swatto ware

pradhaanamaayum avasaanathe ming raajavamshathinte chainees kayattumathi porsaline vasthukkalude oru ayanja grouppaanu swaatto ware allengil shaangshou ware. gwangdong pravishyayile thekkan chainees thuramukhamaaya swaatto allengil innathe shaandoovilaanu padinjaarile parambaraagatha peru uyarnnuvannathu, athil ninnaan saadhanangal kayatti ayachathennu karuthappettirunnu. niravadhi choolakal theerapradeshangaliludaneelam sthithi cheythirikkaam, pakshe kooduthalum 1990 kalude madhyathil khananam cheytha fujian ping kaundiyile shaangshouvinu sameepamaan sthithicheyyunnathu, ithu karyangal ganyamaayi vyakthamaakkunnu.
pathonpathaam noottaand vare swaatto oru pradhana kayattumathi thuramukhamaayi mariyirunnilla, koodaathe saadhanangal yadhaarthathil yugangil ninnu kayattumathi cheythirikkaam, ippol longay nagaramaya shaangshouvile haichengil ninnaan kayattumathi cheythathennu thonnunnathinaal pala adhikaarikalum ippol charakkukale shaangshou ware ennu vilikkaan eshtappedunnu. uthppaadanathinte thudakkathinum avasaanathinumulla krithyamaaya theeyathikal anishchithathvathilaanu, ennaal puraavasthushaasthrathil ninnulla thelivukal soochippikkunnathu ekadesham 1575-1650-num idayil uthppaadanam nadathaanaanu, ennirunnaalum neratthe oru thudakkam nirddeshichittundu. ettavum uyarnna ulppaadana nilavaaram 1620 oode avasaanichirikkaam. 
samakaalika jingdeshen porsalainumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol, swaatto veyarukal saadhaaranayaayi parukkan vrithikettathum palappozhum theepidikkaathathumaanu. cobalt upayogichu neelayum veluppum niratthilulla adivasthrangalude alankaaram ettavum saadhaaranamaanu, orupakshe thudakkathil oreyoru tharatthilulla alankaaramaayirunnu, ennaal chuvapp, pacha, turcoise, karupp, manja ovarglesu inaamalukal upayogichu niravadhi polychrome vasthukkalundu. rund noottaandilereyaayi chainees seramicsil underglays neela alankaaram saadhaaranamaayirunnu, ennaal eee kaalaghattatthinu munbu polychrome inaamalukal thaarathamyena asaadhaaranamaayirunnu. chuvapp, pacha, turcoise, karupp inaamalukal ennivayil glazinu mukalil sketchi designukal varacha vibhavangal polulla valia thuranna roopangalaanu kashanagal. maruvashathu, mikacha vasthukkalude "kendra paarambaryatthil kaanappedaattha oru swaabhaavikathayaanu chithrathinu" ullathu. 
swaatto ware" saadhaaranayaayi savisheshamaaya alankaara shailikalulla kashanangalkkayi neekkivachirikkumbol, valia kalluvastra sambharana jaarukal, vaitt veyarukal, "blank dii chaine" tharatthilulla kurachu prathimakal ennivayulppede kayattumathi cheiyunnathino allaatheyo ore choolayil nirmmicha mattu tharatthilulla vasthukkalum "shaangshou ware" ulkkollunnu. 
savisheshathakal.
parakkunnatho vellathilo atho athiloodeyo vishramikkunnatho aaya pakshikalum pookkalumaanu ettavum saadhaaranamaaya vishayangal. mrugangal, prathyekichu maanukal, oru bhooprakrithiyil sthaapichittullathum pradhana vishayangalayi allengil athirthiyile medalukalaayi saadhaaranamaanu. manushyaroopangal saadhaaranayaayi bhooprakrithiyil, prathyekichu bottukale kaikaaryam cheiyunna staafejaayi kaanikkunnu, pakshe chilappol oru pradhana vishayamaayi. kadal-rakshasanmaarum dragonukalumaanu mattu roopangal, randum vichitramaaya aakruthiyilullavayaanu. chila vibhavangalil arabiyil islaamika likhithangalundu, ithu kooduthal padinjaaru ullavarkku pakaram thekkukizhakkan eshyan muslimkalkkayi uddeshichullathaanu. chila vibhavangal europian kappalukal kaanikkukayum padinjaaran kappalinte dishaye prathinidheekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. designukal samakaalika jingdeshen porsalaininekkurichulla avabodham kaanikkunnu, pakshe ganyamaaya akalathilaanu. palappozhum alankarikkappedaatha cheria ennam kashanagal mattu pashchaathala nirangalude shreniyil, prathyekichu neela, thavitt nirangalil, saadhaaranayaayi slippukaliloode nedunnu, mathramalla ellaayidathum varnna glaceukal prayogikkunnathiloodeyum. 
palappozhum choolayil ninnulla gritt eee kashanangalkk kaalile glazil undu, ithu ashradhamaaya nirmmaanatthe soochippikkunnu. vividha roopakalppanakalulla draagan choolakalilaanu avaa vedivachathu, koodaathe niravadhi manpathrangal cheria aashankakalaayirunnu, jingdeshenile vyaavasaayika thalatthil ninnu valare akaleyaayirunnu. kashanagal kooduthalum chakrangal kondu eriyappettavayaanenkilum kashanagal roopappeduthaanum achukal upayogichirunnu.
moonnu nilakalulla pagodayeppole velutha niratthil oru kuzhal polulla strip kondu lambamaayi vibhajikkapetta oru pagodayodu saamyamullathum, eathaandu oru agniparvvatha spodanampole," pandithanmaare aashayakkuzhappathilaakkiyathum, athinte ardhathekkurichu niravadhi nirddeshangal nalkunnathumaaya "splitt pagoda" yude rooparekha ulppede, eee vigrahashaasthrathin savisheshathakalundu. persival david foundeshanum victoria aandu albert myusiyavum ulppede chilar ippol ithine chainees puraanatthile "amarthyarude dveepukalilekkulla paatha" ennu vyaakhyaanikkunnu, kettidatthinu mukalil kuthikkunnu, mattullavar thuranna manass nilanirthunnu. chainees vaayikkaan kazhiyaatha oru vipanikkayi nirmmikkunna nirakshararaya alankaarakkaare prathifalippikkunna "moshamaaya" mudra lipiyile chainees aksharangalkk ardhamillaatha palathil onnaanu eee roopakalppana.
neelayum veluppum niratthilulla vasthukkale moonnu "kudumbangal" allengil vishalamaaya grouppukalaayi vibhajikkaan barbera haarisan nirddeshichittundu kaalakramatthil "yaadhaasthithika", "sthirathayulla", "vaividhyamaarnna". 2010ll monic crick eee vargeekaranam "sketchi", "composed", "phul" riim-tuu-riim "enningane moonnu tharam alankaarangalaayi parishkarichu. sketchi dekkareshan" group orotta karakaushalakkaaran "swathanthramaayi svayam peyint cheythathum oorjjaswalavum brush cheythathumaaya shaili" upayogikkunnu. pinneedulla grouppukal palappozhum irunda kendreekritha neela niratthilulla droying upayogichu design srishtikkunnu, athu pinneedu polychrome inaamalukalil karuppum turcoise upayogichu upayogikkunna athe shailiyil bharam kuranja vaash upayogichu ovarpeyint cheiyunnu. eee kashanangalil chilathil oru stensil evideyaanu sthaapichirikkunnathenna soochippikkunna pinn prikkukal drishyamaanu, ithu vaashinte drutha painting anuvadikkunnu. vaash prayogikkunnathinu munbu rooparekha unakkendivannene, ithu soochippikkunnathu niravadhi karakaushalathozhilaalikal vividha thalatthilulla vaidagdhyam aavasyamulla ulppaadanathinte vividha ghattangalil earppettirikkukayaanne.
pathinezhaam noottaandinte arambham vare polychrome inaamal vasthukkal aarambhichittillaayirikkam, pakshe pinneedu athivegam vardhikkukayum 1608-ll mungiya biinn tuwan avashishtangalil ninnu pakuthiyolam swaatto kashanagal roopappedukayum cheythu. vibhavangalkk oru velutha slip coating nalkukayum kalar inaamalukal kathikkaan kazhiyunna porsaline aavashyamaaya uyarnna thapanilayil vedivaykkukayum cheythu. ekadesham 800 digri selshyasil oru cheria second vedivayppinu munbu avaa peyint cheythu. chuvapp, pacha, (kurachumaathram) manja, turcois, chuvapp, pacha, karupp ennivayaanu saadhaarana paalatukal. pradhaanamaayum line varaykkaan upayogikkunna karupp, yadhaarthathil underglays neelaykku upayogikkunna cobaltil ninnaan, ashudhavum kendreekrithavumaaya roopathil nirmmichathu.
thaarathamyena apoorvamaaya oru tharam underglays neela, vella, ovarglesu inaamalukal ennivayil alankarichirikkunnu. eee kashanagal nirmmikkaan chelaveriyathum japanese vipanikkayi nirmmichavayumaanennu thonnunnu. chithreekaricha vibhavangalude chumaril oru udaaharanam kaanaan kazhiyum (dii 5).
vipanikal.
eshya.
yadhaartha choola sittukalilallaathe chainayil thanne swaatto veyarukalude udaaharanangalonnum khananamcheyyappettitla, mattu chila enangaleppole, eee charakkukalum poornnamaayum kayattumathi cheiyunnathinaayi nirmmichathaanennu thonnunnu. thekkukizhakkan eshyayile dveepukal, prathyekichu aadhunika maleshya, indoneshya, phillippines, jappaanumaayi chernnu nanavo vannil kaanapedunna dveepukal ennivayaayirunnu pradhana vipanikal. korea, vietnaam thudangiya chainees seraamiksinte mattu parambaraagatha vipanikal ithil ulppettittillenn thonnunnu; avar ithinakam thanne mikacha aakruthiyilulla monocrome charakkukal allengil kooduthal sookshumamaayi alankaricha shailikalkk anukoolamaaya kooduthal parambaraagatha chainees abhiruchikal vikasippicheduthirunnu. aadyakaala europian sandarshakar report cheythathupole, vibhavangal pradarshanathinum bhakshanathinum upayogichirunnu; raajakudumbaamgangal polum athidhikalumaayi tharayil paayayil irunnu, niravadhi valia vibhavangalil ninnu saamudaayikamaayi kazhichu.
jappaanile prashasthamaaya kottayilum shethrasthalangalilum sakalangal kandethiyittundu, alankaarathinte asamskrithamaaya oorjjam akkaalathe ruchiyude nethaakkalaaya chila japanese theyila maasttarukalude valare sankeernamaaya soundaryabodhathe aakarshichathayi thonnunnu. cheria paathrangalum jaarukalum japanese theyila chadangukalilum mattu sandarbhangalilum kooduthal eluppathil upayogichirunnu, chila japanese kashanagal swaatto aakruthiyum alankaaravum anukarichu. 
viyatnaaminte thekkan theerathu biinn tuwan enna sthalathu oru avashishtam oru charakk vahichirunnu, athinte avasheshikkunna gadakangal swaatto veyarukalum kaast irumbu vokkukalum aayirunnu; athinte khananam 2004 ll prasidheekarichu. porsaline pakuthiyolam neelayum veluppum pakuthiyolam ovarglesu inaamalukalum undaayirunnu, randaamathethu kadalil vipulamaaya nimajjanam moolam budhimuttunnu. 1608ll kadalil nashtappettathayi rekhappeduthappetta kappalayirikkaam ithu, pradhaanamaayum chainees putt kondunadakkaan dutch eest india kambani (vooku) aadhunika malaysiayile johorile avarude steshanilekku krameekarichu, orupakshe sugandhavyanjana dveepukalkku chuttumulla sugandhavyanjanangalkkayi seramics vyapaaram nadatthaan uddeshichullathaayirikkam ithu. aayirakkanakkin "idatharam vibhavangal", athupole 42 centemeter vare neelamulla chila neelayum veluppum niratthilullava, cheria vibhavangalum jaarukalum undaayirunnu. aadhunika seramic auttputtilethupole baachukalaayi aavarthikkunna niravadhi designukal undaayirunnu, ennaal designukal soujanyavum vegathilullathumaaya nirvvahanathil ninnu vyathyasthamaayirunnu.
europian.
europian vipanikalkku orupakshe valare kuravaayirikkaam, athe kaalaghattatthile crack veyarukal ellaayppozhum avide kooduthal alavil ayachirunnu. ithinu niravadhi samaanathakalundengilum ellaam neelayum veluppum niratthilulla adivasthrangalilaayirunnu. 1548ll purathaakkappedunnathuvar porchugeesukaar yugangil vyapaaram nadathiyirunnu, pakshe 1567 muthal madangaan anuvadikkukayum 1577ll mccavoyil oru steshan sthaapikkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. lisbanile santos kottaaratthil 1664 num 1687 num idayil chainees neelayum veluppum kaliman vibhavangalaal moodappetta manoharamaaya konulla melkoorayulla oru murii undu; ivayil moonnennam swaatto veyarukalaayi thiricharinjittundu. 
philippainsile manilayil sthirathaamasamaakkiya spaanishukaar avide chainees aadambarangal ulppedeyulla charakkukal kondupookukayum manila gaaliyon vyaapaarathil akaapalko polulla puthiya loka thuramukhangal kondupookukayum cheythu. 1595ll saan franciscoic vadakkulla drakes beyil takarnna sebaastiyo rodrigues soromenhoyude "saan augustin" ulppede niravadhi spanish saittukalil ninnum avashishtangalil ninnum swaatto veyarukal kandeduthittundu. 
1602ll sthaapithamaaya dutch eest india kambani charakkukalude pradhana vipaniyaya indoneshyayumaayi vyapaaram nadatthi. chainayumaayi nerittu vyapaaram nadatthaan avare anuvadichirunnilla, koodaathe porchugees, spanish, chainees kappalukal pidichedukkunnathilum orupakshe chainees kappalukal vazhi avarude thaavalangalilekku delivari krameekarikkunnathilum avar samthruptharaayirunnu. 1624 muthal avarkk formosa (aadhunika taiwan) undaayirunnu. samanamaaya kayattumathi crack porsaline europian abhiruchikalkku anusrithamaayi poruthappedutthi, ithu swatto ware orikkalum undayirunnathaayi thonnunnilla. pinneedu swatto charakkukal dachukaar nerittu europilekku kayattumathi cheythirikkaam. eee europian vyapaarangal vividha karapradeshangalil swatto veyarinte sakalangal avasheshippikkukayum dakshinaafrikkayile nalla pratheekshayude keppinu chuttum avashishtangal avasheshikkukayum cheythu.
shekharangal.
niravadhi nalla shekharangalulla, prathyekichu indoneshyayilum jappanilum, eee enangalkku avayude yadhaartha vipanikalil vilamathippund. avaa saadhaaranayaayi chainees shekharichirunnilla, seraamiksinte nalla shekharangalulla mikka paashchaathya, chainees myusiyangalkkum viralamaaya kaivashamund. dutch princessophe seramics myoosiyathil 170 oolam kashanangalude asaadhaaranamaaya shekharamundu, "tharatthinte ettavum praathinidhya shreni", ennirunnaalum aakruthiyude kaaryatthil ithu valia vibhavangalil shradha kendreekarikkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil oru dutch colonial bharanadhikaariyaanu ithu aadyam indoneshyayil kootticherthathu.

