jarmman sainyam (1935-1945)

1935 muthal 1945ll praabalyatthil illaathaakunnathuvare naasi germmaniyude saadhaarana sayudha senayaaya "vermaakttinte" karasena gadakamaayirunnu jarmman sainyam. pinneedu 1946 augustil aupachaarikamaayi pirichuvittu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu ekadesham 13.6 dasalaksham sainikar jarmman sainyathil sevanamanushtichu. sannadhapravarthakarum nirbandhitha sainikarum adangunnathaanu sainikar.
1935ll adolph hitlar jarmman punaraarmitha padhathi prakhyaapichu 17 maasangalkk sesham, sainyam 36 divisionukalude lakshyathilethi. 1937-leeii sharathkaalathil rund corps koodi roopeekarichu. 1938-ll maarchil "anshlas" nuu sesham austriyan sainyathinte anchu divisionukal ulppeduthi naalu adhika corps roopeekarichu. hitlarude keezhil athinte vipuleekarana kaalayalavil, jarmman sainyam onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu pioneer cheytha ashayangal vikasippikkunnath thudarnnu, bhoo, vyoma asthikal samyuktha aayudhasenakalaayi samyojippichu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte prarambha rund varshangalil jarmman sainyam athinte vegathaykkum vinashakaramaaya sakthikkum "blitscreeg" (minnal yuddham) ennu visheshippikkappedunna oru puthiya shailiyilulla yudhathil athivega vijayangal kaivarichu.
ghadana.
1936 muthal 1945 vare naasi germmaniyude armi hikemandaayirunnu obercomando dess heeras (oakhu). sidhaanthathil, "obercomando derr vermach" (ooku) raichinte sayudha senayude sainika general staafaayi sevanamanushtichu, "vermach" ("heer", "kreegsmarine", "luftwaff", "waffen-ss") ooppareshanukal ekopippichu. praayogikamaayi, hitlarude vyakthigatha sainika udyogastharkku keezhilulla oru rolil pravarthicha ooo. keey. dablyu. addehathinte ashayangal sainika padhathikalilekkum utharavukalilekkum vivarthanam cheyyukayum avaa moonnu sevanangalkkum nalkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, randaam lokamahaayudham thudarunnathode, sainika yoonittukalude mail, prathyekichu padinjaaru, nerittulla command adikaaram vardhichuvarunnathaayi okedablyu kandethi. ithinartham 1942 aayappozhekkum armi haikkamaandinte (ooo. keey.) adikaaram kizhakkan munnaniyil maathramaayi parimithappettu ennaanu.
1921 muthal 1944 vare armi intelligence oorganaiseshanaayirunnu "abwehr". onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham germmaniyude rahasyaanveshana pravartthanangal prathirodha aavasyangalkku maathramaayirikkanamenna sakhyakakshikalude aavasyangalkku prathyakshamaaya elavu nalkunnathinaayi "abwehr" (prathirodham ennathinu jarmman bhashayil, ivide kaundar-intalijansine paraamarsikkunnu) enna padam srishtichu. 1938 februvari 4 nuu sesham sayudha senayude haikkamaandinte () prathirodhatthinaayi "abware" enna peru videsha vakupp/oafees ennu maatti.
feeld commandermaare kazhiyunnathra bharanaparamaya jolikalil ninnu mochippikkunnathinum feeld senakalkku pariseelanam labhicha recruitukaludeyum vitharanangaludeyum sthiramaaya ozhukk nalkunnathinum jarmmani sainika jillakalulla oru samvidaanam (jarmman "vercrise") upayogichu. feeld army (ooo. keey.) hoome commandle ninnu ("hymatcreagsgabiate") verthirikkukayum pariseelanam, nirbandhitha niyamanam, vitharanam, upakaranangal ennivayude utharavaadithangal hoome kamaandine ealppikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu ooo. keey. dablyu. sweekaricha reethi.
feeld fozhsukalude samghadana.
jarmman sainyam pradhaanamaayum sainika grouppukalaayi ("heeresgroupen") roopappeduthiyirunnu, athil niravadhi sainyangal ulppedunnu, avaa yudhasamayathu maattisthaapikkappedukayo punasamghadippikkappeduka punarnaamakaranam cheyyappedukayo cheythu. sakhyaraajyangalude sainyatheyum jermman ithararude yoonittukaleyum jarmman unitukalkku niyogichu.
1941-leeii ooppareshan barbarossaykkaayi, sainika senaye moonnu thanthraparamaaya prachaarana grouppukalilekku niyogichu
armi group thalatthilulla senakalkku thaazhe feeld aarmikal-"pancer" grouppukal ulppedunnu, avaa pinneedu armi thalatthilulla formationukal, corps, divisionukal ennivayaayi maari. engleeshil yudhasamghathinu thulyamaaya "campfgroupe" enna jarmman padam sainyam upayogichu. eee thaalkkaalika poratta grouppukal corp valuppam muthal armi ditaachment "kempf" muthal kambanikal allengil plaatoonukal ulkkollunna commandukal vare ulppedunnu. avarude commanding offeesarmaarude perilaanu avar ariyappedunnathu.
sidhaanthavum thanthrangalum.
jarmman pravartthana sidhaantham shathrushakthikale kazhiyunnathra vegathil nasippikkunnathinaayi sweeping pinsarinum laattaral chalanangalkkum oonnal nalki. blitscreeg" ennu vilikkappedunna eee sameepanam polandileyum francileyum aakramanangalude vijayathil oru pravartthana sidhaanthamaayirunnu. "phul, lidel-hart, voonn seekkt ennivar vikasippichedutha pramaanangalil ninnu blittskreeginte verukal undennum alexander, chenkis khaan, nepolian ennivar parisheelichirunna purathana prototypeukal undennum pala charitrakaaranmaarum kanakkakkunnu. france yudhathekkurichulla sameepakaala padanangal soochippikkunnathu, romalinteyo guderianteo allengil randinteyo pravartthanangal (randum randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu "blitscreeg" aayi maariyathinte saidhaanthika vikasanathinum aadyakaala sanbradaayangalkkum sambhavana nalkiyirunnu), atharam athisayakaramaaya vijayangal orikkalum munkootty kaanaatha, angane kooduthal vivekapoornamaaya padhathikal thayyarakkiya meludyogastharude utharavukal avaganichu, uddeshyapoornamaaya oru sidhaanthamaayi samyojippikkukayum "blittscreeginte" aadya aarkkaip srishtikkukayum cheythu, athu pinneedu sakhya nethaakkalude manassil aadhipathyam pularthiya bhayappeduthunna prashasthi nedi. angane 'blitscreeg' vasthuthaykk sesham amgeekarikkappettu, athu 'vermact' sweekarichappol, athu orikkalum audyogika sidhaanthamaayi maarukayo athinte poornna sheshiyumaayi upayogikkukayo cheythilla, kaaranam 'vermaakttinte' oru cheria bhagam maathrame athinaayi parisheelippichittulla, uyarnna thalangalile pradhana nethaakkal onnukil chila vashangalil maathram shradha kendreekarikkukayo allengil athu manassilaakkukayo cheythilla.
uyarnna samghadanaa karyakshamatha (us aarmiyeppole) nedunnathinekkaal uyarnna poratta prakadanam kaivarikkunnathil jarmman sainyam shradha kendreekarichu ennu maiks visar vaadikkunnu. poruthappedutthal, vazhakkam, vikendreekritha theerumaanamedukkal ennivaykku ithu oonnal nalki. udyogasthareyum enn. sii. oo. mareyum swabhaavathinte adisthaanathil thiranjedukkukayum nirnnayakamaaya poratta neethrthwathilekku pariseelippikkukayum cheythu. mikacha poratta prakadanatthinu prathiphalam labhichu. american polulla parambaraagatha samghadanaa sidhaanthavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol mikacha poratta prakadanam nedaan ithu jarmman sainyathe anuvadichuvennu visser vaadikkunnu; ithu aathyanthikamayi sakhyakakshikalude mikacha samkhyaaparavum bhouthikavumaaya nettatthaal nikathappedumenkilum, eee samghadanayudeyum sidhaanthathinteyum reethi sweekarikkaathirunnathinekal valarekkalam prathirodhikkaan ithu jarmman sainyathe anuvadichuvennu visser vaadikkunnu. american kenal trever dupude oru patanam prakaram jarmman yudhakshamatha britiish, american sainyangalekkaal kooduthalaanennu kandethi-britteeshukaarkk 1 enna yudhakshamatha nalkukayaanengil, amerikkakkaarkk 1.1 umm jarmmankaarkk 1.45 umm aayirunnu yudhakshamatha. ithinartham britiish senaykk 45 sathamaanam kooduthal sainikare (allengil nilavilulla sainikare athe anupaathathil kooduthal aayudangal nalkuka) yudhathil vijayikkanulla thulya saadhyathayundengil, amerikkakkaarkk thulya avasaram labhikkunnathin 30 sathamaanam kooduthal prathibaddhatha aavasyamaanu.
thanthrangal.
jarmman sainyathinte sainika shakti kaikaaryam cheythath dauthyathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thanthrangaliloodeyum (vishadamaaya kramatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thanthrangalekkaal) eathaandu pazhanjollaaya achadakkathiloodeyumaanu. oru ooppareshan aarambhichukazhinjaal, athu aakramanaathmakamo prathirodhaparamo aakatte, maarikkondirikkunna saahacharyangalodu prathikarikkunna vegatha puthiya padhathikalude shradhaapoorvamaaya aasoothranathekkaalum ekopanathekkaalum pradhaanamaanennu kanakkakkappettu.
randaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbum sheshavum avatharippicha puthiya saankethikavidyakal athinte thanthraparamaaya sidhaanthathinte vikasanathe swaadheenichathinaal pothujanaabhipraayathil jarmman sainyam chilappol oru haitek sainyamaayi kaanappedukayum kaanappedukayum cheiyunnu. eee saankethikavidyakal naasi prachaaranatthiloode avatharippikkappettirum asamskritha vasthukkaludeyum aayudhangaludeyum mothatthilulla vitharanam kuranjathinaal palappozhum cheria ennathilo yudhathinte avasaanathilo maathrame labhyamaayirunnulloo. udaaharanathinu, thangalude sainyathinte oru cheria bhaagathekkaal kooduthal sajjamakkaan mathiyaya motor vaahanangalude abhaavathil, jarmmankaar labhyamaya vahanangal poornnamaayum motorvalkarikkenda cheria ennam divisionukalil kendreekarikkaan theerumaanichu. mattu divisionukal peerankikal valikkunnathinum mattu kanatha upakaranagalkkum supply-vaaganukalkkumayi kuthirakale aashrayikkunnath thudarnnu, purushanmaar kalnadayayo cycleukalilo march cheythu. motorisationte uchasthaayiyil ellah unitukaludeyum 20 sathamaanam maathrame poornnamaayum motorise cheythirunnulloo. vadakke aafrikkayile cheria jarmman samghathe poornnamaayum yanthravalkkarichirunnu (valia alavil vellavum kaalitheettayum vahikkendathinte aavasyakatha kaaranam marubhoomiyile kuthirakale aashrayikkunnath asaadhyamaayirunnu), ennaal 1941 juunil soviyatt unione akramicha valia sainyathil ekadesham 150,000 trekkukalum ekadesham 625,000 kuthirakalum maathrame undaayirunnulloo (vellam samriddhamaayirunnu, varshathil pala maasangalilum kuthirakalkk mechil kazhikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu-angane vitharana shringalayile bharam kuranju). ennirunnaalum, adhinivesha raajyangalile vyavasaayangal chooshanam cheythaalum germmaniyude puthiya motor vaahanangalude uthppaadanathinu, 1941 juun muthal 1942 februvari avasaanam vare shaithyakaalath motor vaahanangalude kanatha nashtam nilanirthaan kazhinjilla. soviyatt unionile jarmman senaykk ekadesham 75,000 trekkukal mechanical kedupaadukalkkum yudhathinum nashtamaayi-prachaaranatthinte thudakkathil avarkk undaayirunnathinte pakuthiyolam. 1941 desember muthal 1942 februvari vareyulla soviyatt prathyaakramanatthinte pashchaathalatthil pinvaangalil ivayil bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu. 1942-1943 shaithyakaalath stalingradil jarmman aaraamathe sainyathinte paraajayatthil mattoru ganyamaaya nashtam sambhavichu. purushanmaarudeyum vasthukkaludeyum eee nashtam yudhathinte chila ghattangalil motham "heer" senayude 10 sathamaanathil koodaattha motor sainikarkk kaaranamaayi.
aakramanathmaka pravarthanangalil kaalaalppadayude roopeekaranangal munvashathe oru valia bhaagathukoodi oresamayam akramikkaan upayogichirunnu, athinaal shatru senaye avarude munbil nirthaanum thangalilekku thanne shradha akarshikkaanum, athesamayam mobail formationukal munvashathe idungiya mekhalakale maathram akramikkaan kendreekarichirunnu, shathruvinte pinbhaagathekkum chuttumullavarkkum nere thakarnnu. chila kaalaalppada roopeekaranangal sanjarikkunna roopeekaranangalude paatha pinthudarnnu, mopping-upp cheythu, break throo akramanam nirmmicha idanaazhi veethikootti, shatru roopeekaranangalkku chuttumulla valayam urappikkukayum, thudarnnu kramena kendreekritha akramanangalil avaye nasippikkukayum cheythu. jarmman aakramanangale durbalappeduthunnathum thudakkathil aashankappeduthunna muthirnna commandermar athivegam neengunna "phaast formation" thudarnnulla kaalalppadayum thammilulla vidavu aayirunnu ettavum pradhanappetta prashnangalilonn, kaaranam "phaast formation" vashangalum pinbhaagavum samrakshikkunnathinum indhanam, petrol, vedikkoppukal enniva vahikkunna vitharana nirakale praapthamakkunnathinum kaalaalppada oru munvyavasthayaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
prathirodha pravarthanangalil pradhana prathirodha line pidikkaan kaalaalppada formation munvashath vinyasikkukayum mobail formation cheria sthalangalil kendreekarikkukayum avide ninnu kaalaalppada prathirodha belttiloode kadannupoya shatru senaykkethire kendreekrithamaaya prathyaakramanangal nadathukayum cheythu. 1942 leeii sharathkaalathil, ell alameenil, indhanathinte abhavam jarmman kamaandaraaya feeld marshell ervin romaline oro mekhalayilekkum sanjarikkunna dooram kuraykkunnathinaayi bataaliyan valippathilulla saandrathayil thante kavachitha unitukale munvashath chitharikkidakkaan nirbandhithanaakki. 1944ll rommel vaadichathu, anglo-american vyomashakthiyude vanthothilulla pashchaathalatthil, kendreekrithamaaya "phaast formationukal" upayogikkunnathinulla thanthram inii saadhyamalla, kaaranam sakhyakakshikalaya faittar-bomberukal ellah roottukalilum nirodhanam earppeduthumennu pratheekshikkunnathinaal avaykku bheeshani neridunna sthalangalil ethaan kazhiyunnathra vegathil neengaan kazhiyilla. athinaal eee unitukale kaalaalppadayude thottupinnilaayi munvashath chitharikkidakkaan addeham nirddeshichu. sakhyasenayude vyomashakthiyude swaadheenathil parichayasambatthu kuravaayirunna addehathinte commandermar samapraayakkaarum addehathinte nirddeshathodu shakthamayi viyojichu, ithu shakti kendreekaranatthinte pradhana thathwathe lamghikkumennu vaadichu.
prachaaranangal.
kaalaalppada yudhathiludaneelam kaalnada sainikaraayi thudarnnu; peerankikalum praadhamikamaayi kuthiraye valikkunnavayayi thudarnnu. yudhathinte aadya varshangalil loka maadyamangalil motorvalkkaricha roopeekaranangal valareyadhikam shradha nediyappol polandu (septambar 1939), denmark, norway (1940), beljiyam, france, netherlands (meyy 1940), yugoslavia (epril 1941), ooppareshan barberosa prarambha gattangal, soviyatt yooniyante adhinivesham (juun 1941) ennivayude jarmman adhiniveshangalude vijayathin pradhana kaaranamaayi avaa paraamarsikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, avarude motor, tank roopeekaranangal avarude ettavum uyarnna shakthiyil heerinte sheshiyude 20 sathamaanam maathramaan. sainyathinte trekkukaludeyum (avaa pravarthippikkaan petroleum) abhavam kaalaalppadayude chalanathe saaramaayi parimithappedutthi, prathyekichu normandi adhiniveshasamayathum athinusheshavum sakhyasenayude vyomashakthi loyarinu vadakkulla franch reyil shringalaye nashippichappol. "pancer" chalanangalum railway aashrayichirunnu, kaaranam oru tank deerghadooram oodikkunnathu athinte trackukal illaathaakki.
upakaranangal.
janakeeya vishwaasathinu virudhamaayi, randaam lokamahaayudhathile jarmman sainyam mothatthil oru yaanthrika juggernote aayirunnilla. 1941ll avarude sainyathil 60 muthal 70 sathamaanam vare motorvalkkarikkappettillatu, druthagathiyilulla sanjaarathinaayi railway kuthirakal valikkunna cross kantri gathaagathatheyum aashrayichu. athinusesham motorisation sathamaanam kuranju. 1944ll ekadesham 85 sathamaanam sainyavum motorvalkkarikkappettillatu. jarmman sainyam upayogichirunna saadhaarana unifomil oru "feldgrow" (feeld gray) tunic "staalhem" dharicha trouserum ulppettirunnu.
yudhakkuttangal.
jootha bolshevik subhumans, mangolian sainyam, eshyan vellapokkam, chuvanna mrugam ennivaye thudachuneekkaan naasi prachaaranangal jarmman sainikarodu aavasyappettirunnu. jarmman sayudha senaykkidayil munnirayil saadhaaranakkaare kolappeduthunnathil pradhana kuttavaalikal naasi jarmman "rashtreeya" sainyangalaayirunnappol ("ss-totencopherbande", "waffen-ss", "insaattsgrooppen") sainyam swantham yudhakkuttangal nadathukayum utharavittu (udha.jii. kammeeshanar oordar), prathyekichu polandu adhinivesha samayathum pinneedu soviyatt unionethiraaya yudhathilum.
pracharanam.
naasi prachaaranathiloodeyaanu jarmman sainyam prothsaahippikkappetta.

