
saharan kadathu vyapaaram

sahaarayiludaneelam sub-saharan aafrikkaykkum vadakkan aafrikkaykkum edayilulla yaatra trans-saharan vyaapaarathin aavasyamaanu. charitraatheetha kaalam muthal nilaninnirunna vyaapaarathinte kodumnira ettaam noottaand muthal pathinezhaam noottaandinte arambham vare neenduninnu.
orikkal sahaaraykk valare vyathyasthamaaya oru anthareekshamundaayirunnu. libiayilum aljeeriyayilum, kuranjathu bii. sii. 7000 muthal, edayathvam, aadukal, aadukal, valia vaasasthalangal, manpathrangal enniva valarthal undaayirunnu. bisi 4000 muthal 3500 vare kendra saharayil (ahaggar) kannukaalikale avatharippichu. aadhunika marubhoomiyile paristhithiyil illaatha sasyajanthujaalangale chithreekarikkunna, nilavil valare varanda sthalangalile sradheyamaaya paarachithrangal (bisi 3500 muthal 2500 vare).
oru marubhoomi enna nilayil, medittareniyan sambadvyavasthaye niger nadeethadatthinte sambadvyavasthayil ninnu verthirikkunna oru shathruthaaparamaaya vishaalathayaan ippol sahara. fernand browdal choondikkaanikkunnathu, atharam oru mekhala kadakkunnathu, prathyekichu yaanthrika gathagathamillaathe, asaadhaaranamaaya saahacharyangal prathekshikkunna nettatthe chelavineyum apakadatheyum marikadakkumbol maathrame prayojanappedukayulloo. ottakangalude kaarvanmaraanu vyapaaram nadathiyathu. kaaravanukalilonnine anugamicha paryavekshakanaaya ibnu bathoothayude abhipraayathil, oru kaaravanile sharashari valippam 1,000 ottakangalaayirunnu, ennaal chila kaaravanukal 12,000 vare valuthaayirunnu. marubhumiye ariyukayum avarude saha marubhoomi naadodikalil ninnu surakshithamaaya paatha urappakkaan kazhiyukayum cheiyunna uyarnna shambalamulla berbermar kaaravanukale nayikkum. oru kaaravante athijeevanam apakadakaramaayirunnu, athu shradhaapoorvamulla ekopanathe ashrayikkum. muzhuvan yathrayum nadatthaan kaarvaanukalkk eluppathil kondupokaan kazhiyaathathinal niravadhi divasangal akaleyaayirikkumbol vellam carvanilekku kayattaan oodunnavare oyaasukalilekku ayaykkum. pathinalam noottaandinte madhyathil ibnu bathootha sijilmasayil ninnu thaghaasayile uppu khanikal vazhi marubhoomi kadannu oovaalatta oyaasisilekku pooyi. oru guidine munnott ayakkukayum kaaravane kandumuttunnathinayi oovaalattayil ninnu naalu divasathe yaathrayil vellam konduvarikayum cheythu.
saharan kadal vyapara paathakalilum samskaaravum mathavum kaimaattam cheyyappettu. pala padinjaaran aafrikkan raajyangalum oduvil arabic rachana vadakke aafrikkayile mathavum sweekarikkukayum athinte falamaayi avar muslim lokavumaayi layikkukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala trans-saharan vyapaaram.
nakhadaan kaalaghattatthil sahaarayude vadakkukizhakkan moolayil purathana vyapaaram vyaapichirunnu. nakkada onnaaman kaalaghattatthile muun rajavamsha eejipthukar thekk nubia, padinjaaru padinjaaran marubhoomiyile oyaasukal, kizhakk kizhakkan medittareniyan samskaarangal ennivayumaayi vyapaaram nadatthi. pala vyapara paathakalum bhakshanathinum vellathinum veendum vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi oyaasisil ninnu oyaasisilekku pooyi. eee oyaasukal valare pradhanamaayirunnu. bladeukalkkum mattu vasthukkalkkum roopam nalkunnathinaayi avar senegalil ninnu obsidian irakkumathi cheythu.
nail muthal chenkadal vareyulla vaadi hammaamathiloodeyulla karamargamulla paatha munkaala rajavamshakaalamaayi ariyappettirunnu; bisi 4000 kaalaghattatthile eejipshyan reed bottukale chithreekarikkunna droingukal eee pathayil ninnu kandethiyittundu. eejipthile aadya raajavamshathinte kaalathe purathana nagarangal athinte nail, redu zee jangshanukaliloode uthbhavichu, ithu paathayude purathana janapreethikk saakshyam vahikkunnu. theebsil ninnu redu zee portt oof elimentilekkulla oru pradhana paathayaayi ithu maari, avide yaathrakkaar eshyayilekko arabiayilekko aafrikkayude kombilekko maari. senusrett onnaaman, setti, ramesses naalaaman, pinneedu roman saamrajyam, prathyekichu khananathinaayi, eee paathayekkurichulla arivu rekhappeduthunna rekhakal nilavilundu.
thekk khaargayiloodeyum vadakku asyoothiloodeyum kadannupokunna darb alle-arban vyapara paatha pazhaya raajyam muthal thanne swarnam, anakkombu, sugandhavyanjanagal, gothamb, mrugangal, sasyangal ennivayude gathaagathathinum vyaapaarathinum upayogichirunnu. pinneedu, purathana romakkar vividha kottakalum cheria autposttukalum kondu eee paathaye samrakshikkukayum chilar krishiyiloode poornnamaayum valia vaasasthalangal samrakshikkukayum cheythu. oru rooad "kadannupoya" ennaanu herodotus visheshippichathu... naalpat divasathinullil, "ithu addehathinte kaalakramena nubia eejipt thammilulla vyapaaram sugamamakkunna oru pradhana karamaargamaayi maarukayum pinneedu naalpat divasathe rooad ennariyappedukayum cheythu. alle-fasheerinu vadakkulla kobbeyil ninnu, eejipthilekk pookunnathinumumbu eee paatha marubhoomiyiloode mattoru oyaasisum uppu khaniyumaaya birr naatratthilekku vaadi houvaarilekku pooyi. maddhya paathayude kizhakke attamaayirunnu darb ell-arbine vyapara paatha.
moonnu kendra pathakalil ettavum padinjaaru bhaagathulla gadames rodaayirunnu, ithu vadakku gavoyile niger nadiyil ninnu gattilekkum gadamesilekkum sanjarichu tripoli avasaanichu.
moonnu vazhikalil ettavum eluppamullathu aduthathaayirunnu athu kadannupoya raajyathe muun bharanaadhikaarikalude perilulla garamaantiyan rooad, bilma trial ennum ariyappedunnu. mursookkinaduthulla marubhoomiyude thekk bhaagathukoodi vadakkott thirinj alhaggar, tibasti parvathanirakalkkidayil kadannu kaavarile oyaasisil athunnathinumumbu garamanthian rooad kadannupoyi. chaavar thadaakathinte vadakkulla savannayil athunnathinumumbu, vyaapaarathinaayi valia alavil paara uppu khananam cheythirunna bilmayile valia manalkkunnukaliloode kavarkar kadannupokum. vazhikalil ettavum cheruth ithaayirunnu, praadhamika kaimattangal adimakalum uppinayi thekk ninnulla aanakkombukalumaayirunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil oru gaveshakan tripoly-mursuk-lake chaad rootinekkurichu ezhuthi, "kazhinja 2,000 varshathinidayil medittareniyan theerathu ninnulla [trans-saharan] gathaagathatthinte bhooribhaagavum eee rodiloodeyaanu kadannupoyathu."
chaad thadaakathinum darfarinum edayilulla vadaay saamraajyathinte pradeshangalilekkulla bengasiyilekkulla kufrayilekkulla mattoru libian paathayaayirunnu.
senagal nadiyil ninnulla valetta rooad, niger nadiyil ninnulla thaghaasa trial ennivayaayirunnu padinjaaran pathakal, avayude vadakkan terminy marubhoomiyude vadakku morocoyil sthithicheyyunna sijilmaasayude valia vyapara kendratthil aayirunnu. bii. sii. iii anchaam noottaandil sthaapithamaaya audaghost nagaratthinte valarchaykku prachodanam nalkiyathu oru trans-saharan vyapara paathayude thekke attathulla sthaanamaanu.
kizhakk, moonnu purathana pathakal thekk meditareniyanumaayi bandhippikkunnu. bii. sii. 1500 muthal thanne garamantus ennariyappedunna libiayile fesaante idayanmaar eee pathakal niyanthrichirunnu. vaari ajalile avarude thalasthaanamaaya jermayil ninnu garamanthiyan saamrajyam vadakku kadal vareyum thekk sahelilekkum aakramichu. bii. sii. naalam noottaandode, phoeneeshyayile swatantra nagara-samsthaanangal orikkal garamaantukalude kaivashamundaayirunna pradeshathilekkum paathakalilekkum avarude niyanthranam vyapippichu. meditareniyanumaayulla nilavilulla sanbarkkam thuramukha nagaramaya kaarthejinte valarchayode kooduthal prachodanam nalkiyathaayi shillington parayunnu. sii sthaapichu. bisi 800ll, kartej padinjaaran aafrikkan swarnam, anakkombu, adimakal ennivayude oru terminasaayi maari. padinjaaran aafrikkaykku uppu, thuni, muthukal, loha vasthukkal enniva labhichu. padinjaaran aafrikkan irumbu urukunnathinulla uravidamaayi eee vyapara paathaye thirichariyaan shillington munnott pookunnu. roman kaalam vare vyapaaram thudarnnu. medittareniyan samudrathil ninnu padinjaaran aafrikkayilekkulla nerittulla yaathrayekkurich classical paraamarshangal undengilum (daniels, p. 22 eph) eee vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum eee pradeshathu vasikkukayum unangunna bhoomikaliloodeyulla paathakalekkurichu bodhavaanmaraaya idanilakkaariloodeyaanu nadathiyathu. lejio III augusta pinneedu eiii. dii onnaam noottaandode romine prathinidheekarichu eee pathakal surakshithamaakki, saamraajyathinte thekkan athirthi randara noottaandukalaayi samrakshichu.
saharan kadannaakramanathinte adimakkachavadathilum garaamandikal earppettirunnu. fogara" ennariyappedunna bhoogarbha jalasechana samvidaanangal nirmmikkanum paripalikkaanum garaamandukal swantham samudaayangalile adimakale upayogichu. bii. sii. anchaam noottaandile purathana greak charitrakaaranaaya herodotusil ninnaan trans-saharan adimakkachavadathinte aadyakaala rekhakal varunnath, addeham sudanile guhayil thamasikkunna eejipthukaare garamaantas adimakalaakkiyathaayi rekhappeduthunnu. adima akramanangalil garamaantasine anugamicha romakkaarkkulla rund rekhakal rekhappeduthiyittundu-aadyathethu 86-lum randaamathethu kurachu varshangalkk sesham lake chaad vare. adimakalude prarambha srothassukal tubo janathayaayirunnu, ennaal pothuvarsham onnaam noottaandode vasthrangal aadhunika nigeril ninnum chaadil ninnum adimakale nedukayaayirunnu.
aadyakaala roman saamraajyathil, lepsis nagaram aafrikkan ulnaadukalil ninnu adimakale vaangunnathinum vilkkunnathinumaayi oru adima vipani sthaapichu. adimakalude vyaapaarathin saamrajyam kasttams nikuthi chumatthi. eiii. dii anchaam noottaandil, roman kartej sahaaraykk kuruke konduvanna karutha adimakalude vyapaaram nadathukayaayirunnu. karutha adimakale avarude vichitramaaya roopathinu medittareniyan rajyangalil veettu adimakalaayi vilamathichirunnathayi thonnunnu. roman saamraajyathil adimakalude uyarnna aavasyam kaaranam eee kaalaghattatthile adimakkachavadathinte thoth madhyakaalakhattathekkaal kooduthalaayirikkaamennu chila charitrakaaranmaar vaadikkunnu.
ottakathinte aamukham.
gaaramandukal avarude rathangal upayogichu ethiopian trogloditeukale vettayaadunnathinekkurich herodotus samsaarichirunnu; eee vivaranam thekkan morocoyileyum fessanileyum samakaalika guha kalayil kuthirakal rathangal varaykkunna chithreekaranangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu, ithu gaaramandukalo mattu chila saharan janathayo romin kartejinum svarnnavum aanakkombum nalkunnathinaayi ratha pathakal srishtichuvenna sidhaanthathinu uthbhavam nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee pradeshathu eee aadyakaalakhattam muthal kuthirakalude asthikoodangalonnum kandethiyittillenum rathangal avayude cheria sheshi kaaranam vyapara aavasyangalkkaayi saadhyathayillaatha vaahanangalaayirunnuvennum vaadikkappedunnu.
eee mekhalayile valarthumrigangalkkulla aadyakaala thelivukal moonnaam noottaandil ninnullathaanu. berberukal upayogichirunna avar sahaarayude muzhuvan veethiyilum kooduthal pathiv sanbarkkam saadhyamaakki, ennaal ezhaam noottaandilum ettaam noottaandilum padinjaaran aafrikkayude islaamika parivartthanatthinte arambham vare pathiv vyapara pathakal vikasichilla. rund pradhana vyapara pathakal vikasippichu. aadyathethu aadhunika moroco muthal niger valavu vare padinjaaran marubhoomiyiloodeyum randaamathethu aadhunika tunisia muthal thadaaka chaad pradesham vareyum sanjarichu. eee strechukal thaarathamyena hraswamaayirunnu, koodaathe idaykkide oyaasukalude avashya shringhala undaayirunnu, athu oru bhoopadatthile pinnukal pole ruting sthaapichu. fessanu kooduthal kizhakk, kauvaar thaazhvarayiloode thadaakam chaad vareyulla vyapara paathayiloode, oyaasukaludeyum sakthamaaya manalkkaattukaludeyum abhavam kaaranam libia kadannupokaan kazhiyathathaayirunnu. niger valavil ninnu egypthilekkulla oru paatha patthaam noottaandil athinte apakadangal kaaranam upekshikkappettu.
islaaminte vyaapanam.
niravadhi vyapara pathakal sthaapikkappettu, orupakshe ettavum pradhaanappettath sijilmasayilum (moroco) vadakku ifriciayilum avasaanikkunnu. avide, mattu vadakkan aafrikkan nagarangalil, berber vyapaarikal islaamumaayulla bandham vardhippikkukayum mathaparivartthanangale prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu, ettaam noottaandode musleengal ghaanayilekku yaatra cheiyukayaayirunnu. ghaanayile palarum islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum athinte falamaayi saamraajyathinte vyapaaram prathyekaavakaashamuklathaayir cheiyunnu. 1050 oode ghaanaykku audaghost almoravidukalkku nashtamaayi, ennaal byoorinu chuttumulla puthiya swarnna khanikal nagaratthiludaneelamulla vyapaaram kurachu, pakaram thekk mallinkeik gunam cheythu, avar pinneedu maalii saamrajyam sthaapichu.
ghaanayil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, maalii athinte adithara muthal oru musleem rajyamaayirunnu, athinu keezhil swarnna-uppu vyapaaram thudarnnu. adimakal, thekk ninnulla koola andipparippu, vadakku ninnulla adima muthukalum kauri shellukalum (karansiyaayi upayogikkaan) ennivayaayirunnu mattu, praadhaanyamillaatha vyapara charakkukal. maaliyude keezhilaanu gavo dijenne ulppedeyulla niger valanja valia nagarangal abhivridhi praapichathu, prathyekichu timbaktu athinte valia sambathinu europiludaneelam ariyapettu. thekkupadinjaaran aafrikkayile pradhana vyapara kendrangal vanathinum savannaykkum edayilulla parivartthana mekhalayil vikasichu; udaaharanangalil begho, boonoo manso (innathe ghaanayil), bondauko (innathe kottu dii 'ivoyiril) enniva ulppedunnu. padinjaaran vyapara pathakal pradhanamaayi thudarnnu, ouvaadeyn, oovalaatta, chinguyetti enniva ippol mourittaaniyayile pradhana vyapara kendrangalaayirunnu, athesamayam tuwareg pattanangalaya assode, pinneedu agadez enniva ippol niger ennathil kooduthal kizhakkan pathayil valarnnu.
kizhakkan trans-saharan paatha deerghakaalamaayi nilaninnirunna canem-bornu saamraajyathinteyum thadaaka chaad pradeshathe kendreekarichulla ghana, maalii, sonhay saamraajyangaludeyum vikasanathilekku nayichu. eee vyapara paatha alppam kaaryakshamamallaathathum almohad vijayangal polulla padinjaaru prakshubdhathayundaayathukond maathrame valia praadhaanyathilekku uyarnnulloo.
purathana kaalath sthaapithamaaya trans-saharan adimakkachavadam madhyakaalakhattathil thudarnnu. sahaarayude vividha bhaagangalil ninnu konduvanna adimakale pradhaanamaayum sambanna kudumbangal veettujolikkaaraayum veppaattikalaayum upayogichirunnu. chilar eejipthileyum morocoyileyum sainika senakalil sevanamanushtichu. udaaharanathinu, pathinezhaam noottaandile sultan mawley ismaayil, svayam adimayude makanaayirunnu, pinthunaykkaayi karutha adimakalude sainyathe aashrayichu. padinjaaran aafrikkan rajyangal uyarnna pariseelanam labhicha adima sainikare irakkumathi cheythu. patthaam noottaand muthal pathonpathaam noottaand vare oro varshavum ekadesham 6,000 muthal 7,000 vare adimakale vadakkott kondupoyathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. orupakshe ombathu dasalaksham adimakale trans-saharan caravan roottil kayattumathi cheythirikkaam.
saharan trikona vyapaaram.
ippol maalii, senegal, thekkan mourittaaniya ennee rajyangalil ghana saamraajyathinte uyarcha trans-saharan vyaapaarathile vardhanavinoppam vannu. vadakkan sambadvyavasthakalkku svarnnathinte kuravundaayirunnuvenkilum chilappol sahaarayile thaghaasa polulla uppu khanikal niyanthrichirunnu, athesamayam padinjaaran aafrikkan rajyangalaaya vangaaraykk dhaaraalam swarnam undaayirunnuvenkilum uppu aavashyamaayirunnu. ibnu bathootha kettidangal uppu kondaanu nirmmichathennu rekhappeduthiyittulla vyapara, khanana autposttaaya thaghaasa, almoravid saamraajyathinte aadhipathyathin keezhil uppu vyaapaarathil praadhaanyathilekku uyarnnu. adimakal uppu khananam cheyyukayum sijilmasayil ninnu nirmmicha saadhanangal upayogichu vaangukayum cheythu. khanithozhilaalikal marubhoomiyude tharayil ninnu nerittu nerttha chathuraakrithiyilulla uppu slaabukal murikkukayum caravan vyapaarikal avaa thekkott kondupookukayum uppinte moolyathinte 80 sathamaanam gathagatha phees eedaakkukayum cheythu. timbaktuvinte vipaniyil ekadesham bhaarathinanusarichu svarnnavumaayi uppu vyapaaram nadathiyirunnu. ishtikakal, baarukal, shoonya nanayangal, swarnna podi ennivayude roopathilulla svarnnam sijilmasayilekku pooyi, avide ninnu medittareniyan thuramukhangalilekku pooyi, athil athu almoravid dinaarukalaayi thakarkkapettu.
islaaminte vyaapanam.
sub-saharan aafrikkan raajyangalilekku islam vyaapichath trans-saharan vyaapaaravumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. islam vyapara maarggangaliloode vyaapichu, islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappetta aafrikkakkaar vyapaaravum vaanijyavum vardhippichu.
vyapaaram sugamamaakkunnathin islam vyaapippikkunnathin charitrakaaranmaar niravadhi kaaranagal nalkunnu. vyapaaram nadathunna pothuvaaya moolyangalum niyamangalum islam sthaapichu. parasparam vishwasikkukayum athinaal parasparam vyakthiparamayi ariyillengilum parasparam vyapaaram nadathukayum cheiyunna vishwaasikalude oru shringhala athu srishtichu. atharam vyapara shringalakal islaaminu munbu nilaninnirunnuvenkilum valare cheria thothil aayirunnu. islaaminte vyaapanam nettvarkkile nodukalude ennam vardhippikkukayum athinte durbalata kuraykkukayum cheythu. arabiye vyaapaarathinte pothuvaaya bhashayaayi upayogikkunnathum khuraan skoolukaliloode saksharatha vardhippikkunnathum vaanijyathe sugamamaakki.
vaanijyangal nadathunna musleem vyaapaarikalum kramena thangalude vyapara shringalayiloode islam pracharippichu. muslim vyaapaarikalumaayulla saamoohika edapedalukal niravadhi aafrikkakkaare islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyaan prerippikkukayum niravadhi vyapaarikal praadeshika sthreekale vivaham kazhikkukayum avarude kuttikale musleemaayi valarthukayum cheythu.
patthaam noottaandinte avasaanathode padinjaaran sudanilekkum pathinonnam noottaandil chaad aayum panthrandaam noottaandilum pathimoonnaam noottaandilum hausa pradeshangalilekkum islam vyaapichu. 1200 aayappozhekkum padinjaaran aafrikkayile niravadhi bharanavarggakkaar islaamilekku parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum 1200 muthal 1500 vare aafrikkayil islaamilekku ganyamaaya parivartthanam kaanukayum cheythu.
saharan kadal vyaapaarathinte idivu.
padinjaaran aafrikkan theerathu porchugeesukaar nadatthiya yathrakal europe padinjaaran africa thammilulla vyaapaarathin puthiya vazhikal thurannu. pathinaram noottaandinte thudakkathil, europian vyapara kendrangal, 1445 muthal theerathu sthaapithamaaya faaktarikal, yooropyanmaarumaayulla vyapaaram enniva padinjaaran aafrikkaykku pradhana praadhaanyamullathaayi maari. vadakke aphrica raashtreeyavum saambathikavumaaya praadhaanyatthil kuranju, athesamayam saharan crossing dairkhyameriyathum vanjanaaparavumaayi thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, trans-saharan vyaapaarathin valia praharam 1591-92-leeii tontibi yudhamaayirunnu. sadian sultan ahamed alle-mansoor samghadippicha oru pradhana sainika paryaveshanatthil, moroco sahaarayiludaneelam sainyathe ayaykkukayum timbaktu, gavo, mattu chila pradhana vyapara kendrangal enniva akramikkukayum kettidangalum swathukkalum nasippikkukayum pramukha pouranmaare naadukadatthukayum cheythu. vyaapaarathilekkulla eee thadassangal eee nagarangalude praadhaanyatthil naadakeeyamaaya idivinu kaaranamavukayum athinte falamaayundaaya sathrutha vyapaaram ganyamaayi kuraykkukayum cheythu.
valare kuravaanengilum, trans-saharan vyapaaram thudarnnu. ennaal padinjaaran aafrikkan theerathekkulla vyapara pathakal kooduthal eluppamaayi, prathyekichu 1890-kalil sahelinte franch adhiniveshathinum thudarnnu ulbhaagathekkulla railway nirmmaanathinum sesham. dackeril ninnu niger bend vazhi aljiyarilekku oru railway line aasoothranam cheythirunnuvenkilum orikkalum nirmmichirunnilla. 1960kalil eee mekhalayile raashtrangalude swaathanthryathode vadakku-thekk pathakal deseeya athirthikalaal vichedikkappettu. deseeya sarkkarukal tuwareg deseeyathayodu sathrutha pularthiyirunnathinaal saharan kadal vyapaaram nilanirthaano pinthunaykkaano kurachu sramangal maathrame nadathiyulloo, 1990 kalile tuwareg kalapavum aljeeriyan aabhyantharayudhavum vazhikale kooduthal thadassappeduthi, niravadhi roadukal adachu.
parambaraagatha caravan pathakal ottakangalal shoonyamaanu, ennaal agadez muthal bilma vareyum timbaktuvil ninnu thoudenni vareyum ulla hrasvamaaya aasalai pathakal ippozhum pathivayi upayogikkunnu-cheruthaayittaanenkil. thureygile chila amgangal ippozhum parambaraagatha vyapara pathakal upayogikkunnu, palappozhum yaatra cheyyukayum ellah varshavum aarr maasam ottakathiloode marubhoomiyude ulbhaagathu ninnu marubhoomiyude arikukalile samoohangalilekku kondupookunna uppu vyaapaarathiloode sanjarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
trans-saharan vyaapaarathinte bhaavi.
aafrikkan union aafrikkan development bankum aljiyezhsil ninnu thamantaasett vazhi lagosilekkulla trans-sahara highway pinthunaykkunnu, ithu trans-saharan vyapaaram uthejippikkaan lakshyamidunnu. vadakkan nigerile oru bhagam ozhike eee paatha pakka aanenkilum athirthi niyanthranangal ippozhum gathaagathathe thadassappeduthunnu. kurachu trekkukal maathramaan saharan kadathu, prathyekichu indhanavum uppum vahikkunnath. sahaaraykk kuruke mattu moonnu haivekalum nirddeshikkappettindu kooduthal vivarangalkk trans-aafrikkan haiway kaanuka. manalkkaatt kaaranam haivekalude nirmmaanam budhimuttaanu.

