saamoohika pravartthanam

vyakthikal, kudumbangal, grouppukal, communitykal, samooham ennivayude adisthaana aavasyangal niravettunnathumaayi bandhapetta oru academic achadakkavum parisheelanatthe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thozhilaanu saamoohika pravartthanam (ezz. dablyu.). manahshaasthram, saamoohyashaasthram, aarogyam, raashtrashaasthram, saamoohika vikasanam, niyamam, saambathikashaasthram thudangiya mekhalakalil ninnu saamoohika pravartthana pariseelanam samvidaanangalumaayum nayangalumaayum edapazhakunnathinum vilayiruthalukal nadathunnathinum edapedalukal vikasippikkunnathinum saamoohika pravartthanavum utharavaadithavum vardhippikkunnathinum aakarshikkunnu. janangalude jeevitam mechappeduthuka, biosycosocial aashankakal laghookarikkuka, vyakthikaludeyum samoohangaludeyum shaaktheekaranam, saamoohika neethi kaivarikkuka ennivayaanu saamoohika pravartthanatthinte aathyanthika lakshyangal.
saamoohika pravartthanatthe palappozhum moonnu thalangalayi thirichirikkunnu. vyakthigatha kaunsiling/therapy nalkukayo sevanangal axus cheiyunnathil oru kudumbatthe sahaayikkukayo polulla vyakthikalumaayum kudumbangalumaayum nerittu pravartthikkunnathu micro varkkil ulppedunnu. group therapy nadathukayo community ejansikalkku sevanangal nalkukayo polulla grouppukalumaayum kammyoonittikalumaayum pravartthikkunnathu messo-varkkil ulppedunnu. vakkeel, saamoohika nayam, gaveshana vikasanam, laabhechayillaathathum pothusevanavumaaya bharanam allengil sarkkar ejansikalumaayi pravartthikkunnathiloode valia thothil maattam valarthuka ennathaanu macro varkkil ulppedunnathu. ulppedunnathu muthal, classical saamoohika pravartthana vidyaabhyaasathinu purame, saamoohika, maanava sevana samghadanakalude maanejmentinaayi vidyaarthikale orukkunnathinayi kurachu sarvakalashaalakal saamoohika pravartthana maanejment prograamukal aarambhichu.
19-aamm noottaandil saamoohika pravartthana thozhil vikasichu, athinte chila verukal sannadha jeevakaarunyathilum thaazhethattil samghadippikkunnathilum aayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, saamoohika aavasyangalkkulla prathikaranangal valare munbuthanne, praadhamikamaayi pothu daanadharmashaalakalil ninnum swakaarya jeevakaarunya pravarthanangalil ninnum mathasamghadanakalil ninnum nilaninnirunnu. vyapakamaaya daaridryavum vyaavasaayika saahacharyangalile balavela aashrayikkunnathumaayi bandhapetta sisukshema aashankakalodu saamoohika pravartthakar prathikarichathinaal vyaavasaayika viplavathinteyum 1930-kalile mahaamaandyathinteyum phalangal saamoohika pravartthanatthe kooduthal nirvachikkapetta oru achadakkamaayi maattaan sammarddam chelutthi.
nirvachanam.
saamoohika pravartthanam niravadhi vishayangalumayi verthirikkunna oru vishalamaaya thozhilaanu. saamoohika pravartthana samghadanakal inipparayunna nirvachanangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu
saamoohika pravartthanam ennathu saamoohika maattavum vikasanavum saamoohika aikyam, janangalude shaaktheekaranavum vimochanavum prothsaahippikkunna oru pariseelana adhishtitha thozhilum academic achadakkavumaanu. saamoohika neethi, manushyaavakashangal, koottaaya utharavaaditham, vaividhyangalodulla bahumanam ennee thathwangal saamoohika pravartthanatthinte kendramaanu. saamoohika pravartthanam, saamoohika shaasthram, maanavikashaastram, thaddesheeya arivu ennivayude sidhaanthangalkku adivarayittu, saamoohika pravartthanam jeevita velluvilikale neridunnathinum kshemam vardhippikkunnathinum aalukaleyum gadanakaleyum ulkkollunnu.
vyakthikal, kudumbangal, grouppukal, communitykal ennivare avarude vyakthiparavum koottaayathumaaya kshemam vardhippikkunnathinu sahayikkunna oru thozhilaanu saamoohika pravartthanam. prasnangal pariharikkunnathin avarude kazhivukalum avarude vibhavangalum samoohathinte vibhavangalum upayogikkaanulla kazhivum vikasippikkaan aalukale sahayikkuka ennathaanu ithu lakshyamidunnathu. saamoohika pravartthanam vyakthiparavum vyakthiparavumaaya prasnangalumaayi bandhappettathaan, mathramalla daaridryam, thozhilillaayma, gaarhika peedanam thudangiya vishalamaaya saamoohika prasnangalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
saamoohika thathwangalude professional prayogavum thaazhepparayunna onno athiladhikamo lakshyangalilekkulla saankethikavidyakalum ulkkollunnathaan saamoohika pravartthana pariseelanam vyakthamaaya sevanangal nedaan aalukale sahayikkuka; vyakthikal, kudumbangal, grouppukal ennivarumaayi kaunsilingum psychotherapy; saamoohikavum aarogyaparavumaya sevanangal nalkunnathino mechappeduthunnathino communitykaleyo grouppukaleyo sahayikkuka, niyamanirmmaana prakriyakalil pankedukkuka. saamoohika pravarthanatthinu manushya vikasanatheyum perumaattattheyum kurichulla arivu aavasyamaanu; saamoohikavum saambathikavum saamskaarikavumaaya sthaapanangalekkurichum; eee gadakangalude ellah edapedalukalum.
saamoohika pravartthakar avarude jeevithathil phalangal mechappeduthaan sahaayikkunnathin vyakthikalumaayum kudumbangalumaayum pravartthikkunnu. ithu durbalaraaya aalukale doshathil ninno durupayogathil ninno samrakshikkunnathino swathanthramaayi jeevikkaan aalukale pinthunaykkunnathino sahaayikkunnundaakam. saamoohika pravartthakar aalukale pinthunaykkukayum abhibhashakaraayi pravartthikkukayum avarkk aavasyamulla sevanangalilekku aalukale nayikkukayum cheiyunnu. saamoohika pravartthakar palappozhum aarogya, vidyaabhyaasa professionalukalkkoppam multy-disciplinary teamukalaayi pravartthikkunnu.
charithram.
saamoohika pravartthanatthinte parisheelanathinum thozhilinumulla uthbhavam thaarathamyena aadunikavum shaasthreeyavumaanu, ithu moonnu tharangalil ninnu vikasichathayi pothuve kanakkaakkappedunnu. aadyathethu vyakthigatha cases varkk aayirunnu, pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil chaarity oorganaiseshan sosaitti thudakkamitta oru thanthram, ithu englandile landanile helen bosanktum okdaaviya hill sthaapichu. mikka charitrakaaranmaarum kosine oru professional thozhilaayi saamoohika pravartthanatthinte aavirbhaavathilekku nayicha saamoohika sidhaanthathinte pioneering oorganaiseshanaayi thirichariyunnu. vyakthigatha cases varkkilaan kosinte pradhana shradha. randaamathethu saamoohika bharanamaayirunnu, athil vividha tharatthilulla daaridrya nivaaranangal ulppedunnu-'daridrarude aashvaasam'. samsthaanavyaapakamaayi daaridrya nivaaranathinu athinte verukal pathinezhaam noottaandile engleesh mosham niyamangalil undennu parayaam, pakshe chaarity oorganaiseshan sosaittiyude sramangaliloodeyaanu ithu aadyamaayi chittappeduthiyathu. moonnaamathethu saamoohika pravartthanamaayirunnu-udanadi vyakthigatha aavasyangal pariharikkunnathilum earppedunnathinupakaram, samoohathiloodeyum groupiloodeyum avarude saamoohika saahacharyangal mechappeduthunnathinum athuvazhi daaridryam laghookarikkunnathinumaayi pravartthikkunna rashtreeya pravarthanatthinu oonnal nalki. settilment house prasthaanamaanu eee sameepanam aadyam vikasippichath.
lalithamaayi nirvachikkappedaatha oru prasthaanavum; saamoohika prashnangalude muzhuvan shreniyum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla sthaapanangalude vikasanavum ithinoppam undaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandil avayellaam athivegam valarukayum sidhaanthathilum prayogatthilum aadhunika saamoohika pravarthanatthinu adithara paakukayum cheythu.
pathonpathaam noottaandil englandil ninnu uthbhavicha professional saamoohika pravartthanatthinte verukal vyaavasaayika viplavam srishticha saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya viplavathilaan, prathyekichu, athinte falamaayundaaya vanthothilulla nagara adhishtitha daaridryavum athumaayi bandhapetta prashnangalum kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinulla saamoohika poraattatthilaanu. aadyakaala saamoohika pravartthanangalude pradhana kendrabindu daaridryamaayathinaal, athu jeevakaarunya pravartthana ashayavumaayi sankeernamaayi bandhappettirunnu.
saamoohika pravartthana thozhilinte valarchaye roopappeduthiya mattu pradhana charitra vyakthikalaanu chikkaagoyil hull house sthaapikkukayum 1931 ll samaadhaanathinulla nobal sammanam nedukayum cheytha jaine adams; niyamam, vaidyashaasthram, saikyatri, saikkolaji, charithram enniva ulkkollunna aadyathe saamoohika pravarthanapusthakangalilona "soshyal diagnosis" ezhuthiya merii ellen richmond; saamoohika kshema vyavasthayude pashchaathalatthil saamoohika pravarthanathekkurichu charcha roopappeduthiya saamoohika kshema raashtram srishticha vilyam beveridge.
america.
america, maanasikaarogya prasthaanatthinte sthaapakanaayi kanakkaakkappedunna viramicha boosttan adthyaapikayaaya dorothea linde dicks, maanasika vaikalyangalulla aalukale veekshikkunnathum chikilsikkunnathumaaya reethiye mattunna oru kurishuyuddham aarambhichu. dicks oru saamoohika pravarthakayaayirunnilla; 1887-ll marikkunnathuvare eee thozhil sthaapithamaayirunnilla. ennirunnaalum, avarude jeevithavum pravartthanavum aadyakaala manoroga saamoohika pravartthakar sweekarichu, 1907-ll newyork ashupatri samvidaanathile aadyathe manoroga saamoohika pravarthakayaaya elisabath horteninoppam manoroga saamoohika pravartthanatthinte thudakkakkaaril oralaayi avar kanakkaakkappedunnu.
irupathaam noottaandinte arambham maanasikarogathodulla manobhaavathil purogamanaparamaaya maattatthinte samayamaayirunnu. 1963ll community maanasikaarogya kendra niyamam pasaki. eee nayam maanasikarogamulla aalukale sthaapanavalkkarikkaan prothsaahippichu. pinneedu pinneedu maanasikaarogya upabhokthru prasthaanam vannu. oru manorogaavasthaykkaayi sevanangal sweekarikkukayo nilavil sweekarikkukayo cheiyunna oru vyakthiyaan upabhokthaav ennu nirvachikkappettath. maanasika vaikalyangalulla aalukalum avarude kudumbangalum mechappetta paricharanatthinaayi vaadikkunnavaraayi maari. upabhokthru vaadathiloode pothujana dharana avabodhavum valarthiyedukkunnathu maanasikarogatheyum athinte chikitsa mukhyadharaa vaidyashaasthrathilekkum saamoohika sevanangalilekkum konduvaraan sahayichu. 2000-kalil chelavukal kuraykkunnathinu anaavasyavum anuchithavumaya paricharanam illaathaakkaan lakshyamitulla aarogya parirakshaa vitharana samvidaanavum gurutharamaaya maanasikarogamulla palarum swamedhayaa sukham praapikkukayum mattullavar sariyaaya chikilsayiloode sukham praapikkukayum mechappedukayum cheiyunnuvennu thathwathil amgeekarikkunna veendedukkal prasthaanavum kandu.
kandu iraakh adhinivesavum afgaanisthaanile yudhavum (2001-2021) saamoohika pravartthakar swaadheenam chelutthi; saamoohika pravartthakar afgaanisthaanileyum iraakhi thaavalangalileyum naatto aashupathrikalil ninnu pravarthichu. forwade operating baseukalil kaunsiling sevanangal nalkunnathinaayi avar sandarshanam nadatthi. irupathirandu sathamaanam upabhokthaakkalkk poost trometic stress desorder, 17 sathamaanam perkku vishaadam, 7 sathamaanam perkku madyapaanam ennivayundennu kandethi. 2009ll, sajeevamaaya duty sainikarkkidayil uyarnna thothilulla athmahathyakal undaayi 160 ennam sainika athmahathyakal sthireekarichu allengil samshayikkappettu. 2008ll maraine corpsil 52 athmahathyakal undaayi. yudhamekhalakalilekkulla deerghavum aavarthichullathumaya vinyaasathinte sammarddam, rund yudhangaludeyum apakadakaravum aashayakkuzhappamundayakunnathu swabhaavam, yudhangalkkulla pothujana pinthuna mangikkalayal, sainika manoveeryam kurayal ennivayellaam maanasikaarogya prasnangal vardhippikkunnathinu kaaranamaayi. sainika, sivilian saamoohika pravartthakar vettaranmaarude aarogya parirakshaa samvidaanathil nirnaayaka punk vahichu.
maanasikaarogya sevanangal ennathu uyarnna gadanayulla inpatiant cycatric unitukal muthal anoupachaarika pinthunaa grouppukal vareyulla sevanangalude oru ayanja shringalayaanu, avide cycatric soshyal workermar mattu paraprofessional pravartthakarkkoppam onniladhikam krameekaranangalil vaividhyamaarnna sameepanagalil earppedunnu.
canada.
janasamkhyayude aarogya mekhalayil sevana vitharanathinte kaanadayude charithratthinte thudakkathil thanne manoroga saamoohika pravartthakarkkulla oru punk sthaapikkappettu. praadeshika vadakke amerikkakkar maanasika prashnangale, sthalabodhavum pothuve swanthavumaayulla santhulithaavastha nashtappetta oru vyakthiyude soochanayaayi manassilakki, prathyekichu bakkiyulla grouppumaayi. thaddesheeya rogashanti vishwaasangalil, aarogyavum maanasikarogyavum verthirikkaanaavaathavayinu, athinaal maanasikavum shaareerikavumaaya rogangal ozhivakkaan samanamaaya prakrithidathavum aathmeeyavumaaya pariharangal palappozhum upayogichirunnu. eee samoohangalum kudumbangalum prathirodha aarogya parirakshaykkulla samagra sameepanangale valareyadhikam vilamathichu. kaanadayile thaddesheeyaraaya janangal sanbarkkathinte aadyakaalakhattangal muthal europian kolanikkaarudeyum avarude sthaapanangaludeyum pravarthanangaliloode saamskaarika adichamarthalukalum saamoohika paarshwavalkkaranavum nerittittundu. saamskaarika sanbarkkam pala tharatthilulla kollayadikkalukalum konduvannu. europian kudiyettakkaarude saambathika, rashtreeya, mathasthaapanangalellaam thaddesheeyare kudiyozhippikkunnathinum adichamarthunnathinum sambhavana nalki.
1714ll maanasikarogikalkkayi cubec vaardukal thurannathodeyaanu audyogikamaayi rekhappeduthappetta aadyathe chikitsa reethikal. reethikal chaarity oorganaiseshanukaliloodeyum charchu paarishukaliloodeyum (soshyal gospel movement) saamoohika sevanangal sajeevamaayirunnu. 1835ll sent joonn aandu nyoo brunswickil bhraanthanmaarkkulla abhayakendrangal thurannu. 1841-ll manasikarogikalkkulla torrento paricharanam sthaapanaparamaayitheernnu. 1867ll britiish kireedavumaayulla bandham nilanirthikkondu canada oru svayambharana aadhipathyamaayi maari. eee kaalayalavil, vyaavasaayika muthalaalithatthinte yugam aarambikkukayum athu pala roopangalil saamoohikavum saambathikavumaaya sthaanachalanathilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. 1887 aayappozhekkum abhayakendrangal aashupathrikalaayi parivartthanam cheyyappedukayum maanasikarogikalude paricharanatthinaayi nazhsumaareyum parichaarakareyum niyamikkukayum cheythu. 1914ll torrento sarvakalashaalayil aadyathe saamoohika pravartthana pariseelanam aarambhichu. 1918ll doow. clarence hinks clifford bear chernnu canadian naashanal kammitti phoor mental haijeen sthaapikkukayum athu pinneedu canadian mental health associationaayi maarukayum cheythu. cheythu maanasikarogabaadhitharkk kazhivillaaymayundaakunnathu munbu (aadyakaala edapedal) prathirodhikkunnathinum chikilsikkunnathinum hinks prothsaahippichu.
randaam lokamahaayudham maanasikaarogyathodulla manobhaavathe aazhathil baadhichu. aarogyamulla aayirakkanakkin muthirnnavarkk maanasika budhimuttukal anubhavappettathayi recruitmentukalude vaidyaparisodhanayil kandethi. eee arivu maanasikaarogyathodulla pothujanangalude manobhaavathe maattukayum prathirodha nadapadikaleyum chikitsa reethikaleyum kurichulla gaveshanathe uthejippikkukayum cheythu. 1951ll kaanadayiludaneelam maanasikaarogya vaaram aarambhichu. irupathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil, 1960 kalude avasaanathil aarambhicha oru sthaapanavalkkarana kaalaghattatthil, saamoohika adisthaanathilulla paricharanatthinu nilavile oonnal nalkunnathil maanasika saamoohika pravartthanangal vijayichu, saamoohika asamathvangalum gadanaaparamaaya prashnangalum thirichariyunnathinum abhisambodhana cheiyunnathinumaayi vyakthigatha roganirnayathil medical modalinte vashangalkkappuram maanasika saamoohika pravartthanangal shradha kendreekarichu. upabhokthaakkalkk chikilsaykkulla badal marggangal thiranjedukkaanulla avakasham nalkunnathinaayi 1980-kalil maanasikaarogya niyamam bhedagathi cheythu. pinneedu thozhilmekhalayile maanasikaarogya prashnangalilekkum paaristhithika moolakaaranangalilekkum shradha kendreekarichu.
ontaariyoyile regulatoraaya ontaariyo koleju oof soshyal varkkezhs aandu soshyal sarvees varkkezhs (oo. sii. ezz. dablyu. ezz. ezz. dablyu) rund thozhilukale niyanthrikkunnu rajisterdu soshyal varkkezhs (aarr. ezz. dablyu), rajisterdu soshyal sarvees varkkezhs (aarr. ezz. ezz. dablyu). oro pravisyaykkum samanamaaya niyanthrana sthaapanangalundu. saamoohika pravartthakarkkulla deseeya professional sthaapanamaanu canadian association oof soshyal varkkezhs (csvu). pravishya thalatthilulla raashtreeyavalkkaranathinu munbu, eee professional bodiyile rajistraantukalkku rajisttar cheytha saamoohika pravartthakaraayi anthar-pravishya parisheelanatthil earppedaan kazhinju.
india.
indiayil maanasika vaikalyangal aadyamaayi udharikkunnathu veda kaalaghattatthil (bii. sii. 2000-eiii. dii. 600) ninnaan. bii. sii. 400 muthal 200 vare pazhakkamullathayi vishwasikkappedunna ayurveda paatapusthakamaaya charaka samhita maanasika sthirathayude vividha gadakangale vivarikkunnu. oru paricharana vitharana samvidaanam engane sajjeekarikkam ennathinekkurichulla nirddeshangalum ithilundu. athe kaalaghattatthil dakshinenthyayile oru vaidyashaasthra samvidaanamaayirunnu siddha. maharshiyaaya agasthyan oru vaidyashaasthra sanbradaayathinu sambhavana nalkia 18 sidhanmaaril oraalaayirunnu. eee samvidaanathil maanasika vaikalyangalude oru samahaaramaaya agasthiyar kirigay noolum avaa shupaarsha cheiyunna chikilsakalum ulppedunnu. maanasikaarogyaprashnangale atharvvedathilum vivaranangalum prameyangalum undu. mugal kaalaghattatthil 1222-ll oru indian vaidyan anjjaathanaayaanu yunani vaidyashaasthram avatharippichathu. nilavilulla cycotherapy yunani vaidyashaasthrathil ilaj-iii-nafsani ennariyappettirunnu.
pathinettaam noottaand indian charithratthile valare asthiramaaya oru kaalaghattamaayirunnu, ithu indian upabhookhandathil maanasikavum saamoohikavumaaya araajakathvathinu kaaranamaayi. 1745ll bombayilum (mumbai) 1784ll kalkattayilum (kolkkatha) 1794ll madrasayilum (chennai) bhraanthan abhayakendrangal vikasippichu. britiish eest india kambaniyil jolie cheiyunna engleeshukaareyum indian 'sipaayikaleyum' (sainikar) chikilsikkukayum kaikaaryam cheyyukayum cheiyunnathinu aadyam aashupathrikal sthaapikkendathinte aavasyakatha kooduthal theevramaayi. aadyathe bhraanthan niyamam (aakt nambar ennum ariyappedunnu. 1858ll praabalyatthil vanna ithu pinneedu 1888ll bangaalil niyogicha oru samiti parishkarichu. pinneedu pinneedu indian lunasi act eee niyamanirmmaanathinu keezhil konduvannu. 1870-num 1890-num idayil mysur lunatic abhayakendrathil maanasikarogamulla vyakthikalkkayi oru punaradhivasa paripadi aarambhichu, thudarnnu eee kaalayalavil mikkavarum oro lunatic abhayakendrangalilum oru thozhil therapy vakupp sthaapichu. abhayakendrathile paripadiye 'varkk therapy' ennu vilichirunnu. eee paripaadiyil, maanasikarogamulla vyakthikal ellah pravarthanangalkkumaayi kaarshika mekhalayil earppettirunnu. eee paripadi indiayile maanasika saamoohika punaradhivaasatthinte uthbhavathinte vithayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.
1918ll sthaapithamaaya central instittyoott oof saikyatri (sii. aii. pii) ennariyappedunna europian hospitalinte sooprandaaya berkley-hill akkaalathe maanasika aashupathrikalude mechappeduthalinekkur valareyadhikam aashankaakulanaayirunnu. berkley-hillinte susthiramaaya sramangal chikilsayudeyum paricharanatthinteyum nilavaaram uyarthaan sahayichu, koodaathe 1920 ll 'abhayam' enna padam 'ashupatri' ennu maattaan addeham sarkkaarine prerippikkukayum cheythu. nilavile tokkan-sambadvyavasthaykku samanamaaya saankethikavidyakal aadyamaayi 1920 ll aarambikkukayum ranchiyile sippil 'seelam roopeekarana chart' ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. 1937ll dhorabji taatta school oof soshyal varkk (1936ll sthaapithamaayathu) nadathunna child guidense klinikkilaanu cycatric soshyal varkarude aadya tasthika srishtichathu. indian maanasikaarogya mekhalayile saamoohika pravartthana parisheelanatthinte aadyathe rekhappeduthiya thelivaayi ithu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
1947ll swaathanthryaanantharam, nilavilulla aashupathrikalile avastha mechappeduthunnathinaayi general hospital saikyatri unitukal (jipas) sthaapikkappettu, athesamayam eee unitukaliloode autpeshyant paricharanatthe prolsaahippikkukayum cheythu. amritsaril doow. maanasikaarogyamullavarude paricharanatthil vidyasagar kudumbangalude sajeeva pankaalittham earppeduthi. chikitsa paricharanavum sambandhicha kaalathekkaal munpulla vipulamaaya sanbradaayamaayirunnu ithu. maanasikaarogya mekhalayile saamoohika pravarthanangalil, prathyekichu kalankam kuraykkunnathil, eee reethi kooduthal swaadheenam chelutthi. 1948ll amerikkayil pariseelanam nediya gauri raani bannerji dhorabji taatta school oof soshyal varkkil (ippol tiss) medical, cycatric soshyal varkkil oru maastezhs kozhs aarambhichu. pinneedu 1949ll pooneyile yerwada mental hospitalile muthirnnavarude saikyatri yoonittil pariseelanam labhicha aadyathe cycatric saamoohika pravartthakane niyamichu.
1956ll amritsarile oru maanasikaarogya aashupathriyilum 1958ll nazhsing kolejile child guidense klinikkilum 1960ll dalhiyile ool india instittyoott oof medical sciencesilum 1962ll raam manohar lohia aashupathriyilum saamoohika pravartthakare niyamichu. 1960ll madras maanasikaarogya ashupatri (ippol maanasikaarogya instittyoott) doctormaarum rogikalum thammilulla vidavu nikathaan saamoohika pravartthakare niyamichu. 1961ll nimhaanukalil saamoohika pravartthana tasthika srishtichu. eee saahacharyangalil avar chikilsayude maanasika saamoohika vasham shradhichu. maanasikaarogya samrakshanathil sakthamaaya deerghakaala swaadheenam cheluthaan eee samvidaanam saamoohika sevana reethikale praapthamakki.
1966ll india gavanmentinte aarogya manthraalayathile maanasikaarogya upadeshaka samithiyude shupaarsha prakaram nimhans cycatric soshyal varkk vakupp aarambikkukayum 1968ll cycatric soshyal varkkil rund varshathe birudaananthara diploma avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 1978ll kozhsinte namakaranam cycatric soshyal varkkil emm. pii. echu. aii. ell. aayi maatti. pinneedu oru phd prograam avatharippichu. avatharippichu mudaliar kammittiyude shupaarshakal prakaram 1970ll ranchiyile (ippol sii. aii. pii) europian mental hospitalil maanasika saamoohika pravartthanatthil diploma aarambhichu. paripadi naveekarikkukayum pinneedu mattu unnatha pariseelana kozhsukal cherkkukayum cheythu.
maanasikaarogyathe pothu aarogya sevanangalumayi samyojippikkunnathinulla oru puthiya samrambham 1975 ll indiayil aarambhichu. kendra aarogya mantraalayam deseeya maanasikaarogya paripadi (enn. emm. echu. pii) roopeekarikkukayum 1982ll athu aarambikkukayum cheythu. 1995ll athu avalokanam cheyyukayum athinte adisthaanathil, maanasikaarogya parirakshaye pothujanaarogya parirakshayumaayi samyojippikkaan shramicha jilla maanasikaarogya paripadi (dii. emm. echu. pii) 1996ll aarambikkukayum cheythu. eee maathruka ellah samsthaanangalilum nadappaakkiyittund, nilavil indiayil 125 dmmechpi saittukalund.
saittukalund 1998lum deseeya manushyavakaasha kammeeshan (enn. echu. aarr. sii) indiayile maanasika aashupathrikalude chittayaya, theevravum nirnnayakavumaaya parisodhanakal nadatthi. ithu maanasikarogamulla vyakthikalude manushyaavakaashangalkk enn. echu. aarr. sii amgeekaaram nalkunnathinu kaaranamaayi. enn. emm. echu. piyude bhaagamaayi enn. echu. aarr. siyude reportil ninnu maanasika aashupathrikalude soukaryangal naveekarikkunnathin panam nalki. padanatthinte falamaayi, 1998 vareyulla kazhinja 50 varshangale apekshichu 2008-ll enn. echu. aarr. sii. yudeyum nimhaansinteyum samyuktha report vare eee dashakathil kooduthal anukoolamaaya mattangal undennu velippettu. 2016-ll maanasikaarogya parirakshaa bill pasaki, ithu inshuransil ninnulla pariraksha, badhita vyakthiyude anthass samrakshikkal, niyamaparavum aarogyaparavumaya praveshanam mechappeduthal, soujanya marunnukal anuvadikkuka enniva urappakkukayum niyamaparamaayi arhata nedukayum cheiyunnu. 2016 desemberil, bhinnasheshikkaarude avakasha niyamam (aarr. pii. dablyu. dii), 2016 upayogichu bhinnasheshikkaarude niyamam 1995 2014 billil ninnu raddaki, ithu vishalamaaya bhinnasheshikkaarude janasamkhyaykku aanukoolyangal urappaakkunnu. niyamamaakunnathin munbu, niyamatthinte adikaaram kuraykkunnathum bhinnasheshikkaarod avaganikkaano vivechanam canicano sthaapanangale anuvadikkunnathumaaya "samathvam, vivechanam ennivayil" aashankappeduthunna vakuppukalkkethire, niyamatthinte sariyaaya nadappaakkal urappakkaan aavashyamaaya nirddeshangalude pothuvaaya abhaavathinethire, bill pradhaanamaayum bandhappettavar bhedagathikalkku vidheyamaakki.
indiayile maanasikarogyam athinte vikasana ghattathilaanu. aavashyathe pinthunaykkaan mathiyaya professionalukal illa. indian cycatric sosaittiyude kanakkanusarichu, 2019 januvariyile kanakkanusarichu rajyath ekadesham 9000 cycatristukal maathrameyulloo. eee kanakk anusarichu, indiayil 100,000 janasamkhyayil 0.75 cycatristukalundu, athesamayam 100,000 ll kuranjathu 3 cycatristukalenkile abhikaamyamaanu. 2010 muthal cycatristukalude ennam vardhichuvenkilum athu aarogyakaramaya anupaathathil ninnu valare akaleyaan.
videsha rajyangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol saarvathrikamaayi amgeekarikkappetta orotta licensing adhikaarathinte abhavam saamoohika pravartthakare pothuve apakadatthilaakkunnu. ennaal pothu sthaapanangal/kaunsilukal sarvakalashaala yogyathayulla oru saamoohika pravartthakane practies cheyyaan licensulla oru professionalaayo yogyathayulla clinisianaayo yaanthrikamaayi sweekarikkunnu. saamoohika pravartthana skoolukalumaayi kaikorkkunnathil kendreekritha kaunsilinte abhavavum maanasikaarogya professionalukalaayi saamoohika pravartthakarude sthaanakkayattathil kuravundaakkunnu. ithinidayil saamoohika pravartthakarude sevanam mattu anubandha professionalukalumaayi chernnu raajyathe maanasikaarogya mekhalaykku oru puthuma nalki.
iraan.
samsthaana kshema samghadana munbu aarogya saamoohika suraksha manthraalayathinte bhaagamaayirunnu.
saidhaanthika maathrkakalum prayogangalum.
saamoohika pravartthanam oru inter disciplinary thozhilaanu, athaayath manahshaasthram, saamoohyashaasthram, raashtreeyam, kriminalshaasthram, saambathikashaasthram, paristhithishaasthram, vidyaabhyaasam, aarogyam, niyamam, thathwachintha, naravamshashaasthram, cycotherapy ulppedeyulla kaunsiling thudangi niravadhi mekhalakalil ninnaan ithu varunnath. saamoohika pravartthana adhyaapanashaasthrathinte savisheshamaaya oru savisheshathayaanu feeld varkk. thozhilmekhalayile sidhaanthangalum maathrkakalum manasilakkaan ithu parisheelakare sajjaraakkunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte arambham muthal paashchaathya raajyangalile eee saamoohika pravartthana nimajjana edapedalukalil bahu saamskaarika vashangalil ninnulla professional praakteeshanarmaarkku avarude verukalundu. udaaharanathinu, saamoohika pravartthana parisheelanatthil upayogikkunna chila maathrkakalum sidhaanthangalum ithaa
thozhil.
1915-leeii oru prabhaashanatthil american adhyapakanaaya ebraham flexner, "saamoohika pravartthanam oru thozhilaano?", jeevakaarunya pravarthanangaleyum thiruthalukaleyum kurichulla deseeya sammelanathil nalkia, saamoohika pravartthanavumaayi bandhapetta oru thozhilinte savisheshathakal parishodhichu. ithu nazhsumaar, doctormar thudangiya medical thozhilukal pinthudarunna aarogyam polulla oru 'otta maathruka' allah, marichu oru samyojitha thozhilaanu, saamoohika pravarthanatthinu praayogika maanadandangal adisthaanamaakkiyulla arivum kazhivukalum nilanirthunnathinu professional vikasanathinaayi thudarchayaaya patanam aavasyamaanu ennathaanu medical thozhilumaayulla saamyam. oru saamoohika pravartthana professionalinte sevanangal vyakthikalkkum, vyakthikalkkum, kudumbangalkkum, grouppukalkkum, samghadanakalkkum, communitykalkkum prayojanakaramaaya sevanangal nalkuka enna lakshyathilekku nayikkunnu.
poppilum leaninger athinte ezhu pradhana pravartthanangale ingane vivarikkunnu
naashanal association oof soshyal varkkezhs (naas) dhaarmika niyamangal thiricharinja mattu aarr pradhana moolyangal ivayaanu
saamoohika pravartthanatthinte charitraparavum nirvachikkappedunnathumaaya savisheshatha saamoohika pashchaathalatthil vyakthigatha kshemathilum samoohathinte kshemathilum eee thozhil shradha kendreekarikkunnu ennathaanu. saamoohika pravartthakar edapaadukaarkkoppam saamoohika neethiyum saamoohika maattavum prothsaahippikkunnu. oru "klayant" oru vyakthi, kudumbam, group, oorganaiseshan allengil community aakam. aadhunika saamoohika pravartthakante punk vipuleekarikkunnathinidiyil, chila pariseelakar sameepa varshangalil yudhathil takarnna raajyangalilekku yaatra cheyth kudumbangalkkum athijeevichavarkkum maanasika saamoohika sahayam nalkiyittundu.
saamoohika pravartthana parisheelanatthinte puthiya mekhalakalil maanejment sayans ulppedunnu. saamoohika nayangale sevanangalayi parivartthanam cheiyunnathinum lakshyangal kaivarikkunnathilekku oru samghadanayude pravartthanangal nayikkunnathinumulla "saamoohika pravartthana bharana" thinte (chilappol "saamoohika pravartthana maanejment" ennum vilikkunnu) valarcha oru anubandha mekhalayaanu. thozhilillaayma insurance, vaikalya aanukoolyangal thudangiya aanukoolyangal labhikkaan upabhokthaakkale sahayikkuka, vyakthikaleyum kudumbangaleyum sambaadyangal kettippadukkunnathinum deerghakaalaadisthaanathil avarude saambathika suraksha mechappeduthunnathinum valia pravartthanangal kaikaaryam cheiyunnathinum asthikal nedunnathinum sahayikkuka. klayantukaleyum oorganaiseshanukaleyum saambathikamaayi svayamparyaaptharaakaan sahaayikkunnathin saamoohika pravartthakar saambathika maanejment kazhivukal ariyendathundu. saambathika saamoohika pravartthanam kuranja varumaanamulla allengil kuranja muthal idatharam varumaanamulla klayantukaleyum, onnukil banking illaatha (banking akkoundu illaatha) allengil baank akkoundu illaatha (baank akkoundu ullavarum ennaal uyarnna chelavil baank ithara daathaakkale aasrayikkunna vyakthikalum) saambathika sthaapanangalumaayi mikacha madhyasthathayodum pana maanejment kazhivukal ulppeduthunnathiloodeyum sahayikkunnu. saamoohika pravartthakar shradha kendreekarikkunna mattoru mekhala risk maanejmentaanu, saamoohika pravartthanatthile risk 1921 ll naitt aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu, "enthaanu sambhavikkunnathenn ningalkk urappillengil polum, pakshe ningalkk saadhyathakal ariyaamenkil, athu apakadasaadhyathayaan, ningalkk ariyillengil polum anishchithathvam."saamoohika pravartthanatthile risk maanejment ennaal paricharanatthilo theerumaanangalilo ulla utharavaadithangalile apakadasaadhyathakalum nettangalum vishakalanam cheythukondu klayantukalkku saadhyathayulla nettangal vardhippikkunnathinop apakadasadhyathakal kuraykkuka ennaanu. thozhil saamoohika pravartthanam ennathu pariseelanam labhicha professionalukal oru maanejmentine thozhilaallikalude kshemathilum avarude maanasika saamoohika kshemathilum sahayikkukayum maanejmentinte nayangalum protocolukalum maanavikavum adichamarthal virudhavumaakkaan sahayikkukayum cheiyunna oru mekhalayaanu. 
amerikkayil, yuu. esinte oru shaakhayaaya mayakkumarunnu durupayogam, maanasikaarogya sevanangal administration (samsa) anusarichu.ezz. aarogya, maanava sevana vakupp, professional saamoohika pravartthakar ennivaraanu maanasikaarogya sevana daathaakkalude ettavum valia samgham. cycatristukal, psychologistukal, cycatric nazhsumaar ennivare samyojippikkunnathinekkal kooduthal klinikkal pariseelanam labhicha saamoohika pravartthakar-200,000-thiladhikam. federal niyamavum deseeya aarogya sthaapanangalum saamoohika pravartthanatthe anchu pradhana maanasikaarogya thozhilukalil onnaayi amgeekarikkunnu.
daaridrya aashvaasam, jeevita naipunya vidyaabhyaasam, saamoohika samghadana, saamoohika samghadana, saamoohika vikasanam, gramavikasanam, forencics, thiruthalukal, niyamanirmmanam, vyaavasaayika bandhangal, padhathi maanejment, shisu samrakshanam, muthirnnavarude samrakshanam, vanita avakashangal, manushyaavakashangal, systems opttimaiseshan, dhanakaryam, asakti punaradhivasam, shisu vikasanam, vividha saamskaarika madhyasthatha, thozhil surakshyum aarogyavum, duranthanivaaranam, maanasikarogyam, maanasika saamoohika chikitsa, vaikalyangal thudangiya mekhalakalil oru saamoohika pravartthakan jolie cheyyaavunna mekhalakalude udaaharanangalaan.
rolukalum pravartthanangalum.
cases maanejar, abhibhaashakan, administrettar, theraappist ennivarulppede maanasikaarogya krameekaranangalil saamoohika pravartthakar niravadhi punk vahikkunnu. oru manoroga saamoohika pravartthakante pradhana pravartthanangal sthaanakkayattam, prathirodham, chikitsa, punaradhivasam ennivayaanu. saamoohika pravartthakarkku inipparayunnava pariseelikkaam
manoroga saamoohika pravartthakar rogikalude maanasika saamoohika vilayiruthalukal nadathukayum medical team amgangalumaayi rogiyudeyum kudumbatthinteyum ashayavinimayam vardhippikkunnathinum saadhyamaaya ettavum mikacha paricharanatthode rogikale surakshitharakkunnathinum avarude paricharana aasoothranathil sajeeva pankaalikalaavunnathinum teamile anthar-professional souhaarddam urappakkunnathinum pravartthikkukayum cheiyunnu. aavasyamanusarichu, saamoohika pravartthakar palappozhum roga vidyaabhyaasam, kaunsiling, cycotherapy ennivayil earppedunnu. ellah mekhalakalilum, kudumbatthilekkum samoohathilekkum shradhaapoorvvam madangivarunnathinu sahaayikkunnathin avaa paricharanaanthara prakriyayil nirnaayakamaan.
yogyathakal.
saamoohika pravartthakarude vidyaabhyaasam aarambhikkunnath baachilezhs birudathodeyaanu (bii. eiii, bii. ezz. sii, bii. ezz. ezz. yuu, bii. ezz. ezz. yuu muthalaayava).) allengil saamoohika pravartthanatthil diploma allengil baachilar oof soshyal sarveesas. chila rajyangal saamoohika pravartthanatthil birudaananthara birudangal vaagdaanam cheiyunnu, athaayath birudaananthara birudam (emm. ezz. dablyu, emm. ezz. ezz. dablyu, emm. ezz. ezz, emm. ezz. ezz. eiii, emm. ezz. ezz. sii, emm. ezz. sii, emm. pii. echu. ail.).) allengil doctoral padanangal (piechu.dii. dii. ezz. dablyu (doctor oof soshyal varkk). saamoohika pravartthana paripaadikalile birudadhaarikal cycotherapy pariseelanam ulppede poost maastezhs, poost doctoral padanangal enniva kooduthalaayi pinthudarunnu.
amerikkayil, saamoohika pravartthana biruda, birudaananthara prograamukalkku saamoohika pravartthana vidyaabhyaasa kaunsil amgeekaaram nalkiyittundu. oraalkk sarkkar licensulla saamoohika pravarthakanaakaan sii. ezz. vii. iii. amgeekritha birudam aavasyamaanu. parambaraagathavum noothanavumaaya staanding oopshanukalil saamoohika pravartthana prograamukalil oonlain maastezhs polum sii. ezz. dablyu. iii amgeekarikkunnu. 1898-ll columbia yooniversitti school oof soshyal varkkinte aadyakaala sthaapanamaaya newyork chaarity oorganaiseshan sosaitti aupachaarikamaaya "saamoohika jeevakaarunya" kozhsukal vaagdaanam cheyyaan thudangi, ithu amerikkayil saamoohika pravartthana vidyaabhyaasathinte prarambha theeyathiyum professional saamoohika pravartthanatthinte thudakkavum adayaalappeduthi.
niravadhi rajyangalkkum adikaaraparidhikalkkum saamoohika pravartthakaraayi jolie cheiyunna aalukalude rajistreshano licenso aavasyamaanu, koodaathe nirbandhitha yogyathakalum undu. mattu sthalangalil, oru professional association professionilekkulla praveshanathinu academic aavasyakathakal nischayikkunnu. eee professional sthaapanangalude parishramangalude vijayam theliyikkunnathu thozhiludamakal thozhilinu aavashyamaaya athe aavasyakathakal amgeekarikkunnathilaanu.
professional associationukal.
saamoohika pravartthakarkku avarude amgangalkkum pothuve saamoohika pravarthanangalkkum dhaarmika maarganirddeshavum mattu tharatthilulla pinthunayum nalkunna niravadhi professional asosiyeshanukalundu. eee associationukal anthaaraashtramo bhookhandaparamo ardha bhookhandaparamo deseeyamo praadeshikamo aakam. internaashanal federation oof soshyal varkkezhs (aii. eph. ezz. dablyu), internaashanal association oof schools oof soshyal varkk (aii. eiii. ezz. dablyu) ennivayaanu pradhana anthaaraashtra associationukal.
amerikkayile ettavum valia professional soshyal varkk association naashanal association oof soshyal varkkezhs aanu. klinikkal soshyal varkkil american association oof psychonalysis polulla klinikkal soshyal workermaare prathinidheekarikkunna samghadanakalum nilavilundu. manashaasthraparamaaya saamoohika pravartthanangalum manashaasthraparamaaya vishakalanavum nadathunna saamoohika pravartthakare prathinidheekarikkunna oru deseeya samghadanayaanu aapcsdablue. kudumbangal, grouppukal, vyakthikal ennivarumaayi vividha saidhaanthika chattakkoodukalil ninnu cycotherapy nadathunna ellah saamoohika pravartthakareyum prathinidheekarikkunna klinikkal soshyal varkk sosaittikalulla niravadhi samsthaanangalum undu. community oorganaiseshan aandu soshyal administration (akosa) enna samghadana community oorganaiseshan, poolisi, rashtreeya mekhalakal ennivaykkullil pravartthikkunna saamoohika pravarthakarkkaayulla oru professional samghadanayaanu.
yukeyil, 18,000-thiladhikam amgangalulla (2015 august vareyulla kanakkukal prakaram) britiish association oof soshyal varkkezhs (baas) aanu professional association.
america aasthaanamaayulla naashanal association oof soshyal varkkezhsinte dhaarmika niyamavali dainamdina perumaattathinulla oru niyamavum aarr pradhana moolyangalil veroonniya oru koottam thathwangalum nalkunnu sevanam, saamoohika neethi, vyakthiyude antass moolyavum, manushya bandhangalude praadhaanyam, samagratha, kazhivu.
saamoohika pravartthakare prathinidheekarikkunna trade unionukal.
yunaittad kingdatthil, saamoohika pravartthakaril pakuthiyiladhikam perum praadeshika adikaarikalaanu jolie cheiyunnathu, avaril palarum pothumekhalaa jeevanakkaarude unionaaya ikyathaal prathinidheekarikkunnu. unionileyum jii. emm. biyileyum amgangalaanu cheria ennam. britiish union oof soshyal varkk employees (buzz way) 2008 muthal trade union samoohathinte oru vibhagamaanu.
aaa ghattathil, oru union allengilum, britiish association oof soshyal varkkezhs 1990 kalude thudakkam muthal oru professional upadeshavum praathinidhya sevanavum nadatthi. thozhil niyamathilum vyaavasaayika bandhangalilum parichayasambannaraaya saamoohika pravartthana yogyathayulla jeevanakkar oru parati, achadakkam allengil professional perumaattamo pariseelanamo sambandhicha kaaryangalil ningal oru trade yooniyanil ninnu prathekshikkunna tharatthilulla praathinidhyam nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, eee sevanangal thozhiludamakalude sadassine aashrayichaan, eee yogangalil prathinidhikale pankedukkaan anuvadikkunnu, kaaranam trade unionukalkku maathrame jolisthalathu niyamaparamaaya avakashavum praathinidhyathinulla avakaashavumund.
2011 aayappozhekkum niravadhi kaunsilukal thangalkk baas vilekk praveshanam anuvadikkendathillennum avarude jeevanakkaarude vidagdha professional praathinidhyam velluvilichavar anumathi pinvalikkukayaanennum manassilakki. ekkaaranathaal, saamoohika pravartthaka union (ezz. dablyu. yuu) enna aayudha neelamulla trade union vibhaagam roopeekarichu baas veendum trade union padavi etteduthu. thozhiludamayo trade union kongras (tiusi) swuvine amgeekarichaalum illengilum athinte amgangale prathinideekarikkaanulla niyamaparamaaya avakasham ithu nalkunnu. 2015ll kongras amgathvathinulla praveshanathinulla ezz. yuu. yuu apekshaye tuck ippozhum athirthirunnu, tuck athinte nayam maattunnathuvare mikka thozhiludamakalum amgeekaarathinte aupachaarika prasthavanakal nadathunnillengilum, avarellam aabhyanthara achadakka hearingukalil ezz. yuu. yuu (basw) praathinidhyam anuvadikkendathundu.
saamoohika pravarthanangalil vivarasaankethikavidyayude upayogam.
saamoohika pravartthanatthil vivarasaankethikavidya pradhaanamaan, ithu srishtiyude documentation bhaagathe electronic mediayakki maattunnu. ithu prakriya suthaaryavum axus cheyyaavunnathum vishakalanathinayi daatta nalkunnathum aanu. pariharangal vikasippikkunnathinayi saamoohika pravarthanangalil upayogikkunna oru upakaranamaan nireekshanam. saankethikavidyayilum samoohathilum anabel kwan-haas enna padam nireekshanam enna padatthe "nireekshanam" (kwan-haas) ennaanu nirvachikkunnath. 2016. p213), mattullavare saamoohikamaayum perumattaparamaayum nireekshikkunnathu swaabhaavikamaanennu avar vishadeekarikkunnathu thudarunnu, ennaal nireekshanatthinte uddeshyam aareyengilum samrakshikkuka ennathaanu (kwan-haas). 2016. p. 212). palappozhum, uparithala thalatthil, saamoohika pravartthana thozhilinullile nireekshanavum nireekshana saankethikavidyakalum upayogikkunnathu svakaaryathayude adhaarmikamaaya kadannukayattamaanennu thonnunnu. saamoohika pravartthana dhaarmmikathayude niyamavaliyumaayi kurachukoodi aazhathil edapazhakumbol, dhaarmikavum adhaarmmikavum thammilulla rekha mangunnathayi vyakthamaakum. saamoohika pravartthana dhaarmmikathayude niyamavaliyil, saamoohika pravartthana parisheelanathinullil saankethikavidyayude upayogathekkurichu onniladhikam paraamarsangalundu. nireekshanatthino artificial intalijansino ettavum baadhakamaanennu thonnunna onnu 5.02 article eph aanu, "moolyanirnnayamo gaveshanamo sugamamakkaan electronic saankethikavidya upayogikkumbol", koodaathe parisheelanathinullil saankethikavidya upayogikkumbol klayantukale ariyikkanamennu ithu vishadeekarikkunnu (thozhilaallikal. 2008. article 5.02).
saahithyathil saamoohika pravartthakar.
2011-ll, oru niroopakan "saamoohika pravarthanathekkurichu novalukal apoorvamaanu" ennu prasthaavichu, aduthide 2004-ll, mattoru niroopakan saamoohika pravartthana birudam nediya oru pradhana kathaapaathrathe avatharippikkunna novalukal kandethaan budhimuttaanennu avakashappettu.
ennirunnaalum, saamoohika pravartthakar ulppede niravadhi novalukalude vishayamaan

