
swarnna kambili

greak puraanatthil, swarnna kambili (, "chrysomalone deras") ennathu swarnna kambili, chirakukalulla aattukottan, chrysomallosinte kambiliyaanu, athu frixasine rakshikkukayum kolchisilekku konduvarikayum cheythu, avide frixes athu siyasinu baliyarppichu. frixes eeths rajaavinu thunnal nalki, avar athu oru vishudha thottil sookshichu, avide ninnaan jasson argonottukalum eethsinte makalaaya mediayude sahaayathode athu moshtichathu. adhikaarathinteyum raajathvathinteyum pratheekamaanu kambili.
charitraparamaaya vivaranathil, nayakanaaya jasson argonottukalude samghavum tessaliyile ayolkkasinte simhaasanathil jaasane sariyaaya reethiyil sthaapikkunnathinaayi pelias raajaavinte utharavanusarichu kambilikkaayi oru anweshanathinaayi purappettu. meediyayude sahaayathode avar swarnna kambili nedunnu. eee katha valare puraathanamaan, homarinte (bisi ettaam noottaand) kaalathaanu ithu nilavilullathu. vishadaamshangal vyathyaasappedunna vividha roopangalil ithu nilanilkkunnu.
innu, golden loosinte vamshavali vyathiyanangal jorjiyayil pathivayi avatharippikkappedunnu, prathyekichu padinjaaran georgian (charitraparamaaya colchis) munisippaalittikalumaayum nagarangalumaayum bandhapetta aayudhangalude kottukalkkum pathakakalkkum, purathana thalasthaana nagaramaya kutaisi nagaratthile kottukal ulppede.
plott.
thessaly sthaapakanum, boyottiyayile (thekkukizhakkan greasile oru pradesham) orcominus nagaratthinte rajaavumaaya athamas nephele deviye thante aadyabhaaryayaayi sweekarichu. avarkk rund kuttikalundaayirunnu, aankutti frixes (aattinte thunnalinte ghadanayil "churunda" ennu ardham varunna perinte peru), penkutty helle. pinneedu athmas kaadmasinte makalaaya inoye vivaham kazhichu. kopathode nephele poyappol bhoomiyil varalcha vannu.
inoic thante randaanachanmaarodu asooya thonnukayum avarude maranathinu goodaalochana nadathukayum cheythu; chila pathippukalil, varalcha avasaanippikkanulla eaka maargam frixasine baliyarppikkukayaanennu avar aathmaasine bodhyappedutthi. nephele athawa avalude aathmaav, svarnnathinte thunnalulla chirakulla oru aattukottanumaayi kuttikalkk prathyakshappettu. sooryadevanaaya heliosinte kochumakalum oru nimph aaya theofeninte mail thante aadima raam roopathil posidon aaa aattukottane thuzhachukayari. hyginus parayunnathanusarichu, posidon theophane oru dveepilekku kondupoyi, avide attin koottangalkkidayil avalodoppam pookaan vendi avale oru eevu aakki. avide theophane mattu prathikalkk ramadevan bharya verthirichariyaan kazhinjilla.
nefeleyude kuttikal kadalinu mukaliloode manja aattukottanmanniloode rakshappettuvenkilum helle veezhukayum ippol avalude perilulla hellespond kadalidukkil mungimarikkukayum cheythu. aaa aattukottan frixasumaayi samsaarikkukayum avane prolsaahippikkukayum aankutty surakshithamaayi uxine (karutha) kadalinte kizhakke theerathulla kolchisilekku (innathe jorjia) kondupoyi.
avide aaa aattukottan devanmarkku baliyarppikkapettu.
saaraamshathil, eee pravrithi aattukottane posidon devanu thirike nalki, aattukottan erees nakshathrasamoohamaayi maari.
sooryadevanaaya heliosinte makanaaya aydasinte veettilaanu frixes thamasam. yudhadevan panthrand olimbyanmaaril oralumaaya erisinu vishudhamaaya oru thoppil addeham aattukottanil ninnu sookshicha swarnna kambili oru ookkil thookkiyidunnu. nilathu nattupidippikkumbol pattalakkaaraakaan kazhiyunna pallukalulla orikkalum urangaatha oru draagan eee kambilikk kaaval nilkkunnundaayirunnu. kambili vechirunna maratthinte adivaarathilaayirunnu aaa draagan.
kathayude chila pathippukalil, kaaval sarppathe urangaan jayson shramikkunnu. paambu oru niraykku chuttum churundirikkunnu, athinte adiyil oru aattukottanum athinte mukalil oru pakshiyum undu. 
kathayude parinamam.
pinder thante naalaamathe paitthiyan oodil (bisi 462 ll ezhuthiyathu) swarnna kambilikkaayulla anweshanam upayogichu, ennirunnaalum kambili munvashathalla. thee shwasikkunna kaalakale oombikkaan aites jaasane velluvilikkumbol, thunnalaanu sammanam "kappalinte captane, rajaavu ithu cheyyatte! njaan parayunnu, avan ithu cheyyatte, svarnnathinte parukkukal kondu thilangunna amarthyamaaya pothi, thante swantham kayyil undayirikkatte ".
kathayude pilkkala pathippukalil, kadaldevanaaya posidoninteyum theemistoyudeyum (nephel allengil theophane) santhathikalaayirunnu aattukottan ennu parayappedunnu. bisi moonnaam noottaandinte madhyathil rachicha apollonius oof roadsile "argonatica" aanu classic vaakk, athijeevichittillaathu aadyakaala srothassukal punarnirmmikkunnu. athe puraanam upayogichukondu valare ariyappedaatha mattoru argonotica, vespassian kaalaghattatthil laattin bhashayil valerius flacus rachichu.
likhitha srothassukal parajayappettaal, charithratthile apakadangaliloode, chilappol oru puraana paarambaryatthinte thudarcha paatra-chithrakaaranmaarkkidayil kandethanakum. anchaam noottaandile attik peyint cheytha vasthukkalil athinte rund praathinidyangal maathrame thiricharinjittulloo metropolittan museum oof artile oru "kraattar", vaattikkan shekharangalile oru "kylix". doris varacha-470-leeii "kailiksil", dragoninte vaayil ninnu jaasan verthirichedukkunnu, saahitya srothassukalumaayi eluppathil cheraatha oru vishadaamsham; dragoninu pinnil, oru apple maratthil ninnu kambili thoongikkidakkunnu. etheniyan paathrachitrangalil jaasante sahaayi mediayalla-theesiyasinte ethiraaliyaayi ethansil charithramundaayirunnu-marichu eathenayaanu.
vyaakhyaanangal.
saaksharathaykk munbulla kaalaghattatthile eee puraanatthinte aadyakaala uthbhavam ardhamaakkunnathu oru sahasraabdathilereyaayi athu oru paridhivare samskaarathinte bhaagamaayirunnappol, athinte praadhaanyam niravadhi sambhavavikaasangaliloode kadannupoyi ennaanu.
swarnna kambiliye chila bhauthika saamskaarika vasthukkale prathifalippikkunnatho charitraparamaaya achaarangale prathifalippikkunnatho aayi "yaadhaarthyabodhathode" vyaakhyaanikkaanulla niravadhi yuvemeristik sramangal nadathiyittundu. udaaharanathinu, irupathaam noottaandil, chila pandithanmaar soochippichathu swarnna kambiliyude katha kizhakk ninnu greasylake aadukale valarthunnathine soochippikkunnuvennu; mattu vaayanakalil, pandithanmaar ithu swarnna dhaanyathe allengil sooryane paraamarshikkunnuvenn sidhaanthichu.
kooduthal vyapakamaaya oru vyaakhyaanam, nannayi saakshyappeduthiya (sii yill ninnu maathram) aruvikalil ninnu swarnam kazhukunna oru reethiyumaayi kambiliyude kettukadhaye bandhappeduthunnu. bii. sii. anchaam noottaand) karinkadalinu kizhakkulla jorjia mekhalayil. chilappol oru thadi chattakkoodinu mukalil neettiyirikkunna aadukalude kambili aruviyil mungukayum mukalile placer nikshepangalil ninnu thaazhekku uyarunna swarnna thunikal avayil shekharikkukayum cheyyum. swarnam kulukkukayo cheekukayo cheiyunnathinu munbu marangalil thookkiyidum. pakaramaayi, svarnnathinte vandal khananam nadathumbozho aazhathilulla swarnna khanikalile washing tableukalilo eee kambili upayogikkum. vividha samskaarangalil ninnulla aadyakaala swarnna vasthukkal vilayiruthumbol, svarnnathinaayi kazhukunnathu valare pazhaya manushya pravarthanamaanu.
swarnam kazhukunna reethi strabo vivarikkunnu
thangalude rajyath parvatha pravaahangal swarnam vahikkunnuvennum, arappulla thottikaliloodeyum cheenja tholikaliloodeyum kaattumrigangal athu nedunnuvennum, iru rajyangalileyum swarnna khanikalil ninnu padinjaaran ibeeriyakkaarude athe peril avare ibeeriyakkaar ennu vilikkunnillenkil swarnna kambili enna puraanatthinte uthbhavamanithennum parayappedunnu.
mattoru vyaakhyaanam purple allengil purple niramulla thuniyekkurichulla chila pathippukalile paraamarshangale adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu. purple dye murex nathayil ninnum anubandha enangalil ninnum verthirichedutha purple chayam purathana kaalath valare vilappettathaayirunnu. tyrean purple niramulla thuni kondu nirmmicha vasthrangal valia sambathinteyum uyarnna nilavaarathinteyum adayaalamaayirunnu (athinaal "royal purple" enna vaachakam). purple niravumaayi svarnnathinte bandham swaabhaavikamaanu, saahithyathil ithu pathivayi kaanapedunnu.
pradhana sidhaanthangal.
uravidangalekkurichull kurippukalum pradhana vimarsanaathmaka charchakalum ulla thadiyude vividha vyaakhyaanangalil pradhaanappettath inipparayunnavayaanu

