
vamshavali dna parisodhana

oru vyakthiyude vamshavali bandhangal kandethunnathino parishodhikkunnathino allengil (kuranja vishwaasyathayode) oru vyakthiyude vamseeya misritham kanakkaakkunnathino vendi oru vyakthiyude genome nirddishta sthalangalil nokkunna janithaka vamshavaliyil upayogikkunna dna adisthaanamaakkiyulla janithaka parisodhanayaanu vamshavali dna testt. vyathyastha parisodhanaa kambanikal vyathyastha vamseeya reference grouppukalum vyathyastha poruthappedunna algorithangalum upayogikkunnathinaal, oru vyakthiyude vamsheeyathayude kanakkukal parishodhanakalkkidayil vyathyaasappedunnu, chilappol naadakeeyamaayi.
moonnu pradhana tharam vamshavali dna parisodhanakal labhyamaan, oronnum genome vyathyastha bhaagangalilekku nokkukayum vividha tharam vamshavali gaveshanangalkk upayogapradamaavukayum cheiyunnu autosomal (atdna), mitocondrial (mtdna), vaii-chromosome (vaii-dna).
autosomal parisodhanakal ore kambaniyil pareekshicha purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum dhaaraalam dna poruthangalkku kaaranamaayekkam. oro malsaravum saadhaaranayaayi oru kanakkakkiya alavilulla bandhangal kanikkum, athaayath.iii., adutha kudumba malsaram, 1-2-2 cussins, 3-4 cussins muthalaayava. bandhatthinte ettavum vidooramaaya alavu saadhaaranayaayi "aaraamathe cussin allengil athilum kooduthal" levalaanu. ennirunnaalum, oro pareekshicha vyakthiyum avarude pothuvaaya poorvvikaril ninnu ethratholam dna paarambaryamaayi labhikkunnu ennathinte kramarahithamaya swabhaavam kaaranam, adutha bandhangalkk maathrame krithyamaaya bandha nigamanagalil ethaan kazhiyoo. phalangalude vyaakhyaanathin parambaraagatha vamshavali gaveshanavum kudumbavrikshangalude pankidalum saadhaaranayaayi aavasyamaanu. vamseeya misritham kanakkakkaan autosomal testtukalum upayogikkunnu.
emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii, vaii-dii. enn. eiii parisodhanakal kooduthal vasthunishtamaanu. ennirunnaalum, avar yathaakramam karsanamaaya sthree variyilum karsanamaaya purusha variyilum ulla bandhangalil parimithappeduthiyirikkunnathil avar enthengilum undengil (parisodhana nadathunna kambaniye aashrayich) ganyamaayi kurachu dna malsarangal nalkunnu. oru vyakthiyude poorvvikarude puraavastu samskaarangalum kudiyetta paathakalum karsanamaaya ammayude rekhayilo karsanamaaya pithaavinte rekhayilo thirichariyaan emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii, vaii-dii. enn. eiii parisodhanakal upayogikkunnu. emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii, vaii-dii. enn. eiii ennivayude adisthaanathil oru vyakthiyude haplogroup (kall) thirichariyaan kazhiyum. mitocondrial dna mutta koshatthil sthithicheyyunnathinaal ellaavarkkum avarude ammayil ninnu avarude mtdna paarambaryamaayi labhikkunnathinaal mtdna parisodhana purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum nadatthaam. ennirunnaalum, purushanmaarkk maathrame vaii-chromosome ulloo ennathinaal oru purushanu maathrame vaii-dna parisodhana nadatthaan kazhiyoo.
upabhokthakkalkkaayi dna parisodhana.
direct-tuu-kansyoomar vamshavali dna testtukal nalkia aadyathe kambani ippol pravarthanarahithamaaya jenetriyaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ithu multy-generational vamshavali parisodhanakal vaagdaanam cheythilla. 2001 avasaanathode, 1999ll uthbhavicha sorenson molecular geniology foundeshanu (smgf) genetry athinte swathukkal vittu.
pravartthikkumbol, smgf aayirakkanakkin aalukalkk soujanya vaii-chromosome, mitocondrial dna parisodhanakal nalki.
pinneedu, genetry sorenson maathru kambaniyumaayi chernnu vamshaavalikkaayi janithaka parishodhanayilekku madangukayum oduvil poorvvikaril ninnu nediya swathukkalude bhagamaavukayum cheythu.2012ll smgfl ninnu qoo. emm. vaangunnu.
2000-ll, bennatt greenspan maiks blunkfeld chernnu sthaapicha famili trea dna, vamshavali gaveshanathinaayi direct-tuu-kansyoomar testinginaayi samarppichirikkunna aadyathe kambaniyaanu. thudakkathil avar pathinonnu marker vaii-chromosome sr testtukalum echvr 1 mitocondrial dna testtukalum vaagdaanam cheythu. arizona sarvakalaashaalayumaayi sahakarichu avar aadyam pareekshichu.
2007ll, umineer adisthaanamaakkiyulla direct-tuu-kansyoomar janithaka parisodhana vaagdaanam cheytha aadyathe kambaniyaanu 23andme. mattu pradhana kambanikal (udha.jii., poorvvikar, kudumba vruksham dii. enn. eiii, myheritteju) ippol upayogikkunnu.
saambilukal shekharikkaan kavilinte swab upayogikkaan upayokthaakkale anuvadikkunna vidhathil 2016-ll myheritteju athinte janithaka parisodhanaa sevanam aarambhichu. 2019-ll, puthiya vishakalana upakaranangal avatharippichu autoclusterukal (ellah malsarangaleyum drishyaparamaayi klasttarukalaayi tharamthirikkuka), famili trea sidhaanthangal (niravadhi myheritteju marangalum jeaney global famili trea samyojippichu dna malsarangal thammilulla sangalppikkaavunna bandhangal nirddeshikkunnu).
2015ll sthaapithamaaya leaving dna oru janithaka parisodhanaa sevanavum nalkunnu. autosomal vamshaparambara, vaii, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii vamshaparambara ennivayekkurichulla reportukal nalkaan leaving dna snp chippukal upayogikkunnu. leaving dna yukeyil ninnulla vamshaparambarayekkurichulla vishadamaaya reportukalum vishadamaaya vaii chromosome, mtdna reportukalum nalkunnu.
2019ll valia vamshavali parisodhanaa kambanikalkku ekadesham 26 dasalaksham dna profileukal undennu kanakkakkappettu. palarum avarude parisodhanaa phalam onniladhikam parisodhanaa sittukalilekkum jeaney polulla vamshavali sevanangalilekkum soujanyamaayi maatti.coom, gedmatch. thangalude oru dasalaksham profileukalil pakuthiyolam amerikkayil ninnullavayaanennu 2018ll gedmatch paranju.
dna parisodhanayeyum dna kurichulla janakeeya avabodham saadhaaranayaayi parisodhanayude vishwaasyatha, oraalude poorvvikarumaayulla bandhatthinte swabhaavam, dna vyakthiparamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalum thammilulla bandham muthalaayava ulppedunna niravadhi thettidhaaranakalkku vidheyamaan.
nadapadikramam.
kavil-scrapping (buckel swab ennum ariyappedunnu), thuppal-kappukal, mouthu vaash allengil chuing gumm enniva vazhi labhikkuna dna saambilil oru vamshavali dna parisodhana nadathunnu. saadhaaranayaayi, sample shekharam 23andme, oorganaiseshan, famili trea dna allengil myheritteju polulla sevana daataav nalkunna oru hoome testt kitt upayogikkunnu. sample engane shekharikkanam ennathinekkurichulla kitt nirddeshangal paalicha sesham, athu vishakalanathinayi vitharanakkaaran thirike nalkunnu. janithaka vivarangal labhikkunnathin dna microare ennariyappedunna saankethikavidya upayogichu sample prosess cheiyunnu.
parishodhanakalude tharangal.
moonnu pradhana tharam vamshavali dna parishodhanakalund autosomal (ex-dna ulppedunnu), vaii-dna, mtdna.
vaii-dii. enn. eiii, emm. tii. dii. eiii enniva vamsheeyathayude kanakkukalkkayi upayogikkaan kazhiyilla, pakshe bhoomishaasthraparamaayi asamamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunna oraalude haplogroup kandethaan ithu upayogikkaam. direct-tuu-kansyoomar dna testt kambanikal palappozhum bhookhandam allengil vamseeyatha anusarichu haaplogrooppukale label cheythittundu (udha.jii.oru "aafrikkan haplogroup" allengil "wiking haplogroup"), ennaal eee labelukal oohakkachavadamo thettidharippikkunnatho aakam.
autosomal dna (atdna) parisodhana.
parisodhana.
oru vyakthiyude lingam nirnnayikkunnathil ulppedaatha 22 jody chromosomukalil autosomal dna adangiyirikkunnu. oro thalamurayilum autosomal dna veendum samyojippikkukayum puthiya santhathikalkku oro rakshakarthaavil ninnum oru koottam chromosomukal labikkukayum cheiyunnu. iva maathaapithaakkalil ninnu krithyamaayi thulyamaayum muthasshimaaril ninnu ekadesham 3 madangu muthal muthasshimaaril ninnu thulyamaayum paarambaryamaayi labhikkunnu. athinaal, oru prathyeka poorvvikanil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhikkuna maarkkarukalude ennam (oru prathyeka sthalathe genome ariyappedunna rando athiladhikamo vakabhedangalil onnu-single-nucleotide polymorphisangal allengil snps ennariyappedunnu) oro thudarchayaaya thalamurayilum pakuthiyolam kurayunnu; athaayath, oru vyakthikk avarude maarkkarukalude pakuthi oro rakshakarthaavil ninnum, oro muthachanil ninnum aaa maarkkarukalude naalilonn; oro muthachanil ninnum aaa maarkkarukalude ettilonnu muthalaayava labhikkunnu. anantharaavakaasham kooduthal vidoora poorvvikaril ninnu kooduthal kramarahitavum asamavumaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, oru vamshavali dna parisodhana ekadesham 700,000 snaappukal (genome prathyeka pooyintukal) parisodhikkaam.
reporting prakriya.
saambilile dnaykurichulla oru report thayyarakkunnathu onniladhikam ghattangalilayi purogamikkunnu
adisthaana jody thirichariyal.
ellah pradhana sevana daathaakkalum ilyumina vitharanam cheiyunna chippukalulla upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. eathu snp lokkeshanukalaanu pareekshikkunnathennu chipp nirnnayikkunnu. chippinte vyathyastha pathippukal vyathyastha sevana daathaakkal upayogikkunnu. koodaathe, ilyumina chippinte update cheytha pathippukalkk vyathyastha settu snp lokkeshanukal pareekshikkam. aaa sthalathe snp lokkeshanukaludeyum bays jodikaludeyum pattika saadhaaranayaayi upabhokthaavin "asamskritha daatta" aayi labhyamaan. oru adhika vyaakhyaanavum poruthangalum srishtikkunnathinu mattu chila vamshavali sevana daathaakkalkku asamskritha daatta uploaded cheyyaan kazhiyum. adhika vamshavali vishakalanathinayi daatta gedmastilekkum (pradhana sevana daathaakkalil ninnulla asamskritha daatta vishakalanam cheiyunna oru moonnaam kakshi web adhishtitha upakaranangalude koottam) uploaded cheyyaan kazhiyum. snp genodypeukal upayogichu aarogya apakadasaadhyathayum swabhaava savisheshathakalum nalkunna sevanangalilekku asamskritha daatta uploaded cheyyaanum kazhiyum. eee reportukal soujanyamo chelavukuranjatho aakam, dtc testing kambanikal nalkunna reportukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, avar avarude vamshavali maathram sevanangalude eratti chelavu eedaakkunnu. vyakthigatha snp phalangalude prathyaaghaathangal snepedia paraamarshichu asamskritha daatta phalangalil ninnu nirnnayikkaan kazhiyum.coom.
malsarangalude thirichariyal.
oru autosomal dna testtinte pradhana ghadakam mattu vyakthikalumaayi poruthappeduka ennathaanu. parishodhanaykk vidheyanaaya vyakthikk kambaniyude daattaabesil munbu pareekshicha oru vyakthiyumayi thudarchayaayi niravadhi snps undengil, avar avarude genomukalude aaa bhaagath dnaude oru bhagam pankidunnuvennu anumanikkaam. eee vibhaagam testing kambani nischayichittulla paridhi thukayekkaal dairkhyameriyathaanenkil, eee rund vyakthikalum oru poruthamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. adisthaana jodikalude thirichariyalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, puthiya sample pareekshikkunna dattaa baseukalum oru poruttham nirnnayikkaan upayogikkunna algorithangalum oro kambanikkum udamasthathayilullathum prathyekathayullathumaanu.
dnaude bhaagangalude yoonit sentimorgan (centimeter) aanu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, oru poornna manushya genome ekadesham 6500 centimeteraanu. oru malsarathinte dairkhyam ethratholam cheruthaano, oru malsaram vyaajamaakaanulla saadhyathayum kooduthalaanu. pankitta dnaude dairkhyamaanu (allengil pankitta genome sathamaanam) thudarnnulla vyakhyaanathinulla oru pradhana sthithivivarakkanakku.
autosomal poruthangalude vyaakhyaanam.
mikka kambanikalum upabhokthaakkalkk ethra sentar sentar pankidunnuvennum ethra sentar sentar pankidunnuvennum kanikkum. sii. emm. kaludeyum vibhaagangaludeyum ennathil ninnu, rund vyakthikal thammilulla bandham kanakkakkaam; ennirunnaalum, dna anantharaavakaashathinte kramarahithamaya swabhaavam kaaranam, bandha kanakkukal, prathyekichu vidoora bandhukkalkk, ekadeshamaanu. akaleyulla chila cussins ottum poruthappedilla. nirddishta esenpikalekkurichulla vivarangal chila aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkaam (udha.jii.kanninte niram soochippikkunna), rund vyakthikal pankitta dnaude sathamaanamaanu pradhana vivarangal. ithu bandhatthinte aduppathe soochippikkum. ennirunnaalum, ithu rund vyakthikalude punk kanikkunnilla, udha.jii.50 sathamaanam pankaalittham maathapithaakkalkkum kuttikalkkumidayilulla bandhathe soochippikkunnu, ennaal athu eathu vyakthiyaan maathaapithaakkal ennu thirichariyunnilla.
eee daattayil vividha noothana saankethikavidyakalum vishakalanangalum nadatthaam. saadhaarana/pankitta porutthangal, chromosome brouserukal, thrikonaakrithiyilulla brouserukal thudangiya savisheshathakal ithil ulppedunnu. oru prathyeka bandham theliyikkaano thettayi theliyikkaano dna thelivukal upayogikkukayaanenkil eee vishakalanam palappozhum aavasyamaanu.
ex-chromosome dna parisodhana.
ex-chromosome snp phalangal palappozhum autosomal dna parisodhanakalil ulppeduthiyittundu. purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum avarude ammayil ninnu oru ex-chromosome labhikkunnu, ennaal sthreekalkku maathrame avarude pithaavil ninnu randaamathe ex-chromosome labhikkukayulloo. ex-chromosomine anantharaavakaasha paattenukalude oru prathyeka paathayund, ithu autosomal dnaumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol saadhyamaaya poorvvikarekhakal ganyamaayi churukkunnathinu upayogapradamaakum. udaaharanathinu, oru purushanumaayulla oru ex-chromosome poruttham avante maathrubhaagathu ninnu maathrame varoo. autosomal dna pole, ex-chromosome dna oro thalamurayilum kramarahithamaya punasamyojanathinu vidheyamaakunnu (achanum makalum thammilulla ex-chromosomukal ozhike, avaa maattamillathe kadannupokunnu). purushanmarkkum sthreekalkkum ex-chromosome dna anantharaavakaashathinte saadhyamaaya paattenukal vivarikkunna prathyeka anantharaavakaasha chaarttukalund.
ezz. aarr. ezz.
chila vamshavali kambanikal autosomal stress (hraswa taandam aavarthanangal) vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. iva vaii-dna srsukalkku samaanamaan. vaagdaanam cheiyunna srsukalude ennam parimithamaanu, koodaathe vyakthigatha thirichariyal, pithrthva kesukal, anthar-janasamkhya padanangal ennivaykkaayi phalangal upayogichittundu.
americayileyum europileyum niyama nirvvahana ejansikal kuttavaalikale thirichariyaan autosomal ezz. aarr. daatta upayogikkunnu.
mitocondrial dna (mtdna) parisodhana.
mitocondrian oru manushyakoshatthinte oru gadakamaanu, athil athintethaaya dna adangiyirikkunnu. mitocondrial dnaic saadhaaranayaayi 16,569 bays jodikalundu (kootticherkkal allengil illaathaakkal mutationukale aashrayich eee samkhya alpam vyathyaasappedaam) koodaathe 3.2 bilyan bays jodikalulla manushya genome dnaykaal valare cheruthaanu. mutta koshatthil adangiyirikkunnathinaal mitocondrial dna ammayil ninnu kuttiyilekku pakarunnu. athinaal, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii upayogichu oru nerittulla maathrpoorvvikane kandethaan kazhiyum. autosomal dnaumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol thaarathamyena apoorvamaaya mutationukaliloodeyaanu transmission sambhavikkunnath. mattoru vyakthiyude emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parisodhanaa falangalumaayi oru thikanja poruttham kandethunnathu 1 muthal 50 vare thalamurakalk munbulla pankitta poorvvikare soochippikkunnu. oru prathyeka haaplogrooppumaayo subcladeumaayo kooduthal akaleyulla poruthappedutthal oru pothu bhoomishaasthraparamaaya uthbhavavumaayi bandhippichirikkaam.
pareeksha.
nilavile kanvenshanukal prakaram emm. tii. dii. enn. eye moonnu mekhalakalaayi thirichirikkunnu. avaa coding mekhalayum (00577-16023) rund hyper variable pradeshangalum (hvr1 [16024-16569], hvr2 [00001-00576]) aanu.
ettavum saadhaaranamaaya rund emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parisodhanakal echu. vii. aarr. 1, echu. vii. aarr. 2 ennivayude oru shreniyum mitocondriyayude oru poornna sreniyumaanu. saadhaaranayaayi, echu. vii. aarr. ezz maathram parishodhikkunnathin parimithamaaya vamshavali upayogamundu, athinaal ithu kooduthal janapriyavum poornnamaaya oru kramam labhyavumaan. pradhana parisodhanaa kambanikalil famili trea dna maathramaan poornna mtdna shreni vaagdaanam cheiyunnathu, ithu oru paridhivare vivaadamaanu, kaaranam coding reejian dna testt edukkunnayaalekkurichu medical vivarangal velippeduthiyekkaam.
haplogroupukal.
ekadesham 150,000 varshangalkk munbu aafrikkayil jeevichirunna mitocondrial eevil ninnulla oru sthreeyil ninnaan ellah manushyarum nerittu sthreerekhayil varunnath. avalude pingaamikalude vividha shaakhakal vyathyastha haplogrooppukalaanu. mikka emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii phalangalilum oraalude emm. tii. dii. enn. haplogroupinte pravachanamo krithyamaaya avakaashavaadamo ulppedunnu. mitocondrial dna paryavekshanam cheiyunna "dhii seven penmakkal oof eevu" enna pusthakamaanu mitochrondial haaplogroopukale valareyadhikam janapriyamaakkiyath.
emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parisodhanaa phalangal manassilakkuka.
parisodhanaa phalangal adisthaana phalangalude pattika nalkunnathu saadhaaranamalla. pakaram, phalangal saadhaaranayaayi 1981-ll avarude emm. tii. dii. eiii. prasidheekaricha (1999-ll parishkaricha) aadya vyakthiyaya oru europiante mitocondriyayaaya kembridge reference seekwansumaayi (sii. aarr. ezz) thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. sii. aarr. esum testtarukalum thammilulla vyathyaasangal saadhaaranayaayi valare kuravaanu, athinaal oro adisthaana jodic oraalude asamskritha phalangal pattikappeduthunnathinne ithu kooduthal soukaryapradamaanu.
echu. vii. aarr. 1-ll, adisthaana jody krithyamaayi report cheiyunnathinupakaram, udaaharanathinu 16,111, eee udaaharanathil 111 nalkaan 16 palappozhum neekkam cheyyappedunnu. aksharangal dna undaakkunna naalu adisthaanangalil (eiii, tii, jii, sii) onnine soochippikkunnu.
vaii-chromosome (vaii-dna) parisodhana.
manushya chromosomukalude 23-aamathe jodi onnaanu vaii-chromosome. sthreekalkku avarude 23-aamm jodiyile rund x kromasomukalullathinaal purushanmaarkk maathrame oru vaii-chromosome ulloo. oru purushante pithruvamshajanam allengil purusha-vamshavali, avante vaii-chromosomile (vaii-dna) dna upayogichu kandethanakum, kaaranam vaii-chromosome oru pithaavil ninnu makanilekku eathaandu maattamillathe pakarunnu. rund vyakthikalum avarude nerittulla pithriswaamya rekhakalil ettavum puthiya pothuvaaya poorvvikan allengil mrca pankitta samayaparidhi nirnnayikkaan oru manushyante parisodhanaa phalangal mattoru purushante falangalumaayi thaarathamyam cheiyunnu. avarude parisodhanaa phalangal valare aduthaanengil, avaa vamshaavalikk upayogapradamaaya samayaparidikkullil bandhappettirikkunnu. vaii-chromosomukalumaayi poruthappedunna niravadhi vyakthikal avarude pothuvaaya poorvvikare kandethaan sahakarikkunnathaan oru kudumbapperu padhathi.
thangalude nerittulla pithru dii. enn. eiii. vamshavali nirnnayikkaan aagrahikkunna sthreekalkku avarude pithaav, sahodaran, pithrusahodaran, pithrusahodaran, allengil pithrusahodarante makan (avarude cussin) ennivarodu oru parisodhana nadatthaan aavasyappedaam.
dna parisodhana rund tharamunda srs, snps.
ezz. aarr. markerukal.
ettavum saadhaaranamaayath srs (short tandom repeat) aanu. dnaude oru prathyeka bhagam aavarthikkunna oru paattenin parishodhikkunnu (udha.jii. eiii. tii. sii. jii). athu ethra thavana aavarthikkunnu ennathu markerinte moolyamaanu. saadhaarana parisodhanakal 12 muthal 111 vare STR markerukalkkidayil parisodhana nadathunnu. srs valare idaykkide parivartthanam cheiyunnu. rund vyakthikalude phalangal thaarathamyam cheyth oru porutthamundo ennu nokkunnu. dna kambanikal saadhaaranayaayi rund aalukal avarude phalangal thammilulla vyathyaasathinte adisthaanathil thalamurakaludeyo varshangaludeyo adisthaanathil ethratholam adutha bandhamulluvenn kanakkakkum.
snp maarkkarukalum haaplogrooppukalum.
oru vyakthiyude haplogroup palappozhum avarude sr phalangalil ninnu anumanikkaan kazhiyum, pakshe vaii-chromosome snp parishodhanayiloode (vaii-snp testt) maathrame theliyikkaan kazhiyoo.
oru dii. enn. eiii shreniyil orotta nucleotydilekkulla maattamaan single-nucleotide polymorphism (ezz. enn. pii). saadhaarana vaii-dna snp parisodhanakal ekadesham 20,000 muthal 35,000 snp vare parishodhikkunnu. oru snp testt nadathunnathu srsnekkaal valare uyarnna resolution anuvadikkunnu. rund vyakthikal thammilulla bandhathekkurichu kooduthal vivarangal nalkunnathinum haplogroupukal sthireekarikkunnathinum ithu upayogikkaam.
ellah manushyarum pithruthulya vamshathil varunnath orupakshe 200,000 muthal 300,000 varshangalkk munbu jeevichirunna vaii-chromosomal aadam ennu vilikkappedunna orotta manushyanil ninnaan. innu manushyar engane addehathil ninnu erangunnu ennu kaanikkunna oru 'kudumbavriksha' thine varaykkaam. eee vrukshathinte vividha shaakhakal vyathyastha haplogrooppukalaanu. mikka haplogroupukaleyum onniladhikam thavana sub-kledukalaayi vibhajikkaam. ariyappedunna chila upa-kledukal kazhinja 1000 varshangalil sthaapikkappettu, athaayath avayude samayaparidhi vamshavali yugathilekku (c.1500 muthal) adukkunnu.
oru vyakthi parishodhikkumbol, prathyekichu avaa europian ithararaanengil, haaplogrooppukalude puthiya upakledukal kandethaam. eee puthiya kandethalukalil ettavum pradhaanappettath 2013-ll haplogroup eiii. 100 kandethiyappol, vaii-chromosomal aadathekkurichulla sidhaanthangal ganyamaayi parishkarikkendathundu. oru aafrikkan-american manushyan famili treadnayil srs pareekshichappol addehathinte phalangal asaadhaaranamaanennu kandethiyathodeyanu haplogroup kandethiyathu. snp parisodhana addeham "pazhaya" vaii-chromosomal aadathil ninnu pithriswathaayi erangiyittillennum athinaal valare prayamaaya oraal vaii-chromosomal aadamayi maariyennum sthireekarichu.
dna parisodhanaa phalangal upayogikkuka.
vamsheeyathayude kanakkukal.
pala kambanikalum vamsheeyathayo pradeshamo anusarichu sathamaanam vibhajanam vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. saadhaaranayaayi lokathe ekadesham 20-25 pradesangalaayi nirvachichirikkunnu, oronnil ninnum paarambaryamaayi labhicha dnaude ekadesha sathamaanam prasthaavikkappedunnu. pala janasamkhyaa grouppukalumaayum parishodhicha oro autosomal dna markerinteyum aavruthi thaarathamyam cheythaanu ithu saadhaaranayaayi cheiyunnathu. itharathilulla parisodhanayude vishwaasyatha thaarathamyena janasamkhyayude valuppam, parishodhicha maarkkarukalude ennam, parishodhicha snpkalude vamshavali vivaradaayaka moolyam, parishodhicha vyakthiyile mishrithatthinte alavu ennivaye aasrayichirikkunnu. munkaala vamseeyatha kanakkukal palappozhum valare krithyathayillaathavayaayirunnu, ennaal kaalakramena kambanikalkku kooduthal saambilukal labhikkunnathinaal, vamseeyatha kanakkukal kooduthal krithyathayode mariyirikkunnu. vamshaparambara polulla parisodhanaa kambanikal.coom palappozhum avarude vamseeyatha kanakkukal pathivayi update cheyyum, ithu upabhokthaakkalude phalangal update cheyyumbol chila vivaadangalkku kaaranamaayi. saadhaaranayaayi bhookhandathalathile phalangal krithyamaanu, ennaal parisodhanayude kooduthal nirddishta avakaashavaadangal thettayirikkaam.
prekshakar.
vamshavali dii. enn. eiii. parishodhanakalodulla thaalparyam parambaraagatha vamshaavaliyekkurichulla jijnjasa vardhikkunnathumaayum kooduthal pothuvaaya vyakthiparamaaya uthbhavavumaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. parambaraagatha vamshavali parishodhikkunnavar palappozhum autosomal, mitocondrial, vaii-chromosome parishodhanakalude samyojanam upayogikkunnu. vyakthiparamaaya vamseeya uthbhavathil thalpparyamullavar autosomal testt upayogikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayund. ennirunnaalum, oru prathyeka vamshathinte vamseeya uthbhavathekkurichulla nirddishta chodyangalkku utharam nalkunnathu oru emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parisodhanaykko vaii-dii. enn. eiii parisodhanaykko ettavum anuyojyamaanu.
maathru uthbhava parisodhanakal.
sameepakaala vamshavaliyil, samshayaaspadamaaya rund bandhukkal thammilulla nerittulla maathrrekhayil oru pothu poorvvikane sthireekarikkaan emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii poornna shreniyil krithyamaaya poruttham upayogikkunnu. emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii mutationukal valare apoorvamaayathinaal, ettavum puthiya 1 muthal 16 vare thalamurakalk "eathaandu" thikanja poruttham saadhaaranayaayi prasakthamaayi kanakkakkilla. maathruvamsha kudumbapperukal illaatha samskaarangalil, melpparanja bandhukkaliloralkkum melpparanja pithruvamsha allengil vaii-dii. enn. eiii kesil ullathupole avarude maathruvamsha vivara pattikayil poorvvikarude niravadhi thalamurakal undakaan saadhyathayilla "parambaraagatha vamshavali" yile eee budhimuttinekkurichu kooduthal vivarangalkk, "maathruvamsha" kudumbapperukalude (allengil maathrnaamangal) abhavam kaaranam, maathrnaamam kaanuka. ennirunnaalum, parisodhanayude adisthaanam ippozhum oru vyakthiyude pingaamikalaanennu samshayikkunna rund peraanu. eee sidhaanthavum testt dna paattenum autosomal dnak vaii-dnak upayogikkunna onnaanu.
vamsheeyathaykkum mattu grouppukalude amgathvathinumulla parisodhanakal.
mukalil charcha cheythathupole, autosomal parisodhanakal saadhaaranayaayi vyakthiyude vamseeya anupathangal report cheiyunnu. nirddishta bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalile janasamkhyayumaayi bandhapetta vamshavali vivaradaayaka markerukal allengil lakshyam ennu vilikkunna prathyeka adayaalangal thiricharinju oru vyakthiyude mishrita bhoomishaasthraparamaaya paithrikam alakkaan iva shramikkunnu. janithakashaasthranjanaaya aadam ratherford eee parisodhanakal "munkaalangalil ningalude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya uthbhavam kaanikkendathilla" ennu ezhuthiyittundu. innu ningalkk aarkkoppamaan pothuvaaya poorvvikar ullathennu avaa kaanikkunnu."
vaii-dii. enn. eiii, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parisodhanakal nirnnayikkunna haplogroupukal palappozhum bhoomishaasthraparamaayi asamamaayi vitharanam cheyyappedunnu. nerittulla upabhokthru dna parisodhanakal palathum testt edukkunnayaalude poorvvika janmadesham anumanikkunnathinaayi eee bandhathe vivarichu. mikka pareekshanangalum haaplogrooppukale avayude ettavum kooduthal bandhapetta bhookhandam anusarichu vivarikkunnu (udha.jii., oru "europian haplogroup"). lesley emary sahakaarikalum human janithaka vaividhya panalileyum (echu. jii. dii. pii) 1000 genomukalileyum (1. jii. pii) daattaasettukalileyum vyakthikalil bhookhanda uthbhavathinte pravachanamaayi emm. tii. dii. eiii haaplogrooppukalude pareekshanam nadathiyappol, 23 haaplogrooppukalil 14 ennathinu maathrame echu. jii. dii. pii saambilukalil 50 sathamaanathinu mukalilulla vijaya nirakk ulloo ennu avar kandethi, athupole thanne 1. jii. pii. yile haaplogrooppukalil pakuthiyolam perum cheythu. mikka aalukalkkum, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii-haplogroup amgathvam bhookhandaparamaaya vamshaparambarayekkuricho bhookhandapradeshathe uthbhavathekkuricho parimithamaaya vivarangal nalkunnuvennu rachayithakkal nigamanam cheythu."
aafrikkan vamshaparambara.
vaii-dii. enn. eiii, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parishodhanakalkk innathe aafrikkayile eathokke aalukalumayi oru vyakthi thante allengil avalude poorvvikarude bhaagatthinte nerittulla rekha pankidunnuvennu nirnnayikkaan kazhinjekkum, ennaal charitraparamaaya kudiyettatthinteyum charitraparamaaya sambhavangaludeyum paattenukal poorvvika grouppukalude kandethaline mangiyirikkunnu. amerikkayile samyuktha deerghakaala charithrangal kaaranam, ekadesham 30 sathamaanam aafrikkan american purushanmarkkum europian vaii-chromosome haplogroup undu, ekadesham 58 sathamaanam aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkkum kuranjathu oru muthachanu thulyamaaya europian vamshaparambarayundu (13 sathamaanam). ekadesham 5 sathamaanam perkku maathramaan thaddesheeya american vamshajaraaya oru muthumuthachanu thulyamaayullath. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, colonial kaalaghattatthil swathanthraraaya aalukalude pingamikalaaya chesapeak ulkkadal pradeshathu mathaswaathanthryamulla vyakthikalude ganyamaaya kudumbangal sthaapikkappettu; avaril bhooribhaagavum vellakkaraaya purushanmaarudeyum aafrikkan sthreekaludeyum (dassen, adima allengil swatantrar) pingamikalaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. kaalakramena vividha vibhagangal misravarggakkaar, karuthavargakkaar, vellavargakkar ennivarkkidayil kooduthal vivaham kazhichu.
salus polulla adhikaarikalude abhipraayathil, adimathathil edutha aafrikkan amerikkakkaarude poorvvikaril naalil moonnu bhaagavum padinjaaran aafrikkayile pradeshangalil ninnaan vannath. dna parisodhana labhyamayathinushesham poorvvika gothrangale kandethunnathinum thirichariyunnathinumulla aafrikkan-american prasthaanam valarnnu. adimathathinte varshangalil aafrikkan amerikkakkaarkk kudumbapperukalude gaveshanam, sensus, swath rekhakal, mattu parambaraagatha marggangal ennivayiloode avarude poorvvikare eluppathil kandethaan kazhiyilla. vamshavali dna parisodhana praadeshika aafrikkan paithrukavumaayi oru bandham nalkum.
yunaittad stetts-melanchiyan parisodhana.
puranangalil pothinja uthbhavamulla amerikkayile niravadhi bahujaatheeya grouppukalil onnaanu melangianukal. pooll heyneginte charitraparamaaya gaveshanam rekhappeduthunnathu, colonial virjeeniyayil swathanthraraayirunna mishravargakkaarude pingaamikalum europpukaarkkum africakkaarkkum edayilulla aikyangalude falavumaanu thekk bhaagathulla pala melanchiyan grouppukalum. thottapradeshangalile vamseeya thadassangalil ninnu kurachu swaathanthryam nedunnathinaayi avar virgenia, north carolina, kentakki, tennessi ennivayude athirthikalilekku maari. nadannukondirikkunna niravadhi padanangal ulppede niravadhi sramangal, charitraparamaayi melanchiyan ennu thirichariyappedunna kudumbangalude janithaka ghadana parishodhichittundu. mikka phalangalum praadhamikamaayi europian, aafrikkan ennivayude mishrithathilekku viral choondunnu, ithu charitraparamaaya rekhakalude pinthunayullathaanu. chilarkk thaddesheeya american paithrukavum undayirikkaam. chila kambanikal vaii-dna, mtdna parisodhanakal upayogichu adhika melanjiyon gaveshana saamagrikal nalkunnundengilum, eathoru parisodhanayum nilavilullathum munpullathumaaya melanjiyon dna padanangalude falangalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan anuvadikkum.
thaddesheeya american vamshaparambara.
american aikyanaadukalile columboic munbulla thaddesheeyare american engleeshil "native americans" ennu vilikkunnu. thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarude poorvvikar nirnnayikkaan autosomal parisodhana, vaii-dna, mtdna parisodhana enniva nadatthaam. hyperveriable reejian 1,2 ennivayile mutationukale adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru mitocondrial haplogroup nirnaya parisodhana oru vyakthiyude nerittulla sthree rekha canonical native american haaplogroopukalilonnaaya eiii, bii, sii, dii allengil ex ennivayil ulppedunnathaano ennu sthaapichekkaam. thaddesheeya american vyakthikalil bhooribhaagavum thiricharinja anchu emm. tii. dii. eiii. haaplogrooppukalil onnaanu. athinaal, aaa grouppukalilonnil aayirikkunnath thaddesheeya american vamshajarakaan saadhyathayullathinte thelivukal nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, dna vamseeyatha phalangal niyamaparamaaya rekhakalude pakaramaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyilla. thaddesheeya american gothrangalkk amgathvathinu avarudethaaya aavasyakathakalundu, palappozhum udambadi nirmmaana samayat thayyarakkiya gotra-nirddishta thaddesheeya american sensus (allengil anthima rolukal), samvaranangalilekkulla sthalammaattam allengil bhoomi vibhajanam ennivayil ulppeduthiyittulla oru vyakthiyude poorvvikaril oraalenkilum 19-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum. oru udaaharanam davace rolukal aanu.
kohani vamshajaraayavar.
yoodaayisathile oru pithrusahodara purohita vamshamaan kohanim (allengil kohanim). baibil anusarichu, kohanimsinte poorvvikan mosheyude sahodaranaaya aaron aanu. aaronil ninnulla vamshavali oru vaii-dna parishodhanayiloode parishodhikkaamenn palarum vishwasikkunnu vamshavali vaii-chromosome dna parisodhanayil prasidheekaricha aadyathe padanatthil kohenukalil ganyamaaya sathamaanam saadhaarana joothanmaarekkaalum middle eestten janasamkhyayekkaalum vyathyasthamayi samanamaaya dna undennu kandethi. eee cohens haplogroup jeey-yill pedunna pravanatha kaanikkunnu, kohen model haplotype (cmh) ennariyappedunna oru haplotypine chuttum vaii-string moolyangal asaadhaaranamaayi aduthu koottiyittundu. ithu oru pothu poorvvikante pankaalithatthodeyo allengil paarambarya pourohithyathodeyo poruthappedaam, ithu yadhaarthathil adutha bandhamullah orotta vamshathile amgangalil ninnaan sthaapikkappettathu.
ennirunnaalum, yadhaartha padanangal kuranja resolutionulla parisodhanayaayi kanakkaakkappedunna aarr vaii-stree markerukal maathrame pareekshichittulloo. yadhaartha 6-marker sem. mee. echu.-nte kuranja resolutionulla prathikaranamaayi, testing kambaniyaaya eph. tii. dii. enn. eiii 12-marker sem. mee. echu. signature puratthirakki, athu haplogroup jeey 1-leeii valia adutha bandhamullah kohenukalude groupinu kooduthal prathyekathayullathaayirunnu.
2009ll prasidheekaricha oru academic patanam kooduthal ezz. aarr. markerukal parisodhikkukayum jeey1 vamshathinu kooduthal moorchayulla oru ezz. enn. pii haplogroupaya jeey1iii * (ippol jeey1sii3, jeey-pii58 * ennum vilikkunnu) thirichariyukayum cheythu. kohanimile 46.1% yill orotta pithruvamshathil (jeey-pii58 *) petta vaii chromosomukal undennu gaveshanam kandethi, avaa pravaasikalil jootha grouppukal chitharunnathinumumbu kizhakk kinattil ninnu uthbhavichathaakam. eee vamshathinte kizhakkan uthbhavathin pinthuna nalkunnathu nammude bedoin, yemeni (67 sathamaanam), jordanian (55 sathamaanam) ennivayude saambilile uyarnna aavruthiyilum oraal soudi arabiayil ninnum sameepa kizhakode (amjooram) neengumbol athinte aavruthiyile druthagathiyilulla idivil ninnumaanu. 4). koodaathe, jootha janasamkhyayil (20 sathamaanam) jeey-58 *-nteyum kohaniminteyum (46 sathamaanam) thaarathamyena uyarnna aavruthiyum sameepa kizhakk ninnu purathulla jootha pravasa samoohangalkku aathidheyathvam vahikkunna joothanmaarallaatha janasamkhyayude saambilil athinte kuranja aavruthiyum thammil sradheyamaaya oru vyathyaasamund."
haplogroup jeey-emm267-nulla sameepakaala phylogenetic gaveshanangal "vaii-chromosomal aaron" jeey-ell862, <aii. dii. 1> (prayaparidhi <aii. dii. 2> vaii. bii. pii. vaii. bii. pii): vaii. ezz. sii. 235> pii. eph. 4847/sii. tii. ezz. 11741> vaii. ezz. sii. 234> isad. ezz. 141> isad. ezz. 227> isad. 18271 (prayaparidhi 2731aii. bii. pii)-nte oru upagrooppil sthaapichu.
aanukoolyangal.
veettilulla parisodhanayude eluppavum vamshavali gaveshanathinu anubandhamaaya avayude upayogavum kaaranam vamshavali dna parisodhanakal janapriyamaayi. oru nischitha samayaparidikkullil avan allengil aval mattoru vyakthiyumayi bandhappettirikkunno atho avan allengil avalkk bandhamillenn urappullavaraano ennu uyarnna krithyathayode nirnnayikkaan vamshavali dna parisodhanakal oru vyakthiye anuvadikkunnu. sivil rekhakal thirayunnathinekkaal kooduthal shaasthreeyavum nirnnaayakavum vegameriyathumaanu dna parisodhanakal. ennirunnaalum, padikkaavunna lainukalile niyanthranangalaal avaa parimithappedutthiyirikku. vivarangal nalkukayo ezhuthukayo cheytha vyakthikaleppole maathrame sivil rekhakal ellaayppozhum krithyathayulloo.
vaii-dna parisodhanaa phalangal saadhaaranayaayi saadhyathakalaayi prasthaavikkappedunnu udaaharanathinu, ore kudumbapperulla oru thikanja 37/37 marker testt maachu ettavum puthiya saadhaarana poorvvikan (mrca) 8 thalamurakalkkullil undakanulla 95 sathamaanam saadhyatha nalkunnu, athesamayam 111 marker maachil 111 mrca 5 thalamurakalk munbu mathramulla athe 95 sathamaanam saadhyatha nalkunnu.
emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii testingil mukalil avatharippichathupole, oru thikanja poruttham kandethiyaal, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii. testt phalangal sahayakamaakum. chila sandarbhangalil, parambaraagatha vamshavali reethikal anusarichu gaveshanam pala samskaarangalilum pathivayi rekhappeduthunna maathruvamsha kudumbapperukalude vivarangal illaathathinaal budhimuttukal neridunnu (maathruvamsha kudumbapperu kaanuka).
autosomal dna vamshavali gaveshanavum samyojippichu dathedukkunnavar avarude jaiva maathaapithaakkale kandethaan upayogichu, anjjaatha mrithadehangalude perum kudumbavum kandethaanum niyama nirvvahana ejansikal kuttavaalikale pidikoodaan upayogichu (udaaharanathinu, kontraa koosta kaundi jilla attorniyude oafees golden stettu killer kesil prathiyude bandhukkale kandethaan "ooppan sozhs" janithaka vamshavali saitt gedmatch upayogichu.). atlaantik magazin 2018 ll abhipraayappettath "ippol, vellapokka gettukal thurannirikkunnu. ..oru cheria, sannadhapravarthakar nadathunna websait, gedmatch.coom, aayitheernnu... ellah niyama nirvvahanathinum vendiyulla yadhaartha dna vamshavali database."2019 februvariyil famili trea dna prakhyaapichu, kolapathakam, balaalsangam ennee kesukalkkaayi efbiye dna daatta axus cheyyaan anuvadikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, 2019 meyy maasathil gedmatch avarude autosomal dna daattaabes axus cheiyunnathinaayi karsanamaaya niyamangal aarambikkukayum famili trea dna avarude vaii-dna daattaabes vicerch nirthukayum cheythu.oorgu, niyama nirvvahana ejansikalkku kesukal pariharikkunnath kooduthal budhimuttaakkunnu.
poraaymakal.
vamshavali dna parishodhanayekkurichulla pothuvaaya aashankakal chelavum svakaaryatha prasnangalumaanu. 23andmeyaumm vamshaparambarayum polulla chila parisodhanaa kambanikal vishayangalumayi oru svakaaryatha kararillathe saambilukalum phalangalum swantham upayogathinaayi nilanirthunnu.
autosomal dna parishodhanakalkk bandhangal thirichariyaan kazhiyum, pakshe avaa thettayi vyaakhyaanikkaam. udaaharanathinu, stem sell allengil asthi majjayude traansplaant daathaavumaayi poruthappedum. koodaathe, samana erattakalkku (samana dna ullavarkku) apratheekshitha phalangal nalkaan kazhiyum.
asaadhaaranamaaya parivartthanangal, rahasya datthedukkalukal, pithrthvamallaatha sambhavangal (athaayath, vaii-dna vamshavali pithaavil ninnu makanilekkulla parisodhana enniva) enniva moolam undaakunna sankeernathakal velippeduthiyekkaam.iii., oru thalamurayil pithavaayi kanakkaakkappedunna pithaav janana rekhakal soochippikkunna pithavalla). american sosaitti oof human janithakashaasthrathinte vamshaparambarayum vamshaparambarayum parishodhikkunna task fozhsu parayunnathanusarichu, autosomal testtukalkku paarambaryamaayi labhikkathathinaal vidoora poorvvikaril ninnulla dnaude "valia bhagangal" kandethaan kazhiyilla.
vamseeya parishodhanakalkkayi dna testtukalude upayogam vardhichuvarunna janapreethikkoppam, vamseeya kanakkukoottalukalile anishchithathvangalum pishakukalum janithaka vamshaavaliyude oru poraaymayaanu. bhookhandathalathile vamsheeyathayude kanakkukal krithyamaayirikkanam (kizhakkan eshyayum america ozhike), upa-bhookhanda kanakkukal, prathyekichu europil, palappozhum krithyamalla. esttimettukalude anishchithathvangalekkurichum pishakukalekkurichum upabhokthaakkale thettayi ariyichekkaam.
chilar sarkarino allengil mattu niyanthranatthilulla vamshaparambara parisodhanaykko shupaarsha cheythittundu, ithu amgeekritha nilavaaratthil athinte prakadanam urappaakkunnu.
niravadhi niyama nirvvahana ejansikal nirbandhikkaan niyama nadapadikal sweekarichu
janithaka vamshavali kambanikal colled cases kuttakrithya irakalumaayo kuttavaalikalumaayo poruthappedaan kazhiyunna janithaka vivarangal puratthirakkum. niravadhi kambanikal eee abhyarthanakale ethirthu.
medical vivarangal.
vamshavali dna parisodhanakal pradhaanamaayum medical aavasyangalkkaayi roopakalppana cheythittillenkilum, noorukanakkinu paarambarya medical avasthakalude saadhyatha vishakalanam cheyyaan autosomal dna parisodhanakal upayogikkaam, ennirunnaalum phalam manasilakkaan sankeernavum vidagtharallaatha oraale aashayakkuzhappathilaakkiyaaki. 23andme avarude vamshavali dna parisodhanayil ninnu medical, swabhaava savisheshathakal nalkunnu, koodaathe medical vivarangalkkayi promethese websait famili trea dna, 23andme allengil oordardieneyil ninnulla vamshavali dna testt daatta vishakalanam cheiyunnu. promethese athinte gaveshana prabandhamaaya crolling daattaabes snpeedia saankethika sankeernathaykkum upayokthaakkalkkidayil thettidhaaranakalkkum ashayakkuzhappathinum paribhranthikkum kaaranamakunna mosham nirvachikkapetta "magnitude" scalinum vimarsanangal nerittu.
kooduthal medical vivarangal velippeduthiyekkaavinnathu poornna emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii, vaii. dii. enn. eiii seekwansukalude parisodhana ippozhum oru paridhivare vivaadaparamaanu. udaaharanathinu, vaii-dna marker diss464-nte abhavavum vandhyathayum, mtdna haplogroup echu-umm sepsisil ninnulla samrakshanavum thammil oru parasparabandham nilanilkkunnu. chila janasamkhyaa grouppukalil chila haaplogrooppukale deerghaayussumaayi bandhippichittundu. linkej asamathva mekhala, oru prathyeka mitocondrial vamshavumaayi janithaka vaikalyangalude asamamaya bandham, athinte shaishavaavasthayilaanu, ennaal bandhippichirikkunna mitocondrial mutationukal genome daattaabes maittomaappil tirayan kazhiyum. famili trea dnaude emtiful sequence testt poornna mtdna genome vishakalanam cheiyunnu, koodaathe deseeya human genome research instittyoott janithakavum apoorvavumaaya roga vivara kendram pravarthippikkunnu, ithu uchithamaaya screening testt thirichariyunnathinum atharam parisodhana vaagdaanam cheiyunna aduthulla medical sentar kandethaan sahayikkunnathinum upabhokthaakkale sahayikkum.
vamshavali softweyaril dna.
famili trea maker, legazy famili trea (delux edition), sweedish prograam jenni thudangiya chila vamshavali software prograamukal dna marker testt phalangal recorducheyyan anuvadikkunnu. ithu vaii-chromosome, emm. tii. dii. enn. eiii parisodhanakal tracucheyyanum bandhukkalkkayi phalangal rekhappeduthaanum anuvadikkunnu.

