
prathyeka samvidaanam

thadavukaare eakaantha thadavil vaykkuka enna thathwathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla jayil maanejmentinte oru roopamaanu prathyeka samvidaanam. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil aadyamaayi avatharippichappol, atharamoru jayil allengil "jayil" yude lakshyam jayil surakshayeppole thanne thadavukaar avarude kuttakrithyangaleyum perumaattattheyum nishabdamaayi prathifalippichukondu thadavilaakkuka ennathaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi, "prathyeka samvidaanam" enna padam atharam oru samvidaanathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi nirmmicha oru prathyeka tharam jayil vaasthuvidya soochippikkaan upayogikkunnu. 
aadyakaala britiish jayilukal.
landanile westminstarile milbaankilulla oru jayilayirunnu milbank jayil. ithu yadhaarthathil deseeya jayilayi nirmmichathaanu, athinte charithratthinte oru bhaagamaayi oostreliyayilekku kondupokunnathinu munbu sikshikkappetta thadavukaarkkulla oru holding soukaryamaayi ithu pravarthichu. 1816ll thurakkukayum 1890ll adachupoottukayum cheythu.
vadakkan landanile baansbari pradeshathe pentanville jayilil anchu vikiranam cheiyunna chirakukalulla oru central haal undaayirunnu, ellaam madhyathilulla jeevanakkaarkk drishyamaayirunnu. 1842ll thuranna ithinu 520 thadavukaarkkaayi prathyeka sellukalundaayirunnu.
kizhakkan samsthaana jayilukal pathonpathaam noottaandile niravadhi jayilukalude adisthaanam.
1829ll pensylvaniayile philadelphiyayil sthaapicha kizhakkan samsthaana jayilayirunnu prathyeka samvidaanamanusarichu amerikkayil nirmmicha aadyathe jayil. athinte roopakalppana pinneedu lokamembaadumulla 300 ladhikam jayilukal pakarthi. pensylvania samvidaanam" allengil prathyeka samvidaanam ennu vilikkappedunna athinte viplavakaramaaya thadankal samvidaanam, punaradhivaasatthinte oru roopamaayi thadavukaare parasparam verthirikkunnathu uthbhavikkukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. 
central haalil ninnu verthirichathum valia loha baarukalal parasparam verthirikkappettathumaya niravadhi (naalu muthal ettu vare) jayil blokkukalude chirakukalulla oru central haal oru prathyeka sisttam jayilinte pothuvaaya savisheshathakalil ulppedunnu. ellah jayil blokkukalum kendratthil nilayurappichirikkunna jayil jeevanakkaarkk drishyamaakumbol, jeevanakkar oro jayil blokkukalil praveshikkunnillenkil vyakthigatha cellukal kaanaan kazhiyilla. ithu panopttikkon jayilukalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. 
jayil blokkukalkkum jayil matilinum edayilulla edangal vyayaama muttangalayi upayogikkunnu. prathyeka samvidaanam aadyamaayi avatharippichappol, thadavukaare vyaayaamasamayath polum eakaantha thadavil paarppikkendivannu; thalphalamaayi eee yardukalkkullil paanoptikkon shailiyilulla gadanakal sthaapikkappettu, athil oru gaard posttine cheruthum sell polullathum oraalkk mathramullathumaaya vyayaama "yardukal" kondu chuttappettirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathode, kooduthal thuranna-saamudaayikamaanenkil-vyaayaamakendrangalkku anukoolamaayi eee gadanakal neekkam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, landanile pentanville polulla chila jayilukalil, vargeeya vyayaama velayil polum, thadavukaar nishabdamaayi mask dharikkendathund.
pathonpathaam noottaand muthalulla eee prathyeka samvidaana jayilukalil palathilum innum thadavukaar thaamasikkunnath thudarunnu; koodaathe, prathyeka samvidaanam aadhunika jayil vaasthuvidya swaadheenikkunnathu thudarunnu.
mattu gadakangal.
thadavukaarude vyakthithvam nasippikkunnathinum (angane addehathe niyantrikkaan eluppamaakkunnathinum) janasaandrathayulla jayilukalil thazhachuvalarnna "criminal upasamskaarathe" thakarkkunnathinum eee shiksha sthaapanangalude designermar sanyasi eakaantha thadavil vanthothil aakarshichu.
prathyeka samvidaanamulla jayilukalil thadavilakkappetta thadavukaarude ennam kuraykkukayum avarude perukalum mukhangalum munkaala charithrangalum illaathaakkukayum cheythu. eee thadavukaarude melnottam vahicha kaavalkkarkkum wardermark avarude pero kuttakrithyangalo ariyillaayirunnu, avarodu samsaarikkunnathil ninnu vilakkapettu. thadavukaar oru sellil ninnu purathukadakkumbol avare moodukayum avarude kaalppaadukal mangikkaan felttad shoos polum dharikkukayum cheythu. athinte phalam oru viddithamaaya anusaranavum "criminal samoohathe" thakartha oru nishkriya dishaabodhavumaayirunnu."victorian kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil oru goal aayi upayogichirunna jayil chappalaaya linkon kottayilekkum bharanam vyaapichu, athil thadavukaarkku ellaavarkkum chapline kaanaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe parasparam kaananaayilla. niravadhi kuttavaalikale oostreliyayilekku kondupoya tasmaniayile portt aartharile jayil chappalilum ithu upayogichirunnu.
athum kaanuka.
samanamaayatho anubandhamo aaya tharatthilulla thadavukal, jayilukal ennivayil iva ulppedunnu
kooduthal vaayana.
<bii. aarr.>