
draveekaranam

lohangale oru ayiril ninno lohasankarathil ninno verthirikkunnathinulla oru lohashaasthra reethiyaanu draveekaranam. lohangalilonnu uruki mattethil ninnu ozhukippokukayum shekharikkukayum cheiyunnathuvare metteeriyal choodaakkanam. chembil ninnu velli adangiya ledu neekkam cheiyunnathinum eee reethi pradhaanamaayum upayogichirunnuvenkilum ayiru daathukkalil ninnu aantimani neekkam cheiyunnathinum tinn parishkarikkunnathinum ithu upayogikkaam.
1556-ll jorg agricola thante "dii ree metaalikka" enna grandhatthil vivaricha draveekaranam upayogichu chembu, velli enniva verthirikkunna pathinaram noottaandile prakriya, pathonpathaam noottaand vare eathaandu maattamillathe thudarnnu, athinu pakaram sulfatisation, oduvil electrolytic reethikal thudangiya vilakuranjathum kooduthal kaaryakshamavumaya prakriyakal cheythu.
charithram.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathil germmaniyilaanu valia thothil draveekaranatthinte aadya upayogam ariyapettath. madhya europian chembu ayiru velliyaal sambannamaanennu loha thozhilaallikalkk valarekkaalamaayi ariyamaayirunnu, athinaal rund lohangaleyum verthirikkaan kazhiyunna oru reethi kandethunnathuvare ithu kurachu samayamaayirunnu.
1453ll neurembergile munisippal foundariyude aarkkaivukalil draveekaranam aadyamaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. germmaniyile loha shudheekaranathinteyum nirmmaanathinteyum pradhana kendrangalilonnaaya neuremberg lohashaasthra saankethikavidyakalil munpanthiyilaayirunnu. nagarathinu chuttum anchu draveekarana plaantukal taamasiyaathe uyarnnuvannu, 15 varshathinullil jarmmani, polandu, itaaliyan alps ennividangaliludaneelam vyaapichu.
ithu palappozhum draveekaranatthinte thudakkamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, ennaal noottaandukalkku munbu cheria thothilulla upayogathil draveekaranam nilavilundaayirunnuvennu thelivukal soochippikkunnu. ishtaanusrithamaayi nirmmicha choolakalulla pathinanjaam noottaandile draveekarana plaantukalude sankeernamaaya swabhaavam oru puthiya saankethikavidyaye athbhuthappeduthum. 1591ll porchugeesukaar jappanilekku konduvanna reethiyude valare lalithavum ennaal kooduthal advaanikkunnathumaaya oru pathipum undaayirunnu; ithu orupakshe munbathe europian reethiyude avashishtangalaakam.
draveekarana prakriyayil ninnu uthppaadippikkunna vividha tharam chembu agricola charcha cheiyunnu; avayilonnu caldarium allengil 'coldron chembu' aanu, athil uyarnna alavil ledu adangiyirikkunnu, ithu madhyakala coldronukal nirmmikkaan upayogichirunnu. pathimoonnaam noottaandile coldronukalude vishakalanam kaanikkunnath avaa kuranja alavil velliyum uyarnna alavil ledd ulla chembu kondaanu nirmmichirikkunnathe, ithu draveekaranathiloode ulppaadippikkunnathinu anuyojyamaanu.
12-aamm noottaandil thanne draveekaranam nilavilundaayirunnuvenu karuthaam; vividha kalakalekkurichulla theophilusil addeham draveekaranathekkurichu oru paramarsham nadathunnu. ennirunnaalum, addeham lohashaasthrathil vidagdhanallaathathinaal addehathinte rachanakal krithyamallaayirikkaam, panthrandaam noottaandil samanamaaya paathram undaayirunnengilum eee sidhaanthathe pinthunaykkunna ghadana vishakalanangalonnum prasidheekarichittil.
pathinanjaam noottaandinte madhyathil eee prakriya vyaapakamaakunnathin munbu ganyamaayi upayogichirunnuvenna aashayathin virudhamaayi, saambathikamaayi labhakaramaakaan ithu valia thothil cheyyendathundu ennathaanu vastutha. neuremberghinu munbu valia thothilulla draveekaranathinu thelivukalonnumilla. koodaathe, kaaryakshamamaya draveekaranathinu valare vaidagdhyamulla oru pariseelakan aavasyamaanu. athra vaidagdhyamulla arcum laabhakaramallaatha enthengilum cheyyaan kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkaan saadhyathayilla.
chilar soochippikkunnathu draveekaranam munbum nilavilundaayirunnu ennaanu. parvatha chembu' 'kazhukiya chembu' ulppaadippikkaan 'kazhukiya' ennum 'kazhukiya velli' ulppaadippikkaan eeyam velliyodoppam upayogichuvennum maariyil ninnulla babylonian grandhangal paraamarsikkunnu. bii. sii randaam sahasraabdathil thanne sameepa kizhakk draveekaranam nadakkunnundennu ithu kaanikkunnuvenn chilar parayunnu. ennirunnaalum, draveekaranathinu pratheekshikkunnathupole, velliyude uthppaadanathinaayi chembu upayogichu ledu upayogikkunnuvennu eee grandhangal prathyekamaayi paraamarsikkunnilla.
prakriya.
draveekaranathinu velli sambushtamaaya chembu aadyam athinte bhaaratthinte moonniratti ledu upayogichu urukanamennu aavashyappedunnu; velliykk ledumaayi kooduthal aduppamullathinaal, velliyude bhooribhaagavum chembinekkaal ithil avasanikkum. chembu parisodhikkukayum draveekaranam saambathikamaayi laabhakaramaakkaan valare kurachu velli adangiyittundennu kandethukayum cheythaal (ekadesham 0.31% ettavum kuranjathu aavasyamaanu) athu urukki sthirathaamasamaakkaan anuvadikkukayum angane velliyude bhooribhaagavum thaazhekku mungukayum cheiyunnu. toppukal' pinneedu valichedukkukayum chembu nirmmikkaan upayogikkukayum velliyil sambannamaaya 'boatoms' draveekarana prakriyayil upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. srishticha chembu-ledu aloy tapuchaith 'liquation kekkukal' ennariyappedunna valia plan-kanveks ingottukalilekku idaam. lohangal chembu thanuppikkukayum urappikkukayum cheyyumbol velli adangiya eeyam parasparam cheraathathinaal verpiriyunnu.
eee kekkukalile ledinteyum chembinteyum anupatham eee prakriya kaaryakshamamaayi pravarthikkunnathinulla oru pradhana gadakamaanu. agricola 3 bhagangal chembu muthal <aii. dii. 1> bhagangal ledu vare shupaarsha cheythu. chembil ethra velliyundennu krithyamaayi nirnnayikkaan chembu parisodhikkanam; velliyil sambannamaaya chembinu eee anupaathatthinte mukalbhagam paramavadhi velliyude alavu seasil avasaanikkumenn urappakkaan upayogichu. ennirunnaalum, ledinte bhooribhaagavum vattikkazhinjaal kekkukalkku avayude aakruthi nilanirthaan mathiyaya chembu undaayirikkanam; valareyadhikam chembu, athu kurachu ledu ullil keniyil pedutthukayum prakriya valare kaaryakshamamallathaavukayum cheyyum.
1556ll agricola avayekkurichu ezhuthiya kaalam muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare eee kekkukalude valippam sthirathayode thudarnnu. avaa saadhaaranayaayi kattiyullathum ekadesham vyasamullathum bhaaramullathumaayirunnu. draveekarana prakriya sugamamayi nadakkunnathinu kekkukalude valuppam valare pradhaanamaayathinaal eee sthiratha kaaranamillathe allah. kekkukal valare cheruthaanenkil, uthppannam prakriyaykkayi chelavazhikkunna samayathinum chelavinum vila nalkilla, avaa valare valuthaanenkil paramavadhi ledu vattunnathinumumbu chembu urukaan thudangum.
kekkukal oru draveekarana choolayil, saadhaaranayaayi naalo ancho thavana, ledinte dravanaankathinu (327 digri selshyas) mukalilulla thapanilayil, ennaal chembinekkaal (1084 digri selshyas) thaazheyulla thapanilayil choodaakkunnu, angane velli sambushtamaaya ledu uruki ozhukunnu. ledinte dravanaangam valare kuravaayathinaal uyarnna thapanilayulla choola aavasyamilla, athu maram upayogichu indhanam nalkaam. ithu kurayunna anthareekshathilaanu sambhavikkendathu pradhaanamaan, athaayath.iii. ledu ooksidaising ozhivakkaan kurachu ooksijan ulla onnu; athinaal kekkukal curry kondu nannayi moodukayum choolayilekku kurachu vaayu anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, ledu ooksidaising thadayunnathu asaadyamaanu, ithu thaazhekku veezhukayum aduppinu thaazheyulla chanalil 'liquation mullukal' ennariyappedunna spikey projectionukal roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu.
velliye eesil ninnu verthirikkaan pazhayathum thaarathamyena lalithavumaaya kuppeleshan reethi upayogikkaam. ledu parisodhikkukayum cupalation prakriya moolyavathaayi maattunnathin mathiyaya velli adangiyittillennu kandethukayum cheythaal athu mathiyaya velli undaakunnathuvare draveekarana kekkukalil veendum upayogikkunnu.
ippozhum kurachu ledd velliyum adangiyirikkunna 'theernna draveekarana kekkukal' oru prathyeka choolayil 'unakkunnu', athu ooksidaising saahacharyangalil uyarnna thaapanilayilekku choodaakkunnu. ithu pradhaanamaayum draveekaranatthinte mattoru ghattam maathramaan, sheshikkunna ledinte bhooribhaagavum puranthallukayum ooksidais cheyyukayum draveekarana mullukal roopappedukayum cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum chilath ledu lohamaayi thudarunnu. mattu maalinyangal neekkam cheyyaanum chembu lohangal uthppaadippikkaanum chembu shudheekarikkaam.
lohangalude nashtam, prathyekichu velliyude nashtam kuraykkunnathinu puthiya draveekarana kekkukal nirmmikkaan maalinya uthppannangal veendum upayogikkaam. maalinya uthppannangal kooduthalum draveekaranathil ninnum unakkunna prakriyayil ninnumulla draveekarana mullukalude roopathilaanengilum chila slaagukalum uthppaadippikkappedunnu.
karyakshamatha.
eee prakriya 100% kaaryakshamamalla. 1857num aii. dii. 1num idayil velliyude mukalile harsil lottanthaal, altino, saankt andreasberg ennivayil ledinteyum 9.3 sathamaanam chembinteyum aii. dii. 2 nashtappettu. ithil chilath veendum upayogikkendathillaathu slaggle nashtappedunnu, chilath 'kathikkunnathu' ennu vilikkappedunnathinaal nashtappedunnu, kurachu velli shudheekaricha chembinu nashtappedunnu. athinaal vividha ghattangalil nashtappetta ledu nikathaan nirantharamaaya ledu vitharanam aavasyamaanennu vyakthamaan.
praadhaanyam.
joonn yuu. navothaana saambathikashaasthrathil vidagdhanaaya neph, eee kaalayalavil vyavasaayathinte vikasanathinu 'printing pressinte kandupiduthathekkaal pradhaanamaan' ennu draveekaranathe visheshippichu. ithu velliyude uthppaadanam vanthothil vardhippichu. 1460num 1530num idayil madhya europil velliyude uthppaadanam anjirattiyaayi vardhichu. pichala nirmmaana vyavasaayathinte aavasyangal kaaranam chembinte aavasyam vardhicha samayathum kappalukalilum melkkoorakalilum chembinte upayogam vardhicha samayathum chembu uthppaadippikkunnathinu chelavu kuraykkunnathil ithu randaam falamundaakki. leed ulppaadanathinum oru uthejanam labhichu, polandile tarnovitsil oru valia leed-bairing seam kandethunnathuvare labhyamaya ledinte abhavam draveekarana prakriya nilanirtthi.
draveekaranam khanana pravarthanangalil vardhanavinu kaaranamavukayum oru puthiya vibhaagam sambanna vyapaarikal pankedukkaan ahvaanam cheyyukayum cheythu. franch royal banker jackwus coware, florencile sakthamaaya medisi kudumbam ennivayulppede europile ettavum sambannaraaya chila vyapaarikal khananathil nikshepam nadatthi. ennirunnaalum, fandukalil bhooribhaagavum ayal pattanangalile vyaapaarikalil ninnaan vannath. udaaharanathinu, neurembergile burgermar bohemia, haars parvathanirakalile khanikalkk dhanasahayam nalki.
niravadhi puthiya chembu, velli khanikal uyarnnuvannu. ersgabirjile jokkimstalile oru khani valare vijayakaramaayirunnu, 'jokkimstaalar' enna oru nanayam srishtikkappettu, athu 'dollar' enna padatthilekku nayichu. sneeberg, annaberg (ersgabirjilum), shwas, satra thaazhvarayilum hangariyile nyoosolilum ulppedunnu. puthiya khanana sambathu muun noottaandukalile ettavum valia khanikalil chilath veendum thurakkaan anuvadichu, udaaharanathinu rammelsburghile velli vahikkunna ledu, chembu khanikal. vellapokkam, thakarcha, saankethikavidyayude abhavam allengil panatthinte abhavam enniva kaaranam eee pazhaya khanikal munbu upekshikkappettirunnu. ippol shafttukal aazhathil mukki vellam kooduthal kaaryakshamamaayi vattikkan kazhiyum, athinaal khanithozhilaalikalkku athicheraanaakaathappol seemukal pravarthippikkaan kazhiyum.
draveekaranathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla sambathu khananathinum samskarana mekhalakalkkumidayil roadukal nirmmikkaan sahayikkukayum khanana saankethikavidyayude mechappeduthalukalkku dhanasahayam nalkukayum cheythu. angane athinte swaadheenam velliyudeyum chembinteyum uthppaadanam vardhippikkunnathinpu pooyi. yooroppinte valiyoru bhaagatthinte sambadvyavasthaye punarujjeevippikkanum irumbu, merkuri thudangiya mattu lohangalude khananathinum ithu sahayichu.

