
mysenian greak

greak bhaashayude ettavum purathana saakshyappeduthiya roopamaanu mysenian greak, greak pradhana bhoopradeshathum mysenian greasile (bisi 16 muthal 12 noottaandukal vare) kreettilum, anumanikkappetta dorian adhiniveshathinu munbu, greak bhasha greekkilekk avatharippikkunathinulla "terminus aadu kwem" ennu palappozhum udharikkappedunnu. bii. sii. pathinalam noottaandinu munbu kreettil aadyamaayi saakshyappeduthiya lipyantharanamaaya leanier biyile likhithangalil eee bhasha samrakshikkappettittund. mikka likhithangalum peloponese nadiyude thekkupadinjaarulla nososilum central kreettilum pylosilum kaanapedunna kaliman falakangalilaanu. mattu gulikakal myseena, tyrins, theebs, padinjaaran kreettile chania ennividangalil ninnu kandethiyittundu. greasinte pradhana kendrangalilonnaaya mycenayude peraanu eee bhaashaykk nalkiyirikkunnath.
1952ll alis kobarinte vipulamaaya srishtiye adisthaanamaakki maikkal ventris lipi manassilaakkunnathuvare falakangal deerghakaalamaayi manassilaakkappedaathe thudarnnu, avaykku niravadhi bhashakal nirddeshikkappettu.
taablettukalile vaachakangal kooduthalum pattikakalum saadhanasaamagrikalumaanu. oru gadya aakhyaanavum nilanilkunnilla, puraanamo kavithayo valare kuravaanu. ennirunnaalum, avaa nirmmicha alukalekkurichum greak irunda yugangal ennu vilikkappedunnathinu munbulla mysenian greasinekkurichum eee rekhakalil ninnu valareyadhikam karyangal nokkaam.
aksharavinyasam.
200 syllabic aksharangalum ideograamukalum ulkkollunna leanier bii raittingil mysenian bhasha samrakshikkappedunnu. leanier bii ennathu leanier ayil ninnu uruthirinjathinaal, oru avyaktha minovan bhaashayude lipi, mysenian shabdangal poornnamaayum prathinideekarikkunnilla. parimithamaaya ennam syllabic aksharangal samsaarabhashayil upayogikkunna valare kooduthal aksharangale prathinidheekarikkanam prathyekichum, leanier bii skript thuranna aksharangale (swaraaksharangalil avasanikkunnava) maathrame poornnamaayum prathinideekarikkunnulla, avide mysenian greak palappozhum adanja aksharangal (vyanjanaksharangalil avasanikkunnava) upayogikkunnu.
athinaal orthographic lalithavalkkaranangal nadathendathundu
chila aksharangal marimari upayogikkaam udaaharanathinu, "a", ellaayppozhum evideyaayirunnaalum "a2", kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, iva yadhaartha homophoneukalalla (ore shabdamullah pratheekangal), kaaranam kathidapaadukal rund vazhikalilum pravarthikkanamennilla, "a" ennathinu pakaram "a2" upayogikkaan kazhiyilla."ekkaaranathaal, avaye 'overlapping moolyangal' ennu vilikkunnu" "a2" "polulla adayaalangale prathyeka kesukalaayo" "a" "polulla adayaalangalude 'niyantritha prayogangalaayo' vyaakhyaanikkunnu, avaa pradhaanamaayum oru vyakthigatha ezhuthukaarude mungananayude kaaryamaayi upayogikkunnu".
phonology.
pilkkala purathana greekkil illaatha chila purathana proto-indo-europian, proto-greak savisheshathakal mysenian samrakshikkunnu.
sandarbhavum bhaashaabhedavum anusarichu purathana greekkil allengil avayil vibhajikkapetta, ezhuthappetta, labialised velar vyanjanaaksharangalude koottamaanu oru purathana savisheshatha.
mattoru koottam ardhaswarangalum swaraaksharangalkkidayila glottel frikketteevumaanu. ellaam saadhaarana attik greekkil nashtappettirunnuvenkum chila greak bhaashaabhedangalil samrakshikkappedukayum digama allengil beetta ennu ezhuthappedukayum cheythu.
lipyantharanam cheytha vyanjanaksharam engane ucharikkapettu ennathu anishchithathvathilaanu. ithu shabdamillaathathum shabdamullathumaaya oru jodi africateukaleyum (mukalilulla pattikayil nakshathrachihnangal kondu adayaalappeduthiyiriknu) prathinidheekarichirikkaam shabdamillaathatho shabdamillaathatho aaya aspirated velar stopp + * y (* ky, * ky, * kwy, kwhy) enna pree-greak klasttarukalil ninnu uruthirinjathum greak aksharamalayil ezhuthiyirikkunna greak enangalil "-Tτ-" allengil "-σσ-" ennathumaayi poruthappedunnathum shabdamullah dental allengil velar stopp + * y (* dy, * gy, * γwy), allengil chila sandarbhangalil pree-greak klasttarukalil ninnu uruthirinjathum greak aksharamalayil "* y" enna vakkil ninnu uthbhavavum σ-yumayi poruthappedunnathumaanu.
hraswavum neelamullathumaaya kuranjathu anchu swaraaksharangalengilum undaayirunnu.
mukalil soochippichathupole, mysenian record cheyyaan upayogikkunna syllabic leanier bii skript angeyattam thakaraarullathaan, koodaathe semivovalukale maathram verthirikkunnu; sonarantukal; sibilantukal; stoppukal; (neriya). shabdamullathum shabdamillaathathum aakaamkshayullathumaaya okloosivukal ellaam ore chinnangalodeyaanu ezhuthappettirikkunnathu, athu randum soochippikkunnu). randum ezhuthappettathum thudarnnillengil ezhuthappedaathathumaanu.
swaraaksharangaludeyum vyanjanaaksharangaludeyum neelam rekhappeduthiyittil. mikka saahacharyangalilum, swaraaksharam pinthudarunna oru vyanjanaksharam rekhappeduthaan lipiykk kazhiyilla. onnukil oru adhika swaraaksharam cherkkunnu (palappozhum thaazhepparayunna swaraaksharathinte gunanilavaaram prathidhwanikkunnu), allengil vyanjanaksharam ozhivaakkunnu. (kooduthal vivarangalkk mukalil kaanuka.)
athinaal, ezhuthiya vaakkukalude yadhaartha uchaaranam nirnnayikkunnath palappozhum budhimuttaanu, koodaathe oru vaakkinte paii ettimolajiyude samyojanam upayogikkukayum pilkkala greekkil athinte roopavum aksharavinyaasathile vyathiyaanangalum aavasyamaanu. ennirunnaalum, chila vaakkukalkk uchaaranam krithyamaayi ariyilla, prathyekichu sandarbhathil ninnu ardham vyakthamallaathappol, allengil pilkkala bhaashaabhedangalil eee padatthinu pingaamikalilla.
roopaghadana.
namangal 7 kesukalil kurayunnu nominative, genetive, kuttaaropitha, dative, vocative, instrumental, locative; 3 lingangal pullinga, sthreelinga, napumsaka; koodaathe 3 samkhyakal ekavachanam, eratta, bahuvachanam. avasaanathe rund kesukal classical greak mattu kesukalumaayi layippichirunnu. aadhunika greekkil, naamanirddeshavum kuttaaropithavum janithakavum shabdaparavumaayava maathram avayude swantham roopaghadana adayaalangalulla prathyeka kesukalaayi avasheshikkunnu. naamavachakangal cases, lingabhedam, samkhya ennivayile naamangalumaayi yojikkunnu.
kriyakal orupakshe 3 kaalangalumayi samyojippichirikkunnu bhoothakaalam, varthamaanam, bhaavi; 3 vashangal thikanja, thikanja, apoornnamaayathu; 3 samkhyakal ekavachanam, eratta, bahuvachanam; 4 maanasikaavasthakal soochakam, anivaaryam, upabodhamanass, optetteevu; 3 shabdangal sajeevam, madhyam, nishkriyam; 3 vyakthikal onnu, randaamathethu, moonnaamathethu; ananthamaaya, vaakkalulla naamavisheshathakal.
a-pe-do-ke" (pfr 1184) enna oru ariyappedunna apavaadam maathram ulla vaakkalulla vardhana mysenian greekkil ninnu eathaandu poornnamaayum illa, pakshe athu polum vardhana illaathe mattevideyengilum prathyakshappedunnu, "a-pu-do-ke" (kn od 681). homouril chilappol vardhanavu ozhivaakkappedunnu.
greak savisheshathakal.
greak bhaashaykk savisheshamaaya inipparayunna shabda maattangalkk mysenian ithinakam vidheyamaayirunnu, athinaal ithu greekkaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu
corpus.
mysenian kaalaghattatthile greak rachanayude corpusil elmiyi muthal laiyib vare leanier biyil ekadesham 6,000 gulikakalum manpaathrangalum adangiyirikkunnu. rekheeya bii smaarakangalo rekheeyamallaatha bii lipyantharanangalo ithuvare kandethiyitla.
bii. sii. pathinezhaam noottaandilethaanennu karuthappedunna ettavum pazhakkam chenna mysenian likhithamayi cafcania kallu ennu vilikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, athinte aadhikaarikathayekkurichu parakke samshayamundu, koodaathe leanier biyude mikka pandithochithamaaya chikilsakalum avarude korpparayil ninnu ithu ozhivaakkunnu.
pothuvaayi amgeekarikkappettathilve ettavum aadyathethu bii leanier gulikayude theeyathi nososile 'room oof dhaa chaariyat gulikakalil' ninnulla gulikakalaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu, avaa bisi pathinanjaam noottaandinte avasana pakuthikkum pathinalam noottaandinte aadya varshangalkkum edayilulla elm II-elm iiii kaalaghattathilethaannennu vishwasikkappedunnu.
vyathiyaanangalum saadhyamaaya bhaashaabhedangalum.
mysenian bhasha kaanapedunna ellah kendrangalilum thaarathamyena ekeekrithamaanenkilum, bhaashaabhedangalude chila adayaalangalum undu
atharam vyathiyaanangale adisthaanamaakki, ernst rish (1966) leanier bii-yill chila bhaashaabhedangalude nilanilpp anumaanichu. saadhaarana mysenian" ennathaayirikkum phalakangalude staanderd bhasha, koodaathe "prathyeka mysenian" ennathukondu falakangal nirmmikkunna prathyeka ezhuthukaarude chila praadeshika bhaashaabhedangale (allengil bhaashaabhedangale) prathinidheekarikkunnu.
angane, "oru prathyeka ezhuthukaari, thante kaiyaksharathaal verthiricheduthathu, thante dainamdina prasamgatthinte bhaashaabhedathilekku madangi", koodaathe mukalilulla udaaharanagal polulla vyathyastha roopangal upayogichu.
mysenian greasinte thakarchaykku sesham, staanderd cheytha mysenian bhasha upayogikkappedaathe poyenkilum, praadeshika praadeshika bhasha prathifalippikkunna prathyeka praadeshika bhaashaabhedangal thudarnnukondirikkum oduvil charitra kaalaghattatthile vividha greak bhaashaabhedangal srishtikkukayum cheiyumaayirunnu.
kottararekhakaludeyum bharana prabhukkanmaarudeyum audyogika bhasha prathinidheekarikkunna oru prathyeka coyin bhaashayaan mysenian bhasha enna ashayavumaayi atharam sidhaanthangal bandhappettirikkunnu. lipiyillathathinaal kottaarangalude pathanathinushesham 'mysenian bhashaaparamaaya koyin' upayogashoonyamaayappol, adisthaana bhaashaabhedangal avarudethaaya reethiyil vikasikkunnath thudarumaayirunnu. aaa kaazhchappaad roopappeduthiyathu aantonin bartonecanu. leonard roobert pamarineppolulla mattu bhaashaashaasthranjarum 'mysenian lingvistik koyine' kurichulla eee kaazhchappaadine pinthunaykkunnu. (eee pradeshathe bhauthika samskaarathe soochippikkaan puraavastu gaveshakar 'mysenian koyne' enna padam upayogikkunnu.) ennirunnaalum, leanier bii skript vaakkinte prarambha abhilaashathinte saannidhyamo abhaavamo svaraaksharangalude dairkhyamo polulla saadhyamaaya niravadhi vairudhya savisheshathakale soochippikkaathathinaal, leanier bii texttukal ezhuthiyathupole sthiramaayi vaayikkappettuvenn vishadeekarikkunnathu surakshithamalla.
ennirunnaalum, oru prathyeka bhaashaabhedamenna nilayil "special mysenian" ennathinte thelivukal chodyam cheyyappettittund. mycenianil rund bhaashaabhedangal punarnirmmikkunnathinulla diagnostic maanadandangal rishinte thelivukal paalikkunnillenn thompson vaadikkunnu. prathyekichum, rish cheyyaan labhyamallaatha ettavum puthiya paleographical patanam kaanikkunnath oru vyakthigatha ezhuthukaaranum sthiramaayi "prathyeka mysenian" roopangal ezhuthunnilla ennaanu. eee poruthakkedukal "saadhaarana mysenian", "prathyeka mysenian" enniva thammilulla vyathiyaanathe vairudhyaparamo saamoohikamo aaya vyathyaasangale prathinideekarikkaan saadhyathayilla, kaaranam iva vyakthigatha speakerukalil shradha kendreekarikkumennu prathekshikkunnu, ithu leanier bii corpusil nireekshikkappedunnil.
athijeevanam.
mysenian naagarikathayude pathanathode mysenian greekkinte upayogam avasaanichirikkaamenkilum, athinte chila adayaalangal pilkkala greak bhaashaabhedangalil kaanapedunnu. prathyekichu, archadocypriat greak mysenian greekinode valare aduthaanennu vishwasikkappedunnu. arcadiayilum (central peloponese) cypressilum samsaarikkunna oru purathana greak bhashayaayirunnu archadocypriat.
purathana laghulekha archadocypriattumaayum mysenian greekkumaayum chila samanathakal kaanikkunnu.