
peettar, peettaniyude makan

13-aamm noottaandinteyum 14-aamm noottaandinteyum thudakkathil oru hangarian prabhuvaayirunnu peetteniyude makan peettar (,; maranamadanju 1318/1321). thudakkathil chaals onnaaman raajaavinte vishwastha pinthunakkaaranaaya addeham rajakeeya shakthikkethire thiriyukayum 1312 nuu sesham semplan kaundiyil oru "yadhaartha" swatantra pravishya sthaapikkukayum aaa rashtreeya shoonyatha chooshanam cheyyukayum cheythu, athu abas aadhipathyam pirichuvittathinetthudar uyarnnuvannu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
addehathinte uthbhavathekurichum kudumbabandhangalekkurim onnum ariyilla. charitrakaaranaaya tamas cadar oru saadhyathayulla slavik (ruthenian) vamshajayaanenn anumaanikkunnu. peettarinte bhooribhaagam bhoovudamakalkkum slavik perukalundennum kaaranam eee pradeshathu rutheniyakkaar vasichirunnuvennum ukreniyan charitrakaaranaaya myroslav voloshchuk oonnipparanju. 1264 muthal 1270 vare juuniyar rajaavaaya steefante bharyayaaya elisabathinte kottaaratthile treasuryude yajamananaayi sevanamanushticha addehathinte pithaav oru prathyeka petteniyaayirunnu (petten allengil pethyoon). kudumbatthinte bhoovudamakal padak kottayude chuttumulla prabhukkanmaril sthaapichu (innu saattoraljaajelikkaduthu avashishtangal). 1217 aayappozhekkum peettarinte perulla muthumuthachan ("peettar aii") vesse (innu vojsis, slovakia) svanthamaakkiyirunnuvennu charitrakaaranaaya jeno sukes avakashappettu (mattullavar vaadikkunnathu ithu tarjan shaakhayil ninnulla abaa vamshathile oru amgathe paraamarshikkunnuvenn). athanusarichu, varum dashakangalil naalu thalamurakalk ore munnamam undaayirunnu. addehathinte makan peettar randaaman ("chulivukalulla") 1245-ll belah naalaaman raajaavinte anumathiyode albany tehna vaangi. petteniyude aadhipathyathinte makanaaya peettarinte kaathalaya galsex prabhuthathvatthinte (innathe secovs, slovakia) vikasanathinte aadyapadiyaanithu ennu sex vaadichu. hungery raajyathinte kizhakkan athirthikkappurathulla janavaasamillaathatho janavasam kuravullatho aaya "gaipuvel" ennu vilikkappedunna pradeshatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu eee pradeshangal. 1245ll haalichinte simhasana nedunnathil parajayappetta rostislavu mikhailovichinte anuyaayikalil pettayalayirunnu eee peettar ennu voloshchuk vaadichu. athanusarichu, russian vamshajaraaya eee prabhuvaya peettar paraajayathinu sesham hangariyilethi. 1297-leeii egger adhyaayathile oru charter parayunnath, petteniyude makan peettar nograd kaundiyile "pethyoon" enna graamathilaanu thaamasichirunnathu ennaanu.
1283 muthal, ladyslos naalaamante bharanakaalathaanu peetteniyude makan peettar aadyamaayi samakaalika aadhikaarika chaarttarukalil prathyakshappettath, 1263ll oru thettaaya diploma ithinakam addehathe paraamarshichittundengilum. aaa varsham (1283), kizhakkan pradeshangalile hangarian athirthi samvidaanathinte oru pradhana bhagamaayirunna wecker (innathe crivosanca) parvathanirakk sameepamulla wecker gettu ennu vilikkappedunnava ladyslos naalaaman addehathinu sambhavana cheythu. marchfeldile (1278) yudhathil pankedutthathinu addehathinu bhoomi nalkappettirikkam. hangariyile muun paalattainum oru prathyeka jaimsin oppam raynold bastelicoppam addeham kuleena jadjiyaayi sevanamanushtichu. "1289nuu sesham chilappol semplan kaundiyile "survence jadji" (chila charitrakaaranmaar 1286num 1291num edayilullava). 1290kalil addeham vividha vyavahaarangalilum bhoomi karaarukalilum prathyakshappettu. udaaharanathinu, 1296-ll visniyoyude (innathe visnov, slovakia) udamasthaavakaashathilekku apekshakaril oraale ulppeduthunnathinere addeham amadius abayude kodathiyil prathishedhichu. 1297 aayappozhekkum peettar thante bhoovudamakalude praadeshika kendramaaya galsecukal (allengil sex) swanthamaakki. 1298-ll sweloske gramavum oru "paarambarya bhoomi" enna nilayil addehathinte swathil ulppettirunnu, koodaathe oru kaimaattam cheyyappetta bhoomi, sebegnio (innu sebenov, slovakia), bandhukkalil ninnu swanthamaakki, oru nischitha mathyasum sahodaranmaarum, konraadinte puthranmarum. 1308 aayappozhekkum, petra charter prabhuthathvatthe "terebukalkkappuramulla bhoomi" (innu trebisov, slovakia) ennu paraamarshichappol, bodrog, tissa nadikal (bodrogcos pradesham) ennivaykkidayilulla niravadhi graamangalum estettukalum addehathinu svanthamaayirunnu, udaaharanathinu roswagi, salamon (innu solomonovo, ukraine), sahoni, kiste, casso (innu slovakiayile yathaakramam kista, kasov). 1317-ll chaals onnaaman peettarinte bhoomi kandukettumbol, galsekkinte aadhipathyathil 18 gramangal ulppettirunnu.
orupakshe 1290-kalil peettar borostyan kotta nirmmichu, athu pinneedu addehathinte pravishya aasthaanamaayi maarukayum 17 graamangalum bhoomiyum athinte bhagamaakukayum cheythu. athinupurame, 1283 muthal addeham jeseno kotta (innu jasenov, slovakia) swanthamaakki, athu vimathanaya jokim gutkelidinte kudumbatthil ninnu kandukettappettathinum. 1307-ll addeham oru estettu karaaril kaaplon vamshathil ninnu barco kotta (innu brekov, slovakiaykku mukalilulla avashishtangal) nedi. chilappol 1312 nuu munbu, slovakiayile innathe klin naad bodrogom enna sthalathinaduthu evideyo sthithicheyyunna bodrogsog kottayude udamayaayi.
semplaynile prabhu.
pravishya prabhu.
amadeyus abayum addehathinte bandhuvum 1290 muthal fudal araajakathvathinte kaalaghattatthil semplane ulppedeyulla raajyathinte vadakkan, vadakkukizhakkan kaundikal swathanthramaayi "yadhaarthathil" bharichu. peettar addehathinte kudumbatthil pettavarayirikkaam, athinaal addehathinu oru paridhivare svayambharanaadhikaaram nilanirthaan kazhinju. 1301-ll arpad rajavamsham vamshanasham sambhavichathinusesham, pinthudarchaavakaasha yuddham pottippurappettappol, amadeyas abaa hangarian simhasanathinaayulla anjouyude avakaashavaadathe chaalsine pinthunachu, angane peettarum addehathinte campil chernnu. 1310 aayappozhekkum chaals muzhuvan raajyathinteyum tharkkamillaatha bharanadhikaariyaayi. kaasayile burgermar (ippol slovakiayile cosise) 1311 septambaril amadius aabaye vadhichu. athinusesham chaals abaasinte oligaarkkik bharanam illaathaakkaan prathijnjaabadhanaayi. ennirunnaalum, amadiasinte puthranmaar raajaavinethire kalapam nadathukayum sakthanaaya kuleenavargakkaranaaya maathyoo saakkumaayi sakhyamundaakkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu peettar abakalude vishwasthatha upekshikkaan theerumaanikkukayum chalsinode vishwasthatha prathinjja cheyyukayum cheythu. 1311-nte avasaanathilo 1312-nte thudakkathilo abaa sainyam sarospatak aakramichappol, peettarinte swantham sainyavum baksa bandhukkalumaaya amgangal kottaye vijayakaramaayi prathirodhichu. samgharshathil peettarinu gurutharamaayi parikkettu. 1312 epril 10 nuu purappeduvicha oru rajakeeya charter, amadiasinte puthranmaaril oralaaya nicolas aaba peettar koorumaariyathinu prathikaram cheythathaayum addehathinte sainyam galsekkinte aadhipathyam kollayadikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythathaayum (orupakshe 1312 leeii vasanthakaalath) vivarikkunnu. ettumuttalinide, praadeshika palli nasippikkappettu, avide shekharicha ellah sambathum kollayadikkappedukayum peettarinu 1,000 swarnna duketukal kedupaadukal varuthukayum cheythu. koodaathe, peettarinte anjjaatha bhaarya avide thaamasichappol addehathinte oru bandhu, peettar, kollappettappol addehathinte bhoovudama abas theeyittu. athinusesham peettar saros kottayude uparodhathil pankedutthu (innu slovakiayile sarish), chaalsinte sainyam abaa-alii sooliyam (balasa) bandhuthwathil ninnu kotta pidichedutthu. bhagikamaaya nashtaparihaaramaayi, oru prathyeka erosloyude (jaroslo) vanchaka puthranmaaril ninnu munbu estettu kandukettiya chaals onnaamanil ninnu peettarinu pihniye (innathe pichne, slovakia) bhoomi labhichu.
1312 juun 15 nuu nadanna rosgony yudhathethudarnnu, peettarum addehathinte bhrithyanmaarum pankedutthittundaakam, ithu vadakkukizhakkan hangariyile abaa kudumbatthinte bharanam avasaanippichu, peettarine semplan, ung kaundikalude "ispan" aakki chaals onnaaman. addehathinte anthassinte "bahumaanatthinte" bhaagamaayi, goonk (amadius aabayude muun seett), reejak kottakalum addehathinu labhichu, avide addeham castellan ("varunnu" enna thalakkettode) aayi sevanamanushtichu. cadar randaamathe sthaanathe chodyam cheiyunnu. 1345-leeii oru pilkkala srothass addehathe "nirodhanam" ennu paraamarsikkunnu, athinaal 1312 num 1315 num idayil addeham atharamoru anthass pularthiyirikkaam, allengil athu oru oonarari padaviyaayirunnu. charitrakaaranaaya gyula christoyude abhipraayathil, varaanirikkunna varshangalil abas aadhipathyam pirichuvittathinetthudar uyarnnuvanna aaa rashtreeya shoonyatha peettar chooshanam cheyyukayum semplaynilum bhaagikamaayi abouj kaundikalilum oru "yadhaartha" swatantra pravishya sthaapikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. athinaal kristoo addehathe "oligarkkukal" allengil "pravishya prabhukkanmaar" ennu vilikkappedunnavaril oralaayi kanakkakki. peettar thudarchayaayi rajakeeya shakthiyil ninnu akannunilkkukayum ayal prabhukkanmarkkethire oru praadeshika svechaadhipathiyaayi praveshikkukayum cheythu. udaaharanathinu, 1315-nte avasaanathil addeham rajakeeya naagimihaalisinte (kaaplon bandhukkalude pingaamikal) bhoomi kollayadichu. addeham thante muun sathrukkalaaya parethanaaya amadius aabayude puthranmarumaayi sahakarichu, avarude samyuktha sainyam georkeyudeyum nagimihaliyudeyum kottakal uparodhikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheythu (innu slovakkiyayile üurkov, michalovse). peettarinte anugaamikal naagimihaalikalude chila bandhukkaleyum jolikkareyum peedippikkukayum kollukayum cheythu. appozhekkum peettarinu ekadesham 50 graamangalum aarr kottakalum undaayirunnu. 1316 novemberil, rosgony kudumbatthile (bastelli vamsham) amgangal peettarinte "baanderiyathinethire" ekadesham oru varshatholamaayi "sisikswa kottaye [innu sedlisca, slovakiayude bhagam] prathirodhikkukayaanennu report cheyyappettu.
chalsinethiraaya kalapam.
peettaneyude makanaaya peettarine aadyamaayi "avishwasthan" ennu visheshippichathu 1317 januvari 2 nuu chaals onnaamanaan. chaalsinethire thirinja hangariyile muun palattainaaya jaims borsa, raajaavinethire addehathinte marumakan mojs acos, silaagisaaginte (salaj) kutkeldukal, peettar svayam ennivayulppede mattu prabhukkalumaayi sakhyamundakkiyathaayi rajakeeya charter report cheythu. peettarinte vanchanayude prachodanam 1316 nte randaam pakuthiyil vyakthamalla. serbian charitrakaaranaaya dura hardy abhipraayathil, kizhakkan kaundikalil valia bhoovudamakal nalkikkond rajaavu thante neopolitan kottarakkaaraaya druggeth kudumbatthe-peettarinte praadeshika athiraalikale-anukoolichathinaal addeham chaals onnaamanethire thirinju. charteril, chaals thante chila bhoomikalum estettukalum kandukettukayum peterinethiraaya ettumuttalil gurutharamaaya naashanashtangal sambhavicha vishwasthanaaya sainikanaaya mixes acosinu kaimarukayum cheythu (udaaharanathinu, addehathinte "kudumbamgangalil" oraal kollappettu). pidicheduttha bhoomikalil strassina, kekmeso, nagidomasa, kisdomasa, gerejine (innathe strossin, kukova, veloca domasa, mallah domasa, slovakiayile ohradsani enniva yathaakramam) enniva ulppedunnu.
1321 februvari 10nuu puratthirakkiya mattoru rekha, thante vanchanaykku sesham, vadakkukizhakkan athirthiyil sthaapicha estettukalulla peettar, russian raajyathekku yaatra cheyyukayum galishyayile andrew allengil lioo randaamanu hangarian kireedam vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythathayi vivarikkunnu, iruvarum hangariyile bela naalaamante maathru muthumuthasshimaaraayirunnu. jaims borsa vardhichuvarunna swaadheenamulla mojs akos peettarinte shramangale pinthunachuvennum addeham galishyan raajasabhayile muzhuvan goodalochanayeyum prathinidheekarichuvennum charitrakaaranaaya attila barani vaadichu. addehathinte saadhyathayulla ruthenian vamshaparambarayum swathukkalumaayulla saameepyavum kaaranam, peettarinu galeeshya-volhinia raajyathile praadeshika varenyarumaayi vipulavum oorjjaswalavumaaya rashtreeya, vyapara bandhangalundaayirunnu. hangarian simhaasanathinte vaagdaanam samshayikkunnathinaal peettarum sakhyakakshikalum chaalsinethire galishyayil sainika sahayam maathramaan thediyathennu addeham karuthunnu. peettarinte nayatantra dauthyam parajayappettu, ruricid rajakumaaranmaaraaya andrew leo chaalsinte ekeekaranathil earppedaan visammathichu, avarumaayi avar nalla bandham nilanirtthi (chaalsinte aadya bhaarya leoyude makal mariyayaayirunnuvennu sidhaanthangalundaayirunnu).
drugeth kudumbatthinte aarkkaivukalil (innu presovile slovac naashanal aarkkaivukalude bhagamaanu) kandethiya oru "reejesta" yeei adisthaanamaakki, peettar rund thavana chaals onnaamane vadhikkan polum shramichu. thudakkathil, sarospathakkil kidakkayil rogabadhithanaaya chaalsine kollan addeham vyakthiparamayi shramichu, orupakshe addeham vishwasthanaayi kanakkaakkappettirikkumbal, angane raajaavinte koottaaliye budhimuttillaathe avatharippikkan addehathinu kazhinju. peettarinte sramam rajaavu thanne velippeduthukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. 1316-leeii avasana maasangalilaan eee sramam nadannathennu istwan petrovics kanakkakki. petrovixinte punarnirmmaanatthinu vipareethamaayi, oru rajakeeya rekha anusarichu 1316 desember 15-nuu polum peettar vishwasthanaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu tamas cadar vaadikkunnu. koodaathe, chaals thekkan hungery, temeswar, lippa (innathe timisora, yathaakramam romaniayile lipova) ennividangalilum aaa maasangalil thaamasichirunnu. peettarinte aadya vadhasramam nadannuvenkil, athu 1317 leeii vasanthakaalathaanu sambhavichathenn cadar karuthunnu. peettarinte vadhasramathekkurichulla rajakeeya rekhayude vivaranathinte saadhuthaye gyula kristoo chodyam cheythu. chaals onnamanum addehathinte chansalary rajyadrohiyaaya peettarinte apakeerthippeduthaline vyaja vivaranathiloode oonnipparayukayaanu lakshyamidunnathennu charithrakaaran vaadichu. tamas cadar eee kaazhchappaad pankidunnilla; peettarinu pakaram, thante niyogikkappetta kolayali aadya shramathil pidikoodiyathaayi addeham karuthunnu. randaam thavanayum, thaalkkaalika thalasthaanamaaya temeswaril thaamasichirunna chaalsine kollan peettar rund kolayaalikale niyamichu. 1355-leeii oru diploma prakaram, kolayaalikalum chila prabhukkanmaraaya nikkolakalum phillip raajaavine ambukondu kollan shramichu. vadhashramathinide chaalsinu parikketto ennathinekkurichu reportukalonnumille rajaavu avare naadukadatthukayum sanad kaundiyile avarude bhoomi kandukettukayum cheythu. peettarinte randaamathe sramam vasanthakaalatho (chalsinethiraaya yudhasamayatho) allengil 1317 leeii shaithyakaalatho (semplaynile paraajayathinu sesham) nadannathaayi petrovics vaadichu.
prathikoolamaaya sambhavavikaasangalodu chaals udan thanne prathikarikkukayum 1317-nte thudakkathil jaims borsaykkum sakhyakakshikalkkumethire bahumukha yuddham aarambikkukayum cheythu. chaals virudha sakhyathile ettavum durbalanaaya amgamaaya peettarinethire rajaavu aadyam oru rajakeeya akramanam aarambhichu. abouj kaundiyude "ispan" aaya philipp drugeth mixes akos chernnu 1317-nte aadya maasangalil ung kaundiyile peettarinte kottakalkkethire chaalsinte sainyathe nayichu. maarchode, drugettu goons pidichedutthu, thudarnnu addehathinte sainyam regek kottaykku munnil march cheythu, drugethinte bheeshani niranja ila kaaranam ladyslos baksayude sahaaya sainikarum avarodoppam chernnu. eprilil reejak uparodhikkukayum pidichedukkukayum cheythu. athe samayam, micks acos semplaynile peettarinte shakti thakarkkukayum eathaanum aazhchakalkkullil barco, borostyan, bodrogsga ennee kottakal pidichedukkukayum cheythu. thante irippidamaaya borostyan uparodhikkunna samayat peettar "oru ajayyanaaya mrugatheppole" (1342 charter ezhuthiyathupole) uparodhathil ninnu vijayakaramaayi purathukadannu, pravisyayil ninnu palayanam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, micks peettarinte (orupakshe perulla) makane pidikoodi jayililadakkukayum yudhathadavukaaranaayi raajasabhayilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. 1317 epril avasana divasathilo meyy aadyathilo philipp drugeth peettarinte avasaanathe shakthikendramaaya jeseno pidichedutthu.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
semplan, ung, abouj kaundikalile addehathinte pathanathinushesham, peterinekkurichu vighadicha vivarangal maathrameyulloo. paraajayathetthudarnnu (allengil oresamayam), chaals jaims borsaykkethire thirinju, 1317-nte aadya pakuthiyil addehathinte sainyam parajayappettu (charitrakaaranaaya attila soldos februvari 10-nuu krithyamaaya theeyathi nalki), thudarnnulla maasangalil addehathinte kottakal pidichedukkappettu. jaims borsa soliomco kottayilekku (ippol romaniayile alesdilaanu) svayam thadavilaakkiyenkilum keezhadangiya sesham (orupakshe 1318 meyy maasathil) rajakeeya sainyam addehathe pidikoodiyengilum addeham vadhasikshayil ninnu rakshappedukayum oduvil mojs acos addehathe mochippikkukayum cheythu. peettar soliomcoyilo athinumumbo pidikkappettirikkam (rund vadhasramangalil addehathinte pankaalittham appol maathrame velippettulloo), pinneedu rajasabhayum mojukalum thammilulla mochanadravyathino thadavukaar kaimarunnathino idayilaanu addeham mochithanaayath.
transylvaniayil jaims borsa petteniyude makan peettarum paarshwalkkarikkappedum sainikamaayi chaalsinte ettavum vijayakaramaya shathruvaaya mojukalaal maraykkappedukayum cheythu. 1318 joolaiyil raajaavinte general dosa debrezeni topayile transylvaniayude aantharika bhaagangalilekku munnerunnathu thadayaan mojs paraajayappettappol, mess gettinum koloswarinum (innathe kluj-napoka, romania) edayilulla pathayil, peettar, satmar kaundiyil thante anuyaayikale vilichuvaruthi, jaims borsaykkum mattullavarkkumoppam ettumuttalil pankedutthu. orupakshe addeham thante sheshikkunna varshangalil transylvaniayil thudarukayum dosa debrezeni pinmariyathinushesham vadakkan transylvania, upper tissa, samos (chilar) pradeshangalile praadeshika chaals anukoola prabhukkanmarkkethire poraattam thudarukayum cheythu. 1321 februvariyil chaals addehathe "sapikkappetta oormmakalode" anusmarikkukayum appozhekkum addehathinte maranam sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, 1331 muthalulla oru chaarttarinte adisthaanathil, peettar polandu raajyathil abhayam praapichathaayi voloshchuk karuthi. addehathinte perulla makan peettar 1335-ll jeevichirippundaayirunnu, orupakshe satmar kaundiyil sajeevamaayirunnu.