
saaraa yacob

saaraa yacob (geesa <unk>; 1399-26 august 1468) edhiyopiyayude chakravarty kvestaantinos I (geesa <unk>, "konstaantain") enna bharananaamathil bharicha solomonic raajavamshathile amgavumaayirunnu. thante bharanakaalathu abhivridhi praapicha gees saahityathinum, aabhyanthara kristheeya kaaryangalum musleengalumaayulla baahya yudhangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum, debre birhan thalasthaanamaayi sthaapikkunnathinum addeham ariyappedunnu. 34 varshavum 2 maasavum addeham bharichu.
britiish charitrakaaranaaya edward ulendorff prasthaavichathu, "asumait adhikaarathinte paraakaashtayil isaanaykk sesham kanda ettavum valia bharanadhikaariyaaya ethiopia saara yacob aayirunnu, simhaasanathilulla addehathinte pingaamikalaareyum-chakravarthimaaraaya menelic randaman hayle selassi ozhike-addehavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaan kazhiyilla."
vamshaparambara.
fattajar pravishyayile telkkil janicha saaraa yacob amhara janathayil ninnullayalum davit onnaaman chakravartthiyude bharyayaaya igsi kebrayude ilaya makanumaayirunnu. 
avante amma igsic avalude aadya makane nashtappedukayum randaamathe garbhakaalath rogabadhithayaayathinaal, thante puthiya kunjine jeevichirippinaayi kanyaka meriyodu aathmaarthamaayi praarthikkukayum cheythu. avalude praarthanakalkku utharam labikkukayum aval saaraa yacobinu janmam nalkukayum cheythu, avar eee athbhutham saaraa yaakkobinte charitrangalilonnaaya tammara mariyathil rekhappeduthiyittundu.
bharanam.
pooll bii. thante mootha sahodaranaaya chakravarthiyaaya tevodros onnaamante asooya saara yaakkobine rahasyamaayi valarthappetta tigrailekku kondupokaan kottaarakkaare nirbandhitharaakkukayum aaksamilum debre abbayiyude aashramathilum vidyaabhyaasam nedukayum cheythuvenna paarambaryam hens aavarthikkunnu. eee paarambaryam "saaraa yaakkobinte kariyarinu oru mathaparamaya pashchaathalam nalkunnathil vilamathikkaanaavaathathaan" ennu sammathicha tadese thamraat eee kathaye "athinte vishadaamshangalil valare asaadyamaanu" ennu thallikkalayunnu. simhaasanaarohanathinte thalennu maathramaan gishan parvvathatthile rajakeeya jayilil ninnu thanne irakkiyathennu" saaraa yacob thante "mashafa berhan" ll ezhuthiyirunnathaayi professor rekhappeduthunnu."
davit chakravartthiyude maranashesham, addehathinte mootha sahodaran tevodros saaraa yacobinode amba geshanil (ekadesham 1414) thadavilaakkaan utharavittu. ennirunnaalum, adutha 20 varshathinullil addehathinte mootha sahodaranmaar simhasanathilethunnathil ninnu sahaayicha saaraa yaakkobinte anuyaayikal addehathe chakravartthiyude vattaatha sthaanaarthiyaayi nilanirtthi, ithu addehathe ettavum praayam koodiya yogyathayulla sthaanaarthiyaayi maatti. saadhaaranakkaarumaayo saadhaarana jeevithavumaayo ulla ellah sanbarkkavum nashtappettu, nirbandhitha eakaanthatha thante vyakthithvathil cheluthiya swaadheenam david baksttan choondikkaanikkunnu."neethrthwapadaviyilekku thallappetta" rashtrakaaryangalil parichayamillaattha addeham [saaraa yacob] goodaalochanakalum kalaapangalum niranja oru raajyatheyum mathavidveshangal niranja oru sabhayey purathuninnulla shathrukkale nirantharam akramikkaan bheeshanippeduthunnathine abhimukheekarichu."baksttan thudarunnu,
1434ll chakravartthiyaayenkilum, saara yacob moonnu varsham thaamasicha axamil 1436 vare kireedamaniyukayundaayilla. ethiopian bharanadhikaarikal avarude bharanakalam avasanikkunnathuvare avarude kireedadhaaranam maattivaykkunnathu asaadhaaranamaayirunnilla.
addeham chakravarthiyaaya sesham, hadia bharanadhikaari "garad" mehmedinte makanaaya "garad" mahiko agaadhapradeshathinu keezhadangan visammathichu. ennirunnaalum, mahikkoyude anuyayikaliloraalude sahaayathode, garred addehathinte ammavan bamoic anukoolamaayi sthaanabhrashtanaakkappettu. garad mahiko pinneedu adal sulthaanettinte kottaaratthil sanketham thedi. pinneedu pinthudarnnukondirunna sainika samghamaaya "adal mabrack" addehathe vadhichu. mahikkoyude maranatthinte thelivaayi "adal mabrack" addehathinte thalayum kaikaalukalum saaraa yacobinu ayachathaayi charithrarekhakal rekhappeduthunnu. ethiopian saamrajyam thangalkk nalkia vaarshika kappam nalkunnathil paraajayappettathinetthudar saaraa yacob hadia akramikkukayum vivaahathin munbu snaanametta athinte rajakumaariyaaya eleany vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. hadia raajyathile (abay nadikku thekkulla musleem sidamo raajyangalilonn) muun rajaavaaya "garad" mehamidinte makalaayirunnu elini. addehathinu kuttikalonnum janippikkunnathil avar paraajayappettenkilum, eleani oru sakthamaaya rashtreeya vyakthiyayi valarnnu. thante oru kaduvakkaaran ulppetta oru goodaalochana velichathu vannappol, saara yacob thante rund penmakkalaaya medhan samada berhan samada eee rund offeesukalilekku niyamichu. thante bharanakaalavrithaantham anusarichu, chakravarty thante penmakkaleyum marumakkaleyum thante ettu pravisyakalil gavarnarmaaraayi niyamichu. eee niyamanangal vijayichilla.
1445-leeii gomit yudhathil adal sultaanaaya badle adhu-dine addeham paraajayappeduthi, ithu thekk sidamo raajyangalilum awash nadikku purathulla durbalamaaya musleem raajyangalilum thante pidi urappichu. agaavinum faalaashaykkum ethiraaya vadakku samanamaaya prachaaranangal athra vijayamaayirunnilla. orupakshe aaa padavi polum avatharippicha saaraa yacob chakravartthiyude bharanakaalathaanu theerapradeshangalude bharanadhikaariyaaya "bahr negash" enna padavi aadyamaayi prathyakshappedunnathu. 
aakaashat oru thilangunna velichathinu saakshyam vahichathin sesham (1456-ll ethiopiyayil drishyamaaya haaliyude vaalnakshatram ennu mikka charitrakaaranmaarum thiricharinjittundu), saara yacob debre berhan sthaapikkukayum thante bharanathinte sheshikkunna kaalayalavil athine thante thalasthaanamaakkukayum cheythu.
thante pilkkala varshangalil saara yacob kooduthal svechaadhipathiyaayi. dabra libanosinte madaadhipathiyaaya takla hawarat yaakkobinte mardhanatheyum manushyare kolappeduthiyathineyum vimarshichappol, chakravarty mataadhipathiye marddikkukayum jayililadaykkukayum cheythu, avide kurachu maasangalkk sesham addeham marichu. 1453ll thanikkethire oru goodaalochana nadannathaayi saara yacobinu bodhyappedukayum athu kooduthal krooramaaya pravarthanangalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. thante bharya kuttikalum thanikkethire goodaalochana nadathukayaanennu addehathinu kooduthal bodhyappedukayum avaril palareyum marddikkukayum cheythu. bhaaviyile chakravarthiyaaya baida mariyam onnaamante ammayaya siyoon morgasa 1462-ll eee mosham perumaattam moolam marichu, ithu makan pithavum thammilulla poornnamaaya edavelayilekku nayichu. oduvil iruvarum thammilulla bandham nannaakkappedukayum zara yacob thante pingamiyaayi baida mariyathe parasyamaayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. addehathinte bharanathinte avasaanathode, 1464/1465 ll, massava dahalak dveepasamoohavum saaraa yacob chakravarty kollayadikkukayum dahalakkinte sulthaanettu ethiopian saamraajyathin kappam nalkaan nirbandhitharaakukayum cheythu.
1784ll ezhuthiya oru kaiyezhuthuprathi anusarichu, dasek, dayle, gaidale, tafanat, dino, makuwas thudangiya purajaatheeya devanmaare aaraadhikkunnathaayi sammathicha niravadhi vigrahaaraadhakare saara yacob peedippichu. eee vigraharaadhakar parasyamaayi shirachhedam cheyyappettu. addehathinte puthranmaraaya galavadevas, amada mariyam, saar abraham, bathra siyoon, penmakkalaaya dell samera, roome ganayala, adal mangesha ennivarellaam vigrahaaraadhakaraanennum angane avarellam vadhikkappettuvennum chaaranmar velippeduthi.
pathinaram noottaandil adal nethaavu ahamed ibnu ibrahim alle-ghazi debre birhanile thante muun kottaram nasippikkaan utharavittu.
ethiopian palli.
saaraa yacob simhasana etteduthappol, ekadesham oru noottaandaayi baibil sabbat aacharikkunna vishayathil ethiopian sabha bhinnichirunnu. alexandriayile kooptik oorthadoox sabhayodu vishwasthatha pulartthiyirunna oru samgham, vishramadinam njaayarazhcha allengil valia shabbathil maathrame aacharikkaavoo ennu vishwasichirunnu. mattoru grouppaaya evostettavosinte anuyaayikal athinte sthaapakanodoppam yadhaartha ezhaam divasathe shabbath (shaniyazhcha, allengil cheria shabbath) njayarazhchayum aacharikkanamenn vishwasichu.
aduthide ethiya eejipthile abunayaya michelineyum gabrielineyum evostettavosinte anuyaayikal ennariyappettirunna evostettavosinte bhavanavumaayi aikyam punasthaapikkaan lakshyamitulla oru vittuveezhcha sweekarikkaan prerippikkunnathil saara yacob vijayichu. athesamayam, evostettavosinte veedu samaadhaanippikkaan addeham shramichu. 1442 oode evosthaathiyanmaar othutheerppinu keezhadangumbol, rund aboonukalum teglettile debre mittmaakkinte kaunsilil (1450) maathramaan othutheerppinu sammathichathu.
alexandriayude paathriyarkkeesinte prathirodhakkaranaayum saaraa yacob thudarnnu. 1441ll eejipthile mamluk sultaanaaya saif adhu-dhiin jackmack eejipthile debre mitmaakk aashramathe nasippichathaayi kettappol addeham oru kaalathe dukhaacharanam nadathukayum thudarnnu sultanu sakthamaaya prathishedha kathu ayaykkukayum cheythu. thaan neethipoorvam perumariya musleem prajakal thanikkundennu addeham jackmackine oormmippikkukayum nailine vazhithirichuvidaanulla adikaaram thanikkundennu munnariyipp nalkukayum cheythu, ennaal athu undaakkunna manushyarude kashtappaadukalkkaayi angane cheiyunnathil ninnu addeham vittunilkkukayum cheythu. saaraa yaakkobinte kopam samippikkaan jakkmaakh sammaanangalumaayi prathikarichenkilum thaan nashippicha kooptik pallikal punarnirmikkaan visammathichu.
richard paankharstinte abhipraayathil, saara yacob "prashasthanaaya oru ezhuthukaaran" koodiyaayirunnu, ethiopian saahityathinu moonnu pradhana daivashaasthra kruthikalkku sambhavana nalkiyittundu. athilonnu addehathinte sabhaa parishkaarangalude vivaranavum mathavishwaasangalude prathirodhavumaaya "mahsafa berha" "prakashapusthakam" aayirunnu; mattullava "mahsafa milad" "janmapusthakavum" "mahsafa selasi" "thrimoorthikalude pusthakavumaayirunnu".
videsakaaryangal.
saaraa yacob 1441-ll florence kaunsililekku prathinidhikale ayakkukayum vishudha zee, paashchaathya kristhumathavumaayi bandham sthaapikkukayum cheythu. kaunsil purohithanmaar avarude rajaavu pristtar jonine vilikkaan nirbandhichappol avar aashayakkuzhappathilayi. saaraa yaakkobinte bharananaamangalude pattikayil aaa padavi evideyum undaayittillenn avar vishadeekarikkaan shramichu. ennirunnaalum, prathinidhikalude munnariyippukal europpukaar raajaavine avarude puraana kristhyan rajaavaaya pristtar joonn ennu paraamarsikkunnathil ninnu thadayunnathil kaaryamayonnum cheythilla.
vidagdha thozhilaallikale aavashyappedunna oru nayatantra dauthyavum addeham europilekku (1450) ayachu. munbu indiayilekkulla oru dauthyathil vijayicha sisilian, pietro rombuloyanu dauthyathinu neethrthwam nalkiyathu. rombulo aadyam nicolas anchaaman marpappa sandarshichu, ennaal addehathinte aathyanthika lakshyam aragonile alphonso anchaamante kottaramaayirunnu, avar anukoolamaayi prathikarichu. vishudhabhoomiyile edhiyopiyanmaarkkulla rund kathukal (amda siyoon, saaraa yacob ennivayil ninnu) vaattikkan libraryil nilanilkkunnu, ithu "raajaavinte ethiopia" yeei paraamarsikkunnu."

