
heebru saahityam

hebru saahithyathil hebru bhaashayile purathana, madhyakala, aadhunika rachanakal adangiyirikkunnu. joothanmaarallaathavar ebraiah bhashayil ezhuthiya saahithyangalude kesukal undaayittundengilum ithu jootha saahithyathinte praadhamika roopangalilonnaanu. madhyakaalakhattathilum aadhunika kaalaghattatthiludaneelam lokathinte vividha bhaagangalil hebru saahityam nirmikkappettu, athesamayam samakaalika hebru saahityam pradhaanamaayum israeli saahityamaanu.
1966-ll, baibil, talmudic, aadhunika hebru ennivayude savisheshamaaya samyojanam upayogikkunna novalukalkkum cherukathakalkkumulla saahityathinulla nobal sammanam agnon nedi, eee award labhikkuna aadyathe hebru ezhuthukaaranaayi addehathe maatti.
purathana kaalam.
purathana kaalam muthal vishudha bhashayaaya "()" yude vaakkalulla saahithyathil ninnum israelile baibil paathriyarkkasil aadyatheyaalaaya abrahaaminte padippikkalukalil ninnum ebraayile saahityam aarambikkunnu. bii. sii. iii. 2000. thaarathamyappeduthunnathum, purathana heebru saahithyathile ettavum pradhanappetta kruthi heebru baibilaan (thaanaakh).
pothuvarsham 200-ll samaaharicha mishna, thorayil ninnu uruthirinja niyamangalude praadhamika rabbinik krodeekaranamaanu. ithu mishnaik hebroovilaanu ezhuthiyathenkilum athinekkurichulla pradhana vyaakhyaanamaaya jemara pradhaanamaayum aramic bhaashayilaan ezhuthiyathu. classical midraashinte niravadhi kruthikal ebraiah bhaashayilaan ezhuthappettathu.
madhyakaalakhattam.
madhyakaalakhattathil, jootha, hebru saahityangalil bhooribhaagavum islaamika vadakke aphrica, spain, palestine, middle eest ennividangalilaanu rachichathu. mymonidesinte "aashayakkuzhappathilaayavarkkal maargganirddesham", "kusari" thudangiya madhyakala daarshanika saahithyathile niravadhi kruthikalum athupole thanne niravadhi fiction kruthikalum judo-arabic bhaashayilaan ezhuthappettathu. abraham ibnu isra, raashi thudangiyavarude torah vyaakhyaanangal; mymonidesinte mishneh torah, arba thurim, shulchan aruchu thudangiya jootha niyamatthinte krodeekaranangal; baahya ibnu pakudayude "chowot haah-levavot" ("hridayathinte kadamakal") polulla moosar saahithyathinte (upadesaparamaaya dhaarmika saahityam) kruthikal ennivayulppede rabbinik saahithyathinte kruthikal palappozhum hebru bhaashayilaan ezhuthappettathu. eesoppinte kettukadhakalkku samanamaaya hebru kettukadhakalaaya, eesoppinte kettukadhakalumaayi saamyamulla, hebru benn nathronai haah-nakdan ezhuthiya "kurukkan kettukadhakal", hebru bhashayil ezhuthiya oru kathaasaahithyamaayirunnu.
ezhaam noottaandilum ettaam noottaandilum yos benn yos, yaanay, elasser kalir ennivar palastheenil littarjikkal piyudim ulppede madhyakala jootha kavithakal hebru bhaashayilaan ezhuthiyathu. eee kavithakal hebru bhasha aaraadhanaakramathil cherkkapettu. amram gaav, sadia gaav ennivayulppedeyulla rabbikal "siddhur" enna peril eee aaraadhanaakramam pusthaka roopathil samaaharichu. pinneedu spanish, provensal, itaaliyan kavikal mathaparavum mathetharavumaaya kavithakal ezhuthi; prathyekichu pramukha kavikal solomon ibn gabirol, yehuda halevi, yehuda alle-harisi ennivaraayirunnu. jootha rabbinik, mathethara saahityangal arabiyil ninnu hebruvilekku vivarthanam cheiyunnathilum avaril bhooribhaagavum sajeevamaayirunnu.
oru sthreeyude oru ebraiah kavita maathrame madhyakaalakhattathil saakshyappeduthiyitlu (chila noottaandukalile aadyathethum avasaanathethum): dunash benn labrattinte bhaarya rachicha, dunash pravaasatthilekku poyathinekkurichu vilapikkunnu.
aadhunika yugam.
hebruvil parambaraagatha rabbinik saahityam ezhuthunnathinupurame, aadhunika juthanmaar "aadhunika hebru saahityam" ennu vilikkappedunna kathaasaahithyam, kavita, upanyasa rachana ennivayude puthiya roopangal vikasippichu."
pathinettaam noottaand.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, jootha saahithyathil sephardic ezhuthukaarude aadhipathyam undaayirunnu, palappozhum judo-arabic bhashayil ezhuthunnu. moses hayeem lusaattoyude saangalppika naadakamaaya "laa-yesharim tehillah" (1743) aadhunika heebru saahithyathinte aadya ulppannamaayi kanakkakkappedaam. shailiyude classic poornathayil bybilinu sesham maathram randaamathethu" ennu ithine paraamarsikkunnu."aamstardaamile lusaattoyude sishyanaaya david franco mendus (1713-92), jeane racine (" "jemul 'attaliya" "), metaastaasiyo (" "yehudit" ") ennivayude anukaranangalil, loosaattoyude kruthikaleppole bahumaanikkappedunnillum thante yajamanante kruthikal thudarnnu".
pathinettaam noottaandil, haskala (jootha prabudhatha) prasthaanam europile juthanmaarkku rashtreeya vimochanam nedunnathinaayi pravarthichu, europian juthanmaar kramena muun middle eestten jootha ezhuthukaarude roopathil kooduthal saahityangal nirmmikkaan thudangi. hebru baibil jarmman bhaashayilekku mosse mendelson vivarthanam cheythath hebru bhaashayodulla thaalpparyathe prachodippikkukayum athu hebru bhashayil ezhuthiya oru traimasa avalokanam sthaapikkunnathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu mattu aanukaalikangalum vannu. shire tifferet" allengil "moseade" polulla naftali hirsinte kavithakal akkaalathe kavi puraskarajethaavaayi moshamaayi chithreekarikkappettu.
pathonpathaam noottaand.
pathonpathaam noottaandile galishyayil, ebraayarude vyapanathinum galishyayile joothanmaarude vimochanathinum sambhavana nalkia kavikal, pandithanmaar, janapriya ezhuthukaar ennivar ulppedunnu
aamstardaamil pathonpathaam noottaandil kavi saamuval moulder (1789-1862) ulppede hebru bhasha saahitya kalakaaranmaarude oru vritham uyarnnuvannu.
pathonpathaam noottaandil pragg haskalayude sajeeva kendramaayi maari, avideyulla haskala ezhuthukaaril ettavum ariyappettirunnath haasyachithrangalude ("bene haah-neey 'yoorim") rachayithavaaya jehuda loob jeetales (1773-1838) aayirunnu.
hangariyil, hebru bhasha ezhuthukaaril "melitsaatt yeshuroon" enna grandhatthinte rachayithavaaya moorile solomon levison (1789-1822), maiks nordauvinte pithaavaayirunna kavi gabriel sudfeld, kavi saiman baachar ennivar ulppedunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil romankaaranaayirunna oru sradheyanaaya jootha ezhuthukaaran vaidyan ezhuthukaaranumaaya juuliyas barash aayirunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaandile hebru bhashayil ezhuthiya itaaliyan joothanmaaril i ulppedunnu. ezz. rejio (1784-1854), joseph almansi, hayeem salomon, saamuval vitta lollie (1788-1843). mattoru sradheyanaaya vyakthi rachell morpurgo (1790-1860) aayirunnu, addeham haskala prasthaanatthile churukkam chila vanita ezhuthukaaril oraalaayirunnu, addehathinte kavithakal "mathaparamaya bhakthiyum israayelinte bhaaviyilulla nigooda vishwaasavum" ennu visheshippikkappettindu."ettavum ariyappedunna itaaliyan ezhuthukaaran saamuval david lusatto (1800-65) aayirunnu, mathaparamaya romantisisathe ebraayarilekku avatharippikkukayum mathaparavum deseeyavumaaya vikaarathinte peril vadakkan yukthivaadathe akramikkukayum cheytha aadyathe aadhunika ezhuthukaaran.
pathonpathaam noottaandile russian saamraajyathile pramukha hebru ezhuthukaaril iva ulppedunnu 
liyon gorden" (1831-1892) ennum ariyappedunna kavi judah leab gorden, "rabbikalude nishkalankanaaya shatru" ennu visheshippikkappedunna oru prashastha aakshepahasya kaviyayirunnu."
irupathaam noottaand.
irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil palastheenil siyonist kudiyettam shakthamaayathode, pazhaya yishuvile thaddesheeya palasteen joothanmaarkkoppam hebru vividha jootha kudiyetta samoohangalude pankitta bhashayaayi maari, avar mymonese (moshe ibn maimoun), alle-harisi thudangiya muun sephardic, arab-jootha ezhuthukaarude saahitya paarambaryangal thudarnnu. eliser benn-yehuda prathyekichum aadhunika lokathinte aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi hebruvine poruthappeduthunnathini pravarthichu, ellah kaalaghattangalil ninnum sthalangalil ninnumulla hebru srothassukalilekku thirinj vishudhavum kavyathmakavum athinappuramullathum aadhunika anubhavam prakadippikkaan kazhivullathumaaya oru bhasha vikasippichu.
europile joothanmaarkkidayil siyonist prasthaanatthinte uyarchayode, ashkenazi juthanmaar hebru saahityam sweekarikkukayum aadyamaayi athil aadhipathyam sthaapikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. smuval yosef agnon, moshe smilansky, yosef heyim brenner, david shimoni, jacob fitchman ennivarulppede randaam aliyayil ninnulla oru koottam saahitya payaniyarmaaraan aadhunika israeli rachanayude adithara paakiyath. aadhunika hebru kavikalude thudakkakkaaril oralaaya hayim nahman bialik (1873-1934) israayelinte deseeya kaviyayi amgeekarikkappettu. addehathinte kaalathinu munbu praadhamikamaayi oru purathana, pandithochithamo kaavyaathmakamo aaya bhashayaayi nilaninnirunna ebraiah bhaashayude punarujjeevanathinu bialik ganyamaaya sambhavana nalki. 20-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathil ninnulla mattu mahanaaya saahitya vyakthikalaaya ahad hahaa-aam, chernichovsky ennivareppole bialik thante avasana varshangal tell avivil chelavazhikkukayum yuva hebru ezhuthukaaril valia swaadheenam cheluthukayum cheythu; aadhunika hebru saahithyathiludaneelam addehathinte kruthikalude swaadheenam vyakthamaan.
samaantharamaayi, niravadhi palasteen, leventain jootha ezhuthukaar hebru saahithyathinte punarujjeevanathaal swaadheenikkappedukayum avarude rachanakalkkayi hebruvine sweekarikkukayum cheythu. europil ninnulla ashkenazi kudiyettakkaaraaya bialik polulla pioneermaarude anubavangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, leventine jootha ezhuthukaar arabic saahitya paarambaryangalil vidyaabhyaasam nediyathinaal avar niravadhi arabic, sephardic, praadeshika palasteen prameyangalum bhashaaparamaaya gadakangalum avarude rachanayil ulppeduthi. 1886ll jarusalemil janicha novelist yehuda burla automan sainyathil sevanamanushtikkukayum pinneedu damascasil hebru, arabic bhashakal padippikkukayum cheythu. 1961ll saahityathinulla israel sammanam addehathinu labhichu. arabic samsaarikkunna joothanmaarudeyum musleem palastheeniyakkaarudeyum veekshanakonil ninnu ezhuthiya addehathinte kruthiyil vaividhyamaarnna arabic, sephardic, middle eestten prameyangal ulppeduthiyirunnu. hebru saahithyathil shamik thaarathamyena savisheshamaaya sthaanamundu, kaaranam addehathinte rachana palasteen saahithyamaayum amgeekarikkappettirikkunnu; 2004 ll palestine academic sosaitti shami pradhana palasteen ezhuthukaaril oralaayi amgeekarichu.
1966-ll, baibil, talmudic, aadhunika hebru ennivayude savisheshamaaya samyojanam upayogikkunna novalukalkkum cherukathakalkkum saahityathinulla nobal sammanam agnon nedi. aadhunika hebruvilekkulla saahitya vivarthakarum, prathyekichu liah goldberg, anthaaraashtra saahityatheyum saahitya pramukhareyum vivarthanathiloode hebru vrithangalilekku konduvannu israel-hebru saahityathinu valia sambhavana nalki. goldberg thanne oru mikacha ezhuthukaaranum israeli baalasaahithyathinte thudakkakkaaranumaayi ariyappettirunnu.
samakaalika yugam.
1948ll israel raashtram sthaapithamaayathode oru puthiya thalamurayile ebraiah ezhuthukaar uyarnnuvannu. eee puthiya thalamurayil novalistukalaaya aharon meged, nathan shaham, moshe shameer, kavimaraya yehuda amichaay, amir gilbova, heyim gauri ennivar ulppedunnu. amos oos aandu dhaa lover (1977), misttar ennivarude "mye maikkal" (1968), "black boxes" (1987) ennee novalukal. munny "(1990) bye eiii. bii. puthiya avasthayile jeevithathe yehoshuwa vivarikkunnu. maathaapithaakkalum kuttikalum thammilulla samgharsham, orikkal vishudheekarikkappetta chila yoodaayisathinteyum seonisathinteyum aadarshangal nirasikkal thudangiya vishayangalum eee kruthikal paryavekshanam cheiyunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanathil niravadhi ebraiah ezhuthukaar holocoast, sthreekalude prasnangal, israayelikalum arabikalum thammilulla samgharsham enniva kaikaaryam cheythu. europian vamshajaraaya juthanmaarum ashkenaasimukalum middle eestten, medittareniyan vamshajaraaya joothanmaaraaya misrayeem sephardim thammilulla pirimurukkamaayirunnu mattoru vishayam. 1986ll, palasteen-israel ezhuthukaaranaaya aantan shammas hebru noval "arabesk" prasidheekarichu, ithu oru jootha-ithara israeli ezhuthiya hebru saahithyathile aadyathe pradhana kruthiyude naazhikakkallayi adayaalappeduthunnu. shammaasinte noval niravadhi videsha bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettittund.
aadhunika hebru ezhuthukaaril rooth almog, aharon upplefeld, david grossman, amalia kahana-carmon, ettgar keratt, saaviyon librect, saami maikkal, yakov shaabtaay, mair shalev, seruya shalev ennivar ulppedunnu. ephraim kishoon, yakov shaabtaay, eiii. ennivar mattu bhaashakalilekku vivarthanam cheyyappedukayum anthaaraashtra amgeekaaram nedukayum cheytha samakaalika israeli ezhuthukaar aanu. bii. yehoshuwa, amos oos, airitt linoor, ettgar kerettu, yehoshuwa sobol. david avidan, maaya bejerano, eres bittan, daan pagis, dalia ravikovich, ronnie somk, mair veesalttiyar, yona wallack ennivaraanu hebru kavikal. 2010-kalil, israeli ezhuthukaarude yadhaartha kruthikalum mattu bhashakalil ninnulla vivarthanangalum ulppede aayirakkanakkin puthiya pusthakangal oro varshavum hebru bhashayil prasidheekarikkappedunnu.

