
vilyam windom

norphokkile felbrig haalile vilyam windam (4 juun 1810) oru britiish wig raashtrathanthranjanaayirunu. 1784-ll paarlamentilekku thiranjedukkappetta windham, rockinghamite vibhaagathile vigsinte avashishtangalumayi chernnu, athil addehathinte suhruthukkalaaya chaals jaims phoox, edmund burk ennivar ulppedunnu. house oof komansile prasamgatthinte peril windham taamasiyaathe prashasthanaayi.
1791 avasaanathode franch viplavathinte aadyakaala pinthunakkaaranaaya addeham barkkinte sathrutha pankidukayum oru pramukha yacobin virudhanaayi maarukayum cheythu. 1793-nte thudakkathil fraansinethire yuddham prakhyaapichathinushesham, addeham yudhavirudha, viplava anukoola foxite viggukalumaayi pirinju pitt sarkkaaril ninnu swathanthravum ennaal yudhashramathe pinthunaykkunnathumaaya oru cheria 'moonnaam kakshi' roopeekarichu. barkkineppole, jacobinisankethiraya oru prathyayashaasthra kurishuyudhamaayi windham yudhathe pinthunaykkukayum franch "kudiyettakkaarudeyum" borbon punasthaapanatthinteyum aaveshakaramaaya pinthunakkaaranaayirunnu. 1794 joolaiyil addeham pitt sarkkaaril yudhakaarya sekrattariyaayi chernnenkilum yudhanayam niyanthrichilla. borbon lakshyathodulla thante utsaaham pitt pankidunnillennu addeham kandethi, franch republicumaayulla samadhana karaarinethire addeham manthrisabhayil vaadichu.
1801 februvariyil windham pittine pinthudarnnu catholica vimochanam rajaavu nirasichathinethudarnnu sarkkaaril ninnu raajivachu. 1801-nte avasaanathilum 1802-nte thudakkathilum fransumaayulla puthiya pradhaanamantri henry aadingtan nadatthiya amiens samadhana udambadiyude pradhana athiraaliyaayirunnu addeham. aii. dii. 1-leeii ellah kazhivukaludeyum manthraalayathil, kurukkanmaarumaayi anurajanam nadathikkondu windham yudhathinteyum kolanikalinteyum sekrattariyaayi. catholica vimochanathecholli addeham avarodoppam veendum sarkkaaril ninnu raajivachu. 1810ll maranamadanja addeham thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan prathipakshathaayirunnu.
aadyakaala jeevitam 1750-1778.
windham 1750-ll janichu. 6 golden square, soho, lunden, vilyam vindaaminte makan anantharaavakaashiyum, shree. addehathinte poorvvikar deerghakaalamaayi norphokkil irikkunna felbrig haalil, addehathinte randaamathe bhaarya saaraa lukin. somersettile oorcard vindhathile sarr joonn vindhaaminte cherumakanaayirunnu addeham, 1599-ll kudumbatthile muthirnna vamshajaraaya felbrig estettu thante makkalillaattha bandhuvaya thomas vindhaamil ninnu paarambaryamaayi labhichu.
1757 muthal 1766 vare eettan kolejilaanu windham vidyaabhyaasam nediyathu, avide addeham chaals jaims foxinte samakalikanaayirunnu, avide addeham arivu eluppathil nediyathinum kaayikarangatthe vijayathin perukettirunnu. kaithanda nannayi upayogikkunnathinaal addeham "faitting windham" ennariyappettu. 1761ll pithaav marikkukayum addehathinte rakshaakarthakkal benchamin stilfleet, doow. dampier, david garrick, oru nischitha misttar. hairfordinte vila. 16-aamm vayassil pooraattatthinaayi windham eettanil ninnu neekkam cheyyappettu.
1766ll glasgo sarvakalashaalayil chernna windham doow. aandezhsan, prakrithi thathwachinthayude professor, roobert simson ganithashaasthranjan. ganithashaasthrathekkurichu prasidheekarikkappedaathu moonnu prabandhangal windham ezhuthiyittundu. 1767 muthal 1771 vare ooksfoordile yooniversitti collegil oru manyanaaya-saadhaaranakkaaranaayi addeham chernnu, avide addehathe roobert chembezhs padippichu. edmund maloninte abhipraayathil, windham "vividha padanangalilekkulla prayogatthinum, samrambhangalodulla snehathinum, aaa thurannathum manoharavumaaya prasamgathinum, jeevithathinte oro kaalaghattatthilum thante kathaapaathrathin oru thilakkam nalkia manyamaaya naadukadatthalinum valare vishishtanaayirunnu". 1771ll addeham bii. eiii birudavum 1782 october 7nuu emm. eiii birudavum nedi, duke oof portlaandinte chansalar sthaanathu ninnu addehathinu dii. sii. ell. labhichu. 1773ll norwayil paryadanam nadatthiya addeham 1778num 1780num idayil swittsarland italiyum sandarshichu.
windom oru kristhyaaniyaayirunnu. oru baloon sawari nadathunnathinu munbu, 1785 meyy 4 nuu addeham jorjju jaims colmontelic oru kathu ezhuthi, athu yathraye athijeevichillenkil maathrame vitharanam cheyyaavoo. athil windhaminte vishwaasathinte kuttasammatham adangiyirunnu
itharathilulla oru kathil enikku nalkaan kazhiyunna ettavum mikachathum ettavum mahathaayathum gambheeravumaaya padavi, daivika sathyangale sthiramaayi dhyanikkaan ningale prerippikkuka ennathaanu, koodaathe vividha ettakkurachilukalkku sesham njaan vishwasikkunna aaa vishwaasam sathyamaanenn svayam sthireekarikkaanulla aathmaarthamaaya sramamaanu, thelivukalil ninnu swathanthramaayi, aathmavishwaasathode nirasikkappedaathathra valia adhikaarikal athine pinthunaykkunnu. prathyeka swabhaavathekkurichulla abhipraayangalude vaividhyam enthuthanneyaayaalum, kristhu daivikamaayi niyogikkappetta oru vyakthiyaanennu njaan vishwasikkunnu, addehathilulla vishwaasam lokathinte mahanaaya rachayithaavine thripthippeduthunnathinu ettavum neethiyukthamaaya prateeksha nalkunnu. eee anunayam ningalude manassil valarthiyedukkukayum athu oru pravartthana thathwamaayi valarunnathuvare athil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheyyuka. anthima rakshayude uddeshyangalkku ithu randum prayojanappedutthatte.
aadyakaala rashtreeya jeevitam-1778-1789.
1778-nte thudakkathil windham aadyamaayi rashtreeya kaaryangalil pankedutthu. american swaathanthryasamarathekku addehathinu shakthamayi thonni, januvari 5 nuu richard brinsley sheridanu ezhuthi, "munbu enikku ennethanne parisramikkaan ithrayum manobhaavam anubhavappettitla". januvari 28 nuu windham norvichil thante aadya pothuprasangam nadatthi, avide addeham yudhathinethire samsaarichu, kurachu divasangalkku sesham 5,000 aalukal oppuvachu house oof komansinu samarppicha oru prathishedhaprasangam ezhuthi. addehathinte prasangam nannayi nadakkaathe varikayum thiranjeduppil nilkkaan addehathodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu. 1780 septambarile thiranjeduppil norvichinu vendi windham parajayappettu.
1783ll portland duke oru bharanam roopeekarichappol addeham loard northingtonine irelandinte loard-leftanantaayi niyamichu. northington windhaminu irelandinte cheef sekrattariyude oafees vaagdaanam cheyyukayum athu addeham sweekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, thasthikayil naalu maasam maathram kazhinjappol, windham duruha saahacharyangalil raajivachu. addehathinte samakaalika dayari swantham shakthikalilulla avishwaasavum parimithamaaya nettangalil nirashayum rekhappeduthiyittundu; addeham akkaalat orupakshe asukhabaadhithanaayirunnirikkam.
1784 epril 5 nuu norvichinaayi paarlamentilekku thiranjedukkappetta windham 1802 vare nilaninnirunna oru seettaayirunnu. addeham vaaran haashingukalude impeachmentil pankedukkukayum 1787 juun 1 num 1787 march 22 num addehathinethiraaya prasamgangal prashamsikkappedukayum cheythu. mikka viggukalum prathijnjaabadharaaya paarlamentari parishkaranathinaayulla ellah nirddeshangaleyum windham ethirthuvenkilum franch viplavam pottippurappedunnathu addeham aaa partyumaayi sakhyathil thudarnnu.
aii. dii. 1-nte regency prathisandhiyude samayat addeham weils rajakumaaranaaya jorjinu reejantaayi poornnamaaya adikaarangal nalkunnathine anukoolichu. 1788 november 26nuu addeham ezhuthi "oru raajyathe rajaavu poornnamaayum manassil ninnu puratthaanengil, aaa sambhavathekkurichu enthu dukkham anubhavappettalum, thinmayude vyaapthi ariyappedunnu athu nilanilkkunna kaalathekku, rajaavu marichathupole. ore vyakthi, yukthiyude ellah thathwangaludeyum bharanaghadanayude ellah kazhchappadukaludeyum adisthaanathil, rajaavu yadhaarthathil marichathupole sarkkaarine munnott kondupokanam-avan veendum poornnamaayum bodhavaanmaraayaal, cases thulyamaayi vyakthamaakum avane poornnamaayum thante sarkkaarilekku punasthaapikkanam.
franch viplavam 1789-1794.
1789 august 12 muthal septambar 6 vare windham fraansil paryadanam nadatthi. madangiyethiya sesham, windham thante suhruthum saha wig empy edmund burkin franch viplavathinte thudakkathinushesham fraansile pothujanaabhipraayathekkurathu chila pusthakangal (deseeya asambliyude oru deputy shupaarsha cheythath) ayachu. septambar 15 nuu windham burkinu ezhuthi "puthiya bharanaghadana oru poraattavumillaathe pariharikkappedumenna ente ashayam thudakkam muthal thanne undu, njaan kandatho kettatho aaya kaaryangalil maattam varunnilla. rajyath samboornnamaaya saanthathayum samthrupthiyum sthaapikkaanaakumo ennathu mattoru chodyamaanu ennaal sivil kolahalathinu aduthulla enthengilum saadhyathayundennu enikku thonnunnilla.ennirunnaalum, eee vishayathil enikku undakaan kazhiyunna eathu abhipraayavum theerchayaayum valare avyakthamaaya anumaanamaan."
1790 march 4 nuu henry flood paarlamentari parishkaranatthinaayi oru prameyam avatharippichappol, windham prashasthamaayi paranju "enthaayirikkum, misttar. eee chuzhalikkaatt kaalath ningalude veedu nannakkaan vellapokkam shupaarsha cheiyunnundo?"
1790 novemberil barkkinte "fraansile viplavathekurichulla prathiphalanangal" vaayicha sesham windham thante dayariyil ezhuthi "itharathilulla vilappettatho asaadhaaranamaaya oru tharatthilulla sakthikal pradarshippikkunnatho aaya oru kruthi orikkalum undaayirunnillenn njaan karuthunnu. deseeya assembly attimarikkaanum europiludaneelam abhipraaya pravaahathe mattaanum kazhivullathayi thonniyekkaavunna oru kruthiyaanithu. atharamoru kruthiyude rachayithaavine, athilulla oro manushyanteyum samyojitha shabdangalaal, thante raajyathe sarkkaarilekku vilikkumennu oraal chinthikkum. ezhuthukaaran vimarshikkappedukayum peedippikkappedukayum nirodhikkappedukayum cheytha oru manushyanaanennu oormmikkumbol; swantham party polum adhikam vilamathikkappedaathavanum, oru samarthanaaya bhraanthanekkaal mikachathaayi kanakkaakkappedunna pakuthiyolam raajyavum, eee avasthayekkurichu enthaanu parayuka?"
1791 septambaril windham paareesilekk yaatra cheyyukayum fraansinte puthiya bharanaghadana luis pathinaraman rajaavu amgeekaricha deseeya asambliyile chadangil pankedukkukayum cheythu. windham sreemathikku kathezhuthi. aaa chadangu "theerchayaayum apamaanakaramaayirunnu" ennu avar abhiprayappettu..." "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "avar kooduthal maanyaraayirikkanamenn aagrahicha windham koottichertthu" "njangalude perumaattatthil kurachu nilanirthaan njangal janangalaayirikkumenn njaan prathekshikkunnu", "athesamayam puthiya samvidaanathinu vaagdaanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna sakthamaaya nettangalum padavikalum njangalkk nashtappedunnilla". 1792 meyy maasathil paarlamentari parishkaranatthinethiraaya ethirppinekkurichu windham oru suhruthinu ezhuthi "franch viplavathinte thathwangalkkum kaaranatthinum njaan pothuve prathikoolamaayitla. theerchayaayum, eathaandu thudakkam muthal, misttar. eee vishayathil njaanum burk orikkalum oru vaakk polum kaimaattam cheythitilla. ennaal valia alavil athirukadannathum thettayathum ivide praayogikamaayi prayogikkappedaathathumaaya thathwangal nammude aduthekku konduvaraan shramikkumbol, njaan ennethanne akramasakthanaayum misttar enna nilayil avare ethirkkunnayaalaayum theliyikkum. barco mattaarkkenkilum aakam ".
windham laa vendiyile rajakeeya kalaapathe pinthunakkukayum borbon house simhaasanathilekku punasthaapikkuka enna lakshyathode avare sahayikkaan britiish sarkkarinodu abhyarthikkukayum cheythu "thudakkam muthal njaan ithine yudhathinte pradhana lakshyamakki maattumaayirunnu".
1792 epril 30nuu pothusamoohatthe abhisambodhana cheythukondu, "bharanaghadanayude yadhaartha thathwangale attimarikkanulla ellah sramangalkkum ethire mukham tirikkaan dridanishchayamulla" eathoru purushasamghavumaayum thaan onnikkumennu addeham prakhyaapichu. november 13nuu windham burk pittine kandumuttukayum thangalum avarude saha yaadhaasthithika viggukalum sakthamaaya nadapadikale pinthunaykkumennu soochana nalkukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum, "paarlament yogathinu munbu party medhaavikalil ninnu pinthunayude kooduthal urappullathum krithyamaayathumaaya urappukal" pitt aagrahichu. kurukkanil ninnu poornnamaayum verpiriyunnathinekkuriyu addehathinu appozhum aashankayundaayirunnu, avaa thathwangalil vyathyaasamundennu addeham komansil (desember 15 nuu) nishedhichu. ennirunnaalum, 1793 januvari 4 nuu addeham komansil paranjathupole, addeham inii sarkkaarinte chittayaya athiraaliyaayirunnilla.
luis pathinaaraamante vadhashikshaykk sesham 1793 februvariyil paarlament yogam chernnu. kurukkanum anuyaayikalum vadhashikshaye pinthunaykkunnathil fraansinte pravarthanangalil ninnu vittunilkkukayum britiish rajavaazhcha thiranjedukkappettathaane paramadhikaaram janangalodoppamaanennum kurukkan avakaashappedukayum cheythu. februvari 9nuu fraansinethire yuddham prakhyapikkukayum adutha divasam yaadhaasthithika viggukal yogam cherukayum cheythu. kurukkanmarumaayulla punarekeekaranatthil ippol prasnamillennum avar ippol svayam "moonnaam kakshi" ennu vilikkumennum avar theerumaanichu. eee vibhaagathil ekadesham 38 mps (avaril 26 perr wig partyile amgangalaayirunnu) mathramaayirunnu, viggukalil anchil oru bhagam maathrame amgangalaayirunnulloo.
charitrakaaranaaya frank ogormaante abhipraayathil, phalapradamaaya oreyoru jacobin virudha nayangal sweekarikkaan pitt gavanmentine prerippikkukayaanenkil, "eee lakshyangal niravettaan gauravamaayi ettedukkunna oreyoru raashtreeyakkaaran windhaamaayirunnu":
ellaavarkkum priyappettavanayi maarunna vidhathil savisheshamaaya kazhivukalum manobhaavam addehathinundaayirunnu. addehathinte budhiyude shakti addehathinte svayamprabhaavamulla reethiyil yadhaarthathil kaivasham illaatha shakthiyudeyum dridathayudeyum oru shekharamaayi veshammari. addehathinte kazhivukalum addehathinte swabhaavavum chodyam cheyyappedaattha samagrathayumaayi bandhappettathinal addehathinu thante samakalikarkkidayil oru prasasthiyum sthaanavum nalki, athu orupakshe kurukkanu sesham randaamathethu mathramaayirunnu. aakasmikamaayi windhaminu house oof komansile ettavum aadaraneeyaraaya swathanthraril chilare addehathodu aninirathaan kazhinjilla. ennirunnaalum, ippol thaan avatharippikkan aavasyappettirunna kathaapaathrathin addeham savisheshamaayi anuyojyanaayirunnilla..1793. samsthaana kaaryangalude utharavaaditham ettedukkaanulla saadhyathayekkurich addeham bhayapettu, athu addehathinte aaveshathinteyum ullaasathinteyum apoorva nimishangalil addehathinu vilikkaan kazhiyunna nischayadaarthyathil ninnu akannupoyi. aathmaavinte ksheenam addehathinte oorjjathe marikadannaal, addeham alasathayilum niraashayilum niraashayilum veezhum. moonnaam kakshi" roopeekaricha addeham udan thanne athine nayikkunnathil ninnu svayam mapp paranju. bharanathinte prathyeka pinthunakku athinte amgangale samarppicha addeham "oru prathyeka avasarathinte nashtam" undakaan saadhyathayundengilum ottappettupoya oru pradeshathekku rakshapettu. thaan thiranjeduttha bhagam nirvahikkaanulla kazhivillaaymayekkurich kimvadanthikal nadathumbol thaan orikkalum nalkaatha prasamgangalude thayyaareduppiloode kalichukondu addeham thante manassakshiye aashwasippichu.
juun 17nuu pitt windhaminu yudhathil sekrattariyude oafees vaagdaanam cheythu. athe divasam thanne komansil nadatthiya oru prasamgatthil, paareesil oru sarkkar roopeekarichaal franch kaaryangalil edapedal aavashyamaayi vannekkaamennu vaadichukondu windham pittine pinthunachu. ennirunnaalum, juun 19 nuu addeham thante vaagdaanam nirasikkumennu pittine ariyichu, ennirunnaalum thaan "iniyoru samayat" padavi sweekarikkumennu addeham koottichertthu. juulai 12 muthal august 6 vare addeham flandezhsilaayirunnu. yaadhaasthithika viggukalum sarkkarum thammilulla bandhamaayirunnu windham; ennirunnaalum, eee samayat addeham pittinte sarkkaaril cherunnathil madichu.
1794 januvariyil britiish kanvenshanile nethaakkalude vichaarana aarambhichu. ithinu marupadiyaayi, theevravaadikal atharamoru kanvenshan nirddeshichu. athinaal thomas hardiepolulla pramukha theevravaadikale arast cheyyaan sarkkar theerumaanichu. hardy arasttinte pittennu meyy 13nuu oru puthiya kanvenshane prathirodhikkaan aavashyamaaya nadapadikal aavishkarikkunnathin oru rahasya samitiye niyamikkaan koomans vottu cheythu. windhamine barkinoppam (mattu yaadhaasthithika viggukalum sarkkar anuyaayikalum) kammittiyilekku niyamichu, ithu kurukkante dukhathinu kaaranamaayi.
yudhathil sekrattari sthaanathekkurichulla pittinte vaagdaanam sweekarichaal, athine "yadhaarthathil kaaryakshamamaya oru kaabinat thozhil" acan kazhiyumennu juulai 3 nuu portland duke windhaminode abhyarthichu. addehathinte suhruthu toom grenville annu windhamine kandumuttukayum windhamine padavi sweekarikkaan prerippikkunnathil addeham vijayikkukayum cheythu; athinaal portlandinu yaadhaasthithika viggukalum pitt sarkkarum thammilulla oru sakhya sarkkaarumaayi rajaavumaayi charcha cheyyaan kazhinju.
yudhathil sekrattari 1794-1801.
windham ippol pitt sarkkaaril yudhakaarya sekrattariyaayirunnu; athe samayam addehathe oru privy kaunsilaraayi niyamichu. kudiyettakkaarkku" kurachu subsidikal nedaan addehathinu kazhinju, parajayappetta kvibaron paryaveshanathinu kaabinat pinthuna nedi. praayogikamaayi, windham raajakeeyavaadikalumaayi bandhapetta ellah kaaryangaludeyum utharavaaditham svayam etteduthuvenkilum 1796 leeii vasanthakaalath addeham raajaprathinidhikale sahayikkunna enthengilum cheyyaan aagrahikkumbozhellaam mattu vakuppukale nirantharam paraamarshikkendathinte aavasyakathayil niraasanaayathinaal athinte eaka utharavaaditham upekshichu. mattu kaabinat amgangal rajakeeya lakshyathodum borbon punasthaapanathodumulla thante aaveshathil pankucherunnillennu addeham manassilakki.
1795 avasaanathode fraansumaayi samadhana charchakal nadatthaan sarkkar theerumaanikkukayum nirnnayaka vijayam kaivarikkunnathuvare charchakale addeham nirantharam athirthirunnuvenkilum france oru republicayi thudarunnathinu oru thadassavum undaakaruthenn windham sammathichu. ennirunnaalum, 1796 oktobarode, windham thante manass maattukayum srimati kreevinu ingane ezhuthukayum cheythu "malmesbury prabhuvinte nindyamaaya embassy vijayikkumennum samadhaanam udanadi anantharafalamaakumennum enikku urappundaayirunnirunne, njaan valarekkalam purathaayirikkanamaayirunnu".
irelandinecholli fitsviliyavum pittum thammilulla tharkkathil, windham fittsviliyathe pinthunaykkukayum ireland bharikkunnathinulla mikacha nayangal sweekarichillengil raajivaykkumennu bheeshanippeduthukayum cheythu. irupakshavum thammilulla madhyasthanaayi windham pravarthichu.
1798leeii airish kalaapathethudarnn, catholica vimochanam thudarumennu vishwasichu windham grettu brittanumaayulla ireland unione pinthunachu. 1801 februvari 7nuu rajaavu catholica vimochanathe veetto cheythathil prathishedhichu raajivachavaril windham ulppedunnu.
ethirppu 1801-1806.
pease oof amiens oppuvachathin thottupinnaale, pradhaanamantri henry aadingtan 1801 october 1 nuu windhaminu ezhuthi "njaan ningale kaanumbol njaan chinthikkunnu...njangal thettaanenn ningalude swantham thathwangalil polum vyakthamallenn enikku ningale thripthippeduthaan kazhiyum ". athe divasam thanne windham addingtoninode ingane marupadi nalkki
chodyamcheyyappedunna nadapadiyekkurichu enikku oru daaranayumilla, pakshe oru kariyarinte thudakkamenna nilayil, eluppathil erangukayum ghattam ghattamayi, pakshe valare vidoora kaalayalavilalla, raajyathe athinte swaathanthryathinaayi oduvil nokkumbol, athu ithinakam pooyi ennu kandethunna oru saahacharyathilekku nayikkum. eee nadapadiyude phalam engane veendedukkappedumennu enikkariyilla; avasaram valareyadhikam cheythekkaam, pakshe, enikku roopappeduthaan kazhiyunna eathu sangalppathinum anusarichu, raajyathin athinte marana praharam labhichu.
1801 november 3 nuu udambadiyude praadhamikangal komansil charcha cheythappol, windham oru prasangam nadatthi, athu oru prasthaavanayude adisthaanathil. dii. harvy, "vaikunnerathinte samvedanam". addington loard hoxbury "thidukkathinteyum balaheenathayudeyum oru nimishathil, eee udambadiyil maarakamaayi kaivekkukayum avarude raajyathinte maranavaarantil oppuvaykkukayum cheythu". avar athinu oru praharam nalki, athinte keezhil athu kurachu varshathekku thalarnnekkaam, pakshe athil ninnu engane veendedukkaan kazhiyumennu njaan sangalppikkunnilla. times" anusarichu windham shree. emm. aarr. aarr. aaa benchil irunnu. misttaril ninnu verpirinjathinu sheshamaan burk eppozhum samsaarichirunnath. kurukkanum oru nireekshakanum paranju, thaan samsaarichath "barkkinte prethattheppole" aanennu. oru samakaalikan paranju, barkkinte prachodanamillaathe windhaminu bhraanthundaayirunnu. amiens samaadhaanathinidayil chaals jaims phoox france sandarshichappol addeham nepolian bonapartumaayi (1802 septambar 23 nuu) samsaarichu. windhaminte "kazhivukal saadhaaranamaanennum thaan oru nishkalankanum thathwanjaanamillaathavanum" thaan vishwasikkunnuvennu nepolian paranju. kurukkan udan thanne windhamine prathirodhichu, ennaal nepolian prathikarichu "pothu samvaadam maathram ariyaavunna ningalkk ithu eluppamaanu. pakshe enne sambandhichidatholam, avaneyum ente jeevan rakshikkaan orumichu shramicha aaa kuttyeyum njaan verukkunnu. matellaa engleeshukaareyum pole misttar pittum misttar windham rahasya vadham enna aashayathil ninnu bheethiyode churungumennu" phoox nepoliyanu urappu nalki.
1802 juunil norvichu thiranjeduppil windham paraajayappettappol, konvaalile sent mavs pokkatt baroik oru seett addehathinu labhichu. 1804 meyy maasathil kurukkane ozhivaakkiyath raajyathe bheeshanippeduthunna apakadangale neridaan paryapthamaaya sakthamaaya oru bharanakoodatthinte roopeekaranathe thadanjuvennum pitt nirddeshicha nadapadikalkku addeham pothuvaaya ethirppu prakadippichuvennum paranju addeham pittinte puthiya manthrisabhayil idam nirasichu.
pitt windhamine verukkunnuvennu vilyam haaslittin oru paridhivare nalla adhikaaramundaayirunnu. 1806 januvariyil westminstar aabiyil nadanna pittinte shavasamskara chadangil windham pankedutthilla.
yudhathinum kolanikalkkumulla stettu sekrattari 1806-1807.
1806 februvari 5 nuu windhaminu yudhathinte stettu sekrattariyakaanulla mudrakalum loard grenavilleyude ellah kazhivukaludeyum manthraalayathile kolanikalum labhichu.
sannadhapravarthakar maathram pourasenaye niyanthrikkunnuvennu urappakkaan windham pourasenaykkulla baalat nirthalaakki. sainyathile sevanam ezhu varshamaayi parimithappedutthi sainyathinte recruiting kuravu pariharikkanum addeham aagrahichu. addeham sainikarude vethanam 1 shillingle ninnu 1 aayi uyarthi. 6dii. ezhu varshathinu sesham avar veendum rajisttar cheythaal, pathinaalu varshathinu sesham avar veendum listtucheythittundel 2 shillingukalilekku. pazhaya sainikarkk addeham pension earppeduthi. 1806leeii pariseelana niyamam nadappaakkiyillenkilum irupathinaalu divasathe sainika parisheelanathinaayi prathivarsham 200,000 engleeshukaare nirbandhithamaayi niyamikkaan sarkkaarine adhikaarappeduthi.
1806 novemberil oru pothu thiranjeduppu nadakkukayum windham norphoc kaundiyilekku thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythenkilum harjiyil thiranjeduppu asaadhuvaayi prakhyapikkappettu. pakaram, thaan thiranjedukkappetta nyoo romneyude baroyil addeham irunnu.
ethirppu 1807-1810.
1807ll paarlament pirichuvittappol higam ferrerukalil windhaminu oru seett kandethi. ellaayppozhum cheythathupole, addeham mathaparamaya abhipraaya swaathanthryathe pinthunachu, mathabhraanthiyude ellah pottippurappedalukaleyum thulya sthirathayode addeham ethirthu; athinaal eee bodhyangal manassil vachukondu puthiya manthrimaarude aabhyanthara nadapadikalil chilath addeham amgeekarichu.
1809leeii walcheren paryaveshanatheyum windham ethirthu, pakaram avide ayacha sainyathe "spainilekku ayaykkanamaayirunnu, athinaal boonapart, austriyan bisinesses sthirathaamasamaakkiyappol, kazhinja varsham cheythathupole, ebroyude theerathu aarambikkaan, pakshe muzhuvan franch sena upadveepil ninnu purathaakkaan". 1809 septambaril chaals grake ezhuthiya kathil, vellington speyinil ninnu porchugalilekk thirichayakkappettenkum fransumaayulla samadhaanathinethire windham shabdamuyarthi. raajyathe oru janadhipathyamaakki mattaanulla lokamembaadumulla kaaryangalude pothuvaaya pravanathayodu yojichu nadakkunna munnettangalodulla prathirodhamaan ettavum valia aavasyam" ennum addeham vaadichu.
pazhaya engleesh kaayika enangalkkulla pinthuna.
suvishesha prasthaanatheyum parambaraagatha engleesh kaayika enangale nirodhikkanulla avarude shramatheyum windham ethirthu "kurachu vishayangal prakshobham nadatthi...windham...boxing, bull-biting thudangiya engleeshukaarude parambaraagatha kaayika enangalkkethiraaya puritanical, wilberforsian aakramanathekkaal kooduthal. atharam sanbradaayangale prathirodhikkunnathinaayi paarlamentil windhaminte prasamgangal addehathinte ettavum hridayasparshiyaayathaayi thonnunnu. 1804 november 15nuu pramukha suvisheshakanaaya dhaarmikavaadiyaaya hannaik vilyam wilberfozhs ingane ezhuthi "windhamin enneyumkkaal avarude ellah aashayangalilum parasparam vyathyastharaaya rund purushanmaar apoorvvamaayi maathrame undaayirunnulloo, allengil undaakaamenn njaan sarikkum karuthunnu". prabhukkanmaare gillattinilekku ayakkunnathil wilberfozhs santhushtaraakumennu windham paranju.
thalavera yudhathil franchukaarkkethiraaya britiish vijayathin sesham, 1809 august 17 nuu oru suhruthinu ezhuthiya kathil windham boxing vishayathekkurichu ezhuthi
thalaverayilum vimeyirayilum maidayilum kaanichathupole, athe vikaarangalum vikaarangalum nilanirthunna ellah achaarangaleyum sheelangaleyum niruthsaahappedutthaathe, nammude sainyathinte "thaddesheeya" dheerathayekkurichu naam enthinaanu abhimaanikkunnathu? rund munnira kalikkaaril pankeduttha moovaayiram kaanikalude manassil niranja vikarangal, munpu paranja avasarangalil uyarnna poraalikale prachodippichathinu thulyamaayirunnu. avaa pradarshippikkunna saahacharyamaan vyathyasam varuthunnathu. ... ellah sheelangalilum varggangalilum saahacharyangalilum saahacharyangalilum dheerata kaanapedunnu. ennaal oru tharatthilulla sheelangalum sthaapanangalum athu roopappeduthaanulla pravanatha mattethinekkaal kooduthalaano? sheelangalulla vyakthikalil deerghaayussu ettavum vipareethamaayi kaanapedunnu ennaal chila sheelangal mattullavayekkaal anukoolamalle? dhairyam undaakunnath verum boxingle ninno, marddikkunnathil ninno adikkunnathil ninno allah, marichu atharam reethikalude chinthayilum valarchayilum aaveshabharithamaaya vikaarangalil ninnaan. oru janathayude vinodangal ellaam pasaphik, aanandakaravum sthreethvamullathumaaya swabhaavamullathaano atho avar vaidagdhyathinteyum kaadinyathinteyum thudarchayaaya aadarav aavashyappedunna tharatthilullathaano ennathil oru vyathyasavum undaakille? ennaal eee toppikkukalil kayarumbol, engane nirthanamennu enikkariyilla...
maranam.
1809 juulai 8nuu oru suhruthinte veettil ninnu landanile paal maalilekku madangumbol, contuit streettil oru veedinu theepidikkunnathu windham kandu. addehathinte suhruthu frederic north kathikkondirunna veettil ninnu kurachu vaathilukal akale thaamasikkukayum oru vilayeriya library kaivasham vaykkukayum cheythu. athinaal, rando moonno aalukalude sahaayathode, thee vadakku naattilethunnathinumbu mikka pusthakangalum neekkam cheiyunnathil windham vijayichu. ennirunnaalum, chila bharameriya pusthakangal neekkam cheyyumbol addeham veezhukayum eduppinu parikkelkkukayum cheythu. eduppil oru tumour valarnnathinethudarnnu addehathinu vaidyasahaayam labhichenkilum ithu falapradamalla. 1810 meyy 6 nuu sarjan henry kline oru sasthrakriya anivaaryamaanennu upadeshichu, aarr doctormaaril naalu perum windhamumaayi koodiyaalochicha abhiprayam pankittu. ooppareshanu munbu vishudhagrandham sweekarikkaan windham chila prashnangalilekku pooyi. meyy 17nuu klin sasthrakriya nadathukayum athu vijayakaramaanengilum windham njettalil ninnu karakayaran kazhinjilla. addehathinte avasana vaakkukal doow. juun 3 nuu ratri avane kooduthal sukhakaramaaya oru sthaanathekku maattiya lynne "njaan nandi parayunnu; ithaanu njaan ningalkk nalkunna avasana prashnam. ningal nannayi yuddham cheiyunnu, pakshe athu nadakkilla ". adhikam taamasiyaathe addeham urangukayum bhaaryayude saannidhyathil marikkukayum cheythu. juun 8nuu windhaminte mrithadeham swakaarya shavasamskaarathodoppam felbrigile famili nilavarayilekku kondupoyi. palliyude janala windhaminte vidhava likhithathodukoodiya oru smaaraka pichala sthaapichu
eee kaundiyile felbriginte bahumanappetta vilyam windhaminte oormmaykku vishudham. meyy 14 nuu janicha ooo.ezz. 1750, juun 4 nuu antharichu.ezz. 1810. vilyam vindaaminte eaka makanaayirunnu addeham., saara, roobert lookkinte avashishtam, escover. 1798ll addeham antharicha commador forestinte moonnaamathe makalaaya sesilia vivaham kazhichu; addehathinte nandi aardravumaaya oormmaykkaayi eee smaarakam nirmmikkunnu. irupathiyaaru varshathe kaalayalavil addeham paarlamentil thante vaagdathathayum kazhivukalum kondu svayam verthirichu; samsthaanathe paramonnatha padavikalkku aavarthichu vilikkapettu. addehathinte kaazhchappaadukalum kaunsilukalum addehathinte raajyathinte sambathu vardhippikkunnathinkal mahathvam uyarthunnathilekku nayikkapettu. ellaattinumupariyaayi, deseeya swabhaavathe kalankappeduthaathe samrakshikkaan addeham utsukanaayirunnu, koodaathe aaa swabhaavavumaayi deerghakaalamaayi bandhappettirunna deseeya achaarangal polum. oru raashtrathanthranjanenna nilayil, dhairyam uyarthanum sukhasoukaryangal mechappeduthaanum oru sainikante thozhil mechappeduthaanum addeham parishramichu oru vyakthiyenna nilayil, ettavum vaidagdhyamullathum prabudhavumaaya manassine soochippikkunna aaa gunangalude oru maathruka addeham pradharshippichu. thurannuparayunnathum udaaravum, nissahaayarum, dheeran, anukambayullavanum, bhakthanumaaya addeham, abhipraayathil ettavum vyathyastharayavar polum addehathe valareyadhikam bahumaanichirunnu, addehathinte jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum rashtreeya tharkkathil kadannupoyi, addehathinte paramadhikaariyudeyum raajyathinteyum aathmaarthavum ayogyavumaaya khedam addehathodoppam shavakudeerathilethi.
paarambaryamaayi.
wig thathwachinthakanaaya edmund burk windhamine valareyadhikam swaadheenichu, barkkinte vaakkukale "ellah nanmayudeyum uravidam" ennu visheshippichu. holland prabhuvaya kurukkan wig, barkkine "thante vigrahaaraadhanayude mahanaaya devan" aayi kanakkakki.
saamuval jonson addehavumaayi samsaarichathin sesham windhaminecurich paranju "saahithyathinte mekhalakalilekku madangivarunnathuvare enikku atharam sambhashanam inii undaakilla; avide windham undu, ['cheria theekalil chandran.'hooras', allengil 'njaan. xii. 46.].
1800 maarchil windhamine kandumuttya sesham sarr jaims mckintosh oru suhruthinu ezhuthi "addehathinte sambhashanam ardhavum arivum utsaahavum niranjathum addehathinte perumaattam valare soumyavumaanu. thulya utsaahathodeyum janaadhipathyavaadikalodum thathwachinthakarumaayum thulyamaaya veruppodeyum njangal samsaarichu. windhaminte maranathekkurichu ketta mckintosh paranju "windhaminu samvaadathil vivechanaadhikaaram undaayirunnengil, allengil perumaattatthil sheriden undaayirunnengil, avar avarude praayam bharikkumaayirunnu".
sarr nathaniel vilyam raxal avakaashappettath windham
...nammude kaalath naam kandittulla ettavum pragatbharaaya prabhashakaril oralum vyakthikalum...addehathinte vyakthithvam manoharavum gambheeravum savisheshavumaayirunnu; melinjathum ennaal alpamaayirunnilla. addehathinte mukhabhaavathinte varikal vasoorinte naashanashtangal pradharshippichenkilum, avaa aanandakaramaayirunnu, athmaavum budhiyum kalarnna aanimeshan swabhaavam nilanirtthi. addehathinte muzhuvan roopathinum mukalil prakrithi oru manassine erinjirunnu. addehathinte perumaattam addehathinte baahyaroopavumaayi poruthappedukayum addehathinte sambhashanam valare valarnnuvanna daaranayude nidhikal pradarshippikkukayum cheythu. pouraswaathanthryathodulla addehathinte snehathil theekshnatha, aaa anugraham samrakshikkunnathinaayi, hampdon allengil sidney pole addeham santhoshathode thante raktham choriyumennu njaan vishwasikkunnu; addeham aaraadhichirunnath bharanaghadanaa swaathanthryamaayirunnu, allathe oru republican parimithamaaya raajavaazhchaasamghathil ninnulla apraayogikamaaya vimochanavumalla...windhaminu chila saamyangal undaayirunnu ennathil samshayamilla; "addehathinte" tholil barkkinte aavaranathil ninnu erangiyathaayi parayappedaam...ennirunnaalum, praayogika jeevithathekkaal oohakkachavadavumaayi kooduthal poruthappedunnathaayi enikku ellaayppozhum thonniya windhaminte kazhivukal, avar thilakkamaarnnathum vaividhyapoornavumaayirunnu.
windhaminecurich henry brogum paranju
...ettavum theekshnavum ennaal amoorthavumaaya vivaranathinte sajeevamaaya buddhi, sookshumamaaya nyaayavaadatthinulla oru vazhithirivu... aksharangalulla aalukalumaayum kalakaaranmaarumaayum raashtreeyakkaarumaayum parichayam...ekapaksheeyamaaya oru bhaavaprakadanam-ellaam eee sradheyanaaya vyakthiye thilangaan praapthanakki... [ennaal] addeham palappozhum swantham chaathuryatthinte vanchakanaayirunnu; athu addehathe samshayathilum santhulithaavasthayilum athichu... ayaalude swabhaavam... oru yadhaartha chinthakano nadano ennathinekkaal oru aaraadhakanallengilum oru anuyayiyaayirikkanam... athanusarichu, aadyam jonson svakaaryamaayum pinneedu rashtreeya kaaryangalil muzhukiyum addeham aaraadhicha devathakalaayirunnu.
1841ll thaan ezhuthiya vaaran hustingukalekkurichulla thante lekhanathil wing charitrakaaranaaya thomas mccolle windhamine prashamsichu "avide, barkkil shradhaapoorvvam annukal urappichukondu, aaa kaalaghattatthile ettavum mikacha maanyan prathyakshappettu, oro purusha vyayaamavum vikasippichedutha addehathinte roopam, budhiyum athmaavum kondu addehathinte mukham thilangunnu, samarthanum dheeran uyarnna athmaavumulla windham".
1913ll windhaminte prabandhangal edittu cheytha loard rosberry, windham ingane paranju
...addehathinte allengil orupakshe ekkaalatheyum mikacha engleesh maanyan. addeham elisabathinte mahathaaya naalukalil jeevichirunnenkil, avalude bharanathile naayakanmaril oraalaayirunnene...addeham oru raashtrathanthranjanum, prabhashakanum, ganithashaasthranjanum, pandithanum, thante kaalathe ettavum aakarshakamaaya prabhaashakanumaayirunnu...vaakkinte ettavum uyarnna ardhathil, velicham, buddhi, anthass enniva niranja, snehikkappedukayum vilapikkukayum cheytha oru manyanaaya maanyan. palappozhum sambhavikkunnathupole, addehathinte ettavum mikacha gunangal erekkure amithamaayi kondupoyi ennathil samshayamilla; thante vilamathikkappedunna swaathanthryathaal addeham ottappedalinulla rogaavasthayillaatha oru aagraham janippichu. ennaal pothukaaryangalil anishchithathvathinte utharavaaditham vahikkunna addeham arochakanayirunnilla; addeham ellaayppozhum thante vishwaasathodu sathyasandhanaayirunnu. ennaal addeham thante yajamananmare nannayi thiranjedutthu, johnson burk; oraal addehathinu thante mathavum matteyaalkk rashtreeya vishwaasavum nalki. jeevithathil addeham midukkanum vijayavumaayirunnu. prasamgatthilum paarlamentilum samoohathilum addeham erekkure paramonnathanaayirunnu. ennaal addeham athijeevichuvennu parayaan prayaasamaan. addeham staambo schoolo jolio avasheshippichilla. ennirunnaalum, thante oormmaye vichedikkaan sradhikkunnavarkku addeham swabhaavavum mikavinte gunangalum prakadippikkunnu, ellaayppozhum apoorvavum ivayil apoorvavumaanu.
eph. pii. asaadhaaranamaaya boudhika sammaanangaludeyum valia vyakthiparamaaya aakarshanathinteyum norphoc square ennaanu loock windhamine visheshippichathu. addehathinte valia parajayam vittumaaraatha anishchithathvamaayirunnu. booid hilton paranju, "midukkarum ennaal dheerarumaaya valathupaksha raashtreeyakkaarude nirayil aadyathethu windhaamaayirunnu-lindhurst, randolf charchil, eph. iii. smith-samavaayathin valare akale pravarthichayaal falapradamaanu. addehathinu thilangunna vyakthithvavum rashtreeya bodhyangalum undaayirunnu, avaa addehathinte pandithochithavum vivechanaatheethavumaaya swabhaavasavisheshathakale nishedhikkukayum cheythu, pakshe addehathinu vidhinyaayamillatheyum vishaadaparamaaya asthirathayude oru parambarayum undaayirunnu.
kaanadayile ontaariyoyile richmond kunnile nashtappetta aadyakaala kugramamaaya windhaminu windhaminte peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath.

