
jorjju kistiakovsky

manhattan padhathiyil pankedukkukayum pinneedu president dwait dii aayi sevanamanushtikkukayum cheytha harwardile oru ukreniyan-american physical kemistry professoraayirunnu jorjju bogdanovichu kistiakovsky (-desember 7,1982). isenhoverinte shaasthra upadeshtaavu.
pazhaya russian saamraajyathile boyaarkkayil "viplavathinu munbulla russiayile boudhika varenyavargathinte bhagamaayirunna oru pazhaya ukreniyan kosak kudumbatthil" janicha kistiakovsky russian aabhyantharayudhasamayathu thante janmanaattil ninnu palayanam cheythu. addeham jarmmaniyilekku yaathrathirichu, avide berlin sarvakalashaalayil maiks bodensteente melnottatthil physical kemistriyil phd nedi. 1926ll addeham amerikkayilekku kudiyeri, avide 1930ll harward sarvakalaashaalayile faakkalttiyil cherukayum 1933ll pouranaakukayum cheythu.
randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu, sphodakavasthukkalude vikasanathinu utharavaadiyaaya deseeya prathirodha gaveshana samiti (ndrc) vibhaagathinte thalavanaayirunnu kistiakovsky, koodaathe ardx, echmx ennivayulppedeyulla puthiya sphodakavasthukkalude vikasanathinu melnottam vahicha spotaka gaveshana laboratariyude (arl) saankethika directoraayirunnu. spodanangalude hydrodynamic sidhaanthathekkurichum aakruthiyilulla chaarjukalude vikasanathekkurichum addeham gaveshanam nadatthi. 1943 octoberil addehathe manhattan padhathiyilekku oru kansalttantaayi konduvannu. oru spotana tharatthilulla aanavaayudhathin aavashyamaaya spotaka lensukalude vikasanathinu utharavaadiyaaya ex divishante chumatala udan addehathe ealppichu. 1945 joolaiyil addeham trinity testtil aadyathe aattomik spodanam kandu. eathaanum aazhchakalkk sesham, mattoru pottitheri tharatthilulla ayudham (kattiyulla manushyan) naagasaakkiyilekk pathichu.
1962 muthal 1965 vare naashanal akkadami oof sciences oof sayans, enchiniyaring, public poolisi (cossep) kammittiyude adhyakshanaayirunna kistiakovsky 1965 muthal 1973 vare athinte vais prasidantaayirunnu. viyatnaamile yudhathil prathishedhichu addeham sarkkarumaayulla bandham vichedikkukayum 1977 ll kaunsil phoor eiii livable waled enna yudhavirudha samghadanayil sajeevamaavukayum cheythu.
aadyakaala jeevitam.
russian saamraajyathile (ippol ukraininte bhagamaaya) kaivu govarnarettile boyaarkkayilaan jorjju bogdanovichu kistiakovsky janichathu. jorjinte muthachan aleksaandar fedorovic kistiakovsky niyama professor criminal niyamathil vaidagdhyamulla russian saamraajyathile abhibhaashakanumaayirunnu. addehathinte pithaav bogdan kistiakovsky keevu sarvakalaashaalayile leagal philosophy professoraayirunnu, 1919 ll ukrainile naashanal akkadami oof sciencesil amgamaayi thiranjedukkappettu. kistiakovsky amma maria sorendshthamaayirunnu, addehathinu alexander enna oru sahodaranundaayirunnu, avar oru pakshishaasthranjanaayi. jorjinte ammavan ihar kistiakovsky ukraine raashtrathinte aabhyanthara manthriyaayirunnu.
1917ll russian viplavam pottippurappedunnathu kistiakovsky kvileyum moscoyileyum swakaarya skoolukalil chernnu. thudarnnu addeham communist virudha velutha sainyathil chernnu. 1920ll addeham russiayil ninnu commander franchukaaranaaya oru kappalil rakshapettu. turkeyilum yugoslaviayilum samayam chelavazhicha sesham addeham jarmmaniyilekku yaathrathirichu, avide aaa varsham avasaanam berlin sarvakalashaalayil chernnu. 1925-ll maiks bodensteente melnottatthil bhauthika rasathanthrathil phd nediya addeham chlorin monoxidinteyum oosooninteyum photochemical vighadanathekkurichulla thante prabandham ezhuthi. thudarnnu addeham bodensteente biruda sahayiyaayi. addehathinte aadyathe rund prasidheekaricha prabandhangal bodenstainumaayi sahakarichu ezhuthiya addehathinte prabandhatthinte vishadeekaranangalaayirunnu.
1926ll anthaaraashtra vidyaabhyaasa board fello aayi kistiakovsky amerikkayilekku pooyi. bodenstainile mattoru vidyaarthiyaaya hyoog stott tailor, kistiyakovskiyekkur bodensteente vilayiruthal amgeekarikkukayum prinsettan sarvakalashaalayil addehathinu sthaanam nalkukayum cheythu. aaa varsham, kistiyakovsky hildegard mobius enna sweedish lutheran sthriye vivaham kazhichu. 1928ll avarkk vera enna oru makalundaayi, 1972ll avar mittil bhauthikashaasthra professoraayi niyamithayaaya aadya vanithayayi. 1927ll kistiakovsky rund varshathe fellowship avasaanichappol addehathinu oru research associate, dupond fellowship enniva labhichu. 1928 october 25nuu addeham prinsettanil associate professoraayi. taylor kistiakovsky orumichu niravadhi prabandhangal prasidheekarichu. tailorinte prothsaahanam labhichu, photochemical prakriyakalekkurichulla oru american kemikkal sosaitti monograph kistiakovsky prasidheekarichu.
1930-ll, kistiyakovsky harward sarvakalaashaalayile faakkalttiyil chernnu, athu addehathinte kariyariludaneelam thudarnnu. harwardil, thermodynamics, spectroscopy, kemikkal kainattiks ennivayilaayirunnu addehathinte gaveshana thalpparyangal. gavanmentinum vyavasayathinum vendiyulla koodiyaalochanakalil addeham kooduthal kooduthal earppettu. addeham veendum oru associate professoraayi, ithavana 1933-ll harwardil. aaa varsham addeham oru american pouranaayi, american akkadami oof arts aandu sayansasilekku thiranjedukkappettu. 1938ll addeham rasathanthrathinte abbatt, jaims laurence professoraayi. adutha varsham addeham yunaittad stetts naashanal akkadami oof sayansasilekku thiranjedukkappettu. 1940ll addeham american daarshanika samoohathilekku thiranjedukkappettu.
randaam lokamahaayudham.
deseeya prathirodha gaveshana samiti.
america ithuvare cheraatha randaam lokamahaayudhathil shaasthrathin vipulamaaya punk munkootty kandukond president franklin dii. 1940 juun 27nuu vannevar bush chairmaanaayi rooswelt deseeya prathirodha gaveshana samiti (ndrc) roopeekarichu. jaims bii. bombukal, indhanangal, vaathakangal, rasavasthukkal ennivayude utharavaadithamulla division bii yude thalavanayi harward presidentaaya konantine niyamichu. sphodakavasthukkalumaayi bandhapetta eiii-1 vibhaagathin neethrthwam nalkaan addeham kistiakovsky niyamichu. 1941 juunil ndrc shaasthra gaveshana vikasana offeesil (osrd) ulppeduthi. bush oosrdinte chairmaanaayi, koonant addehathinte pingamiyaayi ndrcyude chairmaanaayi, kistiakovsky sekshan biyude thalavanayi. 1942 desemberil nadanna punasamghadanayil, division bii vibhajikkappedukayum sphodakavasthukkaludeyum proppallantukaludeyum utharavaadithamulla division 8-nte thalavanayi addeham 1944 februvari vare eee sthaanathu thudarukayum cheythu.
sphodakavasthukkaleyum proppallantukaleyum kurichulla american arivinte avasthayil kistiakovsky asanthushtanaayirunnu. 1940 octoberil pensylvaniayile brusettanile beuro oof mainsinte laborattarikalkk sameepam koonant spotaka gaveshana laborattari (erl) sthaapichu, thudakkathil athinte pravarthanangalkku melnottam vahikkukayum idaykkide sandarshanangal nadathukayum cheytha kistiyakovsky; ennaal 1941 leeii vasanthakaalam vare koonant addehathe athinte saankethika director audyogikamaayi niyamichilla. thudakkathil soukaryangalude kuravu thadassappeduthiyirunne, 1941 ll anchu jeevanakkaril ninnu 1945 ll 162 muzhuvan samaya laborattari jeevanakkaarude yudhakaala peekkilekku valarnnu. oru pradhana gaveshana mekhala ardx aayirunnu. yudhathinu munbu jarmmankaaraan eee sakthamaaya spodanam vikasippicheduthath. valia thothil ulppaadippikkaan kazhiyunna oru vyaavasaayika prakriya vikasippikkuka ennathaayirunnu velluvili. vividha aayudangalil vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunna composition bii, torpidokalilum depth chaarjukalilum upayogichirunna torpex enniva nirmmikkaan ardx tnt kalarthi. 1942 meyy maasathode pailat plaantukal pravarthanakshamamaavukayum 1943ll valia thothilulla uthppaadanam nadakkukayum cheythu.
chainees garillakalk japanese chekkposttukaliloode kadathaan kazhiyunna oru sphodakavasthuvinulla prathyeka abhyarthanaykku marupadiyaayi, ardx prakriyayude upolppannamaayi uthppaadippikkunna visharahita sphodakavasthuvaaya kistakovsky mixed echmx, oru brand pancake maavin sesham "aanti jemimah" srishtikkaan maav. ithu oru bhakshyayogyamaaya sphodakavasthuvaayirunnu, ithu saadhaarana maavinaayi kadannupokaanum paachakatthil polum upayogikkaanum kazhiyum.
ardx, echmx thudangiya synthetic sphodakavasthukkalekkuristhurile gaveshanathinu purame, spodanangaludeyum shock tharamgangaludeyum gunangal arl anweshichu. vyakthamaayatho udanadi prayogikkappedaathatho aaya oru shudhamaaya gaveshana padhathiyaayaanu ithu aarambhichath. 1941lum 1942lum kistiyakovsky englandu sandarshikkukayum avide vilyam penni, jiophree tailor ennivarulppedeyulla britiish vidagtharumaayi koodikkaazhcha nadathukayum cheythu. kistiyakovsky edger braitt vilson, juuniyar.nilavilulla vijnjaanaavasthayil sarway nadatthiya avar kooduthal anweshanam aavasyamulla niravadhi mekhalakal kandethi. oru spodanam srishticha shock tharamgam engane vyaapikkunnuvenn vivarikkunna chapman-joogatt maathrkayekkurichu kistiakovsky parisodhikkaan thudangi.
eee samayat, chapman-joogatt modalinte falaprapti ippozhum samshayathilaayirunnu, ithu prinsettan instittyoottile joonn voonn neuman nadatthiya patana vishayamaayirunnu. hydrodynamic sidhaanthathil ninnulla vyathiyanangal raasapravarthanangalude vegathayude falamaanennu kistiakovsky manassilakki. prathikaranam niyantrikkaan, microsecond level vareyulla kanakkukoottalukal aavashyamaayirunnu. 1943ll taylor jaims tuck vishadeekaricha roopathilulla kuttakrithyangalude anweshanathilekku sekshan 8 varachu.
manhattan padhathi.
manhattan projakttinte loss alamos laboratariyil, spodanathekkurichulla gaveshanam seth neddarmeyarinte keezhil nadannuvenkilum addehathinte division silindarukalum cheria chaarjukalum upayogichu pravartthikkukayum parakal pole kaanapedunna vasthukkal maathram nirmmikkukayum cheythirunnu. euranium-235, plutonium ennivaykku thokku tharatthilulla aanavaayudha roopakalppana pravartthikkumenna pratheekshayum spotana saankethikavidya aavashyamillenna pratheekshayum kaaranam avarude gaveshanathinu kuranja munganana nalki.
1943 septambaril loss alamos laboratariyude director roobert ooppenheimer voonn neumane loss alamos sandarshikkaanum oru puthiya kannu kondu pottitheri anweshikkaanum krameekarichu. neddarmiyarinte padanangal avalokanam cheythathinushesham, edward tellarumaayi eee vishayam charcha cheytha sesham, oru golam pottitherikkaan aakruthiyilulla chaarjukalil uyarnna sphodakavasthukkal upayogikkanamennu voonn neuman nirddeshichu, ithu thokku reethi upayogichu saadhyamaayathinekkaal vegathil villal vasthukkal kootticherkkaan mathramalla, aavashyamaaya vasthukkalude alavu valareyadhikam kuraykkukayum cheiyumennu addeham kaanichu. kooduthal kaaryakshamamaya aanavaayudhangalude saadhyatha openheimer, teller, hans bethe ennivare aakarshichu, pakshe sphodakavasthukkalil oru vidagthan aavasyamaanennu avar theerumaanichu. kistiyaakovskiyude peru udan nirddeshikkappedukayum 1943 octoberil addehathe oru kansalttantaayi padhathiyilekku konduvarikayum cheythu.
bomb krithyasamayathu thayyaaraakumenn njaan karuthiyirunnilla, yuddham vijayikkaan sahayikkaan enikku thaalpparyamundaayirunnu" ennu addeham pinneedu vishadeekarichu, "bhaagikamaayi", kishtiakovsky aadyam varaan vimukhatha kaanichu. loss alamosil addeham spotana shramathe punasamghadippikkaan thudangi. aakruthiyilulla chaarjukalude swabhaavam padikkaan addeham photography, ex-reey thudangiya saankethikavidyakal avatharippichu. aadyathethu erl vyaapakamaayi upayogichirunnappol randaamathethu tuck pepparukalil vivarichirunnu, avar trimana spotaka lensukal upayogikkanamennum nirddeshichu. manhattan padhathiyude mattu vashangaleppole, spotaka lensukalekkurichulla gaveshanam oresamayam onniladhikam anweshanangal pinthudarnnu, kaaranam, kistiakovsky soochippichathupole, "eee adisthaana saankethikavidyakalil eathaanu kooduthal vijayakaramaakukayenn pravachikkaan asaadhyamaayirunnu."
aakruthiyilulla chaarjukalekkurichum composition bii polulla sphodakavasthukkalekkuri 1942lum 1943lum erlil upayogicha nadapadikramangalekkurichum vishadamaaya arivu kistiakovsky loss alamosylake konduvannu. kooduthal kooduthal, erl thanne spotana shramathilekku aakarshikkappedum; athinte deputy director dankaan mcdogal manhattan projakttinte project kyuyude chumatala etteduthu. 1944 februvariyil nedermairinu pakaram kistiakovsky iii (spodakavasthukkalkkulla) divishante thalavanayi.
aanava reactorukalil uthppaadippikkunna plutoniyatthil plutonium-240 adangiyittundennu loss alamosile emilio segreyude samgham parishodhichathinetthudarnna spotana paripadi oru puthiya adiyantharaavastha nedi, ithu thokku tharatthilulla aayudhathil upayogikkaan anuyojyamalla. 1944 joolaiyil nadanna oru prathisandhi yogangalude oru parambara, pravarthanakshamamaaya plutonium aayudhathinulla eaka saadhyatha spodanamaanennu nigamanam cheythu. augustil, ooppenheimer muzhuvan laboratory athil shradha kendreekarikkunnathinaayi punasamghadippichu. lensukal vikasippikkunnathinayi kistiakovsky keezhil ex division enna puthiya spotaka group srishtichu.
kistiakovsky neethrthwathil, ex-division vikshepana plutonium kuzhiye amarthaan aavashyamaaya sankeernamaaya spotaka lensukal roopakalppana cheythu. aavashyamaaya tharamgaroopam srishtikkunnathinaayi iva spodanathinte ganyamaaya vyathyastha vegathayulla rund sphodakavasthukkal upayogichu. mandagathiyilulla sphodakavasthukkalkkaayi kistiakovsky baarattol thiranjedutthu. vividha phaast sphodakavasthukkal pareekshicha sesham, ex-division composition bii yill sthirathaamasamaakki. sphodakavasthukkale sariyaaya aakruthiyil roopappeduthunnathinulla pravartthanangal 1945 vare thudarnnu. lensukal kuttamattathayirikkanam, koodaathe bii, baarattol enniva kaasttucheyyunnathinulla saankethikavidyakal vikasippikkendathundu. eluppathil kaast cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru roopathil baraattol thayyarakkunnathinulla oru nadapadikramam aavishkarichukondu ithu nirvahikkaan erlinu kazhinju. 1945 maarchil, pottitheri shramathil attin koottatthe oodichathinaal chistiakovsky kaupanchar kammittiyude bhaagamaayi. 1945 juulai 16nuu trinity testtil aadyathe upakaranam pottitherichathu kistiakovsky kandu. eathaanum aazhchakalkk sesham, kattiyulla manushyan pottithericha tharatthilulla aanavaayudham nagasaakkiyil pathichu.
spodanathekkurichulla thante pravarthanathodoppam, oru skee charivinayi marangal veezhaan spotaka valayangal upayogichu loss alamosil skiing kishtiakovsky sambhavana nalki-ithu soyezhsinte hill skee toow association sthaapikkunnathilekku nayichu. 1942ll addeham hildegaardumaayi vivaahamochanam nedukayum irma iii. yeei vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu. 1945ll schular. 1962ll avar vivaahamochanam nedukayum addeham eline mahoni vivaham kazhikkukayum cheythu.
vaitt house sevanam.
1957-ll isenhover bharanakaalathu presidentinte shaasthra upadeshaka samithiyilekku kistiakovsky niyamikkukayum jaims aarr. 1959ll chairmaanaayi killian. 1959 muthal 1961 vare addeham sayans aandu teknolaji poolisi oafees nayichu, thudarnnu jerom bii. wiesner.
1958ll, videsha sainika kendrangalude parisodhana avarude aanavaayudhangal niyantrikkaan paryaapthamallenn kistiakovsky president isenhoverinu nirddesham nalki. misail antharvaahinikal nireekshikkunnathile budhimuttu addeham udharikkukayum aayudha niyanthrana thanthram parishodhanakalekkaal niraayudheekaranathilaanu shradha kendreekarikkendathenna nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. 1960 januvariyil aayudha niyanthrana aasoothranathinteyum charchakaludeyum bhaagamaayi addeham "threashold ashayam" nirddeshichu. eee nirddeshaprakaaram bhookambanirnnaya saankethikavidyayude thalathinu mukalilulla ellah aanavapareekshanangalum nirodhikkum. atharamoru kararinu sesham, saankethikavidyakal mechappettathode anuvadaneeyamaaya parisodhanaa varumanam kuraykkunnathinu, kandethal saankethikavidya mechappeduthunnathinna us ussr samyukthamaayi pravartthikkum. aayudha niyanthranatthil upayogikkunna sensitiivu intelligence shekharanathinulla soumyavaakyamaaya "saankethika parisodhanayude deseeya maarggam" ennathinte eee udaaharanam, oonn-saitt parisodhana aavasyakatha soviyattukalkk asveekaaryamaaya thalatthilekku uyarthathe thanne suraksha nalkum. 1960 januvariyil nadanna janeeva aayudha niyanthrana sammelanathil america soviyattukalkk threashold ashayam avatharippikkukayum maarchil soviyattukal anukoolamaayi prathikarikkukayum oru bhookamba theevrathayude paridhi nirddeshikkukayum cheythu. 1960 meyy maasatthile yuu-2 prathisandhiyude falamaayi charchakal parajayappettu.
aadyakaala aanavaayudha niyanthrana pravartthanatthinte athe samayam, joyint cheefs oof staafinte chairman general nathan eph. 1959 augustil prathirodha sekrattari neel mesloic twinning oru memmoraandam ayachu, athu deseeya aanava lakshya pattika thayyarakkanulla utharavaaditham straattajik eyar kamaandine (sack) aupachaarikamaayi ealppikkanamennum aanava pravarthanangalkkaayi orotta padhathiyum nirddeshichu. athuvare karasena navikasena vyomasena avarudethaaya lakshyanirnayam nadathiyirunnu. ithu ore lakshyangal vividha sevanangal onniladhikam thavana lakshyamidunnathilekku nayichu. udaaharanathinu, aazhathilulla lakshyathilekku pookunna oru vyomasena bombarinte roottile oru vyoma prathirodha kendram naavikasena nasippikkunnathupole prathyeka sevana padhathikal parasparam pinthunaykkunnilla. twinning memo mesheloiku ayachappol, joyint cheefs oof staaf amgangal 1960-nte thudakkathil eee nayathodu viyojichu. mesheloyiyude pingamiyaaya thomas gates president dwait dii. yodu chodichu. nayam theerumaanikkaan isenhover.
akkaalat nilaninnirunna ekopithavum ekopithavumaaya shakthikalude "bheeruthvathe thante pingami upekshikkillennu" isenhover paranju. 1960 november aadyam addeham kishtiakovsky omaahayile sack aasthaanathekku athinte yuddha padhathikal vilayiruthunnathinayi ayachu. thudakkathil, kistiakovsky praveshanam nalkiyilla, sack officermaarkku sahakarikkanulla sakthamaaya utharavukalode isenhover addehathe thirichayachu. november 29nuu avatharippicha kistiakovsky reportil, valia ennam lakshyngalulla ekopithamallaatha padhathikale vivarichu, avayil palathum onniladhikam sakthikal akramikkukayum athinte falamaayi amithamaayi kollappedukayum cheyyum. isenhover padhathikalil njettippoyi, single integrated ooppareshan plan (sii. aii. oo. pii) srishtikkunnathil mathramalla, lakshyangal thiranjedukkuka, aavasyakathakal srishtikkuka, aanavayudha pravarthanangalkkulla aasoothranam ennivayil shradha kendreekarichu.
pinneedulla jeevitam.
manhattan projectinum vaitt house sevanathinumulla thante jolic vaitt house vittathinusheshavum, kistiyakovsky harwardile physical kemistry professoraayirunnu. 1957ll oru puthumukhangale padippikkaan aavashyappettappol addeham hubert aliayilekku thirinju, addehathinte prabhaashana shaili addehathe aakarshichu. prabhaashana prakadanangalude vishadaamshangal adangiya 700 oolam soochika cardukal alia addehathinu ayachu. cardukal ozhike, kistiakovsky orikkalum prakadanangalkku thayyaaredutthitla. addeham pinneedu oormmippichu 1972ll professor emeritus aayi harwardil ninnu viramichu.
1962 muthal 1965 vare naashanal akkadami oof sayans kammittiyude (cossep) adhyakshanaayirunna kistiakovsky 1965 muthal 1973 vare athinte vais prasidantaayirunnu. 1957 ll asaadhaaranamaaya sivilian sevanathinulla vyomasenayude alankaara vakupp ulppede niravadhi avaardukal addehathinu labhichu. president truman merittinu medel, 1961 ll president isenhover swaathanthrya medel, 1967 ll president lyndon jonson shaasthrathinte deseeya medel enniva addehathinu labhichu. 1961 ll american kemikkal sosaittiyil ninnulla pothusevanathinulla chaals lathrop paarsans award, 1972 ll american kemikkal sosaittiyil ninnulla preestali medel, harwardil ninnulla franklin medel ennivayum addehathinu labhichu.
pilkkala varshangalil, kistiyakovsky oru yudhavirudha samghadanayaaya kaunsil phoor eiii livable veldil sajeevamaayirunnu. vietnaam yudhathil amerikkayude pankaalitthatthil prathishedhichu addeham sarkkarumaayulla bandham vichedichu. 1977ll addeham aanava vyaapanathinethire pracharanam nadatthi kaunsilinte adhyakshasthaanam etteduthu. 1982 desember 17 nuu masaachyusetsile kembridjil vachu cancer baadhichu addeham marichu. addehathinte mrithadeham samskarikkukayum masaachyusetsile cape kodilulla venalkkaala veedinu sameepam chithabhasmam chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu. addehathinte prabandhangal harward yooniversitti aarkkaivukalilaan.

