
konraad gesner

oru swis vaidyan prakrithishaasthranjanum grandhakaaran bhaashaashaasthranjanumaayirunu konraad gesner (; 26 march 1516-13 desember 1565). swittsarlandile soorichile oru pavapetta kudumbatthil janicha addehathinte pithavum adhyaapakarum addehathinte kazhivukal pettennu thirichariyukayum avidevechu shaasthreeya bhashakal, daivashaasthram, vaidyashaasthram enniva padicha sarvakalaashaalayiloode addehathe pinthunaykkukayum cheythu. addeham soorichinte sitti physicianaayi maariyengilum thante samayathinte bhooribhaagavum shekharikkunnathinum gaveshanathinum ezhuthinum chelavazhikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. grandhasoochika ("bibliotheca universalis" 1545-1549), suvolaji (1551-1558) ennivayekkurichulla smaaraka kruthikal samaaharicha gesner, 49-aamm vayassil playg baadhichu marikkumbol oru pradhana botanical paatatthil pravarthikkukayaayirunnu. aadhunika shaasthreeya grandhasoochika, suvolaji, sasyashasthram ennivayude pithavaayi addeham kanakkaakkappedunnu. 1559-ll tulip polulla europile sasyangaleyo mrugangaleyo aadyamaayi vivarichathu addehamaanu. niravadhi sasyangalkkum mrugangalkkum addehathinte peru nalkiyittundu.
jeevitam.
1516 march 26 nuu swittsarlandile soorichil oru pavapetta soorich furioraya ursas gesnerude makanayi konraad gesner janichu. addehathinte aadyakaala jeevitam daaridryavum kashtappaadukalumaayirunnu, pakshe gesnerude pithaav addehathinte kazhivukal manassilakkukayum upajeevanathinaayi aushadhasasyangal valarthukayum shekharikkukayum cheytha oru valia ammaavanodoppam jeevikkanum padippikkaanum addehathe ayachu. ivide aaa kuttikk niravadhi sasyangalum avayude aushadha aavasyangalum parichithamayi, ithu prakrithi charithratthil aajeevanantha thaalpparyathilekku nayichu.
jesner aadyam soorichile "karolinathil" pankedutthu, pinneedu froomanstar seminariyil praveshichu. avide addeham classical bhashakal padichu, 15-aamm vayassil aristophensinte "plutusil" lingam (daaridryam) aayi prathyakshappettu. schoolil addeham thante adhyaapakare valareyadhikam aakarshichu, avaril chilar addehathe sponsor cheyyaan sahayichu, angane 17-aamm vayassil daivashaasthram padikkaan fraansile sarvakalashaalayil (1532-1533) cheraan scholarship krameekarikkunathadakkam, vidyaabhyaasam munnott kondupokaan addehathinu kazhinju. avide addeham borges sarvakalaashaalayilum paarees sarvakalaashaalayilum chernnu. mathaparamaya peedanam addehathe paarees vittu strasburgilake pookaan nirbandhithanaakkiyenkilum jolie nedaan kazhiyaathathinal addeham soorichilekku madangi. soorichile addehathinte adhyapakaril oraal cappel yudhathil (1531) pithaavinte maranashesham addehathinu oru valarthachanaayi pravarthichu, matoraal addehathinu moonnu varshathe board thaamasavum nalki, matoraal strasburg academyile strasbergile upper schoolil addehathinte thudar vidyaabhyaasam krameekarichu. avidevechu addeham ebraiah bhasha padichukondu purathana bhaashakalekkurichulla thante arivu vipuleekarichu. 1535-ll, mathaparamaya aswasthatha addehathe soorichilekku thirichayachu, avide sthreedhanam illaatha mattoru pavapetta kudumbatthil ninnulla sthreeyude 19-aamm vayassil chilar avivekam kondu vivaham kazhichu. addehathinte chila suhruthukkal veendum addehathe sahayikkaan vannuvenkilum, addehathinu oru adthyaapaka sthaanam labhikkaan addehathe niyamichu, ithu ettavum thaazhnna klaasilaayirunnu, koodaathe oru cheria thukayekkaal kooduthal stipend aakarshichu. ennirunnaalum, pinneedu addeham basal sarvakalashaalayil vaidyashaasthram padikkaan shambalathodeyulla avadhiyeduthu (1536).
jeevithathiludaneelam prakrithicharithrathil thaalpparyamulla gesner, yaathrakaliloodeyum mattu suhruthukkalumaayum pandithanmarumaayum vipulamaaya kathidapaadukaliloodeyum vanyajeevikalude maathrkakalum vivaranangalum shekharichu. gaveshanathodulla addehathinte sameepanam naalu pradhana gadakangal ulkkollunnu nireekshanam, vichedanam, vidoora raajyangalilekkulla yaatra, krithyamaaya vivaranam. eee valarnnuvarunna nireekshana sameepanam navothaana pandithanmaarkk puthiyathaayirunnu, kaaranam aalukal avarude gaveshanathinaayi classical ezhuthukaare poornnamaayum aashrayichirunnu. 1565 desember 13nuu addeham playg baadhichu marichu.
jolie.
oru navothaana bahushaasthranjan, vaidyan, thathwachinthakan, vijnjaanakoshashaasthranjan, grandhasoochikakkaaran, bhaashaashaasthranjan, prakrithi charithrakaaran, chithrakaaran ennee nilakalil prashasthanaayirunnu konraad gesner. 1537-ll, 21-aamm vayassil, oru grecolatin nighanduvinte prasidheekaranam addehathinte sponsermaarkku puthuthayi sthaapithamaaya akkadami oof losaanil (annu bernil pettath) greak professor padavi labhikkaan kaaranamaayi. ivide addehathinu shaasthrapadanathinaayi, prathyekichu sasyashaasthrathinaayi svayam samarppikkaanum vaidyapatanam thudaraan panam sambaadikkaanum ozhivu samayam undaayirunnu.
losanile moonnu varshathe adhyaapanathinu sesham, montpellier sarvakalaashaalayile medical schoolilekku pookaan gesnerinu kazhinju, avide addeham basalil ninnu doctoral birudam (1541) nedi. thudarnnu addeham vaidyashaasthram abhyasikkunnathinaayi soorichilekku madangi, athu addeham jeevithakalam muzhuvan thudarnnu. avide addeham soorich sarvakalaashaalayude munnodiyaaya "karolinathil" aristottiliyan physixinte lakcharar thasthikayilekkum niyamikkapettu.
1554 nuu sesham addeham nagaratthile vaidyanaayi. avidatthe chumatalakalkk purame, videsha raajyangalilekkulla kurachu yaathrakalkkum janmanaattile vaarshika venalkkaala sasyashaasthra yaathrakalkkum rogangalkkum purame, gaveshanathinum ezhuthinum svayam samarppikkaan addehathinu kazhinju. addehathinte paryaveshanangalil manjukattaykk thaazheyulla parvathapradeshangalilekkula sandarshanangal pathivayi ulppettirunnu. praadhamikamaayi sasyashaasthra shekharanathinuvendiyaane, prakrithiyude soundaryathinte vyaayaamathinum aaswaadanathinumaayi addeham parvathaarohanathe prashamsichu. 1541-ll addeham paal, paal uthppannangal ennivayekkurichulla thante grandhatthinu munpu, "libellus dii laakte ettu operibus lactaris" ennu oru kathu, parvathangalkkidayil kaanapedunna athbhuthangalekkurichu thante suhruthu gloresile jacob eviyanasine (vogal) abhisambodhana cheyth, avayodulla thante snehavum ellah varshavum oru parvathamenkilum kayaranullah thante uracha nischayadaartyavum prakhyaapichu, pookkal shekharikkuka mathramalla, thante shareeram vyayaamam cheyyaanum. 1555-ll addeham pilaattas shringalayile ettavum thaazhnna pooyintaaya gnephstainilekkula (1920 meter) thante yaathrayekkurichulla vivaranathmaka montis phraakti sivu montis pilaatti enna vivaranam puratthirakki.
braun elii (raattas norvegicus), ginia panni (kavia porcellus), turkey (meligris) thudangiya mrugangalum tulip (tulipa gesneriana) polulla sasyangalum europile niravadhi speesheesukalekkurichulla aadya vivaranagal nalkiyathinte bahumati gesnerinu labhikkunnu. 1559 eprilil magistrate johann heinrich herwartinte ogsburg thottatthil valarunna oru tulip addeham aadyamaayi kaanukayum athine "tulipa tarkkaram", turkish tulip ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. 1551ll braun adipose tissuevine vivaricha aadya vyakthiyayum 1565ll pensil aadyamaayi rekhappeduthiyathaayum 1563ll pukayilayude falangalekkurichu ezhuthiya aadya yooropyanmaaril oralaayum addeham ariyappedunnu.
prasidheekaranangal.
basalil padikkumbol samaaharicha "lexicon greco-laattinam" (1537) enna laattin-greak nighanduvaayirunnu gesnerude aadya kruthi. itaaliyan purohithanaaya varinus favorinus allengil gwarino oof favera (dii. 1537), maagnam essy peroottail nighandu (1523). thante jeevithakaalathu vividha vishayangalil 70 oolam prasidheekaranangal nirmmikkaan addehathinu kazhinju.
addehathinte adutha pradhana kruthi grandhasoochikayude charithratthile oru naazhikakkallaya addehathinte athulyamaaya "bibliotheca" (1545) aayirunnu, athil addeham jeevichirunna ellah ezhuthukaareyum avarude kruthikaleyum pattikappeduthaan purappettu. mrugajeevithathekkurichulla addehathinte smaaraka kruthikalaaya dhii (aii. dii. 1) nuu purame, addeham valare valia alavilulla kurippukalum maram kothupanikalum shekharichuvenkilum thante jeevithakaalathu "historiya plaantaram ettu wires" (1541), "catalogus plaantaram" (1542) ennee rund botanical kruthikal naalu bhashakalil prasidheekarichu. thante jeevithathinte avasana dashakathilaanu addeham thante pradhana sasyashaasthra kruthiyaaya "historiya plaantaram" samaharikkaan thudangiyathu. athinte poorttheekaranatthinu munbu addeham marichuvenkilum, adutha rund noottaandukalil mattu niravadhi ezhuthukaar addehathinte kruthikal upayogichuvenkilum oduvil 1754-ll prasidheekarikkappettu.
shaasthreeya kruthikalil samthrupthanallaatha gesner oru bhaashaashaasthranjanum grandhasoochikakkaaranumayi 1555-ll "mithridates" enna thante pusthakam avatharippichu. bhaashayude vyathyasam [...]", ariyappedunna 130 bhaashakalude vivaranam, irupathirandu bhashakalil" karthaavinte praarthana ". cladius eliyaanas (1556), marcus ooreliyas (1559) ennivayulppede niravadhi classical ezhuthukaarude edittad kruthikalum addeham nirmmichu.
addehathinte maranashesham (maranananthara) mattu niravadhi kruthikal prathyakshappettu, chilath valarekkaalathin sesham ("maranananthara kruthikal kaanuka"). thomas muffet "insectorum sivu minimoram aanimal thiyettaram" (1634) enna peril prasidheekarikkunnathuvar thomas penni ulppede vividha ezhuthukaar praanikalekkurichulla addehathinte kruthikal edittu cheythu, oduvil edward topsellinte "naalu kaalukalulla mrugangaludeyum sarppangaludeyum charithram" (1658) enna engleesh vivarthanathil "praanikalude thiyettar" ennu prathyakshappettu.
"bibliotheca universalis" (1545-1549).
naalu varshathe gaveshanathinu sesham 1545-ll, latheen, greak, hebru bhashakalil ariyappedunna ellah kruthikaludeyum, jeevichirunna ellah ezhuthukaarudeyum, avarude kruthikalude sheershakangalum hraswa vyaakhyaanangalum ulkkollunna samagramaya kaattalogaaya "bibliotheca universalis" enna thante sradheyamaaya pusthakam gesner prasidheekarichu. addehathinte swantham jaiva grandhasoochika ulppedunna eee kruthi moovaayiratholam ezhuthukaare aksharamalayaayi pattikappedutthukayum achadi kandupidichathinushesham prasidheekaricha aadyathe aadhunika grandhasoochikayum aayirunnu. athiloode, gesner "grandhasoochikayude pithaav" ennu ariyapettu."aake panthrandaayiram kireedangal ulppeduthiyittundu.
randaam bhagam, kruthiyude oru prameya soochika, "pandectorum sivu partitionam yooniversiliyam libri xsi", 1548-ll prathyakshappettu. irupathiyonnu bhagangal uddeshichullathaanennu thalakkett soochippichenkilum pathonpathu pusthakangal maathrame ulppeduthiyittulloo. addehathinte vaidyashaasthra pravartthanangal ulppeduthaan uddeshichulla bhagam 20 orikkalum poorthiyaayittilla, koodaathe oru daivashaasthra vijnjaanakoshamaaya bhagam 21 1549-ll prathyekam prasidheekarichu.
"historiya animarium" (1551-1558).
1551num 1558num idayil soorichil naalu vaalyangalayi prathyakshappetta 4,500 pejulla mrugangalude vijnjaanakoshamaanu gesnerude mahathaaya suvological kruthi naaluvattam, ubhayajeevikal, pakshikal, malsyangal. paambukalekkurichulla anchaamathe fooliyoo 1587-ll puratthirangi. aadyathe 4 vaalyangalude jarmman vivarthanam "thearbuch" enna peril 1563-ll soorichil prasidheekarichu. eee pusthakam aadyathe aadhunika suvological kruthiyaayi kanakkakkappettu. purathana, madhyakala, aadhunika shaasthrangalkkidayil ithu oru paalam nirmmichu.
pazhaya niyamavali, aristottil, pliny, naadodikkadhakal, madhyakala mrgashaalakal thudangiya pazhaya srothassukalil ninnulla vivarangal samyojippichu gesner swantham nireekshanangal cherkkunnu. mrugangalude raajyathekkurichu addeham oru puthiyathum samagravumaaya vivaranam srishtichu. niravadhi mrugangale krithyamaayi vivarikkanulla oraalude aadya sramamaayirunnu ithu. akkaalathe pala kruthikalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi, gesner sahapravarthakarum vyakthiparamayi nireekshichathil ninnu kaikondu varnnamulla maramkattikalupayogichaanu eee pusthakam chithreekarichathu.
nireekshicha vasthuthakale puranangalil ninnum janapriya pishakukalil ninnum verthirichariyaan addeham sramikkukayum niravadhi mrugangale krithyamaayi thithreekarikkunnathinu perukettayaalaanenkilum, madhyakala mrgashaalakalil ninnu maathram ketta yoonikon, basilisk thudangiya niravadhi saangalppika mrugangalum addeham ulppeduthi. ennaal swantham rachanakalil thaan paranja abhipraayangalude krithyathayo thaan ulppeduthiya chithreekaranangalude saadhuthayo gesner samshayichappol addeham vyakthamaayi paranju. manushyarkk eathoru sasyathino mrugathino ulla nettatthinupurame, avarkk padippikkaan kazhiyunna dhaarmika paadangalum avarkk parayanakunna divya sathyangalum kaaranam avarekkurichu arian gesnerinu thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. chila yaadhaarthyabodhamillaathu mrugangalekkurichu addeham yadhaartha mrugangalekkurichu cheythathupole vishadamaayi pooyi. pinneedu 1556-ll addeham claudius eliyaanasinte kruthikalude pathippil yadhaarthavum saangalppikavumaaya jeevikale samyojippichu.
 ariyappedunna niravadhi mrugangalude rekhaachithrangalum yoonikonukalum mathsyathozhilaalikalum ulppedeyulla chila saangalppika rekhaachithrangalum ithil ulppedunnu. tyoodezhsinte engleesh court physician kembridjile gonville aandu keys kolejinte randaamathe sthaapakanumaaya joonn keys ulppede europiludaneelamulla pramukha prakrithishaasthranjarumaayi addeham sthaapicha parichayakkaarude shringhala kaaranam addeham thante pala kruthikalum valia thothil poortthiyaakki. avar avarude ashayangal addehathinu ayachu ennu mathramalla, sasyangalum mrugangalum rathnangalum addehathinu ayachu. addeham aaa anugraham thirike nalkukayum-pathrapravartthakarudeyum suhruthukkaludeyum peril chedikalkku peridunnathiloode-sahayakaramaaya maathrkakal varuthaan addeham sramikkukayum cheythu.
"historiya plaantaram" (poortthiyaakaathathu).
thante jeevithakaalathu, gesner sasyangaludeyum vithukaludeyum ganyamaaya shekharam shekharikkukayum vipulamaaya kurippukalum thadi kothupanikalum nadathukayum cheythu. thante jeevithathinte avasana dashakathil addeham thante pradhana sasyashaasthra kruthiyaaya "historiya plaantaram" samaharikkaan thudangi. athinte prasidheekaranathinu munbu addeham marichuvenkilum adutha irunooru varshathekku addehathinte vasthukkal thudarnnulla niravadhi ezhuthukaar upayogichuvenkilum ithil ekadesham 1,500 chedikalude kothupanikalum avayude pradhana pookkalum vithukalum ulppedunnu, avayil bhooribhaagavum yadhaarthamaayirunnu. ivayude vyapthiyum shaasthreeyamaaya kaadinyavum akkaalat asaadhaaranamaayirunnu, koodaathe gesner oru vidagthanaaya kalakaaranaayirunnu, avayude savisheshathakal chithreekarikkunna nirddishta sasyabhaagangalude vishadamaaya droingukal nirmmikkukayum avayude valarchayum vaasasthalavum charcha cheiyunna vipulamaaya naamamaathramaaya notteshan nalkukayum cheythu. oduvil 1754ll eee kruthi prasidheekarikkappettu.
sensorship.
aaa samayat kadutha mathaparamaya pirimurukkam undaayirunnu. poppu pooll naalaamante keezhil poulin soochikaykku oru ezhuthukaarante mathavishwaasangal addehathinte ellah rachanakaleyum malinamakkiyathaayi thonni. gesner oru protestant aayathinal addehathinte kruthikal nirodhitha pusthakangalude eee soochikayil ulppeduthiyittundu. mathaparamaya pirimurukkangal uyarnnathaanengilum, catholica-prathishedha vibhajanathinte iruvashathum gesner sauhrudam nilanirtthi. vaasthavathil, venesile catholica pusthaka vilppanakkaar gesnerude pusthakangalkk mail inquisition earppeduthiya samboornna nirodhanathe ethirkkukayum addehathinte chila kruthikal athinte saidhaanthika pishakukal "neekkam" cheythathinu sesham oduvil anuvadikkukayum cheythu.
paarambaryamaayi.
aadhunika shaasthra sasyashaasthrathinteyum swolajiyudeyum pithavaayum aadhunika grandhasoochikayude pithavaayum gesnerine visheshippichittundu. samakalikarkk addeham oru sasyashaasthranjanaayaanu kooduthal ariyappettirunnath. yaathraamaarggangalum swantham poonthottangal paripalikkaanulla joliyum undaayirunnittum, gesner thante bhooribhaagam samayavum swantham vipulamaaya libraryilaanu chelavazhichathu. 80 ladhikam greak ezhuthukaar, kuranjathu 175 laattin ezhuthukaar, jarmman, franch, itaaliyan ezhuthukaar ennivarude kruthikal enniva addeham thante mruga srothassukalude charithratthil ulppeduthi. nilavilulla ellah pusthakangaludeyum oru "saarvathrika library" sthaapikkaan polum addeham shramichu. eee padhathi aadhunika manassinu vichithramayi thonniyekkaam, pakshe gesner eee padhathiyil valareyadhikam oorjjam nikshepichu. vaattikkan libraryude shekharangalkkum printarukaludeyum pusthaka vilppanakkaarudeyum kattalogukalkkum oppam vidoora librarikaliloode addeham manakkukayum cheythu. eee saarvathrika vivara library kootticherkkunnathiloodi, computerukal atharam pravartthanangal eluppamaakkunnathinu noottaandukalkku munbu gesner oru daattaabes orumichu chertthu. addeham pusthakangalil ninnu prasakthamaaya bhagangal murichumaattukayum pothuvaaya vishayangalkkanusarich murikal tharamthirikkukayum grouppukale kooduthal nirddishta vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkukayum avaye boxes cheyyukayum cheythu. thudarnnu addehathinu aavasyaanusaranam murikal veendedukkaanum krameekarikkaanum kazhiyum. shaasthra ezhuthukaariyaaya anna paavordinte vaakkukalil, "addeham oru ottayaal serch enchinaanu, 16-aamm noottaandile google, vimarsanaathmaka moolyanirnnayathinte adhika bonus."
addehathinte samakalikarkk, gesner "swis pliny" ennaanu ariyappettirunnath."aithihyamanusarichu, thante samayam aduthuvennu arinjappol, thante jeevithathinte bhooribhaagavum chelavazhicha thante libraryilekku kondupokaan addeham aavasyappettu, thante priyappetta pusthakangalkkidayil marikkaan. maranasamayathu gesner 72 pusthakangal prasidheekarikkukayum prasidheekarikkappedaathu 18 kayyezhuthuprathikal koodi ezhuthukayum cheythirunnu. sasyangalekurichulla addehathinte kruthikal addehathinte maranashesham noottaandukal vare prasidheekarikkappettinnu.
1576-ll jorjju baker konraad gesnerude "evonymous" enna pusthakatthinte oru vivarthanam "aarogyathinte puthiya rathnangal" enna peril prasidheekarichu, athil physicinteyum thathwachinthayudeyum ettavum mikacha rahasyangal adangiyirikkunnu. addehathinte vidyaarthikalil medisin professoraaya felix plater niravadhi sasya maathrkakal shekharikkukayum "historiya animal" yill upayogikkunna mrugangalude chithreekaranangalum undaayirunnu. addehathinte maranathinu oru varshathinu sesham, addehathinte suhruthu josias simler gesnerude jeevacharitram prasidheekarichu. prakrithishaasthrathekkurathu patanam prolsaahippikkunnathi 1746-ll soorichile "naturforshende geselshaft" (ngzh) aayi marria soorichil "physicalishe geselshaft" sthaapichu. innu ithu ettavum pazhaya swis shaasthra samoohangalilonnaanu. sosaittiyude vaarshika prasidheekaranamaaya "newjersblat derr natureshenden geselshaft inn soorich" 1966 ll gesnerude 400-aamm vaarshikam aaghoshikkunnathinaayi addehathinte jeevacharithrathinaayi samarppikkappettu.
eponomy.
1753-ll kaal linnaeus addehathinte bahumaanaartham "tulipa gesnariana" ennu namakaranam cheythu. 
poochedi janussaaya "gesneria" yum athinte kudumbamaaya gesniyesi yum addehathinte perilaanu ariyappedunnathu. oru januss nishaashalabhangalkk addehathinte peril "gesneria" ennum perittirikkunnu.

