panaamayude saambathika charithram

eee lekhanam panaamayude saambathika charithram vivarikkunnu.
aadyakaala charithram.
pathinaram noottaandinte arambham muthal, panaamayude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanam raajyathin thaarathamyaparamaaya oru nettam nalki. aadyakaala spanish kaalam muthal, peruvil ninnulla svarnnavum velliyum panaama isthmas vazhi spainilekku kondupookumaayirunnu. oro theeratheyum thuramukhangalum avaykkidayilulla oru pathayum thuramukha nagarangalile nivaasikalude prayojanathinaayi speyininte colonial vyaapaarathinte bhooribhaagavum kaikaaryam cheythu. raajyam ellaayppozhum athinte samriddhikkum irakkumathiykkum loka vaanijyathe aasrayichirikkunnu. irupathaam noottaand vare krishiykku kaaryamaaya shradha labhichilla, 1980 aayappozhekkum bhooribhaagam janangalum thaddesheeya indian saankethikavidyakalkkuppuram vikasichilla. europil ninnum pinneedu vadakke amerikkayil ninnumulla charakkukalude ozhukk praadeshika ulppaadanathinu oru niruthsaahamundaakkiyathinaal vyavasaayam pathukke vikasichu.
anthaaraashtra vyaapaarathinte chaakrika swabhaavam panamaye baadhichittundu. pathinettaam noottaandil isthmas vazhiyulla colonial kaimaattam kuranjathinaal sambadvyavastha sthambhichu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil, kaaliforniyayile swarnna thirakkumaayi bandhapetta charakkukalum yaathrakkaarum vardhichathinte falamaayi panaamayude sambadvyavastha kuthichuyarnnu. 1855-ll poortthiyaaya isthmasinu kuruke oru railway, amerikkayile aadyathe bhookhandaanthara railway poortthiyaakunnathuvare ekadesham pathinanju varshathekku saambathika valarcha vardhippichu, ithu trans-istamiyan gathaagathathil kuravundaakki.
kuravundaakki isthmasinu kuruke oru kanal nirmmikkanulla fraansinte sramangalum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil american aikyanaadukalude sramangalum panaman sambadvyavasthaye uthejippichu. 1903ll panaama kolambiyayil ninnu verpedukayum america panaama kanal mekhalayude niyanthranam ettedukkukayum taamasiyaathe oru bharanaghadanaa vidhi us dollarine raajyathin niyamaparamaaya tenderayi sweekarikkukayum cheythu.
1914ll america kanal poortthiyaakkukayum poortthiyaakkukayum 1915num idayil kanal gathagatham prathivarsham sharashari 15 sathamaanam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. kanaalinte avasana nagarangalaya panaama nagaratthilum kolanilum eee uthejanam shakthamayi anubhavapettu.
ennirunnaalum, ennirunnaalum loka maandyam anthaaraashtra vyapaaravum kanaalukalum kuraykkukayum avasana nagarangalil vyapakamaaya thozhilillaaymaykku kaaranamavukayum upajeevana krishiyilekku thozhilaallikalude ozhukk srishtikkukayum cheythu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu kanal gathagatham vardhichillengilum kanal samrakshikkaan ayacha yunaittad stetts senayude saannidhyavum vaahanavyooha samvidaanavum kanal nagarangalile videsha chelavu vardhippichathode sambadvyavastha kuthichuyarnnu. yudhathinte avasaanathethudarnnu saambathika maandyavum thozhilillaathavarude krishiyilekkulla mattoru prasthaanavum undaayi. sarkkar oru mithamaaya pothumaraamathu paripadi aarambikkukayum pradhana vilakalkku vila pinthuna earppeduthukayum thiranjeduttha kaarshika, vyaavasaayika uthppannangalkk samrakshanam vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
cheythu 1950num idayil yudhaananthara maandyam athivega saambathika vipuleekaranathinu vazhiyorukki, jii. dii. pii prathivarsham sharashari 6.40 sathamaanam vardhichu, ithu lokathile ettavum uyarnna susthira valarchaa nirakkukalilonnaanu. ellah mekhalakalum valarchaykku sambhavana nalki. kooduthal malsyabandhana pravartthanangal (prathyekichu chemmeen), uyarnna moolyamulla pazhangaludeyum pachakkarikaludeyum ulppaadanam, rogathe prathirodhikkunna marangal nattathinushesham vazhappazha kayattumathiyude druthagathiyilulla valarcha enniva kaarshika ulppaadanam vardhippichu. thaarathamyena sankeernamaaya mothakkachavada, chillara vyapara samvidaanamaayi vaanijyam parinamichu. banking, tourism, kanal mekhalayilekkulla sevanangalude kayattumathi enniva athivegam valarnnu. ettavum pradhanamaayi, loka vyaapaarathile vardhana kanaalinte upayogathinum sambadvyavasthaykkum oru pradhana uthejanam nalki.
1970-kall-innuvare.
1970-kall-innuvare 1970kalilum loka sambadvyavasthayude vyathiyaanangalkkanusarich panaamayude valarchayil ettakkurachilukal undaayi. undaayi sesham niravadhi anthaaraashtra, aabhyanthara gadakangalude falamaayi saambathikavalarcha ganyamaayi mandagathiyilaayi. mandagathiyilaayi 1973num idayil yadhaartha jii. dii. pii valarcha prathivarsham sharashari 3.5 shathamaanamaayirunnu. shathamaanamaayirunnu thudakkathil 1980ll jii. dii. pii valarchaa nirakk <aii. dii. 1>, 1981ll 4.2 sathamaanam, 1982ll 5.6 sathamaanam enningane sambadvyavastha thirichuvannu. thirichuvannu sesham laattin amerikkayile kadutha maandyam panaamayude sambadvyavasthaye nashippichu. 1983ll jii. dii. pii valarcha verum 0.40 shathamaanamaayirunnu, ennaal 1984ll athu-0.4 shathamaanamaayirunnu.
eee kaalayalav general maanuval noriyegayude adhikaarathilekkulla uyarchayumaayi poruthappettu, eee samayat panaama kooduthal kadappettirikkunnu, 1986 aayappozhekkum avarude kwattayude aii. emm. eph. kku maathram ezz. dii. aarr. 284 dasalaksham (us $360 dasalaksham) kaaranam. ithu sambadvyavastha kurachukoodi veendedukkumbol aii. emm. eph. aii. dii. 1ll oru aii. emm. eph staand-bye krameekaranatthe pinthunaykkunna oru krameekarana paripadi adichelppikkaan kaaranamaayi. 1985ll panaama 4.1 sathamaanam jii. dii. pii valarchayode saambathika veendedukkal nadatthi. nadatthi ithe kanakk 2.8 shathamaanamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu.
panaamayil oru narco-stettu valarthiyedukkunnathiye america noriyega pinthudaraan thudangi, ithu american aikyanaadukalile panaamayude swathukkal maravippicha uparodhangalil kalaashichu, panaama us dollar upayogichathinaal 1987 desember 28 nuu athinte imf kadam thirichadaykkaan nirbandhithamaayi. raajyathe saambathika prakshubdhathayil oru pothu panimudakkum rund maasathekku banking samvidaanavum adachu. 1988 novemberil nadanna aii. emm. eph. yogathinu thaledivasam panaama oru tokkan payment nadathiyenkilum 1989 vare sthithigathikal pariharichilla. 1989 meyy maasathe president thiranjeduppine anthaaraashtra samooham vanjanaaparamennu apalapikkukayum panaamayude vardhichuvarunna kudissikayil aii. emm. eph akshama kaanikkan thudangukayum cheythu.
1989 juun 30 nuu america germmaniyum panamaye aii. emm. ephil ninnulla kooduthal pinthunaykku ayogyamaanennu prakhyaapichukondu oru prameyathiloode nirbandhithamaayi. 1989 desemberil america panaama akramikkukayum noriyega keezhadangan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. 1990 eprilil aii. emm. eph.-nuu (~ $230 dasalaksham) kudissikayundaayirunnum 1992 meyy 2 nuu raajyam aii. emm. eph fandukalilekkulla praveshanam veendeduthu.
1994ll adhikaarametta sesham, vyapara vyavasthaye udaravalkkarikkunnathinum videsha nikshepam akarshikkunnathinum sarkkar udamasthathayilulla samrambhangale svakaaryavalkkarikkunnathum saambathika achadakkam sthaapikkunnathinum 1997ll rund thuramukhangalum svakaaryavalkkarikkunnathum roopakalppana cheytha oru saambathika udaaravalkkarana paripadi president ernesto perez balladarus earppeduthukayum aadyakaala aasthikalil railway vilkkunnathin amgeekaaram nalkukayum cheythu. panaama loka vyapara samghadanayil (dablyu. tii. oo) cherukayum 1998 nte thudakkathil oru banking parishkarana niyamam niyamanirmmanam amgeekarikkukayum central baankine thakarkkukayum cheythu. rund varshathe sthambhanathin sesham parishkaarangal veroonnithudangi, 1997ll jii. dii. pii. 3.6 sathamaanavum 1998ll 6 shathamaanathiladhikavum valarnnu. panaama kanal koloon swatantra vyapara mekhalayude shipping, thuramukha pravarthanangalumaayirunnu valarchaykku kaaranamaaya ettavum pradhanappetta mekhalakal, mekhalakal mandagathiyilulla varshathil ninnu athu thirichuvannu.
1999 septambar 1 nuu muun president arnalpho eriyaas maadridinte vidhavayaya miria moscoso adhikaaramettu. avarude bharanakaalathu, saamoohika paripaadikal, prathyekichu kuttikalude yuvajana vikasanam, samrakshanam, pothukshemam ennivaykkaayi moscoso shakthippeduthaan shramichu. panaama kanal kaimaattam moscosoyude bharanakoodam vijayakaramaayi kaikaaryam cheyyukayum kanaalinte bharanathil phalapradamaavukayum cheythu.
2004ll presidentinteyum deseeya asambliyil niyamanirmmaana bhooripakshathinteyum vijayamaya martin torrijos, torrijosinte keezhil panaama sakthamaaya saambathika valarcha thudarukayum 2007ll aarambhich 2016 juun juun vaanijya gathaagathathinaayi thuranna panaama kanal vipuleekarana padhathikku thudakkamidukayum cheythu. kanal vipuleekaranam jalapaathayude sheshi erattiyaakkukayum transocianic crosswayiloode kadannupokaan kazhiyaathathum uyarnna thozhilillaayma nirakk kuraykkaan sahaayikkumenn pratheekshikkunnathumaaya poost-panamax kappalukale ulkkollaan praapthamaakkukayum cheythu. sakthamaaya saambathika prakadanam 2008ll deseeya daaridryanirakku 29 shathamaanamaayi kurachirunnu.
2008ll laattin amerikkayile ettavum asamamaya randaamathe varumaana vitharanamaayirunnu panaamaykk. torrijos sarkkar nikuthi parishkaarangalum saamoohika suraksha parishkaarangalum nadappaakkukayum praadeshika vyapara kararukalkkum vinodasanjaara vikasanathinum pinthuna nalkukayum cheythu. oru kaaftta oppittayaallaatha panaama 2006 desemberil americayumaayi swathanthramaayi oru swatantra vyapara karar charcha cheythu, athu nadappaakkumbol raajyathinte saambathika valarchaye prolsaahippikkaan sahayikkum.
2009 meyy maasathil, ricardo martinelli presidentaayi thiranjedukkappedukayum swatantra vyapaaram prolsaahippikkumennum ekadesham 1 bilyan dollar chelavil oru metro samvidaanam sthaapikkumennum aarogya parirakshaa samvidaanam parishkarikkumennum panaama kanaalinte vipuleekarana padhathi poortthiyaakkumennum vaagdaanam cheythu. kaaryakshamavum utharavaadithamullathumaaya bharanathiloode janasamkhyayude jeevita saahacharyangal mechappeduthunnathinaayi samarppichirikkunna panamaye surakshithavum aadunikavum pinthunaykkunnathumaaya oru rajyamaakki maattendathinte praadhaanyavum martinelli oonnipparanju.

