
abb urbe kanditha (livi)

bii. sii. 27num 9num idayil laattin bhashayil oru roman charitrakaaranaaya livi ezhuthiya purathana romile oru smaaraka charitramaanu '()' (nagaram sthaapichathil ninnulla pusthakangal) ennu chilappol vilikkappedunna '()'. troiyude pathanam muthal bisi 753ll nagaram sthaapithamaayathu, bisi 509ll rajaakkanmaare puratthaakkal, augustus chakravartthiyude bharanakaalathu liviyude swantham kaalam vareyulla kaalaghattangal vare ainiyasinteyum abhayaarthikaludeyum varavu sambandhicha aithihyangal eee kruthi ulkkollunnu. bii. sii. 9-leeii drusesinte maranamaanu livi avasaanamaayi nadatthiya sambhavam. kruthiyude naalilonn varunna, 142 pusthakangalil 35 ennavum ippozhum nilavilundu. avasheshikkunna pusthakangal bii. sii. 293 (pusthakangal <aii. dii. 2>), bii. sii. 219 muthal 166 (pusthakangal <aii. dii. 1>) vareyulla sambhavangale kaikaaryam cheiyunnu.
ulladakkam.
corpus.
histtari oof roome" enna pusthakatthil yadhaarthathil ulppettirunnathu "" 142 "pusthakangalaanu, athil 35 pusthakangal-aamukhamulla" "aii. dii. 2" "pusthakangalum" "aii. dii. 1" "pusthakangalum-ippozhum yukthisahamaya poornna roopathil nilanilkkunnu". anchaam noottaandile oru kayyezhuthuprathikku kedupaadukal sambhavichathu 41,43-45 (cheria kurravukal mattevideyengilum nilavilundu) pusthakangalil valia vidavukalkk ("kurravukal") kaaranamaayi; athaayath, liviyude vaachakathinte oru srothassilum eee metteeriyal ulppeduthiyitla.
ekadesham ayiram vaakkukal (ekadesham moonnu khandikakal) adangiya 91-aamath pusthakatthinte oru sakalam 1772-ll vaattikkan libraryil ninnu kandethi, koodaathe 1900 muthal eejiptil munbu ariyappedaatha niravadhi papirus sakalangal, valare cheruth, ettavum aduthide 1986-ll kandethiya 11-aamm pusthakatthil ninnu 40 vaakkukal kandethi.
ennirunnaalum chila bhagangal purathana ezhuthukaarude udharanikalkku nandi parayunnu, ettavum prashasthamaayath sisaroyude maranathekkurichaanu, seneca dhii elder udharichu.
churukkangal.
purathana kaalath livi oru sangrahamaayi churukkiyirunnuvenkum naalam noottaandil athu "periyocha" ennu vilikkappedunna ulladakkangalude oru pattikayayi churukki. 136, 137 pusthakangal ozhikeyulla muzhuvan kruthikalilum "periyocha" nilanilkkunnu. 
ooksiringasil, pusthakangalude samanamaaya sangraham 37-40,47-55,88 nte cheria sakalangal maathramaan paappirasinte oru churulil kandethiyathu, athu ippol britiish myoosiyathil p ennu tharamthirickunnu.ooksi.iv 0668. p ennu perulla mattoru shakalamund.ooksi.xi 1379, ithu aadya pusthakatthil ninnulla oru bhaagathe prathinidheekarikkunnu (i, 6) athu uyarnna thothilulla krithyatha kaanikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ooksiringas epittom kedupaadukal sambhavikkukayum apoornnavumaanu.
kaalakramam.
muzhuvan joliyum inipparayunna kaalayalavukal ulkkollunnu
1-5 pusthakangal-romile aithihaasikamaaya sthaapanam (italiyil ainiyayude landing romulus nagaratthinte sthaapanavum ulppede), rajaakkanmaarude kaalaghattam, bisi 390 ll gaulukal keezhadakkiya aadyakaala republic.
pusthakangal 6-10-bisi 292 vare ikvi, volsey, etruscans, samnaittukal ennivayumaayulla yudhangal.
pusthakangal 11-20-292 muthal 218 vareyulla kaalayalav, aadya punic yuddham (nashtappettu) ulppede.
pusthakangal 21-30-218 muthal 202 vareyulla randaam punic yuddham.
pusthakangal 31-45-201 muthal 167 vareyulla macedonian yudhangalum mattu kizhakkan yudhangalum.
"46 muthal 142 vareyulla pusthakangalellaam nashtappettu."
pusthakangal <aii. dii. 1>-167 muthal 91ll saamoohikayudham pottippurappedunnathu kaalayalav.
pusthakangal 71-90-marius sullah thammilulla aabhyanthara yudhangal, 78-ll sullayude maranam vare.
pusthakangal 91-108-bii. sii. 78 muthal gallic yudhathinte avasaanam vare, 50 ll.
pusthakangal 109-116-aabhyantharayudham muthal seaserinte maranam vare (49-44).
pusthakangal 117-133-aantoniyasinte maranam vareyulla thrayamveermaarude yudhangal (44-30).
pusthakangal 134-142-drusesinte maranam vare augustasinte bharanam (9).
shaili.
vaarshika kalagananayudeyum aakhyaanathinteyum mishrithathilaanu livi ezhuthiyathu. konsalmaar, prathibhakal, kshetra samarppanagal, vijayangal thudangiyavayude" thiranjeduppukalekkuri pathivayi prakhyapanangal nadathikkondu varsham thorum oru padhathiyil thante vivaranam samghadippikkaanulla addehathinte theerumaanatthil ninnaan ithu uyarnnuvannathu. itharathilulla sambhavangalude varshamtorum pattikaye "vaarshika charithram" ennu vilikkunnu. livi thante charithrathe roman charithratthinte prabalamaaya paarambaryavumaayi bandhappeduthunnathinu vaarshika savisheshathakal upayogichu, athu eee vaarshikavrithaanthangal ezhuthuka ennathaayirunnu; angane cheyyumbol, addeham "pontifical adhikaarathodoppam" thudarchayudeyum sthirathayudeyum oru thilakkam kondu thante charithrathe ulppeduthi.
liviyude kruthikalude onnum moonnum pathittaandukal (chuvade kaanuka) valare nannayi ezhuthappettathinaal livi laattin suvarnna kaalaghattatthile paatyapadhathiyude "saine kwa noonn" aayi maari. pinneedu addehathinte rachanayude gunanilavaaram kurayaan thudangiyennum addeham aavarthikkukayum vaakkukalullavanaanennum chilar vaadichu. 91-aamath pusthakatthil barthold jorg neebur parayunnu "naalu pejukalulla cheria dishayilum athinte vipulathayum ivide pathivaanu, athu liviyilethaanennu nammal vishwasikkaruthu..."ezhuthukaaran praayamaakukayum aadambaramullavanakukayum cheythuvennu karuthiyaanu neebur eee thakarchaykku kaaranamaayath...", atharam gunanilavaaramillaattha srishtikal pakarthaan koppisttukal visammathichathinal pilkkala pusthakangal nashtappettuvennu anumanikkaan vare pookunnu.
ennirunnaalum, aavarthichulla sainika kaaryangalude vivaranathil livi aavarthichullathum soothravaakyaparamaayathumaaya vaakkukalum upayogichu, ogilvi ithine "mechanical, ashradha" ennu visheshippichu. ennirunnaalum, aadhunika vaayanakkar liviyude aavarthichulla gadyathe kuranjathu praarthanakal, anugrahangal, pothu mathaparamaya achaarangal ennivayude prakadanatthil kooduthal kriyaathmakamaayi kaanunnu.
9, vibhagangal <aii. dii. 1> enna pusthakatthile oru vyathichalanathil soochippikkunnathu, alexander kooduthal kaalam jeevichirunnenkil romanmar alexanderine paraajayappedutthumaayirunnu, romaakkaakkale akramikkaan padinjarottu thirinjirunnenkil, eee vyathichalanathe ariyappedunna ettavum pazhaya likhitha ithara charitra saahacharyangalilonnayi maattunnu.
prasidheekaranam.
aadyathe anchu pusthakangal bii. sii. 27num 25num idayil prasidheekarikkappettu. augustsinu aaa perilulla thalakkett labhicha varshamaan paraamarshicha aadya theeyathi aadyathe anchu pusthakangalil randuthavana livi ithu upayogikkunnu. randaamathe theeyathiyil, livi jaanas kshethrathinte adavukal pattikappedutthunnu, pakshe 25 ennam ozhivaakkunnu (athu ithuvare sambhavichittilla).
livi thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan "charithratthil" pravartthikkunnathu thudarnnu, janakeeya aavasyaprakaaram puthiya metteeriyal prasidheekarichu. pradhaanamaayum 10 pusthakangalude grouppukalo pathittaandukalo, chilappol 5 pusthakangalo (pentadukaloo) bakkiyullavayum, paakkat oordarukalillaathe, 12 paakkattukalaayi swaabhaavikamaayi varunnathinte kaaranam ithu vishadeekarikkunnu. athine poornnamaayum pathittaandukalaayi vibhajikkunna padhathi pakarppavakaashikalude pilkkala naveekaranamaanu.
aadyathe pentad kazhinju ekadesham 16 varshathinusesham 9 vareyo athinusheshamo randaamathe pentad purathuvannilla. druzes ahenobarbus aadyamaayi thuranna hersinian vanathe (black phoorast) paraamarsikkunna symminian vanam aduthide jarmman janathayekkaal kadannupokaan kazhiyaathathaanennu livi pusthakatthil parayunnu. edavelayil liviyude aadya pented athratholam vijayamaayirunnuvenn oraalkk anumanikkaan maathrame kazhiyoo, kooduthal aavasyathinu addehathinu vazhangendi vannu.
kayyezhuthuprathikal.
kayyezhuthuprathikale tharamthirikkunnathinum peridunnathinum oru ekeekritha samvidaanamilla. palappozhum oru kaiyezhuthuprathiyude (ems) matonninumaayulla bandham anjjaathamaayi thudarunnu allengil kaiyakshara maattathekkurichulla daaranakal maarunnu. livi paakkat diacronal vazhi adhyayangal purathirakkiyathu pathittaandukal kondu pakarthaan koppisttukale prothsaahippichu. oro dashakathinum athintethaaya kanvenshanukalundu, avaa mattethenkilum dashakathile kanvenshanukale manikkunnilla. ore emm. ezz. esil ninnu pakartthunnathiloode (saadhaaranayaayi nashtappettu) emm. ezz. esinte oru kudumbam erangunnu. emm. ezz. ezz. vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu; oru edition allengil achadicha pathipp nirmmikkunnath oru pradhana joliyaayirunnu. saadhaaranayaayi vyathyasthamaaya vaayanakal adikkurippukalil nalkunnu.
aadya dashakam.
madhyakaalakhattathil pakarthappedukayum aadyathe achadicha pathippukalil upayogikkukayum cheytha "abb urbe kanditha" yude aadya patthu pusthakangalil (aadya dashakam ozhike) ellah kayyezhuthuprathikalum (onnu ozhike) edii 391 leeii koonsal kvintas ooreliyas symacus niyogicha orotta resensionil ninnaan uruthirinjathu. nilavilulla kayyezhuthuprathikal thaarathamyam cheythum edittarkku ettavum mikachathaayi thonnunna vaachakathe adisthaanamaakki oru puthiya pathippaya oru emendation nirmmichum oru resension nadathunnu. randaamathethu puthiya emm. ezz.-ll thaan athu cherthathaayi rekhappeduthikkondu "subscribe" cheythu.
symacus, orupakshe thante offeesinte adikaaram upayogichu, aadya dashakam avasaanippikkaan tassius victoriyanasine niyogichu. aii-onpathaam pusthakangalil "victorianus emendabam dominis symmakis" enna subscription undu, ithu victorianus symmacasinte adhikaarathaal cherthathaanu (ithu)."vi-VIII pusthakangalil symmacasinte marumakan nicomacus flavianus, pusthakangal III-V ennivayude mattoru subscription ulppedunnu, koodaathe flavianasinte makan appius nicomacus dekstar cherttha pusthakangalum ulppeduthiyittundu, addeham thante aapekshika clemensianasinte pakarpp upayogichathayi parayunnu. rund varikkaarude peril emm. ezz. esinte pingaamikalude eee pingami kudumbatheyum nicomachian ennu vilikkunnu. athil ninnu niravadhi emm. ezz. ezz. thaazhekku varunnu (apoornnamaaya pattika):
likhithashaasthranjar niravadhi kaikalum varikalum thirichariyaan thudarunnu. 1868 ll theodor momsen punarnirmmikkukayum prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha verona paalimpsest ulppedunna aadya dashakathile randaamathe kudumbamaanu veronensis mss. pusthakangal moodiya 60 elakal ithil ulppedunnu. livik eathaanum noottaandukalkku sesham naalam noottaandilethaanu kaiyakshara shaili.
madhyakaalakhattathil, livi charithratthinte muzhuvan pusthakangalum oru danish allengil jarmman aashramathinte libraryil olippichirikkunnathi nirantharam abhyoohangal undaayirunnu. denmarkile oru aashramathil lombardic lipiyil ezhuthiya muzhuvan kruthiyum thaan kandathayi martin vii. yude kottaaratthil oru vyakthi sathyaprathinja cheythu. eee kimvadanthikalellaam adisthaanarahithamaanennu pinneedu kandethi.
sathyasandhatha.
puraathanamo aadhunikamo aaya maanadandangal anusarichu livi valare pavapetta charithrakaaranaayirunnu" ennathaanu yaadhaasthithika veekshanam. ithu chila pradhana kaaranangalil veroonniyathaanu. munkaala charithrangale maathram aashrayich addeham "praadhamika gaveshanangalonnum" nadatthiyilla. aaa srothassukalekkurichulla addehathinte dhaarana moshamaayirunnu ore sambhavathe onniladhikam avasarangalil randuthavana vivarichukondu. koodaathe, "addehathinte pradhana srothassukalilonnaaya greak charitrakaaranaaya polybius shariyaayi manassilakkaan addehathinte greak mathiyaayirunnilla ennathinte vyakthamaaya adayaalangalundu", ithu addeham 31 muthal 45 vareyulla pusthakangalil kizhakk bhaagathe sambhavangalkkayi sookshumamaayi pinthudarnnu.
bhoothakaalathe pattikappeduthunnathinum manassilakkunnathinum oru charithram srishtikkaan livi uddeshichirunnilla, marichu oru "oormma" samrakshikkunnathinnaayirunu uddeshichathu... oraalude mungaamikalude pravarthanangalaal nirnnayikkappedukayo udaaharanamaayi kaanikkappedukayo cheiyunna thettum shariyum enna bodham vaayanakkaarane sajjamaakkunnu. koodaathe, "augustan prinsippatt roman charithratthinte" paryavasanam "enna ashayathe" pinthunaykkuka "enna lakshyathode" puthiya chakravartthiyude nizhalil "eee kruthi ezhuthappettu.
mattu srothassukal liviyude charithrathe athinte saahitya gunanilavaaratthinte adisthaanathil punaradhivasippikkan shramichittundenkilum (udaaharanathinu, dii. ezz. levante "livi oonn dhaa hanibalic vaar"), ithu charithratthinte charitraparamaaya prathirodhamalla. liviyekkurichulla aadhunika vimarsanam addehathinte yuddha vivaranangalude krithyathayillaayma, bhoomishaasthrathinte avyakthatha ennivayilekkum pookunnu... addehathinte 'naayakanmaril' oraalo mattoo kaanikkunna amithamaya pakshapaathavum pothuve addehathinte prasamgangalude mathramalla naadakeeyamaaya vivaranangaludeyum angeyattam vaachaadopa swabhaavavum ".
ennirunnaalum, "abb urbe kanditha" yude aadya moonnilonnu maathram nilanilkkunnathinaal liviyude muzhuvan kruthikaleyum kurichulla vidhi nirtthivekkanam; muun srothassukalude vimarshanaathmakamallaatha aavarthanathe valareyadhikam aasrayikkunna liviyude bhagangal, republicinte pilkkala kaalaghattangalil allengil swantham kaalath addeham sweekaricha athe sameepanamayirikkilla, avide "senattinteyum sammelanangaludeyum [,,,,] samakaalika saakshyapatrangal upayogichu [,] mahanaaya prabhaashakarude prasamgangalude [,,,] rekhakal" upayogichu swantham gaveshanam nadatthaan addeham aavashyappedumaayirunnu.
charitraparamaaya.
liviyude "charitra" thinte vishadaamshangal thudakkathil pouraanikavum pouraanikavumaaya kathakal muthal avasaanathe yadhaartha sambhavangalekkurichulla vishadamaaya vivaranagal vare vyathyaasappettirikkunnu. romile aadyakaala charithrathekkurichu charcha cheiyunnathinekkurichu aamukhathil livi, swantham kaalathe srothassukale vyaakhyaanikkunnathino samanvayippikkunnathino ulla budhimuttukal paraamarshichu
kaalakramatthil niravadhi pishakukal undennu vividha rachayithaakkalil vyathyasthamayi kaanapedunna majistrettukal soochippikkunnu... eathu konsalmaar athinusesham vannenno allengil oru varshathinullil eathaanu (ulppettathennu) ningalkk parayaan kazhiyilla...
onninekkaal mattonnino allengil oru ezhuthukaaranekkaal mattonnino munganana nalkunnathu eluppamalla. eee paarambaryam malinamaayenn njaan karuthunnu... vividha kudumbangal pravrithikaludeyum padavikaludeyum prashasthi vanjanaaparamaayi ahankaaram cheythathinaal. thalphalamaayi, vyakthikalude pravrithikalum sambhavangalude pothu rekhakalum theerchayaayum aashayakkuzhappathilaakkudu. vishwasaneeyamaaya oru maanadandamaayi pravartthikkaan kazhiyunna oru ezhuthukaaranum akkaalathe samakalikanilla.
romile aadya varshangal aazhathilulla charithraparamaanennu livyum thiricharinju, "nagaratthinte aditharaykku munbo nirmmikkappedumbozho sambhavichathinte paarambaryangal, charithrakaarante aadhikaarika rekhakalekkaal kaviyude srishtikale alankarikkaan kooduthal anuyojyamaanu" ennu paranju. romulasinteyum remusinteyum parambaraagatha aithihyangalude vividha vivaranangalude ettavum pradhanappetta uravidangalilonnaanu aadya pusthakam. ennirunnaalum, liviyude raajyathekkurichulla vivaranathe haalikaarnaassile dionysiasinte vivaranavumayi thaarathamyam cheyyumbol, "thanikk asaadhyamenn thonniya niravadhi kathakal" ozhivaakkiyathinaal addehathinte samshayavaadam kooduthal vyakthamaan. pothuve, pusthakangalude aadyakaala bhagangal purathana kaalam muthal nilaninnirunna aadyakaala rominekkurichulla pradhana vivaranangalaan.
cheruppakkaare apekshichu pazhaya samakaalika ezhuthukaarude uyarnna vishwaasyatha" livi thiricharinjuvenkilum, thante charithram aantharikamaayi sthirathayullathaanennu urappaakkaano vishwaasyathayekkurichulla swantham ulkkazhchakal pathivayi pinthudarukayo cheythukondu, maattangalillathe thiranjeduttha kathaykku munganana nalki "," pinneedu addeham valia pishakukal kandethiyenkilum ".
audyogika rekhakalilekku yadhaartha gaveshanathil earppedunnathinupakaram metteeriyal krameekarikkukayum oru vivaranam samanvayippikkukayum cheiyunnathinekkaal kooduthalaayirunnu swantham srothassukalekkurichulla livi nadatthiya chikitsa; angane cheyyumbol, addeham "sambhavyathayil ninnulla vaadangal upayogichu thante srothassukalile poruthakkedukal pariharikkunnathinekkaal (sramikkunnathinekkaal) kooduthalonnum cheythilla". ennirunnaalum, saadhyathayulla kathakal engane kandupidikkanamenn vaarthaavishkaarakkaarkku ariyamenna saadhyathaye livi kaaryamaayi baadhichilla. koodaathe, apoorvvamaayi maathrame thante srothassukalude perukal nalkaarulloo, prathyekichu pishakukal thiruthaan mattu srothassukalumaayi apoorvamaayi thaarathamyappeduthikkondu addeham oru pradhana srothass pinthudarnna neenda bhaagangalil. bhagyavashaal, nilavilulla vivaranagal "mikacha sailiyum krameekaranavum" upayogichu parayukayenna liviyude lakshyam ardhamaakkunnathu addeham thante charithratthil "athishayokthikalude kandupiduthangal" avatharippichathaayi thonnunnilla ennaanu.
liviyude uravidangal.
charithrakaaranmaarude oru neenda nirayude avasaanathilaanu liviyude kruthi vannath... parambaraagathamaayi 'vaarshika paarambaryam' ennaanu ariyappedunnathu. eee srothassukale addeham aashrayikkumbol (addehathinte kaalath labhyamaya mattu aakhyaana srothassukalkkoppam) addehathinte thathwam herodotasinte thathwathinu samanamaayirunnu "addehathodu paranjathenthaanennu parayuka".
greak charitraparamaaya niyamangalum reethikalum valareyadhikam swaadheenicha kvintas fabius pictor ezhuthiyathaanu roman charithralekhanam. kvintas ennius, maarshyas portius kaatto dhii sensor, lucius calpurnius piso frugi, lucius cassius heminah, gnius gellius, vennonius, valerius antias, lysinius macker, kvintas claudius quadrigarius, kvintas eliyas tubero ennivaraanu mattu wartawishkaarar. ennirunnaalum, avasaanathe moonnu vaarthaavishkaaranmar (bii. sii. onnaam noottaandil pravarthichukondirunnar) avarude swantham bhavanayil ninnu purathana kaalaghattathekkurichulla kathakal nalkunna "avarude randaam noottaandile mungaamikale apekshichu vivekamillaathavaraayirunnu parakke vishwasikkappedunnu". ennirunnaalum, addehathinte aakhyaanathile chila gadakangale sambandhichidatholam, livi "mukham samrakshikkunna vijayangalude oru parambara kandupidikkaan madikkaatha" "neethibodhamillaatha vaarthaavinimayakkaare" aashrayichirikkaam.
livi, pontifex maximus sookshichirikkunna "libri linttey" allengil "annales maximi" upayogichilla; koodaathe addeham "likhithangalo mattu puthiya rekhakalo kandethaan romilo mattevideyengilum nadannilla". sisaroyude prasamgangalil rekhappeduthiyittulla senattinte swantham aarkkaivukal upayogikkunnathile budhimuttukal ", soochana... thelivukal vyaajamaakkaanulla saadhyathakalum aadhikaarika charitra rekhakalude mosham kaimattavum.
pinneedulla swaadheenam.
mashiavelli.
republicukalekkurilkuri nicolo maachiyavelliyude kruthiyaaya "prabhashanangal livi" "rominte charithrathekkurichulla oru vyaakhyaanamaayi avatharippikkunnu.
vivarthanangal.
abb urbe kanditha" yude engleeshilekkulla aadya samboornna paribhasha 1600-ll prasidheekaricha philemon hollandinte vivarthanamaayirunnu. kansain parayunnathanusarichu, "ithu valare praadhaanyamulla oru kruthiyaayirunnu, 1,458 pejukalude mahathaaya fooliyoo vaalyathil avatharippikkukayum [raajnji elisabath onnaaman] samarppikkukayum cheythu".
histtari oof roome" enna peril liviyude sradheyamaaya oru vivarthanam bii.oo. 1919ll loob classical libraric vendi valarthal. abray dii selincourt ezhuthiya oru bhagika vivarthanam pengvin klaasikkukalkkaayi 1960-1965 ll achadichu.
1905ll ellaavarudeyum libraric vendi reverend canon robarttukalude vivarthanathil ninnaan vikkisozhsil labhyamaya livi enna vaakkinte pathipp.

