
sankeernamaaya bahirakasha samayam

ganithashaasthrathilum ganithashaasthra bhauthikashaasthrathilum, sankeernamaaya bahirakasha samayam yadhaartha moolyamulla sthalavum samaya kordinettukalum vivarikkunna bahiraakaashathekkurichulla parambaraagatha ashayam sankeernna moolyamulla sthalavum samaya kordinettukalilekkum vyaapippikkunnu. bhauthikashaasthram soochippikkaatha eee ashayam poornnamaayum ganithashaasthraparamaanu, pakshe udaaharanathinu, wick bhramanam udaaharanamaayi oru upakaranamaayi kaanam.
yadhaarthavum sankeernavumaaya edangal.
ganithashaasthram.
oru yadhaartha vekttar spacinte sankeernnatha oru sankeernamaaya vekttar spacinu kaaranamaakunnu (sankeernamaaya samkhya feeldinu mukalil). oru space "sankeernamaakkuka" ennaal vektarukalude saadhaarana scaler gunanam yadhaartha samkhyakalaal scaler gunanam sankeernna samkhyakalaal vyaapippikkuka ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu. sankeernamaaya aantharika uthppanna edangalkku, vektarukalile sankeernamaaya aantharika uthppannam saadhaarana yadhaartha moolyamulla aantharika uthppannathe maattisthaapikkunnu, randaamathethu dott uthppannathinte udaaharanamaanu.
ganithashaasthra bhauthikashaasthrathil, oru yadhaartha coordinate space formula _ 1 sankeernamaakkumbol nammal oru sankeernna coordinate space formula _ 2 srishtikkunnu, deferential jyamithiyil ithine "sankeernamaaya manifold" ennu vilikkunnu. oro sankeernna samkhyayum rund yadhaartha samkhyakal ulkkollunnathinaal space formula _ 2 formula _ 4 maayi bandhappettirikkunnu.
oru sankeernamaaya space time "jyamiti" ennathu metrik tensor sankeernamaayirikkunnathi soochippikkunnu, space time allah.
bhauthikashaasthram.
prathyeka aapekshikatha (sr), pothu aapekshikatha (jii. aarr) ennivayude minkovsky space oru 4 dimensional "suedo-euclidean space" vector space aanu. ganithashaasthraparamaayi guruthwaakarshanathe vivarikkunna albert ainsteente feeld samavaakyangalkk adisthaanamaaya space time oru yadhaartha 4 dimensional "suedo-remanian manifold" aanu.
kwaandam mechanicsil, kanangale vivarikkunna tharamgapravartthanangal yadhaartha sthalathinteyum samaya veriyabilukaludeyum sankeernna moolyamulla pravarthanangalaanu. oru nischitha samvidaanathinte ellah tharamgapravartthanangaludeyum koottam ananthamaaya alavilulla sankeernamaaya hilbert sthalamaanu.
charithram.
naalil kooduthal alavukalulla bahirakasha samayam enna ashayam athintethaaya ganithashaasthraparamaaya avakaashathil thaalpparyamullathaanu. bhauthikashaasthrathil athinte roopam adisthaana edapedalukalaaya yadhaarthathil guruthwaakarshanavum vaidyuthakaanthikathayum ekeekarikkaanulla sramangalil veroonniyathaanu. eee ashayangal string sidhaanthathilum athinappurathum nilanilkkunnu. sankeernamaaya" bahirakasha samayam enna aashayathin ganyamaayi kuranja sradhayaanu labhichathu, ennaal ithu laurents-dirac samavaakyavum maiks well samavakyangalumaayi samyojippichu pariganichittundu. mattu ashayangalil yadhaartha bahirakasha samayam oru sankeernamaaya praathinidhya idamaayi mapp cheiyunnathu ulppedunnu, twisttar sidhaantham kaanuka.
1919-ll theoder kalusa thante pothuvikaaryatthinte 5-dimensional ekstenshan, kaloosayude sidhaanthathil ninnu vaidyuthakaanthikathayude samavaakyangal engane uyarnnuvannu ennathil mathippulavaakkiya albert ainsteenu poost cheythu. 1926-ll ooskaar clain nirddeshichathu, kaaloosayude adhika maanam valare cheria vrithamaayi "valanjirikkaam", bahiraakaashathe oro pooyintilum oru vrithaakrithiyilulla topology maranjirikkunnathupole. mattoru speshyal alavinupakaram, adhika alavine oru konaayi kanakkakkaam, ithu 360°-lake karangumbol oru hyper-dimension srishtichu. eee 5dii sidhaanthathinu kalusa-clain sidhaantham ennu perittirikkunnu.
1932ll echsin pii. arther eddington upadeshicha zoo oof mitt, sankeernamaaya 4-dimensional remanian jyamithikkullil guruthwaakarshanatheyum vaidyuthakaanthikathayeyum ekeekarikkaan sramikkunna oru sidhaantham prasidheekarichu. ds" 2 enna line ghadakam sankeernna moolyamullathaanu, athinaal yadhaartha bhagam pindove guruthwaakarshanavumaayi poruthappedunnu, athesamayam charge vaidyuthakaanthikathayum ulla saangalppika bhagam. saadhaarana space "x", "y", "z", samayam "t" kordinettukal enniva yadhaarthavum space time sankeernamallaathathum aanu, ennaal taanjant speysukal anuvadikkunnu.
1915-ll thante pothuvaaya aapekshikatha sidhaantham prasidheekarichathinushesha niravadhi pathittaandukalolam, albert ainsteen guruthwaakarshanathe vaidyuthakaanthikathayumaayi samyojippikkaanum rund edapedalukalum vishadeekarikkunna oru ekeekritha feeld sidhaantham srishtikkaanum shramichu. randaam lokamahaayudhathinte avasana varshangalil albert ainsteen vividha tharatthilulla sankeernamaaya bahirakasha jyaamithikal pariganikkaan thudangi.
1953-ll, wolfgang poolii kalusa-clain sidhaanthathe aarr dimensional spacelake saamanyavalkkarikkukayum (dimensional reduction upayogichu) oru gej sidhaanthathinte avashyaghadakangal (electrovic interaakshanil kwaandam mechanicsil prayogikkunnu), kleyininte "kuthaneyulla" vritham oru ananthamaaya hypersphearinte uparithalamayi maariyathupole uruthirinjedukkum cheythu.
1975ll jersey plebansky "sankeernamaaya albert ainsteen samavaakyangalude chila pariharangal" prasidheekarichu.
vishakalanaparamaaya thudarchayiloode sankeernamaaya bahirakasha samayat diarac samavaakyam roopappeduthaanulla sramangal nadannittundu.