana aadukadathal kendramaayi maari. kuringaykkaduthulla buraykku kizhakk 10 mile akale 50 chathurashra mile visthruthiyulla oru pradhana chemmariyaad steshanaaya baldina rann 1851 ll henry iyers sthaapikkukayum jeey aandu sii paattatthinu nalkukayum cheythu. bii. 1862 vare mathsyathozhilaali, pinneedu jaims chembezhsinte marumakanaaya alfred barker etteduthu.
maadyamangal.
burayum vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayum ulkkollunna oru pathramaayirunnu "bura record". 1876 juun 30 nuu aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha "bura record" enna "northen meyil" enna peril nagaratthinte aadya prasidheekaranamaayi jeevitam aarambhichu. 26 prathivaara lakkangalkk sesham, 1877 ll "bura nyoos aandu northen meyil" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu, 1878 joolaiyil veendum punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu. 1977 ll, "review-times-record" roopeekarikkaan "review-times" ennathumaayi layichu, athu 1989 ll "flindezhs nyoos" aayi maari.
1949 march 3 muthal 1951 februvari 22 vare pattanatthil nirmmicha "kaundi laitt times" aayirunnu mattoru prasidheekaranam. harrold duu reu prasidheekaricha eee pathratthinte kavarejil reverton, tarley, raini, saddleworth ennee jillakal ulppedunnu.
2006 muthal 2013 vare purathirangiya "midu north broadcaster" enna prasidheekaranatthinte aasthaanamaayirunnu bura. kashtappedunna praadeshika pathrangalaya "peettarbore times" (2003-2006), "bura broadcaster" (1991-2006), "yoodunda nireekshakan" ennivayude layanathiloodeyaanu ithu roopeekarichathu. mure pioneer" vazhi edittoriyal niyanthranamulla tailor grouppinte udamasthathayilaayirunnu ithu. boora, yoodunda, jaimstown, peetterbor ennee pattanangal ithinte vitharanathil ulppedunnu.
nagaratthinte vikasanam.
1845 octoberil henry iyers samayude directormaarum bura sandarshichappol kuringa tounshippinte sthalam thiranjedutthu. jorjju strickland kingsttan tounshippu sarway cheyyukayum sthaapikkukayum cheythu, 1846 eprilil athu poortthiyaakki, koodaathe pala theruvukalkkum samayude directormaarude perukal nalki. thudakkam muthal eee tounshippu oru kambani tounaayirunnu, kuranja chelavil nirmmichathum aparyapthamaaya bhavanangalumulla ithu niravadhi khanithozhilaalikale thaalkkaalika veedukal kuzhikkaan nirbandhitharaakki. 1851leeii sensus prakaram janasamkhyayude moonnilonnu perr eee aruviyilaanu thaamasichirunnathu, sensus compiler shradhikkaan samayameduthu
"veedukalonnumilla, bura kreekkinte theerathu veedukal khananam cheyyappedunnu."
1859 vare aadyathe baank thurakkaathathinaal, pradhaanamaayum settilmentinte kambani swabhaavam kaaranam, vikasanam mandagathiyilaayirunnu. deseeya baank kuringayil aadya branch sthaapikkunnathuvare, mikka ekschenchukalum onnukil kambani scrip roopathilo allengil munny ekschenchukalaayi pravartthikkunna kadakalilo aayirunnu. cooringa ozhikeyulla ellah pattanangalum khanana paattatthinu purathaanu nirmmichathu, pakshe athu paattatthinte vadakkan attathaayathinaal khaniyodu aduthaayirunnu. kooringaykkullil swathanthramaayi oru kaivasavum nalkaan sama visammathichathinal tounshippukalude roopeekaranam nirbandhithamaayi, athinaal khanithozhilaalikal 1849 avasaanathode mattu tounshippukalilekku marran thudangi. avarude aadyakaala jeevithathil, oro tounshippinum avarudethaaya hotelukal, pallikal, poost offeesukal, schoolukal, kadakal, swathuam ennivayundaayirunnu. 1851-ll nyoo southu veyilsile baatharsttinaduthulla swarnna tirakk niravadhi khanithozhilaalikalude pattanatthe shoonyamaakki. muzhuvan kudumbangalum sarkkar udyogastharum mattu pattanavaasikalum svarnnappaadangalilekku pookukayum 1854 aayappozhekkum nagaram erekkure vijanamaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. 1858ll golaril ninnu oru railway line vipuleekarikkaanulla nirddeshathinte falamaayi tounshippukalude ennam naadakeeyamaayi vardhichu. railway nirmikkunnathil paraajayappettappol mikka puthiya tounshippukalum paraajayappedukayum 1876-ll bakkiyulla tounshippukal korppareshan oof bura roopeekarikkukayum cheythu.
1846 septambaril naalu constablemaar juuliya kreekkil ninnu thekkott sama nalkunna thaalkkaalika thaamasasthalathekku neekkiyathode tounshippukalkku avarude aadya police seena labhichu. sthiramaaya lockup cellukalum stabilukalum 1847 pakuthiyode redrathil poortthiyaayi. aaa varsham septambaril vilyam laangine mutre jillayude resident majistrettum koronarumaayi niyamikkukayum thudakkathil kuringayile oru kambani kottejil thamasippikkukayum cheythu. aadyathe hotel 1846 madhyathil kuringa tounshippinte praveshana kavaadatthil nirmmicha oru thaalkkaalika thadi gadanayaayirunnu, aadyathe sthiramaaya hotel sama director ayyar housinte yadhaartha udamayumaaya vilyam paaksttan nirmmicha bura hotelaayirunnu (septambar 25,1847 nuu thurannu). 1878ll nagaratthile aadyathe pothu aashupathriyaayi marria boora hotel 1968ll polichumaatti.
1851ll bura aandu clair amgamaayi aadyathe legislative kaunsililekkum 1857leeii aadya paarlamentil athe pradeshathekku niyamasabhayilekkum thiranjedukkappetta jorjju strickland "varii" kingsttan aayirunnu burayude aadya paarlamentari prathinidhi.
1884 muthal vellappokkavum upekshikkappettathuma boonn accord khaniyil ninnu pipe vellam vitharanam cheythu, 1885 aayappozhekkum 100 veedukalil vellam ethi. 1966 ll mure nadiyil ninnulla pipe vellam upayogichu maattisthaapikkunnathuvar ithu burayude praadhamika uravidamaayirunnu. 1924 march 27nuu puthuthayi roopeekaricha bura electric supply kambaniyil ninnaan buraykku aadyathe vaidyuthi vitharanam labhichathu.
charitraparamaaya boora ayalpradesangalaaya kuringa, eldablyuchwar, aberdeen, nyoo aberdeen, graham enniva prathyekamaayi amgeekarikkappedaathe 1940 joolaiyil boora tounshippinte bhaagamaayi ulppeduthi. redruthine akkaalat "boora north" ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu; oduvil athu boorayumaayi layippikkukayum cheythu.
1851leeii ettavum uyarnna samkhyayaaya 5,000ll ninnu boorayile janasamkhya ippol ekadesham 1,000 aayi kuranju. khananathinte avasaanathile naadakeeyamaaya kuravu vipuleekaranathe thadayukayum yadhaartha kettidangalum veedukalum samrakshikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. 1872ll bura jilla kaunsilum 1876ll taunn corporation 1969ll jilla kaunsilum taunn corporation samyojippichu.
tounshippukal.
punarroopakalppana.
samayude kuthaka takarkkaan 1850ll roopeekaricha oru sarkkar tounshippaayirunnu redrath. kornvaalile redrathinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu, athinte theruvukalkk cornish khanana pattanangalude perukalaanu nalkiyirikkunnath. ellah yadhaartha sarkkar kettidangaludeyum (kodathi, gawal, police steshan) sthalamaayirunnu eee tounshippu. 1857ll nirmmicha kodathimuriyum 1856ll nirmmicha redrath gaavolumaan thekkan australiyayile aadyathe raajya gavol. 1897 muthal 1922 vare, gavol penkuttikalude parishkaranatthinaayi upayogichirunnu. mothatthilulla karuthal vilayude 20 madangu nalkikkond prarambha bhoomi lelathil vaagdaanam cheytha 120 lottukalil 77 ennam vaangiyappol sama punarnirmmaanatthil kaalathamasam varuthi.
kurangan.
australiyayile aadyathe kambani tounshippaayirunnu kuringa, khani adachupoottunnathuvare karsanamaayi kambani nadathunna pattanamayi nilanirthappettu. vrithathil" allengil "sheokkinte pradesham" ennartham varunna "kuri-nanga" enna aadima padatthil ninnaan tounshippinte peru uruthirinjathu. bura bura khaniyude jeevithathil, tounshippu parakke moshavum kedupaadukalullathum paripaalikkappedaathathum aayathinal thaamasakkaarkk avarude vaadaka swathukkal paripalikkaan valia prolsaahanamundaayirunna. ippozhum nagaratthinte pradhana bhagamaaya kuringa bura southu ennariyappedunnu.
llwchwr.
ellah ayiru ayaykkukayum velsilekku ayaykkukayum cheyyendathinte aavasyakatha ozhivakkaan pettant chembu kambaniyaanu (pinneedu engleesh, australian chembu kambani) Llwchwr, chilappol "llychwr" ennu ucharikkappedunnu. ell. dablyu. dablyu. aarr, weils, mattu sameepa gramangal ennividangalile theruvukalude peraanu eee theruvukalkk nalkiyirikkunnath. 1848 meyy maasathil kambani manushyar, vasthukkal, upakaranangal, jeevanakkar, kudumbangal ennivaradangiya muzhuvan urukkunna jolikalum swaansiyil ninnu irakkumathi cheythirunnu. 1849 meyy maasathode urukkal pravarthanakshamamaayathaayi report cheyyappettu.
aberdin nyoo aberdin.
1846-ll skotlandil ninnulla oru koottam oohakkachavadakkaar boonn accord khanana kambani roopeekarichu, prathyeka sarveyude vadakkan athirthiyil oru bhagam bhoomi vaangi, ayiru body athirthikku keezhil vyaapichittundennu pratheekshichu. khanana kambaniyile vijayathinte abhavam kaaranam, khaniykkaduthulla bhoomi 1849-ll aberdeen (skotlandile kizhakkan theeradesha nagaramaya aberdeente peru nalki) roopeekarichu upavibhagamaakki, kambani avarude nikshepathil ninnu kurachu veendedukkaan shramichu. boonn accard khanana kambaniyude directormaare aadarikkunnathinaayi theruvukalkk perukal nalkukayum kambani dhaatu avakashangal nilanirthunnathu bhoomi ettedukkunnathil ninnu samaye thadayukayum cheythu. 1872ll kapundayil ninnu railway line vannathinushesham nyoo aberdeen upavibhagamaayi vibhajikkapettu, rund tounshippukalile aadyakaala kettidangalil bhooribhaagavum thudarnnulla moonnu varshathinullil nirmikkappettu.
railway.
broadgage railway oduvil burayiloode kadannupoyi terroviyil gej steshante oru breakil ethi.
samudranirappil ninnu uyarathilum adalydil ninnu mukalilumaanu bura railway steshan. 1883ll yadhaartha kettidatthinu pakaram ithu nirmikkappettu. 1986 avasaanathode pathiv passenture sarveesukal avasaanichu, avasaanathe passenture train 1992 septambar 19 nuu oru arhs steem train aayirunnu. kedupaadukal sambhavichathin sesham, steshan kettidam sandarshaka kendramaayum bii & biyayum upayogikkunnathinaayi naveekarichu.
mattu nagarangal.
copperhouse, hampton, nelson ennee tounshippukal prethanagarangalaayi mariyathinaal 1940-ll bura taunn roopeekaricha prakhyaapanatthil avaa ulppeduthiyitla. 1940 aayappozhekkum orikkalum vijayikkappedukayo upekshikkappedukayo cheyyaatha mattu tounshippukal prinsasttaun, lostvidhiyal, vestbari, rochtown, yarwood, millartaun, vaarapootta, klonmel ennivayaayirunnu.
innu bura.
innu chuttumulla karshaka samoohangalude oru pradhana praadeshika kendravum charitraparamaaya oru vinodasanjaara kendravumaanu bura. 1994ll samsthaana paithruka pattanamayi prakhyaapichathil ninnu 2000ll vinodasanjaaram 41,000 sandarshakaraayi valarnnu. sandarshakaril palarum pakal yaathrakkaarum adelydil ninnullavarumaanu, sandarshakaril 40 sathamaanathiladhikam perr thekkan australiyaykku purathu ninnu varunnavarum 50 sathamaanathiladhikam perr raathriyil thaamasikkunnavarumaan.
niravadhi yadhaartha kettidangal, vellam niracha ooppan katt mine, nannayi samrakshikkappetta khanana kettidangal, innu oru museum ulla oru pump enchin house ennivayaal pattanavum khaniyum nannayi samrakshikkappettittund. khanana vyavasaayathil ninnulla niravadhi chimmanikal athijeevichu, oru tourist trialil pazhaya redrath gawal, creak baankile khanithozhilaalikalude dougt kottejukal, 1850 ll nirmmicha khanithozhilaalikalude kottejukalude oru varii, thakartha yoonikon breweryude nilavarakal, mattu charitraparamaaya sthalangal enniva pradarshippikkunnu. deseeya estettinte rajisttaril bura pattikappedutthiyittundu, koodaathe niravadhi kettidangal samsthaana paithruka enangalude pattikayil ulppeduthiyittundu. eee pattanam "lokathinte merino thalasthaanam" aanennu parasyamaayi avakaashappedunnu.

