
apollo 8

apollo 8 (desember <aii. dii. 1>, 1968) thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil ninnu purappetta aadyathe crude bahirakasha pedakavum chandranilethiya aadyathe manushya bahirakasha yaathrayumaanu. chandrane patthu thavana bhramanapathathil athikkukayum pinneedu surakshithamaayi bhoomiyilekku madangukayum cheythu. frank borman, jaims loval, vilyam aandezhs ennee moonnu bahiraakaashayaathrikaraanu chandrante vidoora bhaagathinum oru bhoumodyaanathinum saakshyam vahikkukayum foto edukkukayum cheytha aadyathe manushyar.
1968 desember 21nuu vikshepicha apollo 8, bhoomiyude bhramanapathathil thudarnnuponna apollo 7nuu sesham american aikyanaadukalile apollo bahirakasha padhathiyil paratthiya randaamathe crude bahirakasha yaatra douthyamaayirunnu. saattarn vii rokkattinte moonnaamathe parakalum aadyathe kroo vikshepanavumaayirunnu apollo 8, floridayile keppu kenneddy airfozhs steshanu sameepam sthithi cheiyunna kenneddy bahirakasha kendratthil ninnulla aadyathe manushya bahirakasha yaathrayaayirunnu ithu.
1969-nte thudakkathil deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla idatharam bhouma bhramanapathathil paratthaanirunna randaamathe crude apollo chandra module command module testtum aayi aadyam aasoothranam cheytha eee douthyathinte profile 1968 augustil kooduthal abhilaashamulla command-module mathramulla chandra bhramanapathathilekku maatti. thaazhnna bhouma bhramanapathathil aadyathe chandra module flaitt paratthaan pariseelanam nediya bahiraakaashayaathrikanaaya jiim makdivittinte kroo apollo 9 douthyathinte kroo aayi maarukayum bormaante cruye apollo 8 douthyathilekku maattukayum cheythu. ithu bormaante samghathinu yadhaarthathil aasoothranam cheythathinekkaal rund muthal moonnu maasam vare kuranja pariseelanavum thayyaareduppum nalkukayum aasoothranam cheytha chandra module parisheelanathinu pakaram translunar naavigeshan parisheelanavumaayi maattisthaapikkukayum cheythu.
apollo 8 chandranilekkulla dooram sanjarikkaan 68 manikkoor eduthu. irupathu manikorinullil samgham chandrane patthu thavana parikramanam cheyyukayum athinidayil avar oru chrismus eeva television prakshepanam cheyyukayum athil avar ulpathi pusthakatthile aadya patthu vaakyangal vaayikkukayum cheythu. akkaalat, ettavum kooduthal aalukal kanda television paripaadiyaayirunnu eee prakshepanam. apollo 8-nte vijayakaramaya dauthyam apollo 10-num 1969 joolaiyil apollo 11-num vazhiyorukki.ezz. president joonn eph. pathittaandinte avasaanathinu munbu oru manushyane chandranil irakkuka ennathaanu kennadiyude lakshyam. 1968 desember 27nuu apollo8 bahiraakaashayaathrikar avarude bahirakasha pedakam vadakkan pasaphik samudrathil pathichathode bhoomiyilekku madangi. thirichethiya sesham 1968leeii time maasikayude 'menn oof dhaa iyar' aayi kroo amgangal thiranjedukkappettu. moonnu kroo amgangalum ippozhum jeevichirikkunna avasana apollo dauthyamaanithu.
pashchaathalam.
1950kalude avasaanathilum 1960kalude thudakkathilum soviyatt unionumaayulla bhoumaraashtreeya sathruthayaaya sheethayudhathil america earppettirunnu. 1957 october 4nuu soviyatt union aadyathe krithrima upagrahamaaya sputnik 1 vikshepichu. eee apratheekshitha vijayam lokamembaadum bhayavum bhavanayum ulavaakki. bhookhandaanthara doorangalil aanavaayudhangal athikkaanulla kazhivu soviyatt union undennu theliyikkuka mathramalla, sainika, saambathika, saankethika menmayude american avakaashavaadangale athu velluvilichu. vikshepanam sputnik prathisandhiye thwarithappeduthukayum bahirakasha malsarathinu thudakkamidukayum cheythu.
president joonn eph. mattu rashtrangalekkaal shreshtatha neduka ennathu amerikkayude deseeya thaalpparyathinu mathramalla, american shakthiyekkurichulla dhaarana kuranjathu yaadhaarthyatheppole pradhaanamaanennu kenneddy vishwasichu. athinaal soviyatt union bahirakasha paryaveshana mekhalayil kooduthal purogathi kaivarikkunnath addehathinu asahaneeyamaayirunnu. america malsarikkanamennu addeham dridanishchayam cheyyukayum vijayikkanulla saadhyatha paramavadhi vardhippikkunna oru velluvili thedukayum cheythu.
soviyatt union bharameriya vaahaka rokkattukal undaayirunnu, athinartham kennedick nilavilulla thalamurayude rokkattukalude sheshikkappuramulla oru lakshyam thiranjedukkendathundu, avide us soviyatt union samathvathinte sthaanathu ninnu aarambikkum-sainika, saambathika, shaasthreeya adisthaanathil nyaayeekarikkan kazhinjillengilum athisayakaramaaya onnu. thante vidagtharumaayum upadeshtaakkalumaayum koodiyaalochicha sesham addeham atharamoru padhathi thiranjedutthu chandranil oru manushyane irakki bhoomiyilekku thirike konduvarika. eee padhathikku ithinakam oru perundaayirunnu project apollo.
oru prathyeka bahirakasha pedakam chandra uparithalathil erangunnathinu chandra bhramanapathathile othucheral sweekarikkuka ennathaayirunnu adyakaalavum nirnayakavumaaya theerumaanam. apollo bahirakasha pedakatthinu moonnu praadhamika gadakangal undaayirunnu moonnu bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk oru cabinullah oru command module (centimeter), bhoomiyilekku madangunna eaka bhagam; propulsion, electrical power, ooksijan, vellam enniva upayogichu command module nalkunna oru sarvees module (sm); chandranil erangunnathinulla oru irakka ghattavum bahiraakaashayaathrikare chandra bhramanapathathilekku madakkinalkunnathinulla oru aarohana ghattavum ulppedunna rund gattangalulla chandra module (elm). eee konfigareshan pinneedu vikasippichukondirunna saattarn vii rokkattiloode vikshepikkaan kazhiyum.
chattakkood.
pradhana samgham.
kamaandaraayi frank borman, command module pailattaayi maikkal collins, moonnaamathe crude apollo flaittinaayi chandra module pailattaayi (ell. emm. pii) vilyam aandezhs ennivarude prarambha kroo assainment 1967 november 20 nuu audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichu. attakuttappanikalkk sasthrakriya aavasyamulla servical disk herniation anubhavichathinu sesham 1968 joolaiyil collinsinu pakaram jiim laval vannu. bahirakasha shuttle kaalaghattatthinu munbulla dauthyangalil eee samgham savisheshamaayirunnu, commander crewill ettavum parichayasambannanaaya amgamaayirunnilla jemini VII, jemini XII ennivayil munbu rund thavana lowell parannittund. oru muun dauthyathile (laval, jemini XIII) oru commander allatha aalayi parakkunna aadya cases koodiyaanithu. muun dauthyathil ninnulla (laval, borman, jemini VII) kroomettukale veendum onnippikkunathinulla aadya dauthyam koodiyaayirunnu ithu.
apollo 8 bahiraakaashayaathrikaraaya moonnu perum jeevichirippundu.
backup kroo.
kamaandaraayi neel amstrongineyum cmpyayi lovellineyum moonnaamathe crude apollo flaittinaayi elmpyaayi buzz aldrinteyum backup kroo assainment prime krooyude athe samayat audyogikamaayi prakhyaapichu. lovelline pradhana samghathilekku punarniyamichappol, aldrin sii. emm. piyilekku maattukayum fred heysine backup ell. emm. pii aayi konduvarikayum cheythu. amstrong pinneedu apollo 11 command cheyyum, aldrin elmpyaayum collins cmp. apollo 11-nte backup crewill elmpyaayi sevanamanushticha haise apollo 13-ll elmpyaayi parannu.
udyogasthare pinthunaykkunnu.
merkuri, jemini ennee padhathikalil oro dauthyathinum oru pradhana samghavum oru backup samghavum undaayirunnu. apolloykkaayi, support kroo ennariyappedunna bahiraakaashayaathrikarude moonnaamathe samghathe chertthu. support kroo flaitt plan, checklistukal, mission graundu niyamangal enniva paripalikkukayum eathenkilum mattangalekkurichu prime, backup kroovukale ariyikkunnuvennu urappakkukayum cheythu. support kroo simulettarukalil, prathyekichu adiyanthira saahacharyangalil, nadapadikramangal vikasippichu, athuvazhi prime, backup kroovinu avarude simulettar parisheelanatthil pariseelikkaanum praaveenyam nedaanum kazhiyum. apollo 8-nuu, kenn mattingly, wans brand, jerald kaar enniva ulppedunna support kroo undaayirunnu.
capsule communicator (capcom) texasile hoosttanile mission kantrol sentarile oru bahiraakaashayaathrikanaayirunnu, avar maathramaan flaitt kroovumaayi nerittu ashayavinimayam nadathiyathu. apollo8-neey sambandhichidatholam maikkal collins, jerald kaar, kenn mattingly, neel amstrong, buzz aldrin, wans brand, fred heyes ennivayaayirunnu cap coom.
oro flaitt directorude neethrthwathil moonnu shifttukalilaayi mission kantrol teamukal thirinju. clifford iii aayirunnu apollo 8-nte directormaar. chalsworth (green team), glin lanni (black team), milttan windler (meroon team).
mission chihnavum colsine.
chinnatthinte thrikonaakrithiyilulla aakruthi apollo centimeterinte aakruthiye soochippikkunnu. douthyathinte dauthyasankhyayum vrithaakrithiyum prathifalippikkunnathinna bhoomikkum chandran chuttum oru chuvanna chithram 8 looping kaanikkunnu. 8-nte chuvade moonnu bahiraakaashayaathrikarude perukalundu. kaaliforniyayil ninnu hoostanilekkulla tii-38 vimaanathinte pinseettil sawari cheiyunnathinidayil apollo 8-nte chandra bhramanapatha dauthyamaayi punarnaamakaranam cheythathayi arinjathinu thottupinnaale jiim lowell aanu chinnatthinte prarambha roopakalppana vikasippicheduthath.
thangalude bahirakasha pedakatthinu peru nalkaan jeevanakkar aagrahichenkilum naasa athu anuvadichilla. jools verneyude 1865 leeii novalaaya "bhoomiyil ninnu chandranilekku" oru bahirakasha vahanam vikshepikkunna bheeman peerankiyude peraaya "columbiad" kroo thiranjedutthirikkaam. apollo 11 centimeterinu bhaagikamaayi "columbia" ennu peru nalkiyathu aaa kaaranathaalaanu.
thayyaareduppukal.
dauthya shedule.
1967 septambar 20 nuu, naasa apollo dauthyangalkkaayi ezhu gattangalulla oru padhathi sweekarichu, avasana ghattam chandranile landingaayirunnu. apollo 4, apollo 6 enniva "eiii" douthyangalaayirunnu, bhoomiyude bhramanapathathile command aandu sarvees modyoolinte (sii. ezz. emm) aalillaatha block I production model upayogichu saattarnv vikshepana vaahanathinte pareekshanangal. apollo 5 oru "bii" douthyamaayirunnu, ithu bhoomiyude bhramanapathathile elemminte pareekshanamaanu. 1968 octoberil shedule cheytha apollo 7, sii. ezz. emminte crude erthu-oorbitt flaittaaya oru "sii" douthyamaayirikkum. kooduthal dauthyangal ell. emm.-nte sannadhathaye aasrayichirikkunnu. kuranjathu naalu adhika douthyangalenkilum undaakumenn 1967 meyy maasathil thanne theerumaanichirunnu. 1968 desemberil jaims mcdivit, david scott, russell schweikart ennivar chernnu bhoomiyude thaazhnna bhramanapathathil elemminte pareekshanamaaya "dii" dauthyamaayi apollo 8 aasoothranam cheythu, athesamayam bormaante kroo 1969 nte thudakkathil apollo 9 enna deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla idatharam bhouma bhramanapathathil kooduthal karsanamaaya elm pareekshanamaaya "iii" dauthyam paratthum. "eph" dauthyam chandra bhramanapathathil csm, elm enniva pareekshikkum, koodaathe "jii" dauthyam avasaanamaayirikkum, chandranile landing.
elemminte uthpaadanam samayathinu pinnilayi, 1968 juunil apollo 8-nte elm-3 kenneddy bahirakasha kendratthil (ksc) athiyappol nooriladhikam pradhana vaikalyangal kandethi, ithu alillah bahirakasha pedaka kendratthinte (msc) director bob gilrathum mattullavarum 1968-ll elm-3 parakkaan thayyarakanulla saadhyathayillenn nigamanam cheythu. theerchayaayum, delivari 1969 februvariyilekko marchilekko pokaanaanu saadhyatha. yadhaartha ezhu ghatta padhathi pinthudarunnathu "dii" yum thudarnnulla dauthyangalum vaikippikkukayum 1969 avasaanathinu munbu chandra landinginte prograaminte lakshyathe apakadathilaakkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu. apollo bahirakasha pedaka prograam offeesinte maanejar jorj loow, 1968 augustil elm kaalathamasam undaayirunnittum prograam trackle nilanirthaan oru pariharam nirddeshichu. adutha sii. ezz. emm ("sii. ezz. emm-103" ennu namakaranam cheyyappettirikkunnu) ell. emm-3-nuu moonnu maasam munbu thayyarakumennathinaal, 1968 desemberil oru sii. ezz. emm-mathramulla dauthyam paratthaan kazhinju. apollo 7-nte "sii" dauthyam aavarthikkunnathinuparam, eee sii. ezz. emm chandranilekku ayaykkaam, chandra bhramanapathathil praveshikkaanum bhoomiyilekku madangaanum saadhyathayund. puthiya dauthyam chandranile landing nadapadikramangal pareekshikkaan nasaye anuvadikkum, allaathapaksham shedule cheytha "eph" dauthyamaaya apollo 10 vare kaathirikkendi varumaayirunnu. ithinartham idatharam bhouma bhramanapathamaaya "iii" dauthyam vitharanam cheyyaanum kazhiyum. dii" dauthyam maathram vaikippikkendivannu, 1969 madhyathil chandra landinginulla padhathi samayakramathil thudaraamaayirunnu.
1968 august 9nuu, gilrath, flaitt director kriss kraaft, flaitt kroo ooppareshans director donald sleyton ennivarumaayi loow eee ashayam charcha cheythu. thudarnnu avar alabaamayile hundsvilleyile marshell space flaitt sentarilekku (emsfc) parannu, avide avar ksc director kurt debus, apollo prograam director saamuval sii. ennivarumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadatthi. phillips, roco petron, verner voonn braun. flaitt kantrol kazhchappadil ninnu eee nirddesham saadhyamaanennu kraaft karuthi; adutha shaniyazhcha vii, 503 aayi desember 1 nakam thayyarakkan kazhiyumennu debus petron sammathichu; apollo 6 baadhicha pogo andolana prasnangal pariharichuvennu voonn brouninu aathmavishwaasamundaayirunnu. naasayile mikkavarum ellah muthirnna maanejarmaarum eee puthiya dauthyathodu yojichu, hardwareilum udyogastharilum aathmavishwaasam prakadippikkukayum, oru sarkloonaar parakkal ganyamaaya manoveeryam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. kurachu bodhyappedutthal aavasyamulla oreyoru vyakthi jaims iii aayirunnu. webb, naasa administrettar. addehathinte ejansiyude poornna pinthunayude pinthunayode webb dauthyathinu amgeekaaram nalki. apollo8 audyogikamaayi oru "dii" dauthyathil ninnu oru "sii-prime" chandra-bhramanapatha douthyathilekku maatti.
apollo 8-nte dauthyathile maattathode, athu paratthaan aagrahikkunnuvo ennu sleyton mcdivitinode chodichu. mcdivit athu nirasichu; addehathinte samgham elm pareekshikkaan thayyaredukkaan dhaaraalam samayam chelavazhichirunnu, athaanu addeham ippozhum cheyyaan aagrahichathu. thudarnnu manal udvamanathinte pradhana, backup kroo maattiyedukkaan sleyton theerumaanichu. eee kaimaattatthinte ardham bahirakasha pedakatthinte kaimattavum aayirunnu, bormaante kroo sii. ezz. emm-103 upayogikkendathundu, athesamayam emm. sii. divittinte kroo sii. ezz. emm-104 upayogikkum, kaaranam disambarode seey. emm-104 thayyarakkan kazhinjilla. iruvarum eathaandu samaanamaayirunnuvenkilum, thaan sookshumamaayi melnottam vahichirunna sem. mee.-103 testingil ninnu sem. mee.-104 vare pinmariyathil david scott santhushtaraayirunnilla. pakaram, apollo 8 elm testt article vahikkum, elm-3-nte sariyaaya bharavum balance anukarikkunna oru boilerplate model.
1969 leeii landing lakshyam kaivarikkunnathinayi apollo prograaminu mail sammarddam cheluthiyathu soviyatt yooniyante soondu 5 dauthyamaanu, ithu russian amakal ulppede chila jeevajaalangale chandranuchuttum oru sisloonar looppil paratthi septambar 21 nuu bhoomiyilekku thirike konduvannu. 1968 avasaanathinu munbu samanamaaya oru sarkkuloonar dauthyathil bahiraakaashayaathrikare vikshepikkaan naasaykkum maadyamangalkkum idayil oohaapohangal undaayirunnu. eee aashankakal koottikkondu, american rahasyaanveshana upagrahangal 1967 novemberil baikkoonoorile padilekku oru mokkapp enn 1 uruttunnath nireekshichu, 1968 ll kooduthal pravartthanangal.
ippol kenneddy bahirakasha kendratthile kroo kwaarttezhsil thamasikkunna apollo 8 kroovinu vikshepanathinu thaledivasam ratri chaals lindbergil ninnum bhaarya aan lindbergil ninnum oru sandarshanam labhichu. 1927leeii thante parakkalin munbu, lindberg oru charadupayogichu newyork nagaratthil ninnu paareesilekkulla dooram alakkukayum athil ninnu parakkalin aavashyamaaya indhanam kanakkaakkukayum cheythathinekkurichu avar samsaarichu. addeham vahicha motham thuka oro secondilum shani 5 kathikkunna thukayude pathilonnaanu. adutha divasam, lindbergs aduthulla oru manalkkoonayil ninnu apollo 8 vikshepanam kandu.
shaniyazhcha vii punarroopakalppana cheyyuka.
apollo 8 upayogicha saattarn vii rokkattine-503 allengil apollo-saattarn ("aas") prograamil upayogikkaanirikkunna saattarnv ("5") rokkattinte "03-aamm" model ennu namakaranam cheythu. 1967 desember 20 nuu vahana assembly kettidatthil ithu sthaapichappol, boilerplate command sarvees module vahikkunna aalillaatha bhouma-bhramanapatha pareekshana parakkalin rokkatt upayogikkumennu karuthiyirunnu. 1968 eprilil apollo6 athinte aadyaghattathil kadutha pogo aandolanangal, rund randaamghatta enchin parajayangal, bhramanapathathil veendum praveshikkunnathil parajayappetta moonnaamathe ghattam ennivayulppede niravadhi pradhana prasnangal nerittu. eee prasnangal pariharichuvennu urappu nalkaathe, naasa administrettarmaarkk shaniyazhcha vii thayyaaraanenn theliyikkunnathuvare adhika aalukalillaatha pareekshana vimanangal vare oru crude mission apakadathilaakkunnathine nyaayeekarikkan kazhinjilla.
emm. ezz. eph. siyil ninnulla teamukal prasnangal pariharikkan pravarthichu. enchin prakadanatthe thadassappeduthuka mathramalla, oru crewill ganyamaaya jii-fozhsukal prayogikkaanum kazhiyunna pogo aandolanamaayirunnu praadhamika aashanka. kararukar, naasa ejansi prathinidhikal, emsfc gaveshakar ennivarude oru task fozhsu, bahirakasha pedakam thanne vibrate cheytha aavruthikku samanamaaya aavruthiyilaanu enchinukal vibrate cheiyunnathennu nigamanam cheythu, ithu rokkattil aandolanangalkk kaaranamaaya anurananm undaakkunnu. eee vibrationukalil chilath agiranam cheyyaan healium vaathakam upayogicha oru samvidaanam sthaapichu.
parakkalinide moonnu enchinukalude parajayavum thulya praadhaanyamullathaayirunnu. vaakvam thurannukaattumbol chornnolikkunna hydrajan indhana line pottiyathine thudarnnu enchin randil indhana marddam nashtappedunnuvennu gaveshakar vegathil nirnnayichu. oru automatic shutoff liqvid hydrajan valve adaykkaanum enchin rund adachupoottaanum shramichappol, thettaaya vayar kanakshan kaaranam enchin threeyude liqvid ooksijan abadhathil adachupootti. thalphalamaayi, enchin randinte shattdauninte oru secondinullil enchin moonnu parajayappettu. thudarnnulla anweshanathil moonnaam ghatta enchininum ithe prashnam velippettu-oru thettaaya ignittar line. bhaaviyile vikshepanangalil samanamaaya prasnangal ozhivaakkaamenna pratheekshayil samgham ignittar lainukalum indhana vazhithaarakalum parishkkarichu.
1968 augustil emm. ezz. eph. siyil teamukal avarude pariharangal pareekshichu. pogo aandolanathinte prashnathinulla teaminte pariharam pradarshippikkunnathinaayin oru saattarn steju aisi shock-agiranam cheiyunna upakaranangal sajjeekarichirikkunnu, athesamayam vaakvam avasthakalil chorchakalodum villalukalodum prathirodham prakadippikkunnathinaayi oru saattarn steju II parishkaricha indhana lineukal upayogichu punarnirmmichu. prasnangal pariharichuvennu naasa administrettarmaarkk bodhyappettukazhinjaal, avar-503 upayogichu oru crude dauthyathinu anumathi nalki.
septambar 21 nuu apollo 8 bahirakasha pedakam rokkattinu mukalil sthaapikkukayum october 9 nuu naasayude rund valia croller-transporterukalil onninu mukalilulla vikshepana padilekku rokkatt mandagathiyilulla yaatra nadathukayum cheythu. vikshepanathinu thaledivasam vare desember muzhuvan parisodhana thudarnnu, desember 5 muthal 11 vare vividha thalatthilulla sannadhathaa parisodhana ulppede. pogo aandolanam, pottithericha indhana lineukal, mosham ignittar lineukal ennivayude prasnangal pariharikkunnathinulla parishkkaranangalude avasana parisodhana desember 18 nuu, nischayicha vikshepanathinu moonnu divasam munbu nadannu.
dauthyam.
paaraameettar sangraham.
onniladhikam khagola vasthukkale parikramanam cheiyunna aadyathe crude bahirakasha pedakamenna nilayil, apollo 8-nte profilinu rund vyathyastha settu bhramana paraameterukal undaayirunnu, avaye oru translunar injection maanuvar upayogichu verthirichu. apollo chandra dauthyangal aarambhikkunnath naamamaathramaaya vrithaakrithiyilulla bhoomi parking bhramanapathathodeyaanu. bhoomadhyarekhayilekku 32.51 ° cherivum 88.19 minittinte bhramanakalavum ulla apollo8 oru apojee perijiyum ulla prarambha bhramanapathathilekku vikshepichu. propellant venting parking bhramanapathathil chelavazhicha 2 manikkoor, 44 minitt, 30 second ennivayil kooduthal apojee vardhippichu.
ithinethudarnnu 318 secondinaayi ezz-ivb moonnaam ghattatthinte trans-lunar injection (tilly) kathikkukayum command aandu sarvees modulineyum elm testt lekhanatheyum bhramanapatha vegathayil ninnu kuthivayppu vegathayilekku thwarithappeduthukayum cheythu, ithu manushyar sanjaricha bhoomiyumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ettavum uyarnna vegathaykku record sthaapichu. eee vegatha bhoomiyude rakshappedal vegathayekkaal alpam kuravaayirunnuvenkilum apollo 8 neey chandrante guruthwaakarshanam pidichedukkaan kazhiyunnathra chandranode aduthulla oru neelamulla deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla bhouma bhramanapathathilekku maatti.
apollo douthyangalkkulla saadhaarana chandra bhramanapatham chandrante uparithalathinu mukalilulla naamamaathramaaya vrithaakrithiyilulla bhramanapathamaayi aasoothranam cheythirunnu. chandrante madhyarekhayil ninnu 12° charivil oru perilnoonum apoloonum ulla oru deerghavrithamaayirunnu prarambha chandra bhramanapatham ulppeduthal. ithu pinneedu vrithaakruthiyil, 128.7 minittinte bhramana kaalayalavode. bhramanapathathil chandra pinda saandrathayude ("masconukal") prabhavam thudakkathil pravachichathilum kooduthalaanennu kandethi; irupathu manikkoor neenduninna patthu chandra bhramanapathangalude kaalayalavil, bhramanapatha dooram aswasthamaayi.
apollo 8 bhoomiyil ninnu paramavadhi dooram kaivarichu.
vikshepanavum trans-lunar kuthivayppum.
1968 desember 21 nuu 12:51:00 UTC (07:51:00 kizhakkan staanderd samayam) yill saattarn v-nte moonnu gattangal upayogichu bhoomiyude bhramanapatham nedunnathinaayi apollo 8 vikshepichu. ezz-aisi aadya ghattam atlaantik samudrathil ethi, ezz-3 randaam ghattam atlaantik samudrathil ethi. ezz-ivb moonnaam ghattam kraaft bhoomiyude bhramanapathathilekku kuthivaykkukayum bahirakasha pedakatthe chandranilekkulla paathayilekku nayikkunna tlee bayne nadatthaan gadippikkukayum cheythu.
vahanam bhoomiyude bhramanapathathil ethiya sesham, crewe hoosttan flaitt kantrolarmaarum adutha 2 manikkoor 38 minittum bahirakasha pedakam sariyaaya pravartthana kramatthilaanennum tii. aii. aii. kku thayyaranennum parisodhikkaan chelavazhichu. rokkattinte ezz-ivb moonnaam ghattatthinte sariyaaya pravartthanam nirnaayakamaayirunnu, avasaanathe aalillaatha parisodhanayil, eee pollalinaayi athu veendum pravartthikkunnathil parajayappettu. collins aayirunnu deutyilulla aadyathe cap coom, vikshepichathinu sesham 2 manikkoor, 27 minitt, 22 secondil addeham radio cheythu, "apollo 8. ningal tiliyilekku pookunnu."eee ashayavinimayam ardhamaakkunnathu apollo 8 nuu chandranilekku pookaan mission kantrol audyogika anumathi nalkiyirunnu ennaanu. ezz-ivb enchin krithyasamayathu kathikkukayum tii. aii. aii. kathikkunnathu krithyamaayi nirvahikkukayum cheythu. adutha anchu minittinullil bahirakasha pedakatthinte vegatha vardhichu.
ezz-ivb chandranilekkulla dauthyathinu sesham, command aandu sarvees moduleukal (csm), bakkiyulla apollo 8 bahirakasha pedakam athil ninnu verpettu. thudarnnu samgham bahirakasha pedakam karakki chelavazhicha stejinte phottokal edukkukayum thudarnnu athinoppam roopathil parakkunnath pariseelikkukayum cheythu. bahirakasha pedakam thirikkumbol, avar bhoomiyil ninnu akannupokumbol avarkk bhoomiyekkurichulla aadya kazhchakal undaayirunnu-ithu manushyar oresamayam muzhuvan bhoomiyum kaanunnath aadyamaayi adayaalappeduthi. ezz-ivb csminu valare aduthaayirikkumenna aashankayil borman aashankappedukayum kroo oru verthirikkal thanthram nadatthaan mission niyanthranathinu nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. bahirakasha pedakam bhoomiyilekku choondikkaanikkaanum sarvees modyoolile (sm) cheria prathikarana niyanthrana samvidaanam (arcs) thrasttarukal upayogichu bhoomiyil ninnu akale avayude vegatha vardhippikkaanum mission kantrol aadyam nirddeshichu, ennaal ezz-ivbyude kazhcha nashtappedaan borman aagrahichilla. charchakalkku sesham, crewe mission kantrolum vegatha vardhippikkunnathinaayi bhoomiyude dishayil kathikkaan theerumaanichu, pakaram. adhika theekoluthal thayyarakkanum nirvahikkaanum aavashyamaaya samayam jeevanakkaare avarude kappalile jolikalil ninnu oru manikkoor pinnilaakkunnu.
vikshepichathinu anchu manikkoorin sesham, mission kantrol athinte sheshikkunna indhanam puranthallaan ezz-ivbic oru command ayachu, athinte paatha maatti. pareekshana lekhanam gadippichirikkunna ezz-ivb, apollo 8 nuu kooduthal apakadamonnum srishtichilla, chandrante bhramanapatham kadannupokukayum bhoomiyude madhyarekhayil ninnu 23.47 ° cherivode oru soura bhramanapathathilekku pookukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe bhramana kaalayalav 340.80 divasam. athu oru roopamaayi maari, veendeduthillengil varshangalolam sooryane parikramanam cheiyunnathu thudarum.
bhoomiyil ninnu vyaapichukidakkunna vaan alan radiation belttukaliloode kadannupoya aadyathe manushyaraan apollo 8 kroo. bahirakasha pedakatthinte uyarnna vegathayil belttukaliloode vegathil kadannupokunnathu nench ex-reey allengil 1 milligrayil (emjii; oru varshathil, sharashari manushyan 2 muthal 3 milligram vare alavu labikkum) kaviyatha vikiranathinu kaaranamaakumenn shaasthranjar pravachichu. yadhaartha radiation dosukal rekhappeduthunnathinu, oro kroo amgavum bhoomiyilekku daatta kaimarunna oru vyakthigatha radiation dosimeterum kroo anubavikkunna sanjitha vikiranam kaanikkunna moonnu nishkriya philim dosimeterukalum dharichirunnu. douthyathinte avasaanathode, kroo amgangalkku sharashari 1.6 milligram radiation doses anubhavapettu.
chandrante paatha.
command module pailat enna nilayil lavalinte pradhana jolie naavigettar enna nilayilaayirunnu. mission kantrol saadhaaranayaayi ellah yadhaartha naavigeshan kanakkukoottalukalum nadathunnundengilum, mission niyanthranavumayulla ashayavinimayam nashtappettaal kroovinu bhoomiyilekku madangaan naavigeshanil vaidagdhyamulla oru kroo amgathe undaayirikkendathu aavasyamaanu. oru nakshatravum bhoomiyude (allengil chandrante) chakravalavum thammilulla koonn alakkunna bahirakasha pedakatthil nirmmicha oru sekstant upayogichu nakshatra kaazhchakaliloode laval naavigettu cheiyunnu. bahirakasha pedakatthinu chuttumulla avashishtangalude oru valia megham eee jolie budhimuttaakkiyathinaal nakshathrangale verthirichariyaan prayaasamaayi.
douthyathinte ezhu manikorinullil, ezz-ivb, laval ennivayude avyakthamaaya nakshatra kaazhchakalil ninnu maarinilkkunnathil prasnangal kaaranam kroo flaitt plaanil ninnu ekadesham 1 manikkoor 40 minittum pinnilaayirunnu. barbique roll" ennum vilikkappedunna nishkriya taapa niyanthranathilekku (pii. tii. sii) kroo bahirakasha pedakam sthaapichu, athil bahirakasha pedakam athinte neenda achuthandinu chuttum manikkooril orikkal karangukayum bahirakasha pedakatthinte uparithalathiludaneelam taapa vitharanam urappakkukayum cheythu. nerittulla sooryaprakaashathil, bahirakasha pedakatthinte puram uparithalathinte bhagangal choodaakkaam, athesamayam nizhalilulla bhagangal choodaakum. eee thaapanila choodu paricha pottunnathinum propellant lineukal pottunnathinum kaaranamakum. oru thikanja roll labhikkunnath asaadhyamaayathinaal, bahirakasha pedakam karangumbol oru koonn puratthekku ozhuki. koonn paatten valuthakunnathinaal oro araa manikkoorilum kroovinu cheria mattangal varuthendivannu.
aadya midu-kozhs thiruthal parakkalin pathinonnu manikkoor kazhinjaanu vannath. 16 manikkooriladikam samgham unarnnirikkukayaayirunnu. vikshepanathinu munbu, undakaanidayulla prasnangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinu oru kroo amgamenkilum ellaayppozhum unarnnirikkanamenn naasa theerumaanichirunnu. borman aadyathe sleep shift aarambhichuvenkilum sthiramaaya radio samsaaravum mechanical shabdangalum kaaranam urangaan budhimuttaayirunnu. sarvees propulsion sisttam (ezz. pii. ezz) enchin deerghaneram kathikkumbol pottitherikkaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanennu nilathu nadatthiya parisodhanayil thelinjirunnu, athinte jwalana arra aadyam enchin kurachu samayathekku kathichu "pooshiya" allathe. eee aadyathe thiruthal pollal 2.4 second mathramaayirunnu, ithu vegathayude purogathi (yaathrayude dishayil) chertthu. ooksidaisar lainukalile healium kumilakal kaaranam eee maattam aasoothranam cheythathinekkaal kuravaayirunnu, ithu apratheekshithamaayi kuranja propellant marddathinu kaaranamaayi. kuravu nikathaan jeevanakkaarkk cheria arcs thrasttarukal upayogikkendivannu. apollo 8 tractory thikanjathaanennu kandethiyathinal pinneedu aasoothranam cheytha rund midu-kozhs thiruthalukal raddaki.
thante sleep shift aarambhich ekadesham oru manikkoorin sesham, borman oru seconnel sleeping gulika kazhikkaan graundu kantrolil ninnu anumathi nedi. gulikayude phalam kuravaayirunnu. borman oduvil urangukayum pinneedu asukham anubhavappett unarukayum cheythu. addeham randuthavana chharddikkukayum vayarilakkam anubhavappedukayum cheythu; ithu bahirakasha pedakatthil chharddiyudeyum malam ennivayude cheria golangal nirachu, athu jeevanakkar aavunnatra vrithiyaakki. borman thudakkathil thante aarogyaprashnangalekkur ellaavarum arian aagrahichirunnilla, pakshe lovel aandezhsum mission kantroline ariyikkaan aagrahichu. shabda recordingukalum telemetry tape cheyyaanum uyarnna vegathayil mission niyanthranathilekku thallaanum kazhiyunna dattaa storeju upakaranangal (dii. ezz. iii) upayogikkaan kroo theerumaanichu. bormaante rogathekkurichu oru vivaranam record cheytha sesham avar recording parisodhikkaan mission kantrolinodu aavasyappettu, "shabda kamantukalude vilayiruthal thangalkk venamennu" paranju.
apollo 8 crewe mission kantrol medical udyogastharum oru konfarans nadatthi, aalillaatha randaam nila kantrol room (hyoosttanil randum moonnum nilakalil samanamaaya rund kantrol roomukal undaayirunnu, avayil onnu maathramaan oru dauthyathil upayogichathu). konfaransil pankedutthavar aashankappedenda kaaryamillennum bormaante rogam borman chinthichathupole 24 manikkoor panii allengil urakka gulikayodulla prathikaranamaanennum nigamanam cheythu. bahiraakaashathe aadya divasam thanne moonnilonnu bahiraakaashayaathrikare badhikkunna space adaptation syndrome baadhichirunnathinaal westibular sisttam bharakkuravumaayi poruthappedunnuvennu gaveshakar ippol vishwasikkunnu. muun bahirakasha pedakatthil (mercuriyum jeminiyum) space adaptation syndrome sambhavichirunnilla, kaaranam aaa bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk aaa bahirakasha pedakatthinte cheria cabinukalil swathanthramaayi neengaan kazhinjirunnilla. apollo command modyoolile vardhicha cabin idam bahiraakaashayaathrikarkk kooduthal chalana swaathanthryam nalki, ithu bormaante bahirakasha rogathinteyum pinneedu apollo 9 samayat bahiraakaashayaathrikanaaya rusty shweikartinteyum lakshanangalkk kaaranamaayi.
bahirakasha pedakam pravarthanakshamamaanennum avar yaathrayilaanennum kroo parishodhichathozhike, cruis ghattam vimaanathinte thaarathamyena apratheekshithamaya bhaagamaayirunnu. eee samayat, vikshepichu 31 manikkoorin naasa oru television prakshepanam shedule cheythu. apollo8 kroo oru vidikan tube upayogichu karuppum veluppum niratthil maathram prakshepanam cheiyunna oru camera upayogichu. cameraykku rund lensukalum valare wide angle (160°) lense telephoto (9°) lense undaayirunnu.
eee aadya prakshepanatthinide, kroo bahirakasha pedakam sandarshikkukayum bahiraakaashath ninnu bhoomi engane prathyakshappettuvennu kaanikkan sramikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, oru monittarinte sahayamillaathe idungiya angle lense lakshyamidunnathil budhimuttukal bhoomiye kaanikkunnath asaadhyamaakki. koodaathe, sariyaaya filterukal illaathe, bhoomiyude chithram eathenkilum thilakkamulla srothassukalaal poorithamaayi. oduvil, bhoomiyilekku thirinjunokkunna aalukal oru thilakkamulla blobanennu kaanikkan ellah crewin kazhinju. 17 minitt sampreshanam cheytha sesham, bahirakasha pedakatthinte bhramanam uyarnna nettamulla aantinaye bhoomiyile sweekarikkunna steshanukalude kaazhchayil ninnu maattukayum avar ammaykku janmadinaashamsakal nernnu prakshepanam avasanippikkukayum cheythu.
appozhekkum samgham aasoothrithamaaya sleep shifttukal poornnamaayum upekshichirunnu. lowell vimaanathil manikkoorukalolam urangi-thaan aasoothranam cheiyunnathinu moonnara manikkoor munbu. kurachu samayathinu sesham, aandezhsum oru urakka gulika kazhichu urangaan pooyi. purathekkulla kappalil bhooribhaagavum chandrane kaanaan naavikark kazhinjilla. rund gadakangal bahirakasha pedakatthinullil ninnu chandrane kaanunnath asaadhyamaakki silikkan seelantil ninnulla vathaka ennakangal kaaranam anchu janaalakalil moonnennam pongikkidakkunnu, koodaathe nishkriya taapa niyanthranathinu aavashyamaaya manobhaavavum. chandranu pinnil kappal jeevanakkar pookunnathuvare avarkk aadyamaayi athu kaanaan kazhinjilla.
apollo 8 vimaanathil 55 manikkoor kazhinju randaamathe television prakshepanam nadatthi. telephoto lensiloode bhoomiyude chithrangal edukkaan kazhiyunna tharatthil ithavana sthira camerakalkkaayulla filterukal aniyarakkaar sajjamakki. lakshyam vekkaan prayaasamaanengilum, muzhuvan bahirakasha pedakavum kaikaaryam cheyyendivannathinaal, bhoomiyude aadyathe television chithrangal bhoomiyilekku thirike prakshepanam cheyyaan kroovinu kazhinju. bhoomi, enthaanu drishyamaayathu, avarkk kaanaan kazhiyunna nirangal enniva vivarikkunna transmission samgham chelavazhichu. 23 minittolam sampreshanam neenduninnu.
chandrante swaadheena mekhala.
parannuyarnnu ekadesham 55 manikkoor 40 minittum, chandra bhramanapathathil praveshikkunnathinu 13 manikkoor munbu, apollo 8-leeii kroo mattoru aakasha vasthuvinte swaadheenathinte guruthwaakarshana golatthilekku praveshicha aadyathe manushyarayi. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, apollo 8-ll chandrante guruthwaakarshana shakthiyude swaadheenam bhoomiyekkaal shakthamayi. athu sambhavikkumbol, apollo 8 chandranil ninnullathum chandranumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol vegathayullathumaayirunnu. kenneddy bahirakasha kendratthile vikshepana paadumayi bandhappett avarude paatha kanakkakkunnathinaal eee charitraparamaaya nimisham kroovinu thaalpparyamillaathathaayinu. chandra bhramanapathathil avar nirmmikkunna randaamathe enchin kathikkunnathinu anuyojyamaaya ooriyanteshane adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru reference framilake maarikkond avar avarude avasana midu-kozhs thiruthal nadathunnathuvare avar angane cheiyunnathu thudarum.
chandra bhramanapatham ulppeduthunnathinu (loyi) munbulla avasaanathe pradhana sambhavam randaamathe midu-kozhs thiruthalaayirunnu. ithu pinnott povukayum (yaathrayude dishayilekku) bahirakasha pedakatthinte vegatha kuraykkukayum cheythu, ithu bahirakasha pedakam chandraniloode kadannupokunna ettavum adutha dooram phalapradamaayi kuraykkunnu. vikshepichu krithyam 61 manikkoor kazhinju, chandranil ninnu ekadesham 11 second neram samgham arcsinu theeyittu. avaa ippol chandra uparithalathil ninnu kadannupokum.
parakkal kazhinju 64 manikorinullil, kroo chandra bhramanapatham ulppeduthunnathinulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhichu (loyi-1). eee thanthram krithyamaayi nirvahikkendivannu, bhramanapathathile mechanics kaaranam bhoomiyumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthaathe chandrante vidoora bhaagathaayirikkanam. pokaruthu/pokaruthu" enna theerumaanathinaayi mission kantrol votteduppinu sesham, 68 manikkoorin crewinode avar pookukayaanennum "namukk kandethaan kazhiyunna ettavum mikacha paksiye sawari cheiyunnu" ennum paranju. njangal ningale maruvashathu kaanum" ennu lowell marupadi nalki, charithratthil aadyamaayi manushyar chandranu pinnilum bhoomiyumaayulla radio sanbarkkathil ninnum sanjarichu.
loyi-1nuu patthu minitt seshikke, kroo bahirakasha pedaka samvidaanangalude avasana parisodhana aarambikkukayum oro swichum athinte sariyaaya sthaanathaanennu urappakkukayum cheythu. aaa samayat, oduvil avarkk chandranekkurichulla aadya kazhcha labhichu. avar anlitt vashathukoodi parakkukayaayirunnu, sooryaprakaashathinte aadya shafttukal chandra uparithalathe charinjukondu prakaashippikkunnath kandathu laval aayirunnu. loyi bayne rund minitt maathram akaleyayirunnathinaal kroovinu kaazhchaye abhinandikkaan samayam undaayirunnilla.
chandra bhramanapatham.
vikshepichathinu sesham 69 manikkoor, 8 minitt, 16 secondil ezz. pii. ezz kathikkukayum 4 minittum 7 second kathikkukayum apollo 8 bahirakasha pedakam chandranuchuttum bhramanapathathil sthaapikkukayum cheythu. thangalude jeevithathile ettavum dairkhyameriya naalu minittaan kathikkappettathennu jeevanakkar visheshippichu. theepiduttham krithyamaayi sariyaaya samayam neenduninnillengil, bahirakasha pedakam uyarnna deerghavrithaakrithiyilulla chandra bhramanapathathil avasaanikkukayo bahiraakaashathekku thallappedukayo cheiyumaayirunnu. athu valarekkalam neenduninnirunnenkil avarkk chandranil pathikkamaayirunnu. bahirakasha pedakam pravarthikkunnundenna urappuvaruthiya sesham, oduvil avarkk chandrane nokkaan avasaram labhichu, athu adutha 20 manikkoor parikramanam cheyyum.
bhoomiyil, dauthya niyanthranam kaathirunnu. jeevanakkar enchin kathichillaayirunnavil, allengil theepidittham aasoothranam cheytha dairkhyathil neenduninnillaayirunne, chandrante pinnil ninnu samgham neratthe prathyakshappedumaayirunnu. krithyamaayi kanakkakkiya nimishathil bahirakasha pedakatthil ninnu signal labhichu, ithu chandran chuttumulla bhramanapathathilaanennu soochippikkunnu.
bahirakasha pedakatthinte avasthayekkurichu report cheytha sesham, chandra uparithalam enganeyaayirunnuvennu lowell aadya vivaranam nalkki
avar kadannupokunna bhoopradesam laval vivarikkunnath thudarnnu. chandranil bhaviyil aasoothranam cheytha landing saittukalude, prathyekichu apollo 11 landing saittayi aasoothranam cheytha maar traankvilidaasile oru, nireekshanamaayirunnu kroovinte pradhana jolikalilonnu. saitt parishodhikkunnathin mikacha lighting avastha nalkunnathinaayi apollo 8-nte vikshepana samayam thiranjedutthirunnu. chandrante secondil oru frame record cheiyunnathinaayi bahirakasha pedakatthinte janalakalilonnil oru philim camera sajjeekarichittund. adutha 20 manikkoorukalude bhooribhaagavum thaalpparyamulla lakshyangalkkayi kazhiyunnathra phottokal edukkaan bill aandezhs chelavazhichu. douthyathinte avasaanathode, kroo enpathu 70 emm nischala photographukalum 16 emm moovi philim eduthirunnu.
bahirakasha pedakam bhoomiyumaayi sanbarkkam pularthiya manikkooriludaneelam, ezz. pii. esinte daatta enganeyaanennu borman chodichukondirunnu. enchin pravarthikkunnundennum aavashyamenkil bhoomiyilekku neratthe madangaan upayogikkaamennum urappakkaan addeham aagrahichu. oro bhramanapathathilum chandranu pinnil kadannupokunnathinu munbu "pokaruthu/pokaruthu" enna theerumaanam sweekarikkanamennum addeham aavasyappettu.
chandran munnil avarude randaamathe paasinayi avar veendum prathyakshappettappol, chandra uparithalathinte kazhcha prakshepanam cheiyunnathinulla upakaranangal samgham sajjeekarichu. avaa kadannupokunna garthangalekkurichu aandezhs vivarichu. eee randaamathe bhramanapathatthinte avasaanathil, bhramanapathathe vrithaakruthiyilaakkaan avar 11 second dairkhyamulla loyi-2 erichukalanju.
adutha rund bhramanapathangaliludaneelam, kroo bahirakasha pedakam parisodhikkunnathum chandrane nireekshikkunnathum photoyedukkunnathum thudarnnu. moonnaamathe paas samayat borman thante pallikkayi oru cheria praarthana vaayichu. sent. seyil oru sevanathil pankedukkaan addeham theerumaanichirunnu. texasile seabrookinu sameepamulla christopher episcopal palliyil apollo 8 vimanam parannathinaal addehathinu pankedukkaan kazhinjilla. mission kantrolile saha edavakakkaaranum enchineeyarumaaya rooad rooss, borman praarthana vaayikkanamenn nirddeshichu, athu record cheyyaanum sevana samayat veendum play cheyyaanum kazhiyum.
bhoomiyude uyarcha.
chandrante pinnil ninnu bahirakasha pedakam athinte naalaamathe kadannupokalinaayi puratthekku vannappol, manushyacharithrathil aadyamaayi kroo nerittu oru "bhoumodayam" kandu. naasayude chandra bhramanapatham 1 1966 august 23 nuu chandrante sameepat ninnu oru bhoumodyaanathinte aadya chithram eduthirunnu. chandra chakravaalathinu pinnil ninnu bhoomi uyarunnathu kanda andermar mattullavare aaveshabharitharaakkukayum angane cheyyumbol karuppum veluppum niratthilulla oru foto edukkukayum cheythu. aandezhs laval ennayaalodu kalar philim chodikkukayum pinneedu aaa noottaandile nooru photokalil onnaayi life magazin thiranjeduttha "erthrise" enna ippol prashasthamaaya kalar foto edukkukayum cheythu.
bhoomiye chandran samanvayippikkunna bhramanakramam kaaranam chandra uparithalathil ninnu bhoomivardhana saadhaaranayaayi drishyamaakilla. chandrante uparithalathile eathenkilum oru sthalathu ninnu kaanunnathupole, bhoomi chakravaalathinu mukaliloo thaazheyo chandra aakaashathil ekadesham ore sthaanathu nilanilkkunnu ennathaanu ithinu kaaranam. chandrane parikramanam cheyyumbol maathrame bhoomivardhanavu saadhaaranayaayi drishyamaakoo, chandrante avayavathinu sameepamulla thiranjeduttha uparithala sthalangalil, chandra chakravaalathinu mukalilum thaazheyum bhoomiye libration vahikkunnu.
bormanu vishramikkaan vendi lowell bahirakasha pedakatthinte niyanthranam etteduthappol aandezhs photographukal edukkunnathu thudarnnu. idungiyathum shabdamundaakkunnathumaaya bahirakasha pedakatthil vishramikkaan budhimuttu anubhavappettengilum, bormanu rund bhramanapathangalil urangaan kazhinju, idaykkide unarnnu avayude avasthayekkurichu chodyangal chodikkaan kazhinju. thante sahakroo amgangal thettukal varuthunnathu kelkkaan thudangiyappol borman poornnamaayum unarnnu. avarkk chodyangal manassilaakaathathinaal avaa aavarthikkaan utharangal chodikkendivannu. moonnu divasathiladhikam nalla urakkam labhikkathathinaal ellaavarum valare ksheenitharaanennu borman manassilakki. kurachu uranganum chandrane nireekshikkunnathumaayi bandhapetta backie flaitt plan scrub cheyyaanum addeham aandersinodum lovellinodum utharavittu. thaan sukhamaayirikkunnuvennum ennaal borman vazhithettikkappedillenum paranju aandezhs thudakkathil prathishedhichu. chandrante yaanthrika chithrangal edukkunnathu thudaraan borman camera sajjeekarikkumenna vyavasthayil aandezhs oduvil sammathichu. randaamathe television prakshepanam aasoothranam cheythittundennum niravadhi aalukal kaanumenn pratheekshichirunnathinaal, kroo jagrata paalikkanamenn borman oormmippichu. adutha rund bhramanapathangalil, borman adhikaarathil irikkumbol aandezhsum lovel urangi.
onpathaam thavanayum chandrane chuttumbol bahiraakaashayaathrikar randaamathe television prakshepanam aarambhichu. borman kroovine parichayappedutthi, thudarnnu oro manushyan chandra uparithalathekurichum chandrane parikramanam cheiyunnathu enganeyaayirunnuvennum thante bhavam nalki. vishalavum eakaanthavum shoonyathayude vipuleekaranathe vilakkunnathumaanu" ennaanu borman ithine visheshippichathu. thudarnnu, avar parakkunnathinekkurichu samsaaricha sesham, bhoomiyilulla ellaavarkkumaayi kroovinu oru sandeshamundennu aandezhs paranju. bottilulla oro manushyan baibil srishtiyude kathayil ninnu uthbhava pusthakatthil ninnulla oru bhagam vaayichu. bhoomiyile ellaavarkkum santhoshakaramaaya chrismus aashamsichukond borman prakshepanam poortthiyaakki. chandra bhramanapathathile avarude anukoola pooyintil ninnu moonnu kroo amgangalkkum undaayirunna vikaarangale samgrahikkunnathaayi addehathinte sandesham thonni. borman paranju, "apollo 8-nte samghathil ninnu, njangal good naitt, good luck, oru merry chrismus, daivam ningale ellaavareyum anugrahikkatte-ningal ellaavarum nalla bhoomiyil."
television prakshepanam avasaanichu manikkoorukalolam shedule cheythirunna trans-erthu injection (tii. iii. aii) nadatthuka ennathaayirunnu eee ghattathil kroovinu avasheshichirunna eaka jolie. spisinte theepidutthatthinte parajayangal jeevanakkaare chandra bhramanapathathil thadavilaakkumennathinaal rakshappedaanulla pratheekshayillathe, taye aayirunnu parakkalinte ettavum nirnayakamaaya theepiduttham. munbathe pollalineppole, bhoomiyumaayi sanbarkkam pulartthaathe, chandrante vidoora bhaagathinu mukalil kroovinu thanthrangal nadathendivannu. krithyasamayathaanu theepidittham undaayath. kanakkakkiya krithyamaaya samayamaya 89 manikkoor, 28 minitt, 39 secondil chandrante pinnil ninnu veendum uyarnnuvannathode bahirakasha pedakamaaya telemetry veendum nedi. voys kondaakt veendeduthappol, lowell prakhyaapichu, "dayavaayi ariyikkuka, oru santa closs undu", athinu kenn maattingil, nilavile capcom marupadi nalki, "athu sariyaanu, ningalkkariyenda ettavum nallath ningalaanu."chrismus dinamaaya desember 25 nuu bahirakasha pedakam bhoomiyilekku madangaan thudangi.
aasoothrithamallaatha maanuval punarkrameekaranam.
pinneedu, computer keyboard upayogichu vividha nakshathrangal kaanaan module kaikaaryam cheythukondu, chila naavigeshanal kazhchakal nadatthaan lowell kurachu nishkriya samayam upayogichu. addeham abadhathil computerinte memmariyil chilath maaychukalanju, ithu inertial mesherment yoonittil (imu) daatta adangiyirikkaan kaaranamaayi, ithu liftt-oof cheiyunnathinu munbu module athe aapekshika ooriyanteshanilaayirunnuve soochippikkunnu; modyoolinte manobhaavam "sariyaakkaan" imu thrasttarukal prayogichu.
computer enthukondaanu modyoolinte manobhaavam maattiyathenn jeevanakkar manassilaakkiyappol, modyoolinte yadhaartha ooriyanteshan computerinode parayaan daatta veendum nalkendathundennu avar manassilakki. reegal, syrious ennee nakshathrangal vinyasikkaan thrasttarukal upayogichu sariyaaya samkhyakal kandethaan lavalinu patthu minittum, thiruthiya daatta computerilekku nalkaan mattoru 15 minittum vendivannu. pathinaar maasangalkk sesham, apollo 13 douthyathinidayil, oorjjam samrakshikkunnathinaayi modyoolinte imu oof cheyyendivannathinu sesham kooduthal nirnayakamaaya saahacharyangalil lovelinu samanamaaya maanuval punarkrameekaranam nadathendivarum.
bhoomiyilekku madangukayum veendum praveshikkukayum cheyyuka.
bhoomiyilekku madangiyethiya kappal yaatra kooduthalum kroovinu visramikkaanum bahirakasha pedakam nireekshikkaanumulla samayamaayirunnu. tractory specialistukal ellaam shariyaayi kanakkaakkunnidatholam kaalam, bahirakasha pedakam bhoomiyude anthareekshathil veendum praveshikkukayum randara divasathinu sesham pasafikkil thenni veezhukayum cheyyum.
chrismus uchathirinju, samgham avarude anchaamathe television prakshepanam nadatthi. ithavana, oru bahiraakaashayaathrikan bahiraakaashath engane jeevikkunnuvennu kaanichu avar bahirakasha pedakam sandarshichu. prakshepanam poortthiyaakkiyappol, phudu lockeril avar slatenil ninnu oru cheria sammanam kandethithi viyatnaamile sainikarkk nalkia athe tharatthilulla paaykkil stafingulla oru yadhaartha turkey athaazham.
mattoru slettan surprise moonnu miniyechar kuppikal brandy sammaanamaayirunnu, athu borman crewinode avar erangunnathu vare ottaykku pookaan utharavittu. vimanam parannu varshangal kazhinjittum avaa thurannitilla. samghathile amgangalkku avarude bharyamaaril ninnulla cheria sammaanangalum undaayirunnu. adutha divasam, dauthyathinu ekadesham 124 manikkoor kazhinjappol, aaraamatheyum avasaanatheyum television prakshepanam naalu minitt dairkhyamulla prakshepanatthil douthyathinte ettavum mikacha viidiyoo chithrangal kaanichu. rund divasathinu sesham samghaamgangal veendum praveshikkaan thayyaaredutthu. computer reantry niyanthrikkum, kroovinu cheyyendathu bahirakasha pedakatthe sariyaaya manobhaavathil vaykkuka, moorchayulla avasaanam munnott vaykkuka ennathaayirunnu. computer thakararilaayaal borman chumatala ettedukkaan thayyarayirunnu.
sevana modyoolil ninnu verthirikkunnathu heett sheeled thurannukaattukayum anaavasyamaaya pindam kalayukayum cheythukondu reantricaayi command module thayyarakki. aasoothranam cheythathupole sarvees module anthareekshathil kathikkum. anthareekshathinte mukalil athunnathinu aarr minitt munbu, sanjaarapatha vidagdhar kanakkaakkiyathupole, chandran bhoomiyude chakravaalathinu mukalil uyarunnathu naavikar kandu. module nerttha baahya anthareekshathil athiyappol, bahirakasha pedakatthinu chuttum thilangunna plasma roopappedunnathinaal purathu mangiyathayi kroo shradhichu. bahirakasha pedakam mandagathiyilaakkaan thudangi, mandagathiyilulla vegatha uyarnnu. bahirakasha pedakatthinte manobhaavam maattikkond computer irakkathe niyanthrikkunnathinaal, samudrathilekku erangunnathinu munbu apollo 8 oru skipping kallu pole hrasvamaayi uyarnnu. eiii. tii. yill, drogg parachute vinyasichu, bahirakasha pedakatthe sthirappeduthukayum thudarnnu moonnu pradhana paarachoottukal sthaapikkukayum cheythu. 1968 desember 27 nuu havaayiyude thekkupadinjaarulla vadakkan pasaphik samudrathile 15:51:42 UTC yill bahirakasha pedakam splaashdoun sthaanam audyogikamaayi report cheythu.
bahirakasha pedakam vellathil pathichappol, paarachoottukal athine valichidukayum thalakeezhaayi nirthukayum cheythu, athine sthirathayulla 2 sthaanathu ennu vilikkunnu. oru veekkam avare baadhichappol, borman rogabaadhithanaayirunnu, moonnu floatation baloonukal bahirakasha pedakatthe shariyaayi nirthaan kaathirikkukayaayirunnu. splaashdouninu ekadesham aarr minittinusesham, command module athinte inflattable bagg raitting sisttam vazhi oru saadhaarana apex-upp (steble 1) ooriyanteshanilekku nayichu. vimaanavahinikkappalil ninnulla aadyathe thavalapuli splash dauninu 43 minittinusesham ethi. naalppathiyanju minittinusesham, "york taunn" enna vimaanathinte deckil jeevanakkar surakshitharayi.
paarambaryamaayi.
charitraparamaaya praadhaanyam.
amerikkayilum lokathinte mikka bhagangalilum valareyadhikam prakshobhangalkk saakshyam vahicha oru varshamaaya 1968 avasaanathodeyaanu apollo 8 vannath. aaa varsham rashtreeya kolapathakangal, europileyum americayileyum theruvukalil rashtreeya aswasthathakal, prague spring enniva kanduvenkilum, "time" magazin 1968 leeii apollo 8-nte samghathe athinte varshathile mikacha purushanmaraayi thiranjedutthu, avare muun varshathe sambhavangale ettavum swaadheenicha aalukalayi amgeekarichu. bhoomiyude guruthwaakarshana swaadheenam upekshichu mattoru aakaashagolathe parikramanam cheytha aadya manushyaraan avar. poornnamaayum vijayikkanulla ambathiyanju saadhyatha maathrame ulloo ennu kroo polum vilayiruthiya oru dauthyathe avar athijeevichu. apollo 8-nte prabhavam oru aparichithanil ninnulla oru telegramil sangrahikkappettu, dauthyathinu sesham bormanu labhichathil, "nandi apollo 8. ningal 1968 rakshichu" ennu lalithamaayi paranju."
chandrante naalam bhramanapathathilekku kadakkumbol kroo edutha "bhoumodaya" chithramaayirunnu parakkalinte ettavum prashasthamaaya vashangalilonn. cameraykku pinnil manushyar aadyamaayittaanu itharamoru chithram edukkunnathu, 1970 leeii aadya bhoumadinathinte prachodanangalilonnaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu. "life" maasikayude "lokathe maattimaricha 100 photographukalil" aadyathethu aayi ithu thiranjedukkappettu.
apollo 11 bahiraakaashayaathrikanaaya maikkal collins paranju, "ettukalude supradhana charitraparamaaya praadhaanyamaanu munpanthiyilullathu"; athesamayam bahirakasha charitrakaaranaaya roobert keey. ellah apollo dauthyangalilum charitraparamaayi ettavum praadhaanyamullathaayi apollo 8-neey pool kandu. 1962ll joonn glen nadatthiya merkuri-atlaas 6 enna american bhramanapathathile aadya parakkalin sesham maadyamangal ettavum vyaapakamaayi report cheytha douthyamaayirunnu ithu. mission report cheytha 1,200 pathrapravartthakarundaayirunu, bbcyude kavarej 54 rajyangalil 15 vyathyastha bhashakalil prakshepanam cheythu. soviyatt intercosmos prograam chairman boris nikkolevichu petrovinte oru udharani soviyatt pathramaya praavdayil ulppeduthiyirunnu, addeham eee parakkal "american bahirakasha shaasthrathinteyum saankethikavidyayudeyum mikacha nettam" ennaanu visheshippichathu. chandrante onpathaam bhramanapathathil christumous eevu transmission-thalsamayam allengil vaikio-akkaalat jeevichirunna naalilonn aalukal kandathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. akkadami oof television arts aandu sciences nalkunna ettavum uyarnna bahumathiyaaya emmy award apollo 8 broadcastukal nedi.
nireeshwaravaadiyaaya madeline murey oo 'hair pinneedu uthbhavathil ninnulla vaayanayekkurich naasaykkethire cases phayal cheythukondu vivaadamundaakki. sarkkar jeevanakkaraayirunna american bahiraakaashayaathrikare bahiraakaashathe pothu praarthanayil ninnu kodathikal vilakkanamennu ooo 'hair aavasyappettu. bahiraakaashath adhikaaraparidhiyillaathinal american aikyanaadukalile supreme kodathi cases nirasichenkilum apollo prograaminte backie bhaagangaliludaneelam naasa mathathekkurichulla prashnathekkurichu avyakthatha kaanikkan ithu kaaranamaayi. apollo 11-ll, erangiya sesham chandrante uparithalathil svayam ashayavinimayam nadatthiya presbytarian communian; addeham varshangalolam ithu parasyamaayi paraamarsikkunnathil ninnu vittunilkkukayum akkaalat athine thirascheenamaayi maathrame paraamarshikkunnullu.
1969ll american aikyanaadukalile poost oafees vakupp chandranuchuttum apollo8 parannathinte smaranaykkaayi oru tapal staambu (scott kaattalog <aii. dii. 1>) puratthirakki. chrismus raavil aandezhs chandranu mukaliloode edutha bhoomiyodkhaadanathinte prashasthamaaya foto "aadiyil daivamundu" enna vaakkukalum staambil ulppeduthiyirunnu...", uthbhava pusthakatthile aadya vaakkukal. 1969 januvariyil, kroo bhoomiyilekku madangiyethi 18 divasangalkku sesham, washington naashanal symphany oorkkastrayile trumpettar lloyd gisler deseeyagaanam aalapikkunnathin munbu, suuppar bowl III pree-geyim shoyil avar prathyakshappettu, vishwasthathayude prathinjja paarayanam cheythu.
bahirakasha pedakatthinte sthaanam.
1970 januvariyil, yuu. esil pradarshippikkunnathinaayin bahirakasha pedakam jappaanile osaakkayilekku kaimari.ezz. expo '70 leeii pavaliyan. ithu ippol chikkago museum oof sayans aandu industriyil pradharshippichirikkunnu, oppam lowell sambhavana cheytha vimaanathil ninnulla vyakthigatha enangaludeyum frank borman dharikkunna space syoottinteyum shekharavum. jiim lovellinte apollo 8 space suit naasayude glen research sentarile visittar sentaril pothu pradarshanathilaanu. bill aandezhsinte space suit yunaittad kingdatthile landanile sayans myoosiyathil pradarshippichittundu.
janakeeya samskaarathil.
apollo 8-nte charitraparamaaya dauthyam documentaryum fiction enningane niravadhi roopangalil chithreekarikkappedukayum paraamarshikkappedukayum cheythittundu. 1969ll burgus meridith avatharakanaaya "debriefa apollo8" enna dokyumentariyil apollo8-leeii jeevanakkar chithreekaricha vividha television prakshepanangalum 16 emm foottejukalum naasa samaharikkukayum purathirakkukayum cheythu. koodaathe, bahiraakaashath ninnulla ellah television prakshepanangalum, pariseelanavum vikshepana drishyangalum, parakkalil edutha chalanachithrangalum ulppede dauthyavumaayi bandhapetta naasayude ellah television 16 emm philim foottejukalum adangiya moonnu disk dvd settum 2003 ll bahirakasha pedaka chithrangal puratthirangi. american experience", "inn dhaa shado oof dhaa moonn" (2007) ennivayude 18-aamm seasoninte bhaagamaayi "rays tuu dhaa moonn" (2005) ennivayaanu mattu dokyumentarikal. vimaanathinte ambathaam vaarshikathodanubandhichu 2018 desemberil apolloyude dheeramaaya dauthyam pii. bii. essil sampreshanam cheythu.
1995-ll purathirangiya apollo 13 enna chithratthile kathapatra vikasanamaayi apollo 8 pravartthikkunnu, athil jiim loval thante apollo 8 anubhavathiloode chandranil nadakkaan prachodanam nalkukayum pinneedu rund thavana athil nadakkaathe uparithalathodu valare aduthu nilkkunnathil niraasanaakukayum cheiyunnu.
1998-leeii "phram dhaa erthu tuu dhaa moonn" episode 1968-ll douthyathinte chila bhagangal naadakeeyamaakkiyittundu. 1970leeii "yuu. eph. oo" episode "samgharshathil apollo8-nte ezz-aii. vii. bii ghattathe oru anyagraha upakaranathinte sthaanamaayi chithreekarichu. 2015-leeii "rays phoor space" enna aalbathile "maruvashathu" enna gaanatthile yadhaartha recordingukal upayogichu apollo 8-nte chandra bhramanapatham ulppeduthunnathu baand public sarvees broadcasting aanu.
free bareds" (2013) enna animated chithratthinte kredittukalil apollo 8 douthyathekkurichulla oru pathratthinte onnaam peju ingane vaayikkaan krithrimamaayi upayogikkunnu "american charithratthile ettavum prakshubdhavum daarunavumaaya varshangalilonnu avasaanikkumbol, lokamembaadumulla dasalakshakkanakkinu aalukal apollo 8 bahiraakaashayaathrikar-frank gobbler, jiim snood, bill wattles-mattoru lokathe parikramanam cheiyunna aadyathe tarkkikalaayi maarunnath kaanukayum kelkkukayum cheythu."
oru documentary chithram, "2018 ll puratthirangi.
luke byrneyude "erthrais" enna corell sangeetha kruthi dauthyathe anusmarikkunnu. 2020 januvari 19 nuu sidney ooppara hausil sidney philharmonia gayakar eee bhagam pradharshippichu.