
tivanaku

laa paasil ninnu 70 kilometer akaleyulla taittikkakka thadaakathinaduthulla padinjaaran boleeviyayile oru columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla puraavastu sthalamaanu tivanaku (allengil), ithu thekke amerikkayile ettavum valia saittukalil onnaanu. nilavil ekadesham 4 chathurashra kilometer visthruthiyulla uparithala avashishtangalil alankaricha seramics, smaaraka gadanakal, megalithic blokkukal enniva ulppedunnu. 10, 000 muthal 20,000 vare aalukalulla saittinte janasamkhya 800ll athichernnirikkaam.
1549ll spanish kankvisttadar pedro seeza dii liyon thekkan inca thalasthaanamaaya kullasu thirayumbozhaanu eee sthalam aadyamaayi rekhappeduthiyathu.
peru bernabe koboyude jesuit chronicler, tivanakku enna peru orikkal "taipikkala" ennaanu, athaayath "madhyathilulla kallu" ennartham varunna aymara, athu lokathinte madhyathilaanu sthithicheyyunnathenna vishwaasathe soochippikkunnuvennu report cheythu. likhithabhaasha illaathathinaal tivanakku nivaasikalkk ariyappettirunna peru nashtappettirikkaam. hegarty beresford-johnsum soochippikkunnathu pukwina bhaashayaan tivanakku bhaashayaayirikkaanaanu saadhyatha.
saittinte charithram.
kazhinja noottaandil saittinte theeyathi ganyamaayi parishkarikkappettundu. 1910 muthal 1945 vare, bhoomishaasthra kaalaghattangalumaayum puraavasthushaasthravumaayumaal thaarathamyathe adisthaanamaakki eee saittin 1,000 varsham pazhakkamundennu arther posnansky vaadichu. 1970-kalude thudakkathil, bii. sii. 1580-ll eee saitt aadyamaayi kaivashappeduthiyathaayi carlos poons sanginess nirddeshichu, ithu saittile ettavum pazhaya radio kaarban theeyathiyaayirunnu. boleeviyayile chila prasidheekaranangalilum myoosiyangalilum eee theeyathi ippozhum kaanapedunnu. 1980kall muthal, gaveshakar eee theeyathi vishwasaneeyamallennu amgeekarichu, ithu bii. sii. 200 allengil 300 ll kooduthal pazhakkamullathallenna samavaayathilekku nayichu. aduthakaalathu, vishwasaneeyamaaya radiocarbon theeyathikalekkurichulla sthithivivarakkanakku vilayiruthal kanakkaakkunnath, munkaalakhattangalil ninnu seramic shailikalude abhavam pinthunaykkunna oru theeyathiyaaya edii 110 (50-170,68 sathamaanam saadhyatha) laanu eee saitt sthaapithamaayathu ennaanu.
pothuvarshatthinte aadya noottaandukalil tivanaku athinte sthiramaaya valarcha aarambhichu. ekadesham eiii. dii 375 muthal 700 vare, aandeesil nagarathinu praadhaanyam vardhichu. athinte uyarathil, tivanaku nagaram ekadesham 4 chathurashra kilometer (1.5 chathurashra mile) visthruthiyil vyaapichukidakkukayum 10,000-thiladhikam janasamkhyayullathaayi kaanappedukayum cheythu. vyaapaarathinte pinthunayulla sankeernamaaya kaarshika sambadvyavasthayaanu nagaratthinte valarchaykku kaaranam.
eiii. dii 1000 oode saitt thakarnnathayi thonniyengilum ithinu pinnile kaaranam ippozhum charchaykku thurannirikkunnu. geologist aduthide nadatthiya padanangal doow. pittsburg sarvakalaashaalayile eliot arnold thakarchayude samayat eee pradeshathu kooduthal varalchayundennathinte thelivukal kaanichittundu. eee mekhalayile varalcha praadeshika kaarshika samvidaanangale baadikkukayum tivanakku thakarunnathil oru punk vahikkukayum cheythekkaam.
bandhangal.
thivanaakkile janangalkk vaari samskaaravumaayi adutha bandhamundaayirunnu. thivanaakkil kaanappedunnathin samanamaaya vaasthuvidyakalaanu vaari samskaarangalil adangiyirunnathu. rund samskaarangalum thammilulla bandham vyaapaarathe adisthaanamaakkiyullatho sainikathe adisthaanamaakkiyullatho aanennu karuthappedunnu. tivanakuk sanbarkkam pularthaan kazhiyunna mattu naagarikathakal vaarikalalla. inca nagarangalilum thivanakkuvil kaanapedunna samanamaaya tharatthilulla vasthuvidyaa adisthaana soukaryangal undaayirunnu. ithil ninnu inkakkaar tivanaku nagaratthil ninnum andean thadatthile mattu aadyakaala samskaarangalil ninnum kurachu prachodanam ulkkondathayi pratheekshikkaam.
gadanakal.
thivanakkuvil gaveshakar khananam cheytha gadanakalil terroused plaattphom koombaaram aakapana, aakapana kizhakk, pumuppungu steppu plaattphomukal, kalasaya, kaanthathallida kshethram, kheri kala, puttuni enclosureukal, ardha bhoogarbha kshethram enniva ulppedunnu.
257 meter veethiyum 197 meter veethiyum 16.5 meter uyaravumulla ekadesham cross aakruthiyilulla gadanayaanu akapana. athinte madhyabhaagathu oru mungiya court aayirunnathayi thonnunnu. eee gadanayude madhyabhagam muthal kizhakk bhagam vare vyaapichukidakkunna aazhathilulla kollakkaarude khananathiloode ithu eathaandu nasippikkappettu. kollakkaarante khananathil ninnulla vasthukkal akapanayude kizhakk bhaagath upekshichirunnu. athinte padinjaaru bhaagath silpangalulla oru padikal undu. eee gadanayude vadakkukizhakkan, thekkukizhakkan konukalil saadhyamaaya residential complexukal undayirikkaam.
yadhaarthathil, oru parishkaricha kunnin mukalil ninnaan akapana vikasippichathenn karuthappettirunnu. irupathonnaam noottaandile padanangal kaanikkunnath ithu poornnamaayum manushyanirmmithamaya oru mankudiyaanennum cheruthum valuthumaaya kallu blokkukalude mishrithamaanennu. eee sthalathinu chuttumulla "kuzhiyil" ninnaan akapana adangiya azhukk khananam cheythathennu thonnunnu. andesite kondu nirmmicha akapaanaykkullil ettavum valia kallu blockinu 65.7 tonn bhaaramundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. pumayudeyum manushya thalakaludeyum roopathilulla tenon kallu blokkukal mukalile terresukalil pathikkunnu.
aadyakaala tivanakku kizhakk bhagathaanu akapana kizhakk nirmmichathu. pinneedu ithu aachaaraparamaaya kendrathinum nagarapradeshathinum edayilulla athirthiyaayi kanakkakkappettu. oru koottam kettidangale thaanginirthunna manalum kalimannum kondu nirmmicha kattiyullathum thayyarakkiyathumaaya oru tharayaan ithu. manjayum chuvappum kalimannu soundaryaparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi vividha pradeshangalil upayogichirunnu. samskaarathin athinte valia praadhaanyatthe soochippikkunna ellah gaarhika maalinyangalum athu vrithiyaakki.
akapana pole kizhakk-padinjaaru achuthandil nirmmicha manushyanirmmitha plaattfomaanu pumuppungu. ithu tii aakruthiyilullathum, valia silaakhandangal abhimukeekarikkunna terroused munn plaattphom kunnaanu. vadakku-thekk achuthandil ithinu 167.36 meter veethiyum kizhakk-padinjaaru achuthandil 116.7 meter veethiyum 5 meter uyaravumundu. samana 20 meter veethiyulla pravachanangal poomaapunkuvinte vadakkukizhakkan, thekkukizhakkan konukalil ninnu 27.6 meter vadakkum thekkum vyaapichukidakkunnu. mathilukalum mathilukalillaatha courtukalum oru esplanade eee gadanayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
poomaapunkuvinte oru pradhana savisheshatha oru valia kallu terrous aanu; ithinu 6.75 x <aii. dii. 1> meter alavukalum valia kallu blokkukal kondu meikkappettathumaanu. plataforma litikka" ennu vilikkappedunna ithil tivanaku saittil kaanapedunna ettavum valia kallu block adangiyirikkunnu. poons sangines parayunnathanusarichu, blockinu 131 metrik tonn bhaaramundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. pumuppunkinullil kandethiya randaamathe valia kallu block 85 metrik tonn aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
puma panku sthalathinu chuttum chitharikkidakkunna vividha tharam muricha kallukalundu. kallukalukalude sankeernnatha kaaranam palarum anyagrahajeevikalude asthithvam sidhaanthamaakkiyittundum niravadhi kallukal poortthiyaakaathe avasheshikkukayum avaa engane murichirikkaamennu kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. 
300 adiyiladhikam neelamulla oru valia muttamaan kalasaya, uyarnna kavaadathaal roopappeduthiyirikkunnu. akapanayude vadakkum ardha bhoogarbha kshethrathinte padinjarumaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. muttathinullil paryavekshakar sooryante kavaadam kandethi. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam muthal, ithu kavaadatthinte yadhaartha sthaanamallennu gaveshakar sidhaantham eduthittundu.
muttathinaduthu ardha-bhoogarbha shethramundu; kizhakk-padinjaaru achuthandinekkaal vadakku-thekk savisheshamaaya oru chathuraakrithiyilulla mungiya muttam. mathilukal pala shailikalilulla tenon hedukalaal moodappettirikkunnu, ithu kaalakramena ghadana vyathyastha aavasyangalkkaayi veendum upayogichuvennu soochippikkunnu. manalkkall thoonukalude mathilukalum ashlar kallukalude cheria blokkukalum upayogichaanu ithu nirmmichathu. kalasayayile ettavum valia kallu blockinu metrik tonn bhaaramundennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
saittinte pala gadanakalkkakatthum aakarshakamaaya kavaadangalundu; smaaraka alavilullava krithrima kunnukal, plaattphomukal allengil mungiya courtukal ennivayil sthaapichirikkunnu. pala kavaadangalum staaf devante prathichaaya kaanikkunnu. samskaarathin praadhaanyamundennu soochippikkunna eee iconography chila valuppamulla paathrangalilum upayogikkunnu. sooryante kavaadathilaanu eee vigrahavali ettavum kooduthal kaanappedunnath.
sooryante kavaadatthinte mukalilulla athulyamaaya kothupanikal mrugangaleyum mattu jeevajaalangaleyum chithreekarikkunnu. eee sidhaantham sariyaanennu krithyamaaya thelivukalonnumillenkum, tivanakku janathaykku savisheshamaaya oru kalandar samvidaanathe pratheekathmakatha prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu chilar avakaashappedunnu. 
sooryanteyum mattu sooryanteyum kavaadam poomaapunkuvil sthithicheyyunnathu poornnamalla. pinneedu kootticherkkalukale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi saadhaaranayaayi klaambukalkkulla sokkattukal ulla chambranl ennariyappedunna oru saadhaarana resessed framinte oru bhagam avayil kanunnilla. eee vasthuvidyaa udaaharanagalkkum aduthide kandethiya akapana gettinum savisheshamaaya vishadaamshangalundu, koodaathe kallu murikkunnathil uyarnna vaidagdhyam prakadamaakkunnu. ithu vivaranathmaka jyaamithiyekkurichulla arivu velippeduthunnu. moolakangalude kramam soochippikkunnathu avaa anupaathangalude oru samvidaanathinte bhaagamaanenn.
tivanakku vasthuvidyaa nirmmaanatthinte naipunyathekkurichu niravadhi sidhaanthangal nirddeshikkappettittund. onnu, avar ekadesham arupath centimeter staanderd alavaaya "lukk 'eiii" upayogichu ennathaanu. mattoru vaadam pythagorian anupaathathekkurichaanu. ellah bhaagangalum alakkaan kavaadangalil upayogikkunna anchu muthal naalu muthal moonnu vareyulla anupaathathil samakonangal venamennathaanu eee ashayam. avasaanamaayi, sandarbhatheyum ghadanayeyum aashrayich vyakthigatha gadakangalkkaayi tivanaku oru samvidaanam sajjeekarichirunnuvennu protson nair vaadikkunnu. scaling gadakangal anupaathathe baadhichillennu theliyikkunna cheria valippam muthal smaaraka valuppam vareyulla samanamaaya kavaadangalude nirmmaanatthil ithu kaanikkunnu. oro kootticherttha gadakathodoppam, oro kashanangalum orumichu cherkkaan maatti.
janasamkhya vardhichathode thozhilparamaaya edangal vikasikkukayum aalukal chila kazhivukalil vaidagdhyam nedukayum cheythu. manpathrangal, aabharanangal, thunitharangal ennivayil jolie cheiyunna karakaushalathozhilaalikalude ennathil vardhanayundaayi. pilkkala inkayeppole, thivanaakkilum kurachu vaanijya allengil vipani sthaapanangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. pakaram, samskaaram unnatharude punarvitharanatthe aashrayichu. athaayath, saamraajyathile varenyavarggakkaar adisthaanaparamaayi ellah saambathika ulppaadanavum niyanthrichirunnuvenku oro saadhaaranakkaaranum avarude pravartthanangal nirvahikkaan aavashyamaaya ellah vibhavangalum nalkumennu pratheekshichirunnu. krishikkaar, meyunnavar, idayanmaar muthalaayavar thiranjeduttha thozhilukalil ulppedunnu. atharam thozhilukalude verthirivinoppam saamrajyathinullile sreniparamaaya vargeekaranavum undaayirunnu.
tiwanakuvile varenyavarggakkaar oru kuzhiyal chuttapetta naalu mathilukalkkullil thaamasichirunnathaayi chila ezhuthukaar vishwasikkunnu. eee sidhaanthathe "tivanaku mottu sidhaantham" ennu vilikkunnu. eee kuzhal oru vishudha dveepinte prathichaaya srishtikkaanaanu ennu chilar vishwasikkunnu. mathilukalkkullil manushya uthbhavathinaayi samarppichirikkunna niravadhi chithrangal undaayirunnu, athu varenyavargakkaarkk maathrame kaanaan kazhiyoo. ettavum vishudhamaaya kshethrangalude aasthaanamaayathinaal aachaaraparamaaya aavasyangalkkaayi mathramaayirikkum saadhaaranakkaar eee ghadanayil praveshichirikkuka.
cosmology.
pala andean samskaarangalilum parvathangal aaraadhikkappedukayum avaa vishudha vasthukkalaayi kanakkakkappedukayum cheiyunnu. pukkara, chukhi khavaa ennee rund vishudha parvathangalkkidayilulla thaazhvarayilaanu tivanaku sthithi cheiyunnathu. purathana kaalath atharam shethrangalil, daivangaleyum aathmaakkaleyum aadarikkunnathinum nandiparayunnathinumaayi chadangukal nadathiyirunnu. pankitta chinnangaliloodeyum theerthaadana kendrangaliloodeyum andean janataye ekeekarikkaan sahaayicha aaraadhanaalayangalum aachaarangalum aayirunnu avaa.
pothujanangaludeyum varenyarudeyum columbian kaalaghattatthinu munbulla mathaparamaya chadangukalude kendramaayi tivanaku maari. udaaharanathinu, columboic munbulla niravadhi samskaarangalil bhaagyathinu pakaramaayi oru daivathe preenippikkaan manushyabalikal upayogichirunnu. thivanaakkuvile akapana kshethrathile khananathil manushyarudeyum ottakangaludeyum yaga samarppanangalude avashishtangal kandethi. akapana kshethram oru jyotishaasthra nireekshanaalayamaayum upayogichirikkaamenn gaveshakar anumaanikkunnu. dakshinadhruvathil ninnulla ksheerapathatthinte bhramanathinte kazhcha nalkunna kvimsachattayude kodumudiyumaayi vinyasikkunna tharatthilaanu ithu nirmmichathu. vishuvat samkranti, venalkkaala ayananta, shaityakaala ayanantham ennivayil sooryodayathinte mikacha kazhchakal nalkunnathinu kalasaya polulla mattu shethrangal sthaapichittundu. eee smaarakangalude pratheekathmakavum pravarthanaparavumaaya moolyam oohikkaavunnatheyulloovile, suuryan, chandran, ksheerapatham, mattu aakaashavasthukkal ennivayude sthaanangal padikkaanum vyaakhyaanikkaanum tivanakuk kazhinju, avayude vaasthuvidyayil avaykku oru pradhana punk nalkaan kazhinju.
orupakshe athinte bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanathinte praadhaanyam kaaranam, aimara aithihyangal thivanaakkuvine prapanchatthinte madhyabhaagathu sthaapikkunnu. tivanakku nivaasikalkk avarude swaabhaavika chuttupaadukalekkurichu valareyadhikam arivullavaraayirunnu, avayum jyothishaasthrathekkur avarude dharana avarude vasthuvidyaa padhathikalil reference pooyintukalaayi upayogikkum. tivanakuvile ettavum pradhanappetta landmarkkukal parvathangalum thadaakamaaya titicakkayumaanu. tittikkakka thadaakatthinte theerangal ippol thivanakkuvinu 20 kilometer padinjaraayi sthithicheyyunnundengi varalcha kaaranam thadaakatthinte valippam kuranju. purathana kaalath ithu tivanaku vare vyaapichirunnathaakam. thadaakathinte athmeeya praadhaanyavum sthaanavum tivanaku enna thadaakathinte mathaparamaya praadhaanyathinu kaaranamaayi. tivanaku lokaveekshanathil, avarude cosmic vishwaasangalude athmeeya janmasthalamaanu thadaakam tittikkakka. incan puraanamanusarichu, suuryan, chandran, manushyar, prapancham enniva srishtikkaan utharavaadiyaaya viraakochayude janmasthalamaanu thadaakam tittikkakka. thivanaakkuvile kalasaya kshethrathil sooryante kavaadam ennariyappedunna oru ekashilaykku mukalil kothiyeduthirikkunna oru devan minnal bolt snoof pidichu nilkkunnu. sooryakireedam dharicha roopathe chithreekarichirikkunnathil ithu viraakochayude praathinidhyamaanennu palarum oohikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, veerakochayeppole srishtiyudeyum naashathinteyum ithihyangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunna "tunupa" ennu vilikkunna oru devathayeyaan eee chithram prathinidheekarikkunnathum.
tivanakku vamshajaraanenn karuthappedunna aymararkk mattu niravadhi andean samskaarangalude prapanchashaasthrathinu samanamaaya sankeernamaaya vishwaasa samvidaanamundu. avar moonnu edangalude nilanilppil vishwasikkunnu arajpaacha, uyarnna lokam; aakaapaacha, madhya allengil aantharika lokam; mankhaavocha, thaazhnna lokam. palappozhum prapanchavumaayum ksheerapathavumaayum bandhappettirikkunna uparithalalokamaanu aakaashajeevikal vasikkunna sthalamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnath. ellah jeevajaalangalum ulla idamaanu madhyalokam, thaazhnna lokathaanu jeevitam thanne vipareethamaakunnath.
puraavasthushaasthram.
tivanakku veenathinushesham taamasiyaathe eee sthalam kollayum amachwar khananangalum anubhavichathinaal, vasthukkal kuzhanjumarinjuvennum nasippikkappettuvennum manassilakki puraavastu gaveshakar athine vyaakhyaanikkaan shramikkanam. spanish adhiniveshathilum colonial kaalaghattatthilum pathonpathaam noottaandilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum eee nasham thudarnnu. kettida nirmmaanathinum railway nirmmaanathinumaayi kallu kuzhikkunna aalukalum sainika udyogastharude taargett pariseelanavumaanu mattu naashanashtangal varuthiyathu.
aadhunika saittil nilkkunna kettidangalonnum nilanilkunnilla. moshamaayi punarnirmmicha mathilukalulla pothu, aabhyantharamallaatha aditharakal maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. eee gadanakalil palathilum upayogichirunna ashlar blokkukal onniladhikam aavasyangalkkaayi upayogikkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil samanamaaya shailiyil vanthothil nirmikkappettu. saittinte kaalaghattatthiludaneelam, chila kettidangal aavasyangal maattukayum innu kandethiya karakaushalavasthukkalude mishrithathinu kaaranamaakukayum cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil thivanaakkuvinekkurichu vishadamaaya patanam cheria thothil aarambhichu. 1860kalil ephraim jorjju squier avashishtangal sandarshikkukayum pinneedu thante sandarshana velayil poortthiyaakkiya bhoopadangalum rekhaachithrangalum prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. jarmman geologist aalphons stoobal 1876-ll thivanakkuvil onpathu divasam chelavazhichu, shradhaapoorvamulla alavukalude adisthaanathil saittinte oru bhoopadam srishtichu. addeham rekhaachitrangal nirmmikkukayum kothupanikaludeyum mattu vasthuvidyaa savisheshathakaludeyum paper impressionukal srishtikkukayum cheythu. pradhana photographic documentation adangiya oru pusthakam 1892-ll enchineeyar jorg voonn grumbco prasidheekarichu, puraavastu gaveshakanaaya maiks uhleyude vyaakhyaanathode, avashishtangalekkurichula aadyathe aazhathilulla shaasthreeya vivaranamaayirunnu ithu.
1876 avasaanathinum 1877 thudakkathinum idayil voonn grumbco aadyamaayi tivanaku sandarshichirunnu, oru photographeraayi franch saahasikanaya theodor berinte paryaveshanathinu american bisinasukaranaaya henry maigs dhanasahayam nalkiyappol, maigsinu vendi thaan kandethunna karakaushala vasthukkal washingtonile smithsonian instittyoottinum newyorkkile american museum oof naachural histarikkum sambhavana cheiyumenna berinte vaagdaanathinethire. catholica edavaka purohitan prerippicha praadeshika janathayude akramasakthamaaya sathrutha berinte paryavekshanam vettikkurachuvenkilum voonn grambcoyude aadyakaala chithrangal nilanilkkunnu.
samakaalika khananavum punarudhaaranavum.
1960kalil bolivian sarkkar eee sthalam punasthaapikkaanum athinte oru bhagam punarnirmmikkanumulla sramam aarambhichu. kalasayayude mathilukal mikkavarum ellaam punarnirmmikkappettittundu. kalasaya nirmmikkunna yadhaartha kallukal kooduthal "stonhenchu" poleyulla shailiyodu saamyamullavayaayirikkum, thulya akalatthil nilkkukayum nere nilkkukayum cheyyum. punarnirmmaanam vendathra gaveshanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaayinu; udaaharanathinu, kalaasaayaykk chuttum oru puthiya mathil nirmmichu. punarnirmmaanatthinu thivanakkuvil undaayirunnathupole uyarnna nilavaaramulla kallu paniyilla. ippol kalasaayayilulla sooryante kavaadam athinte yadhaartha sthaanathu ninnu neekkiyathaayi vishwasikkappedunnu.
aadunikavum akkaadamikamaayum mikachathumaaya puraavastu khananagal 1978 muthal 1990 vare chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile naravamshashaasthranjanaaya alaan kolaattayum addehathinte bolivian prathiroopamaaya oswaldo rivera nadatthi. suka kollukalude punarnirmmaanam, naagarikathayude valarchayudeyum swaadheenathinteyum krithyamaaya theeyathi, tivanaku naagarikathayude varalchaye adisthaanamaakkiyulla thakarchayude thelivukal ennivayaanu avarude sambhaavanakalil ulppedunnathu.
pooll goldstaineppolulla puraavastu gaveshakar vaadichathu tivanaku saamrajyam altiplano pradeshathinu puratthum peruvile mokwegwa thaazhvarayilekkum vyaapichukidakkunnu ennaanu. omo vaasasthalangalile khananagal oru shethravum terroused koombaaravum polulla tivanakku savisheshathayulla samanamaaya vaasthuvidyayude adayaalangal kaanikkunnu. oamo saittinum tivanaku pradhana saittinum edayilulla shavakudeerangalil samanamaaya tharatthilulla thalayotti parishkkaranatthinte thelivukalum eee vaadathinu upayogikkunnu.
innu bolivian sarkkar niyanthrikkunna yuneskoyude loka paithruka sthalamaayi tivanaku thiranjedukkappettittundu.
aduthide, boleeviyayile puraavastu vakupp (javier escalaant samvidaanam cheytha dinar) terroused plaattphom moundu akapaanayil khananagal nadathunnundu. pensylvania sarvakalashaala nadathunna projecto archaeologico pumuppungu-akapana (pumuppungu-akapana archaeological project, pappa) kazhinja kurachu varshangalayi terroused plaattphom koombaarathinu chuttumulla pradeshathu khananam nadathukayum pradeshathe bhoomi thulachukayarunna radar sarvekal nadathukayum cheiyunnu.
muun varshangalil, haarvaardinte summer school prograamiloode vaagdaanam cheytha oru archaeological feeld school, smaarakathinte korinu purathulla residential pradeshathu nadathiyirunnathu praadeshika puraavastu gaveshakarkidayil vivaadathinu kaaranamaayi. paripadi samvidaanam cheythath doow. harwardile gaari arttan, kvippasil vidagdhanaaya doow. pensylvania sarvakalaashaalayile alexey vrank. professional melnottatthil polum pariseelanam labhikkatha vidyaarthikalude oru teamine saittil jolie cheyyaan anuvadikkunnathinerunno vivaadam. rekhaamoolamulla dhanasahayamulla certified professional puraavastu gaveshakarkk maathrame praveshanam anuvadikkoo ennathu valare pradhanamaayirunnu. desheeyavaadavum raashtreeyavumaaya ardhangal eee vivaadathinu mail aaropikkapettu. 2004ll aarambhich 2007ll avasaanicha harward feeld school moonnu varshatholam neenduninnu. thudarnnulla varshangalil padhathi puthukkippanithu, angane cheyyaan anumathi thedukayum cheythilla.
2009ll yuneskoyude parathiye thudarnnu sarkkar sponsor cheytha aakaashaanayude punarudhaarana pravartthanangal nirtthivachu. attakuttappanikal adobinte pyramidinu abhimukhamaayi nadannuvenkilum gaveshakar ithu uchithamaanennu sthaapichittilla.
2013 ll, thadaakam tittikkaakkayude khovaa reef paryavekshanam cheiyunna samudra puraavastu gaveshakar oru purathana aachaaraparamaaya sthalam kandethukayum lapis lasuli, seramic prathimakal, dhoopavarggam, thadaakatthinte tharayil ninnu oru aachaaraparamaaya medel thudangiya karakaushala vasthukkal uyarthukayum cheythu. chadangukalude aadambaratheyum tivanaku samskaaratheyum prathinidheekarikkunnavayaanna eee karakaushala vasthukkal.
2016ll drone upayogichu saittinte bhooprakrithi bhoopadam srishtichappol, "ithuvare anjjaathamaaya gadanakalude oru koottam" velippettu. 411 hectoriladhikam vyaapichukidakkunna eee gadanakalil oru kallu shethravum vishalamaaya alavukalulla noorolam vrithaakruthiyilullatho chathuraakrithiyilullatho aaya gadanakalum ulppedunnu, avaa orupakshe gaarhika unitukalaayirunnu.
vyoma nireekshanam.
2005num 2007num idayil unesco vividha tharatthilulla vyoma nireekshana reethikal upayogichu saittinte oru aakasha chithram srishtichu. lidar, eriyal photography, dronukal, terrestrial lazer scanning ennivayellaam eee prakriyayil upayogichu. eee gaveshanathil ninnu nigamanam cheytha daattayil mollo kundu pradeshathe onniladhikam gadanakalude mappinginoppam saittile pradhana gadanakal kaanikkunna bhooprakrithiyilulla bhoopadangal ulppedunnu. eee reethikalil ninnu 300 dashalakshathiladhikam dattaa pooyintukal sthaapikkukayum pooma panku polulla poornnamaayum khananam cheyyaatha pradhana gadanakale punarnirvachikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. 
pradhanappetta ezhuthukaar.
chikkago sarvakalaashaalayile alaan kolaatta 1900 kalude avasaanathil thivanakkuvil gaveshanam nadatthi, athil ninnu addeham thante pusthakamaaya thivanakkuvil nagarathekkurichum athinte ghadanayeyum samskaaratheyum kurichulla vivaranagal nalki. pinneedu addeham "vaali oof dhaa spiritts" prasidheekarichu, athu jyothishavum puranangalum polulla tivanaku samskaarathinte kooduthal vashangal vivarichu.
1900 kalude avasaanathilum tivanakku nadannukondirikkunna khananathinte kandethalukal rekhappeduthunna sthalathum vaandarbilt sarvakalaashaalayile joonn weyne janesec samayam chelavazhichu. 2008-ll addeham "purathana tivanaku" prasidheekarichu, athu tivanaku jeevithathinte vaasthuvidya, krishi, mattu vashangal ennivayekkurichulla thante kandethalukal vivarikkunnu.
berkleyile california sarvakalaashaalayile vasthuvidyaa professoraayirunna jeane-piyari protson thante jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum tivanakku vaasthuvidya padikkaan chelavazhichu. 2013-ll addeham "dhii stoons oof tiahuvanako" prasidheekarichu, ithu thivanakkuvil kaanunna vaasthuvidyayum kallukalasineyum kurichu mikacha vivaranagal nalkunnu. pala gadanakalum, prathyekichu puma panku, engane kaanapedunnu ennathinte punarnirmmaanatthinu saadhyathayullathil addehathinte srishtikal valia punk vahichittundu.

