rodeshyayude raashtreeyam

paarlamentil malsarikkunna onniladhikam rashtreeya paartikalulla westminstar paarlamentari samvidaanam enna ardhathil rodeshyaykku parimithamaaya janaadhipathyamundaayirunnu, ennaal votteduppil vella kudiyetta nyoonapakshatthinte aadhipathyam undayirunnathinaal, karutha aafrikkakkaarkk akkaalat nyoonapaksha praathinidhyam maathramundaayirunnathil, athu anthaaraashtra thalatthil oru vamseeya rajyamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthrya prakhyaapanathinu sheshamulla varshangalil aadhipathyam pularthiya rashtreeya party rodatian frandaayirunnu, pinneedu republican frond ennariyappettu. 1979ll raajyam simbabwe rodeshyaakunnathuvare iyaan smith pradhaanamanthriyaayi thudarnnu.
rashtreeya samvidaanam.
nilanirtthi bharanaghadana.
1899 muthal 1962 vare ekasabhaasamithiyilulla niyamasabhayil aadyakaalathe thathwam anusarichu mandalangale prathinideekarikkaan thiranjedukkappetta amgangal ulppettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, chila ghattangalil rund amgangalulla niyojakamandalangal undaayirunnu, aadya varshangalil chila amgangale niyamichirunnu. bharanaghadana prakaram, legislative kaunsil ennariyappedunna oru uparisabha sthaapikkunnathinu vyavasthayundaayirunnavi onnum orikkalum sthaapikkappettilla. nilanirtthi bharanaghadana vellakkaarallathavar ulppedeyulla samoohathile vishalamaaya vibhaagangalilekku vottavakaasham vyaapippikkaan uddeshichulla kooduthal sankeernamaaya oru samvidaanam sweekarichu-ennaal vella bharanam udan avasaanippikkathe.
ekapaksheeyamaaya swaathanthrya prakhyapana samayat, rodeshyayude 1961 leeii bhedagathi cheytha bharanaghadana (yudiyumayi kootticherthathu) raajnji oru govarnor generaline niyamichillengil paarlament niyamikkunna oru udyogasthane sarkkar bharikkunnathin vyavastha cheythu. rashtreeya adikaaram niyamasabhaykkoppam thudarnnu.
nilanirtthi bharanaghadana prakaram, niyamasabhaykku thiranjedukkappetta 65 amgangalundaayirunnu 50 niyojakamandala amgangalum 15 jilla amgangalum. vottar pattikaykku vidyaabhyaasam, swath, varumanam ennivaykkulla yogyathakalundaayirunnu. eee kaaryatthil uyarnna nilavaaram pulartthunna pouranmaarkkullathaayirunnu pradhana roll, athil 95 sathamaanam amgangalum vellakkarum 5 sathamaanam karuthavaro eshyakkaaro aayirunnu. bii rolil kuranja yogyathaa maanadandangalaayirunnu undaayirunnathu, athil 90 sathamaanam amgangalum karuthavarum 10 sathamaanam vellakkarum eshyakkaarum aayirunnu. bii roll oru rolinte patthilonnu valuppamullathaayirunnu. rund rolukalum mandalangalilekkum jillakalilekkum nadanna thiranjeduppil vottu cheythuvenkilum mandalangalile thiranjeduppukalil bii roll vottu motham vottinte 20 sathamaanamaayum jillakalile thiranjeduppukalil eiii roll vottu motham vottinte 20 sathamaanamaayum parimithappedutthiyirunnu. eee nadapadikramam 'cross votting' ennariyappettirunnu. praayogikamaayi, 50 niyojakamandala amgangalellaam vellakkarum 15 jilla amgangalil bhooribhaagavum karuthavarumaayirikkum.
vellakkarekkurichaayinu) pothutheranjeduppu raajyathe sambandhichidatholam oru nirnnayakamaayirunnu, kaaranam ithu bhooripaksham bharanamillathe swaathanthryathinum rodeshyayile vella, karutha samoohangalude thudarchayaaya prathyeka vikasanathinum prathijnjaabadhamaaya vinsttan feeldinte neethrthwathilulla oru rodatian frond gavanmentinte thiranjeduppinu kaaranamaayi. parajayappetta edger whiteheadinte neethrthwathilulla yunaittad federal party bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla kramena purogathikku prathijnjaabadhamaayirunnu.
prathijnjaabadhamaayirunnu munbu rodatian rashtreeya samvidaanathil vyakthamaaya vamseeya vivechanam undaayirunnilla. karuthavarggakkaar rashtreeya prakriyayil kooduthal poornnamaayum pankedutthirunnenkil vellakkarekkurichaayinu) pothutheranjeduppinte phalam vyathyasthamaakumaayirunnu ennum athu ozhivaakkappedumaayirunnu ennum chilappol avakaashappedunnu. nilanirtthi bharanaghadanaye ethirtha aafrikkan deseeyavaada grouppukal vottu cheyyaan arharayavarodu rajisttar cheyyaathirikkaanum rajisttar cheythavarodu vottu cheyyaruthennum abhyarthichu. thaarathamyena kurachu arharaaya aafrikkakkaar vottu cheyyaan rajisttar cheythu, 1962 leeii thiranjeduppil bii-roll vottarmaarude ennam 25 sathamaanathil thaazheyaayirunnu.
fisca" (athaayath nikuthi edukkal) yilekkulla vella, karutha samudaayangalude aapekshika sambhaavanakale prathifalippikkunnathil "aii. dii. 1" enna adhikara vihita vibhajanam eee samvidaanathe vishaalamaayi nyaayamaanennu rodeshyakkaar nilanirtthi. nilanirtthi bharanaghadanayude krameekaranatthil karutha varggakkaarude bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla purogathi saadhyamaayirunnu, ennaal athu nedaan kurachu varshangal vendivannenkilum, kallasambathum vidyaabhyaasavum kaivarichathinte falamaayi. velutha nyoonapaksha bharanathinte deerghakaalathe thudarnnu adhikara pankidalinte deerghakaalathe karuthavarggakkaar kshamayode sweekarikkendivarum. sweekarikkendivarum thudakkathil karuthavarggakkaaraaya raashtreeyakkaar atharamoru krameekaranam sweekarikkaan aagrahichirunnilla. enthaayaalum, vottar pattikaykkulla varumaanavum swath yogyathakalum oru kaalaharanapetta onnaayi maari.
mattu aafrikkan rajyangalil budhimuttukal srishticha thidukkathilulla parivartthanam ozhivaakkaavunna eee rashtreeya krameekaranam karutha bhooripaksha bharanathilekkulla parinaama parivarthanatthinu kaaranamaakumaayirunnuvennu iyaan smith mattu rodeshyakkaarum avakashappettu. ennaal 1960 kalude thudakkathil bhooripaksham bharanathil udanadi drishyamaaya purogathi kaivarikkaan dhaarshtyathode visammathichath aadhunika simbabweyil innum gurutharamaaya prasnangal srishtikkunna train evantukalaanennu vimarshakar abhipraayappedunnu.
1965ll udikku sesham raajyathinte puthiya padavi prathifalippikkunna bharanaghadanayil bhedagathikal varuthi. praadhamikamaayi, eee bhedagathikal rodeshyaykku vendi niyamanirmmanam nadatthaanum pravarthikkaanumulla britiish sarkkaarinte avakashangal illaathaakkukayum paarlamentinte moonnil rund bhooripakshathil kooduthal bharanaghadanaa bhedagathikalkku vyavastha cheyyukayum cheythu. sarkkar bharikkunna udyogasthan sayudha senayude commander-inn-cheefaayirikkanam.
1969 (yuu. dii. aii) bharanaghadana.
rodatian frond sarkkar oduvil poornnamaayum puthiya bharanaghadana thayyarakki. 1969ll anukoolamaayi nadanna oru hitaparisodhana phalathethudarnnu ithu vella nyoonapaksha bharanam kooduthal shakthippeduthukayum raajyathe oru republicayi maattukayum cheythu. eee puthiya bharanaghadanaykku keezhil, rodeshyayile parokshamaayi thiranjedukkappetta senattum nerittu thiranjedukkappetta oru house oof assembly ulkkollunna oru dvisabha paarlamentum undaayirunnu. athil bhooribhaagam seettukalum 1961 leeii bharanaghadanaykku keezhilullathinekkaal kooduthal phalapradamaayi vellakkarkkaayi neekkivachirunnu. presidentinte puthiya oafees oru aachaaraparamaaya thasthikayayirunnu, executive adikaaram pradhaanamanthriyude pakkalundaayirunnu.
peril) bharanaghadana vottar pattikakalkkum niyamasabhayile seettukalkkumulla vishadamaaya vyavasthayil maattam varuthi. 1969-leeii ettavum pradhanappetta bhedagathikal cross votting nirthalaakkukayum bii roll europian ithararkkaayi neekkivaykkukayum cheythu. 50 eiii roll seettukalum 8 bii roll seettukalum ulla vidhathil niyamasabha mandalangal parishkarichu. motham 50 karutha seettukalil athunnathuvare karuthavarggakkaar adaykkunna motham vyakthigatha aadaayanikuthiyude anupaathathinu anusrithamaayi bii roll seettukalude ennam kaalakramena vardhikkumennu vyavastha cheythirunnu. bii roll seettukalkku purame, aafrikkan gothrathalavanmaarkku 8 amgangale koodi thiranjedukkaan kazhinju. 270, 000 vellakkaarkk 50 seettukalum 6 dasalaksham aafrikkakkaarkk 8 seettukalum undaayirunnu, churukkam chila aafrikkan medhaavikalkk 8 seettukalum undaayirunnu ennathaanu eee krameekaranatthinte udanadi phalam. 
raashtreeyathil rodeshya evide pokanamennu udiyile shilpikal karuthiyirunnuvennu puthiya bharanaghadana vyakthamaaya soochana nalki. karuthavargakkaarkkum vellakkarkkum vendiyulla "prathyeka vikasanam" enna ashayam aaa bharanaghadanayil ezhuthappettu. vamshangal thammilulla paarlamentari praathinidhyatthinte aathyanthika thulyatha enna ashayavum sweekarichu. bhooripaksha bharanathinu pakaramaayi 'karuppum veluppum thammilulla thulya pankaalittham' enna aashayathin eee avasana savisheshatha adivarayittu. ennirunnaalum, praathinidhyatthinte thulyatha ennennekkumaayi maattivaykkaamenn yuu. dii. samsthaana nethaakkal vyakthamakki. mathiyaya samayam nalkiyaal janasamkhyaa santhulithaavasthayil ganyamaaya maattam varuthaan kazhiyumennu vishwasikkaan vishwasikkaan vella kudiyetta kanakkukal avare prothsaahippichu.
rodeshyayile raashtreeyam.
vellakkarekkurichaayinu) pothutheranjeduppilum thudarnnulla yudiyilum rodatian munnaniyude vijayam rodatian raashtreeyathinte janakeeya paarambaryatthilaayirunnu. koolani aadhipathyam pulartthiyirunna vankida bisinesses sthaapanangalkkethire khanithozhilaalikalum vyaavasaayika thozhilaallikalum karshakarum nadatthiya thiranjeduppu prakshobhangalilonnaanu rodatian raashtreeyathinte aadyakaala charithram. 1933ll godfrey hugginsinte neethrthwathilulla parishkarana party sarkkar thiranjedukkappettappol vellakkarekkurichaayinu) aarr. eph. vijayavumaayi valia saamyamundaayirunnu. udiyude vamseeya maanam oru aakasmikamaaya kaaryamaanennu vaadikkappettittundu. 1930 kalude thudakkathilum 1960 kalude thudakkathilum saambathika maandyam thozhilaallikalude jeevithanilavaram urappakkaan prathijnjaabadhamaaya janakeeya sarkkaarukalude thiranjeduppu srishtichu (ennirunnaalum, adiyanthira aashanka jolie cheiyunna vellakkarekkurichaayinu). vellakkarekkurichaayinu) thiranjeduppil aarr. eph. jilla (pradhaanamaayum bii roll) seettukalil malsarikkaan karuthavargakkaarude oru pattikaye niyamichu ennathu sradheyamaanu. aaa karuthavarggakkaaraaya aarr. eph sthaanaarthikalkku bii roll votermaaril ninnu cheria pinthuna labhichu, aarum thiranjedukkappettilla. 
yudi kaalaghattatthile rodeshya orikkalum oru otta kakshi samsthaanathinte swabhaavathe poornnamaayum etteduthittilla. bush yudhamaayirunnu yadhaartha rashtreeya malsaram, ennaal yudi kaalaghattatthiludaneelam aarefinethire oru parambaraagatha rashtreeya ethirppu undaayirunnu.
pothutheranjeduppil roll seettukalil malsarikkunna velutha liberalukalil ninnum bii roll seettukalil malsarikkunna chila karutha paarttikalil ninnumaanu prathipaksham vannath. muthirnna liberal raashtreeyakkaaranum (muun jilla niyamasabhaamgavumaaya) doow. ahren paliyumaayi bandhapetta rodeshya partiyaayirunnu pradhana velutha prathipaksham. prathipaksham pothutheranjeduppil aarr. ephil ninnu salisbury (sitti) eduthathinu sesham doow. paali 3 vottukalkku akathu ethi. athe thiranjeduppil, maikkal ooratt bulavio (jilla) yile arpic 30 sathamaanam vottu nedi. 2000 leeii simbabwe paarlamentari thiranjeduppil emm. dii. sii. kku vendi ooratt pinneedu harare (central) nedi.
desheeyathalathil pathivayi 20 sathamaanam vella vottukalum nedaan arpic kazhinju, koodaathe vellakkaarallaatha niyojakamandalatthile bhooribhaagam vottukalum avarkk labikkum, ennaal aadyakaala thiranjeduppu sambradaayam ardhamaakkunnathu avar orikkalum vijayichilla ennaanu. vyapakamaaya pathra sensorship radioyudeyum televisionteyum sarkkar niyanthranavum prathipaksha pravartthanangale thadassappeduthi. phalapradamaaya paarlamentari prathipakshatthinte abhavam eee nadapadi vyakthamaayi aavashyamaayi vannappol udi avasaanippikkunnath budhimuttaakkiya oru gadakamaanu.
thangalude pinthunayude bhooribhaagavum bisinesses varenyavargathil ninnum professional vibhaagathil ninnum randaamatheyo moonnaamatheyo thalamurayile rodeshyanmaaril ninnum vannathaanennu aarpi pravartthakar karuthi. ettavum puthiya vella kudiyettakkaar aarr. eph. kku valareyadhikam vottu cheyyaan pravanatha kaanichu. irupathaam noottaandil udaaramaaya oru saamoohika kshema rashtrathinaayulla avarude vijayakaramaya poraattam kolanikalil athicha britiish thozhilaallivarga kudiyettakkaarkku kandethaan kazhiyunna oru vichithra brandaya velutha raashtreeyathin rodeshya aathidheyathvam vahichirunnathayi abhipraayappedunnu.
aarpi group 1977 leeii pothutheranjeduppil malsarichilla, kaaranam athinte niravadhi pravartthakare onno allengil mattoo tharatthilulla thadankalil paarppikkukayo naadukadatthaan nirbandhikkukayo cheythirunnu. 1976ll maikkal oorattine rodeshyayil ninnu puratthaakkukayum thirichuvannaal udan arast cheiyumennu parayukayum cheythu. 1980 vare oorattinu naattilekku madangaan kazhinjilla. yudi kaalaghattatthiludaneelam rodatian sarkkar orikkalum viyojippine sahichilla, pakshe avasana parajayam aduthathode athu anukoolamaayi adichamarthal aayi. liberal muun pradhaanamantri garfield kuttiyum addehathinte kudumbamgangalum vividha tharatthilulla thadankalukalkkum veettuthadankalinum vidheyamaayirunnu.
vidheyamaayirunnu pothutheranjeduppum neekkivachirunnu ellah pouranmaarkkum thulya vottavakaasham nalkunnathinulla hitaparisodhanayumaanu vaitt rodeshyayile avasana rashtreeya sambhavangal. rodatian aakshan party ('rapp') ennariyappedunna theevra valathupaksha samgham thiranjeduppil aarr. ephine ethirkkukayum hitaparisodhanayil noow vottinu vendi pracharanam nadathukayum cheythu. vella nyoonapaksha bharanam thudaraanum bush yudhathil vijayikkaan kadutha sainika nadapadikal sweekarikkaanum rapp group anukoolamaayi. raappin ganyamaaya thiranjeduppu pinthuna labhichu (referendum vottinte 15 sathamaanam).
chila theevravaadikalallaatha karuthavarggakkaarum vyakthikalum bii roll seettukalil malsarikkukayum vijayikkukayum cheythu (palappozhum "aank indipendant" enna peril). peril) bharanaghadana prakaram bii roll europian ithararkkaayi maathramaayi neekkivachirunnu. neekkivachirunnu 'aabhyanthara othutheerppil' pankedutthavaril oraalaayirunnu eee karuthavarga rashtreeya samgham. udi samsthaanavumaayum aabhyanthara othutheerppumaayulla bandhavum ulppettirikkunna karuthavargakkaarude raashtreeyakkaarude vishwaasyathaye nasippikkunna oru sahakaranaparamaya kalankam uyarthi.
rodeshyayude avasaanam.
vella nyoonapaksha bharanam nilanilkkaathappol, rodeshya aadyam adhikara pankidalinteyum ('aabhyanthara settilment') thudarnnu bhooripaksha bharanathilekkum maari. eee ghattathil rodeshya oru rashtreeya asthithvamaayi illaathaavukayum simbabwe pakaram vaykkukayum cheythu.
1980ll kalaapakaarikalude pinthunayulla karuthavarga rashtreeya partykalkku pettennu adikaaram kaimariyathumaayi udyudeyum bush yudhathinteyum avasaanavum bandhappettirikkunnu. karuthavarga pourasamoohathile kooduthal sthirathayulla chila gadakangal paarshwalkkarikkappedaan ithu kaaranamaayathaayi chila nireekshakar karuthunnu. thathfalamaayi, botswana, dakshinaafrikka thudangiya samanamaaya ayalrajyangalil nadannathupole janaadhipathyathilekkula niyantritha kaimaattatthinte nettangal simbabweik aaswadikkaan kazhinjilla.

