
nagaratthilekku pookuka

valia torrento goo traansit vazhi pravarthippikkunnathinna aasoothranam cheytha oru bahujana gathagatha padhathiyaanu goo-arban. thurankangal nirmmikkunnathinulla chelavillathe druthagathiyilulla gathagatha sevanangal nalkunnathinaayi jala edanaazhikalilum upayogikkaatha mattu paazhsalukalilum sthaapicha automated guideway traansit vahanangal upayogikkunnathu eee samvidaanam vibhavanam cheythu. goo-arban nagarakendratthinte madhyabhaagathu uyarnna saandrathayulla pradeshangalkk sevanam nalkumenkilum nagaratthinte praanthapradeshangalile vidoora steshanukalkkidayil uyarnna vegathayilekku thwarithappeduthaanum kazhiyum. hamiltonilum ottaavayilum samanamaaya vinyasangal aasoothranam cheythirunnu.
aasoothrakar thudakkathil cross-maphi transarbon maglev samvidaanathe goo-arban vaahanamaayi thiranjeduthenkilum ithu gurutharamaaya saankethikavum dhanasahayavumaaya prashnangalkk vidheyamaakukayum oduvil 1974 ll raddaakkappedukayum cheythu. innu bombardier art ennariyappedunna oru puthiya vahanam transarbon vaahanathinte idam niraykkaan avatharippichu. ennirunnaalum, 1980 kalude thudakkathil ithu sevanathinu thayyaaraakumbozhekkum, pravishya sarkkaarile mattangal goo-arban aashayathin audyogika pinthuna avasaanippichu. torrentoyil scarbero arty enna peril oru hraswa pradarshana line maathrame nirmmichittulloo.
goo-arban orikkalum vibhavanam cheythathupole nirmmichillenkilum, mattu nagarangalil eee art vehicle upayogichittundu. innu ithu vancouver skytraine samvidaanathinte bhooribhaagathinum lokamembaadumulla nagarangalile niravadhi hraswa lineukalkkum adithara paakunnu.
charithram.
express way plan.
randaam lokamahaayudhathetthudarnna, mattu mikka vadakke american nagarangaleyum pole, valia haiway samvidaanangalude srishtiyaal poshippikkappetta nagara vyaapanathinte oru kaalaghattatthilekku torrento praveshichu. haivekal nirmmichathu pravisyayaanu, nagaramalla, nagaratthinte madhyabhaagathekku praveshichilla. yaathrakkaarkk annu nagaratthinte praanthapradeshangalilekkanthe kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe ontaariyo thadaakatthinte theerathulla bisinesses mekhalakalil jolie labhikkaan valare samayamedukkumaayirunnu. janasamkhyayude kooduthal kooduthal praanthapradeshangalilekka maariyathode, eee upayokthaakkale sevikkunna kaaryakshamamaya gathagatha samvidaanam kooduthal praadhaanyamarhikkunnu.
1940 muthal nagarathinullil haiway shringhala vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi vividha padhathikal vikasippichu. 1954ll valarunna pradeshathe sevikkunnathinaayi metro torrentoyude puthiya praadeshika sarkkar roopeekarichu. praanthapradeshangalude vikasanathinaayi jala samvidaanangalum gathagathavum ulppedeyulla adisthaana soukaryangalaayirunnu athinte mungananakal. praanthapradeshangalil sevanam nalkaanulla haiway padhathikal metro torrentoyude audyogika padhathiyil sweekarichu. thadaakatheerathulla gardiner express veyum dauntaun pradeshatthinte kizhakk bhaagathulla doonn vaali paarkk veyum ulppede shringalayude chila bhaagangalude nirmmaanam ithinakam aarambichirunnu. munbu vyaavasaayikamo avikasithamo aaya pradeshangalil vikasippicheduthathinaal thudakkathil cheria vivaadangalundaayirunnu, ennaal thottakkaaran nagarakendrathe sameepichappol chila veedukal nasippikkendivannu.
1960kalude avasaanathode pouranmaarude maanasikaavasthayil ganyamaaya maattam vannirunnu. vazhikal vipuleekarichathode thakarkkendivarunna veedukalude ennam ganyamaayi vardhichu. koodaathe, grid loock, vaayu malineekaranam ennivayude alavu vardhichathinaal dauntaun pradeshathu kooduthal kaarukal undaayirikkunnathu prayojanakaramallenna dhaarana vardhichukondirunnu. haivekalude nirmmaanam nagara korukalil ninnu mooladhanam puratthekku parakkaan kaaranamayennum ithu 1950 kalil yuu. ezz. nagarangalil kanda druthagathiyilulla nagarakshayam undaakkiyennum dhaarana vardhichuvarikayaayirunnu. aasoothrana associationte oru report 1961ll ithu amgeekarichu.
charcha shakthamaayathode spadina express way pouranmaarude aashankayude kendrabinduvaayi maari. nagaratthile prathyekichu uyarnna pradeshamaaya vanaa kunnu ulppede niravadhi janasaandrathayulla ayalpakkangaliloode spadina paatha nerittu kadannupoyi. newyork nagaratthil samanamaaya midu-manhattan express haiveyude nirmmaanam avasaanippikkaan kazhinja ashranta prachaaranakkaaranaaya jaine jacobsinte sameepakaala varavaanu charchaykku kaaranamaayath. eee prakriyayil randuthavana arast cheyyappetta athe samghadanaa adikaarangal spadina samvaadathilekku konduvaraan avarkk kazhinju.
1971 juun 3 nuu ontaariyo premiier bill davis pravishya niyamanirmmanasabhayil uyarnnuvarikayum "nagarangal kaarukalkkalla, janangalkkaan nirmmichirikkunnathu" ennu prasthavikkukayum cheythu. automobile sevanathinaayi oru gathagatha samvidaanam nirmmikkukayaanenkil, spadina express way aarambikkaan nalloru sthalamaayirikkum. ennaal aalukale sevikkunnathinaayi oru gathagatha samvidaanam nirmmikkukayaanenkil, spadina express way nirthaan pattiya sthalamaanu."express way padhathi illaathaayi, pakaram bahujana gathagatha samvidaanangal vikasippikkunnathinulla oru puthiya padhathiyaayirunnu athu.
aii. sii. tii. ezz. ashayam.
oru bahujana gathagatha shringalaykku oru highwake pakaram vaykkaan kazhiyumenkil, sisttam oru kaarinte soukaryam nalkendathundu. eee parigananakalil pradhaanappettath yaathrayude avasaanathe motham samayamaayirunnu. vaahanangalkk kaarukaleppole vegathil sanjarikkendathillengil, gathagathakkurukku kaaranam shedule cheyyaatha stoppukalo mandagathiyilo ninnu rakshappedunna vyakthamaaya raitt oof ways avarkk aavashyamaayirunnu.
inter-steshan vegatha valare kuravaanengilum kaarukale marikadakkaan kazhiyunna verthiricha maas traansit sisttathinte canonical udaaharanamaanu subwakel. ennirunnaalum, subwakel nirmmikkunnathum avayude mooladhanachelavu nyaayeekarikkunnathinaayi uyarnna ridership levelukal aavasyappedunnathum chelaveriyathaayirunnu. eee nilakal nalkunnathinu aavashyamaaya saandrata dauntaun pradeshathu kandethiyenkilum praanthapradeshangal valare vyaapichukidakkukayir. basukalkku eee pradeshangalil sarvees nadatthaan kazhiyumaayirunnu, pakshe avaa gathagathakkurukkinu vidheyamaayirunnu, koodaathe avaa pathivayi nirthunnathinaal athe roottile oru kaarinekkaal valare mandagathiyilaayirunnu.
oru sabweyude yaathrasamayam vaagdaanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru puthiya samvidaanam aavashyamaayirunnu, pakshe valare kuranja mooladhanavum pravarthanachelavum. oru sabweyude mooladhana chelavinte ganyamaaya bhagam bhoogarbha pathakal kuzhikkunnathinaal, puthiya samvidaanathinu orupakshe uyarnna nilathekku pravartthikkunnathiloode ithu kuraykkaan kazhiyum. ithinartham athu valare shaanthamaayirikkanam, kaaranam uyarnna reyilveyekkurichulla pradhana parati chakrangalude shabdamaayirunnu, prathyekichu avaa vrithaakrithiyilulla konukalaayathinaal.
mattoru pariganana steshanukalude chelavaayirunnu, ithu trainukalude valippathinte oru gadakamaayirunnu. steshan chelavukalum uyarnna tracukalude chelavum kuraykkunnathinu, trainukal saadhaarana sabweyekkaal cheruthayirikkanam. avasaanamaayi, pravarthanachelavu kuraykkunnathinu, sisttam poornnamaayum automated aayirikkanam, koodaathe kazhiyunnathra kurachu chalikkunna bhagangal undaayirikkanam. basukalekkaal uyarnna nirakkilulla yaathrakkaarum manikkooril 5,000 yaathrakkaarum (pii. eph. pii. dii), sabvekalum 25,000 pii. eph. pii. diyum athil kooduthalum enna nirakkilayirikkum puthiya samvidaanam lakshyamidunnathu. 4, 000 muthal 20,000 pii. echu. pii. dii vareyulla ridersship levelukal lakshyamitulla intermediat kappasitti traansit sisttam (aii. sii. tii. ezz) ashayamaayirunnu phalam.
goo-arban ennariyappedunna torrento pradeshathe moonnu pradhana lainukalude puthiya shringalayil aii. sii. tii. kall upayogikkum. goo-arbante pradhana paatha finch avanyoovil ninnum jaine streettil ninnum aarambhich jaine muthal eglintan avanyoo vare oodukayum avide dauntaun koriloode kadannupokunna yuu-aakruthiyilekku valayukayum pinneedu veendum vadakkott aarambikkukayum doonn mills roadle veendum eglintanil thattukayum doonn millukalkk vadakkott finchilekk thudarukayum cheythu. roottinte oru bhaagathinu, prathyekichu nagarakendrapradesangalil, nilavilulla reyil edanaazhikalilaanu eee roottinte sanjaaram. randaamathe line kizhakk-padinjaaru eglintaniloode, kooduthalum bhoogarbhamaayi, padinjaaru malton vimaanathaavalam muthal kizhakk finch, doonn vaali parkway vare sanjarichu. ivide ithu shringalayile avasana pathayil chernnu, padinjaaru vimaanathaavalathin sameepam ninnu kizhakk scarberoyude vidoora pradeshangal vare finchiloode jala idanaazhiyil oodunnu.
hamiltonilum ottaavayilum samanamaaya samvidaanangal aasoothranam cheythirunnu.
transarbon.
ore tharatthilulla gathagatha prasnangal neridunna niravadhi nagarangalil onnaayirunnu torrento, lokamembaadumulla kambanikal ithinakam thanne automated guideway traansit (ejidi) ennariyappedunna vaividhyamaarnna sameepanagalkk keezhil aisidi polulla vaividhyamaarnna vahanangal vikasippichukondirunnu. vyavasayathinullil eiii. jii. tii. yill ganyamaaya thaalpparyamundaayirunnum ithu oru pradhana vaangal karaarilekkum parivartthanam cheiyunnathil parajayappettu.
ontaariyo goo-arban padhathi prakhyaapichappol, athu valare vegam eee sramangalil palathinteyum kendrabinduvaayi maari-torrento thiranjeduttha eathu samvidaanavum aaa samvidaanathinte bhaavi vilpanaye sahayikkunna oru pradhana "vijayam" aayirikkum. 1971ll tenderukalkkaayi ahvaanam cheythappol vyavasaayathil ninnu vyapakamaaya prathikaranamundavukayum orotta samvidaanam thiranjedukkunnathinulla prakriya aarambikkukayum cheythu. aadyathe selection prakriya feeld moonnaayaayi kurachu; transerban ennariyappedunna cross-maafiyil ninnulla "space eaju" maglev entry, foord aakt, hocker-sidley kaanadayil ninnulla minitram sisttathinte oru pathipp.
aii. sii. tii. ezz aavashyakathakalude oru savisheshatha pala entrikalum vegathil illaathaakki. mikka eiii. jii. tii samvidaanangalum roopakalppana cheythath cheria nagarangalile saandrathayulla pradeshangal allengil valia nagarangalile saandrata kuranja pradeshangalkk sevanam nalkunnathinaanu. rund saahacharyangalilum, cheria subwakel pole pravartthikkaan samvidaanangal vibhavanam cheyyappettu, kuranja inter-steshan dooravum valare kuranja vegathayum. eee saandramaaya parithasthithikalil pravartthikkunna orotta vahanam, thudarnnu valare uyarnna vegathayil deerghadoora roottukaliloode neenguka, goo-arban vibhavanam cheythu.
fordinte pravrithi valare parambaraagathamaayirunnu, uyarnna vegathayulla yaathrayude aavasyakathakal niravettaan avarkk kazhinjilla; avar malsarathil ninnu pinmari. transerban, hocker-sidley entrikal randum vegatha prasnangal ore reethiyil pariharichu; sisttathile oro vahanathinum vyakthigathamayi uyarnna vegathayil pravartthikkaan kazhiyum, avaa uyarnna saandrathayulla pradeshangale sameepikkumbol avaa svayameva multy-yoonit trainukalumaayi bandhippikkum. athuvazhi avar pathukke yaatra cheyyukayum kooduthal thavana nirthukayum cheiyunnuvenkilum avarkk athe allengil athilum kooduthal rider sheshi undaayirikkum.
ontaariyoyil eee samvidaanam nirmmikkendathundenum ontaariyoyil ninnulla adhika jolio vilppanayo oru pradhana nettamaayi kanakkaakkappedumennumayum padhathiyude mattoru pariganana. ekkaaryathil hocker-sydlic vyakthamaaya nettamundaayirunnu, ennaal ellah pareekshanangalum nirmmanavum ontaariyoyilekku mattaanum vadakke amerikkayilekkulla ellah vilppanaykkum ontaariyo oafees upayogikkaanum kraus-maphi sammathichu. us kambanikal avarude us faaktarikalil ninnum offeesukalil ninnum usinu wilkan eshtappedunnathinaal pilkkala aavashyavumaayi poruthappedunnilla.
purathullavar aanenkilum, traansaarbante bahirakasha yugathile maglev ashayam athil ulppetta ellaavarudeyum shradha pidichupatti. vahanangalil vaathilukalum eyar contitioning samvidaanavum enna rund pradhana chalikkunna bhagangal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. sidhaanthathil, ithu hocker-sidleyil ninnulla rubber-wheel, motor-drivend designinekkaal valare kuranja pravarthanachelavinu kaaranamakum. 1973 meyy 1 nuu transerban malsarathinte vijayikalaayi prakhyaapikkappettpol athishayikkanilla. ontaariyo transportation development korppareshanaaya ontaariyo kraun korppareshanil kambani oru punk nedi.
prototype.
1974 avasaanathode dauntaun korinu padinjaaru canaden naashanal eksibishante (cne) groundil eee samvidaanathinaayulla oru testt trackinte nirmmaanam aarambhichu. 1975 augustil sii. enn. iii. shoikkaayi paarkkin chuttumulla ridermarkaayi eee samvidaanam thurakkum, melayude vadakke attathulla goo steshan, padinjaaran attathulla valia parking sthalangal, ontaariyo placeinte kavaadangal, raajakumaaranmaarude kavaadangalil kizhakke attathu. eee track pinneedu dauntaunile union steshanilekku vyaapippikkumenn aadyam padhathiyittirunnuvenkum eee padhathikal upekshikkappettu.
gathagatha lokathinullil, eee samvidaanathekkurichulla avesham vyaapakamaayirunnu. bahujana gathaagathatthile adutha tharamgamennu annu parakke vishwasikkappettirunnathu aadya ulppaadana instaaleshanaayirikkum goo-arban. 1973ll bill davis yuu. esil traansit "maan oof dhaa iyar" nedi.ezz. floridayile oru avatharanathil.
nagara gathagatha aasoothrakarkk kandumuttanulla oru pothu lakshyasthaanamaayi torrento maari. 1973ll sii. enn. iii. yill oru aii. iii. iii. iii yogam nadannu, avide oru speaker nirddeshichathu torantoikkum montriyalinum edayilulla inter-sitti train sarveesinaayi federal gavanmentum kraus-maafiyilekku thiriyanamenn. atharamoru line nirmmikkunnath aaa rund nagarangalilum nirmmikkunna chelaveria vimaanathaavalangalude aavasyakatha illaathaakkumennu addeham nirddeshichu-torrentoyile pickering vimaanathaavalam, montriyalile mirabel.
scarbero root.
goo-arban aasoothranam cheyyumbol, torrento traansit kammeeshan (ttc) athintethaaya root planninginte naduvilaayirunnu. sabway sevanathinu anuyojyamaaya mikka roottukalum ithinakam nirmmichathaanennu nigamanam cheytha avar orutharam intermediat vaahanathinaayi thirayukayaayirunnu. avarude thirachil uchithamaaya parihaaramaayi puthiya street kaar designukal thiranjedukkaan avare prerippichu. nagarathinu chuttum rooad nilavaaratthilulla, ardha-verthiricha, poornna-verthiricha roottukalude oru shringhala aasoothranam cheyyappedukayum avayil oodunna vahanangal nirmmikkaan yuu. tii. dii. sii thiranjedukkukayum cheythu.
cneyile cheria testt track goo-arban prototype systethinu upayogapradamalla, ennirunnaalum, aasoothrakar oru poornna ulppaadana krameekaranatthil upayogikkaan kazhiyunna oru hraswa samvidaanathinu anuyojyamaaya oru sthalam tirayan thudangi. nilavilulla sabway lineukal muthal scarbero vare vyaapichukidakkunna ttcyude aasootritha street kaar ruttukalilonnil avarude shradha pettennu sthirathaamasamaakki. eee padhathikal prakhyaapichappol, iru kakshikalil ninnum parasparam apalapikkunna pathrakkurippukalude oru tirakk pathrangalil prathyakshappettu. cne testt project pakuthi poortthiyaaya sesham asisttant deputy mantriyaaya vilyam biddle paranju "aarum enthaanu parayunnathennu njaan kaaryamakkunnilla-metroyil njangal aagrahikkunna paristhithi shuchithvavum phalatthil shabdamillaatha druthagathiyilulla gathagatha samvidaanathinum, street kaarukalkk jolie cheyyaan oru vazhiyumilla."
pothujanangalude prathikaranavum prathikoolamaayirunnu. pouranmaar samvidaanam spodanam cheyyaan avasaram upayogicha scarbero pradeshathiloode oru root thiranjedukkaan sahaayikkunnathin aasoothrakar oru ooppan house nadathiyappol maanasikavastha valare thanuthathaayirunnu.
radhaakkal.
cneil nirmmaanam aarambhicha udan thanne, 1974 novemberil kraus-maafeyi padhathiyil ninnu pinmaran nirbandhitharaayennu prakhyaapichu. niravadhi vyathyastha maglev samvidaanangalkku dhanasahayam nalkunna jarmman sarkkaarinte bhaagathuninnulla oru vishalamaaya padhathiyude bhaagamaayi adisthaana maglev saankethikavidya vikasippikkukayayirunnu. aaa varshathe oru project avalokanam nigamanam cheythath cries-maafiyude samvidaanam taisen-henshell, messershmit-bolkov-blom ennivayil ninnullavayekkaal rasakaramallennum avarude dhanasahayam upekshikkappettuvennum. aii. sii. tii. ezz padhathi padhathi vahanavum adisthaana maglev saankethikavidyayum vikasippikkunnathin mathiyaya fund nalkiyilla, koodaathe ontaariyo sarkkaarin muzhuvan padhathiyum ettedukkaan thaalpparyamundaayirunnil.
saankethika prashnangalum undaayirunnu; parisodhanayil, kanthika tracukalil trainukal maattaan aavashyamaaya sankeernamaaya samvidaanangal thanutha kaalaavasthayil maravippikkukayum punarroopakalppana aavashyamaayi varikayum cheythu. sisttam athishayakaramaamvidham uchathilaanennum mosham sawari gunanilavaaramullathaanennum oru us report abhiprayappettu. kraus-maafeyude saambathika pinthuna illaathaakukayum saankethika prasnangal pariharikkappedaathe pookukayum cheythathode maglev padhathi avasaanichu. aditharakalum chila pinthunaa thoonukalum ithinakam nirmmicha sii. enn. iyile testt track upekshikkappettu. kraus-maphi yadhaartha inter-sitti transrapidinte vikasanam thudarnnu, pakshe valare mandagathiyilum maglev saankethikavidyayil earppettirikkunna mattu kambanikalumaayi layippichathiloodeyum. aadyathe transrapid samvidaanam 30 varshathinusesham vare sevanathil praveshichilla.
punarjanmam.
maglev sambradaayam ettedukkaan pravishya thayyaaraayillengilum aii. sii. tii. ezz aashayathinte vikasanam thudaraan avar aagrahichu. adisthaana vahana chassis, leanier induction motor, automated train kantrol sisttam enniva athepadi thudarnnu. maglev suspension pakaram vahanam rubber veelukal upayogikkum. athivega/kuranja vegathayil pravarthikkaanulla trainukalaayi svayam roopappedaanulla kazhivum ithinu nashtappettu. mikka kaaryangalilum ithu yadhaartha transarboninekkaal valare parambaraagathamaaya roopakalppanayaayirunnu. vikasanam ettedukkunnathinaayi ontaariyo kambanikalude oru puthiya kansorshyam roopeekarikkukayum puthuthayi punarnaamakaranam cheyyappetta yuu. tii. dii. sii ontaariyoyile kingstanil oru parisodhanaa soukaryamaayi oru paazhsal bhoomi vaangukayum cheythu.
trackle ninnu vahanam oru nischitha akalatthilaanengil maathrame vaahanathin karuthekunna leanier motor kaaryakshamamaayi pravarthikkunnullavennum tayarukalile cheria alavil play systethe aswasthamaakkaan paryaapthamaanennum parisodhanayil kandethi. rubber chakrangalkk pakaram urukk chakrangal vaykkendivannenkilum train valanjathinaal ithu shabdamundaakkunna prashnam veendum avatharippichu. eee prashnam pariharikkunnathinayi, yuu. tii. dii. sii oru yuu. ezz. developeril ninnu niravadhi articlated boggy pettantukal vaangi. shabdamundaakkunna rubbing ozhivaakkikkond articlated bogikal oro chakratheyum valayunnu. eee mattangal praabalyatthil vannathode vikasanam athivegam munnott pooyi.
scarbero aarr. tii.
1979 aayappozhekkum eee samvidaanam poortthiyaakukayum vilppanayude sramam aarambikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, valia vahanam sii. enn. iii. yile yadhaartha pradarshana samvidaanathinu anuyojyamaayirunnilla, koodaathe oru puthiya yadhaartha loka pareekshana saitt aavashyamaayirunnu. torrentoyude kizhakk bhaagathulla scarberoyilum padinjaaru hamiltonilum ulla mattoru samvidaanathilaanu kambani thangalude kaazhchappaad sthaapichirikkunnathu. oduvil 1981ll haamilttan pinmari.
tii. tii. siyude puthiya street kaar roottukalilonnaayi scarbero roottinu ithinakam thanne roopam nalkiyirunnu, koodaathe sevanam aii. sii. tii. esilekku maattaan tii. tii. sick thaalpparyamillaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, pravishya eee laininte mooladhana chelavinte 75 sathamaanavum nalkukayum avar switch cheythillengil athu nirasikkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. puthiya trackukalkku yadhaartha samvidaanathekkaal kooduthal vila varumenkil eathenkilum chelavu adhikamaayi nalkaan pravishya sammathichappol oduvil oru karar roopeekarichu. nilavilulla sabway laininte avasaanathinum puthiya warden steshanum idayil aii. sii. tii. kall upayogikkanamennu pravishya hrasvamaayi nirddeshichu, ithu panam pazhaakkunna oru padhathiyaanennu tii. tii. sii paranju, kaaranam muun padanangal ithinakam thanne ridership level uyarnnathaanennu vyakthamaayi theliyichittundu.
aii. sii. tii. kall pravarthippikkaan anuvadikkunnathinaayi street kaar roottil ithinakam cheytha jolikal parishkkarikkukayum mccovenil oru puthiya maintainance yard cherkkukayum cheythukondu 1981 ll nirmmaanam aarambhichu. tracukalilum steshanukalilum aavashyamaaya maattangalum puthiya samvidaanam nirmikkunnathil kaalathamasavum moolamenthennaal yadhaartha padhathikalkku moonnu varsham kazhinju 1985 vare root thurannilla. chelavu 100 dasalaksham dollarayi uyarnnu, sisttam thurannathinusheshavum niravadhi budhimuttukal nerittu, prasnangal pariharikkunnathin tii. tii. sick 27 dasalaksham dollar koodi labhichu.
aprathyakshanaakunnu.
eee anubhavam aii. sii. tii. esil pravishya pulippichu. yadhaartha transarbon samvidaanam raddaakkiyappol athinte bajattinte erattiyaayirunnu, scarbero line ekadesham onnuthanneyaayirunnu. 1985ll davis viramikkal prakhyaapichappol, puthiya david peettezhsan sarkkar goo-alt samvidaanathilum torrento sabway padhathiyaaya network 2011lum pinmari. padhathikal gauravamaayi vettikkuraykkukayum goo-alt aprathyakshamaakukayum cheythu.