
thiyettar mundi

paashchaathya saahithyathilum chinthayilum udaneelam vikasippichedutha oru roopaka aashayamaanu thiyettar mundi (allengil lokathile mahathaaya naadakam), ithu guhayekkurichulla plaattoyude upamayilum chila ezhuthukaarkkidayil barok kaalaghattatthile oru janapriya aashayathilum loka sidhaanthangalil prakadamaanu. lokathinte eee adhibhouthikaparamaaya vishadeekaranam lokathe oru naadakavediyaayi chithreekarikkunnu (shakespearinte "lokam muzhuvan oru vediyaanu" enna vaakkukalil vyakthamaan) athil aalukal kathaapaathrangalaanu, avarude pravartthanangal oru naadakamaayi maarunnu, daivamaanu rachayithaav, prathyekichu chila kristhyan chinthakarkk. eee roopakathinu vividha roopangal edukkaam, chilath mattullavayekkaal kooduthal nirnnaayakamaan, koodaathe pershyan thathwachinthakanaaya omar khayyaam chess geyim enna lokam polulla vividha faashanukalilum ithu roopappeduthiyittundu. thiyettar mundi" yude oro roopeekaranathilum, vyathyastha abhinethaakkal vividha veshangal cheiyunna athinte bhagangalekkaal valia thukayaanu lokam.
charithram.
purathana greekkukaarkkidayil oru vediyaayi lokam prakadippikkappedukayum, prathyekichu puraathanakaalatthe roman saamraajyathinte avasaanathil plotinus polulla stoik, neoplatonist thathwachinthakarkkidayil janapreeti nedukayum cheythu. kristhumathatthe swaadheenicha neoplatonisathil, aathmaavinte prathyeka saamraajyathekkurichu vishwaasavum laukika kaaryangalude asthirathaykku mukalilulla athinte athirukadannathum thathwachinthakareyum pinneedu sent. lokathe oru naadaka kazhchayaayi kaanaan aagasttin. 
manushyarashiyumaayum lokavumaayumulla daivathinte bandham madhyakaalakhattatthiludaneelam prakadippikkappettu. vishudhar "eee lokathinte naadakatthe avarude punyatthinte uyarangalilninnu verukkunnu" ennu abhipraayappettukondu 12-aamm noottaandile daivashaasthranjanaaya salisburyile joonn "thiyettaram mundi" enna padam prathyekam upayogichu. dhaarmika vijnjaanakoshamaaya thante "polysraticus" enna moonnaamathe pusthakatthinte niravadhi adhyayangalil addeham "bhoomiyile manushyante jeevitam oru komadiyaanu, avide oororutharum thante swantham punk marakkunnu" enna vasthuthayekkurichu dhyaanikkunnu. audittoriyam" kristhyan parudeesayumaayi bandhappettirikkumbol, komadi rangathilo lokathilo nadakkunnu. chila stoik thathwachinthakareyo abrahatepoleyo snaapanametta jonineppoleyo pravachakanmaareyo pole kurachu munimaarkk maathrame daivam nalkia punk sweekarikkaan kazhiyoo. eee sveekaaryatha avare "thiyettar mundi" yill ninnu svayam verthirichedukkaanum "audittoriyathil" oru aakasha sthaanam sweekarikkaanum komadiyil avatharippikkunna veshangal kaananum manassilakkaanum anuvadikkunnu.
roopakathinu yadhaartha naadakavediyumaayi laingikabandhamundaayirunnu, athine microcosil lokamaayi sangalppikkaan kazhiyum. aadhunika kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil udaneelam eee ashayam karsanamaaya daivashaasthraparamo daarshanikamo aaya roopakamaayi prakadippikkappedaathe thudarukayum naadakeeyamaaya svarangalulla vyathyastha saamoohika, rashtreeya sandarbhangalil vyathyastha ardhangal sweekarikkukayum vividha tharatthilulla saahithyathilum vaachaadopa padaprayogangalilum svayam ulppeduthaan thudangukayum cheythu. kramena athinu mathaparamaya ardhangal nashtappedaan thudangukayum "naadakamundi" mathetharavum raashtreeyavumaaya oru vasham kooduthal ettedukkukayum cheythekkaam. ennaal anuyojyamaaya thalathe prathiphalippichu anuyojyamaaya rashtreeya vishayathe ulkkollunna oru naayakante "niyamangal" kku plaatto nalkia oonnalilekku madangumbol, "thiyettaram mundi" yude eee raashtreeyavum daivashaasthraparavumaaya roopeekaranam oduvil tertulian pracharippichathu rolukal (allengil samoohathinullile vyakthikalkkulla oru sthaapithamaaya perumatta roopam) enna saamoohika ashayavum athil ninnu uthbhavikkunna ghattathilekku. koodaathe, puthiya saamoohika roopangalilekkulla parivartthanatthiloodeyum ithu valarthiyeduthu; udaaharanathinu, englandile fudal raajavaazhchayude kenikal "shoonyavum" "naadakaparavumaaya" aayi kaanapettu, kaaranam avaa uyarnnuvarunna muthalaalithatthinte saamoohika pashchaathalatthilaanu sambhavichathu. speyinilum ithu parishkarichirunnuvenkum, eee roopakamaanu ettavum kooduthal vikasichathu englandilaayirunnu.
thathwachinthayudeyum samskaarathinteyum vikasanathinanusarichu, 18,19 noottaandukalil "thiyettar mundi" janapreeti kuranjuvenkilum sameepakaalath saahacharyavaadikalkkum jeane boudrilaardinum idayil punarchinthanakal vikasichu, athupole thanne brech, bekkatt, aarttoud enniva lokathinteyum athinte bandhangaludeyum punarnirmmaanatthinu oonnal nalkikkond kazhcha, kroorathayude naadakam, ekathaanam ennivayude saidhaanthikavum kalaparavumaaya chattakkoodukalude vikasanavumayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
kooduthal vaayana.
chodikkunnu, joonn. "aadyakaala aadhunika englandile thiyettar mundi roopakathinte punaravalokanangal". 2014 leeii oru varshamaan.

