
upanyasam

oru lekhanam, saadhaaranayaayi, rachayithaavinte swantham vaadam nalkunna oru rachanayaan, ennaal nirvachanam avyakthamaanu, oru kathu, oru paper, oru lekhanam, oru laghulekha, oru cherukatha ennivayumaayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. aupachaarikavum anoupachaarikavumaaya reethiyil upanyaasangale upavarggeekarichittund aupachaarika lekhanangalude savisheshatha "gauravameriya uddeshyam, anthass, yukthisahamaya samghadana, dairkhyam", athesamayam anoupachaarika lekhanathinte savisheshatha "vyakthiparamaaya ghadakam (svayam velippeduthal, vyakthigatha abhiruchikalum anubhavangalum, rahasyathmaka reethi), narmmam, manoharamaaya shaili, vichitramaaya ghadana, paarambaryetharatha allengil prameyathinte puthuma" muthalaayavayaan.
saahitya vimarsanam, rashtreeya maanifesttokal, padicha vaadangal, dainamdina jeevithathekkurichulla nireekshanangal, oormmakal, rachayithaavinte prathiphalanangal ennivayaayi upanyasangal saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnu. mikkavarum ellah aadhunika lekhanangalum gadyathilaanu ezhuthappettathengilum padyangalile kruthikale upanyasangal ennu vilichittundu (udha.jii.alexander poppinte "vimarsanathekkurichulla oru lekhanam", "manushyanekkurichulla oru lekhanam"). hraswata saadhaaranayaayi oru lekhanathe nirvachikkumbol, joonn lokkinte "manushya graahyathekkurichulla oru lekhanam", thomas maalthasinte "janasamkhyayude thathwathekkurichulla oru lekhanam" thudangiya valia kruthikal vipareeta udaaharanangalaan.
chila rajyangalil (udha.jii.america canada), upanyasangal aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayi mariyirikkunnu. secondary vidyaarthikale avarude ezhuthu kazhivukal mechappeduthunnathinaayi gadanaaparamaaya upanyasa formaattukal padippikkunnu; apekshakare thiranjedukkunnathil sarvakalashaalakal palappozhum praveshana upanyasangal upayogikkunnu, koodaathe humanitiesilum soshyal sciencilum avasana pareekshakalil vidyaarthikalude prakadanam vilayiruthunathinulla oru maargamaayi upanyasangal palappozhum upayogikkunnu.
oru "upanyasam" enna ashayam ezhuthunnathinappuram mattu maadhyamangalilekkum vyaapippichittund. documentary chalachithranirmmaana shailikal palappozhum ulkkollukayum oru prameyathinteyo aashayathinteyo parinaamatthil kooduthal shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunna oru sinimayaanu chalachithra lekhanam. oru photographic upanyasam oru vishayathe ulkkollunnu, athil link cheytha photographukalude oru parambarayundu, athil vaachakamo adikkurippo undayirikkaam.
nirvachanangal.
pareekshikkuka" allengil "sramikkuka" enna franch ananthapadathil ninnaan "prabandham" enna vaakk uruthirinjathu. engleeshil "prabandham" ennathinte ardham "oru vichaarana" allengil "oru sramam" ennaanu, ithu ippozhum oru badal ardhamaanu. franch ezhuthukaaranaaya maikkal dii montaine (1533-1592) thante kruthiye upanyasangalaayi visheshippicha aadya ezhuthukaaranaayirunnu; thante chinthakal ezhuthunnathinulla "sramangal" ennu visheshippikkaan addeham eee padam upayogichu.
pinneedu, "upanyasam" palavidhatthil nirvachikkapettu. oru nirvachanam "charchayude kendreekritha vishayamulla gadya rachana" allengil "neendathum chittayayathumaaya prabhashanam" aanu.
upanyasangal eathu vibhagathilaanu varunnathennu nirvachikkaan prayaasamaan. pramukha upanyasakanaaya aldos huxley eee vishayathil maargganirddesham nalkunnu. mikkavarum enthinekkurichum ellaam parayaanulla oru saahitya upakaranamaan upanyasam" ennu addeham abhipraayappedunnu, koodaathe "paarambaryamanusarichu, mikkavarum nirvachanamanusarichu, upanyasam oru hraswa kruthiyaanu" ennum kootticherkkunnu. koodaathe, "moonnu-dhruvangalulla reference chattakkoodinullil ettavum phalapradamaayi padikkaan kazhiyunna angeyattatthe vyathiyanamulla oru saahitya enathilppettathaanu lekhanangal" ennu huxley vaadikkunnu.
eee moonnu dhruvangal (allengil upanyasam nilanilkkunna lokangal) ivayaanu
ettavum samthrupthikaramaaya lekhanangalaanennu huxley kootticherkkunnu...onnil ninno randilonniloo allah, marichu upanyasam nilanilkkaan saadhyamaaya moonnu lokangalilum ninnu ettavum mikachathu cheyyuka."
charithram.
montaine.
mondeyninte "sramangal" addehathinte pothusthaanatthil ninnu valarnnu. jackwus amyott franch bhaashayilekku "yuvras morals" ("dhaarmika kruthikal") vivarthanam cheytha plutaarkkinte kruthikalil ninnu prachodanam ulkkond, montaine 1572 ll thante lekhanangal rachikkaan thudangi; "esses" enna peril aadya pathipp 1580 ll rund vaalyangalayi prasidheekarichu. thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan addeham munbu prasidheekaricha lekhanangal parishkarikkukayum puthiyava rachikkukayum cheythu. moonnaamathe vaalyam marananantharamaayi prasidheekarichu; avarude nooriladhikam udaaharanagal aadhunika lekhanathinte mungamiyaayi parakke kanakkaakkappedunnu.
europe.
mondeyninte thathwachintha fraansil prashamsikkappedukayum pakarthappedukayum cheythappol, addehathinte ettavum adutha shishyanmaril aarum upanyasangal ezhuthaan sramichilla. ennaal thante kudumbam (aikveem line) engleesh bhashayil ninnu verthiricheduthathaanenna aagrahicha montaine, engleesh janataye thante "cussins" ennu visheshippikkukayum englandil, prathyekichu francis bekkan addehathe neratthe vaayikkukayum cheythirunnu.
1597ll pusthaka roopathil prasidheekaricha (mondeyninte maranathinu anchu varshathinu sesham, addehathinte aadya patthu lekhanangal ulkkollunna) 1612lum 1625lum, "upanyasangal" ennu svayam visheshippicha engleeshile aadyathe kruthikalaayirunnu bekkans upanyasangal. ooksfoord engleesh nighandu prakaram 1609laanu benn jonson aadyamaayi "upanyaasakan" enna vaakk upayogichathu.
1600lum 1617lum akkaalat janapriyamaayirunna lekhanangal prasidheekaricha sarr vilyam cornavalis, roobert burton (1577-1641), sarr thomas braun (1605-1682) ennivaraanu mattu engleesh upanyasakar. italiyil, baldessore kaastigliyon thante "ill courtigiano" enna lekhanathil kottaaratthile perumaattathekkurichu ezhuthi. pathinezhaam noottaandil spanish jesuit baltasser gracian jnjaanathinte vishayathekkurichu ezhuthi.
englandil, prabudhathayude kaalaghattatthil, vaayanakkaare avarude sthaanam bodhyappedutthaan lakshyamitta tharkkavaadikalude priyappetta upakaranamaayirunnu upanyasangal; joseph aadisan, richard steel, saamuval jonson ennivarude kruthikalil kaanunnathupole aanukaalika saahithyathinte uyarchayilum avaa valareyadhikam ulppettirunnu. adison steelum "taatlar" (1709ll steel sthaapicha) jenalineyum athinte pingaamikaleyum avarude srishtikalude sambharanikalayi upayogikkukayum pathinettaam noottaandile englandile ettavum prashasthanaaya upanyaasakaaranmaaraayi maarukayum cheythu. 1750kalil jonsante lekhanangal samanamaaya vividha prasidheekaranangalil prathyakshappedunnu. jenalukalil shradha kendreekarichathinte falamaayi, ulladakkam karsanamaaya nirvachanam nalkiyittillengilum eee padatthinu "lekhanam" ennathinte paryayamaaya oru ardhavum labhichu. maruvashathu, lokkinte "manushya graahyathekkurichulla oru lekhanam" saankethika ardhathil oru upanyaasamo lekhanangalude koottamo allah, marichu athu thathwachinthakan ettedukkunna anweshanathinte pareekshanathmakavum thaalkkaalikavumaaya swabhaavathe soochippikkunnu.
18, 19 noottaandukalil edmund burk saamuval tailor colridge pothujanangalkkayi lekhanangal ezhuthi. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, prathyekichu, vilyam haaslit, chaals lamb, liie hund, thomas dii kwinsey ennivaradakkam engleeshile mikacha upanyasakar vaividhyamaarnna vishayangalil niravadhi lekhanangal rachichu, ithu munkaala manoharamaaya sailiye punarujjeevippichu. thomas kaarlailinte lekhanangal valare swaadheenamullavayaayirunnu, addehathinte vaayanakkaaril oralaaya ralph valdo emezhsan thanne oru pramukha upanyasakanaayi. pinneedu noottaandil, roobert luis steevansanum eee roopathinte saahitya nilavaaram uyarthi. irupathaam noottaandil tii. thudangiya niravadhi upanyasakar.ezz. elot, lekhanangal upayogichu kalayileyum samskaarathileyum puthiya prasthaanangale vishadeekarikkaan shramichu. virgenia woolf, edmund vilson, chaals duu booas ennivar saahitya vimarshana lekhanangal ezhuthi.
fraansil, niravadhi ezhuthukaar eee roopathinte yadhaartha udaaharanangalallaatha peril dairkhyameriya kruthikal nirmmichu. ennirunnaalum, pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathode, niroopakanaaya seynt-byoovinte pathra kolangalaaya "cosseries duu lundi" yadhaartha ardhathil saahitya lekhanangalaanu. theophile gauttiyar, anaattol france, jools lemitre, emily faaguvatt ennivarulppede mattu franch ezhuthukaar ithu pinthudarnnu.
jappan.
novalineppole, europil vikasikkunnathin niravadhi noottaandukalkku munbu jappanil "suyihitsu" ennariyappedunna oru tharam lekhanangal nilavilundaayirunnu-ayanja bandhamullah lekhanangalum vighadicha ashayangalum. japanese saahithyathinte thudakkam muthal suyihitsu nilavilundu. japanese saahithyathile ettavum sradheyamaaya aadyakaala kruthikalil palathum eee vibhagathilaanu. thalayinayude pusthakam" (sii. 1000), kottaaratthile lady seyy shonagon, "ssurezureguza" (1330), prathyekichu prashastha japanese buddha sanyasi yoshida kenko. kenko thante hraswa rachanakale montaininu samaanamaayi vivarichu, avaye "nishkriya manikkoorukalil" ezhuthiya "asambandha chinthakal" ennu paraamarshichu. europil ninnulla mattoru sradheyamaaya vyathyasam, parambaraagathamaayi sthreekal jappanil ezhuthiyittundengilum, purusha ezhuthukaarude kooduthal aupachaarikavum chainees swaadheenamullathumaaya rachanakal akkaalat kooduthal vilappettathaayirunnu.
chaina.
chainayile ming, kwing raajavamshangalile saamraajyathva pareekshanangalile oru lekhana shailiyaayirunnu ettu kaalukalulla lekhanam (chinesa <unk>; pinyin "bagwan"; 'ettu asthi paatam'). eee sivil sarvees pareekshakalil pareeksha ezhuthunnavarkku sarkkar sevanathinulla yogyatha kaanikkan ettu kaalukalulla lekhanam aavashyamaayirunnu, palappozhum sarkkar aadarshangalumaayi bandhappett naalu pusthakangaleyum anchu klaasikkukaleyum kurichulla kanfyooshyan chinthayilum arivilum shradha kendreekarikkunnu. pareeksha ezhuthunnavarkku noothanamo srishtiparamo aaya reethiyil ezhuthaan kazhinjillengilum ettu kaalukalulla lekhanathinte maanadandangal paalikkendathundu. yojicha reethiyil ezhuthaanum adisthaana yukthi prakadippikkaanum ulla kazhivu ulppede vividha kazhivukal parishodhichu. chila samayangalil, sthaanaarthikal oru nischitha prameyathil swamedhayaa kavita rachikkumennu pratheekshichirunnu, athinte moolyavum chilappol chodyam cheyyappedukayo pareeksha saamagriyude bhaagamaayi illaathaakkappedukayo cheythu. gadya saaksharathaykk anukoolamaayi srishtiparamaaya kalaye illaathaakkunnathaanu nallathennu vaadicha ettu kaalukalulla lekhanathinu anukoolamaaya oru pradhana vaadamaayirunnu ithu. chainees saahithyathinte charithratthil, ettukaalulla eee lekhanam pathonpathaam noottaandil chainayude "saamskaarika sthambanathinum saambathika pinnokkaavasthaykkum" kaaranamaayathaayi palappozhum parayappedunnu.
roopangalum shailikalum.
eee vibhaagam lekhana rachanayude vividha roopangalum shailikalum vivarikkunnu. sarvakalashaala vidyaarthikalum professional upanyaasakarum ulppede niravadhi ezhuthukaar iva upayogikkunnu.
kaaranavum phalavum.
oru "kaaranavum phalavum" enna lekhanathinte nirvachikkunna savisheshathakal oru kaaranatthil ninnu oru falavumaayi bandhippikkunna kaaryakaarana shringalakalaanu, shradhaapoorvamulla bhasha, kaalakramam allengil uracha kramam. eee vaachaadopa reethi upayogikkunna oru ezhuthukaaran vishayam pariganikkukayum uddeshyam nirnnayikkukayum prekshakare pariganikkukayum vyathyastha kaaranangalekkuricho anantharafalangalekkuricho vimarsanaathmakamaayi chinthikkukayum oru theesis prasthavana pariganikkukayum bhagangal krameekarikkukayum bhasha pariganikkukayum oru nigamanathil theerumaanikkukayum venam.
vargeekaranavum vibhajanavum.
vargeekaranam ennathu vasthukkalude oru valia mothamaayi tharamthirikkumbol vibhajanam ennathu oru valia mothathe cheria bhagangalaayi vibhajikkuka ennathaanu.
thaarathamyam cheyyukayum vairudhyam kaanikkukayum cheyyuka.
thaarathamyathinum thaarathamyathinum saadrushyangalkkumulla oru adisthaanam thaarathamyavum vairudhyavum sambandhicha lekhanangalude savisheshathayaanu. athine object (chunking) allengil pooyint (sequential) anusarichu tharamthirikkunnu. thaarathamyathil rando athiladhikamo samana vasthukkal thammilulla samanathakal eduthukaanikkunnu, athesamayam vairudhyam rando athiladhikamo vasthukkal thammilulla vyathyaasangal eduthukaanikkunnu. oru thaarathamya/vipareeta upanyasam ezhuthumbol, ezhuthukaar avarude uddeshyam nirnnayikkukayum avarude prekshakare pariganikkukayum thaarathamyathinte adisthaanavum pooyintukalum pariganikkukayum avarude theesis prasthavana pariganikkukayum thaarathamyam krameekarikkukayum vikasippikkukayum oru nigamanathilethukayum venam. thaarathamyavum vairudhyavum urachunilkkunna reethiyilaan krameekarichirikkunnathu.
exposury.
oru vishayathekkurichulla pradhana vasthuthakal upayogichu vaayanakkaarane padippikkaan oru vishayam ariyikkaanum vivarikkaanum vishadeekarikkaanum oru exposury upanyasam upayogikkunnu. athu", "avan", "aval", "avar" enniva upayogichu ezhuthiyirikkunna eee vivaranathmaka lekhanam aareyengilum allengil mattenthenkilum charcha cheyyaan aupachaarika bhasha upayogikkunnu. oru medical allengil biological avastha, saamoohikamo saankethikamo aaya prakriya, oru prashastha vyakthiyude jeevitam allengil swabhaavam ennivayaanu exposury lekhanangalude udaaharanagal. oru vivaranathmaka lekhanam ezhuthunnathil palappozhum inipparayunna gattangal adangiyirikkunnu chinthakal samghadippikkuka (masthishkaprakshobham), oru vishayam gaveshanam cheyyuka, oru theesis stettment vikasippikkuka, aamukham ezhuthuka, upanyaasathinte mukhyabhagam ezhuthuka, nigamanam ezhuthuka. exposity upanyasangal palappozhum saatt, mattu staanderd testinginte bhaagamaayi allengil haiskool, koleju vidyaarthikalkkulla gruhapaatamaayi nalkunnu.
vivaranathmakam.
bhauthika indriyangale aakarshikkunna indriya vishadaamshangalum vaayanakkaarante vaikaarikamo shaareerikamo boudhikamo aaya samvedanakshamathaye aakarshikkunna vishadaamshangalumaanu vivaranathmaka rachanayude savisheshatha. uddeshyam nirnnayikkuka, prekshakare pariganikkuka, oru prabalamaaya mathipp srishtikkuka, vivaranathmaka bhasha upayogikkuka, vivaranam samghadippikkuka ennivayaanu oru vivaranam upayogikkumbol pariganikkenda vaachaadopa thiranjeduppukal. oru vivaranam saadhaaranayaayi praadeshikamaayi krameekarichirikkunnavum kaalakramamo urachatho aakam. oru vivaranathinte kendrabindu ramgamaanu. oru prabalamaaya bhaavathilethaan vivaranam ardhavathaaya bhasha, ardhavathaaya bhasha, aalankaarika bhasha, roopakam, upamanam thudangiya upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. oru sarvakalashaala upanyasa guide prasthaavikkunnath "enthaanu sambhavichathenno mattoru rachayithaav charcha cheythathenno vivaranathmaka ezhuthu parayunnu; athu vishayathekkurichulla oru vivaranam nalkunnu" ennaanu.
vivaranathmaka lekhanangalude oru pradhana roopamaanu ganarachanakal.
vairudhyam.
thathwachinthayil saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna lekhanathinte vairudhya roopathil, ezhuthukaaran oru prabandhavum vaadavum nadathukayum thudarnnu avarude swantham vaadathe ethirkkukayum (ethir vaadathode), thudarnnu anthimavum puthiyathumaaya vaadathiloode ethir vaadathe ethirkkukayum cheiyunnu. chilar avatharippikkaanidayulla oru poraymaye prathirodhikkumbol vishalamaaya kaazhchappaad avatharippikkunnathil ninnu eee phoom prayojanam nedunnu. itharathilullathine chilappol dhaarmikapatram ennu vilikkunnu.
udaaharanam.
oru udaaharana lekhanathinte savisheshatha oru saamanyavalkkaranavum prasakthavum praathinidyavum vishwasaneeyavumaaya udaaharanangalaan. ezhuthukaar avarude vishayam pariganikkukayum avarude uddeshyam nirnnayikkukayum avarude prekshakare pariganikkukayum nirddishta udaaharanagal theerumaanikkukayum oru udaaharana lekhanam ezhuthumbol ellah bhaagangalum orumichu krameekarikkukayum venam.
parichithamaanu.
oru upanyaasakan orotta vaayanakkaaranod samsaarikkukayum thangalekkurichum prathyeka vishayangalekkurichum ezhuthukayum cheythaal oru "parichithamaaya upanyasam" ezhuthunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkamaayirunnu eee vibhaagathinte paraakaashtayennum athinte ettavum valia vakthaav chaals lamb aayirunnuvennum aan fadiman abhipraayappedunnu. niroopaka lekhanangalkku hridayathekkaal kooduthal masthishkamundennum vyakthiparamaaya lekhanangalkku thalachorinekkaal kooduthal hridayamundennum avar abhipraayappedunnu, parichithamaaya lekhanangalkku randinteyum thulya alavukalundennum avar abhipraayappedunnu.
charithram (prabandham).
onno athiladhikamo charitra sambhavangalekkurichulla oru vaadatheyo avakaashavaadatheyo chilappol oru theesis upanyasam ennu vilikkunna oru charitra lekhanam vivarikkukayum thelivukal, vaadangal, paraamarshangal enniva upayogichu aaa avakaashavaadathe pinthunaykkukayum cheiyunnu. enthukondaanu vaadamo avakaashavaadamo ennu paatam vaayanakkaaranod vyakthamaakkunnu.
vivaranam.
oru vivaranam flashbaakkukal, flash-forwadeukal, palappozhum climaxilake nirmmikkunna parivartthanangal thudangiya upakaranangal upayogikkunnu. kathayaanu oru aakhyaanathinte kendrabindu. oru vivaranam srishtikkumbol, rachayithakkal avarude uddeshyam nirnnayikkukayum avarude prekshakare pariganikkukayum avarude kaazhchappaad sthaapikkukayum sambhashanam upayogikkukayum aakhyaanathe samghadippikkukayum venam. oru vivaranam saadhaaranayaayi kaalakramatthil krameekarichirikkunnu.
vaadaprathivaadaparam.
oru vishayathekkurichulla vasthunishtamaaya vishakalanam avatharippikkan lakshyamitulla oru vimarsanaathmaka rachanayaan oru vaadaparamaaya lekhanam, athu orotta vishayathilekku churukki. ellah vimarshanangaludeyum pradhana ashayam anukoolamo prathikoolamo aaya oru abhiprayam nalkuka ennathaanu. athinaal, oru vimarsanaathmaka lekhanathinu gaveshanavum vishakalanavum sakthamaaya aantharika yuktiyum moorchayulla ghadanayum aavasyamaanu. athinte ghadana saadhaaranayaayi oru vishayathinte prasakthiyum oru theesis prasthavana, pradhana theesisumaayi bandhippikkunna vaadangalumulla body khandikakal, nigamanam ennivayulla aamukhathe chuttippattiyaan nirmmikkunnath. koodaathe, oru vaadaparamaaya lekhanathil parasparavirudhamaaya ashayangal amgeekarikkukayum vivarikkukayum vimarsikkukayum cheiyunna oru nishedha vibhaagam ulppettekkaam. oru vaadaparamaaya lekhanathinte oro vaadavum prasakthamaaya mathiyaya thelivukalode pinthunaykkanam.
prakriya.
enthengilum nirmmikkukayo thakarkkukayo cheiyunnathinekkurichu vishadeekaranathinaayi oru prosess upanyasam upayogikkunnu. palappozhum, ghattam ghattamaayulla prakriyakal kaanikkunnathinaayi ithu kaalakramatthilo samkhyaakramathilo ezhuthappedunnu. oru saankethika rekhayude ellah gunangalum ithinu undu, oreyoru vyathyasam athu palappozhum vivaranathmaka maanasikaavasthayilaanu ezhuthappedunnathu, athesamayam oru saankethika rekha kooduthalum anivaarya maanasikaavasthayilaanu.
saambathikam.
oru saambathika lekhanam oru prabandhatthil aarambhikkukayo allengil oru prameyathil aarambhikkukayo cheyyaam. ithinu oru aakhyaana kozhsum vivaranathmaka kozhsum edukkaam. rachayithaavin aavasyamundennu thonnunnuvenkil athu oru vaadaprathivaada upanyaasamaayi mariyekkaam. aamukhathinu sesham, kaiyilulla saambathika vishayam thurannukattaanum athu vishakalanam cheyyaanum vilayiruthaanum oru nigamanathiletthaanum rachayithaav paramavadhi shramikkanam. upanyasam kooduthal aakhyaana roopamedukkukayaanenkil, vaayanakkaaran athu vyakthavum manassilakkaavunnathumaaya reethiyil saambathika pasil oro vashavum thurannukaattendathundu.
prathiphalanasheelan.
oru yadhaartha allengil saangalppika rangam, sambhavam, edapedal, kadannupokunna chintha, oormma allengil roopam enniva rachayithaavinte jeevithathil vishayathinte ardhathil vyakthiparamaaya prathiphalanam cherkkunna oru vishakalana rachanayaan "prathiphalana upanyasam". athinaal, focus kevalam vivaranaathmakamalla. ezhuthukaaran sahacharyam vivarikkuka mathramalla, enthaanu nannayi nadannathennu parishodhikkunnathino kooduthal padanatthinte aavasyakatha velippeduthunnathino kooduthal vishadaamshangalodum vikaarathodum koodi rangam veendum sandarshikkukayum rachayithaavinte jeevithathinte backie bhagangalumaayi enthaanu sambhavichathenn vivarikkukayum cheiyunnu.
mattu yukthisahamaya gadanakal.
oru lekhanathinte yukthisahamaya purogathiyum samghadanaa ghadanayum pala roopangal edukkum. oru lekhanathiloode chinthayude chalanam engane kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvennu manasilaakkunnath athinte mothatthilulla samarthathayilum mathippulavakkaanulla kazhivilum aazhathilulla swaadheenam cheluthunnu. upanyasangalkkulla niravadhi badal yukthisahamaya gadanakal rekhachithrangalaayi drishyavalkkarikkappettittu, ithu oru vaadathinte nirmmaanatthil avaa nadappilaakkaano poruthappedaano eluppamaakkunnu.
academic.
america, yunaittad kingdom thudangiya rajyangalil, swatantra prathikarana chodyangalude roopathil aupachaarika vidyaabhyaasathinte oru pradhana bhaagamaayi upanyasangal mariyirikkunnu. eee raajyangalile secondary vidyaarthikale avarude ezhuthu vaidagdhyam mechappeduthunnathinaayi gadanaaparamaaya upanyasa formaattukal padippikkunnu, koodaathe apekshakare thiranjedukkunnathil eee raajyangalile sarvakalashaalakal upanyasangal palappozhum upayogikkunnu (praveshana upanyasam kaanuka). secondary, thritheeya vidyaabhyaasangalil, vishayangalude vaidagdhyavum grahyavum vilayiruthunnathin upanyasangal upayogikkunnu. oru patana vishayam oru upanyaasathinte roopathil vishadeekarikkaano abhipraayamidaano vilayiruthaano vidyaarthikalodu aavashyappedunnu. chila kozhsukalil, sarvakalashaala vidyaarthikal aazhchakalo maasangalo kondu onno athiladhikamo upanyasangal poortthiyaakkanam. koodaathe, humanities, soshyal sayans thudangiya mekhalakalil, idakkaala, avasana tame pareekshakalkk vidyaarthikal rando moonno manikorinullil oru hraswa upanyasam ezhuthendathundu.
eee rajyangalil, "pepparukal" ennum vilikkappedunna academic upanyasangal saadhaaranayaayi saahityathekkaal aupachaarikamaanu. avar ippozhum ezhuthukaarante swantham kaazhchappaadukal avatharippikkan anuvadichekkaam, pakshe ithu yuktisahavum vasthuthaparavumaaya reethiyilaan cheiyunnathu, aadya vyakthiyude upayogam palappozhum niruthsaahappeduthunnu. dairkhyameriya academic upanyasangal (palappozhum 2,000 muthal 5,000 vare vakkukalkkulla vaakk paridhi ullava) palappozhum kooduthal vivechanathmakamaanu. avaa chilappol oru vishayathil munbu ezhuthiya kaaryangalude hraswa sangraha vishakalanathode aarambikkunnu, ithine palappozhum saahitya avalokanam ennu vilikkunnu.
neenda lekhanangalil lekhanathinte vishayathinte vaakkukalum shailikalum nirvachikkunna oru aamukha pejum adangiyirikkaam. mikka academic sthaapanangalum oru upanyaasathile ellah ganyamaaya vasthuthakalum udharanikalum mattu anubandha vasthukkalum grandhasoochikayilo vaachakathinte avasaanathil udharicha kruthikalilo paraamarshikkanamenn aavashyappedunnu. eee pandithochithamaaya kanvenshan mattullavare (adhyaapakaro sahapanditharo aakatte) lekhanathinte vaadathe pinthunaykkaan rachayithaav upayogikkunna vasthuthakaludeyum udharanikaludeyum adisthaanam manasilakkaan sahayikkunnu. vaadathe ethratholam thelivukal pinthunaykkunnuvennu vilayiruthaanum aaa thelivukalude gunanilavaaram vilayiruthaanum grandhasoochika vaayanakkaare sahayikkunnu. academic upanyasam vidyaarthiyude chinthakal samghadithamaayi avatharippikkanulla kazhivu parisodhikkukayum avarude boudhika kazhivukal pareekshikkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu.
chila sandarbhangalil, vidyaarthikalkku oru essay millil (allengil "paper mill") ninnu vangiya upanyasangal avarude swantham kruthiyaayi samarppikkam ennathaanu sarvakalashaalakal abhimukeekarikkunna velluvilikalilonn. sarvakalashaala, koleju vidyaarthikalkku munkootty ezhuthiya upanyasangal vilkkunna oru prethalekhana sevanamaanu "essay mill". koppiyadi academic sathyasandhathayudeyo academic thattippinteyo oru roopamaayathinaal, sarvakalaashaalakalum kolejukalum oru essay millil ninnullathaanennu avar samshayikkunna pepparukal koppiyadi kandethal software upayogichu anweshikkaam, ithu ariyappedunna mill essekalude daattabesumaayi upanyaasangale thaarathamyam cheyyukayum vidyaarthikale avarude pepparukalude ulladakkathil vaamozhiyayi parisodhikkukayum cheiyunnu.
maasikayo pathramo.
atlaantik", "harpezhs" thudangiya maasikakalil, prathyekichu boudhika valarchayulla maasikakalil upanyasangal palappozhum prathyakshappedunnu. maasikakalum pathra lekhanangalum roopangaleyum shailikaleyum kurichu vibhaagathil vivarichirikkunna niravadhi upanyasa tharangal upayogikkunnu (udha.jii.vivaranathmaka lekhanangal, aakhyaana lekhanangal muthalaayava.). chila pathrangal lekhanangal lekhanangalude lekhanavibhaagathil achadikkukayum cheiyunnu.
thozhil.
chila jolikalkku, prathyekichu amerikkayile sarkkar jolikalkku apekshikkumbol oru prathyeka thozhil mekhalayile anubhavam vishadeekarikkunna thozhil lekhanangal aavasyamaanu. chila yuu. ezz. federal gavanment sthaanangalilekku apekshikkumbol vijnjaana naipunyangalum executive coor yogyathakalum ennariyappedunna upanyasangal aavasyamaanu.
yunaittad stetsile federal gavanment jolikalkku apekshikkumbol aavashyamaaya aakhyaana prasthaavanakalude oru parambarayaanu ksa, allengil "arivu, kazhivukal, kazhivukal". niravadhi udyogaarthikal oru jolic yogyatha nedumbol mikacha apekshakar aaraanenn nirnnayikkaan resumukalkkoppam keey. ezz. eiii. kall upayogikkunnu. oru thasthikayude vijayakaramaya prakadanatthinu aavashyamaaya arivu, kazhivukal, kazhivukal enniva oro thozhil ozhivukalude prakhyaapanathilum adangiyirikkunnu. oraalude kariyarineyum vidyaabhyaasa pashchaathalatheyum kurichulla hraswavum kendreekrithavumaaya lekhanangalaanu ksakl, avaa apekshikkunna thasthikayude chumathalakal nirvahikkaan oraalkk yogyatha nalkunnu.
us federal gavanmentinullile seeniyar executive sarvees thasthikakalilekku apekshikkumbol aavashyamaaya oru vivaranathmaka prasthaavanayaan executive coor yogyatha allengil iii. sii. kyu. niravadhi udyogaarthikal oru jolic yogyatha nedumbol mikacha apekshakar aaraanenn nirnnayikkaan ksakaleppole, isikyus resuminoppam upayogikkunnu. seeniyar executive sarveesil praveshikkaan aagrahikkunna ellah apekshakarum prakadippikkenda anchu executive coor yogyathakal pezhsanal maanejment oafees sthaapichittundu.
saahithyethara tharangal.
sinima.
oru chalachithra upanyasam (upanyasa chalachithram allengil cinematic upanyasam) oru kathayude parinamam allengil oru katha vaayikkunna oru aakhyaathaavinte cinematical anubandhamaaya oru ashayam enniva ulkkollunnu. mattoru veekshanakonil ninnu nokkumbol, oru upanyaasachithrathe nirvachikkunnath oru documentary philim vishwal adisthaanavum (aathmakathayekkaal) svayam chhaayaachithrathinte gadakangal adangiyirikkunna oru tharam vyaakhyaanavum chernnukondu, chalachithra nirmmaathaavinte oppu (jeevithakadhayekkaal) vyakthamaan. cinematic upanyasam palappozhum documentary, fiction, pareekshanathmaka chalachithra nirmmaanam enniva svarangalum editting shailikalum upayogichu samyojippikkunnu.
eee vibhaagam nannayi nirvachikkappettillettil aadyakaala soviyatt chalachithra nirmmaathaakkalaaya dijiga vertov, kriss marker, maikkal muur ("rogger & mii", "columbine bowling", "farenheet 9/11"), erol morris ("nerttha neela vara"), morgan sparlock ("supersise mii"), agnez varda thudangiyavarude prachaarana kruthikal ithil ulppettekkaam. jeane-luke goddard thante sameepakaala kruthiye "chalachithra-upanyasangal" ennaanu visheshippikkunnathu. cinematic lekhanathinu munpulla rund chalachithra pravartthakaril jorjas melees, bertolt brech ennivar ulppedunnu. 1902ll edward VII raajaavinte kireedadhaaranathekkurichu oru hraswachithram ("edward VIII-nte kireedadhaaranam" (1902)) melees nirmmichu, athu yadhaartha drishyangal sambhavathinte oru vinodathinte chithrangalumaayi samyojippikkunnu. chalachithratthil pareekshanangal nadathukayum thante chila naadakangalil chalachithra pravachanangal ulppeduthukayum cheytha oru naadakakrithaayirunnu brech. 1974ll purathirangiya oorsan wells thante swantham pioneering shailiyil oru upanyaasachitram nirmmichu, "eph phoor phack" enna peril, art forger elmyr dii horiyekkurichum vanchana, "vyaja", pothuve aadhikaarikatha ennee vishayangalekkurichum prathyekamaayi kaikaaryam cheythu. iva palappozhum viidiyoo hosting sevanangalil oonlainil prasidheekarikkunnu.
1950kalilum 60kalilum eee upanyaasachitram chalachithranirmmaanathinthin thirichariyaan kazhiyunna oru roopamaayi maari" ennu david winks greyude lekhanamaaya "dhii essay philim inn aakshan" parayunnu. annumuthal, upanyasachithrangal loka chalachithranirmmaanathinthin "arikilaanennu" addeham parayunnu. upanyaasachithrangalkk oru "vichitramaaya thirayal, chodyamcheyyal" swaramundu... documentary, fiction ennivaykkidayil "ennaal rund vibhaagangalilum" sukhamaayi yojikkunnilla ". ezhuthiya lekhanangal pole, upanyasachithrangalum "oru maarganirddeshakanaaya aakhyaathaavinte (palappozhum samvidaayakan) vyakthiparamaaya shabdathe mattu shabdangalude vishalamaaya sreniyumaayi vivaham kazhikkunnu" ennu gray notts parayunnu. visconsin sarvakalaashaalayude cinemathec websait greyude chila abhipraayangale prathidhwanikkunnu; athu oru chalachithra lekhanathe "ulkollunnathum aakarshakavumaya" oru vibhaagamaayi vilikkunnu, athu "chalachithra pravartthakare oru utkandaakulamaaya maanasikaavasthayil pidikkunnu, fiction documentaryum thammilulla arikukalil kimvadanthikal nadathunnu" "unmesham pakaruna, noothanavum kaliyaakkunnathum, savisheshavumaan".
samgeetham.
sangeetha mekhalayil, samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya saamuval barber oru koottam "oorkkastraykkulla upanyasangal" ezhuthi, eathenkilum samgeethaparamaaya kathayo kathayo allathe shrothaavinte chevye nayikkunnathinu samgeethathinte roopatheyum ulladakkatheyum aashrayich.
photography.
oru photographic upanyasam oru vishayathe photographukalude oru link cheytha parambara upayogichu ulppeduthaan shramikkunnu. poornnamaayum photographic kruthikal muthal adikkurippukalo cheria kurippukaloo ulla photographukal vare, kurachu allengil niravadhi photographukalulla poornna vaachaka lekhanangal vare foto lekhanangal undu. foto upanyasangal oru prathyeka kramatthil kaanaan uddeshichulla, thudarchayaaya swabhaavamullathaayirikkaam-allengil avayil oresamayam allengil kaazhchakkaaran thiranjedukkunna kramatthil noonn-oordar cheytha photographukal adangiyirikkaam. ellah foto lekhanangalum photographukalude shekharangalaanu, ennaal ellah photographukalude shekharangalum foto lekhanangalalla. foto upanyasangal palappozhum oru prathyeka prashnathe abhisambodhana cheiyukayo sthalangaludeyum sambhavangaludeyum swabhaavam pidichedukkaan shramikkukayo cheiyunnu.
vishwal arts.
vishwal artsil, oru lekhanam ennathu oru anthima paintingino shilpathino oru adisthaanamaaya oru praadhamika droying allengil sketch aanu, ithu srishtiyude rachanayude pareekshanamaayi nirmmikkappedunnu (eee padatthinte eee ardham, inipparayunna palathum pole, "prabandham" enna vaakkinte ardhathil ninnaan varunnath "sramam" allengil "vichaarana").

