
kanfyooshyasinte shishyanmar

sima kian parayunnathanusarichu, confucius paranju "ente nirddeshangal sweekarikkukayum avaa manassilakkaan kazhiyukayum cheytha shishyanmar ezhupathezhu vyakthikalaayirunnu. avarellam asaadhaaranamaaya kazhivulla pandithanmarayirunnu."parambaraagathamaayi vishwasichirunnathupole confuciasinu moovaayiram vidyaarthikalundaayirum addeham padippichathil 72 perkku maathrame praaveenyam undaayirunnulloo. kanfyooshyasinte anuyayikalaayi thiricharinja vidyaarthikalude pattikayaanu thaazhe koduthirikkunnathu. kanfyooshyasinte mikka vidyaarthikaleyum kurichu valare kurachu maathrame ariyoovenkilum avaril chilare "kanfyooshyasinte analectukalil" paraamarsikkunnundu. avarude pala jeevacharithrangalum sima kiyaante "shiji" yill rekhappeduthiyittundu. 72 shishyanmaaraan aarr kalakal parisheelichathu.
shishyanmar.
yaan huy (siuwan).
yaan huy (<unk>) luu swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru siuwan (φ φ γ) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinte priyappetta vidyaarthiyaayirunnu, kanfyooshyasinekkaal 30 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. valare cheruppatthil thanne addeham kanfyooshyasinte sishyanaayi. "enikku hui labhichathinushesham", confucius orikkal paranju, "shishyanmar ennodu kooduthal adukki."confucius orikkal thante priyappetta vidyaarthikalaaya huy, silu, sigong ennivarumaayi nang kunninpurathekku yaatra cheyyukayum oororutharodum avarude vyathyastha lakshyangal parayaan aavasyappedukayum athinusesham avayil ninnu thiranjedukkukayum cheythu. siluvinte utharathinu sesham confucius paranju, "ithu ningalude dheerathaye adayaalappeduthunnu."sigonginte utharathinushesham, confucius paranju," ithu ningalude vivechanaadhikaaram kaanikkunnu."yaan hui avasaanamaayi samsaarichu," enikku sahayikkaan kazhiyunna oru budhiyulla rajavineyum muni bharanadhikaariyeyum kandethaan njaan aagrahikkunnu. mathilukalum arakalum kondu thangalude nagarangale shakthippeduthaan sradhikkaathirikkaanum avarude vaalukalum kunthangalum kaarshika upakaranangalayi samyojippikkaanum vendi njaan anchu mahathaaya vishayangalekkurichulla nirddeshangal janangalkkidayil pracharippikkukayum, avarkk avakaashathinteyum samgeethathinteyum niyamangalkkanusrithamaayi avare nayikkukayum cheyyum. avar thangalude attin koottangale bhayamillathe samathalangalilekkum vanangalilekkum ayakkanam. kudumbangalude adimatham undaakaruth, vidhavakalo vidhavakalo undaakaruth. ayiram varshathekku yudhathinte oru duranthavum undaakilla. ningalkk thante dheerata prakadippikkaano thante prabhashanam prakadippikkaano avasaram labikkilla."yaan yooyiyude utharam ketta sesham confucius paranju," eee sadgunathinu ethra prashamsayund!"
yaan hui valare antharmukhanaayirunnu. huik 29 vayassullappol, addehathinte mudi poornnamaayum veluthathayi maarukayum 32-aamm vayassil addeham marikkukayum cheythu. hahn raajavamshathile aadya chakravarty adhehathinum confuciasinum yaagam cheythu. 1530-ll ming raajavamshathinte jiajing kaalaghattatthinte onpathaam varshathil, confucius kshethrathile yogyathakalude innathe ellah yaga padavikalum nischayichappol, kanfyooshyan yaga canonil addehathinte "rishiyude thudarcha" enna padavi nalki. rishiyude kizhakkaanu huyiyude sthaanam. naalu moolyanirnnayakkaaril aadyatheyaalaayum kanfyooshyasinte ettavum muthirnna sishyanaayum addeham kanakkaakkappedunnu.
minitt sann (sikian).
luu samsthaanathu ninnulla kanfyooshyasinte vidyaarthikalil oraalaayirunnu miinii sann. addehathinte maryada peru sikian (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. sima kian parayunnathanusarichu addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 15 vayass ilayaalaayirunnu, ennaal mattu srothassukal parayunnath addeham 50 vayass ilayaalaayirunnu ennaanu. aadyamaayi kanfyooshyasil vannappol pattiniyilaayirunnuvena kanfyooshyasinoppam padichathinushesham addehathinu poornnathayum samthrupthiyum labhichu. eee maattam engane vannu ennu sigong orikkal miinii sanninodu chodichappol addeham marupadi nalkki "njaan ente naanalukaludeyum kozhukaludeyum naduvil ninnaan guruvinte schoolilekku vannath. addeham ente manassine pithrusaannidhyathilekku pariseelippikkukayum purathana rajaakkanmaarude udaaharanagal ente munnil vekkukayum cheythu. addehathinte nirddeshangalil enikku santhosham thonni; pakshe njaan videshathu pooyi adhikaarathilirunna aalukaleyum kudakaleyum baanarukaleyum avarude trainukalude ellah aadambaratheyum saahacharyangaleyum kandappol, aaa shoyil enikkum santhosham thonni. eee rund kaaryangalum ente nenjil parasparam aakramichu. eathaanu eshtappedunnathennu enikku nirnnayikkaan kazhinjilla, athinaal njaan aaa durithatthinte roopam dharichu. ennaal ippol nammude guruvinte paadangal ente manassil aazhathil thulachukayari. ente saha shishyanmaraya ningalude maathrkayum ente purogathikku sahaayakamaayittund. enthaanu pinthudarendathennum enthaanu ozhivaakkendathennum enikkippol ariyaam, adhikaarathinte ellah aadambaravum enikku mannile podiyallaathe matonnumalla. eee kaaranathaalaanu enikku poornnathayudeyum samthrupthiyudeyum aaa roopam ullathu."miinii sann kanfyooshyasinte ettavum priyappetta vidyaarthikalil oraalaayirunnu. dhaarmika vishudhiyudeyum maathaapithaakkalodulla snehathinteyum peril addeham verittunilkappettu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte sthaanam kizhakk "njaanikal" yill aadyasthaanathaanu, naalu moolyanirnnayakare thottupinnaale. eiii. dii. 720ll tang raajavamshathile aaraamathe chakravarty kanfyooshyasinoppam addehathe aadyamaayi baliyarppichu. naalu moolyanirnayakkaar ozhikeyulla ellaavarudeyum athe padavi, "purathana yogyanaaya, thathwachinthakan miinii" ennaanu."analekttukalude" pathinonnam adhyayam parambaraagathamaayi addehathinte shishyanmaaraanenn aaropikkappedunnu.
maathaapithaakkalodulla snehathinum bahumaanathinum vendiyaanu miin sann ettavum kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. cheruppatthil thanne amma marichu; pithaav punarvivaham cheytha sesham randaanammayaanu addehathe valarthiyathu. avalude samrakshanathil avan adhikshepikkappedukayum moshamaayi perumaarappedukayum cheythu. thanuppukaalathu, thante randaanamma thante makkalude vasthrangalkk choodulla parutthi varayum, ayaalude vasthrangalkk kalakal varayum idumaayirunnu. oru divasam, pithaavine oru vandiyil puratthekku kondupokumbol, addeham thanuppin keezhadangi. enthaanu sambhavichathenn pithaav arinjappol bharya veettil ninnu purathaakkaan addeham madangi. ennirunnaalum, miinii sann paranju, "amma poyaal, ningalude moonnu anmakkalkk thanupp anubhavapedum, pakshe aval avide thudarukayaanenkil oraalkk maathrame vedanayundaakoo."addehathinte randaanammaye addehathinte daya sparsikkukayum orikkalum addehathodu moshamaayi perumaraathirikkukayum cheythu.
rann jeng (boniyu).
rann jeng (<unk>) luu swadeshiyaaya aalaayirunnu, kanfyooshyasinte juuniyar ezhu varsham maathram. addehathinte maryada peru boniyu (τεισ) ennaayirunnu. confucius luvinte kuttakrithya manthriyaayappol, thaan ippol sthaanakkayattam labhicha offeesilekku bonuvine, songduvinte kamaandantaayi niyamichu. addehathinte phalakam ippol padinjaarulla "njaanikalil" naalaamathaan.
rann yong (songong).
rann yong (<unk>) rann jenginte athe vamshathil pettayaalum kanfyooshyasinekkaal 29 vayass ilayavumaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru songong (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addehathinu oru mosham pithaav undaayirunnu, pakshe thante amgeekritha mikavil ninnu vyathichalippikkunnathini ithu thanikkethire kanakkaakkaruthenn yajamanan prakhyaapichu. sathyasandhathayil addehathinu prashasthi undaayirunnu, pakshe oru vaakchathuryamulla prabhaashakanalla ("analects" 5.5). kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte sthaanam kizhakk "njaanikalil" randaamathaanu.
rann kyoo (siyau).
rann kyoo (<unk>) rann gong aandu rann yongumaayi bandhappettathaan. addehathinte maryada peru sioo (φνε) ennaayirunnu. rong yonginte athe prayamaayirunnu addehathintethu. vaividhyamaarnna kazhivukalkkum niravadhi kazhivukalkkum addeham kanfyooshyasinte vidyaarthikalkkidayil shradheyanaayirunnu. vrudharodu bahumaanavum cheruppakkaarodu dayayum ullavanum athidhikalodum sandarshakarodum sradhayullavanum padikkaan eshtappedunnavanum niravadhi kalakalil vaidagdhyamullavanum kaaryangalekkurichulla parisodhanayil utsaahamullavanumaanu thaanenn sigong paranju."looyile oru cheria udyogasthan confuciasinode rann kyoovinte gunangalekkurichu chodichappol, confucius addehathe mithamaaya bharanaparamaya kazhivullathayi prashamsichu (" "analectukal" ")". kanfyooshyasinoppam padichathinushesham loovil adikaaram pidichadakkiya manthrimaarkkaayi jolie cheiyunna oru audyogika sthaanam kyoo etteduthu, pakshe kooduthal daarmmikamaaya pravartthanam pinthudaraan thante thozhiludamakale swaadheenikkaan mathiyaya adhikaaramo kazhivo thanikkundayirunnilla ("analectukal" 3.6). addeham orikkal kanfyooshyasine niraashappeduthukayum kanfyooshyasinte reethi ishtamaanennum ennaal athu pinthudaraan thanikk sakthiyillennum paranjathinu shaasikkappedukayum cheythu ("analects" 6.12). pinneedu, rann kyoovinte swaadheenathilaanu confuciasinu oduvil luvilek madangaan kazhinjathu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte sthaanam padinjaaru "njaanikalil" moonnaamathaanu.
soong yuu (silu).
yerren uthbhavamulla looyile piyaanile swadeshiyaayirunnu soong yuu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal onpathu vayass maathram ilayavanaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada perukal silu (<unk>), jilu (<unk>) ennivayaayirunnu. avarude aadya abhimukhathil, confucius enthaanu eshtappedunnathennu addehathodu chodichappol addeham marupadi nalki, "ente neelamulla vaal."
confucius paranju, "ningalude ippozhathe kazhivinanusarichu padanatthinte phalangal cherkkukayaanenkil, ningal valare mikacha oru manushyanayirikkum."
"padikkunnathu enikku enthu nettamaayirikkum?"sii-luu chodichu. aashayakkuzhappathilayavar parayunnu, 'njaan athra midukkanalla. 
"thekke kunnin mukalil oru mulayundu, athu valayaathe nere thanneyaanu. ningal athu murichu upayogikkukayaanenkil, ningalkk athu kaandaamrigatthinte marayiloode ayaykkaam padanatthinte prayojanam enthaanu?"
"athe", confucius paranju; "ennaal ningal athine thoovalukal kondu soochippikkukayum urukk kondu choondikkaanikkukayum cheythaal, athu kooduthal aazhathil thulachukayarille?"
silu randuthavana kuninj paranju, "njaan angayude nirddeshangal aadaravode sweekarikkum."
confucius pinneedu paranju, "njaan ninne kanda kaalam muthal, mosham vaakkukal ente cheviyil vannilla."siluvinte dhairyathe confucius prashamsichu, pakshe eee dhairyathe santhulithamaakkunna mattu gunangal (nalla vidhinirnayam polullava) thanikk illaayirikkumennu aashankappettu, ithu siluvinte dhairyathe oru thinmayakki maattaan saadhyathayund (" "analects" "5.7; 8.2,17.8,17.23 ennivayum kaanuka)". addehathodoppam padicha sesham, asaadhaaranamaaya bharanaparamaya kazhivum deseeya praadhaanyamulla chumathalakal kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhivumullayalayi siluvine confucius pinneedu prashamsichu ("analects" 5.7). kanfyooshyasinoppam patanam poortthiyaakkiya sesham, silu puu jillayude cheef majistrettaayi, avide addehathinte bharanakoodam kanfyooshyasinte ooshmalamaaya prashamsaykku utharavittu. veyiyile addehathinte akramasakthamaaya maranam "suvo suwan" (bisi 480) ll rekhappeduthiyittundu. siluvinte phalakam ippol kizhakk, moolyanirnnayakkaaril ninnulla naalaamathe falakamaanu.
saay yuu (sivo).
saay yuu (<unk>) luu swadeshiyaayirunnuvenkilum addehathinte praayam anjjaathamaanu. thudakkathil addeham daarshtyamullayaalaayirunnu, thante roopathekkurichu valareyadhikam shradhichirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sivo (φ φ м) ennaayirunnu. sima kian parayunnathanusarichu addehathinu moorchayulla vaaya undaayirunnu. orikkal, addeham eathenkilum niyogathil chuu kottaarathilaayirunnappol, kanfyooshyasilekku madangaan anakkombu kondu alankaricha oru eluppa vandi chaavo rajaavu addehathinu vaagdaanam cheythu. ningal marupadi paranju, "sariyaaya thathwangal nadappaakkiya oru gavanmentil santhoshikkunna oru manushyanaan ente yajamanan, anganeyallaathappol thante santhosham svayam kandethanakum. urakkaavasthayilaayirunnu ippol sariyaaya thathwangalum sadgunangalum undu. avare unarthukayum pravarthanakshamamaakkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu addehathinte aagraham. avarkk anusrithamaayi bharikkan sarikkum aakamkshayulla oru rajakumarane kandethiyaal, avan thante kottaratthilekku kaalnadayaayi nadakkukayum angane cheiyunnathil santhoshikkukayum cheyyum. ithrayum vilapetta oru sammanam ithrayum doore ninnu addehathinu labhikkendath enthukondaanu?"eee marupadiykku confucius pinneedu saay yooye abhinandichu.
saay yuu analectukalil nannayi chithreekarichilla. addeham kii yill sevanam ettedukkukayum kvi thalasthaanamaaya linsi bharikkunna cheef majistrettaayirunnu. kii yill jolie cheiyunna samayat addeham tian chaanginoppam oru kalaapathil pankuchernnu. eee kalapam adichamarthappettathinum, addehathinte pravartthanangal addehathinte vipuleekritha kudumbatthinte naashatthilekku nayikkukayum kanfyooshyasine nanam keduthukayum cheythu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte sthaanam padinjaaru "njaanikalil" randaam sthaanathaanu.
duvanmu sii (sigong).
duvanmu sii (<unk>) veyu swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu, kanfyooshyasinekkaal 31 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sigong (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addehathinu maanasika theekshnathayum kazhivum undaayirunnu, koodaathe kanfyooshyasinte vidyaarthikalil ettavum munnottulla prabhashakaril oralaayi analectukalil prathyakshappedunnu. confucius paranju, "enikku sii. aii labhicha kaalam muthal, vidoorastharaaya pandithanmaar enne anugamikkaan ellah divasavum vannu."suu sii parayunnathanusarichu, sigong oru vyaapaariyaayirunnu, addeham pinneedu swantham parishramangaliloode sambannanaakukayum thante pravarthanangaliloode daarmmikamaaya svayam-samyojanabodham vikasippikkukayum cheythu. (oru vyapariyenna nilayil addehathinte munkaala thozhil "analects" <aii. dii. 1> ll vishadeekarichirikkunnu).
aadyamaayi kanfyooshyasil athiyappol kanfyooshyasinte adisthaana karyangal manassilakkaanulla kazhivu addeham vegathil prakadippikkukayum kanfyooshyasinte vidyaabhyaasathiloode svayam kooduthal parishkarikkukayum cheythu. addeham pinneedu oru vidagthanaaya prabhashakanum ("analectukal" 11.3) oru nipunanaaya rashtrathanthranjanumaayi mariyathaayi velippedunnu, ennaal samboornnamaaya sadgunangal nedunnathinu aavashyamaaya mattullavarodu aavashyamaaya vazhakkavum sahanubhoothiyum thanikk illennu confuciasinu thonniyittundaakam ("renn"): orikkal kanfyooshyasinte dhaarmika aadarsham nediyathaayi addeham avakaashappettuvenkilum pinneedu maasttar addehathe shakthamayi thallikkalanju ("analectukal" 5.12); mattullavarumayi valare karsanamaayi perumariyathinum mattullavarude parimithikalekkurichu sahaanubhoothiyulla dhaaranayode ("analectukal" 14.29) thante aavasyangal mithamaakkaathathinum pinneedu confucius addehathe vimarshikkunnu. analectukal" 9.6,9.13,11.13,13.20,14.17,17.19 ennivayil kaanapedunna "analectukal" ll saadhaaranayaayi paraamarshikkappedunna kanfyooshyasinte vidyaarthikalil oraalaan addeham.
kanfyooshyasine engane oru rishiyaayi rank cheyyanamennu kii duke ching orikkal sigonginode chodichappol addeham marupadi nalki, "enikkariyilla. ente jeevithathiludaneelam ente thalaykku mukalil aakaashamundaayirunnu, pakshe athinte uyaram enikkariyilla, ente paadangalkku thaazheyulla bhoomi, pakshe athinte kanam enikkariyilla. kanfyooshyasine sevikkunnathil, njaan oru daahikkunna manushyaneppoleyaan, avan thante kudavumaayi nadiyilekku pookunnu, avide avan nadiyude aazham ariyaathe thante vellam kudikkunnu."
kanfyooshyasinoppam padicha sesham sigong sinyaanginte kamaandantaayi, confucius addehathinu eee upadesham nalkki "ningalude keezhudyogastharumaayi edapedumbol nishpakshatha pole onnumilla; sambathu ningalude vazhiyil varumbol mithathwam pole onnumilla. eee rund kaaryangalum muruke pidikkuka, avayil ninnu maararuth. manushyarude shreshtatha marachuvekkunnathu yogyare marachuvekkuka ennathaanu; aalukalude dushtatha prakhyaapikkunnath oru neechanaaya manushyante bhagamaanu. ningal upadesikkaan avasaram thedaathavarekkurichu moshamaayi samsaarikkunnath souhrudathinteyum aikyathinteyum margamalla."confucius vittathinushesham, sigong luvileyum veyiyileyum unnatha padavikalil sevanamanushtikkukayum oduvil kii yill vachu marikkukayum cheythu. kanfyooshyasinte maranathethudarnnu, shishyanmaril palarum thangalude yajamanante shavakudeerathinu sameepam kudilukal nirmmikkukayum moonnu varsham addehathinaayi vilapikkukayum cheythuvenkilum sigong avide thudarnnu, moonnu varsham koodi ottaykku vilapichu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte sthaanam "njaanikalil" moonnaamathethaanu, moolyanirnnayakkaarude kizhakk. analekttukalude" anchaam adhyayam parambaraagathamaayi addehathinte shishyanmaaraanenn aaropikkappedunnu.
yaan yaan (siyau).
yaan yaan vuu (<unk>) swadeshiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sioo (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinekkaal 45 vayass ilaya addeham addehathinte saahitya nettangalkku vishishtanaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinoppam padicha sesham addehathe vuchaanginte kamaandantaayi niyamichu. avide oru sarkkar udyogasthanaayi jolie cheythirunnappol aachaaraparamaaya aouchithyavum samgeethavum padippichukondu janangalude swabhaavathe parivartthanam cheiyunnathil addeham vijayikkukayum confucius prashamsikkukayum cheythu. kanfyooshyasinte maranashesham, jii kaang yaante aduthu chodichu, sichaneppole (shengile prashasthanaaya rajakumaran) confucius engane parakke vilapikkappedunnilla, addehathinte maranashesham purushanmaar avarude villu mothirangalum arakkettukalum maatti, sthreekal avarude muthukalum kammalukalum maatti, moonnu maasathekku theruvukalil karachil shabdangal kelkkaamaayirunnu. yaan marupadi paranju, "sichanudeyum ente yajamaananteyum swaadheenangale ozhukunna vellathinteyum kozhupulla mazhayudeyum swaadheenangalumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyaam. athinte ozhukkile vellam athumbozhellaam manushyar athinekkurichu ariyukayum, kozhupulla mazha nireekshikkappedaathe veezhukayum cheiyunnu."jnjaanikalude" padinjaaran shreniyil naalaamathaan confucius kshethrathil addehathinte sthaanam."
buu shang (sixia).
eathu samsthaanathaanu buu shang (<unk>) swadeshiyaayirunnathennu urappilla, pakshe addeham veyilo venelo janichathaayi parayappedunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sixia (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 45 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu, bii. sii. 406-ll (kanfyooshyasinte maranathinu 73 varshathinu sesham) addeham veyile prins vaante kottaaratthil sevanamanushtichathaayi rekhappeduthiyittundu, avarkk addeham chila klaasikkukalude pakarppukal nalki. nannayi vaayikkappedunnathum krithyathayullathumaaya pandithanaayum ennaal manassinekkurichu valia dhaaranayillaatha oru pandithanaayum addeham prathinidheekarikkappedunnu. maavojingil" addehathinte daarshanika kaazhchappaadukal adangiyirikkunnuvennu parayappedunnu. gongyang gavo guliang chiyum addehathodoppam vasanthakaalatheyum sharathkaalatheyum charithrangal padichu. sixia marichappol, addehathinte makan valareyadhikam karanjathinaal addeham andhanaayitheernnuvennu parayappedunnu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil, "jnjaanikalude" idayil anchaam kizhakk sthaanathaanu addeham.
zhuvaansun shhii (sishang).
chenn swadeshiyaaya shuvansun shhii (<unk>) kanfyooshyasinekkaal 48 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sishang (φ φ) ennaayirunnu. sigong addehathekkurichu paranju "thante prashamsaneeyamaaya yogyathayekkurichu ahankarikkaruthu; udaathamaaya sthaanam kaaranam santhoshathe soochippikkaruthu; ahankaaramo alasathayo kaanikkarut; aashritharod ahankaaram kaanikkarutha ivayaanu suvansun shiyude savisheshathakal."addeham rogiyum maranathodu adukkukayum cheythappol, addeham thante makan shanjiangine thante aduthekku vilichu paranju," oru unnathanaaya manushyante kaaryatthil addehathinte avasaanathekkurichum oru mithavaadiyude kaaryatthil addehathinte maranathekkurichum njangal samsaarikkunnu. innenikkulla aadyathethu thanneyaayirikkumenn enikku chinthikkaamo? kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil, "jnjaanikalude" idayil anchaam padinjaaran sthaanathaanu addeham sthaanam pidikkappedunnathu.
seng shhein (siyu).
luvile southu vuu swadeshiyaaya seng shhein [allengil qaan] (rr) kanfyooshyasinekkaal 46 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru siyu (φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ φ 16 vayassullappol pithaav addehathe confucius padippichukondirunna chuu enna sthalathekku rishiyude keezhil padikkaan ayachu. yaan hui kazhinjaal addehathinte randaamathe muthirnna vidyaarthiyaayi kanfyooshyakkaar pinneedu addehathe kanakkakki. sigong addehathekkurichu paranju, "addeham padikkaattha oru vishayavumilla. addehathinte roopam maanyamaan. addehathinte sadgunangal dridamaanu. addehathinte vaakkukal vishwaasyatha nalkunnu. mahaanmaarude munnil addeham aathmaabhimaanam enna abhimaanathil svayam uyarthunnu. addehathinte purikangal deerghaayussukal ullavayaan."pithaavinte bhakthiyude peril addeham prashasthanaayirunnu, maathaapithaakkalude maranashesham avarekkurichu chinthikkaanum kanneerozhukkanum prerippikkappedaathe addehathinu vilaapathinte achaarangal vaayikkaan kazhinjilla. addeham oru valia ezhuthukaaranaayirunnu. muthirnna thaayiyude achaarangal" (διανταν) enna peril samaaharicha patthu pusthakangal addeham rachichu. kanfyooshyasinte nirddeshaprakaaram "pithrusanyathayude classic" addeham rachikkukayum/allengil edittu cheyyukayum cheythathayi parayappedunnu. mahathaaya patanam" pracharippikkunnathilum addeham bandhappettirunnu. eiii. dii 668-ll kanfyooshyasinayulla thyagangalumaayi addeham aadyamaayi bandhappettirunnuvenkum 1267-ll addeham rishiyude naalu moolyanirnnayakkaaril oralaayi uyarthappettu. rishiyude adisthaana thathwangalude pradarshakan" enna addehathinte padavi jiyaajinginte kaalaghattatthil ninnaan, addeham yaan huviyumaayi bandhappettirunnappol.
thaanthaay meaming (siyu).
vuu-chaang swadeshiyaaya thaanthaay meaming. addehathinte maryada peru siyu (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. siyuvinu kanfyooshyasinekkaal 39 vayass ilayathaanennu sima kian paranju, ennaal mattu rekhakal parayunnath addeham 49 vayass ilayaalaanennu parayunnu. addeham amithamaayi vrithikettavanaayirunnu, thante kazhivukalekkurichu moshamaayi chinthichirunnathinaal addehavumaayulla aadya koodikkaazhchayude anantharafalamaayi. patanam poortthiyaakkiya sesham addeham thekkott yangsi nadhi vare sanjarichu. raajyathinte aaa bhaagath addehathinte saannidhyathinte adayaalangal ippozhum sooshou vakuppil choondikkaanikkappedunnu. munnooru vidyaarthikale addeham aakarshichu, rajakumaaranmaarumaayulla avarude laingikabandhathil avarkk maarganirdesam nalkunnathinu addeham niyamangal nischayichu. thante vijayathekkurich kettappol, thanne thettayi vilayiruthunnathinayi thante mosham roopabhaavam thanne engane nayichuvennu confucius sammathichu. eiii. dii. 739-ll confuciasinulla yagangalil addehathinu aadyamaayi oru sthaanam nalkappettirunna eathaandu ellah shishyanmaarudeyum perukal pinthudarunnu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam "moolyanirnayakkaar", "njaanikal" ennivaykku appuram randaamathe, kizhakk, puram kottaaratthil sthaapichirikkunnu.
phu bukhi (sijian).
phu bukhi (<unk>) luu swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu; vividha vivaranagal anusarichu, kanfyooshyasinekkaal 30,40,49 vayass ilayaalaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sijian (φγ) ennaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinte keezhil padicha sesham addeham daanfuvinte kamaandantaayi, avide addeham eluppathil thante sthaanathu vijayichu. ore offeesil sevanamanushtikkukayum valia vyavasaayavum advaanavum kondu maathram vijayikkukayum cheytha vuma kii, sijianode upadesham thedi. sijian marupadi paranju "njaan purushanmaare niyamikkunnu; ningal purushanmaarude shakti upayogikkunnu."aalukal pinneedu phu oru shreshtanaaya manushyanaanennu prakhyaapichu. analects" 5.3-ll confucius thanne uyarnna dhaarmika gunanilavaaramulla oru samskaaram luu nilanirtthiyirunnuvennu theliyikkaan sijiyante maathrukaaparamaaya swabhaavathinte thelivukal upayogikkunnu. addehathinte rachanakal liu sinte pradhana pusthakangalude kaattalogil paraamarsikkappettundu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam padinjaaru randaam sthaanathaanu sthaapichirikkunnathu.
yuwan sian (sisi).
yuwan sian (Кото) onnukil gaanatthinte swadeshiyaayirunnu; allengil, shang suwan parayunnathanusarichu, luvinte swadeshiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sisi (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 36 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. vishudhikkum elimaykkum aazhathilulla daaridryam anubhavikkumbol yajamanante thathwangalile santhoshathinum addeham prashasthanaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinte maranashesham addeham veyiyil anjjaathaavasthayilaanu jeevichathu. confucius kshethrathile addehathinte phalakam siyuvinte phalakathinaduthaanu. analekttukalude" pathinalam adhyayam parambaraagathamaayi addehathinte shishyanmaaraanenn aaropikkappedunnu.
gongye chaang (sichang).
gongiye chaang (akaa. kanfyooshyasinte marumakanaayirunnu gongiye sii). sichang (<unk>), sishi (<unk>) ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte maryada perukal. addeham onnukil luu allengil kii swadeshiyaayirunnu. confucius kshethrathil, addehathinte phalakam bujiyude thottaduthaanu.
analects" 5.1-ll confucius gongay changinekkurichu parayunnu "avan vivaahayogyanaanu. orikkal oru kuttavaaliyaayi jayililadaykkappettenkum, vaasthavathil addeham eathenkilum kuttakrithyatthil niraparaadhiyaayirunnu."pinneedu confucius thante makale vivaham kazhichu. chainees ithihaasangalum naadodikkadhakalum pinneedu pakshikalumayum mattu mrugangalumaayum samsaarikkanulla kazhivu addehathinundennu avakashappettu. oru kathayil, oru koottam pakshikal oru kolapathaka irayude sthaanam charcha cheiyunnathu addeham kelkkunnu. shareerathekkurichulla arivu pinneedu aaa vyakthiyude kolapaathakathinu arast cheyyappedaan addehathe nayikkunnu, pakshe thante amanushika sakthikal jailermark kaanichukoduttha sesham addehathe mochippikkunnu. eee kapadacharithrathinu purathu addehathinte kuttakrithyatthinte krithyamaaya swabhaavam ariyillengilum, shau raajavamshathile kuttavalikalumaayi sakthamaaya kalankam nilaninnittum confucius thante makale vivaham kazhichathu kanfyooshyasinte daarmmikamaaya yukthiyodulla anusaranavum ekapaksheeyamaaya saamoohika kanvenshanukalil ninnulla swaathanthryavum prakadamaakkunnu.
nangong kuvo (sirong).
kanfyooshyasine zoo raajaavinte kottaratthilekku anugamicha nangong saangshuvinte athe vyakthiyaayirikkam nangong kuvo. addehathe nanguvo shhii (<unk>), nanguvo tavo (<unk>) ennum vilichirunnu, addehathinte maryada peru sirong (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. orikkal, addeham kiinn rajakumarane sevikkumbol kottaaratthil theepidittham undaayi. mattullavar treasuryile ulladakkangal surakshithamakkaan shramichappol, kottara library samrakshikkaanulla thante shramangalkk nangong neethrthwam nalki, addehathinte sramangal kaaranamaan niravadhi purathana grandhangal (orupakshe ettavum pradhaanappettath shouvinte achaarangal) nilaninnath. confucius kshethrathile addehathinte phalakam kizhakk yuwan siyaante thottaduthaanu.
gongsi aii (jisi).
gongsi aii (<unk>) onnukil luu allengil kii swadeshiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada perukal jisi (<unk>), jichan (<unk>) ennivayaayirunnu. adhiniveshathiloode adikaaram nediya oru kuleena kudumbathodum jolie sweekarikkaan visammathichathinum pakaram thante thathwangal thyajikkunnathinupakaram kadutha daaridryam sahikkaan theerumaanichathinum confucius addehathe abhinandichu. confucius kshethrathile addehathinte phalakam gongi pinthudarunnu.
seng dian (xi).
seng shaante pithaavaayirunnu seng dian. addehathinte maryada peru xi (Â) ennaayirunnu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam kanfyooshyasinte poorvvikarude haalilaan, avide athu padinjaaru bhagathaanu. analectukalil <aii. dii. 1> seng diane oru samgeethajnjanaayi chithreekarichirikkunnu, addehathinte mithamaaya rashtreeya abhilaashangal kanfyooshyasinte thanne abhilaashangalkk samaanamaan.
yaan vuyu (luu).
yaan huyiyude pithaavaayirunna yaan vuyu (<unk>) kanfyooshyasinekkaal aarr vayass maathram ilayavanaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru luu (luu) ennaayirunnu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam seng dianude athe haalile kizhakk bhaagathulla aadyathethaanu.
shang kyu (simu).
shang kyu (<unk>) parambaraagathamaayi kanfyooshyasil ninnu yijing sweekarikkukayum aadyakaala hahn rajavamsham vyaapakamaayi pracharippikkappedunnathu traansmittarukalude oru lainiloode samrakshikkukayum cheythathayi vishwasikkappedunnu. addehathinte maryada peru simu (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. confucuse kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam nangong kuvoyude phalakathe pinthudarunnu.
gavo chaay (jigao).
gavo chaay (<unk>) onnukil kii allengil veyu swadeshiyaayirunnu. jigao (<unk>), jigao (<unk>) ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte maryada perukal. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 30 allengil 40 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu, kullan malsyavum vrithikettathum ennaal valare budhimaanum kazhivullavanumaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinoppam padicha sesham addeham veyiyile oru criminal jadjiyaayi, orikkal oru thadavukaarane kaalukal nashtappedaan prashasthamaayi apalapichu. pinneedu, gavo chaay veyyil ninnu palayanam cheyyaan nirbandhithanaayappol, athe manushyan thante jeevan rakshikkaan sahayichu. thaan vidhikkunna aalukalkk thanne prakopippikkaan kazhiyaathavidham dayayude manobhaavathode karshana neethi nadappakkaan kazhinjathinu confucius chaayiye prashamsichu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam gongsi aiyude thottaduthaanu.
kidia kaii (sikkay).
shang suu (<unk>) onnukil kaii allengil luu swadeshiyaayirunnu. sikkay (φ φ ′), siruvo (φ ′), sixiu (φ τ/′) ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte maryada perukal. addeham oru shujinginte pandithanaayirunnu ennathozhike addehathekkurichu valarekkurache ariyoo. addehathinte elimaykkum thanneyum mattullavareyum kurichulla yaadhaarthyabodhamulla vilayiruthalukalkum ("analects" 5.6) confucius addehathodu santhushtanaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam shang shuvine pinthudarunnu.
gongbo liavo (sisho).
gombo liavo (<unk> <unk>) analectukalil 14:33 kaanapedunnu, avide addeham siluvine confuciasinode apavaadam parayunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sisho (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addehathe yadhaarthathil kanfyooshyasinte shishyanmaril oralaayi kanakkaakkanamo enna kaaryatthil tharkkamund.
sima jeng (neeyu).
oru mikacha prabhashakayum gaanatthinte swadeshiyumaayirunnu sima jeng. addehathinte maryaadapperukal neeyu (shh), shugeng (shh) ennivayaayirunnu. thante sahodarante prathikoola swaadheenathilninnu rakshappedaan addeham valia oorjjam chelavazhichu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam kidia kaayinte phalakathe pinthudarunnu.
phaan shh (sichi).
phaan chii ennum ariyappedunna phaan shh (<unk>) onnukil kii allengil luu swadeshiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sichi (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 36 allengil 46 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. cheruppatthil thanne addeham oru sainika kamaandaraayi svayam verthirichu, jii kudumbatthinte sainyathil sevanamanushtichu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam gavo chaayiye pinthudarunnu.
ningal ruyo (siruvo).
yuu ruu (<unk>) luu swadeshiyaayirunnuvenkilum chainees charitrakaaranmaar addehathinte praayathekkurichu yojikkunnilla. addehathinte maryada peru siruyo (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinte vidyaarthikalil addehathinte mahathaaya oormmaykkum puraathanathayodulla snehathinum addeham shradheyanaayirunnu. confucius marichathinushesham, ruu kanfyooshyasineppole kaanappedukayum shabdamundaakkukayum cheythathinaal, addeham confucius aanennapole addehathodu samsarikkaan aagrahichuvenkilum seng shahn athirthathinethudarnnu avar eee ashayam upekshichu.
confucius kshethrathil, siruvoyude phalakam ippol kizhakk bhaagathulla aaraamathe "njaanikalil" onnaanu. 1714ll kwing raajavamshathinte kianlong kaalaghattatthil thaarathamyena aduthide maathramaan addehathinte phalakam eee sthaanathekku uyarthappettath. oru swapnathe pinthudarnnu pravartthikkaan prachodanam labhichathayi paranja oru unnatha sarkkar udyogasthante abhyarthanaye thudarnnaanu ithu cheythath. siruvoyude gunangalodu neethi pularthaanum "mahanayathum poornnavumaaya haalil" gulikakalude samamiti punasthaapikkaanumulla aagrahamaayirikkaam addehathinte yadhaartha uddeshyangal, ithu kwing raajavamshathinte yongsheng kaalaghattatthil suu sii gulikayude varavode aswasthamaayirunnu.
gongsi chii (sihuva).
luu swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu gongsi chii. addehathinte maryada peru sihuwa (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 42 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. achaarangaleyum nyaayabodhatheyum kurichulla arivu addehathinundaayirunnathu addeham shradheyanaayirunnu, kanfyooshyasinte mattu vidyaarthikal kanfyooshyasinte shavasamskara krameekaranatthil addehathe vilakki. kottaaratthile athidhikaleyum sandarshakareyum rasippikkaan kazhivullayalayi confucius addehathe prashamsichu ("analects" 5.7). confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam padinjaaru vashath, puram kottaaratthil naalaamathaan.
vuma shhii (sikki).
vuma shhii (<unk>), athawa. vumaa kii (<unk>), onnukil chenn swadeshiyo allengil luu swadeshiyo aayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sikki (φορι) allengil φορι) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 30 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. oru avasarathil, confucius shishyanmaarude oru koottathodoppam oru yaathraykk purappedaan pookumbool, kudakal edukkaan avarodu paranju. annu pinneedu kanatha mazha peythu, vuma confuciasinode chodichu, "raavile meghangalilla; ennaal suuryan udichathinushesham ningal njangalodu kudakal edukkaan paranju. mazha peiyumennu ningalkkengane manassilayi?"
confucius marupadi nalki, "innale vaikunneram chandran paii nakshathrasamoohathilaayirunnu, chandran paii aayirikkumbol kanatha mazhayundaakumennu shijingil paranjittille?'angane enikku athu manassilayi."confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam kizhakk vashath sima samghathinte phalakathinaduthaanu.
liang shahn (shuyu).
liang shahn (<unk>), athawa. liang lii (<unk>), kvi swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru shuyu (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 29 allengil 39 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. thanikk 30 vayassullappol, thanikk makanillaathathil niraasanaaya addeham bharya vivaahamochanam cheiyunnathinekkurichu chinthikkukayaayirunnu. "angane cheyyaruthu", shang suu avanodu paranju. "enikku oru makan janikkunnathin munbu enikku 38 vayassayirunnu, appol ente amma enikku mattoru bharya edukkaan pookumbool yajamanan enne kii yude aduthekku ayaykkaan nirddeshichu. njaan pookaan amma thayyaaraayillengilum confucius paranju, 'vishamikkenda. 40 vayass kazhinjappol shuvinu anchu aanmakkal janikkum. 'appol njaan manassilakkunnu, ningalkk ithuvare makanillennu parayunnath ningalude thettaanennum ningalude bhaaryayude thettallennum."shahn eee upadesham sweekarichu; rund varshathinu sesham addehathinu oru makan janichu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam padinjaaru bhaagath, puram kottaaratthinte falakangalil ettaam sthaanathaanu.
yaan singh (siliyu).
yaan sii (<unk>), yaan liu (<unk>), yaan veyu (<unk>) ennum ariyappedunna yaan singh (<unk>) luu swadeshiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru siliyu (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 46 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam kizhakk bhaagath vuma shiyude pinbalatthilaanu.
rann ruu (silu).
luu swadeshiyaaya rann ruu (<unk>) aayirunnu. addehathinte maryada perukal silu (φ), sii-seng (φ), siyu (φ) ennivayaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 50 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. confucius kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam padinjaaru bhagathaayi liang shaante phalakathe pinthudarunnu.
cavo suu (sixon).
cavo suu (<unk>) kaii swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sixon (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 50 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasinte kshethrathil addehathinte phalakam kizhakk bhaagath yaan singhinte phalakathinu pinnilaanu.
boow kian (sixi).
boow kian (ττ) luu swadeshiyaaya oru vyakthiyaayirunnu. sixi (φ), siji (φ) ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte maryada perukal. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 50 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. confucius boow kiyaante kshethrathil padinjaaru cavo shuvinte phalakam pinthudarunnu.
gongson neelam (sishi).
gonson chong ennum ariyappedunna gonson long (<unk>) onnukil veyu, chuu allengil shaavo swadeshiyaayirunnu. addehathinte maryada peru sishi (<unk>) ennaayirunnu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 53 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. orikkal, kanfyooshyasine kandumuttunnathinumbu, sishi sigongine kandumutty, addeham addehathodu chodichu, "ningal kavithasamaharam padichille?"
sishi marupadi paranju, "enikku angane cheyyaan enthu ozhivundu? njaan makkalaakanamenn ente maathaapithaakkal aavashyappedunnu; njaan vidheyanaayirikkanamennu ente sahodaranmaar aavashyappedunnu; aathmaarthathayullavannaayir ente suhruthukkal aavashyappedunnu. mattenthenkilum kaaryatthinaayi enikku enthu ozhivundu?"
"ente yajamaante aduthekku vannu avanekkurichu padikkoo", sigong paranju."confucius kshethrathil, gongson longinte phalakam sixoninte phalakathe pinthudarunnu.
ariyappedaatha shishyanmar.
sima kian ivide nireekshikkunnu 'munpulla 35 shishyanmaril chila vishadaamshangal namukkund. avarude praayavum mattu vishadaamshangalum pusthakangalilum rekhakalilum kaanam. ennirunnaalum, thudarnnulla 52 perude kaaryatthil anganeyalla.'
36. rann jii, sii-chaan [alle. jii-chaan, sii-daa enniva [alle. <unk> umm φ]), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal, boow kiyaante aduthulla 11-aamm, padinjaaru aanu.
37. luu swadeshiyaaya gongsu gausi allengil lalithamaayi sii, sii-shhii (<unk>, [allengil lalithamaayi], <unk>) shailiyilullathaan. puram courtile kizhakkulla 23-aamm falakamaanu addehathinte phalakam.
38. kiinn suu, shhii-naan shailiyilulla (<unk>, <unk>), kiinn swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam avasaanathe rund sthaanangalkku munbaanu.
39. kidia chii, sii-lian shailiyilulla (<unk> <unk> [alle. <unk>, <unk>), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam 13-aamm, padinjaaru aanu.
40. yaan gavo, sii-jiavo (<unk>, <unk>) enna shailiyilullathaan. school vivaranagal' anusarichu, dukin naan-sick sesham confucius veyiyil sawari cheyyumbol vandi oodicha yaan keey (Â, allengil Â) yaayirunnu addeham. ennaal ithu samshayaaspadamaanennu thonnunnu. mattu adhikaarikal addehathinte peru chaan (си) ennaakkukayum sii-jing (φι) ennu stail cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. addehathinte phalakam 13-aamm, kizhakk aanu.
41. kidiavo dufu [alle. kong, sii-yuu, sii-kii, sii-wenn (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> Â. <unk>, <unk> [alle. φ φ, φ, φ ̃), luu swadeshiyaaya oru gulika, athinte gulika kidiyavo chick munbaanu.
42. seng sichi, sii-thuu allengil sii-kong (alle. <unk>, <unk>, allengil <unk>), kiinn swadeshiyaaya oraal. chilar sengsiye (<unk>) eratta kudumbapperayi kanakkakkunnu. illa ennathinu sheshamaan addehathinte gulika varunnath. 40.
43. luu swadeshiyaaya shang shaay, sii-jii sailiyum sii-shiu (<unk>, <unk>, <unk>) sailiyum ullayaalaan. addehathinte tablet phaan shuvinte thottupinnaleyaanu, illa. 26.
44. shhii suvo [alle. shhii, sii ennivayil-shuu, sii-ming shailiyilulla (<unk> [alle. ̃, φ, φ). chilar shisuvo (<unk>) eratta kudumbapperayi edukkunnu. addehathinte tablet nambar pinthudarunnu. 42.
45. renn buji, stail cheytha suwan (<unk>, <unk>), chuu swadeshiyaaya oraal, athinte gulika noow ennathinu aduthaanu. 28.
46. gongliang ruu, sii-sheng shailiyilulla [alle. kiinn swadeshiyaaya) shethrangalil munbathe pinthudarunnu. thyagam' enna canon parayunnu-- 'sii-sheng moolyavum dheerathayum ulla oru manushyanaayirunnu. kanfyooshyasine valayukayum puyil nirthukayum cheythappol, sii-sheng valare kadinamaayi poraadi, puyile aalukal bhayappedukayum thaan veyiyilekku pokillennu sathyaprathinja cheythukondu yajamanane vittayakkukayum cheythu.'
47. huu [alle. shhii] chuu [alle. sian], sii-lii [alle. lii-chii] (π [alle. <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>, <unk> [alle. <unk>), kizhakk 17-aamm sthaanathulla kvi swadeshiyaaya oru gulika.
48. kaii swadeshiyaaya kwin oodi, kaii shailiyil. skoolinte vivaranangalude' pattikayil addehathe ulppeduthiyitla, eee kaaranathaal jiyaajinginte onpathaam varshathil addehathinte phalakam shethrangalil ninnu neekkam cheythu. ennirunnaalum, yongshaanginte randaam varshamaaya eiii. dii 1724-ll ithu punasthaapichu, ithu puram kottaaratthile 33-aamathe kizhakkaanu.
49. gongsia shau, stail sheng allengil sii-sheng (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>, <unk> allengil <unk>), luvil ninnulla oru swadeshiyaanu, athinte tablet illa ennathinu aduthaanu. 44.
50. sii yongdian [allengil lalithamaayi diane], sii-sii [alle. sii-jiyum sii-kyuyum (χι, [allengil χ], φ, [alle. )), veyu swadeshiyaaya, 18-aamm, kizhakk thante phalakam ulla.
51. gong jianding [alle. gong yuu, sii-soong shailiyilulla (<unk> [alle. <unk> [alle. <unk>, <unk> [alle. χ, φ). addehathinte janmam luu, veyu, jiinn ennivarkkaanu nalkiyirikkunnath. addeham illa ennu pinthudarunnu. 46.
52. yaan suu [alle. siang, siang, sii-siang (<unk> [alle. <unk>, <unk>, <unk>), luu swadeshiyaaya, addehathinte gulika nambar pinthudarunnu. 50.
53. jiavo [alle. vuu] daan, sii-jiya shailiyilulla (alle. <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ addehathinte sthaanam illa ennathinu aduthaanu. 51.
54. shhu [alle. gau jing-kiang [lalithamaayi jing], sii-kiang [alle. sii-jeeyum sii-mang [alle. [koodaathe lalithamaayi], [alle. ), veyu swadeshiyaaya, illa ennu pinthudarunnu. 52.
55. hahn [alle. saay]-phu heyy, sii-heyy [alle. sii-suu, sii-suu enniva [alle. [alle.] φ, φ, φ)), luvinte swadeshiyaanu, athinte gulika noow ennathinte aduthaanu. 53.
56. sii-paii shailiyilulla [alle. pee-sii, buu-sii enniva [alle. ), luu swadeshiyaaya, allengil, shang suwan parayunnathanusarichu, chuu. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 40 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, oru authority parayunnath addeham naalu vayass maathram ilayaalaanennum addehathinte pithavum kanfyooshyasinte pithavum avarude shakthikkayi aaghoshikkappettavaraanennum parayunnu. addehathinte phalakam kizhakk panthrandaam sthaanathaanu.
57. shhein dang, shailiyilulla shau (Â, Â). schoolinte aakhyaanangalil' sii-shau (Â, Â) shailiyilulla oru shhein jii undu. mattullavar eee peru tang (rr, rr), suu (rr) enningane nalkiyittundu, sii-suu (rr) enna padanaamatthode. ivar orupakshe shhein chaanginte (Â) analectukalil paraamarshichirikkunna athe vyakthiyaayirikkam. ming raajavamshathin munbu avar randaayi baliyarppikkappettirunnu, ennaal 1530-ll, thyagam cheiyunna pattikayil ninnu dang enna peru neekkam cheyyappettu, chaanginte peru maathrame avasheshikkunnulloo. addehathinte phalakam 31-aamm, kizhakk aanu.
58. kizhakk 29-aamm sthaanathulla luu swadeshiyaaya yaan shipo, sii-shhoo [allengil lalithamaayi shhoo] (<unk>, <unk> [allengil lalithamaayi <unk>]).
59. yong kii, sii-kii [alle. sii-yaan] (<unk> [alle. <unk>, <unk> allengil <unk> [alle. φ), luu swadeshiyaaya, 20-aamm, padinjaaru enna falakamullah.
60. sian chaang, sii-kii [alle. sii-hong] (<unk>, <unk> [alle. φ), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte sthaanam 22-aamm, kizhakk aanu.
61. luu swadeshiyaaya suvo rinning [allengil lalithamaayi ying], stail cheytha singh, sii-singh (<unk>, <unk>, <unk>). addehathinte tablet nambar pinthudarunnu. 59.
62. yaan shhii, enn [alle. sii-sii] (<unk> [allengil τ], χ [alle. φ φ]) kiinn swadeshiyaanu. 24-aamm kizhakkaanu addehathinte phalakam.
63: luu swadeshiyaaya saang guwo, sii-thuu (<unk>, <unk>) shailiyilullayaalaan. skoolinte aakhyaanangalude sii-kong (<unk>, <unk>) shailiyilulla shyuu baamginte kaaryatthilum ithu samaanamaanenn manassilaakkappedunnu.'ayaalude tablet illa ennu pinthudarunnu. 61.
64. luu swadeshiyaaya sii-shhii shailiyilulla kiinn phey, padinjaaru 31-aamm sthaanathulla thunnalphalakam ulla aalaan.
65. shhii sichang, sii-haang [alle. chaang] (<unk>, <unk> [alle. γρντης), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam kizhakk 30-aamm sthaanathaanu.
66. luu swadeshiyaaya yaan kway, sii-sheng (<unk>, <unk>) shailiyilullayaalaan. addehathinte gulika nambarinu aduthaanu. 64.
67. buu shusheng, sii-cheey shailiyilulla (ριτερεστερ ['skoolinte vivaranagalil' ithu εSTER-nte oru pazhaya roopamaanu], φετερ), kvi swadeshiyaanu. chilappol buu (ρ)-nuu nammal shaavo (ρ) kandethunnu. addehathinte phalakam 30-aamm, padinjaaru aanu.
68. luu swadeshiyaaya yuwan kaang, sii-jii shailiyilulla (<unk>, <unk>). sima kian addehathe yuwan kaang-jii ennu vilikkunnu, oru padaviyum paraamarsikkunnilla. schoolinte vivaranagal' addehathe yuwan kaang (<unk>), shailiyilulla jii akkunnu. addehathinte phalakam 23-aamm, padinjaaru aanu.
69. yuu keey [alle. siin], sii-sheng (чи, [alle. <unk>, φ φ), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam 25-aamm, kizhakk aanu.
70. lian jee, yong, sii-yung [alle. sii-cavo] (<unk>, <unk>, <unk> [alle. φi]), veyu allengil kii swadeshiyaanu. addehathinte gulika nambarinu aduthaanu. 68.
71. shushung huy [alle. kuyi], sii-kii (<unk> <unk> [alle. <unk>, φ <unk>), luu swadeshiyaaya, allengil, shang suwan parayunnathanusarichu, jiinn. addeham kanfyooshyasinekkaal 54 vayass ilayavanaayirunnu. adhehavum kong suwan (<unk>) ennu vilikkappedunna mattoru yuvaakkalum avarude pensilukal upayogichu maari maari hajaraakukayum munikk oru smaarakamaayi pravartthikkukayum cheythuvennum maang wubo avarude kazhivinekkurichu samshayam prakadippichappol confucius avarodu samthrupthi prakadippichuvennum parayappedunnu. addeham shethrangalil lian jiye pinthudarunnu.
72. luu swadeshiyaaya yaan hii, stail rann (<unk>, Â). vidyaalayathinte vivaranangalude' ippozhathe pakarppukalil addehathinte peru adangiyittilla, 1588ll kshethrangalile addehathinte sthaanathu ninnu rann maattippaarppichu. ennirunnaalum, kwinginte samayat addehathinte gulika punasthaapichu. ithu 33-aamm, padinjaaru.
73. dii hayy, shailiyilulla seey [alle. sii-seey, sii-shhii enniva [alle. ), veyu allengil luvinte swadeshiyaanu. 26-aamm, kizhakk aanu addehathinte phalakam.
74. kuyi [alle. baang] sann, sii-lian [alle. sii-yinn] (Â (kuyi1) [alle. <unk>, <unk> [alle. φ), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam 27-aamm, padinjaaru aanu.
75. kong soong, sii-mii (<unk>, <unk>) shailiyilullathaan. ithu kanfyooshyasinte mootha sahodaranaaya amgavaikalyamulla maang-piyude makanaanennu parayappedunnu. addehathinte gulika nambarinu aduthaanu. 73. addehathinte thyagapadavi 'purathana yogyanaaya thathwachinthakan mii' ennaanu.'
76. gongsi yuru [alle. yuu], sii-shang shailiyilulla [alle. <unk>, <unk>), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. 26-aamm sthaanathaanu addehathinte sthaanam.
77. gongsi diane, sii-shang (<unk> [allengil <unk>], <unk> [alle. φ), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam 28-aamm, kizhakk aanu.
78. kiinn shang [alle. lavo], sii-kaii (alle. ),), veyu swadeshiyaaya oraal. addehathinte phalakam 29-aamm, padinjaaru aanu.
79. chaan kaang, sii-kaang [alle. sii-kiinn] (<unk>, <unk> [alle. ), chaan swadeshiyaanu.
80. sian daan [alle. daan-phu, fang enniva sii-siang shailiyilullavayaan. <unk>, <unk>), luu swadeshiyaaya oraal. ithu illa ennathinu thulyamaanennu chilar karuthunnu. 53. ennirunnaalum, atharam kaaryangalil kwing raajavamshathinte upadeshtaakkal avare vyathyastharaayi kanakkaakkukayum 1724-ll padinjaarulla 34-aamathe sian daan ennayaalkku oru phalakam nalkukayum cheythu.
schoolinte vivaranagalil munpulla moonnu perukal nalkiyittundu.'
pandithanmaar mattu irupathu pere koodi chertthu.
pandithanmaarude gaveshanathil 20 oolam perr koodi chernnittundu.
81. lyne fang, sii-kyu (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> addehathekkurichu ariyaavunna oreyoru kaaryam anayil ninnaan. 3. IV. addehathinte gulika minginu keezhil maattippaarppichuvenkuve kwing athu punasthaapichu. ithu aadyathethaanu, padinjaaru.
82. veyu offeesaraaya boow-yuu (<unk>, <unk>) shailiyilulla suu yuwan, analectukalil ninnum mensiasil ninnum kaanappedunnathupole, kanfyooshyasinte uttasuhrithaanu. ennittum addehathinte tablet lyne faanginte athe mattangal pankittu. ippol athu aadyathethaanu, kizhakk.
83 umm 84 umm. shhein chaang (Â), shhein tang (Â). noow noow. 57.
85. menzius paraamarshicha moo paii (сения тете), VII. panditt. II. XXXVIi. 4. kshethrathilekkulla addehathinte praveshanam kwinginu keezhilaayirunnu. addehathinte phalakam 34-aamm, kizhakk aanu.
86. suuvoo kiaming allengil sucoque ming (<unk>) allengil kyoo ming (<unk>) ennivaykku kizhakk 32-aamm sthaanamundu. 1530ll 'purathana pandithan' enna padavi nischayichirunnuvenkilum 1642ll athu 'purathana yogyan' enna padavikku uyarthappettu.'chunn kyoovinte vyaakhyaana pathippukalil ettavum vishishtamaayath addehathodu naam kadappettirikkunnu. ennaal addeham sarikkum kanfyooshyasinte shishyanayirunno ennum addehavumaayulla vyakthiparamaaya ashayavinimayathil addeham valare charcha cheyyappedunnu.
ippol rishikkulla yagangalil pankedukkunna shishyanmaarude perukalum kudumbapperukalum maathramaan mukalil paranjava. vishayam theerkkaan agrahikkunnavar, koodaathe, meng sisiyude (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 17; ruu beyy, (<unk>), analectukalil paraamarshichirikkunnu, xvii. XX, lii jiyilum, xviii. vibhaagam. II. II. 22; lii jiyile xliiii yill paraamarshichirikkunna gongwang shikyu (<unk>), shuu diane (<unk>). 7; binmou jiah (<unk>), lii jiyile xviii yill paraamarshichittundu. 3. 16; kong shuwan (<unk>), hayy shulan (<unk>), 'skoolinte aakhyaanangal' ennathinte adhikaarathil; shuvangsi paraamarshicha chaang jii (<unk>); yansi paraamarshicha juu yuu (<unk>); lian yuu (<unk>), luu juun (<unk>), wenweng shishi; oduvil sifu heey (<unk>), analakttukalude sifu jingbo (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>), xiv. XXXVIii.
naalu rishimaarum panthrand thathwachinthakarum.
confucius allathe, ettavum aadaraneeyanaaya confucianmaar "naalu munimar" allengil "parasparabandhamullavar", "panthrand thathwachinthakar" ennivayaanu.

