
ebraiah bybilile balaalsangam

mosheyude niyamathilum charitraparamaaya vivaranangalilum athinte praavachanika kavithakalilum balaalsangatheyum mattu tharatthilulla laingika athikramangaleyum kurichulla niravadhi paraamarshangal hebru bybilil adangiyirikkunnu.
scholarshippinte charithram.
irupathaam noottaand vare, mikka vivarthakarum vyaakhyaanakaaranmaarum hebru bybilile oru grandhatthilum balatsanga pravartthanangalum, athaayath pankedutthavarude sammathamillaathe nadatthiya laingika pravartthanangalum adangiyittundennu amgeekarichilla. saamsan, deleela (jadjimar 16), shekem, dina (uthbhavam 34) thudangiya chila vivaranagal pranayakathakal (udha.jii. balatsanga kathakalekkaal) olichottathekkurichanu. ithinu oru apoorva apavaadamaanu thomas peyinte avakaashavaadam, 31-aamm nambaril moshe israelyarodu ellah midyaanikaleyum kollan utharavittathayi chithreekarichathaayi thomas paine avakashappettu, kanyaka penkuttikale ozhike, avare paine "vyabhicharam" ennu vilikkunnathinu avarkk sookshikkaan kazhiyumaayirunnu "lokathinte eathu kaalaghattatthilum manushyante peru apakeerthippeduthumaayinu enna veruppulavaakkunna villanmaaril, eee vivaranam shariyaanenkil mosasinekkaal valia oraale kandethuka asaadyamaanu. aankuttikale kashap cheyyaanum ammamaare koottakkola cheyyaanum penkuttikale dushippikkaanum ulla utharavaanu ivide nalkiyirikkunnath."" "baibilinulla shamaapanam" "(1796) enna pusthakatthil, landaff bishop richard vaatsan, peyininte vaadangal nirasikkaan shramichu" "eee nadapadiyil njaan onnum kanunnilla, pakshe nalla nayavum karunayum samyojippichirikkunnu". [...] sthreekalum kuttikalum vyabhichaarathinalla, adimathathinaayirunnu samvaranam cheythirunnathu."enthaayaalum, paine prathyekichu laingika athikramangalil shradha kendreekarichirunnilla; eee udaaharanam kristheeya dhaarmikathayekkurichulla addehathinte pothu vimarshanathinte bhaagamaayirunnu. israelya laingika reethikalekkurichulla vivarangalkkayi pandithanmaar saadhaaranayaayi udharikkunna "israel, athinte jeevithavum samskaaravum" (1926,1940) enna johanns pedezhsante kruthiyil orikkalum balaalsangatthe paraamarshichittilla, 'bandhatthinte nirodhicha alavukal' maathram. pinneedu 'balatsanga grandhangal' ennu parakke amgeekarikkappetta niravadhi baibil bhaagangale pedezhsan 'anuchithamaya vivaha krameekaranangal' ennu visheshippichu.
1970kalude avasaanathode, randaam taranga feminism moolam balatsanga virudha prasthaanam uyarnnuvannathode, hebru bybilile chila grandhangal balaalsangatthe paraamarsikkunnuvenna samavaayathil feminist pandithanmaar ethi, udaaharanathinu levaittinte veppattiyum benchamaittukal jabesh-gileyaadinteyum shiloyude kanyakamaare koottabalaathkaarangalaayi pidikoodukayum cheiyunnu (jadjimar 19-21). ennirunnaalum, dina (uthbhavam 34), hagger thudangiya chila vivaranagal laingika athikramathe chithreekarikkunnundo illayo ennathinodu avar thudakkathil viyojichu. baibil balatsanga saahithyathekkurichulla padanatthile eee roopeekarana kaalaghattatthile ettavum sradheyamaaya kruthikalil chilath ivayaanu
balaalsangathodulla ebraiah baibilinte manobhaavathe sambandhichidatholam, prathyekichu aavarthanapusthakam 20 muthal 22 vareyulla adhyaayangalile laingika niyamangal, rund chinthaadhaarakal uyarnnuvannittund. oru campil richard eliot friedman, shawnah dolansky thudangiya pandithanmaar "ippol baibil" (2011) enna pusthakatthil "sthreekalude padavi" yekkurichu ingane ezhuthi "balaalsangathekkurichulla baibil kazhchappaadaanu samshayikkappedendathu athu bhayaanakamaan. bybilile kathakalil ithu paraamarsikkappettundu. bybilile niyamangalil ithu amgeekarikkappedunnilla."mattoru campil sii. haroldineppolulla pandithanmaarumund. yudhathil marikkukayum mattoru purushan avale kondupookukayum cheyyaruthu": akramavum duteronomy niyamangalile linga nirmmanavum (1998) enna vaakkukalil washington ingane nigamanam cheythu "niyamangal laingika athikramathe thadayunnilla; marichu oru purushanu balaalsangam cheyyaan kazhiyunna nibandhanakal avaa nirnnayikkunnu."
thora anusarichu yuddha balaalsangam anuvadikkunnu.
duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> yudhathekkurichum yoodaayisathil thadavukaaraaya sthreekalodulla perumaattathekkurichum prathyeka niyanthranangal nalkunnu. thorayude anuyaayikal oru nagaratthinethire yuddham cheythaalum avar aadyam nivaasikalkk samadhaanam nalkanam. nagaram keezhadangukayaanengil, thorayude anuyaayikalkk aalukale thadavilaakkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, nagaram keezhadangiyillengil, israelyarkku thora niyamathiloode athu uparodhikkaan anuvaadamundaayirunnu, avar vijayichaal, keezhadakkiya sthreekale balaalsangam cheiyunnathadakkam yudhathinte kollayadi edukkaan avare anuvadichu. 11 avar thangalude vaathilukal sweekarikkukayum thurakkukayum cheythaal athilullavarellaam nirbandhitha adhwaanathinu vidheyaraakukayum ningalkkuvendi pravartthikkukayum cheyyum. 12 avar samadhaanam sthaapikkaan visammathikkukayum ningale yudhathil earppeduthukayum cheythaal aaa nagaram uparodhikkuka. 13 ninte daivamaaya karthaav athu ninte kayyil ealpikkumbol athilulla ellaavareyum vaalil ealpikkuka. 14 sthreekaleyum kuttikaleyum kannukaalikaleyum nagaratthile matellaa saadhanangaleyum ningalkk edukkaam. iva ningalkkuvendi kollayadikkunnathaayirunnu. ningalude daivamaaya karthaav ningalude shathrukkalil ninnu nalkunna kolla ningalkk upayogikkaam.
-duteronomy 20:10-14
padavali.
hebru bybilile vaakkukalude ardham ellaayppozhum avayude sandarbhathe aashrayichirikkunnuvennu baibil vivarthakarum vyaakhyaathaavum palappozhum padangal thettayi vyaakhyaanikkunnuvennum pradhanappetta sookshumathakal nashtappeduthunnuvennum laingika athikramathinu soumyavaakyangal upayogikkunnuvennum sussain scholes (2021) polulla pandithanmaar choondikkaanichu. aadhunika engleeshil polum, 'balaalsangam cheyyuka' enna kriya ellaayppozhum laingika athikramathe soochippikkunnilla, pakshe aazhathilulla asukhakaramaaya ennaal laingikamallaatha anubhavathinu vidheyanaakunnathine vivarikkan roopakamaayi upayogikkaam. athupole, "anaa" polulla oru hebru kriya saadhaaranayaayi 'balaalsangam cheyyuka, nirbandhikkuka/laingikamaayi lamghikkuka' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ennaal chila laingikamallaatha sandarbhangalil 'adichamarthuka', 'durbalappedutthuka' enningane vivarthanam cheiyunnathaanu nallath. maruvashathu, saadhaaranayaayi laingikamallaatha vaakkukal chilappol laingikathaye vivarichekkaam; 'aasakh' polulla oru kriya saadhaaranayaayi 'thakarkkuka, nasippikkuka, adichamarthuka' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, ennaal oru prathyeka baibil vaakyathil (isaiah 23:12) 'kanyaka makal' enna padavumaayi bandhappett yadhaarthathil 'balaalsangam cheyyuka' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu, kaaranam randaamathethinu prathyeka laingika ardhamundu. aadhunika vaayanakkaarkk manassilakkaan prayaasamulla soumyavaakyangalum laingika bhashayum kondu baibil ebraayam niranjirikkunnu. 'nuna parayuka', 'arian', 'varoo', 'nagnata anaavaranam cheyyuka' enniva prathyeka sandarbhangalil 'laingikabandham' ennartham varunna udaaharanangalaan. atharam vaakyangal eee laingikatha oru vyakthi mattoraalkk mail nirbandhitharaakunnu ennu ardhamaakkunnilla, yadhaarthathil sammathathode laingikathaye vivarikkan kazhiyum, ennaal prathyekichum aakhyaanathinte pashchaathalam oraalkk mail balaprayogathinte roopangal (akramavum bheeshanippeduthalum polullava) cherkkukayo ithu oru 'shiksha' aayi varthikkunnuvennu avakaashappedukayo cheythaal, 'balaalsangam' oru vishwasaneeyamaaya vivarthanamaayi maarunnu. athupole, 'skirttukal', 'nagnata', 'lajja' thudangiya namangal 'sthreekalude jananendriyangal' ennathinte soumyavaakyangalaayirikkam.
udaaharanagal.
uthbhavam.
uthbhavam 9.
uthppathi 9:22-ll, uthbhava vellapokka vivaranathinu thottupinnaale, noayude makanaaya haam, thante pithaavinte "nagnata" "kandathayi ezhuthiyittundu, hebru bybilile mattidangalil" laingikabandhathil earppettu "ennu ardhamaakkunna oru vaachakam. haam nohayumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppettuvennum orupakshe urakkathil thanne avane "swavarggaanuraagam" cheythathaayum chila vyaakhyaanangal nigamanam cheiyunnu. 22-aamm vaakyathile "kaanuka" enna vaakkin pakaram swavarganuraga bandhangale soochippikkunna mattoru vaakk nalkunna baibilinte moonnu greak vivarthanangalilum ithe vishadeekaranangal kaanapedunnu. enthaanu sambhavichathennathinal, haaminte makan canane addehathinte pingamikalaaya kaananikaleyum noha shapichu.
uthbhavam 19.
uthppathi 19 oru koottabalaathkaarashramathe avatharippikkunnu. rund doothanmaar swavarggaanuraagathil athukayum dhaaraalam aalukal avarkk aathidheyathvam kaanikkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, nagaratthile aalukal lottinte veedinu chuttum othukoodukayum avare balaalsangam cheiyunnathinaayi rund athidhikale nalkanamennu aavasyappedukayum cheythu. ithinulla marupadiyaayi, lottu janakkoottathinu pakaram thante rund kanyaka penmakkale vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. aalkkoottam lottinte vaagdaanam nirasikkunnu, pakshe maalaakhamaar avare andhathayode adikkunnu, daivam oduvil nagaratthe nasippikkukayum lottum kudumbavum rakshappedukayum cheiyunnu.
lottinte penmakkal avane madyapippikkukayum avanumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppedukayum cheiyunnathu enganeyennu uthppathi 19 vivarikkunnu. thalphalamaayi, israayelinte aavarthichulla sathrukkalaaya movabinteyum ammonteyum perulla poorvvikar janichu. niravadhi niroopakar avarude pravartthanangale balaalsangamaayi visheshippikkunnu. lottinte penmakkale "avihita 'balaalsangatthinte' thudakkakkaarum kuttavaalikalum" aayi eee vaachakam avatharippikkunnuvennu esthar futues (2003) soochippikkunnu."
hebru baibil thante penmakkale balaalsangathinu nalkaanulla lottinte avakasham nissaaramaayi edukkunnathinaal, athu avarude mail oru pithaavinte adhikaarathinte charitraparamaaya yaadhaarthyathe prathifalippikkunnuvennu namukk anumanikkaam ennu gerda learner (1986) abhiprayappettu.
uthbhavam 34.
34-aamm noottaandil shekem dinayumaayi laingikabandhathil earppettirunnuvenkilum eee vaachakam engane krithyamaayi vivarthanam cheyyukayum manassilakkukayum cheyyanamennathu pandithochithamaaya vivaada vishayamaan. mikka aadhunika pandithanmaarum ithu balaalsangatthe vivarikkunnuvennu avakaashappedunnu, pala aadhunika vivarthanangalum ithine 'balaalsangam' (allengil laingika nirbandhathinte samanamaaya vaakkalulla) ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu, athesamayam chila muun vyaakhyaanakaaranmaarum olichodaan nirddeshichu.
bhashaaparamaaya vishakalanam.
merii anna badder (2006) 2 umm 3 umm vaakyangal thammilulla vibhajanam rekhappeduthukayum ezhuthukayum cheiyunnu, "'sneham', 'avahelana' ennee kriyakal orumichu kandethunnathu aadhunika vaayanakkaaran vichithravum aswasthathayulavaakkunnathu, avarude vishayamaayi ore purushan avarude lakshyamaayi ore sthriyum undu."pinneedu, avar ezhuthunnu," dinayude chinthakaleyo vikaarangaleyo sambhavicha kaaryangalodulla avalude prathikaranangaleyo kurichu aakhyaathaavu vaayanakkaaran oru vivaravum nalkunnilla. shekem focalizer mathramalla, praadhamika nadan koodiyaanu...shekemaanu eee vaakyangalude kendramennathil aakhyaathaavu oru samshayavum avasheshippikkunnilla. shekkeminte pravarthanangaludeyum aagrahangaludeyum vasthu (allengil paroksha vasthu) aanu dina."frank emm. 34: 2num 34:3num edayilulla pettennulla parivartthanam oru kathaparachil saankethikathayaayirunnuvennu yamada (2008) vaadikkunnu, kaaranam aaa vivaranam purushanmaaril shradha kendreekarichirunnathil, mattu balatsanga vivaranangalilum addeham kaanunna oru maathruka, purushanmaarude prathikaranangal sammishra velichathil chithreekarichirikkunnu. "dinayude balaalsangam vivarikkunnath saamoohika sakthikal pravarthikkunnundenna soochippikkunna reethiyilaan, ithu prarambha mudra lamghanathe sankeernamaakkukayum thathfalamaayundaakunna purusha prathikaranangale prashnathilaakkukayum cheyyum. [...] ennirunnaalum, balaalsangatthil ninnu vivaahathilekkulla pettennulla parivartthanam vaayanakkaarante manassil pirimurukkam srishtikkunnu...shikshayude pariharikkappedaatha prashnam simeoninteyum leviyudeyum prathikaranam munkootty kaanunnu."
ennirunnaalum, baderinum yamadaykkum vipareethamaayi, scholes (2021) oru nishkriya vasthuvayittum, shekkeminupakaram dinayaanu aakhyaanathil kendramennum 3-aamm vaakyathile kriyakal vyaapakamaayi thettayi vivarthanam cheyyappettittundenum vaadichu. "snehikkuka (aareyengilum)' ennu palappozhum vivarthanam cheyyappedunna 'dabakh', hebru bybilil mattevideyengilum vivarthanam cheyyappettitla, marichu '(aarodengilum) pattinilkkuka' (rooth 1:14 enrsv), '(aarodengilum) aduthu nilkkuka' (rooth 2:23 enrsv), '(aarodengilum) aduthu nilkkuka' (sankeerthanam 101:3 eiii. eiii. aandezhsan), '(anantharaavakaasham) nilanirthuka' (samkhyakal 36:7,9 nrsv), allengil 'enthengilum (kaivashappedutthal) sookshikkuka' wilhem gesenius parayunnathanusarichu. scholes upasamharichu "...'snehikkuka' ennathu poornnamaayum aparyapthamaanu. oru mikacha vivarthanam speshyal saameepyathin oonnal nalkunnu 'shekem dinayodoppam thaamasichu' allengil 'shekem dinaye nilanirtthi', avale pookaan anuvadikkilla enna ardhathil."thannirikkunna pashchaathalatthil," "aheb" "enna madhya kriaye '(aareyengilum) snehikkunnathinekkaal' (aareyengilum) kaamikkuka 'allengil' (aareyengilum) aagrahikkuka 'ennaanu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu, kaaranam eee vikaaram romaantik ennathinekkaal laingikamaanu, koodaathe oru niyantritha vishayathil ninnu laingikamaayi nirbandhitha vasthuvilekku poornnamaayum ekapaksheeyamaanu". moonnaamathe kriya "way-daba-burr 'alle-lebb hunn-naa-' Â-raa" enna vaakyathinte bhagamaanu, aksharaarthatthil "addeham yuvathiyude hridayathodu samsaarichu" ennaanu ardham. pala vivarthanangalum ithine "avan avalodu aardramaayi samsaarichu" (enn. aarr. ezz. vii) ennu vivarthanam cheyyumbol, scholes jorg fisherine (1984) pinthudarnnu, addeham hebru bybilile athe vaachakam "sahacharyam thettaayirikkumbol, budhimuttaayirikkumbol allengil apakadasaadhyatha undaakumbol" ellaayppozhum prathyakshappedumennu shradhichu, koodaathe "oru nishedhaathmaka abhipraayathinethire samsarikkaan sramikkuka" allengil "oru vyakthiyude manass maattaan" ennu manassilakkanam. athinaal, balaalsangathinu sesham dinaye shaanthamaakkaanum avalumayi samsaarichukond avalude nishedhaathmaka abhiprayam mattaanum shekem sramichuvennum 3-aamm vaakyathinte avasana bhagam "avan aaa yuvatiye shaanthamaakkaan shramichu" ennu vivarthanam cheythuvennum scholes vaadichu."
charitraparavum daarmmikavumaaya vishakalanam.
uthbhavam 34-ll shekem dinaye balaalsangam cheythathine "cheyyaan paadillaattha oru kaaryam" ennu grandhatthil thanne vivarichittundu."susanne scholes (2000) ezhuthunnu," "sahodaranmaarude prathikaaravum sthreekalekkurichulla avarude parasparavirudhamaaya kaazhchappaadukal prakadamaakkunnu". oru vashath avar avarude sahodariye samrakshikkunnu. maruvashathu, eee sthreekal avarude kollayadichavareppole mattu sthreekale pidikkaan avar madikkunnilla. balaalsangavum athinte falamaayundaakunna prathikaaravum thammilulla bandham, balaalsangam cheyyappedunnavareyum balaalsangam cheyyaavunna perumaattattheyum thadayaan eluppamulla pariharangalonnum labhyamallenn vyakthamaakkunnu. eee kaaryatthil 34-aamm uthbhavam samakaalika vaayanakkaare oru kathayude roopaka bhaashayiloode balaalsangatthinte vyaapanathe abhisambodhana cheyyaan kshanikkunnu."mattoru kruthiyil, scholes (2010) ezhuthunnu," athinte vipulamaaya vyaakhyaana charithratthil, jootha, kristhyan vyaakhyaathaavu pradhaanamaayum dinaye avaganichu. [...] pala vyaakhyaanangalilum, saahodaryaparamaaya kolapathakam criminal nimishamaan, sameepa varshangalil shekem dinaye balaalsangam cheiyunnathinulla saadhyathaykkethire pandithanmaar vyakthamaayi vaadichittundu. shekkeminte snehavum vivaahalochanayum 'oru balaalsangiyude shaasthreeyamaayi rekhappeduthappetta perumattavumaayi' poruthappedunnillenna avar vaadikkunnu."dinayude nishabdatha ardhamaakkunnathu aval sammathichuvennu ardhamaakkunnillennu scholes (2000) vaadichu ennirunnaalum, eee nishabdatha undaayirunnittum dhina kathayiludaneelam undennu saahitya vishakalanam kaanikkunnu. vaasthavathil, ellaam sambhavikkunnath aval kaaranamaan. feminist scholarship vazhi ariyikkappedunna vaayanaykk avalude vyakthamaaya abhipraayangal polum aavasyamilla."
rabby pandithanumaaya burton visotsky (2010) prasthaavichathu, eee katha vivarikkunnath ningalude balatsanga niyamathe vivaham kazhikkuka ennathaanu irayude naanakked kanakkaakkenda oru samoohamaayirunnu athu, kanyakaathvam nashtappettappol vivaham lajjaavahikkunna parichaarakane maaychukalanju. ennaal ithu sahaanubhoothiyulla purusha nirmmaanatthinte nanakkedum irayaaya sthreeyodulla sahathaapathinte athisayakaramaaya abhaavavumaan. ningalude balalsangi vivaham kazhikkunnathinte samshayaaspadamaaya bahumaanathil ninnu mukhamonnum nedanavilla. njaan engane avideyetthi ennathinodu allengilum, kuranjathu deenayude sahodaranmaar eee avasana poyintinodu yojikkunnu. [...] balaalsangam avare sambandhichidatholam oru prashnamaayirunnuvenn njaan vishwasikkunnilla. lajja niyanthranavum avarude battanukalaayirunnu. balaalsangam nammudethaanu.sandra iii. rapoport (2011) vaadikkunnathu "dinaye balaalsangam cheythathine thudarnnulla vaakyangalile shekeminode baibil grandhaminodu anubhaavamund, athesamayam avalodulla niyamavirudhamaaya kollayadi perumaattatthe apalapikkunnathil ninnu athu pinnottilla. oru "midrash", 3-aamm vaakyathile shekkeminte moonnu snehabhashakal israel makkalodulla daivathinte snehathinu kaaranamaakunnu."shekkeminte kathaapaathram sankeernamaanu" ennum avar paranju. ayogyamaayi thinmayullavanayi addehathe eluppathil visheshippikkanaavilla. eee sankeernathayaanu vaayanakkaaran asahaneeyamaaya pirimurukkam srishtikkukayum prakopanatthinteyum kopatthinteyum saadhyamaaya anukambayudeyum nyayamaaya sakthamaaya vikarangal uyarthukayum cheiyunnathu."athinaal, rapoport 34-aamm noottaandile uthbhavathe balaalsangatthe shakthamayi apalapikkunnathayi kanakkakkunnu," sahodaranmaarude shekemin hamorin prathikaaramaayi kollunnath, aadhunika vaayanakkaare athirthi neethiyum jagrathayum oormmippikkaamenkilum, purathana sameepa kizhakkinte pashchaathalatthil manassilakkaavunna alavukol niyamamaan."
uthbhavam 39.
oru sthree oru purushane laingikamaayi upadravikkukayum akramikkukayum cheytha apoorva baibil udaaharanam ulpathi 39 ll kaanaamenn chilar vaadichittundu. eee adhyaayathil, adimayaaya josafine addehathinte yajamananaaya potthifarinte bhaarya aavarthichu nirddeshikkunnu. thanikk angane cheyyaan vaivaahika avakaashamillaathathinaal josaf avalumayi laingika bandhatthil earppedaan visammathikkunnu, athu yahway daivathinethiraaya paapamayirikkum (uthbhavam <aii. dii. 1>). oduvil pothifarinte bhaarya avanodu thannodoppam urangaan varanum avante vasthrangal pidikkaanum aavashyappedunnu (uthbhavam <aii. dii. 1>). vasthrangal avalkkoppam upekshichu josaf rakshappedunnu (vyathyastha vivarthanangal vasthrangal, udaaharanathinu, josephinte "vasthram", "vasthram", "kottu" allengil "vasthrangal" ennu polum vivarikkunnu). pinneedu pothifarinte bhaarya aadyam thante bhrithyanmaarodum pinneedu bharthaavinodum joseph thanne akramichathaayi parayunnu (uthbhavam <aii. dii. 1>). josafine jaililekku ayaykkunnu (uthbhavam <aii. dii. 2>), avide swapnangale vyaakhyaanikkaanulla daivadatta kazhivu faravone thante sahayam chodikkaan nayikkunnathuvare addeham avide thudarunnu (uthbhavam <aii. dii. 1>).
mair sternberg (1985) polulla pandithanmaar josafinodulla sthreeyude aavarthichulla perumaattatthe laingikaathikramamaayi chithreekarikkunnu. pothifarinte bharya yajamanante kaivashamulla oru vasthuvayi kanakkakkunnuvennum (jenne <aii. dii. 1>), joseph visammathikkanulla kaaranam avalumayi laingika bandhatthil earppedaan aagrahikkaathathinaallenum marichu athu yajamanante vishwaasathe lamghikkukayum yaahveykkethiraaya paapamakukayum cheiyumennathu kondaanennum mckinley (1995) abhiprayappettu. bharthaavinte udamasthathayilulla oru vasthuvayi thudarunnathinupakaram swantham thiranjeduppukal nadathunna oru vishayamaayi svayam avakashappedaan sthree shramikkukayaanennum eee pravartthanatthil thangalodoppam cheraan josafine shanikkunnuvennum vadikkam, ithu oru 'paapam' ennaanu vivaranam roopappeduthunnathu.'ennirunnaalum, athesamayam, adima yajamanante bhaarya enna nilayil aval josafine nirddeshikkaanum visammathichathin avane sikshikkaanum adikaarasthaanam durupayogam cheiyunnu. susanne tower hollis (1989) soochippikkunnathu, 'pothifarinte bhaaryayekkurichulla vivaranam' chila purathana naadodi kadhakalkku anusrithamaanu, athil oru sthree oru purushanodu vyarthamaayi prasamgikkukayum thudarnnu thanne nirbandhikkaan shramichuvennu aaropikkukayum cheiyunnu ', purushan' sthriye vasheekarikkanulla sramathinu anyaayamaayi shikshikkappedunnu.'
31 ennam.
balaalsangatthe 'yudhathile oru maanadanda sambradaaya' makkunna oru bhagamaayaanu ithu vyaakhyaanikkappedunnathu. rabby pandithanaaya shaay jeey. dii. 31:17-18 enna samkhyakalude prathyaaghaathangal avyakthamaanu" ennu kohen (1999) vaadichu...] ningalkk vendi" ennathinartham yodhaakkal avarude kanyaka thadavukaare laingikamaayi 'upayogikkaam' ennaanu, shimon baar yochaay eee bhagam 'shariyaayi' manassilakkiyennum njangalkk urappundayirikkaam. maruvashathu, bii polulla mattu rabbinikkal vyaakhyaanangal addeham shradhichu. oppam vaii. ningalkk vendi" ennaal 'daasanmaraayi' ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu ennu kiddushin yevamot avakashappettu.'pinneedu, yahooda, kristhyan shamaapanam nadathunnavar, randaamathethu sweekarichu."
deuteronomy.
aavarthanapusthakam 20.
duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> soochippikkunnathu ellah sthreekalum kuttikalum adimakalaayitheerunnu ennaanu
yudhakaalathe laingika athikramangalekkurichulla avarude manushyavakaasha padanatthil, kenneddy-pipe & staanli (2000) duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> yeei paraamarshikkumbol ingane prasthaavichu 'yudhathil balaalsangatthe pinthunaykkunnathu purathana kizhakkan charithrathiludaneelam prachaaratthilundaayirunnu, hebru bybilil ithu vyakthamaan sthreekale palappozhum purushanmaarude kaivasavum niyanthranavum mathramulla vasthukkalaayi chithreekarikkunnu. yudhasamayathu sthreekal 'yudhathinte kolla' maargamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnavaru perumariyathumaayi bandhappett baibil paraamarshangal eee kaaryam vyakthamaayi vyakthamaakkunnu.'
aavarthanapusthakam 21.
duteronomy 21:1014 iprakaaram parayunnu
eee bhagam aanmakkaleyum anantharaavakaashatheyum sambandhicha niyamangalumayi tharamthirickunnu, ithu yudhathil thadavilakkappetta sthriye sveekaaryamaaya israelya bharyayaakki mattunna vidhathil vivaahathinte niyanthranathilaanu eee bhaagatthinte pradhana aashanka ennu soochippikkunnu, niyamaanusrithamaaya israelya kuttikale janippikkunnathinaayi. carrin reader (2017) parayunnu, "vivaahathin anthimaroopam nalkunnathinumumbulla oru maasam neenda kaalathamasam bhaagikamaayi oru aadima garbha parisodhanayaayi pravartthikkum."
bandiyaaya sthree balaalsangam cheyyappedumenna ashayam, readerude abhipraayathil, isaiah <aii. dii. 1>, sekkarya 14:2 thudangiya bhaagangalil, uparodham sthreekale "nindikkunnathilekku" nayikkunnu enna vastutha pinthunaykkunnu. emm.aii. bhakshanamo paarppidamo nalkukayo kudumbatthinu thirike nalkukayo cheyyaathe (aval laingikamaayi samthrupthayillaathappol) avale samskarikkunnathinu vivaahamochana vyavastha soukaryapradamaayi nalkunnuvennu reey (2016) rekhappeduthunnu... eee reethiyil, videsha thadavukaaran mattu (israelyar/ebraer) bhaaryamaareppole aakshepakaramaaya pravarthanangalkku allah, marichu avalude niyanthranathinu atheethamaaya kaaranangalal vivaahamochanam nedunnu."
david resnik (2004) athinte prabhukkanmaare prashamsichukondu, "vyakthamayum manushyacharithrathile vanita yudhathadavukaare samrakshikkunnathinulla aadyathe niyamanirmmanavum" "ettavum mosham sahacharyam kaikaaryam cheyyaan sramikkunna saarvathrika baibil maanavikathayude ettavum mikachathum oru vijayikkunna purushan engane pravarthikkanamennu niyanthrikkunnathupole athine visheshippikkunnu."yudhathil thante raajyam parajayappettathinushesham, vijayikale vivaham kazhikkunnath" oru duranthakaramaaya raashtreeyavum saamoohikavumaaya saahacharyathil oru sthreek swantham thalpparyangal munnott kondupokaanulla ettavum nalla maargamaayirikkumenn addeham vaadikkunnu."kawashima (2011) parayunnathanusarichu, oru adimayaayi kanakkakkunnathinupakaram oru bharyayaayi avale pariganikkunnathiloode, yudhaavastha moolam ozhivakkappetta avalude pithaavinte amgeekaaram nedunnathil parajayappetta sainikan avale" "lamghichathinu" "nashtapariharam nalkaan niyamam shramikkunnu".
aavarthanapusthakam 22.
duteronomy <aii. dii. 3> ennathinte paadangal 'balatsanga niyamanirmmaanamaayi parakke amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu' ennum duteronomy <aii. dii. 1>, duteronomy <aii. dii. 2> 'kooduthal vivaadaparavum saadhaaranayaayi balatsanga niyamangalayi visheshippikkappendaathum scholes (2021) prasthaavichu. nivu avaye inipparayunna reethiyil vivarthanam cheiyunnu
cheryl aandezhsan thante "purathana niyamangalum samakaalika vivaadangalum ulkkollunna baibil vyaakhyaanathinte aavasyakatha" (2009) enna pusthakatthil ingane paranju vyakthamayum, eee niyamangal sthreeyude kaazhchappaad kanakkiledukkunnilla. oru balaalsangathinu sesham, [ira] svayam parikketta kakshiyayi kaanumennathil samshayamilla, orupakshe balaalsangakkaaranumaayulla vivaham veruppulavakkunnathaayi kaanum. atharam oru niyamam akkaalat ardhavathaayathinu saamskaarikavum charitraparavumaaya kaaranangalundenn vadikkam. [...] athupole, vishwaasapaarambaryam sthreekalkku vyathyasthavum ennaal saadhuthayullathumaaya kaazhchappaadukal undakanulla saadhyatha pariganikkunnilla (pariganikkendathilla) enna sandesham niyamam nalkunnu.22:22 enna vaakyam bhaaryayude pankaalitthatthe prathyekamaayi abhisambodhana cheiyunnilla, athinaal adele berlinte vyaakhyaanam (2008) aval balaalsangam cheyyappettaalum, vivaahethara ettumuttal avale ashudhayaakkiyathinaal avale vadhikkanamenn niyamam nirddeshikkunnu ennathaanu. ennirunnaalum, skoolukalkkum kolejukalkkumulla kembridge baibil (1882-1925) anusarichu, cheytha kuttakrithyam sammathathode cheytha vyabhichaaramaayirunnu, athinaal iru kakshikalum kuttakkaaraayirunnu.
frank emm. nagaratthilvechu vivaahanischayam cheytha kanyakaykku shiksha nalkunna duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> balaalsangathekkurichalla, marichu vyabhichaarathekkurichaanne yamada (2008) abhiprayappettu, kaaranam vivaahanischayam cheytha sthree ithinakam thanne avalude bhaavi bharthaavinte samvarana swathaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. duteronomic niyamangal sthreekale purushanmaarude swathaayi kanakkakkunnuvennum duteronomic niyamangal aanennum addeham vaadichu...] balatsanga kuttakrithyathe oru sthreekkethiraaya laingika athikramamaayi kanakkaakkaruth, marichu avalude pithaavino (bhaavi) bharthaavino ethiraaya saambathika kuttakrithyamaayi kanakkaakkuka. thante makale thanikk ishtamulla oru purushanu vivaham kazhikkunnath pithaavinte prathyekaavakaashamaayathinaal, sthreedhanathilninn pinmariya pithaavinte pithaavin ambathu sheckel velli nalkunnathu avalude aasoothrithamallaatha kanyakaathvam nashtappettathinte prathifalamaayi duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> ll paraamarsikkunnu. eee randaamathe saahacharyathil iru kakshikalkkum vadhashikshayillenn yamada choondikkaatti, marichu ningalude balaalsangakkaarane vivaham kazhikkuka enna vyavasthayundennum, ithu shekkeminte vivaha vaagdaanam, uthbhavam 34:12 ll dinaye balaalsangam cheythathinu sesham vadhuvinte vila ulppede, thaarathamyam cheythuvennum yamada choondikkaatti.
22:25-27, craig ezz. keyner (1996) ithine oru balatsanga saahacharyamaayi kanakkakki, shnunna 26-aamm vakuppinte niyamangalumayi thaarathamyappedutthi. "avalude niraparaadhithvathinu saakshiyayi mattaarum haajaraayirunnillenkilum aval vyakthamaayi lamghikkappettu, baibil niyamam saakshikalude aavasyamillaathe (22:27) niraparaadhithvam anumaanikkunnu; aval sammathichillennu vadikkaan thelivukalude bharam aval vahikkunnilla. [...] dambathikal theerchayaayum laingikabandhathil earppettirunnenkil, aaa purushan oru tharatthilum kuttakkaranaayirunnu, ennaal sthree niraparaadhiyaayirunnirikkam, avalude niraparaadhithvam anumaanikkanam."davidson (2011) koottichertthu," "angane mosaik niyamam vivaahanischayam cheytha sthreeyude laingika parishudhi samrakshikkukayum (aval vivaahanischayam cheythayaale samrakshikkukayum cheiyunnu), laingikamaayi lamghikkaan dhairyappedunna purushanu ettavum kadinamaaya shiksha nirddeshikkukayum cheiyunnu"."
roobert ezz. oru penkuttiye balaalsangam cheiyunnathu raajyathaano nagaratthilaano ennathu pariganikkathe thanne, eee vaakyangal soochippikkunnathu aval "oru kuttakrithyatthil kuttakkariyaakaam, pakshe saankethikamaayi paranjaal, oru kuttakrithyathinu irayaakilla, athinaalaan avalude lamghanam kuttavaaliyude kuttabodham vardhippikkaathathennu" kawashima abhiprayappettu (2011)."
28umm 29umm vaakyangal.
duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> eee adhyaayathinte oru vivaadaparamaaya bhagamaanu, chila aadhunika pandithanmaar ithu ningalude balatsanga niyamamaanennu vaadikkunnu. baibil vivarthanangal eee khandikaye vyathyasthamayi vyaakhyaanikkunnu, pala aadhunika pathippukalum "shakab" enna padam "balaalsangam" ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu, avide pazhaya vivarthanangal saadhaaranayaayi "nuna parayunnathinu" eshtappedunnu. athupole, mikka aadhunika vivarthanangalum "tafaz" enna vaakkinte paribhasha "pidichedukkuka" ennaanu, athesamayam pazhaya vivarthanangal saadhaaranayaayi "pidichunirtthuka" ennaanu eshtappedunnathu. avasaanamaayi, "anaa/inaa" ennathu pazhaya engleesh vivarthanangalil "thaazhmayullavar" ennu eathaandu saarvathrikamaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu, ennaal aadhunika vivarthanangalil mikkavarum ellaayppozhum "lamghikkunna" ennaanu. suvishesha vivarthanam "thannodu laingika bandhatthil earppedaan avan avale nirbandhichu" enna khandika polum vivarthanam cheythu, daivathinte vaakkukalude vivarthanam "avan avale balaalsangam cheythu" ennu aaa khandikaye vivarthanam cheythu. sthree laingika pravarthanatthinu sammatham nalkiyittundo illayo ennathu pariganikkathe, allengil vivaahathin sammatham nalkumo ennathinu, prashnam pariharikkunnathin bharthaav avalude maathaapithaakkalkk sthreedhanam nalki avale vivaham kazhikkendathundu.
pidichunilkkuka" ennathinu "aii. dii. 2" ("hazak", "chasak") ennathinekkaal vyathyasthamaaya oru kriyayaan "aii. dii. 3" ("tafash") ll upayogikkunnathennu daivashaasthranjanaaya joonn gill (<aii. dii. 1>) nireekshichu. aadyathethu kooduthal 'aakarshakavum' 'snehamullathum' aanennu addeham karuthi (athine purappaadumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyumbol, athu sammathathode addeham kanakkakki) randaamathethu kooduthal 'shakthavum' 'akramaparavum' aanennu addeham nigamanam cheythu; 25-aamm vaakyam balaalsangatheyum 28-aamm vaakyam sammathathode laingika bandhatheyum vivarikkunnu. athupole, daivashaasthranjanaaya chaals ellikote (1897) duteronomy <aii. dii. 2> neey 'sedection' vazhi vivaahathin munbulla laingika bandhathekkurichulla kuttakrithyavumaayi bandhapetta oru niyamamaayi vyaakhyaanikkukayum athine exodus <aii. dii. 1> maayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum cheythu, athil sthreeyude pithaavin eee vivaha vaagdaanam nirasikkaan kazhiyumennu paraamarsikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, exodus <aii. dii. 2> oru sammathathodeyulla saahacharyathe vivarikkunnuvennu mikkavarum ellah pandithanmaarum sammathikkunnundengilum, purushan sthriye "lamghichuvennu" athu vyakthamakkunnilla, athesamayam duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> cheiyunnu. lamghanam" ennathinu ivide upayogikkunna ebraiah padamaaya "anaa" allengil "inaa", (sandarbhathe aashrayich) "balaalsangam cheyyuka, [laingikamaayi] nirbandhikkuka, ashudhamaakkuka, lamghikkuka, apamanikkuka, moshamaayi perumaaruka, peedippikkuka, thaazhthuka/apamanikkuka, adichamarthuka, vidheyamaakkuka/keezhadakkuka, keezhppedutthuka, durbalappedutthuka" ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. prathyekichum oru hebru kriya pail (theevramaakkunna) roopathilaayirikkumbol, ithu shakti koottunnu, koodaathe aavarthanapusthakam 22:29 ll 'inn-naa' pail aanu. hebru bybilile mattu niravadhi kesukalil, oru purushan sthriyum edapazhakunnathine vivarikkan eee vaakk upayogikkunnu, udaaharanathinu jadjimar 20:5,2 saamuval 13:14, ithu saadhaaranayaayi oru sthriye avalude ishtathinu virudhamaayi laingika bandhatthil earppeduthaan nirbandhithanaakkunna oru purushane vivarikkunnu (athaayath balaalsangam).
richard emm. davidson (2011) duteronomy 22:28-29 niyamaparamaaya balaalsangavumaayi bandhapetta oru niyamamaayi kanakkakki. eee saahacharyathil sthreekalude pankine niyamangal pinthunaykkunnuvennu addeham vaadichu, "eee saahacharyangalil purushanumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppedaan sthree sammathikkunnundengilum, purushan 'avale peedippichu/thaazhtthi/lamghichu'. oru sthreeyude vishudhi maanikkappedanamennathum samrakshikkappedanamennum divya roopakalppana lamghikkappettu. [...] sthree thante vanjanakkaaranodu sammathichirikkaamenkilum, niyamamanusarichu, sthreedhanam 'kanyakakalude vadhuvinte sambathinu thulyamaanu' (purappaad <aii. dii. 1>): avale oru kanyakayeppole saambathikamaayi kanakkakkunnu! atharamoru perumaattam oru sthriye anyaayamaayi muthaledukkunna oru purushanethire oru sthreeyude moolyam uyarthippidikkukayum athe samayam laingikaathikramathe niruthsaahappeduthukayum cheiyunnu."valery tarrico (2015) duteronomy <aii. dii. 1> yeei vimarshichu," balaalsangathinulla shikshakal sthreeyodulla anukambayo aaghaathamo kondalla, marichu bahumaanathodum gotra vishudhiyodum oru upayogicha sthree kedupaadukal varuthiya saadhanamaanenna bodhathodum bandhappettirikkunnu "."
aavarthanapusthakam 28.
aavarthanapusthakam 28:15-64 "anusaranakkedinu saapangal" ulkkollunnu; 15-aamm vaakyamanusarichu sambhavikkunna karyangal, 'ningal ningalude daivamaaya yahwe anusarikkathirikkukayum njaan innu ningalkk nalkunna avante ellah kalppanakalum kalppanakalum shradhaapoorvvam palikkukayum cheythillengil, eee shaapangalellam ningaludemel varikayum ningale pidikoodukayum cheyyum.'prathyekichum, aavarthanapusthakam <aii. dii. 1> iprakaaram parayunnu' ningal oru sthriye vivaham kazhikkumennu prathijnjayedukkum, ennaal matoraal avale kondupoyi balaalsangam cheyyum. ningal oru veedu paniyumenkilum athil ningal thaamasikkukayilla. ningal oru munthirithottam nattupidippikkum, pakshe ningal athinte phalam aaswadikkaan polum thudangukayilla.'(puthiya anthaaraashtra pathipp). apamanikkuka, balaalsangam cheyyuka, lamghikkuka' allengil 'koode kidakkuka' ennu soumyamaayi vivarthanam cheyyappedunna 'sagal' enna kriyayil ninnu uruthirinjathaanu 'yiscabenna' enna vaakk. chila pandithanmaar karuthunnath, sakthamaaya paataparamaaya samanathakal kaaranam, isarhaddonte pinthudarchaavakaasha udambadi (ekadesham bii. sii. iii. 675 ll ezhuthiyathu) aavarthanapusthakam 28 leeii eee saapangalkkum aavarthanapusthakam 13 leeii ulladakkathinum oru saahitya maathrkayaayi pravarthichu ennaanu. athinaal eee vaachakam bisi 672-ll esarhaddonte maranathinum bisi 622-ll josia rajaavu aavarthanapusthakam sweekarikkaan saadhyathayullathinum idayilaayirikkaam ezhuthiyathennu steymaans (2013) nigamanam cheythu. duteronomy <aii. dii. 2> esarhaddonte pinthudarchaavakaasha udambadiyumaayi (zaa 26) (aii. dii. 1) (§41) yojikkunnu, athil sapikkappetta manushyante prathisrutha vadhuvum balaalsangam cheyyappedukayum avante veedum munthirithottavum nashtappedukayum cheyyum.
jadjimar.
oru peru velippeduthaatha sthrii akramatthinte athirukadappu" enna thalakkettilulla jadjimaarude pusthakatthile veppattiye balaalsangam cheiyunnathinaayi "bheekarathayude grandhangalil" oru adhyayam trible samarppikkunnu. veppattiye balaalsangam cheythathinekkurichu thanne avar ezhuthi, "kuttakrithyathinu kurachu vaakkukal maathrame labhikkunnulloo. kathaakrithu ashleelachithrangalo sensationalisamo vaadikkunnillenkil, sthreekalude vidhiyekkurichum addeham kaaryamaayi shradhikkunnilla. sthree balaalsangathekkurichulla eee vibhaagathinte hraswata purushanmaarude koottabaliyekkurichum purushanmaarude charchakalekkurichum ulla neenda reportukalkku nere vipareethamaanu. purushanmaarodulla atharam vipulamaaya shradha sthreek nereyulla bheekaratha vardhippikkunnu."baibilinte greak, hebru pathippukalile vyathyaasangal pittennu raavile veppattiye maricho illayo ennu vyakthamallenn soochippichathinushesham (" "aakhyaathaavu thante nayakane avyakthathayiloode samrakshikkunnu" "), mattu kathaapaathrangalo aakhyaathaavo avalude manushyathvathe thirichariyunnillennu trible ezhuthunnu". aval swath, vasthu, upakaranam, saahitya upakaranam ennivayaanu. [..] oduvil, aval pinneedu kashanangalayi murichu israel pradeshathudaneelam yudhathinulla aahvaanamaayi ayaykkunna kaalakalallathe matonnumalla."
khandikayude bhashaaparamaaya avyakthathayum athil ninnu uthbhavikkunna vaividhyamaarnna vyaakhyaanangalum scholes rekhappeduthunnu. avar ezhuthi eee vivaranam yadhaartha sambhavangalekkurichulla oru 'charitra' allengil 'krithyamaaya' report allaathathinaal, eee chodyangalkkulla utharangal jadjimaare adisthaanamaakkiyulla purathana israelya jeevithathekkurichu arian kazhiyunnathinekkaal lingabhedam, androcentrism, saamoohika rashtreeya reethikal ennivayekkurichulla oru vaayanakkaarante anumanangalekkurichu kooduthal velippeduthunnu...] pravachanatheethamaayi, vyaakhyaathaakkal avarude hermenutical thaalpparyangale aashrayich kathayude ardhavumaayi vyathyasthamayi edapedunnu.veppaattiyude duravastha vivarikkan upayogikkunna bhasha vaayanakkaarane avalodu sahathapam prakadippikkunnuvennu yamada vishwasikkunnu, prathyekichu balaalsangathinteyum athinte anantharafalangaludeyum samayat. "angane, vrudhante veettilekku madangaanulla sthreeyude sramathekkurichulla aakhyaathaavinte vipulamaaya vivaranam vaayanakkaaran muun raathriyile sambhavangalude vinashakaramaaya phalangal eduthukaanikkukayum avalude shoonyamaaya avasthaykku oonnal nalkukayum cheiyunnu. oro purushan swantham kaazhchayil shariyaayath cheyyumbol cheiyunna thettukalude pratheekamaayi sthreeyude balaalsangavum sheenithavumaaya shareeram maarunnu.'vaathilinodu chernnu nilkkunna eee sthreeyude chithram kathayil pankedukkunnavaril ninnu prathikaranam aavashyappedunnu."
2 saamuval.
2 saamuval 11.
2 saamuval 11-leeii batshebayumaayulla davidinte vyabhichaarathinte sambhavathe chila pandithanmaar balaalsangatthinte vivaranamaayi kaanunnu. david diana malayum soochippikkunnathu
sammatham asaadhyamaayathinaal, avalude shakthiyillaatha sthaanam kanakkileduthu, david avale balaalsangam cheythu. balaalsangam ennaal mattoraalude sammathamillaathe, ishtathinu virudhamaayi laingikabandhathil earppeduka ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu-avalkk sammatham nalkaan adhikaaramillaayirunnu. shaareerika poraattam illengilum, aval avanu keezhadangiyaalum athu balaalsangamaayirunnu.
ennirunnaalum, mattu pandithanmaar abhipraayappedunnathu batsheba swamedhayaa davidinte aduthekku vannathaanennu. jaims bii. 2 saamuval 13-ll tamar parayunnathupole, eee grandham batshebayude prathishedhathe vivarikkunnillenn jordan rekhappeduthunnu, eee nishabdatha soochippikkunnathu "batsheba vyabhichaarathil davidumaayi manahpoorvvam sahakarichu" ennaanu. jorjju nikkol kooduthal munnott pooyi "raajakottaarathin sameepam bathsheba kulikkunnath manappoorvvam prakopanaparamaayirunnu" ennu soochippikkunnu.
2 saamuval 12 umm 16 umm.
daveed batshebayude bharthaav euria yudhathil kolluvaanaayi krameekarichu ennathum daveed batsheba bharyayaayi sweekarichu ennathum (2 saamuval <aii. dii. 1>) yaaveykku athrupthiyaanu. ("lakkach") yooriyayude bharya swantham bharyayaayi eduthukondupoyathinu/pidichukondupoyathinu thanikk daivika shiksha labhikkumenn davidine ariyikkaan addeham nathan pravaachakane ayaykkunnu (2 saamuval 12:9). bathshebayileyum davidileyum navjata shishuvine asukham baadhichukondu ezhu divasathinu sesham (2 saamuval <aii. dii. 2>) marikkuka mathramalla, daveed thante ellah bharyamaareyum kondupoyi/pidichedukkukayum ("lakkach") israelile ellaavarkkum kaanaan vendi pakal velichathil (aksharaarthatthil "sooryante kannil") avanodoppam/balaalsangam ("shakab") urangaan ("riya") aareyengilum anuvadikkumennu yahway parayunnu (2 saamuval <aii. dii. 1>).
2 saamuval <aii. dii. 1> ll, daaveedinodu aduthunilkkunna eee manushyan thante pithaavinethire kalapam nadathukayum thanikkuvendi raajathvam pidichedukkaan sramikkukayum cheiyunna addehathinte makan absalomaanu. addehathinte upadeshtaavu ahitophel absalominode parayunnu 'kottaaratthe paripalikkaan addeham vittupoya ningalude pithaavinte veppaattikalodoppam (boow + ell, aksharaarthatthil "varoo/pookoo") uranguka. appol nee ninte pithaavinodu arochakanaayitheernnuvennu yisrael muzhuvan kelkkum. ninnodoppamulla ellaavarudeyum kaikal kooduthal dridathayullathaayirikkum."angane avar melkkoorayil absalominu oru koodaaram sthaapichu, avan (" "boow" "+" "ell" ") thante pithaavinte veppaattikalodoppam israel muzhuvan munnil kidannurangi".'(2 saamuval 16:21-22 niv). mccarter, aandezhsan thudangiya vyaakhyaathaavu davidinte veppattikalumaayulla absalominte pravrithikale balaalsangamaayi kanunnilla, marichu addeham avare 'niyamavirudhamaayi avakaashappedukayo' allengil 'rajakeeyamaayi vivaham kazhikkukayo' cheythathayi scholes (2021) choondikkaatti. maruvashathu, kenn stoon (1994) balaalsangathinulla saadhyathaye rasippichu, kaaranam 'eee sthreekal pankedukkaan thayyaaraayirikkumenn chinthikkaan oru kaaranavumilla.'thomas bohache (2006) kooduthal munnott pooyi
2 saamuval 16-ll namukkullath balaalsangatthinte praathinidhyamaanennu oraalkk thikachum nyayayukthamaayi nigamanam cheyyaan kazhiyum, ithu 2 saamuvalinte vivaranathinte yukthiyil daivam thudakkamittathaanennu manassilakkunnu. aaa veekshanakonil ninnu pariganikkumbol, 2 saamuval 16 leeii katha bybilile ettavum aswasthappeduthunna grandhangalilonnaanu, athu ulkkollunnu enna vasthuthayude adisthaanathil vimarsanaathmakamaayi vilayiruthendathundu (1 umm 2 umm saamuval pole) sthreekalude laingika upayogathekkurichulla purushaadhipathya ashayangal. eee saahacharyathil, atharam kaazhchappaadukal aakhyaathaavu munkootty anumaanikkukayo purusha manushya kathaapaathrangal kaivasham vaykkukayo cheiyunnilla, marichu purusha divya kathaapaathramaaya yeh vaa yill avatharippikkappedunnu. patthu sthreekale balaalsangam cheyth apamanikkukayum athuvazhi shikshikkukayum cheiyunnathinaal, absalomo ahitophelo daveedo allathe aaa sthreekalude yadhaartha vidhiyekkurich kooduthal aashankayillennu thonnunnu.
2 saamuval 13.
2 saamuval 13-ll, amnon thante ardhasahodari tamarine ottaykku kidappumuriyilekku varaan prerippikkukayum avale kaikondu pidichu thannodoppam urangaan parayukayum cheiyunnu, pakshe tamar nirasikkukayum ethirkkukayum cheiyunnu, aadyam thanne vivaham kazhikkaan amnoninode parayunnu; ennirunnaalum, amnon avale keezhadakkaanum enthaayaalum balaalsangam cheyyaanum munnott pookunnu.
aksharaarthatthil, 'avan avale nirbandhichu/lamghichu (' inaa 'peel) avale (' shakab ') ittathaayi' ebraiah grandham prasthaavikkunnu. tamarine balaalsangam cheythathil amnon kuttakkaaranaannathaanu panditharaaya samavayam. tamar sammathichuvennum yadhaarthathil sambhavichathin utharavaadiyaanennum paamela tamarkin raise (2002) avakaashappettengilum, raise akkaadamikamaayi pariseelanam labhicha pandithanalla, marichu oru munkoor shamaapanakkaariyaanu, avarude kaazhchappaadukal pothuve pandithanmaar nirasikkunnu.
[thamarinte] sradheyamaaya vyakthamaaya prathikaranatthe oraal verum vaachaadopamaayi vyaakhyaanichekkaam, varaanirikkunna akramanam thadayaanulla sramamaanu, ennaal sathyasandhathayude thathwam ippozhum soochippikkunnathu, veedinte pathriarchese enna nilayil david aanu niyamaparamaaya asthithvam" ennu kawashima (2011) abhipraayappedunnu. balaalsangathinu sesham amnon tamarinode pookaan parayumbol aval parayunnu "illa! enne purathaakkunnathu ningal ennodu ithinakam cheythathinekkaal valia thettayirikkum "(2 saamuval 13:16 niv), akkaalathe kanvenshanukalkkanusarich, bharyayaayi avante veettil thudaraanaanu avalude prateeksha ennu soochippikkunnu.
thaamarinte nilaviliyum sthreekalkkethiraaya akramavum sabhayude prathikaranavum" (1995) enna pusthakatthil, kathayile purusha veshangalkk oonnal nalkiyathinu bybilil tamarine chithreekarichathine pamela kooppar-vaitt vimarshikkunnu. "2 saamuval 13-nte aakhyaathaavu chilappol irayaaya sthreeyodulla njangalude sahathapam prakadippichu hridayasparshiyaaya reethiyil chithreekarikkunnu. ennaal kooduthalum, aakhyaathaavu (njaan "avan" ennu karuthunnu) thante chuttumulla purushanmaarodulla praadhamika thaalpparyatthinte, sahathaapathinte, dishayilekku namme nayikkunnu. thaamarinte apamaanathinte hridayabhedakatha polum absalom pinneedu amnonine kolappeduthiyathine nyaayeekarikkukayenna praadhamika uddeshyathinuvendiyaanu, swantham aavasyathinalla."thamarinodulla sahathapam aakhyaathaavinte praadhamika thaalpparyamallenn avar abhiprayappettu. thaamarinte bhaavathinte shakti avalude vedana prakaashippikkaanalla, marichu amnoninodulla absalominte kopatheyum thudarnnulla kolapaathakatheyum nyaayeekarikkan vendiyaanu."kuppar-vaitt parayunnath, avihita balaalsangathinu sesham, vivaranam amnonil shradha kendreekarikkunnathu thudarukayaanennum," akrama sambhavathin sheshamulla kuttavaali kazhchappadum chinthakalum vikaarangalum katha report cheiyunnathu thudarunnu; irayude kaazhchappaad avatharippichitla. [...] shikshayeyo prathikaaratheyo bhayann polum avan avalekkurichu veendum chinthichathaayi njangalkk soochanakalonnum nalkiyittilla."
jnjaanathinte rajakeeya balaalsangam" enna upasheershakamulla "bheekarathayude grandhangalil" mattoru adhyayam tribble tamarinu neekkivaykkunnu. aakhyaanathile eaka vanitha tamaraanennum amnoninteyum absalominteyum kadhakalude bhaagamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnuvennum avar abhiprayappettu. "rund purushanmaar oru sthriye chuttippattiyund. katha vikasikkumbol, avar avale samrakshikkunnathinum malineekaranam varuthunnathinum, pinthunaykkunnathinum vaseekarikkunnathinum, aashwasippikkunnathinum pidikkunnathinum idayil neengunnu. koodaathe, davidinte eee puthranmaar sundariyaaya sthreeyiloode parasparam malsarikkunnu."yadhaartha hebru balaalsangatthe vivarikkan upayogikkunna bhasha" "avan avalodoppam kidakkunnathinekkaal" "avan avale kidatthi" "ennaanu vivarthanam cheyyappedunnathennum avar ezhuthi"."scholes (2010) ezhuthi," "pala pandithanmaarum amnon thante [ardhasahodariye] keezhppeduthunna krooratha nirasikkunna oru pooyint undaakkunnu", "amnoninekkaal tamarine kuttappeduthunna pamela tamarkin reyisinte oru vyaakhyaanathe vimarshikkunnu".
2 saamuvalil tamarine balaalsangam cheythathinekkurichu, rapoport prasthaavikkunnath "amnon oru verukkaanaavaatha vyakthiyaan. aksharaarthatthil, thaamarinte dheeramaaya niraparaadhithvathinte dushta foyilaanu addeham. [...] nammal amnonine nindikkukayum nindikkukayum cheyyumbol vaayanakkaaran oresamayam tamarine abhinandikkukayum vilapikkukayum prolsaahippikkukayum cheyyanamennu baibil aagrahikkunnu."athe bhagathekkurichu, badder ezhuthi," "saahacharyathekkurichulla thamarinte daaranaykku vishwaasyatha nalkiyittundu; theerchayaayum amnon avalodoppam nuna paranjathu avale lamghikkunnathaayi thelinju". thaamarinte vishwaasyatha vardhikkunnathinoppam, aakhyaathaavu amnonine apakeerthippeduthunnu."[thamarinte] vaakkukal sathyasandhavum hridayasparshiyumaanennu trible abhiprayappettu; avaa sthree daasyathe amgeekarikkunnu."avalude peru ozhivaakkikkond aakhyaathaavu avalude shakthiyillaathathilekk soochana nalkunnu" ennum avar ezhuthunnu."
athupole, aakhyaathaavu tamarumaayi yojikkukayum vaayanakkaarane thannodu sahathapam prakadippikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu yamada vaadikkunnu. "niyamalamghanathinu sesham thante ardhasahodariyodulla amnonte veruppum thamarinte apekshakalum chernnu vaayanakkaarane irayumaayi yojipikkukayum kuttavaaliyodu avahelanamundaakkukayum cheiyunnu. rund kathaapaathrangaludeyum balaalsangatheyum balalsanganandara prathikaranangaleyum kurichulla vishadamaaya vivaranam eee kuttakrithyathe kooduthal nindyamaakkunnu."
pravachanapusthakangal.
kettu blanchard, pamela gorden, harrold sii thudangiya pandithanmaar. isayyayude pusthakam, jeramiyayude pusthakam, esekkiyel pusthakam thudangi niravadhi bhagangal balatsanga roopakangal upayogikkunna pravachanapusthakangalil undennu washington scholls abhipraayappettittund. blanchard eee vasthuthayil rosham prakadippichu, ezhuthi "ira-apavaadathinte eee thilangunna udaaharanangalude vivarthanangal pazhaya reethiyilulla bhasha undaayirunnittum mathiyaya vyakthamaan enikku deshyamundu, ningal athinu kashtappedaan pookunnu. ningalude laingika chooshanangal kaaranam ningal balaalsangathinu arharaanu. ningal oru veshyayaan, ningalkk anantharafalangal anubhavikkan kurachu samayame undaayirunnulloo. ithu ningalkkum matellaa uyarnna nilavaaramulla sthreekalkkum oru paatamaakatte."isaiah <aii. dii. 1>, jeramiah <aii. dii. 2>, esekkiyel 16, esekkiyel 23 ennee naalu bhagangal scholes charcha cheythu.
isaiah 3.
isaiah <aii. dii. 1> ennathil, scholes (2010) ezhuthiyathu, "pottu" enna ebraiah padatthinte "netti" allengil "thalayotti" enna peril oru saadhaarana thettaaya vivarthanam undennaanu. jananendriyangal" allengil "rahasya bhagangal" ennum palappozhum vivarthanam cheyyappedunna scholes, jeey aadyam nirddeshichathupole sandarbhathil vaakkinte kooduthal krithyamaaya vivarthanam "kundu" aanennu vishwasikkunnu. cheryl eksaminte "sthreekalkkethiraaya baibil athikramangalude dhaarmikatha" (1995). avarude jananendriyangal thurannukattunnathinaayi sthreekalude vasthrangal azhichuvidunnathu sthreekalude ahankaarathinum ahankaarathinum daivathinte shikshayaayi laingika akramathe soochippikkunnuvennu avarkkum johnny miles (2006) polulla mattu pandithanmarkkum nigamanamund.
esekkiyel 16 umm 23 umm.
isekkiyal 16:39 ("w-hipshi-ttu 'ō-w-āq b-ā-ā-ā-ā-ā-yiich"; saadhaaranayaayi "avar ningalude vasthrangal azhichukalayum" (nivu) ennum isekkiyal 23:26 ("vahu-hipshi-Â-Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â leviticus 18,20 ennivayile oru vyakthiyude "nagnata anaavaranam cheyyuka" enna samanamaaya vaachakam ellaayppozhum laingika pravartthanatthe soochippikkunnu (saadhaaranayaayi angane vivarthanam cheyyappedunnu), esekkiyal 16:39,23:26 ennivayile sthreekal sammathikkunnilla, pakshe "shiksha" enna "shiksha" (esekkiyal 16:38,41; 23:24,45,49) enna niravadhi akramasakthamaaya pravrithikalil (vikruthamaakkal, kavarcha, kolapathakam ulppede) onnaayi balaprayogathiloode eee laingika pravarthanatthinu vidheyaraakkappedunnu. rund vivaranangalum ellah juhaadikalkkum israelyarkkum (jerusalem, samaria thalasthaana nagarangaliloode sthreekale thirichariyunna esekkiyel, esekkiyel, (ID4)) laingikamo saamskaarikamo aaya kaimaattatthiloode videsikalumaayi vamsheeyamaayi edapazhakaathirikkaanum, marichu ellah jootha/israel sthreekalkkum avarude bharthaakkanmaarodu avishwasthatha kaanikkaruthennum "veshyaavrithi", "vyabhicharam" ennivayil earppedaruthennum (prathyekichu esekkiyel, (ID2); (ID3)) munnariyipp nalkaanum allengil "shiksha" anubhavikkendivarumennum gravet urappichu paranju.
scholes (2010) esekkiyelile rund bhaagangaleyum "jarusalemine avalude bharthaavaaya yaahveyude bharyayaayi ashleelamaayi vasthunishtamaakkunnathu" ennu paraamarsikkunnu. esekkiyel 16-ll avar ezhuthi, "eee akramasakthamaaya vaakkukal sthreeyude kaazhchappaadine avyakthamaakkunnu, koodaathe aropanangal aaropikkunna yaaveyude annukaliloode maathramaan avatharippikkunnath. daivam samsaarikkukayum bharya vyabhichaarathin kuttappeduthukayum parasyamaayi vasthram azhichu, lamghanam, kolapathakam ennivayude roopathil shiksha nirddeshikkukayum cheiyunnu. praavachanika bhavanayil, sthreek utharam nalkaan avasaram nalkunnilla. [...] aval ingane shikshikkappedunnathil daivam samthrupthi prakadippikkunnu."oduvil kollappedunna rund vyabhichara sahodarimaarekkurichulla kathayaaya esekkiyel 23 nekkurichu, aval khandikayil upayogicha bhasha, prathyekichu esekkiyel <aii. dii. 1>, vyabhichaarathekkurich ellah sthreekalkkum oru munnariyippayi varthikkunnu. "peeditharum balaalsangam cheyyappettavarum kollappettavarumaya bhaaryamare ellah sthreekalkkum oru munnariyipp adayaalamaakki eee praavachanika balatsanga roopakangal maattunnu. sthreekal bharthaakkanmaare anusarikkunnathum veedukalil thamasikkunnathum laingika swaathanthryathinte eathenkilum adayaalangal upekshikkunnathum nallathaanennu ithu padippikkunnu. [...] eee praavachanika faantasi sthreekale vasthukkalaayi nirmmikkunnu, orikkalum vishayangalaayittalla, athu sthreekale laingikavalkkarikkappetta vasthukkalilekku churukkunnu, avar daivathinte shiksha svayam konduvarikayum athu poornnamaayum arhikkukayum cheiyunnu."
neremarichu, corin paattan (2000) vaadichathu, "eee vaachakam gaarhika peedanatthe pinthunaykkunnilla; pandithanmaarum adhyaapakarum prasamgakarum atharam oru vyaakhyaanam yadhaarthathil oru thettaaya vaayanayaanennum" "oru kuttiyaya bharthaavenna apavaadathil ninnu yahwe rakshikkuka ennathaanu khandikayude daivashaasthraparamaaya lakshyam ennum ariyaatha vaayanakkaare ormmippikkunnathu thudaranam.iii. parajayappetta, shakthiyillaatha, phalapradamallaatha oru daivam. [...] yudhasamayathu balaalsangavum vikruthiyum polum illaatha oru anubhavavum rogashanthikkum veendedukkalinum atheethamallaatha daivathekkurichulla oru kaazhchappaadaanith."esekkiyel 16nekkurichu, danielle onnaaman. divyavidhiyude pashchaathalam addehathinte krupayude pashchaathalatthil maathrame vilamathikkaan kazhiyoo" ennu block ezhuthi. vaachakam v ll aarambhichirunnenkil. 36 daivathe kroorathaykkum anaavasyamaaya theevrathaykkum oraal kuttappeduthiyirikkaam. ennaal avante kopatthinte theekshnatha avante snehathinte theevrathayude prathifalanamaanu. daivam thante sneham eee sthreeyudemel chorinju, avale oru nischitha maranathil ninnu rakshichu, avalumayi udambadi bandhatthil earppettu, thante sambathu prathinjja cheythu, avalkk aaswadikkaan kazhiyunna ellah aanukoolyangalum avalkk nalki. avan valare snehichirunnu. thante kripayodulla avahelanathe nissaaramaayi edukkaan addehathinu kazhinjilla."
jeramiah 13.
jeramiah 13 nekkurichu scholes (2010) ezhuthi, "aaa sthree eee vidhi thante mail konduvannuvennum athinu avale kuttappeduthanamennum kavita prakhyaapikkunnu, athesamayam pravaachakan laingika akramasaktharaaya kuttavaalikalude paksham cherunnu, akramanam arhamaanennum daivam athine nyaayeekarikkunnathaayum kaanunnu. balatsanga kaavyaathmakar 'purusha svechaadhipathya' theyum 'sthreekalude manushyathvarahithatha' yeyum pinthunaykkunnu, orupakshe vishayam daivamaayirikkumbol."
amii kalmanofsky (2015) abhipraayappettath jeramiah 13 nagnayay sthreeyude shareerathe veruppinte oru vasthuvayi kanakkaakkunnu "nagnayay sthreeyude shareeram aagrahathinte vasthuvaayittalla, veruppinte vasthuvayi pradarshippikkunna ashleelamaaya nagnathayude udaaharanamaanu jerr 13 ennu njaan nigamanam cheiyunnu. 13-aamm vayassil, mattu praavachanika grandhangalilennapole, israel avalude nagnata thurannukaattunnathiloode laingikamaayi aaveshabharithayalla. aval nanam kettu. mathramalla, israelinte lajjayk saakshyam vahikkunnavar israelinte thuranna shareeram agrahikkunnilla. avarkk athil veruppaanu."
eph. bii. hyuy, juu. (1993), jeramiah 13 nekkurichu abhipraayappettukondu ezhuthi, "avishwaasiyaaya yehudayk anuyojyamaaya vyakthiyaya oru veshyaykku nalkia pothu apamaanamaan asambandhamaaya vivaranam (sii. eph. isaa 47:3; hoose 2:3,10; naah 3:5). keezhadakkunna sainyathile sainikar sthreekalodu nadatthiya akramathekkurichum ithinu vivarikkanaakum. [...] ellaavarum thangalude vyabhicharangal kaanunnathinaayi avar thurannukaattappedumennu jeramiah [yehudayile janathe] oormmippichu."
hossia 2.
hosea pusthakatthile randaam adhyaayathil, hosea pravaachakane (yahway daivavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthappedunna) thante muun bharyayaaya gomarine (israel rajyavumaayi (samaarya) thaarathamyappeduthumbol) mattoru purushanaayi vittupoyathinu engane shikshikkumenn sangalppikkunnathaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu. aadya pakuthiyil, bhaaryayude laingika perumaattatthinmelulla niyanthranam nashtappedumennu hosea bhayappedunnu, thanikk niyanthranam nashtappedumbol, avale oru 'veshya'/'vyabhichaariniyaanennu' avan aaropikkunnu (baal polulla mattu daivangale aaraadhikkunnathinaayi israelyare 'vigraharadhana' cheythuvennu yahwe aaropikkunnathupole), koodaathe niravadhi pandithanmaarude abhipraayathil kadutha shaareerikavum maanasikavumaya akramam nadathumennu gomarine bheeshanippeduthunnu. randaam pakuthiyil, onnum sambhavikkaathathupole thante muun bharya thuranna kaikalode engane sweekarikkumennum, uthppathi srishtiyude vivaranathe soochippikkunna bhashayil lokam veendum srishtikkappedumennum hosea sangalppikkunnu; oru thikanja anurajanam. weams (1995) parayunnathanusarichu, hosea 'vivaahathile yadhaartha ira' aanennu kavita avakaashappedunnu, athaayath 'thante avishwasthayaaya bhaaryayude angeyattatthe perumaattatthilekku nayikkappedunna oru manushyan'; ithu thante pravrithikale avalude thettayi vaachaadopaparamaayi avatharippikkukayum 'mardhanametta bhaarya' ennathinekkaal 'apamanikkappetta bharthaavinodoppam' cheraan prekshakare bodhyappedutthaan sramikkukayum cheiyunnu.
scholes (2021) hosea 2iiii14 (ebraiah grandhangalil 2iiii16) leeii 'pathah' enna kriyayil shradha kendreekarichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi 'aakarshikkuka/vasheekarikkuka/prerippikkuka/vasheekarikkuka/aakarshikkuka' allengil 'kabalippikkuka/vanchikkuka/thettidharippikkuka' ennaanu vivarthanam cheiyunnathu. ennaal eee vaakyathilum jadjimaarilum jadjimaarilum 16:5-lum kriya pail aanu, athu balaprayogamo balaprayogamo cherkkunnu; athinaal, enrsv, nivu, isv thudangiya chila baibil vivarthanangal eee vaakyangalile "patha" yeei 'cox' ennu vivarthanam cheiyunnu. eee rund jadjimaarudeyum vaakyangalil (samson delila kurichu) exodus <aii. dii. 1> (vivaahathin munbulla laingikathayekkurichu; nirbandhithamo sammathamo aanennu vyakthamalla), "pathah" laingikathaye soochippikkunnuvennum athinaal 14-aamm vaakyam "athinaal, nokkoo, njaan thanneyaanu avalude mail laingikabandham earppeduthunnathu" ennu vivarthanam cheyyanamennum scholes nyaayeekarichu."
nahum 3.
scholes (2021) anusarichu, veedukal theepidutthatthil nasippikkappedukayum pouranmaar vaalkolaykkum laingika peedanatthinum balaalsangathinum vidheyaraakukayum cheytha oru sainika aakramanathinu (bce 612) nineway nagaram engane keezhadangunnu ennu nahum 3 vivarikkunnu. 3:5-7 vaakyangalil, yaveh daivam laingika athikramam kondu (oru sthriyaayi chithreekarichirikkunna) ninway bheeshanippeduthunnathaayi thonnunnu, scholes vivarthanam cheythathupole 
aval nyaayeekarichu 'njaan ningale laingikamaayi lamghikkum' enna vaachakam peelil hebru kriyayaya 'nabal' upayogikkunnu, ithu jenne 34:7, jadjimar 19-21,2 saam 13:12 thudangiya balatsanga vivaranangalilum kaanapedunnu. 'koodaathe, oru videsha shatru nashippicha oru nagaratthe (ivide navaa-azrian saamraajyathinte prathinidhiyaya nineway) laingikamaayi akramam sweekarikkunna oru laingika sthriyaayi chithreekarikkukayum athinte falamaayundaakunna lajja avalude papangalkkulla nyayamaaya shikshayaayi chithreekarikkukayum cheiyunna mattu hebru pravachana kavithakale nahum 3 prathifalippikkunnu. israel daivamaaya yahwake neeneveyumaayi munkaala bandhamonnum illengilum, randaamathethu 'avishwastha' maanenkilum, vadakkan israel raajyathinte (samaria) assyrian adhiniveshathinum bisi 730-kalil assyrian adimathathinum prathikaaramaayi ithu avatharippikkunnu. scholes, francisco oo. oru sthriye shikshikkunnathinaayi avale lamghikkukayum apamanikkukayum cheiyunna oru balaalsangakkaaranaayi daivam svayam avatharippikkunna eee kavita 'aadhunika vaayanakkaarkk prathyekichum veruppulavaakkunnathaane' 'nahum pusthakatthile eee vaakyangal apakadakaramaaya pradeshamaayi kanakkaakkanam' ennum garzia-trettoyum mattu pandithanmaarum abhiprayappettu.
checkeria 14.
jerusaleminte rakshakan samrakshakanumaayi yehway daivathe sekharyayude pusthakam chithreekarikkunnu, udaaharanathinu 2:9,9:8 vaakyangalil. peettezhsan (1995) ezhuthi 'v. 8 yerooshalemilum shathrukkalude eathu sakthikkum ethiraayum yehowa engane sannihithanaayirikkumenn vivarikkan rachayithaav sainika paalayatthinte bhasha sweekarikkunnu. eaka apavaadam avasana adhyaayathil aanu, sekkarya 14, avide yerooshalem ellah raashtrangalum raali pravachikkappedunnu, athu oru uparodham veezhukayum athinte sthreekal balaalsangam cheyyappedum. yehoodayude prathirodhakkaril ninnu jarusalemine aakramikkunnayaalilekkal yaahveyude nilapaadinte eee pettennulla maattam pandithanmaare aashayakkuzhappathilaakki. jerusalem enthukondaanu eee akramathinu vidheyamaakunnathu ennu checkeria 14 soochippikkunnillenna boda (2004) prasthaavichu, ennaal ithu nagaratthile janangalude dushkrithyangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave oraal anumaanikkanam.'phosttar (2012) paranju' oraal chekkaaryayile neethiprasangam pinthudarumbol, jarusaleminekkurichulla eee vidhiyude kaaranam muzhuvan sekkaryayil nalkiyittundennu njangal kandethunnu ennathaanu ente vaadam.  [...] 'janangal neethi nadappaakkunnathil paraajayappedumbol, yeh-nte munkaala vidhikal yudhangalum uparodhavum balaalsangavum naadukadatthalum kondu innathe thalamura pidichedukkunnu".
aalroopappeduthiya thalasthaana nagarangal balaalsangam cheyyappedumennu bheeshanippedutthi.
hebru bybilile pala "nevium" allengil praavachanika pusthakangalilum israel daivamaaya yahway oru thalasthaana nagarathekkurichulla thante vidhi samsaarikkunnundennu pandithanmaar valarekkaalamaayi thiricharinjittundu (athu bharikkunna samsthaanathinu anukoolamaayi paars totoi ithu upayogikkunnu), eee nagaratthe vividha papangal cheytha oru sthriyaayi prathifalippikkunnu, angane aval oru "veshya"/"veshya" allengil/allengil "vyabhicharam" aayi maarunnu, athinaal ellaayppozhum balaalsangathinu vidheyayaakunnath ulppede vividha shikshakal arhikkunnu. nagaram uparodhikkukayum videsha sainikar keezhadakkukayum cheiyumbozhaanu eee vidhiyum sikshayum saadhaaranayaayi prayogikkunnathu. thanneyum thante swantham bahumaanatheyum upekshicha thante bharyayo kanyaka makalo ennapole oru nagaratthe abhisambodhana cheiyunna eee roopakathinu palappozhum jarusalemilum (orikkal samaaryayilum) baadhakamaanengilum, baabilon, nineway thudangiya israel ithara nagarangalilum ithu baadhakamaan. gorden aandu washington (1995) abhiprayappettu 'akramatthinte oru vasthuvenna nilayil nagaram ellaayppozhum sthreelingamaanu, sthreelingathinte padavi dvitheeyamaayi shakthippeduthukayum sthriye maathrukaa irayaayi sthaapich sthreekale ashleela vasthunishtamaakkukayum cheiyunnu.'balaalsangathinteyum mattu shikshakaludeyum eee bheeshanikal israelyarkkum joothanmaarkkum allengil videsha janangalkkum avar vidhikkappedaathirikkanum shikshikkappedaathirikkaanum paapatthil veezharuthennu munnariyipp nalkuka mathramalla, prathyekichu ellah sthreekalkkum nalkanamennum scholes (2021) vaadichu. esekkiyel 16 umm 23 umm prathyekichum israelyarkkum yahooda samoohathinum mathramalla, pothuve yehovayodu avishwasthatha kaanikkathirikkaanum, aaa samoohangalile sthreekalkku avarude bharthaakkanmaarodu avishwasthatha kaanikkathirikkaanum (prathyekichu videsha purushanmarumaayi laingika bandhatthil earppedunnathiloode) eratta sandesham nalkunnu; angane cheiyunna sthreekale mattu sthreekale vaivaahika avishwasthathayil ninnu thadayunnathinaayi videsha sainikar parasyamaayi balaalsangam cheyyukayum lajikkukayum vadikkukayum cheyyum. athe reethiyil, jeey.keey. kiim (1999) baabilonile veshyayekkurich prasthaavichu 'veshyayude roopakam saamraajyathva nagaramaya romine mathramalla, kolanivalkkarana pashchaathalatthil laingikamaayi earppettirikkunna sthreekaleyum soochippikkunnu.'nahoom 3-ll, videsha sainikar thante utharavukaliloodeyo amgeekaarathodeyo athu cheiyunnathinupakaram, neenveh nagaratthe thanne vyakthiparamayi balaalsangam cheiyumennu yahway bheeshanippeduthunnathaayi thonnunnu. athupole, isaiah 3, jeramiah 13 ennee grandhangalil, israelya daivamaaya addeham thanne "siyonte penmakkale" (jarusalem/yehudayile sthreekal) laingikamaayi aakramikkukayo balaalsangam cheiyukayo cheiyumennu bheeshanippeduthunnu.