
sophocles

sophocles (497/6-sheethakaalam 406/5 bisi) oru purathana greak duranthakaaranaayirunnu, avaril ninnu kuranjathu oru naadakamenkilum poornnamaayum nilanilkkunna moovaril oralaayi ariyappedunnu. addehathinte aadya naadakangal eskylasinekkaal pinneedu allengil samakaalikavum eurippidukalude naadakangalekkaal munbo samakaalikamo aayirunnu. sophocles 120-ladhikam naadakangal ezhuthiyittundengilum ezhu naadakangal maathramaan poornna roopathil nilaninnirikkunnath "ajax", "aantigon", "viman oof trackis", "eedipas rex", "electra", "philoctettis", "eedipas attu colonus". eathaandu ambathu varshatholam, leniayudeyum dionysiayudeyum mathaparamaya uthsavangalil nadanna ethans nagara-samsthaana naadakeeya malsarangalil ettavum prashasthanaaya naadakakrithaayirunnu sophocles. muppath malsarangalil malsaricha addeham irupathinaalu vijayangal nedukayum orikkalum randaam sthaanathekkaal thazheyaayi vilayiruthappedaathirikkum cheythu. escalus pathimoonnu malsarangal vijayichu, chilappol sophoclesinode parajayappettu; euripids naalu malsarangal vijayichu.
sophoclesile ettavum prashasthamaaya duranthangalil eedippasum antigone ulppedunnu avaa saadhaaranayaayi teban naadakangal ennariyappedunnu, ennirunnaalum oronnum vyathyastha tetrology bhaagamaayirunnu (avayile mattu amgangal ippol nashtappettu). sophocles naadakatthinte vikasanathe swaadheenichu, ettavum pradhanamaayi moonnaamathe nadane (aristottil sophoclesinu; themistius eskylasinu) cherthukondu, athuvazhi ithivrithathinte avatharanathil korasinte praadhaanyam kuranju. munkaala naadakakaaranmaarekkaal kooduthal addeham thante kathaapaathrangale vikasippichu.
jeevitam.
sophillasinte makanaaya sophocles, attikkayile hypios colonasile grameena "deme" (cheria samooham) yile oru sambanna amgamaayirunnu, athu addehathinte oru naadakatthinte pashchaathalamaayi maarukayum addeham bisi 490 leeii maarathan yudhathinu kurachu varshangalkk munbu avide janichirikkukayum cheythu krithyamaaya varsham vyakthamalla, pakshe 497/6 mikkavarum. addeham oru sambanna kudumbatthil janichu (pithaav oru kavacham nirmmaathaavaayirunnu), uyarnna vidyaabhyaasamullayaalinu. bii. sii. 468ll, etheniyan naadakatthinte bharanadhikaariyaaya eskylasine paraajayappeduthi dionysiayil onnaam sammanam nediyappozhaanu addehathinte aadya kalaparamaaya vijayam. plutaarkkinte abhipraayathil, vijayam asaadhaaranamaaya saahacharyangalilaanu vannath vidhikarthaakkale lottu vazhi thiranjedukkunna pathiv reethi pinthudarunnathinupakaram, malsarathile vijayi theerumaanikkaan aarkkon simoninode sannihithanaya matte "straattajikgoyiyodum" aavasyappettu. eee nashtathetthudarnnu, escalus taamasiyaathe sisiliyilekku poyathaayi plutarch vaadikkunnu. ithu sophoclesinte aadya nirmmaanamaayirunnuvennu plutarch parayunnundengilum, addehathinte aadya nirmmaanam orupakshe bii. sii 470 aayirikkumenn ippol karuthappedunnu. "eee utsavathil sophocles avatharippicha naadakangalilonnaayirikkam "tryptolamus".
bii. sii. 480ll salamis yudhathil pershyakkarkkethiraaya greak vijayam aaghoshikkunna paayaane (oru daivathinulla oru corell manthram) nayikkaan sophoclesine thiranjedutthu. thante kariyarinte thudakkathil, raashtreeyakkaaranaaya simoon addehathinte rakshaadhikaarikalil oraalaayirunnirikkaam; ennaal, addeham anganeyaayirunnenkil, bii. sii. 461-ll simoon bahishkarikkappettappol simoninte ethiraaliyaaya pericles oru mosham ichhaashakthiyum vahichilla. 443/2 ll, perikkilsinte rashtreeya uyarchayude samayat nagaratthinte saambathika karyangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan sahaayicha "hellenotamia" allengil eathenayude treasurermaaril oralaayi sophocles sevanamanushtichu. bii. sii. 441ll, "vitta sophocles" parayunnathanusarichu, periclesinte juuniyar sahapravarthakanaayi ethansile executive officermaaraaya patthu generalukalil oralaayi addeham thiranjedukkappettu; saamokalkkethiraaya etheniyan prachaaranatthil addeham sevanamanushtichu. aantigon" nirmmichathinte falamaayi addeham eee sthaanathekku thiranjedukkappettathaayim, pakshe ithu "ettavum asaadyamaanu".
bii. sii. 420-ll, aaradhana ethansinu parichayappedutthappedumbe swantham veettil aslepiyasinte chithram sweekarikkaan addeham thiranjedukkappettu, sariyaaya sthalam illaayirunnu (τένος). ithinaayi, addehathinu maranananthara namam "dexion" (sweekarthaavu) atheeniyakkaar nalki. ennaal "eee kathayumaayi chila samshayangal bandhappettirikkunnu". bii. sii. 411ll peloponesian yudhasamayathu sisiliyil etheniyan paryaveshana senayude vinashakaramaaya naashathodu prathikaricha kammeeshanarmaaril oralaayi ("probuloi") addeham thiranjedukkappettu.
bii. sii. yill 90 allengil 91-aamm vayassil, thante jeevithakaalathu pershyan yudhangalile greak vijayavum peloponesian yudhathinte rakthachorichilum kanda sophocles, shaithyakaalath marichu. puraathanakaalatthe pala prashastha vyakthikaleyum pole, addehathinte maranavum niravadhi apraamaanika kadhakalkku prachodanamaayi. shwaasam edukkaan oru edavela edukkaathe thante "antigonil" ninnu oru neenda vaachakam chollaanulla shramathinte sammarddam moolamaanu addeham marichathennathaanu ettavum prashasthamaaya nirddesham. ethansile aantasteeriya utsavathil munthirippazham kazhikkumbol addeham shwaasammuttiyathaayi mattoru vivaranam soochippikkunnu. sitti dionysiayil thante avasana vijayam nediya sesham addeham santhosham kondaanu marichathennu moonnaamathethu parayunnu. kurachu maasangalkk sesham, oru haasya kavi, "muses" enna peril oru naadakatthil eee sthuthi ezhuthi "deerghaayussum santhushtanum kazhivullavanumaaya manushyan niravadhi nalla duranthangalude rachayithaavumaaya sophocles anugrahikkappettavanu; oru nirbhagyavumillaathe addeham thante jeevitam nannayi avasaanippichu."ennirunnaalum, chila vivaranagal anusarichu, addehathinte swantham puthranmaar jeevithaavasaanathode addehathe kazhivillathavanaakki prakhyapikkaan shramichu; koodaathe kolaniyile thante puthiya" "eedipasil" "ninnu vaayichukond addeham kodathiyil avarude kuttam nishedhichu". addehathinte puthranmaaril oralaaya iophone sophocles (aristtante makan) enna perilulla oru kochumakanum naadakakrithukkalaayi.
swavarggalaingikatha.
valare purathanamaaya oru srothassaaya, "sophistukal athaazhathil" enna ethaniyasinte kruthiyil sophoclesinte laingikathayekkurichulla paraamarshangal adangiyirikkunnu. aaa kruthiyil, eurifieds sthreekalkku bhaagikamaayirunnathupole sophocles aankuttikale bhaagikamaayi nayichuvennum ("φιλομειραφοκις διλογοκις, ειριπίδης φιλογινης") sophocles oru kaalath oru aankutty laingika bandhatthinaayi nagaratthinte mathilukalkk purathu nayichuvennum, sophocles oru simposiyathil oru sevikkunna aankuttiyumaayi pranayikkunnuvennu parayappedunna oru katha vivarikkunnu. koodaathe, euripids ithinekkurichu kettappol (ithu valareyadhikam charcha cheyyappettu), thaan aankuttiyumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppettuvennum "pakshe saadhaarana physinekkaal kooduthalaayi onnum nalkiyittillennum" ("ἀλλιν προσθειναι"), allengil "ennaal onnum eduthukalanjittilla" ("ἀλλιν προεθεναι") ennu paranju addeham nindyamaaya perumaattatthe parihasichu. ithinu marupadiyaayi sophocles eee gaanam rachichu 
kruthikalum paarambaryavum.
naadakeeya gadanayile puthumakalkkum, muun naadakakaaranmaarekkaal kathaapaathrangalude aazhathilulla vikasanathinum, athu escalus allaayirunnengil, moonnaamathe nadane cherkkunnathinum, ithu korasinte punk kooduthal kuraykkukayum vikasanathinum samgharshathinumulla avasarangal vardhippikkukayum cheythu. sophoclesinte aadyakaala kariyaril etheniyan naadakarachanayil aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna escalus moonnaamathe nadane swantham kruthiyilekku sweekarichu. moonnaamathe nadane koodaathe, "scanographia" allengil prakrithichithram avatharippichathinu aristottil sophoclesine credit cheiyunnu; ennaal ithum mattoraalkk (vitruvius, samosinte agathaarkkasin) nalkunnu. escalus marichathinushesham, bii. sii. 456-ll, sophocles ethansile pramukha naadakakrithaayi maari, pathinettu dionysia malsarangalilum aarr lenia uthsavangalilum vijayichu. videsha bharanadhikaarikal addehathe thangalude kottarangalil pankedukkaan kshanichathinaal addehathinte prashasthi valare valuthaayirunnu; ennaal, sisiliyil allengil euripidasil maricha eschailasil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, maasidonil samayam chelavazhicha sophocles orikkalum eee shanangalonnum sweekarichirunnilla. aristottil thante "kavithakalil" (c. bii. sii. 335), duranthatthile ettavum uyarnna nettatthinte udaaharanamaayi sophoclesinte "eedipas rex" upayogichu.
avasheshikkunna ezhu naadakangalil randennam maathrame surakshithamaayi theeyathi parayaan kazhiyoo bii. sii. 409 vareyulla philoctes, bii. sii. 401 vareyulla eedippas attu colonus (addehathinte maranashesham addehathinte kochumakan avatharippicha). mattullavayile, "electra" eee randinodum stailistik samanathakal kaanikkunnu, ithu orupakshe addehathinte kariyarinte pilkkala bhaagathaayirikkaam ezhuthiyathennu soochippikkunnu; "ajax", "aantigon", "trachinia" enniva saadhaaranayaayi aadyakaalathaayi chinthikkappedunnu, veendum stailistik gadakangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu; "eedippas rex" oru madhyakaalakhattathilaanu sthaapikkunnathu. sophoclesinte mikka naadakangalum aadyakaala jeevacharithrathinte antharpravaahavum greak duranthatthinte neenda paarambaryatthinte pradhana aditharayaayi sakrettik yukthiyude thudakkavum kaanikkunnu.
teban kalikkunnu.
eedipas rex (eedipas tyranus allengil eedipas dhii king ennum ariyappedunnu), eedipas attu colonus, aantigon enningane moonnu naadakangalaanu teban naadakangalil ulppedunnathu. eedipas raajaavinte bharanakaalathum athinusheshavum theebsinte vidhiyekkurich moonnum aashankappedunnu. avaa palappozhum orotta puramchattayil prasidheekarichittundu; ennaal sophocles avaa varshangalude vyathyaasathil prathyeka utsava malsarangalkkaayi ezhuthi. teban naadakangal sariyaaya thrayam allah (i.iii. moonnu naadakangal oru thudarchayaaya aakhyaanamaayi avatharippikkunnu), allengil oru manahpoorvamaaya parambarayalla; avayil poruthakkedukal adangiyirikkunnu. epigony" polulla theebukalumaayi bandhapetta mattu naadakangalum sophocles ezhuthiyittundengilum sakalangal maathrame avasheshichittulloo.
vishayangal.
moonnu naadakangalilum eedippasinte katha ulppedunnu, avar thante maathaapithaakkalaanennu ariyaathe pithaavine kollukayum ammaye vivaham kazhikkukayum cheiyunnu. moonnu thalamurakalayi addehathinte kudumbam shapikkappettirikkunnu.
eedipas rex" enna chithratthil eedipas aanu naayakan. oru pravachanam niravettunnathu thadayunnathinaayi avante maathaapithaakkalaaya lyas jokaastayum avante sisumaranam aasoothranam cheiyunnu; ennaal sisumaranathinu chumathalappedutthiya bhrithyan shishuvine idanilakkaarude oru parambarayiloode oru kuttikalillaattha dambathikalkku kaimarunnu, avar avante charithram ariyaathe avane dathedukkunnu. thante pithaavine kollumennum ammaye vivaham kazhikkumennum delphic orakkil thannekkurichulla pravachanathekkurichu eedippas oduvil manassilakkunnu; thante maathaapithaakkalaayi thanikkariyaavunnavare upadravikkaathe thante vidhi ozhivakkaan avan shramikkunnu (eee ghattathil, thaan dathedukkappettuvennu avanariyilla). eedippas oru manushyane oru kavalayil kaanunnu; eedippasum aaa manushyan ettumuttunnu, eedippas aaa manushyane kollunnu (aaa samayat arcum ariyillaayirunnenkilum, avante pithavaaya lyas aayirunnu). spinxinte ocha pariharicha sesham avan theebsinte bharanadhikaariyaakukayum eee prakriyayil vidhavayaya raajnjiyaaya amma jokaastaye vivaham kazhikkukayum cheiyunnu. angane vedhi bheethiyilekk sajjamaakunnu. sathyam purathuvarumbol, delphyil ninnulla mattoru sathyavum ennaal aashayakkuzhappamundayakunnathu pravachanatthe pinthudarnnu, jokaasta aathmahathya cheiyunnu, eedippas svayam andhanakkukayum thebas upekshikkukayum cheiyunnu. kaliyude avasaanam oordar punasthaapikkappedunnu. jokaastayude sahodaranaaya kriyoon raajaavaakumbol eee punasthaapanam kaanapedunnu, koodaathe naadukadatthappedunnathin munbu eedipas thante kuttikale paripalikkaan creoninode aavashyappedumbol. eedippasinte makkal avarude pithaavinte pravrithikal kaaranam ellaayppozhum lajja apamaanathinteyum bharam vahikkum.
eedippas attu colonus" enna pusthakatthil naadukadatthappetta eedippasum makal antigone colonus pattanatthil athukayum avidevechu ethansile rajaavaaya theesasine kandumuttukayum cheiyunnu. eedippas marikkukayum addehathinte makkalaya polynesukalum etokkilsum thammil kalahangal aarambikkukayum cheiyunnu. avar parasparam pooraadukayum oresamayam kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu.
aantigon" enna chithratthil, eedippasinte makalaaya aantigon aanu naayakan. sahodaran polyneseyude mrithadeham samskarikkappedaathe, nagaratthinte mathilukalkk purathu, vanyamrugangalude naashanashtangalkk vidheyamaayi, allengil avane kuzhichumoodukayum maranam neridukayum cheyyaan anuvadikkuka enna oopshan aval abhimukeekarikkunnu. raajyathe rajaavaaya kriyoon, nagarathinu raajyadrohiyaayathinaal polynesukale samskarikkunnath nirodhichittundu. aantigon thante shareeram kuzhichidaanum avalude pravrithikalude anantharafalangal neridaan theerumaanikkunnu. kriyoon avale vadhashikshaykk vidhikkunnu. oduvil, antigonine avalude shikshayil ninnu mochippikkaan creonine prerippikkunnu, pakshe avante theerumaanam valare vaikukayum aantigon aathmahathya cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. kriyoon rajaavumaayi aduthidapazhakunna mattu rund perude aathmahathyaykk avarude aathmahathya kaaranamaakunnu antigonine vivaham kazhikkaan pookunna addehathinte makan haymon, athijeevicha eaka makane nashtappetta sesham aathmahathya cheiyunna bhaarya euridise.
ghadanayum poruthakkedukalum.
sophoclesinte muppathiyaaru varshathe kariyariludaneelam rachicha eee naadakangal kaalakramatthil rachikkappettitla, pakaram "aantigon", "eedipas rex", "eedipas attu colonus" ennee kramathilaanu ezhuthiyathu. avaa oru "thrayam" aayi rachikkappettitla-orumichu avatharippikkenda oru koottam naadakangal, ennaal moonnu vyathyastha grouppukalude backie bhagangalaanu. thalphalamaayi, chila poruthakkedukal undu prathyekichum, "eedipas rex" ennathinte avasaanathil kriyoon tharkkamillaatha rajaavaanu, apolloyumaayi koodiyaalochichu, eedipasine theebsil ninnu purathaakkaan ottaykku theerumaanikkunnu. eedippasinte penmakkalude antigonineyum isminiyeyum "eedippas reksinte" avasaanam paripalikkaanum creoninode nirddeshikkunnu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, mattu naadakangalil eedippasinte puthranmaraaya ettokkilsumaayum polynysukalumaayum pinthudarchayumaayi bandhappett chila poraattangalundu. eedipas attu colonus" enna pusthakatthil sophocles eee poruthakkedukal oru yojicha mothatthil pravarthippikkaan sramikkunnu avarude kalankithamaaya kudumba vamshaavaliyude velichathil, avalude sahodaranmaar aadyam creoninu simhasana kaimaran thayyaaraayirunnuvenn ismene vishadeekarikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, oro sahodaran vijayikkanulla mattoraalude avakaashathekkurichu tharkkikkunnathode avar oduvil raajavaazhchayude chumatala ettedukkaan theerumaanichu. eedippas attu colonessil" kooduthal sakthamaaya sthaanathu aayirikkunnathinupurame, ettokkilukalum polynysukalum kuttakkaaraanu avar sammathikkunnu (ell. 429, theodoridis, thra.) avarude pithaavinte naadukadatthal, avarkkethiraya addehathinte ettavum kadutha aaropanangalilonnaan.
mattu naadakangal.
moonnu teban naadakangalkku purame, sophoclesinte naalu naadakangal nilanilkkunnu "ajax", "viman oof trachis", "electra", "philoctets", avayil avasaanatheth bii. sii. 409 ll onnaam sammanam nedi.
"trojan yudhathile abhimaniyaaya nayakanaaya telamonian ajaxine kendreekarichaanu "ajax" shradha kendreekarikkunnathu, avan vanchanayilekkum oduvil aathmahathyayilekkum nayikkappedunnu. akkillasinte ayudham tanikku pakaram odeeshyasinu nalkumbol ajax gurutharamaayi aswasthanaakunnu. thannodu sathruthayundaayittum, ajaxine sariyaaya reethiyil samskarikkaan odeeshyas rajaavaaya menilosineyum agamemnan prerippikkunnu.
"trachisile sthreekal" (corus nirmmikkunna trachinian sthreekalude peril) dianira thante prashasthamaaya panthrand advaanangal poortthiyaakkiya sesham abadhathil vamshahathya cheythathine naadakeeyamaakkunnu. ithu oru pranaya aakarshanamaanennu karuthi kabalippikkapetta dianaira, chaaranmaarude vasthrangalude oru inathinu visham prayogikkunnu; eee vishamulla anki chaaranmaarude maranathinu kaaranamaakunnu. sathyam arinjappol dianira aathmahathya cheiyunnu.
"electra" "ekadesham eskailasinte" "libation bairermaarude" "plottumaayi poruthappedunnu". clitemenestrayum ejisttasum avarude pithaav agamemnante kolapaathakathinu electra oorestasum engane prathikaram cheiyunnuvennu ithu vishadeekarikkunnu.
"troilekkulla yaathraamadhye greak kappalppadayude bakkiyullavar lemnosil upekshichirunna oru ambeythukaaranaaya philoctettasinte kathayaanu philoctettis parayunnath. philoctettasinte villillathe trojan yudhathil vijayikkaan kazhiyillennu arinja greekkukaar addehathe veendedukkaan odeeshyasineyum neoptolemasineyum ayaykkunnu; ennirunnaalum, greekkukaarude munkaala vanchana kaaranam philoctettas sainyathil veendum cheraan visammathikkunnu. troiyilekk pookaan philoctettukale prerippikkunnath heraclesinte dues ex mesheena roopamaanu.
vibhajithamaaya kalikal.
sophoclesumaayi bandhapetta 120-ladhikam naadakangalude sheershakangal ariyappedukayum chuvade avatharippikkukayum cheythittundenkilum, avayil mikkathinteyum krithyamaaya theeyathiyekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. "philoctes" bii. sii. 409-ll ezhuthappettathaayi ariyappedunnu, koodaathe "eedippas attu colonus" bii. sii. 401-ll, marananantharamaayi, sophoclesinte kochumakante thudakkathilaanu nadathiyathennu ariyappedunnu. greak uthsavangalkkayi naadakangal ezhuthunnathinekkurichula kanvenshan avaye oru aakshepahasya naadakathodoppam moonnu duranthangalude tetrologykalil samarppikkuka ennathaayirunnu. 120-ladhikam naadakangalil bhooribhaagathinteyum anjjaathamaaya theeyathikkoppam, naadakangal engane grooppucheythuvennum valiyathothil anjjaathamaanu. ennirunnaalum, aadhunika kaalaghattatthil "teban naadakangal" ennu paraamarshikkappedunna moonnu naadakangalum sophoclesinte swantham jeevithathil orikkalum orumichu avatharippichittillenum athinaal avaa oru thrayam allennum ariyappedunnu (avaa chilappol thettayi kaanapedunnu).
1907ll eejiptil "ichnyootta" ("tracking saattarirs")-nte sakalangal kandethi. iva naadakatthinte pakuthiyolam varum, ithu eurippidukalude "cyclopukal" kazhinjaal ettavum mikacha reethiyil samrakshikkappedunna aakshepahasya naadakamaayi maarunnu, ithu poornnamaayum nilanilkkunnu. munbu saattalait imajinginaayi upayogichirunna infrared saankethikavidyayude sahaayathode 2005 eprilil ooksfoord sarvakalaashaalayile klaasikkistukalaanu "epigony" sakalangal kandethiyathu. theebsinte randaamathe uparodhathinte kathayaanu durantham parayunnath. mattu niravadhi sophoclean kruthikal sakalangalaayi maathrame nilanilkkunnulloo, avayil iva ulppedunnu
swantham srishtiyekkurichulla sophoclesinte kaazhchappaad.
oru ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil sophocles thante swantham valarchayekkurichu charcha cheiyunna plutaarkkinte "dii profectibus inn kvityoott 7" enna laghulekhayude oru bhagam undu. sophoclesinte niravadhi sambhashanangal rekhappeduthiyittulla oru pusthakamaaya ayoon oof cheosinte "epidemia" aayirunnu plutaarkkinte eee ulladakkathinte uravidam; ennaal duranthathekkurichulla oru hellenistic sambhaashanavum, athil sophocles oru kathaapaathramaayi prathyakshappettu, vishwasaneeyamaanu. ayoon sophoclesinte suhruthaayirunnathinaal aadyathethu sophoclesinte swantham vikasanathekurichulla prabhashanam ulppeduthiyirikkaam, eee pusthakam plutarch upayogichathayi ariyappedunnu. plutaarkkinte vaakkukalude chila vyaakhyaanangal soochippikkunnathu sophocles thaan eskylasine anukarichuvennu parayunnundengilum, vivarthanam vyakaranaparamaayi yojikkunnilla, koodaathe addeham eskailasinte srishtikale kaliyaakkukayaanennu sophocles paranja vyaakhyaanavum illa. sii. emm. variyude inipparayunna vivarthanathinayi borah vaadikkunnu
"eskailasinte mahathaaya swabhaavam poornnamaayum parisheelicha sesham, pinne ente swantham kandupiduthathinte vedanaajanakamaaya chathuryam, ippol moonnaam ghattathil njaan swabhaavathil ettavum vyakthavum mikachathumaaya shailiyilekku maarukayaan."
ivide sophocles parayunnath addeham eskailasinte srishtiyude oru ghattam poortthiyaakkiyennaanu, athaayath addeham eskailasinte shaili anukarikkunna oru ghattatthiloode kadannupoyi, pakshe athil avasaanichu ennaanu. eskailasinekkurichulla sophoclesinte abhiprayam sammishramaayirunnu. thante kariyarinte thudakkathil thanne thante pravartthanangal anukarikkaan kazhiyunnathra addeham addehathe bahumaanichirunnuvenkum eskailasinte shailiyekkurich addehathinu aashankayundaayirunnathil addehathinte anukaranam nilanirtthiyilla. eskylasine anukaricha sophoclesinte aadya ghattam "bhaashayile escalian aadambaram" kondu adayaalappeduthunnu. sophoclesinte randaam ghattam poornnamaayum addehathintethaayirunnu. prekshakaril ninnu vikarangal unarthunnathinulla puthiya vazhikal addeham avatharippichu, thante "ajaxile" pole, ajaxine eathen parihasikkumbol, ayalkku ottaykku aathmahathya cheyyaan vendi vedhi shoonyamaakkunnu. thante vikasanathekurichulla charchayil mattu randil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru moonnaam ghattathe kurichu sophocles paraamarsikkunnu. moonnaamathe ghattam shabdaprayogathinu kooduthal shradha nalkunnu. addehathinte kathaapaathrangal samsaarichath avarkk kooduthal swaabhaavikavum avarude vyakthiparamaaya swabhaava vikaarangale kooduthal prakadippikkunnathumaaya reethiyilaan.

