
bettartan-croll prakriya

ledu bulliyanil (ippozhum ganyamaaya alavil maalinyangal adangiyirikkunna ledu) ledu shudheekarikkunnathinula oru pyrometallurgical prakriyayaan bettartan-croll prakriya. 1922ll vilyam justin croll vikasippichedutha bettartan-croll prakriya parambaraagatha leed urukal prakriyayude avasana gattangalilonnaanu. svarnnam, chembu, velli enniva eesil ninnu neekkam cheytha sesham, ganyamaaya alavil bismat antimaniyum avasheshikkunnu. eee maalinyangal neekkam cheyyaan bettartan-croll prakriya upayogikkunnu. eee prakriyayil, 380 digri selshyas thapanilayil urukia leddle kaalsyavum magneeshyavum cherkkunnu. kaalsyavum magneeshyavum bulliyanile bismat aantimaniyumaayi prathipravartthichu uyarnna dravanaankamulla aloykal roopappeduthunnu, avaa pinneedu uparithalathil ninnu skim cheyyaavunnathaanu. eee prakriya bharam 0.01 sathamaanathil thaazhe bismat ulla ledu avasheshippikkunnu. vilakuranja vyaavasaayika ledu urukunnathin eee prakriya nirnaayakamaan, koodaathe betts electrolytic prakriya, fraakshanal chrystalisation thudangiya kooduthal chelaveria prakriyakale apekshichu ganyamaaya nettangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu.
vikasanam.
1920 kalude thudakkathil vilyam justin croll kaalsyam cherthu leddle ninnu bismat neekkam cheiyunnathinulla oru prakriya vikasippichu. ennirunnaalum, jessy ootmaan bettarttan eee prakriyayil magneeshyam cherthu prakriya mechappeduthunnathuvare ithu vaanijyaparamaayi laabhakaramallayirunnu, ithu ledu parishkarikkunnathin aavashyamaaya motham lohathinte alavu kurachu.
raasa prakriya.
urukia ledu bulliyanil kaalsyavum magneeshyavum cherkkuka ennathaanu bettartan-croll prakriyayude thacol. lohangal ledile maalinyangalumaayi prathipravartthikkukayum uparithalathil oru kharamaaya philim undaakkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu eluppathil neekkam cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu kooduthal shudhamaaya ledu avasheshippikkunnu.
loha kootticherkkal.
ledu bullian 500 digri selshyas vare choodaakkiyaanu bettartan-croll prakriya aarambhikkunnath. oru kaalsyam-magneeshyam aloy laayaniyil cherkkunnu, ithu 15-20 minittinullil bulliyanaayi urukunnu. leed misritham pinneedu draavaka binduvilekku (aloy poornnamaayum draavakamaaya ettavum kuranja thaapanila) thanuppikkunnu, ithu 320-380 °C nuu chuttum aanu. kuranja thapanilayil, kaalsyavum magneeshyavum ledu bulliyanile bismat antimaniyum upayogichu inipparayunna reethiyil prathipravartthikkunnu
<kemm> caa + 2emji + 2bie-> kyang2bie2 (kall) </kemm>
<kemm> caa + 2emji + 2esby-> kyang2esby2 (kall) </kemm>
maalinyam neekkam cheyyuka.
uthppaadippikkunna lohasankarangalkku backie lohathekkaal valia dravanaankamundu, athinaal avaa uparithalathil oru soolid philim allengil droze undaakkunnu, athu skim oof cheyyaan kazhiyum. urukia ledu drossil kudungi nilkkaan kazhiyum, athinaal sheshikkunna ledu njekkimattunnathinaayi droze palappozhum hydrolic aayi amarthunnu. eee prakriyayiloode, laayaniyile bismat 0.01 doublutic thazheyaayi kuraykkaam. % (bharam anusarichu sathamaanam).
bismat veendedukkal.
manpathram neekkam cheytha sesham, bismat veendedukkaan ithu chikilsikkaam. kaalsyam-magneeshyam-bismat aloy chlorination aanu ithinulla ettavum saadhaaranamaaya prakriya. chlorination prakriyayil, chlorin manpaathrathile mattu lohangalumaayi prathipravartthikkukayum uyarnna shudhathayulla bismat avasheshippikkukayum cheiyunnu.
vyathiyaanangalum badalukalum.
bettartan-croll prakriyayaan ettavum vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna reethi, ennaal nirddishta upayoga kesukalkku gunangal nalkaan kazhiyunna vyathiyaanangalum badalukalum ithinu undu.
urukia uppu prathikaranangal.
kaalsyam, magneeshyam lohangal enniva mishrithathilekku nerittu cherkkunnathinupakaram, mattu urukia lavanangalumayi kalarthiya lohangalude ooksaidukal laayaniyil cherkkaam. uyarnna thapanilayil mishrithathil orikkal, lavanangale lohamayum ooksijan vaathakamaayum vighadippikkaan electrodukal upayogikkaam, athinaal kaalsyathinum magneeshyathinum laayaniyil aloykal roopappeduthaan swaathanthryamundu. kaalsyam ooksaidinu sambhavikkunna prathikaranam ithaanu
<kemm> cavo-> caa + 1/2ooo2 </kemm>
oru prathikaranatthiloode kaalsyam ulppaadippikkappedukayum vaayuvumayi sanbarkkam pularthaan samayam chelavazhikkathirikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal, eee reethi ooksideshanil ninnulla nashtam thadayunnu. eee reethiyude mattoru nettam kaalsyam lavanangal palappozhum kaalsyam lohathekkaal vilakuranjathaanu ennathaanu.
centrifuginte upayogam.
urukia bulliyante mukalil ninnu manpathram neekkam cheiyunnathinupakaram, kaalsyavum magneeshyavum oru centrifugil ledu bulliyanumaayi samyojippikkaam. centrifuge karakkumbol, urukia ledu droze mukalil pongikkidakkunnathuvar kaathirikkunnathinekkaal poornnamaayum drossil ninnu verthirikkunnu. eee prakriya verthirichedutha sesham droze hydrolic aayi amarthendathinte aavasyakatha illaathaakkunnu, kaaranam ledu valare kuravaanu drossil kudungikkidakkunnath.
betts electrolytic prakriya.
bettartan-croll prakriyaykku bismat kacheriye pindam kondu ekadesham 0.01% aayi kuraykkaan maathrame kazhiyoo. uyarnna shudhatha aavashyamaanenkil, betts electrolytic prakriya upayogikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, betts prakriyayude ganyamaaya oorjjavum upakaranangalum kaaranam, aaa uyarnna thothilulla vishudhi aavashyamillengil bettartan-croll prakriyayaan nallath.
fraakshanal chrystalisation.
fraakshanal chrystalisation, paattinsan prakriya ennivayiloodeyaanu bullian verthirikkunnathinulla mattoru maargam. eee prakriyayil lohangale verthirikkaan laayaniyile vyathyastha dravanaankangal upayogichu. fraakshanal christalisationiloode velli, chembu, bismat ennee lohangale oru ghattatthiloode seasil ninnu verthirikkaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, ledinteyum bismathinteyum dravanaankangal parasparam ethratholam aduthirikkunnuvennathil bismat neekkam cheiyunnathil eee prakriya athra falapradamalla.

