
selia nattu

astechinu munbulla meksikkan samskaarangalilum columbian-munbulla kayyezhuthuprathikalilum vaidagdhyamulla oru american puraavastu gaveshakayum naravamshashaasthranjayumaayinu selia maria magdalina nattl (6 septambar 1857-12 epril 1933). swakaarya shekharangalil ninnu itharathilulla rund marannupoya kayyezhuthuprathikal avar kandethi, avayilonnu codex sooche-nattaal aanu. astechinu munbulla kaalaghattatthile karakaushala vasthukkal thirichariyukayum amgeekarikkukayum cheytha aadya vyakthikalil oraalaayirunnu avar.
jeevacharitram.
1857 septambar 6 nuu kaaliforniyayile saan fraansiskoyil airish pithaav doktaraaya roobert kennidi nattl, meksikkan-american amma magdalina parot ennivarude aarr makkalil randaamatheyaalaayi nattl janichu. avarude muthachan saan fraansiskoyile ettavum dhanikaraya baankarmaaril oralaaya joonn parot aayirunnu. avarkk ettu vayassullappol kudumbam europilekku thamasam maari, avide avar france, jarmmani, itali, landanile bedford koleju ennividangalil vidyaabhyaasam nedi. naalu bhashakalil praaveenyavum mattu bhashakalil praaveenyavumulla oru mikacha bhaashaashaasthranjanaayi nattl maari.
1879ll kudumbam saan franciscoilekku madangiyethiyappol, franch sarkkaarinaayi oru ethnological dauthyathinaayi nagaratthilundaayirunna franch ethnolajistaaya aalphons pinarttine avar kandumutty. 1880-ll dambathikal vivaahitharaakukayum vestt indees, france, spain ennividangalil gaveshanam nadathumbol selia bharthavinoppam yaatra cheyyukayum cheythu. oru varshathinusesham makal janikkunnathin thottumunbu avar verpirinju. 1888ll avar aupachaarikamaayi vivaahamochanam nedukayum selia makalum avarude kanninaamathilekku madangukayum cheythu. vivaahamochana samayat avar catholica sabayum vittu.
1884-ll nattl meksikkoyilekkulla aadya yaatra nadatthi, avide avar ammayude sambanna kudumbathodoppam anchu maasam chelavazhichu. thaamasamaakumbol meksikkan charithratthilum puraavasthushaasthrathilum avar jeevithakalam muzhuvan thaalparyam valarthi. 1886-ll avar american jenal oof archaeology "terra kotta heads oof teothihuwaken" enna thante aadyathe professional lekhanam prasidheekarichu. eee roopangal munbu karuthiyathinekkaal pazhakkamullathaanennum shavasamskara reethikalil upayogikkunnuvennum nattl theliyichu. eee mekhalayile professionalukal eee pepparinu nalla sveekaaryatha nalki. archaeological instittyoott oof amerikkayilum thulya prashamsa nediya american philosophical sosaittiyilum avarkk praveshanam labhichu. harwardile peebodi myoosiyathinte curettaraaya frederic ward putnam, naalppathezhu varshamaayi avar vahichirunna meksikkan archaeology avarude prathyeka sahaiye niyamichu.
frederic putnavum jarmman-american naravamshashaasthranjanaaya france bovum avarude vidyaabhyaasavum cosmopolitan bandhangalum kaaranam vividha raajyangalile american vrithangal thammilulla mikacha madhyasthayaayi avare kandu. myoosiyathinaayulla 1886 leeii vaarshika reportil, "nahuwat bhasha parichithamaanu, meksikkankaarkkidayil aduppamullavarum swaadheenamullavarumaaya suhruthukkalundu, bhaashaashaasthrathilum puraavasthushaasthrathilum asaadhaaranamaaya kazhivullavarumaanu" ennu putnam nattline prashamsichu."avarude kudumba pashchaathalam avare meksikkoyumaayulla bandhathinu anuyojyayaya pankaliyakki. meksikkoyile instittyoott oof internaashanal qoo-ooppareshan internaashanal school oof american archaeology aandu ethnology srishtikkunnathil ithu oru pradhana punk vahikkum.
1886-ll nattl thante sahodaranodoppam europilekku yaatra cheyyukayum germmaniyile dresdonil thante veedu sthaapikkukayum cheythu. meksikkoyude charithrathekkurichulla vivarangalkkayi europiludaneelamulla librarikalum myoosiyangalum tirayan avar adutha panthrand varsham chelavazhichu. avarude ettavum pradhanappetta kandethalukalilonn ippol codex nattl ennariyappedunna mixtech pictographukalude oru columboic munbulla rekhayaayirunnu. englandile baaran soocheyude oru swakaarya libraryil ninnaan avar kaiyezhuthuprathi kandethiyathu. nattalinu codex swanthamaakkaan kazhinjillengilum 1902-ll peebodi museum prasidheekaricha shradhaapoorvvam pakarthaan oru kalakarane niyamichu. mattoru pradhana kandethal 1903-ll "purathana meksikkanmaarude jeevithathinte pusthakam" enna peril aamukhavum vivarthanavum vyaakhyaanavum upayogichu prasidheekaricha codex magliabechiano aayirunnu. avalude kandethalinekkurichulla avakaashavaadam pinneedu oru europian pandithan tharkkichu, addeham thante kandethal kurachu neratthe report cheythuvenkilum rekha parasyamaakkukayum vishalamaaya prekshakarkku athu praapyamaakkukayum cheythath nattalaanu.
1901-ll nattl thante ettavum valia academic kruthiyaaya "puthiyathum pazhayathumaya loka samskaarangalude adisthaana thathwangal" prasidheekarichu. akkaalat nalla sveekaaryatha labhichenkilum, avarude chila sidhaanthangal thettayirunnu. kadalyaathra cheiyunna feenishyanmaar amerikkayilekku kappal kayariyathayum eee swaadheenathinte falamaayi eejipthileyum middle eesttileyum naagarikathakalkk samaantharamaayi messo-american samskaarangal vikasichathaayum avar vaadichu. puraavastu gaveshakar eee ashayam pinneedu nirasichu.
kaaliforniyayilekkulla oru yaathrayil, nattaal sambannanaaya jeevakaarunya pravarthakanaaya fobe haarstine kandumutty. haarst oru suhruthum rakshadhikaariyum nattline sambandhichidatholam oru pradhana swaadheenavumaayirunnu. hersttinte sponsarshippinu keezhil, pensylvania sarvakalashaala avarude myoosiyathinaayi ethnographic vasthukkal shekharikkunnathinaayi samghadippicha rashyayilekkulla oru dauthyathil nattl chernnu. 1901ll berkleyile california sarvakalashaalayil oru naravamshashaasthra vakupum myusiyavum sthaapikkaan haarst sponsor cheyyukayum samghaadaka samithiyil sevikkaan nattline shanikkukayum cheythu.
1902-ll nattl meksikkoyilekk madangukayum puthiya berkley naravamshashaasthra vakuppinte aabhimukhyathil pravartthikkukayum cheythu. meksikoo nagaratthinaduthulla oru valia spanish colonial bhavanam vaangaan herst panam nalki. avar cassa dii alvarado ennu punarnaamakaranam cheytha avarude veedu avarude puraavastu aasthaanavum laboratory shaasthranjarudeyum budhijeevikaludeyum samgamasthalavumaayi maari. dii. echu. laurence avarude veettile athidhikaliloraalaayirunnu, addeham thante kathaapaathramaaya srimati adisthaanamaakkiyullathaane parayappedunnu. nattlinusesham "plummed sarppathil" norris. natttaal kaasa alvaradoyil poonthottaparipaalanathodu abhinivesham valarthiyeduthu. avar meksikkan garden art padikkukayum aushadhasasyangal valarthukayum purathana meksikkan bhakshyasasyangalude vithukal amerikkayilekku avatharippikkuka enna uddeshyathode shekharikkukayum cheythu. oorisaabayil thaaro krishi aarambhikkunnathilum avar sahayichu.
1908-ll meksikkoyile naashanal aarkkaivukalil gaveshanam nadathumbol, francis drekkinte samudrayaathrayumaayi bandhapetta munbu ariyappedaatha oru kaiyezhuthuprathi natttal kandethi. eee kandethal newyork, spain, itali, france ennividangalile aarkkaivukalum bodalian library, britiish museum, landanile public record oafees ennividangalile aarkkaivukalum drakeumaayum joonn hockinsumaayum bandhapetta prasidheekarikkaatha mattu rekhakalkkayi tirayan avare prerippichu. avarude thirachilinte phalangal, munbu prasidheekarikkappedaathu 65-ladhikam rekhakal, vivarthanam cheyyukayum avarude pusthakatthil ulppeduthukayum cheythu, "nyoo laitt oonn drake eiii shekharam rekhakalude sanjaaram, 1914-ll prasidheekarichu. avarude gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakki, vadakke amerikkayude padinjaaran theerathu saadhaaranayaayi vishwasikkunnathinekkaal valare vadakkottaanu drake sanjarichathennu nattl vishwasichu. 1915-ll panaama-pasaphik charitra kongrasil nalkia "pasafikkile drekkinte yaathrayude vadakkan paridhikal" enna prabandhatthil avar thante prabandham samgrahichu. 1916-ll draakkinte yaathrakalude vishadaamshangal sthireekarikkunnathinaayi vancouver dveepin washington samsthaanathinum edayilulla juvan dii fuca kadalidukkilekku avar yaatra cheythu.
thante kariyarinte bhooribhaagavum meksikkan puraavasthushaasthrathil sajeevamaayirunna nattl, meksikkoyile aisla dii balifiyosil oru valia puraavastu padhathi nayikkanulla avarude eaka sramam meksikkoyude smaarakangalude inspectoraaya leopoldo batrus paraajayappeduthi. dveepil praadhamika gaveshanam nadathukayum meksikkan sarkkaaril ninnu panam nedukayum cheytha sesham, nattline baattarukal maattinirthi, avar svayam padhathiyude director niyamichu. 1910-ll "american naravamshashaasthranja" enna prasidheekaranathil avar sambhavathekkurichu oru muzhuvan vivaranavum prasidheekarichu.
1933 epril 12nuu meksikoo nagaratthinaduthulla veettil vachu nattl antharichu. avalude nirddeshaprakaaram avalude ellah swakaarya rekhakalum nasippikkappettu. nikuthi adaykkunnathinaayi meksikkan sarkkar avarude vasathi pidichedukkukayum kadangal thirichadaykkunnathinayi avarude vipulamaaya library vilkkukayum cheythu.
harward peebadi museum, meksikoo nagaratthile naashanal museum oof anthropology ennivayulppede niravadhi academic sthaapanangalil amgamaayirunna nattaal thante mikka pravartthanangalum shambalamillaathe sevana phees adisthaanathilaanu nadathiyathu. 1895ll avar american philosophical sosaittiyile amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu.
mesoamerican samskaarangalude samrakshanam.
paashchaathya puraavasthugaveshanam purathana mesoamerikkaarude manoharamaaya vivaranangale anukoolicha oru samayat meksikkoyude bhoothakaalathekkurichu nattl anweshichu, athinte varthamaanakaalathin amgeekaaravum abhimaanavum nalki. 1897-ll nattl jenal oof american follocolckeril "purathana meksikkan andhavishwaasangal" prasidheekarichu. athil, purathana meksikkan janathayude praathinidhyam "rakthadaahikalaaya kaattumrigangal, parishkritha manushyaraashiyumaayi pothuvaayi onnumilla" ennu avar vimarshichu. "meksikkoyile purathana naagarikathayekkurichulla matellaa arivukalum illaathaakkunna vidhathil bhavana pidichunirtthuka", avar ezhuthi. thante pravartthanangal "eee mahathaayathum purathanavumaaya bhookhandathile ippozhathe nivaasikale avarude ayogyaraaya mungamikalumaayi onnippikkunna saarvathrika saahodaryathinte bandhangalkk vardhichuvarunna amgeekaarathilekku nayikkumennu avar pratheekshichu."
naravamshashaasthrathilum puraavasthushaasthrathilluma avarude pravarthanangalkku purame, fobby herstumaayi sahakarichu thaddesheeya meksikkanmaarude paithrukathe bodhavalkkarikkunnathinum samrakshikkunnathinum nattaal pravarthichu. avarude vidyaarthikalil oralaaya maanuval gameo oduvil meksikkoyile ettavum prashasthanaaya puraavastu gaveshakaril oralaayi.
spanish adhinivesha samayat unmoolanam cheyyappetta meksikkan paarambaryangalude punarujjeevanathinaayi nattl vaadichu. 1928-ll, niravadhi mesoamerican samskaarangal parambaraagathamaayi varshathil randuthavana aacharichirunna thaddesheeya puthuvarsham puthukki aaghoshikkaan avar ahvaanam cheythu. aaa varsham, meksikoo nagaram 1519 nuu sesham aadyamaayi astec puthuvarsham aakhoshichu.
rashyayilekkulla penn museum dauthyam.
russian myoosiyangalumaayi kaimaattam sthaapikkunnathinum russian puraavastu khananangalkk avarude kandethalukalude oru bhaagathinu pakaramaayi saambathika sahayam nalkunnathinumaayi penn myoosiyathinte prathinidhiyayi 1894 ll selia nattaline russiayilekku ayachu. penn myoosiyathinte board oof maanejar amgavum eejipt vibhaagathinte curettarumaaya saaraa yorke steevansan, nattlinu russian bhaashayekkurichulla arivu ullathinaal myoosiyathinte prathinidhiyayi nattline thiranjedutthu. prashastha jeevakaarunya pravarthakayaaya fobby haarst kireedadhaaranathilekkulla thante yaatra raddaakkukayum yaathraachelavukal vahikkanum shekharanagal nedaanumulla fandukalkkoppam penn myoosiyathilekk avasaram kaimarukayum cheythathodeyaanu nattlkku nicolas randaamanteyum alexandra fiodorovnayudeyum kireedadhaaranatthil pankedukkaanulla avasaram aarambhichath.
kireedadhaaranatthil pankedukkaan nattl moscoyil aayirunnappol, russian myoosiyangalum penn myusiyavum thammil niravadhi kaimattangal avar sthaapichu. koodaathe, nisni novgorodil nadanna paan-russian vyavasaya, kalaa pradarshanam avar sandarshikkukayum avide cyberia polulla vidoora pradeshangalil ninnulla niravadhi karakaushala vasthukkal parisodhikkukayum russia, finland, polandu, russian turkistan ennividangalil ninnu 400 ladhikam enangal shekharikkukayum cheythu. mathaparamaya vasthukkal, samgeethopakaranangal, manpathrangal, 1894 leeii russian kireedadhaarana chadangile varnna lithographukal ennivayum athilereyum karakaushala vasthukkalil ulppedunnu. thaashkantinteyum samarkandinteyum sameepat ninnu kyrgyzs janathayude achaarangal chithreekarikkunna oru foto shekharavum avar nedi.
prasidheekaranangal.
purathana kayyezhuthuprathikal.
nashtappettatho marannupoyatho aaya kayyezhuthuprathikal kandethaanum avaa pandithanmaarude shradhayilppeduthaanula kazhivinu nattl ariyappettirunnu.