
leopold report

deseeya udyaanangalile vanyajeevi maanejment ennariyappedunna leopold report, 1963-ll vanyajeevi maanejmentinekkurichu prathyeka upadeshaka samiti yunaittad stetts interior stuvartt udal secreteric samarppicha aavaasavyavastha maanejment shupaarshakalude oru parambara ulkkollunna oru prabandhamaanu. athinte chairman pradhana ezhuthukaaranum suvolajistum samrakshanavaadiyumaaya eiii. kooduthal sakthamaaya eee report bhaaviyile samrakshana utharavukalkku swaadheenamullathaayi thelinju.
yelloston desheeyodyaanathile elkku janasamkhya nirbandhithamaayi kuraykkunnathinekkurillu niravadhi varshathe pothu vivaadangalkku sesham, desheeyodyaanangalude bhaavi vanyajeevi maanejmentine ariyikkunnathinayi shaasthreeya vivarangal shekharikkunnathinu udal oru upadeshaka samitiye niyamichu. mattu desheeyodyaanangalile kollal paripaadikal phalapradamallennu nireekshicha samiti yellostoninte elkku janasamkhyayude vyathyastha maanejmentine shupaarsha cheythu. paarkkukalile vanyajeevikale kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla lakshyangal, nayangal, reethikal enniva abhisambodhana cheiyunnathil, samrakshanathinu purame, aavaasavyavasthayude apachayam thadayunnathinaayi vanyajeevikalude ennam niyanthrikkanamennum report nirddeshichu. vettakkaarude niyanthranam, agni paristhithi, mattu prasnangal ennivayekkurichu paraamarshicha report, nilavile shaasthreeya gaveshanam upayogichu desheeyodyaanangal kaikaaryam cheyyaan naashanal paarkk sarvees (enn. pii. ezz) shaasthranjare niyamikkunnuvennu nirddeshichu.
paarkk sandarshakareyum aavaasavyavasthayeyum ekeekritha thathwangalkku keezhil kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla aadyathe vyakthamaaya padhathiyaayi leopold report maari. ithu niravadhi deseeya prasidheekaranangalil punarprasidheekarikkuppu athinte pala shupaarshakalum enn. pii. esinte audyogika nayangalil ulppeduthukayum cheythu. paarkk maanejmentinu "aadima rangam" prathifalippikkuka enna adisthaana lakshyamundennu nirddeshikkunnathil report sradheyamaanu... aadima amerikkayekkurichulla nyayamaaya oru midhyaadhaarana, "chilar athinte aadarshavaadathinum parimithamaaya vyapthikkum vimarshichu.
pashchaathalam.
1872 march 1 nuu yunaittad stetts kongras aadyathe yuu. ezz. aayi yelloston desheeyodyaanam sthaapichu.ezz. desheeyodyaanam, athivegam oru janapriya vinodasanjaara kendramaayi maari. thudakkathil, deseeya udyaanangalkku vividha ejansikalude melnottam vahikkukayum bureaucratic pinthuna labhikkathirikkukayum cheythu. 1916-ll, yelloston sthaapithamaayi naalu pathittaandukalkk sesham, president vudro vilson deseeya udyana sevanam (enn. pii. ezz) srishtikkunna oru billil oppuvachu, athile prakrithidrishyangalum prakrithidathavum charitraparavumaaya vasthukkalum vanyajeevikalum samrakshikkanum bhaavi thalamurakalude aaswaadanathinaayi avare durbalaraakkunna reethiyilum maargangaliloodeyum athu aaswadikkaanum adikaaram nalki."1940kalilum 1950kalilum samrakshana prasthaanatthinte punarujjeevana samayat bhinnippikkunnathayi theliyikkunna rund vyathyastha lakshyangalaya samrakshanavum vinodasanchaaravum enn. pii. esine chumathalappedutthi.
1910kalilum 1920kalilum kooduthal vinodasanchaarikale yellostonilekku aakarshikkan enn. pii. ezz maanejarmarkk thaalpparyamundaayi. paarkk sandarshakarude pradhana akarshanamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna elkku, maan thudangiya enangal shaityakaala bhakshanathiloodeyum vettakkaarude niyanthranathiloodeyum avayude ennam vardhippikkaanulla sramam nadannu. aaa sramam vijayikkukayum elkkukalude ennam ganyamaayi vardhikkukayum cheythuvenkilum athu bighon aadukal polulla mattu vanyajeevikalkk dosham varuthi. vettakkar elkkinte alavil idaykkide kuravu varuthiyittum, pradhaanamaayum mechilppurangal kaaranam mrugangal vadakkan mekhalayile aavaasavyavasthaykku oru prashnam srishtichu. 1961leeii shaithyakaalath paarkk ranchermaar eee aashayakkuzhappathod prathikarichu ekadesham 4,300 elkkukale vedivachu konnu. paarkk sevanathinte eee aakramanathmakamaaya kuravu valia pothu prathishedhatthinu kaaranamaayi; network television pathrangalum kollunnathinekkurichulla report pothujana ethirppinum kongras hearingin kaaranamaayi. anthaaraashtra geyim aandu fish kammeeshanarmaarude association kaayikatharangalekkaal "vaadaka kolayaalikal elkkine kollunnathil" prathishedhichu, raajyathudaneelamulla school kuttikal apalapikkanulla kathukal ezhuthaan prachodanam nedi. pothujanangalude ethirppu neritta enn. pii. ezz. elkkine kollunnath avasaanippikkumenn prakhyaapichu.
upadeshaka samitiyum reporting.
yellostonile elkku kurachathine chuttipattiyulla vivaadam enn. pii. esilum raajyathe desheeyodyaanangalile vanyajeevi janasamkhyayude maanejmentilum prathikoola velicham veeshunnu. public relationsile prathisandhi" aayi kanakkakkappettathinu marupadiyaayi, interior steevartt udal sekrattari 1962 ll vanyajeevi maanejmentinekkurichu prathyeka upadeshaka samitiye athinte shaasthratheyum vibhava maanejmentineyum kurichu samagramaya padanangal nadatthaan samghadippichu. shaasthreeya vivarangal shekharikkukayum vanyajeevi janasamkhya niyanthranatthinte aavasyakatha anweshikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu bordinte lakshyam. bordinte adhyakshasthaanam oru. prashastha samrakshanavaadiyaaya aldo leopoldinte mootha makanaan staarkkar leopold. bahumanappetta suvolajist, paristhithi professor, leopoldile berkleyile california sarvakalaashaalayile chansalarude asisttant ennivarodoppam mattu pramukha shaasthranjarum samrakshanavaadikalum boardil chernnu professor staanli eiii. mishigan sarvakalaashaalayile samrakshana vakuppinte keyne; aii. aarr. enn. gabriyalsan, munbu yuu.ezz. fish aandu wildlife sarveesas (eph. dablyu. ezz) wildlife maanejment instittyoottinte presidentum thomas ell. kimbol, deseeya vanyajeevi federation executive director; eph. dablyu. esinte muun asisttant director velder wildlife foundeshan directorumaaya clarence kottam.
enn. pii. asinullile vanyajeevi padhathikal vilayiruthaan oru baahyasamghathodu aavashyappedunnathu ithaadyamaayathinaal upadeshaka samiti roopeekarikkunnathu charitraparamaayi pradhanamaayirunnu. 1963 march 4 nuu aadyamaayi avatharippichappol reportinu "desheeyodyaanangalile vanyajeevi paripalanam" ennu audyogikamaayi namakaranam cheythenkilum anoupachaarikamaayi ithu "leopold report" ennariyappettu.
athesamayam, "gaveshanathekkurichulla deseeya paarkk sevanathinulla upadeshaka samiti report" thayyarakkan naashanal akkadami oof sciences (enn. eiii. ezz) oru prathyeka upadeshaka samiti roopeekarichu. robins report ennariyappedunna naasile reportinu athinte praadhamika rachayithavaaya jeevashaasthranjanaaya vilyam jeey. yude peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. robins. simham report cheyth anchu maasathinu sesham 1963 august 1 nuu robins report puratthirangi.
shupaarshakal.
yelloston desheeyodyaanathile elkku janasamkhya niyanthrikkendathu aavasyamaanennu mathramalla, elkkinte nerittulla kuravaanu ettavum anuyojyamaaya oopshanaayi avatharippichathenn vaadichukondu report aarambhichu. shaasthreeya kandethalukal anusarichu, mattu desheeyodyaanangalile kuraykkunnathinulla paripaadikal vendathra valia thothil nadappakkiyittilla; thalphalamaayi, mrugangalude bhaaviyile kurravukal "valuthum pala kesukalilum varsham thorum aavarthikkukayum venam" ennu upadeshaka samiti shupaarsha cheythu. elkku janasamkhyaye athinte swaabhaavika santhulithaavastha punasthaapikkaan sajeevamaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaamenna ashayatheyum report pinthunachu.
vanyajeevi, aavaasavyavastha ennivayude paripaalanatthil upadeshaka samiti shupaarshakal shradha kendreekarichittundile, avaa aadimavum aniyantrithavumaaya saahacharyangalude vinodathekkurichum samsaarichu. deseeya udyaanangalilum mattu federal bhoomikalilum deerghakaalamaayi adichamarthappettirunna theeyude praadhaanyavum agni paristhithiyum punaparisodhikkunna report, paarkk paristhithiye roopappeduthunnathinu vilakuranjathum prakrithidathavumaaya upakaranamaayi nirddeshikkappetta theeye upayogikkaan shupaarsha cheythu.
vettakkaarude niyanthranavum avalokanam cheyyukayum aswaabhaavikavum janapreethiyillaathathumaayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu. vinoda vettaye shakthamayi ethirthuvenkilum pothujanangalil ninnu thiranjeduttha amgangalkku "mrugangale neekkam cheyyuka enna eaka uddeshyathil" sahayikkaan report anuvadichu. deseeya udyaanangal praadhamikamaayi "pothujanagalkk avar nalkunna soundarya, athmeeya, shaasthreeya, vidyaabhyaasa moolyangalkkaayi" samrakshikkuka ennathaayirunnu enn. pii. esinte pradhana lakshyamenn report vishadeekarichu.
shaasthreeya vivarangale adisthaanamaakkiyulla vaadangalil ninnu vyathichalicha report paristhithi thathwashaasthrathilekku thiriyukayum deseeya udyaanangal oru charitraparamaaya uddeshyam niravettanamennu nigamanam cheyyukayum cheythu. reportile ettavum janapriyamaaya bhagangalilonnu "amerikkayile paarkk maanejmentinte lakshyam" enna vibhaagathil ninnullathaanu; ivide, oru deseeya paarkk aadarshathe sparsikkunna oru vikaramaaya maattamillaatha bhooprakrithi punarnirmmikkunnathine report soochippikkunnu "oru praadhamika lakshyamenna nilayil, oro paarkkinullile biotic associationukal nilanirthaano allengil aavashyamullidathu punarnirmmikkaano njangal shupaarsha cheiyunnu, eee pradesham vellakkaaran aadyamaayi sandarshichappol nilaninnirunna avasthayil. oru desheeyodyaanam aadima amerikkayude oru chinnathe prathinidheekarikkanam."athu thudarunnu
aadima rangam punasthaapikkunnathu eluppamalla, poornnamaayum cheyyaan kazhiyilla. chila jeevajalangal vamshanasham sambhavichavayaan. samayam kittumbol, oru kizhakkan kaadinyam niranja vanam punarnirmikkaan kazhiyum, pakshe chestnut illaathaakum, athupole thanne praavukalude chirakukalude alarchayum. havaayiyile thaazhnna pradeshangalile vanangalil varnnabhamaaya drapanid finchukal veendum kelkkilla, thekkan chathuppukalile anakkombu-bill valayathinte jacq-hammer kelkkilla. chennayayeyum grisley karadiyeyum mechilppura samoohathil eluppathil veendum avatharippikkan kazhiyilla, koodaathe paarkkukalude manushya upayogathinte ghadakam niyanthranathinu vidheyamaan, illaathaakkaanalla. videsha sasyangalum mrugangalum rogangalum ivide thamasikkaan undu. eee parimithikalellaam naam poornnamaayum manassilakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, lakshyam poornnamaayum nedaan kazhiyunnillengil athu sameepikkaam. vaidagdhyam, vidhi, paaristhithika samvedanakshamatha enniva paramavadhi upayogichu aadima amerikkayekkurichulla nyayamaaya oru midhyaadhaarana punarnirmikkaan kazhiyum. ithu oro desheeyodyaanathinteyum smaarakathinteyum lakshyamayirikkanam ennaanu njangalude abhiprayam.
ettavum pradhanamaayi, deseeya udyaanangalile shaasthreeya gaveshanathinteyum paaristhithika maanejment vaidagdhyathinteyum aavasyakatha leopold report oonnipparanju. manushyar prakrithiye doshakaramaayi baadikkunnathaayi amgeekarichukondu, "innu eee rajyath ariyappedaatha oru koottam paaristhithika kazhivukal" nadappakkaan upadeshaka samiti aavasyappettu. desheeyodyaanangalile sasyajanthujaalangalude sajeeva samrakshanathinum punarudhaaranatthinumulla puthiya reethikal paryavekshanam cheiyunnathinaayi aayudangalkkulla ahvaanam uyarthappettu "thaddesheeya bayottakale tharamthaazhthunnathinum vighadippikkunnathinumal valia sheshi amerikkakkar kaanichittundu. kedupaadukal sambhavicha biotesakal punarnirmmikkunnathil ithuvare naam kooduthal bhavanayo chaathuryamo prayogichittilla. nishkriya samrakshanathiloode maathram ithu cheyyilla."
sweekaranavum prasidheekaranavum.
1963 march 4 nuu aadyamaayi avatharippicha eee report "transactions oof dhii irupathiyettaam north american wildlife aandu naachural resources konfaransil" aadyam prasidheekarichu. konraad ell. 1951 muthal 1964 vare enn. pii. ezz director virthu, deseeya udyaanangalude adisthaana uddeshyam punarnirvachikkunnathin shaasthreeya veekshanam upayogichu sevanathinte 1916 leeii maandett "aadhunika bhasha" yilek punarnaamakaranam cheythathayi prasthaavichu. sekrattari udal reportine pinthunaykkukayum kandethalukal ejansiyude pravarthanangalil ulppeduthaan enn. pii. esinu nirddesham nalkukayum cheythu. 1963 meyy 2-leeii oru nivedanathil addeham pullipuli reportinte paridhiyil desheeyodyaanathinte uddeshyam aavarthichu.. paarkk maanejmentinte praadhamika lakshyam oro parkkinullilum munkootty nischayicha kaalayalavil nilaninnirunna aaa bandhatthil kazhiyunnathra biotic associationukal nilanirthuka ennathaanu. appol lakshyam wilde amerikkayude maanasikavastha srishtikkukayo nilanirthukayo cheyyuka ennathaanu."
enn. pii. esinte sthiram prakrithishaasthra upadeshaka samithiyaayi upadeshaka samiti bhaagikamaayi punasamghadippichu. 1964ll virthinte pingamiyaaya jorj bii. hartsog juuniyar.jeevashaasthranjanaaya jorjju sprugal juuniyar enna peril prakrithishaasthra patana vibhaagam sthaapichu. sevanathinte mukhya shaasthranjan. aadima amerikkayude wignet" enna avismaraneeyamaaya ashayam vaayanakkaaril ninnu janakeeya shradha aakarshikkukayum reportinu samrakshanavaadikalkkidayil vyapakamaaya prachaaravum prasamsayum labikkukayum cheythu. ithu niravadhi deseeya prasidheekaranangalil punarprasidheekarikkuppu "siyara club bullattinil" shradhikkappedukayum cheythu. report vyaapakamaayi vaayikkukayum vichedikkappedukayum cheiyumennu ariyaamaayirunnenkil, orupakshe addeham athu kooduthal shradhaapoorvvam ezhuthumaayirunnu ennu leopold palappozhum parayaarundaayirunnu.
paarambaryamaayi.
paarkk sandarshakareyum aavaasavyavasthayeyum ekeekritha thathwangalkku keezhil kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla aadyathe vyakthamaaya padhathiyaanu leopold report. shaasthranjarudeyum vibhava paripaadikaludeyum oru infusion upayogichu, 1960kalilum 1970kalilum paristhithishaasthraparamaayi anukoolamaaya niyamanirmmaana pravartthanangalude oru parambaraykku ithu thudakkamittu. yelloston desheeyodyaanathile elkku janasamkhyayude nerittulla maanejment shaasthranjarkkidayil charchakalkku kaaranamaakunnundengilum, paarkk maanejmentinte onniladhikam mekhalakale eee report vijayakaramaayi swaadheenichu. report prasidheekarikkunnathinnum, kaaliforniyayile sekwoya desheeyodyaanam kattiyulla underbrushes kondu chuttappettirunnu, athine report nerittu "naaya-mudiyude maram" ennu visheshippichu... prakrithidathamaaya theepidutthatthil ninnulla amita samrakshanathinte nerittulla pravartthanam. minnal kodunkaattukalaal eee underbrushes swaabhaavikamaayi unmoolanam cheyyappedumenkilum kaattuthee adichamarthunnathine pinthunaykkunna nayangal kaaranam, valarcha paarkkile bheeman seekwoya marangale bheeshanippedutthi. niyantritha kathikkalinte upayogathekkurichulla reportinte upadeshathinte nerittulla falamaayi, 1964ll paarkk niyantritha pollalukal pareekshikkaan thudangi, ithu paarkkinte vanaa aavaasavyavasthayude mechappeduthalinaayi pollalukal thudarumenna 1968leeii nayathilekku nayichu. deseeya udyana sevana [agni] nayathinu ettavum praadhaanyamulla rekha" aanennu paranjukondu, maattathinulla yadhaartha uthejakamaayi leopold reportine agni paristhithi shaasthranjanaaya broose kilgor visheshippichu.
robins reportinu leopold reportinte athe amgeekaaram labhichillengilum athu samanamaaya nigamanagalil ethi. ennirunnaalum, leopold reportil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, robins report enpacne shaasthreeya gaveshanathinte abhaavathinu vimarsikkukayum enpsinte ghadanayil vyapakamaaya mattangal varuthunnathinulla shupaarshakal nalkukayum cheythu, shaasthra adhishtitha sameepanathil sakthamaaya shradha kendreekarikkaanulla nirddeshathode. 1972-ll, kooduthal vishadamaaya keyne report puratthirangi; leopold reportinte 28 pejukale apekshichu 207 pejukal, athinte samithikk adhyakshanaayi staanli eiii. pullipuli reportil pravarthicha keyne. eee report pradhaanamaayum leopold ezhuthiyathinu samanamaaya shupaarshakal nalkiyittundenkilum, muun reportinte kandethalukal munnott kondupokaan kaaryamayonnum cheythittillenn athu prasthaavichu, prathyekichu vettakkaarude niyanthranatthinte kaaryatthil. keyne reportinte shupaarshakalude falamaayi, president richard nixon 11643-leeii executive oordaril oppuvachu, ithu vettayaadunnavarude niyanthranathinaayi stricknin, soodiyam sionide thudangiya vishavasthukkalude upayogam niyanthrichu.
samrakshanathinaayulla reportinte deerghaveekshanaparamaaya lakshyam prashamsikkappedukayum vimarshikkappedukayum cheythittundu. searching phoor yelloston ekkolaji aandu vandar inn dhaa laast vidernus" enna pusthakatthinte rachayithavaaya pooll shullary reportinekkurichu ezhuthi "pandithanmaar puthiya vyaakhyaanangalkkum prachodanatthinum pathivayi athilekku madangunnu, prabhashakar ellah avasarangalilum ithu abhyarthikkunnu, aadhunika paarkk maanejmentinekkurichu charchakalil mikkavarum ellah kaazhchappaadukalum theliyikkaan ithu upayogikkunnu."maruvashathu, naashanal paarkk sarveesinte shabda vimarsakanaaya aalstan chase, leopold reportinte parimithamaaya vyaapthiye amgeekarichilla, athu" "vijnjaanathe ashradhamaayi nostaaljiya upayogichu maattisthaapichu, athu pinthunaykkaan theerumaanicha lakshyathe attimarichu". vellakkaaran aadyamaayi eee pradesham sandarshichappol nilaninnirunna" avasthayilekku paarkkukal thirike nalkanamenna reportinte nirbandhavum eee pradeshathe thaddesheeya amerikkakkaarude charitraparamaaya saannidhyam avaganichathinu vimarsikkappettu. charitrakaaranum ezhuthukaaranumaaya philipp barnhaam 2000-ll thante 'indian kantri, gods kantri native americans aandu dhaa naashanal parks' enna pusthakatthil, leopold muthalaayavar ennum, prathyekichum, athu prasthaavichittundu."avarude mungaamikale apekshichu kooduthal purogamanavaadikalaaya avar" "thaddesheeyare nishkriya kazhchakkaaraayi thallikkalanju".

