
brazeelile ethanol indhanathinte charithram

brazeelile ethanol indhanathinte charithram 1970-kalil aarambhichathum braseelinte karimbu adisthaanamaakkiyulla ethanol indhana padhathiyumaayi bandhappettathumaan, ithu raajyathe lokathile randaamathe valia ethanol uthppaadakarum lokathile ettavum valia kayattumathikkaarumaayi marran anuvadichu. niravadhi pradhana rashtreeya, saankethika sambhavavikasangal brazeeline bioethanolinte susthira upayogathil lokanethaavaayum laattin america, caribean, aphrica ennee ushnamekhalaa mekhalayile mattu vikaswara raajyangalkk oru naya maathrkayaayum maari. 2008-nte thudakkathil petrolil pravartthikkunna vaahanangalude 50 sathamaanam vipani vihitam ethanol chillara vilppana marikadannappol, sarkkar nayangalum saankethika munnettangalum ethanol upabhogathil oru naazhikakkall kaivarikkaan raajyathe anuvadichu. 1980-kalude avasaanathode "proo-aalkool" prograaminte kodumudiyil brazeelil eee thalatthilulla ethanol indhana upabhogam munbu orikkal maathrame athiyirunnulloo.
aadyakaala anubavangal.
1532 muthal brazeelil karimbu krishi cheiyunnundu. aaa varsham pernambookoyil avatharippicha panchasaara porchugees kudiyettakkaar europilekku kayattumathi cheytha aadyathe charakkukalil onnaayirunnu. panchasaara uthppaadippikkunna panchasaara millukalude upolppannamaayi eedhail alcohol allengil ethanol labhikkunnu, koodaathe vyaavasaayika allengil aantiseptik upayogangalkkayi madyapaaneeyangal, ethanol indhanam allengil madyam enniva ulppaadippikkaan ithu prosess cheyyaam. irupathukalude avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte muppathukalude thudakkathilum rajyath automobile avatharippichathodeyaanu brazeelil karimbu ethanol indhanamaayi aadyamaayi upayogikkunnathu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinushesham brazeelinte vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayil chila pareekshanangal nadannu, 1919-ll thanne pernambooko govarnor ellah audyogika vaahanangalum ethanolil oodaan nirbandhithanaakki. vadakkukizhakkan samsthaanamaaya alagosil sthithicheyyunna yousina sera grande alagos (yuu. ezz. jii. eiii) enna aadyathe ethanol indhana ulppaadana plaant 1927 ll aarambhichu, ithu 75 sathamaanam ethanolum 25 sathamaanam ethyl eetharum upayogichu indhanam uthppaadippikkunnu. mattu plaantukal ethanol indhanam ulppaadippikkaan thudangiyappol, rund varshathinu sesham raajyathinte vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayil eee indhanathil 500 kaarukal oodunnundaayirunnu.
1931 februvari 20nuu oru utharavu purappeduvichu, ellah petrol irakkumathikkum 5 sathamaanam jalamshamulla ethanol misritham nirbandhamaakki. ethanol indhanam uthppaadippikkunna disttilarikalude ennam 1933-ll 1-ll ninnu 1945-oode 54 aayi. indhana grade ethanol uthppaadanam 1933-ll 100,000 littaril ninnu 1937-ll 51.5 dasalaksham littaraayi uyarnnu, ithu raajyathinte indhana upabhogathinte 7 shathamaanathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu uthppaadanam 77 dasalaksham littaraayi uyarnnu, ithu raajyathe motham ethanol ulppaadanathinte 9.4 sathamaanamaanu. jarmman antarvaahini akramanangal enna vitharanathe bheeshanippeduthiyathinnethu, 1943-ll nirbandhitha misritham 50 sathamaanam vare uyarnnirunnu. yuddham avasaanichathinusesham vilakuranja enna petrolinte aadhipathyam srishtichu, 1970-kalil aadyathe enna prathisandhi petrolinte shaamathinum ennaye aashrayikkunnathinte apakadangalekkurichulla avabodhathinum kaaranamaayathuvare, panchasaarayude adhika upabhogathinaayi ethanol mishrithangal idaykkide maathrame upayogichirunnulloo.
madyathinu anukoolamaaya yugam.
1973leeii enna prathisandhiyodulla prathikaranamaayi brazilian sarkkar bioethanoline indhanamaayi prolsaahippikkaan thudangi. karimbil ninnu uthppaadippikkunna ethanolinu anukoolamaayi petrol polulla phoosil indhanangalil ninnu labhikkuna vahana indhanangal ghattamghattamaayi nirthalaakkunnathinaayi sarkkar dhanasahayam nalkunna rajyavyaapaka padhathiyaanu 1975 ll aarambhicha deseeya alcohol prograam-"proo-aalkool" (). akkaalathe panchasaarayude kuranja vila, panchasaara plaantukalile vaattiyedukkaanulla nishkriya sheshi, eee feedstokkumaayulla raajyathinte paarambaryavum anubhavavum ennivaye adisthaanamaakkiyaayirunnu karimbil ninnu ethanol uthppaadippikkaanulla theerumaanam. pulippikkaavunna carbohydrateukalude mattu srothassukalaaya maniokkum mattu feedstokkukalum paryavekshanam cheythu. gasoline mishrithathinaayi anhydrus ethanol uthppaadippikkunnathil prograam aadya ghattam shradha kendreekarichu.
phiyatt, volkswagen, gm, foord ennivayude praadeshika anubandha sthaapanangal vikasippichedutha niravadhi prototypeukal upayogichu sarkkar kappalppadayil pareekshichathinushesham, randaamathe enna prathisandhi moolam nirbandhithamaaya aadyathe 16 gasoline steshanukal 1979 meyy maasathil 2,000 vrithiyulla ethanol anuyojyamaaya vaahanangalkkayi hydrus ethanol vitharanam cheyyaan thudangi, juulai aayappozhekkum phiyatt 147 vipaniyil avatharippikkukayum, lokath vilkkunna aadyathe aadhunika vaanijya vrithiyulla ethanol power kaar (iii 100) aayi maarukayum cheythu. brazilian kaar nirmmathaakkal hydrus ethanol savisheshathakale pinthunaykkunnathinaayi gasoline enchinukal parishkarichu. compression anupatham, kuthivacha indhanathinte alavu, ethanol upayogichu naashanashtatthinu vidheyamaaya vasthukkal maattisthaapikkal, uyarnna teejwala thaapanila kaaranam choodu illaathaakkaan anuyojyamaaya thanutha theeppori plugukalude upayogam, oru cheria tankle ninnu gasoline kuthivaykkunna oru sahaaya colled-staartt sisttam enniva mattangal ulppedunnu. aarr varshathinusesham, ekadesham 75 sathamaanam brazilian passenture kaarukalum ethanol enchinukalilaanu nirmmichathu.
1976 muthal 1992 vare 10 muthal 22 sathamaanam vare ettakkurachilukalla gasoline indhanavumaayi ethanol indhanam kalarthunnathum brazeel sarkkar nirbandhamaakki. eee nirbandhitha minimum gasoline misritham kaaranam, shudhamaaya gasoline (iii0) rajyath vilkkunnilla. 1993 octoberil oru federal niyamam pasaki, raajyathudaneelam 22 sathamaanam anhydrus ethanol (iii 22) nirbandhamaayum misrithamaakki. munkootty nischayicha athirthikalkkullil ethanolinte vyathyastha sathamaanam nischayikkaanum eee niyamam executivine adhikaarappeduthi; 2003 muthal eee paridhikal paramavadhi 25 sathamaanavum (e25) alavil kuranjathu 20 sathamaanavum (e20) aayi nischayichirunnu. athinusesham, karimbu vilaveduppinte falangalkkum karimbil ninnulla ethanol ulppaadanathinte alavinum anusarichu sarkkar ethanol mishrithatthinte sathamaanam nischayichu, athinte falamaayi athe varshathinullil polum mishrita vyathiyanangal undaayi.
2007 juulai muthal nirbandhitha misritham 25 sathamaanam anhydrus ethanolum 75 sathamaanam gasoline allengil iii25 mishrithavumaayirunnu. vitharana kshaamathinteyum uyarnna ethanol indhana vilayudeyum falamaayi, 2010 februvari 1 muthal sarkkar 90 divasathe iii-25 mishrithathil ninnu iii-20 lake thaalkkaalikamaayi kuraykkaan nirbandhithamaakki. vilaveduppu seasonukalkkidayil veendum vitharana shaamam undayathinaal, kurachu ethanol amerikkayil ninnu irakkumathi cheythu, 2011 eprilil sarkkar nirbandhitha mishrithatthinte minimum 18 shathamaanamaayi kurachu, ithu iii 18 num iii 25 num edayilulla nirbandhitha mishrita paridhi vittu.
2015 march pakuthiyode saadhaarana gasolinil ethanol misritham 25 sathamaanathil ninnu 27 shathamaanamaayi sarkkar uyarthi. flex-indhana kaarukalkk pakaram paramavadhi mishrithamaayi iii25-nuu maathram nirmmicha kaarukalil uyarnna mishrithathe badhikkunna aashankakal kaaranam brazilian association oof automobile nirmmaathaakkalaaya anfaviayude abhyarthanaprakaaram premium gasoline misritham 25 sathamaanathil nilanirtthi. oru bilyan littariladhikam (264 dasalaksham us gaalan) ethanol nilavilullathinaal ethanol uthppaadakarkku saambathika prothsaahanamaayi uyarnna mishrithathinu sarkkar amgeekaaram nalki. iii27 nadappaakkunnathu 2015 avasaanathode ovarstokku upabhogam anuvadikkumennu prathekshikkunnu.
brazilian sarkkar ethanol vyavasaayathin moonnu pradhana prarambha prachodanangal nalkki sarkkar udamasthathayilulla enna kambaniyaaya petrobras urappunalkunna vaangalukal, kaarshika-vyaavasaayika ethanol sthaapanangalkku kuranja palisha vaaypakal, pambil sarkkar nischayicha petrol vilayude 59 sathamaanathinu hydrus ethanol vilkkunna nischitha petrol, ethanol vilakal. eee prothsaahanangal ethanol uthppaadanathe mathsaraadhishtithamaakki.
1980kalude avasaanathode raajyathe motor vahana nirayude 33 shathamaanathe prathinidheekarikkunna shudhamaaya ethanolil oodunna naalu dashalakshathiladhikam kaarukalum laitt trekkukalum ethiya sesham, ethanol ulppaadanavum vrithiyulla ethanol kaarukalude vilppana niravadhi kaaranangalal idinju. onnamathaayi, 1980-kalile ennayude amithamaya upabhogathinte falamaayi petrol vila kuthane kuranju. 2004 dollaril krameekaricha panapperuppam moolam ennayude moolyam 1981ll baralinu sharashari 78.2 dolaraayirunnathil ninnu 1986ll baralinu sharashari 26.8 dollarayi kuranju. 1989 madhyathode praadeshika vipaniyil ethanol indhana vitharanathinte kuravu aayirakkanakkin vaahanangale gyaas steshanukalil niratthilo gaarejukalil indhanamo illaathe nirtthi. akkaalat ethanol uthppaadanam sarkkar karsanamaayi niyanthrichirunnu, athupole thanne petrolinteyum ethanol indhanathinteyum vila nischayikkappettu, randaamathethu nischitha uthppaadaka vilaykk vidheyamaayirunnu. petrolinekkaal kuranja ethanol vila pambil urappakkaan sarkkar subsidy nalki, kaaranam ethanol vila orikkalum petrolinte vilayude 65 sathamaanathil kooduthalallennu upabhokthaakkalkk vaagdaanam nalkiyirunnu. 1988 avasaanathode anthaaraashtra vipaniyil panchasaarayude vila kuthane vardhikkukayum panchasaara kayattumathi kwata sarkkar nischayikkaathirikkukayum cheythathinaal, uthppaadanam panchasaara ulppaadanathilekku valareyadhikam maarukayum ethanolinte yadhaartha vila baralinu ekadesham aayathinal ethanol vitharana shaamathinu kaaranamavukayum cheythu. ethanol uthppaadanam 12 bilyan littaraayi nilachathum ippol ganyamaaya ethanol maathram upayogikkunna kappalppadaykku aavashyamaaya vardhichuvarunna aavashyavumaayi poruthappedaan kazhiyaathathum kaaranam, brazilian sarkkar 1991 ll europil ninnum aafrikkayil ninnum ethanol irakkumathi cheyyaan thudangi. athesamayam, sarkkar ethanol subsidikal kuraykkaan thudangi, angane vyavasaayathinte niyanthranavidheyamaakkalinu "proo-aalkool" prograaminte mandagathiyilulla vamshanaashathinteyum thudakkamaayi.
1990-ll, upabhokthaakkalkk ethanol indhana vitharanathinte vishwaasyatha nashtappedukayum avarude kaarukal veendum petrol indhanamaakki vilcano parivartthanam cheyyaano thudangukayum cheythathinaal vrithiyulla ethanol vaahanangalude uthppaadanam motham kaar ulppaadanathinte aii. dii. 1 aayi kuranju. 1997-nte thudakkathil phiyatt, foord, general motorukal ennivayellaam ethanolil pravartthikkunna kaarukal nirmmikkunnath nirtthi, volkswagon (goal, santana, kombi, avayude derivateevukal enniva vaagdaanam cheythavar) maathram avasheshichu. nirmmathaakkal sthirathayulla oru gyasohol prograam punasthaapikkaan abhyarthikkukayum 1999 oode uthppannangal vikasippikkumennu vaagdaanam cheyyukayum cheythu.
flex-indhana yugam.
2003ll brazilian vipaniyil flexible-indhana vahanangal avatharippichathode ethanolil pravartthikkunna vahanangalilulla aathmavishwaasam punasthaapichu. brazilian flex saankethikavidyayile oru pradhana naveekaranam ethanol-gasoline misritham nireekshikkaan adhika samarppita sensarinte aavasyakatha ozhivaakkuka ennathaayirunnu, ithu aadyathe american emm 85 flex indhana vahanangal valare chelaveriyathaakki. parambaraagatha enchinukalile jwalanathinte gunanilavaaram alakkaan upayogikkunna lamda probiloodeyaanu ithu poortthiyaakkiyathu, gasoline, madyam ennivayude misritham kathikkunna enchin kantrol unitinode (isiyu) parayendathundu. vaahanathil ithinakam nirmmichirikkunna staanderd censorukalil ninnulla daatta nalkikkond "software fueval sensor" (sfs) ennu vilikkunna brazilian enchineeyarmaar vikasippichedutha softweyariloodeyaanu eee dauthyam yaanthrikamaayi poortthiyaakkunnathu. 1994ll boshinte brazilian anubandha sthaapanamaanu eee saankethikavidya vikasippicheduthathenki 2003ll magnetti marelliyude itaaliyan anubandha sthaapanam ithu kooduthal mechappeduthukayum vaanijyaparamaayi nadappaakkukayum cheythu. samanamaaya oru indhana kuthivayppu saankethikavidya delphi automotive sisttangalude brazilian anubandha sthaapanam vikasippicheduthu, ithine "multifuval" ennu vilikkunnu."eee saankethikavidya indhanathinte ozhukk kuraykkukayum petrol upayogikkumbol svayam kathikkal ozhivaakkukayum cheyyendathinaal indhana kuthivayppinteyum theeppori samayathinteyum alavu niyantrikkaan kantrolare anuvadikkunnu, kaaranam ethanol enchinukalkku 12:1 enna compression anupaathamund, ithu petrolinu valare uyarnnathaan.
2003 maarchil, volkswagen brazilian vipaniyil goal 1.6 total flex puratthirakki, ithu gasoline, ethanol ennivayude eathu mishrithathilum pravartthikkaan kazhivulla aadyathe vaanijya flexible indhana vaahanamaan. moonnu maasathinu sesham powertrain enna fiyattumaayi chernnu oru samyuktha samrambham vikasippichedutha enchin upayogichu corsa 1.8 flex power upayogichu chevrolatt pinthudarnnu. aaa varsham muzhuvan flex indhanathinteyum uthppaadanam 39,853 automobileukaludeyum 9,411 laitt komezhsyal vaahanangaludeyum uthpaadanathilethi. 2008 aayappozhekkum, chevrolatt, phiyatt, foord, pyusho, renault, volkswagen, honda, mitsubishi, toyota, citroin ennivayaanu vazhakkamulla indhana vahanangal nirmmikkunna janapriya nirmmathaakkal. 2009ll nizan thangalude aadyathe flex indhanavum 2010ll kiya motozhsum brazilian vipaniyil puratthirakki.
2004ll kaar vilppanayude 22 sathamaanavum 2005ll 73 sathamaanavum 2008 joolaiyil aii. dii. 2. umm 2009 augustil 94 sathamaanavum record nilavaarathiletthi. flex indhana kaarukaludeyum ilam vaanijya vaahanangaludeyum uthpaadanam 2010 maarchil 10 dasalaksham vaahanangaludeyum 2012 maarchode 15.3 dasalaksham unitukaludeyum naazhikakkalliletthi. 2011 desemberile kanakkanusarichu, brazeelinte motor vahana nirayude 21 sathamaanavum rajisttar cheytha ellah laitt vaahanangaludeyum aii. dii. 1. umm prathinidheekarikkunna flex automobileukaludeyum laitt komezhsyal vaahanangaludeyum ennam 14.8 dasalaksham vahanangalil ethi.
1997 aayappozhekkum raajyathudaneelam 27,000 filling steshanukal labhyamayathinaal "proo-aalkool" prograaminte paithrukamaaya kuranjathu oru ethanol pump ullathinaal, 2008 oktobarode 35,000 indhana steshanukalil athiyathinaal ithinakam thanne nilavilulla indhana vitharana adisthaana soukaryangalaanu flex saankethikavidyayude eee druthagathiyilulla sveekaaryatha sugamamaakkiyath.
brazilian effvkalude vazhakkam nilavile vipani vila anusarichu indhanam thiranjedukkaan upabhokthaakkale praaptharakki. flex" vaahanangalude druthagathiyilulla sweekaaryathayum vaanijyaparamaaya vijayavum, avar pothuve ariyappedunnathupole, petrolinoppam iii25 indhanamaayi madyavum nirbandhithamaayi kalarthunnathinoppam, 2008-nte aadya rund maasangalil ethanol upabhogam vardhippichu, 2007-leeii ithe kaalayalavumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol 56 sathamaanam vardhichu, 2008 februvariyil ethanol retail vilppana petrolil pravartthikkunna kappalppadayude 50 sathamaanam vipani vihitam marikadannappol ethanol upabhogathil oru naazhikakkall kaivarichu. 80kalude avasaanam muthal "proo-aalkool" prograaminte kodumudiyil athiyittillaatha eee ethanol indhana upabhogathinte eee nilavaramaayirunnu athu. 2009ll nadatthiya rund vyathyastha gaveshana padanangal prakaram, deseeya thalatthil flex-indhanam rajisttar cheytha vahanangalil 65 sathamaanavum pathivayi ethanol indhanam upayogikkunnu, koodaathe varsham muzhuvanum 93 sathamaanam flex kaar udamakalum praadeshika nikuthikal kuravullathum pambil petrolinekkaal vila kooduthalullathumaaya pradhana ethanol uthppaadaka samsthaanamaaya saavo pouloyil upayogikkunnu.
1979num 2011num idayil brazeel ekadesham 22 dasalaksham shudhamaaya gasoline vaahanangalkk pakaram 57 laksham shudhamaaya ethanol vahanangal, 14.8 laksham flex-indhana vahanangal, ekadesham 15 laksham flex motorcycleukal enniva upayogichu. 2003 aayappozhekkum ippozhum upayogikkunna vrithiyulla ethanol vaahanangalude ennam 2 muthal 3 dasalaksham vare vaahanangalum 2011 desemberile kanakkukal prakaram 12.2 dasalaksham vaahanangalum aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. 2011 disambarode 12 pradhana kaar nirmmathaakkal nirmmicha 80 flex kaar, laitt truck modalukalum naalu flex-fueval motorcycle modalukalum vipaniyil labhyamaayirunnu.
flex indhana enchinukalile aadyakaala saankethikavidyaykku gasolinekkaal 25 muthal 35 sathamaanam vare kuravaaya jalamshamulla ethanol (iii 100) ulla indhanakshamathayundaayirunnu, ennaal uyarnna compression anupaathathilaanu flex enchinukal ippol roopakalppana cheiyunnathu, uyarnna ethanol mishrithangal muthaledukkukayum ethanolinte uyarnna ooksijan ulladakkathinte nettangal paramavadhi vardhippikkukayum cheiyunnu, ithu kuranja udvamanathinum indhanakshamatha mechappeduthunnathinum kaaranamaakunnu, 2008 modalukalile flex enchinukale indhana sambadvyavastha vidavu gasolinekkaal 20 muthal 25 sathamaanam vare kuraykkaan anuvadikkunnu.
ettavum puthiya sambhavavikasangal.
ethanolil pravartthikkunna deesal enchin.
susthira gathagatha (mikacha) padhathikkaayulla bioethanolinte aabhimukhyathil, aadyathe ethanol powered (iii95 allengil eddu95) buzz 2007 desemberil saavo poulo nagaratthil oru varshathe trial projectaayi pravartthanam aarambhichu. 95 sathamaanam hydrus ethanol upayogichu pravartthikkaan kazhivulla parishkaricha deesal enchinulla oru scania modalaan buzz, 5 sathamaanam ignition improverumaayi, marcopolo bodiyumaayi. scania compression anupatham 18:1 ll ninnu 28:1 aayi krameekarikkukayum valia indhana kuthivayppu nossels cherkkukayum kuthivayppinte samayam maattukayum cheythu.
pareekshana kaalayalavil prakadanavum udvamanavum nireekshikkunnathu yooniversitti dii saavo poloyile biomass (senbio-) sambandhicha deseeya reference sentaraanu, kaarban monoxidelum kanika dravyangalude udvamanathilum prathyeka shradha nalkikkond samanamaaya deesal modalukalumaayi thaarathamyam cheythu. saadhaarana deesalumaayi iii95 thaarathamyam cheyyumbol indhanakshamathayil ekadesham 60 sathamaanam kuravundaayathaayi muun parisodhanakal kaanikkunnathinal prakadanavum pradhaanamaan.
2009 novemberil saavo poulo nagaratthil randaamathe eddu95 buzz sarvees aarambhichu. brazilian kaiyo bodiyulla sweedish skaaniyaayirunnu buzz. saavo poulo nagaratthile pradhana bisinesses kendrangalilonnaaya avenida polistayiloode kadannupokunna randaamathe buzz laappaykkum vila maariyaanaykkum idayil sarvees nadatthaan theerumaanichirunnu. rund testt basukalum moonnu varshatholam pathivayi pravarthichu.
2010 novemberil saavo poulo nagaratthile munisippal sarkkar 2011 meyy maasathode 50 ethanolil pravartthikkunna eddu95 basukalude oru koottam avatharippikkunnathinaayi praadeshika buzz oopparettaraaya unica, cosan, scania, "viaco metropolittaana" ennivayumaayi oru karar oppittu. nagaratthinte 15,000 deesal power basukalude buzz kappalinte kaarban kaalppaadukal kuraykkuka ennathaanu nagaratthinte sarkkar lakshyam, 2018 oode muzhuvan buzz kappal punarupayogikkaavunna indhanangal maathram upayogikkuka ennathaanu anthima lakshyam. saavo pouloyile saavo bernardo doow campoyil sthithicheyyunna plaantil scania basukal nirmmikkum. eee basukal scania nirmmikkukayum ithinakam stockhomil pravartthikkukayum cheiyunna 700 basukalude athe saankethikavidyayum indhanavum upayogikkunnu.
aadyathe ethanol powered basukal 2011 meyy maasathil vitharanam cheyyukayum 50 basukal 2011 juunil pathivayi sarvees aarambikkukayum cheyyum. 50 ethanol powered eddu95 basukalude fleettinu 20 dasalaksham dollar () chelavaakum, eddu95 indhanathinte uyarnna vila kaaranam, sahakarana karaaril pankedukkunna sthaapanangalilonnaaya raisen (royal dutch shell kosan thammilulla samyuktha samrambham), saadhaarana deesalinte vipani vilayude 70 sathamaanathil munisippaalittikk indhanam vitharanam cheyyum.
flex-fueval motorcycleukal.
brazilian flexible-indhana saankethikavidyayile ettavum puthiya naveekaranam flex-indhana motorcycleukalude vikasanamaan. 2007ll magnetti marelli flex saankethikavidyayulla aadyathe motorcycle avatharippichu. 2007ll delphi automotive sisttangalum motorcycleukalkkaayi svanthamaayi kuthivayppu saankethikavidya avatharippichu. indhanangalude thiranjeduppile vazhakkathin purame, fueval-flex motorcycleukalude pradhana lakshyam kaarban dye ooksaid puranthallal 20 sathamaanam kuraykkukayum indhana upabhogathil 5 muthal 10 sathamaanam vare laabhikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu.
aadyathe flex fueval motorcycle 2009 maarchil honda brazilian vipaniyil avatharippichu. athinte praadeshika anubandha sthaapanamaaya moto honda daa amazonia nirmmicha siji 150 titan mixes ekadesham 2,700 dollarinu vilkkunnu. brazilian flex kaarukaleppole motorcyclinu oru colled staarttinaayi secondary gyaas tank illaathathinaal, thapanilayil staarttap prasnangal ozhivakkaan indhana tankle kuranjathu 20 shathamaanamenkilum gasoline undaayirikkanam. motorcyclinte panalil storeju tankile yadhaartha ethanol-gasoline mishrithathekkurichu driverk munnariyipp nalkunna oru gej ulppedunnu. vipani vikshepichathinu sheshamulla aadya ettu maasangalil siji 150 titan mixes 139,059 motorcycleukal vittu, ithu oru aidi1 vipani vihitam pidichedukkukayum 2009 ll brazilian vipaniyil puthiya motorcycleukalude vilppanayil randaam sthaanathethukayum cheythu.
2009 septambaril honda randaamathe flexible-fueval motorcyclaaya oonn-oof rooad enxr 150 broze mixes puratthirakki. 2010 disambarode honda flexible-fueval motorcycleukal 515,726 yoonittukalude sanjitha ulppaadanathilethi, aaa varshathe brazilian puthiya motorcycle vilppanayude vipani vihithathe prathinidheekarikkunnu. 2011 januvariyile kanakkanusarichu naalu flex-fueval motorcycle modalukal vipaniyil labhyamaayirunnu. 2011ll motham 956,117 flex-fueval motorcycleukal nirmikkappettu, ithu athinte vipani vihitam 56.7% aayi uyarthi. 2009ll aarambhichathinusesham 2011 disambarode ekadesham 15 laksham flexible-fueval motorcycleukal rajyath nirmmikkukayum 2012 augustil ithu 20 lakshathilethukayum cheythu. 
puthiya thalamura flex enchinukal.
magnetti marelli, delphi, boshh ennivayude brazilian anubandha sthaapanangal 2009 ll oru puthiya flex enchin uthppaadanam vikasippikkukayum prakhyapikkukayum cheythu, ithu prarambha samayat ethanol indhanam choodaakkunnathiloode dvitheeya gasoline taankinte aavasyakatha illaathaakkukayum brazilian pradeshathu evideyum prathekshikkunna ettavum kuranja thapanilayil saadhaarana thanupp aarambikkaan flex vaahanangale anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. 2008ll vitta flex motorukalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol indhana upabhogavum tailpipe emission 10 muthal 15 sathamaanam vare kurachathaanu mattoru mechappeduthal. 2009 maarchil volkswagen doow brassil pooloo iii-flex puratthirakki, ithu colled staarttinaayi sahaaya taankillaatha aadyathe flex indhana modalaan. pooloo upayogikkunna flex staartt sisttam boshh vikasippicheduthaanu.
2009-2013 vitharanakkurav.
2009 muthal, 2008 leeii saambathika prathisandhi moolamundaaya vaipa prathisandhi kaaranam brazilian ethanol vyavasaayam saambathika sammarddam anubhavichu; prathikoola kaalavastha kaaranam mosham karimbu vilaveduppu; loka vipaniyil uyarnna panchasaara vila ethanolinekkaal panchasaara ulppaadippikkaan kooduthal akarshakamaakki; praadeshika vipaniyil vardhichuvarunna aavasyam undaayirunnittum vaarshika ulppaadanathil idivu varuthiya mattu aabhyanthara gadakangal. 2011ll brazilian ethanol indhana uthppaadanam 21.1 dasalaksham littar (5.6 bilyan yuu.ezz. draavaka gaalanukal), 2010leeii 26.2 dasalaksham littaril ninnu (6.9 bilyan gaalanukal) kuranju. 2010lum 2011lum niravadhi maasangalaayi vitharana shaamam undaayi, vila uyarnnathode flex indhana vaahanangalude udamakalkku ethanol indhanam aakarshakamaayirunnilla; aavasyam kuraykkaanum ethanol indhana vila kooduthal vardhikkunnathu thadayaanum sarkkar gasolinil ettavum kuranja ethanol misritham kurachu; 1990kalkk sesham aadyamaayi amerikkayil ninnu ethanol indhanam irakkumathi cheythu.
brazilian ethanol vyavasaya prathisandhi moolamundaaya uyarnna ethanol vilayude falamaayi, petrol vila anthaaraashtra vipani moolyathekkaal kuraykkaan nischayicha sarkkar subsidikalkkoppam, 2013 navambarode 23 sathamaanam flex-indhana kaar udamakal maathramaan pathivayi ethanol upayogikkunnathu, 2009 ll ithu 66 shathamaanamaayirunnu.

