partiscom (castra)

roman pravisyayaaya dassiayile marises nadiyude chunnaambukalkkarikillu oru kottayaayirunnu partiscom. dassiayile ettavum padinjaaran kottayaanith. athinte avashishtangal hangariyile songrad-sanad kaundiyile segedinu sameepamaan sthithi cheiyunnathu. ettavum puthiya gaveshanam kaanikkunnath, pazhaya kottayaaya segdile tissa nadikku sameepamulla segdilaayirunnu ettavum saadhyathayulla sthalam.
sthalam.
charithraatheethakaalathu, sarmaashyanmaarude oru upavibhagamaaya ijiajes (allengil jasjay) pradeshamaayirunnu eee pradesham.
eiii. randaam noottaandil claudius tolami aadyamaayi partiscom ennu paraamarshicha roman kotta.dii.thekkan hangariyilum grettu hangarian samathalathinte thekkan bhaagathum tissa nadiyude thaazhnna bhaagangalil sthithicheyyunnu, ithu danubilekku 120 kilometer thekk serbia/vojvodinayilekku ozhukunnu. kizhakkan nagaratthinte athirthiyil maros (laattin "marises", romanian "murus") tisayilekku ozhukunnu. marokal ivide romaniayude swaabhaavika athirthiyum roopappeduthunnu. roman avashishtangal innu nagara madhyabhaagathaal moodappettirikkunnu.
purathana kaalath, padinjaaru ninnu varunna oru pradhana gathagatha bandham paarttiskathilekkum marosh thaazhvarayiloode akathe dasiayilekkum nayichu. castra lugio/florentiayil ninnaan rooad kanakshan aarambhichath. eee kavalsena puraathanakaalatthe burgus kontraa florenshyathile kottakettya naavika pradeshavum chernnu pannonian danube lims roma saamraajyavumaayi cherunna roadinu chuttumulla athirthi pradeshavum samrakshichu. madhyakaalakhattathil nirmmicha kottaykku keezhil tissa nadiyude padinjaaran theerathu roman vaasasthalangalude adayaalangal kandethanakum.
gaveshanathinte charithram.
charithram 1876num idayil chakravarthiyudeyum maria therasia raajnjiyudeyum keezhil avasaanamaayi punasthaapicha sejjed kottayude thakarchaykkide dhaaraalam spolikal velichathu vannu, athil oru cheria bhagam roman uthbhavamayirunnu. ethnographer sii. ezz. aanu spolia kandethiyathu. sebasteen karoli (1876-1956) aadyamaayi prasidheekaricha kandethal metteeriyal sainika uthbhavamalla, athinaal oru roman kudiyettatthinu maathrame saakshyappeduthukayulla.
ennirunnaalum, 1877-ll munisippal malinajala samvidaanathinaayi oru kanal nirmmikkumbol, utharavaadithamulla enchineeyar, istan covats, kottayude sthalathulla karuthappedunna kottayude mathilukal murichirikkaam. addeham thante reportinode oru rekhaachithram cherthu
prathyekichum, pathonpathaam noottaand vare kottayude bombaakramana pradeshathulla eee pradeshathu marangal nadunnathinu polum anuvadikkaathathinaal, randaamathe mathil puraavastu gaveshakanaaya paal lakkattosinte shradha aakarshichu. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil avide orikkalum oru kettidam undaayirunnillenn pazhaya padhathikal theliyichu. ennaal 5.7 muthal 7.60 meter vare aazhathil kaanapedunna rund samanthara mathilukalude shakti oru pradhana kottaykku moonnu meettaril asaadhaaranamaamvidham shakthamaan. koodaathe, oru lejiyanari kyaambinte alavilekku eathaandu athaavunna 300 meter veethiyulla oru kotta eee sthalathu krameekarikkanaavilla. aadhunika khananangalillaathe eee mathilukal enthaayirunnuvennu anjjaathamaayi thudarunnu. pakaram, dense gablerineppolulla puraavastu gaveshakar arpad kaalaghattatthile oru kotta kottaaratthinte pradeshathulla roman sainika steshane samshayikkunnu, athu athinte thekkan kottayude nirmmaanathinu munbu avide sthithi cheythirunnu. eee pradeshathu roman floor tailukalum sittuvil kandethi (chuvade kaanuka). cheria kotta kottaram kottayude gadanakal ettedukkaamaayirunnu. vaar streettinteyum deck-ferenk streettinteyum moolayilulla anumaanikkappedunna pradesham ippol kettidangalaal moodappettirikkunnathil gaveshanam asaadhyamaayirikkunnu.
muun sej cheytha kottayude pradesham ithuvare chittayayi anweshikkappettilla. madhyakala, aadyakaala aadhunika, aadhunika nirmmanangal kaaranam, roman kottayude oru adayaalavum nilatthinu mukalil nilanilkunnilla. ennirunnaalum, eee mekhalayile kandethalukalude saandrata, karuthappedunna kottayude sthaanathe soochippikkunnu. 1924ll alsoverosile thekkan segedin jillayil kandethiya oru alaabesten durithaashwaasa shakalavum roman kaalaghattatthinu sheshamulla kaalaghattatthil avide athiyirikkaam.
vikasanam.
andras alfoldi (1895-1981) parayunnathanusarichu, danubinum kaarpaathiyanmaarkkum avarude vadakkupadinjaaran sakhyakakshikalaya jarmman kwaadukalkkum idayil thaamasichirunna aisisukalkkethire roman sainyam sthaanam urappichappol, chakravarty antoninus payasinte (138-161) bharanakaalathu romakkar paarttiskatthil oru kaaval seena sthaapichu. romakkarum ijiyajukalum thammilulla oru karar orupakshe oru othutheerppu sthaapikkaan sahayichu. 271ll dassia pravishya ozhippichathinusheshavum castra lugioykkum (dunassexo) dassiaykkum edayilulla roman vinodasanjaara gathagatham aarambhichu, eee haiway nilanilkkaamaayirunnu. valentian onnaaman chakravartthiyude (364-375) bharanakaalathu nirmmicha dunasexoyil ninnulla burgus kontraa florentium ithu soochippikkaam. ennirunnaalum, paarttiskatthinte vaikiyulla prathyeka settilment thudarcha theliyikkunna kandethalukal ithuvare velichathu vannitilla.
thudakkathil karuthiyirunna kotta oru sainikarude naadukadatthappettathaayirim. marcus ooreliyas chakravarty (161-180) nirddeshicha 175-leeii samadhana udambadi muthal, roman udyogastharum ellaayppozhum aswastharum vimatharumaaya ayjejukalude pradeshathaanu. romacarc suraksha enna nilayil, akkaalathe karar vyavasthakalkkanusarichu ayajessinu bandikalaakkendivannu.
marcus ooreliyasinte keezhilulla romakkar rund puthiya pravishyakal (sarmattiya, marcomania) sthaapikkunnathinaayi tissa thadam muzhuvan kaivashappeduthiyittundu ennathu aadhunika gaveshanangalil ippozhum vivaadaparamaanu. ennirunnaalum, puraathanakaalatthinte avasaanathil valia thothil vikasippicheduthathum athinusesham icis pradeshathe chuttippattiyullathumaaya naaranga sarmaadiyayekkurichulla puraavastu gaveshakanaaya sander soproniyude (1926-1995) straattigraaphik anweshanangal eee anumaanathe sthireekarikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. marcus ooreliyasinu keezhil-kuranjathu bhaagikamenkilum-eee athirthi mathilinte pradeshathu ithinakam thanne pravartthanangal nadannittundennum nirnnayikkaan sopronic kazhinju. pannoniyayumayulla danube athirthi ozhivakkaan icis pradesham ippol oru sainika buffer sonaayi upayogikkanamennum urappaan. sarmattiyanmaarkkethiraaya vijayathin, marcus ooreliyasinum makan commodesine 175-leeii sharathkaalathil oonarari padavi sarmetikkas (maximus) labhichu. prasakthamaaya kandethalukal soochippikkunnathu puraathanakaalatthinte avasaanathil attila allengil bleda ivide thaalkkaalikamaayi avarude thaamasasthalam thurannathaayi (chuvade kaanuka).
pravartthanam.
ettavum oduvil randaam datian yudhathinushesham (AD1) roman pravisyayaaya datia sthaapithamaayathode, pannoniyayil ninnu partiscom vazhi datiayilekkulla nerittulla rooad kanakshan romine sambandhichidatholam kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnu. avarude vazhiyil, gathagathavum sainika samghangalum daanyoobiloode neenda vazhithirivillaathe vegathil neekkaan kazhiyum. koodaathe, transylvaniayil ninnulla marosh/murus (laattin marises) tisayilekkum oduvil danubilekkum ozhukunna paarttiskatthil, shipping gathagathavum oru pradhana sthalathu niyantrikkaan kazhiyum. orupakshe pinneedu ivide nilayurappichirikkunna sahaaya samgham, marosh/myoorasinte thekkan theerathu thekkukizhakkayi ozhukunna misiyayilekkulla rooad kanakshan nireekshikkunnathinum surakshithamakkunnathinum utharavaadiyaayirunnu.
uppu, svarnnam, thadi enniva paarttiskatthil othucherunna jala, karaa vazhikaliloode kondupoyi. oru pradhana vyapara kendramenna nilayil purathana paarttiskatthinte pravartthanatthe oru roman rooad udyogasthante prathishta kallum chithreekarikkunnu, athu chuvade kooduthal vishadamaayi vivarichirikkunnu. partiscom samsthaana corrier sevanamaaya cursus pablikkasinte oru vediyaayirunnirikkaname likhitham kaanikkunnu.
naaranga sarmaadiyayude vipuleekaranathinu sesham, danubinum valia samatalathinum idayil vyaapichukidakkunna eee pradeshatthinte madhyathil eathaandu krithyamaayi partiscom kidakkunnu. athirthi kottakal noottaandukal pazhakkamulla roman sainyathinte niyanthranatthilulla aisissine niyantrikkaanulla sramathinu saakshyam vahikkunnu, athu niyanthranathilaakkaan prayasamaayirunnu. limm sarmathiyayile sainika autposttukalum eee uddeshyam niravettendathaayirunnu. sarmaashyan chunnaambukalude vadakkan bhaagatthinte thudakkathil nilkkenda athirthikkaduthulla gooad-boksoujetteleppinte poortthiyaakaattha vaalantain castrike purame, hatwan-gombospastayude bargasinte nirmmanavum eee vipuleekarana ghattathil aarambhichu.
pradhanappetta kandethalukal.
aadyakaala aadhunika kottayil nadatthiya roman kandethalukalkk icean metteeriyalumaayi yaathoru bandhavumillenn gaveshana phalangal vyakthamaakkunnu.
mathaparamaya balipeetam.
madhyakaalakhattam muthal thanthrapradhaanamaaya athirthi kottayaayirunnu partiscom/seged, ennaal hungery vinaashakaramaayirunna turkish yudhangal 1686-ll kuranjathode athinte praadhaanyam kuranju. kotta thakartthathode, oru prefectus vehiclation (cheef rooad warden) ennu perittirikkunna oru foyil sheettinte roopathilulla oru votive balipeetam ulppede niravadhi roman kandethalukal velichathu vannu
 kondu (uctoris) pii (ublichi) pii (orttori)
 ettu prayf (eiii. tii. sii)
 veey] hickul [oo]]
 rumm
 maarkkato (aarr)
 viilii (kus)
 v (oottam) s (oolvitt) l (aibans) m (eritto)
alfoldi parayunnathanusarichu, dvitheeya upayogathinaayi oru paridhi vare murichedutha eee kallu chakravarty antoninus payasinte (138-161) bharanakaalathaanu srishtichathu.
ishtika staambukal.
kotta polikkunna joliyil 38 roman ishtikakal kandethiyathayi parayappedunnu, ennaal avayil ezhu ennam maathramaan segdile ferenk morah myoosiyathilekk konduvannathu. innu orennam maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. ariyappedunnathupole, staambu impulla oru ishtika staambu vahikkunna oreyoru staambu ithaanu-orupakshe imparettarinu-athinaal saamraajyathva bharanathinu keezhil oru ishtikappanikku theeyittathaakaam. roman ishtika staambukalkkaayulla vipulamaaya pravarthanangalkku peruketta puraavastu gaveshakanaaya janos silagi (1907-1988) eee ishtika chakravarty caracalla (211-217) allengil elegabel (218-222) ennivarude bharanakaalathaanennu kanakkakkunnu. eiii randaam noottaandilaanu ithu uthbhavichathenn mattu shaasthranjar anumaanikkunnu.dii.
antifixum.
kottayude amithabhaarathil ninnu oru aantifiksathinte rund sakalangal vannu, alankaricha abhimukhamaaya ishtika, athil oru bhagam maathrame innu avasheshikkunnulloo. chuvanathum kadinamayathumaaya terracotta kashanam oru paalmettum sarppila varakalum kaanikkunnu. eee kruthiyude mikacha workshop kaaranam, eiii. dii randaam noottaandinte avasaanathinu sesham ithu nirmikkappettirikkalikka.
ishtika nilakal.
kotta thakartha samayat, cheria bisk, ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla vediyundakal kondu nirmmicha rund roman nilakal sittuvil kandethi. kottayude muttathinu sameepam kandethiya aadyathe koottam kallukalkk manja-thavitt niramundaayirunnu; bakkiyulla rund ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla ishtikakal ishtika chuvappum chaaraniravumaanu. ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla thara tailukalil chathuraakrithiyilulla oru cheria ishtikayum ulppedunnu, athu alankaara tharayude vidavukal nirachathinushesham ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla ishtikakal. mattu sthalangalkkoppam dassian tbscom (caranzebe), saarmisegettoosa rejia (gradishe dii munde) ennividangalilum bisket aakruthiyilulla floor tailukal kandethi. sisiya (sisak), akwingham (budapest), brigeshio (comarom) ennee pannonian vaasasthalangalilum ivaye kandethi. maruvashathu, palestrayude oru muriyudeyum sivil sitti akwinkathinte amphy theaterileyum tharayil ashtabhujaakrithiyilulla ishtikakalude nilakalundaayirunnu. oru praadeshika charithrakaaran ennariyappettirunna janos raisner (1847-1904), athuvare bhaagikamaayi poortthiyaayirunna bisket aakruthiyilulla ishtikakalude roman nila polichuneekkal thozhilaallikalaal nasippikkappettuvennum niravadhi sivil sarveesukal takarnna ishtikakal paper veyttukalaayi upayogichuvennum paraamarshichu. rund ishtika grouppukalude vaividhyam iva sthaapicha rund vyathyastha murikalilekku viral choondunnu.
orupakshe, yaathrakkaarkk budhimuttukalil ninnu karakayaran ratri chelavazhikkanum kazhiyunna oru mansio (street steshan) yilethaakaam nilakal.
shilpa alankaaram.
kottayudeyum seged pattanatthinteyum pradeshathu, pathinettaam noottaand vare ivide athiyittillaatha chila vilayeriya puravasthukkal kandethi. transylvaniayil ninnu shekharikkukayum viyannayilekku konduvarikayum cheytha purathana kalasaamagrikalulla moonnu kappalukal adangunna oru kappalppadaykku chaals chakravarty araman (1711-1740) utharavittu. kappalukal tissayude dishayilulla marosh/muril aayirunnu, onnu sedjinu sameepam mungi. rakshikkanulla sramam parajayappettu. irupathaam noottaandil marosh nadiyude theerathu ninnu kandethiya oru romante nannayi vishadeekaricha prathima eee charakkil ninnaan uthbhavichathenn karuthappedunnu. mattu kashanangalum kaalakramena sej cheyyaanulla vazhi kandethiyirikkam, athinaal sejil ninnulla vividha kandethalukalude vyakthamaaya praadeshikavalkkaranam pala kesukalilum asaadhyamaayirikkum.
1877-ll, randaam noottaandil ninnulla oru marble aann thala.dii. polikkaan neekkam cheytha kottaykkullil melpparanja kanaalinte khanana pravartthanatthinide ekadesham 7.60 meter aazhathil khananam cheythu. athinte pinbhagam parannathum poortthiyaakaathathumaayathinaal kashanam oru nirmmithiyudethaanu. eee nirmmaanatthinte sheshikkunna bhaagangalum kandethiyennum ennaal thozhilaallikal eee kashanagal veendum khanana kuzhiyilekku erinjuvennum covets nammodu parayunnu. noottaandukalaayi seged kottaykku sambhavicha niravadhi kottakalkkum mattangalkkum eee sthalathinte aazham vishadeekarikkaan kazhiyum. eee aashvaasam roman kaalatthinte thudakkathil thanne partiscom/segad aayirikkamennum ithu soochippikkunnu.
nanaya nidhi.
pandithanum piyaristumaaya friar andras dugonics (1740-1818) report cheiyunnathupole, 1794-ll marcus ooreliyas chakravartthiyude (161-180) bharanakaalathe valia alavil velli nanayangal kottaykkaduthulla provision hausinu sameepam kandethi. ithu oru dippo kandethalaayirikkumo???
ithuvare ariyappettathil vachu ettavum valia swarnna shekharamaanu eee shekharam. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu nagisexasile oru munthirithottathil ithu kandethi, munbu segedinte bhaagamaayirunnu, ippol rossos jillayude bhagamaanu. adhikrithare ariyikkunnathin munbu, niravadhi nidhikal aprathyakshamaayi, avayil chilath innum nashtamaayi. 1966 aayappozhekkum myoosiyangalileyum swakaarya shekharangalileyum swarnna vasthukkalude ennam 200 aayi.
1904ll kerch upadveepil kandethiya shavakudeerangalil ninnulla maathrkakal maathrame purathana nagisexus shekharathil kandethiyavayumaayi ekadesham thaarathamyappeduthaanaakoo. naagiseksukalude kandethalukalil, athinte uthbhavathinte kaalayalavo adutha dashakathilekkulla marachuveppino nirnnayikkaan kazhiyunna oru vasthuvum illa. puraavastu gaveshakar naagiseksokalude kandethaline oru shavasamskaram allengil prakrithi mannolipp moolam nashicha oru kunninmazhayude avashishtangal ennaanu deerghakaalamaayi vyaakhyaanichath. ennirunnaalum, eee anumaanam pinneedu nirasikkapettu, kaaranam vettakkar avarude maranangal kathichathaayi arivilla.
ivide kandethiya oru pradhana kandethal seged-nageeseksukalude vettayaadal nidhiyaayirunnu.
evideyaanu.
aadyakaala aadhunika kotta thakartha samayat kandedutha roman kandethalukal ippol segedile ferenk morah myoosiyathilaan.
charitra smaarakangalude samrakshanam.
hangariyile smarakangal act nambar prakaram samrakshikkappedunnu. smaarakangalude rajisttaril rajisttar cheythukondu 2001 leeii ell. ex. aii. vii. budaapesttile samsthaana saamskaarika paithruka oafees (culturalis örökségvédelmi hivatal; köh) aanu utharavaadithamulla sthaapanam. archaeological saittukalaayi deseeya moolyamulla saamskaarika paithrukathil pedunna eee limm complexukal § 3.1 prakaram ellah kandethalukalum § 2.1 prakaram samsthaana swathaanu, avaa evideyaayirunnaalum. kayattumathi chattangalude lamghanangal criminal kuttamaayi allengil kuttakrithyamaayi kanakkaakkukayum moonnu varsham vare thadavu shiksha labikkukayum cheiyunnu.

