
punarulpadana reethiye adisthaanamaakki sasya prajananatthile thiranjedukkal reethikal

sasya breedermar vilakalude punarulpadana reethiye aashrayich vyathyastha reethikal upayogikkunnu, avayil iva ulppedunnu
oru vilayude punarulpadana reethi athinte janithaka ghadana nirnnayikkunnu, ithu anuyojyamaaya prajananavum thiranjedukkal reethikalum vikasippikkunnathinulla nirnnayaka gadakamaanu. mechappetta tharangale prajananam cheiyunnathinu athinte krithrima krithrimathvathinu prathyulpaadana reethiyekkurichulla arivum athyaavasyamaanu. swaabhaavikaavasthaye thadassappeduthukayo atharam oru samsthaanathinte paripalanam urappaakkukayo cheyyaatha oru vilaykku prajananavum thiranjedukkal reethikalum maathrame anuyojyamaakoo. cross-paragana vilakalil svayam beejasankalanam earppeduthunnathu avayude prakadanatthil ganyamaaya kuravinu kaaranamaakunnath atharam kaaranangalal aanu.
adhyapana aavasyangalkkaayi, sasyangalude prajananathe naalu vibhagangalaayi avatharippikkunnu line breeding (autogamous vilakal), janasamkhyaa breeding (alogamous vilakal), hibrid breeding (kooduthalum alogamous vilakal, chila autogamous vilakal), kloon breeding (sasyaparamayi pracharippicha vilakal).
svayam valam vilakal (autogamous vilakal).
chila niyanthranangal niravadhi sasyajalangalil svayam beejasankalanam (bhaagikavum poornnavumaaya svayam beejasankalanam) vikasippikkaan kaaranamaayi.
svayam valam nalkunna oru prathyulppaadana reethi ithra falapradamaakaanulla chila kaaranagal prathyulppaadanatthinte falapraptiyum janithaka vyathiyaanam kurayunnathum angane uyarnna poruthappedutthiya jeenodaippukalude sthireekaranavumaanu. svayam valam nalkunna sasyangalil prajnana vishaadam sambhavikkunnilla, kaaranam prathyulpaadana reethi atharam sasyangalude vanyamaaya janasamkhyayil prakrithi thiranjeduppu nadatthaan anuvadikkunnu.
svayam valam nalkunna vilakal mechappeduthunnathinulla nirnaayaka nadapadikal maathaapithaakkalude thiranjeduppum thalamurakale verthirikkunnathil mikacha sasyangale thirichariyalumaanu. maathaapithaakkalude thiranjeduppumaayi bandhappett breederinu krithyamaaya lakshyangal undaayirikkanam. svayam valam paripaalikkunnath eluppamaanengilum ithu vithinte durupayogathilekku nayichekkaam.
gothamb, arrie, barley, dry beans, soyabeans, nilakkadala, thakkaali muthalaayava kaarshikashaasthrathil pradhanappettathum svayam valam nalkunnathumaaya chila vilakalil ulppedunnu.
maas selection.
eee thiranjedukkal reethi pradhaanamaayum sasyangalude phenotypene prakadanatthinum anusarichu avayude thiranjeduppine aasrayichirikkunnu. thiranjeduttha chedikalil ninnulla vithukal adutha thalamuraykkayi pothinjirikkunnu. positteev allengil negatteevu maas selection vazhi mothatthilulla janasamkhya mechappeduthunnathinna eee reethi upayogikkunnu. svayam valam nalkunna sasyangalil parimithamaaya alavil maathrame maas selection prayogikkappedunnulla, ithu karaa vamshangalude mechappeduthalinulla phalapradamaaya reethiyaanu. eee thiranjedukkal reethi valare paarambarya swabhaavangalkku maathrame phalapradamaakoo. otta sasyangalude vikasanam, phenotype, prakadanam ennivayil paristhithi cheluthunna valia swaadheenamaanu maas selectionte oru kuravu. praadeshika prakadanatthinaayi enangal thiranjedukkaamennathilum ithu oru nettamaayirikkum.
 22 chakrangalil cheviyude valippathinayulla maas selection cholam janasamkhyayile sasyangalude phenotypil ganyamaaya maattam varuthi. sii 22 chakratthile sasyangalkk 50 centimeter uyaramundaayirunnu, ila vistheernna soochikayude eratti undaayirunnu, 7 divasathinu sesham aanteesisilethi, sii 0 (pattika 1) nekkaal 30 sathamaanam uyarnna vilaveduppu soochika undaayirunnu. c22-nte verukalude valarcha c0-neey marikadannu, shoot dry massinteyum root dry massinteyum anupatham ekadesham 12 sathamaanam kuranju, 8.0 ± 0.2-ll ninnu 7.1 ± 0 (pattika 2) aayi. vilavu gadakangalude vishakalanam kaanikkunnath dhaanyathinte bharam, chevikk varikalude ennam, varikk daanyangalude ennam, yoonit vistheernnathin motham vilavu (pattika 3) ennivayil c2 ennathu c0 nekkaal mikachathaanennu. rund genodypeukalum phenologyil vyathyasthamaayathinaal, oro janasamkhyaykkum nadeel saandrata opttima vyathyasthamayirikkum.
cross-paragana vilakalude thiranjeduppu.
uyarnna thothilulla cross-paraaganatthiloode saadhaarana vithu settu nadakkunna sasyajaalangalkk prathyulpaadana savisheshathakalum janasamkhyaa ghadanayum undu. svayam vandhyatha, svayam poruthappedaatthatha, apoornnamaaya pookkal, yaanthrika thadassangal ennivayude nilanilpp chedikale saadhaarana vithu koottatthinaayi videsha koombolaye aasrayikkunnu. oro chediyum vyathyastha genodypeukalulla dhaaraalam vyakthikalil ninnu koombolayude misritham sweekarikkunnu. atharam janasamkhyayude savisheshatha, janasamkhyaykkullil vyakthikalkkidayil swathanthramaaya jeane ozhukk vazhi sthiramaaya avasthayil nilanirthunna, valia swathanthravum saadhyathayullathumaaya janithaka vyathiyanangalulla uyarnna alavilulla bhinnathayaanu.
hibrid enangalude vikasanathil, janasamkhyayil ninnu ettavum uthppaadanakshamamaaya heterosaigot thirichariyuka ennathaanu lakshyam, athu janasamkhyayile mattu amgangale ozhivaakkikkond uthppaadippikkappedunnu.
maas selection.
vyakthigatha sasyangal avayude phenotypic prakadanatthe adisthaanamaakki thiranjedukkunna ettavum lalithavum eluppavum pazhayathumaya thiranjedukkal reethiyaanithu, koodaathe bulk vithu thiranjeduppu prarambha ghattangalil cholam mechappeduthunnathil valare phalapradamaanennu theliyikkapettu, ennaal prathyekichu vilavu mechappeduthunnathinna athinte falaprapti, taamasiyaathe kadutha vimarsanathinu vidheyamaayi, athu maas selection reethiyude parishkaranatthil kalaashichu. paraaganatthinu sheshamulla thiranjeduppu koombolayude rakshakarthaavil oru niyanthranavum nalkunnilla, athinte falamaayi phalapradamaaya thiranjeduppu sthree maathaapithaakkalkk maathram parimithappedutthiyirikku. vithu vilavedukkaan maathaapithaakkal maathram upayogikkunnathinaal cross paraganam nadannathinushesham koombolayude uravidam ariyaathathinaal paarambarya kanakkukal pakuthiyaayi kuranju.
aavarthichulla thiranjeduppu.
maas selection nadapadikramatthinte parishkaricha pathippaanu itharathilulla selection, ithu inipparayunna reethiyil vyathyaasappettirikkunnu
santathi parishodhanayodoppam pakuthi-sib thiranjeduppu.
maathrusasyangalude phenotypic roopathinu pakaram santathi parisodhanayude prakadanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyaanu thiranjeduppukal nadathunnathu. thiranjeduttha pakuthi-sibsil ninnulla vithukal, janasamkhyayil ninnu kramarahithamaya koombola paraganam nadathunnu (athaayath penn maathaapithaakkale maathrame ariyukayulloo, athinaal "pakuthi-sib" enna padam) thiranjedukkunnathinaayi aavarthikkappedaatha santathi varikalilaanu valarthunnathu. oro chediyudeyum eathenkilum swabhaavathinu vilavu nalkaanulla kazhivu allengil prajnana moolyam nirnnayikkaan vithinte oru bhagam nattupidippikkunnu. ettavum uthppaadanakshamamaaya varikalil ninno avasheshikkunna vithukalil ninno ulla vithukal oru tharam thiranjedukkal chakram poortthiyaakkaan bulk cheiyunnu.
santathi parishodhanayodoppam poornna-sib thiranjeduppu.
adisthaana janasamkhyayil ninnu rund chedikalkkidayil cross nirmmichu uthppaadippikkunna niravadhi poornna-sib kudumbangal aavarthichulla pareekshanangalil vilayiruthappedunnu. oro poornna-sib kudumbatthinteyum oru bhagam punasamyojanathinaayi samrakshikkunnu. moolyanirnnayathinte adisthaanathil thiranjeduttha poornna-sib kudumbangalude sheshippulla vithukal mikacha kudumbangale veendum samyojippikkaan upayogikkunnu.
alaingikamaayi pracharippikkunna vilakalude prajananam.
saadhaarana gamettu roopeekaranavum beejasankalanavum nadakkaattha sasyangalude gunana reethikalellaam alaingika prathyulppaadanathil ulppedunnu, ithu saadhaarana vithu ulppaadana vilakalil ninnu vyathyasthamaan. laingika prathyulppaadanatthinte abhaavathil, sasya vasthukkalude janithaka ghadana gunikkunnath adisthaanaparamaayi athinte uravida sasyathinu thulyamaayi thudarunnu.
maathrusasyangalude klonukal maathrusasyathinte krithyamaaya janithakaghadana upayogichu nirmmikkam. mikacha sasyangal thiranjedutthu sasyaparamayi pracharippikkunnu; jeane kombineshanukalude verthiriv kaaranam oru shathiyumillaathe sthirathayulla enangal vikasippikkaan sasyajanyamaayi pracharippikkunna santhathikal upayogikkunnu. alaingika prathyulppaadanatthinte eee savishesha savisheshatha munthirippazham, apple, piyar, peechu ennivayulppede niravadhi pazhangaludeyum pachakkarikaludeyum kalttivarukal vikasippikkaan sahayichu.
thiranjedukkunnathiloode alaingika sasyavasthukkal mechappeduthuka.
eee vilakalile thiranjeduppu violile thottangal polulla mattu srothassukalil ninnu avatharippikkunna vasthukkalil parimithappedutthiyirikku. prerithamaaya parivartthanangaliloode alaingikamaayi pracharippikkunna sasyangalude mechappeduthalinu vyathyasthamaaya gunangalum parimithikalum undu. eathoru sasyajanyapracharanavum mutagenukal upayogichu chikilsikkaam, koodaathe oru abhikaamyamaaya mutento mutated propagulinte (chimera) oru bhaagamo polum yadhaartha inathinte mechappetta tharamaayi gunikkam.
alaingika sasyangalude thiranjeduppu.
alaingika sasyangalude kaaryatthil, mikacha prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunna sasyangalude thiranjeduppum avayude sasyajanyamaaya vyaapanavum aayi thiranjedukkaline nirvachikkaam. sasyangal poornnamaayum janithaka sthirathayillaathathinaal, varshangalolam vyathiyanangal sambhavikkumennu pratheekshikkaam. athinaal selection prograamil ninnu vyathichalanagal thiranjedukkukayo neekkam cheiyukayo cheiyunna oru thudarchayaaya prakriyayaan selection. varaanirikkunna thottangalude gunanilavaaravum vilavum mechappeduthuka ennathaanu thiranjeduppinte pradhana lakshyam. loonn blokkukalil ninnulla maas selection, kloon selection thudangiya alaingika sasyangalude thiranjedukkal prakriyayil vyathyastha sameepanagal pinthudaraanaakum.
maas selectionil mother blokkile sasyangal thiranjedukkumbol pariganikkenda chila gadakangalundu, udha.jii. munthirithottam. chediyude mikka savisheshathakalum vyakthamaayi kaanikkumbol ningal thiranjedukkendathinaal thiranjedukkunna samayam oru valia gadakamaanu. alaingika varshakaalavarshangalullavarkk ettavum nalla samayam vilaveduppinu thottumumbaanu. mikacha falangalkkaayi thiranjeduttha chediye adutha seasonil vilayiruthanam, valarcha-asaadhaaranathakal, villal roopabhedangal, vairas lakshanagal enniva mikacha reethiyil drishyamaakum. kuranjathu moonnu varshathekku ore chediyilaanu varsham thorum maas selection nadathunnathu. thiranjedukkal chakratthinte oru nischitha varshathile aavasyakathakalkku anusrithamallaatha oru chedi prograamil ninnu upekshikkappedunnu.
puthiya kloon vikasanam.
pazhaya thottangalile praadeshika kloon thiranjeduppiloodeyum praadeshika vilayiruthalinaayi videshathu ninnu uyarnna nilavaaramulla klonukal irakkumathi cheythum puthiya klonukalude vikasanavum rajistreshanum nadakkunnu.
oru prathyeka maathrusasyathinte sasya santhathiyaanu kloon; maathrusasyathilninnu janithakamo roopaathmakamo shareerashaasthraparamo aaya vyathiyanangalonnum ithu kanikkunnilla. thiranjedutthathinushesham thiranjeduttha vyathyastha klonukal upayogichaanu vilayiruthal nadakkunnathu.