
jorjju berkley

jorjju berkley (; 12 march 1685-14 januvari 1753)-bishop berkley (irelandile aamglikan sabhayude cloin bishop) ennariyappedunna oru anglo-airish thathwachinthakanaayirunnu, addehathinte praadhamika nettam addeham "abhouthikatha" ennu vilikkunna oru sidhaanthathinte purogathiyaayirunnu (pinneedu mattullavar "aathmanishta aadarshavaadam" ennu paraamarshichu). eee sidhaantham bhauthika padaarthatthinte nilanilpp nishedhikkukayum pakaram meshakalum kaserakalum polulla parichithamaaya vasthukkal manass manassilakkunna aashayangalaanennum athinte falamaayi, manassilaakkathe nilanilkkaan kazhiyillennum vaadikkunnu. amoorthathvathekkurichu vimarsanathinum berkley ariyappedunnu, ithu abhouthikathayekkurichulla addehathinte vaadathile oru pradhana aamukhamaanu.
1709-ll berkley thante aadyathe pradhana kruthi prasidheekarichu, athil addeham manushya kaazhchayude parimithikalekkurichu charcha cheyyukayum sariyaaya kazhcha vasthukkal bhauthika vasthukkalalla, marichu prakashavum niravumaanu enna sidhaantham munnott kondupookukayum cheythu. 1710-ll addehathinte pradhana daarshanika kruthiyaaya "manushya arivinte thathwangalekkurichulla oru grandham", athinte mosham sveekaaryathaykku sesham addeham sambhaashana roopathil veendum ezhuthukayum 1713-ll "hailas philones thammilulla moonnu sambhashanangal" enna peril prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. eee pusthakatthil berkleyude kaazhchappaadukale philones (greeka "manassine snehikkunnavan") prathinidheekarikkunnu, athesamayam hailas ("hail", greeka "dravyam") airish chinthakante athiraalikale, prathyekichu joonn lokke ulkkollunnu.
1721ll prasidheekaricha "dii mottu" ("oonn moshan") enna pusthakatthil isak nyoottante samboornna idam, samayam, chalanam ennee sidhanthathinethire berkley vaadichu. addehathinte vaadangal ernst maakkinteyum albert ainsteenteyum kaazhchappaadukalude munnodiyaayirunnu. 1732-ll addeham swathanthrachinthakarkethir oru kristhyan shamaapanamaaya "aalsiphron" prasidheekarikkukayum 1734-ll ganithashaasthrathinte vikasanathil swaadheenam cheluthiya kaalkkulasinte aditharayekkurichulla vimarsanamaaya "dhii analyst" prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu.
irupathaam noottaandil thathwachinthaykku paramapradhaanamaaya thaalpparyamulla niravadhi prasnangal, athaayath daaranayude prasnangal, praadhamikavum dvitheeyavumaaya gunangal thammilulla vyathyasam, bhaashayude praadhaanyam enniva addeham kaikaaryam cheythathinaal randaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham berkleyude kruthikalodulla thaalparyam vardhichu.
jeevacharitram.
ireland.
anglo-saaksan kaalaghattatthil ninnu thirichariyaan kazhiyunna berkleyile kuleena kudumbatthile kedattaaya vilyam berkleyude mootha makan englandile glousesteril fudal prabhukkanmaraayum bhoovudamakalaayum sevanamanushtichayaalumaaya irelandile kaundi kilkkenni, thomasttauninaduthulla desart kottayile kudumba veettilaanu berkley janichathu. addehathinte ammayekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. kilkkenni collegil vidyaabhyaasam nediya addeham trinity collegil chernnu, avide 1702ll oru pandithanaayi thiranjedukkappettu, 1704ll bii. eiii. yum 1707ll emm. eiii. yum fellowship labhichu. tutor, greak lakcharar ennee nilakalil birudam poortthiyaakkiya sesham addeham trinity collegil thudarnnu.
addehathinte aadyakaala prasidheekaranam ganithashaasthrathekkurichuri, ennaal 1709-ll aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha addehathinte "berkley" aayirunnu addehathinte shradha nediya aadya prasidheekaranam. lekhanathil, berkley drishya dooram, vyaapthi, sthaanam, kaazhchayudeyum sparshanathinteyum prasnangal enniva parishodhikkunnu. eee kruthi akkaalat valareyadhikam vivaadangal uyarthiyappol, athinte nigamanangal ippol optiks sidhaanthathinte oru sthaapitha bhaagamaayi amgeekarikkappedunnu.
1710-ll prasidheekaricha adutha prasidheekaranam "manushya arivinte thathwangalekkurichulla prabandham" aayirunnu, athu valia vijayikkukayum addehathinu shaashvathamaaya prashasthi nalkukayum cheythu, ennirunnaalum manassinu purathu onnum illa enna addehathinte sidhaantham valare kurachu perr amgeekarichu. ithinethudarnnu 1713-ll "hailas philones thammilulla moonnu sambhashanangal" nadannu, athil addeham thante thathwashaasthra sambradaayam munnottuvachu, athinte pradhana thathwam nammude indriyangal prathinidheekarikkunnathu lokam athinte nilanilppin thiricharivine aasrayichirikkunnu ennathaanu.
eee sidhaanthathinu, "thathwangal" vishadeekaranavum "sambhashanangal" prathirodhavum nalkunnu. thante kaalathe bhouthikavaadathe cherukkuka ennathaayirunnu addehathinte pradhana lakshyangalilonn. eee sidhaantham valia thothil parihaasathode sweekarikkappettuvenkum addehathinte "asaadhaaranamaaya prathibha" yeei amgeekaricha saamuval clark, vilyam visttan ennivareppolum addehathinte aadya thathwangal thettaanenn bodhyappettu.
englandum europe.
taamasiyaathe, berkley englandu sandarshikkukayum adison, poppu, steel ennivarude sarkkililekku sweekarikkappedukayum cheythu. 1714num 1720num edayilulla kaalayalavil, italiyude neelatthilum veethiyilum ithuvare etteduthittullathil vachu ettavum vipulamaaya gambheeramaaya paryadanangalilonnu ulppede europile vipulamaaya yaathrakalumaayi addeham thante academic parisramangalkku idayaakki. 1721-ll addeham irelandile sabhayil vishudha utharavukal sweekarikkukayum daivathvathil doktarettu nedukayum orikkalkkoodi trinity collegil thudaraan theerumaanikkukayum, ithavana daivathvathilum hebruvilum prabhashanam nadathukayum cheythu. 1724ll addehathe dromorinte deana deriyude deana niyamichu.
1723-ll, varshangalayi thante utta suhruthaayirunna jonathan swifttumaayulla akramasakthamaaya kalahathethudarnnu, esthar wanhomry (swift "vanesa" enna vilipperu srishtichayaal) baaristtar roobert marshalinoppam berkley thante saha-avakashiyaayi namakaranam cheythu; berklick cheruppatthil thanne avalude pithaavine ariyaamaayirunnuvenkilum avarkk randupereyum nannayi ariyaathathinaal avar legettikale thiranjedutthathu valareyadhikam athbhutham srishtichu. berkleyude anantharaavakaashathe thaan verukkunnillennum athil bhooribhaagavum oru kessilum aprathyakshamaayennum swift udaaramaayi paranju. swifttum vanesa thammilulla kathidapaadukal prasidheekarikkanamenna anantharaavakaasha vyavastha berkley marshel avaganicha oru katha orupakshe asathyamaan.
1725-ll, koolani mantrimaareyum missionarymaareyum parisheelippikkunnathinaayi bermuda oru koleju sthaapikkaanulla padhathi addeham aarambhichu, athinaayi 1100 poundu varumaanamulla thante deanary upekshichu.
vivaahavum america.
1728-ll addeham airish pothu harjikalil cheef justisaayirunna joonn forstarinteyum forstarinte aadya bhaarya rebecca monkinteyum makalaaya aan forstarine vivaham kazhichu. thudarnnu prathivarsham 100 poundu shambalathil addeham amerikkayilekku pooyi. addeham rooad dveepile newportinu sameepam ethi, avide addeham midu launil oru thottam vaangi-prashasthamaaya "whitehall". thottatthil jolie cheiyunnathinaayi berkley niravadhi adimakalaaya aafrikkakkaare vaangi. 2023-ll, dablinile trinity koleju berkleyude adima udamasthathayum adimathathe sajeevamaayi prathirodhichathum kaaranam athinte oru libraryil ninnu berkleyude peru neekkam cheythu.
vaitthaalile rooad dveepile thante veedinte vaathil kesinaayi vilyam kentinte "design oof ineego johns" ll ninnu oru design kadameduthu addeham amerikkayil palladianism konduvannuvennu avakaashappedunnu."american chhaayaachithra chithrakalayude sthaapaka pithavaayi pothuve kanakkaakkappedunna italiyil thaan kandethiya scotish kalakaaranaaya joonn smibertineyum addeham nyoo englandilekku konduvannu. athesamayam, bermuda nirmmikkaan thaan padhathiyitta anuyojyamaaya nagaratthinaayi addeham padhathikal thayyarakki. thante koleju varunnathinulla panatthinaayi kaathirikkave addeham thottatthil thaamasichu. ennaal, fund vannilla. "swantham bodhyappeduthunna oorjjam landanil ninnu pinvalichathode, ethirppu shakti praapichu; pradhaanamantri walpaul kramanugathamaayi kooduthal samshayaathmakanum mandabudhanumaayi valarnnu. oduvil avashya paarlamentari graant varillennu vyakthamavukayum 1732ll addeham america vittu landanilekku madangukayum cheythu.
adhehathinum annaykkum shaishavaavasthayil ninnu athijeevicha naalu kuttikalundaayirunnu henry, jorj, vilyam, juuliya, koodaathe shaishavathil thanne maricha mattu rund kuttikalum. 1751-ll vilyaminte maranam pithaavin valia dukhamundaakki.
irelandile episcopate.
1734 januvari 18nuu ireland palliyile cloin bishappayi berkley naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. 1734 meyy 19nuu addeham vishudhanaayi. 1753 januvari 14nuu marikkunnathuvare addeham cloin bishappayirunnu, ennirunnaalum addeham ooksfoordil vachu marichu (chuvade kaanuka).
maanushika pravartthanangal.
landanile saaville streettil thaamasikkumbol, nagaratthile upekshikkappetta kuttikalkkayi oru veedu srishtikkaanulla sramangalil addeham pankedutthu. 1739ll royal charter sthaapicha foundling ashupatri, berkley athinte yadhaartha gavarnarmaaril oralaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu.
avasaanathe kruthikal.
addehathinte avasaanathe rund prasidheekaranangal "sirisa tarwaterinte gunangalekkurichulla daarshanika prathiphalanangaludeyum anweshanangaludeyum oru shringhala, orumichu bandhappettathum onnil ninnu mattonn uthbhavikkunnathumaya mattu vishayangal" (1744), "taar-vattarinekkurichulla kooduthal chinthakal" (1752) ennivayaayirunnu. charmmatthile murivukalil prayogikkumbol pine taar phalapradamaaya aantiseptik, anunashini aanu, ennaal rogangalkkulla vishalamaaya prathividhiyayi pine taar upayogikkanamennu berkley vaadichu. 1744ll berkleyude jeevithakaalathu addehathinte taar-vattarinekkurichulla rachanakal addehathinte mattethoru pusthakathekkaalum kooduthal koppikal vittazhichu.
1752ll viramikkunnathuvare addeham cloyinil thudarnnu. bhaaryaykkum makal jooliyaykkumoppam addeham makan jorjinoppam thamasikkaanum vidyaabhyaasathinte melnottam vahikkanum oxfordilekku pooyi. taamasiyaathe addeham marikkukayum ooksfoordile kraist charchu cathedralil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. addehathinte vaathsalyapoornamaaya manobhaavavum manyamaaya perumattavum addehathe samakaalikaril palarum valareyadhikam snehikkukayum ooshmalamaayi bahumanikkukayum cheythu. aan thante bharthaavinekkaal varshangal kooduthal jeevichu, 1786-ll marichu.
thathwashaasthrathinulla sambhavanakal.
aathmaav", "ashayam" ennee aashayangalude upayogam berkleyude thathwashaasthrathil kendramaanu. addeham upayogichathupole, eee ashayangal aadhunika padaprayogatthilekku vivarthanam cheyyaan prayaasamaan. aathmaav" enna addehathinte ashayam "bodhapoorvamaaya vishayam" allengil "manass" enna ashayathodu aduthaanu, koodaathe "ashayam" enna ashayam "samvedanam" allengil "maanasikavastha" allengil "bodhapoorvamaaya anubhavam" enna ashayathodu aduthaanu.
athinaal berkley oru metaafisikkal padaarthamaayi dravyathinte nilanilpp nishedhichu, pakshe apple allengil parvathangal polulla bhauthika vasthukkalude nilanilpp nishedhichilla ("indriyathiloodeyo prathiphalanathiloodeyo namukk manassilakkaan kazhiyunna oru vasthuvinteyum nilanilppinethire njaan vaadikkunnilla. njaan ente annukal kondu kaanukayum ente kaikal kondu sparsikkukayum cheiyunna karyangal nilanilkkunnu, sarikkum nilanilkkunnu, njaan ettavum kuranja chodyam chodikkunnilla. thathwachinthakar dravyam allengil bhauthika padaartham ennu vilikkunna oreyoru kaaryamaan naam nishedhikkunnathu. ithu cheyyumbol, bakkiyulla manushyavargathinu oru kedupaadum sambhavikkunnilla, avar orikkalum athu nashtappedutthillennu njaan dhairyathode parayunnu."," thathwangal "#35). berkleyude chinthayude eee adisthaana avakaashavaadamaaya addehathinte "aadarshavaadam" chilappol "abhouthikavaadam" allengil, chilappol, aathmanishtamaaya aadarshavaadam ennu vilikkappedunnu. thathwangal" #3 ll, laattin, engleesh ennivayude samyojanam upayogichu addeham ezhuthi, "ese ees persippi" (manassilaakkendathu), mikkappozhum berkley shudhamaaya laattin vaakyamaya ese esttu persippi ennu alppam thettayi aaropikkunnu. aadhikaarika daarshanika srothassukalil eee vaachakam addehavumaayi bandhappettathayi kaanapedunnu, udha.jii., berkley abhipraayappedunnathu, atharam manass-swathanthramaaya kaaryangalonnumillenn, prashasthamaaya vaakyathil," ese esttu persippi (oottoo persipper) "-manassilakkendathaanu (allengil manassilakkendathaanu)."
athinaal, manushya arivu rund gadakangalaayi churungunnu aathmaavinteyum aashayangaludeyum ("thathwangal" #86). ashayangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru aathmaavine thirichariyaan kazhiyilla. ashayangal manassilakkunna oru vyakthiyude aathmaav aantharika vikaarathiloodeyo prathiphalanathiloodeyo ("thathwangal" #89) avabodhapoorvvam manassilakkanam. berkley sambandhichidatholam, namukk aathmaakkalekkurich nerittulla 'ashayam' illa, mattu aathmaakkalude nilanilppil vishwasikkaan namukk nalla kaaranamundengilum, avayude nilanilpp anubhavathil naam kandethunna uddeshyapoornamaaya kramangale vishadeekarikkunnu ("mattu aathmaakkalude nilanilpp avarude pravarthanangaliloodeyo allengil nammil aaveshabharitharaaya avarude aashayangaliloodeyo allathe namukk arian kazhiyillennu vyakthamaan," sambhashanangal "). mattu manassinte prashnathinu berkley nalkunna parihaaramaanith. avasaanamaayi, lokathekkurichum prathyekichu prakrithiyekkurichum ulla nammude muzhuvan anubhavathinteyum kramavum uddeshyabodhavum aaa kramatthinu kaaranamakunna angeyattam shakthavum budhiparavumaaya oru aathmaavinte nilanilppil vishwasikkaan namme prerippikkunnu. berkley parayunnathanusarichu, aaa baahyaathmaavinte gunavisheshathakalekkurichulla prathiphalanam athine daivavumaayi thirichariyaan namme nayikkunnu. athinaal apple polulla oru bhauthika vasthuvil aashayangalude (aakruthi, niram, ruchi, bhauthika gunangal muthalaayava) oru shekharam adangiyirikkunnu.) daivathinte aathmaav manushyarude aathmaavil undaakkunnu.
daivashaasthram.
kristhumathatthinte vishwastha anuyayiyaaya berkley, nammude ellah anubhavangaludeyum udanadi kaaranamaayi daivam undennu vishwasichu.
daivathinte asthithvathinte berkleyude thelivu ithaa
tii. aii. oysarmaan vishadeekarichu
kaalatthinte poornnathayode sarvakalaashaalayude chathushkonatthil oru vrukshathinte valarchayilekku nayicha neutonian yanthrangalude vidoora enchineeyaralla daivam ennu berkley vishwasichu. pakaram, vrikshathekkurichulla dhaarana ennathu daivathinte manass manassil uthppaadippicha oru aashayamaanu, koodaathe "aarum" illaathappol vruksham chathushkonatthil nilanilkkunnu, kaaranam daivam ellaavareyum manassilakkunna ananthamaaya manass aanu.
kaaryakaaranathvavum vasthunishtathayum sambandhicha david hyoominte thathwachintha berkleyude thathwachinthayude mattoru vashathinte vishadeekaranamaanu. eiii.eiii. irupathaam noottaandile ettavum pramukhanaaya berkley pandithanaaya loose, berkleyude thathwachinthayude thudarchaykku nirantharam oonnal nalki. berkley thante jeevithathiludaneelam thante pradhana kruthikalilekku madangiyethi, cheria mattangal maathram varuthi parishkaricha pathippukal puratthirakki enna vastutha, addehathinu oru pradhana wolt-mukham nalkunna eathoru sidhaanthathinum virudhamaanu.
aapekshika vaadangal.
oru vasthuvine athinte praadhamikavum dvitheeyavumaaya gunangalaal nirvachikkunnuvennu joonn loock (berkleyude boudhika mungamiyaaya) parayunnu. addeham thaapathe dvitheeya gunanilavaaratthinte udaaharanamaayi edukkunnu. ningal oru kaii oru bucket thanutha vellathilum maruvasham oru bucket cheruchooduvellathilum vechaal, rund kaikalum oru bucket cheruchooduvellathil vaykkuka, ningalude oru kaii vellam thanuthathaanennum mattonn vellam choodullathaanennum parayum. rund vyathyastha vasthukkal (ningalude rund kaikalum) vellam choodullathum thanuppullathumaanennu manassilakkunnathinaal, choodu vellathinte gunanilavaaramallenn lokke parayunnu.
praadhamika gunangale dvitheeya gunangalil ninnu verthirichariyaan loock eee vaadam upayogikkumbol, berkley praadhamika gunangale athe reethiyil ulkkollaan ithu vipuleekarikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, valippam ennathu oru vasthuvinte gunanilavaaramallenn addeham parayunnu, kaaranam vasthuvinte valuppam nireekshakanum vasthuvum thammilulla dooratheyo nireekshakante valuppatheyo aasrayichirikkunnu. oru vasthu vyathyastha nireekshakare apekshichu vyathyastha valuppamullathinaal, valuppam vasthuvinte gunanilavaaramalla. berkley samanamaaya oru vaadathode aakruthi nirasikkukayum thudarnnu chodikkukayum cheiyunnu praadhamika gunangalo dvitheeya gunangalo vasthuvintethallenkil, naam nireekshikkunna gunangalekkaal kooduthal mattenthenkilum undennu namukk engane parayaan kazhiyum?
vasthunishtavum saarvathrikavumaaya sathyam illa enna aashayamaanu aapekshikatha; oru swatantra vasthuvinte nilanilpp mattonnine maathram aasrayikkunna aashrithathvathinte avasthayaanu ithu. loock anusarichu, praadhamika gunangalude savisheshathakal roopam, valippam muthalaayava manassine swathanthramaakkunnu.randaam gunangal manassine aasrayichirikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, ruchiyum niravum. praadhamikavum dvitheeyavumaaya gunangalekkurichulla joonn lokkinte vishwaasam jorjju berkley nishedhichu, kaaranam berkley vishwasichirunnathu "namukk praadhamika gunangal amoorthamaakkaan kazhiyilla (udha.g aakruthi) dvitheeyangalil ninnu (udha.jii niram). kaazhchappaad nireekshakanum vasthuvum thammilulla doorathe aashrayichirikkunnuvennu athinaal, "(svayam) niramillaathathum ennaal vipulamayathumaaya mccanist bhauthika vasthukkalekkurich namukk sangalppikkaan kazhiyilla" ennum berkley vaadichu. manassilaakkunnath ore tharatthilulla gunamayirikkum, ennaal vyathyastha sthaanangalum dhaaranakalum kaaranam parasparam thikachum vipareethamaanu, ore tharatthilulla karyangal vipareeta gunangal adangiyirikkumbol polum nammal manassilaakkunnath vyathyasthamayirikkum. oru vasthuvinte niram aaa vasthuvine thanne thirichariyaan aalukale nayikkunnathupolulla oru vasthuvinte praadhamika gunangalekkurichulla aalukalude sangalppathinu dvitheeyagunangal sahayikkunnu. kooduthal vyakthamaayi paranjaal, apple, stroberry, thakkaali ennivayil chuvapp niram kaanaan kazhiyum, ennirunnaalum ivayude niramillaathe iva enganeyaayirikkumennu namukkariyilla. chuvapp peyinto allengil chuvapp niramulla eathenkilum vasthuvo nilavilundenkil chuvapp niram enganeyaayirikkumennu namukkariyilla. ithil ninnu, nirangalkk svanthamaayi nilanilkkaan kazhiyillennum avaykku oru koottam manassilakkaavunna vasthukkale maathram prathinideekarikkaan kazhiyumennum namukk kaanaan kazhiyum. athinaal, praadhamikavum dvitheeyavumaaya gunangal manassine aasrayichirikkunnu avaa nammude manassillathe nilanilkkilla.
yukthivaadatheyum "classical" anubhavavaadatheyum ethirtha oru thathwachinthakanaayirunnu jorjju berkley. yaadhaarthyam poornnamaayum abhouthikavum bodhapoorvavumaaya manassukalil ninnum avarude ashayangalil ninnum nirmmichathaanennu vishwasicha oru "aathmanishta aadarshavaadiyo" "anubhavaparamaya aadarshavaadiyo" aayirunnu addeham; nilanilkkunnathellam vishayam ozhike, vishayam manassilaakkunnathine aasrayichirikkunnu. mattu pala thathwachinthakarum, prathyekichu plaatto, nilavilundennu vishwasikkunna amoortha vasthukkalude nilanilpp addeham nishedhichu. berkley parayunnathanusarichu, "oru amoortha vasthu sthalatho samayatho nilavililla, athinaal athu poornnamaayum bhouthikamallaathathum maanasikamallaathathumaanu"; ennirunnaalum, eee vaadam addehathinte aapekshika vaadathinu virudhamaanu. ese esttu persippi" (nilanilkkuka ennathu manassilakkuka ennaanu laattin ardham) shariyaanenkil, berkley nadatthiya aapekshikatha vaadathile vasthukkal nilanilkkumo illayo ennu nokkaam. manassinte dharana manassilakkunna athmaavum maathramaan yaadhaarthyathil nilanilkkunnathenn berkley vishwasichu; aalukal ellah divasavum manassilaakkunnath oru vasthuvinte nilanilppinekkurichulla ashayam maathramaan, pakshe vasthukkal svayam thirichariyappedunnilla. chila samayangalil, vasthukkal engane svayam manassilakkaan kazhiyilla, swantham manassinu engane vasthukkal manassilakkaan kazhiyilla ennathum berkley charcha cheythu. ennirunnaalum, sarvvanjanum sarvvanjanumaaya daivavum athmaavum ulkkollunnuvennu berkley vishwasikkunna oru "sarvvyaapiyaaya, nithyamaaya manasse" nilavilundu. berkleyude abhipraayathil, ellaam niyanthrikkunna sathayaanu daivam, ennittum berkley "amoorthamaaya vasthukkal [kall] sthalathilo samayathilo nilavililla" ennum vaadichu. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, warnercock vaadikkunnathupole, "aathmaavinekkurichum nammude manassinekkurichum daivathekkurichum thante swantham samsaaravumaayi poruthappedaan thanikk kazhiyillennu berkley thiricharinju; kaaranam iva indriyangalude idayil allah, marichu avayude dhaaranakalude idayil ullavayalla. athinaal addeham durbalamaayum vyakthathayillathe parayunnu, nammude aashayangalkk purame namukk "ashayangalum" undu-"aathmaakkaleyum" avayude pravarthanangaleyum kurichu samsaarikkunnath enthaanu ardhamaakkunnathennu namukkariyam."
ennirunnaalum, aapekshikathayude vaadam abhouthikatha enna ashayathe lamghikkunnu. engleeshil "ese esttu persippi (oottoo persiper)" ennu vilikkendathu manassilaakkenda (allengil manassilaakkenda) aanennu berkleyude abhouthikatha vaadikkunnu. athaayath, manassilakkunnathum manassilakkunnathum maathrame yaadhaarthyamaakoo, nammude dharanayo daivathinte dharanayo illaathe onnum yaadhaarthyamaakilla. ennirunnaalum, berkleyude aapekshika vaadavum oru vasthuvinte dhaarana vyathyastha sthaanangale aashrayichirikkunnuvennu vaadikkukayaanenkil, ithinartham manassilaakkunnath onnukil yaadhaarthyamaakaam allengil allah ennaayirikkum, kaaranam aaa dhaarana muzhuvan chithravum muzhuvan chithravum kanikkunnilla. oraal madhyasthamaayi manassilaakkumbol, oraal oru ashayam mattonn manassilaakkunnathiloode manassilakkunnu" ennum berkley vishwasikkunnu. ithiloode, aadyam manassilaakkiyavayude maanadandangal vyathyasthamaanenkil, athinusesham manassilakkiyathum vyathyasthamaakumenn vishadeekarikkaam. mukalil vivaricha thaapabodhathil, oru kaii vellam choodullathaanennu manassilakki, maruvashathu aapekshikatha kaaranam vellam thanuthathaanennu manassilakki. aayirikkuka ennathu manassilakkendathaanu" enna ashayam prayogikkukayaanenkil, vellam thanuthathum choodullathumaayirikkanam, kaaranam rund dharana vyathyastha kaikalaanu manassilaakkunnath. ennirunnaalum, vellam ore samayam thanuthathum choodullathumaayirikkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam athu svayam virudhamaanu, athinaal ithu kaanikkunnath manassilaakkunnath ellaayppozhum shariyalla, kaaranam ithu chilappol vairudhyathinte niyamam lamghikkum. eee saahacharyathil, "vasthukkalude yadhaartha gunangalilekku manushyarkk prathyeka praveshanamundennu avakaashappedunnathu ekapaksheeyamaaya naravamshakendramaayirikkum". vyathyastha aalukalude sathyam vyathyasthamaayirikkam, aapekshikatha kaaranam manushyar samboornna sathyam axus cheiyunnathil parimithappettirikkunnu. churukkatthil, aapekshikatha kaaranam onnum poornnamaayum sathyamaakilla allengil rund vaadangal, manassilaakkendathum aapekshikatha vaadavum ellaayppozhum orumichu pravartthikkilla.
puthiya kazhcha sidhaantham.
oru puthiya kazhcha sidhaanthathodulla thante prabandhatthil", berkley opttik ezhuthukaarude kaazhchappaadukale palappozhum vimarshichu, molineux, valis, melbranch, descart enniva ulppedunna oru thalakkett. 1-51 vibhagangalil, berkley opttiksinte classical pandithanmarkkethire vaadichathu "speshyal depth, kaaranam grahikaye manassilakkunna vasthuvil ninnu verthirikkunna dooram adrishyamaanu" ennaanu. athaayath, nammal sthalam nerittu kaanukayo opttiksinte niyamangal upayogichu athinte roopam yukthisahamaayi kandethukayo cheiyunnilla. berkleyude idam ennathu sheelathiloode naam prathekshikkunna pathiv kramangalil drishyavum sparsana samvedanangalum parasparam pinthudarumenna oru aakasmika pratheekshayallathe matonnumalla.
oru vasthuvinte ekstenshan allengil 'ashayakkuzhappam' polulla vishwal soochakangal parokshamaayi dooram vilayiruthaan maathrame upayogikkaavoo ennu berkley vaadikkunnu, kaaranam kaazhchakkaaran vishwal soochakangale sparsana samvedanangalumaayi bandhappedutthaan padikkunnu. parokshamaaya doorabodhathekkurichulla berkley inipparayunna saamyam nalkunnu oraal oru vyakthiyude naanakkedu parokshamaayi manassilaakkunnathupole parokshamaayi dooram manassilakkunnu. lajjakulanaaya oru vyakthiye nokkumbol, aaa vyakthiyude mukhathe chuvapp niram kaanunnathiloode aaa vyakthi lajjikkunnuvennu parokshamaayi nammal anumaanikkunnu. iva randum thammil bandhippikkaan padichathinaal chuvanna mukham naanakkedine soochippikkunnuvennu anubhavathiloode namukkariyam.
bahiraakaashathinte drishyaparathayekkurichulla chodyam navothaana veekshana paarambaryatthinteyum speshyal depth enna chithraparamaaya praathinidhyangalude vikasanathil classical opttiksine ashrayikkunnathinum kendramaayirunnu. pathinonnam noottaandile arab bahushaasthranjanum ganithashaasthranjanumaaya alhazen (alle-hassen ibnu alle-haytam) pareekshanathmaka sandarbhangalil bahiraakaashathinte drishyaparatha sthireekarichappol muthal eee vishayam pandithanmaar charcha cheythirunnu. berkleyude kazhcha sidhaanthathil uyarnnuvanna eee prashnam mouris merleo-pondiyude "perseption oof phenomonology" yill, speshyal depthinekkurichulla ("laa profonture") vishwal perseption sthireekarikkunna pashchaathalatthil, berkleyude theesis nirasikkunnathiloode deerghamaayi kaikaaryam cheythu.
doorathinupurame valippathekurichulla dhaaranayekkurichum berkley ezhuthi. valippa-dhoora vyathyaasathil vishwasikkunnathaayi addeham palappozhum thettayi udharikkappedunnu-opttik ezhuthukaar pulartthunna oru kaazhchappaad. jyaamitheeya reethiyil doorathinanusarichu chithratthinte valuppam alakkuka ennathaanu eee ashayam. prashastha charitrakaaranum manasshaasthranjanumaaya iii. ennayaal kaaranam thettu saadhaaranamaayitheernnirikkam. jii. virasatha athu nilanirtthi. vaasthavathil, dooram unarthunna athe soochanakal valipavum unarthunnuvennum nammal aadyam valippam kaanukayum pinneedu dooram kanakkaakkukayum cheiyunnillennum berkley vaadichu. eee vishayathil berkleyude vaakkukal udharikkunnathu moolyavathaanu (sekshan 53):
eee thettilekku (jyamithiyaal oraale kaanappeduthunnathinte narmmathinupurame) manushyare chaayikkunnath, dooram soochippikkunna athe dhaaranakalo ashayangalo vyaapthiye soochippikkunnu ennathaanu... avar aadyam dooram nirddeshikkunnillenna njaan parayunnu, thudarnnu athu oru maadhyamamaayi upayogikkaan vidhinyaayathin viduka, athuvazhi vyaapthi shekharikkaam; ennaal avaykku dooratheppole vyapthiyumaayi aduthum udanadi bandhamund; avaa vyapthiyil ninnu swathanthramaayi dooram nirddeshikkunnathupole vyapthiyum nirddeshikkunnu.
sarjan vilyam chesseldon janmana thimiratthinaayi sasthrakriya nadatthiya 13 vayassulla aankuttiyude kazhcha veendedukkalinekkurichu 1728 leeii oru report thante vishwal sidhaanthangale "sharivacha"thaanennu berkley avakashappettu. 2021ll, cheseldante rogiyude peru aadyamaayi prasidheekarichu daniel dollins. dollinte kudumbatthe ariyunna berklick kavi alexander poppu, chesseldonte rogiye paricharicha carolin rajakumari ennivarulppede cheseldonumaayi niravadhi saamoohika bandhangalundaayirunnu. berkleyude swabhaavamulla bhasha upayogicha cheseldante peru thettayi ezhuthiya report berkley prethatthaal ezhuthappettathaayirikkaam. nirbhagyavashaal, dollinsinu orikkalum vaayikkaan kazhiyunnathra nannayi kaanaan kazhinjilla, koodaathe 30-aamm vayassil marikkunnathin munbu sasthrakriya dollinte kazhcha mechappeduthiyennathinni thelivukalonnumilla.
bhauthikashaasthrathinte thathwachintha.
"berkleyude kruthikal prakrithi thathwachinthayodulla addehathinte agadhamaaya thaalparyam prakadippikkunnu...] addehathinte aadyakaala rachanakal ("ganithashaasthram", 1707) muthal addehathinte ettavum puthiya rachanakal ("siris", 1744) vare. koodaathe, addehathinte thathwachinthayude bhooribhaagavum adisthaanaparamaayi roopappedunnathu addehathinte kaalathe shaasthravumaayulla edapedaliloodeyaanu."eee thaalpparyatthinte aazham berkleyude" "daarshanika vyaakhyaanangalile" "(1707-1708) niravadhi entrikalil ninnu vilayiruthaan kazhiyum".jii. "emm. misttar nyoottante princippiyayude ettaamathe nirvachanatthinte scholium parisodhikkukayum krithyamaayi charcha cheyyukayum cheyyuka."(#316)
nyoottan nirvachichathupole shakthikalum guruthwaakarshanavum "onnum vyakthamaayi prakadippikkaattha" "nigooda gunangal" roopappeduthunnuvennu berkley vaadichu. thangalkk ariyaathathum chalana thathwam ennu vilikkunnathumaaya oru bodiyil anjjaathamaaya enthengilum sthaapikkunnavar yadhaarthathil chalana thathwam anjjaathamaanennu prasthaavikkukayaanennu addeham abhiprayappettu."athinaal, "sajeevamaaya shakti, pravartthanam, chalana thathwam enniva yadhaarthathil shareerathilaanenn sthireekarikkunnavar anubhavathe adisthaanamaakkiyalla oru abhiprayam sweekarikkunnu."asaadhaaranamaaya lokath oridathum shakthikalum guruthwaakarshanavum nilaninnirunnilla. maruvashathu, avar "aathmaav" allengil "avyakthamaaya kaaryam" enna vibhaagathil vasikkunnundenkil, avaa oru dravyamenna nilayil "bhauthikashaasthrathil shariyaayi ulppedunnilla". angane, sakthikal eathenkilum tharatthilulla anubhavaparamaya nireekshanathinappuramaanennum sariyaaya shaasthrathinte bhagamaakaan kazhiyillennum berkley nigamanam cheythu. balatthinteyum guruthwaakarshanathinteyum "nigooda gunangale" paraamarshikkaathe chalanatheyum dravyatheyum vishadeekarikkunnathinula oru maargamaayi addeham thante adayaala sidhaantham nirddeshichu.
berkleyude razer.
berkleyude pradhana shaasthreeya kruthiyaaya "dii mottu" yekkurichulla padanatthil thathwachinthakanaaya kaal popper nirddeshicha yukthiyude niyamamaan berkleyude razer. berkleyude razer ookkaaminte resarinu samaanamaanengilum "kooduthal shakthamaan" ennaanu popper kanakkaakkunnath. shaasthreeya reethi lokathinte swabhaavathekkurichu namukk yadhaartha ulkkaazhcha nalkunnillennu prasthaavikkunna shaasthreeya nireekshanathekkurichulla angeyattatthe anubhavaparamaya kaazhchappaadine ithu prathinidheekarikkunnu. pakaram, shaasthreeya reethi lokathil nilanilkkunnathum pareekshanangaliloode nedunnathumaaya kramangalekkurichu vividha bhagika vishadeekaranangal nalkunnu. berkleyude abhipraayathil, sariyaaya metaafisikkal oohaapohangaliloodeyum yukthiyiloodeyum maathrame lokathinte swabhaavathe sameepikkaavoo. popper berkleyude resarine ingane samgrahikkunnu
bhauthikashaasthrathekkurislathu [berkleyude] vishakalanathinte oru pothu praayogika phalam-athine njaan "berkleyude razer" ennu vilikkaan nirddeshikkunnu-bhauthikashaasthrathil ninnu ellah avashya vishadeekaranangalum illaathaakkaan "oru munganana" anuvadikkunnu. avaykku ganithashaasthraparavum pravachanathmakavumaaya ulladakkam undengil avaye "kwa" ganithashaasthra sidhaanthangal amgeekarichekkaam (athesamayam avayude avashya vyaakhyaanam illaathaakkappedunnu). illengil avaa poornnamaayum ozhivaakkappettekkam. eee razer ookkaaminekkaal moorchayullathaanu manassilaakkappedunnava ozhikeyulla "ellah" gadakangalum thallikkalanjirikkunnu.
manushya arivinekkurichulla moonnu kaazhchappaadukal" enna thalakkettilulla athe pusthakatthile mattoru lekhanathil, roobert bellarmin, piyari duhem, ernst mack ennivarodoppam berkley oru upakarana thathwachinthakanaayi kanakkaakkanamenn popper vaadikkunnu. eee sameepanam anusarichu, shaasthreeya sidhaanthangalkku upayogapradamaaya saangalppikathakalude padavi undu, vasthuthakal vishadeekarikkaan lakshyamitulla upayogapradamaaya kandupiduthangal, sathyam ennu oru bhaavavumillathe. popper vaadyavaadathe mukalil soochippicha avashyavaadavumaayum swantham "vimarsanaathmaka yukthivaadavumaayum" thaarathamyam cheiyunnu.
ganithashaasthrathinte thathwachintha.
thathwachinthaykkulla addehathinte sambhaavanakalkk purame, ganithashaasthrathinte vikasanathilum berkley valare swaadheenam chelutthi, ennirunnaalum paroksha ardhathil. "berkley thante boudhika jeevithathinte aadya gattangal muthal ganithashaasthrathilum athinte daarshanika vyaakhyaanathilum shradhaaluvaayirunnu."
berkleyude "daarshanika vyaakhyaanangal" (1707-1708) ganithashaasthrathilulla addehathinte thaalpparyathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu
svayamsidham. namukk ariyaatha kaaryangalekkurichu oru nyaayeekaranavumilla. athinaal ananthamaaya kaaryangalekkurichu oru nyaayeekaranavumilla. (#354)
ganithathilum beejaganithathilum ninnu adayaalangal neekkam cheyth avasheshikkunnath enthaanennu praarthikkuka. (#767)
iva poornnamaayum vaakkaalullathum poornnamaayum upayogashoonyavumaaya shaasthrangalaan, pakshe manushyarude samoohathil prayogikkaan vendiyaanu. oohakkachavada arivilla, avayile aashayangalude thaarathamyavumilla. (#768)
1707ll berkley ganithashaasthrathekkurishulla rund prabandhangal prasidheekarichu. 1734-ll addeham "oru vishwaasamillaatha ganithashaasthranjane abhisambodhana cheytha oru prabhashanam" enna upasheershakathil "dhii analyst" enna kaalkkulasinte oru vimarsanam prasidheekarichu. britiish ganithashaasthrathinte charithratthile eee noottaandile ettavum manoharamaaya sambhavamaanithenn florian kajori eee grandhatthe visheshippichu."ennirunnaalum, berkley lebnisian calculusine thettayi manassilakkiyathaayi sameepakaala patanam soochippikkunnu. chodyam cheyyappedunna ganithashaasthranjan onnukil edmund hallie allengil isak nyoottan aanennu vishwasikkappedunnu-ennirunnaalum randaamathethu, eee prabhashanam marananantharamaayi abhisambodhana cheyyappettu, kaaranam nyoottan 1727 ll marichu. vishakalana vidagthan kaalkkulasinte aditharakalkkum thathwangalkkum nereyulla nerittulla aakramanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu, prathyekichu, newtonum lebnis calculus vikasippikkaan upayogicha flexon allengil ananthamaaya maattam enna ashayam. thante vimarshanathil, berkley calculus vidyaarthikalkku parichithamaaya "vittupoya alavukalude prethangal" enna vaachakam srishtichu. iyaan stuvaarttinte 'ivide ninnu ananthathayilekku' enna pusthakam addehathinte vimarshanathinte saaramsham ulkkollunnu.
daivathe thante aaradhakaril ninnu akattinirthunna daivavaadathinethiraaya parambaraagatha kristhumathatthinte prathirodhamaayi neutonian mekkaaniksinte mathaparamaya prathyaaghaathangalkkethiraaya thante vishalamaaya prachaaranatthinte bhaagamaayi kaalkkulasinekkurichula thante vimarshanathe berkley kanakkakki. neutonian, lebnisian calculus enniva chilappol positteev, poojyamallaatha alavukalaayum mattu thavana poojyathinu vyakthamaaya thulyamaaya samkhyayaayum ananthamaaya alavukal upayogichathayi addeham prathyekam nireekshichu. dhii analyst" ennathil berkleyude pradhana pooyint nyoottante calculusinum (calculusine adisthaanamaakkiyulla chalana niyamangalkkum) karsanamaaya saidhaanthika aditharakal illennathaayirunnu. addeham avakashappettu
matellaa shaasthrangalilum manushyar avarude nigamanangal theliyikkunnathu avarude thathwangaliloodeyaanu, allathe avarude thathwangal nigamanagaliloodeyalla. ennaal eee aswaabhaavikamaaya nadapadikramam ningal svayam anuvadikkukayaanenkil, athinte anantharafalamaayi ningal prachodanam ettedukkukayum prakadanatthodu vida parayukayum venam. ningal ithinu vidheyamaakukayaanenkil, ningalude adikaaram yukthiyudeyum shaasthrathinteyum pooyintukalil inii nayikkilla.
calculus yadhaartha loka sathyam nirmmichuvennu berkley samshayichilla; lalithamaaya bhauthikashaasthra pareekshanangalkk nyoottante reethi cheythuvennu avakaashappedunnathu cheythuvennu sthireekarikkaan kazhiyum. "ozhukkinte kaaranatthe nyaayeekaranatthiloode prathirodhikkaan kazhiyilla", ennaal berkleyude arivu nedunnathinulla mungananayulla reethiyaaya anubhavaparamaya nireekshanatthiloode phalangale prathirodhikkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, "ganithashaasthranjar thettaaya thathwangalil ninnu yadhaartha nirddeshangal kandethukayum nigamanathil sariyaayirikkukayum ennittum parisarathu thettu cheyyukayum venam" ennathu virodhaabhaasamaanennu berkley kandethi."" "vishakalana" "thil addeham" "thettu engane sathyam konduvarumennu kaanikkan shramichu, pakshe athinu shaasthrathe munnott konduvaraan kazhiyilla". athinaal, nyoottante shaasthrathin poornnamaayum shaasthreeyamaaya adisthaanathil athinte nigamanangale nyaayeekarikkan kazhinjilla, koodaathe prapanchatthinte mechanical, daivashaasthra maathrkaye yukthisahamaayi nyaayeekarikkan kazhinjilla.
berkley uyarthiya budhimuttukal ippozhum kaachiyude pravarthanangalil undaayirunnu, calculasinode ulla sameepanam ananthamaaya sameepanangaludeyum parimithiyekkurichulla aashayathinteyum samyojanamaayirunnu, oduvil addehathinte (ε, δ) sameepanathiloode warestrass avare avaganichu, ithu ananthamaaya sameepanangale mothatthil illaathaakki. aduthide, ebraham robinson 1966-leeii thante "noonn-staanderd analysis" enna pusthakatthil ananthamaaya reethikal karsanamaayi upayogikkaamenn kaanichu avaa punasthaapichu.
dhaarmika thathwachintha.
nishkriyamaaya anusaranathekkurichulla oru prabhashanam" (1712) enna laghulekha dhaarmikavum raashtreeyavumaaya thathwachinthaykku berkleyude pradhana sambhavanayaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
nishkriyamaaya anusaranathekkurichulla oru prabhaashanatthil", berkley "shiksha nadappaakkunnathine prathirodhikkathirikkaalanu kadama ulppede niyamatthinte nishedhaathmaka kalppanakal (nirodhanangal) paalikkendathu aalukalkk dhaarmika kadamayaanu" enna prabandhathe nyaayeekarikkunnu."ennirunnaalum," "pidichedukkunnavarudeyo bhranthanmaarudeyo" "kalppanakal naam paalikkendathillennum uyarnna adikaarikalodu onniladhikam avakaashavaadangal undengil aalukalkk vyathyastha paramonnatha adhikaarikale anusarikkamennum prasthaavikkunna eee vyapakamaaya dhaarmika prasthaavanaykk berkley apavaadamaanu".
prakrithiyude niyamangalil ninnu uruthirinja deductive thelivukalode berkley eee prabandhathe nyaayeekarikkunnu. onnamathaayi, daivam thikachum nallavanayathinaal, manushyarodu kalppikkunna anthyam nallathayirikkanamennum aaa lakshyam oru vyakthikk mathramalla, muzhuvan manushyavargathinum gunam cheyyanamennum addeham sthaapikkunnu. eee kalppanakal allengil niyamangal-nadappaakkukayaanenkil, manushyaraashiyude pothuvaaya yogyathayilekku nayikkumennathinaal, avaa sariyaaya kaaranathaal kandethaan kazhiyumennu athu soochippikkunnu-udaaharanathinu, paramonnatha adhikaarathe orikkalum prathirodhikkathirikkaalanu niyamam yukthiyil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu, kaaranam eee niyamam "namukkum samboornna kramakkedinum idayil nilakollunna oreyoru kaaryam" aanu. athinaal, eee niyamangal prakrithiyude niyamangal ennu vilikkam, kaaranam avaa prakrithiyude srashtaavaaya daivathil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. "paramasakthiye orikkalum athirkkaathirikkaanulla kadamakal, sathyaprathinjaykku keezhil kidakkuka enniva prakrithiyude eee niyamangalil ulppedunnu... allengil thinmayilninnu nanma varanayi thinma cheyyuka."
manushyaraashiyude nanma prolsaahippikkunnathi lakshyangalilekk pravartthikkunna oru dhaarmika niyamam uyarthippidikkendathu nammude kadamayaanennu athu prasthaavikkunnathupole, nishkriya anusaranathekkurichulla berkleyude sidhaanthathe orutharam 'daivashaasthraparamaaya upayogavaada' maayi oraalkk nokkaam. ennirunnaalum, 'saadhaarana' upayogathanthram enna ashayam adisthaanaparamaayi vyathyasthamaan, athu 'upayogathe baadhyathayudeyum eaka' aditharayaakkunnu '-athaayath, upayogathanthram ennathu prathyeka saahacharyangalil prathyeka pravartthanangal dhaarmmikamaayi anuvadaneeyamaano ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, athesamayam berkleyude sidhaantham eathu saahacharyathilum naam dhaarmika niyamangal paalikkanamo vendayo ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. udaaharanathinu, prathyeka saahacharyathinte velichathil praayogikathayude pravartthanam dhaarmmikamaayi anuvadaneeyamallaatha oru pravrithiye nyaayeekarichekkaamenkilum, berkleyude nishkriya anusarana sidhaantham dhaarmika bharanam lamghikkunnathu pole thonniyalum oru dhaarmika niyamam pinthudaraathirikkuka ennathu orikkalum dhaarmmikamaayi anuvadaneeyamallennu karuthunnu. chilappol, oru prathyeka saahacharyathile oru pravrithiyude anantharafalangal moshamaayirikkaamenkilum, aaa pravrithiyude pothuvaaya pravanathakal manushyarashi prayojanappeduthunnave berkley abhipraayappedunnu.
dhaarmikathayekkurichulla berkleyude kaazhchappaadukalude mattu pradhana uravidangal "aalsiphron" (1732), prathyekichu sambhashanangal (III), "majistrettukalodulla prabhashanam" (1738) ennivayaanu."nishkriyamaaya anusarana" ennathu bharana upayogathanthrathinte aadyakaala prasthaavanakalilonn ulkkollunnathil bhaagikamaayi sradheyamaanu.
abhouthikatha.
dravyam nilavililla enna jorjju berkleyude sidhaantham varunnath "vivekamulla karyangal indriyangalaal udanadi manassilaakkappedunnava maathramaan" enna vishwaasathil ninnaan."manushya arivinte thathwangal" enna thante pusthakatthil berkley parayunnu "indriyathinte ashayangal bhaavanayekkaal shakthavum sajeeva vyakthavumaan; avaa sthiravum chitayum yojip ullavayumaan."ithil ninnu namukk parayaan kazhiyum, nammal manassilakkunna karyangal verum oru swapnamaayirikkunnathinum yadhaarthathil yaadhaarthyamaanennu.
ellah arivum daaranayilaanu varunnath; naam manassilaakkunnath aashayangalaanu, thangalilulla kaaryangalalla; oru kaaryam thanne anubhavathinu purathaayirikkanam; athinaal aaa ashayangal manassilakkunna ashayangalum manasse maathramaan lokathilullathu; oru kaaryam athu manassilakkunnatho manassilakkunnatho aayidatholam maathrame nilanilkkoo. bodham athinte thiricharivinulla kazhivu kaaranam berkleyil nilanilkkunna onnaayi kanakkaakkappedunnuvennu ithiloode namukk kaanaan kazhiyum. "aayirikkuka", ennathukondu, vasthuvinekkurich parayumbol, 'manassilaakkappeduka' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, 'ese esttu persippi'; 'aayirikkuka', vishayathekkurichu parayumbol, manassilakkuka allengil 'persiper' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu."ithu sthaapicha sesham, veedukal, parvathangal, nadikal, otavaakkil paranjaal ellah vivekamulla vasthukkalkkum swaabhaavikamo yaadhaarthyamo ullathayi manushyarkkidayil vichithramayi nilanilkkunna abhipraayathe berkley akramikkunnu. eee ashayam asthiramaanennu addeham vishwasikkunnu, kaaranam daaranayil ninnu swathanthramaaya oru asthithwamulla atharamoru vasthu vivekapoornamaaya gunangal undaayirikkanam, athinaal athu ariyappedanam (athine oru aashayamaakki maattunnu), koodaathe berkley asthiramaanennu vishwasikkunna oru samvedanakshamathayillaatha yaadhaarthyavum undaayirikkanam. bhauthika vasthuvinekkurich enthengilum soochippikkaano anumanikkaano kazhiyumennu aalukal karuthunnathinaalaan pishak undaakunnathenn berkley vishwasikkunnu. berkley eee ashayathe "amoortha ashayangal" ennu vilikkunnu. vasthuvinte indriyaparamaaya inputt sangalppikkaathe aalukalkk oru vasthuvine sangalppikkaan kazhiyillennu vaadichukondu addeham eee ashayam nirasikkunnu. yadhaartha samvedanathiloode aalukalkk avarude indriyangal upayogichu maathrame dravyathe manassilakkaan kazhiyoo ennathinu samaanamaayi, dravyathinte samvedanam enna aashayathiloode maathrame avarkk dravyathe (allengil dravyathekkurichulla ashayangal) sangalppikkaan kazhiyoo ennu addeham "manushya arivinte thathwangalil" vaadikkunnu. dravyathekkurichu aalukalkk sangalppikkaan kazhiyunnathellaam dravyathekkurichulla ashayangal maathramaanennu ithu soochippikkunnu. athinaal, dravyam nilanilkkukayaanenkil, indriyangalkku manassilakkaanum manassinu vyaakhyaanikkaanum kazhiyunna aashayangalude shekharamaayi nilanilkkanam. ennaal dravyam aashayangalude oru shekharam maathramaanengil, berkleyude kaalathe mikka thathwachinthakarum vishwasichathupole oru bhauthika padaarthatthinte ardhathil dravyam nilavilillenn berkley nigamanam cheiyunnu. vaasthavathil, oru vyakthi enthengilum drishyavalkkarikkukayaanel, athinu enthuthanneyaayaalum irundatho ilam niramo aayirikkanam; oru vyakthikk athu drishyavalkkarikkanamenkil athu niramillaatha aakruthiyaayirikkilla.
berkleyude ashayangal vivaadangal uyarthi, kaaranam descartinte lokaveekshanathe addehathinte vaadam nishedhikkukayum athu loock vazhi vipuleekarikkappedukayum pathinezhaam noottaandileyum pathinettaam noottaandileyum niravadhi thathwachinthakar berkleyude anubhavavaada roopathe nirasikkaan kaaranamavukayum cheythu. lokkinte lokaveekshanathil, "nammude indriyangalumaayi samvadikkunna reethiyiloode lokam athinekkurichulla nammude bodhapoorvamaaya aashayangalkk kaaranamaakunnu."ithu berkleyude lokaveekshanathinu virudhamaanu, kaaranam ithu lokath bhauthika kaaranangalude nilanilppine soochippikkuka mathramalla, vaasthavathil, nammude ashayangalkkappuram oru bhauthika lokavumilla. berkleyude lokaveekshanathil nilanilkkunna oreyoru kaaranam ichhaashakthiyude upayogathinte falamaanu.
berkleyude sidhaantham addehathinte anubhavavaada roopathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu, athu indriyangale valareyadhikam aasrayikkunnu. addehathinte anubhavavaadathe anchu nirddeshangalaal nirvachikkaan kazhiyum ellah supradhana vaakkukalum aashayangale soochippikkunnu; ellah kaaryangalum aashayangalekkurichaan; ellah ashayangalum aashayangalekkurichaan; ellah ashayangalum puratthuninno ullil ninno varunnu; athu illaathathil ninnu indriyangalaal aayirikkanam, avaye samvedanangal (yadhaartha karyangal) ennu vilikkunnu, avaa ullil ninnu manassinte pravarthanangalaanenkil, avaye chinthakal ennu vilikkunnu. ashayangal thammilulla vyathyasam berkley vyakthamaakkunnath avaa "indriyangalil mudrakuthappettirikkunu", "manassinte abhiniveshangalilum pravarthanangalilum shradha cheluthunnathiloode manassilaakkappedunnu", allengil "oormmayudeyum bhavanayudeyum sahaayathode roopappedunnu" ennaanu."addehathinte aashayathinte oru nishedham ithaayirunnu aarenkilum oru murii vittu aaa murii manassilaakkunnath nirthukayaanenkil aaa murii nilavilille? ithu ippozhum manassilaakkappedunnum manassilakkunna bodham daivamaanennum avakaashappett berkley ithinu utharam nalkunnu. (ithu berkleyude vaadathe sarvvanjanum sarvavyaapiyumaaya oru devathayilekku nayikkunnu.) eee avakaashavaadam maathramaan addehathinte vaadathe nilanirthunnathu, athu "lokathekkurichulla nammude arivineyum mattu manassukalekkurichulla nilanilppineyum aasrayichirikkunnu, namme orikkalum vanchikkaatha oru daivathe aasrayichirikkunnu."berkley randaamathe ethirppu prathekshikkunnu, athu addeham" "manushya arivinte thathwangalil" "nishedhikkunnu". bhauthikavaadikal oru praathinidhya bhauthikavaada veekshanam sweekarikkumennu addeham prathekshikkunnu indriyangalkku ashayangal maathrame manassilakkaan kazhiyoovenkilum, eee ashayangal yadhaarthavum nilavilullathumaaya vasthuvumayi saamyamullathaan (athinaal thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyum). athinaal, eee aashayangalude samvedanathiloode, shudhamaaya dravyam manassilakkaan kazhiyaathathaanengilum, dravyathekkurichu thanne nigamanangal undakkaan manassinu kazhiyum. aaa aashayathodulla berkleyude ethirppu "oru ashayam oru ashayam poleyaakaam; oru niramo roopamo mattoru niramo roopamo poleyaakaam" ennathaanu. manassine aasrayikkunna oru ashayavum oru aashayamallathathum manassine swathanthramaakkunnathumaaya oru bhauthika padaarthavum thammil berkley verthirikkunnu. avaa orupoleyallathathinaal, oraalkk chuvapp niratthe adrishyamaaya onnumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyaathathupole, allengil samgeethathinte shabdathe nishabdathayumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyaathathupole, onnu nilavilundu, mattonn illa. ithine saadrishyam thathwam ennu vilikkunnu oru ashayam mattoru ashayam poleyaayirikkaam (angane thaarathamyappeduthaam) enna ashayam.
ashayangal engane arivinte vividha vasthukkalaayi svayam prakadamaakumennu kaanikkan berkley shramichu
abhouthikathayilulla thante vishwaasangaliludaneelam daivathinte nilanilpp theliyikkaanum berkley shramichu.
swaadheenam.
arther koliyarude "clavis universalis" prasidheekarikkunnathinna moonnu varsham munbu berkleyude "manushya arivinte thathwangalekkurichulla prabandham" prasidheekarichu, athu berkleyude avakaashavaadangalkku samanamaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, rund ezhuthukaarkkidayil swaadheenamo aashayavinimayamo undayirunnathaayi thonnunnilla.
jarmman thathwachinthakanaaya arther shopenhover addehathekkurichu orikkal ezhuthi "athinaal, aathmanishtamaaya arambha pooyintine sarikkum gauravamaayi kaanukayum athinte paramamaya aavasyakatha anishedhyamaayi prakadippikkukayum cheytha aadyatheyaalaanu berkley. addeham aadarshavaadathinte pithaavaan...".
britiish anubhavavaadatthinte thudakkakkaaril oralaayi berkley kanakkakkunnu. loock muthal berkley vare hume vare nayikkunna moonnu mikacha "britiish anubhavanjaril" ninnu oru rekheeya vikasanam palappozhum kandethunnu.
berkley niravadhi aadhunika thathwachinthakare, prathyekichu david humine swaadheenichu. valarekkaalamaayi berkleyude daarshanika samvidaanathinte aaraadhakanaayirunnathinu sesham berkillionism sambandhichu kadutha vimarsanam unnayichathayi thomas raid sammathichu. berkleyude chintha hyoominteyum kaantinteyum pravartthanam saadhyamaakki, alfred north whitehead parayunnu."chila ezhuthukaar berkley edmund hassar thammil oru samaanthararekha varaykkunnu.
berkley america sandarshichappol, american adhyapakanaaya saamuval jonson addehathe sandarshikkukayum pinneedu iruvarum kathidapaadukal nadathukayum cheythu. yelil oru scholarship prograam sthaapikkaanum thathwachinthakan englandilekku madangiyethiyappol colleginu dhaaraalam pusthakangalum thottangalum sambhavana cheyyaanum jonson berkley bodhyappedutthi. yelinte ettavum valuthum pradhaanappettathumaaya sambhavanakalilonnaaya ithu library kaivashamullavarude ennam erattiyaakkukayum kolejinte saambathika sthithi mechappeduthukayum engleesh matha ashayangalum engleesh samskaaravum nyoo englandilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. jonson berkleyude thathwachintha sweekarikkukayum athinte chila bhagangal swantham american praaktikkal idealism school oof philosophy chattakkoodayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. 1743num 1776num idayil american kolejukalile birudadhaarikalil pakuthiyolam perkkum jonsante thathwachintha padippikkappedukayum "swaathanthrya prakhyapana" thile sambhaavakaril pakuthiyiladhikam perum athumaayi bandhappettirikkukayum cheythathinaal, berkleyude ashayangal parokshamaayi american manassinte aditharayaayirunnu.
americaykku purathu, berkleyude jeevithakaalathu addehathinte daarshanika ashayangal thaarathamyena aprasakthamaayirunnu. ennaal 1870kalil pathonpathaam noottaandile pramukha berkley pandithanaaya alexander campbel fraser jorjju berkleyude kruthikal prasidheekarichappol addehathinte sidhaanthathodulla thaalparyam vardhichu. berkleyude thathwachinthayile gauravamaaya padanangalkku sakthamaaya oru prerana nalkiyathu oru. eiii. irupathaam noottaandile munnira berkley pandithanmaaril randuperaaya loose thomas edmund jesop, berkley scholarship charitraparamaaya-thathwashaasthra shaasthrathinte oru prathyeka mekhalayaayi uyarthappettathin nandi. koodaathe, thathwachinthakanaaya collin murey turbane, berkley bhasha drishya, shaareerika, swaabhaavika, metaafisikkal bandhangalkulla oru maathrkayaayi upayogikkunnathinekkur vipulamaayi ezhuthi.
thathwashaasthrathinte charithrathekkurichulla saahithyathil berkley scholarshippinte anupatham vardhichukondirikkanu. jorjju berkliyekkurichulla ettavum samagramaya grandhasoochikakalil ninnu ithu vilayiruthaam. 1709-1932 kaalaghattatthil, berkliyekkurichulla 300 oolam rachanakal prasidheekarichu. athaayath prathivarsham 1.5 prasidheekaranangal. 1932-79 enna kaalayalavil aayirathiladikam kruthikal puratthirangi.iii.prathivarsham 20 jolikal cheiyunnu. athinusesham, prasidheekaranangalude ennam prathivarsham 30 aayi. 1977ll irelandil berkleyude jeevithatheyum chinthayeyum kurichulla ("berkley padanangal") oru prathyeka jenalinte prasidheekaranam aarambhichu. 1988ll australian thathwachinthakanaaya collin murey turbane berkleyude kruthikalekkurichulla scholarship gaveshanavum munnott kondupokunnathinulla shramathil rochasttar sarvakalashaalayil anthaaraashtra berkley upanyasa sammana malsaram sthaapichu.
thathwachinthaykku purame, joonn lokkinte association sidhaanthathekkurichum manushyar engane bhauthika lokath arivu nedunnuvennu vishadeekarikkaan athu engane upayogikkaamennum addeham nadatthiya padanatthiloode berkley aadhunika manashaasthratheyum swaadheenichu. ellah gunangalum, loock vilikkunnathupole, "dvitheeya gunangal" aanennum athinaal dhaarana poornnamaayum grahikayil othungukayaanennum vasthuvilallennum prasthaavichu addeham dhaarana vishadeekarikkaan sidhaantham upayogichu. iva randum innu aadhunika manahshaasthrathil padikkunna vishayangalaan.
saahithyathil prathyakshappeduka.
loard byroninte "doonn juvan" pathinonnam khandathil abhouthikathaye paraamarsikkunnu
 bishop berkley 'oru kaaryavumilla' ennu paranjappol,>
 addeham athu theliyichu-addeham enthuthanne paranjaalum>
 avar parayunnath addehathinte samvidaanathinte ardham baatt cheiyunnathu vyarthamaanennu, <br>
 ettavum vaayusanjaaramulla manushya thalaykku valare sookshumam; <br>
 ennittum aarkkaan athu vishwasikkaan kazhiyuka? njaan takarkkum>
 santhoshathode kallu allengil leed vare ellaam pradhaanamaan, <br>
 allengil vishwastharaaya, lokathe oru athmaavaayi kandethaan,>
 njaan athu dharikkunnuvenn nishedhikkukayum ente thala dharikkukayum cheyyuka.
mardy (1849) 20-aamm adhyaayathil oru kathaapaathram prethathvathilaanenna vishwaasathe roopappeduthumbol herman melville berkley rasakaramaayi paraamarsikkunnu
ivide parayatte, aaa brigentinekkurichulla addehathinte ellah andhavishwaasangalkkum, poornnamaayum prethasamaanamaaya swabhaavathinu thulyamaaya enthengilum addehathodu aaropikkunnathinum, sathyasandhamaya jaarl ennirunnaalum avalekkurichulla ellah soochanakalilum nadapadikalilum angeyattam krithyavum praayogikavumaayirunnu. athil, addeham ente sariyaaya aadaraneeyanaaya suhruthaaya bishop berkley-trully, ningalude karthaavil oralaaya aathmeeyanaaya oralumaayi saamyamullayaalaayirunnu-metaafisikkalaayi paranjaal, ellah vasthukkalum verum opttikkal vyaamohangalaayi karuthiyirunnuvenkilum, ellah kaaryangalilum dravyathe sparsikkunna valare vasthuthayaayirunnu. pinnukalude poyintukalilekku kadannupokunnathinum plum-pudingukal vilamathikkaan kazhivulla oru annaakk kaivasham vaykkunnathinum purame-eathu vaachakam aalippazhathinte idiminnal pole vaayikkunnu.
ulysus" (1922) enna kruthiyude moonnaamathe episodil jaims joys berkleyude thathwachinthaye paraamarsikkunnu
aaraan enne ivide nokkunnathu? eee ezhuthiya vaakkukal evideyengilum aarr vaayikkum? oru velutha vayalil adayaalangal. evideyo ningalude ettavum aardramaaya shabdathilulla oraalodu. klooyinte nalla bishop thante tholilninnu kshethrathinte moodupadam eduthu vayalil niramulla chinnangal pothinjirikkunna oru moodupadam. kadinamaayi pidikkuka. oru flaattil niramullatha athe, athu sariyaanu. njaan kaanunna paranna, pinne dooram, aduthu, akalam, paranna, kizhakk, pinnott ennu chinthikkunnu. aahu, ippol nokkoo!
" enna oru avalokanathekkurichu abhipraayappettukondu, ezhuthukaaran vladymyr nabokov berkleyude thathwashaasthrathe thante novaline ariyikkunnathayi soochippikkunnu
oduvil njaan oru kadavum kadapettilla (misttar enna nilayil. leonard chinthikkunnathu) prashastha arjanteeniyan upanyasakanum addehathinte aashayakkuzhappathilaya samahaaravum "kaalatthinte oru puthiya nishedham" aanennaan."shree. leonard nere berkleyilekkum bergsonilekkum poyaal athil ninnu kurachu nashtamaakumaayirunnu. ("sakthamaaya abhipraayangal", pp. 2892-90)
1763ll saamuval jonsante jeevithathekkurichu jaims bosewell ezhuthiya pusthakatthil berkleyude thathwashaasthrathinte oru vashathekkurich jonsante abhiprayam rekhappeduthiyittundu
palliyil ninnu puratthuvanna sesham, dravyathinte asthithwamillennum prapanchatthile ellaam anuyojyamaanennum theliyikkaan bishop berkleyude samarthamaaya sofittiyekkurichu njangal kurachukaalam orumichu samsaarichu. addehathinte sidhaantham asathyamaanennu naam samthruptharaanenkilum athu nishedhikkaan asaadhyamaanennu njaan nireekshichu. oru valia kallil ninnu thirichuvarumvare jonson sakthamaaya shakthiyode thante call adichu marupadi nalkia dheerata njaan orikkalum marakkilla-"njaan athine nishedhikkunnu"."
anusmaranachadangukal.
american engleeshinu anuyojyamaaya reethiyil uchaaranam parinamichuvenkilum berkleyile california sarvakalashaalayum kaaliforniyayile berkley nagravum addehathinte perilaanu ariyappedunnathu. 1866ll frederic echu aanu eee peru nirddeshichathu. annathe california kolejile trasttiyaayirunnu billings. amerikkayil kalayum padanavum nadaanulla saadhyathayekkurichulla berkleyude vaakyangalil", prathyekichu avasaanathe khandikayil ninnu billings prachodanam ulkkondirunnu "padinjarottu saamraajyathinte gathi athinte vazhi edukkunnu; ithinakam kadannupoya aadyathe naalu pravrithikal, anjilonnu divasam kondu naadakam avasanippikkum; samayathinte ettavum shreshtamaaya santhathikal avasaanamaan".
nilavil masaachyusetsile bristtol kaundiyile ettavum kuranja janasamkhyayulla pattanamaya berkley pattanam 1735 epril 18 nuu sthaapikkappedukayum prashastha thathwachinthakante perilaanu ariyappedunnathu. bosttanil ninnu 40 mile thekkum rooad dveepile midu leydaunil ninnu 25 mile vadakkumaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu.
oru residential college yaale sarvakalaashaalayile oru episcopal seminary berkleyude peru vahikkunnu.
episcopal palliyumayi affiliate cheythittulla swakaarya skoolaaya floridayile taambayile berkley preparatory skoolinum addehathinte peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath.
"bishop berkleyude swarnna medalukal" ennathu trinity koleju dablinil prathivarsham nalkunna rund avaardukalaanu, greekkil oru prathyeka pareekshaykk utharam nalkunna udyogaarthikalkku "mikacha yogyatha kaanikkunnu". 1752ll berkleyaanu eee avaardukal sthaapichathu.
derry nagaratthinullile bishop streetilaanu addehathe anusmarippikkunna oru alsttar histtari sarkkil blue phalakam sthithi cheiyunnathu.
rooad dveepile midu lattaunilulla berkleyude phaam house, berkley house ennum ariyappedunna whitehall museum house aayi samrakshikkappedunnu, ithu 1970 ll charitraparamaaya sthalangalude deseeya rajisttaril pattikappedutthiyittundu. athe pattanatthil sthithi cheiyunna kolumbayude chappalinu munbu "berkley memorial chaappal" ennu perittirunnu, edavakayude aupachaarika naamamaya "sent" enna perinte avasaanathil ippozhum eee appaleshan nilanilkkunnu. columbus, berkley memorial chaappal.

