aalgakal

prakaashasamsleshitha, eucariotic jeevikalude valuthum vaividhyapoornavumaaya oru koottatthe soochippikkunna anoupachaarika padamaanu aalgakal (,; ekavachana alga). onniladhikam vyathyastha kledukalil ninnulla speesheesukal ulppedunna oru polyphyletic groupingaanithu. chlorella, prototheca, dietoms thudangiya ekakosha microalga muthal neelatthil valaraan kazhiyunna bheeman kelpp polulla multisellular roopangal vare ulppedunna jeevikal ithil ulppedunnu. mikathum jalajeevikalaan, koodaathe karaa sasyangalil kaanapedunna stomaatta, sailam, floyam thudangiya vyathyastha koshangaludeyum tissue tharangaludeyum abhaavamund. ettavum valuthum sankeernavumaaya samudra aalgakale kadalppaayalukal ennu vilikkunnu, athesamayam ettavum sankeernamaaya shudhajala roopangal pacha aalgakalude oru vibhagamaaya "carophyta" aanu, udaaharanathinu, "spirogira", stonvorttukal enniva ulppedunnu.
aalgakalude oru nirvachanam avaykku "praadhamika prakaashasamsleshitha pigmentaayi chlorophyll undu, koodaathe avayude prathyulpaadana koshangalkk chuttumulla koshangalude anuvimukthamaaya moodalmanju illa" ennathaanu. maruvashathu, "chlorophyta" kku keezhilulla niramillaatha "prototheca" kalkkellam chlorophyll illa. sayanobaakteeriyakale palappozhum "neela-pacha aalgakal" ennu vilikkunnundenkilum, mikka adhikaarikalum cyanobacteria ulppedeyulla ellah prokariyottukaleyum aalgakalude nirvachanathil ninnu ozhivaakkunnu.
oru pothu poorvvikane ulppeduthathathinaal aalgakal oru polyphylatic grouppaanu, avayude plaasteedukalkku cyanobacteriayil ninnu orotta uthbhavamundennu thonnumenkilum avaa vyathyastha reethikalil nediyathaanu. endosymbiotic cyanobacteriayil ninnu uruthirinja praadhamika chloroplastukallulla aalgakalude udaaharanangalaan pacha aalgakal. endosymbiotic chuvanna algayil ninnu uruthirinja dvitheeya chloroplastukallulla aalgakalude udaaharanangalaan diatomukalum braun aalgakalum. lalithamaaya alaingika kosha vibhajanam muthal sankeernamaaya laingika prathyulppaadana roopangal vare aalgakal vaividhyamaarnna prathyulpaadana thanthrangal prakadippikkunnu.
bryofiteukalude fillidukal (ila polulla gadanakal), rakthakkuzhalukallaatha sasyangalude rhysoidukal, tracheophyteukalil (rakthakkuzhalukalil) kaanapedunna verukal, elakal, mattu avayavangal enniva polulla karaa sasyangale savisheshamaakkunna vividha gadanakal aalgakalkk illa. avayil mikathum phototrophic aanenkilum chilath mixotrophic aanenkilum, prakaashasamshleshanathil ninnum osmotrophy, mysotrophy allengil phagotrophy ennivayiloode jaiva kaarban agiranam cheiyunnathiloodeyum oorjjam nedunnu. chila ekakosha inam pacha aalgakal, niravadhi swarnna aalgakal, euglenidukal, denoflagellattukal, mattu aalgakal enniva hetterotrophukalaayi (niramillaatha allengil apochlorotic aalgakal ennum vilikkunnu), chilappol parannabhojikalaayi, poornnamaayum baahya oorjja srothassukale aasrayikkukayum parimithamo prakaashasamshleshithamo aaya upakaranagalilla. apicomplexence polulla mattu chila heterotrophic jeevikalum poorvvikarkku plaastidukal undaayirunna koshangalil ninnu uruthirinjavayaanu, pakshe parambaraagathamaayi aalgakalayi kanakkakkappedunnilla. purple, green sulfur bakteeriyakal polulla mattu photosynthetic bakteeriyakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, photosynthesisinte upolppannamaayi ooksijan ulppaadippikkunna cyanobacteriakalil ninnu aathyanthikamayi uruthirinja photosynthetic yanthrangal aalgakalkkund. vindhya thadatthil ninnulla phoosil cheytha philamentus aalgakal 1.6 muthal 1.7 bilyan varshangalkk munbullathaanu.
vaividhyamaarnna tharam aalgakal kaaranam, avaa manushya samoohathil vyathyastha vyaavasaayikavum parambaraagathavumaaya prayogangal vardhippikkunnu. parambaraagatha kadalppayal krishi reethikal aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi nilanilkkunnu, kizhakkan eshyan bhakshya samskaarangalil sakthamaaya paarambaryamundu. kannukaali theetta, bioremediation allengil malineekarana niyanthranathinaayi aalgakal upayogikkunnathu, sooryaprakaashathe alga indhanangalo vyaavasaayika prakriyakalil upayogikkunna mattu raasavasthukkalo aakki maattunnath, medical, shaasthreeya prayogangal enniva mattu prayogangalkkulla bhakshya paarambaryangal vipuleekarikkunnu. 2020 leeii oru avalokanathil, aagola sambadvyavasthakalkku labhakaramaaya moolyavardhitha uthppannangal nalkunnathinoppam kalavastha vyathiyaanam laghookarikkunnathinu kaarban sequestrationil eee aalgakalude prayogangalkku oru pradhana punk vahikkaan kazhiyumennu kandethi.
uthbhavavum padanavum.
singular ennathu 'kadalppayal' ennathinte laattin padamaanu, engleeshil aaa ardham nilanirthunnu. uthbhavam avyakthamaanu. ithu laattinumaayi bandhappettirikkunnave chilar oohikkunnundengilum, 'thanuthathaayirikkuka', samudrathile paal thapanilayumaayi bandhappeduthunnathinu oru kaaranavum ariyilla. binding, entwinning' ennathaanu kooduthal saadhyathayulla uravidam.
kadalppayal (orupakshe chuvanna aalgakal) allengil athil ninnu uruthirinja chuvanna chayam ennaanu ardhamaakkunna 'kadalppayal' enna purathana greak vaakk (). laattinaiseshan, praadhamikamaayi cosmetic rooj ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. uthbhavam anishchithathvathilaanu, ennaal purathana egypthukaarum kizhakkan medittareniyan nivaasikalum upayogikkunna soundaryavardhakamaaya kannadayaaya baibil (), 'peyint' (aaa vaakk thanneyallengil) ennivayumaayi bandhapetta chila padangalaanu sakthamaaya oru padam. athu karupp, chuvapp, pacha, neela ennee nirangalakaam.
athanusarichu, greak allengil laattin root upayogikkunnundo ennathine aashrayich samudra, shudhajala aalgakalekkurichulla aadhunika padanatthe faikkolaji allengil algology ennu vilikkunnu. fucus" enna peru niravadhi varggangalil kaanapedunnu.
vargeekaranangal.
anthaaraashtra botanical naamakarana niyamathekkurichulla samiti aalgakalude vargeekaranathil chila prathyayangal upayogikkaan shupaarsha cheythittundu. ivayaanu-vibhajanathinu faitta, classinu-faisi, subclassinu-faisidi, oordarinu-eals, sub oordarinu-innales, kudumbatthinu-esiye, upakudumbathinu-oyides, janussinu greak adisthaanamaakkiyulla peru, speesheesukalkk laattin adisthaanamaakkiyulla peru.
praadhamika vargeekaranathinu adisthaanamaaya algal swabhaavasavisheshathakal.
aalgakalude praadhamika vargeekaranam chila roopaghadana savisheshathakale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. ivayil pradhaanappettath (eiii) koshatthinte pigment ghadana, (bii) sambharichirikkunna bhakshyavasthukkalude raasa swabhaavam, (sii) chalanathmaka koshatthile flazella tharam, ennam, ulcherkkal pooyint, aapekshika neelam, (dii) koshabhitthinte raasaghadana, (iii) koshatthil theerchayaayum samghadithamaaya oru nucleusinte saannidhyam allengil abhavam allengil koshaghadanayude mattethenkilum pradhana vishadaamshangal ennivayaanu.
aalgakalude vargeekaranathinte charithram.
carolus linnaeus (1754) thante 25-aamm klaas cryptogamiayil laikkanukalkkoppam aalgakalum ulppeduthiyittundile, aalgakalude vargeekaranathekkurichu addeham kooduthal vishadeekarichilla.
jeane piyari ettiyen vauchar (1803) orupakshe aalgakalude vargeekarana samvidaanam aadyamaayi nirddeshikkukayum addeham moonnu grouppukale amgeekarikkukayum cheythu, avaa alves, tremellus, alves ennivayaanu. johann heinrich friedrich link (1820) aalgakale pigmentinte niratthinteyum gadanayudeyum adisthaanathil tharamthirichappol, vilyam henry harvy (1836) aavaasavyavasthayudeyum pigmentinteyum adisthaanathil oru vargeekarana samvidaanam nirddeshichu. jeey. jii. agard (1849-1898) aalgakale aarr kramangalayi vibhajichu diatomase, nostochinee, affervoidae, alvezi, floriady, fucoidae. 1880 oode, eechlar (1836) srishticha thallofaitta enna vibhaagathin keezhil aalgakalum fangasukalum tharamthirichu. ithu adolph englarineyum kaal eiii. yeyum prothsaahippichu. iii. aalgakalude vargeekaranathinaayi oru puthukkiya padhathi praantal (1912) nirddeshikkukayum aalgakalil ninnu fungus uruthirinjathaanennu avar abhipraayappedunnathinaal aalgakalil fungus ulppeduthukayum cheythu. engleeshukaarum praantalum nirddeshicha padhathi thaazhepparayunna reethiyil samgrahikkunnu
cyanobacteriaykku samanamaaya gadanayulla chloroplastukal eee aalgakalil adangiyirikkunnu. chloroplastukalil cyanobacteriayile vrithaakrithiyilulla dna adangiyittundu, avaa kuranja endosymbiotic cyanobactery prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu vyaakhyaanikkappedunnu. ennirunnaalum, chloroplastukalude krithyamaaya uthbhavam aalgakalude vyathyastha vamshaavalikkidayil vyathyasthamaan, ithu vyathyastha endosymbiotic sambhavangalil avayude ettedukkaline prathifalippikkunnu. chuvadeyulla pattika aalgakalude moonnu pradhana grouppukalude ghadana vivarikkunnu. avarude vamshabandhangal mukalil valathuvashathulla chithratthil kaanichirikkunnu. eee grouppukalil palathilum photosynthetic allatha chila amgangal adangiyirikkunnu. chilar plaastidukal nilanirthunnu, pakshe chloroplastukal allah, mattullavarkk plaastidukal poornnamaayum nashtappettu.
nucleocytoplasmic vamshaavaliyalla, plaastidine adisthaanamaakkiyulla filogenia
aadhunika sasyashaasthra namakaranam aarambikkunna 'speeshees plaantaram' (1753) enna grandhatthil linnaeus 14 janussukale amgeekarichu, athil naalennam maathramaan nilavil aalgakalil kanakkaakkunnath. sistamaa nature" enna grandhatthil, linnaeus mrugangalil "volvox", "coralina" ennee janussukaleyum "asataabulaariya" ("madrepora" ennu) enna oru inatheyum vivarichu.
1768-ll saamuval gottleab jimelin (1744-1774) samudra aalgakalkkaayi samarppichirikkunna aadya kruthiyum samudra jeevashaasthrathekkurichu aadya pusthakavumaaya "historiya fucorum" prasidheekarichu. madakkiya elakalil kadalppayalinteyum samudra aalgakaludeyum vipulamaaya chithreekaranangal ithil ulppedunnu.
dablyu. echu. harvy (<aii. dii. 1>) lamurox (1813) aanu macroscopic aalgakale avayude pigmenteshan adisthaanamaakki naalu vibhagangalaayi aadyamaayi vibhajichathu. sasyavyavasthayil oru biochemical maanadandatthinte aadya upayogamaanithu. chuvanna aalgakal (rhodosperma), braun aalgakal (melanosperma), pacha aalgakal (chlorosperma), diatomase ennivayaanu haarviyude naalu vibhagangal.
eee samayat, microscopic aalgakale mattoru koottam thozhilaallikal kandethukayum report cheyyukayum cheythu (udha.jii., oo. eph. mueller ehrenberg) infusoria (microscopic oorganaiseshanukal) padikkunnu. sasyangalayi vyakthamaayi kaanapettirunna macroalgakalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, microalgakal palappozhum chalanathmakamaayathinaal avaye mrugangalaayi kanakkaakkiyirunnu. nonmottail (cocoid) microalgakale polum chilappol sasyangal, macroalgakal allengil mrugangalude jeevithachakrathinte ghattangalayi maathrame kaananakoo.
chila pree-darvinian vargeekaranangalil oru taxonomic vibhaagamaayi upayogikkunnundengil, udha.jii.linnaeus (1753), dii juisue (1789), horaninov (1843), agassis (1859), vilson & cassin (1864), kooduthal vargeekaranangalil, "aalgakale" oru krithrima, polyphyletic groupaayi kaanunnu.
irupathaam noottaandiludaneelam, mikka vargeekaranangalum inipparayunna grouppukale aalgakalude vibhaagangalo klaasukalo aayi kanakkakki syaanophaittukal, rhodophytukal, chrysophyteukal, saanthofaittukal, baasillaariyofaittukal, pheophyteukal, pyrophytukal (cryptophyteukal, dinophyteukal), euglenophyteukal, chlorophyteukal. pinneedu, niravadhi puthiya grouppukal kandethi (udha.jii., bolidophysi), mattullava pazhaya grouppukalil ninnu pilarnnu karofaittukalum glocophyteukalum (chlorophytukalil ninnu), niravadhi heterocondafiteukal (udha.jii., chrysophytukalil ninnulla sinurofaittukal, allengil saanthofaittukalil ninnulla yoostigmattophaittukal), haptophyteukal (chrysophytukalil ninnu), chlorerachnophyteukal (saanthofaittukalil ninnu).
sasya-mruga dicotomous vargeekaranam upekshichathode, mikka aalgakalum (chilappol ellaam) prottistayil ulppeduthukayum pinneedu yookkaariyottaykk anukoolamaayi upekshikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pazhaya sasyajeevikalude oru paarambaryamenna nilayil, munkaalangalil protosovaanukalaayi kanakkaakkappettirunna chila grouppukalkku ippozhum eratta vargeekaranangalundu (ambiragnal prottistukal kaanuka).
chila parannabhojikalaaya aalgakal (udha.jii.mettaasovaanukalude parannabhojikalaaya pacha aalgakalaaya "prototheca", "helicosporidium", allengil sasyangalude parannabhojikalaaya "sephaluros" ennivaye yadhaarthathil fungus, sporosovanukal allengil "inserta sedis" nte prottistaans enningane tharamthirichirunnu, mattullava (udha.jii.pacha aalgakalaaya "philosiphone", "rhodochitrium", sasyangalude paraannabhojikal, allengil chuvanna aalgakalaaya "terocladiophila", "gelideocolax mamillattas", mattu chuvanna aalgakalude paraannabhojikal, allengil dinophlagelettukal "oodiniyam", malsyangalude paraannabhojikal) ennivaykku aalgakalumaayulla bandham neratthe anumaanichirunnu. mattu sandarbhangalil, chila grouppukale yadhaarthathil parannabhojikalaaya aalgakalayi (udha.jii.chlorochytrium"), ennaal pinneedu endophytic aalgakalayi kaanapettu. chila philamentus bakteeriyakal (udha.jii.beggiattova") yadhaarthathil aalgakalayi kaanapettirunnu. koodaathe, apicomplexence polulla grouppukal plaastidukal ulla poorvvikaril ninnu uruthirinja paraannabhojikalaanu, pakshe parambaraagathamaayi aalgakalayi kaanapedunna oru groupilum ulppeduthiyitla.
bhoomi sasyangalumayi bandham.
aadyathe karaa sasyangal ekadesham 500 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu "chara" pole aazhamillaatha shudhajala carophyte aalgakalil ninnu parinamichathaakaam. ivaykku orupakshe thalamurakalude isomorphic alternation undayirikkaam, orupakshe philamentus aayirikkam. otappetta karaa sasyangalude beejaanukkalude fossilukal soochippikkunnathu karaa sasyangal ekadesham 47.5 dasalaksham varshangalkk munbaayirikkaam.
roopaghadana.
algal roopaghadanakalude oru shreni pradarshippikkukayum bandhamillaattha grouppukalile savisheshathakalude samyojanam saadhaaranamaanu. trimana multisellular thalli pradarshippikkunna oreyoru grouppukal chuvappum thavittum, chila chlorophyteukalum aanu. floridophyte chuvapp, vividha braun, carophyte ennee eee grouppukalude upavibhagangalil apical valarcha parimithappedutthiyirikku. karofaittukalude roopam chuvapp, thavitt nirangalil ninnu thikachum vyathyasthamaan, kaaranam avaykku vyathyastha nodukalundu, internode 'stem' kondu verthirikkunnu; horsetteyilukale anusmarippikkunna shaakhakalude chuzhalukal nodukalil sambhavikkunnu. coraline aalgakalilum hildenbrandialukalilum brounukalilum kaanapedunna mattoru polyphyletic swabhaavamaanu kansepttakkils.
lalithamaaya aalgakalil bhooribhaagavum ekakosha flaajellattukal allengil ameboidukal aanu, ennaal colonial, nonmottail roopangal niravadhi grouppukalkkidayil swathanthramaayi vikasichittundu. oru jeevivargathinte jeevithachakrathil onniladhikam sambhavangal undaayekkaavunna chila saadhaarana samghadanaa thalangal ivayaanu
moonnu varikalil, poornna tissue vyathyaasathode, samghadanayude uyarnna thalangalil athichernnu. chuvanna aalgakalum pacha aalgakalum-ivayil chilath 50 meter neelatthil (kelps) athiyekkaam-ivayaanu thavitt aalgakal. ettavum sankeernamaaya roopangal carophyte aalgakalil kaanapedunnu (charrels carophytayum kaanuka), ithu oduvil uyarnna bhoopradesha sasyangalilekku nayichu. eee kaarshika sasyangale nirvachikkunna puthuma, saigottine samrakshikkukayum bhroonathe vikasippikkukayum cheiyunna samrakshana kosha paalikalulla sthree prathyulpaadana avayavangalude saannidyamaanu. athinaal, karaa sasyangale embrofiteukal ennu vilikkunnu.
turfukal.
algal turf enna padam saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunnundengil moshamaayi nirvachikkappettittundu. algal turfukal kattiyullathum paravatani polulla kadalppaayalinte kidakkakalaanu, avaa avashishtangal nilanirthukayum pavizhapputukal, kelppukal thudangiya foundeshan speesheesukalumaayi malsarikkukayum cheiyunnu, avaykku saadhaaranayaayi 15 centimeteril thaazhe uyaramundu. atharam oru turfill onno athiladhikamo enangal adangiyirikkaam, saadhaaranayaayi oru chathurashra meettaro athil kooduthalo kramatthil oru pradesham ulkkollunnu. chila saadhaarana savisheshathakal pattikappeduthiyittundu
shareerashaasthram.
pala aalgakalum, prathyekichu chaaraseeyile enangal, membranukalude jalaparvathasadhyatha, ausmorgulation, turger niyanthranam, uppu sahishnutha, cytoplasmic streaming, aakshan pottanshyalukalude uthpaadanam ennivayude samvidaanangal manasilakkunnathinulla maathrukaa pareekshanathmaka jeevikalaayi pravarthichittundu.
uyarnna sasyangalil mathramalla, aalgakalilum phytohormonukal kaanapedunnu.
symbiotic aalgakal.
chila inam aalgakal mattu jeevikalumaayi sahajeevabandham sthaapikkunnu. eee sahajeevikalil, aalgakal aathidheya jeevikalkk photosinthettukal (jaiva padaarthangal) vitharanam cheiyunnu, ithu algal koshangalkk samrakshanam nalkunnu. aathidheya jeevikalkk athinte oorjja aavasyakathakalil chilath allengil ellaam aalgakalil ninnaan labhikkunnath. udaaharanagal ivayaanu
likens.
anthaaraashtra association phoor lycanology laikkanukale nirvachichirikkunnathu "oru fangasinteyum photosynthetic chinnathinteyum oru association, athinte falamaayi oru prathyeka gadanayulla sthirathayulla sasyashareeram" ennaanu. fungus allengil micobiyantukal pradhaanamaayum ascomycottayil ninnullavayaan, avayil chilath basidiomycottayil ninnullathaanu. prakrithiyil, avaa laikkanukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi sambhavikkunnilla. eppozhaanu avar sahavasikkaan thudangiyathennu ariyilla. oru micobiond pacha aalgakalil ninnulla ore phycobiond inavumaayi, apoorvvamaayi randumaayi, bandhappedunnu, pakaram, micobiond cyanobacteriayude oru inavumaayi bandhappedaam (athinaal "photobiond" ennathaanu kooduthal krithyamaaya padam). oru photobiond palatharam micobiondukalumaayi bandhappettirikkam allengil swathanthramaayi jeevichekkaam; athanusarichu, laikkanukale fungus speesheesukalaayi namakaranam cheyyukayum tharamthirikkukayum cheiyunnu. lyconinu oru roopavum kazhivukalum ullathinaal eee bandhathe morphogenesis ennu vilikkunnu, kaaranam avaykku symbiond speesheesukalkk maathram swanthamalla (avaye pareekshanaathmakamaayi verthirichedukkaan kazhiyum). photobiond orupakshe micobiondil olinjirikkunna jeenukale prerippikkunnu.
svanthamaayi valarukayo lycanise cheiyukayo cheyyaan kazhiyunna lokamembaadumulla oru saadhaarana pacha alga janussinte udaaharanamaanu trentepohlia. marangalude thumbukalum paarakalum polulla thuranna prathalangalil valarunnathum chilappol avaykku niram maarunnathumaya prathyeka inam aalgakalumayi ("aerofiteukal") lycan aavaasavyavasthayude chila bhaagangalum palappozhum samanamaaya roopavum pankidunnu.
pavizhapputukal.
 scleractinia (kallulla pavizhapputukal) kramatthile samudra akasherukkalude calsues exoskelittanukalil ninnaan pavizhapputukal shekharikkunnathu. eee mrugangal panchasarayeyum ooksijaneyum upapachayam cheyyukayum exoskelittan sravikkunnath ulppedeyulla koshanirmmaana prakriyakalkku oorjjam nedukayum cheiyunnu, vellavum kaarban dye ooksaidum upolppannangalayi upayogikkunnu. pavizhapputukal roopeekarikkunna samudra akasherukkalude koshangalile endosymbiondukalaanu denoflagellattukal (algal prottistukal), avide avaa hoost-sell mettabolisathe thvarithappeduthunnu, avide avaa insidant laittum hoost ulppaadippikkunna kaarban dye ooksaidum upayogichu prakaashasamshleshanathiloode udan labhyamaya panchasarayum ooksijanum uthpaadippikkunnu. reef nirmmaana kallu pavizhapputtukalkk (hermatipic pavizhapputukal) aarogyakaramaya avasthayil aayirikkan "symbiodinium" janussil ninnulla endosymbiotic aalgakal aavasyamaanu. aathidheyanil ninnu "symbiodinium" nashtappedunnathu pavizhapputt bleaching ennariyappedunnu, ithu oru reefinte thakarchayilekku nayikkunnu.
kadal spanchukal.
endosymbionic green aalgakal chila sponchukalude uparithalathodu chernnu jeevikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, bread crumb sponchukal ("halicondria paanishya"). athinaal alga vettakkaaril ninnu samrakshikkunnu; chila speesheesukalile sponchinte valarchayude 50 muthal 80 sathamaanam vare kaaranamakunna ooksijanum panchasarayum sponchinu nalkunnu.
jeevitachakram.
rhodophyta, chlorophyta, heterocontafita ennee moonnu pradhana algal divisionukalkku ganyamaaya vyathyasavum sankeernathayum kaanikkunna jeevithachakrangalund. pothuve, kadalppaayalinte koshangal dvigunithamaaya oru alaingika ghattam nilavilundu, koshangal dvigunithamaaya oru laingika ghattam, thudarnnu aann, penn gaamattukalude samyojanam. alaingika prathyulppaadanam kaaryakshamamaya janasamkhya vardhana anuvadikkunnu, pakshe kuranja vyathiyaanam saadhyamaan. saadhaaranayaayi, ekakosha, colonial aalgakalude laingika punarulppaadanatthil, rund prathyekavum laingikamaayi anuyojyavumaaya haployed gamattukal shaareerika sanbarkkam pulartthukayum fuse cheyth oru saigot roopappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. vijayakaramaya inacheral urappaakkunnathin, gaamettukalude vikasanavum prakashanavum valare samanvayippikkukayum niyanthrikkukayum cheiyunnu; eee prakriyakalil ferromonukal oru pradhana punk vahichekkaam. laingika prathyulppaadanam kooduthal vyathiyaanam anuvadikkukayum laingika chakratthinte oru pradhana gattamaaya meosis samayat dna naashanashtangalude kaaryakshamamaya punasamyojanatthinte prayojanam nalkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, laingika prathyulppaadanam alaingika prathyulppaadanathekkaal chelaveriyathaanu. vividha inam aalgakalil meosis undakunnathaayi theliyikkappettittund.
nambarukal.
yuu. ezz. naashanal herberiyathinte algal shekharam" (prakrithicharithrathinte deseeya myoosiyathil sthithicheyyunnu) ekadesham 320,500 unangiya saambilukal ulkkollunnu, ithu samagramallengilum (samagramaya shekharam nilavililla), alavinte kramathekkurichu oru dhaarana nalkunnu. kanakkukal vyaapakamaayi vyathyaasappedunnu. udaaharanathinu, oru saadhaarana paatapusthakam anusarichu, britiish dveepukalil "yuke biodiversity steering group report" yukeyil 20,000 paal enangal undennu kanakkakkunnu. mattoru checklist ekadesham 5,000 enangal maathrame report cheiyunnulloo. ekadesham 15,000 enangalude vyathyaasathekkurich, eee vaachakam ingane upasamharikkunnu "motham speesheesukalude ennathekkurichu vishwasaneeyamaaya kanakk nalkunnathinu munbu niravadhi vishadamaaya feeld sarvekal aavasyamaanu..."
praadeshikavum koottavumaaya kanakkukoottalukalum nadathiyittundu
angane, ennaal shaasthreeyamaaya adisthaanamo vishwasaneeyamaaya srothassukalo illaatha eee samkhyakalkku mukalil soochippicha britiish samkhyakalekkaal kooduthal vishwaasyatha illa. mikka kanakkukalum phaittoplanktan polulla microscopic aalgakalum ozhivaakkunnu.
ettavum puthiya kanakk soochippikkunnathu lokamembaadumulla 72,500 algal enangalaanu.
vitharanam.
pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil phytogeography sthaapithamaayathumuthal algal speesheesukalude vitharanam nannayi padikkappettittund. vithukalum beejaanukkalum vazhi vazhappazhangal chitharunnath pole beejaanukkalude chitharaliloodeyaanu aalgakal pradhaanamaayum vyaapikkunnath. vaayu, jalam allengil mattu jeevikal ennivayaal eee vyaapanam saadhyamaan. ithumoolam, beejaanukkal vividha parithasthithikalil kaanapedunnu shudhavum samudrajalavum vaayuvum mannum mattu jeevajaalangalilum. oru vithu oru jeeviyaayi valarumo ennathu speesheesukalude samyojanatheyum vithu erangunna paaristhithika saahacharyangaleyum aasrayichirikkunnu.
shudhajala aalgakalude beejaanukkal pradhaanamaayum ozhukunna vellavum kaattum athupole jeevanulla vaahakangalum vazhi chitharikkidakkunnu. ennirunnaalum, ellah jalashayangalkkum ellah inam aalgakalum vahikkaan kazhiyilla, kaaranam chila jalaashayangalude raasaghadana avaykkullil nilanilkkaan kazhiyunna aalgakale parimithappedutthunnu. samudrathile beejaanukkal palappozhum samudra pravahangalaal vyaapikkunnu. samudrajalam thapanilayeyum poshakangalude labhyathayeyum adisthaanamaakki valare vyathyasthamaaya niravadhi aavaasavyavasthakal avatharippikkunnu, athinte falamaayi phytogeographic sonukal, pradeshangal, pravishyakal enniva undaakunnu.
oru paridhivare, aalgakalude vitharanam antartikka, samudrathinte deerghadooram allengil pothuvaaya karaa pindam thudangiya bhoomishaasthraparamaaya savisheshathakal moolamundaakunna pookkalude vichedanam vidheyamaan. athinaal, "pasaphik aalgakal" allengil "vadakkan kadal aalgakal" polulla pradeshangal anusarichu sambhavikkunna speesheesukale thirichariyaan kazhiyum. avaa avarude pradeshangalil ninnu undaakumbol, kappalukalude purambhaagam polulla oru gathagatha samvidaanam anumaanikkunnath saadhaaranayaayi saadhyamaan. udaaharanathinu, "alva rettikulatta", "yuu". faasiyaatta eee reethiyil pradhana bhoopradeshathu ninnu havaayiyilekk sanjarichu.
thiranjeduttha speesheesukalkk maathrame mapping saadhyamaakoo "parimithamaaya vitharana reethikalkku saadhuvaaya niravadhi udaaharanangalund."udaaharanathinu," "clathromorpham" "oru artic janussaanu, athu avide ninnu valare thekk mapp cheythitilla". ennirunnaalum, atharam padanangal ettedukkunnathinulla budhimuttukal kaaranam mothatthilulla daatta aparyaapthamaanennu shaasthranjar kanakkakkunnu."
paristhithi.
jalasambharanikalil aalgakal pradhaanamaan, bhouma parithasthithikalil saadhaaranamaanu, koodaathe manjilum manjilum polulla asaadhaarana parithasthithikalil kaanapedunnu. aazhamillaatha samudrajalathilaanu kadalppaayalukal kooduthalum valarunnathu; ennirunnaalum, "navikula pennatta" polulla chilath aazhathil rekhappeduthiyittundu. dark soonn' ennariyappedunna pradeshangalil greenlandil "ansilonema nordenskyoeldi" enna oru tharam aalgakal kandethi, ithu urukunna aise sheettinte nirakkil vardhanavinu kaaranamaayi. presena himaniyude chila bhaagangalil pink aise prathyakshappettathin sesham itaaliyan alpsil ithe aalgakal kandethi.
jala paristhithiyil vividha tharatthilulla aalgakalkk nirnaayaka pankundu. jala nirayil (phaittoplanktan) thoongikkidakkunna microscopic roopangal mikka samudra bhakshya shringalakalkkum bhakshana adithara nalkunnu. valare uyarnna saandrathayil (paal pookkal), eee aalgakal vellathinte niram maarukayum mattu jeevajaalangale malsarippikkukayo visham nalkukayo shwaasammuttukayo cheythekkaam.
vividha jalasamvidaanangalile malineekaranam nireekshikkaan aalgakale soochaka jeevikalaayi upayogikkaam. pala kesukalilum, algal metabolism vividha malineekaranangalodu samvedanakshamathayullathaanu. ithumoolam, raasa malineekaranavasthukkalude saannidhyathil algal janasamkhyayude speeshees ghadana mariyekkaam. eee mattangal kandethunnathinu, paristhithiyil ninnu aalgakal sample cheyyaanum laborattarikalil thaarathamyena eluppathil paripalikkaanum kazhiyum.
avayude aavaasavyavasthayude adisthaanathil, aalgakale jalajeevikal (plaanktonik, benthik, maraine, shudhajalam, lentic, lottik), terrestrial, eriyal (saberiyal), lithophytic, halophytic (allengil urihalin), saammon, thermophilic, cryophilic, epibeond (epiphytic, episoic), endosymbiond (endophytic, endosoic), paraannabhojikal, calciphilic allengil lycanic (phycobiond) enningane tharamthirikkaam.
saamskaarika samghadanakal.
classical chainees bhashayil, eee vaakk "aalgakal" ennum (saamraajyathva pandithanmaarude mithamaaya paarambaryatthil) "saahitya prathibhakal" ennum upayogikkunnu. beijingile venalkkaala kottaarathinaduthulla kunming thadaakatthile moonnaamathe dweep savojian tang davo (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>) ennariyappedunnu, athinaal oresamayam "alga-viewing haalinte dweep", "saahitya prathibhaye prathifalippikkunna haalinte dweep" ennaanu ardham.
upayogikkunnu.
aggar.
chuvanna aalgakalil ninnu uruthirinja jelattinas padaarthamaaya agarinu niravadhi vaanijyaparamaaya upayogangalundu. mikka sookshumaanukkalkkum aggar dahikkaan kazhiyaathathinal baakteeriyakalum fangasukalum valarthunnathinulla nalla maadhyamamaanith.
aaljinettukal.
thavitt aalgakalil ninnaan alginic assid allengil aaljinettu verthirichedukkunnathu. bhakshanathile jelling ejantukal muthal medical dressings vare ithinte upayogangal undu. koshangalude encapsulation koshangalude nischalavalkkaranathinum biocompattible maadhyamamaayi biotechnology mekhalayilum alginic assid upayogichittundu. molecular paachakareeti athinte jelling gunangalkk padaarthatthinte upayokthaavaan, athiloode athu sugandhangalkkulla oru delivari vaahanamaayi maarunnu.
nyoo meksikkoyil aaljinettu verthirichedukkunnathum abalon feedinumaayi prathivarsham 100,000 muthal 170,000 vare eerppamulla tonn "macrosistis" vilavedukkunnu.
oorjja srothass.
deerghakaalaadisthaanathil (praadeshika) nayathil ninnulla ettakkurachilukalil ninnu swathanthravum mathsaraadhishtithavumaayirikkil, jaiva indhanangal phoosil indhanangalude vilaykk thulyamo marikadakkalo aayirikkanam. ivide, aalgakal adisthaanamaakkiyulla indhanangalkku valia vaagdaanamundu, ithu mattethoru tharatthilulla biomassinekkaalum oru varshathil oru yoonit pradeshathu kooduthal biomass uthppaadippikkaanulla kazhivumayi nerittu bandhappettirikkunnu. 2025 oode alga adisthaanamaakkiyulla jaiva indhanangalude break-eevan pooyint sambhavikkumennu kanakkaakkappedunnu.
valam.
noottaandukalaayi, kadalppayal oru valamaayi upayogikkunnu; pathinaram noottaandil henlis ezhuthiya jorjju ooven southu veyilsile driftt kalaye paraamarsikkunnu
innu, aalgakale manushyar pala tharatthil upayogikkunnu; udaaharanathinu, valangal, mannu kandeeshanarukal, kannukaali theetta enningane. jala, sookshumajeevikal shudhamaaya kulangalilo kulangalilo valarthappedunnu, avaa onnukil vilavedukkukayo kulangaliloode pump cheiyunna maalinyangal samskarikkaan upayogikkukayo cheiyunnu. chila sthalangalil valia thothilulla alga kalchar oru pradhana tharam akwaakalcharaanu. meryl saadhaaranayaayi oru soyil conditioneraayi upayogikkunnu.
poshakaahaaram.
swaabhaavikamaayi valarunna kadalppaayalukal bhakshanathinte oru pradhana uravidamaanu, prathyekichu eshyayil, chilar avaye superfoodukalaayi mudrakuthaan edayaakkunnu. avaa eiii, bii 1, bii 2, bii 6, niasin, sii ennivayulppede niravadhi vitaaminukal nalkunnu, koodaathe iodine, pottasyam, irumbu, magneeshyam, kaalsyam ennivayaal sambannamaanu. koodaathe, aalgakalum cyanobacteriakalum ulppedeyulla vaanijyaparamaayi krishi cheiyunna microalgakal, spirulina, "chlorella", beetaa carotin kooduthalulla "dunaliyela" yill ninnulla vitaamin-sii supplement thudangiya poshaka supplementukalaayi vipananam cheiyunnu.
pala raajyangaludeyum deseeya bhakshanamaanu aalgakal pachakkariyayi kanakkaakkappedunna cyanobacteriumaaya "phaatt choy" ulppede 70-ladhikam enangal chaina upayogikkunnu; jappan, "noorry", "ireland, dulls; chili, kochyoyo thudangiya 20-ladhikam enangal. velil laverbread nirmmikkaan laver upayogikkunnu, avide ithu ariyappedunnu. koriyayil pacha laver aanu nirmmikkaan upayogikkunnathu. california muthal britiish columbia vare vadakke amerikkayude padinjaaran theerathum havaiyilum nyoosilandile maavorikalilum ithu upayogikkunnu. scotland, ireland, greenland, aislaant ennividangalile salad cheruvakalaanu zee lettoosum baaddarlokkukalum. loka pattini prashnathinulla saadhyathayulla parihaaramaayi aalgakale kanakkakkunnu.
paachakareethikalil rund janapriya aalgakal upayogikkunnu
koodaathe, shareeram svanthamaayi uthppaadippikkaatha ombathu avashya amino aasidukalum ithil adangiyirikkunnu.
chila aalgakalil ninnulla ennakalil uyarnna alavil apooritha phaatti aasidukal undu. udaaharanathinu, triglyceride poolinte 47 sathamaanam vare athunna arachidonic assid "pariochloris insisa" yill kooduthalaanu. sasyahaaravum sasyahaaravum eshtappedunna chila inam aalgakalil neelamulla shringhala, avashya omega-3 phaatti aasidukal, docosahexanoic assid (dha), icosapentanoic assid (epa) enniva adangiyirikkunnu. malsya ennayil omega-3 phaatti aasidukal adangiyittundu, ennaal yadhaartha uravidam aalgakalaan (prathyekichu microalga), avaa koppepodukal polulla samudrajeevikal bhakshikkukayum bhakshya shringalayilekku kadannupokukayum cheiyunnu. short-cheyin alfa-linolenic assid (alaa) maathram adangiyirikkunna flacks seed oayil polulla mattu sasya srothassukalil ninnu long cheyin ipayum dha nedaan kazhiyaatha sasyaahaarikalkk omega-3 phaatti aasidukalude janapriya uravidamaayi aalgakal sameepa varshangalil uyarnnuvannittund.
malineekarana niyanthranam.
kaarshika gaveshana sevana shaasthranjar kandethiya prakaram naitrajan ranfinte <aii. dii. 1> umm phoosphoorus ranfinte <aii. dii. 2> umm valam malinamaayathil ninnu thirascheenamaaya alga scrubber upayogichu pidichedukkaan kazhiyum, ithine algal turf scrubber (eiii. tii. ezz) ennum vilikkunnu. shaasthranjar alga kolanikal roopappeduthaan kazhiyunna aazhamillaatha, 100 adii neelamulla nailon valayude racewakel ulkkollunna eiii. tii. ezz vikasippikkukayum moonnu varshathekku athinte falaprapti padikkukayum cheythu. kaarshika vayalukalil ninnulla poshaka pravaham kuraykkaanum nadikal, aruvikal, samudrangal ennivayilekku ozhukunna jalathinte gunanilavaaram vardhippikkaanum aalgakal eluppathil upayogikkaamenn avar kandethi. gaveshakar poshakangalaal sambannamaaya aalgakale atsil ninnu shekharikkukayum unakkukayum oru jaiva valam enna nilayil athinte saadhyathakal padikkukayum cheythu. vellarikkayum cholam thaikalum vaanijya valangal pole jaivavalangal upayogichaanu valarunnathennu avar kandethi. kumilakal niranja mukalilekkulla ozhukkinteyo lambamaya vellachaattathinteyo pathippukal upayogikkunna alga scrubberukal ippol akweria kulangalum filter cheyyaanum upayogikkunnu.
polymerukal.
bioplastics srishtikkunnathinu prathyekichum upayogapradamaakunna vividha polymerukal aalgakalil ninnu srishtikkaan kazhiyum. hibrid plaastikkukal, cellulose adisthaanamaakkiyulla plaastikkukal, poolii-laaktik assid, bio-polyethileen enniva ithil ulppedunnu. flip-flopukalilum surf bordukalilum ulppede niravadhi kambanikal alga polymerukal vaanijyaparamaayi nirmmikkaan thudangi.
biomeditation.
alga "stichococcus basillaris" puraavastu saittukalil upayogikkunna silikkan resinukale kolanivalkkarikkunnath kaanapedunnu; synthetic padaarthatthe jaivavalkkarikkunnu.
pigmentukal.
aalgakal ulppaadippikkunna prakrithidatha pigmentukal (carotenoidukalum chlorophils) raasa chayangalkkum colouring ejantukalkkum pakaramaayi upayogikkaam.
chila vyakthigatha algal pigmentukalude saannidhyam, nirddishta pigment saandrata anupathangal enniva taxon-nirddishtamaanu vividha vishakalana reethikal, prathyekichu uyarnna prakadanamulla draavaka chromatography upayogichu avayude saandrata vishakalanam cheiyunnathu, athinaal kadaljala saambilukalile taxonomic gadanayekkurichum prakrithidatha aalgakalude janasamkhyayude aapekshika samrudhiyekkurichum aazhathilulla ulkkaazhcha nalkum.
sthirathayulla padaarthangal.
chuvanna aalgayaya "koondras chrispasil" ninnulla kaarajeenan paal uthppannangalil oru stabiliseraayi upayogikkunnu.

