
coraliver

pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkunna oru mrugamaanu pavizhapputt. pavizhapputtukalude samriddhi, vitharanam, saamoohika ghadana ennivaye swaadheenikkaan kazhiyunnathinaal pavizhapputtukalude oru pradhana koottamaanu pavizhapputukal. vaividhyamaarnna athulyamaaya poruthappedutthalukalum thanthrangalum upayogichu pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkunnu. chila molaskkukal, aanalidukal, malsyangal, crustatians, phlait vemukal, ekkinodermukal enniva pavizhapputtukalayi ariyappedunna mrugangalil ulppedunnu. 1842ll echms beegilil nadatthiya yaathrayil rund "scarcus" thatha malsyangalude vayattil pavizhapputt kandethiya chaals darvin aanu pavizhapputtinte aadyathe rekhappeduthiya thelivukal avatharippichathu.
charithram.
1842-ll cocos (keeling) dveepukal sandarshikkumbol, dveepukalil thamasikkunna oru engleeshukaaran chaals darvinode, poornnamaayum pavizhapputtil nilanilkkunna valia thatha malsyangal undennu paranju. darvin niravadhi thatha malsyangale verthirichedukkukayum avayude vayattil pavizhapputtukalum nannayi podicha kaalsyam vasthukkalum kandethukayum cheythu. chila inam thatha malsyangal pavizhapputukal bhakshikkukayum pavizha asthikoodangalil ninnu sookshumamaaya bhookanangal kadannupokunnathiloode paristhithiyilekku avashishtangal sambhavana cheyyukayum cheiyunnuvennu darvin shariyaayi sidhaantham konduvaraan ithu kaaranamaayi.
1952ll jackwus kosttiyoyaanu pavizhapputukal sajeevamaayi upayogikkunna jeevikalekkurichulla aadya vivaranagal ezhuthukayum deseeya bhoomishaasthrathil prasidheekarikkukayum cheythath. aarvi "calypso" enna kappalil chenkadalilekkulla yaathraykkide, oru jodi pacha humphead thathakalumaayi neenthukayum avaa pathivayi kadikkunnathum avaykku chuttumulla pavizhapputtil velutha paadukal avasheshikkunnathum kausttiyo kaanukayum cheythu. darvineppole, thatha malsyangalude maalinyangalil ulpaadippikkappedukayum kadaltheerathu sthirathaamasamaakkukayum cheiyunna avashishta kanangalum koosttiyo shradhichu. thatha malsyam pavizhapputtukale mithamaaya vegathayil bhakshikkunnathayi koostiyoo shradhikkukayum avaa "thidukkamillathe" kaanapedumennum "kadal pashukkaleppole, kallu mechilppurangalil nokkunnuvennum abhiprayappettu."
pavizhapputtine soochippikkunna "koralam" enna laattin padatthil ninnum-kazhikkukayo bhakshikkukayo ennathinulla "vora" enna vakkil ninnumaanu "coraliver" enna padam vannath.
tharangal.
ariyappedunna pavizhapputukalil ekadesham moonnilonnu nirbandhitha pavizhapputtukalaan, backie naalil moonnu bhaagavum facultative pavizhapputtukalaan. kuranjathu 80 shathamaanamenkilum pavizhapputulla bhakshanakramam palikkuka ennathaanu nirbandhitha pavizhapputtine nirvachichirikkunnathu. caribean ozhikeyulla ellah ushnamekhalaa samudrangalilum nirbandhitha pavizhapputukal kaanapedunnu. bhakshanathinte valiyoru sathamaanam ulkkollathe pavizhapputukal pathivayi kazhikkunna jeevikalaanu facultative pavizhapputtukale nirvachichirikkunnathu.
chila facultative pavizhapputukal, chila damselfish polullava, alga valarchaye prolsaahippikkunnathi pavizhapputukal kazhikkunnuvennu karuthappedunnu. pala facultative pavizhapputtukalum aalgakale meyikkunnu, ithu sthalathinum vibhavangalkkumayi pavizhapputtumayi malsarikkunnu. pavizhapputtukale meikkunnathiloode, ithu aalgakalude valarchaykku mikacha avastha nalkum. aakramanathmakamaaya mechilppaalppaal samoohathe thwarithappeduthiya valarchayude avasthayil nilanirthukayum pathukke valarunna samoohathilekkulla parivartthanatthe phalapradamaayi thadayukayum cheyyum.
bhakshana thanthrangal.
pavizhapputukal kazhikkunnathinulla vyathyastha thanthrangal jeevikal pradarshippikkunnu. bhooribhaagam pavizhapputtukalum kallulla pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkunnu, ennirunnaalum, chila enangal mriduvaaya pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkunnu. ariyappedunna nirbandhitha sophtt pavizhapputukal illa; sophtt pavizhapputukal sophtt pavizhapputtukalude bhakshanathinte oru cheria shathamaanamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. acropora", "posillopora", "montipora", "poraittukal" ennivayaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya pavizhapputukal. vivaricha 111 pavizha janussukalil 18 ennam maathramaan pavizhapputukal kazhikkunnathennu ariyappedunnu.
kapham nalkunnava.
mucus feedarukal pavizha sharkara maathram bhakshikkunnu. pavizhapputukal pathivayi chuttumulla vellathilekku kapham thallunnu, athinaal kapham nalkunnathu pavizhapputtin oru doshavum varuthillennu karuthappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, pavizhapputtil thamasikkunna sookshumajeevikalude samoohangale ithu thadassappeduthumennu theliyikkappettittund. kedupaadukal sambhavikkatha pavizhapputtukalekkaal kooduthal kapham ulppaadippikkunna kedupaadukal sambhavicha pavizhapputtukalkk pala kapham feedarukalum munganana nalkiyittundu.
brouserukal.
brouserukal pavizhatthinte kaalsyam carbonate asthikoodathinu kedupaadukal varuthaathe pavizha koshangale bhakshikkunnu. bhooribhaagam pavizhapputt jeevikalum brouserukalaanu.
scrapperukal.
scrapperukal jeevanulla pavizha koshangaleyum pavizhatthinte kaalsyam carbonate asthikoodathinte cheria bhaagangaleyum upayogikkunnu.
khananakkaar.
excovatorukal jeevanulla pavizha koshangaleyum pavizhatthinte kaalsyam carbonate asthikoodathinte valia bhaagangaleyum upayogikkunnu. ekskavettarukale "spott bittarukal", "focused bittarukal" enningane veendum vibhajikkaam. spott bittarukal oru kolaniyude uparithalathil chitharikkidakkunna kadiyettedukkumbol focus cheytha bittarukal ore pradeshathu aavarthichu kadikkunnu. oru kaalath, thatha malsyathile praadeshikathayude pradarshanamaayi focused kadi karuthappettirunnuvenkum pinneedu athu bhakshanathinaayullathaanenna theerumaanichu. ellaatharam pavizhapputukalil ninnum, valia alavil pavizhapputtukalum asthikoodangalum upayogikkunnathinaal excovatorukal pavizhapputt samoohangalil ettavum valia swaadheenam cheluthumennu karuthappedunnu. koodaathe, khananathil ninnulla kedupaadukal mattu tharatthilulla pavizhapputtukalekkaal bhedamaakkaan ganyamaaya samayamedukkumennu padanangal soochippikkunnu.
bioeroderukal.
bioeroderukal chattha pavizha uparithalathe upayogikkunnu. chattha pavizhapputtukale nasippichukondu pavizhapputt bhooprakrithiye punarnirmikkaan bioeroderukal sahaayikkumenn karuthappedunnu.
prakrithiyil.
ariyappedunna malsya enangalil 3 sathamaanathil thaazhe, krasteshyan vamshathile naalu kudumbangal, gastropodukalude naalu kudumbangal, chila ekkinoderm janussukal enniva pavizhapputtukalayi thiricharinjittundu. ellah ushnamekhalaa reef pradeshangalilum pavizhapputukal kaanapedunnu. ushnamekhalaa kizhakkan pasaphik samudramaanu pavizhapputt jeevikalude ettavum uyarnna anupaathamulla pradesham.
malsyam.
ariyappedunna pavizhapputukalil valiyoru sathamaanam butterfliefishanu; ariyappedunna 128 pavizhapputt malsya enangalil 69 ennam butterflyfishukalaanu. koodaathe, chithrashalabhangalil 50 sathamaanavum pavizhapputtukalaan, ithu pavizhapputtine avarude ettavum saadhaaranamaaya bhakshana reethiyaakkunnu. 11 vyathyastha kudumbangalil ninnulla pavizhapputt malsyangal varunnu. 39 inam pakshivarggangal anivaaryamaan.
pavizhapputtukalude upabhogam sugamamakkunna vaividhyamaarnna poruthappedutthalukal butterflieficin undu. chila chithrashalabhangalkk neelamulla vaayayund, avaa vyakthigatha pavizhapputukal parichedukkaan forespukal pole upayogikkunnu, chilar pavizhapputukal polikkaan pallukal upayogikkunnu. pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkunna butterflieficin pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkaatha malsyangalekkaal neelamulla kudalundu, ithu pavizhapputtukalude sankeernamaaya thanmaathrakale prosess cheyyaan pavizhabhukkukalkk kooduthal samayam aavasyamaanennu soochippikkunnu.
golden pufferfish ushnamekhalaa samudrangaliludaneelam vyaapakamaayi vyaapichukidakkunnu, ennirunnaalum, prathyekichu ushnamekhalaa kizhakkan pasafikkil, ithu oru pradhana pavizhapputtayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. golden pufferfish athinte kokku polulla dental plate upayogichu prathidinam oro jeevanulla pavizhappalum kaalsyam carbonate enna thothil kombukalude agrangal bhakshikkunnu. dhaaraalam pavizhapputukal upayogikkunnundengil, eee mekhalayile pavizhapputtukalude samriddhiyil golden pufferfishinu kaaryamaaya swaadheenamillennu padanangal soochippikkunnu.
niravadhi pavizhapputukal adangiya malsyangalude oru kudumbamaanu thatha malsyam. reefil thamasikkunna thatha malsyathinu thaazhatheyum mukalileyum thaadiyellukalil pallukalundu, avaa murikkunnathinulla oru arikaayi parinamichu. eee cutting edju thatthaye pavizha koshangaleyum asthikoodatheyum polikkaanum bhakshikkanum anuvadikkunnu. thatha malsyathinte pallukalile cutting edju oru kokkinodu saamyamullathaan, ithu jeeviyude pothuvaaya perinte adisthaanamaanu. cutting edju adapteshanu purame, thaadiyellu thaazhathe thaadiyellile dantha, articular asthikale bandhippikkunna nannayi vikasippicha cross cheytha sandhikalum thatha malsyathinu undu, ithu kadiyettathine kooduthal shakthamaakkunna oru mechanical nettam nalkunnu.
akasherukkal.
ariyappedunna 48 pavizhapputt akasherukkalil 14 ennam anivaryamaaya pavizhapputtukalaan. facultative coraliver kraun-oof-thoons staar oru pradhana pavizhapputt brouseraanu, athu wier thirikkukayum athinte tube foottukal upayogichu vayarine pavizhatthinu mukalilekkum polypse thammilulla villalukalilekkum vyaapippikkukayum cheiyunnu. uyarnna kireeda-mull nakshatra janasamkhya saandrathayude sambhavangal valia pavizhapputtukalude rekhaamoolamulla naashathinu kaaranamaayi, praadeshika pradeshangalil 100% pavizhapputtukalude marananirakk report cheyyappettu. oru kireedatthinte mull nakshatram prathivarsham jeevanulla pavizhapputukal vare bhakshikkumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. 
athivegam valarunna "acropora", "montipora" enangalil vaidagdhyam nediya pavizhapputt kadal ochukal nirbandhamaanu "drupella" januss. kireedatthinte mull nakshatram pole, "drupella" samuchayangal pavizhapputtinte valia pradeshangal nasippikkunnathaayi ariyappedunnu, koodaathe jappaanile toga ulkkadalil, australiyayile ningaloo reefil pavizhapputtinte ganyamaaya kuravinu kaaranamaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
mikka pavizhapputtukalum onno athiladhikamo tharam pavizhangalkk munganana nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, nirbandhitha pavizhapputt nathayaaya "coraliophila erfvidate" 26 vyathyastha inam pavizhapputtukale bhakshikkunnathayi ariyappedunnu, mathramalla oru inathinu prathyeka munganana nalkunnilla. "sii. churukkezhuthu" ennathil pavizhapputtukale polikkaan anuvadikkunna oru radula illa, athinaal dahana ensimeukal pavizhapputtukale thakarkkunnu.
ellah pavizhapputtukalum pavizhapputtinte aarogyathinu haanikaramalla. tetralia", "trapesia" njandukalkk bhakshanam nalkunna kapham ulla pavizhapputtukalkk oru kireedam-oof-mullukal nakshatra pottippurappedumbol athijeevanathinulla saadhyatha kooduthalaanennu kaanichu. "trapesia" njandukal avayude uparithalathil ninnulla avashishtangalum avashishtangalum vrithiyaakkunnathiloode avayude aathidheya pavizhapputtukalkk sahavarthithvaparamaayi prayojanam cheiyumennu ariyappedunnu.
chila jeevikalkk poshakaahaarathekkaal kooduthal labhikkunnu. pesttilla siboge" enna nudibranch, poralivariyiloode vilavedukkunna oru phytoplankton chinnamaaya sooksanthella athinte serattayilekku ulppeduthunnathaayi ariyappedunnu. avaa samyojippichathinushesham, sooksaanthellakal prakaashasamsleshanam thudarukayum nudibranchinu oorjjam nalkukayum cheiyunnu.
aavaasavyavasthaye badhikkunnu.
 pavizhapputukal palappozhum pavizhapputtukalkk kedupaadukal varuthukayo pavizha jaiva pindam nashtappedukayo cheiyunnu, chilappol nerittu pavizhapputukal marikkaan kaaranamaakunnu. pavizhapputukal oorjjavum vibhavangalum kedupaadukal nannaakkunnathilekku vazhithirichuvidunnu, ithu adhika valarchaye adichamarthumennu thelinjittundu. oru pavizhapputtinte svayam nannakkaanulla kazhivu bhaagikamaayi kshathatthinte valippathe adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu; ellah kedupaadukalum sukhappeduthaan kazhiyaathathinal, anaavasyamaaya kedupaadukal reefil sthiramaaya maattathinu kaaranamakum. punarulppaadippikkunnathu kedupaadukal nannaakkunnathin pavizhapputukal oorjjaswalathayode munganana nalkunnuvennu theliyikkappettittund, athinaal pavizhapputukal pavizhapputtukalude punarulppaadanatthe prathikoolamaayi badhikkum. koodaathe, pavizhapputtukalude mechilppural mrugangalude saandrata kurayunnathumaayi bandhappettirikkumenn padanangal theliyichittundu.
valia malsyabhakshana malsyangal pole vettayaadunna mrugangale kozhivarggangal vare amithamaayi malsyabandhanam nadathunnathu kozhivar samriddhiyude vardhanavinu kaaranamaakumenn shaasthranjar vishwasikkunnu. pavizhapputtukalude eee vardhanavu bhaviyil pavizhapputtinte aarogyathilum saandrathayilum prathikoola swaadheenam chelutthiyekkaam.
aalgakal, sponchukal thudangiya malsaraadhishtitha jeevikalude valarchaykku maruvashathu pavizhapputt kaaranamakum. koodaathe, chila pavizhapputukal pavizhapputtukalude roga vyaapanathil ulppettittund. pavizha kolanikalude malsarasheshiyil pavizhabhukkukalkk swaadheenam cheluthaanaakumennu chila padanangal theliyichittundu.
pavizhapputtukalkk ellaayppozhum pavizhapputukal doshakaramalla. upabhogam cheiyunna pavizhapputtukalude inam praadeshikamaayi prabalamaanengil, mechil valarcha niyantrikkaanum kooduthal reef vaividhyam prolsaahippikkaanum sahayikkum.
pavizhapputtukalude aarogyathilum janasamkhyayude valuppathilum undaakunna kuravinodu palappozhum samvedanakshamathayulla pavizhapputukal uyarnna pavizhapputtukalude nashtatthinte kaalaghattatthil prathikoolamaayi baadhikkappedunnu. prathyekichum, pavizhapputtukalude nashtathetthudarnnu nirbandhitha pavizhapputtukalkk uyarnna janasamkhya kurayunnathaayi report cheyyappettittund. bleaching sambhavangalil pavizhapputukal kashtappedunnuvennu padanangal theliyichittundu, ithu bleach cheytha pavizhapputukal aarogyakaramaya pavizhapputtukaleppole poshakasamriddhamallennu soochippikkunnu. aarogyamullathum bleach cheythathumaaya pavizhapputtukalude poshaka moolyathekkurichulla shaasthreeya anweshanam aparyapthamaanu. ennirunnaalum, poshakamoolyatthile asamathvam sooksaanthellayude saandrathayumaayi bandhappettathallenn nirnnayikkappettundu.
ariyappedunna pavizhapputukal.
gaveshanam sajeevamaayi nadakkunnathinaal ariyappedunna bhooribhaagam pavizhapputtukalum eee pattikayil adangiyirikkunnu.

