
biostratigraphy

paarakkettukalude akathulla phoosil asamblikal upayogichu avayude aapekshika praayangal nirnnayikkunnathilum avayumaayi bandhappeduthunnathilum shradha kendreekarikkunna straattigraafiyude shaakhayaanu biostratigraphy. oru bhoomishaasthra vibhaagathile oru prathyeka chakravaalam mattoru vibhaagathile mattoru chakravaalam prathinidheekarikkunna athe kaalayalav prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu theliyikkunna "parasparabandham" aanu biostrattigraphy praadhamika lakshyam. eee stharangalkkullile fossilukal upayogapradamaanu, kaaranam avashishta paristhithiyile praadeshika vyathiyanangal kaaranam ore praayathilulla avashishtangalkk thikachum vyathyasthamayi kaananakum. udaaharanathinu, oru bhagam kalimannum maarlukalum kondu nirmmichirikkaam, mattonnil kooduthal chokki chunnaambukallukalundu. ennirunnaalum, rekhappeduthiyittulla phoosil enangal samaanamaanengil, rund avashishtangalum ore samayathaan sthaapikkappettirikku. adisthaana biostratigraphy unitukal nirmmikkunnathukondum oro vibhaagathilum kaanapedunna phoosil speesheesukale adisthaanamaakki bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayaparidhikal nirvachikkunnathinaalum biosonukale thirichariyaan sahaayikkunnathin eee fossilukal upayogikkunnu.
1800kalude thudakkathil thanne biostratigraphic thathwangalude adisthaana ashayangal niravadhi noottaandukalkku munbu avatharippikkappettu. nicolas steno enna danish shaasthranjanum bishop paara paalikal superposition niyamavumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave thiricharinja aadyathe jiyolajistukalil oraalaan. shaasthra saankethikavidyayile purogathikkoppam, pathinettaam noottaandode, marichupoya jeevajalangal avasheshikkunna fossilukal paara recordinullil samrakshikkappettuvennu amgeekarikkaan thudangi. chaals darvin athinte pinnile samvidaanam-parinamam vishadeekarikkunnathinu munbu eee reethi nannayi sthaapithamaayirunnu. vilyam smith, jorjju kuviyar, alexander brongnier ennee shaasthranjar fossilukal pinneedu kaalanukramaparamaaya sambhavangalude oru parambaraye soochippikkunnuvennum paaranirakalude paalikal orutharam unitaayi sthaapikkukayum pinneedu biosone ennu vilikkappedukayum cheythuvennum nigamanatthiletthi. ivide ninnu, shaasthranjar vividha bhoomishaasthra kaalaghattangalumaayi stharangalileyum jaivamekhalakalileyum maattangale bandhappedutthaan thudangi, pradhana janthujaalangalude mattangalkkullil athirthikalum kaalaparidhikalum sthaapichu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathode eee kandethalukal kaaranam cambrian, carboniferous kaalaghattangal anthaaraashtra thalatthil amgeekarikkappettu. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, saankethikavidyayile purogathi shaasthranjarkku radio active kshayam padikkaanulla kazhivu nalki. eee reethishaasthram upayogichu, radio active kshayathiloode fosilukalkkullil kaanapedunna isodoppukaliloode bhoomishaasthraparamaaya samayam, vividha kaalaghattangalude (paleosoic, mesosoic, senosoic) athirthikal, kaalaghattangal (cambrian, oordovishiyan, silurian) enniva sthaapikkaan shaasthranjarkku kazhinju. 21-aamm noottaandile biostrattigraphy upayogangalil paara paalikalkkulla praayathekkurichulla vyaakhyaanangal ulppedunnu, avaa praadhamikamaayi enna, vathaka vyavasaayangal workflokal thurathunnathinum vibhavangal anuvadikkunnathinum upayogikkunnu.
straattigraaphik upavibhaagathinte adisthaanamaayi fossilukal.
parambaraagathamaayi phoosil asamblikal upayogichathu kaalaghattangalude dairkhyam nirnnayikkaanaan. aadyakaala straattigraafarmaare oru puthiya kaalaghattam srishtikkaan janthujaalangalil valia maattam aavasyamullathinaal, innu naam thirichariyunna mikka kaalaghattangalum oru valia vamshanasha sambhavamo janthujaalangalude vittuvaravo moolam avasaanikkunnu.
steju enna ashayam.
oro ghattavum fosilukalude savisheshamaaya samyojanam vahikkunna oro ghattavum chittayayi parasparam pinthudarunna oru pradhana upavibhagamaanu. athinaal, ore pradhana phoosil asamblikal adangiya oru koottam straattakalaayi ghattangale nirvachikkaam. franch paleantologist alside dii oorbigniyaanu eee ashayam kandupidichathinte bahumati. prathyekamaayi paaranirakalude nalla bhaagangalulla bhoomishaasthraparamaaya pradeshangalude perilaanu addeham ghattangalkk perittathu, avaa gattangal adisthaanamaakkiyulla savisheshamaaya fossilukal vahikkunnu.
mekhala enna ashayam.
1856-ll jarmman paleantologist albert opel soonn enna ashayam avatharippichu (biosoneukal allengil opel soonn ennum ariyappedunnu). fosilukalude overlapping shreni savisheshathayulla oru sonil straatta ulppedunnu. mekhalayude adithattil thiranjeduttha speesheesukalude roopathinum adutha adutha mekhalayude adithattil thiranjeduttha mattu speesheesukalude roopathinum edayilulla samayathe avaa prathinidheekarikkunnu. indux phoosil ennu vilikkunna oru prathyeka phoosil inathinte perilaanu ooppel sonukal ariyappedunnathu. eee mekhalayude savisheshathakalaaya enangalude koottatthil ninnulla enangalilonnaanu soochika fossilukal.
biostratigraphy alavinte ettavum adisthaana unitinaayi sonukal upayogikkunnu. eee mekhalakalude kanavum vyapthiyum eathaanum meter, noorukanakkinu meter vare aakam. avaa praadeshikam muthal lokamembaadum vare aakam, kaaranam thirashcheena thalatthil avaykku ethaan kazhiyunna vyaapthi tectonic plettukaleyum tectonic pravartthanatheyum aasrayichirikkunnu. eee mekhalakalude shrenikal maranullah apakadasaadhyatha nilanirthunna rund tectonic prakriyakal metamorphic folding subductionumaanu. koodaathe, biostratigraphic unitukale aarr pradhana tharam bio sonukalaayi thirichirikkunnu taxon rench biosone, kankarant rench biosone, interwell biosone, vamshavali biosone, asamblej biosone, samriddhi biosone.
taxon rench biosone orotta taxoninte ariyappedunna straattigraaphik, bhoomishaasthraparamaaya sreniye prathinidheekarikkunnu. kankarant rench biosonil rund nirddishta varggangalude shreniyude kankarant, konsidant allengil overlapping bhagam ulppedunnu. edavela biosonukalil rund nirddishta biostratigraphic prathalangalkkidayilulla stharangal ulppedunnu, avaa ettavum thaazhnnatho uyarnnatho aaya sambhavangale adisthaanamaakkiyukaallathaayir. parinamaparamaaya oru vamshathinte oru prathyeka vibhaagathe prathinidheekarikkunna speesheesukal adangiya stharangalaan vamshavali jaivamekhalakal. moonno athiladhikamo varggangalude savisheshamaaya bandham adangiyirikkunna stharangalaan asamblej biosoneukal. oru prathyeka taxoninteo taxa groupinteyo samriddhi sekshante aduthulla bhaagathekkaal ganyamaayi kooduthalulla stharangalaan samriddhamaaya biosoneukal.
soochika fossilukal.
soochika fossilukal (guide fossilukal, indikkettar fossilukal allengil dating fossilukal ennum ariyappedunnu) oru prathyeka bhoogarbha kaalatthinteyo paristhithiyudeyo savisheshathayulla prathyeka sasyangaludeyo mrugangaludeyo phoosil avashishtangalo adayaalangalo aanu, avaa adangiyirikkunna parakal thirichariyaanum theeyathi nischayikkaanum upayogikkaam. praayogikamaakanamenkil, soochika phosilukalkku parimithamaaya lamba samayaparidhi, vishalamaaya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya vitharanam, drutha parinaama pravanathakal enniva undaayirikkanam. valia doorangalaal verthirikkapettathum ennaal ore soochika phoosil speesheesukal adangiyathumaaya paara roopeekaranangal, eee speesheesukal jeevichirunna parimithamaaya samayathaan roopappettathennu ariyappedunnu.
soochika fossilukal yadhaarthathil bhoomishaasthra unitukale nirvachikkanum thirichariyaanum upayogichirunnu, pinneedu bhoomishaasthra kaalaghattangale nirvachikkunnathinum pinneedu janthujaalangalude gattangalkkum mekhalakalkkum oru adisthaanamaayi maari.
amoniteukal, graptolyteukal, archaeocythidukal, incoseramidukal, trilobiteukal enniva biostratigraphyl vyaapakamaayi upayogikkunna soochika fosilukalaayi thiricharinja mrugangalude koottamaanu. akrithaarkkukal, chittinosovukal, konodondukal, denophlagelet sisttukal, austraakkodukal, koombola, beejaanukkal, foraaminiferaanukal thudangiya microphosilukalude enangalum pathivayi upayogikkunnu. vyathyastha fossilukal vyathyastha praayathilulla avashishtangalkk nannayi pravartthikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, thrilobaittukal cambrian kaalaghattatthile avashishtangalkk prathyekichum upayogapradamaanu. amonite, incoseramid enangalude oru neenda parambara avasaanathe kreeteshyasinte suuppar-greenhousil lokamembaadumulla paaristhithika sambhavangalumayi bandhappeduthunnathinu prathyekichum upayogapradamaanu.
nannayi pravartthikkaan, upayogikkunna fossilukal bhoomishaasthraparamaayi vyaapakamaayirikkanam, angane avaa pala sthalangalilum kandethanakum. avaa oru inamenna nilayil hraswakaalamaayirikkanam, athinaal avaye avashishtathil ulppeduthaan kazhiyunna kaalayalav thaarathamyena idungiyathaanu. jeevivarggangal kooduthal kaalam jeevichathinaal, straattigraaphik krithyatha kuravaayathinaal amoniteukal polulla athivegam vikasikkunna fossilukal notiloyidukal pole valare pathukke vikasikkunna roopangalekkaal eshtappedunnu.
palappozhum biostratigraphic parasparabandhangal oru vyakthigatha inathekkaal oru janthujaalangalude samyojanathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu-ithu kooduthal krithyatha anuvadikkunnu, kaaranam samyojanathile ellah jeevajaalangalum orumichu nilaninnirunna samayaparidhi eathenkilum amgangalude samayaparidhiyekkaal idungiyathaanu. koodaathe, oru saambilil oru jeevivarggam maathrame ulloovenkil, onnukil (1) aaa jeeviyude ariyappedunna phoosil sreniyilaanu stharangal roopappettathu; allengil (2) jeeviyude phoosil shreni apoornnamaayi ariyappettirunnuvennum, stharangal ariyappedunna phoosil paridhi vipuleekarikkunnu ennum ardhamaakkaam. udaaharanathinu, cambrian kaalaghattatthinte adithara nirvachikkaan trapetichnus pedam enna trace phoosil upayogichirunnuvenkilum athinusesham ithu pazhaya stharangalil kandethi. phoosil samrakshikkaan eluppavum thirichariyaan eluppavumaanengil, straattigraaphik paalikalekkurichu kooduthal krithyamaaya samayam kanakkakkaan kazhiyum.
janthujaalangalude pinthudarcha.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil vilyam smith aanu janthujaalangalude pinthudarcha enna ashayam sidhaanthamaakkiyathu. vilyam paarathalangal padikkumbol paarayude puramthallalukalil savisheshamaaya fosilukalude shekharam undennu addeham thirichariyaan thudangi. eee vidoora paarakalude puramthallalil samanamaaya fossilukal adangiyirikkunnu enna ashayam englandiludaneelam paara roopeekaranangal krameekarikkaan smithine anuvadichu. eee paarakalude puramthallalukaleyum englandinu chuttumulla bhoopadatheyum kurichulla smithinte pravarthanangaliloodeyum, chila paarakkettukalil kooduthalum samanamaaya enangal adangiyirikkaamennu addeham shradhikkaan thudangi, ennirunnaalum eee phoosil grouppukalkkullil allengil avaa thammil sookshumamaaya vyathyaasangalum undaayirunnu. thudakkathil samaanamaayi thonniya koottangalile eee vyathyasam, phoosil jeevikal parasparam oru nischithavum nirnnayakavumaaya kramatthil vijayikkunna janthujaalangalude pinthudarchayude thathwathilekku nayikkunnu, athinaal eathu samaya kaalayalavineyum athinte phoosil vyaapthi anusarichu tharamthirikkaam.

