
puthiya heven black paanthar pareekshanangal

black paanthar party vividha amgangalkkum koottaalikalkkumethire puthiya abhayakendramaaya connectikkattil criminal prosecution parambara nadannu. criminal goodaalochana muthal phastt digri kolapathakam vareyulla kuttangalaanu chumathiyirikkunnathu. 1969 meyy 21nuu pularche 19kaaranaya alex raakliyude kolapaathakatthil ninnaan ellah kuttangalum udaleduthathu. vichaaranakal american idathupakshathinu oru raali pooyintaayi maarukayum black paanthar partic black communitikkidayil polum pothujana pinthuna kurayukayum cheythu.
kuttakrithyam.
1969 meyy 17nuu black paanthar partyile amgangal efbiye vivaram nalkiyenna samshayathil veena sahapantar alex racley thattikkondupoyi. oorcard streettile puthiya heven paanthar aasthaanathu addehathe thadavilaakkukayum avidevechu kuttam sammathikkunnathuvare addehathe peedippikkukayum chodyam cheyyukayum cheythu. addehathinte chodyam cheyyal pullippulikal record cheytha tape aayirunnu. aaa samayat, deseeya party chairman bobby seal puthiya sanketham sandarshikkukayum yaale black ensemble thiyettar kambanikkaayi yaale sarvakalaashaalayude kaambasil samsaarikkukayum cheythu. thante prasamgathinu sesham, racley thadavilaakkiya aasthaanathu seal hrasvamaayi nirthukayum racley vadhikkan utharavidukayum cheythuvennu prosecution aaropichenkilum seal nishedhichu.
meyy 21 nuu athiraavile, newyork paanthar adhyaayathile police nuzhanjukayattathekkurichu anweshikkaan kaaliforniyayil ninnu kizhakode vanna pullippulikaliloraaya vaaran kimbro, loonny maclucas, jorjju sams ennee moonnu pullippulikal racley aduthulla pattanamaya middlefieldilekk kondupoyi. kimbro orikkal raakliyude thalayil vediyuthirkkukayum oru thavana macucas nenjil vediyuthirkkukayum cheythu. avar addehathinte mrithadeham oru chathuppil upekshichu, avide pittennu athu kandethi.
puthiya abhayakendram police udan thanne ettu puthiya abhayakendra pradeshamaaya black paantharukale arast cheythu. kaaliforniyayil ninnulla sams mattu rund pullippulikalum pinneedu pidikkapettu.
sams kimbro kolapathakam sammathikkukayum shikshayil kuravu varuthunnathinu pakaramaayi makkukkakalkkethire saakshyam vahikkaan sammathikkukayum cheythu. thante prasamgatthinte raathriyil paanthar aasthaanam sandarshikkumbol, racley kollan seal nerittu utharavittathayi chodyam cheyyalukaarodu paranjukondu sams seeline kolapaathakatthil ulppeduthi. kesumaayi bandhapetta kuttangalkk aake ombathu prathikalkkethire kuttam chumatthi. annathe chooderiya rashtreeya vaachaadopathil, eee prathikale "chikkago seven" polulla mattu "kaaranam-celebre" prathikalilekku manahpoorvvam soochippikkunna "puthiya abhayakendram onpathu" ennu paraamarshichu.
prathikaranangal.
nadapadikramangalum janakeeyavalkkaranavum.
kuttasammatham nadatthaan visammathicha kolapaathakatthil shaareerikamaayi pankeduttha eaka vyakthiyaya loonny mcclucassinte vichaaranayayirunnu aadya vichaarana. vaasthavathil, maclucas racley vedivachathaayi sammathichenkilum vichaaranakk pookaan theerumaanichu.
1970 meyy maasathil juurii thiranjeduppu aarambhichu. nixon bharanakoodatthinte vimarshakarkkidayil, prathyekichu efbiyude pravarthanangalodu sathrutha pularthunnavarkkidayil kesum vicharana ithinakam thanne oru deseeya "koos selebre" aayirunnu. beuroyude annathe rahasyamaaya "kaundar-intelligence prograaminu" (cointalpro) keezhil, efbi director jeey. pullippulikaleppolu theevravaadi grouppukale thadassappeduthaano apakeerthippeduthaano allengil nirveeryamaakkaano edger hoover thante ejantumaarodu utharavittirunnu. rashtreeya viyojip samghadippikkunna grouppukalum beuro thammilulla sathrutha vichaaranayude samayat oru panikkuzhappatthilaayirunnu. prosecutermaarumaayi sahakarikkunna rund pullippulikalodum idathuninnu sathruthayundaayi. sams oru vivaradaathaavaanennum vyakthiparamaaya nettatthinaayi mudrakuthaan nuna parayukayaanennum prathyekichum aaropikkapettu.
aswasthatha.
1970 meyy dinathil oru raalikk munnodiyaayulla divasangalil, pullippulikalude aayirakkanakkin anuyaayikal vyakthigathamaayum samghaditha samghangalaayum puthiya abhayasthaanathu ethi. community samghadanakalum anubhavikalaaya yaale vidyaarthikalum avarude dormittari murikalil avare paarppikkukayum bhakshanam nalkukayum cheythu. yaale koleju daining haalukal ellaavarkkum adisthaana bhakshanam nalki. kodathiyil ninnu (yelinte pradhana kavaadatthil ninnu nooru yard akale) theruvinu kuruke puthiya pachappulla sankethathil prathishedhakkaar divasena "koottamaayi" kandumuttunnu. meyy dinathil jeane jenettu, aabi hofmann, jerry rubin, joonn froins (origon sarvakalaashaalayile rasatantra asisttant professor) ennivarulppedeyulla prabhashakar pankeduttha oru raali undaayirunnu. kolejukalil thanne adthyaapanavum mattu paripaadikalum nadannu.
meyy 1 nuu ardharaathriyode, prathishedhathodoppam oru kacheri nadakkunna yelinte ingals rinkle rund bombukal pottitherichu. rinkinu kedupaadukal sambhavichenkilum arcum parikkettitla, kuttavaalikale thiricharinjittilla.
yaale chaplane vilyam sloon shavappettiyil prasthaavichathu, "naamellaavarum niyama nirvvahana ejansikal pullippulikalkkethiraaya niyamavirudhamaaya pravarthanangaliloode eee duranthatthinu kaaranamakaan goodaalochana nadatthi, bakkiyullavar eee pravarthanangalkku munnil njangalude adaarmika nishabdathayiloode", yaale president kingman broosttar juuniyar paranju. prasthavanayil ingane paranju "amerikkayil evideyum neethipoorvakamaaya vichaarana sweekarikkaanulla oru karutha viplavakaariyude kazhivinekkurichu enikku samshayamullavidham karyangal atharathil kadannupokendathaayirunnath njaan bhayappedukayum lajikkukayum cheiyunnuvennu vyakthiparamayi parayaan njaan aagrahikkunnu.ezz."broosttarinte pothuve sahaanubhoothiyulla swaram sarvakalaashaalayile prayamaaya, kooduthal yaadhaasthithika poorvva vidyaarthikalil palareyum prakopippikkukayum school samoohathinullil pirimurukkangal vardhippikkukayum cheythu.
samgharshangal vardhichathode, aazhathilulla aswasthathakal ozhivaakkaanum kalaapangaludeyo akramasakthamaaya vidyaarthi prakadanangaludeyo yadhaartha saadhyathaye vyathichalippikkanum yaale udyogasthar shramichu. niyamapaalakarum puthiya abhayasthaanangalile pouranmaarum thammilulla uthkanda illaathaakkaan bharanakoodatthe prathinidheekarichu thanthraparamaaya maanejment nediyathinte bahumati saam chaunsikku labhichittund, athesamayam bhaaviyile roads scholar, baltimore mayer, emm. dii., howard yooniversitti school oof loyude deane ennee nilakalil kurt shmokinu prathishedhatthinte chila kadinamaaya nimishangalil faakkalttiyude biruda vakthavaayi prashamsa labhichu. shmokkinte sahapaadiyaaya ralph dosson yaale (bse) yile karutha vidyaarthi sakhyathinte moderatoraayi pramukhamaayi kanakkakkappettu.
oduvil, bharanakoodavum vidyaarthikalum thammilulla vittuveezhchakalum-praadhamikamaayi, bobby seelil ninnum black paantharukalil ninnum ahimsaykkulla adiyanthira aahvaanangalum-akramatthinulla saadhyathaye thallikkalanju. yaale (mattu pala kolejukalum) meyy divasam muthal kaalavadhi avasanikkunnathuvare "panimudakki" nadathiyappol, mikka schoolukaleyum pole athu yadhaarthathil "adachupoottappettilla". klaasukal aaa samayathekku "swamedhayaa oopshanal" aakkukayum vidyaarthikale athuvare cheytha jolikalkku "paas/fail" ennu tharamthirikkukayum cheythu.
pareekshanangal.
maklookakalude vichaarana.
mccookkaasinte vichaarana connectikkattile judicial nadapadikalude thoth puthiya recordukal srishtichu. kodathimurikalude vaathilukalil mettal dittaktarukal sthaapicha connectikkattile aadyathethaanu ithu; juurii thiranjeduppinu aarr aazhchakal eduthu, oru connecticut record, juurii aarr divasam charcha cheythu, mattoru connecticut record. oru "vamseeya juurii" maklukkakale electric chairilekku kondupookunnu enna prathishedhakkaaril ninnulla vikarabharithamaaya aaropanangalkkidayilum, joorikal (patthu vella, rund karuthavarggakkaar) addehathe ettavum kadinamaaya kuttangalil ninnu kuttavimukthanaakki, pakaram kolapaathakathinu goodaalochana nadathiyathinte eaka kuttatthinu addehathe shikshichu. addehathinte prathibhagam abhibhaashakan prakhyaapichu, "jadji neethimanaayirunnu, juurii neethimanaayirunnu, eee kesil oru karutha viplavakariye nyayamaaya vichaaranaykk vidheyanaakki."mccussinu panthrand muthal pathinanju varsham vare thadavu shiksha vidhichu. second digri kolapaathakathinu apekshicha kolapaathakatthile addehathinte rund sahakaarikale naalu varshathinu sesham vittayachu.
seal, huggin ennivayude trial.
1970 octoberil bobby seal puthiya abhayasthaana adhyaayathinte sthaapakayaaya erikka hugginsinoppam vichaarana nadatthi. naalu maasathe juurii thiranjeduppu ulppedunna eee vichaarana ithilum valia oru samrambhamaayirunnu. saamsinte saakshyam maathramaan raakliyude kolapathakavumaayi mudra bandhippichathennu seelinte abhibhaashakan chaals gaari oonnipparanju. juric vendi play cheytha irayude chodyam cheyyalinte tape recordingle hugginsinte shabdam kettu. avarude abhibhashakayaaya catherine roraback hugginmar sammarddathilaanu pravarthikkunnathennu vaadichu. juric oru vidhiyil ethaan kazhinjilla, seelinte kuttavimukthanaakkalin 11 muthal 1 vareyum hugginsine kuttavimuktharaakkiyathi 10 muthal 2 vareyum dedd loock cheythu. 1971 meyy 25 nuu jadji harrold malvi hugginsin seelinumethiraaya aropanangal thallikkalanju kodathimuriyile kaanikale njettichu, "manushyathvarahithamaaya sramangalillaathe oru pakshapatharahitha jooriye thiranjedukkaamennu vishwasikkaan enikku asaadhyamaanennu njaan karuthunnu-eee kodathiyum samsthaanavum eee prathikalum cheiyunnathino sahikkunnathino aavashyappedaruthu."
anantharafalangal.
janakeeya vikarangal.
avarude ettavum arochakamaaya pravartthanangal parasyamaayi thurannukaattiyathin sesham pullippulikalkkum efbiykkum avarude prashasthikk kedupaadukal sambhavichu.
1971ll, eph. bii. aii anweshikkunnathinulla pouranmaarude kammeeshan ennu svayam vilikkunna oru koottam idathupaksha theevravaadikal pensylvaniayile maadhyamangalile eph. bii. aii feeld oafees kollayadichu, athu swarthmore koleju vidyaarthikaleyum adhyapakareyum chaarappani cheiyunnuvennu kandethi. eee break-inn moshticha vasthukkalil cointelpro prograaminte swabhaavam velippeduthunna rekhakalum ulppedunnu. aaa varshathinullil, kendreekritha cointalpro avasanichathaayi director hoover prakhyaapichu.
pullippulikale sambandhichidatholam, seal trial avarude deseeya expossurinteyum vishalamaaya idathupaksha prasthaanathinidayile avarude janapreethiyudeyum uyaramaayirunnirikkam. niyamapalakarumaayulla akramasakthamaaya ettumuttalukalum thudarnnulla deseeya party nethaakkalude vicharana shikshaavidhikalum prasthaanatthe chelavazhichathum vyathichalipichathum 1970 kalude madhyathode athu valia thothil nishkriyavumaayirunnu.
velippeduthalukal.
2000-ll muun pradhama vanitha hillari klintan yuu. esinaayi malsarichappol seal vichaarana veendum vaarthakalil edampidichu.ezz. newyork samsthaanathe senatt. klinittan virudha pravartthakar vichaaranavelayil klintan (annu hillari roadham enna yaale niyama vidyaarthi) american sivil liberties yooniyanuvendi pouraavakaasha lamghanangalkulla vichaarana nireekshikkaan sannadhatha prakadippichathaayi kandethi. prathikale puratthaakkiyathinte" utharavaaditham klintan etteduthathaayi thettayi pracharippicha bahujana iii-meyilukal klintan yuu-yude bhaavi medhavi kuttappedutthi.ezz. justice departmentinte pouraavakaasha vibhagamaaya bill laan liie akkaalat yaale birudadhaariyaayirunnu. yadhaartha niyamaparamaaya prathirodhatthil enthengilum punk vahikkaan kazhiyaathavidham iruvarum valare juuniyar aayirunnengilum, "insaitt oonn dhaa nyoos" enna yaadhaasthithika warta maasikayile joonn elwin parayunnathanusarichu, "milttan, [david] brock, rogger morris ennivarude hillari klintante jeevacharithrangalum barbera oolsante narakam polulla mattu jeevacharitrangalil ninnulla neenda thiranjeduppukalum avalokanam cheythu. praadhamikavum mattu nerittullathumaaya srothassukale aasrayikkunna avar orumichu, pullipuli prathishedhatthinidayil hillari oru campus neethaavaayirunnuvenna david horovitsinte vaadathe avar samshayamillathe pinthunaykkunnu "; oru prathishedhatthilum liie oru pradhana pankum vahichirunnilla.
puthiya heven poleesinte intelligence division medhavi nick paastor pullippulikalilekku nuzhanjukayaraan niyamicha police vivaraavakaashiyaanennu 2006 ll kellie moy velippeduthi. jorjju sams moyiyude thalayil thokku pidichu thante kaar thirike nalkanamennu aavasyappettu. moyiyude kaaril racley oodichukayatti addeham marichu. kolapathaka lakshyasthaanathekku purappetta moyiyude kaarine police pinthudarnnenkilum kolapaathakathinu munbu kaarinte kazhcha nashtappettu. pittennu samsthaana police raakliyude mrithadeham kandethi. 37 varshathinusesham, chaaran thanuppil ninnu varunnu" enna oru lekhanathil eee upasamharam vishadeekarichirikkunnu, model sittiyile kolapaathakatthinte rachayithavaaya pooll bassa black panthers, yaale aandu dhii redemption oof eiii killer.
seeline arast cheyyukayum vichaarana neridaanulla puthiya abhayasthaanathekku konduvarikayum cheytha detective nick paastor, puthiya heavens police medaaviyaayi maari, community polisinginte vijayakaramaya nayathinu parakke prashasthanaayi, thudarnnu washingtonile oru laabhechayillaatha abhibhaashaka groupinu neethrthwam nalki, dii. sii. criminal justice poolisi. muppathiyonnu varshangalkk sesham, seal yaale repertory thiyettaril samsarikkaan puthiya abhayasthaanathekku madangiyethiyappol, paasttar pankedukkaan theerumaanikkukayum "poraattam" thudarunnathinu addehathe abhinandikkukayum oru pink porsaline pannyum aalinganavum nalkukayum cheythu.
paraamarshangal.
kurippukal
srothassukal
kooduthal vaayana