
sidi baraniyude yuddham

randaam lokamahaayudhathile padinjaaran marubhoomi prachaaranatthinte aadyathe valia britiish aakramanamaaya ooppareshan kompasinte udghaadana yudhamaayirunnu 1940-leeii sidi barani yuddham. eejipthile medittareniyan theerathulla sidi barani eejipthile itaaliyan adhinivesha velayil patthaam itaaliyan sainyam kaivashappeduthukayum britiish, komanvelthu, saamraajyathva sainikar akramikkukayum avar thuramukham veendum pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
sidi baraniyil ninnum bakh bookil ninnum pinvaangumbol patthaam armi divisionukal theeradesha roadle thingikkoodukayum rund ganbottukalkku eluppamulla lakshyamaavukayum cheythu, avaa pakal muzhuvanum desember 11 nuu raathriyil bhooribhaagavum solam pradeshathu bombittu. desember 12 avasaanathode eejiptil avasheshichirunna itaaliyan sthaanangal solamilekkum sidi omarinte sameepa pradeshangalilekkum mathramaayirunnu.
britishukaar eejipthile itaaliyan sthaanangalil anchu divasathe raid thudarukayum oduvil bengazi thuramukhathinu thekk solathinum beda phoom yudhathinum idayil syrenica pathaamatthe sainyathinte bhooribhaagavum pidichedukkukayum cheythu.
pashchaathalam.
libia.
libiayude kizhakkan pravisyayaaya syrenica itaaliyan-turkish yuddham muthal (1911-1912) oru itaaliyan kolaniyaayirunnu. padinjaaru franch vadakke aafrikkayude bhagamaaya tunisia kizhakk eejipt ulla itaaliyan sainyam, vadakkan aafrikkayude paramonnatha aasthaanamulla rund athirthikalum prathirodhikkaan thayyarayirunnu, itaaliyan libiayude govarnor generalinte neethrthwathil, vyomasenayude marshell (), itaalo balbo. supreme aasthaanathu anchaamathe sainyavum (general itaalo gariboldi) pathaamatthe sainyavum (general marrio berty) undaayirunnu, 1940 madhyathil onpathu metropolittan divisionukalum moonnu black sharttukalum (rund itaaliyan libian colonial divisionukalum) oronnum undaayirunnu.
30-kalude avasaanathil, itaaliyan divisionukal yaanthrikavalkkarikkaalppudu vardhicha chalanakshamathaykkayi moonnu rejimentukalil ninnu randaayi vettikkurachirunnu; 1939-ll reservistukale thirichuvilichu, oppam nirbandhitha jeevanakkaarude saadhaarana kooll-apum. manoveeryam uyarnnathayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, koodaathe sainyathin () sainika pravartthanangalude sameepakaala anubhavam undaayirunnu. phaast, nannayi nirmmichathum nannayi aayudangal ullathumaaya kappalukalkkum valia antarvaahini kappalukalkkum panam nalkiyirunna phaasist bharanathin keezhil royal nevi () abhivridhi praapichuvenkilum naavikasenaykku parichayavum pariseelanavum illaayirunnu. royal airfozhs () nischalamaakukayum 1939 aayappozhekkum britishukaar uyarnna pravartthananirakku vahikkaan praapthamaanennu kanakkakkaathirikkukayum cheythu. ettaam divisionukalulla anchaamathe sainyam, tunisiayodu chernnulla pravisyayaaya tripolitaniyayilum aarr divisionukalulla patthaam sainyathilum, kizhakk sirenike undaayirunnu; yuddham prakhyaapikkappettpol, patthaam sainyam onnaam libian divisione giarabubil (jagbab) ninnu sidi omarilekkum sidi omaril ninnu sidi omaril ninnu theerathekku, bardia, tobruck ennividangalilekku maatti; xxiii corps oru ethir-aakramana senayaayi tobrukkinte thekk-padinjaaru bhaagathekku neengi.
eejipt.
1882 muthal britishukaar eejiptil sainika senaye sthaapichirunnuvenkila 1936 leeii anglo-eejipshyan udambadiyude nibandhanakalaal eee ennam valareyadhikam kuranju. cheria britiish, komanvelthu seena suyas kanalinum chenkadal paathaykkum kaaval nilkkukayum athu athinte vidoora kizhakkan, indian mahasamudra pradesangalumaayulla britiish aashayavinimayathin pradhanamaayirunnu. 1939 madhyathil lefttanant general archibald wawell medittareniyan, middle eest theaterukalil puthiya middle eest kamaandinte general officer commanding-inn-cheef (goc-inn-sii) aayi niyamithanaayi. franco-axis vedinirthal vare, tunisiayile franch divisionukal libia-tunisia athirthiyil itaaliyan anchaamathe sainyathe nerittu. libiyayil rajakeeya sainyathin ekadesham 215,000 purushanmaarum eejiptil britteeshukaarkk palastheenil mattoru parisheelanavumundaayirunnu.
britiish senayil mobail division (eejipt) (mejar-general pezhsi hobart) ulppedunnu, ithu rund britiish kavachitha pariseelana roopeekaranangalil onnaanu, 1939 madhyathil kavachitha division (eejipt) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu (1940 februvari 16 nuu ithu ezhaamathe kavachitha divisionaayi maari). eejipt-libia athirthi eejipshyan athirthi seena prathirodhichu, 1940 juunil aaram kaalaalppada divishante (mejar general richard oo 'connor) aasthaanam padinjaaran marubhoomiyile command etteduthu, itaaliyakkaare avarude athirthi posttukalil ninnu pinthirippikkaanum yuddham aarambhikkukayaanenkil ulnaadan pradeshangalil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaanum nirddeshangal nalki. ezhaam kavachitha vibhaagam ezhaamathe kavachitha brigade kurachukondu mersa mathruhil othukoodi ezhaamathe pinthunaa samghathe oru covering fozhsaayi athirthiyilekku ayachu, avide raaf athinte mikka bomberukalum neekki; malta shakthippeduthi.
poornnavum poornnavumaaya pariseelanam labhicha unitukal illaatha aaram kaalaalppada divishante aasthaanathe juun 17 nuu vestten desert fozhsu (dablyu. dii. eph) ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. tunishyayil, fraansinu ettu divisionukal undaayirunnu, parimithamaaya pravarthanangalkku maathrame kazhivulloo, syriayil, moonnu mosham aayudhadhaarikalum pariseelanam labhicha divisionukalum, sivilian janathaykkethire adhinivesha dyoottikalil ekadesham athirthi gaardukalum undaayirunnu. libiayilum eejipthile briteeshukaarekkaal kooduthal ennamundaayirunnuvenkum mosham manoveeryam anubhavikkukayum chila thaazhnna upakaranangal moolam vikalaamgaraakukayum cheythu. itaaliyan kizhakkan aafrikkayil () taankukalulla mattoru aafrikkan sainyavum itali 1940 juun 11 muthal yuddham prakhyaapichu.
vitharanam.
libiayile tripoly thuramukhathekkulla saadhaarana itaaliyan vitharana paatha, sisiliyude padinjaaru bhaagathum thudarnnu libian theerathodu aduthum aayirunnu, malta aasthaanamaayulla britiish vimanangal, kappalukal, antharvaahinikal ennivayude edapedal ozhivakkaan ekadesham oru yaatra. karayil, rooad vazhiyo cheria charakkukalaayo koosttar vazhiyo saadhanangal deerghadooram kondupokendivannu. tripoli ninnu bengasiyilekkulla dooram (itaaliyanmaar nirmmicha theera rodiloode) alaksaandriyayilekkul paatha maathramaan; itali yuddham prakhyaapichathinu sesham itaaliyan vyapara naavikaril moonnilonnu pere thadavilaakki. rooad vellappokkathin saadhyathayund, desert eyar fozhsu (daaph) moolam apakadasaadhyathayullathum badal desert trackukal vaahanangalude kshayam vardhippikkukayum cheythu. 1940 avasaanathil eejipt itaaliyan adhinivesham, tripoliyil ninnulla rooad gathagatha dooram khedival motor roadinu mukaliloode vardhippichu, ithu egypthinekkaal valare thaazhnnathaayirunnu.
italiyude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sthaanam yuddham vannal medittareniyan adaykkaan saadhyamaakki, eejipshyan thuramukhangal aasthaanamaayulla britiish medittareniyan kappalpadaye vitharanathinayi syoos kanaline aashrayichu. 1939-ll, wawell middle eesttil pathinanju divisionukalkkum (300,000 purushanmaar) aarr eejiptilum moonnu palestine mekhalayilum bakkiyullava kooduthal akaleyumaayi oru thaavalam aasoothranam cheyyaan thudangi. vasthukkalude bhooribhaagavum kolanikalil ninnu irakkumathi cheyyukayum bakkiyullava irakkumathi pakaravasthukkalude uthppaadanam uthejippichukondu praadeshikamaayi nedukayum cheythu. eejiptilum palasteenilum onpathu divisionukalude oru gaarisan sthaapikkaanulla padhathi 1941 joonode pathinalayi vardhippikkukayum pinneedu 1942 lake vardhippikkukayum cheythu. 1940 ll britiish sainika senaykk eejipshyan stettu railway, rooad, alexandriaykku padinjaaru mersa maathru (maathru) thuramukham ennivayude terminus oru thaavalamaayi undaayirunnu. reyilveyilum jalasrothassukalilum sarway nadatthi jala pipe line aarambhichu. kinarukal kuzhichenkilum avayil mikathum uppuvellathaal malinamaayi, 1939-ll shudhajalathinte pradhana srothassukal maathru, maatten bagash ennividangalile roman jalasambharanikalaayirunnu.
alexandriayil ninnulla vaattar bottukalum maathruhile oru vaattiyedukkal plaantum vitharanam vardhippichuvenkilum karsanamaaya sambadvyavastha nadappaakkendivarikayum dhaaraalam vellam karayiloode puram pradeshangalilekku maattendivarikayum cheythu. 1939ll labhyamaya vaahanangalude ennam aparyapthamaayirunnu, kavachitha vibhaagathin mikacha pinn link nalkunnathinaayi lorikal vazhithirichuvittu; marubhoomiyil ninnulla vaahanangalkk maathrame oof-rooad apakadasaadhyathayundaakoo, ithu tankukalkku maathruhayil ninnu valare akale neengaan kazhiyaathe varuthi. libian athirthiyude kizhakkayittaanu matruh sthithicheyyunnathu. athirthiyil ninnu, solamil vellamillaayirunnu, solathinu kizhakk ninnu sidi barani vare, khedival motor rooad maathrame undaayirunnulloo, athu oru adhiniveshathinte kaaryatthil manappoorvvam mosham avasthayil sookshichirunnu, athaayath oru aakramanakaarikk pradhana britiish senayilethaan vellamillathathum traakkillaathathumaaya marubhoomiyiloode neengendi varum. 1940 septambaril nyoosilaand railway battaliyanum indian thozhilaallikalum theeradesha reyilveyude pravartthanam aarambikkukayum 1941 oktobarode sidi baraniyil athukayum cheythu.
bhoopradesam.
eejipthile mersa maathru muthal libian theerathe gazala vare, oreyoru pakka rodiloode, ekadesham veethiyulla padinjaaran marubhoomiyilaanu yuddham pradhaanamaayum nadannathu. ulnaadan manal kadal marubhoomiyude thekkan paridhi ettavum veethiyulla giarab, siva ennividangalil adayaalappeduthi; britiish bhashayil, padinjaaran marubhoomi libiayile kizhakkan sirenike ulppeduthi. theerathu ninnu ulnaadan theerathekku vyaapichukidakkunna samudranirappil ninnu ekadesham uyarathil, paarakkettukalulla, paarakkettukalulla oru marubhoomi sthithicheyyunnu, athu thekk manal kadal vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. thelukalum, vaipparukalum, eechakalum eee pradeshathu adhivasichirunnu, avide cheria ennam bedauyin naadodikal vasichirunnu, avarude trackukal kinarukaleyum (birr) eluppathil sanjarikkunna nilatheyum bandhippikkunnu.
naavigeshan suuryan, nakshathrangal, compass bairingukal, "desert sense" ennivaye aasrayichirikkunnu, anubhavathiloode nediya paristhithiyekkurichulla nalla dhaarana. 1940 septambaril itaaliyan sainyam eejipthilekk munneriyappol, sidi omarine upekshichu maaletti group nashtappedukayum avare rahasyaanveshana vimaanathil kandethukayum cheythu. vasanthakaalathum venalkkaalathum pakalukal valare choodullathum raathrikal valare thanuppullathumaan.
(/) enna choodulla marubhoomi kaatt, neriya manal meghangal veeshunnu, ithu drishyaparatha kurachu meter kuraykkukayum kottu annukal, shwaasakosham, yanthrangal, bhakshanam, upakaranangal enniva kuraykkukayum cheiyunnu; motor vaahanangalkkum vimanangalkkum prathyeka oayil filterukal aavasyamaanu, koodaathe vandhyamaaya nilam ennathinartham sainika pravarthanangalkkulla saadhanangal puratthu ninnu kondupokanam ennaanu. jarmman enchinukal amithamaayi choodaakukayum tank enchin ayuss kurayukayum cheythu, ithu jarmman, itaaliyan tharatthilulla upakaranagalkk staanderd paartsukalude abhavam moolam kooduthal vashalayi.
munkootty.
athirthi ettumuttalukal.
1940 juun 11nuu sathrutha aarambikkukayum athirthiyil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaanum giarabub uparodham aarambhikkaanum briteeshukaarodu utharavidukayum cheythu. britishukaar aaa ratri libiayilekku kadakkukayum sidi omaril itaaliyan sainyavumayi vediyuthirkkukayum avaril chilarkk yuddham prakhyaapichathaayi ariyillennu kandethukayum cheythu. juun 14nuu britishukaar kapuso kotta madalena kotta pidichadakki, rund divasathinu sesham britishukaar tobruck-bardia roadle oru vaahanavyoohathe akramikkukayum sainikare kollukayum pathaamatthe karasena medhavi enchineeyaraaya romolo tendruchi ulppedeyullavare pidikoodukayum cheythu. naalu thokkukalulla itaaliyan senayaaya nesuyett girbayile athirthi vayarin sameepamulla oru ettumuttalil britiish taankukal, peerankikal, motor gadippicha kaalaalppada ennivayude mishrita senayodu parajayappettu.
patthaam sainyathinte mail aadhipathyam sthaapich britishukaar athirthi pradeshathu padinjaaru vare patrolling nadatthi. august 5 nuu, muppath itaaliyan taankukalum ettaamathe husaarukalum oru anishchithathvaparamaaya nadapadiyumaayi pooraadukayum oru itaaliyan akramanam nadakkumbol vaahanangalude takaraar pravartthanam thudarunnathu apraayogikamaakkunnuvennu vaaval nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. manal vegathil upakaranangal theerthu, taankukalude track ayuss kuranju, spare parts theernnu, taankinte shakti pakuthiye pravarthanakshamamaakkaan kazhinjulloo. august-septambar aadyam muthal oru shaantatha vannu, ooppareshan oru naavika ooppareshan, medittareniyan kappalpadaye shakthippeduthukayum keppu vazhi taankukaludeyum kroovinteyum oru sainika vaahanavyoohathe konduvaraan sahayikkukayum cheythu. kooduthal doorangalil ninnu nashtamundakkiyathaayi britishukaar avakaashappedukayum, irupakshavum marubhoomiyil vyaapichukidakkunna deerghadoora desert group (elrdg), (oottoo-saharan kambani) ennee scouting grouppukal sthaapikkukayum britiish swabhaavangal nireekshikkukayum raid nadathukayum cheythu.
1940 septambar 13 nuu, anchaam sainyathil ninnulla kaimattangal polum gathagatham, indhanam, wireless upakaranangal ennivayude vittumaaraatha abhavam kaaranam, romil varacha thanthraparamaaya lakshyangalekkaal mathramulla parimithamaaya thanthraparamaaya pravarthanamaayaanu akramanam aarambhichath. pularche oru "athisayakaramaaya" peeranki bombaakramanathinu vidheyamaakukayum museod adhiniveshathilaavukayum cheythu. solavum airfield onnaam libian division vaikunnerathode randaam libian division 63-aamm kaalaalppada division "sireyn", musaayidil ninnulla maletti group sidi omaril ninnulla 62-aamm kaalaalppada division "marmerica" ennivayum pidichedutthu, britiish upadravikkunna kakshikale marikadannu haafaya churatthil othuchernnu. septambar 14 nuu britishukaar kazhinja bakh bakh pinvalikkukayum itaaliyan munnettatthe upadravikkunnathu thudarukayum pittennu aalam hamidilek septambar 16 nuu aalam ell daabilekkum madangukayum cheythu. ambathu taankukalulla oru itaaliyan sainyam oru vashathekku neengaan shramichu, ithu britiish reargard sidi baraniyude kizhakk viramikkaan kaaranamaayi. thuramukham onnaam sisi kaivashappeduthiyirunnu.enn. division "23 marso" yum grassiani munnettam nirtthi. britishukaar nireekshanam punaraarambhichu, ezhaamathe kavachitha vibhaagam maathruhinethiraaya aakramanathe velluvilikkaan thayyarayi.
itaaliyanmaar sidi baranic sophafikkum chuttum britiish prathirodhatthinu padinjaaru maathruhilaanu kuzhichathu. britiish rooad polikkal attakuttappanikal nadathukayum kinarukal vrithiyaakkukayum athirthiyil ninnu oru vaattar pipe lainil pravartthanangal aarambikkukayum desember pakuthiyode munkoor punaraarambhikkunnathinulla saadhanangal shekharikkukayum cheythu. eejipt achuthandumaayulla nayatantra bandham vichedikkukayum itaaliyan vimanam october 19 nuu keyroyil bombit akramanam nadathukayum cheythu. itaaliyan sainyathe upadravikkaanulla britiish naavika, vyoma ooppareshanukal thudarukayum kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythathayi thadavukaar report cheythathinaal manoveeryam kuranju. britiish kavachitha kaar patrolling aalukalude bhoomiyil aadhipathyam pulartthiyillengilum noothana landing groundukalude nashtam raafinte falaprapti kuraykkukayum malta paridikk puratthaavukayum cheythu. oru adhika kavachitha kaar kambani munniraykk valare pinnilulla britiish rahasyaanveshana pravarthanangalil chernnu, mateelda II taankukalulla oru puthiya tank rejiment dablyu. dii. ephine shakthippeduthi. britishukaar italikkaarkkaayi kaathirikkunnathinuparam 4 muthal 5 divasam vare dairkhyamulla itaaliyan kyaambukalude kendra groupilum thudarnnu sophaafiyilum oru raid thayyarakkan thudangi.
britiish padhathi.
itaaliyan munnettathetthudarnnu, italikkaare pinthirippikkaan oru parimithamaaya ooppareshan aasoothranam cheyyaan britiish sainikarude kamaandaraaya eejipthinte commander lefttanant general sarr henry maitlaand vilsoninode vaaval utharavittu. itaaliyan prathirodha sthaanangal paraspara pinthunakku valare akaleyaanennu vaaval abhipraayappettirunnu. bharanaparamaya kaaranangalal ooppareshan compass aadyam anchu divasathe raidai aasoothranam cheythirunnuvenkilum athu vijayichaal kaalavadhi neettunnathinekkurichu aalochichu. ezhaamathe pinthunaa samgham sophaafiyile itaaliyan kyaambukal nireekshikkukayum padinjaaru ninnulla itaaliyan neekkangal thadayukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu, athesamayam divishante backie bhaagavum naalaamathe indian division sofafi-nibewa vidaviloode kadannupoyi. ezhaam royal tank rejimentinte (ezhaam aarr. tii. aarr) oru indian brigade kaalaalppada taankukalum (aii taankukal) padinjaaru ninnu nibeva akramikkum, kaaranam ezhaamathe kavachitha division avarude vadakkan bhagam samrakshikkunnu. nibewa pidichadakkappettaal randaamathe indian brigade ezhaamathe aarr. tii. aarum thummarukale akramikkum.
maathruh gaarisan fozhsu (3rd bataaliyan colled stream gaardukalum kurachu peerankikalum) theerathe mactilayile shatru campine ulkkollukayum rajakeeya naavikasena mactila, sidi barani ennivayil bombit akramanam nadathukayum cheyyum. vijayam kaivarichathinaal randaam divasam naalam indian division sidi barani akramikkukayum thudarnnu padinjaarottulla chooshanam nadakkukayum cheyyum. thayyaareduppukal karsanamaaya rahasyamaayaan nadathiyathu, maathruvinaduthulla lakshyangal nibeevayudeyum thumarinteyum pakarppukalaanennum vyayaamam oru rihezhsalaanaanennum kurachu udyogastharkku maathrame ariyoo; randaamathe vyayaamam pinthudarumennu sainikarodu parayukayum desember 7 vare ooppareshan yadhaarthamaanennu palarkkum ariyillaayirunnu, avar avarude staartt positionukalil athiyappol.
oru paridhivare vyoma shreshtatha nedunnathinaayi, maltayil ninnulla pathinonnu wicker vellington bomberukal desember 7 nuu kaastal benitoo akramikkukayum nilathu nasippikkukayum cheythu. pittennu, moonnu faittar schwadronukal britiish concentration pradeshangalil patrolling nadathukayum raathriyil 29 vellingtonukalum blenheimukalum beninayil bomb vaykkukayum patthu vimaanagalkk kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythu. bristtol bombay itaaliyan kyaambukal akramikkukayum blenheimukal vipulamaaya vyomaathirthikal akramikkukayum cheythu. selby fozhsu (brigadier eiii.) aayirikkumbozhaanu graundu neekkangal aarambhichath. aarr. selby), (loric kondupokaan kazhiyunna ettavum valia samgham), kumilakale shakthippeduthunnathil ninnu kaaval senaye thadayunnathinaayi mactilaye murichumaattunnathinaayi mathruvil ninnu munneri. itaaliyan vimanangalkkulla oru dcoy sainyam marubhoomiyil oru dummy tank brigade sthaapichu, desember 9 nuu pularche aayappozhekkum maktilayil ninnu kurachu kuravaayirunnu. raathriyil fleet eyar aam (efaa) fairy waldfish vimaanathil ninnu veeshunna jwaalakalaal graamam prakashippikkukayum oru erbus-klaas monittarum oru praanikal-klaas ganbottum bombit thakarkkukayum cheythu; sidi barani athe samayam bombit thakarkkukayum cheythu.
itaaliyan prathirodha thayyaareduppukal.
1940 desemberil eejipthile pathaamatthe sainyam athirthikku kizhakkayi onpathu bainari, black shirt, colonial divishanukalilekku shakthippeduthukayum yoonit releafukal aarambikkukayum cheythu, ithu britteeshukaarkk itaaliyan yudhakramam sthaapikkunnathu budhimuttaakki. kadal muthal escarpment vare valare akaleyulla oru kamaanathil vishalamaaya akalatthil kottakettya kyaambukal nirmmichirunnu. sidi barani pradeshathe pathaamatthe sainyam desember 8 nuu libian corpsinte (lefttanant general sebastiyaano galina) randaam libian divisionaaya onnaam libian division (lefttanant general sebastiyaano galina) naalam sisi ulla tumarile mactilayile kottakettya kyaambukalil oru variyil undaayirunnu.enn. division "3 jennayo" (general merzarri) reservil, ekadesham sidi baraniyil, galeena libian corpsinte aasthaanavum.
maletti group nibevayil aayirunnu, xxi corpsinte (general dalmaso) 63-aamath kaalaalppada division "siren" (general spattokko), nibevaykku padinjaaru rabiayilum sophaafiyilum aayirunnu. 64-aamath kaalaalppada division "catansaaro" bukh bookinu kizhakk khurr-samalus pradeshathekku neekki, nibeeva-arebia vidavinu pinnilayi. padinjaaru onnaam sisi ulla xxiii corps aayirunnu.enn. division "23 marso", 2nd sisi.enn. division "28 autobre"; 62-aamath kaalaalppada division "marmerica" sophaafiyil ninnu haafaayayilekkulla escarpmentilaayirunnu. patthaam sainyathin egyptinullil ekadesham 80,000 purushanmaarum 250 thokkukalum 120 taankukalum undaayirunnu. eejipthile 5° yill italiyil sainikabalamulla ekadesham thulya ennam poraalikal undennu britishukaar karuthi. desember 9nuu yadhaartha ennam graundu attaakk vimanamaayirunnu. chila bomberukal padinjaaru tripoliyilum mattullava bengaziyilum timimiyilum aayirunnu. hraswadura yudhavimaanangalum rahasyaanveshana vimaanangalum tobruck, ell adem, gambut ennividangalilaayirunnu.
yuddham.
sidi barani pidikooduka.
backie dablyu. dii. eph kooduthal ulnaadan kottakettya kyaambukale akramichathinaal sidi baraaniyilekkulla kizhakkan sameepanagal selby sainyam samrakshichu. desember 10nuu padinjaaru ninnu saadhyamaaya itaaliyan prathyaakramanathil ninnu aakramanakaarikale parishodhikkunna naalaamathe kavachitha brigade vadakkott munnerukayum sidi baranic bakh bookin edayilulla theera rooad murichu padinjarottu kavachitha kaar patrolling ayakkukayum cheythu. ezhaamathe kavachitha brigade reservil thudarukayum ezhaamathe pinthunaa samgham rabia, sofafi ennividangalil ninnu thekottulla oru sameepanam thadayukayum cheythu. maktilayil ninnu padinjaaran asthithvam thadayaan sainyathe ayacha nibevayude patana vaartha svayam ethi. budhimuttaayi pookukayum iruttu neekkathe mandagathiyilaakkukayum onnaam libian division rakshappedukayum cheythu. desember 9nuu avasaanathode, oo 'connor beresford-piers 16-aamath kaalaalppada brigade (brigadier siril lomax) reservil ninnu sidi baraaniyilekkulla roadukal vettikkuraykkaan ayachu, rund feeld artilary rejimentukal munnettatthe pinthunachu, ezhaamathe aarr. tii. aarr. sevanam labhikkatha taankukal veendum pravarthanakshamamaakkaan oodi. ettu strong pooyintukalilaayi rund itaaliyan divisionukal sidi barani prathirodhichu, oronnum oru bataaliyan prathirodhichu, ennaal prathirodha paridhi phalapradamaaya commandinu valare dairkhyameriyathaayirunnu.
desember 10-leeii munnettangal itaaliyan swabhaavathekkurichulla anishchithathvam, kadutha thanupp, podikkaatt ennivayaal aashayakkuzhappathilayi, ithu italiyude kazhcha kurachu. 16-aamm brigade peerankikalkkum 7-aamm aarr. tii. aarr. (vaikiyathum) kaathunilkkaathe munnettam aarambhichu, pakshe itaaliyan peeranki vedivayppu avare pinthirippichu; moonnu manikkoorin sesham, rund kanatha peeranki rejimentukal athiyappol, 16-aamm brigade veendum aakramichu, mattilda taankukal, raaf aircraft, royal nevi kappalukal, peeranki vedivayppu ennivayude oru schwadroninte pinthunayode. athirukalude padinjaaru bhaagath rund shakthikendrangal kaivashamulla black sharttukal pettennu keezhadangunnathuvare, kaaryamaaya nettangalonnumillaathe, poraattam raavile muzhuvan thudarnnu. taamasiyaathe, brigade sidi baraniyil ninnu thekk, padinjaaru roadukal murichumaatti. podikkaatt idaykkide undaakukayum britteeshukaarkk kazhchakal labikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal iruttinu munbu oru aakramanathinu beresford-piers utharavittu. avasaanathe kaalaalppada taankukal, oru adhika kaalaalppada bataaliyan, randaam royal tank rejimentinte (2nd rtr) pinthuna, cruiser, laitt taankukal enniva idathu vashath enniva upayogichu brigade munneri. divisional peerankikalude pinthunayode akramanam aarambhichu. podikkaatt veeshiyadichathinushesham itaaliyan peerankikal vediyuthirthathode kaalaalppada thaazhekku erangi. avasaanathe patthu mathildakal idathuvashathekku mukalilekku neengukayum pradhana roadinu thekk sidi barani prathirodhatthinte padinjaaran mukhathekku oodichukayarukayum pinneedu manalkkaattil aprathyakshamaakukayum cheythu. itaaliyan peeranki vedikkoppukal mattilda taankukalkkethire phalapradamallennu thelinju; thokkukalum grenadeukalum upayogichu thokkukal adichamarthiyenkilum avar keezhadakkappettu. akramanam oru akramanamaayi maari, 16-aamm brigade munnott pookaan thudangiyappol, ekadesham ezhunnettu, prathyakshatthil ethir aakramanathinu thayyarayirunnu; avarkk hridayam nashtappedukayum pakaram keezhadangukayum cheythu. rund manikorinullil thuramukhathinte padinjaaru bhaagathum thekk bhaagathum aadya lakshyangal pidichedukkukayum peeranki lineukal marikadakkukayum cheythu. thuramukhathinu kizhakkulla oru sector, oru black shirt sainyavum onnaam libian divishante avashishtangalum appozhum ethirthu.
svayam balam prayogikkuka.
tummar pathanam moolam puratthuvanna shakthippeduthalukal 16-aamm brigedinte padinjaaru bhaagathekku ethi thuramukhathiloode munneri, onnaam libian division, randaam libian division, naalam sisi ennivayude avasaanathe bhagam kudungi.enn. selby fozhsinethire division "3 jennayo", selby fozhsu nashtappettathinetthudarnn onnaam libian division maktilayil ninnu sidi baraniyilekku neengukayum nirayude oru bhagam theeradesha roadinu vadakkulla manalkkunnukalilekku valicheriyukayum cheythu. aaraamathe royal tank rejimentinte (aaraamathe aarr. tii. aarr) cruiser taankukal manalkkaattil ethi, manalkkunnukalil itaaliyanmaare marikadannu, thudarnnu pinthudarcha thudaraan svayam senayumaayi chernnu. itaaliyan prathirodhakkar kadalilekku oru pokkattil pidikkapettu. desember 11 nuu pularche britishukaar veendum aakramichappol, randaam libian divisionile randaamatheyum pathinaaraamatheyum battaaliyanile 2,000 sainikar desember 11 nuu uchakazhinju vare neenduninna pooyint 90 (italikkaar ariyappedunnu) ozhike koottamaaya keezhadangal aarambhichu.
anantharafalangal.
naashanashtangal.
desember 9 muthal 11 vare britteeshukaarkk 47 udyogastharum 2,147 perum kollappedukayum 78 udyogastharkkum 2,208 perkkum parikkelkkukayum cheythu.
thudarnnulla pravartthanangal.
desember 11 nuu, bakh bakh pradeshathe naalaamathe kavachitha brigade mopp upp cheyyaan 7-aamath kavachitha brigadine reservil ninnu utharavittu. 63-aamm kaalaalppada division "sireyn" avide ninnu pinmariyathum sofafi raathriyil pinmariyathum kaaranam valia thothil purushanmaarum thokkukalum pidikkappedukayum ezhaamathe pinthunaa groupil ninnulla oru patrolling raabiyayil praveshichu athu shoonyamaanennu kandethukayum cheythu. avare chhedikkaan naalaamathe kavachitha brigadine oru utharavu valare vaikiyaan athiyathu, itaaliyanmaar escarpmentinte mukaliloode haafaayayile itaaliyan gaarisanilekku pinwangi. 4-aamm kavachitha brigade, escarpmentinu mukalilum 7-aamm kavachitha brigade theerathum, kadutha vitharana prashnangalkkidayilum itaaliyanmaare pinthudaraan shramichu, valia ennam thadavukaar (pratheekshichathilum irupathu madangu) ithu vardhippikkukayum munnott pogunnathu valare budhimuttaayi kaanukayum cheythu.
sidi baraniyil ninnum buck bookil ninnum pinvaangumbol, itaaliyan sainyam theeradesha roadle thingikkoodukayum "bheekaratha" yudeyum rund ganbottukaludeyum eluppa lakshyamaavukayum cheythu, ithu desember 11 nuu pakalum raathriyilum solam pradeshathu bombakramanam nadatthi. desember 12 avasaanathode, eejipthile bakkiyulla itaaliyan sthaanangal solamilekkum sidi omarinte sameepapradeshangalilekkum aayirunnu; desember 15 aayappozhekkum solavum haafaya churavum pidichedutthu. britteeshukaarude munnettam itaaliyan gaarisanukale marubhoomiyude kooduthal thekkott kadannupoyi. athirthi vayarinte avasaanathil ulnaadan kottayaaya capuso padinjarottu bardiayilekku neengumbol ezhaamathe kavachitha division pidichedutthu. aaraamathe australian divishante varavinayi kaathirunna ezhaamathe kavachitha vibhaagam bardiayude thekk-padinjaaru kendreekarichu.

