
coupers hoock

thekke canada muthal meksikoo vare kaanapedunna vadakke american bhookhandathil ninnulla oru idatharam parunthaanu coupers hoock (asippittar kopperi). eee inam "asippittar" janussile amgamaanu, chilappol yadhaartha parunthukal ennu vilikkappedunnu, avaa prashasthamaaya chadulavum lokamembaadumulla vanaa aavaasavyavasthakalil saadhaaranamaaya thaarathamyena cheria parunthukal, koodaathe ellah dainamdina raapttar janussukalilum ettavum vaividyamaarnnathumaanu. pala erapidiyan pakshikalilum ullathupole, aanpakshikal penpakshikalekkaal cheruthaanu. mississippi nadiyude kizhakk kaanapedunna pakshikal padinjaaru kaanapedunna pakshikalekkaal sharashari valuthaanu. cheruthenkilum samanamaaya moorchayulla shind parunthumaayi ithu eluppathil aashayakkuzhappathilaakunnu. (eiii. straittas ")
1828ll chaals lucian bonapart thante suhruthum saha pakshishaasthranjanumaaya vilyam koopparine aadarichaanu eee inathinu eee peru nalkiyathu. kooppar hockinte mattu saadhaarana perukalil iva ulppedunnu bigg blue darter, chikkan hoock, flying cross, heine hoock, kweyil hoock, striker, swift hoock. koopparinte parunthukalkku prayogikkunna pala perukalum valare nannayi vikasicha churuchurukku upayogichu valuthum ozhivakkunnathumaaya iraye vettayaadaanulla avarude kazhivine soochippikkunnu. eee inam praadhamikamaayi cheruthum idatharavumaaya valippamulla pakshikale vettayaadunnu, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi cheria sasthanikaleyum chilappol uragangaleyum edukkum.
mikka anubandha parunthukaleppole, koopparinte parunthukal vipulamaaya melappulla uyaramulla marangalil koodundaakkaan eshtappedunnu, koodaathe saahacharyangalkkanusarich saadhaaranayaayi rund muthal naalu vare thuzhakal vare utppaadippikkaan kazhiyum. mosham kaalavastha, vettakkar, naravamshajanya kaaranagal, prathyekichu 20-aamm noottaandile vyaavasaayika keedanaashinikaludeyum mattu raasa malineekaranangaludeyum upayogam enniva prajnana sramangalil vittuveezhcha cheythekkaam. manushyanirmmitha kaaranangalal pakshikalude ennam kuranjuvenkilum, eee pakshi sthirathayulla oru inamaayi thudarunnu.
vargeekaranam.
1828-ll franch prakrithishaasthranjanaaya chaals lucian bonapart nyoojezhsiyile bordentowninu sameepam shekharicha oru maathrkayil ninnaan koopparinte parunthine aupachaarikamaayi vivarichathu. addeham "falco kooppari" enna binomial namam srishtichu. newyork nagaratthile newyork lysium oof naachural histtariyude (pinneedu newyork akkadami oof sciences) sthaapakaril oralaaya prakrithishaasthranjanaaya vilyam koopparine aadarikkaanaanu nirddishta visheshanavum pothunaamavum thiranjedutthathu. bigg blue darter, chikkan hoock, heine hoock, meksikkan hoock, kweyil hoock, striker, swift hoock ennivayaanu mattu saadhaarana perukal. kooppar hoock "asippittar" janussile amgamaanu, chilappol "true hooks" ennu vilikkappedunnu (avayile amgangale chilappol saadhaaranayaayi goshocks allengil sparohox ennu vilikkunnu). 50 oolam amgeekritha enangalulla eee januss speesheesukalulla sambannamaaya aasipitridae kudumbatthile ettavum vaividyamaarnnathaanu, koodaathe ellah dainamdina raapttar janussukalilum ettavum vaividyamaarnnathaanu. labhyamaya pakshivikasanatthinte vardhanavu kaaranam kazhinja eathaanum dasalaksham varshangalayi "asippittar" januss vaividyavathakarikkunnathi kaanapettu. avaa vidooramaayi bandhappettathaanenkilum "sarkkas" allengil haariyarukalude oru sahodari janussai kaanapedunnu. harpagus", "erythrotriorchis" ennivayulppedeyulla mattu cheria janussukalkkum chila bandhamundennu thonnunnu. moonnu eshyan "asippittar" speesheesukalude janithaka padanangal kaanikkunnath avaa oru monophylatic grouppaayirikkilla, parambaraagatha upakudumbarekhaykku purathu vividha kledukal vibhajikkappettirikkunnu, moorchayulla shind hoock poleyum anuyojyamaayi perittirikkunna cheria hoock ("asippittar supersilius") polum "beautio", "milves" thudangiya valare vyathyasthamaaya janussinu sameepam eee janussil ninnu purathulla klasttaraayi kaanapedunnu. orupakshe 0.5-1 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbulla nannayi nirvachikkapetta phoosil recordulla vadakke americaye kolanivalkkaricha aadyakaala "aaksipittar" kooppar hoock aanennu thonnunnu. goshok randaam sthaanathethiyennum mattu rund inangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol moorchayulla shind parunthinte vishalamaaya shreni undaayirunnittum moorchayulla shind parunthinte poorvvikar avasaanamaayi berring land bridginu mukaliloode vannuvennum phoosil thelivukal kaanikkunnu. koopparinte parunth vadakkan goshokkumayi valare adutha bandhamullathaanennu janithaka parisodhana soochippikkunnu, koopparinte uparithala savisheshathakal pazhaya loka kuruviyude adutha bandhuvaya moorchayulla shind parunthinu samaanamaan, ithu prathyakshatthil kanverjant parinaamatthiloode labhichu. oru koopparinte parunthinteyum idatharam shaareerika savisheshathakalulla oru vadakkan goshokkinteyum swaabhaavika sankarayinam keppu meyile oru kudiyetta praayapoorthiyaakaathayalude janithaka parishodhanayiloode parishodhichu, ithu koopparinte shreni charitraparamaaya goshok houndukalaayi vadakkott vikasikkunnathayi soochippikkumennu karuthappedunnu.
kooppar parunth enna oru upajathiyum thiricharinjittilla. munbu vivaricha oru upajathiyaaya "eiii. sii. mexicanus, "durbalamaayi verthirichathinaal kizhivu nalki. ennirunnaalum, janithaka adayaalangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla thelivukal kaanikkunnath britiish columbia janasamkhyayilulla padinjaaran pakshikal uyarnna madhyapashchimathil ninnu janithakaparamayi vyathyasthamaanennu, koopparinte parunth kuranjathu rund plistoseen glacial refugeeyil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunne soochippikkunnu, paarakkettukalulla parvathangal prajananam nadathumbol iruvashathumulla parunthukal thammilulla jeane ozhukkinu swaabhaavika thadassamaayi pravartthikkunnu. amerikkayile samanamaaya mattu valia "asippittar" enangal orupakshe oru speeshees complexinullil, koopparinte parungalumaayi adutha bandhamullathayi kaanapedunnu, athaayath madhya, thekke amerikkayiludaneelam vyapakamaaya dvivarnna parunthukal, chilian parunthukal ("asippittar chillensis"). roopam, vitharanam, perumaattam ennivayil eee enangalil ninnu oru paridhivare vyakthamaaya vyathyaasamundengilum, koopparinte parunth valare samanamaaya gundlaachinte parunth cubayumaayi pullinu ulla bandham kooduthal avyakthamaanu. pothuve koopparudeyum gundlaachinteyum parunthukalumaayulla bandham kuzhappathilaanennum janithaka parisodhana soochippikkunnathu gundlaakkukal oru prathyeka inamaayi yogyatha nedunnathinu aparyapthamaaya reethiyil vyathyasthamaayirikkamenna (pakshe urappilla). koopparinte parunth kuranjathu gundlaachinte parannabhojiyaayi yogyatha nedumennu eathaandu urappaan, koodaathe rund parunthukal thammilulla sameepakaala kolanivalkkaranavum sankaravalkkaranavum daatta soochippikkunnu.
vivaranam.
coupers hoock oru idatharam valippamulla parunthukoodiyaanu, ithu oru "aaksipittarin" thaarathamyena valuthaanu. bandhapetta inangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, avaykku mithamaaya neelamulla chirakukalum neelamullathum palappozhum graded allengil vedju aakruthiyilulla vaalum mithamaaya kattiyulla kaalukalum kaalviralukalum undu. thaarathamyena valuthum chathuraakrithiyilullathumaaya thalayude vashangalil avarude annukal nannayi munnott vekkunnu (kazhuthile thoovalukal flush cheythaal thalaykku kurachu vrithaakruthiyil kaanaan kazhiyum) thaarathamyena cheruthum ennaal karuthuttathumaaya nottum. raptoriyal pakshikalude swabhaavam pole irayude maamsam keerunnathinu nannayi anuyojyamaaya nottukalaanu avarkk ullathu. saadhaaranayaayi, kooppar parunthukale rahasyamaayi kanakkakkaam, palappozhum melappinullil irikkaam, pakshe kooduthal thuranna perchukal upayogikkaam, prathyekichu shreniyude padinjaaran bhaagath allengil shaithyakaalath elayillaathatho ottappettatho aaya marangal, yoottility thoonukal allengil thuranna stambukal enniva upayogikkaam. perched hokkukalil, chirakukal wall moonnilonnil thaazhe maathram moodunnathaayi kaanapedunnu, chilappol rahasya thoovalukal maathram moodunnathaayi thonnunnu. muthirnnavarenna nilayil, avaa mukalil oru soolid neela-chaaraniramo thavitt-chaaraniramo aakam. muthirnnavarkk saadhaaranayaayi karutha-thavitt thoovalukalude nannayi nirvachikkapetta kireedamundu, mangiya kazhuthinu mukalil, avarude varayulla rufus kavilukalkk nere pinn kazhuthu offset cheiyunnu. ivayude wall mukalil neela-chaaraniratthilum thaazhe ilam niratthilumaanu, moonnu karutha baandukal thulyamaaya paattenil adaykkukayum velutha agrathil avasaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. muthirnnavarude adibhaagam parukkan, kramarahithamaya karuvapatta muthal karuvapatta vare baandukal kondu moodappettirikkunna alppam velutha adithara niram kaanikkunnu, ennirunnaalum iva thondaykku chuttum cheria shaaft varakalayi idungunnu. adiyil backie bhaagathulla sambannamaaya niratthinu ethire, muthirnnavaril shudhamaaya vella prathyakshappedunnu. praayapoorthiyaaya penthumbikalkku mukalil alppam kooduthal thavitt allengil chaaraniram undakam, athesamayam chila muthirnna aanthumbikalkku apoorvvamaayi thanne podi neela niramaayirikkum. thoovalukalil praadeshika vyathiyaanam kuravaanengilum, pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran mekhalayile muthirnnavarude niram mothatthil alppam irundathaanu. iru lingangalileyum kuranjathu naalu pakshikalil asaadhaaranamaaya ilam thoovalukal rekhappeduthiyittundu, avayellaam eathaandu poornnamaayum veluthathum adibhaagathu varakalonnumillathavayumaanu. eee pakshikalkk pinn niram mangukayum wall shakthamayi thadassamillaathe irikkukayum cheythirunnu. oru vichitramaaya irunda sthriyum rekhappeduthiyittundu. oru kaumaarapraayatthil, avalkk karupp-thavitt (madhya thavitt nirathekkaal) purakilum thaazhe irunda inky thoovalukalum chaaraniratthilulla nilam maathram kaanichirunnu. pinneedu avar vijayakaramaayi valarnna samanamaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakalulla oru asaadhaarana purushane srishtichu. avasaanathe rund kesukal melaanisatthinte saadhyathayulla kesukalaayirunnu, atharam irunda vyathiyanangal eathoru "asippittar" speesheesilum phalatthil abhoothapoorvamaanu.
eee inathile praayapoorthiyaakaathavar saadhaaranayaayi mukalil irunda thavitt niramullavaraanu, ennirunnaalum thoovalukalkk palappozhum karuvapatta muthal karuvapatta vare arikukalilla, koodaathe puram, chirakukal, pradhaanamaayum scapularukal ennivayil vaitt mottinging undu. praayapoorthiyaakaatha koopparukalude kavilil straking allengil tonny kazhukal undaakaarund, ithu oru ilam newchal strippil avasaanikkunnu, ithu muthirnnavarude pothinja roopathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi oru hudd roopam nalkunnu (chila praayapoorthiyaakaathavar, muthirnnavaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, melinja supersilium prakadamaakkaam). muthirnnavareppole karuthathinekkaal praayapoorthiyaakaathavaril kireedam thavitt niramaan. wall muthirnnavarude wall poleyaanengilum kooduthal thavittuniramullathum chilappol oru adhika naalaamathe baand kaanikkunnu. praayapoorthiyaakaatha pakshikalekkaal ilam veluthathum cream bays niramullathum, maarunna mangiya thonda varakalum madhya thavitt niratthilulla varakalum kaanapedunnu, avaa thondayude thaazhathe bhagam muthal thaazhathe stanam vare kuthane nirvachikkappedunnu. praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar thudakalil thavitt muthal karutha paadukalo baarukalo undakam, nerttha karutha varakal kooduthalum vayattil avasaanikkukayum velutha krisavum undertail kavarukalum undaakukayum cheyyum. thoovalukalude ghadanayil praayapoorthiyaakaathavar muthirnnavarekkaal kooduthal "villalum" kuranja othukkamullathayi kaanapedaam. saadhaaranayaayi idatharam valippamullathayi kanakkaakkappedunnundu, koopparinte parunthukal parakkumbol valare cheruthaayi kaanapedum. neelamulla vaalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol hraswa chirakukal eee phalathinu oonnal nalkunnu (bandhamillaattha parunthukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chirakukalkk saadhaaranayaayi motham neelathekkaal eratti veethiyundu). mattu "aaksipittarukale" pole eee inathinu vrithaakrithiyilulla chirakukalum neelamulla vrithaakrithiyilulla vaalum neelamulla kaalukalum undu. koopparinte parunthukalkku kadinamaaya thaalangalum hrasvamaaya glydukalum ulla sakthamaaya parakkal undu, kaithanda munnott thallunna valare level chirakukalil angane cheyyaan pravanatha kaanikkunnu, ennittum thala sthiramaayi project cheiyunnu. 5 outtar functional primerykal avayude aantharika jalangalil nochu cheythirikkunnu, ettavum neelam koodiyathu ettavum puratthethu, aduthathu eathaandu athra neelamullathaanu. parakkumbol, eee parunthukal parannatho kooduthal saadhaaranayaayi cheruthaayi uyarthiyatho aaya chirakukalilaanu, neraaya munvashangalulla arikukalullavayaanu. muthirnnavarude shareerathinte adiyil, chirakukal eathaandu samanamaaya niratthil ilam chaaraniratthilulla parakkunna thoovalukalum vishalamaaya velutha-tipp vaalum irunda chaaraniratthil adachittirikkunnu. athesamayam, muthirnnavarude mukalbhagam adisthaanaparamaayi neela-chaaraniramaanu. praayapoorthiyaakaathavar kooduthalum mukalil irundavaraanu, ennirunnaalum thalayil oru hudd efakttum rufus-buff arikukalum prathyekichu velutha moteling prakadamaanu, randaamathethu valare vyakthamaan. chirakukal, nench, vashangal, thudakal ennivaykku chuttum vrithiyaayi irunda varakalullathum aaksillarikalilum parakkunna thoovalukalilum baarukalullathumaaya praayapoorthiyaakaathavar pradhaanamaayum chuvade veluthathaanu. praayapoorthiyaakaathayalude wall vishalamaaya velutha agravum muthirnnavareppole baarukalum ullathaanengilum nilam chaaraniratthinte mangiya niramaan.
muthirnnavarkk ilam ooranchu muthal chuvapp vare annukalundu, purushanmaarkk sharashari irunda niravum praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar manja niravumaanu. vividha bhaagangalil ninnulla 370 prajananam nadathunna parunthukalil, 1 vayassulla aankuttikalkku saadhaaranayaayi ilam ooranchu annukalum 1 vayassulla penkuttikalkku saadhaaranayaayi manja annukalumaanu. athesamayam, rando athiladhikamo vayassulla purushanmaarkk ore praayathilulla sthreekalude annukalekkaal sthiramaayi irunda annukalundaayirunnu, praayathilulla mikka purushanmarkkum pradhaanamaayum ooranchu (<aii. dii. 1>) allengil irunda ooranchu (<aii. dii. 2>) annukalundaayirunnu, athesamayam eee ghattathil sthree annukal ilam ooranchu allengil bharam kuranjathaayirunnu. randaam varsham muthal, koopparinte parunthukalude annukal ippozhum irundathaayi vannekkaam, pakshe taamasiyaathe irundupokunnathu nirtthunnu. 3 vayaso athil kooduthalo praayamulla purushanmaarkk pradhaanamaayum irunda ooranchu (samana praayathilulla sthreekalil <aii. dii. 1> banama <aii. dii. 3>), chuvapp (<aii. dii. 4> virudhamaayi samana praayathilulla sthreekalil 3.3%) allengil madhya-ooranchu (<aii. dii. 2> virudhamaayi samana praayathilulla sthreekalil 55%) ennivayundennu kandethi. avyakthamaaya kaaranangalal, britiish kolambiyayileyum north dakottayileyum (83 sathamaanam purushanmaar, 63 sathamaanam sthreekal) muthirnnavarkk visconsinile pakwathayulla parunthukale (49 sathamaanam purushanmaar, 14 sathamaanam sthreekal) apekshichu irunda ooranchu allengil chuvanna annukalundaayirunnu (ithu britiish kolambiyayilum neratthe prakadamaayirunnu). visconsinil 2 vayassinu mukalilulla mikka sthreekalkkum ilam ooranchu niratthilulla annukalundennu kandethi. parunth pakshikalil thilangunna kanninte niratthinte uddeshyam koodumaariya parunth pakshikalude uthejakathvavumaayi bandhappettirikkam (athaayath.iii. irunda ooranchu allengil chuvapp vasthukkal kooduthal thirichariyaan kazhiyunnathum mangiya nirangalekkaal kooduthal chulivullavayumaayirikkam). mikka vettayaadal pakshikalileyum pole eee parunthinte annukal munnott abhimukeekarikkukayum uyarnna vegathayil parakkumbol vettayaadunnathinum iraye pidikkunnathinum nalla aazhathilulla dhaarana praapthamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. muthirnnavarkk pachaniratthilulla manja niratthilulla seerukalum ooranchu muthal manja vare kaalukalumund, athesamayam praayapoorthiyaakaathavaril eee bhagangal manja-pacha muthal manja vare manja niramullavayaanu. prebasic moult epril avasaanathode aarambikkukayum ekadesham 4 maasam edukkukayum cheiyunnu. penn saadhaaranayaayi purushanekkaal divasangalkku munbu thanne <aii. dii. 1> moshtikkaan thudangunnu. chirakukalude thoovalukalil shareerathilekku ullilekku multukal sambhavikkunnu. teyil moult saadhaaranayaayi madhya wall thoovalukalil ninnu aarambhich, pinbhaagathu mukalile wall kavarukalilekku neengukayum scapulaarukalile median thoovalukalil ninnu aarambikkukayum cheyyaam. praayapoorthiyaakaatha thoovalukalude 36 sathamaanam vare randaamathe pree-basic moltil nilanirthaam. koodundaakkunna kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil arast cheytha moult rekhappeduthiyittundu, palappozhum moonnaamathe primery moult cheythathinu sesham thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthunnu. prathyekichum valarchayude ghattathil bhakshya vitharanam kurayumbol multukal nirthalaakkappedunnu, koodaathe valarthal thinnaan budhimuttu kurayumbol veendum aarambhikkam.
valippam.
koopparinte parunthukal valippathil valare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi lingangal thammilulla alavukalil kuranjatho allengil ovarlaappu illaathatho aanu, penthumbikal purushanmaarekkaal valare valuthaanu. sharashari, avalkk rekheeyamaayi ekadesham 20 sathamaanavum 40 sathamaanavum bhaaramundakaam (ennirunnaalum 125% vare kooduthal valuppamullathaayirikkam). kooduthal padinjaaran kooppar parunthukal (ekadesham paarakkettukalude padinjaaru) mattidangalile parunthukalekkaal alpam kuranja laingika dviroopatha kaanikkunnu. koopparinte parunthukalkkullile laingika dviroopatha ettavum vishwasaneeyamaayi alakkunnathu chirakinte valippam, taalon valuppam, thudarnnu sareerabhaaram enniva upayogichaanu. chila pishak paridhikalundenkilum, oru nischitha pradeshathinullil rund lingangaludeyum alavukal eee kaaryangalil orikkalum ovarlaappu cheyyilla (pakshe tarsal, wall neelangalil neriya thothil ovarlaappu cheythekkaam). pothuve, ellah raptoriyal pakshikaludeyum valippathil ettavum laingikamaayi dviroopamaaya enangalil onnaanu "asippittar" inam. asippittar" kalile laingika dviroopatha cheria valippathiloode kooduthal purusha kaaryakshamathayum kudumba groupinu bhakshanam shekharikkunnathinulla churuchuruppum kaaranamaayekkam. athesamayam, penpakshi athinte valia valippam kaaranam valarthalinte kaadinyathinu (orupakshe mikka koodu prathirodhavum ulppede) kooduthal anuyojyamaayekkaam, ithu lingangale ore bhakshya srothassukalil kuranja malsaram nadatthaan anuvadikkunnu. shareera valuppathile bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vyathyasavum kandethiyittundu, padinjaaran vadakke amerikkayil kaanapedunnathinekkaal sharashari kooduthal kizhakkan parunthukal valuthaanu. neremarichu, american thekkupadinjaaran mekhalayil, eee inam athinte ettavum valia valippathil athiyekkaamenkilum vadakke amerikkayile eee inathinte shreniyude vadakkukizhakkan bhaagangalil alakkunna valia shareeramulla vyakthikalekkaal eee pakshikalude sharashari valuthaanennu vyakthamaaya thelivukal illa. koopparinte parunthukalil theliyikkunna valippa vyathyasam vadakke american inamaaya "asippittari" ll ettavum kooduthal prakadamaanu. ennirunnaalum, bergmante niyamavumaayi poruthappedunnillenna thonnunna padanavidheyamaaya pakshi enangalil 25 sathamaanavum kooppar hokkukalaanu.iii. kooduthal vadakku thamasikkunna sthalangalil valuthaanu) pakaram rekhaamshathaal valuppathil vyathyaasappedunnu. koodaathe, praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkkavar valippathil alppam vyathyaasamundaakam, avaa pazhaya pakshikale apekshichu alpam bharam kuranjathum cheruthumayirikkum, pakshe vaalilum prathyekichu chirakukalude neelatthilum sharashari neelamilla. poornnavalarchayulla pakshikalude aake neelam aanpakshikalil ninnum penpakshikalil ninnum vyathyaasappedaam. chirakukal sharashari ekadesham muthal aakam.
vividha janasamkhyayile motham neelathekkaalum chirakukalekkaalum saadhaarana alavukalkoppam shareera pindam valare pathivayi alakkunnu. padinjaaran yunaittad stetsil ninnulla museum saambilukal sharashari 48 purushanmaarilum 20 sthreekalilum, kizhakkan yunaittad stetsil ninnulavayil sharashari 16 purushanmaarilum 31 sthreekalilum undaayirunnu. visconsinile devadaaru thottatthil 104 purusha kudiyetta parunthukalude sharashari bharam (praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkal sharashari 4 sathamaanam bharam), athesamayam 115 vanita kudiyettakkaarude sharashari (praayapoorthiyaakaathavarkal sharashari 5.5 sathamaanam bharam). visconsin koopparinte parunth mrugangalude vyathyastha sample sharashari purushanmaarilum (sample sais 60) sthreekalilum (sample sais 57) aanennu reportund. keppu meeii pooyintil, nyoojezhsiyil, purushanmaarude rund saambilukalilum sthreekalude rund saambilukalilum sharashari bharamullah visconsinile bhaarathinu samanamaayirunnu (viriyunna varshathe praayapoorthiyaakaathavar maathram thookkamullathaanenkilum). nevadayile goshoot parvathanirakalile kudiyetta parunthukal 183 onnaam varsha purushanmaarekkaalum 177 muthirnna purushanmaarekkaalum 310 onnaam varsha sthreekalilum 416 muthirnna sthreekalilum kizhakkan parunthukalekkaalum valare bharam kuranjavayaayirunnu. kaaliforniyayile maarin hedlaantukalile goshoottukalkku samanamaayirunnu bharam, avide 50 purushanmaar (ellaavarum aadya varsham) sharashari 117 aadya varsha sthreekal. venalkkaalathinte thudakkathinum avasaanathinum idayil sharashari, origonile purushanmaarude sharashari pindam sthreekaludeyum sharashari pindam report cheyyappettu. origonil ninnulla kooppar parunthukalude sharashari bharam purushanmaaril ekadesham <aii. dii. 1> kuravum sthreekalil <aii. dii. 2> kuravum aayirunnu, ennaal origon parunthukalude bhaarathil kaalaanusrithamaaya vyathiyaanam kuravaanennu thelinju. britiish kolambiyayil purushanmaarude sharashari, sthreekalude sharashari, padinjaaran, kizhakkan vadakkan dakkottayil purushanmaarude sharashari, sthreekalude sharashari. vadakkan floridayil purushanmaarude sharashari, sthreekalude sharashari. pothuve, purushanmaarkk evideninnum sthreekalkku evideninnum bharam varaam, ettavum bharam kuranja parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi nevadayile goshoottukalil ninnu rekhappeduthiyittulla praayapoorthiyaakaathavaana, ettavum bharam koodiyathu visconsinil ninnulla muthirnnavaraan.
saadhaarana alavukalil, chirakukalude coord purushanmaaril ninnum sthreekalil ninnum vyathyaasappedaam. wing coord saadhaaranayaayi shareera pindavumaayi poruthappedunnu, kizhakkan vadakkan dakottayile bharameriya parunthukalil sharashari ettavum valuthaanu, avide purushanmaar sharashari aanum sthreekalum, viskansinil purushanmaar sharashari aanum penkuttikalum (keppil ninnullavayum aaa rund saambilukalkku samaanamaayirikkaam). ennirunnaalum, goshoot parvathanirakalile aanpakshikal sharaashariyilum penpakshikal sharaashariyilum alakkunnathupolulla cheruthum kooduthal padinjaaran pakshikal, britiish kolambiyayil, aanpakshikal sharaashariyilum penpakshikal sharaashariyilum ulla pakshikal, avarude mattu shareera anupathangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol aanupaathikamaayi neelamulla chirakukallavayaayirunnu. purushanmaarude wall sthreekalil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirikkam, sthiramaayi sthreekalil kooduthalum purushanmaaril sharashari kuravumaanu. taarsasinte neelatthil, sharashari museum saambilukalil ninnu purushanmarkkum sharashari museum saambilukalil ninnu sthreekalkkum vyathyaasappedaam. purushanmaaril ninnu sharashari alakkunna kulmen, sthreekalil ninnu sharashari ekadesham alakkaam. mikkavarum ellah accipitridukalilum kaanapedunna valuthayittulla pinbhaagathe talonaya hallex nakhatthinu purushanmaaril ninnu sharashari ekadesham alakkaanum sthreekalil ninnu sharashari ekadesham alakkaanum kazhiyum. kooppar parunthukalude paadappaadam purushanmaaril sharashari 42 umm sthreekalil sharashari 23 umm alakkaam. avyakthamaaya kaaranangalal, britiish kolambiyayil kaanapedunna cheria shareera parunthukal visconsinile valia sareeramullavayekkaal aanupaathikamaayi valia paadamullathum lingangalkkidayil sharashari calviral neelamullathumayathaayi kandethi.
shabdam.
koopparinte parunthukal prajnana samayat 40-ladhikam kooll vyathiyanangal ucharikkaamenn chila rachayithakkal avakaashappedunnu, ithu eathoru rapterinum record cheytha ettavum vaividhyamaarnna kolukalude shekharamaayi avare tharamthirikkum. ennirunnaalum, atharam pala vyathiyaanangalum orupakshe valare sookshumamaayirikkaam (kaadinyam, vyakthatha, vegatha, alavu ennivayile cheria vyathyaasangal) mattu rachayithakkal mothatthil naalu kooll tharangal maathrame kandethiyittulloo. koopparinte parunthinte saadhaarana vilii kadinavum koorkkamvaliyumulla oru koovalaanu. eee vilii "keh-keh-keh" ennu vivarthanam cheyyappedaam...sthreekalekkaal uyarnna shabdavum kuranja raspy vegathayeriyathumaaya shabdamullah purushanmaaraan. ennirunnaalum, purushanmaar ucharicha chila vakabhedangal sthreekalile eee kolukalude pathippinekkaal aazhathilullavayaayirunnu. prabhatha corressil kooduthal modulated, parushamaaya pathipp nalkunnu. kooduthal aazhathilulla vanapradeshangalil koodundaakkunna jody kaazhchashakthiyillaathinaal kooduthal thavana shabdamundaakkumennu chila padanangal soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, arisonayile nagarapradeshangalil koodundaakkunna parunthukal avarude grameena koodundaakkunna athiraalikalekkaal kuranja shabdamundaakkunnathaayi thonnunnilla. praayathinanusarichu parunthukalude shabdam kuranjekkaamennathinu chila thelivukalundu. koodilekku bhakshanavumayi varumbozho pranayathinidayil pradarshippikkumbozho, aanpakshi nighthock polulla "kick" puratthirakkaam, eee vilii kattiyulla marangal upayogikkunna jodikalilaanu kooduthalaayi kaanappedunnath. idaykkide, penkuttikal "kick" kooll ucharikkaam, prathyakshatthil avarude inaye thirayumbozho koodundakkaanulla vasthukkal shekharikkumbozho. prajnana jodikalkkum ammamarkkum avarude santhathikalkkumidayil mathramulla aduppamullatho "sambhaashanaparamo aaya edapedalukaliloode niravadhi sophtt kolukal rekhappeduthiyittundu. cheruppakkaarude prarambha vilii oru "cheepp" allengil "chirpp" aanu, avar cheruppakkaare valarthumbozhekkum "eee-ooo" allengil "tsee-aarr" (vividha lipyantharanangalil) enna kuthane vishakkunna viliyilekku maarunnu. cheruppakkaarude uyarnna pitch kolukal pakwathayillaattha thoovalukalilaayirikkumbol thanne aadya varshathinullil koodundaakkunna penpakshikalilekkum vyaapichekkaam. sthreekalkku avarude swantham vishapp ennu palappozhum karuthappedunna "vaaha", prathyekichu daridramaaya bhakshana pradeshangalil, purushan prathyakshappedumbol kelkkunnu. ennirunnaalum, koodu nirmmaana samayathum "postural boying" pradarshana samayathum polulla vividha sandarbhangalil penn "vaa" ennu vilikkappedunnu, chila rachayithakkal ithu purushane sameepikkunnath apakadakaramallennu ashayavinimayam nadathunnathinulla oru maargamaayirikkaamenn anumaanichu (penn "accipittarukal" valare cheria purushanmaarkk apakadakaramaakaam). saadhaaranayaayi, koopparile parunthukal prajnana seasoninu purathu nishabdamaanu. ennirunnaalum, apoorvvamaayi, avarude inathile mattethenkilum parunthukalil ninnu otappettathaayi thonnunna chila aanthumbikal shaithyakaalath vilikkumennu ariyappedunnu.
aashayakkuzhappamundaakkunna enangal.
"vadakke amerikkayile "asippittar" enangal bhookhandathil thirichariyunna ettavum vedanaajanakamaaya raaptaraanu. vadakke amerikkayile mattu rund enangal cheria sharp-shind hoock ("asippittar straittas"), valia vadakkan goshok ("asippittar gentilis") ennivayaanu. mattu rund "aaksipittarukalumaayi" thaarathamyappeduthumbol, koopparukalkku taarsasinte mukalil idatharam thoovalukalum idatharam aapekshika madhya calviral neelavum kanninte anupaathavumund, ennaal thaarathamyena neelameriya vaalum moonnil ettavum cheria chirakukalumundu. koopparukalum moorchayulla shind parunthukalum vikasanathinte ellah ghattangalilum thoovalukalude savisheshathakalil valare saamyamullavayaan (chilappol eathaandu samaanamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu). mikka koopparukalude parunthukalkkum moorchayulla shind parunthukalekkaal valuppamund. saadhaaranayaayi, koopparinte inam kaakkayude valippamullathaan, aann kaakkakalkk oru cheria kaakkayude valipavum penn kaakkakalkk oru valia kaakkayude valippavumund, athesamayam moorchayulla shind parunthukal mikathum oru valia jeyude valuppamaan. kaiyilulla koopparinte parunthukaleyum moorchayulla shind parunthukaleyum avayude valippangalal valare vishwasaneeyamaayi verthirichariyaan kazhiyum, ettavum cheria aann koopparukal ellaayppozhum ettavum valia penn moorchayulla shind parunthukalekkaal bhaarameriyathum valuthumaaya nakhangalullavayaanu (chirakinteyum vaalinteyum alavukalil 97-98% vyathyaasamund). ennirunnaalum, vayalil, prathyekichu parunthukale akaleyo prathikoola konukalilo (kudiyerumbol polullava) allengil hrasvamaayi (vettayaadumbol polullava) thirichariyaan kazhiyumbol, parichayasambannaraaya pakshi nireekshakarkk polum ellaayppozhum rund enangale, prathyekichu penn moorchayulla shinukale ekadesham samanamaaya valippamulla aann koopparukalodu verthirichariyaan kazhinjekkilla. moorchayulla shind hoock saadhaaranayaayi kooduthal manoharamaaya savisheshathakalulla melinjathum melinjathumaaya roopathinu thelivaanu, koodaathe thaarathamyena neelamulla chirakukalum valare nerttha velutha agramullah cheruthum chathuraakrithiyilullathumaaya vaalum undu. muthirnnavarude koopparinte (kooduthal hudd ulla) moodiya roopamillaathathum saadhaaranayaayi mukalil alpam irundathumaaya moorchayulla kaithandakaliloodeyulla thoovalukalil mattu cheria vyathyasam sradhikkaam. thaarathamyena shaanthamaaya padanatthil, thelinja supersilia, brouner kavilukal, mukalil kuranja vaitt mottinging, vayarilekk kooduthal vyaapichukidakkunna parukkan varakal ennivayiloode juvenile koopparukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi kaananakum. kooduthalum verthirichariyaan kazhiyunnathum aduthullathumaaya nagnabhaagangal kooduthal kendreekrithavum vyakthamayum thaarathamyena valuthumaaya annukalum moorchayulla kaithandayude vadi polulla kaalukalum kondu vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, palappozhum eee savisheshathakal kaattile parunthukale eppol kaanapedunnu ennu thirichariyaan budhimuttaayirikkum. parakkunna samayat chirakukalude munvashathe attam kaviyunnathayi thonnunna moorchayulla kaithandakalude othukkamullathum vrithaakruthiyilullathumaaya thalayekkaal valuthum kooduthal neendunilkkunnathumaaya thalayaanu eee feeldil kooduthal vyathirikthamaayath. moorchayulla kaithandayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol chilappol coupers oru "flying cross" aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. "ellah inathilumulla "asippittar" parunthukal kooduthalum vegathilum thudarchayaayum chirakukal adikkunnathilum oru hraswa glydilum (chilappol "flap-flap-glide" ennu churukkatthil vilikkunnu) parakkunnath kaanapedunnu, ennirunnaalum eee inam uyarathilum parakkaam. ennirunnaalum, moorchayulla shind hockinu koopparinekkaal vegathayeriya chirakukalude spandanavum paranna chirakukalulla kuthichuchaattavumulla kooduthal kuthichuchaattamulla parakkal undu (ennirunnaalum feeldile vyathiyanangal eee savisheshathakale poornnathayillaathathaakkunnu).
vadakkan goshokkine sambandhichidatholam, ettavum cheria aanpakshi ippozhum mikka valia penn koopparukalude parunthukalekkaalum "vyakthamaayi" valuthaanu. goshut parvathanirakalil, kudiyetta purusha goshokkukal sthree koopparukalude parunthukalkku mukaliloode vaalinum tarsesinum maathram neelatthil ponthi, sareerabhaaram prathyekichum valare vyathyasthamaan. origonil, aann goshokkukalkk penn koopparukalude parunthukalekkaal 34 sathamaanathil kurayaatha valippamund, ennirunnaalum koopparile penn goshokkukalude footpadinu ekadesham athe valippamaan (randaamathethil sharashari 7 sathamaanam valuppam) aann goshokkukalkk (iva pakshikale vettayaadunna raapttarukalude kooduthal neelamulla call roopaghadana ullathinaal pakshikale irayaakkaan anuyojyamaaya savisheshathakalaayirikkaam). aanupaathikamaayi, goshokkukalkk neelamullathum vishalavumaaya chirakukalum cheria vaalum mothatthil kooduthal "beauto" polulla roopavumundu. muthirnnavarkkulla goshokkukalkk vishalamaaya supersily adibhaagathu ilam chaaraniravum pinnil valare irunda niravumundu. nyayamaaya kazhchakal nalkumbol, muthirnnavarkkulla goshokkukal valare vyathyasthamaaya kazhchayullathum eathenkilum koopparinte parunthine thettidharikkaan prayaasavumaan. athesamayam, valia chirakukalude maravil roopeekaricha oru paanal ulppede, cheria koopparukale apekshichu juvenile goshok valare mangiyathaanu. thaazhe, juvenile goshokkukalkk juvenile koopparukale apekshichu irunda thavitt niratthilulla bharameriya varakalundu. koodaathe, baalatthile banding goshokkukalil oof-settu aanu, ithu juvenile koopparukalude ivane nirodhikkunnathil ninnu vyathyasthamayi vaalukalil oru sigsag prabhavam srishtikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, penn koopparukaludeyum aann goshokkukaludeyum valippam orepole varum, koodaathe rund enangaludeyum samaanamallatha juvenile thoovalukal pathivayi thettaaya thiricharivilekku nayichekkaam, prathyekichu kooduthal viralamaaya goshok kaanunnathin munparichayamillaathavarkku. violile oru valia praayapoorthiyaakaatha "asippittar" verthirichariyaanulla ettavum vishwasaneeyamaaya maarggam rund enangaludeyum vyathyastha anupaathamaan, thudarnnu thaazheyulla bharameriya varakalum goshokkinte kramarahithamaya teyil banding. kooppar parunthine sambandhichidatholam, thekkan meksikkoyilum madhya amerikkayilum iru niramulla parunthumaayi ("asippittar bicolore") saadhyavum naamamaathravumaaya ovarlaappu undakam. samana roopathilum valippathilumulla ennaal ellah praayathilumulla randaamathe inam saadhaaranayaayi adayaalappeduthiyittilla, thaazhe baarukalo varakalo undu, koodaathe kooduthalo kuravo ekeekrithamaaya aavaranavum undu. cubayilekku kudiyeriya koopparinte parunthukal valare apoorvvamaayi maathrame sambhavikkoo, ithu koopparumaayi mikka kaaryangalilum valare saamyamullathum ennaal purakilum thoppiyilum irunda niramulla cheruthaayi valuthum chaaraniratthilulla kavilum muthirnnavaril adibhaagathum chirakilum kooduthal saandravum sambannavumaaya rufos niravum kaumaarapraayatthil irundathum bhaarameriyathumaaya varakalulla mattoru adutha bandhuvaya gundlaachinte parunthukal ("asippittar gundlachi"). gray hooks (beautio polygiat), roderikil hooks (rupornis magnerostris) (meksikkoyilum pooyints thekkum), broad-winged hooks (beautio plaattipteras) thudangiya chila beautionin hockukal koopparukalude parungalumaayi (beautio leeniyattas) valippathil saamyamullavayaan. thaarathamyena valare neelamulla chirakukalum valare cheria vaalum ulla koopparinte parunthukalekkaal vyathyastha anupaathamulla ettavum samanamaaya beautionin parunthukalkku polum undu. nyayamaaya kaazhchappaadukal nalkumbol, atharam enangalellaam praayapoorthiyaakaatha roopathil polum thoovalukalil valare vyathyasthamaan.
vitharanavum aavaasavyavasthayum.
kooppar parunthinte prajnana paridhi thekkan canada muthal vadakkan meksikoo vare vyaapichukidakkunnu. thekkan kaanadayil, britiish columbia, alberta, suscatsheven, maanittoba, ontaariyo, cubec ennee pravishyakalude thekkan bhaagangalil ninnu thekkupadinjaaran nova scotia vare avaa prajananam nadathunnu (pakshe saadhaaranayaayi shaithyakaalath allah). ekadesham jasper desheeyodyaanathilum manittobayile devadaaru thadaakathilum oru breederaayi avar avarude vadakkan paridhiyiletthunnu. thekkan valia samathalangalude chila bhagangal ozhike, eathaandu thottaduthulla yunaittad stetsiludaneelam kooppar parunthukal vasikkunnu, orupakshe vadakkupadinjaaran mine, vadakkan mondaana ennivayude oru bhagam. gulf theerasamsthaanangalude thekkan bhagam, thekkan florida, teksaasinte thekkan attam, ulnaadan vadakkupadinjaaran meksikoo ozhikeyulla ellah pradeshangalkkum thottumunbu avayude prajnana paridhi avasaanikkunnu. vadakkan baja california, kizhakkan sonora, chihuvahuva muthal duranco vareyulla parvathangal, aduthide vadakkan kohuyila, munbu kizhakk newo leonelake thekk mikovakkan vareyum orupakshe ippozhum gararoyilumaayirikkum ivayude meksikkan prajnana shreni. 2001ll aadyathe prajananam report cheyyappettathode eee inam varsham muzhuvanum rekhappeduthiyittundu rekhakal kaanikkunnu. shaithyakaalath, washingtoninte thekk pakuthi vare, idahoyudeyum vyominginteyum thekk moonnil rund bhagam, thekkan thekkan dakota, minnesotta thekkan bhagangal, visconsin, mishigan, thekkupadinjaaran ontaariyo, thekkupadinjaaran newyork, nyoo englandu ennividangaliloode vadakkupadinjaaran masaachyusets, nyoo hamshareinte thekkukizhakkan bhagam ennivayiloode iva kaanapedunnu. shaithyakaalath avar prajananam nadathaattha thekkan american aikyanaadukalude ellah gulf theerapradeshangalilum thekkan floridayilum pathivayi vyaapikkunnu. wintering kooppar hockukal pradhaanamaayum meksikkoyude ellah bhagangalilum saadhaaranamaanu, gwatimalaykkum honduraasukaludeyum nickergwayudeyum athirthiyile otappetta sthalangalkkum chuttum saadhaaranamallaathathayi maarunnu, avide eee inam "apoorvavum ennaal saadhaarana" maddhya, thekkan koostaa recayilum orupakshe vadakkan panaamayilum kanakkaakkappedunnu. kolambiyayil naadodikal rekhappeduthiyittundu. kudiyettasamayangalil cubayil kooppar parunthukal prathyakshappettathayi niravadhi kanakkukal undengilum saadhaaranayaayi eee inam ippozhum avide pathivayi kaanapedunna inathekkaal oru naadodi inamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
aavaasavyavastha.
vividha tharatthilulla mitasheetoshna elapozhiyum vanangalilum mishrita vanangalilum kooppar parunth kaanapedunnu. vanapradeshangal, prathyekichu thaazhvarakal ennivayumaayi ellah seasonukalilum avaa poruthappedaam. tygayude thekkan bhagam ulppede padinjaarinte pala bhagangalilum eee inam chila shudhamaaya conifer vanangalil svayam srishtikkaam. cheria marangal, varanda raajyangalile naditira vanangal, pinyon vanangal, krishiyidangal, vellapokka samathalangal ennivayulppede vividha tharatthilulla thuranna vanapradeshangalil prajananam nadathumbol eee inathinu anukoolamaayi jeevikkaan kazhiyum. vaasthavathil, oru kaalath thudarchayaayi vanapradeshangal manushya aavaasavyavasthayude vibhajanathethudarnnu paarakkettukalude vanapradeshangalil eee inam praadeshikamaayi vardhichathaayi chila ezhuthukaarkku thonni. vanavibhajanavumayi poruthappedaanulla kazhivu eee shreniyude mattu bhagangalilum report cheyyappettittund.
idathoornna vanapradeshangalil, eee parunthukal arikukal, clearingukal, roadukal, jalapathakal ennivayilekku eluppathil athicheraan eshtappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, visconsinileyum uttayileyum koodukalil ninnu jalapaathakalil ninnulla sharashari dooram yathaakramam aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, appalechiyakkaaril, vellam labhyamakkaan oru munganana illennu thonni. eee parunthukalude ettavum valia vettayaadal sthalangalaayathinaal vanathinte arikukal prathyekichum pradhaanamaan. kooppar parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi samudranirappil ninnu uyarathil vare, apoorvvamaayi vare kaanapedunnu. american thekkupadinjaaran, vadakkupadinjaaran meksikkoyil, avaa saadhaaranayaayi vanangalude thaazhvaarathulla pakshiyayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, palappozhum mukalil vasikkunnu. elapozhiyum marangal prabalamaaya pradeshangalil avaa palappozhum vasikkunnundenkilum, mikkavarum shreniyiludaneelam avaa palappozhum konifarukalude staandukalilekku aakarshikkappedunnu, avayude saandrata kaaranam kooduthal vipulamaaya abhayavum orupakshe kooduthal karuthutta koodundaakkunna sthalavum nalkunnu. athinaal, masaachyusets, visconsin thudangiya pradeshangalil avar palappozhum velutha pine staandukal ("pinas strobus") upayogichu. thaddesheeya vanapradeshangal labhyamaayidathu polum videsha conifer staandukal ippol niravadhi kooppar parunthukale pinthunaykkunnuvennu adhika visconsin padanangal kaanikkunnu. uyaramullathum thaddesheeyavumaaya elapozhiyum marangal ippozhum mattevideyengilum vyaapakamaayi upayogichekkaam, athaayath.iii. newyorkkile american beechukalum ("fagus grandifolia") (koodu marangalude ekadesham 40 sathamaanavum) merilaandile ookkum (koodu marangalude 60 sathamaanavum). eee inam palappozhum valare pakwathayulla vanamaan eshtappedunnathu, athaayath.iii. origonile rund vyathyastha pradeshangalil, kooppar parunthukal yathaakramam <aii. dii. 1> varsham pazhakkamulla (hectorinu 656 marangalum), <aii. dii. 2> varsham pazhakkamulla (hectorinu 1159 marangalum) marangalulla pradesangalaanu eshtappettathu. sharashari, arkkansaasil hectorinu marangalude ennam 935.7 aanennu kandethi. kooppar parunthukale koodundaakkunnathil melaappaavukal pradhaanamaan, kuranjathu 55-70% aayirikkanam, visconsinil sharashari 55 sathamaanavum arisonayil 69.8% umm.
prajnana aavaasavyavasthayekkaal shaityakaala aavaasavyavastha valare avasaravaadaparamaanennu thonnunnu. thuranna vanangal, paarkk land, scrub eriyakal ennivayulppede chila marangalulla eathu anthareekshathilum iva kaanapedaam. madhya amerikkayil, valarcha kuranja meghavanangal, marangalillaatha malayora pulmedukal thudangiya asaadhaarana aavaasavyavasthakalil sheetakaala kooppar parunthukal rekhappeduthiyittundu. shreniyude mikka bhagangalilum, koopparinte parunthukal nagaravalkarikkappetta pradeshangal ulppede manushyavikasanatthinte ellah gradiantukalumaayum oru paridhivare poruthappedunnuvennum pala nagarangalilum koodukal polum undakkaan kazhiyumennum thelinjittundu. orikkal nagarangalodum pattanangalodum veruppullavayaanennu karuthappettirunna iva ippol koodundaakkumbozhum nagara, suburban pakshikalaanu. eee inam praanthapradeshangal, vyaavasaayika paarkkukal, strip, shopping maalukal ennividangalile otappetta marangal polum upayogichekkaam, ennirunnaalum valia nagara paarkkukalum labhyamaya mattu vanaa aavaasavyavasthakalum atharam pradeshangalil koodundaakkumbol saadhaaranayaayi eshtappedunnu. nagarangal dhaaraalam ira inangalaaya praavukal, praavukal, kooppar parunth ennivaykku irayaakkaan aakramanathmaka inam pakshikal enniva nalkunnu. tuxon nagaratthile nannayi padicha janasamkhyayil ninnulla thelivukal, arizona kaanikkunnath kooppar parunthukal ippol chuttumulla pradeshangalile mattevideyengilum ullathinekkaal nagarathinullil valare saadhaaranamaanu ennaanu. tuxonile kooppar hoxinte vijayam undaayirunnittum, phoenixilum kaasa grandilum prajnana pravartthanangal kandethanulla sramangal parajayappettu, anthareeksha thaapanila valare uyarnnatho taapa sahishnuthayude nilavaarathinu atheethamo aanennu karuthappedunnu. moorchayulla shind parunthinekkaal aavaasavyavasthayil kooduthal poruthappedaamenkilum, pensylvaniayil ninnulla padanangal soochippikkunnathu eee inam ippozhum prajananam nadathunnathinum vighadichathum vikasithavumaya pradeshangalilekku kudiyerunnathinum valia vanapradeshangal eshtappedunnilla ennaanu. athupole, tennessi yill, shaityakaala kooppar parunthukalude aavaasavyavasthayude 73 sathamaanavum vanapradeshangalaanennu kandethi, ithu chuttupaadukalil labhyamaya vanapradeshangalekkaal valare kooduthalaanu (46 sathamaanam maathrame vanapradesangalaayi avasheshikkunnulloo).
perumaattam.
koopparinte parunth ellah ardhathilum oru saadhaarana "aaksipittar" aanu. moorchayulla shind hokkukalekkaalum eurasian spaarohokkukalekkaalum ("asippittar nisas") raavile neratthe sajeevamaaya eee inam saadhaaranayaayi uchakazhinju ennathinekkaal raavile sajeevamakaanulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanu. eee parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi thalayil pidichu urangumbol konifarukale eluppathil valarthiyekkaam. pakal samayat, oru perchil irikkumbol avar oru divasam ekadesham 11 thavana vettayaadunnu, angane cheyyaan ekadesham 1-20 minitt eduthekkaam. kudikkaan vellam labhikkumbol, koopparinte parunthukal thaarathamyena otappetta jalapaathakalilekku varaan eshtappedunnuvennu thonnunnu. kooduthal varanda pradeshangalil, koopparinte parunthukalkku kudikkaan krithrima jalasambharanikal kandethaam (prathyekichu kadannupokumbol). oru apoorva swabhaavamaanengilum, praayapoorthiyaakaatha parunthukal oru shaakhayil (allengil apoorvvamaayi nilathu) purakil kidakkunnathayi ippol niravadhi rekhakalundu, prathyakshatthil oru tharam sunning aayi. kooppar parunthukal koodundaakkunna vasthukkal shekharikkunnathinum vettayaadunnathinum nilathu nadakkaanum vannekkaam. kooppar parunthukalkku nannayi vikasippicha peshikalude pindamundu, athu avayude parakkalin shakti nalkunnu, prathyekichum vettaykkidayilum kanatha iraye vahikkumbozhum thwarithappeduthunnathinna sahayikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, canada goose ("braanta canadensis"), pied-build grebukal ("podilimbus podiseps") polulla mattu chila noonn-raptoriyal pakshikalkk avayude pindavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol samanamaaya peshikal undakam, eee dhaaraalam peshikal deshaadana (vettayaadunnathinupakaram) perumattavumaayi bandhappettirikkam. kudiyettasamayattho sameepakaalathe flunglingukaloo polulla kodathi allatha saahacharyangalil koopparukalude parunthukal athishayokthiparavum nighthock polulla parakkalil earppettathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. koodundaakkunna avasana ghattathil, maathru kooppar parunthukal uttayil pakal samayat purushanmaarkk 8.4 sathamaanavum sthreekalkku 8.1 sathamaanavum parakkunna parakkalil earppedunnuvennu rekhappeduthiyittundu, koodaathe vividha tharatthilulla vimaanangalil 6.4 sathamaanavum 2.8 sathamaanavum backie samayam (oro perchilum ekadesham 2 muthal 6 minitt vare hrasvamaaya parakkalukalode). mattoru padanatthil eee pilkkala prajnana ghattathil pakal velichathinte 13.7%, 10.7% enniva parakkunnathayi kandethi, backie samayam perching, idaykkide nishkriyamaaya perching spellukal ekadesham 15-40 minitt. ennirunnaalum, kanatha mazhakkaalathu aaa nishkriyathvam 5 manikkoor vare neendunilkkum. prajananakshamaraya muthirnnavar avarude lingathinte oru interloppar undaakumbol saadhaaranayaayi vedanaajanakamaaya perumaattatthil earppedunnu; 11 prathikaranangal kaanikkunnath purusha prathikaranangalil 64 sathamaanavum prakopanangalum 9 sathamaanavum sthreekalum 27 sathamaanavum amgangalum ulppedunnu ennaanu. palappozhum varshamtorum randaam varshavum prayamaaya sthreekalumaayi idaykkide aakramanathmakamaaya edapedalukal rekhappeduthiyittundu. koopparinte parunthinte bheeshani pradarshanatthil avar thala thaazhthukayum "agram" (thalasthaana paatha) uyarthukayum chirakukal neettukayum wall parathukayum shabdangalil earppedukayum cheiyunnu. courticostiron alavu sambandhicha oru patanam soochippikkunnathu pole, parunthukale gaveshakar kaikaaryam cheyyumbol, prathyekichu purushanmaaril (avar sthreekalekkaal uyarnna alavilulla sammarddam anubhavikkunnuvenn soochippikkunnu) sammarddathinte alavu valare uyarnnathayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. koopparinte parunth vividha pakshikalum chila sasthanikalum idaykkide aalkkoottathinu vidheyamaan, pakshe thelivukal kaanikkunnath jaise polulla pradhana irakal polum chilappol koopparukalude poornnamaaya aalkkoottathil earppedunnathil ninnu madikkumennu, orupakshe eee valare chadulamaaya vettakkaarane aduthekku sameepikkunnathinulla apakadasaadhyatha kaaranam, ithu oru nimishatthinullil pettennu thiriyukayum aalkkoottathile oru amgathe kollukayum cheyyum. athinaal, "beautios" polulla apakadasaadhyatha kuranja parunthukale kooduthal apakadakaramaaya koopparukalekkaal shakthamayi thirikkunnu. oru akramanam sambhavikkunnathin munbu eee inathile parunthinodulla avarude prathikaranam shabdathodeyulla saasanayilekkum/allengil rakshappedaan shramikkunnathilekkum parimithappedutthum.
kudiyettam.
vadakkan ardhagolathile bhooribhaagam dainamdina erapidiyan pakshikaleyum pole, koopparinte parunth oru bhagika kudiyettakkaranaanu. avar vadakku bhaagathekkulla ettavum kooduthal kudiyettakkaarum mattidangalil bhaagikamaayi nischalarumaanu. vyakthigathamayi ozhivakkiyaal, eee inathinte parunthukal pradhaanamaayum thekkan canadayilum athupole thanne pasaphik vadakkupadinjaaran bhagangalilum, pradhaanamaayum mondaanayilum chuttumulla samsthaanangalude vadakkan bhagangalilum, dakkottakalilum (ennaal thekkan thekkan dakottayilum), grettu lake samsthaanangalude vadakkan bhagangalilum, vadakkan newyorkkilum nyoo englandinte bhooribhaagathum ninnu kudiyerunnu. nischalamaayi tharamthirichenkilum, saadhaarana deshaadana janasamkhyayude thekk pala kooppar parunthukalum vividatharam kaalaanusritha shaityakaala chalanangalil earppedunnuvennu banding padanangal velippeduthi. florida thacol pradeshangalile kudiyettakkaare sthirathayulla isotopukal vazhi nirnnayichu, avaa madhya atlaantik samsthaanangalil ninnum thekkukizhakkan yunaittad stetsil ninnum uthbhavichathaanennu (pradhaanamaayum) saadhaarana deshaadana shreniyude thekk. tuxonile nagarapradeshangalile penkuttikal nischalamaayirunnappol (99 sathamaanam) nagarapradeshangalkk purathulla penkuttikalil ekadesham 6 sathamaanam shaithyakaalath avarude prajananasthalangalil thaamasichilla. britiish kolambiyayil, muthirnnavaril palarum deshaadanamillaathavaraanegil praayapoorthiyaakaathavar kudiyerunnu. prathyekichu valia thadaaka mekhalayil ninnu kudiyettakkaar thekkott onniladhikam dishakalilekku chitharikkidakkunnathayi kaanapedunnu. vadakkottum mattethenkilum dishayilekkum polum multy-directional chalanagal, ithilum mattu deshaadana raapttarukalilum munbu chinthichathinekkaal saadhaaranamaanu, ithu munbu 'hominginte' kaaryakshamamallaathathum parokshavumaaya reethi 'ennu visheshippikkappettindu. ennirunnaalum, anuyojyamaaya aavaasavyavasthayum irayum labhyamaya pradeshangalil athicherunnathu kalavastha aashankakalekkaal erapidiyan pakshikalilekkulla seasonal chalanangalil valare pradhaanamaan. madhya, thekkan kaaliforniyayil ninnulla kooppar parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi valare kuranja doorathil, palappozhum athinekkaal kuravaaya vadakkott kudiyerunnu ennathinu valare sakthamaaya thelivukal kandethiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, thekkan kaaliforniyayil ninnulla ettavum dairkhyameriya moonnu neekkangalum vadakkott aayirunnu, athaayath.iii. . vadakkan kaaliforniyayil ninnu uthbhavikkunna kooppar parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi thekkott kudiyerunnu, mikkappozhum meksikkoyil shaithyakaalath, chilappol madhya america vare vyaapikkunnu. mishiganile lansingle, koopparinte parunthukal varsham thorum ore shaityakaala maithaanathekku samarppikkappedunnathinta thelivukal kandethiyittundu, orupakshe avayude uyarnna nilavaaram kaaranam.
sharathkaalathe deshaadana prasthaanangal saadhaaranayaayi august avasaanam muthal october pakuthi vareyaanu, septambar avasaanathilum october thudakkathilum kizhakk ettavum uyarnna nilayilaanengilum chilappol kudiyettam november vare neendunilkkunnu. athesamayam, februvari avasaanam muthal meyy vareyulla eathu samayathum vasanthakala vadakkottulla kudiyettam undakam, avasaanatheth eprilil meksikoo vidukayum valare vaikunna vyakthikal meyy avasaanathode thekkan texas kadakkukayum cheythu. saadhaaranayaayi, vasanthakala kudiyettam veezhchayile kudiyettathekkaal kooduthal chitharikkidakkunnathum sthiratha kuravumaanu. sameepa varshangalile choodu kaaranam vasanthakala kudiyettam vegathil nadakkunnathaayi grettu thadaaka mekhalayil ninnu thelivukal undu. avarude pradhana irayaaya idatharam valippamulla pakshikalumayi poruthappedunna samayamaan kadannupokunnathennu thonnunnu. kudiyettatthil, aadya varshathile praayapoorthiyaakaathavar rund vayassulla parunthukalkku munbaanu, avaa sharathkaalath thekkott neengumbol muthirnnavarkk munbaanu. koodaathe, ellah praayathilumulla sthreekal neratthe kudiyerukayum shaithyakaalath samana praayathilulla purushanmaarekkaal kooduthal samayam chelavazhikkukayum cheiyunnu, randaamathethu thaarathamyena vadakkott thaamasikkukayum neratthe thanne madangukayum cheiyunnu. rasakaramennu parayatte, moorchayulla shind parunth (lingangal thammilulla kooduthal dimorphic migration samayangal undaayirunnittum) lingangal thammilulla migrationil sakthamaaya vyathyasamonnum kaanichilla, chilappol purushanmaarekkaal ganyamaayi munnott neengaan kazhiyunna penn koopparukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi. saadhaarana padinjaaran kudiyetta kendrangalil, koopparinte parunthukalude aadyakaala sthreekaludeyum pinneedu samana praayathilulla purushanmaarudeyum sharashari kadannupokal samaya vyathyasam anchu divasamaayirunnu. maarin hedlaantukalil, praayapoorthiyaakaathavaril 6 divasavum onnaam varsha sthreekalilum purushanmaarilum prayamaaya sthreekalilum purushanmaarilum 11 divasavum lingangalude kudiyettam vyathyasappettu. mattu "aaksipittarukale" pole (ennaal faalkkanukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi), koopparukal pakal choodaakunnathuvare neengaan thudangunnilla, thermal upayogikkaam. kudiyetta samayat avar parvathanirakaleyum theerapradeshangaleyum eshtappedunnu, ithu pothuve deshaadana raapttar roottukalumayi poruthappedunnu. moorchayulla shind parunthukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi eee inam chila jalashayangal kadakkunnathayi thonnumenkilum vishalamaaya jalashayangalil apoorvvamaayi maathrame angane cheyyaarulloo. ennirunnaalum, florida keekalum cuba polulla samudratheerangalil avaa prathyakshappedunnathu kaanapedunnu, athinaal saadhaarana jalasambharanikalekkaal valuth kadakkaan avaykku kazhiyum. koopparinte parunthukal kudiyerumbol valia samathalangalum ozhivaakkunnuvenn karuthappedunnu. mattu pala rapterukaleyum pole, koopparinte parunthukal sharathkaalathil sakthamaaya vadakkupadinjaaran kaatt eshtappedunnu.
keppu meeii polulla theeradesha kudiyetta saittukalil, prayamaaya vyakthikale apekshichu onnaam varsha kooppar parunthukal pathivayi kaanapedunnu, juvenile kooppar eee inathile rekhappeduthappetta vyakthikalude 92.7% kanakkakkunnu (mattu vividha rapper speesheesukalile praayapoorthiyaakaathavarum saadhaaranayaayi labhyamaakumbol malayora kudiyettathekkaal theerapradeshathe anukoolikkunnathaayi thonnunnu). keppu meyil, kooppar hockukal sharp-shind hockin american kestralinum ("falco spervarius") pinnilayi ettavum saadhaaranayaayi rekhappeduthappedunna moonnaamathe raapttar inamaanu, ennaal kudiyettatthilo shaithyakaalathilo nyoojezhsiyile aduthulla delaware beshore lokkeshanukalil mattu vividha raapttar speesheesukale apekshichu valare kuravaanu. rasakaramennu parayatte, mansano parvathanirakalilum goshoot parvathanirakalilum, praayapoorthiyaakaatha moorchayulla shind parunthukal juvenile kooppar parunthukalekkaal ekadesham erattiyaayirunnu, ennaal rund enangaliloodeyum kadannupokunna muthirnnavarude ennam ekadesham thulyamaayirunnu. visconsinile devadaaru thottatthile hockwatchil kooppar hoock ettavum saadhaarana enangalilonnaayirunnil, ettavum kooduthal rekhappeduthappedunna aaraamathe inamaayirunnu ithu. madhya, thekkupadinjaaran idahoyil, koopparinte parunth thaarathamyena kurachu record cheytha raaptarukalaanu, athaayath.iii. 3.748 kudiyetta rappermaaril 45 sathamaanavum. manjakozhiyan desheeyodyaanathile mattu erapidiyan pakshikalumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol samanamaaya kuranja alavu nireekshikkappettu, avide 17 enangalil ettavum kooduthal nireekshikkappedunna onpathaam sthaanathaanu kooppar, sharathkaalathil sharashari 50 parunthukal maathrame kadannupokunnulloo. ennirunnaalum, padinjaaran amerikkayiludaneelamulla onpathu pradhana hokkvaachukalil (kaanadayil 1 umm) kudiyerunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittulla ettavum kooduthal rekhappeduthappetta inamaaya kooppar hoock moorchayulla shind hockinu sesham randaamathaanu, koodaathe moorchayulla shind hockill ninnu vyathyasthamayi, lipan pooyintilum bridger renchilum ennathil chila kurravukal undaayittum sameepa dashakangalil mothatthil vardhanavu kaanikkunnu. gulf theerathe naalu kudiyetta saittukalil ettavum kooduthal rekhappeduthappetta ezhaamathe raapttar kooppar hoock aayirunnu, ithu american aikyanaadukale apekshichu meksikkoyile veracruzile saittil valare kooduthal thirichariyaarundu, ennaal ennathinte vaarshika sthiratha kaanichu, athu kadannupokunna niravadhi raaptarukalil (moorchayulla shind hockukal ulppede) illa. pensylvaniayile kittattinni ridjil, kooduthal vadakku ninnu kudiyerunna kooppar parunthukalekkurichu padichu, divasathinte 12 sathamaanam maathramaan yadhaarthathil kudiyerunnathu, avarude backie samayam avarude kadannupokunna vazhiyil parchinginum vettayaadunnathinum neekkivechu. kudiyettakkaarude shareera pindatthinte <aii. dii. 1>, vasanthakaalathekkaal sharathkaalath kooduthalum muthirnnavaril cheruppakkaaraaya parunthukalekkaalum sthreekalil purushanmaarekkaalum sharashari kooduthalumaanu kozhuppu sambharanikal. kudiyetta vegatha mattu raapttarukalude vegathaykku samaanamaanenn thonnunnu, sharashari vegatha 2.98 aanu, ennaal colladoyil ninnu kudiyerunna oraal prathidinam ekadesham cover cheiyunnuvennu rekhappeduthiyittundu. saadhaaranayaayi kooppar parunth ottaykku kudiyerunnundengilum chilappol rando ancho peradangunna samghangalaayi kaananakum. accipittarukal", "faalkkanukal", haariyarukal enniva polulla powered flaitt upayogichu kudiyerunna raaptarukalaanu saadhaaranayaayi aalkkoottathil earppedunnathu, ennaal pala "beautio" parunthukalum ayanja attin koottangal undaakkunnu. 96.30 kudiyetta jodikale orumichu kandenkilum ayovayile jonson kaundiyil kudiyerunnathaayi kanda 806 kooppar parunthukalil 3 sathamaanavum eakaantharaayirunnu.
bhakshanakramam.
vettayaadal reethikal.
koopparinte parunthukal dheeravum aakramanathmakavumaaya vettakkar ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. avarude bhakshanasheelangal kanakkiledukkumbol, irupathaam noottaandil eee parunthukalkku mosham prashasthi undaayirunnu, oru vivaranam eee inathe "doshakaramaaya", "pakshiviruddhan", "cheria pakshikalude ashranta svechaadhipathiyum kolapathakiyum" ennu visheshippikkunnu. matoraal eee inathe "raktadahiyum" "villanum" ennu visheshippikkunnu. kooppar parunthukalude vettayaadal swabhaavathinte avasaravaadaparamaaya swabhaavathe aadyakaala vivaranagal kurachukaanukayum parunthukal avarude irayil cheluthunna yadhaartha swaadheenathekkurichu cheria ulkkaazhcha nalkukayum cheythu. ettavum kooduthal vettayaadal paridhi mishiganilum vyomingilum kanakkaakkiyirunnu. mattoru mishigan padanatthil, koopparile parunthukalil bhooribhaagavum kaarshika nilangalil vettayaadunnathinaayi avarude maramkoodukalil ninnu parakkunnathayi kandethi. newyorkkile aankuttikal saadhaaranayaayi koodu pradeshathu ninnu parakkumbol vettayaadal sramangalil chilappol vare kooduthal moodunnu. vadakkan floridayil chitharikkidakkunna erakalude labhyatha kaaranam, sthreekal eathaandu naadodikalaayirunnu, bhakshanam labhyamaakavunna evideyum alanjuthiriyunnu (athaayath.iii. kozhi faamukal, pheed lottukal, pakshi feedarukal muthalaayava.), athesamayam purushanmaar avarude saadhaarana hoome renchil vettayaadunnathil kooduthal arppanabodhamullavaraayirunnu. vettaykkide, koopparinte parunthukal perchinginum scanningin idayil chadulavum valachodikkunnathumaaya parakkalukale aasrayikkunnu, iraye sameepikkumbol avarude parakkal pettennu vegatha vardhippikkunnu. vettayaadunna parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi vettayaadumbol vanathinte attam, thuranna vanapradeshangal, fencilineukal ennivayum mattum upayogikkunnu. thekkupadinjaaran tennessi, prajnana ithara seasonil ishtappetta vettayaadal aavaasavyavastha vanamaayirunnu, pinneedu vanapradeshathinte arikum, oduvil thuranna rajyavumaayirunnu. visconsinile steevans pooyintinadutthulla purushanmaar shaanthamaaya kaadukalil vettayaadaan eshtappedunnu, athesamayam penkuttikal koodinullil thamasikkaan eshtappedunnu, ithu aankuttikale kooduthal saadhaarana kaazhchayaakkunnu. saadhaaranayaayi valia (saadhaaranayaayi thaddesheeyarallengilum) marangal undaayirunnengilum, paarppida pradeshangal, praadeshika paarkkukal, goalf kozhikal thudangiya manushyanirmmitha parithasthithikalil vettayaadumbol parunthukal kooduthalum paristhithiyil prachaarathilundaayirunnathil tuxonil ithu shakthamayi vyathyasappettu. koopparinte parunth pakshikale feedarukalilekku aakarshikkunna pakshikale nyayamaaya alavil akramikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, indianayil ninnulla daatta kaanikkunnath pakshikale bhakshikkunna pakshikalkk kramarahithamaya traansekttukalil ullavayekkaal aakramanasaadhyatha kooduthalallennum feeder pakshikalil koopparukal cheluthunna swaadheenam chilappol athishayokthiparamaakamennum.
parakkumbol pakshikale kaanukayaanengil, oru vettayaadal parunth nerittu avayilekku parakkunnilla, pakaram akramanam aarambhikkunnathin munbu kurachu nimishangalkk labhyamaya marangalum kuttikkaadukalum chuttum vattamidunnu. pakshikalkk ithinekkurichu bodhamundayaal, chila irakale thadayaanaakumenna pratheekshayil parunth vegathil uyaram vardhippikkum. nilathum koodaathe/allengil thurassaaya sthalathum iraye nireekshikkaan kooduthal saadhyathayulla mattu chila vadakke american raaptarukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol koopparinte parunthinu vishalamaaya binocular feeld undennu kandethi. vettaykkide, labhyamaya oru sastaniye kandethumbol eee parunthukal pettennu erangiyekkaam. chilappol, koopparile parunthukal onnichu vettayaadunnu, oraal iraye pinthudarukayum matoraal maratthinte thumbilo maramkondulla marakkoottatthilo kaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru parunth aprasakthamaayi irikkunna oru maratthinu chuttum ashradhamaayi parakkumbol niravadhi pakshikal pidikkappedunnu. yuva koopparukal iraykku sesham kuttikkaadukalil idichukayarunnathinekkuru aaveshabharitharaakunnu, chilappol barberry polulla mulpadarppilekku polum, athesamayam muthirnnavar kooduthal "vivekashaalikal" aanennu parayappedunnu. avar iraye moodupadam allengil mulpadarppu muthal mulpadarppu vare vettayaadiyekkaam. oru koopparinte parunth velutha vaalulla maanude ("odocoilius virginianus") mrithadehathil bhakshikkunnath kandappozhanu karimbil pairattikkal allatha thottam nadathiyathinte aadya sambhavam rekhappeduthunnathu.
vavvaalukale vettayaadumbol, avaykku ellah vazhithirivukalum pinthudaraan kazhiyum, koodaathe 90 sathamaanam vettakalum pidikkunnathil vijayikkukayum cheyyum. goshok pole, chilappol koopparinte parunthukal nilathu pinthudarnnu, pakuthi oodukayum, pakuthi parakkukayum cheythukondu muyalukale pidikkum. kaalnadayaayi vettayaadunna mattu sramangalum, prathyekichu kaadine pinthudarumbol, kandethiyittundu. kuruvikale vettayaadumbol, koopparinte parunthukal vijayikkunnathin munbu oru mulpadarppil onniladhikam paasukal nadathiyekkaam, shramangalkk 45 minitt vare eduthekkaam. nagarapradeshangalile paara praavukale ("kolumba livia") vettayaadumbol, koopparinte parunthukal iraye pidikkaan thuranna aakaashathu kayarunnath kaanapedunnu. chathuppil jala iraye aakramikkunnathin munbu oru koopparinte parunth asaadhaaranamaaya harrier polulla parakkalil earppedunnathu kandu. mikka erakalum taalonukale aavarthichu arachukondaanu kollappedunnath, chilappol maranashesham polum arachedukkal nadakkunnu, ennirunnaalum chila sandarbhangalil pakshikale jeevichirikkumbol thanne parichedukkunnu. manoharamaaya roopam undaayirunnittum, vadakkan goshok pole koopparinte parunth athinte valippathin valare shakthamaan, koodaathe faalkkanukal, beautios (chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal (beautio jamaisensis) ulppede) polulla mattu raapttarukale apekshichu valuppavumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol valia iraye pidikkaan kazhiyunnu. chila samayangalil, pidikoodiya sesham, koopparinte parunth ippozhum jeevichirikkunna iraye vellathinadiyil pidichunirthunnathum mukkan sramikkunnathum kaanapedunnu. vettakkaarude maranashesham, avarkk aadyam irayude thalayum thudarnnu visera kazhikkaam, maamsam avasaanamaayi kazhikkaam. pakshikale pathivayi kondupookunna mattu raaptarukaleppole, koopparinte parunthine oru padanatthil oru "thirayalkkaaran" ennathinekkaal "aakramanakaari" ennu profile cheythu (athaayath.iii. beautios" polulla sastani vettakkar). "aakramanakaarikalaaya "accipittarukal", valia faalkkanukal ennivaykku saadhaaranayaayi sharashari vettayaadal vijaya nirakk kuravaayirunnu, iraye pidichedukkaanulla budhimuttu kaaranam aakramanakaarikalil ithu sharashari 27 shathamaanamaayirunnu. misouriyil nadatthiya oru padanatthil nireekshicha 45 vettakalil 33 sathamaanavum vijayakaramaayirunnu. indiaanayile terre houttil, aann kooppar parunthukal nadathunna akramanangalil 23 sathamaanavum sthreekal nadathunna akramanangalil 20 sathamaanavum vijayikkukayum aduthulla moorchayulla parunthukalekkaal thaarathamyena thurassaaya sthalangalil nadatthaan saadhyatha kooduthalumaanu. visconsinile parunth pakshikalude parakkal-sheshamulla partykal pradhaanamaayum chippmaankukale pinthudarunna 2-4 peradangunna sahodarasamghangalaayi vettayaadunnathu kaanapettu, koodaathe 18 vettayaadal sramangalil 56 sathamaanavum vijayichu. newyorkkil, eee kochu kuttiykk sheshamulla aadya aarr aazhchakalil, oru aann koopparinte parunth eee kaalayalavil ekadesham 66 ira enangal vaangendathundennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. kaaliforniyayile eee aadya aarr aazhchakalil, oru kooduvaan divasathil kuranjathu oru kooduvaan aavasyamaanennu karuthiyirunnu.
ira spectrum.
kooppar parunth eee shreniyil udaneelamulla 300-ladhikam ira enangale bhakshikkum. eee vettayaadunna mrugam kasherukkale maathram bhakshikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu. palappozhum cherutho idatharamo aaya pakshikalaanu ishtappetta bhakshanam, ennaal niravadhi cheria sasthanikalum kooduthal varanda pradeshangalil pallikalum pathivayi kazhikkunnu. mikkappozhum thavalakale bhakshikkaarund, athupole (apoorvvamaayi) eathaandu varanda jalapaathayile praanikaleyum malsyangaleyum bhakshikkunnu. pakshikal pothuve bhakshanathinte <aii. dii. 1> roopathilaanu. aagolathalathil pakshikal bhakshanathil ekadesham aii. dii. 1, sasthanikal aii. dii. 2,8.9 sathamaanam uragangal, 2.1 sathamaanam mattu irakal enniva ulkkollunnu ennathaanu oru kanakk. kooppar parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi praadeshika aavaasavyavasthaykkullil nilatho kuttichedikalilo vasikkunna pakshikale eshtappedunnu. koopparinte parunthukale irayaakkunna mikka mrugangaludeyum thookkam aann, penn sharashari 1 shathamaanamaanennu oru kanakk avakaashappedunnu. mattoru kanakk saadhaarana irayude valippathil ninno allengil purushanmaarude bharam 5-37%, sthreekalude bharam 8-22% ennivayil ninno aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, indiaanayile polulla thudarnnulla padanangal, koopparinte parunthukalude bhakshanathil (muthirnna praavukal polullava) vare bharamullah ira valare saadhaaranamaanennu kandethi. sharashari irayude bharam ekadesham aayirunnu. origonil, koopparinte parunthinte sharashari ira valuppangal, aavaasavyavasthayil avaa undaakunnathinekkaal valia anupaathathil valia erayeduthirunnu (avaa praadeshikamaayi thaarathamyena valia iraye thirayunnundennu soochippikkunnu). misouriyil, pradhana ira vibhaagangalkkidayil sharashari irayude valippamaayirunnu. purushanmaar vitharanam cheiyunna irayude sharashari kanakk, athesamayam sthreekal vitharanam cheiyunna irayude sharashari kanakk. mothatthil, misouriyil erakalude shareera pindam ekadesham ayiram varum ennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu. oru patanam asaadhaaranamaayi purushanmaarum sthreekalum thiranjeduttha bhakshanangalil sakthamaaya dimorphism illennu kandethi.
pakshikal.
vettayaadal nirakkum passerines.
mikka pradeshangalilum kooppar parunthukalude pradhana ira pakshikalaanu. 250-ladhikam inam pakshikalude vishalamaaya vaividhyam, eee parunthukalude ariyappedunna ira enangalil naalilonn varunna pakshikale edukkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. oru kooppar parunth oru divasam sharashari rund pakshikale allengil varshathil 700 pakshikale kollumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. munkaala vivarangal kooduthalum praayapoorthiyaaya pakshikale edukkunnathine prathifalippikkunnuvel, visconsinile oru patanam velippeduthi, koopparinte parunthukalkku varshathil kooduthalum cheruppamaayirikkaam, kooduthalum flenglingukal, pakshe apoorvvamaayi nestlingukal allah, prajnana seasonil. eee padanatthil praayapoortthiyaakunna pakshisankethangalil 74 sathamaanavum varshathil cheruppamaayirunnu. athupole, mishiganil venalkkaalath, praayapoorthiyaakaatha pakshikale muthirnna pakshikale apekshichu koopparile parunth koodukalilekku randara madangu kooduthal vitharanam cheythu. oru kesil, oru kooppar parunth american goldfinchukalude ("spinus tristis") muzhuvan koodundaakkiya koodumaayi parakkunnath kandu. melaapputhattil koodundaakkunna pakshikal eee parunthinodu valare aduthaanu koodundaakkunnathennum ennaal idatharam, kuttichedi nila, nilathu koodundaakkunna pakshikal kooduthal akale koodundaakkunnuvennum oru patanam nirnnayichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi prajnana seasonil melapputhatti koodillaattha pakshikale edukkunnuvennu soochippikkunnu. kooppar parunth vettayaadunnathinulla pradhana maarggam oru prathyeka pradeshathe pakshikalude labhyathayum samriddhiyumaanu. athinaal, ettavum kooduthal report cheyyappedunna ira inam american robin ("turdus migratorius") aanennu thonnunnu. vadakkupadinjaaran origonile 281 erakaludeyum, lopez dweep, washington, 107 erakaludeyum, britiish kolambiyayile victoria, 2896 erakaludeyum, kaaliforniyayile (berkley, albani) 1057 erakaludeyum bhakshana padanangalil randaam sthaanathulla robins aayirunnu. purampradeshangalile samanathakal kaaranam ellah seasonukalilum robin pathivayi vettayaadappedunnu, muthirnnavarkk, edukkumbozhulla sharashari kanakkaakkappedunnu, cheruppakkaarkku avarkk eluppathil athicheraanaakum. saadhaarana robinninu purame, vadakke amerikkayile mikkavarum ellah thrashukalum (koopparinte shreniyude vadakku bhaagathulla oru inavum apoorvavum alpam padichathumaaya oru inavum ozhike) koopparinte parunthukal avasaraparamayi vettayaadunnu. kooppar parunthukalude irayaayi ettavum vyaapakamaayi edukkappedunnathil robinte ettavum adutha ethiraaliyaaya saadhaarana staarling ("sturnas vulgaris"), vadakke amerikkayile oru thaddesheeyamallaatha pakshiyaanu, edukkumbol sharashari bhaaramund. newyorkkile ithaakkayile 857 erakalude aii. dii. 2-lum indiaanayile terre houttile 57 erakalude aii. dii. 1-lum staarling aayirunnu eee parunthukalude pradhana bhakshanam, misauri, mishigan, britiish kolambiyayile victoria ennividangalil valiyatho ennaal oru paridhivare dvitheeya samkhyakalil edukkunnu. terre houttile nagara anthareekshathil, gaveshakar nireekshicha ellah pakshikaludeyum staarlingukalude athe anupaathathilaanu staarlingukal eduthathennu kandethi (athaayath.iii. 2146 pakshikalil 60 sathamaanavum avayaayirunnu).
koopparinte parunthukalude ira spectrathil ariyappedunna pakshi enangalil 60 sathamaanathiladhikam passerines (thrashukalum starlings ulppede) aanu. mattu idatharam muthal valia shareeramulla passerine kudumbangalaanu mikkappozhum thiranjedukkappedunnathu. pala saahacharyangalilum, koopparinte parunthukal valuthum budhiyullathum saamoohikavumaaya paasarinukalaaya corvidukale vettayaadunnu, cheria jeyukal prathyekichum janapriyamaan. misouriyil, ettavum kooduthal thiranjedukkappetta ira (259 erakalil ninnu 12.7%) vadakkan floridayilum pradhaanamaaya neela jayy ("syaanositta kristaatta") aayirunnu.iii. 12.1100 erakalude 27 sathamaanavum. blue jeyude oru valia paashchaathya bandhuvaya stellars jaise ("syaanositta stelleri") vividha padanangalil pathivayi thiranjedukkappedunnu, athaayath 316 erakalulla enangalil origonileyum nyoo meksikkoyileyum ellah patana pradeshangalilum ithu ettavum pathivayi thiranjedukkappetta ira enangalil randaamathethaanu. vadakkan california padanangalilum california scrub jaise ("aphelocoma californica") pathiv anubandha irayaanu. koopparukalude parunthinte saannidhyathodulla prathikaranamaayi ettavum utsahamullah alkkootta pakshikalil onnaanu blue jaise mattu anubandha enangalum, ennirunnaalum chilappol oru alaram kooll nadathukayo allengil aavasyamulla bhakshana srothassil ninnu mattu pakshikale bhayappeduthunnathinaayi oru koopparukalude kolukal anukarikkukayo cheyyaam. aduthuninnumulla kolukalude oru koottatthil earppedunnathiloode stellarude jaisinu oru koopparinte parunthine phalapradamaayi aashayakkuzhappathilaakkaan kazhiyumennu anumaanikkappettirunnu. arisonayil, meksikkan jaise ("aphelocoma ultramarina") koopparinte parunthukale nireekshikkunnathiloode minusamarnna paristhithiyil pradhana punk vahikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu. mikka overlapping jaise, klaarkkinte nutcracker ("newsifraga columbiana"), black-build magpi ("pica hadsonius"), orupakshe manja-build magpi ("pica nattlli"), chila inam kakkakal ennivayulppede niravadhi corvidukale vettayaadaam. parunthine koottamkoodaanulla shramathinide oru karutha billulla magpi oru koopparinte parunth pidikoodi konnu. cheruppatthilum muthirnnavarilum ulla american kaakkakalilum (corves brackirinchos) muthirnna vadakkupadinjaaran kaakkakalilum (corves corinus) vettayaadal sambhavangalkk saakshyam vahichittundu. eee parunthukal malsya kaakkayude ("corves osyphragus") saadhyathayulla vettakkaaraan. ennirunnaalum, koopparukalude parunthukalkku apakadakaramaaya irakalaanu kakkakal. praayapoorthiyaaya american kaakkakalkk oru penn koopparinte parunthinte athe valippamund, koodaathe group aalkkoottathinidayil oru otta rapperinu ganyamaaya kedupaadukal varuthaan saadhyathayund, avayude kaalukalum billum upayogichu kedupaadukal varuthaan kazhiyum. kuranjathu oru kesilengilum, oru kooppar parunthine nilathekku thallaanum orupakshe gurutharamaayi parikkelppikkaanum american kaakkakalude kolapathakam nireekshikkappettu, ennirunnaalum parunthinte vidhi urappillaayirunnu. koopparinte parunthukalil kaalviralukal nashtappetta kesukal kaakkakalude parajayappetta vettayil ninnaayirikkaamenn karuthappedunnu. kooppar parunthukalum kuranjathu oru dussen inam icteridukale vettayaadunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. chuvanna chirakukalulla blackbirds ("agalius phoenesius"), saadhaarana gruckles ("quiscalus kwiskula") thudangiya saadhaaranavum vyapakavumaaya icteridukal eee parunthukalude pathiv irakalaanu. chuvanna chirakukalulla blackbird kolanikalkku sameepam koodundaakkunna kooppar parunthukal chilappol penn blackbirdukalkku eathaandu poornnamaayum akannupokum. karutha kunnukalil ira enangal apoorvamaayi maathrame thiricharinjittullave, pathivayi thiranjedukkunna irakal vividatharam icteridukalaanennu thelivukal kaanikkunnu. newyorkkile ithaakkayil ettavum kooduthal thiranjedukkappetta moonnaamathe irayaaya eestten medolarch ("sturnella magna"), bobolingukal ("dolichonics orisivoras") thudangiya medolarkkukal polum koopparinte parunthukalude saadhaarana aavaasavyavasthaykku purathulla pulmedukalkku munganana nalkiyittum edukkunnu.
mattu passerine kudumbangal (i.iii. puram thrashukal, corvidukal, icteridukal) athra valuthallathathum oru tharatthilum avaganikkappedaathavayaane mothatthilulla bhakshana praadhaanyatthil (biomass) apoorvvamaayi maathrame thulyamaakoo. ekadesham 15 inam svechaadhipathikalaaya flycatureukal, vairo, swalos, titts, nuthaachukal, rens, mimidukal, ekadesham oru dussen inam finch, cardinalidukal, american kuruvikal, puthiya loka warblerukal ennivayude valia vaividhyam (ekadesham 30 inam veetham) enniva kooppar parunthukal edukkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. shraikkukal, larkkukal, pendulin tittukal, ejithalidukal, treacreperukal, dipparukal, silky-flycatureukal, longsperukal ennivayil ninnu kuranja vaividhyam edukkunnu. northen kardinals ("cardinalis cardinalis"), northen mocking bareds ("mimas polyglotos") thudangiya niravadhi thaddesheeya passerines, eee parunthukale bhayappedaan nalla kaaranamund, kaaranam avaa vyaapakamaayi pathivayi edukkappedunnu, athupole thanne paatt kuruvikal ("melospisa melodia"), irunda annukalulla jangos ("junco haimalis"), house finchukal ("hemorous mexicanus") enniva polulla pakuthiyil thaazhe valippamulla saadhaarana pakshikal polum. visconsinile kadinamaaya shaithyakaalathinte avasaanathil, koopparinte parunthukal pradhaanamaayum pine siskinukalil ("spinus pinas") ninnu jeevikkunna oru nilanilpp kandethunnathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. aadhunika padangalil, theerchayaayum ettavum saadhaaranayaayi edukkunna cheria pakshi thaddesheeyarallaatha, veettupakshiyaaya kuruviyaanu ("passer domesticus"). padicha ellah nagarapradeshangalilum ithu dhaaraalamaayi edukkunnathaayi ariyillengilum, mishiganil ninnulla oru padanatthil house kuruvikal pradhana irayaayirunnu, britiish kolambiyayile victoriyayile koodukalil vitharanam cheytha irayude moonnilonnu (irayude avashishtangalil robinukalekkaal kooduthalaanengilum) milwakiyilum vadakkan dakottayile grand forkkukalilum pradhana irayaayirunnu. koopparinte parunth bhakshanangalil flycatureukalkku valia praadhaanyamillenkilum parunth janasamkhyayil cheluthunna praadeshika swaadheenam ganyamayirikkum. udaaharanathinu, kaaliforniyayile villo flycatureukalkku ("empedonax traily") 76 sathamaanam koodu vettayaadal anubhavapettu, athil koopparinte parunthukal ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki, dusky flycatureukalkku ("empedonax oberholsery") kaaliforniyayile mattidangalil 96 sathamaanam vettayaadal anubhavapettu, 25 sathamaanam koopparukalkku kaaranamaakunnu. warblerukal polulla mattu cheria paasarinukalude praadeshika koodundakkaanulla shramangalkk samanamaaya prathirodhavum report cheyyappettittund. kuthumbukal koopparinte parunthukale avarude vettayaadal virudha prathikaranatthe adisthaanamaakki oru mithamaaya bheeshaniyaayi kanakkakkunnu, moorchayulla shind parunthukal, cheria moongakal enniva polulla cheria raaptarukal (kooduthal apakadakaramaanu) chikkadikalil ninnu kooduthal aakramanathmakamaaya prathikaranatthinu kaaranamaakunnu. saadhaaranayaayi kooppar parunth pakshikal thiranjedukkunna ettavum cheria pakshivikasana vividha warblerukalaanengilum (pradhaanamaayum aann parunth pakshikal eduthathaakaam), vilsons warblerinte ("cardelina pusila") valippam vare, cheria passerine polum vettayaadappedunnu. ariyappedunna ettavum cheria pakshivriksha enangalil verdin ("auripaaras flaviseps"), rubie kireedamulla rajakudumbam ("regulase kalandula"), bushittitt ("saltriporus minimus") enniva ulppedunnu. cheria pakshikalaaya humming berdukal polum koopparinte parunthukalkkethire prathirodhasheshiyullavayaanu (avayude angeyattatthe chadulatha kaaranam), koodaathe kaaliforniyayile parunthukalkku sameepam koodundaakkunnathil ninnu avarkk yaadruchikamaayi prayojanam labhikkunnu, kaaranam parunthukal undaakumbol vettakkar aduthekku varaanulla saadhyatha kuravaanu.
kolambidukalum maramkothikalum.
passerinesinu purathu, mikkavarum theerchayaayum ettavum pradhanappetta pakshivikasana pravum pravum kudumbamaanu. prathyekichum nagarapradeshangalil thaamasikkunnavarkk, koopparinte parunthukal praavukale, prathyekichu samriddhavum vyaapakamaayi kaanapedunnathumaaya vilapaprao ("senaida maakraura"), ivide ninnu valareyadhikam akannu jeevikkunnathaayi thonnunnu. rund enangaludeyum paraspara paridhiyude eathu bhaagathum vilaapamulla praavukale pathivayi vettayaadunnathaayi kaanapedunnu. tuxonil, koopparinte parunthukal mikkavarum praavukalil maathramaayi jeevikkunnuvennu sameepakaala daatta kaanikkunnu. avideyulla 151 erakalulla vasthukkalil, vilaapikkunna praavukal ennathil 20.5% umm biomassinte 27.5% umm aayirunnu, inca praavukal ("kolambina inca") ennathil 18.5% umm biomassinteyum velutha chirakulla praavinteyum ("senaida eshyaattikka") 17.2% ennathilum biomassinte 27.1% umm aayirunnu. indiaanayile terre houttil, vilapikalaaya praavukalum paara praavukalum yathaakramam 14 sathamaanavum 21 sathamaanavum aayirunnu. vadakkan kaaliforniyayil, 1057 erakalulla enangalil aii. dii. 1 ulppedunna pradhana ira inamaayirunnu vilaapamulla praavukal. vikasita pradeshangalile praavukal polulla kooduthal labhakaramaaya iraykku koopparinte parunthukalkku munganana nalkunnathil maattam bluebardukal manassilakkiyathaayum parunthinte saannidhyathin kuranja thadassam kaanikkunnuvennum thelivukalundu. kooduthal grameena vadakkan floridayil, 1100 erakalulla enangalil 16.5% aayi kanakkaakkappedunna vilapaprao veendum ira thiranjedukkunnathil munnittunilkkunnu.
maramkothikal aanu mattoru janapriya irakudumbam. kooppar parunthukalkku ettavum kooduthal report cheyyappedunna moonnaamathe ira inamaaya northen flicker ("collaptus auraattas"), kooppar parunthukalkku prathyeka bhakshanamaanu. vadakkan nyoo meksikkoyil 316 erakalude aii. dii. 1 lum thekkan visconsinil 77 erakalude 22 shathamaanathilum flicker aayirunnu pradhana ira. newyorkkile itaqa polulla mattidangalilum flickerukal saadhaarana irayaanu. chuvanna thalayulla maramkothikal ("melanerps erythrocephalus"), chuvanna vayarulla maramkothikal ("melanerps carolinus") thudangiya idatharam valippamulla maramkothikal eee shreniyude vividha bhaagangalil pradhana dvitheeya irakalaayirunnu. thekkan carolinayil, oru patana janasamkhyayile chuvanna thalayulla maramkothikalil 15 sathamaanavum parunthukalaal kollappettathayi kandethi. ettavum cheria, dauni maramkothi ("picoids puebessence") muthal ettavum valia, koombaaramulla maramkothi ("driocopus pailettas") vare ekadesham 20 inam maramkothi (mikkavarum ellaam vadakke amerikkayil, ennaal moshamaayi padicha rund enangalkku) edukkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. kaazhchayulla koopparinte parunthukalodulla maramkothikalude prathikaranam vyathyaasappedunnu, thaazhekkulla maramkothikalum minnunnavarum kooduthal dhairyathode perumarumennum oru mishrita attin koottatthinte bhaagamaanenkil avar thanne parunthine saasikkumennum thelivukal kaanikkunnu, pakshe ottaykkaanengil maramkothikal saadhaaranayaayi oodi rakshappedaan sramikkum. thuranna maramkothikale pathivayi vettayaadunnundengilum, britiish kolambiyayile oru patanam soochippikkunnathu koopparinte parunthukal maramkothikale apoorvamaayi vettayaadunnundaakam, orupakshe avayude otappettathum cheruthumaaya koodu dwaarangalilekku praveshikkaan kazhiyaathathinal, atharam koodukalude ettavum saadhaaranamaaya vettakkar vividha sasthanikalaayirunnuvennu patanam kaanikkunnu (maramkothikal muthal karadikal vare).
galifomukal.
kooppar parunthukalude ettavum vivaadaparamaaya vasham theerchayaayum gallifomukale vettayaadunnathaanu. ithuvare ettavum pathivayi thiranjedukkappedunna enangal puthiya loka kaadukalaanu. kattiyulla sasyajaalangalilekku oodikkondu vettakkaare ozhivakkaan sramikkunna kaadukalude kovikal (ithu pala vettakkaaril ninnum vijayakaramaayi rakshappedaan anuvadikkum) koopparukalude parunthukal ithu moolam thadassamillaathavaraanenna palappozhum kandethunnu, kaaranam parunthukal avaye chirakukalilo kalnadayayo thiramaalakalilekku pinthudarnnekkaam. ennirunnaalum, oru graus aadyam oru adii manjilekku wier mukki oru vettayaadal koopparinte parunthine vijayakaramaayi ozhivaakkunnath kandu. kooppar parunthukale orupakshe vadakkan bobbaittukalude ("collinus virginianus") ettavum saadhaaranamaaya prakrithidatha vettakkaraayi kanakkakkunnu. vaasthavathil, kooppar mrugangalude vettayaadal nirakk mattu inam parunthukalum valia moongakalum cheiyunnathinekkaal kooduthalaanennu thonnunnu. udaaharanathinu, visconsinile shaithyakaalath, koopparinte parunthukal praadeshika bobby vaitt janasamkhyayude% aii. dii. 1 neey kollumennu karuthappettirunnu. ennirunnaalum, ariyappedunna ellah padanangalilum bobby vaitt oru dvitheeya ira inamaayi kaanapedunnu, koopparinte hoock vettaykku maathram bobby vaitt janasamkhyaye illaathaakkaan kazhiyumennathinu thelivukalonnumilla, manushyan nerittu sambhavana cheiyunna kaaranangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi amita vettayaadal, aavaasavyavasthayude nasham enniva. washington samsthaanathu, penn kooppar parunth pala california kaadukalum ("kalipla californica") eduthu, avaa penn parunth thiranjeduttha irayude 47 shathamaanamaanennu kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ennaal kaadayude mothatthilulla janasamkhyaye badhikkaan mothatthil valare kurachu swaadheenam maathrame undaayirunnulloo. tuxoninu purathulla graamapradesangalil, 79 ira enangalil 15.2% ll gambels kwal ("kalipla gambeli") aanu ettavum pathivayi thiranjedukkappedunna ira inamennu kandethi. vadakkupadinjaaran meksikkoyile gulikakalekkurichulla oru patanam, praadeshika koopparukalude parunthukal pathivayi montezuma kaada ("syrtonics montesume") edukkunnundo ennu nirnnayikkaan, oru gulikayil maathram poornnamaayum kaadayum mattu gulikakalil parunthukal pradhaanamaayum mattu irakale edukkunnundennu kaanikkunnu, kooduthalum praavukal. vadakke amerikkayil pathivayi kaanapedunna galifomukal (chukaarukal ("alectories chukaar"), saadhaarana thengukal ("fasianus colchicus") thudangiya susthaapitha exotics ulppede) idaykkide koopparinte parunthukalkku irayaakunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. pulmedukalil vasikkunna enangal polum ulppede (ennaal kooduthal vadakku vitharanam cheiyunna tarmiganukal ozhike) vividatharam thaddesheeya growsukal ithil ulppedunnu. praayapoorthiyaakaathavar saadhaaranayaayi koopparinte parunthukal kooduthal durbalar kooduthal pathivayi noonn-kweyil galifomukal edukkunnavarumaanu, ennaal irayude thaarathamyena valia valippam undaayirunnittum parunthukalkku muthirnnavare pathivayi edukkaan kazhiyum. edukkumbol sharashari thookkam varunna muthirnnavarkkulla ruffed graus ("bonasa ambellus") palappozhum irayaayi chooshanam cheyyappedunnilla, athesamayam muthirnnavarkkulla sooty graus ("dendragapus fuliginosus") edukkumbol thookkam kanakkaakkappedunnu, ithu aavarthichu edukkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. sharashari ariyappedunna muthirnna aann moorchayulla vaalulla graus ("timpanuchus fasianellus") koopparinte parunthukalaal vijayakaramaayi erayaakkappettittundu. koopparinte parunthukalkku irayaakkaan kazhiyumennu kanakkaakkappedunna praayapoorthiyaaya saadhaarana nelkrishiye kooduthal aakarshakamaaya vivaranagal kaanikkunnu. floridayil edutha oru kaattu turkey ("meligris galopavo") oru muthirnnayaalude valippamulla oru thookkamullathaayi udharikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, koopparinte parunthumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol ithinu valia valippamullathinaal, turkey ithrayum valuthaanennum parunth jeevanode pidichuvennum parishodhikkendathundu. apratheekshithamayittalla, turkey polttukal koopparukalude parunthukalkku irayaakunnathaayi ariyappedunnu.
mattu pakshikal.
melpparanja kudumbangalkkum oordarukalkkum appuram, mattu tharatthilulla pakshikale thaarathamyena apoorvamaayi maathrame edukkaarulloo. saadhaaranayaayi mithamaayatho kuranjatho aaya jalapakshikale eathu tharathilumullavarkkum edukkaam. thaaravinum heron ekadesham 5 inam enangal, oru dussen inam theerapakshikal, oru cheria tharam greabukalum reyilukalum erakalude spectrathil ariyappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, jalapakshikalil polum, ettavum cheria sandpiper ("calidris minoottilla") muthal edukkumbol thookkam kanakkaakkunna oru muthirnna mallard ("anas plattiringos") vare vishalamaaya vaividhyam edukkaam. kooppar parunthukalkkum ring-build gulls ("laras deleverances"), american coots ("phulika americana") ennivayulppedeyulla mattu valia praayapoorthiyaaya jalapakshikalkkum ekadesham thulya bharamullah muthirnna thaaraavukaleyum heronukaleyum chilappol eee parunthukal neridunnu. vadakkan floridayil kannukaali egrettukalude ("bubulcus ibis") aavruthi prathyekichum rekhappeduthiyittundu, avide egrettukal naalaamathe ettavum pathivayi rekhappeduthappetta ira inamaayirunnu. chila naitjaarukal, troganukal, swifts, kingfisherukal, thatthakal, mattu vividha raptorial pakshikal ennivayulppede bhakshya padanangalil report cheyyappettathupole karaa pakshikalude vividha kudumbangal valare apoorvamaanu.
sasthanikal.
pakshivalarchayumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol kuranja vaividyamulla jeevajaalangalum mothatthilulla sasthanikalude ennavum edukkappedunnundengi sasthanikalude ira praadeshikamaayi pradhaanamaan. vadakke amerikkayile chippmankukalil moonnilonnu maathrame erakalude spectrathil ariyappedunnulloovenkilum chippmankukale palappozhum vividha pradeshangalil pathivayi vettayaadunnu. thaarathamyena valia kizhakkan chipp mankinte ("tamias straittas") uyarnna balance newyork, mishigan, visconsin ennividangalil ninnulla padanangalil kandethi. merilaandile green ridge stettu forestile kooppar parunthukalude bhakshanangalil kizhakkan chipp munk aadhipathyam pularthiyathaayi thonni, 57 erakaludeyum sasthanikaludeyum bhakshanangalil asaadhaaranamaaya oru aidi 2 aanu. padinjaaran yunaittad stetsil, kurachu chippmankukal maathrame thirichariyaan kazhiyoovenkilum atharam irakale saadhaaranayaayi kandethiyittundu. origonil ninnulla bhakshya padanangalil, prathyekichu kizhakkan origonil 120 erakalil 22.5% ll chippmankukal (speesheesukalkk anjjaathamaayathu) pradhana irakalaayirunnu. origonile ettavum saadhaaranamaaya chipmunk ira orupakshe tounsendinte chipmunk ("neotamias tounsendi") aayirikkam, ennaal koopparinte parunthukal chippmankukale ettavum kuranja chippmankinte ("neotamias minimus") valippathilekku kondupoyekkaam. chippmaankukalumaayi vidooramaayi bandhapetta sasthanikal, nilathu kidakkunna annaakkal (maan annaakkal ulppede) praadeshikamaayi uyarnna alavil edukkaam. golden-manteled graundu annaakkal ("calospermophilus lattaraalis") kizhakkan origonile randaamathe pradhana irayaayirunnu. pathimoonnu varakalulla nilathu annaakkal ("ectidomis tridesemlinates") visconsinil ninnulla oru padanatthil randaamathe ettavum saadhaaranamaaya ira inamaayirunnu, koodaathe vadakkan dakottayile bhakshanathilum pradhanamaayirunnu (avide avaa biomassinte ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavana nalkunnavayaayirunnu, 23.4%). swarnna-mental, pathimoonnu varakalulla nilathu annaakkal nilathu ulla annaakkalkk valare cheruthaanu, munbathe sharashari, samanamaaya valippamulla randaamathethu. california graundu annaakkal ("autospermophilus beecheyi"), roock annaakkal ("autospermophilus veregatus") thudangiya kurachu valia nilathunilkkunna annaakkale vettayaadaam, iva randum muthirnnavaril sharashari, apoorvvamaanengilum. marangal kondulla annaakkal vyaapakamaayi edukkappedunnundengi koopparinte parunthukalude randaam irayaanu. cheruthum ekadesham american chuvanna annaan ("tamissurus hadsonicus") vadakkan sthalangalil apoorva erakalalla. newyorkkile ithaakkayile kooppar hockinte bhakshanangalil ekadesham 36 chuvanna annaakkal rekhappeduthiyittundu, eee annaakkukalil eee parunthukal prakopippikkunna prathyeka alaram kolukal undennu thonnunnu, ennirunnaalum kooppar vettayaadunnathinte nirakk mattu vettakkaare apekshichu kuravaanennu thonnunnu. chuvanna annaakkukale edukkumbol, thaarathamyena cheruthayathinaal, aann koopparukalude parunthukal iraye koottilekku kondupokaan kazhiyunna kashanangalayi keeriyekkaam. koopparinte parunthukal idaykkide mattu niravadhi maraa annaakkukale edukkunnu. koopparinte parunthukal edutha marangalude alavu misouriyil padichu. kizhakkan chaaraniratthilulla annaakkal ("surus carolinensis") muthirnnavarkkulla valippathil eduthirunnuvenkilum kurukkan annaakkukale ("surus niger") praayapoorthiyaakaathavayi maathrame eduthirunnulloo, kaaranam muthirnnavar, chilappol scaling vare, koopparukalude valare shakthamaayirunnu. misouriyil edutha chaaraniratthileyum kurukkan annaakkukaludeyum kanakkakkiya bharam, chaaraniram biomassinte 10.9% sambhavana cheiyunnu.
ekadesham 20 noonn-sirid elikale kooppar hockukal edukkaamenkilum bhakshanangalil avaa apoorvvamaayi maathrame praadhaanyamulloo. parakkunna annaakkal, vudtaattukal, saadhaarana "peromiscus" elikal, chila inam wall, lemming, kottan elikal, jumping elikal, kangaroo elikal, thaddesheeyamallaatha elikal ennivayellaam idaykkide irayaakaamenkilum ivayil mikka enangalum raathrikaalamaan, athinaal parimithamaaya praveshanamaanu. itharathilulla chila elikale vyakthiparamaaya paramarsham urappunalkunnathra pathivayi edukkunnu. vadakkupadinjaaran origonile kooppar parunthukalude jaiva pindatthinu sharashari kanakkakkiya pindatthil anjjaatha vudtaattukal pradhanamaayirunnu. vadakkan dakkottayil, "peromiscus" elikal asaadhaaranamaamvidham uyarnna <aii. dii. 1> bhakshanangalaan. bernaby nagaratthil, pakshi feedarukal karutha elikale ("raattas raattas") aakarshikkan thudangiyappol, koopparinte parunth cheruppakkaarum muthirnnavarumaya elikale praadeshikamaayi ganyamaaya thothil edukkaan thudangi. thavittuniramulla eliyil ("raattas norvegicus") kooppar parunth nadatthiya aadyathe vetta aduthide britiish kolambiyayilum report cheyyappettu. oru vishalamaaya patanam kazhinja venalkkaalathe elikalude saandrathaye koopparukalude parunthukalude ennavumaayi kriyaathmakamaayi bandhappettirikkunna oru apratheekshitha parasparabandham kandethi. elikal vardhikkunnathinu munbulla varshathil akkoon uthppaadanam elikalude janasamkhyaye nayikkunnathinaal ithu yaadrishchikamaayirikkaam, koodaathe koopparukal pathivayi edukkunna pala pakshikalum bhaagikamaayi akkoon aashritharaan. idaykkide, koopparinte parunthukal muyalukal, muyalukal thudangiya labhakaramaaya sasthanikalude iraye pidichedukkaam. pradhaanamaayum, kottandeyil muyalukale vettayaadunnathaayi report cheyyappettittund. vadakkupadinjaaran origonil (7.82%, ettavum saadhaaranamaaya erakalil anchaamathethu) sharashari edukkumbol parvatha kottandeyil ("sylvilagus nattali") report cheyyappettu. tuxoninte grameena parisarathu, kottandeyil muyalukalaanu ettavum pathivayi thiranjedukkappetta randaamathe ira, 12.7%. nyoo meksikkoyilum durangoyilum valare sakthamaaya ennam kottandeyilukal report cheyyappettu. misouriyil, vyaapakamaayi kaanapedunna kizhakkan kottandeyil ("sylvilagus floridanus") motham biomassinte 14.5% aaya biomassinte ettavum pradhanappetta sambhavana nalki. sharashari, misouriyil, kizhakkan kottandeyilukalude shareera pindam pidikkapettu, ithu praayapoorthiyaakaatha kizhakkan kottandeyilukal saadhaaranayaayi pidikkappedunnundenn soochippikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, praayapoorthiyaaya kizhakkan kottandeyilukal koopparinte parunthukalkku irayaakunna niravadhi kesukal ariyappedunnu, ithil kottandeyilukal ulppede thookkam kanakkaakkappedunnu. britiish kolambiyayile victoriyayil karutha vaalulla jackrabitukal ("lepus californicus"), pigmi muyalukal ("brackilagus idahoensis"), koodaathe dhaaraalam ferrell europian muyalukal ("orictolagus cooniculus") ennivayulppede vividha inam kottandeyil ithara leporidukal idaykkide pidikkappedaam.
mattu oordarukalile sasthanikale valare apoorvamaayi maathrame edukkaarulloo, kuranja alavil shrove molum report cheyyappedunnu. kooppar parunthukale cheria inam veesalinte saadhyathayulla vettakkaranaayi kanakkakkunnu, ekadesham bharam kanakkaakkappedunna oru varayulla scunk ("mephitis mephitis") kittine kollan floridayil rekhappeduthiyittundu. idaykkide kooppar parunthukal vavvaalukale vettayaadaarundu. avaa saadhaaranayaayi vavvaalukale thirayunnathinupakaram chirakil pidikkumennu parayappedunnu. calsbad guhakalil kooppar (moorchayulla shind) parunthukal guhayude praveshana kavaadathinaduthulla vavvaalukalude ettavum kaaryakshamamaya pakshivirakshakaraanennu kandethalukal undaayirunnu (mikka beauto parunthukalekkaalum vijayakaramaanennu rating, prathyekichu chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal, valia moongakal thudangiya valuthum kuranjathumaaya raaptarukalekkaal). callsbadile nireekshanamanusarichu, avayude chadulatha kaaranam, koopparukalkku oru vavvaalinte ozhivaakkaavunna parakkalinoppam poruthappedaan kazhiyum, koodaathe nireekshicha 90 sathamaanam anweshanangalilum vijayikkam. meksikkan free-tailed vavvaalukalude ("tadarida brasiliansis") nannayi rekhappeduthiyittulla vettaykku purame, koopparinte parunth eathu vavvaaline irayaakkumennathinekkurum praadeshika parunth eathu thalathilaanu atharam iraye aashrayikkunnathennathikkum valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. guhakalkku purame, chilappol kooppar parunthukal nagaravalkarikkappetta pradeshangalil vavvaalukale pidikkunnathayi kaanapedunnu.
mattoru ira.
chila pradeshangalil, manyamaaya ennam uragangale vettayaadiyekkaam. kooppar parunthukal ekadesham 30 inam uragangale vettayaadiyekkaam. shreniyude kizhakkan bhaagath, florida polulla uraga enangalude jaivavaividhyam ulla sthalangalil polum, atharam erakalude valare kuranja alavu koopparinte parunthukal edukkunnathaayi reportund. arkkansaasil, rooad-konnu kooppar parunth pakshikalude oru cheria sample kaanikkunnath, vayarile ulladakkathil pakshikalekkaal cheria uragangal saadhaaranamaanennu, boganvilleyude tholikalum ("lerista boganville") valayamulla kazhuthulla paambukalum ("diadophis panchaattas") bhakshanathinte 40 shathamaanatholam varum. kooduthal padinjaaran sthalangalil, prathyekichu thekk bhaagath uraga iraye shakthamayi kandethunnathayi ariyappedunnu. vaasthavathil, oru californian padanatthinte kanakkanusarichu pakshivrikshikalude kaaryatthil, koopparinte parunthukal praadeshikamaayi pallikale ettavum kooduthal aashrayikkunnuvenn kaanichu, ennaal koopparukal patana mekhalayil praadeshikamaayi saadhaaranamallathathinaal thaarathamyena parimithamaaya swaadheenamaanu cheluthiyathu. kaaliforniyayil, bhakshanathinte 69 sathamaanavum uragangalaanennu kandethi, avayil bhooribhaagavum vividha pallikalaayirunnu (viptteyil pallikal nayikkunnavayayirunnu, avayil mikathum oru koodilaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu). tuxoninu purathulla graamapradesangalil, 77 erakalude 13 sathamaanathil (speesheesukalkk anjjaathamaaya) spiny pallikalude valare sakthamaaya saannidhyam, tuxon metropolittante ellah pradeshangalilum mothatthil, uragangal motham 228 erakalude 8 sathamaanathil thaazheyaan. durangoyil, koopparinte parunth bhakshanathinte vyakthamaaya bhaagamaayirunnu uragangal. ivide, ettavum kooduthal thiricharinja ira inam meksikkan peedabhoomi kombulla palliyaan ("frinosoma oorbicular") (191 ira enangalil ninnu "aii. dii. 2"), thudarnnu vadakkan flicker moonnaamathaayi villal spiny palliyum ("scaloporus poyinsettiya") ("aii. dii. 1"%, koodaathe mattu anjjaathamaaya spiny pallikalum bhakshanathinte 4.2% varum). arisonayil, koopparude parunthukalumaayum spiny pallikalkk sakthamaaya ira-vettakkaaran bandham undennu kandethi. koopparinte parunthukal abhimukeekarikkukayum vettayaadukayum cheiyunna mikka pallikalum valare cheruthaanu, pakshe, valare apoorvvamaayi thiranjedukkappettenkum, paambu irayil valia valippa vyathyasam kaanichekkaam. edukkappettathaayi ariyappedunna paambukalkku valippathil redbelli paambu (storeriya osipittomaakuletta) muthal thookkam kanakkaakkappedunna oru karutha eliyude paambu (pantherophis obsolettas) vareyum goffer paambu (pittuvophis catanifer) (pittuvophis catanifer) (pittuvophis catanifer) (pittuvophis catanifer) (pittuvophis catanifer)) vare valippamund. uragangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, erakalude spectrathil kurachu enangal ariyappedunnundengilum koopparinte parunth eathenkilum pradeshathu pathivayi ubhayajeevikale vettayaadunnu ennathinu thelivukal kuravaanu. koopparukalude aagola irayude 2.1 sathamaanam vare akasherukkal ulkkollunnuvennu chila rachayithakkal abhipraayappettilendum, nilavilulla bhakshya padanangal atharam irayude thelivukal valare kuravaanu; ennirunnaalum, arkkansaasil chattha nilayil kandethiya koopparukalude parunthukal, vandukalum nishaashalabhangalum/chithrashalabhangalum oronnum kandethiya ira enangalude 12.5% prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu sarikkum asaadhaaranamaaya oru cases kaanikkunnu.
parasparabandhithamaya kollayadi bandhangal.
vadakke american thaddesheeyamaaya mattu rund "accipittarukal"kkoppam koopparinte parunthukal engane jeevikkunnu ennathaanu prathyeka thaalpparyamullath. koopparinte parunthukalil ninnu moorchayulla shind parunthukal, aavaasavyavastha, paristhithi, ira spectrum ennivayude vitharanam, aavaasavyavastha ennivaye poornnamaayum verthirikkunnilla. koopparinte parunthinte paridhiyiludaneelam, samanamaaya pradeshangalil moorchayulla mulakal prajananam nadathunnathum kudiyerunnathum shaithyakaalavum kaanapedaam. athupole thanne thekkan canada, padinjaaran american aikyanaadukal, upper midu vestt (chilappol vadakkukizhakkan american aikyanaadukalil), kadannupokunna samayangalil kooppar hokkukaludeyum vadakkan goshokkukaludeyum shrenikalkkidayil valareyadhikam ovarlaappu undu. pothuve, moorchayulla shind parunthukal koopparukalekkaal cheruppavum saandravumaaya marangalude staandukal upayogikkunnu. athesamayam, uyaramullathum pazhayathumaya marangalum saadhaaranayaayi thaazhnna vruksha saandrathayumulla pazhaya valarchayulla vanapradeshathe goshokkukal eshtappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, moonnu enangalum avarude koodundaakkunna pradeshangalekkaal nannayi moodappetta kanopikal eshtappedunnu, athaayath.iii. melaapputhattal kuranjathu 60-70% aayirikkanam ennu pothuve karuthappedunnu. origonil parasparam aduthu thaamasikkumbol moonnu "accipittarukal" paristhithishaasthram padikkaan oru prathyeka avasaram upayogichu. asaadhaaranamaayi, eee enangalkkidayil sthiramaayi nalla akalam undaayirunnilla, koodaathe 2 moorchayulla-shiin koodukal ekadesham sajeeva koopparukalude koodukalil ninnullavayaayirunnu, athesamayam 5 koopparukalude koodukal sajeevamaaya goshok koodukalil ninnullavayaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, oro jeevivargathinteyum paachu aavaasavyavasthayum bhakshana swabhaavavum appozhum nyayamaayum vibhajikkappettirunnu. ivide, moorchayulla shind parunthukale sambandhichidatholam, sharashari <aii. dii. 2> varsham pazhakkamullathum hectorinu (hector) 1180 marangalude sharashari saandrathayumulla maram, koopparinte staandukalkku sharashari <aii. dii. 1> varsham pazhakkamullathum sharashari 907 marangal hectorilullathumaanu, athesamayam goshok ettavum pazhakkameriyathum thurannathumaaya staandukalil upayogikkunnu, sharashari 150 varsham praayamulla marangalum hectorinu sharashari 482 marangalumundu. nyoo meksikkoyile jemas parvathanirakalil ninnulla vivarangal hectorinu sharashari 781 marangalulla pradeshangalil kaanapedunna goshok, hectorinu sharashari 1229 marangalulla pradeshangalil kooppar, hectorinu sharashari 1482 marangalulla moorchayulla shiin ennivayumaayi pradhaanamaayum bandhappettirikkunnu. nyoo meksikoo daattayil, ettavum kuranja median melappulla ettavum valia marangal goshocks upayogichu (77.4% vezhsas 78.4% koopparinaayi '
moorchayulla-shinukalkk s umm 83.1% umm). vadakkan uttayil ninnulla oru padanatthil, koopparinte parunthukal mikka aavasa savisheshathakalilum idatharam swabhaavamullavayaayirunnu, avaa sharashari uyarathilum (), koodu uyarathilum (moorchayulla shinukalkum goshokin ethire), idatharam shaakha saandrathayulla pradeshangalilum aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, koopparinte koodukal manushyar aswasthamaakkunna pradesangalumaayi (moorchayulla shind, goshok ennivaykku ethire) udaahile ettavum aduthaayirunnu, koodaathe vellathodu ettavum aduthaayirunnu (moorchayulla shiin, goshok ennivaykku ethire). koopparukalum moorchayulla shind parunthum thammil aavaasavyavasthayil palappozhum chila vyathyaasangalund. visconsinileyum origonileyum moorchayulla shind parunthukale apekshichu koopparinte parunthukal kuranja coniferukal, kuranja idathoornna marangal, uyaramulla marangal ennivayulla marangal upayogikkunnu. palappozhum, moorchayulla shind hoock koodukal marangalil thazheyaayi valare saandramaaya sasyangalil sthaapikkunnu (palappozhum avayude cheria frameukalulla moorchayulla shinukal polum koodilekku praveshikkaan shramikkumbol abadhathil shaakhakalil adikkunnu), vettakkaarkkethire koodu kooduthal vendathra maraykkunnu. misouriyile rund enangalum upayogikkunna aavaasavyavastha vyathyasthamallaayirunnu (athaayath.iii. samanamaaya vruksha enangal upayogikkunnu). ennirunnaalum, misouriyile moorchayulla shind hoock koodukal valare uyarnna uyarathilaayirunnu, athaayath.iii. samudranirappinekkaal uyarathil, koopparukalude (sharashari uyarathilullava) staand saandrata ivide koopparukalude staand saandrata kooduthalaayirunnu, hectorinu sharashari 935.7 marangal, hectorinu sharashari 599.3 marangal enna nirakkil moorchayulla shinukal upayogikkunnathinekkaal. kooppar parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi athiraavile sajeevamaayirunnuvenkilum moorchayulla shind parunthukal raavile vare sajeevamaayirunnilla (cheria valippam kaaranam valia moongakal kooduthal kadinamaaya intergild vetta ozhivakkaan saangalppikamaayi). vadakkan nyoojezhsiyil, koodundaakkunna goshokkukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, koopparukalude parunthukal roadukalkkum mattu thurassukalum manushya vaasasthalangalkkum aduthulla paranna bhoomiyaanu upayogichirunnathu. ennirunnaalum, koopparukalude nyoojezhsi daattayil melaappaavukal sharashari uyarnnathaan, 89.1%.
koopparinte parunthinte sharashari hoome rench valuppamund, athu koopparinteyum kuruvinteyum ekadesham pakuthiyolam valia shareeramulla eurasian kuruvikalodu thaarathamyappeduthaavunnatha. ennirunnaalum, vadakke amerikkayil, "aaksipittar" hoome rench valuppam pakshikalude shareera valuppavumayi poruthappedunnuvennu daatta kaanikkunnu.iii. goshokkine ardhamaakkukayum moorchayulla shind parunthine ardhamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. melpparanja origon padanangal moonnu american "accipittarukal" thammilulla bhakshana vyathyaasangalum vishadamaayi padichu. koopparinte parunthukalude irayude valuppangal shareera valuppathin anusrithamaayi idatharam aayirunnu, kizhakkan origonile goshokin vadakkupadinjaaran, kizhakkan origonile moorchayulla shinukalkum yathaakramam sharashari irayude valuppavumayi thaarathamyam cheyyumbol. origonile bhakshanathile sasthanikalude alavum eee inathinte shareera valuppathinanusarichu vardhichu. arisonayile chirikahuva parvathanirakalilum eee moonnu enangalude bhakshanakramam padichu. koopparinte parunthukalkku mattu rund "aaksipittarukalumaayi" ishtappetta irayil chila bhakshanakramam ovarlaappu undaayirunnu. goshokkinteyum koopparudeyum kaaryatthil, rund parunthukalum stellarude jaise baand-tailed praavukalum ("pattajiyonas faasiyaatta") pathivayi edukkaarundaayirunnu. moorchayulla shind hokkinoppam, kooppar praadeshikamaayi american robinukalodum black headed grosbikkukalodum ("phektikkas melanocephalus") ishtam pankittu. ennirunnaalum, chirikaahuvaasile mattu "asippittaril" ninnu vyathyasthamayi, koopparinte parunthukal pathivayi chippmaankukalum pallikalum kazhikkarundaayirunnu. koodaathe, koopparukaludeyum goshokkukaludeyum koodukal ekadesham thulya akalathilaayirunnu, ithu avaa prathyeka pradeshangal nilanirthunnuvennu soochippikkunnu (eathaandu ore inathil pettathupole), athesamayam moorchayulla shind hoock koodukal goshok koodukalkku aduthaayirunnu, pakshe valare saandramaaya aavaasavyavasthayilaayirunnu. moonnu american "accipittarukal" kozhikalkku pareekshanaathmakamaayi thurannukaattappettpol, moorchayulla shind parunthinodu (avaa muthirnna kozhikalkku valiyatho apakadakaramo allathatho aayathinal) avar ettavum aakramanaathmakamaayi prathikarichu, udan thanne koopparukalodu prathikarikkukayum, valare kazhivullathum muthirnna kozhikale ayaykkaan thayyarumaaya goshokinu vidheyamaakumbol rakshappedaanulla sakthamaaya sramangal nadathukayum cheythu. pala padanangalum mattu pradeshangalilum koopparukaludeyum moorchayulla shind parunthinteyum bhakshanakramathe vyathyasthamaakkiyittund, moorchayulla shind parunth pathivayi ekadesham bharam kuranja pakshikale thiranjedukkunnu, pakshikalilum bhaara klaasukalilum nyayamaaya alavil ovarlaappu cheiyunnu, ennaal eee bhaara paridiyilulla pakshikal kooduthalaayi koopparukalude maathram bhakshanakramathilaanu. koodaathe, moorchayulla shind parunth vanathinullil vanapradeshangalile melaapputhattil (kuttichedikalkku uyarathil thamasikkunna pakshikalkk pakaram) vasikkunna pakshikale kooduthal vettayaadunnathaayi kaanapedunnu, koodaathe koopparinte drishyathekkaal bharameriya moodupadiyilaanu akramikkaan eshtappedunnathu.
mattu dainamdina raaptarukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi kooppar parunthukalkkulla paristhithiyum padikkappettittund. thekkan mishiganile raapttar gildil, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal, chuvanna thool ulla parunthukal, american kestralukal ennivaykkethire mothatthilulla bhakshana veethiyum valupavum padichu. ivide, koopparukalude bhakshya nikhe veethi (oro patana sthalathum erakalude sharashari ennam) thaarathamyena kuravaayirunnuvenkilum koopparukalude parunthinu ettavum valia sharashari ira valuppamundaayirunnu, ithu valare valia chuvanna vaalulla parunthinekkaalum (sharashari irayude pindam) valare kooduthalaayirunnu. thekkan visconsinil, koopparukalude bhakshanathinte vishalatha 6.9 aayirunnu, sharashari irayude pindam, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukalkku sesham randaam sthaanathaayirunnu. visconsin daattayil, chuvanna thool, vishalamaaya chirakullathum parukkan kaalullathumaaya parunth (beautio lagopus), vadakkan harrier, peregrin faalkkan (falco peregrinus), american kestral ennivayellaam kuranja sharashari ira pindamullavayayirunnu. meksikkoyile durangoyil valare thekk, kooppar parunth thiranjeduttha irayude vibhaagathil mattu patana raapttar speesheesukal, american kestralukal, redu-tailed, soonn-tailed hockukal (beautio albanotattas) ennivayumaayi ovarlaappu undaayirunnappol, ira enangale saadhaaranayaayi thiranjedukkunna ettavum kuranja ovarlaappu undaayirunnu, prathyekichu aavaasavyavasthayile upayogathile vyathyasam kanakkiledukkumbol. koodaathe, durangoyil, koopparukalum "beautio" parunthukalum ganyamaaya ennam muthirnna parutthi elikale eduthappol, kestralukal cheruppakkaaraaya parutthi elikale maathrame thiranjeduthulloo. padinjaaran merilaandile oru padanatthil, koopparinte parunthukal mattu vanapradeshangalil koodundaakkunna parunthukalekkaal kooduthal vikasithamaaya adithattullathum kooduthal vipulamaaya bhoopradeshamullathumaaya kooduthal pakwathayulla vanapradeshangal, vishalamaaya chirakukalullathum chuvapp tholil ullathumaaya parunthukal upayogichu. chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal aantharika vanathil ninnu kurachu akaleyulla otappetta painsil maryland daattayil valare uyarnna koodundaakkiyappol, koopparinte koodukal vanathil samanamaaya uyarathilum chuvanna tholil ulla parunthukale apekshichu alpam uyarnnathum vishalamaaya chirakukalulla parunthukale apekshichu valare uyarnnathumaayirunnu. orupakshe avarude vettayaadal sthalathe prathirodhikkunna oru kesil, oru penn koopparinte parunth ontaariyoyile shaithyakaalath oru perchil ninnu oru valia peregrin parunthine akramikkukayum (shaareerika sanbarkkamillaathe) oodichukalayukayum cheythathayi rekhappeduthiyittundu.
kooppar parunth saadhaaranayaayi pakal samayat ettavum kooduthal vettayaadunna pakshiyaanu, pakshe mattu vettakkaarude aakramanathil ninnu prathirodhikkunnilla. eee inathile ettavum moshamaaya vettakkaaran mikkavarum theerchayaayum valia kombulla moongayaanu ("bubo virginianus"). eee valia moonga (koopparinte parunthinekkaal sharashari moonniratti bharam) pathivayi thavalakaleyum muthirnavareyum kandethukayum mattu erapidiyan pakshikalude koodukal akramikkukayum cheiyunnu. pala rekhakalum kaanikkunnath valia kombulla moongakal erapidiyan pakshikalude koodukal sandarshikkukayum ira vibhavam theernnupokunnathuvare raathriyil kunjungale edukkukayum cheyyum (athaayath.iii. ellah cherutho chilappol praayapoorthiyaayatho aaya erapidiyan pakshikalum kollappedunnu). koodaathe, avasaram labhichappol, valia kombulla moongakal avar svanthamaayi kollunna raaptarukal nirmmicha koodukal eluppathil pidichedukkunnu. vanapradeshangalkk sameepamulla otappetta vanapradeshangalkk munganana nalkunnathinaal, koopparinte parunthukal palappozhum kombulla moongakalil ninnu anaavashya shradha nedunnu. cheruppakkaar, prathyekichu avar koodu vidunna samayatho aduthide valarnnatho aaya samayat, muthirnna koopparinte parunthukal eee moongakalkku irayaakunnu. koopparile parunth janasamkhyayil valia kombulla moongakal cheluthunna mothatthilulla swaadheenathekkurichu cheria vivarangal maathrame shekharichittulloovenkilum, oru padanatthil radiotag cheytha praayapoorthiyaakaathavaril 40 sathamaanavum kombulla moongakaliloode marikkunnathayi valia, kooduthal sakthamaaya goshokinu ariyappedunnu. bheeshaniyude thoth kaaranam, valia kombulla moongakalude phoneukal koopparukalude parunthukalil ninnum baandarukalil ninnum sakthamaaya prathikaranatthinu kaaranamaakunnu, gaveshakar saadhaaranayaayi valia kombulla moongakalude uthejakangal upayogichu oru alkkootta koopparukalude parunthukale aakarshikkunnu. koopparinte parunthukal pakal samayat onno allengil mattoo oru valia kombulla moongaye kandethumbol kaakkakalumaayi thaalkkaalikamaayi sahikkukayum sahakarikkukayum cheiyumennu reportund, rund enangalum bheeshanippeduthunna moongaye sameepat ninnu koottatthode koottatthode koottatthode koottatthode kaanapedunnu. oru saahacharyathil, mattu kooppar parunthukal nirmmicha oru koodile oru valia kombulla moonga jodic vijayakaramaayi prajananam nadathunnathil paraajayappettathinetthudar, koodundaakkaan shramicha oru jodi koopparukale pakaram kombulla moongakal maatti, orupakshe munbu parajayappetta athe jodiyayirikkaam.
ariyappedunna kooppar parunthukale vettayaadunna mattu prakrithidatha vettakkar pradhaanamaayum valia dainamdina erapidiyan pakshikalaanu. chila sandarbhangalil, avarude valia cussins, vadakkan goshokkukal, koopparinte parunthukale irayaakkum. vyaapakamaayi ennaal kurachumaathrame, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal koopparinte parunthine irayaakkunnathaayi ariyappedunnulloo, athesamayam oru kooppar swarnna kazhukane ("akvila chrisettos") irayaakkunnathinte orotta udaaharanam maathrame ariyoo. koodu vettakkaarude sreniyekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. ariyappedunna ellah vettakkaaril ninnum, raakkoon ("proosiyoon lotter") maathrame koodundakkaanulla shramangalkk ettavum gurutharamaaya bheeshaniyaayi kanakkaakkappedunnulla, orupakshe kooduthalum koodundaakkunna kunjungaleyum muttakaleyum kazhikkukayum orupakshe chila pazhaya parunthukaleyum bhakshikkukayum cheiyunnu. american kakkakal koopparinte parunthukale koottatthode kollayadikkukayum cheiyunnu, prathyekichum kaakkayude kadutha aalkkoottam maathaapithaakkale maattippaarppikkumbol. cheria dainamdina erapidiyan pakshikal koopparinte parunthukalaal bheeshani neridunnu. american kestralinte kaaryathilaanu ithu prathyekichum. chila praadeshika thakarchaykku sesham, pensylvaniayile oru radiotagging padanatthil 19 kestralukalil 26 sathamaanavum pakshivrikshikalaaya vettakkar konnathayi kandethi, bhooribhaagam kesukalilum kuttakkaaran koopparukalude parunthukalaanennu samshayikkunnu. chila vibhavangal koopparinte parunth vettaye nerittu kestralukal kurayunnuvennu kuttappeduthunnathuvare pooyittundu, ennaal yuu. esil ninnulla thudarnnulla daatta.ezz. breeding pakshi survey naashanal ooduboon sosaitti chrismus pakshi ennavum eee sidhaanthathe thallikkalayunnathaayi kaanapedunnu, pakaram mothatthilulla idivu ashradhamaaya manushya kaaranangalumayi bandhippikkunnu. koopparinte parunthine merlinsinte ("falco columbarius") vettakkaranaayum kanakkakkunnu. koopparinte parunth irayaakkunnathaayi ariyappedunna eaka sthireekarikkappetta asypitrid avarude cheria cussins, moorchayulla shind parunthukal aanu. ennirunnaalum, thekkukizhakk, koopparukalude parunthukale saadhyathayullavayil kanakkaakkiyenkilum ithuvare sthireekarichittilla, vizhungal-vaalulla pattangalude ("elanoids forficattas") vettakkaarum koodundaakkunna pattangalum koopparukalude parunthukalodu vettayaadal virudha swabhaavathil earppedunnuvennu thonnunnu. koodaathe, sameepat vanna kooppar parunthukale saadhyathayulla vettakkaraayi kanakkaakkukayum chaara parunthukale koodundaakki koottamkoodukayum cheythu.
dainamdina raaptarukalekkaalum kooduthal, moongakalude vaividhyamaarnna kooppar parunthukalkku irayaakunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. avarude pravartthanatthil thaalkkaalika vyathyaasangal undaayirunnittum, kooppar parunthukale theevramaayi vettayaadunna reethikal mattu tharam parunthukalekkaal eluppathil valarthunna moongakale axus cheyyaan avare anuvadichekkaam. koopparinte parunth irayaakkunnathaayi ariyappedunna cheria moongakalil pollunna moongakal ("cyloscopes flamiolus"), kizhakkan screach-moongakal ("megascopes eshya"), padinjaaran screach-moongakal ("megascopes kennikotty"), meeshayulla screach-moongakal ("megascopes tricopsis"), elph moongakal ("micrathin vitni"), vadakkan pigmi moongakal ("glossidium gnoma"), fetugenous pigmi moongakal ("glossidium brasilium"), baroing moongakal ("atheen coonicularia"), boral moongakal ("aijiolius"), oru vadakkan moongakal ("funhettis") enniva ulppedunnu. idatharam muthal valia valippamulla moongakal chilappol koopparinte parunthukalkku irayaakunnu, neelamulla chevi moongayum ("eshiyo oottas") orupakshe valia spotted moongayum ("stricks ooksidentaalis") ulppedumennu ariyappedunnu. ettavum akarshakamaayi, oru koopparinte parunth cheruthum (sharashari) valia moongaye ("stricks veriya") irayaakkiyathaayi thonnunna oru udaaharanam nireekshikkappettu. oru koopparinte parunthine vettayaadunna oru vilakkapetta moongayude rekhayum undu.
prajnana.
prajnana pradeshavum prelaying swabhaavavum.
kudiyettasamayathu prajananavum apoorva koottangalum koodaathe kooppar parunth oru eakaantha pakshiyaanu. eee inathe saadhaaranayaayi ekabhaaryaathvamaayi kanakkakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, rund purushanmaar (1 cheruppakkaaran, 1 muthirnnavan) oru sthreeyumaayi kuranjathu moonnu thavanayenkilum jodiyakkiyathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. north dakottayile grand forkkukalil, nyoo meksikkoyil ninnulla samanamaaya recordukalode, aduthulla rund sthreekalumaayi orotta purushan vijayakaramaayi inacherunnathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. ennirunnaalum, valia forkkukalile prajnana sramangal ezhu muthal onnu vare aanthumbikale asamamaayi uthppaadippikkunnathayi kandethi. oru visconsin padanatthil milwaki patana mekhalayile neslingukalil 19.3% adhika jody couplingukalil ninnullavayaanennum ellah santhathikalil 34 sathamaanathil kuranjathu oru adhika jody kunjungalenkilum ulppedunnuvennum kandethi. pothuve ekabhaaryaathva prajnana sambradaayam undaayirunnittum, koopparinte parunthukal palappozhum jeevante prajananavumaayi poruthappedunnilla (mattu pala erapidiyan pakshikaleyum pole). aankuttikal jeevithathiludaneelam ore prajnana kendrangalil kooduthalo kuravo arppanabodhamullavaraayirikkum, visconsinile praayapoorthiyaaya penkuttikalil 23 sathamaanavum thudarnnulla varshangalil sharashari akale ninnu vyathyastha koodundaakkunna sthalangalilekku maari. athesamayam, arisonayil 3 sathamaanam purushanmaarum 10 sathamaanam sthreekalum vaarshika prajnana vyaapanam kaanichu. ennirunnaalum, tuxonile nagaravalkarikkappetta pradeshangalil, inayude vishwasthatha mattevideyengilum ullathinekkaal kooduthalaanennu thelivukal soochippikkunnu. tuxonil, inacherunna jodikalude sharashari dooram breeding ithara seasonil maathramaanennum 36 edapedalukal mikkavarum ellaam coor renchil rekhappeduthiyittundum kandethi, ithu ivide asaadhaaranamaayi aduthulla vattaatha jody bandhathe soochippikkunnu. vadakkan floridayil 68 shathamaanamaayi mattoru prajnana sthalathekku chitharunnathinte nirakk valare kooduthalaayirunnu.
visconsinile daatta kaanikkunnath jodikal avayude valuppathin anusrithamaayi varivariyayi nilkkunnu ennaanu.iii. valia penn koopparukalude parunthukal valia aankuttikalumaayi inacherunnu, cheria penpakshikal cheria aankuttikalumaayi inacherunnu. valia jodikalkku neratthe idunna theeyathikalum valia santhathikalum cheriyavayekkaal kooduthal recruitmentukalum undennu daatta soochippikkunnu. thaarathamyena valia shareera pindam paarambarya savisheshathayaayirikkam. ennirunnaalum, eee jodiyude praayavum prathyaksha prajnana sthalathinte gunanilavaaravum prajnana samayavum vaarshika uthppaadanakshamathayum thammil oru parasparabandhavum kandethiyitla (prayamaaya penkuttikal mikka kesukalilum vaarshikathekkaal alpam neratthe kidannekkaam). arisonayil, oro lingathilumulla pakshikal saadhaaranayaayi samana praayathilulla vyakthikalumaayi jodiyakkunnathaayi kandethi. jody palappozhum orumichu uyarnna vritham. laingikabandhamo dambathikalo orumichu pranayabandhathil, chilappol oru thuranna maitanath prakadanam nadathunnu. thelichamulla, sanni divasangalil, ardharaathriyilaanu dating saadhaaranayaayi nadakkunnathu. purushanmaarude aakasha nrithasamayathu, chirakukal valare uyarnna reethiyil thaazhekku uyarthi, naitthokkinte parakkalin samaanamaayi, mandagathiyilullathum thaalaparavumaaya oru kamaanathil purakil uyarthunnu. palappozhum, vadakkan goshok pole, pradarshippikkunna aann thante undertail kavarukal kathikkunnu. chilappol oru maasamo athiladhikamo kaalam eee jody angane thanne prakadanam nadatthum. orumichu irikkumbol, purushan saadhaaranayaayi thante pravachanatheethamaaya valia inaye akattinirthunnu. visconsinil report cheyyappedunna vanakkam pradarshanam, saadhaaranayaayi (pakshe ellaayppozhum allah) purushan cheiyunnathaanu, koodundakkaanulla avarude sannadhathayude adayaalamaayirikkaam. renchinte thekkan bhaagath februvari maasathil thanne prajananakalam aarambhikkaamenkilum, mikkappozhum prajananakalam epril muthal juulai vareyaanu. central newyorkkil, maarchode aanpakshi koodundaakkunna vanangalil athunnu, thudakkathil oru pradeshathe prathirodhikkunnu. rund amgangalum maarchinte aadyathode viskansinilum pensylvaniayilum viskansinilum athukayum, koodu nirmmanavum maidhunavum palappozhum march maasathinullil poortthiyaakkukayum cheiyunnu. saadhaaranayaayi oru jodiyile rund amgangalum arizona, nyoo meksikoo, britiish columbia ennividangalil polum varsham muzhuvanum prajnana nilatthinu sameepathaan thaamasikkunnath.
mishiganil saandrata sharashari oru jody aayirunnu. vadakkan dakkottayil, 10-12 jodikal kandethi. central visconsinil oru koodu, vadakkupadinjaaran origonil oru koodu, kizhakkan origonil oru koodu. sajeevamaaya koodukal thammilulla kuranja dooram apoorvvamaayi maathrame kuravaayulloo. californiayilum arisonayilum newyorkkilum kansasilum padinjaaran origonilum kizhakkan origonilum central visconsinilum sajeevamaaya koodu thammilulla sharashari dooram undaayirunnu. illinoyisile sajeevamaaya koodukal thammilulla sharashari dooram. koodundaakkunna sthalathinaduthu vettayaadunna cheria pradeshangal samrakshikkappedaam. kooppar parunth pakshikalude saadhaarana hoome rench valuppangal thammil aanu. oru visconsin aann parunthinte hoome rench prajananam nadakkumbozhum prajananam nadathaattha samayathum aanu. albukkarkkilum britiish kolambiyayile victoriyayilum maathramaan asaadhaaranamaamvidham aduthulla sajeeva vijayakaravumaya koodukal rekhappeduthiyittullathu. tuxonile purusha hoome renchukal (sample sais 9) sharashari, irayude mikacha saandrata (praavukal) kaaranam viskonsinilethinekkaal cheruthaanu, ennirunnaalum grameena tuxon pradeshangalile praayapoorthiyaakaatha purushanmaarkk avarude hoome rench ekadesham 9 shathamaanamaayirunnu. viskansinile ooshkooshil parunthukalude prajananathinu sharashari hoome rench undaayirunnu. thekkupadinjaaran tennessi yill, oru aann koopparinte parunthinu hoome rench valupavum 4 penpakshikalkku sharashari rench rench undaayirunnu. oru california padanatthil nagara purushanmaarkk alpam cheria hoome renchukal kandethi, sharashari, ividuthe vikasithamallaatha pradeshangale apekshichu, ithu sharashari kaanichu. nyoo meksikkoyilum vadakkan floridayilum, orupakshe chitharikkidakkunna ira vibhavangal kaaranam, prajananam nadathunnathinu valia aann hoome renchukal kandethi. sthreekalude hoome renchukal praayathinanusarichu churungunnu. ithinte asaadhaaranamaaya oru cases vadakkan floridayilaayirunnu, avide onnaam varsha vanita hoome renchukal ekadesham thaazhekku thaazhnnu. central newyorkkil, mattu vividha vanapakshikalude koodu sthalangal kooppar parunthukalude koodu sthalangalumaayi athishayakaramaamvidham aduthaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum chila koodu pradeshangal eee parunthukalaal pathivayi bheeshanippeduthappedaathu mattu erapidiyan pakshikalaal pidichadakkappettirunnu (parunthukalaal ettavum kooduthal bheeshani neridunna pakshikalilonnaya flickerukal parunthukalude koodukalil ninnu valare akaleyaayirunnu). mikka aaksipitridukalileyum pole, sanbarkkam hraswavum (sharashari ekadesham 4.5 second) pathivum (manikkooril ekadesham 0.9), oru seasonil sharashari motham sanbarkkam ekadesham 372 aanu.
koodu.
eee inam saadhaaranayaayi kuruke aazhathilulla oru valia plaattphom koodu nirmmikkunnu. palappozhum koodu konifarukalil aazhamillaathathaan (i.iii. newyorkkil aazhathilum) vishalamaaya elakalulla marangalil aazhathilum (newyorkkil sharashari). orupakshe kizhakkan parunthukalude valia sharashari shareera valuppathin anusrithamaayi, padinjaarethinekkaal kizhakke bhaagath koodukal sharashari valuthaanu. mikkavarum ellaayppozhum vadi upayogikkumbol, oru asaadhaarana florida koodu pradhaanamaayum spanish moss ("tilandia usnoids") upayogichaanu nirmmichirikkunnathu. palappozhum koopparinte jody koovarukalkku puramtholi allengil pachappinte vichitramaaya kashanagal kondu varachirikkunnu. aann pakshikal vettayaadunnathupoleyaanu, penpakshikal pankedukkukayaanenkil thante nottu upayogichu puramtholi keeriyekkaam; muttayidumbozhekkum puramtholi koombukalkku 3 inch vare aazhamundaakaam, ennirunnaalum "beautio" polulla mattu inam parunthukalekkaal pacha spray valare kuravaanu. asaadhaaranamaamvidham oru aankutti venalkkaalathinte madhyathil maathaapithaakkale sajeevamaaya oru santhathiye sahaayikkumbol koodundaakkunnathil earppedunnathu kandu. palappozhum pradhana forkilo thumbikkaiykku sameepamulla thirashcheena shaakhayilo nilatthinu mukalilaayaan koodu sthithicheyyunnathu, ennirunnaalum chilappol nilatthinu mukalilum saadhaaranayaayi vyaasamulla marangalilum. saadhaaranayaayi koodundaakkunna sthalangal kuranjathu valippamulla vanapradesangalkkullilaanu, melappulla pradesham saadhaaranayaayi 64 shathamaanathiladhikamaanenkilum chila nagarapradeshangalil ithu valare cheruthayirikkaam. vadakkan dakottayile oru asaadhaarana koodu oru marathinupakaram idathoornna kuttichedikalilaayirunnu, athu vijayakaramaayi flenglingukal polum nirmmichu. cheria misauri deseeya pulmedile vadakkan dakottayile mattoru paarambaryethara koodundaakkunna pradesham, asaadhaaranamaayi thuranna melaappullathum sharashari 55 sathamaanam, kuthaneyulla charivulla pradeshamaanennu rekhappeduthiyittundu. visconsinile oru asaadhaarana koodu sthalam oru munthirippazhathilaayirunnu. jala labhyatha dvitheeya irakkumathi aanu. eee parvvathanirayude pala bhaagangalilumulla janapriya koodundaakkunna sthalangalaanu pine thottangal. tuxonil, 48 koodukalil 70.8% thaddesheeyamallaatha "yookkaaliptas" marangalaanennu kandethi. masaachyusetsil 48 koodukalil 58 sathamaanavum pensylvaniayil 18 ennam padicha koodukalil 78 sathamaanavum, visconsinil ninnulla oru padanatthil ettavum kooduthal upayogichirunna maram 82 koodukalil 35 sathamaanavum native vaitt pine ("pinas strobus") aanu. mattoru thaddesheeyamaaya short leaf pine ("pinas echinaatta") misouriyilum (43 koodukalil 51 sathamaanavum) illinoyisilum (16 koodukalil 81 sathamaanavum) eshtappettu. newyorkkile american beach (36 koodukalil 39 sathamaanam), merilaandile ookku (66 sathamaanam), vadakkan floridayile loral ookku (77 koodukalil 81 sathamaanam) thudangiya kizhakk mattidangalil elapozhiyum marangalkk munganana nalkaam. dougless firukal ("syudotsuga mensisi") vadakkupadinjaaran origonilum (18 koodukalil 94 sathamaanam) vadakkukizhakkan origonilum britiish kolambiyayilum (64 koodukalil 34 sathamaanam) eshtappettu, palappozhum mistalto maratthe paraannabhojiyaakkunnu (mothatthilulla origon samsthaanathe 31 ll 64 sathamaanam mistaltoyilaayirunnu). kizhakkan origonilum (15 koodukalil 53 sathamaanavum) nyoo meksikkoyilum ponterosa pine ("pinas ponterosa") eshtappettu. kaaliforniyayile valia redwood vanangalil, koopparile ellah hoock koodukalum kooduthal mithamaaya valippamulla thaddesheeya taann-ookkukalilaayirunnu ("noteholithocarpus densiphlorus").
koopparinte parunth oro varshavum oru puthiya koodu sthalam upayogikkunnu ennathu charitraparamaayi eathaandu oru niyamamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. asaadhaaranamaamvidham, 4 varsham vare ore koodukal jody upayogichirunnuvenkilum, oru koodu veendum upayogikkumbol 2 muthal 3 varsham vare upayogikkumennu mikka rekhakalum kaanikkunnu. 17 koodukalil (nyoo meksikoo) 59 sathamaanavum allengil 12 koodukalil (thekkan illinois) 66.7% adutha varsham veendum upayogikkaam, pakshe ithu saadhaaranamalla. vadakkan floridayil 21 sathamaanam koodukal adutha varsham veendum upayogichu, newyorkkil ithu ekadesham 10 shathamaanamaayirunnu. puthiya koodukal palappozhum visconsinil avaykkidayilulla sharashari akalatthil munkoor koodukalkku sameepamaan. alberta, oru penkutty thudarchayaayi rund varshatholam oru marangalude thoppu oru koodu sthalamaayi upayogichathayi report cheyyappettu, oru varsham illaathirikkukayum thudarnnu adutha varsham athe thoppil koodundaakkaan madangukayum cheythu. koodundaakkaan saadhaaranayaayi randaazhchayolam edukkum. ennirunnaalum, oru clutch nashtappettaal, oru jodic naalu divasathinullil mattoru koodu nannakkaanum upayogikkaanum kazhiyum. visconsinile 385 koodukalil bhooribhaagavum (40-60% prathivarsham) munkootty nilavilulla gadanakalil nirmmichavayaanu. chilappol, oru kaakkayude koodile avashishtangal, annaante drey allengil oru vudraatt maratthinte koodukal ennivayil polum eee vasthukkal idunnu. tuxonil, shaithyakaalath koodundaakkal asaadhaaranamaamvidham rekhappeduthiyittundu. koodu ghadanayil pullu ulppeduthiyathaayi kandethumbol, koopparukal orikkalum pullu upayogikkunnillenn ariyappedunnathinaal kakkakal nirmmicha oru koodu upayogikkunnu ennathinte soochanayaanithu. origon koodukalil palappozhum koodundaakkunna mistlettoye ulppeduthunnu, praayapoorthiyaakaatha penkuttikalekkaal pakwathayulla penkuttikalumaayi jody nirmmikkunnu. ivayude koodu gadanaykku ekadesham 4.8 pinthunaa shaakhakal aavasyamaanu. koodundaakkunna sthalam thiranjedukkunnathu aankuttiyaano penkuttiyaano enna kaaryatthil daatta vairudhyamullathaanu. visconsinile koodu nirmmaanatthinte 70 sathamaanavum aankuttikalaanu cheiyunnathennu kandethiyenkilum penthumbikal sthiramaayi oru dvitheeya punk vahikkunnilla. kooduthalum, aann koodundaakkunna vasthukkal koodinullil shekharikkunnu. cheria kombukal billil vahikkaamenkilum, nirmmikkaan aann kombukal kaalukal kondu valichedukkunnu. aadyakaala yugalagaanathin sesham, 5:30-nuu thanne, aankutti ekadesham 6:30-nuu koodundaakkaan thudangiyekkaam. pinneedu, avan vettayaadum, eee ghattathil penkuttikalum vettayaadunnundengilum, avalude bhakshanathinte bhooribhaagavum avanaan konduvarunnathu. sourorjja vikiranam moolam manninte eerppam kurayuka, marangalude saandrata, nizhal enniva kaaranam allengil vadakkott abhimukeekarikkunna koodu sthalangalude kooduthal elapozhiyum praadeshika swabhaavam kaaranam thekkott abhimukeekarikkunna koodukal ozhivaakkaamenn karuthappedunnu. muun varshathe koodu upayogikkumbol, penn athu thiranjedukkukayum nannaakkukayum cheiyunnuvennu reportund.
muttakal.
newyorkkil muttayidunnathu epril 24 muthal juun 26 vare (meyy 10 muthal 20 vare ekadesham 50 sathamaanam) nyoo englandilum ohiyo muthal minnesota vareyum samanamaaya theeyathikalodeyaanu. ontaariyoyilum britiish kolambiyayilum samanamaaya theeyathikal kandethiyenkilum pinneedulla pravisyayil kooduthal theeyathikal kandethiyirunnu. visconsinile sharashari muttayidunna samayam vyathyastha varshangalil 4-5 divasam vare neratthe maariyekkaamenn daatta kaanikkunnu, ennaal nilavile sharashari 1.3 divasamaanu. newyork samsthaanathum samanamaaya mattangal sambhavikkam. nyoojezhsi muthal virgenia vare, muttayidunnathu epril 7 muthal meyy 23 vare (epril 29 muthal meyy 11 vare ekadesham 52 sathamaanam), washington samsthaanam muthal california vare ethir theerathu samanamaaya theeyathikal. florida muthal baja california vare, muttayidal februvari aadyam thanne aarambhikkaamenkilum, thaazhnna akshaamsham undaayirunnittum, ariyappedunna rekhakal kaanikkunnath mikathum epril madhyathinum meyy aadyathinum edayilaanennum juun vare neendunilkkaamennum. epril avasaanathode ettavum uyarnna muttayidunna samanamaaya theeyathikal arisonayil ariyappedunnu. vadakkan dakkottayil ninnulla 57 changalakalil sharashari clutch arambham meyy pakuthiyilaayirunnu, athinu oru maasathiladhikam munbu jodikal athiyengilum, britiish kolambiyayileyum visconsinileyum samanamaaya mattu akshaamshangalile koodukalil sharashari theeyathikal sthiramaayi 2-3 aazhchakalkkusheshamaan. muttayidunnathum mattu sharashari theeyathikalum deerghadoora kudiyetta vishalamaaya chirakulla parunthinekkaal ethiraalikaloo allengil vaikio aanennu merilaandil nirnnayichu, ividuthe mattu "beautio" parunthukale apekshichu pothuve valare vaikiyaan iva. muttayidunna theeyathikalum mattu perumattangalum sweynsons hoock (beauto swanesony) enna kooduthal kudiyerunna "beautio" ennathinekkaal alppam vaikiyaan sharashari andethiyittullath. klachinte valippam sharashari moonnu muthal anchu vare aayirikkum. onno rando divasathe vyathyaasathode penn muttayidunnathu varsham thorum sthirathayode vyakthigathamayi cheiyunnu. palappozhum oro divasavum ekadesham 3 muthal 5 vare muttakal idunnu, ennirunnaalum naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum muttakalkkidayil 2 divasam vare aakam.
ddt upayogikkunna samayat clutch valuppangal charitraparamaayi sharashari 3.5 (1929-1945) ll ninnu 3.1 (1946-1948), 2.7 (1949-1967) aayi kuranju, thudarnnu ddt nirodhichathinushesham 3.3 inch 1967-1976 vare backup cheythu. aadyakaala museum rekhakalil 266 peril 7 perum 6 muttakalude pidiyilum oru 7 muttakalude pidiyum arisonayilum rekhappeduthiyittundu. saadhaaranayaayi 2 muttakalude kaivashamulla rekhakal varshamtorum muttakal veezhunna penkuttikal idaam. central arisonayile 46 pidiyilaayi 72 pidiyilaayi sharashari clutch valippam 3.5 umm 3.33 umm aayirunnu. clutch valuppangal ontaariyoyil ekadesham 3.4 umm vadakkan dakkottayil 3.5 umm aayirunnu. thekkan illinoyisil sharashari clutch valuppam 4.1 aanu. visconsin koopparinte hokkukalile sharashari clutch valuppam 4.3 aayirunnu, 6 varshathinide 3.9 muthal 4.8 vare vyathyaasamund. visconsinile clutch sais pakwathayillaattha penkuttikalil sharashari 1 muthal 3 vare muttakal cheruthaanu. nagara, graamapradeshangal thammilulla clutch valuppangalil visconsinil sakthamaaya vyathyasangalonnum undaayirunnilla. britiish kolambiyayil, sharashari clutch valuppam prathyekichum uyarnna 4.43 aayirunnu. 5 nte oru clutch 10 divasathinullil idukayum ekadesham 3 divasathinullil pongukayum cheyyaam. klachinte valippam pravartthanaparamaayi aavaasavyavasthayude gunanilavaaratthe aashrayichirikkunnuvennu chila rachayithakkal samshayikkunnu. muttakal ilam neela niramullathum vrithiketta vellayay mangunnathum minusamarnna gadanayullathumaanu. ennirunnaalum, idaykkide oru settu cheruthaayi kandethiyathayi report cheyyappedunnu. ellah varshavum angane cheiyunna oru penpakshiyaanu pulli muttakal idunnathennu chila adhikaarikal report cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum mattullavar abhipraayappedunnathu iva vishalamaaya chirakulla parunthukal itta muttakalaanennu thettayi thirichariyappettathaanu. muttakalude uyaram vyasathaal alakkaam (ohaayoyil ninnu sharashari 121 umm newyorkkil ninnu 137 umm). kaaliforniyayile muttakalude sharashari ennam 82 aanu. muttakalude sharashari bharam (alavinte paridhiyode).
maathaapithaakkalude perumaattam.
moonnaamathe mutta idunnathiloodeyaanu incubation aarambhikkunnath. vasanthakaalathinte thudakkathil asaadhaaranamaamvidham kadinavum manjuveezhchayullathumaayel jodikalkku prajananathe oru paridhivare vijayakaramaayi vaikippikkaan kazhiyumennu thelivukal kaanikkunnu. sthree pradhaanamaayum incubate cheiyunnu (ratri muzhuvan ulppede), ennirunnaalum purushan thante inayude bhakshanam konduvannu minittukalkk sesham 10-30 pakaram vaykkaam, palappozhum divasathil ekadesham 2 muthal 3 thavana angane cheyyaam. incubation samayat purushan saadhaaranayaayi aduthu thaamasikkunnu, avan vilikkaan thudangumbol, vegathil thirike parakkunnathin munbu avalkk 5-10 minittukal chernnekkaam. moonnaamathe aazhchayode, bhakshanam kazhikkaano malavisarjanam nadathaano maathram aval koodu vidiyekkaam. incubation 34-36 divasathekku neendunilkkumenkilum chilappol 30 divasamaayi kurayunnu. muttakal viriyumbol amma upekshichekkaam, pakshe orikkalum viriyaathava avide avasheshikkunnu. penkunjungalkku randaazhcha praayamaakunnathuvare penkunju koodilaanu urangunnathu. mathiyaya edamillaathathuvare raathriyil avalude sareerathinu keezhil nerittu urangaan cheruppakkaare photoyedutthu. viriyunnathinu sesham 3 muthal 4 secondil kooduthal kaalam aankunju koodundaakkaan apoorvamaayi maathrame kazhiyoovenkilum penkunju valarthal nirtthiya sesham irakalumaayi varumbol kuranjathu oru thavanayenkilum 3 minitt thaamasichathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu. mikka erakalude prasavangalum penthumbikal koodukalil ninnu alppam akaleyaan thadasappeduthunnathu. ennirunnaalum, palappozhum aanpakshikal koodundaakkunna samayat koodundaakkunna gattangal vare, idaykkide koodundaakkunna gattangal vare, sharashari, koodundaakkunna samayat, koodundaakkunna gattangal vare, valare akale nilkkunnilla. koodu valarumbol koodu thirakkeriyathaayirikkam, penkoottam adhika vadi upayogichu plaattphom vikasippichekkaam. saadhaaranayaayi aann koopparinte parunth iraye konduvarunnathinu munbu athinte thalayum visera neekkam cheyyukayum thudarnnu athu parichedukkunna stambukalilekku kondupookukayum cheiyunnu, ennirunnaalum palappozhum iraye kollunna sthalathaanu parichedukkunnathu. bhakshanathinte nirakk santhathiyude valippathe aashrayichaanenkilum irayude labhyathayum valupavum bhaagikamaayi nirnnayikkunnu. incubation samayat prathidinam 2 muthal 3 vare bhakshana vitharanam maathrame aavashyamulloovenkilum kunjungal valuthaakumbol aankunjinu nirantharam vettayaadendi varunnu, apoorvvamaayi parichedukkukayum irayude shirachhedam cheyyaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu. ekadesham naalam aazhchayilaan peak delivarikal saadhaaranayaayi aavashyamaayi varunnath. 3 muthal 5 vareyulla santhathikalkku oru divasam 6 muthal 9 vare prasavangal saadhaaranayaayi aavasyamaanu. muthirnna penkuttikalulla nyoo meksikkan koodukalkku 120 manikkoor nireekshanangalil 95 ira prasavangal undaayirunnu, athesamayam ilaya penkuttikalumaayi (athaayath.iii. randaam varsham), 120 manikorinullil 65 erakalude prasavangal nireekshikkappettu, allengil praayapoorthiyaaya sthreekalude pradeshangalile koodukalekkaal chathurashra kilometerinu 694 erakalude ennam kuravaayirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi koodu murichukadakkumbol maathaapithaakkal aakramanaathmakamallaathavarana, ennaal oru vyakthi nerittu avarude koodilekku kayarukayaanengil penpakshi mungukayum vilikkukayum cheyyaam, chilappol aanpakshiyum palappozhum nishabdamaayi angane cheiyunnu. manushya nuzhanjukayattathodulla prathikaranam vyakthikalkkidayil vyathyasappettirikkum, orupakshe koodundaakkunna ghattam, muttayidunna theeyathi, orupakshe munkaala anubhavam ennivayil vyathyasappettirikkum. saadhaaranayaayi, vyakthikal apoorvvamaayi maathrame manushyare baadhikkunnulloo. manushyar koodu sandarshikkunna deerghakaalam, athaayath.iii. 30 minittiladikam allengil ekadesham oru manikkoor, thaalkkaalika koodu upekshikkaan kaaranamakum, ithu 1.2% vare koodu paraajayathinu kaaranamakum. aadyakaala incubation samayat, oru vyakthi koodundaakkunna maratthilekku varikayo athil muttukayo cheythaal penn palappozhum nishabdamaayi flush cheiyunnu, ennaal aarenkilum koodundaakkukayaanenkil chilappol vilikkum. randaazhchaykku sesham, aval parvathaarohakanil "ardhamanassulla" mungal nadatthaan thudangiyekkaam. moonno naalo aazhchakalkk sheshavum chila sthreekal nishabdamaayi flush cheiyunnuvenkilum mattullavar swabhaavathil valareyadhikam vyathyaasathode kooduthal aakramanaathmakamaayi valarunnu. mutta viriyumbol aakramanathmakatha vardhikkukayum, mutta viriyunnathinu sheshamulla aadya randaazhcha kurayukayum, thudarnnu 3 aazhchakalkk sesham vegathil vardhikkukayum cheiyunnu. malakayattakkaarile ellah mungalukalum aadyakaalangalil thanne parihasyamaanu, ennaal kunjungalkku ekadesham 3 aazhcha praayamaayathin sesham, eee jodikalil oraal yadhaarthathil kayarunnavaril ninnu raktham edukkukayum adikkukayum cheythekkaam. kurachu aakramanathmaka" allengil koodu prathirodhatthil manushyarodu "valare aakramanathmakamaaya prathirodham" ulla oru parunth enna nilayil polum prashasthi undaayirunnittum, tirakkeriya samayangalil polum aakramanangalude yadhaartha nirakk valare kuravaanennu thonnunnu, prashasthi valare kuravaanennu karuthappedunnu. mattu vadakke american "asippittarukalekkaal" nuzhanjukayattakkarodulla aakramanathmakatha kuravaanennum chilath chuvanna tholil valarunna parunthukalekkaalum kuravaanennum vividha gaveshakar karuthunnu. kakkakal, chuvanna vaalulla parunthukal, kizhakkan chaara annaakkal ennivaykkethiraaya rakshaakarthru kooppar parunthukalude vettayaadal virudha swabhaavam viskansinil nireekshikkappettu, ithu sthreeyekkaal aarr madangu kooduthal purushanaan nadathunnathu. bobkaattukal ("links rufus") polulla kooduthal sakthamaaya vettakkaare koodu pradeshathu ninnu thurathaan kazhiyunnathra sakthamaaya prathirodha aakramanangalaan penpakshikal nadathunnathu. valia naalennam koodinadiyil nadakkumbol, penn oru semi alaram vilikkam, pakshe koodu vidunnilla.
yuvathvathinte vikasanam.
milwaki mekhalayile kooppar parunth mrugangalude koodukalil ekadesham 54-60% ll muttakalilum nestlingukalilum flenglingukalilum linganupatham aanpakshiyilekku thiriyam. ennirunnaalum nagarapradeshathe linganupatham kaalakramena thulyamaaya alavil shariyaakkappedunnu, ennirunnaalum ithu ippozhum nagarathinu purathu valachodikkappedunnu (penkuttikale valarthaan valare chelaveriyathum kooduthal vikasana ghattangalum kooduthal bhakshanangalum aavasyamulla kesukalilum purushanmaarodulla valarchayude valarchayude valarchayude valarchayude alavu kurayunnu). thekkupadinjaaran nagarangalil samanamaaya purusha anupathangal ippol rekhappeduthiyittundu (athaayath.iii. tuxon albuckerk). penpakshi saadhaaranayaayi moonnaamathe mutta upayogichu maathrame incubation aarambikkunnulloo ennathinaal, aadyathe moonnu muttakal palappozhum ore divasam viriyunnu, naalaamatheyum anchaamatheyum muttakal palappozhum orennam (apoorvvamaayi moonnu vare) divasam kazhinju viriyunnu. puthiya kuttiyirakkunna kunjungalude sharashari shareera pindove motham neelavumundu. neela-chaaraniratthilulla annukalaal vella naadal niratthil pothinjirikkunna kunjungal pala bhagangalilum karupp niratthil ninnu pink niratthilaanu. ekadesham moonnu divasathekku valarcha mandagathiyilaanenkilum, valippathil laingika dviroopatha ekadesham ezhu divasathinullil alakkaan thudangiyekkaam. ekadesham 10 divasathinullil, koodumaattukal durbalamaaya nilayilum chirakukal thattunnathilum earppedaan thudangunnu. nottukal (ekadesham 11 divasam) taarsasinekkaal eratti vegathil (ekadesham 22 divasam) valarunnu. 13 divasam kondu, koodu valarunnavar kaalukal neettukayum palappozhum kutharivilikkukayum cheiyunnu, 16 divasam kondu aalukal koodu thakarkkukayaanenkil avarkk aakramanathmakatha anubhavappedaam. aadyam thaazhekku pookumbool randaazhchayolam aazhathilullathum puliyum, adutha aazhcha idathoornna thoovalukalkkidayil aadyathe thoovalukal, thoovalukalude uthppaadanam thvarithappeduthunnu, ennaal naalam aazhchayil valarcha mandagathiyilaakukayum athinusesham anchaam aazhchayil randum vardhikkukayum cheiyunnu. 16-18 divasangalode, koodujeevikal nannayi valarukayum iraye keeritherikkukayum nannayi thattukayum cheiyunnu. aadyathe randaazhchaykkullil, koopparukalude parunthukal koodu attathu malavisarjanam cheyyaan thudangunnu, pakshe palappozhum koodu attathu mannu idunnu. moonnaazhchayil palappozhum ezhunnettu svayam bhakshanam kazhikkaan thudangukayum palappozhum iraye parasparam akattinirthaan thudangukayum cheiyunnu. 17 divasam muthal ekadesham 23 divasam vare praayamulla kaalayalavil cheruppakkaarude valarcha vegathilaayirikkum, valarcha pettennu mandagathiyilaakukayum avaa valarchaye eathaandu nirthukayum thudarnnu poornnamaayum valarukayum cheiyunnu. moonnaazhcha praayamaakumbol oru penkunjinu svayam poornnamaayum bhakshanam nalkaan kazhiyum. chilappol cheruthum kooduthal chadulavumaaya aann koodu koottukaar avarude valia sahodariyil ninnu ammayil ninnu bhakshanam edukkunnathu pole niravadhi maamsam thattiyedukkum. eee inathinu sibliside apoorvvamaayi maathrame theliyikkappettittul, chilappol "abadhathil" sambhavikkam. chilappol mattu maargangaliloode maricha oru ilaya sahodarane sahodarangalo maathaapithaakkalo bhakshikkam. oru kesil, 2.5 muthal 3.5 aazhcha vare praayamulla 4 koodujeevikalude oru muzhuvan santhathiyum koottan mazhayethudarnnu sanbarkkam moolam marichathaayi kandethi. koodundaakkunna saadhaarana samayam purushanmaarkk 30 divasavum (27 divasam vare) sthreekalkku 34 divasavum aanu, ennaal origonil sharashari neratthe, 27-30 divasamaayirikkum. yuva kooppar brancharmaaraayathinu sesham maathaapithaakkalodu ulla prathikaranam avarude vishappinte thoth aasrayichirikkunnu. snider vailiyum oru santhathikk manikkooril 2 nuu <aii. dii. 2> umm 4 nuu manikkooril <aii. dii. 1> umm enna nirakkil bhakshanam nalki. newyorkkilum visconsinilum, santhathikalude linganupatham ekadesham thulyamaanu, ennaal visconsinil alpam purusha pakshapaatham (<aii. dii. 3> allengil 119 nuu ethire 137). kunjungal vittechu aadyathe patthu divasathekku bhakshanam koodilekku konduvaraan kazhiyum, kaaranam kunjungal palappozhum athil vishramikkaan allengil athil ninnu sooryaprakaashathilekku polum madangunnu. pradhaanamaayum, kunjungal avarude uchathilullathum nirantharavumaaya vishapp vilikal aarambhikkumbol koodu vidunnathuvare nishabdaraayirikkum. eee ghattathil, yuva parunthukal palappozhum vadikalum painkonukalum upayogichu kalikkum. ekadesham ettu aazhcha prayamaaya sesham, avar svayam vettayaadaan thudangiyekkaam, pakshe saadhaaranayaayi bhakshanathinaayi maathaapithaakkale aasrayikkunnu. yuva koopparukalude parunthukal palappozhum uchathil samsaarikkukayum maathaapithaakkalil ninnu bhakshanam vaangunnathil amithamaayi edapedukayum cheiyunnu. kuttikalkk bhakshanam nalkaanulla thaalparyam maathaapithaakkalkk taamasiyaathe nashtappedunnathaayi thonnunnu. 27-34 divasangalilaanu (sharashari neratthe sharashari purushanmaar) flungling sambhavikkunnath, ennaal kunjungal palappozhum koodilekku madangukayum ekadesham 50-54 divasam vare poornnamaayum thoovalukal undakaathirikkukayum cheyyum. maathaapithaakkalude paridhi vittathinusheshavum sahodarangal palappozhum parasparam akannunilkkunnu. deerghadoora chitharalinu munbu sahodarangal orumichu vettayaadiyekkaam, ennirunnaalum parasparam iraye moshtikkam.
arisonayile nagarapradeshangalile praayapoorthiyaakaatha kooppar parunthukal ekadesham aii. dii. 1 maasam praayamaakunnathuvare, avar shaithyakaalath sthirathaamasamaakkumbol, sthreekalkku sharashariyum athath janmasthalangalil ninnu akaleyulla purushanmaarkk sharashariyum aayi, kramarahithamayi alanjuthiriyunnathaayi thonnunnu. avarude aadya janmasthalam muthal avaa aathyanthikamayi prajananam nadathunna sthalam vare, visconsinil sharashari aann koopparinte parunth avarude uthbhavasthalathu ninnu akannunilkkukayum sharashari penkunjine akattinirthukayum cheythu. mattoru padanathinullil sharashari dispersal doorangal sharashari cheyyaanulla sramangal, koopparinte parunthukalkku paridhiyiludaneelam pratheekshichathinekkaal vidooramaayi kandethi. iva kanakkakkappettu. penkunjungalude kooduthal chitharal akalam orupakshe prajnana saadhyatha parimithappeduthaanaanu uddeshikkunnathu. oru sandarbhathil, oru kochumakan kooppar muthasshiyumaayi 3 varshathilere thamasam pulartthiyappol britiish kolambiyayile victoriyayil rund udaaharanangalil poornna sahodarangal inacherunnathaayi ariyappettirunnu. kooppar parunthukal saadhaaranayaayi 2 vayassullappol aadyam prajananam nadathunnu, ennaal 3 muthal 6 varsham vareyulla hraswa padanangalil praayapoortthiyaakunna kunjungal prajnana janasamkhyayude sharashari 6 muthal 22 sathamaanam vare aanennu report cheyyaavunnathaanu. milwaki, visconsin, tuxon, arizona, victoria, britiish columbia ennividangalile valia nagara janasamkhyayude deerghakaala padanangal kaanikkunnath, praayapoortthiyaakunna sthreekalude sharashari prajnana janasamkhyayude% aanenkilum praayapoortthiyaakunna aann prajanangal asaadhaaranavum nilavillaathathumaanu. athupole, nyoo meksikkoyil padanatthinte aadyavarshathil purushanmaarekkaal 79 sathamaanam kooduthal sthreekal valarnnu. prajananam nadathunna penkuttikalude ganyamaaya ennam undaayirunnittum, origonil, avaa sharashari 1 mutta cheruthum prayamaaya penkuttikale apekshichu ekadesham cheruthumayirikkum; athesamayam aalbukkarkkinte phalangal prayamaaya penkuttikalude prajnana vijayathilekku kooduthal valanjirunnu. pala padanangalilum vividha janasamkhyakalulla varshamtorum prajananam nadathunna aankuttikalillennu kandethi, ennaal tuxonile 184 aankuttikalil 7 sathamaanavum niravadhi varshathe padanatthil (78 sathamaanam pakwathayillaattha sthreekalumaayi jodiyaakkiyava) varshamtorum prayamullavaraayirunnu. victoria, britiish columbia (579 sample sais), albookerk (sample sais 305) ennividangalil oru prajananam nadathunna aankunjinu maathrame vaarshika praayamundaayirunnulla, milwakiyile 123 peril 4.8 sathamaanam perr vaarshika praayathilullavaraayirunnu (92 sathamaanam perr muthirnna penkuttiyumayi jodiyakkiyavaraanu). nyoo meksikkoyil, erakalude saandrata kooduthalulla aadya varshathil chilappol valarthiyedutha purushanmaarkk, pakwata praapikkunnathuvare valarthaathavare apekshichu 37 sathamaanam kooduthal vaarshika sharashari marananirakkundaayirunnu. nyoo meksikkan daatta kaanikkunnath 20 purushanmaaril 14 sathamaanavum avarude aadya varshathil 71 sathamaanavum randaam varshathil 71 sathamaanavum praadeshika sthreekalil 93 sathamaanavum avarude aadya varshathil valarthiyeduthu ennaanu. tuxoninu purame, indiana, newyork thudangiya vividha pradeshangalil apoorvvaraaya jody vijayakaramaya prajananatthinte mattu kesukal report cheythu. ganyamaaya ennam juvenile kooppar parunthukal janasamkhyaykkullil uyarnna vittuvaravumayi charitraparamaayi bandhappettirikkam. milwaki pradeshathu ninnulla thelivukal kaanikkunnath adutha dashakangalil rund vayass prayamullatho ilayatho aaya parunthukalude prajananatthil ganyamaaya kuravundaayittundennaa, ithu veendedukkunna janasamkhyayude soochanayaanu.
prajnana vijayam.
vadakkukizhakkan americayileyum thekkukizhakkan canadayileyum sharashari 117 muttakal idukayum 3.53 koodungal vijayakaramaayi muttayidukayum 26 vijayakaramaya valarthumrigangalil 3.08 kunjungal janikkukayum cheythu. padinjaaran pensylvaniayil 32 vijayakaramaya koodukalil koodundaakkiya vijayam 3.2 flenglingukalaayirunnu; mishigaanile 6 koodukalil sharashari 3 ennam koodukalkku (sharashari 4.3 muttakal, 3 kunchukal); visconsinil, vijayakaramaya koodukalil ninnu 3.5 flenglingukal (kuranjathu 1 flengling uthppaadippikkunna 83 koodukalil 68.6%); merilaandile 11 koodukalil ninnu sharashari 2 flengukalum arisonayile 41 vijayakaramaya koodukalil 2.23 flenglingukalum. illinoyisil, ellah prajnana shramangalilum (vijayakaramayava mathramalla), newyork koodukalil sharashari 2.8.81 sathamaanavum pensylvaniayil 75 sathamaanavum valarnnuvanna valarthumrigangalude ennam aayirunnu. padinjaaran vanyapradeshangalile koodundaakkal vijaya nirakk kuravaayirikkaam, udaaharanathinu yoottayil, avide 53.5% koodundaakkal cheruppamaayirunnu, pala paraajayangalum moonga vettayaadal moolamaanu. origonil ninnulla daatta kaanikkunnath 74 sathamaanam pottiyathum 61.4-69% vijayakaramaayi pottiyathumaanu, ithu goshokkukalekkaal valare kuranja koottam vijayathinte nirakkaanu, 90.4% ll, athisayakaramennu parayatte, moorchayulla shind hokkukalekkaal, 91.7% ll. ennirunnaalum, origon daattayil, koopparukalil muttakal viriyikkunnavarude ennam 74 sathamaanamaanu, moorchayulla shind hokkukalekkaal, 69.4% ll (pakshe goshokkinekkal allah). 2019ll visconsinil ezhu muttakalulla ellah muttakalum viriyukayum ellah kunjungalum pongukayum cheythu. vadakkan dakkottayil, uyarnna pradeshathe vanangal polulla mikacha aavaasavyavasthakal 44 koodukalil 57 sathamaanathil 1 ila uthpaadippikkappedunna idungiya repariyan strippukal polulla daridra aavaasavyavasthakale apekshichu valare uyarnna prajnana vijaya nilavaaram (26 koodukalil 86 sathamaanathil kuranjathu 1 ilayenkilum) kaanichu. vadakkan dakottayile cheruppamaaya vanangalkk aashcharyakaramaamvidham munganana nalkappettu, kooppar upayogikkunna marangalude sharashari praayam 59.9 aanu, athesamayam 74.6 pradeshathe kramarahithamaya vrukshangalude praayam. uyarnna nirakkil bhakshanam nalkunna purushanmarumaayi inacherunna praayapoorthiyaaya penpakshikal sharashari 1.6 ennam kooduthal flunglingukal uthpaadippikkunnuvennu kandethi. vadakkukizhakkan origonile vaarshika sthreekal prayamaaya sthreekale apekshichu thudarchayaayi cheruppamaaya staandukal upayogikkunna pravanatha kaanikkukayum clutch valuppathilum santhathikalude ennathilum kuranja uthppaadanakshamatha kaanikkukayum cheythu. visconsinile 70 padicha aann parunthukalil, avarude jeevithakaalathu uthppaadippikkappedunna valarthumrigangalude ennam, rund vayass vare prajananam nadathaattha aankuttikalil (sharashari 8.8 fleglingukal), varshamtorum prajananam aarambhichavare apekshichu (sharashari 8.7 fleglingukal), ettavum vijayakaramaya padanatthilulla aann thante randaam varshathil prajananam aarambikkukayum onpathu vayassullappozhekkum 32 fleglingukal uthppaadippikkukayum cheythu. arisonayilum nyoo meksikkoyilum 23 sathamaanam koodukal poornnamaayum paraajayappedukayum visconsinile 23 koodukalil 56.5% incubation samayat paraajayappedukayum cheythu. eee janasamkhyayile koodujeevikalude paraannabhojikalude alavinekkurichulla charitraparamaaya aashankakalkkidayilum tuxonile nagaravalkarikkappetta janasamkhyayude koodujeevikalil uyarnna janithaka vaividhyam allengil alleel nila kandethi, ithu oru kadinamaaya praadeshika janasamkhya urappaakkunnu.
deerghaayussum parannabhojiyum.
koopparinte parunthukalkku deerghakaalam jeevikkunna pakshiyayirikkaam. chila ezhuthukaar kaattile 8 vayass vare ayuss kanakkakkunnu. origonil valarthiya kudiyettakkaaril rekhappeduthappetta ettavum pazhakkam chenna pakshi 10 vious 5 maasavumayirunnu. britiish kolambiyayile 12 vayassulla penpakshiyaanu ettavum pazhakkam chenna prajnana pakshi, athesamayam rekhappeduthappetta ettavum pazhakkam chenna vanya pakshi 20 vayassulla 5 maasam prayamullathum kudiyettatthil aninirannathumaanu. ennirunnaalum, 136 banded kooppar parunthukalil rekhappeduthappetta maranasamayathe sharashari praayam 16.3 masamaayirunnu. eee parunthinte jeevithathinte aadyavarshathe marananirakk 71-78% aanennum thudarnnulla varshangalil ithu 34-37% aanennum eee inathe sambandhichidatholam kanakkaakkappettirunnu. tuxonile praayapoorthiyaakaatha purushanmaarude vaarshika athijeevana nirakk 75 sathamaanavum praayapoorthiyaakaatha sthreekalude athijeevana nirakk 64 sathamaanavumaanu. tuxon muthirnnavarude athijeevana nirakk 69 muthal 88 sathamaanam vareyayirunnu. 75 sathamaanavum indianayileyum thekkan illinoyisileyum sheetakaala kooppar parunthukalude athijeevana nirakkayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu, ennaal muthirnnavarum praayapoorthiyaakaathavarum thammilulla sharashari marananirakk orupakshe 46.4% vare kanakkaakkappettirunnu. aalbukkarkkile vaarshika athijeevana nirakk pakwathayillaattha sthreekalude 27-38% aayirunnu. sthree athijeevanathile shareera valuppavumaayo aavaasavyavasthayumaayo oru parasparabandhavum kandethiyittillengilum varsham thorum koodu sthalangal maattiya visconsinile aalukalkk ore koodu sthalam veendum upayogichavarekkaal alpam uyarnna athijeevana nirakk undayirikkaam. oru koodu sthalam veendum upayogicha penkuttikalkku athijeevana nirakk kooduthalaanennu thonnunna vadakkan floridayil vipareeta pravanatha report cheyyappettu. report cheyyappetta charitraparamaaya athijeevana nirakk (1925-1940) valare kuravaayirunnu, vipulamaaya peedanangal vaarshika marananirakk 44 shathamaanamaayi kanakkakkunnu. kooppar parunthile, pradhaanamaayum avarude kunjungalude, maranatthinte swaabhaavika kaaranagal hypothermia, kaatt kodunkaattu, marangal thakaruka enniva ulppedunnu. ore lingathilulla amgangal thammilulla ettumuttalukal maarakamaayekkaam, prathyekichu rund purushanmaar thammilulla ettumuttalukal. koopparinte parunthukal vishamulla paambukale irayaakkunnathaayi ariyillengilum, chembu thalayum (agkistroden contortrics) kizhakkan diamondback rattilsnekkum (crotalus adamantius) pidikkunna oru kuzhiyude aduthulla visham kalarnna nilayil oraale maricha nilayil kandethi. vettayaadal apakadangal palappozhum parikkukalkk kaaranamakum, prathyekichu hobbling asthi odivukalude roopathil, allengil chilappol koopparinte parunthukale, prathyekichu nagarapradeshangalil thaamasikkunnavare kollum. indiayilum illinoyisilum, koottiyidi moolamulla marananirakk moorchayulla shind parunthukalekkaal koopparinte parunthukalil kurachukoodi kooduthalaayirunnuvenkilum pakwathayillaattha moorchayulla mulakale vettayaadunna sambhavangal pakwathayillaattha koopparukalude vettayekkaal moonnirattiyaanu kooduthalaayirunnathu. nagarajeevithatthinte apakadasadhyathakal undaayirunnittum, nagara koopparukal thaarathamyena vijayakaramaanennu thonnunnuvennum mithamaayatho kuranjatho aaya vaarshika athijeevanam ullavayum vipulamaayi punarnirmmikkunnavayum ennum thelivukal soochippikkunnu. kooppar parunthukalkku pathivayi vestt nail vairas badhikkaan saadhyathayundennu ariyappedunnundengilum vairal aantibodikal kandethiyittum chilappol athijeevikkaan kazhiyum. vestt nailil ninnulla chila maranangal report cheyyappettittund, athishayikkanilla. koopparinte parunth mrugangalil kuranjathu randuthavanayenkilum herpus vairasinte marakamaaya anubadhakal rekhappeduthiyittundu. kooppar parunthukalkkum valia kombulla moongakalkkum oppam illinoyisile niravadhi raptoriyal pakshikalil "avipox vairasinte" ettavum valia seroprevalence undaayirunnu.
thekkukizhakkan arisonayile koodujeevikalil valare uyarnna alavil "trichomoniasis" kandethi. nagaratthile koopparukalude parunth valarthumrigangalil 95 sathamaanavum (nagarangalallaathavayil 8 sathamaanam maathram) eee bacteria rekhappeduthukayum rekhappeduthappetta koodu valarthumrigangalude maranangalil 50 sathamaanavum sambhavikkukayum cheythu, ithu nagarangalallaattha pradesangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol koodu valarthumrigangalude marananirakkinte ekadesham erattiyaayi. muthirnnavarkk "trichomoniasis" anubaadhaykkulla saadhyatha kuravaanengilum laingikatha, varshathile samayam allengil sthalam ennivayil vyathiyanangalonnum kandethiyilla. visconsinilum britiish kolambiyayilum padicha 145 neslingukalil 2.7 sathamaanam perkku maathrame trichomoniasis undaayirunnulloo. ilinoyisil (padicha aarr raapttar speesheesukalil ettavum uyarnnathu) padicha kooppar parunthukalil (avayude irayil ninnu pakaruna) pakshi feedarukal pathivayi upayogikkunna pakshikalkk saadhaaranamaaya bacteria rogamaaya "micoplasma galisepticum" enna uyarnna balance kandethi, ennirunnaalum phalapradamaaya aantibodikal kandethi, baahya anubadhayonnum rekhappeduthiyittil. salmonella" ullava ulppede 10 kooppar parunthukalkku vaayusanjaarathil uyarnna bacteria sasyajaalangalude santhulithaavastha kandethi (parunthukalil apoorvvamaayi maarakamaanengilum avayude avasthayil vittuveezhcha cheyyaan kazhiyum). visconsinile 47 muthirnnavaril 91 sathamaanam perkkum "leukositosoon tody" yum 62 sathamaanam perkku "haemoprotes" yum undaayirunnu, ennaal avideyulla 33 koodujeevikalil 12 sathamaanam perkku maathrame paraannabhojikalulloo. vadakkan newyorkkilum (californiayilum) samanamaaya raktha paraannabhojikalude anubadha nirakk kandethi. moorchayulla shind parunthukale apekshichu, ontaariyo thadaakathil ninnu kudiyerumbol, koopparinte parunthukalkku uyarnna velutha rakthaanukkalude ennam (hetterophylukal, monocytukal, eosynophillukal) undennu kandethi, ithu avare raktha paraannabhojikalkku kooduthal irayaakkiyirikkaam. "heemattosova" anubaadhayude nirakkum muthirnnavaril arisonayile koodu valarunnavarekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu. vadakkan newyorkkile pinneedu kudiyeriya kooppar parunth pakshikalil raktha paraannabhojikal kooduthalaanennu rekhappeduthiyittundu neremarichu, kaaliforniyayile maarin kaundiyile munkaala kudiyetta parunth pakshikalil kooduthalaayirunnu. saarkosistis" polulla apoorva paraannabhojikal polum kaattu koopparinte parunthukalil kaanapedaam, ithu praayapoorthiyaakaatha parunthukalil kooduthalaayi kaanapedunnu, koodaathe purushanmaarekkaal sthreekale alpam kooduthal badhikkunnu. floridayil ninnulla koopparinte parunthukalil helminthukal valare vaividhyamaarnnathaayirunnu. minnesottayilum visconsinilum niravadhi helminthukal rekhappeduthukayum "seraattospikulathil" ninnulla tissue prathikaranatthinte oru udaaharanam undaakukayum yelloston desheeyodyaanathile parikketta koopparinte parunthil anubandha "seratospiculoids" cases report cheyyappedukayum cheythu.
nilayum samrakshanavum.
charitraparamaaya padavi.
20 muthal 21-aamm noottaandukaliludaneelam koopparinte parunthukalkku kramarahithamaya padavi undaayirunnu. charitraparamaaya kanakkukal kaanikkunnath ekadesham 1920ll moonniratti vardhanayaanu. ennirunnaalum, 1925num 1957num idayil niyamavidheyamaakkiya nerittulla peedanam (visham, "pooll trapping", prathyekichu shooting) moolamulla vaarshika marananirakk ettavum kadinamaaya varshangalil 60.5-77.6% vare aayirikkumenn chila ezhuthukaar karuthunnu. vividha janasamkhyaykkullil 12 muthal 40 sathamaanam vare parunthukale vedivechidunnathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. 1930-kalile kudiyettatthinte ennam sakthamaaya thaazhottulla pravanatha kaanichu, 1950-kalude avasaanathil koopparinte parunthinte avastha ithilum moshamaaya reethiyil kuranju. koopparinte mikka parunthukalum kooduthal lajjayod avyakthathayodum koodi perumaariyukond kanatha peedanathodu prathikarichu. manushya vettakkar thanne aagrahichirunna kaada polulla gameberdukale vettayaadunnathaayirunnu koopparinte parunthukalodulla manushya shathruthayude bhooribhaagavum. koodaathe, eee kaalathe pakshishaasthra rachanakal polum aaraadhikkappedunna cheria pakshikale vettayaadunnathil parunthukalkkethire sakthamaaya pakshapaatham velippeduthunnu. ennirunnaalum, koopparile parunth vetta aarogyakaramaya gamebird janasamkhyaykku hanikaramallennum bhooribhaagam kuttavum nerittu manushyarude amita chooshanathilum aavaasavyavasthayude naashatthilum veezhanamennum niravadhi padanangal nirnnayichu, kaalavastha maarunnathinte ettavum puthiya alavilulla kaaranam gameberdukalude thakarchaye kooduthal vashalaakkunnu. 1960 kalude avasaanathil (amerikkayil vivaadangal kuranja chila erapidiyan pakshikal samrakshikkappett ekadesham rund pathittaandukalkk sesham) kooppar parunthinte sarkkar samrakshanam earppeduthiyappol manushya vetta kuranju.
ennirunnaalum, pratheekshicha kramanugathamaaya veendedukkalinu pakaram, 1960 muthal 1970 vare, manushyante raasa biosideukalude upayogavumaayi eathaandu nischithamaaya bandhatthil, prajnana vijaya nirakk kuranju, kooduthalum ddt. pradhaanamaayum pakshikaleyo malsyangaleyo irayaakkunna raptoriyal pakshikale ddt bioside saaramaayi baadhichu. ddt polulla oorgaanokloorinukalude saandrata ellah american "asippittarukalil" uyarnnathaayirunnu, koopparile sharashari (0.11 milligram/kilogram) intermediat thalangalil, ennaal "asippittarukalil" ariyappedunna ettavum uyarnna alavu 1.5 milligram/kilogram vare ulppeduthaam. muttayude kattiyil ganyamaaya sharashari kuravu sharashari 7 shathamaanamaayi kanakkakkappettu. newyork samsthaanathu muttayude shellinte kanathil sharashari 19.02% enna thothil ganyamaaya kuravu rekhappeduthi. 1960kalilum 1970kalilum eee inathinte nilanilpp, prathyekichu bhookhandatthinte kizhakkan bhaagath, gauravamaayi chodyam cheyyappettu. orupakshe pakshi iraye mothatthil aashrayikkunnath kuravaayathinaal vadakke amerikkayude padinjaaran bhaagath mothatthil ddt upayogathinte uyarathil naadakeeyamaaya kurravukal kandethi. ennirunnaalum, arisonayileyum nyoo meksikkoyileyum 16 muttakalil 11 ennavum eee kaaranathaal pottitherichu. vadakke amerikkayil ddt upayogam nirodhichathinethudarnna, 1980kalilum 1990kalilum janasamkhya ganyamaayi vardhikkukayum aathyanthikamayi sthiratha kaivarikkumennu karuthappedukayum cheythu. hoock parvatha sankethathil ninnulla daatta kaanikkunnath koopparinte parunth ivideyulla moorchayulla parunthinekkaal kramena ddtyil ninnu veendeduthuvennaanu.
nilavile avastha.
1990kalil, 8 dasalaksham chathurashra kilometeriladhikam sthiramaayi vitharanam cheiyunnathinaal koopparukalude parunthukal "aarr akkangalayi" kanakkaakkappettirunnu. innu, koopparinte parunth amerikkayilum canadayilum ekadesham 800,000 aanennu karuthappedunnu. padinjaaran samsthaanangalilum madhya padinjaaran, kizhakkan samsthaanangalilum ulla oru sajeeva koodu hector ennatheyum chrismus pakshikalude ennathil ninnum kudiyetta ennathil ninnumulla vivarangaleyum cross-reference cheythaanu eee kanakkukal nediyathu. bake ovan nobile deerghakaala kudiyetta ennathil ninnulla thelivukal 3 muthal 4 varsham vare edavelakalil cheria kodumudikal kaanikkunnu, ennirunnaalum 1980kalkk sesham naadakeeyamaaya idivu kandethiyitla. charitraparamaaya thakarchayethudarnnu, breeding pakshikalude sarvekal aarr samsthaanangalile prajnana janasamkhyayude sakthamaaya vardhanavu (kaaliforniyayil 1.2 sathamaanathil ninnu pensylvaniayil 4.4 shathamaanamaayi uyarnna pravanathakal), mothatthil 2.2 sathamaanam vardhanavum mattu onniladhikam samsthaanangalile samanamaaya pravanathakalum kandethi. pala samsthaanangalilum (arizona, california, florida, misauri, nyoo meksikoo, north dakota) eee ennam 1945 nuu munbullavayumaayi saamyamullatho athilum kooduthalo aayirikkam. 1970 kalude avasaanam muthal 25 madangu vardhanavinu sesham visconsinile kooppar parunthukalude janasamkhya samsthaanathinte bhoopradeshavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol eathaandu poorithamaanennu karuthappedunnu. tuxon, milwaki thudangiya ariyappedunna janasamkhyayil ninnulla vivarangalude adisthaanathil, chila rachayithakkal abhipraayappedunnathu coupers hoock innu american nagarapradeshangalil ettavum saadhaaranamaaya raapttar aayirikkam, ennirunnaalum theerchayaayum mattu saadhaarana raptoriyal pakshikalaaya redu-tailed hooks, american kestralukal, turkey kazhukanmaar ("cathartus aura") enniva ekkaaryathil eluppathil malsarichekkaam.
saadhyathayulla bheeshanikal.
chilappol report cheyyappedunnundenkum vedivayppu ippol maranathinu pothuve oru pradhana kaaranamalla. koopparinte parunth mothatthilulla janasamkhyayil keedanaashinikalude prabhavam kurayunnundengilum, britiish kolambiyayile chila parunth pakshikalil dildrinil ninnulla doshakaramaaya prabhavam soochippikkappettittund, aduthide chila parunth pakshikale keedanashini warferin konnu. malineekaranavasthukkalude jaiva shekharanam ippozhum eee inathe ganyamaayi baadhichekkaam. vaankoovaril thamasikkunna kooppar parunthukalil malineekaranam moolamulla idivu sambhavikkunnu. kooppar parunthukalude sionide vishabaadhayude sameepakaala kesukal report cheyyappettittund. seesam vishabaadha chilappol koopparinte parunthukale bheeshanippeduthum, seesam vediyundakal chatthatho parikkettatho aaya kaliyil avasheshikkunnu.
kooppar parunthukalkkulla nagaravumaayi bandhapetta marananirakk manushyanirmmitha vasthukkalumayulla koottiyidi aayirikkam. iva kooduthalum vayar strikeukal (vaidyuthaaghaathamelkkukayo cheyyaathirikkukayo cheyyuka), automobile koottiyidi, janala strikeukal allengil shradha thirikkave manushyanirmmitha gadanayude mattu bhagangal ennivayumaanu. 70.tuxonile kooppar parunthukalude roganirnayam nadatthiya marananirakkil 8 sathamaanavum atharam koottiyidikalil ninnaan. mondaana polulla vikasithamallaatha pradeshangalil, vayar koottiyidi, vaidyuthaaghaathamelkkal ennivayude nirakk koopparinte parunthukale sambandhichidatholam valia sareeramullathum koodaathe/allengil kuranja vanapradeshangal upayogikkunna mattu erapidiyan pakshikale apekshichu valare kuravaayirunnu. nagaravasikalaaya koopparukalude parunthukalude marakamaaya janaalakalum wire koottiyidikkunnathinte ennam "amithamaayi" undennu mattu padanangal pinthunaykkunnu. vimaanathaavalangalkk sameepam kaanapedunna kooppar parunthukal vimanangal kondu pakshikale akramikkaan saadhyathayund, athinaal 185 koopparukal eee pradeshangalil ninnu maatti sthaapichu (ettavum kooduthal idaykkide transclocate cheiyunna anchaamathe raapttar inam). loss enchals thadatthil ninnu loss enchals anthaaraashtra vimaanathaavalathin chuttumulla samanamaaya oru translocation sramam 349 kooppar hokkukale (translocate cheytha ellah raapttarukalilum anjilonnu) translocate cheythu, prathyakshatthil vijayakaramaayirunnu. koopparinte parunthukale chilappol kaattaadippaadangalude sthaanam maattisthaapikkunnu, padanangal soochippikkunnathu atharam sthaanachalanathil ninnu praadeshikamaayi karakayaran koopparinu ekadesham ezhu varsham aavasyamaanennu. vividha tharatthilulla koottiyidikalude apakadangal undaayirunnittum, anukoolamaaya nagarapradeshangalil, eee inathinte parunthukalkku parasparam kooduthal adukkukayum kooduthal bhakshanam shekharikkukayum atharam pradeshangalkk purathullavarekkaal sharashari kooduthal cheruppakkaare uthppaadippikkukayum cheiyumennu kandethiyittundu. 1990kalude avasaanam muthal newyork nagaram polum kooppar parunthukalude thirichuvaravu kandittundu (thettaaya reethiyil undengil).
maram murikkunnath chila janasamkhya kurachekkaam, pakshe koopparinte parunthukalil ithu cheluthunna mothatthilulla swaadheenam pothuve anjjaathamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. ellah "aaksipittarukaleyum" pole, koopparile parunthukalkku oru pradesham adisthaanaparamaayi vaasayogyamallathaakunnathi munbu oru nischitha thothilulla aavaasavyavasthayude nashtatthe maathrame thangaan kazhiyoo. arisonayile padanangal nirnnayichathu, pinneedulla aavaasavyavasthakalil erakalude saandrata kooduthalaayathinaal cheruthaayi meyikkunnavayekkaal kooduthal mechilppuramulla kaarshika pradeshangal eshtappedunnu ennaanu. neremarichu, 1990 kalude thudakkathil (eee inam pothuve veendedukkumbol), nyoojezhsiyil eee inathe "samsthaana vamshanaashabheeshani" yaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu, mosham niyantritha (allengil poornnamaayum aniyanthrithamaaya) maramvettalinum sajeevamaaya koodukalkkullile bhoomi vikasanathinum thudarchayaaya doshakaramaaya phalangal kandethi. karutha kunnukalil, ponterosa pines vilavedukkunnathu koopparukaleyum mattu rund inam "asippittarukaleyum" vanathinte valia bhagangal ozhiyaan kaaranamakunnathaayi thonnunnu. kooppar parunthukalude samrakshitha koodukal nilanirthunnathinu sharashari kanakkakkiya sthalamenkilum aavasyamulla oru buffer soonn manushyarude aswasthathakalil ninno vikasanathil ninno mukthamaayirikkanamenn shupaarsha cheythittundu. nyoo meksikkoyile padanangal kaanikkunnath eee parunthukal samsthaanathinte thekkan bhaagathe naditira vanapradeshangalude samrakshanathe aasrayikkunnu ennaanu. tuxonile kooppar parunthukalkku valuthum uthppaadanakshamavum janithakaparamayi vaividhyapoornavumaaya janasamkhya undaayirunnittum, "trichomoniasis"-anubandha marananirakk vazhiyum muthirnnavarkk idaykkide marakamaaya koottiyidikaliloodeyum nestlingukalkku susthiramallaatha uyarnna vittuvarav kaaranam eee nagaram oru paaristhithika keniyaanennu niravadhi ezhuthukaar vivaadaparamaayi anumaanichittundu.
falconneryil upayogikkunnathinaayi koopparukalude parunthukal valare kuravaanu. uyarnna vyakthithvam kaaranam eee parunth parunth sanbradaayangalil valare janapreeti nedunnilla, koodaathe "svechaadhipathya", "unmaada", "aavashyappedunna" perumaattangalodu nalkunna atharam bandika saahacharyangalilum ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu, samanamaaya reethiyil kaikaaryam cheiyunna valia bandhuvaya vadakkan goshokkumayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol polum, athu parunth vyavasaayathil valare janapriyamaan.
samrakshanathe aasrayikkunna jeevajaalangalkk bheeshani.
saadhaaranayaayi, kooppar parunthukal labhyamaya praadeshikamaayi saadhaarana pakshikale vettayaadukayum chila pakshikale (kooduthal icteridukal, corvidukal polullava) niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu, avaa prakrithidatha vettayaadalinte swaadheenamillaathe amita janasamkhyaykkum aavaasavyavasthaykku dosham varuthaanum saadhyathayund. ennirunnaalum, thannekkaal cheruthaanenkilum mikkavarum eathu vadakke american pakshiyudeyum avasaravaadiyaaya prakrithidatha vettakkaaran enna nilayil, koopparinte parunth apoorvavum samrakshanathe aashrayikkunnathumaaya enangalude janasamkhyaye ashradhamaayi illaathaakkiyekkaam. janasamkhyayil ganyamaaya kuravu anubhavapetta american kestral, veendedutha koopparukalude parunth janasamkhyayude vipulamaaya vettayaadal anubhavicha oru inamaayirikkaam. ennirunnaalum, koopparinte parunth vetta kestral kurayunnathinulla pradhana kaaranangalilonnaannethinna thelivukalonnumilla, ithu paramavadhi oru praadeshika bheeshaniyaanennu daatta soochippikkunnu. athupole, koopparile parunthukal idaykkide vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna mattu pakshi enangale irayaakkunnu, vettayaadal aashankayude praadhamika kaaranamallenn paranjenkilum, vadakke american pakshikalude ennam kurayunnathinte aashankaajanakamaaya avasthaye kooduthal vashalaakkiyekkaam. grettar prairi chikkan ("timpanuchus capido"), lesser prairi kozhikal ("timpanuchus palydysinctus"), chuvanna thalayulla maramkothikal, bells vairo ("vairo bellie"), florida scrub jaiii ("aphelocoma corulescence"), wood thrash ("hylosichla mastaleena") (koopparukale neela jaise raakkoonukalum ulppede moonnu pradhana koodu vettakkaraayi thirichariyunnu), golden-winged warbler ("vermivora chrysoptere"), serulian warbler ("settophaaga serulia"), golden warbler ("settophaga serulia"), golden warbler ("settophaga serulia") ennivayaanu eee parunthukal vettayaadunna vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna chila enangal.