
automanism

automan saamraajyathinte aadya bharanaghadanaa kaalaghattatthinu munbu vikasicha oru ashayamaayirunnu automanism allengil osmanlic (,). daanyangal saamraajyathe thakarkkunnathil ninnu thadayaan aavashyamaaya saamoohika aikyam srishtikkaan ithinu kazhiyumennu athinte vakthaakkal vishwasichu.
charithram.
athu engane thudangi.
montesqui (<aii. dii. 1>), russo (<aii. dii. 2>) thudangiya chinthakarum 1789leeii franch viplavathile sambhavangalum ottomanisathe shakthamayi swaadheenichu. athu "millattukal" thammilulla samathvam prothsaahippichu. automanism enna ashayam yuva ottomanmaaril (1865 ll sthaapithamaayathu) uthbhavichath avarude matham pariganikkathe saamraajyathile ellah vyathyastha vamshangaleyum sweekarikkuka enna aashayathilaanu.iii.ellaavarum thulya avakashangalulla "automan" kalaayirikkanam. mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, ellah prajakalum niyamathinu munnil thulyaraanennu automanism nireekshichu. ellah pouranmaarum oru bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradesham, oru bhasha, samskaaram, avaril ninnu vyathyasthamaaya oru "automan ithara" party enna bodham enniva pankidum. kuttasammatham nadathunna "millatt" sanbradaayathinte saaramsham illaathaakkappettilla, marichu mathethara samghadanakalum nayangalum prayogichu. praadhamika vidyaabhyaasam, nirbandhitha niyamanam, thalanikuthi, sainika sevanam enniva amuslimkalkkum musleengalkkum orupole baadhakamaakanam.
aashayathinte vikasanam.
europian aashayangalodulla prathikaranamaayum automan saamraajyathil vardhichuvarunna paashchaathya pankaalitthamaayum automanism prachodippikkappedukayum roopappedukayum cheythu. 1839ll aarambhicha tansimath parishkaarangaletthudarnnu saamraajyathe onnippikkendathinte aavasyakathayil ninnaan automanism vikasichathu. 1838leeii balta liman udambadi, saamraajyathile britiish vyaapaarikalkk pradeshavaasikalkk thulyamaayi nikuthi chumathaan anuvadichathum saamrajyathinullile kristhyaanikalodulla perumaattathekkurichu mahaashakthikalude vardhichuvarunna ashankayum polulla sambhavangalkk sesham europpukaar uyarthunna vardhichuvarunna bhishaniye automanmaar bhayapettu. oru raashtrathinte keezhil saamraajyathe poornnamaayum onnippikkaan kazhiyumenkil, avar kooduthal shaktharakumennum europukaarkku automan pradeshathum automan janathayilum kayyerunnathu budhimuttaayirikkumenum automanmaar karuthi. munbu, saamrajyam kooduthalum svayam bharichirunna niravadhi cheria samudaayangalaayi vibhajikkappettirunnu. sultan eee samudaayangalkku melnottam vahichu, pakshe mikka pradeshangalum avarude swantham niyamangalum vishwaasangalum paalichu.
ithu ottoman saamraajyathinte vijayathin bhaagikamaayi kaaranamaayi sultan janangale keezhadakkiyappol valia mattangalonnum varuthaan nirbandhichilla. svayam nirnnayathinaayulla poraattam kaaranam, swathuathinte pankitta indriyangalulla rashtra-rajyangal enna ashayam europil uyaran thudangi, prathyekichu greak swaathanthryasamarathode 1821-1830, ithu ottoman saamraajyathile mattu vividha janangaleyum badhikkaan thudangi. eee sandarbhangalil ninnu, saamraajyathe thakarchayil ninnu rakshikkaamenna pratheekshayode ottomanism oru saamoohikavum raashtreeyavumaaya prathikaranamaayi vikasichu.
automan deseeyatha.
mathamo vamsheeyamo pariganikkathe niyamathinu keezhil poornna samathvam vaagdaanam cheytha 1856 leeii parishkarana saasanavum 1869 leeii "automan deseeyatha niyamam" mathaparamo vamsheeyamo aaya affiliation pariganikkathe oru pothu "automan pourathvam" srishtichu. deseeya niyamanirmmanam pathonpathaam noottaandile oru ashayamaayirunnu, automan saamrajyam athu neratthe sweekarichu. eee niyamanirmmaanatthinte adisthaana gadakangalekkurichu saadhaaranayaayi amgeekaricha eathenkilum anthaaraashtra aashayathin munbu automan deseeyatha niyamam prathyakshappettu. amuslim "thina daanyangalil" palarum ottomanisathe nirasichu. amuslimmar thangalude parambaraagatha aanukoolyangal illaathaakkunnathinulla oru chuvaduveppaayi ithine kanakkakki. athesamayam, muslimkal ithu avarude swantham unnatha padavi illaathaakkunnathaayi kandu. bureaucratic varenyavarggam ottomaan saamraajyathinte theevramaaya punasamghadanayude kaalaghattamaaya "tansimath" enna "aii. dii. 1" enna kaalaghattathodulla prathikaranamaanu automanism ennu avakaashavaadangalundaayirunnu. 1876-ll pothusabhayude udghaadanam parishkaranatthinte manobhaavathinu sambhavana nalki, kaaranam eee dvisabhaasamithiyil ellah thina daanyangalum prathinidheekarikkappettinnu.
yuva turke viplavam.
1908leeii yuva turke viplavathilum 1908 muthal 1920 vareyulla randaam bharanaghadanaa kaalaghattatthilum automanism punarujjeevippikkappedu. nyoonapakshangal adhivasichirunna europian pradeshangalil bhooribhaagavum automan saamraajyathin nashtappettappol, onnaam balcan yudhathil athinte anuyaayikalil bhooribhaagavum nashtappettu. ottomanisathinte paraajayatthile nirasha 1920kalil kemaalisatthinte kuthichuchaattatthinte avibhaajya gadakamaayi maari.