kodathi leett

englandileyum weils aandu irelandileyum charitraparamaaya oru kodathi baaran (oru tharam maanoriyal kodathi) aayirunnu court leett, athu "frankpleginte kazhchappadum" athinte attandant police adikaaraparidhiyum prayogichu, ithu saadhaaranayaayi nooru kodathikalil maathramaayi parimithappedutthiyirunnu.
leettinte padavyuthpathishaasthram.
prathyeka kodathi nadapadikale paraamarsikkaan upayogikkunna "leett" enna vaakk, 13-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathil, anjjaatha uthbhavamulla anglo-franch "lettu", anglo-laattin "letta" ennivayil ninnu, "lettu" enna kriyayumaayi saadhyamaaya bandhamullathaan.
aadyakaala charithram.
madhyakala englandil valare thudakkathil, kottaaratthinte prabha thante adimakaludeyum fudal kudiyanmarudeyum mail chila fudal avakashangal prayogikkukayo avakaashappedukayo cheythu. aaa avakaashangalude prayogam addehathinte kottaaratthile bharanaparamaya aashankakalumaayi samyojippikkappettu. ennirunnaalum, criminal pravrithikal kaikaaryam cheyyaan eee kodathikku adikaaramundaayirunnilla.
nooru kodathikal criminal adhikaraparidhi kaivashappeduthiyirunnu; raajyam noorukanakkinu kodathikalaayi vibhajikkapettu, avayil oronninum nooru kodathikal undaayirunnu. oro noorilum 100 thoppikal adangiyirikkunnu, oro toppiyum oru veedu muzhuvan thangaan paryapthamaaya vyathyastha valippamulla bhoomiyaanu. 10 chuvarukalulla oru pradeshamaayirunnu dasaamsham, athinaal ithu yadhaarthathil ekadesham 10 veedukalumaayi poruthappedunnu. oro kudumbatthinteyum thalavanmaar avarude dashaamshathil frankpledge enna krameekaranatthiloode mattullavarumayi judicial bandhikkappettirunnu, ithu avarude dashaamshathinullil perumaattathinulla koottaaya utharavaaditham srishtichu. nooru kodathi eee samvidaanathe nireekshichu, "view oof frankpledge" enna prakriyayil, avarude pradeshathe eathenkilum thettu report cheyyukayum kuttavaalikale avarude idayil kaimarukayum cheythu. thettu cheruthaayirunnenkil, athu nooru kodathi kaikaaryam cheiyumaayirunnu, pakshe gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangal shire kodathi vare kaimari.
fudalisathinu munbu, nooru kodathikal avarude pradeshathinullile bharanaparamaya kaaryangalaya paalam attakuttappanikal, rooad avasthakal thudangiyava kaikaaryam cheythirunnu, ennaal kodathikal baaran praayogikamaayi athine valia thothil marikadannu, chila maanoriyal prabhukkanmaar criminal kaaryangalilum adikaaram avakashappedaan thudangi. oduvil, rajaavu chila vishwastha prabhukkanmaarkk aupachaarikamaayi niyamaparamaaya adikaaram nalki, athu prabhuvinte kottaaratthile dashaamshathinu mail nooru kodathi kaivashappeduthiyirunnu, athil ettavum pradhaanappettath "frankpledjinte kazhcha" aayirunnu. oro kottaarathinakatthum sthithicheyyunna dashaamshangalude koottatthe "leett" ennu vilikkaan thudangi, athinaal, pilkkala madhyakaalakhattathil eee judicial adhikaarangale court leett ennu vilikkaan thudangi.
edward onnaamante "kwo vaaranto" nadapadikal kodathi baranum kodathi leettum thammil moorchayulla vyathyasam sthaapichu, munbu nooru kodathi kaivashappeduthiyirunna adikaarangal prayogikkukayum kodathi leett nadathaanulla kazhivu raajakudumbathinu anuvadicha oru franchiseye aashrayichirikkunnuvennu oonnipparayukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, pala pradeshangalilum court baranum court leettum orotta ooppareshanaayi orumichu kandumuttunnath pathivaayitheernnu.
vesham.
kodathi rekhakalude oru kodathiyaayirunnu, athinte kadama samaadhaanapaalanathinteyum vyaapaarathile nalla parisheelanathinteyum swathanthrarude prathinjakal kaanuka mathramalla, oru jooriyumaayi vichaarana nadathukayum adikaaraparidhikkullil nadanna kuttakrithyangal shikshikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu; raajaavinte jadjimark kooduthal gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangal cheythu. jooriyude saannidhyam undaayirunnittum, innu manassilaakkunnathupole ithu "jooriyude vichaarana" aayirunnilla. juurii samvidaanam vikasichukondirikkumbal kodathi leett vikasichu; juurii thettukaare kuttappedutthi, saakshyam vahikkukayum shiksha theerumaanikkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu.
bhakshyavasthukkalude vilppana, krishi thudangiya kaaryangalile maanadandangal paalikkunnundennu munkootty urappakkunnathinulla oru margamaayum ithu vikasichu. aalstar kodathi leettil inipparayunna vaakkukal adangiyirunnu
kodathi saadhaaranayaayi oro varshavum kurachu thavana maathrame irikkoo, chilappol varshathil maathram. oru praadeshika vyakthiyil ninno jooriyil ninno oru "avatharanam" vazhiyaan oru vishayam kodathiyil avatharippichathu. pizhayo thadavo aayirunnu shiksha.
juriyum udyogastharum.
kodathi leettil hajarakunnathu palappozhum athinte adikaaraparidhiyil ullavarkku nirbandhamaayirunnu, haajaraakaathathin pizha eedaakkum. pizha chumathaanulla kodathiyude kazhivu ellaayppozhum parimithikalkk vidheyamaayirunnu, pakshe noottaandukalaayi panapperuppatthinu kaaranamaayi paridhikal orikkalum update cheythitilla; ippozhum nilanilkkunna kodathikalkku, pizha phalapradamaayi naamamaathramaayi mariyirikkunnu-udaaharanathinu laxtoninte kaaryatthil 2p.
bondmark sathyaprathinja cheyyaan kazhiyaathathinal ("juurii" ennaal sathyaprathinja cheytha vyakthikal ennaanu ardhamaakkunnathu) kodathikal leettil saadhaaranayaayi freehold kudiyanmaril ninnu oru juurii roopeekarichirunnu. jooriyude punk anglo-saaksanukalude shikshaavidhikk samanamaayirunnu, athil udyogasthare thiranjedukkunnathum (karthaav niyamicha steevard ozhike) karyangal kodathiyude shradhayilppeduthunnathum theerumaanikkunnathum ulppedunnu.
kodathikalile udyogastharkku inipparayunnavayil chilath allengil ellaam ulppeduthaam
pinneedulla charithram.
majistrettumaarude aamukham kramena adhikaarathe maanoriyal prabhukkanmaril ninnu akatti. majistrettukalkku pinneedu "frankpledginte kaazhchappaad" ennathil adikaaram nalki, ithu kodathi leettinte sheshikkunna praadhaanyatthe phalapradamaayi nishedhikkukayum kramena avare thadavilaakkunnathu avasanippikkukayum cheythu, ithu pradhaanamaayum illaathaayi. fudal sanbradaayathinte thakarchaykkum thudarnnulla parishkaranatthinte uyarchaykkum sesham, sivil parishukal pradhaanamaayum kodathikal baaraninte sheshikkunna adikaaram ettedukkukayum dasaamshangal oru parish upavibhagamaayi kaanukayum cheythu.
ennirunnaalum, kodathikal saankethikamaayi irupathaam noottaandinte avasaanam vare nilaninnu, ennirunnaalum ippozhum pravartthikkunna cheria ennam ellaam aachaaraparamaayitheernnu, avarude praadeshika pradesham prothsaahippikkunnathi aaghoshikkunnathino ulla oru maarggamaayi maari. ithokkeyaanengilum, 1977-leeii administration oof justice aaktinte sekshan 23-ll maathramaan kuttakrithyangalkkethiraaya avarude niyamaparamaaya adhikaraparidhi nirthalaakkiyathu. ennirunnaalum, oru apavaadam anuvadichu judicial reethiyil pravartthikkunnathu thudarnna laakstan, nottinghamshire menarinaayi kodathi; 18-aamm noottaandil (enclosure prakriyayude falamaayi) matellaa sthalangalilum maattisthaapicha ooppan feeld kaarshika samvidaanam laakstan nilanirthukayum feeld sisttam niyantrikkaan kodathi aavasyappedukayum cheythu.
administration oof justice act mattu kodathikalude niyamaparamaaya adhikaraparidhi nirthalaakkiyenkilum, "atharam eathenkilum kodathikku aachaaraprakaaram atharam mattu bisinasukal, enthengilum undengil, thudarnnum nadatthaam" ennu athu oonnipparanju. niyamathile shedule 4, praadeshika vishayangalumayi bandhapetta avatharanangal edukkunnathum chila sandarbhangalil pothubhoomiyude nadatthippum ulppedunna, aachaaramaayi kanakkaakkenda "bisinesses" vyakthamaakkunnu.
kodathikal innu nilavilundu.
thaazhepparayunna kodathikale 1977 leeii administration oof justice act nirthalaakkunnathil ninnu ozhivaakkukayum 2010 ll ippozhum pravartthikkukayum cheythu
koodaathe, inipparayunna kodathikal pravartthikkunnu, avaa punasthaapikkukayo thudarukayo cheythu, pakshe niyamaparamaaya adhikaaramillathe (1977 leeii niyamam samrakshichilla):
ithinu vipareethamaayi, thaazhepparayunna kodathikalkkulla niyamaparamaaya pinthuna 1977 leeii niyamam samrakshichuvenkilum avaa ippozhum pravartthikkunnundo ennu vyakthamalla
vyakthamalla niyamam nirthalaakkunnathil ninnu ozhivaakkappettilettil avaa ippozhum pravartthikkunnundo ennu vyakthamallengilum, avyakthamaaya kaaranangalal inipparayunna kodathikalum ivide pattikappeduthiyittundu

