wheeler-fineman absorber sidhaantham

vaidyuthakaanthika mandala samavaakyangalude pariharangal samaya-vipareeta parivartthanatthil maattamillaathathaayirikkanum enna anumaanathil ninnu uruthirinja vaidyuthagathikashaasthrathi vyaakhyaanamaanu wheeler-fineman absorber sidhaantham (wheeler-fineman samaya-samamiti sidhaantham ennum ariyappedunnu), athinte thudakkakkaraaya bhauthikashaasthranjaraaya richard fineman, joonn archibald wheeler ennivarude perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. theerchayaayum, samaya-vipareeta samamiti thakarunnathin vyakthamaaya kaaranamonnumilla, ithu oru munganana samaya dishaye ottappeduthukayum angane bhoothakaalavum bhaviyum thammil verthirikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru samaya-vipareeta asthira sidhaantham kooduthal yuktisahavum gambheeravumaanu. eee vyaakhyaanathinte falamaayundaakunnathum hugo tetrode moolamulla maakkinte thathwathe anusmarippikkunna mattoru pradhana thathwam, praadhamika kanikakal svayam edapedunnilla ennathaanu. ithu svayam oorjjathinte prashnam udan illaathaakkunnu.
tii-samathvavum kaaryakaaranavum.
samaya-vipareeta samamithiyude aavasyakatha, pothuve, kaaryakaarana thathwavumaayi poruthappedaan prayaasamaan. maxwellinte samavakyangalkkum vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgangalkkulla samavakyangalkkum pothuve rund saadhyamaaya parihaarangalund mandagathiyilulla (kaalathamasam varuthiya) pariharavum vipulamaaya pariharavum. athanusarichu, eathu charjju cheytha kanikayum tharamgangal srishtikkunnu, athaayath time formula 1, pooyint formula 2 ennivayil, athu thalkshana formula 4 ll pooyint formula 3 ll ethum (ivide formula 5 prakaashatthinte vegathayaanu), emission (retard layani) kazhinjaal, mattu tharamgangal, emission (advanced layani) nuu munbu thalkshana formula 6 ll athe sthalathu ethum. ennirunnaalum, randaamathethu kaaryakaarana thathwathe lamghikkunnu avayude udvamanathinu munbu noothana tharamgangal kandethanakum. athinaal vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgangalude vyaakhyaanathil noothana pariharangal saadhaaranayaayi upekshikkappedunnu. absorber sidhaanthathil, pakaram charjju cheytha kanangale emittarukalaayum absorberukalaayum kanakkakkunnu, koodaathe emission prakriya agiranam prakriyayumaayi inipparayunna reethiyil bandhippichirikkunnu emittaril ninnu absorbarilekkulla mandagathiyilulla tharamgangalum absorberil ninnu emittarilekkulla noothana tharamgangalum pariganikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, randinteyum koottukettu "kaaryakaarana tharamgangalil" kalaashikkunnu, ennirunnaalum aanti-kosalal (noothana) pariharangal "oru munganana" upekshikkunnilla.
valare lalithavum gambheeravumaaya reethiyilaan fainman veelarum eee phalam nediyathu. avar nammude prapanchatthil nilavilulla ellah charjju cheytha kanangaleyum (emittarukal) pariganikkukayum avayellaam samaya-vipareeta samamiti tharamgangal srishtikkumennu anumaanikkukayum cheythu. thathfalamaayundaakunna feeld
appol avar nireekshichu, bandham undengil
appol formula _ 9, ekeekritha maiks well samavaakyathinte pariharamaayathinaal, motham feeld nedaan upayogikkaam.
motham feeld mandagathiyilaanu, kaaryakaaranathvam lamghikkappedunnilla.
swatantra feeld" thulyamaayi poojyamaanenna anumaanamaan agiranam cheiyunna aashayathinte kaathal. oro kanikayum purappeduvikkunna vikiranam prapanchatthilulla matellaa kanangalum poornnamaayum agiranam cheiyunnu ennaanu ithinartham. eee kaaryam nannayi manasilakkaan, saadhaarana vasthukkalil agiranam cheiyunna samvidaanam engane pravarthikkunnuvennu pariganikkunnath upayogapradamaakum. microscopic skailil, ithu incoming vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgatthinteyum vasthuvinte electronukalil ninnu ulppaadippikkunna tharamgangaludeyum aakethukayude falamaanu, avaa baahya aswasthathayodu prathikarikkunnu. incoming tharamgam agiranam cheyyappettaal, phalam seero outgoing feeldaanu. ennirunnaalum, absorber sidhaanthathil, mandagathiyilullathum noothanavumaaya tharamgangalude saannidhyathil athe ashayam upayogikkunnu.
thathfalamaayundaakunna tharamgathinu samayathinte oru mungananayundennu thonnunnu, kaaranam athu kaaryakaaranatthe manikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu oru midhyaadhaarana maathramaan. theerchayaayum, "emittar", "absorber" ennee labelukal kaimaattam cheythukondu samaya disha vipareethamaakkaan ellaayppozhum kazhiyum. athinaal, ekapaksheeyamaaya labelingil ninnu prathyakshatthil ishtappetta samaya disha falamaakunnu.
pakaramaayi, wheeler/fainman praadhamika samavaakyam konduvanna reethi ithaanu oro kanikakaludeyum feeldukal poojyatthinte sariyaaya samayathal verthirikkumbol, evideyaano avarude lagranchian prathipravartthikkunnathe avar anumaanichu. athinaal pindamillaattha kanikakal maathrame sariyaaya samaya vibhajanam poojyathode puranthallalil ninnu kandethunnathilekku vyaapikkunnulloo ennathinaal, eee lagranchian yaanthrikamaayi vaidyuthakaanthika polulla edapedal aavashyappedunnu.
tii-samathvavum svayam edapedalum.
vaidyuthakaanthika vikirana prakriyayude gambheeravum vyakthavumaya vyaakhyaanamaanu absorber sidhaanthathinte pradhana falangalilonnu. thvaranam anubavikkunna charjju cheytha kanika vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgangal purappeduvikkumennu ariyappedunnu, i.iii., oorjjam nashtappedaan. athinaal, kanikayude neutonian samavaakyathil eee oorjja nashtam kanakkiledukkunna oru disipative fozhsu (damping padam) undaayirikkanam. vaidyuthakaanthikathayude kaaryakaarana vyaakhyaanathil, lorence abraham nirddeshichathu, pinneedu abraham-laurents fozhsu ennu vilikkapetta atharamoru shakti, kanikayude swantham feeldumaayulla mandagathiyilulla svayam edapedal moolamaanennu. ennirunnaalum, eee aadya vyaakhyaanam poornnamaayum thripthikaramalla, kaaranam ithu sidhaanthathile vyathiyaanangalilekku nayikkukayum kanikayude charge vitharanathinte gadanayekkurichu chila anumanangal aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu. aapekshikamayi asthiramaakkunnathinaayi dirac soothravaakyam saamaanyavalkkarichu. angane cheyyumbol addeham mattoru vyaakhyaanavum nirddeshichu. kanikayil athintethaaya sthaanathu pravartthikkunna oru swatantra mandalatthinte adisthaanathil damping padam prakadippikkaan kazhiyumennu addeham kaanichu
ennirunnaalum, eee vyaakhyaanathekkurich dirac oru bhauthika vishadeekaranavum nirddeshichittilla.
oro kanikayum thannodu thanne edapedunnilla enna lalithamaaya aashayathil ninnu aarambhich, pakaram absorber sidhaanthathinte chattakkoodil vyakthavum lalithavumaaya oru vishadeekaranam labikkum. ithu yadhaarthathil aadyathe ebraham-laurence nirddeshathinu vipareethamaanu. kanika soothravaakyathil pravartthikkunna feeld _ 12 athinte swantham sthaanathu (pooyint soothravaakyam _ 13)
eee padaprayogatthinte "free-feeld padam" sangrahichaal, namukk labikkum.
koodaathe, diraakkinte phalathinu nandi, 
athinaal, svayam edapedalinte aavasyamillaathe damping fozhsu nedunnu, ithu vyathiyaanangalilekku nayikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu, koodaathe dirac uruthirinja padaprayogatthinu bhauthika nyaayeekaranam nalkunnu.
vimarsanam.
ennirunnaalum, abraham-laurence shakti prasnangalil ninnu mukthamalla. aapekshikathayillaatha paridhiyil ezhuthiyirikkunna ithu nalkunnu
aapekshika roopathil (sii unitukal) ezhuthappettirikkunna balatthinte vyaapthi sariyaaya thwaranathinte sariyaaya samaya derivative aannu
samayavumaayi bandhappett moonnaamathe derivative ("jerk" allengil "jolt" ennum vilikkunnu) chalana samavaakyathil praveshikkunnathinaal, oru pariharam labhikkunnathin oraalkk kanikayude prarambha sthaanavum vegathayum mathramalla, athinte prarambha thwaranavum aavasyamaanu. ennirunnaalum, kanikayude chalana samavaakyam feeldinte maiks well samavakyangalumaayi chernnu pariharikkendathundennu nireekshikkunnathiloode eee prathyaksha prashnam absorber sidhaanthathil pariharikkan kazhiyum. eee saahacharyathil, prarambha accelerationu pakaram, oraal prarambha feeld athirthi vyavasthayum maathram vyakthamaakkendathundu. eee vyaakhyaanam sidhaanthathinte bhauthika vyaakhyaanathinte yojip punasthaapikkunnu.
eee damping fozhsinte saannidhyathil charjju cheytha kanikayude chalana samavaakyam pariharikkan shramikkumbol mattu budhimuttukal undakam. maxwell samavaakyangal klaasikkalaanennum kwaandam-mechanical efakttukal drishyamaakenda oru pooyint polulla kanikayude swabhaavam polulla microscopic prathibhasangal shariyaayi kanakkakkaan kazhiyillennum saadhaaranayaayi prasthaavikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, absorber sidhaanthathiloode, veelarinum fainman prashnathodu oru yojicha classical sameepanam srishtikkaan kazhinju (abraham-laurence shakthiyile "vairudhyangal" vibhaagavum kaanuka).
koodaathe, vaidyuthakaanthika tharamgangalude samaya-samamithiyude vyaakhyaanam samayam oru nischitha dishayilekku ozhukunnu ennathinulla pareekshanathmaka thelivukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaanennu thonnunnu, athinaal, nammude lokath tii-samamiti thakarnnirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee samamiti thakarkkal thermodynamical paridhiyil maathrame drishyamaakoo ennu saadhaaranayaayi vishwasikkappedunnu (udaaharanathinu, samayathinte ambu kaanuka). prapanchatthinte vipuleekaranam thermodynamic paridhiyil samaya-samamithiyallenn wheeler thanne amgeekarichu. ennirunnaalum, tii-samamiti microscopic thalatthilum thakarkkanamenn ithu ardhamaakkunnilla.
oduvil, sidhaanthathinte pradhana poraayma kanikakal svayam edapedaathathinte falamaayi maari. vaasthavathil, hans bethe kaanichathupole, aattinte shift vishadeekarikkaan oru svayam-oorjja padam aavashyamaayi vannu. aaa vishayathil fainman bethe theevramaaya charcha nadatthi, oduvil eee phalathinu sariyaaya kanakk nalkaan svayam edapedal aavasyamaanennu fainman thanne prasthaavichu.
yadhaartha roopeekaranam muthalulla sambhavavikasangal.
guruthwaakarshana sidhaantham.
vaidyuthagathikalkaayulla wheeler-fineman absorber sidhaanthathinte yanthra swabhaavathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond fred hoyilum jayant narlikar pothu aapekshikathayude pashchaathalatthil svanthamaayi guruthwaakarshana sidhaantham nirddeshichu. eee sidhaanthathe velluvilicha sameepakaala jyotishaasthra nireekshanangal undaayirunnittum eee maathruka ippozhum nilanilkkunnu. prapancham vikasikkukayaanenkil, ananthathayilekku pookunna noothana tharamgangal oru vyathiyaanathilekku nayikkumennu vishwasikkunna yadhaartha hoyal-narlikar sidhaanthathe steefan hocking vimarshichirunnu.
kwaandam mekkaaniksinte edapaadinte vyaakhyaanam.
wheeler-fineman absorber sidhaanthathil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond, 1986 ll joonn jii aanu kwaandam mekkaaniksinte (ticm) edapaadinte vyaakhyaanam aadyamaayi nirddeshichathu. mandagathiyilulla (forwade-inn-time), advanced (backward-inn-time) tharamgangal roopappedunna oru staanding tharamgatthinte adisthaanathil kwaandam edapedalukale cramer vivarikkunnu. copenhagen vyaakhyaanathile daarshanika prashnangalum nireekshakante pankum ozhivaakkunnuvennum kwaandam nonlokkaality, kwaandam entaamgilment, retrocosality thudangiya vividha kwaandam vairudhyangal pariharikkumennum cramer avakaashappedunnu.
kaaryakaaranatthinte pariharam kandethaan shramichu.
tii. sii. scott aarr. eiii. aadhunika leanard-weachert pottanshyalukalude saannidhyam soochippikkunna prathyakshamaaya akausaalitti absorber aashayathinte sankeernathakalillaathe, mandagathiyilulla pottanshyalukalude adisthaanathil maathram sidhaantham punarnirmmikkunnathiloodi neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyumennu muur theliyichu.
mattoru kanika (soothravaakyam _ 20) srishtikkunna samaya-samamithiyude swaadheenathil oru kanikaye (soothravaakyam _ 19) vivarikkunna lagranchian
kanika soothravaakyam 23-nte aapekshika gathikorja pravarthanamaanu soothravaakyam _ 22, soothravaakyam _ 24, soothravaakyam _ 25 enniva yathaakramam kanika soothravaakyam _ 23-ll pravartthikkunnathum kanika soothravaakyam _ 27 vazhi srishtikkappedunnathumaya mandagathiyilullathum noothanavumaaya leanard-veechartt pottanshyalukalaanu. kanika soothravaakyam _ 20-nuu anubandhamaaya lagranchian
ithu aadyam computer beejaganitam upayogichu pradarshippikkukayum pinneedu vishakalanaparamayi theliyikkukayum cheythu
motham samaya derivative aanu, i.iii. vyathiyaanangalude calculusil oru "vyathichalana", athinaal ithu euler-lagranch samavaakyangalkk oru sambhavanayum nalkunnilla. eee falathaal vipulamaaya saadhyathakal illaathaakkaan kazhiyum; ivide motham derivative "free feeld" enna athe punk vahikkunnu. athinaal "n"-body sisttathinte lagranchian
23 enna soothravaakyavum 27 enna soothravaakyavum kaimaattam cheiyunnathinu keezhil falamaayundaakunna lagranchian samamithiyaan. 34 enna soothravaakyathinu eee lagranchian 35 enna soothravaakyathinteyum 36 enna soothravaakyathinteyum chalanatthinte athe samavaakyangal "krithyamaayi" srishtikkum. athinaal, oru "baahya" nireekshakante kazhchappadil, ellaam kaaryakaaranamaanu. eee roopeekaranam "n"-kanika samvidaanathil mothatthil prayogikkunna vyathiyana thathwavumaayulla kanika-kanika samamitiye prathifalippikkunnu, angane tetrodinte meshyan thathwavum. oru prathyeka shareerathil pravartthikkunna shakthikale naam verthirikkukayaanenkil maathrame noothanamaaya saadhyathakal avayude roopabhaavam undaakkoo. prashnatthinte eee punarnirmmaanam oru vilaykk varunnu "n"-body lagranchian ellah kanangalum kandethunna valavukalude ellah samaya derivetteevukaleyum aasrayichirikkunnu, i.iii. lagranchian ananthamaaya kramathilaanu. ennirunnaalum, sidhaanthathinte alavu alakkunna kaaryatthil pariharikkappedaatha prashnam parishodhikkunnathil valareyadhikam purogathi kaivarichu. koodaathe, eee formulation darvin lagranchian veendedukkunnu, athil ninnaan breet samavaakyam yadhaarthathil uruthirinjathu, pakshe disipative padangalonnumilla. ithu sidhaanthavumaayum pareekshanangalumaayum dhaarana urappaakkunnu, ennaal aattinte shift ulppeduthunnilla. classical prashnathinulla samkhyaaparamaaya parihaarangalum kandethi. koodaathe, fainmanteyum hibbsinteyum oru model phastt oordar lagraanchiyanmaarekkaal uyarnna reethikalkku anuyojyamaanennu muur kaanikkukayum kuzhappakaramaya pariharangal velippeduthukayum cheythu. charjju cheytha kanangalude shekharathinu sharashari nettu dvidhruva moment poojyamaanenna dhaarana upayogichu vikirana prathikaranam marimari uruthirinjuvennu moorum scott kaanichu, athuvazhi agiranam sidhaanthathinte sankeernathakal ozhivaakkunnu.
eee prathyakshamaaya aswaabhaavikatha kevalam prathyakshamaayi kaanapedaam, eee prashnam muzhuvan illaathaakum. ainsteen ethir veekshanam pulartthiyirunnu.
badal aattinte shift kanakkukoottal.
munbu soochippichathupole, absorber sidhaanthathinethiraaya gurutharamaaya vimarsanam, pooyint kanikakal svayam pravarthikkunnilla enna athinte meshyan anumaanam (ananthamaaya) svayam oorjjam anuvadikkunnilla ennathaanu, thalphalamaayi kwaandam electrodynamics (quidy) anusarichu kunjinte maattathinulla oru vishadeekaranamaanu. wheeler-fineman absorber sidhaanthathinte athe aashayangalodoppam thanne "mattu kanangalumayulla" prathipravartthanathinu pakaram kunjaadineppolulla maattam moolamundaakunna oru ithara maathruka eddu jaines nirddeshichu. mattu pala oosilettarukalumaayum nerittu chernnu oru oosilettarinte chalanam kanakkaakkuka ennathaanu oru lalithamaaya maathruka. classical mechanicsil swaabhaavikamaaya udvamanavum lamb shift swabhaavavum labhikkunnath eluppamaanennu jaines theliyichittundu. koodaathe, punarroopakalppanayumaayi bandhapetta "ananthathakalude kootticherkkalum kuravum" enna prakriyaykku jainesinte badal oru pariharam nalkunnu.
eee maathruka ore tharatthilulla bethe logarithathilekku (lamb shift kanakkukoottalinte oru pradhana bhagam) nayikkunnu, rund vyathyastha physical modalukalkk parasparam ganithashaasthraparamaayi isomorphic aakam enna jainesinte avakaashavaadathe nyaayeekarikkukayum athinaal ore phalangal nalkukayum cheiyunnu, kaaryakaaranatthinte vishayathil scott moorum ithu vyakthamaakkunnu.
nigamanangal.
eee saarvathrika agiranam sidhaantham fainmaante aathmakathaaparamaaya kruthiyile "monsttar minds" enna adhyaayathil paraamarsikkappettundu "theerchayaayum ningal thamasha parayukayaanu, misttar. fainman!"volyathilum. bhauthikashaasthrathekkurislathu fainman prabhashanangal". ithu oru hamiltonian ennathinekkaal oru lagranchian, aakshan enniva upayogichu oru arambha pooyintukalaayi kwaandam mekkaaniksinte oru chattakkood roopappeduthunnathilekku nayichu, athaayath fainman paathu integralukal upayogichulla formulation, ithu kwaandam electrodynamicsilum kwaandam feeld sidhaanthathilum fainmaante aadyakaala kanakkukoottalukalil upayogapradamaanennu thelinju. mandagathiyilullathum vipulamayathumaaya feeldukal yathaakramam mandagathiyilullathum noothanavumaaya prachaaranakkaaraayum feinman prachaaranakkaarilum daisan prachaaranakkaarilum kaanapedunnu. pinnott nokkiyaal, feeld sidhaanthathil, feeld uravidathinteyum testt kanikayudeyum (saadhaaranayaayi oru green function aupachaarikathayude kernalinullil) pankukal kaimaarunnathiloode mandagathiyilulla propagettaril ninnu noothana propagettar nedaan kazhiyumenna vastutha kanakkileduthu ivide kaanichirikkunna mandagathiyilullathum noothanavumaaya pottanshyalukal thammilulla bandham athra aascharyakaramalla. feeld sidhaanthathil, vipulamayathum mandagathiyilullathumaaya feeldukal athirthi vyavasthakal anusarichu nirnnayikkappedunna maxwellinte samavaakyangalude "ganitha" pariharangalaayi lalithamaayi kaanapedunnu.

