
thomas puthumukhangal

 
1712-ll aadyathe praayogika indhana-kathikkal enchinaaya anthareeksha enchin srishticha oru engleesh kandupiduthakkaaranaayirunu thomas nyookamman (; februvari 1664-august 5,1729). addeham vyaapaarathil oru irumbu nirmmathaavum oru snapanakkaaranum aayirunnu.
englandile devon enna sthalathulla dartmouthil oru vyapara kudumbatthil janicha addeham sent. 1664 februvari 28-nuu kalkari, tinn khanikalil vellapokkam undaayirunnathu oru pradhana prashnamaayirunnu. atharam khanikalil ninnu vellam pump cheiyunnathinulla vazhikal mechappeduthaanulla shramathil puthumukhangal taamasiyaathe earppettu. khanana vyavasaayathinaayi upakaranangal roopakalppana cheiyunnathilum nirmmikkunnathilum vilkkunnathilum addehathinte irumbu kachavadakkaarante bisinesses prathyekathayullathaayirunnu. 
mathaparamaya jeevitam.
thomas nyookamman oru saadhaarana prasangakanum praadeshika baptist sabhayile adthyaapakanaaya mooppanum aayirunnu. 1710 nuu sesham addeham oru praadeshika snaapanasamghathinte paastaraayi. prashastha purittan mantri joonn flaveline daartmouthilekku konduvanna oru samghathil oraalaayirunnu addehathinte pithaav. pinneedu landanile puthumukhangalude bisinesses bandhangaliloralaaya edward valin, southu vaarkkile horsledownile prashastha doctor joonn gillumaayi bandhamundaayirunna mattoru snapana manthriyaayirunnu. bromsgrovile snapana sabhayumaayulla puthumukhangalude bandham enchineeyarmaaraaya jonathan honblover sr enna nilayil addehathinte neeravi enchininte vyaapanathe bhouthikamaayi sahayichu. addehathinte makan ithe palliyil ulppettirunnu.
anthareeksha enchin vikasippikkuka.
1712ll vikasippichedutha addehathinte neeravi enchinaanu puthumukhangalude valia nettam; thomas savery, denis pappin ennivayude ashayangal samyojippichu addeham oru tinn khaniyil ninnu vellam uyarthunnathinaayi oru neeravi enchin srishtichu. puthumukhangalkk ithinakam thanne sevariyumaayi parichayamundayirunnathaayi karuthappedunnu, avarude mungaamikal southu devonile vyaapaarikalaayirunnu. rogikalum murivetta naavikarumayulla kammeeshanarmaarude oru tasthikayum saaverikkundaayirunnu, athu addehathe daartmouthilekku kondupoyi. oru tharam thermic siphon enna "fayar enchin" saveri aavishkarichirunnu, athil neeravi oru shoonyamaaya kandeynaril praveshippikkukayum pinneedu ghaneebhavippikkukayum cheythu. angane srishticha vaakvam khaniyude thaazheyulla kuttippuratthu ninnu vellam kudikkaan upayogichirunnu. fayar enchin" valare phalapradamaayirunnilla, ekadesham muppath adii parimithamaaya azhathinappuram pravartthikkaan kazhinjilla.
paappinte roopakalppanaye adisthaanamaakki pisttan adangiya oru silindar upayogichu sweekarikkunna paathratthinu (neeravi ghaneebhavicha) pakaram puthumukhangal vannu. vellathil vaakvam droying cheiyunnathinupakaram, athu pisttanine thaazhekku valichu. oru beam enchin pravarthippikkaan ithu upayogichirunnu, athil oru valia thadi beam oru kendra falkramil kulungi. beam maruvashathu khaniyude adithattil oru pambil gadippichirikkunna oru shringhala undaayirunnu. neeravi silindaril neeravi nirachu adutha power strockinaayi thayyaaraakkiyappol, vellam pump silindarilekku valichedukkukayum yanthrangalude bharam kondu uparithalathilekku oru paippilekku puranthallukayum cheythu. puthumukhavum addehathinte pankaliyaaya joonn kaaliyum chernnu padinjaaran midu landile dadlikkaduthulla connigrig kalkkarippaadangalil itharathilulla aadyathe vijayakaramaya enchin nirmmichu. eee enchininte pravarthanaparamaaya oru pakarpp aduthulla black kantri leaving myoosiyathil kaanam.
pinneedulla jeevithavum maranavum.
puthumukhangalude pilkkala jeevithathekkurichu thaarathamyena valare kurachu maathrame ariyoo. 1715 nuu sesham 'theekondu vellam uyarthunnathinulla kandupiduthathinte udamakal' enna incorporate cheyyaatha oru kambaniyiloodeyaanu enchin karyangal nadathiyathu. landanile sosaitti oof appothakkarikalude clerkaaya joonn meras aayirunnu athinte secretory treasurer. naavikasenaykku marunnukal vitharanam cheiyunnathil kuthakayulla oru kambani aaa sosaitti roopeekarichu, athu rakshaakarthruthvavumaayi adutha bandham nalkunnu, avarude ishtathinu addeham saakshyam vahichu. udamastharude samithiyil sweedish vamshajanaan edward valin enna snapakan southu vaarkkile mess kulatthile oru palliyude paastarum ulppettirunnu. 1729-ll vaalinte veettil vachu puthumukhangal marikkukayum lunden nagaratthinte praanthapradeshathulla banhil fiields shmashaanathil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu; addehathinte shavakudeeram evideyaanennu krithyamaayi ariyilla.
1733 aayappozhekkum, sevariyude pettantinu keezhil pravartthikkunna 125 oolam puthumukha enchinukal (1733 vare kaalavadhi avasaanikkaathathinaal niyamaprakaaram vipuleekarichu), brittanileyum europe bhookhandathileyum mikka pradhana khanana jillakalilum puthumukhangalum mattullavarum sthaapichu karutha rajyath vaarvikshayarilum nyookaasttilinum sameepam tainilum kalkari khanikal vattikkunnu; konvaalile tinn, chembu khanikalil; mattu sthalangalkkoppam flinsireileyum dershareileyum leed khanikalil.
puthumukhangalkk sesham.
ekadesham 75 varshatholam bhauthika maattamillathe puthiya enchin athinte sthaanam nilanirtthi, kramena yukeyudeyum europinteyum pradhana bhoopradeshathilekkum vyaapichu. thudakkathil pichala silindarukal upayogichirunnuvenkilum iva vilayeriyathum valippathil parimithavumaayirunnu. 1720kalil colbrookdale kambani thudakkamitta puthiya irumbu casting saankethikavidyakal 1760kalode ekadesham 6 adii (1.8 meter) vyaasamulla valia silindarukal upayogikkaan anuvadichu. anubhavam mechappetta nirmmaanathilekkum leauttil cheria parishkkaranangalilekkum nayichu. 1770-kalude thudakkathil itharathilulla niravadhi valia enchinukal nirmmicha joonn smeettan athinte mechanical vishadaamshangal valareyadhikam mechappeduthi; addehathinte mechappeduthalukal athivegam sweekarichu. 1775 aayappozhekkum 600 oolam puthumukha enchinukal nirmikkappettu, ennirunnaalum ivayil palathum athinumumbu theernnupoyi, upekshikkappedukayo maattisthaapikkappedukayo cheythu.
pathinettaam noottaandinte thudakkathil enchiniyaring, metteeriyal teknikkukal pinthunaykkaan kazhiyunnathra sankeernamaayirikkaamenkame puthumukha enchin oru tharatthilum kaaryakshamamaya oru yanthramaayirunnilla. neeravi ghaneebhavikkumbol valareyadhikam choodu nashtappettu, kaaranam ithu silindarine thanuppichu. wilkan kazhiyaatha cheria kalkari (mandagathiyilulla) labhyamaya oru kolariyile ithu anaavashyamaayi prasnamaayilla, ennaal konvaalilennapole kalkari eluppathil labhyamallaatha khanana chelavu ganyamaayi vardhippichu. 1775 nuu sesham kalkari chelaveria pradeshangalil (prathyekichu konvaalukalil) puthiya enchin kramena jaims vaatt kandupidicha mechappetta roopakalppana upayogichu maatti, athil neeravi oru prathyeka kandansaril ghaneebhavippichu. vilkkinsante boaring mesheen ulppedeyulla mikacha enchiniyaring saankethikavidyakalude sahaayathode vaatt steem enchin kooduthal indhanakshamathayullathaayirunnu, ithu vaattineyum addehathinte pankaliyaaya maatteev boltonineyum laabhikkunna indhanathe adisthaanamaakki ganyamaaya royaltti shekharikkaan praapthamakki.
vaatt pinneedu double-acting enchin ulppede mattu mechappeduthalukal nadatthi, avide mukalilekkum thaazhekkumulla strockukal power strokkukalaayirunnu. iva prathyekichum tekstail millukal oodikkaan anuyojyamaayirunnu, koodaathe eee vyavasayangalil niravadhi vaatt enchinukal upayogichirunnu. puthiya enchinukal yanthrangal oodikkunnathinulla aadya sramangalil sammishra vijayam nedi, kaaranam single power strock oru virayal chalanam srishtichu, ennaal flyveelukaludeyum mikacha enchineeyaringinteyum upayogam eee prashnangale marikadannu. 1800 aayappozhekkum noorukanakkinu vaatt ithara rottari enchinukal nirmikkappettu, prathyekichu kramarahithamaya chalanathinu prashnamallaatha kolarikalilum irumbupanikalkkum tekstail millukalilum.
vaattinte mechappeduthalukal undaayirunnittum, saadhaarana enchinukal (avaa annu ariyappettirunnathupole) ganyamaaya samayathekku upayogathil thudarnnu, vaattinte pettant kaalayalavil (1800 vare) vaattinekkaal puthumukha enchinukal nirmikkappettu, kaaranam avaa vilakuranjathum sankeernamallaathathumaayinu. pathinettaam noottaandil nirmmicha 2,200-ladhikam enchinukalil 450 ennam maathramaan vaatt enchinukal. vaattinte roopakalppanayude gadakangal, prathyekichu prathyeka kandansar, pala "pairett" enchinukalilum ulppeduthiyittundu. 1800 puthiya tharam enchinukal nirmmikkunnath thudarukayum ivayil pathivayi kandansarukal cherkkukayum cheythu. nilavilulla puthumukha enchinukal ("achaar-pottu" kandansar ennu vilikkappedunna) avaa saadhaaranayaayi retro-phitt cheythavayaayirunnu.
athijeevikkunna puthumukha enchinukal.
landanile sayans myusiyathilum englandile foord myusiyathilum, mishigan yuu. ezz., dearbone ennividangalilum puthumukha enchinukalude udaaharanangalund.
1964ll landanile puthumukha sosaitti warwickshareile hoxbury junctionil oru puthumukha enchin daartmouthilekku maattaan krameekarichu, avide steem boyilarinu pakaram hydrolic krameekaranam upayogichu ithu pravartthikkunnathu kaanam. parayunnathanusarichu doow. puthiya samoohathile siril bouchar, eee puthumukha smaaraka enchin ekadesham 1725 muthal, puthiya valve gear mattu bhaagangalum pinneedu chertthu.
orupakshe vaanijyaparamaayi upayogikkunna avasaanathe puthumukha shailiyilulla enchin-avasaanatheth ippozhum athinte yadhaartha saittil avasheshikkunnu-southu yorkshareile baarnsleykkaduthulla elsekar heritteju centarilaayirikkaam. 2012 num 2015 num idayil ithu pravartthana nilayilekku punasthaapichu, naveekaricha enchin 2016 meyy maasathil vesexinte erl rajakumaran edward anaachaadanam cheythu. pravarthikkunnathaayi kaanikkavunna mattoru puthumukha enchin vestt midu landsile dudleyile black kantri myoosiyathile aadhunika replica enchinaanu. dartmouthile puthumukha smaaraka enchin chalikkunnath kaanaan kazhiyum, pakshe hydrolics aanu ithu pravarthippikkunnathu.
amgeekaaram.
2012 februvari 23nuu royal meyil athinte "brittans oof disttinshan" parambarayude bhaagamaayi puthumukhangalude anthareeksha neeravi enchin ulkkollunna oru staambu puratthirakki.