
dablyu. jeey. warley

vilyam johns warley, eph. ezz. eiii (<aii. dii. 1>) oru britiish bhoomishaasthranjanum puraavastu gaveshakan aayirunnu, prathyekichu cheshayarile kanni kotta edisbury hilfort, shropshireile pazhaya oosvestri hilfort, padinjaaran yorkshareile kaasil hill ennivayulppede engleesh irumbu yugathile hilfortukalude khananathinu perukettayaalaan. 1947 muthal 1956 vare colonial ghaanayil pravarthicha addeham avide bhoomishaasthra gaveshanathinteyum vidyaabhyaasathinteyum thudakkakkaaranaayirunnu, avide charitra samrakshanathil earppettirunnu.
vidyaabhyaasavum thozhilum.
1904ll vestt yorkshareile almondburyile kaasil hill enna sthalathinaduthaanu warley janichathu. 1920 kalude madhyathil addeham yooniversitti koleju oof veyilsil (ippol aberistwith yooniversitti) chernnu, avide bhoomishaasthranjan echu. jeey. fluor (1877-1969). eathoru aadyakaala prabandhatthilum addeham 1917-leeii oru prabandhatthinte swaadheenam amgeekarichu, janasamkhyayude "thaazhvarayilekkulla chalanathe" kurichu. iii. vaitt house.
1930kalil livarpool sarvakalashaalayil bhoomishaasthrathil prabhashanam nadatthiya warley, avide addehathinte sradheyamaaya vidyaarthikalil maargarat johns nee ooven (1916-2001) ulppedunnu. pinneedu avarude bharthaavaaya ovanum toom johnsum 1930kalil warleyude niravadhi khananangalil pankedutthu. deseeya sevanathinushesham, 1946 januvariyil warley sarvakalashaala vittu. 1947 muthal 1956 vare ghaanayil (annathe gold koost) jolie cheythu, avide addeham puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya yooniversitti koleju oof gold kosttil (ippol ghaana sarvakalashaala) bhoomishaasthra professoraayirunnu. 1960 oode addeham siril bibiotoppam hull teacher training collegil oru tasthika etteduthu.
khananagal.
1932ll warley vii. yude keezhil pravarthichu. skotlandile aberdeenshayarile aalfordinaduthulla pazhaya keeg kallu vrithathile gorden child-rund nilakollunna thoonukalkkidayil oru valia kallulla oru rekkambant kallu vrithathinte udaaharanam-sarway nadathukayum praadhamika khananathinu sahayikkukayum cheiyunnu.
1933num 1935num idayil lankshareile bleesdelinaduthulla venkalayuga bleasdale sarkilil nadatthiya addehathinte aadyakaala swatantra khananangalilonn ippol ookku posttukalaal valanjathum paalisedil pothinjathumaaya oru kunninpuramaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. maram athijeevicha eaka ariyappedunna thadi vrithamaayirunnu bleasdale. eee sthalathekkurichulla oru bhagika anweshanam neratthe aii. dii. 1ll nadannirunnengilum, puram palisade athu ulkkollunna valia pradeshavum aadyamaayi anweshichathu vaarliyaan. callays voldileyum langedijkileyum dutch udaaharanangalkk samaanamaayi addeham eee saittine palisade-baroyayi tharamthirichuvenkilum athinte savisheshamaaya leauttinu oonnal nalki. addehathinte khanana samayat, konkreett posttukal upayogichu saitt bhaagikamaayi punarnirmmikkukayum avasheshikkunna naalu ookku posttukal preestanile harris myoosiyathilekk maattukayum cheythu, avide ippozhum saittil sthiramaaya pradarshanavum rund khananangalum undu.
cheshire kunnin kottakal.
1930kalude thudakkathil sii. yude nirddeshaprakaaram. eph. sii. hockukal, warley cheshayarile kunnin kottakalilekku shradha thirichu. bickerton kunnin mukalilulla kanni kottayude khananam oru kunnin kottayile addehathinte aadyathethum kaundiyile eathenkilum kunnin kottayil oru puraavastu gaveshakan nadatthiya aadyathethumaayirunnu. 1932ll addeham livarpool sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla oru koottam vidyaarthikalude sahaayathode khananam aarambhichu, ennaal 1934leyum 1935leyum pradhana khananangalkk melnottam vahichathu jeey. vaarliyaan. pii. thozhilillaatha liverpudlians, school kuttikal, livarpool ramblezhs association amgangal ennivarulppede niravadhi sannadhapravarthakare recruit cheytha "bickerton camp skeem" prakaaramaan drope nadathiyathu. dwaarangal kandethiya kunnin kottayude akathekkulla praveshana kavaadatthil anweshanam kendreekarichirunnu, athu gettu posttukalaanennu nirddeshikkappettu. eratta kothalangaliloode kuzhikalum murichumaatti. akathe kothalangalil manalum carbonised ookku marangalum oru kallu toppiyum (nilanirtthal mathilukalum) upayogichu samrakshichirikkunnathayi kandethi, ithu golinte saadhaaranamaaya "muruz galicus" nirmmaana reethiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol warley aanu. oru baahya punarujjeevanam puram kothalangale samrakshikkukayum avaykku oru aantharika turf line undaayirunnu, ithu nirmmaanatthinte onniladhikam ghattangalude saadhyatha soochippikkunnu. kanni kottaye oru promontary campaayi warley visheshippichu; ithu ekadesham AD1 muthalullathaanennum pinneedu AD 50 ll roman vipuleekaranam eee pradeshathe bheeshanippeduthaan thudangiyappol ithu shakthippeduthiyathaayum addeham thudakkathil nigamanam cheythu. 1940 aayappozhekkum addeham eee theeyathikal ganyamaayi neratthe parishkarichirunnu, bii. sii. randaam noottaandil nirmmichathum bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil shakthippeduthiyathumaaya hilfort aadhunika radiocarbon dating theeyathikal neratthe neekkunnu. 1937-leeii khananathekkurichulla addehathinte prabandhatthinte samakaalika avalokanam ithine "roman adhiniveshathinu munbulla eathaanum noottaandukalile brittanile jeevithathile prashnangalekkurichulla vilapetta avalokanam" ennu visheshippikkunnu."aadhunika puraavastu gaveshakar richard messon rashell poppum kanni kottayekkurichulla addehathinte reportukal" "valare sookshumamaaya puraavastu nyaayavaadam" "kaanikkunnathayi visheshippikkunnu".
1936, 1937, 1938 ennee varshangalile venalkkaalath delaamiyarinaduthulla edisbury kunninte khananathil addeham eee padhathikku keezhil sannadhapravarthakare niyamichu-pradhaanamaayum thozhilillaatha livarpool doock thozhilaallikal-1936,1937,1938 ennee varshangalile venalkkaalath nadatthiya delaamiyarinaduthulla edisbury kunninte khananathil addeham eee padhathikku keezhil sannadhapravarthakare niyamichu. pradeshatthinte oru bhagam vilakal krishi cheythirunnathinaal anweshanam thadassappettu. naalu pradhana, ezhu cheria kuzhikal kuzhichu, rund praveshana kavaadangalil shradha kendreekarichulla anweshanangal, mannumalakalude bhagangal thammilulla oru junction uparithalathil kettidangal drishyamaaya merrics hill ennariyappedunna pradeshavum. khananathinte phalangalekkurichulla addehathinte vyaakhyaanathil sii muthal niravadhi ghattangalilayi sankeernamaaya nirmmaana charithram ulppedunnu. bii. sii. yill anglo-saaksan kaalaghattam vare thudarnnulla adhinivesham madhyakaalaananthara kaalaghattam vare vyaapichu. eddisburyile addehathinte chila kandethalukal, addehathinte khananangalude oru maathrkaykkoppam, 1937-ll britiish myoosiyathile britiish, madhyakala puraavasthukkalude vakuppil pradharshippichirunnu, ennaal randaam lokamahaayudhavum ghaanayilekkulla warleyude neekkavum phalangalude prasidheekaranam vaikippichu; 1950 vare muzhuvan report prathyakshappettilla, koodaathe addehathinte kandethalukalude chithreekaranangalude abhavam ulppede kaaryamaaya prashnangalund. warleyude saitt recordukalil palathum yudhasamayathu nashtappettirikkaamennum 1950 leeii paper bhaagikamaayi oormmaye adisthaanamaakkiyumenathaayim messon marpappa oohikkunnu.
1938 eprilil kelsboro hilfortil warley praadhamika khananam aarambhichirikkaamenn daan gaarnar abhipraayappettittund, ennaal mattu cheshire hilfortukal khananam cheyyaanulla padhathikal randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathil thadassappettirikkam. kanni kottayudeyum edisburyudeyum khananathil ninnulla ellah kandethalukalum nashtappettathayi deerghakaalamaayi vishwasikkappedunnu.
mattu kunnin kottakal.
1939, aii. dii. 1, aii. dii. 2,1972 ennee aarr seasonukalil vestt yorkshareile hudderfieldinu sameepamulla almondburyile kaasil hillil irumbukaalathe kunnin kotta warley khananam cheythu. eee srishtiyil kottayude kothalangaliloode murichumaattunna kuzhikalum athinte praveshana kavaadangaleyum ulvashatheyum kurichulla padanangalum ulppedunnu. warleyude maranam ardhamaakkunnathu addehathinte phalangal orikkalum poornnamaayi prasidheekarichittil, ennaal hilfortinte oru maathrkayodoppam addehathinte chila kandethalukal hadezhsfeeldinte tolson myoosiyathil sthiramaayi pradharshippichirikkunnu, ithu kottayile kunnin pradeshathe addehathinte niravadhi rekhakalum sookshikkunnu.
1939lum 1940lum addeham shropshireile pazhaya oosvestri hilfort bryan echu upayogichu khananam cheythu. sent jeey. 1930kalil velsh maarchukalil mattu moonnu kunnin kottakalum swathanthramaayi khananam cheytha ooo 'neel. warley orikkalum khananam poortthiyaakkiyilla, maranathinu irupathu varshathinu sesham 1996 ll gwilim hugus prasidheekaricha addehathinte muzhuvan report addehathinte jeevithakaalathu prathyakshappedunnathil parajayappettu.
pinneedu khananagal.
addehathinte pilkkala prasidheekaranangalil whats dike attu minid isa inn weils, baarmstan aandu holderness crannogs, jayants hill, panni, woodhall maanar, eest yorkshareile beverley enniva ulppedunnu.
reethikalum aadhunika moolyanirnnayavum.
edisburyilum mattidangalilum warleyude pravarthanangalkku melnottam vahichathu addehathinte aadya bhaarya joonn warley ulppede purushanmaarum sthreekalum ulppedunna oru samghamaayirunnu. chakravahanangalum berzes nadatthiya khananagal ulppede akkaalathe khananangalude savisheshathayaayirunnu ithu. 2016ll edisburyil messon poppum nadatthiya khanana pravarthanathekkurichu oru vilayiruthal, 1930kalil brittanil eee mekhalayil valare munpanthiyilaayirunnuvennu "avarude kaalathinu thikachum maathrukaaparamaaya" kaaryamanennum vivarikkunnu... ettavum noothanamaaya, khananathinu "valare chittayaya sameepanam" upayogikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandile puraavasthushaasthrathinum kooduthal aadhunika saankethikavidyakalkkum edayilulla parivartthanamaayirunnu avarude reethikal; pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathile "chase-aandu-clear" reethikalumaayi saamyamulla oru "vaal-chasing" sameepanam avar upayogikkaan thudangi, ennaal pinneedu oru pothu pradesham khananam cheiyunnathilekku purogamichu, akkaalathe noothanamaaya aadhunika reethikalkku samanamaaya oru sameepanam. oro seasonilum joliyude avasaanathil avar avarude ellah kuzhikalum nirachu. ennirunnaalum, phalangalekkurichulla warleyude vyaakhyaanam charitraparamaaya sambhavangalil valareyadhikam shradha cheluthukayum ithu krithyathayillaaymakalilekka nayikkukayum cheythu. 1996ll eline morris kandethiya pazhaya oosvestri seramic kandethalukalude vilayiruthal addehathinte teaminte manpaathrangalude theeyathi thettaanenn nigamanam cheythu.
ezhuthum vidyaabhyaasa pravartthanavum.
yooniversitti koleju oof gold kosttile thante muun sahapravarthakanaaya echu. warlicoppam chernnu "dhii jiography oof ghaana" (1958) enna paatapusthakam ezhuthi. pii. velutha. praadhamikamaayi padinjaaran aafrikkayile secondary school vidyaabhyaasathe lakshyamittaanenkilum, samakaalika avalokanangal ithu vishalamaaya prekshakarkku anuyojyamaanennu abhiprayappettu. athil rachayithaakkalude feeld varkkukal ulppedunnu. roobert dablyu. aafrikkan kaaryangalude" avalokanathil steel ithine "ettavum upayogapradamaaya sarway" ennum "nireekshakaraaya bhoomishaasthranjarkku ezhuthaan kazhiyunnathum innu aafrikkayude vidyaabhyaasa aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi jeevikkunna prasaadhakarkk ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunnathumaaya rund kaaryangaludeyum udaaharanam" ennum visheshippikkunnu."bhoomishaasthrathinte niroopakan warleyude" "bhauthika aditharayodulla asaadhaarana sameepanam" "uthejakavum paarambaryetharavumaanennu prashamsikkunnu"."ell. gray covan, "bhoomishaasthraparamaaya avalokanathinaayi" vishalamaaya positteev avalokanathil, pusthakatthinte nigamanangalude amithamaya saamaanyavalkkarikkappetta swabhaavathe vimarshikkunnu.
cheshire kaundiyude charithraatheethakaalathekkur addeham rund pusthakangalum ezhuthi. "joonn wilfried jaaksanumaayi chernnu rachicha charitraatheethakaala cheshire (1940) enna pusthakatthil edisbury hilfortinekkurichulla akkaalat prasidheekarikkappedaathu vasthukkalum warleyude munkaala kanni kottayude punarmoolyanirnayavum adangiyirikkunnu. bhoomishaasthram" enna pusthakatthinte oru niroopakan pusthakatthinte moulikathaye prashamsikkukayum athine "aaa kaalaghattathekkurichulla padanangalkku" oru mikacha aamukhamaayi "varthikkunna" athinte tharatthilulla oru maathrukaa patanam "ennu visheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu. jarmman bombaakramanatthiloode pusthakatthinte blokkukalum tharangalum nasippikkappettu. 1940-leeii pusthakathinu pakaramaayi naveekaricha "cheshire biphore dhaa romans" (1964) enna addehathinte pilkkala kruthi, yuke muzhuvan, prathyekichu mattu kaundikalile addehathinte hilfort khananagal avalokanam cheiyunnathilekku shradha kendreekarichu. tii. yude oru pothuve vimarsanaathmaka samakaalika avalokanathil ithine "vishalavum valare sankeernavum vidagdhavum palappozhum vivaadaparavum" ennu visheshippichu. jii. iii. pawal vimarshikkappedukayum victoria bii. morgan pooll iii. eee vishayathekkurichulla avarude 2004 leeii pusthakatthil morgan.
warleyude puraavastu thalpparyangal charitraatheethakaalam mathramaayirunnilla. ghaanayile thante kaalath, pathinanjaam noottaandinum pathinettaam noottaandinum idayil europian kolanikkaar nirmmicha raajyathe kottakaleyum kottakaleyum kurichulla oru sarway addeham prasidheekarichu; gold koost & togoland historikkal sosaitti jenalil prathyakshappetta aadyathe prabandhamaayirunnu ithu.
puraavastu parijnjaanam pothujanangalilekku pracharippikkunnathil addehathinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnu.
vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam.
addehathinte aadya bhaarya puraavastu gaveshakanaaya joonn vaarliyayirunnu. 1930kalil warleyude niravadhi khananangalil avar warleyude keezhil pravarthichu, prathyekichu edisburyile khananathinte directormaaril oralaayi addeham addehathe namakaranam cheythu; eee kruthiyude oru aadhunika punarmoolyanirnayam addehathodoppam saha-director avare prashamsikkunnu. delamier vanathinte charithratthil avar vaidagdhyam nedi. 1930kalil warley yooniversitti oof livarpool roying aytsine parisheelippichu.
pinneedu addeham vestt yorkshareile halifaxinaduthullah adhyapikayum photographer kalakaariyumaaya merii warley (1910-2006) vivaham kazhichu, 1940 ll velsile colleg harleckil padippikkave addehathe kandumutty. yudhaanantharam dambathikal ghaanayilekku maariyappol, merii warley akrayile yooniversitti photographic yoonit kaikaaryam cheythu, koodaathe warleyude srishtikal chithreekarikkunnathinaayi avar photographukalum eduthu. englandilekku madangiyethiya avar eest yorkshareile kingstanilaanu thamasam. 1961 aayappozhekkum avar eest yorkshareile beverleyil sthirathaamasamaakki, avide 1976-nte thudakkathil warley marichu. addehathinte maranashesham addehathinte valia pepparukalum puraavastu shekharavum kaikaaryam cheythath puraavastu gaveshakan kudumbasuhrithumaaya adrian haavarkrofttaayirunnu.
sosaittikalum phehlowshippukalum.
sosaitti oof anticaries oof lunden, royal anthropological instittyoott oof grettu brittan aandu ireland ennivayude thiranjedukkappetta amgamaayirunnu addeham. 1951ll gold kosttile smaarakangaludeyum avashishtangaludeyum kammeeshan sekrattariyaayi (pinneedu ghaana myoosiyangaludeyum smaarakangaludeyum bordinte bhaagamaayi) sevanamanushticha addeham 1955ll padinjaaran aafrikkan bhoomishaasthra patanam prolsaahippikkunnathi sthaapithamaaya gold koost geographical associationte udghaadana prasidantaayirunnu.